bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Numerical Simulation and Response Optimizer Design of Strengthening Effects Induced by Laser Shock Peening
Authors: Huang Shu , Zhou Jian Zhong , Sun Yue Qing , Chen Yi Bin , Jiang Su Qing
Published: March 2009

By using 6061-T6 Aluminum alloy plate, the micro-plastic flow process of surface
material induced by LSP was analyzed with FEM code ABAQUS/CAE, the change of residual
stress distribution and micro-topography was shown dynamically. Based on the results of numerical
simulation, factorial model of MINITAB was used to carry out response optimizer design to gain
the optimum strengthening effects. After the creation and analysis of factorial design, contour plots
and surface plots were output, the optimum strengthening effects were obtained by statistic results
of response optimizer, and the influencing factors of correspondence were achieved. Finally, LSP
experiments were carried out with the optimized laser parameters on 6061-T6 plate, good
agreement was found between numerical and experiment results.
Research on the Intramode Canning Hot Forging Process for Mn18Cr18N Retaining Ring
Authors: Tian Ji Hong , Liu Jian Sheng , Guo Hui Guang , Chen Hui Qin
Published: March 2009

In order to solve the problems such as cracking, uneven property and poor forming
controllability in the traditional hot forging of Mn18Cr18N retaining ring, a new intramode canning
hot forging process was developed. In this paper, the hot deformation behavior of the material was
invstigated by thermo-mechanical molding tests. Based on the results of the tests, the new process
was studied in detail and the main parameters were optimized by means of numerical simulation
method. The experiment shows that the process was reasonable for forging Mn18Cr18N retaining
ring.
A Mathmatical Approach for Modeling Real Hot Forming Process Using Physical Simulation Results
Authors: Zhang Shi Hong , Song Hong Wu , Cheng Ming , Wang Zhong Tang
Published: March 2009

Recently, physical simulation has played a more and more important role in modeling hot
forming process. However, difficulty still existed in simulating real hot forming process using
physical simulation results directly for obvious difference in deformation history between physical
simulation condition and real hot forming process. In this work, difference between physical
simulation and real hot forming process was discussed and a mathmatical approach was proposed to
model real hot forming process using physical simulation results. The main consideration of the
method was to put physical simulation results into differential forms in order to take count in the
contribution of deformation history (temperature and strain rate) at each incremental step. For the
application of the approach, modeling of material flow stress, dynamical recrystallization including
critical condition and recrystallziaton fraction, damage evolution and fracture criteria during real hot
forming process were presented as examples, although experimental support was still needed for
validation and further application.
Rheological Models as the Basic Element of Metal Forming Processes Simulation
Authors: Smirnov Oleg M. , Tsepin M.A.
Published: March 2009

The variety of metal forming processes can be arranged according to some essential
features such as structure, properties and structure evolution of the metal being deformed,
deformation temperature and dynamics of its changing during deformation, interrelation between
flow stress, strain and strain rate, temperature and structural parameters etc. These features in the
aggregate compose rheological behavior of the metal being deformed and the rheological equation’s
database for simulation of metal forming processes in cold, warm, hot and superplastic state.
Taking these ideas into account, the authors would like to present some basic elements of
these rheological models database i.e. classification of metallic materials as objects of deformation,
classification of deformation modes in dependence on temperature regimes, thermal-kinetic map of
metal processing and, as a result of this analysis, a set of rheological models related to certain
modes of metal forming processes, which can be used as basic elements of computer software
systems for simulation of these processes.
The Research of a Pulse Laser Powder Materials' Sintering Process
Authors: Saprykin Alexandr , Saprykina Nataly , Krovina Olesya
Published: March 2009

During the research the following problem was raised: to define the pulse laser
radiation influence value on different powder materials, as well as to define experimentally the
thickness and width relations of a sintered powder layer from technological laser radiation
parameters.
Numerical Simulation on Temperature Field of Electron Beam Welding of Magnesium Alloy and Study on Properties and Microstructure of Joint
Authors: Ye Hong , Luo Yi , Yan Zhong Lin , Shen Bin
Published: March 2009

Magnesium alloys are being increasingly used in automotive and aerospace structures. In
this study, welding of AZ61 magnesium alloy with 10 mm thickness was carried out using vacuum
electron beam welding (EBW). By using the finite element model and the 3D moving double
ellipsoid heat source model, numerical simulation method was employed to study the influence of
the electron beam current on the temperature field of welding process and weld penetration. The
microstructure and microhardness of weld joint obtained by the optimized vacuum EBW process
had been investigated in detail. The results show that the numerical simulation result basically
matches the experimental result. A favorable joint had been obtained by EBW for AZ61 magnesium
alloy, in which heat affected zone was not evident, the fusion zone (FZ) consisted of fine-equiaxed
grain. The weld hardness was greater than that of the base metal.
Thermal Simulation on Mechanical Properties of Steel Q345 for Continuous Casting Slab
Authors: Chen D.F. , Huang L. , Long M.J. , Wen L.Y. , Dong L.Y.
Published: March 2009

The modeling of solidification in Continuous Casting demands the mechanical properties
of steels at high temperature. These mechanical properties parameters provide the design data for
the target surface temperature curve and dynamic control modeling of secondary cooling system,
and are used to research hot delivery and crack mechanisms of cast slab. The properties parameters
of steels can be obtained by physics simulation experiment. Following processing parameters in
Continuous Casting, the stress-strain curves and mechanical properties of steel Q345 were tested
and analyzed. Then the curves of relationships between the yield strength, tensile strength,
reduction of area, Young’s modulus, plastic modulus of steel Q345 and temperature were obtained.
We found the strength of steel Q345 cast slab felled down basically; the ductility was decreased
below 700°C, in the range of 725°C-900°C and 1275°C-melting point. The plastic modulus was
analyzed with the different temperatures and the different strains in detail. The parameters of
mechanical properties for steel Q345 were obtained for using in elastic-plasticity stress model.
Experimental Research of Elevated Temperature Creep and Stress Relaxation during Continuous Straightening
Authors: Man Yuan , Li Xian Kui , Yang La Dao
Published: March 2009

In the process of the continuous straightening during continuous casting, elevated
temperature creep and stress relaxation are remarkable. During continuous straightening, temperature
of steel billet is very high, where the characteristic of deformation is low strain and low strain rate.
Experiments of elevated temperature creep, stress relaxation and elevated tension under the
conditions of continuous straightening were carried on Gleeble3500 thermal-mechanical simulation
machine and the results indicate that both the creep speed and the stress relaxation speed are very fast
in the conditions of continuous straightening. Then metallurgical structures were observed. A lead
plate was used to simulate the billet during continuous straightening and then straightening forces
were measured. An elasto-viscoplastic model and an elasto-plastic model were built according to the
experiment to calculate the straightening forces. The contrast between the calculation results and the
measured data shows that ignoring the creep and stress relaxation will result in great errors when
calculating the straightening forces in continuous straightening. Carrying researches on elevated
temperature creep and stress relaxation and using their characteristics in design has great importance
to improve the quality and quantity of billets in the process of continuous casting.
Grain Refinement Behavior of Pipeline Steel in Welding Heat Affected Zone
Authors: Yu Sheng Fu , Lei Yi , Li Zhi Yuan
Published: March 2009

Self refining grain behavior of X80 pipeline steel in the heat affected zone was studied systematically
by physical simulation method. The sizes and distribution of the inclusions which promote intra-granular ferrite
nucleation were measured using the automatic image analyzer, and the figures of the intra-granular ferrite which
has self refining grain behavior were observed using transmission electron microscopes with energy dispersive
X-ray spectroscopy, the fracture toughness values of the coarse grain zone in the HAZ were also measured. The
results show that the welding thermal cycle has nearly no effect on the sizes and distribution of the inclusions in
the HAZ. The reasons of self-refining grain in the HAZ are that the small non-metallic inclusions such as MnO、
TiO、MnS、CuS and （Mn，Cu）S in X80 pipeline steel ，which can induce the nucleation of intra-granular ferrite
in the welding process, and sympathetic nucleation of intra-granular ferrite makes the coarse grains refined in the
HAZ. First intra-granular ferrite has large boundary energy and high density dislocation, which induce the
sympathetic nucleation of intra-granular ferrite.
Simulation and Investigation on Physical Properties of Continuous Casting Slab AH36 at High Temperature
Authors: Long M.J. , Chen D.F. , Bai Chen Guang , Huang L. , Wen L.Y.
Published: March 2009

During the continuous casting process, physical properties of slab for continuous casting
at high temperature have an important effect on the slab quality in different part and the curve
establishment of external target temperature for slab. It has significance to simulate and investigate
the physical behaviors of slab at high temperature during the continuous casting process.
Investigation existent in this field is scarce around the world. Continuous casting process is a
complicated cooling process in unsteady state that sometimes the external temperature of slab will
rise. In allusion to temperature rise and temperature drop, the paper simulated and investigated the
physical properties of slab AH36 at high temperature under conditions of different temperatures and
different temperature variation velocities, such as thermal expansion property, differential thermal
analysis curve (DSC), isobaric thermal capacity (CP) and so on. Results of the investigation have
provided a scientific data base for a further study on continuous casting technology and quality
control for steel AH36.
Study on the Freeze-to-Crack Test of Asphalt Modified by Waste-PE in Packing
Authors: Fang Chang Qing , Li Tie Hu , Jing De Qi , Ji Yong Bing
Published: March 2009

The purposes of this study are to modify asphalt by retrieved waste-PE in packing (WPP)
and to investigate the low temperature properties of the modified asphalt. The traditional testing
methods such as low temperature ductility, low temperature penetration degree, penetration or
Fraass breaking point think that PE can not improve the low temperature properties of asphalt
effectively, while this study adopts a new method to test the low temperature properties of WPP
modified asphalt through the freeze-to-crack test. The result indicated that, after the modification,
the low temperature properties of asphalt are improved, which coincides with the fact. And the
improvement of the low temperature properties can be explained by the function of Shear yield and
crack pinning.
(225)A Martensite Transformation and Kurdjumow-Sachs Mechanism
Authors: Xu Chang Qing , Cao Xiao Ming , Li Gui Jiang
Published: March 2009

The Kurdjumow -Sachs mechanism of martensite transformation is investigated in detail
in this paper. The distortion matrixes of the first shear, the second shear and lineal adjustment
according to the K-S mechanism are calculated. From the lattice distortion matrix, we can obtain
invariant normal planes. According to the assumption that the habit plane is constructed with some
of the invariant normal planes, the macroscopic habit plane (225)A is also discussed. The results
show that the K-S mechanism can account for the relief effects, habit plane, orientation relationship
and the change of structure.
Mechanical and Processing Characterisation of Effective Behaviour of Wood-Plastic Composites by Analytical and Numerical Simulation
Authors: Hančič Aleš , Kuzman Karl , Kosel Franc , Glojek Andrej , Cunha António M. , Gantar Gašper
Published: March 2009

The development of a new composite that is compounded of natural fibres and of a low
price polymer, such as HDPE or PP, began in the last decade of the past century. While this is a
rather new material no attempts have been made to analytically describe and simulate mechanical
properties of this material. There is also a great lack of knowledge in describing fine tuned
processing parameters. Therefore, in the first part of this article micromechanical approach based
upon Generalised Method of Cells (GMC) is introduced to simulate properties of injection moulded
wood-plastic composite compounded of polypropylene (PP) or polystyrene (PS) and of wood or
cellulose short fibres. Materials have first been scanned with an optical and electron microscope to
determine average fibre properties and their scatter. These values are then used to determine elastic
and plastic response of the composite alongside with its tensile strength and maximum elongation,
where the Tsai-Hill failure criterion has been used. The results of the simulation are then compared
to experimental data in order to evaluate practical usage of this method. The second part of the
article is focused on the simulation of injection moulding where test specimens were injected and
the search for optimum injection parameters was performed. Various mechanical and rheological
tests were performed and in addition practical industrial products were injected to observe the
impact of various natural fibres on the filling of the mould cavity. Every experiment and process
was then compared to the numerical simulation in order to evaluate applicability of numerical
simulations under real conditions. On the basis of these experiments detailed mould design
guidelines are given.
Welding Safety Management Review System for Electric Structures of Nuclear Power Stations in Japan
Authors: Matsumoto Mitsuyoshi
Published: March 2009

Previously, object-oriented inspections have been conducted by the regulatory authority
for the welding of electric power generating equipment (hereinafter referred to as “electric
structures”) of nuclear power stations in Japan. However, the law related to the welding was
recently amended and enforced. The soundness of the welding of the electric structures is verified in
a manner that the regulatory authority reviews the utilities’ implementation conditions of welding
inspections instead of directly inspecting the welded joints by the authority. This report presents an
outline of the Welding Safety Management Review System, which is a review-type inspection.
Influence of Heat Input on Mechanical Properties of Multipass Low-Alloy Steel Weld Metal
Authors: Bang Kook Soo , Park Chan , Chang Woong Seong , Park Chul Gyu , Chung Woo Hyun
Published: March 2009

Influence of heat input on the tensile strength and impact toughness of multipass weld
metal made with AWS E81T1-Ni1 metal-cored wire was investigated. Welding parameters such as
current, voltage and travel speed were varied independently to get different heat inputs. When it
was increased by varying current, tensile strength of the weld metal increased even if more primary
ferrite and wider columnar grains were observed. The increase is attributed to the higher recovery
ratio of deoxidizing elements such as carbon, manganese and silicon due to the shorter reaction time
in both wire tip and arc column. It also showed that impact toughness was influenced by the
formation of reheated weld metal by subsequent passes and it decreased continuously with an
increase of the amount of coarse grained region in the reheated weld metal.
Characterization of Contact Formation Process for High Efficiency Solar Cell Using Design of Experiment (DOE)
Authors: Lee Sung J. , Moon Sei Young , Jung Se. W. , Han Seung Soo , Hong Sang Jeen
Published: March 2009

To alleviate concerns of manufacturing cost and efficiency of solar cell fabrication, a belt
type-high temperature furnace with three temperature zones is employed in order to increase the
solar cell manufacturing throughput. In addition, characterization of the firing process for the
contact formation is investigated to achieve the most efficient solar cell device fabricated. Statistical
design of experiment (DOE) is used in order to perform a set of firing experiments in a systematic
way. Response surface models for the efficiency are established for the characterization of
multivariate problem. Furthermore, the optimized process recipe that can provide 15.9% of
efficiency is proposed through the process optimization.
Interfacial Reaction of Electroless Ni-P Plating with Sn-3.5Ag (-Co) Solder
Authors: Nishikawa Hiroshi , Komatsu Akira , Takemoto Tadashi
Published: March 2009

The reaction between Sn-Ag (-Co) solder and electroless Ni-P plating was investigated in
order to clarify the effect of the addition of Co to Sn-Ag solder on the formation of intermetallic
compound (IMC) at the interface and the joint strength at the interface. Sn-Ag-Co solder was
specially prepared. The results show that there is little effect of the addition of Co to the Sn-Ag
solder on the IMC formation and the thickness of the IMC at the interface. For the pull strength of
the solder bump joint, the addition of Co to the solder didn’t strongly affect the pull strength of the
solder joints, but it affected the fracture mode of the solder joints.
Design of a Control System for Welding Robot with Tracking Simulation
Authors: Oh Jin Seok , Kim Jong Do , Kwak Jun Ho , Lee Ji Young
Published: March 2009

Welding tasks in shipbuilding create great problems for a manual welder since welding
takes place in closed area with associated work environmental problems. This paper addresses the
problems involved in the welding robot with control algorithm and system. The control system may
similarly be modified as a tracking simulation test. The performance of the control system is
assessed through the use of field data. The aim of this paper is to determine feasible parameters for
a welding procedure with simulation for seam tracking of welding robot system. The main
advantage of tracking simulation is its flexibility in that as the welding parameters are modified at a
sufficiently high rate. Tracking simulation showed that the development of robot control algorithms
should be performed by simulation, since it saves time, expenses and efforts. This paper will
contribute to an increased use of automated welding technology with tracking simulation methods.
Also, this paper’s results can be used for the optimization of welding process using simulation
method with LabVIEW.
Effect of Joint Configuration Design on the Butt Welding Characteristics of Double Wall PE Pipes
Authors: Kang Chang Gu , Kim Jae Seong , Jin Hyung Kook , Lee Bo Young , Lee Sang Yul
Published: March 2009

Underground PE double wall pipes have been supplying waste water to sewage disposal
plant. Many processes have been introduced to join PE pipes, but most of these methods have lots
of disadvantages such as costs, lack of reliability and difficulties in joining, etc. Recently butt
welding has been paid much attention to joint PE pipes as this process has many advantages such as
cost, safety and reliability. In this study, a newly developed heat plate, a patent-pending heat plate
with a groove, was used to butt-weld PE double wall pipes with different misalignment gaps to
simulate real underground conditions. The resulting joining characteristics of double wall pipes
were compared with those from a conventional heat plate, in terms of stiffness, flattening and
leakage tests. The results from the stiffness and flattening test showed that there were no big
differences between the butt-welded joints made from these two plates. From the leakage test,
although PE pipes welded with a conventional heat plate did leak below the required test conditions
(10 min. at 0.75kgf/cm2), the pipes welded with a patent-pending grooved heat plate did not show
any leakage even at a pressure 1.3 times higher than the required conditions. It was noted that by
utilizing a grooved heat plate more complete fusion at the pipe joints could be obtained, which in
turn induced a high quality joints.
Experimental Investigations of Explosive Welding of Three-Layer Cylinder Composites-Part 1
Authors: Mousavi Seiyed Ali Asghar Akbari , Halvaee A. , Khanzadeh R.
Published: March 2009

Study of current attachment at thermionic cathode for TIG arc at atmospheric pressure is
attempted from numerical calculations of arc-electrodes unified model. The calculations show that
the maximum temperature of arc plasma close to the cathode tip for W-2% ThO2 reaches 19,000 K
and it is the highest value in comparison with the other temperatures for W-2% La2O3 and W-2%
CeO2, because the current attachment at the cathode tip is constricted by a centralized limitation of
liquid area of ThO2 due to its higher melting point. The calculations also show that, in cases of W-
2% La2O3 and W-2% CeO2, the liquid areas of La2O3 and Ce2O3 are widely expanded at the cathode
tip due to their lower melting points and then produce uniform current attachments at the cathode. It
is concluded that the current attachment at thermionic cathode is strongly dependent on work
function, melting point and Richardson constant of emitter materials.
Observation of Nucleation and Growth of Acicular Ferrite in HSLA Steel Weld-Metal
Authors: Terasaki Hidenori , Yamada Tomonori , Komizo Yuichi
Published: March 2009

Heterogeneous nucleation and growth of acicular ferrite in HSLA steel weld-metal were
in-situ observed by using laser scanning confocal microscopy. The applied thermal cycle simulated
cooling rate of large heat-input welding. The high time-resolved images made for heterogeneous
nucleation at inclusion and hard impingement between ferrite plates to be clear. Furthermore, the
crystal orientation relationships between observed substrate for the heterogeneous nucleation and
nucleated solid were analyzed.
Cooperative Control of Robotic Welding System in One Side Backingless V Groove Welding
Authors: Yamane Satoshi , Nakajima Toru , Yamamoto Hikaru , Kaneko Yasuyoshi , Oshima Kenji
Published: March 2009

The formation of stable back beads in the first layer weld during one side multilayer
welding is important to achieve high quality welded metal joints. The authors thus employed the
switch back welding method for the welding of V groove joints without backing plates. In this
method, the personal computers control a welding robot, a digital welding power source and a wire
feeder, simultaneously. Each unit is connected together with Ethernet and UDP (User Datagram
Protocol). The personal computer for controlling the welding robot is synchronized with other
computers. The suitability of the welding conditions for each root gap was verified by observation
of the arc, molten pool and external appearance of back beads.
Mechanical and Microstructural Properties of Dissimilar Friction Spot Welded Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Chun Chang Keun , Kim Heung Ju , Cho Hyeon Jin , Kim Teuk Ki , Chang Woong Seong
Published: March 2009

Dissimilar friction spot lap joining of Al5052 and Al6022 sheet has been investigated
using a combination of joining parameters, thickness and upper plate material. The joining
parameters such as tool rotating speed, plunging depth and joining time have been considered. The
maximum tensile shear strength has been observed at tool rotating speed of 1000rpm, dwell time of
2.5sec, plunging depth of 1.8 mm and Al 6022 as upper plate. The maximum tensile shear fractured
load of the joint was about 80% of that of the similar Al 5052 alloys joint.
Remote Resistance Welding of Zr-4 Endplate for DUPIC Fuel Fabrication
Authors: Kim Soo Sung , Koo Dae Seo , Park Geun Il , Koh Jin Hyun
Published: March 2009

The remote resistance welding technology in the hot cell environment for DUPIC (Direct
Use of spent PWR fuel In CANDU reactors) fuel fabrication was established. To do this, a
preliminary investigation for hands-on fuel fabrication outside the hot cell was conducted in the
consideration of constraints caused by welding in the hot cell. Further welding experiments were
carried out to improve the RW process. A remote resistance welding apparatus was developed. The
characteristics of welds made by RW and LBW were compared in terms of the weld nugget
penetrations and torque strength. It was found that resistance welding was a more suitable welding
process for joining the endplate to the end caps in the hot cell. The optimum conditions for RW in
the hot cell operation in a remote manner were also obtained.
Numerical Study on the Effectiveness of Fixture and Pre-Strain for Reduction of Welding Distortion
Authors: Zhang Lin Jie , Zhang Jian Xun , Liang Wei , Serizawa Hisashi , Murakawa Hidekazu
Published: March 2009

An in-house developed FE code, based on the idea of Iterative Substructure Method, was
used to evaluate the effectiveness of fixture and pre-strain for reduction of welding distortion in a
fillet welded structure. Comparison between the simulation results and experimental results has
been performed to validate the basic FE model. Effects of two fixture conditions and various prestrain
schemes were analyzed. The simulation results show that appropriate fixture can greatly
reduce angular distortion of the work-piece and results in an appreciable reduction in residual
deformation and the application of pre-strain can significantly reduce the residual distortion.
Liquid Penetration Induced Cracking in Mg-Alloy Spot Welds
Authors: Yamamoto M. , Gerlich A. , North T.H. , Shinozaki K.
Published: March 2009

Liquid Penetration Induced (LPI) cracking during AZ91, AZ31 and AM60 friction stir
spot welding is investigated. The temperature cycles, within the stir zone and in the TMAZ region,
are examined. The mechanism and the key factors determining LPI cracking in Mg-alloy friction
stir spot welds are delineated.
Real-Time Detection and Control of Torch-Height in Waveform Controlled Short-Circuit CO2 Arc Welding
Authors: Zhu Zhi Ming
Published: March 2009

The waveform controlled short-circuit CO2 arc welding has been developed and applied
in industries widely. To guarantee its process stability and weld quality in automatic applications
further, the torch-height, the distance from torch to workpiece, which may be altered by the welding
distortion and assembling errors of joints, is detected via measuring the wire electrode extension
during the metaphase of short-circuit and then controlled. The acquired data is filtered by rule-based
fuzzy algorithm and/or shift-average method. The experimental results, validated by slope and
lap-joint welding, show that the detection and control system has excellent stability and dynamic
response under different welding conditions, such as slope angle, wire feeding rate and welding
speed, this will make the welding process more stability and the weld quality improved.
Fiber Laser Welding of Noncombustible Magnesium Alloy
Authors: Sakai Yuji , Nakata Kazuhiro , Tsumura Takuya , Ueda Mitsuji , Ueyama Tomoyuki , Akamatsu Katsuya
Published: March 2009

Noncombustible magnesium alloy AMC602 (Mg-6mass%Al-2mass%Ca) extruded sheet
of 2.0mm thickness was successfully welded using a fiber laser welding process at welding speed of
10m/min at 3kW laser power. Tensile strength of the welded joint was about 82 to 88% of that of
the base metal. Vickers hardness, tensile strength and micro structural properties are also discussed.
Micro Flash Welding of Super Duplex Stainless Steel with Zr Metallic Glass Insert
Authors: Kuroda Toshio , Ikeuchi Kenji , Shimada Masahiro , Inoue Akihisa , Kimura Hisamichi
Published: March 2009

Micro flash butt welding of super duplex stainless steel with Zr-based metallic glass
insert was carried out using the temperature controlling system. Zr55Cu30Ni5Al10 of Zr-based
metallic glass with thickness of 0.05mm and Zr metal with thickness of 0.1mm and 0.5 mm were
used as the insert materials, in order to improve weldability. The specimens were mounted on the
dies using a Gleeble thermal simulator, and then, flash butt welding was made. After welding, Zrbased
metallic glass insert became much thinner than Zr metal insert. The super-cooled liquid in the
interface protruded outside due to the superplastic deformation. The formation of the protrusion
discharged the oxide films on the butting surfaces and contact surface; resulting in metallurgical
bonding through the fresh surfaces. The Fe-Zr metallic compound for Zr-based metallic glass insert
was hardly observed. The micro flash butt welding with metallic glass insert was successfully
accomplished for super duplex stainless steel.
Robot Based Laser Welding Technology
Authors: Kang Hee Shin , Suh Jeong , Cho Taik Dong
Published: March 2009

In order to obtain a good result in the laser welding process, the laser welding technology
for manufacturing an automobile body is studied in this research. The monitoring of the welding
quality and the seam tracking are studied to improve the productivity. The robot, the seam tracking
system and CW Nd:YAG laser are used for the robot laser welding system. The laser system is 4kW
Nd:YAG laser_(HL4006D) of Trumpf and the robot system is IRB6400R of ABB. The robot laser
welding system is equipped with the seam tracker and plasma sensor. The seam tracking system is
composed of SMART-20LS and RAPAL of Servo-Robot and MVS-5 sensor of MVS. The precise
positioning of the laser beam on the joint to be assembled is obtained by seam tracker. The welding
joints of steel plate are butt and lap joint. The three dimensional welding for non-linear tailored
blank is performed after the fundamental experiments of bead-on-plate. Finally, the welding process
for non-linear tailored blank and front side member is studied. The monitoring method of welding
quality and seam tracking along the butt-joint are studied. The artificial defects in joint are well
observed by the plasma intensity signal from the plasma sensor of UV and IR. The robot based laser
welding system is developed for the precision seam tracking and the real-time monitoring of
welding quality.
Finite Element Analysis of the Effect of Residual Stress on Mechanical Behavior of Welded Plates
Authors: Goo Byeong Choon , Yang Seung Yong
Published: March 2009

Residual stresses play an important role in the mechanical behavior of steels and welded
structures. To examine the effect of residual stresses on tensile behavior and fatigue, residual
stresses in the specimens were generated by welding. Experimental stress-strain curves of the
specimens with/without residual stresses were obtained and compared to simulated curves obtained
by the finite element analysis. The two results are in a good agreement. Finally, to study the
relaxation of the residual stresses during fatigue crack propagation, we carried out fatigue crack
propagation analysis by a 3-D cohesive zone model. Initial welding residual stresses decrease as the
number of cycles increases.
Investigation of Soundness of Welds in Welding under Static and Cyclic Loading
Authors: Kim You Chul , Lee Sang Hyong , Agano Yasuo
Published: March 2009

In order to investigate the soundness of welds in welding under loads, a series of
experiments were carried out under static and cyclic loads. In the case of the experiment under
compressive static loads, the defects such as buckling, welding crack, etc. were not observed in all
the specimens. On the other hand, in the case of the experiment under compressive cyclic loads,
the defects were not observed for the Fillet-type specimen. However, the hot crack was observed
for the Butt-type specimen.
The Influence on the Axial Force by the Size Scattering of High Tension Bolt, Nut and Washer Sets
Authors: Suk H.G. , Cho I.S. , Park J.U.
Published: March 2009

In order to secure the uniformity and to reduce the scattering of torque coefficient value,
which is a decisive factor in the quality of high tension bolt nut and washer sets, effort is required
from the manufacturer to standardize manufacturing process and to continuously improve the quality.
A Study on the Energy Absorption Characteristics of CFRP Side Member for Fuel-Efficiency Improvement and Crush Safety
Authors: Lee Kil Sung , Seo Hyeon Kyeong , Hwang Woo Chae , Kim Jung Ho , Yang Yong Jun , Yang In Young
Published: March 2009

Currently, the most important objective in designing automobiles is to focus on
environment-friendly and safety performance aspects. For the environment-friendly aspect, the
issues relate to the shift towards lightweight automobile production, for improving fuel-efficiency
and reducing exhaust fumes. However, in contrast, the issues of the safety performance such as
crash safety, comfort level and muti-functional programs demand increase of automobile’s weight.
Therefore, the design of automobile should be inclined towards the safety aspects, but at the same
time, it also should consider reducing the structural weight of an automobile. In this study, for
lightweight design of side member, CFRP side member was manufactured from CFRP
unidirectional prepreg sheet. The stacking condition related to the energy absorption of composite
materials, is being considered as an issue for the structural efficiency. Therefore, the axial collapse
tests were performed with change of the stacking condition, such as fiber orientation angle and
interlaminar number. The collapse modes and energy absorption characteristics were analyzed
according to fiber orientation angle and interlaminar number.
Fracture Toughness of Thick Steel Plates for Shipbuilding
Authors: Park Joon Sik , Jung B.Y. , Yajima Hiroshi , Lee Jong Bong
Published: March 2009

In this study, the effect of thickness on the fracture toughness of the steel plate with the
thickness of 80mm has been investigated by the wide plate tensile test and ESSO test. The fracture
toughness for crack initiation and propagation was evaluated quantitatively for the full thickness
specimen. It was found that EH-36 grade steel with the thickness of 80mmt showed the KIC value of
164kgf/mm1.5 at -145°C. Also, large-scale ESSO test result showed that the steel with the thickness
of 80mm had 520kgf/mm1.5 at -10°C. Although it was known that the fracture toughness decreases
with the increase of the plate thickness, EH-36 grade steel with the thickness of 80mm had enough
values of fracture toughness to prevent the crack initiation and arrest the brittle crack propagation.
The Design Provisions of the New AWS Structural Welding Code – Titanium
Authors: Mohr William C.
Published: March 2009

The American Welding Society has developed its first welding design code for titanium
alloy welded structures, through its consensus standards process and the work of many volunteers,.
Defining the provisions of this new code required collecting and summarizing both strength and
fatigue data for titanium structural welds. The design provisions were based on these data, but
only in context of other provisions of the code in areas of welding procedure qualification,
fabrication, and inspection. For instance, the allowable imperfection sizes found on inspection had
to be correlated with the expected fatigue performance of imperfect welds. Test data from welds in
the primary structural alloy Ti-6Al-4V are described for several weld configurations, both with and
without welding imperfections.
Magnetic and Crystallographic Properties of Shape Memory Alloys Ni2Mn1+xSn1-x
Authors: Kanomata T. , Fukushima K. , Nishihara H. , Kainuma Ryosuke , Itoh W. , Oikawa Katsunari , Ishida Kiyohito , Neumann K.U. , Ziebeck K.R.A.
Published: March 2009

X-ray powder diffraction and magnetization measurements were done on the magnetic
shape memory alloys Ni2Mn1+xSn1-x. The alloys with 0≤x≾0.4 crystallize in the cubic L21 structure
and exhibit the ferromagnetic behavior. X-ray diffraction patterns indicate that the excess Mn atoms
occupy the Sn sites. Furthermore, magnetization measurements make clear that the Mn atoms,
which substitute for Sn sites, are coupled antiferromagnetically to the ferromagnetic manganese
sublattices. The alloys with 0.4≾x≤0.6 undergo a martensitic transition from the high temperature
L21 structure to the orthorhombic 4O one. These alloys show a variety of magnetic transitions. A
magnetic phase diagram of Ni2Mn1+xSn1-x system is discussed qualitatively on the basis of the
interatomic dependence of the exchange interactions.
Damping Properties of SMA
Authors: Kustov Sergey , Van Humbeeck Jan
Published: March 2009

This chapter analyzes applicability of different models of anelasticity to damping
capacity of shape memory alloys both in the martensitic state and during the martensitic
transformation. The chapter focuses mainly on recent observations made in Cu-based and NiTi
alloys. From the latest works it is evident that the high damping capacity can not only be related to
the hysteretic mobility of interfaces between martensitic variants but may be associated as well with
internal defects of variants.
Nanostructured Materials by Twist Extrusion and High Pressure Torsion
Authors: Varyukhin Viktor , Beygelzimer Yan , Efros B.
Published: March 2009

Microstructures of Fe-Cr-Ni and Fe-Mn alloys subjected to severe plastic deformation
under pressure have been studied by high pressure torsion and twist extrusion. This processes have
similar deformation schemes, but very different pressure levels. The paper shows that this has a
dramatic effect on the value of the residual high pressure e-phase in Fe-Mn alloys that underwent
severe plastic deformation using these methods. Under roughly the same equivalent deformation of
5-6 units, the value of the residual e-phase in HPT with 20 GPa pressure reaches 100%. In TE with
1.5 GPa, it does not exceed 50%.
Bulk Ultrafine and Nanostructured Materials from Consolidation of Particles by Back Pressure Equal Channel Angular Pressing
Authors: Xia Kenong , Xu Wei , Wu Xiao Lin , Goussous S.
Published: March 2009

Severe plastic deformation (SPD) has received considerable attention for its capability to
produce ultrafine and nano structured materials. On the one hand, SPD, especially in the forms of
equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) and high pressure torsion (HPT) is able to refine bulk
materials with coarse grain structures. On the other hand, SPD has been used to synthesise bulk
materials from particles. It enables particles from nano to micro scales to be consolidated into fully
dense materials at much lower temperatures and shorter times, compared to the conventional
sintering processing. It is particularly relevant to consolidating particles with non-equilibrium
microstructures and to producing complex multiphase alloys. In this summary, ECAP as an
effective process to synthesise a range of light metal based materials from particles with various
sizes and structures, including aluminium and aluminium composites, titanium and magnesium, will
be demonstrated. Full density and good bonding are achieved easily with the application of a back
pressure. Microstructures from nano to ultrafine scales have been produced, resulting in
significantly enhanced strength. Simultaneous increase in ductility has also been achieved in some
alloys by virtue of multi-scale structures.
Reversal Straining to Manage Structure in Pure Aluminum under SPD
Authors: Orlov Dmitry , Bhattacharjee Pinaki Prasad , Todaka Yoshikazu , Umemoto Minoru , Tsuji Nobuhiro
Published: March 2009

All the SPD techniques introduce reversal straining principally, but effects of the reversal
deformation on structure evolution were not studied directly yet. In the present work, an attempt was
made to manage structure in pure (99.99%) Al by strain reversal through high pressure torsion (HPT).
Total accumulated deformation up to equivalent strain ~8 was used. General trend of the grain
refinement is similar for both deformation modes; and it is typical with all other SPD processed FCC
metals. At the same time, the difference in microstructure evolution at the vicinity of the specimen
axis and with increasing distance in the radial direction introduces microstructural heterogeneities
which are specific features of the reversal straining. In the monotonic deformation process the A
({111}<011>) fiber is gradually substituted by the C component ({ 0 0 1}< 1 1 0>) with increasing
strain before it is found to weaken. In the reverse straining process the A fiber is found to dominate the
deformation texture in the low strain region. In the reverse straining process at high strain level, a
{001}<100> component appear.
Mechanical Behavior of Nanocrystalline Palladium at High Strains and High Strain Rates
Authors: Ivanisenko Yulia , Fecht Hans Jorg
Published: March 2009

We suggest a simple method to study the mechanical behaviour of nanocrystalline (nc)
samples in compression-torsion mode. High applied pressure prevents the fracture of sample, and
quantitative parameters of sample response during torsion test can be compared with developed
microstructure. Here we present and discuss the results of systematic investigation of mechanical
behaviour of nc Pd with a mean grain size of 12 nm in a wide range of shear strains (0<γ<200) and
at strain rates γ& = 3 10-1 s-1 and 3 10-2 s-1. We show that in the studied shear strain range the
notable changes in the microstructure, namely a strain induced grain growth occurs, and that
controls the relevant deformation mechanisms. For lower strains when the grain size is still small
enough, the plastic flow governs by twinning and probably grain boundary sliding. The flow stresses
are lower as compared with the later stages of deformation, when the grain size becomes larger and
deformation is controlled exceptionally by dislocation glide. Finally, a steady stage is achieved,
when the grain size, dislocation density and flow stress are saturated.
Microstructure and Indentation Size-Effect in Pure Niobium Subjected to SPD via ECAP and HPT
Authors: Alkorta Jon , Luis-Pérez C.J. , Popova E.N. , Hafok Martin , Pippan Reinhard , Gil Sevillano J.
Published: March 2009

A commercially pure niobium has been subjected to SPD at room temperature ( ~0.11
TM) via ECAP (90º, route BC) up to 16 passes and via HPT up to shear strains γ =1000. ECAP-ed
samples show an equiaxed structure after 8 and 16 passes with a decreasing average grain size. The
results show that both the microstructure and mechanical properties of ECAP-ed samples do not
reach a steady state up to at least 16 passes. HPT samples show at outer region a finer structural size
but similar hardness values at similar equivalent strains. The nanoindentation results show an
evident indentation size-effect even for the most deformed samples. The hardness values at the nano
level converge for the recrystallized, the ECAP-ed and the HPT samples. This implies that, at the
nano level, when the geometrically necessary dislocation density overcomes significantly the
(initial) statistically stored dislocation density, hardness depends mainly on the physical intrinsic
properties of the material (Burgers modulus, bulk modulus...) and the contribution of bulk
mechanical properties (i.e., bulk yield strength) to hardness is smoothed down. Strain-rate
sensitivity (SRS) of plastic strength has been also measured by means of rate-jump nanoindentation
tests. The SRS is proportional to the inverse of hardness.
Influence of SPD by ECAP on Cu Properties
Authors: Kvačkaj Tibor , Kočiško Robert , Besterci Michal , Donič T. , Pokorný Imrich , Kuskulič T. , Sülleiová Katarína , Molnárová M. , Kováčová A. , Kvačkaj Michal
Published: March 2009

Equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) is a material processing method for developing an
ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure by introducing severe plastic deformation (SPD) in a bulk
material with no changes in its cross-section. Numerous analytical and numerical studies on equal
channel angular pressing have been performed in recent years. The present work focuses on the
effects of die geometry width is defined by the angle between two channels Φ, angle on outer corner
of die Ψ (or radius R) and angle within internal corner (or radius r) of die on average effective strain
after one pass route. Next, there are analyses of strength properties, plastic properties, fracture
mechanism, as well as analyses of Cu structure evolution after SPD by ECAP technology, in the
paper. The sixteen passes through the ECAP matrix were realized using route C. The following
experimental results and their analyses, the biggest increase of strength and microhardness was
proved already after 4th pass. Valuation of fracture surfaces shows that after 12th pass plastic
fracture is transformed from transcrystalline ductile mixed fracture. After 4th pass, the avarage grain
size decreased from initial approximate size 7 µm to 200 nm, whereby the average grain size was
changeless after subsequent deformations. Possible mechanism of high-angle boundary nanograins
evolution consists of formation of cell structure, subgrains that transform with the increase of
deformation into nanograins with big-angle misorientation.
Characterizing the Shear Deformation during Asymmetric Rolling
Authors: Chen Yun Long , Shan Ai Dang , Jiang Jian Hua , Ding Yi
Published: March 2009

Asymmetric rolling has been considered as a possible way to obtain severe plastic
deformation (SPD) since it will give an extra shear deformation to the processed materials during
rolling. Previous researches have confirmed such a shear deformation. Very recently, the method of
inserting-block is used to characterize the shear deformation through direct observation, but when
the reduction is more than 70%, the lineation scratched on the side face of internal mark becomes
vague and illegible. In order to directly observe the shear deformation of metallic material with
large reduction, the internal mark method is employed in this research and asymmetric rolling was
performed with pure aluminum and iron at room temperature. In severe plastic deformation, the
shear deformation caused by asymmetric rolling was clearly observed and measured through
employing internal mark method. Remarkable extra shear deformation during asymmetric rolling
was confirmed. Very high equivalent strains were achieved when sheet samples were
asymmetrically rolled to high reduction ratio. These strain values fall into the range of SPD.
Strain Gradient Hardening and Pressure Induced Phase Transformation of Metals by HPT
Authors: Umemoto Minoru , Todaka Yoshikazu , Sasaki Jun , Shuro Innocent
Published: March 2009

Two unique characteristics of HPT as a SPD process, namely deformation with strain gradient and
deformation under high pressure, were investigated. The effect of strain gradient was examined
using low carbon steel. HPTed samples showed hardening at the center of the specimen where shear
strain is principally zero and saturation hardness was higher than those without strain gradient such
as ECAP or ARB. HPT experiments using specimen with different radial strain gradient in one
sample also showed strain gradient hardening. The effect of high pressure during HPT was
examined using pure Ti which transformed from α phase to ω phase when HPTed at high pressure.
The volume fraction of ω phase increases with strain and with decreasing oxygen content. The ω
phase is metastable at ambient conditions and it transforms back to α phase during heating.