bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Welfare and Macroeconomic Effects of the German Pension Acts of 1992 and 1999: A Dynamic CGE Study
Authors: Hirte Georg
Published: March 2003

The German Pension Act of 1992 raises the mandatory retirement age while the Act of 1999 adjusts pension benefits to demographic changes. To examine welfare and macroeconomic effects of these reform schemes, we have carried out a dynamic CGE study. The model used is an enlarged version of the Auerbach- Kotlikoff model with endogenous retirement decisions, unemployment, age-dependent rates of unemployment, health, and long-term care insurance. The simulation is performed in two stages: first, the effects of the population decline in Germany are computed ignoring the reforms and, second, the effects of the reform schemes are examined and compared with the benchmark case. The results suggest that the Act of 1992 implies welfare gains while suspending the Act of 1999 induces welfare losses.
Recent Challenges to the Classical Gains-from-Trade Proposition
Authors: Kemp Murray C. , Shimomura Koji
Published: March 2003

The classical gains-from-trade conjecture was finally given a thorough Arrow±Debreu proof in 1972. Since then, the proposition has been repeatedly challenged. Some of the challenges rest on grounds which in no respect violate Arrow±Debreu assumptions. Those challenges are therefore without foundation. The remaining challenges rest on the assertion that some of the Arrow±Debreu assumptions are unnatural and unnecessarily restrictive or on the imposition of artificial restrictions on the set of permissible compensatory transfers. We conclude that none of the challenges can be sustained.
Reform Unleashed Korean Growth
Authors: Wan Henry Y.
Published: March 2003

Before the reform in the 1960s, twin vicious circles perpetuated the shortages of foreign exchange and labor skill, and prevented the Korean economy from realizing its considerable growth potential. The breakthrough came when the Japanese labor shortage facilitated Korean exports, after economic normalization between the two countries. The reformed institutions reduced rent-seeking and refocused Korean managerial efforts to pioneering activities. The Korean takeoff scenario is a shared theme among all four Asian newly industrialized economies cited by Lucas (1988) as showcases.
‘Das grosse Turnierfeld, auf dem sie sich versuchen’ Erich Fried’s Work for German Radio
Authors: Lawrie Steven W.
Published: March 2003

The following article presents and discusses three little‐known radio plays by the exile writer Erich Fried. Izanagi und Izanami, Die Expedition and Indizienbeweise are examined within the overall context of Fried’s other work, including his translations and reworkings for West German radio. In the 1960s Fried was new to the genre of drama and his radio plays demonstrate a process of experimentation similar to that present in his poetry and prose works. Each of Fried’s radio dramas is radically different both in theme and form.

The sources of and inspiration for these radio dramas are identified and the creative process is examined. The study devotes greatest attention to arguably the most successful of these experiments, Izanagi und Izanami. Like other writers such as Brecht, Fried was attracted to the potential of ancient Japanese literature, and draws on a variety of Japanese sources, adapting excerpts to the demands of his own radio play.

Contrary to Fried’s expectations, his radio plays did not lead to works for the stage. They nevertheless prove that he had mastered the genre and hence constitute an important and hitherto neglected phase of experimentation in his career.
A Woman’s Place...?: German‐speaking Women in Exile in Britain, 1933–1945
Authors: Brinson Charmian
Published: March 2003

This paper looks at some of the German‐speaking women exiles — political, intellectual and racial — who took refuge in Britain between 1933 and 1945 and the reception and conditions they experienced there, both before and after the outbreak of war. This includes a discussion of the changing employment for women as well as the internment of women in wartime. In addition it considers the policy of the refugee organisations (principally the Freier Deutscher Kulturbund and the Austrian Centre) towards their women members and the provision for women readers in the German‐language exile press (in particular Die Zeitung, Zeitspiegel and Die Frau/Frau in Arbeit). Finally the article examines some of the factors that determined women refugees’ choice either to return ‘home’ at the end of the war or to remain in Britain.
The Rohme Episode in Arnold Zweig’s Das Beil von Wandsbek
Authors: Hermand Jost
Published: March 2003

Most of Arnold Zweig’s novels are autobiographical. Das Beil von Wandsbek seems to be an exception in this respect. But even in this work, which deals with the events of everyday life in Hamburg under fascism, there is one episode where Zweig brings in something highly personal, albeit in a carefully camouflaged way. This is the Rohme episode, which can only be understood in all its ramifications against the backdrop of his lifelong relationship with Hermann and Helene Weyl, whom he — after a period of estrangement — met again in 1939 in Princeton. Instead of the expected reconciliation, a clash of political opinions evolved which led to a total breakdown of their relationship and was finally incorporated by Zweig into Das Beil von Wandsbek.
The Earliest Reception of the Holocaust: Ernst Sommer’s Revolte der Heiligen
Authors: Grenville Anthony
Published: March 2003

This article analyses Ernst Sommer’s novel Revolte der Heiligen, written in mid‐1943, as possibly the earliest literary text to deal in detail with the Holocaust. It shows that Sommer was already aware of the unprecedented difficulties facing writers who sought to represent the Holocaust, a problem that he resolved by setting his novel in a Jewish work camp in occupied Poland, on the margin of the genocide. Sommer’s understanding at so very early a stage of the issues raised by the Holocaust is remarkable. He sets the plight of the work Jews in the context of the political conflict between Nazi anti‐Semites bent on their extermination and those who argued that they should be kept alive as long as their labour was of military and economic benefit to the German war effort. The uprising of the Jews, the climax of the novel, allows Sommer to investigate the important topic of Jewish resistance, or the lack of it, to the Nazis, and in particular the role of the Jewish Councils in impeding active resistance, aided by the long Jewish tradition of passive endurance of persecution.
Der Harem in Familienblättern des 19. Jahrhunderts: Koloniale Phantasien und Nationale Identität
Authors: Harnisch Antje
Published: March 2003

While German Romantics typically depicted the Orient as the exotic other, contrasting it with an oppressive Germany, family magazines around the time of the formation of the German Empire attempt to invalidate this image as being a projection of the imagination. Invoking the discourse of literary realism, they represent the Orient, the city and the harem in particular, as fascinating only from a distance. By adopting a narrative perspective from inside the cities and harems, the ‘truth’ of Oriental ‘reality’ is unveiled as prosaic and unattractive. The articles thus not only evoke colonialist stereotypes and fantasies of a role for Germany as coloniser, but also articulate by contrast to Oriental reality a project in which Germany could be unified as a nation. On the one hand, the Orient is evoked to educate future generations of German colonisers who are supposed to realise Germany’s assumed responsibility as a colonial power superior to other European nations. On the other hand, the articles appropriate the Orient in the veiled process of the cultural construction of a German national identity and thus serve as a logical extension of a nationalist realism ala Freytag, aiming at the ‘Verbürgerlichung’ and domestication of its reading public.
Fritz Lang’s Metropolis and the United States
Authors: Minden Michael
Published: March 2003

Fritz lang’s Metropolis (1927) has often been analysed in context of the Weimar Republic and in relation to National Socialism. This essay, while acknowledging the importance of those contexts, seeks to take a fresh look at the film in the context of the effects upon it of the United States. The film’s production, distribution and theme are all bound up in one way or another with the influence of the United States and these circumstances, the essay argues, have a significant bearing upon the kind of images created in the film. In productively exploiting the historically actual cultural and economic tussle between the German and the U.S. film industries, this essay argues that with Metropolis Lang produced a unique mise‐en‐scène of the ambivalence of technology in the culture of modernity, which helps to explain the enduring fascination exerted by some of the film’s images, especially that of the robot.
Metonymic Cohabitation: on Women Fgures in Brecht
Authors: Swales Martin , Swales Erika
Published: March 2003

This paper begins by registering the paradox that, although Bertolt Brecht was in his lifetime frequently exploitative of women (both erotically and, in terms of his creative work, collaboratively), his poetic and dramatic oeuvre is wonderfully res‐onant in its picturing of women figures. A number of concerns within that portrait‐ure are highlighted: the perception of women’s closeness to the material universe as such; their intimacy with everyday things and objects. Yet neither cognitively nor aesthetically was Brecht a crude determinist. For him, materiality was not all. Hence he allows his women figures to exist in a kind of metonymic cohabitation with physicality. And by that token they speak for and can be spoken for by things. Precisely this field of force which allows literal and figurative modes to interact is at the heart of Brecht’s creative project – to acknowledge and interrogate the forms and sites of human being in the world.
The GDR’s Cultural Activities in Britain
Authors: Wallace Ian
Published: March 2003

The GDR’s cultural activities in Britain were regarded by the SED as an important aspect of foreign policy, their essential purpose being to promote the image of socialism in general and of the GDR in particular. Their impact was never more than merginal. however, even after the GDR had gained international recognition in the early seventies. Unlike other western countries such as France, Britain never signed a Cultural Treaty with the GDR, nor was a GDR Cultural Centre ever opened in Britain or a British Cultural Centre in East Berlin. The seventies did see a clear rise in interest in the GDR among British academics, and there were also govermental agreements on cooperation in trade, education, culture and science as well as an increase in the number of youth exchanges and civic links between towns and regions in the two countries. Nevertheless, it is as irony of history that the GDR’s promotion of cultural activities did much less to make the British aware of the GDR than did the collapse of the Berlin Wall which led to its demise.
A Fatal German Marriage: The National Subtext of Fassbinder’s Die Ehe Der Maria Braun
Authors: Uecker Matthias
Published: March 2003

The article explores the connections between the development of Maria Braun’s marriage and the political and economic conditions which made the economic miracle of the 1950s possible. Whereas Fassbinder scholarship has tended to seek parallels only between the character of Maria Braun and general developments in German society, it is argued here that both her marriage and her love affairs need to be included in such an interpretation. The analysis of non‐realistic, theatrical or extra‐diegetical elements in the film’s style discovers a subtext which revolves around symbols of national identity and sovereignty and which is directly linked to the development of Maria Braun’s marriage. Within this framework, the symbolic function of Maria Braun’s lovers and of her husband are re‐examined.
Stoische Ungeduld Johann Christoph Gottsched: Der Sterbende Cato[1732]
Authors: Krause Frank
Published: March 2003

Ob Gottsched mit der Hauptfigur seines Sterbenden Cato einen mustergültigen Heros vorfü hrt oder den Suizid des Helden kritisch darstellt, ist in jü ngeren Interpretationen umstritten. Indessen kann keine der Thesen zur Figurenkritik des Stücks völlig überzeugen, da die zentralen Schwächen des heldenhaften Cato bislang nicht deutlich genug herausgearbeitet wurden. Cato ist, wie sich zeigen wird, ein bewundernswerter stoischer Held, der zwar frühaufgeklärt‐christliche Züge trägt, aber auch zu Zorn und Haß auf seine Gegner neigt und mit erregtem Handeln dem stoischen Gelassenheitsgebot gelegentlich widerspricht. Mangel an Gelassenheit kennzeichnet auch die unstimmige, durch die stoische Lehre vom erlaubten Suizid so nicht gedeckte Gedankenführung, mit der Cato seinen Selbstmord begründet. Da er sich aus eigener Schuld zur Unzeit tötet, kann er die sich schließlich unerwartet bietende Aussicht auf ein sinnvolles Weiterleben nicht mehr wahrnehmen. Im frühaufgeklärten Interesse an der fideistischen Bewältigung von Zweifeln am Walten einer gütigen Providenz möchte Gottsched dem mitfühlenden Publikum das Scheitern des Helden als warnendes Beispiel vor Augen führen. Jedoch überfordert Gottsched die Zuschauer mit der Aufgabe, die Prämissen seiner Figurenkritik nachzuvollziehen und gegenüber den positiven Eigenschaften des Helden zur Geltung zu bringen, und trägt so unfreiwillig dazu bei, daß das Publikum den Selbstmord des Cato als weltliches Martyrium interpretiert.
The Super‐Hun and the Super‐State: Allied Propaganda and German Philosophy during the First World War
Authors: Moore Gregory
Published: March 2003

When war broke out in August 1914, intellectuals on both sides sought to discover the underlying causes of the catastrophe not in mundane political events, but in the dominant ideologies and native intellectual traditions of the Great Powers. German scholars argued that Europe was witnessing a truly world‐historical conflict rooted in the mutual antagonism that existed between two fundamentally different forms of life, a confrontation which the sociologist Werner Sombart summed up as the battle between the rapacious ‘Händler’ of utilitarian Britain and the idealistic ‘Helden’ defending a superior German Kultur. British academics conceived the war in no less apocalyptic terms: this was a struggle pitting the forces of democracy against a brutal predatory militarism, the basic impulse of which was to assert the supremacy of the state over the individual. Although initially Nietzsche and Treitschke were denounced as the figures most directly responsible for fostering this belligerent spirit, soon the entire German philosophical canon came under scrutiny. This essay examines some of the spurious genealogies of Prussian immorality which Allied writers concocted to elucidate the deeper meaning of the war.
‘Selbstgefühl, Todesschicksal’, and the end of ‘Parteidichtung’: Herybert Menzel's Anders kehren wir wieder (1943)
Authors: Travers Martin
Published: March 2003

The ‘Parteidichtung’ published in the Third Reich is commonly viewed as formally rigid and thematically trite political propaganda. Such a judgement accurately describes the work produced by poets such as Heinrich Anacker, Baldur von Schirach and Hans Baumann, a group of writers known as the ‘Junge Mannschaft’. Theirs was a functional poetry, written to be narrated, sung, or chanted on private and public occasions, with the aim of mobilising readers and performers alike in the direction of the ‘national revolution’ and, later, in support for Germany's efforts in the Second World War. Viewed within this context, Herybert Menzel's volume of poetry, Anders kehren wir wieder (1943), is a remarkable achievement: written by one of the leading voices within the ‘Junge Mannschaft’, this is a book that speaks not of self‐confident bravura and unshakeable faith in the mission of National Socialist Germany, but of personal loss, doubt, and of the travails and insecurities brought about by war, sentiments made even more effective by being framed in the near‐Expressionist style used by the author. The very existence of Menzel's Anders kehren wir wieder seems to suggest that even within the genre of officially sanctioned National Socialist literature important idiosyncratic voices could be heard.
Berthold Auerbach’s Deutscher Volks‐Kalender: Editing as Political Agenda
Authors: Sazaki Kristina R.
Published: March 2003

An analysis of Berthold Auerbach’s Deutscher Volks‐Kalender (1858–69) reveals how Auerbach attempted to participate in and to shape the discourse on national identity. One of the most popular writers of his day, he used his position as editor to carry out a political agenda that advocated German unification. He attempted to unify the diverse strata of society by providing specific ideas and values – above all on German unification and emigration – that would be understood and accepted by the practical as well as the literary reader. Many stories and essays called directly or indirectly for a united Germany. Others dealt with the hot topic of America during the Civil War as a means to encourage Germans to remain in Germany. Auerbach routinely engaged like‐minded contributors from the fields of politics, science, sociology, and the arts to create a multidisciplinary forum on nationhood. By employing images of family, friendship, and the organic and also by conjuring up a common literary tradition in Friedrich Schiller, Auerbach projected his concept of nation onto a popular form of mass culture – the calendar.
‘Mein Unbewusstes kannte. . .den Fall der Mauer und die deutsche Wiedervereinigung Nicht': The Writer Hans‐Ulrich Treichel
Authors: Williams Rhys W.
Published: March 2003

Hans‐Ulrich Treichel's Frankfurt Poetikvorlesungen offer fascinating insight into the literary strategies which he employs in his creative writing. The lectures supply a literary topography which consists of three points of psychological, rather than political, orientation: Ostwestfalen, Berlin and Italy. This article seeks to introduce readers to Treichel's prose and poetry by reference to these fixed points. What emerges is that Treichel's landscape is very much that of a generation of young West Germans; that it is rooted in a specifically Western experience, and that the GDR, where it appears at all in Treichel's fiction, is viewed very much from an outsider's perspective. The article traces his development from his earliest poetic experiments, by way of short prose sketches, to the acclaimed story Der Verlorene (1998) and the latest novel Tristanakkord (2000). Drawing both on Treichel's published work and on unpublished earlier versions of the Poetikvorlesungen, the article concludes that Treichel's fiction is characterised by a masterly portrayal of embarrassment, vulnerability, even trauma. His apparent retreat into the personal and private does not betoken a refusal to ask fundamental social and political questions, so much as an indirect method of addressing precisely those questions.
Das tragende Symbol: Ambivalenz jüdischer Identität in Stefan Zweigs Werk
Authors: Fraiman Sarah
Published: March 2003

Stefan Zweig gilt, weitgehend zu Unrecht, als Kosmopolit und übernationaler Schriftsteller, der sich kaum um seine jüdischen Wurzeln kümmerte und dessen jüdisches Wissen äußerst beschränkt war. Sein bekanntestes jüdisches Werk, Jeremias, wird vor allem als pazifistisches Werk rezipiert. Bei genauerer Betrachtung vor allem von der Erzählung Der begrabene Leuchter (1937) zeigt sich jedoch, dass Zweig ein weit größeres jüdisches Wissen besaß, als bisher angenommen wurde. Die vorliegende Studie verfolgt außerdem die unterschwellige Ambivalenz Zweigs seinem Judentum gegenüber: während er auf bewusster Ebene sein Judentum als Voraussetzung für sein übernationales Europäertum betrachtete und somit diese beiden Seiten seines Wesens in Einklang zu sein schienen, weist Zweigs Einstellung zum Judentum in seiner traditionsbewussten, osteuropäischen Form ambivalente Züge auf: Verachtung und Ablehnung mischen sich mit einer gewissen Bewunderung. Diese gemischten Gefühle durchziehen seine Werke von Buchmendel (1929) bis zum Roman Ungeduld des Herzens (1939), in welchem sich erstmals eine Änderung von Zweigs Stellungnahme zu seinem Judentum manifestiert: Zweigs latentes Gefühl des Verrats an seinem Judentum und sein Wunsch, diesen Verrat hinterher wieder gutzumachen, scheinen sich im Roman zu verbergen. Dieser Interpretationsansatz soll ein neues Licht auf Zweigs Einstellung zu seinem Judentum werfen.
‘The unforgettable forgotten’: The Traces of Trauma in Herta Müller's Reisende auf einem Bein
Authors: Haines Brigid
Published: March 2003

Trauma can be read as a metaphor of the (post)modern condition, particularly in a German context. This is because it is associated with aporias in memory and understanding which are nevertheless meaningful because they arise from and speak of specific historical circumstances. This article places Herta Müller's 1989 Berlin novel Reisende auf einem Bein within the context of twentieth‐century trauma literature. I read the protagonist, Irene, as a traumatised individual, whose experience (in Ceauşescu's Romania, then as an ethnic German immigrant in West Berlin) is locatable, but the causes of whose trauma elude representation because they are not synthesisable into frameworks of understanding. Irene comes to accommodate her trauma by inhabiting her surroundings and renouncing control – while reasserting agency. Thus the structure of trauma provides a way out of the perceived paralysis of postmodern constructions of subjectivity. Finally the novel bears witness to ‘the unforgettable forgotten’.

‘Das Überleben ist kein Leben mehr und dennoch das einzig mögliche Leben.’

(Alexander García Düttmann)

‘Whenever one represents, one inscribes in memory, and this might seem a good defense against forgetting. It is, I believe, just the opposite.’

(Jean‐François Lyotard)

‘Nicht Sprache ist Heimat, sondern das, was gesprochen wird.’

(Jorge Semprun)
Malen nach Zahlen? Bernhard Schlinks Der Vorleser und die Unfähigkeit zu trauern
Authors: Schmitz Helmut
Published: March 2003

Der ungeheure Erfolg von Bernhard Schlinks Der Vorleser hat den Roman in Deutschland und im Ausland als einen zentralen Text zur Vergangenheitsbewältigung institutionalisiert. Kritik wurde dabei vor allem an Schlinks empathischer Täterdarstellung geübt, sowie an seiner Darstellung der zweiten Generation als Opfer der Täter. Der Aufsatz analysiert Schlinks Text als historischen Roman über das Verhältnis zwischen Tätergeneration und den Nachgeborenen. Die zentrale These ist, dass Der Vorleser seinen Protagonisten und dessen Identitätskonflikt anhand von Theoremen aus Alexander und Margarete Mitscherlichs Die Unfähigkeit zu trauern entwirft. Schlinks Konstruktion des Verhältnisses zwischen Hanna Schmitz und Michael Berg wird anhand neuerer psychoanalytischer Forschungen zum Fortleben seelischer Konflikte aus dem Nationalsozialismus in der ‘zweiten Generation’ als Hörigkeitsverhältnis erkennbar, aus dem der Protagonist nicht mehr herausfindet und somit die verdrängte Melancholie der Tätergeneration und auch deren mangelnde Einfühlung in die Opfer erbt. Damit rückt auch Schlinks Täterdarstellung in ein neues Licht, die durch die Perspektive des melancholischen Subjekts Michael gebrochen und hinterfragbar wird.
On the Nationalist Reconstruction of Hölderlin in the George Circle
Authors: Suglia Joseph
Published: March 2003

The George Circle was primarily concerned with Hölderlin’s representative character. The critics who served as the official voices of the Circle (Norbert von Hellingrath, Friedrich Gundolf, Friedrich Wolters) saw Hölderlin exclusively in national–sacrificial terms: according to their interpretations, he anticipated a Germany in which nature would be purified and in which the impact of too much ‘Westernisation’ would be overcome. They claimed that the poet offered a founding figure with which the German people could identify and that the sacrifices evidenced in his work reflected upon a national sacrifice that was central to the founding of the state. In their accounts, Hölderlin was conflated with his poetic figures – in particular, with Hyperion and Empedokles – and viewed entirely from the perspective of the nation that he allegedly forecast in his poetry.
Economic Effect of Endangered Species Preservation in the Non‐Metropolitan West
Authors: DUFFY‐DENO KEVIN T.
Published: March 2003

A common argument advanced in the non‐metropolitan counties of the US West is that the Endangered Species Act (ESA) can have, and has had, a devastating effect on local economies. However, to date, there has not been a systematic empirical analysis of the ESA's effect on local economies. This paper reports on such an analysis. Based on a sample of all 333 non‐metropolitan counties in the eleven‐state West, the statistical effect of the listing of threatened and endangered species on county employment growth between 1980 and 1990 is estimated. The paper's primary finding is that the hypothesis that endangered species listing has had a negative effect on the non‐metropolitan county economies of the US West is not supported by the data.
The Comparative Development Experience of Mexico, the Philippines and Taiwan from a Political Economy Perspective
Authors: RANIS GUSTAV
Published: March 2003

Given the dramatic divergence of postwar performance across the developing world despite almost half a century of accumulated technical expertise in the advice offered by the academic and donor communities, it has become increasingly clear that a study of differential development patterns over time requires an analysis of not only what happened but also why it happened. This paper seeks to bridge this gap by attempting to endogenize policy choice in different developing country settings in order to elucidate why similar policy advice is so often differently received. It is my basic premise that a country's initial conditions—its natural resource endowment, organic nationalism, and ability to attract foreign capital—explain why some LDCs pursue a relatively linear path toward “modem‐growth” organizational characteristics, while others exhibit policy oscillations en route. A theoretical framework is developed to trace such causal relationships as they play themselves out in a political economy context over time. The policy responses to external shocks of Mexico, the Philippines and Taiwan, three countries differing in terms of various dimensions of their initial conditions, are then examined, along with their consequent performance over the past thirty years in order to empirically test the hypotheses laid out in the framework.
Improving Local Manufacturing Employment Forecasts Using Cointegration Analysis
Authors: Crane Steven E. , Nourzad Farrokh
Published: March 2003

Procedures for tracking and forecasting economic conditions in regional economies have evolved significantly over the last 30 years. Much of this evolution has followed developments in macroeconomics, where techniques for tracking/forecasting key economic variables have tended to originate. This technique adoption and adaptation process continues today, as developments in the technique adoption and adaptation process continues today, as developments in the modeling of cointegrated macroeconomic time series have begun to appear in the regional modeling and forecasting literature. This paper presents an effort at modeling a segment of a regional economy using the cointegration testing procedures suggested by Johansen and Jusilius (1990) to develop a forecasting model for manufacturing employment in Milwaukee, WI. The paper demonstrates how Vector Error Correction (VEC) modeling can lead to gains in the accuracy of local manufacturing employment forecasts relative to more traditional VAR models in either levels or first‐differenced form. In the process, it demonstrates procedures for developing a relatively simple VEC model that reveals something about the structure of the local manufacturing sector, including possible linkages to the national economy. This information can assist local policy makers in anticipating and adapting to business cycle‐related fluctuations in this critical sector of the local economy.
Contingency in the Local Provision of Public Education
Authors: McHaffie Patrick H.
Published: March 2003

This paper examines the relationships between education spending and measures of wealth, absentee land ownership, and educational attainment in central and southern Appalachia. Drawing on advances in realist theory and methodology the paper develops a conceptual model and evaluates it using both extensive and intensive research strategies. The empirical analyses combine an extensive expansion‐method model of an 80‐county area with an intensive case study of a single county. In the extensive model, education spending is hypothesized a function of local wealth as contingently modified by varying levels of absentee land ownership and educational attainment. High levels of absentee land ownership have the effect of decreasing the degree to which a particular level of wealth translates into a particular level of education spending. Conversely, high levels of educational attainment have the effect of increasing the degree to which a particular level of wealth translates into education spending. The extensive model demonstrates that the wealth‐spending relationship is translated in a locally contingent fashion. In the case study, the contextual nature of these relationships is described in a single community, and the interactions of complex social processes are detailed. In addition to contributing to the literature on the geography of education spending in particular and the geography of social programs in general, the research demonstrates the utility of integrating extensive and intensive research methodologies employed through a realist theoretical framework.
The Invisible Majority: Adult Learners in English Higher Education
Authors: McNair Stephen
Published: March 2003

The report of the National Inquiry into Higher Education (the Dearing Committee) makes much play of lifelong learning, and the last decade has seen a rapid increase in the proportion of mature learners in higher education overall. In 1993 the National Institute for Adult Continuing Education argued that the advent of lifelong learning and an adult majority in higher education called for a radical rethinking of the nature and purposes of higher education. There has been some positive change, and the Dearing report is broadly positive, but by failing to recognise the nature of the lifelong agenda, it may be too little too late.
Telling it How it is: Accounts of Academic Life
Authors: Blaxter Loraine , Hughes Christina , Tight Malcomn
Published: March 2003

Several kinds of account of what academic life is like are available. This article reviews three of these – academic novels, the professional media and ‘how to’ guides produced for academics – and makes some comparisons with the picture presented by academic research on higher education. These genres convey multiple, partial, diverse and competing accounts. Understanding their messages is interesting, useful and important to those interested in academic life.
A Comparison of Part‐time Higher Education Provision and Participation Rates in the UK: Implications for the Development of Provision in Northern Ireland
Authors: Pyper Ian F.
Published: March 2003

Most studies of higher education participation rates have been primarily concerned with the numbers of full‐time students most of whom have progressed into higher education soon after leaving secondary school or full‐time further education. This paper seeks to compare part‐time provision and participation levels in Northern Ireland with that in other parts of the UK. The pattern which emerges is that part‐time participation rates in Northern Ireland do not appear markedly different to those in other parts of the UK. However there are distinctive features in the pattern of provision. Compared with Scotland, a much higher proportion of part‐time HE in Northern Ireland takes place within the universities. It is argued that these differences should be considered when examining options for tackling the under‐supply of HE places in Northern Ireland which are identified in the Northern Ireland Appendix to the Dearing Report.
A National Profile of Research Degree Awards: Innovation, Clarity and Coherence
Authors: Bourner Tom , Bowqden Rachel , Laing Stuart
Published: March 2003

In 1993 the Government expressed its concern that:‘the traditional PhD is not well‐matched to the needs of careers outside research in academia or an industrial research laboratory’ (OST, 1993, p. 3).

This government concern appeared to encourage innovation in developing the doctorate to meet a wider range of career needs.

By contrast, in 1996, the Harris Committee Report recommended that standardisation of the forms and nomenclature of postgraduate courses, including research degree courses, ‘could bring national coherence and hence clarity in an international marketplace’ (Harris, 1996, p. 38).

In this article we have developed a national profile of research degree awards using data from individual universities. This profile allows us to explore empirically issues of variety and standardisation in research degrees and seek ways of reconciling the need for innovation with the need to protect coherence and clarity.
External Quality Auditing in Sweden: Are Departments Affected?
Authors: Stensaker Bjørn
Published: March 2003

The article studies the effects of the first round of quality audits in five higher education institutions in Sweden. Using the formal objectives of the audits as a starting point of the investigation, the article examines in which areas change, as experienced at the departmental level, seems to be achieved and where problems can be found. The results are then discussed in a broader context where experiences from quality audit and assessment processes in the UK are included, and where strengths and weaknesses of the current audit procedures in Sweden are identified. Some implications of the study, especially focusing on possible future improvements in the design of quality audits, are examined in the conclusion.
Mature Female Entrants to Higher Education: Closing the Gender Gap in the UK Labour Market
Authors: Adnett Nick , Coates Gwen
Published: March 2003

Little is known about the social and private economic returns to graduation for mature students in the UK. However, the post‐Dearing changes in the funding of higher education have initially been associated with a significant fall in applications from this group of entrants. This paper, by providing an economic assessment of mature female entrants to higher education, allows a preliminary evaluation of these changes. It critically appraises the limited empirical work in this area, identifying methodological weaknesses. Theassessment addresses the issue of re‐entry into employment and relates maturefemales' entry into higher education to the wider issue of gender inequality inthe labour market. It concludes that a case can be made for additional subsidies targeted at this group of entrants.
Professional Practices: Commitment and Capability in a Changing Environment
Authors: Knight Peter
Published: March 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Tony Becher, Professional Practices: Commitment and Capability in a Changing Environment
Tutors as Professional Role Models, With Particular Reference to Undergraduate Business Education
Authors: Ottewill Roger
Published: March 2003

As part of the ongoing debate concerning the changing nature of the role of tutors in UK higher education, consideration needs to be given to their ‘professionalism’ in the broadest sense of the term. In popular vocational areas, such as undergraduate business education, it is important for tutors to reflect on the extent to which and manner in which they might serve as professional role models for students. Particular attention needs to be given to technical competence with respect to not only subject specialism but also pedagogic acumen and course management skills; standards; an ethical imperative; the exercise of autonomy; and reflective practice. Factors which inhibit tutors from acting as role models, such as academic traditions and countervailing pressures, and the implications for students also need to be taken into account.
Quality Assurance: Meeting the Needs of the User
Authors: Randall John
Published: March 2003

Both students and employers, the main users of the higher education system, need to have confidence that qualifications attest accurately to past achievement and current ability. The standards represented by higher education qualifications need to be explicit and, in an employment market that is increasingly global, qualifications must have a universal currency. The frameworks of higher education qualifications published recently in the United Kingdom provide explicit benchmarks, and do so in a manner that enables international comparisons to be drawn.

Users need assurance that the programmes of study leading to qualifications are effective in enabling the learner both to achieve, and to demonstrate achievement of, the standards embodied in intended learning outcomes. Students in particular want to know that the education in which they are investing will meet their expectations. However, proposed changes in quality assurance of higher education suggest an unwillingness on the part of institutions to demonstrate that the standards embodied in the qualifications framework are being delivered. The interests of the providers appear to be given supremacy over those of the users.
The Merchant Adventurers of England: their origins and the Mercers' Company of London
Authors: Sutton Anne F.
Published: March 2003

The history of the adventurers, or overseas merchants, trading to the Low Countries is taken back to their earliest privileges, those from Brabant 1296–1315, to the establishment of their fraternity of St. Thomas c.1300, and to their common origin with the staplers. This discounts the theories that they owed their beginnings to the Mercers’ Company of London. The rise of the London mercers to an increasingly dominant position among the Adventurers to the Low Countries is traced from c.1400, and their records, the frequently misleading acts of court, are re-examined. The theory that the Company of the Merchant Adventurers of England was created at the end of the fifteenth century is similarly discounted.
Central America’s Foreign Debt Burden and the HIPC Initiative
Authors: Esquivel Gerardo , Larraín Felipe , Sachs Jeffrey D.
Published: March 2003

This paper reviews the foreign debt burden in Central America with special emphasis on Honduras and Nicaragua. These countries have a large debt overhang and they have lagged behind the rest of the region in terms of economic growth. Our work suggests that Honduras and Nicaragua require alleviation of their foreign debt as a prerequisite to achieve sustained economic growth. The paper also reviews the initiative aimed at reducing the debt burden of the highly indebted poor countries (the HIPC Initiative) and evaluates alternative scenarios of debt reduction for both Honduras and Nicaragua. It ends with a critical assessment of the implications of the fiscal and openness criteria established in the HIPC Initiative.
The Mexican Presidential and Congressional Elections of 2000 and Democratic Transition
Authors: Wallis Darren
Published: March 2003

The article examines the presidential and congressional elections of July 2000 in Mexico. The elections brought to an end more than 70 years of single party government and the culmination of a gradual democratisation process stretching back at least a decade. The long term decline in the bases of support for the regime and the changing institutional rules for elections and parties are described by way of contextualising the campaign itself and its leading protagonists. While the new rules of the game guaranteed free and fair elections, issues of internal party democracy and negative, personality‐based campaigning do not paint a universally rosy democratic picture. Analysis of the election results demonstrates how the opposition was able to move beyond its traditional geographic confines and challenge across the country. However, voters did not give an unambiguous victory to Vicente Fox; his alliance does not possess a majority in either house of congress. Divided government and developments in the party system are considered as two key issues that will shape Mexico's democratic future.
The ‘Lessons’ of Dictatorship: Political Learning and the Military in Chile
Authors: Weeks Gregory B.
Published: March 2003

This article argues that political learning with regard to civil‐military relations in Chile has proved an obstacle to democratization. In the postauthoritarian period, both the armed forces and political parties have referred to history when considering civil‐military reform, especially with regard to how to avoid a repeat of the conflict of the Unidad Popular period. Meanwhile, the military also utilizes the Spanish example when resisting changes it feels are inimical to its interests. The ‘lessons’ each takes from the past directly influence political strategies and the overall result is that while civilian rule continues, democratic civil‐military relations are not necessarily advanced.
Labour Discipline and Resistance: The Oruro Mining District in the Late Colonial Period
Authors: Márquez Concepción Gavira
Published: March 2003

This article discusses the characteristics of the (principally indigenous) work force in the mines of Charcas, Bolivia, in the last decades of the eighteenth century. It analyses the ways in which mine workers were disciplined under law and in daily practice, as well as their resistance to such discipline, so as to assess the application and impact of mining legislation. The chief obstacles to proletarianization lay in the characteristic mixture in the mines of wage labourers and peasants, as well as in the different concepts of work held by Spaniards and Indians. An increase in coercion during this period, both by the State and private individuals, so as to recruit and retain workers provoked different strategies of resistance among the Indians, as is illustrated by a significant joint protest among smelting–mill workers in Oruro and Paria in 1793.
Introduction: global knowledge and advocacy networks
Authors: Stone Diane
Published: March 2003

As global and regional networks proliferate, one important aspect of their operations has been the exchange of knowledge, information and expertise. ‘Global knowledge networks’ have become important components of the global political economy. Within these networks key knowledge institutions and actors can be development agencies, foundations, think‐tanks, universities, consultancy firms as well as individual experts and academics. A primary mechanism for the spread of their knowledge has been through global and regional networks. The article evaluates first, concepts of networks, especially the epistemic community and transnational issue network frameworks; second, theories about international diffusion of ideas; and third, some of the literature on the links between ideas and politics. Control over knowledge and information is important to policy making. Additionally, the status and prestige associated with scholarly expertise and professional training is politically empowering for individual experts consulted or co‐opted into policy making. Yet, norms and values cannot be divorced from ‘scientific advice’ especially when knowledge gains greater impact through advocacy and alliance with societal forces.
New Reproductive Technologies, Ethics and Gender: The Legislative Process in Brazil
Authors: Diniz Debora
Published: March 2003

In this article, I will analyse the conduct of the Brazilian legislative process regarding new reproductive technologies, mainly the moral assumptions of three categories that are essential to the debate: the status of the child generated by these techniques; the number of embryos transferred in each cycle (as well as foetal reduction); and the issue of women’s eligibility for such techniques. The analysis will be a sociological study of the Brazilian legislative debate, using feminist perspectives in ethics as the theoretical reference. The focus will be the bills in progress in the Brazilian National Congress, the public and official declarations of legislators involved in the issue and the regulation of the medical class, which has influenced the legislative process. Aside from the analysis of the legislative process, I include a section on the justification of these bills, since that is where the legislator exposes what he/she believes is the moral support for the bill.
Chemical and Mineralogical Alteration of Ceramics from A Late Bronze Age Kiln At Kommos, Crete: the Effect On the Formation of A Reference Group
Authors: Garrigós J. Buxeda I , Kilikoglou V. , Day P. M.
Published: March 2003

The formation of reference groups comprises an important procedure in chemical provenance studies of archaeological pottery. Material from ancient kilns is thought to be especially suitable for reference groups, as it comprises a definite unit of past production. Pottery from the Late Minoan IA kiln excavated at Kommos, Crete was analysed in order to produce a reference group in this important area of Minoan ceramic production. The samples were characterized by a combination of techniques providing information on the chemistry, mineralogy and microstructure of the ceramic body. Initially, the study was unable to establish, in a straightforward manner, a chemical reference group. Different ceramic pastes and a range of selective alterations and contaminations, affected by variable firing temperatures and burial environment, were shown to be responsible for the compositional variability. Procedures are described to compensate for such alterations and the perturbations in the data that they produce.
Neutron Activation Analysis of Metal Artefacts from the Moche Site, North Coast of Peru
Authors: Chapdelaine C. , Kennedy G. , Castillo S. Uceda
Published: March 2003

Neutron activation analysis has been used to characterize 60 metal objects from the Moche site, of which four are associated with the Chimú Period, two with the Early Chimú Period and the others with various Moche IV contexts. Different types of utilitarian and non‐utilitarian objects were analysed to identify the metals present, and to investigate their chemical composition and their eventual source. The results clearly indicate the distinction between Chimú and Moche artefacts and confirm the generalized opinion that arsenic bronze was popular after ad 900. They also indicate that gilding copper objects with gold was already a common practice during the Moche era.
A Crystal‐Chemical Study of Remains found in the Tomb of Giuseppe Tartini (1692–1770)
Authors: Molin G. , Salviulo G. , Guerriero P.
Published: March 2003

We describe a crystal‐chemical investigation on extremely altered skeletal material and a greatly altered ring found in the tomb of the musician and composer Giuseppe Tartini. X‐ray powder diffraction and electron probe microanalysis show the presence of brushite and a small amount of hydroxyapatite in the skeletal remains. The brass ring is composed of an inner core part of cuprite (Cu2O) surrounded by parascholzite (CaZn2(PO4)2??2H2O in the outer part. This indicates that Tartini's body underwent chemical attack by a strong acid, probably sulphuric acid, as an intentional technique of mortuary hygiene in the second half of the 18th century.
South African micromammals and predators: some comparative results
Authors: Matthews T.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents the results of a taphonomic, comparative study on some South African species of small carnivores, and the effects they have on micromammalian prey skeletons in terms of breakage patterns, body part representation and etching from digestion. The results from a study of modern serval scats suggest that the taphonomic pattern found on prey remains from this felid may share more in common with some of the owls, diurnal birds of prey and other small carnivores than previously realized.