bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trends in Early Outpatient Drug Therapy in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Finland: A Nationwide Register-Based Study in 1999–2009
Authors: Virta Lauri J. , Kolho Kaija-Leena
Published: August 2012

Objective. There are limited data on the changes of treatment strategies of disease-modifying drugs used to treat pediatric inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Methods. We utilized data from two national registers: the Drug Reimbursement Register for drug costs (for identifying children with IBD) and the Drug Purchase Register (for exposure to drugs), both of which are maintained by the Social Insurance Institution of Finland. The frequencies and trends of drug therapy strategies during the first year of pediatric IBD were evaluated between 1999 and 2009. Results. A total of 481 children diagnosed with IBD were identified. During the first six months, 68% of the patients purchased systemic corticosteroids; these combined with 5-aminosalicylic acid in almost all cases. The use of corticosteroids was stable from the early years compared with the end of the study period. In Crohn's disease, there was a trend towards more active use of azathioprine: the therapy was introduced earlier and proportion of pediatric patients purchasing azathioprine increased by up to 51% (P<0.05). Conclusions. In pediatric IBD, the majority of patients purchased corticosteroid within the first six months, reflecting moderate-to-severe disease. During recent years in pediatric Crohn's disease, the therapeutic strategies of oral medication have changed towards more active immunosuppression with azathioprine.
Properties of PbS: Ni2+ Nanocrystals in Thin Films by Chemical Bath Deposition
Authors: Portillo Moreno O. , Chaltel Lima L. A. , Chávez Portillo M. , Rosas Castilla S. , Zamora Tototzintle M. , Abarca Ávila G. , Gutiérrez Pérez R.
Published: August 2012

The growth of nanocrystalline PbS films by chemical bath deposition (CBD) onto glass at temperature is presented in this research. We report on the modification of structural, optical, and electrical nanostructures due to in situ Ni-doping. The morphological changes of the layers were analyzed using SEM, AFM, and TEM. XRD spectra displayed peaks at 2θ = [26.00, 30.07, 43.10, 51.00, 53.48], indicating growth on the zinc blende face. The grain size determined by X-rays diffraction of the undoped samples was 36 nm, whereas with the doped sample was 3.2–5 nm. By TEM, the doped PbS was found crystalline films in the range 3.5–5 nm. Optical absorption (OA), and forbidden bandgap energy shift disclose a shift in the range 2.1–3.8 eV. Likewise, the dependence of with the radius size and interplanar distance of the lattice is discussed. Raman spectroscopy (RS) exhibited an absorption band 135 cm−1 displaying only a PbS ZB structure. The thermal energy for the films was determined from the slope of dark conductivity (DC) and the energy was estimated to be 0.15 to 0.5 eV.
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles: Their Projection in Nanomedicine
Authors: Vallet-Regí María
Published: August 2012

Mesoporous silica nanoparticles are receiving growing attention by the scientific biomedical community. Among the different types of inorganic nanomaterials, mesoporous silica nanoparticles have emerged as promising multifunctional platforms for nanomedicine. Since their introduction in the drug delivery landscape in 2001, mesoporous materials for drug delivery are receiving growing scientific interest for their potential applications in the biotechnology and nanomedicine fields. The ceramic matrix efficiently protects entrapped guest molecules against enzymatic degradation or denaturation induced by pH and temperature as no swelling or porosity changes take place as a response to variations in the surrounding medium. It is possible to load huge amounts of cargo into the mesopore voids and capping the pore entrances with different nanogates. The application of a stimulus provokes the nanocap removal and triggers the departure of the cargo. This strategy permits the design of stimuli-responsive drug delivery nanodevices.
Blade Design Optimisation for Fixed-Pitch Fixed-Speed Wind Turbines
Authors: Wang Lin , Tang Xinzi , Liu Xiongwei
Published: August 2012

Fixed-pitch fixed-speed (FPFS) wind turbines have some distinct advantages over other topologies for small wind turbines, particularly for low wind speed sites. The blade design of FPFS wind turbines is fundamentally different to fixed-pitch variable-speed wind turbine blade design. Theoretically, it is difficult to obtain a global mathematical solution for the blade design optimisation. Through case studies of a given baseline wind turbine and its blade airfoil, this paper aims to demonstrate a practical method for optimum blade design of FPFS small wind turbines. The optimum blade design is based on the aerodynamic characteristics of the airfoil, that is, the lift and drag coefficients, and the annual mean wind speed. The design parameters for the blade optimisation include design wind speed, design tip speed ratio, and design attack angle. A series of design case studies using various design parameters are investigated for the wind turbine blade design. The design outcomes are analyzed and compared to each other against power performance of the rotor and annual energy production. The design outcomes from the limited design cases demonstrate clearly which blade design provides the best performance. This approach can be used for any practice of FPFS wind turbine blade design and refurbishment.
Pharmacological Evaluation and Docking Studies of 3-Thiadiazolyl- and Thioxo-1,2,4-triazolylcoumarin Derivatives as Cholinesterase Inhibitors
Authors: Raza Ahsan , Saeed Aamer , Ibrar Aliya , Muddassar Muhammad , Khan Aftab Ahmed , Iqbal Jamshed
Published: August 2012

Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is considered a promising strategy for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). This research project aims to provide a comprehensive knowledge of newly synthesized coumarin analogues with anti-AD potential. In the present work a series of 3-thiadiazolyl- and thioxo-1,2,4-triazolylcoumarins derivatives were designed, synthesized, and tested as potent inhibitors of cholinesterases. These compounds were assayed against AChE from electrophorus electricus and rabbit; and BChE from horse serum and rabbit by Ellman’s method using neostigmine methylsulphate and donepezil as reference drugs. Some of the assayed compounds proved to be potent inhibitors of AChE and BChE with Ki values in the micromolar range. 4b was found to be the most active compound with Ki value 0.028±0.002 μM and higher selectivity for AChE/BChE. The ability of 4b to interact with AChE was further confirmed through computational studies, in which a primary binding was proved to occur at the active gorge site, and a secondary binding was revealed at the peripheral anionic site. Structure activity relationships of prepared compounds were also discussed.
Design and Simulation of Multiquantum-Well AlGaAs/GaAs Single Junction Solar Cell with Back Surface Reflector
Authors: Fardi Hamid
Published: August 2012

This paper reports on the design and simulation of a multiquantum Well (MQW) AlGaAs/GaAs single p-i-n junction cell with a Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) placed at back surface. The DBR structure reflects the part of the spectrum that benefits from absorption in the AlGaAs MQW structure, while being transparent to the IR spectrum. The addition of a DBR allows for a possible second bottom cell junction to be placed beneath the DBR in series with the MQW single cell for an additional efficiency enhancement. The efficiencies and short-circuit currents for the AlGaAs MQW cell with and without DBR are simulated. An energy balance equations model coupled with drift-diffusion equations is solved in heterojunction p-i-n with embedded quantum wells to model hot electron effects. The current-voltage characteristics of an MQW single junction AlGaAs/GaAs p-i-n solar cell structure were compared with measured data. The efficiencies and short-circuit currents of an optimized cell with and without DBR are simulated. Results obtained show improvement in short circuit current and efficiency when both MQW and DBR were used. Simulation results predict an efficiency of about 28.4% for the MQW AlGaAs-DBR single p-i-n junction photovoltaic cell under the presence of both radiative and nonradiative recombination mechanisms.
The Role of the Immune System in Nevirapine-Induced Subclinical Liver Injury of a Rat Model
Authors: Bekker Zanelle , Walubo Andrew , du Plessis Jan B.
Published: August 2012

In this study, the role of the immune system in nevirapine- (NVP-) induced subclinical liver injury was investigated by observing for changes of some immune parameters during the initial stages of NVP-induced hepatotoxicity in a rat model. In the acute phase, two test-groups of 10 Sprague-Dawley rats each were administered with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or saline (S) intraperitoneally, followed by oral NVP, after which 5 rats from each group were sacrificed at 6 and 24 hours. For the chronic phase, two groups of 15 rats each received daily NVP, and on days 7, 14, and 21, five rats from each group were administered with either LPS or S, followed by that day’s NVP dose, and were sacrificed 24 hours later. NVP caused liver injury up to seven days and progressively increased IL-2 and IFN-γ levels and lymphocyte count over the 21 days. NVP-induced liver injury was characterized by apoptosis and degeneration changes, while, for LPS, it was cell swelling, leukostasis, and portal inflammation. Coadministration of NVP and LPS attenuated NVP-induced liver injury. In conclusion, the immune system is involved in NVP toxicity, and the LPS effects may lay the clue to development of therapeutic strategies against NVP-induced hepatotoxicity.
Primary Prevention of Heart Failure
Authors: Butler Javed
Published: August 2012

Most heart failure research and quality improvement efforts are targeted at treatment and secondary prevention of patients with manifest heart failure. This is distinct from coronary disease where primary prevention has been a focus for over three decades. Given the current importance and the projected worsening of heart failure epidemiology, a more focused effort on prevention is urgently needed.
Collective Action Control by Goals and Plans: Applying a Self-Regulation Perspective to Group Performance
Authors: Wieber Frank , Thürmer J. Lukas , Gollwitzer Peter M.
Published: August 2012

In celebration of the 125th anniversary of The American Journal of Psychology, this article discusses a seminal publication by Marjorie Shaw (1932) on small group performance in the rational solution of complex problems. We then propose an approach for the effective regulation of group goal striving based on the collective action control perspective. From this perspective, group performance might be hindered by a collective intention-behavior gap: Groups fail to act on their intentions despite being strongly committed to the collective goal, knowing what the necessary actions are, and being capable of performing them. To reduce this gap, we suggest specific if-then plans (implementation intentions) in which groups specify when, where, and how to act toward their collective goal as an easily applicable self-regulation strategy to automate collective action control. Studies in which implementation intentions improved group performance in hidden profile, escalation of commitment, and cooperation task paradigms are reported and discussed.
Synthesis and DNA-binding Properties of a Cationic Seven-coordinate Manganese(II) Complex Formed with the Tripodal Ligand Tris(Nmethylbenzimidazol- 2-ylmethyl)amine and Salicylate
Authors: Wu Huilu , Bai Ying , Yuan Jingkun , Wang Hua , Pan Guolong , Yu Gangqiang , Shu Xingbin
Published: August 2012

A ternary cationic Mn(II) complex with the tripodal ligand tris(2-(N-methyl) benzimidazylmethyl)amine (Mentb), salicylate and DMF as ligands and nitrate as counterion, [Mn(Mentb)(salicylate)DMF](NO3), was synthesized and characterized by physico-chemical and spectroscopic methods. The crystal structure of the Mn(II) complex has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and revealed that the central Mn(II) atom is seven-coordinated. The DNA-binding properties of the Mn(II) complex were investigated by spectrophotometric methods and viscosity measurements, and the results suggest that the Mn(II) complex binds to DNA via an intercalation binding mode. Additionally, the complex exhibited potential hydroxyl radical scavenge properties in in vitro studies
Synthesis and Reactions of New Chiral Linear and Macrocyclic Tetraand Penta-peptide Candidates
Authors: Ghalia Mohamed H. , El-Hamid Mohamed Abd , Zweil Mohamed A. , Amr Abd El-Galil E. , Moafi Shimaa A.
Published: August 2012

9a

A series of linear and macrocyclic pentapeptide derivatives have been prepared via the coupling of pyridine-2,6-dicarboxylic acid (1) or pyridine-2,6-dicarbonyl dichloride (2) with appropriate amino acid methyl esters. The coupling of 1or 2with aminoacid methyl esters gave the corresponding pyridine dipeptide methyl esters 3, which were hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to the corresponding acids 4. The latter compounds 4were coupled with other amino acid methyl esters to afford the corresponding tetrapeptide esters 5, which were hydrolyzed with sodium hydroxide to the corresponding acids 6. Cyclization of tetrapeptide acids with L-lysine methyl ester or with aliphatic diamide derivatives afforded the corresponding cyclic pentapeptide methyl ester derivatives 7and cyclic tetrapeptide diamines 8, respectively. Finally, hydrolysis with 1 N sodium hydroxide or hydrazinolysis with hydrazine hydrate of methyl esters 7afforded the corresponding acids - e and hydrazides 10a - e, respectively
Ein einfacher Zugang zu Tetramethylphosphoniumiodid / A Simple Access to Tetramethylphosphonium Iodide
Authors: Herrmann Florian , Kuhn Norbert
Published: August 2012

Tetramethylphosphonium iodide is prepared from calcium phosphide and methyl iodide in methanol/water in good yield
Assembly of Three Cadmium(II) Complexes Based on Flexible α,ѡ-Bis(benzimidazolyl)alkane Ligands
Authors: Geng Jian-Chen , Jiao Cui-Huan , Hao Jin-Ming , Cui Guang-Hua
Published: August 2012

Three flexible α,ѡ-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyl)alkane ligands with different spacers were reacted with CdX2 (X = Cl, Br, I) hydrothermally, resulting in three coordination architectures, namely [CdI2(L1)]n (1), [CdBr2(L2)]n (2), and Cd2Cl4(L3)2 (3) [L1 = 1,3-bis(5,6- dimethylbenzimidazole)propane, L2 = 1,5-bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole)pentane, L3 = 1,6- bis(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazole)hexane]. They have been characterized by elemental analyses, IR spectra, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1displays a helical chain linked by the ligands L1, and a 2D supramolecular network is constructed through π-π stacking interactions; complex 2shows a helical chain structure with connections through two kinds of strong π-π stacking interactions into an intricate 3D supramolecular network; complex 3 contains dinuclear metallomacrocycles. The fluorescence properties of 1-3have been investigated in the solid state
Syntheses, Structures, Thermal and Photoluminescence Properties of Two Zn(II) and Cd(II) Coordination Polymers Constructed from Taurine-derived Schiff Base and 4,4’-Bipyridine Ligands
Authors: Guo Wei-Ting , Miao Zhi-Min , Wang Yun-Long
Published: August 2012

Two chain-like coordination polymers, namely, {[Zn(saes)(4,4'-bipy)(H2O)]·H2O}n (1) and {[Cd (Hsaes)2(4,4'-bipy)(H2O)2]·2H2O}n (2), where H2saes=2-(2-hydroxybenzylideneamino)ethanesulfonic acid and 4,4'-bipy=4,4'-bipyridine, have been synthesized and characterized by singlecrystal X-ray diffraction, IR spectroscopy, elemental, thermogravimetric and photoluminescence analysis. X-Ray diffraction analyses indicate that 1and 2display octahedral metal centers with N3O3 and N2O4 donor sets, respectively. The Schiff base serves as a common N,O'-tridentate ligand in 1, and as a unique O-monodentate ligand in 2. In the crystal, both 1and 2form a 3D supramolecular architecture by O-H···O, C-H···O interactions or π···π stacking. The thermal and solid-state photoluminescence properties of both complexes have been investigated
Ammonius on Universals and Abstraction
Authors: Fortier Simon
Published: August 2012

Ammonius’ is the earliest exegesis we possess of Porphyry’s Isagoge, as is his interpretation of lines 1.9-12, over which so much ink was subsequently spilt. Although the essence of this interpretation, the so-called doctrine of the three states of the universal, is now widely known, the section of commentary in which it appears has hitherto never been translated in its entirety. The following article therefore presents a complete translation of Ammonius’ commentary upon Isagoge 1.9-12, preceded by a brief introduction.
Alexandre d’Aphrodise et l’abstraction selon l’exposé sur les universaux chez Boèce dans son Second commentaire sur l’« Isagoge » de Porphyre
Authors: Lafleur Claude , Carrier Joanne
Published: August 2012

Cette première traduction française d’une portion significative de l’In « Isagogen » Porphyrii Commentorum Editio secunda, en regard d’un texte latin reponctué en conséquence et accompagné d’annotations critiques, est précédée d’une présentation historico-doctrinale mettant en relief le rôle — à la fois central et problématique — de l’abstraction dans la solution boécienne, ouvertement rattachée à Alexandre d’Aphrodise (dont le traité De l’âme est ici examiné), du statut des genres et des espèces dans ce texte qui, à travers l’exégèse du célèbre questionnaire porphyrien, a fait connaître le problème des universaux à l’Occident latin et en est demeuré l’expression la plus achevée jusqu’au xiie siècle, où Abélard en a donné un méta-commentaire particulièrement brillant dans sa Logica « Ingredientibus » : Super Porphyrium, éditée, traduite et étudiée ci-après dans ce numéro thématique.
Abélard et les universaux : édition et traduction du début de la Logica « Ingredientibus » : Super Porphyrium
Authors: Lafleur Claude , Carrier Joanne
Published: August 2012

Appuyée sur une collation systématique — incluant l’orthographe — de l’unique manuscrit subsistant (le ms. Milano, Biblioteca Ambrosiana, M 63 sup., fol. 1ra-5rb), cette nouvelle édition critique du début de la Logica « Ingredientibus » : Super Porphyrium, accompagnée d’une traduction française inédite et complétée par une abondante annotation, rend ainsi accessible l’exposé le plus détaillé d’Abélard sur les universaux, des pages célèbres où, dans une approche sémantique non exempte de perspectives métaphysiques, on trouve, comme l’étude précédente l’a laissé voir, des développements philosophiques importants relatifs à l’intellection et à l’abstraction.
Interjection, concept et signification dans les Communia gramatice
Authors: Létourneau René
Published: August 2012

Les Communia gramatice, un compendium grammatical anonyme rédigé autour de 1250 dans le milieu éclectique de la Faculté des arts de Paris et contenu aujourd’hui uniquement dans le manuscrit 16617 du fonds latin de la Bibliothèque nationale de France, traitent entre autres du statut linguistique de l’interjection. La notion de signification, au sens de contenu de connaissances et de rapport référentiel entre un mot et son signifié, y joue un rôle fondamental : la principale difficulté onto-grammaticale présentée par l’interiectio étant précisément de déterminer la nature de sa signification. L’auteur anonyme des Communia gramatice pose clairement la distinction classique entre la signification d’une émotion (affectus) et la signification d’un concept (conceptus), mais y apporte des nuances intéressantes de nature cognitive : nous sommes à une époque où la philosophie naturelle aristotélicienne vient tout juste de rencontrer la grammaire spéculative typiquement parisienne (vers 1240).
Translational Justice in a Multilingual World: An Overview of Translational Regimes
Authors: Meylaerts Reine
Published: August 2012

Since democratic societies are based on the ideal of participatory citizenship and since participatory citizenship presupposes, among other things, the citizens’rightto communicate with the authorities, one of the biggest challenges for contemporary multilingual societies is the elaboration of a fair translation policy: there is no language policy without a translation policy. However, among the numerous studies on language rights, on language policies or on immigrant incorporation, the key role of translation is usually not taken into consideration. Which linguistic and translational territoriality regimes are used by authorities to communicate with their multilingual populations? How do these different regimes relate to their linguistic and translational rights and their chances for participatory citizenship and integration? This essay discusses four prototypical regimes which may be used by authorities to communicate with their citizens. It will also try to hint at their possible impact on minorities’ linguistic and translational rights and integration.
Whose Face? Us and them in English – Polish Consecutive Interpreting
Authors: Warchał Krystyna , łyda Andrzej , Jackiewicz Alina
Published: August 2012

The authors are interested in a situation where concern for the face of the receiver and/or the identity and group membership of the interpreter can become factors that influence the process of interpreting. The aim of this paper is to look into the performance of advanced trainee interpreters in consecutive interpreting tasks that involve open criticism or direct praise of the target audience. More specifically, the authors are concerned with the type and extent of face-work carried out in tasks involving face-threatening acts and with the possible correlation between the interpreter’s performance in such tasks, the choices made by the interpreter and his or her relationship with the group of ultimate receivers.
Exploring a New Narratological Paradigm for the Analysis of Narrative Communication in Translated Children’s Literature
Authors: Kruger Haidee
Published: August 2012

Current contributions attempting to draw together translation studies and narratology are based almost exclusively on structuralist narratology, proceeding from the assumption that changes on the micro-level of the text will result in changes to the various narrative dimensions of the text, and will lead to a different configuration of the narrative communication situation in translated texts as compared to original works. However, it is argued in this paper that this approach, firstly, results in a conceptualisation of the narrative communication situation for the translated text that is particularly unwieldy and becomes even more so when considered in the context of translated children’s literature. Secondly, this approach does not take adequate cognisance of the role (or potential role) of the reader and the context, leaving both these aspects largely outside the process of analysis. Methodologically, it also means that narratological shifts in translation are mostly identified by means of comparative analysis, which, while useful, leaves the natural reading situation (where readers do not usually have access to the source text) out of consideration. Instead, this paper presents a preliminary and exploratory investigation of an alternative narratological framework that includes the reader as a constitutive component. The framework, based on the ideas of Bortolussi and Dixon (2003), proposes a two-part, interlocked conception of narratological elements: textual features and reader constructions. It is argued that such a framework provides a simultaneously simpler and more sophisticated means of understanding narrative communication in translated children’s literature. Firstly, translations and their source texts may be analysed comparatively in terms of their textual features, which may reveal the presence of the translator. However, the second dimension of the proposed framework posits that despite the fact that translation shifts effect changes in narrative features, child and adult readers’ responses to translated children’s texts do not necessarily and by default incorporate an awareness of the presence of an additional “voice” in the text, that of the translator. At this point the framework departs from standard narratological approaches to narrative communication in translated texts in proposing the necessity of investigating reader constructions rather than textual features alone.
Translation Practices and the Issue of Directionality in China
Authors: Wang Baorong
Published: August 2012

Directionality is one of the most interesting recent developments in translation studies in the West. The scene, however, is rather different in China with a long history of inverse translation. This article aims to outline translation practices in China and Chinese thinking on directionality while providing a few pointers for further research. Part one surveys major translation projects that were carried out or are being carried out and how Chinese translation scholars thought/think about directionality. The survey covers nineteen centuries from the 2ndcentury A.D. through the present time, albeit most of the data are devoted to the periods from the turn of the 20thcentury. It is found that although inverse translation is an age-old practice in China, the issue of directionality began to be seriously considered and debated only in the early 1980s, and that there has been increased attention to the topic in recent years. Part two briefly reviews the current status of research and concludes that directionality is an under-researched area in Chinese translation studies. The article ends with some suggestions for further research on the subject in the Chinese context, drawing on the latest research conducted in the West.
Think-Aloud-Based Translation Process Research: Some Methodological Considerations
Authors: Sun Sanjun
Published: August 2012

Mainly structured around issues revealed in a questionnaire survey among 25 eminent translation process researchers worldwide, this paper deals with methodological issues in think-aloud-based translation process research from two perspectives: theoretical and practical. It argues that there is no strong evidence suggesting that TAP significantly changes or influences the translation process, though TAP’s validity and completeness in a specific study might depend more or less on several variables. TAP and such recording methods as keystroke logging and eye tracking serve different specific research purposes, so they can be combined in a multimethod study to answer more complex research questions. Several research designs are available for a multimethod study, and researchers are encouraged to try designs other than one-shot case studies or convergence design. As for the research procedure, this paper touches upon how to transcribe and analyze the protocols. Many stereotypes in this field have been problematized. For example, this paper suggests that researchers transcribe as much as necessary rather than doing a “complete” transcription, or they can even skip the step of transcribing; in choosing test materials, researchers do not have to choose whole passages; they can use a group of sentences.
Gazing and Typing Activities during Translation: A Comparative Study of Translation Units of Professional and Student Translators
Authors: Carl Michael , Kay Martin
Published: August 2012

The paper investigates the notion of Translation Units (TUs) from a cognitive angle. A TU is defined as the translator’s focus of attention at a time. Since attention can be directed towards source text (ST) understanding and/or target text (TT) production, we analyze the activity data of the translators’ eye movements and keystrokes. We describe methods to detect patterns of keystrokes (production units) and patterns of gaze fixations on the source text (fixation units) and compare translation performance of student and professional translators. Based on 24 translations from English into Danish of a 160 word text we find major differences between students and professionals: Experienced professional translators are better able to divide their attention in parallel on ST reading (comprehension) and TT production, while students operate more in an alternating mode where they either read the ST or write the TT. In contrast to what is frequently expected, our data reveals that TUs are rather coarse units as compared to the notion of ‘translation atom,’ which coincide only partially with linguistic units.
Applying Corpus Data to Define Needs in Web Localization Training
Authors: Jiménez-Crespo Miguel ángel , Tercedor Maribel
Published: August 2012

Localization is increasingly making its way into translation training programs at university level. However, there is still a scarce amount of empirical research addressing issues such as defining localization in relation to translation, what localization competence entails or how to best incorporate intercultural differences between digital genres, text types and conventions, among other aspects. In this paper, we propose a foundation for the study of localization competence based upon previous research on translation competence. This project was developed following an empirical corpus-based contrastive study of student translations (learner corpus), combined with data from a comparable corpus made up of an original Spanish corpus and a Spanish localized corpus. The objective of the study is to identify differences in production between digital texts localized by students and professionals on the one hand, and original texts on the other. This contrastive study allows us to gain insight into how localization competence interrelates with the superordinate concept of translation competence, thus shedding light on which aspects need to be addressed during localization training in university translation programs.
“Telling my husband I have HIV is too heavy to come out of my mouth”: pregnant women's disclosure experiences and support needs following antenatal HIV testing in eastern Uganda
Authors: Rujumba Joseph , Neema Stella , Byamugisha Robert , Tylleskär Thorkild , Tumwine James K , Heggenhougen Harald K
Published: August 2012

Introduction

Disclosure of HIV serostatus by women to their sexual partners is critical for the success of the prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of HIV (PMTCT) programme as an integrated service in antenatal care. We explored pregnant HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative women's partner disclosure experiences and support needs in eastern Uganda.

Methods

This was a qualitative study conducted at Mbale Regional Referral Hospital in eastern Uganda between January and May 2010. Data collection was through in‐depth interviews with 15 HIV‐positive and 15 HIV‐negative pregnant women attending a follow up antenatal clinic (ANC) at Mbale Hospital, and six key informant interviews with health workers at the clinic. Data management was done using NVivo version 9, and a content thematic approach was used for analysis.

Results

All HIV‐negative women had disclosed their HIV status to their sexual partners but expressed need for support to convince their partners to also undergo HIV testing. Women reported that their partners often assumed that they were equally HIV‐negative and generally perceived HIV testing in the ANC as a preserve for women. Most of the HIV‐positive women had not disclosed their HIV status to sexual partners for fear of abandonment, violence and accusation of bringing HIV infection into the family. Most HIV‐positive women deferred disclosure and requested health workers’ support in disclosure. Those who disclosed their positive status generally experienced positive responses from their partners.

Conclusions

Within the context of routine HIV testing as part of the PMTCT programme, most women who test HIV‐positive find disclosure of their status to partners extremely difficult. Their fear of disclosure was influenced by the intersection of gender norms, economic dependency, women's roles as mothers and young age. Pregnant HIV‐negative women and their unborn babies remained at risk of HIV infection owing to the resistance of their partners to go for HIV testing. These findings depict a glaring need to strengthen support for both HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative women to maximize opportunities for HIV prevention.
Indigenous autonomous zones, original nations and the local political system. The case of the Kirkyawi ayllu (Bolivia)
Authors: Antequera Nelson
Published: August 2012

The general aim of this work is to contribute to understand the political transformations of theindigenous communities of the Andean region of Bolivia since the state reforms implemented in the decade of1990 and in a perspective that focuses in how the indigenous community, in our case the ayllu Kirkyawi, havepolitically reshaped in the new legal, institutional and political frame. We show that it is the “community”constructed from its own political system the one that might constitute juridically as “nation” in thecontext of the new Estado Plurinacional. That means that it’s necessary to go beyond the “recognition” ofthe ethnic and cultural diversity to the construction of a political and administrative system that opens thepossibility of the construction of a real indigenous autonomy; that’s to say, to determine the indigenousnations’ own political system, authorities system, the instances of participation and decision making andtheir own legislative practices; in a word, the possibility of self determination. This is the political projectthat arises from the community for the constitution of the nations of the Estado Plurinacional.
The old custom of protecting oneself from the market. Ethnography of an ‘economic process’ among the Nahuas of Huasteca
Authors: Espinoza Araya Claudio
Published: August 2012

Starting from the ethnographic record of an economic process which occurred in a Nahua communityin Mexico, this article seeks to explore some of the contemporary complexities which accompany the courseof the indigenous peoples of the continent. The problem is addressed by recovering certain elements ofclassic economic anthropology and is centred on the interaction which arises when a micro-credit programmeis introduced into an indigenous community. The case in question serves to demonstrate, once again, thatglobal and national trends end up by being relocated by local actors. It also seeks to remind us that economicmatters may be, and indeed are, subordinate to social.
Space and territory from an anthropological perspective. The case of the Purhépechas of Nurío and Michoacán in Mexico
Authors: Bello Álvaro
Published: August 2012

This article analyses some theoretical perspectives about the categories of territory and spacein indigenous contexts. To do this it attempts to review the traditional perspectives which link territory,political practice and ethnicity in indigenous contexts. The problem is addressed from the perspective ofpolitical anthropology and territorial geography, and takes as an example the case of the Purhépechas ofMichoacán in Mexico. The development of this case is important for the subject of territory, since Michoacánand the Purhépechas have been a real “laboratory” of Mexican and North American anthropology for theapplication of concepts and focuses such as “area studies”, “refuge regions” or “indigenous regions”. Thisaccounts for the relevance of an analysis which reviews and questions the assumptions which have been atthe base of these categorisations, starting from a perspective which is more centred on the subjects, theirway of life, and how they represent space and territory.
Indian government and social policy. Integral Development Program for Yaqui Tribe, Sonora, Mexico
Authors: de la Maza Francisca
Published: August 2012

The general theme addressed is the contemporary situation of the Yaqui Tribe in northwesternMexico, for their own indigenous forms of government and social policy developed by the Mexican stateand federal governments between 1989 and 2003. During this period we implemented the ComprehensiveDevelopment Plan of the Yaqui tribe based on self-important of the Yaquis with nancial support fromboth the federal and state government. From this, we analyze some descriptive elements of indigenousorganizational aspect of Mexican social policy from a theoretical perspective that accounts for differentsituations. Particularly Yaqui political practice within the framework of ethnicity, namely the constructionof this practice over time through the relationship with the Mexican government and other external agentsunder a complex system of domination, including political, economic, social and cultural, that make up acurrent scenario of mutual influence and dependence.
Interculturalidad en contexto mapuche
Authors: Martin Diana
Published: August 2012

Interculturalidad en contexto mapuche
Autores:Quilaqueo Rapiman, D.; Fernández, C. A.;Quintriqueo Millán, S. (editores)Neuquén: EDUCO-Editorial de la UniversidadNacional del Comahue, 2010. 288 págs.
Land and power: the territorial claims of indigenous people in the Bolivian Amazon
Authors: Canedo Vásquez Gabriela
Published: August 2012

The article shows that the territory and the territorial claims are two key issues for the amazonianindigenous peoples in Bolivia. The territory has an important role in cultural reproduction and politicalorganization. The research was conducted in Mojos (Beni). We explain how the itinerant way of territorialoccupation has changed since the implementation of land policies from the state. Nowadays, indigenouspeoples claim the legal recognition of their old territories to face the “white men” illegal occupations.So that conception of an unlimited territory has changed. Today, they perceive a limited territory,surrounded by private properties. However, the territory has became one of the central demands of theindigenous organizations and so, allows them to position themselves politically in local and national stage.
Mezcala community and ethnic recreation in neoliberal globalization
Authors: Bastos Santiago
Published: August 2012

The confl ict in which it is embedded Mezcala about threats to their community land is part ofa renewal of the idea of community and content of ethnic identity. In face to the collapse of the postrevolutionary,which sheltered the territoriality of Mezcala, the new proposals associated with the idea ofindigenous peoples-in this case Coca-Pueblo are helping to renew the land rights and self-government butalso the contents of being indigenous and community life.
Diffusion
Authors: Pethrick R. A.
Published: August 2012

This article reviews the various aspects of diffusion of polymers in melts and solution and the diffusion of small molecules through solid polymer matrices.
The Reminiscence Bump for Public Events: A Review of Its Prevalence and Taxonomy of Alternative Age Distributions
Authors: Koppel Jonathan
Published: August 2012

The present paper examines the extant literature on the reminiscence bump for public events (the finding that public events are generally remembered best by those in adolescence or early adulthood at the time of their occurrence), with the aim of identifying (i) whether this bump in fact represents a legitimate effect, and (ii) the alternative age distributions that are otherwise seen in recall for public events. I conclude that, though the bump is frequently found, the legitimacy of the effect is contingent upon the strictness of the standard one employs. I also find significant exceptions to the bump, with a number of alternative age distributions seen in the literature. Therefore, I present a taxonomy of these alternative age distributions. Lastly, I discuss the implications of the existing literature regarding the mechanisms underlying the bump and offer suggestions for future research. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metal/Metal‐Oxide Interfaces: How Metal Contacts Affect the Work Function and Band Structure of MoO3
Authors: Greiner Mark T. , Chai Lily , Helander Michael G. , Tang Wing‐Man , Lu Zheng‐Hong
Published: August 2012

When transition metal oxides are used in practical applications, such as organic electronics or heterogeneous catalysis, they often must be in contact with a metal. Metal contacts can affect an oxide's chemical and electronic properties within the first few nanometers of the contact, resulting in changes to an oxide's chemical reactivity, conductivity, and energy‐level alignment properties. These effects can alter an oxide's ability to perform its intended function. Thus, the choice of contacting metal becomes an important design consideration when tailoring the properties of transition‐metal oxide thin films or nanoparticles. Here, metal/metal‐oxide interfaces involving a widely used oxide in organic electronics, MoO3, are examined. It is demonstrated that metal contacts tend to reduce the Mo6+ cation to lower oxidation states and, consequently, alter MoO3’s valence electronic structure and work function when the oxide layer is very thin (less than 10 nm). MoO3 becomes semimetallic and has a lower work function near metal contacts. The observed behavior is attributed to two causes: 1) charge transfer from the metal Fermi level into MoO3’s low‐lying conduction band and 2) an oxidation‐reduction reaction between the metal and MoO3 that results in oxidation of the metal and reduction of MoO3. These results illustrate how interfaces are important to an oxide's ability to provide energy‐level alignment.
Micro‐/Nanostructured Mechanical Metamaterials
Authors: Lee Jae‐Hwang , Singer Jonathan P. , Thomas Edwin L.
Published: August 2012

Mechanical properties of materials have long been one of the most fundamental and studied areas of materials science for a myriad of applications. Recently, mechanical metamaterials have been shown to possess extraordinary effective properties, such as negative dynamic modulus and/or density, phononic bandgaps, superior thermoelectric properties, and high specific energy absorption. To obtain such materials on appropriate length scales to enable novel mechanical devices, it is often necessary to effectively design and fabricate micro‐/nano‐ structured materials. In this Review, various aspects of the micro‐/nano‐structured materials as mechanical metamaterials, potential tools for their multidimensional fabrication, and selected methods for their structural and performance characterization are described, as well as some prospects for the future developments in this exciting and emerging field.
De novo interstitial duplication of 15q11.2–q13.1 with complex maternal uniparental trisomy for the 15q11–q13 region in a patient with Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Burrage Lindsay C. , Person Richard E. , Flores Angela , Villanos Maria Theresa M. , Bi Weimin , Wiszniewska Joanna , Bacino Carlos A.
Published: August 2012

Prader–Willi syndrome is caused by the lack of paternal contribution for the imprinted 15q11–q13 region that originates through a number of mechanisms such as paternal deletion of 15q11–q13, maternal uniparental disomy, or by an imprinting defect due to epimutations in the paternal imprinting center. In the present report, we describe a female patient with complex maternal uniparental trisomy for the 15q11–q13 Prader–Willi syndrome critical region due to a de novo interstitial duplication of 15q11–q13 region that is present in one of the maternal homologs. As a result, the patient has three maternally derived copies of the Prader–Willi syndrome critical region and absence of paternal 15 contribution and thus, presents with a Prader–Willi syndrome phenotype with risk for developing additional phenotypes (e.g., autism and psychiatric phenotypes) characteristic of maternally derived duplications of this region. We suggest that this is a rather unique mechanism leading to Prader‐Willi syndrome that has not been previously reported. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Map of autosomal recessive genetic disorders in Saudi Arabia: Concepts and future directions
Authors: Al‐Owain Mohammed , Al‐Zaidan Hamad , Al‐Hassnan Zuhair
Published: August 2012

Saudi Arabia has a population of 27.1 million. Prevalence of many autosomal recessive disorders is higher than in other known populations. This is attributable to the high rate of consanguineous marriages (56%), the tribal structure, and large family size. Founder mutations have been recognized in many autosomal recessive disorders, many of which are overrepresented within certain tribes. On the other hand, allelic heterogeneity is also observed among common and rare autosomal recessive conditions. With the adoption of more advanced molecular techniques in the country in recent years in conjunction with international collaboration, the mapping of various autosomal recessive disorders has increased dramatically. Different genetic concepts pertinent to this highly inbred population are discussed here. Addressing such genetic disorders at the national level will become a cornerstone of strategic health care initiatives in the 21st century. Current efforts are hampered by many socio‐cultural and health care related factors. Education about genetic diseases, establishment of a “national registry” and mutational database, and enhanced healthcare access are crucial for success of any preventative campaign. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“I want to know what's in Pandora's box”: Comparing stakeholder perspectives on incidental findings in clinical whole genomic sequencing
Authors: Townsend Anne , Adam Shelin , Birch Patricia H. , Lohn Zoe , Rousseau Francois , Friedman Jan M.
Published: August 2012

Whole genomic sequencing (WGS) promises significant personalized health benefits, and its increasingly low cost makes wide clinical use inevitable. However, a core challenge is “incidental findings” (IF). Using focus groups, we explored attitudes about the disclosure of IF in clinical settings from three perspectives: Genetics health‐care professionals, the general public, and parents whose children have experienced genetic testing. Analysis was based on a framework approach. All three groups considered practical and ethical considerations. There was consensus that IF presented challenges for disclosure and a pre‐test patient–clinician discussion was vital for clarification and agreement. The professionals favored targeted analysis to limit data handling and focus pre‐test discussions on medical relevance. Their perspective highlighted ethical concepts of justice and beneficence. The lay groups' standpoint emphasized autonomy and patients' rights to choose what findings they receive, and that patients accept the consequences of any potential anxiety and uncertainty. The lay groups also felt that it was their responsibility to check genomic developments over time with their original test results and saw patient responsibility as an important part of patient choice. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.