bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Environmental Factors on Product Innovations in Emerging Markets: The Institutional Theory Perspective
Authors: Lu Zhonghua , Nakagawa Koichi
Published: August 2022

This study addresses how environmental factors in emerging markets affect product innovation properties, categorized as frugality, sociality, and technological sophistication. A questionnaire survey among Japanese overseas subsidiaries in 13 emerging countries was conducted to collect data on environmental factors and new product innovation characteristics. Hierarchical OLS regression analysis was employed to estimate the influences. The results reveal that companies in emerging markets tend to adopt frugality, sociality, and technological sophistication innovation when consumers have low purchasing power, institutional voids exist, and resources are available, respectively. Traditional innovation literature has been built on the assumption of consumer affluence and resource abundance. However, the findings might not apply to the context of emerging markets owing to environmental constraints in these markets. This study is the first to empirically show the influence of environmental circumstances on firms' innovation strategies. The issue of generalizability may exist because of the limited number of samples collected from firms originating in one country (i.e., Japanese overseas subsidiaries). However, this study provides a framework to better understand how the innovation decisions of firms operating in emerging markets may vary depending on environmental factors. This study provides critical insights into how firms should adapt their innovation strategies to the market environment.
Evaluation of Insecticides and Biopesticides Against Leaf Hopper Empoasca kerri Pruthi in Pigeon Pea
Authors: Karabhantanal S. S. , Dharavath Saicharan
Published: August 2022

Green leafhopper Empoasca kerri (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae) is a polyphagous xylem feeder and it is a pest of pulse crops. The present study evaluated some insecticides and biopesticides against E. kerri in pigeonpea. The results revealed that its incidence was significantly reduced with flonicamid 50WG and tolfenpyrad 20%SC (89.39 and 81.92%, respectively) after third spray. Also, increase in yield was observed with flonicamid 50WG (13.20 q/ ha) and thiamethoxam 25WDG (12.90 q/ ha) amounting to 37.50 and 36.05%, respectively. The biopesticides viz., neemazol 1% @ 2ml/ l and Lecanicillium lecanii @2g/ l were found to be the least effective.
Morphological and biochemical basis of resistance to pod borer Helicoverpa armigera in pigeonpea
Authors: Tyagi Saniya , Keval Ram , Verma Sunil , Kohar Dhruba Narayan
Published: August 2022

This study evaluates sources of resistance to the pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in 15 long duration pigeonpea genotypes with experiments done during 2017-19. Association of morphological and biochemical traits was also evaluated. The results revealed that the least pod damage was attributed to high phenol content in pods (-0.668**), seeds (-0.719**) and high trichomes density (-0.637*). The susceptibility of genotypes (IVT-1-903, IVT-12-904, IVT-703) was indicated by their high pest susceptibility rating (PSR), and due to greater pod length (0.563*) and width (0.603**). The activity of protein, reducing sugars, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, pod wall thickness and number of seeds/ pod was also studied. Genotypes IVT-705, IVT-706 and IVT-1-901 emerged out to be the least susceptible (PSR = 4). Role of these traits are discussed to identify basis of resistance.
Fall Army Worm Spodoptera frugiperda Strains in Goa and its Incidence on Fodder Maize
Authors: R. Maruthadurai , Ramesh R.
Published: August 2022

Fall army worm (FAW) Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) is a highly destructive invasive insect pest. Its incidence was observed during post kharif season 2019 at Old Goa, and it ranged from 43 to 83% @ 0.67 larvae/ plant with a maximum of 1.16 larvae/plant during vegetative stage, and it was more than the reproductive stage. The mtCO1 analysis of the populations from Goa revealed the presence of both Rice (R) strain and Corn (C) strain which feed on fodder maize and sweet corn, and this confirms the prevalence of both the strains in Goa on fodder maize.
Distributions Pattern of Protective Silken Discs Weaved by Larvae of Sugarcane Top Shoot Borer Scirpophaga excerptalis (Walker)
Authors: Baitha Arun , Jaiswal A. K. , Kumar Anuj
Published: August 2022

The distribution pattern of protective silken discs weaved by larvae of five broods (generations) of top shoot borer Scirpophaga excerptalis (Walker) was studied in three early maturing varieties (Co 0238, CoPk 09151 and CoLk 94184) and two mid late varieties (CoLk 13204 and CoLk 8102). The mean number of silken discs guarding the female pupa was more in first, second, third, fourth and fifth broods than male pupa in all varieties. The ranges of the discs protecting the female pupae in all broods (first, second, third, fourth and fifth) varied 3-12, 2-21, 2-17, 3-13 and 2-9, respectively. The male pupae were surrounded by 5.23 (CoLk 8102), 6.93, 8.73, 6.67 and 3.92 (CoPk 05191) discs, respectively which were higher than the other varieties in respective broods. The results allow us to better understand the distribution pattern of silken discs weaved by larvae of different broods of S. excerptalis in early and mid-late varieties.
New Records of Euhamitermes Holmgren From South India
Authors: Ranjith M. , Kalleshwaraswamy C. M. , Meghana K. J. , Deshmukh Sharanabasappa S. , Shivanna B. K. , Satish K. M. , Dhananjaya B. C.
Published: August 2022

Euhamitermes Holmgren is a soldier rare, soil feeding termite of the Oriental region. Two species of this genus viz., Euhamitermes lighti (Snyder) and Euhamitermes chhotanii Maiti are hereby first reported from southern Indian states of Karnataka and Kerala, respectively. Record of E. chhotanii in Kerala makes an addition of the genus and thus to the termite fauna of Kerala. These two species are redescribed and illustrated based on soldier and workers.
Host Preference and Population Dynamics of Holotrichia nagpurensis Khan and Ghai
Authors: Kumar Mayank , Pandey A. K.
Published: August 2022

Holotrichia nagpurensis Khan and Ghai is a major white grub species of subfamily Melolonthinae. Its wide host range has been reported from different parts of India. An experiment was carried out to find host preference and population dynamics at three locations of Pantnagar in Terai region of Udham Singh Nagar District during 2018-19. Beetles were recorded from six host plants among which neem Azadirachta indica, was the major one. The p-value of two-way ANOVA between populations of three locations (0.0006<0.001) and from six hosts (0.0002<0.001) showed that there exists significant difference in distribution and feeding preference of H. nagpurensis on host plants. Among the hosts, A. indica was found to be the most preferred with maximum adult density (419 adults) and average 46.55 beetles/tree; and the multiple comparisons revealed a significant host preference. Correlation coefficients revealed that minimum relative humidity exhibits a negative relationship with beetle emergence.
Persistent Toxicity of Diamide Insecticides Against Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) on Brinjal
Authors: Saini Deependra Kumar , Srivastava R. P.
Published: August 2022

The persistent toxicity (PT) of diamide insecticides viz. chlorantraniliprole and flubendiamide @0.01 and 0.008% has been determined on brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) against three days old grubs (mean grub wt.= 0.0013 g/ grub) of Henosepilachna vigintioctopunctata (F.) during May, 2019. Chlorantraniliprole @0.01% was the most persistent with a PT value of 1026.52 followed by flubendiamide @0.01% (933.2), chlorantraniliprole @0.008% (755.4) and flubendiamide @0.008% (606.58) at 24 hr after feeding (HAF). On increasing the feeding period from 24 to 48 hr on the same leaves, chlorantraniliprole @0.01% showed the maximum PT value of 1791.75 followed by flubendiamide @0.01% (1422.2), chlorantraniliprole @0.008% (1382.92) and flubendiamide @0.008% (918.58). After 72 hr of feeding on the treated leaves, chlorantraniliprole @0.01% again showed maximum PT value of 2000.0 followed by chlorantraniliprole @0.008% (1634.16), flubendiamide @0.01% (1613.26) and flubendiamide @0.008% (1400.00). The order of persistent toxicity was same on brinjal plants at 24 and 48 HAF i.e., chlorantraniliprole @0.01%> flubendiamide @0.01%> chlorantraniliprole @0.008%> flubendiamide @0.008%.
Population Dynamics of Mustard Aphid and its Natural Enemies
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Singh R. S. , Yadav Neelam
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was conducted on mustard aphid Lipaphis erysimi Kalt. and its natural enemies to document its seasonal incidence over four varieties of mustard during rabi season at the Instructional Farm, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur. The aphids appeared in first week of January at the flowering stage, which peaked during 7th standard week were 115.5-155.0, 98.01-121.0, 75.5-108.6 and 55.80-86.49, aphids/plant on mustard variety Urvashi, Vardan, Varuna and Rohini, respectively. Correlation coefficients of incidence with weather factors have been worked out.
Dissipation Kinetics and Risk Assessment of Thiamethoxam 25 % WG Residues in Vegetable Cowpea
Authors: Reddy Banka Kanda Kishore , Paul Ambily , George Thomas
Published: August 2022

A field experiment was conducted to study the rate of dissipation of thiamethoxam 25% WG in vegetable cowpea. Thiamethoxam 25%WG @ 0.24 ml l-1 was sprayed at pod formation stage, and samples of pods were harvested at 0 (2 hr after spray), 1, 3, 5, 7, 10, 15 days after spray. Residues were estimated using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer (LC-MS/ MS) at the All-India Network Project on Pesticides Residues, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Kerala. The mean initial residue was found to be 0.53 μg g-1, and residues were observed persisting up to three days and reached below quantification level on fifth day.
Detection of Hidden Infestation of Cigarette Beetle Lasioderma serricorne F. in Turmeric Rhizomes by X-Ray Radiography
Authors: Kumar K. Ravi , Reddy C. Narendra
Published: August 2022

An experiment was conducted to detect the hidden infestation of Lasiderma serricorne F. in the turmeric rhizomes by X-ray radiography. Six varieties viz., Duggirala, Pratibha, Armoor, Salem, Kasturi and Tekurpeta were selected based on their size. Standardization of X-ray radiography values were done by subjecting the fingers to 120 combinations of voltage (KV), current (mA) and exposure period (s). The results revealed that the hidden infestation was detected as accurately as possible with 22 to 25 KV voltage, 3 mA to 5 mA current with 10 sec of exposure.
Toxicity of Some Insecticides to The Fall Army Worm Spodoptera frugiperda
Authors: Shareef S. Mastan , Madhumathi T. , Swathi M. , Patibanda A. K.
Published: August 2022

A laboratory bioassay (topical application) was conducted to evaluate the relative toxicity of ten insecticides against third instar larvae of fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith). Emamectin benzoate was found to be the most toxic with least LC50 value (1 ppm). The order of toxicity was emamectin benzoate (1 ppm) > spinetoram (1.2 ppm) > chlorantraniliprole (1.8 ppm) > novaluron+ emamectin benzoate (7.7 ppm) > novaluron (18 ppm) > novaluron + indoxacarb (31.7 ppm) > flubendiamide (33.8 ppm) > indoxacarb (42.3 ppm) > lambda-cyhalothrin (77.2 ppm) > chlorpyriphos (184.7 ppm). Emamectin benzoate, spinetoram, chlorantraniliprole, novaluron+ emamectin benzoate, novaluron, novaluron + indoxacarb, flubendiamide, indoxacarb and lambda-cyhalothrin showed 184.70, 153.92, 102.61, 23.99, 10.26, 5.83, 5.46, 4.37 and 2.39 folds toxicity over chlorpyriphos, respectively at 72 hr after treatment.
Effect Of Fenvalerate, λ-cyhalothrin, Quinalphos And Thiamethoxam On Larval Survival In Honey Bee Apis mellifera L.
Authors: Tuteja Shushant , Dhanju Amandeep Singh , Kaur Gurleen , Shyamli  , Singh Randeep
Published: August 2022

This study evaluates the effects of some insecticides on the survival of larvae of Apis mellifera L. The pyrethroids (fenvalerate and λ-cyhalothrin) caused maximum mortality at highest concentration (12.5 ppm), when compared to quinalphos and thiamethoxam. Fenvalerate was observed to be extremely toxic in its maximum concentration, as none among 1-2 days old treated larvae (after multiple exposures) survived after 24 hours (i.e., after 4th exposure. Lavae were observed to be tolerant to thiamethoxam as 66.67% survival was observed till emergence under similar conditions.
Effect of Nanoemulsified Eucalyptus Globulus Oil on Development, Emergence and Survival of Aedes aegypti L.
Authors: Kaur Navkiran , Kocher D. K.
Published: August 2022

Aedes aegypti L., is a serious global threat to human health as a vector for spreading several deadly diseases. Plant extracts provide an efficient and ecofriendly alternate to manage this menace. The sublethal concentrations i.e. 50 and 60 ppm of nanoemulsified eucalyptus oil evaluated against 4th instar (L4) Ae. aegypti larvae resulted in 16.67± 1.67 and 8.33± 1.67% larval survival followed by a significant delay in duration of various developmental stages and decrease in % pupal formation and their survival. Thus, decline in % emergence along with significant reduced body size and longevity were observed in comparison to control and vehicle-control emerged adults. These results reveal the potential of such nanoemulsified oils to be used as phytochemical agents for the sustainable control of Ae. aegypti.
Antioxidant Enzymes in Cotton Mealy Bug Phenacoccus Solenopsis Tinsley Exposed to High Temperature
Authors: Shankarganesh K. , Rameash K. , Selvi C. , Bagyaraj S.
Published: August 2022

Effect of high temperature on the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidases (POD) in the third instar of Phenacoccus solenopsis was studied under laboratory condition. Temperature influences the level of antioxidant enzymes with exposure to high temperature (400C). There was a marked rise in catalase activity and the maximum activity (0.399 nmol/ min/ mg) was observed after 6 hr in Bhatinda population. Irrespective of the population, the activity of peroxidase was positively correlated with time of exposure, and maximum activity was observed in Sri Ganganagar (0.218 nmol/ min/ mg) population at 6 hr of exposure. Within the 3 hr of exposure the maximum activity of SOD (0.127 μM/ min /mg) was observed in Rajkot and at 4 hr (0.060± 0.019 μM/ min /mg) in Sri Ganganagar populations. With further increase in the period of exposure, significant reduction in the activity of SOD was observed, and it was maximum in Guntur populations (0.218 μM/ min/ mg) at 6 hr of exposure. Thus, the findings suggest that the exposure of mealybug to high temperature induce oxidative stress in P. solenopsis. In all the population high temperature stress induces the activity of antioxidant enzymes to overcome the oxidative cell damage in mealy bug.
Biology of Pink Stem Borer Sesamia Inferens Walker on Barnyard Millet Echinochloa Frumentacea
Authors: Roopika M , Srinivasan G , Shanthi M
Published: August 2022

Laboratory study was conducted to assess the biology of pink stem borer Sesamia inferens Walker on barnyard millet during February to April. The eggs were round and creamy white, and were laid inside the leaf sheath. The incubation period was 10.88± 0.41 days, and hatching % was 68.19± 1.16 and the larva had six instars. The weight of first, second, third, fourth, fifth and sixth instar were 0.21± 0.01, 6.86± 0.57, 36.29± 2.79, 63.75± 2.06, 135.97± 2.57 and 225.05± 4.65 mg, respectively; duration of these instars was 3.76± 0.23, 3.92± 0.17, 5.08± 0.21, 5.52± 0.28, 5.72± 0.23 and 6.68± 0.36 days, respectively. The total larval and prepupal duration were 30.68± 0.89 days and 1.48± 0.10 days, respectively, with a pupation of 86.4± 1.86% and pupal period of 9.96± 0.46 days. The pupal weights of males were 138.12± 3.05 mg and females were 196.63± 1.56 mg. The adult emergence was 84.4± 1.93%, with female being larger than males; with filiform antenna, while the had bipectinate antenna. The weight of male adult was 110.20± 4.73 mg and female adult was 189.30± 9.40 mg, and longevity was 4.92± 0.16 6.4± 0.21 days, in male and female, respectively. The fecundity ranged from 28 to 226 eggs/ female (118.4± 12.09) and the total lifecycle ranged from 41 to 63 days (51.2± 1.44 days) for male and from 47 to 70 days (58.12± 1.47 days) for female.
Efficacy of Essential Oils Against Three Stored Product Coleoptera in Wheat Stored in Superbags
Authors: Kumar Ranjeet , Pandey Purnvarath S. , Sohane Ravindra Kumar
Published: August 2022

This study evaluates the efficacy of essential oils against Sitophilus oryzae (L.), Rhyzopertha dominica L. and Tribolium castaneum Herbst in wheat stored in superbags under laboratory condition. The results reveal that the essential oil of Chenopodium botrys, Citrus reticulata, Lantana camara, and Pinus roxburghii at 0.4% alone or in combination of C. botrys + C. reticulata, C. reticulata + P. roxburghii, L. camara + P. roxburghii, C. botrys + P. roxburghii at 0.2% each completely check the feeding and breeding of these pests. The essential oil of C. botrys, C. reticulata, L. camara, and P. roxburghii at 0.4% either alone or in combination (as above) at 0.2% check the infestation and weight loss, up to twelve months of storage.
Diversity of butterfly pollinators in agroecosystems of Kumaun region
Authors: Arya Deeksha , Goswami Deepika , Bora Shikha , Rekha  , Kaushal B R
Published: August 2022

This study examined the diversity, abundance and evenness of butterfly pollinators in Kumaun region, Uttarakhand from March 2019 to February 2020. A total of 394 butterflies, representing 40 species and five families were collected. Nymphalidae was the most dominant family with 19 species, followed by Pieridae (9 species), Lycaenidae (9 species), Papilionidae (2 species), and Hesperiidae (1 species), respectively. Pieris canidia indica (Evans) was the most abundant species, constituting 38.3% of the total individuals. Shannon-Wiener diversity index was observed to be maximum in Site-1 (H’=1.37) than in Site-2 (H’=1.12). Similarly, evenness was maximum in Site-1 (E=0.457), than in Site-2 (E=0.333). In addition, significant pollinator species in crops have been identified in agroecosystems.
Population dynamics of cut worm Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel on maize in Kashmir
Authors: Aziz Danishta , Ahmed Sheikh Bilal , Yaqoob Munazah , Khursheed  , Rehman Sheikh Aafreen , Anjum Nahida
Published: August 2022

The status of cut worm Agrotis ipsilon Hufnagel was studied in district Baramulla and its incidence was monitored in maize crop at the field of Faculty of Agriculture, Wadura, SKUAST-Kashmir during 2018. The incidence was observed at weekly intervals and was found to be infesting maize starting from germination to maturity. The results revealed maximum incidence and damage (74.24± 0.89%) at low altitude followed by medium (58.07± 1.87%); while the least was at high altitude (36.27± 0.78%). The larvae started occurring from 20th standard week (SW), reached its peak on 25th SW and then started decreasing from 26th SW. Incidence revealed a positive and significant correlation (r=0.634) with maximum temperature.
Why Insect Pollinators Important in Crop Improvement?
Authors: Tanda Amarjit S
Published: August 2022

Three out of four plants provide fruits or seeds for human consumption as crops rely on insect pollinators across the world. Many fruit and vegetable crops such as almonds, apples, cranberries, melons, broccoli, cherries and blueberries are dependent upon insect pollinator services Thus, healthy and nutritious diet to humans is offered by the bee pollinators. These natural servants help in the fertilization and seed setting of 87 major food plants. Crop pollinators are in danger, and modern agronomic practices can minimize the threat to flower foragers by changing the landscape and redesigning the ecological procedures. Safeguarding over 20000 wild bee pollinators will be of great importance as these have enhanced the economic value of crops up to $235- 577 billion. Herein, emphasized are the questions, why insect pollinators are significant in crop improvement technology? and how this is improving the quality and quantity in food production.
Biochemical Response of Chickpea Genotypes as Influenced by Pod Borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner)
Authors: Karthik G. S. , Vastrad A. S.
Published: August 2022

This study evaluated the biochemical changes in 15 chickpea genotypes artificially infested with pod borer Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner). Infested samples revealed significantly more phenols, malic acid and protein, and less reducing sugar contents. Significant differences among the genotypes for all the biochemicals were observed in the infested samples. These differences were influenced by genotype and pod damage both individually and together. Correlation analysis indicated significant associations of parameters with pod damage.
Native Parasitoids of Fall Army Worm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) in Maize
Authors: Jindal Jawala , Sharma Kanu Priya , Shera Parminder Singh , Cheema Harpreet Kaur
Published: August 2022

Fall Army worm Spodoptera frugiperda (J E Smith) is a devastating, polyphagous pest which entered India during 2018, starting from Karnataka and spreading to other states. This study on its native parasitoids and their parasitisation efficiency in maize crop under Punjab conditions. The S. frugiperda larvae were collected during kharif 2019 and 2020, and it was found that no parasitoids could be observed in 2019, as the pest recently invaded the crop in late season. But, during kharif 2020, two types of parasitoids were observed - Campoletis sp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and Chelonus formosanus Sonan (Hymenoptera: Braconidae); these which existed as natural enemies of Chilo partellus were found to adapt effectively with the new invasive pest. The parasitism rate of 21.92 and 16.33% was observed for the Campoletis sp. and Chelonus formosanus, respectively.
Rearing of ERI Silk Worm and its Economic Viability to Rainfed Castor Farmers
Authors: Narayanamma V. Lakshmi , Padmasri A.
Published: August 2022

Ericulture, rearing of eri silk worm plays a significant role in rural livelihood security especially among marginalized and weaker sections. Castor (Ricinus communis L.) being the primary host plant of eri silk worm Samia cynthia ricini Boisduval, its rearing can be taken up, without losing the seed yield. To study the effect of defoliation on seed yield and additional income, eight castor genotypes viz., Haritha, Kranthi, Kiran, DPC-9, PCH-111, PCH-222, GCH-4 and DCH-177 were studied during 2011-12, 2012-13 and 2013-14 kharif and rabi seasons at the Regional Agricultural Research Station, Palem. Significantly no deviation in seed yield was observed from non-defoliated samples, and 30% defoliated plants. The batches reared on the leaves of PCH-111 gave significantly maximum shell yield of 15.1 kg/ ha followed by GCH-4 (14.8 kg/ha) and PCH-222 (14.6 kg/ha). By utilizing the 30% defoliated leaf for rearing, significantly more gross returns and net profit were obtained with PCH-111 (Rs. 55,582 and 37,452), GCH-4 (Rs. 55,144 and 37,036) and PCH-222 (Rs. 54,820 and 36,635). On an average almost all the genotypes gave an additional income of Rs. 4000/ ha in addition to the regular seed yield with rearing of the silk worm
Intercropping as Sustainable Approach Against Okra Shoot and Fruit Borer Earias spp.
Authors: Kumar Ram , Singh P. P. , C. R. Kumbhar
Published: August 2022

This study evaluates the effect of maize, sorghum and cowpea as intercrops with okra (at ratio of main: intercrop- of 1:1 and 2:1) against okra shoot and fruit borer Earias spp. incidence. The results revealed that the least shoot damage (5.00%) was observed with okra + cowpea (1:1) intercropping followed by okra + cowpea (2:1) and okra + sorghum (1:1). Maximum shoot damage (6.65%) was registered in okra + maize (2:1) as against mono-cropping (7.69%). Similarly, the least fruit damage (12.25%) was in okra + cowpea (1:1) crop statistically on par with that of okra + cowpea (2:1), okra + sorghum (1:1) and okra + sorghum (2:1); maximum (16.41%) was observed with okra + maize (2:1) and okra as a sole crop (18.42%). The okra + cowpea (1:1) recorded the maximum land equivalent ratio (1.31) followed by okra + cowpea 1.20 at 2:1 and okra+ sorghum 1.19 at 1:1 crop ratio. Okra intercropped with maize (2:1) was found less effective (0.99) than the okra sole. The maximum okra equivalent yield (111.4 q/ha) was obtained with okra + cowpea intercropping (1:1), while the least (100.9 q/ha) was in okra + maize (2:1).
Acaricidal Activity of Botanical Extracts against Tetranychus truncatus Ehara
Authors: A C Laya , Bhaskar Haseena , Joseph Ancy , K. B. Deepthy
Published: August 2022

The potential of aqueous and methanol extracts of ten botanicals were evaluated against the egg and adult of the spider mite Tetranychus truncatus Ehara, under laboratory conditions. The extracts showed no or negligible ovicidal action, but significant adulticidal action; among the aqueous extracts, A. squamosa (5, 7.5 and 10%), C. papaya (10%) and B. monnieri (10%) caused significantly maximum mortality, while it was methanolic extracts of A. calamus, C. papaya (1 and 2%) and A. marmelos (2%) which revealed maximum mortality with adults.
Efficacy of Biopesticides Against Plant Hoppers in Direct Seeded Rice
Authors: Kaur N. , Randhawa H. S. , Sarao P. S.
Published: August 2022

This study evaluates the field efficacy of some biopesticides i.e., azadirachtin 1%EC @ 250, 500 & 750 ml, Bacillus thuringiensis @1500, 2000 & 2500 g, Beauveria bassiana 10%SC @2000, 2250 & 2500 ml and chlorpyriphos 20EC @2500 ml (check)/ha against the brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) and white backed plant hopper, Sogatella furcifera (Horváth) in direct seeded rice. The experiment was carried out at the Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana and Punjab Agricultural University Regional Research Station, Gurdaspur during 2017-18. It was observed that all tested biopesticides were found significantly effective. Beauveria bassiana @2500 ml/ha was the most effective, while the maximum cost-benefit ratio was obtained with chlorpyriphos 20EC @2500 ml (standard check) followed by azadirachtin 1% EC @250 and 500 ml/ha. Despite less cost benefits, biopesticides can be safer to environment.
Avifaunal Diversity in Wheat Crop: A Case Study of Bathinda District of Punjab
Authors: Kaur Navjot , Sidhu H. K.
Published: August 2022

Ornithological studies confirmed that 83 species belonging to 16 orders were present in and around the wheat fields from preparatory tillage to ripening stage at village Ruldu Singh Wala, Katar Singh Wala and Bir Talab. The diversity analyses revealed a richness index of 77, 58 and 55, respectively. Rose-ringed parakeet was the most abundant at all the locations (10.53, 25.51 and 21.30%, respectively) followed by blue rock pigeon (7.57, 14.19 and 10.80). Passeriformes (46.99%) was the most dominant order followed by Cicioniiformes (12.05%) and Charadriiformes (8.43%). Insectivorous guild (39 species, 46.99%) was the dominating guild followed by omnivorous (19 species, 22.89%) and carnivorous guild (12 species, 14.46%). Species number increased from early (preparatory tillage and sowing) to late (seedling and ripening) stages. Thus, it is observed that wheat crop acts a major habitat for birds.
New Record of Protophormia sp. (Calliphoridae: Diptera) from Cold Arid Desert Kargil Ladakh
Authors: Hussain Mohd. , Mir Altaf Hussain , Talk Hidayatullah
Published: August 2022

Protophormia is a genus of Calliphoridae well known species in the cold climatic areas of the Holarctic region. In the present study, Protophormia terraenovae (Robineau-Desvoidy) has been documented as new record from the trans-Himalayan region of cold arid desert Kargil Ladakh (UT), India. It has been found that this species is fairly distributed throughout Kargil, Ladakh.
Toxicity of Some Insecticides to Lifestages of Cheilomenes sexmaculata Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: Pavithrakumar K. , Smitha M. S. , Chellappan M. , Subramanian M.
Published: August 2022

Commonly used insecticides in cowpea were evaluated for their safety to the aphidophagous predator Cheilomenes sexmaculata (F.). As per IOBC standards, acute toxicity bioassays done at recommended field doses showed that dimethoate was harmful to all the lifestages with 100% mortality. Thiamethoxam was found safe to egg stage but was harmful to grubs, pupae and adults. Neem oil was harmful to the non-feeding stages, eggs and pupae, completely inhibiting egg hatching and adult eclosion; it was harmless or slightly harmful to the feeding stages. Flubendiamide and spinosad were found harmless to all the lifestages with > 10% mortality (eggs, grubs and pupae) and 12.5% to adults.
Evaluation of IPM Modules Against Diaphania caesalis (Walker) in Jack Fruit
Authors: K. Soumya , Krishnamoorthy A. , Venkatesha M. G.
Published: August 2022

Field trials were conducted to evaluate four IPM modules against jack shoot and fruit borer Diaphania caesalis (Walker). Among different canopy types, the spreading type canopy was the most susceptible. The fruit damage on covered and hooked fruits were significantly lesser compared to control. Among the five modules evaluated- Module I (Nomuraea rileyi (WP)@ 10g/l, pongamia soap 5 gm/l, Trichogramma chilonis @ 45,000 adults and Apanteles stantoni @ 450 adults/acre) were more effective. The laboratory mass multiplied parasitoids and pathogens provided an effective control. Moreover, ecofriendly botanical insecticides i.e. neem and pongamia are equally effective.
Behavioural Response and Mass Trapping of Males of Tea Mosquito Bug Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse
Authors: Bharathi N. Santhana , Mahendran P. , Antony Anju , Rabeesh T. P.
Published: August 2022

Tea mosquito bug (TMB) Helopeltis theivora Waterhouse is one of the major pests in both south and north Indian tea plantations. This study was conducted to find out the behavioral responses of male TMB for developing a mass trapping technology. The study shows that TMB male’s behavioral response was high towards the thorax extract of virgin females, virgin female body wash and live virgin females. Males’ antennal responses were high towards to thorax extract of virgin females; the same sources performed well against male TMB under field conditions too. Caged virgin females provide prolonged attraction throughout their lifespan; in contrast, thorax and virgin female body extracts’ attraction rate lasted only up to 24 hr but achieved a significant attraction rate over male TMB. Caged female and thorax extract could be the effective tools for mass trapping, monitoring and controlling of TMB through mating disruption.
Black Soldier Fly Hermetia illucens (L.): Ideal Environmental Conditions and Rearing Strategies
Authors: Singh Anshika , Marathe Deepak , Kumari Kanchan
Published: August 2022

Endeavours to recycle organic waste utilizing black soldier fly (BSF) Hermetia illucens (L.) into waste management and high nutrient biomass development have indeed picked up momentum recently. But there is not much data on their appropriate rearing conditions. Very few studies delineating the fecundity and reproduction capacities of BSFs concluded that the presence of natural sunlight or artificial light with intensity of 110-200 μ mol m2s-1 and above triggers mating and oviposition (about 85-90 %) at successfully higher rates along with ideal temperature (26 to 40 °C) and relative humidity (40-70 %) conditions. Optimum food moisture (50-80%) also plays a vital role in enhancing the consumption rate of waste and therefore the treatment efficiency of the larvae. Significant development of the BSF larvae and the treatment efficiencies were also observed to be governed by the pH of waste and the optimum range was defined to be of 6.0 to 9.0. The type of organic waste also equally influences the development, fecundity, and the lifespan of flies. The present review highlights the significant research that has been conducted with respect to lifecycle of BSFs, under the set of different light combinations (LED and fluorescent lights), temperatures and organic waste composites (protein rich and fat rich substrates). Conclusively, it was inferred that ameliorations in rearing conditions such as investigation of suitable light source, modifications in egg collection and hatching structures and knowledge of biology of flies can further boost the reproductive capability of fly thereby promoting successful insect rearing and mass production.
Impacts of Artificial Light at Night on Nocturnal and Diurnal Insect Biology and Diversity
Authors: Borges Renee M.
Published: August 2022

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is leading to light pollution on local and global scales. Reflected and scattered light contributes to skyglow over cities and large industrial complexes. ALAN is one of the key drivers of insect declines in the Anthropocene era. This is the likely consequence of perturbations in circadian clocks by extension and even abolition of the dark phase of the diel cycle, which affect reproduction and foraging. Bioluminescent insects that use light as sexual signals are severely affected by ALAN and may be under sexual selection for even brighter signals. The phototactic response of insects to light is also causing mortality due to increased predation and altered activity. Mitigatory measures are urgently needed to stem insect declines and to ‘protect’ the role of insects in community ecology. New satellite technology for ALAN measurement is urgently required. There are many research gaps, such as the effect of ALAN on diurnal insects and on interaction networks, that need to be filled.
Natural enemies associated with sorghum shoot bug Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead)
Authors: Dharavath Saicharan , S S Karabhantanal  , S B Jagginavar
Published: August 2022

This study on the potential natural enemies associated with sorghum shoot bug Peregrinus maidis (Ashmead) revealed that among the predators, the predatory bug [Creontiades sp. and Tytthus parviceps (Reuter)] and neuropterans [Chrysoperla sp. and Micromus timidus (Hagen)] were found predating over eggs and nymphs. Beetles of Coccinellidae [Cheilomenes sexmaculata (Fab.)] and Chrysomelidae [Monolepta signata (Olivier)] were also found predating but only on nymphs. Six spiders were observed predating over nymphs and adults- these include Callitrichia sp. (Linyphiidae), Cheiracanthium approximatum (Cheiracanthiidae), Marengo sp. (Salticidae), Neoscona sp. (Araneidae), Plexippus petersi (Salticidae) and an unidentified Linyphiidae. A parasitoid Anagrus sp. (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) was on the eggs and a mite Erythraeus sp. (Trambidiformes: Erythridae) was noticed adhering to the adults. This study is the first record of Creontiades sp.
Determination of Tetraniliprole and its Metabolite Residues in Tomato
Authors: J Kousika  , Bhuvaneswari K , Muralitharan V
Published: August 2022

Dissipation of tetraniliprole and its metabolite, chinazolinon in tomato was studied. Immature fruit samples were collected at specific intervals with three applications. Modified QuEChERS method was used and satisfactory recovery of 78.28 to 104.77 % was obtained. Good linearity (0.05 to 1.00 μg g-1) with coefficient of determination (R2) > 0.99 was recorded. The initial deposit at 60 (x) and 120 g a.i. ha-1 (2x) was 0.42 and 0.65 μg g-1 and reached the below limit of quantification on 5th and 7th days after spraying. The half-life period was 1.3 and 1.6 days and the safe waiting period was 4.5 and 5.8 days at x and 2x doses, respectively. The harvest time (20th day) samples, mature fruit and soil were at BLQ in both the doses. The metabolite, chinazolinon was not detected in any of the sample analyzed. Theoretical maximum residue contribution (TMRC) was less than maximum permissible intake even on the day of spraying.
Occurrence of Tea Mosquito Bug Helopeltis antonii Signoret on Neem in Northern Karnataka
Authors: Shankara Murthy M. , Prabhuraj A. , MBheemanna M.
Published: August 2022

Severe incidence of tea mosquito bug Helopeltis antonii Signoret (Hemiptera: Miridae) on neem Azadirachta indica A. Juss was noticed during 2021-22 in northern parts of Karnataka. The incidence level (expressed in damage score) varied from 1 to 4 across the surveyed locations, and mean damage score of 3 (25-50% incidence) was observed. Adults and nymphs were found desapping the tender parts of the twigs resulting in black patches and gummosis on the feeding zone initially. Later, affected twigs were found drying along with leaves giving burnt appearance. In this paper, details of survey conducted, different life stages of the pest recorded along with symptoms of damage are discussed.
A Review on Vector Borne Disease Transmission: Current Strategies of Mosquito Vector Control
Authors: Manikandan S , Mathivanan A , Bora Bhagyashree , Hemaladkshmi P , Abhisubesh V , Poopathi S
Published: August 2022

.In this review, the mosquito vector borne diseases (VBD) majorly malaria, dengue, filariasis, chikungunya, Japanese encephalitis, Zika were presented to comprehend the global disease incidence as the control of these disease transmitting vectors are challengeable globally nowadays. It has been found that malaria affects nearly 500 million people and lymphatic filariasis about 100 million people worldwide every year. About 25 million people are infected by dengue, with approximately 25,000 deaths annually. For mosquito larval adult control measures, synthetic pesticides playing major role but owing to resistance development its application is impeded. Alternatively, bacterial biopesticides are very useful for larval control mainly due to environment friendliness and lack of resistance development. As of now, Bacillus sphaericus (Bs) and B. thuringiensis israelensis (Bti) are in use but Bs is nowadays not recommended for field application due to resistance. Significant results on resistance development are noticed in India, Brazil and France. Due to these situations, there is a growing interest in discovering novel biological agents from natural sources. In the present review, the current global scenario of VBDs were discussed.
The Place of Shariah among the Legal Systems of the World
Authors: Saliba Issam
Published: August 2022

The Place of Shariah among the Legal Systems of the World

Islamic law has been classified during the International Congress on Comparative Law held in Paris in 1900 as a great original legal system. The basic foundation of Islamic law rests on a moral concept of right and wrong as found in the Koran, the Holy Book of Islam and the traditions of the Prophet Mohammed. Muslim scholars formulated the legal rules and organized into a number of schools of Islamic legal thought. The plurality of opinion among and within these schools attest to the flexibility built into the structure of Islamic law. Later generations of Muslim scholars and intellectual leaders often failed to reach the spirit of the law and to build upon its accomplishments.
Human Rights in Islamic Law, Specifically the Guarantee of Procedural Justice
Authors: Mattar Mohamed Y.
Published: August 2022

Human Rights in Islamic Law, Specifically the Guarantee of Procedural Justice

International law guarantees several fundamental principles of procedural justice, such as presumption of innocence, the right against self-incrimination, the right to be tried without undue delay, the right to examine witnesses, and the right to legal assistance. In this article I examine whether Islamic law guarantees similar procedural protections and demonstrate how Islamic law provides for basic human rights as well as general principles that may serve as guidelines in procedural justice. These include the principle of non-retroactivity, the principle of personal accountability, the principle of no crime or punishment without law, the right to be presumed innocent until proven guilty, and the right to defence. The article also identifies rules of evidence provided by Islamic law which are designed to protect the accused.
Women's Rights in the Islamic Perspective
Authors: Alsunaid Omar , Almofadda Bashar
Published: August 2022

Women's Rights in the Islamic Perspective

Women in Sharey'ah play an essential role in the Muslim community. In the relationship among men and women, Sharey'ah adopted the theories of integration and justice rather than theories of competition and equality. This leads Sharey'ah to distribute human rights between men and women depending on their nature and personal need. However, many stereotypes and misapprehensions concerning women's rights in Sharey'ah have appeared owing to a lack of understanding of the objectives of Sharey'ah's rules. This article demonstrates women's rights and the Sharey'ah's objectives behind these rights, including Alquamah, political participation, marriage and inheritance. The article then goes on to explain why there is a variation between women's rights in Sharey'ah and the reality of some Muslim communities.
Medically Assisted Reproduction in Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates
Authors: Büchler Andrea , Schneider Kayasseh Eveline
Published: August 2022

Medically Assisted Reproduction in Egypt, Iran, Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates: Sunni and Shia Legal Debates

Since the mid-1980s, biotechnologies have been widely used to assist human conception around the world, and especially in the Middle East. In this article, our main focus is the United Arab Emirates (UAE), as well as Egypt, the Islamic Republic of Iran, and Saudi-Arabia. In these Muslim-majority countries, an ever rising demand for fertility treatments runs parallel to far-reaching demographic and social changes. While assisted reproductive technologies offer various methods to pursue the desire to have biological children, they do also underscore religious and cultural sensibilities about traditional male-female relationships and family formation.

In order to outline contemporary opinions and state laws and regulations in the countries mentioned in the outset, core notions and concepts of the Islamic family that are relevant for understanding attitudes regarding reproductive medicine and that have influence on couples seeking fertility treatment are outlined. It is also shown how ethical-juridical considerations have shaped the scholarly discourse about assisted reproduction. In this context, assisted reproductive techniques that include eggs, sperm, embryos, or wombs from third parties have been particularly contentious. In fact, there remain different views among Islamic jurists and senior clerics in Shia Islam regarding ethically controversial issues such as egg and sperm donation, as well as surrogate motherhood. While the number of IVF-clinics is on the rise in all countries discussed in this article, only in the UAE are clinics operating with rather comprehensive legislative oversight.
Shifting from Financial Jargon to Plain Language
Authors: De Pascalis Francesco
Published: August 2022

Shifting from Financial Jargon to Plain Language: Advantages and Problems in the European Retail Financial Market

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the European regulatory efforts to guarantee investors a proper understanding of the characteristics of the products being offered in the retail financial market. In particular, the analysis emphasises the proposal to introduce plain language as a mandatory requirement for drafting pre-contractual documents relating to retail financial products.

The 2007-2009 financial crisis brought to attention the importance of providing investors with more information on financial products to help them make informed investment decisions. However, more disclosure alone is not enough. The quantity and quality of information to be disclosed must go hand in hand with the way the information is communicated.

Plain language is seen as an adequate tool to make information more transparent and understandable to the average investor. However, to make plain language a valuable instrument, it is necessary to enhance the ability of those who have the responsibility to apply it, that is, the financial products’ issuers and distributors.

This aspect deserves proper consideration; otherwise, the benefit of plain language will remain on paper.
“What Does He Think This Is? The Court of Human Rights or the United Nations?”
Authors: Maci Stefania Maria
Published: August 2022

“What Does He Think This Is? The Court of Human Rights or the United Nations?” (Plain) Language in the Written Memories of Arbitral Proceedings: A Cross-Cultural Case Study

Arbitration as an alternative dispute resolution (ADR) is an extra-judicial process resolved privately outside an ordinary court of justice. As such, the award has the same legal effects as a judgment pronounced by a court judge. Arbitration can be preceded by a pre-trial process in which arbitrators try to reach a conciliation agreement between the parties. If an agreement is not reached, the arbitration process begins with the gathering of the parties’ memories. In both oral and written evidence, language is used argumentatively, and above all persuasively, by all sides or parties involved.

Extensive studies in arbitration have been carried out from the viewpoint of law. From an applied linguistics angle, the study of interaction in legal contexts has recently been carried out with particular regard to witness testimony and cross-examination in international commercial arbitration within the processes of arbitral hearings and the writing of minutes.

To the best of my knowledge, to date there has never been an investigation on plain language in arbitral memories across national and professional cultures. Therefore, by carrying out a comparative analysis of the written evidence presented in two arbitral processes, this paper tries to evaluate the degree of influence that different legal cultures may exert on the type of language used in written arbitration evidence. The main objective is to offer insights into some instances of arbitration proceedings and their development within their British and Italian contexts.
Making EU Legislation Clearer
Authors: Robinson William
Published: August 2022

Making EU Legislation Clearer

This article looks at the clarity of the legislation of the European Union (EU), in particular the clarity of the language used. It sketches out the basic EU rules on transparency and openness, past expressions of concern for clearer EU legislation, and the response of the institutions. Finally, it considers briefly some ways to make EU legislation clearer.
Plain Language in Legal Studies
Authors: Sala Michele
Published: August 2022

Plain Language in Legal Studies: A Corpus-Based Study

This article investigates the influence of Plain Language in legal academic research. The Plain Language Movement (PLM) in Anglophone cultures and Common Law systems considerably affected the way legal experts and practitioners use the language in professional contexts, both in writing and in oral situations. The assumption at the basis of this investigation is that the exposure to and experience with this way of using the language in professional settings is likely to have influenced the way experts write in research-related and pedagogical contexts.

Based on a comparison between a subcorpus of 40 research articles (RAs) written by English, American, and Australian authors and 40 RAs authored by experts working in Civil Law contexts – thus not affected (at least not so distinctively) by PLM ideology – this article seeks to establish the main differences in the two subcorpora especially at the interpersonal level of discourse and, more precisely, in the use of metadiscursive interactional strategies such as epistemic modality markers and personalization – both intended to facilitate interpretation by controlling assertiveness and lexicalizing the rhetorical figure of the author – and interactive metadiscourse markers like code glosses – which are meant to paraphrase or reformulate meaning to both simplify and bias the interpretive process.