bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SFBT Techniques and Solution Building
Authors: Kim Johnny S. , Kelly Michael S. , Franklin Cynthia
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides an overview of the SFBT model and highlight the contributions made by SFBT pioneers Insoo Kim Berg and Steve de Shazer as well as other school-based SFBT practitioners and scholars. It contrasts the techniques of SFBT with typical approaches used in schools, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, to show how SFBT differs from other approaches that school social workers are already using. It also discusses the 2nd edition of the Solution-Focused Brief Therapy Association Treatment Manual which provides more details about the specific SFBT techniques and ways to use solution-building questions in this therapy model approach. Lastly, it discusses the theory of change in SFBT and how it helps create behavioral change in students.
SFBT Within the Tier 2 Framework
Authors: Kelly Michael S. , Kim Johnny S. , Franklin Cynthia
Published: May 2017

The educational policy changes of the past 20 years have increased the focus on the provision of prevention services within schools, both for individual students and for social-emotional programming delivered in their classroom. Whether characterized as Response to Intervention (RTI), Positive Behavior Intervention and Supports (PBIS), or Multi-Tiered Systems of Supports (MTSS), the focus on a 3-tier framework of universal (Tier 1), selective (Tier 2) and indicated (Tier 3) has become one of the largest evidence-based framework ever scaled up within American schools, with over 19,000 schools across all 50 states having implemented PBIS by this writing. This chapter focuses on an example of a SFBT Tier 2 intervention, the Working on What Works (WOWW) teacher coaching intervention, that strives to create a better classroom climate for teachers and their students.
SFBT Within the Tier 3 Framework
Authors: Kelly Michael S. , Kim Johnny S. , Franklin Cynthia
Published: May 2017

Rounding out the Response-to-Intervention framework, Chapter 6 focused on how school social workers assist students who may need more intensive individual support. Many school social workers are expected to serve students who require the most intensive level of intervention; indeed, for many school social workers, this work is the basis of most of their day-to-day practice. This work is often identified as involving interventions at Tier 3 (Indicated), as part of the 3-tier MTSS (Multi-tiered Systems of Supports) framework, one of the most well-known intervention frameworks active in American schools today. This chapter features case examples of “SFBT in Action” within Tier 3.
SFBT in Action
Authors: Blundo Robert , Bolton Kristin W.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the application of solution-focused brief therapy by school social workers working with youth that have experienced child maltreatment. It provides an overview of child maltreatment, the role of the school social worker when working with this population, the neurological impact of child maltreatment and two case examples. The case examples offer practical insight into the solution-focused techniques that may be applied as well as a discussion around appropriate conversations regarding age and mandated reporting. The chapter also makes a distinction between the services provided by agencies that specialize in treating child abuse and neglect versus the role of the school social worker. For example, once a claim is substantiated, treatment is provided by an agency that specialize in treating abuse and neglect, and the role of the school social worker is to focus on the child in the school environment.
SFBT in Action
Authors: Froerer Adam S. , Connie Elliott E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter begins by providing an overview of some important definitions related to substance use and abuse based on the new Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Health Disorders, fifth edition (DSM 5). Next, a description of the current statistics regarding use among school-aged persons is provided. This is followed by an overview of research showing the effectiveness of SFBT when working with a substance-abusing populations. Finally, a case example is provided illustrating how a school social worker may work with a school-aged client who is using illicit substances. This case example will be supplemented with commentary to aid the reader in understanding the purposes of the SFBT language used in the session and the intentions of the school social worker conducting the session.
All Politics is ‘Local’?
Authors: Jenkins Rob , Manor James
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the complex interplay between the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA) and the multiple levels of political representation that comprise India's system of local government, known as panchayati raj, which includes elected councils at the village, block, and district levels. The analysis of the politics of NREGA implementation assesses the roles played by both politicians and administrators operating at each of these three levels. These interactions are assessed through an examination of three NREGA-related processes: (1) the increased power and resources of elected local councils, and the consolidation of power within these councils by their leaders; (2) the rationing of work opportunities, and the political logic behind the exclusion of certain groups; and (3) the struggles between village- and block-level actors over opportunities to engage in corruption.
NREGA’s Impact on the Material Well-Being and Political Capacity of Poor People
Authors: Jenkins Rob , Manor James
Published: May 2017

This chapter assesses the positive political impacts of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act 2005 (NREGA) on poor and marginalized people. Two types of impacts are distinguished: those stemming primarily from the material benefits derived by NREGA workers (increased incomes, less dependence on elites), and those that contribute to their “political capacity”, the severe shortage of which has constituted an important dimension of their “poverty”.The authors define political capacity as an amalgam of political awareness, confidence, skills and connections. To advance these claims, the chapter discusses the uses to which laborers put their wages, NREGA's impact on distress migration by poor people, the gains made by women, examples of unusual alliances through participation in NREGA works, and the political implications of all of these processes.
Introduction
Authors: Roessler Philip , Verhoeven Harry
Published: May 2017

Chapter one begins with a critical juncture in African history—the expulsion of the Rwandan Patriotic Front from the Democratic Republic of the Congo in July 1998. Building on this vignette, it motivates the book with a puzzle: fifteen months after overthrowing one of Africa’s longest serving dictators, Mobutu Sese Seko, why did the revolutionaries and their regional allies turn on each other, ushering in the deadliest conflict since World War II? It then lays out the book’s central argument: that the seeds of Africa’s Great War were sown in the struggle against Mobutu—the way the revolution came together, the way it was organized and, paradoxically, the very way it succeeded. While the collapse of the Zairian state and the Rwandan genocide were important antecedents to the Great War, Why Comrades Go to War argues these factors mattered primarily in the way they shaped the organization and structure of the anti-Mobutu revolution. The penultimate sections of the chapter summarize the book's approach and contributions.
Comrades Preparing for War
Authors: Roessler Philip , Verhoeven Harry
Published: May 2017

The chapter analyzes the founding of the coalition of revolutionaries to invade Zaire, symbol of “neo-colonial” Africa. It traces the provisions for war by the Pan-Africanist alliance as they helped create a national liberation movement that could transform abstract ideals into quotidian struggle and political organization. Tasked to front this regime change agenda was Laurent-Désiré Kabila who would develop an extraordinary degree of interdependence with the RPF; their reciprocal relationship would shape the character of the liberation project—and its extraordinarily violent demise—more than any other.
The Post-Mobutu Order and Politics After Liberation
Authors: Roessler Philip , Verhoeven Harry
Published: May 2017

This chapter tells the story of how the post-Mobutu order was consolidated. Kabila wasted no time in purging the Mobutist elite, circulating a revamped currency and building a new army under the leadership of James Kabarebe to consolidate the partnership with the RPF. However, the commitment problem arose almost instantaneously. Many who had sacrificed during the campaign felt short changed by their limited representation in the new order. None felt more aggrieved than Anselme Masasu Nindaga, who had recruited thousands of kadogo fighters (child soldiers) but lost himself in the venal politics of Kinshasa. When Masasu refused to accept the Kabila–RPF duopoly and challenged the president, Mzee moved against him; the arrest of a key comrade transformed the post-liberation atmosphere from euphoria into paranoia almost overnight.
Problems Regarding Persecution, Instigation, and Ordering
Authors: Gordon Gregory S.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6 explains that offence of hate speech as crime against humanity-persecution (CAH-persecution) is fragmented as the ICTR concluded that non-advocacy hate speech deprives the target group of fundamental rights so can be charged as CAH-persecution. But the ICTY disagreed in Prosecutor v. Kordić (2001), finding that non-advocacy hate speech is insufficiently grave to serve as the actus reus for CAH-persecution. The 2007 Media Case Appeals Chamber judgment failed to resolve the split. The ICTR’s approach to instigation, admixing Civil Law and Common Law conceptions, has puzzled jurists regarding its relationship to incitement. Moreover, given an ambiguous “contribution” element, recent jurisprudence has arguably saddled instigation with a “but for” causation requirement and has appended a doctrinally indefensible element to its base “prompting” actus reus: a “different forms of persuasion” requirement. The offense of ordering is problematic because it excludes inchoate liability -- criminalizing commands by a superior only if a subordinate actually carries them out.
Facial Expressions
Authors: Ekman Paul
Published: May 2017

The argument about whether facial expressions of emotion are universal or culture-specific goes back more than 100 years. This chapter reviews the different kinds of evidence that support universals in expression and cultural differences. I will present eight challenges to that evidence, and how those challenges have been met by proponents of universality. I will try to present the evidence and counterarguments as fairly as I can, so that readers can make up their own minds.
Understanding Multimodal Emotional Expressions
Authors: Keltner Dacher , Cordaro Daniel T.
Published: May 2017

In this chapter we review recent advances in basic emotion theory, which holds that humans have evolved a limited set of emotional expressions that serve important communicative functions within social interactions. Our review highlights recent evidence showing that a much wider array of emotions than previously thought—up to 15—have distinct displays that are recognized across different cultures. The new science of expression reveals that new modalities—tactile communication and vocalization—likewise signal a variety of emotions. Our review also brings into focus how emotions may be signaled in specific modalities, and likely sources of cultural accents in emotional expression.
The Faces Monkeys Make
Authors: Bliss-Moreau Eliza , Moadab Gilda
Published: May 2017

In the 140-plus years since Darwin popularized the study of nonhuman animal emotion, interest in the emotional lives of nonhuman animals has expanded rapidly. On the basis of Darwin’s anecdotal observations about facial behaviors, it is often assumed that facial behaviors give evidence of emotion in both humans and nonhuman animals. These assumptions are then used to support claims about the evolution of emotion. In this chapter, we explore the empirical evidence about the structure and meaning of facial behaviors generated by macaque monkeys. Evidence indicates that individual facial behaviors occur in a wide variety of contexts and subserve a variety of social functions. Furthermore, macaques are not particularly good at discriminating between all facial behavior categories. Taken together, the evidence suggests that facial behaviors in macaques do not give evidence of specific emotions, but rather serve as complex social signals.
Restoring Parliamentary Democracy
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: May 2017

Continuing to explain the transformative processes at work in post-junta Myanmar, this chapter focuses on one of the most unexpected positive developments of the past few years: the resurgence of parliamentary politics, in a country long deprived of any legislative activity. The first “post-junta” legislature drafted after the controversial 2010 election, and subsequent 2012 by-election, has gained heightened political status. However, still in its infancy, Myanmar’s new parliamentary institutions remain vulnerable. The second post-SPDC legislature shaped after the November 2015 elections is bound to face formidable challenges. This chapter evaluates the initial performance and functioning of the post-SPDC legislature and identifies its most significant weaknesses.
Conclusion
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: May 2017

This section concludes with the argument that a transitional process riddled with uncertainty, has been at work in Myanmar between the two landmark electoral moments of 2010 and 2015. Yet, it claims that even if a feeling of glasnost has been palpable at the very top level of the central administration, there has been no major perestroika moment. No fundamental restructuring of the Burmese state and society has been imposed, nor proposed, since the disbanding of the junta in 2011. No revolution has erupted. The location of power has not been challenged during this transitional moment. Despite the landslide electoral victory for the National League for Democracy in November 2015, the Tatmadaw remains the most powerful policymaking institution. This chapter concludes that the Tatmadaw will continue to act as the guardian of Myanmar’s politics and society beyond the 2010s.
Remade in France
Authors: Saugera Valérie
Published: May 2017

Remade in France: Anglicisms in the Lexicon and Morphology of French chronicles the current status of French Anglicisms, a hot topic in the history of the French language and a compelling example of the influence of global English. The abundant data come from primary sources—a large online newspaper corpus (for unofficial Anglicisms) and the dictionary (for official Anglicisms)—and secondary sources. This book examines the appearance and behavior of English items in the lexicon and morphology of French, and explains them in the context of French neology and lexical activity. The first phase of the latest contact period (1990–2015) has its own complex linguistic characterization, including a significant influx of nonce borrowings and very low-frequency Anglicisms, heterogeneous and creative borrowing outcomes, and direct phraseological borrowing. This book is a counterargument to the well-known criticism that Anglicisms are lexical polluters. On the contrary, the use of Anglicisms requires the inventive application of complex linguistic rules, and the borrowing of Anglicisms into the French lexicon is convincing proof that language change is systematic. The findings bring novel interdisciplinary insights to the domains of borrowing in a non-bilingual contact setting; global English as a source of lexical creativity in the French lexicon; the phases, patterns and processes of integration of English loanwords; the morphology of borrowing; and computational corpus linguistics. The appended database is a snapshot of a synchronic period of linguistic contact and a useful lexicographic resource.
Methodology
Authors: Saugera Valérie
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents and justifies the use of both a dictionary corpus and a newspaper corpus. The dictionary corpus is used because of the role of the dictionary as linguistic authority in France, and the stable status of the Anglicisms included in it. For the newspaper data, the study benefited from the French text-mining tool named Sulci, originally designed for the corpus and thesaurus analysis of the daily newspaper Libération, which allowed extraction of all the dictionary-unattested forms in one year’s issues. In fact, this study is the first to use an electronic corpus to analyze the influence exerted by English over French. The advantages and disadvantages of the semi-automatic extraction of only dictionary-unsanctioned words of English origin are discussed in detail. The chapter includes the selection criteria for what counts as a borrowed item to be collected in the appended database.
From English to French
Authors: Saugera Valérie
Published: May 2017

The chapter presents a brief history of the contact of French with English, from 18th-century Anglomania to the global English of the turn of the 21st century, in order to contextualize the singularity of the latest contact period. It then chronicles the changes that commonly occur as donor words become new French words. These changes, illustrated with many borrowed items from the period of virtual contact (1990–2015), can be classified as grammatical shift, semantic shift, stylistic shift, and connotative shift. Beyond demonstrating that an English etymon masks heterogeneous types of French Anglicisms, an up-to-date typology shows how English morphemes are used in novel word-formation devices, such as serial bilingual compounds. The borrowing of phrases plays a marginal yet innovative role in French, including emphasis and punning, and raises the issue of typologies for borrowed/neological phrases.
Theorizing Authoritarian Party Survival
Authors: Langston Joy K.
Published: May 2017

During democratization, all authoritarian parties confront major issues: the pressures to split and disintegrate, as the former autocrats are ousted and the party loses its internal enforcer; the restructuring of party resources and the identity of internal groups that can grab them; and the struggle to win elections without fraud or violence. Not every nation’s authoritarian parties are able to meet these challenges. In Mexico, the two-tiered electoral system delivered resources to the PRI governors and the central party headquarters. The party’s governors grew more powerful thanks to Mexico’s fiscal paradise: states are legally guaranteed taxes, while state executives could spend as they needed without being audited. The national office enjoyed the generous resources provided by the national electoral institute. Because these two groups had autonomous sources of money and candidacies, they were able to cooperate during the twelve years out of the presidency, while continuing to win legislative elections.
The Transition to Democracy and the Struggles to Take Over the Party
Authors: Langston Joy K.
Published: May 2017

This chapter provides a description of the political and economic crises of the mid-1990s that led to the loss of the PRI’s majority in the Chamber and the presidential defeat in 2000. Even as leaders of the authoritarian regime grappled with downward electoral trends, groups within the party began to battle among themselves over the timing and scope of the transition and of party change. The PRI adapted to the rigors of electoral competition because vote-winning groups within its ranks took over the party and defeated their internal rivals, who were less able to respond to the challenges of the ballot box. Political institutions such as federalism and the two-tiered electoral system helped define winners and losers within the party and gave the winning groups—the party’s governors and the national party officers—ways of controlling resources (candidacies and finances) that did not come into direct conflict.
Martyrdom in North Africa Following the Arab Spring and the Process of Transitional Justice
Authors: DeGeorges Thomas
Published: May 2017

In Chapter 7, Thomas DeGeorges argues that martyrdom has played an important role in the transitional justice processes both before and after the Arab Spring of Algeria, Tunisia, and Morocco. While martyrdom and transitional justice are not traditionally associated with one another, he makes the case that martyrs involve people who are victims of what may be framed as political violence, whether committed by state security forces or unknown perpetrators. In this context, martyrs may be understood in the frame of victims addressed by transitional justice, but also as icons for social or political transformation. Broadly speaking, claims regarding martyrdom were important in these countries insofar as martyrs were held up as symbols for whom reform must be pursued.
Introduction
Authors: Benatar David
Published: May 2017

Life’s big questions are introduced and an outline of the book is provided. It is suggested that while existential questions are momentous, they are not as hard to answer as many people think. It is proposed that the human condition is a predicament. The concepts of “pessimism” and “optimism” are clarified and discussed. Similarities and differences between the human and nonhuman animal predicaments are outlined, and it is explained why the book focuses on the former. Finally, the introduction engages the question whether pessimistic views, such as those defended in The Human Predicament, should be disseminated, given the danger that they may make people’s lives even worse.
Introduction
Authors: Talbot Ian , Kamran Tahir
Published: May 2017

The introduction discusses the pre-colonial development of Lahore. In the Mughal era, the city’s strategic location at the junction of roads to Kabul, Multan and Kashmir made it a seat of power to which poets, artists and traders flocked. Its wealth brought European merchant travellers that spread its fame. The city later expanded under the Sikhs with the growth of the Kashmir shawl industry. During Ranjit Singh’s rule, such ex-officers from Bonaparte’s army as Jean-Francois Allard, Jean-Baptiste Ventura and Paolo Avitabile were employed in military and administrative roles. Lahore’s long and continuous history of transregional and transnational connections was overlooked by colonial writers.
Martyrs, Migrants and Militants
Authors: Talbot Ian , Kamran Tahir
Published: May 2017

Chapter seven discusses the emergence of revolutionary networks in the first decade of the Nineteenth Century and the activities of leading figures and movements during the First World War. The student population of the city provided recruits for militant groups that sought to overthrow the Raj. There are case studies of the Ghadr Movement, of iconic revolutionary martyrs such as Bhagat Singh, Udham Singh and Madan Lal Dhingra and of ‘absconding’ students to the trans-border camps in Chamarkand of what the British termed the ‘Hindustani Fanatics.’ The Muslim students became involved in Obaidullah Sindhi’s jihadist struggle in 1915 and in the hijrat movement to Afghanistan of March-August 1920. Some were to replace Pan-Islamic fervour with attachment to Communism inculcated at the Communist University of the Toilers of the East.
Introduction
Authors: Haines Daniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter outlines the argument, themes, and structure of the book. It introduces the Indus river system waters dispute, the context of decolonization in South Asia, the role of water in international relations scholarship, and the conceptual frames of territoriality and sovereignty. It also sets out the sources used.
Negotiating International Politics
Authors: Haines Daniel
Published: May 2017

Continuing the book’s analysis of the Indus water negotiations in the context of Cold War development politics, this chapter identifies a shift from supposedly “technical” negotiations to talks that had an increasingly ‘political’ tenor. After 1954 the allocation of whole rivers to either India or Pakistan – equating a river’s passage through national territory with sovereign ownership of the watercourse – became the key principle of the Indus settlement. During this period, Western diplomats became more closely involved. It contends that the confluence of Cold War geopolitics and a moment of historical opportunity in South Asia was critical to bringing about the Indus Waters Treaty. It argues for the importance of understanding historical context, rather than relying on international relations models that predict the “inevitability” of conflict or cooperation on international rivers.
The Phantom of Cooperation
Authors: Haines Daniel
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the Indus Waters Treaty’s problematic reputation for symbolising India–Pakistan cooperation. Even though the treaty failed to resolve broader geoplitical tensions in South Asia, the principle of river basin-scale negotiations reappeared in American and World Bank proposals for resolving an India–Pakistan dispute over the Farakka Barrage on the River Ganges in West Bengal and East Pakistan during the later 1960s and 1970s. The spectacular failure of basin-scale negotiation in Bengal, due to Indian policy-makers’ determination not to “compromise” their river-development plans in the face of external pressure, contrasted with the relative success of negotiations over the Indus Basin. The strange afterlife of the Indus Waters Treaty, in which Indian politicians used it as a warning against further cooperation, further demonstrated its historical peculiarity. The treaty is not a model for improving bilateral relations.
The ‘Islamic State’ and al-Qaeda
Authors: Lahoud Nelly
Published: May 2017

The Iraq-based group that was once led by Abu Mus‘ab al-Zarqawi and called “Jama‘at al-Tawhid wa-al-Jihad” is the only regional jihadi group that was brought under Al-Qaeda’s fold by Osama bin Laden. Judging by primary sources internal to AQ, bin Laden and other AQ leaders lived to regret that decision. The same group, which now calls itself the Islamic State, has over the years changed its name to reflect its gradual and ultimate separation from Al-Qaeda. Much like a trying relationship between a parent and a rebellious adolescent, the group’s years under Al-Qaeda were difficult on both. This chapter examines the evolution of the Islamic State in relation to AQ, its claim to statehood since 2006, and the growing ideological divide that separates it from AQ.
Ayman al-Zawahiri and the rise of ISIL
Authors: Holbrook Donald
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyses statements released by Ayman al-Zawahiri in the context of MENA uprisings and the rise of the Islamic State organization. The chapter traces Zawahiri’s aggregate narrative during this period, discussing how the Al-Qaeda leader framed these key events and how these framing efforts evolved. This discussion highlights issues regarding legitimate leadership of jihadist vanguards, the role of public opinion in that equation and the way in which al-Zawahiri has sought to exploit and address those challenges in his efforts to retain momentum and relevancy within a complex jihadi universe. The chapter concludes by considering the particulars of al-Zawahiri’s most recent discursive emphases in light of his public rhetoric to date in order to highlight the evolution and, at times, contradictions of this narrative.
Introduction
Authors: Peterson Martin
Published: May 2017

The aim of this chapter is to introduce five moral principles that are necessary and jointly sufficient for analyzing ethical issues related to new and existing technologies. The five principles are not entirely new; it is primarily the method for articulating the principles that is novel. It is argued that geometric concepts such as points, distances, and lines can be used for construing moral principles as abstract regions in a multidimensional space, as well as for balancing conflicting principles against each other. The point of departure for the geometric approach is the following generalization of Aristotle’s observation that we ought to treat like cases alike: The more similar a pair of cases are, the more reason do we have to treat the cases alike. Therefore, if two cases x and y are fully similar in all morally relevant aspects, and if principle p applies to x, then p applies to y; and if some case x is more similar to y than to z, and p applies to x, then the reason to apply p to y is stronger than the reason to apply p to z. A strength of the geometric method is that it enables ethicists to clarify discussions of moral principles in ways that have previously been beyond the limits of the discipline.
The Geometry of Applied Ethics
Authors: Peterson Martin
Published: May 2017

This chapter details the conceptual foundations of the geometric construal of moral principles. The notion of a “case” is discussed, and two methods for identifying paradigm cases are introduced, the ex-ante and the ex-post method. It is claimed that moral principles can be represented by Voronoi tessellations of paradigm cases. A Voronoi tessellation divides space into a number of regions such that each region consists of all cases that are closer to a predetermined seed point (paradigm case) than to any other seed point for another principle. The distance between two cases reflects their degree of similarity. This discussion is followed by a presentation of various measures of similarity and an overview of the multidimensional scaling technique. The chapter emphasizes Peter Gärdenfors’s theory of conceptual spaces as an important source of inspiration.
The Cost-Benefit Principle
Authors: Peterson Martin
Published: May 2017

The focus of this chapter is on the application of the Cost-Benefit Principle to technological issues. Cost-benefit analysis is not a single, well-defined methodology but rather a set of slightly different, formalized techniques for weighing costs against benefits in a systematic manner. Four criteria for mainstream cost-benefit analysis are stated, and a paradigm case to which all those techniques are applicable is identified. How the Cost-Benefit Principle can take rights and other deontological constraints into account in a systematic manner is also explained. The conclusion is that the Cost-Benefit Principle can be accepted by consequentialists as well as many nonconsequentialists.
War Correspondents
Authors: Woods Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter gives a brief outline of the historiography of the Burma campaign; military histories predominate, but there has been an increasing interest in the civilian experience, and also in the wider impact on the growth of Burmese nationalism, leading to independence in 1948. The historical debate on the role of war correspondents is also discussed. It has been argued that journalists misled the public about the reality of the war and military setbacks. This book examines the work of some twenty-six international correspondents who reported on the retreat from Burma, nearly half of whom also published memoirs, usually with a year or two if the events. The strengths and weaknesses of the journalists’ contributions are weighed, and emphasis is placed on the constraints placed upon them by the nature of the media institutions they worked for, and by wartime military censorship.
Newsreel Cameramen
Authors: Woods Philip
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the work of the only two newsreel cameramen filming the campaign, Alec Tozer and Maurice Ford. It raises the practical problems of filming in tropical and jungle conditions. It brings into question the faking or reconstruction of battle scenes, but also the gap between what the cameramen reported and the stories that reached the cinema audiences. It argues that for reasons intrinsic to the cinema industry, the newsreels gave an altogether more optimistic and therefore more misleading view of the campaign than the newspapers did.
Embodied Pedagogy
Authors: Seeman Sonia Tamar
Published: May 2017

Ethnomusicological methods and perspectives provide important contributions to twenty-first-century music pedagogy. In this chapter I make a number of claims regarding (1) the effective teaching of music and what it entails; (2) how heightening awareness of the gap between far and near may be most effectively addressed; and (3) how effective enactment of these teaching goals may aid student engagement with issues in the outside world. I offer three case studies to illustrate the techniques I lay claim to. I conclude with a description of core curriculum reforms at the Austin branch of the University of Texas, reforms that embody these and related pedagogical techniques, and reflect on the consequences of their implementation.
Standing in the Shadows of Mozart
Authors: Bradley Deborah
Published: May 2017

This chapter addresses the need for curricular change in higher education from a social justice perspective grounded in an antiracism discursive framework and focuses on music teacher education in large public and private university settings. After a brief discussion of the antiracism framework, I look at some of the historical and current impediments to change unique to music teacher education through a discussion of how those impediments may be reflective of a culture of whiteness in post-secondary institutions. Racial assumptions underlie classical music studies in higher education; those assumptions manifest themselves in our behaviors, educational processes, and educational products. The chapter concludes with several examples of program revisions in music education that have begun to address the types of changes necessary for developing pedagogies of social justice for music teacher education—to move music studies in higher education out of “the shadows of Mozart” and into the twenty-first century.
The Argument for Radical Skepticism Concerning the External World
Authors: Johnsen Bredo
Published: May 2017

In this chapter the author extracts from Hume’s writings a powerful argument that he takes to be the argument for radical external world skepticism as that view is understood by Agrippa in his famous trilemma. According to this argument, no belief can be justified by any other beliefs. There are three reasons for this. First, any attempt to present such a justification will beg the question by appealing to an unjustified belief. Second, it will be circular. Third, it will require an infinitely long chain of justifying beliefs.
Nelson Goodman
Authors: Johnsen Bredo
Published: May 2017

Goodman addressed the problem of induction twice. His first approach is famous, centers on his “new riddle of induction,” and is the locus classicus of modern reflective equilibrium theory. In it the focus is on inductive inferences and rules of inductive inference. In his second approach, the focus is instead on the conclusions of inductive inferences to explanations of the available data. Here reflective equilibrium theory is more fully developed. The author in this chapter argues that Goodman’s two accounts of inductive justification in terms of reflective equilibrium share a deep commonality.
W. V. Quine’s “Epistemology Naturalized”
Authors: Johnsen Bredo
Published: May 2017

The publication of Quine’s essay “Epistemology Naturalized” in 1972 was disastrous for the world’s understanding of his epistemology. The deep misunderstanding it gave rise to is nearly universal, and has inspired something called naturalized epistemology, which is completely antithetical to his view. The misunderstanding is that in this essay he abandoned his earlier conception of our evidence as consisting of our sensory experiences, and adopted a conception of it as consisting of the stimulations of our sensory organs. In fact, the allegedly new view was his oldest, first proposed in 1952, and the allegedly abandoned view was still front and center in Pursuit of Truth (1992). The centrality of this misreading to most philosophers’ views of Quine’s epistemology warrants devoting an entire chapter to correcting it.
“Aru Oyim de de de Dei!”
Authors: Wimbush Vincent L.
Published: May 2017

Things Fall Apart, with its thick and complex and rich representation of traditional village life, especially its central/centering rituals, sensibilities, and orientation, opens a window onto a world with a particular type of collective consciousness and politics and dynamics. In this chapter the Umuofia village in what we know today as Nigeria is introduced as the semi-fictional setting for the ongoing dynamics of a socially complex and richly textured society of local customs and traditions. Among these traditions is the masking ritual and the gendered, class, and interpersonal relations that it reflects and structures. Set at the end of the nineteenth century, at the height of the consolidations of the colonial era, Achebe’s story offers us an honest and realistic picture of a black world that represents a particular orientation to the world, a sensibility and mood, an epistemic system, including a certain felt anxiety and fear, symbolized by and managed through the mask worn in rituals.
Measuring Nonvoting
Authors: Ragsdale Lyn , Rusk Jerrold G.
Published: May 2017

Abstract: This chapter explores the proper measurement of nonvoting in presidential and midterm House elections from 1920 through 2012. It reflects on a long-standing discussion about the supposed increase in nonvoting in American elections. A measure of nonvoting is created using the Reports of the Clerk of the House of Representative for votes cast as the numerator and the voting eligible population excluding non-citizens and felons as the denominator. Employing these data, the chapter shows how nonvoting has moved both up and down within a narrow band over the time frame from 1920 through 2012 both nationally and regionally. Thus, the chapter uncovers that when nonvoting is properly measured and considered across the modern period of elections, there is no inexorable upward trend in nonvoting.
Rule of, by, and for the People
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2017

Probing the meaning of Lincoln’s phrase, the chapter calls into question the prevalent conceptions of “rule” and “people.” In the dominant procedural or “minimalist” conception, the “people” are defined as selfish utility-maximizers; that is, individuals who seek to maximize benefits in exchange for minimal investments. “Rule” is simply government by the most successful self-seekers. The chapter also discusses the (recently advanced) alternative conceptions of “agonistic” and “deliberative” democracy. By contrast to the homo economicus extolled by liberal minimalism, agonistics privileges homo politicus (human beings as power seekers), while the deliberative model stresses rational argumentation (animal rationale). By returning to the criteria of relationality and potentiality, the chapter lifts up the aspirational or “promissory” quality of democracy, paying special attention to Derrida’s notion of “democracy to come” (à venir) and to the open-ended, unfinished character of “people” and humanity. Seen from this angle, democracy can also be called aporetic or “apophatic.”
No Spring But Many Seasons
Authors: Dallmayr Fred
Published: May 2017

Chapter 4 shifts the focus of attention from Latin America to another “periphery”: the MENA region which experienced the so-called Arab Spring. The eruption of democratization was greeted with great excitement in many countries; its final collapse or demise triggered dejection and despair. The chapter focuses on the Moroccan Mohammed al-Jabri, a philosopher deeply trained in history and sociology. Al-Jabri had a profound distrust of sudden political upheavals which leave ingrained habits and structural conditions untouched. In lieu of a rapid “awakening,” he recommended a grounded “renewal” (al-tajdid) which brings the full weight of past and present experiences to bear on the future. Seen in this light, renewal does not return to or embalm the past, but transforms tradition in light of present and future needs. The most urgent need of Arab societies is the process of democratization, which has to be carefully pursued and implemented through “many seasons.”
Singing Hospitality in Community-Based Ritual
Authors: Phelan Helen
Published: May 2017

Chapter 5 examines three community-based rituals. The discussion of a community music festival focuses on a choir called Comhcheol, the Irish-language word for “harmony.” Comhcheol was formed by a group of women from the asylum-seeking and traveller communities. World Carnival is an annual event based in the most multicultural primary school in Limerick city. Anáil Dé/The Breath of God is a festival of world sacred music. The essentially relational and communicative nature of singing in these events is highlighted through a discussion of tacitness. The kinesthetic and emotive properties of singing are shown to increase opportunities for self-definition, as well as social integration through tacit communication.
The Law of Nations in Global History
Authors: Alexandrowicz C. H.
Published: May 2017

In recent years there has been a growing awareness of the need to write a global history of law of nations that disengages from parochial national and regional histories. It is hoped that these developments will bring centre-stage the work of Charles Henry Alexandrowicz (1902–75), a scholar who was among the first to conceptualize the history of international law as that of intersecting histories of different regions of the world. Alexandrowicz was aware that, while the idea of writing a global history of law of nations is liberating, there is no guarantee that it will not become the handmaiden of contemporary and future imperial projects. What were needed were critical global histories that provincialize established Eurocentric historiographies and read them alongside other regional histories. This book aims to make Alexandrowicz’s writings more widely available and read. The Introduction to this book sums up the context, issues, problems, and questions that engaged Alexandrowicz, as well as some of his central theses. His writings are a gold mine waiting to be explored. Alexandrowicz contributed to the effort of promoting the idea of international rule of law by rejecting a Eurocentric history and theory of international law.
The New States and International Law (1974)
Authors: Alexandrowicz C. H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines some of the legal problems resulting from the entry of the ‘new’ states (mainly the Afro–Asian countries) into the family of nations. The orthodox view is that such states have no choice as to the law which shall apply to them since they are born into the existing international order and must accept its tenets. However, the practice of the ‘new’ states does not supply sufficient evidence of such a fait accompli. There are legal rules that they tend to reject as well as rules they wish to have included. Among the existing principles that ‘new’ states refuse to accept or that they accepted with far-reaching reservations are the legal principles relating to economic relations. Other branches of international law that are under revisionist pressure from the ‘new’ states are the law of state succession and the law of the sea.
The Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States (1975)
Authors: Alexandrowicz C. H.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on the Charter of Economic Rights and Duties of States adopted by the UN General Assembly on 12 December 1974. The Charter consists of a preamble and four chapters, the most important of which are Chapter I relating to the fundamentals of international economic relations, and Chapter II on the detailed economic rights and duties of States. Chapter I contains general principles such as the sovereignty and equality of states and other principles, the adoption of which presented few difficulties to members of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD). On the other hand, the provisions of Chapter II, particularly article 2, were the subject of hard bargaining in which the negotiating states had to face some of the most controversial problems of international law in the economic field.
Human Action and Divine Power in Plotinus
Authors: Remes Pauliina
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyses how Plotinus applies his theory of causation to account for human action in the Enneads. It argues that Plotinus treats action as an expression of divine power. At the same time he appreciates the features that are distinctive of it as an activity that takes place within the sensible realm. In doing so, he combines Aristotelian and Platonic views in an innovative way. For him, actions are divided into two main kinds: the first is merely an unfolding of divine and intelligible power, while the second is governed by the Good as its ultimate goal. The second variety is both properly virtuous and more fully existing than the first. The chapter also addresses the question of how closely or distantly Plotinus’ theory of action is related to modern approaches.
Divine Powers and Cult Statues in Porphyry of Tyre
Authors: Viltanioti Irini-Fotini
Published: May 2017

This chapter investigates the role of powers in the fragments of Porphyry’s On Statues, which derive principally from Eusebius of Caesarea’s Praeparatio Evangelica. It argues that powers had a core role in the original treatise and that this role is to be considered in connection with Porphyry’s doctrines of twofold power and of spiritual ascent. Given Porphyry’s dynamic understanding of the hypostases, contemplating statues in the right way can serve as a springboard for the ascent of the soul. On this reading, On Statues appears to be not an early work from the philosopher’s youth in Phoenicia (or even Athens), as Bidez had proposed, but a mature work in which Porphyry engages in dialogue with Iamblichus.
Divine Power in Origen of Alexandria
Authors: Ramelli Ilaria L. E.
Published: May 2017

This chapter argues for the internal unity of ‘pagan’ and Christian Platonic investigations into the topic of divine powers, by focusing on Origen of Alexandria’s doctrine, his sources (Justin and Bardaisan of Edessa, but also Ps. Aristotle’s De mundo, Philo, Pantaenus, and Ammonius Saccas), and his aftermath (mainly in Gregory of Nyssa’s thought) as a case study. Comparisons with Plotinus and a focus on Christ-Logos enrich the analysis. Within this framework, it offers a remarkably thorough discussion, which traces the interwoven threads of the idea of dunamis as an epinoia in Origen, Gregory of Nyssa, and others, linking it to broader ontologically based impulses to apophaticism.
Research Journals in Social Sciences
Authors: Manjunatha A.V. , Chand B.B.
Published: May 2017

This chapter analyses the relevant aspects related to research journals and examines the growth and trends of social science research (SSR) journals; the status on access and delivery models of SSR journals; the role of institutions, associations, and commercial publishers in promoting SSR journals; and the quality and quantity of SSR journals in India. The study found that of the total 2131 journals analysed, about 84 per cent are published in English, only 9 per cent in English as well as in Hindi/regional languages together, and 7 per cent only in Hindi/regional languages. Analysis of 1992 journals published in English and English/Hindi/regional language(s) shows that over 40 per cent of these are in disciplines of economics and allied subjects. Education, law, and multidisciplinary themes take the majority of the remaining share.