bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Escenarios y retos de la televisión pública en España
Authors: Manfredi Sánchez Juan Luis
Published: January 2012

La televisión pública en España se enfrenta al reto de adaptarse y adecuarse a la expansión y la consolidación de los medios digitales globales. No se han acordado soluciones estables a las contradicciones del control editorial, la gestión económica, los contenidos y el buen gobierno corporativo, lo que dificulta la determinación de la misión de la televisión pública y las estrategias a seguir. La modernización del ordenamiento legal, la autonomía de los servicios informativos y la gestión de los canales digitales son avances positivos. No obstante, son continuistas, porque no parecen ligados de un proyecto común, con vocación de estabilidad. La financiación sigue siendo un asunto espinoso. La libertad que promueve la Comisión Europea en la definición del servicio público audiovisual degenera, en el caso español, en la indefinición sobre los contenidos y los medios de pago. La nueva autoridad audiovisual está llamada a liderar estas cuestiones y establecer parámetros homogéneos con el entorno europeo. Ha comenzado un nuevo proyecto que tendrá que establecer las bases de la misión, la dinámica y el alcance de RTVE y, por extensión, de los operadores autonómicos. Ha llegado el momento de pensar hacia dónde queremos encaminar la televisión pública en los próximos diez años.
Modelos de clivaje público-privado de la televisión subnacional en España
Authors: Badillo Matos Ángel
Published: January 2012

El objeto de este trabajo es revisar el desarrollo de todas las formas de televisión subnacional que coexisten en España en un momento en el que la práctica totalidad de las comunidades autónomas ha resuelto ya sus concursos territoriales regionales, insulares y locales. A partir del estudio de las transformaciones del sistema audiovisual español en torno a los procesos de descentralización y desregulación, se revisa el impacto de la regulación en materia de televisión digital terrestre (TDT) en la transformación del tejido televisivo llamado en ocasiones local o de proximidad. En cada una de las comunidades autónomas se estudia el estado actual del audiovisual subnacional: televisiones locales, autonómicas, insulares, todas ellas además en sus variantes públicas y privadas. A partir de este análisis sistemático del estado de las políticas públicas estatales y autonómicas, se proponen cuatro modelos de clivaje entre operadores públicos y privados, para cuya elaboración se contemplan el número de operadores e indicadores de concentración comercial de licencias y mercados de audiencia potencial: los dominante público, dominante privado, plural fragmentado y plural concentrado.
Los servicios candidatos a beneficiarse del dividendo digital: audiovisual vs. comunicaciones electrónicas
Authors: Cullell March Cristina
Published: January 2012

La finalización de la transición a la TDT supone la liberación del dividendo digital. Este nuevo espacio constituye una oportunidad para superar la escasez de la red radioeléctrica que, en los últimos años, ha visto altamente incrementada su demanda por la introducción de nuevos servicios de comunicación inalámbrica, como la telefonía móvil 3G o la banda ancha móvil. Con la aparición del dividendo digital en la banda atribuida a la radiodifusión se plantean cuestiones sobre qué prioridad debe darse a los servicios potencialmente desarrollados en ella que, en ocasiones, obedecen a principios, objetivos e intereses distintos. A grandes rasgos, éstos los podríamos dividir en dos grupos, los servicios de naturaleza audiovisual, por un lado, y los relacionados con las comunicaciones electrónicas, por otro. Este artículo analiza estas dos opciones y sus implicaciones.
Level Set Photonic Quasicrystals with Phase Parameters
Authors: Jia Lin , Bita Ion , Thomas Edwin L.
Published: January 2012

A systematic study of the photonic band gap (PBG) properties of 8‐, 10‐ and 12‐fold rotational symmetric quasicrystals (QCs) defined by level set equations with various phase parameters is reported. The optimized filling ratios corresponding to the largest PBGs for 19 types of QCs are found, which are useful for photonic QC fabrication design. The impact of filling ratio, rotational symmetry, and experimental fabrication parameters on the resultant PBGs are studied via PBG maps calculated by finite‐difference time‐domain (FDTD). Large area, high quality 8‐, 10‐, and 12‐fold quasicrystalline pattern fabrication using multiple exposure interference lithography (MEIL) is also demonstrated.
Regulation of murine sinonasal cilia function by microbial secreted factors
Authors: Shen Jessica C. , Cope Emily , Chen Bei , Leid Jeff G. , Cohen Noam A.
Published: January 2012

Background:

Chronic rhinosinusitis is a multifactorial disease resulting in impaired mucociliary clearance. Recent literature suggests that different bacterial species are associated with varied disease severity. We examined the immediate effect of microbial secreted factors on sinonasal ciliary function.

Methods:

Murine primary sinonasal cultures were established in an air‐liquid interface (ALI). Bacterial supernatants were isolated from H. influenza, S. pneumoniae, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa cultures, as well as co‐cultures of H. influenza/S. pneumoniae and S. aureus/P. aeruginosa. Controlling for pH and osmolarity, supernatants were administered at 50% concentration to the apical surface of the ALI culture. Basal ciliary beat frequency (CBF) was recorded for 20 minutes, at 5‐minute intervals. Control groups were treated with culture broth. At minimum, experiments were performed in triplicate. Stimulated CBF was recorded after mechanical stimulation via short bursts of pressurized air (55 mmHg).

Results:

All supernatants reduced basal CBF. S. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa caused significant reduction in CBF at all time points, with the largest decrease of −46.3 ± 1.6% (p < 0.001) for S. pneumoniae and −27.1 ± 2.8% (p < 0.001) for P. aeruginosa. S. aureus caused the basal CBF to decline by −33.0 ± 2.8% (p < 0.001) at 5 minutes, which reversed by 20 minutes. Overall, H. influenza yielded the least change in CBF (−20.0 ± 2.8%, p < 0.002). Co‐cultures (H. influenza/S. pneumoniae and S. aureus/P. aeruginosa) resulted in delayed CBF reduction compared with monocultures. P. aeruginosa also blunted stimulated CBF (p < 0.02).

Conclusion:

Results demonstrated acute decreases in murine sinonasal CBF after exposure to bacterial supernatants. Moreover, P. aeruginosa resulted in diminished ciliary stimulation capacity. © 2012 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Effect of a dexamethasone Sinu‐FoamTM middle meatal spacer on endoscopic sinus surgery outcomes: A randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Rudmik Luke , Mace Jess , Mechor Brad
Published: January 2012

Background:

Off‐label drug eluting middle‐meatal spacers have shown promising results for improving clinical outcomes following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This study evaluates a dexamethasone Sinu‐FoamTM spacer following ESS for CRS without nasal polyposis (CRSsNP).

Methods:

Patients with CRSsNP (n = 36) were enrolled into a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial and randomized into either a treatment arm (dexamethasone Sinu‐FoamTM mixture; n = 18) or placebo arm (Sinu‐FoamTM alone; n = 18). Therapeutic outcomes were evaluated at 1 week, 4 weeks, and 3 months using sinonasal endoscopy and graded using the Lund‐Kennedy scoring system. Postoperative care included nasal saline irrigations and a short course of systemic steroids.

Results:

All patients completed the study follow‐up period. Both study arms experienced significant improvement in endoscopic grading over the study duration (p < 0.001). There was no difference in average endoscopic scores between the treatment and placebo groups at 1 week, 4 weeks, and 3 months (all p > 0.489).

Conclusion:

This study demonstrated that an off‐label drug‐eluting middle‐meatal spacer of dexamethasone and Sinu‐FoamTM does not improve endoscopic outcomes in the early postoperative period following ESS when combined with postoperative saline irrigations and a short course of systemic steroids. © 2011 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
A comparative study of mouse nasal septal and turbinal epithelium for in vitro cell cultures
Authors: Jiao Jian , Wang Hong , Jin Shanzhe , Fan Erzhong , Li Ying , Han Demin , Zhang Luo
Published: January 2012

Background:

The small number of epithelial cells that can be isolated from mouse respiratory tract has limited its application to study of the airway. Our purpose in this work was to compare the potential of mouse nasal septal and turbinal epithelium for serving as a cell source for in vitro cell cultures.

Methods:

The distribution of ciliated epithelial cells in the mouse nasal cavity, and the surface area of the respiratory epithelium in the mouse nasal septum and turbinate were determined by β‐tubulin IV immunohistochemistry. Ciliated epithelial cell density of native mouse nasal septum and turbinate, and the morphology of cultured mouse nasal septal and turbinal epithelial cells were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and β‐tubulin IV and zona occludens (ZO)‐1 dual‐label fluorescent cytochemistry, respectively. Cilia reactivity to exogenous stimuli (adenosine triphosphate or benzalkonium chloride) in cultured nasal septal and turbinal epithelial cells was studied using high‐speed digital microscopy.

Results:

The ciliated epithelial cell density of native nasal epithelium, the morphology and cell yield of in vitro cultured epithelial cells, and cilia reactivity to exogenous stimuli of mouse turbinate are comparable to that of the nasal septum. However, the respiratory epithelium surface area of mouse turbinate is significantly larger than that of the nasal septum.

Conclusion:

Mouse turbinate may also serve as an ideal source of in vitro epithelial cell cultures. Both nasal septum and turbinate should be harvested to optimize animal use in the establishment of primary murine respiratory epithelial cultures. © 2012 ARS‐AAOA, LLC.
Silicon and carbon substrates induced arrangement changes in poly(styrene‐b‐isoprene‐b‐styrene) block copolymer thin films
Authors: Zalakain Iñaki , Ramos Jose Angel , Fernandez Raquel , Etxeberria Haritz , Mondragon Iñaki
Published: January 2012

Poly(styrene‐b‐isoprene‐b‐styrene) (SIS) block copolymer ordering in thin films was studied using two selective substrates as carbon and silicon. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and contact angle measurements were employed to examine the affinities between domains and surrounding interfaces. The surface morphology was examined by AFM using different amplitude ratios. Results showed polyisoprene (PI) domain layer formation in the outermost film layer. On the other hand, the layer close to substrate adopted different arrangements on silicon and carbon substrates. Topographical and phase images revealed that in both substrates with the thickest films, the interactions between substrate and block domains were not enough to induce surface ordering being the morphology independent of employed substrate. However, decreasing film thickness, SIS thin films displayed a variety of arrangements such as perforated lamellae and cylindrical morphologies. Depending on substrate, these morphologies were achieved in different film thicknesses. Finally, the thinnest film did not adjust to characteristic domain spacing commensurability and terraces formation was observed. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Modified poly(ether–imide–amide)s with pendent benzazole structures: Synthesis and characterization
Authors: Toiserkani Hojjat
Published: January 2012

Three series of novel modified poly(ether–imide–amide)s (PEIAs) having pendent benzazole units were prepared from diimide–dicarboxylic acids, including 2‐[3,5‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy) phenyl]benzimidazole, 2‐[3,5‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy) phenyl]benzoxazole, and 2‐[3,5‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy) phenyl]benzothiazole, with various diamines by direct polycondensation in N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone with triphenyl phosphite and pyridine as condensing agents. These new diimide–dicarboxylic acids containing ether linkages and benzazole pendent groups were synthesized by the condensation reaction of 5‐(2‐benzimidazole)‐1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzene, 5‐(2‐benzoxazole)‐1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzene, or 5‐(2‐benzothiazole)‐1,3‐bis(4‐aminophenoxy)benzene with trimellitic anhydride, respectively. All of the polymers were obtained in quantitative yields with inherent viscosities of 0.39–0.65 dL/g. For comparative purposes, the corresponding unsubstituted PEIAs were also prepared by the reaction of a diimide–dicarboxylic acid monomer lacking benzazole pendent groups, namely, 3,5‐bis(4‐trimellitimidophenoxy) phenyl, with the same diamines under similar conditions. The solubilities of the modified PEIAs in common organic solvents and their thermal stability were enhanced compared to those of the corresponding unmodified PEIAs. The glass‐transition temperature, 10% weight loss temperature, and char yields at 800°C were 19–31°C, 22–57°C and 4–8% higher, respectively, than those of the unmodified polymers. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
The incidence of knee arthroplasty for primary osteoarthritis grows rapidly among baby boomers: A population‐based study in Finland
Authors: Leskinen Jarkko , Eskelinen Antti , Huhtala Heini , Paavolainen Pekka , Remes Ville
Published: January 2012

Objective

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a commonly used treatment for severe primary knee osteoarthritis (OA) that is refractory to conservative treatment. Despite the presumed increase in the use of this treatment modality in younger patients, there are few published data concerning this. The aim of our study was to examine the changes in the age‐ and sex‐standardized incidence of TKA and unicondylar knee arthroplasty (UKA) in Finland during 1980–2006 and to identify factors that might affect the incidence during this period.

Methods

We obtained data on UKAs and TKAs from the Finnish Arthroplasty Registry and population data from Statistics Finland to analyze the incidence of UKAs and TKAs in Finland for the period 1980–2006. The effects of sex, age group, and hospital volume on the incidence of these procedures were also evaluated.

Results

The annual cumulative incidence of UKAs and TKAs has increased rapidly from 1980 to 2006 among 30–59‐year‐old inhabitants of Finland. For UKAs, the incidence increased from 0.2 per 100,000 inhabitants to 10 per 100,000, and for TKAs, the incidence increased from 0.5 per 100,000 to 65 per 100,000. The incidence remained higher among women during the entire study period. Most of the increase occurred among patients ages 50–59 years. The incidence grew more rapidly in low‐volume and intermediate‐volume hospitals.

Conclusion

We demonstrated a rapid increase in the incidence of arthroplasty among patients with primary knee OA in Finland, especially in those ages 50–59 years. There was no single explanatory factor behind this finding, although some of the growth might be due to the increased incidence noted in low‐ and intermediate‐volume hospitals.
Age‐dependent magnetosensitivity of heart muscle hydration
Authors: Narinyan Lilia , Ayrapetyan Gayane , Ayrapetyan Sinerik
Published: January 2012

The reason for hyper magnetosensitivity of young animals compared to older ones remains unclear. It has been suggested that age‐induced tissue dehydration (decreased water content) could be a basis for the aging‐related decrease in the organism's magnetosensitivity. To test this hypothesis, the effect of a 0.2 T static magnetic field (SMF) exposure on heart muscle hydration in three age groups of rats (young, adult, and older) was studied, with and without ouabain poisoning. The SMF exposure resulted in heart muscle dehydration of young (21%) and adult (6.2%) rats but had no effect on older animals. In young animals without ouabin poisoning, SMF exposure caused dehydration of the heart muscle while in the ouabain‐poisoned animals it led to hydration (29.6%). These hydration effects were more pronounced in young animals than in adult and older animals. The increased hydration (5.7%) of heart muscles in older animals was evoked by providing distilled water for seven days, which elevated (by 12%) the SMF‐induced heart muscle hydration effect. These results suggest that the hyper magnetosensitivity of the young heart muscle and the lower sensitivity of older animals are due to initial high (83.5%) and low (75.3%) tissue hydration levels, respectively. Therefore, the age‐induced decrease in the magnetosensitivity of heart muscle is likely to be a result of Na+/K+ pump dysfunction. Bioelectromagnetics 33:452–458, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In situ exposure to non‐directional beacons for air traffic control
Authors: Joseph Wout , Goeminne Francis , Vermeeren Günter , Verloock Leen , Martens Luc
Published: January 2012

In situ electromagnetic field exposure of workers and the general public due to non‐directional beacons (NDB) for air traffic control is assessed and characterized. For occupational exposure, the maximal measured electric field value is 881.6 V/m and the maximal magnetic field value is 9.1 A/m. The maximum electric fields exceed the International Commission on Non‐Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) reference levels at all seven NDB sites, and the magnetic fields at two of the seven NDB sites (occupational exposure). Recommendations and compliance distances for workers and the general public are provided. Bioelectromagnetics 33:274–277, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Chemodiversity of Nonacosan‐10‐ol and n‐Alkanes in the Needle Wax of Pinus heldreichii
Authors: Nikolić Biljana , Tešević Vele , Đordđević Iris , Todosijević Marina , Jadranin Milka , Bojović Srdjan , Marin Petar D.
Published: January 2012

This is the first report of individual variability and population diversity of the contents of nonacosan‐10‐ol and n‐alkanes in the needle cuticular waxes of Bosnian pines originated from Montenegro, regarded as Pinus heldreichii var. leucodermis, and from Serbia, regarded as P. heldreichii var. pančići. The amount of nonacosan‐10‐ol varied individually from 27.4 to 73.2% (55.5% in average), but differences between the four investigated populations were not statistically confirmed. The size of the n‐alkanes ranged from C18 to C33. The most abundant n‐alkanes were C23, C27, and C25 (12.2, 11.2, and 10.8% in average, resp.). The carbon preference index (CPI) of the n‐alkanes ranged from 0.8 to 3.1 (1.6 in average), while the average chain length (ACL) ranged from 20.9 to 26.5 (24.4 in average). Long‐chain and mid‐chain n‐alkanes prevailed (49.6 and 37.9% in average, resp.). It was also found that the populations of P. heldreichii var. leucodermis had predominantly a narrower range of n‐alkanes (C18C31) than the trees of the variety pančići (C18C33). Differences between the varieties were also significant for most of the other characteristics of the n‐alkane pattern (e.g., most abundant n‐alkanes, CPI, ACL, and relative proportion of short‐, mid‐, and long‐chain n‐alkanes). The principle component and cluster analyses of eleven n‐alkanes confirmed the significant diversity of these two varieties.
Synthesis and StructureActivity Relationships of Antifungal Crassinervic Acid Analogs
Authors: Chakor Jyotsna N. , Musso Loana , Sardi Paola , Dallavalle Sabrina
Published: January 2012

A series of analogs of the natural antifungal compound crassinervic acid, a constituent of Piper crassinervium, were synthesized to gain insight into the most relevant structural features affecting the activity of the parent molecule. Most compounds were prepared by aldol reaction of methyl 3‐acetyl‐4‐hydroxybenzoate with a series of ketones, followed by reduction, hydrolysis, and oxidation. The antifungal activities of crassinervic acid and its analogs was assessed against Cladosporium cladosporioides by using the method of bioautography. The bioassay results allowed us to depict structureactivity relationships for this class of compounds.
Dual‐Function of Alcohols in Gold‐Mediated Selective Coupling of Amines and Alcohols
Authors: Xu Bingjun , Madix Robert J. , Friend Cynthia M.
Published: January 2012

Oxidative coupling of alcohols (methanol and ethanol) and dimethylamine on atomic‐oxygen‐activated Au(111) occurs entirely on the surface to form the corresponding amides when the alkoxy of the alcohol and the amide derived from the amine are co‐adsorbed. For effective oxygen‐assisted coupling the formation of the amide requires excess methanol. Mechanistic studies reveal that molecularly adsorbed methanol removes excess adsorbed atomic oxygen efficiently, precluding either secondary oxidation or oxidative dehydrogenation of dimethylamide to the imine. The adsorbed amide then can react with the aldehyde produced by β‐hydride elimination from the alkoxy to form the hemiaminal, the reactive intermediate leading to coupling. The selectivity for formamide production can be increased to nearly 100 % in excess methanol.
Regional and subcellular distribution of the receptor‐targeting protein PIST in the rat central nervous system
Authors: Chen Annie , Göβling Enno K. , Witkowski Leora , Bhindi Amar , Bauch Carola , Roussy Geneviève , Sarret Philippe , Kreienkamp Hans‐Jürgen , Stroh Thomas
Published: January 2012

A hippocampal neuron in primary culture stained with anti‐PIST (red) and anti‐neuroligin‐2 (green), a postsynaptic cell adhesion protein which is exclusively located at inhibitory synapses. The nucleus was stained with DAPI (blue). Note the typical distribution of neuroligin‐2 immunoreactivity reminiscent of inhibitory synapses at proximal dendrites and cell body, which is not matched by the PIST immunofluorescence signal. The latter is concentrated in the perikaryon in a juxtanuclear position and appears to be absent from postsynaptic sites. The Journal of Comparative Neurology, Volume 520, Number 5, pages 889–913.
Genomics of mature and immature olfactory sensory neurons
Authors: Nickell Melissa D. , Breheny Patrick , Stromberg Arnold J. , McClintock Timothy S.
Published: January 2012

The continuous replacement of neurons in the olfactory epithelium provides an advantageous model for investigating neuronal differentiation and maturation. By calculating the relative enrichment of every mRNA detected in samples of mature mouse olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs), immature OSNs, and the residual population of neighboring cell types, and then comparing these ratios against the known expression patterns of >300 genes, enrichment criteria that accurately predicted the OSN expression patterns of nearly all genes were determined. We identified 847 immature OSN‐specific and 691 mature OSN‐specific genes. The control of gene expression by chromatin modification and transcription factors, and neurite growth, protein transport, RNA processing, cholesterol biosynthesis, and apoptosis via death domain receptors, were overrepresented biological processes in immature OSNs. Ion transport (ion channels), presynaptic functions, and cilia‐specific processes were overrepresented in mature OSNs. Processes overrepresented among the genes expressed by all OSNs were protein and ion transport, ER overload response, protein catabolism, and the electron transport chain. To more accurately represent gradations in mRNA abundance and identify all genes expressed in each cell type, classification methods were used to produce probabilities of expression in each cell type for every gene. These probabilities, which identified 9,300 genes expressed in OSNs, were 96% accurate at identifying genes expressed in OSNs and 86% accurate at discriminating genes specific to mature and immature OSNs. This OSN gene database not only predicts the genes responsible for the major biological processes active in OSNs, but also identifies thousands of never before studied genes that support OSN phenotypes. J. Comp. Neurol. 520:2608–2629, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cation–π Interactions between a Free‐Base Porphyrin and an Ionic Liquid: A Computational Study
Authors: Cao Zhen , Li Shu , Yan Tianying
Published: January 2012

A cation–π stacking structure consisting of a free‐base porphyrin (FBP) and 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium (BMIM+) cation is demonstrated by both ab initio theory and polarizable force field. The isolated FBP–BMIM+ complex forms a face‐to‐face alignment, and the polarizable force‐field‐optimized complex reproduces that by ab initio theory reasonably well. Molecular dynamics simulation finds that the stacking structure is slightly altered for the FBP dissolved in the bulk ionic liquid (IL) due to the complexity of the solution structure. In the bulk IL, the FBP is sandwiched between two BMIM+ cations stacking on both sides of the FBP ring plane with a slipped‐parallel alignment. Furthermore, the FBP–BMIM+ stacking structure is found to be more stable than the BMIM+–PF6− ion pair in the IL.
Study of the conditions of irradiating laser for removal of toner from used paper
Authors: Ihori Haruo , Inagawa Yuki , Ito Naohiro , Fujii Masaharu , Ninomiya Hideki
Published: January 2012

Though it is said that the paperless age arrived with the spread of personal computers, the amount of office paper used shows no tendency to decrease. In general, used paper is recovered and recycled in order to preserve the environment. But labor and expense are required for the recovery of used paper and the recycled paper is lower in quality. If we could reuse used paper repeatedly without these disadvantages, for example, by using copying machines that could print again by removing the toner on used paper, it would be very convenient and ecological. We therefore studied the removal of toner from used paper by the laser ablation technique. As an optical source, an SHG‐YAG laser was chosen. The energy density of irradiation with an SHG‐YAG laser for the removal of toner from used paper was examined. At an energy density of approximately 12 mJ/mm2, which was the average value, the toner was removed sufficiently to allow reuse of the paper. The conditions of the laser irradiation, specifically the laser scanning speed and the number of irradiations, were studied. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 179(1): 8–14, 2012; Published online in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.21214
New Structural Features in Tetranuclear Iron Carbonyl Thiocarbonyls: Exotriangular Iron Atoms and Six‐Electron‐Donating Thiocarbonyl Groups Bridging Four Iron Atoms
Authors: Zhang Zhong , Li Qian‐shu , King R. Bruce , Schaefer Henry F.
Published: January 2012

DFT led to the discovery of two new structural motifs in tetranuclear iron carbonyl thiocarbonyls, Fe4(CS)4(CO)n (n = 12, 11, 10, 9), which are not found in their homoleptic analogues, Fe4(CO)n+4. Thus the lowest energy Fe4(CS)4(CO)12 structures have a central Fe3 triangle with an exotriangular iron atom joined to the Fe3 triangle through a four‐electron donor CS bridge. This contrasts with the structure of Os4(CO)16 and the predicted structure of Fe4(CO)16, which consist of an M4 rhombus and two‐electron donor carbonyl groups. An even more remarkable new structural motif for the Fe4(CS)4(CO)n derivatives is the irregular Fe4 “rhombus” (actually a trapezium) bridged by a six‐electron donor η2‐μ4‐CS group. This type of structure is found in the lowest energy structures of both Fe4(CS)4(CO)10 and Fe4(CS)4(CO)9 and makes Fe4(CS)4(CO)10 viable enough to be a promising synthetic objective. On the contrary, Fe4(CS)4(CO)11 is found to be thermochemically unfavorable both with respect to CO dissociation and disproportionation into Fe4(CS)4(CO)12 and Fe4(CS)4(CO)10.
The Question of cis versus trans Configuration in Octahedral Metal Diketonates: An In‐Depth Investigation on Diorganobis(4‐acyl‐5‐pyrazolonato)tin(IV) Complexes
Authors: Caruso Francesco , Chan Eric J. , Hanna John V. , Marchetti Fabio , Pettinari Claudio , Di Nicola Corrado , Pettinari Riccardo , Pizzabiocca Adriano , Rees Gregory J. , Quigley David , Rossi Miriam , Skelton Brian W. , Sobolev Alexandre N. , White Allan H.
Published: January 2012

Diorganotin(IV) derivatives of 4‐acyl‐5‐pyrazolones Q2SnR2 [HQ = 3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐4‐R‐5‐pyrazolone: HQnPe, R = neopentylcarbonyl; HQiPr, R = isopropylcarbonyl; HQtBu, R = tert‐butylcarbonyl; HQCy, R = cyclohexylcarbonyl; HQCp, R = cyclopentylcarbonyl; HQEtCp, R = (ethylcyclopentyl)carbonyl] have been synthesized and characterized spectroscopically (IR, far‐IR, 1H, 13C and 119Sn NMR) and structurally (X‐ray). Steric bulkiness in the acyl fragment of HQtBu induces partial dissociation in solution of (QtBu)2SnMe2, which exists as an equilibrium mixture of six‐ and five‐coordinate tin species. Single‐crystal X‐ray structure determinations of several representative complexes are presented. Whereas the dialkyltin(IV) complexes are always trans‐octahedral, a diphenyltin(IV) derivative exists in the solid state that has the two phenyl groups in a cis arrangement. DMol3 and CASTEP DFT studies of this unprecedented cis, and the corresponding trans configurations, show the former to be slightly more stable, in agreement with the diffraction study. Solid‐state 119Sn cross‐polarization magic‐angle spinning NMR spectroscopic data show that the isotropic chemical shifts (δiso,mas) and chemical‐shift anisotropies/spans (Δδ/Ω) that characterize the diphenyl(IV) derivatives are markedly removed from values measured for the corresponding dimethyl and di‐n‐butyl derivatives, thereby adding further evidence for a stable cis configuration in the diphenyl(IV) systems. This is supported by GIPAW DFT calculation of the 119Sn isotropic shifts and chemical‐shift anisotropies/spans from fully relaxed structures by using the CASTEP code, which provides a direct link between the cis diphenyl(IV) arrangement and the reported differences in the 119Sn NMR spectroscopic parameters.
1,4‐Dipolar Cycloaddition Reactions in Ionic Liquids: A Facile Synthesis of 9aH,15H‐[1]Benzopyrano[3′,2′: 3,4]pyrido[2,1‐a]isoquinolines (=9aH,15H‐Benzo[a][1]benzopyrano[2,3‐h]quinolizines)
Authors: Reddy Basi V. Subba , Yadav Nagendra Nath , Srivastava Nikhil , Yadav Jhillu S. , Sridhar Balasubramanian
Published: January 2012

Ionic liquids were found to be a suitable reaction medium for 1,4‐dipolar cycloaddition reactions of an isoquinoline, an activated alkyne, and a 4‐oxo‐4H‐1‐benzopyran‐3‐carboxaldehyde at room temperature to afford [1]benzopyrano‐pyrido‐isoquinoline (=9aH,15H‐benzo[a][1]benzopyrano[2,3‐h]quinolizine) derivatives selectively in good yields. The ionic liquid can be recovered and recycled in further runs without loss of activity.
Temporal patterns and controls on runoff magnitude and solution chemistry of urban catchments in the semiarid southwestern United States
Authors: Gallo Erika L. , Brooks Paul D. , Lohse Kathleen A. , McLain Jean E. T.
Published: January 2012

Urban expansion and the scarcity of water supplies in arid and semiarid regions have increased the importance of urban runoff to localized water resources. However, urban catchment responses to precipitation are poorly understood in semiarid regions where intense rainfall often results in large runoff events during the short summer monsoon season. To evaluate how urban runoff quantity and quality respond to rainfall magnitude and timing, we collected stream stage data and runoff samples throughout the 2007 and 2008 summer monsoons from four ephemeral drainages in Tucson, Arizona. Antecedent rainfall explained 20% to 30% of discharge (mm) and runoff ratio in the least impervious (22%) catchment but was not statistically related to hydrologic responses at more impervious sites. Regression models indicated that rainfall depth, imperviousness and their combined effect control discharge and runoff ratios (p < 0.01, r2 = 0.91 and 0.75, respectively). In contrast, runoff quality did not vary with imperviousness or catchment size. Rainfall depth and duration, time since antecedent rainfall and event and cumulative discharge controlled runoff hydrochemistry and resulted in five specific solute response patterns: (i) strong event and seasonal solute mobilization (solute flush), (ii) event chemostasis and strong seasonal flush, (iii) event chemostasis and weak seasonal flush, (iv) event and seasonal chemostasis and (v) late seasonal flush. Our results indicate that hydrologic responses of semiarid catchments are controlled by rainfall partitioning at the event scale, whereas wetting magnitude, frequency and timing alter solute stores readily available for transport and control temporal runoff quality. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
JC virus load in cerebrospinal fluid and transcriptional control region rearrangements may predict the clinical course of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy
Authors: Delbue Serena , Elia Francesca , Carloni Camilla , Tavazzi Eleonora , Marchioni Enrico , Carluccio Silvia , Signorini Lucia , Novati Stefano , Maserati Renato , Ferrante Pasquale
Published: January 2012

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe disease of the central nervous system (CNS), caused by infection with the Polyomavirus JC virus (JCV). Because there are no known treatments or prognostic factors, we performed a long‐term study focusing mainly on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from PML patients to describe the virological features akin to the different forms of the disease. Twenty‐eight PML patients were enrolled: 10 HIV‐1+ patients with classical PML (CPML), 9 HIV‐1+ patients with slowly progressing or stable neurological symptoms (benign PML), 3 HIV‐1+ asymptomatic patients, and 6 HIV‐1‐negative patients. CSF, urine, and blood samples were collected at the enrollment (baseline) and every 6 months afterwards when possible. The JCV DNA and HIV‐1 RNA loads were determined, and the JCV strains were characterized. At baseline, the mean CSF JCV load was log 6.0 ± 1.2 copies/ml for CPML patients, log 4.0 ± 1.0 copies/ml for benign PML patients, log 4.2 ± 0.5 copies/ml for asymptomatic PML patients, and log 5.8 ± 1.3 copies/ml for HIV‐1‐negative PML patients (CPML vs. benign: P < 0.01; CPML vs. asymptomatic: P < 0.05; HIV‐1 negative vs. benign: P < 0.01). Organization of the JCV transcriptional control region (TCR) showed unusual archetype structures in two long‐term survival patients; the NF1 sequence was found most commonly, whereas the Sp1 binding site was the most common for both CPML patients and HIV‐1 negative patients. Our results suggest that the JCV load in the CSF and the organization of the TCR should be considered as indicators of PML clinical outcome. J. Cell. Physiol. 227: 3511–3517, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Onion skin” sign in an ovarian mucinous cyst
Authors: Perlman Sharon , Hazan Yenon , Hagay Zion , Appelman Zvi , Caspi Benjamin
Published: January 2012

The sonographic “onion skin” sign was initially described as concentric echogenic layers in mucinous tumors unrelated to the female reproductive system. Typically, the sonographic appearance of ovarian mucinous cystadenoma includes numerous septa and fine, gravity‐dependent echoes. We present a case of the “onion skin” sign in a mucinous ovarian tumor. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2013
In situ Raman and photoluminescence study on pressure‐induced phase transition in C60 nanotubes
Authors: Liu Dedi , Yao Mingguang , Li Quanjun , Cui Wen , Wang Lin , Li Zepeng , Liu Bo , Lv Hang , Zou Bo , Cui Tian , Liu Bingbing , Sundqvist Bertil
Published: January 2012

Single crystalline C60 nanotubes having face‐centered‐cubic structure with diameters in the nanometer range were synthesized by a solution method. In situ Raman and photoluminescence spectroscopy under high pressure were employed to study the structural stabilities and transitions of the pristine C60 nanotubes. A phase transition, probably because of the orientational ordering of C60 molecules, from face‐centered‐cubic structure to simple cubic structure occurred at the pressure between 1.46 and 2.26 GPa. At above 20.41 GPa, the Raman spectrum became very diffuse and lost its fine structure in all wavenumber regions, and only two broad and asymmetry peaks initially centered at 1469 and 1570 cm–1 were observed, indicating an occurrence of amorphization. This amorphous phase remained to be reversible until 31.1 GPa, and it became irreversible to the ambient pressure after the pressure cycle of 34.3 GPa was applied. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vacuum‐assisted closure for managing neck abscesses involving the mediastinum
Authors: Gallo Oreste , Deganello Alberto , Meccariello Giuseppe , Spina Rosario , Peris Adriano
Published: January 2012

A 57‐year‐old immunocompetent male patient with a deep neck abscess involving the mediastinum was referred to us following unsuccessful treatment at his local hospital with medical therapy and ultrasound‐guided aspiration. After initial evaluation and resuscitation, a contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CT) scan was performed, and the patient was transferred for surgical drainage. A vacuum‐assisted closure (VAC) device was used as a surgical drain to help prevent reaccumulation of the purulent collections. A repeat CT scan on day 3 confirmed the absence of residual pus in the mediastinum and in the neck spaces, and the VAC device was removed. Perfect healing of the deep tissues with successful mediastinal toilette was observed. The patient resumed oral meals on postoperative day 10, and 2 days later he was discharged. A 1‐month follow‐up CT again demonstrated the complete healing and absence of the neck abscess. This case illustrates the possibility of avoiding more extensive and life‐threatening procedures, such as open thoracotomy, in the treatment of neck abscesses extending into the mediastinum, and highlights the utility of VAC in the management of deep neck abscesses. Laryngoscope, 2012
Magnetic resonance imaging surveillance following vestibular schwannoma resection
Authors: Carlson Matthew L. , Van Abel Kathryn M. , Driscoll Colin L. , Neff Brian A. , Beatty Charles W. , Lane John I. , Castner Marina L. , Lohse Christine M. , Link Michael J.
Published: January 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

To describe the incidence, pattern, and course of postoperative enhancement within the operative bed using serial gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following vestibular schwannoma (VS) resection and to identify clinical and radiologic variables associated with recurrence.

Study Design:

Retrospective cohort study.

Methods:

All patients who underwent microsurgical resection of VS between January 2000 and January 2010 at a single tertiary referral center were reviewed. Postoperative enhancement patterns were characterized on serial MRI studies. Clinical follow‐up and outcomes were recorded.

Results:

During the last 10 years, 350 patients underwent microsurgical VS resection, and of these, 203 patients met study criteria (mean radiologic follow‐up, 3.5 years). A total of 144 patients underwent gross total resection (GTR), 32 received near‐total resection (NTR), and the remaining 27 underwent subtotal resection (STR); 98.5% of patients demonstrated enhancement within the operative bed following resection (58.5% linear, 41.5% nodular). Stable enhancement patterns were seen in 24.5% of patients, regression in 66.0%, and resolution in only 3.5% of patients on the most recent postoperative MRI. Twelve patients recurred a mean of 3.0 years following surgery. The average maximum linear diameter growth rate among recurrent tumors was 2.3 mm per year. Those receiving STR were more than nine times more likely to experience recurrence compared to those undergoing NTR or GTR (P < .001). Nodular enhancement on the initial postoperative MRI was associated with a 16‐fold increased risk for future recurrence compared to those with linear patterns (P = .008). Among those with nodular enhancement on baseline postoperative MRI, a maximum linear diameter of ≥15 mm or volume of ≥0.4 cm3 was associated with an approximate five‐fold increased risk for future growth (P < .02).

Conclusions:

Persistent nonspecific radiologic enhancement within the postoperative field is common, making the diagnosis of tumor recurrence challenging. Factors including completeness of resection and baseline postoperative MRI findings provide valuable information regarding risk for recurrence, which may assist the clinician in determining an appropriate postoperative MRI surveillance schedule. Future studies using standardized terminology and consistent study metrics are needed to further refine surveillance recommendations.
Feasibility and acute healing of vocal fold microflap incisions in a rabbit model
Authors: Suehiro Atsushi , Bock Jonathan M. , Hall Joseph E. , Garrett C. Gaelyn , Rousseau Bernard
Published: January 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

The purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility of performing mucosal elevation of a vocal fold microflap in a rabbit model and to measure the acute healing of rabbit microflap incisions compared to control vocal folds.

Study Design:

Prospective animal study.

Methods:

Ten New Zealand white rabbits were used in this study. All rabbits received a 3‐mm incision through the epithelium of one vocal fold using a sickle knife and mucosal elevation through this incision using a microlaryngeal fine‐angled spatula. The contralateral vocal fold was left intact to serve as an internal control. Student t tests were used to investigate differences in epithelial thickness, immunohistochemical staining of CD45, and inflammatory and profibrotic gene expression between vocal folds undergoing microflap and control.

Results:

Exposure of the rabbit larynx was achieved, allowing for the identification of a surgical plane and the creation of a microflap and elevation of the vocal fold mucosa. Hematoxylin‐and‐eosin staining revealed no significant differences in epithelial thickness, immunohistochemistry for CD45 showed no significant differences in CD45‐positive cells, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction revealed no significant differences in interleukin‐1β, transforming growth factor β‐1, or cyclooxygenase‐2 gene expression between vocal folds undergoing microflap and control.

Conclusions:

We demonstrate the feasibility of vocal fold microflap surgery in a rabbit model. With the advantage of greater access to primers and antibodies for molecular biologic studies, the application of the microflap technique in a small‐animal model such as rabbit has broad implications for future experimental investigations in laryngology.
Analysis of peptide uptake and location of root hair‐promoting peptide accumulation in plant roots
Authors: Matsumiya Yoshiki , Taniguchi Rikiya , Kubo Motoki
Published: January 2012

Peptide uptake by plant roots from degraded soybean‐meal products was analyzed in Brassica rapa and Solanum lycopersicum. B. rapa absorbed about 40% of the initial water volume, whereas peptide concentration was decreased by 75% after 24 h. Analysis by reversed‐phase HPLC showed that number of peptides was absorbed by the roots during soaking in degraded soybean‐meal products for 24 h. Carboxyfluorescein‐labeled root hair‐promoting peptide was synthesized, and its localization, movement, and accumulation in roots were investigated. The peptide appeared to be absorbed by root hairs and then moved to trichoblasts. Furthermore, the peptide was moved from trichoblasts to atrichoblasts after 24 h. The peptide was accumulated in epidermal cells, suggesting that the peptide may have a function in both trichoblasts and atrichoblasts. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Two‐Sided Cumulative Sum Chart for First‐Order Integer‐Valued Autoregressive Processes of Poisson Counts
Authors: Yontay Petek , Weiß Christian H. , Testik Murat Caner , Pelin Bayindir Z.
Published: January 2012

Count data processes are often encountered in manufacturing and service industries. To describe the autocorrelation structure of such processes, a Poisson integer‐valued autoregressive model of order 1, namely, Poisson INAR(1) model, might be used. In this study, we propose a two‐sided cumulative sum control chart for monitoring Poisson INAR(1) processes with the aim of detecting changes in the process mean in both positive and negative directions. A trivariate Markov chain approach is developed for exact evaluation of the ARL performance of the chart in addition to a computationally efficient approximation based on bivariate Markov chains. The design of the chart for an ARL‐unbiased performance and the analyses of the out‐of‐control performances are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
K3NiO2 Revisited, Phase Transition and Crystal Structure Refinement
Authors: Đuriš Katarina , Müller Ulrich , Jansen Martin
Published: January 2012

Single crystals as well as microcrystalline powders of K3NiO2 were obtained via the azide/nitrate route, starting from stoichiometric mixtures of KN3, KNO3 and NiO, at 923 K. According to temperature dependent X‐ray investigations, K3NiO2 exhibits a phase transition at approx. 423 K. Single crystal X‐ray analysis at 500 K has shown that the high temperature modification (β‐K3NiO2, tP12) crystallizes in P42/mnm (Z = 2, a = 6.0310(9), c = 7.156(1) Å, R1 = 0.037, R2 = 0.105). The ambient temperature modification (α‐K3NiO2, tP24) was refined as a racemic twin (P41212/P43212; a = 6.012(4), c = 13.843(8) Å, R1 = 0.029, R2 = 0.070 at 100 K; a = 6.0300(9), c = 14.065(3) Å, R1 = 0.032, R2 = 0.082 at 298 K) yielding nearly equal volumes for both enantiomorphs. The structural relationship within the A3MX2 family is analyzed and displayed as a Bärnighausen tree. The essential feature of the low and high temperature phases are isolated NiO23–dumbbells, which are linked by potassium atoms to infinite chains.
Minimal polyketide pathway expression in an actinorhodin cluster-deleted and regulation-stimulatedStreptomyces coelicolor
Authors: Lee Han-Na , Kim Hye-Jin , Kim Pil , Lee Heung-Shick , Kim Eung-Soo
Published: January 2012

Along with traditional random mutagenesis-driven strain improvement, cloning and heterologous expression of Streptomyces secondary metabolite gene clusters have become an attractive complementary approach to increase its production titer, of which regulation is typically under tight control via complex multiple regulatory networks present in a metabolite low-producing wild-type strain. In this study, we generated a polyketide non-producing strain by deleting the entire actinorhodin cluster from the chromosome of a previously generated S. coelicolor mutant strain, which was shown to stimulate actinorhodin biosynthesis through deletion of two antibiotic downregulators as well as a polyketide precursor flux downregulator (Kim et al. in Appl Environ Microbiol 77:1872–1877, 2011). Using this engineered S. coelicolor mutant strain as a surrogate host, a model minimal polyketide pathway for aloesaponarin II, an actinorhodin shunt product, was cloned in a high-copy conjugative plasmid, followed by functional pathway expression and quantitative metabolite analysis. Aloesaponarin II production was detected only in the presence of a pathway-specific regulatory gene, actII-ORF4, and its production level was the highest in the actinorhodin cluster-deleted and downregulator-deleted mutant strain, implying that this engineered polyketide pathway-free and regulation-optimized S. coelicolor mutant strain could be used as a general surrogate host for efficient expression of indigenous or foreign polyketide pathways derived from diverse actinomycetes in nature.