bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using commercial catch statistics to detect habitat bottlenecks in large lowland rivers
Authors: Wolter Christian , Menzel Ronald
Published: March 2005

Thirty‐seven years of fisheries records covering a fishing area of 6231 ha in the lower Havel River, Germany, have been analysed to address two issues: (1) detection of the effects of habitat bottlenecks caused by extreme floods and droughts on adult fish assemblage; and (2) evaluating the appropriateness of commercial fisheries statistics in testing the habitat bottleneck concept. Time series analyses of the data were first tested for autocorrelations and then classified using the CHAID (Chi‐squared Automatic Interaction Detector) and C&RT (Classification and Regression Trees) algorithms. The significant environmental predictors revealed by these segmentation procedures were used in cross‐correlations with various time series of fisheries yields. No single hydraulic flood parameter was significantly correlated with fisheries yield but two drought parameters were. The strongest predictor of native fish species was the minimum discharge during the spawning season (March to June). Although total fisheries yield typically increased in years with low flows, probably because of higher catch efficiencies, the yields of pike and pikeperch significantly decreased in the following two years. By comparison, significantly higher catches of pike, perch, asp, burbot, and ide were recorded in the three years following periods of sustained higher base flows. Our findings suggest that habitat bottleneck effects on fish assemblages have an important role in influencing fish community structure and do require further study. Information on habitat bottlenecks will contribute to the setting of ecological flow requirements and sustainable fisheries in large rivers systems. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
American Indian epistemologies
Authors: Cajete (Tewa) Gregory A.
Published: March 2005

This chapter provides general insights into American Indian epistemologies that can assist student affairs professionals in their work and examines the shared understandings of American Indians with regard to tribal knowledge and education.
Port of Koper—elemental concentrations in aerosols by PIXE
Authors: Žitnik M. , Jakomin M. , Pelicon P. , Rupnik Z. , Simčič J. , Budnar M. , Grlj N. , Marzi B.
Published: March 2005

The elemental composition of PM10 aerosols in the vicinity of the open‐air bulk terminal in the Port of Koper, Slovenia, was determined. Using a combination of short but intense and longer but relatively simple set‐up of sampling points and sampling periods, we studied elemental concentrations ranging from S to Br and Pb due to the presence of the terminal and related activities. We observed a decrease in concentrations with respect to the distance from the source and a long‐term correlation of different elemental concentrations detected during the non‐stop 2‐year sampling period. Two types of filters, Nuclepore and quartz fibre, were used for sampling as being most appropriate for different aims of the project. The filters were irradiated with 2 MeV protons at the PIXE beamline of the Microanalytical Centre at Jožef Stefan Institute (JSI). The elemental concentrations were obtained by analysing the recorded x‐ray spectra with the GUPIX code. We found a strong correlation between iron ore transfer and Fe concentration in PM10. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Predictors of social network composition among homeless and runaway adolescents
Authors: Johnson Kurt D. , Whitbeck Les B. , Hoyt Dan R.
Published: March 2005

Recent research on the social support networks of homeless and runaway youth suggest the social networks of runaway youth are made up largely of transient deviant peer relationships. This paper examined social network characteristics of 428 homeless and runaway adolescents from small‐to moderate‐sized cities in four Midwestern states. We investigated size, homogeneity, and correlates of the composition of the instrumental and emotional support networks as reported by the adolescents. Results showed the networks are considerably heterogeneous, comprised of relationships from home and the street as well as family and non‐related adults. Further, the composition of these networks is related to adolescent characteristics and experiences including sexual identity, abuse history, and street experience.
Persistent back pain — why do physical therapy clinicians continue treatment? A mixed methods study of chiropractors, osteopaths and physiotherapists
Authors: Pincus Tamar , Vogel Steven , Breen Alan , Foster Nadine , Underwood Martin
Published: March 2005

Aims (a) To investigate how widespread is the use of long term treatment without improvement amongst clinicians treating individuals with low back pain. (b) To study the beliefs behind the reasons why chiropractors, osteopaths and physiotherapists continue to treat people whose low back pain appears not to be improving.

Methods A mixed methods study, including a questionnaire survey and qualitative analysis of semi‐structured interviews. Questionnaire survey; 354/600 (59%) clinicians equally distributed between chiropractic, osteopathy and physiotherapy professions. Interview study; a purposive sample of fourteen clinicians from each profession identified from the survey responses. Methodological techniques ranged from grounded theory analysis to sorting of categories by both the research team and the subjects themselves.

Results At least 10% of each of the professions reported that they continued to treat patients with low back pain who showed almost no improvement for over three months. There is some indication that this is an underestimate. reasons for continuing unsuccessful management of low back pain were not found to be primarily monetary in nature; rather it appears to have much more to do with the scope of care that extends beyond issues addressed in the current physical therapy guidelines. The interview data showed that clinicians viewed their role as including health education and counselling rather than a ‘cure or refer’ approach. Additionally, participants raised concerns that discharging patients from their care meant sending them to into a therapeutic void.

Conclusion Long‐term treatment of patients with low back pain without objective signs of improvement is an established practice in a minority of clinicians studied. This approach contrasts with clinical guidelines that encourage self‐management, reassurance, re‐activation, and involvement of multidisciplinary teams for patients who do not recover. Some of the rationale provided makes a strong case for ongoing contact. However, the practice is also maintained through poor communication with other professions and mistrust of the healthcare system.
The treatment of mixed states and the risk of switching to depression
Authors: Vieta Eduard
Published: March 2005

There are few controlled studies evaluating the treatment of bipolar mixed states. Evidence suggests that mixed states may be more responsive to some anticonvulsants than to lithium. Olanzapine alone or in combination with divalproate or lithium has been adequately evaluated in randomized clinical trials involving mixed-state patients, whereas risperidone and quetiapine have not. There is also some evidence demonstrating the efficacy of ziprasidone and aripiprazole. The risk of switching to depression is high in mixed states. Conventional antipsychotics, such as haloperidol, may be less efficacious at protecting against a switch to depression than atypical antipsychotics, divalproate or lithium. When choosing drugs for the treatment of mania, and especially for the treatment of mixed states, their efficacy against manic and depressive symptoms, and their safety in terms of the risk of switching to depression should be taken into account.
Implementing a Five-Factor Personality Inventory for Use on the Internet
Authors: Buchanan Tom , Johnson John A. , Goldberg Lewis R.
Published: March 2005

Abstract. A short five-factor personality inventory developed from the International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) was implemented as an online questionnaire and completed by 2,448 participants. Following factor analyses, a revised version was created with acceptable reliability and factor univocal scales. As preliminary evidence of construct validity, support was found for 25 hypothesized links with self-reports of relevant behaviors and demographic variables. In a replication using a different recruiting strategy to test for differences due to motivational factors, similar results were obtained. This set of scales appears to provide acceptable measures of the Five-Factor Model for use in internet-mediated research.
Persistently strong oceanic CO2 sink in the western subtropical North Pacific
Authors: Midorikawa Takashi , Nemoto Kazuhiro , Kamiya Hitomi , Ishii Masao , Inoue Hisayuki Y.
Published: March 2005

The long‐term trend of the partial pressure of CO2 in surface seawater (pCO2sea) in late‐January to early‐February during the past two decades was examined in the western North Pacific along the repeat line at 137°E from 3°N to 34°N. The growth rate of pCO2sea at each 1° in latitude ranged from +1.3 ± 0.2 to +2.1 ± 0.3 μatm yr−1, and the average was +1.7 ± 0.2 μatm yr−1. The growth of pCO2sea is attributable mainly to the uptake of anthropogenic CO2 in surface water and, to a small extent, to the regional changes in sea surface temperature (SST). The net air‐to‐sea CO2 flux in January–February that accounts for 40 to 60% of the annual flux remained at a similar level in the subtropical regions (7°N to 34°N). In the equatorial region (3°N to 6°N), however, a slight increase in the CO2 efflux was seen.
Dynamical downscaling: Assessment of value retained and added using the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS)
Authors: Castro Christopher L. , Pielke Roger A. , Leoncini Giovanni
Published: March 2005

The value restored and added by dynamical downscaling is quantitatively evaluated by considering the spectral behavior of the Regional Atmospheric Modeling System (RAMS) in relation to its domain size and grid spacing. A regional climate model (RCM) simulation is compared with NCEP Reanalysis data regridded to the RAMS grid at each model analysis time for a set of six basic experiments. At large scales, RAMS underestimates atmospheric variability as determined by the column integrated kinetic energy and integrated moisture flux convergence. As the grid spacing increases or domain size increases, the underestimation of atmospheric variability at large scales worsens. The model simulated evolution of the kinetic energy relative to the reanalysis regridded kinetic energy exhibits a decrease with time, which is more pronounced with larger grid spacing. Additional follow‐on experiments confirm that the surface boundary forcing is the dominant factor in generating atmospheric variability for small‐scale features and that it exerts greater control on the RCM solution as the influence of lateral boundary conditions diminish. The sensitivity to surface forcing is also influenced by the model parameterizations, as demonstrated by using a different convection scheme. For the particular case considered, dynamical downscaling with RAMS in RCM mode does not retain value of the large scale which exists in the larger global reanalysis. The utility of the RCM, or value added, is to resolve the smaller‐scale features which have a greater dependence on the surface boundary. This conclusion regarding RAMS is expected to be true for other RCMs as well.
Acute Intravenous Low- and High-Dose Cocaine Reduces Quantitative Global and Regional Cerebral Blood Flow in Recently Abstinent Subjects with Cocaine use Disorder
Authors: Johnson Bankole A , Dawes Michael A , Roache John D , Wells Lynda T , Ait-Daoud Nassima , Mauldin James B , Wang Yanmei , Lancaster Jack L , Fox Peter T
Published: March 2005

Cocaine-induced hypoperfusion, a risk factor for ischemic stroke, has not been fully characterized during experimental drug-taking among individuals with cocaine use disorder. We sought to examine cocaine's dose-dependent, time-related effects on cerebral blood flow. In a double-blind, randomized human laboratory study with a counterbalanced order of drug administration, 31 male and female subjects with cocaine use disorder were divided into two groups receiving either (a) low-dose cocaine (0.325 mg/kg intravenously) or placebo ( N = 15) or (b) high-dose cocaine (0.650 mg/kg intravenously) or placebo ( N = 16). The different dose conditions were administered on test days separated by a rest period of ≥48 h. Cerebral blood flow was assessed quantitatively using H2O15 positron emission tomography. Experimentally administered low- and high-dose cocaine conditions versus their corresponding placebo conditions were associated with global and regional hypoperfusion. The trend for high- versus low-dose cocaine to be associated with greater hypoperfusion achieved statistical significance only for the dopamine-rich sublobar and midbrain regions. Cocaine's hypoperfusion effects were maximal at 8 mins after infusion (i.e., at about the expected peak of intravenous cocaine levels) and had mostly dissipated by 32 mins after infusion. Although hypoperfusion occurred throughout the brain, the left hemispheric dopamine-rich sublobar region was the most severely affected. Cocaine-induced cerebral hypoperfusion is associated with the time course of its pharmacological effects, and dopamine-rich areas, particularly in the left hemisphere, may be most vulnerable. Increasingly larger doses of cocaine may be associated with greater risk for ischemic stroke.
General Anesthesia Improves Fetal Cerebral Oxygenation without Evidence of Subsequent Neuronal Injury
Authors: McClaine Rebecca J , Uemura Kenichiro , Fuente Sebastian G de la , Manson Roberto J , Booth John V , White William D , Campbell Kurt A , McClaine Deborah J , Benni Paul B , Eubanks W Steve , Reynolds James D
Published: March 2005

Anesthetic exposure during pregnancy is viewed as a relatively routine medical practice. However, recent rodent studies have suggested that common anesthetic agents can damage the developing brain. Here we assessed this claim in a higher order species by exposing previously instrumented near-term pregnant sheep at gestational day 122 (±1) to a combination of midazolam, sodium thiopental, and isoflurane at clinically relevant doses and means of anesthetic delivery (i.e., active ventilation). Four hours of maternal general anesthesia produced an initial increase in fetal systemic oxygenation and a sustained increase in fetal cerebral oxygenation, as determined by in utero near-infrared spectroscopy. Postexposure monitoring failed to identify changes in physiologic status that could be injurious to the fetal brain. Finally, through the histologic assessment of noninstrumented sheep at the same gestational time point, we found no evidence for a direct fetal neuro-toxic effect of our triple-drug regimen. Collectively, these results appear to corroborate the presumed safety of inhalational anesthetic use during pregnancy.
Sleep-Related Brain Activation Does Not Increase the Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier to Glucose
Authors: Silvani Alessandro , Asti Valentina , Berteotti Chiara , Bojic Tijana , Cianci Tullia , Ferrari Vera , Franzini Carlo , Lenzi Pierluigi , Zoccoli Giovanna
Published: March 2005

We compared blood-brain barrier (BBB) permeability to glucose between quiet wakefulness and rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep to assess whether changes in BBB permeability play a role in coupling glucose supply to the physiologic metabolic needs of the brain. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were prepared with electrodes for wake-sleep state scoring and with arterial and venous catheters. Using the single-pass, dual-label indicator method, unidirectional glucose extraction by the brain and cerebral blood flow (CBF) were simultaneously measured during states of quiet wakefulness ( n = 12) or REM sleep ( n = 7). The product of BBB surface area and permeability to glucose (PS product) was computed in each state. During REM sleep, CBF significantly exceeded that during quiet wakefulness in all regions but the cerebellum, whereas the difference in the PS product between quiet wakefulness and REM sleep was not statistically significant in any brain region. In the brain as a whole, CBF significantly increased 29% from quiet wakefulness to REM sleep, while a nonsignificant 0.8% increase occurred in the PS product. During REM sleep, the increase in CBF indicates a higher rate of brain glucose consumption than in quiet wakefulness, given the tight flow-metabolism coupling in the brain. Therefore, these data show that modulation of BBB permeability to glucose is not a mechanism that provides ‘energy on demand’ during the physiologic brain activation characterising REM sleep.
Quantification of Fatty Tissue Mass by Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia
Authors: FATTORI ROSSELLA , TRICOCI PIERLUIGI , RUSSO VINCENZO , LOVATO LUIGI , BACCHI‐REGGIANI LETIZIA , GAVELLI GIAMPAOLO , BRANZI ANGELO , BORIANI GIUSEPPE
Published: March 2005

Introduction: Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD) is a heart muscle disorder in which the pathological substrate is a fatty or fibro‐fatty replacement of the right ventricular (RV) myocardium.

Methods and Results: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies were performed in 10 patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia and in 24 matched controls in order to assess right ventricular epicardial/intramyocardial fatty tissue mass, RV myocardial mass, and RV functional parameters. Functional abnormalities were found in all ARVD cases. Patients with ARVD showed increased fatty tissue compared to controls (8.2 ± 4 g vs. 2.0 ± 1.0 g; P = 0.001), whereas no significant differences were found in RV myocardial mass (29.5 ± 9.2 g vs. 23.2 ± 6.7 g; P = NS). A correlation coefficient between 0.87 and 0.97 was found for repeated measurements.

Conclusion: Quantification of fatty tissue with MRI is feasible and constitutes an objective method for differentiating normal from pathological conditions. This approach may lead to a complete diagnostic assessment of ARVD with the potential application for monitoring the evolution of the disease.
How Close Are the Phrenic Nerves to Cardiac Structures? Implications for Cardiac Interventionalists
Authors: SÁNCHEZ‐QUINTANA DAMIAN , CABRERA JOSÉ ANGEL , CLIMENT VICENTE , FARRÉ JERÓNIMO , WEIGLEIN ANDREAS , HO SIEW YEN
Published: March 2005

Background: Phrenic nerve injury is a recognized complication following cardiac intervention or surgery. With increasing use of transcatheter procedures to treat drug‐refractory arrhythmias, clarification of the spatial relationships between the phrenic nerves and important cardiac structures is essential to reduce risks.

Methods and Results: We examined by gross dissection the courses of the right and left phrenic nerves in 19 cadavers. Measurements were made of the minimal and maximal distances of the nerves to the superior caval vein, superior cavoatrial junction, right pulmonary veins, and coronary veins. Histologic studies were carried out on tissues from six cavaders. Tracing the course of the right phrenic nerve revealed its close proximity to the superior caval vein (minimum 0.3 ± 0.5 mm) and the right superior pulmonary vein (minimum 2.1 ± 0.4 mm). The anterior wall of the right superior pulmonary vein was <2 mm from the right phrenic nerve in 32% of specimens. The left phrenic nerve passed over the obtuse cardiac margin and the left obtuse marginal vein and artery in 79% of specimens. In the remaining specimens, its course was anterosuperior, passing over the main stem of the left coronary artery or the anterior descending artery and great cardiac vein.

Conclusions: The right phrenic nerve is at risk when ablations are carried out in the superior caval vein and the right superior pulmonary vein. The left phrenic nerve is vulnerable during lead implantation into the great cardiac and left obtuse marginal veins.
Electrical conductivity enhanced dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric 0-3 composites
Authors: Wong C. K. , Shin F. G.
Published: March 2005

We have investigated the effects of electrical conductivity of the constituents on the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of ferroelectric 0-3 composites. The time-dependent internal electric fields are first derived, which can be induced by an applied ac field in dielectric measurement or stress in piezoelectric measurement. Our previously developed model [C. K. Wong, Y. M. Poon, and F. G. Shin, J. Appl. Phys. 90, 4690 (2001)] has been extended to include the additional contribution from the electrical conductivities and the frequency of measurement, which can be significant for ceramic/polymer composites possessing high conductivity in the matrix phase. The model provides an explanation to the surprisingly high piezoelectric d33 values reported by, e.g., Chen et al. [Sens. Actuators, A 65, 194 (1998)]. Explicit expressions for the transient and steady-state responses are given and the effective permittivity, d33, d31, and dh coefficients have been derived.
Imaging of oxide charges and contact potential difference fluctuations in atomic layer deposited Al2O3 on Si
Authors: Sturm J. M. , Zinine A. I. , Wormeester H. , Poelsema Bene , Bankras R. G. , Holleman J. , Schmitz J.
Published: March 2005

Ultrathin 2.5nm high-k aluminum oxide (Al2O3) films on p-type silicon (001) deposited by atomic layer deposition (ALD) were investigated with noncontact atomic force microscopy (NC-AFM) in ultrahigh vacuum, using a conductive tip. Constant force gradient images revealed the presence of oxide charges and experimental observations at different tip–sample potentials were compared with calculations of the electric force gradient based on a spherical tip model. This model could be substantially improved by the incorporation of the image of the tip in the semiconductor substrate. Based on the signals of different oxide charges observed, a homogenous depth distribution of those charges was derived. Application of a potential difference between sample and tip was found to result in a net electric force depending on the contact potential difference (CPD) and effective tip–sample capacitance, which depends on the depletion or accumulation layer that is induced by the bias voltage. CPD images could be constructed from height–voltage spectra with active feedback. Apart from oxide charges large-scale (150–300nm lateral size) and small-scale (50–100nm) CPD fluctuations were observed, the latter showing a high degree of correlation with topography features. This correlation might be a result from the surface-inhibited growth mode of the investigated layers.
Efficient coupling of Er-doped silicon-rich oxide to microdisk whispering gallery modes
Authors: Verbert J. , Mazen F. , Charvolin T. , Picard E. , Calvo V. , Noé P. , Gérard J.-M. , Hadji E.
Published: March 2005

We report room-temperature light emission from erbium-doped silicon-rich oxide integrated in a silica microdisk. Silica disks are fabricated by standard optical lithography and etching techniques. Erbium-doped silicon-rich oxide is then deposited by coevaporation of silicon and erbium under oxygen flux. A spatially resolved photoluminescence experiment highlights the efficient coupling of the signal to whispering gallery modes when the excitation beam is focused near the edge of the disk. Quality factors as high as 3000 are measured, limited by the setup’s spectral resolution.
Strain-engineered ferromagnetic In1−xMnxAs films with in-plane easy axis
Authors: Liu X. , Lim W. L. , Ge Z. , Shen S. , Dobrowolska M. , Furdyna J. K. , Wojtowicz T. , Yu K. M. , Walukiewicz W.
Published: March 2005

Ferromagnetic In1−xMnxAs semiconductor films (x=0.12) were grown by low-temperature molecular beam epitaxy on In1−yAlyAs–AlSb–GaAs hybrid substrates. The built-in compressive strain induced by the In1−yAlyAs buffer leads to an in-plane easy axis of magnetization. Detailed studies of magnetic anisotropy by ferromagnetic resonance and by direct magnetization measurements unambiguously show the existence of a uniaxial anisotropy in the layer plane, similar to that observed in compressively strained GaMnAs. This suggests that the difference between [110] and [11¯0] directions is general for III–Mn–As systems.
A conservation strategy for dugongs: implications of Australian research
Authors: Marsh Helene , Eros Carole , Corkeron Peter , Breen Barbara
Published: March 2005

The dugong (Dugong dugon) is listed as vulnerable to
extinction at a global scale. It has a large range that spans some forty
countries and includes tropical and subtropical coastal and island waters from
east Africa to Vanuatu. A significant proportion of the world’s dugongs
is found in northern Australian waters where most modern dugong research has
been conducted. Dugongs are long-lived animals with a low reproductive rate,
long generation time, and a high investment in each offspring. Population
simulations indicate that even with the most optimistic combinations of
life-history parameters (e.g. low natural mortality and no human-induced
mortality) a dugong population is unlikely to increase by more than 5%
per year. Dugongs are vulnerable to anthropogenic impacts because of their
life history and their dependence on seagrasses that are restricted to coastal
habitats. Even a slight reduction in adult survivorship as a result of habitat
loss, disease, hunting or incidental drowning in nets can cause a chronic
decline in a dugong population. The optimum management strategy is to identify
areas that consistently support large numbers of dugongs and to set these
aside as dugong sanctuaries in which dugong mortality is minimized and their
habitat protected.
Mate choice decisions of stickleback females predictably modified by MHC peptide ligands
Authors: Milinski Manfred , Griffiths Siân , Wegner K. Mathias , Reusch Thorsten B. H. , Haas-Assenbaum Annette , Boehm Thomas
Published: March 2005

Sexual selection has been proposed as one mechanism to explain the maintenance of high allelic diversity in MHC genes that control the extent of resistance against pathogens and parasites in natural populations. MHC-based sexual selection is known to involve olfactory mechanisms in fish, mice, and humans. During mate choice, females of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) use an odor-based selection strategy to achieve an optimal level of MHC diversity in their offspring, equipping them with optimal resistance toward pathogens and parasites. The molecular mechanism of odor-based mate-selection strategies is unknown. Because peptide ligands for MHC class I molecules function as individuality signals in mice, we hypothesized that female sticklebacks might assess the degree of MHC diversity of potential partners by means of the structural diversity of the corresponding peptide ligands in perceived odor signals. We show that structurally diverse MHC ligands interact with natural odors of male sticklebacks to predictably modify MHC-related mate choice. For a mating pair with suboptimal numbers of MHC alleles, peptides increase the attractiveness of male water, whereas for a mating pair with superoptimal numbers, attractiveness is decreased. Our results suggest that female sticklebacks use evolutionarily conserved structural features of MHC peptide ligands to evaluate MHC diversity of their prospective mating partners.
On the utility of pooling biological samples in microarray experiments
Authors: Kendziorski C. , Irizarry R. A. , Chen K.-S. , Haag J. D. , Gould M. N.
Published: March 2005

Over 15% of the data sets catalogued in the Gene Expression Omnibus Database involve RNA samples that have been pooled before hybridization. Pooling affects data quality and inference, but the exact effects are not yet known because pooling has not been systematically studied in the context of microarray experiments. Here we report on the results of an experiment designed to evaluate the utility of pooling and the impact on identifying differentially expressed genes. We find that inference for most genes is not adversely affected by pooling, and we recommend that pooling be done when fewer than three arrays are used in each condition. For larger designs, pooling does not significantly improve inferences if few subjects are pooled. The realized benefits in this case do not outweigh the price paid for loss of individual specific information. Pooling is beneficial when many subjects are pooled, provided that independent samples contribute to multiple pools.
Remote analysis of biological invasion and biogeochemical change
Authors: Asner Gregory P. , Vitousek Peter M.
Published: March 2005

We used airborne imaging spectroscopy and photon transport modeling to determine how biological invasion altered the chemistry of forest canopies across a Hawaiian montane rain forest landscape. The nitrogen-fixing tree
Myrica faya
doubled canopy nitrogen concentrations and water content as it replaced native forest, whereas the understory herb
Hedychium gardnerianum
reduced nitrogen concentrations in the forest overstory and substantially increased aboveground water content. This remote sensing approach indicates the geographic extent, intensity, and biogeochemical impacts of two distinct invaders; its wider application could enhance the role of remote sensing in ecosystem analysis and management.
Analysis of mouse embryonic patterning and morphogenesis by forward genetics
Authors: García-García María J. , Eggenschwiler Jonathan T. , Caspary Tamara , Alcorn Heather L. , Wyler Michael R. , Huangfu Danwei , Rakeman Andrew S. , Lee Jeffrey D. , Feinberg Evan H. , Timmer John R. , Anderson Kathryn V.
Published: March 2005

Many aspects of the genetic control of mammalian embryogenesis cannot be extrapolated from other animals. Taking a forward genetic approach, we have induced recessive mutations by treatment of mice with ethylnitrosourea and have identified 43 mutations that affect early morphogenesis and patterning, including 38 genes that have not been studied previously. The molecular lesions responsible for 14 mutations were identified, including mutations in nine genes that had not been characterized previously. Some mutations affect vertebrate-specific components of conserved signaling pathways; for example, at least five mutations affect previously uncharacterized regulators of the Sonic hedgehog (Shh) pathway. Approximately half of all of the mutations affect the initial establishment of the body plan, and several of these produce phenotypes that have not been described previously. A large fraction of the genes identified affect cell migration, cellular organization, and cell structure. The findings indicate that phenotype-based genetic screens provide a direct and unbiased method to identify essential regulators of mammalian development.
SADC: A development community without a development policy?
Authors: Pallotti Arrigo
Published: March 2005

During the last decade a major shift occurred in the policy strategies of African sub-regional organisations. Self-reliance and pan-African solidarity have been replaced by trade liberalisation as the primary aim of inter-state economic cooperation in sub-Saharan Africa. This article analyses the economic strategy pursued by the Southern African Development Community (SADC) during the 1990s. After reviewing the theoretical and political ambiguities surrounding the creation of SADC in 1992, the article examines the main political issues raised by the implementation of the SADC Trade Protocol and questions the neo-liberal approach that underlies the new industrial strategy now under discussion within the SADC. The analysis of contemporary trade and investment trends in Southern Africa highlights the increasing economic polarisation among the countries of the region and raises serious questions on the regional development potential of the market-driven integration promoted by the SADC.
PLURALISM, PERSONAL IDENTITY, AND FREEDOM OF CONSCIENCE
Authors: Strike Kenneth A.
Published: March 2005

Kenneth Strike’s essay on pluralism, personal identity, and freedom of conscience, takes up the concept of identity, and contrasts cultural and religious pluralism. He argues that the issues of affiliational obligation and recognition are often different in these two types of pluralism, and that religious groups are often asking for something very different from cultural groups. Strike makes a case for a more fluid conception of the idea of identity and against its essentialist form; he holds, e.g. that some of his affiliations are stronger than others and more tied to his sense of a larger self, but it is questionable, he argues, whether any of these affiliations could not be re-evaluated without loss of the larger idea of the self. Strike does allow that members of groups more oppressed than his might certainly rally around the attributes that they hold in common, and he is sympathetic to this strategic function of identity. Nevertheless, he wants to hold onto the individualized and phenomenological conception of identity: identity is whatever the agent feels it to be.
SHOULD WE TEACH PATRIOTIC HISTORY?
Authors: Brighouse Harry
Published: March 2005

Harry Brighouse’s essay concludes Part I of the book by taking up one aspect of the task of clarifying the role of common education, by applying it to the teaching of patriotism in public (common) schools. He asks whether liberal and cosmopolitan values are compatible with a common education aimed at fostering patriotic attachment to the nation. He examines numerous arguments recently developed to justify fostering patriotism in common schools from a liberal–democratic perspective, and finds them all wanting. However, even if liberal–democratic arguments for teaching patriotism could be found that withstand the criticisms he advances, Brighouse argues that common schools should avoid using history as the vehicle for fostering patriotic loyalty, since even the most honest, clear-sighted, unsentimental attempts to teach national history are likely to degrade and undermine the other purposes that teaching history properly has. The chapter proceeds as follows: Section 6.1, discusses briefly the justifications of patriotism and the further arguments that patriotism is something that should be taught to children in school – and in particular the argument that history is an appropriate vehicle for teaching it; Section 2 casts doubt on the arguments for patriotism and even more doubt on the idea that it should be taught; Section 6.3 argues that history is a discipline particularly inappropriate for conveying patriotic feeling; Section 6.4 concludes.
Ethanol Exposure Decreases Glutamate Uptake in the Nucleus Accumbens
Authors: Melendez Roberto I. , Hicks Megan P. , Cagle Stephanie S. , Kalivas Peter W.
Published: March 2005

Background:

An increased level of extracellular glutamate is a key neurochemical feature associated with ethanol exposure and withdrawal.

Methods:

In the current study, extracellular levels of glutamate and glutamate transport in the nucleus accumbens were assayed 24 hr after repeated ethanol exposure (1 g/kg ip daily for 7 days) with use of in vivo no‐net‐flux microdialysis and in vitro 3Hglutamate uptake, respectively.

Results:

Microdialysis revealed higher extracellular glutamate concentrations in the nucleus accumbens of rats that were given ethanol. The increase in basal extracellular glutamate levels was accounted for in part by a decrease in the in vivo probe recovery of glutamate. Moreover, an in vitro accumbens slice preparation measuring 3Hglutamate uptake revealed that Na+‐dependent 3Hglutamate uptake was significantly reduced 24 hr after 7 days of repeated ethanol exposure. The ethanol‐induced deficit in glutamate uptake was not associated with decreased total tissue levels of the transporters GLAST or GLT1. The in vivo and in vitro ethanol‐induced changes in glutamate levels and uptake returned to control levels 14 days after discontinuing 7 days of repeated ethanol exposure.

Conclusions:

These results suggest that the previously reported increases in extracellular glutamate induced by ethanol exposure may be due in part to deficits in glutamate transport.
Substance Abuse Treatment and Hospitalization among a Cohort of HIV‐Infected Individuals with Alcohol Problems
Authors: Palepu Anita , Horton Nicholas J. , Tibbetts Nicole , Meli Seville , Samet Jeffrey H.
Published: March 2005

Background:

We examined the association of substance abuse treatment services on hospitalization among participants in the HIV‐Alcohol Longitudinal Cohort (HIV‐ALC) study of HIV‐infected individuals with a history of alcohol problems.

Methods:

A standardized questionnaire that inquired about demographics, substance use, use of substance abuse treatment services, and hospitalization was administered to 349 HIV‐ALC participants. We defined substance abuse treatment services as any of the following in the past 6 months: 12 weeks in a half‐way house or residential facility, 12 visits to a substance abuse counselor or mental health professional, or participation in any methadone maintenance program.

Results:

Almost one third of this cohort were hospitalized in the past 6 months. Substance abuse treatment was not significantly associated with hospitalization adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 1.0; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.7–1.5), whereas homelessness (AOR 2.3; 95% CI 1.5–3.6), injection drug use (AOR 1.7; 95% CI 1.0–2.7), severity of alcohol dependence (AOR 1.02; 95% CI 1.00–1.05), CD4 cell count (AOR 0.999; 95% CI 0.998–1.00), and HIV RNA (AOR 1.1; 95% CI 1.0–1.2) were independently associated with increased odds of hospitalization over time.

Conclusions:

Engagement in substance abuse treatment was not associated with a decrease in hospital use by HIV‐infected individuals with a history of alcohol problems. The period of substance abuse treatment may present an opportunity to address health care utilization patterns of HIV‐infected individuals.
Development of Acute Tolerance During Steady‐State Arterial Alcohol Concentrations: A Study of Auditory Event‐Related Potentials in Rats
Authors: Morzorati Sandra L. , Stewart Robert B.
Published: March 2005

Background:

The blood alcohol clamp is a method whereby alcohol is infused intravenously to maintain a predetermined arterial alcohol concentration (AAC) for an indefinite period of time. The objective of this study was to use the clamp to examine the effects of alcohol on event‐related potentials (ERPs) in rats and to assess the development of tolerance during a single alcohol exposure.

Methods:

Adult male Wistar rats that had a chronic implant of EEG electrodes overlying the frontal cortex and were equipped with cannulae in the jugular vein, were clamped at 75 or 150 mg/dl via an intravenous infusion of 20% (v/v) alcohol. Auditory ERPs were recorded before the alcohol infusion (baseline) and at 5, 15, 120, 135, or 195 min after steady‐state AAC was achieved. In a separate group of rats, test‐retest reliability was examined by acquiring ERPs two to three times in the same rat at 60‐min intervals. Dependent variables were calculated as changes from baseline for each time point for P1‐N1 amplitude and P1 and N1 latencies.

Results:

In the test‐retest study, there were no differences in any of the dependent variables over time, indicating that the measures were stable and repeatable. Estimated AACs of 75 and 150 mg/dl significantly (p= 0.0001) decreased P1‐N1 amplitude in a dose‐related manner. During both clamps, the alcohol effect peaked at 120 min (p < 0.03) and decreased thereafter. Alcohol had no effect on P1 or N1 latencies.

Conclusions:

Pharmacologically relevant AACs significantly decreased the amplitude but not the latencies of the long‐latency components of the rat auditory ERP. Acute tolerance developed because the amplitude of the ERP component recovered as AACs were held relatively constant.
Thr105Ile, a Functional Polymorphism of Histamine N‐Methyltransferase, Is Associated with Alcoholism in Two Independent Populations
Authors: Oroszi Gabor , Enoch Mary‐Anne , Chun Jeffrey , Virkkunen Matti , Goldman David
Published: March 2005

Background:

Histamine is expressed in cortical and limbic areas that are involved in emotion and cognition and modulates these behaviors. H1 receptor antagonists are sedative. Histamine N‐methyltransferase (HNMT) catalyzes the Nτ methylation of histamine, the sole pathway for termination of the neurotransmitter action of histamine in mammalian brain. A common and functionally significant polymorphism, a C314T transition in exon 4 of the HNMT gene results in a Thr105Ile substitution of the protein encoded. The Thr105 allele is associated with ˜2‐fold higher enzyme activity, leading to the prediction that it might be associated with diminished histamine levels, resulting in differences in anxiety, cognition, and sedation that play important roles in alcoholism. In two ethnically distinct populations, we tested whether the Thr105Ile polymorphism was associated with alcoholism and with harm avoidance, a dimensional measure of anxious personality.

Methods:

A 5′ exonuclease assay (TaqMan) was used to genotype Thr105Ile in psychiatrically interviewed Finnish Caucasian (n= 218) and Plains American Indian (n= 186) alcoholics, along with ethnically matched, psychiatrically interviewed, controls (Finns: n= 313, Plains Indian: n= 140).

Results:

Ile105 allele frequencies were significantly lower in alcoholics compared with nonalcoholics in both populations (Finns: 0.12 vs. 0.17, χ2= 6, p= 0.015; Plains Indians: 0.03 vs. 0.08, χ2= 5, p= 0.023). Genotype distributions also differed significantly. In Finns, Ile105 showed borderline significance for an association with lower harm avoidance (p= 0.070) after correcting for alcoholism diagnosis.

Conclusions:

Decreased levels of brain histamine consequent to the Thr105 allele may result in higher levels of anxiety and, as a consequence, vulnerability to alcoholism.
Multi‐domain topology optimization of electromagnetic systems
Authors: Wang Semyung , Park Seungkyu , Kang Jenam
Published: March 2005

The design of multi‐domain that considers all components of electromagnetic systems such as air, iron, magnet, and coil is investigated using topology optimization, interpolation method, and FEM. The design sensitivity equation for topology optimization is derived using the adjoint variable method and the continuum approach. The proposed method is applied to topology optimization of C‐core actuator and shows significant improvement.
Genetically Modified Organisms in the Portuguese Press: thematization and anchoring
Authors: CASTRO PAULA , GOMES ISABEL
Published: March 2005

ABSTRACT: The main aim of this paper is to examine how the recent themata developments in Social Representations Theory can be linked with the classical process involved in the construction of social representations—anchoring—, as well as with the communicative modalities that are part of the theory since its inception. This was done through a study of the representation of GMOs in the Portuguese press, taken as an opportunity for addressing the issues related to the role played by old categories in rendering new meanings and in establishing new categories.

A further objective of the study, more applied in nature, was to explore whether the central characteristics of the representations of biotechnology in European countries were also present in Portugal.

All articles that included the expressions Genetically Modified/Genetic Modification/Manipulation or Transgenics, were collected, in five Portuguese newspapers, during the years of 1999, 2000 and 2001. Content analysis of the 239 articles collected showed that their thematical organisation re‐constitutes the Red/Green dichotomy found in most European countries. The Red/health discussion is structured around such themata as health/disease, risk/safety, benefits/problems, and anchors in categories like science and progress. The nature/culture opposition emerges, in turn, in the Green/food discussion, which anchors on categories like ideology and employs Propaganda as a communicative modality—a set of indicators configuring a more polemic debate. The conclusions discuss the relevance of linking themata with anchoring and the importance of devising more fine‐grained tools for the analysis of Diffusion.
Sintering of a Crystallizable CaO‐B2O3‐SiO2 Glass with Silver
Authors: Jean Jau‐Ho , Chang Chia‐Ruey , Lei Cheng‐Dao
Published: March 2005

Effects of Ag addition on sintering of a crystallizable CaO‐B2O3‐SiO2 glass have been investigated at 700°–900°C in different atmospheres. With Ag content increasing in the range of 1–10 vol%, the softening point, the densification, the onset crystallization temperature, and the total amount of crystalline phase formed of the crystallizable glass are reduced when fired in air. A bloating phenomenon is observed when the crystallizable CaO‐B2O3‐SiO2 glass doped with 1–10 vol% Ag is fired at 700°–900°C for 1–4 h. Fired in N2 or N2+ 1% H2, however, the above phenomena disappear completely. It is thus believed that the diffusion of Ag into the crystallizable glass, which is caused by the oxidation of Ag in air, is the root cause for the above results observed.
Interfacial Reaction Kinetics between Silver and Ceramic‐Filled Glass Substrate
Authors: Jean Jau‐Ho , Chang Chia‐Ruey
Published: March 2005

Interfacial reaction kinetics between Ag and ceramic‐filled glass (CFG) substrate, containing borosilicate glass, high‐silica glass, and alumina, has been investigated at 850°–925°C in different atmospheres. No chemical reaction at the interface of Ag/CFG is found when firing takes place in N2 or N2+ 1% H2. Fired in air, however, an interfacial reaction zone is formed at the interface of Ag/CFG with Ag+ ion diffusing from silver and Al3+ ion dissolving from CFG, and both ions are always coupled together in the reaction zone. Microstructural and chemical analyses show that the reaction zone consists of two distinct layers; one is homogeneous, and the other, heterogeneous. The homogeneous layer, which is adjacent to Ag, is uniform in microstructure with a composition rich in Ag+ and Al3+. The heterogeneous layer is not uniform in microstructure with Si‐rich and Ag–Al‐rich phases. The reaction zone moves toward CFG with time, forming a heterogeneous layer first and then converting into a homogenous layer when diffusion of Ag+ ion into the CFG becomes significant. The growth kinetics for the homogeneous layer follows a linear rate equation, whereas the heterogeneous layer, a parabolic rate equation. Activation analyses suggest that the formation of the homogeneous layer is controlled by the combination of breakage and formation of M–O bonds, but the heterogeneous layer, by the diffusion of Ag+ ion in the BSG.
Doing critical research in information systems: some further thoughts
Authors: Avgerou Chrisanthi
Published: March 2005

Abstract.In her paper in this volume, McGrath argues for more explicit methodological accounts of critical research in information systems. In this short paper, I voice my concern that emphasis on methodological accountability may well inhibit criticality, and I argue for the need to recognize that researchers bring into their investigation tacit knowledge, emotions, and moral and political convictions that cannot be rationalized in methodological descriptions. Moreover, I suggest that critical research should maintain suspicion to instrumental reasoning and that it should place its effort to producing knowledge on an alternative agenda of substantive social issues by the interplay of theory and empirical evidence.