bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluating the effectiveness of alcohol-based hand sanitizers compared to alcohol-free hand sanitizers
Authors: Song Derek , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen
Published: September 2020

Background and Purpose: Hand washing is one of the most important critical control points in public premises in preventing the spread of bacteria and viruses. There is vast research on the effectiveness of alcohol-based hand sanitizers in killing germs. However, the efficacy of alcohol-free hand sanitizers lacks real-world evidence. With little to no guidelines in which one type of hand sanitizers may be more appropriate depending on the types of public premise such as food establishments, hospitals, work place, or schools, Environmental Health Officers(EHOs)/ Public Health Inspectors(PHIs) will need to educate the public and operators on the effectiveness of these hand sanitizers and their advantages and disadvantages. The purpose of the study was to compare the effectiveness of alcohol-based hand sanitizers and alcoholfree hand sanitizers by conducting statistical analyses of the reduction in mean E.coli counts. Methods: 60 pigskins were prepared (30 for alcohol-based hand sanitizers, 30 for alcohol-free hand sanitizers), which were inoculated with E. coli, then applied either alcohol-based hand sanitizers or alcoholfree hand sanitizers. After 48 hours of incubation for E.coli growth, E.coli was counted. The difference in mean E.coli counts before applying hand sanitizers and after hand sanitizers was calculated, then compared between the two hand sanitizers. Results: The mean E.coli reduction count (CFU) from alcohol-based hand sanitizers (30 samples) was 10.200; the median was 11; the standard deviation was 1.7889; the range was 5.0000. The mean E.coli reduction count (CFU) from alcohol-free hand sanitizers (30 samples) was 10.233; the median was 10.5; the standard deviation was 0.8976; the range was 3.0000. The statistical t-test resulted in p-value of 0.1034. Conclusion: There was no significant difference between the two types of hand sanitizers. Both the alcohol-based hand sanitizers and alcohol-free hand sanitizers effectively reduced the number of E.coli counts (CFU) by averages of 10.2000 (92.7% reduction) and 10.2333 (93.03% reduction) respectively. While the BC Centre for Disease Control recommends 60 percent alcohol hand sanitizers to prevent the spread of germs, this research showed that alcohol-free hand sanitizers with sulfactants, allantoin, and benzalkonium chloride (SAB) formula is just as effective in killing germs. Therefore, EHOs/PHIs can educate the public and operators on the advantages and disadvantages on the two types of hand sanitizers in preventing the spread germs during the flu season and give practical advice or guidance on which type of hand sanitizers would be most appropriate in restaurants for example.
Comparison of water quality in live shellfish retail holding tanks
Authors: Mah Kelson , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Karakilic Vanessa , Shaw Fred , McIntyre Lorraine , Barker Brian , Sparanese Wayne , Hunchak Dave , Lukman Stella , Demsky Arthur , Powers Perry
Published: September 2020

Background: Water quality in live retail shellfish holding tanks are vital in increasing shellfish quality and reducing risk of shellfish-associated outbreaks. Poor holding tank water conditions may not only cause mortality of shellfish, but also allow for harmful pathogens to contaminate the shellfish, proliferate in the holding tanks, and ultimately potentially affect consumer health. Shellfish are processed and handled at a variety of levels at the retail stage. Therefore, the purpose of this research project is to compare water quality in live retail shellfish holding systems between processing plants and retail food markets. Differences may indicate a need for attention at a particular level in order to effectively and efficiently reduce mortality and disease among shellfish, and thus potentially humans as well. Methods: 30 water samples were taken from the two types of locations with the help of the Department of Fisheries and Oceans (DFO), Ministry of Agriculture, and the BCCDC. These samples were tested for parameters including temperature, pH, nitrites, turbidity, and dissolved oxygen using a LaMotte Fresh Water Aquaculture Kit and a HACH 2100P turbidimeter. A two-tailed t-test was used to compare the means of each of the parameters among the two types of locations with live shellfish holding tanks. Results: The mean values for all parameters in both retail and processing met the requirements set by the BCCDC. However, temperature and dissolved oxygen showed statistically significant differences between retail markets and processing facilities. Nitrites, pH, and turbidity showed no statistically significant differences between the two types of locations. Conclusion: Differences in dissolved oxygen may have been due to salt levels, failing recirculation systems, or high levels of organic matter from sanitation issues. Differences in temperature may have been due to differences in holding tank size, or inconsistencies from using two different thermal measuring devices. High levels of nitrites were a concern as well due to overcrowding of holding tanks. More attention may be needed for these issues, especially during certain seasons such as Chinese New Years, in order to lower the risk to public health.
Detection of DEHP in beverages sold in Canada using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry
Authors: Truong Nicole , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Karakilic Vanessa , Soulsbury Kevin
Published: September 2020

Phthalates are a class of plasticizing chemicals used to improve the flexibility of soft plastics (1, 6, 12, 15). As such, they have drawn increased attention as food contact substances (1, 10, 14), mostly entering food items from packaging materials (1, 8, 10, 14). Even though they had been approved as indirect food additives in Europe and the U.S. (1), the discovery of high concentrations of di(2-ethyl-hexyl) phthalate (DEHP), also known as bis 2-ethylhexyl phthalate (BEHP) (12, 15), in a probiotic food product by a scientist from Taiwan in April 2011 initiated the world’s greatest health safety efforts (7). Investigators found that DEHP, along with other phthalates, were deliberately added to food products in replacement of the approved food additives, which would normally be added to emulsify the components in the drinks to achieve a natural and appealing appearance (7, 12, 15). This contamination event has been known as the 2011 Taiwan Food Scandal, where processed food items such as sports drinks, concentrated juice beverages, tea drinks, jam or jelly and food supplements were adulterated with phthalates, a harmful class of chemical compounds. Consequently, ingestion of these harmful compounds may result in adverse health affects such as endocrine disruption, malformation of reproductive organs, infertility and abnormal neurodevelopment (12). Many products made it across the border to 22 different countries (15, 17) including Canada and U.S. (17). Since then, the Taiwanese government made improvements to the food industry regulations (15, 17). This study was aimed to determine if DEHP was present, and compared to the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) DEHP tolerable daily intake (TDI) of 0.05 mg/kg body weight (bw)/day (12, 17), in 30 different drinks of imported and domestic brands sold in Canada. For comparison purposes, the author completed calculations based on the average adult (over 18 years old) body weight of 70 kg, according to EFSA (41). Using liquid/liquid extraction followed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS), 30 beverages were tested and analyzed for the presence of DEHP. Low concentrations of DEHP was detected in 3 of the beverages and none in the other 27 beverages tested on a calibrated instrument. The concentrations detected for the 3 beverages were lower than the TDI for a 70 kg body weight. Control samples were used to ensure method validity.
Evaluating the cleaning procedures of meat slicers at retail delis in Metro Vancouver
Authors: Awan Sasha (Shuja) , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen
Published: September 2020

Background: Ready-to-eat deli meats are widely consumed by the public; however they are also a high risk food for carrying Listeria monocytogenes. Listeriosis, an infection that can result from consumption of Listeria monocytogenes contaminated food, is the leading cause of deaths related to foodborne illness in Canada. Due to structural constraints and inadequate cleaning, mechanical slicers used to process deli meats have been implicated as a major source of Listeria monocytogenes contamination of deli meats. Several governing bodies, including local health authorities have published recommendations on the proper method of cleaning and sanitizing meat slicers to prevent the risk of contamination of deli meats. This study evaluated the compliancy of retail delis in Metro Vancouver to these recommendations and also assessed their knowledge of the risk associated with deli meats. Methods: An in-person, self-administered paper survey was conducted at several retail delis and supermarkets. The survey questions determined the cleaning and sanitation procedures of meat slicers at the establishments and also assed knowledge of the risk associated with deli meats. Both nominal and numerical data was collected and analyzed using a Chi-squre test and a t-test. Results: Based on the data collected, a statistically significant difference was identified between the cleaning procedures practiced by the establishments and those recommended to prevent pathogen transmission through meat slicers. The chi-square test revealed that there is a statistically significant association between the size of the establishment and the adequacy of cleaning procedures, with small-scale delis being less likely to comply with the cleaning practices that are recommended by governing bodies. Conclusion: Cleaning procedures practiced at retail delis and supermarkets are not consistent with those recommended by regulatory agencies to prevent the transmission of pathogens such as Listeria monocytogenes from meat slicers to deli meats. Smaller retail delis are less likely to follow proper cleaning methods than larger supermarket delis. Educational intervention by health authorities may be needed to ensure that food establishments are informed of proper and timely cleaning procedures.
Knowledge comparison between group childcare centres and family childcares on sanitation of toys
Authors: Hwang Yun Ha (Sammie) , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen , Shaw Fred
Published: September 2020

Background: Childcare facilities (CCFs) are known to have a high potential risk of exposure and transmission of infectious diseases through contact surfaces, such as toys. Research to date suggests that toys are a potential source of cross-infections in CCFs, especially when childcare providers do not practice proper hygiene. Currently, there is a lack of knowledge on the differences in sanitation methods of toys between group and family CCFs. This study compared knowledge of group and family CCFs regarding how to sanitize toys. Methods: Self-administered surveys were distributed to group and family CCFs in Surrey, BC via e-mail. The survey was used to assess the knowledge of childcare providers on sanitation of toys. The survey was evaluated using a scoring system. In addition, each participant answered descriptive questions, such as the existence of sanitation plans and toy cleaning and sanitizing schedules. Results: Group and family CCFs showed no statistically significant differences in knowledge levels on sanitation of toys. The mean score of the knowledge level of group and family CCFs was 65% and 55% respectively. Conclusion: Childcare providers in CCFs play a key role in properly sanitizing toys and preventing transmission of infectious diseases between children. Recognizing knowledge gaps in sanitation can lead to policy development as well as improved educational programs.
Aerobic colony count assessment on projector remote controls at BCIT major classrooms
Authors: Chen Tom , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen , Ma Jeffrey , Shaw Fred
Published: September 2020

Classroom equipment has been linked to different outbreaks. Surfaces such as tables, chairs, keyboards can harbour pathogens such as Noro virus, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA), Influenza A virus and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE). Bacteria and viruses can then be transferred to another individual by the mode of touch and leading to potential infections when the individual touches their mouth, nose, eyes or open wound. Institutions usually have their own cleaning and sanitation schedule that covers most of the items in a classroom. However, some common items have been overlooked. Take the project remote controls at the British Columbia Institute of Technology (BCIT) for example. They are often found in filthy condition due to the amount of usage. It is unclear how many sicknesses have been the result of neglecting this device out of their daily cleaning and sanitization schedule. This paper examined the sanitation status of projector remote controls at BCIT. The focus has been placed on major classrooms and laboratories at building SW 1, SW 3 and SE 12 in BCIT. By utilizing the Aerobic Plate Count method, projector remote controls were swabbed using the wet swabbing technique. Swabs were then incubated and results in colony forming units per area in center meter square (CFU/cm2) were collected. A wide range of CFU/cm2 values were observed from projector remote controls. The maximum CFU/cm2 value obtained was 177 and the minimum value was 0. Inferential statistics was performed comparing the mean CFU/cm2 to a stand value of 5 CFU/cm2. Result showed that the mean CFU/cm2 of remote controls in SW 1, SW 3 and SE 12 at BCIT are statistically significantly more than the standard value of 5 CFU/cm2. This suggest that most of the remote controls at BCIT are not in sanitary conditions and BCIT should start to include remote controls into their daily cleaning and sanitization program to prevent students from contracting potential bacteriological infections.
Impact of overcrowding sous vide water baths on the thermal process of pork loins
Authors: Wu Jessica , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen , McIntyre Lorraine , Shyng Sion
Published: September 2020

Background: In the culinary industry, sous vide is a popular cooking method in which lower temperatures are used to cook food to retain more desirable organoleptic characteristics. However, this technique may compromise food safety as the temperature may not be sufficient enough to eliminate pathogens that may be present. The BCCDC’s Guidelines for Restaurant Sous Vide Cooking Safety in British Columbia advises when too many food items are placed in the sous vide water bath, inadequate water circulation may occur with the result that process lethality, measured by calculation of log10 reductions, may not be achieved. The purpose of this study was to determine how overcrowding a sous vide water bath would impact the thermal process of pork loins. Methods: Each pork loin sample had a SmartButton inserted and was vacuum sealed in a plastic bag. The water bath was preheated to 60˚C by an immersion circulator. Under normal conditions, six pork loin samples were held in the water bath for 1 hour and the process was repeated four more times. Under overcrowded conditions, two runs were conducted for 1.5 to 2 hours, each consisting of 15 samples stacked in three layers. SmartButton temperature values were used to calculate whether a 6.5 log10 reduction for Salmonella spp. was achieved, using the American Meat Institute’s formula. Results: Using a 31-minute cook time, pork loins in normal conditions reached an average log reduction of 8.85 (range: 0.51 to 21.07), which was significantly higher than the 6.5 log10 reduction objective (p = 0.006). Conversely, pork loins in overcrowded conditions reached an average log reduction of 1.76 (range: 0.05 to 7.93), which was significantly lower than the 6.5 log10 reduction objective (p = 0.000). Furthermore, cooking lethality between the two conditions, pork loins in crowded and overcrowded conditions, were found to be significantly different from each other (p = 0.000). No differences were found in the mean log10 reductions between the pork loins placed in each of the three layers in an overcrowded water bath at 31 minutes (p = 0.094). Conclusion: Overcrowding sous vide water baths does impact on the thermal process of pork loins. Food products cooked under overcrowded conditions require a longer cook time, (approximately 30 minutes longer) to achieve at least 6.5 log10 reductions. Therefore, it is advised that food handlers using sous vide techniques should avoid overcrowding sous vide water baths. Further research using more samples is recommended to determine potential cold spot patterns in overcrowded water baths due to inadequate water circulation.
Comparing the caffeine content of caffeine-containing dietary supplements in British Columbia
Authors: Kerwin Michael , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Chen Dale
Published: September 2020

Background and Purpose: The use of dietary supplements is on the rise in Canada. This raises questions about the safety of the supplements when taken in the recommended dosage. One ingredient of concern in dietary supplements is caffeine, which can cause adverse health effects when consumed in great enough quantities. Given the lack of research into the caffeine content of dietary supplements, along with few regulations that exist regarding labelling or limits on caffeine content within Canada, a major concern is whether or not these supplements pose a risk to the public. The purpose of this study is to compare the caffeine content of various types of dietary supplements, and to determine if the caffeine content warrants a risk to the public. Methods: Supplement stores within the Vancouver Metropolitan Area were visited online and in person, and supplements were categorized as an energy drink, pre-workout supplement, energy bar, fat-loss supplement, or caffeine pill or capsule. The caffeine content per recommended dosage of each supplement was recorded from the label. Results: It was found that the caffeine content did vary between supplement categories (Kruskall-Wallis one way ANOVA test had a p-value < 0.000), and that fat-loss supplements and pre-workout supplements had the highest caffeine content with a mean 221.19mg per serving and 249.68mg per serving respectively. Caffeine pills had a mean of 186.90mg per serving, energy drinks had a mean of 166.84mg per serving, and energy bars had a mean of 85.06mg per serving. Discussion: Health Canada recommends that healthy adults not exceed 400mg of caffeine per day. Exceeding this limit can lead to adverse health reactions, such as anxiety, insomnia, heart palpitations or more serious symptoms such as convulsions or death. It was found in this study that 5% of the samples exceeded 400mg, and can be considered hazardous. Taking multiple doses of supplements, or consuming additional caffeine from alternative sources, such as coffee, also puts consumers at a greater risk of exceeding the recommended limits. Currently there are no regulations in Canada regarding how much caffeine is permitted within these products, or any labeling requirements for caffeine in dietary supplements. Conclusion: Given the increase in popularity of dietary supplements in Canada, along with the limited regulations on labelling requirements, caffeine-containing supplements could potentially pose a risk to consumers. This study shows that the caffeine content differs between types of dietary supplements, and that some supplements exceed the Health Canada guidelines of 400mg. More regulations and guidelines on labeling requirements for these supplements may be necessary to protect the public.
An evaluation of the usefulness of British Columbia's guideline in educating food bank operators
Authors: Lee Diane K. , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen , McIntyre Lorraine
Published: September 2020

Background: Food Distribution Organizations (FDOs), such as food banks, community kitchen, and meal programs, are essential resources to relieve food insecurity in British Columbia. FDOs collect, process, store, and distribute donated food to the needy population. The BC Centre for Disease Control (BCCDC) published the Guidelines for Food Distribution Organizations with Grocery or Meal Programs in 2016 with purpose to educate FDOs on food safety and assist with their operational challenges. The guideline plays an important role especially for food bank operators who are not required to take food safety training. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the extent of the guideline use among food bank operators and assess its usefulness. This study also determines if the guideline use had a statistically significant association with higher knowledge in food safety. Methods: Self-administered electronic surveys created on Survey Monkey Canada were distributed to Foodbanks BC members by weekly online newsletter and email. The survey assessed the extent of usage of the guideline, current issues and knowledge level of FDO operators in BC. The survey response was collected over three weeks long period. Results: Among 37 FDO operators participated, 30 completed the survey. The majority of the operators was from BC, worked in food banks and had longer than 5 years long experience. 47% of participants did not know about the guideline. Among the guideline users, 83% agreed or strongly agreed that the guideline was useful. While retailers and groceries were the most common food donors, caterers and restaurants were the least common. Assessing each food item for safety was the most commonly encountered issue for FDOs. The least commonly encountered issue was having another FDO taking our donation from the donor. There was no association between the guideline use and level of food safety knowledge according to the Chi-square test (p= 0.89). There was no association between the years of experience and level of food safety knowledge (p= 0.23). The results did not show a statistically significant result potentially due to small sample size (n= 30). Conclusion: The results indicated while the guideline is useful among the users, the extent of its use should be widened. There is a need to improve accessibility of the guideline by modifying the content to address current practical issues, formatting it in a more user-friendly way, and utilizing better distribution means.
Access to green space and median household income in metro Vancouver cities
Authors: Luo David , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Heacock Helen
Published: September 2020

Background: Greenspace is a very important component of a healthy built environment. It can provide many benefits which include mitigating the effects of climate change, improving air quality, and enhancing mental and physical health. However, it has been shown that health promoting resources such as green spaces are often unequally distributed among different socioeconomic classes. The objective of this study was to identify disparities in proportional greenspace access between different income categories among the residents of three cities in Metro Vancouver, British Columbia. The mapping tool ArcGIS was used to visualize patterns of greenspace distribution and median household income. Methods: Green space was classified as recreational parks within the cities of New Westminster, Vancouver and Burnaby in Metro Vancouver. Income and green space data were gathered from Statistics Canada and the Municipalities’ websites for mapping in ArcGIS respectively. This data was then exported, and a correlation analysis was performed to identify any relationship between green space and median household income of census tract divisions. Results: Out of 248 data points, 90 census tracts were analyzed in Burnaby, 145 in Vancouver and 13 in New Westminster. Patterns in the maps indicated that higher income census tracts had lower proportional access to green space. Statistical results demonstrated that a negative correlation exists between greenspace and median household income. Higher income households have less access to green space across all three Metro Vancouver cities; New Westminster (p = 0.33), Vancouver (p = 0.02) and Burnaby (p = 0.03) a negative correlation was also found in a combined analysis across all three cities (p=0.0013). Conclusion: Green space is undeniably important to all individuals within a city as it can provide recreational opportunities, improve physical and mental health, temper climate change, improve air quality and provide cooling effects. There may be substitutes to recreational activities that green space can provide, but there are none for the overall benefits that it can provide. This study calls for policy makers and planners to consider greater investments in green space and recreational parks in all census tracts including wealthier neighbourhoods, where smaller proportions of greenspace were identified. Programs such as the City of Vancouver’s “Greenest City Action Plan” whose goal is to encourage green initiatives including situating all residents within a five minute distance of greenspace should be implemented across all three cities.
Individual emergency preparedness survey among Canadians in Lower Mainland, BC
Authors: Yam Eric , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Chen Dale
Published: September 2020

Background: BC residents are prone to natural disasters and emergencies such as earthquakes and prolonged power outage due to severe weather and flooding. To minimize and mitigate the impacts, individuals should prepare in advance for any potential emergencies. There are studies showing only half of the Canadians, in general, are well prepared. Concrete evidence of factors affecting individual’s emergency preparedness are not clear. Therefore, this research study aims to investigate the association between BC residents’ emergency preparedness level and demographic/socio-economic factors. Methods: Housed on SurveyMonkey, the online self-administered survey was distributed via Facebook and Reddit to survey local BC residents. The survey was posted on sub-groups based on topic-relevance and geographic areas that are located within Lower Mainland. The sampling period is approximately one month, which the results were analyzed by the NCSS program. Results: Overall, less than half (41%) of the participants reported to have an emergency kit at home. The chi-square test results show that two factors, language (p=0.025) and status of occupancy (p=0.048) are significantly associated with level of emergency preparedness. Conclusion: There are significant associations between level of emergency preparedness and demographic factors - language barrier and status of occupancy. People who do not use English as their primary language found to be less prepared to those who use English as their primary language. Renters, as compared to homeowners, found to be less prepared as well. This serves as supporting data and evidence to transit these findings to promote emergency readiness among residents in Metro Vancouver.
Measurement of carbon monoxide concentration levels within an underground parking lot throughout the day
Authors: Villanueva Jacit , BCIT School of Health Sciences, Environmental Health  , Chen Dale
Published: September 2020

Background: During the fall and winter months, people opt to using cars as a mode of transportation to and from work, school, or recreation. The ease of access, comfort, and efficiency of travel prompt an increase in drivers. Underground lots are ideal parking spaces during these months, which see an increase in traffic and subsequent rise in emissions, specifically carbon monoxide (CO) that can be hazardous to health at certain concentrations. This study is to determine the levels of CO in a confined parking space Methods: Air quality and composition were determined via passive dosi-tubes that were affixed onto columns within the Langara College underground parking lot in the morning and picked up for analysis in the afternoon. Results: There is an increase in carbon monoxide concentration within the underground parking lot, during peak hours. Traffic within the lot is found to be higher during poor weather conditions which correlate with ease of use and comfort of driving a car. There is also an increase in traffic on Tuesdays and Thursdays, which is likely dictated by class times. Carbon monoxide levels did not fail to meet government regulations during any sampling period. Conclusions: The air composition in the Langara underground parking lot is safe even during periods of high traffic, for the average person. However, individuals with underlying medical conditions should enter with caution, as the recorded CO levels can aggravate pre-existing cardio-pulmonary diseases.
KARAKTERISTIK PENDERITA KUSTA DI PUSKESMAS ABEPANTAI KOTA JAYAPURA TAHUN 2020
Authors: Anastasia Porong Ludia Maria , Sahli Indra Taufik , Asrianto Asrianto
Published: September 2020

Leprosy is a chronic infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae that attacks the skin, peripheral nerves, mucosa of respiratory tract and eyes. The aim was to determine the characteristics of leprosy disease of Health Center Abepantai in 2020, based on the type of leprosy, staining of Ziehl Neelsen (ZN), age, sex and occupation. This method is a descriptive study with cross sectional design. The results, MB type highest percentage which is 8 (67%), the positive ZN staining which is 4 (33%) and negative which is 8 (67%), the age the highest percentage 16-30 level years which is 5 (42%), sex the highest percentage male sex which is 8 (67%), occupation the highest farmer which is 5 (42% ). The conclusion characteristics of leprosy Health Center in Abepantai 2020: leprosy the highest percentage which is MB type, age the highest percentage which is 16-30 years old, the highest percentage which is male sex and the highest percentage occupation which is farmer.
Pengaruh Terapi Relaksasi Akupresur (Genggam Jari) Terhadap Nyeri Persalinan Kala I Aktif di Bidan Praktek Mandiri Afah Fahmi Surabaya
Authors: Sari Ethyca
Published: September 2020

Nyeri adalah bagian integral dari persalinan dan melahirkan. Nyeri selama kala I fase aktif persalinan, diakibatkan oleh dilatasi serviks dan segmen bawah uterus serta distensi korpus uteri. salah satu upaya non-farmakologi untuk menurunkan nyeri persalinan dengan memberikan tindakan terapi relaksasi akupresur (genggam jari). Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengalihkan perasaan nyeri pada persalinan kala I fase aktif di Bidan Praktek Mandiri Afah Fahmi Surabaya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pra-experimental (one group prepost test design). Variabel independen yaitu terapi relaksasi akupresur (genggam jari) dan variabel dependen yaitu nyeri persalinan kala I aktif. Populasi penelitian adalah ibu yang mengalami persalinan kala I fase aktif di Bidan Praktek Mandiri Afah Fahmi Surabaya sejumlah 17 responden. Tehnik pengambilan sampel dengan cara Consecutive Sampling. Instrumen penelitian ini menggunakan skala nyeri NRS (Numeric Rate Scale) dan lembar obervasi tentang skala nyeri kala I aktif yang ditentukan sendiri oleh responden. Analisa data menggunakan uji Wilcoxon. Terapi relaksasi akupresur (genggam jari) berpengaruh terhadap nyeri persalinan kala I aktif dengan nilai signifikan p=0,00. Terapi relaksasi akupresur (genggam jari) dapat mengalihkan perasaan nyeri ibu pada saat persalinan kala I fase aktif dengan cara melakukan penekanan pada titik akupresur pada titik L14 diantara tulang metacarpal pertama dan kedua bagian distal dengan gerakan memutar. Dengan demikian terapi relaksasi akupresur dapat menurunkan nyeri persalinan kala I aktif.
FAKTOR – FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENYEMBUHAN LUKA EPISIOTOMI PADA IBU POST PARTUM DI PMB ISTIQOMAH SURABAYA
Authors: Intiyaswati Intiyaswati
Published: September 2020

Episiotomi merupakan suatu tindakan insisi pada perineum yang menyebabkan terpotongnya selaput lendir vagina, cincin selaput darah dan jaringan pada septum rektovaginal. Episiotomi menyebabkan luka pada daerah perineum dan luka dapat menyebabkan perdarahan sehingga perlu dilakukan heacting. Pada proses penyembuhan luka di pengaruhi oleh faktor – faktor yaitu budaya, personal hygine,pendidikan, ekonomi dan pengetahuan. Oleh karena itu dalam hal ini peneliti ingin melihat faktor – faktor yang mempengaruhi penyembuhan luka . Desain yang digunakan yaitu  korelasi deskriptif, dengan tujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pengerahu penyembuhan luka dengan faktor budaya, personal hygine, pendidikan, ekonomi dan pengetahuan. Populasinya adalah seluruh ibu post partum yang mengalami luka episiotomi  Sampel yang diambil sebanyak 30 dan di masukan rumus besaran sampel didapatkan 28 orang dan menggunakan sampling consecutive sampling. Dengan menggunakan variable dependen dan independen. Data hasil penelitian ini akan dimasukan menggunakan tabulasi silang. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa terdapat perbedaan antara responden terhadap faktor – faktor  penyembuhan luka episiotomi. Luka episiotomi ini di pengaruhi oleh faktor – faktor . Faktor yang mempengaruhi adalah faktor pengatahuan,ekonomi,pendidikan dan personal hygine. Dan yang tidak mempengaruhi adalah budaya. Faktor – faktor tersebut mempengaruhi tikah laku seseorang dalam mengambil keputusan mana yang benar dan salah dalam proses penyembuhan luka. Luka episiotomy di pengaruhi oleh faktor – faktor terhadap penyembuhan luka.
PENGARUH SEDUH COKLAT DAN PIJAT COUNTEPRESSURE TERHADAP PENURUNAN NYERI PERSALINAN DAN KEMAJUAN DILATASI SERVIKS
Authors: Tono Sendy Firza Novilia
Published: September 2020

Nyeri persalinan merupakan keadaan fisologis yang dialami ibu selama proses persalinan. Dampak nyeri persalinan adalah terjadinya pembengkakan serviks dan vagina yang membahayakan kondisi ibu dan janin. Seduh coklat dan pemberian pijatan  Counterpressure  merupakan tindakan komplementer untuk menciptakan kenyamanan.Tujuanmini riset iniuntukmengetahuiadakah pengaruh dari seduh coklat dan pemberian pijatan counterpressureterhadap penurunan nyeri persalinan dan kemajuan dilatasi serviks.Penelitian ini merupakan mini riset dengan desain penelitian studi kasus bentuk tunggal (One Shot Case Study) dengan jumlah sampel penelitian 6 orang bedasarkan kriteria yaitu primigravida inpartu kala 1 fase aktif yang dibagi menjadi dua kelompok yaitu kelompok perlakuan dan kelompok kontrol dan kedua kelompok dinilai menggunakan Numerik Ratting Scale (NRS) untuk menilai perubahan nyeri persalinan dan melakukan pemerikasaan dalam untuk mengetahui ada atau tidaknya kemajuan persalinan.Hasil dari mini riset pada kelompok perlakuan mengalami kemajuan persalinan dengan durasi 3-5 jam pada kala 1 fase aktif dengan skala nyeri ringan dibandingkan kelompok kontrol dengan durasi pembukaan serviks lebih panjang 6-8 jam pada kala 1 fase aktif dengan nyeri sedang hingga berat sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruhpemberian seduh coklat dengan pijat counterpressur terhadap penurunan nyeri persalinan dan kemajuan dilatasi serviks pada kala 1 fase aktif.
Gambaran Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Tentang Pemberian Makanan Bergizi Pada Balita Di Wilayah Posyandu Tulip RT 04 RW 07 Desa Petiken Driyorejo – Gresik
Authors: Primihastuti Dianita
Published: September 2020

Gizi seimbang dibutuhkan oleh setiap tubuh manusia, terutama pada balita. Gizi seimbang dengan kualitas dan kuantitas yang tepat sangat diperlukan oleh balita yang masih dalam usia pertumbuhan dan perkembangan. Berdasarkan pengamatan peneliti didapatkan ibu yang memberikan makanan sesuai keinginan balita tanpa memperhatikan makanan tersebut bergizi atau tidak. Pemenuhan kebutuhan gizi secara tepat pada balita perlu diperhatikan karena menciptakan sttus gizi yang baik pada balita tentunya sangat berguna bagi kehidupan di masa depan. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk memperoleh gambaran tingkat pengetahuan ibu tentang pemberian makanan bergizi pada balita di wilayah Posyandu Tulip RT 04 RW 07 Desa Petiken Driyorejo Gresik. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain deskriptif dengan metode total sampling. Populasi dalam penelitian ini yaitu semua ibu yang mempunyai anak balita (27 responden). Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan kuesioner kemudian diolah secara manual meliputi menganalisa hasil, memberi kode, memasukkan data ke tabeldistribusi frekuensi. Hasil penelitian ini menggambarkan tingkat pengetahuan ibu tentang pemberian makanan bergizi pada balita, yaitu: pengetahuan baik 70%, pengetahuan cukup 11%, dan pengetahuan kurang 19%. Jadi tingkat pengetahuan ibu tentang pemberian makanan bergizi pada balita sudah baik. Dengan pengetahuan yang baik seharusnya ibu dapat memberikan makanan yang bergizi kepada anak agar pertumbuhan dan perkembangan balita menjadi optimal.
Terapi Tertawa Terhadap Tingkat Stres Pada Lansia Di Rw 06 Kelurahan Darmo Surabaya
Authors: Dewi Erika Untari
Published: September 2020

Stress berasal dari bahasa latin yang berarti keras (sticus) dan istilah stress diartikan sebagi kesukaran, kesusahan, kesulitan, atau penderitaan pada manusia terutama mental yang dengan menunjukan kekuatan, tekanan, ketegangan. Terapi Tertawa pada orang tua merupakan salah satu alternatif non farmakologis yang mudah dilakukan dan mudah digunakan namun menawarkan manfaat signifikan dalam mengurangi stres. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui Tingkat stres pada lansia di RW 06 Kelurahan Darmo Surabaya sebelum dan sesudah diberikan terapi tertawa. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain penelitian pre - eksperimental (one group pre - post test desing).diberikan selama 4 kali dalam seminggu dibagi menjadi 2 sesi yaitu (2 hari pre dan 2 hari post) sampel adalah 20 responden dengan stres.Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa sebelum dan sesudah dilakukan terapi tertawa terdapat penurunan tingkat stres.Hasil yang didapatkan peneliti sebelum terapi tertawa 14 orang kategori Tidak kebal dan setelah dilakukan terapi tertawa 12 orang kategori kurang kebal. Hasil analisa dari uji Wilcoxon di ketahui bahwa nilai p = 0,000 sehingga H0 ditolak, ini menunjukan ada pengaruh terapi Tertawa terhadap tingkat Stres pada Lansia di RW 06 Kelurahan Darmo Surabaya. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan perlunya Terapi Tertawa Untuk mengurangi Tingkat Stres.
Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Ibu Tentang Efek Samping Kontrasepsi Suntik Dengan Keikutsertaan Menjadi Akseptor KB Suntik Di BPS Ny. Arifin Surabaya
Authors: Astuti Eny , Dappa Mience
Published: September 2020

Kontrasepsi merupakan suatu cara atau metode yang bertujuan untuk mencegah pembuahan sehingga tidak terjadi kehamilan. Kontrasepsi suntik adalah salah satu metode yang paling diminati. Namun banyak sekali akseptor KB suntik yang belum memahami tentang efek samping kontrasepsi suntik sehingga tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan antara tingkat pengetahuan ibu tentang efek samping kontrasepsi suntik dengan menjadi akseptor KB suntik. Desain yang digunakan pada penelitian adalah “korelasi”. Pemilihan sample dilakukan dengan teknik consecutive sampling, pengumpulan data menggunakan alat ukur kuesioner, sampel diambil dari responden yang bersedia (akseptor KB baru dan Ibu yang kooperatif) Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diatas disimpulkan sebagian besar pengetahuan ibu tentang efek samping kontrasepsi suntik adalah kurang sebanyak 20 responden (50%) dan sebanyak 28 responden (70%) tetap ikut menjadi akseptor KB suntik. Data diolah menggunakan uji statistik chi square dengan hasil =0.763 yang berarti H0 diterima yaitu tidak ada hubungan antara pengetahuan ibu tentang efek samping kontrasepsi suntik dengan menjadi akseptor KB suntik. Peneliti berharap petugas kesehatan lebih memotivasi para ibu yang belum menggunakan KB agar memberikan informasi betapa pentingnya KB untuk menekan jumlah kelahiran, angka kemtian ibu dan kesakitan.
Pengaruh Pemberian Buah Naga Terhadap Tekanan Darah Pada Penderita Hipertensi Di Desa Bedahlawak Tembelang Jombang
Authors: Kurniawati Kurniawati , Hariyanto Anthoni
Published: September 2020

Buah naga memiliki kandungan antioksidan yang sangat tinggi. Kandungan bermanfaat untuk mencegah radikal bebas dan melindungi tubuh dari berbagai macam serangan penyakit, seperti hipertensi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian buah naga terhadap tekanan darah pada penderita hipertensi di Desa Bedahlawak Tembelang Jombang. Desain penelitian yang digunakan quasy-eksperimental dengan rancangan pretest-posttest control group design. Variabel independent pemberian buah naga merah. dependent tekanan darah dengan populasi sebanyak 36 orang, teknik sampling yang digunakan : random sampling didapatkan sampel jumlah setiap kelompok sebanyak 13 orang, data diuji dengan t-test paried dan t-test independent dengan tingkat kemaknaan ≤ 0,05. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan tekanan darah sebelum dilakukan pemberian jus buah naga merah sistole rata-rata 150,77 dan setelah rata-rata sistole 142,31, ada pengaruh pemberian buah naga terhadap tekanan darah pada penderita hipertensi di Desa Bedahlawak Tembelang Jombang yang signifikan dikarenakan nilai thitung sebesar 3,091 dengan p = 0,009 < (0,05). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa ada pengaruh pemberian buah naga terhadap tekanan darah pada penderita hipertensi di Desa Bedahlawak Tembelang Jombang yang signifikan, maka diharapkan bagi tenaga kesehatan melakukan langkah-langkah untuk melakukan penekanan terjadinya hipertensi. Pemberian penyuluhan lebih intensif, serta melakukan melakukan eksperimen untuk menurunkan tekanan darah seperti pemberian jus buah naga merah, sehingga masyarakat mengerti dan paham khusus penderita hipertensi bahwa mengkonsumsi buah naga merah bermanfaat menurunkan tekanan darah, maka dengan demikian tekanan darah dapat dicegah dan ditangani secara optimal.
POLA ASUH ORANG TUA BERHUBUNGAN DENGAN PERKEMBANGAN EMOSI (EQ) ANAK
Authors: Astuti Eny
Published: September 2020

Pola asuh merupakan cara orang tua yaitu ayah dan ibu dalam memberikan kasih sayang dan cara mengasuh yang mempunyai pengaruh yang besar bagaimana anak melihat dirinya dan lingkungannya. Orang tua mempunyai peranan yang sangat penting bagi perkembangan prilaku moral pada anak, karena dasar prilaku moral pertama di peroleh anak dari dalam rumah. Karakteristik pada anak yang pertama yaitu egoisentris pada anak prasekolah tidak berarti mereka tidak melihat sesuatu dari pandangan orang lain, karakteristik yang kedua yaitu kelakuan berfikir adalah kecendrungan berfikir hanya pada satu pandangan dan mengabaikan pandangan yang lain. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui hubungan pola asuh orang tua terhadap perkembangan emosi (EQ) pada anak prasekolah. Desain yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah desain deskriptif. Sample diambil secara total sampling dengan responden 67 orang yang mempunyai anak prasekolah. Kemudian pengambilan data melalui kuisoner yang diolah dalam bentuk diagram dan tabulasi silang. Berdasarkan hasil pengamatan hubungan pola asuh orang tua dengan perkembangan emosi (EQ) pada anak prasekolah di perumahan Kahuripan blok CA Sidoarjo didapatkan responden 20 orang (80%) yang mempunyai anak prasekolah menggunakan gaya pola asuh Lissez-Faire tingkat emosi (EQ) anak tidak baik. Emosi (EQ) pada anak yang tidak baik diakibatkan karena sebagian besar orang tua berusia muda dan berprofesi sebagai wanita karir, mereka lebih banyak menghabiskan waktu untuk bekerja, dan lebih cenderung memanjakan anak-anaknya.
PENGARUH TERAPI AKUPUNKTUR TERHADAP PENURUNAN TEKANAN DARAH PADA LANSIA DENGAN HIPERTENSI DI PANTI WERDHA MOJOPAHIT MOJOKERTO
Authors: Hariyanto Sufendi
Published: September 2020

Hipertensi merupakan masalah kesehatan yang banyak ditemukan pada orang lanjut usia. Faktor kebiasaan hidup yang sering menyebabkan timbulnya hipertensi salah satunya adalah adanya ketegangan psikologis atau sress, dalam penangan hipertensi dapat dilakukan dengan pengobatan non farmakologi seperti terapi akupunktur. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui adanya pengaruh terapi akupunktur terhadap penurunan tekanan darah pada lansia dengan hipertensi di Panti Werdha Mojopahit Mojokerto. Penelitian menggunakan Metode Quasy-experimental dengan desain pretest-posttest control group desain, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 16 responden (8 kelompok perlakuan dan 8 kelompok kontrol) dengan mengunakan teknik purposive sampling. Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan metode obsevasi dan selanjutnya ditabulasi dengan menggunakan distribusi frekuensi dan diuji menggunakan uji T- Test Independen dan Paired T Test tingkat kemaknaan α = 0,05. Dari hasil penelitian ini menunjukan antara kedua kelompok dihasilkan hipertensi pada lansia, setelah diberikan terapi akupunktur sebanyak 4 kali dalam waktu 4 hari sekali terdapat penurunan tekanan darah yang signifikan pada kelomok perlakuan dibanding kelompok kontrol baik tekanan sistolik maupun diastolik pada uji Paired T- Test. Kesimpulan yang dapat diambil dari penelitian ini adalah ada pengaruh terapi akupunktur terhadap penurunan tekanan darah pada lansia dengan hipertensi. Dari hasil yang ada tersebut terapi akupunktur dapat direkomendasikan untuk mengatasi masalah hipertensi pada lansia yang di sebabkan oleh konsumsi garam yang tinggi, obesitas, kurang olahraga, stress, merokok, kafein dan faktor genetik.
PENGARUH KECEMASAN SAAT PEMBELAJARAN DARING MASA PANDEMI COVID-19 TERHADAP PRESTASI BELAJAR MAHASISWA STIKES WILLIAM SURABAYA
Authors: Dewi Erika Untari
Published: September 2020

Pembelajaran daring merupakan pembelajaran tanpa tatap muka secara langsung antara dosen dan mahasiswa. Dengan adanya pembelajaran daring seringkali membuat mahasiswa menjadi cemas. kecemasan adalah suatu keadaan aprehensi atau keadaan khawatir yang mengeluhkan bahwa yang buruk akan segera terjadi. Karena kuliah daring lebih banyak tugas dibandingkan dengan pengajaran mata kuliah dan juga dengan mengikuti perkuliahan daring bisa mendapatkan IPK yang kurang  baik.  Desain penelitian yang digunakan adalah korelasional, yang bertujuan untuk mencari hubungan antara pembelajaran daring dengan kecemasan mahasiswa. Variabel independen dalam penelitian ini yaitu pembelajaran daring dan variabel dependen yaitu kecemasan mahasiswa. Populasi pada penelitian ini yaitu mahasiswa Stikes William Booth berjumlah 19 responden, dengan sampel 19 responden. Pengumpulan data dengan kuisioner pembelajaran daring, kecemasan Hars dan data prestasi mahasiswa berupa indeks prestasi.  Hasil penelitian menunjukan pembelajaran daring cukup sebanyak 14 orang (73,6%) dan kecemasan Hars sedang sebanyak 9 orang (47,3%) serta  Indeks prestasi 3,00 – 3,49 sebanyak 52%. Analisa data menggunakan uji statistic spearman Rho Correlation de peroleh tingkat kemaknaan 0,04 (p<0,05). Dengan demikian Ho di tolak yang berarti  ada hubungan kecemasan selama pembelajaran daring dengan prestasi mahasiswa mahasiswa di Stikes William Booth.
Characteristics Of Islamic Education Leadership: Literature Review
Authors: Tri Na'imah  , Ahmad Muhibbin
Published: September 2020

Leadership and management are different concepts, but both can be collaborated to achieve active organizational goals. Leadership theories have been developed, but there are still gaps in the idea of leadership when applied in school organizations. Leadership in an Islamic perspective is not just a social contract between the leader and his subordinates but also a psychological contract between the leader and God. Leadership in Islam is a mandate, namely a psychological agreement between a leader and his assistants that there will be fair treatment, protection, and guidance for subordinates. Therefore the Islamic values that must color the work of Islamic leaders in educational organizations are sincere, shura, ikhtilaf, maslaha, amar ma'ruf nahi munkar, husba, and tafakur.