bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systems approach to knowledge development for creating new products and services
Authors: Pourdehnad John , Robinson Patrick J.
Published: August 2002

Innovative products and services were created using a combination of consumer‐idealized design (CID) and market research. CID played a significant role by providing out‐of‐box thinking, with new design concepts and ideas. Stakeholder participation and input from the first CID session and the application of field research helped with developing knowledge and understanding regarding stakeholder needs and desires. This in turn provided guidelines to perfect concepts and more advantageously to position and promote new product and service offerings. In addition, an effective validation and feedback system for the product and service designs were created using CID participants for the second time in tandem with focus groups, individual in‐depth interviews and test marketing. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cybersemiotics: a reconceptualization of the foundation for information science
Authors: Brier Søren
Published: August 2002

In the attempt to construct foundations for information science (FIS) both pan‐informational and pan‐semiotic paradigms have been developed. In my work I have argued that neither paradigm makes sense in isolation from the other. The reductionistic and totalitarian paradigms in cybernetics, information science and semiotics are then abandoned. Instead, paradigms of second order cybernetics and autopoiesis, on the one hand, and Peirce's semiotics on the other (understood as biosemiotics) are investigated. These are non‐dualistic and have pragmatic, evolutionary, self‐organizing views on systems, including their closure and cognition. Since these views are found to be second order, the necessary work is done to unite them into the non‐reductionistic framework of cybersemiotics. This is suggested as a new FIS. Copyright © 2001 International Society for the Systems Sciences.
Comparing the epistemologies of scientific disciplines in two distinct domains: modern physics versus social sciences. I: The epistemology and knowledge characteristics of the physical sciences
Authors: van Gigch John P.
Published: August 2002

Part I describes the epistemology and characteristics of knowledge of a typical physical science such as physics. Classical physics is contrasted with modern particle physics. The impact of the main scientific discoveries of contemporary physics on the development of ‘hard’ sciences domains is surveyed. The ‘hard’ sciences are engaged in an epistemological debate with the ‘soft’ sciences which reveals divergent trends concerning how the complexity–simplicity and the precision–imprecision characteristics of their respective problem domains are formalized. The outlines of this debate between ‘hard’ sciences, covered in Part I, and ‘soft’ sciences, the subject of Part II, become apparent when outlining how their respective epistemologies are evolving. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of disseminated tumor cells
Authors: Hosch Stefan B. , Braun Stephan , Pantel Klaus
Published: August 2002

The most prominent secondary organs screened for the presence of occult disseminated tumor cells are regional lymph nodes and bone marrow. The current data suggest that micrometastatic cells represent a selected population of dormant cancer cells, which still express a considerable degree of heterogeneity. The analysis of micrometastatic cells will open a new avenue to assess the molecular determinants of both early tumor cell dissemination and subsequent outgrowth into overt metastases. Moreover, identifying therapeutic target structures (e.g., HER2), monitoring the elimination of bone marrow micrometastases, and assessing treatment‐resistant tumor cell clones may help in understanding the current limitations of adjuvant systemic therapy. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the biological characteristics of micrometastatic cancer cells in bone marrow and lymph nodes of cancer patients. Semin. Surg. Oncol. 20:265–271, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interface mutation
Authors: Ghosh S. , Mathur A. P.
Published: August 2002

Applications that utilize a broker‐based architecture are often composed of components that need to be tested individually and in combination. Furthermore, adequacy assessment of tests of components is useful in that it assists testers in identifying weaknesses in the tests generated so far and in offering hints on what the new tests must be. Traditional test adequacy criteria have limitations for commercial use, especially when tests for large components are to be assessed for their adequacy. This paper describes a test adequacy criterion based on interface mutation and a method, based on the criterion, to test components. This method requires the mutation of elements only from within a component's interface and not from within the code that implements the interface. The adequacy criterion based on interface mutation was evaluated empirically and compared with coverage criteria based on control flow for its relative effectiveness in revealing errors and in the cost incurred in developing test sets that satisfy the criterion. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Open standards for interoperating agent‐based systems
Authors: Dale Jonathan , Mamdani Ebrahim
Published: August 2002

This paper provides an overview of the Foundation for Intelligent Physical Agents (FIPA) standardisation effort in the area of specifying standards for heterogeneous, interoperating agent‐based systems. JONATHAN DALE and EBRAHIM MAMDANI describe the types of software agents which are of interest to FIPA, the methods by which FIPA members collaborate and produce specifications and also descriptions of the specifications that FIPA has produced. They also list the available implementations of FIPA specifications and applications that use these implementations, as well as the current and future work of FIPA. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accumbens activity during a multiple schedule for water and sucrose reinforcement in rats
Authors: Roop Richard G. , Hollander Jonathan A. , Carelli Regina M.
Published: August 2002

Electrophysiological recording procedures were used to examine nucleus accumbens (Acb) cell firing during operant responding for water reinforcement vs. a highly palatable sweet solution (0.6 M sucrose). Rats (n = 8) were trained on a multiple schedule to press one lever for water (fixed ratio 1, FR1; 15 min) followed by a 20‐sec timeout period (chamber dark, levers retracted), and extension of a second spatially distinct lever that the animals pressed for sucrose reinforcement (FR1; 15 min). Of 84 cells, 55 neurons (65%) displayed one of three types of patterned discharges (increases or decreases in firing rate) immediately before or following the sucrose‐ or water‐reinforced response. The major finding of this report was that the majority of these neurons (36/55 cells; 65%) showed similar types of neuronal firing patterns across the two reinforcer conditions. The remaining cells (19/55; 35%) exhibited patterned activity specific to responding for one reinforcer only (water or sucrose). These findings are discussed with respect to how Acb neurons encode goal‐directed behaviors for “natural” reinforcers including food, water, and a palatable sweet solution. Synapse 43:223–226, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Member of the Ampakine class of memory enhancers prolongs the single channel open time of reconstituted AMPA receptors
Authors: Suppiramaniam Vishnu , Bahr Ben A. , Sinnarajah Srikumar , Owens Kittra , Rogers Gary , Yilma Solomon , Vodyanoy Vitaly
Published: August 2002

Ampakines are small benzamide compounds that allosterically produce the positive modulation of AMPA receptors and improve performance on a variety of behavioral tasks. To test if the native synaptic membrane is necessary for the effects of such positive modulators, the mechanism of action of the Ampakine 1‐(1,3‐benzodioxol‐5‐ylcarbonyl)‐1,2,3,6‐tetrahydropyridine (CX509) was investigated in isolated rat brain AMPA receptors reconstituted in lipid bilayers. The drug increased the open time of AMPA‐induced single channel current fluctuations with an EC50 of 4 μM. The action of CX509 was highly selective since it had no effect on the amplitude or close time of channel events. The open time effect had a maximum enhancement of 70‐fold and the modulated currents were blocked by CNQX. It is concluded that the synaptic membrane environment is not necessary for Ampakine effects. In fact, CX509 was about 100 times more potent on the reconstituted AMPA receptors than on receptors in their native membrane. These findings indicate that centrally active Ampakines modulate specific kinetic properties of AMPA currents. They also raise the possibility that AMPA receptors are regulated by factors present in situ, thus explaining the more efficient modulatory effects of CX509 when acting on receptors removed from their synaptic location. Synapse 40:154–158, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Sensitivity of synaptic GABAA receptors to allosteric modulators in hippocampal oriens‐alveus interneurons
Authors: Patenaude Christian , Nurse Suzanne , Lacaille Jean‐Claude
Published: August 2002

GABAA receptors are heteropentamers that are heterogeneously distributed at different synapses in the central nervous system. Although the modulation of GABAA receptors received much attention in hippocampal pyramidal cells, information is scarce regarding the pharmacology of these receptors in inhibitory interneurons. We investigated the pharmacological properties of GABAA‐mediated miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) using whole‐cell voltage clamp recordings in two morphologically identified types of hippocampal CA1 interneurons, horizontal and vertical cells of stratum oriens‐alveus. The negative modulators zinc (200 μM) and furosemide (600 μM) significantly decreased the amplitude of mIPSCs. Benzodiazepine agonists also produced significant effects: 10 μM zolpidem increased the amplitude, rise time, and decay time constant (decay τ) of mIPSCs, whereas 10 μM flunitrazepam affected similarly the amplitude and decay τ, but not the rise time. The neurosteroid allopregnanolone (10 μM) prolonged the decay τ of mIPSCs. Since these modulators act on different GABAA receptor subunits, this pharmacological profile suggests that GABAA receptors at spontaneously active inhibitory synapses onto vertical and horizontal interneurons are heterogeneous and formed by co‐assembly of different combinations of subunits (α1–5β1–3γ1–3). Furthermore, these synaptic GABAA receptors appear in large part pharmacologically similar to those of pyramidal cells. Synapse 41:29–39, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Postsynaptic mechanism may contribute to inhibitory acetylcholine effect on GABAergic synaptic transmission in hippocampal cell cultures
Authors: Storozhuk Maksim V. , Melnick Igor V. , Kostyuk Platon G. , Belan Pavel V.
Published: August 2002

The effect of acetylcholine (ACh) on evoked GABAergic inhibitory postsynaptic currents (IPSCs) was studied in cell cultures of dissociated hippocampal neurons with established synaptic connections. Spontaneous IPSCs and IPSCs evoked by extracellular stimulation of a single presynaptic neuron were recorded. ACh inhibited the evoked IPSCs in most of the connections, although facilitation was also observed. Regardless of inhibitory or facilitatory effects on the evoked IPSCs, an enhanced spontaneous synaptic input to the postsynaptic neurons was usually observed. ACh‐induced changes in the evoked IPSCs were usually accompanied by changes in paired pulse depression (PPD), which are thought to reflect presynaptic mechanisms of modulation. However, the time course of PPD changes did not always match that of the IPSC changes, suggesting a contribution of other, possibly postsynaptic, mechanism(s). To analyze this possibility, effects of ACh on responses to direct application of exogenous GABA were studied. In a proportion of the neurons (40%) ACh reversibly decreased GABA responses, indicating that postsynaptic mechanisms may also contribute to the inhibitory ACh effect on GABAergic transmission. We conclude that several different modulatory mechanisms of ACh action participate in the regulation of GABAergic transmission at the level of synaptic connection of a single GABAergic neuron. Synapse 41:65–70, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Non‐amines, drugs without an amine nitrogen, potently block serotonin transport: Novel antidepressant candidates?
Authors: Goulet Martin , Miller Gregory M. , Bendor Jacob , Liu Shanghao , Meltzer Peter C. , Madras Bertha K.
Published: August 2002

The serotonin transporter (SERT) is a principal site of action of therapeutic antidepressants in the brain. Without exception, these inhibitors of serotonin transport contain an amine nitrogen in their structure. We previously demonstrated that novel compounds without an amine nitrogen in their structure (non‐amines), blocked dopamine transport in cells transfected with the human dopamine transporter. The present study investigated whether, in the absence of an amine nitrogen, certain non‐amines bind selectively to the SERT and block the transport of serotonin. At 10 μM concentration, select non‐amines displayed no, or little, affinity for 9 serotonin, 5 dopamine, 7 adrenergic, 5 muscarinic cholinergic, 3 opiate and histamine receptors. The affinities of non‐amines for [3H]citalopram binding sites on the SERT and their potencies for blocking [3H]serotonin transport were measured in cloned human SERT stably or transiently expressed in HEK‐293. Whether oxa‐ or carba‐based, non‐amines bound to [3H]citalopram‐labeled sites and blocked [3H]serotonin transport in the low nanomolar range, at values equal to or higher than those of some conventional antidepressants. A non‐amine, O‐1809, was 99‐fold more selective for the serotonin over the dopamine transporter. As substituents on the aromatic ring of non‐amines confer high affinity for the SERT, we investigated the hypothesis that aromatic–aromatic interactions may contribute significantly to non‐amine/transporter association. A SERT mutant was produced in which a highly conserved aromatic amino acid, phenylalanine 548, was replaced by an alanine (F548A). Although the affinities of several non‐amines were unchanged in the mutant SERT, the affinity of imipramine was decreased, revealing possible differences in amine and non‐amine binding domains on the SERT. The similar affinities of non‐amines and conventional antidepressant drugs for the SERT support the view that an amine nitrogen is not essential for drugs to block serotonin transport with high affinity. Non‐amines open avenues for developing a new generation of antidepressants. Synapse 42:129–140, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Transitioning to the CMMISM‐SE/SW—An evolutionary process
Authors: Menezes Winifred
Published: August 2002

Many organizations have used the Software‐CMM® (Capability Maturity Model®) to improve their ability to produce better quality software on time and within budget. The Software‐CMM has mainly been adopted by companies marketing products or solutions that are software intensive, i.e., products or solutions where software is but one component, albeit an important one. Although there is empirical evidence that software process improvement has had a positive effect on the bottom line, there is a growing realization that software development needs to be coordinated with development of the total product. For this reason these organizations have eagerly followed the progress of the CMMI Project. With the release of the version 1.0 of the CMMISM‐SE/SW in August 2000, the focus has been on attempts to understand the new model and its implications for the organization. One road to understanding has been to organize training and to run pilot assessments. The biggest transition has been for those companies that choose the continuous representation of the CMMIM. This article will describe the history behind one company's decision to adopt the CMMIM, as well as their experiences of transitioning from the Software‐CMM to the continuous representation of the CMMIM. Three different assessment classes have been described for the CMMIM. This article will also discuss the experiences from pilot assessments in all three classes. Note: This paper is based on experiences with one organization. Because of business restriction the organization is called X. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 32–40, 2002; DOI 10.1002/sys.10004
CMMISM—The evolution continues!
Authors: Curtis Pamela , Michael Phillips David , Weszka Joan
Published: August 2002

With Capability Maturity Model® IntegrationSM (CMMISM), we have a new era of process improvement products that enable us to produce complex, software‐intensive systems of higher quality, in less time, and within expected costs—repeatably. You have likely had the opportunity to work with one of the predecessor models used to construct the CMMI framework. You may have experience with INCOSE's Systems Engineering Capability and Assessment Method (SECAM), or the follow‐on Electronic Industries Alliance (EIA) Interim Standard (EIA/IS) 731, or the Capability Maturity Model® (CMM®) for Software (SW − CMM®) if your products required extensive software development. Or you may be new to the use of these models and simply considering how the CMMISMProduct Suite can best be positioned to aid your organization in achieving world‐class quality and reduced cost and time to market for your engineering products and services. The purpose of this paper is to describe the evolution and emergence of the CMMISMProduct Suite. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Eng 5: 7–18, 2002; DOI 10.1002/sys.10014
Efficiency concept for upgrading the lateral stiffness of reinforced concrete wall systems
Authors: Nollet M.‐J. , Chaallal O.
Published: August 2002

This paper presents a new concept, the efficiency concept, for upgrading the lateral stiffness of reinforced concrete walls connected by a coupling system that is partially or not effective in flexure. The efficiency concept is based on the capacity of the connecting medium to reduce the overall drift. By definition a system of uncoupled walls has an efficiency of 0, whereas a system of fully coupled walls has a maximum efficiency of 1. Based on this concept, it is proposed to upgrade the wall systems with adequate beams, which are capable of transferring the additional forces between the walls. The stiffness, the number and the location of these added beams are optimized using the efficiency concept by which the overall drift is controlled. Results of the study are presented as easy‐to‐use charts for the practising engineer. These charts allow a rapid choice of an efficient structure, which can then be refined using any discrete structural analysis method. The method is efficient, convenient and cost‐effective as it minimizes the number of coupling beams to be added to the system to achieve a targeted drift. It also maximizes the clearance along corridors, particularly in buildings with low interstorey height. A practical example, following a step‐by‐step procedure, is provided to demonstrate the applicability of the concept. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alcohol induction of liver nuclear ethanol and N‐nitrosodimethylamine metabolism to reactive metabolites
Authors: Gómez M.I. Díaz , Valles E. , Fanelli S.L. , de Layño A.M.A. Delgado , Castro G.D. , Castro J.A.
Published: August 2002

In previous studies from our laboratory we reported the presence in highly purified liver nuclei, free of contamination with other organelles, of an ethanol metabolizing system (NEMS) able to lead to acetaldehyde and 1‐hydroxyethyl free radicals (1HEt). In the present study we tested whether this NEMS is inducible by chronic alcohol administration to rats and whether these nuclei also have increased ability to bioactivate N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA). Sprague Dawley male rats (125‐150g) were fed with a nutritionally adequate liquid diet containing alcohol to provide 36% of total energy (standard Lieber‐De Carli rat diet), for 28 days. Controls received an isocaloric diet without alcohol. Animals were sacrificed, livers were excised and microsomes and purified nuclear fractions were prepared. Both microsomes and nuclei from treated animals had significantly increased ability compared to controls, to biotransform ethanol to acetaldehyde using NADPH as cofactor under an air atmosphere. Both organelles also exhibited significantly increased capacity compared to controls, to bioactivate NDMA to formaldehyde and to reactive metabolites that bind covalently to proteins. Nuclear preparations from control animals were also able to metabolize NDMA to formaldehyde and reactive metabolites. Results indicate that liver nuclei may have a CYP2E1 able to bioactivate both NDMA and EtOH and that these processes are being induced by chronic alcohol drinking. The bioactivation of these xenobiotics to reactive metabolites in the neighborhood of nuclear proteins and DNA might have significant toxicological implications. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:139–145, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
In vitro isoflavone supplementation reduces hydrogen peroxide‐induced DNA damage in sperm
Authors: Sierens J. , Hartley J.A. , Campbell M.J. , Leathem A.J.C. , Woodside J.V.
Published: August 2002

Isoflavones are plant compounds, proposed to have health benefits in a variety of human diseases, including coronary heart disease and endocrine‐responsive cancers. Their physiological effects include possible antioxidant activity, therefore suggesting a role for isoflavones in the prevention of male infertility. The aim of this study was to test the antioxidant effects of the isoflavones genistein and equol on sperm DNA integrity, assessed in vitro after hydrogen peroxide‐mediated damage, using the comet assay. Pre‐treatment with genistein or equol at doses of 0.01–100 μmol/l significantly protected sperm DNA against oxidative damage. Both ascorbic acid (10–600 μmol/l) and α‐tocopherol (1–100 μmol/l) also protected. Compared with ascorbic acid and α‐tocopherol, added at physiological concentrations, genistein was the most potent antioxidant, followed by equol, ascorbic acid, and α‐tocopherol. Genistein and equol added in combination were more protective than when added singly. Based on these preliminary data, which are similar to those observed previously in lymphocytes, these compounds may have a role to play in antioxidant protection against male infertility. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 22:227–234, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Promotion of chemically induced rat esophageal tumorigenesis with post‐initiation ethanol modification
Authors: Morimura K. , Hori T. , Kaneko M. , Nishikawa T. , Nishikawa A. , Wanibuchi H. , Takada N. , Osugi H. , Fukushima S.
Published: August 2002

Post‐initiation ethanol modification on N‐nitrosomethylbenzylamine (NMBA)‐induced rat esophageal carcinogenesis model was investigated in male, 6‐week‐old, F344 rats that received s.c. injections, 3 times per week, of 0.5 mg/kg NMBA for the first 5 weeks and then were treated with 0% (Group1), 3.3% (Group2), and 10% (Group3) ethanol in the drinking water for up to 20 weeks. Group 4 received 10% ethanol without NMBA administration and Group 5 was maintained without any chemical treatment. There were no statistical differences in the incidence and multiplicity of esophageal tumors among Groups 1 to 3. However, the multiplicity of hyperplasias was statistically greater in Group 3 than in Groups1 or 2. Esophageal epithelia of all rats in Groups 4 and 5 demonstrated a normal histology. BrdU labelling indices of tumors and hyperplasias in NMBA‐treated groups were essentially similar, although cycline D1 was overexpressed to a greater extent in tumors and also hyperplasias of Group 3 than in Groups 1 or 2. The results indicated ethanol to exert weak promotion effects through cycline D1 overexpression on rat esophageal tumorigenesis initiated with NMBA. Teratogenesis Carcinog. Mutagen. 21:295–301, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Ethical framework for observational studies of medicinal drug exposure in pregnancy
Authors: Koren Gideon
Published: August 2002

Background

The conduct of human research in the teratogenicity of drugs, chemicals, radiation and infections is needed in order to close critical gaps in knowledge.

Methods

We reviewed the various aspects of the ethics of conducting prospective human research in teratogenicity.

Results

Such research should respect the confidentiality of pregnant women and their families. Because this research is observational, interpretation of results is difficult, and the study design should strive to meet the highest possible scientific standards attainable in the particular research conditions. It should also be acknowledged that confidentiality cannot be always adhered to (e.g., if the interview reveals risks to minors).

Conclusions

In general, the benefit risk ratio in this type of research is very favorable, although in specific cases the research follow‐up may induce fears (e.g., drugs of abuse) in the woman being interviewed. Teratology 65:191–195, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression of base excision, mismatch, and recombination repair genes in the organogenesis‐stage rat conceptus and effects of exposure to a genotoxic teratogen, 4‐hydroperoxycyclophosphamide
Authors: Vinson Robert K. , Hales Barbara F.
Published: August 2002

Background

DNA repair capability may influence the outcome of genotoxic teratogen exposure. The goals of this study were to assess the expression of base excision repair (BER), mismatch repair (MMR), and recombination repair (RCR) genes in the mid‐organogenesis rat conceptus and to determine the effects on expression of exposure to the genotoxic teratogen, 4‐hydroperoxycyclophosphamide (4‐OOHCPA).

Methods

The expression of 17 BER, MMR, and RCR genes was examined in gestational day (GD) 10–12 rat conceptuses using the antisense RNA (aRNA) technique. Embryos were cultured with 10 μM 4‐OOHCPA to examine effects on gene expression.

Results

Yolk sacs and embryos had similar gene expression patterns for all three DNA repair pathways from GD10‐12. Transcripts for APNG, PMS1, and RAD54 were present at high concentrations in both tissues. The remainder of the genes were expressed at low levels in yolk sac, with a few not detected on GD10 and 11. In the embryo, transcripts for most genes were low on GD10 and 11; several increased by GD12. After exposure to 4‐OOHCPA for 24 hr, XRCC1 and RAD57 expression decreased in yolk sac, whereas only RAD51 transcripts decreased in the embryo. By 44 hr, transcripts for all BER genes decreased in yolk sac; in the embryo, most BER, MMR, and RCR genes decreased, many below the level of detection.

Conclusions

The expression of DNA repair genes in the mid‐organogenesis rat conceptus is varied and subject to down‐regulation by 4‐OOHCPA. DNA repair gene expression may determine the consequences of genotoxicant exposure during development. Teratology 64:283–291, 2001. © 2001 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of Cu+2 and pH on the fitness of Ceriodaphnia dubia (Richard 1894) (Crustacea, Cladocera) in microcosm experiments
Authors: Gagneten A. M. , Vila I.
Published: August 2002

An important disturbance of anthropogenic origin frequently occurring in freshwater ecosystems is a rise in the concentration of heavy metals in solution, among which copper stands out due to its known toxicity. However, the study of the chemical behavior of copper in solution is highly dependent on pH. In this study, the effect of ionic copper on the fitness of Ceriodaphnia dubia was assessed in microcosm experiments under different conditions of Cu+2 and pH.

Two groups of experiments were conducted: effects on survival and fecundity, and effects on population dynamics. In the former, both pH and copper concentrations were manipulated. On the other hand, only the concentration of biologically available ionic copper was manipulated whereas pH was maintained constant in the population dynamics experiments. There was an agreement between both sets of experiments in terms of their results, showing important toxic effects of copper as evidenced through significant differences between controls and treatments in survival and fecundity. Mean age of first reproduction was delayed, and both the number of neonates produced per female and number of broods decreased with the increase in the concentration of copper. R0 was always lower at pH 6 than at pH 8 and was negatively related to the increment in the concentration of copper under either pH. A significant effect on population dynamics at 5 μg l−1 of copper sulfate was found and the extinction of the population at 20 μg l−1 of copper sulfate. New values of toxicity from copper are proposed, and the potential effects that an increment in copper could have on the communities that occupy a central position in aquatic food webs are discussed. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 428–438, 2001
Determining the mechanisms of toxic action of phenols to Tetrahymena pyriformis
Authors: Ren S.
Published: August 2002

Phenols are environmentally important compounds that are widely used in agriculture and industry. Thus, phenols are of interest to environmental toxicologists, which has led to the development of several quantitative structure–activity relationship (QSAR) models. The most successful QSARs have been established for compounds having a common mechanism of toxic action (MOA). However, correctly determining the MOA of a compound is not easy. Discriminant analysis was used in this study to separate phenols by their MOAs. The working hypothesis of this study was that phenols with different MOAs lie in different regions in the response surface described by the ionization‐corrected hydrophobicity descriptor, log D, the electrophilicity descriptor, ELUMO, and the interaction between hydrophobicity and electrophilicity, D ∗︁ ELUMO. Results of discriminant analysis showed a total error rate of 15%. In addition, it was difficult to separate phenols that had a polar narcosis MOA from phenols that had a proelectrophile MOA. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 17: 119–127, 2002; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/tox.10040
Development of a field bioassay for the side‐effects of herbicides on vascular plants using Brassica napus and Poa annua
Authors: De Jong Frank M. W. , Udo de Haes Helias A.
Published: August 2002

A field bioassay method has been developed for assessing side‐effects of herbicides on Brassica napus and Poa annua. The test method aims at effects outside the target area, up to 20 m from the treated parcel. Experiments were conducted in the field and in a glasshouse with the herbicides atrazin, bentazone, diquat, glyphosate, and r(4‐chloro‐2‐methylphenoxyacetic acid) MCPA. An iterative procedure was used with the aim of developing a sound test procedure. The resulting method appeared to be very sensitive. Pesticide drift was measured using water‐sensitive paper. Effects were sometimes found below the detection limit of this method (at 8 m from the treated parcel with moderate wind speeds of 3–5 m/s). The sensitivity of the test and the test conditions are discussed and an optimized method is presented. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 397–407, 2001
Pink snapper (Pagrus auratus) as a bioindicator of aquatic environmental health in Western Australia
Authors: Tugiyono  , Gagnon Marthe Monique
Published: August 2002

Pink snapper (Pagrus auratus), an endemic Western Australian fish species, was tested for its potential as a bioindicator of aquatic environmental health. Mixed function oxygenase (MFO) induction (as a biomarker of exposure), and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) activity (as a biomarker of liver damage) were of special interest to the study as these biochemical tools have not been validated for any Western Australian fish species. Juvenile pink snapper were injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with 0, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 μg PCB‐126 per kilogram. Fish were sacrificed 10 days postinjection, and livers and blood samples were collected for MFO and SDH analysis, respectively. Doses of 10 and 100 μg PCB‐126 per kilogram caused the highest MFO induction, while doses of 0 and 1000 μg PCB‐126 per kilogram did not result in higher MFO activity relative to carrier‐injected control fish. SDH activities were not significantly different among treatments indicating that hepatocellular damage was not responsible for the reduced MFO activity at the highest dose. The result of the study demonstrates that pink snapper may potentially be used as a bioindicator species in Western Australia when MFO is used as a biomarker. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Environ Toxicol 16: 449–454, 2001
Outsourcing: A Growing Trend in EHS Management
Authors: Martin Bruce A. , McDermott Ellen I.
Published: August 2002

This article explores the recent growth and current trends in outsourcing EHS services. More and more
organizations are recognizing that outsourcing can cut costs, save time, improve staffing flexibility, and enhance
the overall quality of EHS programs. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Practical Minimum Energy Requirements for Chemical Product Manufacturing: A Management Decision Tool for Achieving Sustainable Products
Authors: Schwarz Jeanette M. , Beloff Beth R. , Beaver Earl R. , Tanzil Dicksen
Published: August 2002

Practical Minimum Energy requirements comprise a management decision tool designed to assist companies in
adopting strategies for more sustainable products through improved energy efficiency. This tool allows managers
to gauge the potential for reducing the energy intensity of chemical processes as well as the environmental
impacts associated with energy consumption, such as greenhouse gas emissions. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons,
Inc.
Using particles for 3D texture sculpting
Authors: Beneš Bedřich , Espinosa Enrique
Published: August 2002

Particle systems have been used in computer graphics for many different purposes, including visual simulation of fur, grass, hair, and similar fuzzy textures and shapes. The underlying theories used in these algorithms are usually quite complex and are mostly based on simulation of diffuse‐limited aggregation, cellular development, reaction‐diffusion models, etc. This leads to high time complexity of these algorithms. The purpose of this paper is to show that collision detection and distance keeping among moving particles can generate similar realistic textures efficiently. This approach is easy to implement, sufficiently fast allowing for interactive modeling, and inherits the major features from the previously published techniques. We first construct a scene consisting of generators of particles, attractors, and cutters. The generators generate oriented particles, and the attractors attract or repulse them. When collision with the cutter is detected, the particle performs an action according to its state and position in the 3D space. Every particle has assigned a table of possible actions that is used for solving these critical states. Trajectories of the particles are then used as a resulting shape of the texture. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integrating wind output with bulk power operations and wholesale electricity markets
Authors: Hirst Eric
Published: August 2002

Wind farms have three characteristics that complicate their widespread application as an electricity resource: limited control, unpredictability and variability. Therefore the integration of wind output into bulk power electric systems is qualitatively different from that of other types of generators. The electric system operator must move other generators up or down to offset the time‐varying wind fluctuations. Such movements raise the costs of fuel and maintenance for these other generators. Not only is wind power different, it is new. The operators of bulk power systems have limited experience in integrating wind output into the larger system. As a consequence, market rules that treat wind fairly—neither subsidizing nor penalizing its operation—have not yet been developed. The lack of data and analytical methods encourages wind advocates and sceptics to rely primarily on their biases and beliefs in suggesting how wind should be integrated into bulk power systems. This project helps fill this data and analysis gap. Specifically, it develops and applies a quantitative method for the integration of a wind resource into a large electric system. The method permits wind to bid its output into a short‐term forward market (specifically, an hour‐ahead energy market) or to appear in real time and accept only intrahour and hourly imbalance payments for the unscheduled energy it delivers to the system. Finally, the method analyses the short‐term (minute‐to‐minute) variation in wind output to determine the regulation requirement the wind resource imposes on the electrical system. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Distribution and chemical states of iron and chromium released from orthopedic implants into human tissues
Authors: Ektessabi Ali , Shikine Shunsuke , Kitamura Norio , Rokkum Magne , Johansson Carina
Published: August 2002

The aim of this study was to measure the distribution and chemical states of the trace metal elements incorporated into a matrix of human tissues by using a focused beam from a synchrotron radiation source. The specimens were from human tissues around a total hip replacement that had been inserted in a patient's body for more than 5 years. The implant was made of stainless steel (SUS316L) and titanium alloy (Ti‐6Al‐4V), and coated with hydroxyapatite (HAp). Images of the distribution of metal elements obtained by x‐ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis showed constituents of the implant (titanium, iron, and chromium) distributed around the total hip replacement prosthesis. The results from x‐ray absorption near‐edge structure (XANES) analysis showed that the iron and chromium from the stainless steel that were diffused in the tissues had undergone chemical changes. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Development of portable gas proportional scintillation counters for x‐ray spectrometry
Authors: dos Santos J. M. F. , Lopes J. A. M. , Veloso J. F. C. A. , Simões P. C. P. S. , Dias T. H. V. T. , Santos F. P. , Rachinhas P. J. B. M. , Requicha Ferreira L. F. , Conde C. A. N.
Published: August 2002

A review on gas proportional scintillation counters (GPSCs) is presented. Recent achievements towards the portability of simple, inexpensive and compact GPSCs are discussed. Compensation of solid angle effects with the curved grid technique can be used to produce non‐focused GPSCs with medium‐sized radiation windows, at least up to 80% of the photosensor active diameter, without degradation of detector performance. Low power‐consuming and compact vacuum UV photosensors that can operate in direct contact with the scintillation gas, as an alternative to photomultiplier tubes, are now available. Small gettering devices with a low‐power built‐in heating elements have been shown to be sufficient for the required gas purification in GPSCs assembled with simple and inexpensive techniques, such as the use of epoxies for ceramic‐to‐metal joints. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The transistor and energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometry: roots and milestones in x‐ray analysis
Authors: Ryon Richard W.
Published: August 2002

The story of energy‐dispersive x‐ray spectrometry was preceded by a long evolutionary history of solid‐state physics and semiconductor electronics. The beginning may be said to have been with the recognition of the special properties of rectifying crystals. We follow this story from its roots through recent innovations that point the way to the future of this method of chemical analysis. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapid calculation of x‐ray absorption near edge structure using parallel computation
Authors: Bouldin C. , Sims J. , Hung H. , Rehr J. J. , Ankudinov A. L.
Published: August 2002

Modeling x‐ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) requires computationally intensive calculations. We show that parallel processing can reduce the time required for XANES calculations by a factor of up to 50 over standard desktop computers. Parallel processing is implemented in our codes using the Message Passing Interface (MPI) and is portable across most hardware and operating systems. We demonstrate the inverse scaling of the parallel algorithm with the number of processors, and discuss how this approach to parallel processing could be implemented in other multiple‐scattering calculations. Faster calculations should improve the applicability of ab initio XANES studies to many materials science problems. Published in 2001 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Editorial
Authors: Van Grieken R.
Published: August 2002

No Abatract.
Isolation of GCR1, a major transcription factor of glycolytic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, from Kluyveromyces lactis
Authors: Haw Robin , Devi Yarragudi Aruna , Uemura Hiroshi
Published: August 2002

To study the function of GCR1, a gene involved in the expression of glycolytic genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, a Kluyveromyces lactis gene that complements the growth defect of a S. cerevisiae Δgcr1 mutant was isolated. Introduction of this gene into the Δgcr1 mutant also restored the activities of glycolytic enzymes. DNA sequencing of KlGCR1 predicted an open reading frame of a 767 amino acid protein with an overall identity of 33% and similarity of 48% to Gcr1p from S. cerevisiae. Its DDBJ/EMBL/GenBank Accession No. is AB046391. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Expression of the yeast glycogen phosphorylase gene is regulated by stress‐response elements and by the HOG MAP kinase pathway
Authors: Wohler Sunnarborg Susan , Miller Stephen P. , Unnikrishnan Indira , LaPorte David C.
Published: August 2002

Yeast glycogen metabolism responds to environmental stressors such as nutrient limitation and heat shock. This response is mediated, in part, by the regulation of the glycogen metabolic genes. Environmental stressors induce a number of glycogen metabolic genes, including GPH1, which encodes glycogen phosphorylase. Primer extension analysis detected two start sites for GPH1, one of which predominated. Sequences upstream of these sites included a possible TATA element. Mutation of this sequence reduced GPH1 expression by a factor of 10 but did not affect start site selection. This mutation also did not affect the relative induction of GPH1 upon entry into stationary phase. Three candidates for stress response elements (STREs) were found upstream of the TATA sequence. Mutation of the STREs showed that they were required for regulation of GPH1 expression in early stationary phase, and in response to osmotic shock and heat shock. These elements appeared to act synergistically, since the intact promoter exhibited 30‐fold more expression in stationary phase than the sum of that observed for each element acting independently. HOG1, which encodes a MAP kinase, has been implicated in control mediated by STREs. For GPH1, induction by osmotic shock depended on a functional HOG1 allele. In contrast, induction upon entry into stationary phase was only partially dependent on HOG1. Furthermore, the heat shock response, which can also be mediated by STREs, was independent of HOG1. These observations suggest that the GPH1 STREs respond to more than one pathway, only one of which requires HOG1. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disruption of six Saccharomyces cerevisiae ORFs on chromosome XII results in three lethal disruptants
Authors: Alloush Habib M. , Edwards Thomas A. , Valle‐Lisboa Virginia , Wheals Alan E.
Published: August 2002

Six ORFs of unknown function from the left arm of chromosome XII of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were chosen for a reverse genetic approach to provide materials to assist in assignment of function. A two‐step PCR using long‐flanking homology was employed to amplify disruption cassettes consisting of a kanMX gene as selectable marker flanked by 250–350 bp long regions homologous to the target gene. The diploid strains FY1679 and CEN.PK2 were transformed with the replacement cassettes and transformants were selected for geneticin (G418) resistance. Correct targeting of the replacement cassettes at the genomic locus was verified by Southern blot analysis with the kanMX gene as a probe. Disruption cassettes were cloned in pUG7 plasmid for systematic gene inactivation in other yeast strains and the cognate genes were cloned in pRS416 plasmid for gene complementation studies. Sporulation and tetrad analysis of heterozygous disruptants showed that three of the six ORFs [YLR141w (RRN5), YLR145w and YLR147c (SMD3)] were essential genes that were complemented by their cognate genes. ylr146cΔ (spe4) homozygous diploids showed enhanced sporulation efficiency, whereas ylr147cΔ heterozygous diploids failed to sporulate in the FY1679 but not in the CEN.PK2 genetic background. The other two disruptants [ylr143w and ylr144c (acf2)] gave no phenotype. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluating and minimising social stress in the care of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus)
Authors: Waples Kelly A. , Gales Nicholas J.
Published: August 2002

Stress can increase an organism’s susceptibility to disease. Thus, managing stress and its causes are important elements of captive care. Social factors such as changes in group dynamics, competition over resources, and unstable dominance hierarchies are potential stressors for highly social animals such as bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops sp). We present three case studies of mortality and illness in captive bottlenose dolphins and suggest that stress, resulting from social instability and ensuing aggressive interactions, is likely to have played a role in these health consequences. Stress is implicated by blood profiles, loss of appetite, and gastric ulcers, and social problems and instability are evident in the quantitative analysis of individual activity levels and association patterns. This is a unique study on marine mammals in that it demonstrates a correlation between quantitative behavioral indices and physiological measures of stress and health. Recommendations are made for the management of captive dolphins including regular quantitative assessment of behavior and associations and maintenance of appropriate groupings of age and sex classes. Behavioral records can be an important early indicator of health problems and may also serve as a useful tool for recognizing potentially stressful social changes and circumstances. Zoo Biol 21:5–26, 2002. © 2002 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A window into the world of trogons
Authors: Rowden John
Published: August 2002

A review of Trogons and Quetzals of the World by Paul A. Johnsgard. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 2000, 223 pp., $49.95, hardbound.
Anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion lesion at the superior glenoid labrum
Authors: Atay Ahmet Ö. , Aydıngöz Üstün , Doral Nedim M. , Leblebicioğlu Gürsel
Published: August 2002

An unusual type of anterior labroligamentous periosteal sleeve avulsion (ALPSA) lesion in the superior, instead of the usual inferior, part of the anterior glenoid labrum is presented in a 33‐year‐old man who sustained a traumatic dislocation of his left shoulder. Magnetic resonance imaging raised the possibility of an ALPSA lesion and later arthroscopy confirmed the diagnosis. Arthroscopic repair of the lesion was performed after the labral avulsion was lateralized.