bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Industry Needs In Relation To Postharvest Horticulture - Fresh Market
Authors: Miller Leon W.
Published: September 2022

We are faced with many problems after the crop is harvested, problems that are sometimes overlooked in research studies. Let us follow these problems through the channels of trade to the housewife who pays for the commodity. I do not think the ultimate has been reached in the care that most fruits and vegetables get at the shipping point, because at times economics have had more bearing on the way a crop is harvested and handled than consideration for good handling practices. Most of us are not sure in many cases how best to handle a commodity, by mechanical harvesting in small containers, bulk, etc. I do not think the job of research has been completed in these fields. This is true especially when the commodity is going into fresh market channels. I think we definitely need more research on mechanical harvesting and mechanical handling both in the field and at the packing house, and also education of the producer in both areas.
What Can We Do As An Action Program?
Authors: Stuart Neil W.
Published: September 2022

The horticultural industry of the 1970's is, for the most part, a development of the 20th century. At the middle of the 19th century horticulture was still what Joe Gourley called “a rich man's fancy” (1). It is much more than that today with cash receipts of $5 billion per year at the producers’ level (2). The products grown on our 10 million acres touch the lives of more Americans in more ways than do any other agricultural products you can name. The progress we have made during the last 70 years is so overwhelming that we have a tendency to forget how far we have come. As we look ahead we must consider our problems, our needs, and our resources.
Stratification Effects on Endogenous Gibberellic Acid (GA) in Peach Seeds1
Authors: Mathur D. D. , Couvillon G. A. , Vines H. M. , Hendershott C. H.
Published: September 2022

Peach seed (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, cv. Elberta) were stratified at 0°C in peat moss and analyzed for GA3 and GA7 at weekly intervals for 4 weeks and at 4 week intervals for 16 weeks. Percentage germination increased as GA3 and GA7 increased during stratification. The suggestion is made that there is a conversion of GA7 to GA3 during stratification and the biosynthesis is temperature dependent.
Crude Protein Content of Yams1
Authors: Martin Franklin W. , Thompson A. E.
Published: September 2022

Yams (Dioscorea spp.) contained from 6.3 to 13.4% crude protein, as measured by the Kjeldahl N technique. In the cv. Morado protein content tended to be highest in upper or inner (oldest) portions of the tuber. The peel, while rich in protein, is a minor part of the total wt. Tubers of ‘Morado’, varied significantly from 6.7 to 9.8% crude protein. Yams appear to contain sufficient quantities of protein to merit nutritional considerations.
Screening Citrus Hybrids for Cold Hardiness
Authors: Young Roger , Hearn C. J.
Published: September 2022

Tree and fruit losses from cold injury are important problems in growing citrus. Severe losses from the freezes of 1894-95, 1957-58, 1962, and 1970-71 in Florida; 1949, 1950, and 1962 in Texas; and 1913, 1937, 1949, and 1950 in California, have stimulated research on cold hardiness of citrus. One method of reducing losses from freezes is the production of cold hardy cultivars by breeding and selection. Citrus physiologists and breeders with the USDA at Orlando, Florida; Indio, California; and Weslaco, Texas, have coordinated their research to develop more cold hardy citrus cultivars (2, 3). This paper summarizes some recent efforts to develop methods for screening citrus hybrids for cold hardiness. The glossary (Table 1) of the citrus types and names used here include cold hardiness ratings. Common names or a designated number will be used for simplicity of discussion.
The Effect of Sub-freezing Temperatures on Fruit Quality and Seed Viability of ‘Lula’ Avocado1
Authors: Wutscher Heinz K. , Maxwell Norman P.
Published: September 2022

Mature ‘Lula’ avocado fruits (Persea americana Miller) were exposed to temp ranging from -2.2 to -8.9°C for 4 hr in a freeze chamber. No off-flavors or discoloration developed during a 7-day ripening period (25°C) after temp of -5.6° and above. Temp of -6.7° and -7.8° caused discoloration and decay of the outer part of the mesocarp; the inner region remained hard, green, and unpalatable. Following the -8.9° treatment, the entire mesocarp decayed. Insertion of thermocouples into the fruits decreased cold tolerance 1°. Seed germination was reduced to less than 50% of normal in the -4.4° to -6.7° range, then decreased to 0 at -8.9°. Tissue temp curves showed heat release coincident with tissue damage, indicating internal ice formation.
Effectiveness of the Pressure-Load Meter in Measuring Firmness of Tomato Fruit1
Authors: Sobotka Francis E. , Watada Alley E. , Diener Robert G.
Published: September 2022

The Pressure-Load (P-L) Meter, a small portable instrument, was as sensitive as an Instron Machine in measuring firmness of ripening tomato fruit. Firmness, as measured with the P-L Meter, was significantly correlated with changes in water and NaOH-soluble pec tic substances of ripening fruit.
Technical Education Centers in South Carolina
Authors: Senn T. L.
Published: September 2022

A system of two-year agricultural technology programs was established in South Carolina in 1966. These programs were designed for persons having a high school diploma or its equivalent, who do not plan to pursue studies leading to a college degree, and who are otherwise qualified to profit from such instruction. The technical program complements and does not duplicate the educational programs in agriculture now being offered. Courses completed in the two-year technical programs do not count toward a bachelor’s degree.
Salt Induced Water Stress as a Determinant of Flower Quality and Longevity in Chrysanthemums1
Authors: Rutland Rufus B.
Published: September 2022

The market quality and vase life of cut flowers of Chrysanthemum morifolium, Ram., were not adversely affected by growing the plants in soil having an electrical conductance of the saturated paste extract (ECe) of 3.6 millimho/cm if high soil water content was maintained by wick irrigation. However, shorter stems, smaller flowers, lighter wt flowers, and flowers of shorter vase life were produced at ECe 3.6 than at ECe 1.8 under manual irrigation by hose. The optimal condition for most growth criteria was ECe 3.6 with wick irrigation, but the optimum for vase life was ECe 1.8. A salinity of ECe 4.0, in which KCI or K2SO4 was high, caused a slight reduction in growth and vase life but was not as severe as an ECe 3.6 with manual irrigation.

In an experiment of factorial design, high salinity (ECe 4.0), sand-peat soil of low water-holding capacity (WHC 32%), and manual irrigation resulted in shorter stems, smaller flowers, lower stem substance, and shorter vase life than was produced under low salinity (ECe 2.0), high water-holding soil (clay-peat of WHC 46%), and automatic irrigation. Automatic irrigation prevented an adverse effect of soil salinity on stem substance, flower size and flower longevity of the plants growing in the clay-peat medium but not of those growing in sand-peat.
Promotion of Renewal Canes in Roses by Ethephon1
Authors: Zieslin N. , Halevy A. H. , Mor Y. , Bachrach A. , Sapir I.
Published: September 2022

Spary treatment of (2-choroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) on the lower, unleafy parts of rose plants promoted the formation of renewal canes (growth of basal shoots). The best response was in the cv. Baccara. A thin score above the bud with a saw blade dipped in ethephon greatly increased the efficiency of the treatment.
A New Anthocyanin from Viburnum trilobum, L.1
Authors: Wang P. L. , Francis F. J.
Published: September 2022

Many ornamentals owe their attractive coloration to anthocyanins. Although a large number of anthocyanins have been identified (3) not all the expected pigments have been reported. This note reports the identification of cyanidin-3-arabinoglucoside (Cn-3-GA) from V. trilobum L. also called V. americanum, the American cranberry-bush (4).
Water Stress and the Timing of Irrigation
Authors: Halevy Abraham H.
Published: September 2022

Horticulture is not merely the art of growing plants, but that of growing plants for profit. Therefore when we study the effect of an environmental factor or a growing procedure on a horticultural crop, our main criterion is often not growth but a marketable yield.
A Technique of Shoot Apex Grafting and Its Utilization Towards Recovering Virus-free Citrus Clones1
Authors: Murashige T. , Bitters W. P. , Rangan T. S. , Nauer E. M. , Roistacher C. N. , Holliday P. B.
Published: September 2022

Shoot apices, excised from Citrus cultivars of known virus content, were successfully grafted in vitro onto disease-free rootstock seedlings and some virus-free plants were obtained. The prolonged juvenile phase which characterizes disease-free nucellar lines was bypassed by this procedure.
Severe Pruning Overcomes Alternate Bearing of Mandarin Trees in Rhodes1
Authors: Procopiou John , El-Gazzar A. M.
Published: September 2022

Mandarin (Citrus reticulata Blanco) trees have a tendency to severe alternate bearing. Old trees at Rhodes often bear large crops in the “on” year but the fruit is small, expensive to pick, and brings low prices. Hield and Hilgeman (1) have reviewed hand and chemical thinning and other treatments to overcome biennial bearing but no satisfactory pruning method to regulate production has been reported.
Mineral Nutrition in Humans
Authors: Keane K. W.
Published: September 2022

Minerals are constant constituents of animal tissue. They may be essential components for the maintenance of life processes, or they may perform some nonessential but favorable function. Man is omniverous and can live on a diet of animal, vegetable or mineral origin. The sources of minerals are therefore immaterial for man and the other omnivora; but the presence of all these elements in our food supply is essential. All essential elements are beneficial when present in the body in proper balance. Out of balance or in deficiency they lead to diseases and in excess they may be toxic. Various mineral elements are so interrelated in metabolism that their quantitative requirements are interdependent. A deficiency of a given nutrient may exist with respect to its specific function and also in the balance which should be maintained between it and certain other essentials. Conversely, pathological changes may result from relative as well as from absolute excesses of a given element.
New Crops — Food for the Future?
Authors: Skrdla W. H.
Published: September 2022

We in the U. S. have become accustomed to the tremendous variety of nutritious foods in attractive packages just waiting to be plucked from the shelf in the supermarket. While we may have come to take all this for granted, it did not come about by accident.
Introduction and Establishment of Improved Crop Cultivars in Developing Countries
Authors: Thompson A. E.
Published: September 2022

The production of food in any given area is influenced by many factors. Man at the present time has little control over such factors as climate, but there are others over which considerable control can be exerted. These include adequate and proper fertilization, appropriate tillage methods, effective utilization of available moisture, and control of weeds, diseases and insects. One of the most important components of food production in which man has made and is continuing to make significant improvements is the genetic potential of plants. The few outstanding examples of successful agricultural development have all involved an active plant breeding and genetic research program. Fertilizers, pesticides, and improved cultural practices can only be effective when biological potential is bred into plants. The importance of genetic potential in cultivars is clearly illustrated by the introduction of the Mexican short-strawed wheats into India, Pakistan and Turkey, and the introduction of ‘IR-8’ and other new, high yielding rice cultivars throughout Asia.
Freezing Damage on Attached and Detached Apple Fruits1
Authors: Smock R. M.
Published: September 2022

Small scale, artificial freezing studies showed that injury was more severe on detached than on attached fruits of ‘Red Spy’, ‘Delicious’, and ‘Idared’ apples.
Muskmelon Responses to Preflowering Treatments of Ethephon1
Authors: Lippert L. F. , Hall M. O. , McCoy O. D. , Johnson Hunter
Published: September 2022

(2-Chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) applied to muskmelon seedlings prior to flowering was evaluated for concn of fruit set and effects on fruit maturity under spring and summer conditions in southern California. Concn of 400-600 ppm (spring) and 150-300 ppm (summer) were effective in altering sex expression and locating female flowers on nodes along the main runners. However, increased femaleness did not provide a concn of fruit set, earlier fruit maturity, nor increases in yield. It is concluded that preflower ethephon treatments are of little value in commercial muskmelon production.
Freeze Preservation of Callus Cultures of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat1
Authors: Bannier L. J. , Steponkus Peter L.
Published: September 2022

A modified Murashige and Skoog medium (5) containing 10% sucrose maintained viable tissue cultures of chrysanthemum at −3.5°C for 28 days. The high concn of sucrose resulted in supercooling of the tissue to −5.5° whereas in tissue maintained on 3% sucrose supercooling occurred at −3.3°.
Two Tetraploid Sources of Resistance for Breeding Blueberries Resistant to Phytophthora cinnamomi Rands1
Authors: Draper A. D. , Stretch A. W. , Scott D. H.
Published: September 2022

A clone of the diploid blueberry species Vaccinium atrococcum Heller, was previously found to be highly resistant to the fungus tetraploid highbusy blueberry. The tetraploid V. atrococcum was highly root-rot resistant in a greenhouse study. It was crossed with ‘Earliblue’ and 85 seedlings were obtained. In general, the seedlings were fertile, had small, dark fruit with mild flavor, good scars and quite soft flesh consistency.

Blueberry selections Me-US 32 and Michigan Lowbush 1, and cultivars ‘Berkeley’, ‘Bluecrop’, ‘Earliblue’, and ‘Dixi’ were screened in the greenhouse for resistance to P. cinnamomi. Michigan Lowbush 1 was highly resistant to the root-rot fungus. Me-US 32 was resistant, but all the cultivars were susceptible. Michigan Lowbush 1 is a grandparent and probably the source of resistance of Me-US 32.
Effect of Genotype on Microbiologically Available Methionine Content of Bean Seeds1
Authors: Leleji O. I. , Dickson M. H. , Hackler L. R.
Published: September 2022

Comparison among F1 hybrid bean seeds indicated (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) indicated highly significant reciprocal difference in available methionine. There was no significant difference in available methionine between hybrid and selfed seeds in a low-methionine line, whereas a highly significant difference was found between hybrid and selfed seeds in a high-methionine line.
Open Growth Habit in Summer Squash1
Authors: Baggett James R.
Published: September 2022

Summer squash cultivars (Cucurbita pepo L.) of the Zucchini type were classified on a scale of 1 (open) to 5 (dense growth habit). A trial with 5 cultivars indicated that yield is not dependent on heavy foliage, and that picking time required per unit of crop is much less with open growth habit.

An inheritance study was inconclusive because of problems in progeny plant classification. It appears that growth habit is a complex of several characteristics, and as such, is inherited in a multigenic manner.
Supplemental Light and Growth of Rose During Periods of Low Light Intensity1
Authors: Wiseley Donald K. , Lindstrom Richard S.
Published: September 2022

Supplemental lighting with rose (Rosa hybrida L. cv. Forever Yours) using Wide Spectrum Gro-Lux, Sylvania Metalarc, and General Electric Lucalox lamps gave consistent (but non-significant) increases in production ranging from 29-40% in Jan. and Feb. and 0-24% in March and April and reduced flower development time from 2 to 9 days. Supplemental lighting did not affect stem diam or length or fresh wt of flowers.
Long Days and Cool Night Temperature Increase Flowering of Greenhouse Grown Limonium Cultivars1
Authors: Semeniuk Peter , Krizek Donald T.
Published: September 2022

Recently Raulston (1) reported that photoperiod and nutrition were important in determining the earliness and no. of inflorescences in annual statice (Limonium sinuata L.). Our results, based on date of first visible flower stalk (flowering) (Table 1) are comparable to his findings. Plants under Long Day (LD = 16 hr) came into flower an average of 22 days earlier than under Short Day (SD = 8 hr) treatment. The time of appearance of the first visible flower stalk varied greatly depending upon the cultivar and the photoperiod. Under LD, ‘Iceberg’ and ‘Gold Coast’ flowered first (an average of 115 days) while ‘Blue Bonnet’ and ‘Midnight Blue’ flowered last (an average of 139-140 days). ‘Twilight Lavender’ and ‘American Beauty’ were intermediate (approx 126-128 days). The greatest influence of photoperiod, however, was on the % of plants flowering. An average of 98% of the plants flowered under LD while only 52% flowered under SD. Flowering in ‘Gold Coast’ and ‘Iceberg’ under SD was reduced by ca. 20% while ‘Blue Bonnet’ failed to flower (Table 1).
Implementation of the Land Use Plan1
Authors: Norton Robert A.
Published: September 2022

Implementation as it applies to land use is the often painful process by which the “decision makers” go from an altruistic goal or plan for the community, state or nation, to positive action programs or regulations. In our culture where private land tenure is considered almost sacred, such action programs, designed for the many, may drastically affect the economic and social well-being of those intimately involved. We, as horticulturists, with our knowledge of the “ecological inventory” and our usually balanced judgment, recognizing both the economic and social needs of man, have an opportunity to make a contribution which can “ease the pain” in the planning and implementation process. In order to have an effective impact, we must be thoroughly familiar first with the methods by which land use plans are implemented and finally with those groups and individuals involved in planning and implementation.
Effect of Chlormequat and SADH on Runner Development and Fruiting Behavior of Summer-planted Strawberry1
Authors: Sachs M. , Izsak Eva , Geisenberg C.
Published: September 2022

Retardation of runner formation in the fall was obtained in summer-planted strawberry (cv. Tioga) as a result of (2-chloroethyl)trimethylammonium chloride (chiormequat) and succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) spray treatments. No residual effects of the growth retardants on runner development were found in the following spring. The treatments brought about a significant increase in the no. of crowns per plant, but this had no effect on the total yield of the plants. Fruit quality was lowered by the treatments, especially by SADH.
Peach Flowering Response as Related to Time of Gibberellin Application1
Authors: Painter J. W. , Stembridge G. E.
Published: September 2022

Gibberellic acid (GA3) was applied at 75 ppm to mature ‘Redskin‘ peach trees at various times during the summer and fall. Flowering was reduced by GA3, the degree of reduction depending on time of application. Two response peaks were evident: the first occurred with application in early summer, at the time of flower initiation; the second occurred in late summer and resulted from mortality of developing flower buds. Application of GA3 shortly before leaf fall caused the most retardation of flower development the following spring. The nature and degree of flowering response was, therefore, related to time of GA3 application.
Growth Characteristics of Ficus elastica Roxb1
Authors: Marlatt Robert B.
Published: September 2022

Branches produced over 37 nodes annually and varied with season. Weight per branch increased 1200 g from February through May. Leaves lived an average of 345 days before abscission. The growth rate of a branch was not related to its location on a tree.
Effect of Ethephon on Fresh-pack and Brined Cucumbers1
Authors: Miller C. H. , Lower R. L.
Published: September 2022

Fruit of cucumbei plants (Cucumis sativus L.) of a gynoecious and 2 monoecious cultivars treated at the 2-3 leaf stage with 0 or 240 ppm (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) were harvested at 3 weekly intervals, and processed as either fresh-pack pickles or brine stock. Experienced judges detected differences in shape and degree of seed development attributable to ethephon treatment. There were no significant differences in texture, flavor, external or internal color, firmness or internal defects. Differences caused by ethephon treatment were less apparent in fruit of the gynoecious than monoecious cultivars.
The Influence of a Short Period of Evaporative Cooling on the Distribution of 14C in Potato Plants1
Authors: Sanders D. C. , Li P. H. , Nylund R. E.
Published: September 2022

Potato plants (Solarium tuberosum L. cv. Irish Cobbler) which were intermittently misted fixed more 14CO2 than nonmisted plants. Most of the 14C was found in the sugar fraction with the greatest activity translocating to the top of the plant. The highest 14C in the nonvolatile organic acid fraction was found in the leaf which was fed 14CO2. The radioactivity of the free amino acid fraction was highest in tubers of misted plants, but was highest in the 14CO2 fed leaf of the nonmisted plants.
Effectiveness of a New Onion Top Killer
Authors: Isenberg F. M. , Abdel-Rahman M.
Published: September 2022

A neo-decanoic mixture including xylene and surfactants (NDA) used at rates of 33.6 to 44.9 kg/ha (3040 lb./acre) destroyed onion foliage in 2 weeks, and reduced foliage moisture content to 50% of control.
Weed Competition in Container Grown Japanese Holly1
Authors: Fretz Thomas A.
Published: September 2022

Dry wt of Japanese holly (Ilex crenata (Thunb.) cv. convexa Makino.) decreased significantly as the density of competing weed species increased. One redroot pigweed plant (Amaranthus retroflexus L.) reduced the dry wt of Japanese holly by 47% in 2.4 liter and 30% in 6.0 liter containers and 1 plant of large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinales (L.) Scop.) caused reductions in dry wt of Japanese holly of 60% in 2.4 liter and 35% in 6.0 liter containers.
Length of the Juvenile Period in Some Apomictic Crabapples1
Authors: Zimmerman Richard H.
Published: September 2022

The mean length of the juvenile period for seedlings grown in the field varied from slightly more than 3 years for Malus Sargentii Rehd. to nearly 5 years for M. toringoides (Rehd.) Hughes and M. sikkimensis (Hook, f.) Koehne. Growing the seedlings in the greenhouse for varying lengths of time before field planting shortened the juvenile period in M. toringoides, but had no effect on the juvenile period in M. sikkimensis, and lengthened the juvenile period in the other species used. For a given species, those growing conditions which produced the most vigorous growth of the seedlings also had the greatest effect on shortening the juvenile period. None of the species reported on here is as useful for physiological studies as M hupehensis (Pamp.) Rehd.
Leaf Chlorosis and Twig Discoloration in ‘Delicious’ Apple Trees Having Mn-Induced Internal Bark Necrosis1
Authors: Zeiger D. C. , Shelton J. E.
Published: September 2022

‘Red Prince Delicious’ apples/‘M7’ rootstocks, growing in sand culture and receiving ½, 5 or 50 ppm Mn, developed internal bark necrosis (IBN), and an Fe-deficiency chlorosis in its severest expression, at the highest level of Mn supply. Fe was as high in leaves of chlorotic as in those of non-chlorotic plants, but the chlorosis was cleared up by increasing the Fe supply.

Ground twigs showed a brownish coloration which had a max reflectance at 700 mμ. Differences in coloration were correlated with the Mn supply, the severity of IBN symptoms and the Mn/Fe ratio in the leaves and bark, but not with the Mn/Fe ratio in the ground twigs.
Eleven Decades Later: Presidential Address
Authors: Mahlstede J. P.
Published: September 2022

John P. Mahlstede was raised in the horticulture business. His father, John A. Mahlstede, is a nurseryman and landscape contractor in Cleveland, Ohio.
Applications of Isozyme Analysis in Horticultural Science1
Authors: Peirce L. C. , Brewbaker J. L.
Published: September 2022

Enzyme heterogeneity in relatively pure extracts has been demonstrated for many plants (44), particularly through the application of gel electrophoresis techniques. Isoenzyme heterogeneity was discerned first in esterase and lactate dehydrogenase (27), and implications of this heterogeneity have excited interest in many areas of the biological sciences. We will discuss in this paper some areas in the horticultural sciences in which protein electrophoresis appears to have significant practical and basic research applications.
Diurnal Variation in the Nitrate Concentration of Beets1
Authors: Minotti P. L. , Stankey D. L.
Published: September 2022

A pattern of diurnal fluctuation in the nitrate concentration of young field grown beets (Beta vulgaris L.) was established. Plants assayed every 4 hours over a 52-hour period in late May showed greater than 2-fold differences with maximum concentrations at 4 am and 8 am and minimum concentrations at 4 pm. Thus, adjustments in harvest time may help minimize nitrate levels in vegetables. Moreover, diurnal fluctuations should be taken into account when predicting the adequacy of soil nitrate levels by tissue analysis.
Determination of Total Carotenoids in Capsicum1
Authors: Lippert L. F. , Hall M. O.
Published: September 2022

A regression equation is presented to relate concentration of carotenoids in dehydrated Capsicum powders from µg/g to industry accepted Lovibond red units. Hydration of powders prior to acetone extraction increased removal of pigments from the powders and extracted brown components often present in the powders. The procedure for total carotenoid extraction from hydra ted Capsicum powders and estimation of brown, water-soluble components is described.
Effect of SADH and Ethephon on Peach Fruit Growth and Maturation1
Authors: Byers Ross E. , Emerson Frank H.
Published: September 2022

Applications of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) to peach trees (Prunus persica(L.) Batsch) prior to the completion of pit hardening (stage II) resulted in the early onset of the final fruit swell (stage III) and hastened fruit maturity. Applications during stage I (initial swell) were ineffective. Succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) applications made prior to the completion of stage II resulted in early fruit maturation. Ethephon and SADH in combination during stage II or in successive applications (SADH in stage I and ethephon in stage II) were more effective in the promotion of early fruit maturity than either material alone.
Chemical Defoliation of Young, Budded Pecan Trees1
Authors: Aitken J. B.
Published: September 2022

Applications of ethephon, ethephon plus KI, ethephon plus HI, ametryne and VCS-438 in Oct. promoted good to excellent leaf abscission on young, budded pecan trees (Carya illinoensis Koch). Combinations of ethephon and KI caused greater leaf abscission than either material alone. Complete defoliation of the trees in 4 weeks was obtained with ametryne in both 1970 and 1971. Only paraquat affected bud break and growth of young trees the next spring. Patterns of leaf abscission resulting from various chemical treatments support the concept that factors in addition to ethylene are involved in pecan defoliation.
‘Iowa’ Heliotrope1
Authors: Buck Griffith J.
Published: September 2022

At the turn of the century, heliotrope, also cherry pie, (Heliotropium arborescens, Linn.) was a popular plant in both garden and greenhouse. A measure of the plant's popularity was the large number of clones available to growers (1, 2). The economic instability after World War I and its resulting effect upon garden and greenhouse operations caused many plants, including heliotrope, to go out of commerce.
Amo-1618 as a Growth Retardant of Citrus Seedlings1
Authors: Yelenosky G.
Published: September 2022

Amo-1618 at 500 to 10,000 ppm reduced plant growth when sprayed on seedlings of 3 species of citrus. The growth retardant affected rate of stem elongation, length of stem internode, and leaf shape, color, and texture. Objectionable tissue abnormalities did not develop.
Impact Of Changing Quality Requirements1
Authors: Kramer Amihud
Published: September 2022

It is most appropriate to begin this Symposium with a definition of quality. This definition, slightly modified from one developed by a recent task force, is: Quality is the composite of attributes that differentiate among units of a product and have significance in determining the degree of acceptability of the unit by the buyer. Accordingly it is the buyer who dictates quality specifications. These may change in accordance with his requirements, or those of his buyer, the consumer (3). Sometimes, a quality attribute becomes less important and another, more important. It may then be necessary to introduce new standards, that is, methods of measuring the new attribute of concern. The changes may also be only of degree, so that the standard in use may be retained, but only the grade levels changed. For example, a buyer of fresh sweet corn who had been using it to manufacture cream style corn and needed a medium maturity level raw material in order to obtain the desired consistency of the end product may decide to change to the manufacture of whole kernel corn where he needs a decidedly less mature raw product. The standard, that is, the method by which maturity is tested may remain the same, but the grade changes from a more mature, starchier corn, to one that is less mature.
Field Resistance to Root-knot Nematode in Muskmelon1
Authors: Elmstrom G. W. , Hopkins D. L.
Published: September 2022

Significant differences in relative field resistance to root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) were found among 21 muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars and breeding lines.
Hood River Valley Horticulture
Authors: Beall Gary
Published: September 2022

Gone are the legendary days when Mt. Hood and Mt. Adams engaged in terrific quarrels–growling and rumbling and belching forth billowing black smoke as they spat ashes and threw stones.
The Apple Industry in Japan1
Authors: Mink G. I.
Published: September 2022

Officially, 1972 marks the 100th anniversary of the modern apple industry in Japan. Although a small, crab-type apple was grown there for several centuries, the modern cultivated apple was virtually unknown in Japan prior to the Meiji Restoration which reopened the country to foreign trade in 1868. Since their introduction in 1872 apples have become the second leading fruit crop with 149,000 acres currently producing some 90 million boxes (40 lb.) annually.
A Simplified Soil Temperature Regulation System1
Authors: Pellett Harold , Andersen Craig , Allen Craig
Published: September 2022

A flexible, inexpensive system for experimental control of soil temperature independent of “above ground” temperature is described. The system is based on the control of air temperature around soil containers in an insulated sealed chamber.
Fatty Acids of Brazilian Cashew Kernels1
Authors: Barroso M. Angela T. , Whiting F. M. , Brown W. H. , Stull J. W.
Published: September 2022

Kernel oil of Brazilian cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) contained measurable amounts of 4 fatty acids, palmitic (7.5%), stearic (4.5%), oleic (73.7%), and linoleic (14.3%) and trace amounts of arachidic and linolenic. The cashew kernels had an average oil content of 45.6%.
Considerations in the Design of Experimental Cold Storage Plants for Perishable Commodities1
Authors: Chalutz E. , Felsenstein G
Published: September 2022

We discuss criteria for the design of cold storage facilities for use in research. Factors considered are: determination of the desired accuracy of temperature and relative humidity control, methods of air circulation and fresh air introduction.
Flowering of Christmas Cactus During the Summer1
Authors: Poole Richard T.
Published: September 2022

Christmas cactus (Zygocactus truncatus Schum cv. Christmas Cheer) can be forced into bloom during the hot (22°C minimum - 32 maximum) summer months of Central Florida when placed under short day (8 AM - 5 PM) for 6 or more weeks. Plants bloomed 9-14 weeks after placement in short days and bloomed for 4-8 weeks after first flower opening.
Hypobaric Storage of Cut Flowers1
Authors: Burg Stanley P.
Published: September 2022

The earliest description of ethylene-induced flower fading is in a monograph by George Fahnestock, written in 1858, after his collection of rare, exotic plants was exposed accidentally to illuminating gas leaking from a broken street main (15). Ethylene was later identified as the biologically active component of illuminating gas by Neljubow, in 1901 (23), during his study of a strange growth habit of etiolated pea seedlings raised in laboratory air. A winter disease of carnations, called “sleepiness,” was traced to ethylene, present in railcars or homes as a byproduct of incompletely burned or leaking illuminating gas (10, 16).
Changes in the Carbohydrates of Tulip Bulbs During Development1
Authors: Aung L. H. , Tognoni F. , De Hertogh A. A.
Published: September 2022

The starch content of the bulb scales and the ethanol-soluble sugars of the bulblets and bulb scales of Tulipa gesneriana L. cv. Preludium declined with development. In contrast, the starch content of the bulblets increased rapidly. Calculations indicated that the total soluble sugars initially in the bulb scales could account for all the soluble sugars in the bulblets at harvest. However, the initial starch content of the bulb scales could account for only 17% of the starch present in the matured bulblets. It was surmised that the remaining 83% of the starch in the matured bulblets was derived from photosynthesis.
Ornamental Proteas1: New Cut Flower Crop
Authors: Watson Donald P. , Parvin Philip E.
Published: September 2022

“Is it real?” is the usual question. Yes, pincushion protea, Leucospermum cordifolium (Salisb. ex Knight) Fourcade is the first of the ornamental proteas to be grown in quantity as a cut flower in the United States.
Effect of Several Herbicides on Initial Growth of Highbush Blueberry1
Authors: Monaco Thomas J.
Published: September 2022

Dormant rooted cuttings of 6 cultivars of highbush blueberry (Vaccinium corynbosum L.) were treated one week after field planting with 6 preemergence herbicides. In all cultivars 2-chloro-4,6-bis(ethylamino)-striazine(simazine) significantly increased shoot growth and 2-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-l,3-thiazinon-4 (TH4052) increased root growth.
Resistance in Red Raspberry to Amphorophora agathonica Hottes and Aphis rubicola Oestlund1
Authors: Kennedy G. C. , Schaefers G. A. , Ourecky D. K.
Published: September 2022

Twenty-two cultivars and three selections of red raspberry were evaluated for resistance to the aphids Amphorophora agathonica and Aphis rubicola in New York. ‘Canby’, ‘Lloyd George’ and ‘NY 632’ were immune to A. agathonica; ‘Washington’ and ‘Mailing Exploit’ demonstrated potentially useful levels of resistance. No immunity to Aphis rubicola was observed, but several cultivars manifest considerable resistance. Resistance to A. agathonica was not correlated with resistance to A. rubicola.
Effect of SADH Treatments on the Response of ‘McIntosh’ Apple Trees to Chemical Thinners1
Authors: Southwick F. W. , Greene D. W. , Lord W. J.
Published: September 2022

Previous season application of succinic acid-2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) increased fruit set on ‘McIntosh’ apple trees but had no influence on the thinning ability of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA), naphthaleneacetamide (NAAm), carbaryl (Sevin) or the combination of NAA plus carbaryl.
Preharvest Drop of ‘Stayman’ Apples as Influenced by SADH in Dilute and Concentrate Form1
Authors: Rogers Benjamin L. , Krestensen Elroy R.
Published: September 2022

Concentrate spray equipment which had given good pest control in apple orchards when sprays were applied up to 33×, failed to provide adequate preharvest drop control on ‘Stayman’ apple trees when succinic acid 2,2-dimethylhydrazide (SADH) was applied at 3× or higher approximately 60 days prior to harvest.
Nutritional Status of Representative Citrus Orchards in Chile as Evaluated by Leaf and Soil Analyses1
Authors: Vergara Ines , Schalscha B. E. , Ruiz I. , Wallihan E. F.
Published: September 2022

A survey of orange and lemon orchards in the major citrus growing region of Chile revealed deficiencies of N, Zn, and Mn, which are common in citrus around the world, plus borderline deficiency of Mg and apparently serious deficiencies of P and S. It is suggested that field fertility studies should be designed to test interaction among N, P, and S in order to achieve optimum fertility levels and to provide information on the effect of one element on the optimum leaf concentration of another.
A Comparison of Filbert Training to Tree and Bush Forms1
Authors: Lagerstedt H. B. , Painter J. H.
Published: September 2022

For commercial nut production the filbert (Corylus avellana L.) is trained as a tree in the U.S., but is commonly grown as a bush in other countries. In a 12 year conparitive test, growth was similar for both methods of training, but the bush form produced slightly fewer nuts. Suggested causes for the reduced yields are the additional pruning the bush receives to keep traffic lanes open, the location of its bearing wood, the nuts lost within the stem mass, and the effect of shading.
Response of ‘Starkrimson Delicious’ Apples to Ethephon Application as Influenced by Spray Coverage1
Authors: Unrath C. R.
Published: September 2022

Ethephon [(2-chloroethyl) phosphonic acid] at 250 ppm + 20 ppm of fenoprop [2-(2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy) propionic acid] was applied to fruit only as a dip, to leaves only as a spray, and to fruit and leaves as a normal dilute spray. Fruit color was stimulated only when ethephon was applied to the fruit surface and a direct relationship existed between coverage and color response. A small increase in fruit soluble solids appeared following all applications, while fruit softening occurred only when materials were applied to both fruit and leaves. This softening response is apparently a combined ethephon-fenoprop response. These data imply that ethephon applications should be applied as a dilute spray, using sufficient water to cover all fruit on the tree as thoroughly as possible if maximum color response is to be achieved.
Effect of Preharvest Application of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) on Storage Breakdown of Apples1
Authors: Wills R. B. H. , Scott K. J. , Campbell J. E.
Published: September 2022

Preharvest application of GA3 to ‘Jonathan’ apples by spraying reduced the incidence of storage breakdown when it was applied close to harvest but it was ineffective with earlier application.
Benomyl Protection of Grapevines from Air Pollution Injury1
Authors: Kender Walter J. , Taschenberg E. F. , Shaulis N. J.
Published: September 2022

Methyl 1-butyl-carbamoyl-2-benzimidazole carbamate (benomyl) as a dilute foliar spray reduced atomspheric oxidant injury (oxidant stipple) on ‘Ives’ and ‘Concord’ grapevines (Vitis labrusca L.) in 3 vineyard experiments in 1972. Three to 7 multiple applications at 1.12, 3.36, and 6.72 kg/ha increased the protection over unsprayed ‘Concord’ vines. Single and double applications were ineffective. The degree of protection afforded was directly related to the frequency of benomyl application.
Responses of Black Locust and Tomato Plants after Water Stress1
Authors: Hinckley Thomas M.
Published: September 2022

Plants of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Roma) and black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) were desiccated until continuous wilting was observed and then were irrigated to determine the effects of dehydration and subsequent rehydration on net assimilation, dark respiration, xylem pressure potential and leaf diffusive resistance. After-effects of water stress on dark stomatal aperture were observed in both species and on light stomatal aperture in black locust. Tomato plants appeared less able both to avoid and tolerate desiccation stress than did black locust plants.
Tomato Development in California in Relation to Heat Unit Accumulation1
Authors: Warnock Stephen J.
Published: September 2022

In 24 plantings of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) made over a 3 year period, using a 6°C base, the cultivar ‘VF145-7879’ required an average of 93 heat units to emerge, 612 heat units to reach first bloom, 913 heat units for first fruits to reach 2.54 cm in diameter, 1426 heat units for first ruits to reach breaker stage and 1533 heat units for first fruits to ripen. ‘Campbell 34’, evaluated in 1 trial year, developed in a manner similar to ‘VF145-7879’.
Ozone Stimulation of Tomato Stem Elongation1
Authors: Neil L. J. , Ormrod D. P. , Hofstra G.
Published: September 2022

Measurements of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plant height after ozone fumigation showed that stem elongation was stimulated within the first 3 days after fumigation. The increased height is sustained for at least 10 days and occurs in both ozone-sensitive and ozone-tolerant cultivars and lines.
Ethephon Increases Endogenous Auxins in Seeds of Prunus salicina L.1
Authors: Domoto P. A. , Hewitt A. A.
Published: September 2022

The wheat coleoptile straight-growth test was used to determine the effects of (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) on endogenous auxins and inhibitors in seeds of ‘Late Santa Rosa’ plum. Seeds of both developing and abscissing ethephon-treated fruits attained higher levels of auxin activity than did their respective controls suggesting an ethylene-induced inhibition of auxin transport. The level of growth inhibitors remained similar throughout.
An Electronic System for Acquisition and Evaluation of Fruit Breeding Data1
Authors: Stushnoff Cecil , Harris Gerald
Published: September 2022

Subjective ratings of fruit and tree characteristics were taken with a Datamyte, Dak, 8 electronic data acquisition unit for apples, strawberries, blueberries and raspberries. Up to 40 characteristics were rated (0 to 9) for each cultivar, selection or seedling. The data was field recorded on magnetic tape cassettes and processed to punched paper tape and a printout via a coupler and a teletype terminal. The punched paper tape was used to access a computer for analysis and generation of a printout. The system offers flexibility and speed in data acquisition and retrieval. A thorough understanding of potential electronic problems is necessary to maximize efficiency of use.
Hardwood Propagation of Rabbiteye Blueberry1
Authors: Spiers J. M. , Lewis W. A. , Drapers A. D.
Published: September 2022

Hardwood cuttings of ‘Tifblue’ rabbiteye blueberry (Vaccinium ashei Reade) rooted well in peat and a mix of peat and pine bark. Indolebutyric acid (IBA), chilling, and IB A plus chilling reduced percent rooting, but chilling alone and with IBA increased root volume over controls. Summer potting of cuttings increased root development but decreased total number of surviving plants.
The Effect of Gibberellic Acid, Blossom Removal and Planting Date on Strawberry Runner Plant Production1
Authors: Barritt Bruce H.
Published: September 2022

Gibberellic acid (GA) sprays applied at 50 ppm, 10 to 30 days after planting, significantly increased runner plant production over controls (number of runner series and number of runner plants per runner series) in both greenhouse and field studies with the ‘Olympus’ strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.), a single cropping short day cultivar. GA did not influence runner plant production with ‘Northwest’, ‘Hood’, ‘Rainier’ or ‘WSU 1019’. Blossom removal significantly increased runner plant numbers with ‘Rainier’, ‘Olympus’ and ‘Hood’, but not with ‘Northwest’. Few runners were produced at late planting dates (May 18 and June 1) in an ‘Olympus’ field trial, and GA sprays 21 days after planting did not influence runner production at these late planting dates.
Biometric Correlations Between Leaf Area and Length Measurements of ‘Grenache’ Grape Leaves1
Authors: Manivel L. , Weaver Robert J.
Published: September 2022

Length and width of leaf blade and length of petiole were closely correlated with leaf area in leaves of grape (Vitis vinifera L. cv. Grenache).
Measuring Peach Thinning and Maturation Responses1
Authors: Stembridge G. E. , Gambrell C. E.
Published: September 2022

A single-value estimate of maturity response and an independent estimate of the thinning response to treatment can be determined from detailed harvest records. Thinning index is estimated from the total number of fruit per tree; maturity response is estimated from the weighted-average harvest date.
Industry Support of Horticultural Research–Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Martland J. G.
Published: September 2022

In 1904, Liberty Hyde Bailey, the first President of ASHS, divided the world of horticulture into two parts: the biological phase and the business phase. Let’s take a quick look at the second phase as it was in the past and as it is now. Horticultural crops, in the early 1900’s, generally included the so-called necessities, such as fruits and ornamentals, as differentiated from the staple foods like beans, potatoes and wheat. Horticulture was often referred to as the more intensive phase of agriculture. It was considered important to learn from the grower and pass on the findings of his needs and the needs of the crop to the biological phase.
Slow-release Chlormequat: A New Concept in Plant Growth Regulators1
Authors: Read Paul E. , Herman Vincent L. , Heng Duane A.
Published: September 2022

Encapsulated 2-chloroethyl-trimethylammonium chloride (chlormequat) stimulated and retarded growth of tomatoes, petunias, snapdragons, and mar-igolds. Low rates (3-6 g of 1, 2 oi 4% active ingredients/liter of growing medium) stimulated earlier bloom up to 14 days in these crops and doubled stem diameter in tomato. Conversely, higher levels of encapsulated chlormequat (12-25 g/liter) retarded plant height to 50% of controls and produced stocky more symmetrical bedding plants without deleterious effects.
Response of Chrysanthemums Grown in Clay and Plastic Pots to Soil Applications of Ancymidol1
Authors: Johnson C. R.
Published: September 2022

α-Cyclopropyl-α-(4-methoxyphe-nyl)-5-pyrimidinemethanol (ancymidol) applied at 2 drench rates (0.25 mg and 0.50 mg/15 cm pot) controlled height and increased stem diameter of Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat cv. Neptune grown in clay and plastic pots. Flower diameter was decreased by ancymidol treatments and anthesis was progressively delayed with increased rates. Watering frequency was reduced by use of plastic pots and growth regulator.
Flower Induction of Pelargonium domesticum Bailey cv. Lavender Grand Slam with Exposure to Low Temperature and Low Light Intensity1
Authors: Hackett Wesley P. , Kister John , Tse Anthony T. Y.
Published: September 2022

Exposure to constant 7.2°C temperature and 540 lux incandescent light for 6 weeks induced flowering in rooted cuttings of ‘Lavender Grand Slam’ pelargonium in small peat or clay pots. Total production time from the beginning of propagation to full bloom with this method of flower induction is 15 to 18 weeks. Artificially-imposed low-temperature treatment makes it feasible to grow pelargoniums as a flowering pot plant on a year-around basis.