bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cerebral Glucose Metabolism Is a Valuable Predictor of Survival in Patients with Lewy Body Diseases
Authors: Brumberg Joachim , Blazhenets Ganna , Bühler Sabrina , Fostitsch Johannes , Rijntjes Michel , Ma Yilong , Eidelberg David , Weiller Cornelius , Jost Wolfgang H. , Frings Lars , Schröter Nils , Meyer Philipp T.
Published: June 2024

Objective

Patients with Lewy body diseases have an increased risk of dementia, which is a significant predictor for survival. Posterior cortical hypometabolism on [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (PET) precedes the development of dementia by years. We therefore examined the prognostic value of cerebral glucose metabolism for survival.

Methods

We enrolled patients diagnosed with Parkinson's disease (PD), Parkinson's disease with dementia, or dementia with Lewy bodies who underwent [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET. Regional cerebral metabolism of each patient was analyzed by determining the expression of the PD‐related cognitive pattern (Z‐score) and by visual PET rating. We analyzed the predictive value of PET for overall survival using Cox regression analyses (age‐ and sex‐corrected) and calculated prognostic indices for the best model.

Results

Glucose metabolism was a significant predictor of survival in 259 included patients (n = 118 events; hazard ratio: 1.4 [1.2–1.6] per Z‐score; hazard ratio: 1.8 [1.5–2.2] per visual PET rating score; both p < 0.0001). Risk stratification with visual PET rating scores yielded a median survival of 4.8, 6.8, and 12.9 years for patients with severe, moderate, and mild posterior cortical hypometabolism (median survival not reached for normal cortical metabolism). Stratification into 5 groups based on the prognostic index revealed 10‐year survival rates of 94.1%, 78.3%, 34.7%, 0.0%, and 0.0%.

Interpretation

Regional cerebral glucose metabolism is a significant predictor of survival in Lewy body diseases and may allow an earlier survival prediction than the clinical milestone “dementia.” Thus, [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose PET may improve the basis for therapy decisions, especially for invasive therapeutic procedures like deep brain stimulation in Parkinson's disease. ANN NEUROL 2024;96:539–550
Photochemical Synthesis of Thioesters from Aryl Halides and Carboxylic Acids
Authors: Wu Shuo , Melchiorre Paolo
Published: June 2024

Thioesters are important in synthesis, materials science, and biology, and their preparation traditionally relies on the use of disagreeable thiols. Here, we report a thiol‐free protocol that stitches together widespread carboxylic acids and aryl halides, producing a diverse array of thioesters. Crucial to this strategy is the discovery that tetramethylthiourea can serve as both a sulfur source and, upon direct excitation by purple light, as a strong reductant, suitable for activating aryl halides via single‐electron transfer. Coupling of the resulting aryl radicals provides an isothiouronium ion intermediate, which can be attacked by carboxylic acids via a polar pathway, affording the thioester products under mild conditions.
Feasibility of a virtual reality course on adult tracheostomy safety skills*
Authors: Abbas J. R. , Bertram‐Ralph E. , Hatton S. , Garth T. , Doherty C. , Bruce I. A. , McGrath B. A.
Published: June 2024

The National Tracheostomy Safety Project has run high‐quality, face‐to‐face skills courses since 2009. The aim of this project was to produce a virtual reality version of the established course and evaluate its impact on participant learning, and participant and faculty satisfaction. Healthcare staff and students were recruited and randomised to attend one of (1) a face‐to‐face traditional course (control); (2) a virtual reality course at a conference centre with on‐site technical support; (3) a fully remote virtual reality course; the virtual reality groups were combined for the analysis of learning outcomes and satisfaction. The primary outcome was the difference in pre/post‐course knowledge scores on a 30‐item questionnaire; secondary outcomes included knowledge retention, usability, comfort/side effects and participant performance in a simulated tracheostomy emergency. Thirty‐seven participants and 15 faculty participated in this study. There was no significant difference between mean pre/post‐course scores from the face‐to‐face (from 21.1 to 23.1; +2) and combined virtual reality (from 17.1 to 21.1; +4) groups, with both showing improvement (p = 0.21). The mean System Usability Scale score for virtual reality was 76.8 (SD 12.6), which is above average; the median Simulator Sickness Questionnaire score was 7.5 (IQR 3.7–22.4), indicating minimal symptoms. All participants resolved the primary clinical problem in the simulated emergency, but the virtual reality (VR) group was slower overall (mean difference 61.8 s, p = 0.003). This technical feasibility study demonstrated that there was no difference in participant knowledge immediately after and 4 weeks following face‐to‐face and virtual reality courses. Virtual reality offers an immersive experience that can be delivered remotely and offers potential benefits of reducing travel and venue costs for attendees, therefore increasing the flexibility of training opportunities.
Insights into microwave‐promoted synthesis of 3‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐4,9‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine derivatives catalyzed using new Pd (II),Cu (II),VO (II), and Ag(I) complexes as a heterogeneous catalyst and computational studies
Authors: Ali El‐Remaily Mahmoud Abd El Aleem Ali , Alzubi Mohammad Saleh Hussein , El‐Dabea Tarek , El‐Khatib Rafat M. , Kamel Moumen S. , Feizi‐Dehnayebi Mehran , Abu‐Dief Ahmed M.
Published: June 2024

Four novel Pd (II), Cu (II), VO (II), and Ag(I) complexes were prepared from benzimidazole ligand through bidentate chelating mode. Alternative spectral and analytical tools were applied to elucidate their structural and molecular formulae. This study was extended to investigate stability and stoichiometry of complexes in solution, using standard methods. In addition, the best atomic distribution within structural forms was obtained via the density functional theory (DFT) method. This computational study fed us with significant physical characteristics for differentiation. Also, DFT/time‐dependent DFT computations were performed applying (B3LYP/6‐311++G[d,p]/aug‐cc‐pVTZ/aug‐cc‐pVTZ‐PP) level in order to investigate the electronic behavior of the compounds. These results demonstrated good agreement with the experimental data. Computational data discriminate Pd (II) complex by some physical features, which may be promising in the catalytic field. This complex was selected to play a catalytic function to synthesize 3‐methyl‐4‐phenyl‐4,9‐dihydro‐1H‐pyrazolo[3,4‐d][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5‐a]pyrimidine derivatives using microwave irradiation in a one‐pot reaction. The catalyst was selected for this application based on the history of Pd (II) complexes and the properties expected theoretically. A condensation reaction for 3‐methyl‐5‐pyrazolone, aromatic aldehyde, and 5‐aminotetrazole was carried out under mild reaction conditions by microwave irradiation. All reaction conditions were optimized among those variable Lewis acid catalysts in comparison with our new complexes. DOBPAPd catalyst displayed superiority in overall trials with high yield, short time, and green conditions (solvent H2O/EtOH). Also, the recovery of hetero catalyst was succeeded and reused by the same efficiency up to five times after that the efficiency was reduced. The mechanism of action was proposed based on the ability of Pd (II) for adding extra‐bonds over z‐axis and supported by theoretical aspects.
Impact of the educational setting on the teaching and learning of the equine distal limb ultrasonography
Authors: Romeiro Pollyanna Stremel , Weber Saulo Henrique , Justino Edson José , Michelotto Pedro Vicente
Published: June 2024

The use of immersive methodologies is a trend in the educational environment, but their outcomes in the teaching–learning process need to be better understood. This study aimed to assess the impact of the educational environment on learning equine distal limb ultrasonography, comparing immersive classroom, traditional classroom, and virtual classroom. A total of 153 veterinary medicine students from the first to the third semester participated in this study. The students were divided into four groups: traditional (n = 22), immersive (n = 100), online (n = 31), and traditional‐immersive (n = 15). The students completed a questionnaire before and immediately after the class. The online group had a lower average gain in correct answers compared to the others (p < 0.01). Regarding student perception, it was observed that the virtual group had the lowest satisfaction score (p < 0.001), and students in the immersive and online environments were more satisfied with the resources used compared to the traditional classroom (p = 0.01). Concluding, in the present study students showed a greater interest in environments associated with technology, and that in‐person modalities resulted in significantly superior learning outcomes compared to online ones.
Maternal periconceptional exposure to drinking water disinfection by‐products and neural tube defects in offspring
Authors: Kancherla V. , Rhoads A. , Conway K. M. , Suhl J. , Langlois P. H. , Hoyt A. T. , Shaw G. M. , Evans S. P. , Moore C. A. , Luben T. J. , Michalski A. , Feldkamp M. L. , Romitti P. A. ,   the National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: June 2024

Background

Associations between maternal periconceptional exposure to disinfection by‐products (DBPs) in drinking water and neural tube defects (NTDs) in offspring are inconclusive, limited in part by exposure misclassification.

Methods

Maternal interview reports of drinking water sources and consumption from the National Birth Defects Prevention Study were linked with DBP concentrations in public water system monitoring data for case children with an NTD and control children delivered during 2000–2005. DBPs analyzed were total trihalomethanes, the five most common haloacetic acids combined, and individual species. Associations were estimated for all NTDs combined and selected subtypes (spina bifida, anencephaly) with maternal periconceptional exposure to DBPs in public water systems and with average daily periconceptional ingestion of DBPs accounting for individual‐level consumption and filtration information. Mixed effects logistic regression models with maternal race/ethnicity and educational attainment at delivery as fixed effects and study site as a random intercept were applied.

Results

Overall, 111 case and 649 control children were eligible for analyses. Adjusted odds ratios for maternal exposure to DBPs in public water systems ranged from 0.8–1.5 for all NTDs combined, 0.6–2.0 for spina bifida, and 0.7–1.9 for anencephaly; respective ranges for average daily maternal ingestion of DBPs were 0.7–1.1, 0.5–1.5, and 0.6–1.8. Several positive estimates (≥1.2) were observed, but all confidence intervals included the null.

Conclusions

Using community‐ and individual‐level data from a large, US, population‐based, case–control study, we observed statistically nonsignificant associations between maternal periconceptional exposure to total and individual DBP species in drinking water and NTDs and subtypes.
Combination of irradiated chitosan and microbial agent to reduce downy mildew on grapevine cv. Thompson seedless
Authors: Khatal Mahadev , Narute Tanaji , Sonawane Rakesh , Bhalerao Vikas , Dalvi Sunil
Published: June 2024

Globally sustainable disease management ensuring high quality in grapes is in demand as it holds significant importance as a versatile fruit for consumption, winemaking, and production of various products such as grape juice, raisin, and grape‐seed oil. The present paper reports a combination of nano‐biotechnology as a promising strategy for enhancing plant health and fruit productivity in grapes combining Irradiated chitosan nanoparticles and bio‐control agents. The Irradiated Chitosan with Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma viridae and pesticides were evaluated for disease management. Percent disease index, percent disease control, and percent yield enhancement in Cymoxanil 8% + Mamcozeb 64% WP @ 0.2% treatment were as 17. 24%, 67.97% and 33.91% in 150 ppm Irradiated chitosan+B. subtilis were 19.83, 63.16, 30.41 and in Trichoderma 150 ppm Irradiated chitosan were 24.58, 54.33, and 27.40, respectively as compared to untreated crop with disease severity 53.84% PDI. Thus, irradiated chitosan and Bacillus subtilis elucidated a synergistic combination for residue‐free efficient phytosanitary measures, which harnessed the strength of chitosan and bio‐control agents for sustainable grape productivity. These findings will also pave the way for a deeper understanding of the synergistic interaction between Irradiated nanochitosan and bio‐control agents for an eco‐friendly and economically viable disease management strategy. The minimum temperature and morning relative humidity (RH I) had positive significance, with correlation coefficients of 0.484 and 0.485, respectively. The evening relative humidity (RH II) had a positive highly significant positive correlation coefficient of 0.664. Chitosan merits as a multiple stress tolerance enhancing agent that will further help in mitigating climate change adaptations in grapevines reducing reliance on chemical agro‐inputs.
Differential impact of asparaginase discontinuation on outcomes of children with T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia and T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma
Authors: Ishida Hisashi , Imamura Toshihiko , Kobayashi Ryoji , Hashii Yoshiko , Deguchi Takao , Miyamura Takako , Oda Megumi , Yamamoto Masaki , Okada Keiko , Sano Hideki , Koh Katsuyoshi , Yuza Yuki , Watanabe Kenichiro , Nishimura Noriyuki , Takimoto Tetsuya , Moriya‐Saito Akiko , Sekimizu Masahiro , Suenobu Souichi , Sunami Shosuke , Horibe Keizo
Published: June 2024

Background

Asparaginase is essential for treating T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T‐ALL). Despite the ongoing debate on whether T‐ALL and T‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T‐LBL) are the same disease entity or two distinct diseases, patients with T‐LBL often receive the same or similar treatment protocols as those with T‐ALL.

Methods

The outcomes of patients with or without L‐asparaginase discontinuation were retrospectively analyzed among four national protocols: Japan Association of Childhood Leukemia Study (JACLS) ALL‐02 and ALL‐97 for T‐ALL and Japanese Pediatric Leukemia/Lymphoma Study Group ALB‐NHL03 and JACLS NHL‐98 for T‐LBL. The hazard ratio (HR) was calculated with the Cox regression model by considering L‐asparaginase discontinuation as a time‐dependent variable.

Results

In total, 199 patients with T‐ALL, and 133 patients with T‐LBL were included. L‐asparaginase discontinuation compromised event‐free survival (EFS) of T‐ALL patients (ALL‐02: HR 3.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40–7.90; ALL‐97: HR 3.39, 95%CI 1.19–9.67). Conversely, EFS compromise was not detected among T‐LBL patients (ALB‐NHL03: HR 1.39, 95%CI 0.41–4.68; NHL‐98: HR 0.92, 95%CI 0.11–7.60).

Conclusion

The effects of L‐asparaginase discontinuation differed between T‐ALL and T‐LBL. We assume that the differential impact results from (1) the inherent differential response to L‐asparaginase between them and/or (2) a less stringent assessment of early treatment response in T‐LBL than in T‐ALL. Given the poor salvage rate of refractory or relapsed T‐ALL and T‐LBL, optimization of the frontline therapy is critical, and the current study provides a new suggestion for further treatment modifications. However, larger studies in contemporary intensified treatment protocols are required.
Trajectories of squamous cell carcinoma antigen and outcomes of patients with advanced penile cancer after chemotherapy based on paclitaxel, ifosfamid, and cisplatin regimen
Authors: Ma Nan , Gan Yi‐Xiang , Chao Yin‐Yao , Liu Zhen‐Hua , Chen Xian‐Da , Yao Kai , Han Hui , Guo Sheng‐Jie
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Penile cancer (PC) is a lethal malignancy with no effective prognostic biomarker. We aim to investigate associations between trajectories of squamous cell carcinoma antigen (SCC‐A) and patient outcomes after chemotherapy based on paclitaxel, ifosfamid, and cisplatin (TIP) regimen.

Methods

Consecutive AJCC staging III/IV PC patients who received TIP chemotherapy and repeated SCC‐A measurements in 2014–2022 were analyzed. Latent class growth mixed (LCGM) models were employed to characterize patients' serum SCC‐A trajectories. Patient survival, and clinical and pathological tumor responses were compared. Inverse probability treatment weighting was used to adjust confounding factors.

Results

Eighty patients were included. LCGM models identified two distinct trajectories of SCC‐A: low‐stable (40%; n = 32) and high‐decline (60%; n = 48). Overall survival (HR [95% CI]: 3.60 [1.23–10.53], p = 0.019), progression‐free survival (HR [95% CI]: 11.33 [3.19–40.3], p < 0.001), objective response rate (37.5% vs. 62.5% p = 0.028), disease control rate (60.4% vs. 96.9% p < 0.00), and pathological complete response rate (21.2% vs. 51.9%, p = 0.014) were significantly worse in the high‐decline arm.

Conclusion

PC patients' SCC‐A change rate was associated with tumor response and patient survival after TIP chemotherapy. SCC‐A might assist tumor monitoring after systemic therapies.
The impact of particle size distribution of haematite‐based drilling fluid on perlite functionality
Authors: Al Jaber Jaber , Bageri Badr , Alshehri Yazeed , Otain Waleed
Published: June 2024

Drilling fluid additives are essential in formulating an optimal mud composition for the desired geological formation. They provide different functions that enable the drilling process to reach a target zone. However, the effectiveness of these additives may be limited under certain conditions. The physical attributes of the weighting material additives such as solid particle size (particle size distribution [PSD]). The PSD can influence multiple drilling fluid properties, including the rheology, filtration, and filter cake properties. This work examined the performance of perlite when incorporated into water‐based mud with three different grades of haematite particle sizes. The investigation focused on the rheological properties, filtration, and filter cake characteristics utilizing two distinct filtration mediums: the ceramic disk and core sample. The results indicated that the PSD minimally impacts the filtration and the filter cake properties when the pore distribution of the filtration medium is uniform at low drilling mud density. However, a more pronounced effect was observed when core samples were utilized during the filtration test, reflecting the variation in pore distribution. Remarkably, perlite exhibited exceptional effectiveness in improving the drilling fluid properties. Its influence became particularly evident when core samples were employed as the filtration medium, demonstrating resilience against changes in both filtration medium pore distribution and haematite‐varied particle size grades. In this case, maximum improvements of 69%, 84%, and 86% were achieved in filtration volume, filter cake thickness, and filter cake permeability, respectively. Perlite showed an excellent performance at varied conditions represented by filtration medium and weighting material PSD.
Six‐Coordinated CoII Single‐Molecule Magnets: Synthetic Strategy, Structure and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Wang Mengmeng , Han Zongsu , Garcia Yann , Cheng Peng
Published: June 2024

The pursuit of molecule‐based magnetic memory materials contributes significantly to high‐density information storage research in the frame of the ongoing information technologies revolution. Remarkable progress has been achieved in both transition metal (TM) and lanthanide based single‐molecule magnets (SMMs). Notably, six‐coordinated CoII SMMs hold particular research significance owing to the economic and abundant nature of 3d TM ions compared to lanthanide ions, the substantial spin‐orbit coupling of CoII ions, the potential for precise control over coordination geometry, and the air‐stability of coordination‐saturated structures. In this review, we will summarize the progress made in six‐coordinated CoII SMMs, organized by their coordination geometry and molecular structure similarity. Valuable insights, principles, and new mechanism gleaned from this research and remaining issues that need to be addressed will also be discussed to guide future optimization.
Does Aromaticity Play a Role in Electronic and Structural Properties of YBn (n=2–14) Clusters?
Authors: Gallegos Miguel , Guevara‐Vela José Manuel , Costales Aurora , Rocha‐Rinza Tomás , Pendás Ángel Martín
Published: June 2024

Nanoclusters exhibit electronic, optical, and magnetic properties that differ significantly from those of extended and molecular systems with comparable stoichiometries. In this work, we examined the structural, energetic, and electronic characteristics of yttrium‐doped boron clusters (YBn, where n ranges from 2 to 14) with the aid of robust wavefunction analysis tools. Special emphasis is placed on the elucidation of the potential aromatic character exhibited by the resultant molecules and how it can affect their chemical bonding and stability. Our results revealed that the YBn stability is governed by the maximization of the ionic Y−B interactions. This circumstance is evidenced from the lowest‐energy conformations, which manifest as half‐sandwich structures wherein the majority of boron atoms are bonded to yttrium. The stabilization of such chemical contacts comes at the expense of a notorious depletion of the Y local electron density, crystallizing in a considerable ionic character, close to Y2++
. Such a prominent charge transfer is coupled to the enhancement of the electron delocalization within the Bn lattice, resulting in quite remarkable local and global aromatic characters. Altogether, this study shows how the toolkit of real space chemical bonding descriptors can offer valuable insights into the structural and electronic properties, along with the chemical bonding, of YBn clusters, contributing to a more comprehensive understanding of their behavior.
Multicenter Pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic Study of Pembrolizumab for Non‐small‐Cell Lung Cancer in Patients Aged 75 Years and Older
Authors: Yagishita Shigehiro , Yamanaka Yuta , Kurata Takayasu , Watanabe Kageaki , Hosomi Yukio , Horinouchi Hidehito , Ohe Yuichiro , Nakahara Yoshiro , Naoki Katsuhiko , Asao Tetsuhiko , Takahashi Kazuhisa , Saeki Sho , Sakagami Takuro , Nakashima Kazuhisa , Tsubata Yukari , Fujita Yu , Wakui Hiroshi , Furuta Megumi , Konishi Jun Sakakibara , Ohuchi Mayu , Ando Yuichi , Mizugaki Hidenori , Hamada Akinobu
Published: June 2024

Pembrolizumab is a major treatment for recurrent or advanced non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, data on its use and pharmacokinetics (PK) in older patients are limited. This open‐label, multicenter, observational study evaluated real‐world data on the safety, efficacy, and PK of pembrolizumab in older patients with NSCLC. In 99 patients aged ≥75 years, PK was determined by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry on pretreatment samples. Performance status (PS), geriatric assessment (GA), overall response rate (ORR), progression‐free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS) were evaluated. The median age was 78 (75–87) years. PS was 2–3 in 14 patients. The median ORR, PFS, and OS were 47.5%, 8.0, and 20.5 months, respectively. Although PK and ORR were not significantly associated, patients with the lowest Cycle 1‐trough quartile (Q1) experienced poorer PFS (Q1 vs. Q2–4; 3.4 vs. 11.8 months, P = 0.006) and OS (Q1 vs. Q2–4; 9.9 vs. 21.7 months, P = 0.005) than in other quartiles overall, and even in the PD‐L1 ≥50% subset (PFS, Q1 vs. Q2–4; 4.1 vs. 14.7 months, P = 0.005; OS, Q1 vs. Q2–4; 9.4 vs. 22.1 months, P = 0.010). The Q1 subgroup was characterized by poor PS and lower albumin, and more frequent “weight loss ≥ 10%” on the GA. Pembrolizumab therapy had similar PK and efficaciousness in older as well as younger patients. In patients with PS ≥2, low albumin, and vulnerable GA, early increases in PK levels are less likely, potentially diminishing efficacy even when PD‐L1 ≥50%.
Self‐help or self‐sabotage? A common invader's soil legacy does not impede, and may facilitate, potential competitors
Authors: Lee Katie , Endriss Stacy B. , Blossey Bernd
Published: June 2024

Introduced plants create lasting abiotic and biotic changes to soil that are increasingly implicated as major drivers of invasion success, yet models for investigating patterns in the impacts of these soil legacies are lacking. Here, we used Bohemian knotweed (Reynoutria × bohemica) to present a novel approach for testing whether accounting for diverse evolutionary drivers can clarify how an invader's soil legacy mediates its success. For most tested species, R. × bohemica's soil legacy did not influence seedling performance irrespective of its evolutionary history or the evolutionary novelty of species that share its soil. However, we found the relative importance of legacy effects versus other mechanisms of invader dominance depends on the life stage of the plants growing in soil conditioned by the invader. While the effects of R. × bohemica's soil legacy on seedling performance were context dependent, emergence was, on average, higher in R. × bohemica‐conditioned soils than in unconditioned soils. Thus, contrary to theory, R. × bohemica's soil legacy not only fails to impede potential competitors but may also facilitate them. Our results are particularly powerful: we detected novel insights in the face of biological complexity, even for R. × bohemica, which likely does not depend on heterospecific plant–soil feedbacks for its competitive dominance in its introduced range. Designing rigorous investigations that explore how plant species' evolutionary histories mediate an invader's soil legacy across diverse abiotic environments, as shown here, is key for producing insights in other systems.
Complexities of treating co‐morbidities in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction
Authors: Žlahtič Tadej , Mrak Miha , Žižek David
Published: June 2024

Atrial fibrillation and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) are frequent concomitant diseases sharing several pathophysiological mechanisms leading to structural remodelling of both atria and ventricles. We present a case of an HFpEF patient with rapid atrial fibrillation who remained symptomatic even after successful cardioversion, initiation of antiarrhythmic therapy, and treatment of comorbidities. Due to asymmetric septal hypertrophy, the stress test was performed to exclude outflow tract obstruction and revealed a low basal heart rate with significant chronotropic insufficiency. In addition to SGLT2 initiation, the beta‐blocker dose was reduced, and amiodarone was discontinued. This therapy modification led to a marked improvement in exercise capacity, significant reduction of palpitations, reduction of NT‐proBNP, and signs of a decreased left ventricular filling pressure with reverse remodelling of LA. This case shows the importance of both individual tailoring of medical therapy and chronotropic insufficiency in HFpEF patients.
Determining female‐specific high‐intensity activity GPS thresholds in women's rugby union: Use of current use of male‐derived absolute speed thresholds underestimates true levels
Authors: Bradley Eddie , Roberts Jenny , Archer David
Published: June 2024

GPS speed thresholds in women's rugby union are usually based on data derived from the men's game. However, evidence suggests the maximum speeds achieved by female players are 2–8 km.h−1 slower and the volume of high‐intensity running (HIR) in women's rugby may be underestimated. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of adjusting absolute thresholds on the volume of high‐intensity locomotion. GPS units recorded movement data from 58 players across 18 English Premier15 s matches. Distance in HIR and sprint (Spr) zones were calculated using male‐derived criteria: AbsMale (HIR >18 km.h−1; Spr ≥21 km.h−1). Two alternative thresholds were compared: AbsFVmax (HIR >16 km.h−1; Spr ≥19 km.h−1); AbsFemale (HIR >14 km.h−1; Spr ≥17 km.h−1). Data were analysed using one‐way ANOVA and effect sizes to determine differences in distances between thresholds. AbsMale HIR and Spr distances were 63 ± 71 m and 30 ± 53 m. Significantly greater distances at higher‐intensity speeds were observed with female‐adjusted thresholds. AbsFVmax: HIR: 139 ± 116 m (p = 0.01, ES 0.80); Spr: 60 ± 90 m (p = 0.131, ES 0.41) and AbsFemale: HIR: 239 ± 157 m (p < 0.01, ES 1.45); Spr: 137 ± 152 m (p < 0.01, ES 0.94). 24 players (41%) achieved speeds greater than the 21 km·h−1 threshold with the male‐derived thresholds. At AbsFVmax threshold this increased to 44 (76%) and 100% at the AbsFemale threshold. Existing male‐derived thresholds appear to underestimate high‐intensity locomotion of female players. With adjusted thresholds, specifically the AbsFemale, the proportional volume of high‐intensity activity in the women's game (8.2% total distance) aligns more closely to that observed during men's match‐play.
A kinetic analysis of four high velocity, horizontally focused step‐up variations for acceleration training
Authors: Glassbrook Daniel J. , Dorman Chris A. , Doyle Tim L.A. , Wade Jarrod A. , Fuller Joel T.
Published: June 2024

Step‐up variations are frequently used in sports performance to develop coordinated and powerful movements that transfer to running. This study aimed to quantify the kinetic characteristics of the first foot contact of four different step‐up variations. Ten professional rugby league players participated in this study and performed the Barbell One Box Step‐Up with Catch (BB1), Barbell Two Box Step‐Up (BB2), Vest Two Box Run (VEST) and Step‐Up Jump (JUMP) as part of routine in‐season strength training sessions during one season. Peak force, total impulse and maximal rate of force development (RFD) were measured from first foot contact on the step‐up box. Significantly greater peak force and RFD were observed in JUMP than any other variation (standardized mean difference; SMD: 3.9–5.5; p < 0.001). Total impulse was equal between JUMP and BB1, and significantly greater in JUMP than BB2 and VEST (SMD: 1.3–2.3; p < 0.001), and in BB1 than BB2 and VEST (SMD: 1.8–2.8; p < 0.001). Significantly larger peak force and RFD were observed in BB2 and VEST than BB1 (SMD: 0.6–0.7) and in total impulse in BB2 than VEST (SMD: 1.6) (p < 0.05). The results of this study highlight that step‐up exercise variations maximize different kinetic characteristics, which may transfer differently to athlete running performance.
Two‐dimensionalization of 3D perovskites for passive narrowband Photodetection
Authors: Song Xin , Liu Siwen , Ren Lizhi , Zuo Yunxian , Wang Shimin , Wang Erjing , Qian Jin , Ye Tao , Wang Kai , Wu Congcong
Published: June 2024

In the rapidly advancing field of information technology, passive sensors with the exemption of external power input can serve as intelligent instruments for end‐node data acquisition. 3D perovskites have been recognized as a superior optoelectronic material but suffering from notorious instability due to their “soft lattice” nature. Replacing by their 2D counterparts in these photo‐sensing applications can boost the reliability level. However, traditional fabrication for 2D perovskite relay on wet chemistry methods, exhibiting complication, and inefficiency in making high‐quality films for device integration. This study unveils a new solid–solid conversion routing toward a direct transformation from 3D orientated films into 2D highly crystalline configuration, based on a spontaneous lattice regulation mechanism through an amine steam treatment. The resultant 2D film exhibits greater orientational micromorphology and a distinct monochromatic narrowband light sensing behavior after integration into a self‐powered photodetector. This method on perovskite conversion bears the promise of advanced future‐manufacturing for high‐performance photonic sensing.

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Petrography, U–Pb geochronology and geochemistry of Varcheh intrusions: Insight into younging trend of mid‐Cretaceous subduction in the northern Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone, western Iran
Authors: Shomali Shima , Ghorbani Mansour , Ghassemi Mohammad R. , Moosavi Ehsan , Slama Jiri
Published: June 2024

The Neotethyan Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone of western Iran has recorded major magmatic activities due to its continental arc tectonic setting during the Mesozoic. The Varcheh mafic intrusions were less‐studied plutons in the northern Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (SSZ). Field evidence, petrography, geochemistry and U–Pb geochronological data were used to determine petrographic composition, geochemical nature, crystallization age and also to suggest a conceptual tectonomagmatic model for their emplacement. Small plutonic bodies are dominantly composed of monzogabbro that have intruded into the Cretaceous sedimentary rocks. Based on U–Pb zircon datings, these rocks have crystallized at 125–118 Ma in late Early Cretaceous (Barremian–Aptian), and are older than the supposed ages reported on geological maps. Varcheh rocks are not just typical calc‐alkaline rocks and some show alkaline affinity. Negative anomalies in Nb–Ta–Ti and enrichments in some large‐ion lithophile elements on spider diagrams are consistent with a subduction‐zone setting. Potential deep source for magma generation is partial melting of subcontinental lithospheric mantle wedge above a subducting slab of oceanic lithosphere. The spaces for the Varcheh mafic intrusions are accommodated by dominant dextral strike‐slip movement in a continental arc experiencing extension during late Early Cretaceous subduction. According to the zircon U–Pb geochronology results in this paper and previous U–Pb ages in the northern part of the SSZ, the mid‐Cretaceous magmatism reveals a significant NW‐ward younging trend and migration of the magmatic arc from the Barremian–Aptian in south‐east to the Albian–Cenomanian in the north‐west.
Solute export patterns across the contiguous USA
Authors: Kincaid Dustin W. , Underwood Kristen L. , Hamshaw Scott D. , Li Li , Seybold Erin C. , Stewart Bryn , Rizzo Donna M. , Haq Ijaz Ul , Perdrial Julia N.
Published: June 2024

Understanding controls on solute export to streams is challenging because heterogeneous catchments can respond uniquely to drivers of environmental change. To understand general solute export patterns, we used a large‐scale inductive approach to evaluate concentration–discharge (C–Q) metrics across catchments spanning a broad range of catchment attributes and hydroclimatic drivers. We leveraged paired C–Q data for 11 solutes from CAMELS‐Chem, a database built upon an existing dataset of catchment and hydroclimatic attributes from relatively undisturbed catchments across the contiguous USA. Because C–Q relationships with Q thresholds reflect a shift in solute export dynamics and are poorly characterized across solutes and diverse catchments, we analysed C–Q relationships using Bayesian segmented regression to quantify Q thresholds in the C–Q relationship. Threshold responses were rare, representing only 12% of C–Q relationships, 56% of which occurred for solutes predominantly sourced from bedrock. Further, solutes were dominated by one or two C–Q patterns that reflected vertical solute–source distributions. Specifically, solutes predominantly sourced from bedrock had diluting C–Q responses in 43%–70% of catchments, and solutes predominantly sourced from soils had more enrichment responses in 35%–51% of catchments. We also linked C–Q relationships to catchment and hydroclimatic attributes to understand controls on export patterns. The relationships were generally weak despite the diversity of solutes and attribute types considered. However, catchment and hydroclimatic attributes in the central USA typically drove the most divergent export behaviour for solutes. Further, we illustrate how our inductive approach generated new hypotheses that can be tested at discrete, representative catchments using deductive approaches to better understand the processes underlying solute export patterns. Finally, given these long‐term C–Q relationships are from minimally disturbed catchments, our findings can be used as benchmarks for change in more disturbed catchments.
The experiences and outcomes of Gypsy, Roma, and Traveller pregnant people in pregnancy: A scoping review
Authors: O'Brien M. , Dempsey B. , Higgins M. F.
Published: June 2024

Background

Within Europe, Roma, Gypsy, and Traveller groups have been marginalized and discriminated against by larger society. Persecution and displacement have resulted in high rates of unemployment, reduced access to education, and poorer health, with significantly increased risk of poverty compared with the general population. In pregnancy, there appears to be a gap in the literature surrounding the experiences and outcomes of pregnant people within these ethnic groups.

Objectives

The aim of this study was therefore to scope published research, specifically questioning “What is the experience of Roma Gypsy and Traveller pregnant people who access maternity care?” and “What are the obstetric outcomes within these groups?”

Search Strategy

This review followed frameworks proposed by Arksey and O'Malley, Levac, and the Joanna Brigg's Institute. The PRISMA extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA‐ScR) tool was used. The search strategy and specific terms were chosen using the population–concepts–context framework.

Selection Criteria

Titles and abstracts were reviewed independently by two reviewers. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were defined to set clear guidance for reviewers to identify appropriate studies.

Data Collection and Analysis

Five electronic databases were searched (CINAHL, EMBASE, MEDLINE [OVID] Web of Science and SCOPUS). A charting form was developed to record key characteristics systematically and uniformly from the studies.

Main Results

Five themes were identified: systemic issues, antenatal care, complications of pregnancy, birth experience, and postnatal care. Systemic issues included racism, barriers to care, and adapted antenatal care. Antenatal issues included teenage pregnancy, smoking, risk of venous thrombus embolism, dietary issues, risk of communicable diseases, domestic violence, and mental health concerns. Increased risks of congenital abnormalities, growth restriction, premature labor, and perinatal and early childhood mortality were identified. For Roma women, negative birth experiences were reported, whereas the experiences of Traveller women varied.

Conclusions

The findings identified in this study serve to create a framework upon which healthcare providers can tailor the way in which pregnant people from a Roma, Gypsy, or Irish Traveller background are cared for. Using such a framework would hopefully begin to reduce the systematic marginalization and discrimination of these minorities.
Exploring pregnancy‐related stigma experiences among adolescents in rural Uganda
Authors: Sakakibara Koichi , Murray Sarah McIvor , Arima Ethan Godwills , Ojuka Caesar , Familiar‐Lopez Itziar
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Pregnant adolescents face multiple adverse experiences that vary by context due to pregnancy‐related stigma. We explored experiences of pregnancy‐related stigma and psychosocial issues among adolescents living in rural eastern Uganda.

Methods

We conducted in‐depth semi‐structured interviews with 15 adolescents (15–19 years old) who were pregnant (>3 months) or had recently given birth (<3 months) at Tororo District Hospital in Uganda. All interviews were translated from Dhopadhola to English. Thematic analysis was conducted to identify major themes, which were interpreted using the Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework.

Results

Six key themes were identified and were organized under the Health Stigma and Discrimination Framework. Social and gender norms for adolescent women and their lack of autonomy were identified as drivers and facilitators of pregnancy‐related stigma. Results show how stigma is experienced by adolescents through the lack of social support, multiple forms of abuse, and negative judgement. Such manifested stigma negatively impacted their psychosocial wellbeing and resulted in limited access to socioeconomic resources and educational opportunities.

Conclusion

This study acknowledges the multilevel nature of pregnancy‐related stigma among adolescents in the context of existing policy and programming. Recognizing the impact of pregnancy‐related stigma on the health and wellbeing of adolescent girls necessitates prioritizing comprehensive stigma reduction interventions that address main drivers and facilitators, and that are rooted in the communities to harness support.
The stability and economic relevance of output gap estimates
Authors: Barbarino Alessandro , Berge Travis J. , Stella Andrea
Published: June 2024

Output gaps that are estimated in real time can differ substantially from those estimated after the fact. We provide a comprehensive comparison of real‐time output gap estimates, with the aim of understanding this real‐time instability. Using a statistical decomposition, we find that including Okun's law relationship improves real‐time stability by alleviating the end‐point problem. Models that include the unemployment rate also produce output gaps with relevant economic content.
Physical frailty, genetic predisposition, and the risks of severe non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease and cirrhosis: a cohort study
Authors: Yang Honghao , Ou Fengrong , Chang Qing , Jiang Jinguo , Liu Yashu , Ji Chao , Chen Liangkai , Xia Yang , Zhao Yuhong
Published: June 2024

Background

Frailty, defined as a phenotype of decreased physiological reserves and diminished ability to respond to stressors, has been linked to the development of chronic diseases. Epidemiological evidence connecting frailty to non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and cirrhosis risks remain sparse. We aimed to assess the longitudinal associations of frailty with the risks of severe NAFLD and cirrhosis in middle‐aged to older adults and further explore the modification role of genetic risk on these associations.

Methods

This study included a total of 398 386 participants from the UK Biobank. Incident cases of severe NAFLD and cirrhosis were ascertained through linked hospital records and death registries. Frailty status was assessed by a modified version of the frailty phenotype, encompassing five key components: weight loss, tiredness, physical activity, gait speed, and grip strength. Participants were classified as pre‐frailty if they met one or two of these criteria, and as frailty if they met three or more. Genetic predisposition to NAFLD and cirrhosis was estimated by genetic risk score (GRS) and further categorized into high, intermediate, and low genetic risk levels according to tertiles of GRSs. Cox proportional hazards regression model was employed to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for their associations.

Results

The mean (standard deviation) age of the study population was 56.6 (8.03) years. 214 408 (53.8%) of the participants was female; 14 924 (3.75%) of participants met the criteria for frailty, 170 498 (42.8%) for pre‐frailty, and 212 964 (53.5%) for non‐frailty. Over a median follow‐up of 12.0 years, we documented 4439 incident severe NAFLD and 3323 incident cirrhosis cases, respectively. Compared with non‐frailty, both pre‐frailty (HR: 1.50; 95% CI: 1.40–1.60) and frailty (HR: 1.98; 95% CI: 1.77–2.21) were associated with increased risk of NAFLD. Similar associations were observed for cirrhosis, the corresponding HRs (95% CIs) for non‐frailty, pre‐frailty, and frailty were 1.00 (reference), 1.29 (1.20, 1.38), and 1.90 (1.66, 2.18). Such associations were consistent across all genetic risk levels, with no observed interactions between frailty and GRSs (all P for interactions ≥0.10). Compared with participants with frailty and a low level of genetic risk, the greatest risk increasement in developing severe NAFLD (HR: 3.36; 95% CI: 2.83–3.99) and cirrhosis (HR: 2.81; 95% CI: 2.29–3.44) was both observed in those with frailty and a high level of genetic risk.

Conclusions

Our findings indicate that frailty is a significant predictor of severe NAFLD and cirrhosis, irrespective of genetic predisposition.
Effects of exercise or metformin on myokine concentrations in patients with breast and colorectal cancer: A phase II multi‐centre factorial randomized trial
Authors: Brown Justin C. , Spielmann Guillaume , Yang Shengping , Compton Stephanie L. E. , Jones Lee W. , Irwin Melinda L. , Ligibel Jennifer A. , Meyerhardt Jeffrey A.
Published: June 2024

Background

Physical activity and metformin pharmacotherapy are associated with improved clinical outcomes in breast and colorectal cancer survivors. Myokines are cytokines secreted from skeletal muscle that may mediate these associations.

Methods

This hypothesis‐generating analysis used biospecimens collected from a multi‐centre 2 × 2 factorial randomized design of 116 patients with stage I–III breast and colorectal cancer who were randomized to 12 weeks of (1) aerobic exercise (moderate intensity titrated to 220 min/week); (2) metformin (850 mg daily for 2 weeks and then titrated to 850 mg twice per day); (3) aerobic exercise and metformin; or (4) control. Fourteen myokines were quantified using a multiplex panel. Myokine concentrations were log‐transformed, and main effects analyses were conducted using linear mixed‐effects regression models. The type I error rate was controlled with the Holm sequential testing procedure.

Results

Randomization to exercise increased leukaemia inhibitory factor (1.26 pg/mL, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.69, 1.84; adjusted P = 0.001) and interleukin‐15 (2.23 pg/mL, 95% CI: 0.87, 3.60; adjusted P = 0.013) compared with randomization to no exercise. Randomization to metformin decreased apelin (−2.69 pg/mL, 95% CI: −4.31, −1.07; adjusted P = 0.014) and interleukin‐15 (−1.74 pg/mL, 95% CI: −2.79, −0.69; adjusted P = 0.013) compared with randomization to no metformin. Metformin decreased myostatin, irisin, oncostatin M, fibroblast growth factor 21 and osteocrin; however, these changes were not statistically significant after correction for multiple comparisons.

Conclusions

This pilot study demonstrates that randomization to exercise and metformin elicit unique effects on myokine concentrations in cancer patients. This hypothesis‐generating observation warrants further basic, translational and clinical investigation and replication.