bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance Evaluation of YOLOv5-based Custom Object Detection Model for Campus-Specific Scenario
Authors: Jayakumar Dontabhaktuni , Peddakrishna Samineni
Published: April 2024

This study evaluates the performance of a custom object detection model based on the YOLOv5 architecture, specifically tailored for autonomous electric vehicles. The model undergoes pre-processing using the Roboflow computer vision platform, which offers a wide range of tools for data pre-processing and model training. The experiments were conducted on a diverse dataset comprising various objects encountered in campus-specific driving scenarios, such as pedestrians, vehicles, buildings, and obstacles. The performance of the custom object detection model is assessed using standard metrics, including precision, recall, mean average precision (mAP), and intersection-over-union (IoU) at different thresholds. The training process was conducted in a controlled environment, resulting in a Precision of 0.851, a Recall of 0.831, and a mAP of 0.843. These metrics were analyzed to evaluate the YOLOv5-based custom object detection model's ability to detect and categorize objects accurately, its precision in predicting bounding boxes, and its capability to handle various object categories. We also examined the effects of different hyperparameters and data augmentation techniques on the model's performance, including variations in learning rate, batch size, and optimizer algorithms to determine their impact on accuracy and convergence. This analysis provided valuable insights into the model's strengths and weaknesses, highlighting areas for improvement and optimization. These findings are instrumental in developing and deploying advanced object detection systems to enhance the safety and reliability of autonomous electric vehicles.
Okul Müdürlerinin Öğretimsel Liderlik Davranışlarının Öğretmenlerin Mesleki Gelişimine Etkisi
Authors: Düz İbrahim , Kazak Ender
Published: April 2024

Bu araştırmanın amacı, okul müdürlerinin öğretimsel liderlik davranışlarının öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimine etkisini ortaya koymaktır. Araştırma, ilişkisel tarama modelinin kullanıldığı nicel bir çalışmadır. Araştırmanın evrenini, 2023–2024 eğitim öğretim yılında Kocaeli ili Gebze ilçesinde bulunan ilkokul, ortaokul ve ortaöğretim okullarında görev yapan öğretmenler oluşturmaktadır. Araştırmada, öğretim liderliğine ilişkin veriler, Lineburg (2010) tarafından geliştirilen Kazak (2016) tarafından Türkçeye uyarlanan, “Öğretim Liderliği” ölçeği aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimine ilişkin veriler, Bilge (2015) tarafından geliştirilen “Okul Müdürlerinin Öğretmenlerin Mesleki Gelişimine Desteği Ölçeği” aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Araştırmada okul müdürlerinin öğretimsel liderlik davranışlarının yüksek düzeyde olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca araştırmada öğretmenler okul müdürlerinin öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimlerini destekleme durumlarına ilişkin algı düzeylerinin dolaylı destek ve aday öğretmen boyutlarında sık sık, doğrudan destek boyutunda bazen destek oldukları tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte araştırmanın okul müdürlerinin öğretimsel liderlik düzeylerinin öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimlerini destekleme durumları ile ilişkili olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Ayrıca araştırmada okul müdürlerinin öğretimsel liderlik düzeylerinin öğretmenlerin mesleki gelişimlerini destekleme durumlarının yordayıcısı olduğu sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Entrepreneurship Education Position and Entrepreneurial Intention: The Perception of Malaysian Undergraduate Students
Authors: Mahmood Rosman , Ahmad Zuriyati , Zahari Ahmad Suffian Mohd , Mohd Fuza Zatul Iffah , Azmin Nur Azwani Mohamad
Published: April 2024

The objective of this study is to evaluate the influence of Entrepreneurship education factors, as well as personal attitude, perceived behavioural control, and subjective norms on entrepreneurial intentions among undergraduate students. Primary data were obtained from 311 final year students at public universities in east coast Malaysia involving two fields of study (social sciences and science and technology). Descriptive and multiple regression methods were used to analyse the study data. Entrepreneurship education was found to be positively and significantly related to entrepreneurial intention in social science students and the overall study sample. Both variables under the category of entrepreneurial cognitive factors (Personal attitude and Perceived behavioural control) revealed a significant positive influence on entrepreneurial intention. Meanwhile, only for the overall sample did the perceived subjective norm factor have a positively significant relationship with entrepreneurial intention. The findings of the study also revealed that social science students showed higher entrepreneurial intentions compared to science and technology students. This study can accentuate to policymakers and university management that the formation of entrepreneurial intentions among students is dependent not only on cognitive factors, but also on the empowerment of the entrepreneurship curriculum and the entrepreneurship ecosystem on campus.
Comparative Literature Analysis of National Security Management from The Global to Malaysia
Authors: Rahim Siti Sabrina Imji , Huda Mohd Ikbal Mohd
Published: April 2024

The national security management structure is crucial to understand in ensuring whether the existing mechanisms are effective in dealing with national security issues and challenges. The country's approach, particularly through security agencies, should always carry out an assessment of internal and external threats from time to time, so that the integrity of the country's sovereignty remains guaranteed. The evolution of threat perception is in line with what is stated in the Malaysia Defense White Paper published in 2020 which is "the national interests in the present and future are tied to an uncertain security environment and the impact of an uncertain regional and global security environment, as well as an international strategic perspective become more complex and difficult to predict in the coming year.” Therefore, it is very important for a study to be carried out to see the comparison of national security management at the global and Malaysia so that good added value can be emulated, and the constraints faced can be used as lessons for improvement. The study uses Qualitative methods through library research which is the analysis of journals and online articles to obtain the views of past scholars on internal and external threats and security management structure, including the reformation required. The results of the analysis found that the threat that occurs in Malaysia same as the global except nuclear. Both globally and Malaysia face agency coordination problems due to national decisions and duplication of duties, state coordination issues due to the role being denied, reform failure and increased threats, weaknesses in reformation caused by political interference and there is a need for the involvement of all parties in national security management.
La prise en compte du risque en comptabilité, le cas des industries extractives
Authors: Blum Véronique , Krychowski Charlotte
Published: April 2024

Alors qu’ils cherchaient à définir une norme spécifique aux activités extractives, de nombreux normalisateurs comptables ont tenté de répondre à la question suivante : quelle estimation des perspectives de croissance future est utile aux investisseurs en complément des informations issues du bilan et du compte de résultat ? Notre étude emploie le modèle d’Ohlson (1995) sur un échantillon de 52 entreprises cotées pendant une période de 11 ans (1996-2006) et examine la pertinence informationnelle de quatre vecteurs orientés vers le futur : la valeur optionnelle des réserves de pétrole, les flux de trésorerie disponibles, les capex et la volatilité du prix du pétrole brut. Nos résultats suggèrent qu’une valeur heuristique des réserves considérées comme une option réelle sur un volume de pétrole découvert est la plus informative et la moins redondante des valeurs prospectives testées. Ils remettent en cause l’utilité de la communication de résultats futurs sous forme d’estimations ponctuelles.
Aplicación de bocashi en plantines de cacao (Theobroma cacao L.), en campo definitivo, Sapecho - Bolivia
Authors: Condori Loreño Claudia , Maldonado Fuentes Casto , Marino Pérez Javier
Published: April 2024

Las fibras de los Camélidos Sudamericanos, tienen una alta demandada en el mercado internacional de la industria textil. Muestras de fibra de llama, alpaca y del hibrido Misti, fueron analizadas en el laboratorio de lanas de la Estación Experimental de Choquenaira, para determinar la calidad y la variabilidad: entre especies, entre edades y entre colores. Los datos fueron procesados en el programa S.A.S, versión 9, 2004. La especie tuvo un efecto altamente significativo (p≤.01); en todas las variables. A la prueba de Tukey: la medulación, el índice de confort y los rizos de la alpaca, fueron (p≥.01) similares al hibrido “Misti”, pero diferentes a la llama. Los largos de mecha fueron diferentes (p≤.01) entre especies. El diámetro 21.57 μm del “Misti”, fue superior (p≤.01) a 22,85 µm de alpaca, pero ambos similares (p≥.01) a 22,24 μm de la llama. La edad tuvo efecto altamente significativo (p≥.01) en la mayoría de las variables, pero el color solamente un efecto significativo (p≤.05). La calidad de la fibra de los adultos y de los colores oscuros fueron menores a los jóvenes y a los claros. Diferencias que podrían atribuirse a la mezcla de cruzamientos entre especies, edad y al medio ambiente.
Procesos de investigación participativa para la producción de material vegetal en contextos de seguridad alimentaria
Authors: Tibaduiza-Castañeda Leidy Patricia , Becerra-Campiño Julio Jairo , Gómez-Arias Linda
Published: April 2024

The production of quality seed constitutes one of the main challenges for food security and sovereignty of both urban and rural populations, requiring processes that recognize not only the potential of the territories but also the diversity associated withpeasant communities and their forms of production. , so as to reduce the gaps resulting from the use of seeds of low or no physical, genetic, physiological and sanitary quality that reduce the impact on the yields of banana, pineapple and cassava crops. To this end, a participatory research process was carried out to meet the demand for projects that improve the food and nutritional security of the population of the department of Casanare -Colombia. As a result, the methodology was implemented based on meetings with producers of productive systems for the construction of knowledge from social cartography, the preparation of economic calendars and mappings of actors and needs. This reading of the environments allowed the development of activities for the participatory selection of planting materials, processes of intensive multiplication of materials, as well as the transformation and production of banana, pineapple and cassava derivatives. The conclusions have to do with the importance of considering the producer as an active participant in the research processes in the construction of knowledge that contributes to the generation and appropriation of solutions based on science, technology and innovation in favor of food security and with this the reduction of poverty. In the near future, it is planned to carry out a training process for trainers with allied universities to leave installed capacities and to promote access and availability of quality seed.
Análisis económico y financiero del sistema productivo de arveja (Pisum sativum L.) en el departamento de Nariño, Colombia
Authors: Ramos-Zambrano Housseman Steven , Riascos-Delgado Marcela Elizabeth , Rodríguez-Valenzuela Jeisson , Cadena-Pastrana Álvaro Mauricio
Published: April 2024

The pea production system in the Department of Nariño, Colombia, constitutes an important pillar within the life strategies of Nariño families, representing a good portion of the high Andean landscape. However, despite its importance, there remains a notable lack of information in aspects such as direct and indirect costs, profitability, and other key economic variables, for the development of this productive system and for decision making, particularly in the Nariño context. current. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to carry out a detailed economic and financial analysis, focused on the producers participating in the AGROSAVIA Social Balance project, to facilitate a deep understanding of the dynamics of this productive system. To this end, 38 semi-structured interviews were carried out with producers adopting Agrosavia Obonuco Andina and Agrosavia San Isidro varieties between the years 2019 to 2022. Producers were identified through the snowball strategy and references from key territorial actors. The analysis involved calculations of economic and financial ratios, production costs and the application of an econometric model based on the Cobb-Douglas function, using ordinary least squares to evaluate the efficiency and inefficiency of the crop. The findings reveal an annual increase in production costs of 9.5 %, a financial profitability of 35 % according to the internal rate of return (IRR), and a technical efficiency of 1.67. Factors such as seed and labour exerted a predominant influence on productivity, while aspects such as production area and age showed inefficiencies, which is why more efficient management strategies for available physical resources, more active involvement of the family and management strategies and appropriation of knowledge and technologies with an intergenerational approach.
Arreglos silvopastoriles y diversidad de especies arbóreas en fincas lecheras de Monción, República Dominicana
Authors: Núñez Ramos Pedro Antonio , Espinal Cepeda Ramiro de Jesús , Peralta Jiménez Aurelio Nicolás , Guatusmal Gelpud Carolina , Durán Núñez Jairo Antonio , Detlefsen Guillerno , Pulido-Blanco Víctor Camilo
Published: April 2024

Traditional livestock systems of the Northwest of the Dominican Republic require a transformation towards sustainable productive alternatives such as silvopastoral systems (SPS), which result from the combination and interaction of trees-animals-grass. Therefore, the study was carried out with the objective of studying the diversity of silvopastoral arrangements and their tree species in dairy production systems of the municipality of Monción, Santiago Rodríguez, Dominican Republic, for the promotion of these systems as a sustainable alternative to the climate change. The silvopastoral arrangements and their tree species were studied through direct inspection and application of semi-structured interviews to selected livestock producers from Monción. Dasometric variables were measured (e.g.: chest diameter or CD, total height) and descriptive statistics were applied. It was evident that the most predominant SPS was scattered trees (87 %), followed by windbreaks (23 %) and trees on boundaries (20 %). The least frequent arrangements were living fences (13 %), riparian forests (7 %) and forest patches (7 %). 26 tree species were recorded, the four being dominant: Prosopis juliflora(21 %), Pinus occidentalis(17 %), Mangifera indica(10 %) and Swietenia mahagoni(9 %). The species Acacia skleroxylaobtained the highest height with 8.62 m and M. indicastood out with the highest DBH with 54.85 cm. It is recommended that Monción ranchers expand the tree coverage of their farms with the replanting and management of species such as Gliricidia. sepium, P. julifloraand Guazuma ulmifolia, in order to enrich the forage alternatives for their livestock.
Propagación de estacas de higo (Ficus carica L.) bajo enraizadores naturales en distintos tiempos de sumersión
Authors: Tinco Mamani Esther
Published: April 2024

There is a possibility that the time of submersion in natural rooting, with respect to vegetative propagation by fig cuttings, may have a significant effect or differences in the formation and characteristics of the roots. For this reason, the research wascarried out in the Multipurpose Nursery, belonging to the Cota Cota Experimental Centre, under a completely randomised design with factorial arrangement, using a mother plant of more than 12 years old, which is an indication that propagation would be difficult, due to the characteristics of the plant material. The response variables evaluated were: days to root formation, percentage of survival, root length, number of roots, and percentage of lodging. The following results were obtained based on the averages of the data collected in the field research: T9 (lentil water, 48 hours) rooted in 54 days, being the best rooting time. The percentage of survival was influenced by the rooting factor directly, with the natural rooters of lentil water and willow infusion responding much better, with 85.70 and 83.66 % respectively. The rooting and submersion time presented a direct significance in root length, which is equal to 7.60 cm, with treatment 5 (willow infusion, 24 hours). In the variable number of roots, both lentil water and willow infusion achieved 8 and 7 root units respectively, both in a submersion time of 24 hours, and it is also important to note the significance in both factors. Treatment 9 (lentil water, 48 hours) with 90 % was the best average in the variable percent rooting. It was confirmed that the longer the soaking time, the more positive the rooting of the cuttings, depending on the rooting agent used.
Explorando el aprendizaje significativo en profesores de educación básica general, Distrito 13D07, provincia de Manabí.
Authors: Cañadas Álvaro , Álvarez Zambrano Gina Elizabeth
Published: April 2024

La producción y generación de nuevas tecnologías crecen de forma indescifrable, en un entorno de constante cambio económica y es la característica del Siglo 21. Así, la educación desempeña un papel fundamental para el éxito individual y de la sociedad en su totalidad. De tal manera que, el objetivo de la presente investigación fue indagar sobre los conocimientos de los docentes de educación general básica en la relación con el aprendizaje significativo en el Distrito 13D07, provincia de Manabí. Se encuestaron aleatoriamente 76 docentes con un error muestral del 5%. Se aplicaron metodologías del análisis de componentes principales. Como resultados se obtuvo: Seis componentes explicaron el 85.7% de la variabilidad de la matriz analizada. Los seis componentes identificados fueron: metodología activa; factores que afectan el aprendizaje, formación en aprendizaje significativo, reflexión oral y escrita, análisis y síntesis de lecturas, estudio de caso como potencial efectivo y reflexivo para la enseñanza, reticencia de los profesores al cambio. La agrupación es el fundamento para aceptar la hipótesis alternativa. No hay homogeneidad y claridad sobre el aprendizaje significativo como pretende el Ministerio de Educación ecuatoriano. Los resultados no concuerdan con las demandas de la educación actual, que exige un aprendizaje basado en el desarrollo, utilizando el conocimiento para resolver problemas del mundo real. Colaborando con las comunidades productivas, dando lugar a prácticas equitativas. Todo ello redunda en la consecución de oportunidades, que contribuyen a sociedades más justas para los educandos.
Modern trends in the production of new fat products
Authors:   Buxoro muhandislik-texnologiya instituti, Djuraeva N.R. , Isabaev I.B. ,   Buxoro muhandislik-texnologiya instituti, Atamuratova T.I. ,   Buxoro muhandislik-texnologiya instituti
Published: April 2024

The current trends in the production of new types of fat products, set the most promising of them have been generalized, systematized and analyzed. The authors have rationalized the effectiveness areas to create composite mixtures of fats and by-products of conventional and unconventional untrimmed raw materials. The analysis of strategic prospects and risks of production of functional vegetablefat composite mixtures for the production of flour products in the modern market economy have been carried out. It is established that the potential of nonfatfree products of grain crops processing in this aspect is practically not studied.
Features of electrochemical behavior of porous carbon electrodes of metal-air elements in aqueous solutions of alkalis
Authors:   West Kazakhstan State University by Makhambet Utemisov, Madyev M.G. , Kunasheva Z.H. ,   West Kazakhstan State University by Makhambet Utemisov, Sharipova D.G. ,   West Kazakhstan State University by Makhambet Utemisov, Sagidullina A.N. ,   West Kazakhstan State University by Makhambet Utemisov
Published: April 2024

Studies have been conducted to improve the energy efficiency of porous carbon electrodes for metalair (in particular aluminum-air) chemical current sources (CCS) in order to increase their industrial profitability. Experimental analysis and preparation of CCS prototypes were made. The dependences of iron and copper oxides added to porous carbon on the current output and the operating time of the CCS were found. An increase in the water-repellent properties of porous carbon has been identified with the addition of organic binders. Working prototypes of aluminum-air CCS have been developed using the studied porous carbon electrodes. The results of the study are relevant for industrial and household power engineering; the developed electrodes and CCS meet environmental requirements and show high-energy efficiency. The studied CCS and electrodes are not common in industry and their use is currently limited to experimental samples.
Investigation of the combustion processes of gas-generating flame extinguisher cartridges with car-bon combustible
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Aіtеnov E. , Abdrakova F.Y. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Beхsultan Zh.B. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Myshyrova Zh.К. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Tulepov M.I. ,   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University
Published: April 2024

The aim of the work is to search optimal compositions of gas-generating flame extinguisher cartridges, which should catch fire in very short periods of time, measured within 10-15 milliseconds, in this regard, studies of the flash point with a minute delay in ignition of pyrotechnic components were conducted. The flash point of the initial components, including nano aluminum T = 4200 C, has been established. The optimal composition of the flame extinguisher is NA – 80; Nano Al – 5; Nano C – 15, with this composition the flash point decreases to T = 3500 C. It should also be noted the minimum sensitivity of this composition, which is 0.02 MPa. In the case of increasing carbon content up to 20%, burning as well as its speed, decrease to the extent that it leads to the decay of combustion through radiation heat loss.
Netflix Evolution and Strategy for Future Development
Authors: Zhang Jiyue
Published: April 2024

Since Netflix's founding in 1997, Netflix has transformed from an online DVD rental service into a massive streaming media company. Its 44.21% share of the US streaming market by 2023 shows how flexible and well-liked it is in the cutthroat world of streaming media. Amazon Prime Video, Hulu, Disney+, HBO Max, and other streaming services are competitors for Netflix, which has had inconsistent financial performance in 2023. Its strategy is centered on investing in high-value projects, creating content with both local and global appeal, and expanding globally. Netflix prioritizes original content, technological innovation, and international expansion as part of its subscription-based business model. In the cutthroat streaming market, Netflix faces off against established behemoths and upstarts and oblique rivals like social media sites. Though obstacles like financial management, content saturation, and strategic transparency still exist, its strategic concentration on unique material and international expansion seems appropriate. Future success is advised by prioritizing user experience, investing in technology, diversifying revenue streams, increasing the diversity of material, and being transparent about audience data.
Electoral Democracy: The Manifestation of Collective Will and Deliberation
Authors: Cai Xinyu
Published: April 2024

This article examines the conditions under which elections can genuinely express the 'will of the people.' It argues that the establishment of a shared community and the engagement in genuine deliberation are fundamental to achieving this. Drawing on the philosophical concept of 'general will' as presented by Jean-Jacques Rousseau, the article posits that a democratic society must first and foremost establish an effective social contract. This contract serves as a crucial mediator between conflicting individual desires, fostering harmony and collective wills. Furthermore, the article also notes that the establishment of a social contract is not a one-time event but rather, an ongoing process. It emphasizes the need for this contract to be consistently renewed and reevaluated through thoughtful deliberations. The article analyzes various election processes, highlighting the failures and successes of different countries. It underscores how different approaches to elections can either facilitate or hinder the formation of a representative general will. It finally concludes that elections, when conducted under the proper conditions of deliberation and a constantly evolving social contract, can indeed serve as authentic expressions of the will of the people.
How and Why Does Social Exclusion Affect Individuals?
Authors: Chen Yongzhuo
Published: April 2024

This essay explores the various effects of social isolation, emphasizing its psychological, social, and economic repercussions on individuals and society. Based on extensive empirical research, this study investigates the causes of social exclusion, such as cognitive shifts, emotional turmoil, identity conflicts, and economic inequalities. The article shows that social exclusion impacts both the mental and physical health of individuals and contributes to ongoing cycles of adversity, inequality, and social instability. Social exclusion is a widespread problem that weakens community unity and democratic participation. It promotes inclusive policies and structural reforms to tackle its underlying reasons. The essay highlights the significance of comprehending the extensive effects of social exclusion to promote a fairer and more peaceful society.
A Review of Research on Menstruation and Menstrual Leave
Authors: Zhang Yunxian
Published: April 2024

The trouble that menstruation brings to every woman has been an ongoing problem. As puberty begins, the problems associated with menstruation affect every woman all the time, and many of these problems are not solved. Ignorance of menstruation stigmatizes menstruation and exacerbates gender discrimination and women's shame around menstruation. Women need to bear the cost of expensive menstrual products every month, and this includes the high menstrual tax. Menstrual leave is not regulated by law around the world. Discomfort during menstruation also causes most women to experience problems such as low productivity or inability to complete work. This series of issues continue to plague most women and make women suffer from a lot of unfair treatment in society.This article helps people better understand menstruation and menstrual leave by introducing the inconvenience caused by menstruation, the stigmatization of menstruation and the laws proposed by different countries around the world on menstrual leave.
The Phenomenon and Case Analysis of "Tuku" Style
Authors: Chen Chun
Published: April 2024

Since 2016, Tuku (, outdated fashion) style has emerged in Chinese social media and the manifestation of it varies. On the basis of a case study on fashion brand, the aim of thesis was to explore and analysis Tuku style with the main focus on Tuku styles characters and their representation, including the origins and connotation of it. The thesis found that the appearance of Tuku style based on the change of urban and rural structure in China during the millennium, and it has three distinguish characters: localized, retro, rebelious.
Interdisciplinary Perspectives on Education and Society: Bridging Theory and Practice
Authors: Jia Xiaotong , Wu Chenchen , Li Yating , Xue Lifan
Published: April 2024

This paper delves into the crucial nexus between education and sociology, underscoring the imperative need for embedding sociological insights within educational methodologies to foster more equitable and effective learning outcomes. Through an exhaustive analysis, it showcases the profound influence of societal dynamics on the fabric of education, emphasizing how factors such as social context, social capital, and the overarching framework of education as a social system play pivotal roles in shaping educational equity and the quality of learning experiences. By meticulously examining these dimensions, the paper unravels the intricate interplay between the societal constructs and educational processes, highlighting the consequential impact of external social factors on the internal mechanisms of educational institutions. Further, it proposes actionable strategies for the harmonious integration of educational and sociological perspectives, focusing on innovative curriculum development, pedagogical strategies aimed at inclusivity, and the far-reaching implications of these practices on educational policy. By advocating for a systemic infusion of sociological principles into the educational discourse, the paper suggests comprehensive teacher training programs designed to equip educators with the necessary tools to understand and leverage the socio-cultural backgrounds of their students. Such initiatives, it argues, are essential for creating learning environments that not only acknowledge but celebrate diversity, thereby paving the way for a more inclusive and socially just educational landscape. Through its exploration and recommendations, the paper makes a compelling case for the transformation of educational practices by integrating sociological insights, thereby enhancing the efficacy and equity of learning experiences across diverse societal settings.
Advancing Environmental Sustainability: A Quantitative Assessment of Legal Frameworks and Policy Efficacy
Authors: Zhen Ruisi
Published: April 2024

This study conducts a comprehensive quantitative assessment of the effectiveness of environmental laws and policies in addressing global environmental challenges. Through a meticulous comparative analysis of environmental legislation across the United States, Germany, Brazil, and China, we explore the diverse legal architectures and their impacts on air and water quality, biodiversity conservation, and climate change mitigation. Employing sophisticated econometric models, including linear and logistic regression, Poisson regression, and difference-in-differences analysis, alongside system dynamics modeling, we quantitatively evaluate the relationship between policy instruments, technological innovation, and international agreements on environmental outcomes. Our findings reveal significant correlations between stringent environmental laws, effective enforcement mechanisms, technological advancements, and improved environmental quality. However, the analysis also underscores the need for adaptive policy frameworks, enhanced international cooperation, and increased policy ambition to meet global sustainability targets. This study contributes to the environmental law and policy discourse by providing evidence-based insights into the roles and impacts of legal and policy instruments in fostering environmental sustainability.
Advancements and challenges in AI-driven language technologies: From natural language processing to language acquisition
Authors: Zhang Zirui
Published: April 2024

This paper explores the evolution and impact of artificial intelligence (AI) in the realm of language technologies. We trace the historical development of language models in AI, starting from the rule-based systems of the 1960s to the sophisticated neural networks of today. The current state-of-the-art technologies, particularly transformer-based models like OpenAI's GPT series, are examined for their capabilities and limitations. We delve into the role of AI in language acquisition and learning, highlighting AI-driven language teaching tools such as Duolingo and Babbel, and discuss their effectiveness and challenges. Furthermore, the paper explores the significant contributions of AI in second language acquisition research, including the development of predictive models and sophisticated learner profiles. Ethical considerations and challenges, such as data privacy and potential biases, are also addressed. We discuss advancements in natural language processing (NLP) applications like text and sentiment analysis, speech recognition and generation, and machine translation, along with their cross-linguistic challenges. The conclusion envisions future directions for AI in language technologies, emphasizing the need for multimodal inputs, efficiency, and enhanced interpretability.
Cross-Border Trade Malaysia-Indonesia: Involvement of Buton Early Immigrants
Authors: Siswanto Hanif Abdurahman , Rudiatin Endang
Published: April 2024

Border trade in Sabah has occurred for centuries, extending back to pre-colonial times, and has progressed into economic integration, according to academia. In international relations, such border trade is defined as bottom-up border trade since it occurs naturally between two communities based on demand and supply rather than state involvement. This paper aims to discover cross-border trade practitioners beyond the border communities. This qualitative study adopts an inductive research strategy with unstructured interviews with four informants. This study found that early immigrants from Buton who migrated from Southeast Sulawesi to Sabah in the 1970s and early 2000s played an important role in maintaining and connecting border communities and consumers. Migrants carry out cross-border trading in Sabah between Indonesia and Malaysia. Border trade subsequently became not only a source of income for border communities but also a necessity for the survival of early immigrants, who until recently relied on border trading activities for commodity trading activities in the host country.
Spelling Difficulties among EFL Students: An Error Analysis Framework Using Computer Software- the Spelling Sensitivity Score (SSS)
Authors: Almaiman Ibrahim
Published: April 2024

This study explores the prevalent spelling errors among Saudi students of English, by investigating two proficiency levels of English employing the Spelling Sensitivity Score (SSS) software for nuanced analysis. The software in question dissects words into elements, assigning scores to elements and words, offering a detailed perspective on spelling errors. The results show that lower-level English learners exhibit significantly higher percentages of incorrect words and lower percentages of correct words than their high-level counterparts. The analysis also indicates that low-level learners struggle with identifying phonemic elements, often omitting or misrepresenting them. In conclusion, this research underscores that low-level English learners grapple with more spelling errors and inferior performance compared to high-level peers, across all examined categories. The insights gained provide a foundation for tailored teaching strategies, addressing the unique needs of EFL Arabic learners at varying proficiency levels and potentially informing the development of targeted intervention programs.
Direct Variable Cost Comparison of Endoscopic Versus Open Carpal Tunnel Release: A Time-Driven Activity-Based Costing Analysis
Authors: Thomas Terence L. , Goh Graham S. , Beredjiklian Pedro K.
Published: April 2024

Introduction:

To improve the delivery of value-based health care, a deeper understanding of the cost drivers in hand surgery is warranted. Time-driven activity-based costing (TDABC) offers a more accurate estimation of resource utilization compared with top-down accounting methods. This study used TDABC to compare the facility costs of open carpal tunnel release (OCTR) and endoscopic carpal tunnel release (ECTR).

Methods:

We identified 845 consecutive, unilateral carpal tunnel release (516 open, 329 endoscopic) surgeries performed at an orthopaedic specialty hospital between 2015 and 2021. Itemized facility costs were calculated using a TDABC algorithm. Patient demographics, comorbidities, surgical characteristics, and itemized costs were compared between OCTR and ECTR. Multivariate regression was used to determine the independent effect of endoscopic surgery on true facility costs.

Results:

Total facility costs were $352 higher in ECTR compared with OCTR ($882 versus $530). ECTR cases had higher personnel costs ($499 versus $420), likely because of longer surgical time (15 versus 11 minutes) and total operating room time (35 versus 27 minutes). ECTR cases also had higher supply costs ($383 versus $110). Controlling for demographics and comorbidities, ECTR was associated with an increase in personnel costs of $35.74 (95% CI, $26.32 to $45.15), supply costs of $230.28 (95% CI, $205.17 to $255.39), and total facility costs of $265.99 (95% CI, $237.01 to $294.97) per case.

Discussion:

Using TDABC, ECTR was 66% more costly to the facility compared with OCTR. To reduce the costs related to endoscopic surgery, efforts to decrease surgical time and negotiate lower ECTR-specific supply costs are warranted.

Level of evidence:

Economic and Decision Analysis Level II
Exceptional sets related to the product of consecutive digits in L\"{u}roth expansions
Authors: Wang Jin-Feng , Zhou Qing-Long
Published: April 2024

Every real number $x\in(0,1]$ admits a L\"uroth expansion $[d_{1}(x),d_{2}(x),\ldots]_{L}$ with $d_{n}(x)\in\mathbb{N}_{\ge 2}$ being its digits. Let $\{\frac{p_{n}(x)}{q_{n}(x)},n\geq 1\}$ be the sequence of convergents of the L\"{u}roth expansion of $x$. We study the growth rate of the product of consecutive digits relative to the denominator of the convergent for the L\"{u}roth expansion of an irrational number. More precisely, given a natural number $m$, we prove that the set $$E_{m}(\beta)=\{x\in(0,1]\colon\limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\log(d_{n}(x)d_{n+1}(x)\cdots d_{n+m}(x))}{\log q_{n}(x)}=\beta\}$$ and the set $$\widetilde{E}_{m}(\beta)=\{x\in(0, 1]\colon\limsup_{n\rightarrow\infty}\frac{\log(d_{n}(x)d_{n+1}(x)\cdots d_{n+m}(x))}{\log q_{n}(x)}\geq\beta\}$$ share the same Hausdorff dimension for $\beta\ge0$. It significantly generalises the existing results on the Hausdorff dimension of $E_{1}(\beta)$ and $\widetilde{E}_{1}(\beta)$.
Finsler warped product metrics with relatively isotropic mean Landsberg curvature
Authors: Gabrani Mehran , Rezaei Bahman , Sevim Esra Sengelen
Published: April 2024

In this paper, we study Finsler warped product metrics with relatively isotropic mean Landsberg curvature. Moreover, we classify the class of Douglas-type Finsler warped product metrics with relatively isotropic Landsberg curvature. This study then proves that Douglas-type Finsler warped product metrics with relatively isotropic Landsberg curvature must be either Berwald metrics or Randers metrics.
Characterizations of a Lorentzian manifold with a semi-symmetric metric connection
Authors: De Uday Chand , De Krishnendu , G\"uler Sinem
Published: April 2024

In this article, we characterize a Lorentzian manifold $\mathcal{M}$ with a semi-symmetric metric connection. At first, we consider a semi-symmetric metric connection whose curvature tensor vanishes and establish that if the associated vector field is a unit time-like torse-forming vector field, then $\mathcal{M}$ becomes a perfect fluid spacetime. Moreover, we prove that if $\mathcal{M}$ admits a semi-symmetric metric connection whose Ricci tensor is symmetric and torsion tensor is recurrent, then $\mathcal{M}$ represents a generalized Robertson--Walker spacetime. Also, we show that if the associated vector field of a semi-symmetric metric connection, whose curvature tensor vanishes, is an $f$-Ric vector field, then the manifold is a space of constant curvature. Therefore, the spacetime reduces to the Minkowski spacetime whenever the scalar curvature $R=0$; de Sitter spacetime whenever $R > 0$; anti de Sitter spacetime whenever $R < 0$. Moreover, if the associated vector field is a torqued vector field, then the manifold becomes a perfect fluid spacetime. Finally, we apply this connection to investigate the Ricci solitons.
A note on a result of Nathanson
Authors: Chen Shi-Qiang , Tang Min
Published: April 2024

Let $h\geq 2$ be a positive integer. Let $W$ be a nonempty subset of $\mathbb{N}$. Denote by $\mathcal{F}^{*}(W)$ the set of all finite, nonempty subsets of $W$. Let $A(W)$ be the set of all numbers of the form $\sum\limits_{f\in F}2^f$, where $F\in \mathcal{F}^{*}(W)$. Is the asymptotic basis $A=\cup_{i=1}^h A(W_i)$ minimal for any partition $\mathbb{N}=W_1\cup\ldots\cup W_h$? Nathanson [Minimal bases and powers of $2$, {\it Acta Arith.} {\bf 49} (1988), 525--532] showed that this is false for $h=2$. In this paper, we consider this problem for all $h\geq 2$.
On the principal curvatures of a class of Finsler metrics
Authors: Mo Xiaohuan , Zhu Hongmei , Zhu Ling
Published: April 2024

In this paper, we study an important Finslerian quantity, namely, principal curvatures. By establishing an explicit expression of principal curvatures of a Finsler metric with orthogonal invariance, we show that such Finsler metrics have at most two distinct principal curvatures in all directions. Furthermore one of these principal curvatures is simple when such Finsler metrics have two distinct principal curvatures. As an application, we completely determine all principal curvatures of a two-parameter family of Finsler metrics. We show that for these metrics, the simple principal curvature is simpler than another principal curvature.
An irreducibility criterion for the sum of two relatively prime polynomials
Authors: Zhang Weilin , Yuan Pingzhi , Zhou Tao
Published: April 2024

We partly extend a result of Cavachi and Bonciocat on the sum of two relatively prime polynomials and prove that a polynomial of the form $f(X)+Ng(X)$, where $f(X),g(X)\in\mathbb{Z}[X]$ are two non-zero relatively prime polynomials with $\deg f < \frac{1}{2}\deg g$, is irreducible over $\mathbb{Q}$ for all but finitely many square-free positive integers $N$. In addition, we derive a necessary and sufficient condition for a polynomial $r+p^{2}g(X)\in\mathbb{Z}[X]$ to be reducible over $\mathbb{Q}$ for a sufficiently large prime number $p$.
CONTRIBUTION N.I. KEVORKOV IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF PARASITOLOGY AND EPIDEMIOLOGY IN CENTRAL ASIA
Authors: Ткаченко П.В. , Никишина Н.А.
Published: April 2024

В статье представлены факты научной биографии выдающегося паразитолога ХХ века, заслуженного врача и заслуженного деятеля науки Киргизской ССР, д.м.н. профессора Н.П. Кеворкова. Показаны результаты его научной деятельности в годы работы в г. Ташкенте, г. Фрунзе и г. Курске. Проанализирован вклада Н.П. Кеворкова в изучение биологии возбудителей гименолепидоза, трихомоноза и лямблиоза, а также в профилактику и в лечение этих заболеваний, а также в формирование научных сообществ в Узбекистане, Киргизии и России.

The article presents the facts of the scientific biography of the outstanding parasitologist of the 20th century, Honored Doctor and Honored Scientist of the Kyrgyz SSR, Doctor of Medical Sciences. professor N.P. Kevorkov. The results of his scientific activity during the years of work in Tashkent, Frunze and Kursk are shown. Shown is the contribution of N.P. Kevorkov in the study of the biology of pathogens of hymenolepiasis, trichomoniasis and lyamliosis, as well as in the prevention and treatment of these diseases, as well as in the formation of scientific communities in Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan and Russia.
Dholera and the Myth of Voluntary Land Pooling
Authors: Sampat Preeti , Sunny Simi
Published: April 2024

Land pooling is being increasingly promoted as a mechanism for land consolidation, especially for greenfield urbanisation projects. In Dholera smart city along the Delhi Mumbai Industrial Corridor, the mechanism is enabled under the the Gujarat Town Planning and Urban Development Act 1976. In this paper we analyse this law's procedures; its provisions for public consultation, participation and compensation; its colonial and post-colonial antecedents; and the jurisprudence around it. We find that the GTPUDA is grossly inadequate, significantly in establishing the consent of landowners, and in addressing the range of dispossessions that the Dholera project engenders.
Non-Coding RNA: An Emerging Modulator of ꞵ-Globin Regulation and ꞵ-Hemoglobinopathies
Authors: Ali Hamad , Khan Faisal
Published: April 2024

ꞵ-Hemoglobinopathies, including ꞵ-thalassemia and sickle cell anemia, are the most common autosomal receiver disorders, globally. Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are derived from exons or introns of protein-coding genes or intronic regions of non-coding genes. There is significant evidence that these ncRNAs may act as protein decoys to impact a variety of biological functions, signaling, transcriptional regulators, cell differentiation, morphogenesis, and developmental regulation. The aberrant regulation of ncRNA expression serves as a hallmark of many hematological disorders, and there is solid evidence that these RNA species can play key roles in the pathogenesis of ꞵ-hemoglobinopathies. In the present review, we provide a summary of recent research findings about the role of ncRNA in globin gene regulation and ꞵ-hemoglobinopathies and their potential as therapeutic targets or prognostic and diagnostic biomarkers.
A Comparative Effectiveness and Renoprotective Effects of Hypoglycemic Drugs for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Rehman Bisma , Ain Qura Tul , Bashir Fawad , Ibrahim Ahsan , Shahid Fatima
Published: April 2024

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) is a huge burden on healthcare systems globally and it can lead to impaired kidney function, albuminuria, end-stage renal disease (ESRD). T2DM impact on the kidneys could results in diabetic nephropathy (DN) or diabetic kidney disease (DKD). It increases morbidity and mortality rate, therefore, decreases the quality of life.  Present treatment protocol relies on lowering glucose levels, and strict blood pressure control by targeting blockade of the renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system. Such approaches might slow-down the decline in kidney function but many patients get end-stage kidney failure, despite optimal therapy. The need for new pharmacologic strategies for T2DM, that could prevent the development of DN and safeguard the kidneys, is rising. In this article, an overview of recent clinical data pertaining to novel therapeutic approaches for the management of DN is provided. Moreover, this review evaluates comparative effectiveness of hypoglycemic drugs like sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 inhibitors (SGLT2-i), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP1-RA), dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors (DPP4-i), and finerenone in treating T2DM and their renoprotective effects. This manuscript also highlights the need for selecting suitable drugs for a patient, as the optimal treatment significantly depends upon the patient-specific conditions.