bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Semantic Attraction in Sentence Comprehension
Authors: Laurinavichyute Anna , von der Malsburg Titus
Published: February 2022

Agreement attraction is a cross‐linguistic phenomenon where a verb occasionally agrees not with its subject, as required by grammar, but instead with an unrelated noun (“The key to the cabinets were…”). Despite the clear violation of grammatical rules, comprehenders often rate these sentences as acceptable. Contenders for explaining agreement attraction fall into two broad classes: Morphosyntactic accounts specifically designed to explain agreement attraction, and more general sentence processing models, such as the Lewis and Vasishth model, which explain attraction as a consequence of how linguistic structure is stored and accessed in content‐addressable memory. In the present research, we disambiguate between these two classes by testing a surprising prediction made by the Lewis and Vasishth model but not by the morphosyntactic accounts, namely, that attraction should not be limited to morphosyntax, but that semantic features of unrelated nouns equally induce attraction. A recent study by Cunnings and Sturt provided initial evidence that this may be the case. Here, we report three single‐trial experiments in English that compared semantic and agreement attraction and tested whether and how the two interact. All three experiments showed strong semantically induced attraction effects closely mirroring agreement attraction effects. We complement these results with computational simulations which confirmed that the Lewis and Vasishth model can faithfully reproduce the observed results. In sum, our findings suggest that attraction is a more general phenomenon than is commonly believed, and therefore favor more general sentence processing models, such as the Lewis and Vasishth model.
Understanding “Why:” How Implicit Questions Shape Explanation Preferences
Authors: Joo Sehrang , Yousif Sami R. , Keil Frank C.
Published: February 2022

Adults and children ‘promiscuously’ endorse teleological answers to ‘why’ questions—a tendency linked to arguments that humans are intuitively theistic and naturally unscientific. But how do people arrive at an endorsement of a teleological answer? Here, we show that the endorsement of teleological answers need not imply unscientific reasoning (n = 880). A series of experiments show that (a) ‘why’ questions can be understood as a query for one of two distinct kinds of information and (b) these “implicit questions” can explain adults’ answer preferences without appeal to unscientific worldviews. As a strong test of this view, we show that people endorse teleological answers that can answer relevant (implicit) questions about something's purpose, even when those answers are explicitly non‐causal. Thus, we argue that endorsement of teleological answers does not necessarily equate to the endorsement of teleological ‘explanations’: Instead, explanation preferences may simply be an indication of people's pragmatic expectations about the questions that others ask. This view reframes how we should think about explanation preferences in general, while also offering practical insight into the pragmatics of question asking.
Leveraging large observational studies to discover genetic determinants of drug concentrations: A proof‐of‐concept study
Authors: Meloche Maxime , Leclair Grégoire , Jutras Martin , Oussaïd Essaïd , Gaulin Marie‐Josée , Mongrain Ian , Busseuil David , Tardif Jean‐Claude , Dubé Marie‐Pierre , de Denus Simon
Published: February 2022

Large, observational genetic studies are commonly used to identify genetic factors associated with diseases and disease‐related traits. Such cohorts have not been commonly used to identify genetic predictors of drug dosing or concentrations, perhaps because of the heterogeneity in drug dosing and formulation, and the random timing of blood sampling. We hypothesized that large sample sizes relative to traditional pharmacokinetic studies would compensate for this variability and enable the identification of pharmacogenetic predictors of drug concentrations. We performed a cross‐sectional, proof‐of‐concept association study to replicate the well‐established association between metoprolol concentrations and CYP2D6 genotype‐inferred metabolizer phenotypes in participants from the Montreal Heart Institute Hospital Cohort undergoing metoprolol therapy. Plasma concentrations of metoprolol and α‐hydroxymetoprolol (α‐OH‐metoprolol) were measured in samples collected randomly regarding the previous metoprolol dose. A total of 999 individuals were included. The metoprolol daily dose ranged from 6.25 to 400 mg (mean 84.3 ± 57.1 mg). CYP2D6‐inferred phenotype was significantly associated with both metoprolol and α‐OH‐metoprolol in unadjusted and adjusted models (all p < 10−14). Models for metoprolol daily dose showed consistent results. Our study suggests that randomly drawn blood samples from biobanks can serve as a new approach to discover genetic associations related to drug concentrations and dosing, with potentially broader implications for genomewide association studies on the pharmacogenomics of drug metabolism.
Better together? Assessing different remote sensing products for predicting habitat suitability of wetland birds
Authors: Koma Zsófia , Seijmonsbergen Arie C. , Grootes Meiert W. , Nattino Francesco , Groot Jim , Sierdsema Henk , Foppen Ruud P. B. , Kissling W. Daniel
Published: February 2022

Aim

The increasing availability of remote sensing (RS) products from airborne laser scanning (ALS) surveys, synthetic aperture radar acquisitions and multispectral satellite imagery provides unprecedented opportunities for describing the physical structure and seasonal changes of vegetation. However, the added value of these RS products for predicting species distributions and animal habitats beyond land cover maps remains little explored. Here, we aim to assess how metrics derived from different types of high‐resolution (10 m) RS products predict the habitat suitability of wetland birds.

Location

North‐eastern part of the Netherlands.

Methods

We built species distribution models (SDMs) with occurrence observations from territory mapping of two selected wetland bird species (great reed warbler and Savi's warbler) and metrics from a Dutch land cover map, country‐wide ALS and Sentinel‐1 and Sentinel‐2 RS products. We then compared model performance, relative variable importance and response curves of the SDMs to assess the contribution and ecological relevance of each RS product and metric.

Results

Our results showed that ALS and Sentinel metrics improve SDMs with only land cover metrics by 11% and 10% of the Area Under Curve (AUC) for the great reed warbler and the Savi's warbler respectively. Assessments of feature importance revealed that all types of RS products contributed substantially to predicting the habitat suitability of these wetland birds, but that the most important variables vary among species.

Main conclusions

Our study demonstrates that metrics from different high‐resolution RS products capture complementary ecological information on animal habitats, including aspects such as the proportional cover of habitat types, vegetation density and the horizontal variability of vegetation height. Land cover maps with detailed spatial and thematic information can already achieve high model accuracies, but adding metrics derived from ALS point clouds and Sentinel imagery further improve model accuracy and enhance the understanding of animal–habitat relationships.
Recognition of tRNAIle with a UAU anticodon by isoleucyl‐tRNA synthetase in lactic acid bacteria
Authors: Uesugi Gakuto , Fukuba Yuho , Yamamoto Takayuki , Inaba Nozomi , Furukawa Haruyuki , Yoshizawa Satoko , Tomikawa Chie , Takai Kazuyuki
Published: February 2022

In almost all eubacteria, the AUA codon is translated by tRNAIle2 bearing lysidine at the wobble position. Lysidine is introduced by tRNAIle lysidine synthetase (TilS) via post‐transcriptional modification of the cytidine of tRNAIle2(CAU). Lactobacillus casei and Lactobacillus plantarum have tilS homologues and tRNAIle2(CAU) genes. In addition, L. casei also has another tRNAIle2 gene with an UAU anticodon. L. plantarum has a tRNAIle(UAU)‐like RNA. Here, we demonstrate that L. casei tRNAIle2(UAU) is charged with isoleucine by L. casei isoleucyl‐tRNA synthetase (IleRS) but not by L. plantarum IleRS, even though the amino acid identity of these two enzymes is over 60%. It has been reported that, in Mycoplasma mobile, which has its tRNAIle2(UAU) but no tilS homologue, an Arg residue at position 865 of the IleRS is required for recognition of the UAU anticodon. This position is occupied by an Arg also in the IleRSs from both of the Lactobacillus species. Thus, other residues in L. casei, IleRS should also contribute to the recognition of tRNAIle2(UAU). We found that a chimeric L. casei IleRS in which the N‐terminal domain was replaced by the corresponding region of L. plantatarum IleRS has very low aminoacylation activity towards both tRNAIle2(UAU) and tRNAIle1(GAU). The A18G mutant had barely detectable aminoacylation activity towards either of the tRNAsIle. However, a double point mutant of A18G and G19N aminoacylated tRNAIle1(GAU), but not tRNAIle2(UAU). Our results suggest that, for L. casei IleRS, Ala18 and Gly19 also play a critical role in recognition of tRNAIle2(UAU).
Adverse childhood experiences and onset of migraine in Canadian adolescents: A cohort study
Authors: Hammond Nicole G. , Colman Ian , Orr Serena L.
Published: February 2022

Background

Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) are cross‐sectionally associated with headache, including migraine, in pediatric populations.

Objective

The objective of this study was to determine whether ACEs are prospectively associated with incident health‐professional diagnosed migraine and prevalence of non‐migraine frequent headache in adolescence, either directly or indirectly through symptoms of depression and anxiety.

Methods

We used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, a Canadian cohort study that followed children aged 0/1 at baseline, and the person most knowledgeable about them (PMK) until the child reached adolescence. The PMK reported on 14 ACEs (e.g., parental death) when the child was 4/5 and 6/7 years, and symptoms of depression and anxiety in late childhood (age 8/9 years), using a validated tool. Migraine (primary outcome) was ascertained via PMK report of a health‐professional diagnosis, and non‐migraine frequent headache (>1 time per week) was adolescent self‐report, both measured at age 14/15. We estimated direct and indirect effects (IEs) on the log‐odds scale through symptoms of depression and anxiety (mediator). We adjusted for sex, parental migraine, and economic deprivation. The analytic sample sizes were: n = 2058 (migraine) and n = 1730 (frequent headache).

Results

There were nunweighted = 71 respondents with migraine (3.4%, 71/2058) and nunweighted = 204 with non‐migraine frequent headache (11.8%, 204/1730). Most respondents experienced no ACEs (weighted percentage = 55.7), followed by 1 ACE (weighted percentage = 34.7) and greater than or equal to two ACEs (weighted percentage = 9.6), respectively. There were direct associations between experiencing one (odds ratio [OR] = 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01–2.87) and equal to or greater than two (OR = 2.33, 95% CI: 1.13–4.80) ACEs and migraine, but not for non‐migraine frequent headache. There were no indirect relationships through symptoms of depression and anxiety for migraine (1 ACE: OR = 1.06, 95% CI: 0.99–1.13 and ≥2 ACEs: OR = 1.11, 95% CI: 0.98–1.28) or non‐migraine frequent headache (1 ACE: OR = 0.99, 95% CI: 0.95–1.03 and ≥2 ACEs: OR = 0.98, 95% CI: 0.90–1.07).

Conclusions

ACEs may confer an increased risk of migraine onset in adolescence. The association was not explained by symptoms of depression and anxiety in late childhood.
Are psychological interventions efficacious for adults with migraine? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Dudeney Joanne , Sharpe Louise , McDonald Sarah , Menzies Rachel E. , McGuire Brian
Published: February 2022

Objective

To determine the efficacy of psychological interventions in studies of adults with migraine, in reducing pain, and functional and psychosocial difficulties.

Background

A recently published Cochrane Review showed no strong evidence for psychological intervention for adults with migraine. However, this review was limited by stringent inclusion criteria, potentially resulting in low power. The current review examines the stability of these findings.

Methods

CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, and CINAHL databases were systematically searched from inception to July 31, 2021. Reviewers independently conducted the search and extraction process. Risk of bias was conducted, and we provide GRADE ratings of our confidence in the evidence. We included 39 randomized controlled trials in the meta‐analyses (n = 3155); 31 included data on migraine only and eight combined data from adults with migraine or tension‐type headache (TTH).

Results

In contrast to the Cochrane Review, for studies including adults with migraine only, we found psychological interventions had a small to medium beneficial effect on improving migraine frequency, pain intensity, and disability post‐treatment, compared to controls (Cohen’s d range 0.23 to 0.33), and disability at follow‐up (d = 0.44). We found no evidence of a beneficial effect on quality‐of‐life post‐treatment, or mood at post‐treatment or follow‐up. Our sensitivity analyses on studies with mixed headache populations (migraine and combined migraine/TTH) found a similar magnitude of effects for most outcomes (d range 0.25 to 0.36), except for mood, which produced a small to medium beneficial effect (d = 0.32).

Conclusion

We found evidence that adults with migraine may benefit from psychological intervention, and psychological treatment may equally benefit adults with a range of headache conditions. However, as with previous reviews, quality of the evidence was low, findings should be cautiously interpreted, and this field would benefit from future high‐quality trials.
Lack of local adaptation of feeding and calling behaviours by Yponomeuta cagnagellus moths in response to artificial light at night
Authors: Cieraad Ellen , van Grunsven Roy H. A. , van der Sman Florine , Zwart Nienke , Musters Kees. J. M. , Strange Emily , van Langevelde Frank , Trimbos Krijn B.
Published: February 2022

Artificial light at night (ALAN) is one of the suggested drivers of the global decline in insects, including moths.

ALAN strongly affects moth physiology and behaviour, but it remains unknown whether ALAN is a selective pressure that drives adaptation and evolution in moths.

We assess whether feeding and calling behaviours of Yponomeuta cagnagellus moths are locally adapted to ALAN. Collected from locations that were either illuminated or dark at night‐time for several decades, moths were exposed to different light intensities in a laboratory experiment.

Male moths, but not female moths, fed less frequently in bright light than in dark or dim conditions. Female calling was less frequent in dimly or brightly lit conditions than in the dark treatment. Individuals from illuminated source populations showed increased feeding behaviour by males and marginally decreased calling behaviour by females.

Our study suggests that ALAN affects the phenotypical calling behaviour by females and feeding behaviour by male moths of Y. cagnagellus but has not resulted in adaptation. Long‐term ALAN conditions also affected feeding and marginally affected calling frequency. Reduced calling in lit conditions, perhaps driven by a reduced need for such behaviour because of an increase in visual cues or through the proximity of individuals in lit conditions, may result in long‐term adaptation.

Studies into more moth species are required to determine the extent to which a lack of adaptation to ALAN may contribute to current global declines in moth populations.
Determinants of selection behavior in online distribution channels for fresh food
Authors: Choi Junhwa , Jang Sungsoon , Choi Jae Young
Published: February 2022

This study examines the core factors that determine consumer choices of distribution channels for fresh food during the COVID‐19 pandemic, focusing on online distribution channels and the substitution patterns between online and offline distribution channels. Using 1436 responses to a survey conducted by Gallup Korea, a specialized survey agency in Korea, we adopted a multivariate probit model for the empirical analysis. The results show that consumers who pursued ease of use or had high awareness of online food delivery tended to choose online distribution channels for fresh food, unlike consumers who were sensitive to high quality or low prices. Consumers with high consumer spending, who are living in Seoul or a metropolitan area, have children of 10 years old or younger, and have a high educational level had positive relationships with the choice of an online distribution channel. Additionally, the estimates of the variance‐covariance matrix showed a complementary relationship between large markets and small and medium‐sized markets, with the possibility of a weak substitution effect between small and medium‐sized markets and online distribution channels.
Rheological and viscoelastic properties of colloidal solutions based on gelatins and chitosan as affected by pH
Authors: Benoso Paula , Bittante Ana Mônica Quinta Barbosa , Moraes Izabel Cristina Freitas , do Amaral Sobral Paulo José
Published: February 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of pH on rheological and viscoelastic properties of solutions based on blends of type A (GeA) or type B (GeB) gelatin and chitosan (CH). Solutions of GeA, GeB, CH, GeA:CH, and GeB:CH were prepared in several pH (3.5–6.0) and analyzed for determination of zeta‐potential. Rheological analyses (stationary and dynamic essays) were carried out with blends allowing to study the effect of pH on shear stress, apparent viscosity, loss (G”) and storage (G’) moduli, and angle phase (Tanδ). Zeta potential of all biopolymers decreased linearly as a function of pH. CH presented higher values, and GeB, the lowest one, being the only having negative values at pH > 5. Overall, the pH influenced the rheological and viscoelastic properties of the colloidal solutions: shear stress and apparent viscosity increased as a function of pH. Other assays were carried out at 3% and 5% strain, for GeA:CH and GeB:CH, respectively. In the sol domain, G’ and G” (1 Hz) increased linearly for GeA:CH. But for GeB:CH, they increased in two linear different regions: one function between pH 3.5 and 5.0 and another one between 5.0 and 6.0, being a more important effect was visible in this last domain probably due to the negative net charge of gelatin, above it pI. An effect in two domains was also visible for Tanδ, explained in the same manner as previously. The GeB:CH blends behaved like diluted solutions, and transition temperatures increased as a function of pH.
First accurate profiling of antioxidant anthocyanins and flavonols of Tibouchina urvilleana and Tibouchina mollis edible flowers aided by fractionation with Amberlite XAD‐7
Authors: Solarte Natalia , Cejudo‐Bastante María Jesús , Hurtado Nelson , Heredia Francisco J.
Published: February 2022

A purification and fractionation process of the edible flowers of Tibouchina mollis and Tibouchina urvilleana followed by the first attempt to the anthocyanin and flavonol characterisation and identification by UHPLC‐DAD‐ESI‐MS were developed. T. urvilleana exhibited a higher monomeric anthocyanin content, mainly due to the presence of the 3‐O‐(6′‐p‐coumaroyl)‐glucoside derivatives of malvidin and petunidin. Quercetin‐3‐O‐hexoside was the major flavonol identified in T. urvilleana, and the lack of myricetin derivatives was also exhibited. The anthocyanin and flavonol profile of T. mollis was more miscellaneous, characterised by the occurrence of cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside followed by the 3‐O‐(6′‐p‐coumaroyl)‐glucoside and 3‐O‐glucoside derivatives of malvidin and petunidin as anthocyanins, and myricetin, quercetin, and 3‐O‐hexosides of kaemperol and quercetin as flavonol compounds. Therefore, the anthocyanin and flavonol profile, through a process based on purification and fractionation, could be a useful tool to ensure the authenticity of the Tibouchina. Furthermore, the purification process made the antioxidant activity increase, which is greatly correlated to the reduction capacity.
Ideas and power in employment relations studies
Authors: Carstensen Martin B. , Ibsen Christian Lyhne , Schmidt Vivien A.
Published: February 2022

Motivated by the efforts to understand shifting dynamics of change and stability in employment relations—not least ones brought on by a decade of crisis in what was a neoliberal consensus—scholars increasingly focus on the role of ideas, discourses, and identities. This paper argues for the potential of continuing down this path of employing ideational explanations in employment relations. First, it highlights four key weaknesses of employing more pure materialist–institutionalist approaches that have traditionally dominated employment relations scholarship. Second, it argues that to recognize and build on existing efforts to bring in ideas to employment relations, it is useful to place these on the macro‐, meso‐, and micro levels. Third, to further advance an ideational perspective on employment relations, it proposes to place more centrally the concept of ideational power. Fourth, it presents key insights from the papers that make up the Special Issue and fleshes out how the individual papers of the Special Issue contribute to this agenda.
Defending workers' rights on social media: Chinese seafarers during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Tang Lijun
Published: February 2022

This paper explores the power dynamics in the process of Chinese seafarers' labour rights defence activities on social media during the crew change crisis caused by the COVID‐19 pandemic. It shows that while exercising symbolic power is at the core of such activities, the effectiveness of symbolic power depends on the networking/distributing power of hub nodes and associational power of the maritime community to help generate visibility. The hub nodes, however, are subject to tight control in China, and as such, their ability to deploy networking/distributing power is constrained. This suggests that worker power is conditioned by sociopolitical factors.
Retracted: Constructing civic identity among ethnic groups residing in enclaves
Authors: Musabaeva Ainur , Baigabylov Nurlan , Tlespaeva Almash , Uasheva Aizhan
Published: February 2022

In contemporary world conditions, characterised by rapidly developing social processes, the problem of the study of civic identity as part of social identity is becoming increasingly relevant. The purpose of this paper is to describe the results of a cross‐sectional study of the factors of constructing the civic identity of residents of the Maktaaral district of Kazakhstan—an enclave in the territory of Uzbekistan. The study involved 350 people from Myrzakent, the administrative centre of the Maktaaral district. The scientific novelty of the study lies in highlighting the main indicators of civic identity that are inherent in citizens of Kazakhstan living in the Maktaaral district in isolation from the parent state. The practical significance of the study is to identify the features of constructing civic identity among residents of this enclave formation. It was found that their civic identity was formed at the level of citizenship, the level of civic consciousness, and the level of patriotism. It was concluded that the territorial isolation of enclaves does not significantly affect the construction of civic identity construction.
A meta‐analysis comparing efficiency of limb‐salvage surgery vs amputation on patients with osteosarcoma treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy
Authors: Abdelgawad Mohamed A , Parambi Della G T , Ghoneim Mohammed M. , Alotaibi Nasser Hadal , Alzarea Abdulaziz Ibrahim , Hassan Ahmed HM , Abdelrahim Mohamed E.A.
Published: February 2022

Osteogenic sarcoma is the central malignant bone neoplasm affecting the bones of arms and legs and rarely the soft tissues outside the bones. Historically, amputation was the chief surgical technique; currently, the popular standard is limb salvage surgery (LSS), although both procedures' effect on 5‐year‐event survival, 5‐year disease‐free survival rates (DFS) and the local recurrence is uncertain. Therefore, this meta‐study aimed to establish the relationship between the effect of LSS and amputation in subjects with osteogenic carcinoma. A systematic survey till January 2021 to know the effect of LLS vs amputation with subjects treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy was conducted. Clinical studies were identified with 9760 subjects with osteosarcoma of the extremities at the beginning of the trial; 7095 of them were managed with limb salvage surgery and 2611 with amputation. This study tried to compare the effects of LSS vs amputation in subjects with osteogenic sarcoma in the extremities. The dichotomous method in statistical analysis was used as a tool for establishing odds ratio (OR) at a confidence interval of 95% (CI) to assess the efficiency of LSS and amputees with osteosarcoma of the extremities with a fixed or random‐effect model. Although patients with osteosarcoma of the extremities managed with LSS were significantly related to a higher local recurrence rate than those treated with amputation, they were also associated with higher 5‐year overall survival (OS) than amputation. Patients showed no significant difference in a 5‐year DFS rate between LSS vs amputation. The subjects who have undergone LSS for osteosarcoma of the extremities may have a higher risk of local recurrence than amputees. However, LSS may increase 5‐year OS compared to amputees. These results depict that local recurrence of osteosarcoma does not influence survival rate. However, more studies are needed to validate this finding.
Ultra‐high‐temperature piezoelectric responses and ultra‐high thermal stability of piezoelectricity in ceramic PbZr0.54Ti0.46O3
Authors: Pu Tao , Chen Hao , Xing Jie , Luo Yaxia , Fan Shibo , Liu Hong , Chen Qiang , Zhu Jianguo
Published: February 2022

To date, most piezoceramics with a high piezoelectric coefficient (d33 > 500 pC/N) and a high Curie temperature (TC around 400°C) are BiScO3‐PbTiO3‐based (BS‐PT‐based) systems, containing the rare‐earth element Sc, whose high cost hinders mass production. We investigated the effect of Nd‐doping on the morphotropic phase boundary and synthesized low‐cost Nd‐doped PbZr0.54Ti0.46O3 (PZT) piezoceramics, achieving high piezoelectric performance. At room temperature, the piezoelectric coefficient d33 reached 550 pC/N with a TC = 375°C and this changed by only 3.6% over a broad temperature range (30–260°C). The d33 value reached an ultra‐high value of 941 pC/N at 345°C, which is higher than that of a BS‐PT‐based ceramic (810 pC/N at 350°C). The developed PZT ceramic material has a superior electrostrictive strain of 0.45% at 40 kV/cm, and a room temperature piezoelectric coefficient d33* of 1312 pm/V at 20 kV/cm. Our research provides a new paradigm for designing piezoceramics that can be used over a wide temperature range.
Dupilumab ocular side effects in patients with atopic dermatitis: a systematic review
Authors: Neagu N. , Dianzani C. , Avallone G. , Dell’Aquila C. , Morariu S.‐H. , Zalaudek I. , Conforti C.
Published: February 2022

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic, inflammatory skin disorder that most frequently occurs in children, but it can also affect adults. Even though most AD cases can be managed with topical treatments, moderate‐to‐severe forms require systemic therapies. Dupilumab is the first human monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of AD. Its action is through IL‐4 receptor alpha subunit inhibition, thus blocking IL‐4 and IL‐13 signaling pathways. It has been shown to be an effective, well‐tolerated therapy for AD, as well as for asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyposis (CRSwNP), and eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE). However, an increasing incidence of dupilumab‐induced ocular surface disease (DIOSD) has been reported in patients treated with dupilumab, as compared to placebo. The aim of this study was to summarize scientific data regarding DIOSD in AD patients treated with dupilumab. A search of PubMed and clinicaltrials.gov databases was performed. There was no limit to study design. All AD cases were moderate‐to‐severe. DIOSD was either dermatologist‐, allergist‐, or ophthalmologist‐assessed. Evidence shows that DIOSD occurs most frequently in patients with atopic dermatitis and not in other skin conditions, neither in patients with asthma, CRSwNP, nor EoE who are on dupilumab treatment. Further studies are warranted in order to establish a causal relationship between dupilumab and ocular surface disease. Nevertheless, ophthalmological evaluations prior to dupilumab initiation can benefit AD patients with previous ocular pathology or current ocular symptomatology. Also, patch testing for ocular allergic contact dermatitis might be advantageous in patients with a history of allergic conjunctivitis. Furthermore, TARC, IgE, and circulating eosinophils levels might be important biomarkers for a baseline assessment of future candidates to dupilumab treatment. However, TARC measurements should be resumed for research purposes only.
Postoperative surgical site infection rate in patients with diabetes following Mohs micrographic surgery: a retrospective analysis
Authors: Hansen T. , Gangal A. , Hijab E. , Barrett D. , Yeung H. , Cao Y. , Switchenko J. , Blalock T.W.
Published: February 2022

Background

Incidence of surgical site infection (SSI) following Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) amongst patients with diabetes is largely unknown.

Objective

Evaluate diabetes as a potential SSI risk factor in MMS by comparing SSI incidence in a cohort of patients with and without diabetes.

Methods

A 5‐year retrospective review to determine SSI rate in patients with diabetes compared to patients without diabetes. SSI incidence in patients with diabetes was further compared by A1c, and the impact of antibiotics on SSI rate was also examined.

Results

Overall rate of SSI was 1.47% (53/3597 cases). SSI rate amongst patients with diabetes was 1.95% (14/719 cases) compared to 1.35% (39/2878 cases) in patients without diabetes, with a non‐significant odds ratio for SSI of 1.45 (95% CI = 0.78–2.68, P = 0.241). Multivariable logistic regression analysis revealed no difference in SSI. Stratification of diabetic patients by A1c into ≥7.0 and <7.0 compared to patients without diabetes yielded no statistically significant difference in SSI amongst all groups (P = 0.815). Whether an antibiotic was prescribed did not significantly impact SSI rate between groups.

Conclusion

No significant difference in postoperative SSI was found in patients with diabetes compared to patients without diabetes following MMS regardless of degree of glycaemic control.
Trends in advance care planning and end‐of‐life care among persons living with dementia requiring surrogate decision‐making
Authors: Gotanda Hiroshi , Walling Anne M. , Reuben David B. , Lauzon Marie , Tsugawa Yusuke
Published: February 2022

Background

Previous studies have demonstrated positive impacts of advance care planning (ACP) on end‐of‐life (EOL) care. We sought to examine trends in ACP and EOL care intensity among persons living with dementia who required surrogate decision‐making in their final days of life.

Methods

We analyzed the participants of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), a nationally representative longitudinal panel study of U.S. residents, with dementia 70 years and older who required surrogate decision‐making in the final days of life and died between 2000 and 2014. Based on surrogate reports after the death of a participant, our study measured the completion of three specific types of patient‐engaged ACP (written EOL care instructions, assignment of a durable power of attorney for healthcare, patient engagement in EOL care discussions) and four measures of EOL care in the final days of life (death in hospital, receipt of life‐prolonging treatments, limiting or withholding certain treatments, and receipt of comfort‐oriented care). All analyses accounted for the complex survey design of HRS.

Results

Among 870 adults (weighted N = 2,812,380) with dementia who died in 2000–2014 and required surrogate decision‐making at EOL, only 34.8% of patients participated in all three aspects of ACP, and there was not a significant increase in ACP completion between 2000 and 2014. The receipt of life‐prolonging treatments in the final days of life has increased over time (adjusted change per year, 1.4 percentage points [pp]; 95% CI, 0.5 to 2.2 pp; P‐for‐trend = 0.002), while the percentage of death in hospital, limiting or withholding certain treatments, or comfort‐oriented care did not change.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that the rates of ACP completion have not increased over time despite its potential benefits and life‐prolonging treatments are still common among PLWD who require surrogate decision‐making, a population who might benefit greatly from early ACP.
Ontogenetic changes to metacarpal trabecular bone structure in mountain and western lowland gorillas
Authors: Deckers Kim , Tsegai Zewdi J. , Skinner Matthew M. , Zeininger Angel , Kivell Tracy L.
Published: February 2022

The trabecular bone morphology of adult extant primates has been shown to reflect mechanical loading related to locomotion. However, ontogenetic studies of humans and other mammals suggest an adaptive lag between trabecular bone response and current mechanical loading patterns that could result in adult trabecular bone morphology reflecting juvenile behaviours. This study investigates ontogenetic changes in the trabecular bone structure of the third metacarpal of mountain gorillas (Gorilla beringei beringei; n = 26) and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla; n = 26) and its relationship to expected changes in locomotor loading patterns. Results show that trabecular bone reflects predicted mechanical loading throughout ontogeny. Bone volume fraction, trabecular thickness and trabecular number are low at birth and increase with age, although degree of anisotropy remains relatively stable throughout ontogeny. A high concentration of bone volume fraction can be observed in the distopalmar region of the third metacarpal epiphysis in early ontogeny, consistent with the high frequency of climbing, suspensory and other grasping behaviours in young gorillas. High trabecular bone concentration increases dorsally in the epiphysis during the juvenile period as terrestrial knuckle‐walking becomes the primary form of locomotion. However, fusion of the epiphysis does not take place until 10–11 years of age, and overall trabecular structure does not fully reflect the adult pattern until 12 years of age, indicating a lag between adult‐like behaviours and adult‐like trabecular morphology. We found minimal differences in trabecular ontogeny between mountain and western lowland gorillas, despite presumed variation in the frequencies of arboreal locomotor behaviours. Altogether, ontogenetic changes in Gorilla metacarpal trabecular structure reflect overall genus‐level changes in locomotor behaviours throughout development, but with some ontogenetic lag that should be considered when drawing functional conclusions from bone structure in extant or fossil adolescent specimens.
Air‐toxin technique: Introduction and analysis of effect using a photoimaging system
Authors: Kang Seung Hoon , Han Yujin , Kim Hei Sung
Published: February 2022

Background

As an alternative to other approaches to facial rejuvenation, the air‐toxin technique (dermal injection of air with micro‐doses of botulinum toxin) is a promising method. We aimed to describe this novel technique and assess the overall safety and efficacy of the air‐toxin technique in facial rejuvenation.

Materials and methods

A retrospective chart review was performed on cases treated with the air‐toxin technique. A total of 47 Korean patients underwent a single treatment session. Treatment efficacy was assessed objectively with serial VISIA® (Canfield Scientific, NJ, USA) skin analysis data and subjectively based on the patients’ assessment scores at Week 12.

Results

A significant improvement in wrinkle (p < 0.001), UV spot (p < 0.001), and porphyrin (p = 0.005) was objectively seen at 12 weeks follow‐up. Patients noted improvement in the categories wrinkle (p < 0.01), redness (p = 0.029), texture (p < 0.001), dilated pore (p < 0.001), and lifting (p < 0.001) at Week 12 compared to baseline. No major adverse event was reported.

Conclusions

Our data show that the air‐toxin technique is efficacious in facial rejuvenation as shown by improved skin analysis parameters and patient assessment scores. Notably, there was some discrepancy between the objective and subjective parameters of improvement.
Glandular odontogenic cysts: A collaborative investigation of 22 cases and proteins related to invasiveness
Authors: da Silva Karine Duarte , Neutzling Gomes Ana Paula , Balbinot Karolyny Martins , Sena Yasmim Rodrigues , Mosconi Carla , de Mendonça Elismauro Franscisco , Chaves Tarquinio Sandra Beatriz , de Melo Alves Junior Sérgio , de Jesus Viana Pinheiro João , de Aguiar Maria Cássia Ferreira
Published: February 2022

Background

A glandular odontogenic cyst (GOC) has an intriguing, aggressive behaviour whose mechanisms have not yet been clarified.

Objective

To conduct a collaborative cross‐sectional study on the clinical, demographic, microscopic and immunohistochemical characteristics of GOCs, emphasizing the histopathological characteristics and expression of proteins related to invasiveness.

Methods

Twenty‐two cases of GOC from three oral and maxillofacial pathology services in Brazil were selected from 1988 to 2018. Clinical and demographic data were collected. Histopathological features were evaluated in detail. Sixteen cases of GOC were also submitted to immunohistochemistry to detect MT1‐MMP, TKS4, TKS5 and cortactin, the key regulators of invadopodia formation.

Results

Glandular odontogenic cysts were primarily seen in men over 40 years of age, in the posterior mandible and the anterior maxilla as a unilocular, radiolucent lesion. All cases presented hobnail cells, clear cells and variable thickness of the lining epithelium, 3 of the 10 key histopathological parameters to be evaluated in GOCs. Immunohistochemistry revealed a greater expression of the studied proteins in the GOCs than in the controls (p < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Overexpression of proteins that regulate cell invasiveness was identified, and the present study's findings suggest that invadopodia activity is a possible mechanism used by GOCs to promote local invasion, which could partly explain its intriguing biological behaviour.
Predictors of parent's knowledge of hospital‐based pediatric falls
Authors: Sheppard‐Law Suzanne , Brogan Frances , Usherwood Frances , Hunstead Paul , Shala Danielle‐Ritz
Published: February 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to validate and to determine the individual characteristics and demographic factors associated with parents’ knowledge of hospital‐based pediatric falls and to identify parent populations more likely to report low levels of falls‐related knowledge.

Design

Validation of a questionnaire and a cross‐sectional survey design.

Methods

Parents (n = 200) of hospitalized children admitted to a tertiary specialist pediatric hospital in Australia completed an online questionnaire. Parents were asked to rate their hospital‐based falls knowledge using a Likert scale (1–5). The questionnaire was administered to parents across six hospital wards, 1 day a week, from May to August 2019. Validation of the questionnaire involved factor analyses and reliability tests. Finally, descriptive analysis measured parents' knowledge, and a multivariate logistic regression analysis reported factors associated with parents’ falls knowledge. All data were analyzed in Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (V27). Ethical approval was received for all stages.

Results

The final version of the parent knowledge of falls (PKOF) questionnaire consisted of 23 questions across five domains (Cronbach α = .929–.70). Parents’ knowledge of hospital‐based falls ranged from 2.5 to 4.5, while knowledge that children may fall during parental presence rated the lowest score. Knowledge of inpatient falls was higher if their child had a high risk of falls (odds ratio [OR]: 2.1, p = .04) and they were Australian‐born parents (OR: 1.9, p = .05).

Practice Implications

The PKOF questionnaire is an evidence‐based instrument developed for a pediatric hospital setting. Findings highlight knowledge gaps and parent groups with the highest risk of having inadequate hospital‐based falls knowledge. The questionnaire enables pediatric nurses and educators to measure parents' knowledge of hospital‐based falls accurately and consistently, and so to identify gaps and, subsequently, develop, implement, and evaluate falls education using an evidence‐based approach.
Soluble inflammatory mediators identify HCV patients who may be cured with four weeks of antiviral treatment
Authors: Khera Tanvi , Madsen Lone Wulff , Du Yanqin , Lillevang Søren Thue , Christensen Peer Brehm , Wedemeyer Heiner
Published: February 2022

Soluble inflammatory mediators (SIM) can be predictive of treatment outcome in antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis C. Recently, it was shown that a subgroup of patients can be cured with four weeks of therapy. We here profiled patients for 70 SIM before and during treatment of hepatitis C with glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (GLE/PIB) +/− ribavirin. Proximity extension assay was performed in a total of 32 patients. Pre‐treatment SIM profiles did not distinguish patients achieving an SVR (n = 21) from patients experiencing antiviral relapse (n = 11). However, after 4 weeks of therapy, eight markers were identified that could distinguish patients with SVR from the relapsed group, namely MMP‐10, CCL20, CXCL11, FGF‐23, TNF, MCP‐2, IL‐18R1 and CXCL10. Thus, this study shows that a distinct on‐treatment immune profile is associated with cure of HCV infection after ultrashort treatment.
Temporal changes in pathogen diversity in a perennial plant–pathogen–hyperparasite system
Authors: Stauber Lea , Croll Daniel , Prospero Simone
Published: February 2022

Hyperparasites can affect the evolution of pathosystems by influencing the stability of both pathogen and host populations. However, how pathogens of perennial hosts evolve in the presence of a hyperparasite has rarely been studied. Here, we investigated temporal changes in genetic diversity of the invasive chestnut blight pathogen Cryphonectria parasitica in the presence of its parasitic mycovirus Cryphonectria hypovirus 1 (CHV1). The virus reduces fungal virulence and represents an effective natural biocontrol agent against chestnut blight in Europe. We analysed genome‐wide diversity and CHV1 prevalence in C. parasitica populations in southern Switzerland that were sampled twice at an interval of about 30 years. Overall, we found that both pathogen population structure and CHV1 prevalence were retained over time. The results suggest that recent bottlenecks have influenced the structure of C. parasitica populations in southern Switzerland. Strong balancing selection signals were found at a single vegetative incompatibility (vic) locus, consistent with negative frequency‐dependent selection imposed by the vegetative incompatibility system. High levels of mating among related individuals (i.e., inbreeding) and genetic drift are probably at the origin of imbalanced allele ratios at vic loci and subsequently low vc type diversity. Virus infection rates were stable at ~30% over the study period and we found no significant impact of the virus on fungal population diversity. Consequently, the efficacy of CHV1‐mediated biocontrol was probably retained.
Immunity functions of Arabidopsis pathogenesis‐related 1 are coupled but not confined to its C‐terminus processing and trafficking
Authors: Pečenková Tamara , Pejchar Přemysl , Moravec Tomáš , Drs Matěj , Haluška Samuel , Šantrůček Jiří , Potocká Andrea , Žárský Viktor , Potocký Martin
Published: February 2022

The pathogenesis‐related 1 (PR1) proteins are members of the cross‐kingdom conserved CAP superfamily (from Cysteine‐rich secretory protein, Antigen 5, and PR1 proteins). PR1 mRNA expression is frequently used for biotic stress monitoring in plants; however, the molecular mechanisms of its cellular processing, localization, and function are still unknown. To analyse the localization and immunity features of Arabidopsis thaliana PR1, we employed transient expression in Nicotiana benthamiana of the tagged full‐length PR1 construct, and also disrupted variants with C‐terminal truncations or mutations. We found that en route from the endoplasmic reticulum, the PR1 protein transits via the multivesicular body and undergoes partial proteolytic processing, dependent on an intact C‐terminal motif. Importantly, only nonmutated or processing‐mimicking variants of PR1 are secreted to the apoplast. The C‐terminal proteolytic cleavage releases a protein fragment that acts as a modulator of plant defence responses, including localized cell death control. However, other parts of PR1 also have immunity potential unrelated to cell death. The described modes of the PR1 contribution to immunity were found to be tissue‐localized and host plant ontogenesis dependent.
A scoping review of outcomes commonly reported in obesity prevention interventions aiming to improve obesity‐related health behaviors in children to age 5 years
Authors: Brown Vicki , Moodie Marj , Sultana Marufa , Hunter Kylie E. , Byrne Rebecca , Zarnowiecki Dorota , Seidler Anna Lene , Golley Rebecca , Taylor Rachael W. , Hesketh Kylie D. , Matvienko‐Sikar Karen
Published: February 2022

This scoping review was undertaken as the first stage of development of the Core Outcome Sets for Early Prevention of Obesity in CHildhood (COS‐EPOCH). The aim of this review is to identify the outcomes collected and reported in randomized controlled trials of early childhood obesity prevention interventions. A systematic scoping review was undertaken following published guidelines. Trial registries and Medline were searched, and records retrieved were screened by two reviewers. Included trials aimed to prevent childhood obesity in the first 5 years of life and were randomized. Data were extracted using a standardized form. Outcomes were assigned to outcome domains, and similar definitions within each domain were merged, based on key literature and expert consensus. Outcome and domain frequencies were estimated and presented in outcome matrices. Eighteen outcome domains were identified from 161 included studies: “anthropometry,” “dietary intake,” “physical activity,” “sedentary behaviour,” “emotional functioning/wellbeing,” “feeding,” “cognitive/executive functioning,” “sleep,” “other,” “study‐related,” “parenting practices,” “motor skill development,” “environmental,” “blood and lymphatic system,” “perceptions and preferences,” “quality of life,” and “economic,” “oral health.” The most frequently reported outcome domain was anthropometry (92% of studies), followed by dietary intake (77%) and physical activity (60%). 221 unique outcomes were identified, indicating a high degree of heterogeneity. Body mass index was the only outcome reported in >50% of studies. The considerable heterogeneity in outcomes supports the need for the development of COS‐EPOCH.