bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Foreign Aid on GDP Growth and Fiscal Behavior: An Econometric Case Study of Bangladesh
Authors: Quazi Rahim M
Published: June 2005

This study estimates an aid-growth model and an aid-fiscal model to quantify the effects of foreign aid on GDP growth and fiscal behavior in Bangladesh over the 1973-1999 period. The aid-growth model applies the cointegration method to a neoclassical growth model and finds that aid has marginal effects on GDP growth, but when aid is disaggregated into loans and grants, it is found that loans significantly raise GDP growth, while grants do not. The aid-fiscal model employs a non-linear simultaneous model and finds that foreign grants mostly finance non-productive civil expenditures, but foreign loans generally finance public investment projects and human capital building programs, which eventually lead to higher output growth.
â€©
Purchasing Power Parity in the Eastern Caribbean Currency Union
Authors: Simmons Walter , Aggarwal Raj
Published: June 2005

There is increasing interest in regional trade, investment, and currency blocs, and in the optimal public policies for such blocs. There is also much managerial interest in the co-movement of exchange rates in a region. The Eastern Caribbean Currency Bloc is one of only three (and one of the longer lasting) multi-country common central banks in the world and is the only such bank in which member countries pool all their foreign reserves. While it is an important economic region especially for the United States, most studies of regional exchange rate relationships have not examined the nature of Caribbean exchange rates. This paper documents for the first time that purchasing power parity holds for each exchange rate and many real exchange rates are cointegrated and move in a bloc in the Eastern Caribbean region over the 1980s and 1990s.
The Whitman Massacre: Religion and Manifest Destiny on the Columbia Plateau, 1809-1858
Authors: Addis Cameron
Published: June 2005

This article examines the murders of Marcus and Narcissa Whitman at their mission near Ft. Walla Walla in 1847. White and Indian historians agree on the immediate cause: that Cayuse Indians killed the Protestants and twelve others because they thought Dr. Whitman spread measles among them, and to protest the surge of settlers on the Oregon Trail. The roots of the tragedy are traced to an earlier era, when traders threatened disease-ravaged Indians with germ warfare and supplied them with tobacco and ammunition, while the Christianity they endorsed blended with religions of the Columbia Plateau. The trader era sheds light on later disputes over disease, trade, and religious inflexibility culminated in the Whitmans' murders. The massacre then assumed symbolic importance as the region moved from an inclusive frontier toward homogenous nationhood. Protestants unjustly blamed the British-owned Hudson's Bay Company for conspiring with Jesuits to foment the murders, illustrating how Anti-Catholicism and anglophobia contributed to northern Manifest Destiny. The martyred couple's impact on expansionist politics and subsequent Protestant-Catholic debates over their historical agency are highlighted. For Protestants, Marcus convinced skeptical politicians of the region's worth on a trip east in 1843, and the trailblazing missionary heroically "saved Oregon" from Indians, British, Catholics and American ruffians. The debate over this exaggerated interpretation ranged from newspaper editorials and school-naming controversies to the pages of the American Historical Review before revisionists banished the "Whitman Myth" from mainstream textbooks. Once overinterpreted, now largely neglected outside the region, the Whitman saga shows how the Pacific Northwest fits into the history of the early republic.
Defining the Female "I" in the Public Domain: The Narrators of Lilika Nakou's Î Î±ÏÎ±ÏÏÏÎ±ÏÎ·Î¼Î­Î½Î¿Î¹ and Margarita Liberaki's Î¤Î± ÏÎ¬Î¸Î¹Î½Î± ÎºÎ±ÏÎ­Î»Î±
Authors: Camatsos Efrosini
Published: June 2005

Abstract: Lilika Nakou's Gone Astray /Î Î±ÏÎ±ÏÏÏÎ±ÏÎ·Î¼Î­Î½Î¿Î¹ (1935) and Margarita Liberaki's The Straw Hats /Î¤Î± ÏÎ¬Î¸Î¹Î½Î± ÎºÎ±ÏÎ­Î»Î± (1946) were written during periods of political turmoil. However, neither novel explicitly deals with political or national issues; instead, both of them focus on the personal experiences of their protagonists. This suggests that the female authors remain within the traditionally female private sphere in accordance with the male/ female and public/private oppositions. Nonetheless, the two novels are narrated by a female character, placing the female "I" in the public domain. An interesting phenomenon occurs in both narratives when the "I" disappears. This shift in perspective is subversive and political because it reveals women's struggle to enter and establish an identity of the female "I" in the public domain.
Greek Cultural Characteristics and Academic Writing
Authors: Koutsantoni Dimitra
Published: June 2005

Cross-cultural research has shown that cultural values are discernible in the rhetoric of academic authors. Cultural characteristics—such as uncertainty avoidance, power distance, and individualism/collectivism (Hofstede 1980)—define relations of power and solidarity among individuals, their notions of politeness and appropriate social behavior, as well as their persuasive styles, affecting the ways authors express their claims and build up their arguments in academic texts. These factors (together with audience and purpose of genre and degree of an author's socialization in the academic community) affect the writing style of Greek authors as it is revealed by the analysis of Research Articles (RAs) and samples of students' writing (assignments, dissertations and theses) in the fields of Electronic, Electrical, and Chemical engineering. The analysis shows that the rhetorical behavior of Greek expert engineers and student engineers has both similarities and differences. Common points include the projection of an authoritative expert persona in their writing, the expression of great certainty and conviction in their claims, and references to the body of shared knowledge. These are shown to be the result of the high uncertainty avoidance, high power distance, collective values, and solidarity orientation that characterize Greek society. The differences are attributed to the conventions of the genre in which the authors are writing and their degree of enculturation in the academic community.
Sex and the Children's Book
Authors: Paul Lissa
Published: June 2005

The seminar I gave on sex and the children's book at the Children's Literature International Summer School (CLISS) took on an extraordinary life of its own. This essay is partly about what happened in the seminar, but it is also about pedagogical discourses surrounding sex education and the use of one book in particular: It's Perfectly Normal by Robie Harris, illustrated by Michael Emberley. I also engage the historical shift from a monologic tone and a "don't touch" mentality, to something that is more dialogic, open to variationÑand to touch.
A Segmental Deletion Series Generated by Sister-Chromatid Transposition of Ac Transposable Elements in Maize
Authors: Zhang Jianbo , Peterson Thomas
Published: June 2005

Certain configurations of maize Ac/Ds transposon termini can undergo alternative transposition reactions leading to chromosome breakage and various types of stable chromosome rearrangements. Here, we show that a particular allele of the maize p1 gene containing an intact Ac element and a nearby terminally deleted Ac element (fAc) can undergo sister-chromatid transposition (SCT) reactions that generate large flanking deletions. Among 35 deletions characterized, all begin at the Ac termini in the p1 gene and extend to various flanking sites proximal to p1. The deletions range in size from the smallest of 12,567 bp to the largest of >4.6 cM; >80% of the deletions removed the p2 gene, a paralog of p1 located ∼60 kb from p1 in the p1-vv allele and its derivatives. Sequencing of representative cases shows that the deletions have precise junctions between the transposon termini and the flanking genomic sequences. These results show that SCT events can efficiently generate interstitial deletions that are useful for in vivo dissection of local genome regions and for the rapid correlation of genetic and physical maps. Finally, we discuss evidence suggesting that deletions induced by alternative transposition reactions can occur at other genomic loci, indicating that this mechanism may have had a significant impact on genome evolution.
A Genetic Screen for Maternal-Effect Suppressors of decapentaplegic Identifies the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A in Drosophila
Authors: Li Jinghong , Li Willis X , Gelbart William M
Published: June 2005

The Dpp signaling pathway is essential for many developmental processes in Drosophila and its activity is tightly regulated. To identify additional regulators of Dpp signaling, we conducted a genetic screen for maternal-effect suppressors of dpp haplo-insufficiency. We screened ∼7000 EMS-mutagenized genomes and isolated and mapped seven independent dominant suppressors of dpp, Su(dpp), which were recovered as second-site mutations that resulted in viable flies in trans-heterozygous with dppH46, a dpp null allele. Most of the Su(dpp) mutants exhibited increased cell numbers of the amnioserosa, a cell type specified by the Dpp pathway, suggesting that these mutations may augment Dpp signaling activity. Here we report the unexpected identification of one of the Su(dpp) mutations as an allele of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A). We show that Su(dpp)YE9 maps to eIF4A and that this allele is associated with a substitution, arginine 321 to histidine, at a well-conserved amino acid and behaves genetically as a dominant-negative mutation. This result provides an intriguing link between a component of the translation machinery and Dpp signaling.
Genetic Consequences of Selection During the Evolution of Cultivated Sunflower
Authors: Burke John M , Knapp Steven J , Rieseberg Loren H
Published: June 2005

We mapped quantitative trait loci (QTL) controlling differences in seed oil content and composition between cultivated and wild sunflower and used the results, along with those of a previous study of domestication-related QTL, to guide a genome-wide analysis of genetic variation for evidence of past selection. The effects of the seed oil QTL were almost exclusively in the expected direction with respect to the parental phenotypes. A major, oil-related QTL cluster mapped near a cluster of domestication-related QTL on linkage group six (LG06), the majority of which have previously been shown to have effects that are inconsistent with the parental phenotypes. To test the hypothesis that this region was the target of a past selective sweep, perhaps resulting in the fixation of the antagonistic domestication-related QTL, we analyzed simple sequence repeat (SSR) diversity from 102 markers dispersed throughout the sunflower genome. Our results indicate that LG06 was most likely the target of multiple selective sweeps during the postdomestication era. Strong directional selection in concert with genetic hitchhiking therefore offers a possible explanation for the occurrence of numerous domestication-related QTL with apparently maladaptive phenotypic effects.
Functional Mapping of Quantitative Trait Loci That Interact With thehgMutation to Regulate Growth Trajectories in Mice
Authors: Wu Rongling , Ma Chang-Xing , Hou Wei , Corva Pablo , Medrano Juan F
Published: June 2005

The high growth (hg) mutation increases body size in mice by 30–50%. Given the complexity of the genetic regulation of animal growth, it is likely that the effect of this major locus is mediated by other quantitative trait loci (QTL) with smaller effects within a web of gene interactions. In this article, we extend our functional mapping model to characterize modifier QTL that interact with the hg locus during ontogenetic growth. Our model is derived within the maximum-likelihood context, incorporated by mathematical aspects of growth laws and implemented with the EM algorithm. In an F2 population founded by a congenic high growth (HG) line and non-HG line, a highly additive effect due to the hg gene was detected on growth trajectories. Three QTL located on chromosomes 2 and X were identified to trigger significant additive and/or dominant effects on the process of growth. The most significant finding made from our model is that these QTL interact with the hg locus to affect the shapes of the growth process. Our model provides a powerful means for understanding the genetic architecture and regulation of growth rate and body size in mammals.
Concerted Evolution in the Repeats of an Immunomodulating Cell Surface Protein, SOWgp, of the Human Pathogenic Fungi Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii
Authors: Johannesson Hanna , Townsend Jeffrey P , Hung Chiung-Yu , Cole Garry T , Taylor John W
Published: June 2005

Genome dynamics that allow pathogens to escape host immune responses are fundamental to our understanding of host-pathogen interactions. Here we present the first population-based study of the process of concerted evolution in the repetitive domain of a protein-coding gene. This gene, SOWgp, encodes the immunodominant protein in the parasitic phase of the human pathogenic fungi Coccidioides immitis and C. posadasii. We sequenced the entire gene from strains representing the geographic ranges of the two Coccidioides species. By using phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses we discovered that the repetitive part of SOWgp evolves by concerted evolution, predominantly by the mechanism of unequal crossing over. We implemented a mathematical model originally developed for multigene families to estimate the rate of homogenization and recombination of the repetitive array, and the results indicate that the pattern of concerted evolution is a result of homogenization of repeat units proceeding at a rate close to the nucleotide point mutation rate. The release of the SOWgp molecules by the pathogen during proliferation may mislead the host: we speculate that the pathogen benefits from concerted evolution of repeated domains in SOWgp by an enhanced ability to misdirect the host's immune system.
Maximum-Likelihood Methods for Detecting Recent Positive Selection and Localizing the Selected Site in the Genome
Authors: Li Haipeng , Stephan Wolfgang
Published: June 2005

Two maximum-likelihood methods are proposed for detecting recent, strongly positive selection and for localizing the target of selection along a recombining chromosome. The methods utilize the compact mutation frequency spectrum at multiple neutral loci that are partially linked to the selected site. Using simulated data, we show that the power of the tests lies between 80 and 98% in most cases, and the false positive rate could be as low as ∼10% when the number of sampled marker loci is sufficiently large (≥20). The confidence interval around the estimated position of selection is reasonably narrow. The methods are applied to X chromosome data of Drosophila melanogaster from a European and an African population. Evidence of selection was found for both populations (including a selective sweep that was shared between both populations).
RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM 1, a Dominant Arabidopsis Disease-Resistance Gene, Is Not Race Specific
Authors: Diener Andrew C , Ausubel Frederick M
Published: June 2005

Arabidopsis thaliana ecotypes differ in their susceptibility to Fusarium wilt diseases. Ecotype Taynuilt-0 (Ty-0) is susceptible to Fusarium oxysporum forma specialis (f.) matthioli whereas Columbia-0 (Col-0) is resistant. Segregation analysis of a cross between Ty-0 and Col-0 revealed six dominant RESISTANCE TO FUSARIUM OXYSPORUM (RFO) loci that significantly contribute to f. matthioli resistance in Col-0 relative to Ty-0. We refer to the locus with the strongest effect as RFO1. Ty-0 plants in which only the Col-0 allele of RFO1 (RFO1Col-0) was introduced were resistant to f. matthioli. Surprisingly, RFO1Col-0 also conferred resistance to f. raphani, demonstrating that RFO1-mediated resistance is not race specific. Expression of resistance by RFO2, RFO4, or RFO6 was dependent on RFO1Col-0. Map-based cloning of RFO1Col-0 showed that RFO1 is identical to the previously named Arabidopsis gene WAKL22 (WALL-ASSOCIATED KINASE-LIKE KINASE 22), which encodes a receptor-like kinase that does not contain an extracellular leucine-rich repeat domain. Consistent with these results, a Col-0 rfo1 loss-of-function mutant was more susceptible to f. matthioli, f. conglutinans, and f. raphani. Thus, RFO1 encodes a novel type of dominant disease-resistance protein that confers resistance to a broad spectrum of Fusarium races.
Genetic Instability Induced by Overexpression of DNA Ligase I in Budding Yeast
Authors: Subramanian Jaichandar , Vijayakumar Sangeetha , Tomkinson Alan E , Arnheim Norman
Published: June 2005

Recombination and microsatellite mutation in humans contribute to disorders including cancer and trinucleotide repeat (TNR) disease. TNR expansions in wild-type yeast may arise by flap ligation during lagging-strand replication. Here we show that overexpression of DNA ligase I (CDC9) increases the rates of TNR expansion, of TNR contraction, and of mitotic recombination. Surprisingly, this effect is observed with catalytically inactive forms of Cdc9p protein, but only if they possess a functional PCNA-binding site. Furthermore, in vitro analysis indicates that the interaction of PCNA with Cdc9p and Rad27p (Fen1) is mutually exclusive. Together our genetic and biochemical analysis suggests that, although DNA ligase I seals DNA nicks during replication, repair, and recombination, higher than normal levels can yield genetic instability by disrupting the normal interplay of PCNA with other proteins such as Fen1.
Estimation of Preferential Pairing Rates in Second-Generation Autotetraploid Pacific Oysters (Crassostrea gigas)
Authors: Curole Jason P , Hedgecock Dennis
Published: June 2005

Although previously disregarded, polyploidy, and in particular autopolyploidy, is now believed to have played a prominent role in the evolution of plants and animals. We estimated the rate of preferential pairing in second-generation autotetraploid Pacific oysters from gametic frequencies. We found significant levels of preferential pairing in these recently generated autopolyploids, suggesting that genetic variation in standing populations may play a role in meiotic mechanisms of polyploids derived from these populations.
X-Linked Genes Evolve Higher Codon Bias in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis
Authors: Singh Nadia D , Davis Jerel C , Petrov Dmitri A
Published: June 2005

Comparing patterns of molecular evolution between autosomes and sex chromosomes (such as X and W chromosomes) can provide insight into the forces underlying genome evolution. Here we investigate patterns of codon bias evolution on the X chromosome and autosomes in Drosophila and Caenorhabditis. We demonstrate that X-linked genes have significantly higher codon bias compared to autosomal genes in both Drosophila and Caenorhabditis. Furthermore, genes that become X-linked evolve higher codon bias gradually, over tens of millions of years. We provide several lines of evidence that this elevation in codon bias is due exclusively to their chromosomal location and not to any other property of X-linked genes. We present two possible explanations for these observations. One possibility is that natural selection is more efficient on the X chromosome due to effective haploidy of the X chromosomes in males and persistently low effective numbers of reproducing males compared to that of females. Alternatively, X-linked genes might experience stronger natural selection for higher codon bias as a result of maladaptive reduction of their dosage engendered by the loss of the Y-linked homologs.
Conserved Functions of Yeast Genes Support the Duplication, Degeneration and Complementation Model for Gene Duplication
Authors: van Hoof Ambro
Published: June 2005

Gene duplication is often cited as a potential mechanism for the evolution of new traits, but this hypothesis has not been thoroughly tested experimentally. A classical model of gene duplication states that after gene duplication one copy of the gene preserves the ancestral function, while the other copy is free to evolve a new function. In an alternative duplication, divergence, and complementation model, duplicated genes are preserved because each copy of the gene loses some, but not all, of its functions through degenerating mutations. This results in the degenerating mutations in one gene being complemented by the other and vice versa. These two models make very different predictions about the function of the preduplication orthologs in closely related species. These predictions have been tested here for several duplicated yeast genes that appeared to be the leading candidates to fit the classical model. Surprisingly, the results show that duplicated genes are maintained because each copy carries out a subset of the conserved functions that were already present in the preduplication gene. Therefore, the results are not consistent with the classical model, but instead fit the duplication, divergence, and complementation model.
Identification of a Rat Model for Usher Syndrome Type 1B by N-Ethyl-N-nitrosourea Mutagenesis-Driven Forward Genetics
Authors: Smits Bart M G , Peters Theo A , Mul Joram D , Croes Huib J , Fransen Jack A M , Beynon Andy J , Guryev Victor , Plasterk Ronald H A , Cuppen Edwin
Published: June 2005

The rat is the most extensively studied model organism and is broadly used in biomedical research. Current rat disease models are selected from existing strains and their number is thereby limited by the degree of naturally occurring variation or spontaneous mutations. We have used ENU mutagenesis to increase genetic variation in laboratory rats and identified a recessive mutant, named tornado, showing aberrant circling behavior, hyperactivity, and stereotypic head shaking. More detailed analysis revealed profound deafness due to disorganization and degeneration of the organ of Corti that already manifests at the onset of hearing. We set up a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based mapping strategy to identify the affected gene, revealing strong linkage to the central region of chromosome 1. Candidate gene resequencing identified a point mutation that introduces a premature stopcodon in Myo7a. Mutations in human MYO7A result in Usher syndrome type 1B, a severe autosomal inherited recessive disease that involves deafness and vestibular dysfunction. Here, we present the first characterized rat model for this disease. In addition, we demonstrate proof of principle for the generation and cloning of human disease models in rat using ENU mutagenesis, providing good perspectives for systematic phenotypic screens in the rat.
Quantitative Trait Loci Affecting the Difference in Pigmentation BetweenDrosophila yakubaandD. santomea
Authors: Carbone Mary Anna , Llopart Ana , deAngelis Matthew , Coyne Jerry A , Mackay Trudy F C
Published: June 2005

Using quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, we studied the genetic basis of the difference in pigmentation between two sister species of Drosophila: Drosophila yakuba, which, like other members of the D. melanogaster subgroup, shows heavy black pigmentation on the abdomen of males and females, and D. santomea, an endemic to the African island of São Tomé, which has virtually no pigmentation. Here we mapped four QTL with large effects on this interspecific difference in pigmentation: two on the X chromosome and one each on the second and third chromosomes. The same four QTL were detected in male hybrids in the backcrosses to both D. santomea and D. yakuba and in the female D. yakuba backcross hybrids. All four QTL exhibited strong epistatic interactions in male backcross hybrids, but only one pair of QTL interacted in females from the backcross to D. yabuka. All QTL from each species affected pigmentation in the same direction, consistent with adaptive evolution driven by directional natural selection. The regions delimited by the QTL included many positional candidate loci in the pigmentation pathway, including genes affecting catecholamine biosynthesis, melanization of the cuticle, and many additional pleiotropic effects.
High Functional Overlap Between MluI Cell-Cycle Box Binding Factor and Swi4/6 Cell-Cycle Box Binding Factor in the G1/S Transcriptional Program in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Bean James M , Siggia Eric D , Cross Frederick R
Published: June 2005

In budding yeast, many genes are induced early in the cell cycle. Induction of these genes has been predominantly attributed to two transcription factors, Swi4-Swi6 (SBF) and Mbp1-Swi6 (MBF). Swi4 and Mbp1 are related DNA-binding proteins with dissimilar target sequences. For most G1/S-regulated genes that we tested in a cdc20 block-release protocol for cell-cycle synchronization, removal of both Swi4 and Mbp1 was necessary and sufficient to essentially eliminate cell-cycle-regulated expression. Detectable SBF or MBF binding sites (SCBs or MCBs) in the promoters or available genome-wide promoter occupancy data do not consistently explain this functional overlap. The overlapping ability of these transcription factors to regulate many promoters with very similar cell-cycle kinetics may provide robustness to the G1/S transcriptional response, but poses a puzzle with respect to promoter-transcription factor specificity. In addition, for some genes, deletion of Mbp1 or Swi4 enhances transcription, suggesting that these factors can also function as transcriptional repressors. Finally, we observe residual G1/S transcriptional regulation in the absence of Swi4 and Mbp1.
Smg1 Nonsense Mutations Do Not Abolish Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay in Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Chen Zhenzhong , Smith Katherine R , Batterham Philip , Robin Charles
Published: June 2005

Smg1 is a key component of nonsense-mediated decay (NMD) in Caenorhabditis elegans and mammals. Here we report that two nonsense alleles of the ortholog of Smg1 do not affect NMD in Drosophila melanogaster.
Geochemical Signatures in Scales Record Stream of Origin in Westslope Cutthroat Trout
Authors: Muhlfeld Clint C. , Marotz Brian , Thorrold Simon R. , FitzGerald Jennifer L.
Published: June 2005

We used laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) to quantify the elemental composition of Mg: Ca, Mn: Ca, Sr: Ca, Ba: Ca, and Pb: Ca ratios in scales from juvenile westslope cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii lewisi collected from 13 streams in three major drainages (North Fork, South Fork, and Middle Fork) of the upper Flathead River system in Montana during summer 2001 and 2002. We also determined element: Ca levels within natal streams in summer 2001 and 2002. The concentrations of Sr: Ca and Ba: Ca in westslope cutthroat trout scales were highly correlated with those in the water. The multivariate elemental signatures of the scales differed significantly among streams. A forward stepwise discriminant function analysis was used to classify individual fish, first to the drainage of origin and then to the natal stream while considering all 13 streams simultaneously. At the drainage level, cross‐validated classification accuracy was 91% in the Middle Fork, 81% in the North Fork, and 78% in the South Fork; overall accuracy was 82%. Of the fish that were correctly classified at the drainage level, 88% were correctly classified to their natal stream at accuracy levels of 100% in the Middle Fork, 88% in the North Fork, and 80% in the South Fork. Finally, the Mn: Ca, Sr: Ca, and Ba: Ca ratios in westslope cutthroat trout scales were significantly correlated with values in the otoliths of individual fish, suggesting that scales may provide a nonlethal alternative to otoliths as natural markers. Our data indicate that elemental signatures in scales may be used as natural tags to identify the natal stream origin of westslope cutthroat trout in the upper Flathead River system and in other similar freshwater environments. However, future work needs to determine whether elemental signatures are sufficiently stable over time to allow for accurate classification of adult fish after emigration from natal streams.
Early Life History of Blueback Herring and Alewife in the Lower Roanoke River, North Carolina
Authors: Walsh Harvey J. , Settle Lawrence R. , Peters David S.
Published: June 2005

Seasonal distribution, abundance, habitat use, hatch dates, growth, and mortality of larval blueback herring Alosa aestivalis and alewife A. pseudoharengus were studied in the Roanoke River watershed, downstream from the Roanoke Rapids Dam in North Carolina. Ichthyoplankton was sampled from man‐made canals, a creek, an oxbow, a flooded bottomland hardwood forest, the main river channel, and along the river's edge. To identify larval clupeids, we developed a dichotomous key for clupeids found in the study area using morphometric, meristic, and pigmentation characters synthesized from the literature. Distribution, abundance, and back‐calculated hatch dates of larvae and eggs were used to describe spawning period, spawning habitat, and nursery habitat. Blueback herring and alewife eggs and larvae were present from early April through late May. Based on the presence of eggs and early‐stage larvae, both species spawned in backwater tributary systems, including flooded bottomland hardwood forests. Our results indicated that blueback herring and alewives used a variety of habitats during early larval stages, though interspecific differences in concentration among habitats were evident. Blueback herring used both lotic (moving water) and lentic (still water) habitats, and alewives were more abundant in lentic habitats. Larval growth varied between years but not between species. Blueback herring growth rates were 0.60 mm/d in 1996 and 0.42 mm/d in 1997 compared with growth rates of 0.65 mm/d in 1996 and 0.41 mm/d in 1997 for alewives. Interspecific and between‐year differences in daily mortality of preflexion blueback herring and alewives (age, 4–8 d) were observed. Blueback herring daily percent mortality in 1996 and 1997 was 99%, while alewife rates decreased from 98% in 1996 to 91% in 1997. Fluctuations in river flow affected habitat use; moderate to high discharge rates increased use of spawning and nursery habitats, and low flows reduced use of spawning habitat.
Novel intercalated nanocomposites of polypropylene, organic rectorite, and poly(ethylene octene) elastomer: Morphology and mechanical properties
Authors: Xiaoyan Ma , Guozheng Liang , Haijun Lu , Hailin Liu , Yun Huang
Published: June 2005

The melt‐blending method was applied to prepare ternary composites of polypropylene (PP), organic rectorite (OREC), and poly(ethylene octene) elastomer (POE) with a constant content of 2 phr (parts per hundred parts of PP) OREC and 5 or 15 phr POE (PRE25 and PRE215, respectively). At the same time, OREC/PP binary composites with a 2 phr loading of OREC (PR2) and POE/PP systems with 5 or 15 phr POE (E5 and E15, respectively) were prepared to investigate synergistic effects of OREC and POE. Scanning electron microscopy was used to study the distribution of OREC and POE in the matrix, X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate the intercalation performance of OREC in the composites, and polarized light microscopy (PLM) was used to observe the crystallization form and crystallite size. The mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical analysis were also measured. The PRE composites exhibited a multiphase structure, that is, a spherical texture of POE, a plate of clay, and a continuous phase of PP; a larger content of POE produced a larger size, a broader distribution of the spherical phase, and a better intercalation performance of the clay. The E systems were binary phases, that is, a spherical texture of POE and a continuous phase of PP. The crystallite size of the PRE composites was finer than that of pure PP according to XRD data, and this was confirmed by PLM. The impact strength and tensile elongation at break of the PRE composites increased dramatically in comparison with those of the PP, PR2, and corresponding E systems, and this indicated that POE and OREC had synergistic toughening and strengthening effects on PP. The storage modulus of PRE was higher than that of pure PP and lower than that of PR2. There were two glass‐transition temperatures in the PRE systems according to the curve of tan δ; they represented those of pure PP and POE, respectively, and indicated that the PRE systems were physical mixtures. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 97: 1907–1914, 2005
What policymakers need and must demand from research regarding the employment rate of persons with disabilities
Authors: Silverstein Robert , Julnes George , Nolan Renee
Published: June 2005

Enabling persons with disabilities to prepare for and engage in gainful employment has become a priority concern in U.S. society. As a result, federal and state policymakers are adopting employment‐related initiatives designed to enhance the employment rate of persons with disabilities. Policymakers need credible evidence in order to assess and reform these initiatives. This recognized need, however, begs the question of what constitutes ‘credible evidence.’ Of particular concern in the disability policy arena is the debate over the types of conclusion about employment rates that can and cannot be drawn from analyses of national survey data sets. This article connects standard research methodology concepts with the complexities of evaluating disability policy to help stakeholders appreciate the issues involved in this debate. This appreciation can help policymakers (1) recognize unwarranted cause‐and‐effect conclusions based solely on existing national survey data and (2) demand better data and stronger research designs to complement the potential over‐reliance on correlational studies using problematic survey data to estimate policy impacts. To this end, the article concludes with a practical framework with a checklist for assessing the adequacy of research regarding the employment rate of persons with disabilities. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystal Structure of Cu3Bi(TeO3)2O2Cl: A Kagome Lattice Type Compound.
Authors: Becker Richard , Johnsson Mats
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
An Efficient Catalytic Asymmetric Addition of Trimethylsilyl Cyanide to Aldehydes at Room Temperature.
Authors: Li Zi‐Bo , Rajaram Amaresh R. , Decharin Nattawan , Qin Ying‐Chuan , Pu Lin
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Cycloisomerization of 1,6‐Enynes Using Acetate as a Nucleophile under Palladium(II) Catalysis.
Authors: Zhang Qinghai , Xu Wei , Lu Xiyan
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Methoxycarbonylation of Vinyl Acetate Catalyzed by Palladium Complexes of Bis(ditertiarybutylphosphinomethyl)benzene and Related Ligands.
Authors: Rucklidge Adam J. , Morris George E. , Cole‐Hamilton David J.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
N‐Cyanomethyl‐β‐chloroamines: A Convenient Source of Aziridinium Ions.
Authors: Couty Francois , Evano Gwilherm , Prim Damien
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oxidation of Toluenes to Aromatic Aldehydes with Molecular Oxygen in Subcritical Water.
Authors: Kayan Berkant , Oezen Recep , Gizir Ahmet M. , Kus N. Simsek
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Cyclopropabenzenylidenethenone (Propadienone) via a New Route to Alkylidenecycloproparenes.
Authors: Halton Brian , Dixon Gareth M. , Jones Carissa S. , Parkin Christopher T. , Veedu Rakesh N. , Bornemann Holger , Wentrup Curt
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Electrosynthesis of Hydrogen Peroxide in Room Temperature Ionic Liquids and in situ Epoxidation of Alkenes.
Authors: Tang Michael Chi‐Yung , Wong Kwok‐Yin , Chan Tak Hang
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Potent and Selective [2‐Imidazol‐1‐yl‐2‐(6‐alkoxy‐naphthalen‐2‐yl)‐1‐methyl‐ethyl] ‐dimethyl‐amines as Retinoic Acid Metabolic Blocking Agents (RAMBAs).
Authors: Mulvihill Mark J. , et al. et al.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Synthesis of Novel Tricyclic Aryltriazole‐3‐thione Compounds.
Authors: Cai Cuiman , Plummer Janet S. , Connor David , Holsworth Daniel D. , Edmunds Jeremy J.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
One‐Pot Multistep Bohlmann—Rahtz Heteroannulation Reactions: Synthesis of Dimethyl Sulfomycinamate.
Authors: Bagley Mark C. , Chapaneri Krishna , Dale James W. , Xiong Xin , Bower Justin
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A New Protocol to Synthesize 1,4‐Dihydropyridines by Using 3,4,5‐Trifluorobenzeneboronic Acid as a Catalyst in Ionic Liquid: Synthesis of Novel 4‐(3‐Carboxyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐4‐yl)‐1,4‐dihydropyridines.
Authors: Sridhar Radhakrishnan , Perumal Paramasivan T.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Reaction of N‐Fluoropyridinium Fluoride with Isonitriles: A Convenient Route to Picolinamides.
Authors: Kiselyov Alexander S.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Green Chemistry Approach to Ibuprofen Piconol.
Authors: Raju C. M. Haricharan , Lakshmi P. Naga , Srinivas Ch. , Reddy G. Om. , Acharyulu Palle V. R.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
A Practical Approach for Preparation of 2‐[(Dialkylamino)‐methyl]‐4‐aryl‐2H‐phthalazin‐1‐ones via Mannich Reaction of 4‐Aryl‐2H‐phthalazin‐1‐ones.
Authors: Epsztajin Jan , Malinowski Zbigniew , Urbaniak Pawel , Andrijewski Grzegorz
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
3H‐Quinazolin‐4‐ones as a New Calcilytic Template for the Potential Treatment of Osteoporosis.
Authors: Shcherbakova Irina , Balandrin Manuel F. , Fox John , Ghatak Anjan , Heaton William L. , Conklin Rebecca L.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Favolon B, a New Triterpenoid Isolated from the Chilean Mycena sp. Strain 96180.
Authors: Aqueveque Pedro , Anke Timm , Anke Heidrun , Sterner Olov , Becerra Jose Becerra Jose , Silva Mario
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
2′‐Benzothiazolylthioesters of N‐Substituted α‐Amino Acids: Versatile Intermediates for Synthesis of ACE Inhibitors.
Authors: Singh Girij Pal , Godbole Himanshu M. , Nehate Sagar P. , Mahajan Pravin R.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Enantioselective Synthesis of erythro‐β‐Hydroxyglutamic Acid.
Authors: Ginesta Xavier , Pericas Miquel A. , Riera Antoni
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
The Interface Chemistry Between Chalcogenide Clusters and Open Framework Chalcogenides
Authors: Feng Pingyun , Bu Xianhui , Zheng Nanfeng
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chemistry of the Pechini Process in Cerium‐Containing Systems
Authors: Todorovsky D. , Petrova N. , Getsova M. , Todorovska R. , Manolov I. , Groudeva‐Zotova St.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Development of New Synthetic Method Using Organometallic Complexes and an Application Toward Natural Product Synthesis
Authors: Mori Miwako
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Stereo‐ and Site‐Selectivity in the Reaction of Chiral Episelenonium Ion with Carbon Nucleophile
Authors: Toshimitsu Akio
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chalcogeno‐Morita—Baylis—Hillman Reaction of Chalcogenide‐Enones with Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Kataoka Tadashi , Kinoshita Hironori
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
From Transition Metals to Organocatalysis
Authors: Kocovsky P. , Malkov A. V.
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Chiral Synthesis on Catalysts Immobilized in Microporous and Mesoporous Materials
Authors: Li Can
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Oligopeptide Foldamers: From Structure to Function
Authors: Licini Giulia , Prins Leonard J. , Scrimin Paolo
Published: June 2005

For Abstract see ChemInform Abstract in Full Text.
Psychologic and social sequelae of secondary lymphedema
Authors: McWayne Janis , Heiney Sue P.
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

The psychological and social sequelae of secondary lymphedema (SLE) have been an underrecognized and little‐researched complication of treatment for breast carcinoma. The reported incidence and prevalence of SLE varied widely (0–48%). Reported reasons for the differences are related to the lack of standard diagnostic and universal assessment criteria.

METHODS

A comprehensive, computerized search was performed. All combinations of the following keywords were used: arm lymphedema, arm swelling, breast cancer, psychological and social, and quality of life (QOL). Eighteen studies were identified.

RESULTS

The literature supported the view that SLE leads to psychological and social sequelae. Psychological sequelae included frustration, distress, depression and anxiety. Social sequelae comprised changes in role function, lack of social support and pain and disability. Pain was a significant predictor of psychological and social morbidity. These experiences resulted in diminution of QOL, particularly psychological and social health. This was particularly worrisome because women must attend daily to the precautions and treatments for SLE.

CONCLUSIONS

Researchers should use psychological and social measures along with physiologic parameters when evaluating the impacts of SLE. Clinicians should work to develop standardized primary prevention programs and limb circumference should be measured at the time of breast carcinoma diagnosis. Gaps in knowledge related to intra/interethnic diversity, poverty, and comorbidities of women with breast carcinoma‐related SLE need to be explored. The combined efforts of researchers and clinicians would reinforce awareness and knowledge for women at risk and provide important baseline data for research and practice. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
The clinical use of staging bone scan in patients with breast carcinoma
Authors: Lee Jeong Eon , Park Sung‐Shin , Han Wonshik , Kim Seok Won , Shin Hyuk Jai , Choe Kuk Jin , Oh Seung Keun , Youn Yeo‐Kyu , Noh Dong‐Young , Kim Sung‐Won
Published: June 2005

BACKGROUND

Using the new 2003 American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) staging system, the authors evaluated the usefulness of the staging bone scan in patients with primary breast carcinoma.

METHODS

The authors examined 1939 patients with primary breast carcinoma for staging bone scan who were treated at a single institution. Pathologic stage was assigned retrospectively according to the 1988 and the 2003 AJCC staging systems.

RESULTS

Bone metastasis rates were 0.7% (4 of 586) for patients with Stage I disease, 0.7% (5 of 699) for patients with Stage IIA disease, 2.1% (10 of 479) for patients with Stage IIB disease, 4.5% (7 of 154) for patients with Stage IIIA disease, and 10.5% (2 of 19) for patients with Stage IIIB disease according to the 1988 AJCC staging system. The authors found a significant difference in the bone metastasis rate between patients with Stages IIA and IIB disease in the 1988 staging system (P = 0.039). Reevaluating the patients by the 2003 system resulted in significant upstaging, especially for patients with Stage II/III disease. According to the 2003 staging system, bone metastasis rates were 0.7% (4 of 586) for patients with Stage I disease, 0.6% (4 of 648) for patients with Stage IIA disease, 0.6% (2 of 310) for patients with Stage IIB disease, 4.0% (9 of 225) for patients with Stage IIIA disease, 16.7% (2 of 12) for patients with Stage IIIB disease, and 4.4% (7 of 158) for patients with Stage IIIC disease. It was noteworthy that there was a significant difference between Stages IIB and IIIA in the 2003 staging system (P = 0.010).

CONCLUSIONS

Stage reclassification using the new AJCC staging system resulted in upstaging of high‐risk patients, as well as a significant decrease in the bone metastasis rate in patients with Stage IIB breast carcinoma. Considering the cost‐effectiveness of staging bone scan, the data suggested that it was of little value for patients with Stage I and II breast carcinoma, but was highly recommended for patients with worse than Stage III disease by the new 2003 staging system. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Cycloadditions of Aryl‐Substituted 1,2,4‐Triazines with 2‐Cyclopropylidene‐1,3‐dimethylimidazolidine – Zwitterions as Discrete Intermediates
Authors: Ernd Michael , Heuschmann Manfred , Zipse Hendrik
Published: June 2005

Cycloadditions of 2‐cyclopropylidene‐1,3‐dimethylimidazolidine (1), a strong, electron‐rich C‐nucleophile, with a variety of aryl‐substituted 1,2,4‐triazines occur at temperatures between −100 and +100°, depending on the substitution pattern. At low temperatures, zwitterions, formed by nucleophilic attack of 1 on the triazines, could be detected spectroscopically and, in some cases, isolated. Two types of zwitterions were found: 1) those where the new bond was linked to C(5) of the triazine and which were formed in a reversible dead‐end equilibrium, and 2) those where the new bond was linked either to C(3) or C(6). The latter exhibited the same regiochemistry as the final cycloadducts, and might be intermediates of a two‐step Diels–Alder reaction. Energies and structural characteristics for stationary points in the reaction of monosubstituted triazines with 1 in the gas phase and in CH2Cl2 solution were calculated at the Becke3LYP/6‐311+G(d,p)//Becke3LYP/6‐31G(d) level of theory. Different reaction mechanisms are discussed on the basis of steric, electronic, and solvent effects.
Toward a Total Synthesis of Macrocyclic Jatrophane Diterpenes – Concise Route to a Highly Functionalized Cyclopentane Key Intermediate
Authors: Mulzer Johann , Giester Gerald , Gilbert Michael
Published: June 2005

A total synthesis of the biologically potent jatrophane diterpenes pepluanin A (1) and euphosalicin A (2) is being aimed at. En route to these targets, a concise synthesis of the nonracemic cyclopentane building block 74 was developed. Key steps were a Claisen–Eschenmoser rearrangement of the enantiomerically enriched allylic alcohol 14 to amide 34 (Scheme 7), a hydroxy‐lactonization of 40 to 43 (Scheme 9), followed by trans‐lactonization to 72, which was subjected to a Davis hydroxylation to 69 (Scheme 17). Eventually, compound 69 was converted into the enol triflate 74. This material should prove suitable for an annulation of the macrocyclic ring characteristic of the desired jatrophanes 1 and 2. Less‐successful approaches are also discussed due to their intrinsically valuable information content.