bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A scattering rate model for accelerated evaluation of lattice thermal conductivity bypassing anharmonic force constants
Authors: Xie Han , Yan Jiahao , Gu Xiaokun , Bao Hua
Published: May 2019

Predicting the lattice thermal conductivity from the atomic structure is important to many scientific and engineering applications. However, the state-of-the-art method based on first-principles calculations of the three-phonon scattering process is bound with high computational cost, while semiempirical models such as the Slack equation are less accurate. In this work, we examined the theoretical background of the commonly used computational models for thermal conductivity evaluation and proposed an improved quasiharmonic model based on an early approximation for three-phonon scattering strength. This model has significantly reduced computational cost as compared to the full anharmonic lattice dynamics calculations but retains a fairly good quantitative accuracy comparing to many semiempirical models. It also allows one to include normal processes in phonon-phonon scattering and obtain the phonon relaxation times.
Resonant phonon modes in fullerene functionalized graphene lead to large tunability of thermal conductivity without impacting the mechanical properties
Authors: Giri Ashutosh , Hopkins Patrick E.
Published: May 2019

We investigate the effects of fullerene functionalization on the thermal transport properties of graphene monolayers via atomistic simulations. Our systematic molecular dynamics simulations reveal that the thermal conductivity of pristine graphene can be lowered by more than an order of magnitude at room temperature (and as much as by ∼93% as compared to the thermal conductivity of pristine graphene) via the introduction of covalently bonded fullerenes on the surface of the graphene sheets. We demonstrate large tunability in the thermal conductivity by the inclusion of covalently bonded fullerene molecules at different periodic inclusions, and we attribute the large reduction in thermal conductivities to a combination of resonant phonon localization effects, leading to band anticrossings and vibrational scattering at the sp3 bonded carbon atoms. The torsional force exerted by the fullerene molecules on the graphene sheets and the number of covalent bonds formed between the two carbon allotropes is shown to significantly affect the heat flow across the hybrid structures, while the size of the fullerene molecules is shown to have a negligible effect on their thermal properties. Moreover, we show that even for a large surface coverage, the mechanical properties of these novel materials are uncompromised. Taken together, our work reveals a unique way to manipulate vibrational thermal transport without the introduction of lattice defects, which could potentially lead to high thermoelectric efficiencies in these materials.
RGB laser speckles based 3D profilometry
Authors: Zhong Fuqiang , Kumar Ravi , Quan Chenggen
Published: May 2019

Laser speckle is becoming popular for encoding objects for 3D profile reconstructions. However, the measurement accuracy of laser speckles based stereophotogrammetry is often not high due to the subjective speckles formed on the sensor plane of the camera. In this letter, we propose a method to enhance the measurement accuracy by encoding the surface of the object using red, green, and blue (RGB) laser speckles which are generated when a combined RGB laser beam passes through a ground glass diffuser. A 3CCD color camera is utilized to capture the object from two different perspectives. Interestingly, there is no crosstalk between different channels. Hence, the proposed system is practically equivalent to three synchronized monochrome vision systems having separate red, green, and blue laser speckle projections. Correspondences located by the RGB speckle image correlation are more accurate, because the structured information in the color image is three times that in the monochrome image. Experimental results validate the higher accuracy of the proposed method against the conventional method using monochrome laser speckles. Moreover, the motion robustness of the proposed method is verified on the measurement of the moving objects.
Non-equilibrium steady-state colloidal assembly dynamics
Authors: Coughlan Anna C. H. , Torres-Díaz Isaac , Zhang Jianli , Bevan Michael A.
Published: May 2019

Simulations and experiments are reported for nonequilibrium steady-state assembly of small colloidal crystal clusters in rotating magnetic fields vs frequency and amplitude. High-dimensional trajectories of particle coordinates from image analysis of experiments and from Stokesian Dynamic computer simulations are fit to low-dimensional reaction coordinate based Fokker-Planck and Langevin equations. The coefficients of these equations are effective energy and diffusivity landscapes that capture configuration-dependent energy and friction for nonequilibrium steady-state dynamics. Two reaction coordinates that capture condensation and anisotropy of dipolar chains folding into crystals are sufficient to capture high-dimensional experimental and simulated dynamics in terms of first passage time distributions. Our findings illustrate how field-mediated nonequilibrium steady-state colloidal assembly dynamics can be modeled to interpret and design pathways toward target microstructures and morphologies.
Dielectric 2-bit coding metasurface for electromagnetic wave manipulation
Authors: Shao Linda , Zhu Weiren , Leonov Mikhail Yu , Rukhlenko Ivan D.
Published: May 2019

The recent advent of digital coding metasurfaces notably simplifies the design of functional devices, enabling one to manipulate electromagnetic waves in exotic ways using specifically arranged coding elements representing discrete phase states. Here, we propose a design of dielectric coding metasurface with diverse functionalities, which are achieved by encoding the metasurface unit cells with different coding sequences. As proofs of concept, we demonstrate the possibility of realizing five distinct functionalities for the normal incidence of plane microwaves: anomalous reflection, multibeam generation, diffuse scattering, beam focusing, and vortex beam generation. The near-field distributions and far-field scattering patterns are obtained by full-wave numerical simulations to analyze the behavior of the waves in each of the cases and illustrate our general theoretical predictions.
Multichannel remote polarization control enabled by nanostructured liquid crystalline networks
Authors: Zanotto Simone , Sgrignuoli Fabrizio , Nocentini Sara , Martella Daniele , Parmeggiani Camilla , Wiersma Diederik S.
Published: May 2019

In this article, we demonstrate that a grating fabricated through nanoscale volumetric cross-linking of a liquid crystalline polymer enables remote polarization control over the diffracted channels. This functionality is a consequence of the responsivity of liquid crystal networks upon light stimuli. Tuning of the photonic response of the device is achieved thanks to both a refractive index and a shape change of the grating elements induced by a molecular rearrangement under irradiation. In particular, the material anisotropy allows for nontrivial polarization state management over multiple beams. The absence of any liquid component and a time response down to 0.2 ms make our device appealing in the fields of polarimetry and optical communications.
Rotation braking with n = 1 nonaxisymmetric magnetic perturbation in the EAST tokamak
Authors: Li X. Y. , Sun Y. W. , Wang H. H. , Zang Q. , Li Y. Y. , Liu H. Q. , Shi T. H. , Li G. Q. , Hao B. L. , Gu S. , Shen B.
Published: May 2019

The toroidal plasma rotation braking effect during the application of n = 1 static resonant magnetic perturbation is studied by momentum transport analysis in the EAST tokamak. The braking torque shows a global profile and two peaks located near the plasma core and the edge, respectively. The effect of momentum diffusion contributes significantly to the calculated torque. Simulation results with the obtained torque and momentum diffusion coefficients well reproduce the observed plasma rotation evolution. Neoclassical toroidal viscosity (NTV) torque is modeled for comparison with the experimental torque. The total integrated NTV torque is around −0.12 Nm, which is comparable to the observed braking torque (around −0.33 Nm). In the plasma edge, there is a peak in the NTV torque profile, which agrees well in amplitude with the obvious peak in the observed torque density profile. An additional peak in the NTV torque profile due to the ion bounce resonance is also located in the core region. However, the magnitude of this peak is much smaller than the observed one near the plasma core.
Once-daily Doravirine for Initial Treatment of Adults Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus–1: An Integrated Safety Analysis
Authors: Thompson Melanie , Orkin Chloe , Molina Jean-Michel , Sax Paul , Cahn Pedro , Squires Kathleen , Xu Xia , Rodgers Anthony , Kumar Sushma , Teppler Hedy , Martin Elizabeth , Hanna George , Hwang Carey
Published: May 2019

Background

A prespecified integrated safety analysis was conducted for 3 doravirine (DOR) double-blind trials (Phase IIb: P007 [NCT01632345]; Phase III: DRIVE-FORWARD [NCT02275780] and DRIVE-AHEAD [NCT02403674]).

Methods

DOR (100 mg) arms from these trials were compared with darunavir plus ritonavir (DRV+r) in DRIVE-FORWARD and efavirenz (EFV) in P007 and DRIVE-AHEAD. Background therapies were emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (FTC/TDF) in P007; abacavir/lamivudine (ABC/3TC) or FTC/TDF in DRIVE-FORWARD; and 3TC/TDF for DOR and FTC/TDF for EFV in DRIVE-AHEAD. The primary endpoint was the proportion of participants discontinuing due to adverse events (AEs) through Week 48.

Results

Discontinuation rates due to AEs were similar for participants on DOR and DRV+r (2.5% vs 3.1%, respectively) and lower for those on DOR than for those on EFV (2.5% vs 6.6%, respectively). Rates of drug-related AEs for DOR, DRV+r, and EFV were 30.9%, 32.1%, and 61.4%, respectively. In an analysis of DOR versus EFV, the treatment difference for discontinuations due to AEs was −3.4%, favoring DOR (95% confidence interval −6.2 to −0.8; P = .012). Fewer participants experienced neuropsychiatric AEs on DOR than on EFV (25.0% vs 55.9%, respectively), and fewer experienced diarrhea on DOR than on DRV+r (12.4% vs 22.5%, respectively). Changes from baseline in most lipid parameters also favored DOR.

Conclusions

At Week 48, DOR at 100 mg had a favorable safety profile compared with EFV or DRV+r and a favorable tolerability profile compared with EFV.

Clinical Trials Registration

NCT01632345; NCT02275780 and NCT02403674.
Evaluation of a real-time magnetic resonance imaging-guided electrophysiology system for structural and electrophysiological ventricular tachycardia substrate assessment
Authors: Mukherjee Rahul K , Costa Caroline Mendonca , Neji Radhouene , Harrison James L , Sim Iain , Williams Steven E , Whitaker John , Chubb Henry , O’Neill Louisa , Schneider Rainer , Lloyd Tom , Pohl Thomas , Roujol Sébastien , Niederer Steven A , Razavi Reza , O’Neill Mark D
Published: May 2019

Aims

Potential advantages of real-time magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided electrophysiology (MR-EP) include contemporaneous three-dimensional substrate assessment at the time of intervention, improved procedural guidance, and ablation lesion assessment. We evaluated a novel real-time MR-EP system to perform endocardial voltage mapping and assessment of delayed conduction in a porcine ischaemia–reperfusion model.

Methods and results

Sites of low voltage and slow conduction identified using the system were registered and compared to regions of late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) on MRI. The Sorensen–Dice similarity coefficient (DSC) between LGE scar maps and voltage maps was computed on a nodal basis. A total of 445 electrograms were recorded in sinus rhythm (range: 30–186) using the MR-EP system including 138 electrograms from LGE regions. Pacing captured at 103 sites; 47 (45.6%) sites had a stimulus-to-QRS (S-QRS) delay of ≥40 ms. Using conventional (0.5–1.5 mV) bipolar voltage thresholds, the sensitivity and specificity of voltage mapping using the MR-EP system to identify MR-derived LGE was 57% and 96%, respectively. Voltage mapping had a better predictive ability in detecting LGE compared to S-QRS measurements using this system (area under curve: 0.907 vs. 0.840). Using an electrical threshold of 1.5 mV to define abnormal myocardium, the total DSC, scar DSC, and normal myocardium DSC between voltage maps and LGE scar maps was 79.0 ± 6.0%, 35.0 ± 10.1%, and 90.4 ± 8.6%, respectively.

Conclusion

Low-voltage zones and regions of delayed conduction determined using a real-time MR-EP system are moderately associated with LGE areas identified on MRI.
Ecdysteroidogenesis in Heliothis virescens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): Recombinant Prothoracicotropic Hormone and Brain Extract Show Comparable Effects
Authors: Nardiello Marisa , Salvia Rosanna , Scala Andrea , Scieuzo Carmen , Bufo Sabino Aurelio , Franco Antonio , Vogel Heiko , di Somma Angela , Duilio Angela , Falabella Patrizia
Published: May 2019

Prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) is a neuropeptide that triggers a cascade of events within the prothoracic gland (PG) cells, leading to the activation of all the crucial enzymes involved in ecdysone biosynthesis, the main insect steroid hormone. Studies concerning ecdysteroidogenesis predicted PTTH action using brain extract (BE), consisting in a complex mixture in which some components positively or negatively interfere with PTTH-stimulated ecdysteroidogenesis. Consequently, the integration of these opposing factors in steroidogenic tissues leads to a complex secretory pattern. A recombinant form of prothoracicotropic hormone (rPTTH) from the tobacco budworm Heliothis virescens (F.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) was expressed and purified to perform in vitro tests in a standard and repeatable manner. A characterization of rPTTH primary and secondary structures was performed. The ability of rPTTH and H. virescens BE to stimulate ecdysteroidogenesis was investigated on the third day of fifth larval stage. rPTTH activity was compared with the BE mixture by enzyme immunoassay and western blot, revealing that they equally stimulate the production of significant amount of ecdysone, through a transduction cascade that includes the TOR pathway, by the phosphorylation of 4E binding protein (4E-BP) and S6 kinase (S6K), the main targets of TOR protein. The results of these experiments suggest the importance of obtaining a functional pure hormone to perform further studies, not depending on the crude brain extract, composed by different elements and susceptible to different uncontrollable variables.
Integration of sulfate assimilation with carbon and nitrogen metabolism in transition from C3 to C4 photosynthesis
Authors: Jobe Timothy O , Zenzen Ivan , Rahimzadeh Karvansara Parisa , Kopriva Stanislav
Published: May 2019

The first product of sulfate assimilation in plants, cysteine, is a proteinogenic amino acid and a source of reduced sulfur for plant metabolism. Cysteine synthesis is the convergence point of the three major pathways of primary metabolism: carbon, nitrate, and sulfate assimilation. Despite the importance of metabolic and genetic coordination of these three pathways for nutrient balance in plants, the molecular mechanisms underlying this coordination, and the sensors and signals, are far from being understood. This is even more apparent in C4 plants, where coordination of these pathways for cysteine synthesis includes the additional challenge of differential spatial localization. Here we review the coordination of sulfate, nitrate, and carbon assimilation, and show how they are altered in C4 plants. We then summarize current knowledge of the mechanisms of coordination of these pathways. Finally, we identify urgent questions to be addressed in order to understand the integration of sulfate assimilation with carbon and nitrogen metabolism particularly in C4 plants. We consider answering these questions to be a prerequisite for successful engineering of C4 photosynthesis into C3 crops to increase their efficiency.
Variability in the redox status of plant 2-Cys peroxiredoxins in relation to species and light cycle
Authors: Cerveau Delphine , Henri Patricia , Blanchard Laurence , Rey Pascal
Published: May 2019

Plant 2-Cys peroxiredoxins (2-CysPRXs) are abundant plastidial thiol-peroxidases involved in key signaling processes such as photosynthesis deactivation at night. Their functions rely on the redox status of their two cysteines and on the enzyme quaternary structure, knowledge of which remains poor in plant cells. Using ex vivo and biochemical approaches, we thoroughly characterized the 2-CysPRX dimer/monomer distribution, hyperoxidation level, and thiol content in Arabidopsis, barley, and potato in relation to the light cycle. Our data reveal that the enzyme hyperoxidization level and its distribution as a dimer and monomer vary through the light cycle in a species-dependent manner. A differential susceptibility to hyperoxidation was observed for the two Arabidopsis 2-CysPRX isoforms and among the proteins of the three species, and was associated to sequence variation in hyperoxidation resistance motifs. Alkylation experiments indicate that only a minor fraction of the 2-CysPRX pool carries one free thiol in the three species, and that this content does not change during the light period. We conclude that most plastidial 2-CysPRX forms are oxidized and propose that there is a species-dependent variability in their functions since dimer and hyperoxidized forms fulfill distinct roles regarding direct oxidation of partners and signal transmission.
Exoplanetary Monte Carlo radiative transfer with correlated-k – I. Benchmarking transit and emission observables
Authors: Lee Elspeth , Taylor Jake , Grimm Simon L , Baudino Jean-Loup , Garland Ryan , Irwin Patrick G J , Wood Kenneth
Published: May 2019

Current observational data of exoplanets are providing increasing detail of their 3D atmospheric structures. As characterization efforts expand in scope, the need to develop consistent 3D radiative-transfer methods becomes more pertinent as the complex atmospheric properties of exoplanets are required to be modelled together consistently. We aim to compare the transmission and emission spectra results of a 3D Monte Carlo radiative transfer (MCRT) model to contemporary radiative-transfer suites. We perform several benchmarking tests of an MCRT code, Cloudy Monte Carlo Radiative Transfer (cmcrt), to transmission and emission spectra model output. We add flexibility to the model through the use of k-distribution tables as input opacities. We present a hybrid MCRT and ray tracing methodology for the calculation of transmission spectra with a multiple scattering component. cmcrt compares well to the transmission spectra benchmarks at the 10s of ppm level. Emission spectra benchmarks are consistent to within 10 per cent of the 1D models. We suggest that differences in the benchmark results are likely caused by geometric effects between plane-parallel and spherical models. In a practical application, we post-process a cloudy 3D HD 189733b GCM model and compare to available observational data. Our results suggest the core methodology and algorithms of cmcrt produce consistent results to contemporary radiative transfer suites. 3D MCRT methods are highly suitable for detailed post-processing of cloudy and non-cloudy 1D and 3D exoplanet atmosphere simulations in instances where atmospheric inhomogeneities, significant limb effects/geometry or multiple scattering components are important considerations.
Using Nicotine Gum to Assist Nondaily Smokers in Quitting: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Shiffman Saul , Scholl Sarah M , Mao Jason , Ferguson Stuart G , Hedeker Donald , Primack Brian , Tindle Hilary A
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Non-daily intermittent smokers (ITS) comprise 30% of US adult smokers. ITS smoke for nicotine and have trouble quitting, but tend to smoke in particular situations. This study tested the effect of nicotine gum, used to prevent or react to situational temptations, for helping ITS quit.

Methods

ITS (smoking 4–27 days/month) seeking help quitting were randomized to 2 mg nicotine gum (n = 181) or placebo (n = 188), to be used to anticipate or react to temptations to smoke, for 8 weeks. Participants received up to six sessions of behavioral counseling. The primary outcome was 6-month biochemically verified continuous abstinence; analyses also examined 14-day point-prevalence abstinence at multiple time points, and used event-history analyses to assess progression to abstinence, lapsing, and relapsing. Analyses adjusted for group differences in age and baseline smoking, and considered several potential moderators of treatment effects.

Results

Nicotine gum did not significantly improve outcomes on any measure. Biochemically verified 6-month continuous abstinence rates were 7.2% for active gum and 5.3% for placebo (AOR = 1.39, 0.58–3.29, p > .25). ITS with any degree of dependence (Fagerstrom Test of Nicotine Dependence scores >0) showed poorer outcomes on multiple endpoints, and did more poorly on active gum on some outcomes. Gum use was low, starting at 1 gum per day on average and declining over time.

Conclusions

Nicotine gum (2 mg), used intermittently, did not improve cessation rates among ITS, including those demonstrating some degree of dependence.

Implications

Nicotine replacement has been extensively tested with daily smokers, especially those who smoke relatively heavily. Nondaily smoking is now common, creating a need for treatment for ITS. Despite evidence that ITS’ smoking is motivated by nicotine-seeking, a theoretically and empirically derived situational approach to using acute nicotine replacement was not successful at helping ITS quit. Gum use was low; whether higher or more frequent dosing is needed, or whether an entirely different approach is needed, is not clear. Effective treatment options are needed for ITS, especially those with some degree of dependence.
What are neurodevelopmental disorders?
Authors: Ismail Fatima Y. , Shapiro Bruce K.
Published: May 2019

Purpose of review

The purpose of this review is to highlight the origin and evolution of the field of neurodevelopmental disabilities and describe the main construct(s) upon which the current classification of neurodevelopmental disorders is based.

Recent findings

We address the following questions: Are neurodevelopmental disorders independent entities? Why is it desirable to understand the neurobiological substrate for these disorders? What new knowledge have we generated by leveraging advances in neuroscience, genetics, and neuroimaging? And finally, is the current construct, that is based on functional classification, still useful?

As our biological understanding of brain-behavior disorders evolves, we ought to re-evaluate the current classification system and expand it into a multidimensional classification that takes into account behavioral profiles and underlying mechanisms.
A comprehensive large‐scale assessment of fisheries bycatch risk to threatened seabird populations
Authors: Clay Thomas A. , Small Cleo , Tuck Geoffrey N. , Pardo Deborah , Carneiro Ana P. B. , Wood Andrew G. , Croxall John P. , Crossin Glenn T. , Phillips Richard A.
Published: May 2019

Incidental mortality (bycatch) in fisheries remains the greatest threat to many large marine vertebrates and is a major barrier to fisheries sustainability. Robust assessments of bycatch risk are crucial for informing effective mitigation strategies, but are hampered by missing information on the distributions of key life‐history stages (adult breeders and non‐breeders, immatures and juveniles).

Using a comprehensive biologging dataset (1,692 tracks, 788 individuals) spanning all major life‐history stages, we assessed spatial overlap of four threatened seabird populations from South Georgia, with longline and trawl fisheries in the Southern Ocean. We generated monthly population‐level distributions, weighting each life‐history stage according to population age structure based on demographic models. Specifically, we determined where and when birds were at greatest potential bycatch risk, and from which fleets.

Overlap with both pelagic and demersal longline fisheries was highest for black‐browed albatrosses, then white‐chinned petrels, wandering and grey‐headed albatrosses, whereas overlap with trawl fisheries was highest for white‐chinned petrels.

Hotspots of fisheries overlap occurred in all major ocean basins, but particularly the south‐east and south‐west Atlantic Ocean (longline and trawl) and south‐west Indian Ocean (pelagic longline). Overlap was greatest with pelagic longline fleets in May–September, when fishing effort south of 25°S is highest, and with demersal and trawl fisheries in January–June. Overlap scores were dominated by particular fleets: pelagic longline—Japan, Taiwan; demersal longline and trawl—Argentina, Namibia, Falklands, South Africa; demersal longline—Convention for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) waters, Chile, New Zealand.

Synthesis and applications. We provide a framework for calculating appropriately weighted population‐level distributions from biologging data, which we recommend for future fisheries bycatch risk assessments. Many regions of high spatial overlap corresponded with high seabird bycatch rates recorded by on‐board observers, indicating that our approach reliably mapped relative bycatch risk at large spatial scales. Implementation of effective bycatch mitigation in these high‐risk regions varies considerably. Although potential bycatch risk appears to have decreased since the early 2000s, albatross and petrel populations from South Georgia and elsewhere are still declining, emphasizing the need for much improved observer coverage and monitoring of compliance with bycatch regulations.
Efficacy of a home‐based platform for child‐to‐child interaction on hand motor function in unilateral cerebral palsy
Authors: Nuara Arturo , Avanzini Pietro , Rizzolatti Giacomo , Fabbri‐Destro Maddalena
Published: May 2019

Aim

To evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of an action observation treatment (AOT) home‐based platform promoting child‐to‐child interaction to improve hand motor function in unilateral cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

Twenty children (14 males, six females; mean age 6y 7mo, standard deviation 1y 7mo; range 5y 1mo–10y 6mo) with unilateral CP underwent 20 sessions where they had to observe and then imitate a wizard performing dexterity‐demanding magic tricks; a child‐to‐child live video‐session to practise the same exercise then took place. We assessed hand‐motor skills with the Besta Scale, neurological motor impairment with Fugl‐Meyer Assessment for upper extremity, as well as spasticity, muscle strength, visual analogue scale, and global impression of change 1‐month before (T‐1), at baseline (T0), and at the end of treatment (T1).

Results

We observed a T0 to T1 improvement in global hand‐motor and bimanual skills, and a significant correlation between motor improvement and difference in hand motor skills relative to the peer (r=–0.519).

Interpretation

AOT associated with child‐to‐child interaction effectively improves hand motor function in unilateral CP. This improvement is linked to differences in hand motor ability among peers, suggesting that children should observe others with superior motor skills to their own. This study extends traditional AOT toward novel socially‐enriched scenarios, where children might simultaneously be recipients and leaders within a motor learning process.

What this paper adds

Home‐based action observation treatment (AOT) based on child‐to‐child interaction improves hand motor function in children with unilateral cerebral palsy.

Interaction with a more capable peer increases the chances of positive outcome in child‐to‐child AOT.
ER‐phagy: shaping up and destressing the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Wilkinson Simon
Published: May 2019

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) network has central roles in metabolism and cellular organization. The ER undergoes dynamic alterations in morphology, molecular composition and functional specification. Remodelling of the network under fluctuating conditions enables the continual performance of ER functions and minimizes stress. Recent data have revealed that selective autophagy‐mediated degradation of ER fragments, or ER‐phagy, fundamentally contributes to this remodelling. This review provides a perspective on established views of selective autophagy, comparing these with emerging mechanisms of ER‐phagy and related processes. The text discusses the impact of ER‐phagy on the function of the ER‐ and the cell, both in normal physiology and when dysregulated within disease settings. Finally, unanswered questions regarding the mechanisms and significance of ER‐phagy are highlighted.
Intermediate patellar ligament desmopathy often occurs in conjunction with other stifle abnormalities
Authors: Hoaglund Elizabeth L. , Barrett Myra F. , Daglish Jodie , Contino Erin K.
Published: May 2019

Intermediate patellar ligament (IPL) desmopathy is a relatively uncommon injury previously reported to have a poor prognosis for return to athletic activity. There is little documentation of the clinical and ultrasonographic features, clinical significance, and outcome for return to work following IPL injury in horses. The aim of this retrospective descriptive study was to describe the clinical and ultrasonographic features of IPL desmopathy, its association with other injuries of the stifle, and outcome for return to work following injury. Forty‐two stifles with an ultrasound diagnosis of IPL desmopathy over a 5‐year time period were included. Data regarding signalment, clinical presentation, diagnostic imaging findings, treatment, and outcome are described. Intermediate patellar ligament desmopathy occurred most commonly in the midbody (35/42; 83%) of the ligament and lesions were predominantly hypoechoic discrete tears (31/42; 74%) that were obliquely oriented in a craniolateral to caudomedial direction (28/42; 67%). Rarely (1/42; 2%) was IPL desmopathy the only ultrasonographic abnormality detected. Of 13 horses that underwent recheck ultrasound examination, the majority (11/42; 85%) either did not improve or worsened ultrasonographically. Despite this, of 25 horses with long‐term follow‐up, 23 (92%) returned to work, 16 at the same level or higher. A variety of treatments were utilized. The clinical significance of IPL desmopathy is difficult to determine because it is usually found in conjunction with other stifle abnormalities. Although IPL desmopathy rarely shows ultrasonographic improvement over time, prognosis can be good for return to work.
Echolocation clicks of free-ranging Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in Trat Bay, the eastern Gulf of Thailand
Authors: Niu Fu Qiang , Yang Yan Ming , Zhou Zai Ming , Wang Xian Yan , Monanunsap Somchai , Junchompoo Chalatip
Published: May 2019

Little is known about the vocalizations of Irrawaddy dolphins (Orcaella brevirostris) in the Gulf of Thailand. The present study first described the echolocation clicks of Irrawaddy dolphins in Trat Bay, in the eastern Gulf of Thailand, using a broadband hydrophone system. Over 2 h of acoustic recordings were collected during 14-day study periods in December 2017 and December 2018. Several criteria were used to judge if a click was on axis or as close to the acoustic axis as possible. To calculate the distance of dolphins, a low-budget localization method based on arrival time differences between the direct and indirect signals was used in the present study. The clicks had a mean peak-to-peak source level of 192 ± 3 dB re 1 μPa, an energy flux density source level of 131 ± 3 dB re 1 μPa2s, a mean centroid frequency of 98 ± 10 kHz, a mean duration of 16 ± 2 μs, and a −3 dB bandwidth of 79 ± 13 kHz. The click parameters of the Irrawaddy dolphins in Trat Bay were slightly different from the clicks recorded from the dolphins in Sundarbans, Bangladesh. The present study provided a basic description of the click characteristics of Irrawaddy dolphins in Trat Bay, which could contribute to the management and conservation strategies for local Irrawaddy dolphins, and a basic reference for the proper input parameters in passive acoustic monitoring and detection.
Unravelling migration connectivity reveals unsustainable hunting of the declining ortolan bunting
Authors: Jiguet Frédéric , Robert Alexandre , Lorrillière Romain , Hobson Keith A. , Kardynal Kevin J. , Arlettaz Raphaël , Bairlein Franz , Belik Viktor , Bernardy Petra , Copete José Luis , Czajkowski Michel Alexandre , Dale Svein , Dombrovski Valery , Ducros Delphine , Efrat Ron , Elts Jaanus , Ferrand Yves , Marja Riho , Minkevicius Simonas , Olsson Peter , Pérez Marc , Piha Markus , Raković Marko , Schmaljohann Heiko , Seimola Tuomas , Selstam Gunnar , Siblet Jean-Philippe , Skierczyǹski Michał , Sokolov Alexandr , Sondell Jan , Moussy Caroline
Published: May 2019

Targeting bird migration connectivity adressed a pressing conservation policy question to save ortolan buntings.
Draft Genome Sequence of Providencia rettgeri APW139_S1, an NDM-18-Producing Clinical Strain Originating from Hospital Effluent in South Africa
Authors: Ntshobeni Noyise B. , Allam Mushal , Ismail Arshad , Amoako Daniel G. , Essack Sabiha Y. , Chenia Hafizah Y.
Published: May 2019

Providencia rettgeri
is an opportunistic pathogen implicated in various clinical infections. Here, we report the genome sequence of a
Providencia rettgeri
strain isolated from hospital effluent in South Africa, which harbors the New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM) variant 18 gene (
bla
NDM-18
).
Dynamic response of soil–pile–structure system subjected to lateral spreading: shaking table test and parallel finite element simulation
Authors: Su Lei , Wan Hua-Ping , Abtahi Shaghayegh , Li Yong , Ling Xian-Zhang
Published: May 2019

This paper investigates the dynamic response of soil–pile–structure interaction (SPSI) system behind a quay wall in liquefiable soil and laterally spreading ground through both large-scale shaking table test and parallel finite element (FE) simulation. A three-dimensional (3D) nonlinear FE model is developed to simulate the target SPSI system using the parallel modeling technique with high computational efficiency. This FE model of the SPSI system is validated by the shaking table test results. The validated FE model is firstly used to further explore the dynamic behavior of the SPSI system with details on the global responses of the SPSI system and the local responses. Secondly, the validated FE model is used for global sensitivity analysis (GSA) to fully assess the effects of uncertain parameters on the interested dynamic responses of the SPSI system. The experimental and numerical investigations show that liquefaction-induced lateral spreading significantly affects the movement of the clay crust at the landside and the internal forces in piles behind the quay wall. GSA results show that the relative importance of system parameters depends on the dynamic responses of interest, while the interaction effects among system parameters on dynamic responses are not evident.
The Economics of Taxes on Sugar-Sweetened Beverages: A Review of the Effects on Prices, Sales, Cross-Border Shopping, and Consumption
Authors: Cawley John , Thow Anne Marie , Wen Katherine , Frisvold David
Published: May 2019

During the past decade, dozens of countries, regions, and cities have enacted taxes on sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs). They have been primarily motivated by a desire to raise prices, reduce sales and consumption, improve population health, and raise revenue. This review outlines the economic rationale for SSB taxes and illustrates their predicted effects. It reviews the research on the effects of these taxes on retail prices, sales, cross-border shopping, consumption, and product availability. The evidence indicates that the amount by which taxes increase retail prices (also called the pass-through of the tax) varies by jurisdiction, ranging from less than 50% to 100% of the tax. Sales tend to decrease significantly in the taxing jurisdiction, although this seems to be partly offset by residents increasingly shopping outside of the taxing jurisdiction (i.e., engaging in cross-border shopping).Overall, taxes lower consumption of the taxed beverages by adults, although not for all types of beverages or all groups of consumers. We conclude with suggestions for improving the design of such taxes and directions for future research.
Age-Dependent Changes in the Cochlea
Authors: Fischer Natalie , Johnson Chacko Lejo , Glueckert Rudolf , Schrott-Fischer Anneliese
Published: May 2019

Age-related hearing loss is a progressive, bilateral, and symmetrical sensorineural hearing loss due to degeneration of inner ear structures and it is considered a multifactorial complex disorder. Changes in tissue performance act from the cellular level to the molecular level. Histological visible damage in different structures of the inner ear signifies that the high frequency region is more sensitive and earlier affected. For many years it has been known that, with advancing age, there is an increasing loss of outer and inner hair cells and peripheral and central neurons. Furthermore, it comes to an atrophy of the stria vascularis. In recent years, investigations of the inner ear have shown that a loss of cochlear nerve synapses also plays an important role in age-related hearing loss. Degeneration of cochlear nerve synapses at the inner hair cell leads to a worsening of complex auditory tasks, such as understanding speech in difficult listening environments with minimal effects on pure-tone thresholds. This phenomenon has been called “hidden hearing loss.” Recent research has shown that senescence of the immune system plays an important role in age-related degeneration of the inner ear, termed inflammaging. A mild form of chronic systemic inflammatory response is thought to activate cochlear macrophages.
A reality check for students? How participating to the Model United Nations influences skills, IR perceptions, and perspectives on future career
Authors: Coticchia Fabrizio , Calossi Enrico , Cicchi Lorenzo
Published: May 2019

Despite a growing number of studies on simulations and International Relations (IR), few analyses investigate how participating in a simulation affects students’ perceptions of relevant IR issues. In addition, almost none of the current analyses on role playing and IR investigate how the involvement in a simulation affects students’ views on university enrolment or future career. This article seeks to fill these gaps, addressing how students’ interpretations and expectations change after participating in the Model United Nations (MUN). This article studies how the MUN is perceived as an experience that helps improve personal skills such as language ability, negotiation skills, and knowledge related to IR issues. This article also analyses how perceptions about selected IR issues and views on future university enrolment or future career vary before and after the MUN. The article is based on an original data set from a survey submitted to high school and university students participating to two MUNs held in Spring 2018. This article also employs ordinary least squares (OLS) multivariate regression analysis to test alternative hypotheses.
Friendships, Perceived Popularity, and Adolescent Romantic Relationship Debut
Authors: Savickaitė Rūta , Dijkstra Jan Kornelis , Kreager Derek , Ivanova Katya , Veenstra René
Published: May 2019

This study examined the association of friendships and popularity with adolescents’ first-time involvement in a romantic relationship (referred to as romantic relationship debut). The aim of this article was twofold: first, to disentangle the unique effects of friendships and perceived popularity; second, to separate same- and cross-gender peer nominations. Specifically, it was tested whether same- and cross-gender friendships or same- and cross-gender popularity were more likely to increase the likelihood of romantic relationship debut. Using longitudinal data of 590 Dutch adolescents age 12 to 18 (57 % girls) from TRAILS (Tracking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey), results are consistent with the hypothesis that cross-gender friendships and cross-gender popularity increase the chances of a romantic relationship debut. Findings indicate that peer evaluations by cross-gender peers of both friendships and popularity account for adolescents’ romantic relationship debut.
Perceiving a Calling as a Predictor of Future Work Attitudes: The Moderating Role of Meaningful Work
Authors: Sawhney Gargi , Britt Thomas W. , Wilson Chloe
Published: May 2019

The goal of the current study was to examine the interactive effect of perceiving a calling and meaningful work on employee attitudes. Specifically, we explored the multiplicative effect of perceiving a calling and meaningful work on work engagement, affective, and normative occupational commitment using a prospective design. Results indicated that meaningful work moderated the relation between perceiving a calling and affective occupational commitment. Specifically, the effects of perceiving a calling on affective occupational commitment were stronger for those who perceived less, but not more, meaning in their work. The interactive effect of perceiving a calling and meaningful work did not predict work engagement or normative occupational commitment. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Incest Survivors’ Life-Narratives
Authors: Buchbinder Eli , Sinay Dalia
Published: May 2019

This article analyzes the narratives of survivors of father−daughter incest using 20 in-depth interviews with women, each asked to choose a title for her life-story and reflect on its meaning. Three narratives emerged: “Surviving” tells of a struggle for personal achievement in an independent life alongside intensely traumatic experiences and negative feelings, “Fighting Back/Seeking Vengeance” tells of aspiring to strength by acting on their will to fight back and desire for revenge, and “Growing” reflects the wish to fight and win a place in the world through a “rebuilding” process. The conceptualization of incest survivors’ life-narratives is based on the dialectical perspective.
An impact study of acoustic environment on users in large interior spaces
Authors: Chen Jing , Ma Hui
Published: May 2019

As many large buildings have been built worldwide recently, it is necessary to study how the acoustic environment in those buildings affects people in order to improve the acoustical comfort in them. The aim of this study is to explore the influence of acoustic environment on people in eight large-scale spaces, which are divided into three categories according to function, through grounded theory, and questionnaire. The results showed that “loud background noise,” “large number of sound sources,” “emotional change,” “mixed sounds,” and “sensible sound with certain spectrum component” were people’s main evaluation to the acoustic environment in large-scale spaces. Based on respondents’ perception, the influence of the acoustic environment in large-scale spaces could be classified into the following three aspects: emotional effect, influence on attention, and influence on thinking ability and behavior. Although the evaluation of the acoustic environment varied widely with the difference in spatial functions, same perception dimensions could be summarized.
Three-dimensional MRI sequences in MS diagnosis and research
Authors: Hu Xun Yang , Rajendran Luckshi , Lapointe Emmanuelle , Tam Roger , Li David , Traboulsee Anthony , Rauscher Alexander
Published: May 2019

The most recent guidelines for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in multiple sclerosis (MS) recommend three-dimensional (3D) MRI sequences over their two-dimensional (2D) counterparts. This development has been made possible by advances in MRI scanner hardware and software. In this article, we review the 3D versions of conventional sequences, including T1-weighted, T2-weighted and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR), as well as more advanced scans, including double inversion recovery (DIR), FLAIR2, FLAIR*, phase-sensitive inversion recovery, and susceptibility weighted imaging (SWI).
“You Really Do Have to Know the Local Context”: IRB Administrators and Researchers on the Implications of the NIH Single IRB Mandate for Multisite Genomic Studies
Authors: Henrikson Nora B. , Blasi Paula R. , Corsmo Jeremy J. , Sheffer Serdoz Emily , Scrol Aaron , Greene Sarah M. , Matthews Tanya L. , Ralston James D.
Published: May 2019

In 2016, the U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced a new policy requiring single institutional review board (sIRB) review for multisite studies. However, adherence to the new policy requires the separation of regulatory institutional review board (IRB) work per Federal guidance from site-specific local compliance concerns. In particular, genomic research is subject to a wide range of state laws, institutional requirements, and local population preferences. In this qualitative study, we explored the anticipated needs of genomics researchers and IRB administrators around implementing the policy. We observed multiple uncertainties, particularly about intersite communication processes, sIRB selection processes, and roles of the reviewing IRB and local sites regarding local context information relevant to genomics. Optimal implementation of the NIH policy may require additional guidance for researchers and IRB administrators.
How Knowledge Emerges From Artificial Intelligence Algorithm and Data Visualization for Diabetes Management
Authors: Derozier Vincent , Arnavielhe Sylvie , Renard Eric , Dray Gérard , Martin Sophie
Published: May 2019

Background:

Self-monitoring blood glucose (SMBG) is facilitated by application available to analyze these data. They are mainly based on descriptive statistical analyses. In this study, we are proposing a method inspired by artificial intelligence algorithm for displaying glycemic data in an intelligible way with high-level information that is compatible with the short duration allocated to medical visits.

Method:

We propose a display method based on a numerical glycemic data conversion using a qualitative color scale that exhibits the patient’s overall glycemic state. Moreover, a machine learning algorithm inputs these displays to exhibit recurrent glycemic pattern over configurable extended time period.

Results:

A demonstrator of our method, output as a glycemic map, could be used by the physician during quarterly patient consultations. We have tested this methodology retrospectively on a database in order to observe the behavior of our algorithm. In some data files we were able to highlight some of the glycemic patterns characteristics that remain invisible on the tabular representations or through the use of descriptive statistic. In a next step the interpretation will have to be done by physicians to confirm they underlie knowledge.

Conclusions:

Our approach with artificial intelligence algorithm paired up with graphical color display allow a large database fast analysis to provide insights on diabetes knowledge. The next steps are first to set up a clinical trial to validate this methodology with dedicated patients and physicians then we will adapt our methodology for the huge data sets generated by continuous glycemic measurement (CGM) devices.