bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mısır Yetiştiriciliğinde Toprak ve Su Kaynaklarının Sürdürülebilirliği Açısından Damla Sulama Yönteminin Uygulanabilirliği
Authors: Masat Gökhan , İkikat Tümer Emine , Gürün Seda
Published: January 2025

Bu çalışmada; mısır üretiminde toprak ve su kaynaklarının sürdürülebilirliği açısından damla sulama yönteminin uygulanabilirliği incelenmiştir. Araştırma Adana ilinde 105 üretici ile anket yapılarak yürütülmüştür. Elde edilen anket verileri tanımlayıcı istatistikler ve Ki-kare testi ile analiz edilmiştir. Üreticilerin yıllık tarımsal gelir düzeylerine göre mısır yetiştiriciliği faaliyetlerini etkileyen faktörlerin analizinde kullanılan Ki-kare testi sonucunda; gelir düzeyi ile mısır üretim tecrübe süreleri, Tarım ve Orman İl-İlçe Müdürlükleriyle görüşme sıklıkları, silajlık, danelik mısır üretme durumları, toplam işledikleri arazi, mısır üretiminde gübre desteğinden yararlanma ve sulama yöntemlerine ilişkin eğitimlere katılmayı isteme durumları arasında istatistiki açıdan anlamlı bir farklılığın olduğu belirlenmiştir. Araştırma bölgesinde damla sulama yöntemini tercih etme oranı çok düşüktür. Çiftçiler mısır üretiminde salma sulama yöntemini daha fazla tercih ettiği için mısır verimini artırmada yine aynı yöntemin doğru olduğu fikrini kabul etmektedirler. Mısırda sulama teknikleri ve yöntemleri konusunda eğitim çalışmalarına katılmak isteyen üretici sayısı fazladır. Bu açıdan özellikle damla sulama yönteminin üretim maliyetinin azalmasında ve mısır veriminin artmasındaki rolünün alanında uzman kişi ve kurumlar aracılığıyla üreticilere aktarılması önemli olacaktır.
Effect of Day-Age Chick Weight, Finger Length, Shank Length and Chick Length on Carcass Characteristics and Internal Organ Weights of Broiler Chickens
Authors: Şengül Turgay , Şengül Ömer
Published: January 2025

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of some body measurements (chick weight, finger length, shank length, chick length) of day-old broiler chicks on carcass characteristics and edible yields. In the study, 192 day-old male broiler chicks were used. Broiler chicks were first divided into 4 groups according to treatment groups (chick weight, finger length, shank length, chick length), and then each group was divided into two groups according to weight (heavy-light) or length (long-short). From body criteria; chick weight ≥47.7 and
E-7 Ülkelerinde Tarım, Sanayi ve Ekonomik Büyüme Çevresel Bozulmaya Neden Olur Mu?
Authors: Ülger Mücahit
Published: January 2025

Bu çalışma, 1992-2020 dönemi yıllık verileri kullanarak E-7 ülke grubunda tarım, sanayi ve ekonomik büyümenin çevresel bozulma üzerindeki etkilerini analiz etmektedir. Çevresel bozulmanın en önemli göstergelerinden biri olan karbon emisyonu göstergesi kullanılmıştır. Panel ARDL yöntemiyle yapılan analiz sonucunda, ekonomik büyüme, tarımsal katma değer ve sanayi katma değerinin uzun dönemde karbon emisyonu üzerinde istatistiksel olarak anlamlı etkileri olduğu belirlenmiştir. Uzun dönem analiz sonuçlarına göre, tarımsal katma değerdeki %1’lik artış, karbon emisyonunu %0.54 oranında azaltırken; sanayi katma değerindeki %1’lik artış, karbon emisyonunu %1.55 oranında artırmaktadır. Ayrıca, ekonomik büyümede %1’lik artış, karbon emisyonunu %0.61 oranında artırmaktadır. Kısa dönem analiz sonuçlarına göre, ekonomik büyüme karbon emisyonunu anlamlı şekilde artırırken, tarımsal ve sanayi katma değerlerinin karbon emisyonu üzerindeki etkisi anlamlı bulunmamıştır. Bu bulgular, politika yapıcılar için önemli ipuçları sunmaktadır. Çalışmada, tarım sektöründe yenilenebilir enerji kullanımı ve daha temiz üretim tekniklerinin teşvik edilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmaktadır. Sanayi sektöründe ise yeşil teknolojilere geçişin teşvik edilmesi, AR-GE faaliyetlerinin desteklenmesi ve karbon vergisi gibi düzenleyici önlemler önerilmektedir. Bu politika önerileri, E-7 ülkelerinde sürdürülebilir kalkınma ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerine ulaşmak için önem arz etmektedir.
Comparison of Fruit Quality Characteristics of Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul Hazelnut (Corylus colurna L.) Varieties Grown at Different Altitudes of Ordu Province
Authors: Polat Yakup , Kurt Ebru , Tagay Bice Buse , Çelik Ferit , Kafkas Ebru
Published: January 2025

The hazelnut, which is known to be among the homelands of Anatolia, has been grown in our country for centuries. Hazelnut cultivation in Turkey dates back to ancient times. In the province of Ordu, the hazelnut varieties Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul are mainly cultivated but other varieties are also grown. This study was carried out between 2022-2023 to determine the effects of altitude and location difference on the fruit characteristics of hazelnut varieties Çakıldak, Palaz and Tombul grown in Fatsa (300 m), İkizce (590 m) and Kumru (400 m) districts of Ordu province. In the study, the lowest average values for nut and kernel fruit weight, nut and shell thickness and kernel size were obtained from trees at 400 m altitude, while the highest values were obtained from trees at 590 m altitude. According to the results, the altitude had a different effect on the weight of the nuts and kernels depending on the variety. While the weight of nuts and kernels increased with increasing altitude in Çakıldak and Palaz varieties, these values decreased in Tombul variety. As a result some fruit quality characteristics of hazelnut varieties grown at different altitudes in Ordu province were found to be different.
Factors influencing technology integration among mathematics educators in South Africa: A modified UTAUT2 perspective
Authors: Musasa Antony , Goto Jameson , Lautenbach Geoffrey
Published: January 2025

Educators must effectively integrate technology into their teaching practices in today’s technology-driven world. This study investigated factors influencing technology integration into teaching among mathematics educators in Gauteng secondary schools in South Africa. The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology, extended by adding the technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK) framed the study. Data was collected using an online questionnaire from 309 mathematics educators. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were used to validate and verify the measurement model. The structural equation modelling analyses indicated that hedonic motivation (HM), performance expectancy (PE) and TPACK influenced behavioral intention (BI) to integrate technology. TPACK, facilitating conditions (FC), effort expectancy (EE), social influence (SIN), descriptive norms (SID) and habit (HT) influenced the behavioral use (BU) of technology integration. The second-order structural modelling indicated that all the constructs contributed to technology integration. Still, TPACK was the most important, with the highest explained variance of 64.4%, followed by EE, FC, HM and HT, which all had explained variances above 50%. BI and BU, PE and social influence contributed less than 50% of the explained variance. Our findings could provide insights into future interventions for effective technology integration for in-service educator training.
ATP synthase in rat cingulate cortex neurons with subhepatic cholestasis
Authors:   Grodno State Medical University, Grodno, Republic of Belarus, Klimuts T.V. , Zaerko A.V. ,   Grodno State Medical University, Grodno, Republic of Belarus, Emelyanchik S.V. ,   Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno, Grodno, Republic of Belarus, Zimatkin S.M. ,   Grodno State Medical University, Grodno, Republic of Belarus
Published: January 2025

Introduction. Cholestasis is stagnation of bile resulting from its disrupted outflow from the liver to the duodenum. This leads to impaired digestion (especially that of fats) in the intestines and enterohepatic circulation of bile acids and to an increased flow of bile components into the blood, which has a toxic effect on various organs and systems, including the brain. As a result, cognitive and behavioral disorders develop. Studying ATP synthase in cingulate cortex neurons will enhance understanding of the adaptation mechanisms of cingulate cortex neurons to cholestasis. The research aimed to explore the effects of cholestasis on ATP synthase neurons in the rat cingulate cortex.
Materials and methods. We studied neurons in the cingulate cortex of rats at different periods after ligation/transection of their common bile duct (the experimental group) or sham operation (the control group). Histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric, and statistical methods were used.
Results. As cholestasis progresses, after common bile duct transection ATP synthase immunoreactivity decreases in the neurons of small and large cell layers of the cingulate cortex. These disturbances appear on days 2–5 postoperatively, reach a maximum on days 10–20, and gradually normalize by day 90.
Conclusion. Studying changes in ATP synthase immunoreactivity in neurons of the cingulate cortex during cholestasis will facilitate our understanding of mechanisms of neural adaptation and the development of neuropsychiatric disorders in this pathology.
Keywords: brain, cingulate cortex, neurons, ATP synthase, cholestasis
СУЧАСНІ ТРЕНДИ СПЕЦІАЛЬНОЇ ФІЗИЧНОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ В СПОРТИВНОМУ ТАНЦІ
Authors: Соронович Ігор , Чернявський Іван
Published: January 2025

Емпіричні засади сталого розвитку фізичної підготовки спортсменів-танцюристів, які ґрунтуються на експертних дослідженнях виявили суттєві відмінності в розумінні сучасних тенденцій розвитку методики фізичної підготовки в якості системного компонента спеціальної підготовки спортсменів-танцюристів. Напрями сучасних досліджень базуються на дослідженні максимального споживання кисню (VO2 max), легеневої вентиляції (VE), видалення вуглекислого газу (VCO2), частоти серцевих скорочень (HR), концентрації лактату крові (La max) виявили потенційні вимоги реакції кардіореспіраторної системи (КРС) і енергозабезпечення спортсменів-танцюристів. Та розрахункових показників реакції VO2, VE/PaCO2, VE/VCO2, VE/VO2, La зареєстрованих в півфіналі і фіналі змагальної програми, які визначають характеристики швидкої кінетики, стійкого стану і компенсації втоми. Важливим чинником реалізації цього процесу є функціональні резерви сформовані на основі функцій, які забезпечують регуляцію і адаптації ні процеси в умовах фізіологічного напруження тренувальних і змагальних навантажень. Мова йде про певний системний розвиток нейродинамічних функцій, реактивних властивостей кардіореспіраторної систем і опорно рухового апарату. 1. Сформовано алгоритм, який визначає ефективність цього процесу складається з умовно визначених пошагових дій: Період розвитку функцій, які формують адаптаційний потенціал спортсменів, а саме – нейродинамічні функції, кардіореспіраторна систему, опорно-руховий апарат. 2. Період розвитку функцій, які формують енергетичний та спеціальний силовий потенціал спортсменів. 3. Реалізація першого і другого періоду розвиває межі функцій формує функціональний потенціал, який виступає в якості функціонального резерву протягом багаторічної професійної кар’єри спортсменів-танцюристів. Його реалізація сприяє формуванню високоспеціалізованої структури функціонального забезпечення змагальної діяльності.
ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНА ПЕРЕВІРКА ЕФЕКТИВНОСТІ МЕТОДИКИ ВДОСКОНАЛЕННЯ РІВНЯ ІНШОМОВНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ НА ОСНОВІ ІНТЕГРАТИВНОГО ЕЛЕКТИВНОГО КУРСУ «ІСТОРІЯ УКРАЇНИ АНГЛІЙСЬКОЮ МОВОЮ»
Authors: Сорочан Лілія
Published: January 2025

У статті представлено опис проведення експерименту, організованого для перевірки ефективності розробленої методики вдосконалення рівня іншомовної компетентності учнів старшої профільної школи на основі інтегративного елективного курсу «Історія України англійською мовою». Зазначено, що тенденція старшої профільної школи до компетентнісної парадигми сприяє процесуальній інтеграції навчання іноземних мов з іншими предметами.
CLIL розглядається як ефективна методика для підвищення рівня мотивації учнів до вивчення навчальних дисциплін іноземною мовою, активізації їхніх пізнавальних якостей, удосконалення іншомовної компетентності. Впровадження інтегративних елективних курсів для підвищення рівня іншомовної компетентності у старшій школі є актуальним.
Проаналізовано результати анкетування вчителів закладів загальної середньої освіти та опитування учнів старших класів щодо доцільності впровадження елективних курсів англійською мовою у старшій школі.
Уточнено іншомовну компетентність як здатність здобувача середньої освіти осмислено використовувати іншомовний матеріал, набуті мовні навички та мовленнєві вміння в ситуаціях іншомовного спілкування на рівні навчальних досягнень, визначених у державних стандартах та освітніх програмах для певного ступеня загальної середньої освіти; здатність здобувача успішно здійснювати подальшу іншомовну підготовку та використовувати власний іншомовний мовленнєвий досвід у різних сферах спілкування для певного віку.
Описано етапи експерименту, визначено мету та завдання кожного з них. Описано розроблену підсистему вправ і завдань, яка включає групи вправ відповідно до етапів роботи із текстом історичної спрямованості та передбачає активізацію мисленнєвих операцій за таксономією Б. Блума. Проаналізовано отримані результати експерименту, які підтвердили ефективність розробленої методики.
ITALIA – Paradisul pierdut (și regăsit) al condamnaților definitiv
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept a Universității „Nicolae Titulescu” din București, RUS Andrei-Claudiu
Published: January 2025

"If long time ago fleeing on the territory of other States of convicted offenders who wanted to avoid the enforcement of sentences was an optimal solution, the development of legal instruments for international judicial cooperation and especially the simplification and harmonization of surrender procedures between the member States of the European Union led to the result that the spaces where convicted persons could consider themselves sheltered became more and more restricted. This led to the need for the convicted offenders to identify, mainly with the help of lawyers, gaps or imperfections in the legislation of other states, which would allow either the refusal of extradition to the issuing State, or the enforcement of sentences in alternative ways to the one in deprivation of liberty regime.
In the article, two well-known cases are analyzed, in which the convicted persons managed to avoid the enforcement of the sentences, fleeing Romania and arriving in Italy, a country where the harmonization of the national legislation with the provisions of the Decision - framework 2008/909/JAI and with the principles deriving from the jurisprudence of the Court of Justice of the European Union was realized late and overlapped with a great flexibility of the judicial authorities in the interpretation of the European law.
A first problem analyzed refers to the possibility of the judicial authorities of the executing State to proceed, following the recognition of the sentence, to a re-individualization of the way of enforcement of punishment, replacing it practically with one that does not involve deprivation of liberty, aspect which is considered to be contrary to the purpose of the principle of trust and mutual recognition, which is the basis of international judicial cooperation.
A second issue concerns the fact that the judicial authorities of the executing State are using the prerogatives of interpreting and applying the domestic law of the issuing State, a matter that goes against the principle of territoriality of the application of criminal law.
Finally, the last issue analyzed refers to the impossibility of the coexistence of a warrant for the enforcement of a custodial sentence, issued by the issuing state and on the basis of which a European arrest warrant was also issued, with another warrant for enforcement, issued by the judicial authorities of the State that proceeded to the recognition of the judgment of conviction and which was thus integrated into the internal legal order of the latter State."
La reconnaissance jurisprudentielle des modalités émergentes d’exercice de la liberté d’expression
Authors:   Faculté de Droit, Université de Bucarest, GOLGOJAN-PĂTRULESCU Iulia
Published: January 2025

Freedom of expression, although not absolute, represents, in the vision of the European Court of Human Rights, one of the pillars of democracy. Concerning the area of application of art. 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights, judges from Strasbourg considered that any form or manner of expressing thoughts or ideas outside the personal sphere is a matter of conventional freedom of expression. In this perspective, the EHR Court has established through its recent years’ jurisprudence that the modern means of expression, such as the Internet pages, Facebook, Youtube, as well as the language proper to the digital era, fall within the scope of the art. 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights.
Le principe de consentement à l’impôt, approche comparative et évolution doctrinaire
Authors:   Faculté de Droit, Université de Bucarest, ICHIM Oana-Andreea
Published: January 2025

The principle of legality of taxation is a structured principle for the State’s existence and for ensu-ring the governmental harmony. It appears at a superior level, after the monarchical absolutisme and the default obscurantism, and represents the obvious result of the social movements.The citi-zen consents to pay taxes and to be requested to pay them at the moment when he elects his repre-sentatives in Parliament. The principle is universal, present in all modern democracies and consti-tutes source of tax’s legitimacy. Although the principle of the legality of taxation is accepted and integrated, it remains a source of debate and doctrinal controverse. Beyond the simple mandate that the citizen gives to his representative in this matter, this principle provokes an important de-bate regarding the administration. We notice a terminological mutation, from taxpayer citizen to client/user citizen, mutation that suggests an administration transformation where the citizen awaits to obtain a concrete benefit as a result of his pecuniary contribution.
Incompatibilități privind universitarii implicați în îndrumarea și verificarea activității de cercetare doctorală
Authors:   Universitatea Paris 1 Panteon-Sorbona - Colegiul Juridic de Studii Europene, POPESCU Corneliu-Liviu
Published: January 2025

The scientific research carried out by a Ph.D. student is directed and/or supervised by the thesis director, by the thesis admission committee, by the support committee, by the committee for the public defense of the doctoral thesis and by the National Council for Attestation of University Degrees, Diplomas and Certificates. The scientific Ph.D. title is awarded following supervision, in successive stages, of the scientific quality and academic ethics of the doctoral thesis, as well as of the formal legality. To ensure that successive verifications are real and effective, and not theoretical or illusory, the people carrying them out must be impartial in the eyes of a neutral observer. Most situations of compatibility or incompatibility are expressly provided for by the legal rules in force, or arise from them by simple interpretation. Accordingly, it is incompatible for a thesis director to be a member of the thesis admission (advisory) committee, a member of the support (advisory) committee, the official rapporteur or the president of the committee for the public defense of the doctoral thesis. However, there are two situations in which the incompatibilities are subtle, and their identification requires good faith and an understanding of the underlying ratio of the law. On the one hand, a member of the support committee is incompatible with being a member of the committee for the public defense of the doctoral thesis, either as official rapporteur or as president of the committee. On the other hand, a thesis director, a member of the support committee or a member of the committee for the public defense of the doctoral thesis as official rapporteur or president of the committee, if he or she is a member of the NCAUDDC, is incompatible with sitting, in the latter capacity, on the NCAUDDC for the adoption of the decision to validate or invalidate the said doctoral thesis.
Necesitatea limitării protecției absolute conferite de art. 71 din O.U.G. nr. 195/2005 privind protecția mediului. Recomandări de lege ferenda în contextul tendințelor de dezvoltare actuale
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept a Universității din București, NIȚĂ Carina
Published: January 2025

Starting from the multiple practical and theoretical issues of significant importance raised by urban planning documentation that include certain lands as ”green space”, this article deals with the interpretation and application of the provisions of art. 71 of the G.E.O. no. 195/2005 and the need to limit the incidence of the nullity sanction, especially regarding the lands that are not developed as green spaces, but are provided as such in urban planning documentation. Summarily, the article recommends certain measures that the legislator could adopt de lege ferenda that would lead to a considerable increase in investment interest regarding the type of land analyzed, respectively the conditioning of the protection conferred by art. 71 of G.E.O. no. 195/2005 of (i) the existence of an updated general urban plan, (ii) the regulation of the obligation of public authorities to establish an express term of validity for urban planning documentation and (iii) the possibility of changing the destination of green spaces and relocating them inside the plot, subject to compliance with the prescriptions regarding green spaces in the updated general urban plan.
Violul săvârșit asupra unui minor, un nou exemplu de iatrogenie juridică
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept a Universității din București, CIOCLEI Valerian
Published: January 2025

Law no. 217/2023 provided for the crime of rape committed on a minor. The introduction of this new criminalization required many other changes to offenses against sexual freedom and integrity. Although it aims to bring increased protection for the freedom and sexual integrity of minors, the Law, which would enter in-to force on January 1, 2024, will end up producing the opposite effects. This situation of legal iatrogenicity has been signalled in the doctrine. At this moment, there are two legislative proposals in the Senate aimed at correcting the reported errors. In what follows, the two draft laws will be briefly examined, to see what are the corrections made to the Law and what new problems arise.
Administrarea de droguri de mare risc, în afara condițiilor legale. Interpretarea cerinței esențiale. Notă de jurisprudență
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București, MOCANU Raluca-Ioana
Published: January 2025

In this article, we aim to analyse the interpretation given by prosecutors and judges to one of the specific elements of the constitutive content of the offense of highrisk drugs administration without complying the legal conditions. The offence is defined by the disposition of art. 7 of Law No. 143/2000 on the prevention and combating of illegal drug trafficking and consumption. In our opinion, without a correct understanding of the essential requirement, the legal framework related to certain factual situations, may raise the issue of legal classifications that are not beyond criticism.
The European Union’s proposal for a SLAPPs Directive
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București, BOGREA Ștefan
Published: January 2025

Strategic litigation against public participation is not a new phenomenon, nor is it endemic solely to the US legal system in which they were first observed. Many examples of SLAPPs exist in the legal system of EU Member States. The EU’s Directive proposal for combatting SLAPPs is a step in the right direction – even given certain criticisms which can be raised to its content. The present article analyses the content of the current shape of the Directive proposal, the EU’s competence to adopt such an act and its implications on human rights and court proceedings in EU Member States.
Luarea de mită în rate - o nouă formă de unitate de infracțiune: nici naturală, nici legală, ci jurisprudențială
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București, TRANDAFIR Andra-Roxana , UDROIU Mihail ,   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din Oradea, PÂRGARU Dragoș ,   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București
Published: January 2025

The paper analyses the hypothesis in which a person pretends or accepts the promise of a certain amount of money in connection with their professional duties and then receives the said money in several instalments, over a considerable period of time. The article presents three opinions encountered in legal literature and case law, namely the natural unity view, the simple offence which does not render the need for a so-called moment of termination and the continuing offence view. The consequences of such qualification are related to other institutions, such as statute of limitation, applicability of criminal law in time, clemency acts or criminal participation. The authors unanimously disagree with the first opinion (natural unity), analyse the arguments which would allow the simple offence or the continuing offence, by also underlining the doubts concerning such qualifications and support the need for a mandatory decision of the Romanian High Court of Cassation and Justice in this field.
Protecția vieții private prin dispozițiile art. 226 alin. (1) din Codul penal – text, subtext și context
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din Craiova, PĂNOIU Bogdan Liviu
Published: January 2025

The legalization of new antisocial behaviours in the criminal law will always spark interesting discussions in the judicial practice and criminal law doctrine. The violation of private life, a crime regulated for the first time in the Romanian criminal law by the Criminal Code of 2009, is not an exception. Although it uses legal terms which have a long tradition in our legislation, as well as a time-validated technique, similar to the case of the crime of unauthorized entry into a home, the new criminalization has given rise to discussions regarding the limits of the criminal protection offered to private life. In this study, using the principles and the methods of interpretation specific to criminal law, we will offer some arguments because of which we appreciate that, in the current configuration of art. 226 par. (1) of the Criminal Code, the criminal protection of private life is limited to those places that can be considered home (in the criminal sense).
Sensul expresiei „persoană aflată sub influența unor substanțe psihoactive”
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București, CIOCLEI Valerian
Published: January 2025

The present article intends to resolve a matter of law, raised in the case law, which concerns the meaning of the expression "person under the influence of drugs", in the content of the offence of driving a vehicle under the influence of alcohol or other substances, in the assimilated version provided by art. 336 para. (2) of the Criminal Code. In concrete terms, the problem is whether the "influence" can be established simply by the presence of the drugs in the samples taken from the offender (a first solution) or whether this presence should be "doubled" by establishing the impairment of the offender's capacity to drive a motor vehicle on public roads (a second solution).
L'organisation canonique apostolique et synodale de l'Église Orthodoxe Roumaine
Authors:   Collège juridique d'études européennes - Université de Paris 1 Panthéon-Sorbonne, POPESCU Corneliu-Liviu
Published: January 2025

The Romanian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Orthodox Church, whose canonical organization is based inter alia on the apostolic (episcopal) and synodal principles. At central level, the unique episcopal structure, with a synodal character, is the Romanian Patriarchate, headed by the Holy Synod (and the Permanent Synod) and the Patriarch. At the two local levels are the metropolitanates, as intermediate structures, with a synodal character, headed by the metropolitan synod and the metropolitan bishop, and the archdioceses and dioceses, as basic structures, with a mono-episcopal character, headed by the titular bishop (archbishop or diocesan bishop).
De la voința legiuitorului la pixul magistratului - despre sancționarea luării de mită comisă în cadrul sistemului medical
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Academia de Studii Economice din București, MANEA Teodor
Published: January 2025

This article analyses the degree of alignment of the work of the judiciary with national criminal justice policies on the basis of a series of final judgments convicting medical professionals - doctors and nurses - for the crime of bribery. It considers, on the one hand, the main penalty imposed and, on the other, the way in which the judicial authorities intend to apply the additional penalty consisting in the prohibition to exercise the right to hold the position, exercise the profession or trade or carry out the activity used to commit the offense. The analysis shows that the punishments are either below the minimum - as a result of the application to their last consequences or of the mitigating circumstance provided for in Art. 75 para. (2) lit. b) of the Criminal Code, or the mitigating circumstance consequent to the admission of the accusation - or at the special minimum, with suspension of the execution of the sentence and only sometimes accompanied by the additional penalty of a total ban on practicing the medical profession. This view is shared by both the courts and the public prosecutor's offices - a fact which is readily apparent both from the way in which appeals are lodged and from the content of the recognition agreements concluded. Finally, in the light of these conclusions, it proposes a series of solutions designed to ensure that penalties are not only humane but also have a relevant dissuasive component.
Un conflict între regimuri sancționatorii – săvârșirea mai multor infracțiuni la diferite vârste și grade de maturitate
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București, CHIȚIMIA Tudor-Andrei
Published: January 2025

A sui-generis form of the multiple juvenile offenses is represented by the situation in which some of the offenses are committed as a juvenile and the other part of the offenses after the age of majority. In order to be able to conciliate the application of two distinct sets of criminal sanctions, namely educational measures and penalties, the legislator had to create an algorithm to resolve this material conflict of criminal systems and rules. Firstly, this article aims to analyze the characteristics and problems raised by the provisions of the current Criminal Code regulating these situations. Therefore, some references will be made to the forms of plurality in relation to those regulated in the domestic legislation, in order to make an overview of the rules that govern the sanctioning system of this multiple of offenses, together with the decisions of the Constitutional Court and the recent legislative amendments in this area through Law no. 200/2023. In the second part of the study, based on the analysis of European systems of juvenile criminal justice, we will reflect on the advantages and disadvantages of extending de lege ferenda the principle of the unique educational measure, regulated in art. 129 para. (1) of the Criminal Code, to young adults.
Necompetenţa personală a organelor de urmărire penală. Întinderea efectelor nulităţii
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea „Nicolae Titulescu” din București, SLĂVOIU Radu
Published: January 2025

This article addresses the issue regarding the extent of the effects produced when the law enforcement agencies violate the rules governing the ratione personae jurisdiction. The author criticizes an approach of the judicial practice, according to which the invalidity would intervene only regarding the criminal investigation activities that were carried out after the criminal investigation is undertaken in personam. The arguments of the study emphasize that the absolute invalidity determined by the non-compliance with the ratione personae jurisdiction invalidates all the activities carried out during the criminal investigation, including those made in rem.
An introduction to marine insurance history
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București, OLTEAN Ioana Roxana
Published: January 2025

This article aims to familiarize the reader with an introduction to maritime insurance, more specifically in its history. The concept is a tangible law institution that combines both a historical perspective and the development of society. The subject of study imposes a multidisciplinary approach, from an international public law perspective with specific annotations regarding international commercial law.
Modalitățile participației improprii. Extinderea domeniului de aplicare a articolului 52 din Codul penal
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București, SIMA Marius
Published: January 2025

Conceived as an alternative to the mediated author, improper participation has been analyzed in criminal doctrine under the aspect of regulated modalities. However, the legislator's choice not to include other ways in which the guilt of the perpetrator and the guilt of the participants is not the same has been criticized. The analysis of regulated modalities and criminal participation allows the analysis of the need to expand the field of application, highlighting the role of the legal text regulating improper participation.
Ordonner la liberté d'expression sur les réseaux sociaux - la vision de deux systèmes juridiques nationaux et brèves considérations sur Digital Services Act
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București, GOLGOJAN-PĂTRULESCU Iulia
Published: January 2025

: Nowadays, the most common manifestations of freedom of expression take place on social networks. However, even on these platforms, the prerogative to express oneself is characterised by rights, but above all obligations. Thus, obligations are incumbent both on the holders of accounts on the various social networks and on the providers of such services. Distinct from the terms and conditions of each social network, the internal laws of two legal systems analyzed (Romanian and French) regulated various mechanisms to ensure the ordering of freedom of expression in the virtual space. The relevant case law has shown that, although providers do not have a general obligation to monitor, they do have an obligation to make available to users the identification details of the holders of offending accounts, to remove offending content at the request of users and to put in place effective mechanisms for reporting posts of that nature. At the same time, the user of a social network may be liable for harmful posts against others. EU Regulation 2022/2065 (Digital Services Act) will bring new challenges to freedom of expression and it remains to be seen whether its interpretation and application will bring hosting providers before the Court of Justice of the European Union and the European Court of Human Rights.
Aspecte controversate în materia unității și pluralității de infracțiuni
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București, MITRACHE Cristian
Published: January 2025

: The waiver of the requirement that the acts of the continuing offence must be directed against the same passive subject is preferable because it preserves the tradition of the regulation of our criminal law and leads to a milder sanctioning of the perpetrator by broadening the incidence of the continuing crime. It is not possible enforce a smaller penalty for the entire continued offence than that originally applied for part of the acts of execution and in relation with no causes of mitigation were observed. Recalculation of the penalty for the continuing offence should also be possible if the original judgment was to waive the penalty or postpone the application of the penalty, even though they are not criminal convictions. As in the system of the Criminal Code in force there is no longer a rehabilitation without a time condition, it could be argued that it would be enough just to specify that the new offence should be committed “until the deadline for rehabilitation is fulfilled”, and the provision “until the rehabilitation” would seem superfluous.
Infracțiunile de viol săvârșit asupra unui minor și agresiune sexuală săvârșită asupra unui minor – stabilirea legii penale mai favorabile
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București, IOAN George-Cristian
Published: January 2025

The entry into force of the new incriminations provided for by art. 218/1 of the Penal Code, art. 219/1 of the Penal Code and art. 219/2 of the Penal Code has led to numerous practical difficulties in determining the most favourable criminal law. On another occasion, we have analysed some controversial issues regarding the legal characterisation of acts that violate the freedom and integrity of the sexual life of minors under these texts. However, we note that there remain numerous contentious issues regarding the determination of the most favourable criminal law regarding these crimes. This study seeks to provide a "guide" to resolving them, attempting to cover as many of the hypotheses encountered in judicial practice or which are likely to be encountered in the near future as possible. The first part sets out some theoretical points of reference on the determination of the most favourable criminal law in general, while the second part develops in detail, both with regard to the crime of rape of a minor and the crime of sexual assault of a minor, numerous comparisons between the successive laws, with the proposed solutions.
Cacealmaua sau pseudo protecția suplimentară a minorului față de abuzurile sexuale, din perspectiva Legii nr. 217/2023
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București, CIOCLEI Valerian
Published: January 2025

This study aims to analyze the main errors contained in Law no. 217/2023 and demonstrate that, although the legislator claimed that the new provisions contained in this law will lead to increased protection of minors against sexual abuse, in reality, the changes that occurred, not only did not lead to additional protection but, have caused a decrease in this protection, both in a specific way, related to certain factual situations, and in a general way, through chaotic criminalization, which is difficult (sometimes impossible) to apply.
Infracțiunile comise în mediul online – infracțiuni comise în public?
Authors:   Facultatea de Drept, Universitatea din București, HERINEAN Dorel
Published: January 2025

The article analyzes the expression "act committed in public" as either a constitutive element or an aggravating circumstantial element of certain offenses, from the perspective of the online environment and cyberspace. Starting with a historical perspective and based on a jurisprudential analysis, it examines the range of applicability of legally provided cases in the online environment and offers potential solutions for particular scenarios that have emerged or may emerge in judicial practice. The conclusions indicate that current legislation does not impede the aggravation of criminal liability, where the law so provides, in cases of offenses committed through live streaming on the internet.
Belief Rigidity Across Contexts: A Study of Confirmation Bias in Diverse Belief Categories
Authors: anooshiravani marjan , Laleshghi Saeid , Sarabi-Jamab Atiye
Published: January 2025

This study explores how confirmation bias influences belief rigidity across cultural, paranormal, and scientific contexts. Using a within-subjects experimental design, 80 participants were exposed to mixed evidence through controlled interventions and a simulated online search task. The findings showed that cultural and paranormal beliefs tended to resist opposing evidence, whereas scientific beliefs appeared more adaptable and open to change. Weak paranormal beliefs became more rigid post-intervention, whereas weak cultural beliefs showed reduced rigidity. These findings underscore the role of emotional, cognitive, and social factors in shaping belief systems and emphasize the need for tailored strategies to mitigate cognitive biases and promote critical thinking.
Written Documentation Errors in Aviation Maintenance: A Bibliography
Authors: Wanwen Wang
Published: January 2025

Documentation errors in aviation maintenance represent a critical safety and compliance challenge. This compilation follows PRISMA methodology, systematically searching Web of Science, Scopus, and PsycInfo databases (2000- Jannary 2024). The selection includes only English-language peer-reviewed journal articles involving aviation maintenance personnel or incident reports that identify communication challenges in their findings, whether as a primary research focus or as part of broader findings. These studies include, but are not limited to, accident/incident investigations, safety reports, human factors analyses, maintenance documentation quality assessments, and organizational communication research. The bibliography serves as a resource for researchers and practitioners studying this critical aspect of aviation safety.Contributions and suggestions for additional references are welcome and can be sent to amber-wanwen.wang@connect.polyu.hk to ensure comprehensive coverage of this important aviation safety domain.
The Study of Participatory Management of School Administrators in the Witthayaprakan Campus Schools Under Samutprakan Secondary Educational Service Area
Authors: Pikunngoen Kitisak , Kongnawang Theerapong
Published: January 2025

The research on the study of participatory management of school administrators in the Witthayaprakan campus schools under the Secondary Educational Service Area Office of Samut Prakan aims to: 1) investigate the level of participatory management of school administrators in the Witthayaprakan campus schools; and 2) compare the level of participatory management among schools of different sizes under the same educational office. The sample consists of 229 teachers.Stratified random sampling, The research instrument is a questionnaire using a 5-point Likert scale, divided into two sections: Part 1 gathers general demographic information about the respondents, and Part 2 assesses the participatory management practices of school administrators in the Witthayaprakan campus schools. The reliability of the instrument was found to be 1.00. Statistical methods used in data analysis include frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and One-Way ANOVA. The research findings are as follows: 1) The overall level of participatory management of school administrators in the Witthayaprakan campus schools is very high across all aspects. When considering specific aspects, the ranking of mean scores from highest to lowest is as follows: participation in benefits, decision-making participation, commitment, autonomy in work, goal and objective setting, and mutual trust. 2)The comparison of participatory management levels based on different school sizes revealed a statistically significant difference at the .05 level.
How to Flourish during the Menopausal Transition: A Scoping Review
Authors: Klukas Isabelle , Schotanus-Dijkstra Marijke
Published: January 2025

Each year, at least 25 million women worldwide experience menopause, yet the potential for flourishing during this period remains underexplored. This scoping review analyzed 155 cross-sectional, longitudinal, experimental, and qualitative studies from four electronic databases, focusing on mental wellbeing and menopausal symptoms or status. Only 34 studies primarily addressed mental wellbeing, with none encompassing comprehensive measures of emotional, social, and psychological wellbeing. Results consistently showed a negative association between menopausal symptoms and emotional or psychological wellbeing, leaving the question of flourishing unanswered. However, women holding more positive attitudes seem to experience fewer menopausal symptoms, and the qualitative findings suggest that women may have positive experiences during the menopausal transition. Therefore, exploring the positive aspects of the menopausal transition more in depth, and investigating the effectiveness of positive psychology interventions in promoting flourishing among midlife women appears promising.
Adopting a Complex Systems Approach to Functional Ageing: Bridging the Gap between Gerontological Theory and Empirical Research
Authors: Kok Almar Andreas Leonardus , Huisman Martijn , Giltay Erik J. , Lunansky Gabriela
Published: January 2025

Related to but distinct from biological and environmental systems, we define functional ageing as the interacting changes in physical and mental body functions, behavioural factors and social participation that occur as individuals age. We propose that a complex systems perspective to functional ageing can illuminate how outcomes such as quality of life and longevity, and prevention and treatment success emerge from dynamic interactions among these domains, rather than from single causes. We support this view in three ways. First, we explain how key principles of complex systems science – resilience, non-linearity and heterogeneity – apply to functional ageing. Second, we show how established gerontological theories and geriatric models align with these principles. Third, we illustrate the use of novel methodological tools from complex systems science in studying functional ageing. Finally, we offer a glossary of key concepts and recommendations for researchers to adopt this perspective in future studies on functional ageing.
Action interpretation determines the effects of go/no-go and approach/avoidance actions on food choice
Authors: Chen Zhang , Van Dessel Pieter , Serverius Jordi , Zhu Daxun , Figner Bernd
Published: January 2025

Executing go/no-go and approach/avoidance responses toward objects can increase people's choices of go over no-go items, and of approach over avoidance items. Some theoretical accounts explain these effects as the results of merely executing these responses (i.e., action execution), while others propose that these choice effects stem from interpreting these motor responses as valenced actions (i.e., action interpretation). To test the role of action execution versus action interpretation in both go/no-go and approach/avoidance responses, we employed a recently developed training that combined both dimensions orthogonally. Participants either pressed a key or not (i.e., go/no-go) to control a shopping cart on screen, to either collect or not collect certain food items (i.e., approach/avoidance). After the training, they repeatedly chose between food items (i.e., candies) for real consumption. When the instructions framed the responses as approach/avoidance actions, participants (N = 98) preferred approach items over avoidance items, but did not show preferences between go and no-go items in their choices. In contrast, when the instructions framed the responses as go/no-go actions, participants (N = 98) preferred go items over no-go items, but did not show preferences between approach and avoidance items. Despite making the same actual responses in both instruction groups, action interpretation determined whether go/no-go or approach/avoidance actions influenced food choice. Disambiguating the interpretation of motor responses as clearly valenced and meaningful actions may therefore be a fruitful way to maximize the effectiveness of response-based behavioral interventions.