bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formalism and Realism in Private Law
Authors: Sherwin Emily
Published: November 2020

One feature of the renewed interest in private law is a willingness to study legal doctrine and to recognize the role of doctrine in judicial decision-making. In this respect, New Private Law stands in opposition to Legal Realism, which denies or at least minimizes the influence of doctrine on adjudication. New Private Law assumes that legal concepts, categories, and rules play a vital role in defining legal relations between parties interacting with one another. Yet even those who are open to the idea that doctrine plays a role in adjudication of private rights and duties tend to reject “formalistic” approaches to legal doctrine. The chapter offers a partial defense of serious, deductive formalism. From the point of view of a legal authority or an individual who imposes a rule on herself, deductive formalism is practically rational, even if it sometimes produces results that are wrong when judged by the purposes of the rule or the rule follower’s reasons for action. The chapter then discusses different approaches to problem of bad results in particular cases and suggests that the traditional method of equitable intervention has advantages over the Realist aversion to determinate rules.
Good Faith in Contractual Exchanges
Authors: Brooks Richard R. W.
Published: November 2020

Two ideal views—here labeled “consensual rationality” and “contractual morality”—bracket the various approaches to the contractual doctrine of good faith—the focus of this chapter. Both views grant that good faith entails norms of cooperation. It is where the doctrine locates, ought to locate, these norms that defines the difference between consensual rationality and contractual morality. While elaborating on this essential point, the chapter advances three principal claims. First, consensual rationality and contractual morality may be best seen as extreme points on a common continuum over which courts and most commentators take positions somewhere in the middle. Practical implementation of the doctrine of good faith will always lie between the extremes of these ideal views. Second, the doctrine of good faith exists largely to protect the practice of contracting rather than aggrieved parties themselves. Third, community standards of fair or moral conduct play an inevitable, if unacknowledged, role in the doctrine of good faith, including those interpretations grounded in economics reasoning. Academic efforts to remove conventional morality from good faith are futile. An economic order, the chapters concludes, which is based on efficiency without established standards of fairness is as plausible as a legal order based on law without equity.
Corrective Justice
Authors: Keating Gregory C.
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the concept of corrective justice, which has been at the heart of much recent scholarship on the law of torts in particular and private law more generally. Notwithstanding its familiarity, ancient origin, and apparent universal acceptance, the concept of corrective justice has produced a remarkable number of distinct conceptions and has stirred up major controversies. For at least a generation, corrective justice stood at the center of the argument between contending conceptions of tort. For legal economists, corrective justice was an aspect of the institution of tort law. It was part of the data that needed to be explained and justified in economic terms. Corrective justice was subordinate. It was a feature of—not a justification for—the institution of tort law. For legal philosophers Ernest Weinrib and Jules Coleman—who championed corrective justice as the countertheory to economic analysis—corrective justice was sovereign. It was both instantiated in the institution of tort law and the justification for the institution. It was incipiently normative. And the justification it supplied was formal, not instrumental. The chapter explains and analyzes corrective justice in light of this history, in the hope that this will set the stage for tort theory to move forward.
Southern Theory and How It Aids in Engaging Southern Youth
Authors: Nyamnjoh Anye-Nkwenti , Morrell Robert
Published: November 2020

Southern theory is as an evolving body of thought that places the Global South, understood as a relational concept and category, at the center of theoretical and methodological debates in knowledge production. It challenges the provinciality of what is traditionally understood as theory by mobilizing the South, frequently undertheorized, as an important epistemological resource in order to explain and transform the geopolitical context of theory production. In marshalling otherwise marginalized experiences and knowledges and presenting them as legitimate intellectual resources, Southern knowledges are recognized, repositioned, and centered. Southern theory thus takes the form of an epistemic and political project. In this analysis, these themes are unpacked by employing Southern theory as a transnational lens with which intersecting issues of youth, gender, and disability can be engaged.
Stages in Manuscript Production
Authors: Reynhout Lucien
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys the stages in the production of manuscript codices: their material support (parchment, paper, etc.), inks, pricking, ruling, text transcription, and colophons. The author also treats imposition, the pecia system, palimpsests, the folding of skins and production of quires, and binding, closing with a discussion of rolls and remarks on the physical evidence for owners and readers of codices during the Middle Ages.
Humanistic Script
Authors: De Robertis Teresa
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys the Humanistic script in Italy from its origins around the year 1400 in Florence, its emergence in the Veneto and in Lombardy, and its spread to all parts of Italy in the second half of the fifteenth century. Important figures who contributed to the creation of the the new “littera antiqua”, in particular Niccolò Niccoli and Poggio Bracciolini, are discussed, as is the development of a new style of decorated initial, the white vine stem capitals, and new majuscule alphabets, to accompany the new text script. The author also treats major patrons, the contributions of Guarino Veronese to the distinctive Venetian style of “littera antiqua”, and the creation of cursive humanist scripts and more authentically ancient majuscules alphabets based on epigraphic monuments.
The Manuscript Miscellany
Authors: Rigg George
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys manuscript miscellanies or commonplace books, unique compilations of seemingly random items chosen by individual compilers for their own purposes. The author discusses the physical evidence for the compilation procedure, the textual and cultural context in which the compilation was made, and the content of the manuscript in question.
Cataloguing Medieval Manuscripts
Authors: Dutschke Consuelo W.
Published: November 2020

This chapter offers a method for cataloguing Western European medieval and Renaissance manuscripts. It provides a detailed template for the description of a codex, including its origin, content, physical attributes, and history.
The Mise-En-Page In Western Manuscripts
Authors: Tesnière Marie-Hélène
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the mise-en-page, that is, the arrangement and layout of different elements on the pages of Western manuscripts. The author addresses various aspects of the topic, including the dimensions of the page and the ratio of height to width, the amount of space alotted to text versus margin, the proportion of of written space to blank space, columns, the more complicated arrangements of texts with commentaries and glosses, and the relationship of text to image. Examples of manuscript page layouts from different periods highlight the variety of possibilities and the importance of the decisions that go into the selection of a layout.
Old Roman Cursive
Authors: De Robertis Teresa
Published: November 2020

This chapter defines cursive script and surveys the development of Latin cursive script in antiquity and Late Antiquity. It discusses the two principal Latin cursive scripts, “Old Roman Cursive” and “New Roman Cursive,” and illuminates how the latter arose from the former. The ductus of cursive and constructed scripts is analyzed using examples from ancient papyri, parchments, wooden tablets, and wax tablets.
Who Were the Scribes of Latin Manuscripts?
Authors: Beach Alison I.
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses scribes from antiquity and the early Christian era through the late Middle Ages: their professions, class, gender, education, religion, age, etc. The status of scribes varied dramatically from period to period, reflecting changes in literacy and respect for the written word. The author discusses monastic attitudes towards writing, the influence of different monastic orders and reform movements on ideas about scribes, and the place of scribal activity in Universities and secular bureaucracies.
Gothic Script in Italy
Authors: Zamponi Stefano
Published: November 2020

This chapter surveys the use of Gothic script in Italy from the end of the thirteenth century to the early fourteenth. It discusses the transition in Italy from late Caroline minuscule to Gothic littera textualis and how the new script was used for different types of books and for different functions; examining morphology and letterforms; and it examines the so-called rotunda script and other scripts that fall outside its canon.
The Lindisfarne Scriptorium
Authors: Brown Michelle P.
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the evidence for a scriptorium at the monastery of Lindisfarne in Northumbria in the seventh and eigth centuries and argues for book production at Lindisfarne, perhaps by individual monks not identically trained groups of monks, in the early eigth century. She attributes the Lindisfarne Gospels to a member of the Lindisfarne community, and discusses its relationship to the Durham Gospels and the Echternach Gospels.
Late Gothic Script
Authors: Gumbert J. P.
Published: November 2020

Surveying Late Gothic scripts of the Netherlands, the author acknowledges similarities to the scripts of its eastern and southern neighbors in the late medieval period, while calling attention to some distinctive features of the scripts of the northern Low Countries. He discusses the defining characteristics of Dutch textualis, cursiva, and hybrida scripts and illustrates them with many examples.
Talent Development as an Alternative to Orthodox Career Thinking
Authors: Larsen Henrik Holt , Stensaker Inger , Gooderham Paul , Schramm-Nielsen Jette
Published: November 2020

This chapter argues that orthodox career thinking—which focuses on vertical progression to higher-level managerial positions—is suffering from three shortcomings. First, it is insufficient to explain career dynamics in modern knowledge organizations. Second, it disregards the importance of experiential, lifelong learning on the job. Third, it does not incorporate how career is embedded in the organizational and cultural context, including a wide range of national, institutional features. Based on this, the chapter suggests that we move the focus from narrow career thinking to the broader concept of talent. The talent concept signifies any kind of outstanding competence of an individual (whether it is managerial or any kind of significant specialist field) which is strategically important to the organization, difficult to achieve, difficult to replace by other types of resources, and difficult to replicate by competitors. Also, a broader definition of how talent can be developed is needed as it should encompass informal and experiential methods as well as formal education. The broader concept of talent is discussed in relation to the Scandinavian context as the Scandinavian countries (Denmark, Norway, and Sweden) are knowledge-intensive economies with a highly educated workforce. This characteristic makes a broader talent paradigm much more appropriate than an orthodox managerial career perception and model.
Ideas of Nationhood
Authors: Holbrook Carolyn
Published: November 2020

This chapter describes the principal ideas of nationhood that have operated during the European history of Australia. It describes how late Enlightenment beliefs in liberty and progress and their expression in revolutionary France and North America informed campaigns for democratic rights in Australia. While some activists were influenced by republican sentiment, most sought to claim what they believed to be their British birthright. The independent nationalism of the late nineteenth century, with its secular and socialist inflections, dissipated as geopolitical uncertainty drove Australians more deeply into the arms of the British Empire. Federation was driven by a progressive and idealistic nationalism, less radical than the late-nineteenth century version, which was soon snuffed out by the geopolitical ructions that resulted in the First World War. Contemporary Australians are more likely to source their nationalist sentiment from the Anzac mythology than from the literal moment at which the nation was created, leaving Australian ideas of nationhood curiously detached from the civic apparatus of the nation state.
Australian Political Parties
Authors: Gauja Anika
Published: November 2020

This chapter charts the evolution of Australian political parties and analyses the characteristics of Australian partisan politics, which are constantly evolving to balance the pragmatism of electoral politics with demands for effective representation and participation. The chapter highlights what is both similar and distinctive about Australian parties in comparative perspective, explores the influence of ideas from other political systems, and reflects on how Australian political culture, institutions, and parties have evolved in symbiosis. It examines changes in the nature of the party system and within parties as organizations, and contemplates the future of political parties as actors in Australian politics. As political parties worldwide continue to face rising levels of public disaffection with formal political institutions and rapidly changing technologies, the evolutionary trajectory of parties in Australia is becoming increasingly complex.
Plus Ça Change? The Dynamics of Security Sector Reform in Zimbabwe, 2009–2013
Authors: Noyes Alexander
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the elements that influenced and constrained Security Sector Reform (SSR) in Zimbabwe during the country’s 2009 to 2013 power-sharing government period. The chapter argues that the Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front’s (ZANU-PF) historically rooted symbiotic links with the security sector and the regional solidarity politics of ZANU-PF’s ruling fellow African liberation struggle parties greatly undermined SSR in Zimbabwe. Thabo Mbeki, of South Africa’s ruling African National Congress (ANC), an ostensibly ‘neutral’ mediator between ZANU-PF and opposition parties in the power-sharing talks, negotiated an agreement that lacked precise detail on the nature of SSR and how its implementation would be enforced. Coupled with ZANU-PF’s obstruction of attempts to delink the party from the security sector, and opposition parties’ lack of expertise in SSR issues and diplomacy, SSR faltered. The chapter further argues that in the absence of SSR, ZANU-PF was able to use the security sector to out-manoeuvre opposition parties in the power-sharing government and win the 2013 elections decisively. The failure of SSR in the power-sharing phase has had powerful consequences for civil–military relations after 2013. The security sector’s influence on politics mounted, culminating in the military staging a coup against president Robert Mugabe in 2017, which heightened the military’s political influence.
Chan Buddhism and Meditation
Authors: Zhu Caifang
Published: November 2020

This chapter features meditation theory from the perspective of Chan Buddhism. Simply known as Chan, or Zen in Japanese, it is regarded as the sinification of Indian Buddhism, especially of Indian dhyāna. There are three major periods of Chan in China. It started with Bodhidharma and his six major successors up to Huì Néng, the sixth patriarch. This period is known as the Pure Chan Period. Then followed the Chanji Era where five houses of Chan Buddhism branched out of Huì Néng’s revolutionary teaching and praxis. Huà tóu Chan and silent illumination are presented here as representatives of the Lín jì and Cáo dòng schools. Finally, the chapter examines Shēng-huó Chan as representative of the contemporary practice of Chan in China. The concept and practice of seated meditation in the Pure Chan Period was revolutionized by Huì Néng. He defined sitting as “having no thoughts arising in the mind when facing all circumstances, good or bad” and meditation as “seeing the innate nature of mind unmoved.” This distinctive conception marks Chan as the road to a pragmatic religious practice, both individual and interpersonal, in the midst of daily practices, lay or monastic. The inner logic behind the perplexing Chan encounters is the free flow of the mind at the “opportune-moment.” The rise of Shēng-huó Chan explores how classical Chan can be accommodated to contemporary life with an integral practice.
Individual Differences in Meditation Outcomes
Authors: Buric Ivana , Brazil Inti A. , van Mulukom Valerie
Published: November 2020

Meditation generally has small to moderate effects on health and well-being, but some people experience greater benefits from meditation than others. What are the characteristics of the study participants or meditation students that lead to beneficial outcomes of meditation? This chapter adopts a multilevel approach to evaluate the evidence on the relationship between participant characteristics and individual differences in meditation outcomes across four sources of variability: personality and other psychological variables, biological variables, illness severity, and demographic factors. Research in the area is sparse and has several methodological shortcomings, thus the authors recommend the use of multilevel models and meta-regression as ways of properly incorporating the study of individual differences with other variables.
Fairness, Justice, and Economical Thinking in Psychotherapy
Authors: Herschkopf Marta , Brendel Rebecca Weintraub
Published: November 2020

Despite a robust and growing evidence base to support the effectiveness of psychotherapy in treating mental illness and promoting mental health, funding and access is often limited. Psychotherapy’s claim on a share of individual and social resources must compete, on the one hand, with other mental health services devoted to treating mental illness, and on the other hand, with a variety of social services that promote mental health and human flourishing. This chapter focuses on different theories of justice to consider (a) whether a case might be made for the unique value of psychotherapy amongst other competing services, and (b) if not, what criteria might be relevant in assessing its relative cost and value. The chapter begins by reviewing some relevant concepts of justice and how they might be applicable to allocation of psychotherapy resources, specifically, Rawlsian, capabilities, utilitarian, and communitarian theories. It then discusses how these concepts of justice can be used to navigate research about psychotherapy outcomes as well as its cost-effectiveness. Decisions about which outcomes to consider are not value-neutral and can be guided by relevant theories of justice. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of lower-income countries.
Ethical Issues in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Ratnayake Sahanika , Poppe Christopher
Published: November 2020

This chapter identifies ethical challenges in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT). It focuses on cognitive and behavioral techniques separately. The first part examines cognitive techniques, where the authors show that evaluating cognitions in terms of validity and utility entails evaluating failures of epistemic and practical rationality. This reveals concerns for professional ethics. For instance, if evaluating cognition for utility involves evaluating practical rationality, then CBT’s evaluation of cognitions is more value laden than first supposed and consequently presents a richer set of challenges for the therapeutic alliance. The second part highlights ethical challenges in exposure-based therapy (EBT) for behavioral therapy. The initiation of EBT provides particular ethical concerns relating to the issues of harm and informed consent. The authors argue that under a will-oriented conception of harm, EBT involves harm. Therefore, clients encounter EBT with rational ambivalence. The possibility of using motivational interviewing (MI) to resolve this ambivalence is discussed.
The Parliament
Authors: Gerapetritis George
Published: November 2020

The chapter focuses on the Greek parliamentary system in a comparative perspective from a constitutional and political viewpoint. Main concerns are the constitutional doctrine of checks and balances, the level of parliamentary accountability and scrutiny, and the quality of the legislative process. The first section examines the Hellenic parliament within the constitutional architecture. Two key features are identified: the wide privilege and immunities enjoyed by the parliament, both as a constitutional agency and individually by parliamentarians; and the interpolarity of the parliament vis-à-vis the executive, the president of the republic, the judiciary, and international organizations. The second section examines parliament within political practice. Three key characteristics are identified thereof: majoritarian and divisive parliamentarism, clientelism and nepotism, and imbalanced parliamentarism. The chapter concludes that parliamentarism in Greece deteriorated, especially during the financial crisis, thus producing legal confusion and polynomy, a high level of party discipline and extreme accumulation of power to the executive, a very limited level of accountability and meritocracy, and the rise of extremist and populist parties in parliament.
Voting Behaviour
Authors: Kosmidis Spyros
Published: November 2020

The chapter reviews studies and shows evidence related to several aspects of the voting behaviour of Greek citizens, in contrast to other similar and dissimilar democracies. It begins with a historical overview of social cleavages and their role in determining coalitions amongst different segments of the electorate. It continues to evaluate the role of group (i.e. party identification) and class membership by reviewing national and cross-national research. It also shows empirical evidence using the available data sources. The chapter continues with a review of studies looking into the role of economic conditions in shaping vote choices, and aims to identify a future research agenda.
Government Policy-Making
Authors: Ladi Stella
Published: November 2020

Government policy-making in Greece pre and post-crisis presents some longstanding features such as the politicization of the policy process, a focus on procedure and legislation rather than results and implementation, a distrust in evaluation, and a patchy participation of stakeholders and experts, depending on their political affiliation and trust relationships. The 2008 financial crisis and the three Economic Adjustment Programmes for Greece put some strain on these long-lasting policy-making features, but they did not radically change them. Not all reforms that took place during this turbulent period lasted. The conditionality attached to the programmes altered the policy agenda, changed some long-lasting policy patterns, affected the power dynamics between actors, pushed forward some reforms such as labour market and pensions reform, and insisted on the importance of targets and evaluations. The technical nature of conditionality increased the role of experts and technocrats. This chapter discusses the development of policy-making pre- and post-crisis and maps the changing experts’ landscape in Greece.
Defence and Security Policy
Authors: Dokos Thanos
Published: November 2020

The chapter begins with a very concise review of Greece’s defence and security policies from the end of the Second World War to the end of the Cold War. The analysis then focuses on the post-Cold War era, and especially the transformation of Greece’s security environment after 2011 (as a result of the Arab revolts, but also the Ukraine conflict, Balkan instability, and the multi-dimensional European crisis) and the emergence of new risks and threats in the Eastern Mediterranean. In this context, security challenges and priorities and Greece’s security prospects in this fluid regional and international environment are presented and assessed. The key argument is that the Turkey factor remains dominant in Greece’s threat assessment and the driving force behind most foreign and defence-policy initiatives. Greek security strategy is also examined in a comparative context, with European countries of similar size. A discussion of Greece’s contemporary geostrategic value is followed by Greece’s participation and possible role in the context of the EU and NATO. Additional issues examined include the defence and security decision-making mechanism and the main institutions and actors involved, and the evolution and (in)flexibility of defence expenditures. The chapter also assesses the state of the art regarding research and analysis in the field of Greek security policy.
Constantine Karamanlis
Authors: Hatzivassiliou Evanthis
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the impact of Constantinos Karamanlis on Greek politics. Karamanlis, leader of the Greek Right, served as prime minister for fourteen years (1955–63 and 1974–80), and as president of the republic for ten (1980–5 and 1990–5). A major (and, at times, dominant) figure from the mid-1950s until the mid-1990s, he was pivotal in the attainment of economic development and the founding of an established democracy in 1974–75, as well as Greece’s association with the EEC (1961) and its eventual succession (1979–81). The chapter discusses his long political career, his popular support base and the evolution of the Greek Right from the early 1950s until the late 1970s. It also evaluates Karamanlis’ political methodology: it disputes the assumptions of older bibliography which focused on his personal impact only, and puts forward the more contemporary thesis that Karamanlis was the leader of a team that expressed a wider ideological trend and the need to adjust to Western governance in the post-war era. Last but not least, Karamanlis’ legacies are discussed, mostly on the European identity of the country; arguably, this legacy allowed the Greek Right to survive the grave economic and social crisis of the 2010s.
The Judiciary
Authors: Ioannidis Michael
Published: November 2020

This chapter introduces some basic characteristics of the Greek judiciary and its role in Greek politics. The first part offers an overview of the building blocks of the Greek judiciary in comparative perspective. The focus here is on the judicial review of constitutionality, one of the major gates through which courts enter the world of politics. The second and main part is dedicated to the substance of the relationship between Greek politics and the judiciary. The Greek courts and politics cross ways at three main junctures. First, there are instances where courts exercise judicial discretion over fundamental questions of public policy, such as the economy, national and religious identity, and the environment. In these fields, the judiciary is often called to rule beyond clear legal standards and engages in political assessments, a theme generally captured in the concepts of judicial activism or the judicialization of politics. Second, there are occasions when political institutions—mainly the executive power—interfere with judicial organization and decision-making, challenging judicial independence. Third, judicial ineffectiveness, namely the systemic problems of Greek courts in delivering timely justice, contributes to the general perception that in Greece, law often does not rule, thus further weakening the citizens’ trust in the state and the political system. Combined, these three dimensions sketch the basic contours of what can be called the Greek rule-of-law paradigm. Finally, the third part of the chapter sketches directions for future research agendas.
Developmental coordination disorder
Authors: Brady Daniel , Leonard Hayley
Published: November 2020

Developmental coordination disorder is a neurodevelopmental disorder primarily characterized by motor coordination significantly below that expected for an individual’s age, in the absence of neurological or intellectual deficits. This poorer coordination has a significant negative impact on activities of daily living and individual well-being. While it is currently understood that the root cause of developmental coordination disorder (DCD) likely lies in the development of the brain, there is currently no consensus into the precise nature of this neurological basis of the disorder. The aim of this chapter is to outline our current understanding of DCD from a developmental cognitive neuroscience perspective. It begins by briefly describing the presentation of DCD, before moving on to outline the current neuroscientific hypotheses and the evidence supporting them. The chapter concludes with an exploration of current issues in the field and potential future directions for research into the developmental cognitive neuroscience of DCD.
Psychotic experiences, cognition, and neurodevelopment
Authors: Fonville Leon , Mollon Josephine
Published: November 2020

Psychotic experiences (PEs) are an expression of psychotic traits at levels below the traditionally high threshold of clinical significance and are far more prevalent in the general population. These symptoms typically dissipate over time, but the presence of PEs is associated with an elevated risk of developing a clinical psychotic disorder, such as schizophrenia. In addition, PEs show associations with neuropsychological impairment and disturbances in brain structure and function. It is thought that PEs are driven by similar neurodevelopmental and environmental mechanisms, but it is unclear how similar the underlying pathways are. This chapter will discuss the cognitive difficulties and differences in brain structure and function associated with PEs. Then, it will examine these in relation to typical neurodevelopment and the course of impairment towards clinical psychotic disorders.
Multilanguage acquisition and cognitive development
Authors: Filippi Roberto , Periche-Tomas Eva , Papageorgiou Andriani , Bairaktari Orianna , Bright Peter
Published: November 2020

A large body of research has shown evidence of positive effects associated with multilanguage acquisition on general cognitive skills such as selective attention, control of interference, and visuo-spatial memory. Such findings have also suggested that lifelong use of two or more languages may protect the brain from the effects of aging. However, recent studies have not been able to replicate positive effects, and this has underpinned the emergence of a binary debate on whether or not there is a genuine cognitive advantage driven by the acquisition of a second language. This debate has raised concerns regarding definitions, administered tasks, and efficacy of controlling alternate confounding variables. Such a fiercely debated topic is providing an opportunity for the development of new approaches that could lead to better insight on the cognitive impact of acquiring a second language beyond any claimed advantages or disadvantages.
Law and Anthropology in the NetherlandsFromAdatLaw School to Anthropology of Law
Authors: von Benda-Beckmann Keebet
Published: November 2020

This chapter offers an overview of the Dutch tradition of legal anthropology as it developed from the Adat Law School of the early twentieth century, especially from the contributions of its leading member, Cornelis van Vollenhoven. It begins with a brief sketch of the precursors of the Adat Law School, then traces the development of the Dutch tradition from the work of Van Vollenhoven and his colleagues to that of later scholars, showing how, in the last two decades of the colonial era, research on adat law became an ever more conservative and shallow legal science. The second part of the chapter focuses on the emerging Dutch anthropology of law after 1950, describing its institutional bases and emphasizing its increasing embeddedness in international debates. It also discusses some of the conceptual problems posed by the Indonesian indigenous rights movement, which draws both on international legal concepts and on concepts developed by the Adat Law School.
Social Democrats and Communists in Weimar Germany
Authors: Häberlen Joachim C.
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses the Social Democratic and Communist Parties during the Weimar Republic. The Weimar Republic was the working-class movement’s biggest accomplishment; and yet, it was also an immense disappointment for many in the working-class movement. Social Democrats considered the achievements of the republic, such as equal voting rights and the extension of the social welfare state, a tremendous victory; for Communists, by contrast, the revolution of 1918 had not gone far enough. They had hoped that Germany would follow the Soviet Union’s example towards socialism, and when this did not happen, they felt that Social Democracy had betrayed the revolution. The result was a lasting division within the working-class movement, which the chapter analyses. The chapter first inquires about the role both parties played in the foundation of the republic; it then looks in more detail into the parties during the republic, emphasizing the Social Democrats’ support for Weimar, and the Communists’ attempts to prepare for a revolution in non-revolutionary times; finally, the chapter explores how both parties responded to the economic depression and the mounting political violence at the end of the republic.
Introduction to Industrial Policy and Development
Authors: Oqubay Arkebe , Cramer Christopher , Chang Ha-Joon , Kozul-Wright Richard
Published: November 2020

Industrial policy has a long history both in practice and in theory. It became a leading focus of development research and policy analysis after the end of the Second World War, although its meaning, scope, and instruments have varied significantly, and it has been the subject of sustained criticism and debate, especially during the 1980s and 1990s. Noting that industrial policy in fact never went away, and at a moment when it has returned to centre stage, this volume offers a comprehensive reference work that presents different schools of thought regarding industrial policy and reflects the evolution in contemporary thinking, alongside empirical evidence from advanced, emerging, and developing economies. This volume also makes the connection between industrial policy and other policies. The volume reviews the theoretical perspectives and methodological aspects of the study of industrial policy, and uses case studies of policies and practices to offer new insights for policymakers, practitioners, and policy researchers. Contributors identify and assess evolving challenges to industrial policy and the shifting terrain of the industrial. They emphasize a political economy approach rather than reducing industrial policy to a technical exercise. The Handbook is forward looking, while also presenting a comprehensive review of the evolving context and trajectories of industrial policy.
Post-war American Industrial Policy
Authors: Best Michael H.
Published: November 2020

Why did the post-war US industrial heartland suffer severe de-industrialization despite its pivotal and recent contribution to the victory of the Allies in the Second World War? This is the question that motivates my chapter. The argument is that the US manufacturing system that won the war came under threat from two existential challenges. The first was the emergence of more advanced production systems abroad, exemplified by Japan and Germany. But the second and more important challenge was a historical shift in the nation’s economic policy framework. With the 1980’s, triumph of neo-liberalism, the regulatory framework and manufacturing infrastructures that had engineered the nation’s industrial heartland, won the war, and fostered innovation, were eroded and ultimately dismantled. Neo-liberalism is a policy framework with roots in the extractive industries of the South. Plantation owners and employers who use unskilled labour in mines, lumber, and textiles are always opposed to anything that would raise wages or taxes. What was new in the 1980s was the triumph at a national level of a neo-liberal economic discourse and anti-government policy framework that had hitherto been limited to the South.
European Industrial Policy
Authors: Bianchi Patrizio , Labory Sandrine
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines industrial policy implemented in European countries across time, especially after the Second World War and in recent years. It briefly shows that industrialization never occurs without strong supporting industrial policy to provide the enabling conditions for the deep structural changes involved, such as infrastructure and capabilities, especially human capital. Industrialization in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries is associated with the creation and consolidation of nation states, leading to national perspectives on industrial development and industrial policy, at the expense of regional imbalances. After the Second World War, three phases of industrial policy take place: strong and selective intervention in the first three decades of the period, market-led approaches in the 1980s and 1990s, and a more pragmatic approach at the turn of the century, where deep structural changes require industrial and institutional adjustments. With globalization and the emerging new technological paradigm of Industry 4.0, innovation and skills, as well as the territorial roots of industrial development, seem to be important aspects of industrial policy today. The chapter also argues that the multilevel governance policy framework has to adapt to current disruptions, particularly in Europe.
The Neolithic Revolution in the North ca. 7/6000–2000 bce: Xinglongwa, Xinlei, Yangshao, Hongshan, and Related Cultures (Inequality/Social Complexity) in Neolithic Northern China
Authors: Womack Andrew
Published: November 2020

This chapter examines major shifts in material culture and social organization across four broad regions of what is today northern China. These include elements such as subsistence, habitation, craft production, mortuary practices, and exchange systems and the insights they provide on topics ranging from the formation of social hierarchies to specialized production to ritual traditions. Drawing on original Chinese publications, this chapter explores similarities and differences between each area during the Early, Middle, and Late Neolithic periods while also outlining specific elements that have been used to define various cultural traditions, such as pottery styles and burial practices. The resulting synthesis provides a snapshot of our current understanding of the Neolithic in northern China and its impact on the development of many aspects of Chinese civilization.
Bronze Vessels: Style, Assemblages, and Innovations of the Western Zhou Period
Authors: Sun Yan
Published: November 2020

This chapter, by employing securely dated vessels, discusses stylistic characteristics of three phases of Western Zhou bronzes in the Zhou metropolitan centers in the Wei River Valley in Central Shaanxi and Luoyang area in Henan. The assemblage of bronze vessels in tombs and caches is also discussed in order to understand Zhou ancestral sacrifices and ritual practices and their changes from the Early to Middle and Late Western Zhou periods. The Zhou interaction with local communities through regional states and military posts beyond the center also stimulated the rise of exotic bronze vessel types inspired by local ceramic traditions.
Bells and Music in the Zhou
Authors: Cook Scott
Published: November 2020

This chapter describes the nature and scope of musical practice and performance during Zhou-dynasty China and the roles that music was thought to play in promoting political stability and social harmony. Following a quick overview of instrumental finds from the Neolithic and Shang periods, the chapter examines textual and archaeological evidence to provide a synopsis of instrumental types and ensembles as they developed into the Zhou, and then proceeds to describe the musical system—from the five tones (wuyin五音) to the twelve pitch-standards (liulü六律)—within which those instruments were both manufactured and performed, with particular attention to the bell and chimestone sets of Marquis Yi of Zeng 曾侯乙. The chapter concludes with a discussion of musical institutions and regulations during the Zhou dynasty, followed by a very brief overview of philosophies of music in the Warring States.
Wars, States, and Gender in Early Modern European Warfare, 1600s–1780s
Authors: Wilson Peter H.
Published: November 2020

The major changes in preparing, conducting, and controlling war in Europe from around 1650 to about 1780 are the central themes of this chapter, which studies them from the perspective of gender history. The chapter suggests that a closer integration of the approaches of the early modern history of military and war and gender history will allow a better understanding of the impact of gender on war, as well as its place in war and military institutions. The chapter therefore explores first how gender featured in the regulatory framework consolidated by later seventeenth-century states to curb warfare’s costs and excesses. Afterward, it studies the place of gender in command, combat, and logistical support and examines military institutions as elements within a corporate social order. Throughout, the chapter argues that change across this period remained a matter of degrees rather than absolutes, with the characterization of male and female roles and spaces broadly similar to those prior to 1650, but marked by greater regulation and permanence.
Gender, the Wars of Decolonization, and the Decline of Empires after 1945
Authors: Branche Raphaëlle
Published: November 2020

During the post-1945 Wars of Decolonization, gender was often an issue of contestation. Colonial repression was based on a gender order that intersected with the constructed racial and social hierarchies in the colonies. The way imperial powers’ policies used and impacted gender relations to secure their rule must be taken into account in any study of the anticolonial struggle. The chapter argues that the Wars of Decolonization after 1945 were as much total wars as the First and Second World Wars. They, too, affected all areas of the economy, society, and culture. The struggle for liberation challenged the ideas of white manhood of the colonial powers and led to conflicts in the construction of male identity within the armies of the insurgents. One challenge was the fact that not only men, but also women actively participated in the struggle for national liberation, which undermined dominant ideas of the gender order and led to a reconsideration of gender relations during and after the conflicts.
War and Gender
Authors: Hagemann Karen , Rose Sonya O.
Published: November 2020

The chapter focuses on the development from the Global Cold War and anticolonial struggle to the global conflicts of the post–Cold War period. It first provides an overview of the complex features of a period that starts in the immediate aftermath of the Second World War with the challenges of the aftermath of the conflict and a post war reordering of economies, societies and national and international politics, and continues with the rise of the Global Cold War and the spread of the Wars of Decolonization in Asia and Africa that led to the decline of European empires. Then it explores the consequences of the collapse of communism, the end of the Global Cold War, and the proliferation of Wars of Globalization along with new forms of humanitarianism and peacekeeping. In the last section, it discusses the research by gender scholars from different disciplines on the Global Cold War and the Wars of Globalization and their attempts to rewrite mainstream narratives.
War, Gender, and Society in Late Colonial and Revolutionary Spanish America
Authors: Davies Catherine
Published: November 2020

Military conflicts and wars shaped Spanish America in the transformative period from the 1780s to the 1830s with its first anticolonial uprisings and the Spanish American Wars of Independence. This chapter explores the impact of warfare and militarization on the social and gender order in the Spanish Atlantic Empire in this transformative period and examines, conversely, how ideas about the gender order shaped society, warfare, and military culture. It focuses on the first anticolonial uprisings, especially the Tupac Amaru Rebellion in the South American Andes and the Rebellion of the Comuneros in New Granada—two of the largest and earliest in the history of Latin America—and the Spanish American Wars of Independence and their aftermath.
Introduction
Authors: Hagemann Karen
Published: November 2020

The introduction provides a broad overview of the development and state of research on the subject of gender and war in political and social sciences, as well as history, and of the themes, periods and regions this research covered since it emerged in the 1980s. It also explains the understanding of the central concepts of gender, war, violence, and sexual violence used in the handbook. Furthermore, it discusses in more detail the aims, central questions, theoretical approach, and regional and temporal focus of the handbook, as well as its thematic, comparative and transnational approach, and its chronological organization. The introduction, like the handbook as whole, starts from the assumption that gender, an amalgam of ideals and practices that give meaning to and socially differentiate male and female, contributed to the shaping of warfare and the military and was at the same time transformed by them. It thus suggests on the one hand a closer integration of the approaches of the history of military and war and gender history; and emphasizes on the other hand the necessity to “provincialize” the so-called Western world by treating it as a changing and contested construct and as a historical phenomenon with long-lasting consequences.
The Sahara
Authors: Nixon Sam
Published: November 2020

This chapter introduces the neglected Islamic archaeology of the Sahara. First, it draws together for the first time some of the important but little-known archaeological sites of the early Islamic Sahara. This is then followed by an exploration of key research themes: trade; urban planning and architecture; technology; religion and the early Islamization of the Sahara. The chapter is framed in reference to the particular conditions of Islam in the Sahara, as both a region removed from the landscape of the core centers of power within the Islamic world and one strongly influenced by its role in long-distance “trans-Saharan” trade and exchange networks.