bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new genus and species of Haplobainosomatidae (Diplopoda: Chordeumatida) from the MSS of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park, central Spain
Authors: GILGADO JOSÉ D. , LEDESMA ENRIQUE , ENGHOFF HENRIK , MAURIÈS JEAN-PAUL , ORTUÑO VICENTE M.
Published: November 2017

The chordeumatidan fauna of the Iberian Peninsula is far from being well known, but recent efforts are improving that knowledge. Samplings carried out in the Milieu Souterrain Superficiel (also known as the Mesovoid Shallow Substratum) on several screes of the Sierra de Guadarrama National Park (central Spain) have led to the discovery of a new species of chordeumatidan millipede. This new species belongs to the family Haplobainosomatidae, which is mainly known from the northern Iberian Peninsula, and thus this is the first record of the family in central Spain. However, the extremely simple gonopods of this species are so different from all other known species of the family that it must be placed in a new genus. In this work, a complete description of the species, named as Guadarramasoma ramosae gen. & sp. nov., with a detailed iconography based on scanning electron microscopy images is provided together with a distribution map and a brief discussion of the implications of this new finding.
Spatial Variability in Seasonal Prediction Skill of SSTs: Inherent Predictability or Forecast Errors?
Authors: Kumar Arun , Zhu Jieshun
Published: November 2017

Seasonal prediction skill of SSTs from coupled models has considerable spatial variations. In the tropics, SST prediction skill in the tropical Pacific clearly exceeds prediction skill over the Atlantic and Indian Oceans. Such skill variations can be due to spatial variations in observing system used for forecast initializations or systematic errors in the seasonal prediction systems, or they could be a consequence of inherent properties of the coupled ocean–atmosphere system leaving a fingerprint on the spatial structure of SST predictability. Out of various alternatives, the spatial variability in SST prediction skill is argued to be a consequence of inherent characteristics of climate system. This inference is supported based on the following analyses. SST prediction skill is higher over the regions where coupled air–sea interactions (or Bjerknes feedback) are inferred to be stronger. Coupled air–sea interactions, and the longer time scales associated with them, imprint longer memory and thereby support higher SST prediction skill. The spatial variability of SST prediction skill is also consistent with differences in the ocean–atmosphere interaction regimes that distinguish between whether ocean drives the atmosphere or atmosphere drives the ocean. Regions of high SST prediction skill generally coincide with regions where ocean forces the atmosphere. Such regimes correspond to regions where oceanic variability is on longer time scales compared to regions where atmosphere forces the ocean. Such regional differences in the spatial characteristics of ocean–atmosphere interactions, in turn, also govern the spatial variations in SST skill, making spatial variations in skill an intrinsic property of the climate system and not an artifact of the observing system or model biases.
Impacts of the Boreal Spring Indo-Pacific Warm Pool Hadley Circulation on Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Western North Pacific
Authors: Guo Yi-Peng , Tan Zhe-Min
Published: November 2017

This study investigated the impacts of the interannual variability in the boreal spring regional Hadley circulation over the Indo-Pacific warm pool (IPWP) on the tropical cyclone (TC) activity over the western North Pacific (WNP). The principal modes of the interannual variability in the IPWP Hadley circulation were calculated using empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis. The leading mode (EOF-1) features cross-equatorial southerly wind anomalies over the Indian Ocean and Maritime Continent and has an evident impact on WNP TC activity during summer. In the summer following a positive phase of the EOF-1, a cyclonic circulation anomaly, with upward motion, positive relative vorticity anomalies, and weak sea level pressure, dominates the WNP, and this favors increased TC genesis. However, large positive vertical wind shear anomalies over the South China Sea and Philippine Sea inhibit the TC intensification. A positive wind–sea surface temperature (SST)–precipitation feedback was found to facilitate the ability of the signal of the EOF-1 to persist until the summer. The westerly wind anomalies converge around 10°N over the WNP, thus increasing precipitation, and this increased precipitation enhances the westerly wind anomalies via a Gill-type response. The strengthened westerly wind anomalies increase total wind speeds, which in turn cool the SST in the Bay of Bengal and the South China Sea, and warm the SST in the eastern WNP, increasing the zonal SST gradient. Consequently, this increased zonal SST gradient further enhances the westerly wind anomalies, strengthens the monsoon trough, and increases the WNP precipitation further. Therefore, the WNP precipitation anomalies are sustained into the summer.
Mapping the Energy Cascade in the North Atlantic Ocean: The Coarse-Graining Approach
Authors: Aluie Hussein , Hecht Matthew , Vallis Geoffrey K.
Published: November 2017

A coarse-graining framework is implemented to analyze nonlinear processes, measure energy transfer rates, and map out the energy pathways from simulated global ocean data. Traditional tools to measure the energy cascade from turbulence theory, such as spectral flux or spectral transfer, rely on the assumption of statistical homogeneity or at least a large separation between the scales of motion and the scales of statistical inhomogeneity. The coarse-graining framework allows for probing the fully nonlinear dynamics simultaneously in scale and in space and is not restricted by those assumptions. This paper describes how the framework can be applied to ocean flows. Energy transfer between scales is not unique because of a gauge freedom. Here, it is argued that a Galilean-invariant subfilter-scale (SFS) flux is a suitable quantity to properly measure energy scale transfer in the ocean. It is shown that the SFS definition can yield answers that are qualitatively different from traditional measures that conflate spatial transport with the scale transfer of energy. The paper presents geographic maps of the energy scale transfer that are both local in space and allow quasi-spectral, or scale-by-scale, dynamics to be diagnosed. Utilizing a strongly eddying simulation of flow in the North Atlantic Ocean, it is found that an upscale energy transfer does not hold everywhere. Indeed certain regions near the Gulf Stream and in the Equatorial Countercurrent have a marked downscale transfer. Nevertheless, on average an upscale transfer is a reasonable mean description of the extratropical energy scale transfer over regions of O(103) km in size.
The Googled and Googling Analyst
Authors: Kravis Nathan
Published: November 2017

Kierkegaard’s concept of leveling is applied to the dynamics of envy, particularly as they come into play among psychoanalysts doing clinical analytic work. This is illustrated in two clinical vignettes. The technocultural surround of the digital age impinges on analytic identity in ways that can evoke fantasied retreats into sameness and erasure of distinction. The “digital reality principle” is introduced as a way of conceptualizing an aspect of the hatred of thinking and certain envious responses to distinction. Charisma is considered as a possible release from sameness and the prevalent homogenization of experience. Among analysts, an internalized leveling process can sometimes function as a bulwark of homogenization.
From “Either/or” to “and”: The Analyst’s Use of Multiple Models in Clinical Work
Authors: LaFarge Lucy
Published: November 2017

In our “post-pluralistic era” (Cooper 2015), analysts, perhaps particularly in North America, are exposed to a multiplicity of formal theories in their training and their reading; their clinical work often reflects ideas drawn from more than one of them. An aspect of this development is the analyst’s mental process as she draws on heterogeneous models when with the patient and when processing the events of the session afterward. A number of questions arise here: How does a new piece of clinical understanding, representing an alternative theoretical perspective—one that is not usually at the center of that analyst’s thinking—enter the mind of the working analyst? How can the analyst assess whether this is a useful piece of understanding? How can the new piece become assimilated in the analyst’s broader thinking? That is, how can the analyst’s practice influence her theory? (Canestri 2006).
Drug Patent Settlements Around the World
Authors: Carrier Michael A.
Published: November 2017

One of the most pressing antitrust issues today involves settlements by which brand-name drug companies pay generic firms to settle patent litigation and delay entering the market. Whether this activity constitutes an antitrust violation is a subject that has occupied courts and enforcement agencies around the world. This article focuses on the law in the United States, where the law is most developed. It explores the issues courts have addressed after the Supreme Court’s 2013 decision in FTC v. Actavis, including payment, the patent merits, the Rule of Reason, pleading requirements, causation, and state law. The article also analyzes European law and enforcement, in particular seven monitoring reports and two significant rulings against companies. Finally, it briefly discusses developments in the UK, Canada, India, and Korea.
Recent Developments in China’s Antimonopoly Regulations on Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights
Authors: Xianlin Wang
Published: November 2017

Over the past decade, while strengthening intellectual property rights (IPR) protection, China has also explored means to regulate the abuse of IPRs. IPR protection in China is mainly based on the Anti-Monopoly Law (AML), in particular Article 55. Recent years have seen more and more judicial and administrative enforcement practices related to China’s antimonopoly regulation on the abuse of IPRs. Provisions on the Prohibition of the Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights to Eliminate or Restrict Competition was released on April 7, 2015, and the draft of Antimonopoly Guidelines in Relation to the Abuse of Intellectual Property Rights was released for public comment in early 2017. It can be expected that China’s antimonopoly guidelines on the regulation of abuses of IPRs will come out in the near future.
Insights into wide variations in carbon fibre/polyetheretherketone rheology data under automated tape placement processing conditions
Authors: Deignan A , Stanley WF , McCarthy MA
Published: November 2017

Although carbon fibre/polyetheretherketone has been extensively characterised, literature reveals large variations in reported values of melt viscosity. Partly due to this lack of clarity, process models of carbon fibre/polyetheretherketone during automated tape placement tend to be overly simplistic, often assuming Newtonian behaviour, even though this is completely at odds with experimental data. This paper seeks to provide insight into why these wide variations exist, via rheological characterisation, utilising a novel single-ply test method to eliminate inter-ply slip. Several previously unreported and non-intuitive trends are found, e.g. shear viscosity increases with temperature, depends significantly on applied pressure, and increases substantially with time, even in an inert atmosphere. The results here, and in the literature, are explainable if carbon fibre/polyetheretherketone melt is regarded as a yield-stress fluid in which boundary-lubricated, fibre-to-fibre friction determines the viscosity at low strain rates. Additionally, shear banding can occur at low strain rates, if pressure and strain magnitude are low, significantly affecting the results obtained.
Bridging Public Health and Education: Results of a School-Based Physical Activity Program to Increase Student Fitness
Authors: Barrett-Williams Shannon L. , Franks Padra , Kay Christi , Meyer Adria , Cornett Kelly , Mosier Brian
Published: November 2017

Objective:

Power Up for 30 (PU30) is a schoolwide intervention that encourages schools to provide an additional 30 minutes of physical activity during the school day, beyond physical education. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of PU30 on Georgia public elementary schools and their students.

Methods:

A total of 719 of 1320 public elementary schools in Georgia that were sent a baseline survey about school physical activity during October 2013 to September 2014 completed the survey, 160 of which were asked to complete a second survey. In the interim (March to June 2015), half (80) of these schools implemented the PU30 program. The interim surveys, which were completed during March to June 2015, assessed opportunities for student physical activity and staff member professional development focused on student physical activity.

Results:

Compared with schools that had not implemented the program, more schools using the PU30 program reported offering before- and after-school physical activity programs. Forty-four of 78 (57%) PU30 schools compared with 20 of 53 (38%) non-PU30 schools offered before-school physical activity programs. Likewise, more PU30 schools than non-PU30 schools offered after-school physical activity programs (35% vs 16%), and a greater proportion of students at PU30 schools compared with non-PU30 schools met fitness benchmarks: recess 5 days per week (91% [288 of 323] vs 80% [273 of 341]), offering ≥11 minutes per day of classroom-based physical activity (39% [53 of 136] vs 25% [47 of 189] for kindergarten through second grade; 20% [37 of 187] vs 6% [9 of 152] for grades 3 through 5), and receiving physical activity–related professional development time (42% [136 of 323] vs 14% [48 of 341]).

Conclusions:

The surveys provided a statewide picture of the physical activity opportunities offered to students and staff members in Georgia elementary schools and demonstrated the effective use of a comprehensive, multicomponent program to offer more school-based physical activity opportunities and to improve student fitness.
Fitness, Sleep-Disordered Breathing, Symptoms of Depression, and Cognition in Inactive Overweight Children: Mediation Models
Authors: Stojek Monika M. K. , Montoya Amanda K. , Drescher Christopher F. , Newberry Andrew , Sultan Zain , Williams Celestine F. , Pollock Norman K. , Davis Catherine L.
Published: November 2017

Objectives:

We used mediation models to examine the mechanisms underlying the relationships among physical fitness, sleep-disordered breathing (SDB), symptoms of depression, and cognitive functioning.

Methods:

We conducted a cross-sectional secondary analysis of the cohorts involved in the 2003-2006 project PLAY (a trial of the effects of aerobic exercise on health and cognition) and the 2008-2011 SMART study (a trial of the effects of exercise on cognition). A total of 397 inactive overweight children aged 7-11 received a fitness test, standardized cognitive test (Cognitive Assessment System, yielding Planning, Attention, Simultaneous, Successive, and Full Scale scores), and depression questionnaire. Parents completed a Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire. We used bootstrapped mediation analyses to test whether SDB mediated the relationship between fitness and depression and whether SDB and depression mediated the relationship between fitness and cognition.

Results:

Fitness was negatively associated with depression ( B = –0.041; 95% CI, –0.06 to –0.02) and SDB ( B = –0.005; 95% CI, –0.01 to –0.001). SDB was positively associated with depression ( B = 0.99; 95% CI, 0.32 to 1.67) after controlling for fitness. The relationship between fitness and depression was mediated by SDB (indirect effect = –0.005; 95% CI, –0.01 to –0.0004). The relationship between fitness and the attention component of cognition was independently mediated by SDB (indirect effect = 0.058; 95% CI, 0.004 to 0.13) and depression (indirect effect = –0.071; 95% CI, –0.01 to –0.17).

Conclusions:

SDB mediates the relationship between fitness and depression, and SDB and depression separately mediate the relationship between fitness and the attention component of cognition.
Custom as Natural: Land, Water and Law in Colonial Madras
Authors: Ramesh Aditya
Published: November 2017

In 1865, the Madras government enacted a legislation, the Irrigation Cess Act, designed to allow it to extract revenue from water as separate as that from land. However, as emphasized by many commentators, this pithy legislation was far from comprehensive in its definition of government powers over water. Faced with resolute opposition from zamindars to any further legislation that would centralize control over water resources as well as powers to levy fees over water use to the government, the Madras state was forced to confront zamindars in court over the interpretation of the Irrigation Cess Act. In 1917, the Privy Council, the highest court in the land, delivered a landmark judgement in resolution of a dispute between the Madras government and the Urlam zamindari. The Urlam case, this article argues, lends a new perspective to historiography on custom and the environment in colonial India. The Privy Council judgement rendered custom a physical, historically reified, and ‘natural’ quality, simultaneously within and outside the encounter between labour and nature.
Neural circuits of eating behaviour: Opportunities for therapeutic development
Authors: Clifton Peter G
Published: November 2017

Understanding of the neural and physiological substrates of hunger and satiety has increased rapidly over the last three decades, and pharmacological targets have already been identified for the treatment of obesity that has moved from pre-clinical screening to therapies approved by regulatory authorities. Initially, this review describes the way in which physiological signals of energy availability interact with hedonic and rewarding properties of food to modulate the neural circuitry that supports eating behaviour. This is followed by a brief account of current and promising targets for drug development and a review of the wide range of preclinical paradigms that model important influences on human eating behaviour, and can be used to guide early stages of the drug development process.
Teaching Parents to Implement Functional Communication Training for Young Children With Developmental Delays
Authors: Gerow Stephanie , Rispoli Mandy , Ninci Jennifer , Gregori Emily V. , Hagan-Burke Shanna
Published: November 2017

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of parent training on parent implementation of functional communication training (FCT) in the trained routine and in a novel routine. Three young children with developmental delays and their parents participated. A multiple-probe across parent-child dyads was used to evaluate the impact of parent training on parent fidelity of FCT. The data indicated that verbal and written instructions with performance feedback resulted in accurate implementation of FCT during the trained routine. The generalization assessment suggested that instructions and performance feedback promoted generalization for one parent and an additional training component was needed for another parent. The third parent did not complete the generalization assessment. The results suggest verbal and written instructions and performance feedback can lead to accurate implementation of FCT during the trained routine, but additional training components may be necessary to facilitate generalization to a novel routine.
Relative cerebral blood volume is associated with collateral status and infarct growth in stroke patients in SWIFT PRIME
Authors: Arenillas Juan F , Cortijo Elisa , García-Bermejo Pablo , Levy Elad I , Jahan Reza , Liebeskind David , Goyal Mayank , Saver Jeffrey L , Albers Gregory W
Published: November 2017

We aimed to evaluate how predefined candidate cerebral perfusion parameters correlate with collateral circulation status and to assess their capacity to predict infarct growth in patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) eligible for endovascular therapy. Patients enrolled in the SWIFT PRIME trial with baseline computed tomography perfusion (CTP) scans were included. RAPID software was used to calculate mean relative cerebral blood volume (rCBV) in hypoperfused regions, and hypoperfusion index ratio (HIR). Blind assessments of collaterals were performed using CT angiography in the whole sample and cerebral angiogram in the endovascular group. Reperfusion was assessed on 27-h CTP; infarct volume was assessed on 27-h magnetic resonance imaging/CT scans. Logistic and rank linear regression models were conducted. We included 158 patients. High rCBV ( p = 0.03) and low HIR ( p = 0.03) were associated with good collaterals. A positive association was found between rCBV and better collateral grades on cerebral angiography ( p = 0.01). Baseline and 27-h follow-up CTP were available for 115 patients, of whom 74 (64%) achieved successful reperfusion. Lower rCBV predicted a higher infarct growth in successfully reperfused patients ( p = 0.038) and in the endovascular treatment group ( p = 0.049). Finally, rCBV and HIR may serve as markers of collateral circulation in AIS patients prior to endovascular therapy.

Clinical Trial Registration: Unique identifier: NCT0165746.
Boston Offender Needs Delivery Project
Authors: Salem Leila , Reichert Emily , Siegfriedt Julianne , Hall Taylor , Hartwell Stephanie W.
Published: November 2017

To bridge a gap in access to community services for releasing state inmates, the Boston Offender Needs Delivery (BOND) project was developed as a longitudinal study (2014-2016) of adult inmates with a history of substance use and co-occurring mental health disorders returning to the community following detention in one of Massachusetts’ State correctional facilities. Pre-release inmates who were wrapping up their sentence (i.e., no community supervision) and presented with mental illness and/or substance use disorder were recruited. Participants were provided substance abuse treatment immediately post-release, as well as a variety of recovery supports for a follow-up period of 6 months. This first manuscript is intended to describe the rationale behind the BOND project, as well as the methods and procedure used to collect the data.
Costs associated with the management of waste from healthcare facilities: An analysis at national and site level
Authors: Vaccari Mentore , Tudor Terry , Perteghella Andrea
Published: November 2017

Given rising spend on the provision of healthcare services, the sustainable management of waste from healthcare facilities is increasingly becoming a focus as a means of reducing public health risks and financial costs. Using data on per capita healthcare spend at the national level, as well as a case study of a hospital in Italy, this study examined the relationship between trends in waste generation and the associated costs of managing the waste. At the national level, healthcare spend as a percentage of gross domestic product positively correlated with waste arisings. At the site level, waste generation and type were linked to department type and clinical performance, with the top three highest generating departments of hazardous healthcare waste being anaesthetics (5.96 kg day-1 bed-1), paediatric and intensive care (3.37 kg day-1 bed-1) and gastroenterology-digestive endoscopy (3.09 kg day-1 bed-1). Annual overall waste management costs were $US5,079,191, or approximately $US2.36 kg-1, with the management of the hazardous fraction of the waste being highest at $US3,707,939. In Italy, reduction in both waste arisings and the associated costs could be realised through various means, including improved waste segregation, and linking the TARI tax to waste generation.
Implicit Social Cognitive Processes Underlying Victim Self and Identity: Evidence With College-Aged Adults
Authors: Sachs Nicole M. , Veysey Bonita M. , Rivera Luis M.
Published: November 2017

Past research on victimization has relied predominantly on individuals’ awareness of and willingness to self-report a victimization experience and its effect on self and identity processes. The present research adopts theoretical and methodological innovations in implicit social cognition research to provide a new perspective on how a violent victimization experience might influence identity processes outside of conscious awareness. Our main goal was to test whether individuals who have victimization experience implicitly associate the self with victims (implicit victim identity) and their stereotypes (implicit victim self-stereotyping), and the relation of these associations to explicit victim identity and self-stereotyping. Two pretests with undergraduate student participants ( Ns = 122 and 72) identified victim-related word stimuli for two Single Category Implicit Association Test (SC-IAT) measures of implicit victim identity and self-stereotyping. In Pretest Study A, participants read crime vignettes and listed words that described a victim, then in Pretest Study B, participants rated these words on victim relatedness and valence. The Main Study recruited undergraduate student participants ( N = 101) who completed the SC-IATs, self-report measures of explicit victim identity and self-stereotyping, and victimization experiences. Three of our five hypotheses were supported. Individuals with past victimization experience exhibited strong explicit victim identity and self-stereotyping, but not implicit victim identity and self-stereotyping, relative to those with no victimization experience. Explicit and implicit victim identity and self-stereotyping were unrelated. Finally, among individuals with victimization experience, a strong implicit victim identity was associated with strong implicit victim self-stereotyping. This research has implications for understanding the processes underlying revictimization and for preventing further victimization.
Industrial Lime Sludge waste–HDPE composites — a study of their mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties
Authors: Kashyap Satadru , Datta Dilip
Published: November 2017

Industrial lime sludge (LS) waste is an environmental hazard which is usually disposed in dump yards or used in disorganized land filling, thus causing pollution. The aim of the present work is to investigate whether the functionality and commercial viability of this industrial waste can be enhanced by utilizing the calcium carbonate (CaCO3)-rich LS waste as reinforcement in high-density polyethylene (HDPE) matrix. Mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties are studied by blending LS with HDPE in various weight fractions. It is observed that the flexural strength, tensile modulus, and flexural modulus increased significantly with the addition of LS in the polymeric matrix indicating effective reinforcement by rigid particulate filler. The onset thermal degradation temperature is also increased significantly upon LS addition, thus raising the thermal stability of the composites. Hence, the development of LS-reinforced HDPE composites can be considered as an effective way to enhance the properties of polymeric composites as well as to reduce pollution by recycling an industrial waste.
Modeling, microstructure, and mechanical properties of dissimilar 2017A and 5083 aluminum alloys friction stir welds
Authors: Hamilton Carter , Kopyściański Mateusz , Węglowska Aleksandra , Pietras Adam , Dymek Stanisław
Published: November 2017

Dissimilar aluminum alloy plates of 2017A-T451 and 5083-H111 were friction stir welded in a butt joint configuration along the longitudinal direction. Welding trials demonstrated that placing 5083 on the advancing side enhanced material flow and consequently formed a larger weld nugget. Numerical simulation supported this observation through analysis of volumetric flow rates through reference planes surrounding the stir zone. The analysis also suggests that the weld configuration that results in a decreasing temperature-dependent flow stress in the weldment from the leading edge of the tool to the trailing edge will maximize material flow in dissimilar friction stir welding welds. The decreasing flow stress promotes material flow along the retreating side of the tool as flow conditions necessarily become easier from the front to the back. Regardless of its position during welding, however, 2017A alloy dominated the nugget region. In either weld configuration, alternating bands of 2017A and 5083 with similar grain sizes (approximately 10 µm) comprised the weld microstructure. Within the nugget, numerous second-phase particles as well as dislocations occurring as single dislocations or in the form of dislocation tangles or walls (low angle grain boundaries) were present. The relatively high dislocation density observed in both alloys suggested that recrystallization was incomplete. Hardness mapping revealed an asymmetric variation of hardness across the weld centerline that strictly corresponded to the distribution of particular alloys within the nugget. During tensile testing, the AS 5083-RS 2017A configuration failed under ductile shear rupture occurring in the base 5083 material far from the weld. For the opposite configuration, the tensile samples ruptured perpendicular to the load axis exactly on the border between the nugget and the thermomechanically affected zone on the 2017A alloy side.
Systematic study of the prediction methods for machined surface topography and form error during milling process with flat-end cutter
Authors: Zhang Xing , Zhang Wei , Zhang Jun , Pang Bo , Zhao Wanhua
Published: November 2017

An enhanced time-domain simulation method of cutter/workpiece dynamic engagement during milling process is proposed in this article, which comprehensively considers the effect of multi-order modal characteristics of cutter system and cutter runout including offset and inclination. Based on the cutter dynamic displacement response, this article further presents the machined surface reconstruction algorithm and evaluation method for the form error. This research systematically studies and compares the calculation accuracy between the proposed method and other previous three kinds of methods. The effectiveness of the proposed method has been verified by a series of milling experiments successfully. By comparing with the other three methods, the proposed method shows a high calculation performance, especially under the milling condition with a large axial depth of cut and low damping or stiffness of cutter system. Besides, the results indicate that the form error has a strong dependence characteristic on the milling parameters, particularly on spindle speed. Additionally, cutter runout would easily cause over cut phenomenon on the machined surface and seriously deteriorate the surface roughness.
Study on the 12-10 flux switching integrated-starter-generator for hybrid electric vehicle application
Authors: Cui Minchao , Zhao Shengdun , Chen Chao , Jing Fei
Published: November 2017

An integrated-starter-generator (ISG) system provides a cheap hybrid power strategy for hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). 12-10 flux switching integrated-starter-generator (FSISG) is one type of ISG machine, which employs the flux switching topological structure to improve the performance. In this paper, a prototype of 12-10 FSISG with the improved structure, which was employed to improve the manufacturability, was analyzed and studied. Through numerical studies, the influences of the improved structure and the characteristics of 12-10 FSISG were revealed. According to finite element analysis (FEA) results, the output voltage of FSISG can be considered as sinusoidal voltage. The results of the output torque show that the excitation current density of FSISG should be limited to less than 9 A/mm2 to avoid serious magnetic saturation. Next, the experimental tests of the prototype were carried out on the testing platform. In generating mode, the experiment results indicate that FSISG can output electrical energy with high efficiency in wide speed and torque ranges. In starting mode, the maximum starting torque of the prototype is 10.5 Nm. During the starting procedure, the prototype reaches a steady state rapidly. In the variable load conditions, it shows a rapid response ability to the changes of loads. According to the experiment results in this paper, the 12-10 FSISG has shown a promising performance for HEV application in both generating mode and starting mode.
A novel method for enhancing the energy absorption characteristics of circular tubular structures under axial splitting
Authors: Rouzegar Jafar , Assaee Hassan , Saeedi Fakher Mohammad Sadegh , Niknejad Abbas
Published: November 2017

The present research is an attempt to introduce a novel method for axial splitting of brazen tubes in order to eliminate the dependency of the conventional splitting mechanism on a hardened steel die and improve the energy absorption capability of the presented method. Some circular tubular samples were cut out from commercial brazen tubes and the specimens were then filled with natural rubbers with different shore hardness. For this purpose, the tubes were filled by raw rubbers and placed in an autoclave for a specific time at a controlled temperature to complete the curing process of rubbers. Some slits were created on one side of the rubber-filled tubes and the specimens were compressed during quasi-static axial compression loading between two rigid plates. Based on the experimental results, the effects of diameter and wall-thickness of the tubes, length and number of initial slits, rubber shore hardness and length of initial extra rubber on the energy absorption characteristics of the specimens are investigated. Also, experimental results of the presented splitting method are compared with those of the conventional splitting method (using conical dies for splitting of empty tubes) to find an optimized energy absorber. It was found that in comparison with the conventional splitting method, the presented technique eliminates the restrictions of using almost heavy dies which significantly decrease the overall mass of the system and moreover increases total energy absorption and keeps crush force efficiency in the range of classical splitting.
Analysis of the effect of bore/stroke ratio and scavenge port angles on the scavenging process in a two-stroke boosted uniflow scavenged direct injection gasoline engine
Authors: Wang Xinyan , Ma Jun , Zhao Hua
Published: November 2017

In this study, a two-stroke boosted uniflow scavenged direct injection gasoline (BUSDIG) engine was proposed and researched to achieve aggressive engine downsizing and downspeeding. Compared to loop or cross scavenged two-stroke engines, the BUSDIG engine can achieve excellent scavenging performance and be operated with higher boost pressure as well as the absence of air and fuel short-circuiting. As a fundamental engine geometric parameter, the bore/stroke (B/S) ratio would directly affect the scavenging process in the uniflow scavenged two-stroke engine. Three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics simulations were used to investigate the scavenging process in the BUSDIG engine with different B/S ratios. Four B/S ratios of 0.66, 0.8, 1, and 1.3 were analyzed. The results indicate that a bigger B/S ratio leads to deteriorated swirl flow motion but better delivery ratio, scavenging efficiency, and charging efficiency. In order to fulfil the potential of the BUSDIG engine with different B/S ratios, two key scavenge port angles, i.e. axis inclination angle (AIA) and swirl orientation angle (SOA), were varied from the baseline design (AIA = 90°, SOA = 20°) to study their effects on the scavenging process for each B/S ratio design. Overall, a larger AIA leads to lower swirl ratio (SR) but achieves better scavenge performance, which is crucial for a large B/S ratio design. A small SOA design leads to noticeably lower SR but superior scavenging performances for a small B/S ratio design. An intermediate SOA, e.g. 10 and 20°, is preferred to improve the scavenging for a large B/S ratio design.
Wear behavior of Al-Si alloy cylinder liner prepared by laser finishing
Authors: Li Cheng-Di , Jin Mei , Du Feng-Ming , Wang Wei-Wei , Shen Yan , Xu Jiu-Jun
Published: November 2017

Laser finishing tests were carried out using a 1000 W, CO2 continuous transverse-flow laser, with a defocusing value of 2 mm, and at different scanning speeds (200 mm/min, 400 mm/min, 600 mm/min, 800 mm/min, and 1000 mm/min). When the laser scanning speed was 600 mm/min, an Al-Si alloy cylinder liner gave the lowest friction coefficient and weight loss. Laser finishing could completely remove the aluminum layer and at the same time increase the silicon particles’ exposure with rounded edges. This microstructure improved the lubrication and bearing capacity, while it reduced adhesion and the friction force. Therefore, the friction coefficient and weight loss were lower with laser finishing than without.
Biobjective mission planning for geosynchronous satellites on-orbit refueling
Authors: Yu Jing , Yu Yong-gang , Hao Dong , Chen Xiao-qian , Liu Hong-yang
Published: November 2017

On-orbit refueling plays a key role in extending the lifespan of space assets. Geosynchronous Earth orbit (GEO) satellites are of high strategic and commercial value. The optimal scheduling for geosynchronous Earth orbit on-orbit refueling mission is studied in this paper, considering bi-objective function. Assuming that all space assets are originally located on the geosynchronous Earth orbit belt and noncoplanar, this paper aims at allocating the targets to the servicing spacecrafts, optimizing the rendezvous sequences and transfer trajectories of the servicing spacecrafts as well as their initial orbital location, dry mass, and fuel mass. Taking orbital transfer fuel cost and transfer time as the objective functions, a mathematical optimization model is proposed, as well as the solution method. Numerical simulations of various configurations are carried out to verify the effectiveness of the model and solution method. It can be concluded from the simulations that the optimal initial position of the servicing spacecraft prefers the area where the targets are concentrated; the servicing spacecraft initial orbital parameters have significant influences on the mission planning results; and it is fuel-saving and time-saving to employ more servicing spacecraft for on-orbit refueling mission and to optimize the initial location of the servicing spacecrafts.
Adapting to a new urbanizing environment: gendered strategies of Hanoi’s street food vendors
Authors: Kawarazuka Nozomi , Béné Christophe , Prain Gordon
Published: November 2017

Drawing upon examples of street vendors in Hanoi, this study explores gendered strategies to adapt to rapid urbanization, and how street vendors’ responses, in turn, shape the current informal food systems. The findings show that Hanoi’s informal food system is organized based on social, as well as economic, interactions and therefore the system’s power hierarchy and gender relations are different from those of formal systems, while providing livelihood opportunities for poor people in both urban and rural spaces. Women operate based on social relations rather than economic interactions, while men’s activities tend to be more capital-based and similar to the formal systems. As a result, men and women encounter different challenges in sustaining their activities in the face of policy and/or economic changes. The study concludes by highlighting adaptation capacity built upon social relations and describing the implications of integrating gender aspects for urban planning toward building more inclusive cities.
Flow control using unsteady pulsed holed suction with different excitation models in a highly loaded compressor cascade
Authors: Zhang Hongxin , Chen Shaowen , Gong Yun , Wang Songtao
Published: November 2017

Unsteady pulsed holed suction as a new unsteady flow control technique is first proposed. Unsteady excitation models of four different waveforms (Waveforms 1, 2, 3, and 4) based on unsteady pulsed holed suction are investigated to analysis comparatively the control effects of flow separations in a certain highly loaded compressor. Some related unsteady aerodynamic parameters such as excitation frequency and excitation location are studies. The unsteady pulsed holed suctions of the four different modes (Waveforms 1, 2, 3, and 4) all effectively control flow separations. Their optimum frequencies are all an integer multiple of the natural frequency of vortex shedding. And their excitation locations gaining positive effect and optimal excitation locations are both same. The optimal excitation location is near the separation point of upper endwall in unexcited case. But, they show markedly different performances in reducing the total pressure losses. The unsteady pulsed holed suction of Waveform 3 shows greater advantage at different excitation frequencies and excitation locations. The optimum result is obtained by the unsteady pulsed holed suction of Waveform 3. The total pressure loss is reduced by 16.8%. Simultaneously, the unsteady pulsed holed suctions of the four different modes all can provide better effects than the steady constant holed suction in reducing the total pressure loss with the same suction-to-inlet time-averaged suction flow ratio ms. Especially at ms = 0.29%, for the steady constant holed suction, it is too small to effectively control flow separation, and consequently the total pressure loss are increased by 8.3%. However, for the unsteady pulsed holed suctions of Waveforms 2 and 3, the total pressure losses are reduced by 9.1% and 4.3%, respectively.
Transfer of calibration model between near-infrared spectrometers for hematocrit measurement of grazing cattle
Authors: Luo Xuan , Ikehata Akifumi , Sashida Kunio , Piao Shanji , Okura Tsutomu , Terada Yutaka
Published: November 2017

A major concern for the practical use of NIR spectroscopy is calibration transfer. In this study, different ways of calibration transfer were tried and compared to seek the optimal solution for our developed portable NIR spectrometers, which are designed for rapid diagnosis of bovine anemia due to parasites and are believed to be promising to replace the current time-consuming centrifugation way of measuring Hematocrit value (%) for final diagnosis. Our results show the importance of a robust model during the process of calibration transfer. It is risky to transfer a model which is not robust enough by using standardization algorithm.
Ancel Benjamin Keys (1904–2004): His early works and the legacy of the modern Mediterranean diet
Authors: Aboul-Enein Basil H , Puddy William C , Bernstein Joshua
Published: November 2017

Culturally congruent dietary patterns have evolved with geographic and societal traditions and can be traced as far back as pre-Hellenistic Greece. Today, the modern Mediterranean diet (MDiet) is recognized internationally as an anti-obesogenic cardioprotective dietary model consisting of plant-based foods native to the Mediterranean basin, fish, olive oil, and an active lifestyle. With the assumption that obesity and heart disease rates adversely affected life expectancy, the MDiet was identified by Dr Ancel Keys as a primary characteristic among people-groups largely immune to these trends. Following extensive research on how food quality affected human performance, Keys engineered the largest ecologic investigation of dietary habits and their effects on heart disease and longevity known as the Seven Countries Study. A new understanding of how regionally and culturally specific diets affected entire populations led to the introduction of the MDiet to the global public health community. This historiographic portrait of Dr Keys describes his humble beginnings, highlights critical points in his career, discusses his seminal research into diet and culture as protective agents, and details his legacy as the pioneer of the modern MDiet.
The ‘David and Goliath’ and 2015 Election Outcomes in Nigeria: From the Opposition to the Ruling Party
Authors: Aniche Ernest Toochi
Published: November 2017

Generally, Nigerian political parties in the present republic have been hampered by crisis of internal democracy thus undermining their political leadership recruitment function. The Peoples Democratic Party (PDP) is a good example of one of these Nigerian political parties that lacks internal democracy. In fact, PDP was a leviathan. The 2015 Election symbolised a contest between David and Goliath. The electoral outcome is that PDP has transformed from a ruling party to an opposition party. The study, by relying on the theory of relative autonomy of the state and secondary sources, concludes that lack of internal democracy was a necessary condition for PDP’s poor performance in the 2015 General Elections, and thus, there is a relationship between crisis of internal democracy and 2015 electoral outcomes. Also, the article noted that PDP authoritarianism deepened crisis of internal democracy in Nigeria and that this authoritarian character of the former ruling PDP was a reflection of the authoritarian character of the Nigerian state, which is currently shaping the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC). The study is essentially qualitative, historical and inductive.
The Dark Side of Status
Authors: Sharkey Amanda J.
Published: November 2017

Merton’s work on the Matthew Effect identified as a key downside of status attainment systems the negative consequences borne by individuals who matched their peers in talent but for a variety of reasons lacked social recognition. In this essay, I review and synthesize research on other negative effects associated with either status-seeking or status-preserving behaviors, as well as negative consequences that may follow from having attained status. I highlight the possibility of diversionary and unethical behaviors, as well as factors that drive performance declines in the wake of status attainment. I discuss possibilities for future research aimed at identifying features of status systems that are more or less likely to generate a significant “dark side” of status.
Teacher Identification of Student Emotional and Behavioral Problems and Provision of Early Supports: A Vignette-Based Study
Authors: Green Jennifer Greif , Guzmán Javier , Didaskalou Eleni , Harbaugh Allen G. , Segal Noah , LaBillois James
Published: November 2017

Although teachers are in a key position to identify and support students with emotional and behavioral challenges, their provision of these supports is often inconsistent. The current study investigated patterns in teacher identification of student emotional and behavioral challenges, as well as their provision of supports. Participants were 172 elementary, middle, and high school teachers from a Northeastern school district who responded to two vignettes—one describing a female student with internalizing and one describing a male student with externalizing symptoms. Vignettes were randomized to be moderate or severe. Teachers rated concern for students and their likelihood of providing a series of responses and supports. Results indicated that teachers were more concerned about severe than moderate vignettes, and were more concerned about females with internalizing than males with externalizing symptoms. Middle school teachers rated vignettes as more concerning than elementary teachers, particularly the male externalizing vignette. Elementary teachers indicated that they would provide more classroom-based emotional/behavioral supports and specialty supports than middle and high school teachers; however, high school teachers more often indicated that they would reduce expectations and provide a referral for students. Implications and future research directions for work with teachers on identifying and supporting students are discussed.