bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nonprofits As Large Employers:A City-Level Geographical Inquiry
Authors: Abzug Rikki , Simonoff Jeffrey S. , Ahlstrom David
Published: March 2007

Where do nonprofit organizations rank as large employers in cities? In particular, how do large nonprofits compare in size and rank with for-profit corporations and public organizations in different U.S. cities? Using data obtained from Chambers of Commerce, the U.S. Bureau of the Census, and city business journals, the authors take a step in exploring the relationship of cities to large employing organizations by developing an organi zational/sectoral landscape of the 72 major metropolitan areas in the United States. The authors test hypotheses concerning the sectoral types of organizations that dominate the top 10 employers of cities, and the role of regionalism in patterning these observations is explored.
Looking Backward: Twentieth-Century Themes in Charity, Voluntarism, and the Third Sector
Authors: Van Til Jon , Ross Steven W.
Published: March 2007

A central theme is identified in high school texts published in the 20th century: that philanthropy and voluntary service in the late 19th and early 20th centuries formed meaningful responses to the circumstances of their times. Asecond part of the theme says that, when the time came, the third sector proved inadequate to the challenges posed by the Great Depression. The authors identify seven themes in 20th-century third sector study that elaborate this basic story: complement, challenge, auxiliary, alternative, apostasy, impediment, and transformation. The authors conclude that the third sector articulates needs, offers assurance and comfort, permits individuals to join in creating the joys of shared community life, and provides opportunities for the greatest and the least in society to make common cause.
Vertically Integrated Policy Monitoring: A Tool for Civil Society Policy Advocacy
Authors: Fox Jonathan
Published: March 2007

Effective independent civil society monitoring of public policy processes requires “vertical integration” to monitor different elite actors simultaneously. Vertical integration refers here to the coordination of policy monitoring and public interest advocacy efforts across different “levels” of the policy process, from the local to the national and transnational arenas. Systematic, coordinated monitoring of the performance of all levels of public decision making can reveal more clearly where the main problems are, permitting more precisely targeted civil society advocacy strategies. Because policy makers’ information about actual institutional performance is very limited, rarely field based, and drawn mainly from interested parties (especially in the case of large-scale, decentralized social programs), the resulting information gap creates opportunities for advocacy groups to use independent monitoring to gain credibility and leverage. This article, written originally for a Mexican activist audience, explores the implications of this approach in the context of civil society efforts to monitor and influence World Bank projects.
The Place of Self and Reflexivity in Third Sector Scholarship: An Exploration
Authors: Harris Margaret
Published: March 2007

This article draws attention to two significant strands in the development of contemporary social science scholarship: the recognition of the importance of self in research processes and the recognition of the reflexive nature of knowledge construction. It argues that these two strands should be taken more seriously by nonprofit and voluntary sector scholars. A family history case study is presented: the outcome of the author’s own research into the ways in which the lives of her parents and grandparents, as well as her own life, have been affected by nonprofit and voluntary organizations. The author considers how this has affected her own academic work in the nonprofit and voluntary sector field. The article concludes with a discussion of what, in the light of the case study, social science thinking on reflexivity and on the place of self in research might contribute to third sector scholarship in the future.
Workplace Attitudes, Experiences, and Job Satisfaction of Social Work Administrators in Nonprofit and Public Agencies: 1981 and 1989
Authors: Vmokur-Kaplan Diane
Published: March 2007

This article profiles workplace attitudes, experiences, and job satisfaction of social work administrators employed in nonprofit and public agencies during the dramatic social service changes of the 1980s. Secondary analysis of national, cross-sectional surveys of National Association of Social Work members in 1981 and 1989 reveal changes over time and by nonprofit versus public agency auspices regarding sense of professional competencies, working conditions, job stressors, and sense of professional support. Job satisfaction of managers in both sectors is significantly predicted in a multiple regression by a sense of challenge, promotion opportunities, and lack of value conflict in the work they do. The findings also reveal greater concrete rewards but declining promotion opportunities among the nonprofit administrators and a greater sense of challenge but declining income among public agency administrators. The findings suggest several directions for social work education and management training.
Second-Order Cultural Effects of Civil Rights on Southern Nonprofit Organizations: The Atlanta YMCAs
Authors: Blau Judith R. , Heying Charles , Feinberg Joseph R.
Published: March 2007

Mayer Zald identified the mechanisms of adjustment that allowed the Chicago Young Men's Christian Association (YMCA) to adapt to a changing environment. Changes in the YMCA in Atlanta, Georgia, that accompanied a division into an integrated organization for middle class residents and an inner city Black organization also reveal accommodation to environmental flux. However, in this case, the changes were due to the anachronistic persistence of segregation in the South, the strengths of southern, historically Black institutions and traditions, and the transformation of cultural understandings that accompanied the civil rights movement. Years of acrimony, alternating with stalemate, led to a solution that pernitted the survival of both organizations. It is in the cultural environment of the South that similar arrangements develop between historically Black colleges and predominantly White colleges and universities. During the 1990s, by law (and often by circumstances of geography), historically Black institutions include Whites but are recognized as uniquely serving Black constituents.
Efficiency of Fund-Raising Activities: An Application of Data Envelopment Analysis
Authors: Luksetich William , Hughes Patricia Nold
Published: March 2007

Nonprofit institutions rely heavily on unearned income to fund their activities. This unearned income arrives in the form of donations from the public and business, as well as grants from foundations and governmental agencies. Within any organization, decisions on the efficient allocation of resources are crucial. This is especially true in not-for-profit enterprises for whom the opportunities to earn income are limited and reliance on donations and grants is therefore paramount. In this article, we test the relative efficiency of the developmental spending of 78 symphony orchestras in the United States. The data are from the 1987-1988 American Symphony Orchestra League's Comparative Statistical Reports. We use Data Envelopment Analysis to gauge the relative efficiency of the fund-raising efforts. Orchestras deemed inefficient are given proportional, realizable input reductions that allow production of their current level of donations and grants. Regression analysis is then used to investigate the determinants of efficiency, holding constant orchestra and demographic characteristics.
`Children in South Africa Can Make a Difference'
Authors: GRIESEL R. DEV , SWART-KRUGER JILL , CHAWLA LOUISE
Published: March 2007

The article presents the evaluation of two Johannesburg sites of `Growing Up in Cities', a project that involves children in documenting and improving their urban environments, with respect to the effect of project participation. Participating children and their parents were surveyed or interviewed regarding the project's value and effect on the children. In addition, the children were measured on scales of self-esteem, locus of control and self-efficacy, and compared with control groups. The results of the evaluation are summarized, and claims about the value of children's participation in community development are critically reviewed.
Introduction
Authors: CONNOLLY MARK , ENNEW JUDITH
Published: March 2007

The public image of street children has acted as a barrier to success in both research into their lives and programmes intended for their welfare. On the basis of a review of papers written for a workshop organized to set a new research agenda for street children, it is argued that the emphasis should shift away from attempts to define street children towards analysis of their relationship with street environments. It is suggested that this entails more innovative and ethical research methods, based in participation and action-oriented research as well as being derived from social science theories.
Theory, Method AND Triangulation IN THE Study OF Street Children
Authors: LUCCHINI RICCARDO
Published: March 2007

Comparative study of street children in three Latin American cities has led to a synergism between theory and method. Although the basic approach adopted is symbolic interactionism, a diversity of theories informs a variety of methods. Thus triangulation of methods allows a high degree of reliability in qualitative research that aims to explore children's own perspectives.
The Reality of Child Participation in Research
Authors: KEFYALEW FIREW
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to examine the reality of implementing child participation in research in Ethiopia. Research methods such as observation, interviewing, focus group discussions, questionnaires, checklists, matrices and review of related literature were used with children, professional psychologists and participants of a capacity-building programme on child-centred, participatory research. Results indicate that the newly introduced research methods are found to be useful with children. Results of a matrix exercise indicate that these methods are participatory, innovative, fun, suitable for children and easy to manage. Constraints identified by the trainees included: finance, time and the way these methods raise expectations.
Learning to be Friends
Authors: JAMES ALLISON
Published: March 2007

Although the socially constructed character of childhood is now well established, the methodological challenges this raises remain so far relatively unremarked. Drawing on a recent period of fieldwork, carried out among English schoolchildren aged between 4 and 9 years old, this article explores the contribution of participant observation as a research method to the study of childhood. Two key aspects are discussed. Taking children's friendships as its focus, the article argues, first, that participant observation permits a more comprehensive understanding of the process of friendship making than traditional sociometric techniques. Second, it shows that, for the researcher, the remembered experiences of participation and observation allow for a continued reflexive critique to be made of the data, a learning process which patterns the path through which children's friendships are themselves constructed.
When Toddlers Provide Care
Authors: BRÅTEN STEIN
Published: March 2007

Studies of children across cultures and rearing environments reveal that some toddlers offer help and comfort to children in need or distress, while other toddlers are indifferent or even elevate the child's distress. Elements of an explanatory account of prosociality are proposed in terms of an inborn companion space, enabling inclusion of others in felt immediacy and learning by reciprocal participation in the caretaking to which the infant is subjected. This implies a vicious circle of re-enactment towards other children by toddlers who have suffered abuse.
SPIRITUAL CHALLENGES TO CHILDREN FACING VIOLENT TRAUMA
Authors: GARBARINO JAMES , BEDARD CLAIRE
Published: March 2007

This article reviews research and theory dealing with the intersection of the developmental psychology of trauma and spirituality. The central hypothesis is that the experience of childhood traumatization functions as a kind of `reverse religious experience', a process combining overwhelming arousal and overwhelming cognitions that threatens core `meaningfulness' for the child. In addition to reviewing the role of religion in spiritual development, it offers some general principles for action and action research to understand better the role of spirituality in the traumatization and healing of children. Research implications include the need to study the life path of violent youth as a strategy for understanding the role of spirituality in preventing social problems among high risk children. The discussion is based upon the authors' formal and informal fieldwork and research with children in war zones, violent youth and street children in several regions of the world over the last 10 years, in which trauma and spiritual development have been a major focus.
Childhood in National Consciousness and National Consciousness in Childhood
Authors: KOESTER DAVID
Published: March 2007

This article examines the place of national imagery and the experience of the nation in childhood. A comparison is drawn between such experiences in Iceland and Kamchatka, Russia. The ways in which these experiences become resources for expressing a distinct national identity is described.
Rational Action and Political Activity
Authors: Verba Sidney , Schlozman Kay L. , Brady Henry E.
Published: March 2007

Rational actor theory and the facts of political participation have long been in an uneasy relationship. Many citizens vote and take part in other political activities when theory would predict that they would take a free ride. This paper draws on several analyses of citizen participation for some of which rational actor theory is quite useful and for others it is less so. It attempts to specify the conditions under which the theory is applicable. It concludes that rational actor theory is more potent when applied to issues of cost rather than benefits or when the goals of participation can be specified in a clear manner and one can measure their degree of attainment.
The Uneasy Relationship between Empirical and Normative Types in Consociational Theory
Authors: Bogaards Matthijs
Published: March 2007

Consociationalism has enriched comparative politics with a whole lineage of non-majoritarian types of democracy: from consociational democracy to consensus democracy and power-sharing. This article unravels the development, interaction and succession of empirical and normative typologies in 30 years of consociational literature as embodied in the work of Lijphart. It argues that consociational theory is plagued by serious conceptual problems which remain undetected by current inquiries into proper concept formation. The problem lies both in Lijphart's empirical typology of democracies and in the presence of a complementary but incongruent normative typology. The conclusion is that in the end the two kinds of typology weaken instead of strengthen each other and lay bare fundamental weaknesses in consociational theory. It is suggested that the empirical investigation of the normative rival types of consociational and majoritarian democracy, properly defined and operationalized, should be at the heart of new research strategies.
Incumbency Advantage, Voter Loyalty and the Benefit of the Doubt
Authors: Feld Scott L. , Grofman Bernard
Published: March 2007

The standard Downsian model of two-party competition cannot account for the well-known fact that incumbents rarely lose elections. This paper modifies the model to take account of the tendency for voters to give the incumbent the `benefit of the doubt'; i.e. voters may vote for an incumbent even when they prefer the policies of the challenger. We show that if all of the voters give the incumbent a very small benefit of the doubt, or if only a few voters give a larger benefit of the doubt, the incumbent may become invulnerable to defeat by any challenger, especially if his position is a relatively central one relative to voter ideal points. We also show that taking account of voter willingness to give some form of benefit of the doubt to incumbents also helps us to understand why politics deviates from the standard Downsian model in two other ways: (1) tweedledum-tweedledee politics is uncommon, and (2) incumbents often win by much larger than bare majorities. Data on attitudes toward government jobs policy and on US involvement in Central America, as reported in the 1984 NES survey, are used to illustrate that the more centrally located the incumbent, the smaller the benefits of the doubt that are required to ensure re-election. In an Appendix we present a number of new and useful theorems about the stability properties of situations in which voters provide incumbents with some form of benefit of the doubt. Our results show how voter willingness to give incumbents benefit of the doubt can make incumbents, especially centrally located ones, virtually impossible to defeat. Thus, `benefits of the doubt' serve to reduce competition and deter entry.
Game Theory's Basic Question: Who Is a Player?
Authors: Güth Werner
Published: March 2007

The paper introduces and discusses some of the most important conceptual ideas in game theory by exploring their implicit answer to the question: Who is a player? It will be illustrated that some of the most celebrated results in game theory rely on different notions of a player, global players or more independent local decision-makers. The examples are the durable monopoly game, the Folk Theorem for supergames, forward induction solutions for outside option games and games with incomplete information. We also discuss the empirical relevance of the game theoretic concepts, mostly by briefly reviewing some related experimental results.
Totalitarianism, Model Mania and Learning from Error
Authors: Sartori Giovanni
Published: March 2007

This article is conceived as a learning from error exercise under the assumption that unless we take stock of our past mistakes we are bound to repeat them. The notion of totalitarianism appears to serve this purpose well. It is shown, (i) that totalitarianism was dismissed prematurely for wrong reasons, (ii) that its successor concepts have been wrongly conceived as `models', and (iii) that model mania had developed to a point of harming our understanding. The exercise is retrospective in order to be prospective. Thus, totalitarianism is revisited to illustrate the analytic handling of typological constructs and to buttress the general point that political science has backed itself into a number of blind alleys.
Cultural Theory and the New Institutionalism
Authors: Grendstad Gunnar , Selle Per
Published: March 2007

In addressing concepts like rationality, functionalism and preference formation, various branches of the new institutionalism are `united by little but a common scepticism towards atomistic accounts of social processes and a common conviction that institutional arrangements and social processes matter'. Great bulks of neoinstitutional thinking are also found within cultural theory which as yet have hardly been acknowledged by the neoinstitutionalists. Although these discrete theories to some extent use similar concepts differently, some applications of these concepts by cultural theory seem so similar to mainstream neoinstitutionalism that we may grant cultural theory the initial status of being an institutional theory. Cultural theory partly pre-empts the criticism raised by the new institutionalists by pinning down endogenous preference formation and by contextually repatriating concepts like functionalism and rationality. Moreover, cultural theory's typological approach can be assessed as a very promising version of the new institutionalism.
Crisis Initiation and Misperception
Authors: Mor Ben D.
Published: March 2007

This paper applies a theory-of-moves game model to analyze the effects of misperception on crisis initiation. The analysis indicates that the effects of misperception on initiation vary across player types and their level of dissatisfaction with the status quo: the initiation behavior of hard-line and middle-line players is adversely affected - they initiate crises they would otherwise avoid - at low and moderate levels of dissatisfaction, but not at high levels, where dissatisfaction is a sufficient condition for initiation; softline initiators, on the other hand, are nearly always adversely affected. Misperception may also result in noninitiation, which may be detrimental to satisfied players who wish to protect the status quo but beneficent to would-be targets. These conclusions, which support prior game-theoretic work, have important implications for deterrence and crisis-prevention strategies.
The 1993 Constitution of the Republic of South Africa - The Constitutional Court
Authors: O'Malley Kierin
Published: March 2007

The South African interim constitution (Act 200 of 1993) provides inter alia for a supposedly independent Constitutional Court which is mandated to act as the guardian of the post-apartheid constitutional dispensation.

This Court is granted extensive powers of judicial review by the interim constitution. In an attempt to make a distinct break from the previous political and constitutional dispensation, a centralized constitutional court model has been chosen. This has been done in spite of the country's common-law tradition and a general preference for a decentralized model which existed in the early periods of the 1990-93 transition period.

The appointment process spelt out in the interim constitution appears unlikely to guarantee a politically independent court. This is borne out by the initial composition of the court which is strongly biased in favour of the majority party in the Government of National Unity, the African National Congress. A high degree of judicial activism and the politicization of the court and South African constitutional law appears likely.
The Dynamics of Eu Growth
Authors: Page Edward C. , Dimitrakopoulos Dionyssis
Published: March 2007

Since the European Union is a law-intensive organization, growth of EU activity can best be assessed by the growth of regulation rather than by growth in expenditure or personnel. Moreover, the character of EU decision-making means that traditional explanations of policy growth have to be substantially adapted before they can be applied to the EU. An empirical analysis of all legislation ever issued by the EU and its predecessors tests a number of hypotheses relating to EU growth. While there is limited evidence for supporting the view that Commissioners can have an important impact on the scale and pace of legislation, the evidence suggests a trend towards an increasing preponderance of state-building legislation - legislation which applies general principles to specific functional policy areas.
Blame, Game Theory and Economic policy
Authors: Anand Paul
Published: March 2007

Two case-studies are used to suggest that political sensitivity to blame has important consequences for the design and success of economic policy. The note begins with some remarks indicating how blame might be modelled in the standard noncooperative game-theoretic framework.
The Empirical Content of Rational Choice Theory
Authors: Cox Gary W.
Published: March 2007

Green and Shapiro have argued that rational choice theory has produced virtually no new propositions about politics that have been carefully tested and not found wanting; and that an empirically successful rational choice theory would be no more universal than the middle-level theories that they advocate. In this essay I argue four main points. First, Pathologies of Rational Choice Analysis was much better designed to illustrate methodological failings than to sustain a global claim that rational choice theory has made no empirical contributions. Second, there is empirically confirmed content specific to rational choice theory, enough to make it the vital and exciting research program that it is. Third, there is a sense in which rational choice is more universal than its predecessors. Fourth, to provide a full evaluation of the scientific value of any theory one needs to consider both theoretical and empirical success.
Grünbaum's Tally Argument
Authors: Esterson Allen
Published: March 2007

Adolf Grünbaum contends that he has discovered in Freud's writings a hitherto overlooked thesis (the Tally Argument), enunciated by Freud to underwrite his psychoanalytic method of clinical investigation. (The Foundations of Psycho analysis, 1984:127-72). He claims that until at least 1917, and possibly up to 1926, Freud invoked the unique efficacy of analytic therapy to vindicate the Freudian theory of personality, including the specific aetiologies of the psychoneuroses and the general theory of psychosexual development ( Foun dations : 140-1). In this article I shall argue (1) that the Tally Argument itself is defective, and (2) that Freud did not invoke it as Grünbaum claims. In short, I shall argue that Grünbaum's Tally Argument thesis is untenable and, as a corollary, that his depiction of Freud as a 'sophisticated scientific methodologist' is misconceived.
Baldwin, Cattell and the Psychological Review: a collaboration and its discontents
Authors: Sokal Michael M.
Published: March 2007

This paper provides a detailed account of the origins of the Psycho logical Review in 1894, of the policies and practices of its editors (James Mark Baldwin and James McKeen Cattell) during its first decade, and of the public and private disagreements that led them to dissolve their collaboration in 1904. In doing so, it sheds light on the significant roles played by specialized scientific journals in the development of specific scientific specialities, and illustrates the value for historical exploration of (what anthropologists call) a 'thick description' of (what historians call) 'the fine texture of the past'. It argues that personal factors such as luck and character and temperament often have a greater impact on the way in which science actually evolves than do intellectual interests and concerns, and concludes with an analysis of the overwhelming signifi cance of this episode on the later careers of both Baldwin and Cattell.
Mediations of the female imaginary and symbolic
Authors: Campbell Jan
Published: March 2007

Many critics view Irigaray's work as an extension or deconstruction of a Lacanian paradigm. Few actually analyse it as a direct challenge to Lacanian concepts of symbolic subjectivity, and the consequent, alternative framework this would envisage. This article discusses a poss ible beyond the phallus, in relation to mediating concepts of the female imaginary and symbolic within her work, and an understanding of the female imaginary and symbolic within different feminist interpretations of the maternal imaginary and symbolic, arguing that the imaginary is crucial in delineating a non-separatist cultural sublimation of female desire. Feminist revisions of the Oedipal by Jessica Benjamin and Kaja Silverman are examined in relation to the question of a maternal imagin ary and symbolic. Irigaray objects to Silverman's privileging of a Lacan ian concept of symbolic castration because it cannot negotiate between the literal relation to the body, and the metaphors and language of our cultural symbolic. Her female imaginary and symbolic provide this mediating link in direct challenge to the overly literal penis of Freud's castration complex and the essentially metaphorical nature of Lacan's phallus. Her mediation is related to the work of diverse psychoanalytic thinkers such as Andrew Samuels, Cornelius Castoriadis and Anthony Elliott. Returning to a feminist reading by Margaret Whitford, this article finally negates a Lacanian understanding of these structures and goes on to explore Irigaray's creative bodily imaginary, within two of her papers on analytic practice. Elaboration of a bodily and creative imaginary within the clinical setting can represent necessary mediation between real and symbolic and between the psyche and culture: this HISTORY OF THE HUMAN SCIENCES Vol. 10 No. 2 @ 1997 SAGE Publications (London, Thousand Oaks and New Delhi) pp. 41-60 [0952-6951(199705)10:2] mediation is personified through the hysteric, not through the Oedipal Law of the Father, which is finally the key question in culturally locat ing female desire, thereby connecting the theory of psychoanalysis with practice and with history.
Urban solid waste management in Bandung: towards an integrated resource recovery system
Authors: Poerbo Hasan
Published: March 2007

Urban solid waste management in Bandung: towards an integrated resource recovery system describes the action-research undertaken in Bandung to develop new ways of working with scavenging communities to recover or recycle urban wastes in a decentralized network of resource centres. It details how, for social, economic and ecological reasons, these seem more appropriate than conventional, centralized waste management systems.
The struggle to legitimize subsistence: women and sustainable development
Authors: Lee-Smith Diana , Trujillo Catalina Hinchey
Published: March 2007

The struggle to legitimize subsistence: women and sustainable development argues that this careful management of resources for human sustainment would seem to be a useful paradigm for planetary ecological management, but the central role that subsistence production takes in the world economy has been ignored. The authors show how women are generally responsible for most subsistence production and it is they who suffer as laws, commercial pressures or development plans deny them access to the resources on which such production is based.
The international transfer of urban technology: does the North have anything to offer for the global environmental crisis?
Authors: White Rodney R.
Published: March 2007

The international transfer of urban technology: does the North have anything to offer for the global environmental crisis? explores the contradictions posed by the North's insistence on the primacy of the "new" atmospheric problems at a time when the vast majority of the world's people still struggle with the far more immediate environmental problems of inadequate water, food and shelter. The paper also compares and contrasts the environmental priorities in Toronto and Dakar.
Attributes of informal settlements affecting their vulnerability to eviction; a study of Bangkok
Authors: Khan Shahed Anwer
Published: March 2007

Attributes of informal settlements affectig their vulerability to eviction: a study of Bangkok's Informal settlements considers what makes an informal or illegal settlement in Bangkok susceptible to eviction by comparing characteristics ofthose settlements from which inhabitants were evicted between 1984 and 1988 with settlements which were not. It considers the extent to which such factors as the size of settlement, distance from city centre, age, level of illegality, degree of community organization, and the extent to which the inhabitants feel threatened by eviction are related to whether the inhabitants are evitced or not.
Katchi abadis: living on the edge
Authors: Fernandes Kenneth
Published: March 2007

Katchi abads: living on the edge describes sorne recent evictions in Karachi and why they took place despite an official policy which seeks to regularze (legalize) and upgrade sq ater settlements (katchi abadis). The paper also describes the consequences of eviction for poor families and what is needed to orestall a growing number of violent evictions.
Whose common future: reclaiming the commons
Authors:   The Ecologist
Published: March 2007

Whose common future: reclaiming the commons describes how one of the main forces underlying evictions in both urban and rural areas is the enclosure of land and other resources which had previously been managed by local communities. This enclosure not only destroys homes, settlements and (in many instances) livelihoods but also undermines the institutions and cultural pattern that protected "common properties". The paper argues that people and their commumnity organizations must reclaim the right to use, maintain and control local resources as a precondition for sustainable development.
An odd kind of melancholy: reflections on the glass delusion in Europe (1440-1680
Authors: Speak Gill
Published: March 2007

A history of psychiatry, says Tellenbach, should ideally be a 'history of problems', describing not only abnormal psychic states, but also historical attitudes towards them, by recourse to ideological and sociological factors. This research should then lead to rediscoveries of the past, often conceived as new revelations. In accordance with these premises, the present study describes the glass delusion of Early Modern Europe, not as a series of isolated cases, but viewed within a contemporary cultural setting, for the Glass Man's cry of pain is only truly audible through the layman's literature. A brief survey of modern variants on this delusion reveals that man's preoc cupation with the problem of body-soul remains largely unchanged.
Phrenitis: inflammation of the mind and the body
Authors: Sakai Akio
Published: March 2007

The term 'phrenitis', as employed in ancient Greece, refers to acute inflammation of mind and body, not in a theoretical but in a descriptive sense. Its presumed seat was never anatomically or conceptually well determined. Although the term is no longer used in the clinical sciences it provides modern psychiatry and medicine with an important and forgotten perspective: (1) as an inflammation of the 'mind', phrenitis can be said to represent a fundamental psychopathological state; (2) as an affection reflecting a disturbance of both mind and body it may serve as a starting point for the development of a model of disease where both psychic and somatic manifestations occur.
Chloroform-induced insanity defence confounds lawyer Lincoln
Authors: Spiegel Allen D. , Suskind Peter B.
Published: March 2007

During an 1857 trial, the defence claimed that the accused should be absolved of wilful murder because an overdose of chloroform during surgery induced insanity. In a rare appearance as a prosecutor, Abraham Lincoln tried the case for the State of Illinois. Expert medical witnesses testified about the side effects of chloroform and chloroform-induced insanity. Significantly, Lincoln was not knowledgeable about medical jurisprudence and overlooked potential sources of evidence and expert witnesses. Defence lawyers presented an impressive array of physicians to testify about insanity, about chloroform and about the results of an overdosage during anaesthesia. Considering the state of scientific knowledge at the time, the trial was notable.
Freud and the diagnosis of Gilles de la Tourette's illness
Authors: Kushner Hovuard I.
Published: March 2007

A number of observers recently have taken Freud to task for failing to have diagnosed both Frau Emmy von N.'s (1888-9) involuntary ticcing and vocalizations and Daniel Paul Schreber's (1911) coprolalia and convulsive tics as Tourette's syndrome. None of Freud's critics, however, has placed Freud's understanding of motor and vocal tics in historical context. None seems aware of the contests over the classification of tic symptoms in the 1880s and 1890s, nor do they appreciate the extent to which Charcot and Gilles de la Tourette had conceded that motor and vocal tics, as well as coprolalia, could also appear as symptoms of hysteria.

Freud was studying with Charcot at the Salpetriere in 1885 when Gilles de la Tourette and Charcot laid out the typology for maladie des tics de Gilles de la Tourette and had read Gilles de la Tourette's 1885 article. Freud, unlike his critics, was familiar with contemporary critiques of Gilles de la Tourette's construction of maladie des tics. Both Guinon and Brissaud had insisted, contrary to Gilles de la Tourette's claims, that many tic patients recovered from their symptoms and most never developed coprolalia. Most important, Guinon argued that his tic patients could be hypnotized. And, it was a maxim of Charcot's theory of hysteria that only true hysterics could be hypnotized. By 1893 (when Freud first wrote out his case of Frau Emmy von N.), both Gilles de la Tourette and Charcot had defended themselves against Guinon's claim that convulsive tics were always a symptom of hysteria by distinguishing those tic symptoms that should be classified as 'maladie des tics' from those that accompanied hysteria. Yet, Charcot and Gilles de la Tourette had agreed by 1890 that tic symptoms were possible outcomes of either maladie des tics or of hysteria. What separated those afflicted with 'maladie des tics' from those afflicted with 'hysteria', were particular inherited factors and whether or not the patient could be cured of tics and vocalizations. Thus, within Charcotian terms, Freud was hardly obligated to conclude that his ticcing and cursing patients should have been diagnosed with maladie des tics de Gilles de la Tourette. From this perspective, there was no reason, given even the non-psychoanalytic view of these behaviours, for Freud in 1911 to diagnose Schreber as afflicted with Gilles de Tourette's illness.
Psychiatry as craft
Authors: Watson William
Published: March 2007

A number of essays published in History of Psychiatry are examined which concern the general character of the historiography of psychiatry, and the professional relations between psychiatrist-historians and professional historians. An alternative is offered to the various positions advanced in these essays in which psychiatry is understood as a 'craft'. This conception draws attention to ways in which psychiatric theory is acquired through clinical experience rather than text-based formal education. It is suggested that this creates difficulties of interpretation for the historian of psychiatry, but that these difficulties can be inappropriately exploited by critical historians, who rely on the ambiguity of psychiatric terms to argue that psychiatry has historically been a primarily normative and political enterprise, or at least an intellectually weak and profes sionally greedy one. A more tentative approach to the interpretation of textual sources from the history of psychiatry is suggested. This approach may lead to a less adversarial relationship between psychiatrist-historians and critical professional historians of psychiatry.
Anorexia nervosa as viable behaviour: extreme self-deprivation in historical context
Authors: Liles Elizabeth G. , Woods Stephen C.
Published: March 2007

When anorexia nervosa is considered from a critical historical perspective, several key features emerge. For one, striking similarities can be found between the sociocultural milieux of medieval fasting women and modern anorexics. Although the presentation of self-starvation has changed over the centuries, the syndrome can still be identified and shown to flourish during eras and in societies in which individuals (mainly women) lacked adequate attention, control, respect and/or economic power, and when a socially acceptable avenue for expression existed. In this context, the steady increase in the incidence of anorexia nervosa over the last fifty years is seen to parallel specific cultural and economic events that favoured thinness.
Pride and Prejudice: Identity Management in English People's Talk about `this Country'
Authors: CONDOR SUSAN
Published: March 2007

This article discusses the ways in which a sample of English respondents oriented to the task of formulating an account of their country in an interview context. Attention to both the content and the organizational features of talk suggested that respondents were generally reluctant to be heard to speak about `this country' in categorical terms, to adopt an explicitly national footing or to display a sense of patriotic national pride. They treated all of these as potentially hearable as symptomatic of `typical' Anglo-British xenophobia. In contrast to many extant analyses, which suggest that national discourse may provide a legitimate vehicle for the expression of exclusionary or racist sentiments, it appeared that, for these English respondents in this context, talk about `this country' was often treated as a delicate topic, functionally equivalent to, and subject to the same opprobrium as, talk about `race'. At the same time, however, various features of the respondents' discourse pointed to the presence of banal (Billig, 1995) national referents. Possible interpretations of this are discussed.
Changes in Venezuelan Political Dialogue: The Role of Advertising During Electoral Campaigns
Authors: BOLÍVAR ADRIANA
Published: March 2007

In this article I examine the role of political advertisements in electoral campaigns and show aspects of the political dialogue in Venezuela since 1958, with special reference to the actors involved in the deterioration of the democratic system. The political turn-taking of the traditional parties is described briefly and then three electoral campaigns for electing a President are examined through a sample of 1496 advertisements published in El Nacional. Economic and political changes are discussed in the light of the number and class of texts published in each campaign. The turn-taking for discrediting the opponent is examined in more detail and attention is given to the multi-directional interaction through advertisements. It is claimed that these advertisements form a class of their own and, although they are indicators of the economic power of political groups, more attention must be given to the discourse of the newspaper that houses them.
Against Arbitrariness: The Social Production of the Sign as a Foundational Issue in Critical Discourse Analysis
Authors: Kress Gunther
Published: March 2007

The paper argues that CDA needs the theory of the motivated relation of signifier and signified as an essential foundation and legitimation of the enterprise of critical reading. Such a theory rests on a recognition of the `interest' of producers of signs; their social histories; the micro histories of the production of the sign; including the social structures which constituted the relevant contextual features; the structurings of power at work in the production of signs; the reading/reception regimes in operation at particular points in the reading of signs; the `interests' of readers of signs; particular attention to the question of the boundaries of signs, and their maintenance; and the invariable multi-modality of signs. CDA needs to be clear about the texts which it selects as objects of critical analysis. Ideologically the most effective may be the text which does not overtly declare its ideological constitution, but the bland text.
Challenging a Master Narrative: Peace Protest and Opinion/Editorial Discourse in the US Press During the Gulf War
Authors: Hackett Robert A. , Zhao Yuezhi
Published: March 2007

A textual analysis of an archive of US newspaper articles published during the first two weeks of the Gulf War reveals that three interpretative news frames—the Enemy Within, Marginal Oddity and Legitimate Controversy—dominated press coverage of antiwar protest. Salient textual characteristics (themes, metaphors, argumentation strategies, tone, syntactical and lexical choices) of each frame are discussed, particularly as they were manifested in opinion/editorial commentary. The differential treatment of different voices (moralist, utilitarian, radical) within the peace movement is also analyzed, showing that some perspectives tended to be relatively privileged over others; but more important, the movement as a whole was placed on the defensive in press discourse, compelled to defend its own legitimacy. These patterns of press discourse are related very broadly to America's `master narrative' of war, a narrative which had been threatened by the Vietnam experience.
Popular Public Discourse at Speakers' Corner: Negotiating Cultural Identities in Interaction
Authors: McIlvenny Paul
Published: March 2007

This paper examines how cultural identities are negotiated in popular debate at a multicultural public setting in London. Speakers at Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park manage the local construction of group affiliation, audience response and argument in and through talk, within the context of ethnic, religious and general topical `soapbox' oration. However, audiences are not passive receivers of rhetorical messages. They are active negotiators of interpretations and alignments that may conflict with the speaker's and other audience members' orientations to prior talk. Speakers' Corner is a space in which participant `citizens' in the public sphere can struggle actively over cultural representation and identities. Transcribed examples of video data recorded at Speakers' Corner are examined to show how cultural identity is invoked in the management of active participation. Audiences and their affiliations are regulated and made accountable through the routines of membership categorization and the policing of cultural identities and their imaginary borders.
Chairing Meetings: Turn and Topic Control in Development Communication in Rural Zanzibar
Authors: Hanak Irmi
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a linguistic analysis of the roles and verbal contributions of chairwomen in two agricultural co-operatives in rural Zanzibar. Discourse analysis with a focus on realizations of politeness and powerless speech style is used to study two communicative events. In the first co-operative, the chairwoman controls the meeting through the allocation of turns and topics, as well as the use of her position and its privileges to persuade others of her opinion. In this context, the use of passive voice, subjunctive forms, hedges, the choice of pronouns and address forms is of specific interest to us. In the second co-operative, an Agricultural Extension Officer present in the meeting interferes, practically taking over the task of chairing the meeting. While the chairwoman is forced to defend her position, her irritation and uncertainty are expressed in contributions that contain several characteristics of a powerless speech style. At the same time, the chairwoman's reply to the intrusion shows commitment and emphasis on a point that is crucial to her. In Meeting Two presequences, false starts, changes in the word order, hedges, direct speech, choice of tense and address forms are particularly relevant.
Genocide or a Failure to Gel? Racism, History and Nationalism in Australian Talk
Authors: AUGOUSTINOS MARTHA , TUFFIN KEITH , RAPLEY MARK
Published: March 2007

In a context of wide media attention to public debates about the social, political and epistemic entitlements of different groups within Australian society, an understanding of the rhetorical resources and the discursive work doen by differing constructions of `race', has become an important local issue. This article examines data from discussions between two groups of (non-indigenous) university students on a range of contemporary issues concerning race relations in Australia. Participants drew on four common discursive themes when discussing Aboriginal people. These were: an imperialist narrative of Australian history exculpatory of colonialism; an economic-rationalist/neo-liberal discourse of `productivity' and entitlement managing accountability for a contemporary Aboriginal `plight'; a local discourse of balance and even-handedness which discounted the seriousness of discrimination and racism in Australia; and a nationalist discourse stressing the necessity of all members collectively identifying as `Australian'. These interpretative resources are illustrated and discussed in terms of their rhetorical organization and social consequences. The international pervasiveness of a range of modern racist tropes and the local cultural specificity of their working-up are discussed.