bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A COMPACT EYE-SAFE OPO PUMPED BY A Nd:YAG MICROCHIP MOPA
Authors: DING JIANWU , ODOM BRUCE W. , GEIGER ALLEN R. , RICHMOND RICHARD D.
Published: September 2008

A compact high peak power eye-safer optical parametric oscillator was constructed by pumping it with a master oscillator power amplifier consisting of a large-mode-area ytterbium doped fiber amplifier and a diode-pumped, passively Q-switched Nd : YAG microchip laser. The master oscillator power amplifier has the maximum output pulse energy of 570 μJ with a 3 nanosecond pulse width and a 3 kHz pulse repetition rate. The compact singly resonating optical parametric oscillator utilized a 50 mm periodically poled Lithium Niobate crystal and generated high peak power 1.5 μm eye-safe laser pulses with more than 140 μJ pulse energy, 3 nanosecond pulse width and 3 kHz repetition rate.
MCMC METHODS FOR DIFFUSION BRIDGES
Authors: BESKOS ALEXANDROS , ROBERTS GARETH , STUART ANDREW , VOSS JOCHEN
Published: September 2008

We present and study a Langevin MCMC approach for sampling nonlinear diffusion bridges. The method is based on recent theory concerning stochastic partial differential equations (SPDEs) reversible with respect to the target bridge, derived by applying the Langevin idea on the bridge pathspace. In the process, a Random-Walk Metropolis algorithm and an Independence Sampler are also obtained. The novel algorithmic idea of the paper is that proposed moves for the MCMC algorithm are determined by discretising the SPDEs in the time direction using an implicit scheme, parametrised by θ ∈ [0,1]. We show that the resulting infinite-dimensional MCMC sampler is well-defined only if θ = 1/2, when the MCMC proposals have the correct quadratic variation. Previous Langevin-based MCMC methods used explicit schemes, corresponding to θ = 0. The significance of the choice θ = 1/2 is inherited by the finite-dimensional approximation of the algorithm used in practice. We present numerical results illustrating the phenomenon and the theory that explains it. Diffusion bridges (with additive noise) are representative of the family of laws defined as a change of measure from Gaussian distributions on arbitrary separable Hilbert spaces; the analysis in this paper can be readily extended to target laws from this family and an example from signal processing illustrates this fact.
LYAPUNOV EXPONENTS FOR STOCHASTIC ANDERSON MODELS WITH NON-GAUSSIAN NOISE
Authors: KIM HA-YOUNG , VIENS FREDERI G. , VIZCARRA ANDREW B.
Published: September 2008

The stochastic Anderson model in discrete or continuous space is defined for a class of non-Gaussian spacetime potentials W as solutions u to the multiplicative stochastic heat equation [Formula: see text] with diffusivity κ and inverse-temperature β. The relation with the corresponding polymer model in a random environment is given. The large time exponential behavior of u is studied via its almost sure Lyapunov exponent λ = limt→∞t-1log u(t, x), which is proved to exist, and is estimated as a function of β and κ for β2κ-1bounded below: positivity and nontrivial upper bounds are established, generalizing and improving existing results. In discrete space λ is of order β2/ log (β2/κ) and in continuous space it is between β2(κ/β2)H/(H+1)and β2(κ/β2)H/(1+3H).
Evolutionary History and Phylogeography of Human Viruses
Authors: Holmes Edward C.
Published: September 2008

Understanding the evolutionary history of human viruses, along with the factors that have shaped their spatial distributions, is one of the most active areas of study in the field of microbial evolution. I give an overview of our current knowledge of the genetic diversity of human viruses using comparative studies of viral populations, particularly those with RNA genomes, to highlight important generalities in the patterns and processes of viral evolution. Special emphasis is given to the major dichotomy between RNA and DNA viruses in their epidemiological dynamics and the different types of phylogeographic pattern exhibited by human viruses. I also consider a central paradox in studies of viral evolution: Although epidemiological theory predicts that RNA viruses have ancestries dating back millennia, with major ecological transitions facilitating their emergence, the genetic diversity in currently circulating viral populations has a far more recent ancestry, indicative of continual lineage turnover.
Regulation and Function of Ag43 (Flu)
Authors: van der Woude Marjan W. , Henderson Ian R.
Published: September 2008

Antigen 43 (Ag43) is an abundant outer membrane protein in Escherichia coli belonging to the autotransporter family. Structure-function relationships of Ag43 proposed on the basis of experimental work and in silico analysis are discussed in context of insights derived from molecular modeling. New sequence analysis sheds light on the phylogeny of the allelic variants of the Ag43-encoding gene and identifies two distinct families that appear to be distributed between specific pathogenic and commensal isolates. The molecular mechanism that controls expression by phase variation to create population heterogeneity is discussed. Proposed roles of Ag43 expression for E. coli are summarized and the studies are put into perspective regarding the role of allelic variants, genetic background of the bacterial strain, and control of expression by phase variation. We conclude that future studies need to take into account these variables to obtain a complete understanding of the contribution of Ag43 expression to E. coli biology.
Increased glucose production in mice overexpressing human fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase in the liver
Authors: Visinoni Sherley , Fam Barbara C. , Blair Amy , Rantzau Christian , Lamont Benjamin J. , Bouwman Russell , Watt Matthew J. , Proietto Joseph , Favaloro Jenny M. , Andrikopoulos Sofianos
Published: September 2008

Increased endogenous glucose production (EGP) predominantly from the liver is a characteristic feature of type 2 diabetes, which positively correlates with fasting hyperglycemia. Gluconeogenesis is the biochemical pathway shown to significantly contribute to increased EGP in diabetes. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBPase) is a regulated enzyme in gluconeogenesis that is increased in animal models of obesity and insulin resistance. However, whether a specific increase in liver FBPase can result in increased EGP has not been shown. The objective of this study was to determine the role of upregulated liver FBPase in glucose homeostasis. To achieve this goal, we generated human liver FBPase transgenic mice under the control of the transthyretin promoter, using insulator sequences to flank the transgene and protect it from site-of-integration effects. This resulted in a liver-specific model, as transgene expression was not detected in other tissues. Mice were studied under the following conditions: 1) at two ages (24 wk and 1 yr old), 2) after a 60% high-fat diet, and 3) when bred to homozygosity. Hemizygous transgenic mice had an approximately threefold increase in total liver FBPase mRNA with concomitant increases in FBPase protein and enzyme activity levels. After high-fat feeding, hemizygous transgenics were glucose intolerant compared with negative littermates ( P < 0.02). Furthermore, when bred to homozygosity, chow-fed transgenic mice showed a 5.5-fold increase in liver FBPase levels and were glucose intolerant compared with negative littermates, with a significantly higher rate of EGP ( P < 0.006). This is the first study to show that FBPase regulates EGP and whole body glucose homeostasis in a liver-specific transgenic model. Our homozygous transgenic model may be useful for testing human FBPase inhibitor compounds with the potential to treat patients with type 2 diabetes.
Maternal overnutrition suppresses the phosphorylation of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase in liver, but not skeletal muscle, in the fetal and neonatal sheep
Authors: Philp L. K. , Muhlhausler B. S. , Janovska A. , Wittert G. A. , Duffield J. A. , McMillen I. C.
Published: September 2008

Epidemiological studies have shown that infants exposed to an increased supply of nutrients before birth are at increased risk of type 2 diabetes in later life. We have investigated the hypothesis that fetal overnutrition results in reduced expression and phosphorylation of the cellular fuel sensor, AMP-activated kinase (AMPK) in liver and skeletal muscle before and after birth. From 115 days gestation, ewes were fed either at or ∼55% above maintenance energy requirements. Postmortem was performed on lamb fetuses at 139–141 days gestation ( n = 14) and lambs at 30 days of postnatal age ( n = 21), and liver and quadriceps muscle were collected at each time point. The expression of AMPKα1 and AMPKα2 mRNA was determined by quantitative RT-PCR (qRT-PCR). The abundance of AMPKα and phospho-AMPKα (P-AMPKα) was determined by Western blot analysis, and the proportion of the total AMPKα pool that was phosphorylated in each sample (%P-AMPKα) was determined. The ratio of AMPKα2 to AMPKα1 mRNA expression was lower in fetuses compared with lambs in both liver and muscle, independent of maternal nutrition. Hepatic %P-AMPKα was lower in both fetuses and lambs in the Overfed group and %P-AMPKα in the lamb liver was inversely related to plasma glucose concentrations in the first 24 h after birth ( r = 0.73, P < 0.025). There was no effect of maternal overnutrition on total AMPKα or P-AMPKα abundance in liver or skeletal muscle. We have, therefore, demonstrated that AMPKα responds to signals of increased nutrient availability in the fetal liver. Suppression of hepatic AMPK phosphorylation may contribute to increased glucose production, and basal hyperglycemia, present in lambs of overfed ewes in early postnatal life.
A Simple Cocyclic Jacket Matrices
Authors: Lee Moon Ho , Feng Gui-Liang , Chen Zhu
Published: September 2008

We present a new class of cocyclic Jacket matrices over complex number field with any size. We also construct cocyclic Jacket matrices over the finite field. Such kind of matrices has close relation with unitary matrices which are a first hand tool in solving many problems in mathematical and theoretical physics. Based on the analysis of the relation between cocyclic Jacket matrices and unitary matrices, the common method for factorizing these two kinds of matrices is presented.
A 31.5 GHz Patch Antenna Design for Medical Implants
Authors: Ahmed Yasir , Hao Yang , Parini Clive
Published: September 2008

We have proposed a 31.5 GHz patch antenna for medical implants. The design is based on the transmission line model and is simulated in CST. The patch antenna performs reasonably well in terms of return loss and radiation efficiency. However, the most attractive feature of this design is its form factor. Typical antennas designed for the microwave range are quite large in size, which makes them unsuitable for implants. The proposed design is much smaller in size but still retains the essential characteristics for reliable communication.
Suppression of MRI Truncation Artifacts Using Total Variation Constrained Data Extrapolation
Authors: Block Kai Tobias , Uecker Martin , Frahm Jens
Published: September 2008

The finite sampling of k‐space in MRI causes spurious image artifacts, known as Gibbs ringing, which result from signal truncation at the border of k‐space. The effect is especially visible for acquisitions at low resolution and commonly reduced by filtering at the expense of image blurring. The present work demonstrates that the simple assumption of a piecewise‐constant object can be exploited to extrapolate the data in k‐space beyond the measured part. The method allows for a significant reduction of truncation artifacts without compromising resolution. The assumption translates into a total variation minimization problem, which can be solved with a nonlinear optimization algorithm. In the presence of substantial noise, a modified approach offers edge‐preserving denoising by allowing for slight deviations from the measured data in addition to supplementing data. The effectiveness of these methods is demonstrated with simulations as well as experimental data for a phantom and human brain in vivo.
To Live or to Die: Prosurvival Activity of PPARγ in Cancers
Authors: Wang Y. Lynn , Miao Qi
Published: September 2008

The role of PPARγ in tumorigenesis is controversial. In this article, we review and analyze literature from the past decade that highlights the potential proneoplastic activity of PPARγ. We discuss the following five aspects of the nuclear hormone receptor and its agonists: (1) relative expression of PPARγ in human tumor versus normal tissues; (2) receptor‐dependent proneoplastic effects; (3) impact of PPARγ and its agonists on tumors in animal models; (4) clinical trials of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) in human malignancies; (5) TZDs as chemopreventive agents in epidemiology studies. The focus is placed on the most relevant in vivo animal models and human data. In vitro cell line studies are included only when the effects are shown to be dependent on the PPARγ receptor.
Model Validation Using Coordinate Distance with Performance Sensitivity
Authors: Lew Jiann-Shiun
Published: September 2008

This paper presents an innovative approach to model validation for a structure with significant parameter variations. Model uncertainty of the structural dynamics is quantified with the use of a singular value decomposition technique to extract the principal components of parameter change, and an interval model is generated to represent the system with parameter uncertainty. The coordinate vector, corresponding to the identified principal directions, of the validation system is computed. The coordinate distance between the validation system and the identified interval model is used as a metric for model validation. A beam structure with an attached subsystem, which has significant parameter uncertainty, is used to demonstrate the proposed approach.
Fixed Point Theorems for "Equation missing" Times Reasonable Expansive Mapping
Authors: Chen Chunfang , Zhu Chuanxi
Published: September 2008

Based on previous notions of expansive mapping, "Equation missing" times reasonable expansive mapping is defined. The existence of fixed point for "Equation missing" times reasonable expansive mapping is discussed and some new results are obtained.
Superparamagnetic Ironoxide Nanoparticles via Ligand Exchange Reactions: Organic 1,2‐Diols as Versatile Building Blocks for Surface Engineering
Authors: Binder Wolfgang H. , Weinstabl Harald , Sachsenhofer Robert
Published: September 2008

A method for the preparation of ligand‐covered superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles via exchange reactions is described. 1,2‐diol‐ligands are used to provide a stable binding of the terminally modified organic ligands onto the surface of γ‐Fe2O3‐nanoparticles (r ~ 4 nm). The 1,2‐diol‐ligands are equipped with variable terminal functional groups (i.e., hydrogen bonding moieties, azido‐ bromo‐, fluorescent moieties) and can be easily prepared via osmium tetroxide‐catalyzed 1,2‐dihydroxylation reactions of the corresponding terminal alkenes. Starting from octylamine‐covered γ‐Fe2O3‐nanoparticles, ligand exchange was effected at 50∘C over 24–48 hours, whereupon complete ligand exchange is taking place as proven by thermogravimetric (TGA)‐ and IR‐spectroscopic measurements. A detailed kinetic analysis of the ligand exchange reaction was performed via TGA analysis, demonstrating a complete ligand exchange after 24 hours. The method offers a simple approach for the generation of various γ‐Fe2O3‐nanoparticles with functional organic shells in a one‐step procedure.
Progressive Hypertrophic Genital Herpes in an HIV-Infected Woman despite Immune Recovery on Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Yudin Mark H. , Kaul Rupert
Published: September 2008

Most HIV-infected individuals are coinfected byHerpes simplex virustype 2 (HSV-2). HSV-2 reactivates more frequently in HIV-coinfected individuals with advanced immunosuppression, and may have very unusual clinical presentations, including hypertrophic genital lesions. We report the case of a progressive, hypertrophic HSV-2 lesion in an HIV-coinfected woman, despite near-complete immune restoration on antiretroviral therapy for up to three years. In this case, there was prompt response to topical imiquimod. The immunopathogenesis and clinical presentation of HSV-2 disease in HIV-coinfected individuals are reviewed, with a focus on potential mechanisms for persistent disease despite apparent immune reconstitution. HIV-infected individuals and their care providers should be aware that HSV-2 may cause atypical disease even in the context of near-comlpete immune reconstitution on HAART.
Bounding the Output Error in a Buck Power Converter Using Perturbation Theory
Authors: Angulo Fabiola , Fossas Enric , Seara Tere M. , Olivar Gerard
Published: September 2008

We show the main results obtained
when applying the average theory to Zero Average Dynamic
control technique in a buck power converter with pulse‐width
modulation (PWM). In particular, we have obtained the bound
values for output error and sliding surface. The PWM with
centered and lateral pulse configurations were analyzed. The
analytical results have confirmed the numerical and experimental
results already obtained in previous publications. Moreover,
through an important lemma, we have generalized the theory
for any stable second‐order system with relative degree 2,
using properties related to transformations and stability of linear
systems.
Multiobjective Optimization Tool for a Free Structure Analog Circuits Design Using Genetic Algorithms and Incorporating Parasitics
Authors: Khalifa Yaser M. A. , Khan Badar , Taha Faisal
Published: September 2008

This paper presents a novel approach for a free structure analog circuit design using genetic algorithms (GAs). A major problem in a free structure circuit is its sensitivity calculations as a polynomial approximation for the design is not available. A further problem is the effect of parasitic elements on the resulting circuit_s performance. In a single design stage, circuits that are produced satisfy a specific frequency response specifications using circuit structures that are unrestricted and with component values that are chosen from a set of preferred values including their parasitic effects. The sensitivity to component variations for the resulting designs is performed using a novel technique and is incorporated in the fitness evaluation function. The extra degrees of freedom resulting form unbounded circuit structures create a huge search space. The application chosen is an RLC ladder filters circuit design.
Association between Polymorphisms in DNA Base Excision Repair GenesXRCC1, APE1, andADPRTand Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Chiang Feng-Yu , Wu Che-Wei , Hsiao Pi-Jung , Kuo Wen-Rei , Lee Ka-Wo , Lin Jen-Chih , Liao Yi-Chu , Juo Suh-Hang Hank
Published: September 2008

Purpose: DNA BER pathway is related with carcinogenesis. We hypothesized that functional polymorphisms of three BER genes, XRCC1, apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease (APE1), and ADPRT, confer risks for DTC and its progression.

Experimental Design: Five common nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (Arg194Trp, Arg280His, and Arg399Gln for XRCC1; Asp148Glu for APE1; and Val762Ala for ADPRT) were genotyped in Chinese DTC cases and controls.

Results: The XRCC1-194Trp/Trp genotype showed a significantly increased risk for DTC (odds ratio, 1.85; 95% confidence interval, 1.11-3.07; P = 0.018). Subset analysis based on regional LN metastasis showed that the genetic effect came primarily from the subjects with LN metastasis (odds ratio, 4.54; 95% confidence interval, 2.11-9.79; P = 0.0001), but no significant association for subjects without LN metastasis. The other four single nucleotide polymorphisms did not show significant results. Haplotype analysis of XRCC1 polymorphisms yielded a significant result (P = 0.004), especially in the subjects with LN metastasis (P = 0.0002). Moreover, we found that XRCC1-194Trp and ADPRT-762Ala variants collectively contributed to an increased risk of the disease and LN metastasis, with the combined variant homozygotes exhibiting the highest 3.18-fold risk for DTC (P = 0.046) and 9.25-fold risk for DTC with LN metastasis (P = 0.004).

Conclusions: The XRCC1 polymorphisms, especially the 194Trp allele, may have an effect on DTC development and progression. This variant can interact with ADPRT-762Ala variant to further substantially increase susceptibility to the disease and regional LN metastasis. Identifying these risk genetic markers could provide more insight into the DTC pathogenesis and may also provide information to develop better prevention and therapeutic strategies.
Nutritional Tryptophan Restriction and the Role of Serotonin in Development and Plasticity of Central Visual Connections
Authors: Serfaty Claudio A. , Oliveira-Silva Priscilla , Faria Melibeu Adriana da Cunha , Campello-Costa Paula
Published: September 2008

Tryptophan is an essential amino acid and metabolic precursor of serotonin. Serotonin is both a classical neurotransmitter and a signaling molecule that plays crucial roles in the development of neural circuits and plasticity. The specification of neural circuits in rodents occurs during the postnatal period with conspicuous influence of environmental factors including the nutritional status. Sensory, motor and cognitive systems develop during a critical period, a time window that is crucial to the use-dependent organization of neuronal circuits. This review presents recent experimental findings that disclose some mechanism of tryptophan- and serotonin-dependent plasticity in the developing and adult brain.
Neonatal Programming of Neuroimmunomodulation – Role of Adipocytokines and Neuropeptides
Authors: de Moura E.G. , Lisboa P.C. , Passos M.C.F.
Published: September 2008

Programming is an epigenetic phenomenon by which nutrition, environment and stress acting in a critical period earlier in life change the organism‘s development. This process was evolutionarily selected as an adaptive tool for the survival of organisms living in nutritionally deficient areas and submitted to stressful conditions. Thus, perinatal malnutrition turns on different genes that provide the organism with a thrifty phenotype. In conditions of abundant supply of nutrients, those programmed organisms can be at risk of developing metabolic diseases (obesity, dyslipidemia, diabetes and hypertension). How nutrition or neonatal stress can program the immune system is less well known. Here, we discuss some of the hormonal and metabolic changes that occur in mothers and neonates and how those factors can imprint hormonal or metabolic changes that program neuroimmunomodulatory effects. Some of these changes involve thyroid hormones, leptin, insulin, glucocorticoids and prolactin as potential imprinting factors. Most of them can be transferred through the milk and may change with malnutrition or stress. We discuss the programming effects of these hormones upon body weight, body composition, insulin action, thyroid, adrenal and immune and inflammatory responses, with special emphasis on leptin, a cytokine that seems to play a central role in these events.
Argentina: Public Health Genomics
Authors: Penchaszadeh V.B.
Published: September 2008

Argentina’s population numbers about 40 million, with main genetic contributions from Europeans, Amerindians and, to a much lower extent, West Africans. There is a traditional health care system publicly funded coexisting with a social security system and a for-profit private sector. Clinical genetic services include about 40 units in public hospitals dealing mainly with pediatric genetics. The most conspicuous public policies in genetics are newborn screening and folic acid fortification of flour. Genetics/genomics research is funded by state agencies and is conducted in several institutes and centers. Clinical genetics research occurs in public hospitals and deals primarily with congenital syndromes. While there are no defined government policies in the public application of genomics, there have been initiatives to improve the provision of clinical genetic services countrywide. The main hurdles for applying genetics in health care are a fragmented, inefficient, and inequitable health system, facing large unmet needs in infectious diseases, malnutrition, prenatal and newborn care, deficient education in genetics, and lack of explicit public policies in genetic health care and governmental regulations. Overcoming these obstacles requires increase in government funding and improvement of the efficiency of the public health system and its genetic services. Further, there must be concerted efforts to ensure equitable access to the latter. Interactions should be promoted between clinical geneticists, public health officers, primary health care personnel and parent/patient organizations on the use of genetics/genomics in public health, as well as genetics education of health professionals, the public and decision makers, and development of the capacity of the state to regulate properly the application of genetic/genomic technologies to public health.
Testing Vestibular-Evoked Myogenic Potentials with 90-dB Clicks Is Effective in the Diagnosis of Superior Canal Dehiscence Syndrome
Authors: Brantberg Krister , Verrecchia Luca
Published: September 2008

Vestibular-evoked myogenic potentials (VEMP) in response to 90-dB-nHL clicks were studied in 20 patients (22 ears) with superior canal dehiscence syndrome. Their amplitude was compared to the VEMP from the ‘unaffected’ ears of 113 patients using the same stimulus level. The 113 control subjects were those from a previous study on 1,000 patients who had had large VEMP amplitudes in response to 500-Hz 129-dB-SPL tone bursts, and, because of this, had been tested with 90-dB-nHL clicks (which are a much weaker sound stimulus than our routine 500-Hz tone burst). It was found that 90-dB-nHL clicks clearly distinguished patients with vestibular hypersensitivity to sounds. In patients, the VEMP amplitude was usually larger than the simultaneously recorded background electromyographic activity (i.e. ‘corrected’ amplitude >1), whereas this was not the case for the controls. Consequently, it is suggested that 90-dB-nHL clicks can be used to screen for vestibular hypersensitivity to sounds. This finding has clinical implications for patients with suspected Tullio phenomenon because the definitive VEMP test for this (i.e. estimation of VEMP threshold) is not only time-consuming, but there is also difficulty related to the low signal-to-noise ratio close to the threshold.
Enamel Formation Genes Are Associated with High Caries Experience in Turkish Children
Authors: Patir A. , Seymen F. , Yildirim M. , Deeley K. , Cooper M.E. , Marazita M.L. , Vieira A.R.
Published: September 2008

There is evidence for a genetic component in caries susceptibility, and studies in humans have suggested that variation in enamel formation genes and their interaction with Streptococcus mutans levels may contribute to caries. For the present study, we used DNA samples collected from 173 unrelated children from Istanbul: 91 children with 4 or more affected tooth surfaces and 82 caries-free children. Six single-nucleotide polymorphism markers were genotyped in selected candidate genes (ameloblastin, amelogenin, enamelin, tuftelin 1 and tuftelin interacting protein 11) that influence enamel formation. Allele and genotype frequencies were compared between groups with distinct caries experience. Regression analysis was used for the evaluation of individual gene effects, environmental effects and gene-environment interactions. Overrepresentation of the C allele of the amelogenin marker was seen in cases with dmft scores higher than 8 (p = 0.01) when compared to controls. Also, overrepresentation of the T allele of the ameloblastin marker was seen in cases with dmfs scores higher than 10 (p = 0.05) when compared to controls. In addition, the CT genotype of the tuftelin rs3790506 marker was overrepresented in cases with dmft scores higher than 5 (p = 0.05) and dmfs scores higher than 6 (p = 0.05) compared to controls. The best-fitting model showed that dmfs is increased when the following factors are present: (1) females and both the anterior and posterior teeth are affected simultaneously, (2) when the T allele of the tuftelin rs3790506 is involved, and (3) the C allele of the amelogenin rs17878486 is involved. Our study provides support that genes involved in enamel formation modify caries susceptibility in humans.
Hematology of Prosimian Primates: Galago, Lemur and Propithecus
Authors: Bergeron J. A. , Buettner-Janusch J.
Published: September 2008

Standard hematological techniques were used to determine total erythrocyte counts, total leukocyte counts, hemoglobin concentrations, packed cell volumes, differential counts and cell diameters for prosimians maintained at the Duke University Primate Facility. Several species and subspecies of the genera Galago, Lemur, and Propithecus were examined. The hematological parameters of the prosimians were compared with those of man. Prosimian primates have higher hemoglobin concentrations and higher total erythrocyte counts than man, and the diameters of the prosimian erythrocytes are smaller than the diameters of human erythrocytes. The leukocyte counts of prosimians are higher than those of man. Among prosimians, the ratio of lymphocytes to neutrophils is greater than one, whereas in man the ratio of neutrophils to lymphocytes is greater than one.
Water-Contact Behavior of Chimpanzees
Authors: Angus Shannon
Published: September 2008

Chimpanzees are apparently unable to swim, a fact which may be accounted for by a low ratio of fat to muscle and a low specific gravity. A survey of field studies of wild chimpanzees indicates that they have very little contact with water. In contrast, chimpanzees in captivity frequently drink standing water, possibly because their diet is low in water content. Two of the semi-free-ranging chimpanzees observed in this study would immerse themselves to waist-level in moat water, replacing former behavior patterns of water avoidance.
The Hemogram of the Colonized Lesser Bushbaby (Galago senegalensis)
Authors: Haines D. E. , Holmes K. R. , Brett Irene J.
Published: September 2008

The hemogram of the lesser Galago (Galago senegalensis) is presented. The mean values are: hemoglobin, 17.22 g% for males (M), 15.85 g% for females (F) ; PCV, 51.5% (M), 45.8% (F); RBC, 7,335,000/mm3 (M), 6,611,000/mm3 (F); WBC, 8,350/mm (M) 9,004/mm3 (F); neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes and eosinophils values are similar to other primates. Platelet values are slightly elevated. The MCH is 23.41 (pg) in the male and 23.88 in the female. The MCV is 70.06 μm3 in the male and 69.14 μm3 in the female. The MCHC is 33.65% in the male and 34.53% in the female.
On the Existence of Currently Described Subspecies in the Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Reynolds V. , Luscombe G.
Published: September 2008

The existence of the chimpanzee subspecies verus, troglodytes, schweinfurthii, and koolokamba is questioned on a number of grounds : inadequacy of current descriptions, paucity of morphological data, individual variation, and insufficient information on the source of origin of captive animals.
Learning: A Comparative Study of Lemur and Cercopithecus
Authors: Rumbaugh D. M. , Arnold R. C.
Published: September 2008

The discrimination-reversal skills of groups of Cercopithecus and Lemur were studied to determine whether this learning-set relevant skill might be validly assessed with a totally automated system and data analysis method designed to ensure equity for these diverse primate forms. The relative + and — cue values of a single pair of projected stimuli were reversed on 200 successive 51-trial units. The groups differed significantly in reversal performances, even when equated for acquisition proficiency, in accord with predictions based on the groups’ relative phyletic levels.
Social Interactions of Galago crassicaudatus
Authors: Roberts Pamela
Published: September 2008

The grooming, play, sexual and other encounters among a group of 8 Galago crassicaudatus were recorded over a 5-week period. No clear-cut patterns of dominance or territoriality emerged. Individual preferences and aversions among the animals were evident, and such idiosyncrasies may be paramount in their social organization.
A Comparison of the Hemograms of Macaca mulatta, Macaca nemestrina and Papio Anubis
Authors: Dillingham L. A. , Morrow Anne C. , Bronsdon Melinda A.
Published: September 2008

Hemograms of Macaca mulatta, Macaca nemestrina and Papio anubis have been compared (1) interspecifically, and (2) intraspecifically in relation to age and sex.
Behaviour of the Adult Males in a Troop of Free-ranging Chacma Baboons (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Saayman G. S.
Published: September 2008

The roles of the adult males in troops of free-ranging baboons (P. ursinus) were studied for 20 months in the northern Transvaal and in the Kruger National Park. An analysis of multiple indexes of adult male behaviour, derived from a survey of social behaviour in a single troop with 3 adult males during 437 h of observation, indicated that there were individual differences in the contributions of each male to the social organisation of the troop. Males differed in the frequency and nature of agonistic behaviour, and the male ranking lowest in individual aggressive encounters initiated significantly more troop progressions and was most sexually active. Evidence that other baboons perceived temperamental differences between the adult males is presented and the role of individual differences between troop leaders in intertroop variability is discussed.
Red Cell and Serum Proteins of Talapoin, Patas and Vervet Monkeys
Authors: Barnicot N. A. , Hewett-Emmett D.
Published: September 2008

Blood samples of talapoin (19), patas (34) and vervet (6) monkeys were compared for haemoglobins, certain serum proteins and the red cell enzymes, 6PGD, G6PD, AK, PGM, LDH, acid phosphatase and achromatic bands using starch gel techniques. On the whole the electrophoretic patterns of all these proteins were very similar in the three genera and resemble the patterns found in other Old World monkeys. Individual variations of 6PGD were frequent in patas and this was the only definite polymorphism detected.
Hydronephrosis of Pregnancy: a Naturally Occurring Disorder in Non-human Primates Closely Resembling that in Man
Authors: Roberts J. A. , Wolf R. H.
Published: September 2008

Several species of Old World monkeys, and the chimpanzee are shown to exhibit ureteral dilatation during pregnancy similar to human hydronephrosis of pregnancy. The entity is probably due to ureteral obstruction by the gravid uterus.
Zur Variabilität von Urogale everetti
Authors: Angst R. , Mann P.
Published: September 2008

A sample of the tupaiid genus Urogale from Mt. Katanglad, Mindanao, Philippines has been investigated. Measurements of the skull and the body were taken. The variability was calculated and compared with the literature. Notes are given about palatine ridges and the colour of the skins.
Social Behaviour and ‘Agonistic Buffering’ in the Wild Barbary Macaque Macaca sylvana L.
Authors: Deag J. M. , Crook J. H.
Published: September 2008

In the Middle Atlas of Morocco Macaca sylvana live in multimale groups of 12 to 30 individuals. With extensive home range overlap intergroup encounters are frequent, usually peaceful and variable in nature. The social interactions of babies are described and particular attention is paid to male care of babies and male-male encounters in which one male appears to use a baby to regulate his behaviour with another. This type of interaction is called ‘agonistic buffering’. The terminology used to describe male-baby (or infant) interactions and the possible significance of agonistic buffering, in this and other non-human primates, are discussed.
On the Recessus Mesocoelicus in some Primates
Authors: Hofer H. O.
Published: September 2008

The recessus mesocoelicus was studied in Cebus, Macaca fascicularis and in Pan troglodytes. The shape of this recessus is variable within and across species (funnel-shaped, simple tube, a tube ending with 2 smaller diverticula). The ependyma of the oral wall of the recessus is of the same kind as the ependyma of the subcommissural organ, whereas the ependymal of the caudal wall has changed in Macaca and Pan in the sense, that it has obviously lost its secretory activity. No Reissner’s fibre was found in the recessus in the specimen studied.
A Comparative Study of the Superior Olivary Complex in the Primate Brain
Authors: Moore Jean K. , Moore R. Y.
Published: September 2008

The superior olivary complex is a brainstem auditory center which exhibits differential development of its component nuclei in primates. The nucleus of the trapezoid body and the lateral olivary nucleus are similar in size and are smaller in primates than in carnivores. They do not show an increase in size in the primate series and, as a result, appear to represent relatively insignificant components of the olivary complex in the larger brains of higher primates. In contrast the medial olivary nucleus increases in size through insectivores, prosimians, monkeys, apes and man. The medial nucleus also shows a specific increase in size in nocturnal as compared to diurnal primates. The functional implications of these variations in development of the primate superior olivary complex are discussed.
The Intrinsic Adrenergic and Cholinergic Innervation of the Genitalia of Galago and Tupaia
Authors: Dail W. G. , Norvell J. E. , Haines D. E.
Published: September 2008

The intrinsic innervation of the penises of Galago and Tupaia were studied using modern histochemical techniques. The adrenergic and cholinergic innervation of the penile vessels and intrinsic musculature in these two species were similar. However, the adrenergic nerves of Tupaia were more intensely fluorescent than in Galago. The possibility of an efferent component of the dorsal nerve of the penis is discussed.
The Chromosomes of the Crab-eating Macaque ( Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Kanagawa H. , Hafez E. S. E. , Nawar M.
Published: September 2008

The number and characteristics of chromosomes of the crab-eating macaque (Macaca Jascicularis) were studied. Karyotypes obtained from cultured leukocytes were similar to those of other species of the genus Macaca (2n = 42).

The diploid chromosome number was 42: 15 pairs of submetacentric autosomes and 5 metacentric. The Y-chromosome was meta- centric and the T-chromosome was probably acrocentric
The St. Kitts Green Monkey (Cercopithecus aethiops sabaeus): Ecology, Population Dynamics, and Selected Behavioral Traits
Authors: Poirier F. E.
Published: September 2008

The ecology and social behavior of the St. Kitts green monkey were investigated for a total of 77 days and 128 h during the summers of 1969 and 1970. This report deals with the ecology and population dynamics of the St. Kitts population. A discussion of the diet, locomotor patterns, the daily routine, and territorial behavior is also included. Significant variations within the St. Kitts population and between this population and African species are noted. Suggestions for a future course of research are offered.
Spontaneous Invention of Ladders in a Group of Young Chimpanzees
Authors: Menzel E. W.
Published: September 2008

One member of a social unit of 8 wild-born captive chimpanzees learned to gain access to elevated points such as windows and trees by using a pole as a bridge between two points. ‘Ladder making’ behavior soon spread across the rest of the group. In some cases 2 or more animals collaborated in setting up poles. This paper describes the developmental history and the social background of this behavior, and indicates its implications for theories of nonhuman tool-using.
The Menstrual Cycle of the Bonnet Monkey (Macaca radiata)
Authors: McArthur Janet W. , Ovadia Jardena , Smith Olive W. , Bashir-Farahmand J.
Published: September 2008

The adult female bonnet monkey has been studied by: (a) cervical mucus weight, spinnbarkeit and ferning, (b) vaginal cytology, (c) sex skin changes, (d) uterine and ovarian size and consistency, and (e) urinary estrogen excretion. Daily measurements were made during 4 cycles, the ovulatory character of which was validated laparoscopically. Cervical mucus weight proved to be a valuable index which correlated closely with endogenous estrogen levels. Aspiration of the mucus also enabled vaginal cytology to be studied with the aid of an irrigation technique. The ovulatory cycle of the bonnet monkey is shown to be of the 4-week type, with a characteristic pattern of changes in these indices.
Twin Gorilla Fetuses
Authors: Rosen S. I.
Published: September 2008

The external gross morphologies of twin fetal gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) are presented for the first time. Radiographic skeletal features are also presented as are measurements and body proportion indices. The data are compared to the several gorilla fetuses previously studied. The fetuses in the present study are male and likely dizygotic in origin.
The Chromosomes of Lemurs
Authors: Egozcue J.
Published: September 2008

A review of the karyological data in the Lemuridae shows the existence of intra- and interspecific variability.
The Heart Rate in Monkeys (Baboons and Macaques) in Different Physiological States Recorded by Radiotelemetry
Authors: Tatoyan S. K. , Cherkovich G. M.
Published: September 2008

It has been shown, with the help of radiotelemetrical registration of the ECG, that the basal heart rate in monkeys (baboons and macaques) does not exceed 100 beats/min which is considerably lower than that observed in our previous and literary data. The sinus arrhythmia is well expressed which has not been previously considered typical of monkeys.
Composition of Squirrel Monkey Milk
Authors: Buss D. H. , Cooper R.W.
Published: September 2008

The gross composition of normal squirrel monkey milk was (in g/100 ml): lipids, 5.1; crude protein (N × 6.38), 3.5; lactose, 6.3; and ash, 0.3. The lipids, proteins, and ash were further characterized. This milk had many similarities to milk from other primates, and was intermediate in total protein and lactose concentration between milks from Old World monkeys and prosimians.
Effects of Ovarian Hormones upon the Sexual Skin and Mounting Behaviour in the Free-ranging Chacma Baboon (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Saayman G.S.
Published: September 2008

Implants of oestradiol induced turgescence of the sexual skin of ovariectomised baboons and stimulated mounting by males when the females were released into a study troop. The addition of a progestational agent caused deturgescence of the sexual skin and suppressed sexual activity. There was no doseresponse relationship between oestrogen and behaviour. Mounting was not quantitatively related to the degree of swelling of the sexual skin.
Contribution to the Ecology of Mandrillus sphinx Linnaeus 1758 of Rio Muni (Republic of Equatorial Guinea)
Authors: Sabater J.
Published: September 2008

Some aspects of the ecology and behaviour of mandrills (Mandrillus sphinx) in the wild state are described.

It appears that the distribution of this species is considerably more limited than has been admitted till now. It is also probable that mandrills do not live together in the same place as drills (M. leucophaeus).

Associations with other primate species are described as well as the status of the dominant male within the group and also the breeding season.

Evidence is adduced that the ecology and behaviour are closely the drill.
The Functional Significance of Airorhynchy in Megaladapis
Authors: Tattersall I.
Published: September 2008

In association with airorhynchy, or retroflexion of the facial skeleton on the cranial base, the skull of the extinct vertical-clinging Malagasy lemuroid Megaladapis possesses a backwardly-oriented foramen magnum. It is suggested that these two features form part of a functional complex which in effect turned the animal’s head into an extension of the neck, greatly increasing the radius within which dental cropping of food materials was possible from a single resting position.
Hour of Birth in Primates and Man
Authors: Jolly Alison
Published: September 2008

More human births occur between 1 and 6 a.m. than at other times of day. Some prosimian species give birth by day, many Old and New World monkeys by night, while apes apparently have random birth hour. Human birth hour is probably still subject to selective pressures.
Hematologic and Blood Chemistry Data for the Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: McClure H.M. , Keeling M.E. , Guilloud N.B.
Published: September 2008

The hemogram and blood chemistry profile are reported for the chimpanzee. Data were derived from analyses of 211 blood specimens from 98 chimpanzees of both sexes and varying ages. Values recorded for the chimpanzee are, with minor variations, comparable to values reported for man.
New Observations on the Excretion of Chorionic Gonadotrophin During Pregnancy in the Rhesus Monkey (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Hobson B. M.
Published: September 2008

Small amounts of chorionic gonadotrophin (CG) were excreted throughout pregnancy by a rhesus monkey. Peak excretion of monkey chorionic gonadotrophin (MCG) occurred 25-28 days after the first day of mating. Urines collected post partum did not contain a measurable amount of gonadotrophin. The concentration of MCG in the placenta per g wet weight of tissue was equivalent to 6.3 1U human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG).
Beobachtungen zur Geburt beim Weissbüscheläffchen (Callithrix jacchus Erxleben, 1777)
Authors: Rothe H.
Published: September 2008

The late prae-partum period, the parturition, and the puerperium of Callithrix jacchus females are described in detail. No clear behavioural changes are to be seen in the pregnant females up to the day of parturition. Even a few hours before delivery there are little signs clearly indicating labour and the forthcoming birth, except of some restlessness. Parturition takes place almost exclusively at night. During labour and extrusion of the fetuses the mother assumes a squatting posture. Manual extraction of the new-borns and the placenta does not occur. The young are licked frequently. They are able to grip the mother’s fur just after expulsion. They reach the nipples by themselves. Group members show high curiosity in the birth but they do not actually interfere with the delivery process. Placentophagia seems to be a regular behaviour pattern in the C. jacchus females.
Blood Groups, Red Cell Enzymes and Serum Proteins of Baboons and Vervets
Authors: Mcdermid E. M. , Vos G. H. , Downing H. J.
Published: September 2008

ABO saliva blood groups, 21 enzyme, 7 serum protein and the haemoglobin systems of 56 baboons and 61 vervets from South Africa were tested. Baboons were found to have a high frequency (0.728) of blood group A, 6 PGD and transferrin systems were polymorphic, and haptoglobins were subtyped. Variation also occurred in CA, MDH, PGK, PGM2, Pep B, α1-antitrypsin and caeruloplasmin systems. Vervets were polymorphic in ADA, α1-antitrypsin and caeruloplasmin systems and haptoglobins were subtyped. Variation also occurred in Pep D system. Phenotype frequencies varied according to area of origin in both species.
Crista sagittalis externa in the Skull of Pan troglodytes and its Bearing on the Reconstruction of the Head of the Robust Type of Australopithecus
Authors: Hofer Helmut O.
Published: September 2008

This study includes a description of a completely developed sagittal crest in Pan troglodytes with remarks on these parts of the temporal muscle originating from the lateral surface of the crest. It is concluded that the same anatomical relation occurred on robust Australopithecines.
Interrelationship of Blood Groups between Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta ) and Celebes Ape (Macaca niger )
Authors: La Salle Marjorie
Published: September 2008

Erythrocytes of two species of macaques, Macaca mulatta and Macaca niger, were typed by means of an antiserum prepared by immunizing a rhesus macaque (M. mulatta ) with erythrocytes from a Celebes ape (M. niger ) which have a factor not found on rhesus erythrocytes. The antiserum also distinguishes three factors on rhesus erythrocytes; the genes controlling these factors are inherited independently. All rhesus factors are found on the erythrocytes of all Celebes apes tested. No evidence of gene segregation was found in the Celebes ape.