bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Supervisory Roles of School Heads in Public Stand-Alone Senior High School: A Phenomenological Case Study
Authors: Eyana Jason A. , Muring Cheenie E. , Bauyot Marleonie M.
Published: January 2024

Supervision is inseparable with education. In school, the principal performs supervisory roles to guide personnel and implement activities. However, the school head in a stand-alone senior high school reported challenges that influenced her supervisory roles. Hence, this study sought to examine the challenges and supervisory roles of the school head in stand-alone senior high school. Three research questions guided the paper which employed phenomenological-case study. One school head and six teachers in the same school of Region XI were chosen using the purposive sampling technique. The researchers conducted in- depth interview using the Office Performance Commitment and Review Form (OPCRF). Employing Colaizzi’s technique and content analysis, the researchers analyzed and clustered responses into themes. Results revealed that the school head encountered challenges in their supervisory role such as limited resources, curriculum demands and changes, teacher retention, community and parental involvement, and maintenance and improvement of infrastructures and facilities. With the findings of the supervisory roles and supervisory roles insights, the school heads are encouraged to create a strategic plan that contains clear steps and measures to address the supervisory challenges to be guided on what roles to take. Department of Education leaders might also help them address these challenges by assigning senior high school focal persons to directly respond to the needs and capacitate the school heads to enhance their supervisory skills. Moreover, stakeholders are encouraged to strengthen their involvement in stand-alone senior high schools. Lastly, future researchers might be inspired conduct a related study with more participants in a single case to comprehensively investigate their supervisory roles.
The Values and Role of Natural Science Education in Religious Moderation
Authors: Umar H. M. , Hasan Hadri , Sukarno
Published: January 2024

The research aims to answer the question of how the role of values and natural science education in religious moderation. This research was conducted with a qualitative approach with a literature review method. The validity of the data is determined by triangulation and reduction and then presented descriptively. Research data shows that the values in natural science learning, especially in the aspect of scientific attitudes, are closely related to attitudes of religious moderation. The values of a scientific attitude in natural science learning are in line with the values of an attitude of religious moderation. Based on the data obtained and the discussion carried out, it can be concluded that science and its learning have great potential to develop an attitude of religious moderation. Thus, it is clear and unquestionable that science learning can be used as an alternative to developing an attitude of religious moderation in Indonesia. Another advantage of developing an attitude of religious moderation is that the values in science can be applied generally, anywhere, and anytime. Therefore, religious moderation developed through scientific learning does not only apply to certain religions but also applies in general. All religious adherents (regardless of religion and belief) can be moderated through systematically planned science learning.
Comparative Study of Class 2 Caries Requiring Stainless Steel Crown and Restoration in Maxillary Arch among Children Aged between 2 to 6 Years
Authors: Shankar S. Barani , Subramanian E. M. G.
Published: January 2024

Introduction: Dental caries is a global public health issue, especially among young children. In both developing and developed countries, it is a major public health problem. Dental caries can start early in life, develop quickly in those at high risk, and go untreated often.

Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study done in a university hospital in Chennai. Children fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion were included in the study

Results: 88.89% patients had stainless steel crown compared to 11.11% of them have chosen restoration as a treatment option. Class II restorations were found to be more in older children. Children in the age of 2 years did not receive class II restorations

Conclusion: Stainless steel crowns were found to be the preferred choice of restoration in children aged 2-6 years with class II caries in maxillary teeth.
Value of CHA2DS2-VASC Score as Predictor of Contrast-Induced Nephropathy in Patients with Non-ST Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Khalil Dalia Sobhy , Khalil Sameh Samir , Elbarbary Mohammed Ahmed , Ashmawy Medhat Mohamed
Published: January 2024

Background: PCI necessitates the usage of iodinated contrast agent which in some cases is accompanied by CIN and the potential for worse outcomes. The current study aimed to use the CHA2DS2-VASc score with its simple and available components as a predictor of risk of developing CIN in NSTEMI cases who will undergo PCI.

Methods: This single center observational study was conducted on 200 cases diagnosed with NSTEMI who were subjected to primary PCI. The basic level of serum Cr was detected at time of admission followed by monitoring for 48 h, and seven days following the approach to detect the occurrence of CIN. Electrocardiogram (ECG) and transthoracic echocardiography are assessed to all patients.

Results: At cut off ≥2 (area under curve (AUC)=0.649), CHA2DS2-VASc could be used as a predictor for post-PCI CIN with sensitivity and specificity, PPV, NPV and accuracy of 77.6%, 52.3%, 34.5%, 87.8% and 58.5% respectively. There was a statistically significant correlation between occurrence of CIN and all the studied factors (female sex, HTN, DM, anemia, CHF, hemoglobin (HBG), pre-existing renal disease, previous stroke, pre-creatinine, 48hrs and 7 days post-creatinine, pre glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and cha2ds-vasc score and dehydration) with exception of age and vascular disease (p>0.05) being non-significant. Contrast volume, CHA2DS VASC score, metformin use, eGFR after 48h and ACEI /ARB II antagonists ’inhibitor use were significant independent predictors for CIN.

Conclusions: In NSTEMI cases who are subjected to PCI, CHADS2 VASC score ≥ 2 is accompanied by a high risk for CIN and in hospital morbidity and mortality. CHA2DS2-VASC score is considered a useful novel, easy, and reliable method to anticipate CIN in NSTEMI cases undergoing urgent P.
Essential Principles of Postharvest Heat Treatments in Fruit Crops
Authors: Chaurasia Jitendra , Kumar Ujjwal , Warang Omkar , Pratap Ravi , Kumar Arvind , Sonkar Vikash Kumar , Bisht Riddhi
Published: January 2024

In recent years, the field of heat treatment for commodities, particularly in the context of pest control and pathogen reduction, has advanced significantly. Hot water treatments (HWT) have emerged as a promising solution, addressing a range of postharvest challenges, from insect control to preventing fungal development and storage disorders like chilling injury. These treatments involve diverse time and temperature conditions, spanning from extended exposure at temperatures around 35 - 39°C in hot air to brief bursts at temperatures up to 63°C in hot water. Historically, much of the research in this field has been focused on solving specific problems, with less attention given to understanding how commodities themselves respond to these treatments. However, since the beginning of the 21st century, several research groups have taken an active interest in exploring the molecular responses and changes that occur within commodities subjected to heat treatment. By investigating these responses, researchers aim to not only optimize heat treatment strategies but also gain a deeper understanding of how commodities interact with these processes. In essence, this review provides valuable insights into the molecular dynamics of commodities undergoing heat treatments, shedding light on the intricate biochemical processes that influence their postharvest quality and safety.
Assessment of Rice-mustard & Rice-chickpea Cropping Sequence through Conservation Agricultural Practices under Rice- Fallow Cropping System in Satna District of Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Chourasiya Ajay , Chauriha Satyam , Dwivedi Hemraj
Published: January 2024

Rice – Fallow land due to the growing of a longer more extended duration variety of Rice by farmers affect timely sowing of rabi crop and land remains fallow due to inadequate moisture in field along with terminal heat stresses (about 14000 ha area) in district Satna (M.P.).The trial consisted of three treatments viz., T1- Rice (Variety with maturity above 125 days) in Kharif- fallow in Rabi, T2- Rice (MTU-1010)-Mustard (Pusa Mustard 28), T3- Rice (MTU-1010)-Chickpea (RVG-202). The Rice- Mustard cropping system recorded higher Rice equivalent yield over Rice-fallow by 42.12 q ha-1, system productivity 36.97 kg ha-1day-1, profitability by ₹470.94 ha-1day-1 and net return ₹ 103608 ha-1. Similarly, Rice-Chickpea cropping system gave 37.84 q ha-1 Rice equivalent yield, 35.11 kg ha-1day-1 higher productivity, ₹ 431.56 ha-1day-1 and net return ₹ 94942 ha-1 higher profit than Rice-fallow cropping system. Thus, from the present study, it can be concluded that Rice-Chickpea and Rice-Mustard cropping systems are appropriate and effective ways to use fallow land under Rice- Fallow cropping system.
Effect of Edible Coatings Chitosan and Calcium Gluconate on Sugars and Ascorbic Acid Content of Mango (Mangifera indica L.)
Authors: Harsham Bhavana , Bhagwan. A  , Kiran Kumar. A  , Sathish. G  , Samuel Sparjan Babu. D
Published: January 2024

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of edible coatings chitosan and calcium gluconate on ascorbic acid and sugars of mango (Mangifera indica L.) at College of Horticulture-Rajendranagar, SKLTSHU, Siddipet district, Telangana. The experiment was conducted with Completely Randomized Design including six treatments with different concentrations of edible surface coatings and observations were recorded at every three days interval up to end of shelf life. Among different treatments highest total sugars (11.95 %) were recorded by T2 - dipping in 2% edible chitosan coating, followed by T1 - dipping in 1% edible chitosan with highest ascorbic acid content (31.22 mg 100g-1) and T6 – control (untreated fruits) recorded the rapid changes i.e., increase and decrease in sugars and ascorbic acid as it ripens fast. Post-harvest coating of mango fruits with chitosan has resulted in increased sugars and ascorbic acid content compared to calcium gluconate and control.
Organizational learning as a strategic resource in supply management
Authors: Hult G.Tomas M , Ketchen David J , Nichols Ernest L
Published: October 2003

This study considers the potential role of organizational learning as a strategic resource in supply management. A model of learning in supply management processes is examined using samples representing three nodes of one Fortune 500 organization’s supply chains (internal SBU customers, n=141; corporate buyers, n=115, and external suppliers, n=58). Organizational learning is viewed as a composite construct arising from four tangible indicators: team‐, systems‐, learning‐, and memory‐orientations (each of those orientations is measured with four to five items). The results indicate that learning has a positive effect on a set of learning consequences, supply management consequences, management consequences, and performance consequences.
Molecular and catalytic properties of a peroxiredoxin–glutaredoxin hybrid from Neisseria meningitidis
Authors: Rouhier Nicolas , Jacquot Jean-Pierre
Published: October 2003

A hybrid protein from Neisseria meningitidis, which contains both a peroxiredoxin and a glutaredoxin domain, has been isolated. The enzyme was active in the reduction of various peroxides and dehydroascorbate in the presence of reduced glutathione. These findings suggest that both the peroxiredoxin and glutaredoxin domains are biochemically active in the fusion. Moreover, when expressed separately, the glutaredoxin domain was catalytically active and the peroxiredoxin domain possessed a weak activity when supplemented with exogenous glutaredoxin.
Pertussis toxin‐sensitive Gαi protein and ERK‐dependent pathways mediate ultrasound promotion of osteogenic transcription in human osteoblasts1
Authors: Chen Yeung-Jen , Wang Ching-Jen , Yang Kuender D , Chang Per-Rong , Huang Hui-Chen , Huang Yu-Ting , Sun Yi-Chih , Wang Feng-Sheng
Published: October 2003

Bone cells respond to mechanical stimulation via mechanoreceptors and convert biophysical stimulation into biochemical signals that alter gene expression and cellular adaptation. Pulsed acoustic energy treatment raises membrane potential and induces osteogenic activity. How membrane‐bound osteoblast mechanoreceptors convert physical ultrasound (US) stimuli into osteogenic responses is not fully understood. We demonstrated that low‐intensity pulsed US treatment (200‐μs pulse, 1 kHz, 30 mW/cm2) elevated Cbfa1/Runx2 mRNA expression and progressively promoted osteocalcin mRNA expression in human osteoblasts. Pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX), but not with cholera toxin, suppressed US‐augmented osteogenic transcription. This indicated that Gi proteins, but not Gs proteins, were involved in US promotion of osteogenic transcription. Further studies demonstrated US treatment could rapidly increase PTX‐sensitive Gαi protein levels and subsequently enhanced phosphorylation of extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (ERK). PTX pretreatment significantly reduced US promotion of ERK activation. Moreover, inhibition of ERK activity by PD98059 suppressed US augmentation of Cbfa1/Runx2 and osteocalcin mRNA expression. Membranous Gαi proteins and cytosolic ERK pathways acted as potent mechanosensitive signals in the response of osteoblasts to pulsed US stimulation.
Spectral tuning of obelin bioluminescence by mutations of Trp92
Authors: Malikova Natalia P , Stepanyuk Galina A , Frank Ludmila A , Markova Svetlana V , Vysotski Eugene S , Lee John
Published: October 2003

The Ca2+‐regulated photoprotein obelin was substituted at Trp92 by His, Lys, Glu, and Arg. All mutants fold into stable conformations and produce bimodal bioluminescence spectra with enhanced contribution from a violet emission. The W92R mutant has an almost monomodal bioluminescence (λmax=390 nm) and monomodal fluorescence (λmax=425 nm) of the product. Results are interpreted by an excited state proton transfer mechanism involving the substituent side group and His22 in the binding cavity.
Open-Economy Politics: The Political Economy of the World Coffee Trade. By Robert H. Bates. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997. 221p. $59.00 cloth, $18.95 paper.
Authors: Odell John S.
Published: October 2003

For three decades political scientists have attempted to show
that markets reflect the political institutions and politics
within which they function. Also, many scholars have traced
states' foreign economic policies to their domestic politics.
Open-Economy Politics pushes both these projects forward
with an extended case study of the world coffee market.
Beginning in the late nineteenth century, Robert Bates takes
us chronologically through key shifts in policies of the chief
coffee trading countries-Brazil, Colombia, and the United
States-especially the formation, operation, and collapse of
the International Coffee Organization from 1962 through
1982.
$\mathcal{D}$-FAITHFUL SEMIGROUP-GRADED RINGS
Authors: Munn W. D.
Published: October 2003

A weak form of faithfulness, depending on Green’s equivalence $\mathcal{D}$, is introduced for a ring $R$ graded by a semigroup $S$. Suppose that $R$ satisfies this condition. It is shown that if $e$ and $f$ are $\mathcal{D}$-equivalent idempotents of $S$ and $R_e$ is semiprime (respectively, prime, semiprimitive, right primitive), then $R_f$ is semiprime (respectively, prime, semiprimitive, right primitive). In addition, it is shown that if $G$ and $H$ are maximal subgroups of $S$ lying in the same $\mathcal{D}$-class and $R_G$ is semiprime (respectively, prime, semiprimitive, right primitive), then $R_H$ is semiprime (respectively, prime, semiprimitive, right primitive).

AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 16W50. Secondary 20M25
HISTORIOGRAPHICAL REVIEW
Authors: ROWELL S. C.
Published: October 2003

Since the breakdown of the Soviet Union and Swedish socialism the Baltic region has attracted more attention, although not perhaps as much as it might deserve, than since the 1930s. English-speaking readers have been presented with a magisterial survey of the northern world over a five hundred years' period. However, many of the old stereotypes of war, pestilence, and the rise of Sweden under Gustav Adolphus, the lion of the north, and of Russia under the delusively attractive despots, Peter I and Catherine II (both of whom were essentially Baltic animals), remain unchallenged. Over the past decade much new work has appeared in northern Europe to open a more intriguing and understandable vista – of Baroque vibrancy in art, literature, and architecture; remarkably resilient small towns and efficient manor economies; and powerful interacting religious and political mythologies that combine in a vision of ‘Gotho-Sarmatian’ unity.
COMMUNISTS AND THE NATIONAL QUESTION IN SCOTLAND AND ICELAND, c. 1930 TO c. 1940
Authors: KRISTJÁNSDÓTTIR RAGNHEIĐUR
Published: October 2003

In the period between 1935 and 1939, the international communist movement urged communist parties to strike a more nationalistic note in their propaganda. In Scotland this was met by what may seem as a surprising reluctance to move away from strict communist adherence to internationalism, and towards a more nationalistic approach to Scottish politics. This article aims at understanding how the interplay between the international and national political contexts resulted in this reluctance. It considers, in particular, the extent to which the national identity of Scottish communists influenced their approach to the national question. It places the ideas of Scottish communists in the context of Marxist-Leninist doctrine, and considers how these were adapted into the national political context. As a further aid in determining which factors were at work when Scottish communists tackled the national question, the attitude of Scottish communists is compared with that of their fellow communists in Iceland. By broadening the perspective in this way, it is argued, we can make sense of the paradox that it was indeed international communism that eventually turned Scottish communists into nationalists.
Efficiency of spatial methods in yield trials in lentil (Lens culinaris ssp. culinaris)
Authors: SARKER A. , SINGH M. , ERSKINE W.
Published: October 2003

Incomplete block (IB) analysis of lentil yield trials in lattice block designs substantially reduced experimental error variability compared to randomized complete block (RCB) analysis. Spatial variability, which may exist in two dimensions in the field, can be modelled using various alternative covariance structures for the plot errors. To investigate the adequacy of the incomplete block analysis, we fitted a first order autocorrelation error structure (AR1) in both the column direction and the row direction after allowing for the variance model of the lattice design. We also considered random splines in columns. The best model was selected on the basis of the residual deviance of each of the 53 trials we examined. Gains in efficiency (over RCB) for pair-wise comparison of genotypes and selection gains were obtained for the selected models and for the lattice blocks (considered as a control model). Spatial models where the plot error was modelled as AR1 in columns or as AR1×AR1 in rows and columns after allowing for random effects of lattice blocks were most frequently selected. Models with spatial errors were found best in 74% of the trials when used with random effects of lattice block and in the remaining trials when used without lattice blocks. The average gain in efficiency over RCB analysis by using the best models at the analysis stage was around 50%. The best models were also, on average, more efficient than the lattice model. Expected average genetic gain due to selection of the top five lines was approximately 20% for the best models. The predicted genotype means showed less change in rank when comparing RCB with lattice analysis than when comparing RCB with the best method. Use of spatial models resulted in different genotypes being selected, giving a higher genetic advance. Since the use of spatial models requires only a change in computation together with knowledge of the field layout, the use of spatial methods together with good experimental design is recommended as a cost-effective method for achieving improved genetic progress.
The effects of Leucaena leucocephala on semen quality, fertility and reproductive performance of dihydroxy pyridone-adapted South African Nguni goats
Authors: AKINGBADE A. A. , NSAHLAI I. V. , MORRIS C. D.
Published: October 2003

The effects of feeding Leucaena leucocephala on semen quality and fertility were examined using four dihydroxy pyridone (DHP)-adapted (21.0, 26.5, 27.0 and 31.0 kg) and four DHP-unadapted (28.0, 31.0, 40.0 and 44.0 kg) South African indigenous Nguni bucks (mature male goats). The DHP-adapted bucks were assigned to air-dried Leucaena leucocephala forage (LL; Leucaena group) while the unadapted ones were maintained on a cereal-based concentrate diet (C; concentrate group) containing 122 g crude protein (CP)/kg over an 84-day period. Buck semen samples were collected on days 0 and 77 of the study. On the last day of the study (day 84), bucks in the Leucaena group were divided into two equal subgroups; a subgroup was assigned to Leucaena leucocephala-grass pasture (LGP) with ten does (mature female goats) while the second subgroup was assigned to natural pasture (NP) with nine does. Similarly, the two concentrate subgroups were separately assigned to mate nine and ten does on LGP and NP plots, respectively. The proportions of normal semen on both groups were not significantly different. However, semen quality on LL treatment increased significantly (P = 0.004) between days 0 and 77 and probably explains the significant (P<0.01) difference between the fertility rates of bucks on both treatments. There was no evidence that feeding LL was detrimental to semen quality and fertility of bucks and to conception among females mated by the bucks fed the forage; perhaps due to the fact that the bucks had adapted to DHP as a result of the DHP-degrading rumen bacteria (Synergistes jonesii) that were transferred to them by the does. Synergistes jonesii is known to be capable of detoxifying mimosine and its toxic metabolites to innocuous compounds.
Whole-rotation dry matter and nitrogen grain yields from the first course of an organic farming crop rotation experiment
Authors: OLESEN J. E. , RASMUSSEN I. A. , ASKEGAARD M. , KRISTENSEN K.
Published: October 2003

The possibilities for increasing total grain yield in organic cereal production through manipulation of crop rotation design were investigated in a field experiment on different soil types in Denmark from 1997 to 2000. Three experimental factors were included in the experiment in a factorial design: (1) proportion of grass-clover and pulses in the rotation, (2) catch crop (with and without) and (3) manure (with and without). Three four-course rotations were compared. Two of the rotations had 1 year of grass-clover as a green manure crop, either followed by spring wheat or by winter wheat. The grass-clover was replaced by winter cereals in the third rotation. Animal manure was applied as slurry in rates corresponding to 40% of the nitrogen (N) demand of the cereal crops.

Rotational grain yields of the cereal and pulse crops were calculated by summing yields for each plot over the 4 years in the rotation. The rotational yields were affected by all experimental factors (rotation, manure and catch crop). However, the largest effects on both dry matter and N yields were caused by differences between sites caused by differences in soils, climate and cropping history. The rotation without a green manure crop produced the greatest total yield. Dry matter and N yields in this rotation were about 10% higher than in the rotation with a grass-clover ley in 1 year in 4. Therefore, the yield benefits from the grass-clover ley could not adequately compensate for the yield reduction as a result of leaving 25% of the rotation out of production. There were no differences in dry matter and N yields in grains between the rotations, where either spring or winter cereals followed the grass-clover ley. The N use efficiency for ammonium-N in the applied manure corresponded to that obtained from N in commercial fertilizer. There were only very small yield benefits from the use of catch crops. However, this may change over time as fertility builds up in the system with catch crops.
Poverty, Sterilization, and Eugenics in Erskine Caldwell's Tobacco Road
Authors: KEELY KAREN A.
Published: October 2003

Two primary manifestations of the eugenics movement in America were
the involuntary sterilization of certain classes of people, including the
mentally ill and disabled and some types of criminals, and the “family
study,” genealogical reports that traced criminal behavior, immorality,
and mental problems throughout family trees to determine whether the
characteristics are inheritable. Both family studies and sterilization proved
to be important fodder for American literary authors, who made
significant use of the rhetoric of family and propagation. Erskine
Caldwell's Tobacco Road is particularly interesting to read with eugenics in
mind, for the 1932 novel is intrinsically bound up with issues of breeding,
heredity, and degeneration. Caldwell's text, which he characterized as
literary realism, relies not only on the genre of family study in general but
more particularly on a study conducted by Caldwell's father in 1928 and
published two years later in the journal Eugenics; Ira Caldwell had
attempted to rescue a poor white family from what he saw as the
conditions of their ongoing degeneracy but was rejected completely by
the family, leading to his renunciation of many of his social reform ideals
in favor of sterilization programs. Erskine Caldwell drew heavily on his
father's failed attempt at reform, and Tobacco Road ultimately argues for
the sterilization of Georgia's poor whites, but with the pessimistic caveat
that the problems of degeneracy and rural poverty have no final solution.
Caldwell's manipulation of his audience, his observation of his father's
eugenics experimentation, and his use of extended metaphors, both
mechanical and agricultural, for family all create a deeply cynical novel
that condemns America's economic modus operandi for the living conditions
of the poor but also condemns those poor as being permanently beyond
help. In the end, Caldwell argues that the poor – in both money and
breeding – will be always with us and that we are doomed to witness the
full horror of their degradation without the possibility of either relieving
their plight or eradicating them.
POSTPONING OR REJECTING PARENTHOOD? RESULTS OF A SURVEY AMONG FEMALE ACADEMIC PROFESSIONALS
Authors: KEMKES-GROTTENTHALER ARIANE
Published: October 2003

The current surge in childlessness is often seen as an alternative lifestyle amidst growing pluralism and individualism. The results of this study indicate that several subgroups of childless women need to be differentiated: those who actively decide to forgo children in favour of other life pursuits and those who merely defer the decision. Both have accumulated a high degree of human capital in their education or career-building paths. Thus, the increase of a woman's time invested in education or career formation takes its toll on the time available for childrearing. A survey performed among female academics (N=193) brought to light that among childless women, many merely mean to postpone motherhood until their career prospects are established. Differences between those who outwardly reject motherhood and those who defer the decision can be seen in a variety of job- and career-related aspects. However, due to misconceptions about fertility, many of those who merely intended to postpone children may inevitably end up ‘involuntarily childless’. As this trend is most likely to increase in the near future, the resolution of this conflict will be an important milestone in the development of modern industrialized countries. As can be seen from this survey, financial benefits will not induce women to enter into motherhood. Rather, societal and infrastructural changes have to be brought about in order to induce women to enter into motherhood.
Effect of specific wavelengths on light-induced quality changes in Havarti cheese
Authors: Mortensen Grith , Sørensen John , Danielsen Bente , Stapelfeldt Henrik
Published: October 2003

The effects of exposure of slices of Havarti cheeses to monochromatic light of wavelengths 366 nm, 405 nm, and 436 nm, respectively, were studied by tristimulus colorimetry, solid-phase microextraction gas chromatographic analysis of volatiles, and open-end fluorescence spectroscopy. Having determined the photon fluxes of the three wavelengths by ferrioxalate actinometry, it was possible to quantify the effects of light exposure in an absolute manner. For all analyses, the most severe effects were caused by visible light, leading to colour bleaching, change in hue, riboflavin degradation, and formation of the secondary oxidation products hexanal, 1-pentanol, and 1-hexanol. Apparent quantum yields for formation of hexanal and 1-pentanol were found to be insignificantly different for 405 nm and 436 nm exposures, having values of (3–5).10−5 mol.einstein−1 and (9–13).10−5 mol.einstein−1, respectively. These compounds were not formed when exposed to 366 nm light. In contrast, 1-hexanol was formed when exposing cheese to all three wavelengths, resulting in apparent quantum yields of (2–6).10−5 mol.einstein−1. The results obtained are discussed in relation to the interplay between inherent product colorants, light sources, and transmission characteristics of the packaging materials.
Probiotics induce resistance to enteropathogens in a re-nourished mouse model
Authors: Cano Paola Gauffin , Perdigón Gabriela
Published: October 2003

Nutritional deficiency is commonly associated with impaired immune response and the relation between infection and malnutrition is synergic. Probiotics, especially lactic acid bacteria are immunomodulatory. The aim was to determine whether optimal doses of Lactobacillus casei and yogurt, used as adjuvants in a re-nutrition diet in a non-severe malnutrition experimental model, protect against Salmonella typhimurium and Escherichia coli. Groups of malnourished mice were used, which were re-nourished with milk for 7 or 14 d. After that, both groups of mice received the optimal doses of Lb. casei and yogurt supplements. We measured IgA+ and IgG+-B cells and phenotypic markers of T lymphocytes; CD3+, CD4+ and CD8+ cells. We also determined αβ and γδ T cell receptor (TCR). The ability to protect against Sal. typhimurium and Esch. coli infections and specific S-IgA were assessed. Probiotics complemented the effects of the re-nutrition diet, by stimulating recuperation of the activity of immune cells that improved protection against infections.
Firms, Networks and Business Values: The British and American Cotton Industries since 1750. By Mary B. Rose. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xii, 352. $64.95.
Authors: Huberman Michael
Published: October 2003

The point of departure of this book is the assertion that recent scholarship has treated the British cotton-textile industry unfairly because of the strong tendency to situate the industry in the U.S. blueprint of development. The result, Mary Rose believes, has led to some misunderstanding of the rise and decline of the British industry. Rose reverses the standard approach and views the development of U.S. industry through British lenses.
The Market for Capital and the Origins of State Regulation of Electric Utilities in the United States
Authors: Hausman William J. , Neufeld John L.
Published: October 2003

We provide evidence that the problem of raising capital in the early days of the U.S. electric-utility industry motivated industry leaders to embrace state rate-of-return regulation in return for a secure territorial monopoly. Utility executives anticipated that this would lead to a reduction in borrowing costs. Using firm-level bond data for 1910–1919, we estimate a model and find that state regulation led to lower borrowing costs but that the magnitude of the reduction was small. We also find evidence that output of electric utilities in states with regulation was higher than output in states without regulation.
La Harpe's Post: A Tale of French-Wichita Contact on the Eastern Plains. By George H. Odell. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press, 2002. Pp. xx, 369. $29.95, paper.
Authors: Gregg Matthew T.
Published: October 2003

In 1719, French commander Jean-Baptiste Benard, Sieur de la Harpe, together with nine men, ventured into the Prairie Plains, a region previously unvisited by Europeans, to establish trading alliances with the Plains Indians. His journey took him to what is now eastern Oklahoma, where his men spent ten days at an Indian village interacting with peoples of various tribes who later merged into the Wichita tribe. The village was the principal home of the Tawakoni, the most powerful of the Wichita-related tribes. In La Harpe's Post, George H. Odell documents the initial contact between La Harpe's party and these peoples, thereby potentially adding a crucial chapter to the history of the Plains Indians during the early eighteenth century. The information regarding the native population is considered the most significant consequence from this event. Odell takes much of his information from findings obtained during an excavation of the presumed site of the Tawakoni village. Odell ambitiously uses this information to write a reevaluation of the general history of the eastern Plains during this period. The technical aspects of the archeological research, such as the excavation data and statistical analyses, are located in 11 appendixes, as his book is intended for a wide audience.
A Vlasov equation for pressure wave
propagation in bubbly fluids
Authors: SMEREKA PETER
Published: October 2003

The derivation of effective equations for pressure wave propagation in a bubbly
fluid at very low void fractions is examined. A Vlasov-type equation is derived for
the probability distribution of the bubbles in phase space instead of computing
effective equations in terms of averaged quantities. This provides a more general
description of the bubble mixture and contains previously derived effective equations
as a special case. This Vlasov equation allows for the possibility that locally bubbles
may oscillate with different phases or amplitudes or may have different sizes. The
linearization of this equation recovers the dispersion relation derived by Carstensen
& Foldy. The initial value problem is examined for both ideal bubbly flows and
situations where the bubble dynamics have damping mechanisms. In the ideal case,
it is found that the pressure waves will damp to zero whereas the bubbles continue
to oscillate but with the oscillations becoming incoherent. This damping mechanism
is similar to Landau damping in plasmas. Nonlinear effects are considered by using
the Hamiltonian structure. It is proven that there is a damping mechanism due to
the nonlinearity of single-bubble motion. The Vlasov equation is modified to include
effects of liquid viscosity and heat transfer. It is shown that the pressure waves have
two damping mechanisms, one from the effects of size distribution and the other from
single-bubble damping effects. Consequently, the pressure waves can damp faster than
bubble oscillations.
Impact of floats on water
Authors: de DIVITIIS N. , de SOCIO L. M.
Published: October 2003

The impact of a wedge-shaped body on the free surface of a weightless inviscid
incompressible liquid is considered. Both symmetrical and unsymmetrical entries at
constant velocity are dealt with. The differential problem corresponds to the physicomathematical model of a distribution of potential singularities and, in particular,
the flow singularities at the ends of the wetted regions are represented by sinks. A
conformal transformation of the flow field is adopted and the unknown intensities
of the discontinuities are found by an optimization procedure, together with the
solution of the nonlinear free-surface problem. The flow separation at a sideslip is
also considered.
The integral scale in homogeneous isotropic turbulence
Authors: WANG HONGLU , GEORGE WILLIAM K.
Published: October 2003

A simple spectral model is used to examine what is required to determine the energy
and integral scale in homogeneous isotropic turbulence. The problem is that these
are determined in part by the largest scales of the turbulence which are either not
simulated at all by DNS or experiments, or cannot be estimated because of an
insufficient statistical sample. The absence of scales an order of magnitude below
the peak in the energy spectrum is shown to affect the determination significantly.
Since this energy peak shifts to lower wavenumbers as the flow evolves, the problem
becomes progressively worse during decay. It is suggested that almost all reported
integral scales for isotropic decaying turbulence are questionable, and that the power
laws fitted to them are seriously in error. Approximate correction using the spectral
model shows that recent DNS data which decay as u2 ∝ tn
with constant n, are also consistent with L ∝ t1/2.
Flow transitions in three-dimensional double-diffusive fingering convection in a porous cavity
Authors: SEZAI I.
Published: October 2003

In the present study the existence of multiple three-dimensional double-diffusive
flow patterns in a horizontal rectangular porous cavity of a square cross-section,
having horizontal aspect ratios Ax = Ay = 2 is
investigated numerically. Opposing vertical gradients of temperature and concentration are applied between
the two horizontal walls of the cavity, where the solute gradient is destabilizing against a
stabilizing temperature gradient. All vertical walls are considered to be impermeable
and adiabatic. The Brinkman and Forchheimer terms are included in the momentum
equations where the convective terms are retained. The effect of the buoyancy ratio,
N, thermal Rayleigh number, RaT and Lewis number, Le, on
the formation of multiple flow patterns is investigated over a wide range of parameters. Altogether 36
symmetric flow structures have been identified when each of the parameters N,
RaT, and Le is varied independently, keeping the others as constants.
The results of the calculations are presented in terms of the average Sherwood number curves consisting
of different solution branches, where transitions between the branches are indicated.
The flow patterns are classified according to their symmetry properties and the type
of symmetries broken or preserved are identified during the bifurcation processes.
Immunogenic properties of the Plasmodium vivax vaccine candidate MSP119 expressed as a secreted non-glycosylated polypeptide from Pichia pastoris
Authors: SOARES I. S. , RODRIGUES M. M.
Published: October 2003

The 19 kDa C-terminal region of the merozoite surface protein 1 (MSP119) is one of the most promising vaccine candidates against the erythrocytic forms of malaria. In the present study, a gene encoding the Plasmodium vivax MSP119 epitope (PvMSP119) and the Pan-Allelic DR epitope (PADRE) was expressed in the methylotrophic yeast Pichia pastoris. A non-glycosylated form of the recombinant protein rPvMSP119-PADRE was purified from culture supernatants. This recombinant protein maintains its antigenicity, being recognized by a very high percentage (85·6%) of sera from Brazilian individuals naturally exposed to P. vivax. The antibody immune response elicited by rPvMSP119-PADRE was compared in C57BL/6 mice immunized with different adjuvant formulations. After 3 immunizing doses, antibody titres induced in the presence of the adjuvants monophosphoryl lipid A, trehalose dicorynomycolate and cell wall skeleton or alum plus CpG ODN 1826 were as high as titres generated by Complete Freund's Adjuvant. Based on these immunological studies, we concluded that rPvMSP119-PADRE deserves further evaluation in pre-clinical immunizations against P. vivax in non-human primates.
Relationships and significance of contaminants in soils of the Transantarctic Mountains
Authors: Campbell I.B. , Sheppard D.S. , Claridge G.G.C.
Published: October 2003

The behaviour of Antarctic soils towards contaminant materials depends on the nature of the contaminant and the properties of the soil. Relevant properties are: depth to permafrost, whether the permafrost is ice-cemented or dry frozen; the active layer depth, active layer moisture content, and frequency of liquid water; soil salinity characteristics; and the geological composition of the soil materials.

Soil contaminations in the McMurdo region have been investigated through several years in a number of studies, including site surveys, field investigations, and experiments. Results of these studies are summarized in this paper and the significance of the contaminations is discussed. The behaviour of contaminants at the sites investigated conforms to existing knowledge of the soil properties. In the presence of some summer water or occasional moisture influxes from snowmelt, soluble contaminants may be transported variable distances through soils, both downwards and laterally, depending on the amount of water available. Ice-cemented permafrost restricts the downward movement of most contaminants but may aid distribution via lateral flow, especially low-freezing-point contaminants such as hydrocarbons. In dry-frozen soils, low-freezing-point contaminants may penetrate deeply into the soil.

With respect to the sites investigated, the heavy metal contaminations were typically above the values from undisturbed sites, but there may at times be appreciable natural variation. The presence of solid materials in soils — such as particles of plastics, wood, fibre, etc — represents a widespread and pernicious form of contamination, because they are foreign to the environment and are non-degradable.
Somatization among older primary care attenders
Authors: SHEEHAN B. , BASS C. , BRIGGS R. , JACOBY R.
Published: October 2003

Background. The importance of somatization among older primary care attenders is unclear. We aimed to establish the prevalence, persistence and associations of somatization among older primary care attenders, and the associations of frequent attendance.

Method. One hundred and forty primary care attenders over 65 years were rated twice, 10 months apart, on measures of somatization, psychiatric status, physical health and attendance.

Results. The syndrome of GMS hypochondriacal neurosis had a prevalence of 5% but was transient. Somatized symptoms and attributions were persistent and associated with depression, physical illness and perceived poor social support. Frequent attenders (top third) had higher rates of depression, physical illness and somatic symptoms, and lower perceived support.

Conclusion. Somatization is common among older primary care attenders and has similar correlates to younger primary care somatizers. Psychological distress among older primary care attenders is associated with frequent attendance. Improved recognition should result in benefits to patients and services.
In defence of Mumford's definition of a miracle
Authors: LUCK MORGAN
Published: October 2003

In a recent paper in Religious Studies, Clarke criticizes Mumford's definition of a miracle as it fails to recognize a supernatural agent capable of intent. Clarke believes that in order for an event to qualify as a miracle a supernatural agent must intend it. It is my aim to dismiss this qualification and demonstrate how Mumford's intent-neutral definition is less problematic. I will do this by examining each of the three cases against Mumford's definition and give reason to reject Clarke's criticism and his own definition of a miracle.
Luck and miracles
Authors: CLARKE STEVE
Published: October 2003

In another paper published here, I criticized Stephen Mumford's causation-based analysis of miracles on the grounds of its failure to produce results that are consistent with ordinary intuitions. In a response to me, intended as a defence of Mumford's position, Morgan Luck finds fault with my rival approach to miracles on three grounds. In this response to Luck I argue that all three of his criticisms miss their mark. My response to Luck's final line of criticism helps shed light on the difference between my approach to the definition of miracles and that due to Mumford. While my approach is driven by both metaphysical and epistemological considerations, Mumford's approach appears to be driven exclusively by metaphysical considerations.
London, Royal Opera House: ‘The Blackened Man’
Authors: Barlow Jill
Published: October 2003

Will Todd, born in Durham in 1970, has an extensive output of compositions to his credit, including highly-charged operas and oratorios, largely centred around themes from northeastern England, notably the workers' struggle against early 19th and 20th-century injustice and oppression. I had heard his emotive cantata The Burning Road performed at St Albans Cathedral in February 2002 – it depicts the relentless, footsore Jarrow Marchers of 1936 who stopped in the city en route to London – and was interested to hear the follow-up in his new opera on an allied theme: The Blackened Man.
Experience, attention, and mental representation
Authors: Broackes Justin
Published: October 2003

O'Regan & Noë make plausible that perception involves mastery of sensory-motor dependencies. Their rejection of qualia, however, is less persuasive; as is their view that we see only what we are attending to. At times they seem to oppose “internal representation” in general; I argue that they should in fact only be rejecting crude conceptions of brain picturing.
Natural groups of transformations underlying apparent motion and perceived object shape and color
Authors: Foster David H.
Published: October 2003

Shepard's analysis of how shape, motion, and color are perceptually represented can be generalized. Apparent motion and shape may be associated with a group of spatial transformations, accounting for rigid and plastic motion, and perceived object color may be associated with a group of illuminant transformations, accounting for the discriminability of surface-reflectance changes and illuminant changes beyond daylight. The phenomenological and mathematical parallels between these perceptual domains may indicate common organizational rules, rather than specific ecological adaptations. [Barlow; Hecht; Kubovy & Epstein; Schwartz; Shepard; Todorovič]
Depicting second-order isomorphism and “depictive” representations
Authors: Amiri Hedy , Marsolek Chad J.
Published: October 2003

According to Pylyshyn, depictive representations can be explanatory only if a certain kind of first-order isomorphism exists between the mental representations and real-world displays. What about a system with second-order isomorphism (similarities between different mental representations corresponding with similarities between different real-world displays)? Such a system may help to address whether “depictive” representations contribute to the visual nature of imagery.
Locating early Homo and Homo erectus tool production along the extractive foraging/cognitive continuum
Authors: Parker Sue Taylor
Published: October 2003

This commentary contests Wynn's diagnosis of the cognitive implications of the earliest stone tools and Acheulian tools. I argue that the earliest stone tools imply greater cognitive abilities than those of great apes, and that Acheulian tools imply more than the preoperational cognitive abilities Wynn suggests. Finally, I suggest an alternative adaptive scenario for the evolution of hominid cognitive abilities.