bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of intracranial artery stenosis of anterior circulation on cognition—A CT perfusion‐based study
Authors: Yin Shanshan , Zhang Ying , Du Baogen , Cao Shanshan , Wang Kai , Wei Qiang
Published: September 2024

Background

Intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) is one of the most important independent risk factors for stroke that is closely related to the occurrence of cognitive impairment. The relationship between ICAS and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) remains unclear. Cerebral hemodynamic changes are one of the main causes of cognitive impairment. Computed tomographic perfusion (CTP) imaging can quantitatively analyze cerebral blood perfusion and quantify cerebral hemodynamic changes. Previous research on the relationship between hypoperfusion induced by ICAS and cognitive impairment, as well as its underlying mechanisms, remains relatively insufficient. This study is dedicated to elucidating the characteristics and potential mechanisms of cognitive impairment in ICAS patients with abnormal perfusion, utilizing CTP imaging as our primary investigative tool.

Methods

This study recruited 82 patients who suffer from non‐disabling ischemic stroke (IS group) and 28 healthy controls. All participants underwent comprehensive neuropsychological assessments both collectively and individually, in addition to CTP imaging. Within the patient group, we further categorized individuals into two subgroups: the ischemic penumbra group (IP, N = 28) and the benign oligemia group (BO, N = 54), based on CTP parameters—Tmax. The correlations between cognitive function and abnormal perfusion were explored.

Results

The cognitive function, including the overall cognitive, memory, attention, executive functions, and language, was significantly impaired in the IS group compared with that in the control group. Further, there are statistical differences in the stroop color–word test‐dot (Stroop‐D) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) sub‐items (memory + language) between the BO and IP groups. In the BO group, the score of Stroop‐D is lower, and the MoCA sub‐items are higher than the IP group. There is no correlation between CTP parameters and cognitive function.

Conclusion

Cognitive function is significantly impaired in patients with ICAS, which is related to cerebral perfusion. Executive, memory, and language function were better preserved in ICAS patients without IP. Hence, this study posits that managing hypoperfusion induced by ICAS may play a pivotal role in the development of VCI.
A meta‐analysis of the association between vasopressor use and intensive care unit‐acquired weakness
Authors: Yang Tao , Wang Yan , Xi Xiuming , Yu Shanshan
Published: September 2024

Objective

This study aims to clarify the uncertain association between vasopressor administration and the development of intensive care unit‐acquired weakness (ICUAW) in critically ill adult patients.

Methods

We conducted a comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials up to October 10, 2023. Titles and abstracts were independently screened by two authors, who then reviewed full texts and extracted relevant data from the studies that met the inclusion criteria. This review included prospective and retrospective cohort studies that explored the relationship between vasopressor use and ICUAW utilizing univariate or multivariate analysis in adult ICU patients.

Results

A total of 15 studies were included in our review, collectively indicating a statistically significant association between the use of vasopressors and the occurrence of ICUAW (odds ratio [OR], 3.43; 95% confidence intervals [CI], 1.95–6.04), including studies utilizing multivariate analysis (OR, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.76–6.70). Specifically, the use of noradrenaline was significantly associated with ICUAW (OR, 4.42; 95% CI, 1.69–11.56). Subgroup and sensitivity analyses further underscored the significant relationship between vasopressor use and ICUAW, particularly in studies focusing on patients with clinical weakness, varying study designs, different sample sizes, and relatively low risk of bias. However, this association was not observed in studies limited to patients with abnormal electrophysiology.

Conclusions

Our review underscores a significant link between the use of vasopressors and the development of ICUAW in critically ill adult patients. This finding helps better identify patients at higher risk of ICUAW and suggests considering targeted therapies to mitigate this risk.
Relationships among tumor necrosis factor‐alpha levels, beta‐amyloid accumulation, and hippocampal atrophy in patients with late‐life major depressive disorder
Authors: Ho Szu‐Kai , Hsiao Ing‐Tsung , Lin Kun‐Ju , Wu Yi‐Ming , Wu Kuan‐Yi
Published: September 2024

Background

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by hippocampal volume reduction, impacting cognitive function. Inflammation, particularly elevated tumor necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α) levels, is consistently implicated in MDD pathophysiology. This study investigates the relationships between TNF‐α levels, hippocampal volume, beta‐amyloid (Aβ) burden, and cognitive abilities in MDD patients, aiming to illuminate the complex interplay among inflammatory markers, pathology indicators, structural brain alterations, and cognitive performance in non‐demented MDD individuals.

Method

Fifty‐two non‐demented MDD patients, comprising 25 with mild cognitive impairment (MCI), were recruited along with 10 control subjects. Each participant underwent a thorough assessment encompassing TNF‐α blood testing, 18F‐florbetapir positron emission tomography, magnetic resonance imaging scans, and neuropsychological testing. Statistical analyses, adjusted for age and education, were performed to investigate the associations between TNF‐α levels, adjusted hippocampal volume (HVa), global Aβ burden, and cognitive performance.

Results

MCI MDD patients displayed elevated TNF‐α levels and reduced HVa relative to controls. Correlation analyses demonstrated inverse relationships between TNF‐α level and HVa in MCI MDD, all MDD, and all subjects groups. Both TNF‐α level and HVa exhibited significant correlations with processing speed across all MDD and all subjects. Notably, global 18F‐florbetapir standardized uptake value ratio did not exhibit significant correlations with TNF‐α level, HVa, and cognitive measures.

Conclusion

This study highlights elevated TNF‐α levels and reduced hippocampal volume in MCI MDD patients, indicating a potential association between peripheral inflammation and structural brain alterations in depression. Furthermore, our results suggest that certain cases of MDD may be affected by non‐amyloid‐mediated process, which impacts their TNF‐α and hippocampal volume. These findings emphasize the importance of further investigating the complex interplay among inflammation, neurodegeneration, and cognitive function in MDD.
Empirical modeling approaches in sustainable supply chain management: A review with bibliometric and network analyses
Authors: Nikseresht Ali , Golmohammadi Davood , Zandieh Mostafa
Published: September 2024

This paper aims to perform a hybrid study with a focus on empirical modeling (EM) and its applications in sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) concepts using bibliometric, network, thematic, and content analyses. The outcomes provide a viewpoint on literature categorization and several innovative insights and perspectives into contemporary research trends in this field. The review is undertaken using 2192 out of more than 24,000 research papers that are extracted and sifted from the Scopus and WoS databases. The results indicate an annual growth rate of 17.65% for the subject under consideration, which holds considerable significance and portends a promising outlook for the field. Seven clusters of papers are identified: (1) SSCM and design using versatile empirical approaches; (2) socially and environmentally responsible SCM and design; (3) new theories and impacts of SSCM integration; (4) data science, predictive analytics, and big data for SC sustainability; (5) closed loop SC roles in bringing sustainability; (6) SSCM during disasters with respect to humanitarian aspects; and (7) linkages between Industry 5.0, digital technologies, circular economy, and SSCM. In this review, fundamental ideas are established, research gaps are identified, and multiple future research subjects are proposed. In addition, important topics are presented for managers and practitioners to consider when adopting EM principles in SSCM. The results contribute to both theoretical and practical management elements and give a solid road map for future study in this sector. This study provides an overview of the evolution of EM and its applications in SSCM concepts; it also particularly elaborates on general pertinent research dimensions, SSCM, sustainability practices, and EM aspects.
Phenolic Compound Profiles, Antioxidant, and Cytoprotective Activity of Elaeagnus conferta Roxb. Fruit
Authors: Lu Jun , Liu Dingli , Cheng Jing , Hu Shende , Yang Zhengyu , Zhang Lin , Ren Jiali
Published: September 2024

In this paper, three varieties of Elaeagnus conferta Roxb fruits prepared by ultrasonic‐assisted extraction from a subtropical region southwest of China were utilized as raw materials to investigate their phenolic profiles, antioxidant activities, and protective effects on injured human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). The ultra performance liquid chromatography‐electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐ESI‐MS/MS) findings revealed that fifteen substances, including seven phenolic acids, seven flavonoids, and one gallic acid derivative, were discovered. The dihydromyricetin, ellagic acid, gallic acid were the predominant phenolic compounds in all E.conferta fruits. These E.conferta fruits extracts shown excellent antioxidant activity varied from 2.258±0.03~7.844±0.39 μM Trolox/g and protective effect on HUVECs injured by H2O2 through decrease the level of ROS, MDA, LDH and enhance the SOD level. These finding indicate that E.conferta is a valuable source of high‐capacity antioxidants that might be used as an alternative material for food industries.
In Vitro and In Silico Studies of the Biological Activities of Some Secondary Metabolites Belonging to Ficus sur Forssk (Moraceae): Towards Optimization of Wighteone Metabolite
Authors: Ngoh Misse Mouelle Eitel , Foundikou Nsangou Mohamed , Fofack Hans Merlin Tsahnang , Mboutchak Dieunedort , Koliye Pierre Roger , Amana Ateba Baruch , Ntie‐Kang Fidele , Akone Sergi Herve , Ngeufa Happi Emmanuel
Published: September 2024

Based on ethnomedicinal and chemotaxonomic records of Ficus plants, Ficus sur Forssk was studied in the search for bioactive compounds. Eleven known compounds including mixture α ‐amyrin acetate and β ‐amyrin acetate (1 and 2), lupeol (3), 3β‐acetoxy‐olean‐12‐en‐11‐one (4), lupenyl acetate (5), taraxastan‐3,20‐diol (6), 3′‐ (3‐methylbut‐2‐enyl) biochanin A (7), derrone (8), quercetin (9), stigmasterol (10), and stigmasterol glycoside (11) were isolated from stem barks of Ficus sur Forssk. Their structures were obtained through analysis of spectroscopic data 1D and 2D NMR), mass spectrometry, and by comparison of these data with the literature. Nine isolated compounds (1–7, 10, 11) were tested as the active wighteone metabolite previously isolated from the roots of this plant against the human HepG2 hepatocellular carcinoma cells and a small panel of sensitive microbial strains for structure‐ activity relationship purpose. The compounds didn't show any activity. With the aim of understanding the impact of the structural difference between wighteone metabolite and its analogs, the former were cross‐docked to evaluate their anticancer properties via the apoptosis pathway. Wighteone metabolite proved to be the best ligand confirming its previous bioassay result. Thus, the current study lays the framework for the further optimization of wighteone metabolite regarding its anticancer activity.
The Reaction of Fenchone and Camphor Hydrazones with 5‐Acyl‐4‐Pyrones as a Method for the Synthesis of New Polycarbonyl Conjugates: Tautomeric Equilibrium and Antiviral Activity
Authors: Viktorova Viktoria V. , Obydennov Dmitrii L. , Kovaleva Kseniya S. , Yarovaya Olga I. , Khasanov Shokhrukh A. , Bormotov Nikolay I. , Esaulkova Iana L. , Serova Olga A. , Zarubaev Vladimir V. , Shishkina Larisa N. , Salakhutdinov Nariman F. , Sosnovskikh Vyacheslav Y.
Published: September 2024

Selective synthesis of polycarbonyl conjugates of (+)‐fenchone and (+)‐camphor was carried out (44–91 % yields) via the ring‐opening transformation of 5‐acyl‐4‐pyrones with hydrazones of the corresponding monoterpenoids. A strong influence of the hydrazone fragment on the observed tautomeric equilibrium of the tricarbonyl system was shown. Although the major tautomer of the conjugates is the acyclic polycarbonyl form, the camphor‐based conjugates undergo new type of ring‐chain tautomerism, diketoenaminone‐dihydropyridone equilibrium, and predominantly exist in the cyclic dihydropyridone form in DMSO‐d6. The polyketones can undergo intramolecular cyclization to form N‐amino‐4‐pyridones in high selectivity. In vitro screening for activity against the influenza virus H1 N1 and vaccinia virus was estimated for the obtained conjugates. The (+)‐fenchone derivatives demonstrated the higher activity against vaccinia virus than camphor derivatives. The conjugate, which was prepared from diethyl isochelidonate and hydrazone (+)‐fenchone, showed the highest activity against vaccinia virus (SI=17).
Recent Progresses in Development of Heterocyclic Compounds for Epilepsy Treatment: Key Research Highlights from 2019–2024
Authors: Singh Preeti , Nisa Kharu , Mavi Renu , Yadav Soni , Kumar Ravi
Published: September 2024

Epilepsy which is a chronic neurological disorder is characterized by recurrent seizure poses a significant challenge to healthcare professionals worldwide. Most of antiepileptic drugs have serious side effects that might affect the quality of life such as fatigue, dizziness, weight gain and cognitive impairments. In this context, the search for more effective and potential antiepileptic drug candidate has led to a growing interest in the field of synthesis of heterocyclic compounds. This review will focus on the utilization of heterocyclic moieties including imidazole, indole, thiazole, triazine, quinazoline and oxazole which show remarkable anticonvulsant properties. Furthermore, the exploration of various methodologies for the synthesis of heterocyclic anticonvulsant drugs such as green methodologies and microwave assisted protocols have contributed to the development of environment friendly, more efficient and potential approaches. The review will distinguish from previous ones by specifically focusing on innovative synthetic methodologies, including greener methodologies and micro‐assisted techniques, that contribute to eco‐friendly and environment benign approaches during 2019–2024. In addition to this, the review will focus on the Structure Activity Relationship (SAR) studies of heterocyclic compounds in order to offer insight into the design of next generation antiepileptic drugs with improved efficacy and reduced side effects.
Psychopathy, criminogenic cognitions and emotional responses to affective stimuli among male adult offenders
Authors: Manole Steluța , Enea Violeta
Published: September 2024

Background

Previous research has consistently shown value in studying emotion processing with psychopathy, but the relative effect of aural and visual stimulation has hardly been considered.

Aims

Our aims were to (1) compare reaction time and self‐rated valence ((un)pleasantness), arousal and sense of being dominated by affective sounds or visual images among offenders with and without psychopathy (=/>26) on the psychopathy check‐list revised; (2) investigate any associations, controlling for social desirability and depression; (3) explore the possible mediating effect of criminogenic cognitions on any relationships between psychopathy and emotional responses to affective stimuli.

Methods

Professional educators invited all male offenders serving semi‐open custody sentences in one prison to participate. After a semi structured interview to assess psychopathy, they self‐reported on criminogenic cognition, depression and social desirability scales, before a computer task using standardised human and animal sounds and images. Using the self‐assessment manikin, participants rated the emotional valence, arousal and dominance levels when pleasant, unpleasant and neutral sounds or images were presented.

Results

About one in three prisoners completed all the ratings—120 men, of mean age 38.8 years (SD = 11.06). All had shorter reaction times to sounds than images. Offenders with high affective‐interpersonal factor scores rated all types of sounds as less pleasant. Men with high psychopathy scores took longer to respond to unpleasant images than those with lower scores. There was a positive relationship between psychopathy factors and criminogenic cognitions and the external locus of criminogenic cognitions mediated the relationship between psychopathy facets and emotional responses of valence to pleasant sounds.

Conclusion

Our findings confirm the potential importance of emotional reactions to sounds as well as images among men with psychopathy. Given the shorter reaction times to sounds, in real life sounds could prove more provocative than images. While only small differences emerged between men above and below the PCL‐R threshold, indications from facet analyses suggest that further study of sound stimuli could enhance the understanding of emotional response differences to inform interventions. Future research in this area should focus on human‐related stimuli and add alexithymia measures.
In‐hospital outcomes of ad hoc versus planned PCI for unprotected left‐main disease: An analysis of 8574 cases from British Cardiovascular Intervention Society database 2006–2018
Authors: Kinnaird Tim , Gallagher Sean , Farooq Vasim , Protty Majd B. , Cranch Hannah , Devlin Peader , Sharp Andrew , Curzen Nick , Ludman Peter , Hildick‐Smith David , Johnson Tom , Mamas Mamas A.
Published: September 2024

Background

Although data suggests ad hoc percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) results in similar patient outcomes compared to planned PCI in nonselected patients, data for ad hoc unprotected left main stem PCI (uLMS‐PCI) are lacking.

Aim

To determine if in‐hospital outcomes of uLMS‐PCI vary by ad hoc versus planned basis.

Methods

Data were analyzed from all patients undergoing uLMS‐PCI in the United Kingdom 2006–2018, and patients grouped into uLMS‐PCI undertaken on an ad hoc or a planned basis. Patients who presented with ST‐segment elevation, cardiogenic shock, or with an emergency PCI indication were excluded.

Results

In total, 8574 uLMS‐PCI procedures were undertaken with 2837 (33.1%) of procedures performed on an ad hoc basis. There was a lower likelihood of intervention for stable angina (28.8% vs. 53.8%, p < 0.001) and a higher rate of potent P2Y12 inhibitor use (16.4% vs. 12.1%, p < 0.001) in the ad hoc PCI group compared to the planned PCI group. Patients undergoing uLMS‐PCI on an ad hoc basis tended to undergo less complex procedures. Acute procedural complications including slow flow (odds ratio [OR]: 1.70, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–2.86), coronary dissection (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.12–1.77) and shock induction (OR: 2.80, 95% CI: 1.64–4.78) were more likely in the ad hoc PCI group. In‐hospital death (OR: 1.65, 95% CI: 1.19–2.27) and in‐hospital major adverse cardiac or cerebrovascular events (OR: 1.50, 95% CI: 1.13–1.98) occurred more frequently in the ad hoc group. In sensitivity analyses, these observations did not differ when several subgroups were separately examined.

Conclusions

Ad hoc PCI for uLMS disease is associated with adverse outcomes compared to planned PCI. These data should inform uLMS‐PCI procedural planning.
Ce‐Pr Co‐doped Co3O4 with Enriched Oxygen Vacancies for the Efficient Decomposition of N2O
Authors: Sun Yuxin , Wu Yunshuo , Zhang Zhuoyi , Wu Xuanhao , Wang Haiqiang , Wu Zhongbiao
Published: September 2024

Nitrous oxide (N2O) has gained increasing attention as a non‐carbon dioxide greenhouse gas, and catalytic decomposition is an effective method for mitigating its emissions. In this study, Ce‐Pr Co‐doped Co3O4 was synthesized via a coprecipitation method and used for the catalytic decomposition of N2O. The experimental results revealed that the N2O decomposition achieved 100% conversion at 400 °C on the catalyst with a Pr/Ce/Co molar ratio of 0.02:0.2:1, exhibiting an 80 °C decrease of T100 compared with that of Co3O4. The introduction of Ce reduced the size and crystallization of Co3O4 particles, increased the activity of the lattice oxygen of Co3O4, and facilitated the formation of oxygen vacancies, thereby enhancing the activation of N2O. However, the introduction of Ce inhibited the crystallization of Co3O4 and the surface coverage of CeO2 decreased the exposure degree of N2O molecules to the Co3O4 surface. Co‐doping strategy of Ce‐Pr was performed to alleviate the negative effects of ceria. Consequently, the incorporation of Ce and Pr species enhanced the redox properties of Co3O4, leading to remarkable catalytic performance of N2O decomposition. This study elucidated the interaction between Ce and Pr dopants and Co3O4, and encouraged more attention on designing novel catalysts for N2O mitigation.
Electrochemical Sensing of Bisphenol A Using Metal Organic Framework/Quantum Dot Composite Modified Gold Electrode
Authors: Oloyede Solomon O. , Ajibade Peter A.
Published: September 2024

Electrochemical sensors based on self‐assembled monolayer (SAM) were synthesized using metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs), quantum dots (QDs) and their composite (QDs@MOFs) to modify gold electrode (AuE) that was used as electrochemical sensors for bisphenol A detection. The molecular layer was assembled on the surface of the gold electrode by adsorption and provide a highly flexible method to tailor the interfaces between analyte and the electrode. Single crystal X‐ray of the MOF revealed a six‐coordinate copper(II) ion that bidentately coordinate two molecules of p‐anisic acid and two molecules of 1H‐benzimidazole to form a distorted octahedral geometry around the copper(II) ion. Electrochemical studies revealed that under optimal conditions, the modified gold electrode sensors show excellent sensing of bisphenol A, however, QDs@MOFs modified electrode is the best sensor with the highest oxidation peak current of 8.43E‐05 μA and the lowest charge transfer resistance of 19.4 Ω within a wide concentration range of 0.1–1 μM and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.252 μM. This could be attributed to the electrocatalytic activity of the composite (QDs@MOFs) modified sensor, and the synergistic effect of the MOFs and QDs in the composite. The LOD is comparable to other electrochemical methods of sensing BPA which indicates that QDs@MOFs modified gold electrode could be develop as sensor for BPA.
Inhibition of Photocatalyst‐Assisted Electron Transfer at ITIES Under Simulated Solar Irradiation‐the Role of Supporting Electrolyte
Authors: Avella Edwin , Folli Andrea , Cuesta Angel
Published: September 2024

Photocatalyst‐assisted charge transfer at the interface between two immiscible electrolyte solutions (ITIES) has been previously proven. However, its practical application requires information on its performance under solar irradiation. We investigated photocatalyst‐assisted oxidation of water at ITIES under solar irradiation using TCNQ 7,7,8,8‐Tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) as electron scavenger and bis(triphenylphosphoranylidene) ammonium tetrakis(4‐chlorophenyl)borate (BTPPA‐TPBCl) as organic phase electrolyte. No enhancement of water oxidation after assembling photocatalyst nanoparticles at the ITIES was observed. Photocurrents with photocatalyst were similar to those without but in the presence of TCNQ. Photocurrents observed both with and without photocatalyst are shown to be due to photogeneration of TCNQ⋅−, either by reaction with the organic electrolyte or by interfacial oxidation of water. The former dominates at positive potentials and results in a positive photocurrent due to transfer of TCNQ⋅− across the ITIES. The latter dominates at negative potentials and results in a negative photocurrent. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detected TCNQ⋅− and revealed its stabilisation by formation of an adduct with BTPPA+, which must contribute to making the photoactivity of TCNQ the dominant process even with photocatalyst. These findings highlight the necessity of research on alternative suitable electron scavenger‐supporting electrolyte combinations for implementing ITIES in the photoelectrocatalytic conversion of solar energy.
Recognition‐Encoded Molecules: A Minimal Self‐Replicator
Authors: Rosa‐Gastaldo Daniele , Maria Ara Francesco , Dalla Valle Andrea , Visentin Giulia , Gabrielli Luca
Published: September 2024

Nucleic acids, with their unique duplex structure, which is key for information replication, have sparked interest in self‐replication's role in life's origins. Early template‐based replicators, initially built on short oligonucleotides, expanded to include peptides and synthetic molecules. We explore here the potential of a class of synthetic duplex‐forming oligoanilines, as self‐replicators. We have recently developed oligoanilines equipped with 2‐trifluoromethylphenol–phosphine oxide H‐bond base pairs and we investigate whether the imine formed between aniline and aldehyde complementary monomers can self‐replicate. Despite lacking a clear sigmoidal kinetic profile, control experiments with a methylated donor and a competitive inhibitor support self‐replication. Further investigations with the reduced aniline dimer demonstrate templated synthesis, revealing a characteristic parabolic growth. After showing sequence selective duplex formation, templated synthesis and the emergence of catalytic function, the self‐replication behaviour further suggests that the unique properties of nucleic acids can be paralleled by synthetic recognition‐encoded molecules.
The Quinine Odyssey: A Barometer of the State of Organic Synthesis Over Centuries
Authors: Bissember Alex C.
Published: September 2024

The year 2024 marks the 80th anniversary of the landmark formal synthesis of (±)‐quinine completed by Woodward and Doering. This article examines the evolution of approaches to access this storied Cinchona alkaloid natural product which represent a microcosm the progress that has been made in organic synthesis over the past ~170 years. Seminal contributions led by Pasteur, Rabe, Woodward, Uskoković, Stork, Jacobsen, Hayashi, Maulide and others are discussed.
Stable Antiaromatic [16]Triphyrin(2.1.1) with Core Modification: Synthesis Using a 16π Electrocyclic Reaction
Authors: Hirai Yuya , Kawazoe Yosuke , Yamashita Ken‐ichi
Published: September 2024

Antiaromatic porphyrinoids have attracted significant attention owing to their unique electronic properties and potential applications. However, synthesis of antiaromatic contracted porphyrinoids is challenging owing to the inherent instability associated with smaller ring sizes. In this study, we report the synthesis and characterization of the first stable trioxa[16]triphyrin(2.1.1), a novel 16π antiaromatic contracted porphyrinoid. We utilized a core modification approach to stabilize the [16]triphyrin(2.1.1). X‐ray crystallographic analysis revealed a nearly planar structure. Electrochemical studies demonstrated reversible oxidation behavior and a small HOMO–LUMO gap, which was consistent with its antiaromatic nature. Chemical oxidation yielded an aromatic [14]triphyrin(2.1.1) dication, highlighting the antiaromaticity–aromaticity switching capability of this system. This synthesis involved the discovery of a key intermediate, dihydrotrioxatriphyrin(2.1.1), which underwent oxidative dehydrogenation to yield the target compound. Theoretical calculations suggested that dihydrotrioxatriphyrin(2.1.1) formed via a rare 16π electrocyclic reaction. The successful synthesis and characterization of this stable trioxa[16]triphyrin(2.1.1) underscores the potential of the core modification strategies for the rational design of novel antiaromatic systems with tunable properties. Moreover, the discovery of the rare 16π electrocyclic reaction advances the understanding of high‐order pericyclic processes and may inspire new synthetic strategies for complex macrocyclic compounds.
Adherence, clinical benefits, and adverse effects of endocrine therapies among women with nonmetastatic breast cancer in developing countries: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Elshafie Shaimaa , Trivedi Rupal , Villa‐Zapata Lorenzo A. , Tackett Randall L. , Zaghloul Iman Y. , Young Henry N.
Published: September 2024

Background

Despite significant advances in breast cancer control and survival with endocrine therapies (ETs), treatment utilization and outcomes in developing countries have not been adequately explored. This review evaluated ET adherence, potential benefits, and harms in populations across developing countries.

Methods

A literature search was conducted through August 2023 in five databases: PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Global Health, and WHO Global Index Medicus. Retrieved records were screened to identify observational research presenting at least one outcome in women with nonmetastatic breast cancer in developing countries who received ET (tamoxifen or aromatase inhibitors). A random effects model was used to compute the rates of adherence, discontinuation, adverse events (AEs), disease progression, and death.

Results

A total of 104 studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was low in most studies, and a large portion of the patients involved Asians. The overall heterogeneity between studies was partially attributed to variations in study design or outcome measurement method. Results showed a pooled adherence rate of 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 67%–81%) and a discontinuation rate of 16% (95% CI, 10%–25%). Treatment side effects and young age consistently emerged as significant predictors of nonadherence. A wide range of AEs was identified in our analysis. The estimated average rates of cancer recurrence and mortality at 5‐years were 16% and 8%, respectively.

Conclusions

The findings of this study underscore suboptimal ET use in developing countries and provide comprehensive insights into treatment experiences in the real‐world setting. Targeted strategies are warranted to enhance adherence and subsequently optimize treatment benefits.
Scaled Complexity of Mammalian Astrocytes: Insights From Mouse and Macaque
Authors: Heffernan Kate S. , Martinez Indeara , Jaeger Dieter , Khakh Baljit S. , Smith Yoland , Galvan Adriana
Published: September 2024

Astrocytes intricately weave within the neuropil, giving rise to characteristic bushy morphologies. Pioneering studies suggested that primate astrocytes are more complex due to increased branch numbers and territory size compared to rodent counterparts. However, there has been no comprehensive comparison of astrocyte morphology across species. We employed several techniques to investigate astrocyte morphology and directly compared them between mice and rhesus macaques in cortical and subcortical regions. We assessed astrocyte density, territory size, branching structure, fine morphological complexity, and interactions with neuronal synapses using a combination of techniques, including immunohistochemistry, adeno‐associated virus–mediated transduction of astrocytes, diOlistics, confocal imaging, and electron microscopy. We found significant morphological similarities between primate and rodent astrocytes, suggesting that astrocyte structure has scaled with evolution. Our findings show that primate astrocytes are larger and more numerous than those in rodents but contest the view that primate astrocytes are morphologically far more complex.
Connectivity of the Claustrum–Endopiriform Complex with the Presubiculum and Hippocampal Regions in the Common Marmoset (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Honda Yoshiko , Moriya‐Ito Keiko , Shimokawa Tetsuya , Kobayashi Yasushi
Published: September 2024

We have investigated the hippocampal connectivity of the marmoset presubiculum (PreS) and reported that major connections of PreS in the rat were conserved in the marmoset. Moreover, our results indicated the presence of several additional projections that were almost absent in the rat brain, but abundant in the marmoset, such as direct projections from CA1 to PreS. However, little is known about the connectivity between the frontal brain regions and PreS or hippocampal formation. Therefore, we investigated the distribution of cells of the origins and terminals of the presubicular and hippocampal projections in the marmoset frontal brain regions using the retrograde and anterograde tracer cholera toxin B subunit. In cases of tracer injections into all layers of PreS, many neurons and terminals were labeled in the claustrum–endopiriform (Cl–En) complex almost entirely along the rostrocaudal axis. Even in cases where the injection site involved the superficial (not deep) layers of PreS, labeled neurons and terminals were distributed over a wide rostrocaudal range of the Cl–En complex, but their number and density were significantly lower than the whole‐layer injection cases. In cases where the injection site was confined to the hippocampal formation, labeled cells and terminals were localized at a restricted portion of the Cl–En complex. Here, we demonstrate for what we believe to be the first time the strong, reciprocal connections of the Cl–En complex with PreS and projections from the Cl–En complex to the hippocampal regions (CA1 and the subiculum) in the marmoset. Our findings indicate that the Cl–En complex may exert a strong influence on the cortical and subcortical outputs from PreS and, in turn, the entire memory circuitry in the marmoset brain.
Parent and patient knowledge and attitudes about cancer predisposition syndrome genetic testing in pediatric oncology: Understanding sociodemographic and parent–child differences
Authors: Rapoport Chelsea S. , Masser‐Frye Diane , Mehta Sapna , Choi Alyssa K. , Olfus Sydney , Korhummel Megan , Hoyo Veronica , Dimmock David , Malcarne Vanessa L. , Kuo Dennis J.
Published: September 2024

Background

Cancer predisposition syndromes (CPS) impact about 10% of patients with pediatric cancer. Genetic testing (CPS‐GT) has multiple benefits, but few studies have described parent and child knowledge and attitudes regarding CPS‐GT decision‐making. This study examined parent and patient CPS‐GT decision‐making knowledge and attitudes.

Procedure

English‐ or Spanish‐speaking parents of children with pediatric cancer and patients with pediatric cancer ages 15–18 within 12 months of diagnosis or relapse were eligible to participate. Seventy‐five parents and 19 parent‐patient dyads (N = 94 parents, 77.7% female, 43.6% Latino/a/Hispanic; 19 patients, 31.6% female) completed surveys measuring CPS‐GT‐related beliefs. Independent samples t‐tests compared parent responses across sociodemographic characteristics and parent‐patient responses within dyads.

Results

Spanish‐speaking parents were significantly more likely than English‐speaking parents to believe that CPS‐GT not being helpful (p < .001) and possibly causing personal distress (p = .002) were important considerations for deciding whether to obtain CPS‐GT. Parents with less than four‐year university education, income less than $75,000, or Medicaid (vs. private insurance) were significantly more likely to endorse that CPS‐GT not being helpful was an important consideration for deciding whether to obtain CPS‐GT (p < .001). Parents felt more strongly than patients that they understood what CPS‐GT was (p = .01) and that parents should decide whether patients under 18 should receive CPS‐GT (p = .002).

Conclusions

Spanish‐speaking parents and parents with lower socioeconomic statuses were more strongly influenced by the potential disadvantages of CPS‐GT in CPS‐GT decision‐making. Parents felt more strongly than patients that parents should make CPS‐GT decisions. Future studies should investigate mechanisms behind these differences and how to best support CPS‐GT knowledge and decision‐making.
Knockdown of PRDX2 Inhibits the Proliferation, Growth, Migration, Invasion, and MMP9 Activity of Ewing's Sarcoma Cells Cultured In Vitro
Authors: Xue Ruifeng , Fan Zhengfu , An Yunhe
Published: September 2024

Background

Ewing’s sarcoma (ES) is the second most common malignant primary bone tumor in children and adolescents. Peroxiredoxin 2 (PRDX2) is an antioxidant enzyme.

Aims

Here, we investigated the role and mechanism of PRDX2 in the development of ES.

Methods and results

PRDX2 expression was knocked down in A673 and RDES cells by specific siRNA interference (si‐PRDX2). Knockdown of PRDX2 strongly inhibited the proliferation, growth, migration, invasion, and MMP9 activity and induces apoptosis of A673 and RDES cells. si‐PRDX2 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt and the expression of cyclin D1. The transcription factor that might regulate PRDX2 transcription was predicted with the JASPAR and UCSC databases, and analyzed using dual‐luciferase and Chromatin co‐immunoprecipitation experiments. SNAI1 could activate the transcription of PRDX2 by binding to predicted promoter binding site.

Conclusion

PRDX2 may be a potential therapeutic target for ES.
Chinese Medicines and Natural Medicine as Immunotherapeutic Agents for Gastric Cancer: Recent Advances
Authors: Zhang Zhipeng , Chen Ziqi , Que Zujun , Fang Zhihong , Zhu Huirong , Tian Jianhui
Published: September 2024

Backgroud

According to the 2020 statistics from the World Health Organization’s International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC), it is projected that there will be over 1 million new cases of gastric cancer (GC) patients worldwide in 2020, resulting in approximately 770 000 deaths. Gastric cancer ranks fifth in terms of incidence rate and forth in death rate among malignant tumors. Despite advancements in early diagnostic techniques, the incidence of GC has exhibited a marginal decline; nevertheless, the mortality rate remains elevated for advanced inoperable patients with no currently available efficacious treatment options.

Recent Finding

Chinese medicine (CM) has emerged as an efficacious treatment for GC, gradually gaining acceptance and widespread usage in China. It exhibits distinctive advantages in the prevention and treatment of metastasis. CM and natural medicine possess the ability to elicit antitumor effects by augmenting immune cell population, enhancing immune cell activity, and improving the tumor immune microenvironment. CMs and natural remedies encompass a diverse range of types, characterized by multiple targets, pathways, and extensive pharmacological effects. Consequently, they have become a prominent research area among oncologists worldwide. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CM and natural medicine can directly or indirectly enhance innate immune system components (including macrophages, natural killer cells, and myeloid suppressor cells), adaptive immune system elements (such as T lymphocytes and regulatory T cells), relevant cytokines (e.g., IL‐2, IL‐4, IL‐10, TNF‐α), and PD‐1/PD‐L1 axis regulation, thereby bolstering the cytotoxicity of immune cells against tumor cells.

Conclusions

This ultimately leads to an improved tumor immune microenvironment facilitating superior antitumor efficacy. This paper critically examines the role of CM and natural medicine in regulating immunotherapy for GC, aiming to establish a new theoretical framework for the clinical treatment and prevention of gastric cancer within the realm of CM.
Identification of Biomarkers Associated With Paget's Disease of Bone and Bone Metastasis From Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Bhardwaj Mahima , Begum Farhana , Singh Duleswar , Krupanidhi Srirama , Yadav Virendra Kumar , Sahoo Dipak Kumar , Patel Ashish , Singh Sachidanand
Published: September 2024

Background

The bone is among the most frequently chosen sites for the metastatic spread of breast cancer. The prediction of biomarkers for BM (Bone Metastasis) and PDB (Paget's disease of bone) initiated from breast cancer could be critically important in categorizing individuals with a higher risk and providing targeted treatment for PDB and BM.

Aims

This research aims to investigate the common key candidate biomarkers that contribute to BM‐BCa (Bone metastasis of breast cancer) and PDB by employing network decomposition and functional enrichment studies.

Methods and Results

This research analyzed high‐throughput transcriptome sequencing (RNA‐Seq). For this work, the dataset (GSE121677) was downloaded from GEO (Gene Expression Omnibus), and DEGs were identified using Galaxy and R script 4.3. Using STRING (Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes), high‐throughput research created a protein‐protein interaction network (PPIN). The BM‐PDB‐interactome was created using Cytoscape 3.9.1 and PDB biomarkers, with the top 3% DEGs from BM‐BCa. Functional Enrichment Analysis (Funrich 3.1.3) and DAVID 6.8 performed functional and gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) of putatively essential biomarkers. TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) validated the discovered genes. Based on our research, we identified 1262 DEGs; among these DEGs, 431 genes were upregulated, and 831 genes were downregulated. During the third growth of the interactome, 20 more genes were pinned to the BM‐PDB interactome. RAC2, PIAS1, EP300, EIF2S1, and LRP6 are among the additional 25% of genes identified to interact with the BM‐PDB interactome. To corroborate the findings of the research presented, additional functional and gene set enrichment analyses have been performed.

Conclusion

Of the five reported genes (RAC2, PIAS1, EP300, EIF2S1, and LRP6), RAC2 was identified to function as the common key potential biomarker in the BM‐PDB interactome analysis and validated by TCGA in the study presented.
Synthesis of Diketopyrrolopyrrole Based Photoactive Materials via Photoredox C−H Activation
Authors: Kumar Vinay , Yadagiri Bommaramoni , Prakash Singh Surya
Published: September 2024

The synthesis of diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP) derivatives followed the well‐known conventional cross‐coupling methods such as Suzuki, Stille, Sonogashira, and Negishi cross‐coupling reactions. However, these methods required unfavorable reaction conditions, organometallic precursors, and high temperatures. In addition, the synthesis of conventional cross‐coupling partners including organoboranes, stannane, and acetylenes required drastic reaction conditions and strong bases. In this work, a wide variety of thiophene‐diketopyrrolopyrrole (TDPP)‐based semiconducting materials (36 compounds) were synthesized via Pd‐catalysed photoredox methodology by using N‐hydroxyphthalimide (NHP) based coupling partners, which can be readily prepared from N‐hydroxyphthalimide and carboxylic acid or aldehyde derivatives via single step C−O bond formation reactions with good yield (80–90 %). This methodology minimizes additional synthetic steps, harsh reaction conditions, and high temperature (100–150 °C). Optoelectronic studies suggest that the synthesized materials have suitable band gap, HOMO and LUMO levels for variety of optoelectronic applications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the synthesis of TDPP‐based π‐conjugated materials via the photoredox method.
Apologize or deny? How companies defend legitimacy of Wall street, Main street, and Market street after corporate misconduct
Authors: Oberhauser Marc , Conrad Marcus , Holtbrügge Dirk
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this study is to analyze which measures corporations use to defend legitimacy after conducting misconduct and how different stakeholders react to these legitimacy‐defending measures (LDMs). Drawing on legitimacy theory and the concept of thought worlds, we derive hypotheses for three stakeholder groups and two types of corporate misconduct (CM): social‐ and environmental‐related CM and product‐ and service‐related CM. These hypotheses are tested in a sample of 343 cases of CM. Data for these CM were hand‐collected from various corporate publications, newspapers, and websites. We find that investors, customers, and society respond differently to different LDMs and different types of CM. The study contributes a stakeholder‐ and CM‐differentiated approach to legitimacy theory and adds to the literature on corporate misconduct, corporate legitimacy, and stakeholder management.
High‐Performance Hardware Structure of ChaCha20 Stream Cipher Based on Sparse Parallel Prefix Adder
Authors: Rashidi Bahram
Published: September 2024

In this paper, a high‐performance and area‐efficient hardware structure of the ChaCha20 stream cipher is presented. The most complex operation in the ChaCha20 stream cipher is addition modulo 232. The addition is used in the round function computations and the addition of the last round result and initial state. We use the proposed sparse parallel prefix adder for the implementation of addition modulo 232, which has a low critical path delay. In the proposed structure, to reduce area consumption, we use resource sharing with minimum hardware. To increase throughput and speed, the four registers are used with two main tasks including the storing intermediate results of the round function and the break critical path delay for the pipeline of the structure. Also, based on the used registers in the structure, the computations of the last clock cycle of the previous round function and the first clock cycle from the next round function are computed concurrently. Implementation results such as delay, computation time, area, and throughput of the proposed structure in 180 nm CMOS technology and FPGA implementation on the device Xilinx Virtex‐7 XC7VX485T are achieved. The achieved results show that the design has better hardware and timing properties compared with other works.
Cognitive Control Moderates Associations Between Domains of Temperamental Reactivity and Preschoolers’ Social Behaviors
Authors: Mistry‐Patel Sejal , Nyman‐Mallis Tristin , Dollar Jessica M. , Gagne Jeffrey R. , Brooker Rebecca J.
Published: September 2024

Temperamental characteristics and emerging cognitive control are meaningful predictors of children's development of adaptive and maladaptive social behaviors during the preschool period. However, knowledge of the interplay of these pathways, when examined concurrently to highlight their individual contributions, is limited. Using a cross‐sectional sample of 3‐year‐old children, we examined parent‐reported discrete traits of negative (anger, fear, sadness, and shyness) and positive (low‐ and high‐intensity pleasure) temperamental reactivity as predictors of children's prosociality and physical aggression. Further, we tested whether the effects of discrete temperament were moderated by cognitive control, as indexed by the N2 event‐related potential, during a go/no‐go task. Analyses focus on a subsample of children with an observable N2 (n = 66). When controlling for other relative temperament traits, several significant main effects emerged. Moreover, at low cognitive control (smaller N2), fear was negatively associated with aggression, whereas at high cognitive control, sadness was positively associated with aggression. Heightened anger was linked to reduced prosocial behavior when cognitive control was low but linked to greater prosocial behavior when cognitive control was high. The results highlight that discrete temperament traits predict individual differences in child outcomes but that associations depend on concurrent levels of cognitive control.