bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Competitive Consumerism: Commercial Insurance, Ethnic Assimilation, and the Decline of American Fraternalism
Authors: Kaufman Jason
Published: November 2023

Late twentieth-century American associationalism is only a ghost of its former self. Americans are still among the most religious people in the developed world, but the size and scope of American voluntarism has changed enormously over the past 100 years.1 Union participation in the United States is abysmally low, for example; and except for religious affiliations, Canadians, Norwegians, Swedes, and Dutch all report participation rates in voluntary organizations as high or higher than those of Americans.2 Those that do participate are increasingly satisfied with “checkbook voluntarism,” or the vicarious pursuit of social endeavor through third-party advocacy organizations furthermore.3 According to political scientist Robert Putnam, America’s declining rates of voluntary participation may actually be linked to a host of social ills, from voter apathy to crime, unhappiness, and poor health.4
Stellar Parallax and the Quest for Transcendence
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

The year is 2100, and Bob is chief curator of an intergalactic art museum. Nicknamed “Picasso;’ his large ship has artworks from several star systems. Bob is currently hovering above the Earth, and on his view-screen is a nearby star.
The Joy and Paschen of Starlight
Authors: Pickover Clifford A
Published: November 2023

“Pretty colors,” Miss Muxdröözol says looking at Bob’s latest artworks. Bob made these by throwing marine iceworms onto canvases of green paint. The worms’ plump, pink bodies have maneuvered on the canvases using their setae, or body bristles.
Decision Analysis
Authors: Goldie Suej. , Corso Phaedra S
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides an overview of decision analysis and its use as an analytic tool to inform difficult public health decisions. There are particular circumstances in which decision analysis is likely to be most useful, and such circumstances often characterize the decision making necessary in the field of public health. Decision- analytic methods may be applied to a wide range of problems from clinical decisions facing an individual to public health decisions that will affect a population. The aim of decision science is to develop and apply systematic and logical frameworks for decision making. Its defining characteristic is a focus on the outcomes of decisions, including characterization of the uncertainty about these outcomes that exists when decisions are made. In this discipline, consequences may be broadly defined, ranging from clinical and public health benefits (e.g., a clinical decision analysis or a prevention-effectiveness analysis) to both clinical benefits and economic consequences (e.g., cost-effectiveness, cost-utility, and cost-benefit analyses).
Tibetan Buddhist Perspectives on Asceticism
Authors: Thurman Robert A F
Published: November 2023

What is missing here and should be included with mention of the athlete is mention of the warrior. It seems evident that an important source of asceticism is warrior training, as the life-and-death context of battle is what makes the heroic self-overcomings involved in asceticism realistic. Spiritual asceticism definitionally or essentially must be understood in parallel and contrast with military asceticism, tracing this polarity all the way back into the archaic to the complementary and yet rival figures of shaman and war chief.
Athanasius of Alexandria and the Ascetic Movement of His Time
Authors: Kannengiesser Charles
Published: November 2023

Athanasius of Alexandria, the most famous church leader in the Roman empire of the fourth century CE, is also the first authority in the Christian church who recognized the importance of monasticism for the Christian way of life.1 In a public statement issued by the Alexandria clergy only eight years after the event, we learn that Athanasius was elected the bishop of Alexandria through a local procedure that included public acclamation.
Disciple of the Ch’eng Brothers
Authors: Selover Thomas W
Published: November 2023

Your servant humbly states that the Tao of Confucius was transmitted to Tseng Tzu, Tseng Tzu transmitted to Tzu-ssu, and Tzu-ssu transmitted to Mencius. After Mencius there was no transmission. Coming to our dynasty, Ch’eng Hao and Ch’eng I of the western [capital] Loyang transmitted his (or: their) Tao more than a thousand years afterwards. Those engaged in learning shouldered satchels and hiked up their garments [in hurrying] to personally receive their instruction, spreading it to the four directions. Some in secret and some openly-none can exhaust the record. Their major disciples were: Hsieh Liang-tso, Yang Shih, and Yu Tso ... [Hsieh] Liang-tso, as a worthy, personally transmitted the Tao learning (Tao-hsüeh). None in the world could match him.1
White Collar
Authors: Mills C Wright
Published: November 2023

In print for fifty years, White Collar by C. Wright Mills is considered a standard on the subject of the new middle class in twentieth-century America. This landmark volume demonstrates how the conditions and styles of middle class life--originating from elements of both the newer lower and upper classes—represent modern society as a whole. By examining white-collar life, Mills aimed to learn something about what was becoming more typically “American” than the once-famous Western frontier character. He painted a picture instead of a society that had evolved into a business-based milieu, viewing America instead as a great salesroom, an enormous file, and a new universe of management. Russell Jacoby, author of The End of Utopia and The Last Intellectuals, contributes a new Afterword to this edition, in which he reflects on the impact White Collar had at its original publication and considers what it means to our society today. “A book that persons of every level of the white collar pyramid should read and ponder. It will alert them to their condition for their better salvation.”-Horace M. Kaellen, The New York Times (on the first edition)
The Rhetoric of Competition
Authors: Mills C Wright
Published: November 2023

As an economic fact, the old independent entrepreneur lives on a small island in a big new world; yet, as an ideological figment and a political force he has persisted as if he inhabited an entire continent. He has become the man through whom the ideology of utopian capitalism is still attractively presented to many of our contemporaries. Over the last hundred years, the United States has been transformed from a nation of small capitalists into a nation of hired employees; but the ideology suitable for the nation of small capitalists persists, as if that small-propertied world were still a going concern. It has become the grab-bag of defenders and apologists, and so little is it challenged that in the minds of many it seems the very latest model of reality. Nostalgia for the rural world of the small entrepreneur now so effectively hides the mechanics of industry that the farmer, the custodian of national life, is able to pursue his cash interests to the point of defying the head of the government in time of war. And while the small urban entrepreneur, as an example of the competitive way, suffers exhaustion, the officials of American opinion find more and more reason to proclaim his virtues. We realize .. .’ Senator James Murray has said, ‘that small business constitutes the very essence of free enterprise and that its preservation is fundamental to the American idea.’ The logic of the small entrepreneurs is not the logic of our time; yet if the old middle classes have been transformed.
Old Professions and New Skills
Authors: Mills C Wright
Published: November 2023

THE professional strata are the seat of such intellectual powers as are used for income in the United States. In and around these occupations, which require specialized, systematic, and often lengthy training, the highest skills of the arts and sciences are socially organized and applied. They most clearly exemplify the rationalist ethos that has been held to be the characteristic mark and the essential glory of western civilization itself. So any changes in their social basis and composition would, in one way or another, be reflected in western society’s level of technique, art, and intellectual sensibility. In no sphere of twentieth-century society has the shift from the old to the :new middle-class condition been so apparent, and its ramification so wide and deep, as in the. professions. Most professionals are now salaried employees; much professional work has become divided and standardized and fitted into the new hierarchical organizations of educated skill and service; intensive and narrow specialization has replaced self-cultivation and wide knowledge; assistants and sub-professionals perform routine, although often intricate, tasks, while successful professional men become more and more the managerial type. So decisive have such shifts been, in some areas, that it is as if rationality itself had been expropriated from the individual and been located, as a new form of brain power, in the ingenious bureaucracy itself.
Work
Authors: Mills C Wright
Published: November 2023

Work may be a mere source of livelihood, or the most significant part of one’s inner life; it may be experienced as expiation, or as exuberant expression of self; as bounden duty, or as the development of man’s universal nature. Neither love nor hatred of work is inherent in man, or inherent in any given line of work. For work has no intrinsic meaning. No adequate history of the meanings of work has been written. One can, however, trace the influences. of various philosophies of work, which have filtered down to modern workers and which deeply modify their work as well as their leisure. While the modern white-collar worker has no articulate philosophy of work, his feelings about it and his experiences of it influence his satisfactions and frustrations, the whole tone of his life. Whatever the effects of his work, known to him or not, they are the net result of the work as an activity, plus the meanings he brings to it, plus the views that others hold of it.
On Evil
Authors: Aquinas Thomas
Published: November 2023

It seems that evil is such, for the following reasons: Every created thing is an entity. But evil is something created, as Is. 45:6–7 says: “I am the Lord, who causes peace and creates evil.” Therefore, evil is an entity. Contrary things are things in nature, since we posit them in the same genus. But evil is contrary to good, as Sir. 33:15 says: “Evil is opposed to good.” Therefore, evil is an entity. People have said that evil, considered abstractly, is a privation rather than a contrary, while an evil, considered concretely, is a contrary and an entity. But nothing is contrary to something else in what it has in common with the other. For example, black is not contrary to white insofar as both have color. And evil, in what underlies it, is like good. Therefore, evil is not contrary to good by reason of what evil and good have in common but by reason of the very aspect that is evil.
Understanding and Learning from Behavioral Finance
Authors: Singal Vijay
Published: November 2023

While traditional finance is based on rational economic behavior of investors, behavioral finance claims that investors do not always behave rationally. This “irrational” behavior causes prices to move in anomalous patterns that cannot be explained by traditional finance theory but can be explained by behavioral finance. To be sure, traditional finance does allow some investors to behave irrationally, but those investors lose and are quickly driven out of the market by smart investors. Behavioral finance, on the other hand, believes that smart investors do not necessarily have the resources to dominate other investors. For example, limits of arbitrage (see Chapter 1) point to the limited nature of arbitrage activity, which may cause irrational investors to persist and may allow them to influence prices in a significant manner.

Whether or not the assumptions of behavioral finance are realistic, there are investors who suffer from behavioral biases. To earn optimal returns, investors should try to avoid those biases.
The Politics of Magic: Orson Welles ’s Allegories of Anti-Fascism
Authors: Denning Michael
Published: November 2023

The Rhetoric OF Fascism and anti-fascism runs throughout Welles ‘s career. “Our Julius Caesar gives a picture of the same kind of hysteria that exists in certain dictator-ruled countries of today,” a Mercury press release asserted of the 1937 modern-dress production. The most famous scene in the Mercury Julius Caesar was the killing of Cinna the poet (played by Norman Lloyd) by the mob. One critic wrote that it was “a scene which for pure power and sinister meaning has never been surpassed in the American theatre”; “not even the Group Theater in all their frenzy against dictators,” another wrote, “ever devised a more thrilling scene than that in which the poet, Cinna, is swallowed up by an angry mob.” “It ‘s the same mob,” Welles told the New York Times, “that hangs and burns Negroes in the South, the same mob that maltreats the Jews in Germany. It ‘s the Nazi mob anywhere.” When Welles went to Hollywood two years later, his first project, the unfinished film of Heart of Darkness, was, in his own Citizen Kane enjoyed a spectacular critical reception. American novelist John O ‘Hara, writing for Time magazine, said quite simply that it was the best motion picture he had ever seen. ‘ Other serious reviewers in this country didn ‘t debate whether or not it was unusually good, but whether or not it was a great, even revolutionary, achievement. Meanwhile, Kane was the subject of considerable controversy in Hollywood; it was nominated for nine Academy Awards but received only one, for best original screenplay by Herman Mankiewicz and Orson Welles, who were booed by detractors at the award ceremony.
Energy Transfer By Waves
Authors: Chen Gang
Published: November 2023

The wave-particle duality of matter from quantum mechanics implies that energy carriers have both wave and particle characteristics. One way to think about this duality is that material waves are granular rather than continuous. For example, a phonon wave at frequency v contains a discrete number of identical waves, each having an energy h v. A fundamental property of waves is their phase information. A coherent wave has a fixed relationship between two points in space or at two different times. Due to the fixed phase relationship, the superposition of waves from the same source creates interference and diffraction phenomena that are familiar in optics. The wave characteristics of matter (electrons, phonons, and photons) are important for transport processes at interfaces and in nanostructures. We have seen in previous chapters that the size effects on energy quantization can be considered as a result of the formation of standing waves. In this chapter, we will discuss the reflection of waves at a single interface, and interference and tunneling phenomena in thin films and multilayers. We will make parallel presentations for three major energy carriers: electrons, photons, and phonons. We have discussed rather extensively in chapters 2 and 3 the electron waves based on the Schrodinger equation. Optical wave effects are readily observable and can be understood from classical electrodynamics based on the Maxwell equations, which will be reviewed in this chapter. For phonons, we will adapt a continuum approach based on the acoustic waves, rather than on the discrete lattice dynamics method we used in chapter 3. The acoustic-wave-based approach allows us to treat phonons in parallel with electrons and photons.
Particle Description Of Transport Processes: Classical Laws
Authors: Chen Gang
Published: November 2023

We discussed in the previous chapter when we can ignore the coherence effects and treat heat carriers as individual particles without considering their phase information. In the next few chapters, we will describe how to deal with energy transfer under the particle picture. Most constitutive equations for macroscale transport processes, such as the Fourier law and the Newton shear stress laws, are obtained under such particle pictures. These equations are often formulated as laws summarized from experiments. In this chapter, we will see that most of the classical laws governing transport processes can be derived from a few fundamental principles. In chapter 4, we studied systems at equilibrium and developed the equilibrium distribution functions (Fermi-Dirac, Bose-Einstein, and Boltzmann distributions). The distribution function for a quantum state at equilibrium is a function of the energy of the quantum state, the system temperature, and the chemical potential. When the system is not at equilibrium, these distribution functions are no longer applicable. Ideally, we would like to trace the trajectory of all the particles in the system, as in the molecular dynamics approach that we will discuss in chapter 10. This approach, however, is not realistic for most systems, because they have a large number of atoms or molecules. Thus, we resort to a statistical description of the particle trajectory. In the statistical description we use nonequilibrium distribution functions, which depend not only on the energy and temperature of the system but also on positions and other variables. We will develop in this chapter the governing equations for the nonequilibrium distribution functions. In particular, we will rely on the Boltzmann equation, also called the Boltzmann transport equation. From the Boltzmann equation we will derive familiar constitutive equations such as the Fourier law, the Newton shear stress law, and the Ohm law.
Politics
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony
Published: November 2023

In the forests of the Democratic Republic of the Congo, right at the heart of Africa, lives a pygmy people called the Mbuti. They move about the forest in small groups of several families, gathering honey and hunting antelope, and sometimes joining together with other groups for a communal hunt. The Mbuti think of themselves as belonging to bands that are defined by the territories in which they were born. But they do not necessarily live with the band to which they “belong,” and they move freely, when they marry, to live with other small groups of families. The Mbuti have religious and moral ideas, ideas about marriage and hunting, beliefs about the forest they live in and the other people—whether pygmies or not—who share the forest with them. They cooperate in hunting and in building the small houses they set up each time they settle for a period in a particular part of the forest.
Law
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony
Published: November 2023

Governments in many countries and at many times have made laws that are morally repugnant. Many governments, for example, have wanted their citizens to obey laws that were racist, discriminating against some citizens simply on the basis of their supposed “racial” origins. Sometimes—regrettably, not often enough—citizens of these countries have been so outraged by these racist laws that they have sought to have them changed. And when legal means of changing the law have been exhausted, some have chosen to resist their governments by civil disobedience. That is, they have set out to resist these evil laws by deliberate acts of lawbreaking. In civil disobedience lawbreaking is usually undertaken in order to draw attention to the evil law, to express a citizen’s repugnance to it, and to create.
Philosophy
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony
Published: November 2023

In many a village around the world, in societies traditional and industrialized, people gather in the evenings to talk. In pubs and bars, under trees in the open air in the tropics, and around fires in the far north and south of our globe, people exchange tales, tell jokes, discuss issues of the day, argue about matters important and trivial. Listening to such conversations in cultures other than your own, you learn much about the concepts and theories people use to understand their experience, and you learn what values they hold most dear.
Islamic Political Identity in Turkey
Authors: Yavuz M Hakan
Published: November 2023

In November of 2002, the Justice and Development Party swept to victory in the Turkish parliamentary elections. Because of the party’s Islamic roots, its electoral triumph has sparked a host of questions both in Turkey and in the West: Does the party harbor a secret Islamist agenda? Will the new government seek to overturn nearly a century of secularization stemming from Kemal Atatürk’s early-twentieth-century reforms? Most fundamentally, is Islam compatible with democracy? In this penetrating work, M. Hakan Yavuz seeks to answer these questions, and to provide a comprehensive analysis of Islamic political identity in Turkey. He begins in the early twentieth century, when Kemal Atatürk led Turkey through a process of rapid secularization and crushed Islamic opposition to his authoritarian rule. Yavuz argues that, since Atatürk’s death in 1938, however, Turkey has been gradually moving away from his militant secularism and experiencing “a quiet Muslim reformation.” Islamic political identity is not homogeneous, says Yavuz, but can be modern and progressive as well as conservative and potentially authoritarian. While the West has traditionally seen Kemalism as an engine for reform against “reactionary” political Islam, in fact the Kemalist establishment has traditionally used the “Islamic threat” as an excuse to avoid democratization and thus hold on to power. Yavuz offers an account of the “soft coup” of 1997, in which the Kemalist military-bureaucratic establishment overthrew the democratically elected coalition government, which was led by the pro-Islamic Refah party. He argues that the soft coup plunged Turkey into a renewed legitimacy crisis which can only be resolved by the liberalization of the political system. The book ends with a discussion of the most recent election and its implications for Turkey and the Muslim world. Yavuz argues that Islamic social movements can be important agents for promoting a democratic and pluralistic society, and that the Turkish example holds long term promise for the rest of the Muslim world. Based on extensive fieldwork and interviews, this work offers a sophisticated new understanding of the role of political Islam in one of the world’s most strategically important countries.
In Search of the Promised Land
Authors: Franklin John Hope , Schweninger Loren
Published: November 2023

The matriarch of a remarkable African American family, Sally Thomas went from being a slave on a tobacco plantation, to a "virtually free" slave who ran her own business and purchased one of her sons out of bondage. In Search of the Promised Land offers a vivid portrait of the extended Thomas-Rapier family and of the life of slaves before the Civil War. Based on family letters as well as an autobiography by one of Thomas's sons, this remarkable piece of detective work follows a singular group as they walk the boundary between slave and free, traveling across the country in search of a "promised land" where African Americans would be treated with respect. Their record of these journeys provides a vivid picture of antebellum America, stretching from New Orleans to St. Louis, from the Overland Trail to the California Gold Rush, and from Civil War battles to steamboat adventures. John Hope Franklin and Loren Schweninger weave a compelling narrative that illuminates the larger themes of slavery and freedom. To a remarkable degree, this small family experienced the full gamut of slavery, witnessing everything from the breakup of slave families, brutal punishment, and runaways, to miscegenation, insurrection panics, and slave patrols. They also illuminate the hidden lives of " virtually free" slaves, who maintained close relationships with whites, maneuvered within the system, and gained a large measure of autonomy. The Thomas-Rapiers were keen observers of the human condition. Through the eyes of this exceptional family and the indomitable black woman who held them together, we witness aspects of human bondage otherwise hidden from view.
In Search of Canaan
Authors: Franklin John Hope , Schweninger Loren
Published: November 2023

In Nashville, the last day in December 1855 was cold, windy, and rainy. The sky was laden with thick, black clouds, and the icy drizzle seemed to chill the soul as much as the body. For some time following Sally’s death, her youngest son, James, had been considering whether to remain in Tennessee or seek a new home. The increasing racial tensions, growing sectional conflict, and strident antiblack pronouncements caused him grave concern—concern that was heightened by the death of his friend and white patron, Ephraim Foster. Thomas had lived in Nashville all his life; he did not want to consider leaving if he could avoid it. But the wish to find a haven where conditions were better for blacks—a “Promised Land” or Canaan, as the Bible would have called it—tugged at him. And he was willing to consider a region beyond the borders of the United States. Indeed, having traveled in the segregated North as well as having lived in the slave South, James Thomas was open to more adventurous possibilities.
Heathen Darkness
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

America’s Indian dream began as phantasmagoric nightmare. Through most of Christian history, the most common view of other faiths has been that they are, knowingly or otherwise, serving the devil. During the Middle Ages and the early modern period, this was the standard interpretation of Islam and Judaism, and even rival branches of Christianity freely traded mutual charges of diabolism. If such abuse was so customary within the monotheistic fold, it is not surprising to find it directed against the pagans and animists whom the European colonists first encountered in the New World. The vast majority of European settlers had no sympathy for the religious activities of their new neighbors, while the clergy had little doubt that Natives were worshipping the devil.
Before the New Age 1920–1960
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

For these men, the Navaho yei, the Pueblo katsinas, the Buddhist yogins, the Christian saints, are but the vanguard of all mankind. We too are slowly traveling the evolutionary Road of Life back to its source.Much of the popular material available today on Indian religions assumes, often wrongly, that these traditions are closely aligned to esoteric and alternative spirituality, that they are part of a mystical New Age continuum. However inaccurate, this long-established idea helps explain the growing acceptance of Native faiths from the 1920s onwards. For many Americans in this era, Native religious practices were not just harmless old customs; they contained great spiritual truths from which whites could learn. Even as Native culture was gaining mainstream acceptance, therefore, it was doing so in a distinctive and perhaps distorted form. The modern New Age Indian thus has an impressively long pedigree. In fact, the idea was so strong by mid-century that the mystery is perhaps not how the modern synthesis appeared but, rather, why it did not emerge decades earlier.
The Medicine Show
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Don’t dream it— be it.By the mid-1970s, Indians were established as countercultural icons. Indians had already been mass marketed in films like , and the quest for authentic Native voices was manifested in the success of later books and television productions, such as Ruth Beebe Hill’s novel and the novels of Jamake Highwater. But the nature of the merchandising was changing. While Indian culture and art had long since reached a mass audience — at least by the 1930s— it was now Native spirituality that proved most exciting to consumers.
The Human Environment
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward
Published: November 2023

The quality of a human environment can be measured only in terms of its effect on the people who experience it. But people, both physically and emotionally, are creatures not easily understood, and evaluations of quality are seldom simple. Even a simple question such as “Is this place warm enough?” does not have a simple answer in quantitative terms, for the same person, under varying circumstances of season of the year, amount of clothing, radiant temperature, relative humidity, and air movement, will find the place exactly “warm enough” at a range of air temperatures extending over many degrees, a surprising spread for an animal whose internal temperature cannot vary by more than a couple of degrees either way without distress.
The Concept of Shelter
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward
Published: November 2023

Shelter at its most basic is not a human invention; it is something we seek instinctively, as do all animals, in a world that is seldom attuned exactly to our physiological and social needs. On a hot summer day, we picnic under a tree or near a shady waterfall or cascade. On bitter winter days, we gravitate instinctively toward the lee side of any landscape feature that will deflect the wind, especially if a patch of warming sunlight is available there. The experienced outdoor traveler, when selecting a spot on which to roll out a sleeping bag for the night in any season of the year, avoids the low spots and valleys, which channel nighttime flows of cold air and moisture, and, animal-like, beds clown on the higher ground, perhaps on an eastward slope, to be wakened and warmed by the morning sun.
Providing Water
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward
Published: November 2023

Buildings and settlements require an adequate supply of clean water for drinking, cooking, washing, industrial processes, and agriculture. This requires a system that has three basic components: a source of water; a means to purify the water, if necessary; and a way to dis tribute the water to points of use inside buildings.
Controlling Air Movement
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward
Published: November 2023

Clean, oxygen-rich air for breathing is the most pressing environ mental requirement for human life. Continuously moving air is also a primary requirement for thermal comfort, to convect away excess body heat and evaporate perspiration. Although the air in a rural outdoor environment contains such natural pollutants as odors, bacteria, pollens, spores, molds, and dust, we usually perceive it as being pure, and all but the most allergic persons find it optimum for breathing.
Hearing and Being Heard
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward
Published: November 2023

We take pleasure in the sound of a favorite piece of music, the sound of a friend’s voice, the songs of birds on a summer morning, and the spoken words of the actors in a play or on a screen. We derive great satisfaction from creating music with voice or instruments, speaking to a friend, or conveying an important message to an interested audience. Under such circumstances, we want to hear and to be heard. But under other circumstances, we also want the egually important options not to hear and not to be heard, the options of peace and privacy.
Spacecraft Computer Systems
Authors: Moore Robert C
Published: November 2023

Spacecraft computer systems require space-qualified microcomputers, memories, and interface devices. Functionally, these are not unlike the devices that are used in desktop business computers and personal computers for the home. However, spacecraft applications impose design constraints that are much more severe than those of the commercial market. For example, low power dissipation, volume, and mass must be achieved in a spacecraft without sacrificing overall performance. In addition, faults and failures in a spacebome data processing system cannot usually be repaired. Therefore, space flight systems must exhibit excellent reliability and should be able to tolerate many kinds of faults.
The End
Authors: Evensen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

The end was apocalyptic and variously reported. “The world is receding and heaven opening,” the dying man was supposed to have said, although accounts differed. “I see earth receding; Heaven is opening; God is calling me,” other newspapers reported to their readers. D. L. Moody had always been greatly annoyed whenever he was misquoted. Perhaps that was why he wrote his own epitaph before the press in his sixty-second year wrote one for him. “Some day you will read in the papers that D. L. Moody of East Northfield is dead,” he had long been famous for saying. “Don’t you believe a word of it! At that moment I shall be more alive than I am now.” His son would use the statement on the eve of a new century to begin his biography of one of the most beloved men of the previous century. “I shall have gone up higher,” Moody wanted his readers to know, “that is all, out of this old clay tenement into a house that is immortal—a body that death cannot touch; that sin cannot taint; a body fashioned like unto His glorious body.”
“It’s Harder Getting into the Depot than Heaven”
Authors: Evensen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

It was half past seven, and the largest choir that anyone had ever seen in the biggest building any Philadelphian had ever been in were just finishing “What a Friend We Have in Jesus” when D. L. Moody began reading the fifth chapter of Mark. It was the story of Jesus meeting the man with an unclean spirit. “No one could bind him anymore,” he said hurriedly, as seven stenographers from the city’s leading dailies strained to keep up. “Night and day he was always crying out,” Moody seemed to be saying, “and crying out with a loud voice.” But many of the 13,000 present could hardly hear him. “The solemn stillness was rudely broken,” the Philadelphia Times would later report, by someone trying to “kick his way into the reporters’ box.” It was a gentleman of the press who had arrived late and been barred from the biggest spiritual story to hit the centennial city since Franklin had hosted Whitefield a century and a half before.
“The Greatest Show on Earth”
Authors: Evensen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Halfway through D. L. Moody’s IO-week campaign in New York City, Harper’s portrayed the lay exhorter in the pulpit of P. T. Barnum’s Hippodrome, his left hand raised high over his head, summoning his audience heavenward. Barnum himself had been illustrated almost identically by the same publication, when, as a latter-day Noah, he besought his circus animals into his ark at Twenty-sixth Street and Fourth Avenue to give “the greatest show on earth.” The world’s best-known showman had now taken his act on the road, leaving the world’s largest indoor arena to the world’s leading evangelist. Both men were Yankee farm boys who had grown up in the Connecticut River valley, without their fathers. It had thrown both of them back on their own resources, which proved considerable. Each became an eager supersalesman—Moody in ministry, Barnum in the big top—but before their names became known, Moody sold shoes and Barnum Bibles. Each had chosen an enterprise that suited his “natural inclination and temperament.” For each, a “pledged word” was “sacred.” Whatever either did, it was done “with all one’s might” through the use of all available means.
“It Is a Marvel to Many People”
Authors: Evensen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

More than a month remained in D. L. Moody’s 1877 New England campaign when the Boston Globe promised to issue a bound volume of its stenographic accounts of the great evangelist’s revival work for those “anxious to secure and treasure” a permanent record of Moody’s winter-long meetings. “So many thousands” had demanded a “complete and authentic” record of Moody’s ministry that the paper was constrained to immodestly admit “the general excellence and uniform accuracy” of its reports compared to the competition. The paper loudly boasted the great man’s imprimatur. “Never,” Moody was inevitably quoted as again saying, had he “been so well reported by any newspaper in the world.”

By the time Moody and his men arrived in Boston, they had all but perfected the techniques of courting and capturing a positive press. The Reverend Joseph Cook, writing the forward to the Globe’s volume, considered it central to the success of Moody’s mission. Many of the 6,000-7,000 people who had nightly filled the Boston Tabernacle to see the spectacle, he felt certain, had first seen stories sanctioning Moody’s purposes and practice.
Galileo in Rome
Authors: Shea William R , Artigas Mariano
Published: November 2023

New research shows the true reason why galileo was condemned. Galileo is one of a small group of thinkers who transformed Western culture. But to be at the forefront of ideas was a dangerous position to take at the turn of the sixteenth century, bringing the philosopher into constant conflict with the might of the curch. Galileo made six long visits to Rome in an attempt to get the church on his side. He was anxious to raise his profile in the Eternal City, where he spent some 500 days, meeting the pope, high-ranking ecclesiastics, and members of the literary establishment as well as other scientists. It offers a regorous, but easy-to-understand, account of what happened during Galileo’s visit to Rome. In the end, he overplayed his hand and the outcome was his dramatic condemnation by the church. Based on extensive archive research, the author paint a far more complex picture of the actions and motivations of both sides than has been published before, and show how it is that Galileo’s failure to impress the church has not prevented him from becoming one of the leading thinkers of the day.
The Augustan Succession: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio’s Roman History Books 55-56 (9 B.C.-A.D. 14)
Authors: Swan Peter Michael
Published: November 2023

This is an historical commentary on Books 55-56 of Dio’s Roman History. These books recount the last half of the reign of the Emperor Augustus, above all his orchestration of the first imperial succession. Addressed to both students and scholars, the new commentary is the first since the eighteenth century to offer full and fresh treatment of this segment of Dio’s work.
How Dio Portrays Himself
Authors: Swan Peter Michael
Published: November 2023

Dio has left us the makings of a vital portrait of himself-in recollections, judgments, attitudes, authorial pronouncements, and in how he presents (or inadvertently reveals) himself, above all in the books that treat his own times.15 Certain aspects of the portrait that emerges from this material are abhorrent in liberal democracies, like his faith in monarchy and a society stratified by class, race, and gender, so that his modern reader must often curb a temptation to dismiss him as reactionary.
Dio’s View Of History
Authors: Swan Peter Michael
Published: November 2023

Surveying past and present from the sociopolitical apex of the empire, Dio saw the history of Rome as the hegemonic action on a world stage,39 eclipsing or sub ordinating other histories imperially.40 He deemed its course to be a product of divine as well as secular forces, both integral in the natural order of things. For him “heaven” played an historical role, as it did not for Thucydides. It impinged on human affairs, especially in their ecumenical dimension, and was essential to include in historical explanation.
Dio On Augustus’ Place In Roman History
Authors: Swan Peter Michael
Published: November 2023

The program of Dio’s magnum opus offers few surprises to a reader brought up on standard political histories of Rome. From Trojan and Latin origins and the rule of kings (Books 1-2) it passes quickly to the foundation of the Republic, the creation of new institutions, wars of survival against hostile neighbors, and relent less expansion through peninsular Italy (Books 3-10, to 265 B.c.). There follow the collisions with Carthage and the other great transmarine powers whose defeat gave Rome dominion over the Mediterranean world (Books 11-21, 264-146 B.c.). Although Books 22-35 of the History (145-70 a.c.) have been lost almost entirely, their exiguous remains indicate a denser narrative fabric and a slower chronological pace, dictated by the complex domestic and external crises that marked the period from the Gracchi to the coup d’etat of Pompey in 70. From 69 B.c., where we at last have the Roman History intact, Dio’s focus is on the agonies of the Republic out of which Julius Caesar emerged with monarchic power only to fall to counterrevolution in 44 a.c. (Books 36-44). The next twelve books (45-56, 44 B.C.-A.D. 14) contain Dio’s “Augustan” account, which is climaxed by two epochal events. One is Octavian’s victory at Actium in 31 a.c., which made him militarily and politically supreme, closing a century of civil strife. The other is his death and consecration, as Divus Augustus, forty-four years later, after orchestrating the succession and the continuation of the system he had established. There follows in Books 57-76 a gallery of the reigns of his successors from the advent of Tiberius in 14 to the death of Septimius Severus in 211, the original terminus of the History. Dio was later able to extend his narrative to cover the reigns of Severus’ successors Caracalla, Macrinus, and Elegabalus (Books 77-79, 211-222), and to add a highly personal epilogue sketching events from the accession of Severus Alexander in 222 to his own retirement in 229 (Book 80).
The Text Of Books 55-56
Authors: Swan Peter Michael
Published: November 2023

We owe the survival of Books 55-56 of Dio’s History to a single parchment codex of the eleventh century, now in Venice, 251 folios long, “in large and very beautiful minuscules.”146  CodexMarcianus no. 395 is truncated front and back; it is also severed by many lacunae, so that only thirty-seven (72 percent) of the original fifty-one folios devoted to Books 55-56 remain. The losses have produced four gaps in Book 55, amounting in all to ten folios (ca 500 lines), and four one-folio gaps in Book 56 (ca 200 lines in all).147 Some parts, usually small, of the missing texts can be retrieved from works of mediaeval Byzantium that used Dio’s History as a source or quany. The most important of these are works of Xiphilinus and Zonaras, containing abridged versions of our two books, and the tenth-century Excerpta Constantiniana.
Nonlinear Ultrasonics
Authors: Cobbold Richard S C
Published: November 2023

Up to this point, it has generally been assumed that the excitation is sufficiently small so that linearity can be assumed. In practice, for both ultrasound diagnostic and therapeutic applications, this condition is frequently exceeded. For diagnostic applications where a short, high-amplitude transmit pulse is used to obtain good resolution and sensitivity, the amplitude is often sufficiently large that non Hnear effects become apparent [7-9]. As will be discussed in Chapter 8 (section 8.6), the presence of nonlinearity in B-mode imaging enables harmonic imaging to be achieved with the potential advantage of improved spatial resolution [10]. In therapeutic use, such as in lithotripsy, where a shock wave is generated near the focal zone for the purpose of kidney stone fragmentation, a high degree of nonlinearity occurs in the propagation process, especially as the wavefront approaches the focal zone. Similarly, when high-intensity focused ultrasound is used to raise the temperature of a localized zone, nonlinear effects often become important. Further details of the biomedical aspects of nonlinear ultrasound are contained in the reviews by Carstensen and Bacon [11] and Duck [12]. A number of excellent books and chapters devoted to nonlinear acoustics provide a much more detailed account at both the advanced and introductory levels [1-6].
Ultrasound Imaging Arrays
Authors: Cobbold Richard S C
Published: November 2023

Ultrasound images differ from their optical counterpart in that they map the local acoustic properties of the medium such as the density and compressibility as opposed to the optical properties. They are subject to distortion from a variety of sources, including diffraction, attenuation, dispersion, and inhomogeneities in the medium. Imaging arrays enable acoustic images to be obtained without the need for mechanical scanning of single-element transducers, and they can do so at a sufficiently high frame rate that avoids significant motion distortion caused by fast-moving structures such as those in the heart. Developments in transducers and array design, together with new signal-processing techniques, have enabled major improvements to be made in ultrasound contrast, resolution, dynamic range, frame rate, and signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). This chapter is the first of two concerned with the theory, design, and application of arrays for 2-D and 3-D imaging. It begins with a brief historical overview that describes how ultrasound imaging evolved from pulse-echo metal flaw detectors and was influenced by the techniques developed for radar during World War II. Simple CW excited 1-D arrays consisting of point source elements will first be examined. This leads to the concepts of beam focusing and steering using pulse-excited array elements of finite size.
When She Was Bad: Borderline Personality Disorder in a Posttraumatic Age
Authors: Becker Dana
Published: November 2023

Within the past decade, two syndromes—borderline personality disorder (BPD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)—have quickly become “women’s” diagnoses, each for its own reason. It has been suggested that the increase in the application of the borderline diagnosis to women owes much to the fact that, over the decades, its diagnostic criteria have been reshaped to resemble those of the affective disorders, such that these criteria have come less and less to represent the “border” between psychosis and neurosis from which the disorder takes its name (Kroll, 1988). In the case of PTSD, the scope of its application has broadened to include those individuals who suffer the psychological aftereffects of sexual or physical abuse, a large proportion of whom are women.
Coping Strategies, Lifestyle Changes, and Pessimism after Open-Heart Surgery
Authors: Ben-Zur Hasida , Rappaport Batya , Ammar Ronny , Uretzky Gideon
Published: November 2023

Coronary heart disease is a major physical illness and one of the main causes of death in Western society (Fitzgerald, Tennen, Affleck, & Pransky, 1993; Trzcieniecka-Green & Steptoe, 1994). People who do not die an early and sudden death may have to consider a major surgical treatment, the most prevalent being coronary artery bypass graft surgery (CABG). More than 350,000 such operations are performed annually in the United States alone (Kulik & Mahler, 1993). This operation prolongs the life of patients in cases of triple-vessel disease (Passamani, Davis, Gillespie, & Killip, 1985). It also improves patients’ quality of life (Jenkins, Stanton & Jono, 1994), thus providing them with the opportunity for successful rehabilitation.
Constructing Ethnicity: Culture and Ethnic Conflict in the New World Disorder
Authors: Avruch Kevin
Published: November 2023

For scholars of the postmodernist persuasion, the great insight into ethnicity—ethnic identity, nationalism, culture, history, or most everything else that is social, for that matter—is that ethnicity is socially constructed: not a given but rather a made thing, and thus potentially unstable, inconstant, and negotiable. Taken to an epistemological extreme, most elegantly perhaps by Richard Rorty, this position exercises different sorts of foundationalists, truth-correspondence theorists, and conservatives, and has generated tremendous turmoil in the teapot of the academy. But what makes this insight worth pursuing (and it is, at least in the long run, essentially correct) is that it so sharply flies in the face of what most ethnic “actors,” the players themselves, believe.