bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Treaties and alliances in the world of Thucydides
Authors: Herman Gabriel
Published: April 2013

An ambassador is an honest man sent to lie abroad for the good of his country. [Sir Henry Wotton (Seventeenth century).]

A seemingly straightforward passage in Thucydides' history offers a good point of departure for the elucidation of an ambiguity which bedevils ancient texts but has received little attention in modern research:

After the disaster in the Sicel country (413 BC) the Syracusans gave up the idea of an immediate attack on the Athenians. Meanwhile Demosthenes and Eurymedon, now that their forces from Corcyra and from the mainland were ready, crossed the Ionian gulf with the whole of their expedition to the headland of Iapygia. Setting out from here, they put in at the Iapygian islands called the Choirades, and took on board 150 Iapygian javelin-throwers of the Messapian tribe. Then, after they had renewed an old friendship (ἀνανεωσάμενοί τινα παλαιὰν φιλίαν) with Artas, the local ruler who had provided the javelin-throwers, they went on and reached Metapontum in Italy. (Thuc. 7.33.3–4, adapted from the translation by Rex Warner, as are all quotations from Thucydides in this article)
Roman arches and Greek honours: the language of power at Rome
Authors: Wallace-Hadrill Andrew
Published: April 2013

It was decided that a marble arch (Ianus) should be erected in the Circus Flaminius at public expense, positioned by the spot where statues have already been dedicated to Divus Augustus and the Augustan household by G. Norbanus Flaccus, together with gilded images of peoples conquered, and an inscription on the face of that arch stating that the Senate and People of Rome have dedicated this marble monument to the memory of Germanicus Caesar, since he … (account of achievements follows) … unsparing of his labours, until an ovation should be granted to him by decree of the senate, had died in the service of the republic; and above the arch there should be set a statue of Germanicus Caesar in a triumphal chariot, and at his sides, statues of his father Drusus Germanicus, natural brother of Tiberius Caesar Augustus, of his mother Antonia, his wife Agrippina, his sister Livia, his brother Tiberius Germanicus and of his sons and daughters.
The goddess ΕΥΛΑΒΕΙΑ and pseudo-Euripides in Euripides' Phoenissae
Authors: Willink C. W.
Published: April 2013

Few, if any, Euripidean plays are altogether free from interpolation. The Phoenician Women, apart from the posthumous Iphigenia at Aulis, has incurred more suspicion than any other. No reputable scholar now doubts that this play contains numerous intrusive verses; and few would deny, though there is almost infinite room for disagreement in detail, that some of these intrusions are of passages rather than odd lines.

More controversial, but also more important, are the related issues, whether it contains longer or otherwise structurally significant interpolations that affect the play's essential integrity; and (if so) whether in a purely additive way (so in principle still remediable by excision) or with an element of retractatio (not so remediable, the Urtext having been deliberately altered with some cutting to make way for new material).
New South Wales in Africa? The Convict Colonialism Debate in Imperial Germany
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew
Published: April 2013

In 1852, the naturalist and writer Louisa Meredith observed in her book My Home in Tasmania: “I know of no place where greater order and decorum is observed by the motley crowds assembled on any public occasion than in this most shamefully slandered country: not even in an English country village can a lady walk alone with less fear of harm or insult than in this capital of Van Diemen's Land, commonly believed at home to be a pest-house, where every crime that can disgrace and degrade humanity stalks abroad with unblushing front.”

Meredith's paean to life in the notorious Australian penal colony of Hobart was in stark contrast to her earlier, highly unfavourable account of colonial Sydney. It papered over the years of personal hardship she had endured in Australia, as well as avoiding mention of the racial warfare against Tasmania's Aborigines that had afforded her such a genteel European existence.

Such intra-Australian complexities, however, were lost when Meredith's account was superimposed onto German debates about the desirability of penal colonies for Germany. Instead, Meredith's portrait of a cultivated city emerging from the most notorious penal colony in Australia was presented as proof that the deportation of criminals was an important dimension of the civilising mission of Europe in the extra-European world. It was also presented as a vindication of those in Germany who wished to rid Germany of its lumpen criminal class through deportation. The exact paragraph of Meredith's account cited above was quoted in German debates on deportation for almost half a century; first in 1859 by the jurist Franz von Holtzendorff, and thereafter by Friedrich Freund when advocating the establishment of a penal colony in the Preußische Jahrbücher in September 1895.
Introduction: Knowledge in the Making: Drawing and Writing as Research Techniques
Authors: Hoffmann Christoph , Wittmann Barbara
Published: April 2013

Argument

Drawing and writing number among the most widespread scientific practices of representation. Neither photography, graphic recording apparatuses, typewriters, nor digital word- and image-processing ever completely replaced drawing and writing by hand. The interaction of hand, paper, and pen indeed involves much more than simply recording or visualizing what was previously thought, observed, or imagined. Both writing and drawing have the power to translate concepts and observations into two-dimensional, manageable, reproducible objects. They help to develop research questions and they open up an interaction between the gathering of phenomena and the formation of theses. Related to the manifold studies of representational activities in the sciences and the humanities, this topical issue tries to refine our understanding of the capacities of drawing and writing as research techniques; i.e. as productive epistemic practices. In particular the contributions address three aspects: the material conditions and configurations of the “scene of drawing and writing,” the involved procedures of production, and the languages of inscription.
Diminishing returns in bovine tuberculosis control
Authors: HONE J.
Published: April 2013

Mycobacterium bovis causes bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in many mammals including cattle, deer and brushtail possum. The aim of this study was to estimate the strength of association, using model selection (AICc) regression analyses, between the proportion of cattle and farmed deer herds with bTB in New Zealand and annual costs of TB control, namely disease control in livestock, in wildlife or in a combination of the two. There was more support for curved (concave up) than linear models which related the proportion of cattle and farmed deer herds with bTB to the annual control costs. The curved, concave-up, best-fitting relationships showed diminishing returns with no positive asymptote and implied TB eradication is feasible in New Zealand.
School mobility and developmental outcomes in young adulthood
Authors: Herbers Janette E. , Reynolds Arthur J. , Chen Chin-Chih
Published: April 2013

School mobility has been shown to increase the risk of poor achievement, behavior problems, grade retention, and high school dropout. Using data over 25 years from the Chicago Longitudinal Study, we investigated the unique risk of school moves on a variety of young adult outcomes including educational attainment, occupational prestige, depression symptoms, and criminal arrests. We also investigated how the timing of school mobility, whether earlier or later in the academic career, may differentially predict these outcomes over and above associated risks. Results indicate that students who experience more school changes between kindergarten and 12th grade are less likely to complete high school on time, complete fewer years of school, attain lower levels of occupational prestige, experience more symptoms of depression, and are more likely to be arrested as adults. Furthermore, the number of school moves predicted outcomes above and beyond associated risks such as residential mobility and family poverty. When timing of school mobility was examined, results indicated more negative outcomes associated with moves later in the grade school career, particularly between 4th and 8th grades.
Emotion recognition following early psychosocial deprivation
Authors: Nelson Charles A. , Westerlund Alissa , McDermott Jennifer Martin , Zeanah Charles H. , Fox Nathan A.
Published: April 2013

An important function of the brain is to scan incoming sensory information for the presence of relevant signals and act on this information. For humans, the most salient signals are often social in nature, such as the identity and the emotional expression of the faces we encounter in our everyday lives. It can be argued that our survival as a species depends in large measure on these skills.
Connecting the Dots. Italian Literature in a Global History of Literature
Authors: Van Den Bossche Bart
Published: April 2013

The goals and methods of a global history of literature may not always be easily reconcilable with those pertinent to local (‘national’ or ‘regional’) literary traditions; however, behind the, at times, lengthy or painstaking discussions on the criteria of selection, emphasis, and on more or less necessary nuances, there are also a number of deeper and more fundamental issues at stake in a global history of literature that can be fruitfully approached through the looking-glass of a local literary tradition. Even characteristics of a particular tradition of literature that may seem specific, even highly specific, can give rise to intriguing questions bearing on some of the wide-ranging issues tied to a global perspective on literature. More in particular, with regard to Italian literature, three issues come to the fore: the way literary history deals with the question of agency, the connections between literary history and cultural repertoires, and the question of canonicity and ideology in literary historiography.
A baseline study of vicine–convicine levels in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) germplasm
Authors: Khamassi Khalil , Ben Jeddi Fayçal , Hobbs Doug , Irigoyen Jose , Stoddard Fred , O'Sullivan Donal M. , Jones Huw
Published: April 2013

Vicine and convicine are anti-nutritional compounds that accumulate in the cotyledons of faba beans. When humans consume beans with high levels of these compounds, it can cause a condition called favism in individuals harbouring a deficiency in the activity of their glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. When faba beans are used in animal feeds, there can be effects on performance. These concerns have resulted in increasing interest within plant breeding in developing low vicine and convicine faba bean germplasm. In order to facilitate this objective, we developed a rapid and robust screening method for vicine and convicine, capable of distinguishing between faba beans that are either high (wild type) or low in vicine and convicine. In the absence of reliable commercial reference materials, we report an adaptation of a previously published method where a biochemical assay and spectral data were used to confirm the identity of our analytes, vicine and convicine. This method could be readily adopted in other facilities and open the way to the efficient exploitation of diverse germplasm in regions where faba beans play a significant role in human nutrition. We screened a collection of germplasm of interest to a collaborative plant breeding programme developing between the National Institute for Agricultural Botany in the UK and L'Institut Nationale d'Agronomie de Tunisie in Tunisia. We report the results obtained and discuss the prospects for developing molecular markers for the low vicine and convicine trait.
‘Why should I mention Io?’ Aspects of choral narration in Greek tragedy
Authors: Rutherford R. B.
Published: April 2013

The study of narrative, narratology, has for some decades now been a well-established subdiscipline within the large field of critical methodology. Even classical scholars generally resistant to theory have found it acceptable. In part this can be explained by its classical ancestry: it was Plato who emphasised the importance of distinguishing narrator-voice and character-voice, and Aristotle who identified some of the key elements constituting plot structured as story. Part of the success of narratology is also due to the distinction of its classical practitioners. Naturally, the main emphasis among the studies of classical texts has been upon the major narrative forms, epic and the novel; but broader examination of the whole generic range has extended the scope of this method, and the first volume of an encyclopaedic study of narrator and narration in classical literature has recently appeared.
The rise and fall of Porsoniasm
Authors: Stray Christopher
Published: April 2013

In 1903, in the preface to the first volume of his edition of Manilius, Housman wrote:

… we now witness in Germany pretty much what happened in England after 1825, when our own great age of scholarship, begun in 1691 by Bentley's Epistola ad Millium, was ended by the successive strokes of doom which consigned Dobree and Elmsley to the grave and Blomfield to the bishopric of Chester. England disappeared from the fellowship of nations for the next forty years.

(Housman (1903) xlii)

The name which lurks unspoken behind this paragraph is that of Richard Porson, and Dobree, Elmsley and Blomfield, whose namesarespoken, were all in different ways his disciples. Although Porson had no pupils and gave no lectures, in the generation just after his death he had a number of followers who cultivated his memory and emulated his style, at least before they were removed to higher spheres by death or preferment to bishoprics. If the cultivation of his scholarly style can be called Porsonianism, it was the cult of Porson himself after his death in 1808, centred on Trinity College, Cambridge, for which three years later the Oxford scholar Peter Elmsley coined the name ‘Porsoniasm’. As one might expect, the name-giver was an outsider. Yet as his inclusion in Housman's sketch indicates, Elmsley could be called a Porsonian, and indeed in 1911, in his inaugural lecture as Professor of Latin at Cambridge, Housman remarked that ‘scholarship meant to Elmsley what it meant to Dobree’ (Housman (1969) 25). But though Elmsley was a Porsonian, he was not (if I may venture ahapaxof my own) a Porsoniast.
Combative capping in Aristophanic comedy
Authors: Hesk Jon
Published: April 2013

Beckett's verbal duel is reminiscent of Aristophanic routines between two characters in which the name of the game seems to be to cap the boast, threat or insult hurled by the opposing character. Several recent studies have pointed to the importance of capping to the character and meaning of Aristophanic comedy. Ian Ruffell shows that verbal routines in which a joke is elaborated and capped by another are integral to Aristophanes' comic mode. He has also argued that Old Comedy is partly constituted through a generic requirement that each play deploy an intertextual rhetoric of innovation in which the playwright parades the way in which he has ingeniously capped the plots, routines and conceits of a rival's previous offering. Derek Collins has demonstrated that some of the social and stylistic dynamics of Aristophanic stichomythic and antilabic capping routines have been misunderstood due to a lack of awareness that such routines are part-and-parcel of a wider, cross-generic tradition of performed verse capping. He also shows that this central mode of poetic competition in archaic, classical, Hellenistic and Roman imperial Greece can be usefully illuminated by ethnographic and anthropological comparisons.
Phonetic attributions of undeciphered characters: the case of sign *56in Linear B
Authors: Kyriakidis Evangelos
Published: April 2013

After the decipherment of Linear B and the attribution of phonetic values to most signs, several others still remain undeciphered. Any attempt to reconstruct their phonetic value is beset with difficulties. In this paper we will attempt to set out some basic principles for making reconstructions of undeciphered characters in well-studied scripts. We shall then look specifically at the range of evidence available and the various theories built around the decipherment of Linear B sign*56trying to construct a strong argument in favour of one possible phonetic attribution. In doing so we shall comment on the strengths and weaknesses of the various arguments, thus illuminating the usefulness of such principles in making a secure attribution.

Principles for secure reconstructions

Most phonetic attributions at this advanced level of script decipherment, where most if not all the basic phonemes or groups of phonemes can be represented through the characters already deciphered, are supported by words that are spelt in two alternative ways, with the undeciphered character and with the deciphered one respectively, enabling the equation of the phonemic value of the two characters. The general principle that governs this decipherment method is that both ‘alternative spellings’ should clearly refer to the same thing. Another principle in this should be that the more complicated the situation, the safer the interpretation as there will be less potential for coincidence.
Cyclopsand the Euripidean tetralogy
Authors: Wright Matthew
Published: April 2013

This article develops a suggestion which I made tentatively elsewhere: that Euripides'Cyclopswas first produced in 412 BC, as part of a tetralogy which also includedHelen, Andromeda, andIphigenia among the Taurians.Given the paucity of the available evidence, it may be thought that there is little to be gained from further discussion of Euripidean production dates, or from yet more unprovable guesswork. Nevertheless, I think that it is worth raising the question of dating again, in order to explore a couple of related, and somewhat more interesting, subjects. First of all, there is the matter of the relationship between satyr-plays and the tragic trilogies with which they were produced. Secondly, this discussion may cast some new light on another old problem: the nature ofHelenand other Euripidean plays whose generic status as ‘tragedies’ has often been doubted.
Lectures on Horace'sEpistles
Authors: Fowler† Don
Published: April 2013

Lecture one: Reading Horace, or L'homme et l'oeuvre

All criticism is also biography: and telling a story about a text is also telling a story about oneself. This is particularly true of Horace. When one writes about Horace, one is constructing a Horace, making the man: and constructing a Horace is inevitably also constructing oneself. Consider for example, Colin Macleod, whose last graduate class before his suicide was on Horace'sEpistles, and who wrote extensively on Horace. Macleod's Horace was complex, often contradictory, morally serious – which fits Macleod of course.
The ‘potential’ optative in Homeric Greek
Authors: Willmott Jo
Published: April 2013

When translating the ‘potential’ Homeric Greek optative into English, ‘could’ is often the best modal verb to use, to be preferred to the more usual ‘would’. I will argue that, in some cases, this reveals that the optative expresses what is termed in the literature ‘dynamic’ modality. Examining several examples in more detail I will claim that the optative expresses a wide range of meanings, the differences between which are subtle and not always clear-cut.
Out of Sight, Out of Mind
Authors: den Daas Chantal , Häfner Michael , de Wit John
Published: April 2013

People in an impulsive state are influenced mainly by the immediate incentive value of appetitive stimuli, whereas people in a reflective state usually also consider the (sometimes negative) long-term consequences of such stimuli. In order to consider all information, we hypothesize that, people in reflective states distribute their attention over all available information, whereas people in impulsive states focus their attention on the most salient information. We measured cognitive states using eye-blink rate (Experiment 1) or induced them with a procedural priming manipulation (Experiments 2 and 3). In eye-tracking Experiments 1 and 2, we established that people in an impulsive state indeed focus their attention on the salient information, whereas people in a reflective state distribute their attention. Moreover, we show that this attentional difference extends to evaluative judgments (Experiment 3), which could potentially contribute to people’s increased propensity to risk in impulsive states.
The Effect of a Preceding Cue on the Conflict Solving Mechanism
Authors: Goldfarb Liat , Henik Avishai
Published: April 2013

In everyday life cues and signs are used in order to improve our performance and to modify and control our behavior. This study examines whether cues can improve the performance of the mental mechanism in charge of solving conflicts when the nature of the irrelevant task remains constant. In two experiments participants performed the Stroop task in which they were asked to name the color of a stimulus while ignoring its meaning. Half the trials were preceded by a conflict-cue containing information about an upcoming conflict. In addition, conflict trial proportions were manipulated. We found that only when the probability of conflict is low can cues alter the conflict solving mechanism. These findings are discussed in the context of the nature of the control mechanism and its tendency to minimize the cost of mental resources.
Identification of the SV2 protein receptor-binding site of botulinum neurotoxin type E
Authors: Mahrhold Stefan , Strotmeier Jasmin , Garcia-Rodriguez Consuelo , Lou Jianlong , Marks James D. , Rummel Andreas , Binz Thomas
Published: April 2013

The highly specific binding and uptake of BoNTs (botulinum neurotoxins; A–G) into peripheral cholinergic motoneurons turns them into the most poisonous substances known. Interaction with gangliosides accumulates the neurotoxins on the plasma membrane and binding to a synaptic vesicle membrane protein leads to neurotoxin endocytosis. SV2 (synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2) mediates the uptake of BoNT/A and /E, whereas Syt (synaptotagmin) is responsible for the endocytosis of BoNT/B and /G. The Syt-binding site of the former was identified by co-crystallization and mutational analyses. In the present study we report the identification of the SV2-binding interface of BoNT/E. Mutations interfering with SV2 binding were located at a site that corresponds to the Syt-binding site of BoNT/B and at an extended surface area located on the back of the conserved ganglioside-binding site, comprising the N- and C-terminal half of the BoNT/E-binding domain. Mutations impairing the affinity also reduced the neurotoxicity of full-length BoNT/E at mouse phrenic nerve hemidiaphragm preparations demonstrating the crucial role of the identified binding interface. Furthermore, we show that a monoclonal antibody neutralizes BoNT/E activity because it directly interferes with the BoNT/E–SV2 interaction. The results of the present study suggest a novel mode of binding for BoNTs that exploit SV2 as a cell surface receptor.
Regulator of G protein signaling 4 is a crucial modulator of antidepressant drug action in depression and neuropathic pain models
Authors: Stratinaki Maria , Varidaki Artemis , Mitsi Vasiliki , Ghose Subroto , Magida Jane , Dias Caroline , Russo Scott J. , Vialou Vincent , Caldarone Barbara J. , Tamminga Carol A. , Nestler Eric J. , Zachariou Venetia
Published: April 2013

Regulator of G protein signaling 4 (Rgs4) is a signal transduction protein that controls the function of monoamine, opiate, muscarinic, and other G protein-coupled receptors via interactions with Gα subunits. Rgs4 is expressed in several brain regions involved in mood, movement, cognition, and addiction and is regulated by psychotropic drugs, stress, and corticosteroids. In this study, we use genetic mouse models and viral-mediated gene transfer to examine the role of Rgs4 in the actions of antidepressant medications. We first analyzed human postmortem brain tissue and found robust up-regulation of
RGS4
expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of subjects receiving standard antidepressant medications that target monoamine systems. Behavioral studies of mice lacking
Rgs4
, including specific knockdowns in NAc, demonstrate that Rgs4 in this brain region acts as a positive modulator of the antidepressant-like and antiallodynic-like actions of several monoamine-directed antidepressant drugs, including tricyclic antidepressants, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors. Studies using viral-mediated increases in Rgs4 activity in NAc further support this hypothesis. Interestingly, in prefrontal cortex, Rgs4 acts as a negative modulator of the actions of nonmonoamine-directed drugs that are purported to act as antidepressants: the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor antagonist ketamine and the delta opioid agonist (+)-4-[(αR)-α-((2S,5R)-4-Allyl-2,5-dimethyl-1-piperazinyl)-3-methoxybenzyl]-N,N-diethylbenzamide. Together, these data reveal a unique modulatory role of Rgs4 in the brain region-specific actions of a wide range of antidepressant drugs and indicate that pharmacological interventions at the level of RGS4 activity may enhance the actions of such drugs used for the treatment of depression and neuropathic pain.
Political ideology affects energy-efficiency attitudes and choices
Authors: Gromet Dena M. , Kunreuther Howard , Larrick Richard P.
Published: April 2013

This research demonstrates how promoting the environment can negatively affect adoption of energy efficiency in the United States because of the political polarization surrounding environmental issues. Study 1 demonstrated that more politically conservative individuals were less in favor of investment in energy-efficient technology than were those who were more politically liberal. This finding was driven primarily by the lessened psychological value that more conservative individuals placed on reducing carbon emissions. Study 2 showed that this difference has consequences: In a real-choice context, more conservative individuals were less likely to purchase a more expensive energy-efficient light bulb when it was labeled with an environmental message than when it was unlabeled. These results highlight the importance of taking into account psychological value-based considerations in the individual adoption of energy-efficient technology in the United States and beyond.
Dynamics of internal pore opening in K
V
channels probed by a fluorescent unnatural amino acid
Authors: Kalstrup Tanja , Blunck Rikard
Published: April 2013

Atomic-scale models on the gating mechanism of voltage-gated potassium channels (Kv) are based on linear interpolations between static structures of their initial and final state derived from crystallography and molecular dynamics simulations, and, thus, lack dynamic structural information. The lack of information on dynamics and intermediate states makes it difficult to associate the structural with the dynamic functional data obtained with electrophysiology. Although voltage-clamp fluorometry fills this gap, it is limited to sites extracellularly accessible, when the key region for gating is located at the cytosolic side of the channels. Here, we solved this problem by performing voltage-clamp fluorometry with a fluorescent unnatural amino acid. By using an orthogonal tRNA-synthetase pair, the fluorescent unnatural amino acid was incorporated in the Shaker voltage-gated potassium channel at key regions that were previously inaccessible. Thus, we defined which parts act independently and which parts act cooperatively and found pore opening to occur in two sequential transitions.
Single-molecule DNA repair in live bacteria
Authors: Uphoff Stephan , Reyes-Lamothe Rodrigo , Garza de Leon Federico , Sherratt David J. , Kapanidis Achillefs N.
Published: April 2013

Cellular DNA damage is reversed by balanced repair pathways that avoid accumulation of toxic intermediates. Despite their importance, the organization of DNA repair pathways and the function of repair enzymes in vivo have remained unclear because of the inability to directly observe individual reactions in living cells. Here, we used photoactivation, localization, and tracking in live
Escherichia coli
to directly visualize single fluorescent labeled DNA polymerase I (Pol) and ligase (Lig) molecules searching for DNA gaps and nicks, performing transient reactions, and releasing their products. Our general approach provides enzymatic rates and copy numbers, substrate-search times, diffusion characteristics, and the spatial distribution of reaction sites, at the single-cell level, all in one measurement. Single repair events last 2.1 s (Pol) and 2.5 s (Lig), respectively. Pol and Lig activities increased fivefold over the basal level within minutes of DNA methylation damage; their rates were limited by upstream base excision repair pathway steps. Pol and Lig spent >80% of their time searching for free substrates, thereby minimizing both the number and lifetime of toxic repair intermediates. We integrated these single-molecule observations to generate a quantitative, systems-level description of a model repair pathway in vivo.
Honey constituents up-regulate detoxification and immunity genes in the western honey bee
Apis mellifera
Authors: Mao Wenfu , Schuler Mary A. , Berenbaum May R.
Published: April 2013

As a managed pollinator, the honey bee
Apis mellifera
is critical to the American agricultural enterprise. Recent colony losses have thus raised concerns; possible explanations for bee decline include nutritional deficiencies and exposures to pesticides and pathogens. We determined that constituents found in honey, including
p-
coumaric acid, pinocembrin, and pinobanksin 5-methyl ether, specifically induce detoxification genes. These inducers are primarily found not in nectar but in pollen in the case of
p-
coumaric acid (a monomer of sporopollenin, the principal constituent of pollen cell walls) and propolis, a resinous material gathered and processed by bees to line wax cells. RNA-seq analysis (massively parallel RNA sequencing) revealed that
p-
coumaric acid specifically up-regulates all classes of detoxification genes as well as select antimicrobial peptide genes. This up-regulation has functional significance in that that adding
p-
coumaric acid to a diet of sucrose increases midgut metabolism of coumaphos, a widely used in-hive acaricide, by ∼60%. As a major component of pollen grains,
p-
coumaric acid is ubiquitous in the natural diet of honey bees and may function as a nutraceutical regulating immune and detoxification processes. The widespread apicultural use of honey substitutes, including high-fructose corn syrup, may thus compromise the ability of honey bees to cope with pesticides and pathogens and contribute to colony losses.
AMPA receptor exchange underlies transient memory destabilization on retrieval
Authors: Hong Ingie , Kim Jeongyeon , Kim Jihye , Lee Sukwon , Ko Hyoung-Gon , Nader Karim , Kaang Bong-Kiun , Tsien Richard W. , Choi Sukwoo
Published: April 2013

A consolidated memory can be transiently destabilized by memory retrieval, after which memories are reconsolidated within a few hours; however, the molecular substrates underlying this destabilization process remain essentially unknown. Here we show that at lateral amygdala synapses, fear memory consolidation correlates with increased surface expression of calcium-impermeable AMPA receptors (CI-AMPARs), which are known to be more stable at the synapse, whereas memory retrieval induces an abrupt exchange of CI-AMPARs to calcium-permeable AMPARs (CP-AMPARs), which are known to be less stable at the synapse. We found that blockade of either CI-AMPAR endocytosis or NMDA receptor activity during memory retrieval, both of which blocked the exchange to CP-AMPARs, prevented memory destabilization, indicating that this transient exchange of AMPARs may underlie the transformation of a stable memory into an unstable memory. These newly inserted CP-AMPARs gradually exchanged back to CI-AMPARs within hours, which coincided with the course of reconsolidation. Furthermore, blocking the activity of these newly inserted CP-AMPARs after retrieval impaired reconsolidation, suggesting that they serve as synaptic “tags” that support synapse-specific reconsolidation. Taken together, our results reveal unexpected physiological roles of CI-AMPARs and CP-AMPARs in transforming a consolidated memory into an unstable memory and subsequently guiding reconsolidation.
Therapists' positive emotions in‐session: Why they happen and what they are good for
Authors: Vandenberghe Luc , Silvestre Rafaela Luiza Silva
Published: April 2013

Aim: The therapist's feelings play a remarkable role in contemporary models of psychotherapy. However, these models are biased towards negative feelings. The present study explores therapists' personal experience with positive emotion in‐session. Method: A grounded theory analysis was conducted of interviews with 26 Brazilian psychotherapists. Results: Clinicians derive positive affect from the client's input in treatment, from their own input, and from the personal relationship with the client. Therapist positive emotion adds to the material that can be worked on in‐session by providing interpersonal events in the relationship with the client. It can improve therapist input in treatment by increasing in‐session awareness, resourcefulness and daring and by cuing efforts for professional development. It enhances involvement in the relationship with the client by prompting compassion and closeness in the dyad. Its effects may spill over and contribute to the therapist's personal thriving. Discussion: These results are discussed in light of what positive psychology can add to current work on therapist effects in the treatment process.
Amsterdam–ASTRON radio transient facility and analysis centre: towards a 24 × 7, all-sky monitor for the low-frequency array (LOFAR)
Authors: Prasad Peeyush , Wijnholds Stefan J.
Published: April 2013

The Amsterdam–ASTRON Radio Transient Facility And Analysis Centre (AARTFAAC) project aims to implement an all-sky monitor (ASM), using the low-frequency array (LOFAR) telescope. It will enable real-time, 24 × 7 monitoring for low-frequency radio transients over most of the sky locally visible to the LOFAR at time scales ranging from seconds to several days, and rapid triggering of follow-up observations with the full LOFAR on detection of potential transient candidates. These requirements pose several implementation challenges: imaging of an all-sky field of view, low latencies of processing, continuous availability and autonomous operation of the ASM. The first of these has already resulted in the correlator for the ASM being the largest in the world in terms of the number of input data streams. We have carried out test observations using existing LOFAR infrastructure, in order to quantify and constrain crucial instrumental design criteria for the ASM. In this study, we present an overview of the AARTFAAC data-processing pipeline and illustrate some of the aforementioned challenges by showing all-sky images obtained from one of the test observations. These results provide quantitative estimates of the capabilities of the instrument.
Supernovae and cosmology with future European facilities
Authors: Hook I. M.
Published: April 2013

Prospects for future supernova surveys are discussed, focusing on the European Space Agency’s Euclid mission and the European Extremely Large Telescope (E-ELT), both expected to be in operation around the turn of the decade. Euclid is a 1.2 m space survey telescope that will operate at visible and near-infrared wavelengths, and has the potential to find and obtain multi-band lightcurves for thousands of distant supernovae. The E-ELT is a planned, general-purpose ground-based, 40-m-class optical–infrared telescope with adaptive optics built in, which will be capable of obtaining spectra of type Ia supernovae to redshifts of at least four. The contribution to supernova cosmology with these facilities will be discussed in the context of other future supernova programmes such as those proposed for DES, JWST, LSST and WFIRST.
MULTI-FLORET SPIKELET1, Which Encodes an AP2/ERF Protein, Determines Spikelet Meristem Fate and Sterile Lemma Identity in Rice
Authors: Ren Deyong , Li Yunfeng , Zhao Fangming , Sang Xianchun , Shi Junqiong , Wang Nan , Guo Shuang , Ling Yinghua , Zhang Changwei , Yang Zhenglin , He Guanghua
Published: April 2013

The spikelet is a unique inflorescence structure of grass. The molecular mechanism that controls the development of the spikelet remains unclear. In this study, we identified a rice (Oryza sativa) spikelet mutant, multi-floret spikelet1 (mfs1), that showed delayed transformation of spikelet meristems to floral meristems, which resulted in an extra hull-like organ and an elongated rachilla. In addition, the sterile lemma was homeotically converted to the rudimentary glume and the body of the palea was degenerated in mfs1. These results suggest that the MULTI-FLORET SPIKELET1 (MFS1) gene plays an important role in the regulation of spikelet meristem determinacy and floral organ identity. MFS1 belongs to an unknown function clade in the APETALA2/ethylene-responsive factor (AP2/ERF) family. The MFS1-green fluorescent protein fusion protein is localized in the nucleus. MFS1 messenger RNA is expressed in various tissues, especially in the spikelet and floral meristems. Furthermore, our findings suggest that MFS1 positively regulates the expression of LONG STERILE LEMMA and the INDETERMINATE SPIKELET1 (IDS1)-like genes SUPERNUMERARY BRACT and OsIDS1.
Lowering the threshold to libraries with social media
Authors: Bernsmann Susanne , Croll Jutta
Published: April 2013

Purpose

Digital literacy has become one of the key competences to ensure social cohesion, active citizenship and personal fulfilment. The objective of the project Digital Literacy 2.0 is therefore to develop and to implement an ICT‐based approach to lifelong learning addressing especially disadvantaged groups and vulnerable social groups of people with special needs. Since educational disadvantage is closely linked to social exclusion and poverty, there is a need to empower the really “hard to reach” learning distant groups and to enable them to make use of ICT. This paper seeks to address these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The project partners are piloting a two‐step approach to attract learning distant groups by offering an attractive starting point to information and social bonding: staffs at non‐formal learning places like libraries will be trained for the use of ICT in their daily work with hard‐to‐reach target groups; they will gain competences in how to motivate socially disadvantaged clients to learn with the help of ICT/social media; adults from learning distant groups will be attracted to the places of non‐formal learning by the use of social media thus improving their motivation to learn and empowering them to participate in social life.

Findings

The project builds on the experiences gained so far in teaching digital literacy: special target groups can be attracted to learning offers by topics relevant to their daily life and offers that do require only a small first commitment to learning. Besides DLit2.0 will establish a new approach of non‐formal education with the help of ICT. Social media make it possible to provide learning offers tailored individually to the learners' needs and thus increase the learning effects. Taking also into account the new opportunities of online participation and user‐generated content, the concept of teaching digital literacy will be developed further in the project's lifetime and beyond.

Originality/value

The network develops an approach to improve the collaboration between the non‐formal education sector and the social sector. Staff from both areas will obtain knowledge and skills how to better understand the mode of practice of the other sector as well as to identify synergies and efficient procedures and to improve their collaboration. Information society has the potential to make a difference to the lives of people who often feel marginalized or isolated because of their social and cultural situation – DLit2.0 want to spread this issue to maximize this potential.
Sources of momentum profits: bootstrap methods
Authors: Sahbi Nakhli Mohamed , Belkacem Lotfi
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to test the performance of momentum strategies and identify the sources of their profits.

Design/methodology/approach

To identify the main source of momentum profits, first, the bootstrap method with replacement was used. Then, to eliminate the existence of the small sample bias, the bootstrap method without replacement and the block bootstrap method were employed. In this case, when the authors draw the observations without replacement the random effect is reduced, whereas the resampling procedure is based on the random draw.

Findings

The empirical results show the existence of a small sample bias in the bootstrap method with replacement, and that the time‐series relations of stock returns are the main source of momentum profits.

Originality/value

To ensure the random effect of the draws, the authors develop a new resampling procedure called the mixed bootstrap method.
Does training influence organisational performance?
Authors: Ubeda‐García Mercedes , Marco‐Lajara Bartolomé , Sabater‐Sempere Vicente , García‐Lillo Francisco
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The aim of the paper is to identify which variables of training policy have a significant and positive impact on organisational performance.

Design/methodology/approach

A targeted literature review was conducted to identify and collate a comprehensive range of human resource management and training conceptualisations/investigations. This was the basis for the approach to contrast hypotheses. The paper used a sample of Spanish companies and the method of analysis was regression.

Findings

The results obtained in this paper do suggest that the training policy positively correlates with organisational performance, both using objective result measures (productivity and financial performance) and in the subjective measure of perceived financial performance and in intermediate result measures.

Research limitations/implications

The study was confined to the analysis of a single Spanish region, and specifically referred to its hotel industry, which means that the results obtained must be situated within that specific context examined. To this must be added that the data were collected from a single source (CEOs) and, of course, it would have been more appropriate to use data from multiple sources.

Originality/value

From an academic point‐of‐view, the research initiative presented here is placed within the new line of development for research into training and performance that tries to overcome the restrictions faced in other publications, trying to go one step further in the search for more specific connections between human resources and performance. From a practical viewpoint, this research work could help hotel entrepreneurs in two ways: first, by providing evidence that the resources allocated by hotel firms to the training of their staff have a positive impact on their profit levels; and second, by showing which variables should be considered to achieve this relationship.
Analysis of a local discontinuous Galerkin method for time‐fractional advection‐diffusion equations
Authors: Wei Leilei , Zhang Xindong , He Yinnian
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a fully discrete local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) finite element method for solving a time‐fractional advection‐diffusion equation.

Design/methodology/approach

The method is based on a finite difference scheme in time and local discontinuous Galerkin methods in space.

Findings

By choosing the numerical fluxes carefully the authors' scheme is proved to be unconditionally stable and gets L2 error estimates of O(hk+1+(Δt)2+(Δt)α/2hk+(1/2)). Finally Numerical examples are performed to illustrate the effectiveness and the accuracy of the method.

Originality/value

The proposed method is different from the traditional LDG method, which discretes an equation in spatial direction and couples an ordinary differential equation (ODE) solver, such as Runger‐Kutta method. This fully discrete scheme is based on a finite difference method in time and local discontinuous Galerkin methods in space. Numerical examples prove that the authors' method is very effective. The present paper is the authors' first step towards an effective approach based on the discontinuous Galerkin method for the solution of fractional‐order problems.
The effect of cross‐cultural uncertainty and complexity within multicultural construction teams
Authors: Ochieng E.G. , Price A.D.F. , Ruan X. , Egbu C.O. , Moore D.
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine challenges faced by senior construction managers in managing cross‐cultural complexity and uncertainty. The rationale was to identify the key strategies that are considered essential for managing cross‐cultural complexity and uncertainty.

Design/methodology/approach

Interviews with 20 senior construction managers, ten in Kenya and ten in the UK, were recorded, transcribed and entered into the qualitative research software NVivo. Validity and reliability were achieved by first assessing the plausibility in terms of already existing knowledge on some of the cultural issues raised by participants. The findings were presented to the participants through workshops and group discussions.

Findings

The emerging key issues suggested that project leaders need to learn how to control their own characteristics and to use them selectively. An effective multicultural construction project team should focus on team output and attributes that characterise a multicultural team as a social entity.

Practical implications

Findings indicate that the role of construction project managers has significantly changed over the past two decades. In order to deal with cross‐cultural uncertainty, project leaders must have superior multicultural and interpersonal skills when managing global multicultural heavy engineering projects.

Originality/value

The research shows that leaders of global construction project teams need a good understanding of their culture, environment and the value of their individual contributions.
A speculation of the presence of overlap and niches in organizational performance management systems
Authors: Srimai Suwit , Wright Chris S. , Radford Jack
Published: April 2013

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to consider the presence and consequences of functional overlap in organizational performance management (PM) systems.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is speculative in that it considers the consequences of organizations applying multiple PM systems. Four widely‐used PM systems from various management perspectives are selected as proxies to demonstrate that overlap can occur across a broad array of extant PM systems. The content of the selected PM systems literature was used for analysis.

Findings

The analysis found evidence of substantial functional overlap among the selected PM systems. Significant niche overlap occurred in the functions: assisting strategy formulation and implementation processes; supporting strategic decision making; and facilitating strategic learning.

Practical implications

This study and its findings should help scholars to reframe their understanding of PM systems and let managers recognize and take action to optimize the benefits and costs of functional overlap.

Originality/value

The paper identifies functional overlap; a concept not explicitly addressed in the PM literature.