bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Brussels Effect in Context
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: December 2019

Chapter 3 places the EU’s unilateral regulatory influence in the context of the EU’s broader external influence. The Brussels Effect is not the sole manifestation of the EU’s global regulatory power. Instead, the EU wields norm-setting power through a number of different channels such as trade agreements and participation in international institutions and transnational government networks. This chapter reviews these alternative channels of the EU’s regulatory influence in an attempt to provide context for the Brussels Effect within the broader set of tools that the EU has at its disposal. It then compares the relative advantages and disadvantages of those alternative methods when contrasted with the Brussels Effect, and discusses when these other channels of influence are likely to complement or, alternatively, substitute the Brussels Effect.
Digital Economy
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: December 2019

Chapter 5 focuses on two areas of regulation that have been central to the EU’s efforts to regulate the digital economy: data protection and the regulation of hate speech online. The chapter first reviews the EU legislation governing data protection and explains the economic and political drivers behind it. It then discusses some examples of both the de facto and de jure Brussels Effect on data protection. Then, the focus turns to online hate speech, again reviewing the regulation, the underlying economic and political motivations, as well as examples of how the EU has drawn the line between acceptable and unacceptable speech in the internet era—not just in Europe but around the world.
Consumer Health and Safety
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: December 2019

The first part of chapter 6 examines the Brussels Effect through the global impact of the EU’s food safety regulation, while the second part of the chapter examines the Brussels Effect through the lens of chemical safety. The discussion first introduces the EU’s key food safety regulations, and examines the underlying interest group dynamics that explain the emergence of such stringent regulations from the EU’s legislative process. It then offers some examples of both the de facto and de jure Brussels Effect on food safety. Next, the chapter turns to chemical safety, again reviewing the relevant regulation, together with the politics behind that regulation. It then illustrates the pervasiveness of the Brussels Effect—both de facto and de jure—demonstrating the EU’s entrenched regulatory influence across the global marketplace.
The Future of the Brussels Effect
Authors: Bradford Anu
Published: December 2019

Chapter 9 concludes this book by looking into the future. It addresses both external and internal challenges to EU’s regulatory hegemony and examines whether and how the Brussels Effect will persist, given these challenges. The impending departure of the United Kingdom from the EU may appear to weaken the EU’s regulatory power. The growing concerns over the future of multilateral institutions and international cooperation may also challenge the EU’s ability to shape the global regulatory environment. Additional challenges loom on the horizon. These include the rise of China and other emerging powers that will gradually erode the relative market power of the EU. Technological change may revolutionize industrial processes, allowing for greater customization and thereby reducing the need to produce to a single global (often European) standard. Finally, the EU’s internal political struggles may compromise its ability to engage in effective rule making as the anti-EU sentiment grows. This chapter will consider each of these challenges in turn, offering an account of not just the EU’s regulatory power but the persistence of that power.
At Play
Authors: Lim Sun Sun
Published: December 2019

This chapter analyzes transcendent parenting and young people’s social interactions. As parents are deeply concerned about their children’s contact risks, they can and do become heavily involved in their children’s peer interactions online and offline. Parents can use the digital trail of their children’s mobile media communication, install parental control apps in their children’s phones, or confiscate their children’s phones and scan the phones’ content to gain insights into their children’s social interactions to offer guidance. They may even confront the children for behaviors they deem inappropriate, or advocate on behalf of their children in disputes involving other children and their parents and even teachers. Such parental intervention, however, can deny young people valuable opportunities for learning to interpret social situations, to acquire greater autonomy in problem-solving, and to manage their online and offline personae.
A Theoretical Exploration of Turnout and Voting
Authors: Shaw Daron R. , Petrocik John R.
Published: December 2019

This chapter addresses the fundamental question of why people vote in elections. What affects their calculus? How much do these motivations create the unequal turnout rates observed among different social and political groups? The review informs the book’s initial report of how the decision to vote might (or might not) be related to partisan vote choice. Popular commentary in the media and academic literature, some of which has a reformist orientation, is assessed to provide a balanced portrait of what is known about the turnout bias. Particular attention is paid to political science research on the subject of turnout bias, including both normative and empirical works that yield little consensus.
Communication, Coordination, and Collaboration
Authors: Blonsky Howard M.
Published: December 2019

This chapter describes the continuum of people and agencies working together toward true collaboration in order to bring about more successful programs and services. The components of a “collaborative personality” are also discussed.
Capturing the Scientific Imagination
Authors: Salis Fiora , Frigg Roman
Published: December 2019

What sort of imagination is involved in scientific models and thought experiments? This chapter develops a unifying taxonomy of the different kinds of imagination discussed in aesthetics and philosophy of mind. A crucial distinction is between objectual imagination (imagining an object) and propositional imagination (imagining-that). We characterize propositional imagination through a core of three features: freedom, mirroring, and quarantining. Supposition, counterfactual reasoning, make-believe, and dreaming are varieties of propositional imagination obtained by adding further features to the core. We suggest that the imagination at work in models and thought experiments is make-believe rather than visual imagery, as is often claimed.
Realism About Missing Systems
Authors: Thomson-Jones Martin
Published: December 2019

It is by now a familiar fact about scientific practice that scientists of many stripes devote considerable time and energy to describing and imagining systems that cannot be found in the world around us—the simple pendulum in classical mechanics, say. Missing-systems modeling is scientific modeling that involves this sort of imagining. Missing-systems modeling is puzzling in a number of respects, and some philosophers have pursued the fiction approach to understanding it. The fiction approach seeks to construct an account of missing-systems modeling by drawing parallels between the relevant modeling discourse and ordinary discourse about novels, short stories, plays, fiction films, and the like. This chapter develops a new version of the fiction approach that draws on Amie Thomasson’s work on the semantics and ontology of fiction, the abstract artifacts account of missing-systems modeling. On this account, simple pendula (say) are abstract artifacts created by physicists over a certain period in the history of classical mechanics. This chapter shows how the abstract artifact account makes sense of the puzzling features of missing-systems modeling, presents and responds to three objections to the account, and discusses some advantages of drawing on the de re version of Thomasson’s account of fiction, in particular, when developing an account of missing-systems modeling.
Imagining Mechanisms with Diagrams
Authors: Sheredos Benjamin , Bechtel William
Published: December 2019

Philosophy of science has long focused on how scientists achieve successful explanations of a phenomenon. But much of scientific work is aimed at something more basic: successfully and coherently imagining how a phenomenon might be explained—for example, hypothesizing a mechanism that could possibly produce the phenomenon. This chapter examines the graphics and diagrams that scientists in the field of circadian biology have generated and used to externalize and stabilize their imaginative reasoning. In particular, it examines how scientists revise their graphics as they sharpen and constrain their imaginative construal of a hypothetical mechanism. This analysis examines published diagrams that reflect the community’s developing understanding of the mechanism responsible for circadian rhythms in cyanobacteria and zeroes in on unpublished graphics from a single lab as they developed one operation in the mechanism. The goal is to understand how circadian biologists rely on graphics to overcome the difficulties of imagining the complex working of hypothetical mechanisms over time. Throughout, the chapter emphasizes that pursuing imaginative success is a scientific endeavor governed by its own internal norms, distinct from the norms of successful explanation. The aim is to direct philosophical analysis to scientists’ imaginings and to encourage integrating this understudied dimension of scientific practice with traditional philosophical analysis of normativity in scientific practice.
Is Imagination Constrained Enough for Science?
Authors: Weisberg Deena Skolnick
Published: December 2019

The imagination is a necessary tool for doing science, because it allows scientists to form hypotheses, make predictions about the future, and consider non-actual possibilities. But some have worried that the imagination is too unconstrained to be used in the service of scientific inquiry, which needs to be tied closely to reality. This chapter reviews these arguments and provides empirical evidence that the imagination is constrained enough for science. Both children and adults base their imagined worlds on the real world, and these worlds rarely stray from the causal structure of reality. And although the imagination may be subject to some biases that make certain kinds of worlds easier to imagine, these biases can be identified and corrected through training and enculturation in science. Finally, the conclusions drawn within an imagined context can be brought to bear appropriately on reality, allowing the results of thought experiments and hypothetical scenarios to inform the practice of science.
The Story of Rufino
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , Carvalho Marcus J. M. de
Published: December 2019

The book tells the story of Rufino, or Abuncare, a Yoruba Muslim from the kingdom of Oyo, who came to Brazil as a slave in c. 1823 and lived in the Atlantic cities of Salvador, Porto Alegre, Rio de Janeiro, Recife (all in Brazil), and Freetown in Sierra Leone. In Salvador, he lived his first eight years as a slave; then he was taken to Porto Alegre by his young master and sold there. He bought his freedom in 1835 with money he made as a hire-out slave and then moved to Rio de Janeiro. Here Rufino started to work as a cook on a slave ship bound to Luanda. In late 1841, after a few slave trading voyages between Africa and Recife, his ship was captured by the British and sent to Freetown, where he took Qur’ānic and Arabic classes in the local Yoruba community. Still an employee of the slave trade, he would later return to Sierra Leone complete his studies. Back to Recife, he made a living as a diviner, serving all sorts of clients, whites and blacks, free and slaves. He also became a leader in the local Afro-Muslim community. In 1853, Rufino was arrested in Recife due to rumors of an imminent African slave revolt. Rufino left several traces of his personal experience as a slave and a freeman in Africa, Brazil, and aboard a slave ship. The book revolves around his life, which is used as a lead to discuss the slave trade, slavery, and the resilience of ethnic and religious identities as seen through the experience of an individual.
Sierra Leone
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

After being captured by the Royal Navy brig Water Witch, the Ermelinda is taken to Sierra Leone, a British colony, the history of which is narrated from its foundation by philanthroposts, including the leading abolitionist Granville Sharp, in the late eighteenth century up until Rufino landed there in December 1841. British cruisers deposited scores of liberated Africans there40,000 in the 1830s alone. As a result, Sierra Leone’s population included people of different faiths and ethnicities from all over the western coast of Africa and Mozambique. Anti–slave trade Mixed Commissions were installed in Freetown, where the trial of the Ermelinda was carried out for two months.
Among Akus and African Muslims
Authors: Reis João José , Gomes Flávio dos Santos , de Carvalho Marcus J. M. , Gledhill H. Sabrina
Published: December 2019

A good number of liberated Africans in Sierra Leone in the 1840s were Yoruba speakers—locally called Akus –Rufino’s compatriots from the kingdom of Ò̩yó̩, among whom many were Muslims like him. The Akus lived in the outskirts of Freetown in a district called Fourah Bay, where several mosques had been built. The religious market in Fourah Bay was highly competitive. There were animists, Muslims and Christians, including Protestants and Catholics. The future Bishop Samual Crowther studied there. Despite the tense situation in Sierra Leone and conflicts among Christians, Muslims and animists, Rufino spent most of his time during the trial of the Ermelinda in Freetown attending Qu’ranic schools and learning Arabic.
The Global Refuge
Authors: Stanwood Owen
Published: December 2019

Huguenot refugees were everywhere in the early modern world. Exiles fleeing French persecution, they scattered around Europe and beyond following the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, settling in North America, the Caribbean, South Africa, and even remote islands in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. This book offers the first global history of the Huguenot diaspora, explaining how and why these refugees became such ubiquitous characters in the history of imperialism. The story starts with dreams of Eden, as beleaguered religious migrants sought suitable retreats to build perfect societies far from the political storms of Europe. In order to create these communities, however, the Huguenots needed patrons, and they thus ran headlong into the world of politics. The refugees promoted themselves as the chosen people of empire, religious heroes who also possessed key skills that would strengthen the British and Dutch states. As a result, French Protestants settled around the world—they tried to make silk in South Carolina; they planted vines in South Africa; and they peopled vulnerable frontiers from New England to Suriname. Of course, this embrace of empire led to a gradual abandonment of the Huguenots’ earlier utopian ambitions. They realized that only by blending in, and by mastering foreign institutions, could they prosper in a quickly changing world. Nonetheless, they managed to maintain a key role in the early modern world well into the eighteenth century, before the coming of Revolution upended the ancien régime.
Defining Deference
Authors: Lawson Gary , Seidman Guy I.
Published: December 2019

Ordinary language often treats deference as an all-or-nothing matter; if one defers to another’s judgment (for example, about where to go to dinner), one effectively lets the other party make the decision. Very few of the doctrines identified by federal courts as instances of deference meet this standard. Instead, the term “deference” is applied in a wide range of circumstances involving varying weights, ranging from Skidmore deference, in which the decision-maker must at least take into account the prior decision but need not give it any pre-fixed degree of weight, to rational basis review, in which the prior decision controls unless it is so absurd that no reasonable person could have reached it on any conceivable set of facts. Any inductively derived definition of deference must capture this range. Accordingly, deference is best defined through an inductive methodology such as “The giving by a legal actor of some measure of consideration or weight to the decision of another actor in exercising the deferring actor’s function.” Deference can be mandatory, because it is commanded by positive law, or discretionary, and it can be justified in particular settings for reasons of legitimacy (legitimation deference), accuracy (epistemological deference), cost (economic deference), or communication (signaling deference).
Legacy of Blood
Authors: Bemporad Elissa
Published: December 2019

This book traces the legacies of the two classical and most extreme manifestations of tsarist antisemitism—pogroms and blood libels—in the Soviet Union, from 1917 to the early 1960s. Closely intertwined in history and memory, pogroms and blood libels were and are considered central to the Jewish experience in late Tsarist Russia. But their persistence and memory under the Bolsheviks—a chapter that is largely overlooked by the existing scholarship—significantly shaped the Soviet Jewish experience. By exploring the phenomenon and the memory of pogroms and blood libels in the Soviet territories of the interwar period as well as after World War II, in the newly annexed territories, this book studies the social realities of everyday antisemitism through the emergence of communities of violence and memories of violence. The fifty-year-span from the Bolshevik Revolution to the early years of Khrushchev included a living generation of Jews and non-Jews alike, who either experienced or remembered the Beilis Affair, the pogroms of the civil war, and in some cases even the violence of the pre-revolutionary years. By tracing the “afterlife” of pogroms and blood libels in the USSR, this book sheds light on the broader question of the changing position of Jews in Soviet society. And by doing so it tells the story of the solid yet ever changing and at times ambivalent relationship between the Soviet state and the Jewish minority group.
Social Comparison Before, During, and After the Competition
Authors: Garcia Stephen M. , Reese Zachary A. , Tor Avishalom
Published: December 2019

This chapter provides an overview of the interplay between social comparison and competition before, during, and after the competition. Competition is defined broadly to include an act or process of competition, explicit or implicit, linked to basic social comparison processes. Before the competition, the authors consider the lessons of the social comparison literature on motives, individual differences, cultural and social norms, and competition entry decisions. The authors then review relevant findings on the role of individual factors (personal and relational) as well as situational factors that affect motivation and competitive behavior during the competition. Finally, the chapter examines the social comparison literature on downward comparison, upward comparison, and competition re-entry decisions after the competition.
Effects of Local and General Comparisons on Self-Assessment
Authors: Zell Ethan , Alicke Mark D.
Published: December 2019

Local comparisons involve thinking about the self in relation to one or a few people, such as friends, family, neighbors, or coworkers. Conversely, general comparisons involve thinking about the self in relation to larger samples, such as the average person in one’s profession or country. This chapter first describes a program of research that examined the simultaneous effects of local and general comparisons on self-evaluations. Results show that local comparisons often dominate and displace the effects of general comparisons. Next, it discusses potential moderators of this “local dominance effect” including self-enhancement motives, the physical salience of local group members, and collective self-esteem. Finally, the chapter calls for future research that explores the implications of local dominance for motivational and behavioral outcomes as well as mental and physical health.
Navigating the Perils of Outperforming Others
Authors: Zell Anne L. , Exline Julie J. , Lobel Marci
Published: December 2019

Outperforming others can be an enjoyable experience, satisfying goals for achievement and competitive success. However, high-performing people may also have other goals, such as to avoid causing those whom they have outperformed to feel discouraged or maliciously envious. This chapter summarizes Exline and Lobel’s conceptual framework about the concerns outperformers sometimes have about being a target of threatening upward comparisons. The authors review the research on individual and group differences in propensity to be concerned when one seems to be posing an upward comparison threat to others. The authors survey strategies that high performers use to try to avoid or minimize negative reactions in those whom they have outperformed. Finally, the chapter explores what the available research suggests regarding the effectiveness and costs of these strategies.
Temporal Comparisons in a Social World
Authors: Wilson Anne E. , Shanahan Erin
Published: December 2019

People evaluate themselves against a variety of standards. In addition to measuring themselves against relevant others (social comparisons), individuals often appraise their current selves by looking to their former and future selves (temporal comparisons). This chapter first considers temporal comparison in relation to social comparison and then describes processes of temporal self-appraisal in more detail. The authors first consider the relative frequency and impact of temporal comparison relative to social comparison and describe how comparison preference and impact depends on method, context, and self-appraisal goals. Both comparison types are meaningful, and people show considerable fluidity in their use of these self-appraisal standards. Next, the authors describe temporal self-appraisal theory, which unpacks the nuanced mechanisms underlying active selection and construction of temporal comparisons, drawing parallels to similar social comparative processes.
Comparing One and Many
Authors: Putnam-Farr Eleanor , Morewedge Carey K.
Published: December 2019

Social comparisons are not only ubiquitous and influential but also represent a naturally occurring example of more general evaluative judgment. As such, they can be examined using the general types of mental processes that are used in the judgment and decision-making literature. While the direction of social comparison processes can be easily characterized as upward or downward, for instance, their specific calibration (e.g., sensitivity to absolute differences) is more difficult to determine. Insights gleaned from judgment and decision-making can inform research examining the calibration of social comparisons to different standards. In turn, the specific lessons gleaned from social comparisons, particularly with respect to how comparison targets are chosen, can inform judgment and decision-making. The chapter begins with a successful example of the integration of these literatures, research on anchoring bias. The authors then explain how social comparison research might benefit from judgment and decision-making research examining how calibration and sensitivity to absolute differences depend on the number of standards in the comparison set and their relative position on a continuum. The authors review different prototype, exemplar, and hybrid models explaining how people compare a target to distributions and sets of multiple standards, which could be of use to researchers examining social comparisons to multiple targets and groups. The chapter ends by noting how judgment and decision-making may benefit from the insight that social comparisons provide into the selection of comparison standards and directions for cross-pollination between these fields.
Case-Control Studies
Authors: Westreich Daniel
Published: December 2019

In contrast to an observational cohort study in which participants are identified, exposures are measured, and then outcomes status is measured after follow-up, a case-control study is an observational study in which researchers sample participants based on their outcome status, often only after all outcomes have already occurred. This chapter echoes the structure of the previous two chapters in the discussion of case-control studies. In this chapter, the author’s focus is on understanding the relationship between cohort studies and case-control studies and on how the interpretation of the odds ratio estimated from the case-control study depends on the relationship of the case-control study to a cohort study.
Itching Ears
Authors: Baker Jean H.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 1 covers Latrobe’s early life from his birth in 1764 in a Moravian community, his rebellion against the church, and his expulsion from a seminary in Barby, Germany. It describes his thirteen years in London where he studied architecture and engineering and set up his own practice. Latrobe achieved success as an architect in London, but amid the successes there were disturbing signs of his inability to manage his financial affairs, especially when the city experienced an economic downturn. He continually complained that his Moravian background had sheltered him from negotiating the realities of finance. The chapter also describes his marriage and the devastating death of his wife and third child. Suffering from this loss and forced into bankruptcy, Latrobe made the decision to emigrate to the United States.
This New American
Authors: Baker Jean H.
Published: December 2019

Chapter 2 begins with Latrobe’s emigration to the United States in 1796 and includes his exciting journey on the Eliza. He spent three and a half years in Virginia. After only a few months in Norfolk he moved to Richmond, the capital. There, he met Bushrod Washington, the president’s nephew, who introduced him to George Washington and arranged a visit to Mount Vernon. Socially, Latrobe benefited from his membership in the Freemasons, a connection that helped him in business as well. However, he continued to chafe against the common belief that an architect was an unnecessary expense, with most buildings requiring only skilled carpenters. Seeking more opportunities as an architect, Latrobe moved to Philadelphia. Here he built the Bank of Pennsylvania, a structure that brought him recognition, and the Philadelphia water supply system, a project that was hampered by his inability to match his artistic vision with financial reality. In Philadelphia, Latrobe met and married Mary Elizabeth Hazlehurst: a wife whom he adored, a woman who treated her stepchildren as if they were hers, a physical and intellectual partner who created the nurturing and intimate family he had never known.
Teaching Music Appreciation Online
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

In this book, readers will learn practical tips and strategies to teach music appreciation online. As online education is a growing field, an increasing number of teachers trained in traditional/live methods find themselves now teaching online and potentially without mentors to assist them. Students are also changing, seeking highly engaged, relevant, and interactive learning opportunities that connect to their lives. Here, readers will find helpful guidance in planning curriculum; integrating multimedia assets; designing forum discussions; developing assignments; preparing rubrics; engaging in forum discussions; preparing, managing, and teaching the course; providing feedback and grading; and following up with struggling and challenging students. The book can serve as a resource to those already teaching music appreciation online or as a comprehensive guide to those new to the field. Additionally, it may serve as a resource to instructors in other disciplines who seek to shift live courses to the online format, as well as music appreciation instructors who would like to integrate digital or online components into traditional face-to-face courses. The book is organized into five major sections, designed to guide the novice online educator in-depth while also appealing to the seasoned veteran through the ability to review each section as a stand-alone resource. Although some readers will desire to read from cover to cover, they will also be able to move in a nonlinear manner from chapter to chapter, using chapters in modular form, in order to benefit from the sections that most apply to them at any given time.
Philosophy and Mindset for Online Education
Authors: Hansen Bethanie L.
Published: December 2019

This chapter introduces teaching philosophies that apply to music appreciation and online education, and ways in which music appreciation instructors might develop or refine a philosophy for teaching the course online that can withstand various inherent challenges. Developing a philosophy for teaching music appreciation online can support instructors by giving them purpose and clarity about instructional choices and daily online teaching. The philosophy traditionally associated with music appreciation classes, an aesthetic philosophy, is introduced, alongside the learner-centered, participatory praxial music education philosophy. Readers are provided with example philosophy statements that have guided some instructors’ approaches to teaching music appreciation and questions that can guide one’s development of a personal philosophy for teaching online music appreciation. Additional considerations for attitudes and assumptions are provided that promote success when teaching online. The idea that one’s philosophy and mindset drive the choice of methods and teaching strategies is core to this chapter. This chapter ends with a brief summary of important points and an infographic designed to visually highlight philosophical questions, mindset tips, and ways in which online music appreciation instructors can find satisfaction and identity in their roles.
Television at Work
Authors: Hughes Kit
Published: December 2019

This book explores how work, television, and waged labor come to have meaning in our everyday lives. However, it is not an analysis of workplace sitcoms or quality dramas. Instead, it explores the forgotten history of how American private sector workplaces used television in the twentieth century. It traces how, at the hands of employers, television physically and psychically managed workers and attempted to make work meaningful under the sign of capitalism. It also shows how the so-called domestic medium helped businesses shape labor relations and information architectures foundational to the twinned rise of the technologically mediated corporation and a globalizing information economy. Among other things, business and industry built extensive private television networks to distribute live and taped programming, leased satellite time for global “meetings” and program distribution, created complex closed-circuit television (CCTV) data search and retrieval systems, encouraged the use of videotape for worker self-evaluation, used videocassettes for training distributed workforces, and wired cantinas for employee entertainment. Television at work describes the myriad ways the medium served business’ attempts to shape employees’ relationships to their labor and the workplace in order to secure industrial efficiency, support corporate expansion, and inculcate preferred ideological orientations. By uncovering industrial television as a prolific sphere of media practice—one that continually sought to reshape the technology’s cultural meanings, affordances, and uses—Television at Work positions the medium at the heart of Post-Fordist experiments into reconfiguring the American workplace and advancing understandings of labor that increasingly revolved around dehumanized technological systems and information flows.
Navigating and Sustaining Musical Involvement at School and in Lessons
Authors: Koops Lisa Huisman
Published: December 2019

This chapter includes family reflections on musicking in both school music and private lessons, because these settings represented the main areas where parents viewed others as playing a primary role in their children’s music education. Issues of parental decision making, child agency, and family logistics are discussed. These factors were raised by many of the parents in this study when discussing school music and private lesson opportunities, often in recognition of the need to resist using music as a tool for advancement. This chapter argues that a combination of parenting musically and musical parenting skills was needed to navigate and sustain a family’s involvement and experience in music programs. There were four themes that arose from the data related to school and lessons: uneven access to formal music education, the complexity of parental decision making, the role of performance, and the challenges and rewards of home practice.
Community Musicking as Families
Authors: Koops Lisa Huisman
Published: December 2019

This chapter highlights examples of musicking that occurred outside of the home or school. Analysis was situated in community musicking literature and the philosophy of place. Community musicking was differentiated from most of the music making in the home based on the location, or space, of music making. The community music-making space was important because it brought parents and children into contact with others even as they were engaged in musicking together. Community musicking provided unique places for families to try new things, experience mutuality, be part of a larger community, and enjoy musicking together.
On Morality and Migration
Authors: Blake Michael
Published: December 2019

This chapter argues that the ethical analysis of migration involves not a single question, but several; it encompasses any number of distinct topics, ranging from global distributive justice to the subjective experience of being a migrant. This chapter therefore limits the scope of the book, by identifying its organizing question: may a state ever rightly exclude an unwanted migrant? As a start on this question, the present chapter introduces the assumptions and moral principles which will be assumed to be true in the rest of the book—including, most importantly, the concept of the person with which that analysis will begin.
Coercion and Refuge
Authors: Blake Michael
Published: December 2019

This chapter defends a particular account of how to understand the international right to refuge. It engages with the 1951 Convention setting up the international refugee regime, and demonstrates how the concept of the refugee found within that Convention might be defended. It does this, however, in the service of defending a two-layer account of the right to refuge. The first layer entails a right to be free from coercive interference with one’s movements; the second layer involves a claim to have others assist one in moving, where that assistance can sometimes involve the use of international coercion.
Social Welfare Functions
Authors: Adler Matthew D.
Published: December 2019

The social welfare function (SWF) framework is a core methodology of welfare economics. This chapter describes the approach, discusses its application to health priority-setting, and illustrates this application with a concrete example. The SWF framework conceptualizes any given policy as a probability distribution over outcomes, with each outcome in turn a pattern of well-being among the population of concern. The well-being measure can be derived from utility functions representing individual preferences with respect to the attributes that determine well-being (e.g., health, longevity, income). Different rules for ranking well-being patterns are possible, including both “utilitarian” and “prioritarian” rules. Unlike cost-effectiveness analysis, the SWF framework is sensitive to the way in which a given individual’s income, health, and longevity interact to determine her lifetime well-being. Unlike cost-benefit analysis, the utilitarian and prioritarian SWFs take account of the declining marginal utility of income. Health scholars’ traditional concerns about considering income in allocating health care are mitigated by this feature of both SWFs and, even more so, by the extra concern for the well-being of the worse off that is characteristic of prioritarianism.
Discounting Future Health
Authors: Greaves Hilary
Published: December 2019

To discount future benefits and costs is to assign them less weight in one’s cost-effectiveness calculations than one assigns to immediate benefits and costs. When the benefits and costs are monetary ones, there is a widespread and theoretically well-grounded consensus that discounting is appropriate. The case of discounting future health is more controversial, and many authors have argued for a zero discount rate for health. Here the author argues that while the usual arguments for discounting money do not apply to health, there are two other good reasons (related, respectively, to uncertainty and to instrumental effects) for discounting health within the simple models that form the basis of much cost-effectiveness analysis. Both of these reasons, however, would be inapplicable in more detailed models that represented uncertainties and instrumental effects explicitly.
Introduction
Authors: Pinfari Marco
Published: December 2019

This chapter presents basic definitions, operational assumptions, and the key literature that form the basis for the analysis of “terrorists as monsters” in this book. It begins by discussing the concept of terrorism, drawing from speech-act theory but also arguing that linguistic conventions alone cannot explain the emotional appeal that can be associated with the use of monsters as political metaphors. It then elaborates on the role of culture in shaping the metaphorical use of monstrosity, before introducing and discussing in depth the concept of “archetypal metaphor”—which serves as the basis for explaining the different functions that monster metaphors play in framing and presenting performatively terrorist acts. The following sections then discuss the logic of “terrorizing” and the nature of terrorism as performance. The final part of the chapter summarizes the main themes and content of the book.
The Abominables
Authors: Pinfari Marco
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the use of monster metaphors in framing “terrorist” actors since the French Revolution. While acknowledging that these metaphors effectively present the “terrorist” as an abject “other,” it argues that the main purpose of the use of monster imagery in framing “terrorists” is to highlight their unmanageability, which may be instrumental in securing popular backing for specific types of rule-breaking behavior in counterterrorism. It presents these arguments while reviewing examples drawn from the origins of modern terrorism in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. These include the gorgon Medusa, which appears for instance in relation to Robespierre’s “Reign of Terror,” and the many-headed hydra—one of the oldest metaphors for representing unruly behavior that proves unmanageable. It then introduces another type of unmanageable monster that would become particularly popular to frame terrorists—Frankenstein’s monster—and its use in the late nineteenth century to frame Irish nationalism.
Revolutionary monstrosity
Authors: Pinfari Marco
Published: December 2019

This chapter engages with the idea of terrorists “acting” as monsters. In contrast to the view that the shocking and apparently beastly behavior of some “terrorist” actors has no rational justification, it suggests that the performative construction of terrorist acts by impersonating some of the components of the prototype of monstrosity can be seen (in most circumstances) as rational. In fact, it argues that this pattern of behavior has a long history in terrorism through the concept of “revolutionary terrorism.” This chapter traces the origin and evolution of this concept by discussing the idea of the “Propaganda of the Deed” and by presenting the stages through which, from Sergey Nechayev to Che Guevara and then on to the Red Brigades, the ideologues of the anarchist and left-wing guerrilla movements perfected the idea that “terrorists” and insurgents should act as cold, unpredictable, and emotionless “killing machines.”
Monsters in the “jihadi revolutionary atmosphere”
Authors: Pinfari Marco
Published: December 2019

This chapter continues with the analysis of the terrorist “actor” by highlighting how the establishment of a “revolutionary atmosphere” through the use of political violence has been a goal of several insurgent and “terrorist” groups in the Middle East, from the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) to al-Qaeda in Iraq to the Islamic State. First, it focuses on the reception of European left-wing “terrorism” and third-worldism in the Middle East, especially within the Palestinian nationalist movement. Then, it explains why, in the aftermath of the invasion of Iraq in 2003, several ideologues affiliated with al-Qaeda (including Abu Musab al-Suri) have recommended the use of brutal fighting techniques for establishing what al-Suri described as a “jihadi revolutionary atmosphere.” Finally, it considers the extent to which the impersonation of the prototype of monstrosity (either in its entirety or in its individual components) can help explain the modus operandi of the Islamic State.
The monstrous enemy in the “terrorist” mind
Authors: Pinfari Marco
Published: December 2019

This chapter focuses on how monster-like creatures may be used by “terrorist” groups to frame their own enemy. If monster-like creatures play a crucial role in the “cosmic war” narrative adopted by many “terrorist” groups, their main goal usually is not to present the enemy as an uncontrollable monster but rather “othering” it in order to cause the “social death of the victim,” which in turn helps them justify the resort to morally liminal behavior and cement their in-group cohesion. The examples discussed in this chapter span from the use of exterminatory rhetoric to frame the targets of terror bombing during World War II, the “buck” and Incubus symbolism in white supremacist terrorism, the metaphorical constructs chosen by left-wing groups in the 1970s, and the use of concept of “taghout” by Islamist movements.
The Strategic Logic of Islamic State’s Full-Spectrum Propaganda
Authors: Ingram Haroro J.
Published: December 2019

This chapter broadly canvasses the strategic logic of the Islamic State’s (IS) propaganda strategy by examining how its key constituent parts are interlocking in a sophisticated approach to communications that is multidimensional, comprehensive, and cohesive. It explains how these parts connect together to produce a full-spectrum propaganda effort that maximizes the reach, relevance, and resonance of the groups’ message, with different outputs deployed with both a singular specific purpose and a particular role in the overall synchronization of all constituent elements. By broadly mapping the constituent parts of IS’s propaganda strategy, explaining variations throughout the group’s “boom-bust” history, and analyzing their connections with IS’s military activities and territorial situation, this chapter is designed to frame the “deep dive” chapters that explore individual components of IS propaganda.
The Fallen Will
Authors: Kantzer Komline Han-luen
Published: December 2019

The writings of Paul, especially, prove crucial to Augustine’s diagnosis of the fallen condition of the human will, both in the more generalized discussion of texts such as Ad Simplicianum and in his intense personal reflections on the conflict of will leading up to his conversion in book 8 of Confessions. As Augustine adapts and reframes his thinking in response to texts such as Romans 9, his account of will becomes multidimensional, including two distinct characterizations of will, one corresponding to its created and another to its fallen state. In its first dimension, the will is a powerful hinge; in its second, it forms a link in the chain (ansula catenae) that holds human beings in bondage to sin. The account of this transition illustrates how Augustine’s multidimensional approach to willing can accommodate radical shifts within a coherent, biblically indexed scheme, thus preserving continuity in his thinking amid drastic developments.
Introduction
Authors: Oakes Lisa M. , Rakison David H.
Published: December 2019

This chapter introduces the core concept of the book. Specifically, the premise of the book is that a focus on developmental milestones has limited our understanding of change, and that we will gain more insight about change by thinking about developmental cascades. The term development is defined, and the key tenants of the cascade approach are presented. These are: (a) All developmental change reflects the use of multiple mechanisms; (b) the mechanisms of any specific developmental change operate at many levels involving sensation, perception, and cognition, and (c) the emergence of any behavior or milestone represents one point in an ongoing developmental cascade.
The Oxford Reference Guide to Lexical Functional Grammar
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

This is the most comprehensive reference work on Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG), which will be of interest to graduate and advanced undergraduate students, academics, and researchers in linguistics and in related fields. Covering the analysis of syntax, semantics, morphology, prosody, and information structure, and how these aspects of linguistic structure interact in the nontransformational framework of LFG, this book will appeal to readers working in a variety of sub-fields, including researchers involved in the description and documentation of languages, whose work continues to be an important part of the LFG literature The book consists of three parts. The first part examines the syntactic theory and formal architecture of LFG, with detailed explanation and comprehensive illustration, providing an unparalleled introduction to the fundamentals of the theory. The second part of the book explores nonsyntactic levels of linguistic structure, including the syntax-semantics interface and semantic representation, argument structure, information structure, prosodic structure, and morphological structure, and how these are related in the projection architecture of LFG. The third part of the book illustrates the theory more explicitly by presenting explorations of the syntax and semantics of a range of representative linguistic phenomena: modification, anaphora, control, coordination, and long-distance dependencies. The final chapter discusses LFG-based work not covered elsewhere in the book, as well as new developments in the theory.