bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Image of God
Authors: Stump Eleonore
Published: April 2022

The problem of evil has generated varying attempts at theodicy. To show that suffering is defeated for a sufferer, a theodicy argues that there is an outweighing benefit which could not have been gotten without the suffering. Typically, this condition has the tacit presupposition given that this is a post-Fall world. Consequently, there is a sense in which human suffering would not be shown to be defeated even if there were a successful theodicy because a theodicy typically implies that the benefit in question could have been gotten without the suffering if there had not been a Fall. There is a part of the problem of evil that would remain, then, even if there were a successful theodicy. This is the problem of mourning: even defeated suffering of the post-Fall world merits mourning. How is this warranted mourning compatible with the existence of an omniscient, omnipotent, perfectly good God? The traditional response to this problem is the felix culpa view, which maintains that the original sin was fortunate because there is an outweighing benefit to sufferers that could not be gotten in a world without suffering. The felix culpa view presupposes an object of evaluation, namely, the true self of a human being, and a standard of evaluation for human lives. This book explores these topics and a variety of other topics in philosophical theology in order to explain and evaluate the role of suffering in human lives.
Welfare States, Labor Markets, Social Investment, and the Digital Transformation
Authors: Eichhorst Werner , Hemerijck Anton , Scalise Gemma
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses how disruptive technological transformation puts pressure on existing welfare state arrangements and adopts social investment as the policy paradigm for rethinking current labor market regulation and social protection in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. The second part of the chapter explores the ways in which the Netherlands, Germany, and Italy are currently preparing their welfare states for the intensification of technological change in the decade ahead. Here the discussion focuses on the strengths and vulnerabilities of the countries’ labor markets when it comes to digitalization, as well as their respective social investment aptitude.
Gender, Technological Risk, and Political Preferences
Authors: Gingrich Jane , Kuo Alexander
Published: April 2022

Do automation risks affect women differently than men? We argue that much of the conventional theorizing about the impact of automation on policy preferences and voting patterns draws on a traditional male breadwinner model and that automation risk may not affect the policy preferences of women in the same ways as men. First, women face other long-standing risks that create a ceiling effect in terms of the additional impact of automation on preferences. Second, we argue that patterns of job polarization linked to concerns about “status decline” among men are less applicable to women, due to the types of occupations that they enter. Thus, automation risk should matter less for female support of anti-elite populist parties. We present preliminary results from analyses of the European Social Survey (ESS) to support these hypotheses. Our results indicate the need to broaden the theorizing about how occupational risks translate into policy preferences and political outcomes.
The Structural Adaptability of Bismarckian Social Insurance Systems in the Digital Age
Authors: Nullmeier Frank
Published: April 2022

What are the consequences of the rise of the platform economy for the welfare state? The current chapter seeks to answer this question for Bismarckian welfare institutions. Platform economies have a significant impact on the labor market, especially in terms of the distinction between the employed and self-employed. One of the main challenges for traditional social insurance systems is that an individual’s employment status has to be clarified in order to correctly categorize them in the system of social contributions. How social insurance systems might respond to the challenges of the digital age and how structurally adaptable they are will be examined based on the examples of Germany and Austria as two very different institutional variants of Bismarckian systems. Beyond parametric adjustments, however, Bismarckian systems have significant institu-tional possibilities for adaptation, even to major changes in the labor market like those brought about by digitalization.
Between Added Value and Untapped Potential: The Boards of Appeal in the Field of EU Financial Regulation
Authors: Chamon Merijn , Fromage Diane
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the nature of the Boards of Appeal (BoAs) of EU financial agencies and the type of review they offer. It describes the different operation of the Joint Board of Appeal (JBoA) of the European Supervisory Authorities (ESA) and of the Appeal Panel (AP) of the Single Resolution Board (SRB).. The chapter analyses their decisions, which are binding and which follow appeal procedures that need to be exhausted before a procedure may be started before the EU Courts. It provides a comparative analysis of the JBoA and the AP, and assesses their suitability in providing effective and swift remedy to individuals.
The Board of Appeal of the European Chemicals Agency at a Crossroads
Authors: Volpato Annalisa , Mullier Eléonore
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the Board of Appeal (BoA) of the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA). It presents the legal framework for its activities and its role in shaping EU chemicals law, assessing how it adopts its decisions and exercises its powers. Moreover, it discusses the standard of review exercised by the ECHA BoA and its relationship with the CJEU, reflecting on recent developments which appear to cast a shadow over the actual realization of the full potential of the ECHA BoA as an expertise-based adjudicatory mechanism and, consequently, on its added value in comparison to a review exercised directly by the Court.
Hidden Administrative Review in EU Law: The BoAs of EU Agencies in the Common Foreign and Security Policy
Authors: Butler Graham
Published: April 2022

This chapter refers to the Boards of Appeal (BoAs) of EU agencies within the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). It analyses the CFSP as a peculiar area of EU law, notwithstanding that it is fully inside the EU legal order. It discusses how Member States (and the Council) have consistently attempted to shield matters related to the CFSP from the scope of judicial review by the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). The chapter highlights the mindset of separateness of the CFSP, which applies to the way in which law-making is carried out, and to the actions of the small number of agencies within the field. It features the four BoAs in total: the European Defence Agency (EDA), the European Union Satellite Centre (SatCen), the European Union Institute for Security Studies (EUISS), and the Western European Union (WEU).
Judicial and Extra-Judicial Review: The Quest for Epistemic Certainty
Authors: Krajewski Michał
Published: April 2022

Litigants have recently called in question the limited extent to which EU boards of appeal delve into contentious empirical appraisals adopted by the respective agencies. This chapter explores the review technique of the EU Courts and several boards of appeal engaged in empirically complex cases decided between 2014 and 2018. It argues that neither the EU Courts nor the boards of appeals can perform a fully autonomous and exhaustive check of the contested empirical appraisals. Due to their institutional and procedural limitations, they struggle with epistemic uncertainty in regulatory fields in which decisions must be made despite persisting data gaps or the lack of rigorous scientific or technical methodologies. This conclusion leads to fundamental questions regarding the rule of law’s requirements in relation to the contentious and uncertain empirical basis of a growing number of EU legal acts and the normative functions of EU judicial and extra-judicial review.
Introduction
Authors: Som Lalita
Published: April 2022

The chapter outlines the state of play of state capitalism—the contribution of state-owned enterprises to the world GDP, employment, and output, their rankings in the top companies of the world, the evolution of thinking on state capitalism, and the reasons behind state ownership, state capitalism, and its different instruments. The influence of Washington consensus, the global financial crisis, and COVID-19 pandemic on state ownership is discussed. China’s rise is analysed through state capitalism and the developmental state. The chapter also outlines the evolution of thinking on state capitalism, the performance of SOEs and SOBFIs since 2012.
Country case study 1: Brazil
Authors: Som Lalita
Published: April 2022

The unique features of Brazilian State capitalism include (a) a combination of governmental control of traditional SOEs, with the same SOEs being minority shareholders in a large number of supposedly private corporations, and (b) the noticeable exercise of shareholder activism by State-controlled institutional investors both in private and public companies. SOEs experience a clear conflict between the social and political objectives of the government as a controlling shareholder, on one hand, and the interests of minority investors, on the other. Government control over banks has also led to a significant influence of political considerations over firms’ decisions. The creeping influence of the State and public officials has been responsible for the main public corruption scandals of the last decade. The quasi-fiscal activities of these SOEs have had various side effects, including imposing significant costs on the SOEs themselves, suppressing demand for alternative competing products, reducing incentives for improving efficiency, and increasing environmental costs.
Country case study 2: China
Authors: Som Lalita
Published: April 2022

The Chinese State has defended its proactive role by providing not only the capital-intensive investments needed by the private sector to grow but also in creating an entrepreneurial role for itself with a bold vision and targeted investment. It has successfully envisaged the risk space in the international markets and has operated effectively within it to facilitate the entry of Chinese private companies. This has amplified the importance of key SOEs in Chinese growth. Yet the large presence of firms which have survived through their political connections especially to local government interests now pose a threat to the State becoming beholden to local interests. The State also runs the risk of becoming a poor imitator of private sector behaviours, because it is unwilling to curb the monopoly privileges given to some SOEs, thus creating entrenched vested interests in continuing State ownership. Deficiencies in China’s market infrastructure continue to prevent the government from fully allowing market forces to run the economy. The government will, therefore, continue to play an important role in China’s transformation.
Country case study 4: Indonesia
Authors: Som Lalita
Published: April 2022

Since 2000 the objective of the Ministry of SOEs has been to transform SOEs from being bloated, inefficient, resource-absorbing behemoths that encourage unbridled corruption, into becoming significant contributors to the Indonesian economy. Since 2014, SOEs have been a key plank in the government’s infrastructure and development strategy. The historical legacy that governed the establishment of SOEs, and bestowed political privileges on them, resulted in the emergence of powerful constituencies with vested interests aligned with the political structure of the Indonesian State. Despite many efforts at opening up the economy since the early 1980s, Indonesia’s developmental ethos has still continued to be dominated by highly nationalistic state-led development attitudes and priorities with a consequent reluctance to cede State ownership/control of key state assets and enterprises.
Country case study 7: Singapore
Authors: Som Lalita
Published: April 2022

The State has played a pivotal role not only in mapping out the strategic direction for the Singaporean economy but also in driving much of its structural transformation. Singapore has been very clear about what was expected of GLCs, and these have evolved over time in line with ever more sophisticated demands for economic growth. By most accounts, the strategy of State capitalism followed in Singapore has been extremely successful. GLCs bear quite a close resemblance to the best run private enterprises in the world though most GLCs are better. GLCs are run on a commercial basis, with a focus on bottom line performance. The long-term financial performance of GLCs has been very favourable, and private investors in GLCs have shared pro rata with the State in this success. In the domestic market, rents allocated to State agencies and GLCs have been held to the high-performance standards necessary to attract foreign private investment in other sectors of the economy. Rents earned in monopoly GLCs have been distributed legally and transparently to senior management, civil servants, and political leaders through generous remuneration packages.
Country case study 8: South Africa
Authors: Som Lalita
Published: April 2022

SOEs in South Africa form a significant part of certain vital industries that serve as inputs to other industries. They are indispensable in fulfilling the State’s developmental mission. Since the mid-2000s, the overall economic environment in South Africa has been shaped largely by the RET policy; infrastructure-led growth; the B-BBEE policy; the economic dominance of key SOEs; and by State-investment institutions, like the Public Investment Corporation. But the combination of these policies and strategies has led to many unintended adverse consequences. It helped in the emergence of a symbiotic relationship between a constitutional state with clear rules and laws and a shadow state comprising well-organized patronage networks that facilitated corruption for the enrichment of a small group. The accumulated annual costs and debt burden of South Africa’s dysfunctional SOEs, in terms of jobs losses, deterred investments, and reduced economic growth, have become so high that they now threaten the country’s fiscal position and economic sustainability. South Africans therefore continue to suffer from poverty, inequality, and unemployment on a scale not unlike their condition under apartheid.
Coda
Authors: Yousef Nancy
Published: April 2022

The Coda presents concluding reflections on the role of emotional responsiveness in literary interpretation, on Stanley Cavell’s efforts to account for the aesthetic features of philosophical writing, and on the challenges and possibilities of interdisciplinary study of philosophy and literature.
Prologue
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: April 2022

The Prologue opens with the story of John Rawlins, who was captured and sold into slavery at Algiers in 1621, and led a successful and bloody mutiny the following year to free himself and his companions. It uses the account he later published to introduce the themes of this book, including English attitudes towards Barbary and the Islamic world, Rawlins’ pamphlet belongs to the genre known as ‘captivity naratives’, and the Prologue discusses the different motives of Rawlins and other former captives in choosing to tell their stories in print. These narratives provide key source material for the book, though they are inevitably highly subjective, and the Prologue assesses their character, value, and limitations. It also introduces the other materials on which the book is based, including unpublished correspondence from consuls, merchants, and slaves in Barbary, government records, and petitions from slaves’ wives and families. The Prologue ends by identifying the themes addressed in each of the follfowing chapters.
The Experience of Slavery
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: April 2022

The conditions endured by slaves in Barbary have been disputed ever since the seventeenth century, described as brutal by some and benign by others. Chapter 3 investigates the evidence to make sense of these contradictions. It explores the harsh lives of galley slaves, the close parallels between Barbary and European galleys, and the significantly different conditions in sail-driven men-of-war. Another section explores the lives and working conditions of slaves on land, whether housed in the bagnios or allowed to live and work with a degree of autonomy. These issues are pursued further through several case-studies, including William Okeley, Joseph Pitts, and Thomas Pellow. The chapter shows how there was no ‘typical’ slave experience. A slave’s conditions reflected a number of key variables, including social status, age, gender, and skills, and also the character and circumstances of his owner or owners. Many slaves passed through several, often with differing experiences. The final section explores the poorly documented lives of female captives, a small minority, and considers both those sold into domestic service and those consigned to the seraglio.
Encounters with Values
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace
Published: April 2022

In which I further develop my positive proposal that it is in epiphanies in particular that we encounter value, and give a clearer idea of the import of this proposal by bringing it into contact with a number of positions in contemporary moral philosophy.
Soul Food
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace
Published: April 2022

In which I take another approach to our questions about epiphanies and experience. I ask: what nourishes the human psyche? Or as we might put it: what is soul food? The answer leads me to consider art, ethics, and religion, and the notions of symbol, narrative, and icon as they occur in those contexts. These notions are three of the key concepts around which our experience, including our epiphanic experience, is structured.
Epiphanies and Other People
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace
Published: April 2022

In which I begin with epiphanies of other people, then consider some more general questions to do with scepticism about epiphanies of other people, and indeed about epiphanies as such. These questions lead me into metaethics, and into questions in the philosophy of mind.
Ethical Experience and Other People
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace
Published: April 2022

In which I ask how any individual’s subjective experience involves other people. I argued in 6.8 that we should be phenomenal socialists, that is that we should accept the thesis that what we actually, directly, literally perceive is only or primarily instances of high-level phenomenal properties (and things in other categories). Chapter 7 argues, among other things, that we should be developmental-psychological socialists too: that is that we should accept the thesis that, as a matter of developmental psychology, the social does not just precede the individual, it creates it. I discuss five particular ways in which the social is constitutively involved in individuality: in child-development, in scripts, in audiences, in empathy, and in the publicity of the mental.
Storms over the Balkans during the Second World War
Authors: Rieber Alfred J.
Published: April 2022

In a new interpretation of the history of the Balkans during the Second World War, this book explores the tangled political rivalries, cultural clashes, and armed conflicts among the great powers and the indigenous people competing for influence and domination. The author takes an original approach to the region based on the interaction among geography, social conditions, and imperial rivalries that spans several centuries, culminating in three wars during the first half of the twentieth century. Against this background, Rieber focuses on leadership, personified by Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Churchill, and Tito, as the key to explaining events. For each one the Balkans represented a strategic prize vital for the fulfillment of their ambitious war aims. For the local forces the destabilization of the war offered the opportunity to reorder societies, expel ethnic minorities and expand national borders. The book illustrates how the leaders of the external powers were forced to improvise their tactics and compromise their ideologies under the pressure of war and the competing claims of their allies and clients. Neither the Axis nor the Allied camps were uniform blocs and deep divisions ran through the ranks of the resistance and those collaborating with the occupying powers. These tensions contributed to the failure of all the participants in the struggle to achieve their aims. The complexities of the wartime experiences help to explain the persistence of memories and unfulfilled aspirations that continue to haunt the region.
Mussolini
Authors: Rieber Alfred J.
Published: April 2022

Mussolini’s intervention in the Balkans was aggressive but inconsistent. It was guided by his desire to overturn the Versailles settlement in order gain the territories promised Italy in the Treaty of London in 1915 as the basis for a renewal of Italy’s imperial policies in the Adriatic and Mediterranean. The historical roots of his policies went back to the Venetian Republic and the Risorgimento. He regarded Great Britain as the main obstacle to his plans. His occupation of Albania was the first step toward his goal. He forged an alliance with Hitler to secure his continent flank but sought to conduct a parallel war against Greece and Yugoslavia. His joint occupation of these countries with Germany was fraught with disagreements particularly over supporting pro-Axis movements among the Croats and Serbs.
Stalin
Authors: Rieber Alfred J.
Published: April 2022

Stalin’s major strategic interest in the Balkans was to secure a preponderant influence in Romania and Bulgaria in his negotiations with Germany leading to the Nazi–Soviet Pact and with Great Britain leading to the October 1944 spheres of influence deal. His territorial claims were limited to Bessarabia, a historic Russian claim necessary to gain control of the mouths of the Danube and secure the western shore of the Black Sea on the approaches to the Turkish Straits. Although he encouraged the resistance to the Axis occupation of the Balkans, he did not provide military assistance to the local communist dominated Partisan bands until late in the war when his armies crossed into the region. His ideological aims developed gradually, moving from the idea of national roads to socialism to the formation of popular democracies of coalition governments in which the communists would dominate.
Churchill
Authors: Rieber Alfred J.
Published: April 2022

Churchill pursued two traditional lines of British foreign policy. He sought to maintain British control over the Mediterranean as the vital connection with its imperial holdings in North Africa, the Middle and Far East. Equally, he opposed Hitler’s expansion as a threat to the balance of power on the continent. He negotiated with Stalin to secure British preponderance in Greece and supported Tito’s Partisans as the most effective resistance in Yugoslavia against the Axis. He aimed to restore constitutional monarchies in the region as the most effective means of checking Soviet penetration to the Mediterranean. Failing to persuade the United States to open a second front in the Balkans, he gained the acquiescence of Stalin and Roosevelt for a unilateral intervention to crush the communist led resistance in Greece, leading to civil war.
Tito
Authors: Rieber Alfred J.
Published: April 2022

Tito emerged as the leader of Yugoslav Communist Party during the purges of the Comintern. From the beginning of his career he favored an insurrectionary path to socialism. But he was obliged to modify his leftist tendencies after the failure of the Montenegrin rising and strictures from Moscow. His early attempt to cooperate with Mihailović collapsed. He then directed his Partisans to wage civil war against the Serb Chetniks, the Croat Ustaša, and Nedić’ collaborationist regime, as well as the Axis occupation forces. He took his first steps toward the creation of a federal Yugoslav state. He accepted military aid from Britain and welcomed its agents. But he resisted the return of the Royal Government-in-exile in London. The Partisan program appealed to all ethnic and social groups including women. Within the resistance, Serbs constituted the bulk of the Partisans but he favored the Slovenes and tangled with the Croats.
Early Signs
Authors: Rieber Alfred J.
Published: April 2022

A review of relations with Moscow shows a pattern of rising tensions throughout the war. Tito advanced his plans for a postwar federal government including territories outside the pre-war boundaries of Yugoslavia. In the wake of the German retreat, he pushed his forces to occupy Istria including Trieste where he confronted the British army in a stand-off. This was the first armed crisis of the Cold War. Negotiations within the country over republican boundaries were fraught with tensions. His attempt to create a Balkan federation by joining with Bulgaria was opposed by Stalin. Tito supported the communists dominated EAM in the first stage of the Greek civil war and sought to bring Albania under Yugoslav control. After taking power, the Albanian communist party developed internal spits between pro-Yugoslav pro-Soviet factions.
Conclusion Storms Abate but then Build up
Authors: Rieber Alfred J.
Published: April 2022

The leaders in the struggle over the Balkans during the Second World War, however radical their designs, were all historically minded, as references in the previous pages have demonstrated. The legacies of the past contributed heavily to their failures. The conclusion reviews the impact of the four major factors shaping the Balkans as a region, emphasizing the historic roots of the policies followed by the four principals of the narrative. It summarizes the extensive material and human losses in the war, which hardly changed state boundaries but destroyed the power of the old elites and established radically new regimes. The war also left a legacy of memories that continued to contribute to intra-state tensions and bitter ethnic relations for decades afterwards.
Law and Muslim Political Thought in Late Colonial North India
Authors: Hussain Adeel
Published: April 2022

During the 1930s, much of the world was in severe economic and political crises. These upheavals ushered in new ways of thinking about social and political conditions. In some cases, these new ideas transformed entire political systems. Particularly in Europe, these transformations are well chronicled in scholarship. In scholarly writings on India, however, Muslim political thought has gone relatively unnoticed during this eventful decade. Instead, scholarship on Muslim India has so far privileged the early 1920s, where a movement to uphold the caliphate after the dissolution of the Ottoman Empire briefly united Hindus and Muslims under Gandhi, and on the Pakistan movement of the 1940s. This book seeks to fill this gap. It maps the evolution of Muslim legal and political thought from roughly 1927 to 1940. By looking at landmark legal decisions in tandem with the political ideas of Muhammad Iqbal and Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Pakistan’s founding fathers, this book highlights the more concealed ways in which Indian Muslims began to acquire a political outlook with distinctly separatist aspirations. What makes this period worthy of a separate study is that the legal antagonism between religious communities in the 1930s foreshadowed political conflicts that arose in the run-up to independence in 1947. The presented cases and thinkers reflect the possibilities and limitations of Muslim political thought in colonial India.
Shahidganj Mosque and the Burden of Time
Authors: Hussain Adeel
Published: April 2022

This chapter sheds light on the Shahidganj dispute. It argues that the conflict laid bare the crucial questions of Muslim nationality: representation, time, and territoriality. This chapter maps how Indians approached notions of temporality and how they translated them into claims for nationality and sovereignty. As its main conceptual contribution, this chapter resolves the tension between proponents of a more static or homogenous notion of time and postmodern adherents that view temporality as necessarily existing in fragments. It argues that certain events can produce ‘temporal excesses’ in which divergent temporal imaginations can forge momentary unions that allow for an enunciation in collective political action. This chapter finds that temporality, politics, and law overlap in meaningful ways and cannot be studied distinct from one another.
A Quick Argument for Timelessness
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan
Published: April 2022

The first four chapters found that there are discoveries we could make that would lead people to deny that time exists. These discoveries could, however, be incompatible with what we know about the world from science. The goal of Part Two of the book is to show that the relevant discoveries are compatible with science. In this chapter, we take a look at recent physics. By drawing on work in quantum gravity, we offer a quick argument for the conclusion that our best science is compatible with the absence of time. We outline a challenge for this argument based on the expected emergence of spacetime. We address one version of this challenge, involving theoretical emergence.
Approximating Spacetime
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan
Published: April 2022

In Chapter Seven, we consider a second line of argument for the claim that spacetime must emerge. This line of argument is based on the idea that without spacetime, empirical confirmation is not possible, and so we could never have any empirical basis to believe that spacetime and thus time do not exist. We consider two versions of this problem: one based on location, and one based on mental content. We resolve both by appealing to the idea that spacetime might be approximated by a non-spatiotemporal structure. This allows us to recover empirical confirmation without time.
The Trouble with Error Theory
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan
Published: April 2022

In Chapter Ten, we take a closer look at temporal error theory. We differentiate two versions of the view: fictionalism and eliminativism. We then look to raise a problem for both of these versions. The problem is connected to the potential that error theory has to falsify agentive thought; but it runs deeper. Not only is agentive thought potentially falsified by temporal error theory, but this falsification threatens to make both forms of temporal error theory pragmatically incoherent in an interesting sense: one can’t actually act in the ways that error theory seems to demand. This serves as a springboard to Chapter Eleven, where show how to recover a realist picture of agency in the face of temporal error theory.
Time and Agency
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan
Published: April 2022

In the final chapter, we show how to reconcile agency with the loss of time. We argue that agentive thoughts can be based on non-temporal foundations, allowing for a viable notion of agency in the face of temporal error theory. The picture of agency developed still invokes temporal thoughts in some cases, and so the link between time and agency is not completely severed. It is, however, weakened to the point where it is possible to gain enough of an agentive foothold to make temporal fictionalism viable. The key insight of Chapter Eleven is that agency can be rebuilt on purely causal foundations.
A Scent of Tea
Authors: Steinke Ronen
Published: April 2022

This chapter refers to Anna’s grandmother, who recalled how the Nazi Stormtroopers came and stood outside of their greengrocer’s store on the Alexanderplatz, shouted anti-Jewish slogans, and urged people to boycott their business on 1 April 1933. It talks about SA Storm 33 or also known as the ‘Murder Storm’ that went to Moabit hospital and removed Jewish doctors from consulting rooms and operating theatres. It also details how the Jewish doctors were taken as prisoners to the former barracks on General-Pape-Straße, while some were brutally murdered, beaten to death with truncheons. The chapter analyzes the mistrust of Anna’s grandmother to Dr. Mohamed Helmy, who was the only doctor not taken during the Brownshirt raid. Instead of being expelled like his many Jewish colleagues, Dr. Helmy was promoted to the rank of senior consultant just at the age of just thirty-one.
A Fool’s Licence
Authors: Steinke Ronen
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s thoughts about his new colleagues after Jewish doctors were taken by SA Storm 33, expressing his feelings of horror as patients suddenly began dying after routine operations. It mentions one of the junior doctors that mocked the new Nazi medical officers who certified patients as insane and yet they were teetering on the edge of insanity themselves. It also talks about Dr. Kurt Strauss, a sports physician that was appointed by the SA as the senior surgical consultant and found absolutely incompetent by a nurse in the Moabit hospital. The chapter explains how Muslim Berlin had been a place of culture and there was a shared nostalgia for the Ancient Orient and the comparatively harmonious coexistence of religions. It cites the journal Moslemische Revue that proudly noted that its events had been attended by important figures, such as Albert Einstein and Martin Buber.
A Step Too Far
Authors: Steinke Ronen
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s residence in a townhouse in Krefelder Straße 7, Moabit, where he was a neighbor to a Jewish tobacconist named Markus Lesser and a couple Getrud and Arthur Conitzers with their two daughters. It discusses how the townhouse, which belonged to the Jewish wine merchants Caroline and Feibusch Klag, was used by the Nazis for densification measures. It also mentions Erna Mendelsohn, whose home in the Altonaer Straße had been seized by the state and was moved to the townhouse. The chapter elaborates Dr. Helmy’s situation as the only resident who had not been made to share his apartment with a stranger as the rule implies that only Jews had to take in Jews. It recounts Dr. Helmy’s private practice in his home after he left the Moabit hospital when his contract ended on 30 June 1937, receiving patients in secret, and employing Anna as his assistant.
A Paper Marriage
Authors: Steinke Ronen
Published: April 2022

This chapter mentions the network of Arab friends and confidants that were engaged in helping Dr. Mohamed Helmy to protect Anna. It details Anna’s paper marriage or mariage blanc to Abdel Aziz Helmy Hammad, a week after Anna’s conversion to Islam, which was a plan Dr. Helmy devised to procure Anna a legal route out of Berlin. It also explains Dr. Helmy’s decision to have a Sharia Marriage for Anna, emphasizing that a religious ceremony could prevent Anna from going to the registry office and having her cover blown. The chapter talks about the sham marriage networks that extended as far as Egypt, citing the case of an enterprising nurse that charged fifty Egyptian pounds to arrange a mariage blanc and another fifty for the divorce. It talks about Anna’s bridegroom, who was a a jazz musician and a long-standing and courageous opponent of the Nazis.
Introduction
Authors: Hernes Tor
Published: April 2022

Time represents potential for becoming a more dynamic tool for researchers and practitioners to explain complex organizational phenomena than in its current form. It is necessary to better account better for how organizational life fluctuates among moments of instantaneity, enduring continuity, and imagination of distant times. In order for its potential to be harnessed further, it is important to think of time as more than a temporal measure of activity such as pace, rhythm, acceleration, and duration. It is also important to transcend current dualisms, such as between event time and clock time. This book advances the argument of activity as constitutive of time and develops a framework that consists of four dimensions time-as-experience, time-as-resource, time-as-events, and time-as-practice.
A Review and Foundations of a Framework
Authors: Hernes Tor
Published: April 2022

Whereas time has been integral to organizational research since late 1950s, its role in organizations has changed considerably up to the present. The last 20 years have witnessed an acceleration in temporal foci and a major development has been the introduction and operationalization of the philosophy of time in organizational research. The changing role of time in organizational research over the past decades is discussed as a basis for developing the theoretical framework, which is the main contribution of the book (time-as-experience, time-as-resource, time-as-events, and time-as-practice). The chapter discusses how works on time and organization may be synthesized into the four dimensions of the framework. The review also reveals how dichotomies that dominate in time research may be questioned or overcome.
Time-as-Experience
Authors: Hernes Tor
Published: April 2022

The experience of time takes place at both individual and collective levels. Temporal experience is tacit rather than explicit, yet it is an important ingredient in the temporal making of organizing processes. The experience of time has been studied by critical management scholars. This chapter takes the reader briefly into the phenomenology of time to explain the experience of the passage of time. But time is also experienced as having a certain shape. The passage of time and the shape of time form together temporal experience. The shape of time involves distant times. For example, sustainability issues accentuate how distant times may be experienced as a basis for acting in the present.
Time-as-Events
Authors: Hernes Tor
Published: April 2022

Eventualization of practices takes place both as the becoming of a present event and as the enactment of past and future event that are distanced from the present. While in the present moment actors enact the becoming of events, which fade into the past to become part of their history, at the same time, future events are enacted through practices, such as strategizing. Past and future events become part of the temporal trajectory, enacted in the present. The trajectory is defined as consisting of singular and exemplary events, which are strung together in the present through immanence, which means that they connected internally as opposed to externally.
Narrative Trajectory
Authors: Hernes Tor
Published: April 2022

Narrative trajectory expresses the on-going connecting between past and future events that actors are involved in. Narrative is described as a way to shape time and includes underlying emplotment that enables actors to establish, maintain and modify their direction through time. Narrative trajectory represents a step towards a dynamic view of time whereby events are enacted through practices in an iterative movement through time and helps develop a view that addresses the problem of stationarity discussed in Chapter 1. Trajectory is here seen as the outcome of situated activity, whereby actors configure events in the present, which becomes the emplotment of their narrative trajectory. Narrative configuration embodies agency for changing or modifying the narrative trajectory.
Changing in Time
Authors: Hernes Tor
Published: April 2022

The dichotomy between continuity (stability) and change is no longer helpful and more complex models of continuity and change are required. Continuity and change are better seen as complementary concepts that describe how organizational actors move forward in time while retaining a sense of continuity with their past. Also, change is often analysed by applying a view of forward causation through time, called an influence view. A view that avoids the fallacy of forwards causation considers how change and continuity are achieved through confluence, by which events become means of continuity and change through their connecting to past and future. Finally, this view can be applied to extend understanding of continuous change.
A Note on Studying Time in Time
Authors: Hernes Tor
Published: April 2022

Researchers are confronted with the challenge of studying processes that they did not witness first-hand and even processes that their interlocutors also did not witness first-hand. Many studies are performed on the assumption of simultaneity between phenomena. A time view shifts attention to how processes may be retrieved from the past and made plausible for dissemination. This is where researchers encounter the challenge of two levels of historizing; that of the actors studied and their own historicizing from their research. A time view invites consideration of the risk of synoptic illusion, which happens when researchers overlook the movement through-time and focus on over-time.
Afterword
Authors: Hernes Tor
Published: April 2022

The beginning of the book invites more-complex view of time to be engaged with. Of the centuries, scholars in humanities, social sciences and the natural sciences have engaged in various ways with the mysteries of time. Organizational research has adopted ideas from these fields to suit its dominant research agendas. But as organizational research agendas multiply, the views of time need to follow, and even be conceptual locomotives for new agendas that are not temporal be default. The book has attempted to show ways in which a more pluralistic approach to time may be taken. However, much work needs to be done. This afterword brings back focus to the dynamics of moving through time, which is only partly solved through the present-past-future lens. We may need to delve even deeper into the enigmas once brought to our attention by St. Augustine.
Women’s Leadership in the European Parliament
Authors: Dingler Sarah C. , Fortin-Rittberger Jessica
Published: April 2022

With its consistently higher levels of women’s representation than the average EU member state’s parliament, the European Parliament (EP) is often touted as a role model of gender parity. Longitudinal trends of shares of women elected to the EP have been increasing over time and show no sign of being restricted by a glass ceiling. We know surprisingly little about the reasons why women perform better in EP elections and, more importantly, whether these opportunities have translated into positional leadership opportunities for women. In this chapter, we investigate patterns of descriptive representation between countries and over time and identify current hurdles to women’s access to the EP. Additionally, we examine how presence transfers into leadership positions, thus contributing to the study of women’s positional leadership in parliamentary contexts. Our investigation reveals a paradox: while the EP is an exceptional success story for the access of women to elected office, the ostensible absence of an upper limit to representation does not entail unlimited vertical mobility for female MEPs. The proportion of women heading committees has remained lower than that of men and the distribution of women in committees follows a gendered pattern. Female MEPs are more likely to head or participate in committees that can be described as “feminine” in substance, while influential committees are still male dominated.
Women on Mars
Authors: Amadio Viceré Maria Giulia , Tercovich Giulia
Published: April 2022

The chapter examines women’s leadership in EU foreign policy. In the past decade, two women have served as chief of EU foreign policy. Since the Lisbon Treaty’s introduction of the new High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy (December 2009), Catherine Ashton and Federica Mogherini held the post during its first ten years. How did Ashton and Mogherini access the position? And how have they performed their functions? To address these questions, we start by providing a comparative analysis of their nominations as High Representatives to examine their respective positional leadership. We then continue by assessing their behavioral leadership in facing the crisis in Libya. On a theoretical level, we employ the original and innovative analytical framework outlined in the introduction to this volume. By doing so, we participate in the effort to move research on women’s leadership in the EU beyond the status quo. On an empirical level, we shed light on the access to and exercise of women’s leadership in EU foreign policy, which remains largely uncharted territory.
Becoming Prime Minister
Authors: Beckwith Karen
Published: April 2022

How do women rise to political executive leadership of European Union member states? Are there gendered pathways in EU countries that advance women to positions of executive power? Using 17 cases in 12 countries, the chapter examines the pathways of political party, region, and “newness” of country that led women to prime ministerships in EU member countries. Comparing two cases from the United Kingdom, the chapter further analyzes women’s strategic behavior within specific political openings in their parties’ leadership that precede becoming prime minister. The chapter finds that, for the EU, left-wing and right-wing political parties are equally unlikely to advance women as prime ministers, and newly formed countries, regardless of region, are not more likely to have female prime ministers than are established countries. The chapter confirms that female prime ministers continue to be rare in EU member states, generally serve less than a full term of office, and leave office at a relatively young age. The chapter concludes with a consideration of the connections between women’s prime ministerial leadership and their post-prime-ministerial political experience in EU institutions.
Theatre, Theatrocracy, and the Politics of Pathos in the Athenian Lawcourt
Authors: Stone Peters Julie
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores ancient Greek debates about the value and meaning of performance in the Athenian lawcourt. It looks at the ancient trope of the lawcourt as theatre, the poetics of lawcourt performance, and a set of conflicting views on the use and abuse of theatre, hypokrisis, opsis, and pathos for law. It then turns to a close examination of key passages in Plato, Aristotle, and “Pseudo-Andocides.” These texts offer an alternative to standard accounts of what ancient performance theory teaches: about the function of representing tragedy in the theatre and the courtroom, the ethics and politics of exploiting emotion, the nature of catharsis, and more. On the one hand, legal theatricality appears as potentially toxic: exciting evil passions, encouraging mob rule, riding roughshod on reason. On the other, it appears as a powerful instrument that, rightly used, may rouse virtuous anger, pity, and fear, channeling these not toward catharsis but toward righteous judgment.
Irreverent Performances, Heterodox Subjects, and the Unscripted Crowd from the Medieval Courtroom to the Stocks and Scaffold
Authors: Stone Peters Julie
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores the gap between official medieval ideologies of legal spectacle—which represented it as theologically orthodox and perfectly controlled—and its far messier realities. It looks at a variety of events that refused to conform to the model: heterodox crowds that went off-script or jeered when they should have revered; scenes of mooning the judge, mocking the Inquisitor, killing the executioner. Through a detailed analysis of two trials—Jan Hus’s heresy trial of 1415, and the Innsbruck witch trial of 1485—it shows how defendants could use performance to recast the meaning of legal events, and sometimes their outcomes. In the chapter’s last section, I revisit classic accounts of the medieval spectacle of punishment: often cast as “solemn religious ritual” and “theater of devotion,” but in fact upending expectations, defying intentions, turning to irreverent sport, and sometimes verging on sacrilege.