bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Interaction Mechanisms between Java and JavaScript Programming Languages: from LiveConnect to Graal.js
Authors:   ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russian Federation, Lukichev R. V. , Gosudarev I. B. ,   ITMO University, Saint Petersburg, 197101, Russian Federation
Published: May 2024

The article is devoted to the study of the mechanisms of interaction between the popular programming languages Java and JavaScript using a retrospective approach. The author consistently examines the development of tools of this kind, starting from LiveConnect technology and Java applets of the mid-1990s and ending with the interpreters of the last decade. Particular attention is paid to comparing the performance of the currently relevant tools Nashorn and Graal.js. The latter is an implementation of the JavaScript language based on the Truffle framework and Context API, which is a Polyglot context for executing all supported guest languages with the Graal JIT compiler, ensuring their optimal performance. The author gives a definition to the term "warm-up", which is recommended by the GraalVM developers to achieve the highest performance. This is a kind of pre-compilation mode, the process of repeated preliminary execution of JavaScript code by the interpreter before its actual usage in order to obtain information about the most frequently utilized fragments of the program, its functions, types and data structures, alongside with their subsequent caching and optimization. The results of testing based on a project from Oracle and the authors application made it possible to verify the results declared by the GraalVM developers and can be used to optimize and improve the performance of multilingual projects using a unified technology stack, as well as when migrating the server code base from Java to JavaScript.
Investigation of Burnout Levels of Teachers Working in Teaching Turkish to Foreigners
Authors: Özcan Suna , Sallabaş Muhammed Eyyüp
Published: May 2024

The burnout levels of teachers who play an important role in education have an important value in conducting the education process well. Conducting the process of teaching Turkish to foreigners on a qualified basis is directly related to the burnout level of teachers. For this reason, the aim of this research is to determine the burnout levels of teachers working in teaching Turkish to foreigners within the scope of the Project on Supporting the Integration of Syrian Children into the Turkish Education System (PIKTES), in line with the departments they graduated, their terms of office, their genders, the periodicals they follow for teaching Turkish to foreigners, and the education they received outside of in-service training is to determine. The sample of the research consists of 218 teachers working in PIKTES (MEB, 2018). The Maslach Burnout Scale, which was adapted into Turkish by Ergin (1992), and personal information form was used. According to the results of the research conducted with the relational scanning model, the burnout levels of female teachers are higher. Emotional burnout levels of participants who do not receive additional education services are higher. The burnout levels of teachers who graduated from Classroom Teaching and Turkish Language and Literature department/teaching are higher than Turkish teachers. The burnout levels of teachers with 1-2 years of experience are higher than those of teachers with 3-4 and 5-6 years of experience. Based on these results, various suggestions were made to provide a more qualified education-teaching environment.
MOTIVATION OF ENGAGEMENT OF STUDENT YOUTH OF UKRAINE IN VOLUNTEER ACTIVITIES
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, POLIVKO Larysa , SHCHOHOL Danylo ,   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine
Published: May 2024

Background. The youth volunteer movement in Ukraine is a powerful and rapidly developing phenomenon. We can trace the surge in the development of this movement in the period from the full-scale invasion of Russia and the territory of Ukraine in February 2022, where ordinary volunteer assistance began to acquire signs of professionalism, a tried-and-tested mechanism and the selection of people to involve them in volunteer activities. Thus, from 2022 to 2023, new organizations are created, special centers are opened, relevant legislation is developed, and whole communities are organized to develop such a movement. A significant drawback in such an intensive surge is attracting suitable volunteers for professional activities. Methods. Theoretical and methodological analysis, questionnaires Results. Undoubted contribution in this direction can be called the efforts of every Ukrainian, who exert their maximum strength to support the Ukrainian army and the civilian population and protect children. However, when it comes to qualification in volunteer activities, it would be appropriate to consider it broadly to find possible options for involving young people in volunteer initiatives. In this context, it is essential to understand what needs to be done to work effectively with the volunteer community, particularly the youth, who potentially make up a more significant percentage of volunteers in today's conditions. Сonclusions. The article notes that Ukrainian youth see their future in Ukraine and are ready to participate in its creation today actively. Its support, creation of appropriate conditions, and development of programs/projects specifically for youth should become a vital issue of the state's social policy. Therefore, developing volunteer initiatives and supporting young people in this direction is an urgent issue today. Accordingly, the involvement of more young people in the volunteer movement will contribute to the development of social work because volunteering is one of its directions which helps overcome difficulties for clients of social work.
USING THE EDUCATIONAL AND THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF DIGITAL NARRATIVES IN THE PRACTICAL WORK OF A SOCIAL PEDAGOGUE
Authors:   Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv, Kyiv, Ukraine, TYMCHUK Larysa
Published: May 2024

Background. As a result of the full-scale war in Ukraine, the issue of providing effective practical help to families by representatives of psychological and pedagogical services in the education system has become acute. Methods. Сontent analysis of the work of domestic and foreign researchers, analysis, synthesis, method of scientific transfer of theory into practice, ethnography. Results. The leading idea is focused on the therapeutic effect of digital narratives on the individual and the practical implementation of digital narrative projects in the work of social pedagogues. The potential of digital narratives as a method of research and training in the aspect of actualizing the need to preserve a person's mental health, creating and spreading therapeutic care programs focused on his emotional and physical recovery is characterized. Сonclusions. The digital narrative projects presented in the article can be used in the process of providing psychological and socio-pedagogical support to the families of servicemen returning from the war.
Multichannel Dynamic Sound Rendering and Echo Suppression in a Room Using Wave Field Synthesis
Authors: Kumar Akash , Puri Amrita
Published: May 2024

With multichannel sound rendering systems, an immersive sound can be experienced by a broader audience. Rendering of a stationary source is widely studied in the literature. However, a dynamic sound, where the source’s position is continuously changing, provides improved source localization and a listener experience more immersed in the rendered sound. This paper investigates the multichannel sound rendering of a dynamic sound source using a wave field synthesis method in a reverberant shoe-box room model. Finite difference time domain is employed to visualize the reproduced sound field in the time domain. To address the challenge of room echo-induced degradation in sound quality, a method is presented in which the reflected sound is compensated by rendering the primary source’s images from the auxiliary actuators, enhancing SNR by approximately 2–3.5 dB.
Tolerance to Uncertainty and Superstition as Personal Resources for Solving Social Problems by Students
Authors: Sachkova M.Y. , Semyonova L.E.
Published: May 2024

The phenomena of tolerance/intolerance to uncertainty and belief in the paranormal as personal resources for solving social problems by students were examined. The relevance of the topic is due to an attempt to identify the necessary personal determinants that help to effectively cope with life difficulties in the face of the uncertainty and multitasking in the modern world. Hypotheses about the inverse correlation between tolerance to uncertainty and superstition, as well as the direct correlation between tolerance and a rational style and positive orientation, belief in the paranormal with a negative orientation, an avoidant and impulsive style of solving social problems have been put forward. The results of an empirical study conducted among university students studying at the social science, humanities and medical faculties are presented (N=252), aged 18 to 21 years. A set of diagnostic techniques was used: the questionnaire for solving social problems by M.M. Danina et al., the "Paranormal Belief Scale" by J. Tobacyk (adaptation by D.S. Grigoriev), the modified questionnaire of tolerance to uncertainty by S. Badner (adaptation by T.V. Kornilova, M.A. Chumakova). According to the results of the study, it was found that students have a low tendency towards superstition and more often use a rational style when solving social problems. They are also characterized by a predominantly positive problem orientation. The direct correlations of tolerance to uncertainty with a rational style and positive problem orientation, as well as negative connections with avoidant and impulsive styles, a negative problem orientation were found.
Features of Recognizing Images of Figures of Different Colors and Sizes by Children 3-4 Years Old Using a Noise Background
Authors: Kuznetsova T.G. , Struzhkin M.L. , Golubeva I.Yu.
Published: May 2024

The study is aimed at analyzing the training of early preschool children to recognize visual stimuli of different colors and sizes, based on a method we are developing, in an ordinary situation and with the introduction of acoustic interference, i.e., spoken noise presented through headphones. The materials of two empirical studies on a sample of 3–4-year-old children (3.5±0.43) from a kindergarten in St. Petersburg, of whom there were 13 girls and 17 boys, are presented. The study was conducted with an interval of 2 months. The findings showed that children took longer to recognize and select stimuli of different colors and made more perseverative errors, compared to recognizing and selecting stimuli of different sizes. The introduction of acoustic noise significantly impaired task success, which was particularly pronounced when identifying irritants from colored stimuli. It is suggested that difficulties in identifying colored stimuli may be due to the absence of a sensory reference marked by a word, and the acoustic noise slowed sensorimotor response.
Legal Regulation of Patenting the Results of Genomic Research at the Global, Regional and National Level
Authors: Nekoteneva M. V. , Ponomareva D. V.
Published: May 2024

This article analyzes the legal regulations concerning the patenting of the results of genomic research at the international, regional and national levels. The authors identify specific areas of copyright protection of the results of genomic research at universal and regional levels (for example, within the framework of integration organizations), as well as topical legal problems which recur in national legislation. The authors pay special attention to the analysis of judicial practice which illustrates patients’ rights (access to the information, the ability to use the results of genomic research, etc.) and the rights of participants carrying out genomic research. The article may be of interest to legal scientists, practitioners and specialists in human genome research (biomedicine, bioinformatics, medicine, human reproduction, etc.).
A New Perspective on the Concept of Legal Regulation of Relations in the Area of Genetic Technologies in the Russian Federation
Authors: Grin’ O. S. , Shilyuk T. O.
Published: May 2024

The article attempts to define the concept of legal regulation of relations in the area of genetic technologies. The different models of legal regulation are used as a basis. Priority is given by the authors to the two-level model of legislation. This model consists of one Federal framework law, the provisions of which are supplemented by a group of special legislative acts which regulate certain aspects of genetic technologies. The authors present arguments in favor of choosing this model, in order to build a legislative system for genetic technologies and they highlight its advantages. The article concludes with a proposal to amend the current Federal Law of 5 July, 1996 No. 86-FZ ‘On State Regulation in the Field of Genetic Engineering’ which may serve as a basis for the development of the two-level model of legislation.
Software Testing in the Era of AI: Leveraging Machine Learning and Automation for Efficient Quality Assurance
Authors: Deming Chunhua , Khair Md Abul , Mallipeddi Suman Reddy , Varghese Aleena
Published: May 2024

Automation and machine learning incorporated into software testing procedures are significant improvements over current quality assurance procedures. The potential of AI-driven testing methodologies to improve software testing's efficacy and efficiency is examined in this paper. The study's principal goals are investigating AI-driven testing methods, empirical assessments, case studies, identification of issues and policy consequences, and recommendations for responsible adoption. A thorough analysis of the body of research on AI-driven testing, including case studies, research papers, and policy documents, is part of the process. The main conclusions highlight the efficiency gains made possible by intelligent test prioritizing, automated test generation, and anomaly detection. They also discuss the difficulties and policy ramifications of bias, data security, privacy, and regulatory compliance. The creation of moral standards, legal frameworks, and educational initiatives to encourage the appropriate and ethical application of AI-driven testing methodologies are examples of policy ramifications. This study advances knowledge about AI-driven testing and offers guidance to researchers, practitioners, and legislators involved in software quality assurance.
İŞLETME VE YÖNETİM ALANLARINA YÖNELİK STRATEJİK PAZARLAMAYA İLİŞKİN BİBLİYOMETRİ/SOSYAL AĞ ANALİZİ
Authors: Çelik Resul , Uslu Divanoğlu Sevilay
Published: May 2024

Bu çalışmanın amacı “stratejik pazarlama” üzerine yayımlanmış makalelerin bibliyometri analizi ile incelenmesinin yapılarak, bu alanda takip edilen yayın, atıf ilişkilerinin ve eğilimlerinin belirlenmesi ve değerlendirilmesidir. Ayrıca, yazar, kaynak, yayın, ülke ve kurum bazında istatistiksel bilgiler sunularak bu alanda araştırma yapan bilim insanlarına katkı sağlamak ve kullanılabilecek veriler üretmek amaçlanmaktadır. Bu kapsamda, stratejik pazarlama üzerine 1980-2023 yılları arasını kapsayacak şekilde WoS veri tabanında yayınlanmakta olan 486 makale R biblioshiny paket programı aracılığı ile analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçlarına göre 1040 yazar, 183 farklı dergide “stratejik pazarlama” kavramını araştırmalarında konu edinmiştir. Ayrıca yıllık ortalama 7.34 yayın yapılmış ve bu yayınlara makale başına yıllık 28.86 atıf yapılmıştır. Konu alanı kapsamında en çok yayın yapan yazar Brooksbank R (n=6) olmuştur. 45 yayın ile en çok Journal of Strategic Marketing dergisinde yayın yayımlanmıştır. Üniversite bağlamında en fazla yayın Univ Ulster (n=17)’de yapılmıştır. Ülkeler bağlamında en fazla yayın Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’nde (n=114) gerçekleşmiştir. Analiz sonuçları, hem okuyucular hem de araştırmacılar açısından yapılacak olan çalışmalarda bir rehber olabilir.
Unsung Heroes: Gay Physicians’ Lived Journeys during the HIV/AIDS Pandemic - Addendum
Authors: Jacob Carl , Lagacé-Roy Daniel
Published: May 2024

The HIV/AIDS pandemic was a major crisis at the end of the 20th century. A defining moment in the history of health-related infections. It led to the transformation of its proponents, as well as their medical practice. This paper is an addendum to a research paper previously published in SAGE Open in 2019. The previously published paper used data from a study conducted by Jacob, in 2012. The data was gathered using semi-structured interviews with six Canadian gay physicians from different Canadian HIV/AIDS treatment centres. The study aimed to answer the following research question: What are the lived journeys of gay physicians while attempting to treat, care for, and cure/heal their HIV/AIDS patients during the pandemic, from 1981 to 2009? The results deduced from a qualitative and interpretive data analysis, as well as a literature review for the published research paper, suggest that through reflection on their experiences during the HIV/AIDS pandemic, they transformed their personal and professional identities, and rethought their relationship with their patients, as well as their professional, pharmaceutical, and community networks. The addendum, using unpublished information from the study and additional information from a literature review of material published by other proponents after the publication of the paper, aims to substantiate the testimonies of six Canadian gay physicians who fought against the HIV/AIDS pandemic and who advocated for their HIV/AIDS patients. In fact, these results are evidence of an untold and valuable period in medical history. For some, it will serve as a reminder. For others, it will be novel and even foreign. It was a time marked by a major crisis that mobilized gay physicians who were personally and professionally affected by their HIV/AIDS patients, and who were forever transformed by their response to the pandemic.
USE OF REPOURPOSED DRUGS LOSARTAN AND IVERMECTIN IN PATIENTS WITH CANCER FOR PREVENTION OF COVID-19 SERIOUS EVENTS DURING PANDEMIC. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase II study.
Authors: Exman Pedro , Bonadio Renata , Bragaia Vanessa , Moniz Camila , Watarai Gabriel , Uehara Elaine , Abdala Edson , Hoff Paulo , Estevez-Diz Maria
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Cancer patients are at higher risk of COVID-19 severe complications and also demonstrated a lower antibodies conversion after vaccination. Therefore, therapeutic approaches after COVID-19 infection are needed in this population. Repurposing drugs has emerged as an appealing strategy during pandemic, and drugs such as angiotensin 2 antagonists and ivermectin may have a role against COVID-19. Objective: This trial evaluated losartan plus ivermectin aimed at decreasing the incidence of severe outcomes due to coronavirus infection among cancer patients. Methods: This was a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled phase II study. Cancer patients with recent diagnosis of mild to moderate COVID-19 were randomized to receive 50 mg of losartan for 15 days plus a single dose of 12 mg of ivermectin or placebo. The primary endpoint was the incidence of severe complications, defined as a need for admission to the intensive care unit (ICU), need for mechanical ventilation (MV), or death. Secondary endpoints were safety and adherence. Results: Thirty-five patients were randomized to intervention arm and 34 to placebo arm. Seven (20%) patients in the losartan + ivermectin arm experienced severe outcomes versus 8 (23.5%) patients in the placebo arm (p = 1.00). No difference was observed in the need for intensive care unit (17.1% versus 17.6%; p = 1.00) or in the need for mechanical ventilation (17.1% versus 11.8%; p = 0.73). Four patients died in the losartan + ivermectin arm, while 3 in the placebo arm (11.4% versus 8.8%; p = 1.00). Severe adverse events and adherence were similar between groups. Conclusions and Relevance: The combination of losartan and ivermectin did not improve severe COVID-19 outcomes among cancer patients. This is the first study registered on ClinicalTrials.gov that evaluates active treatment for COVID-19 exclusively for cancer patients. and more studies should be performed for a more aggressive approach in this high-risk population.
A Framework for Innovation in Obesity
Authors: Levine James
Published: May 2024

The intersection of innovation and obesity presents a significant opportunity for businesses to address a pressing public health challenge while capitalizing on a growing market demand. This abstract explores the potential for businesses, both existing and new, to innovate within sectors such as food, healthcare, technology, and education to promote healthier lifestyles and combat obesity. With the obesity market estimated at $80 billion annually, entrepreneurs, healthcare providers, and technology developers have ample room for growth and innovation. Existing businesses can reformulate products, offer new services, and advocate for supportive policies, while new ventures can enter the market with innovative solutions targeting obesity-related services and products. Moreover, the DACMAR (Disrupt, Adopt, Collaborate, Manage, Adapt, and Resource) framework provides a structured approach for innovators to navigate the complexities of obesity management. Through the DACMAR framework, stakeholders can drive meaningful progress and innovation in addressing obesity. This framework emphasizes the importance of challenging the status quo, fostering partnerships, effective resource management, and dynamic adaptation to changing circumstances. Similarly, by applying the DACMAR framework's principles, investors can systematically rank different innovations in the obesity domain, ensuring market-readiness, identify go-to-market gaps and align investments with investors’ strategic objectives. This enables objective de-risking to improve investment returns. Furthermore, effective leadership is crucial in driving innovation and change, particularly in complex issues like obesity. Various leadership styles, including transformational, innovative, collaborative, servant, adaptive, and strategic, play essential roles in shaping the direction and impact of obesity prevention and treatment efforts. By leveraging diverse leadership approaches, stakeholders can work together to develop innovative solutions that improve outcomes for individuals and communities affected by obesity. Keywords: obesity, innovation, leadership, business
Familiar Perception: Opportunities for Typical and Ideal Experiences in Early Intervention
Authors: Valero Rosa , Susana Avivar , Lucia Perez
Published: May 2024

The present study delves into the crucial domain of early childhood intervention services, with a specific focus on the familiar perspective and its impact on intervention outcomes. Family-centered practices approach emphasizes the importance of a collaborative relationship between professionals and families, to empower family strengths and their utilization in promoting optimal child development. Thus, the study aims to validate the Families in Natural Environments Scale of Service Evaluation (Family FINESSE), which assess the fidelity of intervention practices (identified as typical practices) and identify areas for improvement (identified as ideal practices) based on 432 Spanish families´ perceptions, with children aged 0 to 6 years old experiencing neurodevelopmental challenges or risks, engaged in early intervention services for a minimum of six months. We conducted Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) as the primary analytical technique for scale validation and found the Exploratory Factor Analysis and Confirmatory Factor Analysis showed optimal adjustment indices and good internal consistency in both ideal-practices (α=.84).and typical-practices (α=.93) scales. The findings validate the relevance and applicability of the Family Finesse Scale in evaluating and enhancing early childhood intervention services, particularly in aligning practices with family needs and aspirations.
Secular trends in BMI in a cohort of children with Type 1 diabetes in the first-year post diagnosis
Authors: Khademi Floris , Kadishevich Danielle , Auerbach Adi , Ziv Carmit
Published: May 2024

Background: Along with the global increase in the rates of overweight and obesity in the pediatric population, it is becoming more prevalent in children with type 1 diabetes. The presence of diabetes and obesity may further aggravate the long term outcome of these children. Aims: Evaluate the secular change in BMI in children during the first year after the diagnosis of type 1 diabetes and identify variables affecting this change. Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study conducted at the diabetes clinic at Shaare Zedek Medical Center. Demographic data was withdrawn from the patients' charts and included age, age at diagnosis, gender and ethnic origin. Clinical data included DKA at diagnosis, height, weight, and BMI at presentation and throughout the first year following diagnosis at several pre-determined time points. Results: The study included 167 patients, 93 males. The average BMI- Z at presentation was -0.65 and increased to 0.35 after a year from diagnosis. The most pronounced increase in BMIZ occurred as expected in the first month (0.5-0.75), but it continued during the first year. At diagnosis, 16.6% of the children were underweight, 11.8% overweight and 2.7% obese. By the end of the first year, there were more overweight 28.5%, and obese 6.3% children. The lower the BMI-Z at diagnosis, the greater the weight gain observed at all-time points throughout the year. DKA at presentation was associated with a more significant weight gain in the first year using univariate analysis. No correlation was found between the patients' gender or age at diagnosis and the degree of weight gain. Conclusions: Continuous weight gain was observed throughout the first year after the diagnosis of diabetes, with a significant increase in the rate of overweight and obesity.
Antibacterial activity of Kemloko fruit ethanol extract (Phyllanthus emblica L.) against Staphylococcus aureus and MRSA bacteria
Authors: Br Barus Lidia Klorida , Masfria  , Satria Denny
Published: May 2024

Background: Indonesia is a tropical country, so the prevalence of infectious diseases caused by bacteria remains high. On the other hand, the high use of antibacterial ingredients in Indonesia causes bacterial resistance to existing antibacterial drugs. One of the herbal plants that some people widely use is Kemloko fruit. This study aimed to determine the activity of Kemloko fruit (Phyllanthus emblica L.) ethanol extract against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria.
Methods: Simplicia of Kemloko fruit were tested for secondary metabolites and characterization test of the simplicia. The antibacterial activity test was carried out using the diffusion method, where the disc paper was immersed in the test solution with the ratio of the test concentration.
Results: The results of phytochemical screening showed that the secondary metabolite compounds of Kemloko fruit are alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, tannins, saponins, and glycosides. Antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of Kemloko fruit with agar diffusion method effectively inhibits S. aureus bacteria, namely at a concentration of 80 mg/ml, the inhibition zone is 14.1 mm, and at a concentration of 100 mg/ml, MRSA bacteria obtained an inhibition zone of 14.3 mm.
Conclusions: The ethanol extract inhibits the growth of S. aureus and MRSA.
Russian Diplomatic School during the Reign of Elizabeth Petrovna (1741—1761)
Authors: Anisimov Maxim
Published: May 2024

The article is devoted to the study of the Russian diplomatic school in the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna. The empress came to power under the slogan of the Russian revival, trying to transfer government posts from the hands of foreigners to the hands of Russians. However, it retained Russian diplomatic posts abroad for foreigners, which was explained by a lack of trained national personnel. The need to prepare their own diplomats forced the Russian court, in the absence of Russian universities, to use the institute of nobles of the embassy introduced by Peter I, who served in missions abroad as students. If earlier the nobles of the embassy studied a variety of subjects in European capitals, now they studied precisely diplomatic work. Ultimately, the young diplomats had to be ready to replace the heads of diplomatic missions. The estate character of the Russian state assumed that the nobles of the embassy would replace the heads of missions, and their assistants (secretaries, translators, clercs) would be students of the embassy, mainly immigrants from unprivileged classes. The preparation of the embassy students was also entrusted to the heads of missions. Diplomats should have followed the studies of both embassy nobles and embassy students, encouraged good studies, and punished laziness. The experience of training the nobles of the embassy was recognized as successful, and in 1756 the Russian court ordered to have three noblemen of the embassy in officer ranks at each mission. The most capable of these nobles could obtain the position of adviser to the embassy, thus becoming the first deputy ambassador or envoy. This measure was intended only for nobles. The former democratic nature of the College of Foreign Affairs was already a thing of the past (although immigrants from other classes continued their diplomatic service under Catherine II, reaching the posts of heads of mission). The government of Elizabeth Petrovna paid great attention to the training of diplomats, and, in the opinion of the author of the article, created a good national diplomatic school capable of responding to the challenges of our time, another thing is why this school was not in demand in the same volume in the Catherine II reign.
Spanish “Moderados” in the Middle of the 19th Century: Factional Contradictions and Struggle
Authors: Vasilenko Yurij
Published: May 2024

The article analyzes inter-factional contradictions and struggles in the Spanish party “Moderados” in the middle of the 19th century. The author proposes to structure this party as consisting of two wings: liberal-conservative (left flank) and traditionalist (right flank); and if the first is defined by him as the mainstream of the party, then the second is its periphery which is not always recognized in the historiography of the issue. The liberal-conservative wing is also divided into three factions which, although never institutionalized, nevertheless have their own “frontman” and a certain ideological and value range: thus, the author proposes to put F. Martinez de la Rosa, J. Bravo Murillo at the head of the right faction and A. Borrego Moreno at the head of the left faction. Having briefly traced the history of relationships between factions and identifying historically significant points of conflict, the author comes to the conclusion that the basis of their contradictions was the different ratio of liberal Liberty and conservative Order, which largely determined their inclination or disinclination to political violence and the degree of agreement with opponents.
Cardenas, Lombardo Toledano and the PCM: the Comintern and Conflicts in Mexico in 1930s
Authors: Jeifets Victor
Published: May 2024

The article examines the interaction and conflicts between the Government of Mexico (represented by President L. Cardenas), the Communist Party, business and social groups and various factions of the labor movement. The analysis is carried out in the context of the influence of the Communist International on its Mexican section. The author shows the evolution of Moscow’s and the Communist Party’s perception of the events in Mexico and demonstrates the role of the Third International and the Profintern in changing the tactics of the Communists, demonstrates a number of consequences of the implementation of the new line.
Reflection of the Developments of “Sexenio Democratico” (1868—1874) on the Example of the Catalan Caricature
Authors: Kuzina Nataliya
Published: May 2024

The Sexenio Democrático (1868—1874) is one of the most eventful periods in the history of Spain in the 19th century. It was a time of ideological conflicts, civil wars, the First Spanish Republic and etc. All these events were actively discussed in the pages of the Spanish press, which thrived after the Glorious Revolution of 1868. Satirical press became an important means of communication, through which information about political, economic, and social changes was conveyed in a humorous and ironic form. Republicans, leading the ideological struggle, utilized expressive imagery in their activities. This article analyzes the visual language of the magazine La Flaca and its heteronyms: La Carcajada, La Madeja Politica, El Lio and La Madeja which had a significant influence on the Republican political culture. Specific topics such as the depiction of right and left-wing political figures, candidates for the Spanish throne, the church, Carlists, and cantonal uprisings the main opponents of the Republicans are examined in this study.
US Policy in Latin America in the Coverage of Spanish Press of 1824—1836
Authors: Yurchik Ekaterina
Published: May 2024

Under the influence of significant changes in the system of international relations caused by the wars of independence in Spanish America, Spain found itself on the periphery of world politics and was adapting to its new role. The politics of the United States, the leading power in the Western Hemisphere, became one of the topics of public discussion that unfolded on the pages of Spanish press during the Restoration (1823—1833) and the liberal revolution of the 1830s. Spanish assessments of US international activity revealed the views of politically active elite on the principles of foreign policy in the New World, and their perception of the North American republic as a regional leader with whom it is necessary to communicate. Spanish public opinion, with all characteristics of its ideological state and evolution, perceived the United States as an important actor in the regional system of international relations, which was increasing its influence, relying on its economic resources and taking advantage of the absence of active rivals. The ideological division between Spanish political groups affected their assessments of US policy, but in the 1830s it turned out to be less pronounced than during the Restoration. The conflict between Mexico and Texas caused a sharp critical reaction from the progressist press, which condemned the aggressive territorial expansion of the United States. The growth of US activity contributed to the concept of a new role for Spain in the New World — the role of the patron of its former colonies.
The March and the Ultra-March Styles in Novgorod and Rostov in the Second Half of the 13th Century
Authors: Guimon Timofey
Published: May 2024

As it has been shown by N. V. Stepanov and N. G. Berezhkov, the Rus annals used two variants of the March style: the March style proper (the year started six months later than the September year with the same number from the Creation of the World) and the ultra-March style (the year started six month earlier than the September year). The paper is dedicated to the usage of those two styles in Novgorod and Rostov in the second half of the 13th century. It is argued that, in the 1260s — 1270s, the episcopal annals of those two cities at the same time turned from the March style to the ultra-March one, and, a few years later, turned back from the ultra-March to the March style. Those two simultaneous turns are a remarkable phenomenon, and some ideas can be expressed concerning the context of this probable discussion on chronology in the Rus church. Another ultra-March stripe can be observed slightly later, in the late 1270s and the early 1280s, in the annals of Novgorod only. That time the annals of Rostov continued to use the March style.
The COMECON Internal Analysis of the Prospects for the Development of Oil Cooperation with Iraq in the 1970s
Authors: Glazov Alexandr
Published: May 2024

October 2023 marks the 50th anniversary of the moment when the world faced the first oil shock of 1973—1974. As time has shown, its influence (along with the influence of the second oil shock of 1979—1980) turned out to be significant not only for the “Capitalist Bloc”, but also for the “Socialist Camp”. On the eve of the first oil shock, in the spring and summer of 1973, a new working body was created within the framework of the Comecon (its Standing Commission on Foreign Trade), the so-called Petroleum Bureau. It was the Petroleum Bureau that in 1973—1978 represented the main coordinating and analytical center of interested Comecon members in the field of taking coordinated steps by the «Socialist Bloc» to build effective foreign economic cooperation with the developing countries that produced liquid hydrocarbons. Among the key activities of the Bureau was the country analysis, which, as a rule, included: a concise economic description of the oil-producing developing countries selected by Comecon for rapprochement; a brief assessment of their domestic political situation, main features and problems of their socio-economic development; information about national companies of these countries in the field of fuel and energy, about their national oil reserves and conditions of oil production, as well as their export capabilities and import needs; information on the possibilities of Comecon members coordinated activity in local markets and multilateral cooperation in various economic sectors in order to ensure a continuous flow of primary energy resources from the “developing world”. In this article, for the first time, the document “Generalized material for the development of practical integrated steps of Comecon members cooperation aimed at timely provision of oil purchases in Iraq on a long-term basis”, stored today in the Russian State Archive of Economics (RGAE), is published and introduced into scientific circulation as an example of Comecon Petroleum Bureau country analysis. The published document confirms Comecon good awareness of what was happening to the oil industry and the economy of Iraq in the first half of seventies.
Urbanization of the Protest and Colonial Control in the British Empire during the Interbellum
Authors: Malkin Stanislav
Published: May 2024

The Interbellum era passed under the sign of competition between supporters of various models of colonial order, due to the growth of rebel activity in the British Empire after the Great War. Discussions on this issue reflected theoretical and doctrinal contradictions, as well as the rivalry of the security services and disputes between the military and civilian authorities over the boundaries of their responsibility in these conditions. The article analyzes changes in the military’s approaches to determining the parameters for ensuring internal security in the British Empire after the Great War due to budget restrictions and new challenges to colonial rule (nationalism, communism and pan-Islamism). The focus of the study is the attitude of the military to the phenomenon of rapid urbanization of anticolonial protest against the background of disagreements between the authorities over the choice of a military-political course for resolving conflicts of this kind in the interwar period. Particular attention is paid to the problem of understanding the guerrilla of “developed” peoples and the peculiarities of armed underground struggle in the urban environment. This perspective of the study made it possible to raise in a new way the question not only of the role of the army in the modernization of management practices at the final stage of the development of the British imperial project. Institutional features of self-perception of this security service in the context of the increasing importance of military force and the simultaneous reduction of the possibility of using other levers of influence on the preservation of the metropolis’ power over the colonies and other dependent territories are also considered in this article.
Two Faces of Urbanization in the Muslim East: Tehran in the Second Half of the 19th Сentury — 1930s.
Authors: Ardashnikova Anna
Published: May 2024

In this study the authors examine the main stages of evolution and social characteristics of the capital cities in the Muslim East on the example of Tehran, which over the course of a century has made its way from the medieval Shah's residence to the capital of a modern country. This period in the history of Iran was marked by a gradual modernization of state and society, associated with the personalities of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar and the new ruler Reza Shah Pahlavi, who managed to offer a radical way to transform the country basing on a new ideological doctrine, the symbolic expression of which was his renovated capital. The image of Tehran is reconstructed on the basis of urban planning outlines of the 1920s — 1930s, a wide range of narrative sources, mainly diaries of the Iranian rulers themselves and European diplomats and travelers, and information from Persian literary works.
New Turkey and Soviet Russia: First Contacts (Historical Perspective)
Authors: Kolesnikov Aleksander
Published: May 2024

The first years of the establishment of the Republic of Turkey remain in the focus of attention of both Turkish and Russian historians. The introduction of new documents into circulation makes it possible to reveal in more detail some well-known and little-known aspects of the first contacts between the new Turkey and Soviet Russia. Special attention is paid to the issues related to the signing of the Moscow Treaty of 1921, which has served as a solid basis for cooperation between the two countries to this day. Aspects of the relationship between some communist leaders in Russia and the leaders of the Young Turk movement are also noteworthy. In addition, it is of interest to analyze the views of the leaders of the Soviet state regarding the prospects for cooperation between Soviet Russia and the new Turkey.
Nature, Society, Law: Historical Types of Reality Construction
Authors: Voronin Maxim
Published: May 2024

This article touches upon different types of law application practices conceptualization and sense of justice reification depending on historical interchangeable models of reality construction. These types stipulated by distinctive features of demarcation of natural and social phenomenon related to effects of anthropomorphism and sociomorphism of nature in archaic point of view and naturalization of social phenomenon in the Modern era. The authors’ interest was peaked by situations when the result of different conceptualizations of law application practices, their theoretical description and strategies of implementation into the system of values caused by diverse understanding of correlation between nature and society. Philosophical perception and scientific analysis are performed on circumstances and determinators of digitalization processes of different aspects of modern human life, society, and the value of this processes for reality construction. Signs which will help to prognose new conceptualizations of law application practices during the construction of digital reality are investigated.
The Problem of Sinkiang in the Soviet-British Relations of the Second Half 1920s — First Half 1930s
Authors: Sergeev Evgeny
Published: May 2024

The author examines the impact of the situation in Sinkiang, the largest administrative region of China, upon Soviet-British relations during the inter-war period. The relevance of the study is determined by the permanent attention of the world community to the state of affairs in this part of Eurasia, as well as the significance of the events in Sinkiang for the competition of great powers, and above all the interaction between the Soviet Union and the United Kingdom. The involvement of a wide scope of previously inaccessible or less known sources to explore the regional aspect of Soviet-British dialogue emphasizes the novelty of research. The paper points out to the three stages of rivalry between Moscow and London to settle the problem of Sinkiang against the background of the restoration of the USSR position and the protection of British interests in Central Asia. At the same time, as the study demonstrates, each of these stages contributed to the transformation of the general paradigm of bilateral relationship through the second half of the 1920s — first half of the 1930s.
Emir Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi and the legacy of Ibn Arabi in Ottoman Damascus
Authors: Zhantiev Dmitry
Published: May 2024

The article analyzes the late period of the life of the hero of the anti-French struggle in Algeria, Emir Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi (1808—1883) in Ottoman Damascus in 1855—1883. Refusing to continue the fight against the French colonialists after being released from captivity and moving to Ottoman possessions, Abd al-Qadir devoted his later life to charity and teaching the mystical teachings of Muhyi al-Din Ibn Arabi (1165—1240). The activities of Abd al-Qadir in Ottoman Damascus were inscribed in the moral, religious and political context of his era, when the Ottoman Empire was subjected to increasing pressure from the European powers. Abd al-Qadir sought to find an Islamic response to this external challenge through spiritual perfection based on the teachings of Ibn Arabi. Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi from a young age belonged to the followers of Ibn Arabi and therefore perceived his life in Damascus not as an exile, but as a way of approaching the comprehension of the mystical insights of Ibn Arabi, who at one time also lived for many years in Damascus where he was buried. In Damascus, Abd al-Qadir enjoyed great spiritual authority and provided patronage to his countrymen — immigrants from Algeria and other countries of the Maghreb. The circle of his chosen disciples was also replenished with local Syrian ulama. Under the influence of Abd al-Qadir, close relations were established between immigrants from Algeria and local Sufis on the basis of Islamic mysticism. The intellectual activity of the circle of followers of Abd al-Qadir in Damascus contributed to the strengthening of the position of Sufism in Ottoman Syria on the basis of the spiritual convergence of the beliefs of the followers of various Islamic mystical teachings.
“State Sovereignty and Protection of Minorities”: Maksim Lazerson and the Development of the Idea of National-Cultural Autonomy in the Republic of Latvia (1920s — 1930s)
Authors: Mikhailova Yulia
Published: May 2024

The article deals with the activities of M. Ya. Lazerson — a well-known lawyer, politician and public figure of the Republic of Latvia in the 1920s — 1930s, who aimed at protecting the rights of minorities. Lazerson was a deputy of the first, second and third Saeima of Latvia and paid much attention to the topic of protecting the rights of national minorities. He saw a direct connection between the development of special legislation and the recognition of minorities as a subject of law with the establishment of genuine democracy. Не was the author of numerous articles published in the “Segodnya” newspaper. He stressed, that the system of protection of the rights of minorities, formalized in law, was connected with the expansion of the scope of international law. One of Lazerson's key ideas, which served as a justification for the development of a system of law aimed at protecting the cultural and social life of minorities, was the requirement to recognize national minorities as a subject of international law. He paid much attention to the discussion of the development of Latvian legislation and the adoption of a special law on national-cultural autonomy for the minorities of Latvia, for which, among other things, he turned to the Estonian experience and analysed in detail the law of February 12, 1925 in Estonia on the cultural self-government of national minorities. Active participation of M. Ya. Lazerson in discussions on the national question reflects the struggle of representatives of minorities in Latvia for their rights in the conditions of a nationalizing state.