bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cryphonectria parasitica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cryphonectria parasitica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Particularly
Castanea dentata
(American chestnut); other
Castanea
spp.,
Acer
spp.
Quercus
spp.,
Carya ovata
(shagbark hickory) and
Rhus typhina
(staghorn sumach), (30, 550; 33, 569; 34, 759; 42, 709; 43, 2426; 48, 946; 54, 1012; 56, 410; 57, 1569). DISEASE: Chestnut Blight. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (China, India (Uttar Pradesh), Japan, Korea, Turkey, USSR (Caucasus); Europe (Belgium, France, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, USSR (Ukraine), Yugoslavia); N. America (Canada (British Colombia, Ontario), USA (E. including Florida, California, Oregon and Washington) (CMI Map 66, ed. 4, 1973) TRANSMISSION: The slimy conidia are spread in water and carried long distances by birds and insects. The ascospores are air dispersed; acospore discharge has been described (59, 471).
Venturia cerasi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Venturia cerasi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cherry (
Prunus cerasus
). DISEASE: Cherry scab. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread, in Europe, also: Brazil (Rio Grande do Sul), Canada (British Columbia), Iran and New Zealand (CMI Map 196, ed. 3, 1980). TRANSMISSION: No studies reported.
Guignaridia bidwellii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Guignaridia bidwellii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On leaves, fruits and stems of
Ampelopsis, Cissus
, grapevine (
Vitis vinifera), Vitis
spp.,
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
(Virginia creeper),
P. tricuspidata
(Boston ivy). DISEASE: Black rot of grapevine. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with main host (CMI Map 81, ed. 3, 1976); absent from Australasia, Scandanavia, UK, W. USA. TRANSMISSION: Conidia are water-borne (58, 1876) and ascospores air-borne after rain (57, 4574).
Taphrina deformans
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Taphrina deformans
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Almond, apricot, nectarine, peach. DISEASE: Peach leaf curl; specific varieties may be responsible for attacks on apricot, almond or peach. Mix (1949: 125-127) would not accept this but Schneider (52, 189) demonstrated that the varieties attacking almond and peach were distinct and named them
T. deformans
var.
amygdali
and
T. deformans
var.
persicae
, respectively. Mycelium is assumed to be annual as opposed to perennial in species which form witches' brooms (Kramer, 1973: 36) but it has been shown that the blastospores can survive extreme conditions (56, 293). This together with the effective control given by winter spraying (see below), suggests the fungus over-winters on the bud scales or bark of the host. One curious and so far unexplained aspect of the disease is that heavy infection causes premature defoliation of the host. The leaves which have at this stage turned brown continue to produce asci and conidia (blastospores) but no infection, or at least very little, occurs on the second leaf crop. The brown prematurely fallen leaves carry with them a considerable food supply for the fungus and are up to 7 times heavier than healthy leaves and contain 2.5-9.5 times more water. However, there is no evidence that the fungus overwinters on these leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Leaf curl appears to grow wherever susceptible hosts are grown or occur (CMI Map 192, ed. 3, 1969).
Taphrina pruni
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Taphrina pruni
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: plum. DISEASE: Bladder or pocket plums. Developing fruit, if infected, becomes elongated and one side is hollow with pocket-like invaginations of the fruit. Later they become shrivelled prune-like and covered with an off-white bloom of developing asci. Finally they dry out and drop off. In this species the perennial mycelium growing in the twigs is a more important source of inoculum in spring than in, for example,
T. deformans
(CMI Descriptions No. 711). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (widespread), Japan, North America, Asia.
Nectria flammea
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Nectria flammea
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: The fungus occurs on a variety of scale insects,
Aspidiotus nerii, Hemiberlesia rapax
(53, 1-694),
Pseudaulacaspis pentagona
(55, 2093) etc. on a wide range of hosts,
Acacia, Brachyglottis, Camellia, Citrus, Coffea, Morus, Ribes, Salix, Thea, Weinmannia
, etc. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australia, Belize, Fiji, India, Japan, New Zealand, Papua and New Guinea, Tanzania, Tonga, Uganda, South Africa, Sarawak, Zambia. TRANSMISSION: Airborne by ascospores or by moisture droplets as conidia.
Ustilago bullata
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ustilago bullata
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Agropyron, Bromus, Brachypodium, Elymus, Festuca, Hordeum, Sitanion
. DISEASE: Causes head smut of grasses particularly species of
Bromus and Agropyron
. Sori develop at the base of spikelets and usually involve the ovary but glumes are usually unaffected, phyllody of floral parts also occurs. Latent infection with very reduced sori production can also occur. Infected seedlings show stunting and poor survival, older plants show slow growth rate and leaf distortion has been observed (56, 265). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe, North and South America, W. Asia (USSR, Poland, Iraq), India, Kenya, Australia, New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: Teliospores are released from the inflorescence sori to contaminate soil and seed. Teliospores have remained viable (in artificial storage) for 12 years. Germination results in the production of a metabasidium and sporidia, plasmogamy then produces a dikaryotic infection hypha. Seedlings and older shoots become infected, the former producing completely infected plants, but the latter producing separately diseased tillers (see Falloon, 1979).
Tilletia foetida
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M. , Waller J. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tilletia foetida
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: On
Triticum, Secale, Triticale, Hordeum, Agropyron, Elymus, Sitanion, Lolium
. DISEASE: Causes common bunt (stinking or covered smut) of wheat.
Tilletia caries
(CMI Descriptions 719) causes a virtually identical disease known by the same name. The seed contents inside the pericarp are converted to a mass of teliospores and the seed converted into a 'bunt ball' which ruptures on harvesting, releasing the black spores and the volatile compound trimethylamine which has a foul, fishy odour. Diseased plants are somewhat stunted and the heads of infected plants remain greener than those containing healthy grain and are more slender; the glumes of diseased spikelets are also spread apart. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in most countries where wheat is grown but less widespread than
T. caries
and not apparently in UK (CMI Map 295, ed. 2, 1968). TRANSMISSION: Spores are released when the grain is harvested and are dispersed by air to contaminate healthy grain and soil. Spores germinate in moist soil to produce a basidium and acicular basidiospores (primary sporidia). These fuse to produce a dikaryotic mycelium which may directly infect host seedling coleoptiles or produce further secondary sporidia.
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A. , Holliday P.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cochliobolus hawaiiensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Plurivorous. DISEASE: Seed contamination. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread. TRANSMISSION: The air dispersed conidia showed apeak concentration at 10.00 hours over a lawn in India (60, 3819).
Monographella albescens
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Monographella albescens
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Oryza sativa
. DISEASE: Leaf-scald of rice. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ghana, Nigeria, Ivory Coast, Sierra Leone); Asia (Bangladesh, Brunei, India, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam); America and West Indies (Costa Rica, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, Salvador, USA); Australia (CMI Map. 492, ed. 1, 1973). TRANSMISSION: Conidia and ascospores presumably dispersed by wind and rain.
Diaporthe manihotis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Diaporthe manihotis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Manihot esculenta
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of cassava (46, 64) or sometimes referred to as
Phomopsis
blight of tapioca (54, 2588). In the early stages of infection the visible symptoms are pale green, watersoaked, small round spots on young leaves and petioles which rapidly enlarge and turn brown. Severe attack leads to defoliation and infection spreading to the stem. Affected areas become shrivelled with numerous pycnidia embedded in the tissue. On severely infected stems the bark starts to peel off gradually leading to partial or total girdling. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Ethiopia, Nigeria); Asia (India); Central America and West Indies (S.E. Dominica); South America (Colombia). TRANSMISSION: Probably by watersplash-dispersed conidia.
Phoma epicoccina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phoma epicoccina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS AND SUBSTRATA:
Avena
seeds,
Beta vulgaris, Dacrylis glomerata, Malus
sp.,
Phaseolus
sp.,
Triticum
sp.,
Zea mays
, air and straw decaying in soil. DISEASE: Information on pathogenicity is still unclear, but according to Herb. IMI records
P. epicoccina
has been isolated from necrotic leaf lesions in the Irish Republic and also in UK. It is a common contaminant of grass seeds (Tulloch & Leach, 1972) and beet seed. As the
Epicoccum
state of P.
epicoccina
is indistinguishable from
Epicoccum nigrum
Link (=
E. purpurescens
Ehrenb. ; CMI Descriptions 680) it is possible that the former could be confused with the latter. From the available data,
P. epicoccina
could be regarded as a saprophyte or a weak pathogen. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India); Australasia (New Zealand); Europe (France, Irish Republic, Netherlands, Sweden, UK); North America (Canada, USA, Oregon). TRANSMISSION: The
Epicoccum
state has been isolated from air and also commonly associated with orchard grass seed (Tulloch & Leach, 1972). Conidia are presumably dispersed by air and also seed-borne.
Phomopsis ipomoeae-batatas
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis ipomoeae-batatas
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Ipomoea batatas
(sweet potato). DISEASE: Leaf blight or leaf spot of sweet potato (3, 679; 10, 268). On mature leaves the early visible symptoms are distinct, minute, lesions with a purplish brown margin. As infection progresses the spots enlarge forming nearly circular to angular, dry, greyish-brown spots, 5-10 mm wide with a paler centre and a purplish-brown border. Usually the necrotic lesions are more prominent on the upper surface of the leaf and as the lesions become older pycnidia become evident embedded within the infected tissue. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Edliopia, Ghana, Guinea, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe); Asia (Hong Kong, Japan); Australasia & Oceania (Hawaii, Papua New Guinea); Europe; North America (USA, Alabama, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Maryland, New Jersey, Texas, and less commonly in the Northern sweet potato growing areas); Central America and Caribbean (Bermuda, Cuba, Jamaica, St. Vincent); South America (Argentina, Brazil, Venezuela). TRANSMISSION: The fungus overwinters on dead leaves in the field and it is probable that conidia are disseminated by water splash or contact (Steinbauer & Kushman, 1971).
Acremonium recifei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Acremonium recifei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Man,
Aydendron tenellum, Elaeis guineensis, Eugenia aromatica
wood,
Bertholletia excelsa
(rotten nuts),
Furcroya gigantea, Allium sativum
(garlic bulbs),
Cocos nucifera
(coconuts) and
Eriophyes guerreronis
[Aceria guerreronis]
(coconut mites on coconuts),
Triticum
rhizosphere. DISEASE: The type culture was described from a mycetoma of the foot with yellowish-white grains in a Brazilian farmer and has since been reported on several occasions (RMVM 1, 343; 2, 94, 2156; 6, 702; 15, 198). Many of the patients were recorded as developing the mycetoma following injury during agricultural work. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Brazil, Ecuador, Venezuela, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, India, W. Australia, France, Germany.
Exophiala jeanselmei
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Exophiala jeanselmei
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS AND SUBSTRATA: Man, pig. Dead wood of
Pinus banksia, Quercus
sp.,
Picea abies, Acerpseudoplatanus
, also from the soil and rhizosphere of potato and wheat (Domsch
et al.
, 1980). DISEASE: An agent of mycetoma of man with irregular black grains, generally affecting the foot or leg, occasionally the hand or arm, more often in men than in women (RMVM 6, 419; 7, 3896; 8, 783; 9, 1218; 15, 1986).
Exophiala jeanselmei
was reported as associated with a case of porcine abortion in USA (17, 1112). Experimental mycetoma was produced in the mouse (11, 1939). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: World-wide. Most medical reports are from warmer regions, whilst most records of non-pathogenic strains are from Europe and N. America.
Exophiala pisciphila
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Exophiala pisciphila
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS AND SUBSTRATA: Fish: channel catfish (
Ictalaruspunctatus
), cod (
Gadus morhua
),
Stentotomus versicolor
, seahorse (
Hippocampus hudsonius
), trigger fish (
Xanthichthys ringers
),
Amphiprion sebae
. Dog (tongue ulcer), horse (sebaceous tongue ulcer), eggs from cysts of
Heterodera schachtii, Eucalyptus
sp.,
Pisum sativam, Triticum
rhizosphere. DISEASE: Usually apparent externally as skin lesions; in the channel catfish these consist of round irregular ulcers 1-15 mm diam. and 5 mm deep on the body; in the trigger fish on the right mandible and on the seahorse on the right side of the head. In the catfish numerous soft nodules up to 25 mm diam. present in all visceral organs with massive granulomatous adhesions. In the fish with no external ulcers, nodules present in the kidney, liver, intestinal wall and adipose tissue. In
S. versicolor
and
G. morhua
similar gross lesions present on the kidney, liver, myocardium, swimbladder and spleen (Fijan, 1969; Blazer & Wolke, 1979). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Netherlands, UK, Canada, USA, Australia.
Physoderma pulposum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Physoderma pulposum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Chenopodiaceae (Atriplex
spp.,
Blitum
spp.,
Beta
spp.,
Chenopodium
spp.);
Compositae (Ambrosia
spp.);
Umbelliferae (Aegopodium
spp.). DISEASE: Parasitic in the leaves, petioles and stems causing fairly large and conspicuous galls (30, 125). The shoots of the host may become thickened and distorted and appear yellow to pink and finally brown. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Israel); Europe (Austria, Denmark, Germany, Hungary, Sardinia, Yugoslavia); North America (USA); South America (Argentina). TRANSMISSION: By dissemination of resting sporangia. Local dispersal by spores swimming in water films may also occur.
Synchytrium phaseoli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Synchytrium phaseoli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Leguminosae
(
Phaseolus acutifolius, P. calcaratus, P. lunatus, P. radiatus, P. vestitus, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Macroptilium
spp.,
Rhynchosia minima
). DISEASE: Orange aecidium-like pustules of sporangia develop on the leaves, stems and petioles, which may become distorted and deformed. Infected
M. atropurpureum
seedlings may also wilt and defoliate, often resulting in seedling death (60, 968). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: South America (Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil), Africa (Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia), Australasia & Oceania (Papua New Guinea). TRANSMISSION: No reports, but presumably by wind or splash dispersal of sporangia.
Synchytrium psophocarpi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Walker J. C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Synchytrium psophocarpi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Leguminosae
(winged bean,
Psophocarpus tetragonobolus, P. palustris
). DISEASE: False rust or orange gall of winged bean, stimulating severe galling and malformation on the leaves, stems, flower buds and pods. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia & Oceania (Papua New Guinea), Asia (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippine Islands), Africa (Ghana, Uganda). TRANSMISSION: By wind dispersal of sporangia with local dispersal by zoospores swimming in water films.
Peronospora cytisi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M. , Berrie A. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora cytisi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Laburnum alpinum, L. anagyroides; Robinia pseudacacia (fide
Lindtner, 1957, but not confirmed by cross inoculation). DISEASE: Downy mildew of laburnum. The disease is most severe on young seedlings about 6-8 inches high. Symptoms are first seen on the upper surface of the leaves as pale yellow spots, these areas rapidly become brown, dead and brittle. The down, which is greyish brown, develops in a dense felt on the undersurface of these spots. The infected leaves may become completely withered and drop off and the seedlings then soon die. Infection of older plants has been reported by Magnus (1892) who described a single shrub (no indication of size given) with many leaves fallen and the remainder with numerous spots. Berlese (1903) records that in older plants the parasite develops especially in the upper leaves but the plants are not killed. The following year they can look perfectly healthy unless attacked again by the disease. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Britain, Denmark, France, Germany, Poland, Spain, Sweden (
fide
Gaumann (1923) but no specimen seen by Gustavsson (1959)), Yugoslavia. TRANSMISSION: No reports. Contaminated seed was not thought to be the source of the attack reported by Kirchner (1892) on seedlings raised from seed from the local botanic garden where the disease was not present nor did it subsequently appear. Oospores form in considerable numbers in the withered leaves and must form a potential source of infection on fallen debris in the soil. However the sporadic outbreaks of the disease suggests that the fungus may perhaps exist on other hosts such as
Robinia pseudacacia
or be present in small and undetected quantities on older laburnum plants in most seasons and only cause severe infection, and thus attract attention, when weather conditions favour its rapid development.
Peronospora dianthi
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Peronospora dianthi
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Dianthus chinensis, D. chinensis
hort. var. Heddewigi. DISEASE: Downy mildew of annual
Dianthus
. The pathogen appears to be systemic and infected leaves and shoots turn pale green then yellow and finally wither. Severely infected plants remain stunted although often with a profusion of shoots developing from the lower axillary buds giving a characteristic bushy appearance. Sporulation is abundant in the lower, and occasionally on the upper, surfaces of infected leaves. The conidiophore down is white, turning slightly darker when mature conidia are present. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Morocco); Europe (Britain, Italy). TRANSMISSION: There are no reports but the abundance of oospores formed in the tissues of diseased plants suggests they may play a part in disseminating the disease.
Pseudoperonospora humuli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Francis S. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudoperonospora humuli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Humulus lupulus
. DISEASE: Downy mildew of hops. The first sign of infection, seen early in the year, is the development of spindly, stunted, shoots with pale, crowded and down-curled, leaves. These are known as 'primary basal spikes' and are shoots with a systemic infection developed from mycelium which has overwintered in the rootstock. The undersurfaces of the leaves of these shoots bear large crops of sporangia which in moist and humid conditions can soon spread the disease in the growing crop. Secondary infections may occur on leaves, growing tips, flowers and cones. On the leaves they are seen either as small discrete spots or larger, more angular, brown areas. The diseased shoots arising from secondary infections and depending upon the position of the infected bud are known as 'terminal' or 'lateral' spikes. They resemble basal spikes in appearance. Infection of the flowers can inhibit cone production. If cones do develop, and become infected, the brown spots and lesions of the fungus can make them unsaleable. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: CMI Map No. 14, ed. 4, 1976, with the addition of Belorussia, Estonia, India, Kinghizia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldavia, Ukraine and Uzebekistan. TRANSMISSION: Ware (1926) demonstrated the presence of mycelium in diseased rootstocks but its significance in the overwintering of the pathogen was not fully recognized until Coley Smith (1962) showed that the primary basal spikes which develop in spring originate from infected buds on the rootstocks. Oospores, which are often produced in abundance, were at one time thought to be responsible for infection of the shoots in spring but there is no convincing evidence to support this theory.
Leptosphaeria bicolor
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Leptosphaeria bicolor
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Saccharum offcinarum
(sugarcane). DISEASE: Leaf-scorch of sugarcane. Early visible symptoms are small red to dark brown spots with yellow haloes. With the progress of infection lesions enlarge, coalesce, turn reddish and become spindle shaped reaching 14 cm or more in length. Older lesions become straw coloured with a distinct reddish margin. In the advanced stages of infection pycnidia appear within the scorched areas of the leaf and in severe cases all parts of the leaf except the midrib become scorched. On long-standing canes the disease is more severe on older leaves than on young leaves. Leaf sheaths and stems are unaffected (Kaiser, Ndimande & Hawksworth, 1979). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya: Western province). TRANSMISSION: It is not clear how natural infection occurs and little is known about the factors which favour infection, spread of the disease and survival of the leaf-scorch fungus in the field. The severity of the scorch has been reported to increase during the dry season.
Cytospora sacchari
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Sivanesan A.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Cytospora sacchari
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Mostly on sheaths, also on cuttings, young shoots, stems and stubble of
Saccharum officinarum, S. spontaneum
and
Holcus sorghum
(
Sorghum vulgare
[Sorghum bicolor]
). DISEASE: Sheath rot of sugarcane (Cytospora rot). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread with sugarcane but reported on
Holcus sorghum
(Taiwan). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by water borne conidia.
Exobasidium vaccinii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Booth C.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Exobasidium vaccinii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Vaccinium
spp. DISEASE: Red leaf disease of
Vaccinium
spp. By mid summer the affected leaves drop but the infected plants produce a very small crop. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Britain, Hungary, Norway, Sweden, Portugal, USSR (Leningrad, Bashkir, Minusinsk); Greenland, Canada (B.C., Quebec); USA (Maine, New York, Alaska). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores and conidia; usually only young leaves are infected. May also be systemic. Infection occurs by direct penetration of the cuticle and the mycelium spreads throughout the cortex and into the pith on infected stems.
Bifusella linearis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W. , Millar C. S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Bifusella linearis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus albicaulis, P. flexilis, P. monticola, P. strobus
. DISEASE: Needle blight and needle cast of white pines, tar spot needle cast,
Bifusella
blight. The disease apparently occurs only under moist conditions, and since its effects are usually limited to defoliation of needles two or three years old, it is not devastating. Probably infects young needles but macrosymptoms do not show up until the following spring when needles become blighted from the tip part-way to the base. The disease tends to occur principally in the lower crown (47, 2867). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (Canada: British Columbia, Ontario, U.S.A. : California, Colorado, Idaho, Maine, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Washington, Wisconsin). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Lophodermium agathidis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium agathidis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Agathis australis
. DISEASE: This species is very recently described, and little is known about its ecology. It has been surmised that it is, for much of its existence, a leaf endophyte, inhabiting apparently healthy leaves, and fruiting only after death of the host from some other cause. If this is the case, and it has not yet been demonstrated, the species must be regarded as a potential hazard, since other members of the same family which are pathogenic on other conifers also normally exist as harmless endophytes, and their pathogenic behaviour usually follows some other predisposing stress factor. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand). TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather. Peak dispersal occurs during November and December, and declines towards the end of March.
Lophomerum ponticum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophomerum ponticum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rhododendron ponticum
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of rhododendron. In general
Lophomerum ponticum
appears to be saprophytic. Its ascocarps are usually not produced until the leaves have senesced, become detached and fallen to the litter. Occasionally, however, ascocarps can be found on browned regions of otherwise green leaves, and it seems possible, therefore, that the species is facultatively parasitic. It is important to distinguish this species from
Lophodermium vagulum (CMI Descriptions
789) which is the causal agent of a leaf spot disease of chinese rhododendrons, but which does not occur on
R. ponticum
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Europe (Great Britain), probably much more widespread. TRANSMISSION: By air-borne ascospores in wet or humid weather.
Rhytisma Acerinum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Rhytisma Acerinum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Many
Acer
spp., particularly
A. pseudoplatanus
in Europe and
A. rubrum
in North America. DISEASE: Causes tar spot of
Acer
spp. Stromata appear on living leaves during the summer, and the ascomata mature the following spring on the fragile decomposed fallen leaves. It apparently does not cause serious damage to the tree, but the black stromata are unsightly on ornamental trees. Many species of
Acer
are of horticultural importance. The disease can be controlled using copper and dithiocarbamate preparations (60, 2789), though burning of fallen leaves in autumn is simple and effective. In Italy, incidence of the disease is lower after a cold dry winter than a warm wet one (58, 5032). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Very widely distributed in north temperate regions. TRANSMISSION: Unknown: probably through ascospore dispersal into the air and direct infection of the leaves in humid weather.
Lirula macrospora
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lirula macrospora
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Picea
spp. Reported from
P
.
abies
(syn.
P. excelsa), P. pungens
and
P
.
rubens
. Records on
Abies
(e.g. 45, 1228d) are probably of
Lirula nervisequia
(DC.) Darker. DISEASE: Causes a needle disease of spruce (
Picea
spp.). The original description of the fungus (Hartig, 1874) contains a detailed description of the development of the disease. Needles start browning in the spring or autumn (apparently dependent on climatic conditions), and the needle gradually becomes brown over its entire length. The disease apparently does not cause premature shedding, but prolongs the attachment of the needles due to the disruption of the zone of abscission by the fungus (Campbell & Vines, 1938). However, the disease is frequently referred to as needle cast. It is particularly prevalent in young stands of spruce (46, 1131; 48, 2039, 3198), and can be absent from surrounding older plantations (47, 357). This was attributed to better light conditions. It is also particularly common in areas with thick undergrowth (48, 2039). A control measure has been described involving two sprays with a 2% Cu/Ca mixture (46, 1131). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widespread in northern and eastern Europe. Recorded from Austria, Czechoslovakia, Denmark, France, Germany, Great Britain, Norway, Poland, Sweden, Switzerland, USA: Vermont (probably introduced), european USSR, Yusgoslavia. TRANSMISSION: Unknown: probably through air dispersal of ascospores.
Lophodermium baculiferum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium baculiferum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus jeffreyi, P. ponderosa, P. resinosa, P. sabiniana
. DISEASE: Mayr (1890) described the fungus as causing needle cast in 1- to 2-year old plantations of the
Pinus taeda
group. The degree of pathogenicity of this fungus is not known. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Canada: Ontario, USA: California, Idaho, Montana, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming. TRANSMISSION: Unknown: probably through direct infection by the air-dispersed ascospores.
Lophodermium durilabrum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium durilabrum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Pinus aristata, P. balfouriana, P. monticola, P. strobus
. DISEASE: Causes a needle disease of
Pinus
spp. Little is known of the pathogenicity of this fungus; Darker (1932) reported it from browned needles, where it appeared to him to be weakly parasitic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: USA: California, Oregon, Wisconsin. TRANSMISSION: probably through airborne dispersal of ascospores.
Lophodermium mangiferae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Cannon P. F. , Minter D. W.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Lophodermium mangiferae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Mangifera indica
. DISEASE: Causes a leaf spot of mango, at least in some instances appearing as a secondary invader following
Coccomyces vilis
(see sheet no. 792). The fungus is probably not strongly pathogenic. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Reported from India, Java and Puerto Rico. TRANSMISSION: Unknown, probably through direct infection of leaves by the air-dispersed ascospores.
Urocystis anemones
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Urocystis anemones
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of
Anemone
and
Ranunculus
(especially common on
A. nemorosa
and
R. repens
); occasionally on other
Ranunculaceae: Trollius, Pulsatilla, Traurvetteria
. DISEASE:
Anenome
and
Ranunculus
smut. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed in continental Europe, (including UK, Scandinavia), extends east into USSR and Japan, occurs around eastern Mediterranean and Black Sea (Cyprus, Caucasia), Turkestan, and has been recorded in Libya; N. America (Canada, USA); S. America (Colombia); Australia and New Zealand. TRANSMISSION: No detailed studies reported.
Urocystis gladiolicola
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Mordue J. E. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Urocystis gladiolicola
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Cultivated
Gladiolus
species, including
G. segetum
and
G. tristis
. DISEASE:
Gladiolus
smut. Contamination or infection of corms occurs during first growing season, sori develop in corms during storage or after planting, and symptoms develop above ground in second season. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (including Kenya, Zaire), Europe (including Netherlands, Germany, GB, Italy, USSR), USA. TRANSMISSION: Ustilospores released from sori are distributed in soil and on surfaces of corms and cormels.
Pseudogibellula formicarum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Pseudogibellula formicarum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Mainly on ants (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), also on Homoptera, Coleoptera, and Arachnida. Samson and Evans (1973) list the host range in Ghana. It has been found causing local epizootics on hoppers in Central and South America (Evans, personal communication). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Ghana (Samson & Evans, 1973), Uganda (specimens in Herb. K and in Herb. IMI), Ecuador, Nicaragua, Brazil.
Tolypocladium cylindrosporum
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Brady B. L.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Tolypocladium cylindrosporum
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS AND SUBSTRATA: Diptera:
Aedes sierrensis
and
A. australis
(Culicidae);
Plecia neararctica
(Bibionidae). Experimental infection of
A. aegypti, A. caspius, Anopheles stephansi
and
Culex pipiens
was successful (Soares 1982). Also found on bracken debris,
Eucalyptus
sp. and in soil. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Soil in Europe (Czechoslovakia, the Netherlands, UK), Nepal, Canada; Diptera in USA (California, Florida), N.Z. ;
Eucalyptus
sp., Australia;
Picea mariana
, Canada. DISEASE: Natural infections of treehole populations of
A. sierrensis
cause over 70% mortality. Infection of mosquito larvae occurs both through the external cuticle and the gut, mostly the midgut (Soares, 1982). The fungus multiplies in the host by mycelial growth and by forming blastospores. In some hosts encapsulation of invading hyphae occurs, the host dying only after the haemocoel is extensively invaded. Conidia are formed enteroblastically only if the infected larva is at the water surface, when a small mycelial mat is produced which sporulates actively. Adult females spread the disease from tree holes to other tree holes when laying and are themselves susceptible to the fungus (Federici
et al.
, 1980). Experimental infection of
Culex molestus
[Culex pipiens form molestus]
followed the same pattern, first symptoms appearing 5 days after infection, all exposed larvae being dead within 7 days (Weiser & Pillai, 1982).
Phaeoseptoria vermiformis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phaeoseptoria vermiformis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Triticale (
Triticum
×
Secale
),
Avena
(oats) and
Triticum
(wheat). DISEASE: Leaf spot of Triticale, wheat and oats. Lesions on leaves are irregular to elliptical, light brown to straw yellow. As infection progresses lesions enlarge to form blotches extending to the margins of leaves. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: East Africa and North America (Mexico, Patzcuaro). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by conidia dispersed by water splash in wet weather or heavy dews. So far the mode of infection under natural conditions and the spread of the disease have not been investigated. It has been suggested that
P. vermiformis
might persist on native grasses in the field and this could serve as a source of inoculum in addition to the infected stubble or debris left over from previous years crop.
Phomopsis anacardii
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis anacardii
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Anacardium occidentale
and
Semecarpus anacardium (= Anacardium orientale
). DISEASE: Drying of shoots and leaf blotches of cashew. Also associated with inflorescence blight (Ohler, 1979). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Gambia, Guinea, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, Zambia); Asia (Bangladesh, Burma, India, Malaysia); Central America and West Indies (Cuba, Jamaica). TRANSMISSION: It is probable that the fungus remains viable on dead or decaying leaves and the conidia are disseminated by water splash or contact.
Phomopsis cocoina
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phomopsis cocoina
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Cocos nucifera
and
Corypha umbraculifera
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of coconut and recently found to be associated with stem bleeding of coconut palms (personal communication). Also perhaps involved in the rot of coconut husk. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (Kenya, Mauritius, Seychelles); Asia (India, Malaysia (Sabah, Sarawak), Nepal, Sri Lanka); Australasia and Oceania (Guam Island, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands); West Indies (Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Trinidad). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported; presumably by conidia spread by rain splash.
Septoria humuli
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Punithalingam E.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Septoria humuli
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Humulus lupulus
(hop). DISEASE: Leaf spot of hop leading to premature defoliation. The disease has been reported initially to be confined to older and lower leaves and subsequently spreading to younger and upper leaves (Putto, Koul & Saraf, 1975). Female plants have been reported as being more susceptible than male plants. The visible symptoms are minute circular or irregular lesions, 1-3 mm wide and prominent on both surfaces of the leaves. With the progress of infection these lesions enlarge to form well defined spots, up to 6 mm wide, with ash white centres. Occasionally spots coalesce to form leaf blotches. Often severely infected leaves are killed and one report claims leaves on vines up to a height of 2-3 m have been affected (5, 1985). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (India, Himachal Padesh, Kashmir); Europe (Czechoslovakia, Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, USSR); North America (USA, Kansas, New Hampshire). TRANSMISSION: No specific studies reported. Presumably by conidia disseminated by water splash during hot weather.
Phytophthora botryosa
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora botryosa
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Hevea
rubber; cacao and other species of cultivated plants on inoculation (50, 1689; 51, 1276). DISEASE: Leaf fall and black stripe of
Hevea
rubber. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Asia (Malaysia, Thailand, Andaman Islands). (CMI Map 534, ed.1, 1980). TRANSMISSION: To the bark by spores washed down from the leaf canopy. Recovered from soil in affected areas (49, 2165).
Phytophthora primulae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Stamps D. J.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phytophthora primulae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Primula
, parsley. DISEASE: Brown core root rot of
Primula
. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Australasia (New Zealand), Europe (Denmark, UK). TRANSMISSION: Soil-borne carried from
Primula
seedling boxes to the field in soil adhering to roots or in roots of young plants (32, 315).
Phaeoisariopsis melanochaeta
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phaeoisariopsis melanochaeta
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS: Species of
Celastrus
including
C. paniculata, C senegalensis
, and
Maytenus heterophylla
. DISEASE: Leaf spot. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: Africa (South Africa, Zimbabwe), Asia (India (Madhya Padesh)). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.
Phaeoisariopsis robiniae
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Kirk P. M.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Phaeoisariopsis robiniae
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Robinia pseudoacacia
(Locust tree). DISEASE: Leaf spot, the effected leaves soon turning yellow and falling. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION: North America (U.S.A. (VA, IA, WI)). TRANSMISSION: Presumably by air borne conidia. Survival mechanisms unknown.
Ramularia pratensis
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ramularia pratensis
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOSTS:
Rumex acetosa, R. aquaticus, R. acetosella, R. hydrolapathum, R. longifolius, R. obtusifolius, R. thyrsiflorus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
Rumex
spp. Round or oval lesions, from (1-) 2 (-3) mm diam., with a distinct purple-brown border and buff centre. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
Europe
: Channel Islands, Eire, Great Britain, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Sweden. TRANSMISSION: Probably wind-dispersal by air-borne spores.
Ramularia pakistanica
. [Descriptions of Fungi and Bacteria].
Authors: UK, CAB International  , Wilson S.
Published: July 2021

A description is provided for
Ramularia pakistanica
. Information is included on the disease caused by the organism, its transmission, geographical distribution, and hosts. HOST:
Polygonum dentatus
. DISEASE: Leaf spot of
P. dentatus
, lesion characteristics variable from indistinct, watery brown-grey to buff with purple border, size varies from 1-9 mm (usually 5 mm) wide. Some leaves have no visible lesions but sporulation occurs on both sides to give a frosted appearance. GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION:
Asia
: India, Pakistan. TRANSMISSION: Not known, probably wind dispersal by air-borne spores.