bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Polycythaemia Vera and Myelofibrosis
Authors: Ikkala E. , Rapola J. , Kotilainen M.
Published: August 2010

Bone marrow biopsies were made in 63 patients with polycythaemia vera and in three patients with primary myelofibrosis having polycythaemic blood pictures. The histological findings in polycythaemia vera were classified as follows: normal bone marrow in 14, hyperplastic bone marrow in 17, hyperplastic bone marrow with increased reticulin fibers in 19, early myelofibrosis in 9 and advanced myelofibrosis in 4 patients. In 12 of the polycythaemic patients bone marrow biopsy was repeated after nine to 32 months. In eight patients the histological picture was unchanged, three showed progression of myelofibrosis, and in one fibrotic changes possibly due to a miselading biopsy specimen had disappeared.

The histological findings were in good correlation with clinical parameters and in only three polycythaemia vera patients with early myelofibrosis in histological specimens no clinical or laboratory signs of myelofibrosis were detected. Myelofibrosis was more often encountered in patients with a long history of polycythaemia vera and at the time of the diagnosis of the disease patients with increase in reticulin fiber content and with myelofibrosis in marrow sections had shown slightly more often leukocytosis, circulating normoblasts and splenomegaly than the other patients.

The reliability of bone biopsy from the iliac crest and its value in polycythaemia vera are evaluated. The relationship between polycythaemia vera and myelofibrosis is discussed in the light of the concept of myeloproliferative diseases.
Sites of Destruction of Red Cells in G‐6‐PD Deficient Caucasians and in Phenylhydrazine Treated Patients
Authors: TIZIANELLO ALBERTO , PANNACCIULLI IVO , AJMAR FRANCO , SALVIDIO EMANUELE
Published: August 2010

The sites of destruction of 51Cr tagged G‐6‐PD deficient red cells in normal and primaquine sensitive Sardinians after drug administration have been studied by means of surface monitoring and, in one case, by direct quantitation after surgery. In practically all cases a liver to spleen ratio of one could be recorded, with a constant splenic participation in the uptake of radioactivity. It was observed that, beside the major role played by the liver in the sequestration and disposal of severely damaged G‐6‐PD deficient red cells after administration of primaquine, also the spleen has a significant share in the disposal of damaged cells.
Serum Vitamin B12 Binding Capacity in Patients with Anaemia
Authors: Olesen H. , Andersen Mette Paulli , Amris Annemarie
Published: August 2010

Total serum transcobalamin has been measured in 368 patients with anaemia. The values have been plotted versus the erythrocyte sedimentation rate, the number of erythrocytes, granulocytes, lymphocytes and thrombocytes. Only the comparison with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate showed a significant correlation (r = 0.44) and it is suggested that transcobalamins have properties similar to acute phase reactants. Increased serum transcobalamin was found in more than half of those cases (106) where a definite diagnosis was possible, the highest values occurring in cancer and in serious infectious diseases.
A Micro‐Incubation Chamber Technique for Testing the Immunological Activity of Cultured Lymphocytes
Authors: Lamvik J. O.
Published: August 2010

The micro‐incubation chamber technique of Cunningham (1965) has been used for testing transformed cells in sheep red cell stimulated lymphocyte cultures for the ability to give pericellular lysis (lytic plaques) in sheep red cell monolayers. The variations around the means for total cell numbers and plaque‐forming cell numbers in series of chambers plated in parallel have been estimated.

The plaque‐forming ability was found to be dependent on complement and temperature indicating an immunological lytic reaction. Evidence is presented for active protein synthesis in and liberation from the cells showing the ability to form lytic plaques.

Cells stored at low temperature were able to form lytic plaques after several days' storage although a gradual reduction in the plaque‐forming ability was noticed.
Studies on Platelet Factor 3 Activity
Authors: Brøns Kirsten , Gormsen Johs.
Published: August 2010

A material consisting of 13 normal controls and 32 patients suffering from various types of secondary thrombocytopathy and some special cases has been tested by a modified thrombin generation test and Stypven clotting time in order to evaluate platelet factor 3 activity.

Intact platelet suspensions, platelets damaged by freezing and thawing or ultrasonic vibrations and phospholipid extracts have been added to platelet‐free, non‐activated citrated plasma prepared from the same normal person in all experiments. The effect on velocity and amount of thrombinformation and on Stypven clotting time have been estimated in the total group. The results have been evaluated statistically.

The modified thrombin generation test did not show any significant differences in activity in any cases tested.

The Stypven‐test was technically much more satisfactory and significantly less activity was found using platelets from patients with hepatic cirrhosis. The concentration of phosphatidylserine was normal in these platelets.

In vitro experiments with surface‐active agents support the hypothesis, that surface charge of phosphatide micelles are of decisive importance for their coagulation accelerating effect.
The Origin of Dense Bodies in the Surface Coat of Negatively Stained Platelets
Authors: White James G.
Published: August 2010

The relationship between the dense bodies found in the exterior coat of negatively stained platelets, and the dense bodies apparent in the hyaloplasm of sectioned cells has been examined. Dense bodies (S.D.B.) similar to those reported by Bull were readily found in whole mount preparations. Some extended beyond the platelet surface membrane and possessed long, whip‐like tails. Examination of thin sections of glutaraldehyde‐osmium fixed, plastic embedded platelets revealed dense bodies (H.D.B.) in the hyaloplasm, but not exterior to the cell surfaces. The H.D.B. occasionally had long, whip‐like tails similar to S.D.B. in the negatively stained preparations. H.D.B. with narrow extensions were encountered frequently in platelets aggregated with ADP or thrombin. While most granules were centrally oriented in altered cells, H.D.B. with long extensions were found in the peripheral hyaloplasm close to the cell surface. Examples were observed in which membranes enclosing H.D.B. appeared continuous with the platelet surface. These results suggest that S.D.B. found in the coat exterior to the plasma membrane of negatively stained platelets, and H.D.B. present inside plastic embedded cells are identical organelles. The S.D.B. may be accumulations of phospholipid destined for release to the plasma as was previously suggested, but they do not appear to be derived from the cell membrane.
Numerous Lipid‐Containing Vacuoles in the Myeloblasts of Two Patients with Acute Leukaemia
Authors: Stavem Per , Hjort Peter F. , Jeremic Michael , Dedichen Hans G.
Published: August 2010

A report is given of two patients with acute myeloblasts leukaemia who showed an extreme degree of lipid vacuolization in practically all myeloblasts in the bone marrow as well as in the peripheral blood.
Relation Between Blood Cell Phosphoglucomutase Isoenzymes and Age of Cell Population
Authors: Monn E.
Published: August 2010

Phosphoglucomutase isoenzymes of human and rat blood cells of various mean ages have been examined by starch gel electrophoresis and a specific staining technique. Among the enzyme components related to each genetic allele, there is a relative excess of the cathodal component in red cell population of low mean age and in white cells, whereas in red cell populations of normal mean age there is a relative decrease in the cathodal and an increase in the anodal components. The findings suggest that the cathodal component represents the protein determined by the gene and synthesized by the cells, and that the anodal components are formed from the cathodal one during ageing of the cells. The nature of the conversion is discussed.
Specificity of Natural Human Agglutinins against Red Cells Modified by Trypsin and Other Agents
Authors: Mellbye Ove J.
Published: August 2010

Normal human sera contain antibodies which agglutinate red cells treated with trypsin and other agents. By absorption experiments and testing of eluates from agglutinated cells, each type of modified cells appeared to be agglutinated by one specific antibody. Among these agglutinins only the one active against trypsin treated cells was present in human cord sera; it did not cross‐react with the other types of modified cells. This antibody was also the only one to cause reversible agglutination with histidine acting as the reversing factor.
Outflow Paths of Cells from the Lymph Node Parenchyma to the Efferent Lymphatics
Authors: Söderström Nils , Stenström Anders
Published: August 2010

Observations in the mouse lymph nodes using thin section histology made the authors conclude that the outflow of lymphocytes to the efferent lymphatics is probably a passive desquamation of cells. In the medullary sinuses this outflow seems to be restricted to circumscribed desquamation zones. The authors describe a specific type of structure, ad interim named ‘mud streams’, which probably represents a concentration of outflowing lymphocytes in extended desquamation zones, reaching deep into the parenchyma as temporary first segments of the efferent sinus system. These structures, which are difficult to recognize in routine, thick sections are very spectacular in 1 μ sections, together with the high endothelium venules they decide the specific morphologic pattern of the paracortical area of lymph nodes.
Platelet Adhesion and Aggregation Following Contact between Blood and Vascular Catheters in vitro
Authors: Jacobsson Bo
Published: August 2010

An in vitro investigation of platelet adhesion and aggregation revealed that on contact with the wall of a catheter platelets adhere to the surface of the latter and aggregate. This implies a risk of thrombi forming on the wall of catheters inserted into the circulation.
Protein Abnormalities in the Cold Haemagglutinin Syndrome
Authors: Harboe Morten , Torsvik Harald
Published: August 2010

Eighteen patients were studied, selected only on the basis of a persistently elevated cold haemagglutinin titre.

The concentration of γM‐globulin in the initial serum sample varied from 0.7–24.5 mg./ml. In all of 15 patients studied in detail, the cold haemagglutinin behaved as a monoclonal γM‐globulin.

In two patients, a homogeneous γ‐globulin remained in the serum after absorption with red cell stromata in the cold. This was shown to be due to an additional monoclonal γG‐globulin without cold haemagglutinin activity.

The protein pattern remained virtually constant in each patient throughout the observation period.
The Effect of Testosterone on Erythropoiesis
Authors: Rencricca N. J. , Solomon J. , Fimian W. J. , Howard D. , Rizzoli V. , Stohlman F.
Published: August 2010

The erythropoietic effect of testosterone cyclopentylpropionate (TCP) was studied in normal, plethoric, nephreetomized and ureter‐ligated rats. The results of this study support the contention that TCP exerts its erythropoietic effect though the kidney by increasing REF production; thereby potentiating this organ to generate greater amounts of erythropoietin (EP) in response to normal and cobalt‐stimulated erythropoietic challenges. From the data, it is further concluded that TCP neither exerts a direct EP‐like effect on haemopoietic tissues nor potentiates the effect of preexisting endogenous EP. The present data does not negate the possibility that testosterone may interfere with the action of an inhibitor of erythropoiesis, possibly at the renal level.
Hereditary Thrombocytopenia with Excessively Prolonged Bleeding Time
Authors: Stavem Per , Jeremic Michael , Hjort Peter F. , Wislöff Finn , Vogt Else , ÖYen Ragnhild , Abrahamsen Arne Foss , Sövde Arne
Published: August 2010

A report is given of a hereditary bleeding disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia and excessively prolonged bleeding time.

The disorder was inherited as an autosomal dominant trait, and segregated independently of the ABO, Rh, MNSs and Duffy blood group systems, and probably of the ABH secretor genes.

The patients' own platelets had a shortened survival in the patients' own circulation, indicating an increased destruction. The increased destruction was not due to an intrinsic defect of the patients' platelets, because the platelets survived normally when transfused to a normal recipient. The patients must therefore have some factor or mechanism in their blood or vascular system which shortens the life‐span of their own platelets as well as that of transfused normal platelets.

Another striking finding was the unproportionate increase of the bleeding time. The moderately reduced platelet count and normal AHG exclude von Willebrand's disease. The presently reported bleeding disorder did not show the characteristics of the thrombasthenic or the thrombopathic group of disorders.

The presently reported haemorrhagic disorder does not fit into any of the previously described ones.
Metformin and Fibrinolysis
Authors: Heikinheimo Rauno
Published: August 2010

A clinical series of 40 patients was observed for 5 months, in the course of which every patient took 1.5 g. metformin daily for 3 months. No increase in fibrinolytic activity was demonstrable by euglobulin lysis test during the course of treatment. Nor did the fibrinogen and cholesterol values change. Blood glucose decreased.
Ultrastructure of the Specific Granules of Human Neutrophil Granulocytes
Authors: Egeberg Jørn C. , Bro‐Rasmussen Frede , Andersen Vagn
Published: August 2010

Electron microscopic studies of circulating neutrophil granulocytes of a boy suffering from Fatal Granulomatous Disease (FGD) showed two abnormal kinds of cytoplasmic granules, both larger than normal granules. One was characterized by a homogeneous matrix of very low electron density, the other contained one or more crystalloid inclusions of larger size than found in normal neutrophils.

In neutrophil granulocytes from adults with long‐standing bacterial infection, by light microscopy showing toxic granulation, the granules displayed the same ultrastructural abnormalities as in FGD.

It is concluded that the ultrastructure of the granules of neutrophils in FGD reflects non‐specific toxic granulation. The functional defect of the granules in FGD has no known morphological counterpart.
Mechanisms of Leukocyte Production and Release
Authors: Alexander Peter , Monette Francis C. , LoBue Joseph , Gordon Albert S. , Chan P.‐C.
Published: August 2010

The technique of double‐label, double‐emulsion autoradiography was used to study the proliferative activity of bone marrow eosinophils in male rats of four age groups (weanlings, young adults, adults and aged adults). No alterations in the duration of the cell generative cycle (Tc), DNA synthetic period (Ts), or mitosis (TM) were observed to accompany aging. Estimates of Ts were 10 1/2–11 hours; of TM, 0.33 hours; of generation time, 22–25 hours. Hourly production rates varied with age only when related to body weight, with estimates ranging from 10.2 ± 2.1 times 103 eosinophils/hour/mg. marrow/100 g. in the youngest rats to 1.6 ± 0.3 times 103 eosinophils/hour/mg./100 g. in the oldest rats. The data also suggested that approximately 2/3 of the marrow eosinophils were non‐dividing cells and that the maturation of eosinophil precursors in the rat is a highly complex process.
Variation in the Individual Subject of Some Parameters in Blood Coagulation and Fibrinolysis
Authors: Ygge Johan
Published: August 2010

Five young, healthy women with regular menstruations and who were not taking oral contraceptives were followed with repeated blood samples for 5 weeks. On each individual, about 15 determinations were made of the number of platelets, the fibrinogen and plasminogen concentration, the P & P‐test, the Factor VIII activity and the spontaneous fibrinolytic activity of the euglobulin fraction of plasma on fibrin plates. It was shown that the variation in these parameters in the individual was smaller than the variation between individuals and that distinct individual ranges could be found for some women. This was most pronounced with respect to the number of platelets, the fibrinogen concentration and the P&P‐test. The importance of knowing normal intra‐individual ranges of different parameters in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis is stressed.

Cyclic variations in the number of platelets were found during the menstrual cycle but there were no such variations in the other parameters studied.
A Simple Test for Detecting Disorders of Thromboplastin Generation
Authors: Benedek E. , Soós Edith
Published: August 2010

Observation of the dynamics of thromboplastin generation is still one of the best methods of controlling the early phase of blood coagulation. The original thromboplastin generation test and its modifications are too complicated to gain universal acceptance in practice. The authors have simplified the whole blood thromboplastin generation test, and describe the experience obtained by its critical analysis. The test has been subjected to control of its parameters and the results are compared with those obtained by other tests. The test is highly sensitive and has been used successfully in establishing the diagnoses of various coagulation disorders, including the detection and observation of haemophilia and other early‐stage clotting disorders. The test may be carried out in any laboratory as it is simple and requires no specific reagents or equipment.
Pure Red‐Cell Anaemia with Pro‐Erythroblast Maturation Arrest
Authors: Wranne Lars , Bonnevier John O. , Killander Andreas , Killander Johan
Published: August 2010

A five‐year‐old boy, previously healthy, was found to have profound anaemia without evidence of bleeding or haemolysis. The erythropoiesis showed profound maturation arrest at the pro‐erythroblast stage. Other cell lines were normal. The patient was treated with prednisone and azathioprine. Complete remission occurred after four months.
Congenital Haemorrhagic Condition Similar but Not Identical to Factor X Deficiency
Authors: Girolami A. , Molaro G. , Lazzarin M. , Scarpa R. , Brunetti A.
Published: August 2010

A 23‐year‐old white male with a bleeding tendency since early childhood presented a congenital coagulation defect similar but not identical to factor X deficiency. A first and second stage defect were demonstrated, characterized by a prolonged prothrombin time, prolonged partial thromboplastin time, abnormal thromboplastin generation, abnormal prothrombin consumption. The Stypven clotting time was slightly prolonged on fresh plasma but was normal on frozen plasma. Factors I, II, V, VIII, IX, XI, and XII were all within normal limits; factor VII was at the lower limits of normally or slightly decreased.

Mr. Stuart's plasma failed to correct the defect of the patients plasma; however, a known factor VII deficient plasma was able to correct the abnormality. Factor X levels showed low (3–13%) only when assayed using tissue whole thromboplastin or tissue partial thromboplastin; the factor X assay using a Stypven‐cephalin mixture yielded normal or near normal values. The factor II + factor X level using a Stypven‐cephalin mixture appeared normal also.

The significance of the findings is discussed. The results are tentatively interpreted as being due to an abnormal factor X rather than to a real deficiency.
Apparent C Trisomy in Bone Marrow Cells
Authors: Chapelle Albert de la , Wennström Johan , Wasastjerna Curt , Knutar Folke , Stenman Ulf‐Håkan , Weber Theodor H.
Published: August 2010

A supernumerary chromosome belonging to group C was encountered in bone marrow cells from two patients. One patient, suffering from an atypical myeloproliferative syndrome resembling chronic myeloid leukaemia, has had the apparent C trisomy in 100% of his dividing bone marrow cells for over a year. The other patient, who died of acute myelomonocytic leukaemia, had a mixture of normal and apparently C trisomic cells in his bone marrow. In both instances, phytohaemagglutininstimulated lymphocytes as well as fibroblasts of skin origin showed normal karyotypes.

Clinical investigations, including cytochemical characterization of abnormal cells and quantitation and fractionation of vitamin B12‐binding proteins, are reported. The results failed to reveal any common clinical entity.

Previous case reports are reviewed. The trisomic condition has been discovered in disorders affecting the myeloid, monocytoid and erythroid, but not the lymphoid, cells. The significance of C trisomy in haematological disorders remains obscure.
Haemolytic Anaemia in Infectious Mononucleosis Due to Inapparent Congenital Spherocytosis
Authors: Gehlbach Stephen H. , Cooper Bernard A.
Published: August 2010

Recurrent haemolytic anaemia following infectious mononucleosis and earlier viral illness is described in a young man. A persistently abnormal osmotic fragility test, low grade reticulocytosis, and increased fragility of the father's red cells suggest underlying congenital spherocytosis.
Platelet Survival in Hodgkin's Disease
Authors: Abrahamsen Arne Foss
Published: August 2010

Platelet survival time and platelet counts were studied in different stages of Hodgkin's disease. Platelet half‐life was significantly shortened, most pronounced in the generalized form of the disease. Platelet production and consumption was normal or slightly increased in localized disease, decreased in generalized disease with bone marrow involvement. Thus, thrombocytopenia in advanced Hodgkin's disease is due to decreased platelet production and reduced platelet survival.

Radiation and chemotherapy had no influence upon platelet survival but reduced platelet production and consumption. Homologous platelets survived no longer than the patients' own platelets, and prednisone had no effect on platelet survival.
Congenital Deficiency of Factor XIII in an Indian Kindred
Authors: Bharucha Chitra , Cherian Martha , Bauman John H.
Published: August 2010

Deficiency of factor XIII was detected in an 18‐year‐old man. During a study of 64 members of his kindred, 2 additional cases were documented. In these 3 cases the onset of symptoms and the clinical course varied considerably. The proband had no abnormal bleeding till the age of 8 years. His 11‐year‐old sister bled from the umbilical stump on the fifth day, but has had no abnormal bleeding since then. The parents of these siblings are second cousins. The third patient, 10 months of age, also bled from the umbilical stump on the fifth day and she has continued to have significant haemorrhagic problems. Her parents are first cousins. In each of the two affected families, one other daughter had died following haemorrhage from the umbilical stump. The pattern of inheritance is consistent with an autosomal recessive mode of transmission.
Cytogenetic Studies in Myeloproliferative Disorders during Transformation into Leukaemia
Authors: Jensen Mogens Krogh , Philip Preben
Published: August 2010

Serial chromosome studies on bone marrow cells were performed in two patients with myeloproliferative disorders, in one of whom a transformation into leukaemia occurred. An increasing number of metaphases belonging to abnormal stem lines was seen in both cases. In one of the patients a clonal evolution was observed. The cytogenetic and cytologic findings in the bone marrow aspirates indicate that the chromosome abnormalities are present in the erythroblasts as well as in the white cell series and that the abnormal tem line does not occur secondary to the blastic transformation of the bone marrow in leukaemia. It is concluded that abnormal stem lines in patients with myeloproliferative disorders may express a neoplastic clone of cells.
Diagnosis and Assessment of Bleeding Tendency in Chronic Liver Failure Using Three Simple Coagulation Tests
Authors: Mannucci P. M.
Published: August 2010

Three simple one‐stage coagulation screening tests have been performed on the same samples of plasma from 65 patients with chronic liver failure of mixed aetiology. The mean values of the kaolin‐activated partial thromboplastin time, prothrombin time, and prothrombin and proconvertin time (‘P&P’ test) were all significantly different from normal, but the alteration was more marked for the last test than the first two (80% of cases with the prothrombin and proconvertin time compared with about 60% for the other two tests). The prothrombin and proconvertin time was also a better indication of a tendency to bleed than the other two tests.
Platelet Adhesiveness in Von Willebrand's Disease: A Study with a New Modification of the Glass Bead Filter Method
Authors: Heixem Arvid J.
Published: August 2010

A new modification of the glass filter method is presented. With this method estimation of platelet adhesiveness in native blood was found to be superior to heparinized blood. In native blood the mean platelet adhesiveness in 69 normals was 75% (SD = 12.8) and in patients with von Willebrand's disease 7% (SD = 6.4). No overlapping of the values in the two groups was recorded. Compared with the original Salzman's technique the new modification gave considerably less spreading of the values in the group of normals whereas the spreading in the von Willebrand's group was fairly identical. After transfusion with either cryoprecipitate or normal platelet poor plasma the bleeding time became shorter in patients with von Willebrand's disease concomitantly with an increase in platelet adhesiveness one hour after the transfusion. The effect on bleeding time and platelet adhesiveness disappeared within 24 hours. By decreasing the amount of blood forced through the glass bead filter a lower mean adhesiveness is obtained. The method therefore probably also can be used for detection of hyperadhesiveness.
The Haematological Response to Androgens in Sickle Cell Anaemia
Authors: Lundh Bengt , Gardner Frank H.
Published: August 2010

To 11 patients with sickle cell anaemia pharmacological doses of androgens were given for periods varying between 3 and 16 weeks. To 3 of the patients two courses of treatment were given. During the treatment 10 of the patients showed an increase of the total red cell mass varying between 25 and 125% of the control value. One patient did not respond. The treatment had no discernible effect on the sickling tendency of the erythrocytes at different levels of oxygen tension and there was no consistent alteration of the red cell survival measured with radioactive chromium. Weight gain was seen in all patients and hirsutism was seen in most of the females. In spite of the marked increase in red cell mass there was no certain increase in the frequency of crisis among the female patients. Priapism occurred in all of the adult males responding to the therapy. The number of patients studied is, however, small and the observation time too short to allow any firm conclusion on the effect of androgen treatment on the frequency of vaso‐occlusive crisis.
Cobalamin and Folate in Burned Mice
Authors: Lindstrand K. , Nordén Å. , Schildt B. E.
Published: August 2010

Megaloblastic erythropoiesis has been observed in certain forms of trauma. In the present study, the effect of a standardized burn injury upon the content of cobalamin and folate was determined in mouse liver. The response of burned mice to treatment with methylcobalamin and folate was also assessed.

Methyl‐tetrahydrofolic acid dropped significantly already within six hours after the injury and remained low for more than four days. The content of methylcobalamin in the liver also dropped dramatically within 24 hours after the burn injury and remained low for six days.

Treatment with methylcobalamin did not reduce mortality rate. Folate treatment, on the other hand, reduced the death rate significantly.
Size Distribution of Lymph Cells
Authors: Heitmann H. H. , Sattler E.‐L. , Schnappauf HP. , Schnappauf U.
Published: August 2010

With the presently available equipment (Coulter counter in combination with a multichannel analyzer) reproducible and biologically meaningfull cell volume distributions can be recorded within a short time (2–3 min) from a large sample of cells (105). Lymph cells remain nearly stable for 2–3 hours in lymph with heparin as anticoagulant. On dilution with most of the presently available ‘isotonic’ and ‘balanced’ salt solutions the lymph cells immediately start to swell or shrink. In two diluents a labile equilibrium of volume distribution is maintained for about 10 min. During this time a reproducible size distribution diagram can be recorded. Some potentialities and limitations of the method are discussed on the basis of two experiments: the changes in size distribution of cells in the efferent lymph of an antigenically stimulated lymph node and in thoracic duct lymph in the course of a depletion of the pool of recirculating lymphocytes.
Side‐Effect Studies on a New Sustained Release Iron Preparation
Authors: Rybo Göran , Sölvell Lennart
Published: August 2010

The side‐effects of a new sustained release oral ferrous sulphate preparation have been evaluated in three separate double‐blind studies. Each tablet contained 100 mg of ferrous iron and the dosage employed in all studies was 2 tablets daily.

In a large series of blood donors randomly divided into three groups the frequency and type of side‐effects were compared to ferrous sulphate tablets and placebo.

In two series of pregnant women the side‐effects were studied with a cross‐over technique using ferrous sulphate tablets as reference. Placebo was also included as a reference in one of these studies.

In all series the frequency of nausea and epigastric pain was about the same for the sustained release preparation as for placebo. In all series ferrous sulphate tablets gave a significantly higher frequency of nausea than the sustained release tablets and placebo. Also the frequency of epigastric pain was found to be higher in blood donors but this could not be verified in pregnant women.
Erythrophagocytosis in the Rat Bone Marrow Following Transfusion of Heat‐Denatured Erythrocytes
Authors: Marton F.
Published: August 2010

Observations of erythrophagocytosis in the human bone marrow have called attention to the bone marrow as an erythroclastic organ. In order to elucidate the erythroclastic potential of the rat bone marrow, female rats were transfused with heat‐denatured erythrocytes and killed after 4 hrs. Methacrylate‐embedded bone marrow sections demonstrated erythrophagocytosis in macrophages and in cytoplasmic protrusions within bone marrow sinusoids, and in the nursing cells of the erythroblastic islands within the bone marrow parenchyma.

Transfusion of 59Fe labelled erythrocytes allowed study of the erythrocyte uptake in the bone marrow, liver, and spleen. Autoradiography confirmed phagocytosis of transfused, denatured erythrocytes in the bone marrow.
Myelosclerosis and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria
Authors: Lewis S. M. , Pettit J. E. , Tattersall M. H. N. , Pepys M. B.
Published: August 2010

3 patients with myelosclerosis have subsequently developed paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria, with positive in‐vitro lysis tests (acidified‐serum lysis, cold‐antibody lysis and sucrose lysis), characteristic of PNH. These cases provide further evidence of a relationship between PNH and myeloproliferative disorders; they support the proposition that PNH is an acquired defect of erythropoiesis due to an abnormal clone. In two of the patients PNH has been severe with marked intravascular haemolysis, so that in these cases the clinical course and management of the original disease have been influenced by the PNH. In the third patient the PNH defect has, so far, been essentially only a phenomenon of in‐vitro tests and apparently without clinical effect.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Authors: Benestad Haakon Breien , Iversen Jens‐Gustav , Rolstad Bent
Published: August 2010

Various types of mononuclear cell populations, presumably differing in their content of macrophage‐ and immunoblast precursor cells, were obtained by sampling rat thoracic duct lymph or by isolation of mononuclear cells from blood of intact or lymph‐drained rats. The cells, which were suspended in diluted rat or mouse plasma, were cultured for three or five days in cell‐impermeable diffusion chambers. The chamber recipients were rats, mice or irradiated mice. The proliferation, differentiation and death of the chamber cells were quantified by cell counting and radio‐autographic evaluation.

Thoracic duct lymph was shown to contain about 1–10 macrophage precursor cells per 106 lymphocytes. The precursor cell might be a monocyte and its presence in lymph is possibly related to the cannulation procedure. The small macrophage populations of the chambers containing lymph cells proliferated with a population doubling time of approximately 10 hours. Macrophage proliferation appeared to be stimulated by the presence of blast cells and inhibited by mature, differentiated macrophages.
Red Cell Acetylcholinesterase and Adenosine‐Triphospatase Activity in Patients with a Positive Antiglobulin Test
Authors: Scott G. L. , Rasbridge M. R.
Published: August 2010

Red cell AChE activity was measured in 38 patients with a positive direct antiglobulin test and low levels were found in some of these patients. When related to cell age, assessed by red cell creatine content, these values appeared even lower. Density separation of differently aged cell populations showed that the reduction in AChE was due principally to an abnormal decline with cell ageing. The type of antibody sensitizing the cell was relevant as low levels of AChE were found more frequently with IgG antibodies. The reduction of AChE probably reflected a membrane lesion as it was associated with spherocytosis and haemolysis although ATPase, another membrane enzyme, was affected to a lesser extent. These changes could not be reproduced in vitro suggesting that the influence of some in vivo mechanism was essential.
Myeloperoxidase‐Deficient Neutrophils in Acute Myeloid Leukaemia
Authors: CATOVSKY D. , GALTON D. A. G. , ROBINSON JEAN
Published: August 2010

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) lacking myeloperoxidase (MP) were found in 12 out of 28 (43 %) cases of acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) and in 2 out of 7 (28 %) cases of ‘blast‐cell transformation’ of chronic granulocytic leukaemia. This abnormality, when present, affected 8 % to 70 % of the circulating PMN. In AML this was much more common in the myeloblastic and erythroleukaemic varieties than in those with predominantly monocytic differentiation and high serum and urinary lysozyme concentrations. Auer rods were 3.3 times more common in the blast cells of AML cases with MP‐negative PMN; this correlation was highly significant (p > 0.01). Low neutrophil alkaline phosphatase was also frequently associated with absence of MP. It is suggested that these abnormalities could result from a disturbance in the function of the Golgi complex in cells derived from leukaemic stem lines. MP impairs the bactericidal capacity of PMN and may be an important factor, in addition to neutropenia, in the increased susceptibility to bacterial infections in these patients.
Cationic Proteins of Human Granulocytes: I. Isolation of the Cationic Proteins from the Granules of Leukaemic Myeloid Cells
Authors: OLSSON INGE , VENGE PER
Published: August 2010

Extracts from the granule fraction obtained from leukaemic myeloid cells contained several basic proteins with electrophoretic mobilities against the cathod faster than that for lysozyme. Similar proteins have previously been demonstrated in rabbit polymorphonuclear granules. By chromatography on sulphoethyl Sephadex and on a weak dipolar ion adsorbant the most basic proteins were isolated. The amino acid analysis of the protein gave a preponderance of basic amino acids (29 %) and electrophoresis after treatment with sodium dodecyl sulphate revealed components with the molecular weight in the range 10, 000–25, 000. These proteins seem to be specific for granulocytes and probably have antibacterial properties.
The Influence of Storage on ADP‐Induced Platelet Aggregation
Authors: SIVERTSEN ULLA
Published: August 2010

The aggregability of platelets stored in plasma at room‐temperature, pH 7.2–7.4, decreased approximately by a factor ten over a 24 hr period. Storage at pH 6.5 resulted in a more pronounced decrease. In some experiments this was reversible if the platelets were allowed to regenerate by incubation at pH 7.4 one or two hrs before measuring the aggregation.

The procedure of concentrating platelets as well as storing the platelets as a concentrate, contributed to a decrease in aggregability. Saline as a medium for storage caused complete loss of aggregability within a few hours.

K+, Ca2+ and glucose was shown by dialysis experiments to be vital factors for maintaining platelet aggregability during storage.
The Significance of Bone Marrow Morphology for the Diagnosis of Polycythaemia vera
Authors: LUNDIN PER M. , RIDELL BÖRJE , WEINFELD ALEKSANDER
Published: August 2010

Cellularity, megakaryocyte number, size and volume were quantitated in aspirated sternal bone marrow sections of well defined groups of polycythaemia, control subjects and chronic myelocytic leukaemia (CML). A discriminant analysis carried out on this material has shown that the examination of cellularity and of the number of megakaryocytes/mm2 whole bone marrow is sufficient to assign the majority of cases to the correct group of untreated polycythaemia vera (PV). No other case than PV was assigned to this group.

The results of the statistical analysis allow the conclusion that in the presence of an increased red cell mass the finding of an increased number of megakaryocytes and a high cellularity in sternal marrow sections is per se satisfactory for making a positive diagnosis of PV, when this disease is to be differentiated from other polycythaemias and controls. The absence of these findings does not exclude however the diagnosis. The differentiation from CML cannot be made on this basis. In those rare cases of early CML with an increased red cell mass, the estimation of the megakaryocyte size might be helpful for diagnosis.
Venous Output of 3H‐Thymidine‐Labelled Lymphocytes from the Spleen
Authors: ERNSTRÖM ULF , SANDBERG GÖRAN
Published: August 2010

The splenic release of labelled lymphocytes in guinea pigs at different intervals after labelling with 3H‐thymidine was studied by the comparison between the content of labelled lymphocytes in splenic afferent and efferent blood. Labelled lymphocytes in white and red pulp were quantitated in splenic autoradiographs. As early as 6 hrs after the first labelling injection a splenic release of labelled lymphocytes was demonstrated. A release was found also at later intervals with the exception of 2 days after labelling. The absence of a splenic veno‐arterial difference at this time may be due to an immigration of lymphocytes originally labelled in the thymus, concealing a release of lymphocytes originally labelled in the spleen. The results from the splenic autoradiographs are compatible with a dilution of the grain count by mitotic replication of splenic lymphocytes and a release of labelled lymphocytes to the blood.
Infectious Mononucleosis and Reticulum Cell Sarcoma
Authors: ANDERSEN ERIK , VIDEBÆK AAGE
Published: August 2010

Infectious mononucleosis was diagnosed in a 50‐year‐old woman who within one year developed reticulum cell sarcoma. This observation is all the more interesting since an association between infectious mononucleosis and another malignant lymphoma (Hodgkin's disease) has recently been suggested.
Abnormal Platelet‐Collagen Reaction in Ehlers‐Danlos Syndrome
Authors: KARACA M. , CRONBERG L. , NILSSON I. M.
Published: August 2010

Two young patients with Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome were investigated. Coagulation factors and platelet reactions were normal. A connective tissue preparation from the patients showed decreased tendency to aggregate the platelets of both the patients and the normals. This abnormal property of the collagen fibers might contribute to the bleeding tendency in Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome.
Disturbed Myelocyte Proliferation in Acute Leukaemia
Authors: WICKRAMASINGHE S. N. , MOFFATT B.
Published: August 2010

An autoradiographic study of 3H‐TdR incorporation by promyelocytes and myelocytes in adults with acute leukaemia indicates a disturbance of myelocyte proliferation during relapse and apparently normal myelocyte behaviour during remission.
Venous Stasis and Fibrinolytic Activity: Influence of Graduated Compression and Changes in Gas Values
Authors: FEDDERSEN C. , GORMSEN JOHS.
Published: August 2010

The influence of graduated venous compression of legs on changes in gas values, pH and fibrinolytic activity was investigated, and the correlation between changes in arms and legs of euglobulin clot lysis time (ELT) and of oxygen tension (pO2), oxygen saturation (O2%), carbon dioxide tension (pCO2), pH, and haematocrit was evaluated. The cuff pressure on arms was midway between systolic and diastolic pressure (mean blood pressure), and in 16 cases the same inflation pressure was used for compression of the legs (group I). In another 16 cases (group II) the very mean blood pressure of the leg was used on the legs, in general exceeding the mean pressure of the arm by approximately 35 mm Hg. The employed graduation of the venous compression did not affect changes in the measured parameters. In spite of significantly different cuff pressure, the changes in group I and group II were identical, and the usual significant differences between arm and leg in changes of O2%, haematocrit, ELT, and fibrinogen values were found in both groups.

No correlation between induced activator activity and changes in pO2, O2 %, pCO2, pH and haematocrit could be demonstrated.
Behaviour of Factor V and Factor VIII during the Process of Blood Coagulation
Authors: JANSSEN CATHERINE L. , van LEEUWEN WILHELMINA H.
Published: August 2010

The sequence of the thrombin activation of clotting factors V and VIII was studied in two test systems: (1) by addition of thrombin to diluted, citrated plasma, (2) by recalcification of citrated plasma, causing the generation of thrombin due to the intrinsic clotting mechanism. In normal as well as in deficient plasma samples the activation of both factors ran parallel with thrombin generation and clot formation. The results indicate that in both systems factor VIII is activated prior to factor V. Factor VIII is activated rapidly by traces of thrombin, the activated form being very labile. Activated factor V is more stable.

The data provide evidence of the participation of the activated factors VIII and V in the clotting process.
Determination of Iron Absorption from Measurements of Radioactive Iron and a Non‐Absorbed Radioactive Marker in a Single Faecal Sample
Authors: JASANI B. M. , FLETCHER J.
Published: August 2010

Iron absorption has been estimated from the ratio of radioactive iron and a non‐absorbed radioactive marker appearing in a single specimen of faeces after admin istering the radionuclides together with a standard meal. In a number of patients having widely differing iron absorptions the results agreed with values of iron absorption measured by whole‐body counting. This means that it is possible to measure iron absorption by a single stool collection made within 1 or 2 days of giving the radionuclides.
Atypical Pyruvate Kinase in a Family with Spherocytic Haemolytic Anaemia
Authors: HANEL H. K. , PEDERSEN JØRN T.
Published: August 2010

A family with hereditary spherocytic haemolytic anaemia was studied. We found an atypical pyruvate kinase associated with the spherocytosis and this kinase was apparently inherited as a dominant trait.
The Influence of Age on Transplantation Immunity: Reactivity to Normal Lymphocyte Transfer at Different Ages
Authors: ANDERSEN ERIK
Published: August 2010

The normal lymphocyte transfer test (NLT) is an expression of thymic dependent immunity. 60 NLT were performed with 1.5 × 106 allogeneic human lymphocytes injected intracutaneously to 21 recipients. Each recipient received lymphocytes from 2–4 donors. Weak or completely negative reactions were found in some recipients aged eighty or more.
Iron Deficiency in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Airways Disease
Authors: Child J. A. , Bowry W. M. P. , Knowles J. P.
Published: August 2010

Red cell indices were determined in two groups of patients with chronic obstructive airways disease, a total of 60 patients. Bone marrow aspiration for the assessment of iron stores was also carried out in the majority of these patients. Values below the accepted lower limit of normal for mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), and values above the accepted upper limit of normal for the diameter/thickness ratio (D/T), suggested the possibility of iron deficiency in 20 %, 23 % and 33 % of these patients respectively.

14 (26 %) of the 54 patients whose bone marrows were examined were found to have no stainable iron stores in the marrow fragments and were therefore considered to be definitely iron deficient.

There was a probably significant relationship between the absence of iron stores and an increased D/T ratio, a reduced MCH, but not a reduced MCHC. The results of a dietary study suggested a possible relationship between the presence of iron deficiency based on the examination of bone marrow iron stores and a low iron intake.

It is concluded that iron deficiency, which may be a common occurrence in chronic obstructive airways disease, is at least a contributory factor in the production of abnormal red cell indices in such patients.
Congenital Hypochromic Microcytic Anaemia with Iron Overload of the Liver and Hyperferraemia
Authors: Stavem P. , Saltvedt E. , Elgjo K. , Rootwelt K.
Published: August 2010

Two sisters had a congenital hypochromic anaemia in spite of hyperferraemia with a fully saturated serum transferrin, and in spite of heavy iron deposits in the liver. Bone marrow iron was reduced. The anaemia was markedly increased during pregnancy, when each of the sisters needed 8 blood transfusions. Erythrokinetic studies were compatible with hypoplastic anaemia. The bone marrow, however, was hyper‐cellular with an increased erythropoiesis. Our patients resembled the two patients described by Shahid & Diamond (1964). It is postulated that the cause of the disease is a congenital defect in the one‐way transport mechanism for iron from transferrin and into the erythroid cell.
Effectiveness of Oral Versus Intraperitoneal Administration of Erythropoietin in Stimulating Erythropoiesis
Authors: Jr Alfred E. Feleppa
Published: August 2010

While it has been suggested that orally transmitted erythropoietin can stimulate erythropoiesis, in vitro studies have shown that this glycoprotein is inactivated by incubation with various proteolytic enzymes. This study, utilizing the incorporation of 59Fe in the plethoric mouse, suggests that orally administered erythropoietin is ineffective in stimulating erythropoiesis.
Haemorrhagic Diathesis Following Transfusion of Incompatible Blood
Authors: Djaldetti M. , Amir J. , Shaklai M. , Joshua H.
Published: August 2010

Several reports show the occurrence of a haemorrhagic diathesis which accompanies haemolytic transfusion reactions (Friesen et al 1952, Binder et al 1959, Seldon 1949, Sack & Nefa 1970). Various haemostatic disturbances have been incriminated as causes of that diathesis, such as thrombocytopenia (Hardaway et al 1954), hypofibrinogenaemia (Conley 1952) and circulating anticoagulants (Muirhead 1951). Lately, disseminated intravascular clotting (DIC) has been implicated as the main cause of bleeding in such patients (McKay 1965, Rock et al 1969, Sack & Nefa 1970). We had the opportunity to study a patient with severe haemolytic transfusion reaction due to major blood group incompatible transfusion, causing life‐threatening bleeding. The infrequency of such events and the importance of prompt diagnosis and treatment justifies the publication of this report.