bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prolonged Deficits in Parvalbumin Neuron Stimulation-Evoked Network Activity Despite Recovery of Dendritic Structure and Excitability in the Somatosensory Cortex following Global Ischemia in Mice
Authors: Xie Yicheng , Chen Shangbin , Wu Yujin , Murphy Timothy H.
Published: November 2014

Relatively few studies have examined plasticity of inhibitory neuronal networks following strokein vivo, primarily due to the inability to selectively monitor inhibition. We assessed the structure of parvalbumin (PV) interneurons during a 5 min period of global ischemia and reperfusion in mice, which mimicked cerebral ischemia during cardiac arrest or forms of transient ischemic attack. The dendritic structure of PV-neurons in cortical superficial layers was rapidly swollen and beaded during global ischemia, but recovered within 5–10 min following reperfusion. Using optogenetics and a multichannel optrode, we investigated the function of PV-neurons in mouse forelimb somatosensory cortex. We demonstrated pharmacologically that PV-channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) stimulation evoked activation in layer IV/V, which resulted in rapid current sinks mediated by photocurrent and action potentials (a measure of PV-neuron excitability), which was then followed by current sources mediated by network GABAergic synaptic activity. During ischemic depolarization, the PV-ChR2-evoked current sinks (excitability) were suppressed, but recovered rapidly following reperfusion concurrent with repolarization of the DC-EEG. In contrast, the current sources reflecting GABAergic synaptic network activity recovered slowly and incompletely, and was coincident with the partial recovery of the forepaw stimulation-evoked current sinks in layer IV/V 30 min post reperfusion. Ourin vivodata suggest that the excitability of PV inhibitory neurons was suppressed during global ischemia and rapidly recovered during reperfusion. In contrast, PV-ChR2 stimulation-evoked GABAergic synaptic network activity exhibited a prolonged suppression even ∼1 h after reperfusion, which could contribute to the dysfunction of sensation and cognition following transient global ischemia.
Constrained by Our Connections: White Matter's Key Role in Interindividual Variability in Visual Working Memory Capacity
Authors: Golestani Ali M. , Miles Laura , Babb James , Castellanos F. Xavier , Malaspina Dolores , Lazar Mariana
Published: November 2014

Visual working memory (VWM) plays an essential role in many perceptual and higher-order cognitive processes. Despite its reliance on a broad network of brain regions, VWM has a capacity limited to a few objects. This capacity varies substantially across individuals and relates closely to measures of overall cognitive function (Luck and Vogel, 2013). The mechanisms underlying these properties are not completely understood, although the amplitude of neural signal oscillations (Vogel and Machizawa, 2004) and brain activation in specific cortical regions (Todd and Marois, 2004) have been implicated. Variability in VWM performance may also reflect variability in white matter structural properties. However, data based primarily on diffusion tensor imaging approaches remain inconclusive. Here, we investigate the relationship between white matter and VWM capacity in human subjects using an advanced diffusion imaging technique, diffusion kurtosis imaging. Diffusion kurtosis imaging provides several novel quantitative white mater metrics, among them the axonal water fraction (faxon), an index of axonal density and caliber. Our results show that 59% of individual variability in VWM capacity may be explained by variations infaxonwithin a widely distributed network of white matter tracts. Increasedfaxonassociates with increased VWM capacity. An additional 12% in VWM capacity variance may be explained by diffusion properties of the extra-axonal space. These data demonstrate, for the first time, the key role of white matter in limiting VWM capacity in the healthy adult brain and suggest that white matter may represent an important therapeutic target in disorders of impaired VWM and cognition.
Wnt5 and Drl/Ryk Gradients Pattern theDrosophilaOlfactory Dendritic Map
Authors: Wu Yuping , Helt Jay-Christian , Wexler Emily , Petrova Iveta M. , Noordermeer Jasprina N. , Fradkin Lee G. , Hing Huey
Published: November 2014

During development, dendrites migrate to their correct locations in response to environmental cues. The mechanisms of dendritic guidance are poorly understood. Recent work has shown that theDrosophilaolfactory map is initially formed by the spatial segregation of the projection neuron (PN) dendrites in the developing antennal lobe (AL). We report here that between 16 and 30 h after puparium formation, the PN dendrites undergo dramatic rotational reordering to achieve their final glomerular positions. During this period, a novel set of AL-extrinsic neurons express high levels of the Wnt5 protein and are tightly associated with the dorsolateral edge of the AL. Wnt5 forms a dorsolateral-high to ventromedial-low pattern in the antennal lobe neuropil. Loss of Wnt5 prevents the ventral targeting of the dendrites, whereas Wnt5 overexpression disrupts dendritic patterning. We find that Drl/Ryk, a known Wnt5 receptor, is expressed in a dorsolateral-to-ventromedial (DL > VM) gradient by the PN dendrites. Loss of Drl in the PNs results in the aberrant ventromedial targeting of the dendrites, a defect that is suppressed by reduction in Wnt5 gene dosage. Conversely, overexpression of Drl in the PNs results in the dorsolateral targeting of their dendrites, an effect that requires Drl's cytoplasmic domain. We propose that Wnt5 acts as a repulsive guidance cue for the PN dendrites, whereas Drl signaling in the dendrites inhibits Wnt5 signaling. In this way, the precise expression patterns of Wnt5 and Drl orient the PN dendrites allowing them to target their final glomerular positions.
Catecholaminergic C3 Neurons Are Sympathoexcitatory and Involved in Glucose Homeostasis
Authors: Menuet Clément , Sevigny Charles P. , Connelly Angela A. , Bassi Jaspreet K. , Jancovski Nikola , Williams David A. , Anderson Colin R. , Llewellyn-Smith Ida J. , Fong Angelina Y. , Allen Andrew M.
Published: November 2014

Brainstem catecholaminergic neurons play key roles in the autonomic, neuroendocrine, and behavioral responses to glucoprivation, yet the functions of the individual groups are not fully understood. Adrenergic C3 neurons project widely throughout the brain, including densely to sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord, yet their function is completely unknown. Here we demonstrate in rats that optogenetic stimulation of C3 neurons induces sympathoexcitatory, cardiovasomotor functions. These neurons are activated by glucoprivation, but unlike the C1 cell group, not by hypotension. The cardiovascular activation induced by C3 neurons is less than that induced by optogenetic stimulation of C1 neurons; however, combined stimulation produces additive sympathoexcitatory and cardiovascular effects. The varicose axons of C3 neurons largely overlap with those of C1 neurons in the region of sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the spinal cord; however, regional differences point to effects on different sympathetic outflows. These studies definitively demonstrate the first known function of C3 neurons as unique cardiovasomotor stimulatory cells, embedded in the brainstem networks regulating cardiorespiratory activity and the response to glucoprivation.
THE MOST IMPORTANT POLLUTANTS OF EASTERN SLOVAKIA WATERS
Authors: Hrušková Tatiana
Published: November 2014

As the area of the Slovak Republic is 49,036 km², there are many potential contaminants that can affect its population. In the socialist era the town of Strážske located in the Košice Municipal Region was the centre of production of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) inter alia and nowadays about 3,500 metric tonnes of PCB are persisting there and present the greatest PCB environmental risk in the central Europe. The heavy metal contamination in Slovakia is caused by the natural background as well as by the former mining activities. In Slovakia there are about 17 thousand old mining works, i.e. adits, stocks, and impoundments. Contamination of the ground and surface waters in the Spiš–Gemer Ore Mountain (SGOM) area is caused by mine drainage. Arsenic, antimony, copper, mercury, cadmium, and zinc are the main pollutants of natural waters. All contaminated areas are currently monitored according to the national and EU legislation and nutrient load reduction programmes. As a result of this the level of inorganic and organic micropollutants in surface water and water reservoirs will be reduced together with the negative impact of water pollution on the environment in Eastern Slovakia region.
LIVE/DEAD YEAST VIABILITY STAINING AS A TOOL FOR IMPROVING ARTISANAL PILSNER BEER PRODUCTION
Authors: Bottari Benedetta , Campari Giovanni , Gatti Monica
Published: November 2014

The production of an artisanal beer, made by brewers using traditional practices on a small scale, is founded on the empirical adjustment of parameters, including yeasts handling and serial repitching. The aim of this study was to monitor yeast viability during different stages of artisanal beer productions through the Live/Dead Yeast viability staining and to correlate it with fermentation dynamics in order to increase process standardization and to maintain the quality of final products. Yeast viability and fermentation activities were evaluated during seven fermentation cycles of an artisanal pilsner beer. Yeast inoculated with higher viability performed generally better in fermentation, resulting in faster sugar consumption, faster ethanol production and stability. Handling yeast and serial repitching based on Live/Dead viability measurements, could be the key way to ensure reliable manufacture of high quality beer and to improve process standardization particularly for microbreweries, where variability of production can be a challenging point.
DESCRIPCIÓN E INTERPRETACIÓN GEOLÓGICA DE LAS ISLAS DE PROVIDENCIA Y SANTA CATALINA
Authors: Pacheco-Sintura Paula Andrea , Amaya-López Carolina , Álvarez-Gutiérrez Yennifer , Barbosa-Mejía Laura Natalie , Builes-Carvajal Juan Sebastián , Henao-Casas Jose David , Montoya-Cañola Sandra Marcela , Ramírez-Hoyos León Fernando , Urrego-Osorio Sebastián , Zapata-Montoya Angélica María , Ordoñez-Carmona Oswaldo , Restrepo-Álvarez Jorge Julián
Published: November 2014

Las islas de Providencia y Santa Catalina hacen parte del Departamento Archipiélago de San Andrés, Providencia y Santa Catalina, localizado en la cuenca Los Cayos en el Mar Caribe, al Noroeste de Colombia. Geológicamente las islas se ubican en el Rise de Nicaragua Inferior entre la Fractura de Pedro y el Escarpe de Hess (Rogers et al, 2007). Estas islas están conformadas principalmente por rocas volcánicas de carácter alcalino y calco-alcalino de edad mioceno medio y plioceno respectivamente. Se propone que la evolución geotectónica de la región parte de dos conos volcánicos erosionados cuya historia geológica está íntimamente relacionada con la evolución del Rise de Nicaragua y parte de la Placa Caribe (Rogers et al, 2007; Pindell y Kennan, 2001; Geister y Díaz, 2002). A la isla se le asocian unidades geomorfológicas de costas elevadas y bajas y en ella ocurren procesos morfodinámicos como caída de bloques, deslizamientos y erosión costera que podrían poner en riesgo la población. Económicamente se presenta explotación informal de canteras para agregados y existe la posibilidad de almacenamiento de hidrocarburos en la cuenca Los Cayos.
Hodowla owiec i produkcja mleka owczego w Polsce i na świecie
Authors: Ptasińska-Marcinkiewicz Joanna
Published: November 2014

This paper presents the status and development prospects of sheep breeding in Poland and the world. Sheep farming is practiced in many countries, and in some is of particular economic importance. The largest sheep herds are kept in China, India, Australia, Sudan, and, in Europe, in the United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain and Greece. In Poland, there has been a drastic reduction in the number of sheep since 1990. The current sheep population is only about 5% of what it was in the 1980s. For this reason, and in agreement with world trends and parallel to action taken at the EU level, national aid programmes aimed at maintaining and restoring the numbers of these animals have been implemented in recent years. In regions where the tradition of sheep farming has existed for centuries, financial assistance is provided at regional level as well.
Phase-resolving integral wave evolution in a coastal environment
Authors: Sobey Rodney J.
Published: November 2014

The many and diverse approaches to phase-resolving integral wave evolution have no verification standard. A minimum candidate must be the propagation of steep progressive waves at uniform depth, a context that also provides exact estimates for the challenging advection and especially dispersion terms in the momentum equation. Heuristic scaling provides realistic and phase-resolving approximations to these advection and dispersion terms and a new set of phase-resolving integral wave evolution equations. Their predictive capability is explored for four problems with analytical association.
Hydrologic data as a human right? Equitable access to information as a resource for disaster risk reduction in transboundary river basins
Authors: Kibler Kelly M. , Biswas Robin K. , Juarez Lucas Andrea M.
Published: November 2014

Principles of equitable and reasonable use underpin international water agreements. Despite the potential for hydrologic information to enhance resilience to extreme events, comparable application of just principles to the distribution of hydrometeorological data is poorly established. Within the Ganges–Brahmaputra–Meghna (GBM) river basin, we find that water allocation agreements are codified into treaties or Memorandums of Understanding (MoUs). Analogous decisions regarding hydrometeorological data sharing are often internalized at the level of river basin organizations and are not upheld as MoUs. This institutional structure provides extremely limited data to the most downstream nation of Bangladesh. Available precipitation and discharge stations are well below the minimum densities recommended by the World Meteorological Organization. Forecasters in Bangladesh therefore contend with vast areas of geopolitically ungauged catchment, precluding the application of basin-wide modelling approaches driven by observed data. Thus, capacity for increasing resilience to extreme events within Bangladesh is obstructed, demonstrating the potential for perceived injustice related to distribution of hydrometeorological data. Consensus that water is a human right warrants the application of equity to water allocation. But is security from water-related disasters also a human right? As hydrometeorological data can be a powerful resource with potential to profoundly affect lives and livelihoods, enhanced awareness of justice related to data sharing is needed.
Scales of justice in water governance: hydropower controversies in Switzerland
Authors: Schneider F. , Buser T. , Graefe O.
Published: November 2014

One significant challenge for the operationalization of water justice arises from the many dynamic scales involved. In this paper we explore the scalar dimension of justice in water governance through the insights derived from empirical research on hydropower production in the Swiss Alps and the application of the geographical concept of politics of scale. More specifically, we investigate how different actors frame the justice problem, the scales that they invoke and which actors consequently get included or excluded in their justice assessments. This study shows that there is no ideal scale for justice evaluations; whichever scale is used, some actors and justice claims are included whereas others are excluded. This is particularly true when using Fraser's trivalent concept of justice, taking into account issues of distribution, recognition and participation where each calls for its own set of scales. Moreover, focusing on the politics of scale framing, our study reveals that the justice claim itself can become a power element. Consequently, to achieve more just water governance, there is not only a need for debate and negotiations about the conceptions and meanings of justice in a specific context, there is also a need for debate about the relevance and implications of divergent scales involved in justice claims.
Continued Professional Education of Bulgarian Pharmacists: Second Registration Period
Authors: Petrova G. , Nikolov I. , Ivanova Z. , Decheva Tz. , Draganov G. , Naydenov T. , Stoimenova A.
Published: November 2014

The continuing professional education prepares the pharmacists for the requirements of the changed role of pharmacists in the society. Different approaches to continuous professional education ranging from lectures to peer-mentoring work shops and web tools have been developed throughout the last 25 years. The goal of the current analysis is to systematize the trends in accredited education events for pharmacists by the Quality Committee of the BPhU during 2010-2013. This study is a retrospective database analysis. The information concerning the accredited forms of continuing education of pharmacists as well as other activities related to continuing education was extracted from the official protocols, issued by the Quality Commission of the Bulgarian Pharmaceutical Union (BPhU). The continuing postgraduate education of pharmacists in Bulgaria is developing with new elements which allow competence development through individual forms of self-development such as publication activities, delivering presentations, individual training, etc. In the educational programs accredited during the second registration period, still prevailed the short courses, with focus on the new medicinal products.
Morphometric differentiation in four populations of signal crayfish, Pacifastacus leniusculus (Dana), in Poland
Authors: Chybowski Łucjan
Published: November 2014

The subject of the study was four populations of signal crayfish from Naryjska Struga River and lakes Pobłędzie, Mauda, and Staw Płociczno. The morphometric differentiation of female and male signal crayfish was studied with discriminant analysis. It was confirmed that both females and males from the Naryjska Struga River differ from the crayfish from the three lakes. The characters that best discriminated females were those associated with the cephalothorax and cheliped width, while in males they were those associated with the chelipeds and the abdomen.
Hydromagnetic thermosolutal instability of Rivlin-Ericksen rotating fluid permeated with suspended particles and variable gravity field in porous medium
Authors: Rana G. C.
Published: November 2014

The thermosolutal instability of Rivlin-Ericksen elasticoviscous rotating fluid permeated with suspended particles (fine dust) and variable gravity field in porous medium in hydromagnetics is considered. By applying normal mode analysis method, the dispersion relation has been derived and solved analytically. It is observed that the rotation, magnetic field, gravity field, suspended particles and viscoelasticity introduce oscillatory modes. For stationary convection, the rotation and stable solute gradient has stabilizing effects and suspended particles are found to have destabilizing effect on the system whereas the medium permeability has stabilizing or destabilizing effect on the system under certain conditions. The magnetic field has destabilizing effect in the absence of rotation whereas in the presence of rotation, magnetic field has stabilizing or destabilizing effect under certain conditions. The effect of rotation, suspended particles, magnetic field, stable solute gradient and medium permeability has also been shown graphically.
On the combinatorics of extensions of preinjective Kronecker modules
Authors: Szöllősi István
Published: November 2014

We explore the combinatorial properties of a particular type of extension monoid product of preinjective Kronecker modules. The considered extension monoid product plays an important role in matrix completion problems. We state theorems which characterize this product in both implicit and explicit ways and we prove that the conditions given in the definition of the generalized majorization are equivalent with our criteria. Generalized majorization is a purely combinatorial construction introduced by its authors in a different setting.
Feedback Linearization Control of the Inertia Wheel Pendulum
Authors: Enev Faculty of Automatics, Technical University of Sofia, Kl. Oh
Published: November 2014

In this paper, two feedback linearizing control laws for the stabilization of the Inertia Wheel Pendulum are derived: a full-state linearizing controller, generalizing the existing results in literature, with friction ignored in the description and an inputoutput linearizing control law, based on a physically motivated definition of the system output. Experiments are carried out on a laboratory test bed with significant friction in order to test and verify the suggested performance and the results are presented and discussed. The main point to be made as a consequence of the experimental evaluation is the fact that actually the asymptotic stabilization was not achieved, but rather a limit cycling behavior was observed for the full-state linearizing controller. The input-output linearizing controller was able to drive the pendulum to the origin, with the wheel speed settling at a finite value
On Some Aspects of the Complex–Envelope Finite–Differences Simulation of Wave Propagation in One–Dimensional Case
Authors: Šumichrast L’ubomír
Published: November 2014

Some aspects of the numerical modeling of the electromagnetic waves propagation using the “complex-envelope” finitedifferences formulation in the one-dimensional case are here reviewed and discussed in comparison with the standard finitedifferences in time-domain (FDTD) approach. The main focus is put on the stability and the numerical dispersion issues of the “complex envelope” explicit and implicit methods
Correlation of Selected Problems During Gan Movpe Epitaxy on si Substrates with in–Situ Interferometer Observation
Authors: Szymański Tomasz , Wośko Mateusz , Paszkiewicz Bogdan , Indykiewicz Kornelia , Paszkiewicz Regina
Published: November 2014

In this paper, selected problems occurring during GaN epitaxy on Si substrates are correlated with in-situ interferometer observations based on structures fabricated using 3×2” Thomas Swan Close Coupled Showerhead MOVPE system. Samples were epitaxially grown on highly resistive (> 500cm) p-type 2” silicon substrates. The growth was observed using an interferometer acquiring reflectance traces in-situ. To avoid issues that are shown in this paper, different approaches of the so-called buffer layer were used by depositing them on Si before the growth of GaN. Different material qualities of grown GaN layers were obtained by variation in films constituting the buffer layer grown before the desirable GaN film. The study shows the evolution of the grown samples, improvement of various parameters and also gradual reduction of material issues discussed in this paper. Improvement in GaN layer was mainly observed by SEM characterization and studying the growth mechanisms through observation of reflectance traces obtained in-situ.
Theoretical Positioning Accuracy for Serial and Parallel Kinematic Structure
Authors: Kurekova Eva , Halaj Martin , Omachelová Milada , Martišovitš Ilja
Published: November 2014

Modern production machines employ complex kinematic structures that shall enhance their performance. As those machines are very sophisticated electro-mechanical structures, their design is time consuming and financially demanding. Therefore, designers search for new possibilities how to estimate future properties of the machine as early as in the design phase. The paper gives a brief introduction to the adoption of methodology of measurement uncertainties into the design of production machines. The adapted methodology enables to estimate the theoretical positioning accuracy of the machine end effector that is one of the important indicators of machine performance. Both serial and parallel kinematic structures are considered in the paper. Methodology and sample calculations of theoretical positioning accuracy are presented for serial kinematic structure (represented by advanced plasma cutting head) and parallel kinematic structure, represented by one specific design named Tricept.
Influence of Wilbraham-Gibbs Phenomenon on Digital Stochastic Measurement of EEG Signal Over an Interval
Authors: Sovilj P. , Milovanović M. , Pejić D. , Urekar M. , Mitrović Z.
Published: November 2014

Measurement methods, based on the approach named Digital Stochastic Measurement, have been introduced, and several prototype and small-series commercial instruments have been developed based on these methods. These methods have been mostly investigated for various types of stationary signals, but also for non-stationary signals. This paper presents, analyzes and discusses digital stochastic measurement of electroencephalography (EEG) signal in the time domain, emphasizing the problem of influence of the Wilbraham-Gibbs phenomenon. The increase of measurement error, related to the Wilbraham-Gibbs phenomenon, is found. If the EEG signal is measured and measurement interval is 20 ms wide, the average maximal error relative to the range of input signal is 16.84 %. If the measurement interval is extended to 2s, the average maximal error relative to the range of input signal is significantly lowered - down to 1.37 %. Absolute errors are compared with the error limit recommended by Organisation Internationale de Métrologie Légale (OIML) and with the quantization steps of the advanced EEG instruments with 24-bit A/D conversion
The heat insulating properties of potato starch extruded with addition of chosen by- products of food industry
Authors: Zdybel Ewa , Tomaszewska-Ciosk Ewa , Główczyńska Gabriela , Drożdż Wioletta
Published: November 2014

The study was aimed at determination of time of heat transition through the layer of quince, apple, linen, rose pomace and potato pulp, as well as layer of potato starch and potato starch extruded with addition of above mentioned by-products. Additionally the attempt of creation a heat insulating barrier from researched raw material was made. The heat conductivity of researched materials was dependent on the type of material and its humidity. Extruded potato starch is characterized by smaller heat conductivity than potato starch extruded with addition of pomace. The obtained rigid extruded starch moulders were characterized by higher heat insulating properties than the loose beads. It is possible to use starch and by-products of food industry for production of heat insulating materials.
Adsorption of anionic dyes onto natural, thermally and chemically modified smectite clays
Authors: Kyzioł-Komosińska Joanna , Rosik-Dulewska Czesława , Pająk Magdalena , Krzyżewska Iwona , Dzieniszewska Agnieszka
Published: November 2014

The aim of this study was to determine the adsorption capacity of the smectite clays (from the overburden of the lignite deposit in Belchatow) for two anionic dyes, i.e. Reactive Blue 81 (RB-81) and Direct Blue 74 (DB-74). Additionally, the influence of the thermal and chemical (acid and alkali) clay modifications on the amount of bonded dyes was investigated. The adsorption capacity of the clay (natural and modified) was different for studied dyes and depended on the initial concentration and modification type. All the modified clays adsorbed the dyes at pH>pHPZC as the negatively charged surfaces of their particles (in accordance with the formula: AOH ↔ AO- + H+) prevented the formation of electrostatic bonds between the anionic dyes and the clay surface. The dyes were mainly bound with the hydrogen bonds forming between the donor groups in the dyes and the acceptor groups (-SiO and -Al2OH) in the clays. The coefficients in the adsorption isotherms were estimated with the linear and non-linear regression. The linear regression method was found that the Freundlich and Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherms described the dye sorption much better than the Langmuir model. On the other hand, all three models described well the experimental data in the non-linear regression method. Furthermore, the 1/n value (<1) obtained from the Freundlich equation for all the dye-sorbent systems indicated the favorable sorption.
Intercalated chemotherapy and erlotinib for advanced NSCLC: high proportion of complete remissions and prolonged progression-free survival among patients with EGFR activating mutations
Authors: Zwitter Matjaz , Stanic Karmen , Rajer Mirjana , Kern Izidor , Vrankar Martina , Edelbaher Natalija , Kovac Viljem
Published: November 2014

Background. Pharmaco-dynamic separation of cytotoxic and targeted drugs might avoid their mutual antagonistic effect in the treatment of advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC).

Patients and methods. Eligible patients were treatment-naive with stage IIIB or IV NSCLC. In addition, inclusion was limited to never-smokers or light smokers or, after 2010, to patients with activating epidermal growth-factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. Treatment started with 3-weekly cycles of gemcitabine and cisplatin on days 1, 2 and 4 and erlotinib on days 5 to 15. After 4 to 6 cycles, patients continued with erlotinib maintenance.

Results. Fifty-three patients were recruited into the trial: 24 prior to 2010 (of whom 9 were later found to be positive for EGFR mutations), and 29 EGFR mutation-positive patients recruited later. Unfavourable prognostic factors included stage IV disease (51 patients - 96%), performance status 2-3 (11 patients - 21%) and brain metastases (15 patients - 28%). Grade 4 toxicity included 2 cases of neutropenia and 4 thrombo-embolic events. The 15 EGFR negative patients had 33% objective response rate, median progression-free survival (PFS) 6.0 months and median survival 7.6 months. Among 38 EGFR positive patients, complete response (CR) or partial response (PR) were seen in 16 (42.1%) and 17 (44.7%) cases, respectively. PET-CT scanning was performed in 30 patients and confirmed CR and PR in 16 (53.3%) and 9 (30.0%) cases, respectively. Median PFS for EGFR mutated patients was 21.2 months and median survival was 32.5 months.

Conclusions. While patients with EGFR negative tumors do not benefit from addition of erlotinib, the intercalated schedule appears most promising for those with EGFR activating mutations
Needs Analysis and Esp Course Design: Self-Perception of Language Needs Among Pre-Service Students
Authors: Chovancová Barbora
Published: November 2014

In the context of recent social changes in Central Europe, the article outlines the need for a change in the traditional syllabi for legal English classes. It deals with needs analysis as one of the most important sources of inspiration in syllabus design. First, needs analysis is situated within the methodology of English for Specific Purposes. Then, the rationale for a needs analysis survey among pre-service students in current legal English courses is presented and, finally, the findings are interpreted with respect to the actual target situations that students are likely to encounter after graduation. The article concludes by pointing out that although pre-service students may have vague ideas about the use of English in their future jobs, course instructors should consider their needs and wants because they are crucial for increasing the students’ motivation. Instructors and course designers should, however, obtain information from professionals and former graduates as well because that will enable them to address the actual target situations most effectively.
Business English in the Eyes of Economics and Management Students at the University of Białystok
Authors: Dzięcioł-Pędich Agnieszka
Published: November 2014

According to the regulations of the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education, university graduates should have to know a foreign language at B2 level, as described in The Common European Framework of Reference, and they should know its specialized variety. These are the only recommendations concerning general language courses and their specialized varieties. It is up to schools of foreign languages or other institutions providing language courses for institutions of higher education to determine requirements concerning language for specific purposes. However, students are rarely asked to contribute to the development of curricula and syllabi. This article presents the results of a survey conducted among students of Economics and Management at the University of Białystok. The survey was devoted to students’ perceptions of Business English in English courses conducted by the School of Foreign Languages at the University of Białystok. The aim of the survey was to answer the following questions:

- what do students of Economics and Management at the University of Białystok believe to be the appropriate proportion of general English to Business English?

- when would they like to start learning Business English?

- what Business English topics do students find interesting?

- how do Economics and Management students use the knowledge and skills gained in Business English classes?

The article also presents possible implications of the survey for ESP course designers, and stresses the importance of needs analysis for developing ESP syllabi in the context of Polish tertiary education
Acute flaccid paralysis following enterovirus D68 associated pneumonia, France, 2014
Authors: Lang M , Mirand A , Savy N , Henquell C , Maridet S , Perignon R , Labbé A , Peigue-Lafeuille H
Published: November 2014

Human enterovirus D68 (EV-D68) is known to be associated with mild to severe respiratory infections. Recent reports in the United States and Canada of acute flaccid paralysis (AFP) in children with detection of EV-D68 in respiratory samples have raised concerns about the aetiological role of this EV type in severe neurological disease. This case study is the first report of AFP following EV-D68 infection in Europe.
Investigation of the Structural Robustness of Deep Depth Injection Mold with Cavity Pressure and Mold Design
Authors: Park S.-Y. , Lyu M.-Y.
Published: November 2014

High pressure is involved during injection molding operation, especially in the packing phase. Cracks in the mold often occur as a result of high cavity pressure. In this study, the structural analysis of an injection mold was performed to investigate the stress concentration in injection mold. The structural analysis included stress distributions and stress concentration according to cavity pressures and mold designs. The causes of cracks were investigated through the computational results for stress concentration locations and the magnitude of stress. Two commercial programs were used and various boundary conditions were applied to obtain reliable results. This study found that the locations of high stress concentrations were coincident with the locations of cracks and that the weak mold design was responsible for these cracks. Mold designs such as interlocking designs exerted a strong influence on the robustness of the mold. It was verified that the analysis method used in this study can be applied to evaluate the robustness of injection molds.
Ethnicity without labels?
Authors: Eramian Laura
Published: November 2014

Following the 1994 genocide, the government of Rwanda embarked on a “deethnicization” campaign to outlaw Tutsi, Hutu, and Twa labels and replace them with a pan-Rwandan national identity. Since then, to use ethnic labels means risking accusations of “divisionism” or perpetuating ethnic schisms. Based on one year of ethnographic fieldwork in the university town of Butare, I argue that the absence of ethnic labels produces practical interpretive problems for Rwandans because of the excess of possible ways of interpreting what people mean when they evaluate each other's conduct in everyday talk. I trace the historical entanglement of ethnicity with class, rural/urban, occupational, and moral distinctions such that the content of ethnic stereotypes can be evoked even without ethnic labels. In so doing, I aim to enrich understandings of both the power and danger inherent in the ambiguous place of ethnicity in Rwanda's “postethnic” moment.
DEM modeling of ice cuttings transportation by electromechanical auger core drills
Authors: Hong J. , Talalay P. , Sysoev M. , Fan X.
Published: November 2014

Electromechanical auger core drills are widely used in shallow ice-coring practice on mountain glaciers and polar ice caps and sheets. Generally, these drills are lightweight, can be readily transported to remote drilling sites, are easily installed there and drill with relatively high rates of penetration and low power consumption. During the past few decades, dozens of electromechanical auger drills have been designed. However, the auger options were usually determined by experience, and the main parameters (auger angle and rotation speed) are varied in a wide range from drill to drill. In order to choose the optimal auger parameters, the discrete element method (DEM) is used to analyze the performance of cuttings transportation for different rotation speeds in the range 50–200 rpm and auger angles in the range 15–45°. To improve the efficiency of cuttings transportation, many factors have to be considered (e.g. particle sizes and their variability, ice temperature, material of the core barrel and jacket, and availability of needed driven motor-gears). For the conditions assumed in the present studies, the recommended rotation speed is 100 rpm at auger angles of 35–40°.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Sledziewski Élisabeth G.
Published: November 2014

Résumé L’inquiétude éthique est une caractéristique de la conscience occidentale contemporaine. L’approche intégrée des enjeux éthiques s’impose à l’ensemble de nos pratiques sociales. Pourtant, l’interpellation éthique, comme recommandation et surtout comme injonction, peut susciter le désarroi des acteurs. Contradiction ou cercle vertueux ? Nous nous penchons ici sur les processus subjectifs d’une demande ambiguë mais féconde qui, combinant l’expérience de la difficulté d’être avec l’autre à un puissant réinvestissement de la socialité, traverse et transforme notre société.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: François-Wachter Daniel
Published: November 2014

Résumé Les concepts de confiance, d’autonomie et de transparence sont les trois fondements philosophiques des récentes législations qui définissent les droits des malades. Les concepts changent de sens dans l’esprit des hommes et les lois, dans leur séquence, marquent cette évolution. Le concept est le traitement philosophique d’un fait culturel. Les concepts de confiance, d’autonomie et de transparence sont donc évolutifs, changeants, subjectifs et conflictuels. Dans le domaine médical, la loi du 4 mars 2002 marque une rupture avec le passé. Les concepts de confiance, d’autonomie et de transparence sont repensés à l’aide de nouveaux critères. Les schémas de pensée qui les guident sont issus d’une évolution culturelle qui n’a rien d’original : c’est seulement dans les pays de culture française que pour beaucoup ils apparaissent comme nouveaux. Ce sont, depuis le xvii e siècle, les critères de la philosophie anglo-saxonne. La pensée date de la démocratie grecque, mais son fondement philosophique moderne est anglais.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Halioua Bruno
Published: November 2014

Résumé Au cours du procès de Nuremberg, les juges prennent conscience de la dimension éthique particulière de ce procès et de l’importance du jugement qu’ils allaient être amenés à rendre, non seulement pour les victimes des expérimentations médicales nazies mais surtout pour les générations à venir. Ils dressent le constat du vide juridique dans le domaine des expérimentations menées sur l’homme. L’importance du Code de Nuremberg, conçu pour juger les crimes commis par des médecins sur des déportés, tient donc à ce qu’il a constitué le point de départ de la prise de conscience des dangers des progrès de la science, avec les dérives qu’elle peut susciter, et de la nécessité de l’encadrer par un certain nombre de règles.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Hirsch Emmanuel , Mann Jonathan Max
Published: November 2014

Résumé Les concepts relatifs aux droits de l’homme caractérisent et éclairent les enjeux d’une exigence éthique dans les domaines du soin et de la recherche. Ce texte que nous avons rédigé avec Jonathan M. Mann en 1998 – quelques mois avant sa mort – tente de cerner la portée du dispositif initié en 1948 avec la Déclaration universelle des droits de l’homme du point de vue de son impact en matière de santé. Les droits de la personne tiennent pour beaucoup au respect qui lui est témoigné dans son existence même. Professeur de santé publique spécialisé dans l’épidémiologie, Jonathan M. Mann a été le premier directeur du programme sida à l’Organisation mondiale de la santé ( oms ) avant d’être le directeur du Centre François-Xavier-Bagnoud de santé publique et droits de l’homme à l’université Harvard (États-Unis).
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Mislawski Roger
Published: November 2014

Résumé Dignité, autonomie et vulnérabilité sont trois concepts fondamentaux dans l’appréhension juridique de la personne. Ils permettent de rendre compte de différentes dispositions éparses dans le droit tant international qu’européen ou interne. Ces notions, à contenu souple, sont pour le législateur et le juge des instruments qui les guident dans leur recherche de réponses adaptées aux différentes menaces qui pèsent sur l’individu ou l’humanité.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Doublet Yves-Marie
Published: November 2014

Résumé Il est désormais admis que le droit de la bioéthique doit être régulé par une loi, dans la mesure où ces questions touchent aux droits fondamentaux et ne doivent pas être traitées par les seuls experts. En 2010-2011, le Parlement français procède à un réexamen de cette législation. Depuis la révision de 2004, la bioéthique a connu des évolutions scientifiques, médicales, juridiques et sociétales significatives. Le législateur doit-il confirmer les principes sur lesquels est assise cette réglementation, en actualisant seulement certaines dispositions du droit applicable ou doit-il procéder à des changements susceptibles de modifier des équilibres construits progressivement depuis 1994 ? Les contributions de rapports parlementaires, du Conseil d’État, du Comité consultatif national d’éthique, de l’Agence de la biomédecine, des États généraux de la bioéthique auront en tout état de cause éclairé au préalable les enjeux de ce débat et montré que l’élaboration de ces textes législatifs est précédée d’une réflexion qui les distingue beaucoup des autres lois.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Chaumet-Riffaud Philippe D.
Published: November 2014

Résumé Cette réflexion est focalisée sur la recherche menée sur l’homme, habituellement dénommée recherche biomédicale, et retracera très succinctement les grandes dates de l’histoire qui ont influencé de façon majeure la réflexion sur l’éthique de la recherche dans ce champ majeur d’application. Un des nouveaux enjeux du xxi e siècle sera certainement celui de la qualité de l’information et des relations des chercheurs avec les médias. Nous n’aborderons pas ici les questions relatives aux greffes, aux thérapies cellulaires et à la thérapie génique traitées spécifiquement par ailleurs.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Pauwels Éléonore
Published: November 2014

Résumé Depuis 2002, on observe un alignement progressif des législations des États membres en faveur de la recherche embryonnaire. À travers les programmes-cadres de recherche, la Commission européenne a joué un rôle moteur dans ce phénomène de convergence qui conduit à la production d’un cadre éthique commun diffusé et appliqué dans les États membres. Au Parlement, en revanche, le débat sur les cellules souches embryonnaires révèle deux écueils pour la communautarisation. D’une part, les députés s’efforcent de délibérer sans pouvoir s’appuyer sur un contexte normatif harmonisé et sur des valeurs européennes communes. D’autre part, il leur faut équilibrer la logique de l’expertise et le dialogue démocratique. À ce titre, le débat parlementaire souligne l’urgence de réviser le processus décisionnel afin d’intégrer la participation citoyenne.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Dangles-Marie Virginie , Guichet Jean-Luc , Larue Lionel
Published: November 2014

Résumé S’interroger sur l’usage de l’expérimentation animale en vue d’un bien-être futur chez l’homme, mais engendrant une souffrance immédiate chez l’animal, renvoie à un dilemme ancien dont la formulation a varié aux cours des âges. Aujourd’hui, les acteurs se sont organisés au niveau national, régional et institutionnel pour mener une réflexion éthique sur l’utilisation des animaux dans les laboratoires de recherche et de développement. La théorie darwinienne permet d’extrapoler dans une certaine mesure nos connaissances d’une espèce à l’autre. Cette justification scientifique doit s’accompagner d’une réflexion tout aussi bien éthique et technique pour continuer à Remplacer et Raffiner les modèles d’études actuels afin de Réduire (préconisation des trois R) le nombre d’animaux inclus dans des protocoles expérimentaux. Les méthodes alternatives issues de ces recherches demandent encore à être combinées avec l’expérimentation animale pour être physiologiquement pertinentes. Sur la base de l’acceptation du principe de l’expérimentation animale jugée nécessaire, tout doit être mis en place pour favoriser le bien-être, éviter toute souffrance inutile et rendre l’expérimentation éthiquement plus acceptable.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Brodin Marc
Published: November 2014

Résumé S’il est un sujet qui mérite le titre de « revendication permanente » de nos concitoyens, depuis les États généraux de la santé, c’est bien celui de la prévention et de l’action de santé publique en général, déclinée à tous les âges de la vie et dans toutes les circonstances. Dans le cadre des soins, c’est d’abord éviter ceux qui ne sont pas nécessaires, à toutes les étapes de l’histoire naturelle d’une maladie : réduire l’impact des déterminants, repérer et agir à la phase initiale d’une maladie débutante, prévenir les complications et les séquelles ou handicaps. Il n’y a pas de prévention dans une vision à court terme. Agir en prévention, c’est redonner du temps au temps. Sur la base de quelques évolutions en santé et dans nos organisations sanitaires, le questionnement éthique est ici évoqué en termes de qualité, comportement, accès, consentement, recherche, efficience, sécurité, territoire, consommation ; des éclairages conjoncturels et internationaux complètent la description de situations sous tension « éthique ».
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Toussaint Jean-François
Published: November 2014

Résumé La prévention qui s’adresse, dans ses volets primaire et secondaire, à des personnes apparemment saines s’inscrit comme un nouveau lien à l’autre, revêtant des formes originales d’échange et de regard. Ainsi, toute action de prévention doit être menée dans un souci permanent de rigueur dans la conception, de prudence dans la mise en œuvre et de sécurité dans l’action. La légitimité d’un acte de prévention repose d’abord sur le bénéfice pour la personne ou la collectivité, suite à des mesures concrètes. L’éthique, en soi, est prévention si elle ne reste pas cantonnée aux prémices de réflexion, mais qu’elle fonde une morale de l’action.
Traité de bioéthique
Authors: Godard Olivier
Published: November 2014

Résumé Le principe de précaution a été introduit comme repère intellectuel et comme norme juridique pour guider la prévention précoce de risques suspectés, encore marqués par l’incertitude scientifique, pouvant affecter l’environnement, la sécurité alimentaire et la santé publique. Il ne demande pas de rompre avec la connaissance scientifique, bien au contraire. L’expertise doit veiller particulièrement à trois questions : la qualification de l’incertitude scientifique, la pertinence pratique pour les gestionnaires, la recevabilité de l’expertise par les parties prenantes.