bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneous reaction of ClONO2 with TiO2 and SiO2 aerosol particles: implications for stratospheric particle injection for climate engineering
Authors: Tang M. J. , Keeble J. , Telford P. J. , Pope F. D. , Braesicke P. , Griffiths P. T. , Abraham N. L. , McGregor J. , Watson I. M. , Cox R. A. , Pyle J. A. , Kalberer M.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Deliberate injection of aerosol particles into the stratosphere is a potential climate engineering scheme. Introduction of particles into the stratosphere would scatter solar radiation back to space, thereby reducing the temperature at the Earth’s surface and hence the impacts of global warming. Minerals such as TiO2 or SiO2 are among the potentially suitable aerosol materials for stratospheric particle injection due to their greater light scattering ability compared to stratospheric sulfuric acid particles. However, the heterogeneous reactivity of mineral particles towards trace gases important for stratospheric chemistry largely remains unknown, precluding reliable assessment of their impacts on stratospheric ozone which is of key environmental significance. In this work we have investigated for the first time the heterogeneous hydrolysis of ClONO2 on TiO2 and SiO2 aerosol particles at room temperature and at different relative humidities (RH), using an aerosol flow tube. The uptake coefficient, γ(ClONO2), on TiO2 was ~ 1.2 × 10−3 at 7 % and remaining unchanged at 33 % RH, and increased for SiO2 from ~ 2 × 10−4 at 7 % RH to ~ 5 × 10−4 at 35 % RH, reaching a value of ~ 6 × 10−4 at 59 % RH. We have also examined the impacts of a hypothetical TiO2 injection on stratospheric chemistry using the UKCA chemistry-climate model in which heterogeneous hydrolysis of N2O5 and ClONO2 on TiO2 particles is considered. A TiO2 injection scenario with a solar radiation scattering effect very similar to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo was constructed. It is found that compared to the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo, TiO2 injection causes less ClOx activation and less ozone destruction in the lowermost stratosphere, while reduced depletion of N2O5 and NOx in the middle stratosphere results in decreased ozone levels. Overall, no significant difference in the vertically integrated ozone abundancies is found between TiO2 injection and the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo. Future work required to further assess the impacts of TiO2 injection on stratospheric chemistry is also discussed.
The CU 2-D-MAX-DOAS instrument – Part 2: Raman scattering probability
measurements and retrieval of aerosol optical properties
Authors: Ortega Ivan , Coburn Sean , Berg Larry K. , Lantz Kathy , Michalsky Joseph , Ferrare Richard A. , Hair Johnathan W. , Hostetler Chris A. , Volkamer Rainer
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The multiannual global mean of aerosol optical depth at 550 nm (AOD550) over land is ∼ 0.19, and that over oceans is ∼ 0.13. About 45 % of the Earth surface shows AOD550 smaller than 0.1. There is a need for measurement techniques that are optimized to measure aerosol optical properties under low AOD conditions. We present an inherently calibrated retrieval (i.e., no need for radiance calibration) to simultaneously measure AOD and the aerosol phase function parameter, g, based on measurements of azimuth distributions of the Raman scattering probability (RSP), the near-absolute rotational Raman scattering (RRS) intensity. We employ radiative transfer model simulations to show that for solar azimuth RSP measurements at solar elevation and solar zenith angle (SZA) smaller than 80°, RSP is insensitive to the vertical distribution of aerosols and maximally sensitive to changes in AOD and g under near-molecular scattering conditions. The University of Colorado two-dimensional Multi-AXis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (CU 2-D-MAX-DOAS) instrument was deployed as part of the Two Column Aerosol Project (TCAP) at Cape Cod, MA, during the summer of 2012 to measure direct sun spectra and RSP from scattered light spectra at solar relative azimuth angles (SRAAs) between 5 and 170°. During two case study days with (1) high aerosol load (17 July, 0.3  <  AOD430 < 0.6) and (2) near-molecular scattering conditions (22 July, AOD430 < 0.13) we compare RSP-based retrievals of AOD430 and g with data from a co-located CIMEL sun photometer, Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer (MFRSR), and an airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL-2). The average difference (relative to DOAS) for AOD430 is +0.012 ± 0.023 (CIMEL), −0.012 ± 0.024 (MFRSR), −0.011 ± 0.014 (HSRL-2), and +0.023 ± 0.013 (CIMELAOD − MFRSRAOD) and yields the following expressions for correlations between different instruments: DOASAOD = −(0.019 ± 0.006) + (1.03 ± 0.02) ×  CIMELAOD (R2 = 0.98), DOASAOD = −(0.006 ± 0.005) + (1.08 ± 0.02) ×  MFRSRAOD (R2 = 0.98), and CIMELAOD = (0.013 ± 0.004) + (1.05 ± 0.01) ×  MFRSRAOD (R2 = 0.99). The average g measured by DOAS on both days was 0.66 ± 0.03, with a difference of 0.014 ± 0.05 compared to CIMEL. Active steps to minimize the error in the RSP help to reduce the uncertainty in retrievals of AOD and g. As AOD decreases and SZA increases, the RSP signal-to-noise ratio increases. At AOD430  ∼  0.4 and 0.10 the absolute AOD errors are  ∼ 0.014 and 0.003 at 70° SZA and 0.02 and 0.004 at 35° SZA. Inherently calibrated, precise AOD and g measurements are useful to better characterize the aerosol direct effect in urban polluted and remote pristine environments.
Simultaneous and co-located wind measurements in the middle atmosphere
by lidar and rocket-borne techniques
Authors: Lübken Franz-Josef , Baumgarten Gerd , Hildebrand Jens , Schmidlin Francis J.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We present the first comparison of a new lidar technique to measure winds in the middle atmosphere, called DoRIS (Doppler Rayleigh Iodine Spectrometer), with a rocket-borne in situ method, which relies on measuring the horizontal drift of a target (“starute”) by a tracking radar. The launches took place from the Andøya Space Center (ASC), very close to the ALOMAR observatory (Arctic Lidar Observatory for Middle Atmosphere Research) at 69° N. DoRIS is part of a steerable twin lidar system installed at ALOMAR. The observations were made simultaneously and with a horizontal distance between the two lidar beams and the starute trajectories of typically 0–40 km only. DoRIS measured winds from 14 March 2015, 17:00 UTC, to 15 March 2015, 11:30 UTC. A total of eight starute flights were launched successfully from 14 March, 19:00 UTC, to 15 March, 00:19 UTC. In general there is excellent agreement between DoRIS and the in situ measurements, considering the combined range of uncertainties. This concerns not only the general height structures of zonal and meridional winds and their temporal developments, but also some wavy structures. Considering the comparison between all starute flights and all DoRIS observations in a time period of ±20 min around each individual starute flight, we arrive at mean differences of typically ±5–10 m s−1 for both wind components. Part of the remaining differences are most likely due to the detection of different wave fronts of gravity waves. There is no systematic difference between DoRIS and the in situ observations above 30 km. Below ∼ 30 km, winds from DoRIS are systematically too large by up to 10–20 m s−1, which can be explained by the presence of aerosols. This is proven by deriving the backscatter ratios at two different wavelengths. These ratios are larger than unity, which is an indication of the presence of aerosols.
A wavelength-dispersive instrument for characterizing fluorescence and
scattering spectra of individual aerosol particles on a substrate
Authors: Huffman Donald R. , Swanson Benjamin E. , Huffman J. Alex
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We describe a novel, low-cost instrument to acquire both elastic and inelastic (fluorescent) scattering spectra from individual supermicron-size particles in a multi-particle collection on a microscope slide. The principle of the device is based on a slitless spectroscope that is often employed in astronomy to determine the spectra of individual stars in a star cluster but had not been applied to atmospheric particles. Under excitation, most commonly by either a 405 nm diode laser or a UV light-emitting diode (LED), fluorescence emission spectra of many individual particles can be determined simultaneously. The instrument can also acquire elastic scattering spectra from particles illuminated by a white-light source. The technique also provides the ability to detect and rapidly estimate the number fraction of fluorescent particles that could contaminate a collection of non-fluorescent material, even without analyzing full spectra. Advantages and disadvantages of using black-and-white cameras compared to color cameras are given. The primary motivation for this work has been to develop an inexpensive technique to characterize fluorescent biological aerosol particles, especially particles such as pollen and mold spores that can cause allergies. An example of an iPhone-enabled device is also shown as a means for collecting data on biological aerosols at lower cost or by utilizing citizen scientists for expanded data collection.
Effect of the silica content of diatom prey on the production, decomposition
and sinking of fecal pellets of the copepod Calanus sinicus
Authors: Liu Hongbin , Wu Chih-Jung
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The effects of changing the amount of silica in the cell wall of diatom prey, on the production, decomposition rate and sinking velocity of fecal pellets of the calanoid copepod, Calanus sinicus, were examined. Using different light intensities to control the growth of the diatom Thalassiosira weissflogii also led to the accumulation of different amounts of biogenic silica. Copepods were then fed either low ( ∼  1600 cells L−1) or high ( ∼  8000 cells L−1) concentrations of this diatom. Copepods fed a high concentration of diatoms with high-silica content exhibited a lower grazing rate and lower fecal pellet production rate than those fed a high concentration of diatoms with low-silica content. However, there was no difference in either the grazing or fecal pellet production rates at low prey concentrations with high- or low-silica content. The size of the fecal pellets produced was only affected by the prey concentration, and not by the silica content of prey. In addition, the degradation rate of the fecal pellets was much higher for copepods fed a low-silica diet than for those fed a high-silica diet. Significantly lower densities and sinking rates only occurred in the fecal pellets of copepods fed a low-silica diet and a low prey concentration. Calculating the L ratio (the ratio of degradation rate : sinking rate) for each group indicated that the fecal pellets produced by copepods fed highly silicified diatoms are likely to transport both biogenic silica and organic carbon to the deep layer, whereas those produced following the consumption of low-silica diatoms are likely to decompose in the mixing layer.
Timescale dependence of environmental controls on methane efflux in Poyang
Lake, China
Authors: Liu Lixiang , Xu Ming , Shao Rui
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Lakes are an important natural source of CH4 to the atmosphere. However, the long-term CH4 efflux in lakes has been rarely studied. In this study, the CH4 efflux in Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake in China, was measured continuously over a 4-year period by using the floating chamber technique. The mean annual CH4 efflux throughout the 4 years was 0.54 mmol m−2 day−1, ranging from 0.47 to 0.60 mmol m−2 day−1. The CH4 efflux had a high seasonal variation with an average summer (June to August) efflux of 1.34 mmol m−2 day−1 and winter (December to February) efflux of merely 0.18 mmol m−2 day−1. The efflux showed no apparent diel pattern, although most of the peak effluxes appeared in the late morning, from 10:00 h to 12:00 h. Multivariate stepwise regression on a seasonal scale showed that environmental factors, such as sediment temperature, sediment total nitrogen content, dissolved oxygen, and total phosphorus content in the water, mainly regulated the CH4 efflux. However, the CH4 efflux only showed a strong positive linear correlation with wind speed within a day on a bihourly scale in the multivariate regression analyses but almost no correlation with wind speed on diurnal and seasonal scales.
The impact of changing the land surface scheme in ACCESS(v1.0/1.1) on the surface climatology
Authors: Kowalczyk Eva A. , Stevens Lauren E. , Law Rachel M. , Harman Ian N. , Dix Martin , Franklin Charmaine N. , Wang Ying-Ping
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The Community Atmosphere Biosphere Land Exchange (CABLE) model has been coupled to the UK Met Office Unified Model (UM) within the existing framework of the Australian Community Climate and Earth System Simulator (ACCESS), replacing the Met Office Surface Exchange Scheme (MOSES). Here we investigate how features of the CABLE model impact on present-day surface climate using ACCESS atmosphere-only simulations. The main differences attributed to CABLE include a warmer winter and a cooler summer in the Northern Hemisphere (NH), earlier NH spring runoff from snowmelt, and smaller seasonal and diurnal temperature ranges. The cooler NH summer temperatures in canopy-covered regions are more consistent with observations and are attributed to two factors. Firstly, CABLE accounts for aerodynamic and radiative interactions between the canopy and the ground below; this placement of the canopy above the ground eliminates the need for a separate bare ground tile in canopy-covered areas. Secondly, CABLE simulates larger evapotranspiration fluxes and a slightly larger daytime cloud cover fraction. Warmer NH winter temperatures result from the parameterization of cold climate processes in CABLE in snow-covered areas. In particular, prognostic snow density increases through the winter and lowers the diurnally resolved snow albedo; variable snow thermal conductivity prevents early winter heat loss but allows more heat to enter the ground as the snow season progresses; liquid precipitation freezing within the snowpack delays the building of the snowpack in autumn and accelerates snow melting in spring. Overall we find that the ACCESS simulation of surface air temperature benefits from the specific representation of the turbulent transport within and just above the canopy in the roughness sublayer as well as the more complex snow scheme in CABLE relative to MOSES.
Comparing the Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII) with root zone
storage in a lumped conceptual model
Authors: Sriwongsitanon Nutchanart , Gao Hongkai , Savenije Hubert H. G. , Maekan Ekkarin , Saengsawang Sirikanya , Thianpopirug Sansarith
Published: August 2016

Abstract. With remote sensing we can readily observe the Earth's surface, but direct observation of the sub-surface remains a challenge. In hydrology, but also in related disciplines such as agricultural and atmospheric sciences, knowledge of the dynamics of soil moisture in the root zone of vegetation is essential, as this part of the vadose zone is the core component controlling the partitioning of water into evaporative fluxes, drainage, recharge, and runoff. In this paper, we compared the catchment-scale soil moisture content in the root zone of vegetation, computed by a lumped conceptual model, with the remotely sensed Normalized Difference Infrared Index (NDII) in the Upper Ping River basin (UPRB) in northern Thailand. The NDII is widely used to monitor the equivalent water thickness (EWT) of leaves and canopy. Satellite data from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) were used to determine the NDII over an 8-day period, covering the study area from 2001 to 2013. The results show that NDII values decrease sharply at the end of the wet season in October and reach lowest values near the end of the dry season in March. The values then increase abruptly after rains have started, but vary in an insignificant manner from the middle to the late rainy season. This paper investigates if the NDII can be used as a proxy for moisture deficit and hence for the amount of moisture stored in the root zone of vegetation, which is a crucial component of hydrological models. During periods of moisture stress, the 8-day average NDII values were found to correlate well with the 8-day average soil moisture content (Su) simulated by the lumped conceptual hydrological rainfall–runoff model FLEX for eight sub-catchments in the Upper Ping basin. Even the deseasonalized Su and NDII (after subtracting the dominant seasonal signal) showed good correlation during periods of moisture stress. The results illustrate the potential of the NDII as a proxy for catchment-scale root zone moisture deficit and as a potentially valuable constraint for the internal dynamics of hydrological models. In dry periods, when plants are exposed to water stress, the EWT (reflecting leaf water deficit) decreases steadily, as moisture stress in the leaves is connected to moisture deficits in the root zone. Subsequently, when the soil moisture is replenished as a result of rainfall, the EWT increases without delay. Once leaf water is close to saturation – mostly during the heart of the wet season – leaf characteristics and NDII values are not well correlated. However, for both hydrological modelling and water management, the stress periods are most important, which is why this product has the potential of becoming a highly efficient model constraint, particularly in ungauged basins.
Case-based knowledge formalization and reasoning method for digital terrain analysis – application to extracting drainage networks
Authors: Qin Cheng-Zhi , Wu Xue-Wei , Jiang Jing-Chao , Zhu A-Xing
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Application of digital terrain analysis (DTA), which is typically a modeling process involving workflow building, relies heavily on DTA domain knowledge of the match between the algorithm (and its parameter settings) and the application context (including the target task, the terrain in the study area, the DEM resolution, etc.), which is referred to as application-context knowledge. However, existing DTA-assisted tools often cannot use application-context knowledge because this type of DTA knowledge has not been formalized to be available for inference in these tools. This situation makes the DTA workflow-building process difficult for users, especially non-expert users. This paper proposes a case-based formalization for DTA application-context knowledge and a corresponding case-based reasoning method. A case in this context consists of a series of indices that formalize the DTA application-context knowledge and the corresponding similarity calculation methods for case-based reasoning. A preliminary experiment to determine the catchment area threshold for extracting drainage networks has been conducted to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. In the experiment, 124 cases of drainage network extraction (50 for evaluation and 74 for reasoning) were prepared from peer-reviewed journal articles. Preliminary evaluation shows that the proposed case-based method is a suitable way to use DTA application-context knowledge to achieve a marked reduction in the modeling burden for users.
Hydrology of inland tropical lowlands: the Kapuas and Mahakam wetlands
Authors: Hidayat H. , Teuling A. J. , Vermeulen B. , Taufik M. , Kastner K. , Geertsema T. J. , Bol D. C. C. , Hoekman D. H. , Haryani G. S. , Van Lanen H. A. J. , Delinom R. M. , Dijksma R. , Anshari G. Z. , Ningsih N. S. , Uijlenhoet R. , Hoitink A. J. F.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Wetlands are important reservoirs of water, carbon and biodiversity. They are typical landscapes of lowland regions that have high potential for water retention. However, the hydrology of these wetlands in tropical regions is often studied in isolation from the processes taking place at the catchment scale. This contribution offers a comprehensive analysis of the hydrological dynamics of two neighbouring poorly gauged tropical basins; the Kapuas basin (98,700 km2) in West Kalimantan and the Mahakam basin (77,100 km2) in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Both basins are characterized by vast areas of inland lowlands. The hydro-climatological data described herein were obtained during fieldwork campaigns carried out in the Kapuas over the period 2013–2015 and in the Mahakam over the period 2008–2010. Additionally, we used the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) rainfall estimates over the period 1998–2015 for analysing the distribution of rainfall and the influence of El-Niño – Southern Oscillation. Flood occurrence maps were obtained from the analysis of the Phase Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) images of 2007 through 2010. Drought events were derived from time-series of simulated groundwater recharge using time series of TRMM rainfall estimates, potential evapotranspiration estimates and the threshold level approach. The Kapuas and the Mahakam lakes region are vast reservoirs of water of about 1000 km2 and 1500 km2 that can store as much as 3 billion m3 and 6.5 billion m3 of water, respectively. These storage capacity values can be doubled considering the area of flooding under vegetation cover. Discharge time-series show that backwater effects are highly influential in the wetland regions, which can be partly explained by inundation dynamics shown by flood occurrence maps obtained from PALSAR images. In contrast to their nature as a wetland, both lowland areas have frequent periods with low soil moisture conditions and low groundwater recharge. The Mahakam wetland area regularly exhibits low groundwater recharges, which may lead to prolonged drought events that can last up to 13 months. It appears that the Mahakam lowland is more vulnerable to hydrological drought leading to fire occurrence than the Kapuas basin.
Regional soil erosion assessment based on sample survey and geostatistics
Authors: Yin Shuiqing , Zhu Zhengyuan , Wang Li , Liu Baoyuan , Xie Yun , Wang Guannan , Li Yishan
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Soil erosion is one of the major environmental problems in China. From 2010–2012 in China, the fourth national census for soil erosion sampled 32 364 Primary Sampling Units (PSUs, micro watersheds) with the areas of 0.2–3 km2. Land use and soil erosion controlling factors including rainfall erosivity, soil erodibility, slope length, slope steepness, biological practice, engineering practice, and tillage practice for the PSUs were surveyed, and soil loss rate for each land use in the PSUs were estimated using an empirical model Chinese Soil Loss Equation (CSLE). Though the information collected from the sample units can be aggregated to estimate soil erosion conditions on a large scale, the problem of estimating soil erosion condition on a regional scale has not been well addressed. The aim of this study is to introduce a new spatial interpolation method based on Bivariate Penalized Spline over Triangulation (BPST) for the estimation of regional soil erosion. We compared five interpolation models based on BPST to generate a regional soil erosion assessment from the PSUs. Land use, rainfall erosivity, and soil erodibility at the resolution of 250 × 250 m pixels for the entire domain were used as the auxiliary information. Shaanxi province (3116 PSUs) in China was used to conduct the comparison and assessment as it is one of the most serious erosion areas. The results showed that three models with land use as the auxiliary information generated much lower mean squared errors (MSE) than the other two models without land use. The model assisted by the land use, rainfall erosivity factor (R), and soil erodibility factor (K) is the best one, which has MSE less than half that of the model smoothing soil loss in the PSUs directly. 56.5 % of total land in Shaanxi province has annual soil loss greater than 5 t ha−1 y−1. High (20–40 t ha−1 y−1),severe (40–80 t ha−1 y−1) and extreme (>80 t ha−1 y−1) erosion occupied 14.3 % of the total land. The farmland, forest, shrub land and grassland in Shaanxi province had mean soil loss rates of 19.00, 3.50, 10.00, 7.20 t ha−1 y−1, respectively. Annual soil loss was about 198.7 Mt in Shaanxi province, with 67.8 % of soil loss originating from the farmlands and grasslands in Yan'an and Yulin districts in the northern Loess Plateau region and Ankang and Hanzhong districts in the southern Qingba mountainous region. This methodology provides a more accurate regional soil erosion assessment and can help policy-makers to take effective measures to mediate soil erosion risks.
Using Satellite-Based Evapotranspiration Estimates to Improve the
Structure of a Simple Conceptual Rainfall-Runoff Model
Authors: Roy Tirthankar , Gupta Hoshin V. , Serrat-Capdevila Aleix , Valdes Juan B.
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Daily, quasi-global (50° N-S and 180° W-E), satellite-based estimates of actual evapotranspiration at 0.25° spatial resolution have recently become available, generated by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM). We investigate use of these data to improve the performance of a simple lumped catchment scale hydrologic model driven by satellite-based precipitation estimates to generate streamflow simulations for a poorly gauged basin in Africa. In one approach, we use GLEAM to constrain the evapotranspiration estimates generated by the model, thereby modifying the daily water balance and improving model performance. In an alternative approach, we instead change the structure of the model to improve its ability to simulate actual evapotranspiration (as estimated by GLEAM). Finally, we test whether the GLEAM product is able to further improve the performance of the structurally modified model. The results suggest that the modified model can provide improved simulations of both streamflow and evapotranspiration, even if GLEAM-satellite-based evapotranspiration data are not available.
Modal dynamics of structures with bladed isotropic rotors and its complexity for 2-bladed rotors
Authors: Hansen Morten Hartvig
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The modal dynamics of structures with bladed isotropic rotors is analyzed using Hill's method. First, analytical derivation of the periodic system matrix shows that isotropic rotors with more than two blades can be represented by an exact Fourier series with 3/rev as the highest order. For 2-bladed rotors, the inverse mass matrix has an infinite Fourier series with harmonic components of decreasing norm, thus the system matrix can be approximated by a truncated Fourier series of predictable accuracy. Second, a novel method for automatically identifying the principal solutions of Hill's eigenvalue problem is introduced. The corresponding periodic eigenvectors can be used to compute symmetric and anti-symmetric components of the 2-bladed rotor motion, and the additional forward and backward whirling components for rotors with more than two blades. Finally, the generic methods are used on a simple wind turbine model consisting of three degrees of freedom for each blade and seven degrees of freedom for the nacelle and drivetrain. The modal dynamics of a 3-bladed 10MW turbine from previous studies is recaptured. Removing one blade, the larger and higher harmonic terms in the system matrix lead to resonant modal couplings for the 2-bladed turbine that do not exist for the 3-bladed turbine, and that excitation of a single mode of a 2-bladed turbine leads to responses at several frequencies in both the ground-fixed and rotating blade frames of reference which complicates the interpretation of simulated or measured turbine responses.
The Creation of the Tribunals
Authors: Matheson Michael J. , Scheffer David
Published: August 2016

This article offers a U.S. perspective on the creation of the Yugoslav and Rwanda criminal tribunals as each nears its conclusion following more than twenty years of judicial proceedings. During the period in which the tribunals were created, one of us (MJM) was the Acting Legal Adviser or Principal Deputy Legal Adviser of the U.S. Department of State, and the other (DS) was Senior Adviser and Counsel to the U.S. Permanent Representative to the United Nations and was subsequently the first U.S. Ambassador-at-Large for War Crimes Issues. Given the leading role played by the United States in the process of creating the tribunals, we hope that our perspective might help to illuminate the critical issues faced at that time.
International Law in Chinese Courts During the Rise of China
Authors: Cai Congyan
Published: August 2016

The number of countries in which domestic courts are actively engaged with major public affairs has increased markedly since the early 1990s. In many transitional states, in particular, domestic courts have ruled on great constitutional controversies, which influence the national political process. They have also taken an active role in the application of international law— especially human rights treaties—and at times treat such treaties as a “New Standard of Civilization.” In particular, domestic courts have at times invoked international law in becoming more aggressive toward the executive branch. This trend has been one normative element inspiring some theorists to propose a new field known as comparative international law. This article highlights a different set of elements that become manifest in assessing the rapid overall rise in references to, and application of, international law by courts in China in recent years.
Ideology of Warfare and the Islamic Republic’s Poetry of War
Authors: Shams Fatemeh
Published: August 2016

The bloody eight-year war between Iran and neighboring Iraq left behind a large body of war literature that subsequently played a significant role in shaping the culture of postrevolutionary Iran. This paper describes and analyzes the major themes in the Persian official war poetry, called Islamic Republican poetry (Shi‘r-i Jumhūrī-i Islāmī), which shaped a large body of the postrevolution official literature. Through a socio-literary analytical approach, the paper tackles the ideology of warfare developed by the Islamic Republic during the war and also investigates the way in which this ideology was manifested in the official war poetry of 1980–88.1 By focusing on the mutual interaction between the official poets and the political establishment, the paper sheds light on the formation of the poetics and politics of the Iran–Iraq war.
The Fusion of Mysticism and Politics in Khomeini’s Quatrains
Authors: Farhosh-van Loon Diede
Published: August 2016

Many books and articles have been published on the political career of Ruhollah Khomeini (1902–89) and his Islamic movement, which transformed Iran from a monarchy to an Islamic republic on April 1, 1979. There has been much less research, especially in the West, into the influential role that mysticism played in all facets of his life.1 Consequently, even fewer studies have been done on Khomeini’s poetry, which was composed mostly either before 1936, when he was still a student in the city of Qum, or after his return from exile in 1979. Among many other things, these poems uniquely document Khomeini’s thoughts and mystical aspirations; in this article I will analyze some of the quatrains Khomeini composed in the years 1984–85, during the Iran–Iraq war.2 These poems highlight the influence of mysticism, Shi‘ism, and martyrdom on Khomeini’s politics. The occasion for his first quatrain was the fifth anniversary of the Islamic Republic of Iran on February 11, 1984.3 Within a year Khomeini composed another 107 quatrains on a variety of subjects. As in most of his poems, mysticism plays an important role in his quatrains, but several other elements also make them particularly interesting: his veneration of the controversial mystical figure of Manṣūr Ḥallāj; his references to the Battle of Karbalā and Imam Ḥusayn; and his rejection of the Ka‘ba in Mecca. These elements are also used to mobilize soldiers to the front. The interpretive challenge lies in reconciling Khomeini’s mystical poetry, figuratively rich in love and wine, with his stern public persona. The analysis offered here takes up these issues and explores how Khomeini fused mysticism with Shi‘ism and martyrdom for political ends.
The Prosodic Acquisition Path Hypothesis: Towards explaining variability in L2 acquisition of phonology
Authors: Özçelik Öner
Published: August 2016

Assuming that word-prosodic parameters are organized into a hierarchical tree where certain parameters are embedded under others, this paper proposes the Prosodic Acquisition Path Hypothesis (PAPH). The PAPH predicts different levels of difficulty and paths to be followed by L2 (and L1) learners based on the typological properties of their L1 and the L2 they are learning. On the PAPH, L2 acquisition is assumed to be brought along via a process of parameter resetting. During this process, certain parameters are expected to be easier to reset than others, based on such factors as economy, markedness, and robustness of the input, which is reflected in part by their location on the tree of parameters proposed in this paper. Evidence for the proposal comes from previous formal phonological and L1 acquisition literature. The predictions as concerns the learning path are tested through an experiment which examines productions of English-speaking learners of Turkish, thereby involving two languages that are maximally different from each other regarding the location of word-level prominence, as well as how it is assigned. The PAPH is a restrictive (and falsifiable) approach, where the predictions regarding the stages learners go through are constrained both by certain learning principles and by the options made available by UG.
Chinese University EFL Undergraduate Students’ Perceptions towards EGAP Reading and Writing Courses
Authors: Du Ning , Chen Jianhua , Liu Meihua
Published: August 2016

The present study examined how undergraduate students from a prestigious Chinese university perceived the teaching and learning of English for general academic purposes (EGAP) reading and writing courses. Analyses of 951 questionnaires revealed that most participants generally (strongly) believed that learning general academic English was closely related to their major study, reported being motivated to learn general academic English, and expected to improve their academic English reading, writing, listening and speaking skills from EGAP courses. The study also showed that they had consensus about the requirements and teaching and learning foci of general academic English in spite of their concerns about academic English, and that students of more demanding and more academic EGAP courses tended to have a better understanding of general academic English. Based on the findings, some suggestions are discussed.
Reproductive Patterns of Terrestrial Isopods (Crustacea, Isopoda, Oniscidea) from Uruguay
Authors: Waller Analisa , Verdi Ana
Published: August 2016

Armadillidium vulgare (Latreille, 1884) and Armadillidium nasatum (Schultz, 1961) are among the most common species of terrestrial isopods in Uruguay. The reproductive pattern of these species was studied, for first time, on a natural population at Department of San Jose (Uruguay) from June 2010 to July 2011. A total of 9136 individuals were sampled, of these 7010 were A. vulgare and 2126 were A.nasatum. Adults of A. vulgare were present throughout the year and juveniles appeared from February to November. Juveniles and adults of A. nasatumappeared from January to October, and practically disappeared from November to December. For both species ovigerous females were collected from spring to summer (October to March), this would indicate a seasonal reproduction followed by a sexual rest. In A. vulgare reproductive females cephalothorax width that varied between 1.7 to 3 mm, average fecundity was equal to 39 ± 5 eggs and average fertility was equal to 27 ± 4. In A. nasatum cephalothorax width of reproductive females oscillated between 1.5 to 2.9 mm and the average fecundity was 44 ± 5 eggs. For both species, fecundity and fertility were positively correlated with the size of the females. The incubation period (  = 13 days) and the mancas born (  = 21) were similar for both species.
Effects of Amylose-To-Amylopectin Ratios on Binding Capacity of DDGS/Soy-Based Aquafeed Blends
Authors: Ayadi Ferouz , Rosentrater Kurt A. , Muthukumarappan K. , Kannadhason S.
Published: August 2016

Demands for seafood products are steadily increasing. Alternative protein sources are required to compensate for enormous amounts of fishmeal that is needed for global seafood production. Starch is a food polymer that can be added to fish feed formulations to enhance binding and expanding capabilities of extrudates. Floatability, a key factor for most aqua feeds, can be optimized by the addition of certain starch sources. Six ingredient blends with a similar protein content (~32.5%) containing two starch sources, Hylon VII (containing 70% amylose, 30% amylopectin) or Waxy I (containing 0% amylose, 100% amylopectin), 20% distillers dried grain with solubles (DDGS), and 15, 25, and 35% moisture content were used along with appropriate amounts of soybean meal, menhaden fishmeal, whey, vitamin and mineral mix to investigate nutritionally-balanced feeds for Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.). The blends were processed using a laboratory single-screw extruder with varying temperature settings (90-90-90°C, 100-120-120°C, and 100-120-140°C), screw speeds (100, 120, and 140 rpm), and length/diameter ratio (3.4, 6.6, 9.2) of the die. Extensive analyses of expansion ratio (ER), unit density (UD), sinking velocity (SV), and pellet durability indices (PDI), water absorption (WAI) and water solubility indices (WSI) were conducted to evaluate the effects of the two starch sources on extrudate binding and floating capacity. By varying process conditions, significant differences (P>0.05) among the blends were detected for all extrudate physical properties. Significantly higher values for ER, UD, and PDI were achieved by using the Waxy I starch source, while values for SV and WAI decreased. For WSI no significant differences were detected. Increasing the moisture content from 15-35% resulted in a significant increase in ER, WAI, and PDI and a significant decrease in UD. WSI showed no clear pattern in changes. The impact of different amylopectin to amylose ratio, temperature and moisture content on extrudate stability, cohesion and physical properties was demonstrated in this study. All formulations yielded viable extrudates while the blends with the amylopectin as the sole source of starch resulted in higher quality extrudates.
Waarom er fiscaal nog iets zou moeten worden geregeld
Authors: van de Ven K.M.L.L.
Published: August 2016

Waarom er fiscaal nog iets zou moeten worden geregeld: ‘Ways to tackle inheritance cross-border tax obstacles facing individuals within the EU’

De auteur gaat in op het rapport van de EU Expert Group: ‘Ways to tackle inheritance crossborder tax obstacles facing individual within the EU.’ Zij is van mening dat om de vraag te kunnen beantwoorden of de in het rapport gegeven weg naar een oplossing de juiste is, nog het nodige moet worden onderzocht. Gebruikmaking van het netwerk van de CNUe kan daarbij nuttig zijn.
(Niet-)ontvankelijkheid procespartijen na overlijden eiser
Authors: Kolkman W.D. , Knoppers P.G.
Published: August 2016

(Niet-)ontvankelijkheid procespartijen na overlijden eiser

Deze noot bij HR 22 april 2016, ECLI:NL:HR:2016:721 gaat in op de procesrechtelijke problematiek van een overlijden van een van de partijen bij een juridische procedure. De Hoge Raad komt met een praktische oplossing voor het geval niet alle erfgenamen aan één kant staan.
A new species of Lynceus Müller, 1776 from New Caledonia (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Laevicaudata) from dolines, with remarks on zoogeography
Authors: Olesen Jørgen , Pöllabauer Christine , Sigvardt Zandra M.S. , Rogers D. Christopher
Published: August 2016

A new species of laevicaudatan branchiopods, Lynceus insularis sp. nov., is described. It is reported from five sinkholes (dolines) in the southern part of New Caledonia. Lynceus insularis sp. nov. is closest to Lynceus species from Australia, but can be separated from these on the basis of clasper morphology and the form of the lamina abdominalis. Lynceus insularis sp. nov. is the first record of a remote insular endemic laevicaudatan. The habitats of the species may be threatened due to hydrological changes, reduction of water supply, acidification of fresh water, invasive species, and/or mining activities in the vicinity.
Development of a Companion Diagnostic for Pembrolizumab in Non–Small Cell Lung Cancer Using Immunohistochemistry for Programmed Death Ligand-1
Authors: Dolled-Filhart Marisa , Roach Charlotte , Toland Grant , Stanforth Dave , Jansson Malinka , Lubiniecki Gregory M. , Ponto Gary , Emancipator Kenneth
Published: August 2016

Context.—

Programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) expression by tumors may enable them to avoid immunosurveillance.

Objective.—

To develop a PD-L1 immunohistochemical assay using the 22C3 anti–PD-L1 murine monoclonal antibody on the Dako platform as a possible companion diagnostic for pembrolizumab in patients with non–small cell lung cancer.

Design.—

Tumor samples from 146 patients with non–small cell lung cancer treated with pembrolizumab in KEYNOTE-001 and for whom response data were available were scored according to their staining intensity by a single pathologist using 4 methods: percentage of tumor cells staining at any intensity (PS1), moderate/strong intensity (PS2), strong intensity (PS3), and H-score (PS1 + PS2 + PS3). The cutoff score for predicting response to pembrolizumab was determined using receiver operating characteristic analysis. Progression-free and overall survival were assessed in patients with measurable disease per Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1 (n = 146).

Results.—

The 4 scoring methods assessed performed similarly; PS1 with a 50% cutoff score is the simplest and easiest method to implement in practice. Response to pembrolizumab was observed in 19 of 44 patients (43%) with a PS1 score of 50% or higher and 8 of 102 patients (8%) with PS1 lower than 50% (odds ratio, 8.93). Median progression-free and overall survival was 4.0 months and not yet reached, respectively, for patients with a PS1 of 50% or higher, and 2.1 and 6.1 months, respectively, for those with PS1 lower than 50%.

Conclusion.—

The PD-L1 immunohistochemical assay shows the potential for enrichment of trial populations and as a companion diagnostic tool in non–small cell lung cancer.
Un Québec égalitaire? Évolution du 1 % le plus riche, 1973-2008
Authors: Zorn Nicolas
Published: August 2016

Les inégalités de revenus sont en hausse dans la plupart des pays développés, un phénomène en partie causé par la croissance plus rapide des revenus des mieux nantis, plus particulièrement le 1 % le plus riche. Le Québec a la réputation d’être plus égalitaire que le reste du Canada. A-t-il connu une augmentation des écarts de revenus en faveur des mieux nantis? À partir des statistiques fiscales des particuliers, nous avons compilé l’évolution de la part des revenus captée par le 1 % le plus riche au Québec, de 1973 à 2008. Après avoir connu une baisse de 1973 à 1984, la tendance s’est inversée à la hausse de 1985 à 2008, favorisée par la croissance de la part des revenus non salariaux. Les revenus moyens de marché du 99 % restant ont connu une stagnation de 1980 à 1999, puis une légère hausse de 2000 à 2008. La situation a été beaucoup plus favorable pour le premier centile québécois, ayant connu une croissance quatre fois plus importante que le 99 % restant de 1985 à 2008. Les mécanismes en cause sont multiples et les institutions, en particulier la baisse du taux marginal d’imposition, pourraient avoir joué un rôle important.
Analyse des déterminants de l’intensité de la recherche d’emploi en Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: N’Guessan Coffie Francis-José
Published: August 2016

L’objectif de cette étude est d’analyser, pour la Côte d’Ivoire, les déterminants de l’intensité de la recherche d’emploi et du choix des modes de recherche d’emploi. Nous avons eu recours à une analyse économétrique appliquée à un échantillon de jeunes chômeurs issus de la base de données de « l’enquête-emploi Abidjan 2008 », réalisée par l’Agence d’études et de promotion de l’emploi (AGEPE). Les principaux résultats indiquent que les chômeurs ivoiriens sont moins actifs en terme de recherche d’emploi que les chômeurs non ivoiriens et ont davantage recours aux concours. Par ailleurs, les chômeurs faiblement qualifiés sont moins actifs en matière de recherche d’emploi que les chômeurs qualifiés et ont tendance à avoir recours aux réseaux de relations. Les chômeurs qualifiés, privilégient, quant à eux, les méthodes formelles de recherche d’emploi. Les résultats de l’étude, révèlent également que le taux de chômage et la densité de la commune de résidence du chômeur ont une influence sur l’intensité de la recherche d’emploi et le choix des méthodes de recherche d’emploi. L’étude montre aussi que la proximité à une zone d’emploi accroît l’intensité de recherche d’emploi tandis que la présence d’un service public de l’emploi (SPE) dans la commune n’incite pas à être actif en matière de recherche d’emploi. Ainsi, même si la proximité avec les agences locales d’emploi réduit les coûts de recherche d’emploi, la faiblesse des rendements attendus pourrait être un motif de découragement à la recherche active d’emploi.
Euro PP : comment situer le placement privé parmi les modes de financement des PME-ETI?
Authors: Galanti Sébastien , Lazar Iarina
Published: August 2016

Ouvert fin 2012 en France, le marché de l’Euro PP promeut le placement privé comme une solution complémentaire au financement bancaire pour les petites et moyennes entreprises (PME) et entreprises de tailles intermédiaires (ETI). Il consiste en un partenariat entre une banque organisatrice et d’autres partenaires –principalement des assureurs. Cet article montre que, si sa mise en oeuvre constitue effectivement un chaînon manquant entre le crédit bancaire et le financement de marché, son succès futur n’est pas garanti et dépend des financements alternatifs : cote boursière dédiée aux PME, « business angels » et titrisation de crédit PME. De plus, les différentes politiques de soutien au crédit aux PME initiées par le gouvernement français ou l’Union européenne, ainsi que la relative faiblesse actuelle de la demande de financement de la part des PME-ETI nous amènent à relativiser les perspectives d’essor rapide de ce marché.
Wild Cluster Bootstrap Confidence Intervals
Authors: MacKinnon James G.
Published: August 2016

Confidence intervals based on cluster-robust covariance matrices can be constructed in many ways. In addition to conventional intervals obtained by inverting Wald (t) tests, the paper studies intervals obtained by inverting LM tests, studentized bootstrap intervals based on the wild cluster bootstrap, and restricted bootstrap intervals obtained by inverting bootstrap Wald and LM tests. It also studies the choice of an auxiliary distribution for the wild bootstrap, a modified covariance matrix based on transforming the residuals that was proposed some years ago, and new wild bootstrap procedures based on the same idea. Some procedures perform extraordinarily well even with the number of clusters is small.
Finite-Sample Sign-Based Inference in Linear and Nonlinear Regression Models with Applications in Finance
Authors: Taamouti Abderrahim
Published: August 2016

We review several exact sign-based tests that have been recently proposed for testing orthogonality between random variables in the context of linear and nonlinear regression models. The sign tests are very useful when the data at the hands contain few observations, are robust against heteroskedasticity of unknown form, and can be used in the presence of non-Gaussian errors. These tests are also flexible since they do not require the existence of moments for the dependent variable and there is no need to specify the nature of the feedback between the dependent variable and the current and future values of the independent variable. Finally, we discuss several applications where the sign-based tests can be used to test for multi-horizon predictability of stock returns and for the market efficiency.