bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CAPTURE: Consistently Acquired Projections for Tuned and Robust Estimation
Authors: Eldeniz Cihat , Fraum Tyler , Salter Amber , Chen Yasheng , Gach H. Michael , Parikh Parag J. , Fowler Kathryn J. , An Hongyu
Published: January 2018

Objectives

In this study, we present a fully automated and robust self-navigated approach to obtain 4-dimensional (4-D) motion-resolved images during free breathing.

Materials and Methods

The proposed method, Consistently Acquired Projections for Tuned and Robust Estimation (CAPTURE), is a variant of the stack-of-stars gradient-echo sequence. A 1-D navigator was consistently acquired at a fixed azimuthal angle for all stacks of spokes to reduce nonphysiological signal contamination due to system imperfections. The resulting projections were then “tuned” using complex phase rotation to adapt to scan-to-scan variations, followed by the detection of the respiratory curve. Four-dimensional motion-corrected and uncorrected images were then reconstructed via respiratory and temporal binning, respectively.

This Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act–compliant study was performed with Institutional Review Board approval. A phantom experiment was performed using a custom-made deformable motion phantom with an adjustable frequency and amplitude. For in vivo experiments, 10 healthy participants and 12 liver tumor patients provided informed consent and were imaged with the CAPTURE sequence.

Two radiologists, blinded to which images were motion-corrected and which were not, independently reviewed the images and scored the image quality using a 5-point Likert scale.

Results

In the respiratory motion phantom experiment, CAPTURE reversed the effects of motion blurring and restored edge sharpness from 36% to 78% of that observed in the images from the static scan.

Despite large intra- and intersubject variability in respiration patterns, CAPTURE successfully detected the respiratory motion signal in all participants and significantly improved the image quality according to the subjective radiological assessments of 2 raters (P < 0.05 for both raters) with a 1 to 2-point improvement in the median Likert scores across the whole set of participants. Small lesions (<1 cm in size) which might otherwise be missed on uncorrected images because of motion blurring were more clearly depicted on the CAPTURE images.

Conclusions

CAPTURE provides a robust and fully automated solution for obtaining 4-D motion-resolved images in a free-breathing setting. With its unique tuning feature, CAPTURE can adapt to large intersubject and interscan variations. CAPTURE also enables better lesion delineation because of improved image sharpness, thereby increasing the visibility of small lesions.
Analysis of essential gene dynamics under antibiotic stress in Streptococcus sanguinis
Authors: El-Rami Fadi , Kong Xiangzhen , Parikh Hardik , Zhu Bin , Stone Victoria , Kitten Todd , Xu Ping
Published: January 2018

The paradoxical response of Streptococcus sanguinis to drugs prescribed for dental and clinical practices has complicated treatment guidelines and raised the need for further investigation. We conducted a high throughput study on concomitant transcriptome and proteome dynamics in a time course to assess S. sanguinis behaviour under a sub-inhibitory concentration of ampicillin. Temporal changes at the transcriptome and proteome level were monitored to cover essential genes and proteins over a physiological map of intricate pathways. Our findings revealed that translation was the functional category in S. sanguinis that was most enriched in essential proteins. Moreover, essential proteins in this category demonstrated the greatest conservation across 2774 bacterial proteomes, in comparison to other essential functional categories like cell wall biosynthesis and energy production. In comparison to non-essential proteins, essential proteins were less likely to contain ‘degradation-prone’ amino acids at their N-terminal position, suggesting a longer half-life. Despite the ampicillin-induced stress, the transcriptional up-regulation of amino acid-tRNA synthetases and proteomic elevation of amino acid biosynthesis enzymes favoured the enriched components of essential proteins revealing ‘proteomic signatures’ that can be used to bridge the genotype–phenotype gap of S. sanguinis under ampicillin stress. Furthermore, we identified a significant correlation between the levels of mRNA and protein for essential genes and detected essential protein-enriched pathways differentially regulated through a persistent stress response pattern at late time points. We propose that the current findings will help characterize a bacterial model to study the dynamics of essential genes and proteins under clinically relevant stress conditions.
Genome-wide Meta-analysis of 158,000 Individuals of European Ancestry Identifies Three Loci Associated with Chronic Back Pain
Authors: Suri Pradeep , Palmer Melody R. , Tsepilov Yakov A. , Freidin Maxim B. , Boer Cindy G. , Yau Michelle S. , Evans Daniel S. , Gelemanovic Andrea , Bartz Traci M. , Nethander Maria , Arbeeva Liubov , Karssen Lennart , Neogi Tuhina , Campbell Archie , Mellstrom Dan , Ohlsson Claes , Marshall Lynn M. , Orwoll Eric , Uitterlinden Andre , Rotter Jerome I. , Lauc Gordan , Psaty Bruce M. , Karlsson Magnus K , Lane Nancy E. , Jarvik Gail , Polasek Ozren , Hochberg Marc , Jordan Joanne M. , Van Meurs Joyce B. J. , Jackson Rebecca , Nielson Carrie M. , Mitchell Braxton D. , Smith Blair H. , Hayward Caroline , Smith Nicholas L. , Aulchenko Yurii S. , Williams Frances M.K.
Published: January 2018

OBJECTIVES

To conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) meta-analysis of chronic back pain (CBP).

METHODS

Adults of European ancestry were included from 16 cohorts in Europe and North America. CBP cases were defined as those reporting back pain present for >3-6 months; non-cases were included as comparisons (“controls”). Each cohort conducted genotyping using commercially available arrays followed by imputation. GWAS used logistic regression models with additive genetic effects, adjusting for age, sex, study-specific covariates, and population substructure. The threshold for genome-wide significance in the fixed-effect inverse-variance weighted meta-analysis was p<5×10−8. Suggestive (p<5×10−7) and genome-wide significant (p<5×10−8) variants were carried forward for replication or further investigation in an independent sample.

RESULTS

The discovery sample was comprised of 158,025 individuals, including 29,531 CBP cases. A genome-wide significant association was found for the intronic variant rs12310519 inSOX5(OR 1.08, p=7.2×10−10). This was subsequently replicated in an independent sample of 283,752 subjects, including 50,915 cases (OR 1.06,p=5.3×10−11), and exceeded genome-wide significance in joint meta-analysis (OR=1.07,p=4.5×10−19). We found suggestive associations at three other loci in the discovery sample, two of which exceeded genome-wide significance in joint meta-analysis: an intergenic variant, rs7833174, located betweenCCDC26andGSDMC(OR 1.05, p=4.4×10−13), and an intronic variant, rs4384683, inDCC(OR 0.97, p=2.4×10−10).

DISCUSSION

In this first reported meta-analysis of GWAS for CBP, we identified and replicated a genetic locus associated with CBP (SOX5). We also identified 2 other loci that reached genome-wide significance in a 2-stage joint meta-analysis (CCDC26/GSDMCandDCC).
Yeast transformation efficiency is enhanced by TORC1- and eisosome-dependent signalling
Authors: Yu Sheng-Chun , Kuemmel Florian , Skoufou-Papoutsaki Maria-Nefeli , Spanu Pietro D
Published: January 2018

Transformation of baker’s yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) plays a key role in several experimental techniques, yet the molecular mechanisms underpinning transformation are still unclear. Addition of amino acids to the growth and transformation medium increases transformation efficiency. Here, we show that target of rapamycin complex 1 (TORC1) activated by amino acids enhances transformation via ubiquitin-mediated endocytosis. We created mutants of the TORC1 pathway, α-arrestins, and eisosome-related genes. Our results demonstrate that the TORC1-Npr1-Art1/Rsp5 pathway regulates yeast transformation. Based on our previous study, activation of this pathway results in a 13-fold increase in transformation efficiency, or greater. Additionally, we suggest DNA is taken up by domains at the membrane compartment of Can1 (MCC) in the plasma membrane formed by eisosomes. Yeast studies on transformation could be used as a platform to understand the mechanism of DNA uptake in mammalian systems, which is clinically relevant to optimise gene therapy.
High-pressure synthesis and crystal structure of the strontium tungstate Sr3W2O9
Authors: Urushihara Daisuke , Asaka Toru , Fukuda Koichiro , Sakurai Hiroya
Published: January 2018

The strontium tungstate compound Sr3W2O9was prepared by a high-pressure synthesis technique. The crystal structure was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The structure was found to be a hettotype structure of the high-pressure phase of Ba3W2O9, which has corner-sharing octahedra with a trigonal symmetry. Sr3W2O9has a monoclinic unit cell ofC2/csymmetry. One characteristic of the structure is the breaking of the threefold rotation symmetry existing in the high-pressure phase of Ba3W2O9. The substitution of Sr at the Ba site results in a significant shortening of the interlayer distances of the [AO3] layers (A= Ba, Sr) and causes a distortion in the crystal structure. In Sr3W2O9, there is an off-centre displacement of W6+ions in the WO6octahedra. Such a displacement is also observed in the high-pressure phase of Ba3W2O9.
Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of (E)-2-(5-bromo-2-hydroxybenzylidene)hydrazinecarbothioamide dimethyl sulfoxide monosolvate
Authors: Sivajeyanthi Palaniyappan , Jeevaraj Muthaiah , Edison Bellarmin , Balasubramani Kasthuri
Published: January 2018

The molecule of the title Schiff base, C8H8BrN3OS·C2H6OS, which crystallizes as a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) monosolvate, displays an E configuration with respect to the C=N bond, with a dihedral angle of 14.54 (11)° between the benzene ring and the mean plane of the N—N—C(N)=S unit. In the crystal, molecules are linked by N—H...O hydrogen bonds, forming chains propagating along the b-axis direction. Within the chains there are R
2
3(11) ring motifs, which are reinforced by C—H...ODMSO hydrogen bonds enclosing secondary R
1
2(6) and R
2
3(9) loops. The chains are linked by O—Hhydroxyl...S hydrogen bonds, forming layers parallel to (011). Inversion-related layers are linked by short Br...Br interactions [3.5585 (5) Å], forming slabs parallel to (011). The intermolecular interactions have been investigated using Hirshfeld surface studies and two-dimensional fingerprint plots. The crystal structure of the unsolvated form of the title compound has been reported previously [Kargar et al. (2010). Acta Cryst. E66, o2999], and its solid-state structure is compared with that of the title solvated form.
2,6-Dibromo-4-chlorophenyl isocyanide
Authors: Noland Wayland E. , Tritch Kenneth J.
Published: January 2018

Molecules of the title compound, C7H2Br2ClN (RNC), are bisected by a mirror plane that passes through the chloro and isocyano groups. The isocyano C atom is bisected by two NC...Br contacts, one per Br atom. The resulting centric R
2
2(10) rings form ribbons along [010], which align to form a nearly planar sheet structure that is very similar to the sheets observed in several related 2,6-dibromophenyl cyanides and isocyanides. The crystal of RNC is isomorphous with the corresponding cyanide, with solely translational stacking between sheets. This is in contrast to the 2,4,6-tribromophenyl cyanide and isocyanide, which occur as different polytypes.
(1E,4E)-1,5-Bis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)penta-1,4-dien-3-one
Authors: Dravida Thendral Era , Mohamooda Sumaya U. , Gomathi S. , Biruntha K , Usha G.
Published: January 2018

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C17H10Cl4O, consists of one independent molecule and two molecules each located on twofold symmetry axes through the central C=O bond such that they each contribute half a molecule each to the asymmetric unit. The dihedral angles between the rings in the three molecules are 73.1 (3), 65.3 (3) and 75.4 (3)°. In the crystal, molecules are linked through C—H...O hydrogen bonds, generating undulated molecular sheets lying parallel to (110).
1-Carboxy-2-hydroxypropan-1-aminium 4-methylbenzenesulfonate monohydrate
Authors: Prabu P. , Thiruvalluvar A. , Ramachandra Raja C.
Published: January 2018

In the title hydrated salt, C4H10NO3
+·C7H7O3S−·H2O, an intramolecular C—H...O hydrogen bond in the cation generates an S(6) loop. In the crystal, carboxyl-O—H...O(sulfonate), hydroxyl-O—H...O(sulfonate), water-O—H...O(sulfonate, hydroxyl) and ammonium-N—H...O(water, carbonyl) hydrogen bonds link the components of the asymmetric unit into supramolecular layers parallel to (001).
3-Benzoyl-4-methyl-2-oxo-2H-chromen-7-yl acetate
Authors: Cao Yi , Mai Wenpeng , Yuan Jinwei
Published: January 2018

In the title compound, C19H14O5, the dihedral angle between the coumarin ring system (r.m.s. deviation = 0.026 Å) and the pendant benzoyl group is 81.91 (7)°. In the crystal, weak C—H...O interactions link the molecules into a three-dimensional network.
Causal mapping small business advisors’ belief systems: a case of entrepreneurship policy research
Authors: Laukkanen Mauri , Tornikoski Erno T.
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is twofold: first, using the case of Finnish small business advisors (SBAs), it aims to clarify a controversy in entrepreneurship policy about using public funds to foster solo and micro entrepreneurship. The study reveals the SBAs’ belief systems to facilitate policy-relevant conclusions about their advisory competence, counseling tendencies and probable impact on nascent entrepreneurs and macro consequences like firm displacement. Second, methodologically, the study’s cognitive perspective and method enable researchers to assess the approach and its potential.

Design/methodology/approach

The SBAs’ (n=15) belief systems were elicited by interview-based causal mapping. They are summarized using aggregated causal maps and analyzed to understand the SBAs’ dominant mindset and to draw conditional inferences about their professional competence and impacts.

Findings

The SBAs have convergent belief systems about the causes and consequences of micro entrepreneurship. They are generally competent to detect and foster viable solo and small micro firms. From a policy viewpoint, however, they ignore indirect effects like firm replication and appear risk aversive, less inclined to promote their clients’ growth intentions and plans.

Originality/value

For entrepreneurship policy makers, the study clarifies a controversial issue. It finds clear grounds for public funding of SBA type services, but this may depend on policy goals and local conditions. For the SBAs, the study suggests proactive, income-generating services for improved financing and legitimacy. For entrepreneurship researchers, it demonstrates the potential and limits of the cognitive approach and causal mapping.
Nudging waste diversion at Western State Colorado University: application of behavioral insights
Authors: McCoy Kimberly , Oliver Justin J. , Borden D. Scott , Cohn Scott I.
Published: January 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to test a nudge, or intervention, designed through behavioral insights at a university campus to discover cost-effective means for increasing recycling participation and methods for estimating waste removal cost savings.

Design/methodology/approach

A series of studies were conducted demonstrating the effectiveness of behaviorally based recycling interventions. Study locations included an academic building, a performing arts/studio arts building, a sports complex and a campus library. All locations already had robust and visible recycling programs in operation. Following an observation period, modifications were made to the locations of waste and recycling containers. Waste auditing procedures were used to quantify existing waste diversion rates, and changes to those rates following changes in choice architecture.

Findings

Waste diversion rates improved and significant reductions in the proportion of recyclable materials in the trash were observed at all four study locations. Results indicate that the nudge of changing choice architecture can enhance recycling programs that are already recognized as successful. This paper also explains methods for estimating waste removal, which are important as it enables calculations of cost savings from such interventions. Finally, targeting plastic bottles to increase return on investment is recommended.

Practical implications

Other colleges and universities can apply these methods to improve existing recycling programs and realize cost savings.

Originality value

This is the first study to investigate the use of a nudge on waste management issues on a university campus. An easy-to-replicate method, which allows measuring realized cost savings, is explained.
Investigative interviewing, dissociative identity disorder and the role of the Registered Intermediary
Authors: O’Mahony Brendan M. , Milne Becky , Smith Kevin
Published: January 2018

Purpose

Intermediaries facilitate communication with many types of vulnerable witnesses during police investigative interviews. The purpose of this paper is to find out how intermediaries engage in their role in cases where the vulnerable witness presents with one type of vulnerability, namely, dissociative identity disorder (DID).

Design/methodology/approach

In phase 1, data were obtained from the National Crime Agency Witness Intermediary Team (WIT) to ascertain the demand for intermediaries in DID cases in England and Wales within a three-year period. In phase 2 of this study four intermediaries who had worked with witnesses with DID completed an in-depth questionnaire detailing their experience.

Findings

Referrals for DID are currently incorporated within the category of personality disorder in the WIT database. Ten definite DID referrals and a possible additional ten cases were identified within this three-year period. Registered Intermediary participants reported having limited experience and limited specific training in dealing with DID prior to becoming a Registered Intermediary. Furthermore, intermediaries reported the many difficulties that they experienced with DID cases in terms of how best to manage the emotional personalities that may present.

Originality/value

This is the first published study where intermediaries have shared their experiences about DID cases. It highlights the complexities of obtaining a coherent account from such individuals in investigative interviews.
Developing digitally enabled interventions for prison and probation settings: a review
Authors: Morris Jason , Bans Manpreet Kaur
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to highlight some initial efforts within Her Majesty’s Prison and Probation Service (HMPPS) to develop digitally enabled services supporting the rehabilitation of service users. It is not designed to set out either HMPPS policy on digital rehabilitative services or the position of HMPPS Interventions Services on this subject. Rather, it is a short exposition of the authors’ views on the potential of digitally enabled strategies to enhance interventions in forensic settings. In this context, the authors will also describe the development of the first digitally enabled rehabilitation service accessed via HMPPS in-room computer terminals.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors have reviewed current literature and outlined how the authors have and are aiming to add to this area of work.

Findings

This general review outlines the authors’ views on the potential of digitally enabled strategies for improving interventions in forensic settings.

Originality/value

This paper is a short exposition of the authors’ views on the potential of digitally enabled strategies to enhance interventions in forensic settings. In this context, the authors will also describe the development of the first digitally enabled rehabilitation service accessed via HMPPS in-room computer terminals.
“I kind of find that out by accident”: probation staff experiences of pharmacological treatment for sexual preoccupation and hypersexuality
Authors: Elliott Helen , Winder Belinda , Manby Ellie , Edwards Helen , Lievesley Rebecca
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the views and experiences of probation staff working with individuals convicted of a sexual offence who have been prescribed medication to manage sexual arousal (MMSA).

Design/methodology/approach

Semi-structured interviews were utilised with a sample of probation staff (offender supervisors and managers, n=12), who supervise individuals convicted of a sexual offence, either in prison, or post-release in the community. Data were analysed using thematic analysis.

Findings

Two main themes emerged: barriers for probation staff and suspicious but hopeful. Theme 1 encapsulates factors that prevent probation staff from engaging with MMSA; theme 2 highlighted the samples’ uncertainty and mistrust of the use of medication as a potential tool for risk management and scepticism about individuals’ motivations, particularly in the community.

Research limitations/implications

The main limitation of this study was the differing levels of knowledge the sample had about MMSA and their subsequent ability to discuss MMSA other than in a theoretical sense.

Practical implications

Practical implications include the need for further training for probation staff, improved collaboration between departments and ongoing support for staff to support the success of the MMSA intervention.

Originality/value

This study offers a novel perspective on MMSA – that of the probation staff supervising prisoners taking MMSA. This has not been explored before, and the findings and associated implications are of importance for the treatment and care of those convicted of sexual offences.
Board demographic diversity: a review of literature
Authors: Kagzi Muneza , Guha Mahua
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to synthesize the diverse literature on board demographic diversity and to provide avenues for future research.

Design/methodology/approach

The study provides a comprehensive literature review of theoretical and empirical studies published in leading management journals from 1989 to 2015.

Findings

The literature review revealed several aspects that are related to board demographic diversity. These aspects have been classified into: definitions and types of board diversity, dimensions of board demographic diversity, measurement and outcomes of board diversity, reasons for existing conflicting empirical findings about the relationship between board diversity and firm dynamics, and research on mediators and moderators.

Originality/value

Issues pertaining to board demographic diversity identified in this paper have theoretical and practical implications, and include avenues for future research.
Location preemption by oligopolists: evidence from the Singapore supermarket industry
Authors: Pangarkar Nitin
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether new store locations by two incumbent supermarket chains in Singapore were consistent with a preemptive strategy.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodology involved collecting store location data and using a geographical technique (Thiessen polygons) for inferring the existence of a preemptive strategy.

Findings

The analyses revealed that while NTUC Fairprice’s (the dominant incumbent) new store location strategy was consistent with a preemptive strategy, the second ranked player’s (Cold Storage) was not. Being the dominant incumbent, NTUC Fairprice had the incentive (protect its dominant position) as well as ability (scale, low costs and a merchandise mix that appealed to the mass market) to adopt a preemptive strategy. Cold Storage, on the other hand, lacked both the incentive (appeal to the narrow expatriate segment) and the ability (scale or low costs) to follow a preemptive location strategy.

Research limitations/implications

The analyses did not distinguish between the opening of large vs small stores because the data on store sizes were not available. The analyses focused on an earlier time period because the implementation of the analytical technique (construction of polygons) was more feasible during the timeframe.

Practical implications

The paper identifies conditions under which it may be appropriate for firms to follow a preemptive strategy.

Originality/value

The paper adopts a highly appropriate methodology (Thiessen polygons) that takes into account the locations of own as well as competitor’s stores for analyzing the new store locations by supermarket chains. The paper’s conclusions about the conditions under which preemptive strategies are likely to be adopted can be useful to future researchers as well as managers.
Does deliberate learning lead to dynamic capability? The role of organizational schema for Kodak, 1993-2011
Authors: Wang Liang , Li Eric Ping Hung , Ding Xiaoya (Sara)
Published: January 2018

Purpose

The process of building dynamic capabilities remains understudied, although deliberate learning is posited to be the key to developing and maintaining dynamic capabilities in turbulent environments. Based on the case study of Kodak’s responses to the shift from traditional to digital technology in the imaging industry (1993-2011), the purpose of this paper is to examine the role of managerial cognition in building dynamic capabilities.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper employs case study and qualitative method approach.

Findings

The results reveal that, when facing environmental turbulence, deliberate learning is subject to routine disruptions through entrepreneurial activities, and these organizational routines and activities are determined by organizational schema. Organizational schema itself is updated as a result of managers’ ongoing interpretation of the organization’s fit with the environment. The study findings contribute to the organizational studies and management literature by highlighting the role of managerial cognition into the microfoundation of dynamic capabilities.

Originality/value

The results demonstrate managerial cognition, and organizational schema in particular, as a microfoundation of dynamic capability.
Agency, personality, and multiple identity types: understanding Theresa May
Authors: Yolles Maurice , Di Fatta Davide
Published: January 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to use the cultural agency theory (CAT) formulated to represent a personality in which multiple identities reside. Dynamic identity theory is used to explain the relationship between the multiple identities, which impact on personality creating imperatives for behaviour. The mindset agency theory (MAT), a development of CAT, is used to evaluate the personal and public identities of Theresa May, the UK Prime Minister in 2017, to determine whether there is a psychological reason for the political inconsistency she demonstrated prior to and during the UK general election campaign.

Design/methodology/approach

CAT connects identity and personality theories and is elaborated on conceptually to include the dynamic identity theory, which explains how identities develop. Developing identities result in personality adjustments through trait movements. The theory is applied to Theresa May, the UK Prime Minister in 2017. A selection of her election narratives is taken, and summative content analysis is applied. Her public and personal identities are examined in this way. Data results are tested for reliability, and her public and personal identities are compared using MAT.

Findings

Theresa May’s personal and public identities, while related, have some differences, suggesting a clinical explanation for her political inconsistencies.

Originality/value

There is no other current theory that explains the relationship between personality and identity and can evaluate personality using a qualitative–quantitative approach, undertaking a comparative evaluation of multiple identities to explain clinical psychological conditions.
Cow comfort: a case study in sustainable entrepreneurship
Authors: Pahl Joy M.
Published: January 2018

Synopsis

The case is set in Northeast Wisconsin, where the two largest industries are dairy farming and papermaking. Dairy farms have a continual need for bedding material for cows, and Lynn Heemeyer recognized an opportunity for a new bedding material: a waste byproduct of recycled paper. The case includes the progression of Heemeyer’s venture – Alternative Animal Bedding (AAB) – from the idea phase, to initiation and growth, to near collapse, recovery, and renewed growth. By September 2015, AAB was at a turning point as the sales were increasing, and Jess, Lynn’s daughter, had joined the business. Jess’s challenge: how best to grow the business.

Research methodology

Information for the case was gathered via interviews with Jess Heemeyer; she also provided some supporting materials. Jess Heemeyer is a former student of the author and a graduate of the institution that employs the author. Additional information for the case was collected from publicly available sources, as referenced. The identification of the college was not included in the case.

Relevant courses and levels

The case is best suited for use in an undergraduate or graduate entrepreneurship course or courses that include entrepreneurship as a topic. The case fits well with the topics of alertness and opportunity identification, and the innovation process. It can also be used to illustrate critical factors for new-venture development and growth. In addition, the benefits and challenges related to family-based entrepreneurial ventures can be included as a learning objective.

Theoretical bases

This case draws upon and illustrates the concept of alertness (Kirzner, 1973) which was further developed by Tang et al. (2012) when they identified three dimensions of alertness: “scanning and searching for information, connecting previously disparate information, and making evaluations on the existence of profitable business opportunities” (p. 77). Also, the case follows the creativity-based model of opportunity recognition developed by Corbett (2005) that uses experiential learning theory. Finally, students are asked to apply Ansoff’s Growth Matrix (Ansoff, 1957) to identify and evaluate the growth options available to the business owners and managers. As an optional pasture for discussion, a stewardship theory perspective can be applied to examine the family business aspect of this case (see Eddleston and Kellermanns, 2007).
Paytm’s wallet business: on a growth trajectory or suicide mission?
Authors: Agarwal Richa , Tuteja Sumedha
Published: January 2018

Synopsis

Paytm has become a popular method to make cashless payments in India. Be it for transferring funds through mobile numbers, online payment of utility bills, cabs, etc. or payment to offline merchants. This case elaborates on the position Paytm has attained in the market thus far and its ambitious future growth plans. It describes the strategies being adopted by Paytm’s competitors and the new developments in the payments business in India. The case finally narrates the challenges the Fintech firm faces at present and poses a pertinent question: is Paytm on a growth trajectory or committing suicide by leaping so fast?

Research methodology

The case collates secondary data pertaining to Paytm’s current position and recent developments in the Indian mobile wallet industry. It presents the facts and data published on websites, newspapers, and magazines in the form of a case study.

Relevant courses and levels

This case can be applied to strategic management at under graduate and introductory level in post-graduate marketing of digital products.
Sorting specimen‐rich invertebrate samples with cost‐effective NGS barcodes: Validating a reverse workflow for specimen processing
Authors: Wang Wendy Y. , Srivathsan Amrita , Foo Maosheng , Yamane Seiki K. , Meier Rudolf
Published: January 2018

Biologists frequently sort specimen‐rich samples to species. This process is daunting when based on morphology, and disadvantageous if performed using molecular methods that destroy vouchers (e.g., metabarcoding). An alternative is barcoding every specimen in a bulk sample and then presorting the specimens using DNA barcodes, thus mitigating downstream morphological work on presorted units. Such a “reverse workflow” is too expensive using Sanger sequencing, but we here demonstrate that is feasible with an next‐generation sequencing (NGS) barcoding pipeline that allows for cost‐effective high‐throughput generation of short specimen‐specific barcodes (313 bp of COI; laboratory cost <$0.50 per specimen) through next‐generation sequencing of tagged amplicons. We applied our approach to a large sample of tropical ants, obtaining barcodes for 3,290 of 4,032 specimens (82%). NGS barcodes and their corresponding specimens were then sorted into molecular operational taxonomic units (mOTUs) based on objective clustering and Automated Barcode Gap Discovery (ABGD). High diversity of 88–90 mOTUs (4% clustering) was found and morphologically validated based on preserved vouchers. The mOTUs were overwhelmingly in agreement with morphospecies (match ratio 0.95 at 4% clustering). Because of lack of coverage in existing barcode databases, only 18 could be accurately identified to named species, but our study yielded new barcodes for 48 species, including 28 that are potentially new to science. With its low cost and technical simplicity, the NGS barcoding pipeline can be implemented by a large range of laboratories. It accelerates invertebrate species discovery, facilitates downstream taxonomic work, helps with building comprehensive barcode databases and yields precise abundance information.
Vitamin D deficiency is associated with tibial bone pain and tenderness. A possible contributive role
Authors: Babaei Mansour , Esmaeili Jadidi Mehdi , Heidari Behzad , Gholinia Hemmat
Published: January 2018

Background

Vitamin D deficiency is associated with osteomalacia and a variety of musculoskeletal pain. This study aimed to determine the association of vitamin D deficiency with tibial bone pain and tenderness.

Methods

Patients with leg pain, defined as local pain and tenderness over tibial bones for ≥ 6 weeks were consecutively selected. Secondary causes of pain were excluded by appropriate clinical, radiological and laboratory examinations. Serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (25‐OHD) was assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay method and levels < 20 ng/mL were considered as deficiency. Age‐ and sex‐matched subjects without leg pain served as controls. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to determine associations.

Results

One hundred and eighteen patients and 114 controls aged 46.8 ± 14.8 and 44.6 ± 14.1 years, respectively (P = 0.93) were analyzed. Mean 25‐OHD level was significantly lower (P = 0.001) and the prevalence of 25‐OHD deficiency was significantly higher in the patients as compared with the controls (75.4% vs. 23.6%), odds ratio (OR) = 9.54 (95% CI, 5.22–17.45, P = 0.001). There was a negative dose‐response relationship between serum 25‐OHD and tibial bone pain by OR = 17.33 (95% CI, 6.48–46.3) in subjects with 25‐OHD < 10 ng/mL, and OR = 14.7 (95% CI, 6.35–34.6) in serum 25‐OHD levels at 10–19.9 ng/mL, and OR = 2.58 (95% CI, 1.08–6.1) in those with 25‐OHD at 20–29.9 ng/mL as compared with 25‐OHD ≥ 30 ng/mL. After controlling for demographic and biochemical factors, the association reached a stronger level of 19.8 (6.9–56.3) in subjects with serum 25‐OHD < 10 ng/mL and 14.4 (5.8–34.6) in those with serum 25‐OHD at levels of 10–19.9 ng/mL and 1.85 (0.73–4.6) in 20–29 ng/mL.

Conclusion

These findings indicate a possible contributive role for serum 25‐OHD deficiency in the development of pain and tenderness over the tibial bone.
genotypeR: An integrated r package for single nucleotide polymorphism genotype marker design and data analysis
Authors: Sefick Stephen A. , Castronova Magdalena A. , Stevison Laurie S.
Published: January 2018

Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) genotyping is an important tool to understand basic and applied questions, such as genomic structure, recombination, introgression, parentage/pedigrees and the genetic basis of traits, among other things. Each of these applications share a similar workflow: marker design, genotyping and data analysis.

In this manuscript, we present genotypeR, a package that implements a common genotyping workflow with a standardized software interface. The genotypeR package is written in r with integration of a marker design pipeline written in Perl.

genotypeR designs SNP genotyping markers from vcf files produced from variant calling of sequence data. These markers are processed before genotyping to ensure that they can be used in downstream analyses. After marker multiplexing suitability has been conducted on the genotyping platform, genotyping is conducted and raw output from the genotyping assay is processed by genotypeR. The primary post‐genotyping functionality includes commonly used QA/QC procedures, genotype conversions, recombination analysis and data export to a popular program that uses genotyping data (rqtl).

genotypeR provides a unified software environment for analysing SNP genotyping data, and will be useful for researchers investigating various research questions, removing the need for individual researchers to write custom software, and facilitating a common workflow.
Prevalence of sarcopenia and associated factors in hospitalised older patients: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Hao Qiukui , Hu Xiaoyi , Xie Linlin , Chen Jing , Jiang Jiaojiao , Dong Birong , Yang Ming
Published: January 2018

Objective

To estimate the prevalence and factors associated with sarcopenia in a sample of older inpatients.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted in three acute geriatric wards in 2012. Sarcopenia was defined according to the criteria of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia.

Results

We included 407 patients aged 81.0 ± 8.0 years. The prevalence of sarcopenia was 31% in the whole study population. Multiple logistic regression showed that being a female (odds ratio (OR) 4.75, 95% confidence interval (CI) 2.45–9.20), smoking (OR 2.94, 95% CI 1.26–6.69), cognitive impairment (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.10–3.95), polypharmacy (OR 2.36, 95% CI 1.28–4.34) and body mass index (OR 0.75, 95% CI 0.68–0.83) were independently associated with sarcopenia.

Conclusion

Sarcopenia was highly prevalent in older inpatients. In addition to factors previously reported to be associated with sarcopenia, we found that polypharmacy was associated with sarcopenia. As the direction of causality remains uncertain, these relationships deserve further study.
Laparoscopic appendectomy during the third trimester: Case presentation and literature review
Authors: Iwamura Sena , Hashida Hiroki , Yoh Tomoaki , Kitano Shoichi , Mizumoto Motoko , Kitamura Koji , Kondo Masato , Kobayashi Hiroyuki , Kaihara Satoshi , Hosotani Ryo
Published: January 2018

Acute appendicitis is the most common general surgical problem encountered during pregnancy. Laparoscopic appendectomy (LA) is widely accepted as a minimally invasive procedure for acute appendicitis. However, LA during the third trimester is associated with problems, including technical difficulty, risk of preterm delivery, and fetal loss. We successfully managed three cases of LA during the third trimester between 2011 and 2016. None of the cases required conversion to an open procedure, and none of the patients had postoperative complications and/or fetal loss. We reviewed the literature using the PubMED database from 2007 to 2016 to acquire further evidence and identified 6 reports and 17 cases. The conversion rate was 11.8% (2 cases), the complication rate was 6.67% (1 case), and the preterm delivery rate was 20% (3 cases); no fetal loss was observed. Our study and literature review highlights the role of LA as a potentially feasible treatment approach for appendicitis during the third trimester.
Fixed dosing of intravenous tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis. Results from a population pharmacokinetic analysis
Authors: Bastida Carla , Ruiz‐Esquide Virginia , Pascal Mariona , de Vries Schultink Aurelia H. M. , Yagüe Jordi , Sanmartí Raimon , Huitema Alwin D. R. , Soy Dolors
Published: January 2018

Aims

Intravenous tocilizumab is currently dosed on body weight, although a weak correlation between body weight and clearance has been described. The aim of the study was to assess the current dosing strategy and provide a scientific rational for dosing using a modelling and simulation approach.

Methods

Serum concentrations and covariates were obtained from intravenous tocilizumab treated subjects at a dose of 4, 6 or 8 mg every 28 days. A population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using nonlinear mixed effects modelling. The final model was used to simulate tocilizumab exposure to assess a dosing strategy based on body weight or fixed dosing, using as target a cumulative area under the curve at 24 weeks of treatment above 100 × 103 μg h ml–1.

Results

A one‐compartment disposition model with parallel linear and nonlinear elimination best described the concentration–time data. The typical population mean values for clearance, apparent volume of distribution, maximum elimination rate and Michaelis–Menten constant were 0.0104 l h–1, 4.83 l, 0.239 mg h–1 and 4.22 μg ml–1, respectively. Interindividual variability was included for clearance (17.0%) and volume of distribution (30.8%). Significant covariates for clearance were patient body weight and C‐reactive protein serum levels. An estimated exponent for body weight of 0.360 confirms the weak relationship with tocilizumab clearance. Simulations demonstrate that patients with lower weights are at risk of underdosing if the weight‐based dosing approach is used. However, fixed‐dosing provides a more consistent drug exposure regardless of weight category.

Conclusions

Our study provides evidence to support fixed dosing of intravenous tocilizumab in rheumatoid arthritis patients since it reduces variability in tocilizumab exposure among weight categories compared to the current weight‐based dosing approach.
Pulsatility of glucocorticoid hormones in pregnancy: Changes with gestation and obesity
Authors: Stirrat Laura I. , Walker Jamie J. , Stryjakowska Ksenia , Jones Natalie , Homer Natalie Z. M. , Andrew Ruth , Norman Jane E. , Lightman Stafford L. , Reynolds Rebecca M.
Published: January 2018

Objective

Hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis (HPA) activity is decreased in obese pregnancy and associates with increased foetal size. Pulsatile release of glucocorticoid hormones regulates their action in target tissues. Glucocorticoids are essential for normal foetal growth, but little is known about glucocorticoid pulsatility in pregnancy. We aimed to investigate the ultradian rhythm of glucocorticoid secretion during obese and lean pregnancy and nonpregnancy.

Design

Serum cortisol, cortisone, corticosterone and 11‐dehydrocorticosterone were measured by LC‐MS/MS from samples obtained at 10‐minute intervals between 08.00‐11.00 hours and 16.00‐19.00 hours, from 8 lean (BMI <25 kg/m2) and 7 obese (BMI > 35 kg/m2) pregnant women between 16‐24 weeks gestation and again at 30‐36 weeks), and nonpregnant controls (lean n = 3, obese n = 4) during the luteal phase of their menstrual cycle. Interstitial fluid cortisol was measured by ELISA, from samples obtained using a portable microdialysis and automated collection device at 20‐minute intervals over 24 hours.

Results

Serum cortisol AUC, highest peak and lowest trough increased significantly with gestation in lean and obese pregnant compared with nonpregnant subjects. Pulsatility of cortisol was detected in interstitial fluid. In pregnant subjects, interstitial fluid pulse frequency was significantly lower with advancing gestation in obese, but not in lean.

Conclusions

We demonstrate cortisol pulsatility in interstitial fluid. Pulse frequency is altered with increased gestation and BMI. This may be a novel mechanism to explain decreased HPA activity in obese pregnancy.
Evaluation of bone stimulation by different designs of microthreaded implants in enhancing osseointegration: An in vivo animal study supported by a numerical analysis
Authors: Kumararama Sindhu Sudhakar , Mishra Sunil , Chowdhary Ramesh
Published: January 2018

Background

An optimal shape of the thread design of the implants is required for equal distribution of stresses to the surrounding bone matrix and for stimulation and promotion of bone remodeling.

Purpose

The study was construed with the aim of histomorphometric evaluation of bone stimulation generated by different microthread designed implants in enhancing osseointegration, and to assess the pattern of stress dissipation through a two‐dimensional finite element analysis.

Materials and Methods

Computer Aided Designing of two type of microthreads, one V‐shaped and the other Power‐shaped microthreaded dental implants with only microthreads all along body of the implant from the neck to the apex was made and 30 implant prototypes were milled. Two‐dimensional finite elemental analysis (FEA) was carried out to assess the pattern of stress distribution in the bone around these implant designs and for In vivo study 24 implant prototypes were placed in rabbits tibia and femur, out of which 12 were with V‐shaped microthreads and the other 12 were with Power‐shaped microthreads. Histomorphometric analysis was carried out of the sections obtained from the enbloc specimen retrieved from the sacrificed rabbits.

Results

FEA showed less stress around the V‐shaped microthreaded implant model when compared to Power‐shaped microthreaded implant model. Hitomorphometry showed statistical significance difference in new bone volume (BV) and Total BV for V‐shaped microthreaded prototype implant.

Conclusions

V‐shaped microthreaded dental implant design can be preferred over Power‐shaped microthreaded dental implant for proper stress distribution and for promoting osseointegration.
IT‐mediated social interactions and knowledge sharing: Role of competence‐based trust and background heterogeneity
Authors: Qureshi Israr , Fang Yulin , Haggerty Nicole , Compeau Deborah R. , Zhang Xiaojie
Published: January 2018

In the knowledge‐based economy, organizational success is dependent on how effectively organizational employees share information. Many studies have investigated how different types of communication activities and communications media influence knowledge sharing. We contribute to this literature by examining increasingly prevalent yet understudied IT‐mediated social interactions and their effects on knowledge sharing among employees in comparison to face‐to‐face social connections. By integrating the literature on knowledge sharing, social networks, and information systems, we theorize the ability of IT‐mediated social interaction to (1) afford interactions between individuals with heterogeneous backgrounds and (2) facilitate frequent IT‐mediated social interactions that are high in competence‐based trust—both supporting effective sharing of knowledge. Through a social network analysis of the employees in a high‐tech organization, this study finds that IT‐mediated frequent social interactions are the most effective in promoting knowledge sharing.