bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Maximizing the Impact of Organization Science: Theory‐Building at the Intersection of Disciplines and/or Fields
Authors: Zahra Shaker A. , Newey Lance R.
Published: July 2009

abstract

The intersection of academic disciplines and fields provides an important forum for creative theory building. In this article, we identify three modes of theory building at the intersection and highlight their strengths and weaknesses. We position these three modes relative to one another using the ‘impact wheel’, which visually describes their influence on five domains: theory, field, discipline, researchers, and external stakeholders. Though impact on these domains varies across the three modes, maximum impact is created when theory building at the intersection uncovers new phenomena that revise the boundaries of existing disciplines and fields while giving birth to new ones. Such theorizing is infrequent and demands particular skills on the part of researchers to help organization science to realize more of its potential.
Dynamic Interracial/Intercultural Processes: The Role of Lay Theories of Race
Authors: Hong Ying‐yi , Chao Melody Manchi , No Sun
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACTThis paper explores how the lay theory approach provides a framework beyond previous stereotype/prejudice research to understand dynamic personality processes in interracial/ethnic contexts. The authors conceptualize theory of race within the Cognitive–Affective Personality System (CAPS), in which lay people's beliefs regarding the essential nature of race sets up a mind‐set through which individuals construe and interpret their social experiences. The research findings illustrate that endorsement of the essentialist theory (i.e., that race reflects deep‐seated, inalterable essence and is indicative of traits and ability) versus the social constructionist theory (i.e., that race is socially constructed, malleable, and arbitrary) are associated with different encoding and representation of social information, which in turn affect feelings, motivation, and competence in navigating between racial and cultural boundaries. These findings shed light on dynamic interracial/intercultural processes. Relations of this approach to CAPS are discussed.
The Interpersonal Basis of Stereotype‐Relevant Self‐Views
Authors: Sinclair Stacey , Pappas Jesse , Lun Janetta
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT
Recent research examining the interpersonal basis of self‐stereotyping is considered from the perspective of Cognitive–Affective Personality System (CAPS) theory. The reviewed work shows that individuals tend to see themselves in a stereotypic manner when interacting with someone who engenders affiliative motivation and is thought to hold stereotypic views of their group. Evidence suggesting that this context‐dependent self‐stereotyping is extended temporally through future psychologically similar interactions and the invocation of significant others thought to endorse stereotypes is also discussed. These findings and the theoretical framework that stimulated them strongly resonate with the notion of if…then contingencies of the self articulated in CAPS theory. The implications of each viewpoint for the other are discussed.
Toward an Integrative CAPS Approach to Racial/Ethnic Relations
Authors: Mischel Walter , Mendoza‐Denton Rodolfo , Hong Ying‐yi
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT
The original CAPS formulation focused on the role of the individual's CAPS system in relation to situations, formalizing a person–situation framework. Subsequent research and theorizing on the culturally embedded CAPS system (C‐CAPS) began to spell out how culture, context, and group‐level processes intersect with both persons and situations. The contributions in this special section provide insights into the enormous complexity and the multiple layers through which context and persons “make each other up” in racial/ethnic relations. The challenge for personality psychologists is to examine and illuminate this interpenetration of context and person concretely and with increasing depth and precision. The CAPS framework provides a meta‐level guide for this mission, and the present contributions illustrate the framework's heuristic value.
Configural Approaches to Temperament Assessment: Implications for Predicting Risk of Unintentional Injury in Children
Authors: Berry Jack W. , Schwebel David C.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT This study used two configural approaches to understand how temperament factors (surgency/extraversion, negative affect, and effortful control) might predict child injury risk. In the first approach, clustering procedures were applied to trait dimensions to identify discrete personality prototypes. In the second approach, two‐ and three‐way trait interactions were considered dimensionally in regression models predicting injury outcomes. Injury risk was assessed through four measures: lifetime prevalence of injuries requiring professional medical attention, scores on the Injury Behavior Checklist, and frequency and severity of injuries reported in a 2‐week injury diary. In the prototype analysis, three temperament clusters were obtained, which resembled resilient, overcontrolled, and undercontrolled types found in previous research. Undercontrolled children had greater risk of injury than children in the other groups. In the dimensional interaction analyses, an interaction between surgency/extraversion and negative affect tended to predict injury, especially when children lacked capacity for effortful control.
Five‐Factor Model Personality Traits, Spirituality/Religiousness, and Mental Health Among People Living With HIV
Authors: Löckenhoff Corinna E. , Ironson Gail H. , O'Cleirigh Conall , Costa Paul T.
Published: July 2009

ABSTRACT
We examined the association between five‐factor personality domains and facets and spirituality/religiousness as well as their joint association with mental health in a diverse sample of people living with HIV (n=112, age range 18–66). Spirituality/religiousness showed stronger associations with Conscientiousness, Openness, and Agreeableness than with Neuroticism and Extraversion. Both personality traits and spirituality/religiousness were significantly linked to mental health, even after controlling for individual differences in demographic measures and disease status. Personality traits explained unique variance in mental health above spirituality and religiousness. Further, aspects of spirituality and religiousness were found to mediate some of the links between personality and mental health in this patient sample. These findings suggest that underlying personality traits contribute to the beneficial effects of spirituality/religiousness among vulnerable populations.
Founder Effects for ATM Gene Mutations in Italian Ataxia Telangiectasia Families
Authors: Chessa Luciana , Piane Maria , Magliozzi Monia , Torrente Isabella , Savio Camilla , Lulli Patrizia , De Luca Alessandro , Dallapiccola Bruno
Published: July 2009

We screened ATM gene mutations in 104 Italian Ataxia‐Telangiectasia patients from 91 unrelated families (detection rate 90%) and found 21 recurrent mutations in 63 families. The majority (67%) of patients were compound heterozygotes, while 33% were homozygotes. To determine the existence of common haplotypes and potential founder effects, we analyzed five microsatellite markers within and flanking the ATM gene. Haplotype analysis was carried out in 48/63 families harbouring 16 of the 21 recurrent mutations. Forty different haplotypes were detected in the 48 A‐T families studied. We found that the majority of patients with the same recurrent mutation originated from the same geographical area. All but one recurrent mutation analyzed displayed a common haplotype suggesting a single origin that then spread to different geographical areas. The high number of different haplotypes does not allow the screening of ATM mutations by haplotype analysis alone in the Italian population. The finding of recurrent public mutations without founder effect suggests the existence of ‘mild’ hot spots of mutation located along the sequence of the ATM gene.
Similar developmental trajectories in autism and Asperger syndrome: from early childhood to adolescence
Authors: Szatmari Peter , Bryson Susan , Duku Eric , Vaccarella Liezanne , Zwaigenbaum Lonnie , Bennett Teresa , Boyle Michael H.
Published: July 2009

Objective:  The objective of this study was to chart the developmental trajectories of high‐functioning children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) from early childhood to adolescence using the presence and absence of structural language impairment (StrLI) as a way of differentiating autism from Asperger syndrome (AS).

Method:  Sixty‐four high‐functioning children with ASD were ascertained at 4–6 years of age from several different regional diagnostic and treatment centers. At 6–8 years of age, the ADI‐R and the Test of Oral Language Development were used to define an autism group (those with StrLI at 6–8 years of age) and an AS group (those without StrLI). Growth curve analysis was then used to chart the developmental trajectories of these children on measures of autistic symptoms, and adaptive skills in communication, daily living and socialization.

Results:  Differentiating the ASD group in terms of the presence/absence of StrLI provided a better explanation of the variation in growth curves than not differentiating high‐functioning ASD children. The two groups had similar developmental trajectories but the group without StrLI (the AS group) was functioning better and had fewer autistic symptoms than the group with StrLI (the autism group) on all measures across time. The differences in outcome could not be explained by non‐verbal IQ or change in early language skills.

Conclusion:  Distinguishing between autism and Asperger syndrome based on the presence or absence of StrLI appears to be a clinically useful way of classifying ASD sub‐types.
Ontogenic dietary changes in South American sea lions
Authors: Drago M. , Cardona L. , Crespo E. A. , Aguilar A.
Published: July 2009

Stable isotopes of carbon and nitrogen in the skull bones of South American sea lions Otaria flavescens from the Chubut province (Argentina) were analysed to determine whether their feeding habits change during ontogeny. The stable isotope analysis showed that δ13C steadily increased in males and females with their developmental stage (young, first adult, adult and senile), except in senile males whose δ13C decreased to a value close to that of first adults. Pairwise comparison of bone stable isotope ratio in each developmental stage revealed differences between males and females only for the δ13C values relative to first adults and adults. Overall, results indicate that the contribution of benthic prey items to the diet of both sexes increases with the developmental stage, except in senile males, and that first adult and adult males have a more benthic diet than females at the same developmental stage. No differences exist between males and females at younger and older developmental stages. With respect to δ15N, the only difference was in young female skulls, which were more enriched than those of any other group. Consequently, the trophic level of sea lions is roughly the same throughout life, independent of the developmental stage and sex, except for young females. The growth curve analysis revealed statistically significant differences in the condylobasal length of the skull between the sea lions in both sexes of the young stage and those of the other three developmental stages considered here but not among the individuals of the three later stages. This result indicates that the dietary differences between individuals in the young stage and those in the successive stages is likely due to differences in body size, whereas dietary differences among individuals of the later three stages might be due to different foraging skills that are progressively acquired during their life span.
How to infer population trends in sparse data: examples with opportunistic sighting records for great white sharks
Authors: McPherson Jana M. , Myers Ransom A.
Published: July 2009

Aim  Biodiversity is declining at accelerating rates. Understanding past and ongoing changes to biodiversity is paramount in prioritizing conservation action and restoring functional ecosystems. Yet long‐term, systematic data on the distribution and abundance of species are sparse. For many organisms, specimen collections and anecdotal accounts of chance sightings or captures constitute the only source of information. Such data have the potential to provide valuable insights on long‐term ecosystem changes, but are often neglected because they are difficult to analyse quantitatively. Here we review available methods and introduce a new approach.

Location  Historic data on sightings and captures of great white sharks in the eastern Adriatic and off eastern Canada serve to illustrate the utility of both the existing methods and the new approach.

Method  Unlike existing methods, the new approach focuses on estimating population trends rather than verifying extinction and explicitly addresses uncertainty over observation effort via two tiers of sensitivity analysis. It fits a series of generalized linear models that provide multiple estimates of declines under alternate scenarios regarding the appropriate reference period and observer trends. Programming code to implement the approach in freely available software is provided as supplementary material.

Results  Example analyses of great white shark sightings suggest that local populations of this species have suffered dramatic declines, both in the eastern Adriatic and along Canada’s eastern coast. Although not yet extinct, this top predator may therefore no longer be able to fulfil its former ecological role.

Main conclusions  Careful quantitative analyses of imperfect historical data can provide valuable insights into past ecological changes. Such insights are crucial to improved management and restoration of individual species and their ecosystems. We therefore hope that our review of available methods will facilitate quantitative evaluations of species for which analysis was previously impeded by a lack of systematically collected data.
Use of therapeutic plasmapheresis in a case of canine immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia
Authors: Crump Kathryn L. , Seshadri Ravi
Published: July 2009

Objective –To investigate the clinical application and potential utility of plasmapheresis in canine immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia.

Case Summary –A 7‐year‐old spayed female Maltese diagnosed with immune‐mediated hemolytic anemia was initially treated with prednisone, cyclosporine, and received multiple transfusions of packed RBC. Because of the progression of clinical signs despite traditional medical therapy, plasmapheresis was initiated. Plasma immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M levels were measured before, during, and after treatment to help determine if there had been a significant decrease in immunoglobulin levels with plasmapheresis. Plasmapheresis was successfully performed over a 2.5‐hour period in this dog with minimal complications. Hypocalcemia was identified as a known complication of circuit anticoagulation, and was corrected through calcium supplementation. Post‐plasmapheresis there was a decrease in immunoglobulin G and immunoglobulin M levels, and the patient showed clinical improvement. Following discharge the dog had no known complications of therapy, and had complete resolution of the anemia.

New or Unique Information Provided –Plasmapheresis was performed successfully with minimal complications. Because transfusion requirements appeared to be reduced, and the procedure was well tolerated, there may be a place for this modality in severe cases to act as a bridge until medical therapy takes full effect. Because of the cost of performing this therapy, and the potential requirement for multiple treatments, it should be reserved for selected patients.
Small intestinal intussusception in five dogs with acute renal failure and suspected leptospirosis (L. australis)
Authors: Schweighauser Ariane , Burgener Iwan A. , Gaschen Frédéric , Luckschander Nicole , Hasler Andreas , Lang Johann , Francey Thierry
Published: July 2009

Objectives
–
This case series describes 5 dogs with small intestinal intussusception and acute kidney injury due to infection with Leptospira interrogans serovar Australis.

Case Series Summary
–
Small intestinal intussusception was observed in 4 dogs diagnosed with acute kidney injury due to leptospirosis presented between 1997 and 2005. Intussusception was diagnosed at initial presentation or later during hospitalization. An additional dog fulfilling our inclusion criteria was presented to a small animal specialty clinic nearby and was included. Upon admission, all dogs were severely azotemic and thrombocytopenic. All 5 dogs showed the strongest microscopic agglutination test serology reaction to L. interrogans serovar Australis. Two dogs survived with no apparent residual renal damage, 1 survived with subsequent mild chronic kidney disease, and 2 dogs were euthanized at the owners' request due to a guarded prognosis.

New or Unique Information Provided
– Intussusception can occur or may be seen in dogs with leptospirosis due to L. interrogans serovar Australis and patients should be monitored closely for this potential complication. As all 5 dogs described in this case series showed the highest titer for L. interrogans serovar Australis, these precautions may be especially applied in geographic areas where this particular serovar is seen.
The prevalence and significance of hyperglycemia in hospitalized cats
Authors: Ray Casey C. , Callahan‐Clark Julie , Beckel Nicole F. , Walters Patricia C.
Published: July 2009

Objective
–
To report the prevalence of hyperglycemia in cats admitted to a veterinary hospital and to determine if hyperglycemic cats had increased morbidity and mortality when compared with normoglycemic cats.

Design
–
Retrospective clinical study.

Setting
–
Community‐based referral hospital.

Animals
–
Nondiabetic cats admitted to the hospital.

Interventions
–
None.

Measurements and Main Results
–
The medical records of nondiabetic cats admitted to the hospital over a 1‐year period were reviewed. There were 182 cats that met the criteria for inclusion in the study. Information obtained included signalment, length of hospitalization, initial and highest blood glucose measurement, diagnosis, treatment, and final disposition. Sixty‐three percent of cats (116/182) were hyperglycemic at the time of presentation. Total incidence of hyperglycemia at any point during hospitalization was 64% (118/182). No association was found between hyperglycemia either initially or at any point during the hospitalization and mortality. However, a significant association was documented between the presence of hyperglycemia and increased length of hospitalization (LOH) (P=0.04). The duration of LOH was also significantly associated with the degree of hyperglycemia (P=0.01). A number of different disease processes were represented in the study population. However, the number of cats in each disease category was small and no association could be found between any of them and blood glucose affecting mortality and morbidity.

Conclusion
–
The prevalence of hyperglycemia in feline patients admitted to a primary referral hospital was 64%. Cats with hyperglycemia had a longer LOH when compared with normoglycemic cats; however, presence of hyperglycemia did not impact mortality in this population of cats.
Adverse events associated with pericardiocentesis in dogs: 85 cases (1999–2006)
Authors: Humm Karen R. , Keenaghan‐Clark Elizabeth A. , Boag Amanda K.
Published: July 2009

Objective –To quantify the frequency of adverse events occurring during or post pericardiocentesis and to determine if adverse events are related to the cause of the pericardial effusion or frequency of pericardiocentesis.

Design –Retrospective study.

Setting –Referral hospital.

Animals, Intervention and Measurements –Medical records of 85 dogs that underwent 112 episodes of pericardiocentesis were reviewed. Any adverse events during pericardiocentesis and in the 48 hours post pericardiocentesis were noted. The frequency of adverse events was compared between dogs with a suspected neoplastic cause and a suspected nonneoplastic cause of their pericardial effusion and also between the first and subsequent pericardiocenteses.

Main Results –The incidence of adverse events was 10.7% within 1 hour of pericardiocentesis and 15.2% within 48 hours. There was no significant difference in the frequency of adverse events between the groups. Most adverse events identified were dysrhythmias. Forty‐one percent of those dogs with adverse events were euthanized or died within 48 hours.

Conclusion –The incidence of adverse events seen within 48 hours of pericardiocentesis was 15.2%.
Factor VIII inhibitors complicating treatment of postoperative bleeding in a dog with hemophilia A
Authors: O'Kelley Benjamin M. , Whelan Megan F. , Brooks Marjory B.
Published: July 2009

Objective –To describe the clinical course of a dog with hemophilia A and circulating factor VIII inhibitors complicating the treatment of postoperative hemorrhage.

Case Summary –A 7‐year‐old castrated male Japanese Chin with hemophilia A, weighing 6 kg, was presented for dental cleaning, polishing, and extractions. Despite presurgical administration of cryoprecipitate, continuous oral bleeding occurred. Circulating factor VIII inhibitors were detected, and the postoperative hemorrhage was subsequently managed with extensive and prolonged blood component transfusion. The dog was discharged after a full clinical recovery.

New or Unique Information Provided –This case report describes the clinical consequences and successful treatment of postoperative hemorrhage in a dog with hemophilia A and circulating factor VIII inhibitors. A relevant discussion of the management of human patients with circulating factor VIII inhibitors is included.
Sexual Dysfunction in Patients With Hypertension: Implications for Therapy
Authors: Ferrario Carlos M. , Levy Pavel
Published: July 2009

Sexual dysfunction associated with hypertension or antihypertensive therapies may impact the ability of patients to stay on therapy and lead to deterioration in patients' quality of life. Therefore, it is important for practitioners to become familiar with the wide variation in sexual side effects produced by antihypertensive agents and to discuss the potential occurrence of these side effects with their patients. In many cases, a change in the patient's drug regimen may help patients overcome specific sexual side effects experienced with certain treatments. Practitioners should consider selecting an antihypertensive therapy that is highly effective in lowering blood pressure but preserves patients' quality of life. The effect of medications on sexual function remains controversial. Some blinded trials report little difference between placebo and specific medications, whereas other studies indicate that antihypertensive medications increase sexual dysfunction, which has an impact on quality of life. Recent evidence suggests that losartan, an angiotensin II antagonist, is not typically associated with development of sexual dysfunction and may actually positively impact several indices of sexual function (erectile function, sexual satisfaction, and frequency of sexual activity) as well as perceived quality of life. Thus, angiotensin II antagonists may offer a therapeutic option to prevent or correct erectile dysfunction in patients with hypertension. The favorable effects of these agents on sexual function may be related, in part, to their ability to block angiotensin II, which has recently become recognized as an important mediator of detumescence and possibly erectile dysfunction.
Effectiveness of the Electronic Medical Record in Improving the Management of Hypertension
Authors: Kinn James W. , Marek Joseph C. , O'Toole Michael F. , Rowley Stephen M. , Bufalino Vincent J.
Published: July 2009

Clinical studies suggest that hypertension is often undiagnosed, undertreated, and poorly controlled. In 1997, the authors developed a comprehensive electronic medical record that interfaces with physicians during each outpatient visit and provides real‐time feedback about patient care management, including the management of hypertension. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this interactive electronic medical record results in better detection and control of hypertension. During a 12‐month study period, consecutive outpatients (n=1076) were seen for routine follow‐up; patient care documentation relied solely on the electronic medical record. Quality indicators for hypertension included: 1) documentation of the diagnosis of hypertension; 2) use of blood pressure‐lowering drugs; and 3) successful blood pressure lowering to ≤140/90 mm Hg. The authors compared the hypertension management of these patients to a control group of similar patients (n=723) with medical records consisting solely of traditional “pen and paper” charts. Baseline characteristics were similar between the two groups, including the prevalence of hypertension (73 % vs. 70%; p=NS). However, the electronic medical record resulted in higher documentation rates of hypertension (90% vs. 77%; p<0.001), greater use of antihypertensive therapy (94% vs. 90%; p<0.01), and more successful blood pressure lowering to ≤140/90 mm Hg (54% vs. 28%; p<0.001). In conclusion, the electronic medical record with real‐time feedback improves the physician's ability to detect, treat, and control hypertension.
Eplerenone: A New Aldosterone Receptor Antagonist—Are the FDA's Restrictions Appropriate?
Authors: Sica Domenic A.
Published: July 2009

Eplerenone is a new aldosterone receptor antagonist that will be used in the treatment of hypertension. Like spironolactone, it is a compound that can be associated with the development of hyperkalemia. Therefore, the same prescription considerations that are applied to spironolactone should be directed to its use. Unfortunately, the label for eplerenone will place more stringent restrictions on its use than is the case for spironolactone. The basis for the multiple contraindications to the use of eplerenone is primarily that of concern for the development of hyperkalemia. This may occur with eplerenone, as has been the case with spironolactone. The presumption in the prescribing information that certain patient subsets, such as diabetics with microalbuminuria and/or patients with mild renal failure, would be highly prone to developing clinically relevant hyperkalemia with eplerenone is not, however, grounded in fact. The favorable experience with spironolactone is important. It should provide us with the landmarks for advancing knowledge on the role of newer aldosterone receptor antagonists in disease state management and, one would think, help in establishing criteria for the safe use of new compounds. New compounds in a drug class typically provide advantages over earlier entries into a drug class but not if regressive labeling has occurred. Time and additional clinical experience with eplerenone will establish its safety profile and determine if the original label for this compound was correct.
Model‐Based Analysis of Potassium Removal During Hemodialysis
Authors: Ciandrini Andrea , Severi Stefano , Cavalcanti Silvio , Fontanazzi Francesco , Grandi Fabio , Buemi Michele , Mura Carlo , Bajardi Pietro , Badiali Fabio , Santoro Antonio
Published: July 2009

Potassium ion (K+) kinetics in intra‐ and extracellular compartments during dialysis was studied by means of a double‐pool computer model, which included potassium‐dependent active transport (Na‐K‐ATPase pump) in 38 patients undergoing chronic hemodialysis. Each patient was treated for 2 weeks with a constant K+ dialysate concentration (K+CONST therapy) and afterward for 2 weeks with a time‐varying (profiled) K+ dialysate concentration (K+PROF therapy). The two therapies induced different levels of K+ plasma concentration (K+CONST: 3.71 ± 0.88 mmol/L vs. K+PROF: 3.97 ± 0.64 mmol/L, time‐averaged values, P < 0.01). The computer model was tuned to accurately fit plasmatic K+ measured in the course and 1 h after K+CONST and K+PROF therapies and was then used to simulate the kinetics of intra‐ and extracellular K+. Model‐based analysis showed that almost all the K+ removal in the first 90 min of dialysis was derived from the extracellular compartment. The different K+ time course in the dialysate and the consequently different Na‐K pump activity resulted in a different sharing of removed potassium mass at the end of dialysis: 56% ± 17% from the extracellular compartment in K+PROF versus 41% ± 14% in K+CONST. At the end of both therapies, the K+ distribution was largely unbalanced, and, in the next 3 h, K+ continued to flow in the extracellular space (about 24 mmol). After rebalancing, about 80% of the K+ mass that was removed derived from the intracellular compartment. In conclusion, the Na‐K pump plays a major role in K+ apportionment between extracellular and intracellular compartments, and potassium dialysate concentration strongly influences pump activity.
Therapeutic Plasma Exchange in Patients With Severe Hypertriglyceridemia: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Stefanutti Claudia , Di Giacomo Serafina , Vivenzio Antonio , Labbadia Giancarlo , Mazza Fabio , D'Alessandri Giovanna , Russi Giampaolo , De Silvestro Giustina , Marson Piero
Published: July 2009

Extremely high plasma triglyceride (TG) concentration is a recognized risk factor for acute pancreatitis (AP). In order to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of plasma‐exchange plasmapheresis in treating patients with severe hypertriglyceridemia (sHTG), 17 patients who had not responded to conventional medical therapy (fat‐free diet plus pharmaceutical interventions) were referred for therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) in a multicenter frame case series study. Two hundred seventeen TPE sessions were performed, and therapy is ongoing for five (30%) of the patients. After treatment, the mean plasma TG and total cholesterol concentrations were significantly reduced from 1929 and 510 mg/dL, to 762 and 227 mg/dL, respectively (P ≤ 0.001 in both cases). In most cases, the interval between treatments was related to the clinical presentation and individual circumstances. The removal of TG‐rich lipoproteins prevented relapses of AP. In this case series, TPE is confirmed as a safe and reliable method for treating patients with refractory sHTG when a severe complication, such as AP, is clinically demonstrated or can be actively prevented. Therefore, in cases where standard medical approaches fail to promote the clearance of TGs from plasma and a high risk of first or second hypertriglyceridemic pancreatitis persists, TPE provides a therapeutic option for preventing life‐threatening sHTG.
Continuous Coronary Sinus Perfusion Reverses Ongoing Myocardial Damage in Acute Ischemia
Authors: Onorati Francesco , Santarpino Giuseppe , Cristodoro Lucia , Scalas Cristian , Costanzo Francesco Saverio , Renzulli Attilio
Published: July 2009

Acute cardiogenic shock or cardiac arrest (CS/CA) before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) installation are life‐threatening events in acute coronary syndromes. We evaluated whether continuous retrograde warm‐blood perfusion (CRWBP) before aortic cross‐clamping (ACC), with immediate CPB installation may improve hospital results in these dreadful events. Hospital outcome of 18 coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) (Group A) with CS/CA before CPB, with immediate CPB installation and CRWBP, has been compared with 24 CABG (Group B) with CS/CA undergoing only immediate CPB installation. No differences have been detected in the mean time to establish CPB (P = 0.655). Electrocardiography normalized in a significantly higher number of CRWBP (P = 0.0001). Group B showed longer CPB (116.2 ± 21.2 min vs. 157.8 ± 32.4; P = 0.0001) and postoperative intra‐aortic balloon pumping time course (36.2 ± 5.9 h vs. 77.8 ± 13.2; P = 0.0001). CRWBP reduced postoperative acute myocardial infarction (P = 0.004) and damage (P = 0.033), death (P = 0.026), and need for high inotropic support (0% vs. 37.5%; P =  0.003). Troponin I was significantly lower in Group A (P = 0.013 from coronary sinus; P ≤ 0.0001 at 12, 24, and 48 h postoperatively; P = 0.008 at 72 h), never reaching values suggestive of acute myocardial infarction. Group A had also lower lactate release from aortic declamping to 48 h postoperatively (P ≤ 0.0001). CRWBP improved postoperative left ventricular ejection fraction (EF) (P = 0.017) and wall motion score index (P = 0.041), whereas Group B showed a significant worsening of EF (P = 0.0001) and wall motion score index (P = 0.002). Patients in Group A had shorter intubation time (P = 0.0001), intensive therapy unit (ITU) stay (P = 0.001), and hospital stay (P = 0.0001). CRWBP reverses myocardial damage in patients with CS/CA during acute coronary syndromes, adding a straightforward benefit to hospital survival.
Myoelectric Hand Prosthesis Force Control Through Servo Motor Current Feedback
Authors: Sono Tálita Saemi Payossim , Menegaldo Luciano Luporini
Published: July 2009

This paper presents the prehension force closed‐loop control design of a mechanical finger commanded by electromyographic signal (EMG) from a patient's arm. The control scheme was implemented and tested in a mechanical finger prototype with three degrees of freedom and one actuator, driven by arm muscles EMG of normal volunteers. Real‐time indirect estimation of prehension force was assessed by measuring the DC servo motor actuator current. A model of the plant comprising finger, motor, and grasped object was proposed. Model parameters were identified experimentally and a classical feedback phase‐lead compensator was designed. The controlled mechanical finger was able to provide a more accurate prehension force modulation of a compliant object when compared to open‐loop control.
Coronary Arteries Angiogenesis in Ischemic Myocardium: Biocompatibility and Biodegradability of Various Hydrogels
Authors: Shen Xiaodong , Tanaka Kuniyoshi , Takamori Atsushi
Published: July 2009

To evaluate the biocompatibility and biodegradability of various hydrogels and choose suitable hydrogels for the coronary arteries angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium, we synthesized six kinds of hyaluronan hydrogels, fibrin hydrogel, poly(vinyl alcohol)‐chitosan hydrogel, and obtained elastin hydrogels. We examined their degradation rates and cytotoxicity in vitro. Then, hydrogels were implanted into rat adductor muscles for 1, 2, or 4 weeks. Hydrogels and surrounding tissues were resected, followed by hematoxylin and eosin staining, Masson's trichrome staining, and immunohistochemical staining for measurements of degradation, immune response, and angiogenesis. 2‐Iminothiolane grafted hyaluronan hydrogel and periodate oxidated hyaluronan hydrogel presented rapid degradation rates, low quantity of inflammation‐mediating cells (12 ± 3 and 12 ± 4 per 2.5 × 10−3 mm2, respectively, at week 2), thin fibrous capsules (scores were 3.8 ± 0.1 and 4.0 ± 0.3 per 0.33 mm2, respectively, at week 2) with dense blood vessels in the areas surrounding the implanted hydrogels. 2‐Iminothiolane grafted hyaluronan and periodate oxidated hyaluronan hydrogels with appropriate degradation rates and low immune responses were suitable for coronary arteries angiogenesis in ischemic myocardium.
TRANSFUSION PRACTICE: Liver donor's age and recipient's serum creatinine predict blood component use during liver transplantation
Authors: Modanlou Kian A. , Oliver Dana A. , Grossman Brenda J.
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: Excessive use of blood components during liver transplantation should be avoided because it has been associated with poor outcomes and it may stress blood bank resources.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: To determine preoperative predictors of excessive transfusion requirements in patients undergoing liver transplantation, the clinical records of 126 consecutive adult patients undergoing primary liver transplantation were retrospectively reviewed. Outcome variables included number of red blood cells (RBCs), plasma, and plateletpheresis components intraoperatively transfused. Univariate analyses of the following predictor variables were performed: recipient age, sex, ethnicity, height/weight, Model for End Stage Liver Disease score, year of transplant, previous abdominal surgery, hepatoma, wait‐list time, standard recipient laboratory values obtained immediately before transplantation, cold ischemia time, donor age, sex, and height/weight. Multivariate analysis using logistic regression was used to build a model that best predicted how many blood components should be available before transplant.

RESULTS: Donor age of more than 50 years old (odds ratio [OR], 2.8 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3‐6.0), and recipient serum creatinine (SCr) level of more than 1.3 mg/dL (OR, 3.8 95% CI, 1.6‐8.9) were the only variables found to be predictive of RBC use in multivariate analysis. This model accurately predicted the use of more than 10 units of RBCs 79% of cases. Having both adverse factors present resulted in using more than one box in 80% of cases as compared to 44% of cases where only one or no adverse factor was present (p = 0.002). Further analyses showed a direct correlation between the number of RBCs transfused and plasma (r = 0.93) and plateletpheresis components (r = 0.74) transfused. [Corrections added after online publication 22‐Jul‐2009: OR updated from 3.8 to 2.8; CI from 1.6‐8.9 to 1.3‐6.0; OR from 2.8‐3.8.]

CONCLUSION: Liver donor's age and recipient's SCr are important in preoperatively predicting blood use during liver transplantation.
BLOOD COMPONENTS: A new one‐platform flow cytometric method for residual cell counting in platelet concentrates
Authors: Schmidt Michael , Spengler Hans‐Peter , Lambrecht Bernd , Hourfar Michael K. , Seifried Erhard , Tonn Torsten
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND: According to German regulations and guidelines, residual red blood cells (rRBCs) and residual white blood cells (rWBCs) must number fewer than 3 × 109 cells/unit and 1 × 106 cells/unit in platelet concentrates (PCs), respectively. Due to low levels of residual cells in final products, there is still a need for fast, reliable, and sensitive methods of automated detection of these cell types.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: In Part A, 21 PCs were spiked with predetermined numbers of red blood cells (RBCs) and white blood cells (WBCs). The linearity, precision, and accuracy of the BD Thrombo Count assay (BD Biosciences Europe) were tested and validated according to international guidelines. Finally in Part B, 100 PCs prepared from pooled buffy coats were tested by the BD Thrombo Count assay and compared with other methods, including Nageotte (rWBCs) and Neubauer (rRBCs) counting chambers and the flow cytometric BD LeucoCOUNT (Becton Dickinson) assay (rWBCs).

RESULTS: The unspecific background of blank PC samples was fewer than 0.02 cells/µL for WBCs and fewer than 34 cells/µL for RBCs (mean, 21). Linear regression and precision analyses of spiked PC samples were determined for both WBCs (r2 = 0.992; range, 0.6‐6.0 WBCs/µL) and RBCs (r2 = 0.999; 800‐8000 RBCs/µL). No carryover of cells or drift in results was detected in the automated sample acquisition mode. Analysis according to statistical methods of Bland and Altman demonstrated a high correlation between BD Thrombo Count and the Neubauer manual counting chamber.

CONCLUSION: This novel flow cytometric test is a quick and reliable single‐tube assay that has been demonstrated as a potential alternative for the existing manual microscopic counting procedures that are both time‐consuming and laborious.
BLOOD MANAGEMENT: Large‐dose intravenous ferric carboxymaltose injection for iron deficiency anemia in heavy uterine bleeding: a randomized, controlled trial
Authors: Van Wyck David B. , Mangione Antoinette , Morrison John , Hadley Phillip Earl , Jehle Judi A. , Goodnough Lawrence Tim
Published: July 2009

BACKGROUND:The objective was to evaluate efficacy and safety of rapid, large‐dose intravenous (IV) administration of ferric carboxymaltose compared to oral iron in correcting iron deficiency anemia due to heavy uterine bleeding.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:In a randomized, controlled trial, 477 women with anemia, iron deficiency, and heavy uterine bleeding were assigned to receive either IV ferric carboxymaltose (≤1000 mg over 15 min, repeated weekly to achieve a total calculated replacement dose) or 325 mg of ferrous sulfate (65 mg elemental iron) prescribed orally thrice daily for 6 weeks.

RESULTS:Compared to those assigned to ferrous sulfate, more patients assigned to ferric carboxymaltose responded with a hemoglobin (Hb) increase of 2.0 g/dL or more (82% vs. 62%, 95% confidence interval for treatment difference 12.2‐28.3, p < 0.001), more achieved a 3.0 g/dL or more increase (53% vs. 36%, p < 0.001), and more achieved correction (Hb ≥ 12 g/dL) of anemia (73% vs. 50%, p < 0.001). Patients treated with ferric carboxymaltose compared to those prescribed ferrous sulfate reported greater gains in vitality and physical function and experienced greater improvement in symptoms of fatigue (p < 0.05). There were no serious adverse drug events.

CONCLUSIONS:In patients with iron deficiency anemia due to heavy uterine bleeding, rapid IV administration of large doses of a new iron agent, ferric carboxymaltose, is more effective than oral iron therapy in correcting anemia, replenishing iron stores, and improving quality of life.
Binary Phase Diagram of the Manganese Oxide–Iron Oxide System
Authors: Crum Jarrod V. , Riley Brian J. , Vienna John D.
Published: July 2009

The phase equilibrium of the MnOx–FeOy binary system was measured within a temperature range of 750°–1590°C in air to examine inconsistencies found in literature, i.e., discrepancies related to the boundary between the spinel and hausmannite+spinel phase fields. Several studies are available in the literature that describe this boundary however the results and methods by which they were studied vary namely in terms of the atmosphere (air versus reducing) used and heat treatment/analysis methods. In addition, samples in the discrepancy region of the diagram revert to the hausmannite phase spontaneously upon cooling due to a displacive transformation. In order to accurately measure the phase boundaries, the following measurement methods were used: isothermal heat treatments followed by rapid quenching (in air or water), dilatometry, differential thermal analysis with thermogravimetric analysis, as well as room temperature and hot‐stage X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Phase assemblage(s) in each specimen were determined by XRD. Data were compared with literature and a new, self consistent phase diagram was developed. The results are reported along with background information and a comparison with previously reported data. This study will support development of a model for thermodynamic equilibria in complex, multioxide silicate melts.
Chewing function impacts oral health‐related quality of life among institutionalized and community‐dwelling Korean elders
Authors: Kim Hae‐Young , Jang Moon‐Sung , Chung Chong‐Pyoung , Paik Dai‐Il , Park Yong‐Duk , Patton Lauren L. , Ku Young
Published: July 2009

Abstract –  Objective  The aim of this study was to assess the association of chewing ability to oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) measured by the Oral Health Impact Profile‐14 (OHIP‐14) controlling for clinical oral health status, self‐reported health status, demographic factors, and socioeconomic conditions among community‐dwelling and institutionalized Korean elders.

Methods  This cross‐sectional study comprised a sample of 307 community‐dwelling and 102 institutionalized people over the age of 60, using a cluster sampling procedure. A questionnaire was implemented and a clinical oral examination was completed for each subject. The outcome variable of interest was the OHIP‐14 score, and its associations with chewing ability, objective oral health status, self‐reported health status, demographic factors, and socioeconomic conditions were assessed. Because of highly‐skewed distribution of the OHIP‐14 scores, nonparametric analytic methods were used. The final model was developed using a multivariable two‐level logistic regression model for a dichotomized OHIP‐14 score to account for the cluster sampling method applied to this study.

Results  The mean age of the participants was 75.4 years, with 67.7% being women. The median OHIP‐14 score was 7. Negative oral health impacts were experienced fairly often or very often by a total of 36.4% of elderly. In the final model, elders who could chew none to three and four to six foods among seven indicator foods were 3.4 (P = 0.010) and 2.0 (P = 0.040) times more likely, respectively, to have worse OHRQoL compared with elders who could chew all seven food types. Also significant associations with worse OHRQoL were shown for being concerned about oral health [Odds Ratio (OR) = 4.9, P = 0.002], fair or better self‐reported oral health (OR = 0.12, P = 0.002), very good/good self‐reported general health (OR = 0.38, P = 0.008), being married (OR = 2.0, P = 0.054), and having a favourable economic status (OR = 0.43, P = 0.042).

Conclusions  This study showed highly significant association between chewing ability and OHRQoL measured by the OHIP‐14 score after controlling for related factors. Amelioration of chewing ability might independently contribute to improving the OHRQoL of elders.
Sleep quality and respiratory function in children with severe cerebral palsy using night‐time postural equipment: a pilot study
Authors: Hill Catherine M , Parker Rachel C , Allen Penny , Paul Annette , Padoa Kathryn A
Published: July 2009

Background:  Night‐time postural equipment (NTPE) prevents contractures and hip subluxation in children with severe physical disabilities. However, impact on sleep quality and respiratory function has not been objectively studied.

Methods:  Ten children with severe cerebral palsy (CP), mean age of 10.9 (range: 5.3–16.7) years, were recruited from a community population. Polysomnography was undertaken on two nights, once with the child sleeping in their NTPE and once sleeping unsupported. Randomization to first night condition controlled for first night effects.

Results:  Night‐time postural equipment use was associated with higher mean overnight oxygen saturation for three children but lower values for six children compared with sleeping unsupported. There were no differences in sleep quality between the conditions. The study group had lower overnight oxyhaemoglobin saturation values, less rapid eye movement (REM) sleep and higher arousal indices compared with typically developing children.

Conclusion:  This pilot study indicated that children with severe CP risk respiratory compromise in sleep irrespective of positioning. Further study will determine if the observed trend for mean overnight oxygen saturation to be lower within positioning equipment reflects random night‐to‐night variation or is related to equipment use. We suggest that respiratory function is assessed when determining optimal positioning for children using night‐time positioning equipment.
Anti‐CD20 Antibody Rituximab in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Korhonen Riku , Moilanen Eeva
Published: July 2009

Abstract:  Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic, autoimmune reaction‐driven systemic inflammatory disease that affects joints and several other organs. Although anti‐TNF therapy and combination therapy with traditional anti‐rheumatic drugs have improved the treatment of RA, still quite a significant proportion of patients do not reach adequate anti‐rheumatic response. The understanding of the pathogenesis of RA has developed markedly during the last two decades, and this has brought up new targets for anti‐rheumatic therapy. B cells have been found to have a pivotal role in the development of arthritis both in experimental models and in humans. Rituximab, an anti‐CD20 antibody that depletes B cells, has been introduced in the treatment of RA, and it has proven to be safe and efficacious in RA. This review gives an overview on the mechanism of action of rituximab in RA and summarizes the published clinical data of rituximab in the treatment of RA.