bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conducting Polymers, Hydrogels and Their Composites: Preparation, Properties and Bioapplications
Authors: Tomczykowa Monika , Plonska-Brzezinska Marta E.
Published: January 2019

This review is focused on current state-of-the-art research on electroactive-based materials and their synthesis, as well as their physicochemical and biological properties. Special attention is paid to pristine intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) and their composites with other organic and inorganic components, well-defined micro- and nanostructures, and enhanced surface areas compared with those of conventionally prepared ICPs. Hydrogels, due to their defined porous structures and being filled with aqueous solution, offer the ability to increase the amount of immobilized chemical, biological or biochemical molecules. When other components are incorporated into ICPs, the materials form composites; in this particular case, they form conductive composites. The design and synthesis of conductive composites result in the inheritance of the advantages of each component and offer new features because of the synergistic effects between the components. The resulting structures of ICPs, conducting polymer hydrogels and their composites, as well as the unusual physicochemical properties, biocompatibility and multi-functionality of these materials, facilitate their bioapplications. The synergistic effects between constituents have made these materials particularly attractive as sensing elements for biological agents, and they also enable the immobilization of bioreceptors such as enzymes, antigen–antibodies, and nucleic acids onto their surfaces for the detection of an array of biological agents. Currently, these materials have unlimited applicability in biomedicine. In this review, we have limited discussion to three areas in which it seems that the use of ICPs and materials, including their different forms, are particularly interesting, namely, biosensors, delivery of drugs and tissue engineering.
Environmental Protection with Economic Gain: A Win-Win Situation
Authors: Zaidi Arjumand , Ahmed Masroor , Uddin Azhar
Published: January 2019

In the industrial sector, the financial gain is generally considered at the cost of environmental degradation. The environmental protection and economic benefit are common conflicting objectives in many optimization problems. In any multi-criteria problem, the most challenging part is to optimize the conflicting goals. But if these objectives become non-conflicting, then the problem can be solved with ease. This paper is all about minimizing the environmental impact of industrial processes while maximizing the net economic benefit. There is a general misconception of linking the environmental protection with a financial loss. This is not always true; the Eco-Efficiency or Cleaner Production Technology (CPT) is a perfect example to disprove this notion. Economics of CPT regarding water savings for the textile-processing sector in Pakistan has been analyzed in this paper.  Changes in water use before and after the implementation of water conserving technologies in the textile sector of Pakistan from a study conducted by the Cleaner Production Institute (CPI) are utilized to perform a cost-benefit analysis. Direct financial benefits that could be achieved through the application of these technologies are presented only. Other environmental benefits, though not described here, are of no less importance. The study results reveal that very high potential of water savings exists for most of the investments on CPT.
أصول المصادر في المعرفة: دراسة منهجية
Authors: Alasmary Hasan Mohammed
Published: January 2019

لا شك أن  "نظرية المعرفة" من مباحث الفكر المهمة، وأهم موضوعات  هذه النظرية مبحث المصادر الذي نال نقاشًا واسعًا في الفكر الغربي الحديث، وعلى الرغم مما فيها من نقاشات مهمة؛ فقد وقع منها غلو بسبب انسياقها خلف الرؤى العلمانية، وذلك في بعض المصادر، مثل العقل والحس، ووقع منها كذلك تهميش في بعضها منها: كالوحي، والغلو والتهميش من أمراض الفكر في كل زمان ومكان، ومن وسائل معالجتهما: العناية بالوسطية التي تأخذ بالمفكر والأفكار نحو العدل ومحاولة الاكتمال، وأفضل ما يتحقق ذلك مع الرؤية الإسلامية.

ويهدف هذا البحث تسليط الضوء تجاه أصول المصادر، وهي خمسة: الخبر، والشخص، والحدس، والعقل، والحس؛ وذلك عن طريق التعريف بها، وبيان حدودها، ومشكلة الخطأ فيها، وأثر قيمة الوسطية في فعاليتها.
Studi Determinan Perilaku Etis Mahasiswa Akuntansi
Authors: Wijayanti Rita
Published: January 2019

This study aims to obtain empirical evidence of the influence of machiavellian nature, emotional intelligence, spiritual intelligence, and understanding of accountants professional codes of ethics on accounting students' ethical behavior. Sampling is conducted by a purposive sampling method with the criteria of active students who have taken the I and II Auditing courses as well as the Professional Ethics and Business Sharia. A total of 115 questionnaires could be processed further and each question was assessed using a 5-point Likert Scale. Data analysis using multiple linear regression. The results showed that (1) machiavellian nature affect the ethical behavior of accounting students, where the higher the level machiavellian, the higher the tendency to take unethical actions, (2) spiritual intelligence has a positive effect on ethical behavior of accounting students, and (3) understanding of accountants professional codes of ethics has a positive effect on ethical behavior of accounting students. Another variable, namely emotional intelligence has no effect on the ethical behavior of accounting students. However, the four research variables influence the ethical perceptions of accounting students simultaneously. Research findings indicate the importance of ethical and religious content in the college curriculum.
Pendeteksian Fraud Pada Tata Kelola Penatausahaan Persediaan Badan Layanan Umum
Authors: Anggraeni Devi Puspita
Published: January 2019

This study aims to analyze and interpret fraud detection on the governance of the BLU inventory administration of University X. This study uses a qualitative approach that focuses on the case study method with the interpretive paradigm. Inventory administration activities at the University of x are inseparable from various obstacles. Such as the lack of coordination between work units in each unit. The results show that inventory administration activities in the University X run less optimally. The finding reveals the problem of financial statement misstatement in the inventory account due to the inconsistency of the operator in entering the exit price (value) of the inventory. So when at the end of the period there is a significant difference in material value (material). The results of this study also provide information about the effectiveness of the accounting system
Preplant Calcium Affects Onion Bulb Quality and Shelf-life
Authors: Randle William M.
Published: January 2019

Field-grown `Granex 33' onions were subjected to four preplant calcium (Ca) treatments and evaluated for bulb quality and shelf-life over two seasons. Mature, cured bulbs were analyzed at harvest and after 1, 2, and 3 months of 4C storage. As preplant calcium increased, percentage of seed stems decreased, yield and soluble solids concentration increased, and then decreased, bulb firmness increased. Bulb pungency was unaffected by Ca fertility, except at the highest treatment. Percent bulb rot during storage first decreased with increasing Ca fertility, but then increased at the highest Ca treatment.
Growth and Potential of Root Regeneration of Trees Grown in Cupric Hydroxide-coated Fabric
Authors: Iraqi Driss , Duchesne Isabelle , Rioux Jacques-André
Published: January 2019

The most widespread deformation observed in container production is root circling. Consequently, root circling often reduces growth, root regeneration, and tree anchorage at transplanting time. The objectives of this study were to test the effectiveness of Cu(OH)2 lined containers on restriction of root tips, tree growth, and potential root regeneration (PRR). Two species were used in this study: Fraxinus pennsylvanica and Acer saccharinum. Species were grown for one season in containers lined with one of six combinations of polymer (P) (0, 30, and 60 g·m–2) and copper (Cu) (0%,0.4%, and 0.8%) -coated fabric. Two other treatments were included as controls: a plastic container and a fabric container. Seedlings of each species were harvest twice: at the first season and after being transplanted from 10- to 75-liter containers. Treatments were randomized in complete blocks with six repetitions. Results of root circling length and dry weight indicate good restriction of root tips for two combinations (30 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu; 60 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu) for all species. However, treatments did not cause any reduction in stem height, trunk diameter, or stem and root dry weight. At the end of the transplanting season, PRR was greater for two combinations (30 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu; 60 g of P/m2–0.8% Cu), especially for green ash. No significant differences were observed between a plastic fabric and the two treatments cited for the other growth parameters. No phytotoxic symptoms were observed throughout the experiment.
Genetic Diversity in Nephelium
Authors: Aradhva K.M. , Zee F. , Manshardt R.M.
Published: January 2019

Fifty-six accessions involving five taxa of Nephelium (N. Iappaceum varieties lappaceum and pallens, N. hypoleucum, N. ramboutan-ake, and N. cuspidatum) were fingerprinted and evaluated for genetic diversity using isozyme polymorphism. All five taxa were polymorphic for most of the enzymes encoded by 10 putative loci. Number of alleles per locus ranged from three for Pgi-1 to nine for Pgi-2 with a total of 57 alleles. Thirty-eight accessions out of 56 possessed unique isozyme genotypes, indicating a high level of diversity in the collection. On average, 80% of the loci were polymorphic and the expected and observed heterozygosities were 0.374 and 0.373, respectively. The cluster analysis of the isozyme data revealed five distinct clusters representing the five taxa included in the study. Genetic differentiation within N. Iappaceum var. Iappaceum was evident from the cluster analysis. Isozyme data indicated that N. ramboutan-ake is the closest relative of N. Iappaceum var. Iappaceum, followed by N. hypoleucum, N. Iappaceum var. pallens, and N. cuspidatum. Interestingly, the varieties of N. Iappaceum exhibited genetic divergence far beyond that of the congenerics, N. hypoleucum and N. ramboutan-ake and may require a taxonomic revision.
Effect of Soil Fumigation and Soil Solarization on Annual Hill Strawberry Production
Authors: Himelrick David G. , Woods Floyd M. , Dozier W.A.
Published: January 2019

The use of soil solarization on 20-cm raised beds 30, 60, and 90 days prior to fall planting of `Chandler' strawberries was compared with soil fumigation with 269 kg·ha–1 98/2 methylbromide/choropicrin and with 562 liters·ha–1 metam-sodium (Busan). The clear plastic mulch was painted with white latex paint prior to planting on 15 Oct. Methylbromide/choropicrin treatment gave the best yields, followed by the metam-sodium treatment. Soil solarization on raised beds was complicated by weed growth on the top edges and sides of the bed. Soil solarization is a useful alternative for flat bed culture, but is practically limited on raised beds due to insufficient weed control.
Effect of Permeable Coatings on Some Quality Parameters of Two `Galia' melons during Storage
Authors: Manzano-Mendez Juan E. , Perez Yolanda , Zambrano Judith
Published: January 2019

Melon hybrids (Cucumis melo L.) C-8 and H-5 from Hazera C.O. (Israel), were treated with two commercial wax coating, Primafresh at the original concentration, and Prolong at 1.5% (w/v). Fruits were sprayed with wax and stored for 5, 10, and 15 days at 10, 15, and 25C in storage rooms. Total soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, reducing and total sugars, dry matter, electric conductivity, and pulp fruit color were analyzed. No difference was found to TSS; titratable acidity was high at 10 and 15C in fruits stored for 5 days. The C-8 hybrid showed the highest reducing and total sugar content at 10C. For both hybrids, dry matter content was reduced at higher stored temperature and longer storage time. The hybrid H-5 showed higher color a* value and a clear pulp color was increased in fruit at 15C.
Use of Propane Flamers in Potato Production
Authors: Gill J. , Laguë C. , Lehoux N. , Duchesne R-M.
Published: January 2019

We investigated the use of propane flamers in potato production. The thermal sensitivity of young potato plants and Colorado potato beetles (CPB) (eggs, larvae, adults) were determined in the laboratory and then validated in the field. The thermal treatment intensities for top killing prior to harvest were also determined both in the laboratory and in the field for three potato varieties and compared to chemical defoliant. The results obtained showed that young potato plants (0 to 10 cm) can recover from flaming treatments targeted against weeds and CPB early into the growing season. Effective thermal top killing is dependent upon potato variety (foliage density) and maturity level and inducement of sufficient temperature rise within the potato plant canopy to effectively control fall populations of CPB. A thermal strategy for weed and CPB control and top killing was elaborated and compared to chemical pesticides in term of operating costs.
Chemical Profiles of Lowbush Blueberry Clones
Authors: Kalt W. , McDonald J.
Published: January 2019

Sugars, pigments, and organic and phenolic acids were examined in three name clones of lowbush blueberries (V. angustifolium Aiton) during two seasons. Between the two seasons, glucose and fructose content was not different, but anthocyanin content differed by 40%. Also, titratable acidity differed by 40%, and total acid content (as measured by HPLC) by 60%. Differences in total acid content between the two seasons could be attributed to changes in some, but not all, acids. Acid content of berries of different maturities suggested that some, but not all, acids decreased as fruit ripened. Although the acid profile was different in the 2 years of the study, overall the lowbush blueberry profile was distinct from that recently reported for highbush and rabbiteye blueberries [Ehlenfeldt et al., HortScience 29(4):321–323]. Succinic acid was absent in lowbush fruit, and there was a higher level of quinic acid than found in highbush or rabbiteye blueberries. Citric acid was present in lowbush fruit at a level intermediate between the other Vaccinium species.
Longevity of Buddleia Not Affected by Silver Thiosulfate Pulse
Authors: Behe B.K. , Krentz T.S.
Published: January 2019

Research shows differences among flowering species in ethylene sensitivity in response to ethylene inhibitors, including silver thiosulfate. Buddleia sp. is an arching shrub with spike-shaped inlforescences in a wide range of colors, including pink, purple, yellow, and white. The objective of this study was to determine optimal pulsing time of silver thiosulfate to maximize the postharvest life of five cultivars of Buddleia sp.: `Empire Blue', `Lochinch', `Nanho Blue', `Pink Delight', `Royal Red', and `Sungold'. Flower stems harvested at 1/3 to 2/3 development were transported to a simulated consumer environment. Stems were recut under water and pulsed for 0, 30, 60, and 120 min prior to placing them in a solution of deionized water and Floralife at 10 3 g·liter–1. No silver thiosulfate treatment was more effective than the control at extending vaselife, increasing floret development, or increasing stem fresh weight.
Effects of Benzyladenine, Temperature, and Bulb Diameter on Twin-scale Propagated Amaryllis
Authors: Gushing Patrick , Klingaman Gerald
Published: January 2019

Four bulb sizes of Hippeastrum hybridum `Appleblossom' were twin-scale propagated, soaked in 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 0.5 g·liter–1 of benzyladenine (BA), and incubated at 15, 20, 25C and a fluctuating temperature of 31C day, 21C night. Bulbil numbers were recorded following incubation and leaf emergence after bulbils were planted. Eight weeks after bulbils were planted, bulb diameter and leaf numbers were observed. BA application had no effect on bulbil initiation. However, bulbil formation per twin-scale cutting increased as temperature (up to 25C) and mother bulb diameter increased. Bulbil diameter and survival of bulbils increased as incubation temperature increased up to 20C. After planting bulbils, leaf emergence was hastened as bulb size decreased.
A Comparison of Onion Production Under Sprinkler, Subsurface Drip, and Furrow Irrigation
Authors: Feibert Erik B.G. , Shock Clinton C. , Saunders Lamont D.
Published: January 2019

Onion yield and grade were compared under sprinkler, subsurface drip, and furrow irrigation in 1992, 1993, and 1994. Furrow-irrigated onions were planted on two double rows on 1.12-m-wide beds at 352,000 seeds/ha. Sprinkler- and drip-irrigated onions were planted in nine single rows on a 2.24-m-wide bed at 432,100 seeds/acre. Drip plots had three drip lines buried 0.10 m deep in each 2.24-m bed. Soil water potential at 0.2-m depth was measured by tensiometers and granular matrix sensors (Watermark Model 200SS, Irrometer Co., Riverside, Calif.). Furrow irrigations were started when the soil water potential at the 0.2-m depth reached –25 kPa. Drip-irrigated onions had soil water potential at the 0.2-m depth kept wetter than –25 kPa by daily replacement of crop evapotranspiration (Etc). Sprinkler irrigations were started when the accumulated Etc reached 25 mm. Sprinkler irrigation resulted in significantly higher onion yield than furrow irrigation in 1993 and 1994. Sprinkler irrigation resulted in higher marketable onion yield than furrow irrigation in 1993. Drip irrigation resulted in significantly higher onion yield than furrow irrigation every year. Drip irrigation resulted in higher marketable onion yield than furrow irrigation in 1992 and 1994. Marketable onion yield was reduced in 1993 due to rot during storage.
Karyotypic Relationships among Some Rosa Species
Authors: Ma Yan , Byrne David H. , Stelly David M.
Published: January 2019

Mitotic chromosome numbers and measurements were determined from enzymatically digested shoot tips for 14 species of Rosa, subgenus Hulthemia, Platyrhodon, and Rosa (the latter represented by sections Pimpinellifoliae, Cinnamoneae, Synstylae, Banksianae, Laevigatae, and Bracteatae). All were 2n = 14 or 2n = 28, as expected from previously published chromosome counts in Rosa. Arm lengths of chromosome pairs measured from digitized images were analyzed for similarity using a least-squares algorithm. On this basis, tetraploid species were compared to their diploid relatives. This study demonstrates the value of karyotypic data in combination with morphological and ecological information for examining the evolution of Rosa.
Wildflower Seed Mixes for Alaska
Authors: Rutledge Ouina C. , Holloway Patricia S.
Published: January 2019

The germination, establishment, survival, and public preference of four wild-flower seed mixes were evaluated in relation to irrigation and seasonal sowing date. The mixes included two commercial nonindigenous wildflower mixes, a commercial mix with indigenous and nonindigenous wildflowers, and an experimental mix composed exclusively of Alaska native wildflowers. The two latter mixes were sown with and without `Tundra' glaucous bluegrass (Poa glauca). The two nonindigenous mixes exhibited the greatest seedling establishment during the first season. Fall sowing and irrigation during seed germination significantly increased species establishment for all mixes. In the second season, 11 nonindigenous species did not reappear, whereas all of the indigenous species reappeared. The experimental mix had the greatest species richness of the six mixes in the second season. The addition of grass to the mixes did not significantly affect wildflower species richness in either the first or second season. Survey respondents preferred the nonindigenous wildflower mixes to those containing Alaska native wildflowers because of a greater mix of colors that appeared earlier in the first season than the other mixes. Alaska native species recommended for wildflower mixes include Polemonium acutiflorum, Lupinus arcticus, Hedysarum mackenzii, Arnica alpina, and Aster sibiricus.
Microtuberization of Potato (Solanum tuberosum) under Saline Stress
Authors: Zhang Y. , Donnelly D.
Published: January 2019

In vitro bioassays for screening and selection of salinity (NaCl)-tolerant potato have primarily focused on nodal cuttings. However, the relative tolerance of the microtuberization stage to salinized medium may be more relevant. A two-step microtuberization protocol was used in which in vitro layering was followed by microtuber induction in salinized media. `Norland', `Russet Burbank', and `Superior' shoots were layered in liquid Murashige and Skoog (1962) basal salt medium with 20 g sucrose/liter and incubated for 4 weeks at 25C with 50 μmol–m–2·s–1 photosynthetic photon flux density and 16-h day/8-h night period. Medium was replaced with liquid medium containing 80 g sucrose/liter and NaCl at 0, 80, or 160 mM. Cultures were incubated for 4 weeks at 15C with 50 μmol–m–2–s–1 photosynthetic photon flux density and 8-h day/16-h night period. Relative salinity tolerance of cultivars differed during the microtuberization stage. Low salinity (80 mM) stimulated, but high salinity (160 mM) depressed, microtuber yields compared with controls.
Extent of Cross-pollination of One Sweet Corn Genotype onto Another in Adjacent Plantings
Authors: McClurg Charles A.
Published: January 2019

Recommendations for culture of sweet corn (Zea mays) suggest separation of genotypes for color and/or sweetness by considerable distance since corn is generally wind-pollinated and unwanted pollination may result in undesired color or sweetness effects. Many small-scale producers lack adequate acreage to separate plantings by more than a short distance. To determine the extent of cross-pollination, `Golden Queen' yellow sweet corn was seeded in a circular pattern of 16 rows in 1989 and eight rows in 1990. White `Silver Queen' was then planted in 20 rows around the yellow genotype. The circular pattern enabled detection of pollen carried by wind in any direction. Yellow kernels on `Silver Queen' were attributed to cross-pollination. Depending on wind speed and direction, cross-pollination ranged from 50% on adjacent rows to none as close as eight to 10 rows from the yellow type. Consumer acceptance of a white genotype with a few yellow kernels was not determined.
Effects of Sowing Date on Yield and Quality of Broccoli Florets for Freezing
Authors: Krarup Cristian
Published: January 2019

In many countries, the frozen broccoli industry is based on the production of florets resulting from the separation of the inflorescence components. There is little information on the performance of presently used cultivars for this purpose. Three broccoli cultivars (`Arcadia', `High Sierra', and `Viking') were sown every 2 weeks in five dates, from midsummer to autumn, to measure effects on field and industry yields, and in quality of florets. All cultivars behaved similarly, showing a significant decrease in yields (from >20 to <10 t·ha–1), an increase in industry wastage (from <40% to >55%), and marked changes in quality of the florets (color, diameter, uniformity of flowers, etc.) with sowing dates associated with a slow degree-day summation.
Changes in Tahiti Lime (Citrus latifolia Tanaka) Micronutrient Composition Due to Different Rootstocks
Authors: Patill Bhimanasgouda S. , Hulamani Nagappa C. , Nalawadi Umesh C.
Published: January 2019

A better understanding of the effect of rootstocks on the nutritional level of citrus leaf would lead to more effective methods of controlling nutrient disorders. An experiment was conducted on 7-year-old Tahiti lime tree grown on nine rootstocks. Fifty 5-month-old leaves from nonfruiting shoots of the spring flush were collected from Tahiti lime by dividing tree canopy into three equal zones (top, center, and base), and the micronutrients were analyzed. The concentrations of Na, Mn, and Fe in the scion differed significantly among different rootstocks. The highest content of Na (2600 ppm), Mn (49.33 ppm), and Fe (118.6 ppm) were observed on Jatti Khatti, Rough Lemon (R.L.)-Arthur, and Citrus volkameriana, respectively, while the lowest content were on Rangpur Lime Na (1600 ppm), Rough Lemon M.P. Mn (30.67 ppm) and Kama Khatta Fe (85.67 ppm). The Zn and Cu content in scion leaves did not differ significantly among the different rootstocks.
Cleaning and Total Glycoalkaloid Reduction in `Great Northern' Beans
Authors: Smith Sara E. , Smith Durward
Published: January 2019

Nightshades (Solanum spp.) are weeds that result in production losses of dry beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) due to interference and to staining of beans with nightshade berry juice at harvest. A method of cleaning beans stained with the juice of nightshade berries was developed. The method involved fluidizing the beans and gently abrading surface soil from the seedcoat. The beans were analyzed for total glycoalkaloid content, color, and suitability for processing. The total glycoalkaloid content was reduced from 26 mg/100 g to undetectable levels by cleaning. The cleaned beans had higher total light reflectance than unstained beans, but did not differ in Hunter Lab `a' or `b' values. Cleaned beans were not significantly different from unstained beans in quality when processed.
Modifying Heat Unit Accumulation with Contrasting Colors of Polyethylene Mulch
Authors: Schmidt Johnie R. , Worthington Josiah W.
Published: January 2019

Contrasting colors of plastic mulch (black and white over black) were used to modify the rate at which heat units (HU) were accumulated in four different microclimates surrounding watermelon plants during 1996 at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station-Stephenville. Daily maximum and minimum temperatures from 25 Mar. through 4 Aug. were recorded for air 10 cm above the mulch surface, at the mulch surface, at the soil surface under mulch, and 10 cm below the soil surface under mulch. Accumulated HU were significantly higher for white than for black mulch during two of the four periods monitored; however, the reverse was true for all other points of measurements at all times. Daily mean soil surface heat gain was 3.29 HU higher under black than under white mulch in early season, 6.21 higher in late April and early May, 5.19 higher in late May and June, and 4.19 higher in late June through July. Values for soil at 10-cm depth paralleled those for soil surface.
Improved Fiber Pots for Container Nursery Production
Authors: Biddinger Eric J. , Berghage Robert D. , Beattie David J.
Published: January 2019

There is an increasing interest in the use of fiber pots to grow containerized nursery plants. Of particular interest is the ability to incorporate chemicals to modify plant growth, reduce microbial decomposition, and alter fiber structure. Four perennial plants Forsythia `Spring Glory', Baptisia australis, Ilex × meserveae `Blue Girl', and Coreopsis rosea were grown in 2.3-L fiber containers. Containers were treated with Cu(OH)2 (Spin Out®, Griffin Corp.) at 1500 or 3000 ppm, TCMBT (Busan® 30WB fungicide, Buckman Lab.) at 1700 or 3400 ppm, and combinations of Cu(OH)2 and TCMBT. Untreated plastic and untreated fiber pots were used as controls. Plants were grown in a commercial nursery in central Pennsylvania for 5 months during the 1997 growing season. Plants were harvested in the fall. Data included: root penetration of pot walls, plant growth, pot strength, medium root distribution, and root zone temperatures. Results with TCMBT were inconclusive. However, Cu(OH)2-treated pots had fewer penetrating roots and were stronger. Root zone temperatures in fiber pots were lower.
Distribution of Seasonally Expressed Storage Proteins in Different-aged Shoots and Roots of `Loring' Peach
Authors: Wisniewski M. , Webb R. , Fuchigami L.
Published: January 2019

During autumnal leaf senescence, leaf nitrogen is translocated to other sites for storage, especially bark tissues. By definition, proteins that accumulate in large amounts in winter and are absent in summer are called storage proteins. Previously, we have characterized three proteins in peach bark tissues that fall into this category. Little is known, however, about the distribution of these proteins in different-aged tissues or whether they have any function other than to act as a nitrogen reserve. The present study characterizes the seasonal distribution of a 60-, 19-, and 16-kDa protein in bark tissues of current-year, 1-year-old, scaffold, and trunk bark, and 4- to 5-year-old roots of `Loring' peach. Verification of protein identity was based on molecular mass and reaction with antibodies directed against each specific protein. Distribution of the proteins was variable. The greatest amount of all three proteins was present in current-year and 1-year-old shoots. These tissues also showed the greatest seasonal variation in the amount of protein present. The 16-kDa protein was present only in the youngest shoots, whereas the 19-kDa was present in all tissues examined. The 60-kDa protein was absent in root tissue. The 60-kDa protein has been identified as a dehydrin, and the 16-kDa protein appears to be related to defensins. The identity of the 19-kDa protein has not been confirmed. The amino acid composition of the three proteins will be presented and the implications of these results on management practices will be discussed.
Influences of Growth Regulators and Cultivars on Callus and Shoot Production of Alfalfa
Authors: Yang Guochen , Kamp-Glass Marihelen
Published: January 2019

Alfalfa seeds of Cimarron VR, CW1446, CW2440, C94-118, C94-785, and WL311 were used as explants. BA, zeatin, and TDZ were evaluated on callus initiation, development, and shoot production. Callus initiation and development toward shoot organogenesis were enhanced when BA was added in the culture medium. Calli produced from BA treatments were compact, solid, and dark green. Similar results were obtained when zeatin was added in the culture medium. However, no shoots were produced from such calli. Multiple shoots were produced directly from each individual explant when TDZ was added to culture medium. However, when higher concentration of TDZ was used, number of shoots per explant was decreased, and dwarf shoots were produced. No apparent difference on shoot production was observed among the cultivars tested so far. Data on number of shoots per explant from two of these cultivars need to be statistically analyzed.
Performance of 25 Carica papaya Lines in Middle Georgia
Authors: Yadav Anand K. , Li Xin Y.
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate plant survival, growth, fruiting, and stresses of papaya in middle Georgia and select five to eight superior genotypes for further evaluation and enhancing cold hardiness through biotechnological approaches. Greenhouse-raised seedlings of 25 lines of papaya acquired from National Repository at Hilo, Hawaii, and India, were established in the field during Spring 1995. Replanting of some lines was necessitated by plant losses, extended through Summer 1996 and included some papaya lines from the Univ. of Florida, Homestead. In the initial planting, the plant spacing was 5' × 5' in a RBD with four replications containing four plants of each line. During the winter times, plants were protected by covering the entire area with 6-mil clear polyethylene and providing four electric heaters and six high-speed fans. Observations were made on survival, plant height, fruiting height, fruit data (number, weight, and yield), and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. No female plants of several papaya lines survived. Plant height in May 1997 ranged from 27 to 98 inches, while fruiting heights were 19 to 55 inches. There were 16 fruits per plant with an average weight of 657 g per fruit. Total fruit yield was the highest for FVSU-45 followed by Criolla, and then PI-491601. We did not observe any serious plant stresses other than crown rot and damping-off. Based on above performance, eight lines (HCAR 010, 036, 192, 217, PI-491593, PI-491596, Cariflora, and the FVSU-45) were selected for cold hardiness study in vitro.
Wax Morphology and Gas Exchange of Peach and Apple Leaves as Influenced by Soybean Oil Emulsions and Rain
Authors: Bondada B. R. , Sams C.E. , Deyton D.E. , Cummins J.C.
Published: January 2019

A study was conducted to investigate the influence of rain on retention of soybean oil emulsions and their influence on wax morphology and gas exchange of apple and peach leaves. Peach and apple trees were grown in 19-liter pots in a greenhouse (25 °C). Two different soybean oil emulsions were sprayed on trees in a randomized block design with five replications. Twenty-four hours after the oil sprays, the trees were subjected to three rainfall regimes, 0.25, 1.25, and 2.54 cm. The surface wax and the oil residue on leaves were determined gravimetrically after chloroform extraction. A negative relationship existed between rainfall and oil retention. Peach leaves receiving 0.25, 1.25, and 2.54 cm rainfall lost 19%, 62%, and 82% of the applied oil, respectively. There were no differences in oil retention between top, middle, and bottom layers of the canopy, indicating that leaf age did not influence oil retention. Oil residue loss from apple leaves was similar to that from peach. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the leaf wax morphology was not affected by the soybean oil emulsions and occurred as striations on both leaf surfaces. However, one of the emulsions partially washed off the waxes from apple leaf surfaces whereas the other emulsion did not exhibit this phenomenon. Furthermore, both of the soybean oil emulsions induced partial or full stomatal closure, which influenced stomatal conductance and transpiration.
The Response of Marigold (Tagets patula) Roots in Copper-treated Plug Containers
Authors: Martins Gisele , Geneve Robert , Kester Sharon
Published: January 2019

A study was conducted with marigold `Little Devil Flame' to evaluate the effects of copper-treated containers on root system development in marigold (Tagets patula). The internal walls of plugs were painted or without SpinOut (Griffen Corp., Valdosta, Ga.), a form of cupric hydroxide in latex paint. Two marigold seeds were sown directly into the plugs filled with MetroMix 360 (Scott's) and thinned after 5 days. Plants were grown under standard greenhouse conditions. After 14 days, half of the plants were transplanted into 6-packs and in the other half medium was washed from and the root system were digitally analyzed using MacRhizo (Regent, Inc.). Shoot and root dry weight also were collected. Five days later, the same data were collected from the transplanted plants. Copper hydroxide reduced root and shoot growth prior to transplanting. Average root length of untreated plants was 41% larger than copper treated plants before transplanting and 25% larger after transplanting. There were no carryover effects of the copper on subsequent root growth. Copper-treated plants grew an average of 59.3 mm, while untreated plants grew 53.1 mm after transplanting. Root tips were killed when they contacted the copper-treated container surface. These roots had shorter internal and external link lengths and a greater average root diameter. It appears that the initial effect of copper on marigold roots system is to kill the root tip and inhibit further elongation. Overall branching pattern in the root system was not altered until after transplanting.
Effect of Slow-release Fertilizer Concentration and Placement on Petunia Growth in Two Irrigation Systems
Authors: Klock Kimberly A. , Broschat Timothy K.
Published: January 2019

Our objective was to compare growth and flowering of petunia `Ultra Red' in top-watered and subirrigation systems at four slow-release fertilizer concentrations and at four different fertilizer placements in the pot. Petunia plugs were transplanted into 400-ml pots filled with 60% peat: 25% vermiculite: 15% perlite (by volume). Prior to planting, Osmocote 14N–6.2P–11.6K was either top-dressed (TD), placed in the middle of the pot (M), placed at the bottom of the pot (B), or incorporated into the medium at rates of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, or 3.0 g/pot. Petunia shoot dry mass linearly increased as fertilizer concentration increased. Top-watered petunias had significantly greater shoot dry mass than subirrigated petunias. Best petunia growth in both irrigation systems was in media with fertilizer at I, TD, or M compared to growth in media with fertilizer at B. Leachate soluble salt concentrations from top-watered benches were consistently 2x greater than concentrations from subirrigated benches. However, leachate NO3-N concentrations were not different throughout the experiment for subirrigated benches but decreased over time for top-watered benches. Midpoint and final media soluble salt and NO3-N concentrations were not different between the two irrigation systems. As fertilizer concentration increased, midpoint and final media soluble salt and NO3-N concentrations linearly increased.
A Contrast in Ethylene Production and Respiration between Melting- and Nonmelting-flesh Peaches
Authors: Brovelli Ernesto A. , Brecht Jeffrey K. , Sherman Wayne B. , Sims Charles A.
Published: January 2019

A connection between ethylene production and the melting trait in peaches has been reported by other authors. In our study, we refute the notion that ethylene production levels in nonmelting-flesh (NMF) peach (Prunus persica L.) fruit are normally lower than those in melting-flesh (MF) fruit. While in fact during ripening NMF fruit (`Oro A' and FL 86-28C) reached lower firmness levels than MF (FL 90-20 and `TropicBeauty') fruit did, NMF fruit produced consistently higher levels of ethylene than MF counterparts. In both MF and NMF genotypes, fruit from later harvests were in a more advanced phase of their ethylene production and respiratory drift than those from earlier harvests. Fruit size did not necessarily influence levels of respiration or ethylene production. However, when fruit from different sizes had different initial ethylene production rates, those differences were maintained later in other phases of the ethylene production pattern.
Trellised Field Production of Seedless Cucumbers
Authors: McClurg Charles A.
Published: January 2019

Production of seedless cucumbers (Cucumis sativus L.) may offer small-scale vegetable producers an opportunity for a specialty product for a niche market. Field production studies for four years using commercially available cultivars and a trellis system utilizing readily available fencing materials indicate acceptable yields can be achieved if strict attention is given to pest control. Since the cultivars do not have genetic resistance to diseases, fungal and bacterial diseases can result in severe yield reductions. Management of insects, especially those vectoring bacterial diseases, will also be crucial in some regions. Although the cultivars tested were developed for greenhouse production, some can produce good yields of attractive fruit when grown in field culture.
Frequent Irrigation Increases Growth of Pot-in-Pot Sugar and Red Maple
Authors: Witmer Robert K. , Harris Roger , Niemiera Alex X.
Published: January 2019

In Virginia, pot-in-pot production of shade trees is normally accomplished by growing bareroot whips in 56-L containers for two complete growing seasons (production cycles). This study monitored the growth of Acer saccharum L. `Green Mountain' (sugar maple), a species with moderate growth rate, and Acer rubrum L. `Franksred' (red maple), a species with a fast growth rate, under standard once-a-day irrigation regime (1X) and a cyclic three-times-a-day regime (3X). Equal daily volumes of water were applied under each regime. Height growth rate increased for sugar maples but decreased for red maples in production cycle two compared to production cycle one. Stem diameter growth rates remained steady for red maple, but increased slightly for sugar maple. A 3X irrigation regime increased stem diameter of red maples, but had no other effect on either species in year one. Height and stem diameter growth of both species were increased by the 3X treatment during production cycle two. This study indicates that the standard production period results in decreased growth in the second production cycle for red maple, but not for sugar maple. Growth rates can be enhanced with a 3X irrigation regime for both species in production cycle two. The 3X irrigation regime only increases the stem diameter growth of red maple in the first production cycle.
“The Greenhouse of the Future”: Using a Sponsored Competition in a Capstone Course
Authors: Bates Ricky M. , Baumbauer David A.
Published: January 2019

Horticulture students often lack practical experience integrating information from diverse sources to solve complex real-life problems. Capstone courses seek to remedy this by giving students an opportunity to demonstrate a range of workplace skills such as teamwork, effective communication, and critical thinking. Sponsored competitions provide educators with an active-learning framework into which the goals of a capstone course can be developed. In 1996 the U.S. Dept. of Energy and the Epcot Center announced the “Greenhouse of the Future” competition. The competition sprang from an interest by sponsoring agencies to promote the development of new environmentally sound technologies for greenhouse food production and was open to all U.S. undergraduate students. The competition encouraged the formation of interdisciplinary student teams under the direction of a faculty advisor and offered the winning entry a $10,000 research grant and the opportunity to display the new technology at the Epcot Center in Florida. The M.S.U. entry focused on the development of season-extending energy retention systems designed for small greenhouses, production testing of cool-season, stress-tolerant crops such as Mesclun salad greens, and the use of an environmentally neutral growing system. Sponsored competitions present an important tool for achieving certain educational objectives and may be one way to help students think on a higher level. Encouragement and development of similar competitions within the green industry is needed. Competition guidelines, components of the M.S.U. winning entry, and integration of the competition into the capstone course “Greenhouse Management” will be discussed.
A Comparative Study of Rhodiola rosae under Cultivation and Natural Growing Conditions
Authors: Letchamo W. , Kireeva T. , Shmakov A.
Published: January 2019

Rhodiola rosae L., from the Crassulacea family, is a perennial widely known in Russian folk and official medicine for its adaptogenic properties. The extracts from the roots of Rhodiola rosae is known to be a better alternative to ginseng because of its better effects, safety for people having high blood pressure, cardiac and kidney problems, pregnancy, and minors. Rhodiola is collected mostly from the wild, and this practice has resulted in the decimation of the wild population in Altai mountains and in southern Siberia. The objective of this investigation was to find the best method of production and guarantee the availability of the raw material without compromising the quality. Plants were studied under naturally growing conditions and brought into cultivation. We used seeds to propagate. Morphological traits, flowering, leaf area, shoot and root yield, and content of salidroside (biologically active component in the root) were measured in 50 plants. The measurements were taken during the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd years of the cultivated plants, while parallel measurements were taken from the same place of naturally growing plants. Plants under natural conditions did not receive any agronomic treatment, while normal agronomic practices were given for plots under cultivation. We found significant difference an all measured parameters. Though higher root yield was obtained from cultivated plants, the concentration of salidroside was found to be higher naturally grown plants. With the increasing age of the cultivated plants, however, the concentration of salidroside significantly increased. The total yield of salidroside, g/m2 was found to increase consistently each year for cultivated variants compared to plots under natural growth.
Preemergent Weed Control in Container-grown Herbaceous Perennials
Authors: Dunn Scott , Klett James E. , Staats David
Published: January 2019

During the 1997 season, preemergent herbicides were applied to container-grown herbaceous perennials and evaluated on the basis of weed control, phytotoxicity, and effect on plant growth. The herbicides and rates were: Napropamide (Devrinol 10G), 0.72 and 1.44 kg a.i./ha; Oryzalin (Surflan 40AS), 0.36 and 0.72 kg a.i./ha; Oxadiazon (Ronstar 2G), 0.72 and 1.44 kg a.i./ha; Oxyfluorfen + Oryzalin (Rout 3G), 0.54 and 2.16 kg a.i./ha; Oxyfluorfen + Pendimethalin (Scott's OH II), 0.54 and 1.09 kg a.i./ha; and Trifluralin (Treflan 5G), 0.72 and 1.44 kg a.i./ha. Herbicides were applied to Phalaris arundinacea `Picta', Scabiosa caucasica, Sedum spectabile `Autumn Joy', Pennisetum setaceum `Rubrum', and Salvia argentea. Phytotoxicity symptoms (visual defects and lower dry weights) were apparent with Napropamide on Phalaris (at both rates). All herbicides provided good weed control.
Improving Productivity of Hydroponically Grown Cowpea using Intracanopy Lighting
Authors: Frantz Jonathan M. , Joly Robert J. , Mitchell Cary A.
Published: January 2019

High planting densities of planophile- or horizontal-leafed crops creates a problem called mutual shading, whereby leaves in the upper portions of plant canopies shade lower leaves. This can reduce overall crop productivity. In an effort to negate this problem in growth chambers, light intensity typically is increased from large overhead lamp banks. This is both expensive and inefficient. We have investigated the use of small, low-wattage lamps arranged in three-dimensional space allowing cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp `IT87D-941-1') to grow up and around the lamps in a technique called “intracanopy lighting.” This illuminates the interior portions of plant stands and keeps the majority of the canopy productive. Results obtained from this novel alternative to high intensity light from overhead lamps showed productivity rates as good as traditional production methods while using less than 25% of the light energy. We have continued to investigate variables associated with improved productivity in high density plantings including: lamp orientation, total light energy, photoperiod, and CO2 concentration. Intracanopy lighting has the potential to significantly reduce the amount of energy required to produce a crop in a controlled environment.
Use Yield Ratios to Evaluate Effects of Supplemental Pollination on Crop Production
Authors: Ferrari Thomas E.
Published: January 2019

The environment caused large fluctuations in almond yields from year-to-year, which confounded analysis of pollination treatments performed in the field. Following the practice of supplemental pollination, there was insufficient improvement in yield to indicate that extra pollen applied to honey bees affected nut production. However, when yield for a cultivar exposed to extra pollen was compared to an untreated, reference cultivar grown in the same field, a statistically significant increase in yield was detected. Coefficients of variation for yield ratios averaged 54% lower than for yields alone in each of eight orchards examined. Converting annual yields to yield ratios mitigated the effects of the environment on analysis of production data.