bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Development–Foreign Policy Nexus of the Asian Rising Powers: South Korea, China, Japan and Indonesia
Authors: Parlar Dal Emel , Dipama Samiratou , Çaytaş Şaban , Sezgin Ayda
Published: September 2021

This article adopts a holistic view of the theoretical and empirical interconnection between the development and foreign policies of four Asian rising powers: South Korea (hereafter Korea), Japan, Indonesia and China during three consecutive periods; the Washington Consensus (WC) era (1980–1990), the Post‐Washington Consensus (PWC) era (1990–2008) and the Hybrid/Mix (H/M) era (2008–onwards). This study aims to elucidate and compare the level of coherence between the development agenda and foreign policy tools of these four Asian rising powers. First, the article provides an overview of the existing literature on the developmental state and developmental foreign policy. Second, it presents a development‐foreign policy nexus (DFN) framework that takes into account five layers: (1) economics; (2) diplomacy; (3) security and peace; (4) civil society; and (5) state‐market, and their related lines of action and instruments. The last part applies this DFN framework to our selected cases and provides comparative insights based on our newly created DFN Index scores, calculated separately for the four countries in each of the eras under review. In the final analysis, the results of our DFN Index and comparative case studies indicate that since the 1980s, in the selected four countries development has almost become subordinated to foreign policy and this coherence has continued to increase since the end of the 1990s.
Longitudinal prediction of periconception alcohol use: a 20‐year prospective cohort study across adolescence, young adulthood and pregnancy
Authors: Hutchinson Delyse , Spry Elizabeth A. , Mohamad Husin Hanafi , Middleton Melissa , Hearps Stephen , Moreno‐Betancur Margarita , Elliott Elizabeth J. , Ryan Joanne , Olsson Craig A. , Patton George C.
Published: September 2021

Background and Aims

Alcohol consumption is common in adolescence and young adulthood and may continue into pregnancy, posing serious risk to early fetal development. We examine the frequency of periconception alcohol use (prior to pregnancy awareness) and the extent to which adolescent and young adult alcohol use prospectively predict periconception use.

Design

A longitudinal, population‐based study.

Setting

Victoria, Australia.

Participants

A total of 289 women in trimester three of pregnancy (age 29–35 years; 388 pregnancies).

Measures

The main exposures were binge [≥ 4.0 standard drinks (SDs)/day] and frequent (≥ 3 days/week) drinking in adolescence (mean age = 14.9–17.4 years) and young adulthood (mean age 20.7–29.1 years). Outcomes were frequency (≥ 3 days/week, ≥ monthly, never) and quantity (≥ 4.0 SDs, ≥ 0.5 and < 4.0 SDs, none) of periconception drinking.

Findings

Alcohol use was common in young adulthood prior to pregnancy (72%) and in the early weeks of pregnancy (76%). The proportions drinking on most days and binge drinking were similar at both points. Reflecting a high degree of continuity in alcohol use behaviours, most women who drank periconceptionally had an earlier history of frequent (77%) and/or binge (85%) drinking throughout the adolescent or young adult years. Young adult binge drinking prospectively predicted periconception drinking quantity [odds ratio (OR) = 3.7, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.9–7.4], compared with women with no prior history. Similarly, frequent young adult drinking prospectively predicted frequent periconception drinking (OR = 30.7, 95% CI = 12.3–76.7).

Conclusions

Women who engage in risky (i.e. frequent and binge) drinking in their adolescent and young adult years are more likely to report risky drinking in early pregnancy prior to pregnancy recognition than women with no prior history of risky drinking.
Opportunity to improve livestock traits using 3D genomics
Authors: MacPhillamy C. , Pitchford W. S. , Alinejad‐Rokny H. , Low W. Y.
Published: September 2021

The advent of high‐throughput chromosome conformation capture and sequencing (Hi‐C) has enabled researchers to probe the 3D architecture of the mammalian genome in a genome‐wide manner. Simultaneously, advances in epigenomic assays, such as chromatin immunoprecipitation and sequencing (ChIP‐seq) and DNase‐seq, have enabled researchers to study cis‐regulatory interactions and chromatin accessibility across the same genome‐wide scale. The use of these data has revealed many unique insights into gene regulation and disease pathomechanisms in several model organisms. With the advent of these high‐throughput sequencing technologies, there has been an ever‐increasing number of datasets available for study; however, this is often limited to model organisms. Livestock species play critical roles in the economies of developing and developed nations alike. Despite this, they are greatly underrepresented in the 3D genomics space; Hi‐C and related technologies have the potential to revolutionise livestock breeding by enabling a more comprehensive understanding of how production traits are controlled. The growth in human and model organism Hi‐C data has seen a surge in the availability of computational tools for use in 3D genomics, with some tools using machine learning techniques to predict features and improve dataset quality. In this review, we provide an overview of the 3D genome and discuss the status of 3D genomics in livestock before delving into advancing the field by drawing inspiration from research in human and mouse. We end by offering future directions for livestock research in the field of 3D genomics.
Retention of General Practitioners in remote areas of Canada and Australia: A meta‐aggregation of qualitative research
Authors: Wieland Lara , Ayton Jennifer , Abernethy Gail
Published: September 2021

Objective

Our aim was to systematically review qualitative evidence regarding the experiences and perceptions of General Practitioners and the factors influencing retention in remote areas of Canada and Australia. The objectives were to identify gaps and inform policy to improve retention of remote doctors, which should in turn reduce health inequalities for remote communities.

Design

Meta‐aggregation of qualitative studies of General Practitioners and general practice registrars who had worked in a remote area of Australia or Canada for a minimum of 1 year and/or were intending to stay remote long term in their current placement.

Results

Six synthesised findings were identified: peer and professional support, organisational support, uniqueness of remote lifestyle and work, burnout and time off, personal family issues and cultural and gender issues.

Conclusions

Long‐term retention of doctors in remote areas of Australia and Canada is influenced by a range of negative and positive perceptions, and experiences with key factors being professional, organisational and personal. All 6 synthesised findings span a spectrum of policy domains and service responsibilities, and therefore, a central coordinating body could be well placed to implement a multifactorial retention strategy.
Province of Thieves: On Violence, Reflexivity and The Cross‐Cultural Encounter
Authors: Arensen Lisa
Published: September 2021

To understand another human being, sometimes vividly imagining another person’s lifeworld is better than analysis. I seek a kind of writing that allows both modes of understanding. This mostly nonfiction essay is based on events of nearly two decades ago, when I lived in Cambodia as a young white female development worker, before I formally studied anthropology. I describe several months of work and travel in a rural village by myself and my Khmer colleagues, and explore the various ways in which I and others experienced and understood several violent incidents. I attempt to reflexively reflect upon my own cultural positioning versus that of my Buddhist colleagues. This piece moves from narrative non‐fiction to several sequences trying to envision the past of someone living in an entirely different cultural milieu than my own. These pieces are wholly imagined, so this piece of writing is a hybrid between creative non‐fiction and fiction.
The causal effect of being born extremely preterm or extremely low birthweight on neurodevelopment and social‐emotional development at 2 years
Authors: Olsen Joy E. , Lee Katherine J. , Spittle Alicia J. , Anderson Peter J. , Doyle Lex W. , Cheong Jeanie L. Y. ,   the members of the Victorian Infant Collaborative Study Group
Published: September 2021

Aim

To assess the causal effect of being born extremely preterm (EP; <28 weeks’ gestation) or extremely low birthweight (ELBW; <1000 g), compared with being born at term, on neurodevelopment and social‐emotional development at 2 years’ corrected age.

Methods

Prospective geographical cohort study of children born EP/ELBW over 12 months in 2016 from Victoria, Australia, and term‐born controls. Children were assessed at 2 years’ corrected age with the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development–3rd edition and the Infant‐Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment. Delay was defined as <−1 standard deviation relative to the mean of controls. The estimand of interest was the mean difference/odds ratio (OR) between the EP/ELBW and control groups estimated using linear/logistic regression, adjusted for multiple pregnancy and social risk.

Results

A total of 205 EP/ELBW and 201 controls were assessed at 2 years. Delay/concerns were more common in the EP/ELBW group compared with controls, for cognitive (OR 3.7 [95% confidence interval 2.3, 6.0]), language (5.3 [3.1, 9.0]) and motor (3.9 [2.3, 6.3]) development, and social‐emotional competence (4.1 [1.6, 10.2]).

Conclusion

Being born EP/ELBW has an adverse effect on cognitive, language and motor development, and social‐emotional competence at 2 years’ corrected age. Close developmental surveillance, including social‐emotional development, is recommended.
An increased asthma risk continued until young adulthood after early‐childhood hospitalisation for wheezing
Authors: Ruotsalainen Marja , Heikkilä Paula , Backman Katri , Korppi Matti
Published: September 2021

Aim

The aim of this cohort study was to evaluate doctor‐diagnosed and self‐reported asthma in young adults after early‐childhood hospitalisation for wheezing.

Methods

In this prospective‐controlled follow‐up, questionnaires were sent to 95 subjects aged 24–28 years, who had been hospitalised for their first episodes of wheezing under 24 months of age. Fifty‐eight cases and 100 controls returned the questionnaires.

Results

The risk of doctor‐diagnosed asthma was 2.14‐fold (95% confidence interval 0.61–7.41), and the risk of self‐reported asthma 2.39‐fold (1.14–4.99) in cases compared to controls. The increased risk of self‐reported asthma remained as statistically significant in analyses adjusted for current smoking, overweight and allergic rhinitis. Study subjects presented with wheezing symptoms, use of bronchodilators and inhaled corticosteroids, and with seasonal symptoms presumptive for allergic rhinitis during the last 12 months, more often than controls. The identification of a respiratory syncytial virus or rhinovirus during hospitalisation in early childhood was not anymore associated with asthma risk in adulthood. As expected, previous asthma during early childhood was a strong risk factor for asthma in young adulthood.

Conclusion

In this controlled questionnaire study, early‐childhood hospitalisation for lower respiratory infection with wheezing was an independently significant risk factor of asthma in young adults.
Clinical classification and long‐term outcomes of seronegative coeliac disease: a 20‐year multicentre follow‐up study
Authors: Schiepatti Annalisa , Rej Anupam , Maimaris Stiliano , Cross Simon S. , Porta Petra , Aziz Imran , Key Tim , Goodwin John , Therrien Amelie , Yoosuf Shakira , Leffler Daniel A. , Silvester Jocelyn A. , Klersy Catherine , Biagi Federico , Sanders David S.
Published: September 2021

Background

Seronegative coeliac disease is poorly defined.

Aims

To study clinical phenotypes and long‐term outcomes of seronegative coeliac disease in a multicentre cohort over 20 years.

Methods

Seronegative coeliac disease was diagnosed in HLA‐DQ2/DQ8‐positive patients with villous atrophy (VA), negative IgA endomysial (EmA), tissue transglutaminase (tTG) and deamidated‐gliadin antibodies (DGP), clinical and histological response to a gluten‐free diet (GFD), and no alternative causes for VA. In patients with IgA deficiency, coeliac disease was diagnosed through VA, positive IgG EmA/tTG/DGP and clinical/histological response to a GFD (coeliac disease+IgAd). Patients with seropositive coeliac disease served as controls.

Results

Of 227 patients previously diagnosed with seronegative coeliac disease, true seronegative coeliac disease was confirmed in 84, coeliac disease+IgAd in 48, and excluded in 55. Lack of follow‐up duodenal biopsy precluded diagnosing seronegative coeliac disease in 40 patients. 2084 patients with seropositive coeliac disease served as controls. True seronegative coeliac disease had more severe symptoms at diagnosis and a higher risk of complications (HR 10.87, 95% CI 6.11‐19.33, P < 0.001) and mortality (HR 2.18, 95% CI 1.12‐4.26, P < 0.01) than seropositive coeliac disease. There were no differences between true seronegative coeliac disease and coeliac disease+IgAd. On multivariate analysis, age at diagnosis, lack of clinical response to a GFD, true seronegative coeliac disease, coeliac disease+IgAd, and classical presentation predicted complications. Age at diagnosis, complications and absence of clinical response to a GFD predicted mortality.

Conclusions

Seronegative coeliac disease has a more aggressive disease phenotype than seropositive coeliac disease. These data argue against over‐reliance on serology for the diagnosis of coeliac disease and support a strict clinical and histologic follow‐up in seronegative coeliac disease.
Creativity in mathematics performance: The role of divergent and convergent thinking
Authors: de Vink Isabelle C. , Willemsen Robin H. , Lazonder Ard. W. , Kroesbergen Evelyn H.
Published: September 2021

Background

Creativity requires both divergent and convergent thinking. Previous research established that divergent thinking relates to mathematics performance, but generally ignored the role of convergent thinking and, hence, leaves it unclear how both might interact when children work on mathematical tasks. This study addressed this paucity in the research literature, with the goal of improving our understanding of the role of creative thinking in primary school mathematics.

Aims

This study examined how divergent and convergent thinking contribute to mathematics performance, both directly and jointly, on single‐ and multiple‐solution tasks.

Sample

The study was conducted with 229 Dutch fifth graders of 12 primary schools.

Method

Divergent and convergent thinking were measured with a visual and verbal task. Path analysis was used including verbal and visual divergent and convergent thinking tasks in relation to single‐ and multiple‐solution mathematics task performance. Working memory was included as a covariate.

Results

Verbal convergent thinking positively predicted single‐ and multiple‐solution task performance. Verbal divergent and convergent thinking interacted in relation to single‐solution task performance, while visual divergent and convergent thinking interacted in relation to multiple‐solution task performance.

Conclusions

Children’s mathematics performance mainly relies on convergent thinking. The role of divergent thinking is twofold: it complements convergent thinking on multiple‐solution tasks and compensates convergent thinking on single‐solution tasks.
Phenotypic overlap and genetic challenges in neurodevelopmental disorders
Authors: Specchio Nicola , Ferretti Alessandro
Published: September 2021

This commentary is on the original article by Carvill et al. on pages 1441–1447 of this issue.
Exploring a Vygotskian Theory of Education and Its Evolutionary Foundations
Authors: Nardo Aline
Published: September 2021

Abstract

Despite his popularity in educational discourses, Lev S. Vygotsky tends to be read mainly as an educational psychologist or learning theorist. His potential contribution to a theory of education remains largely undiscussed. The Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD) is often misunderstood as a sort of “educational tool,” which severely reduces the richness of the concept emerging from Vygotsky's works. In this essay, Aline Nardo argues that acknowledging the evolutionary underpinnings in Vygotsky's thinking would enrich an educational discussion of Vygotsky. This substrate in Vygotsky's educational works, she argues, has been strikingly underappreciated, and her analysis seeks to address this gap by building upon the analogy between Vygotsky's Marxist negation of a Darwinian adaptation paradigm and his conceptual differentiation between learning and development in order to draw out the pedagogical dimension of the ZPD. Pedagogical interaction, in an evolutionary reading of Vygotsky, is qualitatively different from peer interactions, as it is connected to development rather than learning. This perspective, Nardo concludes, has important implications for the role of the teacher and a definition of “the pedagogical.”
Improvements in metacognition mediate the effect of metacognitive remediation therapy: A non‐randomized controlled study among individuals with first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Pine Jacob G. , Moe Aubrey M. , Wastler Heather M. , Breitborde Nicholas J. K.
Published: September 2021

Aim

Metacognitive remediation therapy (MCR) has been shown to help individuals with first‐episode psychosis experience improvements in cognition, social functioning, vocational/educational functioning and quality of life. The theoretical model underlying MCR has yet to be empirically validated.

Methods

Seventy‐three individuals with first‐episode psychosis completed measures of metacognition and cognition at enrollment and after 6‐months of care at a specialized clinical program for individuals with first‐episode psychosis. Among this group, we compared changes in these variables between the 21 individuals who opted to participate in MCR and the 52 individuals who did not participate in MCR.

Results

Improvements in metacognition were moderated by MCR treatment participation. Consistent with the MCR theoretical model of change, increases in metacognition mediated the relationship between treatment and longitudinal changes in cognition.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the benefits of MCR on cognitive functioning may stem, in part, from the ability of MCR to produce improvements in metacognitive functioning.
Pomalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone at first relapse in lenalidomide‐pretreated myeloma: A subanalysis of OPTIMISMM by clinical characteristics
Authors: Richardson Paul G. , Schjesvold Fredrik , Weisel Katja , Moreau Philippe , Anderson Larry D. , White Darrell , Rodriguez‐Otero Paula , Sonneveld Pieter , Engelhardt Monika , Jenner Matthew , Corso Alessandro , Dürig Jan , Pavic Michel , Salomo Morten , Beksac Meral , Oriol Albert , Lindsay Jindriska , Liberati Anna Marina , Galli Monica , Robak Pawel , Larocca Alessandra , Yagci Munci , Vural Filiz , Kanate Abraham S. , Jiang Ruiyun , Grote Lara , Peluso Teresa , Dimopoulos Meletios
Published: September 2021

Objective

We evaluated the efficacy and safety of pomalidomide, bortezomib, and dexamethasone (PVd) vs bortezomib and dexamethasone (Vd) by age, renal function, and high‐risk cytogenetic abnormalities in lenalidomide‐pretreated patients with multiple myeloma at first relapse.

Methods

OPTIMISMM was a phase 3, multicenter, open‐label, randomized study (NCT01734928; N = 559). The primary endpoint was progression‐free survival (PFS).

Results

Overall, 226 patients had received one prior line of therapy. PVd significantly prolonged PFS vs Vd in patients aged ≤65 years (median, 22.0 vs 13.1 months; P = .0258) and >65 years (median, 17.6 vs 9.9 months; P = .0369). Median PFS in patients with renal impairment (RI; creatinine clearance <60 mL/min) was 15.1 months with PVd vs 9.5 months with Vd (hazard ratio [HR], 0.67 [95% CI, 0.34‐1.34]). In patients without RI, median PFS was 22.0 vs 13.1 months (HR, 0.45 [95% CI, 0.27‐0.76]). In patients with high‐risk cytogenetics, median PFS was 14.7 vs 9.9 months (HR, 0.39 [95% CI, 0.13‐1.17]). PVd significantly improved overall response rate vs Vd in all subgroups. The safety profile of PVd was consistent with previous reports.

Conclusions

These findings confirmed the benefits of PVd at first relapse, including in patients with poor prognostic factors.
Observed parent–adolescent coalitions and family hostilities during family discussions: Associations with marital aggression
Authors: Ramos Michelle C. , Arbel Reout , Timmons Adela C. , Rodriguez Aubrey J. , Margolin Gayla
Published: September 2021

This study investigated bidirectional associations between observed parent–youth coalitions—wherein one parent and a child align themselves against the other parent—and family hostilities as they evolved in real‐time during triadic family conflict discussions. Participants were 102 families with an adolescent child (50% girls, Mage = 15.3 years, SD = 0.8). Using time‐lagged, multilevel models, we tested immediate, temporal influences from hostility (within marital and mother–youth and father–youth relationships) to parent–youth coalitions and vice versa. Guided by sensitization theories, we also investigated whether a history of marital aggression moderated these links. Results indicated multiple concurrent links supporting the interconnectedness of cross generational coalitions and angry, critical exchanges within multiple family relationships. Moreover, time‐linked effects demonstrated that hostility within both the marital and parent–adolescent domains preceded subsequent coalitions, and also that coalitions preceded hostility, particularly in the parent–adolescent domain. Findings further demonstrated that marital aggression moderates temporal associations between fathers’ marital hostility and father–youth coalitions. These patterns highlight the dynamic links between hostilities and coalitions, how such patterns spill over across family subsystems, and how these two insidious influences in parents’ interactions with their adolescent youth may mutually reinforce each other. This study informs intervention efforts by identifying patterns and sequences of family hostilities surrounding parent–youth coalitions during adolescence.
Preventing child mental health problems in southeastern Europe: Feasibility study (phase 1 of MOST framework)
Authors: Jansen Elena , Frantz Inga , Hutchings Judy , Lachman Jamie , Williams Margiad , Taut Diana , Baban Adriana , Raleva Marija , Lesco Galina , Ward Cathy , Gardner Frances , Fang Xiangming , Heinrichs Nina , Foran Heather M.
Published: September 2021

The prevalence of child emotional and behavioral problems is an international problem but is higher in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC) where there are often less mental health supports for families. Parenting programs can be an effective means of prevention, but must be low‐cost, scalable, and suitable for the local context. The RISE project aims to systematically adapt, implement, and evaluate a low‐cost parenting program for preventing/reducing child mental health problems in three middle‐income countries in Southeastern Europe. This small pre–post pilot study is informed by the Reach, Efficacy, Adoption, Implementation, and Maintenance (RE‐AIM) framework and tested the feasibility of the intervention, the implementation, and evaluation procedures: Phase 1 of the three‐phase Multiphase Optimization Strategy (MOST) for program adaptation. Local facilitators delivered the Parenting for Lifelong Health (PLH) for Young Children program to parents of children aged 2–9 in North Macedonia, the Republic of Moldova and Romania in 2018. Parents completed assessments pre‐ and post‐program. Results demonstrated positive pre–post change for participating families (N = 140) on various outcomes including child externalizing and internalizing symptoms and parenting behavior, in all three countries, all in the expected direction. Program participation was associated with positive outcomes in participating families. Based on the experiences of this pilot study, we outline the practical implications for the successful implementation of parenting programs in the three countries that will inform our next study phases, factorial experiment, and RCT.
Microglia phagocytose oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and synapses during early postnatal development: implications for white versus gray matter maturation
Authors: Irfan Muhammad , Evonuk Kirsten S. , DeSilva Tara M.
Published: September 2021

Emerging roles for microglia in modifying normal brain development continue to provide new perspectives on the functions of this resident immune cell in the brain. While the molecular underpinnings driving microglia’s position in regulating developmental programs remain largely an unchartered territory, innate immune signaling lies at the forefront. At least three innate immune receptors expressed on microglia—fractalkine, complement, and triggering receptor expressed on microglia (TREM2)—modulate developmental synaptic pruning to refine brain circuitry. Our laboratory recently published that microglia with a unique amoeboid morphology invade the corpus callosum and engulf oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) during early postnatal development before myelination in a fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1)‐dependent manner to modulate ensheathment of axons. Amoeboid microglia are observed in the corpus callosum but not cerebral cortex, and lose their amoeboid shape at the commencement of myelination assuming a resting phenotype. Furthermore, OPCs contacted or engulfed by microglia do not express markers of cell death suggesting a novel homeostatic mechanism facilitating an appropriate OPC:axon ratio for proper myelin ensheathment. The unique morphology of microglia and the restricted window for phagocytic engulfment of OPCs suggest a critical period for OPC engulfment important for action potential propagation during development when activity‐dependent mechanisms regulate synaptic pruning. In this review, we summarize the role of activity‐dependent mechanisms in sculpting brain circuitry, how myelin ensheathment influences action potential propagation, the spatial and temporal relationship of microglia‐dependent elimination of OPCs and synapses, and implications for the synergistic role of microglial phagocytosis in shaping the architecture for neuronal function.
The nexus between redox state and intermediary metabolism
Authors: Zoccarato Anna , Nabeebaccus Adam A. , Oexner Rafael R. , Santos Celio X. C. , Shah Ajay M.
Published: September 2021

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are not just a by‐product of cellular metabolic processes but act as signalling molecules that regulate both physiological and pathophysiological processes. A close connection exists in cells between redox homeostasis and cellular metabolism. In this review, we describe how intracellular redox state and glycolytic intermediary metabolism are closely coupled. On the one hand, ROS signalling can control glycolytic intermediary metabolism by direct regulation of the activity of key metabolic enzymes and indirect regulation via redox‐sensitive transcription factors. On the other hand, metabolic adaptation and reprogramming in response to physiological or pathological stimuli regulate intracellular redox balance, through mechanisms such as the generation of reducing equivalents. We also discuss the impact of these intermediary metabolism–redox circuits in physiological and disease settings across different tissues. A better understanding of the mechanisms regulating these intermediary metabolism–redox circuits will be crucial to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
Basal cell nevus syndrome: an update on clinical findings
Authors: Fernández Lucía T. , Ocampo‐Garza Sonia S. , Elizondo‐Riojas Guillermo , Ocampo‐Candiani Jorge
Published: September 2021

Basal cell nevus syndrome, also known as Gorlin‐Goltz syndrome, is a rare autosomal dominant disorder caused by mutations in the hedgehog signaling pathway, mainly in PTCH1. This pathway is involved in embryogenesis and tumorigenesis, and the loss of function of PTCH1 protein produces an aberrant increase in the hedgehog signaling pathway activity. Basal cell nevus syndrome is characterized by tumor predisposition, particularly with the development of multiple basal cell carcinomas at an early age, along with odontogenic keratocysts, palmoplantar pits, skeletal abnormalities, and an increased risk of medulloblastoma. Diagnosis is clinical, with gene mutation analysis confirming the suspicion. The striking phenotypic variability of the syndrome may lead to a delayed diagnosis, making it an uncommon but important entity to recognize. A high index of suspicion and an early diagnosis is crucial for prevention, surveillance, and the prompt establishment of multidisciplinary medical care.
'You get this conflict between you as a person and you in your role…that changes you': A thematic analysis of how inpatient psychiatric healthcare staff in the UK experience restraint, seclusion, and other restrictive practices
Authors: Mooney Michelle , Kanyeredzi Ava
Published: September 2021

A high proportion of psychiatric inpatients experience Restrictive Practice (RP) during admission. Numerous reports have highlighted adverse effects on patients and staff. However, qualitative research focussed on experience, impact, and coping mechanisms of healthcare staff in the UK is limited. Therefore, this study explored psychiatric healthcare staff experience of RP on inpatient wards in the UK. Eight semi‐structured, audio‐recorded interviews, of ~60 min, were conducted via telephone/Skype and transcribed verbatim. A critical realist epistemology was used to thematically analyse data. Three themes were identified: the coexistence of accountability, power and subjection; impacts on the individual and professional relationships, and coping with difficult experiences and emotions. Restrictive practice can negatively affect staff experience, working relationships, and wellbeing. Opportunities for support could mediate adverse effects. Future research could further explore coping mechanisms and organizational factors contributing to negative staff experiences.
Gingival bleeding on brushing as a sentinel sign of gingival inflammation: A diagnostic accuracy trial for the discrimination of periodontal health and disease
Authors: Deng Ke , Pelekos George , Jin Lijian , Tonetti Maurizio S.
Published: September 2021

Aim

To assess the accuracy of self‐reported gingival bleeding on brushing (GBoB) for differentiating between periodontal health and disease and explore the optimal haemoglobin concentration that enables visual detection of GBoB.

Materials and methods

Self‐assessment of GBoB was conducted in supervised sessions for 408 consecutive adults. The haemoglobin levels in saliva/toothpaste slurry (TPS) were analysed, followed by a full‐mouth periodontal examination. Periodontal diagnoses were made based on the 2017 classification of periodontal diseases. Gingival inflammation was defined as presence of at least 10% of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP). Logistic regression and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) analyses were applied to assess the accuracy of GBoB.

Results

Overall, 37.1% of the subjects claimed self‐reported GBoB, and they had higher values of BOP (median: 25.0%; interquartile range (IQR): 16.0%–37.5%) than those without GBoB (median: 13.5%; IQR: 8.0%–24.8%, p < .001). The concentration/total amount of haemoglobin in TPS was positively correlated with the number of bleeding sites (r = .409/r = .520, p < .001). Haemoglobin concentration of 90.58 μg/ml or 0.51 μl blood volume enabled visual detection of GBoB with an AUROC of 0.848. Self‐reported GBoB exhibited significantly increased values of diagnostic odds ratios (3–8) for varying degrees of gingival inflammation and periodontal disease (gingivitis and periodontitis). It showed low to moderate accuracy for discriminating periodontitis and gingivitis from periodontal health, with a sensitivity of 37.1% and 61.3% and a specificity of 84.8% and 84.4%, respectively. Absence of self‐reported GBoB and low levels of haemoglobin had 93%–98% predictive values for periodontal health.

Conclusions

Despite its low sensitivity for the discrimination of periodontitis, self‐reported GBoB is a promising sentinel sign for periodontal health and disease, and gingival inflammation in particular. It is visually detectable after minor blood loss. After validation in an independent population, identification of GBoB may promote earlier detection and better prevention and treatment of periodontal disease, thereby eventually reducing the global burden of the disease.
VX‐765 ameliorates renal injury and fibrosis in diabetes by regulating caspase‐1‐mediated pyroptosis and inflammation
Authors: Wen Si , Deng Fei , Li Lulu , Xu Li , Li Xin , Fan Qiuling
Published: September 2021

Introduction

As a lytic inflammatory cell death, pyroptosis has been recently described but has not been unequivocally elucidated in diabetic nephropathy (DN). VX‐765 is a safe and effective inhibitor of caspase‐1, that was well tolerated in a phase II clinical trial in patients with epilepsy, but its application in DN is still undefined.

Materials and Methods

Immunoblot, co‐immunoprecipitation, confocal microscope and flow cytometry were used to analyze the effects of glucose on pyroptosis in renal tubular epithelia (HK‐2). In vitro, selective caspase‐1 inhibitors VX‐765 and Z‐YVAD‐FMK were administered. Pyroptosis and fibrogenesis were determined by immunoblot, ELISA, cytotoxicity assay and flow cytometry. In vivo, diabetic mice were administered with 100 mg/kg VX‐765. Renal function, pathological changes, and the expressions of NLRC4, GSDMD, IL‐1β, collagen I, fibronectin and CD45 in renal cortex were evaluated.

Results

We identified NLRC4 as a sensor for caspase‐1 activation. Moreover, we provided morphological and molecular evidence for pyroptosis in glucose‐stressed tubular cells, including ballooned cell membrane, caspase‐1 immunoreactivity, GSDMD cleavage, and the release of inflammatory cytokine and cellular contents. All these effects were prevented by treatment with VX‐765 or Z‐YVAD‐FMK, confirming that caspase‐1 effectively regulates the occurrence of pyroptosis in HK‐2 cells. In vivo, treatment of diabetic animals with VX‐765 ameliorated renal function, suppressed inflammatory cell infiltration and pyroptosis‐associated protein expression, and mitigated tubulointerstitial fibrosis.

Conclusions

This work revealed that caspase‐1‐mediated pyroptosis drives renal inflammation and fibrosis in diabetes. Our results are the first demonstration of VX‐765 representing a promising therapeutic opportunity for alleviating the progression of DN.
Constraining the process of intracontinental subduction in the Austroalpine Nappes: Implications from petrology and Lu‐Hf geochronology of eclogites
Authors: Miladinova Irena , Froitzheim Nikolaus , Nagel Thorsten J. , Janák Marian , Fonseca Raúl O. C. , Sprung Peter , Münker Carsten
Published: September 2021

High‐ and ultrahigh‐pressure rocks occur in the Austroalpine Nappes in a ~400 km long belt from the Texel Complex in the west to the Sieggraben Unit in the east. Garnet growth during pressure increase was dated using Lu‐Hf chronometry. The results range between c. 100 and 90 Ma, indicating a short‐lived period of subduction. Combined with already published data, our estimates of metamorphic conditions indicate a field gradient with increasing pressure and temperature from the northwest to the southeast, where the rocks experienced ultrahigh‐pressure metamorphism. The P‐T conditions of the eclogites generally lie on the ‘warm’ side of the global range of subduction‐zone metamorphic conditions. The oldest Cretaceous eclogites (c. 100 Ma) are found in the Saualpe‐Koralpe area derived from widespread gabbros formed during Permian to Triassic rifting. In the Texel Complex garnets showing two growth phases yielded a Variscan‐Eoalpine mixed age indicating re‐subduction of Variscan eclogite‐bearing continental crust during the Eoalpine orogeny. Jurassic blueschist‐facies metamorphism at Meliata in the Western Carpathians and Cretaceous eclogite‐facies metamorphism in the Austroalpine are separated by a time gap of c. 50 Ma and therefore do not represent a transition from oceanic to continental subduction but rather separate events. Thus, we propose that subduction initiation was intracontinental at the site of a Permian rift.
Are fatty nuts a weighty concern? A systematic review and meta‐analysis and dose–response meta‐regression of prospective cohorts and randomized controlled trials
Authors: Nishi Stephanie K. , Viguiliouk Effie , Blanco Mejia Sonia , Kendall Cyril W. C. , Bazinet Richard P. , Hanley Anthony J. , Comelli Elena M. , Salas Salvadó Jordi , Jenkins David J. A. , Sievenpiper John L.
Published: September 2021

Nuts are recommended for cardiovascular health, yet concerns remain that nuts may contribute to weight gain due to their high energy density. A systematic review and meta‐analysis of prospective cohorts and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) was conducted to update the evidence, provide a dose–response analysis, and assess differences in nut type, comparator and more in subgroup analyses. MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane were searched, along with manual searches. Data from eligible studies were pooled using meta‐analysis methods. Interstudy heterogeneity was assessed (Cochran Q statistic) and quantified (I2statistic). Certainty of the evidence was assessed by Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Six prospective cohort studies (7 unique cohorts,n = 569,910) and 86 RCTs (114 comparisons,n =5873) met eligibility criteria. Nuts were associated with lower incidence of overweight/obesity (RR 0.93 [95% CI 0.88 to 0.98]P < 0.001, “moderate” certainty of evidence) in prospective cohorts. RCTs presented no adverse effect of nuts on body weight (MD 0.09 kg, [95% CI −0.09 to 0.27 kg]P < 0.001, “high” certainty of evidence). Meta‐regression showed that higher nut intake was associated with reductions in body weight and body fat. Current evidence demonstrates the concern that nut consumption contributes to increased adiposity appears unwarranted.
Suicidal thoughts, behaviors, and event‐related potentials: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gallyer Austin J. , Dougherty Sean P. , Burani Kreshnik , Albanese Brian J. , Joiner Thomas E. , Hajcak Greg
Published: September 2021

Suicidal thoughts and behaviors (STBs) are thought to result from, at least in part, abnormalities in various neural systems. Event‐related potentials (ERPs) are a useful method for studying neural activity and can be leveraged to study neural deficits related to STBs; however, it is unknown how effective ERPs are at differentiating various STB groups. The present meta‐analysis examined how well ERPs can differentiate (a) those with and without suicidal ideation, (b) those with and without suicide attempts, (c) those with different levels of suicide risk, and (d) differences between those with suicide attempts versus those with suicidal ideation only. This meta‐analysis included 208 effect sizes from 2,517 participants from 27 studies. We used a random‐effects meta‐analysis using a restricted maximum likelihood estimator with robust variance estimation. We meta‐analyzed ERP‐STB combinations that had at least three effect sizes across two or more studies. A qualitative review found that for each ERP and STB combination, the literature is highly mixed. Our meta‐analyses largely did not find significant relationships between STBs and ERPs. We also found that the literature is likely severely underpowered, with most studies only being sufficiently powered to detect unrealistically large effect sizes. Our results provided little‐to‐no support for a reliable relationship between the ERPs assessed and STBs. However, the current literature is severely underpowered, and there are many methodological weaknesses that must be resolved before making this determination. We recommend large‐scale collaboration and improvements in measurement practices to combat the issues in this literature.
Introduction: Democratic Challenges of Differentiated (Dis)Integration
Authors: Kröger Sandra , Patberg Markus
Published: September 2021

In this introduction, we set out what we consider the main current democratic challenges in the EU and, by extension, of differentiated (dis)integration (DI). The EU needs to strike a difficult balance between being an association of states and a supranational polity. As a result, it finds itself in a continuous search for an institutional design that may count as fully democratic. Finally, the EU increasingly suffers from populist and even autocratic challenges. While DI can contribute to some of these problems, it also carries the promise of constructive solutions. We highlight some of the special issue’s key insights with regard to the complex relation between democracy and DI.
Epilogue: A Note of Caution on Differentiated Integration
Authors: Kelemen R. Daniel
Published: September 2021

This epilogue to the special issue of the Swiss Political Science Review on “Democratic Challenges of Differentiated (Dis)Integration” raises some notes of caution about differentiated integration in the European Union (EU). While the articles in this special issue identify challenges concerning differentiated integration, they generally view it in a positive light as a set of institutional arrangements that is likely to enhance the legitimacy and democratic accountability of the EU. This epilogue calls into question some of the main benefits widely associated with differentiated integration and emphasizes instead its dangers. The epilogue underlines some reasons why differentiated integration may be problematic from a democratic standpoint and explains why, if taken to an extreme, differentiated integration could even encourage the disintegration of the EU.
A remarkable new genus (Mengzongella tertia gen. nov., sp. nov.) from a bamboo thicket from China (Acari: Uropodina: Urodinychidae)
Authors: Kontschán Jenő , Wang Guo-quan , Neményi András
Published: September 2021

A new genus Mengzongella gen. nov. is described to accommodate a new species M. tertia sp. nov. based on two males collected in Guangxi, China, from the leaf litter of a giant bamboo thicket (Bambusa chungii syn. Lingnania chungii). The new genus belongs to the family Urodinychidae based on the shape of the gnathosomal setae h1, shape of the chelicerae and the presence of the cheliceral node. The new genus differs from the previously described ones by deep transversal dorsal furrows, the shape of the dorsal and ventral setae and the undulate inner margins of the marginal shield. Two previously described Japanese species [Urodiaspis sandankyoensis (Hiramatsu, 1979) and Urodiaspis yonakuniensis (Hiramatsu, 1979)] are transferred to the new genus as Mengzongella sandankyoensis (Hiramatsu, 1979) comb. nov. and Mengzongella yonakuniensis (Hiramatsu, 1979) comb. nov.
Water mites (Hydrachnidia) of temporary ponds of Western Siberia: do the composition and the structure of acarofauna change over a long period of time?
Authors: Stolbov Vitaly A. , Stolbova Victoria V. , Sheykin Sergey D.
Published: September 2021

Temporary ponds are specific freshwater habitats in which the characteristic fauna of aquatic organisms is formed. One of the large groups of invertebrates in temporary water bodies is water mites. In this work, water mites were studied in three different types of temporary ponds in the vicinity of the city of Tyumen, Western Siberia. The studies were carried out in two periods with a long time interval between them: in 2008–2010 and 2018–2019. In total, 33 species of water mites from 7 families were identified in the studied ponds. All ponds were dominated by vernal mite species typical for this type of water bodies. Also, they were characterized by similar seasonal dynamics of numbers. The species composition and the number of mites in different ponds varied, which is associated with different physicochemical parameters and the fauna of invertebrates, which served as food objects and hosts for the adults and larvae. Despite the small size and periodic drying of the ponds, the fauna of the mites inhabiting them has changed little over the long period of time that separates the studies. Only in one pond, which became permanent due to the rise of groundwater, significant changes in acarofauna were observed. Considering such constancy of the fauna of water mites of temporary ponds, they can be used as bioindicators of the ecological state of water bodies.
Diversity of macrochelid mites in natural and cultivated areas of São Paulo state, Brazil, with description of a new species of Holostaspella (Mesostigmata: Macrochelidae) and a key to the caelata group
Authors: Borges Vinícius , Azevedo Letícia Henrique , Castilho Raphael de Campos , De Moraes Gilberto José
Published: September 2021

The stable fly, Stomoxys calcitrans (L.), is one of the main pests of livestock in Brazil, especially in areas where cattle is raised next to sugarcane (Saccharum spp.) fields in which vinasse is used as a fertilizer. Knowledge about the predatory mites associated with this parasite in the field may be helpful in designing programs to control it biologically. Mites of the family Macrochelidae are known to attack fly immatures, and thus could be helpful in reducing the population of the stable fly in the field. The aim of this paper is to report the macrochelid species found in surveys conducted in northwestern São Paulo state, where the fly is known to be present, including a new species here described, Holostaspella paulista Borges & Azevedo sp. nov., to provide complementary descriptions of the other species collected, and to present a key to the caelata group of Holostaspella. In total, 2,946 macrochelid specimens were collected from 264 samples of soil-litter or soil-cow obtained from two areas of sugarcane plantations, a pasture area and a disturbed patch of the Atlantic Forest in 2018 and 2019. Four species of Macrocheles, two of Holostaspella and one of Glyptholaspis were identified. The predominant species was Macrocheles merdarius (Berlese).
Interleukin-11 signaling promotes cellular reprogramming and limits fibrotic scarring during tissue regeneration
Authors: Allanki Srinivas , Strilic Boris , Scheinberger Lilly , Onderwater Yeszamin L. , Marks Alora , Günther Stefan , Preussner Jens , Kikhi Khrievono , Looso Mario , Stainier Didier Y. R. , Reischauer Sven
Published: September 2021

The cytokine interleukin-11 promotes regeneration and limits scar formation in multiple zebrafish tissues after injury.
Change of extreme snow events shaped the roof of traditional Chinese architecture in the past millennium
Authors: Li Siyang , Ding Ke , Ding Aijun , He Lejun , Huang Xin , Ge Quansheng , Fu Congbin
Published: September 2021

Roofs of traditional Chinese architecture show adaptation to changes in extreme snow events on a millennium scale.
Classifying chronic pain using multidimensional pain-agnostic symptom assessments and clustering analysis
Authors: Gilam Gadi , Cramer Eric M. , Webber Kenneth A. , Ziadni Maisa S. , Kao Ming-Chih , Mackey Sean C.
Published: September 2021

Domain-general, patient-reported symptoms can robustly classify current severity of chronic pain and predict future pain levels.
Diffuse reflection and reciprocity-protected transmission via a random-flip metasurface
Authors: Chu Hongchen , Xiong Xiang , Gao Ya-Jun , Luo Jie , Jing Hao , Li Cheng-Yao , Peng Ruwen , Wang Mu , Lai Yun
Published: September 2021

Diffuse reflection and undistorted transmission, which seem to be incompatible, are integrated into a random-flip metasurface.
Spiking neural networks take control
Authors: DeWolf Travis
Published: September 2021

Brain-inspired neural network architecture overcomes unsolved classical control theory problem for telerobotics.