bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Congregations and Communities
Authors: Levin Jeff
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 tells the story of how congregational health promotion and disease prevention programs evolved decades ago. Pioneered by the work of Granger Westberg in the 1970s and earlier efforts in community medicine in apartheid-era South Africa, later programs included collaborations with academic public health professionals, such as work in North Carolina churches focused on eliminating health disparities among African Americans. These programs, targeting underserved populations, have grown into a major feature of public health outreach in the United States, involving partnerships between faith-based and healthcare organizations. This chapter also outlines faith-based community programs involving healthcare and human services professionals that provide outreach to specialized populations. These include primary care clinics, faith community nursing, patient education, hospices, and other programs targeting older adults, mothers and children, the homeless and hungry, the unemployed, substance abusers and the physically and cognitively challenged, and others. Interfaith efforts are highlighted, as well as projects involving community organizing for social change.
Teaching and Training
Authors: Levin Jeff
Published: May 2020

Chapter 6 features descriptions of the most established academic institutes, centers, and programs for medical education and research on religion, faith, and spirituality in healthcare and healing. Beginning with the first program, established at Baylor in Houston, in the 1950s, these efforts continue through the present day. Current academic programs are described at leading universities including Duke, Emory, Harvard, Chicago, George Washington, and elsewhere. The specialized emphases and ongoing contributions of these respective programs and their directors, including Harold Koenig, are described in depth. The chapter also relates the key role of Dave Larson and John Templeton in institutionalizing content on religion and spirituality within undergraduate and graduate medical education in the United States.
Policies and Programs
Authors: Levin Jeff
Published: May 2020

Chapter 8 details the long-standing history in the United States of official position statements by religious institutions and organizations regarding medical and healthcare issues, legislation, and policies that impact the health and well-being of the broader population. This history is highlighted by the recent national debate on healthcare reform, which was influenced by advocacy reports for or against features of proposed legislation issued by denominations and faith-based organizations across the religious spectrum. This chapter also provides perspectives on the contentious subject of federal faith-based initiatives since the passage of legislation authorizing charitable choice, under President Bill Clinton, which led to establishment of a White House faith-based office in the subsequent three administrations. Programmatic and policy successes of this initiative are described, especially in the areas of community and global health, an example being PEPFAR, the most successful program ever established to address AIDS in the developing world.
Transgenerational Transmission of Collective Victimhood Through a Developmental Intergroup Framework
Authors: Taylor Laura K. , Štambuk Marina , Čorkalo Biruški Dinka , O’Driscoll Dean
Published: May 2020

This chapter uses a developmental approach to understand how collective victimhood is transmitted from generation to generation, focusing on the role of the family and drawing on research examples from Vukovar, Croatia, and Northern Ireland. In these two postaccord and divided societies, ethnic socialization in families serves as a major mechanism through which children and youth learn about their group’s history of victimization. The narratives that are shared include both societal narratives of the group’s collective experiences of suffering and individual narratives of family members’ personal experiences. The chapter stresses the active, agentic role of youth in eliciting narratives of collective victimhood when they are often faced with silence. Through the process of developmental provocation, children can stimulate transmission by asking questions, often in response to information received through other socialization agents such as schools or the media.
The Context, Content, and Claims of Humiliation in Response to Collective Victimhood
Authors: Jogdand Yashpal , Khan Sammyh , Reicher Stephen
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the role of humiliation in experiences of collective victimization. Humiliation is conceptualized as a self-conscious emotion that is distinct from shame, anger, and embarrassment. Humiliation is experienced when dehumanizing and devaluing treatment occurs that is appraised as illegitimate. The chapter discusses the paradox in the literature on humiliation, whereby both action (e.g., cycles of violence) and suppression of action (e.g., demobilization of resistance) have been observed as an outcome of humiliation. Drawing on research on the experience of Dalits in the Hindu caste system, a conceptualization of humiliation is presented that is relational, victim centered, and focused on agency and power relations. Humiliation is conceptualized as a claim, which involves both the appraisal of certain acts of victimization as humiliating, and the political act of communicating resentment to the perpetrator. Overall, humiliation can be used to mobilize or demobilize resistance to oppression.
Studied and Understudied Collective Victim Beliefs
Authors: Szabó Zsolt Péter
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of the existing social psychological literature on collective victim beliefs. This mostly includes comparative victim beliefs—above all, competitive victimhood and, to a lesser extent, inclusive victim consciousness. Other collective victim beliefs that have been studied include siege mentality, PIVO and FOV, dangerous ideas, and downward comparisons. The review illustrates that completely opposite intergroup outcomes can occur as a result of collective victimization, depending on how it is construed. However, the existing research so far has mostly been conducted in contexts of intractable conflicts and, therefore, may not generalize to other historical, political, and cultural contexts. For example, drawing on the Central Eastern European context (specifically, Hungary and Poland), this chapter suggests that other relevant collective victim beliefs involve invisibility of collective victimhood by third parties, feelings of betrayal, perceived territorial threat, and pride born of suffering.
In the Aftermath of Historical Trauma
Authors: Klar Yechiel , Schori-Eyal Noa , Tov Lior Yom
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses divergent perceived moral obligations that have been derived in Jewish Israeli society from the ingroup’s experience of collective victimization in the Holocaust. These obligations are to never be a passive victim again, to never forsake ingroup members in need, to never be a passive bystander when others are being harmed, and to never be a perpetrator yourself. These perceived moral obligations result in divergent attitudes and behaviors, ranging from solidarity with other victims to legitimization of violence against perceived enemies. The authors discuss the role of religious narratives (in this case, from the Exodus story in the Bible/Torah) in shaping these lessons of collective victimhood. The chapter briefly reviews empirical research on related collective victim beliefs—perpetual ingroup victimization orientation (PIVO) and fear of victimizing (FOV)—in several different contexts (Israel, Palestine, and Northern Ireland).
A Critical Race Reading of Collective Victimhood
Authors: Perez Michael J. , Salter Phia S.
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the cultural psychological processes that contribute to the delegitimization of Black victimhood in the United States. Drawing on a critical race psychology perspective that focuses on societal processes through which racism is maintained and reproduced, the authors examine the precariousness of claims of Black victimhood in the United States. The same mechanisms that maintain racist structures also delegitimize and deny Black victimhood. These processes include individualism and color-blind ideologies, victim blaming, the misrepresentation and dehumanization of Black victims, the assumption of White innocence and Whites’ moral disengagement from responsibility for racism, and claims of victimhood among Whites, especially in response to perceived threats of gains among minority groups. Thus, collective victimhood becomes precarious for Black Americans in that it is used as a tool of further oppression by others, instead of a source of support from third parties. The “benefits” of collective victimhood are not afforded to all groups.
Two Eighteenth-Century Views
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter discusses two viewpoints on rhythm and meter from the eighteenth century. In Der vollkommene Capellmeister (1739), Johann Mattheson systematically develops the concept of die Rhythmik as a means of uniting meter as the division or measuring of time and rhythm as the particular course this measuring takes in melody. To understand this concept, it will be necessary to explore Mattheson’s subtle and, from a twentieth-century perspective, quite unfamiliar terminological distinctions. In his attempt to reconcile what one might think of as rhythm and meter, Mattheson is not concerned with the distinction between measure and “rhythmic pattern,” but rather with the distinction between mensuration and movement and their mysterious union in Rhythmik. The chapter then considers the modern pulse theory that emerged midcentury and was most systematically formulated by Heinrich Christoph Koch in 1787. Koch does not explicitly oppose meter and rhythm, in part because he conceives of metrical grouping as a creative and spontaneous process of one's imaginative faculties. Nevertheless, what one would call “meter” and “rhythm” are opposed implicitly in Koch's theory as an opposition of unity and multiplicity or as the givenness and fixity of pulse against the creative activity of grouping.
Distinctions of Rhythm and Meter in Three Influential American Studies
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at the three most widely read books from postwar American studies. A year after the publication of Friedrich Neumann's Die Zeitgestalt (1959), the appearance of Grosvenor Cooper and Leonard B. Meyer's The Rhythmic Structure of Music initiated in the United States an interest in problems of musical rhythm that has resulted in numerous studies. It was followed in 1968 by Edward T. Cone's Musical Form and Musical Performance, a parallel but less systematic interpretation of musical form as rhythm. Both studies are indebted to Hugo Reimann's work, but they go much further in detaching rhythm from counting. Meanwhile, in A Generative Theory of Tonal Music (1983), Fred Lerdahl and Ray Jackendoff argue that meter is exclusively measurement and equality, and metrical accent is without duration.
Preliminary Definitions
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter argues that if meter is to be regarded as itself rhythmic, then the duration that is measured and the measuring itself must be related to present experience and to a becoming that is not given and not fully determined. How duration comes to be determined is the question that emerges when one inquires of process. To propose an answer to this question, one must start at the beginning, with a sound that has just begun. The beginning of the sound is a durationless instant from which one can measure duration. The postulation of a durationless now of beginning is required in order to mark the instantaneous transition from not-being to being present. The fact that there is sound, that sound is present, means that sound is “going on” and that there is already duration. That sound is present means that the sound has begun.
Meter as Projection
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter presents the term “projection” in discussing the process in which a mensurally determinate duration provides a definite durational potential for the beginning of an immediately successive event. Projective potential is the potential for a present event's duration to be “reproduced” for a successor. This potential is realized if and when there is a new beginning whose durational potential is determined by the now past first event. Projective potential is not the potential that there will be a successor, but rather the potential of a past and completed durational quantity being taken as especially relevant for the becoming of a present event. The chapter then argues that projection is nothing other than meter—that projection and meter are one.
The Limits of Meter
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter examines the durational limits of meter. If meter and projection are synonymous, the problem is simply that of determining the durational limits of projection. If, nonetheless, “hypermeter” is intended to name a measuring of duration that is distinct from meter and yet meter-like, one might also ask how this measuring is carried out and how it is related to meter proper. To seek the maximum length of projection is to ask how far mensural determinacy can be stretched. Since mensural determinacy is gradually attenuated, evidence of projection or projective potential will, as a rule, become progressively weaker as duration increases. But since mensural determinacy can be enhanced or reduced by any factors that contribute to the particularity of the event, there can be no general or context-free limit to determinacy.
Overlapping, End as Aim, Projective Types
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This chapter looks at several passages from a single composition in which relatively large measures are formed. In the Allegro from the first movement of Beethoven's First Symphony, two large phrases or periods compose the exposition. The first of these is a virtually unbroken gesture. The second period, though more broken, is also a highly continuous gesture. Although there is a sharp break between the two periods, there is little discontinuity between the second period and the repetition of the first. The chapter then considers the concept of “overlapping,” conceived most generally as the joining of ending and beginning. Since tonal continuities and discontinuities play an essential role in overlappings, one needs to study more closely the interaction of tonal and projective potential and the notion of end as goal. The chapter also presents a rudimentary theory of “projective types” or durational patterns that present more or less specific possibilities for overlapping.
The Spatialization of Time and the Eternal “Now Moment”
Authors: Hasty Christopher
Published: May 2020

This concluding chapter assesses the attribution of spatiality and timelessness to musical events. The novel experiences offered by the New and post-New Music have been the subject of considerable speculation concerning the temporality of postwar compositions and people's experience of “time” in general. These speculations have centered on two characteristics that distinguish the new music from the old: the spatialization of time and the experience of the moment as an autonomous, timeless, or eternal present. These notions already appeared in earlier discussions of structure and of meter conceived as cyclic return. There it was argued that the spatialization of time and the autonomy of a present freed from becoming are products of conceptualization. However, in postwar avant-garde aesthetics, these categories are adamantly applied to perceptual acts.
“That’s the Glory of Love”
Authors: Garrett Greg
Published: May 2020

Guess Who’s Coming to Dinner was produced at a time when a third of American states barred marriage between black and white, making this formally conservative film culturally radical. While the film does not allow its black characters to tell their own stories, they are given prominence and treated with respect. At its heart, the film is less a story about race relations and more about the power of love to transform our own prejudices and biases, with the transformation of Spencer Tracy’s character as its marker. Although the film is clearly situated for white audiences, Sidney Poitier’s presence is a startling corrective, and the character arc of Matt Drayton (Spencer Tracy) invites audiences to realize the power of love.
Good Instruction in Mathematics
Authors: Khachatryan George A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter applies the lessons of Chapter 1 (which discusses how to identify good instruction) to the case of mathematics. There has been much controversy about what makes for good instruction in mathematics. Nevertheless, scientific and humanistic sources do allow us to paint a picture. Some instructional methods are less guided (such as pure discovery learning) and others more guided (like teacher-led instruction); scientific and humanistic evidence are in agreement that general guidance is needed, but should not come at the expense of student cognitive engagement. The evidence also consistently shows that instruction should emphasize genuine understanding of the underlying reasons for mathematical principles. Skills (such as fluency in computations) are not in opposition to concepts, but rather in mutual support. Solving varied and unexpected problems is essential in good mathematics instruction. Mathematical “rigor” (meaning precision in expression) plays an important role in mathematical thought, but should be carefully balanced with accessibility for children. While such principles give general guidance, knowing them is not enough to create excellent instructional programs: they need to be applied consistently in each moment of each lesson. Getting these details right is challenging, and can only be done through years of trial and error. This helps explain why good instructional traditions in mathematics are so rare.
How to Conduct Instruction Modeling
Authors: Khachatryan George A.
Published: May 2020

This chapter provides a step-by-step guide to conducting instruction modeling. Once an instructional tradition to be modeled has been chosen, the first step is to create a “generic model,” which is a detailed description of the general pedagogical goals that teachers in this tradition pursue and the methods they use to achieve them. The second step is to design a learning platform suitable to modeling the selected tradition; the platform includes both software components and the needed offline (implementation) behaviors. The third step is to create instructional content for the platform; each lesson should be carefully designed to reproduce the experiences of the corresponding offline lesson. We discuss trade-offs between more sequential (“waterfall”) and more iterative (“agile”) approaches.
“The secret to happiness may be unhappiness”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas
Published: May 2020

The chapter explores the nature of the good life, articulates the role that happiness, pleasure, and positive emotions play in such a life, and considers the effects of emotional adaptation and emotional diversity on our well-being. By drawing upon both philosophical literature and research in social psychology and cognitive neuroscience, it argues for a broad conception of the good life, one that does not identify the good life simply with the presence of positive experiences and the absence of negative ones. The chapter shows not only that negative experiences aren’t detrimental to our well-being, but that they are often necessary to achieve it.
“I hear you clearly, yet your voice sounds far away—distant and unreal”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas
Published: May 2020

What are emotions? What do they do to us, and in what ways do they contribute to our lives? By discussing real-life examples of individuals either who have lost the ability to experience certain emotions or who have an attenuated capacity to experience or recognize emotions, the chapter offers an accessible presentation into the character and function of human emotions. Three main claims about emotions are presented and defended. First, emotions are powerful and transformative: they change our world and ourselves. Second, emotions reveal to us what matters to us and what does not. Third, emotions do not just allow us to experience the world and others, but they also help us to navigate it. Ultimately, the chapter argues that people need emotions—not just to survive, but to live well and successfully.
“What do you think it’s like being dead?”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas
Published: May 2020

The chapter investigates the psychology of the perception of the passage of time and its implications for the good life. Through descriptions of the lives of individuals whose experience of the passage of time has been altered and by considering findings on how emotions affect our perception of time, the chapter argues that the manner in which we experience the passage of time has important consequences for our well-being. The chapter focuses on and articulates the experience of being stuck in the present and shows how such an experience is indicative of the presence of situations that are incongruent to our wishes and goals. Being stuck in the present is thus a sign that we are failing to do what truly matters to us. Because of that, the chapter emphasizes the importance of understanding when and why we become stuck in the present.
“Confined in an invisible bubble that prevents contact with the world”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas
Published: May 2020

Drawing upon examples from art, psychology, literature, and philosophy, the chapter offers an introduction to boredom, one that is attentive both to its rich history and to how it is currently understood and studied. The chapter articulates the reasons why boredom has been widely understood to be either trivial or inconsequential. It then counters such a simplistic understanding of boredom by drawing a distinction between two types of boredom and by illuminating the ways in which both kinds of boredom can have serious consequences for one’s well-being. Even though a negative and potentially harmful side of boredom exists and ought to be taken seriously, the chapter concludes by suggesting that there is another, far more positive and beneficial side to boredom that has been largely ignored.
“Like water after days in the desert”
Authors: Elpidorou Andreas
Published: May 2020

By presenting empirical findings on the character of boredom and its relationship to self-regulation, the chapter advances a theoretical account of the emotional state of boredom that highlights its significance for our everyday lives. It argues that the experience of boredom is of great value to us. Not only does boredom inform us of the presence of an unsatisfactory situation, it also motivates us to pursue new goals and situations when our current goals and situations cease to be satisfactory, attractive, or meaningful to us. The chapter shows how boredom can help us discover and engage with activities that are congruent to our projects. Boredom, the chapter concludes, ought to be understood as a regulatory state capable of promoting activities that are in line with our wishes and values.
A Question of Inequality
Authors: Moreau Sophia
Published: May 2020

Chapter One, “A Question of Inequality,” argues that complaints of wrongful discrimination are best understood as claims that one has been treated as the inferior of others, rather than as their equal. It then introduces the question that the book will answer: When we disadvantage some people relative to others on the basis of certain traits, when and why do we wrong them by failing to treat them as the equals of others? The author discusses monist theories of why discrimination wrongs people—that is, theories that trace the wrongness of discrimination to some single feature in all cases—and argues that such theories are problematic, and that we need to look instead for a pluralist theory. The author discusses a number of challenges facing pluralist theories, and explains how the theory elaborated in this book will address these challenges. The chapter also includes a detailed discussion of the relevance of the law to our moral thought about why discrimination is wrong, and a discussion of the importance of using real examples with real claimants. The author argues that particularly because the different wrongs involved in wrongful discrimination depend on the background social context, hypothetical examples that have no background social context will not help us assess what is wrongful about wrongful discrimination. Moreover, hypothetical examples risk leaving in place misunderstandings about the groups that have historically faced wrongful discrimination and who have not been given a voice. If we are to understand the situation of these groups, we need to try to take their perspective and learn from their actual experiences.
Access to Basic Goods
Authors: Moreau Sophia
Published: May 2020

Chapter Four, “Access to Basic Goods,” turns to a third way in which discriminatory practices can wrong people: they can leave them without access to resources or social institutions that are “basic” in the sense that access to them is necessary for these people if they are to participate fully and equally in their society. The author explains that to identify a good as “basic” in this sense is not to claim that it is objectively good or that it is necessary for all groups in that society. The author argues that certain goods can be seen as basic only from the perspective of the person or group who lacks that good, and that it is therefore very important to look to the discriminatee’s particular situation, needs, and values. The chapter then explains the importance of this form of wrongful discrimination and gives examples of cases that are best understood in this way, including the fight for same sex marriage and for women’s freedom to breastfeed in public. The author also argues that there is a distinctive kind of wrongness involved when discrimination leaves someone without access to a basic good, different from the wrongs explored in other chapters of the book.
Basic Concepts and Strategies of Inquiry
Authors: Jobani Yuval , Perez Nahshon
Published: May 2020

Chapter 1 presents the conceptual and methodological tools that are required for this study. Section A examines the prevailing definitions of toleration in order to identify one that is specifically suitable for our subject matter—that is, contested sacred sites. This examination leads us to suggest a novel political definition of toleration. Section B situates our discussion of toleration at contested sacred sites within the framework of political and legal debates over the place of religion in public spaces. Section C proposes the concept of “thick sites” as a tool for encapsulating and investigating the distinct features of contested sacred sites. By using this concept, we aim to clarify the nature of such sites and the reasons for intractable conflicts that are often associated with them. Section D presents our contextual methodology and the rationale for developing a typology of governance models for contested sacred sites.
Epilogue
Authors: Patterson Sara M.
Published: May 2020

Church lessons indicate the ways that ideas about Zion and gathering, even after having been unmoored from place in the twentieth century, continue to be concretized and pulled into the physical and embodied realm. The lesson plans demonstrate the enduring desire to touch, taste, and feel the theological concepts of gathering and Zion.
Taking Risks and Forming Identity
Authors: Patricia Herzog
Published: May 2020

Chapter 4 explains how exploring and forming a personal and social identity is vital to navigating college. This chapter advises students to exercise personal agency in making key decisions during college, while cautioning students to appreciate the difficulty of these choices and to pay attention to the practicality of different available options. Students learn that one key to college success is taking ownership of learning, and gaining exposure to a variety of course subjects and options for majors in order to decide which is the best fit for their pathway.
Resiliency in the Face of Setbacks
Authors: Patricia Herzog
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 focuses on resiliency, or how students can bounce back from different challenges to build a successful college career. The chapter shows that having challenging experiences during college is a valuable way to build resiliency for life after college. College presents the opportunity to reflect on earlier experiences in families, cultures, groups, and within organizations. For students, reflecting on how their backgrounds affect current choices is crucial for shaping a personal and professional story that can guide important choices while in college, help frame personal statements, and point toward potential career paths after graduation.
The Schools
Authors: Andere Eduardo
Published: May 2020

In this chapter, principals and teachers talk about the new changes in school education, pedagogy, and curriculum; it discusses what they understand about them and how they are implementing the phenomenon-based and integrative learning ideas. Principals and teachers talk about the future of school education as well. They address how Finland is changing in education; how they are changing; how they are implementing the new curricula; and what they like and do not like about the new paths. The chapter also shows—through the lens of 14 case studies—the new learning environments in the twenty-first century from the architectural, pedagogical, and digital points of view. The 14 school stories might show a future of education in the world’s schools. The chapter divides the narrative of visits to schools into two main sections, background and interview. For most schools, there are more sections as the information provided by principals and teachers allowed describing in greater detail the learning environments in each school.
Change is Hard but Not Impossible
Authors: Harrison Brian F.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 7 summarizes the main points of the book and reiterates concrete, actionable steps to encourage rational and clear thinking when it comes to political discussion. It also reflects on the successes of the LGBT community and allies in terms of opinion change, focusing on three important components: visibility and closeness, message and tone, and diversity. While it may seem that we are in constant and vigorous disagreement, there are many things we share in common, including a desire to stop the contentiousness and vitriol in American politics. The concluding chapter includes a summary of the entire book, highlighting how to use tools like data and information, emotion, interpersonal trust, and shared identities to promote meaningful and productive discussion about sometimes difficult political issues.
Strategic Surveying for Driving Organizational Change
Authors: Paul Karen B. , Fenlason Kristofer J.
Published: May 2020

The practice of strategic surveying unquestionably demands that practitioners possess technical mastery and fluency with the scientific underpinnings of survey research. But success also depends on the ability to carry out this science within a live business context. Embracing change and creatively responding to the organization’s needs, culture, and leader styles are critical skills for practitioners. This chapter explores strategic surveying through the less often chronicled, storied lessons learned across the careers of the two authors. Their experiences indicate that success can be facilitated by building on past lessons and best practices, adapting to the present, and creating a new future.
How Did We Do?
Authors: McCune Elizabeth A. , Johnson Sarah R.
Published: May 2020

The purpose of this chapter is to provide an overview of survey benchmark data, including where and how to access external survey benchmarks, what to consider when evaluating survey benchmarks, and a glimpse into the future of survey benchmarks. Practitioners are encouraged to evaluate the quality of benchmarks by considering both the generalizability of the sample used to generate the benchmarks as well as the comparability and relevance of benchmark items. Practitioners are also encouraged to consider how benchmarks can be used to drive action, where they might provide the most useful context, and the compromises and trade-offs required in the use of benchmarks.
Things Come Together
Authors: Rotberg Robert
Published: May 2020

Africa was falling apart. But now it is coming together, and Africa and Africans are achieving greatness. The twenty-first century is significant for every African. In Things Come Together, Robert Rotberg extols the successes and explains the struggles. Rotberg is one of the world’s foremost authorities on African politics and society, and in this book he synthesizes his knowledge of the continent into a concise overview of the current state of Africa and where it is headed. To that end, Rotberg considers Africa’s myriad peoples as contributors in their separate nations to the continent’s ultimate destiny.The continent is experiencing explosive population growth and rapidly urbanizing. How are African states managing this epochal shift? He looks at how Africa’s nations are governed, ranging from states with autocratic kleptocrats to democratized regimes that have made progress in achieving economic growth and battling corruption. He then turns to African economies, looking at growth levels, productivity, and persistent corruption. He concludes by covering the effects of war, health care, wildlife management, varieties of religious belief, education, technology diffusion, and the character of both city and village life in this ever-evolving region. Throughout this sweeping work, Rotberg deftly moves readers across the continent, from Nigeria to South Africa, from Kenya to Uganda, to name but a few. While there are cross-continent commonalities related to governance, demographics, and economic performance, he shows the unique national variations of who and what is African.
Governance, Politics, Democracy
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: May 2020

High quality leadership everywhere, but especially in Africa, creates good governance. In turn, good governance enables positive outcomes for citizens: enhanced security and safety, economic growth, solid infrastructures, access to speedy broadband, educational opportunities, the availability of clean water, advanced public health treatments and capable care, elevated standards of living, freedoms of speech and assembly, respect for human rights, and a variety of other political and social attainments that are only possible when the governed benefit from accomplished and responsive government. Governance is performance, the delivery of quantities and qualities of essential services by a constituted authority that controls territory, whether at the municipal, the provincial, or the national level. Centuries ago governments—constituted bodies of authority—replaced sovereigns. Citizens subsequently expected, sometimes demanded, that their new governing bodies provide ever better and broader kinds of services. Constituents at various points refused merely to be organized by, dictated to, and taxed from above, by a governing authority. Their expectations grew as taxation became more of a transaction and less of an imposition. Ultimately, a sense of social contract took hold: the modern state could govern only if it won the consent of the governed and, in return, if it met the needs and desires of the inhabitants within its governmental orbit.
The China Factor
Authors: Rotberg Robert I.
Published: May 2020

Solving Africa’s central concerns of the mid-twenty-first century—how to grow economically as its population surges and how to create more and more jobs for its burgeoning labor force—relies on China. Likewise, enabling Africa to improve its human security and human welfare in most of its component nations depends on China. Third, strengthening Africa’s infrastructural architecture depends mostly on China. Without steady domestic Chinese economic growth and the behemoth’s consequent continued need for primary resources derived from Africa, however, prospects for many of the latter continent’s nation-states are, at best, problematic. Chinese demand drives African prosperity, raises world prices for primary products, and has made it possible for a number of the polities of Africa to accumulate wealth, to uplift their peoples, and to begin to play larger roles on the world’s stage. In this decade, and later, Africa and China are bound together synergistically in ways that cannot readily be replaced by trade, aid, or attention from the United States, India, Russia, Brazil, or Europe.
Ending Midlife Bias
Authors: Jecker Nancy S.
Published: May 2020

We live at a time when human lifespans have increased like never before. As average lifespans stretch to new lengths, how does this impact the values we hold most dear? Do these values change over the course of our ever-increasing lifespans? Ending Midlife Bias argues that at different life stages, different values emerge as central. During early life, caring and trust matter more, given human vulnerability and dependency. By early adulthood, growing independence provides a reason to value autonomy more. Later in life, heightened risk for chronic disease and disability warrants focusing on maintaining capabilities and keeping dignity intact. Part I (Chapters 1–5) sets forth a conceptual framework that captures these shifting life stage values. Chapter 1 argues against the privileging of midlife values (midlife bias) and explains why population aging lends urgency to identifying values for later life. Chapters 2 and 3 introduce dignity as a central concern for older adults and argue that respecting dignity requires supporting central human capabilities. Chapter 4 explores the metaphor of life as a story, which serves as a corrective for midlife bias by keeping attention on the whole of life. Chapter 5 sets forth principles for age group justice. Part II (Chapters 6–12) turns to practical concerns, including geriatric and pediatric bioethics (Chapter 6); caregiving by family members, migrant workers, and robots (Chapters 7 and 8); ageism in clinical trials, healthcare allocation, and mandatory retirement (Chapter 9); and ethics at the end-of-life (Chapter 10). The closing chapters explore the future of population aging (Chapter 11) and make a pitch for life stage sensitive moral theory (Chapter 12).
Justice between Old and Young
Authors: Jecker Nancy S.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 5 shifts from asking which values matter for individuals to asking which matter for groups of people at different ages. It addresses age group justice by proposing principles of relational equality, capability sufficiency, and reparations. It defends these principles by appealing to human dignity and central human capabilities. The chapter asks how to deploy justice principles over time; it argues for honoring capability sufficiency at each moment of a person’s life, while permitting inequalities at time slices that even out over the course of a person’s life. The chapter interrogates fair-innings arguments that discount later life and exposes values inherent in viewing life as a rule-governed game. It juxtaposes the metaphors of life as a game with life as a narrative, and argues for a narrative approach.
Who Cares?
Authors: Jecker Nancy S.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 7 asks who will meet the growing demand for long-term care services as the proportion of care-dependent older adults increases. It explores meeting demand by relying on family caregivers and migrant workers and raises justice concerns with each related to respect for caregiver dignity. Dignity violations arise for family caregivers in both Confucian-influenced societies, which stress filial piety, and Western societies, which emphasize individual autonomy. Chapter 7 argues that families are subject to justice principles and defends feminist views on families, which regard just family structures as necessary for a just state. Hiring low-wage migrant workers from poor nations to support family caregiving also raises justice concerns. When care moves across borders, forging global care chains between nations, the conditions in which migrant caregivers live and work often fail to uphold dignity. Without safeguards to avoid bait-and-switch tactics and protect fundamental human dignities, migrant work violates justice principles.
Ageism
Authors: Jecker Nancy S.
Published: May 2020

Chapter 9 explores how ageism and midlife bias find expression in allocating life-saving medical care, selecting subjects for clinical trials, and mandating retirement. Subtle expressions of ageism and midlife bias include epistemic justice, internalized ageism, and elderspeak. Around the globe, ageism is not always directed to older people. We review and rebut the chief arguments for old age-based discrimination, including fair innings, cost-benefit analysis, and complete lives egalitarianism. We raise concerns about using age as a proxy, which can foster ageist attitudes. We show that a common form ageism takes is facially neutral policies that systematically disadvantage older adults. The chapter examines “the puzzle of age discrimination,” which is the tendency to oppose race and sex discrimination more strongly than age discrimination and argues that this tendency is unjustified. We rebut age discrimination by appealing to justice between generations, fair subject selection, and respect for dignity.
Contextualizing Niebuhr
Authors: Moore Gregory J.
Published: May 2020

This chapter traces Niebuhr’s biography and his intellectual development through the Liberal Protestantism he embraced early in his life (as well as the reasons for his disavowal of it), to the Marxism he embraced in the face of 1930s Detroit Fordism (and the reasons he later disavowed it too), and finally his Christian Realism and the global context to which he applied that worldview, a worldview he held during his most influential years. It also charts his positions on the major foreign policy issues of his day, from U.S. policy in World War I to the 1931 Japanese invasion of Manchuria, to World War II, to the Cold War and its various episodes such as the Korean and Vietnam wars, as well as his views on race and other major political issues of the time.
Niebuhrian Takeaways for the West Regarding the Twenty-first Century Rise of China
Authors: Moore Gregory J.
Published: May 2020

This chapter explores Niebuhr’s writings on China and asks what Niebuhr might have said about China’s spectacular rise as an economic power in the twenty-first century. Included are a discussion of what Niebuhr did say about China in his lifetime (1892–1971) and a consideration of Niebuhr’s views of and strategies for dealing with America’s major competitor in the last century (the USSR), followed by a discussion of what factors would be most important in considering how Westerners should view China’s rise today, from a Niebuhrian perspective. In sum, although Niebuhr was a defensive Realist like Henry Kissinger, he would be quite hawkish toward China today, parting ways with the dominant Kissingerian approach to China. This would not be because of latent material power/structures, but because of Niebuhr’s stress on human nature, ideology, and regime types, which in this case Niebuhr would argue make today’s China a potentially dangerous power.
The Musicianship of the Nashville Cats
Authors: Stimeling Travis D.
Published: May 2020

At the height of the Nashville Sound era, the city’s session musicians were widely celebrated for their ability to hear new musical compositions, construct “head arrangements” of those songs, and execute improvised arrangements with great precision. This story—although certainly true in the broadest sense—obscures valuable detail about the musical backgrounds, abilities, and tastes of Nashville’s session musicians, in effect normalizing their diverse skill sets by treating them as interchangeable cogs in a record-production machine. This chapter examines the musicianship of Nashville Sound–era session musicians, following ethnomusicologist Henry Kingsbury’s (1988) observation that discourses about musicianship reveal the values and ideologies that a given music culture celebrates and replicates. This chapter, therefore, explores the myriad ways that Nashville Sound–era session musicians learned the fundamentals of music theory, utilized existing notional traditions and developed new ones, and negotiated work in recording sessions in which multiple kinds of musicianship were at play.
Musical Branding, Artist Identity, and the Nashville Sound
Authors: Stimeling Travis D.
Published: May 2020

Many writers have treated the Nashville Sound as a single, monolithic style characterized by smooth background vocals, reverberant lead vocals, and sparing instrumental accompaniments. Yet, in a 1991 interview, prolific Nashville session guitarist Harold Bradley observed that “[w]hen people say the Nashville Sound, you know, singularly, I think they’re wrong, because it should be plural. Everybody that’s heavy has had their sound. . . .” Drawing upon Mark Samples’s (2012) work on musical branding, this chapter examines the ways that record producers, session musicians, and recording artists used the musical resources of Nashville’s recording studios to develop signature sounds that helped listeners identify their favorite singers on recordings and radio. Moreover, building upon recent work on the development of all-country radio during the 1960s, this chapter argues that musical brands may have played an essential role in maintaining listener attention, thereby ensuring the success of the new format.
Watchdog
Authors: Cordray Richard
Published: May 2020

Growing problems in the increasingly one-sided consumer finance markets blew up the economy in 2008. In the aftermath, Congress created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau. Using stories of individual consumers, Watchdog shows how the bureau quickly became a powerful force for good, suing big banks for cheating or deceiving consumers, putting limits on predatory lenders, simplifying mortgage paperwork, safeguarding the mortgage market and the economy, and stepping in to help solve problems raised by individual consumers. It tells a hopeful story of how the American system can be reformed by putting government back on the side of the people, to strengthen families, safeguard the marketplace, and establish a new baseline of fairness in democratic society.
An Ominous Mismatch
Authors: Cordray Richard
Published: May 2020

Congress created the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau, sparking a bitter partisan battle. The bureau’s mission—to help individual consumers cope with their financial problems and to ward off future crises like the 2008 financial collapse—posed a direct challenge to the financial industry. As the industry has grown, it has also greatly expanded its power in Washington through extensive political contributions and lobbying efforts. Its support for the Tea Party movement shifted the political balance in the 2010 elections. Using its political might, the industry opposed the bureau and then sought to block confirmation of anyone as its director, hoping to hobble efforts to operationalize it. On Elizabeth Warren’s recommendation, President Obama nominated Richard Cordray to be the first director, starting a fight over his confirmation that would last two years.