bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DISCOURSE ANALYSIS OF ORGANIZATIONAL IDENTITY PRESENTED BY PEDAGOGICAL UNIVERSITIES OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors:   Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages, Tatyyeva Zh. , Zagidullina А. ,   Kazakh Ablai Khan University of International Relations and World Languages
Published: July 2021

The current study is about the discourse analysis of Kazakhstani pedagogical universities identity presented in the official websites of the universities. Latest educational reforms made pedagogical universities to reconsider their identity to be sure that they are following the trend. This research attempts to understand what pedagogical universities are, how they are transforming through the discourse they created in their websites. 7 specialized and biggest pedagogical universities in Kazakhstan were chosen to investigate. The results of the study showed that universities are tent to prescribe the best qualities by marking themselves using strong adjectives and strong nominalization. Another commonality among universities was that all of them show clear difference between classical education and modern educational development and they want to take both of them.
VIDEO COURSES AS ONE OF THE METHODS FOR IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF TEACHING THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AS A FOREIGN
Authors:   Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai, Li D. , Yezhanova F. ,   Faculty for foreign citizens and pre-university training (Foundation)
Published: July 2021

Russian is one of the most abundant languages of our time. Currently, more than 200 million people speak Russian. It is also among the ten working languages of the UN. The Russian language is one of the most difficult for foreign students to study, which necessitates a better approach to the educational process. This article discusses the study of the problem of increasing the effectiveness of teaching foreign students the Russian language as a foreign language. A hypothesis is put forward about the auxiliary use of video courses to solve the problem. An analysis is made of several existing video courses available online, showing their diversity in content, approach, and language level. Some typical difficult moments that may arise in students of the Russian language are considered. It is confirmed that the creation of a new video course and the linguistic and methodological foundations of its introduction into the educational process are new and relevant.
ACTIVE TEACHING METHODS AND THEIR PLACE IN THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS
Authors:   Almaty University, Kalbergenova Sh. , Sansyzbayeva B. ,   Kazakh National Women's Pedagogical University, Koshkarbayeva B. ,   Kazakh National Women's Pedagogical University Person
Published: July 2021

Historically, the oldest group of methods are verbal and then written methods. It should be noted that in the early years of the formation of the theory and practice of teaching in the Soviet school, a large place, if not the most important thing, was assigned to active teaching methods - heuristic, research, especially excursions, laboratory, practical research. Teaching methods are the most important structural components of a holistic pedagogical process, which includes the goals and objectives of training, the content, the forms of organization of training and its results. As you know, the main characteristic of the learning process is its purpose, on which the choice of the content of education (training material) depends. The teaching methods should correspond to this content.
AXIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF THE HUMANISTIC ENVIRONMENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF PEDAGOGICAL EDUCATION
Authors:   Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai, Shirinbayeva G. , Azimbaeva D. ,   Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai, Iniyatova А. ,   Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai
Published: July 2021

The emphasis is on the axiological aspect of the importance of methodology as a scientific ways of organizing a humanistic environment. Particular attention is paid to understanding the humanization of education as educational services that reflect the needs of the individual and society. It is argued that the rational integration of universal values is a condition for achieving the goals set for education. Special attention is paid the possibilities of integrating educational work and practice of universal values in the process of forming value orientations for future teachers. The concepts of “value”, “axiology”, “humanism” and their leading role in the formation of the personality of the subject of the educational process. The article reveals the essence of the axiological approach in vocational training teachers, its levels are considered: theoretical and methodological and moral and spiritual. It is proved that from the perspective of these levels, the axiological approach canconsidered as a principle of organization of the humanistic environment and a way of building the content of teacher education. Setting out axiological aspects in organizations of the humanistic environment and development of consciousness of future teachers in the context of teacher education.
FEATURES OF DEVELOPMENT OF EMOTIONAL STABILITY OF HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS
Authors:   Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai, Kyyakbaeva U. , Iniyatova А. ,   Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai, Shirinbayeva G. ,   Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abai
Published: July 2021

The authors of the article emphasize and reveal the essence and content of the psychological nature , the development of skills and abilities, as well as the emotional stability of high school students. In modern foreign and domestic psychology, a number of emotional States are considered : anger, aggression, blame, anxiety, mental discomfort, stress and distress, the development of stability of the emotional state of schoolchildren in the country. Therefore, one of the main problems in our country is the development of stability of the emotional state of high school students.
NATIONAL CHARACTER AND DIFFICULTIES IN THE TRANSLATION OF THE WORD REALITY
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Dossymbekova R. , Dilmanova М. ,   Kazakh Ablai khan University of International Relations and World Languages, Koybakova А. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Published: July 2021

This article reveals the concept of methods and difficulties in translating the words of reality, which give a direct meaning to vague, spiritual, material, historical and social phenomena and objects inherent in one nation and people. There are also ways in which translators and linguists can translate reality words from one language to another. There is also described the reality of the New Year celebration in Chinese and how to translate the most appropriate and effective translation into the main text.
On the role of natural science methods in the investigation of low doses effects
Authors: Ampilova Natalia , Soloviev Igor , Gurevich Eugeny
Published: July 2021

Now experimental investigations based on the methods of natural sciences allows us to register the dynamics of processes in biological systems. The results may be represented by various ways, in particular as digital images or signals. The application of mathematical and computer methods of image analysis opens up possibilities to obtain numerical data that characterize real processes and helps to estimate the biological system state, which is important in medical practice. We apply image analysis to study changes in a biological system state. Our experiments on some classes of biomedical preparations including ones obtained by sensitive crystallization and capillary dynamolysis methods resulted in obtaining numerical characteristics which allows us to distinct images from different classes,( such as acute and chronic inflammatory processes, benign and malignant tumors, etc.) and may be considered as classifying signs.
Metastatic melanoma cells are selective affected in vitro by Atropa belladonna 200 c.
Authors: Ferreira dos Santos Maria Luiza , Pendiuk Gonçalves Jenifer , Costa Gagosian Viviana Stephanie , Rodrigues Rossi Gustavo , Da Silva Trindade Edvaldo , De Oliveira Carolina Camargo
Published: July 2021

Abstract

Background: Cancers are among the top 10 causes of death worldwide. Melanoma is a skin cancer originated from mutations on melanocytes. Transformed melanocytes can migrate and invade tissues in a process called metastasis. When early diagnosed, melanoma is curable by surgical excision. However, when metastatic, cells are refractory to existing therapies and patient survival rates are low. New therapeutic interventions with effective results on melanoma cells that could increase long term patients’ survival rates are needed. Over the past decade our group has been using cell-based models to determine highly diluted solutions effects. Several compounds have been tested on normal and tumor cells with promising results that could indicate the efficacy of homeopathy on selected cases.

Aims: To investigate Atropa belladonna 200 c (Bell200c) in vitro antitumor effects on B16-F10 metastatic murine melanoma cells and its toxicity on Balb/3T3 normal murine fibroblasts.

Methodology: Atropa belladonna 200c was produced and kindly donated by “Homeoterápica” compounding pharmacy (Curitiba, Brazil). Cells were treated for up to 72 hours. Assays to determine cytotoxicity, as well as functional and molecular cell patterns were carried out following standard protocols. Water treated cells were used as control group. All data were submitted to Shapiro-Wilk normality test followed by either Mann-Whitney or t-test. P value < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results and discussion: Cancer cells accelerated proliferation rates are often target for chemotherapeutic agents. Bell200c modulated cell cycle, leading to a decreased melanoma cell proliferation (44% less cells then control), and an increase in apoptotic cells number. If unspecific, those effects can lead to undesirable toxicity. Amazingly, no effects on fibroblast proliferation and death were observed. Melanoma cells malignancy was also affected, as the following tumor progression related features were modulated. Melanin production was higher in treated cells. N-cadherin and CD44 expression were statistically decreased. Clonogenic capacity was decreased by 35%. Here we have demonstrated Bell200c selective effects on melanoma cells with remarkable capacity of impairing metastatic melanoma characteristics.

Conclusion: Atropa belladonna has a prospective use in metastatic melanoma patients as a potential tumor progression regulator.

Keywords: in vitro testing, high dilution, B16-F10, melanoma.
Polymorphism analysis and expression patterns of the IGF1 gene in the Shitou goose
Authors: Tang Jun , Guo Mao , Fu Jing , Ouyang Hongjia , Tian Yunbo , Shen Xu , Huang Yunmao
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) is one of the
endocrine hormones that plays an important role in regulating
growth and development of animals. In this study, polymorphism in the 5′UTR
and 3′UTR coding region and of the IGF1 gene was detected by DNA sequencing
technology, and the abundance of IGF1 mRNA in various tissues at three growth
stages of the Shitou goose was determined by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction
(qRT-PCR). Moreover, the differential expression of IGF1 in various tissues
between the Shitou goose and Wuzong goose was revealed. Two single nucleotide
polymorphisms (SNPs) were found in the exon3 region of IGF1 in the Shitou goose. IGF1 mRNA
was extensively expressed in various tissues of Shitou geese with high
abundant expression in the liver, breast muscle and leg muscle at three growth
stages. IGF1 mRNA expression showed a trend of first increase and then decrease
in the pituitary, liver, subcutaneous fat and abdominal fat tissues, but it
decreased in the breast muscle and leg muscle of a Shitou goose with growing age.
Expression of IGF1 in the liver, leg muscle and pituitary tissues of the Shitou goose
was significantly higher than that of the Wuzong goose. This provides a
foundation for further study of regulatory mechanisms of IGF1 in the growth and
development of geese.
Data assimilation of CrIS-NH3 satellite observations for improving spatiotemporal NH3 distributions in LOTOS-EUROS
Authors: van der Graaf Shelley , Dammers Enrico , Segers Arjo , Kranenburg Richard , Schaap Martijn , Shephard Mark , Erisman Jan Willem
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Atmospheric levels of ammonia (NH3) have substantially increased during the last century, posing a hazard to both human health and environmental quality. The atmospheric budget of NH3, however, is still highly uncertain due to an overall lack of observations. Satellite observations of atmospheric NH3 may help us in the current observational and knowledge gaps. Recent observations of the Cross-track Infrared Sounder (CrIS) provide us with daily, global distributions of NH3. In this study, the CrIS-NH3 product is assimilated into the LOTOS-EUROS chemistry transport model using two different methods aimed at improving the modelled spatio-temporal NH3 distributions. In the first method NH3 surface concentrations from CrIS are used to fit spatially varying NH3 emission time factors to redistribute model input NH3 emissions over the year. The second method uses the CrIS-NH3 column data to adjust the NH3 emissions using a Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter (LETKF) in a top-down approach. The two methods are tested separately and combined, focusing on a region in western Europe (Germany, Belgium, and the Netherlands). In this region, the mean CrIS-NH3 total columns were up to a factor 2 higher than the simulated NH3 columns between 2014 and 2018, which, after assimilating the CrIS-NH3 columns using the LETKF algorithm, led to an increase of the total NH3 emissions of up to approximately 30%. Our results illustrate that CrIS-NH3 observations can be used successfully to estimate spatially variable NH3 time factors, and improve NH3 emission distributions temporally, especially in spring (March to May). Moreover, the use of the CrIS-based NH3 time factors resulted in an improved comparison with the onset and duration of the NH3 spring peak observed at observation sites at hourly resolution in the Netherlands. Assimilation of the CrIS-NH3 columns with the LETKF algorithm is mainly advantageous for improving the spatial concentration distribution of the modelled NH3 fields. Compared to in-situ observations, a combination of both methods led to the most significant improvements in modelled monthly NH3 surface concentration and NH4+ wet deposition fields, illustrating the usefulness of the CrIS-NH3 products to improve the temporal representativity of the model and better constrain the budget in agricultural areas.
A Semi-automated Instrument for Cellular Oxidative Potential Evaluation (SCOPE) of Water-soluble Extracts of Ambient Particulate Matter
Authors: Salana Sudheer , Wang Yixiang , Puthussery Joseph , Verma Vishal
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Several automated instruments exist to measure the acellular oxidative potential (OP) of ambient particulate matter (PM). However, cellular OP of the ambient PM is still measured manually, which severely limits the comparison between two types of assays. Cellular assays could provide a more comprehensive assessment of the PM-induced oxidative stress, as they incorporate more biological processes involved in the PM-catalyzed reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Considering this need, we developed a first of its kind semi-automated instrument for measuring the cellular OP based on a macrophage ROS assay using rat alveolar macrophages. The instrument named SCOPE – Semi-automated instrument for Cellular Oxidative Potential Evaluation, uses dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) as a probe to detect the OP of PM samples extracted in water. SCOPE is capable of analyzing a batch of six samples (including one negative and one positive control) in five hours and is equipped to operate continuously for 24-hours with minimal manual intervention after every batch of analysis, i.e., after every five hours. SCOPE has a high analytical precision as assessed from both positive controls and ambient PM samples (CoV < 17 %). The results obtained from the instrument were in good agreement with manual measurements using tert-Butyl hydroperoxide (t-BOOH) as the positive control (slope = 0.83 for automated vs. manual, R2 = 0.99) and ambient samples (slope = 0.83, R2 = 0.71). We further demonstrated the ability of SCOPE to analyze a large number of both ambient and laboratory samples, and developed a dataset on the intrinsic cellular OP of several compounds, such as metals, quinones, PAHs and inorganic salts, commonly known to be present in ambient PM. This dataset is potentially useful in future studies to apportion the contribution of key chemical species in the overall cellular OP of ambient PM.
Do Loop Current eddies stimulate productivity in the Gulf of Mexico?
Authors: Damien Pierre , Sheinbaum Julio , Pasqueron de Fommervault Orens , Jouanno Julien , Linacre Lorena , Duteil Olaf
Published: July 2021

Abstract. Surface chlorophyll concentrations inferred from satellite images suggest a
strong influence of the mesoscale activity on biogeochemical variability
within the oligotrophic regions of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). More
specifically, long-living anticyclonic Loop Current eddies (LCEs) are shed
episodically from the Loop Current and propagate westward. This study
addresses the biogeochemical response of the LCEs to seasonal forcing and
show their role in driving phytoplankton biomass distribution in the GoM.
Using an eddy resolving (1/12∘) interannual regional simulation,
it is shown that the LCEs foster a large biomass increase in winter in the
upper ocean. It is based on the coupled physical–biogeochemical model
NEMO-PISCES (Nucleus for European Modeling of the Ocean and Pelagic Interaction Scheme for Carbon and
Ecosystem Studies) that yields a realistic representation of the surface
chlorophyll distribution. The primary production in the LCEs is larger than
the average rate in the surrounding open waters of the GoM. This behavior
cannot be directly identified from surface chlorophyll distribution alone
since LCEs are associated with a negative surface chlorophyll anomaly all
year long. This anomalous biomass increase in the LCEs is explained by the
mixed-layer response to winter convective mixing that reaches deeper and
nutrient-richer waters.
Composition and Niche-Specific Characteristics of Microbial Consortia Colonizing Marsberg Copper Mine in the Rhenish Massif
Authors: Arif Sania , Nacke Heiko , Schliekmann Elias , Reimer Andreas , Arp Gernot , Hoppert Michael
Published: July 2021

Abstract. The Kilianstollen Marsberg (Rhenish Massif, Germany) has been extensively mined for copper ores, dating from Early Medieval Period till 1945. The exposed organic-rich alum shale rocks influenced by the diverse mine drainages at an ambient temperature of 10 °C could naturally enrich biogeochemically distinct heavy metal resistant microbiota. This metagenomic study evaluates the microbially colonized subterranean rocks of the abandoned copper mine Kilianstollen to characterize the colonization patterns and biogeochemical pathways of individual microbial groups. Under the selective pressure of the heavy metal contaminated environment at illuminated sites, Chloroflexi (Ktedonobacteria) and Cyanobacteria (Oxyphotobacteria) build up whitish-greenish biofilms. In contrast, Proteobacteria, Firmicutes and Actinobacteria dominate rocks around the uncontaminated spring water streams. The metagenomic analysis revealed that the heavy metal resistant microbiome was evidently involved in redox cycling of transition metals (Cu, Zn, Co, Ni, Mn, Fe, Cd, Hg). No deposition of metals or minerals, though, was observed by transmission electron microscopy in Ktedonobacteria biofilms which may be indicative for the presence of different detoxification pathways. The underlying heavy metal resistance mechanisms, as revealed by analysis of metagenome-assembled genomes, were mainly attributed to transition metal efflux pumps, redox enzymes, volatilization of Hg0, methylated intermediates of As(III) and reactive oxygen species detoxification pathways.
Rigorous light-scattering simulations of space-weathering effects on reflectance spectra
Authors: Penttilä Antti , Väisänen Timo , Markkanen Johannes , Martikainen Julia , Kohout Tomas , Videen Gorden , Muinonen Karri
Published: July 2021

We present a multi-scale light-scattering model that is capable of simulating the reflectance spectra of a regolith layer. In particular, the model can be applied to a case where the regolith grains have varying amounts of nanophase inclusions due to space weathering of the material. As different simulation tools are employed for different size scales of the target geometry (roughly, nano-, micro-, and millimeter scales), the particle size effects, the surface reflections, and the volume scattering can all be properly accounted for. Our results with olivine grains and nanophase iron inclusions verify the role of the nanoinclusions in the reflectance spectra of space-weathered materials. Together with the simulation results, we give simplified explanations for the space-weathering effects based on light scattering, namely the decrease of albedo, the general increase of the red spectral slope, and the dampening of the spectral bands. We also consider the so-called ultraviolet bluing effect and show how the change in the spectral slope over the ultraviolet-visual wavelengths is due to the decrease of reflectance in the visual wavelengths rather than the increase of reflectance in the ultraviolet part.
How does the mass and activity history of the host star affect the population of low-mass planets?
Authors: Kubyshkina Daria , Vidotto Aline
Published: July 2021

The evolution of the atmospheres of low and intermediate-mass planets is strongly connected to the physical properties of their host stars. The types and the past activities of planet-hosting stars can, therefore, affect the overall planetary population. We perform a comparative study of sub-Neptune-like planets orbiting stars of different masses and different evolutionary histories. As a model of atmospheric evolution, we employ our own framework combining planetary evolution in MESA with a realistic prescription of the escape of hydrogen-dominated atmospheres. We discuss general patterns of the evolved population as a function of planetary and stellar parameters. The final populations look qualitatively similar in terms of the atmospheres' survival around different stars, but quantitatively different, with this difference accentuated for planets orbiting more massive stars. We will discuss the potential input from different atmospheric escape mechanisms in shaping these populations.
Spacecraft charging of JUICE in the auroral zone of Ganymede
Authors: Holmberg Mika , Cipriani Fabrice , Déprez Gregoire , Imhof Christian , Witasse Olivier , Altobelli Nicolas , Huybrighs Hans
Published: July 2021

Ganymede is the only moon in our Solar System known to have its own global magnetic field, which generates a miniature moon magnetosphere inside the Jovian magnetosphere. Due to this unique characteristic of Ganymede, its auroral zone is also of particular scientific interest, as it is the only known example of this specific kind of interaction. The JUICE spacecraft will orbit Ganymede for almost a year, with a high inclination orbit with multiple auroral zone crossings. JUICE will study the auroral zone of Ganymede in more detail than ever before, providing both in-situ and remote sensing observations.In this work, we use Spacecraft Plasma Interaction Software (SPIS) simulations to study the spacecraft charging of JUICE in the auroral zone. Hubble Space Telescope observations of the aurora of Ganymede show localized regions of bright spots superimposed on a continuous background emission (e.g. Feldman et al. 2000, Eviatar et al. 2001). In order to produce bright auroras, the electron population needs to be accelerated up to hundreds of eV (Eviatar et al. 2001). Preliminary simulation results, using an auroral electron population with temperature Te = 200 eV and density ne = 300 cm-3, shows frame charging (i.e. spacecraft ground) of around 10 V and differential charging of around 30 V. High frame and differential potentials can cause disturbances in both particle and electric field measurements and prevent accurate characterization of the environment. Since the auroral zone of Ganymede is of particular scientific interest, it is important to study and prepare for this kind of disturbances. ReferencesD. Feldman et al., HST/STIS ultraviolet imaging of polar aurora on Ganymede, The Astrophysical Journal, 535(2), 2000A. Eviatar et al., Excitation of the Ganymede ultraviolet aurora, The Astrophysical Journal, 555(2), 2
Longitudinally Resolved Phase-curve Retrievals of WASP-43b
Authors: Cubillos Patricio E. , Keating Dylan , Cowan Nicolas , Vos Johanna , Burningham Ben , Ygouf Marie , Karalidi Theodora , Zhou Yifan , Gonzales Eileen
Published: July 2021

Thermal phase variations of exoplanets are a patent testimony of their multidimensional nature: day-to-night temperature contrasts range from hundreds to thousands of degrees.  Nonetheless, the spectra of these planets have typically been fit using 1D retrieval codes that only account for vertical temperature gradients.  Recent multi-dimensional retrieval schemes are generally based on linear combinations of 1D models, which are more liable to degeneracies and more computationally demanding.  Here we present an alternative: phase-dependent spectral observations are inverted to produce longitudinally resolved spectra that can then be fitted using standard 1D spectral retrieval codes. We test this scheme on the phase-resolved spectra of WASP-43b and on simulated JWST observations using the open-source Pyrat Bay retrieval framework.  We show that 1D spectral retrievals on longitudinally resolved spectra are more accurate than applying 1D spectral retrieval codes to disk-integrated emission spectra, highlighting the impact of longitudinal variations in composition in addition to temperature.  In particular, we find that JWST phase measurements of WASP-43b should be treated with longitudinally resolved spectral retrieval.
Towards machine learning assisted error identification in orbital laser altimetry for tides derivation
Authors: Stenzel Oliver , Hilchenbach Martin
Published: July 2021

Laser altimetry experiments on the NASA MESSENGER mission [1], and on the currently on cruise ESA/JAXA BepiColombo Mission [2,3] did and are going to yield, respectively, a plethora of range measurements of the surface of Mercury. Orbital laser altimetry can be used to derive tidal parameters, which can in turn be used to infer properties of a body’s interior [4,5]. The derivation of tidal parameters requires large datasets of precise and accurate measurements. Errors as well as outliers can degrade the quality of the computed tidal parameters. While many outliers can be filtered though conventional automated processes, other errors could only be identified by human supervision. In the face of the amount of data involved, systematic user interaction at the error identification step becomes unpractical. A neural network trained with user expertise could help spotting outliers and errors and would improve the derived parameters in accuracy and precession. We started developing a neural network based on the pytorch framework[6] and compared the performance with a small training dataset form the MESSENGER Laser Altimeter (MLA) for a linear and a convolutional network. The results were much in favour of the linear network [7]. In this presentation we explore the reasons behind bad convolutional network performance with extended training and test datasets. We are going to show our results for the filtered datasets and the impact this has on the derived tidal parameters. The filtering with an artificial neural network might be useful for other applications, as well.1. Cavanaugh, J. F. et al. The Mercury Laser Altimeter Instrument for the MESSENGER Mission. Space Sci Rev 131, 451–479 (2007).2. Benkhoff, J. et al. BepiColombo—Comprehensive exploration of Mercury: Mission overview and science goals. Planetary and Space Science 58, 2–20 (2010).3. Thomas, N. et al. The BepiColombo Laser Altimeter. Space Sci Rev 217, 25 (2021).4. Thor, R. N. et al. Determination of the lunar body tide from global laser altimetry data. J Geod 95, 4 (2021).5. Thor, R. N. et al. Prospects for measuring Mercury’s tidal Love number h2 with the BepiColombo Laser Altimeter. A&A 633, A85 (2020).6. Paszke, A., et al., PyTorch: An Imperative Style, High-Performance Deep Learning Library, In: Advances in Neural Information Processing Systems 32, pp 8024–8035, 2019.7. Stenzel, O., Thor, R., and Hilchenbach, M.: Error identification in orbital laser altimeter data by machine learning, EGU General Assembly 2021, online, 19–30 Apr 2021, EGU21-14749, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-egu21-14749, 2021.
Rigorous inversion of absorption coefficient from spectral properties of particulate material
Authors: Penttilä Antti , Väisänen Timo , Martikainen Julia , Carli Cristian , Capaccioni Fabrizio , Muinonen Karri
Published: July 2021

The optical constant of the material, meaning the complex refractive index m=n+ik, is an essential parameter when considering the reflection and absorption properties of that material. The refractive index is a function of wavelength of the light, and usually the imaginary part k is what governs the reflection or transmission spectral behavior of the material.The knowledge of the complex refractive index as a function of wavelength, m(λ), is needed for light scattering simulations. On the other hand, rigorous scattering simulations can be used to invert the refractive index from measured or observed reflection spectra. We will show how the combination of geometric optics and radiative transfer codes can be used in this task.In this work, the possible application is with the future visual-near infrared observations of Mercury by the ESA BepiColombo mission. That application in mind, we have used four particulate igneous glassy materials with varying overall albedo and in several size fractions in reflectance spectra measurements (hawaiitic basalt, two gabbronorites, anorthosite, see details from Carli et al, Icarus 266, 2016). The grounded material consist of particle with clear edges and quite flat facets, and we choose to model the particle shapes by geometries resulting from Voronoi division of random seed points in 3D space.The refractive index inversion is done here using first a geometric optics code SIRIS (Muinonen et al, JQSRT 110, 2009) to simulate the average Mueller matrix, albedo, and scattering efficiency for a single Voronoi particle. Then, these properties are fed into radiative transfer code RT-CB (Muinonen, Waves in Random Media 14, 2004) to produce the reflective properties of a semi-infinite slab of these particles. This procedure is repeated for a 2D grid of particle size parameters x=2πr/λ, where r is the radius of particle, and imaginary part k of refractive index. In Vis-NIR wavelengths, the real part n is quite constant and is estimated to be about 1.58 for all the four glasses. From the simulated slab reflectance data with the 2D x, k parameter grid, we can first interpolate, and then invert the k parameter for any reflectance value with given wavelength and particle size.The resulting spectral behavior of k for the four glasses and for all the size fractions was seems very realistic. Carli et al. (Icarus 266, 2016) inverted the k spectral behavior for these same samples using Hapke modeling, and the results are quite similar. Furthermore, we have measured the transmission of the material using polished slabs of varying thinkness, and will compare the results that can be dervied from these transmission results to those from relfectance measurements.
Novel methods to probe exoplanet atmospheres using ground-based spectrophotometry
Authors: Panwar Vatsal , Desert Jean-Michel , Todorov Kamen , Bean Jacob , Huitson Catherine , Stevenson Kevin , Fortney Jonathan , Bergmann Marcel
Published: July 2021

Ground-based spectrophotometric observations of transiting exoplanet atmospheres conventionally rely on correcting for instrumental and telluric systematics in the light curves by using reference stars that are simultaneously observed. However, this approach often leads to sub-optimal corrections due to multiple accounts on which the target and reference star spectra can be affected by systematics differently through the night, ultimately limiting the achievable precision and accuracy on the measurement of planetary atmospheric signatures. We introduce a new method based on Gaussian Processes regression to address this challenge by extracting the transmission or emission spectrum without relying explicitly on the reference stars. Our new method overcomes the necessity of using reference stars and opens up the doors to ground-based atmospheric observations of exoplanets orbiting bright host stars (e.g. those discovered by TESS) that intrinsically lack proper reference stars. We present results from the application of our method to a broad sample of exoplanets observed in the optical and near-infrared using Gemini/GMOS and Keck/MOSFIRE. We also discuss the challenges and possible solutions arising from stellar variability towards combining high precision ground-based low-resolution spectroscopy observations in complementarity with future infrared observations from HST and JWST.
Milani CubeSat for ESA Hera mission
Authors: Kohout Tomáš , Cardi Margherita , Näsilä Antti , Palomba Ernesto , Topputo Francesco ,   Milani team
Published: July 2021

Hera is the European part of the Asteroid Impact & Deflection Assessment (AIDA) international collaboration with NASA who is responsible for the DART (Double Asteroid Redirection Test) kinetic impactor spacecraft. Hera will be launched in October 2024 and will arrive at Didymos binary asteroid  in January 2027. Milani CubeSat is developed by Tyvak International with a consortium of European Universities, Research Centers and Firms from Italy, Czech Republic and Finland. At arrival it will be deployed and will do independent detailes characterization of Didymos asteroids at distances 5 to 10 km supporting Hera observations. Milani mission objectives are i) Map the global composition of the Didymos asteroids, ii) Characterize the surface of the Didymos asteroids, iii) Evaluate DART impacts effects on Didymos asteroids and support gravity field determination, iv) Characterize dust clouds around the Didymos asteroids. The scientific payloads supporting the achiement of these objectives are “ASPECT”, a visible - near-infrared imaging spectrometer, and “VISTA”, a thermogravimeter aiming at collecting and characterizing volatiles and dust particles below 10µm. 

ASPECT details:
Channel
VIS
NIR1
NIR2
SWIR
Field of View [deg]
10° x 10° 
6.7° x 5.4°
6.7° x 5.4°
5° circular
Spectral range [nm]
500 – 900
850 – 1275
1225  - 1650
1600 - 2500
Image size [pixels]
1024 x 1024
640 x 512
640 x 512
1 pixel
Pixel size [µm]
5.5 µm x 5.5 µm
15 µm x 15 µm
15 µm x 15 µm
1 mm
No. spectral bands
Ca. 14
Ca. 14
Ca. 14
Ca. 30
Spectral resolution [nm]
< 20 nm
< 40 nm
< 40 nm
< 40 nm

 
VISTA details:

Sensor Type

Quartz Crystal Microbalance (QCM)

Resonance frequency

10 MHz

Volume

50mm × 50mm × 38mm

Sensitive area

1.5cm^2

Particles size detection range

5-10 μm to sub-μm particles

Methods/Technique used

1. Dust and contaminants accumulation (passive mode)
2. TGA cycles (active mode)

Mass

90g
COVID-19 lockdown effects on gender inequality
Authors: Inno Laura , Rotundi Alessandra , Piccialli Arianna
Published: July 2021

Among European countries, Italy was the first to be heavily hit by the outbreak of COVID-19 and quickly decreed on 9 March 2020 that the entire national territory be locked down to prevent its further spread, establishing an unprecedented situation for its citizens, including researchers. Italy hosts a noumerous (~2000) and lively community of researchers in the fields of Astronomy and Astrophysics, which contains the largest fraction of female researchers (~30%) among the world’s leading countries in astronomy (defined as the ones with IAU members >150). Therefore, the Italian community poses as an ideal testbed to investigate the consequences of the lockdown on research productivity, also by gender.In order to do so, we used the INAF and MIUR websites to compile a complete database of the Italian researchers, considered by gender, and matched it with the first authors of preprints posted on the largest preprint archive of natural science publications, arXiv, for each year from 2017 to 2020.We find that the overall production in the first semester of 2020 (i.e. during the first lockdown) was lower than the average value estimated from the baseline above, but if we break down this difference by the assigned first-author gender, we find that the decrease only concerns the submissions by female researchers, while submissions by male researchers even increased. We argue that this difference in productivity between male and female researchers during the lockdown might be a reflection of the unbalanced distribution of the unpaid workload at home between partners.
Geological Mapping of Mercury’s South Polar Quadrangle (H-15)
Authors: Lennox Annie , Rothery Dave , Wright Jack , Balme Matt , Conway Susan
Published: July 2021

Introduction: Mercury is divided into 15 quadrangles, and the one yet to be mapped using NASA’s MESSENGER mission data is the Bach quadrangle (H-15) at Mercury’s south pole. This region encompasses everything from 65 ° poleward. Prior to this project, the only published map of this quadrangle is at 1:4.3M scale, based on Mariner-10 imaging at 0.5 km per pixel or worse resolution, and covers less than half of H15 (Fig 1). It includes patches of a ‘very smooth plains’ unit that was not mapped elsewhere on Mercury at the time. Our inspection of MESSENGER image data suggests that some of these patches are additional examples of topographically/tectonically confined late-stage lavas recently tentatively identified further north, consistent with a drawn-out waning phase of effusive volcanism. We aim to produce a detailed 1:3M resolution geological map and interpret the geology of H-15, tying it in to the ongoing mapping of quadrangles H-11 and H-14 bordering it. This is essential preparation for planning more detailed studies using BepiColombo.
Alongside the geological mapping, this project aims to analyse polar tectonic features that are largely invisible in the north polar region (possibly because of flooding by the smooth plains of Borealis Planitia). This will involve comprehensive investigation of the nature, distribution and cause of the abundant south polar tectonic features and will use multiple illumination angles so as to limit illumination bias.Our initial reconnaissance of the quadrangle has led to the identification of lobate ejecta forms extending from impact craters. Such craters with ejecta flows are rare on Mercury and in H-15 exclusively originate from the rims of fresh craters, propagating into interiors of older craters. The example with the most distinct lobes exhibits two discrete lobes with steep fronts, spectrally bright material around the crater rim and bluer impact melt on the larger of the two lobes (Fig 3). Comparisons can be drawn between the morphology of these lobate ejecta and ejecta deposits of the Hokusai crater (Barnouin et al., 2015)[1] and the Tsiolkovskiy crater on the Moon (Boyce et al., 2020)[2]. We find that formation of these ejecta flows is topographically controlled, and favour the conclusions of Barnouin et al. (2015) and Xiao and Komatsu (2013)[3] that these are fluidized ejecta deposits, although the nature and role of crustal volatiles is currently unclear.References: [1] Barnouin et al. (2015) LPSC 46, 2672. [2] Boyce et al. (2020) Icarus 337, 113464. [3] Xiao, Z. and Komatsu, G. (2013) Planet. Space Sci. 82, 62–78.
Juventas Cubesat for the Hera mision
Authors: Karatekin Özgür , Le Bras Etienne , Van wal Stefaan , Herique Alain , Tortora Paolo , Ritter Birgit , Scoubeau Mehdi , Manuel Moreno Victor
Published: July 2021

The Juventas CubeSat, will be delivered to the Didymos binary asteroid system by ESA's Hera mission within the context of the Asteroid Impact and Deflection Assessment (AIDA) international collaboration. AIDA is a technology demonstration of the kinetic impactor concept to deflect a small asteroid and to characterize its physical properties. Due to launch in 2024, Hera would travel to the binary asteroid system Didymos. It will explore the binary asteroid and the crater formed by the kinetic impact the NASA’s Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART). HERA will carry two 6U CubeSats, one of which is the Juventas CubeSat developed by GomSpace Luxembourg with the Royal Observatory of Belgium as principal investigator. The spacecraft will attempt to characterize the internal structure of Didymos’ secondary body, Dimorphos, over a period of roughly 2 months using a low-frequency radar, JuRa. During this period, Juventas will also perform radio science measurements using its Inter-Satellite-Link to characterize the mass and mass distribution of Dimorphos. Afterwards, Juventas will attempt to land on Dimorphos, during which the spacecraft is expected to perform several bounces. Once landed, Juventas will use its gravimeter GRASS to obtain measurements of the surface acceleration on Dimorphos for a nominal duration of two orbits. Through the monitoring of dynamics for landing and bouncing impacts as well as measurements from the GRASS gravimeter payload while on the surface, Juventas will determine surface mechanical properties and provide further information on subsurface structure and dynamical properties of Dimorphos.
Identifying ionospheric shadowing signatures of ringlets and plateaus in Saturn's C Ring
Authors: Dreyer Joshua , Vigren Erik , Shebanits Oleg , Morooka Michiko , Wahlund Jan-Erik , Waite Jack Hunter
Published: July 2021

During the Grand Finale of the Cassini mission, the southern hemisphere of Saturn was shadowed by its rings and the substructures within, whose more intense shadows can be mapped to specific ionospheric altitudes. We successfully connect small-scale variations (dips) in the ionospheric H2+ density below 2500 km, measured by the Ion and Neutral Mass Spectrometer (INMS) during orbits 288 and 292, to the shadows of individual ringlets and plateaus in the C Ring. From the H2+ density signatures we estimate lower limits of the associated ringlet or plateau opacities. These will be compared with results obtained from stellar occultations. Potential implications/constraints on the ionospheric dynamics will be discussed. The ringlet and plateau shadows are not associated with obvious dips in the electron density.
Determination of colour indices of super-fast rotator near-Earth asteroids
Authors: Koleńczuk Paweł , Kwiatkowski Tomasz
Published: July 2021

.IntroductionIn recent decades, we have been observing an exponential increase in near-Earth asteroids(NEAs) discoveries especially smaller than 200m(VSAs). According to the Holsapple model and observational data[2], VSAs can rotate much faster than larger asteroids. The reason for this is the monolithic structure as opposed to the larger asteroids made of smaller stones, the so-called rubble pile. VSA holds together mainly due to cohesive forces, not gravity, so many of them have rotational periods shorter than the 2.2h spin limit typical of rubble piles.However, we do not know much about these objects, especially in terms of their taxonomy, which may turn out to be the key to a better understanding of the composition of VSAs, thereby their threats, and a better determination of the rotation limit taking into account the taxonomic type. Only ~1\% of these bodies are assigned a taxonomic class[7].2.VSA observation issues and methodsVSAs are faint, with a mid-class telescope(
Icarus: In-situ monitoring of the surface degradation on a near-Sun asteroid
Authors: Granvik Mikael , Lehtinen Tuomas , Bellome Andrea , Sánchez Joan-Pau
Published: July 2021

Icarus is a mission concept designed to record the activity of an asteroid during a close encounter with the Sun. The primary science goal of the mission is to unravel the nontrivial mechanism(s) that destroy asteroids on orbits with small perihelion distances. Understanding the destruction mechanism(s) allows us to constrain the bulk composition and interior structure of asteroids in general. The Icarus mission does not only aim to achieve its science goals but also functions as a technical demonstration of what a low-cost space mission can do. The proposed space segment will include a single spacecraft capable of surviving and operating in the harsh environment near the Sun. The spacecraft design relies on the heritage of missions such as Rosetta, MESSENGER, Parker Solar Probe, BepiColombo, and Solar Orbiter. The spacecraft will rendezvous with an asteroid during its perihelion passage and records the changes taking place on the asteroid’s surface. The primary scientific payload has to be capable of imaging the asteroid’s surface in high resolution using visual and near-infrared channels as well as collecting and analyzing particles that are ejected from the asteroid. The payload bay also allows for additional payloads relating to, for example, solar research. The Icarus spacecraft and the planned payloads have high technology readiness levels and the mission is aimed to fit the programmatic and cost constraints of the F1 mission (Comet Interceptor) by the European Space Agency. Considering the challenging nature of the Icarus trajectory and the fact that the next F-class mission opportunity (F2) is yet to be announced, we conclude that Icarus is feasible as an F-class mission when certain constraints such as a suitable launch configuration are met (e.g., if EnVision is selected as M5). A larger mission class, such as the M class by the European Space Agency, would be feasible in all circumstances.
The Philae Lander reveals the presence of low strength primitive ice inside cometary boulders
Authors: O'Rourke Laurence ,   Philae on Skull-top Crevice team
Published: July 2021

On the 12 November 2014, the Philae lander descended towards comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko, bounced twice off the surface, finally arriving under an overhanging cliff in the Abydos region. In this study (published in Nature on 28th Oct 2020), we present the results of our investigation of a previously undiscovered site of the second touchdown, where Philae spent almost two minutes of its cross-comet journey, producing four distinct surface contacts on two adjoining cometary boulders. It exposed primitive water ice —that is, water ice from the time of the comet’s formation 4.5 billion years ago — in their interiors while travelling through a crevice between the boulders. Our multi-instrument observations made 19 months later found that this water ice, mixed with ubiquitous dark organic-rich material, has a local dust/ice mass ratio of 2.3 +0.2/−0.16 : 1 , matching values previously observed in freshly exposed water ice from outbursts and water ice in shadow. At the end of the crevice, Philae fell forward and left a 0.25-metre-deep impression in the boulder ice, providing in situ measurements confirming that primitive ice has a very low compressive strength (less than 12 pascals, softer than freshly fallen light snow) and allowing a key estimation to be made of the porosity (75 ± 7 per cent) of the boulders’ icy interiors. Our results provide constraints for cometary landers that seek to access a volatile-rich ice sample. 
The interaction between multiple nanophase iron particles changes the slope of lunar reflectance spectra
Authors: Arnaut Mirza , Wohlfarth Kay , Wöhler Christian
Published: July 2021

IntroductionThe current understanding of space-weathering is that spectral changes of space-weathered airless planetary bodies are mainly caused by the gradual formation of submicroscopic-sized iron particles (smFe0) in the upper layer of the regolith. The resulting spectral changes include the darkening and reddening of the spectrum as well as the obstruction of diagnostic features [1,2,3]. Previous research also indicates that very small particles (nanophase iron