bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying Comprehensive Key Criteria of Sustainable Development for Traditional Manufacturing in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Zon-Yau , Chu Mei-Tai , Chen Shiuann-Shuoh , Tsai Chih-Hung
Published: September 2018

The traditional manufacturing industry has suffered from changing global demands and rapid technology upgrades. It is critical to incorporate innovation into contemporary manufacturing for sustainable development. A comprehensive interpretation of the determinants and directions of technical change is greatly needed. Therefore, this study aims to explore innovative applications that can enhance the value of manufacturing and examine the key factors associated with these innovations. In this paper, three traditional manufacturing industries are analyzed using the research methodologies analytic hierarchy processing (AHP) and Decision Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (DEMATEL), resulting in a set of six key criteria for innovative manufacturing. The causal relationships considering the six criteria in three industries are analyzed. The main contribution of this study is to establish a new framework for the sustainable development of traditional manufacturing industries. This could help to support conceptual innovation in these industries and establish a pragmatic approach to increase sustainable development. From the research results, the following suggestions can be made. The traditional manufacturing industries in Taiwan should focus on design and innovation. This can enhance the value-added and international competitiveness of industrial chains, enterprises, and products. Ultimately, it can lead to the sustainable development of Taiwan’s traditional industries.
A New Concept to Secure Food Safety Standards against Fusarium Species and Aspergillus Flavus and Their Toxins in Maize
Authors: Szabo Balazs , Toth Beata , Toth Toldine Eva , Varga Monika , Kovacs Nandor , Varga Janos , Kocsube Sandor , Palagyi Andrea , Bagi Ferenc , Budakov Dragana , Stojšin Vera , Lazić Sanja , Bodroža-Solarov Marija , Čolović Radmilo , Bekavac Goran , Purar Božana , Jocković Djordje , Mesterházy Akos
Published: September 2018

Commercial maize hybrids are exposed to different degrees of ear infection by toxigenic fungal species and toxin contamination. Their resistance to different fungi and toxin relationships are largely unknown. Without this knowledge, screening and breeding are not possible for these pathogens. Seven- to tenfold differences were found in resistance to Fusarium spp., and there was a five-fold difference in ear coverage (%) in response to A. flavus. Three hybrids of the twenty entries had lower infection severity compared with the general means for toxigenic species. Three were highly susceptible to each, and 14 hybrids reacted differently to the different fungi. Differences were also observed in the toxin content. Again, three hybrids had lower toxin content in response to all toxigenic species, one had higher values for all, and 16 had variable resistance levels. Correlations between infection severity and deoxynivalenol (DON) content were 0.95 and 0.82 (p = 0.001) for F. graminearum and F. culmorum, respectively. For fumonisin and F. verticillioides ear rot, the Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was 0.45 (p = 0.05). Two independent isolates with different aggressiveness were used, and their mean X values better described the resistance levels. This increased the reliability of the data. With the introduction of this methodological concept (testing the resistance levels separately for different fungi and with two isolates independently), highly significant resistance differences were found. The resistance to different fungal species correlated only in certain cases; thus, each should be tested separately. This is very useful in registration tests and post-registration screening and breeding. This would allow a rapid increase in food and feed safety.
Proteomic Deep Mining the Venom of the Red-Headed Krait, Bungarus flaviceps
Authors: Chapeaurouge Alex , Silva Andreza , Carvalho Paulo , McCleary Ryan J. R. , Modahl Cassandra Marie , Perales Jonas , Kini R. Manjunatha , Mackessy Stephen P.
Published: September 2018

The use of -omics technologies allows for the characterization of snake venom composition at a fast rate and at high levels of detail. In the present study, we investigated the protein content of Red-headed Krait (Bungarus flaviceps) venom. This analysis revealed a high diversity of snake venom protein families, as evidenced by high-throughput mass spectrometric analysis. We found all six venom protein families previously reported in a transcriptome study of the venom gland of B. flaviceps, including phospholipases A2 (PLA2s), Kunitz-type serine proteinase inhibitors (KSPIs), three-finger toxins (3FTxs), cysteine-rich secretory proteins (CRISPs), snaclecs, and natriuretic peptides. A combined approach of automated database searches and de novo sequencing of tandem mass spectra, followed by sequence similarity searches, revealed the presence of 12 additional toxin families. De novo sequencing alone was able to identify 58 additional peptides, and this approach contributed significantly to the comprehensive description of the venom. Abundant protein families comprise 3FTxs (22.3%), KSPIs (19%), acetylcholinesterases (12.6%), PLA2s (11.9%), venom endothelial growth factors (VEGFs, 8.4%), nucleotidases (4.3%), and C-type lectin-like proteins (snaclecs, 3.3%); an additional 11 toxin families are present at significantly lower concentrations, including complement depleting factors, a family not previously detected in Bungarus venoms. The utility of a multifaceted approach toward unraveling the proteome of snake venoms, employed here, allowed detection of even minor venom components. This more in-depth knowledge of the composition of B. flaviceps venom facilitates a better understanding of snake venom molecular evolution, in turn contributing to more effective treatment of krait bites.
Dynamic Process of Spontaneous Energy Radiation from Spinning Black Holes through Force-free Magnetic Field
Authors: Koide Shinji , Imamura Tomoki
Published: September 2018

Recent general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations have suggested that relativistic jets from active galactic nuclei are powered by the rotational energy of central black holes through magnetic fields. Some mechanisms for the extraction of rotational energy of black holes have been proposed, such as the Penrose process, the Blandford–Znajek mechanism, the MHD/magnetic Penrose process, and superradiance. Among them, the Blandford–Znajek mechanism is the most promising as an important process of the central engines of the high-energy phenomena. However, a distinctive dynamic process of this mechanism has not yet been demonstrated intuitively, whereas extraction via the Penrose process has a simple interpretation. In this study, we performed numerical simulations of 1D force-free magnetodynamics (FFMD) with respect to the emergence of the Blandford–Znajek mechanism at the equatorial plane of the rapidly spinning black hole. A radial monopole-like magnetic field is used as an initial condition. We found a numerical solution of the steady-state region spreading from the ergosphere to the infinity point like a “tsunami.” We can intuitively understand that this tsunami is caused and sustained by the degeneracy of the electromagnetic field of the perfect conducting plasma in the ergosphere. However, this degeneracy is not mathematically guaranteed in the time-dependent equations of FFMD. The degeneracy is given by an appropriate initial condition and is sustained by the condition at the “stretched horizon” of the black hole.
Variability and Jet Activity in the YSO MHO 3252 Y3 in Serpens South
Authors: Hodapp Klaus W. , Chini Rolf
Published: September 2018

The infrared young stellar outflow source MHO 3252 Y3 in the Serpens South star-forming region was found to be variable. The available photometric data can be fitted with a double-peaked light curve with a period of 904 days. Color variations are consistent with variable extinction with a flatter wavelength dependence than interstellar extinction, i.e., larger grains. MHO 3252 Y3 is the source of a large-scale bipolar outflow, but the most recent outflow activity has produced a microjet detectable in the shock-excited H2 1–0 S(1) line, while [Fe ii] emission appears confined to the immediate vicinity of the central star. The proper motion of individual shock fronts in the H2 microjet has been measured and traces these knots back to ejection events in the past two centuries. Integral field spectroscopy with the Keck 1 adaptive optics system and the OSIRIS instrument shows velocity components near the launch region that are distinct from the microjet in both radial velocity and apparent proper motion. They match the prediction of dual wind models with a distinct low-velocity disk wind component. We find evidence for the entrainment of this low-velocity component into the high-velocity microjet, leading to shock-excited emission at intermediate velocities in an envelope around the microjet.
Disruption of a Planet Spiraling into its Host Star
Authors: Jia Shi , Spruit H. C.
Published: September 2018

The processes leading to the deformation and destruction of planets spiraling into the convective envelope of their host stars are described. The planet is compressed by ram pressure and deformed into a flattened shape, for which a quantitative model is developed. Compression increases the planet’s density contrast with the envelope and its gravitational binding energy. This increases the survivability, especially of gas planets. An estimate is given for the depth of disruption by ram pressure, and for the subsequent fragmentation of the remnants. We show how the debris of rocky or iron planets, instead of mixing through the convection zone (CZ), sinks below the base of the CZ. The timescale of the entire sequence of events is of the order of a few orbital times of the planet. If spiral-in of (partly) icy, rocky or iron planets has happened to the pre-main sequence Sun, then this could account for the higher opacity below the base of the CZ, as inferred from helioseismology.
Magnetic Reconnection Detonation in Supernova Remnants
Authors: Zhang Horace , Gao Yang , Law Chung K.
Published: September 2018

As a key process that refreshes the interstellar medium (ISM), the dynamics and radiative properties of the supernova remnant (SNR) expansion front not only reflect the physical environment of the old ISM surrounding the supernova, but they also provide information about the refreshed ISM. However the expansion dynamics of SNRs cannot be simply explained by the conventional law of spherical shock wave propagation; on the other hand, the high-energy radiation requires an additional electron acceleration mechanism in the shock front beyond thermal collision. We consider herein the detonation wave description of the SNR expansion, in which magnetic reconnection follows the shock front and transfers the SNR magnetic field energy to both fluid thermal energy and particle kinetic energy. The structure of the magnetic reconnection detonation (MRD) is identified based on the scaling analysis in this paper. By applying the MRD description of the SNR expansion shock to the example of the Crab Nebula, this paper shows that the MRD description can explain both the accelerative expansion of the nebula as well as the origin of the luminous expanding shell.
Statistical Analysis on XMM-Newton X-Ray Flares of Mrk 421: Distributions of Peak Flux and Flaring Time Duration
Authors: Yan Dahai , Yang Shenbang , Zhang Pengfei , Dai Benzhong , Wang Jiancheng , Zhang Li
Published: September 2018

The energy dissipation mechanism in blazar jet is unknown. Blazar flares could provide insights into this problem. Here we report statistical results of XMM-Newton observations of X-ray flares in Mrk 421. We analyze all public XMM-Newton X-ray observations for Mrk 421, and construct the light curves. Through fitting the light curves, we obtain the flare-profile parameters, such as peak flux (F
p) and flaring time duration (T
fl). It is found that the distributions of F
p and T
fl both obey a power-law form, with the same index of α
F = α
T ≈ 1. The statistical properties are consistent with the predictions for a self-organized criticality system with energy dissipation in one-dimensional space. This is similar to a solar flare, but with different space dimensions of the energy dissipation domain. This suggests that the X-ray flaers of Mrk 421 might be driven by a magnetic reconnection mechanism. Moreover, in the analysis, we find that variability on a timescale of ∼1000 s appears frequently. This rapid variability indicates a magnetic field of

G (δ
D is the Doppler factor) in the emission region.
Distribution of bumblebees across Europe
Authors: Polce Chiara , Maes Joachim , Rotllan-Puig Xavier , Michez Denis , Castro Leopoldo , Cederberg Bjorn , Dvorak Libor , Fitzpatrick Úna , Francis Frederic , Neumayer Johann , Manino Aulo , Paukkunen Juho , Pawlikowski Tadeusz , Roberts Stuart , Straka Jakub , Rasmont Pierre
Published: September 2018

Insect pollinators are a key component of biodiversity; they also play a major role in the reproduction of many species of wild plants and crops.

It is widely acknowledged that insect pollinators are threatened by many environmental pressures, mostly of anthropogenic nature. Their decline is a global phenomenon. A better understanding of their distribution can help their monitoring and ultimately facilitate conservation actions.

Since we only have partial knowledge of where pollinator species occur, the possibility to predict suitable environmental conditions from scattered species records can facilitate not only species monitoring, but also the identification of areas potentially vulnerable to pollinators decline.

This data paper contains the predicted distribution of 47 species of bumblebees across the 28 Member States of the European Union (EU-28). Amongst the wild pollinators, bumblebees are one of the major groups contributing to the production of many crop species, hence their decline in Europe, North America and Asia can potentially threaten food security.

Predictions were derived from distribution models, using species records with a spatial resolution of 10 km accessed from a central repository. Predictions were based on records from 1991 to 2012 and on a series of spatial environmental predictors from three main thematic areas: land use and land cover, climate and topography.

These distributions were used to estimate the value of pollination as an ecosystem service. In light of the recent European Pollinators Initiative, this paper provides valuable information for a better understanding of where wild pollinators occur and it should be extended to other pollinator species.
Togo National Herbarium database
Authors: Radji Raoufou , Adjonou Kossi , Marie-Luce Akossiwoa Quashie , Sodjinou Komlan Edjèdu , Pando Francisco , Kokou Kouami
Published: September 2018

This article describes the herbarium database of the University of Lomé. The database provides a good representation of the current knowledge of the flora of Togo. The herbarium of University of Lomé, known also as Herbarium togoense is the national herbarium and is registered in Index Herbariorum with the abbreviation TOGO. It contains 15,000 specimens of vascular plants coming mostly from all Togo's ecofloristic regions. Less than one percent of the specimens are from neighbouring countries such as Ghana, Benin and Burkina Faso. Collecting site details are specified in more that 97% of the sheet labels, but only about 50% contain geographic coordinates. Besides being a research resource, the herbarium constitutes an educational collection. The dataset described in this paper is registered with GBIF and accessible at https://www.gbif.org/dataset/b05dd467-aaf8-4c67-843c-27f049057b78. It was developed with the RIHA software (Réseau Informatique des Herbiers d'Afrique). The RIHA system (Chevillotte and Florence 2006, Radji et al. 2009) allows the capture of label data and associated information such as synonyms, vernacular names, taxonomic hierarchy and references.
Rediscovery of Lobonychium palpiplus Roewer, 1938 (Opiliones, Laniatores, Epedanidae) in Sabah, Malaysia
Authors: Zhang Chao , Martens Jochen
Published: September 2018

LobonychiumpalpiplusRoewer, 1938, originally reported from Indonesian Borneo, is redescribed based on the specimens from Malaysia. The genitalia of this species are described for the first time and a new genital terminology is proposed. The rediscovery expands the known distribution of the species to Malaysian Borneo.
Le Mouvement ouvrier dans la région de Rouen 1851-1876. Tome 1
Authors: Boivin Marcel
Published: September 2018

Cet ouvrage analyse dans quel contexte économique et social s'est développée la Premières internationale dans la région de Rouen, une des principales agglomération industrielle de France.

C'est une étude de la fédération ouvrière rouennaise fortement influencée par le proudhonisme, avec son organisation, ses luttes, ses crises et son déclin après la Commune de Paris.

C'est aussi une importance contribution à l'histoire du mouvement ouvrier français et de l'Internationale pour la période allant de 1851 à 1876.

Un second tome est constitué de documents concernant la première Internationale dans la région de Rouen, documents jusqu'alors dispersée en France et à l'étranger ou appartenant à des collections privées.
The Quality of Autism Spectrum Disorders Online Websites Promoting Awareness and Supporting Parents
Authors: Gobrial Ereny
Published: September 2018

The purpose of this article was to evaluate the quality of online autism spectrum disorders (ASD) websites and to outline the gap in the current Arabic websites in terms of promoting awareness and supporting parents of children with ASD. A search was performed using the Arabic keywords that is equivalent of autism and parenting a child with ASD, through Arabic language search engines and websites. The findings reveal that Arabic online information concerned the ASD lacks the quality supportive advocate information concerns the ASD. The results highlighted a gap in the Arabic websites that supports parents of children with ASD. There is a need to improve the quality of online ASD Arabic information that promoting awareness and supporting parents.
O profissional de saúde do outro lado do cuidado segundo a teoria da incerteza na doença / The health professional experience on the other side of care
Authors: Anjos Araújo Nayra Michele , Macedo de Sousa Francisca Georgina , Ribeiro dos Santos Ana Maria , Verganista Martins Fernandes Henriqueta Ilda , Barbieri de Figueiredo Maria do Céu Aguiar
Published: September 2018

Objetivou-se compreender os significados que profissionais de saúde atribuem às experiências de ser paciente ou acompanhante decorrentes de adoecimento ou hospitalização. Estudo descritivo, de abordagem qualitativa realizado com 17 participantes utilizando-se entrevista não estruturada para coleta de dados e análise temática para interpretação dos mesmos à luz da Teoria da Incerteza na Doença de Michel.Foram identificados doze temas inter-relacionados com os pressupostos da Teoria e inseridos em um diagrama conceitual. O Quadro de Estímulos foi representado pelos Temas: Marcadores de experiência profissional no processo de adoecimento e hospitalização; Estratégias qualificadoras para as relações de cuidado; Valorização do profissional assistente pelo reconhecimento de práticas de cuidado. Desqualificadores do cuidado: produzindo insegurança, angústias e incertezas; Adversidades do profissional-acompanhante: estigmatização e comprometimento do cuidado; Melhor não saber demarcaram a Avaliação Cognitiva. Como mecanismos de coping os temas: Significados e sentimentos inerentes ao ser acompanhante e do outro lado do cuidado que confluíram para a adaptação. A experiência de paciente/acompanhante foi permeada por incertezas que eram exacerbadas pela condição de ser profissional da saúde. Isto permitiu compreender que adequadas atitudes e comportamentos no cuidado proporcionam minimização de incertezas influenciando positivamente no tratamento e recuperação da saúde.
 Itinerários terapêuticos de policiais militares na busca de atendimento de necessidades de saúde/ Military police therapeutic itineraries in the search of health care needs
Authors: Alves Rafanielly De Oliveira , Aguiar Maria Geralda Gomes
Published: September 2018

Este estudo objetivou descrever os itinerários terapêuticos de policiais militares que atuam em uma Base Comunitária de Segurança na busca de atendimento de suas necessidades de saúde. Trata-se de uma pesquisa exploratória, de abordagem qualitativa, realizada mediante entrevista semiestruturada cujo corpus foi submetido à análise de conteúdo. Os resultados evidenciaram que os policiais militares empreendem percursos a fim de preservar a saúde, envolvendo ações de promoção da saúde, prevenção de doenças e satisfação de necessidades para alcançar a qualidade de vida e restabelecer a saúde, como o enfrentamento de um adoecimento agudo ou de agudização de um problema crônico. Os itinerários terapêuticos perpassam os subsistemas popular e profissional de cuidado, conforme conduta singularizada de cada indivíduo e o contexto sociocultural em que está inserido. A procura por cuidados terapêuticos no subsistema profissional envolve facilidades relacionadas ao acesso geográfico e funcional. Conclui-se que os obstáculos com que os policiais se deparam para o acesso aos serviços de saúde apontam fragilidades na oferta de serviços; assim é imperativo o aprimoramento de políticas públicas para esse grupo, sobretudo aquelas voltadas às suas necessidades de saúde.
RELATIONS BETWEEN EMOTION AND WORKING MEMORY: EVIDENCE FROM BEHAVIOURAL AND PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL STUDIES
Authors: Ribeiro Fabiana , Albuquerque Pedro Barbas , Santos Flávia Heloísa dos
Published: September 2018

Baddeley (2007) proposed the Hedonic Detection to explain the connection between emotion and working memory (WM). This review aimed to systematize evidence of the influence of emotion on performance of WM tasks and its association with the Hedonic system on current studies. We carried out a database research that generated 103 papers in a restricted period (2007-2017). Ten papers combining behavioural tests with psychophysiological measures and ten papers using strictly behavioural tasks were selected. In all approaches were observed that the type of cognitive request underlying the task is crucial to understand how WM performance is influenced by emotion. Besides, was possible to detect a trend in the literature to focus on executive process related to a neural model for WM, since just only one behavioural paper explained the results based on Hedonic Detector system.
TRABALHO E SOFRIMENTO: DESAFIOS DA SAÚDE MENTAL DE PROFISSIONAIS DA ASSISTÊNCIA SOCIAL
Authors: Da Silva Jeanne Benevides , Vasconcellos Pamela Arruda , Figueiredo Vanessa Catherina Neumann
Published: September 2018

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo investigar a saúde mental da equipe de funcionários do Centro de Referência e Assistência Social (CREAS) de Corumbá-MS, no ano de 2014. Adotou-se a abordagem teórico-metodológica da psicodinâmica do trabalho para abordar as vivências de prazer e sofrimento no trabalho, partindo da hipótese de que o atendimento aos indivíduos em situação de vulnerabilidade e violação de direitos exige investimento cognitivo e emocional excessivo, gerando sofrimento e desgaste psíquico. Participaram dez profissionais do CREAS, com escolaridade de nível fundamental e superior, os quais foram submetidos a dez encontros de entrevista coletiva, que tiveram como proposta a discussão e a análise das condições, da organização e das relações no trabalho, o reconhecimento e a valorização, e os sentimentos gerados diante dos casos de violência. Verificou-se que as vivências de sofrimento foram atribuídas à falta de estrutura e equipamentos, sobrecarga de trabalho pela demanda advinda de outras instituições, decorrendo em sentimentos de angústia, impotência, tristeza e desvalorização profissional. O prazer no trabalho foi constatado pela valorização por parte dos usuários e identificação com o trabalho social. Foi possível concluir que o trabalho com a violação dos direitos afeta as relações sociais e pessoais dos trabalhadores, pois a discrepância entre o prescrito (concepção) e o real (execução) demonstrou reações de angústia, choro, tristeza, impotência e pensamento negativo.Palavras-chaves: Saúde mental, situações de violência, funcionários do CREAS.
POSIÇÕES CONCEITUAIS EM CRIATIVIDADE
Authors: Neves-Pereira Mônica Souza
Published: September 2018

Analisar conceituações de criatividade a partir de múltiplos posicionamentos teóricos e epistemológicos retrata o objetivo central deste artigo. A psicologia da criatividade, campo de investigação com mais de 70 anos de história, vem desenvolvendo pesquisa e teoria na área, para demonstrar vigor e força em seus esforços científicos. A compreensão do conceito de criatividade, considerando suas transformações ao longo do tempo, fruto da renovação teórica e epistemológica que a área vem vivenciando, configura uma questão central para a pesquisa. Posições conceituais que têm sido praticadas na literatura necessitam ser analisadas, de modo crítico, especialmente por marcarem o ponto de partida de qualquer investigação na psicologia da criatividade. Este artigo vai discutir quatro posições conceituais da criatividade, a saber: a conceituação padrão, conceituação sistêmica, conceituação sócio-histórica e conceituação sociocultural. É a partir de uma visão de criatividade que uma pesquisa terá início. Conhecer os diversos conceitos sobre o fenômeno e reconhecer suas transformações ao longo do tempo apresenta-se como requisito indispensável para estudiosos da área. Para além da análise crítica conceitual, o presente trabalho exercita a inferência acerca de prováveis diálogos entre as posições conceituais da criatividade, a fim de compreender as possibilidades e limitações presentes na comunicação entre teorias.
PREOCUPAÇÕES E COMPORTAMENTOS RELACIONADOS À APARÊNCIA FÍSICA NA INFÂNCIA: UMA ABORDAGEM QUALITATIVA
Authors: Neves Clara Mockdece , Meireles Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras , Morgado Fabiane Frota da Rocha , Ferreira Maria Elisa Caputo
Published: September 2018

A criança elabora mecanismos internos para formação de referências do próprio corpo, desde a tenra idade, tornando-se uma fase da vida relevante para estudiosos. Objetivou-se investigar atitudes relacionadas à imagem corporal sob o ponto de vista de crianças. Esta pesquisa qualitativa descritiva foi conduzida em quatro grupos focais. Participaram 19 crianças (10 meninas e 9 meninos), de 6 a 11 anos (M=8,36±1,42 anos), estudantes de escolas públicas da cidade de Juiz de Fora-MG. Os dados obtidos foram tratados mediante análise de conteúdo categórica. Três categorias emergiram a partir das falas das crianças: preocupações com aspectos específicos do corpo; preocupações com aspectos gerais do corpo; e comportamentos relacionados ao corpo. Conclui-se que as crianças avaliadas apresentaram atitudes que indicam preocupação com o corpo em aspectos gerais e específicos, além de comportamentos relacionados com a imagem corporal. Recomendam-se a elaboração e a adoção de estratégias de terapia e intervenção no sentido de promover uma imagem corporal positiva em crianças.
OS ARGUMENTOS PSICOLÓGICOS EM “A ESTRUTURA DAS REVOLUÇÕES CIENTÍFICAS” DE THOMAS KUHN
Authors: Souza Emerson Albino , Melo Walter
Published: September 2018

O papel e o reconhecimento da psicologia no campo da epistemologia sempre foi vetor de diversas controvérsias. Dentre autores que a rejeitaram e outros que a elegeram como elemento importante, destacamos o historiador e filósofo das ciências, Thomas Kuhn. Neste artigo listaremos os diversos argumentos e todas as teorias psicológicas citadas pelo epistemólogo no decorrer de sua obra mais influente: A estrutura das revoluções científicas. A forma como Kuhn utiliza o saber psicológico nos revela como suas proposições sobre a construção científica resgatam o valor epistemológico da psicologia, pois, ao descrever os processos inerentes a uma revolução científica, o enfoque sociológico e histórico foi invariavelmente complementado pelo campo psi. Assim, para explicar a atual conformação e engendramento das “ciências duras”, deu-se como necessário o recurso às “ciências brandas”. Diante desta aparente contradição, partiremos da situação em que críticas a um suposto subjetivismo de Kuhn envolvem a psicologia, para compreender como o autor a emprega no que ele denominou de “psicologia da investigação científica”. Consequentemente, responderemos questões decorrentes desta utilização, como o estatuto da cientificidade da psicologia dentro de suas próprias teorias e a legitimidade desta como ferramenta epistemológica.
Jod-Basedow phenomenon: Reactivation of thyroid eye disease after contrast computed tomography
Authors: Hollhumer Roland , Indiveri Francesca
Published: September 2018

To report a case of Jod-Basedow phenomenon, where a patient with quiescent thyroid eye disease became active after a contrast computed tomography (CT). A patient with clinically inactive thyroid eye disease underwent a contrast CT, after which her clinical activity score increased for 1 to 6/10 with optic nerve dysfunction. She was managed medically with intravenous steroids, neomercazole and propranolol. Jod-Basedow phenomenon is a rare condition where thyroid eye disease reactivates after a large iodine bolus. It is important for clinicians to be aware of this when considering special investigations, such as contrast scans, where iodine is given in large doses.
Rhubarb (Rheum Species): The Role of Edinburgh in Its Cultivation and Development
Authors: Lee MR , Hutcheon J , Dukan E , Milne I
Published: September 2018

Rhubarb was grown and used throughout China for thousands of years. It then found its way to St Petersburg where the Romanovs developed a flourishing trade in the plant to the rest of Europe. James Mounsey, a physician to the Tsar, brought back seeds from Russia to Scotland at considerable risk to himself. He passed some of the seeds to Alexander Dick and John Hope. Both these physicians then grew rhubarb at Prestonfield and the Botanic Garden (both in Edinburgh), respectively. Eventually rhubarb, in the form of Gregory's powder, became a common and popular medicine throughout the UK.
Winnaars en verliezers op de arbeidsmarkt
Authors: Gründemann Rob
Published: September 2018

In dit artikel kijkt Rob Gründemann terug op voorspellingen over de toekomst van arbeid die aan het begin van het millennium zijn opgesteld. Vastgesteld wordt welke zaken zijn uitgekomen en welke zaken destijds minder goed werden voorzien. Daarbij worden vier kernontwikkelingen
onderscheiden, namelijk veranderingen in de samenstelling van de beroepsbevolking, ontwikkeling rond ICT en arbeid, flexibilisering van arbeidsrelaties en de betekenis van (betaald) werk. Vooral demografische ontwikkelingen en ontwikkelingen in de arbeidsrelatie zijn redelijk goed voorspeld.
De economische recessie en de impact hiervan werden destijds niet direct voorzien. Ook had men aan het begin van millennium nog geen beeld van de ontwikkelingen op het gebied van robotisering en computerisering. In dit artikel worden nieuwe voorspellingen gedaan voor de ontwikkelingen in de
komende periode. Ten slotte duidt de auteur de winnaars en de verliezers op de arbeidsmarkt en worden aanbevelingen gedaan om de positie van de verliezers te versterken.
The role of H2SO4-NH3 anion clusters in ion-induced aerosol nucleation mechanisms in the boreal forest
Authors: Yan Chao , Dada Lubna , Rose Clémence , Jokinen Tuija , Nie Wei , Schobesberger Siegfried , Junninen Heikki , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Sarnela Nina , Makkonen Ulla , Garmash Olga , Wang Yonghong , Zha Qiaozhi , Paasonen Pauli , Bianchi Federico , Sipilä Mikko , Ehn Mikael , Petäjä Tuukka , Kerminen Veli-Matti , Worsnop Douglas R. , Kulmala Markku
Published: September 2018

Abstract. New particle formation (NPF) provides a large source of
atmospheric aerosols, which affect the climate and human health. In recent chamber studies, ion-induced nucleation (IIN) has been discovered as an important pathway of forming
particles; however, atmospheric investigation
remains incomplete. For this study, we investigated the air anion
compositions in the boreal forest in southern Finland for three consecutive springs, with
a special focus on H2SO4-NH3 anion clusters. We found
that the ratio between the concentrations of highly oxygenated organic
molecules (HOMs) and H2SO4 controlled the appearance of
H2SO4-NH3 clusters (3<no.S<13): all such
clusters were observed when [HOM] ∕ [H2SO4] was smaller than
30. The number of H2SO4 molecules in the largest observable
cluster correlated with the probability of ion-induced nucleation (IIN)
occurrence, which reached almost 100 % when the largest observable
cluster contained six or more H2SO4 molecules. During selected
cases when the time evolution of H2SO4-NH3 clusters
could be tracked, the calculated ion growth rates exhibited good agreement
across measurement methods and cluster (particle) sizes. In these cases,
H2SO4-NH3 clusters alone could explain ion growth up to
3 nm (mobility diameter). IIN events also occurred in the absence of
H2SO4-NH3, implying that other NPF mechanisms also prevail at this site, most likely involving HOMs. It seems that
H2SO4 and HOMs both affect the occurrence of an IIN event, but
their ratio ([HOMs] ∕ [H2SO4]) defines the primary mechanism
of the event. Since that ratio is strongly influenced by solar radiation and
temperature, the IIN mechanism ought to vary depending on conditions and seasons.
Estimation of ground level particulate matter concentrations
through the synergistic use of satellite observations and process-based
models over South Korea
Authors: Park Seohui , Shin Minso , Im Jungho , Song Chang-Keun , Choi Myungje , Kim Jhoon , Lee Seungun , Park Rokjin , Kim Jiyoung , Lee Dong-Won , Kim Sang-Kyun
Published: September 2018

Abstract. The long exposure to particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameters
The role of low-level clouds in the West African monsoon system
Authors: Kniffka Anke , Knippertz Peter , Fink Andreas H.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Realistically simulating the West African monsoon system still poses a substantial challenge to state-of-the-art weather and climate models. One particular issue is the representation of the extensive and persistent low-level clouds over southern West Africa (SWA) during boreal summer. These clouds are important in regulating the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface but their role in the local energy balance and the overall monsoon system has never been assessed. Based on sensitivity experiments using the ICON model for July 2006, we show for the first time that rainfall over SWA depends logarithmically on the optical thickness of low clouds, as these control the diurnal evolution of the planetary boundary layer, vertical stability and finally convection. In our experiments, the increased precipitation over SWA has small direct effects on the downstream Sahel, as higher temperatures due to increased surface radiation are accompanied by decreases in low-level moisture due to changes in advection, leading to almost unchanged equivalent-potential temperatures in the Sahel. A systematic comparison of simulations with and without convective parameterisation reveals agreement in the direction of the precipitation signal but larger sensitivity for explicit convection. For parametrized convection the main rainband is too far south and the diurnal cycle shows signs of unrealistic vertical mixing, leading to a positive feedback on low clouds. The results demonstrate that relatively minor errors, variations or trends in low-level cloudiness over SWA can have substantial impacts on precipitation. Similarly they suggest that the dimming likely associated with an increase in anthropogenic emissions in the future would lead to a decrease of summer rainfall in the densely populated Guinea Coastal area. Future work should investigate longer-term effects of the misrepresentation of low clouds in climate models, e.g. moderated through effects on rainfall, soil moisture and evaporation.
Methane emissions from a sediment-deposited island in a Lancang-Mekong reservoir
Authors: Shi Wenqing , Chen Qiuwen , Zhang Jianyun , Chen Cheng , Chen Yuchen , Ji Yuyu , Yu Juhua , Van Dam Bryce R.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. In dammed rivers, sediment accumulation creates potential methane emission hotspots, which have been extensively studied in forebays. However, methane emissions from sidebays remain poorly understood. We investigated methane emissions from a sediment-deposited island situated in the sidebay of the Manwan Reservoir, Lancang-Mekong River. High methane emissions (maximum 10.4 mg h−1 m−2) were observed at the island center, while a ring-like zone of low-to-negative methane emission was discovered around the island edge, whose flux varied between −0.2–1.6 mg h−1 m−2. The ring-like zone accounted for 89.1 % of the island area, of which 9.1 % was a methane sink zone. Microbial processes in the hyporheic zone, regulated by hydrological variations, were responsible for the low methane flux in this area. Under reservoir operation, frequent water level fluctuations enhanced hyporheic exchange and created redox gradients along the hyporheic flow path. Dissolved oxygen in hyporheic water decreased from 4.80 mg L−1 at the island bank edge to 0.43 mg L−1 at the center, which in turn decreased methanogen abundance for methane production and increased methanotroph abundance for methane oxidation at the ring-like zone. This study adds to our understanding of methane emissions from dammed rivers and helps to screen efficient strategies for future mitigation of the global warming effects of hydropower systems.
Technical note: Changes of cross- and auto-dependence structures in climate projections of daily precipitation and their sensitivity to outliers
Authors: Hnilica Jan , Hanel Martin , Puš Vladimír
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Simulations of regional or global climate models are often used for climate change impact assessment. To eliminate systematic errors, which are inherent to all climate model simulations, a number of post processing (statistical downscaling) methods have been proposed recently. In addition to basic statistical properties of simulated variables, some of these methods consider also a dependence structure between or within variables. In the present paper we assess the changes in cross- and auto-correlation structures of daily precipitation in six regional climate model simulations. In addition the effect of outliers is explored making distinction between ordinary outliers (i.e. values exceptionally small or large) and dependence outliers (values deviating from dependence structures). It is demonstrated that correlation estimates can be strongly influenced by few outliers even in large data sets. In turn, any statistical downscaling method relying on sample correlation can therefore provide misleading results. An exploratory procedure is proposed to detect the dependence outliers in multi-variate data and to quantify their impact on correlation structures.
Spatial prediction of groundwater spring potential mapping based on an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system and metaheuristic optimization
Authors: Khosravi Khabat , Panahi Mahdi , Tien Bui Dieu
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Groundwater is one of the most valuable natural resources in the world (Jha
et al., 2007). However, it is not an unlimited resource; therefore
understanding groundwater potential is crucial to ensure its sustainable use.
The aim of the current study is to propose and verify new artificial
intelligence methods for the spatial prediction of groundwater spring
potential mapping at the Koohdasht–Nourabad plain, Lorestan province, Iran.
These methods are new hybrids of an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system
(ANFIS) and five metaheuristic algorithms, namely invasive weed optimization
(IWO), differential evolution (DE), firefly algorithm (FA), particle swarm
optimization (PSO), and the bees algorithm (BA). A total of 2463 spring
locations were identified and collected, and then divided randomly into two
subsets: 70 % (1725 locations) were used for training models and the
remaining 30 % (738 spring locations) were utilized for evaluating the
models. A total of 13 groundwater conditioning factors were prepared for
modeling, namely the slope degree, slope aspect, altitude, plan curvature,
stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), terrain roughness
index (TRI), distance from fault, distance from river, land use/land cover,
rainfall, soil order, and lithology. In the next step, the step-wise
assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) method was applied to quantify the degree
of relevance of these groundwater conditioning factors. The global
performance of these derived models was assessed using the area under the
curve (AUC). In addition, the Friedman and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were
carried out to check and confirm the best model to use in this study. The
result showed that all models have a high prediction performance; however,
the ANFIS–DE model has the highest prediction capability (AUC = 0.875),
followed by the ANFIS–IWO model, the ANFIS–FA model (0.873), the ANFIS–PSO
model (0.865), and the ANFIS–BA model (0.839). The results of this research
can be useful for decision makers responsible for the sustainable management
of groundwater resources.
Refining physical aspects of soil quality and soil health when
exploring the effects of soil degradation and climate change on
biomass production: an Italian case study
Authors: Bonfante Antonello , Terribile Fabio , Bouma Johan
Published: September 2018

Abstract. This study is restriced to soil physical aspects of soil quality and – health with the objective to define procedures with worldwide rather than only regional applicability, reflecting modern developments in soil physical research and focusing on important questions regarding possible effects of soil degradation and climate change. In contrast to water and air, soils cannot, even after much research, be characterized by a universally accepted quality definition and this hampers the internal and external communication process. Soil quality expresses the capacity of the soil to function. Biomass production is a primary function, next to filtering and organic matter accumulation, and can be modeled with soil-water-plant-atmosphere simulation models, as used in the agronomic yield-gap program that defines potential yields (Yp) for any location on earth determined by radiation, temperature and standardized crop characteristics, assuming adequate water and nutrient supply and lack of pests and diseases. The water-limited yield (Yw) reflects, in addition, the often limited water availability at a particular location. Real yields (Ya) can be considered in relation to Yw to indicate yield gaps, to be expressed in terms of the indicator: (Ya/Yw) × 100. Soil data to calculate Yw for a given soil type (the genoform) should consist of a range of soil properties as a function of past management (various phenoforms) rather than as a single representative dataset. This way a Yw-based soil-characteristic soil quality range is defined, based on semi-permanent soil properties. In this study effects of subsoil compaction, overland flow following surface compaction and erosion were simulated for six soil series in the Destre Sele area in Italy, including effects of climate change. Recent proposals consider soil health, which appeals more to people than soil quality and is now defined by seperate soil physical, -chemical and – biological indicators. Focusing on the soil function biomass production, physical soil health at a given time of a given type of soil can be expressed as a point (defined by a measured Ya) on the defined soil quality range for that particular type of soil, thereby defining the seriousness of the problem and the scope for improvement. The six soils showed different behavior following the three types of land degradation and projected climate change up to the year 2100. Effects are expected to be major as reductions of biomass production of up to 50 % appear likely. Rather than consider soil physical, chemical and biological indicators seperately, as proposed now for soil health, a sequential procedure is suggested logically linking the seperate procedures.
Continental soil drivers of ammonium and nitrate in Australia
Authors: Lee Juhwan , Garland Gina M. , Viscarra Rossel Raphael A.
Published: September 2018

Abstract. Soil
N is an essential element for plant growth, but its mineral forms are subject
to loss from the environment by leaching and gaseous emissions. Despite its
importance for the soil-plant system, factors controlling soil mineral N
contents over large spatial scales are not well understood. We used
NH4+ and NO3- contents (0–30 cm depth) from
469 sites across Australia and determined soil controls on their regional
variation. Soil mineral N varied regionally but depended on the different
land uses. In the agricultural region of Australia, NH4+ tended
to be similar (median 4.0 vs. 3.5 mg N kg−1) and NO3-
was significantly enriched (3.0 vs. 1.0 mg N kg−1), compared to the
non-agricultural region. The importance of soil controls on mineral N in the
agricultural region, identified by the model trees algorithm Cubist, showed
that NH4+ was affected by total N, cation exchange capacity
(CEC) and pH. In the non-agricultural region, NH4+ was affected
not only
by CEC and pH, but also by organic C and total P. In each of the regions,
NO3- was primarily affected by CEC, with more complex
biophysical controls. In both regions, correlations between mineral N and
soil C : N : P stoichiometry suggest that more NH4+ was
found in P-depleted soil relative to total C and total N. However, our
results showed that only in the non-agricultural region was NO3-
sensitive to the state of C and its interaction with N and P. The models
helped to explain 36 %–68 % of regional variation in mineral N. Although
soil controls on high N contents were highly uncertain, we found that
region-specific interactions of soil properties control mineral N contents.
It is therefore essential to understand how they alter soil mechanisms
and N cycling at large scales.
A Study of Chadian Learners/ Speakers of English’s Pronunciation
Authors: Safotso Gilbert Tagne
Published: September 2018

With the development of English as the world’s lingua franca, there is a serious rush for the language by many countries, which have no past history with Britain, the US or any other country of the Inner Circle (Kachru 1988). Chad, which was colonized by France is one of those countries (Anderson 2008). In those countries, where English is generally learnt as a foreign language by an elitist group, the language progressively develops and has local stable features among it speakers. With the increasing number of Chadian learners of English in Nigerian, Sudanese and Cameroonian universities, as well as in other English-speaking countries, it is interesting to look at the way they pronounce English words. From the interlanguage framework, this study analyses some speech produced by postgraduate Chadian learners of English (N=20). The focus is on some difficult consonants, consonant clusters, vowels and word stress.