bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Easter, Calendar, and Cosmos
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

According to Nicaea I (325), Easter or Pascha is celebrated on the first Sunday on or after the first full moon after the spring equinox, a date based on the Jewish Passover. This entails co-ordination of the cycles of the week, the lunar month, and the solar year. For Christians, Easter stands at the centre-point of these temporal cycles, by which our experience of time is shaped, and the date in Spring associates it with creation, the conception of Christ, and the Paschal mystery. Calendars were needed for Christians to determine the date in advance because of the forty-day Lenten Fast, but are problematic as they need to fit twelve months into the year. Recent proposals that Easter should have a fixed calendrical date would abolish the sense of time enshrined in the temporal cycles, as well as making a final break with Christianity’s sister religion, Judaism.
Pseudonymity and Secret Tradition in Early Christianity
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

Pseudonymity has a bad name in scholarship, associated, if not actually identified, with forgery. Such an approach is anachronistic, as is argued with reference to the case of Dionysios the Areopagite. The use of pseudonymity is much earlier than that, and flourished in the second century, in so-called apocryphal literature, with which ‘gnosticism’ is often associated. The term ‘gnostic’ is itself maligned and its commonest Christian use for one who enters more deeply into Christian experience ignored. These considerations enable one to make sense of the second-century Protevangelium of James, a prequel to the canonical Gospels, a text freighted with veiled symbolic significance, which sees Mary as a living Temple, in which God dwelt, and the birth of her child as God with us, as a turning point in the created order, a point at which creation stood still.
Mary the Mother of God and Ecclesiology
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: August 2023

The reflection on the Church as Mother is commonplace in second- and third-century Christianity, and it is customary to remark on the absence of Mary, the suggestion being that Mariological themes are a later accretion. From an Orthodox point of view, this looks short-sighted, for ecclesiology has a distinctly Marian dimension within Orthodoxy. Rather the Marian dimension is implicit, something borne out by the Protevangelium of James. Attention then switches to modern Orthodox thinkers, first of all, Bulgakov, whose Marian reflection is bound up with his sophiology, Mary fulfilling Sophia’s in-between role in a directly personal way. Much the same presentation of Mary occurs in Bulgakov’s opponent in the quarrel over Sophia, Lossky, for whom Mary can be called the person of the Church, as well as in Evdokimov. In all three, Marian reflection is grounded in the liturgical texts, and Mary is closely associated with the Holy Spirit.
An Angel of Satan
Authors: Soon Isaac T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that Paul’s thorn in the flesh (2 Cor 12:7) was the angel of Satan, a demonic force given to Paul by God to inhabit his body and restrict him from speaking about his apocalyptic experiences in the third heaven. It gives an overview of the history of interpreting Paul’s thorn in the flesh in recent scholarship as well as in the first millennium of the common era. This chapter approaches the analysis of Paul’s thorn by using cognitive metaphor theory to analyse Paul’s language in 2 Cor 12:7. It finds that Paul uses the term ‘thorn’ as a nickname that refers to the angelic force sent to physically oppress him, the angel of Satan.
God and the Disabling of Paul
Authors: Soon Isaac T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that in light of a divine revelation Paul reconfigures his thorn in the flesh as a divine gift rather than a divine evil. Theodicy is therefore an inappropriate question to impose on this particular disability. The chapter establishes first that God is the ultimate agent who gives Paul the thorn in the flesh, even if he uses an angel of Satan as an intermediary force (a common strategy in ancient Jewish literature that attempts to distance the God of Israel from perceived acts of injustice). Paul pleads with God to remove the thorn but God refuses, instead revealing that it is necessary for the perfection of power within Paul. The thorn is part of Paul’s paradox of strength in weakness, that what might be thought to be an injustice is actually a divine benefit.
A Disabling Gospel
Authors: Soon Isaac T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that Paul not only reinforces the stigma of circumcision in his letters but also intensifies it by adding a christological dimension. Paul reinforces stereotypes about circumcision by calling Jews περιτομή and Gentiles ἀκροβυστία, designating communities through genital monikers. By doing this, however, he reinforces the stereotyping of Jews as circumcised. Further, he refers to Gentile circumcision as a ‘mutilation’ in Philippians 3, indicating that while circumcision was something to be praised on Jews it was not something praiseworthy on Gentiles. In fact, circumcised Gentiles cut themselves off from Christ, becoming lawbreakers who violate the circumcision commandment the moment they have the procedure since it is after the eighth day. Paul suggests the only way they can return to the Messiah is by amputating their genitals, since those who are eunuchs do not break the law of circumcision.
A Short Apostle
Authors: Soon Isaac T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter argues that it is historically plausible to understand Paul as being short-statured, perhaps even a person with dwarfism. In 2 Corinthians, Paul speaks about being lowered down a Damascus wall in a basket. What interpreters have not realized is how small the basket that he speaks about is. This chapter estimates using available evidence the possible capacity of the basket and suggests that it is far too small for a person of average height and weight. In the Acts of Paul and Thecla Paul is portrayed as being short-statured. While interpreters often see this as being legendary, a close analysis of the ways scholars construe his appearance in this text, in conversation with iconographic portrayals of the apostle Paul through the eighth century ce, suggests that his appearance is not glamourized or idealized. Rather it appears largely quotidian, so long as the interpreter does not assume that Paul had a ‘normal’ bodily appearance.
Conclusion
Authors: Soon Isaac T.
Published: August 2023

This chapter summarizes the discoveries of the book, particularly the uncovering of demonization, circumcision, and short-stature as disabilities of Paul. It reflects on Paul not only as someone who was influenced by disabling cultures but who himself participated in influencing ancient culture on disability, for better or worse. The chapter also interrogates the latent ableism in New Testament studies, especially towards key early Christian figures like Paul. It questions the prevailing perspective that the bodies of characters in the New Testament should be considered non-disabled unless otherwise noted explicitly in the text. The chapter emphasizes the importance of comprehending figures like Paul not just as disembodied individuals but as embodied humans embedded in their wider society and culture.
Method and Ethics in Jurisprudence
Authors: Coyle Sean
Published: August 2023

Chapter I introduces the relevance of the scholastic method to modern-day jurisprudence and ethics, seeking to identify a common starting-point for jurisprudential thought and proposes eudaemonism as that starting-point; it provides a long discussion of extant theories of natural law, including those of Crowe, Finnis, MacIntyre and Murphy, and why (in my view) they are problematic.
Legal Authority, Political Authority, and Moral Authority
Authors: Coyle Sean
Published: August 2023

Chapter VIII begins with a discussion of the nature of power and authority, and argues contrary to all other theories of authority that political power has no definable origin in communities, but arises gradually and naturally (except when it becomes distorted and unnatural). The chapter ends with a discussion of subsidiarity and solidarity.
International Community, International Law
Authors: Coyle Sean
Published: August 2023

Chapter XIII provides a historical overview of international legal theory since Grotius and Pufendorf, exploring the issues and identity of ius gentium, HLA Hart’s treatment of international law, and the difference between ius cogens and natural law (the former being essentially constituted by widespread state practice) and an argument for natural international law. It involves consideration of the continuing importance of states, and the duties of states in war and in peace. The chapter—and the book—ends with an analysis of justice in the international community, as orientated towards the global common good.
The Promise of Welfare in the Postwar British and Anglophone Novel
Authors: Rich Kelly M.
Published: August 2023

States of Repair offers a new literary history of the Second World War and its aftermath by focusing on wartime visions of rebuilding Britain. Shifting attention from the “People’s War” to the “People’s Peace,” this book shows that literature returns to the historic transition from warfare to welfare to narrate its transformative social potential and darker failures. The welfare state envisioned that managing individuals’ private lives would result in a more coherent and equitable community, a promise encapsulated in the 1942 Beveridge Report’s assurance to care for citizens from the “cradle to the grave.” The postwar novel reveals the intimate effects that follow when infrastructures of collective living seek to organize social interaction, tracing these effects through quasi-administrated home spaces such as girls’ hostels, makeshift sanatoria, and experimental schools. Midcentury writers including Elizabeth Bowen, Muriel Spark, and Samuel Selvon used the militarized Home Front to present postwar Britain as a zone of lost privacy and new collective logics. As the century progressed, and as the unrealized dreams of welfare came to be dismantled, authors including Alan Hollinghurst, Michael Ondaatje, and Kazuo Ishiguro registered an unfulfilled nostalgia for a Britain that never was, situating British domestic policies within trajectories of historic and social violence. Contemporary fiction continues to reanimate the transition from a warfare state to a welfare state, preserving its transformative potential while redefining its possible futures. With this long view of postwar fiction, States of Repair demonstrates the holding power of welfare’s promises of repair and Britain’s midcentury on cultural imagination.
Neopragmatism in the Philosophy of Perception? The Case of Primitive Color
Authors: Chirimuuta Mazviita
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers the application of the neopragmatist methodology to the philosophy of perception, examining the case of color ontology in particular. In his account of the difference between objective and subjective, “precise” colors, Joshua Gert’s (2017b) neopragmatist version of primitivism has significant advantages over existing primitivist theories. But I argue that adherence to the naïve realist doctrine that colors are mind-independent properties of physical objects presents an obstacle to the promised deflation of the ontological problem of color. Thus I argue that to fulfil its promise, a neopragmatist philosophy of perception should dispense with this notion of mind-independence, adopting a methodological non-realism. This methodological stance has some similarity with the Kantian and Hegelian strand of idealism within classical American pragmatism.
Neopragmatism and Reference Magnetism
Authors: Gert Joshua
Published: August 2023

Reference magnetism is a theoretical posit, meant to explain the fact that some things are more eligible to be the referents of our words than others. It is easy to think of such a posit as the metasemantic reflection of a certain metaphysical picture of the world: one according to which it comes equipped with joints at which to carve it. Described in this way, it isn’t hard to see why reference magnetism might be regarded as a conceptual tool designed to be of use to hard-core metaphysical realists, against their pragmatist opponents. The central point of this chapter is to show that neopragmatism has the resources to capture the phenomena that reference magnetism is meant to explain. The chapter provides a neopragmatist vindication of literal talk of certain things being more eligible as referents than others.
Realism Rehabilitated
Authors: Verheggen Claudine , Myers Robert H.
Published: August 2023

Philosophical accounts of the relation between thought and reality tend to gravitate toward two extreme and diametrically opposed positions regarding the concept of truth. On the one hand, classical realists insist on a concept of truth so radically non-epistemic that even perfectly reasoned sets of beliefs could be largely false. On the other hand, antirealists of various sorts either make do with a purely epistemic concept of truth or dispense with the concept altogether, making it impossible to allow that particular beliefs often are true or false independently of whether epistemically well-positioned people would deem them to be so. Inspired by the writings of Donald Davidson, this chapter sets out to demonstrate that neopragmatists can provide a superior account of this relation, an account which acknowledges the substantive independence of truth and falsity from our epistemic practices while guaranteeing that whatever beliefs we have must be largely true.
The Letters from Julia to Ovid, by Charlotte Antoinette de Bressey, Marquise of Lezay-Marnésia
Authors: Clément-Tarantino Séverine
Published: August 2023

Charlotte Antoinette de Bressey, marquise de Lezay-Marnésia (1707–85), is the author of the Lettres de Julie à Ovide, a collection of prose letters published anonymously in 1753. This collection enjoyed great success in the eighteenth century, with re-editions, imitations, and sequels (notably the Lettres d’Ovide à Julie): it was so successful that it was long thought to be by a male writer, with Marmontel offered as likely candidate. This chapter will explore this text by Charlotte Antoinette de Bressey, arguing that it constitutes a literary work in its own right, as the letters develop a clear plot, even if the outcome of the story, which ends with the poet’s exile, is known. The chapter explores the relationship between these Lettres and the figure of Ovid and his poetic œuvre. There are a number of factors which contribute to the reception of the magister amoris offered by Bressey, particularly the valorization of love characterized by sincerity and sentiment. The Lettres also portray Julie (Augustus’ daughter) in such a way as to restore her reputation and the way the relationship between Ovid and Julie develops through these Lettres invites us to interpret Julie as a new Ovid.
British Nationality Act 1981
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the provisions of the British Nationality Act 1981. It details how to achieve British citizenship through birth, descent, registration, or naturalisation. Unless the context otherwise requires, the 1948 Act’ means the British Nationality Act 1948 and ‘alien’ means a person who is neither a Commonwealth citizen nor a British protected person nor a citizen of the Republic of Ireland. The chapter then explains the provisions surrounding the breach of immigration laws, which should be enacted without prejudice. If the Secretary of State proposes to make a conducive grounds deprivation order without notice, the Secretary of State may apply to the Special Immigration Appeals Commission.
Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the provisions of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. It explains that the provision primarily focuses on nationality, immigration, and asylum while also addressing international migration projects and offences correlated with international traffic in prostitution. The general overview of the Act's nationality clause amended several sections of the British Nationality Act 1981 and the Special Immigration Appeals Commission Act 1997. The chapter cites the power of the Secretary of State to make provision for the issue to a person of a certificate that he has the right of abode in the United Kingdom. It expounds on the definition of asylum-seeker, destitution, and dependant found in the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002.
Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008. The Secretary of State may designate a person with special immigration status if they satisfy conditions such as being a foreign criminal, liability to deportation, and having a family member meet prior conditions. Moreover, the Secretary of State or an immigration officer may by notice in writing impose a condition on a designated person. The conditions range between residence, employment, and reporting to the police. The chapter then explains that the end of designation occurs if the designated person is granted leave to enter to remain in the United Kingdom or is subject to a deportation order.
Immigration Act 2014
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter focuses on the provisions of the Immigration Act 2014. It explains that the provision addresses immigration law, limiting access to services, facilities, and employment by reference to immigration status. Moreover, the Act is concerned about citizenships concerning marriage and civil partnerships involving certain foreign nationals. Some people are unable to acquire citizenship because their fathers and mothers were not married to each other. The chapter notes that the provisions on removal amended several other laws such as the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 and the British Nationality Act 1981. It also covers the right of appeal to First tier-Tribunal.
Immigration and Social Security Co-ordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter expounds on the Immigration and Social Security Co-ordination (EU Withdrawal) Act 2020. It explains that the Act is concerned with the provision to end rights to the free movement of persons under retained EU law and to repeal other retained EU laws relating to immigration. Moreover, the Act confers power to modify retained direct EU legislation relating to social security co-ordination. The Secretary of State considers the appropriate consequence of any provisions, and the power can be exercised by modifying any provision or retaining direct EU legislation. The chapter also details the interpretation and the extent of the Act.
The Asylum Support Regulations 2000
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter assesses the Asylum Support Regulations 2000, which came into force on 3 April 2000. Either an asylum-seeker or a dependant of an asylum-seeker may apply to the Secretary of State for asylum support. An application under this regulation may be for asylum support for the applicant alone or for asylum support for the applicant and one or more dependants. Article 4 details the circumstances which are prescribed for the purposes of subsection (2) of section 95 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 as circumstances where a person who would otherwise fall within subsection (1) of that section is excluded from that subsection (and, accordingly, may not be provided with asylum support). Meanwhile, Article 10 applies where the Secretary of State has decided that asylum support should be provided in respect of the essential living needs of a person.
The Immigration (Removal Directions) Regulations 2000
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes the Immigration (Removal Directions) Regulations 2000, which came into force on 2 October 2000. For the purposes of section 10(6)(a) (classes of person to whom directions may be given), the following classes of person are prescribed: owners of ships, owners of aircraft, agents of ships, agents of aircraft, captains of ships about to leave the United Kingdom, captains of aircraft about to leave the United Kingdom, and persons operating an international service. The chapter then details the requirements that may be imposed by directions. Paragraph (1) of Article 4 only applies if the directions specify that the relevant person is to be removed to a country or territory being a country of which they are a national or citizen; or a country or territory to which there is reason to believe that they will be admitted. Paragraph (1)(b) only applies if the relevant person arrived in the United Kingdom through the tunnel system.
The Immigration (Entry Otherwise than by Sea or Air) Order 2002
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter presents the Immigration (Entry Otherwise than by Sea or Air) Order 2002. Article 2 applies where a person who requires leave to enter the United Kingdom by virtue of section 9(4) of the Immigration Act 1971 or by virtue of article 3 of the Immigration (Control of Entry through Republic of Ireland) Order 1972, or a person in respect of whom a deportation order is in force, has entered or is seeking to enter the United Kingdom from the Republic of Ireland. Where this article applies, paragraphs 8, 9, and 11 of Schedule 2 to the Immigration Act 1971 shall have effect in relation to persons entering or seeking to enter the United Kingdom on arrival otherwise than by ship or aircraft as they have effect in the case of a person arriving by ship or aircraft, with the modifications set out in the Schedule to this Order. It shall apply where an illegal entrant entered the United Kingdom before the date when this Order comes into force, as well as where they entered the United Kingdom on or after that date. Article 2 shall not apply where a person has arrived in, but not entered, the United Kingdom before the date on which this Order comes into force.
The Immigration (Continuation of Leave) (Notices) Regulations 2006
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter illustrates the Immigration (Continuation of Leave) (Notices) Regulations 2006, which came into force on 31 August 2006. These Regulations concern the decision on an application for variation of leave. For the purpose of section 3C of the Immigration Act 1971, an application for variation of leave is decided based on two situations. The first is when notice of the decision has been given in accordance with regulations made under section 105 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002. Where no such notice is required, the second situation is when notice of the decision has been given in accordance with section 4(1) of the Immigration Act 1971.
The Appeals (Excluded Decisions) Order 2009
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter describes the Appeals (Excluded Decisions) Order 2009, which came into force on 1 April 2009. The Order specifies the decisions of the First-tier Tribunal which are excluded decisions, for the purposes of section 11(1) of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007. The first is a decision under section 103 of the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (appeals). The second is a decision under paragraphs 1, 5, 6, and 10(12) and (13) of Schedule 10 to the Immigration Act 2016. For the purposes of sections 11(1) and 13(1) of the Tribunals, Courts and Enforcement Act 2007, the following decisions of the First-tier Tribunal or the Upper Tribunal are also excluded decisions: any procedural, ancillary, or preliminary decision made in relation to an appeal against a decision under section 40A of the British Nationality Act 1981 or section 82 of the Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002.
The Citizens’ Rights (Restrictions of Rights of Entry and Residence) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter looks at the regulations may be cited as the Citizens’ Rights (Restrictions of Rights of Entry and Residence) (EU Exit) Regulations 2020 and come into force when the Immigration (European Economic Area) Regulations 2016 or EEA Regulations 2016 are revoked. It points out that a person who is protected by the citizens’ rights provisions has leave to enter or remain in the United Kingdom granted by virtue of the residence scheme immigration rules. It also covers the amendment of Immigration Act 1971 in relation to the definition of a relevant person. The chapter discusses the exclusion and removal from the United Kingdom and the decisions taken on grounds of public policy, public security, and public health. It highlights human rights considerations and interim orders to suspend removal and revocation of deportation and exclusion orders.
The Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Part 5 Exemption: Licensed Sponsors) Order 2022
Authors: Allen Frances , Gasparro Julia , Swaney Jo , Phelan Margaret , Gillespie James
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the order that may be cited as the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 (Part 5 Exemption: Licensed Sponsors) Order 2022. The order comes into force on 11 April 2022 and extends to England and Wales, Scotland, and Northern Ireland. It considers a licensed sponsor as a specified category of person in respect of the provision of immigration advice or immigration services. The chapter highlights immigration advice or immigration services that are provided in relation to an individual by the licensed sponsor free of charge. It considers the entry clearance or leave of a main applicant to enter or remain in the United Kingdom under the immigration rules for the purposes of work or study in the United Kingdom.
The Octopoid Soul
Authors: Rapp Christof
Published: August 2023

Stoic philosophy of mind is usually not considered to belong to the aftermath of Aristotelian hylomorphism, as the physical theory behind the Stoic account of the soul is clearly incompatible with Aristotelian hylomorphism. The chapter argues that there are nevertheless remarkable similarities between the Aristotelian and the Stoic account of the soul. Most notably, the Stoic idea of a centralized soul that stretches out to the animal’s peripheral sense organs like the tentacles of an octopus bears a significant resemblance to Aristotle’s cardiocentric model of the soul, as it is depicted in Aristotle’s Parva Naturalia (together with De Motu Animalium) and in his biological work
Alexander of Aphrodisias and the Stoics
Authors: Helle Reier
Published: August 2023

This chapter considers the clash between Alexander of Aphrodisias’ version of hylomorphism and the Stoic theory of pneuma-matter blending. For the Stoics, animals, plants, and inanimate natural bodies are composed of pneuma (‘breath’) and matter, and by blending with matter pneuma causes the composite to be what it is. Alexander argues that the Stoic theory is explanatorily inadequate, because pneuma cannot do the causal work needed, and Stoic blending cannot yield a unified whole. I examine Alexander’s objections, and I develop an account of how he means to avoid similar deficiencies in his own hylomorphic theory. While the Stoics face significant explanatory problems, Alexander’s view, it turns out, is not without difficulties. For the explanatory role given to the underlying bodies and their manner of combination (‘the upwards story’) leaves Alexander without a precise account of how and why the material basis is connected to the form of the composite.
Averroes, Intellect, and Liberal Hylomorphism
Authors: Ogden Stephen R.
Published: August 2023

Averroes (Ibn Rushd) is the most important medieval commentator on Aristotle, but he holds a thoroughly unique position on intellect and hylomorphism. This chapter lays out the contours of his view, noting both its liabilities and strengths, especially in light of renewed interest in hylomorphism. Averroes builds on a liberal hylomorphism common to all hylomorphic accounts of cognition, and he properly distinguishes human beings (treated in broadly naturalist terms) from intellect (conceived in far more transcendent terms, i.e. as two completely separate substances). I argue that the result is still genuine––albeit liberal––hylomorphism, not collapsing into Cartesian substance dualism. This view is worth considering since it conserves important hylomorphic desiderata while taking seriously the perennial problem of intellect.
Descartes’ Mind-Body Holism and the Primacy of Experience
Authors: Alanen Lilli
Published: August 2023

This chapter examines Descartes’ use of hylomorphic language, and reflects on the tensions that his view of human nature creates for his dualism. The chapter examines some crucial texts in light of recent interpretations which take Descartes’ holistic view of the mind-body union seriously while at the same time trying to save his dualist commitments. One option is to accept substance dualism without a coherent view of human nature, another to accept a strong form of mind-body holism with deflated notions both of substance and dualism. The reading pursued here is along the lines of the latter, but it comes with worries concerning both the nature of Descartes’ dualism and the traces of hylomorphism in his doctrine. The chapter discusses the primacy and nature of the experience Descartes appeals to as a basis for our understanding the unity of human nature and explores its implications for his dualistic psychology.
Brexit and the Digital Single Market
Authors: Harcourt Alison
Published: August 2023

The Digital Single Market (DSM) 2014–19 was the largest component of the EU’s Single Market programme. It comprised a considerable number of Directives, Regulations, and instruments to facilitate cross-border digital services. The DSM was important for the UK given that one-fifth of its service exports stem from the digital sector and the EU represents its largest export market. The UK had substantial input in DSM policy. This book examines the important historical role of the UK in DSM development, the consequences of Brexit for the UK’s digital sector, and future EU and UK policy trajectories. It assesses vertical industry sectors (audio-visual media services, online platforms, telecommunications, creative industries) and horizontal sectors (competition law, consumer issues, data protection, copyright). The book demonstrates how the UK acted as a policy entrepreneur in pushing for a deregulatory framework by exploiting temporal events historically. It then observes the current challenges presented by Brexit which includes loss of the country-of-origin principle and freedom of movement, changes to copyright and VAT regimes, complications with cross-border data transfer, administrative procedures, and international taxes on digital products and services. The book finds that the UK continues to innovate in the digital sector but is constrained by external factors both at EU and global levels. It also observes how EU policy is taking a new direction in its 2020 Digital Strategy programme which leans towards greater protection of European champions and digital sovereignty, a tightening of its data protection regime, and greater regulatory intervention in digital markets.
The UK’s Role in EU Telecommunications Policy
Authors: Harcourt Alison
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the role of the UK in EU telecommunications policy formation. The UK supported deregulation and privatisation by taking a market lead in Europe. It addressed monopolies and privatisation through key appointments to the European Commission and chaired the World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations on telecommunications liberalisation. The UK showed full support for the EU Regulatory Framework for Electronic Communications and Services (the ‘Convergence initiative’). The chapter does not find much policy divergence post-Brexit. The UK continues to be a member of the Conférence Européenne des Administrations des Postes et des Télécommunications (CEPT) and European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) where it is in close alliance with the EU on international standard setting. There are, however, signs of policy divergence in newer areas such as artificial intelligence (AI) and the UK is prone to additional pressure from internet service providers (ISPs) to loosen rules on net neutrality at the domestic level.
Platform Regulation and the Liability of Intermediaries
Authors: Harcourt Alison
Published: August 2023

This chapter addresses platform regulation relating to online harm and disinformation. It examines its beginnings in in the EU with European Parliament proposals in 2000, leading up to the Commission’s 2018 and 2022 Codes of Practice on disinformation. The chapter then turns to the 2022 Digital Services Act (DSA), contrasting it with the UK’s 2022 proposals for a UK Online Safety Act. The chapter shows that the EU’s approach was not dissimilar to that of the UK until 2022. Post-Brexit, the EU is applying more stringent procedures to online platforms, reflecting German and French preferences, with increased use of statutory measures, most prominently the 2022 DSA. The chapter draws some conclusions about the implication of divergence in legislation for the UK and market operators.
FinTech
Authors: Harcourt Alison
Published: August 2023

Financial services have remained a growth area for the UK. In 2021, the EU still comprised the UK’s largest market for financial services and made up 20 per cent of service exports to the EU. There has, however, been an overall decline in UK exports to the EU and a rise to non-EU states. As with e-commerce, the EU regards the UK to be a competitor on its doorstep and has responded accordingly. Consequently, the UK did not receive the equivalence decisions it had expected from the EU in the financial services sector. The chapter shows that this has turned the UK increasingly to dependence on growth in FinTech markets. Here the UK has showed innovation in the use of sandboxes, an approach which has been mimicked in Europe. However, there is ongoing policy divergence between the EU and UK. The proposed 2022 Financial Services and Markets Bill aims to remove residual EU legislation relating to financial services.
Competition Law
Authors: Harcourt Alison
Published: August 2023

This chapter analyses EU competition policy as applied to digital markets with a focus on the UK. EU competition policy is explained from its outset in the EU’s founding treaties to the 2021 Digital Markets Act, which sets out new classifications for online platforms which are identified as ‘gatekeepers’. The chapter analyses decision-making in online platform, telecommunications, and chipset markets. DG Competition’s approach is compared to the progression of UK competition policy post-Brexit with assessment of the UK’s capacity to handle large online platforms. Lastly, the chapter evaluates UK cooperation agreements and memoranda of understanding with the EU, EU states, and other countries.
Heir through Hope
Authors: Thompson Peter
Published: August 2023

This book traces the relationship between Thomas Jefferson and William Short that was developed in years shared in France and carried forward through the French Revolution and Short’s return to the United States, and on into Jefferson’s retirement. It describes Jefferson’s lifelong concern for Short’s moral well-being and his practical management of Short’s career and estate. It analyzes disagreements between the two men over land use, American politics, French culture, and the meaning of the French Revolution. It places Short’s disinclination to follow Jefferson’s advice within the larger context of the problematic transfer of republican values in the Early National period of US history while describing how each man sought to make an imaginary yet heartfelt father–son relationship work. It assesses the impact on their relationship of three aspects of Short’s life without counterpart in Jefferson’s experience: Short’s fourteen-year affair with Duchess Rosalie de La Rochefoucauld, his subsequent avoidance of marriage, and his status as a childless bachelor. Jefferson’s generosity toward Short is shown in creative tension with his political and moral principles.
Introduction
Authors: Thompson Peter
Published: August 2023

This introductory chapter describes the background and context of Thomas Jefferson’s decision to dub William Short his “adoptive son.” It argues for the significance of Jefferson’s status as a father without an acknowledged son, for despite fathering three sons with Sally Hemings, he could not claim them as his heirs. It introduces the hopes that Jefferson invested in Short’s future and his concern for the younger man’s moral well-being. It describes the emotional contours of their relationship and its status within that of the correspondence they conducted and preserved. This chapter summarizes the book’s narrative arc, introducing the themes contained within its structure.
Government and the Social Order
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores the government and social order of the new Roman empire. The system of Diocletian, who was the founder of the new empire, terminated the transfer of wealth from east to west and made the eastern empire a fiscally integral and potentially autonomous unit. The core of the new system was a census of all taxable assets, calculated in notional units of iuga (for cultivated lands) and capita (for the agricultural workforce). The chapter looks into the pillars of imperial ideology, such as the notion that the emperors should help the weak and protect them from oppression. It elaborates on how Diocletian's reforms tamed the army.
Political Consolidation and Religious Polarization (491–518)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter cites the notion of political consolidation and religious polarization during the years 491-518. It elaborates on the emergence of Anastasius, who had the most detailed surviving account of a Roman imperial accession. Immediately after the war, Anastasius implemented a reform of the empire’s monetary economy and tax regime. The chapter looks into the neglect and destruction of pagan monuments being offset by the construction of Christian churches and charitable institutions like hospitals. It acknowledges the change of city governance in the fifth century when new groups, hitherto unrepresented in municipal governance, took on a major role in local decisions.
The Sleepless Emperor (527–540)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter elaborates on the ruling of Justinian. It notes how the people of Constantinople rose against Justinian in 532. A month after massacring thousands of the Roman populace, Justinian defined emperors as men who worked day and night on the people's behalf. In the first years of his reign, Justinian brought his love of order by establishing the standardization of the law and the correction of moral depravity and religious deviance. Thus, Justinian believed that the Christian state should not be tolerant of pagans and demanded their baptism. The chapter also notes Justinian's ambitious program of legal and administrative reform and church building while his army conquered North Africa, Sicily, and Italy.
The Cost of Overextension (565–602)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter covers the reign of Justin II, who was the son of Justinian's sister. It explains that the new regime placated wealthy interests and was willing to blame Justinian's regime for the difficulties it found itself. Justin II suggested bringing back Roman tradition and restoring the right to divorce by mutual consent. The chapter also looks into the brewing conflict internationally, citing Justin II's attempts to cultivate close relations with the Turks to counterweight against the Persians and Avars. While Roman culture did not change dramatically in the sixth century, it did waste energy during the conflict over Chalcedon that kept culture in stasis.
Holding the Line (641–685)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the unstable dynastic arrangement of Herakleios since it formed factions with two dynastic lines. The reign of Konstantinos IV should have been the end of Constantinople, but the Romans began to win battles and started the gradual trajectory of long-term revival and expansion. Thus, Constantinople secured its position in Italy. The chapter also considers the notion of Monothelitism and the movement of anti-Monotheletism that believed it was a heresy posing a major threat to the Church. It notes that Justinian II ascended to bear the throne and take over a battered empire after the passing of Konstatinos IV.
Life and Taxes among the Ruins
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter notes life in Constantinople, which is a Christian city full of holy relics and a trendsetter in the veneration of saints and images. The barbarian kingdoms of Europe looked at the eastern empire as the gold standard for Roman imperial identity. However, in the seventh century, the City's decline became one aspect of Romania's catastrophic downturns after the nation lost the Balkans to the Avars and Slavs and the east to the Arabs. The chapter considers the work of Abd al-Malik to strengthen the definition of Arab-Muslim identity in contrast with the majority's religions. It also looks into Justinian II's ascension to the throne, which coincided with the period of Romanness becoming a political identity and an ethnic identity.
Reform and Consolidation (775–814)
Authors: Kaldellis Anthony
Published: August 2023

This chapter cites the emergence of Eirene as an emperor after the death of Konstantinos V. Eirene acquired the dynasty’s flair for powerful theater, which unveiled the extent of power that a woman could wield in the court system if she were as ruthless as her male counterparts. Alongside Eirene's reign was the restoration of icons after overturning Hiereia, which ultimately resulted in the rise of iconophiles that set the stage for the Second Iconoclasm. The chapter details the conflicts between Eirene and Konstantinos VI and the reforms of Nikephoros I on imperial administration, both of which correlate to the Bulgars and Arabs. It also covers the revival of monasticism that intersected with iconoclasm.
Practicing
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter explores practicing, the most time-consuming part of a musician’s life. It asks the reader to consider their most effective ways to practice, while offering approaches that might not yet have considered and studies that support the most efficient and effective processes. Through personal inventory sections, readers define their own best practice techniques, as well of areas that need improvement. The reader considers how to utilize goal setting as a practice tool, why altering routines is an effective learning process, and how musicians can utilize different amounts of practice time, from a few minutes to extended hours over months. The chapter asks the reader to consider how the concepts of warming up, sensory awareness, mental practice, cognitive awareness, and distractions affect the process of practicing. Several scientific studies about practicing are cited and discussed.
Teaching Principles
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses some teaching principles that a professional musician must consider when venturing into teaching. Among them are caring about students as individuals and developing the teacher-student relationship based on trust and honesty. Teachers should consider that students are people first and musicians second, and must take time to get to know and respect them. Teachers are responsible for student progress in the lesson, but they must also nurture a student’s ability to work independently. Attention should invariably be directed back to beautiful and expressive results of practicing even though a lesson might be focused on technique. The chapter asks readers to consider which principles have made a difference in their work with their own teachers, and to be aware that information in the upcoming chapters will be based on the ones outlined in this chapter.
Fostering Student Independence
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the importance of fostering students’ independence in learning music. When teachers direct every move students make and mastermind solutions to every problem, teaching becomes problematic because students often become too dependent on their teachers to work productively. Even if students can remember how to recreate a correction, they will still be at a loss if they cannot remember the newly improved ways that are taught to them. The key to nurturing students’ independence is to use the lesson time not just to offer information, but to give students ways to verify their best playing which will include using learning modalities. Students need to learn how to critique and practice, and the only chance the teacher has to help them is during a lesson, even if it takes extra time. Teaching intonation is addressed in detail with tools for teaching and independence. The chapter presents approaches to teaching at all levels of development that fully encourage students to become independent.
Your Teaching Philosophy
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses the benefits of creating a teaching philosophy statement. Putting ideas about teaching and learning into a statement can help clarify teachers’ beliefs and guide their interactions with students and other professionals, as well as be useful when applying for a position or furthering your career with tenure. The chapter describes how values and beliefs become an integral part of teaching. The goals that are put in the philosophy statement need to emerge from what teachers do in their lessons. The chapter guides readers step by step toward crafting a philosophy statement through defining their highest priorities as teachers and offers suggestions for interviewing former teachers, considering their musical lineage, and asks readers to consider what they might want to offer students—or contribute to the wider world—by way of a unique offering.
Establishing a Teaching Studio
Authors: Watkins Cornelia , Scott Laurie
Published: August 2023

This chapter discusses how music teachers should establish their studios to conduct one-on-one lessons, whether in the teacher’s home studio, at public or private schools, and at stand-alone music schools and community centers. The chapter explains the needs of a private teacher, including materials and supplies, as well as the importance of running a studio like a business. Recruiting, scheduling, setting and collecting fees, bookkeeping, and creating a studio policy are discussed, as well as creating an environment of mutual support with parents, school directors, and other private teachers. The chapter also discusses other one-on-one teaching situations in public schools, private schools and stand-alone music schools, or preparatory divisions, and the advantages and disadvantages of each. The chapter provides an overview of how to keep track of income and business expenses, as well as how to manage taxes, and why doing so is important for the self-employed musician.