bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Intelligentsia and the Making of the Hindi Movement in Bihar
Authors: Patel Hitendra K.
Published: June 2011

This article intends to give a narrative account of Hindi Movement in Bihar. It argues that the pro-Hindi campaigns should not be studied only as a campaign for democratic rights of Hindi speaking people of Bihar. It was an ideological movement. It started with a moderate stance but soon it turned into a hostile anti-Urdu campaign. The Hindi Movement was a significant movement in the sense that it united a large number of Hindi intelligentsia throughout Northern and Eastern India. In Bihar, unlike the United Provinces, Hindi was introduced as the court language without much resistance in 1880. This movement received support from the government officials (Campbell and others), Bengali newspapers ( Bengalee and others), powerful Hindu landlords (Darbhanga Maharaj and others), organisations like Hindi Pracharini Sabha, Hindi press ( Khadagvilas Press) and contemporary Hindi newspapers like Bihar Bandhu. It was not that the claims of Hindi supporters were not opposed by the supporters of Urdu in Bihar but the opposition slowed down as it became evident that the Government was bent on introducing Nagari script, the main demand of Hindi movement supporters.
Generation of construction and demolition waste in Portugal
Authors: Coelho André , de Brito Jorge
Published: June 2011

In line with the growing concern around the world about construction and demolition waste (CDW) management, an attempt has been made to quantify the amount of CDW generated in Portugal, a country where no reliable/official data exist. This is an increasingly important concern of companies, businesses and municipalities involved with CDW, in a context of rising demands and more demanding recent legislation. One methodology is presented to quantify the present generation, and another to extrapolate this generation over the next few years, up to 2020. It is concluded that at present substantially less CDW is generated than the figure usually cited for Portugal, based on Spanish estimates, although it is predicted that this value will be higher on a 10-15 year timescale, reaching over 400 kg person-1 year-1.
Oil film thickness measurement: a contribution to the understanding and control of lubrication in the piston-ring packs of IC engines
Authors: Sherrington I
Published: June 2011

Oil film thickness measurement is a vital experimental technique which has been widely applied to investigate lubrication in a range of tribological components. This article focuses on its development and use as a tool to study the hydrodynamic lubrication of piston-rings in internal combustion engines. This includes the development of experimental sensors to measure lubricant film thickness and a review of phenomena related to the hydrodynamic lubrication of piston-ring packs. Future applications of oil film thickness measurement as part of a feedback-based system to control the lubrication of ring packs are also discussed.
On the modelling of hybrid aerostatic-gas journal bearings
Authors: Morosi S , Santos I F
Published: June 2011

Gas journal bearings have been increasingly adopted in modern turbo-machinery applications as they meet the demands of operation at high rotational speeds, in clean environment, and with great efficiency. Due to the fact that gaseous lubricants, typically air, have much lower viscosity than more conventional oils, carrying capacity and dynamic characteristics of passive systems are generally poorer. In order to enhance these characteristics, one solution is used to combine the aerodynamic effect with the addition of external pressurization. This study presents a detailed mathematical model for hybrid lubrication of a compressible fluid-film journal bearing. Additional forces are generated by injecting pressurized air into the bearing gap through orifices located on the bearing walls. A modified form of the compressible Reynolds equation for active lubrication is derived. By solving this equation, stiffness and damping coefficients can be determined. A multibody dynamics model of a global system comprised of rotor and hybrid journal bearing is built in order to study the lateral dynamics of the system. Campbell diagrams and stability maps are presented, showing the main advantages and drawbacks of this special kind of hybrid fluid-film bearing.
Outsider parties in government in Western Europe
Authors: McDonnell Duncan , Newell James L.
Published: June 2011

Over the past two decades, a growing number of ‘outsider parties’ have entered governing centre-left and centre-right coalitions across Western Europe. In this introduction, we first define outsider parties as those which — even when their vote-share would have enabled it — have gone through a period of not being ‘coalitionable’, whether of their own volition or that of other parties in the system. Based on the articles in this issue, we then discuss the problems which outsider parties encounter when entering government and suggest some reasons for the success and failure of these parties in office. Finally, we propose a number of avenues for further research, in particular that of examining differences between the first and subsequent experiences of office for such parties.
Of goals and own goals: A case study of right-wing populist party strategy for and during incumbency
Authors: Luther Kurt Richard
Published: June 2011

Using internal party documents and semi-structured interviews with over 200 activists of the Freedom Party of Austria, this article examines (anticipatory) adaptation in the intra-party and governmental arenas when this right-wing populist party switched its primary goal from populist vote maximization to office. It suggests such parties’ success will owe much to their leaderships’ capacity to identify and implement strategies and behaviours consonant with their new primary goal and to deal effectively with the inescapable tensions caused by the transition to incumbency. The article demonstrates how the FPÖ’s failures in these respects resulted in an own goal. Yet right-wing populists’ experience of incumbency is not necessarily doomed to failure. Agency remains an important determinant of success. Indeed, it appears supply-side factors may well be far better at explaining rapid shifts in the fortunes of such parties than the still predominantly demand-side approaches.
The radical left in coalition government: Towards a comparative measurement of success and failure
Authors: Dunphy Richard , Bale Tim
Published: June 2011

This article raises questions about how best to assess the performance of radical left parties participating in coalition governments. Drawing in part on interviews (see Appendix 1), it covers parties that have participated in coalition government (Cyprus, Finland, France, Ireland, Italy, Norway), or have acted as ‘support parties’ (Denmark, Sweden), or are debating the ‘pros and cons’ of coalition participation (Netherlands). It undertakes a comparative analysis of how radical left parties themselves evaluate the measure of their achievements and failings in coalition government — a critical exercise for such parties that can influence their tactical and strategic decisions about future government participation, as well as the ability of the parties to survive political and electoral setbacks. The approach we adopt is one that takes the policy, office and votes triad developed by political scientists seriously, but also factors in the principles, political outlook and goals of the parties themselves. It concludes that the experience of coalition government for radical left parties is far from encouraging to date. Their few achievements have to be set against many potential pitfalls. Whilst there may be no alternative to government participation if these parties wish to be taken seriously as actors, a more strategic and cautious approach to coalition formation seems advisable in many instances.
Incivility Spiral in Mentoring Relationships: Reconceptualizing Negative Mentoring as Deviant Workplace Behavior
Authors: Ghosh Rajashi , Dierkes Sunda , Falletta Salvatore
Published: June 2011

The authors apply affecive events theory to explore the mediating role of negative affect between different types of mentor’s negative mentoring behavior and the frequency of protégés instigating incivility against their mentors. Results of mediation analyses employing bootstrapping throw some light on the possibility of an incivility spiral in negative mentoring relationships. Specifically, the authors find signficance for the mediating role of negative affect between mentor’s distancing behavior and frequency of protégés instigating incivility against mentors. Furthermore, mentor’s manipulative behavior was found to be positively associated with instigated incivility by protégés. Findings of the study guide a discussion on human resource development (HRD) professionals’ strategic role in addressing the occurrence of incivility spirals in mentoring relationships.
The Toxic Continuum From Incivility to Violence: What Can HRD Do?
Authors: Ghosh Rajashi , Jacobs Judy L. , Reio Thomas G.
Published: June 2011

The frequency, intensity, and duration of uncivil behavior should be a concern to leaders in any organization.All too often seemingly isolated, subtle uncivil incidents (e.g., instigating a joke) can lead to patterns of uncivil behavior (e.g., bullying) and even physical violence. Each is a form of aggressive behavior. Inasmuch as uncivil behavior is linked to poorer individual- (e.g., job performance) and organizational-level (e.g., costs) outcomes, human resource development (HRD) is increasingly being called to implement useful strategies for dealing effectively with this vital workplace issue. The article traces the more subtle forms of uncivil behavior that tend to be ambiguous in intent to more intentional forms of uncivil behavior, that is, bullying and physical violence.The article suggests that HRD can make a strong, positive contribution to reducing the likelihood of uncivil behaviors, which in turn can play a meaningful role in increasing the success of the organization. Finally, a summary of the eight articles are presented that comprise this issue.
Incivility as an Instrument of Oppression: Exploring the Role of Power in Constructions of Civility
Authors: Callahan Jamie L.
Published: June 2011

In this article, I will explore the ways in which power is constructed through concepts of “civility” and “incivility.” I contend that traditional desires to moderate or diffuse the emotions labeled as uncivil can result in stagnation or alienation for the employee. From a critical perspective, incivility may be an attempt to create dissonance that can foster individual and organizational change. I will address three types of power associated with the popularization of incivility—the “power of” elites (e.g., organizations) to define and construct what constitutes civility, the “power over” lower status individuals that catalyzes incivility, and the “power to” engage in incivility as acts of resistance against the other types of power. Finally, I will identify strategies for how HRD professionals address these issues of power and convert “incivility” to a means to create more humane workspaces.
Diversity and Incivility: Toward an Action-Oriented Approach
Authors: Githens Rod P.
Published: June 2011

Some individuals experience incivility at work based on others’ perceptions of whether they are different from the norm. Incivility, the often-unintentional violation of social norms, can occur as a result of perpetrators’ unconscious prejudice. Such activity can result in decreased employee satisfaction, increased likelihood of looking for another job, and decreased mental and physical health. Employers can take these threats seriously by considering how to integrate diversity initiatives and incivility initiatives. Common diversity interventions might unintentionally lead to increased acts of incivility due to the likelihood of suppressing true feelings. In addition, programs that encourage diversity awareness development and continuous introspection have been criticized for not leading to meaningful action. This article culminates in addressing how diversity initiatives might be reimagined using an incivility framework that seeks to integrate an action orientation.
Traumatic Death in the Workplace: Why Should Human Resource Development Care?
Authors: Vivona Brian D. , Ty Rey
Published: June 2011

The consequences of the traumatic death of an organizational member can have several effects on the organization, work groups, and individuals. Loss, grief, and bereavement for such an event often negatively interfere with the organization’s effectiveness, obstruct interpersonal relationships, and increase negative cognitive responses. An increased understanding of loss, grief, and bereavement can help HRD professionals to prepare organizations for traumatic death, assist their members with the bereavement process and, therefore, get on with their work.
Workplace Violence
Authors: Kormanik Martin B.
Published: June 2011

The problem and the solution. Workplace violence is an extreme manifestation of escalated workplace incivility. Strategies for addressing workplace violence are generally proactive, focused on prevention and preparation, or reactive, focused on response to an incident. Before strategies are put in place, however, the complexity of the issue demands an organizational assessment so that chosen strategies have maximum benefit. Awareness development is a construct for analyzing cognitive and psychosocial growth in relation to a transitional issue, such as workplace violence, then planning interventions that support growth in relation to the transitional issue. This study shows that the use of the awareness development construct to examine individual employees’ perceptions regarding the transitional issue of workplace violence may serve as a practical measure for human resource development (HRD) practitioners to assess the organization and plan intervention strategies. Implications for theory and research are discussed.
Scaling Robotic Systems for Dismounted Warfighters
Authors: Redden Elizabeth S. , Elliott Linda R. , Pettitt Rodger A. , Carstens Christian B.
Published: June 2011

As robot usage becomes more widespread, there is a pressing need to develop smaller, lighter robotic control systems that have good training transfer from larger systems; do not overload the operator cognitively or physically; and enable good performance across a variety of settings. This article describes four experiments designed to investigate options for scaling robot controllers for dismounted use. The authors evaluated many different controller characteristics, chosen from consideration of available options and guided by factors expected to affect operator performance in realistic missions. These factors included camera display screen size, comparisons of handheld versus head-mounted displays and split screen displays versus toggle-driven and multimodal displays, and three approaches to reducing the size of the control interface. Each configuration examined was chosen on the basis of theory-based expectations and availability of technology. Participants were 108 soldiers from various military occupational specialties with ages ranging from 21 to 38. Results demonstrated the following fruitful methods for reducing controller size: reducing driving displays to between 3.5 and 6.5 inches, using handheld displays (HHDs), adding a tactile belt to a toggle screen for driving and map reading, and miniaturizing existing control size. All recommended options for reducing controller size had no adverse impact on cognitive requirements or performance.
Process and Performance in Human-Robot Teams
Authors: Lewis Michael , Wang Huadong , Chien Shih Yi , Velagapudi Prasanna , Scerri Paul , Sycara Katia
Published: June 2011

The authors are developing a theory for human control of robot teams based on considering how control difficulty grows with team size. Current work focuses on domains, such as foraging, in which robots perform largely independent tasks. Such tasks are particularly amenable to analysis because effects on performance and cognitive resources are predicted to be additive, and tasks can safely be allocated across operators because of their independence. The present study addresses the interaction between automation and organization of human teams in controlling large robot teams performing an urban search-and-rescue (USAR) task. Two possible ways to organize operators were identified: as individual assignments of robots to operators, assigned robots, or as a shared pool in which operators service robots from the population as needed. The experiment compares two-person teams of operators controlling teams of 12 robots each in the assigned-robots condition or sharing control of 24 robots in the shared-pool condition using either waypoint control in the manual condition or autonomous path planning in the autonomy condition. Automating path planning improved system performance, but process measures suggest it may weaken situation awareness.
Effects of Appearance and Functions on Likability and Perceived Occupational Suitability of Robots
Authors: Lee Sau-lai , Lau Ivy Yee-man , Hong Ying-yi
Published: June 2011

This article reports three experiments that examined the association between (a) appearances and perceived capabilities of robots, (b) appearance and capabilities of robots and liking for the robots, and (c) perceived capabilities of robots and judgments concerning their suitability for different occupations. In Experiment 1, the authors found that participants perceived human- and animal-like robots to have relatively more warmth-related (e.g., emotion) capabilities than machinelike robots have. In Experiment 2, the authors found that liking for robots was not affected by their human likeness or their having warmth or competence capabilities. In Experiment 3, participants generally thought that robots should have information-processing and communication capabilities more than sensory and emotion capabilities. More interestingly, participants considered robots with different capabilities to be suitable for different occupations, preferring robots with emotion capabilities more in occupations that require frequent interactions with humans than in occupations that do not.
Dose of methylphenidate during service transition for adults with ADHD
Authors: Adamou Marios , Bowers Sara
Published: June 2011

Objectives: We wanted to investigate how one element of the transitional process of adolescents to an adult ADHD service, namely the use of medication, fared when compared to the recommendations of national guidelines.

Methods: We did a chart review of the dose of stimulants in a cohort of transitional patients after they were transferred to an adult ADHD service, whilst investigating if other variables such as severity of ADHD, age, gender and comorbidity played any role in determining the dose of stimulants at transition.

Results: The dose of stimulants when calculated in mg/kg was almost half the recommended whist the patients were also severely symptomatic. Reported comorbidity with Autistic Spectrum Disorders was also very high.

Conclusions: A handover approach of adolescents with ADHD to an adult service, may hide gaps at least as far as prescribing is concerned. This gap may need considerable resources to address successfully. We suggest that establishing transitional processes may help minimise this problem.
Increase in circulating CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in patients with Philadelphia-negative chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms during treatment with IFN-α
Authors: Riley Caroline Hasselbalch , Jensen Morten Krogh , Brimnes Marie Klinge , Hasselbalch Hans Carl , Bjerrum Ole Weis , Straten Per thor , Svane Inge Marie
Published: June 2011

Recent reports have described complete or major molecular remission in patients with polycythemia vera after long-term treatment with the immunomodulatory agent IFN-α2. Accordingly, there are reasons to believe that the immune system is a key player in eradicating the JAK2 mutated clone in these patients. Foxp3+ regulatory T cells play a pivotal role in maintaining immune homeostasis and, importantly, preventing immune reactivity to self-antigens; however, their suppressive activity can compromise an effective antitumor immune response, and high frequencies of regulatory T cells in peripheral blood have been reported in both hematologic and solid cancers. We have analyzed the number, phenotype, and function of circulating CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells in patients with chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms. Surprisingly, we found a marked expansion of this subset of lymphocytes in patients treated with IFN-α2 (13.0%; 95% confidence interval [CI] 10.8% to 15.2%) compared with healthy donors (6.1%; 95% CI 4.9% to 7.2%), patients with untreated chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms (6.9%; 95% CI 5.8% to 7.4%), or patients treated with hydroxyurea (5.8%; 95% CI 4.3% to 7.4%; P < .0001).
The Euphoria of Anger
Authors: Shaplin Adriano , Sellar Tom
Published: June 2011

In this interview, playwright Adriano Shaplin discusses his play Freedom Club (2010), coproduced by the Riot Group and New Paradise Laboratories. He explains how the Abraham Lincoln assassination resonates with contemporary American politics, illuminating themes that run through his play such as rage as a social force and the collision of opposing political ideals. He also describes his writing process and his reliance on discoveries made in the rehearsal room for the composition of his plays.
Density Functional Theory Studies on Chemical Functionalization of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Bingel Reaction
Authors: Umeyama Tomokazu , Fueno Hiroyuki , Kawabata Eisuke , Kobayashi Yoshikazu , Tanaka Kazuyoshi , Tezuka Noriyasu , Matano Yoshihiro , Imahori Hiroshi
Published: June 2011

Theoretical investigations on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) functionalized by Bingel reaction were conducted using finite-length models based on density functional theory. The electronic structures of the adduct with Type 1 configuration, where the circumferential C–C bonds in sidewall are reacted with a malonate anion, are largely retained after the functionalization owing to the sidewall opening at the C–C bond between the bridgehead carbons. In contrast, Type 2 configurations, where the axial C–C bonds are the reaction sites, cause significant change in the electronic structures. Taking into account the experimental results that the electronic properties of SWNTs are largely maintained, Type 1 configurations are formed selectively. In addition, calculations on energies of transition states, intermediates, and products suggest that Type 1 geometry is thermodynamically favorable but kinetically unfavorable compared to Type 2. This indicates the occurrence of isomerization from Type 2 to Type 1 after the Bingel reaction, attaining both of the preservation of electronic structure and the improvement of solubility with the high concentration of the addend group.
Hybridization of Photoactive Titania Nanoparticles with Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles and Investigation of Their Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Suzuki Norihiro , Jiang Xiangfen , Radhakrishnan Logudurai , Takai Kimiko , Shimasaki Kotaro , Huang Yu-Tzu , Miyamoto Nobuyoshi , Yamauchi Yusuke
Published: June 2011

Here we demonstrate that photoactive titania (titanium dioxide) nanoparticles are successfully hybridized with an optimized amount of mesoporous silica (silicon dioxide) nanoparticles to realize drastic improvement of photocatalitic activity of the titania nanoparticles. Various types of mesoporous silica/titania composites are prepared by changing the amounts of doped mesoporous silica. Low-angle XRD patterns and N2 adsorption–desorption isotherms reveal that the original mesostructures and pore sizes of mesoporous silica nanoparticles are well maintained even after hybridization with the titania nanoparticles. From SEM and TEM observation, it is confirmed that both the nanoparticles are homogeneously dispersed in the composite matrix. The obtained mesoporous silica/titania composites show excellent photocatalytic activity in the decomposition of methylene blue (MB), in comparison with titania nanoparticles without mesoporous silica. By hybridization with mesoporous silica, the photogenerated radicals from titania surfaces can efficiently react with many MB molecules captured inside the mesopores.
α-Tocopherols from the Formosan Soft Coral Lobophytum crassum
Authors: Cheng Shi-Yie , Lin Shih-Tseng , Wang Shang-Kwei , Duh Chang-Yih
Published: June 2011

In our screening of marine organisms for bioactive metabolites we have obtained two new α-tocopherols, designated as crassumtocopherols A (1) and B (2), from the Formosan soft coral Lobophytum crassum. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined on the basis of comprehensive NMR and HR-ESI-MS analyses. The cytotoxicity of 1, 2, natural vitamin E, and synthetic vitamin E against cancer cell lines and antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus were evaluated in vitro. Compounds 1 and 2 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against P-388 (mouse lymphocytic leukemia) cell lines with IC50 of 3.2 and 2.7 µg mL−1, respectively. In addition, compound 2 also displayed moderate cytotoxicity against HT-29 (human colon adenocarcinoma) with an IC50 of 3.9 µg mL−1. However, natural vitamin E and synthetic vitamin E were not cytotoxic to the selected cancer cell lines and the results for inhibition of antiviral activity against human cytomegalovirus are all negative at a concentration of 1 µg mL−1.
Clustering and Octet Rule Violation Impact on Band Gap Bowing: Ab Initio Calculation of the Electronic Properties of (GaAs)1−x(Ge2)x Alloys
Authors: Kawai Hiroki , Giorgi Giacomo , Yamashita Koichi
Published: June 2011

The asymmetry of (GaAs)1−x(Ge2)x band gap bowing, as a function of Ge concentration, is investigated by ab initio calculations. We show that the nature of the chemical bonds violating the octet rule in such alloys is affected by the local geometry: the switching of the cluster type between Ge to GaAs domain at Ge concentration of about 0.3 plays a fundamental role in the final asymmetry.
Fluorescent Dye Probe for Monitoring Local Viscosity of Confined Liquids
Authors: Fukushi Daisuke , Kasuya Motohiro , Sakuma Hiroshi , Kurihara Kazue
Published: June 2011

A fluorescence lifetime measurement was performed for monitoring the viscosity of a confined liquid (glycerol) film between mica surfaces using a cyanine dye, Cy1, as a viscosity probe at various film thicknesses. The fluorescence decay curve consisted of two components, i.e., one attributed to the Cy1 in the central part of the liquid between the surfaces and another to the Cy1 adsorbed on the surfaces. The increased lifetime of the former indicated the increase in the viscosity of the confined liquid.
Chemically Responsive Supramolecular Structural Change of Pillar[5]arene Nanotubes
Authors: Aoki Takamichi , Ogoshi Tomoki , Yamagishi Tada-aki
Published: June 2011

We prepared organo-nanotubes from pillar[5]arene molecules via intermolecular hydrogen bonding between the molecules. In the absence of guest molecules, formation of the nanotubes was observed simply by heating a solution of pillar[5]arene in a suitable solvent. In contrast, formation of the nanotubes did not occur in the presence of guest molecules.
Lithium Ion Conduction in Silatrane Matrices
Authors: Mizumo Tomonobu , Fujita Risa , Ohno Hiroyuki , Ohshita Joji
Published: June 2011

Alkoxysilatranes, pentavalent neutral organosilicon compounds, and lithium salts formed amorphous complexes which show ionic conductivity above 10−5 S cm−1 at room temperature and good thermal stability above 300 °C.
Specific In Situ Visualization of Plasma Cells Producing Antibodies against Porphyromonas gingivalis in Gingival Radicular Cyst
Authors: Tsuge Shinya , Mizutani Yasuyoshi , Matsuoka Kazuhiro , Sawasaki Tatsuya , Endo Yaeta , Naruishi Koji , Maeda Hiroshi , Takashiba Shogo , Shiogama Kazuya , Inada Ken-ichi , Tsutsumi Yutaka
Published: June 2011

The enzyme-labeled antigen method was applied to visualize plasma cells producing antibodies to Porphyromonas gingivalis, flora of the human oral cavity. Antibodies to P. gingivalis have reportedly been detected in sera of patients with periodontitis. Biotinylated bacterial antigens, Ag53, and four gingipain domains (Arg-pro, Arg-hgp, Lys-pro, and Lys-hgp) were prepared by the cell-free protein synthesis system using the wheat germ extract. In paraformaldehyde-fixed frozen sections of rat lymph nodes experimentally immunized with Ag53-positive and Ag53-negative P. gingivalis, plasma cells were labeled with biotinylated Arg-hgp and Lys-hgp. Antibodies to Ag53 were detected only in the nodes immunized with Ag53-positive bacteria. In two of eight lesions of gingival radicular cyst with inflammatory infiltration, CD138-positive plasma cells in frozen sections were signalized for Arg-hgp and Lys-hgp. An absorption study using unlabeled antigens confirmed the specificity of staining. The AlphaScreen method identified the same-type antibodies in tissue extracts but not in sera. Antibodies to Ag53, Arg-pro, and Lys-pro were undetectable. In two cases, serum antibodies to Arg-hgp and Lys-hgp were AlphaScreen positive, whereas plasma cells were scarcely observed within the lesions. These findings indicate the validity of the enzyme-labeled antigen method. This is the very first application of this novel histochemical technique to human clinical samples.
Cytoplasmic HDPR1 Is Involved in Regional Lymph Node Metastasis and Tumor Development via Beta-Catenin Accumulation in Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Hou Jian , Li En-Min , Shen Jin-Hui , Qing-Zhao  , Wu Zhi-Yong , Xu Xiu-E , Wu Jian-Yi , Qiao-Huang  , Shen Jian , Guo Ming-Zhou , Xu Li-Yan
Published: June 2011

The aim of this study was to evaluate HDPR1 expression in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) and the relationship between HDPR1 and beta-catenin by immunohistochemical analysis. The clinical relevance of these proteins was also analyzed. Immunohistochemistry was performed on paraffin-embedded tissue specimens from 184 ESCC patients to detect the expression of HDPR1 and beta-catenin. The correlation between the results of immunoexpression and the clinicopathologic features was processed statistically. Increased cytoplasmic and nuclear HDPR1 expression was noted in 100 (54.3%) and 131 (71.2%) of 184 specimens, respectively. Statistical analysis showed significant associations of cytoplasmic HDPR1 with regional lymph node metastasis ( p = 0.021) and P-stage ( p = 0.004). The increased nuclear staining was only correlated with P-stage ( p = 0.047). Significant associations of coexpression of cytoplasmic and nuclear HDPR1 with regional lymph node metastasis ( p = 0.015) or P-stage ( p = 0.002) were observed. Enhanced cytoplasmic expression of HDPR1 was positively correlated with increased cytoplasmic but not reduced membranous beta-catenin expression ( r = 0.239, p = 0.027 and r = 0.126, p = 0.089, respectively). These finding suggested that cytoplasmic HDPR1 protein expression was associated with tumor malignant progression via beta-catenin accumulation. It implicated that cytoplasmic HDPR1 expression may serve as a potential predictive factor for lymph node metastasis and tumor development in ESCC.
Expression of Trop2 Cell Surface Glycoprotein in Normal and Tumor Tissues
Authors: Stepan Lara P. , Trueblood Esther S. , Hale Kari , Babcook John , Borges Luis , Sutherland Claire L.
Published: June 2011

Trop2 is a cell-surface glycoprotein reported to be overexpressed in various types of adenocarcinomas with minimal expression in normal tissues. Recent findings that Trop2 expression correlates with tumor aggressiveness have increased interest in Trop2 as a potential target for cancer immunotherapy. The goal of this study was to extensively evaluate Trop2 expression at the transcript and protein levels in normal and tumor tissues. It was determined that Trop2 is overexpressed on some carcinomas relative to the corresponding normal tissue. However, in human and mouse, Trop2 is highly expressed at both the transcript and protein levels on several essential normal tissues. The findings suggest that the development of therapeutic agents to target Trop2 may require strategies that target Trop2 on malignant tissues in order to minimize potential toxicities to essential normal tissues that also express high levels of Trop2.
Chronic Low-Frequency Stimulation Transforms Cat Masticatory Muscle Fibers into Jaw-Slow Fibers
Authors: Kang Lucia H.D. , Hoh Joseph F.Y.
Published: June 2011

Cat masticatory muscle during regeneration expresses masticatory-specific myofibrillar proteins upon innervation by a fast muscle nerve but acquires the jaw-slow phenotype when innervated by a slow muscle nerve. Here, we test the hypothesis that chronic low-frequency stimulation simulating impulses from the slow nerve can result in masticatory-to-slow fiber–type transformation. In six cats, the temporalis muscle was continuously stimulated directly at 10 Hz for up to 12 weeks using a stimulator affixed to the skull. Stimulated muscles were analyzed by immunohistochemistry using, among others, monoclonal antibodies against masticatory-specific myosin heavy chain (MyHC), myosin binding protein-C, and tropomyosins. Under the electrodes, stimulation induced muscle regeneration, which generated slow fibers. Deep to the electrodes, at two to three weeks, two distinct populations of masticatory fibers began to express slow MyHC: 1) evenly distributed fibers that completely suppressed masticatory-specific proteins but transiently co-expressed fetal MyHCs, and 2) incompletely transformed fibers that express slow and masticatory but not fetal MyHCs. SDS-PAGE confirmed de novo expression of slow MyHC and β-tropomyosin in the stimulated muscles. We conclude that chronic low-frequency stimulation induces masticatory-to-slow fiber–type conversion. The two populations of transforming masticatory fibers may differ in their mode of activation or lineage of their myogenic cells.
Expression of Focal Adhesion Proteins in the Developing Rat Kidney
Authors: Matsuura Sato , Kondo Shuji , Suga Kenichi , Kinoshita Yukiko , Urushihara Maki , Kagami Shoji
Published: June 2011

Focal adhesions play a critical role as centers that transduce signals by cell-matrix interactions and regulate fundamental processes such as proliferation, migration, and differentiation. Focal adhesion kinase (FAK), paxillin, integrin-linked kinase (ILK), and hydrogen peroxide–inducible clone-5 (Hic-5) are major proteins that contribute to these events. In this study, we investigated the expression of focal adhesion proteins in the developing rat kidney. Western blotting analysis revealed that the protein levels of FAK, p-FAK397, paxillin, p-paxillin118, and Hic-5 were high in embryonic kidneys, while ILK expression persisted from the embryonic to the mature stage. Immunohistochemistry revealed that FAK, p-FAK397, paxillin, and p-paxillin118 were strongly expressed in condensed mesenchymal cells and the ureteric bud. They were detected in elongating tubules and immature glomerular cells in the nephrogenic zone. Hic-5 was predominantly expressed in mesenchymal cells as well as immature glomerular endothelial and mesangial cells, suggesting that Hic-5 might be involved in mesenchymal cell development. ILK expression was similar to that of FAK in the developmental stages. Interestingly, ILK was strongly expressed in podocytes in mature glomeruli. ILK might play a role in epithelial cell differentiation as well as kidney growth and morphogenesis. In conclusion, the temporospatially regulated expression of focal adhesion proteins during kidney development might play a role in morphogenesis and cell differentiation.
Generation of Mature Murine Monocytes from Heterogeneous Bone Marrow and Description of Their Properties
Authors: Francke Alexander , Herold Joerg , Weinert Soenke , Strasser Ruth H. , Braun-Dullaeus Ruediger C.
Published: June 2011

Monocytes are involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, many of which are studied in mouse models. Current protocols to isolate murine monocytes are few and result in unsatisfactory cell yield and purity. Here, we describe a novel approach to efficiently differentiate large numbers of mature inflammatory monocytes from heterogeneous bone marrow cell suspensions. Bone marrow cell suspensions were isolated by flushing femurs and tibias from Balb/c and C57Bl/6 mice, supplemented with macrophage colony–stimulating factor (M-CSF), and were cultured on ultra-low attachment surfaces to inhibit adherence-mediated maturation. Cells were harvested at indicated time points, underwent time-line analysis of the differentiation processes, and were subsequently extensively phenotyped to verify their monocytotic properties. In order to confirm downstream compatibility, we tested for typical monocyte behavior. Our protocol yielded 24 ± 6 × 106 differentiated cells per donor mouse, 10-fold higher than yields obtained using previously described peripheral blood isolation methods. Differentiated cells consisted of approximately 47% ± 12% monocytes, the rest being mature macrophages. We increased monocyte purity to 86% ± 6% by depleting adherent macrophages. Our findings indicate that bone marrow–derived monocytes (BMDMs) are an attractive tool to study, for example, the innate and adaptive immune system, atherosclerosis, and cellular migration during infection. Moreover, BMDM transplantation could be used to test novel, therapeutic in vivo approaches in mice disease models.
Integrating Family Therapy Training in a Clinical Psychology Course
Authors: Habib Cherine
Published: June 2011

Teaching family therapy to clinical psychology trainees is not common practice in Australian clinical psychology training programs. There is sparse discussion in the literature. Family therapy is an evidence based intervention that complements a diversity of established theories and psychotherapies and would complement the intervention skills of trainee clinical psychologists. The aim of this paper is to illustrate how family therapy training may be integrated into a postgraduate clinical psychology course. The literature on core family therapy knowledge, skills and training methods will form the backdrop to a review of specific family therapy training courses for clinical psychology trainees. This will then be mapped against a consideration of accreditation requirements of clinical psychology courses in Australia and suggestions made for integrating family therapy into their training curriculum. Anecdotal feedback from students provides an initial step toward evaluation.
John functions for o-minimal domains
Authors: Fischer Andreas
Published: June 2011

A John function is a continuously differentiable function whose gradient is bounded by the reciprocal of the Euclidean distance to the boundary of the domain. Here we construct John functions whose gradient norms have positive lower bounds and whose domain is a definable set of an o-minimal structure. We prove their definability and give explicit estimates for a number of John functions required for a given set to obtain uniform positive lower bounds.
Qualitative evaluation of the Secondary 3 Training Program of the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Chan Chitat
Published: June 2011

A total of 907 participants from 31 training workshops joined a 3-day training program of the P.A.T.H.S. Project (Secondary 3 Program) in Hong Kong. At the end of a training workshop, participants were invited to respond to a questionnaire assessing what they had learned and experienced in the training workshop, with 31 structured items and two open-ended questions. Qualitative analyses of the participants’ responses to the two open-ended questions showed that the participants generally had positive evaluation of the instructors, intervention program, and the training program, although some suggestions for improvements were noted. In conjunction with the quantitative evaluation findings and the previous evaluation findings, the present study provides support for the effectiveness of the training program for Secondary 3 Program for the potential program implementers.
Implementation of the Project P.A.T.H.S. in Hong Kong: observations based on the Co-Walker Scheme
Authors: Shek Daniel T.L. , Ng Catalina S.M. , Toh Louis P.F.
Published: June 2011

The implementation quality of the Tier 1 Program (Secondary 1 Program) of the Project P.A.T.H.S. in the third year of the Full Implementation Phase was examined in this study, with classroom observations of 233 units in 157 schools. Results demonstrated that the overall level of program adherence was generally high with an average of 72.96%. A total of 13 aspects regarding program delivery were significantly correlated. Multiple regression analyses indicated that overall implementation quality was significantly predicted by student participation and involvement, classroom control, use of positive and supportive feedback, degree of achievement of the objectives, and time management. Student participation and involvement, classroom control, degree of achievement of the objectives, and time management were significant predictors of success of implementation.
Asthma and quality of life in adolescents in Manisa, Turkey
Authors: Altıparmak Saliha , Altıparmak Osman , Yıldırım Sarı Hatice
Published: June 2011

Background: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of asthma and the association between asthma and quality of life in sixth, seventh, and eighth graders in the city of Manisa.

Method: The population of this cross-sectional study includes the sixth, seventh, and eighth grades of primary schools located in the city of Manisa (n=59, 135). The study sample included 763 students from nine schools with different socioeconomic features selected by the Directorate of National Education. Data were collected under the supervision of the researcher with a socio-demographic questionnaire, International Study of Asthma and Allergy in Childhood (ISAAC) questionnaire and Kiddo-KINDL, a quality of life scale. Descriptive statistics, Student’s t-test and χ2-test were used for the evaluation of the data.

Results: In total, 83 children (10.9%) were diagnosed with asthma by doctors and 82 children (10.7%) had wheezing or asthmatic attacks in the past 12 months. The children with life-long asthma had significantly lower scores for quality of life than those without asthma (p<0.05).

Conclusion: The prevalence of asthma is different in different geographical regions in Turkey. Our results are similar to the results of Western society and asthma has a negative effect on the quality of life of children.
Poverty and child (0–14 years) mortality in the USA and other Western countries as an indicator of “how well a country meets the needs of its children” (UNICEF)
Authors: Pritchard Colin , Williams Richard
Published: June 2011

Background: Children’s (0–14 years) mortality rates in the USA and 19 Western countries (WCs) were examined in the context of a nation-specific measure of relative poverty and the Gross Domestic Product Health Expenditure (GDPHE) of countries to compare the effectiveness and efficiency of health care systems “to meet the needs of its children” (UNICEF).

Method: World Health Organisation child mortality rates per million were analysed for 1979–1981 and 2003–2005 to determine any significant differences between the USA and the other WCs over these periods. Child mortality rates are correlated with all countries GDPHE and ‘relative poverty’, defined by ‘Income Inequalities’, i.e., the gap between top and bottom 20% of incomes.

Findings: Outputs: The mortality rate of every country fell substantially ranging from falls of 46% in the USA to 78% in Portugal. The highest current mortality rates are: USA, 2436 per million (pm), New Zealand 2105 pm, Portugal 1929 pm, Canada 1877 pm and the UK 1834 pm; the lowest are: Japan 1073 pm and Sweden 1075 pm, Finland 1193 pm and Norway 1200 pm. A total of 16 countries rates fell significantly more than the USA over these periods. Inputs: The USA had the greatest GDPHE and widest Income Inequality gap. There was no significant correlation between GDPHE and mortality but highly significant correlations with children’s deaths and income inequalities. The five widest income inequality countries had the six worst rates, the narrowest four had the lowest.

Conclusions: Despite major improvements in every WC, based upon financial inputs and child mortality outputs, the USA health care system appears the least efficient and effective in “meeting the needs of its children”.
The Critical Difference: Making Peripheral Vision Central in Vietnamese Studies
Authors: Harms Erik
Published: June 2011

This discussion of contributions to this special volume on Vietnam's Northwest assesses the importance of an outsider's view in Vietnamese Studies, arguing that such a view helps challenge assumptions about Vietnamese Studies. However, the discussion also cautions that the tendency to view the Northwest as "outside" itself needs to be questioned. Building from the analytic power of the outsider's view while challenging the assumptions upon which such a view rests requires a methodological approach that makes peripheral vision central. This method may offer a useful model for future research in many areas of Vietnamese Studies.
Solution-Focused Guided Imagery as an Intervention for Golfers with the Yips
Authors: Bell Robert J , Skinner Christopher H , Halbrook Meghan K
Published: June 2011

Four experienced golfers participated in a multiple-baseline across participant design that examined the efficacy of solution-focused guided imagery (SFGI) as a treatment for Type I yips. Data was collected during actual 9-hole golf matches and participants received five interventions of the SFGI protocol. Results supported previous research that found SFGI to decrease yips. The current study extended past research by showing that the SFGI protocol was effective with multiple facilitators. Maintenance data collected 12-14 weeks post intervention also extended generalization over time. Results suggest that researchers should examine the effects of similar SFGI protocol on individuals experiencing task-specific focal hand dystonia across tasks (e.g., musicians, tennis players).
The influence of cultural values on spectators' sport attitudes and team identification: An East-West perspective
Authors: Gau Li-Shiue , Kim Jong-Chae
Published: June 2011

The impacts of national cultural-value configurations on spectator sport attitudes and fan team identification were examined. The proposition was explored that associations among fans' sports attitudes and team identification are weaker in cultures with value systems centering on the
pursuit of knowledge versus cultures centering on individual liberty and enjoyment of life. Surveys of comparable samples of college students were taken from 3 countries: Korea (n = 92), Taiwan (n = 99), and USA (n = 167). It was found that the relationships between spectator
sport attitudes and team identification were higher for the American sample than for the Korean and Taiwanese samples. This pattern of findings supported the proposition.