bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EXISTENCE OF MODELING LIMITS FOR SEQUENCES OF SPARSE STRUCTURES
Authors: NEŠETŘIL JAROSLAV , OSSONA DE MENDEZ PATRICE
Published: March 2019

A sequence of graphs is FO-convergent if the probability of satisfaction of every first-order formula converges. A graph modeling is a graph, whose domain is a standard probability space, with the property that every definable set is Borel. It was known that FO-convergent sequence of graphs do not always admit a modeling limit, but it was conjectured that FO-convergent sequences of sufficiently sparse graphs have a modeling limits. Precisely, two conjectures were proposed:

1.

If a FO-convergent sequence of graphs is residual, that is if for every integer d the maximum relative size of a ball of radius d in the graphs of the sequence tends to zero, then the sequence has a modeling limit.

2.

A monotone class of graphs ${\cal C}$ has the property that every FO-convergent sequence of graphs from ${\cal C}$ has a modeling limit if and only if ${\cal C}$ is nowhere dense, that is if and only if for each integer p there is $N\left( p \right)$ such that no graph in ${\cal C}$ contains the pth subdivision of a complete graph on $N\left( p \right)$ vertices as a subgraph.

In this article we prove both conjectures. This solves some of the main problems in the area and among others provides an analytic characterization of the nowhere dense–somewhere dense dichotomy.
Skilled Immigrants and American Industrialization: Lessons from Newport News Shipyard
Authors: Hanlon W. Walker
Published: March 2019

In the late nineteenth century, American shipyards started building modern metal ships, a sector dominated by the British. But, they faced a challenge: a shortage of domestic workers with the skills to fabricate large metal ships. Using census of population data, this article describes how one important U.S. shipyard, Newport News Shipbuilding, overcame the shortage of skilled domestic workers to assemble an effective labor force. The results show that skilled immigrants, mainly from Britain, played an important role in the shipyard's early life while, over time, native workers were trained to fill skilled occupations.
Life in the last few million years
Authors: Jackson Jeremy B. C. , Johnson Kenneth G.
Published: March 2019

The excellent fossil record of the past few million years, combined with the overwhelming similarity of the biota to extant species, provides an outstanding opportunity for understanding paleoecological and macroevolutionary patterns and processes within a rigorous biological framework. Unfortunately, this potential has not been fully exploited because of lack of well-sampled time series and adequate statistical analysis. Nevertheless, four basic patterns appear to be of general significance. First, a major pulse of extinction occurred 1–2 m.y. ago in many ocean basins, more or less coincident with the intensification of glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere. Rates of origination also increased greatly but were more variable in magnitude and timing. The fine-scale correlation of these evolutionary events with changes in climate is poorly understood. Similar events probably occurred on land but have not been tested adequately. Second, rates of origination and extinction in the oceans waned after the pulse of extinction, especially during the past 1 m.y. Thus, most marine species originated long before the Pleistocene under very different environmental circumstances, suggesting that they are “exapted” rather than adapted to their present ecological circumstances. The same may be true for many terrestrial groups, but not for the mammals or fresh-water fishes that have continued to undergo speciation throughout the Pleistocene. Third, community membership of late Pleistocene coral reef communities was more stable than expected by chance. These are the only paleoecological data adequate to test hypotheses of community stability, so that we do not know whether community structure involving other taxa or environments typically reflects more than the collective behavior of individual species distributions. Regardless, the strong evidence for nearly universal exaptation of ecological characteristics argues strongly against ideas of coevolution of species in communities. Finally, ecological communities were profoundly altered by human activities long before modern ecological studies began. Holocene paleontological, archeological, and historical data constitute the only ecological baseline for “pristine” ecological communities before significant human disturbance. Holocene records should be much more extensively used as a baseline for Recent ecological studies and for conservation and management.
The Editor of Works-in-Progress
Authors: LITVIN MARGARET
Published: March 2019

For me Hazem Azmy was not only a very close friend, despite the infrequency of our in-person meetings, but also the interlocutor who provoked some of my best work. His questions, his challenges, his invitations and the publications he edited have inspired and deepened almost everything I have written about Arab theatre over the past ten years. They provoke me still.
Hazem Azmy and IFTR
Authors: CARLSON MARVIN
Published: March 2019

Hazem's major international work in theatre was connected to his significant involvement with the International Federation for Theatre Research (IFTR), the most important international organization of theatre scholars. In this organization, Hazem became one of the best-known and most respected younger members. He began regularly attending IFTR in 2005 and the following year he and I, along with Khalid Amine from Morocco, gathered the required fifty signatures from members of the organization to establish an ongoing working group dedicated to research in the theatre of the Arab/Islamic world. The Arabic Theatre Working Group was officially established by the organization in 2007 and Hazem served as co-convener of the group from that time onward. As such he was responsible for much of the organization and energy of the group, which became one of the most active in the organization, producing a variety of books and publications, regularly organizing major panels for the plenary sessions of the annual conventions, and establishing an online journal, Arab Stages, which appears twice a year and offers essays, interviews and translations from the Arab world and the Arab diaspora.
An Historical Perspective of Law Reporting in the English-Speaking Caribbean: A Case for Regional Law Reporting
Authors: Newton Velma
Published: March 2019

The doctrine of judicial precedent is the cornerstone of the English legal system. Therefore, the publication of law reports, through which the development of case law can be followed, is of vital importance. Today, over 350 years since the reception of the English legal system in some Caribbean territories, the law reports published in the region do not exceed 150 volumes, most of which have been issued during the twentieth century in the larger territories of Guyana, Jamaica and Trinidad and Tobago. This dearth of primary legal materials has serious implications for legal education in the West Indies, and for the practice and development of a West Indian jurisprudence.
Guide to Japanese Legal Literature
Authors: Yamamoto Nobuo
Published: March 2019

With regard to the development of law, legal science has played an important role in Japan. Therefore, publications such as treatises and articles that deal with legal science are considered extremely important. The legal system of Japan is a result of the reception of European code law, mainly from Germany and France. Besides the legal system, legal science was also adopted concurrently from Germany and other countries, and the position in which legal science is placed in Japan is very similar to that in those countries.
Current Legal Research in Malaysia
Authors: Khalik Azini
Published: March 2019

Research in law and unrelated subjects cannot be said to have reached any considerable scale until the establishment of the Faculty of Law at the University of Malaya in 1972. Until then, the only legal research being conducted was within the confines of private legal firms and government departments. Research was necessarily restricted to an ad hoc approach of instant necessity and for immediate utilisation. Now, after more than six years, the situation has changed little except that most of the new institutions and bodies concerned have individually expanded their research activities. Any coordination of research works in law remains within the bounds of sporadic cooperative efforts between individual researchers.
Current Legal Research in Thailand
Authors: Kamprasert Kamthorn
Published: March 2019

In the olden days, legal research was not a necessity. The Kings, both in the Sukothai and Ayuthaya Periods, promulgated decrees when actual disputes arose. A compilation of the royal adjudications, the Mengraisartra, was attempted by certain kings in the northern territory of Thailand and was found to be comprehensive.
Classification of German Law at the Library of Congress: A Study in Comparative Law
Authors: Goldberg Jolande E.
Published: March 2019

With the completion of the classification schedule for the entire body of German law the development of law classification at the Library of Congress (LC) has entered a new stage. It seems appropriate to provide a few notes on principles and policies governing law classification and a discussion of the techniques applied for the first time to derive a synchronized scheme from a model scheme.
Convention on the Transfer of Prisoners Among the Communist Countries
Authors: Glos George E.
Published: March 2019

The primary task of this Section of the IJLL is to alert the readers either to comparative legislative developments in a particular subject area or to highlight a single major piece of legislation which is likely to have an impact or influence on other than a national forum. It will also attempt to survey international acts and documents affecting the relations within the community of nations as well as the legislative programs and policy of the states involved.

Materials intended for publication in this Section should be sent to the Section Editor, Dr. Ivan Sipkov, European Law Division, Law Library, Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 (U.S.A.). They will be published, upon acceptance, under the contributor's name.
The Education of Law Librarians in the U.K.
Authors: Bull Gillian
Published: March 2019

Law librarianship in the U.K., like all other types of librarianship elsewhere, is a service profession which reflects the activities of the body of users served. Lawyers in the common law system depend upon the written law, and must refer to the primary sources –statutes and cases– for authoritative statements in support of their arguments and actions. The absence of a formal legal code has long been one of the main characteristics of the U.K. legal system, and marks it off from many other systems, both of civil and common law, although the increasing predominance of statute law in the U.K. has resulted in more and more effectual codification of more and more specific areas of our law during this century. However, in the absence of a “master” code, or even an agreed set of principles underlying our law, U.K. lawyers, perhaps even more than others, are tied to the primary, written legal data base. Their education is concerned mainly with the handling of this data base - locating materials on specific subjects within it, and making classifications of legal subjects according to current trends. Superimposed upon the primary data base are many secondary sources (indexing, abstracting and summarizing services), with which the lawyer becomes acquainted, sometimes as a student, but more often as a practitioner. These are sweeping generalizations, but I hope that my main point will be adequately illustrated by them: that the role of legal information officer or law librarian (apart from purely custodial activities) closely reflects an important part of the role of a qualified lawyer; indeed one upon which his education lays great emphasis.
Law Librarianship in Nigeria History, Development, and Problems
Authors: Ogbeide N. A.
Published: March 2019

Law librarianship in Nigeria is not as old as the legal profession but certainly older than public librarianship or any other brand of librarianship. The oldest libraries -those of the Lagos High Court and Federal Ministry of Justice– are law libraries and they date as far back as 1900.
Latin American Legal Literature: Problems in their Acquisition and Comparative Reflections
Authors: Trelles Oscar M.
Published: March 2019

When I was first contacted by the program chairman to present a paper at the 1976 Conference of the International Association of Law Libraries he very suavely suggested that my paper should deal “with some important aspect of the legal literature in Latin America.” I then tried to compile bibliographies of articles dealing with law libraries in Latin America. Unfortunately, I was unable to find more than a handful of articles, some in Spanish and others in English and these were not of much help. Those in Spanish dealt generally with straight theory and some also dealt with the devising of a viable methold of classification. Having catalogued and classified three law libraries in the United States, I feel that a speech on this subject might be of interest to a gathering of Latin American Law Librarians although inappropriate at this Conference.
Documentation and Reproduction of Colonial Legal Materials in European Libraries
Authors: Okoli G. Nwili
Published: March 2019

The emphasis in this paper is on the need for documentation and cooperative reproduction of legal documents relating to the colonial period in Africa which are mainly available in libraries in European countries. It is argued that these materials are extremely useful for research in legal and general scholarship, and that their non-availability in Africa at present is a drawback to the increase of research carried out in Africa. Documentation will make the existence of these materials more widely known in academic institutions than is the case at present, while reproduction through modern techniques will make them available to libraries. Potential demand for the documents, in view of the changing African political scenes, which are cutting across old colonial lines, emphasize the need for their availability. We have chosen the colonial period in African history because the colonial legal documents are obviously out of print and few libraries contain complete sets. As a set of literature, they are difficult for law libraries to acquire, not only in Africa, but also in other parts of the academic world where they may be needed. The International Association of Law Libraries is well placed to coordinate documentation and reprographic exchanges between libraries which have similar requirements in Europe, Africa and other parts of the world.
The Relationship of Community Law to National Law
Authors: Zuleeg Manfred
Published: March 2019

The European Communities, with their sovereign rights in special areas, disrupt the trend toward exclusive territorial rights of the national states and, in this way, reflect a new development in international law.
Law Making Procedure in the European Communities
Authors: Bülow Erich
Published: March 2019

Ladies and Gentlemen, I am glad to have the opportunity of speaking to you here. Since I am concerned with international law, especially with the law of the European Communities and the European Council, I am therefore very interested in your activity. What would we do without law libraries? That work is indispensible to us in science and in practice.
Publications Policy and Activities of the Official Publications Office of the European Communities
Authors: Gerald F. N. Fitz
Published: March 2019

In view of some of the discussions which I listened to yesterday, I feel I should start by making a distinction between publishing and printing. These are two very different operations, but the distinction is often lost upon the layman. Indeed, the top management in the European Communities apparently frequently confuses the two.
Documentation Work and Documentation Projects: the Court of Justice of the European Communities
Authors: Streil Jochen
Published: March 2019

Information and documentation about law are of primary importance for the development of the new legal order created by the European Communities. This might be true in any legal order but it has proved to be particularly decisive for Community law.
Catalogues and the Documentation System of the Library of the German Bundestag
Authors: Hahn Gerhard
Published: March 2019

Catalogues are the essential element of every library. The following description of the main features of the documentation system maintained by the Library of the German Bundestag and of the most important principles of its catalogues will, more than anything else, show that they differ considerably from the forms of library documentation generally known in Germany. Though it would be particularly interesting to do so here, limitations of space unfortunately prevent a theoretical discussion of cataloguing principles in any detail. However, at this point it is important to stress that in view of the manifold requirements to be met by a modern library documentation and information system, the catalogues and documentation system of the Bundestag Library have proved themselves quite valuable.
Law Reporting: Comparisons Between Western Europe and Common Law Countries
Authors: Kavass Igor I.
Published: March 2019

Georg Leistner's short monograph on the publication of appellate judicial decisions in Western Europe undoubtedly deserves more attention than it seems to have received in the fifteen months or so since its appearance in late 1975. In a careful and methodical way it describes the publication process of appellate decisions in ten major Western European countries, the percentage of decisions selected for publication, and the major selection criteria prevailing in the respective countries. In this sense, Leistner's work achieves the status of a highly useful reference source on law reporting in Western Europe and fills in the void left open by the various legal bibliographies of Western Europe on the one hand and description of their judicial systems on the other (e. g., Council of Europe. Judicial Organization in Europe. London: Morgan-Grampian Ltd., 1975) which, as a rule, do not address themselves to these questions. Furthermore, as the topic of law reporting has hitherto been more or less neglected in Europe, Leistner may rightly be considered a pioneer in this area, and his work enjoys the qualities of original research extending beyond mere descriptive reporting. In any event, there is just too much valuable information in this work to allow it to fade into obscurity.
Law Publishing and Legal Scholarship in the United Kingdom
Authors: Uglow Jennifer
Published: March 2019

This paper is essentially an abridged version of the Final Report of the Society of Public Teacher's of Law (S.P.T.L.) Working Party on Law Publishing, presented in August 1977. The Working Party was established in May 1974 with the following terms of reference, “To investigate the problems of law publishing as they bear on legal scholarship and legal research and to make recommendations”, and its aim was to represent the interests of teachers, students, researchers and authors concerned with all levels of academic law in the British Isles. Although our findings are not specifically related to the task of the law librarian I hope that members of the International Association of Law Libraries will be interested in this view of law publishing from the perspective of the legal academic profession. It should be made clear that this study was not conceived of as a project of pure academic research into the British law book trade, rather, as the tenor of the paper will reveal, its purpose was to stimulate a greater awareness of the problems facing publishers, authors and educators and to define some possible strategies for the different groups concerned. The Working Party has therefore seen its role as twofold. Its first function was to investigate and analyse the current situation in law publishing in the light of the problem created by inflation. It was felt that rising costs and prices were likely to have a serious effect on publication of some important types of scholary and educational material which were not immediately commercially attractive and also on levels of provision of books and other material in libraries and for students generally. Information was sought by questionnaire, correspondence and interview from different groups involved in the production and consumption of academic legal literature (publishers, periodical editors, librarians and lecturers) and from other bodies and individuals concerned with the general problems of academic publishing. In the course of our investigations it became apparent that the Working Party could perform a number of useful functions beyond that of pure research. In the final year of its existence it has, therefore, adopted a slightly more active policy. It has seen its second function as that of stimulating activity on the problems themselves, through advice to the academic legal community on the publication of their work, through encouragement of further research projects in specific areas and through discussion with publishers, editors and others involved in the production of legal material. Its advisory role is reflected in the series of separate working papers on aspects of law publishing and production of materials.
The Swiss Federal Court1
Authors: Leuenberger Christoph
Published: March 2019

The seat of the Federal Court is Lausanne, not Bern which is the capital of Switzerland. Since the capital is located in the German-speaking part of the country, the French-speaking city of Lausanne was primarily chosen as seat of the Court to establish a major governmental institution in French-speaking Switzerland. That the Court is purposely located here, is also thought to strengthen its independence from the other branches of government.
Law Libraries of the United States: Development and Growth
Authors: Kavass Igor I.
Published: March 2019

Law libraries occupy a unique and, in many respects, an ambiguous status in the United States. This status tends to set them apart in a variety of significant ways from the ubiquitous prototypes of general libraries and, with the possible exception of medical libraries, even from the different categories of specialized libraries in other academic or professional areas. The distinctiveness of law libraries in the United States, which is shared to a greater or lesser extent by many law libraries elsewhere in the world, and especially in countries possessing legal systems based on common law, cannot fully be appreciated by anyone who does not have at least a rudimentary knowledge of the nature and content of law as well as a working familiarity with the idiosyncratic uses of library materials by the legal profession in the exercise of judicial and legislative processes. Unfortunately, the incontro-vertible value of this self-evident requirement if frequently overlooked.
Photocopying and the Copyright Law in the United States
Authors: Marke Julius J.
Published: March 2019

In 1955, Congress commissioned the U.S. Copyright Office to initiate studies on the possibility of a revised copyright law. Thereafter the Copyright Office issued 34 scholarly reports on the various facets of the problem involved. These reports became the basis for copyright revision legislation in the Congress.
British and Irish Association of Law Librarians Committee on Co-operation
Authors: Anderson Muriel
Published: March 2019

The British and Irish Association of Law Librarians (BIALL) was formed in 1969, during a period of great critical self-examination in the British library world. On the library scene as a whole, ad hoc remedies had, for some time, been applied to the deficiencies of a system which had evolved out of a more static age, and it was widely apparent that the whole machinery required overhaul and rationalisation at national level if scarce resources were to be effectively used, and if the expensive new technologies were to be fully utilised by libraries of all kinds and sizes throughout the country. The appointment of the Dainton Committee in March, 1969, to examine the role of the national libraries, was the Government's response to this situation and was the culmination of a series of earlier enquiries into both public and university libraries. The principal recommendation in the report of this Committee – for a unified national library organisation to administer several previously autonomous bodies – was clearly one which, if accepted, would affect all types of library, including law libraries. The earlier history of law libraries in this country had been one of relative isolationism – a reflection, perhaps, of the profession they served. But times were changing rapidly and many libraries were facing new challenges, often with inadequate staff or financial support. Increasingly, the problems could be solved only by sensible policies of co-ordination and co-operation between libraries. Clearly one of the most urgent tasks of the new Association was to establish co-ordinated policies for such co-operation and to formulate an agreed approach vis à vis national developments.
The Association of Law Libraries in The Netherlands
Authors: Peletier Wilhelmina M.
Published: March 2019

On February 20th, 1960, the Dutch Group of law libraries was founded through the initiative of Dr. L. E. van Holk of Leyden University. Prof. Dr. B. Landheer of the Peace Palace Library (who was the editor of the IALL BULLETIN from its very beginning, i.e. September 1960) became the first President.
Italian Administrative Authorities and Administrative Procedure
Authors: Glos George E.
Published: March 2019

Italian administrative authorities are local, namely, communities and cities, intermediate, the provinces and regions, and central, the highest offices of public administration, such as the ministries and the presidency. Italian administrative courts are of two levels: the regional administrative courts at the lower, and the council of state at the final level. In addition, there are several administrative courts exercising jurisdiction over matters specially conferred on them by statute.
A Selective Guide to Law Related Publications of Latin America and the Caribbean
Authors: Schaffer Ellen G.
Published: March 2019

One of the principal difficulties involved in the search for and use of Latin American publications, whether of an official, legal, economic, or general nature, is a haphazard identification of resources. This is not to say that those in need of Latin American information are less than resourceful in their investigation, but rather, that the very character of the literature they seek can be an elusive and sporadic one.
The Use of Legal Encyclopedias as an Alternate Approach in Building Up Collections of Spanish and Latin American Legal Materials
Authors: Carro Jorge L.
Published: March 2019

It is an indisputable fact that there are not many English or other translations of the primary legal sources of Spain and Latin America. The situation with secondary Hispanic language law sources is not much better. There are very few entries registered in the sections for Spain and Latin America in the AALS Law Books Recommended for Law Libraries that appear to be written in languages other than Spanish. The same situation is detected when browsing through the AALL Basic Latin American Legal Materials. Furthermore, of the hundreds of articles indexed in the Index to Foreign Legal Periodicals that refer to the legal systems of Spain and Latin America only a few appear to be written in a foreign language.
New Developments in the Law of the European Union: Harmonization and the Austrian Experience
Authors: Schweighofer Erich
Published: March 2019

Austria joined the European Union (EU) on 1 January 1995. This full integration into Europe has been the goal of Austrian foreign policy since 1948. The dramatic change of the political situation in 1989 with the fall of the “Iron Curtain” facilitated this process. The accession required enormous harmonization efforts in the legal, political and informational area. The approximation of the Austrian law was accelerated by previous autonomous implementation of EC law and the EEA Agreement. The integration into the decision-making process of the EU was an important reason for joining the EC. The information infrastructure concerning EU law has been much improved although some gaps remain.
Legal Sources in Eastern Europe
Authors: Pries-Heijke Anne P.
Published: March 2019

Let me first introduce myself: I am the librarian of the Institute of East European Law and Russian Studies at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands since 1980.
Factors Affecting the Development of Academic Law Libraries in Nigeria
Authors: Aguolu I.E.
Published: March 2019

This study highlights some factors that have influenced the development of academic law libraries in Nigeria. Inadequacy of local production of legal texts, exorbitant cost of the available texts, and scarcity of foreign exchange, were identified as major constraints. On the other hand, factors which have promoted the development of academic law libraries in Nigeria include the existence and use of published standards for law libraries, accreditation requirement for law faculties, book gifts and loans. Moreover, Nigeria's typical history of political instability and proliferation of states has paradoxically not been a hindrance but a catalyst for the emergence of numerous social and educational institutions including universities and academic law libraries.
Berlin Then and Now – From the “Stadtschloss” to Dahlem
Authors: Walter Raimund-Ekkehard
Published: March 2019

When I met Ivan Sipkov for the first time at a conference of the International Association of Law Libraries (IALL), he used to speak very fondly about the time in the early forties when he served in Berlin as a member of the diplomatic corps of Bulgaria. So, in his honor, I decided to describe the Berlin scenery as he knew it, and today fifty years later: the streets in the center of Berlin (e.g. Unter den Linden); the university campus of the old Friedrich Wilhelm University known today as the Humboldt University; the Potsdam Square, with the new Staatsbibliothek; and the nice Dahlem campus of the Free University.
Online Legal Information in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden
Authors: Thorpe Suzanne
Published: March 2019

Denmark, Norway, and Sweden are among the most technologically advanced countries in the world. It is not surprising, therefore, to find sophisticated online systems offering extensive access to legal information in each country. This article briefly traces the development of online legal information in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden. In addition, it provides a country by country overview of the legal databases and online guides to electronic legal resources that are currently available. Most of the databases discussed can be accessed, wholly or in part, without charge via the Internet. A few are restricted to paid subscribers or are available only on CD-ROM. It should be noted that, while Denmark and Sweden are members of the European Union, this article does not cover the databases in either country specifically devoted to European Union law.
Malaysian Legal Information on the Web
Authors: Kaur Harvinder
Published: March 2019

This article identifies and provides a brief description of Malaysian electronic legal information and resources. It guides non-legal and legal information-seekers to find useful legal information and resources on the web. A brief description of the Malaysian legal system and its history is also highlighted to give an understanding of the context of the development of the country's legal system and its resources.
Print Sources for Historical Constitutions
Authors: Trone John
Published: March 2019

This paper examines the print sources for English language texts of historical constitutions, both national and subnational. Some of these sources are still reasonably current at the time of writing, but they will be examined here because they will in due course become part of historical collections.
Recent Case Law of the European Court of Human Rights: an Overview
Authors: Musin Valeriy A.
Published: March 2019

In 2006 the Russian Federation was chair of the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. Our motto was: “Towards united Europe without dividing lines.” In order to make European countries closer to each other it is very important to insure unified interpretation and application of norms contained in international treaties. Such harmony between countries requires us to first consider the terms in the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.
Legal Education and Legal Profession in India
Authors: Krishnamurthy Chandra
Published: March 2019

In a modern, civilized, democratic and political state like India, it is the law of the laws – the Constitution of India – which has conferred freedom on us and the right to live with human dignity and conscience. The constitution's widespread and deeply pervasive network of laws leaves hardly any human activity outside its net which is not governed by some law or the other. Birth, death and marriage have to be registered. There are laws on how to move or drive on the road, how to travel, where to smoke or not to smoke, what to eat and what not to eat, where to go and where to refrain from going and so on. The air that we breathe, the water that we drink, the food that we eat, and the house in which we live are all governed by law. From a little child purchasing an eraser or a pencil, to an adult travelling by air within or outside the country – all are subject to the law. Law determines the boundaries of human behavior which determines the limits of transgression as well as compliance. Everyone is supposed to know the law and the ignorance of law does not excuse anyone. So pervasive, complex and fast changing are the laws that a car bumper reads “Do it today, tomorrow it may be illegal,” such is the pace of today's growth and evolution of the law.
Development of Human Rights in an Indian Context
Authors: Radhakrishnan S.
Published: March 2019

Albert Einstein, in an Address in Chicago observed: [t]he existence and validity of human rights are not written in the stars. The ideals concerning the conduct of men towards each other and the desirable structure of the community have been conceived and taught by enlightened individuals in the course of history. Those ideals and convictions which resulted from historical experience, from the craving for beauty and harmony, have been readily accepted in theory by man – and at all times, have been trampled upon by the same people under the pressure of their animal instincts. A large part of history is therefore replete with the struggle for those human rights, an eternal struggle in which a final victory can never be won. But to tire in that struggle would mean the ruin of society.
The Legal Cetacean: A Select Bibliography on Whales and International Whaling
Authors: Burchfield Amy
Published: March 2019

Whales have captivated the human imagination for millennia. Indeed, evidence of the first whale hunting dates back to at least 6,000 B.C. These incredible cetaceans have been a source of human food, fuel and tools, and have inspired art, myth and literature around the globe. Legal issues affecting whales are varied and far reaching. Only since the mid 20th century, with the establishment of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) under the terms of the International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling (ICRW) have whales benefited from any type of conservation effort.
Islamic Governance, Capital Structure, and Equity Finance: Examining the Possibilities of American Financial Sharī'ah Boards
Authors: Mahmood Rafel
Published: March 2019

In this world of misinformation and predatory ideologies, a basic economic connection may be the difference between the success and failure of American foreign policy in the Middle East. In times of conflict, establishing the commonality of shared financial values can be the best way to build trust. It is remarkable then that the world's largest and most advanced economy has failed to develop the simple financial mechanisms—using Islamic finance and Sharī'ah boards—to connect with Muslims across the globe. Even if the United States’ central focus remains combating terrorism, it is clear that the more financial information the United States can gather, the better equipped it will be to fight the war on terror. Along with the enhanced information capital made possible through Islamic finance and Sharī'ah boards are significant reputational advantages that the United States would not otherwise have. For instance, an Islamic-American humanitarian institution could be certified by multiple clerics in Iraq, thus offering new momentum to the organization's humanitarian mission by preventing numerous belligerent attacks that terrorists might subject upon a purely American institution that lacks the legitimacy conferred through such Islamic ties.

Currently, The United States' continuing domestic failure to develop a compatible framework for Islamic finance verges on negligence. This failure is strongly contrary to broader American commercial interests. Consider that economists estimate the outflow of Sharī'ah capital from Gulf countries to be approximately $1 trillion, growing at 20% per annum. Additionally, Gulf countries are currently set to spend upwards of $10 trillion on new infrastructure over the next decade using Sharī'ah compliant financing vehicles. The world currently has roughly two billion Muslims, many of which will one day demand, or at least prefer, Sharī'ah compliant financial products. If the United States does not develop the administrative and legal framework to serve this market, other foreign financial institutions surely will. In fact, economists currently value the Islamic finance industry in the United Kingdom at $12 billion. In stark contrast, in the United States this same market comprises a mere $150 million in assets. This article will examine the necessary mechanics of establishing an Islamic-American corporation in Delaware for the purposes of conducting transactions with the Middle East, and analyze in detail the essential Islamic financial governance structure-the Shari'ah board.
The Lawyer in the Emerging Digital Environment: A Botswana Perspective
Authors: Fombad Madeleine Choe-Amusimo , Fombad Charles Manga
Published: March 2019

The advent of the global digital revolution and the phenomenal advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs), have today provided an opportunity for the much-vaunted African renaissance and a chance for the continent to leapfrog over some of the enormous barriers of underdevelopment and claim a place in the post-industrial economy. The new technology has not only liberated the human brain from many mundane tasks but it has enhanced our productivity in many dramatic ways. It is becoming increasingly clear that the availability and use of ICTs is pre-requisite for economic and social development in this era of globalization.
Legislative Recognition of Muslim Marriages in South Africa
Authors: Manjoo Rashida
Published: March 2019

Both theoretically and constitutionally, South Africa is a secular state with many religious and non-religious groupings co-existing with each other. The reality is that there is widespread observance of both religious and customary law — despite a lack of or limited recognition thereof under the apartheid government. The non-recognition of other forms of law in South Africa has had negative consequences and the remedial efforts of the present government is visible both in the area of customary law and also Muslim Personal Law, hereinafter referred to as MPL. This paper will confine itself to discussing the law reform efforts in respect of the recognition of Muslim marriages.
Land Reform in South Africa: An Overview
Authors: Rugege Sam
Published: March 2019

South Africa suffered a long history of colonization, racial domination and land dispossession that resulted in the bulk of the agricultural land being owned by a white minority. Black people resisted being dispossessed but were defeated by the superior arms of the newcomers. As Lewin has written, “whatever minor causes there may have been for the many Bantu-European wars, the desire for land was the fundamental cause.” Despite the claims that South Africa was largely uninhabited at the time of the arrival of Europeans, documentary evidence shows that in fact the land was inhabited. Thus the journal of the first European to settle at the Cape, Jan van Riebeeck records incidents of confrontation with the indigenous Khoi-khoi (or Hottentots) in 1655.
Searcwl and the Women's Law Collection, Zimbabwe
Authors: Mariri Cecilie Butenschøn
Published: March 2019

The Southern and Eastern African Regional Centre for Women's Law – SEARCWL - (in daily language just called the Women's Law Centre) is an institute under the Faculty of Law, University of Zimbabwe (UZ). It all started way back in the late 1980'ies when the Norwegian Agency for Development (NORAD) sponsored diploma courses in women's law for participants from Africa, at the University of Oslo. The first three courses were held in Oslo, but then the venue was moved to the University of Zimbabwe, and through the 1990'ies more than a hundred scholars have passed through the diploma courses. From February 2003, a masters degree program has been running with 28 students from 10 different countries (Cameroon, Ethiopia, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Zambia and Zimbabwe). From mid-June until the end of August we had an additional 19 students, so-called “upgraders” – i.e. ex-diploma students upgrading their diploma to a Masters degree.
The Caribbean Court of Justice: A New Judicial Experience
Authors: Bernard Désirée P.
Published: March 2019

The inauguration of the Caribbean Court of Justice in April 2005 represented the culmination of aspirations in earlier years to establish a court of last resort for the Caribbean Region to replace the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council (The Privy Council) which was and still is for most Commonwealth Caribbean jurisdictions, the final court. These aspirations were endorsed by the legal profession through the Organisation of Commonwealth Caribbean Bar Associations (OCCBA) over thirty years ago, although the idea of such a court was not an original one having been contemplated early in the last century. The court was envisaged as a Caribbean Court of Appeal with an appellate jurisdiction hearing appeals from domestic appellate courts and an original jurisdiction to interpret regional treaties.
Accessing Legal Information Across Boundaries: A New Challenge
Authors: Peruginelli Ginevra
Published: March 2019

In the actual multilingual and multicultural environment there is a significant need, in the academic world, in the legal profession, in business settings as well as in the context of public administration services to citizens, of common understanding and exchange of legal concepts of the various legal systems. At the same time, there is a strong pressure for the preservation of their basic sense and value. Both requirements are quite difficult to meet, and they are complicated by the complexity of legal language and by the variety of modalities used to express law within the various legal systems. Unlike a number of technical and scientific disciplines where a fair correspondence exists between concepts across languages, serious difficulties arise in interpreting law across countries and languages. This is largely due to the system-bound nature of legal terminology. This paper focuses on cross-language retrieval systems’ ability to facilitate access to legal information across different languages and legal orders. As such, issues are addressed relating to linguistics and translation theory, comparative law, theory of law, as well as natural language processing techniques, while some recommendations are provided with the aim to contribute to cross-language retrieval of law.
Academic Librarianship in Turkey: The Historical Context
Authors: Katipoğlu Serdar
Published: March 2019

This paper aims to present the historical development of academic libraries and librarianship in Turkey. It takes its starting point from the first years of the Republic and follows the reforms, improvements and setbacks in this field.
A Closer Look: A Symposium Among Legal Historians and Law Librarians to Uncover the Spanish Roots of Louisiana Civil Law†
Authors: Filiu Vincenç , Kim-Prieto Dennis , Miguel Teresa
Published: March 2019

The debate regarding whether the origin of Louisiana civil law is based in the Spanish or in the French legal tradition has been ongoing since that state's incorporation into the United States as a result of the Louisiana Purchase. Distinguished legal scholars have argued in favor of one tradition being dominant over the other, and each has been staunch in support of that view. This article proposes and demonstrates that the Spanish, not French, civil law had an enormous influence on the creation and evolution of Louisiana civil law, and that this legacy resonates today.
Information Literacy in Law: Starting Points for Improving Legal Research Competencies
Authors: Kauffman Blair
Published: March 2019

Improving information literacy in law translates into developing methods for improving legal research competencies among lawyers, law students and the general public. This paper summarizes four approaches for improving legal research skills of prospective lawyers in U.S. law schools and discusses their successes and shortcomings to help assess their potential application in an international environment. These approaches include: (1) offering mandatory law school courses in legal research; (2) adding elective (or optional) credit based courses in legal research; (3) offering non-credit legal research support to law students at their point of need; and (4) testing prospective lawyers on their legal research competencies as a requirement to being licensed to practice law.
The Academic Law Library and the Prospects for Diversity in the Legal Profession
Authors: Ademodi Olugbenga
Published: March 2019

This study examines the interpretation of the American Bar Association's accreditation standard for law schools in the United States and the effect it could have on minority students studying in such law schools. It shows how such students will be greatly disadvantaged. It also shows the principle underlying the solution and how academic law libraries can aid in solving the problem and make a diverse bar a reality.
Internet Law: Latest Developments in Cyber Laws in Malaysia†
Authors: Zakri Izura Masdina
Published: March 2019

The first cyberlaws1 of Malaysia were passed in 1997 and Malaysia has been hailed as one of the first ASEAN countries to have done so. Since then, there have been various amendments to current legislation to adapt to Internet situations, and new cyberlaws have been passed, such as the Electronic Commerce Act 2006 (Act 658)2 and the Personal Data Protection Act 2010 (Act 709). This paper will give an overview of these laws relating to the Internet.
Joint Ventures in the Soviet Union: A Review of Current
Literature in English
Authors: Kavass Igor I. , Griffin Andrew
Published: March 2019

Since the Soviet Union's emergence as a willing participant in foreign
capital investment ventures, the amount of legal literature on the subject
has proliferated at an amazing rate. The research runs the gamut from
newsletters and bulletins to highly complex compendia of texts and documents
packaged in complete looseleaf binders for supplements so that the reader
can keep abreast of fast-breaking developments. Lawyers and law students of
all masts vie for space in publication columns to try their hand at this
high-profile and highly current topic. Even Soviet jurists and economists
try to cash in on this publication bonanza by coming out with pronouncements
on joint-venture opportunities which are translated into English with the
hope of widespread Western consumption.