bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Waste Management and Innovation: Insights from Europe
Authors: Laureti Lucio , Costantiello Alberto , Anobile Fabio , Leogrande Angelo , Magazzino Cosimo
Published: September 2024

This paper analyzes the relationship between urban waste recycling and innovation systems in Europe. Data from the Global Innovation Index for 34 European countries in the period 2013–2022 were used. To analyze the characteristics of European countries in terms of waste recycling capacity, the k-Means algorithm optimized with the Elbow method and the Silhouette Coefficient was used. The results show that the optimal number of clusters is three. Panel data results show that waste recycling increases with domestic market scale, gross capital formation, and the diffusion of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs), while it decreases with the infrastructure index, business sophistication index, and the average expenditure on research and development of large companies.
YOLO-BFRV: An Efficient Model for Detecting Printed Circuit Board Defects
Authors: Liu Jiaxin , Kang Bingyu , Liu Chao , Peng Xunhui , Bai Yan
Published: September 2024

The small area of a printed circuit board (PCB) results in densely distributed defects, leading to a lower detection accuracy, which subsequently impacts the safety and stability of the circuit board. This paper proposes a new YOLO-BFRV network model based on the improved YOLOv8 framework to identify PCB defects more efficiently and accurately. First, a bidirectional feature pyramid network (BIFPN) is introduced to expand the receptive field of each feature level and enrich the semantic information to improve the feature extraction capability. Second, the YOLOv8 backbone network is refined into a lightweight FasterNet network, reducing the computational load while improving the detection accuracy of minor defects. Subsequently, the high-speed re-parameterized detection head (RepHead) reduces inference complexity and boosts the detection speed without compromising accuracy. Finally, the VarifocalLoss is employed to enhance the detection accuracy for densely distributed PCB defects. The experimental results demonstrate that the improved model increases the mAP by 4.12% compared to the benchmark YOLOv8s model, boosts the detection speed by 45.89%, and reduces the GFLOPs by 82.53%, further confirming the superiority of the algorithm presented in this paper.
Photocatalytic Degradation of Levofloxacin and Inactivation of Enterococci Levofloxacin-Resistant Bacteria Using Pure Rare-Earth Oxides
Authors: Saviano Lorenzo , Mancuso Antonietta , Cardito Alice , Sacco Olga , Vaiano Vincenzo , Carotenuto Maurizio , Libralato Giovanni , Lofrano Giusy
Published: September 2024

In this study, La2O3 and CeO2 nanopowders were prepared using a simple and cost-effective precipitation method. Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), UV-Visible reflectance diffuses (UV-Vis DRS), Raman spectroscopy, and specific surface area were used to characterize the photocatalysts, evidencing that the used preparation method was effective in the generation of crystalline CeO2 and La2O3. In particular, WAXD results showed that the average crystallite size of the achieved La2O3 and CeO2 samples were about 22 nm and 28 nm, respectively. The photocatalytic performances of the prepared catalysts were investigated in the degradation of levofloxacin (LEV) and the inactivation of a waterborne pathogen levofloxacin resistant (Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212) by using a photoreactor equipped with a solar simulator (SS). After 120 min, the CeO2 and La2O3 photocatalytic treatments allowed us to achieve between 75% and 83% of levofloxacin removal, respectively. A complete removal of 106 CFU/mL Enterococcus faecalis ATCC 29212 was achieved after 5 and 60 min of La2O3 and CeO2 photocatalytic processes, respectively.
Visible Light-Assisted Periodate Activation Using Carbon Nitride for the Efficient Elimination of Acid Orange 7
Authors: Xu Wenjun , Wang Qianyi , He Jintao , Liu Fuzhen , Yan Xiang , Xu Yin
Published: September 2024

The development of appropriate and effective periodate (PI) activation technology is currently a popular research area. This study presents a novel efficient photocatalytic activation approach of PI for pollutant degradation based on carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and visible light (Vis). The results show that the system can remove 92.3% of acid orange 7 (AO7) within 60 min under the g-C3N4/PI/Vis reaction system. The degradation rate constant (kobs) reached 4.08 × 10−2 min−1, which is 4.21, 5.16 times, and 51.3 times higher than that of the g-C3N4/Vis system (9.7 × 10−3 min−1), PI/Vis system (7.9 × 10−3 min−1) and the g-C3N4/PI system (7.96 × 10−4 min−1), respectively. Clearly, the addition of PI significantly enhances the degradation efficiency of AO7 in the system. Additionally, under the same reaction conditions, the presence of PI showed excellent oxidation capacity in the photoactivation process compared with other common oxidants, such as peroxymonosulfate, peroxydisulfate, and H2O2. Moreover, the g-C3N4/PI/Vis system showed excellent removal of AO7 across a wide range of pH levels and in the presence of various anions. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and quenching experiments suggested that the superoxide anions (•O2−) and singlet oxygen (1O2) dominated in the oxidation of pollutants in the g-C3N4/PI/Vis system. In addition, the catalyst showed relative stability during cyclic testing, although a slight reduction in degradation efficiency was observed. In brief, the g-C3N4/PI/Vis system is highly efficient and environmentally friendly, with significant application potential in wastewater treatment.
Enhancing Urban Sustainability: Developing an Open-Source AI Framework for Smart Cities
Authors: Shulajkovska Miljana , Smerkol Maj , Noveski Gjorgji , Gams Matjaž
Published: September 2024

To address the growing need for advanced tools that enable urban policymakers to conduct comprehensive cost-benefit analyses of traffic management changes, the Urbanite H2020 project has developed innovative artificial intelligence methods. Among them is a robust decision support system that assists policymakers in evaluating and selecting optimal urban mobility planning modifications by combining objective and subjective criteria. Utilising open-source microscopic traffic simulation tools, accurate digital models (or “digital twins”) of four pilot cities—Bilbao, Amsterdam, Helsinki, and Messina—were created, each addressing unique mobility challenges. These challenges include reducing private vehicle access in Bilbao’s city center, analysing the impact of increased bicycle traffic and population growth in Amsterdam, constructing a mobility-enhancing tunnel in Helsinki, and improving public transport connectivity in Messina. The research introduces five key innovations: the application of a consistent open-source simulation platform across diverse urban environments, addressing integration and consistency challenges; the pioneering use of Dexi for advanced decision support in smart cities; the implementation of advanced visualisations; and the integration of the machine learning tool, Orange, with a user-friendly GUI interface. These innovations collectively make complex data analysis accessible to non-technical users. By applying multi-label machine learning techniques, the decision-making process is accelerated by three orders of magnitude, significantly enhancing urban planning efficiency. The Urbanite project’s findings offer valuable insights into both anticipated and unexpected outcomes of mobility interventions, presenting a scalable, open-source AI-based framework for urban decision-makers worldwide.
Towards Urban Accessibility: Modeling Trip Distribution to Assess the Provision of Social Facilities
Authors: Mishina Margarita , Mityagin Sergey , Belyi Alexander , Khrulkov Alexander , Sobolevsky Stanislav
Published: September 2024

Assessing the accessibility and provision of social facilities in urban areas presents a significant challenge, particularly when direct data on facility utilization are unavailable or incomplete. To address this challenge, our study investigates the potential of trip distribution models in estimating facility utilization based on the spatial distributions of population demand and facilities’ capacities within a city. We first examine the extent to which traditional gravity-based and optimization-focused models can capture population–facilities interactions and provide a reasonable perspective on facility accessibility and provision. We then explore whether advanced deep learning techniques can produce more robust estimates of facility utilization when data are partially observed (e.g., when some of the district administrations collect and share these data). Our findings suggest that, while traditional models offer valuable insights into facility utilization, especially in the absence of direct data, their effectiveness depends on accurate assumptions about distance-related commute patterns. This limitation is addressed by our proposed novel deep learning model, incorporating supply–demand constraints, which demonstrates the ability to uncover hidden interaction patterns from partly observed data, resulting in accurate estimates of facility utilization and, thereby, more reliable provision assessments. We illustrate these findings through a case study on kindergarten accessibility in Saint Petersburg, Russia, offering urban planners a strategic toolkit for evaluating facility provision in data-limited contexts.
Direct and Indirect Effects of Environmental and Socio-Economic Factors on COVID-19 in Africa Using Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Orounla Bissilimou Rachidatou , Alaye Ayédèguè Eustache , Salako Kolawolé Valère , Agbangba Codjo Emile , Aheto Justice Moses K. , Glèlè Kakaï Romain
Published: September 2024

Understanding direct and indirect relationships of environmental, socio-economic and climate variables and the dynamics of epidemics is key to guiding targeted public health policy and interventions. This study investigates the direct and indirect effects of environmental and socio-economic factors on the COVID-19 dynamics in Africa (54 African countries from 2019 to 2021) using SEM approach. Specifically, the study aimed to: (i) assess the performance of two SEM estimation methods (Lisrel and PLS-SEM) in relationship to sample size (100, 200, 500, and 1000) and level of model complexity (No, two, and four indirect effects) and (ii) use the most performing SEM estimation method to examine direct and indirect effects of factors influencing the number of cases and deaths of COVID-19 in Africa. The results highlight a positive spatial correlation between factors such as temperature, humidity, age, the proportion of people aged over 65, and the COVID-19 incidence. Under the control of confounding factors, Lisrel turns out to be the most performing method, identifying climate, demographic and economic factors as the main determinants of COVID-19 dynamics. These factors have a direct and significant impact on the incidence of COVID-19. An indirect relationship was also observed between economic factors and the incidence of COVID-19 through air pollutants. The results highlight the importance of considering these factors in understanding the spread of the virus to avoid further disasters.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Resorcylic Acid Lactones by an Aeromicrobium sp.
Authors: Hoogstra Shawn J. , Hendricks Kyle N. , McMullin David R. , Renaud Justin B. , Bora Juhi , Sumarah Mark W. , Garnham Christopher P.
Published: September 2024

Zearalenone and radicicol are resorcylic acid lactones produced by numerous plant pathogenic fungi. Zearalenone is a non-steroidal estrogen mimic that can cause serious reproductive issues in livestock that consume contaminated feed. Radicicol is a potent inhibitor of the molecular chaperone Hsp90, which, in plants, has an important role in coordinating the host’s immune response during infection. Here, we describe the identification and characterization of a soil-borne strain of the Gram-positive bacterium Aeromicrobium sp. capable of hydrolyzing the macrolide ring of resorcylic acid lactones, including zearalenone and radicicol. Proteomic analysis of biochemically enriched fractions from the isolated and cultured bacterium identified an α/β-hydrolase responsible for this activity. A recombinantly expressed and purified form of the hydrolase (termed RALH) was active against both zearalenone and radicicol. Interpretation of high-resolution mass spectrometry and NMR data confirmed the structures of the enzymatic products as the previously reported non-toxic metabolite hydrolyzed zearalenone and hydrolyzed radicicol. Hydrolyzed radicicol was demonstrated to no longer inhibit the ATPase activity of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae Hsp90 homolog in vitro. Enzymatic degradation of resorcylic acid lactones will enable insight into their biological functions.
Time-Series Feature Selection for Solar Flare Forecasting
Authors: Velanki Yagnashree , Hosseinzadeh Pouya , Boubrahimi Soukaina Filali , Hamdi Shah Muhammad
Published: September 2024

Solar flares are significant occurrences in solar physics, impacting space weather and terrestrial technologies. Accurate classification of solar flares is essential for predicting space weather and minimizing potential disruptions to communication, navigation, and power systems. This study addresses the challenge of selecting the most relevant features from multivariate time-series data, specifically focusing on solar flares. We employ methods such as Mutual Information (MI), Minimum Redundancy Maximum Relevance (mRMR), and Euclidean Distance to identify key features for classification. Recognizing the performance variability of different feature selection techniques, we introduce an ensemble approach to compute feature weights. By combining outputs from multiple methods, our ensemble method provides a more comprehensive understanding of the importance of features. Our results show that the ensemble approach significantly improves classification performance, achieving values 0.15 higher in True Skill Statistic (TSS) values compared to individual feature selection methods. Additionally, our method offers valuable insights into the underlying physical processes of solar flares, leading to more effective space weather forecasting and enhanced mitigation strategies for communication, navigation, and power system disruptions.
Polycentric Urban System, Territorial Development and Resilience of the Rural Population (Extremadura, Spain)
Authors: Gurría-Gascón José-Luis , Sánchez-Martín José-Manuel , Ruiz-Labrador Enrique-Eugenio , Hernández-Carretero Ana-María
Published: September 2024

Over the last several decades, cities have seen concentrated development and population increase. It is a global process, still unfinished, that has simultaneously generated strong territorial imbalances because of socioeconomic backwardness and depopulation of rural areas. The alternative proposed by all institutions is a polycentric urban system, so that cities contribute to decentralizing this development towards their respective areas of influence, thus stabilizing the populations in them. Extremadura is a paradigmatic example, since it has a polycentric system of small cities that have been able to retain half of the population in rural areas. The objective of this article, first, is to define the urban structure and, based on this, typify the range, the hierarchy of the system and its territorial distribution, for which a multivariate analysis is applied. Secondly, a series of isochrones and displacement ranges are defined to analyze urban accessibility, which is key to determining the degree of decentralization of development and population stability. However, a wide peripheral and remote strip remains in the region, for which a concrete proposal is finally made for discussion.
Adjuvant Use of the Invariant-Natural-Killer-T-Cell Agonist α-Galactosylceramide Leads to Vaccine-Associated Enhanced Respiratory Disease in Influenza-Vaccinated Pigs
Authors: Artiaga Bianca L. , Madden Daniel , Kwon Taeyong , McDowell Chester , Keating Cassidy , Balaraman Velmurugan , de Carvahlo Madrid Darling Melany , Touchard Laurie , Henningson Jamie , Meade Philip , Krammer Florian , Morozov Igor , Richt Juergen A. , Driver John P.
Published: September 2024

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are glycolipid-reactive T cells with potent immunoregulatory properties. iNKT cells activated with the marine-sponge-derived glycolipid, α-galactosylceramide (αGC), provide a universal source of T-cell help that has shown considerable promise for a wide array of therapeutic applications. This includes harnessing iNKT-cell-mediated immune responses to adjuvant whole inactivated influenza virus (WIV) vaccines. An important concern with WIV vaccines is that under certain circumstances, they are capable of triggering vaccine-associated enhanced respiratory disease (VAERD). This immunopathological phenomenon can arise after immunization with an oil-in-water (OIW) adjuvanted WIV vaccine, followed by infection with a hemagglutinin and neuraminidase mismatched challenge virus. This elicits antibodies (Abs) that bind immunodominant epitopes in the HA2 region of the heterologous virus, which purportedly causes enhanced virus fusion activity to the host cell and increased infection. Here, we show that αGC can induce severe VAERD in pigs. However, instead of stimulating high concentrations of HA2 Abs, αGC elicits high concentrations of interferon (IFN)-γ-secreting cells both in the lungs and systemically. Additionally, we found that VAERD mediated by iNKT cells results in distinct cytokine profiles and altered adaptation of the challenge virus following infection compared to an OIW adjuvant. Overall, these results provide a cautionary note about considering the formulation of WIV vaccines with iNKT-cell agonists as a potential strategy to modulate antigen-specific immunity.
Humoral Immunity and Antibody Responses against Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pneumococcus after Immune Effector Cell Therapies: A Prospective Study
Authors: Angelidakis Georgios , Chemaly Roy F. , Sahasrabhojane Pranoti V. , Morado-Aramburo Oscar , Jiang Ying , Bhatti Micah M. , Shpall Elizabeth , Hosing Chitra , Jain Preetesh , Mahadeo Kris Michael , Khawaja Fareed , Elhajj Peter , Wargo Jennifer A. , Jenq Robert R. , Ajami Nadim J. , Kebriaei Partow , Ariza-Heredia Ella J.
Published: September 2024

Patients undergoing immune effector cell therapy (IECT) are at high risk for infections. We assessed seropositivity against pneumococcus, tetanus, and diphtheria in patients before and after IECT and the patients’ response to vaccination. We enrolled patients who underwent IECT from January 2020 to March 2022. Antibody levels for diphtheria, tetanus, and pneumococcus were measured before IECT, at 1 month, and 3–6 months after. Eligible patients were vaccinated after IECT. In non-seroprotected patients, we discontinued testing. Before IECT, most patients had seroprotective antibody levels against tetanus (68/69, 99%) and diphtheria (65/69, 94%), but fewer did against pneumococcus (24/67, 36%). After IECT, all patients had seroprotective antibody levels for tetanus at 1 month (68/68) and 3–6 months (56/56). For diphtheria, 65/65 patients (100%) had seroprotective antibody levels at 1 month, and 48/53 (91%) did at 3–6 months. For pneumococcus, seroprotective antibody levels were identified in 91% (21/23) of patients at 1 month and 79% (15/19) at 3–6 months following IECT. Fifteen patients received a pneumococcal vaccine after IECT, but none achieved seroprotective response. One patient received the tetanus-diphtheria vaccine and had a seroprotective antibody response. Because some patients experience loss of immunity after IECT, studies evaluating vaccination strategies post-IECT are needed.
Navigating the Evolving Landscape of COVID-19: Strategies to Increase Vaccine Confidence and Improve Vaccination Rates in the United States
Authors: Mansi James A. , Hensler Heather R. , Dawson Rachel , Tuckson Reed , Wolynn Todd
Published: September 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on every individual in the United States. The launch of the COVID-19 vaccines is estimated to have averted millions of deaths and reduced over 18 million COVID-19-related hospitalizations. In September 2023, the updated 2023–2024 COVID-19 vaccine, which includes a monovalent component that corresponds to the omicron variant XBB.1.5, reflecting the predominant circulating variant at the time of strain selection, was approved and was recommended for use in all people ≥ 6 months of age. Despite this recommendation, the US uptake of the updated COVID-19 vaccines over the 2023–2024 season has been far from optimal, placing many people at unnecessary risk of severe COVID-19 outcomes. This paper provides an overview of the current state of COVID-19 in 2023–2024 and barriers to vaccine uptake. With the continued evolution of the virus, the potential for more virulent variants, reduced public acceptance of vaccination, and the potential barriers that contributed to low vaccine uptake are explored to provide solutions for improving COVID-19 protection for future seasons.
Are HPV Vaccines Well Accepted among Parents of Adolescent Girls in China? Trends, Obstacles, and Practical Implications for Further Interventions: A Five-Year Follow-Up Study
Authors: Huang Yu , Ling Jie , Zhao Xiang , Lv Qiaohong , Wang Lei , Wu Qingqing , Xu Shuiyang , Zhang Xuehai
Published: September 2024

Background: In 2020, the WHO proposed the global strategic goal of accelerating the elimination of cervical cancer (CC). One of the key strategies is that, by 2030, 90% of girls will complete HPV vaccination by age 15. In 2017, HPV vaccines were first marketed in China. Objectives: This study aimed to explore the changes in parents’ knowledge about CC, HPV, HPV vaccines, and acceptance of HPV vaccination 5 years after the introduction of HPV vaccines into China. Associated factors and reasons for refusal by parents were also explored. Methods: A school-based follow-up study was conducted among parents in China from May 2018 to May 2023. Comparison using Chi-square tests was performed to measure the changes. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to explore factors associated with HPV vaccination among teenage girls. Results: The overall cognitive level in terms of CC- and HPV-related knowledge among parents increased, and they expressed more willingness to vaccinate their daughter (35.4% in 2018 vs. 56.6% in 2023). The HPV vaccination rate among teenage girls remained at a low level (4.4% in 2018, 9.8% in 2023). The main obstacles reported by parents were limited knowledge (42.0%), scarcity of the HPV vaccine (29.2%), waiting until their daughter was older (27.5%), safety concerns (14.7%), high cost (9.0%), and effectiveness concerns (4.6%). Parents who are elderly, local residents, have received HPV vaccines themselves, have had experience of vaccinating their children with influenza vaccines, and have a higher knowledge level of CC, HPV and HPV vaccines are more likely to vaccinate their children with HPV vaccines. Conclusions: Although we observed an increment in parents’ knowledge level in terms of CC, HPV, HPV vaccines, and HPV vaccine uptake over the past 5 years, the HPV vaccine coverage among girls still falls short of the WHO’s 2030 target. Comprehensive intervention strategies, including tailored health education among adolescents and their parents, doctor recommendations, and providing financial subsidies or free HPV vaccines are needed in China.
Immune Response after Vaccination against Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus (TBEV) in Horses
Authors: Kälin Dana , Becsek Angela , Stürmer Helen , Bachofen Claudia , Siegrist Denise , Jonsdottir Hulda R. , Schoster Angelika
Published: September 2024

(1) Background: Horses infected by a tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) can develop clinically apparent infections. In humans, vaccination is the most effective preventive measure, while a vaccine is not available for horses. The objective of this study was to describe the immune response in horses after a TBEV vaccination with a human vaccine. (2) Materials and Methods: Seven healthy horses were randomised to a treatment or a control group in a stratified fashion based on TBEV–IgG concentrations on day −4. The treatment group (n = 4) was intramuscularly vaccinated using an inactivated human TBEV vaccine on days 0 and 28; the control group (n = 3) did not receive an injection. A clinical examination and blood sampling were performed on day –4, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 14, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 43, 56, 84, and 373. A linear mixed model analysis was used to compare IgG and IgM concentrations, neutralising antibody (nAb) titres, leucocyte count, serum amyloid A (SAA), and fibrinogen and globulin concentrations between the groups and time points. (3) Results: The clinical examination was normal in all horses at all time points. There were no significant changes in SAA, globulin, and fibrinogen concentrations and leucocyte count between the groups or time points (all p > 0.05). There was no significant increase in IgG, IgM, or nAb titres in the control group over time (all p > 0.05). In the vaccination group, there was a significant increase in IgG concentration and nAb titres after the second vaccination (p < 0.0001). There was no significant increase in IgM antibodies after the TBEV vaccination (all p > 0.05). One horse in the vaccination group had an IgM concentration above the laboratory reference on day 10. (4) Conclusions: The human TBEV vaccine did not have side effects when used in healthy horses in this study. A significant rise in TBEV-specific IgG antibodies and nAbs after the second vaccination was observed. However, IgG and nAb titres have been shown to decrease within 1 year after vaccination. The results of this study indicate that a vaccination with a human vaccine only induces a mild rise in IgM antibodies and only in previously naive horses. With no significant changes to inflammatory parameters in the vaccinated horses, it remains unclear whether vaccination with the human vaccine leads to protective immunity.
Punicalagin Inhibits African Swine Fever Virus Replication by Targeting Early Viral Stages and Modulating Inflammatory Pathways
Authors: Geng Renhao , Yin Dan , Liu Yingnan , Lv Hui , Zhou Xiaoyu , Bao Chunhui , Gong Lang , Shao Hongxia , Qian Kun , Chen Hongjun , Qin Aijian
Published: September 2024

African swine fever (ASF), caused by the African swine fever virus (ASFV), has resulted in significant losses in the global pig industry. Considering the absence of effective vaccines, developing drugs against ASFV may be a crucial strategy for its prevention and control in the future. In this study, punicalagin, a polyphenolic substance extracted from pomegranate peel, was found to significantly inhibit ASFV replication in MA-104, PK-15, WSL, and 3D4/21 cells by screening an antiviral compound library containing 536 compounds. Time-of-addition studies demonstrated that punicalagin acted on early viral replication stages, impinging on viral attachment and internalization. Meanwhile, punicalagin could directly inactivate the virus according to virucidal assay. RT-qPCR and Western blot results indicated that punicalagin modulated the NF-κB/STAT3/NLRP3 inflammasome signaling pathway and reduced the levels of inflammatory mediators induced by ASFV. In conclusion, this study reveals the anti-ASFV activity of punicalagin and the mechanism of action, which may have great potential for developing effective drugs against ASFV.
Advancing Medical Education Using Virtual and Augmented Reality in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic and Critical Review
Authors: Li Xi , Elnagar Dalia , Song Ge , Ghannam Rami
Published: September 2024

This review critically examines the integration of Virtual Reality (VR) and Augmented Reality (AR) in medical training across Low- and Middle-Income Countries (LMICs), offering a novel perspective by combining quantitative analysis with qualitative insights from medical students in Egypt and Ghana. Through a systematic review process, 17 peer-reviewed studies published between 2010 and 2023 were analysed. Altogether, these studies involved a total of 887 participants. The analysis reveals a growing interest in VR and AR applications for medical training in LMICs with a peak in published articles in 2023, indicating an expanding research landscape. A unique contribution of this review is the integration of feedback from 35 medical students assessed through questionnaires, which demonstrates the perceived effectiveness of immersive technologies over traditional 2D illustrations in understanding complex medical concepts. Key findings highlight that VR and AR technologies in medical training within LMICs predominantly focus on surgical skills. The majority of studies focus on enhancing surgical training, particularly general surgery. This emphasis reflects the technology’s strong alignment with the needs of LMICs, where surgical skills training is often a priority. Despite the promising applications and expanding interest in VR and AR, significant challenges such as accessibility and device limitations remain, demonstrating the need for ongoing research and integration with traditional methods to fully leverage these technologies for effective medical education. Therefore, this review provides a comprehensive analysis of existing VR and AR applications, their evaluation methodologies, and student perspectives to address educational challenges and enhance healthcare outcomes in LMICs.
Anti-Corruption Research in Southeast Europe: A Comparative Assessment of Global and Regional Literature
Authors: Alfirević Nikša , Pavić Ivan , Piplica Damir , Rendulić Darko
Published: September 2024

This paper analyzes anti-corruption research and the body of knowledge produced by researchers in Southeast Europe (SEE). It compares it to the extant global anti-corruption literature. We consider all available scientific outputs from the SEE region, indexed by the Elsevier Scopus bibliometric database, and employ the Elsevier SciVal software solution to analyze the productivity and impact of the regional anti-corruption research. We also consider the influence of international cooperation on regional scientific productivity and its impact. The bibliometric comparison of the global and regional research and the authors’ qualitative assessment of these differences are performed. We also identify the implications and future research priorities.
Clinical and experimental evaluation of the efficacy of a new remineralizing gel in the comprehensive treatment of caries and non-carious lesions in elderly patients
Authors: Mandra J. V. , Sementsova E. A. , Grigoriev S. S. , Bazarnyi V. V. , Polushina L. G. , Votyakov S. L. , Zamyatin D. A. , Chebykin N. S. , Zhegalina N. M. , Larionova V. S. , Mavritskaya M. D.
Published: September 2024

Relevance. Remineralization therapy and fluoridation are well-established methods for preventing hard tissue diseases of the teeth across various age groups. Given the unique composition and structure of teeth in the elderly, there is a need for specialized remineralization and fluoridation agents tailored to this demographic.

Materials and methods. A new remineralizing gel, formulated from a mixture of tetra- and dimethylglycerolates of silicon, was developed specifically for the prevention and treatment of hard tissue diseases in elderly patients. The clinical efficacy of this gel was assessed using enamel resistance test (ERT) values and electroodontodiagnostics (EOD) both before and after treatment. Laboratory analyses included the evaluation of phosphorus, calcium, and the Ca/P ratio in saliva using Mindray reagents. An experimental study on tooth sections treated with various remineralizing agents was conducted using a Tescan MIRA LMS scanning electron microscope, equipped with an Oxford Instruments EDS X-max80 attachment, to determine the chemical composition and surface characteristics.

Results. The clinical application of the new gel resulted in significant reductions in ERT and EOD values, indicating its effectiveness. An increase in the calcium-phosphorus ratio in saliva further demonstrated the gel’s remineralizing properties. The experimental study revealed the highest fluoride uptake in tooth sections treated with the new gel, confirming its penetration into the hard tissues of the teeth.

Conclusion. The new gel, based on a silicon glycerolate mixture, demonstrated superior efficacy in elderly patients compared to other remineralizing agents, which is attributed to the high conductive properties of its base.
Mediadores inflamatórios envolvidos na fisiopatologia da enxaqueca: uma revisão integrativa
Authors: Nienkotter Larice , Bobinski Franciane
Published: September 2024

Introdução: A enxaqueca é caracterizada como um distúrbio neurológico que atinge cerca de 10% da população adulta globalmente. A população afetada sofre com uma dor pulsátil, que apresenta intensidade variada, e pode estar associada a náuseas, vômitos, foto e/ou fonofobia e sensibilidade a odores. Algumas citocinas têm sido associadas a patogênese da dor de cabeça na enxaqueca. Estudos evidenciam que os níveis plasmáticos de citocinas pró e anti-inflamatórias flutuaram significativamente em pacientes com enxaqueca. Objetivo: Revisar e identificar na literatura os valores basais dos principais mediadores inflamatórios envolvidos na fisiopatologia da enxaqueca em adultos de ambos os sexos. Método: Realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica, do tipo revisão integrativa da literatura, com busca dos artigos na plataforma de base de dados PubMed. Resultados: Os achados revelaram que os mediadores inflamatórios: IL-6, TNF, CGRP, PCR, IL-1B, TGF-β1 tiveram concentrações aumentadas em pacientes com enxaqueca, a IL-10 e IL-8 apresentam resultados controversos e sugerem a necessidade de novos estudos com uma análise mais aprofundada. Conclusão: O resultado comparativo dos valores basais das citocinas em pacientes com enxaqueca e controle saudáveis sugerem que elas podem estar ligadas a neuroinflamação que ocorre na enxaqueca.
Investigation of the Relationship between Fear of Transmission and Attitudes Towards Clinical Practice in Nursing and Midwifery Students
Authors: Berşe Soner , Dirgar Ezgi , Can Emine , Tosun Betül
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
Infectious diseases cause high mortality worldwide and create profound changes in social, economic, and cultural life. These changes are often accompanied by fear and anxiety. This study was conducted to investigate the relationship between fear of transmission and attitudes towards clinical practice among nursing and midwifery students. This descriptive and exploratory study was conducted at a state university's Faculty of Health Sciences in the Southeast Anatolia Region of Turkey between January-June 2023 with 498 students. Data were collected online using the Introductory Information Form, Transmission/Contagion Fear Scale, and Korzul Clinical Practice Attitude Scale, and evaluated with the SPSS 26 package program. All decisions were deemed significant at p
الجاحظ والنقد الأدبي.
Authors: وديعة طه نجم
Published: September 2024

الجاحظ علم من أعلام الأدب العربي ومتكلم معتزلي ثقف مبادئ الاعتزال وآمن بها، وجعل الاعتزال مناراً له في كل ما كتب. تجمع شخصيته بين قدرة المعتزلة الجدلية ومناهجهم في التفكير، وبراعة الأدباء ذوقاً وأسلوباً.

يتناول هذا البحث موضوع الجاحظ والنقد الأدبي، انطلاقاً من تلك العلاقة الوثيقة بين مبادئ الاعتزال وعامة ما طرحه الجاحظ من قضايا في كتاباته.

ومما يجعل دراسة الجاحظ النقدية ذات أهمية خاصة أنه لم يكن ناقداً تقليدياً ورث آراءه ومواقفه عن شيوخه وأساتذته دون أن يكون له موقف منها. ويتجلى هذا في موقفه من شعر المحدثين، مخالفاً ما ذهب إليه كثير من نقاد عصره التقليديين.

وهذا البحث يعد خطوة أولى نحو استخلاص آراء الجاحظ النقدية، ومحاولة لفهمها في ضوء المرتكزات الأساسية لمذهب الاعتزال.
تأملات في بعض ظواهر الحذف الصرفي.
Authors: فوزي حسن الشايب
Published: September 2024

يعالج هذا البحث بعض القضايا الصرفية، المتعلقة بالأفعال الضعيفة، كظاهرة سقوط فاء المثال في المضارع والأمر، وسقوط فاء المهموز أمراً، كما عرض للتغيرات التي تحصل على الأجوف عند إسناده إلى الضمائر الصامتة، وتلك التي تعرض للناقص عند إسناده إلى الضمائر الحركية (واو الجماعة وياء المخاطبة). وقد تناول أيضاً قضية صياغة اسمي الفاعل والمفعول من كل من الأجوف والناقص، إلى جانب بعض القضايا الصرفية الأخرى مثل ظاهرة الوقف على المنون. وقد حرص البحث على مختلف وجهات نظر القدماء مبيناً نقاط الضعف فيها، وعارضاً في الوقت نفسه تفسيرات جدداً بديلة، تنسجم مع معطيات علم الأصوات، وتتفق مع ما يقرره الواقع اللغوي.
دوار الشعب لم يعد موجودا : بحث في الوجود.
Authors: شفيقة بستكي
Published: September 2024

يعالج البحث مشكلة تحليل القضية التي تتضمن نفياً مقيد الزمان لوجود المفرد. وتكون القضية « دوّار» الشعب لم يعد موجوداً، بوصفها ممثلاً لهذا النوع من القضايا موضوع المناقشة. وتحقيقاً لهذا الهدف، يقسم البحث إلى جزأين :

يختص الجزء الأول بمعالجة مسألة ما إذا كان « دوّار الشعب» علم اسم أم وصفاً محدداً، في إطار اتجاهين بارزين، في الفلسفة المعاصرة، وهما : نظرية المباشرة، والنظرية الوصفية.

يبدأ الجزء الأول بمناقشة أولية للمحتوى الإخباري للقضية التي يطلب تحليلها، وذلك في إطار ثلاث حجج، تستعمل في دعم رد التعبير « دوّار الشعب» إلى وصف محدد. وتتضمن هذه المناقشة طرح فكرة أساسية تخالف ما هو متعارف عليه في الأوساط الفلسفية المعاصرة، وهي أن مسألة ما إذا كان دوار الشعب اسماً أم وصفاً، مشكلة مستقلة عن مسألة ما إذا كان الوجود محمولاً من المستوى الأول.

يختص الجـزء الثانـي من البحث بمسألـة محمل الوجود. وتدور مناقشة هذا الموضوع، في إطار اتجاهين بارزين في أدبيات الفلسفة المعاصرة، لإثبات ودحض أن يكون الوجود محمولاً من المستوى الأول، وهما: الاتجاه الذي يدعمه كل من بارسونز Parsons وميللر Miller ، والاتجاه الذي نجده في فلسفة فريجة ورسل ويتمثل امتداداً لرفض اعتبار الوجود محمولاً حقيقياً من الدرجة الأولى عند كانت.

تستعمل حجج ارمسترونج Armstrong ضد الخواص السالبة في إثبات : أن القول « الوجود محمول من المستوى الأول » لا يستلزم القول «عدم الوجود محمول من المستوى الأول».

وبهذا تستبعد جميع النتائج السلبية.
ابن الرومي ناقدا.
Authors: جاسر خليل أبو صفية
Published: September 2024

وقفت في كتاب «الإبانة في اللّغة» لسلمة بن مسلم العوتبيّ، على نص نقدي لابن الرومي الشّاعر في درجات الواصفين، يدلّ على دقة نظر نقديّ، وبصر في الشّعر. ثم وجدت نصّاً نقدياً آخر في ديوانه في صفة النّرجس مشابهاً لما ذكره العوتبي.

وذكر ابن رشيق عبارة يُستدل منها على أنّ ابن الرومي كان له كتاب في النقد، ضيّعه لسانه فلم يصل إلينا. كما أورد له المرزبانيّ بعض الرّوايات النقدية.

فحفزني ذلك إلى التنقير في ديوانه علّني أجد ما يجعلني أعدّه في النقاد العرب القدامى. وقد حالفني الحظّ؛ إذ استخرجت من ديوانه جملة كبيرة من الأبيات مشتملة على قضايا نقدية بثّها في تضاعيف شعره، وتضمّنت مصطلحات نقدية كثيرة. فكان حصيلة ذلك كله هذا البحث. فإن وفقت فمن الله، وإن قصرت فمن نفسي، وحسبي أنّني حاولت.
الثورة العربية الكبرى في شعر شعراء مصر1916-1951م
Authors: حامد كسّاب عياط
Published: September 2024

يهدف البحث إلى معرفة مواقف الشعراء في مصر من الثورة العربية الكبرى منذ انطلاقتها سنة 1916م حتى استشهاد الملك عبدالله الأول بن الحسين على أبواب المسجد الأقصى سنة 1951. كما يهدف إلى معرفة مواقف هؤلاء الشعراء من قادتها الهاشميين الذين حملوا لواءها. وقد تبيّن من خلال البحث أن الشعراء في مصر لم يكونوا متفاعلين كثيراً مع هذا الحدث القومي الكبير أول الأمر؛ فقد كانوا موزعين بين توجهين كبيرين: يتبدّى الأول في الدعوة إلى الخلافة العثمانية، ويتبدّى الثاني في الدعوة إلى الوطنية المصرية، المعنيّة بمقاومة الاستعمار الإنجليزي الذي يحتل مصر آنذاك، وبتكوين دولة مصرية معاصرة تواصل ما بناه محمد علي باشا منذ بداية القرن التاسع عشر وواصله أبناؤه وأحفاده من بعده . إلا أنَّ الأمر قد اعتدل بعد ذلك: فوجدنا لدى الشعراء في مصر توجهاً ثالثاً هو التوجه العروبي الذي يهتم بالعروبة بتجلياتها المتعددة ومنها الثورة العربية الكبرى، وذكريات أحداثها، وذكريات قادتها الذين قضوا وهم يحملون لواءها.
الشعر العربي، القرن العشرون، مصر. الشعر العربي، الثورة العربية الكبرى.
صناعة الثقافة في عصر العولمة : دراسة ميدانية لتحليل تأثيرها في تغيير ملامح الهوية الثقافية للشباب المصري
Authors: شريف محمد عوض
Published: September 2024

تتصدى الدراسة الراهنة إلى تدارس موضوع حديث مطروح على أجندة البحث في علم الاجتماع الاقتصادي، يتجلى في البحث حول الجوانب الاقتصادية للموضوعات الثقافية وخاصة ما يتعلق منها بصناعة وترويج النماذج الثقافية ذات الطابع الغربي، من منطلق صناعة الثقافة، تلك العملية التي حولت الثقافة إلى صناعة من خلال إتاحة الفرصة للقوى المهيمنة على الثروة من إنتاج المعاني وصياغتها ونشـرها وتسويغ الخضوع لها، وذلك من خلال الامتثال للعولمة الإعلامية. وانطلقت الدراسة نحو تحقيق أربعة أهداف، الأول: اهتم برصد أثر صناعة الثقافة على تفتيت الهوية من حيث التحرر من القيم والاغتراب ومسخ الشخصية، الثاني: اهتم بالوقوف على أثر صناعة الثقافة على اختزال المعاني والقيم الثقافية الأصيلة من حيث الانغلاق على الذات وتشوه المعاني الثقافية الرصينة، الثالث: تعرف أثر صناعة الثقافة على تغير شكل الانتماء وملامحه بين الشباب المصري والاتجاه نحو الانتماء الرمزي، الرابع: الكشف عن أثر صناعة الثقافة على تعزيز النزعات الاستهلاكية، حيث سلعنة الحياة الاجتماعية. وأجريت الدراسة الميدانية على عينة من الشباب بجامعة القاهرة، بلغ حجمها (240) مفردة ممن تراوح أعمارهم ما بين 17 و 24 عاماً. وتوصلت الدراسة إلى أن صناعة الثقافة ساهمت - عبر آلياتها وبرامجها ومحتوياتها وتقنياتها - في تشكيل هوية ثقافية للشباب متحررة من القيم، متقبلة لكل القيم الثقافية الغربية المؤدلجة التي تحمل بذور التطرف والإرهاب والتمرد والعنف. كما أوضحت نتائج الدراسة أن صناعة الثقافة أوجدت شكلاً جديداً للانتماء، يسمى الانتماء الرمزي تجاوز للحدود القومية، وأوضحت الدراسة أن الانتماء الرمزي هذا يضعف الانتماء الحقيقي للشباب لوطنه؛ فلم يعد الانتماء في ظل تحولات العولمة انتماءً مكانياً إنما هو انتماء معرفي صوري غير حقيقي، يتبدى في صورة تطرف وإرهاب وعمليات انتقامية.
مراحل المسار التمكيني لذوي الاعاقة الحركية في مجتمع الإمارات :مقاربة كيفية للخبرات المعاشة في ضوء الفروقات الجندرية و الوصم الاجتماعي
Authors: الحوراني محمد عبد الكريم
Published: September 2024

سعت هذه الدراسة إلى الكشف عن مراحل المسار التمكيني لذوي الإعاقة الحركية في مجتمع الإمارات من خلال مقاربة كيفية مقارنة بين الذكور والإناث من منظوري الوصم الاجتماعي والفروقات الجندرية. واشتملت العينة على (107) مشارك من الذكور والإناث وعددٍ من أمهاتهم.
أظهرت النتائج أنه في مرحلة ما قبل التمكين لا توجد مؤسسات تمكينية مساندة، وتهمل فيها الأبعاد الاجتماعية للأسـرة والطفل، وتدار هذه المرحلة تقليدياً وقدرياً. وهناك تمايزات جندرية ترفع حدة الأزمة لدى الأسـر التي لديها أنثى معوقة مقارنة مع أسـر الذكور، بالإضافة إلى التوتر الذي يولده الوصم الاجتماعي. وفي مرحلة التمكين، لا توجد برامج تمكينية موجهة، وتمثل المدرسة خبرة سلبية من حيث الوصم والإقصاء، وفي مرحلة ما بعد التمكين ظهرت مجموعة من المظاهر السلبية التي تزداد حدتها لدى الإناث بشكل أكبر؛ حيث لا يوجد عمل ولا حراك اجتماعي ولا علاقات اجتماعية، وتقدير الذات منخفض، بالإضافة إلى محدودية حالات الزواج واستمرارية الوصم الاجتماعي.
المصطلحات الأساسية: المسار التمكيني، ذوو الإعاقة الحركية، الوصم الاجتماعي، الفروقات الجندرية.
مستوى التزام الكويتيين بالتباعد الاجتماعي والجسدي لمواجهة فيروس كورونا(كوفيد-19) وعلاقته بالصلابة النفسية وبعض المتغيرات الديموغرافية
Authors: البلهان عيسى محمد , عبد القادر عبد المطلب
Published: September 2024

الملخص
هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تعرُّف مستوى التزام الكويتيين بالتباعد الاجتماعي والجسدي لمواجهة فيروس (كوفيد-19) وعلاقته بالصلابة النفسية وبعض المتغيرات الديموغرافية، وتكونت عينة الدراسة النهائية من (552) من الكويتيين، وتضمنت هذه الدراسة المقاييس الآتية: مقياس التباعد الاجتماعي والجسدي لمواجهة فيروس (كوفيد-19)، وتم التحقق من ثبات المقياس باستخدام طريقة معامل ألفا وبلـغت (0.79)، وصدق المحكَّمين والصدق العاملي للمقياس، ومقياس الصلابة النفسية، وتم التحقق من ثبات المقياس بطريقة معامل ألفا وبلـغ (0.77)، والاتساق الداخلي للمقياس. وبيّنت نتائج الدراسة أنه يلتزم نَحْوُ (91.3%) من أفراد المجتمع الكويتي بالتباعد الاجتماعي والجسدي للحدِّ من انتقال فيروس (كوفيد-19)، وجاء التزام الكويتيين بالتباعد الاجتماعي للحد من انتقال فيروس (كوفيد-19) في المرتبة الأولى بنسبة (93.2%)، في حينَ جاء التزام الكويتيين بالتباعد الجسدي في المرتبة الثانية بنسبة (89.6%)، ولم يلتزم نَحْوُ (23%) من الكويتيين بلبس الكِمام في أثناء خروجهم من المنزل، كما لم يلتزم نَحْوُ (14%) بلبس القُفّازين عند الخروج من المنزل، ولم يلتزم أيضًا نَحْوُ (14%) بمنع أي زيارات عائلية خوفًا من انتشار العدوى، وجاء الطاقم الطبي في الخطوط الأمامية في المرتبة الأولى من حيثُ التزامُه بالتباعد الاجتماعي والجسدي بنسبة (93.2%)، في حينَ جاء الطاقم الأمني العام في المرتبة الثانية من حيثُ التزامُه بالتباعد الاجتماعي والجسدي بنسبة (78.6%)، وهناك ثلاثة متغيرات تؤثر في الكويتيين من حيثُ التباعدُ الاجتماعيّ والجسدي لمواجهة فيروس (كوفيد-19)، وهي: النوع، ومستوى التعليم، ومستوى الدخل؛ إذ كانت نسبة الذين التزموا بالتباعد الاجتماعي والجسدي بصورة دائمة أعلى لدى الإناث بنسبة (77.2%) مقارنة بالذكور بنسبة (76%)، وكانت نسبة الذين التزموا بالتباعد الاجتماعيّ والجسديّ بصورة دائمة أعلى لدى ذوي الدراسات العليا بنسبة (76.7%) مقارنة بالمؤهلات الأخرى، وكانت نسبة الذين التزموا بالتباعد الاجتماعي والجسدي بصورة دائمة أعلى لدى ذوي الدخل المرتفع بنسبة (83.1%) مقارنة بمستويات الدخل الأخرى، وَوُجدت فروق دالَّة إحصائيًّا بين الملتزمين بالتباعد الاجتماعي والجسدي وغير الملتزمين في الصلابة النفسية وأبعادها المختلفة تجاه الملتزمين بالتباعد الاجتماعي والجسدي، ويعتبر بُعْدُ الالتزام من أبعاد الصلابة النفسية مُنْبئًا بالتباعد الاجتماعي والجسدي.
تأثير متوالية الوزن في التركيب الشعري: نحوَ أجروميَّة لعَروض الشعر العربيّ
Authors: حمودة أحمــد
Published: September 2024

تبحثُ هذه الدراسة تأثيرَ الوزن في البناء التركيبي للشعر، وذلك من خلال تمهيد موجز يعقبه مبحثان. أمّا المبحث الأول فهو: تأثير اتحاد الوزن في التركيب الشعري .. بحر الكامل نموذجًا. وتأتي معالجتُه - من خلال مادة ضخمة على بحر الكامل من الشعر القديم - في مطلبين؛ أولهما: الأنساق التركيبية لبحر الكامل .. توزيع إحصائي، والثاني: الأنساق البارزة في بحر الكامل وتشكّلاتها التركيبية. ويقدِّم هذا المبحث - من خلال مادة ضخمة من الشعر القديم - تحليلًا إحصائيًّا للأنساق التركيبية لبحر الكامل، ثم دراسة خاصة للأنساق الشائعة منها مع تذييل ذلك ببحث أبنية مطالع القصائد في بحر الكامل وتأثير الوزن فيها. وأما المبحث الثاني - وعنوانه: تأثير اختلاف الوزن في التركيب الشعري .. دائرة المؤتلف نموذجًا - ففيه مقارنة تفصيلية بين بحرَي الدائرة؛ الكامل والوافر لاختبار تأثير اختلاف الوزن في بنيتيهما، وذلك من خلال ثلاثة مطالب؛ الأول: الأنساق التركيبية العامة بين البحرين، والثاني: الأنساق البارزة في البحرين وتشكلاتها التركيبية بينهما، والثالث: الأنساق التركيبية للمطالع بين البحرين. واختُتِمت الدراسةُ باستخلاص أهمِّ نتائجها وسـرد أهم المراجع.
عِـلْـمُ طَبقاتِ الأَلْفاظِ: دِراسَةٌ في نَقْدِ الرِّوَايَةِ المُعْجَمِيَّةِ
Authors: الـزَّبـن عمـاد أحمـد سليمان
Published: September 2024

جَهَدَتْ هذهِ الدِّراسةُ في معالجةِ سؤالٍ منهَجيٍّ في نِطاقِ تقريرِ الوَسائلِ العلميّةِ للتَّوثّقِ في صِحّةِ مَا في المُعجماتِ العربيّةِ مِنْ روايةِ معانٍ وألفاظٍ. واقتَرَحَتِ الدّراسةُ أدواتٍ علميّةً كاشِفةً يَتأتَّى أنْ تكونَ ضوابطَ ومعاييرَ ومُحدِّداتٍ للتّوثُّقِ؛ وِفَاقاً للشّـرْطِ المَنهجيِّ و(الإبستمولوجيِّ) لنَشْأةِ العُلومِ. وجاءَ هَذا التّدبيرُ بالتبصُّرِ في علومِ الرّوايةِ عندَ المُحدِّثينَ، والاستفادةِ مِنْ مباحثِهمْ النّاضِجَةِ في نَقْدِ الرّوايةِ في مجالاتِ النّقدِ كــــ: التَّفرُّدِ والمُخالفةِ والزّيادةِ، وكالتَّصحيفِ والتّحريفِ. وهذا يقِفُـكَ علَى أهميّةِ هذه الدّراسةِ، لأنَّها تؤسِّسُ لعلْمٍ يتمثّلُ في مجموعةٍ مِنَ الضّوابطِ والقوانين والمعاييرِ الّتي نَتَهَدَّى بها لمعالجةِ المشكلةِ المعرفيّةِ المُومَى إليْها. فهَذا عِلْمٌ مُقترَحٌ أجهَدُ في التَّأسِيسِ لهُ، ويمكنُ أنْ نَنقُبَ بهِ عنْ حقيقةِ كثيرٍ مِنَ النُّقولِ، ونَضبِطَ بهِ كثيراً مِنَ التّفرُّداتِ والغرائبِ في كلِّ طبقةٍ مِنَ الطّبقاتِ المُقترحةِ. وقدْ عالجْتُ في أثناءِ عَملي مجموعةً مِنَ الأسئلةِ المنهجيّةِ المركزيّةِ، أعْني تلكَ الّتي تُمثّلُ المبادئَ الكُبرَى لنشأةِ العلومِ، وتتّصلُ بِحدِّها وثَمرتِها وضَوابطِها. وقدِ اسْتقامَ لِي طَريقُ العملِ بتقسيمِهِ قِسمَينِ: القسمُ النّظريُّ، وهو الإطارُ المنهجيُّ للاشتغالِ، والقسمُ التّطبيقيُّ، وهو الإطارُ الإجْرائيُّ الّذي يوضِّحُ الرؤيةَ، والمُثُلُ الّتي تُثبّتُ كثيراً مِنْ قوانينِ هَذا العلمِ بطريقةٍ إجرائيّةٍ. وتقرّرَتْ في مُحصِّلِ الدّراسةِ النتيجةُ الكُبرَى لَهَا، والعِلَّةُ الغائيّةُ لمُجْرياتِها ومقدِّماتِها في اقتراحِ الأساسِ النَّظريِّ والإجْرائيِّ لعلْمِ طبقاتِ الألفاظِ؛ رَوْماً لتمهيدِ سبيلِ النّظَرِ فيهِ، ولتطويرِ الرُّؤيةِ في بُنودِهِ ومَنهجيّتِهِ.