bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) and IAC-24 Soybean Cultivar Are Compatible
Authors: Zanuncio Teresinha Vinha , Freitas Fernando Azevedo de , Tavares Wagner de Souza , Guimarães de Menezes Claubert Wagner , Serrão José Eduardo , Zanuncio José Cola
Published: July 2012

The main tactics of soybean integrated pest management combine plant resistance and biological control. The impact of insect resistant IAC-24 soybean cultivar [caterpillars of Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in UFVS-2006 soybean cultivar susceptible to insects and water compared to A. gemmatalis in IAC-24 soybean cultivar resistant to insects and water] on the nymphal and adult stages of the predator Podisus nigrispinus Dallas (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) was evaluated. The duration and survival of the instars and nymphal stage and the body mass of nymphs, males and females of this predator were similar between treatments. The periods of pre-oviposition, oviposition, post-oviposition and egg incubation; interval between egg clutch; number of egg clutch per female, eggs per egg clutch, eggs per female, nymphs per female, nymphs per egg clutch and percentage of nymph eclosion and male and female longevity were also similar between treatments. The use of insect resistant IAC-24 soybean cultivar on P. nigrispinus was found to be safe because that legume did not have any deleterious effects on the referred predator.
A Comparative Study on Physicochemical and Rheological Properties of Imported Tomato Paste in Nigeria
Authors: S. Sobowale S. , P. Olatidoye O. , A. Odunmbaku L. , H. Raji O.
Published: July 2012

This study was carried out to evaluate the physicochemical properties and rheological behavior of a number of tomato pastes imported by Nigeria food marketers. Chemical composition, color measurement, consistency, viscometry and flow index were determined. There were significant differences among the samples and some of the parameters did not meet the standard requirements set by food drug and administration of (FDA). The viscometry consistency test and flow index at 30 oC, 45 oC and 60 oC indicated the existence of variations among the samples in terms of viscosity and flow index increase as temperature increases. All tomato paste samples in the study were non-Newtonian fluids and the apparent viscosity of the paste decreased with temperature increase. The rheological data obtained were fitted using power law equation. The differences obtained were attributed to raw materials variation and processing conditions.
Offre de travail des femmes mariées immigrantes au Canada
Authors: Boudarbat Brahim , Gontero Sonia Ines
Published: July 2012

Cette étude analyse l’offre de travail des femmes mariées selon le statut d’immigration au Canada. Nos résultats empiriques obtenus à l’aide des données du recensement canadien de 2001, indiquent que les femmes immigrantes ont un taux d’activité plus faible comparativement aux natives. Les immigrantes provenant d’Asie sont les moins susceptibles de participer au marché du travail alors que, parallèlement, cette région est devenue la source d’immigration la plus importante au Canada. Par ailleurs, nous trouvons que l’élasticité de l’offre de travail par rapport au salaire horaire est deux fois et demie plus élevée pour les natives comparativement aux immigrantes (0,18 contre 0,072). Ce faible degré de réponse des femmes immigrantes aux signaux du marché du travail, pourrait indiquer qu’elles ont moins de choix dans les faits à cause, peut-être, de contraintes culturelles quant à la position de la femme au sein du ménage, ou encore à cause des difficultés d’accès à l’emploi auxquelles font face les immigrantes. Enfin, nous trouvons que les immigrantes européennes ont une élasticité de l’offre de travail par rapport au salaire qui est légèrement supérieure à celle des autres immigrantes (0,082 contre 0,058), mais qui demeure significativement inférieure à celle des natives.
L’ambivalence du concept de liquidité dans le Treatise on Money
Authors: Bauvert Joanna
Published: July 2012

La paternité keynésienne de l’approche monétaire contemporaine est l’objet de cet article. Pour cela, deux approches de la liquidité issues du Treatise on Money sont mises en évidence. La première reprend l’interprétation traditionnelle : Keynes considère la liquidité à travers le lien entre monnaie et actifs, ce qui renvoie au choix de composition du patrimoine. Cependant, nous cherchons surtout à mettre en valeur le fait que, dans le Treatise, Keynes perçoit une limite à une telle analyse dès lors que cette dernière rend envisageable l’élimination de la monnaie (lorsqu’elle se trouve en concurrence avec d’autres actifs). La prise en compte de cette limite – à laquelle la théorie de l’équilibre général demeure confrontée – nous conduit à une seconde approche, qui représente l’apport principal de ce texte, où la liquidité est définie fondamentalement comme un intermédiaire des échanges. Notre démonstration s’appuie sur une comparaison de la structure des équations fondamentales avec la règle de formation des prix de Cantillon. La discussion porte ensuite sur les conséquences théoriques d’une telle approche. Finalement, on ne peut attribuer à Keynes la paternité des fondements de la théorie monétaire standard que si on élude la détermination des prix qu’il expose dans Treatise on Money.
Coordination et chômage involontaire : de Keynes aux nouveaux keynésiens*
Authors: Zouache Abdallah
Published: July 2012

Cet article propose un bilan de l’analyse de Keynes au regard de la macroéconomie keynésienne contemporaine. Dans la première section, nous montrons dans quelle mesure le principe de la demande effective est fondé sur une conception du problème de coordination interindividuelle. La deuxième section avance que si le recours à la concurrence imparfaite peut servir de base à une interprétation contemporaine du principe de demande effective, elle n’est pas une condition suffisante à l’existence du chômage involontaire tel que Keynes l’entendait. De même, les modèles de défauts de coordination proposent une interprétation intéressante du problème de coordination de Keynes, mais ne démontrent pas l’existence du chômage involontaire.
Que reste-t-il de Keynes? Au moins la comptabilité nationale!
Authors: Klotz Gérard
Published: July 2012

Alors que, dans la pensée économique moderne, la vision keynésienne de l’économie est plus que malmenée, y compris par ceux et celles qui proclament s’inscrire dans son héritage, tous les ans les offices statistiques nationaux et internationaux publient leurs rapports sur les comptes de la nation. Ces publications sont le résultat d’un long processus historique. Comme chacun sait, les premiers systèmes de comptes modernes virent le jour au début de la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Dans ces publications, qu’elles soient officielles ou non, le nom de Keynes n’apparaît pas. Dans cet article, on propose une évaluation de l’apport de Keynes. Il apparaît que, en ce qui concerne les fondements théoriques et les problèmes pratiques des comptes nationaux, la pensée de Keynes est toujours vivante.
Discrimination sexuelle dans les dépenses des ménages : survol de la littérature et évidences empiriques pour le Canada
Authors: Lefebvre Pierre
Published: July 2012

La recherche récente suggère que le sexe d’un enfant a des effets importants et étendus sur les comportements parentaux et les résultats familiaux. Un constat général émerge de cette littérature : en matière de choix de vie familiale (mariage, divorce, fécondité) et de comportements individuels (de travail, de consommation, d’activités non marchandes) il y a des différences notables entre les hommes et les femmes. Les constats empiriques sont cohérents avec les modèles économiques qui expliquent les comportements intrafamiliaux comme le résultat d’un processus complexe de négociations concernant l’allocation du temps et des ressources familiales, et le partage du « surplus » familial et conjugal (dégagé par rapport au fait de vivre seul). Cette recherche aborde la question en examinant le panier des dépenses de consommation des familles qui ont un ou deux enfants du même sexe. L’analyse empirique cherche à identifier s’il y a un effet de « genre » dans les dépenses familiales en estimant l’effet du sexe de l’enfant sur plusieurs catégories de dépenses dont des biens familiaux à caractère public tels que l’habitation et les biens durables. D’autres types de dépenses sont aussi analysés (alimentation, soins médicaux, loisir et divertissement, aliments achetés au restaurant, services personnels, soins de santé et médicaments, dons et contributions). L’analyse utilise les microdonnées des fichiers publics de l’Enquête sur les dépenses des ménages de 1997 et 1998, les deux seules années où Statistique Canada identifie le sexe des enfants de 0-17 ans. Les résultats empiriques suggèrent que les effets sont peu marqués et systémiques.
Proust as Translator of Ruskin
Authors: Waldinger Albert
Published: July 2012

This article deals with the committment of Proust to Ruskin as the moral authority of his time and, consequently, as a main influence on his own original work through the apprenticeship of translation. It examines these renderings (La Bible d’Amiens and Sesame et les lys) as transformations of allegory into symbol, foreshadowing his early Du côté de chez Swann and his final Le temps retrouvé) with the conclusion that Proust managed to realize the unity of abstract and concrete. Allegory, a Proustian “rhetorical trope” on the Cathedral of Amiens (according to De Man) and the Victorian public building, is such an abstraction opposite the concreteness and privacy of symbolism, the reality behind the trope as realized behind the styles of both Ruskin and Proust.
“Filantropia” or “Non Profit”? Translating Texts on Nonprofits from English into Italian
Authors: Fusari Sabrina
Published: July 2012

This paper describes the problems that arise in the translation of texts on – and by – the nonprofit sector from English (especially American English) into Italian. First of all, we focus on the main problems of translation, deriving from the disparity between the third sector in Italy and in the US. Secondly, we present a corpus-based project aimed at monitoring the differences between nonprofit discourse (especially fundraising letters) in Italy and the US. Lastly, we show a number of practical examples to illustrate how this type of corpus can meet the needs of translators and draw some conclusions on the importance of using monitor (i.e., continuously updated) corpora to produce successful translations in specialised fields where there are sizeable differences between source and the target cultures.
(Re)translation Revisited
Authors: Desmidt Isabelle
Published: July 2012

Resulting from the wish to meet the (new, altered) requirements of the receiving culture, retranslations are exponents of the historical relativity of translation. According to the so-called retranslation hypothesis, retranslations tend to be more source culture oriented than first translations. First translations, the hypothesis runs, deviate from the original to a higher degree than subsequent, more recent translations, because first translations determine whether or not a text (and its author) is (are) going to be accepted in the target culture. One can come up with several factors that make the retranslation hypothesis, even broadened to re-rewriting hypothesis, plausible (e.g., translators take a critical stance to earlier translations, the target language has developed and target culture norms have become less rigid), but one can ask to what extent the hypothesis is supported by empirical evidence. In the following article some of the results of my study of 52 German and 18 Dutch versions of the children’s classic book Nils Holgerssons underbara resa genom Sverige (Nils Holgersson’s Wonderful Journey Through Sweden, Selma Lagerlöf, 1906-1907), published between 1907-1908 and 1999, are discussed with respect to the retranslation hypothesis. It is argued that, though some more recent versions showed consideration for the original, a clash of norms ultimately did not allow the hypothesis to hold good: not allegiance to the original, but literary, pedagogical and economical norms gained the upper hand.The hypothesis clearly does not have a general value. The hypothesis may be valid to some extent, but only if it is not formulated in absolute terms. Within peripheral forms of literature, like children’s literature, as well as within classical literature, less prototypical (re)rewriting has proven to be more than the exception and target norms continue to clash with fidelity to the original source text.
La transformation postsocialiste chinoise : ouverture économique et contrainte extérieure
Authors: Charles Sébastien , El Karouni Ilyess
Published: July 2012

Le point de départ de l’article est l’idée selon laquelle la transformation postsocialiste chinoise a entraîné un changement de régime de croissance. En effet, pendant la période maoïste, ce dernier prenait l’aspect d’une croissance forcée telle que théorisée par Kornai (1972). Les relations économiques extérieures étaient par ailleurs marquées par une certaine « aversion à l’exportation ». Ce n’est plus le cas aujourd’hui puisque le régime de croissance chinois est désormais fondé sur une stratégie de typeexport-led growth. Cette situation n’est néanmoins pas sans poser de problèmes, en particulier celui de la dépendance vis-à-vis de la demande étrangère dans un contexte de demande interne faible.
Économies d’échelle et de gamme dans les coopératives de services financiers : une approche non paramétrique (DEA)
Authors: Leclerc André , Fortin Mario
Published: July 2012

Lorsque des économies d’échelle et de gamme sont simultanément présentes, le regroupement des établissements tend à réduire les coûts. Puisque de nombreuses études empiriques ont déjà établi que les coûts des banques tendent à devenir proportionnels au-delà d’une certaine taille, il y aurait une limite à ces économies d’échelle et de gamme dans l’industrie bancaire. Nous étudions si l’important processus de fusions des caisses Desjardins et des caisses acadiennes entrepris en 1998 les a poussées au-delà de leur seuil minimal d’efficacité. Une analyse initiale à l’aide du lissage exponentiel montre que le coût moyen d’opération cesse de diminuer lorsque l’actif d’une caisse atteint 250 millions de dollars. Nous effectuons cependant une analyse plus formelle à l’aide de la méthode du Data envelopment analysis (DEA) et utilisons un résultat de Fortin et Leclerc (2006) pour décomposer les économies de gamme en efficacité d’échelle et en une mesure de convexité de la fonction de production. En combinant cette décomposition avec les méthodes maintenant bien connues pour calculer l’efficacité d’échelle avec le DEA, nous montrons que la plupart des fusions ont amené la caisse fusionnée à une taille telle qu’elle se situe en situation de rendement d’échelle décroissant. La recherche de la taille optimale ne semble donc pas être la première préoccupation dans la décision de fusion.
L’approche microéconomique du taux de change réel d’équilibre : une revue de la littérature théorique
Authors: Hoarau Jean-François
Published: July 2012

L’objectif de cet article est de faire un état des lieux de la littérature théorique sur l’approche microéconomique du taux de change réel d’équilibre. Celle-ci se focalise sur l’étude du comportement à long terme du taux de change réel interne, défini comme le prix relatif des biens échangeables en termes de biens non échangeables. Plutôt que de faire un inventaire classique, nous présentons un modèle synthétique d’équilibre général intertemporel à trois agents et à trois secteurs intégrant, dans un cadre unifié, la plupart des caractéristiques proposées par les principaux travaux dans le domaine. Cette méthodologie permet alors d’identifier clairement un vaste ensemble de déterminants fondamentaux du taux de change réel d’équilibre, à la fois du côté offre et du côté demande, d’une part, et de décomposer de manière précise leurs différents mécanismes de transmission, d’autre part. Néanmoins, la richesse théorique évidente de l’approche microéconomique ne doit pas occulter les nombreuses difficultés rencontrées sur le plan empirique, des difficultés découlant pour la plupart des fondements théoriques même de l’approche.
La grande émigration canadienne : quelques réflexions exploratoires
Authors: McInnis Marvin
Published: July 2012

L’article s’intéresse à un événement tropsouventnégligé dans l’histoire canadienne : l’émigration, tant anglophone que francophone, survenue durant les 40 dernières années du 19esiècle. Le texte fait ressortir les similitudes et les contrastes de l’émigration des deux groupes linguistiques.L’explication offerte ici repose sur l’incapacité de la croissance d’emplois industriels à absorber la croissance rapide de la population dans une société rurale qui n’avait plus de terres cultivables disponibles.Les changementsmajeursapportés dans les années 1860 à la structure tarifaire américainesont un important facteur d’explication, selon nous, de cette croissance insuffisante de l’emploi industriel canadien.
Blade‐Granule Bed Stress in a Cylindrical High‐Shear Granulator: Variability Studies
Authors: Chan E. L. , Reynolds G. K. , Gururajan B. , Salman A. D. , Hounslow M. J.
Published: July 2012

The behavior of dry, steady‐state granule beds in each identified flow regime, i.e., frictional, toroidal, and fluidized, in a vertical‐axis cylindrical high‐shear granulator is studied. The granule bed behavior is discussed in terms of the blade‐granule bed interactions and bed surface behavior. The blade‐granule bed stress was measured with a custom‐built telemetric impeller pressure sensor system and simulated with the discrete element method, while the bed surface velocity and height were studied by high‐speed imaging and particle imaging velocimetry. The simulations reasonably predicted the average blade‐granule bed stresses. The variability, i.e., fluctuation amplitude and periodicity, and trends of the average values differed in each flow regime. Frequencies of the periodic bed surface velocity and height fluctuations changed from single blade pass frequency to two blade passes frequency and finally a loss in periodicity across the flow regimes. Periodic fluctuations of the blade‐bed stress were only observed in the fluidized regime until a certain impeller speed or Froude number was reached. These frequencies were slightly higher than one impeller rotation (three blade passes).
A performance evaluation of distributed database architectures
Authors: Chen Shiping , Ng Alex , Greenfield Paul
Published: July 2012

The globally integrated contemporary business environment has prompted new challenges to database architectures in order to enable organizations to improve database applications performance, scalability, reliability and data privacy in adapting to the evolving nature of business. Although a number of distributed database architectures are available for choice, there is a lack of an in‐depth understanding of the performance characteristics of these database architectures in a comparison way. In this paper, we report a performance study of three typical (centralized, partitioned and replicated) database architectures. We used the TPC‐C as the evaluation benchmark to simulate a contemporary business environment, and a commercially available database management system that supports the three architectures. We compared the performance of the partitioned and replicated architectures against the centralized database, which results in some interesting observations and practical experience. The findings and the practice presented in this paper provide useful information and experience for the enterprise architects and database administrators in determining the appropriate database architecture in moving from centralized to distributed environments. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced Electrochemical Sensing for Persistent Organic Pollutants by Nanohybrids of Graphene Nanosheets that are Noncovalently Functionalized with Cyclodextrin
Authors: Zhu Gangbing , Zhang Xiaohua , Gai Pengbo , Chen Jinhua
Published: July 2012

Using 3,4,9,10‐perylene tetracarboxylic acid as a bridge to connect mono(6‐ethanediamine‐6‐deoxy)‐β‐cyclodextrin (NH2‐β‐CD) to the surface of graphene, noncovalently functionalized graphene nanosheets (CD‐PTCA‐GNs) are synthesized for the first time. The as‐prepared CD‐PTCA‐GNs were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, atomic force microscopy, and electrochemical methods. The electrocatalytic activities toward several persistent organic pollutants (POPs) at the glassy carbon (GC) electrode modified with CD‐PTCA‐GNs were investigated, all of which show a remarkable increase in electrochemical performance relative to the bare GC and GNs/GC electrodes. 1‐aminonaphthalene (1‐NA) was used as the representative analyte to demonstrate the sensing performance of the CD‐PTCA‐GNs. The results show that the linear response range of 1‐NA is 10–550 nM with the detection limit of 1.0 nM (S/N=3), thus implying that the CD‐PTCA‐GNs organic–inorganic nanohybrids will have promising applications in POPs analysis and as sensors.
Type of academic training and causal attributions for social problems
Authors: Guimond Serge , Palmer Douglas L.
Published: July 2012

To provide evidence of the effects of academic training on causal attributions, university students in social science, commerce and engineering were compared at different points of their training in terms of their explanations of poverty and unemployment. Results of cross‐sectional analyses showed no field differences in causal attributions at the beginning of the first academic year but significant differences at the end of the year, with social science students blaming the system more than commerce or engineering students. Longitudinal analysis showed that, within a six‐month interval, the causal attributions of the students changed significantly as a function of their field of study. Differential employment prospects, while not accounting for the effects of academic training, were found to be related to attributional change. These results confirm the hypothesis that causal attributions are affected by socialization in a particular culture and that exposure to the culture of the social sciences reinforces a system‐blame ideology. The implications of these findings for theories of the attribution process and theories of intergroup relations are discussed.
The starter culture characteristics of probiotic microorganisms in fermented milks
Authors: Mohammadi Reza , Sohrabvandi Sara , Mohammad Mortazavian Amir
Published: July 2012

Nowadays, fermented milk products such as yogurt, kefir, buttermilk, and acidophilus milk are gaining increasing attention. Fermented milks containing probiotics could be used to prevent and/or cure some important diseases (such as intestinal‐ and immune‐associated diseases). Therefore, such products need to be produced taking into account the following points: viability of the probiotic organisms within the product, as well as in the gastrointestinal tract, high quality sensory properties of probiotic products, and a reasonable price. Many previous studies have focused on technological and stability aspects of fermented milk products. They have investigated the biological mechanisms of probiotic organisms, optimization of production, and manufacture conditions in terms of product formulation and process factors, especially in the fermentation process, and isolation and selection of the best probiotic bacteria as starter cultures for fermented milk products. This review article discusses the characteristics of probiotic microorganisms that are important for starter cultures of fermented milks during production and storage.
Improvement of the simulation method of power‐system dynamics
Authors: Mao C. X. , Kulicke B.
Published: July 2012

A new method is proposed to solve the difference equations of synchronous generators and the network algebraic equations, and two new matrices M and N are introduced, which can make the alternate iterations between the difference equations and the network equations converge quickly. The calculations of matrix M and N are discussed and the convergence of this new method is also analyzed. The simulations based on 15‐machine‐48‐bus, five‐machine‐24‐bus and three‐machine‐infinite power system, have been conducted.
Combined genetic algorithms and neural‐network approach for power‐system transient stability evaluation
Authors: Moechtar M. , Farag A. S. , Hu L. , Cheng T. C.
Published: July 2012

As the electric power system grows in size and complexity with a large number of interconnections, the assessment of the transient stability of power systems became an extremely intricate and highly non‐linear problem. Its solution needs either numerical methods involving bulk computations or specific dedicated methods to analyse dynamic non‐linear systems. Either method mostly assesses, particularly in the post‐fault condition, the critical clearing time (CCT). This parameter constitutes very complex functional relationships between the pre‐fault condition, type, and location of fault beside the clearance sequence. The available methods for evaluating such parameter had been previously reviewed. New approaches using the locally‐tuned radial basis function (RBF) network, an artificial neural network (ANN) paradigm have been recently proposed. The goal of this paper is to develop methods that can combine both neural networks and genetic algorithms (GA) into a common framework, and apply them to prediction problems. In the paper, the application of genetic algorithms in selecting the input patterns for the RBF network is proposed. Description of this combined approach and the results of its application to two power systems, one for four‐machine six‐bus system and the other for an existing system of North Sumatra. Indonesia, are also given in the paper. The attainable results show that the performance of the RBF network can be maintained and improved in spite of less features in the input patterns.
Modelling of a synchronous machine interconnected with an AC/DC converter using state equations formulation
Authors: Kappatou J. , Milias‐Argitis J.
Published: July 2012

In this paper a systematic and general method for the analysis of an autonomous or grid‐connected system, consisting of synchronous machines and converters, by interconnecting its components equations is presented. The synchronous machine equations can be expressed in any frame of reference. The interconnection of the equations is conducted using well‐known network topological concepts. The changes in the conduction state of the converter valves are handled by successive modification of the tree of the entire circuit graph using a square transformation tensor. The on‐switch current and off‐switch voltage equations required for any conduction pattern are automatically assembled using this tensor. Using the proposed method, a system consisting of a synchronous generator, a three‐phase rectifier and a DC load is simulated. Typical waveforms are presented to show the effectiveness and accuracy of the method.
Sequence‐segregating filter networks for unbalanced systems
Authors: Eisawy E. A. , Effat A. M.
Published: July 2012

Zero‐, negative‐ and positive‐sequence components for both unbalanced three‐phase voltages or currents can be obtained by using sequence‐segregating filter networks. The most important sequence‐segregating filter networks that are used to isolate the sequence components are provided. Also, besides each filter network its equivalent circuit is shown. The equations that govern the performance of the filter network are given.
Acoustic voice communication with expert systems supporting electric power system operation
Authors: Krost G. , Rigoll G. , Salek K.
Published: July 2012

The appearance of expert systems supporting the operation of electric power systems was polished by adding a bi‐directional acoustic dialogue interface. The appertaining subsystems present the proposals of the expert system for switching, setting or other actions in natural/switching‐language synthetic voice form (in addition to the original screen display) and recognize the operators' spoken answers (e.g. confirmation/rejection of operations or request for explanation). The operators can keep concentrated on the operational surface of the power system without frequently swinging over to the man‐machine interface of the expert system, thus being able to more continuously observe and understand the context and reactions of the operations performed.
DFSM rotor‐side converter pre‐design investigation: A comparison between voltage and current control strategies
Authors: Masmoudi A.
Published: July 2012

In recent years, much attention has been focused on the doubly‐fed synchronous machine (DFSM) both at an academic level, as an interesting topic of research, and at an applied level, as an efficient industrial drive. The paper deals with a comparison between the voltage‐controlled DFSM and the current‐controlled one, with emphasis on the steady‐state operation. First, the DFSM steady‐state stability analysis is done with respect to the rotor supply parameters and to the load torque ones, using the eigenvalue method. Then a graphical approach based on the extension of the induction machine circle diagram to the DFSM, allows the steady‐state stability analysis in the P‐Q‐plane. It has been found that the DFSM is more stable under a current control than under a voltage control. Finally, and in order to compare the DFSM performances under both control strategies, the so called iso‐efficiency curves are drawn taking into account the power limitation of the rotor supply. It has been found, that under a current control, the DFSM operation is more efficient than under a voltage control.
Neural‐network‐based approach for secondary arc recognition on HV overhead lines
Authors: Djurić M. , Zorić K. , Jejina N.
Published: July 2012

An alternative approach to the present situation for automatic reclosure of high‐voltage (HV) lines, in particular problems of repetitive reclosure onto permanent faults and lack of wider system co‐ordination, is possible thanks to modern technology. In order to determine the appropriate response to single‐phase‐to‐ground fault, it is necessary to measure conditions on the HV line during the fault and adapt the response to correspond to the most favoured outcome. This paper presents a numerical algorithm for blocking autoreclosure during permanent faults on overhead lines. It is based on one‐terminal input data processing. The fault nature (permanent or transient) is determined from the voltage and current signals of faulted and tripped line phase using neural network approach. The algorithm presented was successfully tested using the signals recorded on the real power system and signals obtained through laboratory tests. The tests demonstrate the ability of the presented algorithm to determine the secondary arc duration. The algorithm can be successfully used to define the recloser reclaim time and blocking automatic reclosing of power lines with a permanent fault.
Non‐divergent numerical method for the harmonic load‐flow resolution
Authors: Sainz L. , Pedra J. , Boix O.
Published: July 2012

In this paper a non‐divergent harmonic load‐flow calculation method is developed. The proposed method, which is called h‐Newton, is a modification of the Newton method and its aim is based on differential equations theory. A parameter h is included in the Newton algorithm, and is calculated to ensure the convergence of the method to the correct solution. The execution time of the new method is comparable to the Newton method when this is convergent. Several examples are studied to analyse the proposed method and a mathematical justification about the convergence of the h‐Newton method is developed.
Single‐phase three‐level PWM rectifier with power‐factor correction
Authors: Lin B.‐R. , Lu H.‐H.
Published: July 2012

A novel control strategy for single‐phase unidirectional switching‐mode rectifier (SMR) that draws a sinusoidal line current in phase with the supply voltage is proposed and discussed in this paper. In the adopted circuit topology, two AC power switches are placed between the AC side of the SMR and the center‐tapped terminal of the DC‐link capacitors. The control schemes are based on the hysteresis current control (HCC) technique and the simple look‐up table. The control schemes, stored in a programmable array logic (PAL), are implemented such that the line current is driven to follow the current command. There are three voltage levels (uDC, uDC/2, 0) on the AC side of the rectifier in each half cycle. The blocking voltage of each AC power switch is clamping to half of the DC‐link voltage. Software simulations and experimental circuits are implemented and measured to verify the proposed control strategy.
Calculation of harmonic currents in a three‐phase converter with AC filters under unbalanced conditions
Authors: Sun Z. , Liu H. , Amei K. , Sakui M.
Published: July 2012

This paper proposes an analytical method for calculating the harmonic currents of a three‐phase bridge‐controlled rectifier with AC filters under unbalanced conditions. The proposed method considers the influence of overlap angles and commutation impedances by taking into account the AC filters, and the analytical equations for the harmonic currents on both the DC and AC sides are derived. The analysis is based on the frequency‐domain method and the rectifier switching functions. The validity of the proposed method is confirmed by comparing it with the results of simulations.
Game theory applications to electricity supply industry, part 1: Theory
Authors: Ekwue A. O.
Published: July 2012

With the increasing international trend towards the liberalisation of the electricity supply industry, the main issues facing the utilities in the future are competitiveness of generation, commercial strategy for customers and cost reductions. In any competitive market, decision makers need some help during negotiations involving other parties. Game Theory has been defined by W. F. Lucas as “a collection of mathematical models formulated to study decision‐making situations involving conflict and cooperation”, hence the aim of this work. This paper is in two parts: Part 1 will present a critical appraisal of the theoretic developments of the subject of Game Theory as described in the literature. This will ensure the communication of potential practical applications of the existing theory, expressed in simpler terms, to a wider electrical power engineering audience. Part 2, will expose the current international applications of Game Theory; their possible benefits and relevance of applying the theory to the electricity supply industry.
Unterwegs mit dem Heiligen
Authors: Krull Lena
Published: July 2012

In aller Öffentlichkeit: Wenn im Wilhelminischen Kaiserreich katholische Prozessionen mit Zehntausenden Gläubigen durch preußische Städte zogen, war das immer auch ein selbstbewusstes Bild gelebter Religion inmitten politisch‐gesellschaftlicher Spannungen.
Von klein auf maßgeschneidert
Authors: Emmerich Heike
Published: July 2012

Um neue metallische Werkstoffe mit besseren Eigenschaften zu entwickeln, ist Strukturierung auf kleinster Skala notwendig. Material‐ und Naturwissenschaftler kombinieren dafür ihre Methoden — und bereiten so innovativen Anwendungen in der Mikrosystemtechnik den Weg.
A home‐based training program improves Taiwanese family caregivers' quality of life and decreases their risk for depression: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kuo Li‐Min , Huang Huei‐Ling , Huang Hsiu‐Li , Liang Jersey , Chiu Yi‐Chen , Chen Sien‐Tsong , Kwok Yam‐Ting , Hsu Wen‐Chuin , Shyu Yea‐Ing L.
Published: July 2012

Objectives

Little is known about the longitudinal effects of training programs on family caregivers' health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and depressive symptoms over time. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a home‐based caregiver training program on HRQoL and depressive symptoms for family caregivers of older persons with dementia.

Methods

Outcomes (caregivers' HRQoL and depressive symptoms) were assessed before the training program (baseline), and at 2 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months afterwards. HRQoL was measured using the Medical Outcomes Study 36‐item Short Form Survey, Taiwan version. Depressive symptoms were measured using the Chinese version Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale.

Results

Family caregivers who received the individualized home‐based training program had better health outcomes in bodily pain (b = 12.37,p < 0.013), role disability due to emotional problems (b = 17.74,p < 0.013), vitality (b = 12.40,p < 0.001), better mental summary score (b = 5.14,p < 0.003), and decreased risk for depression (odds ratio = 0.15, confidence interval = 0.04–0.65,p < 0.013) than those in the control group during the 6 months following the training program.

Conclusion

Our home‐based caregiver training program improved caregivers' HRQoL, especially role limitations due to emotional problems, and decreased their risk for depression. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why differentiating between health system support and health system strengthening is needed
Authors: Chee Grace , Pielemeier Nancy , Lion Ann , Connor Catherine
Published: July 2012

There is increasing recognition that efforts to improve global health cannot be achieved without stronger health systems. Interpretation of health system strengthening (HSS) has varied widely however, with much of the focus to‐date on alleviating input constraints, whereas less attention has been given to other performance drivers. It is important to distinguish activities that support the health system, from ones that strengthen the health system. Supporting the health system can include any activity that improves services, from distributing mosquito nets to procuring medicines. These activities improve outcomes primarily by increasing inputs. Strengthening the health system is accomplished by more comprehensive changes to performance drivers such as policies and regulations, organizational structures, and relationships across the health system to motivate changes in behavior and/or allow more effective use of resources to improve multiple health services. Even organizations that have made significant investments in health systems have not provided guidance on what HSS entails. While both supporting and strengthening are important and necessary, it is nonetheless important to make a distinction. If activities fail to produce improvements in system performance because they were incorrectly labeled as system strengthening, the value of HSS investments could quickly be discredited. Not distinguishing supportive activities from strengthening ones will lead to unmet expectations of stronger health systems, as well as neglect of critical system strengthening activities. Distinguishing between these two types of activities will improve programming impact. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uncertainty in hydrologic modelling for estimating hydrologic response due to climate change (Santiam River, Oregon)
Authors: Surfleet Christopher G. , Tullos Desirée
Published: July 2012

This paper explores the predicted hydrologic responses associated with the compounded error of cascading global circulation model (GCM) uncertainty through hydrologic model uncertainty due to climate change. A coupled groundwater and surface water flow model (GSFLOW) was used within the differential evolution adaptive metropolis (DREAM) uncertainty approach and combined with eight GCMs to investigate uncertainties in hydrologic predictions for three subbasins of varying hydrogeology within the Santiam River basin in Oregon, USA. Predictions of future hydrology in the Santiam River include increases in runoff in the fall and winter months and decreases in runoff for the spring and summer months. One‐year peak flows were predicted to increase whereas 100‐year peak flows were predicted to slightly decrease. The predicted 10‐year 7‐day low flow decreased in two subbasins with little groundwater influences but increased in another subbasin with substantial groundwater influences. Uncertainty in GCMs represented the majority of uncertainty in the analysis, accounting for an average deviation from the median of 66%. The uncertainty associated with use of GSFLOW produced only an 8% increase in the overall uncertainty of predicted responses compared to GCM uncertainty. This analysis demonstrates the value and limitations of cascading uncertainty from GCM use through uncertainty in the hydrologic model, offers insight into the interpretation and use of uncertainty estimates in water resources analysis, and illustrates the need for a fully nonstationary approach with respect to calibrating hydrologic models and transferring parameters across basins and time for climate change analyses. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Obesity and incidence of lung cancer: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Yang Yang , Dong Jiayi , Sun Kekang , Zhao Lin , Zhao Fei , Wang Lili , Jiao Yang
Published: July 2012

To date, the relationship between obesity and the incidence of lung cancer remains unclear and inconclusive. Thus, we conducted a meta‐analysis of published studies to provide a quantitative evaluation of this association. Relevant studies were identified through PubMed and EMBASE databases from 1966 to December 2011, as well as through the reference lists of retrieved articles. A total of 31 articles were included in this meta‐analysis. Overall, excess body weight (body mass index, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) was inversely associated with lung cancer incidence (relative risk, RR = 0.79; 95% confidence interval, CI: 0.73–0.85) compared with normal weight (BMI = 18.5‐24.9 kg/m2). The association did not change with stratification by sex, study population, study design, and BMI measurement method. However, when stratified by smoking status, the inverse association between excess body weight and lung cancer incidence in current (RR = 0.63, 95% CI: 0.57–0.70) and former (RR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.58–0.91) smokers was strengthened. In non‐smokers, the association was also statistically significant (RR = 0.83, 95% CI: 0.70–0.98), although the link was weakened to some extent. The stratified analyses also showed that excess body weight was inversely associated with squamous cell carcinoma (RR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.58–0.80) and adenocarcinoma (RR = 0.79, 95% CI: 0.65–0.96). No statistically significant link was found between excess body weight and small cell carcinoma (RR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.66–1.48). The results of this meta‐analysis indicate that overweight and obesity are protective factors against lung cancer, especially in current and former smokers.
Functions and action mechanisms of flavonoids genistein and icariin in regulating bone remodeling
Authors: Ming Lei‐Guo , Chen Ke‐Ming , Xian Cory J.
Published: July 2012

Increasingly natural products particularly flavonoids are being explored for their therapeutic potentials in reducing bone loss and maintaining bone health. This study has reviewed previous studies on the two better known flavonoids, genistein and icariin, their structures, functions, action mechanisms, relative potency, and potential application in regulating bone remodeling and preventing bone loss. Genistein, an isoflavone abundant in soy, has dual functions on bone cells, able to inhibit bone resorption activity of osteoclasts and stimulate osteogenic differentiation and maturation of bone marrow stromal progenitor cells (BMSCs) and osteoblasts. Genistein is an estrogen receptor (ER)‐selective binding phytoestrogen, with a greater affinity to ERβ. Genistein inhibits tyrosine kinases and inhibits DNA topoisomerases I and II, and may act as an antioxidant. Genistein enhances osteoblastic differentiation and maturation by activation of ER, p38MAPK‐Runx2, and NO/cGMP pathways, and it inhibits osteoclast formation and bone resorption through inducing osteoclastogenic inhibitor osteoprotegerin (OPG) and blocking NF‐κB signaling. Icariin, a prenylated flavonol glycoside isolated from Epimedium herb, stimulates osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs and inhibits bone resorption activity of osteoclasts. Icariin, whose metabolites include icariside I, icariside II, icaritin, and desmethylicaritin, has no estrogenic activity. However, icariin is more potent than genistein in promoting osteogenic differentiation and maturation of osteoblasts. The existence of a prenyl group on C‐8 of icariin molecular structure has been suggested to be the reason why icariin is more potent than genistein in osteogenic activity. Thus, the prenylflavonoids may represent a class of flavonoids with a higher osteogenic activity. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 513–521, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facial nerve hemangioma: A rare case involving the vertical segment
Authors: Ahmadi Neda , Newkirk Kenneth , Kim H. Jeffrey
Published: July 2012

This case report and literature review reports on a rare case of facial nerve hemangioma (FNH) involving the vertical facial nerve (FN) segment, and discusses the clinical presentation, imaging, pathogenesis, and management of these rare lesions. A 53‐year‐old male presented with a 10‐year history of right hemifacial twitching and progressive facial paresis (House‐Brackmann grading score V/VI). The computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging studies confirmed an expansile lesion along the vertical FN segment. Excision and histopathologic examination demonstrated FNH. FNHs involving the vertical FN segment are extremely rare. Despite being rare lesions, we believe that familiarity with the presentation and management of FNHs are imperative. Laryngoscope, 2012
Drilling speaking valves to promote phonation in tracheostomy‐dependent children
Authors: Buckland Alison , Jackson Lara , Ilich Toni , Lipscombe Jodi , Jones Graeme , Vijayasekaran Shyan
Published: July 2012

Objectives/Hypothesis:

Placement of a Passy‐Muir speaking valve is considered best practice for infants and children with a tracheostomy. The Passy‐Muir valve enables phonation by redirecting exhaled air via the glottis. Poor tolerance of the Passy‐Muir valve is associated with excessive transtracheal pressures on exhalation due to upper airway obstruction. Drilling a small hole in the side of the Passy‐Muir valve creates a pressure relief port to allow partial exhalation through the tracheostomy tube while enabling phonation.

Study Design:

A retrospective case series is presented of 10 aphonic pediatric patients with a tracheostomy trialed with a drilled Passy‐Muir valve.

Methods:

Valve tolerance was assessed clinically and objectively. Handheld manometry was used to determine transtracheal pressures on passive exhalation. All patients had a diagnosis of upper airway obstruction and demonstrated excessive pressures wearing a standard Passy‐Muir valve. Patients were assessed wearing a Passy‐Muir valve with up to two 1.6‐mm holes drilled in the side of the valve. Patients progressed to trials if clinically stable and if transtracheal pressure did not exceed 10 cm H2O when wearing the valve.

Results:

Eight patients progressed to trial, with five of eight patients able to phonate within 1 week and six of eight able to tolerate wearing the valve for ≥2‐hour periods within 2 weeks of introduction. All eight patients were able to phonate within 6 months of valve introduction.

Conclusions:

These findings support drilling Passy‐Muir speaking valves as a promising option to facilitate phonation in pediatric patients with a tracheostomy for upper airway obstruction. Laryngoscope, 2012