bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Work-Zone Crashes Using the Ordered Probit Model with Factor Analysis in Egypt
Authors: Zhang Kairan , Hassan Mohamed , Yahaya Mahama , Yang Shupeng
Published: October 2018

Work-zones, due to their nature, are predisposed to hazardous situations. This is a consequence of conducting construction work within the vicinity of, or near, vehicular traffic. The exposure to danger underscores the need for proper understanding of the occurrence of work-zone crashes, as well as the risk factors associated with them. This paper aims mainly to develop a hybrid approach that combines a factor analysis method and an ordered probit model to carry out a comprehensive analysis of work-zone crashes. The paper presents an analysis of work-zone data crashes from 2010 to 2015 that occurred in Egyptian long-term highway maintenance and rehabilitation projects. Factor analysis is used to identify the main and common factors that influence work-zone crashes and to calculate the weight of every factor. The ordered probit model is developed, based on the results of factor analysis scores, to examine the contribution of common factors in the severity of work-zones. The most influential factors that have contributed to work-zone crashes are weather condition, number of lane closures, type of surface construction, road character, day of week, and so forth. In addition, the results indicated that four common factors are significantly affecting the severity of work-zone crashes in Egypt.
Viability of Molds and Bacteria in Tempeh Processed with Supercritical Carbon Dioxides during Storage
Authors: Kustyawati Maria Erna , Pratama Filli , Saputra Daniel , Wijaya Agus
Published: October 2018

Application of supercritical carbon dioxide for processing of food products has an impact on microbial inactivation and food quality. This technique is used to preserve tempeh due to no heat involved. The quality of tempeh is highly influenced by mold growth because of its role in forming a compact texture, white color, and functional properties as well as consumer acceptance. This study aims to observe viability of molds and bacteria in tempeh after processed with supercritical CO2 and to determine the best processing conditions which can maintain mold growth and reduce the number of bacteria in tempeh. For that purpose, tempeh was treated using high pressure CO2 at 7.6 MPa (supercritical CO2) and at 6.3 MPa (sub/near supercritical CO2) with incubation period of 5, 10, 15, and 20 min. The best treatment obtained was used to process tempeh for storage study. The results showed that there was a significant interaction between pressure and incubation period for bacterial and mold viability at ρ>0.05. Reduction of bacteria and molds increased with longer incubation period. Molds were undetectable after treatment for 20 min with either supercritical CO2 or sub-supercritical, and bacteria significantly reduced up to 2.40 log CFU/g. On the other hand, sub-supercritical CO2 for 10 min was the best processing method because molds survived 4.3x104 CFU/gram after treatment and were able to grow during storage at 30°C, producing white mycelium as indicated by increasing the L⁎ color value and tempeh acceptability. The inactivation of mold was reversible causing it to grow back during storage under suitable conditions. Tempeh matrix composition can provide protection against the destructive effects of supercritical CO2. Gram-positive bacteria were more resistant than Gram-negative. In conclusion, sub-supercritical CO2 can act as a method of cold pasteurization of tempeh and can be used as an alternative method to preserve tempeh.
Two-Step Phase Retrieval Algorithm Using Single-Intensity Measurement
Authors: Zhang Cheng , Wang Meiqin , Chen Qianwen , Wang Dong , Wei Sui
Published: October 2018

Aiming at the problem that the single-intensity phase retrieval method has poor reconstruction quality and low probability of successful recovery, an improved method is proposed in this paper. Our method divides the phase retrieval into two steps: firstly, the GS algorithm is used to recover the amplitude in the spatial domain from the single-spread Fourier spectrum, and then the classical GS algorithm using two intensity measurements (one is recorded and the other is estimated from the first step) measurements is used to recover the phase. Finally, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified by numerical experiments.
Model-Based Approach for Combustion Monitoring Using Real-Time Chemical Reactor Network
Authors: DePape Pieter , Novosselov Igor
Published: October 2018

Flame stability and pollution control are significant problems in the design and operation of any combustion system. Real-time monitoring and analysis of these phenomena require sophisticated equipment and are often incompatible with practical applications. This work explores the feasibility of model-based combustion monitoring and real-time evaluation of proximity to lean blowout (LBO). The approach uses temperature measurements, coupled with Chemical Reactor Network (CRN) model to interpret the data in real-time. The objective is to provide a computationally fast means of interpreting measurements regarding proximity to LBO. The CRN-predicted free radical concentrations and their trends and ratios are studied in each combustion zone. Flame stability and a blowout of an atmospheric pressure laboratory combustor are investigated experimentally and via a phenomenological real-time Chemical Reactor Network (CRN). The reactor is operated on low heating value fuel stream, i.e., methane diluted with nitrogen with N2/CH4volume ratios of 2.25 and 3.0. The data show a stable flame-zone carbon monoxide (CO) level over the entire range of the fuel-air equivalence ratio (Φ), and a significant increase in hydrocarbon emissions approaching blowout. The CRN trends agree with the data: the calculated concentrations of hydroxide (OH), O-atom, and H-atom monotonically decrease with the reduction of Φ. The flame OH blowout threshold is 0.025% by volume for both fuel mixtures. The real-time CRN allows for augmentation of combustion temperature measurements with modeled free radical concentrations and monitoring of unmeasurable combustion characteristics such as pollution formation rates, combustion efficiency, and proximity to blowout. This model-based approach for process monitoring can be useful in applications where the combustion measurements are limited to temperature and optical methods, or continuous gas sampling is not practical.
Role of Taste Receptors as Sentinels of Innate Immunity in the Upper Airway
Authors: Patel Neil N. , Workman Alan D. , Cohen Noam A.
Published: October 2018

Evidence is emerging that shows taste receptors serve functions outside of taste sensation of the tongue. Taste receptors have been found in tissue across the human body, including the gastrointestinal tract, bladder, brain, and airway. These extraoral taste receptors appear to be important in modulating the innate immune response through detection of pathogens. This review discusses taste receptor signaling, focusing on the G-protein–coupled receptors that detect bitter and sweet compounds in the upper airway epithelium. Emphasis is given to recent studies which link the physiology of sinonasal taste receptors to clinical manifestation of upper airway disease.
Robust Activity of Avapritinib, Potent and Highly Selective Inhibitor of Mutated KIT, in Patient-derived Xenograft Models of Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumors
Authors: Gebreyohannes Yemarshet K. , Wozniak Agnieszka , Zhai Madalina-Elena , Wellens Jasmien , Cornillie Jasmien , Vanleeuw Ulla , Evans Erica , Gardino Alexandra K. , Lengauer Christoph , Debiec-Rychter Maria , Sciot Raf , Schöffski Patrick
Published: October 2018

Purpose:

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are commonly treated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). The majority of patients with advanced GIST ultimately become resistant to TKI due to acquisition of secondary KIT mutations, whereas primary resistance is mainly caused by PDGFRA p.D842V mutation. We tested the activity of avapritinib, a potent and highly selective inhibitor of mutated KIT and PDGFRA, in three patient-derived xenograft (PDX) GIST models carrying different KIT mutations, with differential sensitivity to standard TKI.

Experimental Design: NMRI nu/nu mice (n = 93) were transplanted with human GIST xenografts with KIT exon 11+17 (UZLX-GIST9KIT 11+17), exon 11 (UZLX-GIST3KIT 11), or exon 9 (UZLX-GIST2BKIT9) mutations, respectively. We compared avapritinib (10 and 30 mg/kg/once daily) versus vehicle, imatinib (50 mg/kg/bid) or regorafenib (30 mg/kg/once daily; UZLX-GIST9KIT11+17); avapritinib (10, 30, 100 mg/kg/once daily) versus vehicle or imatinib [UZLX-GIST3KIT11]; and avapritinib (10, 30, 60 mg/kg/once daily) versus vehicle, imatinib (50, 100 mg/kg/twice daily), or sunitinib (40 mg/kg/once daily; UZLX-GIST2BKIT9).

Results:

In all models, avapritinib resulted in reduction of tumor volume, significant inhibition of proliferation, and reduced KIT signaling. In two models, avapritinib led to remarkable histologic responses, increase in apoptosis, and inhibition of MAPK-phosphorylation. Avapritinib showed superior (UZLX-GIST9KIT 11+17 and -GIST2BKIT 9) or equal (UZLX-GIST3KIT 11) antitumor activity to the standard dose of imatinib. In UZLX-GIST9KIT 11+17, the antitumor effects of avapritinib were significantly better than with imatinib or regorafenib.

Conclusions:

Avapritinib has significant antitumor activity in GIST PDX models characterized by different KIT mutations and sensitivity to established TKI. These data provide strong support for the ongoing clinical trials with avapritinib in patients with GIST (NCT02508532, NCT03465722).
Reappraisal of Ischemic Heart Disease
Authors: Kaski Juan-Carlos , Crea Filippo , Gersh Bernard J. , Camici Paolo G.
Published: October 2018

In recent years, it has become apparent that coronary microvascular dysfunction plays a pivotal pathogenic role in angina pectoris. Functional and structural mechanisms can affect the physiological function of the coronary microvasculature and lead to myocardial ischemia in people without coronary atheromatous disease and also in individuals with obstructive coronary artery disease. Abnormal dilatory responses of the coronary microvessels, coronary microvascular spasm, and extravascular compressive forces have been identified as pathogenic mechanisms in both chronic and acute forms of ischemic heart disease. The condition characterized by anginal symptoms and evidence of myocardial ischemia triggered by coronary microvascular dysfunction, in the absence of obstructive coronary disease, is known as microvascular angina. The concept of microvascular angina, however, may extend further to include patients with obstructive coronary artery disease and individuals with angina after coronary revascularization or heart transplantation because coronary microvascular dysfunction contributes to myocardial ischemia in many such patients. Patients with microvascular angina constitute a sizeable proportion of all cases of stable angina undergoing diagnostic coronary angiography and of those with persisting angina after successful coronary revascularization. Coronary microvascular dysfunction is also often responsible for angina in individuals with cardiomyopathy and heart valve disease as well as acute coronary syndrome cases such as Takotsubo syndrome and myocardial infarction with no obstructive coronary artery disease. Patients with stable microvascular angina present typically with effort or rest chest pain and a reduced coronary flow reserve or microvascular spasm. This condition, which affects women and men, can markedly impair quality of life and prognosis and represents a substantial cost burden to healthcare systems and individuals alike. In recent years, progress in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and the use of tests to investigate functional and structural causes for a reduced coronary flow reserve and microvascular spasm have allowed the identification of an increased number of cases of microvascular angina in everyday clinical practice. Although some of the available anti-anginal drugs may be helpful, treatment of coronary microvascular dysfunction remains a major challenge. The present article discusses the fundamental role that coronary microvascular dysfunction plays in the pathogenesis of ischemic heart disease, the clinical characteristics of patients presenting with microvascular angina, and possible diagnostic and therapeutic strategies.
Evaluation of confound regression strategies for the mitigation of micromovement artifact in studies of dynamic resting-state functional connectivity and multilayer network modularity
Authors: Lydon-Staley David M. , Ciric Rastko , Satterthwaite Theodore D. , Bassett Danielle S.
Published: October 2018

Dynamic functional connectivity reflects the spatiotemporal organization of spontaneous brain activity in health and disease. Dynamic functional connectivity may be susceptible to artifacts induced by participant motion. This report provides a systematic evaluation of 12 commonly used participant-level confound regression strategies designed to mitigate the effects of micromovements in a sample of 393 youths (ages 8–22 years). Each strategy was evaluated according to a number of benchmarks, including (a) the residual association between participant motion and edge dispersion, (b) distance-dependent effects of motion on edge dispersion, (c) the degree to which functional subnetworks could be identified by multilayer modularity maximization, and (d) measures of module reconfiguration, including node flexibility and node promiscuity. Results indicate variability in the effectiveness of the evaluated pipelines across benchmarks. Methods that included global signal regression were the most consistently effective de-noising strategies.
Cryptic diversity in the smooth snake (Coronella austriaca)
Authors: Jablonski Daniel , Nagy Zoltán T. , Avcı Aziz , Olgun Kurtuluş , Kukushkin Oleg V. , Safaei-Mahroo Barbod , Jandzik David
Published: October 2018

The smooth snake, Coronella austriaca, is a common snake species widespread in the Western Palearctic region. It does not form conspicuous morphological variants and, although several evolutionary lineages have been distinguished based on the analyses of the mitochondrial DNA sequences, only two subspecies with very limited distribution have been traditionally recognized. Here we present an mtDNA phylogeography of the species using geographically extended sampling while incorporating biogeographically important areas that have not been analyzed before, such as Anatolia, Crimea, and Iran. We find that the smooth snake comprises 14 distinct phylogenetic clades with unclear mutual relationships, characterized by complex genetic structure and relatively deep divergences; some of them presumably of Miocene origin. In general, the biogeographic pattern is similar to other Western Palearctic reptiles and illustrates the importance of the main European peninsulas as well as the Anatolian mountains, Caucasus, and Alborz Mts. in Iran for the evolution of the present-day diversity. Considerable genetic structure present in the smooth snake populations within these large areas indicates the existence of several regional Plio-Pleistocene refugia that served as reservoirs for dispersal and population expansions after the glacial periods. The current taxonomy of C. austriaca does not reflect the rich genetic diversity, deep divergences, and overall evolutionary history revealed in our study and requires a thorough revision. This will only be possible with an even higher-resolution sampling and integrative approach, combining analyses of multiple genetic loci with morphology, and possibly other aspects of the smooth snake biology.
A new riparian Mantidactylus (Brygoomantis) frog from the Tsaratanana and Manongarivo Massifs in northern Madagascar
Authors: VENCES MIGUEL , HILDENBRAND ANDREA , WARMUTH KATHARINA M. , ANDREONE FRANCO , GLAW FRANK
Published: October 2018

The subgenus Brygoomantis in the Madagascar-endemic genus Mantidactylus contains 12 nominal species but is in urgent need of taxonomic revision as many additional, genetically divergent but undescribed candidate species have been identified. We here take a first step towards a better resolution of this group by describing a new species, Mantidactylus schulzi sp. nov., occurring at the Tsaratanana and Manongarivo Massifs, differentiated in genetic, bioacoustic and sometimes morphological characters from its closest relatives. We show that upon detailed study, most species in Brygoomantis can be delimited by concordant differentiation of mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, and by bioacoustic and morphological differences. We flag this group of morphologically similar frogs as a test case where molecular data on historical type specimens by ancient DNA methods might be needed to reach a satisfying clarification of taxonomy and nomenclature. However, the status of the new species M. schulzi is not in doubt as it is morphologically distinct from most historical type specimens, and microendemic to a region in northern Madagascar from where no earlier names exist.
Review of the genus Heteropogon Loew, 1847 (Diptera: Asilidae) from Russia and Central Asia, with description of two new species
Authors: SAKHVON VITAL V. , LELEJ ARKADY S.
Published: October 2018

Nine species of genus Heteropogon Loew, 1847 are reviewed. Heteropogon ater Sakhvon sp. nov. (Kazakhstan, Tajikistan) and H. hiemalis Sakhvon sp. nov. (Turkmenistan) are described and illustrated. A new synonymy is proposed for Heteropogon filicornis (Loew, 1871) = Cyrtopogon leleji Lehr, 1998, syn. nov. The status of Heteropogon lugubris mesasiaticus Lehr, 1970 is upgraded to species level that of mesasiaticus. The distribution of some species is increased. A key to males of the species is given.
A contribution to the knowledge of scolopendromorph centipedes of Martinique Island, with descriptions of two new species (Chilopoda: Scolopendromorpha)
Authors: SCHILEYKO ARKADY , IORIO ETIENNE , COULIS MATHIEU
Published: October 2018

The paper provides new data on seven scolopendromorph centipede species collected in Martinique Island. Two new species are described: Otostigmus (Parotostigmus) salticus n. sp. and Cryptops (Trigonocryptops) martinicensis n. sp.; their systematic position is discussed. Notes on the system of subgenus Trigonocryptops Verhoeff, 1906 are given and Cryptops sarasini var. furcata Ribaut, 1923 is confirmed as subspecies. Cormocephalus guildingii Newport, 1845, Newportia longitarsis guadeloupensis Demange, 1981 and N. pusilla Pocock, 1893 are reported from Martinique for the first time. A list of the Scolopendromorpha of this island is given.
Party Competition and Emotive Rhetoric
Authors: Kosmidis Spyros , Hobolt Sara B. , Molloy Eamonn , Whitefield Stephen
Published: October 2018

When do parties use emotive rhetoric to appeal to voters? In this article, we argue that politicians are more likely to employ positive affect (valence) in their rhetoric to appeal to voters when parties are not ideologically distinct and when there is uncertainty about public preferences. To test these propositions, our article uses well-established psycholinguistic affect dictionaries to generate scores from three time series of political text: British party manifestos (1900-2015) and annual party leaders’ speeches (1977-2014) as well as U.S. Presidents’ State of the Union addresses (1880-2016). Our findings corroborate our expectations and have important implications for the study of party competition by illuminating the role of valence in the way politicians communicate their policies.
Testing the Impact of a Planning Policy Based on New Urbanist Planning Principles on Residents’ Sense of Community and Mental Health in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Hooper Paula , Foster Sarah , Knuiman Matthew , Giles-Corti Billie
Published: October 2018

There is growing concern that the built forms resulting from conventional suburban design may be adversely affecting the social well-being, sense of community, and psychological health of its residents. This study tested the premise that suburban neighborhood developments ( n = 36) designed in accordance with a New Urbanist inspired planning policy in Perth, Western Australia, improved residents’ ( n = 644) sense of community and mental health. Findings revealed that with each 10% increase in policy compliance, residents odds of experiencing high sense of community increased by 21% ( OR = 1.21, 95% CI = [1.04, 1.41]) and low psychological distress increased by 14% ( OR = 1.14, 95% CI = [1.01, 1.28]). These results add empirical input to the debate surrounding the rhetoric and purported social goals and benefits of the New Urbanism, indicating that implementation of its neo-traditionalist neighborhood design principles may help create the conditions for positive neighborhood sense of community and mental health.
Associations between personal social capital and depressive symptoms: Evidence from a probability sample of urban residents in China
Authors: Chen Xinguang , Gao Mengting , Xu Yayun , Wang Yan , Li Shiyue
Published: October 2018

Background:

Rapid socioeconomic changes in China present a mental health challenge and also an opportunity to investigate the relationship between social capital and depression.

Materials and methods:

Participants (18–45 years old, N = 1,250) were selected using a probability sampling method. The relationship between social capital (measured using the Personal Social Capital Scale) and depression (measured using the Brief Symptom Inventory Depression Subscale) was examined using bivariate analysis, followed by multiple regression to control for covariates.

Results:

Of the total sample, 54.64% were female with mean age = 35.1 (standard deviation ( SD) = 7.5) years old. Depression score was 10.40 ( SD = 3.62) for males and 10.36 ( SD) = 3.30) for females. The social capital measures (including the total, bonding and bridging) were all negatively associated with depression scores, while the negative social capital was positively associated, after controlling for covariates. Subgroup analysis revealed some differences in the social capital–depression associations.

Conclusion:

The protective effect of social capital for mental health reported in other countries is also evident in this study. In addition, we found a positive association between negative social capital and depression. In addition to adding new knowledge, findings of this study, if verified with longitudinal design, can be used to support social and behavioral interventions in China to promote mental health by social capital enhancement.
Gene-Gene Interactions among SPRYs for Nonsyndromic Cleft Lip/Palate
Authors: Zhou R. , Wang M. , Li W. , Wang S. , Zhou Z. , Li J. , Wu T. , Zhu H. , Beaty T.H.
Published: October 2018

Nonsyndromic cleft lip with or without cleft palate (NSCL/P) is a common birth defect with a complex genetic architecture. Gene-gene interactions have been increasingly regarded as contributing to the etiology of NSCL/P. A recent genome-wide association study revealed that a novel single-nucleotide polymorphism at SPRY1 in 4q28.1 showed a significant association with NSCL/P. In the current study, we explored the role of 3 SPRY genes in the etiology of NSCL/P by detecting gene-gene interactions: SPRY1, SPRY2, and SPRY4—with SPRY3 excluded due to its special location on the X chromosome. We selected markers in 3 SPRY genes to test for gene-gene interactions using 1,908 case-parent trios recruited from an international consortium established for a genome-wide association study of nonsyndromic oral clefts. As the trios came from populations with different ancestries, subgroup analyses were conducted among Europeans and Asians. Cordell’s method based on conditional logistic regression models was applied to test for potential gene-gene interactions via the statistical package TRIO in R software. Gene-gene interaction analyses yielded 10 pairs of SNPs in Europeans and 6 pairs in Asians that achieved significance after Bonferroni correction. The significant interactions were confirmed in the 10,000-permutation tests (empirical P = 0.003 for the most significant interaction). The study identified gene-gene interactions among SPRY genes among 1,908 NSCL/P trios, which revealed the importance of potential gene-gene interactions for understanding the genetic architecture of NSCL/P. The evidence of gene-gene interactions in this study also provided clues for future biological studies to further investigate the mechanism of how SPRY genes participate in the development of NSCL/P.
Nonlinear Strain Effects on Delinquent Behavior and Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Hoffmann John P.
Published: October 2018

Objectives:

Few studies have examined the potential nonlinear effects of strain on offending and other outcomes, even though the initial development of general strain theory (GST) recognized their feasibility. This study was designed to investigate these nonlinear effects on delinquent behavior and depressive symptoms, as well as the potential moderating effects of family relations.

Methods:

Eight years of longitudinal data from the Family Health Study ( n = 840) were used to develop a multivariate multilevel model that examined the nonlinear effects of strain—in the form of stressful life events—on delinquent behavior and depressive symptoms.

Results:

The empirical results suggested that strain has an exponential effect on the delinquency when family relations are poor and a diminishing effect on depressive symptoms when family relations are strong.

Conclusions:

The findings of this study lend support to the argument that strain has nonlinear effects on delinquency, crime, and depressive symptoms. This suggests that research should consider nonlinear effects in more detail when assessing of GST. Moreover, good family relations can serve to protect youth against the untoward effects of strain and thus may provide a practical focus for intervention efforts.
Measuring the role of two competing groups of informed agents in opinion formation
Authors: Selim Kamal S , Okasha Ahmed E , Farag Fatma R
Published: October 2018

For politicians, to promote intended messages to different groups of individuals, they could employ strategic individuals called “informed agents.” The aim of this article is to explore and measure the impact of two competing groups of informed agents on opinion dynamics within a society exposed to two extreme opinions. Thus, an agent-based model is developed as an extension to the bounded confidence model by assuming the existence of two groups of informed agents. The impact of these agents with respect to their social characteristics, such as, their size in the society, how tolerant they are, their self-weight and attitudes about others’ opinions is explored. Different assumptions about the initial opinion distributions and their effect are also investigated. Due to the difficulty of observing a real society, social simulation experiments are constructed based on artificial societies.

The simulations conducted resulted in some interesting findings. With no dominating group of the two informed agents, the society will be ended up concentrated around a moderate position. On the other hand, with significant difference between the two group sizes, the larger group will polarize the population towards its opinion. However, this conclusion will not apply if the population is skewed towards the other opinion. In such case, the larger group will only succeed to turn some of the society to be more moderate. In a society skewed towards extreme opinion, dominant informed agents adopting the other extreme will not be able to shift the society towards their opinion. Finally, in radical societies informed agents could turn most of the society to be extremists.
Learning anatomy in late sixteenth-century Padua
Authors: Stolberg Michael
Published: October 2018

Based on the newly discovered, extensive manuscript notes of a virtually unknown German medical student by the name of Johann Konrad Zinn, who studied in Padua from 1593 to 1595, this paper offers a detailed account of what medical students could expect to learn about anatomy in late sixteenth-century Padua. It highlights the large number and wide range of anatomical demonstrations, most of which were private anatomies for a small circle of students and do not figure in Acta of the German Nation, the principal source historians have so far relied upon. While the large audience in the big, celebrated public anatomies made it difficult if not impossible for the students to see the details of the anatomical structures, the much more numerous private anatomies offered a view from close up. As Zinn’s notes show, the two leading Paduan anatomists, Hieronymus Fabricius Aquapendente and Giulio Casseri often focused on a specific part of the body, like the brain or the pregnant uterus, and, following the Galenic model, consistently linked the demonstration of the fabric of that part to a discussion of its action and uses. In this sense, the different kinds of valves in the body, including those in the veins, were shown and discussed, as a subsection on William Harvey underlines, and the vivisection of animals for a group of students even allowed them to see the beating heart and other organs in action. In retrospect, much of the anatomical knowledge that students acquired in late sixteenth-century Padua was of limited relevance for medical practice but the anatomists did their best to point out such clinical uses and even used anatomical demonstrations to show different kinds surgical interventions on the corpse.
Ancient Egypt and the geological antiquity of man, 1847–1863
Authors: Gold Meira
Published: October 2018

The 1850s through early 60s was a transformative period for nascent studies of the remote human past in Britain, across many disciplines. Naturalists and scholars with Egyptological knowledge fashioned themselves as authorities to contend with this divisive topic. In a characteristic case of long-distance fieldwork, British geologist Leonard Horner employed Turkish-born, English-educated, Cairo-based engineer Joseph Hekekyan to measure Nile silt deposits around pharaonic monuments in Egypt to address the chronological gap between the earliest historical and latest geological time. Their conclusion in 1858 that humans had existed in Egypt for exactly 13,371 years was the earliest attempt to apply geological stratigraphy to absolute human dates. The geochronology was particularly threatening to biblical orthodoxy, and the work raised private and public concerns about chronological expertise and methodology, scriptural and scientific authority, and the credibility of Egyptian informants. This essay traces these geo-archaeological investigations; including the movement of paper records, Hekekyan’s role as a go-between, and the publication’s reception in Britain. The diverse reactions to the Egyptian research reveal competing ways of knowing the prehistoric past and highlights mid-Victorian attempts to reshape the porous boundaries between scholarly studies of human antiquity.
The sphere and the dome: The Calouste Gulbenkian Planetarium in Lisbon and the imperial myth of the Estado Novo
Authors: Raposo Pedro M. P.
Published: October 2018

Inaugurated in 1965, the Calouste Gulbenkian Planetarium (CGP) was the first institution of its kind in Portugal. The CGP was established in the context of the relocation of the Maritime Museum of Lisbon (Museu de Marinha) to Belém, an area of the Portuguese capital highly symbolic of Portuguese maritime and imperial history. The dictatorial regime known as Estado Novo used Belém as a ground for major events that affirmed the legitimacy of Portugal’s overseas empire by celebrating the maritime deeds of erstwhile sovereigns and navigators, in a mythical narrative of a glorious imperial destiny. Given the close association between astronomy and nautical science, the CGP was certain to gain a prominent place in the tapestry of Belém’s symbolic inscriptions. This paper addresses the inception of the CGP in its urban context, showing how this area of Lisbon provided an ideal backdrop for this institution, and how its foundation was promoted and steered by a naval officer and amateur astronomer who maintained an ambivalent relation with the regime: Eugénio da Conceição Silva (1903–69).
Identifying core curricular components for behavioral health training in internal medicine residency: Qualitative interviews with residents, faculty, and behavioral health clinicians
Authors: Hemming Patrick , Revels Jessica A , Tran Anh N , Greenblatt Lawrence H , Steinhauser Karen E
Published: October 2018

Objective

Behavioral health services frequently delivered by primary care providers include care for mental health and substance abuse disorders and assistance with behavioral risk factor reduction. Internal medicine residencies in the United States lack formal expectations regarding training in behavioral health for residents. This qualitative study aimed to determine learners’ and teachers’ perceptions about appropriate behavioral health curricular components for internal medicine residents.

Method

Focus groups and interviews were conducted with the following individuals from the Duke Outpatient Clinic: residents with continuity practice (n = 27), advanced practice providers (n = 2), internal medicine attending physicians (n = 4), internal medicine/psychiatry attending physicians (n = 2), and behavioral health clinicians (n = 4). A focus group leader asked regarding residents’ successes and challenges in managing behavioral health issues and about specific learning components considered necessary to understand and manage these behavioral health conditions. Transcripts were coded using an editing analysis style to identify central themes and concordance/discordance between groups.

Results

Regarding mental health management (Theme 1), residents emphasized a need for better care coordination with specialty mental health, while attendings and behavioral health clinicians gave priority to residents’ skills in primary management of mental health. Residents, attendings, and behavioral health clinicians all emphasized advanced interviewing skills (Theme 2) with subthemes: eliciting the patient’s perspective, managing time in encounters, improving patients’ understanding, and patient counseling.

Conclusions

Internal medicine residents, attendings, and behavioral health clinicians may differ significantly in their perceptions of primary care’s role in mental health care. Future internal medicine behavioral health curricula should specifically address these attitudinal differences. Curricula should also emphasize interview skills training as an essential component of behavioral health learning.
2018 Hans O. Mauksch Address: Service Sociology for a Better World: A Critical and Imperative Strategy for Teaching and Learning in Sociology
Authors: Karraker Meg Wilkes
Published: October 2018

Service sociology is a critical strategy for teaching and learning in sociology. Even beyond that, service sociology is an imperative for communicating the value of our discipline to our students and other constituents. Using data collected from faculty members in Minnesota colleges and universities, I describe the salience of the sociology literacy framework for service sociology and as a means to avoid some of the weaknesses associated with service learning as a general pedagogy in our discipline. I offer six recommendations for advancing a “culture of service” in sociology, concluding with the case for service sociology as socialization to advance the common good while building sociological literacy.
Polynomial control design for polynomial systems: A non-iterative sum of squares approach
Authors: Rakhshan Mohsen , Vafamand Navid , Mardani Mohammad Mehdi , Khooban Mohammad-Hassan , Dragičević Tomislav
Published: October 2018

This paper proposes a non-iterative state feedback design approach for polynomial systems using polynomial Lyapunov function based on the sum of squares (SOS) decomposition. The polynomial Lyapunov matrix consists of states of the system leading to the non-convex problem. A lower bound on the time derivative of the Lyapunov matrix is considered to turn the non-convex problem into a convex one; and hence, the solutions are computed through semi-definite programming methods in a non-iterative fashion. Furthermore, we show that the proposed approach can be applied to a wide range of practical and industrial systems that their controller design is challenging, such as different chaotic systems, chemical continuous stirred tank reactor, and power permanent magnet synchronous machine. Finally, software-in-the-loop (SiL) real-time simulations are presented to prove the practical application of the proposed approach.
Mechanisms of Rodent Renal Carcinogenesis Revisited
Authors: Hard Gordon C.
Published: October 2018

The important renal tumors that can be induced by exposure of rats to chemical carcinogens are renal tubule tumors (RTTs) derived from tubule epithelium; renal pelvic carcinoma derived from the urothelial lining of the pelvis; renal mesenchymal tumors (RMTs) derived from the interstitial connective tissue; and nephroblastoma derived from the metanephric primordia. However, almost all of our knowledge concerning mechanisms of renal carcinogenesis in the rodent pertains to the adenomas and carcinomas originating from renal tubule epithelium. Currently, nine mechanistic pathways can be identified in either the rat or mouse following chemical exposure. These include direct DNA reactivity, indirect DNA reactivity through free radical formation, multiphase bioactivation involving glutathione conjugation, mitotic disruption, sustained cell proliferation from direct cytotoxicity, sustained cell proliferation by disruption of a physiologic process (alpha 2u-globulin nephropathy), exaggerated pharmacologic response, species-dominant metabolic pathway, and chemical exacerbation of chronic progressive nephropathy. Spontaneous occurrence of RTTs in the rat will be included since one example is a confounder for interpreting kidney tumor results in chemical carcinogenicity studies in rats.
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover study to evaluate the human abuse liability of solriamfetol, a selective dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor
Authors: Carter Lawrence P , Henningfield Jack E , Wang Y Grace , Lu Yuan , Kelsh Debra , Vince Bradley , Sellers Edward
Published: October 2018

Background:

This study evaluated the human abuse potential of solriamfetol (formerly JZP-110), a selective dopamine and norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor with robust wake-promoting effects.

Methods:

Adults with a recent history of recreational polydrug use, including stimulants, and who met criteria in a Qualification Phase were randomized to one of six sequences in a Test Phase. Each Test Phase sequence included a single administration of placebo, solriamfetol (300, 600, and 1200 mg), and phentermine (45 and 90 mg), with a two-day washout between periods. The primary endpoint was peak rating ( Emax) of Liking at the Moment across the first 12 h on a liking/disliking visual analog scale; key secondary endpoints were Next Day Overall Drug Liking, how much the participant would like to Take the Drug Again, and positive and negative subjective effects. Safety was also assessed throughout the study.

Results:

Of 43 participants (74.4% male; mean age 29.3 years), 37 completed the study. Peak Emax Liking at the Moment for all solriamfetol doses was significantly greater than placebo and significantly less than phentermine 90 mg ( p < 0.05). Overall Next Day Drug Liking was greater than placebo for solriamfetol 300 mg and phentermine 45 and 90 mg ( p < 0.05). Willingness to Take the Drug Again was significantly greater than placebo and significantly less than both doses of phentermine for all doses of solriamfetol ( p < 0.05). Ratings of negative subjective effects (bad effects, disliking, anxiety, agitation) were higher with solriamfetol 600 and 1200 mg relative to phentermine. The most common treatment-emergent adverse events with solriamfetol were hypervigilance, elevated mood, dry mouth, hyperhidrosis, and insomnia.

Conclusion:

Solriamfetol appears to have abuse potential similar to or lower than phentermine.
Insight into neural mechanisms underlying discogenic back pain
Authors: Yang Ge , Liao Wenyu , Shen Miaoda , Mei Haibo
Published: October 2018

Back pain is a common clinical symptom. Degeneration of intervertebral discs is one of the most important factors leading to back pain, namely, discogenic back pain. However, at present, the understanding of lumbar intervertebral discs causing back pain is confined to biomechanical and histological studies. The neuropathological mechanism related to discogenic back pain is still not well understood. Many studies have found that as an intervertebral disc degenerates, the peripheral nerve tissues have corresponding structural reorganization, and a series of nerve cells become involved in progression of discogenic back pain. Therefore, study of neural mechanisms that are involved in progression of discogenic back pain will provide additional assistance for treatment of its symptoms. We review the anatomical structure of intervertebral discs and the related neural mechanisms involved in discogenic back pain. We also discuss the current view of neural mechanisms underlying discogenic back pain.
Linezolid-induced pure red cell aplasia: a case report and literature review
Authors: Luo Zhuanbo , Xu Ning , Wang Yun , Huang Xiaoping , Cao Chao , Chen Lei
Published: October 2018

Linezolid (LZD) is the first oxazolidinone with excellent safety and efficacy profiles against refractory infections caused by gram-positive organisms. Hematological toxicities such as thrombocytopenia, anemia, and leukocytopenia are common in LZD therapy; however, LZD-induced pure red cell aplasia (PRCA) is rare. An 83-year-old man diagnosed with pleural empyema caused by Staphylococcus aureus received LZD after developing resistance to multiple antibiotics. Although his infection-related symptoms were improved by LZD, progressive anemia was noticed after LZD therapy was initiated. Eight weeks after LZD administration began, his hemoglobin level was 5.7 g/dL and reticulocyte proportion was 0.36%, while his white blood cell and platelet counts remained unchanged since admission. Bone marrow examination revealed markedly decreased erythropoiesis with cytoplasmic vacuolation of erythroblasts. Anemia resolved by 14 days after cessation of LZD. It is important to increase the awareness among clinicians about the potential for the hematological effects associated with LZD, particularly for older patients with pre-existing anemia and treatment courses longer than 14 days. To detect bone marrow suppression, including PRCA, we suggest monitoring the complete blood count and reticulocyte count periodically in patients receiving long-term LZD therapy.
Bridging Neuropsychology and Forensic Psychology: Executive Function Overlaps With the Central Eight Risk and Need Factors
Authors: Cheng Jeremy , O’Connell Megan E. , Wormith J. Stephen
Published: October 2018

Recent research expanded theoretical frameworks of criminality to include biosocial perspectives. This article advances the biosocial integration into traditional criminological theories by focusing on the potential contribution of executive function (EF) to Andrews and Bonta’s risk-need-responsivity (RNR) model. EF encompasses a collection of abilities critical to adaptive human functioning, many of which seem to underlie criminogenic risk and need factors. Although the assessment of EF can be elusive, research suggests that offenders with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) experience EF deficits. Theoretical analysis on neuropsychological and forensic concepts suggests that unitary and discrete EF domains underlie the “Central Eight” criminogenic factors that are related to criminal behavior and, by extension, the RNR model of forensic assessment and treatment. Research and conceptual limitations of the current neuropsychological and forensic literature are discussed along with the limits of our theoretical analysis. A call for more theoretical and applied forensic neuropsychological research is presented.
Political ecology II: Whither the state?
Authors: Loftus Alex
Published: October 2018

However conceptualised, the institutions and relations associated with the state are clearly crucial to political ecological research. Environmental policies are enacted through state institutions, and property rights over land and resources are enforced by the legal framework and monopoly power associated with the state form. Nevertheless, political ecologists have sometimes had an uneasy relationship with conceptualisations of the state, leading to recurring questions over the adequacy of political ecological theorisations. Over the last decade and a half such questions have led to a call for dialogues with political geography and, more recently, with critical geopolitics. In this second progress report, I review recent political ecological theorisations of the state, pointing to a set of shared concerns associated with the processes, relations and struggles through which states are brought into being and acquire certain effects. I will conclude with a note of caution when it comes to an uncritical dialogue with more abstract interpretations of state power.
Provision of Bus Real-Time Information: Turning Passengers from Being Contributors of Headway Irregularity to Controllers
Authors: Wang Pengfei , Chen Xuewu , Chen Wendong , Cheng Long , Lei Da
Published: October 2018

In frequently serviced bus routes passengers are more concerned about bus headway regularity than actual punctuality to the schedule. The buses tend to bunch naturally partly because of the participation of passengers in the system. Thus, the irregularity of headway of routes with high passenger demand is extremely serious. With the development of technique, bus real-time information containing arrival times and passenger-loads of following buses can be provided for passengers. A special “control way” which is particularly adaptive to the high-frequency routes is proposed based on this background. It is thought that passengers would control the headway regularity themselves when provided with bus real-time information. To test the effects of this special “control way,” bus-focused stochastic models are used for the simulation. The results show that providing real-time information does improve headway regularity as expected. The impacts are significant in morning-peak simulation. There is a reduction of 30.1% of headway irregularity after providing real-time information in morning peak, as well as, 18.5% in off-peak. Besides, through the comparison of line without passenger and normal line, it is confirmed that passengers are a vital factor contributing to the headway irregularity. By providing real-time information, the moderating effects of passengers approximately offset the negative effects from them both in morning peak and in off-peak. Lastly, as expected, passenger loads among buses became more even both in morning peak and in off-peak.