bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Synergistic Cu/Pd Catalysis for Enantioselective Allylation of Ketimine Esters: The Direct Synthesis of α‐Substituted α‐Amino Acids and 2H‐Pyrrols
Authors: Wei Liang , Xiao Lu , Wang Chun‐Jiang
Published: October 2018

An efficient synergistic Cu/Pd catalyzed enantioselective α‐allylation of acyclic ketimine esters has been reported, which provides an entry to nonproteinogenic α‐allyl α‐amino acids in high yield, exclusive regioselectivity, and excellent enantioselectivity. Moreover, the more challenging cyclic ketimine ester could also be employed as a nucleophile for the construction of 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrrole derivatives bearing a quaternary stereogenic center using the same catalytic system.

magnified image
Rh‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation of CO2 to Formic Acid in DMSO‐based Reaction Media: Solved and Unsolved Challenges for Process Development
Authors: Jens Christian M. , Scott Martin , Liebergesell Bastian , Westhues Christian G. , Schäfer Pascal , Franciò Giancarlo , Leonhard Kai , Leitner Walter , Bardow André
Published: October 2018

Process concepts have been conceived and evaluated for the amine‐free homogeneous catalyzed hydrogenation of CO2 to formic acid (FA). Base‐free DMSO‐mediated production of FA has been shown to avoid the formation of stable intermediates and presumably the energy‐intensive FA recovery strategies. Here, we address the challenges in the development of an overall process: from catalyst immobilization to the FA isolation. The immobilization of the homogeneous catalyst was achieved using a multiphasic approach (n‐heptane/DMSO) ensuring high retention of the catalyst (>99%) and allowing facile separation of the catalyst‐free product phase. We show that the strong molecular interactions between DMSO and FA on the one hand shift the equilibrium towards the product side, on the other hand, lead to the formation of an azeotrope preventing a simple isolation step by distillation. Thus, we devised an isolation strategy based on the use of co‐solvents and computed the energy demands. Acetic acid was identified as best co‐solvent and its compatibility with the catalyst system was experimentally verified. Overall, the outlined process involving DMSO and acetic acid as co‐solvent has a computed energy demand on a par with state‐of‐the art amine‐based processes. However, the insufficient chemical stability of DMSO poses major limitations on processes based on this solvent.

magnified image
Graphdiyne: Recent Achievements in Photo‐ and Electrochemical Conversion
Authors: Zhao Yasong , Tang Hongjie , Yang Nailiang , Wang Dan
Published: October 2018

As a rising star of carbon allotropes, graphynes (GYs) merely consist of sp‐ and sp2‐hybridized carbon atoms, which endow them a large conjugated network and expanded 2D porous structure. With unique topological structure, GYs display unusual semiconducting properties, especially in the aspects of charge mobility and electron transport. Among the members of the GY family, only graphdiyne (GD) can be successfully synthesized in large quantities. The advanced properties of GD make it promising in various applications. Here, the recent progress in the synthesis of GD and GD‐based composites is reviewed as well as their applications in photorelated and electrocatalytic applications. It is hoped that this Review will promote the development and applications of carbon chemistry.
Flash‐Induced Stretchable Cu Conductor via Multiscale‐Interfacial Couplings
Authors: Park Jung Hwan , Seo Jeongmin , Kim Cheolgyu , Joe Daniel J. , Lee Han Eol , Im Tae Hong , Seok Jae Young , Jeong Chang Kyu , Ma Boo Soo , Park Hyung Kun , Kim Taek‐Soo , Lee Keon Jae
Published: October 2018

Herein, a novel stretchable Cu conductor with excellent conductivity and stretchability is reported via the flash‐induced multiscale tuning of Cu and an elastomer interface. Microscale randomly wrinkled Cu (amplitude of ≈5 µm and wavelength of ≈45 µm) is formed on a polymer substrate through a single pulse of a millisecond flash light, enabling the elongation of Cu to exceed 20% regardless of the stretching direction. The nanoscale interlocked interface between the Cu nanoparticles (NPs) and the elastomer increases the adhesion force of Cu, which contributes to a significant improvement of the Cu stability and stretchability under harsh yielding stress. Simultaneously, the flash‐induced photoreduction of CuO NPs and subsequent Cu NP welding lead to outstanding conductivity (≈37 kS cm−1) of the buckled elastic electrode. The 3D structure of randomly wrinkled Cu is modeled by finite element analysis simulations to show that the flash‐activated stretchable Cu conductors can endure strain over 20% in all directions. Finally, the wrinkled Cu is utilized for wireless near‐field communication on the skin of human wrist.
New Generation Hole Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells: Amide‐Based Small‐Molecules with Nonconjugated Backbones
Authors: Petrus Michiel L. , Schutt Kelly , Sirtl Maximilian T. , Hutter Eline M. , Closs Anna C. , Ball James M. , Bijleveld Johan C. , Petrozza Annamaria , Bein Thomas , Dingemans Theo J. , Savenije Tom J. , Snaith Henry , Docampo Pablo
Published: October 2018

State‐of‐the‐art perovskite‐based solar cells employ expensive, organic hole transporting materials (HTMs) such as Spiro‐OMeTAD that, in turn, limits the commercialization of this promising technology. Herein an HTM (EDOT‐Amide‐TPA) is reported in which a functional amide‐based backbone is introduced, which allows this material to be synthesized in a simple condensation reaction with an estimated cost of <$5 g−1. When employed in perovskite solar cells, EDOT‐Amide‐TPA demonstrates stabilized power conversion efficiencies up to 20.0% and reproducibly outperforms Spiro‐OMeTAD in direct comparisons. Time resolved microwave conductivity measurements indicate that the observed improvement originates from a faster hole injection rate from the perovskite to EDOT‐Amide‐TPA. Additionally, the devices exhibit an improved lifetime, which is assigned to the coordination of the amide bond to the Li‐additive, offering a novel strategy to hamper the migration of additives. It is shown that, despite the lack of a conjugated backbone, the amide‐based HTM can outperform state‐of‐the‐art HTMs at a fraction of the cost, thereby providing a novel set of design strategies to develop new, low‐cost HTMs.
Organic Semiconductor Based Devices for Solar Water Splitting
Authors: Yao Liang , Rahmanudin Aiman , Guijarro Néstor , Sivula Kevin
Published: October 2018

Solution processable organic semiconductors are well‐established as high‐performance materials for inexpensive and scalable solar energy conversion in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices, but their promise in the economic conversion of solar energy into chemical energy (solar fuels) has only recently been recognized. Herein, the main approaches employing organic semiconductor‐based devices toward solar H2 generation via water splitting are compared and performance demonstrations are reviewed. OPV‐biased water electrolysis is seen to advance significantly with the development of the tandem OPV device and the optimization of operating potential and redox catalysts. This approach now exceeds 6% solar‐to‐hydrogen conversion efficiency while over 10% is reasonably feasible. By contrast, while the direct water splitting by an organic semiconductor in a photo‐electrochemical cell has attractive advantages, increasing the performance remains a challenge. Photocathodes employing a bulk‐heterojunction have been optimized to give 7–8 mA cm−2 water reduction photocurrent under standard conditions, but photoanodes remain <1 mA cm−2, and robustness remains a critical issue. However, recent investigations into the direct organic semiconductor/electrolyte interface have brought important insights into free charge generation, the nature of the semiconductor/catalyst interface, and the stability of organic photoelectrodes. Outlooks toward advancing both approaches are discussed.
Point‐of‐care screening for sickle cell disease in low‐resource settings: A multi‐center evaluation of HemoTypeSC, a novel rapid test
Authors: Steele Cindy , Sinski Annette , Asibey Jacqueline , Hardy‐Dessources Marie‐Dominique , Elana Gisèle , Brennan Colleen , Odame Isaac , Hoppe Carolyn , Geisberg Mark , Serrao Erik , Quinn Charles T.
Published: October 2018

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a common, life‐threatening genetic disorder that is best managed when diagnosed early by newborn screening. However, SCD is most prevalent in low‐resource regions of the world where newborn screening is rare and diagnosis at the point‐of‐care is challenging. In many such regions, the majority of affected children die, undiagnosed, before the age of 5 years. A rapid and affordable point‐of‐care test for SCD is needed. The diagnostic accuracy of HemoTypeSC, a point‐of‐care immunoassay, for SCD was evaluated in individuals who had SCD, hemoglobin C disease, the related carrier (trait) states, or a normal hemoglobin phenotype. Children and adults participated in low‐, medium‐ and high‐resource environments (Ghana [n = 383], Martinique [n = 46], and USA [n = 158]). Paired blood specimens were obtained for HemoTypeSC and a reference diagnostic assay. HemoTypeSC testing was performed at the site of blood collection, and the reference test was performed in a laboratory at each site. In 587 participants, across all study sites, HemoTypeSC had an overall sensitivity of 99.5% and specificity of 99.9% across all hemoglobin phenotypes. The test had 100% sensitivity and specificity for sickle cell anemia. Sensitivity and specificity for detection of normal and trait states were >99%. HemoTypeSC is an inexpensive (<$2 per test), accurate, and rapid point‐of‐care test that can be used in resource‐limited regions with a high prevalence of SCD to provide timely diagnosis and support newborn screening programs.
Basan gets a new fingerprint: Mutations in the skin‐specific isoform of SMARCAD1 cause ectodermal dysplasia syndromes with adermatoglyphia
Authors: Valentin Monica N. , Solomon Benjamin D. , Richard Gabriele , Ferreira Carlos R. , Kirkorian Anna Yasmine
Published: October 2018

Basan syndrome is an autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia (ED) with congenital adermatoglyphia, transient neonatal acral bullae, and congenital facial milia. Autosomal dominant adermatoglyphia (ADG) is characterized as adermatoglyphia with hypohidrosis. Recently mutations in the skin‐specific isoform of the gene SMARCAD1 have been found in both syndromes. This report proposes to unify these two previously distinct ED, into one syndrome. We offer a new acronym: SMARCAD syndrome (SMARCAD1‐associated congenital facial Milia, Adermatoglyphia, Reduced sweating, Contractures, Acral Bullae, and Dystrophy of nails). Sanger sequencing was performed on genomic DNA from a patient with Basan syndrome using primers designed to flank SMARCAD1. Sanger sequencing revealed a novel variant, NM_001254949.1:c.‐10 + 2 T > G, in the donor splice site of exon 1 of the skin‐specific isoform. This variant and the other five previously reported variants in Basan syndrome and ADG are all within the same donor splice site. We conclude that Basan syndrome and ADG are on a phenotypic spectrum of a monogenic syndrome which is better described by the acronym SMARCAD syndrome.
Synthesis of ArSe‐Substituted Aniline Derivatives by C(sp2)‐H Functionalization
Authors: Ren Yaokun , Xu Baojun , Zhong Zijian , Pittman Charles U. , Zhou Aihua
Published: October 2018

C−Se is an important bond in organic chemistry and organoselenium derivatives are associated with various biological, pharmaceutical, and material applications. Here, two synthetic methods to construct ArSe‐substituted aniline analogs using KSeCN or selenium powder as selenium sources with aromatic halides or arylboronic acid as reactants by C(sp2)‐H functionalization were developed. These two types of reactions proceeded with high efficiency and broad functional group tolerance, giving ArSe‐substituted anilines in good yields. These two new methods enrich existing C−Se construction methods.
Fingolimod enhances the efficacy of delayed alteplase administration in acute ischemic stroke by promoting anterograde reperfusion and retrograde collateral flow
Authors: Tian De‐Cai , Shi Kaibin , Zhu Zilong , Yao Jia , Yang Xiaoxia , Su Lei , Zhang Sheng , Zhang Meixia , Gonzales Rayna J. , Liu Qiang , Huang DeRen , Waters Michael F. , Sheth Kevin N. , Ducruet Andrew F. , Fu Ying , Lou Min , Shi Fu‐Dong
Published: October 2018

Objective

The present study was undertaken to determine the efficacy of coadministration of fingolimod with alteplase in acute ischemic stroke patients in a delayed time window.

Methods

This was a prospective, randomized, open‐label, blinded endpoint clinical trial, enrolling patients with internal carotid artery or middle cerebral artery proximal occlusion within 4.5 to 6 hours from symptom onset. Patients were randomly assigned to receive alteplase alone or alteplase with fingolimod. All patients underwent pretreatment and 24‐hour noncontrast computed tomography (CT)/perfusion CT/CT angiography. The coprimary endpoints were the decrease of National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores over 24 hours and the favorable shift of modified Rankin Scale score (mRS) distribution at day 90. Exploratory outcomes included vessel recanalization, anterograde reperfusion, and retrograde reperfusion of collateral flow.

Results

Each treatment group included 23 patients. Compared with alteplase alone, patients receiving fingolimod plus alteplase exhibited better early clinical improvement at 24 hours and a favorable shift of mRS distribution at day 90. In addition, patients who received fingolimod and alteplase exhibited a greater reduction in the perfusion lesion accompanied by suppressed infarct growth by 24 hours. Fingolimod in conjunction with alteplase significantly improved anterograde reperfusion of downstream territory and prevented the failure of retrograde reperfusion from collateral circulation.

Interpretation

Fingolimod may enhance the efficacy of alteplase administration in the 4.5‐ to 6‐hour time window in patients with a proximal cerebral arterial occlusion and salvageable penumbral tissue by promoting both anterograde reperfusion and retrograde collateral flow. These findings are instructive for the design of future trials of recanalization therapies in extended time windows. Ann Neurol 2018;84:725–736
A Single Extracellular Vesicle (EV) Flow Cytometry Approach to Reveal EV Heterogeneity
Authors: Shen Wen , Guo Kaizhu , Adkins Gary Brent , Jiang Qiaoshi , Liu Yang , Sedano Sabrina , Duan Yaokai , Yan Wei , Wang Shizhen Emily , Bergersen Kristina , Worth Danielle , Wilson Emma H. , Zhong Wenwan
Published: October 2018

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) actively participate in intercellular communication and pathological processes. Studying the molecular signatures of EVs is key to reveal their biological functions and clinical values, which, however, is greatly hindered by their sub‐100 nm dimensions, the low quantities of biomolecules each EV carries, and the large population heterogeneity. Now, single‐EV flow cytometry analysis is introduced to realize single EV counting and phenotyping in a conventional flow cytometer for the first time, enabled by target‐initiated engineering (TIE) of DNA nanostructures on each EV. By illuminating multiple markers on single EVs, statistically significant differences are revealed among the molecular signatures of EVs originating from several breast cancer cell lines, and the cancer cell‐derived EVs among the heterogeneous EV populations are successfully recognized. Thus, our approach holds great potential for various biological and biomedical applications.
Alkyl‐C‐C‐Bindungsbildung durch Nickel/Photoredox‐Kreuzkupplung
Authors: Milligan John A. , Phelan James P. , Badir Shorouk O. , Molander Gary A.
Published: October 2018

Die Verbindung von Photoredox‐ und Nickel‐Katalyse führte zu einer Renaissance in der Radikalchemie und bei nickelkatalysierten Umsetzungen, insbesondere für die Kohlenstoff‐Kohlenstoff‐Bindungsbildung. Gemeinsam unterstützen diese Entwicklungen die Lösung des seit langem bestehenden Problems der Kreuzkupplung funktionalisierter Alkylfragmente in späten Synthesestadien. Basierend auf der Vorstellung, dass photokatalytisch erzeugte Alkylradikale leicht von Ni‐Komplexen eingefangen werden können, sind gänzlich neue Ausgangsstoffe für die Kreuzkupplung denkbar. In diesem Kurzaufsatz werden die neuesten Entwicklungen für mehrere Arten von Alkyl‐Kreuzkupplungen beleuchtet, die ausschließlich durch diesen Ansatz verwirklicht werden können.
Synthesis of BCP Benzylamines From 2‐Azaallyl Anions and [1.1.1]Propellane
Authors: Shelp Russell A. , Walsh Patrick J.
Published: October 2018

For bioactive molecules, bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes (BCPs) are an emerging isostere of rigid spacer groups that have shown potential to improve drug‐like qualities. As BCPs become an increasingly popular motif for evaluation in drug candidates, organic chemists must meet the demand to reliably incorporate them into new targets. To provide access to BCP analogues of diaryl methanamines, a ubiquitous scaffold in medicinal chemistry, we report the synthesis of BCP benzylamines through reactivity of [1.1.1]propellane with 2‐azaallyl anions, which are generated in situ from N‐benzyl ketimines. The reaction proceeds rapidly at room temperature and tolerates a broad substrate scope, providing straightforward access to 23 new BCP benzylamine derivatives. Initial experiments support the intermediacy of a BCP anion. Additionally, the reaction can be promoted by substoichiometric loadings of base, highlighting an unusual reactivity of both 2‐azaallyls and [1.1.1]propellane.
Schnelle, quantitative und hochempfindliche patientennahe Labordiagnostik: ein tragbares Raman‐Lesegerät für seitliche Flusstests in der klinischen Chemie
Authors: Tran Vi , Walkenfort Bernd , König Matthias , Salehi Mohammad , Schlücker Sebastian
Published: October 2018

Im Folgenden wird über die Entwicklung eines tragbaren Raman‐Lesegerätes für seitliche Flusstests (“lateral flow assay”, LFA) mit einer speziellen, maßgeschneiderten optischen Fasersonde für die Linienbeleuchtung zur schnellen, quantitativen und hochempfindlichen patientennahen Labordiagnostik (“point‐of‐care testing”, POCT) berichtet. Das Schwangerschaftshormon humanes Choriongonadotropin (HCG) ist in klinischen Proben innerhalb von 2–5 s bis zu einer Konzentration von 1.6 mIU mL−1 detektierbar. Die Akquisitionszeit ist um mehrere Größenordnungen kürzer als bei den aktuell existierenden Raman‐Geräten. Die Empfindlichkeit des kommerziell erhältlichen seitlichen Flusstests wird mit dem Lesegerät um das 15‐fache übertroffen. Die Raman/SERS‐LFA‐Technologie ermöglicht kostengünstiges, quantitatives und hochempfindliches POCT mit Multiplexing‐Potential für praktische Anwendungen, unter anderem in der klinischen Chemie, der Lebensmittel‐ und Umweltanalytik, sowie für den Nachweis von Drogen und Biowaffen.
Surface‐Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy for the Detection of a Metabolic Product in the Headspace Above Live Bacterial Cultures
Authors: Kelly Jessica , Patrick Robin , Patrick Sheila , Bell Steven E. J.
Published: October 2018

In situ surface‐enhanced Raman spectra of the headspace above cultures of six bacterial species showed strong characteristic bands from chemisorbed methyl sulfide. This marker compound is created by dissociation of dimethyl disulfide (DMDS), a fermentative metabolite of bacteria, on the surface of the enhancing Au or Ag nanoparticle films. Kinetic binding plots of media spiked with DMDS and of live cultures showed that the Au‐based substrates were more suitable for the rapid detection of bacteria than Ag‐based substrates. For E. coli DH5α, the sensitivity limit for headspace SERS detection was 1.5×107 CFU mL−1, which corresponded to detection 15 min after inoculation of the growth medium. Since the metabolites are only produced by viable bacteria, antibiotic (gentamicin) treatment stopped the normal signal growth of the marker peak. This work is a promising step towards rapid bedside detection of bacterial infections and rapid screening of antibiotics against bacteria.
Kernel Homology in Gold Nanoclusters
Authors: Zhuang Shengli , Liao Lingwen , Yuan Jinyun , Wang Chengming , Zhao Yan , Xia Nan , Gan Zibao , Gu Wanmiao , Li Jin , Deng Haiteng , Yang Jinlong , Wu Zhikun
Published: October 2018

Homology is well known in organic chemistry; however, it has not yet been reported in nanochemistry. Herein, we introduce the concept of kernel homology to describe the phenomenon of metal nanoclusters sharing the same “functional group” in kernels with some similar properties. To illustrate this point, we synthesized two novel gold nanoclusters, Au44(TBBT)26 and Au48(TBBT)28 (TBBTH=4‐tert‐butylbenzenethiol), and solved their total structures by X‐ray crystallography, which reveals that they have the same Au23 bi‐icosahedron capped with a similar bottom cap (Au6 and Au8, respectively) in the kernels. The two novel gold nanoclusters, together with the existing Au38(PET)24 nanocluster (PETH=phenylethanethiol), have the same “functional group”—Au23—in their kernels and have some similar properties (e.g., electrochemical properties); therefore, they are comparable to the homologues in organic chemistry.
Alkyl Carbon–Carbon Bond Formation by Nickel/Photoredox Cross‐Coupling
Authors: Milligan John A. , Phelan James P. , Badir Shorouk O. , Molander Gary A.
Published: October 2018

The union of photoredox and nickel catalysis has resulted in a renaissance in radical chemistry as well as in the use of nickel‐catalyzed transformations, specifically for carbon–carbon bond formation. Collectively, these advances address the longstanding challenge of late‐stage cross‐coupling of functionalized alkyl fragments. Empowered by the notion that photocatalytically generated alkyl radicals readily undergo capture by Ni complexes, wholly new feedstocks for cross‐coupling have been realized. Herein, we highlight recent developments in several types of alkyl cross‐couplings that are accessible exclusively through this approach.
A Systematic Study of Selective Protein Glycation
Authors: Sjoblom Nicole M. , Kelsey Maxfield M. G. , Scheck Rebecca A.
Published: October 2018

Glycation is a non‐enzymatic post‐translational modification (PTM) that remains poorly understood, largely because it is unknown how it occurs selectively. Using mass spectrometry, it was possible to evaluate total glycation levels, identify distinct glycated products, assign unique glycation sites, and correlate these data with chemical and structural features for a panel of proteins glycated in vitro. It was determined that the extent of glycation does not correlate with pKa or surface exposure at reactive sites. Rather, the data reveal that primary sequence dictates the overall likelihood that a site will become glycated, while surrounding structure further sculpts the glycation outcome. Clustered acidic residues were found to prevent glycation, whereas a combination of tyrosine and polar residues appear to promote glycation. This work contributes important new knowledge about the molecular features that govern selective glycation.
Mild Homologation of Esters through Continuous Flow Chloroacetate Claisen Reactions
Authors: Ganiek Maximilian A. , Ivanova Maria V. , Martin Benjamin , Knochel Paul
Published: October 2018

The selective chloromethylenation of functionalized esters using chloroacetic acid (CA) and LiHMDS (HMDS=hexamethyldisilazide) in a continuous‐flow setup is reported. This Claisen homologation is for the first time extended to bis‐chloromethylenation using dichloroacetic acid (DCA), thus giving access to under‐explored α,α′‐bis‐chloroketones. The use of flow conditions enables efficient generation and reaction of the unstable chloroacetate dianion intermediates, leading to unprecedented mild and scalable reaction conditions at an economical reagent stoichiometry (−10 °C, <1 min, 1.0–2.4 equiv dianion). The clean reaction profiles allow subsequent use of the unpurified crude products, which is demonstrated in the synthesis of various heterocycles of broad interest. Furthermore, we report a novel, catalyst‐free substitution of the obtained monochloro ketone products with (hetero)aryl zinc enolates to give valuable 1,4‐diketones.
Rapid, Quantitative, and Ultrasensitive Point‐of‐Care Testing: A Portable SERS Reader for Lateral Flow Assays in Clinical Chemistry
Authors: Tran Vi , Walkenfort Bernd , König Matthias , Salehi Mohammad , Schlücker Sebastian
Published: October 2018

The design of a portable Raman/SERS‐LFA reader with line illumination using a custom‐made fiber optic probe for rapid, quantitative, and ultrasensitive point‐of‐care testing (POCT) is presented. The pregnancy hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) is detectable in clinical samples within only 2–5 s down to approximately 1.6 mIU mL−1. This acquisition time is several orders of magnitude shorter than those of existing approaches requiring expensive Raman instrumentation, and the method is 15‐times more sensitive than a commercially available lateral flow assay (LFA) as the gold standard. The SERS‐LFA technology paves the way for affordable, quantitative, and ultrasensitive POCT with multiplexing potential in real‐world applications, ranging from clinical chemistry to food and environmental analysis as well as drug and biowarfare agent testing.
Antioxidant Activity Displayed by Phenolic Compounds Obtained from Walnut Oil Cake used for Walnut Oil Preservation
Authors: Grosso Antonella L. , Asensio Claudia M. , Nepote Valeria , Grosso Nelson R.
Published: October 2018

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance of various antioxidants (ethyl acetate‐soluble polyphenols: PAE; water‐soluble polyphenols: PH; and butylated hydroxytoluene [BHT]) on the preservation of walnut oil (W) during storage. An oven test was conducted on the walnut oil samples: without antioxidants (control: WC) and with antioxidants: PAE (WPAE), PH (WPH), and BHT (WBHT) during a 16‐day storage at 60 °C temperature. Chemical parameters related to deterioration were analyzed during storage: peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes (CD) and conjugated trienes (CT), and carotenoid content (CC). Volatile compounds were also analyzed. PV, CD, CT, and volatile compounds related to oxidation of lipids such as; nonanal, hexanal, butanal, and (E)‐2‐heptenal increased in all samples during storage. The increase of these variables was greater in WC and lower in WPAE and WPH. WPAE, WPH, and WBHT displayed a better preservation of volatile compounds that influence the walnut‐characteristic flavor like D‐limonene, and a lower increase of aldehydes and furans. The CC exhibited a decrease in all samples during storage. WPAE presented the greatest CC value along the storage and was followed by WPH. Antioxidants helped to preserve walnut oil against deterioration processes. PAE and PH displayed good antioxidant activity and in some cases showed a better performance for quality preservation of walnut oil compared to the BHT antioxidant.
Effects of Addition of Hydrolyzing Enzymes during Fermentation on Characteristics of Distillers’ Dried Grains with Solubles
Authors: Fang Lei , Lamsal Buddhi , Wang Tong
Published: October 2018

Various hydrolyzing enzymes are used in dry‐grind corn ethanol processes, mainly during liquefaction and saccharification steps, to improve yields of ethanol and/or distillers’ corn oil. However, the effects of enzyme addition on characteristics of distillers’ dried grains with solubles (DDGS) are not thoroughly understood. In this study, the effects of using acid‐stable protease, pectinase, and cellulase enzymes during fermentation on chemical and physical characteristics of DDGS were evaluated, including in vitro digestibility using a pig digestion model. The use of a protease resulted in DDGS with a greater fiber content than the control (36% vs. 22%), as well as reduced protein digestibility (64% vs. 69%). The use of pectinase and cellulase (PC) also increased the fiber content of DDGS (29%) and significantly improved the protein content (27%) and protein digestibility (73%) compared with the other treatments. DDGS treated with hydrolyzing enzymes tended to have a darker color and lower water‐holding capacity, but better amino‐acid digestibility. Treatments with hydrolyzing enzymes significantly altered the composition and characteristics of DDGS, which strongly indicated that PC mix utilized is an effective combination to add during fermentation to produce high‐quality DDGS without undesirable effects on ethanol production. The enzyme‐treated DDGS can be an inexpensive and nutrient‐rich diet supply to the porcine diets; however, effects on cattle and dairy cow diets were beyond the scope of the study.
Determination of optical properties of a corn starch biofilm
Authors: Menchaca‐Rivera J. Alejandro , Gonzalez‐Reyna M. A. , Avilés‐Arellano Luz Ma. , Fernández‐Loyola Rodrigo , Morales‐Sánchez Eduardo , Pérez Robles J. Francisco
Published: October 2018

In this work, the optical properties of a corn starch‐based film were correlated with its structural properties. Scanning electron microscopy was performed to determine if incorporation of starch into the matrix gives a homogenous and smooth surface. X‐ray diffraction was performed to identify the relative degree of crystallinity. The optical properties of the film in the range 300 to 2500 nm were studied, showing diffuse total transmissivity and total absorption coefficients comparable with that of low‐density polyethylene films. The process used in this research is carried out in an aqueous solvent, without using any toxic raw material, and prepared by casting. The process allows for the use of different additives. This processing of the starch film represents a great advantage also because it takes a maximum of 10 h, four times less than other processes, and no special equipment is needed. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47111.
Effects of the molecular weight and CC functionality of poly 1‐hexene on the properties of poly 1‐hexene‐based high impact polystyrene
Authors: Hanifpour Ahad , Bahri‐Laleh Naeimeh
Published: October 2018

Here we are aimed to unravel the effects of CC functionality and molecular weight of the rubber on the final properties of poly1‐hexene‐based high impact polystyrenes (HIPS). In this regard, various HIPS samples were synthesized by free radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of different weight fractions of various poly1‐hexene‐based impact modifiers including: (i) high molecular weight poly1‐hexene (PHex), (ii) low molecular weight poly1‐hexene (Olig), and (iii) 1‐hexene/1,5‐hexadiene copolymer (Copolym). Results showed that by increasing CC functionality from PHex to Oligm and Copoly, the degree of grafting increases which has its influence on the mechanical, thermal and morphological perspectives of the synthesized HIPSs. Besides CC unsaturation degree, the effect of rubber molecular weight on the final HIPS properties was studied as well. According to the results, molecular weight has significant effect on the final HIPS performance, too. Finally, our obtained results suggest new HIPS/Copolym sample as the one with the highest mechanical and thermal properties which is comparable well with commercial HIPS/polybutadiene grades. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47169.
Anatomic Studies of the Miniature Swine Cornea
Authors: Abhari Sarag , Eisenback Michael , Kaplan Henry J. , Walters Eric , Prather Randall S. , Scott Patrick A.
Published: October 2018

The domestic swine eye resembles the human eye both anatomically and physiologically. Xenotransplantation of the swine cornea to humans in need of full keratoplasty shows promise as a potential therapeutic strategy to restore vision in individuals with advanced corneal disease, especially those residing in developing nations. That said, we characterized the morphology of corneas from miniature swine, which are smaller in size, easier to handle, and more cost‐effective compared to domestic swine. Eyes (N = 15) were harvested from miniature swine from different age groups: 1 month (N = 3), 2 month (N = 3), 4 month (N = 3), 8 month (N = 3), as well as 24 month old adult domestic swine (N = 3). They were immediately submerged in fixative and processed for histological examination at the light and transmission electron microscopic level. Gross anatomic measurements of the cornea were significantly less (Pvalue ≤ 0.05) in miniature swineversusdomestic swine. Corneal strata exhibited morphological characteristics similar to the domestic swine cornea. Adult miniature swine corneas show similar overall corneal thickness at 8 months of ageversusdomestic swine. Miniature swine exhibit similar corneal morphology with the domestic pig and humans, with the exception of Bowman's layer, which is absent in pigs. Therefore, miniature pigs may be a useful resource of corneal tissue for humans in need of full keratoplasty, as well as serve as a large eye model for ophthalmology residents to develop surgical skills and for development and testing of ocular therapeutic strategies that translate to humans. Anat Rec, 301:1955–1967, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heart Anatomy of Rhincodon typus: Three‐Dimensional X‐Ray Computed Tomography of Plastinated Specimens
Authors: Hirasaki Yuji , Tomita Taketeru , Yanagisawa Makio , Ueda Keiichi , Sato Keiichi , Okabe Masataka
Published: October 2018

In this study, we examined the structure of the heart of the whale shark, Rhincodon typus, using a plastination technique and three‐dimensional X‐ray computer tomography (3DCT). Inspection of the atrium revealed a symmetric distribution of the pectinate muscles attached to the commissures of the sino‐atrial valve, suggesting some functional advantages. The majority of the ventricular wall comprised spongiosa, and compacta accounted for only ~3% of the entire thickness. There were three major fiber orientations in the spongiosa: the fibers on the endocardial side formed trabeculae that were aligned with the blood flow tract, whereas those on the epicardial side formed a circular pattern around the flow tract. Transmural myofibers connected the inner and outer layers in the spongiosa, which may serve as an intraventricular conduction pathway. Plastination and 3DCT is a powerful combination that allowed for multifaceted visualization of the internal structure of rare heart specimens in a nondestructive manner. Anat Rec, 301:1801–1808, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neuropil Distribution in the Anterior Cingulate and Occipital Cortex of Artiodactyls
Authors: Spocter Muhammad A. , Fairbanks Jeremiah , Locey Lisa , Nguyen Amy , Bitterman Kathleen , Dunn Rachel , Sherwood Chet C. , Geletta Simon , Dell Leigh‐Anne , Patzke Nina , Manger Paul R.
Published: October 2018

Relatively little neuroscience research has been focused on artiodactyls. Recent observations of complex social interactions in domestic and wild species suggest that analyses of artiodactyl brain anatomy would be of comparative value. In this study, we examined how the distribution of cortical neuropil space (a proxy for connectivity) varies across representative members of this diverse clade. Using image analysis techniques, we quantified the neuropil space in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the occipital (putative primary visual) cortex (OC) of 12 artiodactyl species from adult specimens. Additionally, we conducted a preliminary investigation of variation in ACC neuropil space in a developmental series of five white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). Results indicate a consistent pattern of greater neuropil space in the ACC in comparison to the OC among all species, and a gradual increase in ACC neuropil space toward maturity in the white‐tailed deer. Given the taxa that have the greatest cortical neuropil space, we hypothesize that such enhanced connectivity might be needed to support behaviors such as group foraging and attentiveness to conspecifics. These results help advance a broader understanding of diversity in neural circuitry in artiodactyls and point to the need for more in‐depth comparisons of cortical neuron morphology and organization in this relatively understudied taxonomic group. Anat Rec, 301:1871–1881, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Considerations for Measurement of Embryonic Organ Growth
Authors: Prakash Stuti , de Boer Bouke A. , Hagoort Jaco , Gunst Quinn D. , Ruijter Jan M. , van den Hoff Maurice J. B.
Published: October 2018

Organogenesis is a complex coordinated process of cell proliferation, growth, migration, and apoptosis. Differential growth rates, particularly during cardiogenesis, play a role in establishing morphology. Studies using stereological and cell sorting methods derive averages of morphogenetic parameters for an organ. To understand tissue composition and differential growth, the researcher must determine a number of morphogenetic parameters in the developing organ. Such measurements require sectioning to enable identification of organ borders, tissue components and cell types, three‐dimensional (3D)‐reconstruction of sections to visualize morphology and a 3D‐measurement scheme to build local morphogenetic information. Although thick the section confocal microscopy partially solves these issues, information loss at the section surface hampers the reconstruction of 3D morphology. Episcopic imaging provides the correct morphology but lacks histological procedures to identify multiple cell types. The 3D‐measurement scheme is based on systematic sampling, with overlapping sample volumes, of the entire organ in the aligned image stack. For each sample volume, morphogenetic variables are calculated and results projected back to the cube (boxel) at the sample volume center. Boxel size determines spatial resolution of the final quantitative 3D‐reconstruction whereas size of the sample volume determines the precision of the morphogenetic information. The methods described here can be used to measure tissue volume, proliferation and cell size, to determine contribution and distribution of cell types in a tissue and to display this information in a quantitative 3D‐reconstruction. Anat Rec, 302:49‐57, 2019. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists
Hand Factors in Cardiac Development
Authors: George Rajani M. , Firulli Anthony B.
Published: October 2018

Congenital heart defects account for 1% of infant mortality and 10% of in utero deaths. As the vertebrate embryo develops, multiple tissue types develop in tandem to morphologically pattern the functional heart. Underlying cardiac development is a network of transcription factors known to tightly control these morphological events. Members of the Twist family of basic helix–loop–helix transcription factors, Hand1 and Hand2, are essential to this process. The expression patterns and functional role of Hand factors in neural crest cells, endocardium, myocardium, and epicardium is indicative of their importance during cardiogenesis; however, to date, an extensive understanding of the transcriptional targets of Hand proteins and their overall mechanism of action remain unclear. In this review, we summarize the recent findings that further outline the crucial functions of Hand factors during heart development and in post‐natal heart function. Anat Rec, 302:101–107, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of the Myocardial Interstitium
Authors: Pogontke Cristina , Guadix Juan A. , Ruiz‐Villalba Adrián , Pérez‐Pomares José M.
Published: October 2018

The space between cardiac myocytes is commonly referred‐to as the cardiac interstitium (CI). The CI is a unique, complex and dynamic microenvironment in which multiple cell types, extracellular matrix molecules, and instructive signals interact to crucially support heart homeostasis and promote cardiac responses to normal and pathologic stimuli. Despite the biomedical and clinical relevance of the CI, its detailed cellular structure remains to be elucidated. In this review, we will dissect the organization of the cardiac interstitium by following its changing cellular and molecular composition from embryonic developmental stages to adulthood, providing a systematic analysis of the biological components of the CI. The main goal of this review is to contribute to our understanding of the CI roles in health and disease. Anat Rec, 302:58–68, 2019. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Developmental Morphology of the Palatine Glands in Rats: An Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Hakami Zaki , Hand Arthur R.
Published: October 2018

Although minor salivary glands play a significant functional role in the oral cavity, their developmental morphology and cell differentiation has been scarcely studied. This study aimed to describe the development of rat palatine glands with regard to the ultrastructural morphology of the secretory cells and surrounding myoepithelial cells (MECs). Palatine glands from rats at embryonic ages (E) 18 and 20 days, and postnatal days (PN) 0, 3, 7, 10, 13, 21, 30, 42, and 60 were fixed and prepared for morphological analysis and immunocytochemical labeling of alpha‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA). At E18, epithelial cords were observed extending from the palatal epithelium and showed negative reactivity to α‐SMA. After luminization at E20, the cells of immature acini accumulated secretory granules of various densities: electron‐dense, electron‐lucent and some empty‐appearing granules. MECs were poorly differentiated at E20 and exhibited only slight α‐SMA expression. At birth, mucous and serous cells were typically located around a common lumen. Thereafter, serous cells began to move to the periphery to form demilunes by PN7. The mucous secretory granules of intermediate electron density became predominant around PN13. At PN21, these granules were dramatically reduced in number and most of the acini in adults contained acinar cells with numerous electron‐lucent granules, and a few serous demilune cells with electron‐dense granules. After birth, MECs progressively accumulated actin microfilaments until prominent α‐SMA expressing MECs invested the acini and the proximal part of the intercalated ducts in the adult. Anat Rec, 301:1820–1833, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Neuropeptide Secretoneurin Exerts a Direct Effect on Arteriogenesis In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Liu Weiqing , Wang Fei , Zhao Min , Fan Yan , Cai Weijun , Luo Mingying
Published: October 2018

It is well known that nerves modulate the development and remodeling of blood vessels by releasing different neuropeptides and neurotransmitters. Secretoneurin (SN), a neuropeptide located in nerve fibers along blood vessels, acts as a pro‐angiogenic agent and induces postnatal vasculogenesis. However, little is known about its involvement in arteriogenesis. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that SN promotes arteriogenesis in a rat model of hind limb ischemia, as such, we evaluated the effect of this neuropeptide on proliferation and the production of adhesion and chemotaxis molecules in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), the main component that carries the burden of the transformation of a small arteriole into a large collateral vessel. In vivo, SN‐immunoreactive nerve fibers were abundantly distributed in the adventitia of the collateral vessel. Moreover, administration of SN induced cell proliferation in the vascular wall and the infiltration of inflammatory cells/macrophages to promote collateral vessel growth. This was shown by an increased density of arterioles/arteries, together with a well‐developed network of collateral vessels, and well‐preserved skeletal muscles. In vitro, SN exerted proliferative effects on VSMCs and stimulated these cells to express adhesion molecules. In conclusion, our data demonstrate for the first time that SN acts as a mediator of inflammation, contributing to collateral vessel growth, in addition to directly stimulating cell proliferation in the vascular wall to promote collateral vessel growth in a rat model of hind limb ischemia. Anat Rec, 301:1917–1927, 2018. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Embryonic Ascent of the Kidney Revisited
Authors: Fukuoka Kenichiro , Wilting Joerg , Rodríguez‐Vázquez Jose Francisco , Murakami Gen , Ishizawa Akimitsu , Matsubara Akio
Published: October 2018

Although the embryonic kidney's ascent is well established, the intermediate morphological changes that occur during the process are unclear. To evaluate the morphological events that accompany the kidney's ascent, we examined serial sagittal sections from 24 embryos at 5–7 weeks gestation. Six specimens had bilaterally ascending kidneys that were between the levels of the second to fifth lumbar vertebrae, and each kidney had a primitive renal cortex surrounding clusters of ampullae, which branched from the pelvis, and a dense tissue band that connected the renal cortex with the embryonic adrenal cortex or celiac ganglia, and there was no adipose capsule or renal artery. The tissue band contained abundant nerve twigs from the major splanchnic nerve; thus, it was conceivable that it was sufficiently rigid to support the length of the retroperitoneal tissue mass that included the embryonic adrenal cortex, celiac ganglia, and kidney. The lumbar vertebral body's height was much shorter than that of the ascending kidney. However, the lower vertebral column's curvature was often maintained, even when the kidneys had ascended. Therefore, vertebral column straightening was not the only factor required to drive the ascent. Together with the growth of the thorax and liver, the adrenal cortex, ganglia, and kidney appeared to change simultaneously at a position relative to the vertebrae. The renal artery established a connection to the renal cortex after the ascent. Evaluations of frontal sections from five additional specimens suggested that from its initial position, the kidney extended upwards between bilateral umbilical arteries. Anat Rec, 302:278–287, 2019. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Changes of Mitochondria in Substantia Nigra and Anterior Cerebral Cortex of Hepatic Encephalopathy Induced by Thioacetamide
Authors: Bai Yunhu , Wang Shengming , Wu Feifei , Xie Xiangjun , Wang Yayun , Yang Yanling
Published: October 2018

Hepatic encephalopathy (HE) is a neuropsychiatric syndrome resulting from chronic or acute liver failure. Under the condition of HE, various factors such as reactive oxygen species, inflammatory factors, ammonia poisoning and amino acids alteration lead to changes of mitochondria. Selective depletion of damaged mitochondrion is essential for maintaining the morphology and function of mitochondria and cells. In this study, molecular biology analysis was used to analyze the mitochondrial morphology in the substantia nigra (SN) and anterior cerebral cortex (ACC) of the HE mice. The results revealed that the drp1, mfn1 and mfn2 increased in mRNA level of SN, which indicated the changes of mitochondrial morphology in HE mice. The drp1 and mfn2 genes were up‐regulated, then, the Opa1 exhibited no significant change in the ACC of HE mice. Further study demonstrated that the mitochondrial autophagy related genes, pink1 and parkin, increased in SN, while the parkin reduced in ACC of HE mice. In addition, uncoupling protein (ucp2) increased in mRNA level of SN and ACC, and the ucp4 had no change or reduced in SN and ACC, respectively. These findings suggested that the mitochondrial dynamics is different in the SN and ACC of HE mice. Therefore, our results indicated that mitochondrial dynamics provided a potential treatment strategy for HE through the fission, fusion and autophagy of genes. Anat Rec, 302:1169–1177, 2019. © 2018 The Authors. The Anatomical Record published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Association of Anatomists.