bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Response of AM fungi spore population to elevated temperature and nitrogen addition and their influence on the plant community composition and productivity
Authors: Zhang Tao , Yang Xue , Guo Rui , Guo Jixun
Published: April 2016

To examine the influence of elevated temperature and nitrogen (N) addition on species composition and development of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) and the effect of AMF on plant community structure and aboveground productivity, we conducted a 5-year field experiment in a temperate meadow in northeast China and a subsequent greenhouse experiment. In the field experiment, N addition reduced spore population diversity and richness of AMF and suppressed the spore density and the hyphal length density (HLD). Elevated temperature decreased spore density and diameter and increased the HLD, but did not affect AMF spore population composition. In the greenhouse experiment, AMF altered plant community composition and increased total aboveground biomass in both elevated temperature and N addition treatments; additionally, AMF also increased the relative abundance and aboveground biomass of the grasses Leymus chinensis (Poaceae) and Setaria viridis (Gramineae) and significantly reduced the relative abundance and aboveground biomass of the Suaeda corniculata (Chenopodiaceae). Although elevated temperature and N addition can affect species composition or suppress the development of AMF, AMF are likely to play a vital role in increasing plant diversity and productivity. Notably, AMF might reduce the threat of climate change induced degradation of temperate meadow ecosystems.
Emission of direct-gap band in germanium with Ge-GeSn layers on one-dimensional structure
Authors: Huang Zhong-Mei , Huang Wei-Qi , Liu Shi-Rong , Dong Tai-Ge , Wang Gang , Wu Xue-Ke , Qin Cao-Jian
Published: April 2016

In our experiment, it was observed that the emission of direct-gap band in germanium with Ge-GeSn layers on one-dimensional (1D) structure. The results of experiment and calculation demonstrate that the uniaxial tensile strain in the (111) and (110) direction can efficiently transform Ge to a direct bandgap material with the bandgap energy useful for technological application. It is interested that under the tensile strain from Ge-GeSn layers on 1D structure in which the uniaxial strain could be obtained by curved layer (CL) effect, the two bandgaps EΓg and ELg in the (111) direction become nearly equal at 0.83 eV related to the emission of direct-gap band near 1500 nm in the experiments. It is discovered that the red-shift of the peaks from 1500 nm to 1600 nm occurs with change of the uniaxial tensile strain, which proves that the peaks come from the emission of direct-gap band.
Highly Efficient Domain Walls Injection in Perpendicular Magnetic Anisotropy Nanowire
Authors: Zhang S. F. , Gan W. L. , Kwon J. , Luo F. L. , Lim G. J. , Wang J. B. , Lew W. S.
Published: April 2016

Electrical injection of magnetic domain walls in perpendicular magnetic anisotropy nanowire is crucial for data bit writing in domain wall-based magnetic memory and logic devices. Conventionally, the current pulse required to nucleate a domain wall is approximately ~1012 A/m2. Here, we demonstrate an energy efficient structure to inject domain walls. Under an applied electric potential, our proposed Π-shaped stripline generates a highly concentrated current distribution. This creates a highly localized magnetic field that quickly initiates the nucleation of a magnetic domain. The formation and motion of the resulting domain walls can then be electrically detected by means of Ta Hall bars across the nanowire. Our measurements show that the Π-shaped stripline can deterministically write a magnetic data bit in 15 ns even with a relatively low current density of 5.34 × 1011 A/m2. Micromagnetic simulations reveal the evolution of the domain nucleation – first, by the formation of a pair of magnetic bubbles, then followed by their rapid expansion into a single domain. Finally, we also demonstrate experimentally that our injection geometry can perform bit writing using only about 30% of the electrical energy as compared to a conventional injection line.
Interaction driven quantum Hall effect in artificially stacked graphene bilayers
Authors: Iqbal Muhammad Zahir , Iqbal Muhammad Waqas , Siddique Salma , Khan Muhammad Farooq , Ramay Shahid Mahmood , Nam Jungtae , Kim Keun Soo , Eom Jonghwa
Published: April 2016

The honeycomb lattice structure of graphene gives rise to its exceptional electronic properties of linear dispersion relation and its chiral nature of charge carriers. The exceptional electronic properties of graphene stem from linear dispersion relation and chiral nature of charge carries, originating from its honeycomb lattice structure. Here, we address the quantum Hall effect in artificially stacked graphene bilayers and single layer graphene grown by chemical vapor deposition. The quantum Hall plateaus started to appear more than 3 T and became clearer at higher magnetic fields up to 9 T. Shubnikov-de Hass oscillations were manifestly observed in graphene bilayers texture. These unusual plateaus may have been due to the layers interaction in artificially stacked graphene bilayers. Our study initiates the understanding of interactions between artificially stacked graphene layers.
The Tumour Response to Induction Chemotherapy has Prognostic Value for Long-Term Survival Outcomes after Intensity-Modulated Radiation Therapy in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma
Authors: Peng Hao , Chen Lei , Zhang Yuan , Li Wen-Fei , Mao Yan-Ping , Liu Xu , Zhang Fan , Guo Rui , Liu Li-Zhi , Tian Li , Lin Ai-Hua , Sun Ying , Ma Jun
Published: April 2016

The prognostic value of the tumour response to induction chemotherapy (IC) for long-term survival outcomes after intensity-modulated radiation therapy in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains unknown. We retrospectively reviewed 1811 consecutive patients with newly diagnosed NPC treated using IMRT, and 399 eligible patients with pre- and post-induction chemotherapy magnetic resonance images were recruited. The clinicopathological features of patients with different tumour responses were compared using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test. Prognostic value was assessed using a multivariate Cox proportional hazards model. After IC, 101/399 (25.3%) patients had a complete tumour response overall (CR), 262 (65.7%) had a partial response (PR) and 36 (9.0%) had stable disease (SD). The 4-year disease-free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS), distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) and locoregional relapse-free survival (LRRFS) rates for CR vs. PR vs. SD were 90.0% vs. 79.0% vs. 58.2% (CR vs. PR: P1 = 0.007; CR vs. SD: P2 < 0.001; PR vs. SD: P3 = 0.004), 95.7% vs. 88.7% vs. 70.2% (P1 = 0.017, P2 < 0.001, P3 = 0.005), 92.0% vs. 87.4% vs. 74.3% (P1 = 0.162, P2 = 0.005, P3 = 0.029) and 95.9% vs. 88.8% vs. 81.8% (P1 = 0.024, P2 = 0.006, P3 = 0.268), respectively. Multivariate analysis identified that the tumour response to IC was an independent prognostic factor for DFS, OS and LRRFS.
Fat Metabolism Regulates Satiety Behavior in C. elegans
Authors: Hyun Moonjung , Davis Kristen , Lee Inhwan , Kim Jeongho , Dumur Catherine , You Young-Jai
Published: April 2016

Animals change feeding behavior depending on their metabolic status; starved animals are eager to eat and satiated animals stop eating. C. elegans exhibits satiety quiescence under certain conditions that mimics many aspects of post-prandial sleep in mammals. Here we show that this feeding behavior depends on fat metabolism mediated by the SREBP-SCD pathway, an acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and certain nuclear hormone receptors (NRs). Mutations of the genes in the SREBP-SCD pathway reduce satiety quiescence. An RNA interference (RNAi) screen of the genes that regulate glucose and fatty acid metabolism identified an ACC necessary for satiety quiescence in C. elegans. ACC catalyzes the first step in de novo fatty acid biosynthesis known to be downstream of the SREBP pathway in mammals. We identified 28 NRs by microarray whose expression changes during refeeding after being starved. When individually knocked down by RNAi, 11 NRs among 28 affect both fat storage and satiety behavior. Our results show that the major fat metabolism pathway regulates feeding behavior and NRs could be the mediators to link the feeding behavior to the metabolic changes.
Photo-spectroscopy of mixtures of catalyst particles reveals their age and type
Authors: Kerssens M. M. , Wilbers A. , Kramer J. , de Peinder P. , Mesu G. , Nelissen B. J. , Vogt E. T. C. , Weckhuysen B. M.
Published: April 2016

Within a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit, a mixture of catalyst particles that consist of either zeolite Y (FCC-Y) or ZSM-5 (FCC-ZSM-5) is used in order to boost the propylene yield when processing crude oil fractions. Mixtures of differently aged FCC-Y and FCC-ZSM-5 particles circulating in the FCC unit, the so-called equilibrium catalyst (Ecat), are routinely studied to monitor the overall efficiency of the FCC process. In this study, the age of individual catalyst particles is evaluated based upon photographs after selective staining with substituted styrene molecules. The observed color changes are linked to physical properties, such as the micropore volume and catalytic cracking activity data. Furthermore, it has been possible to determine the relative amount of FCC-Y and FCC-ZSM-5 in an artificial series of physical mixtures as well as in an Ecat sample with unknown composition. As a result, a new practical tool is introduced in the field of zeolite catalysis to evaluate FCC catalyst performances on the basis of photo-spectroscopic measurements with an off-the-shelf digital single lens reflex (DSLR) photo-camera with a macro lens. The results also demonstrate that there is an interesting time and cost trade-off between single catalyst particle studies, as performed withe.g.UV-vis, synchrotron-based IR and fluorescence micro-spectroscopy, and many catalyst particle photo-spectroscopy studies, making use of a relatively simple DSLR photo-camera. The latter approach offers clear prospects for the quality control ofe.g.FCC catalyst manufacturing plants.
Optofluidic time-stretch imaging – an emerging tool for high-throughput imaging flow cytometry
Authors: Lau Andy K. S. , Shum Ho Cheung , Wong Kenneth K. Y. , Tsia Kevin K.
Published: April 2016

Optical time-stretch imaging is now proven for ultrahigh-throughput optofluidic single-cell imaging, at least 10–100 times faster.
Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their effect on the stability and activity of proteinase K
Authors: Koupaei Mansoore Hosseini , Shareghi Behzad , Saboury Ali Akbar , Davar Fateme , Semnani Aboulfazl , Evini Mina
Published: April 2016

The use of environmentally benign materials for the synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles offers numerous benefits of eco-friendliness and compatibility for pharmaceutical, biotechnological and biological applications.
Graphene quantum dots as smart probes for biosensing
Authors: Xie Rongbin , Wang Zifei , Zhou Wei , Liu Yanting , Fan Louzhen , Li Yunchao , Li Xiaohong
Published: April 2016

Graphene quantum dots as smart probes for photoluminescence, electrochemiluminescence and electrochemical biosensors.
A systematic investigation of acetylene activation and hydracyanation of the activated acetylene on Aun(n = 3–10) clusters via density functional theory
Authors: Gautam Seema , Sarkar Abir De
Published: April 2016

Vinyl isocyanide formation: adsorption of C2H2and HCN in succession on the Au9cluster; towards polymerization: clustering of C2H2on Au9.
Decorated CNT based on porous silicon for hydrogen gas sensing at room temperature
Authors: Shiraz Hamid Ghorbani , Astaraei Fatemeh Razi , Fardindoost Somayeh , Hosseini Zahra Sadat
Published: April 2016

A new triple-component sensor for detection of H2 was developed based on porous silicon and CNTs.
Metal-redox for MnAl-Based ternary magnetic nanocrystals
Authors: Shen Jian , Li Jiang , Ren Shenqiang
Published: April 2016

Metal redox methodology is utilized to synthesize magnetic binary MnAl and ternary MnAlCo nanoalloys.
Correction: An ICT based ultraselective and sensitive fluorescent probe for detection of HClO in living cells
Authors: Yue Yongkang , Huo Fangjun , Yin Caixia , Chao Jianbin , Zhang Yongbin , Wei Xing
Published: April 2016

Correction for ‘An ICT based ultraselective and sensitive fluorescent probe for detection of HClO in living cells’ by Yongkang Yue et al., RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 77670–77672.
Disciplinary literacy instructions on writing scientific explanations: a case study from a chemistry classroom in an all-girls school
Authors: Putra Gde Buana Sandila , Tang Kok-Sing
Published: April 2016

This paper is a case study that reports on findings from a design-based research with the purpose of helping secondary school chemistry students in an all-girls school develop the ability to construct scientific explanations – an important literacy skill in learning science. A series of lessons on the topic of chemical bonding was designed to explicitly teach the three-part structure often found in the genre of scientific explanations and provide opportunities for students to apply the structure. The lesson series was observed and the students' worksheets and test papers were collected and analysed. The analysis of the structure of the students' written scientific explanations was done through genre analysis. Most of the students were found to be able to write well-structured scientific explanations addressing the topic of chemical bonding but only a fraction of them could re-contextualise the explanation structure.
Large-scale synthesis of LiNi0.75Fe0.25PO4covalently anchored on graphene nanosheets for remarkable electrochemical water oxidation
Authors: Ma Shaojun , Zhu Qing , Chen Li , Wang Wenlou , Chen Dongming
Published: April 2016

A novel olivine structured LiNi0.75Fe0.25PO4/rGO as a highly effective OER catalyst is comparable to the best noble metal-free OER electrocatalysts reported so far.
Probing the solution structure of Factor H using hydroxyl radical protein footprinting and cross-linking
Authors: Baud Anna , Gonnet Florence , Salard Isabelle , Le Mignon Maxime , Giuliani Alexandre , Mercère Pascal , Sclavi Bianca , Daniel Régis
Published: April 2016

The control protein Factor H (FH) is a crucial regulator of the innate immune complement system, where it is active on host cell membranes and in the fluid phase. Mutations impairing the binding capacity of FH lead to severe autoimmune diseases. Here, we studied the solution structure of full-length FH, in its free state and bound to the C3b complement protein. To do so, we used two powerful techniques, hydroxyl radical protein footprinting (HRPF) and chemical cross-linking coupled with mass spectrometry (MS), to probe the structural rearrangements and to identify protein interfaces. The footprint of C3b on the FH surface matches existing crystal structures of C3b complexed with the N- and C-terminal fragments of FH. In addition, we revealed the position of the central portion of FH in the protein complex. Moreover, cross-linking studies confirmed the involvement of the C-terminus in the dimerization of FH.
Anxiolytic- and antidepressant-like effects of angiotensin-(1–7) in hypertensive transgenic (mRen2)27 rats
Authors: Almeida-Santos Ana Flávia , Kangussu Lucas M. , Moreira Fabrício A. , Santos Robson A.S. , Aguiar Daniele C. , Campagnole-Santos Maria José
Published: April 2016

Angiotensin-(1–7) [Ang-(1–7)], a counter-regulatory peptide of the renin–angiotensin system (RAS) exerts its effects through the G-protein-coupled receptor Mas, which is expressed in different tissues, including the brain. Ang-(1–7) has a broad range of effects beyond the well-described cardiovascular and renal actions, including the modulation of emotional and behavioural responses. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that Ang-(1–7) could attenuate the anxiety- and depression-like behaviours observed in transgenic hypertensive (mRen2)27 rats (TGRs). We also hypothesized that Ang-(1–7) could be involved in the anxiolytic-like effect induced by ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme) treatment in these hypertensive rats. Therefore, TGRs and Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to the Elevated Plus Maze (EPM) test, Forced Swimming Test (FST) and Novelty Suppressed Feeding (NSF). TGRs presented a decreased percentage of entries in the open arms of the EPM test, a phenotype reversed by systemic treatment with enalapril or intracerebroventricular infusion of Ang-(1–7). It is interesting that pre-treatment with A779, a selective Mas receptor antagonist, prevented the anxiolytic-like effect induced by the ACE inhibitor. In the NSF test, TGRs showed increased latency to eating, an indicative of a higher aversion in response to a new environment. These animals also showed increased immobility in the FST. Again, Ang-(1–7) reversed this phenotype. Thus, our data showed that Ang-(1–7) can modulate anxiety- and depression-like behaviours in TGRs and warrant further investigation as a new therapy for certain psychiatric disorders.
Optimised design of permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor series using combined analytical–finite element analysis based approach
Authors: Stipetic Stjepan , Zarko Damir , Kovacic Marinko
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a comprehensive approach to design of series of permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motors using combined analytical and finite element calculations. A global optimisation metaheuristic algorithm (differential evolution) is utilised in order to achieve optimal design in terms of maximum torque per volume with numerous specific boundaries imposed on motor geometry and performance. A novel approach to the calculation of the specified constant power speed range and demagnetisation effect in sudden symmetrical short circuit using iterative finite element magnetostatic simulations is presented. Based on the results of optimised design, a 100 kW prototype was built and tested.
Compressive sensing for interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar applications
Authors: Bacci Alessio , Staglianò Daniele , Giusti Elisa , Tomei Sonia , Berizzi Fabrizio , Martorella Marco
Published: April 2016

The applicability of interferometric inverse synthetic aperture radar (InISAR) techniques to images reconstructed via compressive sensing (CS)‐based algorithms is investigated. Specifically, the three‐dimensional (3D) reconstruction algorithm is applied after exploiting CS for data compression and image reconstruction. The InISAR signal model is derived and formalised in a CS framework. A comparison between conventional CS reconstruction and global sparsity constrained reconstruction techniques is performed for different compression rates and different signal‐to‐noise ratio conditions. Performances on the 2D and 3D reconstructions are evaluated. Results obtained on real data acquired during the NATO‐SET 196 trial are shown.
Lung cancer prediction from microarray data by gene expression programming
Authors: Azzawi Hasseeb , Hou Jingyu , Xiang Yong , Alanni Russul
Published: April 2016

Lung cancer is a leading cause of cancer‐related death worldwide. The early diagnosis of cancer has demonstrated to be greatly helpful for curing the disease effectively. Microarray technology provides a promising approach of exploiting gene profiles for cancer diagnosis. In this study, the authors propose a gene expression programming (GEP)‐based model to predict lung cancer from microarray data. The authors use two gene selection methods to extract the significant lung cancer related genes, and accordingly propose different GEP‐based prediction models. Prediction performance evaluations and comparisons between the authors’ GEP models and three representative machine learning methods, support vector machine, multi‐layer perceptron and radial basis function neural network, were conducted thoroughly on real microarray lung cancer datasets. Reliability was assessed by the cross‐data set validation. The experimental results show that the GEP model using fewer feature genes outperformed other models in terms of accuracy, sensitivity, specificity and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve. It is concluded that GEP model is a better solution to lung cancer prediction problems.
Validierung eines 4-Item-Fragebogens zum familiären und hereditären Darmkrebsrisiko in der Hausarztpraxis
Authors: Koné I. , Siebenhofer A. , Hartig J. , Plath J.
Published: April 2016

Ziel der Studie: Zur Identifikation eines familiären oder hereditären Darmkrebsrisikos wurde vom „Netzwerk gegen Darmkrebs e. V.“ ein 4-Item-Fragebogen entwickelt. Ziel dieser Studie war die Überprüfung der Validität beim Einsatz bei 40- bis 54-jährigen Personen im hausärztlichen Setting.

Methodik: In vier hausärztlichen Praxen des „Forschungsnetzwerks Allgemeinmedizin Frankfurt“ wurden mittels Praxissoftware 100 Indexpatienten ausgewählt, bei denen alle Angehörigen ersten Grades in der Praxis bekannt waren. Es wurden Stammbäume erstellt, die einen Abgleich mit den vier Items des Fragebogens vom „Netzwerk gegen Darmkrebs e. V.“ ermöglichten. Daran anschließend wurden die Indexpatienten durch die medizinischen Fachangestellten anhand des 4-Item-Fragebogens befragt. Die Übereinstimmung zwischen den Antworten der Patienten und den Angaben der Hausärzte wurde anhand von Cohens Kappa-Koeffizient ermittelt.

Ergebnisse: Zur Frage zum Vorkommen von Kolorektalen Karzinomen bei Angehörigen ersten Grades (Frage 1) fand sich eine fast vollkommene Übereinstimmung der Antworten mit Kappa-Koeffizient 0,82 (KI:0,58–1,10). Die Frage nach einem Kolorektalen Karzinom bei einem Angehörigen vor dem Alter von 50 Jahren (Frage 2) wurde von den Hausärzten für keinen Patienten positiv beantwortet, von einem Patienten hingegen bejaht. Eine Interpretation der Übereinstimmung anhand des Kappa-Koeffizienten erschien hier nicht sinnvoll. Die Frage nach kolorektalen Polypen vor dem Alter von 50 Jahren (Frage 3) konnte von den Hausärzten aufgrund fehlender Befunde in der Regel nicht beantwortet werden. Ebenso war eine Erhebung der Tumorerkrankungen für Angehörige zweiten Grades auf Grundlage der Praxisdokumentation nicht möglich (Frage 4). Insgesamt 18,8% der Patienten (15/80) bejahte eine oder mehrere Fragen, die auf ein erbliches Darmkrebsrisiko hinweisen können.

Schlussfolgerung: Die Frage nach einem Angehörigen ersten Grades mit Darmkrebs (Frage 1) eignet sich gut zur Identifikation von 40- bis 54-jährigen Hausarztpatienten mit familiärem Darmkrebsrisiko. Die Fragen 2 bis 4 des Fragebogens des „Netzwerk gegen Darmkrebs e. V.“ konnten mit der von uns gewählten Methodik nicht validiert werden. Die valide Beantwortung von Frage eins durch 40- bis 54-Jährige ermöglicht diesbezüglich allerdings eine Vorselektion. In dieser Gruppe kann dann eine weiterführende Anamnese erfolgen.
Formation of discontinuities and expansion waves in the outflow region of magnetic reconnection in an asymmetric current sheet
Authors: Hsupeng B. Y. , Lee K. H. , Lee L. C. , Chao J. K.
Published: April 2016

The current sheets observed in the solar wind, magnetopause, and nightside plasma sheet can be asymmetric, in which the plasma densities and/or magnetic field magnitudes on the two sides of the current sheet are not equal. A hybrid code is used to simulate the 1D Riemann problem for the generation and evolution of magnetohydrodynamic discontinuities and expansion waves in the outflow region of magnetic reconnection in an asymmetric current sheet. In a symmetric current sheet, four types of compound structures are found: (a) rotational discontinuity (RD)-show shock (SS) compound structure: SS is attached to the downstream of RD, (b) SS-RD: SS is followed by an adjacent RD, (c) SS-RD-SS: RD is trapped inside SS, and (d) switch-off slow shock. In the asymmetric current sheet, the rotational angle of magnetic field across an RD on the side with a higher plasma density is usually larger than that with a lower plasma density. In the asymmetric cases, a single SS may appear. For an asymmetric current sheet, a compound structure of diffusive contact discontinuity/slow expansion wave is formed behind an SS-RD compound structure or a pure RD on the side with a very high plasma density.
On the applicability of one- and many-electron quantum chemistry models for hydrated electron clusters
Authors: Turi László
Published: April 2016

We evaluate the applicability of a hierarchy of quantum models in characterizing the binding energy of excess electrons to water clusters. In particular, we calculate the vertical detachment energy of an excess electron from water cluster anions with methods that include one-electron pseudopotential calculations, density functional theory (DFT) based calculations, and ab initio quantum chemistry using MP2 and eom-EA-CCSD levels of theory. The examined clusters range from the smallest cluster size (n = 2) up to nearly nanosize clusters with n = 1000 molecules. The examined cluster configurations are extracted from mixed quantum-classical molecular dynamics trajectories of cluster anions with n = 1000 water molecules using two different one-electron pseudopotenial models. We find that while MP2 calculations with large diffuse basis set provide a reasonable description for the hydrated electron system, DFT methods should be used with precaution and only after careful benchmarking. Strictly tested one-electron psudopotentials can still be considered as reasonable alternatives to DFT methods, especially in large systems. The results of quantum chemistry calculations performed on configurations, that represent possible excess electron binding motifs in the clusters, appear to be consistent with the results using a cavity structure preferring one-electron pseudopotential for the hydrated electron, while they are in sharp disagreement with the structural predictions of a non-cavity model.
Interfacial properties of binary mixtures of square-well molecules from Monte Carlo simulation
Authors: Martínez-Ruiz F. J. , Blas F. J.
Published: April 2016

We determine the interfacial properties of mixtures of spherical square-well molecules from direct simulation of the vapor-liquid interface. We consider mixtures with the same molecular size and intermolecular potential range but different dispersive energy parameter values. We perform Monte Carlo simulations in the canonical ensemble to obtain the interfacial properties of mixtures of square-well molecules. In particular, we determine the pressure tensor using the mechanical (virial) route and the vapor-liquid interfacial tension evaluated using the Irving-Kirkwood method. In addition to the pressure tensor and the surface tension, we also obtain density profiles, coexistence densities, and interfacial thickness as functions of pressure, at a given temperature. This work can be considered as the extension of our previous work [F. J. Martínez-Ruiz and F. J. Blas, Mol. Phys. 113, 1217 (2015)] to deal with mixtures of spherical molecules that interact through a discontinuous intermolecular potential. According to our results, the main effect of increasing the ratio between the dispersive energy parameters of the mixture, ϵ22/ϵ11, is to sharpen the vapor-liquid interface and to increase the width of the biphasic coexistence region. Particularly interesting is the presence of a relative maximum in the density profiles of the more volatile component at the interface. This maximum is related with adsorption or accumulation of these molecules at the interface, since there are stronger attractive interactions between these molecules in comparison with the rest of intermolecular interactions. Also, the interfacial thickness decreases and the surface tension increases as ϵ22/ϵ11 is larger, a direct consequence of the increasing of the cohesive energy of the system.
Decomposition of the configuration-interaction coefficients in the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree-Fock method
Authors: Lötstedt Erik , Kato Tsuyoshi , Yamanouchi Kaoru
Published: April 2016

An approximate implementation of the multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree-Fock method is proposed, in which the matrix of configuration-interaction coefficients is decomposed into a product of matrices of smaller dimension. The applicability of this method in which all the configurations are kept in the expansion of the wave function, while the configuration-interaction coefficients are approximately calculated, is discussed by showing the results on three model systems: a one-dimensional model of a beryllium atom, a one-dimensional model of a carbon atom, and a one-dimensional model of a chain of four hydrogen atoms. The time-dependent electronic dynamics induced by a few-cycle, long-wavelength laser pulse is found to be well described at a lower computational cost compared to the standard multiconfiguration time-dependent Hartree-Fock treatment. Drawbacks of the method are also discussed.
Strongly asymmetric discrete Painlevé equations: The multiplicative case
Authors: Grammaticos B. , Ramani A. , Tamizhmani K. M. , Tamizhmani T. , Satsuma J.
Published: April 2016

We examine a class of multiplicative discrete Painlevé equations which may possess a strongly asymmetric form. When the latter occurs, the equation is written as a system of two equations the right hand sides of which have different functional forms. The present investigation focuses upon two canonical families of the Quispel-Roberts-Thompson classification which contain equations associated with the affine Weyl groups D5(1) and E6(1) (or groups appearing lower in the degeneration cascade of these two). Many new discrete Painlevé equations with strongly asymmetric forms are obtained.
Interaction between neoclassical effects and ion temperature gradient turbulence in gradient- and flux-driven gyrokinetic simulations
Authors: Oberparleiter M. , Jenko F. , Told D. , Doerk H. , Görler T.
Published: April 2016

Neoclassical and turbulent transport in tokamaks has been studied extensively over the past decades, but their possible interaction remains largely an open question. The two are only truly independent if the length scales governing each of them are sufficiently separate, i.e., if the ratio ρ* between ion gyroradius and the pressure gradient scale length is small. This is not the case in particularly interesting regions such as transport barriers. Global simulations of a collisional ion-temperature-gradient-driven microturbulence performed with the nonlinear global gyrokinetic code Gene are presented. In particular, comparisons are made between systems with and without neoclassical effects. In fixed-gradient simulations, the modified radial electric field is shown to alter the zonal flow pattern such that a significant increase in turbulent transport is observed for ρ*≳1/300. Furthermore, the dependency of the flux on the collisionality changes. In simulations with fixed power input, we find that the presence of neoclassical effects decreases the frequency and amplitude of intermittent turbulent transport bursts (avalanches) and thus plays an important role for the self-organisation behaviour.
Liquid metal folding patterns induced by electric capillary force
Authors: Wang Lei , Liu Jing
Published: April 2016

A fundamental phenomenon regarding spontaneous formation of symmetrical folding patterns induced on liquid metal free surface with circular shape features was disclosed. The occurrence and evolution processes of the patterns were demonstrated and interpreted. The electric capillary force imposed on liquid metal due to surface tension gradient was found responsible for producing a variety of surface folding patterns like wheel-shape, dual concentric ring-shape, and so on. All the patterns display a property of axial symmetry and could be analogue to the Rayleigh-Benard convection which produces hexagonal patterns. This finding on liquid metal flow folding refreshes knowledge of classical fluid kinematics.
Single-photon emission of InAs/InP quantum dashes at 1.55 μm and temperatures up to 80 K
Authors: Dusanowski Ł. , Syperek M. , Misiewicz J. , Somers A. , Höfling S. , Kamp M. , Reithmaier J. P. , Sęk G.
Published: April 2016

We report on single photon emission from a self-assembled InAs/InGaAlAs/InP quantum dash emitting at 1.55 μm at the elevated temperatures. The photon auto-correlation histograms of the emission from a charged exciton indicate clear antibunching dips with as-measured g(2)(0) values significantly below 0.5 recorded at temperatures up to 80 K. It proves that the charged exciton complex in a single quantum dash of the mature InP-based material system can act as a true single photon source up to at least liquid nitrogen temperature. This demonstrates the huge potential of InAs on InP nanostructures as the non-classical light emitters for long-distance fiber-based secure communication technologies.
Treatment durability and virological response in treatment-experienced HIV-positive patients on an integrase inhibitor-based regimen: an Australian cohort study
Authors: De La Mata Nicole L. , Cooper David A. , Russell Darren , Smith Don , Woolley Ian , Sullivan Maree O. , Wright Stephen , Law Matthew
Published: April 2016

Background: Integrase inhibitors (INSTI) are a newer class of antiretroviral (ARV) drugs that offer additional treatment options for experienced patients. Our aim is to describe treatment durability and virological outcomes in treatment-experienced HIV-positive patients using INSTI-based regimens. Methods: All patients in the Australian HIV Observational Database who had received an INSTI-based regimen ≥ 14 days as well as previous therapy were included in the study. We defined two groups of treatment-experienced patients: (1) those starting a second-line regimen with INSTI; and (2) highly experienced patients, defined as having prior exposure to all three main ARV classes, nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor, nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and protease inhibitors, before commencing INSTI. Survival methods were used to determine time to viral suppression and treatment switch, stratified by patient treatment experience. Covariates of interest included age, gender, hepatitis B and C co-infection, previous antiretroviral treatment time, patient treatment experience and baseline viral load. Results: Time to viral suppression and regimen switching from INSTI initiation was similar for second-line and highly experienced patients. The probability of achieving viral suppression at 6 months was 77.7% for second-line patients and 68.4% for highly experienced patients. There were 60 occurrences of regimen switching away from INSTI observed over 1274.0 person-years, a crude rate of 4.71 (95% CI: 3.66–6.07) per 100 person-years. Patient treatment experience was not a significant factor for regimen switch according to multivariate analysis, adjusting for relevant covariates. Conclusions: We found that INSTI-based regimens were potent and durable in experienced HIV-positive patients receiving treatment outside clinical trials. These results confirm that INSTI-based regimens are a robust treatment option.
Is there a role for practice nurses in increasing the uptake of the contraceptive implant in primary care?: survey of general practitioners and practice nurses
Authors: Garrett Cameryn C. , Williams Henrietta , Keogh Louise , Ullah Qazi W. , Kong Fabian , Hocking Jane S.
Published: April 2016

Background: Uptake of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC) in Australia is low. With appropriate training, practice nurses (PNs) in general practice clinics could help increase LARC uptake. Methods: General practitioners (GPs) and PNs completed a postal survey to assess contraceptive implant knowledge and attitudes towards PNs providing contraception counselling and inserting the contraceptive implant. χ2 tests were used to detect differences between GPs and PNs. Unadjusted odds ratios (OR) for the association between demographic characteristics and knowledge and attitudes towards the contraceptive implant were calculated for GPs and PNs separately. Results: Four hundred and sixty-eight GPs and 1142 PNs participated. GPs had greater knowledge about LARC than PNs (59% vs 33%; P < 0.01). A similar proportion of GPs and PNs (70%) agreed that PNs could become involved in contraceptive counselling. Among GPs, urban-based GPs were less likely to agree that their clinic would be supportive of the PN inserting the implant (OR = 0.6; 95% CI: 0.4–0.9). Among PNs, older PNs (OR = 0.5; 95% CI: 0.4–0.7) were less likely to agree that the clinic would support PNs inserting the contraceptive implant, but those with Pap test training were more likely to agree (OR = 2.1; 95% CI: 1.5–3.0). Conclusions: This study found high levels of acceptability for PNs to provide contraceptive counselling and insertion of the contraceptive implant. Further research is needed to evaluate the impact of potential interventions that equip PNs with the skills to consult women about contraception and insert the contraceptive implant on LARC uptake.
Resetting the agenda: the makings of ‘A New Era’ of HIV policy in NSW
Authors: O'Donnell Darryl , Perche Diana
Published: April 2016

The New South Wales Government’s NSW HIV Strategy 2012–2015: A New Era represented a punctuated shift of policy direction, and was remarkable for its ground-breaking declaration that HIV transmission could be virtually ended by 2020. This significant policy shift occurred after a long period of stability and only incremental change, some of it represented by policy decline as political and public interest in HIV waned. This article uses punctuated equilibrium theory to explore the conditions that allowed for change, and the roles played by new and long-standing actors in the HIV policy subsystem. It explains the importance of challenges to the policy image and the policy venue as key mechanisms that allowed new possibilities, created by advances in the scientific understanding of HIV, to be incorporated rapidly into government policy.
“Excorporation” in a Dene (Athabaskan) language
Authors: Rice Keren
Published: April 2016

In the Fort Good Hope variety of the Dene (North Slavey) language, Proto-Athabaskan *n generally is realized as [r] in an oral environment and as [n] in a nasal environment. However, in some cases where alternations between [n] and [r] are expected based on closely related varieties, only the [r] variety is found. One consequence of this restructuring is that derivational affixes that were historically closely integrated into the verb word from a phonological perspective are now less fully integrated. This type of language change is typologically unusual. I suggest that it was motivated by the pressure to retain consistency of morpheme shape, perhaps to aid communication with speakers of a related but quite different language, representing a type of contact effect.
Measuring language typicality, with special reference to the Americas
Authors: Comrie Bernard
Published: April 2016

The World Atlas of Language Structures provides a means of calculating the index of typicality of a language, as the average of the percentage of the world’s languages that share that language’s feature value for each feature. Concentrating on languages represented by at least 100 features gives a sample of 115 languages, including 29 indigenous languages of the Americas. While indigenous languages of the Americas occupy a broad range on the index of typicality, from positions 13 to 115 – in contrast to Indo-European languages of Europe, which all fall well within the bottom half of the range – there are some striking more local results, e.g., languages of interior Amazonia fall in the “very atypical” range of 107 to 115.
Excess centrosomes perturb dynamic endothelial cell repolarization during blood vessel formation
Authors: Kushner Erich J. , Ferro Luke S. , Yu Zhixian , Bautch Victoria L.
Published: April 2016

Blood vessel formation requires dynamic movements of endothelial cells (ECs) within sprouts. The cytoskeleton regulates migratory polarity, and centrosomes organize the microtubule cytoskeleton. However, it is not well understood how excess centrosomes, commonly found in tumor stromal cells, affect microtubule dynamics and interphase cell polarity. Here we find that ECs dynamically repolarize during sprouting angiogenesis, and excess centrosomes block repolarization and reduce migration and sprouting. ECs with excess centrosomes initially had more centrosome-derived microtubules but, paradoxically, fewer steady-state microtubules. ECs with excess centrosomes had elevated Rac1 activity, and repolarization was rescued by blockade of Rac1 or actomyosin blockers, consistent with Rac1 activity promoting cortical retrograde actin flow and actomyosin contractility, which precludes cortical microtubule engagement necessary for dynamic repolarization. Thus normal centrosome numbers are required for dynamic repolarization and migration of sprouting ECs that contribute to blood vessel formation.
Epigenetic activation of Sox2 gene in the developing vertebrate neural plate
Authors: Bouzas Santiago O. , Marini Melisa S. , Torres Zelada Eliana , Buzzi Ailín L. , Morales Vicente David A. , Strobl-Mazzulla Pablo H.
Published: April 2016

One of the earliest manifestations of neural induction is onset of expression of the neural marker Sox2, mediated by the activation of the enhancers N1 and N2. By using loss and gain of function, we find that Sox2 expression requires the activity of JmjD2A and the Msk1 kinase, which can respectively demethylate the repressive H3K9me3 mark and phosphorylate the activating H3S10 (H3S10ph) mark. Bimolecular fluorescence complementation reveals that the adaptor protein 14-3-3, known to bind to H3S10ph, interacts with JMJD2A and may be involved in its recruitment to regulatory regions of the Sox2 gene. Chromatin immunoprecipitation reveals dynamic binding of JMJD2A to the Sox2 promoter and N-1 enhancer at the time of neural plate induction. Finally, we show a clear temporal antagonism on the occupancy of H3K9me3 and H3S10ph modifications at the promoter of the Sox2 locus before and after the neural plate induction. Taken together, our results propose a series of epigenetic events necessary for the early activation of the Sox2 gene in neural progenitor cells.
Alpha taxonomy of Dromiciops (Microbiotheriidae) with the description of 2 new species of monito del monte
Authors: D’Elía Guillermo , Hurtado Natalí , D’Anatro Alejandro
Published: April 2016

A previous study showed that Dromiciops gliroides has deep phylogeographic structure, with 3 allopatric and highly differentiated groups. Here, we constructed on that study by assessing the morphologic variation of D. gliroides. Our results show that along its distribution Dromiciops is morphologically highly variable and that the geographic pattern of morphologic variation matches the phylogeographic pattern. Taken together, morphological and molecular data indicate the existence of 2 unrecognized and unnamed species of monito del monte, which are here named and described. Cranial and dental features can easily distinguish species of Dromiciops. One of the new species is endemic of Chile, and the other new species occurs in Argentina and Chile. D. gliroides s.s. is restricted to the southern part of the genus distribution including Chiloé Island. We comment on the conservation significance of our findings and on the need of continuing with field- and collection-based research in order to characterize the richness of the Chilean mammal assemblage.

Un estudio previo mostró que Dromiciops gliroides tiene una marcada estructura filogeográfica con 3 grupos alopátridos bien diferenciados. Dado esos resultados, en el presente estudio analizamos la variación morfológica de D. gliroides. Nuestros resultados indican que D. gliroides es, a través de su distribución, altamente variable y que el patrón geográfico de la variación morfológica es congruente con el patrón filogeografico. Considerada en conjunto, la evidencia morfológica y molecular indica la existencia de dos especies de monito del monte que no han sido reconocidas, las que son aca descritas y nominadas. Las tres especies de Dromiciops se pueden distinguir fácilmente por características craneales y dentales. Una de las nuevas especies es endémica de Chile y la otra se distribuye en Argentina y Chile. D. gliroides s.s. se restringe a la porción sur del área distribucional del género, incluyendo la Isla de Chiloé. Cerramos el trabajo comentado sobre la necesidad de continuar realizando colectas y trabajo basado en colecciones con el fin de caracterizar la diversidad del ensamble de mamíferos de Chile.
Which Proximal Humerus Fractures Should Be Pinned? Treatment in Skeletally Immature Patients
Authors: King Erik C.B. , Ihnow Stephanie B.
Published: April 2016

Most proximal humerus fractures in skeletally immature individuals are treated nonoperatively with excellent functional results. Extensive remodeling of the proximal humerus and the wide arc of motion of the glenohumeral joint accommodate a large degree of fracture displacement and angulation. The treatment of severely displaced fractures and/or severely angulated fractures continues to be debated. Older patients and those with significantly displaced fractures may benefit from surgery because of their inability to remodel displacement and angulation during their limited remaining growth. The decision to treat a proximal humerus fracture in a skeletally immature patient operatively versus nonoperatively is dependent on the following 3 factors: displacement, bone age, and capacity to remodel. There is an increasing trend toward treating severely displaced and severely angulated fractures surgically, especially in older patients and adolescents. Smooth wires, percutaneous threaded wires, cannulated screws, and retrograde elastic stable intramedullary nailing are acceptable options for fixation.
Closed Versus Open Supracondylar Fractures of the Humerus in Children: A Comparison of Clinical and Radiographic Presentation and Results
Authors: Lewine Eliza , Kim Jaehon M. , Miller Patricia E. , Waters Peter M. , Mahan Susan T. , Snyder Brian , Hedequist Daniel , Bae Donald S.
Published: April 2016

Background:

The purpose of this investigation was to compare the presentation and postoperative results of children treated for open and closed, completely displaced type III supracondylar humerus fractures (SCFs).

Methods:

Thirty patients with open and 66 patients with closed, completely displaced type III SCFs were evaluated. Open fractures underwent irrigation and debridement, and all patients were treated by open or closed reduction and pin fixation. Medical records were reviewed to obtain demographic information as well as preoperative and postoperative clinical data regarding mechanism of injury, neurovascular status, associated injuries, postoperative range of motion, infections, and pain. Radiographs were evaluated to quantify displacement, Baumann’s angle, humeral capitellar angle, position of the anterior humeral line, and adequacy of reduction. Outcomes were assessed using Flynn criteria. Mean clinical follow-up for the open and closed fracture groups was 8.9 and 5.7 months, respectively.

Results:

Both groups were similar with respect to age, sex distribution, weight and body mass index, laterality of involvement, and mechanism of injury. At presentation, 35% of closed SCFs and 23% of open SCFs presented with abnormal neurovascular status. There was a higher prevalence of diminished/absent pulses or distal limb ischemia in patients with open injuries (27%) compared with closed fractures (18%). Conversely, severely displaced closed fractures were more commonly associated with nerve injury/palsy at presentation (35%) than those with open fractures (23%). Spontaneous nerve recovery was seen in 87% within 3 to 6 months. Postoperative loss of reduction and malunion were more common in the closed fracture group. However, 84% of patients achieved good-to-excellent results by Flynn criteria, with no appreciable difference based upon open versus closed fractures.

Conclusions:

With timely wound and fracture treatment, the clinical and radiographic results of children treated for open SCFs is similar to those with closed type III injuries, with little increased risk for infection, malunion, or neurovascular compromise.

Level of Evidence:

Level III.