bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SECOND LANGUAGE ACQUISITION RESEARCH IN THE
LABORATORY
Authors: Hulstijn Jan H.
Published: July 2002

This paper discusses some possibilities and limitations of laboratory research methods for
testing theories of second language acquisition. The paper includes a review of 20 experimental
lab studies. The review focuses on the motivation for conducting lab studies, the use of artificial
or semiartificial language structures, and various design features (including pre- and posttesting,
number of subjects, random subject assignment, between- and within-subjects comparisons,
treatment materials and procedures). The paper calls for lab studies addressing issues central to
SLA theory (“learning” vs. “acquisition”) and ends with some
methodological recommendations, concerning the length of experimental treatments, the use of
grammaticality judgment tasks, the measurement of reaction times, and the use of retrospective
interviews.
Developmental changes in indicators that literal
interpretations of homonyms are associated with
conflict
Authors: MAZZOCCO MICHÈLE M. M.
Published: July 2002

Processes by which children interpret homonyms were examined.
Participants were 16 two- and three-year-olds, 32 four-year-olds, 32
seven-year-olds and 32 ten-year-olds. Each child individually was asked
to interpret keywords from stories read aloud by an examiner. Keywords
were homonyms, nonsense words, or unambiguous words. For the three
older groups, response times (RTs) to unambiguous words were
significantly shorter than RTs to homonyms and nonsense words, when
interpretations for all three-word types were consistent with the story
contexts. Seven-year-olds had longer RTs for homonyms versus nonsense
words. RTs did not vary among responses to homonyms. Four-
and seven-year-olds had longer RTs for inappropriate, versus appropriate,
nonsense-word interpretations. The number of cues recalled
from a story about a keyword did not differ across appropriately versus
inappropriately interpreted homonyms, but did differ across appropriately
versus inappropriately interpreted nonsense words. These
findings have implications for understanding how children arrive at
literal interpretations of homonyms.
Skein spaces and spin structures
Authors: BARRETT JOHN W.
Published: July 2002

This paper relates skein spaces based on the Kauffman bracket and
spin
structures. A spin structure on an oriented 3-manifold provides an isomorphism

between the skein space for parameter A and the skein space for
parameter −A.

There is an application to Penrose's binor calculus, which is related
to the tensor
calculus of representations of SU(2). The perspective developed here is
that this
tensor calculus is actually a calculus of spinors on the plane and the
matrices are
determined by a type of spinor transport which generalizes to links in
any 3-manifold.

A second application shows that there is a skein space which is the
algebra of
functions on the set of spin structures for the 3-manifold.
A Vector Solution for Navigation on a Great Ellipse
Authors: Earle Michael A.
Published: July 2002

Distance and course to steer along part of a great ellipse can be readily determined with the
use of vector analysis and differential geometry. Although the resulting integral for distance
is not amenable to direct solution, it can nevertheless be handled efficiently and quickly by
available commercial mathematical software. In this paper, a method of computing distance
along with course to steer is presented and is one that has been prepared with the syntax of
a particular commercial mathematics package in mind. This approach was intended to
appeal to the navigator who is interested in the mathematics of navigation, and who
nowadays solves his problems with a portable computer.
Intelligent Steering Control of an Autonomous Underwater Vehicle
Authors: Sutton R. , Burns R. S. , Craven P. J.
Published: July 2002

This paper considers the development of three autopilots for controlling the yaw responses
of an autonomous underwater vehicle model. The autopilot designs are based on the
adaptive network-based fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), a simulated, annealing-tuned
control algorithm and a traditional proportional-derivative controller. In addition, each
autopilot is integrated with a line-of-sight (LOS) guidance system to test its effectiveness in
steering round a series of waypoints with and without the presence of sea current
disturbance. Simulation results are presented that show the overall superiority of the ANFIS
approach.
Eurofix System and its Developments
Authors: Offermans G. W. A. , Helwig A. W. S. , van Willigen D.
Published: July 2002

This paper, and the following six papers, were presented during the NAV 98 Conference held
at Church House, Westminster, London on 9th and 10th December 1998. A full listing of
the Conference, and how to obtain a copy of the proceedings, is shown on Page 300.

The existing Loran-C and Chayka infrastructure can, with some minor changes, become a
very powerful augmentation system for GNSS (GPS, GLONASS and the future Galileo).
Delft University initially proposed the Eurofix concept in 1989. Although the necessary
modification to the LF navigation systems are minimal, the GNSS user may get significant
benefits from the Eurofix signals in terms of accuracy, integrity and availability. The reason
is the high signal structure, signal propagation, and the operations dissimilarity of both
systems. The broadcast correction and integrity data improves GNSS accuracy down to the
metre level. In this way, the measured Loran-C and Chayka ranges are continuously
updated. Thus, in the case of GNSS signal interruptions, highly calibrated Loran-C/Chayka
may take over the navigation function. Tests carried out in Europe at the Loran-C station
at Sylt (Germany) drew large international attention, leading to further tests in the USA by
the US Coast Guard in 1998. Recently, a Dutch–Russian consortium implemented Eurofix
on the Chayka transmitter at Bryansk (Russia) which is now successfully broadcasting
DGPS as well as DGLONASS correction data. This paper highlights some on-air Eurofix
DGPS performance experiments carried out in Europe and the USA. With all the European
Loran-C and Chayka transmitters modified, Eurofix can be used all over the European
continent. As multiple stations can normally be received simultaneously, the user may locally
apply networked DGNSS, which may reduce spatial decorrelation effects significantly. Post-
processed results of this Regional Area Augmentation System are presented.
Differential Equation of a Loxodrome on a Sphere
Authors: Kos Sergio , Vranić Duško , Zec Damir
Published: July 2002

A curve that cuts all meridians of a rotating surface at the same
angle is called a loxodrome. If the shape of the Earth is approximated by a sphere, then the
loxodrome is a logarithmic spiral that cuts all meridians at the same angle and asymptotically
approaches the Earth's poles but never meets them. Since maritime surface navigation defines
the course as the angle between the current meridian and the longitudinal direction of the ship,
it may be concluded that the loxodrome is the curve of the constant course, which means that
whenever navigating on an unchanging course we are navigating according to a loxodrome.
Shelf life of stock-piled topsoil of an opencast coal mine
Authors: KUNDU N.K. , GHOSE M.K.
Published: July 2002

Topsoil is essential to abandoned mines and has to be stock-piled separately for post-mining land reclamation. If the storage period exceeds the 'shelf life' of the topsoil, it cannot be preserved by technical reclamation only. Opencast coal mining production in India is predicted to increase from the present level of 180 million tonnes per year to approximately 256 million tonnes per year by the year 2000. At that time about 60 km2 of land per year would be damaged by direct coal mines and 75 km2 per year would be affected by external overburden dumps and topsoil dumps. A large opencast coal mine was studied to evaluate the effect of stock-piling topsoil. Soil characteristics of soil dumps of six different ages (1, 3, 4, 6, 9 and 10 years old) were compared with those of surrounding unmined sites. Soil profiles were found to change greatly with age. Physico-chemical characteristics of soil dumps were found to deteriorate with respect to unmined soil. It was observed that, as the age of soil dumps increased from one to 10 years, the concentrations of suitable plant growth nutrients in soil gradually decreased and, after six years, the soils were found to be stagnant. This may be considered to be the 'shelf life' of topsoil. Biological reclamation must be adopted to preserve the topsoil if the storage period exceeds the shelf life period. The methodology provides guidelines for assessing the shelf life of topsoil in other areas.
Livestock depredation by large carnivores in the Indian trans-Himalaya: conflict perceptions and conservation prospects
Authors: MISHRA CHARUDUTT
Published: July 2002

Livestock depredation by the snow leopard, Uncia uncia, and the wolf, Canis lupus, has resulted in a human-wildlife conflict that hinders the conservation of these globally-threatened species throughout their range. This paper analyses the alleged economic loss due to livestock depredation by these carnivores, and the retaliatory responses of an agro-pastoral community around Kibber Wildlife Sanctuary in the Indian trans-Himalaya. The three villages studied (80 households) attributed a total of 189 livestock deaths (18% of the livestock holding) over a period of 18 months to wild predators, and this would amount to a loss per household equivalent to half the average annual per capita income. The financial compensation received by the villagers from the Government amounted to 3% of the perceived annual loss. Recent intensification of the conflict seems related to a 37.7% increase in livestock holding in the last decade. Villagers have been killing the wolf, though apparently not the snow leopard. A self-financed compensation scheme, and modification of existing livestock pens are suggested as area-specific short-term measures to reduce the conflict. The need to address the problem of increasing livestock holding in the long run is emphasized.
Component-based software development for integrated construction
management software applications
Authors: PEÑA-MORA FENIOSKY , VADHAVKAR SANJEEV , DIRISALA SIVA KUMAR
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a framework and a prototype for designing
Integrated Construction Management (ICM) software applications
using reusable components. The framework supports the collaborative
development of ICM software applications by a group of
ICM application developers from a library of software components.
The framework focuses on the use of an explicit software
development process to capture and disseminate specialized
knowledge that augments the description of the ICM software
application components in a library. The importance of
preserving and using this knowledge has become apparent
with the recent trend of combining the software development
process with the software application code. There are three
main components in the framework: design patterns, design
rationale model, and intelligent search algorithms. Design
patterns have been chosen to represent, record, and reuse
the recurring design structures and associated design experience
in object-oriented software development. The Design Recommendation
and Intent Model (DRIM) was extended in the current research
effort to capture the specific implementation of reusable
software components. DRIM provides a method by which design
rationale from multiple ICM application designers can be
partially generated, stored, and later retrieved by a computer
system. To address the issues of retrieval, the paper presents
a unique representation of a software component, and a
search mechanism based on Reggia's setcover algorithm
to retrieve a set of components that can be combined to
get the required functionality is presented. This paper
also details an initial, proof-of-concept prototype based
on the framework. By supporting nonobtrusive capture as
well as effective access of vital design rationale information
regarding the ICM application development process, the
framework described in this paper is expected to provide
a strong information base for designing ICM software.
The seroepidemiology of varicella in Italy
Authors: GABUTTI G. , PENNA C. , ROSSI M. , SALMASO S. , ROTA M. C. , BELLA A. , CROVARI P. ,   T S S G
Published: July 2002

We conducted a seroepidemiological study to evaluate the potential impact of mass varicella vaccination on the transmission of varicella-zoster virus (VZV) in Italy, where vaccination is not mandatory. We tested 3179 serum samples, collected from September 1996 to October 1997, for specific anti-VZV antibodies using a commercially available ELISA. The results confirmed that varicella typically involves children (82·1% seroprevalence among 10- to 14-year-olds) and that the mean age of acquiring the infection seems to be increasing. The results also revealed that southern Italy, compared to the rest of the country, has a greater circulation of VZV and an earlier age of acquisition. The potential impact of mass vaccination among 12- to 18-month-old children on the epidemiological trend of the infection must be carefully considered, in that failure to reach high levels of coverage could lead to an increase in the mean age of acquisition, which is already occurring in Italy.
SHORT PAPER Cryptosporidium parvum: oocyst excretion and
viability patterns in experimentally infected lambs
Authors: BUKHARI Z. , SMITH H. V.
Published: July 2002

Cryptosporidium parvum infections of domestic animals
can have a considerable economic
impact and as oocysts are voided in the faeces of infected hosts,
environmental contamination
with agricultural waste has also become a matter of concern. Since only
viable oocysts are
potentially infectious, the numbers of oocysts excreted during infection
can have important
implications for both veterinary and public health. During the course of
infection in
experimentally infected lambs, oocyst viability was assessed by a fluorogenic
vital dyes assay
and by a maximized in vitro excystation assay. The excreted
oocyst populations contained a
higher proportion of viable oocysts 5–11 days post infection (d.p.i.)
than later in the infection.
Oocyst viability declined consistently 11–15 d.p.i. and coincided
with periods when peaks in
serum and intestinal anti-Cryptosporidium antibodies have been
reported to occur. Infected
lambs excreted a mean of 4·8 (standard error
[S.E.]±0·4)×109
oocysts per g of faeces, of which
half were non-viable and therefore of no significance for disease transmission.
This study demonstrates that the numbers of viable oocysts excreted by infected
lambs is smaller than previously suspected.
Survey on viral pathogens in wild red foxes (Vulpes vulpes)
in
Germany with emphasis on parvoviruses and analysis of a
DNA sequence from a red fox parvovirus
Authors: TRUYEN U. , MÜLLER T. , HEIDRICH R. , TACKMANN K. , CARMICHAEL L. E.
Published: July 2002

The seroprevalence of canine parvovirus (CPV), canine distemper
virus (CDV), canine
adenovirus (CAV) and canine herpesvirus (CHV) infections in red
foxes (Vulpes vulpes) was
determined in fox sera collected between 1991 and 1995. A total of 500
sera were selected and
the seroprevalences were estimated to be 13% (65 of 500 sera) for CPV,

4·4% (17 of 383 sera)
for CDV, 3·5% (17 of 485 sera) for CAV, and 0·4%
(2 of 485 sera) for CHV, respectively. No
statistically significant differences were observed between the two (rural
and suburban) areas
under study.

Parvovirus DNA sequences were amplified from tissues of free-ranging
foxes and compared
to those of prototype viruses from dogs and cats. We report here a parvovirus
sequence
indicative of a true intermediate between the feline panleukopenia virus-like
viruses and the
canine parvovirus-like viruses. The red fox parvoviral sequence, therefore,
appears to represent
a link between those viral groups. The DNA sequence together with a significant

seroprevalence of parvovirus infections in foxes supports the hypothesis
that the sudden
emergence of canine parvovirus in the domestic dog population may have
involved the
interspecies transmission between wild and domestic carnivores.
Increase in paediatric acute otitis media diagnosed by primary
care in two Finnish municipalities – 1994–5 versus 1978–9
Authors: JOKI-ERKKILÄ V.-P. , LAIPPALA P. , PUKANDER J.
Published: July 2002

In recent decades, several epidemiological studies have been published
on acute otitis media
(AOM), indicating that the occurrence of AOM is increasing. However, the
comparison
between the surveys is complicated and biased by several factors, e.g.
variable study
demography and design and dissimilar diagnostic criteria. The present study
was performed
with an identical set-up in 1978–9 and 1994–5 to find out potential
changes in the occurrence
of AOM. All the attacks of AOM among children under 10 years diagnosed
by a physician
during the 12-month periods 1 June, 1978 to 31 May 1979 and 1 June 1994
to 31 May 1995
were registered retrospectively in two Finnish municipalities. The incidence
rate (total number
of AOM attacks per 100 child years) was 19 (95% CI 18–21) in 1978–9
and 32 (95% CI
30–34) in 1994–5. The increase in the occurrence of AOM was
68% (95% CI 53–79%,
P<0·001).
A model for evaluating intervention strategies to control salmonella in the poultry meat production chain
Authors: NAUTA M. J. , VAN DE GIESSEN A. W. , HENKEN A. M.
Published: July 2002

A model of the transmission of salmonella through the poultry meat production chain is
developed, to predict the effects of intervention strategies for salmonella control. The model
first describes the situation before intervention in terms of salmonella prevalences at flock level
and some transmission parameters. After single control measures are translated into effects on
these transmission parameters, the effects of sets of control measures (intervention strategies),
can be calculated with the model. As research data are lacking, the model input parameters
were derived from expert opinion. As an example, the effects of two intervention strategies
proposed for the Dutch poultry industry are predicted. A sensitivity analysis is performed to
indicate where the most effective control measures may be expected. Additionally, the reliability
of the model predictions is studied by an uncertainty analysis. The use of the model as a tool
for policy makers deciding about salmonella control strategies is discussed.
Epidemiologic application of pulsed-field gel electrophoresis to
an outbreak of Campylobacter jejuni in an Austrian youth
centre
Authors: LEHNER A. , SCHNECK C. , FEIERL G. , PLESS P. , DEUTZ A. , BRANDL E. , WAGNER M.
Published: July 2002

We report the first documented Campylobacter jejuni outbreak in an Austrian youth centre.
Sixty-four children were involved of which 38 showed classical signs of campylobacter
gastroenteritis. Since unpasteurized milk distributed by a local dairy was suspected to be the
source of infection, stool samples were collected from 20 cows providing the milk. Five of the
cows tested positive for C. jejuni. These isolates together with 37 clinical samples were
compared by pulsed-field-gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The PFGE patterns, using the restriction
endonucleases SmaI and SalI, were identical for the human and bovine isolates.This finding
confirmed that the outbreak was caused by the consumption of unpasteurized milk
contaminated with C. jejuni.
Chemical communication in Eurasian deer (Cervidae): do individual odours also code for attributes?
Authors: Lawson R. E. , Putnam R. J. , Fielding A. H.
Published: July 2002

Evidence for signal coding for attributes such as age, sex or population of origin, was sought in odour profiles derived from natural secretions of the preorbital gland of red deerCervus elaphus(n= 26), sika deerC. nippon(15), Chinese muntjacMuntiacus reevesi(23) and Chinese water deerHydropotes inermis(53); from metatarsal secretions from red deer (n= 35), sika (30), fallow (193) and roe deerCapreolus capreolus(26); and from roe deer interdigital glands (n= 48). Volatiles were eluted from sample materials at body temperature, to restrict analysis to those elements which would occur within the natural odour profile; the different volatile elements were then separated by gas chromatography. Initial results of these analyses were strongly suggestive of some level of signal‐coding for attributes of the signaller. Few secretions (species × gland) contained many volatiles which differed significantly between deer from different populations of origin and, except in the muntjac preorbital and sika deer metatarsal secretions, separation of populations was generally rather poor in formal discriminant function analyses (DFA). However, where no constraint is imposed on the number of volatiles allowed to enter the analysis, secretions from at least one gland accurately discriminated between the sexes in the original sample for most species; separation of sexes was only ineffective for Chinese water deer and fallow deer. Discrimination between deer of different age‐classes was similarly effective in the original sample for red deer preorbital and roe deer metatarsal secretions and fair for preobital secretions of Chinese water deer; unbalanced age‐structure of samples did not permit analysis for muntjac or sika deer. Sometimes the actual predictive power of discrimination was poor; it is notable that this was characteristically associated with small sample sizes and the evidence indicates that scent secretions from most species sampled here offer the potential for coding for at least the sex and age of the signaller. Although chromatographic analysis of odours from some glands reveals consistent differences between odour profiles characteristic of sex, age or population, this does not imply that the signal is deliberately coding for such information, or that the deer use the information available. It is possible that differences in the composition of secretions in relation to age or sex of the signaller, for example, is coincidental or of secondary significance.
Effects of immobilization on fertility in female black rhino (Diceros bicornis)
Authors: Alibhai Sky K. , Jewell Zoë C. , Towindo Stewart S.
Published: July 2002

Forty‐six female black rhino were immobilized 113 times in the Sinamatella Intensive Protection Zone, Zimbabwe, from August 1992 to October 1997. The effects of immobilization on inter‐calving interval (ICI), calving rate (calves/female/year), conception and calves born/year were assessed. The mean ICI (n= 17) was 40.24 ± 4.96 months. There was a significant linear relationship between the number and interval of immobilizations in the preconception interval (PCI) and duration of ICI; further investigations were made to overcome possible effects of temporal autocorrelation. Both a non‐linear model and a general linear model (with five independent effects) showed a significant relationship only between the ICI and mean immobilization interval in the pre‐conception interval (PCI), but not the mean immobilization interval in the whole ICI (including gestation immobilizations). Both suggested that the relationship between immobilization and inter‐calving interval was not the result of temporal autocorrelation and that the immobilization regime significantly affected the ICI. Using the calving rate as a response variable, five effects were tested in a general linear model. Only the immobilization rate in the PCI was significant. For conceptions per calendar month, we examined two effects in a general linear model: the number of mature females immobilized each month, and rainfall in the month of conception plus 2 previous months. Both effects were significant. For the number of calves born/year, the effect of the immobilization regime (the number of mature females immobilized/year) and rainfall were examined. Only immobilization was significant. We suggest that the unusually intensive immobilization regime undertaken at Sinamatella has negatively impacted on female fertility, and discuss possible mechanisms. We also suggest the need to adopt guidelines to minimize the impact of immobilization on fertility in female black rhino.
Observations on the diet and habitat of the mountain tapir (Tapirus pinchaque)
Authors: Downer Craig C.
Published: July 2002

Results of a 4‐year study in Sangay National Park, Ecuador, indicated that the mountain tapir Tapirus pinchaque, consumes a wide variety of woody and non‐woody plant taxa primarily as a foliose browser, and has a preference for some nitrogen‐fixing plants. The more closed‐cover Andean forest and chaparral habitats contain a greater abundance of mountain tapir‐favoured food than the more open grassland paramo, riverine meadow, and pampas vegetation types. Andean forests are considered the most critical habitat for the survival of this tapir because of their provision of cover and food. Field observations and results of faecal germination experiments show that the mountain tapir assists in the successful seed dispersal of many species of Andean plants. Significant regressions between: (1) seed germination and (2) both the natural logarithm (ln e) of the preference ratio and the dietary abundance of food species indicate a mutualism between the mid to high montane‐dwelling mountain tapir and the plants it consumes. A significant relation during the past 2 to 3 million years is proposed between: (1) the crossing of the Panamanian Isthmus and the occupation of the mid to high northern Andes by ancestors of the mountain tapir, and (2) the rise of the Andes and formation of the montane forest and paramo ecosystems above c. 2000 m elevation.
Foraging destinations of three low‐latitude albatross (Phoebastria) species
Authors: Fernández Patricia , Anderson David J. , Sievert Paul R. , Huyvaert Kathryn P.
Published: July 2002

Satellite telemetry was used to identify the foraging distributions of three congeneric species of albatrosses that nest in the tropics/subtropics. Breeding waved albatrosses Phoebastria irrorata from the Galápagos Islands travelled to the productive upwelling near the Peruvian coast and nearby areas during the rearing period in 1996. Black‐footed albatrosses P. nigripes and Laysan albatrosses P. immutabilis nesting in the Hawaiian Islands and tracked during the 1997–98 and 1998–99 breeding seasons also performed long foraging trips, to continental shelf areas of North America. In both years, breeding black‐footed albatrosses made long trips to the west coast of North America (British Columbia to California). In 1997–98, breeding Laysan albatrosses travelled primarily to the north of the Hawaiian Islands and reached the waters of the Aleutian Islands and the Gulf of Alaska. In 1998–99, Laysan albatrosses had a complete breeding failure, and no long trips by breeders were tracked as a result. These three species mixed short and long trips during the chick‐rearing period, but not the brooding period nor incubation period. Waved albatrosses made only long trips during the incubation period. Analysis of movement patterns showed that the core feeding areas during long trips were located over the continental shelves of North and South America. The data on foraging biology of these species have implications for assessing bycatch risk in commercial fisheries.
Reactive and effortful processes in the organization of temperament
Authors: DERRYBERRY DOUGLAS , ROTHBART MARY K.
Published: July 2002

Self-organization can be approached in terms of developmental processes occurring within

and between component systems of temperament. Within-system organization involves

progressive shaping of cortical representations by subcortical motivational systems. As cortical

representations develop, they feed back to provide motivational systems with enhanced detection

and guidance capabilities. These reciprocal influences may amplify the underlying motivational

functions and promote excessive impulsivity or anxiety. However, these processes also depend

upon interactions arising between motivational and attentional systems. We discuss these

between-system effects by considering the regulation of approach motivation by reactive

attentional processes related to fear and by more voluntary processes related to effortful control.

It is suggested that anxious and impulsive psychopathology may reflect limitations in these dual

means of control, which can take the form of overregulation as well as underregulation.
Multiple jeopardy: Risk and protective factors among addicted mothers'
offspring
Authors: LUTHAR SUNIYA S. , CUSHING GRETTA , MERIKANGAS KATHLEEN R. , ROUNSAVILLE BRUCE J.
Published: July 2002

Objectives of this study were to ascertain risk and protective factors in the adjustment of 78
school-age and teenage offspring of opioid- and cocaine-abusing mothers. Using a multimethod,
multiinformant approach, child outcomes were operationalized via lifetime psychiatric diagnoses
and everyday social competence (each based on both mother and child reports), and dimensional
assessments of symptoms (mother report). Risk/protective factors examined included the
child sociodemographic attributes of gender, age, and ethnicity, aspects of maternal
psychopathology, and both mother's and children's cognitive functioning. Results
revealed that greater child maladjustment was linked with increasing age, Caucasian (as opposed
to African American) ethnicity, severity of maternal psychiatric disturbance, higher maternal
cognitive abilities (among African Americans) and lower child cognitive abilities (among
Caucasians). Limitations of the study are discussed, as are implications of findings for future
research.
Invariant solutions of two models of evolution of
turbulent bursts
Authors: GALAKTIONOV VICTOR A.
Published: July 2002

We consider two problems related to the b–l and
b–ε models of propagation of turbulent bursts.
We show that these equations admit some particular exact solutions which reduce to a finite-dimensional dynamical system. This makes it possible to describe a singular effect of finite-time
extinction, and in particular, nonsymmetric solutions which do not exhibit symmetrization in
the asymptotic behaviour. We show that in the multi-dimensional equation related to the
b–l model, the nonsymmetric extinction behaviour is governed by the first-order equation. For the
b–ε model with α=β=1 and γ<1,
using such particular solutions, we establish that the ω-limit
set of all the rescaled extinction orbits is essentially infinite-dimensional.
Modularity of strong normalization in the

algebraic-λ-cube
Authors: BARBANERA FRANCO , FERNÁNDEZ MARIBEL , GEUVERS HERMAN
Published: July 2002

In this paper we present the algebraic-λ-cube,

an extension of Barendregt's λ-cube with

first- and higher-order algebraic rewriting. We show that

strong normalization is a modular

property of all the systems in the algebraic-λ-cube,

provided that the first-order rewrite rules

are non-duplicating and the higher-order rules satisfy the

general schema of Jouannaud and

Okada. We also prove that local confluence is a modular

property of all the systems in the

algebraic-λ-cube, provided that the higher-order

rules do not introduce critical pairs. This

property and the strong normalization result imply the

modularity of confluence.
Even higher-order functions for parsing or
Why would anyone ever want to use a sixth-order function?
Authors: OKASAKI CHRIS
Published: July 2002

A higher-order function is a function that takes another

function as an argument or
returns another function as a result. More specifically, a
first-order function takes
and returns base types, such as integers or lists. A kth-order
function takes or
returns a function of order k−1. Currying often artificially
inflates the
order of a function, so we will ignore all inessential currying.
(Whether a particular instance of
currying is essential or inessential is open to debate, but we expect that
our choices
will be uncontroversial.) In addition, when calculating the order of a
polymorphic
function, we instantiate all type variables with base types. Under these
assumptions,
most common higher-order functions, such as map and foldr,

are second-order, so
beginning functional programmers often wonder: What good are functions
of order
three or above? We illustrate functions of up to sixth-order with examples
taken
from a combinator parsing library.

Combinator parsing is a classic application of functional programming,
dating
back to at least Burge (1975). Most combinator parsers are based on Wadler's

list-of-successes technique (Wadler, 1985). Hutton (1992) popularized the
idea in his
excellent tutorial Higher-Order Functions for Parsing. In spite
of the title, however,
he considered only functions of up to order three.
Higher-order functional languages and intensional logic
Authors: RONDOGIANNIS P. , WADGE W. W.
Published: July 2002

In this paper we demonstrate that a broad class of higher-order functional programs can be
transformed into semantically equivalent multidimensional intensional programs that contain
only nullary variable definitions. The proposed algorithm systematically eliminates user-defined functions from the source program, by appropriately introducing context manipulation
(i.e. intensional) operators. The transformation takes place in M steps, where M is the order
of the initial functional program. During each step the order of the program is reduced by
one, and the final outcome of the algorithm is an M-dimensional intensional program of order
zero. As the resulting intensional code can be executed in a purely tagged-dataflow way, the
proposed approach offers a promising new technique for the implementation of higher-order
functional languages.
Program equivalence in a linear functional language
Authors: BIERMAN G. M.
Published: July 2002

Researchers have recently proposed that for certain applications it is advantageous to use
functional languages whose type systems are based upon linear logic: so-called linear
functional languages. In this paper we develop reasoning techniques for programs in a linear
functional language, linPCF, based on their operational behaviour. The principal theorem
of this paper is to show that contextual equivalence of linPCF programs can be characterised
coinductively. This characterisation provides a tractable method for reasoning about
contextual equivalence, and is used in three ways:

[bull ] A number of useful contextual equivalences between linPCF programs is given.

[bull ] A notion of type isomorphism with respect to contextual equivalence, called operational
isomorphism, is given. In particular the types !ϕ[otimes ]!ψ and !(ϕ&ψ) are proved to be
operationally isomorphic.

[bull ] A translation of non-strict PCF into linPCF is shown to be adequate, but not fully abstract,
with respect to contextual equivalence.
Order in open intervals of computable reals
Authors: VON PLATO JAN
Published: July 2002

In constructive theories, an apartness relation is
often taken as basic and its negation used
as equality. An apartness relation should be continuous in its arguments,
as in the case of
computable reals. A similar approach can be taken to order relations. We
shall here study
the partial order on open intervals of computable reals. Since order on
reals is undecidable,
there is no simple uniformly applicable lattice meet operation that would
always produce
non-negative intervals as values. We show how to solve this problem by
a suitable definition
of apartness for intervals. We also prove the strong extensionality

of the lattice operations,
where by strong extensionality of an operation f on elements
a, b we mean that apartness of
values implies apartness in some of the arguments:
f(a, b)≠f(c, d)
⊃a≠c∨b≠d.

Most approaches to computable reals start from a concrete definition.
We shall instead
represent them by an abstract axiomatically introduced order structure.
A theory of mixin modules: basic and derived operators
Authors: ANCONA DAVIDE , ZUCCA ELENA
Published: July 2002

Mixins are modules in which some components are deferred,
that
is, their definition has to
be provided by another module. Moreover, in contrast to parameterized modules
(like ML
functors), mixin modules can be mutually dependent and their composition
supports the
redefinition of components (overriding). In this
paper, we present a formal model of mixins
and their basic composition operators. These operators can be viewed as
a kernel language
with clean semantics in which one can express more complex operators of
existing modular
languages, including variants of inheritance in object-oriented programming.
Our formal
model is given in an ‘institution independent’ way,
that is, it is parameterized by the
semantic framework modelling the underlying core language.
The Danish Volunteers in the Waffen SS and German Warfare at the Eastern Front
Authors: Smith Peter Scharff , Poulsen Niels Bo , Christensen Claus Bundgård
Published: July 2002

A total of 5,500 Danes joined the Waffen SS during the Second World War. They served primarily on the Eastern Front, often fighting under appalling conditions. The article follows the volunteers in action and examines in detail the Frikorps Danmark (Danish Legion), which provided a significant number of anti-Bolshevik, non-Nazi volunteers for the Waffen SS. The article analyses the behaviour of these men and focuses on the issue of ideological commitment. How did they react mentally to the context they operated in, and to the fact that they became more and more alienated in their homeland as the war progressed?
Response to “From Pittsburgh to Cleveland: NHBD Controversies
and Bioethics” by George J. Agich (CQ Vol 8, No 3)
Authors: Koughan Frank , Bogdanich Walt
Published: July 2002

We were not surprised by the opinion piece written
for the Cambridge Quarterly by George J. Agich,
Ph.D., who chairs the Cleveland Clinic Foundation's
bioethics department. Dr. Agich uses the article to attack
those who criticized his institution's proposed non-heart-beating
organ donor protocol. Because we reported on this controversy
for 60 Minutes in April 1997, we wanted to set
the record straight.
Combinatorial Nullstellensatz
Authors: ALON NOGA
Published: July 2002

We present a general algebraic technique and discuss some of its numerous applications in combinatorial number theory, in graph theory and in combinatorics. These applications include results in additive number theory and in the study of graph colouring problems. Many of these are known results, to which we present unified proofs, and some results are new.
On Vertex-Triads in 3-Connected Binary Matroids
Authors: WU HAIDONG
Published: July 2002

A cocircuit C* in a matroid M is said to
be
non-separating if and only if
M[setmn ]C*, the deletion
of C* from M, is connected. A vertex-triad

in a matroid is a three-element non-separating
cocircuit. Non-separating cocircuits in binary matroids correspond to vertices
in graphs.
Let C be a circuit of a 3-connected binary matroid M
such that
[mid ]E(M)[mid ][ges ]4 and, for all
elements x of C, the deletion of x from M

is not 3-connected. We prove that C meets at
least two vertex-triads of M. This gives direct binary
matroid generalizations of certain
graph results of Halin, Lemos, and Mader. For binary matroids, it also
generalizes a result
of Oxley. We also prove that a minimally 3-connected binary matroid M
which has at
least four elements has at least ½r*(M)+1

vertex-triads, where r*(M) is the corank of the
matroid M. An immediate consequence of this result is the
following result of Halin: a
minimally 3-connected graph with n vertices has at least
2n+6/5 vertices of degree three. We
also generalize Tutte's Triangle Lemma for general matroids.
On Increasing Subsequences of I.I.D. Samples
Authors: DEUSCHEL JEAN-DOMINIQUE , ZEITOUNI OFER
Published: July 2002

We study the fluctuations, in the large deviations regime, of the longest increasing sub-sequence of a random i.i.d. sample on the unit square. In particular, our results yield
the precise upper and lower exponential tails for the length of the longest increasing
subsequence of a random permutation.
On the Number of Simple Cycles in Planar Graphs
Authors: ALT HELMUT , FUCHS ULRICH , KRIEGEL KLAUS
Published: July 2002

Let C(G) denote the number of simple cycles of a graph
G and let C(n) be the maximum of
C(G) over all planar graphs with n nodes. We
present a lower bound on C(n), constructing
graphs with at least 2.28n cycles. Applying some probabilistic arguments
we prove an upper bound of 3.37n.

We also discuss this question restricted to the subclasses of grid graphs, bipartite graphs,
and 3-colourable triangulated graphs.
Properties of Descartes' Construction of Triangle-Free Graphs
with High Chromatic Number
Authors: KOSTOCHKA A. V. , NEšETŘIL J.
Published: July 2002

We present some nice properties of the classical construction of triangle-free graphs with
high chromatic number given by Blanche Descartes and its modifications. In particular,
we construct colour-critical graphs and hypergraphs of high girth with moderate average
degree.
Classification of caesarean sections
Authors: Robson MS
Published: July 2002

Caesarean section rates in the United Kingdom continue to be a topic of importance in both the medical and lay press. In previous years most of the discussion has been about what the correct caesarean section rate should be. More recently the debate has focused on whether a woman has the right to choose to have her baby delivered by caesarean section in the absence of a medical indication. This has medical implications, in terms of short and long term complications for the woman, but also carries a financial burden that the National Health Service can ill afford.
Immunohistochemical detection of calmodulin and calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II in the mouse testis
Authors: Moriya M. , Katagiri C. , Ikebe M. , Yagi K.
Published: July 2002

We reported previously that in mouse testis calmodulin-dependent protein phosphatase (calcineurin) is localised in the nuclei of round and elongating spermatids (Cell Tissue Res. 1995; 281: 273-81). In this study, we studied the immunohistochemical localisation of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaM kinase II) using antibodies against CaM kinase IIγ from chicken gizzard and specific antibodies raised against the amino acid sequence Ileu480–Ala493 of this enzyme, and compared it with the distribution of calmodulin. Indirect immunofluorescence was most concentrated in early spermatocytes and localised in the outermost layer of seminiferous tubules where the calmodulin level was relatively low. Measurements of immuno-gold particle densities on electron micrographs revealed that CaM kinase II is transiently increased in the nucleus of zygotene spermatocytes. These observations suggest the involvement of CaM kinase II in the meiotic chromosomal pairing process. An extremely high concentration of calmodulin in spermatogenic cells undergoing meiosis may not be directly related to activation of calmodulin-dependent kinases and phosphatases.
Injection of a boar sperm factor causes calcium oscillations in oocytes of the marsupial opossum, Monodelphis domestica
Authors: Witton C. J. , Swann K. , Carroll J. , Moore H. D. M.
Published: July 2002

At fertilisation, the sperm triggers an abrupt and transient increase in intracellular calcium ([Ca2+]i) in the oocyte cytoplasm. In eutherian mammals, oocytes exhibit multiple [Ca2+]i transients which are necessary for egg activation. We investigated [Ca2+]i in the marsupial opossum, Monodelphis domestica. Embryo development in this therian mammal is quite distinct from that in most Eutheria. Oestrus was induced in an adult female opossum by introduction of a male into her cage. Injection of a boar sperm extract induced repetitive increases in [Ca2+]i. Each oscillation travelled across and around the periphery of the egg in a wave-like manner. A control injection of KCl elicited no change in [Ca2+]i. This is the first observation of [Ca2+]i oscillations in the oocyte of a marsupial. The repetitive nature of the [Ca2+]i changes were more similar to those in oocytes of Eutheria than those in oocytes of non-mammalian vertebrates.
PRACTICAL AESTHETICS AND DECADENT RATIONALE IN GEORGE GISSING
Authors: Maltz Diana
Published: July 2002

A YOUNG MAN living on a meager tutor’s salary skimps on his expenses to attend an 1882 commemorative exhibit of D. G. Rossetti’s work at the Royal Academy; he then purchases a volume of Rossetti’s sonnets, and makes a pilgrimage to Cheyne Walk where Rossetti had lived. He adopts Aesthetic style more concretely when he moves into a new flat and furnishes it with a dado and a cabinet papered in a Japanese print. In 1886, he subscribes to the library of the Grosvenor Gallery, the institutional center of British Aestheticism. He is tickled by Oscar Wilde’s public performances as an aesthete in 1887, regretting only that Wilde has cut his hair and exchanged velvet breeches for more conventional trousers. Having copied Pater’s famous passage on La Gioconda into his Commonplace Book in 1880, he responds to a trip to Greece years later through a Paterian reverie, trying to recapture the lost, classical Greece he had learned as a child.
On building a more effcient grammar by
exploiting types
Authors: FLICKINGER DAN
Published: July 2002

Modern grammar development platforms often support multiple devices for representing
properties of a natural language, giving the grammar writer some freedom in implementing
analyses of linguistic phenomena. These design alternatives can have dramatic consequences
for efficiency both in processing and in grammar building. In this paper I report on three
experiments in making systematic modifications to a broad-coverage grammar of English
in order to gain efficiency without loss of linguistic elegance. While the experiments are to
some degree both platform-dependant and theory-bound, the kinds of modifications reported
should be applicable to any unification-based grammar which makes use of types. The results
make a strong case for a more visible role for the linguist in the collaborative effort to achieve
greater processing efficiency.
COGNITIVE EMOTIONAL REACTIONS OF CARE STAFF TO DIFFICULT CHILD BEHAVIOUR
Authors: McGuinness Patrick , Dagnan Dave
Published: July 2002

The attributions parents make about the problem behaviour of their children have been shown to be important
determinants of their emotional and behavioural reactions to such behaviour. However, this relationship has not been
studied in carers of children in residential settings. In this paper we apply Weiner's attributional model of helping to
the self-predicted behaviour of 47 carers in residential children's homes in the U.K. Participants identified causes for
four children's behaviours, made attributions about these behaviours on dimensions of internality, controllability,
globality and stability, reported their emotional reactions to the behaviours on the dimensions of anger and sympathy
and reported their likelihood of making extra effort to help in working with these behaviours. Results showed that
attributions of controllability and globality, and the emotional response of sympathy were important in predicting
reported likelihood of helping. The implications of these results for carer training are discussed.
Acquired alexia: Lessons from successful treatment
Authors: BEESON PELAGIE M. , INSALACO DEBORAH
Published: July 2002

Two individuals with anomic aphasia and acquired
alexia were each provided treatment for their reading impairment.
Although reading of single words in isolation was fairly
accurate, their text reading was slow and effortful, including
functor substitutions and semantic errors. Prior to treatment,
reading reaction times for single words showed grammatical
class and word-length effects. Both patients responded
positively to a treatment protocol that included two phases:
(1) multiple oral rereading of text, and (2) reading phrase-formatted
text that had increased spacing between phrasal clauses.
Their reading rates for text improved while maintaining
good comprehension. Following treatment, reading reaction
times for single words showed the elimination of grammatical
class and word-length effects, suggesting improved access
to word forms, particularly functors. (JINS, 1998,
4, 621–635.)