bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CD8+CD122+CD49dlowregulatory T cells maintain T-cell homeostasis by killing activated T cells via Fas/FasL-mediated cytotoxicity
Authors: Akane Kazuyuki , Kojima Seiji , Mak Tak W. , Shiku Hiroshi , Suzuki Haruhiko
Published: February 2016

Significance

Our study demonstrated that CD8+CD122+CD49dlowregulatory T cells induced apoptosis in target T cells depending on death receptor Fas (CD95)–FasL (CD178) interaction. This in vitro phenomenon reflected the regulatory activity of these cells in vivo, which was also reproducible in the in vivo experimental system of adoptive T-cell transfer. By using natural mutant mice of Fas or FasL and the gene-targeted mice of IL-10, we confirmed that the regulatory activity of CD8+CD122+CD49dlowcells was mediated by Fas–FasL but not by IL-10. In addition, the necessity of MHC class I molecules on the target T cells was also confirmed by analysis using CD8+T cells that lack β2-microglobulin and consequently class I MHC.
The Bugun language
Authors: Barbora Madhumita , Wangno Trisha
Published: February 2016

One of the goals for researchers of an endangered language is to help the indigenous group to revive and maintain the language that is at risk of disappearing. Sange Phiang, a native Bugun, told me on my first field trip to the Bugun area in West Kameng district of Arunachal Pradesh that “our language will disappear very soon”. Sange, a middle school teacher, fears that in 25 years there will be no Bugun speakers. This fear is not unfounded.
An analysis of the current status and language endangerment of the Kucong language at Shuitang Township in Xinping County
Authors: Jinrong Liu , Qi Zhang
Published: February 2016

In Jiuha Village Cluster, Shuitang Township, Xinping County there are Yi, Han, Dai and Kucong groups; the Yi population is the majority, and many Yi people still speak their language. Sanchagou Village in Jiuha Village Cluster is a Kucong village surrounded by Yi and Han people; the Kucong people are turning gradually to Chinese and Nisu Yi languages. In 2002, although Kucong language was fading away, there were still many people using it for communication. In October 2014, we conducted follow-up research by comparing the original recording of 2000 words, and analyzing the result of a 400-word comprehension test with people of different ages, as well as a questionnaire about their language attitudes. We found that the Kucong language is being replaced by Chinese. Fewer than 10 villagers can speak Kucong language fluently and they are all between the ages of 70 and 86.
Vitality and endangerment of the Lalo language
Authors: Tingsheng Zhou , Suhua Hu
Published: February 2016

This paper aims to discuss the vitality and endangerment of Lalo, a Lolo-Burmese language spoken in Yunnan province in southwest China. Analysis of the data collected during the survey of the use of the Lalo language in Xiaowan area shows that this minority language is definitely endangered. The comparison of the use of language between Nuosu Yi areas and Lalo Yi areas indicates that the endangerment of the Lalo language is related to interruption of intergenerational mother tongue transmission within families and dwindling use of Lalo in the domains of education, media and work. The following five suggestions are proposed for further discussion on preservation and revitalization of the Lalo language: (1) the Lalo language preservation and revitalization programs could be combined with protection of the intangible heritage in Lalo-speaking areas; (2) the Lalo language needs to be comprehensively documented and systematically researched; (3) language teaching and learning materials as well as resources about Lalo culture should be provided using a newly-developed orthography; (4) multilingualism and cultural diversity should be the principle of language development in Lalo-speaking areas; and (5) the preservation and revitalization of Lalo language could be promoted with appropriate policies and adequate financial support as well as widespread support of all parties concerned, especially the speech communities themselves.
Nyagrong Minyag
Authors: Van Way John , Bzangpo Bkhrashis
Published: February 2016

Nyagrong Minyag is an endangered language spoken on the periphery of the Chinese Tibetosphere. This article examines the external and internal forces that are contributing to the language’s endangerment. Nyagrong Minyag is at the bottom of a prestige hierarchy which also includes varieties of Tibetan and Chinese. Speakers’ shift away from Nyagrong Minyag and toward these other languages is occurring alongside changes in education, technology, language attitudes, and access to the Chinese economy. In addition, relocation as a result of the construction of a hydroelectric dam may have significant consequences for the future of this language.
Discourse organization in parent-led narratives
Authors: Etxeberria Feli , Azpillaga Verónica , Intxausti Nahia , Martínez-Arbelaiz Asunción , Pikabea Iñaki , Stavans Anat
Published: February 2016

This article analyzes parent narratives in Basque and Spanish by means of a story aimed at boys and girls between ages of 3 and 8 in order to investigate the similarities and differences in the narrative input provided by parents, paying attention to structural and organizational features in terms of their narrative forms and functions. We used a quantitative methodology that recorded the frequencies of the different variables under study: narrative length, structure, cohesion (connectors and verb tense), and the types of interaction between adults and children in both languages. The results show differences in narrative input relative to the age of the child and the language used. With older children, parents used a less interactive style in both Basque and Spanish. Furthermore, there are differences in narrative structure as a function of the age of the child: with the 3–4 year olds, more clauses were used to explain the details of the action taking place outdoors. Finally, narratives in Basque made greater use of temporal connectors, while narratives in Spanish used more subordinating connectors.
Translating blackness in Spanish dubbing
Authors: Naranjo Sánchez Beatriz
Published: February 2016

One of the most frequent English social dialects that we can hear in American cinema is the so-called Black English or Ebonics, whose users are typically (although not exclusively any more) African American characters. In this study, we attempted an approach to the linguistic portrayal of black characters on screen and the translation of these ‘black-speech’ traits into Spanish by closely examining both the original and dubbed versions of a total sample of 19 films belonging to the genre of Afro-American cinema. We hypothesized that, even when the general tendency would most likely be neutralization, the resulting target text might still be characterized by ethnically marked discourse, having a distinctive and recognizable identity. We believe that the data obtained needs to be complemented with further research in order to accurately prove our hypothesis; however, we could conclude that the target version contains some specific elements that may provide the audience with the necessary clues that would lead them to associate this ethnically marked dubbed discourse with black ethnicity.
The impact of camel disease on human welfare in East Africa.
Authors: Plummer P. J. , Coatney J. W.
Published: February 2016

Despite being relatively neglected as a livestock species in most of the world, the dromedary camel is highly valued in South Asia, the Middle East and Africa - especially East Africa. This paper reviews the ways in which camel diseases impact human welfare in East Africa by discussing how diseases adversely affect the purposes for which East Africans use camels in light of the most pertinent and recent research. It begins with a brief examination of the camel's adaptability and resilience in extreme conditions. This adaptability of camels, as a livestock species, during changing climatic conditions directly impacts the resilience and food security of the pastoralist and consequently their welfare and survival. It then examines diseases that affect camel reproduction and calf viability, as these issues play a significant role in herd maintenance, growth and assurance of young replacement. Regardless of the primary use of camels by a given group of people, these measures are critical for maintaining the benefit derived by humans from owning the camels. Next, it looks at how various diseases affect production generally, since diseases that affect overall health will impact all purposes that benefit people. It discusses how diseases affect specific uses such as food, transportation and economy. Finally, it notes zoonotic diseases that may be a cause for concern for human health of individuals in contact with the camels or consuming their products.
Projective normality of model varieties and related results
Authors: Bravi Paolo , Gandini Jacopo , Maffei Andrea
Published: February 2016

We prove that the multiplication of sections of globally generated line bundles on a model wonderful variety

M
M

of simply connected type is always surjective. This follows by a general argument which works for every wonderful variety and reduces the study of the surjectivity for every couple of globally generated line bundles to a finite number of cases. As a consequence, the cone defined by a complete linear system over

M
M

or over a closed

G
G

-stable subvariety of

M
M

is normal. We apply these results to the study of the normality of the compactifications of model varieties in simple projective spaces and of the closures of the spherical nilpotent orbits. Then we focus on a particular case proving two specific conjectures of Adams, Huang and Vogan on an analogue of the model orbit of the group of type

E

8

\mathsf E_8

.
Intrinsic volumes of Sobolev balls with applications to Brownian convex hulls
Authors: Kabluchko Zakhar , Zaporozhets Dmitry
Published: February 2016

A formula due to Sudakov relates the first intrinsic volume of a convex set in a Hilbert space to the maximum of the isonormal Gaussian process over this set. Using this formula we compute the first intrinsic volume of some infinite-dimensional convex compact sets including unit balls with respect to Sobolev-type seminorms and ellipsoids in the Hilbert space. We relate the distribution of the random one-dimensional projections of these sets to the distributions

S
1

,

S
2

,

C
1

,

C
2

S_1,S_2,C_1,C_2

studied by Biane, Pitman, Yor [Bull. AMS 38 (2001)]. We show that the

k
k

-th intrinsic volume of the set of all functions on

[
0
,
1
]

[0,1]

which have Lipschitz constant bounded by

1
1

and which vanish at

0
0

(respectively, which have vanishing integral) is given by
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="upper V Subscript k Baseline equals StartFraction pi Superscript k slash 2 Baseline Over normal upper Gamma left-parenthesis three halves k plus 1 right-parenthesis EndFraction comma respectively upper V Subscript k Baseline equals StartFraction pi Superscript left-parenthesis k plus 1 right-parenthesis slash 2 Baseline Over 2 normal upper Gamma left-parenthesis three halves k plus three halves right-parenthesis EndFraction period">

V
k

=

π

k

/

2

Γ

(

3
2

k
+
1
)

,
 respectively 

V
k

=

π

(
k
+
1
)

/

2

2
Γ

(

3
2

k
+

3
2

)

.

V_k = \frac {\pi ^{k/2}}{\Gamma \left (\frac 32 k +1 \right )}, \text { respectively } V_k = \frac {\pi ^{(k+1)/2}}{2\Gamma \left (\frac 32 k +\frac 32\right )}.

\]
This is related to the results of Gao and Vitale [Discrete Comput. Geom. 26 (2001); Elect. Comm. Probab. 8 (2003)], who considered a similar question for functions with a restriction on the total variation instead of the Lipschitz constant. Using the results of Gao and Vitale we give a new proof of the formula for the expected volume of the convex hull of the

d
d

-dimensional Brownian motion which is due to Eldan [Elect. J. Probab. 19 (2014)]. Additionally, we prove an analogue of Eldan’s result for the Brownian bridge. Similarly, we show that the results on the intrinsic volumes of the Lipschitz balls can be translated into formulae for the expected volumes of zonoids (Aumann integrals) generated by the Brownian motion and the Brownian bridge. Also, these results have discrete versions for Gaussian random walks and bridges. Our proofs exploit Sudakov’s and Tsirelson’s theorems which establish a connection between the intrinsic volumes and the isonormal Gaussian process.
Cognitive-Behavioral Assimilative Integration
Authors: Castonguay Louis G. , Newman Michelle G. , Borkovec Thomas D. , Holtforth Martin Grosse , Maramba Gloria G.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 11 discusses cognitive-behavioral assimilative integration, and how the beneficial use of what many would consider non-cognitive-behavioral therapy (non-CBT) methods has raised the question of how best to incorporate methods derived from (or consistent with) humanistic, psychodynamic, interpersonal, or systemic approaches into CBT practice. The integrative approach described in this chapter represents the effort to improve the efficacy of CBT via a systematic and theoretically cohesive assimilation of treatment procedures typically associated with other psychotherapy orientations.
Integrative Psychotherapy of the Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Wolfe Barry E.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 12 discusses integrative psychotherapy of the anxiety disorders, and covers the integrative approach, a treatment model that attempts to provide an integrative perspective on the nature, development, and maintenance of anxiety disorders, the phases of this treatment model, assessment and case formulation, applicability and structure, processes of change and the therapy relationship, methods and techniques, a case example, empirical research, and future directions.
Integrative Therapy for Borderline Personality Disorder
Authors: Heard Heidi L. , Linehan Marsha M.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 14 elaborates on the various integrative aspects of Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT) by describing its application to individuals who meet criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD), the population on which the treatment was originally developed. First, it identifies the primary theoretical and philosophical principles of the approach and the history of their integration. It discusses ‘dialectics’ in greater detail and describes some of the ways in which the dialectical philosophy performs multiple integrating roles throughout the therapy. The chapter describes the initial assessment, case formulation, and treatment modalities. It focuses on the strategies and process that occur within a therapy session, as well as how the therapy relationship contributes to change. A case example illustrates the integration of the various strategies. Finally, the chapter summarizes the results of outcome trials that examine the efficacy of DBT for BPD and considers future directions for the treatment approach.
Integrative Psychotherapy with Culturally Diverse Clients
Authors: Ivey Allen E. , Brooks-Harris Jeff E.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 15 describes an integrative approach to psychotherapy with culturally diverse clients. Although the psychotherapy integration movement and the multicultural counseling movement have developed along parallel paths during the past few decades, there has been relatively little dialogue between the two groups. It also examines how both a client and therapist’s racial identity development has a crucial impact on their therapeutic interaction. It also embraces these themes of culture, identity, and integration by exploring two interrelated lines of thought related to psychotherapy with culturally diverse clients: multicultural therapy, and multicultural development.
Differential Therapeutics
Authors: Clarkin John F.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 16 discusses differential therapeutics, which is the application of principles derived from research and clinical experience in matching the individual patient to the most efficacious treatment under circumstances specific to that individual (as opposed to randomization or planning from group means in treatment studies that ignore the individual). Differential therapeutics is discussed at the macro level (i.e., five areas of treatment planning) and on the micro level (i.e., the adjustment of therapeutic strategies and techniques within the treatment process itself). Finally, these principles of treatment planning are applied to a representative Axis I diagnosis (major depression) and an Axis II syndrome (borderline personality disorder) in order to illustrate how they can be used with specific patient difficulties.
Integrating Therapeutic Modalities
Authors: Feldman Larry B. , Feldman Sandy L.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 17 discusses integrating therapeutic modalities, and presents a model for integrating individual, family, and group therapy and illustrates this model with clinical examples. The advantages and limitations of each modality are discussed, along with general considerations and common concerns regarding the process of integration. Detailed descriptions of individual and family therapy integration and individual and group therapy integration provide the reader with a framework for practice.
Integrative Problem-Centered Therapy
Authors: Pinsof William M.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 18 discusses integrative problem-centered therapy (IPCT), and covers its central tenets, how assessment, diagnosis, or problem formulation is organized around four concepts: the presenting problem, the patient system, the adaptive solution, and the problem maintenance structure, the process of change (ongoing intervention and assessment), guiding premises, the therapy relationship, empirical research, and future directions.
Integrating Pharmacotherapy and Psychotherapy
Authors: Beitman Bernard D. , Saveanu Radu V.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 20 discusses the integration of pharmacotherapy and psychotherapy, and addresses several interrelated clinical and research issues involved in the long-standing mind-brain dichotomy. Specifically, we consider the historical background of combined treatments, the placebo response, research in combined treatments, clinical interactions between medications and psychotherapy, and the psychotherapist-pharmacotherapist collaboration.
Outcome Research on Psychotherapy Integration
Authors: Schottenbauer Michele A. , Glass Carol R. , Arnkoff Diane B.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 22 reviews the existing outcome literature on psychotherapy integration, discusses the difficulties inherent in conducting this research, and suggests future possibilities. It primarily focuses on individual psychotherapy, with a brief review on literature of family, couples, and group modalities. Additionally, most of these treatments are for adults, as very little empirical research exists on integrative psychotherapy therapy for children. Although much of the treatment for children may be eclectic for pragmatic reasons, it is rarely identified as such.
Improving Sleep Hygiene
Authors: Durand V. Mark
Published: February 2016

Chapter 4 focuses on improving sleep hygiene, and discusses the importance of good sleep habits, age-related sleep needs, sleep hygiene problems and changes, and prioritizing sleep hygiene issues.
Addressing Bedwetting
Authors: Durand V. Mark
Published: February 2016

Chapter 12 discusses bedwetting, its nature and causes, and initial steps that can be taken to attempt to curb the problem. The use of a bedwetting recording sheet is introduced.
Getting Started
Authors: Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva , Foa Edna B.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 4 introduces the treatment processes, the trauma interview, techniques to overcome fears, negative thoughts and beliefs, and support. Breathing exercises and Secret Weapons are detailed.
Real-Life Experiments
Authors: Chrestman Kelly R. , Gilboa-Schechtman Eva , Foa Edna B.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 6 discusses the problem with a avoidance, real-life experiments and how they work, the use of the stress thermometer, and instructions for completing real-life experiments and keeping track of progress.
Psychotherapeutic Interventions
Authors: Nezu Christine Maguth , Martell Christopher R. , Nezu Arthur M.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 6 assumes the challenge of describing cognitive and behavioural interventions and clinical strategies that are required for competent practice without reducing the specialty to a menu of techniques applied to specific problems. It describes a range of interventions that represent the application of learning theories to reduce symptoms and increase skills, with the overall goal of improving quality of life. In addition to the techniques that have their hallmark in basic learning theory, it also presents interventions that have their origins in information processing theory and reflect how the specialty expanded in the 1970s to add a strong social-cognitive focus. Lastly, it discusses the influence of the past few decades to include the importance of affect regulation, and targeted avoidance of negative thoughts and emotions in what has been referred to as the ‘third wave’ of cognitive behavioural intervention.
Interpersonal Interactions
Authors: Nezu Christine Maguth , Martell Christopher R. , Nezu Arthur M.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 9 discusses how the specialty of cognitive behavioural psychology is well known for development of evidence-based interventions and strong empirical support, but has also occasionally received unfair criticism from those unfamiliar with the specialty who tend to view cognitive behavioural techniques as very limited in focus on the therapy relationship and importance of therapist interpersonal skills. It also illustrates the central importance of the therapeutic relationship in cognitive and behavioural practice.
Competence in Intervention
Authors: Fuertes Jairo N. , Spokane Arnold R. , Holloway Elizabeth
Published: February 2016

Chapter 6 discusses clinical competence in intervention and how to do so in a way that can be considered as typical of or consistent with the practice of counseling psychology. It also covers the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM ), the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP), the competency benchmarks (CB) model, the American Board of Counseling Psychology (ABCoP) model, the current movements toward evidence-based psychological practice (EBPP) and empirically supported treatments (ESTs), and the Division 29 Task Force.
Epilogue
Authors: Fuertes Jairo N. , Spokane Arnold R. , Holloway Elizabeth
Published: February 2016

The epilogue considers advancements of knowledge in psychology in areas such as helping skills, the process and outcome of treatment, the proper use of evidence-based professional practice, vocational psychology, multiculturalism, supervision, and consultation, as well as primary challenges for the profession, and emerging areas of research, including the movement towards positive psychology and positive psychotherapy, and cultural differences.
Specialty Competencies in Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Lamberty Greg J. , Nelson Nathaniel W.
Published: February 2016

Typically thought of as the clinical and empirical study of brain-behavior relationships, clinical neuropsychology is firmly grounded in psychology, behavioral neurology, psychiatry, psychometrics, and statistics. This online resource provides a comprehensive overview of the foundational and functional competencies related to the broad field of clinical neuropsychology. It distils not only the most important dimensions of the current science and practice, but also delineates important future directions and challenges.
Conceptual and Scientific Foundations of Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Lamberty Greg J. , Nelson Nathaniel W.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 1 discusses the conceptual and scientific foundations of clinical neuropsychology, including its evolution over the past half century, its clinical medicine and psychometric influences, the development of professional organizations, intelligence testing foundations, neuropsychological assessment foundations, and scope for the future of the specialty.
Case Formulation in Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Lamberty Greg J. , Nelson Nathaniel W.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 4 discusses two epistemological trends have largely evolved over the twentieth century and which continue to underlie clinical neuropsychological case formulation today, the first of which incorporates and integrates idiographic knowledge and emphasizes how the individual is unique and distinct from the lives of others, and the second, which emphasizes nomothetic knowledge and focuses on aspects of the human experience that are ‘lawful’ or universal, regardless of the individual patient under study. It also covers case formulation by focusing on issues relevant to assessment of response validity and effort, assessment of cognitive functioning, assessment of personality and emotional functioning, and population-based case formulation.
Intervention and Consultation in Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: Lamberty Greg J. , Nelson Nathaniel W.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 6 discusses the circumstances under which neuropsychologists might provide treatment services, and how, as an assessment-oriented profession, neuropsychology has traditionally focused its efforts on diagnosis and consultation. It also covers how the changing practice landscape in professional psychology always affords opportunities to those who might be interested in diversifying their practices. Finally, it address how neuropsychologists’ knowledge of the unique concerns of patients with neurobehavioral disorders positions them particularly well to provide treatment services to individuals who are often clinically challenging and misunderstood.
Future Directions
Authors: Lamberty Greg J. , Nelson Nathaniel W.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 8 discusses ways that neuropsychology and neuropsychologists can help ensure that they are not marginalized as health care goes through inevitable changes. It also covers how successful maintenance of the field’s stability in the current economic landscape will be accomplished only through ongoing efforts to conceptualize professional identity, establish active and fruitful advocacy practices, and demonstrate an empirical evidence base that neuropsychological services are cost effective and beneficial to patients.
Session 15: Continued Exposure and Introduction of Transfer of Control
Authors: Bergman R. Lindsey
Published: February 2016

Chapter 9 outlines session 15 of the treatment program, which covers continued exposure and introduces the transfer of control so that progress can continue to be made following the conclusion of the treatment program.
Sessions 16–17: Continued Exposure With Additional Focus on Transfer of Control
Authors: Bergman R. Lindsey
Published: February 2016

Chapter 10 explores sessions 16 and 17 of treatment, which includes continuted exposure with additional focus on the transfer of control, as well as the transfer of control sticker exercise.
Sessions 18–19: Continued Exposure and Transfer of Control/Review of Progress
Authors: Bergman R. Lindsey
Published: February 2016

Chapter 11 presents guides for sessions 18 and 19 of the treatment program, which continues the transfer of control and reviews progress that has been made. Out-of-session exposure tasks are also discussed.
Session 20: Relapse Prevention and Graduation
Authors: Bergman R. Lindsey
Published: February 2016

Chapter 12 discusses the 20th and final session of the treatment program, and covers relapse prevention, a review of progress, remaining goals, and future speaking challenges.
Low intensity CBT interventions: a revolution in mental health care
Authors: Bennett-Levy James , Richards David A. , Farrand Paul
Published: February 2016

Chapter 1 provides an overview of this title, suggesting that low intensity cognitive behavioural therapy (LI CBT) represents a revolution in the delivery of mental health services; the dawning of a new values-based paradigm, which places improving access to effective psychological treatments as the guiding principle for the endeavour. The historical underpinnings of LI CBT are traced and defined. In the remainder of the chapter, a variety of ways in which LI CBT represents a quantum shift in the way mental health services and psychological treatments are delivered is illustrated, earning it the right to be truly termed a ‘new paradigm’
The STEPS model: a high volume, multi-level, multi-purpose approach to address common mental health problems
Authors: White Jim
Published: February 2016

Chapter 3 discusses the STEPS model - a holistic multi-level model within a primary health context. STEPS provides interventions at all levels from individual therapy, brief advice clinics, large group education classes with over 100 people, partnerships with community groups, through to population-level interventions. The STEPS programme has been developed in the context of one of the most deprived multi-ethnic urban communities in the UK. What makes it particularly impressive are the purposeful initiatives to engage the ‘hard to reach’ in a variety of creative ways.
A new language for CBT: new ways of working require new thinking, as well as new words
Authors: Williams Chris , Morrison Jill
Published: February 2016

Chapter 5 suggests that a prime requirement for increasing access is making the self-help materials themselves accessible. There is no point in producing self-help materials that are incomprehensible. At base, CBT is about learning new skills. We need to consider the design of books and internet sites; we need to take into account reading ages; we need to create engaging products; and as LI practitioners, we need to think of ourselves primarily as coaches and teachers who are helping people learn new skills.
Introducing and supporting written and internet-based guided CBT
Authors: Kenwright Mark
Published: February 2016

Chapter 8 extends our understanding of the most important elements of LI support sessions. Perhaps predictably, some of the core features posited in this chapter overlap with those identified as being important during assessment, such as the reliance on common factor skills, a collaborative approach and the use of particular CBT techniques. However this chapter’s focus is not just upon the skills required to engage patients, but on those required to maintain the relationship and support the continued use of the self-help materials. A helpful feature of this chapter is the inclusion of example scripts that LI practitioners may use during different phases of support.
Behavioural activation
Authors: Richards David A.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 12 describes the new understandings of clinical knowledge and treatments, the evidence base, and most importantly a low intensity (LI) clinical protocol for one treatment technique for depression—behavioural activation (BA).
Brief motivational interviewing for depression and anxiety
Authors: Hides Leanne , Carroll Steve , Lubman Dan I. , Baker Amanda
Published: February 2016

Chapter 16 describes how to apply brief motivational interviewing (MI) interventions to the treatment of depression and anxiety as applied to the a case study, along with some of the challenges and potential solutions to applying MI in practice.
Low intensity CBT interventions for chronic insomnia
Authors: Vincent Norah , Holmqvist Maxine
Published: February 2016

Chapter 17 describes LI interventions in the treatment of chronic sleep problems and insomnia, and explores computerized cognitive behavioural therapy (cCBT) and challenges, using case studies throughout.
Choosing self-help books wisely: sorting the wheat from the chaff
Authors: Richards David A. , Farrand Paul
Published: February 2016

Chapter 18 describes the main issues to be borne in mind when selecting materials. Unlike the situation with anti-depressant medication, rightly or wrongly there is currently no requirement for self-help materials to have demonstrated their efficacy by randomised controlled trials prior to them being accepted for use. As such, careful thought needs to be given to the selection and adoption self-help books for use as a LI intervention. This chapter highlights the need for written CBT resources to follow the CBT model, to communicate clearly and to help people engage in their use, hypothesizing that a writing style that engages and forms a relationship with patients might also help predict outcomes. However, LI working is not just about the written resources themselves, but also about how to increase access and support people to use them.
Developing self-help books on prescription schemes
Authors: Farrand Paul , Woodford Joanne
Published: February 2016

Chapter 19 describes a practical way for CBT self-help resources to be made more widely available. Book prescription schemes offer an attractive solution to funders. Potentially access to CBT self-help can be rolled out widely through the public library services. The chapter presents an overview of the development of this approach, highlighting some novel aspects of the scheme, such as the prescription element in which, as is the case with medication, self-help books are ‘prescribed’ by the LI practitioner. Anecdotally, this element of the scheme seems to help legitimize the use of the written materials and increases patient expectancies around the self-help approach. However, there are also distinct challenges associated with such schemes, not least the difficulties in ensuring that the self-help books recommended and ‘prescribed’ on the scheme are evidence-based and are not likely to do harm.
Guided CBT internet interventions: specific issues in supporting clients with depression, anxiety and comorbid conditions
Authors: Proudfoot Judy , Klein Britt , Andersson Gerhard , Carlbring Per , Kyrios Michael , Munro Calum , Lauder Sue , Palermo Tonya , Riper Heleen , Blankers Matthijs
Published: February 2016

Chapter 25 discusses the variety of issues that can arise when clients with specific mental and physical health conditions use internet-based CBT programs. A mixture of specific and common challenges are discussed for the mood and anxiety disorders, bulimia nervosa, physical health conditions, and substance use disorders. Issues common to the conditions include maximizing safety (e.g. checking for suicidality), assisting client engagement and maintaining adherence, encouraging self-monitoring, attention to non-specific factors such as therapeutic alliance and hopefulness for improvement, and involving significant others.
Using different communication channels to support internet interventions
Authors: Andersson Gerhard , Carlbring Per
Published: February 2016

Chapter 26 discusses different ways of providing clinician guidance and support, and covers different channels to communicate with clients including face-to-face, live groups, email, SMS, online discussion groups and telephone support.
The Advice Clinic or ‘What I did in my 30 minutes’
Authors: White Jim
Published: February 2016

Chapter 35 outlines the Advice Clinic, which offers a one-off 30-minute appointment with a clinician. Logistics of the clinic are considered, as well as the use of 'advisors' rather than 'therapists', and the clinic's aims, evidence, challenges and potential solutions.
Parental programs for preventing behavioural and emotional problems in children
Authors: Sanders Matthew , Kirby James
Published: February 2016

Chapter 42 focuses on parents as agents of change. This chapter describes the role parenting programs can play in improving behavioural and emotional outcomes in children. Using the Triple P program as an example they emphasise the importance of an evidence-based integrated, multi-level public health approach to prevention that is tailored to the needs of a family.
Training the wider workforce in using CBT written self-help resources
Authors: Williams Chris , Joice Anne , Kent Catriona
Published: February 2016

Chapter 47 focuses on how to plan and deliver training in the use of CBT self-help materials to the wider workforce within the health service, social services, and community settings. It reflects our learning in working with teams within Glasgow, Scotland, and further afield in introducing and then supporting the ‘five areas’ CBT self-help resources.
Challenges and potential solutions in integrating internet-based CBT interventions into specialist services
Authors: Andersson Gerhard , Carlbring Per , Kaldo Viktor , Cuijpers Pim
Published: February 2016

Chapter 53 discusses challenges and potential solutions in integrating internet-based CBT interventions into specialist services and focuses on the examples of tinnitus and panic disorder. Effects of internet treatment for both of these conditions have been tested following the implementation in specialist health care settings as part of regular services.
Enhancing community awareness of depression, access to treatment and attitudinal change: experiences from beyondblue: the national depression initiative
Authors: Highet Nicole J. , Shann Clare B. , Young Leonie A.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 59 explores methods of enhancing community awareness of depression, access to treatment and attitudinal change using the example of the Australian 'bluebeyond' initiative. The initiative's aims are discussed alongside challenges that were faced and potential solutions.
Problems and potential in rolling out low intensity CBT interventions in rural communities
Authors: Lau Mark A.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 60 explores the challenges and possible solutions of implementing LI CBT interventions in rural communities, discussing geographic isolation, differing patient needs, and support structures.
Low intensity CBT with indigenous consumers: creative solutions for culturally appropriate mental health care
Authors: Laliberté Arlene , Nagel Tricia , Haswell Melissa
Published: February 2016

Chapter 62 outlines challenges faced by clinicians and provides a guide to embed key understandings that have emerged from recent research into practice. We present a series of principles guiding ‘ways of being’, which may assist clinicians achieve optimum outcomes with their clients; and we propose a framework for enhancing specific LI CBT interventions to increase cultural sensitivity and appropriateness, and to overcome limitations of classical CBT interventions.
Psychiatric Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: The Case of Janice
Authors: Rakofsky Jeffrey J. , Dunlop Boadie W.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 5 covers the psychiatric treatment of bipolar disorder, including a case history, key principles, assessment strategy, differential diagnosis, case formulation, treatment planning, nonspecific factors in treatment, potential treatment obstacles, ethical considerations, common mistakes to avoid in treatment, and relapse prevention.
Treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder: A Case Complicated by Panic Disorder
Authors: Stoyanova Milena , Hope Debra A.
Published: February 2016

Chapter 8 covers the treatment of Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD), and includes information about the condition, epidemiological considerations, the case study, assessment strategy and case formulation, intervention model and course of treatment, strategies for handling homework non-compliance, handling poor attendance and relapse, relapse prevention, post-treatment assessment, basic science for this case/condition, alternative strategies to consider, ethical consideration, cultural factors, clinical implications, and avoiding common mistakes during treatment.
Psychological Treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: The Case of Cassie
Authors: Abramowitz Jonathan S. , Mahaffey Brittain
Published: February 2016

Chapter 9 covers the psychological treatment of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD), and includes the case history, psychological principles relevant to understanding OCD symptoms, assessment strategy, case formulation and treatment planning, non-specific treatment factors, potential treatment obstacles, strategies for when treatment is not working, ethical considerations, working with strictly religious patients, common missteps to avoid in treatment, relapse prevention, and case conclusions.
The Treatment of Dissociative Identity Disorder: Questions and Considerations
Authors: Lynn Steven Jay , Condon Liam , Colletti Gep
Published: February 2016

Chapter 13 covers treatment of Dissociative identity disorder (DID), and includes key principles and core knowledge needed to treat the condition, as well as the controversial nature of the diagnosis in the DSM-IV, conceptualization of disassociation, diagnosis, comorbidity, and assessment, assessment strategy, initial case formulation, treatment strategy and agenda, outcomes, relapse prevention, non-specific factors and therapy dynamics, ethical considerations, common mistakes to avoid, and case conclusions.
Response
Authors: N’zi Amanda M. , Eyberg Sheila M.
Published: February 2016

In their assumptions that the first author of our case study is a graduate student, young, not yet a parent, and Alvin’s therapist, the commentators are “4 for 4.” We thank them for their comments on this case. I (Eyberg) also want to acknowledge N’zi’s clinical acumen. A fourth-year graduate student at the time, N’zi had completed her clinical coursework and practica, had treated over 20 PCIT cases before working with Alvin, and recently received the departmental award for psychotherapy skill. PCIT is a difficult treatment to conduct, and Alvin’s presentation was challenging. This case study indeed demonstrates N’zi’s skill, experience, and talent....
Commentary
Authors: Kelley Michael E.
Published: February 2016

Willams, Greenwald, and Seniuk provide a systematic description of a case study involving one individual who exhibited symptoms consistent with a diagnosis of autism. One of the most interesting features of this case description is that Jorge exhibited many of the types of behavioral excesses and deficits found in individuals diagnosed with autism. In a sense, Jorge is a prototypical individual diagnosed with autism because he provides clear-cut examples of the excesses and deficits that are often described by parents, teachers, and caregivers. On the other hand, one of the confusing aspects of autism is that several individuals diagnosed with autism may present with very different symptoms. Specifically, some individuals may engage in vocal speech, while others may not. Some individuals may establish specific routines or repetitive behaviors that are difficult to compete with, and others may not. Some individuals may seek out some social interaction; others may tolerate social interaction, at best, while others will purposely avoid social interaction. Some individuals may develop significant food selectivity. There are several other possible symptom clusters that might covary among individuals diagnosed with autism. Simply considering the above potential symptom presentations, it becomes exceedingly clear that diagnosing autism and subsequent assessment and treatment of the core and associated behavioral deficits and excesses of autism are an exceedingly difficult set of tasks....
Commentary
Authors: Obraztsova Olga V. , Alloy Lauren B.
Published: February 2016

When thinking about effective treatments for depression, it is likely that the first two modalities that come to mind are antidepressant medications or a traditional 50-minute therapy hour. The reality, however, is that most individuals suffering with depression never make it as far as receiving adequate treatment for their symptoms, if they receive any treatment at all (...
Response
Authors: Rakofsky Jeffrey J. , Dunlop Boadie W.
Published: February 2016

Drs. Craighead and Muralidharan provide a thoughtful analysis of our chapter, and make several important suggestions that we address in this response. First, they identify that use of post-test and follow-up measures may serve to strengthen confidence in the treatment. Incoporating scales longitudinally to track patient wellness over time is indeed a helpful tool. Unlike unipolar depression, for which validated patient-rated scales such as the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptoms, Self-Report (QIDS-SR) (available for free at ...
Commentary
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara O.
Published: February 2016

Richard Bryant and Angela Nickerson describe the case of Hakim, a 36-year-old Iraqi Shi’ite Muslim who fled Iraq in 2000 and was granted refugee status in Australia in 2001. They describe multiple presenting problems including PTSD, depression, alcohol abuse (although this was never formally diagnosed in the case presentation), anger, physical pain caused by injuries sustained during the torture, social isolation, and familial stressors. This is a heart-wrenching case, punctuated by multiple injustices and misfortunes. Hakim’s PTSD is likely exacerbated by his psychosocial circumstances, including his separation from his wife and four children, probable fears about their safety, restrictions of visa status and resulting dependence on his cousin, and stressful living conditions with limited resources. These circumstances would be highly stressful for any mammal....
Response
Authors: Bryant Richard A. , Nickerson Angela
Published: February 2016

Barbara Rothbaum’s commentary on Hakim’s treatment provides a valuable perspective on this case, highlighting a variety of conceptual, empirical, and clinical issues. While we are unable to comment on all of these important points due to space limitations, we will address some of the most pertinent below....
Commentary
Authors: McFall Richard M.
Published: February 2016

Stoyanova and Hope report their year-long, 29-session treatment experience with Andy, a 38-year-old European American client suffering from social anxiety disorder, complicated by the comorbid symptoms of panic disorder and poor anger management. The authors present a chronological account of their intervention and conclude that their treatment was successful, citing summary data from several measures in support of this claim. They attribute their successful outcome to their reliance on a creative combination of empirically established treatment procedures (described as CBT), principles from basic science (described only vaguely), and nonspecific factors (not well defined)....
Commentary
Authors: Beidel Deborah C.
Published: February 2016

Cassie’s treatment illustrates the very effective use of cognitive behavior therapy to treat obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). The authors did an excellent and thorough diagnostic assessment. Often, novice therapists initiate treatment too quickly, without a comprehensive understanding of all of the factors that may play a role in the etiology and maintenance of the disorder. For example, Cassie may have come in saying, “I am afraid of knives.” Without a thorough diagnostic assessment, a therapist may have considered this statement to represent a specific phobia and may not have probed further, thereby neglecting Cassie’s fear of losing control and hurting her family. Of course, the authors of this case were experts in the treatment of OCD and spent the time necessary to adequately understand Cassie’s clinical presentation and to design an appropriate treatment strategy. Another area of agreement was the use of cognitive behavioral treatment (CBT). As illustrated by this commentary, there are many variations in how exposure therapy may be implemented, but there is no disagreement that CBT is the treatment of choice for people with OCD. Medication may reduce general levels of arousal but is less effective in reducing symptoms of obsessions and compulsions. In the most severe cases, both CBT and medication may be necessary. Another area of agreement was the use of homework assignments, in addition to clinic treatment sessions. OCD is a complex and severe disorder, and once weekly clinic sessions will not produce the desired treatment outcome. Again, there may be differences in the specific homework activity that is selected and whether or not the therapist must accompany the patient when he or she completes initial homework assignments, but there is agreement that homework assignments are critical to positive treatment outcome....