bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Concevoir le futur d'un territoire dans une perspective d'éducation au développement durable
Authors: Julien Marie-Pierre , Chalmeau Raphaël , Vergnolle-Mainar Christine , Léna Jean-Yves , Calvet Anne
Published: May 2014

La projection vers le futur est une préoccupation centrale de l'éducation au développement durable qui reste néanmoins anecdotique dans les actions éducatives. De plus, lorsque le futur est envisagé, il présente majoritairement une vision catastrophiste ou pessimiste. Cet article étudie la représentation pour des élèves de l'école primaire âgés de 8 à 10 ans du futur de leur territoire, en prenant appui sur l’étude de l’évolution du paysage et en leur proposant un contexte pédagogique enrichi par les apports de scientifiques dans le cadre d'un Observatoire Hommes-Milieux. Pour les élèves, il s'agit de travailler les dimensions temporelles de leur territoire (passé/présent/futur) et d'envisager un futur probable au regard d'arguments et un futur rêvé impliquant leur imaginaire. À travers l'analyse de dessins illustrant ces deux types de futur, les résultats montrent d'une part une intégration partielle d'arguments de chercheurs ou d'acteurs du territoire et, d'autre part une faible capacité à imaginer un futur probable radicalement différent du présent. L'analyse des dessins du futur rêvé, quant à elle, témoigne d'un imaginaire peu développé. La discussion met l'accent sur les outils pertinents pour une réelle prise en compte de la préoccupation du futur pour que celle-ci permette une ouverture sur la pluralité des dimensions du futur.
Figures et importance de l’« expertise environnementale » dans la presse écrite
Authors: Létourneau Alain
Published: May 2014

Sur les questions de gouvernance environnementale, soit les prises de décisions qui affectent l’environnement, le recours à l’expertise de tiers est souvent nécessaire pour répondre aux besoins des décideurs incluant des groupes citoyens, que ce soit au niveau municipal ou régional : qu’on pense aux spécialistes de l’énergie ou des ressources naturelles, aux hydrologues, aux climatologues, ingénieurs, etc. Dans les sociétés démocratiques, pour les décideurs tout comme pour les membres du public, les médias sont souvent un point d’accès privilégié, même à l’heure d’internet, pour se faire une opinion sur des questions d’intérêt. Quelle place les experts de type universitaires et affiliés occupent-ils sur la question environnementale, et jusqu’à quel point les articles de journaux viennent-ils appuyer ou même s’aligner sur leur expertise dans les discussions ? Pour traiter ces questions, à partir d’un corpus préalablement construit regroupant tous les recours à l’expertise universitaire dans les articles de journaux parus en 2009 dans La Presse, Le Soleil et Le Devoir, nous avons isolé et analysé les textes portant sur des questions de gouvernance environnementale. Nous identifions les catégories de celle-ci en repérant les traitements les plus importants et en les commentant. Le but de la recherche est de voir jusqu’à quel point les opinions expertes dominent les articles traités. Après avoir donné un cadre général pour situer la problématique, nous présentons le corpus, donnons des éléments quantitatifs sur ce dernier, analysons les aspects descriptif, évaluatif et prescriptif et donnons des commentaires d’ensemble sur ce corpus restreint, mais tout de même assez représentatif de l’actualité.
Responsabilité sociétale des multinationales en Afrique Subsaharienne : enjeux et controverses
Authors: Daouda Youssoufou Hamadou
Published: May 2014

Cet article propose d’apporter un éclairage sur les enjeux et controverses liés à la pratique de la Responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) en Afrique subsaharienne. Il montre que si les initiatives en matière de RSE valorisées par les multinationales visent à s’inscrire dans une perspective de développement économique et social, elles s’avèrent bien pauvres au regard de l’ampleur des exigences aussi bien environnementales que sociales et économiques à atteindre. Le cas du groupe nucléaire français AREVA au Niger est proposé en illustration pour montrer le fossé entre les stratégies RSE et l’environnement local dans lequel les multinationales évoluent (conflit armé, pauvreté, inégalités sociales, pollution de l’air, dégradation de l’environnement, contamination des eaux souterraines, etc.). Dès lors, un double défi s’impose. D’une part, les multinationales doivent s’efforcer d’internaliser les externalités négatives dans leur métier, et de participer à des projets socio-économiques qui améliorent la qualité du tissu social. D’autre part, dans les cas où les oppositions entre les multinationales et les parties prenantes (société civile, État, ONG, etc.) sont fortement prononcées, une régulation publique de la RSE (contrôle du respect de certains standards sociaux et environnementaux, expertises techniques, mesures punitives, etc.) pourrait aider à inscrire davantage les actions des entreprises dans un processus de développement socialement responsable.
Gouvernance et stratégies locales de sécurisation foncière : étude de cas de la commune rurale de Tchadoua au Niger
Authors: Lawali Sitou , Mormont Marc , Yamba Boubacar
Published: May 2014

Face aux enjeux fonciers croissants, les petits exploitants agricoles ont du mal à s’insérer dans le processus de développement. Au Niger, l’insécurité foncière est sans doute l’une des difficultés qui limitent l’investissement agricole. À partir d’une enquête réalisée sur un échantillon de 80 exploitations dans le terroir villageois de Maijanguero dans la commune rurale de Tchadoua, cette étude a révélé plusieurs sources d’insécurité foncière et diverses pratiques de sécurisation mises en œuvre par les paysans pour protéger leur capital foncier. Les résultats montrent également que la formalisation légale côtoie les pratiques traditionnelles de sécurisation. Le taux d’acquisition des titres et actes fonciers est très faible du fait que les commissions foncières se heurtent à des difficultés qui entravent l’acquisition massive des outils modernes de sécurisation. Cependant, une pluralité de pratiques à impacts durables limités est observée, notamment la fixation biologique, le recours au serment coranique, le maintien de l’exploitation collective, etc.
Étude des représentations sociales d’un site classé aménagé : application au site de l’Anse de Paulilles (France)
Authors: Desrochers Valérie , Ferraris Jocelyne , Garnier Catherine
Published: May 2014

Au cours des dernières décennies, on observe une tendance croissante à vouloir conserver l’environnement et préserver le patrimoine naturel et culturel par l’implantation d’aires protégées, notamment par l’entremise d’aménagements et de règlementations. Ces zones peuvent alors mener à des conflits d’usage puisque la plupart des aires protégées sont localisées dans des zones habitées et sollicitées par une diversité d’acteurs. On peut comprendre que ces acteurs puissent avoir des positions plus ou moins divergentes en fonction des enjeux multiples, autant politiques qu’économiques, environnementaux ou culturels. Cet article vise à étudier les représentations sociales d’une aire protégée auprès des usagers, plus spécifiquement le Grand Site classé de l’Anse de Paulilles. Il s’intéresse également à connaitre la place accordée au patrimoine dans la gestion du site et à évaluer si cette notion est un élément constituant de la représentation de Paulilles. À caractère essentiellement méthodologique, cette recherche se veut une exploration de la théorie des représentations sociales et des outils d’observation et d’analyses de données. L’analyse descriptive a été réalisée dans le but d’étudier les relations entre les représentations sociales chez un groupe d’usagers et d’identifier les variables explicatives. Les résultats révèlent un lien entre les représentations du patrimoine et du site de Paulilles principalement en fonction de l’âge et du lieu de résidence des visiteurs. Ce type d’étude souligne l’apport de la théorie des représentations sociales en sciences de l’environnement afin de mieux comprendre les positions, et donc les comportements et les pratiques, des acteurs des aires protégées en regard des objectifs de gestion.
Indicateurs de mesure de la pression anthropique sur les ressources naturelles : exemple de la périphérie du Parc « W » dans la commune rurale de Tamou au Niger
Authors: Moussa Mahamadou Sani , Amadou Boureima
Published: May 2014

Cet article retrace l’expérience d’un projet de recherche universitaire dans la lignée des travaux sur la gestion des ressources naturelles, la dynamique du paysage et de l’écosystème d’un espace rural périphérique à l’aire protégée du W du Niger. À travers le mode de production agricole dans le terroir villageois de Senokonkédjé et le système pastoral à Tulwarey, tous deux dans la commune rurale de Tamou, l’étude vise à caractériser le milieu, dégager essentiellement des indicateurs physiques, écologiques et sociaux qui mettent en évidence l’évolution et la transformation du milieu. Ces indicateurs qui sont à la fois qualitatifs et quantitatifs servent d’outils pour la mesure et l’évaluation de l’état de pression anthropique sur la Réserve totale de faune de Tamou (RTFT) et le parc national du W. L’occupation humaine, par le processus de l’immigration, l’avancée progressive des espaces de culture, le surpâturage des lieux, les sécheresses récurrentes ainsi que l’utilisation pernicieuse des ressources naturelles donnent l’étendue des changements intervenus et annoncent les signes précurseurs des menaces qui pèsent sur la RTFT et l’aire sanctuaire de la réserve du W. L’approche méthodologique est basée sur le processus inclusif et itératif avec les acteurs opérant à la périphérie de la réserve dans les deux terroirs villageois et la commune de Tamou. Elle met l’accent sur l’observation des pratiques anthropiques à travers le système agropastoral, la lecture et la perception des populations à travers l’évolution récente de l’espace ces 40 dernières années. Elle est complétée par l’analyse des données et statistiques des cartes thématiques produites dans le cadre du projet. Les résultats montrent une recrudescence d’activités anthropiques en direction de la réserve que jadis, cet espace n’a jamais connu ; une nette transformation du paysage sur le plan physique et biologique. Ces résultats sont exprimés sous forme d’indicateurs qui permettent d’apprécier l’état actuel de pression sur la réserve et sa périphérie immédiate. Ils sont à même d’aider dans la prise de décision pour une gestion durable des ressources naturelles dans cet espace assez spécifique.
L’approche interactionniste pour l’analyse d’un projet d’agroforesterie villageoise sur le plateau des Batéké (République démocratique du Congo)
Authors: Reyniers Camille
Published: May 2014

Cet article aborde la mise en place d’un projet d’agroforesterie villageoise, pour la gestion intégrée des ressources naturelles, dans le hameau de Duale Mitterrand (52 ménages) situé sur le plateau des Batéké (République démocratique du Congo). Il repose sur un travail de terrain effectué entre février et mai 2012 dans le cadre du mémoire de fin d’études du master en sciences et gestion de l’environnement de l’Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB). L’objectif principal de l’article est d’étudier l’hypothèse selon laquelle la réussite d’un projet agroforestier en milieu villageois dépend de son insertion dans les normes locales de gestion des terres ainsi que de l’intégration de l’ensemble des acteurs dans le dispositif. La première partie présente les trois concepts clés du discours du projet : la gestion intégrée des ressources naturelles comme logique d’intervention, l’approche terroir comme méthodologie et l’agroforesterie comme dispositif. La seconde partie analyse comment ces concepts ont été appliqués sur le terrain. Nous utilisons une perspective interactionniste pour étudier l’intégration du projet agroforestier en milieu rural villageois. Elle nous permet de déterminer l’organisation du territoire, de la production et de la déforestation à partir d’une analyse des différents acteurs du terroir. La typologie dégagée situe les acteurs en fonction de leur accès sur les ressources naturelles, et nous permet de révéler les logiques d’exploitation spécifiques, le lien avec la dynamique de déforestation et leur intégration dans le dispositif agroforestier.
L’agriculture durable au Vietnam : une étude de cas dans le delta du Mékong
Authors: Tanguay Louis , Koninck Rodolphe De
Published: May 2014

À compter du milieu des années 1980, dans le cadre d’une authentique révolution verte, l’agriculture vietnamienne a subi d’importantes modifications. Dans plusieurs régions du pays, les cultures traditionnelles ont progressivement été remplacées par la monoculture intensive du riz, une transformation amplifiée par la politique du Doi Moi. Bien des problèmes en ont résulté, ce qui a incité le gouvernement vietnamien à réorienter ses politiques en faveur de systèmes agricoles plus durables. Au moyen d’études de cas réalisées dans deux communes du delta du Mékong, nous examinons la durabilité de deux systèmes agricoles-aquacoles intégrés promus par les programmes gouvernementaux et concluons que ces systèmes peuvent, au moins partiellement, tant atteindre les objectifs établis par l’État que souscrire aux principes de l’agriculture durable.
La complexité des systèmes alimentaires : un atout pour la sécurité alimentaire?
Authors: Fournier Stéphane , Touzard Jean-Marc
Published: May 2014

L’article défend l’idée selon laquelle la combinaison d’une diversité de modèles alimentaires au sein d’un système alimentaire concret peut favoriser la sécurisation alimentaire, et doit donc être reconnue et soutenue grâce à une gouvernance adaptée. L’impact de l’évolution du modèle agro-industriel dans les systèmes alimentaires est d’abord rappelé. Le développement d’une production de masse, distribuée mondialement à bas prix, a contribué à accroitre les disponibilités alimentaires, mais trouve ses limites dans la paupérisation des agriculteurs, les excès et carences des régimes alimentaires qui en découlent, et la dégradation de ressources naturelles. La sécurisation alimentaire suppose donc de dépasser les enjeux de croissance des disponibilités pour favoriser l’accessibilité des populations à une alimentation saine et responsable et construire des modes de production et de distribution plus durables. Pour analyser le rôle que peut jouer la diversité des modèles alimentaires, une typologie est proposée, distinguant, outre le modèle agro-industriel, des modèles domestique, de proximité, de commodité, et différents modèles de qualité différenciée. Les systèmes alimentaires concrets sont marqués par une combinaison de ces modèles, qui peuvent remplir des fonctions différentes au regard des enjeux de sécurité alimentaire. Les modèles « alternatifs » permettent ainsi l’accès au marché de producteurs marginalisés, l’atténuation de risques liés aux chaines globales, la préservation de patrimoines culturels, etc. Ils ont aussi des contributions moins connues dans l’éducation des consommateurs et dans la dynamique globale de l’innovation au sein des systèmes alimentaires.
Differential Impact of CD27 and 4-1BB Costimulation on Effector and Memory CD8 T Cell Generation following Peptide Immunization
Authors: Willoughby Jane E. , Kerr Jonathan P. , Rogel Anne , Taraban Vadim Y. , Buchan Sarah L. , Johnson Peter W. M. , Al-Shamkhani Aymen
Published: May 2014

The factors that determine differentiation of naive CD8 T cells into memory cells are not well understood. A greater understanding of how memory cells are generated will inform of ways to improve vaccination strategies. In this study, we analyzed the CD8 T cell response elicited by two experimental vaccines comprising a peptide/protein Ag and an agonist that delivers a costimulatory signal via CD27 or 4-1BB. Both agonists increased expansion of Ag-specific CD8 T cells compared with Ag alone. However, their capacity to stimulate differentiation into effector and memory cells differed. CD27 agonists promoted increased expression of perforin and the generation of short-lived memory cells, whereas stimulation with 4-1BB agonists favored generation of stable memory. The memory-promoting effects of 4-1BB were independent of CD4 T cells and were the result of programing within the first 2 d of priming. Consistent with this conclusion, CD27 and 4-1BB–stimulated CD8 T cells expressed disparate amounts of IL-2, IFN-γ, CD25, CD71, and Gp49b as early as 3 d after in vivo activation. In addition, memory CD8 T cells, generated through priming with CD27 agonists, proliferated more extensively than did 4-1BB–generated memory cells, but these cells failed to persist. These data demonstrate a previously unanticipated link between the rates of homeostatic proliferation and memory cell attrition. Our study highlights a role for these receptors in skewing CD8 T cell differentiation into effector and memory cells and provides an approach to optimize vaccines that elicit CD8 T cell responses.
Unique Temporal and Spatial Expression Patterns of IL-33 in Ovaries during Ovulation and Estrous Cycle Are Associated with Ovarian Tissue Homeostasis
Authors: Carlock Colin I. , Wu Jean , Zhou Cindy , Tatum Kiana , Adams Henry P. , Tan Filemon , Lou Yahuan
Published: May 2014

Ovaries are among the most active organs. Frequently occurring events such as ovulation and ovarian atresia are accompanied with tissue destruction and repairing. Critical roles of immune cells or molecules in those events have been well recognized. IL-33 is a new member of the IL-1 cytokine gene family. Recent studies suggest its roles beyond immune responses. We systemically examined its expression in ovaries for its potential roles in ovarian functions. During ovulation, a high level of IL-33 was transiently expressed, making it the most significantly upregulated immune gene. During estrous cycle, IL-33 expression levels fluctuated along with numbers of ovarian macrophages and atresia wave. Cells with nuclear form of IL-33 (nIL-33+ cells) were mostly endothelial cells of veins, either in the inner layer of theca of ovulating follicles during ovulation, or surrounding follicles during estrous cycle. Changes in number of nIL-33+ cells showed a tendency similar to that in IL-33 mRNA level during estrous cycle. However, the cell number sharply declined before a rapid increase of macrophages and a surge of atresia. The decline in nIL-33+ cell number was coincident with detection of higher level of the cytokine form of IL-33 by Western blot, suggesting a release of cytokine form of IL-33 before the surge of macrophage migration and atresia. However, IL-33 Ab, either by passive transfer or immunization, showed a limited effect on ovulation or atresia. It raises a possibility of IL-33’s role in tissue homeostasis after ovarian events, instead of a direct involvement in ovarian functions.
Improved mapping of sea ice production in the Arctic Ocean using AMSR‐E thin ice thickness algorithm
Authors: Iwamoto Katsushi , Ohshima Kay I. , Tamura Takeshi
Published: May 2014

New and improved estimates of sea ice production in the Arctic Ocean are derived from AMSR‐E satellite and atmospheric reanalysis data for the period 2002–2011, at a spatial resolution of 6.25 km and using a newly developed fast‐ice mask. High ice production in the major coastal polynyas is well demonstrated. The total annual cumulative ice production in the major 10 polynya regions is about
. The interannual variability of the ice production for each polynya is presented during 2002–2011. No obvious relationship is noted between the ice production and the recent drastic reduction in the preceding summer Arctic sea ice extent. Most polynya regions exhibit maximum ice production in autumn (October – November), before areas offshore have been covered with consolidated pack ice. Sea ice production from October to November in the marginal ice zone of the Pacific Ocean sector is negatively correlated with summer ice extent there. The ice production from October to November of 2007 (a record minimum summer ice extent) was about twice as large as that in other years. The high ice production area shifted to higher latitudes i.e., toward the deep Canada Basin, due to the retreat of the summer ice edge. We speculate that the resultant increase in brine input could change the oceanic structure in the basin, specifically deepening the winter mixed layer.
Recent climate tendencies on an East Antarctic ice shelf inferred from a shallow firn core network
Authors: Schlosser E. , Anschütz H. , Divine D. , Martma T. , Sinisalo A. , Altnau S. , Isaksson E.
Published: May 2014

Nearly three decades of stable isotope ratios and surface mass balance (SMB) data from eight shallow firn cores retrieved at Fimbul Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, in the Austral summers 2009–2011 have been investigated. An additional longer core drilled in 2000/2001 extends the series back to the early eighteenth century. Isotope ratios and SMB from the stacked record of all cores were also related to instrumental temperature data from Neumayer Station on Ekström Ice Shelf. Since the second half of the twentieth century, the SMB shows a statistically significant negative trend, whereas the δ18O of the cores shows a significant positive trend. No trend is found in air temperature at the nearest suitable weather station, Neumayer (available since 1981). This does not correspond to the statistically significant positive trend in Southern Annular Mode (SAM) index, which is usually associated with a cooling of East Antarctica. SAM index and SMB are negatively correlated, which might be explained by a decrease in meridional exchange of energy and moisture leading to lower precipitation amounts. Future monitoring of climate change on the sensitive Antarctic ice shelves is necessary to assess its consequences for sea level change.
Nitrate deposition to surface snow at Summit, Greenland, following the 9 November 2000 solar proton event
Authors: Duderstadt Katharine A. , Dibb Jack E. , Jackman Charles H. , Randall Cora E. , Solomon Stanley C. , Mills Michael J. , Schwadron Nathan A. , Spence Harlan E.
Published: May 2014

This study considers whether spikes in nitrate in snow sampled at Summit, Greenland, from August 2000 to August 2002 are related to solar proton events. After identifying tropospheric sources of nitrate on the basis of correlations with sulfate, ammonium, sodium, and calcium, we use the three‐dimensional global Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) to examine unaccounted for nitrate spikes. Model calculations confirm that solar proton events significantly impact HOx, NOx, and O3 levels in the mesosphere and stratosphere during the weeks and months following the major 9 November 2000 solar proton event. However, solar proton event (SPE)‐enhanced NOy calculated within the atmospheric column is too small to account for the observed nitrate peaks in surface snow. Instead, our WACCM results suggest that nitrate spikes not readily accounted for by measurement correlations are likely of anthropogenic origin. These results, consistent with other recent studies, imply that nitrate spikes in ice cores are not suitable proxies for individual SPEs and motivate the need to identify alternative proxies.
A new stereo topographic map of Io: Implications for geology from global to local scales
Authors: White Oliver L. , Schenk Paul M. , Nimmo Francis , Hoogenboom Trudi
Published: May 2014

We use Voyager and Galileo stereo pairs to construct the most complete stereo digital elevation model (DEM) of Io assembled to date, controlled using Galileo limb profiles. Given the difficulty of applying these two techniques to Io due to its anomalous surface albedo properties, we have experimented extensively with the relevant procedures in order to generate what we consider to be the most reliable DEMs. Our final stereo DEM covers ~75% of the globe, and we have identified a partial system of longitudinally arranged alternating basins and swells that correlates well to the distribution of mountain and volcano concentrations. We consider the correlation of swells to volcano concentrations and basins to mountain concentrations, to imply a heat flow distribution across Io that is consistent with the asthenospheric tidal heating model of Tackley et al. (2001). The stereo DEM reveals topographic signatures of regional‐scale features including Loki Patera, Ra Patera, and the Tvashtar Paterae complex, in addition to previously unrecognized features including an ~1000 km diameter depression and a >2000 km long topographic arc comprising mountainous and layered plains material.
Mapping forest stand age in China using remotely sensed forest height and observation data
Authors: Zhang Chunhua , Ju Weimin , Chen Jing M. , Li Dengqiu , Wang Xiqun , Fan Wenyi , Li Mingshi , Zan Mei
Published: May 2014

Forest stand age plays a crucial role in determining the terrestrial carbon source or sink strength and reflects major disturbance information. Forests in China have changed drastically in recent decades, but quantification of spatially explicit forest age at national level has been lacking to date. This study generated a national map of forest age at 1 km spatial resolution using the remotely sensed forest height and forest type data in 2005, as well as relationships between age and height retrieved from field observations. These relationships include biomass as an intermediate parameter for major forest types in different regions of China. Biomass‐height and age‐biomass relationships were well fitted using field observations, with respective R2 values greater than 0.60 and 0.71 (P < 0.01), indicating the viability of age‐height relationships developed for age estimation in China. The resulting map was evaluated by comparison with national, provincial, and county forest inventories. The validation had high regional (R2 = 0.87, 2–8 years errors in six regions), provincial (R2 = 0.53, errors less than 10 years and consistent age structure in most provinces), and plot (R2 values of 0.16−0.32, P < 0.01) agreement between map values and inventory‐based estimates. This confirms the reliability and applicability of the age‐height approach demonstrated in this study for quantifying forest age over large regions. The map reveals a large spatial heterogeneity of forest age in China: old in southwestern, northwestern, and northeastern areas, and young in southern and eastern regions.
Accurate 2.5‐D boundary element method for conductive media
Authors: Dobbelaere Dieter , Rogier Hendrik , De Zutter Daniël
Published: May 2014

The solution of the time‐harmonic Maxwell equations using a boundary element method, for 2‐D geometries illuminated by arbitrary 3‐D excitations, gives rise to numerical difficulties if highly conductive media are present. In particular, the interaction integrals arising in the method of moments involve kernels that strongly oscillate in space and, at the same time, decay exponentially. We present an accurate method to tackle these issues over a very broad conductivity range (from lossy dielectric to conductor skin‐effect regime), for both magnetic and nonmagnetic conductors. Important applications are the modal analysis of waveguides with nonperfect conductors, scattering problems, and shielding problems with enclosures with arbitrary permeability and conductivity and 3‐D noise sources.
The effects of thermomechanical heterogeneities in island arc crust on time‐dependent preeruptive stresses and the failure of an andesitic reservoir
Authors: Gottsmann J. , Odbert H.
Published: May 2014

Using ground deformation data from Soufrière Hills volcano (SHV), we present results from numerical modeling of the temperature‐ and time‐dependent stress evolution in a mechanically heterogeneous crust prior to reservoir failure and renewed eruptive activity. The best fit models do not allow us to discriminate between a magmatic plumbing system consisting of either a single vertically elongated reservoir or a series of stacked reservoirs. A prolate reservoir geometry with volumes between 50 and 100 km3, reservoir pressure changes between 4 and 7 MPa, and reservoir volume changes between 0.03 and 0.04 km3 with magma compressibility between 4 × 10−11 and 1 × 10−9 Pa−1 provide plausible thermomechanical model parameters to explain the deformation time series; around an order of magnitude less overpressure than is generally inferred from homogeneous, elastic crustal models. Reservoir failure is predicted to occur at the crest of the reservoir except for reservoirs with highly compressible magma ( Pa) for which subhorizontal sill formation is predicted upon reservoir failure. Introducing a deep‐crustal hot zone modulates the partitioning of strains into the hotter underlying crust and results in a further reduction in overpressure estimates to values of around 1–2 MPa upon reservoir failure. Deduced volume fluxes are consistent with constraints from thermal modeling of active subvolcanic systems and imply dynamic failure of a compressible magma mush column feeding eruptions at SHV. Our interpretation of the results is that the combined thermomechanical effects of a deep‐crustal hot zone and hot encasing rocks around a midcrustal andesitic reservoir fundamentally alter the time‐dependent subsurface stress and strain partitioning upon reservoir priming. These effects substantially influence surface strains recorded by volcano geodetic monitoring.
Winter‐responding proxy temperature reconstructions and the North Atlantic Oscillation
Authors: Jones P. D. , Harpham C. , Vinther B. M.
Published: May 2014

Instrumental temperature data for the Northern Hemisphere (30°–90°N) clearly indicate that winter season variability is larger than equivalent measures for summer. This should not be surprising as temperatures in winter are dominated by variability caused by changes in atmospheric circulation features, whereas in summer variability is more dominated by local changes in cloudiness. Here we consider most of the few winter‐responding annually resolved proxy reconstructions of temperature from the northern North Atlantic and northwestern European regions. We find the expected out‐of‐phase relationship between northwest Europe and Greenland due to the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), which is stronger when the series from the two locations are formed from more than one series. On 30 year time scales this relationship between the two locations shows no century‐scale variations since 1250 CE (Common Era), the start of our reconstructions, in contrast to the strong positive NAO values before 1400 CE implied by the study of Trouet et al. (2009).
Deep conduit flow in karst aquifers revisited
Authors: Kaufmann Georg , Gabrovšek Franci , Romanov Douchko
Published: May 2014

Caves formed in soluble rocks such as limestone, anhydrite, or gypsum are efficient drainage paths for water moving through the aquifer from the surface of the host rock toward a resurgence. The formation of caves is controlled by the physical solution through dissociation of the host rock by water or by the chemical solution through reactions of the host rock with water enriched with carbon dioxide. Caves as large underground voids are simply the end‐member of secondary porosity and conductivity characterizing the aquifer. Caves and their relation to a present or past base level are found both close to a past or present water table (water table caves) and extending far below a past or present water table (bathy‐phreatic caves). One explanation for this different speleogenetic evolution is the structural control: fractures and bedding partings are preferentially enlarged around more prominent faults, thus the fracture density in the host rock controls the speleogenetic evolution. This widely accepted explanation can be extended by adding other controls, e.g., a hydraulic control: as temperature generally increases with depth, density and viscosity of water change, and particularly the reduction of viscosity due to the increase in temperature enhances flow. This hypothesis was proposed by Worthington (2001, 2004) as a major controlling factor for the evolution of deep bathy‐phreatic caves. We compare the efficiency of structural and hydraulic control on the evolution of a cave passage by numerical means, adding a third control, the chemical control to address the change in solubility of the circulating water with depth. Our results show that the increase in flow through deep bathy‐phreatic passages due to the decrease in viscosity is by far outweighted by effects such as the decrease in fracture width with depth due to lithostatic stress and the decrease in solubility with depth. Hence, the existence of deep bathy‐phreatic cave passages is more likely to be controlled by the structural effect of prominent faults.
A recurrent neural fuzzy controller based on self‐organizing improved particle swarm optimization for a magnetic levitation system
Authors: Lin Cheng‐Jian , Chen Cheng‐Hung
Published: May 2014

This paper proposes a recurrent neural fuzzy controller (RNFC) approach based on a self‐organizing improved particle swarm optimization (SOIPSO) algorithm used for solving control problems. The proposed SOIPSO algorithm can adaptively determine the number of fuzzy rules and automatically adjust the parameters in an RNFC. The proposed learning algorithm consisted of phases of structure and parameter learning. Structure learning adopts several subswarms to constitute the adjustable variables in fuzzy systems, and an elite‐based structure strategy determines the suitable number of fuzzy rules. This paper proposes an improved particle swarm optimization technique, which consists of the modified evolutionary direction operator (MEDO) and traditional PSO techniques. The proposed MEDO method used the EDO and migration operation to improve the search ability of a global solution. Finally, the proposed RNFC approach based on the SOIPSO learning algorithm (RNFC–SOIPSO) was adopted to control a magnetic levitation system. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed RNFC–SOIPSO model outperforms other models. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Novel Vanadosilicate with Hexadeca‐Coordinated Cs+ Ions as a Highly Effective Cs+ Remover
Authors: Datta Shuvo Jit , Moon Won Kyung , Choi Do Young , Hwang In Chul , Yoon Kyung Byung
Published: May 2014

The effective removal of 137Cs+ ions from contaminated groundwater and seawater and from radioactive nuclear waste solutions is crucial for public health and for the continuous operation of nuclear power plants. Various 137Cs+ removers have been developed, but more effective 137Cs+ removers are still needed. A novel microporous vanadosilicate with mixed‐valence vanadium (V4+ and V5+) ions is now reported, which shows an excellent ability for Cs+ capture and immobilization from groundwater, seawater, and nuclear waste solutions. This material is superior to other known materials in terms of selectivity, capacity, and kinetics, and at very low Cs+ concentrations, it was found to be the most effective material for the removal of radioactive Cs+ ions under the test conditions. This novel vanadosilicate also contains hexadeca‐coordinated Cs+ ions, which corresponds to the highest coordination number ever described.
Mechanistic Study of the Role of Primary Amines in Precursor Conversions to Semiconductor Nanocrystals at Low Temperature
Authors: Yu Kui , Liu Xiangyang , Chen Queena Y. , Yang Huaqing , Yang Mingli , Wang Xinqin , Wang Xin , Cao Hong , Whitfield Dennis M. , Hu Changwei , Tao Ye
Published: May 2014

Primary alkyl amines (RNH2) have been empirically used to engineer various colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals (NCs). Here, we present a general mechanism in which the amine acts as a hydrogen/proton donor in the precursor conversion to nanocrystals at low temperature, which was assisted by the presence of a secondary phosphine. Our findings introduce the strategy of using a secondary phosphine together with a primary amine as new routes to prepare high‐quality NCs at low reaction temperatures but with high particle yields and reproducibility and thus, potentially, low production costs.
Sawfish exploitation and status in Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Md Anwar , Thompson Benjamin S. , ChowdHury Gawsia Wahidunnessa , Mohsanin Samiul , Fahad Zubair H. , Koldewey Heather J. , Islam Md Anwarul
Published: May 2014

Sawfish are among the world's most threatened and understudied marine fishes. There are few studies on sawfish from outside Australian and USA waters ‐ a significant knowledge gap considering their circumtropical distribution and migratory nature.

This paper presents the first assessment of sawfish exploitation and status in Bangladesh: a country that is subject to extensive fishing efforts, and home to the largest mangrove forest on Earth – an ecosystem that provides critical nursery habitat for juvenile sawfish.

A countrywide rapid assessment was undertaken between December 2011 and November 2012, using an interdisciplinary methodology. Fish landing stations, dry fish markets, and fishing villages were visited and a sawfish medicine maker was found and interviewed. In addition, interviews with national specialists at academic and fisheries institutions were undertaken. In total, 203 questionnaire surveys were conducted with fishers and traders in order to understand the extent of decline, potential drivers of declines, and local perceptions and uses of sawfish. Eighteen rostra were documented from museum archives and private collections, and unpublished data were sourced.

Two sawfish species, Pristis pristis and Anoxypristis cuspidata were confirmed to be present in Bangladesh. General population declines were revealed. The average annual sawfish encounter rate (observations and catches) declined from 3.7 individuals using lifetime recall data (~22‐year), to 1.5 using 5‐year recall data, and further to 0.7 using 1‐year recall data.

The consensus from social research methods was that sawfish were caught as bycatch, with drift gill nets being cited as the most damaging gear type. Every respondent perceived sawfish as a useful animal – typically for medicinal or cultural values. Conservation measures are proposed, including a local education and outreach programme to seek behavioural changes – primarily to release live sawfish.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Aberrant promoter methylation of PPP1R3C and EFHD1 in plasma of colorectal cancer patients
Authors: Takane Kiyoko , Midorikawa Yutaka , Yagi Koichi , Sakai Ayako , Aburatani Hiroyuki , Takayama Tadatoshi , Kaneda Atsushi
Published: May 2014

Aberrant DNA methylation is a common epigenetic alteration involved in colorectal cancer (CRC). In our previous study, we performed methylated DNA immunoprecipitation‐on‐chip analysis combined with gene re‐expression analysis by 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine treatment, to identify methylation genes in CRC genome widely. Among these genes, 12 genes showed aberrant hypermethylation frequently in >75% of 149 CRC samples but did not in normal samples. In this study, we aim to find out any of these methylation genes to be utilized for CRC detection using plasma DNA samples. Primers for methylation‐specific PCR and pyrosequencing were designed for seven of the 12 genes. Among them, PPP1R3C and EFHD1 were rarely hypermethylated in peripheral blood cells, but frequently hypermethylated in 24 CRC tissue samples and their corresponding plasma samples. In plasma samples, PPP1R3C was methylated in 81% (97/120) of CRC patients, but only in 19% (18/96) of noncancer patients (P = 6 × 10−20, Fisher's exact test). In combined analysis with EFHD1, both genes were methylated in 53% (64/120) of CRC patients, but only in 4% (4/96) of noncancer patients (P = 2 × 10−16), giving high specificity of 96%. At least one of the two genes was methylated in 90% (108/120) of CRC patients, and 36% (35/96) of control patients, giving high sensitivity of 90%. Compared with low sensitivity of carcinoembryonic antigen (17% at stage I, 40% at stage II) and CA19‐9 (0% at stage I, 13% at stage II) for early‐stage CRCs, sensitivity of aberrant methylation was significantly higher: PPP1R3C methylation at 92% (11/12) for stage I and 77% (23/30) for stage II, and methylation of at least one gene at 100% (12/12) for stage I and 87% (26/30) for stage II. PPP1R3C methylation or its combined use of EFHD1 methylation was highly positive in CRC plasma samples, and they might be useful in detection of CRC, especially for early‐stage CRCs.
ChemInform Abstract: Silica‐Immobilized Chiral Dirhodium(II) Catalyst for Enantioselective Carbenoid Reactions.
Authors: Chepiga Kathryn M. , Feng Yan , Brunelli Nicholas A. , Jones Christopher W. , Davies Huw M. L.
Published: May 2014

An optically active silica supported dirhodium catalyst is prepared and successfully applied to cyclopropanation, cyclopropenation, tandem ylide formation/[2,3] sigmatropic rearrangement and C‐H functionalization reactions.
ChemInform Abstract: Triterpene Glycosides from the Stems and Leaves of Lonicera japonica
Authors: Kuroda Minpei , Shizume Takaaki , Mimaki Yoshihiro
Published: May 2014

isolation and structure elucidation of five new triterpene glycosides, lonicerosides F‐J, along with five known compounds
ChemInform Abstract: Transition Metal Complexes with Charge‐Compensated Dicarbollide Ligands
Authors: Timofeev Sergey V. , Sivaev Igor B. , Prikaznova Elena A. , Bregadze Vladimir I.
Published: May 2014

Review: [110 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organotin Polymers as Anticancer and Antiviral Agents
Authors: Carraher Charles E. Jr. , Roner Michael R.
Published: May 2014

Review: 343 refs.
The alternating least squares technique for nonuniform intensity color correction
Authors: Finlayson Graham D. , Mohammadzadeh Darrodi Maryam , Mackiewicz Michal
Published: May 2014

Color correction involves mapping device RGBs to display counterparts or to corresponding XYZs. A popular methodology is to take an image of a color chart and then solve for the best 3 × 3 matrix that maps the RGBs to the corresponding known XYZs. However, this approach fails at times when the intensity of the light varies across the chart. This variation needs to be removed before estimating the correction matrix. This is typically achieved by acquiring an image of a uniform gray chart in the same location, and then dividing the color checker image by the gray‐chart image. Of course, taking images of two charts doubles the complexity of color correction. In this article, we present an alternative color correction algorithm that simultaneously estimates the intensity variation and the 3 × 3 transformation matrix from a single image of a color chart. We show that the color correction problem, that is, finding the 3 × 3 correction matrix, can be solved using a simple alternating least‐squares procedure. Experiments validate our approach. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 40, 232–242, 2015
Speciation, population structure, and demographic history of the Mojave Fringe‐toed Lizard (Uma scoparia), a species of conservation concern
Authors: Gottscho Andrew D. , Marks Sharyn B. , Jennings W. Bryan
Published: May 2014

The North American deserts were impacted by both Neogene plate tectonics and Quaternary climatic fluctuations, yet it remains unclear how these events influenced speciation in this region. We tested published hypotheses regarding the timing and mode of speciation, population structure, and demographic history of the Mojave Fringe‐toed Lizard (Uma scoparia), a sand dune specialist endemic to the Mojave Desert of California and Arizona. We sampled 109 individual lizards representing 22 insular dune localities, obtained DNA sequences for 14 nuclear loci, and found that U. scoparia has low genetic diversity relative to the U. notata species complex, comparable to that of chimpanzees and southern elephant seals. Analyses of genotypes using Bayesian clustering algorithms did not identify discrete populations within U. scoparia. Using isolation‐with‐migration (IM) models and a novel coalescent‐based hypothesis testing approach, we estimated that U. scoparia diverged from U. notata in the Pleistocene epoch. The likelihood ratio test and the Akaike Information Criterion consistently rejected nested speciation models that included parameters for migration and population growth of U. scoparia. We reject the Neogene vicariance hypothesis for the speciation of U. scoparia and define this species as a single evolutionarily significant unit for conservation purposes.
Stand‐scale transpiration of two Moso bamboo stands with different culm densities
Authors: Ichihashi Ryuji , Komatsu Hikaru , Kume Tomonori , Onozawa Yuka , Shinohara Yoshinori , Tsuruta Kenji , Otsuki Kyoichi
Published: May 2014

The large‐scale expansion of Moso bamboo forests in Japan raises concerns about how vegetation will affect the hydrological cycle and local water resources. However, information on transpiration (E) is limited to study on a single bamboo stand with low culm density (4 000 ha−1). The present study conducted a year‐round measurement of E in a high‐density (11 000 ha−1) stand using sap‐flow measurements, and additional measurements were made during summer in the previously studied low‐density stand and a neighbouring Japanese cedar stand for comparison. Annual E of the high‐density stand was estimated at 455 mm. Although the value was greater than those reported for neighbouring coniferous forests (250–370 mm), it was lower than previous measurements made in the low‐density stand (567 mm). The daytime sap flux density of the high‐density stand was generally less than half that in the low‐density stand, resulting in similar daily maximum E values in those stands. In addition, E typically peaked before midday in the high‐density stand followed by a rapid decline; the midday suppression of E led to decreased total E in the stand. Based on present and previous measurements of E, combined with the lower rainfall interception (I) reported for bamboo stands, water loss through evapotranspiration would be comparable between bamboo and coniferous forests. Present results also suggest that the E of bamboo stands does not have strong positive relationships with stand structural parameters (e.g., culm density and sapwood area) but possibly depends more on the sites' microenvironments (e.g., solar radiation). Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A selective thyroid hormone β receptor agonist enhances human and rodent oligodendrocyte differentiation
Authors: Baxi Emily G. , Schott Jason T. , Fairchild Amanda N. , Kirby Leslie A. , Karani Rabia , Uapinyoying Prech , Pardo‐Villamizar Carlos , Rothstein Jeffrey R. , Bergles Dwight E. , Calabresi Peter A.
Published: May 2014

Nerve conduction within the mammalian central nervous system is made efficient by oligodendrocyte‐derived myelin. Historically, thyroid hormones have a well described role in regulating oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelination during development; however, it remains unclear which thyroid hormone receptors are required to drive these effects. This is a question with clinical relevance since nonspecific thyroid receptor stimulation can produce deleterious side‐effects. Here we report that GC‐1, a thyromimetic with selective thyroid receptor β action and a potentially limited side‐effect profile, promotes in vitro oligodendrogenesis from both rodent and human oligodendrocyte progenitor cells. In addition, we used in vivo genetic fate tracing of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells via PDGFαR‐CreER;Rosa26‐eYFP double‐transgenic mice to examine the effect of GC‐1 on cellular fate and find that treatment with GC‐1 during developmental myelination promotes oligodendrogenesis within the corpus callosum, occipital cortex and optic nerve. GC‐1 was also observed to enhance the expression of the myelin proteins MBP, CNP and MAG within the same regions. These results indicate that a β receptor selective thyromimetic can enhance oligodendrocyte differentiation in vitro and during developmental myelination in vivo and warrants further study as a therapeutic agent for demyelinating models. GLIA 2014;62:1513–1529