bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immediate‐early gene response to methamphetamine, haloperidol, and quinolinic acid is not impaired in Huntington's disease transgenic mice
Authors: MacGibbon G.A. , Hamilton L.C. , Crocker S.F. , Costain W.J. , Murphy K.M. , Robertson H.A. , Denovan‐Wright E.M.
Published: August 2002

Striatal neurons in symptomatic Huntington's disease (HD) transgenic mice are resistant to a variety of toxic insults, including quinolinic acid (QA), kainic acid and 3‐nitropropionic acid. The basis for this resistance is currently unknown. To investigate the possibility that the immediate‐early gene (IEG) response is defective in symptomatic HD mice leading to a lack of response to these compounds, we examined the expression of c‐Fos and Krox 24 after administration of the indirect dopamine agonist methamphetamine, the dopamine D2 receptor antagonist haloperidol and the neurotoxin QA in 5‐ and 10‐week‐old R6/2 transgenic HD and wild‐type mice. Unlike wild‐type and pre‐symptomatic R6/2 transgenic HD mice, 10‐week‐old symptomatic HD mice were resistant to methamphetamine‐induced gliosis and QA lesion. There was, however, no difference in the number or distribution of c‐Fos‐immunoreactive nuclei 2 hr after single injections of methamphetamine or haloperidol among 5‐ and 10‐week‐old wild‐type mice and 5‐ and 10‐week‐old R6/2 HD mice. Similarly, despite their resistance to QA‐induced lesioning and lower basal levels of krox‐24 mRNA, the symptomatic R6/2 mice had equivalent increases in the amount of c‐fos and krox‐24 mRNA compared to wild‐type and pre‐symptomatic R6/2 HD mice as determined by in situ hybridization and densitometry 2 hr after QA administration. These data demonstrate that the c‐Fos and Krox 24 IEG response to dopamine agonists, dopamine antagonists and neurotoxic insult is functional in symptomatic R6/2 HD mice. Resistance to toxic insult in R6/2 mice may be conferred by interactions of mutant huntingtin with proteins or transcriptional processes further along the toxic cascade. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
α1‐Antichymotrypsin/Alzheimer's peptide Aβ1–42 complex perturbs lipid metabolism and activates transcription factors PPARγ and NFκB in human neuroblastoma (Kelly) cells
Authors: Sun Yong‐Xin , Wright H.T. , Janciauskiene S.
Published: August 2002

Amyloid‐beta peptide (Aβ) and the serpin proteinase inhibitor α1‐antichymotrypsin (ACT) are components of the amyloid plaques associated with Alzheimer's disease (AD). Aβ exists in soluble monomeric and oligomeric forms and in an insoluble polymerised fibrillar form, but it is not clear which of these plays the most important role in the etiology of AD. In vitro, Aβ1–42 interacts with ACT, and as a result of this, ACT loses its proteinase inhibitor activity and polymerisation of Aβ1–42 is promoted. Here we provide evidence that new molecular forms resulting from incubation of ACT with Aβ1–42 have multiple cellular level effects on neuronal cells. The mixture of soluble Aβ and an ACT/Aβ complex formed by 2 hr incubation at a 10:1 molar ratio of Aβ:ACT strongly induce cellular proliferation and expression of transcription factors peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPARγ) and NFκB, and also increase uptake and depress degradation of native and oxidised low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) by cells. Similar but less pronounced effects are seen when cells are exposed to the Aβ peptide alone preincubated for 2 hr. Aβ1–42 and to a lesser extent ACT/Aβ1–42 complex mixture prepared by 2 hr incubation both inhibit association of native LDL with cells. Neither ACT alone nor the Aβ1–42 and ACT/Aβ1–42 forms prepared by 24‐hr incubation show any significant effects in these assays. We propose that specific molecular forms of Aβ1–42 and ACT/Aβ1–42 complex mixture, both dependent on the abundances of Aβ1–42 and ACT/Aβ1–42 in vivo and on their time of exposure to each other, have cellular effects which are important for the initiation and progression of the pathologies associated with AD. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Changes of KCl sensitivity of proliferating neural progenitors during in vitro neurogenesis
Authors: Herberth Balázs , Pataki Ágnes , Jelitai Márta , Schlett Katalin , Deák Ferenc , Spät András , Madarász Emília
Published: August 2002

The effects of KCl‐treatment on the survival and proliferation of NE‐4C self‐renewing neural progenitor cells were investigated during early phases of in vitro induced neurogenesis. NE‐4C cells, derived from the anterior brain vesicles of embryonic mouse (E9), divided continuously under non‐inducing conditions, but acquired neuronal features within 6 days, if induced by all‐trans retinoic acid (RA). During the first 2 days of induction, the cells went on proliferating and did not show signs of morphological differentiation. In this stage, the resting membrane potential of RA‐induced cells adopted more negative values in comparison to non‐induced ones. Despite the increased membrane polarity and K+ conductance, addition of 20–50 mM KCl failed to elicit inward Na+ currents and did not induce an increase in the intracellular Ca+ level. Long‐term treatment with 25 mM KCl, on the other hand, resulted in a selective loss of cells committed to neuronal fate by both decreasing the rate of cell proliferation and increasing the rate of cell death. The data indicate that the viability and proliferation of neural progenitors are influenced by extracellular K+‐level in a differentiation stage‐dependent manner. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of chronic nicotine administration on nitric oxide synthase expression and activity in rat brain
Authors: Weruaga Eduardo , Balkan Burcu , Koylu Ersin O. , Pogun Sakire , Alonso José R.
Published: August 2002

Although there is substantial evidence concerning the influence of nicotine on nitric oxide (NO) synthesis in the vascular system, there are fewer studies concerning the central nervous system. Although NO metabolites (nitrates/nitrites) increase in several rat brain regions after chronic injection of nicotine, the cellular origin of this rise in NO levels is not known. The aim of the present work was to assess the effects of repetitive nicotine administration on nitric oxide synthase (NOS) expression and activity in male and female rat brains. To determine levels of nitrate/nitrite, the Griess reaction was carried out in tissue micropunched from the frontal cortex, striatum, and accumbens of both male and female rats untreated (naïve) or injected with saline or nicotine (0.4 mg/kg for 15 days). In parallel, coronal sections of fixed brains from equally treated animals were immunostained for neuronal NOS or histochemically labelled for NADPH‐diaphorase activity. Nicotine treatment increased NO metabolites significantly in all brain regions compared with naïve or saline‐treated rats. By contrast, analysis of the planimetric counting of NOS/NADPH‐diaphorase‐positive neurons failed to demonstrate any significant effect of the nicotine treatment. A significant decrease was observed with both techniques employed in saline‐injected female rats compared with naïve animals, suggesting a stress response. The mismatch between the biochemical and the histological data after chronic nicotine treatment is discussed. The up‐regulation of NO sources other than neurons is proposed. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BDNF activated TrkB/IRR receptor chimera promotes survival of sympathetic neurons through Ras and PI‐3 kinase signaling
Authors: Kelly‐Spratt Karen S. , Klesse Laura J. , Parada Luis F.
Published: August 2002

Insulin receptor‐related receptor (IRR) expression is tightly coupled to the nerve growth factor (NGF) receptor, TrkA, throughout development. Expression of both receptors is primarily localized to neural crest derived sensory and sympathetic neurons. In contrast to TrkA, however, the physiological ligand for IRR is unknown. To analyze the intracellular signaling and potential function of the orphan IRR in neurons, an adenovirus expressing a TrkB/IRR chimeric receptor was used to infect cultured mouse superior cervical ganglion neurons that normally require NGF for survival. Brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)‐activated TrkB/IRR induced neuronal survival. We utilized numerous receptor mutants in order to identify the intracellular domains of IRR necessary for signaling and neuron survival. Finally, we employed adenovirus encoding dominant negative forms of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK) signaling cascade to demonstrate that IRR, like TrkA, requires ras activation to promote neuron survival. Therefore, by use of the chimeric TrkB/IRR receptor, we have demonstrated the ability of IRR to elicit activation of signaling cascades resulting in a biological response in superior cervical ganglion (SCG) neurons. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Protective effect of apolipoprotein E against ischemic neuronal injury is mediated through antioxidant action
Authors: Kitagawa Kazuo , Matsumoto Masayasu , Kuwabara Keisuke , Takasawa Ken‐Ichiro , Tanaka Shigeru , Sasaki Tsutomu , Matsushita Kohji , Ohtsuki Toshiho , Yanagihara Takehiko , Hori Masatsugu
Published: August 2002

Recent studies have demonstrated that apolipoprotein E (APOE) deficiency worsened neuronal injuries after transient focal and global cerebral ischemia. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the protective effect of APOE remains uncertain, even though several mechanisms, including excitotoxicty, free radicals, and apoptosis, have been cited as causes of selective neuronal vulnerability in cerebral ischemia. In the present study, we first compared the vulnerability of cultured neurons prepared from APOE‐knockout mice upon exposure to glutamate, hydrogen peroxide, and staurosporine. No significant difference in cell viability was observed after exposure to glutamate or staurosporine between APOE‐deficient and wild‐type mice. However, exposure to hydrogen peroxide significantly increased the level of cell death in APOE‐deficient mice compared with that in wild‐type mice. After transient forebrain ischemia for 12 min, APOE‐deficient mice showed more neuronal death than wild‐type mice. Pretreatment of APOE‐deficient mice with vitamin E for 2 months markedly reduced neuronal death caused by ischemia. The results suggest that APOE exerted its neuroprotective effect against ischemia through its antioxidant action but not through mitigation of glutamate toxicity or blocking of apoptosis. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Growth factor regulation of cytoplasmic dynein intermediate chain subunit expression preceding neurite extension
Authors: Salata Mark W. , Dillman James F. , Lye R. John , Pfister K. Kevin
Published: August 2002

Cytoplasmic dynein is a motor protein responsible for intracellular movements toward the minus ends of microtubules. The intermediate chains are one of the subunits important for binding dynein to cargo. The intermediate chains are encoded by two genes and are translated into at least five different polypeptide isoforms in rat brain. In rat optic nerve, dynein with only one of the intermediate chain polypeptides is found associated with membrane bounded organelles in fast anterograde transport. Dynein containing the other intermediate chain polypeptides associates with a different set of proteins, in the slow transport component. To determine if the intermediate chain expression levels are regulated during neurite differentiation, we analyzed the protein levels by two‐dimensional SDS‐PAGE and intermediate chain mRNA by RT‐PCR in cultured rat pheochromocytoma (PC12) cells. In the absence of nerve growth factor, the major intermediate chain isoform is the IC74‐2C polypeptide. IC74‐2C is ubiquitous and is utilized for constitutive dynein function and association with membrane bounded organelles. Within 24 hr of the addition of nerve growth factor to the cultures, there is an increased expression of the developmentally regulated isoforms that are associated with the actin cytoskeleton. This change in intermediate chain isoform expression preceded neurite growth. Nerve growth factor induced differentiation also results in increased light intermediate chain phosphorylation. The growth factor induced changes in the expression of dynein intermediate chains suggests that specific intermediate chain isoforms are utilized during axon growth. J. Neurosci. Res. 65:408–416, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dscam is associated with axonal and dendritic features of neuronal cells
Authors: Agarwala Kishan Lal , Ganesh Subramaniam , Suzuki Toshimitsu , Akagi Takumi , Kaneko Kumi , Amano Kenji , Tsutsumi Yukie , Yamaguchi Kazuhiko , Hashikawa Tsutomu , Yamakawa Kazuhiro
Published: August 2002

Dscam, a novel cell‐adhesion molecule belonging to the Ig‐superfamily mediates homophilic intercellular adhesion and is expressed abundantly in the nervous system during development. To gain better understanding on the role of Dscam in neuronal differentiation, we raised an antibody and characterized its protein product. Anti‐Dscam antibody detected an ∼200‐kDa protein band in human and mouse brain lysates. Immunohistochemical studies showed that during embryonic development of mice, mouse Dscam is expressed throughout the neuronal tissues and also in nonneuronal tissues such as lung, liver, and limb buds. In adult brain Dscam expression is predominant in the cerebellum, hippocampus, and olfactory bulb. Immunofluorescence double labeling of hippocampal and cerebellar primary cultures revealed that Dscam is associated with axonal and dendritic processes. In view of its cellular localization and spatiotemporal expression pattern, we suggest that Dscam is involved in cell–cell interactions during axonal‐dendritic development, and maintenance of functional neuronal networks. J. Neurosci. Res. 66:337–346, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Variability of total and solid precipitation in the Canadian Arctic from 1950 to 1995
Authors: Przybylak Rajmund
Published: August 2002

Trends in solid and total precipitation, as well as in the ratio of solid to total precipitation (hereinafter S/T ratio), in the Canadian Arctic in recent decades have been investigated. In addition, the influence of air temperature and circulation factors (atmospheric and oceanic) on the above‐mentioned precipitation characteristics have been examined. Recently updated and adjusted data by the Canadian Climate Centre from 16 stations located in the Canadian Arctic and two stations from the sub‐Arctic were used for the investigation. The southern boundary of the study area was taken after Atlas Arktiki (Tresjinkov, A. 1985. Glavnoye Upravlenye Geodeziy i Kartografiy: Moscow; 204 pp). The majority of the data cover the period from 1950 to 1995.

A statistically significant increase in all kinds of areally averaged seasonal and annual precipitation for the Canadian Arctic over the period 1950–95 has been found. On the other hand, the S/T ratio did not change significantly, except for summer values, and its behaviour was also in accord with small variations noted in air temperature.

An increase in air temperature in the Canadian Arctic most often led to a rise in all kinds of annual precipitation sums, but only when the warmest and coldest years were chosen based on individual stations. The pattern of the relationship is significantly more complicated, and can even be opposite to that presented above, when the sets of the warmest and coldest years are chosen based on the areally averaged annual temperature for the Canadian Arctic. Significantly more stable results of changes were found for the S/T ratio, which in warmer periods was usually lower. However, more detailed and reliable investigations of temperature–precipitation relationships conducted for individual stations showed that though the S/T ratio in warmer periods may well be lower, this only applies to the southern (warmer) part of the Canadian Arctic (<70 °N).

During periods with high positive values of the North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAOI), a decrease in precipitation is observed in the south‐eastern part of the Canadian Arctic, i.e. in the area where strong cooling was also observed. During El Niño events most of the Canadian Arctic had both greater precipitation and a higher S/T ratio than during La Niña events.

The most unequivocal results of precipitation and S/T ratio changes were found for changes in the Arctic Ocean circulation regimes. In almost the whole study area, a lower precipitation and S/T ratio were noted during the anticyclonic circulation regime in the Arctic Ocean. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Synthesis and characterization of novel metal-free and metallophthalocyanines peripherally fused to four 24-membered tetraoxatetraaza macrocycles
Authors: YILDIZ S. ZEKİ , KANTEKİN HALTİ , GÖK YAŞAR
Published: August 2002

New metal-free 5 and metallophthalocyanines 6-11( M = Cu , Ni , Co , Pb , Zn ) fused in peripheral positions with four 24-membered tetraoxatetraaza macrocycles were prepared by cyclotetramerization of 24,25-dicyano-4,10,13,17-tetra(toluene-p-sulfonyl)-1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22-didicontinehydrobenzo[y][3,9,12,18]tetraaza[1,7,16,22]tetraoxatetradicontine in the presence of the corresponding metal salt or a strong organic base. While the N-tosylated derivatives of the phthalocyanines are soluble in common organic solvents, the detosylated derivative of copper phthalocyaninate is soluble in water. The aggregation properties of the phthalocyanines were also investigated as a function of concentration, solvent and oxidative medium. The new compounds are characterized by a combination of elemental analysis and 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR, IR, UV-vis and MS spectral data.
Complexes of phthalocyaninatoiron(II) with diazoles
Authors: ETTORRE R. , MARTON D. , RUSSO U. , ZANONATO P.
Published: August 2002

The complexes of formula [ Fe ( Pc )( diazole )2]·n H 2 O ( Pc = phthalocyaninato dianion ; diazole = pyrazole , 3(5)-methylpyrazole, indazole and 1-phenylimidazole) have been prepared and characterized. The Mössbauer spectra of the bisadducts of [ Fe ( Pc )] with diazoles show values of isomer shift close to those of the corresponding complexes with pyridines, but somewhat smaller values of quadrupole splitting.
Wavelength dependent studies of nonlinear absorption in zinc meso-tetra(p-methoxyphenyl)tetrabenzoporphyrin (Znmp TBP) using Z-scan technique
Authors: NAGA SRINIVAS N. K. M. , VENUGOPAL RAO S. , RAO D. V. G. L. N. , KIMBALL B. K. , NAKASHIMA M. , DECRISTOFANO B. S. , NARAYANA RAO D.
Published: August 2002

We report here, our experimental results and theoretical analysis of the dispersion data of nonlinear absorption in zinc meso-tetra-(p-methoxyphenyl)tetrabenzoporphyrin (ZnmpTBP). Using a ns optical parametric oscillator (OPO) we obtain the open aperture Z-scan data over the visible region starting from 480 nm to 600 nm. We use a more general five-level model for evaluating the excited state parameters like excited state absorption coefficients, two-photon absorption coefficient, etc. Due to its large excited state absorption cross-sections this material acts as a very good candidate for a broadband optical limiter in the visible region.
Ab initio computation of the UV resonance Raman intensity pattern of aqueous imidazole
Authors: Jarzȩcki Andrzej A. , Spiro Thomas G.
Published: August 2002

The UV resonance Raman (RR) spectrum of aqueous imidazole was modeled by evaluating the gradients of the resonant π→π* excited state, using various levels of theory. To take account of H‐bonding effects, two water molecules were included in the model, one accepting an H‐bond from and the other donating an H‐bond to imidazole. The ground‐state geometry and force field of the ImH·2H2O complex was computed via SQM‐DFT theory, with the B3LYP functional, yielding good agreement with experimental vibrational wavenumbers for the in‐plane imidazole modes. Evaluation of excited‐state gradients with the semiempirical ZINDO method, which has previously been applied successfully to metalloporphyrin RR spectra, failed to reproduce the imidazole UVRR spectrum. However, the ab initio CIS method gave fairly good results. Agreement with the experimental intensity pattern improved when minimal STO‐3G or 3–21G* basis sets were upgraded to 6–31G*, but further refinement, to 6–31G**, did not alter the pattern, and addition of diffuse functions actually degraded the spectral quality. Likewise, more elaborate levels of ab initio theory, TDDFT and CASSCF(4,4), gave poorer agreement with experiment then CIS. Thus optimum modeling of the UVRR spectrum was achieved with the popular CIS/6–31G* methodology. Application of the Kramers–Kronig transform frequency correction to the ωk2 approximation (‘short‐time limit’) altered the intensity distribution only slightly. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The five dimensions of change: an integrated approach to strategic organizational change management
Authors: Victor Paul , Franckeiss Anton
Published: August 2002

This paper argues that organizational change is a complex activity that requires structure and process to be effective.

This structure and process needs to focus on all aspects of the change management model from developing the strategy through to operational implementation and evaluation. Lack of cohesion and alignment through this process will result in change programmes not being optimally devised or implemented.

The paper proposes a cyclical model or approach to organizational change that confirms the inherently iterative nature of the vast majority of change initiatives. This model, called the Five Dimensions of Change, defines each stage in detail and further identifies how each of the various stages are inextricably interlinked within successful organizational change management methodologies.

Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The antioxidant activity and stability of the phenolic fraction of green olives and extra virgin olive oil
Authors: Keceli Turkan , Gordon Michael H
Published: August 2002

The antioxidant activity of phenolic extracts from olives and olive oil has been assessed by scavenging of 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and by studying the effects on the stability of stripped olive oil in the absence and presence of ferric chloride. The olive extracts contained a much higher concentration (1940–5800 mg kg−1) of phenolic components than the olive oil extract (180 mg kg−1). Some olive extracts were more effective than the olive oil extract in scavenging DPPH radicals, but the three varieties of olives examined showed relatively large differences in both polyphenol concentration and antioxidant activity of extracts. α‐Tocopherol and extracts from both olives and olive oil were effective antioxidants in stripped olive oil at 60 °C. Ferric chloride reduced the stability of stripped olive oil, but the olive extract studied was significantly more effective as an antioxidant in the presence of the metal salt than the olive oil extract or α‐tocopherol. Ferric ions catalysed the oxidation of caffeic acid, oleuropein and phenolic components of the olive and olive oil extracts in aqueous solution (pH 5.4). The olive extract oxidised more rapidly than the olive oil extract in aqueous solution.

© 2001 Society of Chemical Industry
Metastatic patterns of extremity myxoid liposarcoma and their outcome
Authors: Estourgie Susanne H. , Nielsen Gunnlaugur P. , Ott Mark J.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Extremity myxoid liposarcomas have a unique extrapulmonary metastatic potential. We studied the metastatic pattern of extremity liposarcomas to determine what types of post‐treatment imaging may be of value in the follow‐up these patients.

Methods

Twenty‐two patients from a total of 128 patients with primary extremity liposarcoma were treated at a tertiary care institution for subsequent metastases from January 1981 to January 2000. Median follow‐up was 45 months (range: 6–270 months). Data on these patients was prospectively collected and then retrospectively analyzed for effect of metastatic pattern and treatment on outcome.

Results

Of these 22 patients, extrapulmonary metastases developed in 10, combined pulmonary and extrapulmonary metastases developed in 6, and isolated pulmonary metastases developed in 6. Of the 16 patients with extrapulmonary metastases, 13 were of the myxoid subtype. Of the 49 patients with extremity myxoid liposarcomas, metastases developed in 14 (29%). The most common sites of metastases among these 14 patients include: the retroperitoneum, 10 patients (71)%; intra‐abdominal extrahepatic, 7 patients (50%); spinal/paraspinal, 6 patients (43%). Only 3 of the patients are alive and disease free and all 3 of these patients are from the subgroup of 10 patients with only extra‐pulmonary metastases (2 intra‐abdominal and 1 retroperitoneal).

Conclusions

Extremity myxoid liposarcomas have an unusually high predilection for extra‐pulmonary metastases, frequently without any pulmonary metastases. After treatment of the primary tumor, these patients should be followed with periodic chest X‐ray and abdominal/pelvic computed tomography (CT) scans. Any back or neurologic complaints should prompt additional imaging of the appropriate spinal area. Consideration should be given to surgical and adjuvant treatment of metastatic disease when appropriate. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:89–93. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multivisceral resection for colon cancer
Authors: Luna‐Pérez Pedro , Rodríguez‐Ramírez Saúl E. , De La Barrera Marcos Gutiérrez , Zeferino Moisés , Labastida Sonia
Published: August 2002

Background

There is a lack of appropriate information in regard to the optimal treatment for colon cancer infiltrating neighboring organs.

Objectives

The objective of this study is to analyze treatment results and to identify the risk factors of death by cancer in these patients.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 40 patients with colon cancer infiltrating neighboring organs without distant metastases was carried out. Patterns of recurrence and 5‐year survival were analyzed.

Results

The study included 20 males and 20 females with a median age of 51.5 years. Primary tumor location was as follows: right colon (n = 15); transverse colon (n = 5); left colon (n = 7), and sigmoid (n = 13). In 17 patients, the colon tumor infiltrated the abdominal wall alone or together with neighboring organs and in 23 patients, one or more neighboring organs were infiltrated. Eleven patients (27.5%) developed postoperative complications. Two patients (5%) died during the postoperative period. Microscopic tumor infiltration was demonstrated in 29 patients (72.5%). Tumor stage was as follows: T3,N0 (n = 8); T3,N+ (n = 3); T4,N0 (n = 16), and T4,N+ (n = 13). Overall 5‐year survival was 45%. Multivariate analysis shows that the unfavorable risk factors for 5‐year survival were neoplastic cell infiltration to neighboring organs, age > 50 years, and lymph node metastases.

Conclusions

The main risk factors for cancer‐related failure are neoplastic infiltration to neighboring organs, age > 50 years, and lymph node metastases. In T4 colon cancer, the recurrence pattern was found at local, peritoneal, and distant sites. J. Surg. Oncol. 2002;80:100–104. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Angiomyolipoma of the liver
Authors: Yeh Chun‐Nan , Chen Miin‐Fu , Hung Chien‐Fu , Chen Tse‐Ching , Chao Tzu‐Chieh
Published: August 2002

Background and Objectives

Angiomyolipoma is a rare benign tumor that occurs in the liver and other organs. We provide data on eight cases of hepatic angiomyolipoma, regarding clinical presentations, diagnoses, management, and prognosis.

Methods

A retrospective review of medical records of the eight patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma treated at the Chang Gung Memorial Hospital‐Taipei between October 1988 and October 1999.

Results

Eight female patients with hepatic angiomyolipoma were identified, with ages ranging from 30 to 66 years (mean, 45.3 years). Abdominal pain was the most common symptom, occurring in six of eight patients (75%). Hepatocellular carcinoma was the most common preoperative diagnosis, occurring in three of eight patients (37.5%). Laparotomy was performed in seven of eight patients (87.5%). Among these seven patients, three patients (43%) received hepatic resection with 100% cure rate to date. One of the eight patients (12.5%) was closely follow up after diagnosis made by echo‐guided needle biopsy.

Conclusions

Hepatic angiomyolipoma is a rare and benign entity. It has a wide variation and poses a diagnostic challenge clinically, radiologically, and pathologically. Its prognosis is good regardless of management, including hepatic resection or conservative treatment after tissue biopsy by echo‐guided needle. To alleviate the mass effect, surgical resection may be needed for hepatic angiomyolipoma in selected cases. J. Surg. Oncol. 2001;77:195–200. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reactions of stabilized criegee intermediates from the gas‐phase reactions of O3with selected alkenes
Authors: Baker Jillian , Aschmann Sara M. , Arey Janet , Atkinson Roger
Published: August 2002

The gas‐phase reactions of O3with 1‐octene,trans‐7‐tetradecene, 1,2‐dimethyl‐1‐cyclohexene, and α‐pinene have been studied in the presence of an OH radical scavenger, primarily using in situ atmospheric pressure ionization tandem mass spectrometry (API‐MS), to investigate the products formed from the reactions of the thermalized Criegee intermediates in the presence of water vapor and 2‐butanol (1‐octene andtrans‐7‐tetradecene forming the same Criegee intermediate). With H3O+(H2O)nas the reagent ions, ion peaks at 149 u ([M + H]+) were observed in the API‐MS analyses of the 1‐octene andtrans‐7‐tetradecene reactions, which show a neutral loss of 34 u (H2O2) and are attributed to the α‐hydroxyhydroperoxide CH3(CH2)5CH(OH)OOH, which must therefore have a lifetime with respect to decomposition of tens of minutes or more. No evidence for the presence of α‐hydroxyhydroperoxides was obtained in the 1,2‐dimethyl‐1‐cyclohexene or α‐pinene reactions, although the smaller yields of thermalized Criegee intermediates in these reactions makes observation of α‐hydroxyhydroperoxides from these reactions less likely than from the 1‐octene andtrans‐7‐tetradecene reactions. Quantifications of 2,7‐octanedione from the 1,2‐dimethyl‐1‐cyclohexene reactions and of pinonaldehyde from the α‐pinene reactions were made by gas chromatographic analyses during reactions with cyclohexane and with 2‐butanol as the OH radical scavenger. The measured yields of 2,7‐octanedione from 1,2‐dimethyl‐1‐cyclohexene and of pinonaldehyde from α‐pinene were 0.110 ± 0.020 and 0.164 ± 0.029, respectively, and were independent of the OH radical scavenger used. Reaction mechanisms are presented and discussed. © 2001 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 73–85, 2002
Atmospheric chemistry of CH2FOCH2F: Reaction with Cl atoms and atmospheric fate of CH2FOCHFO· radicals
Authors: Goto M. , Kawasaki M. , Wallington T. J. , Hurley M. D. , Sharratt A. P.
Published: August 2002

Smog chamber/FTIR techniques were used to study the Cl atom initiated oxidation of CH2FOCH2F in 700 Torr of N2/O2 at 296 K. Relative rate techniques were used to measure k(Cl + CH2FOCH2F) = (4.6 ± 0.7) × 10−13 and k(Cl + CH2FOC(O)F) = (2.9 ± 0.8) × 10−15 (in units of cm3 molecule−1 s−1). Three competing fates for alkoxy radical CH2FOCHFO· formed in the self‐reaction of the corresponding peroxy radicals were identified. In 1 atm of air at 296 K, 48 ± 3% of CH2FOCHFO· radicals decompose via CO bond scission, 21 ± 4% react with O2, and 31 ± 4% undergo hydrogen atom elimination. Chemical activation effects were observed for CH2FOCHFO· radicals formed in the CH2FOCHFOO· + NO reaction. Infrared spectra of CH2FOC(O)F and FC(O)OC(O)F, which are produced during the Cl atom initiated oxidation of CH2FOCH2F, are presented. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Chem Kinet 34: 139–147, 2002; DOI 10.1002/kin.10038
Knowledge management in international mergers
Authors: Grotenhuis Frits D. J. , Weggeman Mathieu P.
Published: August 2002

This paper discusses the need for knowledge management in mergers and acquisitions. In mergers and acquisitions two cultures are combined, and also two systems of knowledge and insights are integrated. In order to develop and sustain competitive advantages for the knowledge‐intensive firm, strategic management should enable the development and sharing of new knowledge and other resources. However, a number of factors make knowledge management a highly fragile process. This paper discusses some preliminary findings, indicating directions for future research regarding factors that play a role in knowledge creation, and the roles for knowledge enablers in facilitating this process of knowledge creation. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gardening to reduce hazard: urban agriculture in Tanzania
Authors: Howorth C. , Convery I. , O'Keefe P.
Published: August 2002

Urban agriculture is an illegal activity in most African towns and cities, as it is seen to be competing with other, higher value, urban land uses. Despite this, food production occurs throughout the African urban environment and is crucial to the urban economy; providing employment, food security and investment opportunity for a large proportion of the urban population. Urban agriculture also adds value to urban land, bringing unused land into production, reversing degradation and improving the urban landscape. In the context of a rapidly expanding urban population, food production in Dar es Salaam is playing a crucial role in sustaining the city, employing 210000 people. Urban agriculture also has an important role to play in providing a viable land use in the hazard lands of Dar es Salaam, as an alternative to squatter housing which exposes the inhabitants to a substantial risk from flooding. This paper looks at the role that urban agriculture plays in Dar es Salaam and identifies the major actors. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Introduction of the flash‐lamp pulsed‐dye laser treatment of facial port‐wine stains in childhood: A case of health care technology assessment
Authors: De Borgie C.A.J.M. , Bossuyt P.M.M. , van der Horst C.M.A.M. , van Gemert M.J.C.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

Lasers have been used in the treatment of port‐wine stains (PWS) for more than 30 years. With the introduction of the flash‐lamp pulsed‐dye laser (FPDL) it was assumed that infants could be treated safely, effectively, and probably more efficiently. Nowadays, FPDL treatment is an established form of treatment of PWS in childhood.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

On the basis of the iterative Health Care Technology Assessment (HCTA) loop, we examined whether sufficient evidence from evaluations has been present to support the introduction of FPDL treatment for facial PWS at an early age. Such an assessment requires an interdisciplinary approach focusing on aspects of safety, efficacy, effectiveness, quality of life, costs, and the ethical issues of treatment.

Results

Assessment of the FPDL in PWS treatment of children did not follow the model of medical innovation and evaluation. Most assessments have been focused on laser applications that were already in clinical use. Efficacy and effectiveness of laser treatment have been the major concern in most assessments. Only a few studies have looked at costs and ethical aspects of treating children.

Conclusions

The introduction and diffusion of the use of the FPDL in the treatment of PWS in childhood were uncontrolled, and the field was not prepared to use this technique properly. We believe that this nonadherence to the iterative HCTA model reflects the gradual way by which innovations find their way into clinical practice. Lasers Surg. Med. 28:182–189, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cortical bone healing following laser osteotomy using 6.1 μm wavelength*
Authors: Payne John T. , Peavy George M. , Reinisch Lou , Van Sickle David C.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

Use of laser wavelengths in the 6.1 μm (amide I) to 6.45 μm (amide II) regions and a macropulse width of 4.0 microseconds delivered by a computer‐controlled delivery system have produced clean, deep cortical bone ablations with minimal collateral thermal injury and no char formation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the healing of cortical bone following 6.1 μm wavelength laser osteotomy using a 4.0 microsecond pulse, and compare that response to the response of similar osteotomies made with a standard pneumatic surgical bone saw.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Sixteen mature rabbits were divided equally into 2, 4, 6 and 8‐week post‐surgical survival groups. A nitrogen driven sagittal bone saw and an FEL generating 6.1 μm wavelength in 4.0 microsecond macropulses of 22.5 ± 2.5 mJ/pulse directed into a 200 μm diameter spot were used to make 6.6 mm linear cuts into rabbit tibial cortex, and the healing response over time was monitored. Bone saw cuts were made halfway through the thickness of the cortex. Laser cuts were directed by a computer‐controlled delivery system, and were either partial or full thickness cortical cuts. Location of the cortical bone cuts (saw or laser, partial or full thickness cut, proximal or distal, medial right or medial left tibia) were randomly assigned. At each predetermined post‐surgical time point, rabbits of the appropriate group were euthanized, and the tibias of each subject collected, processed for histologic evaluation, and analyzed by light microscopy.

Results

At 2 weeks post‐surgery, bone saw cuts showed no evidence of a healing response, while both the partial and full laser cut sites were filled with trabecular bone and primitive bone marrow. By 4 weeks post‐surgery, the bone saw cuts showed filling of the defect with trabecular bone and primitive marrow, and an intense osteonal remodeling of the original cortex adjacent to the cuts was evident. All laser cut defects were filled, reactive periosteal bone was being converted to osteons and consolidating, and secondary osteons were appearing in the original cortex. At 6 weeks following surgery, the bone saw defects were filed with a mixture of woven and lamellar bone. All laser defects were filled with lamellar osteons and woven bone, the osteons were remodeling from primary to secondary osteons. By 8 weeks following the surgery, all bone saw and laser cut specimens revealed complete healing.

Conclusions

Histologic evaluation of osteotomy sites made in skeletally mature rabbit tibia using the 6.1 μm wavelength, 4.0 microsecond macropulse FEL, delivered at 6 Hz at the osteotomy site, reveals a healing response which is at least as good as the healing of bone saw osteotomies, and appears to proceed at a faster rate during the first 2–4 weeks following surgery. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:38–43, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Simple organ cornea culture model for re‐epithelialization after in vitro excimer laser ablation
Authors: Chuck Roy S. , Behrens Ashley , Wellik Sarah R. , Liaw Lih‐Huei , Sweet Paula M. , Osann Kathryn E. , McDonnell Peter J. , Berns Michael W.
Published: August 2002

Background and Objective

Most of the in vitro work to characterize the effects of clinical laser surgery on corneal tissues has concentrated on the effects on stromal keratocytes and endothelium with little attention being paid to corneal epithelium. Our purpose is to describe the epithelial healing rates observed in freshly cultured rabbit corneas treated with phototherapeutic keratectomy (PTK).

Study Design/Materials and Methods

Corneas were placed in a simple organ culture system, with media change every 2 days. A clinical excimer laser was used to perform a 6 mm diameter, 100 μm depth transepithelial PTK on 24 cultured rabbit corneas, 1 day after culture initiation. For each post‐treatment day, one experimental and one control cornea were removed from culture and stained with fluorescein, photographed, and fixed for histology. Epithelial defect area was measured with digital imaging software and analyzed statistically to assess the re‐epithelialization rate.

Results

Control corneas, maintained in culture for 1–4 days, had no epithelial defects. Those corneas treated with PTK exhibited an immediate epithelial defect that slowly healed over 3 days. This was confirmed on histopathological analysis. A significant linear trend in re‐epithelialization across the time points studied was found (F = 80.48, P = 0.0029). The slope of the linear regression model showed an estimate rate of re‐epithelialization of −6.70 over the 3 days.

Conclusions

We have described the development of a simple, whole organ, rabbit cornea culture model for re‐epithelialization after PTK. Our rates of epithelial healing resemble those found in the literature in live rabbit models. Therefore, this model may possibly be used to monitor epithelial wound healing in different corneal diseases or injuries. Lasers Surg. Med. 29:288–292, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Self‐regulation of unwanted consumption
Authors: Lawson Robert
Published: August 2002

The issue of consumption control is viewed from the perspective of self‐regulation in which successful attempts at controlling problem behaviors depend upon achieving motivational readiness. It is proposed that consumption control can be understood as a series of stage‐related processes that follow from theoretical accounts of self‐regulation contained in the transtheoretical model of change, and the model of action phases. In order to observe ongoing consumption‐control processes, a diary study, in which participants described their actions, thoughts, and feelings in attempting a personal consumption‐control project, was conducted. Diary entries were interpreted in light of theoretical stage‐related processes. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Measuring intent: There's nothing “mere” about mere measurement effects
Authors: Chapman Kenneth J.
Published: August 2002

Prior work has established that measuring intents can influence the likelihood of behavior. Laboratory and field experiments extend past work and show that intentions are unique memorial structures that, once accessible, have profound influences on information processing and behavior. The results consistently demonstrate that measurement influences behavior and that measuring intent has a stronger influence on behavior than measuring attitudes. In addition, the laboratory experiment shows that measuring intents influences the accessibility and extremity of related yet previously unmeasured attitudes. However, measuring attitudes did not influence previously unmeasured intents. The research furthers our understanding of measurement effects and their impact on cognitive structure and behavior, and has implications for survey methodology and public policy. In addition, the research highlights the need for additional research on how intentions are represented in memory. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Involvement of c‐jun NH2‐terminal kinases in resveratrol‐induced activation of p53 and apoptosis
Authors: She Qing‐Bai , Huang Chuanshu , Zhang Yiguo , Dong Zigang
Published: August 2002

Resveratrol, a constituent of grapes and other foods, is one of the most promising agents for cancer prevention. In a previous study, we showed that the antitumor activity of resveratrol occurs through extracellular signal–regulated protein kinases (ERKs) and p38 kinase–mediated p53 activation. In this study, we also determined that c‐jun NH2‐terminal kinases (JNKs) are involved in resveratrol‐induced p53 activation and induction of apoptosis. In the JB6 mouse epidermal cell line, resveratrol activated JNKs dose‐dependently within a dose range of 10–40 μM, the same dosage responsible for the inhibition of tumor promoter–induced cell transformation. Stable expression of a dominant negative mutant of JNK1 or disruption of the Jnk1 or Jnk2 gene markedly inhibited resveratrol‐induced p53‐dependent transcription activity and induction of apoptosis. Furthermore, resveratrol‐activated JNKs were shown to phosphorylate p53 in vitro, but this activity was repressed in the cells expressing a dominant negative mutant of JNK1 or in Jnk1 or Jnk2 knockout (Jnk1−/− or Jnk2−/−) cells. These data suggested that JNKs act as mediators of resveratrol‐induced activation of p53 and apoptosis, which may occur partially through p53 phosphorylation. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Moving cryogenic modulator for the comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC) of surface water contaminants
Authors: Beens Jan , Dallüge Jens , Adahchour Mohamed , Vreuls René J. J. , Brinkman Udo A. Th.
Published: August 2002

The modulation system in a comprehensive two‐dimensional gas chromatograph (GC×GC) can be regarded to be the heart of the analyzer. Different ways of modulating the effluent of the first column into very narrow pulses and injecting these onto the fast second column have been demonstrated. Modulation can be established by applying heat, as in the first existing types of modulators, the two‐stage heated modulator and the Sweeper system. It can also be performed by applying cooling, as was demonstrated in the “longitudinally modulated cryogenic system.” Cryogenic systems have mechanical and applicational advantages over heated systems, as they are easier to install and maintain and do not need positive temperature differences to remobilize the analytes. A homemade moving cryogenic modulator was evaluated for use in a GC×GC system for the separation of (very) polar and nonpolar surface water contaminants. The results demonstrate that the performance of this less complex modulator is very comparable to the earlier reported types of modulators. It is further demonstrated that GC×GC is a very suitable technique to fully separate complex mixtures, such as surface water contaminants. The obtained separation appeared to be complete and peak identification was facilitated. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Micro Sep 13: 134–140, 2001
Gambling in Canada: some insights for cost–benefit analysis
Authors: Henriksson Lennart E.
Published: August 2002

In recent years, the size and scope of legalized gambling in Canada has risen sharply. This increase has taken place in a chaotic fashion, and largely in the absence of a clear picture of what the net benefits might be. This paper describes distinguishing features of gambling in Canada. It then summarizes the emergent state of extant cost–benefit analyses, and presents the case for more comprehensive evaluations of the economic, social, and health outcomes. A greater emphasis upon interdisciplinarity and alternative research paradigms is indicated. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inappropriate sales in the financial services industry: the limits of the rational calculus?
Authors: Leece David
Published: August 2002

The paper explores the notion of ‘misselling’ in the context of financial services. ‘Misselling’ is treated as a special case of error in the classification of a discrete dependent variable. A simulation study is conducted using the sale of mortgage debt to outright owners of property as an example of how inappropriate sales manifest themselves. This is followed by the actual case of endowment mortgage sales. The results and discussion suggests that ‘misselling’ can be viewed (i) in the context of empirical regularities and a rationalizable view of the data and/or (ii) as a non rationalizable situation where the ‘misselling’ becomes ‘pathological’. The paper highlights the need for a behavioural perspective, in addition to a more conventional economic treatment of the ‘misselling’ phenomenon. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.