bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NUEVO CONSTITUCIONALISMO LATINOAMERICANO Y DEMOCRACIA PARTICIPATIVA: ¿PROGRESO O RETROCESO DEMOCRÁTICO?
Authors: Ramírez-Nárdiz Alfredo
Published: September 2016

El Nuevo Constitucionalismo Latinoamericano (NCL) es uno de los fenómenos más interesantes del Derecho constitucional comparado actual. Uno de sus rasgos es la incorporación a las Constituciones de una amplia carta de instrumentos participativos que contiene las novedades de la democracia participativa, lo que convierte estos textos en algunos de los más desarrollados del mundo en esta materia. La pregunta es si esta incorporación de instrumentos participativos mejora la democracia o la empeora, si logra sus objetivos participativos o si la democracia participativa acaba diluida en el modelo representativo, o convertida en herramienta en manos de gobernantes que desean fortalecer su poder al debilitar los otros poderes del Estado. ¿Produce la democracia participativa del NCL una mejora o un empeoramiento democrático? Este artículo, mediante el método analítico-sintético y mediante el estudio comparado de la doctrina y la legislación más relevante, trata de aportar una respuesta para concluir que, si bien los instrumentos participativos son en sí neutros y dependerá de la voluntad del actor que los active que sean positivos o negativos, la democracia participativa supone la introducción de una cuña de participación directa en un modelo esencialmente representativo, lo que puede ser fuente de desequilibrios.
Iron CVD from iron pentacarbonyl: Growth inhibition by CO dissociation and use of ammonia to restore constant growth
Authors: Zhang Pengyi , Mohimi Elham , Talukdar Tushar K. , Abelson John R. , Girolami Gregory S.
Published: September 2016

This paper provides a detailed analysis of the deposition of iron by chemical vapor deposition from the well-known precursor iron pentacarbonyl, Fe(CO)5. The authors show that at a constant temperature (e.g., 300 °C) the growth rate decreases monotonically with time. Growth eventually ceases altogether at a certain film thickness and cannot restart, even under conditions that are favorable for nucleation. The authors propose that the reduction in Fe deposition rate observed here and in previous studies results from surface poisoning: the dissociative chemisorption of CO molecules on the Fe surface at elevated temperature forms inactive surface species, especially graphitic carbon, which accumulate on the surface and eventually stop Fe growth. Remarkably, the surface poisoning effect can be inhibited, so that Fe deposition occurs at a constant rate with no self-limiting growth behavior, by coflowing NH3 along with the Fe(CO)5 precursor during growth. The adsorbed NH3 inhibits CO chemisorption by displacing CO from the growth surface and inhibiting CO chemisorption. The resulting Fe films are of high purity, i.e., carbon and nitrogen contents each below 1 at. %.
Optimizing the Control of High Index of Difficulty Movements: The Role of the Tracking Template
Authors: Boyle Jason B. , Kennedy Deanna M. , Wang Chaoyi , Shea Charles
Published: September 2016

An experiment by Boyle, Kennedy, and Shea (2012) demonstrated that practice tracking a template created from a sine wave results in enhanced performance and transfer on a reciprocal aiming task with an index of difficulty (ID) of 6. An experiment was conducted to determine whether tracking a template constructed from recorded participants' performance with ID = 6 would provide the same benefit. Participants were assigned to one of four groups (Fitts–master, Fitts–yoked, sine–master, and sine–yoked). After acquisition, visual templates were constructed for the Fitts–yoked and sine–yoked conditions. The templates were generated from the unique displacement data of the Fitts– and sine–master participants. These made up the training template for the Fitts– and sine–yoked participants. After acquisition, all participants were asked to perform test trials under their respective acquisition conditions (Test 1) and test trials under ID = 6 reciprocal aiming conditions (Test 2). Results indicated faster movement times in the sine-wave training groups on Test 2 than in both Fitts groups. These results indicate that the presentation of a tracking template can result in lower dwell times in the Fitts–yoked pairing on Test 2. However, the findings indicate the need to use templates that guide the movement in a way that promotes an equal acceleration–deceleration profile paired with smooth target reversal.
Association Between Motor Ability and Handwriting Performance in Children With Probable Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Ibana Melvin , Caçola Priscila
Published: September 2016

Handwriting is a core deficit in children with developmental coordination disorder (DCD). Fifty children were tested with the Movement Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition; Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, Short Form; Evaluation Tool of Children's Handwriting (ETCH); McMaster Handwriting Assessment Protocol; and Beery-Buktenica Test of Visual–Motor Integration (Beery–VMI–6). The results showed significant differences in components of the ETCH between groups (p < .05) and significant relationships between handwriting (ETCH and Beery–VMI–6) and motor ability measures (r > .30). We conclude that the ETCH and the Beery–VMI–6 are sensitive measures of handwriting ability for children with probable DCD, but more research is needed to identify a gold-standard assessment for evaluating handwriting in this population.
Complete Genome Sequence of Mycobacterium avium, Isolated from Commercial Domestic Pekin Ducks (Anas platyrhynchos
domestica
), Determined Using PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time Technology
Authors: Song Xiao-Heng , Chen Hong-Xi , Zhou Wang-Shu , Wang Jiang-Bo , Liu Ma-Feng , Wang Ming-Shu , Cheng An-Chun , Jia Ren-Yong , Chen Shun , Sun Kun-Feng , Yang Qiao , Wu Ying , Chen Xiao-Yue , Zhu De-Kang
Published: September 2016

Mycobacterium avium
is an important pathogenic bacterium in birds and has never, to our knowledge, reported to be isolated from domestic ducks. We present here the complete genome sequence of a virulent strain of
Mycobacterium avium
, isolated from domestic Pekin ducks for the first time, which was determined by PacBio single-molecule real-time technology.
Complete Genome Sequence of Cryobacterium arcticum Strain PAMC 27867, Isolated from a Sedimentary Rock Sample in Northern Victoria Land, Antarctica
Authors: Lee Jaejin , Cho Ahnna , Yang Jae Young , Woo Jusun , Lee Hong Kum , Hong Soon Gyu , Kim Ok-Sun
Published: September 2016

Cryobacterium arcticum
PAMC 27867, a psychrotolerant, Gram-positive bacterium, was isolated from a sedimentary rock sample collected at Eureka Spurs in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica. Here, we report the genome sequence of
C. arcticum
PAMC 27867.
Draft Genome Sequence of Clostridium difficile Belonging to Ribotype 018 and Sequence Type 17
Authors: Riccobono E. , Di Pilato V. , Della Malva N. , Meini S. , Ciraolo F. , Torricelli F. , Rossolini G. M.
Published: September 2016

Clostridium difficile
, belonging to ribotype 018 (RT018), is one of the most prevalent genotypes circulating in hospital settings in Italy. Here, we report the draft genome of
C. difficile
CD8-15 belonging to RT018, isolated from a patient with fatal
C. difficile
-associated infection.
Complete Genome Sequence of a
Rhodococcus
Species Isolated from the Winter Skate
Leucoraja ocellata
Authors: Wiens Julia , Ho Ryan , Fernando Dinesh , Kumar Ayush , Loewen Peter C. , Brassinga Ann Karen C. , Anderson W. Gary
Published: September 2016

We report here a genome sequence for
Rhodococcus
sp. isolate UM008 isolated from the renal/interrenal tissue of the winter skate
Leucoraja ocellata
. Genome sequence analysis suggests that
Rhodococcus
bacteria may act in a novel mutualistic relationship with their elasmobranch host, serving as biocatalysts in the steroidogenic pathway of 1α-hydroxycorticosterone.
Draft Genome Sequence of
Criibacterium bergeronii
gen. nov., sp. nov., Strain CCRI-22567
T
, Isolated from a Vaginal Sample from a Woman with Bacterial Vaginosis
Authors: Maheux Andrée F. , Bérubé Ève , Boudreau Dominique K. , Raymond Frédéric , Corbeil Jacques , Roy Paul H. , Boissinot Maurice , Omar Rabeea F.
Published: September 2016

Criibacterium bergeronii
gen. nov., sp. nov., CCRI-22567 is the type strain of the new genus
Criibacterium
. The strain was isolated from a woman with bacterial vaginosis. The genome assembly comprised 2,384,460 bp, with 34.4% G+C content. This is the first genome announcement of a strain belonging to the genus
Criibacterium
.
Evaluation of World Rugby's concussion management process: results from Rugby World Cup 2015
Authors: Fuller Colin W , Fuller Gordon W , Kemp Simon P T , Raftery Martin
Published: September 2016

Objective

To evaluate World Rugby's concussion management process during Rugby World Cup (RWC) 2015.

Design

A prospective, whole population study.

Population

639 international rugby players representing 20 countries.

Method

The concussion management process consisted of 3 time-based, multifaceted stages: an initial on-pitch and/or pitch-side assessment of the injury, a follow-up assessment within 3 hours and an assessment at 36–48 hours. The initial on-pitch assessment targeted obvious signs of concussion, which, if identified, lead to a ‘permanent removal from play’ decision and a diagnosis of concussion. If the on-pitch diagnosis was unclear, a 10-min off-pitch assessment was undertaken for signs and symptoms of concussion leading to a ‘suspected concussion with permanent removal from play’ or a ‘no indication of concussion with return to play’ decision. Evaluations at 3 and 36–48 hours postmatch lead to diagnoses of ‘confirmed concussion’ or ‘no concussion’. Medical staff's decision-making was supported during each stage by real-time video review of events. Players diagnosed with confirmed concussion followed a 5-stage graduated-return-to-play protocol before being allowed to return to training and/or competition.

Results

Players were evaluated for concussion on 49 occasions, of which 24 resulted in diagnoses of concussion. Fourteen players showing on-pitch signs of concussion were permanently removed from play: 4 of the 5 players removed from play following off-pitch medical room evaluation were later diagnosed with a confirmed concussion. Five players not exhibiting in-match signs or symptoms of concussion were later diagnosed with concussion. The overall incidence of concussion during RWC 2015 was 12.5 concussions/1000 player-match-hours.

Conclusions

This study supports the implementation of a multimodal, multitime-based concussion evaluation process to ensure that immediate and late developing concussions are captured.
Virtual reality by mobile smartphone: improving child pedestrian safety
Authors: Schwebel David C , Severson Joan , He Yefei , McClure Leslie A
Published: September 2016

Background

Pedestrian injuries are a leading cause of paediatric injury. Effective, practical and cost-efficient behavioural interventions to teach young children street crossing skills are needed. They must be empirically supported and theoretically based. Virtual reality (VR) offers promise to fill this need and teach child pedestrian safety skills for several reasons, including: (A) repeated unsupervised practice without risk of injury, (B) automated feedback on crossing success or failure, (C) tailoring to child skill levels: (D) appealing and fun training environment, and (E) most recently given technological advances, potential for broad dissemination using mobile smartphone technology.

Objectives and methods

Extending previous work, we will evaluate delivery of an immersive pedestrian VR using mobile smartphones and the Google Cardboard platform, technology enabling standard smartphones to function as immersive VR delivery systems. We will overcome limitations of previous research suggesting children learnt some pedestrian skills after six VR training sessions but did not master adult-level pedestrian skills by implementing a randomised non-inferiority trial with two equal-sized groups of children ages 7–8 years (total N=498). All children will complete baseline, postintervention and 6-month follow-up assessments of pedestrian safety and up to 25 30-min pedestrian safety training trials until they reach adult levels of functioning. Half the children will be randomly assigned to train in Google Cardboard and the other half in a semi-immersive kiosk VR. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) models will assess primary outcomes.

Discussion

If results are as hypothesised, mobile smartphones offer substantial potential to overcome barriers of dissemination and implementation and deliver pedestrian safety training to children worldwide.
Observational strong gravity and quantum black hole structure
Authors: Giddings Steven B.
Published: September 2016

Quantum considerations have led many theorists to believe that classical black hole (BH) physics is modified not just deep inside BHs but at horizon scales, or even further outward. The near-horizon regime has just begun to be observationally probed for astrophysical BHs — both by LIGO, and by the Event Horizon Telescope. This suggests exciting prospects for observational constraints on or discovery of new quantum BH structure. This paper overviews arguments for certain such structure and these prospects.
Bismut formulas and applications for stochastic (functional) differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motions
Authors: Fan Xiliang , Ren Yong
Published: September 2016

In this paper by using Malliavin calculus we prove derivative formulas of Bismut type for a class of stochastic (functional) differential equations driven by fractional Brownian motions. As applications, the dimensional-free Harnack type inequalities and the strong Feller property are presented.
Expanding actions: minimality and ergodicity
Authors: Barrientos Pablo G. , Fakhari Abbas , Malicet Dominique , Sarizadeh Aliasghar
Published: September 2016

We prove that every expanding minimal semigroup action of [Formula: see text] diffeomorphisms of a compact manifold (resp. [Formula: see text] conformal) is robustly minimal (resp. ergodic with respect to the Lebesgue emeasure). We also show how, locally, a blending region yields the robustness of the minimality and implies ergodicity.
FINDING AND ANALYZING THE MINIMUM SET OF DRIVER NODES IN CONTROL OF BOOLEAN NETWORKS
Authors: HOU WENPIN , TAMURA TAKEYUKI , CHING WAI-KI , AKUTSU TATSUYA
Published: September 2016

We study the minimum number of driver nodes control of which leads a Boolean network (BN) from an initial state to a target state in a specified number of time steps. We show that the problem is NP-hard and present an integer linear programming-based method that solves the problem exactly. We mathematically analyze the average size of the minimum set of driver nodes for random Boolean networks with bounded in-degree and with a small number of time steps. The results of computational experiments using randomly generated BNs show good agreements with theoretical analyses. A further examination in realistic BNs demonstrates the efficiency and generality of our theoretical analyses.
Encapsulation of Thiotepa and Altretamine as neurotoxic anticancer drugs in Cucurbit[n]uril (n=7, 8) nanocapsules: A DFT study
Authors: Hassanzadeh Keyumars , Akhtari Keivan , Esmaeili Sara Sheikh , Vaziri Azin , Zamani Hedyeh , Maghsoodi Mobina , Noori Shamim , Moradi Atefeh , Hamidi Pardis
Published: September 2016

The encapsulation of Altretamine (ALT) and Thiotepa (THI) as neurotoxic anticancer drugs in Cucurbit[[Formula: see text]]uril (CB[[Formula: see text]]) family of macrocycles ([Formula: see text],8) have been investigated and their potential in drug delivery, ability to provide physical and chemical stability, improving water solubility and decreasing the side effects have been studied using density functional theory (DFT) approach with B3LYP and the dispersion corrected functional WB97XD methods by employing the 3-21G* basis set. All the calculations were evaluated for gas phase and water as a pharmaceutical and biological solvent according to the polarizable continuum model (PCM). The non-covalent inter-molecular interactions between the host and guest parts were visualized using reduced density gradient analysis. The molecular characteristics for drugs, CB[[Formula: see text]] and their complexes calculated and the global and local descriptors were employed to study the chemical stability of the host–guest complexes. The results show that the encapsulation of THI and ALT for both CB[7] and CB[8] energetically favorable and this can decrease the central nervous system (CNS) neurotoxicity, and increase the stability of THI in electrophilic and nucleophilic. Beside the CNS neurotoxicity reduction and increasing the stability in electrophilic and nucleophilic attacks, the solubility in water for ALT was improved.
Synthesis and photophysical studies of a low-symmetry tribenzoisothiazoloporphyrazine
Authors: Molina Desiré , El-Khouly Mohamed E. , Ioannou Savvas , Kalogirou Andreas S. , Koutentis Panayiotis A. , Sastre-Santos Ángela
Published: September 2016

A new low-symmetry tetraazaporphyrin has been synthesized and characterized by1H NMR, electronic spectroscopies and high resolution mass spectrometry. The photophysical behavior of the newly synthesized low-symmetry zinc tetraazaporphyrin ZnPz 1 has been examined and compared with that of the symmetrical tert-octylphenoxy zinc phthalocyanine ZnPc 2, by using steady-state absorption and fluorescence, cyclic voltammetry, molecular orbital calculation, and femtosecond transient absorption techniques.
EXTENDED-SPECTRUM BETA-LACTAMASE-PRODUCINGESCHERICHIA COLIANDKLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAEISOLATES FROM THE URINE OF DOGS AND CATS SUSPECTED OF URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN A VETERINARY TEACHING HOSPITAL
Authors: Kuan Nan-Ling , Chang Chia-Wei , Lee Chien-An , Yeh Kuang-Sheng
Published: September 2016

Extended-spectrum [Formula: see text]-lactamase (ESBL)-producing microorganisms often cause severe infections; they have only limited therapeutic alternatives and have emerged in both human and veterinary medicine. Companion animals have prolonged contact with humans and could serve as a reservoir for ESBL strains. Information regarding ESBL producers in companion animals is rather limited compared to that regarding humans. Therefore, the objective of this study was to screen for ESBL producers in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Proteus mirabilis in urine samples collected from dogs and cats in which urinary tract infection was suspected in a veterinary teaching hospital in Taipei, Taiwan. In addition, bla genes, multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis, and antibiotic susceptibility testing were performed on these ESBL producers. From December 2011 to March 2013, disc tests of cefotaxime and ceftazidime, with and without clavulanic acid, were performed on 60 E. coli, 22 [Formula: see text]. pneumoniae, and 18 P. mirabilis samples isolated from urine; 2 E. coli and 5 K. pneumoniae samples with the ESBL phenotype were identified. CTX-M-15 was the most frequently found bla gene. CTX-M-14, SHV-11, SHV-12, and SHV-28 were also identified. MLST analysis did not detect a predominant ST type in either E. coli or [Formula: see text]. pneumoniae; nonetheless, K. pneumoniae ST15 and ST11, which are zoonotic agents of public health concern, were detected in our study. All ESBL-producing bacteria exhibited a multidrug-resistant phenotype. The occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae in companion animals underscores the importance of ESBL screening and epidemiological study in veterinary hospitals.
Ferromagnetic Damping/Anti-damping in a Periodic 2D Helical Surface; A Nonequilibrium Keldysh Green Function Approach
Authors: Mahfouzi Farzad , Kioussis Nicholas
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we investigate theoretically the spin–orbit torque (SOT) as well as the Gilbert damping for a two band model of a 2D helical surface state with a ferromagnetic (FM) exchange coupling. We decompose the density matrix into the Fermi sea and Fermi surface components and obtain their contributions to the electronic transport as well as the SOT. Furthermore, we obtain the expression for the Gilbert damping due to the surface state of a 3D topological insulator (TI) and predict its dependence on the direction of the magnetization precession axis.
Adaptive and Approximate Orthogonal Range Counting
Authors: Chan Timothy M. , Wilkinson Bryan T.
Published: September 2016

We present three new results on one of the most basic problems in geometric data structures,
2-D orthogonal range counting
. All the results are in the
w
-bit word RAM model.

—It is well known that there are linear-space data structures for 2-D orthogonal range counting with worst-case optimal query time
O
(log
n
/log log
n
). We give an
O
(
n
log log
n
)-space
adaptive
data structure that improves the query time to
O
(log log
n
+ log
k
/log log
n
), where
k
is the output count. When
k
=
O
(1), our bounds match the state of the art for the 2-D orthogonal range emptiness problem [Chan et al., 2011].

—We give an
O
(
n
log log
n
)-space data structure for
approximate
2-D orthogonal range counting that can compute a (1 + δ)-factor approximation to the count in
O
(log log
n
) time for any fixed constant δ > 0. Again, our bounds match the state of the art for the 2-D orthogonal range emptiness problem.

—Last, we consider the 1-D
range selection
problem, where a query in an array involves finding the
k
th least element in a given subarray. This problem is closely related to 2-D 3-sided orthogonal range counting. Recently, Jørgensen and Larsen [2011] presented a linear-space adaptive data structure with query time
O
(log log
n
+ log
k
/log log
n
). We give a new linear-space structure that improves the query time to
O
(1 + log
k
/log log
n
), exactly matching the lower bound proved by Jørgensen and Larsen.
Tight Lower Bound for the Channel Assignment Problem
Authors: Socała Arkadiusz
Published: September 2016

We study the complexity of the C
hannel
A
ssignment
problem. An open problem asks whether C
hannel
A
ssignment
admits an
O
(

c
n

) (times a polynomial in the bit size) time algorithm, where
n
is a number of the vertices, for a constant
c
independent of the weights on the edges. We answer this question in the negative. Indeed, we show that in the standard Word RAM model, there is no 2

o
(
n
log
n
)

(times a polynomial in the bit size) time algorithm solving C
hannel
A
ssignment
unless the exponential time hypothesis fails. Note that the currently best known algorithm works in time
O
*(
n
!) = 2

O
(
n
log
n
)

, so our lower bound is tight (where the
O
*() notation suppresses polynomial factors).
Genetic-Algorithm-Based FPGA Architectural Exploration Using Analytical Models
Authors: Mehri Hossein , Alizadeh Bijan
Published: September 2016

FPGA architectural optimization has emerged as one of the most important digital design challenges. In recent years, experimental methods have been replaced by analytical ones to find the optimized architecture. Time is the main reason for this replacement. Conventional Geometric Programming (GP) is a routine framework to solve analytical models, including area, delay, and power models. In this article, we discuss the application of the Genetic Algorithm (GA) to the design of FPGA architectures. The performance model has been integrated into the Genetic Algorithm framework in order to investigate the impact of various architectural parameters on the performance efficiency of FPGAs. This way, we are able to rapidly analyze FPGA architectures and select the best one. The main advantages of using GA versus GP are concurrency and speed. The results show that concurrent optimization of high-level architecture parameters, including lookup table size (
K
) and cluster size (
N
), and low-level parameters, like scaling of transistors, is possible for GA, whereas GP does not capture
K
and
N
under its concurrency and it needs to exhaustively search all possible combinations of
K
and
N
. The results also show that more than two orders of magnitude in runtime improvement in comparison with GP-based analysis is achieved.
A structure-function analysis of the left ventricle
Authors: Snelling Edward P. , Seymour Roger S. , Green J. E. F. , Meyer Leith C. R. , Fuller Andrea , Haw Anna , Mitchell Duncan , Farrell Anthony P. , Costello Mary-Ann , Izwan Adian , Badenhorst Margaret , Maloney Shane K.
Published: September 2016

This study presents a structure-function analysis of the mammalian left ventricle and examines the performance of the cardiac capillary network, mitochondria, and myofibrils at rest and during simulated heavy exercise. Left ventricular external mechanical work rate was calculated from cardiac output and systemic mean arterial blood pressure in resting sheep ( Ovis aries; n = 4) and goats ( Capra hircus; n = 4) under mild sedation, followed by perfusion-fixation of the left ventricle and quantification of the cardiac capillary-tissue geometry and cardiomyocyte ultrastructure. The investigation was then extended to heavy exercise by increasing cardiac work according to published hemodynamics of sheep and goats performing sustained treadmill exercise. Left ventricular work rate averaged 0.017 W/cm3of tissue at rest and was estimated to increase to ∼0.060 W/cm3during heavy exercise. According to an oxygen transport model we applied to the left ventricular tissue, we predicted that oxygen consumption increases from 195 nmol O2·s−1·cm−3of tissue at rest to ∼600 nmol O2·s−1·cm−3during heavy exercise, which is within 90% of the oxygen demand rate and consistent with work remaining predominantly aerobic. Mitochondria represent 21-22% of cardiomyocyte volume and consume oxygen at a rate of 1,150 nmol O2·s−1·cm−3of mitochondria at rest and ∼3,600 nmol O2·s−1·cm−3during heavy exercise, which is within 80% of maximum in vitro rates and consistent with mitochondria operating near their functional limits. Myofibrils represent 65–66% of cardiomyocyte volume, and according to a Laplacian model of the left ventricular chamber, generate peak fiber tensions in the range of 50 to 70 kPa at rest and during heavy exercise, which is less than maximum tension of isolated cardiac tissue (120–140 kPa) and is explained by an apparent reserve capacity for tension development built into the left ventricle.
Metabolic Plasticity as a Determinant of Tumor Growth and Metastasis
Authors: Lehuédé Camille , Dupuy Fanny , Rabinovitch Rebecca , Jones Russell G. , Siegel Peter M.
Published: September 2016

Cancer cells must adapt their metabolism to meet the energetic and biosynthetic demands that accompany rapid growth of the primary tumor and colonization of distinct metastatic sites. Different stages of the metastatic cascade can also present distinct metabolic challenges to disseminating cancer cells. However, little is known regarding how changes in cellular metabolism, both within the cancer cell and the metastatic microenvironment, alter the ability of tumor cells to colonize and grow in distinct secondary sites. This review examines the concept of metabolic heterogeneity within the primary tumor, and how cancer cells are metabolically coupled with other cancer cells that comprise the tumor and cells within the tumor stroma. We examine how metabolic strategies, which are engaged by cancer cells in the primary site, change during the metastatic process. Finally, we discuss the metabolic adaptations that occur as cancer cells colonize foreign metastatic microenvironments and how cancer cells influence the metabolism of stromal cells at sites of metastasis. Through a discussion of these topics, it is clear that plasticity in tumor metabolic programs, which allows cancer cells to adapt and grow in hostile microenvironments, is emerging as an important variable that may change clinical approaches to managing metastatic disease. Cancer Res; 76(18); 5201–8. ©2016 AACR.
Usefulness of Serum Procalcitonin Levels in Predicting Tubo-Ovarian Abscess in Patients with Acute Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Authors: Erenel Hakan , Yilmaz Nevin , Oncul Mahmut , Acikgoz Abdullah Serdar , Karatas Suat , Ayhan Isil , Aslan Berna , Tuten Abdullah
Published: September 2016

We aimed to investigate the clinical importance of serum procalcitonin (PCT) levels in the diagnosis of tubo-ovarian abscess (TOA). Patients diagnosed with pelvic inflammatory disease (PID; n = 36) and patients diagnosed with TOA (n = 42) were included in the study. Sociodemographic characteristics, laboratory and clinical parameters were compared between the 2 groups. Mean PCT level was higher in the TOA group (p = 0.004). Mean length of stay in hospital was longer in patients with TOA (p < 0.001). White blood cell count, neutrophil count, percentage of neutrophils and C-reactive protein levels were higher than normal limits in all patients; however, no differences in these parameters were observed between the groups. A cutoff level of 0.330 ng/ml for PCT revealed 62% sensitivity and 75% specificity in predicting TOA. Serum PCT is a promising inexpensive marker for the diagnosis of TOA in PID patients.
Condición juvenil y drogas en universitarios: El caso de una universidad regional
Authors: Espinosa-Herrera Gretel , Castellanos-Obregón Juan Manuel , Osorio-García David
Published: September 2016

(descriptivo): En este artículo exponemos una reflexión acerca de la condición juvenil, y se centra la atención en la relación entre la condición juvenil diferenciada de los estudiantes universitarios y el uso de sustancias psicoactivas. Se argumenta que, si bien la condición juvenil es diferenciada frente a las prácticas de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas se homogenizan las diferencias. Lo anterior se sustenta a partir del caso de una universidad regional. El artículo se desarrolla en dos momentos: en el primero, se aborda el inicio, escalamiento y diversificación del uso de sustancias psicoactivas; en el segundo, se desarrolla la relación con la condición juvenil a partir de la construcción de cuatro categorías. Para lo anterior, se utiliza un cuestionario de la Cicad/OEA, y con ello se busca profundizar en las circunstancias sociales de los usuarios y usuarias, más allá de su experiencia estudiantil universitaria, al tiempo que se busca desnaturalizar la concepción etaria al transformarla en una cualidad social y no en una condición biológica del sujeto.
Percepción de la claridad de los ítems: Comparación del juicio de estudiantes y jueces expertos
Authors: Merino-Soto César
Published: September 2016

(analítico): El presente reporte de investigación preliminar tiene por objetivo evaluar la percepción de la dificultad de los ítems de un cuestionario de personalidad, en dos grupos de evaluadores: estudiantes universitarios y profesores (jueces expertos). La muestra fueron dos grupos: estudiantes y profesores identificados como jueces expertos. Independientemente, para ambos grupos se administró un formulario de opinión sobre la dificultad de lectura o claridad de los ítems del EPQR (Eysenk Personality Questionnaire-Revised). Se hallaron diferencias en los porcentajes de ítems identificados como poco claros, y el acuerdo entre ambos grupos fue mayormente bajo. Estos resultados ponen en relevancia la inclusión del examinado en la evaluación de la dificultad de los ítems usando formularios estandarizados.
"Ese monstruitoâ€: Mafalda, generaciones y género en una construcción mítica
Authors: Cosse Isabella
Published: September 2016

(descriptivo): "De chica me llamaban 'Mafalda' porque era muy preguntonaâ€. Recuerdos semejantes pueden leerse en muchos blogs dedicados a la historieta creada por Quino en 1964, y muestran su significación social. En este artículo analizo, justamente, los sentidos sociales atribuidos a la edad y el género de Mafalda -el personaje- a partir del estudio de las tiras, las discusiones en la prensa y las percepciones de los lectores y lectoras en el contexto de la modernización sociocultural de los años sesenta y del ascenso neoliberal en las décadas de los ochenta y noventa. En mi hipótesis sostengo que el personaje contuvo en sus orígenes una representación desestabilizante en términos generacionales y de género, y una connotación liminal que facilitó que, décadas después, Mafalda cobrase vida y se convirtiese en un mito que otorga sentido al presente.
To Obey or Not to Obey? Mencius’ Discourse on the Political Duties of Officials
Authors: Xudong (方旭东) Fang
Published: September 2016

Mencius’ discourse on officials who could not be summoned by the king reveals that, according to him, no universal definition of a subject’s political duties existed toward his ruler. On the contrary, duties were determined by the subject’s status (i.e., whether he was an official in the bureaucracy) as well as by concrete circumstances (i.e., whether he was on active service or whether the king wanted to see him in order to inquire about the Way). Indeed, from Mencius’ standpoint, context mattered considerably when it came to the question of political duties and in fact, Confucian etiquette always reflected the same spirit of differentiation among status and circumstances. Furthermore, the ministers’ ethics as understood by Mencius appear to be founded on contract, the spirit of which compelled and also conferred the right to any minister with dignity to unilaterally terminate the contract and resign from his post if he found himself unable to carry out successfully his duty or realized that his ruler had no need for his advice.
The Difference Between Confucian and Mencian Benevolence
Authors: Ming (陳明) Chen
Published: September 2016

Confucius and Mencius differ in many ways in describing and demonstrating benevolence. For Confucius, benevolence is a basic concept, with filial piety at its core, and entails socially and culturally regulated action; benevolence symbolizes self-perfection while sagacity symbolizes perfection of all things in the universe. In contrast, for Mencius, who transforms the Confucian universe of unending life into a philosophical universe and changes Confucian benevolence of familial respect into a universal and absolute moral sentiment or instinct, the universe is a basic concept. With the universe as the metaphysical core, Mencius changes benevolence from the fruit of intention to an object of thought, so it is no longer a relation between life and its projects but, rather, a relation between the mind and its cultivation. Confucius talks about benevolence through the individual and familial morality while Mencius does so through the universe and human nature. Distinguishing Confucian and Mencian benevolence has theoretical importance for Confucianism and practical importance in our lives.
Taxonomic novelties in Gomidesia clade (Myrcia s.l., Myrtaceae) from the Atlantic Forest of Brazil
Authors: AMORIM BRUNO S. , ALVES MARCCUS
Published: September 2016

Two new species of Myrcia from the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil are here described and illustrated. Morphological features set them in the Gomidesia clade. Myrcia espiritosantensis and M. ruschii are recorded from southeastern Brazil, which is considered the diversity center for the genus Myrcia, and the species have restricted distribution in submontane and montane forests. Conservation assessments based on IUCN criteria are also given.
Endogean and cavernicolous Coleoptera of the Balkans. XVII. A new species of the genus Speluncarius Reitter, 1886 (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Harpalinae, Pterostichini) from Croatia
Authors: HLAVÁČ PETER , LAKOTA JÁN , ČEPLÍK DÁVID
Published: September 2016

The genus Speluncarius Reitter, 1886 (Harpalinae, Pterostichini) is made up by anophthalmous or almost blind species. The genus is related to Tapinopterus Schaum, 1858, which contains numerous species from the Balkan-Anatolian region and have more or less developed eyes. Speluncarius is distributed in the Western Palaearctic region; 26 species and one subspecies are known from Italy, the Balkan Peninsula and Turkey. The genus is classified in five subgenera, Elasmopterus Kraatz, 1886 (6 spp.); Hypogearius Jeannel, 1953 (3 spp.); Hypogium Tschitscherine, 1900 (1 sp.); Pontotapinus Guéorguiev & Lohaj, 2008 (1 sp.) and Speluncarius (s.str.) Reitter, 1886 (15 spp.) (Sciaky, 1982; Bousquet, 2003; Guéorguiev & Lohaj, 2008; Casale et al., 2013).
Revision of the Neotropical genus Macreupelmus Ashmead (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae)
Authors: GIBSON GARY A. P.
Published: September 2016

The Neotropical genus Macreupelmus Ashmead (Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) is revised based on females, males being unknown for the genus. The genus is redescribed, its phylogenetic relationships within Eupelminae discussed, and the species keyed, described and illustrated through macrophotography. Nine species are recognized—Macreupelmus auranticrus n. sp., M. aurantispina n. sp., M. brasiliensis Ashmead 1896, M. crassicornis (Cameron 1884), M. dromedarius (Cameron 1884), M. erwini n. sp., M. granulosus n. sp., M. laticlavius n. sp., and M. nigrispina n. sp. Excluded from the genus are Macreupelmus baccharidis Kieffer 1910 (transferred to Brasema Cameron as B. baccharidis (Kieffer) n. comb.), Macreupelmus bekilyi Risbec 1952 (transferred to Reikosiella (Hirticauda Bouček) as Reikosiella (Hirticauda) bekilyi (Risbec) n. comb.), and Macreupelmus pulchriceps Cameron 1905 (transferred to Eupelmus Dalman as E. (Eupelmus) pulchriceps (Cameron) n. comb.). The latter name is recognized as the senior synonym of Cerambycobius cushmani Crawford 1908 n. syn., Cerambycobius townsendi Crawford 1912 n. syn., and Eupelmus cyaniceps amicus Girault 1916 n. syn. Lectotypes are designated for M. brasiliensis, M. dromedarius and E. pulchriceps.
Ovid, Metamorphoses, 3.511-733
Authors: Gildenhard Ingo , Zissos Andrew
Published: September 2016

This extract from Ovid's 'Theban History' recounts the confrontation of Pentheus, king of Thebes, with his divine cousin, Bacchus, the god of wine. Notwithstanding the warnings of the seer Tiresias and the cautionary tale of a character Acoetes (perhaps Bacchus in disguise), who tells of how the god once transformed a group of blasphemous sailors into dolphins, Pentheus refuses to acknowledge the divinity of Bacchus or allow his worship at Thebes. Enraged, yet curious to witness the orgiastic rites of the nascent cult, Pentheus conceals himself in a grove on Mt. Cithaeron near the locus of the ceremonies. But in the course of the rites he is spotted by the female participants who rush upon him in a delusional frenzy, his mother and sisters in the vanguard, and tear him limb from limb.

The episode abounds in themes of abiding interest, not least the clash between the authoritarian personality of Pentheus, who embodies 'law and order', masculine prowess, and the martial ethos of his city, and Bacchus, a somewhat effeminate god of orgiastic excess, who revels in the delusional and the deceptive, the transgression of boundaries, and the blurring of gender distinctions.

This course book offers a wide-ranging introduction, the original Latin text, study aids with vocabulary, and an extensive commentary. Designed to stretch and stimulate readers, Gildenhard and Zissos's incisive commentary will be of particular interest to students of Latin at AS and undergraduate level. It extends beyond detailed linguistic analysis to encourage critical engagement with Ovid's poetry and discussion of the most recent scholarly thought.
Synoptic Situations of Extreme Hourly Precipitation over China
Authors: Luo Yali , Wu Mengwen , Ren Fumin , Li Jian , Wong Wai-Kin
Published: September 2016

In this study, synoptic situations associated with extreme hourly precipitation over China are investigated using rain gauge data, weather maps, and composite radar reflectivity data. Seasonal variations of hourly precipitation (>0.1 mm h−1) suggest complicated regional features in the occurrence frequency and intensity of rainfall. The 99.9th percentile is thus used as the threshold to define the extreme hourly rainfall for each station. The extreme rainfall is the most intense over the south coastal areas and the North China Plain. About 77% of the extreme rainfall records occur in summer with a peak in July (30.4%) during 1981–2013.

Nearly 5800 extreme hourly rainfall records in 2011–15 are classified into four types according to the synoptic situations under which they occur: the tropical cyclone (TC), surface front, vortex/shear line, and weak-synoptic forcing. They contribute 8.0%, 13.9%, 39.1%, and 39.0%, respectively, to the total occurrence and present distinctive characteristics in regional distribution and seasonal or diurnal variations. The TC type occurs most frequently along the coasts and decreases progressively toward inland China; the frontal type is distributed relatively evenly east of 104°E; the vortex/shear line type shows a prominent center over the Sichuan basin with two high-frequency bands extending from the center southeastward and northeastward, respectively; and the weak-synoptic type occurs more frequently in southeast, southwest, and northern China, and in the easternmost area of northeast China. Occurrences of the weak-synoptic type have comparable contributions from mesoscale convective systems and smaller-scale storms with notable differences in their preferred locations.
A Self-Consistent Numerical Method for Microphysical Retrieval in Rain Using GPM Dual-Wavelength Radar
Authors: Gorgucci Eugenio , Baldini Luca
Published: September 2016

An assessment of the performance of a self-consistent numerical method for dual-frequency radar based on the retrieval of microphysical precipitation parameter profiles is presented. From the surface reference technique (SRT), the estimation of path-integrated attenuation (PIA) is performed at both wavelengths and reflectivity factors are corrected for attenuation. Then, solving numerically a system of two nonlinear differential equations, the drop size distribution (DSD) parameters are obtained. The method is applied only in the stratiform rain region, from the surface along the path upward to the brightband bottom.

Assuming a gamma DSD model to describe the distribution of precipitation found in nature, a methodology has been developed to transform the estimated DSD provided by a vertically pointing Micro Rain Radar to a profile given by a ground-based Ku- and Ka-band radar, and then in a spaceborne dual-frequency radar measurement profile.

Under ideal conditions in which the different errors that simultaneously affect the retrieval of precipitation microphysical parameters may be individually studied, particular emphasis has been placed on the incidence of variability due to the DSD shape parameter μ, the presence of uncertainties in PIA estimates, and radar signal fluctuations.

To achieve an appropriate level of confidence in the simulation outputs, a qualitative indirect method of validation was realized by comparing the results obtained by the simulation with the experimental ones and weighing how consistent they are with what the theory implies. GPM near-real-time data from an entire year (October 2014–September 2015) were used for this purpose.
Societal Change Systems
Authors: Waddell Steve
Published: September 2016

Problems referred to as wicked, messy, complex, and meta-level, by their very nature, require involving multiple and diverse organizations. Issues such as climate change, poverty, sustainable agriculture, and health care involve many hundreds of organizations at a national level; at a global level this easily increases to many thousands. Emerging their collective power into an effective force represents an enormous organizing challenge. Drawing from complexity and global networking knowledge, and building on the concept of “innovation system,” this article develops the concept of “societal change system” as a framework to support addressing the organizing challenge. This arose through analysis of global change initiatives aiming to integrate sustainability concerns into the production of electricity, which included a meeting of leaders of such change initiatives. The activities produced recommendations for greatly enhancing change efforts with pragmatic steps to develop the societal change system in which they are embedded.
Smart subjects for a Smart Nation? Governing (smart)mentalities in Singapore
Authors: Ho Ezra
Published: September 2016

As visions of smart urbanism gain traction around the world, it is crucial that we question the benefits that an increasingly technologised urbanity promise. It is not about the technology, but bettering peoples’ lives, insist smart city advocates. In this paper, I question the progressive potential of the smart city drawing on the case of Singapore’s Smart Nation initiative. Using the case studies of the smart home and ‘learning to code’ movement, I highlight the limits of such ‘smart’ interventions as they are stunted by the neoliberal-developmental logics of the state, thereby facilitating authoritarian consolidation in Singapore. As such, this paper distinguishes itself from previous works on the neoliberal smart city by situated smart urbanism within the socio-political dynamics of neoliberalism-as-developmental strategy. For smart urbanism to better peoples’ everyday lives, technological ‘solutionism’ needs to be replaced with more human-centric framings and understandings of urban challenges.
A Study of the Gender Traits of Upper Grade Students Toward Cultural Code, Motivation, and Level of Involvement in Online Games in Taiwanese Primary Schools
Authors: Cheng Yung-Hsun , Hsu Shih-Lung
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether gender traits have any influence on the awareness of cultural codes, the motivation of playing online games, and the degrees of commitment for primary school upper graders. Of 390 students surveyed in Taiwan, a total of 364 questionnaires were returned with 356 being considered valid. The main study findings were summarized as follows: (a) Masculine trait has positive and significant effect on cultural codes, which supports and confirms the mediator role of cultural codes. (b) Feminine trait has positive and significant effect on online games play motivation, which also supports and confirms the mediator role of motivation.
Naughty Boys and Sexy Girls
Authors: Norberg Cathrine
Published: September 2016

Although stereotypical gender patterns have been reported in a number of studies over the last forty years or so, and attempts to address gender-biased representation have been made, males and females are still represented differently in modern English-speaking societies. Further research uncovering gender-marked language and biased gender structures is therefore needed. The study presented here is a contribution to the still small, but nevertheless growing number of studies employing corpora to study the discourse of gender. The focus of the study is the representation of young individuals in a previously unexplored one-hundred-million-word web corpus of English, the New Model Corpus (NMC). Following earlier work on collocation and gender, the aim of this paper is to explore what verbs collocate with the lemmas girl and boy as subject and object and what words modify them in a worldwide corpus of English. The purpose is to reveal how these two lemmas pattern with other words, and in doing so point at cultural and social meanings embodied in the representation of girls and boys.