bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Significance of Clarence Ayres' Pragmatic Instrumentalism in the History of Institutionalism
Authors: Hill Lewis E.
Published: May 2006

Evaluates the significance of Clarence Edwin Ayres′ contribution to the historical development of the institutionalist school of economic thought. Summarizes Ayres′ philosophy of pragmatic instrumentalism and integrates it into his theory of economic progress, which is disaggregated into its component parts: his theory of normative value; his theory of economic causation; and his theory of economic policy. Thoroughly explicates and carefully evaluates each of these theories. Concludes that Clarence Ayres has made an important contribution to the history of institutionalism by synthesizing the pragmatic philosophy of C.S. Peirce, William James, and John Dewey with the institutional economics of Thorstein B. Veblen, John R. Commons, and Wesley C. Mitchell.
From Economic Growth to Human Development: A Commentary on Recent Indexes of Development
Authors: Tilak Jandhyala B.G.
Published: May 2006

Attempts to present a commentary on a few recent attempts at
constructing a composite index of human development, and in the process
briefly traces the trends in thinking that show marked shifts from
economic growth to social development and to further human development.
Shows that national income still remains an important indicator of
overall development, and further, that various methodologies of
compositing several indicators of development into one index produced
broadly similar rank ordering of the nations.
Factors Affecting Employment in the Arabian Gulf Region, 1975–85
Authors: Looney Robert E.
Published: May 2006

Assesses the main factors affecting employment in the Arab Gulf
region. In particular: What are the main determinants of employment in
the region? How do these determinants vary between national and foreign
workforces? Have these determinants changed over time? The results,
particularly for the 1980‐85 period, suggest that labour market
mismatches may be increasing in the Arab World. This is essentially the
problem of too many PhDs and too few mechanics. The symptom of this
would be relatively high levels of disguised unemployment among the
highly educated, coupled with a shortage of artisans. The damage arising
from these skill mismatches lies in the way the various economic sectors
are likely to expand while faced by labour constraints. These findings
suggest that reforms of both the educational system and the hiring
practices of Government agencies will be critical to restoring increases
in productivity and ultimately expanded rates of non‐oil income.
Do Government Transfers Crowd out Private Transfers to Non‐profit Organizations? The Israeli Experience
Authors: Weinblatt J.
Published: May 2006

Considers the importance of private contributions to not‐for‐profit organizations (NPOs) in capitalistic welfare states but notes that the share of national income donated to NPOs is significantly lower in Israel than in the USA. Focuses on donations to NPOs in Israel and provides an empirical analysis of the interrelationship of private donations and Government transfers to NPOs. Describes the analytical background relating private contribution to Government activity, examining particularly the possibility that Government expenditure exerts a “crowding‐out” effect on private contributions. Concludes that, with special reference to Israel, Government budgets and private donations to NPOs should co‐exist, in order to maximise the sources devoted to social services or to obtain an adequate variety of such services.
The Social Economist Hankers after Values: A Collection of Essays
Authors: Conway O'Brien John
Published: May 2006

A collection of essays by a social economist seeking to balance economics as a science of means with the values deemed necessary to man′s finding the good life and society enduring as a civilized instrumentality. Looks for authority to great men of the past and to today′s moral philosopher: man is an ethical animal. The 13 essays are: 1. Evolutionary Economics: The End of It All? which challenges the view that Darwinism destroyed belief in a universe of purpose and design; 2. Schmoller′s Political Economy: Its Psychic, Moral and Legal Foundations, which centres on the belief that time‐honoured ethical values prevail in an economy formed by ties of common sentiment, ideas, customs and laws; 3. Adam Smith by Gustav von Schmoller – Schmoller rejects Smith′s natural law and sees him as simply spreading the message of Calvinism; 4. Pierre‐Joseph Proudhon, Socialist – Karl Marx, Communist: A Comparison; 5. Marxism and theInstaurationof Man, which raises the question for Marx: is the flowering of the new man in Communist society the ultimate end to the dialectical movement of history?; 6. Ethical Progress and Economic Growth in Western Civilization; 7. Ethical Principles in American Society: An Appraisal; 8. The Ugent Need for a Consensus on Moral Values, which focuses on the real dangers inherent in there being no consensus on moral values; 9. Human Resources and the Good Society – man is not to be treated as an economic resource; man′s moral and material wellbeing is the goal; 10. The Social Economist on the Modern Dilemma: Ethical Dwarfs and Nuclear Giants, which argues that it is imperative to distinguish good from evil and to act accordingly: existentialism, situation ethics and evolutionary ethics savour of nihilism; 11. Ethical Principles: The Economist′s Quandary, which is the difficulty of balancing the claims of disinterested science and of the urge to better the human condition; 12. The Role of Government in the Advancement of Cultural Values, which discusses censorship and the funding of art against the background of the US Helms Amendment; 13. Man at the Crossroads draws earlier themes together; the author makes the case for rejecting determinism and the “operant conditioning” of the Skinner school in favour of the moral progress of autonomous man through adherence to traditional ethical values.
Salute to an Economist in Faculty Governance
Authors: McBath James H.
Published: May 2006

Praises the contribution of John Elliott in the development of
academic governance at the University of Southern California: twice
elected president of the Faculty Senate, he led its most influential
committees and was concerned with faculty rights and responsibilities,
promotion and tenure policy, academic freedom, faculty participation in
university decision making, and the creation of a faculty handbook
defining faculty citizenship in terms consonant with AAUP standards.
Marxism and Humanism
Authors: Sherman Howard
Published: May 2006

Criticizes the view that ethical judgements are completely separate
from facts and theories in the social sciences. On the contrary, it
argues that no project can be initiated nor any facts collected without
some goal in mind and no important statement can be made in the social
sciences without involving an ethical view. An ethical framework is one
part of every social scientist′s paradigm (using the word in the sense
of Thomas Kuhn) and we always work within that paradigm using those
ethical values ‐even when social scientists claim to be purely
“objective” with no ethical values in their work. Argues
that Marx had an ethical view based not on any supernatural entity or
imperative, but on the needs and desires of all of humanity. Marxist
social science, like Institutionalist social science, is based on the
view that every social science project must involve both factual
research and an ethical framework.
From a Ricardian to a Marxian Ranking of Economic Goals and Means (A Case of the Soviet Union)
Authors: Raiklin Ernest
Published: May 2006

Addresses two major problems. Argues first that the Stalinist model
of socio‐economic development, with its actual emphasis on production
for the sake of production, has been Ricardian in its nature. As a
result, its dominant features have been the sellers′ market of
shortages. Maintains, second, that the essence of the current
transformation of the Stalinist system is its movement from the
Ricardian to the modified Marxian model of capitalism. Since the
latter′s proclaimed goal is production for the sake of profits, the
“reformed” Soviet socio‐economic structure will have to end
up as the buyers′ market of plenty.
Effects of Afghanistan War on Soviet Society and Policy
Authors: Kamrany Nake M. , Killian David T.
Published: May 2006

Analyses the emergence of dialogue and dissent in Soviet society
due to its decade‐long war in Afghanistan (1979‐89); the longest war in
Soviet history. Included in the analysis are defence military posture in
view of the military brutality, transfer of Soviet military practices to
the occupation forces inside Afghanistan, ethnic tensions, racism and
treatment of young conscripts. Perpetrations of atrocities against the
Afghan population in violation of conventions of war are documented and
tested against glasnost. Analyses exposure of the war in the
Soviet media and through public debate.
Is Socialism Possible? Elliott, Marx and Mankind's Future
Authors: Ochoa Eduardo M.
Published: May 2006

Focuses on Elliott′s writings on Marx through the prism of a
contemporary question of pressing urgency for those committed to human
progress: is socialism possible? Concentrates on a subset of Elliott′s
writings on Marx and sketches out his version of Marx′s views on the
ideal character of socialism. The humane, decentralized, and
emancipatory vision of socialism which emerges would seem to be the most
meaningful legacy to be drawn from Marx′s life and work. Contrasts this
vision with the historical experience of the Communist world, and
attempts to reach some conclusions to its central question.
Political Economy, Democracy and Eastern Europe
Authors: Clark Barry S.
Published: May 2006

Recent proposals for swift privatization of all social property in
Eastern Europe overlook the unique history and culture of that region.
The neoclassical model of development treats private property and free
markets as virtual guarantees of prosperity, stability, and political
democracy. However, the more comprehensive method of political economy
highlights the social, political, and cultural underpinnings of economic
activity. Centuries of authoritarian rule, culminating in four decades
under communism, have left Eastern Europe ill‐equipped for the rigours
of international competition. Until Eastern Europe develops stable
democratic institutions, mass privatization is likely to result in chaos
and the reimposition of political authority.
Towards a New Model of Exploitation: The Case of Racial Domination
Authors: Dymski Gary A.
Published: May 2006

Introduces a new approach to exploitation, and uses it to
reinterpret the economic significance of racism, generally, and the
underclass specifically. The extent of exploitation in labour processes
is the product of two factors: whether workers have an “exit
option” of ready alternative employment; and how completely labour
exchanges specify the labour that will actually be done. The state of
these two factors, in turn, depends on the social and historical setting
of production. Uses this conception to reinterpret the effect of racism
on economic outcomes – this suggests that the increasing number of
permanently unemployed people in inner‐city ghettos have an important
effect on the racially‐differentiated patterns of exploitation and on
the overall level of exploitation in contrast with the perspective that
the “underclass” is isolated from the rest of society.
The Economic Project of the Capitalist State
Authors: Barchfield John W.
Published: May 2006

In contrast to liberal, orthodox Marxist and structural
interpretations which attribute government policy in capitalist society
to exogenous forces, the state regularly possesses a significant area of
autonomy within which decisions are effectively determined by the
political‐administrative elite (PAE). The majority of the economic
projects emanating therefrom can be categorized as either aggrandizing
populist or economistic. Postulates the choice of orientation depends
upon PAE interests. Concludes that a purely aggrandizing project can be
expected only in an environment of decisive underdevelopment while a
populist one is almost inevitably a temporary response to conjunctural
factors; most common, both in the advanced capitalist countries and the
majority of Third World countries is a strong predisposition to an
economistic project.
Alfred Marshall on the Structural and Behavioural Properties of Social Institutions
Authors: Jensen Hans E.
Published: May 2006

Makes and attempts to substantiate, the following claims: It was Marshall′s objective to show how poverty could be ameliorated. He located the causes of poverty in the institutions of the state, education, monopoloid business enterprise, and the working‐class family. He viewed institutions as structuresandas organized social behaviour. He explained that the latter is conditioned by customs. Some of these are rooted in the legend‐enshrouded past and hence change‐resisting. Other customs are change‐promoting by virtue of being engendered in scientific, technological, and educational processes. Marshall recommended that the state be reformed through a strengthening of democratic processes and that this be followed by state‐engineered reform of monopoloid institutions and of educational institutions. These reforms would result in increased institutionalization of dynamic behaviour and accelerated deinstitutionalization of static behaviour. The outcome would be an increase in welfare. Because of his recommendations. Marshall considered himself a socialist.
Natural Morality and the Ideal Impartial Spectator in Adam Smith
Authors: Young Jeffrey T.
Published: May 2006

In the Theory of Modern Sentiments Smith distinguishes between the
actual impartial spectator and the ideal; the man within the breast
– a mechanism that allows Smith to extend the theory of moral
approbation to judge the actions and motives of the agent himself.
Argues that the significance of this is that Smith is then able to postulate
standards of morality which are in some sense absolute, valid for all
times and places. Shows that Smith deploys these absolute standards
in evaluating how custom and tradition pervert the moral sentiments
in some instances. This in turn allows him to legitimately speak of
progress in human societies. Smith′s bias in favour of commercial
society over the early and rude state is, therefore, rooted in his moral
philosophy.
History versus Equilibrium: Joan Robinson on Teaching Economics
Authors: Emami Zohreh
Published: May 2006

Argues that Joan Robinson′s interest in teaching and her students was
inherently connected to her views on the nature, scope and
methodology of economics. More specifically, like the classical
economists, she defined economics broadly as the study of the causes
of material wealth and growth rather than the more narrow science
of allocation of scarce resources. Like J.S. Mill, A. Marshall and J.M.
Keynes, she viewed economics as a moral science rather than excluding
ethics and politics from economic considerations. Most ⊃4importantly,
she believed in the central role of history and thus uncertainty in
economic analysis. This emphasis on history in turn implied that she
did not consider the tools of economic analysis to be universally
applicable across time and space. It is argued here that these beliefs
directly affected her views on teaching economics.
John Locke's Political Economy of Masculinity
Authors: Kann Mark E.
Published: May 2006

John Locke′s political economy lends itself to conservative, liberal and radical interpretations that frame the conceptual ambiguities that still shape our debates over government′s proper economic functions. Suggests that “masculinity” was a powerful undercurrent in Locke′s thought which linked these ambiguities and makes them explicable. In short, Locke′s political economy was a “gendered” one which juxtaposed Enlightenment hopes that “manly” men could balance freedom and equality, labour and prosperity, and political order, to ancient misogynist fears that “effeminate” men caused chaos when freed from political constraints. Ultimately, Locke′s scepticism resulted in a heavy investment in political prerogative which has been parlayed into twentieth century political hegemony.
Schmoller's Political Economy: Self‐interest versus the Higher Law
Authors: Conway O'Brien John
Published: May 2006

Schmoller reserves his admiration for those entrepreneurs who
succeeded in the acquisition of wealth but whose primary goal was
the promotion of the public interest. Such individuals as List, Steiner,
Geibel, Abbe and von Mevissen are of this sort. Schmoller is lavish
in his praise of them. Schmoller is critical of the natural economy of
Adam Smith where each individual is activated by his own self‐interest.
Schmoller sees in the higher law a guide to human behaviour.
Moneymakers are not necessarily men of great talent. For this reason
Schmoller prefers the man who is driven by the pursuit of idealistic
goals. Schmoller′s historical approach to the political economy, one
shared by some in the Western world, is to be contrasted with the
view that the best type of social order permits the individual to pursue
his self‐interest and that such a pursuit is in keeping with the social
interest.
Keynes on the Socialization of Investment
Authors: Davis John B.
Published: May 2006

Explores Keynes′s long‐term policy proposals as social reform. Using
early unpublished philosophical papers of Keynes, the argument is that
Keynes′s long‐term policy proposals focused on reconciling “being
good” and “doing good”. The socialization of investment was meant
to bring about this reconciliation.
The Political Economy of Left and Right During China's Decade of Reform
Authors: Lichtenstein Peter M.
Published: May 2006

During the decade of the 1980s, the design and implementation of
economic reforms had divided the Chinese leadership into two factions:
conservative proponents of moderation and “circumscribed” economic
reform, and liberal proponents of comprehensive and rapid economic
and social reform. Seeks to identify the economic‐theoretic core of
leftist and rightist positions. The leftist position described is centred
on the works of Chen Yun, Sun Yefang, and Zue Muqiao and explicitly
excludes the idealistic and revolutionary political theories of Maoism,
focuses instead on the more pragmatic goals of rational central
economic planning. The rightist position became identified with Zhao
Ziyang and his vision of mixed market socialism which, in the minds
of his opponents, came dangerously close to capitalism. As the Chinese
economy faltered toward the end of the decade, the conflict between
leftist hard‐line conservatives and rightist liberals heightened, leading
to the pro‐democracy movement of 1989 and its aftermath.
Implications of Post‐war Japanese Industrialization: Government Intervention and Market Competition
Authors: Ohmori Tatsuya
Published: May 2006

During the 1950s and 1960s the Japanese government promoted
industrial organization in the form of a “competitive oligopoly” and
fostered the institutionalizing of the strong competitive investment‐drive
among large‐scale enterprises which came to characterize her
economy. Reviews the economy of post‐war Japan as an economic
system, and the necessity for government intervention and market
competition to promote industrialization.
A Veblenian View of Minsky's Financial Crisis Theory
Authors: Kelso Patrick R. , Duman Barry L.
Published: May 2006

Compares and contrasts the views of Hyman P. Minsky and Thorstein
Veblen concerning the systematic development of financial crises in
capitalistic economies. Advances the argument that Minsky and Veblen
have both successfully met the challenge of providing a reasonable
explanation for the speculative mania and related excesses critical to
any theory of cyclical fluctuations. They agree that upturns tend to
euphoria and ultimately, over‐capitalization and subsequent economic
decline. Their rationales differ. Veblen stresses the effects of rising
prices on collateral values and argues that the cumulative effect is over
valued assets. Minsky seems to emphasize the ever‐growing fragility
of financial structures. In the view of the authors, this article places
Veblen′s contributions in a contemporary setting and ties Minsky more
closely to the institutionalists.
Mechanistic Physiology and Institutional Economics: Jacques Loeb and Thorstein Veblen
Authors: Rasmussen Charles T. , Tilman Rick
Published: May 2006

Discusses the correspondence and use of each other′s ideas of Loeb
and Veblen which are seen to be significant both in understanding the
evolution of their own thought and as commentary on the times.
Culture Evolution and the Process of Economic Evolution
Authors: Brinkman Richard L.
Published: May 2006

Essays a conceptural clarification and theory of the process of economic evolution. Using the Veblenian matrix, conceptualizes the economic process in the framework of culture and its evolution. Economic evolution, as a gestalt, comprises the processes ofbotheconomic growth (quantitative statics) and development (qualitative dynamics). The dynamics of culture evolution is founded on the advance of technology which constitutes the “core of culture”. The essence of the process of culture evolution is contained in the dichotomy of useful knowledge. The advance of useful knowledge appears in itsapplicationas technology and in itsstoreas culture. The process of economic evolution increases the capacity of culture and thereby enables humankind to take bigger and bigger bites of the infinity of knowledge. Culture evolution, fed by the dynamics of the economic process, offers the potential for an enhanced “consciousness of the cosmos” and as such a conception of human progress.
On Trusts and Technostructures: Veblen, Berle and Means, and Galbraith
Authors: Rutherford Malcolm
Published: May 2006

Discusses and analyses Veblen′s views on corporate ownership and
control and on the risk of a professional managerial class of engineers
and experts. Veblen′s views are compared with those of Berle and
Means and of J.K. Galbraith.
Equal Pay vs. Equal Job Opportunity for Women: The Debate in Great Britain from 1891 to 1923
Authors: Henderson James P.
Published: May 2006

Examines the debate (1891‐1923) concerning whether women should
receive equal pay for equal work and whether they should have equal
employment opportunities. Addresses the issues surrounding equal
employment opportunities for women, whether women′s work
performance was equal to that of men, the question of equal pay and,
finally, the debate over equal pay vs equal job opportunity.
Exploitation and International Development
Authors: Thanawala Kishor
Published: May 2006

Discusses the Dymski and Elliott scheme of meanings of exploitation
in the context of workers and owners of capital within a country as
extended (with some variations) to a discussion of exploitation in the
international setting. The international dependence model can be, and
has been interpreted as an extension of Marxist theory (where owners
of capital dominate the workers as well as the national economy) to
the global economy where developed countries and multinational
corporations operating therefrom dominate the economies of the
developing countries.
DEMYTHOLOGIZING MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Wilson Brian
Published: May 2006

Looks at the appointment and development of managers and the
techniques involved therein. Observes that even after training the shock
to a new manager on his/her appointment can be greater than expected.
Shows that people who are outstanding at their job do not necessarily
make outstanding or even capable managers.
IMPROVING AND REVIEWING MANAGER PERFORMANCE
Authors: Margerison Charles
Published: May 2006

Appraisal of performance, although thought of as a good idea, needs
to be done well, otherwise major problems can arise. Looks at a case in
an engineering company where the author was asked to do a management
review of 10 per cent of the 4,000 staff by questionnaire. Includes
examples of the problems which ensued and gives guidelines for bypassing
these obstacles to advantage.
PEOPLE INVESTMENTS AND RESULTS
Authors: King Stephen
Published: May 2006

Explores two different methods of implementing the Investors in
People standards at Prospect Foods and Birds Eye Walls. Compares
Prospect Foods′ Group Operational Plan (GOP), (developed for a smaller
organization), with Birds Eye Walls′ TQM Excell Programme (developed for
a much larger organization). Both encourage active involvement of all
employees. Concludes that Investors in People is integral to the change
towards continuous improvement.
STORY TELLING IN TRAINING
Authors: Spooner Adrian
Published: May 2006

Examines the importance of story telling in the field of training.
Presents qualities of a story which make it work. Suggests that as long
as the story is about something with which the audience can identify,
then it can be used effectively to enliven the proceedings, and, more
importantly, to emphasize a point.
MANAGING RESISTANCE TO CHANGE
Authors: O′Connor Carol
Published: May 2006

Reports on resistance to change among staff within an organization
and the subsequent problems for managers. Examines causes of resistance
and categories of behaviour related to it. Suggests that better
understanding of both of these issues leads to more effective
management.
BUSINESS BENEFITS OF MANAGEMENT DEVELOPMENT
Authors: King Stephen
Published: May 2006

Reports on organizations who still find time and money, despite the
recession, to invest in management training, especially that connected
with the Management Charter Initiative. Outlines the particular interest
paid to NVQs/SVQs and the MCI Crediting Competence system Gives
particular emphasis to British Gas′s successful application of MCI
standards, the Investors in People initiative and BS 5750.
DEVELOPING TOP LEVEL MANAGERS
Authors: Margerison Charles
Published: May 2006

Management by Walking Around, Management Development, Teamwork,
Training Examines possible methods which trainers might employ in order
to help improve management performance and development. Suggests that
management are their own worst enemies owing to the fact that they quite
often lose contact with the actual workforce. Recommends various methods
of avoiding this including “management by walking around”
(MBWA), effective team development, and mixed level teams. Proposes
several guidelines for encouraging teamwork suggesting that this is the
way forward.
THE CONSULTANCY AGENDA FOR TRAINERS
Authors: Gills Colin
Published: May 2006

Argues that trainers are, more than ever, being asked to reconcile
corporate agendas with human values. This may mean working in an equal
business partnership with line managers and fulfilling what amounts to a
consultancy role within their operations. Managing the transition from
trainer to consultant can be helped by attending external training
programmes. Trainers who are adaptable in the climate of change will,
therefore, become the survivors.
WORK‐BASED LEARNING HAS ARRIVED
Authors: Portwood Derek
Published: May 2006

Work‐based learning, as with most major developments, needs the
correct social and economic conditions, which now prevail. Looks at this
in some depth and particularly Middlesex University′s role, because its
academic approach rests on the principle of recognizing all learning and
its procedures.
USER EDUCATION IN ACADEMIC LIBRARIES
Authors: Downard Karen
Published: May 2006

Gives an overview of the current diverse user education scene in
academic libraries. Discusses why libraries carry out user education and
the arguments for and against. Describes the different forms of user
education covering library orientation, bibliographic instruction,
information skills teaching, on‐line instruction and course‐related
instruction, and instructional methods and their appropriateness to
different situations. Offers guidance on how to go about setting up a
programme of user education from the planning stage to the evaluation of
the programme.
Organizational Effectiveness and the ″Expert″
Authors: Taylor David
Published: May 2006

Examines the major current approaches to organizational analysis,
namely accounting, marketing, behavioural, management services,
consultative, systems and total quality. Describes an outline sketch of
each showing the basic philosophy adopted and the techniques utilized.
Discusses the limitations of the adoption by management of any one
approach and the selection of the “expert”, as this tends to
lead to the definition of the “problem”, and hence to a
solution related directly to the adopted approach/”expert”.
This will give rise to an over‐simplification of the true organizational
complexity and may lead to a loss of overall organizational
effectiveness. Suggests a number of guidelines for management, to assist
in the handling of a process of organizational effectiveness improvement
through organizational analysis and the use of “experts”.
Simulating MRP – A New Perspective for Training
Authors: Krueger R. , Galletly John , Bicheno J.
Published: May 2006

Traditional computer‐based material requirements planning (MRP)
systems are usually implemented on large, mini‐computer systems. The MRP
module is frequently one, albeit a central one, of a complex of modules
together referred to as MRP II or Manufacturing Resources Planning.
These systems, although ideal for real‐life, day‐to‐day use, can present
a problem when used for training purposes. The sheer number of
facilities available and consequent complexity of use often means that a
lengthy training period is required. Describes a PC‐based MRP simulation
package which encompasses the main features of existing MRP packages
available in industry. As such, the package is ideal for training
purposes. It allows typical MRP activities to be performed and basic
knowledge of the most important MRP features to be gained. Great
emphasis has been placed on a user‐friendly interface. Describes the
PC‐based training system, the first of a series which will eventually
cover several MRP II modules.
The Service Factory: Implications for Manufacturing
Managers
Authors: Lin Binshan , Vassar John A.
Published: May 2006

Investigates the three significant implications of the service
factory for manufacturing managers: (1) the service factory is strategic
in nature, (2) the dimensions and attributes of the service factory
should be addressed, and (3) managerial aspects must be included.
Basic Computer Literacy Needed by All Managers
Authors: Cooper Charles H. , Kleiner Brian H.
Published: May 2006

Computer literacy is a nebulous term which defies a clear and
concise definition. The inability to define this term properly makes it
difficult for managers to gain a clear understanding of their roles as
they apply to computer literacy. Presents concepts which will enable
managers to understand computer literacy better. The main emphasis is
based on a model known as ASK (Awareness, Skill, Knowledge). These
factors help to provide an effective method of defining a manager′s role
as it pertains to the various elements of computer literacy. Addresses
the role of training as it pertains to managers and organizations.
Document Image Processing
Authors: Perkins Simon
Published: May 2006

There is a reluctance among many companies especially in the UK, to
invest in Document Image Processing (DIP) systems in spite of the
resultant cost benefits which have been well documented. Surveys have
shown that the use of DIP has transformed business performance in many
areas and there is no end in sight for the potential applications in
this new technology.
Who is Running British Manufacturing?
Authors: Wood William J.
Published: May 2006

Reviews the “qualifications” of the main board
directors in 55 of the UK′s largest manufacturing companies. Examines
the performance of these companies to determine whether there is any
possible association between the educational/professional profiles of
their “top team” members and company profitability.
Describes a similar study to link chief executive officers′
“qualifications” with company profitability.
US Regulation of Foreign Banks and the Financial Services
Sector
Authors: Hultman Charles W.
Published: May 2006

The ability of foreign banks to market their services by
establishing a physical presence in US markets to a great extent depends
upon US legislative enactments, regulatory actions, and judicial
interpretations, all of which have been subject to significant change
since the late 1980s. Examines recent changes in the US regulatory
structure that will have an impact on the operations and marketing
strategy of agencies, branches and subsidiaries of foreign banks in US
markets. The major focus is on PL 102‐242 which was signed into law in
December 1991, regulatory changes designed to implement G‐10 risk‐based
capital adequacy guidelines, and other regulatory efforts to impose
prudential bank management policies on the US financial services sector.
In general, the thrust of the legislative‐regulatory changes will be to
increase the sensitivity of banks to the risk associated with their
activities. This, in turn, will require a modified marketing strategy to
accommodate changes in profit opportunities and in bank customers.
Creating New Organizational Paradigms for Change
Authors: Mink Oscar G.
Published: May 2006

Organizational change seldom occurs as swiftly or as dramatically as one might imagine, the contrasts between old and new organizational paradigms are often just as striking as our most outrageous dreams. Describes two different and contrasting contexts or ways of viewing or thinking about people and life. Recommends breaking out of old models of organizing people to work and creating new paradigms by discovering flexible new ways of “seeing” the world ‐ in the sense of perceiving, understanding, interpreting and organizing with people to achieve a common purpose.
Quality Control in the Education Service ‐ A Singapore Experience
Authors: Yeow Chin Yong , Teck Chye Tang
Published: May 2006

Excellence in education through the provision of a high standard of education services is the philosophy of educational institutions in Singapore. Quality control in the education service forms an important evaluation process in tertiary institutions. The exercise of quality control in education service has even been extended to the incorporation of quality control concepts in the curriculum. Students in the institutions of higher learning are encouraged to form quality control circles to acquire the various techniques to practise problem solving and monitoring of quality of work. Highlights some quality control measures practised in the Ngee Ann Polytechnic of Singapore in ensuring that the highest standards are met in the provision of educational services which train high‐quality graduates for the supervisory and middle‐management workforce.
The Impact of Quality Management on Productivity
Authors: Fisher Thomas J.
Published: May 2006

Management approaches based on improvements in all aspects of quality are being vigorously promoted by private consultants and government agencies as the route to improved organizational performance. Raises the question of whether these approaches work and attempts to answer it by describing a study of several companies undertaking quality processes which are generally based on total quality management concepts. Concludes that these approaches have had a significant impact on operations and relationships inside the organizations, which have probably contributed to their long‐term viability. Qualifies this conclusion by adding that, as measured by traditional overall company performance indicators, the direct impact of these quality‐oriented processes is greatly overshadowed by the effects of the other internal and external factors which influence business performance.
Health Care and the Demand for Quality
Authors: Sloan David S.G.
Published: May 2006

Developed countries are demanding more quality assurance activities from their health care sectors. Briefly reviews the history of quality assurance in the health care sector and the reasons for the renewed demand for quality assurance. Discusses recent developments in New Zealand and the United Kingdom. Forecasts that the demand for accountability and high standards will increase. Discusses the problems of resources and information needs, and the deficit of practical outcome measures.
Realizing Statistical Competence among Technical Personnel
Authors: Goh T.N.
Published: May 2006

Industry spends considerable financial and manpower resources in training operations staff in statistical techniques for quality improvement, but training alone does not necessarily lead to immediate competence. Discusses the various factors which could lead to the success or failure of efforts to improve statistical competence in industrial organizations. Points out that four Es ‐ expectations, education, environment and experience ‐ constitute the essential factors influencing the development of the human expertise required to realize the potential benefits of quality management and technology.
Impediments to the Adoption of Modern Quality Management Practices
Authors: Eisen Hans , Mulraney Bernard J. , Sohal Amrik S.
Published: May 2006

Reports on a survey relating to the ongoing search for understanding of impediments to the more comprehensive and more rapid adoption, by Australian manufacturing industry, of modern quality management practices. Of the 338 valid responses to the survey analysed, it appears that possibly only 10 per cent or less of the companies surveyed are “true” modern quality management practitioners. When extrapolated to manufacturing industry as a whole it is likely that the proportion of companies so qualified is much less than 10 per cent. Concludes that: Australian experience supports international evidence that those companies which implement modern quality management practices, in a comprehensive manner, achieve higher financial performance; the extent to which manufacturing companies in Australia have comprehensively implemented modern quality management practices is extremely limited (an estimated 2.5 per cent of 44.300 manufacturing companies would qualify in this respect); while no major impediments to the more extensive adoption of quality management practices have been identified through this survey, there are nevertheless likely to be some important barriers to progress. These probably include: the limited perceptions Australian manufacturing companies have of the processes required to achieve world best practices: the belief that they have effective quality management practices in place; the mistaken view that accreditation under Australian Standards for Quality Systems guarantees continuous improvement.
Improving the Quality of Working Life through Communication
Authors: King Nancy
Published: May 2006

Identifies the need for a disciplined approach to communication as a means of involving people and improving the quality of working life. In a period of rapid change much of the misunderstanding, low morale, tension and malaise in the workplace is the result of poor leadership and, for all who are concerned with quality, the first task is to focus on communication.
Double Sampling Plans for Inspection by Variables when the Process Standard Deviation is Unknown
Authors: Baillie David H.
Published: May 2006

Selects one of Hamaker′s procedures for deriving a “σ” method (i.e. known process standard deviation) double sampling plan and exploits some of its properties to develop a system of “s” method (i.e. unknown process standard deviation) double sampling plans by variables that match the system of single specification limit “s” method single sampling plans of the current edition of the international standard on sampling by variables. ISO 3951: 1989. The new system is presented in two forms, the second of which may also be used for combined double specification limits and multivariate acceptance sampling.
The Changing Roles of the Internal Auditor
Authors: Gupta Parveen P. , Ray Manash R.
Published: May 2006

Marks the 50th anniversary in 1991 of the Institute of Internal
Auditors (IIA). Established in 1941 by a group of forward‐looking
internal auditors, the IIA has given great impetus to the professional
upgrading of internal auditors. Provides an overview of the evolving
role of the internal auditor: tracing the ancient roots of the internal
audit function; examining in detail the role played by the IIA in
advancing the interests of the profession, and providing an outlook for
the future. Concludes by observing that the role of the internal auditor
will continue to expand at a rapid pace in the coming decades and
beyond.
Auditing the Personnel Function
Authors: Burn Derek A.
Published: May 2006

Establishes the need for audit of the personnel function in the
absence of a statutory regulation; the Institute of Personnel Management
supports this. Prepares a three phase audit of personnel: activities and
costs; policies and procedures; and service satisfaction. This should
achieve clarity of shortcomings with respect to: employment law, good
practice, quality of service, and costs of providing the service. It
should also lead to improved recruitment, performance assessment and
training, a better quality workforce and greater profitability.
Auditing the Strategic Plan
Authors: Mellalieu Peter J.
Published: May 2006

If strategic planning is to have a valuable impact on an
organization′s performance, dispassionate analysis of the plan is
obligatory. In a limited context, auditing the strategic plan involves
examining the extent to which the plan is being implemented as
originally conceived. In a broader context, strategic auditing should
also help to identify improvements to the strategic management process
itself so the internal auditor might audit: the process used, the plan
immediately after it is produced and its implementation three to six
months later, and the control and regulatory systems in place to ensure
the process is effective.
Making Auditing Decisions: The Bayesian Decision‐tree
Approach
Authors: Chan Sow‐Lin , Koh Hian‐Chye , Low Chan‐Kee
Published: May 2006

Illustrates the use of the Bayesian decision‐tree approach in
making auditing decisions. First reviews the audit process and shows
that the outcomes of auditing decisions depend not only on the courses
of action but also on some uncontrollable chance events. Explains the
Bayesian decision‐tree approach and the concepts of prior and posterior
probabilities and expected values. Also illustrates the framework within
which the approach is applicable. Shows how the Bayesian decision‐tree
approach can be applied in auditing situations (e.g. substantive testing
and the review of other auditor′s work). Finally, suggests some
probability results that can be used in other auditing contexts. Offers
additional insights into the use of Bayesian methods in auditing and
presents auditors with a tool which they can use in making auditing
decisions.
Postmodernist Business Ethics and the Managerial Auditor
Authors: Malachowski Alan
Published: May 2006

Discusses the emergence of postmodernism as a philosophical stance
and relates it to a pragmatic business ethic which assumes that the time
is right for some social experimentation wherein practical ethical
targets are given priority over theory and politics. Suggests that
present market conditions make this realistic – the push by green
consumers is an example. The managerial auditor may now need to take
this business ethic into account.
Energy, Politics and the Environment
Authors: Ezra
Published: May 2006

Assesses the global trends in energy production and consumption.
Instability in the Middle East and the disintregration of the Soviet
Union; the United States′ increasing dependence on imported oil; and the
suppressed demand for energy in the Third World as the developing
countries become more energy‐intensive, all point to an increase in
energy prices in the long term. The environmental impact of energy
– global warming – is not just a national problem but a
world problem, which will be intensified as the Third World countries,
particularly China and India, continue developing. Developed nations
must, therefore, set an example by limiting carbon dioxide emissions.
The consumption of energy in buildings, transport and power stations
must be controlled. Finally, reviews the present Government′s
privatization of the gas and electricity industries, which has solved
one problem – government interference – but created several
others.
FCPA: The American Antibribery Legislation
Authors: Cascini Karen , Vanasco Rocco R.
Published: May 2006

The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) has been controversial
since its inception in December 1977. Despite the various attempts to
repeal or modify the Act, this piece of legislation remained as
originally enacted until the 1988 Trade and Competitive Act revision.
Although the debates on parts of the original Act seem to have reached
an impasse, nonetheless the US Government finds itself in a catch‐22
situation – pioneering international ethical business standards
and seemingly losing the competitive edge in foreign trade.
A Case for Updating Management Accountants’ Ethical
Standards
Authors: Shaub Michael K. , Brown James F.
Published: May 2006

Explains the implications for management accountants′ ethical
responsibilities following the restructuring of the American Institute
of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA) Code. In order to enable
management accountants to integrate their work more effectively with
internal and external auditors, changes are recommended in the National
Association of Accountants (NAA) Code of Standards.
Tomorrow’s Company
Authors: Goyder Mark
Published: May 2006

Examines the 1992 RSA inquiry into the role of business in a
changing world. States that it was an holistic and subjective report,
concerned with individual companies and the business community as a
whole. Suggests six questions which might have been used.
EUROPEAN SOUP AND INADEQUATE THINKING
Authors: de Bono Edward
Published: May 2006

Proposes that greater attention should be paid to
“design” thinking on grounds that traditional European
thought (that progress will come about through natural evolutionary
pressures controlled by the critical intellect) will be far too slow a
process to shape responses to the problems facing us. We must think
constructively, be ready to change our systems and to move
simultaneously towards both bigger and smaller units – not
either/or.
PREPARING FOR THE SINGLE MARKET: THE ROLE OF TRADE
ASSOCIATIONS AND PROFESSIONAL BODIES
Authors: Pollitt David , Mellors Colin
Published: May 2006

Makes the point that many UK small and medium‐sized business are
probably misguided in supposing the single European market will not
affect them significantly. The DTI provides information but trade
associations and professional bodies have a key part to play. Reports on
a survey of such bodies and their “readiness” for guiding
their members into 1992 by: publishing bulletins, providing advice,
setting up a document “bank” and training.
IF MONETARY UNION REQUIRES POLITICAL UNION, EUROPE SHOULD
FORGET BOTH
Authors: Dell Edmund
Published: May 2006

Discusses the difficulties that lie in the way of moves towards
monetary union in the European Community: convergence criteria,
attitudes towards various forms of possible political union, German
unification, the location and independence of an independent European
Central Bank, “cohesion” provisions in the Maastricht
Treaty, and the Delors Budget.
WORKING TOGETHER IN EUROPE: THE CASE OF THE EUROPEAN
MANAGEMENT TEACHER PROGRAMME
Authors: Ryder Judith , Easterby‐Smith Mark
Published: May 2006

Describes the experience of participants and staff on the European
Management Teacher Programme, launched in January 1991 as a joint
venture between the Management School at Lancaster University and Groupe
ESC Lyon in response to the continuing shortage of trained faculty in
European business schools. Highlights some of the difficulties in
operating across different national training set‐ups and underlines the
value of periods of immersion and of extended professional networks for
enhanced inter‐cultural understanding.