bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The making of occupation-based models and diagrams: History and semiotic analysis
Authors: Reid Heleen A. J. , Hocking Clare , Smythe Liz
Published: April 2019

Background.

Models provide a structure for organizing knowledge and facilitating learning and are upheld by occupational therapy as epitomizing the cornerstones of its practice.

Purpose.

This article briefly examines the scientific history of occupation-based model development in the 1950s before addressing the process of conceptual model making in occupational therapy. Using the theory of semiosis, it explains and takes a critical perspective on conceptual model building in occupational therapy.

Key Issues.

Since the surge of development in the mid-1970s, models have grown and undergone some revision. However, while the profession has often contested the definitions of its core terms, it has not challenged the accepted models and diagrams that present the constituents of practice.

Implications.

Examining the processes of conceptual model development from a critical, semiotic point of view foregrounds models in the historico-theoretical literature and brings into scrutiny a model’s relevancy in current practice.
“We need more things for us”: Being low income and underoccupied in older age
Authors: Heatwole Shank Kendra S. , Kenley Benjamin , Brown Stacy , Shipley Jenna , Baum Maya , Beers Chloe
Published: April 2019

Background.

Low-income older adult populations have increased vulnerability to occupational engagement barriers and poor health outcomes while aging in community settings.

Purpose.

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between community navigation and well-being for low-income older adults.

Method.

Community-dwelling older adults ( N = 10) were recruited for this multimethod observational cohort study, which employed GPS data, measures of well-being, and semistructured interviews across 12 months. Grounded theory processes were followed to analyze and integrate the qualitative, quantitative, and spatial data.

Findings.

Findings were three patterns of community navigation. In particular, patterns of being chronically underoccupied were noted for this low-income population. Specific place-based challenges are explained along with strategies used to mitigate these challenges.

Implications.

Supporting community navigation, especially social interaction opportunities, can maximize well-being; and older residents’ occupational participation may be unnecessarily curtailed by geographic, economic, and social factors beyond their control. Community navigation strategies should be considered holistically by occupational therapists as part of interventions supporting aging in place.
Evaluating Pharmacy Practice in Hospital Settings in Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia: Prescribing and Transcribing—2018
Authors: Altyar Ahmed Essam , Sadoun Samaher Abdullah , Alradadi Rahaf Saad , Aljohani Sarah Sultan
Published: April 2019

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the prescription and transcription processes in hospital settings in Jeddah city, Saudi Arabia. Method: A customized version of the original American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) survey was distributed to a total of 26 hospitals in Jeddah city that fits our criteria starting from December 2017. Hospitals’ names were adopted from the Ministry of Health and Jeddah Municipality websites. All questionnaires were collected in June 2018. After that, they were classified according to the type of care provided by the hospital, size, ownership, teaching affiliation, and accreditation. Data were entered electronically using Google forms, and then Microsoft Excel was used to conduct descriptive statistics. Results: The survey had a response rate of 57%. A strict formulary system was adopted in 53.3% of hospitals, and clinical practice guidelines were used to optimize medication use in 86.7% of hospitals. Pharmacists do not have the authority to write medication orders in about 86.7% of hospitals and only 40.0% of hospitals have pharmacists routinely assigned to patient care units. However, Pharmacists actively provided consultation, mostly in drug information (80.0%). Computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) is used to receive medication orders electronically in 80.0% of hospitals, and electronic health record (EHR) is used in about 53.3% of hospitals and 50.0% of those hospitals have pharmacists who document their clinical intervention in EHR. Conclusion: Survey results suggest that pharmacists in hospital settings have not yet been positioned to improve the prescribing and transcribing components of the medication-use process.
Sustained Attention to Science: A Tribute to the Life and Scholarship of Joel Warm
Authors: Hancock P. A. , Szalma James L.
Published: April 2019

Objective:

To provide an evaluative synthesis of the life and scientific contributions of the late Joel Warm.

Background:

As the doyen of vigilance research, Joel Warm expanded our understanding and horizons concerning this critical response capacity. However, he also made widespread and profound contributions to many other areas of perception and applied psychology, as we elucidate here.

Method:

Using archival sources, personal histories, and analysis of extant literature documenting Warm’s own productivity, we articulate his life in science.

Results:

Our synthesis illustrates the continued, broad, influential, and expanding impact that one individual can exert on diverse fields of study. Whole bodies of understanding of human behavior have been illuminated by his exemplary career.

Application

By understanding his path to success in applied experimental psychology, we anticipate that others will be motivated, inspired, and guided to replicate and even outstrip a lifetime of such seminal and influential contributions. The presence of individuals such as Warm serves as a primary motive in enhancing Humans Factors/Ergonomics Science.
On the Dynamics of Conspicuity
Authors: Hancock P. A.
Published: April 2019

Objective:

To examine the influences of dynamic conspicuity on object recognition and to evaluate the real-world implications of these processes.

Background:

Conspicuity is the major influence on persons’ abilities to recognize the presence of entities within their environment. Shortfalls in sensory and cognitive conspicuity are implicated in many, if not most, real-world systemic failures.

Method:

The present observations derive from an overview of relevant empirical research allied to a synthetic integration. From these foundations, I articulate a proposed taxonomy through which to parse the essential dimensions of conspicuity.

Results:

The taxonomy features three axes related to (a) modality (e.g., visual vs. auditory, etc.), (b) processing directionality (e.g., top-down vs. bottom-up information flow), and finally (c) temporality (i.e., the differences between static vs. dynamic presentations).

Conclusion:

Existing conspicuity studies have primarily featured static, sensory comparisons. Exploration of the other quadrants of the proposed taxonomy can serve to frame future conspicuity research. This taxonomic description also provides the basis from which to understand failure etiology in a wide spectrum of human–machine systems.

Application:

Improvements in the understanding of conspicuity can help in all domains of HF/E and can serve to reduce failure in a wide variety of operational contexts.
Dynamic response and validation of a flexible matrix composite
Authors: Whisler Daniel , Consarnau Rafael G , Buenrostro Ezequiel
Published: April 2019

Testing and predicting the dynamic response of flexible matrix composites in impact loading condition face two primary challenges: (i) experimentally, existing techniques using existing instruments do not always provide high fidelity material data under simultaneous high strain and high strain rate loading conditions; and (ii) finite element simulations of a highly flexible material require many material parameters and complex mathematical formulations. To address these limitations, this research investigation presents a technique originally developed in-house for modeling and validating hyper-viscoelastic materials and applies it toward the flexible matrix composite. Results from a simple low-velocity impact (2 m/s) test on a 75 × 75 mm2 flexible matrix composite indicate that the critical material properties for the low strength, highly deformable matrix in conjunction with an updated constitutive model can accurately predict the dynamic behavior within 10% with respect to the force time history response using MATLAB and ABAQUS/Explicit. Finite element interrogation also shows full field stress response within the composite specimen not easily measured via sensors and deformation matching the behavior observed via high-speed camera. Finally, on-going research in this arena indicates that the technique can be applied to higher rate loading mechanisms, such as a gas gun and Hopkinson bar apparatus, in order to obtain material parameters for even more devastating impact loading strain rates.
A Study to Understand the Impact of Bereavement Grief on the Workplace
Authors: Wilson Donna M. , Punjani Sehrish , Song Qingkang , Low Gail
Published: April 2019

Although most employees and business owners or operators will likely experience the death of one or more loved ones over their work lives, attention has not focused on how bereavement grief impacts the workplace. A study was conducted for foundational information. Data on the annual incidence of bereavement leaves and related matters were collected from a relatively representative sample of small, medium, and large Canadian organizations. Two of every three organizations had 1+ employees take a bereavement leave last year, with 3.2% of all employees taking a bereavement leave consisting of 2.5 days on average and often with additional travel and accommodation days. The findings suggest that more should be done by organizations to prepare for bereavement leaves and assisted work returns. This preparation is essential for the tsunami of bereavement grief in the years ahead as deaths increase rapidly in number with population aging.
Hate Crimes and Minority-Owned Businesses
Authors: Geisler Karl R. , Enomoto Carl E. , Djaba Theophilus
Published: April 2019

This article estimates effects of hate crimes on the number of Black-owned firms, Hispanic-owned firms, Asian-owned firms, Asian Indian–owned firms, and White-owned firms. Using county data for Kentucky, the number of all minority-owned firms was found to decrease in counties with more hate crimes. No effect on White-owned firms was found due to hate crimes. The finding that the number of minority-owned businesses declines in response to the number of hate crimes was robust to spatial estimation techniques. Spatial error method (SEM) and spatial autoregressive (SAR) model estimates found impacts similar to the ordinary least squares estimates even where spatial dependence was present. The negative impact hate crimes are found to have on the number of minority-owned businesses implies that policies to fight hate crimes should lead to increased economic development.
The Inequitable Effects of Raising the Retirement Age on Blacks and Low-Wage Workers
Authors: Moore Kyle , Ghilarducci Teresa , Webb Anthony
Published: April 2019

Increasing the Social Security Full Retirement Age (FRA) adversely affects all workers because an increase is equivalent to an across-the-board cut in benefits. Raising the FRA leaves workers with two bad choices: working longer or living on reduced monthly benefits for the rest of their lives. Working longer further penalizes Blacks and low-wage workers because they are unlikely to live long enough to recoup payments foregone as a result of delayed claiming. Instead of cutting Social Security benefits, retirement policy makers should update and modernize the 401(k) and IRA systems to provide workers with better options.
The failure of regional refugee protection and responsibility sharing: Policy neglect in the EU and ASEAN
Authors: Tubakovic Tamara
Published: April 2019

The concurrent refugee crises affecting the European Union (EU) and the Association of South East Asian Nations (ASEAN) brought to the fore long-standing issues regarding regional cooperation on refugee protection and responsibility sharing. This article argues that these crises are a culmination of years of policy neglect. By comparing the EU and ASEAN, this article demonstrates the weaknesses of regional bodies in responding to refugee challenges, regardless of the level of institutionalization of refugee norms and practices. In both instances, procedural norms privileging member state interests and consensus have hindered the development of durable regional refugee policies.
Accuracy in Perceptions of Fundamental Social Motives: Comparisons to Perceptions of Big Five Traits and Associations With Friendship Quality
Authors: Huelsnitz Chloe O. , Neel Rebecca , Human Lauren J.
Published: April 2019

Accurately perceiving others’ personalities helps people to successfully navigate their social relationships. However, it is not yet clear whether people can accurately perceive one aspect of people’s personalities that may be especially important to understand: motivations. Using the fundamental social motives framework, we examined the extent to which people accurately perceived a friend’s motivations (vs. big five traits) and how this was related to friendship quality. A sample of friend dyads completed both self- and friend-assessments of the big five traits and the fundamental motives, and rated friendship quality. Perceivers accurately detected their friend’s unique, self-reported ordering of motives (i.e., distinctive accuracy), though to a lesser extent than traits. However, accuracy for motives and traits was positively associated with greater friendship quality to a similar extent. Importantly, these associations emerged above and beyond tendencies to view others highly normatively, as socially desirable, and as similar to the self.
The Effects of Rule Complexity on Organizational Noncompliance and Remediation: Evidence From Restaurant Health Inspections
Authors: Lehman David W. , Cooil Bruce , Ramanujam Rangaraj
Published: April 2019

Organizational noncompliance with legal rules can be consequential. The antecedents of such noncompliance as well as the remediation of it thus remain enduring subjects of research inquiry. However, prior studies have implicitly treated all rules alike. In contrast, we argue that rules are not all the same and that differences between rules might be systematically linked to variations in the likelihoods of noncompliance and remediation across the range of organizations under the purview of a rule system. We consider the role of two fundamental but distinct sources of rule complexity: components (i.e., sections that compose a rule) and connections (i.e., functional links to other rules in the same system). We analyzed data from 81,266 rule-level observations from 1,011 health inspections of 289 restaurants in Santa Monica, California, conducted from 2007 to 2010. As hypothesized, increases in either source of rule complexity were associated with higher probabilities of noncompliance. Unexpectedly, however, the two sources of rule complexity had divergent effects on remediation such that increases in the number of connections were associated with higher probabilities of repeated noncompliance, whereas increases in the number of components were not. Taken together, we suggest that our understanding of noncompliance and remediation can be enhanced by viewing them both as rule-level phenomena. A range of implications for theory and practice are discussed.
The politics of expertise and ignorance in the field of migration management
Authors: Scheel Stephan , Ustek-Spilda Funda
Published: April 2019

This paper shows that the field of migration management features a politics of expertise through which migration is enacted as a reality that can be managed because it can be precisely quantified. For instance, the International Organization for Migration maintains a “Global Migration Flows Interactive App.” This interactive map suggests that the number of people migrating from country A to B can be exactly known at any point in time. This enactment of migration sits in contrast with the widely acknowledged unreliability and noncoherence of migration statistics. This paper investigates how this tension is negotiated through the production of “strategic ignorance” (McGoey) about the known limits of quantifying migration. Drawing on work from ignorance studies we highlight four practices producing strategic ignorance: (1) omission of the significant gap between recorded immigration and emigration events, (2) compression of different accounts of migration into one “world migration map,” (3) deflection of knowledge about the specifities of different methods to production sites of statistical data, and (4) usage of metadata for sanitizing the statistical production process of any messy aspects. Our analysis shows that the politics of expertise in the field of migration management are intertwined with a politics of ignorance.
Critical language awareness for the heritage context: Development and validation of a measurement questionnaire
Authors: Beaudrie Sara , Amezcua Angelica , Loza Sergio
Published: April 2019

Critical language awareness (CLA) is increasingly identified as a central component of the Spanish heritage language (SHL) classroom (Leeman, 2005; Martínez, 2003; among others). As a minority language, SHL is subject to sociopolitical, cultural, and economic forces that devalue its status. It is devalued in the eyes of the public, as a legitimate U.S. language, and as something worthy of being maintained. It is essential that students receive instruction not only in the heritage language, but also on the contextual factors that affect the Spanish-English sociopolitical relationship in the United States. Such instruction will enable learners to begin resisting heritage language loss by questioning language ideologies that promote English monolingualism and standard, monolingual Spanish as the ideal norm. The aim of this study was to develop a questionnaire with adequate psychometric properties to measure CLA in the SHL context. The respondents were 301 students enrolled in SHL courses in four U.S. universities. The questionnaire results were submitted to a series of statistical analysis to investigate how well the instrument meets the criteria of reliability and validity specified in this study. The final 19-item instrument had adequate psychometric properties and detected change in the CLA of students in a class where CLA was taught.
The use of digital legacies with people affected by motor neurone disease for continuing bonds: An interpretative phenomenological analysis study
Authors: Clabburn Oliver , Knighting Katherine , Jack Barbara A , O’Brien Mary R
Published: April 2019

Background:

Motor neurone disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disease without cure. Little is known about how young people are affected when a family member has the illness and subsequently dies, resulting in a gap in understanding of how best to support them. One psychotherapeutic approach involves creating a legacy to pass onto the young person, but little research has investigated the use of an emerging format, digital legacies, where videos document a person’s life, memories and achievements.

Aim:

To investigate the views, perceptions and experiences of digital legacies with people affected by motor neurone disease.

Design:

A qualitative study underpinned by interpretative phenomenological analysis.

Setting/participants:

People living with motor neurone disease (n = 4) and bereaved young people (n = 3) in the United Kingdom. Open-ended interviews were conducted in person. Ethical approval was granted by a University ethics committee.

Results:

Five key themes emerged exemplifying mutual challenges and benefits for people with motor neurone disease and bereaved young people. Creating a digital legacy provides a sense of purpose for people with motor neurone disease and a way to convey personality and life experiences. Bereaved young people can modify disease-related memories of the person and gain comfort from hearing and seeing videos.

Conclusion:

This study expands the existing continuing bonds model of grief to include an ‘autobiographical chapter’, creating ‘The Model of Reciprocal Bonds Formation’.
Diary of a journey to a faraway galaxy
Authors: Ferrari Andrea , Veneroni Laura , Romani Anna , Pagani Bagliacca Elena , Gaggiotti Paola , Silva Matteo , Signoroni Stefano , Massimino Maura
Published: April 2019

This article describes a brief account written by a girl treated with chemotherapy and surgery for an ovarian germ cell tumor. The brief novel was conceived in the context of the Youth Project of Milan, dedicated to helping adolescent and young adult cancer patients socialize and express themselves through group activities that focus on art and creativity. It describes the scenery of a new galaxy and is replete with images and metaphors that recall the experience of receiving anticancer treatment, touching on emotional themes including desire, isolation, fear, and hope.
The ethnographer as accomplice—Edifying qualms of bureaucratic fieldwork in Kafka’s penal colony
Authors: Martin Tomas Max
Published: April 2019

This article explores the ethnographer’s equivocal role as an accomplice of bureaucratic power through a reading of Kafka’s short story “In the Penal Colony.” The researcher’s position when enrolled and affined in the bureaucratic field, which Kafka so uncannily animates, is illustrated via four ethically charged fieldwork experiences in Ugandan, Indian, and Myanmar prisons. I argue that these experiences were telling situations of “edifying qualms,” which were both morally ambiguous and analytically generative. The article concludes by suggesting that methodological attention to these edifying qualms enables ethnographers to use their deep-set complicity with bureaucratic violence as an antenna for picking up the impure pragmatics of doing “less harm,” and for imagining a better world altogether.
Incorporating Attitudinal Factors to Examine Adoption of and Willingness to Pay for Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Asgari Hamidreza , Jin Xia
Published: April 2019

Results from a recent consumer survey were thoroughly analyzed in relation to willingness to adopt and willingness to pay (WTP) for different autonomous vehicle (AV) features. Four different levels of automation were considered including basic vehicles, adding advanced features, partial automation, and full automation. A structural equations model with latent variables was employed, which simultaneously regressed adoption and WTP levels against a variety of available variables including socioeconomic and demographic attributes, private car usage habits, and attitudinal preferences/personal opinions. To address the endogeneity in personal attitudes, these variables were added to the model as latent factors. Accordingly, the analysis revealed four major latent attitudinal factors, respectively labeled as “joy of driving,”“mode choice reasoning,”“trust,” and “technology savviness.” Model results indicated that those who enjoy driving were the hardest to persuade towards AV adoption or to pay for automated features. On the other hand, technology savvy people showed higher tendency towards AV adoption. When it comes to factors affecting mode choice including travel time, travel cost, and functionality, people are willing to pay more for automated features when they believe that these features and services will provide them better utility, in relation to time and cost savings, convenience, stress reduction, and quality of life, and so forth. Interestingly, individuals with trust concerns showed higher WTP values, which may indicate that the market believes autonomous vehicles will bring more privacy and protection, at least compared with existing shared mobility or public transit options.
Evaluation of Driver Comprehension and Visual Attention of the Flashing Yellow Arrow Display for Permissive Right Turns
Authors: Jashami Hisham , Hurwitz David S. , Monsere Christopher , Kothuri Sirisha
Published: April 2019

This research explored driver comprehension and behaviors in Oregon with respect to right-turn signal displays focusing on the Flashing Yellow Arrow (FYA) in a driving simulator. A counterbalanced, factorial design was chosen to explore three independent variables: signal indication type and active display, length of the right-turn bay, and presence of pedestrians. Driver decision-making and visual attention were considered. Data were obtained from 46 participants (21 women, 25 men) turning right 736 times in 16 experimental scenarios. A Mixed-effects Ordered Probit Model and a Linear mixed model were used to examine the influence of driver demographics on observed performance. Results suggest that the FYA indication improves driver comprehension and behavioral responses to the permissive right-turn condition. When presented with the FYA indication in the presence of pedestrians, nearly all drivers exhibited caution while turning and yielding to pedestrians and stopping when necessary. For the same turning maneuver, drivers presented with a circular green (CG) indication were less likely to exhibit correct behavior. At least for Oregon drivers, another clear finding was a general lack of understanding of the steady red arrow (SRA) display for right turns. Most drivers assume the SRA indication requires a different response than the circular red (CR) and remain stopped during the entire red interval, thus resulting in efficiency losses. These findings suggest that transportation agencies could potentially improve driver yielding behavior and pedestrian safety at signalized intersections with high volumes of permissive right turns from exclusive right-turn lanes by using the FYA display in lieu of a steady CG display.
Using size-exclusion for improved extraction of trace organic compounds from landfill leachate
Authors: Kennedy Neth Nicole L , Keen Olya S
Published: April 2019

Pharmaceuticals, plasticisers and other trace organic contaminants have been reported in landfill leachates, with most methods using hydrophilic–lipophilic balance cartridges for solid phase extraction. However, leachate has a high organic load and can quickly coat the cartridge media and prevent target compounds from being extracted. There are several solid phase extraction cartridges that offer size exclusion in addition to adsorption, where only small molecules are allowed to diffuse into the resin pores where adsorption in happening. Three cartridges with size exclusion properties were evaluated in comparison with hydrophilic–lipophilic balance cartridges for extraction of several trace organic contaminants spiked into landfill leachate. All three cartridges with size exclusion properties showed some improvement in extraction compared with hydrophilic–lipophilic balance, although the differences were not statistically significant at 95% confidence interval. Nevertheless, media with size-exclusion properties offers a viable alternative to hydrophilic–lipophilic balance for extracting small molecules of trace organics from complex environmental matrices.
A culture of compassion: How timeless principles of kindness and empathy become powerful tools for confronting today’s most pressing healthcare challenges
Authors: Cochrane Bonnie S. , Ritchie Debbie , Lockhard Daniela , Picciano Gino , King John A. , Nelson Brian
Published: April 2019

The role of compassion in healthcare is receiving increased attention as emerging research demonstrates how compassionate patient care can improve health outcomes and reduce workplace stress and burnout. To date, proposals to encourage empathy, kindness, and compassion in healthcare have focused primarily on training individual care providers. This article argues that increasing the awareness and skills of individuals is necessary but insufficient. Compassionate care becomes an organizational norm only when health leaders create and nurture a “culture of compassion” that actively supports, develops, and recognizes the role of compassion in day-to-day management and practice. The article profiles four organizations that have adopted compassionate healthcare as an explicit organizational priority and implemented practical measures for building and sustaining a culture of compassion. Common principles and practices are identified. These organizations demonstrate how compassion can lead directly to improved outcomes of primary importance to healthcare organizations, including quality and safety, patient experience, employee and physician engagement, and financial performance. They show how compassion can be a powerful yet often underappreciated tool for helping organizations successfully manage current challenges.
Characterization of Stem Cells and Immune Cells in Preterm and Term Mother’s Milk
Authors: Li Shujuan , Zhang Lan , Zhou Qi , Jiang Siyuan , Yang Yi , Cao Yun
Published: April 2019

Background:

Human milk is known to be rich in cellular components, including stem cells and immune cells. However, the dynamics of these cellular components at different lactation stages, and the differences between milk for preterm and term infants, are poorly understood.

Research aim:

To identify changes in the cellular components of human milk at different lactation stages, and to explore the associations of these changes with maternal and infant characteristics.

Methods:

Forty mothers of newborns of different gestational ages were enrolled. Colostrum, transitional, and mature milk samples were collected. Stem cell and immune cell molecule markers were detected using flow cytometry. Pluripotent genes (SOX2, NANOG, OCT4, and KLF4) were detected via quantitative real-time PCR.

Results:

Human milk contained some stem cells but more immune cells. The percentages of hemopoietic stem cells were significantly higher in mature milk than in colostrum, and the percentages of total immune cells were lower in mature milk than in colostrum. The percentages of hemopoietic stem cells in colostrum and transitional milk were influenced by gestational age. Some minor differences in the cell composition of human milk could be explained by maternal body mass index, the mode of delivery, and parity.

Conclusion:

Our results again confirmed that human milk contains stem cells. Additionally, the percentages of hemopoietic stem cells and major immune cells changed dynamically at different lactation stages and were associated with gestational age at delivery.
The Struggle to Reconcile Precarious Work and Parenthood: The Case of Italian ‘Precarious Parents’
Authors: Ba’ Stefano
Published: April 2019

This research is about parents in precarious employment, as the intersection of parental responsibilities and paid work represents a privileged site from which to explore the process of precarisation within a wider social context. Social reproduction is then interrogated in order to conceptually frame parents’ everyday struggles for stability. The dyad use-value and exchange-value is mobilised to make sense of parents’ activities in the domestic sphere as well as in paid work, so that the outcome of this research marks a conceptual shift from the metaphor work–family balance to the tension between useful activities and the monetary valorisations that these parents need to obtain. The research suggests then that these parents produce social wealth at a number of different levels, but their activities need to meet their exchange-value because monetary valorisation represents the way to get their livelihood. This research aims to conceptualise the antagonism of ‘precarious parents’ as their ‘normal life’ is distorted by daily struggles to achieve these means.
New calculation method for the scuffing load-carrying capacity of bevel and hypoid gears
Authors: Pellkofer J , Boiadjiev I , Kadach D , Klein M , Stahl K
Published: April 2019

Future trends indicate that the demands on bevel and hypoid gears for higher power transmission and lower weight are continuously increasing. Beside typical fatigue failures such as pitting, tooth root breakage, and tooth flank fracture, spontaneous failures such as scuffing are often observed if the load-carrying capacity of the tribological system consisting of gears and lubricant is exceeded. This paper gives an overview of the newest findings on scuffing specifically on bevel and hypoid gears and discusses the hypoid-specific decisive influence parameters. Furthermore, the newly developed calculation method as well as its verification with test results and results from field application are presented.
Application of data mining techniques for the investigation of track geometry and stiffness variation
Authors: Mehrali Mohammad , Esmaeili Morteza , Mohammadzadeh Saeed
Published: April 2019

Railway tracks are one of the most important national assets of many countries. The major part of the annual budget of railway companies concerns repairing, improving, and maintaining railway tracks, which is a challenge for railway managers. The logical method of repair and maintenance should take into account all the economic and technical aspects of the problem and proper management of track maintenance—without knowing the factors and parameters responsible for the track failure—quality control methods, and finally, the choice of the appropriate repair methods. Railway track geometry is the main factor that identifies the track behavior and condition. It is based on measuring the geometric parameters of the track determined by the track quality indices. The existing track quality indices mostly represent the geometrical condition of the railway track superstructure. In the past years, the effects of track bed stiffness on the track condition have been investigated. This paper investigates the railway track condition based on the railway track geometry parameters as well as the vertical track stiffness. A method for continuous measurement of track stiffness along a railway line is described and demonstrated. By measuring the track geometry parameters and stiffness, the superstructure and the substructure condition of the railway track are assessed. In addition, the relation between these data is investigated by using data mining techniques such as classification, decision tree, clustering, and dominant wavelength filtering. It is shown that filtering the data based on the dominant wavelength provides the best correlation between the track geometry in the vertical direction and stiffness.
Photosensitivity and photoprotection in patients with lupus erythematosus
Authors: Ahluwalia Jusleen , Marsch Amanda
Published: April 2019

Lupus erythematosus (LE) represents a spectrum of inflammatory autoimmune disease comprising varying clinical entities ranging from primary cutaneous to systemic disease. There is a clear relationship between ultraviolet irradiation (UVR) and the clinical manifestations of LE in both adult and pediatric populations. Although it has been established that UVR exacerbates pre-existing LE, it remains unclear whether UVR induces the development of the disease. This review serves to discuss effective photoprotective measures in LE and describe the pathogenic relationship of UVR and LE.
Corticosteroid-associated lupus pancreatitis: a case series and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Dwivedi P , Kumar R R , Dhooria A , Adarsh M B , Malhotra S , Kakkar N , Naidu S , Sharma S K , Sharma A , Jain S , Dhir V
Published: April 2019

Background

Acute pancreatitis is an uncommon complication that occurs in 0.85% to 4% of patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). In some patients, it occurs within days to weeks of starting medium-to-high dose corticosteroids. The authors have used the term ‘corticosteroid-associated lupus pancreatitis’ for these patients, and they report a case series and perform a systematic review of previously published reports.

Methods

For the purpose of this study, corticosteroid-associated lupus pancreatitis was defined as occurrence of acute pancreatitis in patients with SLE (fulfilling the 1997 ACR), within 3 weeks of starting therapy with medium-to-high dose corticosteroids – either newly initiated or escalated from a lower dose. All patients with SLE admitted in the last 2.5 years in a North Indian university hospital were reviewed, and those with pancreatitis who fulfilled the above criteria were included in the case series. For the systematic review, a PUBMED search using the keywords ‘lupus’ and ‘pancreatitis’ was performed, and reports in English were reviewed for an association with corticosteroids.

Results

Among 420 admissions of SLE patients, six patients (1.4%) fulfilled criteria for corticosteroid-associated lupus pancreatitis. All were female, with mean age and disease duration of 19.7 ± 3.3 and 3.8 ± 2.5 years respectively. All had active disease and developed acute pancreatitis within 48–72 hours of newly initiating medium-to-high dose corticosteroids (in three patients) or escalating them to medium–high dose (in three patients). After the development of pancreatitis, corticosteroids were continued in all except one patient. In addition, two patients received pulse methylprednisolone, two received pulse cyclophosphamide and one was started on azathioprine. Three patients died during hospitalization, all with severe pancreatitis. On systematic review, among 451 cases of lupus pancreatitis reported, 23 (5%) fulfilled criteria for ‘corticosteroid-associated lupus pancreatitis’. A majority of them had pancreatitis within 3 days of starting treatment with medium-to-high dose corticosteroids. The mortality in these patients was 37.5%.

Conclusion

In a small but substantial proportion of patients with lupus who develop pancreatitis, it occurs within days to weeks of starting medium-to-high dose corticosteroids. Many of these patients continue to receive corticosteroids, and some receive more aggressive immunosuppression. However, they have significant mortality, and further studies are required to identify appropriate treatment in this subgroup of patients.
Numerical and experimental study on crack identification based on the piezoelectric ceramic lead zirconate titanate impedance technology
Authors: Wu Yaogang , Xiao Zhengguang , Li Dinghe , Xu Jianxin , Shen Xing
Published: April 2019

The structural health monitoring system with electromechanical impedance technique is studied numerically and experimentally in this article. A three-dimensional numerical model is developed to account for the electromechanical coupling effect between the structures and the piezoelectric ceramic lead zirconate titanate transducers, and it is verified by the experimental results. The proposed numerical model and experimental method are employed to analyze piezoelectric ceramic lead zirconate titanate impedance signature of the plate with transverse crack. The modal superposition is employed to determine the harmonic response analysis frequency range. The influences of the mesh density, the dielectric constants of piezoelectric ceramic lead zirconate titanates, and the positions of piezoelectric ceramic lead zirconate titanates are considered. The effects of the length of crack and the structural damping on the piezoelectric ceramic lead zirconate titanate impedance signatures are discussed. Based on this model, electromechanical impedance signatures can be used to identify cracks in a plate specimen. The value of the harmonic response peaks is seriously affected by the material parameters of piezoelectric ceramic lead zirconate titanate and the constant damping ratio. The resonant frequency is greatly influenced by the mesh sizes and the length of cracks.
Cardiovascular Risk, Risk Knowledge, and Related Factors in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zehirlioglu Lemye , Mert Hatice , Sezgin Dilek , Özpelit Ebru
Published: April 2019

Individuals with diabetes must be informed about cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which is the most important cause of mortality of diabetes, and the interventions should be planned according to their risk status. The aim of this study was to investigate cardiovascular risk, risk knowledge, and related factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. A total of 188 participants were included in this descriptive study. Data were collected using Heart Disease Fact Questionnaire (HDFQ) and Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) Calculator. Spearman test and multiple regression analysis were used for statistical analysis. Participants did not have sufficient knowledge related to CVD risk factors, and they were in the moderate CVD risk group. CVD risk was lower in subjects with high level of knowledge regarding CVD risk and lower duration of diabetes. Our findings highlight the need for interventions related to CVD, which can reduce its risk. These interventions can be specifically targeted at individuals with advanced age, a long duration of diabetes, low education level, and decreased metabolic control.
A Comparison of Resource Utilization in the Management of Anticholinergic Delirium Between Physostigmine and Nonantidote Therapy
Authors: Boley Sean P. , Stellpflug Samuel J.
Published: April 2019

Background: Antimuscarinic delirium is associated with significant morbidity, and its management requires substantial resource allocation, including intubation, restraint, and intensive care unit (ICU) placement. There is controversy over the management of these patients. Physostigmine can rapidly reverse antimuscarinic delirium but has been associated with adverse effects. Objective: This study aims to assess the effect of physostigmine use on resource allocation and adverse events. Methods: This is a retrospective chart review of patients with an antimuscarinic toxidrome at a single hospital approved by the local institutional review board. A blinded abstractor recorded data from patient charts. Whether the patient was given physostigmine, intubated, restrained, or admitting to critical care was recorded. We recorded instances of seizure, vomiting, or bradycardia. The primary aim was to compare frequency of intubation as a function of physostigmine administration. Results: A total of 141 patients were identified. We found no difference between the groups in age, gender, or initial heart rate; 65 (46%) were given physostigmine, 45 (32%) were admitted to the ICU, and 29 (20%) were intubated. Patients who received physostigmine in the first 24 hours were less likely to be intubated and less likely to be admitted to an ICU. The instance of bradycardia (n = 16), vomiting (n = 27), and seizures (n = 7) was limited, and there were no significant differences between the groups. There were no associations noted between physostigmine administration and adverse effects. Conclusion and Relevance: This study demonstrated that physostigmine use is associated with decreased resource utilization (including intubation and ICU placement) without increasing rates of bradycardia, vomiting, or seizures.
Extraarticular Supramalleolar Osteotomy in Asymmetric Varus Ankle Osteoarthritis
Authors: Krähenbühl Nicola , Akkaya Mahmut , Deforth Manja , Zwicky Lukas , Barg Alexej , Hintermann Beat
Published: April 2019

Background:

In recent years, supramalleolar osteotomy has become a valuable alternative for treatment of ankle osteoarthritis. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the preoperative stage of ankle osteoarthritis or tilt of the talus in the ankle mortise impacts radiologic and clinical outcomes following a supramalleolar osteotomy.

Methods:

Forty-four patients who underwent a supramalleolar osteotomy for posttraumatic asymmetric varus ankle osteoarthritis were included. Subgroups were formed according to the preoperative stage of ankle osteoarthritis and the tilt of the talus in the ankle mortise. The radiographic and clinical outcomes of each subgroup were compared, and survival rates calculated.

Results:

Ankles with a preoperative Takakura stage of 2 and 3a showed a significant higher survival rate at 5 years (88% [95% CI, 67-100] and 93% [95% CI, 80-100]) compared with ankles with a preoperative Takakura stage of 3b (47% [95% CI, 26-86]; P = .044). The 5-year survival rate for patients with a preoperative tilt of the talus in the ankle mortise of 4-10 degrees was 85% (95% CI, 68-100), while patients with a preoperative tilt of >10 degrees showed a 5-year survival rate of 65% (95% CI, 46-93; P = .117).

Conclusion:

Supramalleolar osteotomy was a valuable treatment option for early to mid-stage posttraumatic asymmetric varus ankle osteoarthritis.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, retrospective cohort study.
Landing Kinematics and Isometric Hip Strength of Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: McCann Ryan S. , Terada Masafumi , Kosik Kyle B. , Gribble Phillip A.
Published: April 2019

Background:

Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with hip strength deficits and altered movement in the lower extremity. However, it remains unclear how hip strength deficits contribute to lateral ankle sprain (LAS) mechanisms. We aimed to compare lower extremity landing kinematics and isometric hip strength between individuals with and without CAI and examine associations between hip kinematics and strength.

Methods:

Seventy-six individuals completed 5 single-leg landings, during which we collected three-dimensional ankle, knee, and hip kinematics from 200 milliseconds pre–initial contact to 50 milliseconds post–initial contact. We calculated average peak torque (Nm/kg) from 3 trials of isometric hip extension, abduction, and external rotation strength testing. One-way analyses of variance assessed group differences (CAI, LAS coper, and control) in hip strength and kinematics. Pearson product moment correlations assessed associations between hip kinematics and strength. We adjusted the kinematic group comparisons and correlation analyses for multiple comparisons using the Benjamini-Hochberg method.

Results:

The CAI group exhibited less hip abduction during landing than LAS copers and controls. The CAI group had lower hip external rotation strength than LAS copers ( P = .04, d = 0.62 [0.05, 1.17]) and controls ( P < .01, d = 0.87 [0.28, 1.43]). Effect sizes suggest that the CAI group had deficits in EXT compared with controls ( d = 0.63 [0.06, 1.19]). Hip strength was not associated with hip landing kinematics for any group.

Conclusion:

Altered landing mechanics displayed by the CAI group may promote mechanisms of LAS, but they are not associated with isometric hip strength. However, hip strength deficits may negatively impact other functional tasks, and they should still be considered during rehabilitation.

Level of Evidence:

Level III, case-control study.