bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A multicentre evaluation of the guidelines for the use of cyclosporin A in severe psoriasis
Authors: Witkamp L. , Meinardi M.M.H.M. , Bossuyt P.M.M. , Van de Kerkhof P.C.M. , Arnold W.P. , De Hoop D. , Rampen F.H.J. , Tazelaar D.J. , Kuiters G.R.R. , Hamminga B. , Boelen R.E. , Habets W.J.M. , de Zwan N. Verburgh‐Van , Bos J.D.
Published: July 2006

Background Controversy still exists as lo whether a dosage scheme for the treatment of severe psoriasis with cyclosporin A (CsA) should start with low dosages (3 mg/kg/day) or rather with high dosages (5 mg/kg/day).

Aims In this open prospective multi‐centre trial guidelines for the use of CsA in psoriasis beginning with low dosages were evaluated. A secondary aim of the study was to elucidate factors predicting efficacy of CsA treatment.

Methods Efficacy and tolerability of CsA were evaluated monthly during 16 weeks in 86 patients (56 males, 30 females, mean age 43,0 ± 14,9 years) suffering from chronic severe plaque‐type psoriasis, not responding to topical therapy (mean PASI 18.0 ± 8.1). All patients started with 3 mg/kg/day. Patients were defined as responders with a PASI reduction > 25% at month 1, ≥ 25% at month 1, ≥ 60% at month 3 and ≥ 70% at month 4. When a patient was a failure, the dose was increased by 1 mg/kg/day lo a maximum of 5 mg/kg/day.

Results A gradual mean PASI reduction of 38%. 59%, 72% to 76% was reached with a mean CsA dose of 3.0, 3.2, 3.5, and 3.6 mg/kg/day at weeks 4, 8, 12 and 16. respectively. At the end of the study period, 39 patients were still on 3, 24 patients were on 4 and 15 patients were on 5 mg/kg/day. Due to subjective side‐effects 6 patients dropped out on 3 mg/kg/day and 2 on 4 mg/kg/day. Diastolic and systolic blood pressure and creatinine levels were stable. Overall, CsA was relatively well tolerated. Absence of previous therapies, low baseline PASI and failure at week 4 were predictive for higher drop‐out and failure rate and lower PASI at the end of study.

Conclusions This study shows that a significant proportion of severe psoriasis patients can be treated with 3 mg/kg/day CsA with good tolerability and excellent clinical results. It is concluded that a treatment scheme with an optimal risk‐benefit ratio should start with low dosages of CsA (3 mg/kg/day).
Progressive erythrokeratodermia with deafness
Authors: Rødland Ole , Steinkjer Bjarte
Published: July 2006

Progressive erythrokeratodermia with deafness comprises a genodermatosis belonging to the congenital erythrokeratodermias associated with sensorineural hearing loss, teeth anomalies, neurological disturbances, psychomotor and physical development retardation. We present the history of and findings in a 26‐year‐old woman suffering from this rare condition.
Cicatricial pemphigoid and lichen sclerosus
Authors: Marren P. , Neild V. , Frith P. , Wojnarowska F.
Published: July 2006

Two patients with clinical and laboratory evidence of co‐existing lichen sclerosus and eicatricial pemphigoid are reported. Autoimmune bullous diseases affecting the vulva may mimic lichen sclerosus but in these two patients both diseases were present. These two diseases have not previously been reported simultaneously to date.
Investigation of notalgia paraesthetica using laser Doppler velocimetry and immunohistochemistry before and after treatment with topical capsaicin
Authors: Halpern S.M. , Ahluwalia A. , Makunura C.N. , Jordan S.
Published: July 2006

Background Notalgia paraesthetica is an uncommon sensory neuropathy of unknown aetiology that appears to be mediated by peptidergic nerves.

Objective To investigate both functional and anatomical aspects of notalgia paraesthetica using laser Doppler velocimetry and immunohistochemistry and to assess the effect of treatment on these parameters.

Methods Basal blood flow and response to local heating were recorded in 7 patients with notalgia paraesthetica from within the affected area and the contralateral side as control. Biopsies were taken from both sites for immunohistochemistry with S100 protein. PGP9.5 and CD la. Measurements were repeated after treatment with topical capsaicin.

Results All patients benefited from capsaicin treatment suggesting that the symptoms of notalgia paraesthetica are mediated by peptidergic sensory nerves. Basal blood How and response to local heating were generally reduced in the affected areas prior to treatment but this did not achieve statistical significance. These differences were less obvious following treatment. The density of CD1a immunoreactive epidermal Langerhans cells and small nerve fibres in the upper dermis both appeared to be slightly increased in the majority of patients within the affected area. No significant change was noted in 3 patients who were rebiopsied after treatment.

Conclusions We conclude that in notalgia paraesthetica there is a localised functional abnormality of peptidergic sensory nerves. The relevance of the subtle histological findings is unclear.
Evaluation of a solution chemiluminescent hybridization assay for identification of human papillomavirus from paraffin‐embedded tissues
Authors: Didier J.M. , Mougin C. , Bettinger D. , Vallet A. , Bernard C. , Kantelip J.P. , Lab M.
Published: July 2006

Aims To evaluate the use of the Digene Hybrid CaptureTM system, a chemiluminescent hybridization assay for the analysis of low and intermediate/high risk human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA, on paraffin‐embedded tissues and to investigate possible reasons for reaction failure.

Methods Fifty cervical biopsies were tested by an in situ hybridization (ISH) method using probes for HPV 6/11. 16/18, 31/33/51 and by the Digene Hybrid CaptureTM system.

Results The ISH was able to detect HPV in 23 out of the 50 biopsies. Eight samples were positive with the HPV 6/11 probe, 4 with the 16/18 probe. 6 with the 31/33/51 probe and 5 had mixed infections. With the Hybrid CaptureTM system, having taken the mixed infections into account. 40 samples gave concordant results, while total and partial discordances were observed in 6 and 4 samples respectively. The relative sensitivity of the new assay was 91.6% and specificity 84.2% for low risk HPVs; and 80% and 94.3% respectively for intermediate/high risk HPVs. Agreement rates on HPV positivity for either low risk or intermediate/high risk types were 86% and 94% respectively in comparison with ISH results.

Conclusion The Hybrid CaptureTM system is simple, reliable in use and suitable for routine discrimination of HPVs in tissue sections from paraffin‐embedded blocks. It might thus be of clinical value in the diagnosis and prognosis of HPV infection.
Morphea‐like cutaneous mucinosis
Authors: Noto Giuseppe , Pravatà Gabriella , Aricò Mario
Published: July 2006

A whitish, indurated, oval plaque, lasting for 1.5 year, was observed in the right paraumbilical skin of a middle‐aged man in otherwise good health. No erythema was present or referred. Histological examination revealed massive deposits of a globular, slightly basophilic, amorphous substance in the dermis, accompanied by a slight perivascular mononuclear cell infiltrate and scattered mast cells. Special staining with Alcian blue at pH 2.5 confirmed the intense deposition of mucin involving the entire dermis. sparing epidermis, adnexa and perivascular areas. No abnormal laboratory results indicating lupus erythematosus or thyroid dysfunction were present. Morphea was excluded on clinical and histological grounds. A plaque‐like form of cutaneous mucinosis was diagnosed. Plaque‐like mucinosis and reticular erythematous mucinosis (REM) syndrome are currently considered to be the same disease, although some authors noted a different response lo treatment. Clinical presentation of our case was unusual: no erythema preceded or accompanied the plaque growth, which had a whitish, indurated, morphea‐like appearance from the beginning but with preservation of hair follicles, quite different from archetypical REM syndrome based on clinical grounds.
Cutis marmorata teleangiectatica congenita with segmental distribution
Authors: Boehncke Wolf‐Henning , Zollner Thomas Matthias , Kaufmann Roland
Published: July 2006

Cutis marmorata teleangiectatica congenita (CMTC) is a very rare vascular malformation closely related to port wine stains. It is present at birth, asymmetrical distribution and limb involvement are common. We report here on a 6–month‐old female patient exhibiting the typical clinical appearance of CMTC in a segmental pattern. To date 10 such cases have been reported. CMTC must be distinguished from other vascular malformations with asymmetrical distribution and – in case of a segmental pattern – particularly from unilateral dermatomal superficial teleangiectasia. Because of the tendency of such naevi to spontaneous improvement and localization of vascular dilatations in the dermis and subcutis no treatment was initiated at this point in lime.
Atopic dermatitis
Authors: Bos J.D. , Sillevis Smitt J.H.
Published: July 2006

General description Atopic dermatitis is a common disease with a genetic background known as atopic syndrome. New findings as to possible genes involved are in accordance with a suspected pathogenesis of immune dysregulation. A preferential outgrowth of IL‐4 secreting Th2 cells upon stimulation with relevant allergens results in B cell stimulation and the production of allergen‐specific IgE. Non‐specific and specific immunological and inflammatory processes form the pathological basis of the clinical condition eczema. Therapeutical options include general measures such as allergen avoidance, prescription of emollients, and the use of (sedating) antihistamines. Specific topical agents are tar preparations, corticosteroids and possibly topical non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs. Systemic therapy is sometimes required and corticosteroids and cyclosporin are available for that purpose. Photo(chemo)therapy is another modality and long‐wave UVA seems to be promising in that respect.

Learning objective The reader will have knowledge of new developments in the genetics and immunopathology of atopy and atopic dermatitis. Knowledge of the imniunodiagnosis and management of atopic dermatitis as well as its complications will be reviewed and updated with insights in new therapeutic modalities as well as in the changes of how the existing modalities should be used.
Vulvodynia: evolution of classification and management
Authors: Ridley C.M.
Published: July 2006

The aim of this article is to make the reader familiar with the history and current status of vulvodynia. The account is presented as a historical survey, from the seventies to the nineties. It explains how and why the term came to be defined, and how some sub‐groups – in particular dysaesthetic vulvodynia and vulval vestibulitis – have been identified and described. Their management is discussed. The importance of distinguishing these conditions from those which are variants of normal is stressed.

It is noted that these sub‐groups have much in common, so that a degree of convergence or overlap has come to be recognised. In parallel with this, ideas concerning aetiology and optimal management have been clarified and are explored.

Appreciation of the present state of affairs, and of how it has been arrived at, will help to improve management. It will also facilitate the collection of data, which in turn may lead to further research and understanding of vulvodynia.
Influence of calcitonin on eicosanoid serum levels in the treatment of patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Gruschwitz Matthias S. , Collenberg Claudia , Albrecht Hans‐Peter
Published: July 2006

Background Treatment of scleroderma (systemic sclerosis. SSc) patients (stages I‐III) with intravenous (i.v.) calcitonin for 10 days (100 IU/day, Karil®, Sandoz AG, Germany) 3 times/year leads to subjective and objective improvement of microcirculatory parameters determined by Laser‐Doppler fluxmetry and cutaneous pO2 (pcuO2) measurement.

Aim As previously suggested some rheologic effects of calcitonin might be mediated by vasoactive metabolites of the arachidonic acid metabolism. Alterations of eicosanoid plasma levels were determined in 15 SSc patients during i.v. calcitonin therapy.

Methods Peripheral blood was obtained on the 1st and 9th days of therapy during a 2 h intravenous calcitonin administration. Samples were taken after 45, 90, 135 and 160 min as well as 1, 5 and 19 days after therapy was stopped. Serum levels of 6‐keto‐prostaglandin F1α (6‐keto‐PGF), a stable end product of prostacyclin synthesis, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), leukotriene B4 (LTB4), and thromboxane B2 (TXB2) were determined by enzyme‐ or radio‐linked assays.

Results In contrast to healthy controls we measured elevated 6‐keto‐PGF, LTB4 and PGE2 serum levels in SSc patients before i.v. treatment, whereas TXB2 levels showed no significant differences. Calcitonin administration led to an increase of plasma 6‐keto‐PGF after 45 min falling back to the starting level during further treatment as well as to a longer‐lasting increase of PGE2 on both the 1st and 9th days of therapy. Calcitonin treatment decreased LTB4, but did not influence TXB2 levels significantly during intravenous administration.

Conclusion

Our data suggest a compensatory mechanism of the damaged vascular system with respect to the PGI2 (prostacyclin) and PGE2 formation in SSc patients measured by a constant elevation of these vasodilatory metabolites. LTB 4 may be involved in the microvascular damage in SSc. Calcitonin administration leads to a short‐lasting elevation of 6‐keto‐PGF1α and an increase of PGE2 combined with a reduction of LTB4 resulting in longer‐lasting beneficial effects on microcirculatory functions in diseased skin. Since non‐steroidal anti‐in‐flammatory agents had no influence on long‐term vasoactive effects, improvement of microcirculatory properties by calcitonin may be additionally mediated by smooth muscle relaxation of arterioles.
Axillary apocrine adenocareinoma associated with pancreatic adenocarcinoma
Authors: Sevila Amparo , Botella Rafael , Silvestre Juan Francisco , Bañuls José , Massuti Bertomeu , Aranda Ignacio , Alfonso Remedios
Published: July 2006

Apocrine adenocarcinoma of the skin is a rare malignant tumor which usually presents as a single nodule in the axilla. A new case originating in the right axilla with bilateral axillary lymph node metastases is described. Six years later the patient developed a pancreatic adenocarcinoma. As far as we know this is the first lime that this association has been described.
Alopecia areata: unusual family history and successful therapy with DCP
Authors: Thewes Matthias , Engst Reinhard , Bressler Christina , Worret Wolf‐Ingo , Ring Johannes
Published: July 2006

We describe the case of a 25‐year‐old Caucasian female with alopecia areata (Aa) and a poor prognosis for hair regrowth with a 14‐year history of Aa, 1‐year duration of hairless areas of the scalp, multiple positive family history, history of atopy and a Hashimoto‐thyreoiditis. After 2 months of topical immunotherapy with diphenylcyclopropenone (DCP) hair regrowth appeared and after 6 months the regrowth was regarded as successful.
Pyoderma gangrenosum associated with ulcerative colitis and subcutaneous and splenic abscesses
Authors: Yamagata Masakazu , Kumano Kimiko , Ueda Masato
Published: July 2006

Pyoderma gangrenosum is a rare, chronic, inflammatory ulcerative skin disease of unknown etiology and pathogenesis. It is often associated with systemic disease. We describe a patient with pyoderma gangrenosum associated with ulcerative colitis and aseptic abscesses of the subcutis and spleen, which have been rarely reported previously. These manifestations were cleared by combined therapy with minocycline hydrochloride and diaphenylsulfone.
The Role of Models in Women's Professional Development
Authors: Douvan Elizabeth
Published: July 2006

If modeling represents a significant process in socializing candidates to professions, the question arises as to how young women have negotiated the acquisition of professional identities in fields where there are no (or virtually no) established women to serve as models. This article explores aspects of the situation of women in male-dominated fields; the techniques of adaptation they use and the effects on the intellectual styles and personal integrations women develop in these circumstances.
Where Are We Now? Some Thoughts on the Current Scene
Authors: Bernard Jessie
Published: July 2006

Although not as yet fully implemented, laws, executive orders, administrative rulings, and court decisions are now available for dealing with the more blatant forms of discrimination against women. But we do not as yet have protection against the subtler forms–the exclusionary “stag effect,” for example, and the putdown–which can have equally damaging effects. Research is called for to document just how the self-image of women is injured by these forms of behavior and how their professional careers are prejudiced by them. Collective coping mechanisms are called for. Recourse to the courts may be called for in some cases, but in others these subtle forms of bahvior that have discriminatory consequences for women are inadvertent and require primarily that we call attention to them.
Personality Characteristics of Women of Distinction
Authors: Bachtold Louise M.
Published: July 2006

Eight hundred and sixty-three women psychologists, scientists, artists and writers, and politicians were compared on the Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire through a multiple discriminant analysis. The four groups were set apart by personality characteristics adaptive to their professional role expectations. Politicians were more sociable, conscientious, self-controlled, and group-dependent; artists and writers were more affected by their feelings, spontaneous and natural, and inclined to follow their own urges; scientists were the more reserved, serious, and tough-minded; and psychologists were more flexible, liberal, and accepting. When contrasted with women in the general population, the four groups of career women were all found to be brighter, more assertive, more adventurous, and less conservative.
Women and Therapy: A Survey on Internship Programs
Authors: Kenworthy Joy Anne , Koufacos Corinne , Sherman Julia
Published: July 2006

Two hundred and ninety-nine internship programs and selected psychology graduate schools were surveyed by mail regarding their opinions and practices relevant to training in psychotherapy for women. The 94 usable replies included 55% of all APA approved programs. The results indicated that only a minority of training facilities deal in a systematic way with issues of sex bias and sex-role stereotyping in psychological practice. About 20% of the respondents expressed a need to improve their programs. Respondents' answers are detailed and the suggestion is made that egalitarian group supervisory meetings afford more opportunity than individual sessions to deal effectively with issues of sex bias and stereotyping.
Social Influences on Women's Pursuit of a Nontraditional Career
Authors: Trigg Linda J. , Perlman Daniel
Published: July 2006

Three hypotheses were derived from our basic premise that, among women, social factors are crucial in the choice of a high status, non traditional career: (1) Women applying to nontraditional careers should have lower affiliative needs than women applying to traditional careers. (2) As compared with women entering a traditional field, women entering a nontraditional field (a) will consider being married and having children less important, and (b) will be more likely to perceive nontraditional careers as compatible with the satisfaction of social and marital needs. (3a) As compared with women entering traditional fields, women entering nontraditional fields will be more likely to perceive the attitudes of significant others as favorable toward nontraditional careers. (3b) As compared with women entering a traditional field, women entering nontraditional careers will be more likely to have a boyfriend who is supportive and tolerant of a nontraditional career. Data were collected via mailed questionnaires from 153 traditional (nursing and medical rehabilitation) applicants and 78 nontraditional (medical and dental) applicants. The results supported all three hypotheses.
Attitudes of Southern Women: Selected Group Comparisons
Authors: Blanchard Christina G. , Becker Judith V. , Bristow Ann R.
Published: July 2006

Questionnaire data from 100 white women in a Southern city were examined to learn whether women belonging to groups that focus on social change or business and professional concerns were less traditional in their attitudes and behavior patterns than women who affiliate with groups that share common religious beliefs or similar socioeconomic status and whose stated purpose has a social orientation. Women belonging to the first category of groups were more likely than the other women to combine employment with marriage and children, to have help from husbands with household duties, and to support the Equal Rights Amendment.
Women's Liberation Among Two Samples of Young Women
Authors: Travis Cheryl Brown
Published: July 2006

Interviews conducted in 1970 and 1971 with women who were university students and women registered with the state department of employment indicated that compared to married women, single women who did not have direct experience in the traditional female role held opinions which tended to idealize that role orientation. In particular, inexperienced women as opposed to more knowledgeable women tended to see marriage and children as the most important life experience for a woman, to have lower career commitment ( p < .05), to plan to alter their career plans significantly to accommodate children ( p < .05), and to idealize the sexual relationship in a marriage ( p < .003). Neither group of women revealed belief patterns strongly supportive of the women's liberation movement.
Gender, Female Traditionality, Achievement Level, and Cognitions of Success and Failure
Authors: Wiegers Rebecca M. , Frieze Irene Hanson
Published: July 2006

Differences in ratings of initial expectancy of success, perceived scholastic ability, and causal attributions were assessed for male and female high school students for a simulated academic test. Subjects were also differentiated on their achievement level (i.e., under- and overachievement) and the traditionality of their career aspirations. As predicted, higher expectancies were found for high performance achievers and nontraditional females. Males generally made more attributions to lack of effort for failure, as did low performance achievers. Females and high performance achievers attributed success more to effort. Hypotheses concerning differential usage of luck and ability attributions were not supported. Although there was an overall trend for females to be more external, traditionality also mediated causal attributions for females.
The Impact of an Intensive Consciousness-Raising Curriculum on Adolescent Women
Authors: Abernathy Roger W. , Abramowitz Stephen I. , Roback Howard B. , Weitz Lawrence J. , Abramowitz Christine V. , Tittler Bennett
Published: July 2006

The impact of a consciousness-raising module offered in 50-minute class periods over 20 consecutive school days to junior and senior high school women was evaluated. Experimental and control groups were constituted randomly from a pool of volunteers. Subjects completed the attitudes toward women scale, the personal orientation inventory, and the Tennessee self-concept scale before and after the consciousness-raising experience. Results indicated that women who participated became more liberal in their beliefs about women's rights and roles and also showed increases along several dimensions of self-actualization. However, such gains did not radiate to self-concept.
Black Women's Achievement Orientation: Motivational and Cognitive Factors
Authors: Murray Saundra Rice , Mednick Martha Tamara Shuch
Published: July 2006

The literature on motivational and cognitive factors related to the achievement orientation of black women is reviewed. Achievement motivation and fear of success are discussed, and the inconclusiveness of the findings for black women is noted. The limited data concerning black women's expectations for and causal attributions about achievement outcomes are also examined. Directions for future research are discussed with emphasis on the necessity of considering sex role concerns as mediators of black women's achievement behavior.
Portia's Decision: Women's Motives for Studying Law and their Later Career Satisfaction as Attorneys
Authors: LaRussa Georgina Williams
Published: July 2006

The relationship between women's motives for studying law and their later satisfaction in legal work was examined longitudinally. Highly satisfied women attorneys were, as students, realistic in expecting practical benefits from a legal career; they were confident that fulfillment could be found through work in law; and they found theoretical aspects of legal study appealing. Relatively dissatisfied women attorneys, as students, tended to seek attention and stimulation through a legal career and to indicate that they would measure their career success in terms of concrete results. Additional personality correlates of career satisfaction/dissatisfaction are discussed.
Women's Career Plans and Maternal Employment
Authors: Altman Sydney L. , Grossman Frances Kaplan
Published: July 2006

Maternal employment, perceived maternal satisfaction and goodness of mothering, and sex role conceptions were studied as they relate to future life plans of college senior women. Twenty-five women in a working mother group and 26 in a nonworking mother group were administered the Strong Vocational Interest Blank for Women, the Sex-Role Stereotype Questionnaire, the Inventory of Feminine Values, the Maternal Satisfaction and Maternal Goodness scales, and the Life Plan Questionnaire. Daughters of working mothers scored higher on career orientation ( p < .01, Life Plan Questionnaire) than did daughters of nonworking mothers. High perceived maternal satisfaction and maternal goodness correlated with low career orientation for the nonworking sample (the averaged r across variable pairs = .48). For the working sample, perceived maternal dissatisfaction with feminine role values correlated significantly with higher career orientation ( r = .42), while the other satisfaction measure showed no relation to career orientation. Daughters of working mothers displayed broader sex role conceptualizations ( p < .01).
Fascinating Womanhood as a Regression in the Emotional Maturation of Women
Authors: Rogers Martha L.
Published: July 2006

“Fascinating womanhood” (Andelin, 1974) is explored as a response to anxiety generated by awareness of the potential for experiencing the self as a separate, responsible person. Such a response represents regression and offers only temporary reprieval from personal and/or marital distress. Clinical experiences are related to this concept; observations suggest that the solution formalized by Andelin is unsatisfactory.

A therapeutic approach that can be utilized in encouraging optimal individuation is discussed, with group, marital, and individual therapy examples. A sequence of predictable responses to therapeutic confrontation has been identified, along with indicators for evaluating progress or retreat from the process. Precautions in the use of this approach are also discussed.
Israel: What's a Radical Feminist Doing in a Place Like This?
Authors: Freedman Marcia
Published: July 2006

These are Marcia Freedman's personal observations of the fate of feminism in Israel. Her observations reveal that the current emphasis on “machismo” could spell the decline of feminist gains, and she concludes by showing the country's need for a strengthened feminism and a realistic cooperation between men and women. Freedman was a member of the Knesset in Jerusalem at the time she made these observations.
Continuous Dual-Career Families: A Case Study
Authors: John-Parsons Donald St.
Published: July 2006

Intensive studies of the careers, family backgrounds, marital relationships, and domestic patterns of 10 continuous dual-career families (i.e., those where the wives interrupted their professional careers only minimally to have children) were made through an in-depth guided-interview approach. It was found that there was little integration of work situations, that the parents experienced severe overload problems, that kinship ties loosened and social life decreased. The wives, usually only children, came from a higher social and economically wealthier class than their husbands; they reverted to traditional sociocultural perceptions of their roles at home but, despite multiple role-cycling dilemmas, found that the intellectual and psychological benefits of their lifestyles far outweighed any disadvantages. Financial gain was not of motivational significance, and the dual-career pattern was not always financially rewarding. The families' child-rearing philosophies were similar, and there was no evidence to suggest that the children experienced any disadvantages caused by their parents' career pattern. All families were noticeably healthy and physically active.
The Employment Pattern of Professional Couples and Their Distribution of Involvement in the Family
Authors: Weingarten Kathy
Published: July 2006

Thirty-two two-profession couples in three different age groups with children were interviewed together to determine if there was a relationship between their employment pattern and their distribution of family involvement in the home. The couples followed one of two employment patterns: a similar employment history (SEH) in which both people had worked full-time and continuously and a dissimilar employment history (DEH) in which the husband had worked full-time and continuously but the wife had worked part-time. Their involvement in the home was measured by an 80-item interview that covered two modes of interaction in four task areas. Significant differences were found in the ways SEH and DEH couples allocated tasks. Of particular interest was the breakdown of an equitable distribution of tasks in the area of childcare for SEH couples. It was suggested that couples “negotiate” a division of labor that allows women to compensate for the time they spend away from the children and men to choose the family work that is less threatening to their masculine selves.
A Study of Husbands and Wives from Dual-Career and Traditional-Career Families
Authors: Huser Willa R. , Grant Claude W.
Published: July 2006

Husbands and wives of dual-career families were compared with husbands and wives of traditional-career families on the variables of inner-directedness, self-actualizing values, existentiality, self-regard, and self-acceptance. Also, comparisons between the two sets of couples were made on shared and unshared interests. Our findings indicate that the husbands and wives in our sample of dual-career families do not differ in major ways from our sample of husbands and wives of traditional-career families; however, in every instance of difference, the direction of difference supports the view that husbands and wives of dual-career families are more inner-directed and flexible in applying personal values than husbands and wives of traditional-career families.
Distribution of Spatial Visualization and Mathematical Problem Solving Scores: A Test of Stafford's X-linked Hypotheses
Authors: Sherman Julia A. , Fennema Elizabeth
Published: July 2006

This study investigated distribution of spatial visualization scores (Space Relations test of the Differential Aptitude Test) and mathematical problem solving scores (Mental Arithmetic Problems) obtained by 161 male and 152 female, 9th grade, white students for fit to the distributions predicted by the X-linked hypotheses of recessive inheritance of these skills. Data did not support the X-linked hypotheses. No significant sex-related differences were found between mean scores of tests of spatial visualization or mathematical problem solving.
The Ability/Performance Dimension of Self-esteem: Implications for Women's Achievement Behavior
Authors: Stake Jayne E.
Published: July 2006

A 33-item measure, the Performance-Self-Esteem Scale (PSES), was developed to tap self-evaluations of ability and performance. Evidence from four samples of undergraduates (a total of 224 women and 236 men) indicate that the PSES measures a separate, distinct dimension of self-esteem. As predicted, undergraduate males scored higher on the scale than undergraduate women ( p < .003), although this difference was significant for juniors and seniors only. Implications for research related to women's achievement-related behaviors and the college experience are considered.
Career Goals of College Women and Men and Perceived Achievement-Related Encouragement
Authors: Stake Jayne E. , Levitz Ellen
Published: July 2006

Encouragements and discouragements for achievement-related behavior were reported in an interview setting by three groups of college seniors: Career women ( n = 20), career men ( n = 20), and traditional women ( n = 19). Career women reported significantly more encouragement from teachers, family members (except parents), and significant others of the opposite sex than did either career men or traditional women. Career women also reported more encouragement from-counselors and friends, while career men reported more encouragement from parents; however, these differences were not significant. Career women reported a significantly higher grade point average than either of the other groups. Implications of the results for the achievement behavior of women and men are considered.
Personality and Background Characteristics of Women in Male-Dominated Occupations: A Review
Authors: Lemkau Jeanne Parr
Published: July 2006

Literature on women in occupations where men predominate is reviewed from 1930 through 1976, including publications referenced in Psychological and Sociological Abstracts and limited additional materials. The literature is summarized and discussed with reference to the women's personality and background characteristics Personality data show such women to be high on “competency” traits related to the masculine stereotype and ideal. While slightly more oriented toward ideas than people in comparison with other women, the nontraditional woman does not differ from them on “warmth and expressiveness” traits of the feminine stereotype and ideal. These women are emotionally healthy and have good coping skills, although they may experience situational stress. They tend to share background characteristics which foster achievement, i.e., high parental education, frequent foreign ancestry and firstborn status, and high family stability. Other factors relate not only to achievement but to comfort with accomplishment in traditionally male fields, i.e., parental encouragement of androgynous exploration, high maternal employment, and strong paternal support for both mother and daughter. The data are discussed as supporting Almquist and Angrist's “enrichment hypothesis” whereby the nontraditional woman is seen as the product of unusual but positive factors. Suggestions for further research call for a clearer separation of the determinants of career choice and academic achievement, comparisons of occupationally nontraditional members of both sexes, and further investigation of the correlates of competence and atypical career choice in women.
Female-Male versus Male-Female: Does the Order Affect Stereotyped Trait Attributions?
Authors: Intons-Peterson Margaret Jean
Published: July 2006

The traditional male-female ordering found in American society may reinforce stereotypic attributions of traits to the two sexes. This hypothesis was tested by having female and male college students rate female and male stimulus persons on 12 traits after reading story paragraphs that varied the sex, the ages of the stimulus persons, and the order of presenting the stimulus persons. When the male was tested before the female stimulus person (traditional order), each sex received more favorable ratings on traits usually considered socially desirable for the sex. When the female was tested before the male (counter traditional order), female stimulus persons continued to receive more favorable ratings on traits usually associated with females than the male stimulus persons, but they also received more favorable ratings on traits usually associated with males. Trait attributions also differed for the four age groups tested.
Menstrual Distress and Sex-Role Attributes
Authors: Good Paul R. , Smith Barry D.
Published: July 2006

The relationship between severity of menstrual distress, measured by the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire, and sex-role attributes, measured by the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, was examined for a group of 103 undergraduate women. Data were compared for women using and not using oral contraceptives and for women from different religious groups. Because trait anxiety, as measured by a 28-item short form adapted from the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale, was significantly correlated with menstrual distress, first-order correlations between distress and sex-role attributes partialled out anxiety scores. Although none of the sex-role attributes was significantly related to distress for the entire group or for the group of women using the pill, a significant positive relationship between masculinity and menstrual distress was noted for the group of women not using the pill. The pattern of results suggested that although sex role attributes and anxiety are related to reports of menstrual distress for Catholic women, only anxiety is associated with distress for Jewish women, and neither sex-role attributes nor anxiety is correlated with distress for Protestant women.
Role-Model Influence: Effects of Sex and Sex-Role Attitude in College Students
Authors: Basow Susan A. , Howe Karen Glasser
Published: July 2006

College students, evenly divided by sex, rated the degree of influence of six or eight people on choice of a college and a career. Sex-role attitude was also assessed. In the first of two experiments, the sexes showed different patterns of influence as did the sex-role attitude groupings. Experiment 2, using only college seniors and matching the sexes on the attitude scale, again found that females were more influenced by female models in their choice of career than were males. However, no effect of sex-role attitude appeared. In neither experiment was there a main effect of sex on the choices. Results were discussed in terms of the particular importance of female models for female students.
Perceived Job Characteristics and Job Satisfaction among Men and Women
Authors: Voydanoff Patricia
Published: July 2006

This study analyzes relationships between intrinsic and extrinsic job characteristics and overall job satisfaction among men and women. Zero-order correlation and multiple regression analyses ascertain the relationships between eight perceived job characteristics and job satisfaction among a national probability sample of 1,533 workers. The results reveal similar patterns of relationships between perceived job characteristics and job satisfaction for men and women indicating that they require similar job characteristics to be satisfied with their jobs.
Influence Attempts When Competing Views Are Gender-Related: Sex as Credibility
Authors: Feldman-Summers Shirley , Montano Daniel E. , Kasprzyk Danuta , Wagner Beverly
Published: July 2006

A study was conducted to examine the effect of sex of subject, sex of majority and minority influence source, and male or female relatedness of the issue on conformity, Male and female subjects indicated their agreement (or disagreement) with male and female related statements following an influence attempt by either four male or four female confederates. The sex of the majority opinion was juxtaposed with a minority opinion held by an opposite-sexed confederate. Two major findings were obtained. First, for male related issues, subjects conformed more when the majority influence source was male than when female. Likewise, on female-related issues, subjects conformed more when the majority influence source was female than when male. Second, male subjects conformed more than female subjects on the female related issues whereas on male related issues they tended to conform less. The theoretical and practical significance of these findings is discussed.
Self-Concept of Single Women
Authors: Gigy Lynn L.
Published: July 2006

Written questionnaires including a 70–item adjective checklist, a value sort, the “Who Am I?” Twenty Statements Test, measures of morale, and questions about attitudes toward marriage and demographic characteristics were administered to samples of 66 childless, never-married women and 37 currently married women, 29 of whom had children. The purpose was to explore the differences and similarities in the self-concepts of single and married women. There was little difference in morale between the groups. Single women had more psychiatric symptoms characteristic of the obsessive-compulsive personality type. Although the single women valued personal growth and achievement, the married women valued personal relationships. Single women were higher on assertion and poise clusters of adjectives. On the “Who Am I ?” test, the married women were more likely to identify with ascribed characteristics, kinship roles, and household activities, whereas the single women identified as self-determined.
Female and Male Returnees: Glimpses of Two Distinct Populations
Authors: De Groot Susan Crum
Published: July 2006

This study investigated the effects of college participation on the behavior and interpersonal relationships of female and male adult students. The data indicate that female and male returnees are subject to differential modification by the college experience.
Sex Role Stereotypes and the American Physician
Authors: Fidell Linda S.
Published: July 2006

The potential influence of sex-role stereotypes on women medical patients is examined in this paper. It is argued that medical practice is, in part, a social enterprise, influenced by sex-role stereotypic notions held by both patients and physicians, and particularly by the interaction of women patients' behavior with physicians' expectations. Indirect evidence suggests that physicians tend to attribute symptoms presented by women to psychogenic rather than organic causes, but that women nonetheless receive more medical treatment than men in the form of unnecessary surgery and psychotropic drugs. The latter is viewed as part of a historical trend that the feminist self-help movement is attempting to counteract.
Mental Illness and Psychiatric Treatment Among Women
Authors: Gove Walter R.
Published: July 2006

When mental illness is precisely defined as a functional disorder involving acute distress or disorganization (or both), women are consistently found to have higher rates of mental illness than men. This sex difference appears to be real and not an artifact of response bias, patient behavior, or clinician bias. The higher rates of mental illness among women can be linked to aspects of their societal role and particularly to aspects of the marital role. Therapists who treat women whose mental illness is in part a response to the characteristics of conventional sex roles have no treatment alternatives that are not in some way problematic. The treatment alternative chosen has, in the broadest sense, political implications for the society at large.
Emotion During Pregnancy and Delivery as a Function of Repression-Sensitization and Number of Childbirths
Authors: Rofé Yacov , Lewin Isaac , Padeh Benjamin
Published: July 2006

Two hundred pregnant women were asked, before and after child delivery, to fill out a questionnaire about their feelings during pregnancy and childbirth. A day after delivery, they filled out the revised repression-sensitization (R-S) scale (Byrne, Barry, and Nelson, 1963). Results of the study showed four factors in the women's feelings during pregnancy and child delivery: (1) feelings of pain and anxiety during pregnancy, as well as evaluation of the pain they had suffered during delivery; (2) anxiety in the labor room; (3) fear of giving birth to a defective child: and (4) pain in the labor room. Repressors scored lower on the first three-factors than sensitizers; no significant differences were found between them in the fourth factor. Repressors also indicated that the birth pangs would influence them to postpone their next pregnancy to a lesser extent than did sensitizers. However, both indicated the same actual length of waiting time till their next pregnancy. A possible difference in time perspective between the two groups was suggested to explain this apparent inconsistency. Results also showed that primiparae scored lower on the first factor and higher on the fourth factor than did multiparae.
Evaluating Competence: Effects of Sex, Marital Status, and Parental Status
Authors: Etaugh Claire , Kasley Helen Czachorski
Published: July 2006

Three hundred sixty eight female and male college students read a corn-pitted job application and an article written by the applicant. Both the job and the article were in non-sex-typed fields. The applicant was described as either female or male, single or married, and having one or no children. Subjects answered eight evaluative questions concerning the competence of the applicant and the merits of the article. Females were devalued by both male and female subjects, but particularly by males. Applicants of both sexes who were married and childless were evaluated more favorably than applicants who were single and had a child.
Blabbermouths and Clams: Sex Differences in Self-Disclosure in Same-Sex and Cross-Sex Friendship Dyads
Authors: Hacker Helen Mayer
Published: July 2006

Self-disclosure involves the two related dimensions of intimacy and power. It may be rewarding or costly to both confider and confidant. Although previous research has indicated that women are more self-disclosing than men, in the study reported here sex differences in self-disclosure are negligible in same-sex friendships. In cross-sex friendships, however, more men are confiding than women. Further, in female-male dyads men tend to hide their weaknesses and women to conceal their strengths. In such friendships, also, both men and women of working class origin are more prone to self-revelation than middle class respondents. Surprisingly, the correlation between feelings of closeness and self-disclosure is far from perfect in friendly (as opposed to stranger-like) relationships. Research on personal assessments of risks versus rewards in self-disclosure is needed.
Sex Roles and Intimacy in Same Sex and Other Sex Relationships
Authors: Fischer Judith L. , Narus Leonard R.
Published: July 2006

In a survey of sex roles and intimacy in ongoing, close relationships it was hypothesized that the androgynous would have higher intimacy scores. The androgynous and sex-typed persons did not differ from each other but both were higher on intimacy than the undifferentiated. The only sex role independently related to intimacy was femininity. Based on the patterns of intimacy scores found for different types of relationships, sex-role stereotyping was implicated in the intimacy levels of women and men. The significant role of men's self-esteem in male-female relationships requires further investigation as do the contextual manipulations through which intimates may reduce the negative impact of sex-role stereotyping.
High School Mathematics Preparation and Sex Differences in Quantitative Abilities
Authors: de Wolf Virginia A.
Published: July 2006

A sample of 2,093 students was selected from all Washington State high school juniors taking a pre-college test battery in spring 1973. For the total group of males vs. the total group of females data analyses indicated that males took significantly more coursework in three of four mathematics sub-areas studied (algebra, geometry, and advanced mathematics), significantly more physics coursework, and scored higher than females on all 6 subtests studied (four quantitative, one spatial ability, and one mechanical reasoning), while females earned significantly higher overall mathematics GPA. However, after statistically controlling for the amount of coursework taken in the five areas (four mathematics subdivisions plus physics), sex differences disappeared on two of the four quantitative tests and on the test of spatial ability.