bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comment on ‘YcgC represents a new protein deacetylase family in prokaryotes’
Authors: Kremer Magdalena , Kuhlmann Nora , Lechner Marius , Baldus Linda , Lammers Michael
Published: June 2018

Lysine acetylation is a post-translational modification that is conserved from bacteria to humans. It is catalysed by the activities of lysine acetyltransferases, which use acetyl-CoA as the acetyl-donor molecule, and lysine deacetylases, which remove the acetyl moiety. Recently, it was reported that YcgC represents a new prokaryotic deacetylase family with no apparent homologies to existing deacetylases (Tu et al., 2015). Here we report the results of experiments which demonstrate that YcgC is not a deacetylase.
Oral Health Training in Osteopathic Medical Schools: Results of a National Survey
Authors: Simon Lisa , Silk Hugh , Savageau Judith , Sullivan Kate , Riedy Christine
Published: June 2018

Context

Oral health is a critical aspect of overall health, yet many vulnerable communities struggle to access regular dental care and instead seek urgent treatment from physicians. In addition to addressing the consequences of untreated dental disease, physicians are in an ideal position to provide preventive and referral dental services to patients. Osteopathic physicians make up a substantial portion of the physician workforce and can play a central role in increasing oral health care provision in medical settings.

Objective

To assess the extent of oral health curricula in osteopathic medical schools in the United States, including content taught, evaluation practices, and influences and barriers to providing oral health training perceived by educators at these institutions.

Methods

An invitation to participate in the survey was sent electronically to deans of education at all osteopathic medical schools in the United States. Four email reminders followed the initial invitation. In addition to descriptive statistics, the associations between the number of curriculum hours, affiliation with a dental school, and curricular content were evaluated.

Results

Of the 42 institutions contacted, 22 responded (response rate, 52%). The majority of respondents (20 of 22 [91%]) reported the presence of some oral health education at their institutions. Eighteen of 20 respondents (90%) reported that their institution offered at least 1 hour of oral health curriculum over the course of students’ education. Greater numbers of curriculum hours were not significantly associated with dental school affiliation or a formalized relationship with oral health educators. Institutions affiliated with dental schools were significantly more likely to include oral health in interprofessional education exercises (P=.023) but were not significantly more likely to cover any specific oral health topics. Seven of 17 respondents (41%) were satisfied with the level of oral health competence their graduates possessed.

Conclusion

Oral health education is present at many osteopathic medical schools, but the content covered and the extent of training varies considerably.
The challenges of health situation analysis in Colombia
Authors: Yepes Carlos Enrique , Marín Yuly Andrea
Published: June 2018

El análisis de la situación general o local de la salud pasó de ser un asunto exclusivamente técnico del sector de la salud a convertirse en un asunto político, con implicaciones para la población objeto del análisis y para quienes toman las decisiones, ya que involucra las esferas del poder, así como aspectos económicos, sociales y culturales de suma importancia. Como función esencial de la salud pública, dicho análisis se sustenta en parámetros de evaluación que permiten orientar su desarrollo y medir sus implicaciones, lo cual constituye el primero de los retos que enfrenta; sin embargo, sus desafíos van más allá de los criterios técnicos planteados en el año 2000 por la Organización Panamericana de la Salud.Las dinámicas locales en las cuales se inserta el análisis de la situación de salud están cada vez más permeadas por procesos de globalización que, a su vez, demandan la articulación de las políticas internacionales adoptadas por el país. La transición demográfica y epidemiológica requiere dar cuenta de perfiles heterogéneos de temas que cobran importancia, que comprenden la salud mental, la laboral y la ambiental.Además, tal análisis se hace más complejo en un contexto como el nuestro, con profundas desigualdades aún por subsanar, y en el marco del Sistema de Seguridad Social en Salud, lo cual implica desafíos técnicos y políticos, así como de conocimiento y de articulación.
Primer registro del flebotomíneo Warileya (Hertigia) hertigi en Antioquia, Colombia
Authors: Bejarano Eduar Elías , Vivero Rafael José , Uribe Sandra
Published: June 2018

Introducción. El género Warileya es uno de los taxones menos conocidos de los flebotomíneos, el cual está integrado por solo nueve especies: Warileya (Warileya) phlebotomanica, W. (Hertigia) hertigi, W. (W.) rotundipennis, W. (W.) nigrosacculus, W. (W.) yungasi, W. (W.) fourgassiensis, W. (W.) lumbrerasi, W. (W.) euniceae y W. (W.) leponti.Objetivo. Registrar el hallazgo de una especie del género Warileya en Antioquia, Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Los flebotomíneos se recolectaron en una caverna de la Reserva Natural Cañón del Río Claro del municipio de San Francisco, departamento de Antioquia, Colombia. El muestreo entomológico se hizo con una trampa de luz de tipo CDC, durante tres noches consecutivas, en mayo de 2008. La determinación taxonómica se basó en la revisión del material tipo de la especie y de las claves estándar para flebotomíneos americanos.Resultados. Se identificaron taxonómicamente cinco machos y dos hembras de flebotomíneos como W. (H.) hertigi. En ambos sexos fue notoria la ausencia de cicatrices de setas en el anepisternón, el proepimerón y el clípeo, la presencia de dos hileras transversales de cicatrices de setas en los tergitos, y la longitud corta de la vena gamma.Conclusión. El hallazgo de W. (H.) hertigi incrementa a 64 el número de especies de flebotomíneos encontradas en el departamento de Antioquia. En total, 164 especies de flebotomíneos han sido registradas en Colombia.
Reporte estadístico en los análisis de regresión en Biomédica: una revisión y evaluación crítica
Authors: Fernández-Niño Julián Alfredo , Hernández-Montes Rosa Ivonne , Rodríguez-Villamizar Laura Andrea
Published: June 2018

Introducción. Los modelos de regresión son métodos estadísticos comúnmente utilizados en la investigación en salud, especialmente en estudios observacionales.Objetivos. Determinar la frecuencia de uso de modelos de regresión en los artículos originales de biomedicina y salud pública publicados en Biomédica entre 2000 y 2017, describir los parámetros utilizados en los modelos estadísticos, así como la calidad de la información reportada por los estudios para explicar el análisis estadístico.Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una revisión y evaluación crítica de todos los artículos originales publicados en la revista Biomédica entre 2000 y 2017 que utilizaron modelos de regresión en el análisis estadístico. Se construyó una lista de verificación de 20 ítems sobre la base de cuatro guías de buenas prácticas para la presentación de los métodos estadísticos.Resultados. La mayoría de los estudios incluidos eran estudios observacionales relacionados con las ciencias de la salud pública (65,7 %). En menos de la mitad (37,2 %) de ellos se informó sobre el uso de una combinación de marco conceptual y criterios estadísticos para la selección de las variables incluidas en el modelo de regresión; en menos de una cuarta parte (22,1 %) se informó de la verificación de los supuestos del modelo, y la medida de incertidumbre reportada con mayor frecuencia fue el valor de p (73,5 %).Conclusión. Hay limitaciones importantes en la calidad de los informes de los modelos de regresión estadísticos necesarios para la correcta evaluación y la interpretación de los modelos estadísticos por parte de los revisores y lectores. Los resultados se ofrecen como una invitación a investigadores, revisores y editores de revistas biomédicas a que promuevan el desarrollo de una cultura adecuada de análisis estadístico y presentación de informes en Colombia.
Developmental stages and viability of Toxocara canis eggs outside the host
Authors: Abou-El-Naga Iman Fathy
Published: June 2018

Introducción. La toxocariasis es una enfermedad zoonótica transmitida por contacto con el suelo contaminado y causada principalmente por la ingestión de huevos larvados de Toxocara canis.Objetivos. Estudiar la morfología de los estadios intraovulares en desarrollo de T. canis en cultivo, caracterizar los huevos no viables y las secuencias de las mudas larvarias, y comparar la viabilidad de los huevos en las etapas tempranas de división y al alcanzar la maduración completa.Materiales y métodos. Se observó el desarrollo de los embriones y se caracterizaron los huevos no viables, mediante microscopía de luz. Se comparó la proporción de huevos viables con embrión con la de huevos maduros viables.Resultados. La división celular comenzó 24 horas después de iniciado el cultivo. Los estadios tempranos estuvieron presentes por un periodo de tres a cinco días. Los estadios de desarrollo identificados fueron: huevos con una célula, con dos células, con tres células y con cuatro células; mórula temprana, mórula tardía, blástula, gástrula, renacuajo, prelarva, primer, segundo y tercer estado larvario. Se presentaron dos mudas larvarias. Los huevos no viables tenían el citoplasma degradado, cubierta exterior delgada o colapsada, y su larva no se movía al exponerla a la luz. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre la proporción de huevos viables del día 5 al día 21, al compararla con la viabilidad de los huevos completamente maduros (30 días).Conclusión. Los embriones en desarrollo en el medio ambiente pueden considerarse como un riesgo potencial para la salud pública. La identificación precisa de los estadios de desarrollo y la clara diferenciación de huevos viables y no viables, pueden ayudar a determinar con exactitud una tasa basal de desarrollo, la cual sería útil en el estudio de compuestos ovicidas.
Evidencia neuroanatómica del transporte del virus de la rabia por la vía propioespinal de la médula espinal de ratones
Authors: Santamaria Gerardo , Monroy-Gómez Jeison , Torres-Fernández Orlando
Published: June 2018

Introducción. Es escasa la información sobre los detalles neuroanatómicos del transporte del virus de la rabia en su ascenso por la médula espinal.Objetivos. Identificar la ruta neuroanatómica de diseminación del virus de la rabia en cada uno de los niveles de la médula espinal de ratón, después de ser inoculado por vía intramuscular.Materiales y métodos. Se inocularon ratones en los músculos isquiotibiales, con virus de la rabia. A partir de las 24 horas después de la inoculación, cada ocho horas se sacrificaron cinco animales por perfusión con paraformaldehído, se les extrajo la médula espinal y se hicieron cortes transversales en los niveles lumbosacro, torácico y cervical. Estos se procesaron mediante inmunohistoquímica para detectar antígenos virales.Resultados. Los primeros antígenos de la rabia se observaron como partículas agregadas, en la médula espinal lumbar, a las 24 horas después de la inoculación, dentro del asta ventral ipsilateral a la extremidad inoculada. A las 32 horas después de la inoculación, se hicieron visibles las primeras motoneuronas inmunorreactivas al virus. A las 40 horas después de la inoculación, se revelaron las primeras neuronas inmunorreactivas en la médula torácica, localizadas en la lámina 8 y, a las 48 horas después de la inoculación en la médula cervical, también en la lámina 8. A las 56 horas después de la inoculación, el virus se había diseminado por toda la médula espinal pero los animales aún no revelaban signos de la enfermedad.Conclusión. En el modelo de ratón aquí utilizado, el virus de la rabia ingresó a la médula espinal por las motoneuronas y, probablemente, utilizó la vía propioespinal descendente para su transporte axonal retrógrado hasta el encéfalo.
Variabilidad genética de Aedes aegypti en el departamento de Sucre, Colombia, mediante el análisis de la secuencia de nucleótidos del gen mitocondrial ND4
Authors: Atencia Maria Claudia , Pérez María De Jesús , Caldera Sandy Milena , Jaramillo María Cristina , Bejarano Eduar Elias
Published: June 2018

Introducción. Aedes aegypti es la especie de mosquito de mayor relevancia en América por transmitir los virus del dengue, del Zika, del chikungunya y de la fiebre amarilla. Tanto factores ecológicos como el control químico, pueden influir en la composición genética de las poblaciones de Ae. aegypti, por lo cual es necesaria su caracterización.Objetivo. Determinar la variabilidad genética de las poblaciones de Ae. aegypti en cuatro municipios del departamento de Sucre, Colombia.Materiales y métodos. Larvas de Ae. aegypti, recolectadas en los municipios de Sincelejo, Sampués, Corozal y Guaranda del departamento de Sucre, fueron criadas en laboratorio hasta el estado adulto. Como marcador genético, se utilizó un segmento del gen mitocondrial ND4, que codifica para la subunidad 4 de la enzima NADH-deshidrogenasa. El análisis genético incluyó la estimación de parámetros de diversidad de nucleótidos, haplotipos, de estructura genética y de flujo de genes.Resultados. Se obtuvieron 108 secuencias parciales de 357 nucleótidos y cuatro haplotipos de nucleótidos del gen ND4 de Ae. aegypti. Se encontró una diferenciación genética significativamente alta entre las poblaciones de Sampués y Guaranda mediante el índice de fijación (FST=0,59467), las de Sincelejo y Sampués (FST= 0,25637), y las de Corozal y Guaranda (FST= 0,22237). Se evidenció un gran flujo de genes (Nm=infinito) entre las poblaciones de Sincelejo y Corozal.Conclusión. Existen diferencias genéticas entre las poblaciones del mosquito Ae. aegypti de los municipios del departamento de Sucre. Se registra la presencia de un nuevo haplotipo del gen mitocondrial ND4 de Ae. aegypti en Colombia, el cual fue detectado en el municipio de Sincelejo.
Niveles de actividad física, calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, autoconcepto físico e índice de masa corporal: un estudio en escolares colombianos
Authors: Palomino-Devia Constanza , Reyes-Oyola Felipe Augusto , Sánchez-Oliver Antonio Jesús
Published: June 2018

Introducción. La actividad física, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, el autoconcepto y el índice de masa corporal son indicadores de un estilo de vida saludable.Objetivo. Determinar el nivel de actividad física y de sedentarismo, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, el autoconcepto físico y el índice de masa corporal en escolares colombianos de educación secundaria y media.Materiales y métodos. Participaron en el estudio 1.253 estudiantes entre los 10 y los 20 años (601 hombres y 652 mujeres) (14,62±2,01). Para las mediciones se utilizaron una báscula, un tallímetro, el cuestionario internacional de actividad física, el cuestionario abreviado de salud SF-12® y el cuestionario de autoconcepto físico (CAF) en su versión española.Resultados. Los análisis estadísticos mostraron un mayor índice de masa corporal en las estudiantes, en tanto que en los estudiantes se registraron valores más altos en el autoconcepto de la condición física y la competencia, con diferencias estadísticamente significativas (p<0,05). Además, se encontró que las mujeres registraban mayores puntuaciones en la actividad física moderada y vigorosa, y los hombres, en la caminata. Las puntuaciones fueron mayores en las dimensiones de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud, excepto en la función social, lo cual difiere significativamente con las de la salud general, el rol emocional, la salud mental y la vitalidad (p<0,05).Conclusiones. Se estableció una relación entre el índice de masa corporal y el autoconcepto de condición física y competencia percibida, y entre el índice de masa corporal y la salud general, la función física, la salud mental y la vitalidad. Asimismo, el sedentarismo se relacionó con la salud en general, el dolor corporal y el rol físico (p<0,05).
A new species of Middle Miocene baleen whale from the Nupinai Group, Hikatagawa Formation of Hokkaido, Japan
Authors: Tanaka Yoshihiro , Ando Tatsuro , Sawamura Hiroshi
Published: June 2018

A fossil whale from the Hikatagawa Formation (Middle Miocene, 15.2–11.5 Ma) of Hokkaido, Japan is described as a new genus and species Taikicetus inouei and its phylogenetic position is examined. Consistent with the result of Marx, Lambert & de Muizon (2017), the Cetotheriidae form a clade with the Balaenopteroidea, and “a clade comprising Isanacetus, Parietobalaena and related taxa” is located basal to the Balaenopteroidea + Cetotheriidae clade. Taikicetus inouei is placed in the clade with most of members of “Cetotheres” sensu lato comprising Isanacetus, Parietobalaena and related taxa. Taikicetus inouei can be distinguished from the other members of “Cetotheres” sensu lato in having an anteriorly swollen short zygomatic process, high triangular coronoid process, and angular process, which does not reach as far posterior as the mandibular condyle. Taikicetus inouei is only record of “Cetotheres” sensu lato from Hokkaido, Japan and the northern-most records of “Cetotheres” sensu lato in Japan.
Disentangling the link between supplemental feeding, population density, and the prevalence of pathogens in urban stray cats
Authors: Hwang Jusun , Gottdenker Nicole L. , Oh Dae-Hyun , Nam Ho-Woo , Lee Hang , Chun Myung-Sun
Published: June 2018

Background

Supplemental feeding of free-roaming animals, including wildlife and feral or stray animals, is well known to have a substantial impact on various aspects of animal ecology including habitat use, activity patterns, and host-pathogen interactions. Among them, an increased population density (PD) of animals receiving supplemental food raises concerns regarding the transmission of pathogens in these host populations. The primary aim of this study was to investigate how supplemental feeding is associated with host PD and prevalence of pathogens with different transmission modes in urban stray cats. We hypothesized that supplemental feeding would be positively associated with host PD and the prevalence of pathogens with density-dependent transmission modes compared with pathogens with transmission modes that are considered relatively density-independent.

Methods

This study was conducted in six districts in Seoul, Republic of Korea which were selected based on different degrees of supplemental feeding and cat caretaker activity (CCA). The PD of stray cats was estimated by mark-recapture surveys. Stray cat blood samples (N = 302) were collected from stray cats by local animal hospitals from each district performing the trap-neuter-release which tested for eight pathogens with different transmission modes (feline immunodeficiency virus, feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline panleukopenia virus, feline calicivirus, feline herpesvirus-1, Bartonella henselae, hemoplasma, and Toxoplasma gondii) with molecular or serological assays. Associations between the prevalence of each pathogen and PD, CCA, and sex of cats were statistically analyzed.

Results

In contrast to initial predictions, the cat PD was generally higher in low CCA districts. The prevalence of (FeLV), which is transmitted through direct contact, was significantly higher in areas with a high CCA, conforming to our hypothesis. On the other hand, the prevalence of feline parvovirus, which can be spread by environmental transmission, was higher in low CCA districts. The remaining six pathogens did not show any association with the CCA; however, they had a unique association with the PD or the sex of the stray cats.

Discussion

Our findings suggest that in addition to influencing the PD, supplemental feeding may affect the prevalence of pathogens in urban animals by mechanisms such as increased aggregation and/or altered foraging strategies, with different consequences depending on the transmission mode of each pathogen.
Differing responses of red abalone (Haliotis rufescens) and white abalone (H. sorenseni) to infection with phage-associated Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis
Authors: Vater Ashley , Byrne Barbara A. , Marshman Blythe C. , Ashlock Lauren W. , Moore James D.
Published: June 2018

The Rickettsiales-like prokaryote and causative agent of Withering Syndrome (WS)—Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis (Ca. Xc)—decimated black abalone populations along the Pacific coast of North America. White abalone—Haliotis sorenseni—are also susceptible to WS and have become nearly extinct in the wild due to overfishing in the 1970s. Candidatus Xenohaliotis californiensis proliferates within epithelial cells of the abalone gastrointestinal tract and causes clinical signs of starvation. In 2012, evidence of a putative bacteriophage associated with Ca. Xc in red abalone—Haliotis rufescens—was described. Recently, histologic examination of animals with Ca. Xc infection in California abalone populations universally appear to have the phage-containing inclusions. In this study, we investigated the current virulence of Ca. Xc in red abalone and white abalone at different environmental temperatures. Using a comparative experimental design, we observed differences over time between the two abalone species in mortality, body condition, and bacterial load by quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). By day 251, all white abalone exposed to the current variant of Ca. Xc held in the warm water (18.5 °C) treatment died, while red abalone exposed to the same conditions had a mortality rate of only 10%, despite a relatively heavy bacterial burden as determined by qPCR of posterior esophagus tissue and histological assessment at the termination of the experiment. These data support the current status of Ca. Xc as less virulent in red abalone, and may provide correlative evidence of a protective phage interaction. However, white abalone appear to remain highly susceptible to this disease. These findings have important implications for implementation of a white abalone recovery program, particularly with respect to the thermal regimes of locations where captively-reared individuals will be outplanted.
Current Advances in Biosensor Design and Fabrication
Authors: Slaughter Gymama
Published: June 2018

In medicine and biotechnology, traditional in vitro diagnostics require trained personnel in centralized laboratories to perform time‐consuming experiments with costly, large, and bulky devices. Therefore, the development of highly sensitive biosensor devices is essential for successful bioanalytical applications. Biosensors are based on the coupling of a biorecognition element that is responsible for the specific recognition of the analytes of interest and a physicochemical transducer that converts the chemical signal into an electrical output signal. This electrical output signal is then processed and transferred to a display by the electronic system. In addition, biosensors have become highly versatile platforms for a broad range of applications in different research areas because of their ease of use and capability to operate in complex media. The advancements made in micro‐ and nanoscale fabrication have enabled the integration of biological and/or chemical species with microelectronics to result in the mass production of biochips in a cost‐effective manner. In the medical diagnostic field, biosensors and biochips continue to play a critical role that leads to effective clinical outcomes and promotes general public health by enabling rapid diagnosis of diseases in the early stages. In recent years, significant research has been conducted on the design and fabrication of biosensors for the detection of various biomarkers of diseases by taking advantage of the various biosensor features, including sensitivity, selectivity, low cost, and rapid response time. In this article, focus is placed on the principles of operation, transduction, and immobilization mechanisms of biosensors, and the techniques and materials used for the fabrication of biosensors with emphasis placed on the most commonly reported electrochemical biosensors. The nanoscale electrode structures that have gained great interest for enzyme immobilization are introduced, and an overview into the development of novel, sophisticated, and miniaturized self‐powered biosensor system is discussed.
Raman Microscopy and Imaging
Authors: Steiner Gerald
Published: June 2018

The update concerns two main sections: (i) the application of Raman spectral imaging in biochemistry or bioengineering and (ii) microimaging based on non‐linear Raman effects. The first short section renders Raman microscopy for the characterization of different biological samples including the identification of pathological tissue. Its highlight the advantages as well as the potential of Raman microscopy and spectroscopy in medicine. The second new sections deals with two nonlinear Raman effects, namely coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) and stimulated Raman scattering (SRS). These two methods are used for fast and label‐free imaging of cell and tissue. A new figure, which shows a CARS image of human nervous tissue, underlines the potential of the methods in bioengineering and related fields. Furthermore, several minor amendments are inserted in the introduction and at the end of the article.
The Use of 3‐D Fluorescence and Its Decomposition in Environmental Organic Matter Studies
Authors: Mounier Stéphane , Redon Roland
Published: June 2018

Fluorescence spectroscopy is a powerful tool for natural organic matter (NOM) studies. It is used since 1938 by Kalle, and its development was associated to the optical (excitation and emission scanning, excitation correction, grating diffraction, etc.) and computational progresses (memories and processor capacity). The fluorescence principal basis will be recalled and a focus on the 3‐D fluorescence use for environmental purpose will be performed. Fluorophore decomposition and application to river, estuaries, and ocean will be presented and specific techniques such as fluorescence quenching, photobleaching, and chemometric treated. This article intends to give a rapid overview of the possible advances in UV/visible fluorescence spectroscopy.
Research Ethics
Authors: Resnik David B.
Published: June 2018

Research ethics is a type of applied (or professional) ethics that addresses the questions, dilemmas, and issues related to the ethical conduct of scientific research (seeprofessional ethics;dilemmas, moral). Topics that fall within the domain of research ethics range from practical problems, such as assigning authorship, to more abstract questions, such as resolving conflicts between normative principles. Though ethical issues have always arisen in science, research ethics began to emerge as a distinct academic discipline in the mid‐1980s, when scientists, humanists, and policymakers came to terms with well‐publicized scandals in research, such as data fabrication and falsification in federally funded science, abuses of human and animal research subjects, and conflicts of interest in clinical trials. These and other events drew the attention of journalists, who published front‐page articles on scientific fraud and other problems with research; Congressional leaders, who held hearings on misconduct in science; and federal agencies, which issued new ethics regulations and training requirements (Shamoo and Resnik 2015). During the 1990s, governmental and scientific organizations released a number of influential reports on integrity in science, professional associations held conferences and workshops on research ethics, and scholars published textbooks and anthologies on research ethics (National Academy of Sciences 1992; Resnik 1998; Macrina 2014). New scholarly journals, such asScience and Engineering EthicsandAccountability in Research, were founded to address ethical, social, and legal issues in scientific research. By the beginning of the twenty‐first century, social scientists, psychologists, and other empirically oriented researchers had gathered considerable data concerning ethical behavior in research and developed explanatory models (seeexplanations, moral).
Humanitarian Intervention
Authors: Nardin Terry
Published: June 2018

What should be done when a massacre or similar atrocity occurs in a country other than one's own? The suggestion that other countries should halt the atrocity, using force if necessary, yields the idea of humanitarian intervention. The moral principle underlying that doctrine is not hard to grasp. When human lives are threatened by violence, those who are able to resist the violence and rescue the victims should intervene, if they can do so by morally permissible means and without imposing disproportionate costs. The rationale for intervening is strongest when violence rises to the level of so‐called “crimes against humanity,” an expression adopted for the trial of German leaders at Nuremberg in 1945 to cover large‐scale violence by a government against its own people. Because it is in tension with the idea of state sovereignty, humanitarian intervention has an insecure place in international law and is problematic on practical grounds as well, but that tension has only fueled debate on the circumstances in which forcible interference by one state in the territory of another, or by the international community acting collectively, is justified.
Liberalism
Authors: Martin Rex , Reidy David A.
Published: June 2018

This entry begins with a brief recounting of the views of some main figures in the liberal tradition: John Locke, Adam Smith, John Stuart Mill. Other accounts of the liberal tradition are possible and different names could be included, but the one suggested here is a widely accepted genealogy. This thumbnail genealogy concludes with a summary of liberal values that can be harvested from attending to this particular tradition. In its final two sections, the entry explores some of the main philosophical formulations, in the period since World War II, of each of two distinct versions of liberalism. In the first of these sections, the entry takes up a continuation of what has been called the “new liberalism” (which emphasizes the idea a social safety net) as exemplified in the thought of John Rawls. In the last section the entry examines two major examples of contemporary conceptions of liberalism that still adhere, in varying degrees, to principles of free market economics, to a reduced or even minimal role for government, and to a robust array of economic liberties – as found in the work of Robert Nozick and David Gauthier.
Weapons Research and Development
Authors: Forge John
Published: June 2018

The best‐known example of weapons research and development (WRD) is the Manhattan Project, which produced the first three nuclear weapons and the only ones to have been used in wartime. This project made use of recent discoveries in nuclear physics; however, if WRD is defined as a species of applied science, then it becomes a relatively recent endeavor and much else that should be included under the heading will be ruled out. A definition of WRD such as the following is therefore recommended: WRD is research and development aimed at the design of new weapons, improvements of existing weapons, or the design and improvement of ancillary and support structures. WRD in this general sense, as opposed to specific examples of WRD directed toward particular weapons such as weapons of mass destruction, is a neglected but important topic in applied ethics. It is the focus of attention here, with one exception: autonomous weapons will be discussed, as these are of current interest. Given that WRD produces new ways to kill and destroy, it is evidently a morally questionable activity. The main issue to be addressed is how WRD might be justified.
Responsibility
Authors: Tognazzini Neal A.
Published: June 2018

In this entry I distinguish moral responsibility from other types of responsibility, and then look more closely at the ways that Peter Strawson and Gary Watson have shaped the contemporary philosophical understanding of the concept of moral responsibility. I conclude with a sampling of theories of moral responsibility, most of which attempt to escape the threat of skepticism by invoking principles of control and/or responsiveness to reasons.
Global Citizenship
Authors: Attfield Robin
Published: June 2018

The concept of global citizenship originated with the Stoics, albeit in an inegalitarian form. Being a “cosmopolites” was a fundamentally ethical stance, without any specifically political implications. Against a background of the international ethic advocated by Grotius and others, cosmopolitan duties returned to explicit prominence in the writings of Immanuel Kant. The theme of global citizenship has been developed by successors of Kant such as Karl Jaspers and Martha Nussbaum. The ethical, institutional, and aspirational aspects of global citizenship are explored, without assumptions about world government being a prerequisite. It is argued that we cannot assume that a cosmopolitan stance has become uncontroversial. The bearing of globalization on global citizenship is remarked; thus, the rise of the internet and of international campaigning websites have fostered a sense of global solidarity, but the activities of multinational corporations have frequently served to increase global inequality. Consideration is given to the issue of whether global citizenship is restricted to those who consciously subscribe to the role of global citizen, or extends to all bearers of human rights. Active global citizenship turns out to be expressed not only through the United Nations and its agencies, but also through international religious and sporting bodies.
Moral Progress
Authors: Egonsson Dan
Published: June 2018

A statement of moral progress is about a change toward a morally better state and typically has the following logical structure:xhas made (moral) progress regardingyin relation toz, wherexis thesubjectormakerof (moral) progress,ythematterof (moral) progress or what the progress consists in, andzthedimensionof comparison, that is, the relata between which the comparison is made. These parts are discussed in the entry.
Moral Certainty
Authors: Hermann Julia
Published: June 2018

This entry provides a brief overview of the history of the term “moral certainty,” presents contemporary accounts of moral certainty, and addresses objections to these accounts. The term “moral certainty” has negative connotations. Dogmatism comes to mind, and claims to moral infallibility. TheOxford English Dictionarydefines moral certainty as “a degree of probability so great as to admit of no reasonable doubt.” In the seventeenth century, the term became prominent in the legal context. More recently, some moral philosophers interested in Wittgenstein's relevance for ethics have given the term a new meaning. They use it to refer to the moral analogue of the phenomenon Wittgenstein is concerned with in hisOn Certainty. Wittgenstein considers cases in which something – for instance, the existence of his hands in ordinary circumstances or the existence of the earth long before he was born – seems to be both beyond reasonable doubt and beyond justification. He argues that what can be neither doubted nor justified is not an item of knowledge, but of certainty. Arguably, something analogous exists in the moral realm. For morally competent agents, it is, for instance, certain that it is morally required to rescue the child in Peter Singer's pond example. Morally competent agents have no reasons to doubt this, and at the same time are not able to provide reasons that are more certain than what they are supposed to support. Moral certainty is not propositional, but “enacted” – i.e., manifested in how morally competent agents speak and act.
Adaptive boundary control for flexible three‐dimensional Euler‐Bernoulli beam with input signal quantization
Authors: Ji Ning , Liu Jinkun
Published: June 2018

This paper proposes an adaptive boundary control scheme for the flexible three‐dimensional Euler‐Bernoulli beam with input signal quantization. Considering the coupling effect between the axial deformation and the transverse displacement, the dynamics of the flexible system are represented by partial differential equations and ordinary differential equations. Input signals in modern control systems are often quantized before being transmitted through communication channels in technology engineering. Logarithmic quantitative controllers are designed to suppress the vibration of the beam. It is proved that the proposed control scheme can be guaranteed in handling the vibration of the beam and input signal quantization simultaneously. Finally, numerical simulations illustrate the effectiveness of the results.
Binary Controls on Interfacial Magnetism in Manganite Heterostructures
Authors: Chen Pingfan , Huang Zhen , Li Changjian , Zhang Bangmin , Bao Nina , Yang Ping , Yu Xiaojiang , Zeng Shengwei , Tang Chunhua , Wu Xiaohan , Chen Jingsheng , Ding Jun , Pennycook Stephen John , Ariando A. , Venkatesan Thirumalai Venky , Chow Gan Moog
Published: June 2018

The complex interfacial correlations provide new routes toward tunable functionalities. Here, the wide range of tunabilities for magnetic properties are presented, including Curie temperature (from 245 to 320 K), coercive field (from 2 to 205 Oe), and saturated magnetic moment (from 0.9 to 2.8 µB Mn−1), in a 9‐unit‐cell La2/3Sr1/3MnO3 (LSMO) layer via modifying interfacial boundary conditions. Moreover, the LSMO/PbTiO3‐based multilayers and superlattices that consist of PbTiO3/LSMO/NdGaO3 and PbTiO3/LSMO/PbTiO3 interfaces are characterized by two distinct Curie temperatures and coercive fields. The results reveal the feasibility of the interface‐resolved strategy based on boundary modification in fabricating potential devices with multiple accessible states for information storage. The wide‐range modulations on magnetic properties at LSMO/titanate interfaces are explained in terms of binary controls arising from the oxygen octahedral coupling (OOC) and magnetoelectric coupling (MEC). The results not only shed some light on understanding interfacial correlations in oxide heterostructures, but also pave an alternative path for exploring multiple accessible states in all‐oxide‐based electronic devices.
High‐Performance Dibenzoheteraborin‐Based Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Emitters: Molecular Architectonics for Concurrently Achieving Narrowband Emission and Efficient Triplet–Singlet Spin Conversion
Authors: Park In Seob , Matsuo Kyohei , Aizawa Naoya , Yasuda Takuma
Published: June 2018

Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials, which enable the full harvesting of singlet and triplet excited states for light emission, are expected as the third‐generation emitters for organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs), superseding the conventional fluorescence and phosphorescence materials. High photoluminescence quantum yield (ΦPL), narrow‐band emission (or high color purity), and short delayed fluorescence lifetime are all strongly desired for practical applications. However, to date, no rational design strategy of TADF emitters is established to fulfill these requirements. Here, an epoch‐making design strategy is proposed for producing high‐performance TADF emitters that concurrently exhibiting high ΦPL values close to 100%, narrow emission bandwidths, and short emission lifetimes of ≈1 µs, with a fast reverse intersystem crossing rate of over 106 s−1. A new family of TADF emitters based on dibenzoheteraborins is introduced, which enable both doped and non‐doped TADF‐OLEDs to achieve markedly high external electroluminescence quantum efficiencies, exceeding 20%, and negligible efficiency roll‐offs at a practical high luminance. Systematic photophysical and theoretical investigations and device evaluations for these dibenzoheteraborin‐based TADF emitters are reported here.
Fe Vacancies Induced Surface FeO6 in Nanoarchitectures of N‐Doped Graphene Protected β‐FeOOH: Effective Active Sites for pH‐Universal Electrocatalytic Oxygen Reduction
Authors: Li Yan , Huang Junheng , Hu Xiang , Bi Linlin , Cai Pingwei , Jia Jingchun , Chai Guoliang , Wei Shiqiang , Dai Liming , Wen Zhenhai
Published: June 2018

Developing high‐active, good‐stable, and cost‐effective electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in all‐pH medium is highly desired for the application of various fuel cell systems. Here, a network architecture hybrid with porous nitrogen‐doped graphene encapsulated β‐FeOOH nanoparticals (β‐FeOOH/PNGNs) as ORR electrocatalyst, which exhibits remarkable enhancement ORR performance in terms of activity and stability in pH‐universal medium is reported. Systematic characterization combining with X‐ray absorption fine structure analysis and the first principles simulations reveal that the as‐formed surface FeO6 active sites that induced by a mass of Fe vacancies in β‐FeOOH/PNGNs can significantly lower the thermodynamic barrier of the total reaction, and hence contribute to a remarkable enhancement in ORR activity.
Mini Review of TiO2‐Based Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Near‐Infrared Light–Responsive Phototherapy
Authors: Wang Meifang , Hou Zhiyao , Al Kheraif Abdulaziz A. , Xing Bengang , Lin Jun
Published: June 2018

Phototherapy with the properties of specific spatial/temporal selectivity and minimal invasiveness has been acknowledged as one of the most promising cancer therapy types. Among all the photoactive substance for phototherapy, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials are paid more and more attention due to their outstanding photocatalytic properties, prominent biocompatibility, and excellent chemical stability. However, the wide bandgap (3.0–3.2 eV) of TiO2 limits its absorption only to the ultraviolet (UV) light region. For a long time, UV light–stimulated TiO2 was applied in the phototherapy researches of tumors located in the skin layer, while it is unsatisfactory for most deep‐tissue tumors. Due to the maximum penetration into tissue existing in the near‐infrared (NIR) region, how to use NIR light to trigger photochemical reaction of TiO2 remains a big challenge. In this review, two strategies to develop and construct NIR‐triggered TiO2‐based nanocomposites (NCs) for phototherapy are summarized, and the relevant mechanism and background knowledge of TiO2‐based phototherapy are also given in order to better understand the application value and current situation of TiO2 in phototherapy. Finally, the challenges and research directions of TiO2 in the future clinic phototherapy application are also discussed.
Flexible‐Device Injector with a Microflap Array for Subcutaneously Implanting Flexible Medical Electronics
Authors: Song Kwangsun , Kim Juho , Cho Sungbum , Kim Namyun , Jung Dongwuk , Choo Hyuck , Lee Jongho
Published: June 2018

Implantable electronics in soft and flexible forms can reduce undesired outcomes such as irritations and chronic damages to surrounding biological tissues due to the improved mechanical compatibility with soft tissues. However, the same mechanical flexibility also makes it difficult to insert such implants through the skin because of reduced stiffness. In this paper, a flexible‐device injector that enables the subcutaneous implantation of flexible medical electronics is reported. The injector consists of a customized blade at the tip and a microflap array which holds the flexible implant while the injector penetrates through soft tissues. The microflap array eliminates the need of additional materials such as adhesives that require an extended period to release a flexible medical electronic implant from an injector inside the skin. The mechanical properties of the injection system during the insertion process are experimentally characterized, and the injection of a flexible optical pulse sensor and electrocardiogram sensor is successfully demonstrated in vivo in live pig animal models to establish the practical feasibility of the concept.
Organic Photovoltaics over Three Decades
Authors: Inganäs Olle
Published: June 2018

The development of organic semiconductors for photovoltaic devices, over the last three decades, has led to unexpected performance for an alternative choice of materials to convert sunlight to electricity. New materials and developed concepts have improved the photovoltage in organic photovoltaic devices, where records are now found above 13% power conversion efficiency in sunlight. The author has stayed with the topic of organic materials for energy conversion and energy storage during these three decades, and makes use of the Hall of Fame now built by Advanced Materials, to present his view of the path travelled over this time, including motivations, personalities, and ambitions.
Tough Hydrogels with Fast, Strong, and Reversible Underwater Adhesion Based on a Multiscale Design
Authors: Rao Ping , Sun Tao Lin , Chen Liang , Takahashi Riku , Shinohara Gento , Guo Hui , King Daniel R. , Kurokawa Takayuki , Gong Jian Ping
Published: June 2018

Hydrogels have promising applications in diverse areas, especially wet environments including tissue engineering, wound dressing, biomedical devices, and underwater soft robotics. Despite strong demands in such applications and great progress in irreversible bonding of robust hydrogels to diverse synthetic and biological surfaces, tough hydrogels with fast, strong, and reversible underwater adhesion are still not available. Herein, a strategy to develop hydrogels demonstrating such characteristics by combining macroscale surface engineering and nanoscale dynamic bonds is proposed. Based on this strategy, excellent underwater adhesion performance of tough hydrogels with dynamic ionic and hydrogen bonds, on diverse substrates, including hard glasses, soft hydrogels, and biological tissues is obtained. The proposed strategy can be generalized to develop other soft materials with underwater adhesion.
Interlayer‐Spacing‐Regulated VOPO4 Nanosheets with Fast Kinetics for High‐Capacity and Durable Rechargeable Magnesium Batteries
Authors: Zhou Limin , Liu Qi , Zhang Zihe , Zhang Kai , Xiong Fangyu , Tan Shuangshuang , An Qinyou , Kang Yong‐Mook , Zhou Zhen , Mai Liqiang
Published: June 2018

Owing to the low‐cost, safety, dendrite‐free formation, and two‐electron redox properties of magnesium (Mg), rechargeable Mg batteries are considered as promising next‐generation secondary batteries with high specific capacity and energy density. However, the clumsy Mg2+ with high polarity inclines to sluggish Mg insertion/deinsertion, leading to inadequate reversible capacity and rate performance. Herein, 2D VOPO4 nanosheets with expanded interlayer spacing (1.42 nm) are prepared and applied in rechargeable magnesium batteries for the first time. The interlayer expansion provides enough diffusion space for fast kinetics of MgCl+ ion flux with low polarization. Benefiting from the structural configuration, the Mg battery exhibits a remarkable reversible capacity of 310 mAh g−1 at 50 mA g−1, excellent rate capability, and good cycling stability (192 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1 even after 500 cycles). In addition, density functional theory (DFT) computations are conducted to understand the electrode behavior with decreased MgCl+ migration energy barrier compared with Mg2+. This approach, based on the regulation of interlayer distance to control cation insertion, represents a promising guideline for electrode material design on the development of advanced secondary multivalent‐ion batteries.