bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective alcohol policies and lifetime abstinence: An analysis of the International Alcohol Control policy index
Authors: Leung June , Casswell Sally , Parker Karl , Huckle Taisia , Romeo Jose , Graydon‐Guy Thomas , Byron Karimu , Callinan Sarah , Chaiyasong Surasak , Gordon Ross , Harker Nadine , MacKintosh Anne Marie , Meier Petra , Paraje Guillermo , Parry Charles D. , Pham Cuong , Williams Petal Petersen , Randerson Stephen , Schelleman‐Offermans Karen , Sengee Gantuya , Torun Perihan , van Dalen Wim
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Alcohol abstinence remains common among adults globally, although low and middle‐income countries are experiencing declines in abstention. The effect of alcohol policies on lifetime abstinence is poorly understood. The International Alcohol Control (IAC) policy index was developed to benchmark and monitor the uptake of effective alcohol policies and has shown strong associations with alcohol per capita consumption and drinking patterns. Uniquely, the index incorporates both policy ‘stringency’ and ‘impact’, reflecting policy implementation and enforcement, across effective policies. Here we assessed the association of the IAC policy index with lifetime abstinence in a diverse sample of jurisdictions.

Methods

We conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of the relationship between the IAC policy index score, and its components, and lifetime abstinence among adults (15+ years) in 13 high and middle‐income jurisdictions. We examined the correlations for each component of the index and stringency and impact separately.

Results

Overall, the total IAC policy index scores were positively correlated with lifetime abstinence (r = 0.76), as were both the stringency (r = 0.62) and impact (r = 0.82) scores. Marketing restrictions showed higher correlations with lifetime abstinence than other policy domains (r = 0.80), including restrictions on physical availability, pricing policies and drink‐driving prevention.

Discussion and Conclusion

Our findings suggest that restricting alcohol marketing could be an important policy for the protection of alcohol abstention. The IAC policy index may be a useful tool to benchmark the performance of alcohol policy in supporting alcohol abstention in high and middle‐income countries.
Long‐term outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided gallbladder drainage versus in situ or ex situ percutaneous gallbladder drainage in real‐world practice
Authors: Cho Sung Hyun , Oh Dongwook , Song Tae Jun , Gwon Dong Il , Ko Gi‐Young , Ko Heung‐Kyu , Park Do Hyun , Seo Dong‐Wan , Lee Sung Koo , Kim Myung‐Hwan , Lee Sang Soo
Published: November 2022

Objectives

Many studies showed better outcomes of endoscopic ultrasound‐guided gallbladder drainage (EUS‐GBD) when compared with percutaneous transhepatic gallbladder drainage (P‐GBD) in which most tubes were left in situ. However, no studies have directly compared EUS‐GBD with P‐GBD after tube removal (ex situ). We compared the long‐term outcomes of EUS‐GBD and ex situ or in situ P‐GBD in high surgical risk patients with acute cholecystitis.

Methods

We reviewed the records of 182 patients (EUS‐GBD, n = 75; P‐GBD, n = 107) who underwent gallbladder drainage. The procedural outcomes, long‐term outcomes, and adverse events were compared.

Results

The EUS‐GBD group and the P‐GBD group had similar rates of technical and clinical success. Early adverse events were less common in the EUS‐GBD group (5.5% vs. 18.9%, P = 0.010). The long‐term outcomes were evaluated in 168 patients (EUS‐GBD, n = 67; P‐GBD ex situ, n = 84; P‐GBD in situ, n = 17). The rate of cholecystitis recurrence in the EUS‐GBD group (6.0%) was similar to that in the P‐GBD ex situ group (9.6%, P = 0.422), but significantly lower than that in the P‐GBD in situ group (23.5%, P = 0.049). P‐GBD in situ was a significant predictor of recurrent cholecystitis (hazard ratio 14.6; 95% confidence interval 2.9–72.8).

Conclusion

The long‐term recurrence rate of acute cholecystitis in patients who underwent EUS‐GBD was comparable to that in patients whose P‐GBD could be removed. However, patients in whom P‐GBD could not be removed showed higher rates of recurrent cholecystitis than patients with EUS‐GBD.
Real world use of hybrid‐closed loop in children and young people with type 1 diabetes mellitus—a National Health Service pilot initiative in England
Authors: Ng Sze May , Wright Neil P. , Yardley Diana , Campbell Fiona , Randell Tabitha , Trevelyan Nicola , Ghatak Atrayee , Hindmarsh Peter C.
Published: November 2022

Aims

Hybrid closed‐loop (HCL) systems are characterised by integrating continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) with insulin pumps that automate insulin delivery via specific algorithms and user‐initiated insulin delivery. The aim of the study was to evaluate effectiveness of HCLs on HbA1c, time‐in‐range (TIR), hypoglycaemia frequency and quality of life measures in children and young people (CYP) with T1D, and their carers.

Methods

Patients were recruited prospectively into the National Health Service (NHS) England real‐world HCL observational study from the 1st of August 2021 to the 10th of December 2022 from eight paediatric diabetes centres in England.

Results

There were 251 CYP (147 males, 58%) with T1DM recruited with a mean age at recruitment of 12.3 (SD 3.5) (range 2–19) years. Eighty nine per cent of the CYP were of white ethnicity, 3% Asian, 4% black and 3% mixed ethnicity, and 1% were recorded as others. The HCL systems used in the study were: (1) Tandem Control‐IQ AP system, which uses the Tandem t:slim X2 insulin pump (Tandem Diabetes Care, San Diego, CA) with the Dexcom G6® CGM (Dexcom, San Diego, CA) sensor; (2) Medtronic MiniMed™ 780G (Medtronic, Northridge, CA) and (3) CamAPS FX (CamDiab, Cambridge, UK.) All systems were fully funded by the national health service.

Conclusions

The results of the NHS England Closed Loop Study in Children and Young People showed improvements in glycaemic control, TIR, frequency of hypoglycaemia, hypoglycaemia fear and quality of sleep for children and young people when using HCL for 6 months. Hypoglycaemia fear and quality of sleep were also improved for their parents and carers at 6 months.
Following the ‘hype’: The role of leisure practices during ‘homeland’ visits in transnational youth's way of relating to Ghana
Authors: Akom Ankobrey Gladys
Published: November 2022

Drawing on 17 months of ethnographic fieldwork in the Netherlands and Ghana, this paper combines ‘return’ mobilities literature and youth studies to analyse the role of leisure practices during ‘homeland’ visits in transnational youth's way of relating to Ghana when they are entering into adulthood. Using the notion of mobility trajectories, the paper shows that leisure practices facilitate young people's ability to establish and renew intimate transnational relationships with diasporic friends, and Ghana‐based same‐generation relatives and romantic partners. Differing from earlier stays in Ghana, young people expressed their emerging sense of independence by exploring alternative sides of the country with these peers, based on common interests and belonging to the same life‐cycle cohort. The findings add complexity to the notion of the ‘homeland’ as a monolithic place of reconnecting with family and roots by drawing attention to the intersection between young people's pathways to adulthood and transnational mobility.
Circling the divide: Gendered invisibility, precarity, and professional service work in a UK business school
Authors: Seymour Kate
Published: November 2022

Within UK business schools, there are large numbers of female and feminized white‐collar professional service (PS) employees in disproportionately low‐paid, low‐status roles, but surprisingly, they are largely invisible within the literature on sexism and gender inequalities in academia. This paper conceptualizes PS experiences by examining how forms of gendered invisibility affect professional staff working in the hybrid “third” space between academic and administrative realms. I develop a conceptual analysis of invisibility—of invisible work and as invisible worker—arising from the performance of professional and academic work. This allows me to analyze and distinguish forms of what I call service, professional and professional‐academic housework, demonstrating how these are thoroughly imbricated in dominant patriarchal cultural ideologies of gender. In developing this schema, I draw self‐reflexively on my own experiences of “circling the divide” within a UK business school, developing a rich, multi‐perspectival account of the ways visibility and invisibility were experienced in the role of a particular third space professional and “academic‐in‐waiting.” This paper therefore contributes a systematic conceptualization of gendered invisible housework performed by PS staff within a politicized third space of UK business schools. It also brings often hidden PS “academics‐in‐waiting” into the literature on feminized precarity in the academy.
Study and optimization of oil‐in‐water emulsions formulated by low‐ and high‐frequency ultrasounds
Authors: Perrin Louise , Desobry‐Banon Sylvie , Gillet Guillaume , Desobry Stephane
Published: November 2022

Objective

A combined treatment using both low‐frequency (20 kHz) and high‐frequency ultrasounds (1.63 MHz) is a promising new process to stabilize emulsions with minimalist formulation. In order to optimize process parameters, a Doehlert experimental design was performed with oil‐in‐water emulsions, presently used for cosmetic products, composed of water, caprylic/capric triglycerides and oleic acid.

Methods

Effects of treatment time, oil content and oleic acid content were studied on emulsion properties (droplet size, polydispersity index, ζ‐potential and yield of oil incorporation) and on emulsion stability after a 28‐day storage (creaming index, Turbiscan stability index (TSI) and oil release).

Results

From experimental data, a model was established that allowed to study effects of each parameter and their interactions on emulsion formation and stability. Oleic acid content had a great impact on emulsion formation: It reduced droplet size, PDI and ζ‐potential and increased yield of oil incorporation. However, a critical value could be highlighted, beyond which oleic acid effects reversed. Treatment time had an important beneficial effect on emulsion stability as it decreased creaming index, TSI and oil release after 28 days of storage. Oil content had a negative effect on emulsion formation and on emulsion stability. However, treatment time and oil content often had a beneficial synergistic effect.

Conclusion

The optimized conditions for emulsion processing were obtained through a desirability approach. They were experimentally validated.
Fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis in consumer research: A systematic literature review
Authors: Diwanji Vaibhav Shwetangbhai
Published: November 2022

The traditional symmetrical methods may not be sufficient for effectively examining the asymmetries that are evident in the real‐world complex consumption context in the form of pandemic, and other technological, sociocultural, environmental, and geo‐political factors. As a result, the use of innovative and asymmetrical methods such as fuzzy‐set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA), which draws from the complexity theory could help better predict and explain consumer decisions in the age of disruptions. Through a comprehensive method‐based systematic literature review of 129 research articles published in the consumer behavior research literature, this study helps to identify the key trends, leading publication sources and contributors, and the current knowledge structure of consumer research using fsQCA. In doing so, this review also sheds light on the state of diversity within this particular area of research. The findings help identify the key future avenues for utilizing fsQCA within consumer research. This review is a useful resource for practitioners to gain a direct access to key consumer research scholars for identifying the constructs (e.g., antecedents, mediators, moderators, enablers, inhibitors) shaping consumer behaviors to inform strategic decisions.
Immune–stem cell crosstalk in the central nervous system: how oligodendrocyte progenitor cells interact with immune cells
Authors: Cabeza‐Fernández Sonia , White Jessica A , McMurran Christopher E , Gómez‐Sánchez José A , de la Fuente Alerie G
Published: November 2022

The interaction between immune and stem cells has proven essential for homeostasis and regeneration in a wide range of tissues. However, because the central nervous system was long considered an immune‐privileged organ, its immune–stem cell axis was not deeply investigated until recently. Research has shown that oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs), a highly abundant population of adult brain stem cells, establish bidirectional interactions with the immune system. Here, we provide an overview of the interactions that OPCs have with tissue‐resident and recruited immune cells, paying particular attention to the role they play in myelin regeneration and neuroinflammation. We highlight the described role of OPCs as key active players in neuroinflammation, overriding the previous concept that OPCs are mere recipients of immune signals. Understanding the mechanisms behind this bidirectional interaction holds great potential for the development of novel therapeutic approaches limiting neuroinflammation and promoting myelin repair. A better understanding of the central nervous system's immune–stem cell axis will also be key for tackling two important features shared across neurodegenerative diseases, neuroinflammation and myelin loss.
Linking nursing outcomes classification to the self‐ and family management framework
Authors: Chae Sena , Oh Hyunkyoung , Da Costa Ferreira Oberfrank Natany , Schulman‐Green Dena , Moorhead Sue , Swanson Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2022

Aim

Establish linkages between components of the Self‐ and Family Management Framework and outcomes of the Nursing Outcomes Classification to evaluate the comprehensiveness of outcomes addressing self‐ and family management in the Nursing Outcomes Classification.

Design

Descriptive study.

Methods

Experts conducted a six‐step process to establish linkages: (1) preliminary mapping of all relevant nursing outcomes to the framework; (2) development of checklists for team members serving as ‘identifiers’ and ‘reviewers’; (3) mapping all relevant nursing outcomes to the framework; (4) final agreement on mapped outcomes; (5) establishment of inter‐rater reliability; and (6) discussion of findings with authors of the Self‐ and Family Management Framework.

Results

Three hundred and sixty‐three nursing outcomes were identified as related to the management of chronic disease across all components of the framework: outcomes related to patient self‐management (n = 336), family functioning (n = 16) and family caregivers (n = 11).

Conclusion

The Nursing Outcomes Classification outcomes comprehensively address self‐management, and, less so, family functioning, and caregivers.

Implications: Established linkages can be used by nurses to track and support patient and family management outcomes across the care continuum.

Patient or public contribution

Linking standardized nursing outcomes to the Self‐ and Family Management Framework can assist in goal setting and measurement of nursing care during chronic disease management. This work can help describe to funders, policy makers and others invested in health care reform the specific contributions of nurses to self‐ and family management of chronic disease.

Impact

This paper demonstrates the linkages between components of the Self‐ and Family Management Framework and Nursing Outcomes Classification outcomes. The results of this study offer the opportunity to quantify the impact of nursing care and enhance nursing practice for patients with chronic conditions as well as contribute to developing Nursing Outcomes Classification outcomes that consider self‐management processes.
Does the threat of takeover affect default risk?
Authors: Balachandran Balasingham , Duong Huu Nhan , van Zijl Tony , Zudana Arfian Erma
Published: November 2022

We examine the impact of the threat of takeovers on default risk. Using a sample of 50,189 firm‐year observations for US firms over the period 1990–2015, we find that the threat of takeovers has a negative relation with default risk. We use difference‐in‐difference analysis to address potential endogeneity concerns and propensity score matching to control for self‐selection bias. The results are robust to alternative measures of default risk and exclusion of the dot com and financial crisis periods. Our results also hold after controlling for Governance Index and Entrenchment Index. We identify improvement in performance and earnings quality in response to the threat of takeovers as channels underlying our main result. The effect of the threat of takeovers on default risk is more pronounced for firms with opaque information environment and low institutional ownership. Our findings provide important insights for the market for corporate control as a disciplining mechanism in reducing default risk.
Managerial myopia and the unintended real consequences of conditional conservatism
Authors: Chung Byung Hun , Collins Daniel W. , Song Jane Z.
Published: November 2022

We examine whether the demand for conditional conservatism produces unintended real consequences that are exacerbated by managerial incentives to report higher earnings. We document a robust positive association between conditional conservatism and real earnings management (REM), particularly for firms whose CEOs face greater compensation incentives and capital market incentives to report higher earnings. Using mediation analyses, we find that conservatism has a negative indirect relation with future returns via REM over the next 1–3 years. In additional tests, we find that the relation between conservatism and REM is attenuated for firms with higher debt‐to‐equity, which suggests that debtholders moderate the negative relation between conditional conservative reporting and REM. Our findings suggest that, in contrast to its monitoring benefit, conditional conservatism can exacerbate managerial myopia, resulting in negative consequences for future firm value.
Population structure of mud flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus from the south‐western Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Fainburg Leandro , Sabadin David , Díaz de Astarloa Juan Martín , Fernández Iriarte Pedro
Published: November 2022

The mud flounder Paralichthys orbignyanus (Pleuronectiformes, Paralichthyidae) inhabits shallow waters of low salinities and mud bottoms in the temperate marine coastal regions of the Bonaerensean Ecoregion of the Argentinean Biogeographic Province in the south‐western Atlantic Ocean. Specimens of P. orbignyanus were collected from Lagoa dos Patos (LDP) (southern Brazil), Mar Chiquita (MCH) and Marisol (MAR) both located in Buenos Aires (Argentina), and San Antonio Oeste (SAO) in the San Matías Gulf, Rio Negro (Argentina). A fragment of the mitochondrial DNA of the Control Region and seven microsatellite loci were characterized. In the Control Region, P. orbignyanus showed high variability, low nucleotide diversity, mild population expansion and a coalescence time of 35,000 years before the present. Flounders provided evidence of a genetic structure between the sampling sites LDP, MCH, MAR vs. SAO. On the other hand, P. orbignyanus displayed a lower to moderate contemporary genetic structure among all samples except between LDP and MCH. With no evidence of isolation by distance, this analysis supports a model of limited gene flow that is likely to be associated with a consistent larvae retention in all sampling sites. In addition, the present connectivity is ascribed to a lower migration process from SAO in the San Matías Gulf congruent with the prevailing littoral drift.
Genetic moderation of the effects of family‐focused interventions (GxI interaction): A systematic review
Authors: Li Lijun , Zhang Jingchen , Rudi Jessie H. , Gewirtz Abigail H.
Published: November 2022

Gene by Intervention (GxI) interaction studies examine how a person's genotype may moderate (i.e., increase or decrease benefit from) an intervention's impact, typically in the context of randomized controlled trials. This systematic review examines genetic moderation effects for psychosocial and behavioral interventions that are family‐based or school‐/individual‐based with family components. Differential susceptibility was the most widely used theory. All studies demonstrated significant GxI effects, but the large numbers of interventions and the fragmentary information provided by different genes limits the generalizability of conclusions. Future research should develop stronger biobehavioral theories, designs, and methodologie for studying genes in the family context. The GxI effects reviewed deepen our understanding of genetic moderation effects in intervention studies, provide implications for research by indicating who may benefit more from an intervention, and further guide efforts to personalize intervention programs to include elements to which people with certain genetic characteristics are more sensitive.
Resting energy expenditure in adolescents with Down syndrome: a comparison of commonly used predictive equations
Authors: Helsel B. C. , Shook R. P. , Forseth B. , Dreyer Gillette M. L. , Polfuss M. , Miller B. , Posson P. , Steele R. , Thyfault J. P. , Ptomey L. T.
Published: November 2022

Background

Adolescents with Down syndrome (DS) are two to three times more likely to be obese than their typically developing peers. When preventing or treating obesity, it is useful for clinicians to understand an individual's energy intake needs. Predictive resting energy expenditure (REE) equations are often recommended for general use in energy intake recommendations; however, these predictive equations have not been validated in youth with DS. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of seven commonly used predictive equations for estimating REE in adolescents who are typically developing to REE measured by indirect calorimetry in adolescents with DS.

Methods

Adolescents with DS participated in a 90‐min laboratory visit before 10:00 a.m. after a 12‐h overnight fast and a 48‐h abstention from aerobic exercise. REE was measured via indirect calorimetry, and estimated REE was derived using the Institute of Medicine, Molnar, Muller and World Health Organization equations. Mean differences between the measured and predicted REE for each equation were evaluated with equivalency testing, and P‐values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the Holm method.

Results

Forty‐six adolescents with DS (age: 15.5 ± 1.7 years, 47.8% female, 73.9% non‐Hispanic White) completed the REE assessment. Average measured REE was 1459.5 ± 267.8 kcal/day, and the Institute of Medicine equations provided the most accurate prediction of REE with a 1.7 ± 11.2% (13.9 ± 170.3 kcal/day) overestimation. This prediction was not statistically different from the measured REE [P‐value = 0.582; 95% confidence interval (CI): −64.5, 36.7], and the difference between the measured and predicted REE was statistically equivalent to zero (P‐value = 0.024; 90% CI: −56.1, 28.3).

Conclusions

The results suggest that the Institute of Medicine equation may be useful in predicting REE in adolescents with DS. Future research should confirm these results in a larger sample and determine the utility of the Institute of Medicine equation for energy intake recommendations during a weight management intervention.
Macro‐Political Structures, Change, and Stasis in Undergraduates' Political Identities in Canada and the United States – A Comparative Historical Analysis
Authors: Grayson J. Paul
Published: November 2022

American research has found that change in political identification is a possible outcome of a university education, particularly in the liberal arts. By contrast, Canadian survey data collected in 1963, 1967, 2013, and 2017 point to there being no change in political identification on the part of undergraduates in a Canadian university with a liberal arts curriculum. In contrast to the United States, by means of cluster analyses conducted on the results of surveys of the American federal elections of 1964 and 2016, and the Canadian national elections of 1965 and 2015, I show that the political identification of two cohorts of Canadian undergraduates is more likely an artifact of the national multi‐party system in Canada than it is the result of a university education.
Three‐dimensional evaluation of sleep bruxism‐related splint wear using a dental laboratory scanner: A preliminary clinical study
Authors: Iizumi Ai , Tanaka Shinpei , Takaba Masayuki , Miyoshi Keita , Nakazato Yukari , Baba Kazuyoshi
Published: November 2022

Background

The wear depth on the occlusal splint (OS) is reportedly associated with the sleep bruxism (SB) level, as evaluated using portable polysomnography (PSG) recordings. However, the OS is deformed owing to SB forces, possibly preventing the accurate quantification of the wear facets.

Objectives

We aimed to introduce a newly developed system to quantify the wear facets on the OS using a dental laboratory scanner (D810) and investigate the association between the wear facets, as evaluated with this system, and the SB level.

Methods

Ten healthy individuals who were diagnosed with SB based on portable PSG recordings participated in this study. They were asked to wear the OS for 2 months. The first day after a 2‐week adaptation period was defined as the reference day, and sequential scanning of the OS surface was performed on days 15, 30, and 45. Changes in the OS surface from the reference day allowed dimensional evaluation of the wear facets in terms of maximum wear depth, wear area, and wear volume. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to test whether each of these variables could be predicted by any of the SB‐related variables.

Results

The total duration of SB episodes per hour of sleep and the maximum muscle activity were significantly associated with the wear area, as measured with our system (adjusted R‐squared was .78, p < .01).

Conclusion

Our system allows dimensional analysis of the wear facets on the OS surface in association with the SB level.
Spinocerebellar ataxia in the Bouvier des Ardennes breed is caused by a KCNJ10 missense variant
Authors: Stee Kimberley , Van Poucke Mario , Pumarola Martí , Geerinckx Lise , Van Soens Iris , Bhatti Sofie F. M. , Peelman Luc , Cornelis Ine
Published: November 2022

Background

In Belgian Malinois, a KCNJ10 variant causes progressive spinocerebellar degeneration.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Describe the clinical, diagnostic, pathological and genetic features of spinocerebellar degeneration in the Bouvier des Ardennes breed.

Animals

Five affected Bouvier des Ardennes puppies with spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA), 8 healthy related dogs, and 63 healthy unrelated Bouvier des Ardennes.

Methods

Sequential case study.

Results

Clinical signs started at 6 weeks of age in 1 puppy with severe signs of cerebellar disease, and at 7 to 10 weeks of age in the 4 remaining puppies with milder signs of spinocerebellar disease. The first puppy displayed severe intention tremors and rapidly progressive generalized hypermetric ataxia, whereas the 4 others developed a milder progressive SCA. Euthanasia after progression to nonambulatory status was performed by 8 weeks of age in the first puppy, and before 11 months of age in the 4 remaining puppies. Histopathology revealed cerebellar spongy degeneration and a focal symmetrical demyelinating myelopathy. All cases were homozygous for KCNJ10 XM_545752.6:c.986T>C(p.(Leu329Pro)), which is pathogenic for SCA with (or without) myokymia, seizures or both (SAMS) and spongy degeneration and cerebellar ataxia (SDCA) 1 in Belgian Malinois dogs. All sampled parents were heterozygous and none of the healthy dogs were homozygous for this recessive variant. This variant has an allele frequency of 15% in the 63 healthy dogs studied.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Inherited spinocerebellar degeneration also affects the Bouvier des Ardennes breed and is caused by a KCNJ10 variant. It can present with a spectrum of severity grades, ranging from severe cerebellar to milder spinocerebellar signs.
Cardiovascular abnormalities in dogs with acute pancreatitis
Authors: Cridge Harry , Langlois Daniel K. , Steiner Jörg M. , Sanders Robert A.
Published: November 2022

Background

The prevalence and clinical importance of cardiac abnormalities in dogs with acute pancreatitis (AP) is unknown.

Animals

Twelve dogs with AP and 60 archived serum samples from dogs with suspected AP.

Methods

Two‐phase study. Phase I: Analysis of archived serum samples from dogs with clinical signs of AP and high Spec cPL concentrations. High sensitivity troponin I (TnIH) and N‐terminal pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide (NT‐proBNP) concentrations were measured in achieved serum samples. Phase II: Prospective observational study. Dogs with AP underwent echocardiography and Holter monitoring. Serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) and plasma NT‐proBNP concentrations were measured. Previously described disease severity indices were calculated for each dog.

Results

Phase I: 41 of 60 dogs suspected of having AP had abnormally high TnIH concentrations and 13 of 60 had abnormally high serum NT‐proBNP concentrations. Higher TnIH concentrations were observed in dogs with Spec cPL concentration >2000 μg/L as compared to those with concentrations of 1000‐2000 μg/L. Phase II: 11 of 12 dogs diagnosed with pancreatitis had abnormal cTnI concentrations (median: 0.384 ng/mL, range: 0.041‐2.966 ng/mL, RI: ≤0.06 ng/mL) and 7 of 12 dogs had plasma NT‐proBNP concentrations above the reference interval (median: 971 pmol/L, range: 250‐2215 pmol/L, RI: ≤900 pmol/L). Supraventricular and ventricular ectopic beats occurred in 3 dogs. Echocardiographic abnormalities were detected in 5 dogs. Cardiovascular variables were not associated with indices of disease severity.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Myocardial injury is common in dogs with AP, but clinical consequences appeared to be uncommon in our small cohort. Cardiac biomarkers should be interpreted with caution in dogs with AP.
If self‐shading is so bad, why is there so much? Short shoots reconcile costs and benefits
Authors: de Haldat du Lys Alexandre , Millan Mathieu , Barczi Jean‐François , Caraglio Yves , Midgley Guy F. , Charles‐Dominique Tristan
Published: November 2022

If trees minimize self‐shading, new foliage in shaded parts of the crown should remain minimal. However, many species have abundant foliage on short shoots inside their crown. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that short shoots allow trees to densify their foliage in self‐shaded parts of the crown thanks to reduced costs.

Using 30 woody species in Mediterranean and tropical biomes, we estimated the contribution of short shoots to total plant foliage, calculated their costs relative to long shoots including wood cost and used 3D plant simulations calibrated with field measurements to quantify their light interception, self‐shading and yield.

In species with short shoots, leaves on short shoots account for the majority of leaf area. The reduced cost of short stems enables the production of leaf area with 36% less biomass. Simulations show that although short shoots are more self‐shaded, they benefit the plant because they cost less. Lastly, the morphological properties of short shoots have major implications for whole plant architecture.

Taken together, our results question the validity of only assessing leaf costs to understand leaf economics and call for more integrated observations at the crown scale to understand light capture strategies in woody plants.
Once bitten, twice shy: The overgeneralization trap and epistemic learning after policy failure
Authors: Beach Derek , Smeets Sandrino
Published: November 2022

Why do smart policy makers who try to learn from policy failure end up overgeneralizing these lessons when facing new crises? This article focuses on the policy learning that can come in the wake of perceived policy failure, and the consequences that lesson learning has for diagnosing and tackling subsequent crises. We argue, in contrast to much of the existing literature, that failure can result in policy learning when the policy area is highly complex and there are recognized experts that have epistemic authority in the issue. At the same time, lessons tend to become overgeneralized in which policy makers facing a new crisis extrapolate the lessons learned from the past failure with little consideration of whether the circumstances are similar enough to be applicable. Our argument is assessed empirically using a process‐tracing analysis of how the EU responded to the Spanish banking crisis in 2012.

Related Articles

Butz, Adam M., Michael P. Fix, and Joshua L. Mitchell. 2015. “Policy Learning and the Diffusion of Stand‐Your‐Ground Laws.” Politics & Policy 43(3): 347–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12116.

Considine, Mark. 2012. “Applying Design Theory to Public Policy.” Politics & Policy 40(4): 704–24. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2012.00372.x.

Raile, Eric D., Amber N. Raile, Charles T. Salmon, and Lori Ann Post. 2014. “Defining Public Will.” Politics & Policy 42(1): 103–30. http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/polp.12063.
Women prime ministers and COVID‐19: Within‐case examinations of New Zealand and Iceland
Authors: Tyner Katie , Jalalzai Farida
Published: November 2022

As COVID‐19 cases and deaths mounted globally in the spring of 2020, the news media presented a narrative that women heads of government were more successful at handling the pandemic, sparking a scholarly debate. We take an in‐depth look at two of the headline women‐led cases (New Zealand and Iceland) to identify critical junctures and crucial actors in the policy‐making process. Our research questions are as follows: What main factors comprised the executive decision‐making process and approach to COVID‐19 management in New Zealand and Iceland, and to what extent do these factors intersect with prevailing gender stereotypes of feminine leadership? We conducted elite interviews with senior politicians and civil servants in New Zealand and Iceland and found that consensus‐oriented governance, honest and frequent communication with the public, agile and adaptive institutions, deference to scientific advice, collective and decisive action, and policies guided by empathy and humility have proved critical in these cases, and that many of these factors are associated with stereotypically feminine leadership traits.

Related Articles

Jalalzai, Farida. 2006. “Women Candidates and the Media: 1992‐2000 Elections.” Politics & Policy 34(3): 606–33. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747‐1346.2006.00030.x.

Malmberg, Fredrik G., and Henrik Serup Christensen. 2021. “Voting Women, Protesting Men: A Multilevel Analysis of Corruption, Gender, and Political Participation.” Politics & Policy 49(1): 126–61. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12393.

Martin, James Richard. 2018. “Consensus Builders? The Influence of Female Cabinet Ministers on the Duration of Parliamentary Governments.” Politics & Policy 46(4): 630–52. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12266.
Risk preference interactions between individual farmers and small farmer groups: Experimental evidence from rural Ethiopia
Authors: Wong Ho Lun , Kahsay Haftom Bayray
Published: November 2022

The understanding of risk preference interactions among poor farmers in developing countries has important policy implications, as many programs that aim to alleviate poverty and address risk constraints are provided on a collective basis. We conduct a randomized field experiment in the drought‐prone parts of Northern Ethiopia and elicit from poor, vulnerable farmers their hypothetical willingness to pay using individual and group lottery games. Analyzing the certainty equivalent ratios (CERs), we find that farmer groups are more risk averse than individual farmers. When the risk of the lottery is high, the group CER is primarily determined by the most‐risk‐averse farmer of the group, and to a lesser extent, by the least. The median farmer contributes to the group CER only when the lottery risk is moderate. After participating in the group elicitation, individual farmers also become as risk averse as the group on average. Specifically, the median and the least‐risk‐averse farmers become significantly more risk averse while the most‐risk‐averse farmer is unaffected. Our results show that policymakers should carefully consider how social interactions in rural communities affect individual and group risk preference and whether social interactions also affect the participation and effectiveness of development programs.
Class and class conflict: An objective‐subjective interactive approach
Authors: Haddon Edward , Wu Cary
Published: November 2022

Class conflict is one of the biggest sources of social tension. But why do some individuals perceive more class conflict than others? In this article, we consider how subjective self‐placement interacts with objective social class to shape people's perception of class conflict. We argue that the common finding that individuals often misidentify with the incorrect class can have implications on how they perceive class conflict in their society. Analyzing data from the International Social Survey Programme (ISSP 1999 and 2009), we find that while, overall, perception of class conflict is higher among the working class and lower among salariats, self‐placing lower in the social structure can bring perceptions closer together. Specifically, we show that salariats who deflate their class identities to levels expected of the working class perceive levels of class conflict similar to the working class. This study is among the first to document the disparate effects of the interplay between objective and subjective class on perception of class conflict across countries and over time.
Objectively quantifying facial erythema in rosacea aided by the ImageJ analysis of VISIA red images
Authors: Tao Meng , Li Min , Zhang Yue , Liu Yunyi , Jiang Peiyu , Liu Yixuan , Xu Yang
Published: November 2022

Background

Facial erythema, a prominent characteristic of rosacea, causes concern to both the patient and doctor. In clinical practice, commonly used erythema severity subjective assessment tools lack objectivity and are less comprehensive. Even with images taken by the VISIA® system, diffused erythema is difficult to segment and evaluate fully due to the automatic threshold segmentation method. This study aimed to explore a more objective and scientific erythema quantification tool with the aid of the ImageJ software analysis of the red area images taken by the VISIA® system.

Materials and methods

Patients with rosacea were enrolled and assessed for the clinical severity of their illness using various stools—the standard grading systems (SGS) for rosacea, investigator's global assessment (IGA), and clinician's erythema assessment (CEA). Facial images in the red area mode of the VISIA® system were further analyzed by the ImageJ for the relative intensity of redness and percentage of erythema area; the correlation with the scores of the subjective grading systems was evaluated.

Results

This study included 201 patients (195 females and 6 males). The relative intensity of redness was positively correlated to the SGS, IGA, and CEA scores (0.688, 0.725, and 0.718, respectively) (p < 0.001). The percentage of erythema area was positively correlated to the SGS, IGA, and CEA scores (0.615, 0.666, and 0.656, respectively) (p < 0.001).

Conclusion

We demonstrated a more objective and precise method of assessing the severity of facial erythema rosacea, which could comprehensively assess the severity by both the area and intensity of facial erythema.
Quantitative evaluation of skin barrier function using water evaporation time related to transepidermal water loss
Authors: Seno Shin‐ichiro , Shimazu Hideaki , Kobayashi Hiroko , Kogure Eiki , Watanabe Atsushi , Isoyama Takashi
Published: November 2022

Background

Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) is often used as an index for skin barrier function. The skin barrier tester, SBT‐100 (Rousette Strategy Inc), measures the TEWL, water evaporation time, and time constant by contacting the skin and diffusing water into the closing measurement chamber. However, the relationship between the TEWL and time constant has not been sufficiently investigated. This study involved analyzing the underlying measurement principle and obtaining data through two experiments.

Materials and methods

The TEWL and time constant were measured using SBT‐100. Experiment 1 produced a simple simulation model for continuous water evaporation from the skin using a moisture‐permeable film. In experiment 2, four skin sites of 43 healthy volunteers were examined from May to September 2018.

Results

In experiment 1, the TEWL increased and time constant decreased, following an increase in humidity in the external environment. Both parameters demonstrated significant negative correlation (drying: ρ = −0.832, p < 0.001). For the 43 healthy volunteers who participated in experiment 2, their TEWL increased and time constant decreased in summer. For all skin measurement sites, both data demonstrated significant negative correlation (forehead: ρ = −0.909, p < 0.001; back of the left hand: ρ = −0.829, p < 0.001; left lateral elbow: ρ = −0.896, p < 0.001; left lateral malleolus: ρ = −0.865, p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Results indicated that the time constant is significantly correlated with TEWL. Furthermore, the time constant can be used as a parameter for evaluating skin barrier function.
Loss of heterozygosity leading to incorrect HLA typing for platelet‐transfusion refractory patient
Authors: Horwath Michael , Tvrdik Tatiana , Saxe Debra , Deeb Kristin K. , Roback John D. , Gebel Howard M. , Bray Robert A. , Sullivan Harold Clifford
Published: November 2022

Background

Management of platelet‐transfusion refractory (PR) patients due to anti‐HLA antibodies includes the provision of HLA‐matched (HLAm) platelets (PLT) or PLTs that are negative for HLA antigens corresponding to the recipient antibodies. Obtaining HLAm PLTs is predicated on accurate HLA antigen typing of the recipient and donor. Here, we present the clinical implications of a case involving loss of heterozygosity (LOH) in a patient presented for PR workup.

Study Design and Methods

HLA typing was performed by three methods: (1) Real‐time PCR; (2) Sequence‐specific oligonucleotide (SSO) typing test; and (3) Next‐Generation Sequencing (NGS). Cytogenomic SNP microarray was utilized to assess LOH.

Results

A 30‐year‐old female with newly diagnosed acute myelogenous leukemia was found to be PR secondary to HLA sensitization. A peripheral blood (PB) sample, containing 93% myeloid blast cells, was sent for HLA typing for the provision of HLAm PLTs. HLA typing revealed homozygosity at the HLA‐A locus but was heterozygous at the ‐B and ‐C loci. After chemotherapy, HLA typing on a new PB sample, devoid of blast cells, identified HLA‐A locus heterozygosity, which was subsequently confirmed by real‐time PCR and NGS. Cytogenomic SNP microarray analysis demonstrated LOH of the HLA‐A locus on chromosome 6p in the pretreatment sample but not in the posttreatment sample.

Conclusion

In hematologic patients with high tumor burden, HLA homozygosity should be viewed with suspicion for potential LOH. Therefore, HLA testing should be repeated, preferably with a non‐hematological source (e.g., buccal swab) or following successful reduction of the tumor burden.
Parental mutations influence wild-type offspring via transcriptional adaptation
Authors: Jiang Zhen , El-Brolosy Mohamed A. , Serobyan Vahan , Welker Jordan M. , Retzer Nicholas , Dooley Christopher M. , Jakutis Gabrielius , Juan Thomas , Fukuda Nana , Maischein Hans-Martin , Balciunas Darius , Stainier Didier Y.R.
Published: November 2022

Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance (TEI) is mostly discussed in the context of physiological or environmental factors. Here, we show intergenerational and transgenerational inheritance of transcriptional adaptation (TA), a process whereby mutant messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation affects gene expression, in nematodes and zebrafish. Wild-type offspring of animals heterozygous for mRNA-destabilizing alleles display increased expression of adapting genes. Notably, offspring of animals heterozygous for nontranscribing alleles do not display this response. Germline-specific mutations are sufficient to induce TA in wild-type offspring, indicating that, at least for some genes, mutations in somatic tissues are not necessary for this process. Microinjecting total RNA from germ cells of TA-displaying heterozygous zebrafish can trigger TA in wild-type embryos and in their progeny, suggesting a model whereby mutant mRNAs in the germline trigger a TA response that can be epigenetically inherited. In sum, this previously unidentified mode of TEI reveals a means by which parental mutations can modulate the offspring’s transcriptome.
Host nucleases generate prespacers for primed adaptation in the
E. coli
type I-E CRISPR-Cas system
Authors: Shiriaeva Anna A. , Kuznedelov Konstantin , Fedorov Ivan , Musharova Olga , Khvostikov Timofey , Tsoy Yuliya , Kurilovich Elena , Smith Gerald R. , Semenova Ekaterina , Severinov Konstantin
Published: November 2022

CRISPR-Cas systems provide prokaryotes with adaptive immunity against foreign nucleic acids. In
Escherichia coli
, immunity is acquired upon integration of 33-bp spacers into CRISPR arrays. DNA targets complementary to spacers get degraded and serve as a source of new spacers during a process called primed adaptation. Precursors of such spacers, prespacers, are ~33-bp double-stranded DNA fragments with a ~4-nt 3′ overhang. The mechanism of prespacer generation is not clear. Here, we use FragSeq and biochemical approaches to determine enzymes involved in generation of defined prespacer ends. We demonstrate that RecJ is the main exonuclease trimming 5′ ends of prespacer precursors, although its activity can be partially substituted by ExoVII. The RecBCD complex allows single strand–specific RecJ to process double-stranded regions flanking prespacers. Our results reveal intricate functional interactions of genome maintenance proteins with CRISPR interference and adaptation machineries during generation of prespacers capable of integration into CRISPR arrays.
Tolerogenic nanoparticles induce type II collagen–specific regulatory T cells and ameliorate osteoarthritis
Authors: Sohn Hee Su , Choi Jeong Won , Jhun JooYeon , Kwon Sung Pil , Jung Mungyo , Yong Sangmin , Na Hyun Sik , Kim Jin-Hong , Cho Mi-La , Kim Byung-Soo
Published: November 2022

Local inflammation in the joint is considered to contribute to osteoarthritis (OA) progression. Here, we describe an immunomodulating nanoparticle for OA treatment. Intradermal injection of lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) loaded with type II collagen (Col II) and rapamycin (LNP-Col II-R) into OA mice effectively induced Col II–specific anti-inflammatory regulatory T cells, substantially increased anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, and reduced inflammatory immune cells and proinflammatory cytokine expression in the joints. Consequently, LNP-Col II-R injection inhibited chondrocyte apoptosis and cartilage matrix degradation and relieved pain, while injection of LNPs loaded with a control peptide and rapamycin did not induce these events. Adoptive transfer of CD4
+
CD25
+
T cells isolated from LNP-Col II-R–injected mice suggested that T
regs
induced by LNP-Col II-R injection were likely responsible for the therapeutic effects. Collectively, this study suggests nanoparticle-mediated immunomodulation in the joint as a simple and effective treatment for OA.