bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A DYNAMIC MODEL FOR WATER AND RELATED LAND RESOURCE PLANNING1
Authors: Liang Tung , Huang Wen‐yuan
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Planning an optimal system of activities for generating economic goods and services within an existing natural resource capacity is a difficult problem to solve. A mathematical programming model with the capacity to check multiple resource demand and supply compatibility over many time periods was developed for the solution to this type of problem. The characteristics of natural resource supply and the demand of activities were utilized to reduce the number of time periods and to minimize the loss of the dynamic reality of the problem. Reduction in the number of time periods extended the capability of the model to the solution of complex resource planning problems without oversimplification.
THE IMPACT OF HIGH INTEREST RATES ON OPTIMUM MULTIPLE OBJECTIVE DESIGN OF SURFACE RUNOFF URBAN DRAINAGE SYSTEMS1
Authors: Miller W. L. , Erickson S. P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. This research examines the impact of high rates of interest upon the least cost system design for urban drainage systems when water quality is a critical parameter. Results of examination of twelve alternative system designs in a case study watershed indicate the least cost study design is highly sensitive to the rate of interest, but not sensitive to the water quality parameters. When the high rates of interest currently prevalent are introduced into the model those systems which contain open channel collection components are selected as the least cost system. At low rates of interest pipeline collection components are selected as the least cost system. Holding pond components of system design are cost effective at several levels of water quality. They are neutral to the rate of interest so they are incorporated in least cost systems at all the levels of interest rates. The results of the study indicate that at the current high rates of interest open channel collection systems and holding ponds are cost effective system components to achieve selected levels of water quality in urban drainage system design.
TEMPERATURE EFFECTS ON GREAT LAKES WATER BALANCE STUDIES1
Authors: Meredith Dale D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Beginning of month water temperature profiles are estimated for each lake. These water temperature profiles along with surface water temperatures are used to determine the effects of thermal expansion and contraction of water on the net basin supply values obtained from water balance studies using end of month lake levels. It is demonstrated that net basin supply values (equivalent to precipitation on the lake minus the evaporation from the lake plus the runoff into the lake) obtained from water balance studies without accounting for the thermal expansion and contraction of water may be in error by as much as 100 percent during some months for each lake.
SIMULATION AS AN AID TO DECISION MAKING IN A WATER UTILITY1
Authors: Filardi Raul E. , O'Brien Walter J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. Middle and high management levels within water utilities would find their decision making activities greatly enhanced if provided with a set of techniques having the following characteristics: (1) the ability to procure information and knowledge about real‐life systems, (2) the ability to promote analysis of the real life system and (3) the capacity to gauge the impact of decisions. A model/simulation is presented, having the capability to mime operational aspects of water supply systems. The simulation produces time series of what are considered relevant operational variables. These series are amenable to analysis of both static and dynamic effects of alternative policies, changing environmental conditions and varying parametric specifications. Because of its modular structure and the ad hoc programming language utilized, it offers great flexibility. The model/simulation allows extensions, deletions and modifications without consequent reformulation or extensive reprogramming. It performs a number of statistical tests useful for its own verification and validation. Also available are a suggested methodology and procedures for model use, possible difficulties with data gathering and operation, plus an idea of what cannot be done with the currently extant model version.
DECISION ANALYSIS FOR THE RIVER WALK EXPANSION IN SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS1
Authors: Dean Joe H. , Shih C. S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The San Antonio River Walk is considered a unique tourist attraction as well as an urban rejuvenation catalyst for San Antonio, Texas. This utilization of the mile‐long horseshoe bend in the downtown area of San Antonio is as successful and imaginative as can be found in the United States. Testimony is very strong from San Antonio voters and outside visitors of the great social and economic value of the River Walk. This overwhelming success has led to plans for expansion of the present River Walk. The River Walk expansion decision should not be evaluated merely on a benefit‐cost ratio. It has become the recommendation of the Water Resources Council that intangible attributes such as recreational values and social impacts should be considered as well as tangible attributes such as cost. This prevailing attitude has highlighted the application of decision analysis techniques with multiattribute utility ratings. Decision analysis is a systematic solution procedure which can be used to crystallize a complicated decision problem into manageable subproblems by ranking the decision alternatives in accordance with cardinal utility values attached to their consequences. Recent advances in multiattribute utility theory allow a decision maker to weigh utility assessment over tangible and intangible attributes according to their relative importance. This insures that the intangible attributes will receive due consideration in the final decision‐making.
A SCREENING MODEL FOR WATER RESOURCES PLANNING1
Authors: Viessman Warren , Lewis Gary L. , Yomtovian Isaac , Viessman Norma J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Techniques of optimization and simulation are merged to select the most efficient arrangement of components for regional water resources development and management. Application is made to the Elkhorn River Basin in Nebraska. The Basin extends over 7,000 square miles and includes 184 proposed reservoirs. Structure sizes, locations and operating policies are selected for optimal plans based on economic efficiency and regional development. Results indicate that substantial savings in time and costs over conventional planning techniques are effected. Agreement between model output and agency design values was noted.
EFFECTS OF SELECTED HERBICIDES ON BACTERIAL POPULATIONS IN NONTREATED AND TREATED WATER1
Authors: Yazar Oya , Shively J. M. , Camper N. D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Bacterial populations in nontreated and herbicide‐treated waters were subjected to three different herbicides. Diuron, dichlobenil, and diquat were added (100 mg/l) to water samples from two fresh water lakes and two herbicide‐treated ponds. Total numbers of bacteria were monitored. Bacterial populations in fresh lake water decreased after herbicide additions; however, final populations were significantly greater than the controls. Similar observations were recorded for bacteria in dichlobenil‐ and diuron‐treated waters. Selective enrichment is probably expressed in these experiments.
WATER QUALITY PLANNING FOR THE DELAWARE ESTUARY ‐ AN EXAMPLE1
Authors: Whipple William
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Delaware Estuary has been intensively studied but the planning for water quality control is very unsatisfactory, including the most recent interagency plan. Earlier planning by the FWPCA and the Delaware River Basin Commission was better; but this planning appears to have been halted and perhaps superseded by the provisions of PL 92–500. The Tocks Island reservoir planned to maintain minimum flows may never be built on account of environmental objections; but the consequences of such a decision are not being faced. Meanwhile recent research indicates that urban runoff will be a major influence possibly adding a load of as much as 500,000 lbs. of BOD in a single storm. Unit costs of treating urban runoff pollution are very high, due to its extreme variability. Artificial aeration or oxygenation may provide a more economical means of improving the dissolved oxygen regimen, as compared to primary treatment of urban runoff, or tertiary treatment of effluents. In any event planning on a regional basis is desirable in the Delaware and elsewhere, and Pl 92–500 may need to be changed to facilitate it.
ANALYSIS OF NEW TECHNIQUES FOR PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT IN WATER PLANNING1
Authors: Wagner Thomas P. , Ortolano Leonard
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The growing demands by the public for a more active role in planning have recently generated considerable interest among researchers and planners in the subject of public involvement techniques. Numerous surveys have found that standard public participation techniques (e.g., public hearings) by themselves are considered inadequate. Several techniques that have potential for overcoming some of the limitations of standard public involvement techniques have recently been developed. This paper describes several of these new techniques and analyzes each of them in terms of their potential utility in water resources planning.
SEWER AND WATER PRICING AND INVESTMENT POLICIES TO IMPLEMENT URBAN GROWTH POLICY1
Authors: Downing Donald A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT. The article proposes the use of certain water and sewer extension pricing and investment policies. Such policies would complement an urban growth policy designed to guide the location and timing of growth in urbanizing areas. Proposed pricing policies are based upon marginal cost principles. The types of pricing policies discussed include benefit assessments, connection fees, and user charges. Proposed investment policies deal with the division of financing responsiblities between the public and private sectors. Discussion of each proposal explains the economic influence of the proposed policies upon key decision makers in the land development process. The application of proposed pricing and investment policies in the case study communities is mixed. In Knoxville, Tennessee, where pricing and investment policies reflect the proposed policies, no urban growth policy exists. In Lexington, Kentucky, mixed pricing and investment policies do not complement what is a relatively good urban growth policy. In Greensboro, North Carolina, reasonably effective pricing and investment policies complement other policies which provide some guidance to the urban growth pattern. It is hoped that the article will increase the recognition of utility pricing and investment policies as one means of implementing urban growth policy.
HYDROLOGIC IMPACT OF WEATHER MODIFICATION1
Authors: Seely Edward H. , DeCoursey Donn G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Weather modification is being proposed as a routine method of augmenting agricultural water supplies in the Southern Great Plains. This paper discusses some of the potential hydrologic impacts of weather modification. Previous work in assessing hydrologic impact is covered; the conclusion is drawn that the work is insufficient. An approach based on hydrologic models is suggested that can consider uncertainties about the effect of weather modification on rainfall and some uncertainties about the effect of model error on impact conclusions.
SAMPLE UNCERTAINTY IN FLOOD LEVEE DESIGN: BAYESIAN VERSUS NON‐BAYESIAN METHODS1
Authors: Duckstein L. , Bogárdi I. , Szidarovszky F. , Davis D. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Bayesian and non‐Bayesian flood levee design methods that account for the uncertainty due to limited record length are compared using a case study. The first method, Bayesian decision theory (BDT), imbeds the uncertainty in the parameters of the yearly peak stage into a loss function. The optimum design of the flood levee, called Bayes design, corresponds to the minimum expected loss, called Bayes risk. The second method, induced safety algorithm (ISA), computes a margin of safety to be added to either an existing levee or a levee designed by classical benefit‐cost analysis. The design decision is shown to fluctuate as different record lengths are considered. For short record lengths, BDT, which takes small sample bias into account, appears to yield a more conservative design than ISA. On the other hand, ISA, which is simple to implement, seems to be preferable to BDT for longer record lengths.
SEMI‐INFINITE SOLID MODEL FOR PREDICTION OF TEMPERATURE IN DEEP RESERVOIRS AND LAKES1
Authors: Thibodeaux Louis J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A lake or reservoir, heated mainly through the air‐water interface, is visualized as a solid which is bounded by the interface plane (x = 0) and extends to infinity in the positive x‐direction. Analytical expressions give the surface temperature, the temperature profile (with depth) and the position of the thermocline as a function of time (Julian Day). Preliminary model results indicate that the general shape of the temperature profile and the position of the thermocline are influenced primarily by the air‐water heat exchange and the time lapse since an isothermal condition existed in the water body.
APPLICATION OF A HYDROLOGIC MODEL FOR LAND USE PLANNING IN FLORIDA1
Authors: Bedient Philip B. , Huber Wayne C. , Heaney James P.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An environmental simulation model of the Upper St. Johns River Basin, Florida, has been developed in order to predict hydrologic responses under proposed management plans. Land use projections for each of 19 hydrologic planning units are provided by a linear programming analysis of agricultural activities. Inputs to the model include rainfall, runoff, evapotranspiration (ET), aquifer properties, topography, soil types, and vegetative patterns. A water balance is developed in the uplands based on infiltration, ET, surface runoff, and groundwater flow. Valley continuity is based on stage‐volume relationship for inflows and outflows and a variable roughness coefficient dependent on vegetative patterns. Land use changes form the basis for predicting hydroperiod variation under alternative management schemes. Plans are ranked according to two criteria, deviation from a natural hydroperiod and flood or drought control provided. Results indicate that (1) a single reservoir without irrigation and (2) floodplain preservation plans are superior to (3) multiple reservoir with irrigation and (4) uncontrolled floodplain plans with regard to both criteria.
BENEFITS AND LAND USE CHANGE CONNECTED WITH A FLOOD CONTROL PROJECT1
Authors: Oyen Duane B. , Barnard Jerald R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study examines agricultural land use change in the flood plain of the Iowa River as a result of building the Coralville Dam. Estimates of land use change and the benefits realized from the project are compared to the original project study benefits estimated by the Corps of Engineers. An analysis of the factors affecting land use change is carried out through a regression model to determine those variables that explain observed land use change.
OPTIMAL CAPACITIES OF WATER SUPPLY RESERVOIRS IN SERIES AND PARALLEL1
Authors: Wathne Magne , ReVelle Charles S. , Liebman Jon C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The planning of water supply reservoirs has traditionally been based on the Rippl or sequent peak analysis which applies to the design of a single reservoir. This paper incorporates the sequent peak method as the central feature in establishing a procedure for determining the sizes of several potential reservoirs located in a system of one or more rivers. Separate algorithms are developed for sites on parallel streams and for sites on the same stream. In both cases the approach is to find the combination of reservoirs which can satisfy a given constant monthly demand at a minimum total construction cost. It is shown that both problems can be cast in the form of a dynamic programming problem. A more complex system is then a combination of reservoirs in parallel and in series. An extension is given if the monthly demand is not constant but each reservoir satisfies a constant fraction of the monthly demand.
TIMBER MANAGEMENT INFLUENCES ON AQUATIC ECOSYSTEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH1
Authors: Sharpe William E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Recent watershed research indicates that many timber management practices have profound effects on the water quality of small headwater streams. These streams often support fisheries of high value. Current knowledge seems to indicate that a definite potential exists for a symbiotic relationship between timber and fisheries management. Maximum development of both resources is attainable only if further research efforts recognize the mutually benefiting aspects of these heretofore separate disciplines. Future research should carefully examine the complex interrelationships between small headwater aquatic ecosystems and the riparian forest environment.
SOIL MOISTURE ACCOUNTING COMPONENT OF THE USDAHL‐74 MODEL OF WATERSHED HYDROLOGY1
Authors: England C. B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Soil moisture in two layers of a soil near Chickasha, Oklahoma, was simulated, using USDAHL‐74 Model of Watershed Hydrology. Weekly values computed for both layers compared well with those observed during the 15‐month period. Certain key parameters required adjustments in the model which illustrate the need for accurate input information. The experiment demonstrates that the model, which has previously given good results in continuous streamflow prediction on watersheds up to 100 square miles, can also compute soil moisture continuously at a site. This capability suggests other model uses, for example, in monitoring the disposition of applied chemicals.
SURFACE WATER RESOURCES OF ST. JOHNS RIVER, FLORIDA1
Authors: Qureshi Ziauadin
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The St. Johns River basin is the largest watershed entirely within the State of Florida, and is one of the few northward flowing rivers in the United States. The river basin contains 11,431 square miles, of which 9,430 square miles are drained by the river and its tributaries. The remainder drains into the Atlantic Ocean or the Intracoastal Waterway. Its largest sub‐basin is the Oklawaha River basin, which has a drainage area of 2,870 square miles. Ground elevations range from sea level to 200 feet above mean sea level in the main river basin and as high as 300 feet above mean sea level in the Oklawaha River basin. This study was designed to investigate the surface water resources of the St. Johns River and the existing consumptive uses. The analysis revealed that the river is an extremely large and valuable resource which has been under‐utilized and could play a much stronger role in serving the needs of the people in the basin.
THE PLIGHT OF THE URBAN RESERVOIR: A CASE STUDY1
Authors: Tuffey T. J. , Baker H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper details the increasing tendency to overdevelop lands adjacent to public reservoirs. The impact on water quality of the pollutant load carried in surface runoff from developed lands is described as well as the depreciation in recreational experience due to loss of scenic horizons. The case study, Spruce Run Reservoir in Clinton, New Jersey, included population and demand projections. Land speculation and proposed development are evaluated on a physical constraint basis. Areas of conflict are outlined and conflict resolutions proposed.
GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION OF THE STATISTICAL PARAMETERS OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DATA OF THE UNITED STATES1
Authors: Shahane Ashok N. , Thomas Daniel , Bock Paul
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Having determined various statistical parameters for five mean monthly hydrometeorological time series of the United States, directional variation of the autocorrelation numbers, their spatial distribution over the United States and statistical significances are presented in this paper. Two conceptually different approaches (one using directional strips of large combined watersheds and the other with analysis of variances) are employed to explore the geographic variation of the statistical parameters (autocorrelations and explained variances) in question. Results adequately indicate the correspondence between these variations and the observed topographic, climatologic and hydrologic characteristics over the United States.
PLANNING FOR THE REHABILITATION OF GRAVEL PITS1
Authors: Mulamoottil George , Farvolden Robert
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: By field investigations and planning, it is profitable to rehabilitate gravel pits as recreational lakes in urban areas. Some of the important aspects to be considered are topography, soil, surface water and groundwater. A case study is presented and some general guidelines in the rehabilitation process are given. This kind of a use for derelict land is important at the present time as there is a growing demand for recreational lakes in urban areas.
LEVEL B WATER RESOURCES PLANNING IN AN URBAN SETTING1
Authors: Nelson Ron
Published: June 2007

The purpose of this paper is to describe how the Level B Water Resources Planning Process was applied to Long Island Sound and the land area around it, to summarize the major findings and recommendations of the study and to comment on the effectiveness of that process and suggest how it might be made more effective in the future.
AN ELEVATIONAL CONTROL OF PEAK SNOWPACK VARIABILITY1
Authors: Caine Nel
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The records of the seasonal peaks in snow accumulation on 24 snow courses show that the relative variability (measured by the coefficient of variation) is inversely related to elevation in the San Juan Mountains, southwestern Colorado. Analysis on an annual basis shows that this is due to a tendency for the peak snowpack at high elevations to be closer to the long‐term mean while that at low levels is further from the normal. This is true in both above‐normal and below‐normal accumulation seasons. Extrapolation of 20 annual elevation‐accumulation trends suggests that mean accumulation is reached at 4107 ± 186 m elevation. This is approximately the height of the topographic harrier of the San Juan Mountains suggesting that the pattern of variability is a partial function of an atmospheric‐topographic interaction.
FACTOR ANALYSIS OF DRAINAGE BASIN PROPERTIES: CLASSIFICATION OF FLOOD BEHAVIOR IN TERMS OF BASIN GEOMORPHOLOGY1
Authors: White Elizabeth L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Basin parameters such as drainage density, channel slope, shape factors, and a geometric factor were used in a factor analysis of 112 basins in Pennsylvania and surrounding states. Three distinct homogeneous definable groups resulted. Group I basins were those with an area on the order of 100 square miles, low channel slopes, and/or located within the western glaciated portion of Pennsylvania. Watersheds underlain by carbonate rocks or glacial tills constituted Group 11. A main channel slope of greater than 0.017 in a high precipitation area or a small drainage area were the criteria for Group III basins. There exists a continuous range from Group I basins, where absorption was high to the Group III basins where either the storm pattern or the absorbing character of the soils gave a very low absorption.
LAND USE AND ENVIRONMENTAL PLANNING: AN APPLICATION IN THE SOUTH CAROLINA COASTAL ZONE1
Authors: Nehman Gerald , Boles Gene , Dee Norbert , Griffin John
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The purpose of this paper is to describe a land use and environmental planning model. Map overlays were used for analyzing and aggregating economic, social, and environmental data. Various land use categories were evaluated using a numerical scoring system. These scores were then used to assist in the development of land use regulations in a coastal county in South Carolina.
ROLE OF SYNTHETIC TIME SERIES IN HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL DATA ANALYSIS1
Authors: Shahane Ashok N. , Thomas Daniel , Bock Paul
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The use of synthetic time series (artificially simulated time series with specific and useful properties built into them) to increase the confidence in the statistical parameters of limited hydrometeorological time series is the subject matter of this paper. By constructing fourteen synthetic time series, a sensitivity analysis is performed to assess the net effect of nonstationarity, number of lags and small sample size on estimated spectral densities. Similarly, the effects of the harmonic‐removal procedure on the resulting residual series and the confidence limits in cross spectral analysis are examined in the light of synthetic time series analysis. These analyses clearly indicate the useful supplemental role of synthetic time series in data analysis.
THE SOUTHEAST FLORIDA EXPERIENCE IN RESOLVING DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENT CONFLICTS1
Authors: Stangland Herbert G. , Skrinde Rolf T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Land development projects that are presumed to have regional impact according to the Florida Land and Water Management Act of 1972 are forced to minimize adverse environmental impact through a detailed procedure called Application for Development Approval (ADA). In Southeast Florida, as part of this review process, the water‐supply and flooding conflicts must be resolved with the regional water management agency, Central and South Florida Flood Control District (FCD). This paper discusses the efforts to resolve these two conflicts for a large proposed residential development in Broward County, Florida. The project, as envisioned by Leadership Housing, Inc., places 25,000 dwelling units on the 3,960‐acre site. The project is located in a flood prone area of the Hillsboro Canal Basin and is at the northwest edge of the Biscayne Aquifer. Significant land modification is required to flood‐proof the project. The water‐supply conflict was resolved only when the FCD was assured that the ultimate water demand for the project was balanced by the natural recharge to the site. Significant water‐resources studies were required to produce these conflict resolutions.
POLLUTION OF SURFACE IRRIGATION WATERS BY PLANT PATHOGENIC ORGANISMS1
Authors: Steadman J. R. , Maier C. R. , Schwartz H. F. , Kerr E. D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Systematic sampling of waterways and irrigation runoff from agricultural lands in the North Platte Project of Nebraska in July and August of 1972–1974 demonstrated that phytopathogenic organisms were disseminated. The organisms monitored included the bean common blight bacterium Xanthomonas phaseoli, the bean white mold fungus Whetzelinia sclerotiorum and various nematodes. Although many types of nematodes often were recovered from irrigation water, Heterodera sp. cysts which cause significant disease problems in the valley were found infrequently. Patterns of movement of the bacterial and fungal organisms were correlated with previous or current season infection of bean plants. The short‐term survival of X. phaseoli in sterile deionized water may explain the detection of this organism only in runoff or ditches receiving runoff from common blight infected bean fields. Sclerotial bodies of W. sclerotiorum remained viable for at least 10–21 days in flowing water and were found throughout the irrigation waterways. Irrigation of beans with contaminated water can result in both common blight and white mold diseases. Dissemination of phytopathogenic organisms in irrigation reuse systems as well as agricultural land runoff should be considered in irrigation planning and system design.
THE STATE OF LOUISIANA SUPERPORT AUTHORITY ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION PLAN – OIL AND OYSTERS1
Authors: Spencer Emmet F. , Ringwood Richard J. , Brennan Richard M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The State of Louisiana created in 1972 the Deep Draft Harbor and Terminal Authority (commonly called Superport Authority) to plan, promote, and develop a deepwater (crude oil) terminal off the coast of Louisiana, and empowered it to establish an Authority development program to promote the economic and social welfare of its citizens. Simultaneously, the Authority was also charged with developing an environmental protection plan to preserve the environmental values of Louisiana's unique coastal marshland while permitting beneficial industrial and economic development. Consequently, in January 1974, an Environmental Protection Plan was promulgated, consisting of a series of regulations, design standards, and operating procedures aimed specifically at protecting the fragile estuarine environment of coastal Louisiana during the construction and ultimate operation of the superport. The paper describes the development of the Superport Authority's Environmental Protection Plan and the current status of the superport project.
TURBULENCE MEASUREMENT OF A FLOW WITH SUSPENDED SOLID PARTICLES1
Authors: Komum Saburo , Kubota Minoru
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Success in measuring turbulence in water has been achieved by replacing the hot‐wire probe by the hot‐film probe. Accordingly, these results have greatly increased knowledge and understanding of hydromechanics. However, there are few published measurements of turbulent properties of flow with suspended solid particles. With this in mind, the authors conducted measurements of turbulent properties of flow with suspended solid particles by using a quartz‐coated, wedge‐shaped hot‐film probe. Turbulent intensities and macroscale of eddy change in the flow with suspended solid particles on a movable bed is discussed.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENTS IN PLANNING WATER AND RELATED LAND RESOURCES1
Authors: Black Peter E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The history of water and related land resources planning has yielded objectives in the areas of development and the environment. Although the two appear independent, attempts to evaluate “intangibles” in the benefit‐cost analysis and to include economics in environmental evaluations cloud the issue, and it is preferable to keep the objectives separate. The benefit‐cost analysis is represented by a simple ratio that is easy to comprehend, immediate as the pocketbook, and as tempting as a pocketful of cash. The attempt to balance it by an all‐too‐often verbose statement of complex ecological description and environmental interactions is just as bad. The environmental impact statement can be the instrument to achieve the Water Resources Council's environmental objective. It should not be an encyclopedia of the local ecology, but should accurately represent the environment which the action will impact, and thoroughly analyze only the potential impacts of the proposed action and its alternatives on that environment. The first step is to develop a “tiered“ approach to policy, programs, projects, and practices involving resources development, so that unnecessary duplication of analysis and reporting is eliminated, and so that each statement deals only with the action, environment, and impact at hand.
CONFLICTS IN WATER TRANSFER FROM IRRIGATION TO MUNICIPAL USE IN SEMIARID ENVIRONMENTS1
Authors: Cluff C. B. , DeCook K. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Conflicts caused through development of urban areas in proximity to irrigated agriculture in water‐scarce regions can be minimized through the direct urbanization of irrigated lands. This shifts the water supply from one use to another on the same site rather than creating an additional use in an adjoining area. This condition has prevailed in the Phoenix region. In the Tucson region, the municipality is buying and retiring farmland in an adjacent agricultural area, for the purpose of acquiring the water right in order to transfer water to municipal use. This land purchase is necessitated by existing Arizona water law, which ties the water to the land. This method of transfer creates problems concerning how much water can be transferred per acre retired; what to do with the abandoned farmland; inequities to agribusiness and taxing entities; and loss of food crop production which have not been resolved. An alternative to the retirement of farms, applicable in the Tucson region, is to exchange treated municipal wastewater for irrigation water. While this method appears to be the least disruptive, it requires the resolution of certain institutional problems concerned with land and water management method.
CITIZEN INFLUENCE IN WATER POLICY DECISIONS: CONTEXT, CONSTRAINTS, AND ALTERNATIVES
Authors: Doerksen Harvey R. , Pierce John C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The desirable proportion of citizen input into policy making and the proper mechanism for that input engender substantial conflict in the water resources arena. Nevertheless, discussions of citizen participation in water policy formation generally occur within narrow perspectives both with regard to the issues involved and the alternative mechanisms by which that participation can be realized. This paper examines the historical and current contexts of the controversies and presents a discussion of the alternative processes for citizen influence ‐ called linkage. The linkage processes discussed include direct participation, citizen advisory committees, the pressure group model, the electoral model and the bureaucratic model. Each linkage process is discussed in terms of who is considered the public, how the public influence works, the limitations of the process, and what available water policy‐related data suggest regarding the adequacy of the process.
URBANIZATION IMPACT ON WATER QUALITY DURING A FLOOD IN SMALL WATERSHEDS1
Authors: Cherkauer Douglas S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The impact of various urban land uses on water flow and quality in streams is being studied by monitoring small streams in the Milwaukee urban area. This paper compares the responses of an urban watershed and an agricultural watershed to an autumn rainfall of 2.2 cm. Flow from the urban basin showed a substantially greater response to the rain than that from the rural. Dilution, resulting from the greater quantities of surface runoff in the urban watershed, caused lower concentrations of sodium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, bicarbonate and total dissolved solids in the urban stream. The total quantity of these materials removed per unit drainage area of the urban basin was much greater, however. Road salt was still among the dominant dissolved materials in the urban water chemistry seven months after the last road salting. Sodium was apparently being released from adsorption by clays in the urban basin. Suspended sediment concentrations and total loads were higher in the urban stream.
SNOW: NATURE'S RESERVOIR1
Authors: Cox L. M. , Rawls W. J. , Zuzel J. F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Snow, one of Nature's greatest reservoirs, supplies most of the usable water in the Western United States. Reliable predictions of the quantity and timing of the release of this water are used in making management decisions involving irrigation, stock water and municipal water supplies, hydro‐power generation, recreation, navigation, and pollution control Practically oriented research is vital for the proper development and management of this resource. In southwestern Idaho, the Northwest Watershed Research Center, ARS, USDA, is conducting intensive investigations for assessing snow Volumes, snow water content, and snow‐melt over a watershed. Application of these research findings will result in better development and management of the water stored as snow in Nature's reservoir.
ROOT DEPTH AS A SENSITIVE PARAMETER IN A DETERMINISTIC HYDROLOGIC MODEL1
Authors: England C.B.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Deterministic models of watershed hydrology require accurate a priori estimates of soil, vegetation, and watershed parameters. Physical fidelity of these values to those of the prototype natural watershed is essential. One vegetation parameter most neglected, perhaps because it is least understood, is plant root activity. Plant roots directly or indirectly affect many hydrologic processes, including evaporation, transpiration, soil moisture, and ground water. One of their more important functions is in opening surface‐connected hydraulic pathways for rainfall penetration. This paper presents the results of a study in which available information on roots has been applied in hydrologic computations.
EXPANSION OF SALT‐WATER ZONE DUE TO WELL DISCHARGE1
Authors: Kashef Abdel‐Aziz I. , Smith J. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: In coastal confined aquifers, the extent of the salt‐water wedge due to natural ground‐water flow can be determined by available methods. If water is pumped by a discharge well, the quality of the water depends upon the rate and duration of pumping as well as the location of the well. A study has been made to find the extent of the progress of salt‐water intrusion due to the operation of one discharge well taking into account various conditions of aquifer properties, pump capacities, natural flows, time effects, and well locations. Dimension‐less solutions for specific conditions have been obtained by means of a simple computer program. Range of most common conditions is discussed. One of the main findings of this study was that salt water may be pumped out of a well even if it is located in an initially totally fresh‐water zone beyond the natural salt/fresh‐water interface.
EFFECTS OF NITRATE AND PHOSPHATE CONCENTRATION ON NATURAL AQUATIC BACTERIAL POPULATIONS1
Authors: Guthrie Rufus K. , Cherry Donald S. , Singleton Fred L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Natural aquatic bacterial populations in three streams located at the Savannah River Project, Aiken, S.C. have been studied in relation to the effects of ambient temperatures, dissolved River Project, Aiken, oxygen (DO), nitrate and phosphate concentrations.3 Samples collected at monthly intervals for a period of one year from each system, were plated in duplicate at each of two dilutions on 1/4 strength Standard Plate Count Agar (Difco). After incubation at 25±1 °C for four days, total colony forming units, percent chromagens, and number of colony types (diversity) were determined and colonies were picked for identification.

Temperatures were generally equal in two of the streams throughout the year, being lowest in Upper Three Runs (U3R) and Tirns Branch (TB), and highest in the Ash Basin System (ABS). DO content did not vary appreciably between the streams. Nitrates and phosphates were lowest in U3R, next lowest in TB, higher in the last station in ABS, and highest in the ash basin per se. Total colony forming units were highest in the ash basin, whereas chromagen percentage and diversity were highest in the last station in ABS. Results of these studies indicate that high nitrates and phosphates, in the absence of high organic carbon concentrations, have little, if any detrimental effect on the stability of natural aquatic bacterial populations.
A METHODOLOGY FOR EVALUATING DEVELOPMENT‐ENVIRONMENTAL CONFLICTS ON WILD AND SCENIC RIVERS1
Authors: Michalson E. L. , Hamilton J. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A methodology is developed for examining the environmental and developmental conflicts inherent in the classification process of a wild river. The Salmon River in Idaho is used as an example of the methodology. The steps were: 1. a resource inventory, 2. an evaluation methodology, and 3. an economic comparison of resource use tradeoffs. Alternatives for the Salmon were examined, following generally the procedures outlined in the United States Water Resources Council's Establishment of Principles and Standards for Planning Water and Related Land Resources Final comparisons showed that hydroelectric development had greater net benefits than outdoor recreation at up to a three percent recreation growth rate. When recreation use grew at a faster rate, recreation had a considerable margin of net benefits in its favor.
MEASUREMENT OF HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY AND DIFFUSIVITY FOR PREDICTING THE PROCESS OF SOIL WATER INFILTRATION FROM A TRICKLE SOURCE1
Authors: Ben‐Asher J. , Diner N. , Brandt A. , Goldberg D.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Two soil water functions, hydraulic conductivity K(θ) and diffusivity D(θ), were estimated by two methods In one method D(θ) was estimated according to Bruce and Klute (1956), and K(θ) was calculated from D(θ) and the retention curve. In the second, K(θ) was obtained by field estimation, with D(θ) being calculated from K(θ) and the retention curve.

The criterion of reliability for both methods was agreement between experimental and predicted distribution of soil water content. The prediction was made using the functions K(θ) and D(θ) as soil water parameters in both methods.

Theoretical and experimental agreement was generally good. The first method, however, was found to be best for high soil water content and the second for low soil water content. In addition, the water content at the end of the monotonic increase of function D(θ) (estimated according to Bruce and Klute 1956) was found to be about the upper limit of field soil water content. It can be used as a boundary condition in the numerical solution of a cylindrical model of infiltration from a trickle source. It was concluded that the best agreement between theory and experiment can be found when the combined values of D(θ) and K(θ) from both methods of estimation are used.
WATER QUALITY PERCEPTION BY USERS: CAN IT SUPPLEMENT OBJECTIVE WATER QUALITY MEASURES?1
Authors: Nicolson J. A. , Mace A. C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Personal interviews were conducted with eighty campers in each of three Minnesota state parks to investigate the water quality perception of the recreationist. At the same time, water quality factors were measured or observed as an indication of conditions experienced by the interviewees. Most respondents perceived water pollution strictly on a visual basis. Sewage, public carelessness, industry, and farm fertilizers were “first choice selections” among major causes of water pollution in Minnesota. Seventy percent felt their recreational activities did not contribute to water pollution. Sixty‐two percent said their life had not been affected by water pollution, while over two‐thirds of the remaining thirty‐eight percent listed curtailment of recreation as the primary result. Many mentioned an algal bloom at one park and the strong odor of rotten fish at a second park. On the basis of the senior author's observations, supported by the measurements taken, it was concluded that thèk were the only major problems in the three parks. Some incipient problems, such as nutrient enrichment and the presence of coliform bacteria, were indicated by the measurements. The type and degree of pollution identified by the recreationist could be important through its influence on user evaluations and space preferences. The establishment of relationships between water quality parameters and the perception of the recreationist will provide the manager with a tool to assist in evaluating participation in water‐related outdoor recreation in terms of both user satisfaction and water quality.
EXTRACTION AND UTILIZATION OF SPACE ACQUIRED PHYSIOGRAPHIC DATA FOR WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT1
Authors: Rango A. , Foster J. , Salomonson V. V.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: ERTS‐1 satellite imagery has been evaluated as a means of providing useful watershed physiography information. From these data physiographic parameters such as drainage basin area and shape, drainage density, stream length and sinuosity, and the percentage of a watershed occupied by major land use types were obtained in three study areas. The study areas were: (1) Southwestern Wisconsin; (2) Eastern Colorado; and (3) portions of the Middle Atlantic States Using ERTS‐1 imagery at 1:250,000 and 1:100,000 scales it was found that drainage basin area and shape and stream sinuosity were comparable (within 10%) in all study areas to physiographic measurements derived from conventional topographic maps at the same scales Land use information can be usefully extracted for watersheds as small as 30 mi2(78 km2) in area. Improved drainage network and density information is obtained from ERTS‐1 imagery in dissected areas such as Southwestern Wisconsin, but in heavily vegetated areas (Middle Atlantic States) or areas with little physical relief (Eastern Colorado) low order streams are difficult to detect and the derived drainage densities are significantly smaller than those obtained from standard maps. It is concluded that ERTS‐1 imagery can be employed to advantage in mean annual runoff prediction techniques and in providing or maintaining land use information used in the calibration and operation of watershed models.
STREAMFLOW RESPONSE TO FOREST CUTTING AND REVEGETATION1
Authors: Hornbeck James W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Experimental cuttings on two small, hardwood‐forested watersheds in New England showed that annual streamflow can be increased as much as 41 percent. Most of the increase occurred in summer and early autumn when additional streamflow is most needed. Revegetation caused the annual increases to nearly disappear within 4 years after complete forest clearing.
PROBLEMS OF REESTABLISHING COMMERCIAL RECREATION BUSINESSES IN NEW YORK FOLLOWING HURRICANE AGNES1
Authors: Brown Tommy L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Forty‐two commercial campgrounds and 34 commercial marinas were studied to determine the amount and types of flood‐related damages incurred from Hurricane Agnes, and to evaluate the institutional measures available to help management overcome these losses. Economic losses incurred by firms due to inability to operate, and declines in the number of recreationists, were over twice the magnitude of losses suffered via direct physical damages from flooding. The Federal Flood Insurance Program, as presently constituted, is of very little use to firms having structural investments in and over water. Most firms were complimentary of the Small Business Administration's loan programs. It appears that active programs of communication and promotion are needed following restoration of regions involved in natural diasters to reestablish the tourist industry of those regions.
DRAWDOWN DUE TO PUMPING IN AN ANISOTROPIC AQUIFER1
Authors: Glover Robert E. , Moody William T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A variable change is used to convert drawdown formulas for isotropic aquifers for use where the aquifer is anisotropic. Contours of the cone of depression assume an oval configuration with the major and minor axes oriented in the directions for which the permeability is greated and least. The case of a well pumped at a constant rate, the case of a well drawing water at a constant rate from an aquifer with a leaky roof and the flowing artesian well case are treated. In all cases the well is considered to completely penetrate the aquifer.
RURAL RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND: AN ECONOMETRIC AND SIMULATION ANALYSIS1
Authors: Grunewald O. C. , Haan C. T. , Debertin David L. , Carey D. I.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This study proposes that demand management through pricing policies can be used in conjunction with supply management to solve water supply problems. Economic principles are shown to apply to rural residential water use. A demand function for water was developed based on cross‐sectional water use data collected in Kentucky. Price was found to be a significant determinant of the quantity of water demanded. A constant price elasticity of ‐0.92 was found. The demand function was used in a simulation analysis to determine reservoir capacity needed to supply water needs of a rural community. The simulation revealed that price can significantly affect required reservoir storage.