bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identifying reasons for stun failures in slaughterhouses for cattle and pigs: a field study
Authors: von Wenzlawowicz M , von Holleben K , Eser E
Published: May 2012

Checking the effectiveness of stunning was one of the major tasks when the authors evaluated the stunning process on request of the slaughterhouse managements, retailers or competent authorities in slaughterhouses in Austria, Germany and Switzerland between the years 2000 and 2011. A total of 50 assessments in slaughterhouses for cattle and 116 for pigs were included in this study. For every assessment the technical features of the stunning device, the performance by the personnel and the clinical signs of the animals after stunning were recorded. The assessments of captive-bolt (CB) stunning were made in 1,823 cattle. For pigs, 63 assessments were carried out in electrical stunning (26 in a pen [ESP], 24 in a trap [EST] and 13 in an automatic restrainer [ESR]) and 53 assessments in CO2 stunning, covering a total of 35,220 pigs (6,855 electrically stunned and 28,365 stunned using CO2). The proportions of assessments in which there were no failures were 28% (CB), 12% (ESP), 21% (EST), 31% (ESR) and 13% (CO). The mean percentages of animals showing signs not compatible with sufficient depth of stunning were 13.5 (± 19.0)% (CB), 12.5 (± 16.4)% (ESP), 10.9 (± 11.4)% (EST), 3.2 (± 3.3)% (ESR) and 7.5 (± 13.0)% (CO2) showing a high variability between premises assessed. Stunning effectiveness for cattle was better where a chest stick was performed compared to a neck cut. For pigs, less stunning failures occurred in electrical stunning where the two-cycle method (head/heart current) was applied compared to head-only stunning, and most of the failures in CO2 stunning were due to insufficient dwell time. Reasons for the stunning failures are described and recommendations given to improve the situation.
Assessment of unconsciousness during slaughter without stunning in lambs
Authors: Rodríguez P , Velarde A , Dalmau A , Llonch P
Published: May 2012

The aim of this study was to assess brain activity in lambs during slaughter without stunning and its correlation with heart rate (HR) and the absence of physiological reflexes. The index of consciousness (IoC-view®) assesses consciousness by an algorithm that analyses the EEG and gives an index from 0 (unconscious) to 100 (conscious). Eight lambs (Merino breed) of 20 to 25 kg live weight were individually restrained in a stretcher and three skin electrodes were placed at the level of the frontal bone. The electrodes were connected to the IoC-view®. Two additional electrodes were placed on the chest and the HR was transferred to a watch monitor. Recording time started 2 min prior to sticking to attain the basal IoC and HR value of each animal. During bleeding, presence of corneal reflex and rhythmic breathing were recorded every 10 s until brain death. Rhythmic breathing disappeared at an average time of 44 (± 4.2) s after sticking, ranging between 30 and 60 s. The corneal reflex disappeared at 116 (± 11.01) s, ranging between 80 and 160 s after sticking. Changes in the brain activity occurred between 22 to 82 s after sticking (52 [± 20.2] s). In five out of six animals the HR increased (177 [± 22.7] beats min−1) compared to basal values (139 [± 8.4] beats min−1) at 115 (± 97.5) s after sticking. Both brain activity and physiological reflexes revealed that when bleeding is performed, through a transverse incision across the neck without stunning, the onset of unconsciousness could last 1 min which impaired animal welfare. This prolonged consciousness compared to other authors’ findings may be attributable to inefficient bleeding when lambs are slaughtered without head restraint.
The effect of stun duration and level of applied current on stun and meat quality of electrically stunned lambs under commercial conditions
Authors: Berg C , Nordensten C , Hultgren J , Algers B
Published: May 2012

Electrical head-only stunning is a widely used method in sheep(Ovis aries)slaughter. To investigate the influence of current level on stun and meat quality in practice, two studies were carried out at a commercial slaughterhouse. In trial one, 200 lambs were randomly assigned to four groups with a current level of 0.6, 0.8, 1.0 and 1.25 A, respectively, using 50-Hz sine wave supply voltage and a stun duration of 10.5 s. In trial two, 135 lambs were randomly assigned to two groups, with electrical current of 1.25 A applied for 14 and 3 s. For each lamb, the position of the tongs was observed and classified as correct or incorrect. The stun quality was evaluated based on observations of the corneal reflex, eye movements, rhythmic breathing, head-righting reflex and kicking during the tonic phase. Blood splash (haemorrhages inLongissimus dorsimuscle) was evaluated four days after slaughter. Incorrect tongs’ positioning was seen commonly, and positively correlated with poor stun quality. The lowest current level tested produced an unsatisfactory stun in the majority of animals observed. Short stun duration increased the risk of a poor stun quality. There was no significant effect of current level, stun duration or tongs’ position on the risk of blood splash. These data underline the importance of a correct technique, including choice of tongs’ positioning, sufficient current levels and sufficient stun duration, for electrical stunning of lambs to achieve unconsciousness before sticking and thereby avoiding unnecessary suffering at commercial slaughter.
A GIS Application to Explore Postal Retail Outlet Locations
Authors: Trubint Nikola
Published: May 2012

The use of GIS in solving a wide variety of problems in postal operations is expanding. This approach provides the development and usage of new methods in spatial data analysis, as support in achieving a better quality of the decision-making process. The use of location analysis model based on GIS software is implemented in solving the Belgrade postal retail outlet problem. One of the most important experiences of model implementation is that the local environmental conditions have a significant impact on strategic as well as operational approach. A portion of the material included in the paper has resulted from the Serbian PTT and CPC (Canada Post Corporation) joint project Location Analysis.
High‐performance zeolite T membrane for dehydration of organics by a new varying temperature hot‐dip coating method
Authors: Chen Xiaoxia , Wang Jinqu , Yin Dehong , Yang Jianhua , Lu Jinming , Zhang Yan , Chen Zan
Published: May 2012

A new seeding method, namely, varying‐temperature hot‐dip coating (VTHDC), is proposed for synthesis of zeolite T membranes by secondary hydrothermal growth. The VTHDC method is composed of hot‐dip coating at higher temperature, rubbing off the superfluous crystals, and hot‐dip coating at lower temperature. It was found that the method was flexible and effective for combined control over the seed suspension concentration, seed size, and coating temperature, leading to combined control of properties of the seed layer over the seed size, thickness, coverage, and defect. A thin continuous, smooth defect‐free asymmetric seed layer was achieved consisting of large and small zeolite T seed crystals. The resulting zeolite T membrane M5 exhibited high pervaporation performance with the flux reaching 2.12 and 2.52 kg/m2 h for the dehydration of 90 wt % EtOH/H2O and IPA/H2O mixture, respectively, at 348 K. The corresponding separation factor was up to 1301 and 10,000, respectively. © 2012 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 59: 936–947, 2013
Validation of new psychosocial factors questionnaires: A Colombian national study
Authors: Villalobos Gloria H. , Vargas Angélica M. , Rondón Martin A. , Felknor Sarah A.
Published: May 2012

Background

The study of workers' health problems possibly associated with stressful conditions requires valid and reliable tools for monitoring risk factors. The present study validates two questionnaires to assess psychosocial risk factors for stress‐related illnesses within a sample of Colombian workers.

Methods

The validation process was based on a representative sample survey of 2,360 Colombian employees, aged 18–70 years. Worker response rate was 90%; 46% of the responders were women. Internal consistency was calculated, construct validity was tested with factor analysis and concurrent validity was tested with Spearman correlations.

Results

The questionnaires demonstrated adequate reliability (0.88–0.95). Factor analysis confirmed the dimensions proposed in the measurement model. Concurrent validity resulted in significant correlations with stress and health symptoms.

Conclusions

“Work and Non‐work Psychosocial Factors Questionnaires” were found to be valid and reliable for the assessment of workers' psychosocial factors, and they provide information for research and intervention. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:111–123, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
3‐D jobs and health disparities: The health implications of latino chicken catchers' working conditions
Authors: Quandt Sara A. , Arcury‐Quandt Alice E. , Lawlor Emma J. , Carrillo Lourdes , Marín Antonio J. , Grzywacz Joseph G. , Arcury Thomas A.
Published: May 2012

Objectives

This study uses qualitative data to describe the tasks performed by chicken catchers, their organization of work, and possible health and safety hazards encountered.

Methods

Twenty‐one Latino immigrant chicken catchers for North Carolina poultry‐processing plants were interviewed to obtain their perceptions of the job and its hazards. Interviews were recorded and transcribed (n = 10) or detailed notes recorded (n = 11). Transcripts and notes were subjected to qualitative analysis.

Results

Chicken catching takes place in a highly contaminated and hazardous work environment. The fast pace of work, low level of control over work intensity, and piece rate compensation all result in high potential for work‐related injury and illness, including trauma, electrical shock, respiratory effects, musculoskeletal injuries, and drug use. Workers receive little safety or job training.

Conclusions

Chicken catching is characterized by a work environment and organization of work that promote injury and illness. Am. J. Ind. Med. 56:206–215, 2013. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plasma fluorescent oxidation products and short‐term occupational particulate exposures
Authors: Hart Jaime E , Wu Tianying , Laden Francine , Garshick Eric
Published: May 2012

Background

Evidence suggests that fine particulate air pollution results in oxidative induced tissue damage.

Methods

A global fluorescent oxidation products (FLOx) assay (fluorescent intensity (FI) units per milliliter of plasma) was measured in blood samples collected from 236 nonsmoking, Caucasian, male trucking industry workers either prior to, during, or after their work shifts. Occupational exposures to particulate matter (PM)2.5 were based on job‐specific area‐level sampling. Generalized linear models were used to determine associations between FLOx levels and PM2.5, adjusted for age, time since last meal, alcohol consumption, aspirin, and cholesterol medications.

Results

The mean (standard deviation) level of FLOx was 265.9 FI/ml (96.0). Levels of FLOx were higher among older individuals and lower among those who had consumed alcohol in the past 24 hr. However, no associations were observed between FLOx and PM2.5.

Conclusions

Our results indicate no association between occupational PM2.5 exposure and this marker of global oxidative stress. Am. J. Ind. Med. 55:953–960, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Neonatal encephalopathy: An inadequate term for hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy
Authors: Volpe Joseph J.
Published: May 2012

This Point of View article addresses neonatal encephalopathy (NE) presumably caused by hypoxia–ischemia and the terminology currently in wide use for this disorder. The nonspecific term NE is commonly utilized for those infants with the clinical and imaging characteristics of neonatal hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy (HIE). Multiple magnetic resonance imaging studies of term infants with the clinical setting of presumed hypoxia–ischemia near the time of delivery have delineated a topography of lesions highly correlated with that defined by human neuropathology and by animal models, including primate models, of hypoxia–ischemia. These imaging findings, coupled with clinical features consistent with perinatal hypoxic–ischemic insult(s), warrant the specific designation of neonatal HIE. Ann Neurol 2012;72:156–166
The blood–brain barrier in health and disease
Authors: Daneman Richard
Published: May 2012

The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a term used to describe a series of properties possessed by the vasculature of the central nervous system (CNS) that tightly regulate the movement of ions, molecules, and cells between the blood and the CNS. This barrier is crucial to provide the appropriate environment to allow for proper neural function, as well as protect the CNS from injury and disease. In this review, I discuss the cellular and molecular composition of the BBB and how the development and function of the BBB is regulated by interactions with the CNS microenvironment. I further discuss what is known about BBB dysfunction during CNS injury and disease, as well as methodology used to deliver drugs across the BBB to the CNS. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:648–672
Conformal transformations in metric‐affine gravity and ghosts
Authors: Karahan C.N. , Dogangün O. , Demir D.A.
Published: May 2012

Conformal transformations play a widespread role in gravity theories in regard to their cosmological and other implications. In the pure metric theory of gravity, conformal transformations change the frame to a new one wherein one obtains a conformal‐invariant scalar–tensor theory such that the scalar field, deriving from the conformal factor, is a ghost. In this work, conformal transformations and ghosts will be analyzed in the framework of the metric‐affine theory of gravity. Within this framework, metric and connection are independent variables, and, hence, transform independently under conformal transformations. It will be shown that, if affine connection is invariant under conformal transformations, then the scalar field of concern is a non‐ghost, non‐dynamical field. It is an auxiliary field at the classical level, and might develop a kinetic term at the quantum level. Alternatively, if connection transforms additively with a structure similar to yet more general than that of the Levi‐Civita connection, the resulting action describes the gravitational dynamics correctly, and, more importantly, the scalar field becomes a dynamical non‐ghost field. The equations of motion, for generic geometrical and matter‐sector variables, do not reduce connection to the Levi‐Civita connection, and, hence, independence of connection from metric is maintained. Therefore, metric‐affine gravity provides an arena in which ghosts arising from the conformal factor are avoided thanks to the independence of connection from the metric.
Synthesis of a graft copolymer from an ozonized polycarbonate and its application as a compatibilizer
Authors: Ayoub Ali , Massardier Valérie , Taha Mohamad
Published: May 2012

The polycarbonate (PC)/polystyrene (PS) blend is an immiscible system. The use of copolymers as compatibilizers in blends is one approach that is being developed within the larger field of polymer alloys. In this study, PC was ozonized to create peroxides and hydroperoxides on the polymer chain. These functional groups under heating conditions were used to initiate the radical polymerization of styrene (vinyl monomers) to give graft copolymers. The first part of this study was dedicated to the examination of the kinetics of the styrene polymerization initiated by an ozonized PC. However, the structure of the graft copolymers was confirmed by IR spectroscopy, and the molecular weight of the PS graft chain was determined by gel permeation chromatography. The compatibilized bends were prepared by melt blending in an internal mixer. The morphologies of the PC/PS/graft copolymer blend were examined by transmission electron microscopy and were finer than those of an uncompatibilized blend. The tensile properties of these blends were also investigated. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Photopolymerization kinetics and thermal properties of dimethacrylate based on bisphenol‐S
Authors: Li Chunguang , Cheng Jue , Jian Yu , Chang Wenkai , Nie Jun
Published: May 2012

A dimethacrylate based on bisphenol‐S (DBSMA) was prepared and characterized by Fourier Transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Electrospray Ionisation Tandem Mass Spectrometry (ESI/MS) 1H NMR, and 13C NMR. DBSMA was investigated by a real‐time infrared spectroscopy (RTIR), under different conditions such as varying photoinitiator type and concentration, with and without oxygen, mixing with different amounts of a reactive diluent [1,6‐hexanediol dimethacrylate (HDDMA)]. The mechanical and thermal properties of these curing films were also investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis and thermogravimetric analysis. The results showed homopolymer of DBSMA has better thermal stability than copolymers of DBSMA/HDDMA systems. Also, the cured DBSMA polymer exhibited higher glass transition temperature (Tg) and better thermal stability compared with commercial available resin 2,2‐Bis[4‐(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl]propane (BIS‐GMA) (CN151). © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Deviation from the theoretical predictions in the synthesis of amphiphilic block copolymers in a wide range of compositions based on poly(vinyl chloride) by single electron transfer: Degenerative chain living radical polymerization in suspension medium
Authors: Rocha Nuno , Coelho Jorge F. J. , Barros Bianca , Cardoso Pedro M. L. , Gonçalves Pedro M. , Gil M. H. , Guthrie J. T.
Published: May 2012

This work deals with the synthesis of different poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) based block copolymers, containing poly(hydroxypropyl acrylate) segments having different compositions and molecular weights. These copolymers were synthesized via single electron transfer‐degenerative chain living radical polymerization. The block copolymers prepared showed deviations from the theoretical predictions in terms of molecular weight and polydispersity, which were ascribed to the heterogeneous nature of the reaction mixture. The technical problems addressed are important to the establishment of the required technological improvements for the industrial implementation. It has been shown that the control over the composition of the block copolymers is only achieved when the amount of vinyl chloride used in the second step of the polymerization was relatively high. The adhesion performance of these block copolymers in PVC‐wood flour composite formulations was studied by assessing the mechanical performance of such composites, when the copolymers were included in the composite formulations. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of water and acid–base reactants on adhesive properties of various plasticized poly(vinyl butyral) sheets
Authors: Tupý Michael , Měřínská Dagmar , Svoboda Petr , Kalendová Alena , Klásek Antonín , Zvoníček Josef
Published: May 2012

We study the changes in adhesive properties of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) sheets assigned for safety glass preparation. PVB sheets have been produced by various worldwide manufacturers by simple blending methods such as extrusion, thermo‐mechanical mixer processes, etc. Some samples were modified either by magnesium acetate or by oligo‐functional organic acid to either reduce the adhesion to glass or to increase it. Adhesive measurements were evaluated on the air side and the tin side of the laminated glass. The study deals with a recognition of causes of the PVB adhesion change as a function of adsorbed water content into the polymer matrix. Results describe the influence of hydroxyl group content and amount of added acid–base reactants for adhesion adjustment of every tested PVB sheet. It also describes typical adhesion fluctuation and specific adhesion bonding of PVB sheets to glass in particular conditions. The analysis evaluates the best and the worst blend combinations and their modification on the adhesion change. We focused on adhesion sensitivity to increasing water content and the amount of added adhesion modifier. This work also evaluated the critical range of water content that provides adhesion fluctuation. The evaluation of various types of PVB sheets was performed and the most stable adhesion adjustment was found. Obtained values and comparisons are very important for the PVB sheets industry and for industry dealing with lamination of laminated glasses. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Mechanical and water absorption properties of sawdust—low density polyethylene nanocomposite
Authors: Esnaashari Catherine , Khorasani Saied Nouri , Entezam Mehdi , Khalili Shahla
Published: May 2012

In this research, effect of nanoclay (Cloisite10A), coupling agent (MAPE), spruce sawdust and electron beam irradiation dose on mechanical and water absorption properties of sawdust‐low density polyethylene nanocomposite are investigated. Design of the experiments (DOE) is performed by the statistical Taguchi method. The XRD analysis depicts partially intercalated/exfoliated nanocomposites. The findings reveal that increasing cloisite10A concentration from 2.5 to 7.5 wt % has improved the tensile and bending strengths and modulus also water diffusion coefficient is reduced. Increase the sawdust content from 40 to 60 wt % not only markedly increases the tensile and flexural properties but also increases water diffusion coefficient and reduces toughness significantly. Electron beam irradiation dose of 60 kGy improves the tensile and flexural properties and decreases water diffusion coefficient. The SEM micrographs confirm a suitable coherence between lignocelluloses filler phase and low density polyethylene matrix. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Epoxidation of modified natural plasticizer obtained from rice fatty acids and application on polyvinylchloride films
Authors: Faria‐Machado Adelia Ferreira , da Silva Mariana Altenhofen , Vieira Melissa Gurgel Adeodato , Beppu Marisa Masumi
Published: May 2012

In recent years, much research effort has been driven to develop alternative plasticizers for medical and commodity plastic materials. In this study, a modified natural plasticizer, synthesized by esterification of rice fatty acids, was modified by epoxidation with peroxy acid generated in situ. Two natural epoxidized plasticizers were obtained, using peracetic acid (NP‐Ac) and peroctanoic acid (NP‐Oc) as reagent. PVC films after addition of these natural epoxidized plasticizers presented fairly good incorporation and plasticizing performance, as demonstrated by results of mechanical properties, Tg values (as shown by DSC), optical microscopy, exudation, and migration tests, FTIR and X‐ray diffraction obtained for plasticized PVC films. NP‐Ac plasticizer presented enhanced plasticizing performance compared with NP‐Oc, probably due to a higher epoxidation degree obtained in the reaction with peracetic acid. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
The influence of forming conditions on the properties of the fibers made of chitin butyryl‐acetic copolyester for medical applications
Authors: Draczyński Zbigniew , Boguń Maciej , Mikołajczyk Teresa , Szparaga Grzegorz , Król Paulina
Published: May 2012

This work describes the impact of basic parameters of the forming process on the macroscopic structure, sorption properties, and strength of fibers made of chitin butyryl‐acetic copolyester (BOC). Regardless of the chemical structure of chitin BOC and intrinsic viscosity of polymer, solutions used in the spinning industry are non‐Newtonian fluids diluted by shearing without flow boundary. Obtained fibers have a high total pore volume; thus, they may be classified into the group of highly porous fibers. The nature of the porous structure and the total pore volume result in high sorption properties of this hydrophobic material and in very high values of water retention. At the same time, fibers made of chitin derivatives have a good tenacity exceeding 24 cN/tex. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Increasing the elongation at break of polyhydroxybutyrate biopolymer: Effect of cellulose nanowhiskers on mechanical and thermal properties
Authors: S. de O. Patrício Patrícia , Pereira Fabiano V. , dos Santos Meriane C. , de Souza Patterson P. , Roa Juan P. B. , Orefice Rodrigo L.
Published: May 2012

Bionanocomposites based on polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and cellulose nanowhiskers (CNWs) were prepared by dispersing CNWs in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) plasticizer subsequently incorporating the CNWs/PEG suspensions in the matrix. The thermal properties of the nanocomposites indicate an enlargement in the processing window in comparison to the neat PHB. The nanocomposites showed a remarkable increase in the strain level (50 times related to the neat PHB), without a significant loss of the tensile strength with the incorporation of small concentrations of CNWs in the final nanocomposite (up to 0.45 wt %). This behavior was explained in terms of a considerable chain orientation promoted by the presence of CNWs in the same direction of the applied load, which activated shear flow of the polymer matrix. The results described here can be explored to extend the applications of this biopolymer. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Surface modification of contact lenses using adsorption of ethylene oxide branched copolymers
Authors: Toki Ikuko , Komatsu Masanori , Shimizu Yoshio , Hara Yusuke
Published: May 2012

To examine methods for reducing the amount of adsorbed protein on the surface of contact lenses during use, cationic copolymers containing poly(ethylene oxide) units were synthesized and evaluated as surface modifiers. Poly(ethylene oxide) graft‐branched copolymers of composition 70 mol % dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate (DM) and 30 mol % methoxy polyethylene glycol methacrylate (Mp0G; p = 2, 4, 9; the average number of the ethylene oxide units) were obtained using nonionic monomers containing poly(ethylene oxide) units. The copolymers very efficiently prevented protein adsorption on a contact lens. Contact angle measurements showed that immersion in tear fluid made the lens surface hydrophobic because of adsorption of proteins with hydrophobic residues. The copolymer pretreatment made the lens surface hydrophilic, even after dipping in artificial tear fluid. These results suggest that adsorption of the poly(ethylene oxide) branched copolymer on the contact lens would make the lens surface hydrophilic and prevent protein adsorption. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of different types of organoclays and compatibilizers on the properties of polystyrene‐based nanocomposites
Authors: Yeniova Canan Esma , Yilmazer Ulku
Published: May 2012

Polystyrene/organoclay nanocomposites were prepared by melt intercalation in the presence of elastomeric impact modifiers. Three different types of organically modified montmorillonites; Cloisite® 30B, 15A, and 25A, were used as reinforcement, whereas poly [styrene‐b‐(ethylene‐co‐butylene)‐b‐styrene] (SEBS‐g‐MA) and poly(ethylene‐b‐butyl acrylate‐b‐glycidyl methacrylate) (E‐BA‐GMA) elastomeric materials were introduced to act as impact modifier. Owing to its single aliphatic tail on its modifier and absence of hydroxyl groups, Cloisite® 25A displayed the best dispersion in the polystyrene matrix, and mostly delaminated silicate layers were obtained in the presence of SEBS‐g‐MA. This was attributed to the higher viscosity of SEBS‐g‐MA compared with both E‐BA‐GMA and poly(styrene‐co‐vinyloxazolin) (PS). In addition, the compatibility between SEBS‐g‐MA and PS was found to be better in comparison to the compatibility between E‐BA‐GMA and PS owing to the soluble part of SEBS‐g‐MA in PS. The clay particles were observed to be located mostly in the dispersed phase leading to larger elastomeric domains compared with binary PS/elastomer blends. The enlargement of the elastomeric domains resulted in higher impact strength values in the presence of organoclay. Good dispersion of Cloisite® 25A in PS/SEBS‐g‐MA blends enhanced the tensile properties of this nanocomposite produced. It was observed that the change in the strength and stiffness of the ternary nanocomposites mostly depend on the type of the elastomeric material. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preparation and properties of NBR composites filled with a novel black liquor–montmorillonite complex
Authors: Cao Zhonglin , Liao Zedong , Wang Xi , Su Shengpei , Feng Jianxiang , Zhu Jin
Published: May 2012

A novel rubber filler, black liquor–montmorillonite complex (BL–MMT) was prepared by dehydration of a mixture of MMT and BL and used in the preparation of acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) composites by mechanical mixing method. The BL–MMT/rubber composites were characterized using X‐ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Experimental results of XRD and TEM indicated that MMT was well‐dispersed in the rubber because of the presence of lignin. DSC, thermo‐oxidative aging measurements and TGA results demonstrated that the thermal properties of NBR were improved due to the addition of BL–MMT. The tensile properties including tensile strength, elongation at break, and modulus were also tested. All experimental results indicated that this BL–MMT complex could be an effective reinforcing agent in rubber for cost‐saving and environment benefits. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Preclinical cadaveric study of transanal endoscopic da Vinci® surgery
Authors: Hompes R , Rauh S M , Hagen M E , Mortensen N J
Published: May 2012

Background

Single-port platforms are increasingly being used for transanal surgery and may be associated with a shorter learning curve than transanal endoscopic microsurgery. However, these procedures remain technically challenging, and robotic technology could overcome some of the limitations and increase intraluminal manoeuvrability. An initial experimental experience with transanal endoscopic da Vinci® surgery (TEdS) using a glove port on human cadavers is reported.

Methods

After initial dry laboratory experiments, the feasibility of TEdS and ideal set-up were further evaluated in human cadavers. For transanal access a glove port was constructed on-table by using a circular anal dilator, a standard wound retractor and a surgical glove. A da Vinci® Si HD system was used in combination with the glove port for transanal endoscopic resections.

Results

It was possible to perform all necessary tasks to complete a full-thickness excision and closure of the rectal wall, with cadavers in both prone and supine positions. The stable magnified view, combined with the EndoWrist® technology of the robotic instruments, made every task straightforward. Intraluminal manoeuvrability could be improved further by intersecting the robotic instruments. The glove port proved to be very reliable and the inherent flexibility of the glove facilitated docking of the robotic arms in a narrow confined space.

Conclusion

Using a reliable and universally available glove port, TEdS was feasible and a preferred set-up was determined. Further clinical trials will be necessary to assess the safety and efficacy of this technique.
Formulation of multiple choice questions as a revision exercise at the end of a teaching module in biochemistry
Authors: Bobby Zachariah , Radhika M. R. , Nandeesha H. , Balasubramanian A. , Prerna Singh , Archana Nimesh , Thippeswamy D. N.
Published: May 2012

The graduate medical students often get less opportunity for clarifying their doubts and to reinforce their concepts after lecture classes. Assessment of the effect of MCQ preparation by graduate medical students as a revision exercise on the topic “Mineral metabolism.” At the end of regular teaching module on the topic “Mineral metabolism,” graduate medical students were asked to prepare the stems of 15 MCQs based on the four discriminators given for each. They were told that one of the discriminators could be the answer for the MCQ and the remaining three could be the distracters. They were further guided in their task by providing few key word(s) in the stem of the expected MCQ. In the first phase of the exercise, the students attempted the MCQ preparation individually without peer consultation. In the second phase, the students participated in small group discussion to formulate the best MCQs of the group. The effects on low, medium, and high achievers were evaluated by pre and post‐tests with the same set of MCQs. Both the individual endeavor in Phase 1 and small group discussion in Phase 2 for the formulation of MCQs significantly contributed to the gain from the exercise. The gains from the individual task and from small group discussion were equal among the different categories of students. Both phases of the exercise were equally beneficial for the low, medium, and high achievers. The high and medium achievers retained the gain from the exercise even after 1 week of the exercise whereas the low achievers could not retain the gain completely. Formulation of MCQs is an effective and useful unconventional revision exercise in Biochemistry for graduate medical students.
Organometallic Compounds: An Opportunity for Chemical Biology?
Authors: Patra Malay , Gasser Gilles
Published: May 2012

Organometallic compounds are renowned for their remarkable applications in the field of catalysis, but much less is known about their potential in chemical biology. Indeed, such compounds have long been considered to be either unstable under physiological conditions or cytotoxic. As a consequence, little attention has been paid to their possible utilisation for biological purposes. Because of their outstanding physicochemical properties, which include chemical stability, structural diversity and unique photo‐ and electrochemical properties, however, organometallic compounds have the ability to play a leading role in the field of chemical biology. Indeed, remarkable examples of the use of such compounds—notably as enzyme inhibitors and as luminescent agents—have recently been reported. Here we summarise recent advances in the use of organometallic compounds for chemical biology purposes, an area that we define as “organometallic chemical biology”. We also demonstrate that these recent discoveries are only a beginning and that many other organometallic complexes are likely to be found useful in this field of research in the near future.
Simultaneous Generation of Mesoxalic Acid and Electricity from Glycerol on a Gold Anode Catalyst in Anion‐Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Xin Le , Zhang Zhiyong , Wang Zhichao , Li Wenzhen
Published: May 2012

We report the selective electrocatalytic oxidation of glycerol for the cogeneration of mesoxalic acid and electricity on a gold anode catalyst in anion‐exchange membrane fuel cells (AEMFCs). Small Au nanoparticles (3.5 nm) were uniformly deposited onto carbon black with a loading of 40 wt % through a solution‐phase method. An AEMFC with this Au/C anode catalyst, together with an Fe‐based cathode catalyst, exhibited a peak power density of 57.9 mW cm−2 at 80 °C. Valuable mesoxalic acid was produced with high selectivity (46 %) from the electro‐oxidation of glycerol on Au/C at an operating voltage of 0.3 V, whilst very small amounts of mesoxalic acid (selectivity<3 %) were obtained on a Pt/C anode catalyst in AEMFCs. The product distribution was dependent on the anode overpotential. At 1.2 V versus the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE) in an electrolysis cell, glycolic acid was the major product (selectivity: 65 %) and no mesoxalic acid was observed. Based on the product analysis, we found that Au facilitated deeper‐oxidation of glycerol to afford the fully‐oxidized C3 mesoxalic acid, rather than CC cleavage, under a mild potential range (0.4–0.7 V vs. SHE) that was fortunately within the working voltage range of the fuel cells.
Tailor‐Made Metal–Organic Frameworks from Functionalized Molecular Building Blocks and Length‐Adjustable Organic Linkers by Stepwise Synthesis
Authors: Lan Ya‐Qian , Li Shun‐Li , Jiang Hai‐Long , Xu Qiang
Published: May 2012

In this work, we have demonstrated a family of diamondoid metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) based on functionalized molecular building blocks and length‐adjustable organic linkers by using a stepwise synthesis strategy. We have successfully achieved not only “design” and “control” to synthesize MOFs, but also the functionalization of both secondary building units (SBUs) and organic linkers in the same MOF for the first time. Furthermore, the results of N2 and H2 adsorption show that their surface areas and hydrogen uptake capacities are determined by the most optimal combination of functional groups from SBUs and organic linkers, interpenetration, and free volume in this system. A member of this series, DMOF‐6 exhibits the highest surface area and H2 adsorption capacity among this family of MOFs.
Differences in Early Maladaptive Schemas between a Sample of Young Adult Female Substance Abusers and a Non‐clinical Comparison Group
Authors: Shorey Ryan C. , Stuart Gregory L. , Anderson Scott
Published: May 2012

Early maladaptive schemas, defined as cognitive and behavioural patterns of viewing oneself and the world that cause considerable distress, are increasingly being recognized as an important underlying correlate of mental health problems. Recent research has begun to examine early maladaptive schemas among individuals seeking treatment for substance abuse. Unfortunately, there is limited research on whether substance abusers score higher on early maladaptive schemas than non‐clinical controls. Thus, the current study examined whether a sample of young adult female substance abuse treatment seekers (n = 180) scored higher than a non‐clinical group of female college students (n = 284) on early maladaptive schemas. Results demonstrated that the substance abuse group scored higher than the non‐clinical group on 16 of the 18 early maladaptive schemas. In addition, a number of differences in early maladaptive schemas were large in effect size. Implications of these findings for future research and substance abuse treatment programmes are discussed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Key Practitioner Message

Young adult female substance users have a number of early maladaptive schemas that may be contributing to the onset and maintenance of substance use.

Findings from the current study suggest that early maladaptive schemas are more prevalent among young adult female substance abusers than a non‐clinical control group, even after controlling for demographic differences between groups.

The treatment of substance abuse among young adults should consider targeting early maladaptive schemas.
Molecular testing in malignant melanoma
Authors: Grossmann Allie H. , Grossmann Kenneth F. , Wallander Michelle L.
Published: May 2012

Molecular testing of cancers to determine therapeutic eligibility is now standard of care and has changed the practice of pathology. Recent advances in the treatment of metastatic melanoma with BRAF and KIT inhibitors have increased the demand for molecular testing in melanoma. Furthermore, rapid progress is being made in determining potential new targets, mechanisms of resistance, and developing additional rationally designed therapies. The likely consequence will be a significant expansion of molecular testing for melanoma to include an array of multiple signaling intermediates. Currently, routine testing is mostly limited to BRAF and KIT. Mutations in these genes generally occur in a distinct group of melanoma subsets though, and with the numerous techniques available for mutation analysis, decisions about testing can be complex. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of clinically relevant mutations which currently guide systemic therapy in Stage IV melanoma, how these molecular events vary with melanoma subtype and primary site of origin, and practical recommendations for testing. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:503–510. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Telecytology and its evolving role in cytopathology
Authors: Khurana Kamal K.
Published: May 2012

The advancement of telecommunication technology in the area of digital transfer of images form distant site has resulted in exploration of this technology in the area of cytopathology. Telecytology facilitates the electronic transmission of microscopic images using static, dynamic, and whole slide imaging systems. Recent articles have generated an interest in the use of this technology for immediate assessment of fine‐needle aspirations. Telecytology has potential for use in second opinion, quality assurance, slide archiving, proficiency testing, and distance‐based education. This review discusses the current and potential applications of telecytology in cytopathology practice and its limitation and advantages. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:498–502. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Beyond cytomorphology: Expanding the diagnostic potential for biliary cytology
Authors: Chadwick Barbara E.
Published: May 2012

Malignancy of the extrahepatic biliary tract is a difficult and crucial diagnosis, both clinically and pathologically. Cytologic evaluation of brushings obtained endoscopically from the biliary tree is currently the standard of care in most institutions. However, bile duct brushing cytology has been plagued by low sensitivity and interpretative difficulties in differentiating reactive from malignant cytology. This review outlines both the difficulties presented by cytomorphology and the potential of new diagnostic techniques that promise to increase sensitivity without sacrificing the high specificity of cytomorphology. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:536–541 © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Respiratory cytology in the era of molecular diagnostics: A review
Authors: Witt Benjamin L. , Wallander Michelle L. , Layfield Lester J. , Hirschowitz Sharon
Published: May 2012

Carcinoma of the lungs remains one of the primary causes of cancer mortality in the United States and represents a significant diagnostic challenge. Current diagnostic protocols depend substantially on cytology as an initial diagnostic modality. Pulmonary cytology can be diagnostically challenging with false positive and false negative diagnoses being relatively frequent. False positive diagnoses remain a significant problem for the cytologist with benign conditions including reactive atypia of type II pneumocytes, reactive bronchial respiratory epithelium, basal cell hyperplasia, and reactive metaplastic squamous cells being potentially misinterpreted as carcinoma. False negative diagnoses also occur usually attributable to sampling. Traditionally, cytopathologists were expected to recognize carcinoma when present and subdivide it into small cell or nonsmall cell varieties. With the advent of targeted therapy, expectations now include separation of adenocarcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma. Additionally, molecular testing for EGFR mutations and ALK rearrangements is now required as an accompaniment to morphologic diagnosis. This review summarizes the morphologic appearances of the common and diagnostically important carcinomas of the lung and discusses diagnostic pitfalls responsible for false positive and false negative diagnoses. Molecular testing for selection of targeted therapy is also reviewed. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2012;40:556–563. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Plant root distributions and nitrogen uptake predicted by a hypothesis of optimal root foraging
Authors: McMurtrie Ross E. , Iversen Colleen M. , Dewar Roderick C. , Medlyn Belinda E. , Näsholm Torgny , Pepper David A. , Norby Richard J.
Published: May 2012

CO2‐enrichment experiments consistently show that rooting depth increases when trees are grown at elevated CO2 (eCO2), leading in some experiments to increased capture of available soil nitrogen (N) from deeper soil. However, the link between N uptake and root distributions remains poorly represented in forest ecosystem and global land‐surface models. Here, this link is modeled and analyzed using a new optimization hypothesis (MaxNup) for root foraging in relation to the spatial variability of soil N, according to which a given total root mass is distributed vertically in order to maximize annual N uptake. MaxNup leads to analytical predictions for the optimal vertical profile of root biomass, maximum rooting depth, and N‐uptake fraction (i.e., the proportion of plant‐available soil N taken up annually by roots). We use these predictions to gain new insight into the behavior of the N‐uptake fraction in trees growing at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory free‐air CO2‐enrichment experiment. We also compare MaxNup with empirical equations previously fitted to root‐distribution data from all the world's plant biomes, and find that the empirical equations underestimate the capacity of root systems to take up N.
Fluorinated Solvents in Methyltrioxorhenium‐Catalyzed Olefin Epoxidations
Authors: Altmann Philipp , Cokoja Mirza , Kühn Fritz E.
Published: May 2012

Epoxidations with methyltrioxorhenium(VII) (MTO) as catalyst precursor and additives are examined in fluorinated solvents under various conditions. These fluorinated solvents have a strong influence on the 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and 17O NMR spectroscopic data of the catalyst precursor, apparently contributing significantly to the catalytic activity of such systems. Accordingly, the highest turnover frequencies (TOF) obtained with MTO‐containing systems have been determined, reaching up to 39000 h–1. Despite the high initial activity, such systems show a pronounced sensitivity to water leading also to faster catalyst decomposition. The high activity as well as the high sensitivity of the catalyst may be due to its solvent‐enhanced higher Lewis acidity, leading to quantitative epoxide yields only when quite stable epoxides are the end products and very high amounts of Lewis base additives are applied.
A Straightforward Electroactive π‐Extended Tetrathiafulvalene (exTTF) Building Block
Authors: Molina‐Ontoria Agustín , García Raúl , Gouloumis Andreas , Giacalone Francesco , Torres M. Rosario , Martín Nazario
Published: May 2012

The synthesis and X‐ray structure of a new and readily available exTTF derivative (6) bearing a methyltriphenylphosphonium bromide moiety as a new building block for the construction of electroactive molecules is reported. The phosphonium salt 6, which was prepared in one step from 2‐hydroxymethyl‐exTTF as a stable yellow solid in 84 % yield, efficiently undergoes Wittig olefination reactions with a variety of aldehydes to predominantly form the E isomer. Electronic spectra and cyclic voltammetry of the novel compounds reveal the electronic communication between the electroactive units.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Hydroamination and Carboamination Reactions of Anthranilic Allenamides as a Route to 2‐Vinyl‐ and 2‐(α‐Styryl)quinazolin‐4‐one Derivatives
Authors: Broggini Gianluigi , Borsini Elena , Fasana Andrea , Poli Giovanni , Liron Frédéric
Published: May 2012

2‐Vinyl‐ and 2‐(α‐styryl)quinazolin‐4‐ones have been synthesized by intramolecular gold‐catalyzed hydroamination and palladium‐catalyzed carboamination of anthranilic allenamides, easily prepared by prototropic isomerization of the corresponding propargylamides. These procedures, which lead to N‐Boc‐protected quinazolinones, represent a more flexible alternative to the reported palladium‐catalyzedamination of anthranilic allylamides, achievable only from N‐tosylallylamides.