bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A sensitive fluorescent sensor for the detection of endogenous hydroxyl radicals in living cells and bacteria and direct imaging with respect to its ecotoxicity in living zebra fish
Authors: Liu Fei , Du Juan , Song Da , Xu Meiying , Sun Guoping
Published: March 2016

MPT-Cy2exhibited excellent selectivity and sensitivity toward ˙OH over other ROS and showed a high potential for the imaging of endogenous ˙OH in living cells and various types of bacteria.
Simulation of lipid bilayer self-assembly using all-atom lipid force fields
Authors: Skjevik Åge A. , Madej Benjamin D. , Dickson Callum J. , Lin Charles , Teigen Knut , Walker Ross C. , Gould Ian R.
Published: March 2016

Spontaneous bilayer self-assembly of zwitterionic and anionic phospholipids probed by unbiased all-atom molecular dynamics (MD) simulations with three major lipid force fields.
DMR (deacetylation and mechanical refining) processing of corn stover achieves high monomeric sugar concentrations (230 g L−1) during enzymatic hydrolysis and high ethanol concentrations (>10% v/v) during fermentation without hydrolysate purification or concentration
Authors: Chen Xiaowen , Kuhn Erik , Jennings Edward W. , Nelson Robert , Tao Ling , Zhang Min , Tucker Melvin P.
Published: March 2016

Distilling and purifying ethanol is resource intensive.
Partitioning of naturally-occurring radionuclides (NORM) in Marcellus Shale produced fluids influenced by chemical matrix
Authors: Nelson Andrew W. , Johns Adam J. , Eitrheim Eric S. , Knight Andrew W. , Basile Madeline , Bettis III E. Arthur , Schultz Michael. K. , Forbes Tori Z.
Published: March 2016

Naturally-occurring radioactive materials (NORM) associated with unconventional drilling produced fluids from the Marcellus Shale have raised environmental concerns.
Prebiotics as functional food ingredients preventing diet-related diseases
Authors: Florowska A. , Krygier K. , Florowski T. , Dłużewska E.
Published: March 2016

This paper reviews the potential of prebiotic-containing foods in the prevention or postponement of certain diet-related diseases, such as cardiovascular diseases with hypercholesterolemia, osteoporosis, diabetes, gastrointestinal infections and gut inflammation.
PVA-reinforced glutathione–Ag hydrogels and release of Ag nanoparticles and drugs by UV-triggered controllable disassembly
Authors: Li Wan , Zeng Xiaoping , Wang Hong , Wang Qin , Yang Yajiang
Published: March 2016

Macromolecular chains of PVA efficiently supported the three-dimensional network structure of GSH–Ag gels, remarkably improving their thermal stability and mechanical strength and the controllable release of Ag NPs and drugs through UV-triggered gradual disassembly of GSH–Ag.
Direct reuse of Cu-laden wastewater for non-edible oil hydrolysis: basic mechanism of metal extraction and fatty acid production
Authors: Ong Lu Ki , Tran Nguyen Phuong Lan , Soetaredjo Felycia Edi , Ismadji Suryadi , Ju Yi-Hsu
Published: March 2016

Copper soap fromin situreaction between Cu2+and fatty acids facilitates water transfer into oil phase and catalyzes oil hydrolysis.
Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate)/poly(3-thiophene ethyl acetate) blends as a electroactive biomaterial substrate for tissue engineering application
Authors: Recco M. S. , Floriano A. C. , Tada D. B. , Lemes A. P. , Lang R. , Cristovan F. H.
Published: March 2016

Polyblend films based on poly(3-hydroxybutirate-co-valerate) and poly(3-thiophene ethyl acetate) – PHBV/PTAcEt showed low cytotoxicity, good adhesion and mammalian cell proliferation. The physical–chemical properties were explored.
Influence of wine-processing on the pharmacokinetics of anthraquinone aglycones and glycosides from rhubarb in hyperlipidemic hamsters
Authors: Wang Min , Hu Guangnan , Tian Yuan , Zhang Zunjian , Song Rui
Published: March 2016

A high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed to investigate the influence of wine-processing on pharmacokinetics of anthraquinones from rhubarb in hyperlipidemic hamsters.
Global picture of isomerization and dissociation of CN2O2: new metastable isomers
Authors: He Fei-fei , Ding Yi-hong
Published: March 2016

A comprehensive potential energy surface of CN2O2, covering 15 new isomers and 30 new transition states was constructed to predict three new observable isomers 14, 22 and 29.
Benzocyclobutene resin with m-carborane cages and a siloxane backbone: a novel thermosetting material with high thermal stability and shape-memory property
Authors: Huang Xin , Zhang Qiuhong , Deng Guoqing , Meng Zhen , Jia Xudong , Xi Kai
Published: March 2016

A simple and effective way to synthesize carborane-containing benzocyclobutene resin with excellent performances.
Pine cone shell-based activated carbon used for CO2 adsorption
Authors: Li Kaimin , Tian Sicong , Jiang Jianguo , Wang Jiaming , Chen Xuejing , Yan Feng
Published: March 2016

After carbonization and activation, pine cone shell-based activated carbons were used to adsorb CO2, and presenting a good adsorption performance.
On the relationship between chemical expansion and hydration thermodynamics of proton conducting perovskites
Authors: Bjørheim Tor S. , Løken Andreas , Haugsrud Reidar
Published: March 2016

This contribution explores the relationship between, and the compositional dependence of, the chemical expansion and entropy of hydration of the proton conducting perovskites BaZrO3, BaSnO3, BaCeO3, and SrZrO3 by first principles phonon calculations.
Structure and activity of the anticaking agent iron(iii) meso-tartrate
Authors: Bode Arno A. C. , Granneman Sanne J. C. , Feiters Martin C. , Verwer Paul , Jiang Shanfeng , Meijer Jan A. M. , van Enckevort Willem J. P. , Vlieg Elias
Published: March 2016

The antiferromagnetically coupled binuclear iron(iii) meso-tartrate complex adheres strongly to {100} NaCl and therefore acts as an excellent anticaking agent.
Synthesis and biological evaluation of peptide-conjugated phthalocyanine photosensitizers with highly hydrophilic modifications
Authors: Li Fu , Liu Qian , Liang Zhenzhen , Wang Jin , Pang Mingpei , Huang Weiqiang , Wu Wenjie , Hong Zhangyong
Published: March 2016

Highly hydrophilic modification enhances the selectivity of targeted photosensitizer delivery.
New iboga-type alkaloids from Ervatamia hainanensis
Authors: Liu Zhi-Wen , Huang Xiao-Jun , Xiao Han-Lin , Liu Guo , Zhang Jian , Shi Lei , Jiang Ren-Wang , Zhang Xiao-Qi , Ye Wen-Cai
Published: March 2016

The structures and absolute configurations of seven new iboga-type alkaloids 1–7 were determined by spectroscopic data, Mosher's method, single crystal X-ray diffraction and ECD analyses.
Phosphine-catalyzed domino reactions of alkynyl ketones with sulfonylhydrazones: construction of diverse pyrazoloquinazoline derivatives
Authors: Chen Qingqing , Li Kaixuan , Lu Tao , Zhou Qingfa
Published: March 2016

An efficient method for the synthesis of C-1 position acyl substituted pyrazoloquinazoline derivatives via a PBu3-promoted domino process of sulfonylhydrazones and alkynyl ketones was developed.
Isotype heterostructure of bulk and nanosheets of graphitic carbon nitride for efficient visible light photodegradation of methylene blue
Authors: Choudhury Biswajit , Giri P. K.
Published: March 2016

Isotype heterostructure of bulk and nanosheets of graphitic carbon nitride with effective band gap of 2.62 eV and charge carrier mean lifetime of 21 ns exhibits an efficient visible light photocatalysis.
Isatin thiosemicarbazone-blended polymer films for biomedical applications: surface morphology, characterisation and preliminary biological assessment
Authors: Mallinson David , Alexiou Polyxeni , Mullen Alexander B. , Pelecanou Maria , Sagnou Marina , Lamprou Dimitrios A.
Published: March 2016

Poly(methyl methacrylate) and polyurethane are polymers currently used for a range of biomedical applications.
Fabrication of poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol) nanotubes decorated with Ag–Au bimetallic nanoparticles with enhanced catalytic activity for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol
Authors: Yan Ya , Fu Jianwei , Wang Minghuan , Liu Shujun , Xin Qianqian , Chen Zhimin , Xu Qun
Published: March 2016

Poly(cyclotriphosphazene-co-4,4′-sulfonyldiphenol) nanotubes are facilely prepared and employed as a support to deposit Ag–Au bimetallic nanoparticles directly, which show superior catalytic performance.
A base promoted multigram synthesis of aminoisoxazoles: valuable building blocks for drug discovery and peptidomimetics
Authors: Chalyk Bohdan A. , Kandaurova Inna Y. , Hrebeniuk Kateryna V. , Manoilenko Olga V. , Kulik Irene B. , Iminov Rustam T. , Kubyshkin Vladimir , Tverdokhlebov Anton V. , Ablialimov Osman K. , Mykhailiuk Pavel K.
Published: March 2016

An easy access to a large panel of aminoisoxazoles starting from commonly available amino acids.
A library of AuNPs modified by RAFT polymers of different charge and chain length: high throughput synthesis and synchrotron XFM imaging using a zebrafish larvae model
Authors: Luan Bao , Friedrich Timo , Zhai Jiali , Streltsov Victor A. , Lindsey Benjamin W. , Kaslin Jan , de Jonge Martin D. , Zhu Jin , Hughes Timothy C. , Hao Xiaojuan
Published: March 2016

A PAuNPs library was constructedviahigh throughput methods and PAuNPs were visualized in PAuNPs injected zebrafish larvae by synchrotron XFM.
Characterisation of morphological, antimicrobial and leaching properties of in situ prepared polyurethane nanofibres doped with silver behenate
Authors: Dolina Jan , Dvořák Lukáš , Lederer Tomáš , Vacková Taťana , Mikmeková Šárka , Šlouf Miroslav , Černík Miroslav
Published: March 2016

PU nanofibersin situdoped with silver nanoparticles were prepared using free-surface electrospinning and no post-treatment. Nanofibres with silver behenate exhibited homogenous morphology, strong antimicrobial properties and low silver leaching.
A bactericidal microfluidic device constructed using nano-textured black silicon
Authors: Wang Xuewen , Bhadra Chris M. , Yen Dang Thi Hoang , Buividas Ričardas , Wang James , Crawford Russell J. , Ivanova Elena P. , Juodkazis Saulius
Published: March 2016

Nano-structured black silicon (bSi) was used as a substratum for the construction of a microfluidic device of the highly efficient bactericidal action of this nano-textured surface againstPseudomonas aeruginosabacteria.
Hierarchical Cu2−XSe nanotubes constructed by two-unit-cell-thick nanosheets: room-temperature synthesis and promoted electrocatalytic activity towards polysulfides
Authors: Wang Min , Zai Jiantao , Li Bo , Wang Yan , Huang Shoushuang , He Qingquan , Qian Xuefeng
Published: March 2016

Thanks to the favourable characteristics of its hierarchical structure, QDSSCs with Cu2−XSe as the CE material achieved a high power conversion efficiency of 5.14%.
A conductive polymer coated MoO3anode enables an Al-ion capacitor with high performance
Authors: Wang Faxing , Liu Zaichun , Wang Xiaowei , Yuan Xinhai , Wu Xiongwei , Zhu Yusong , Fu Lijun , Wu Yuping
Published: March 2016

The feasibility of assembling an Al-ion capacitor with good electrochemical performance is demonstrated. Preliminary results indicate that the fabricated Al-ion capacitor could reversibly cycle in the voltage region of 0–1.5 V and display intriguing performances with an energy density of 30 W h kg−1.
Squid beak inspired water processable chitosan composites with tunable mechanical properties
Authors: Zhang Xiaolin , Hassanzadeh Pegah , Miyake Takeo , Jin Jungho , Rolandi Marco
Published: March 2016

By modulating the degree of cross-linking, this lightweight composite can be tuned with a range of mechanical properties.
An exploration of some magnetic fundamentals in EuSe using μSR
Authors: Terry I. , Adams P. W. , Bykovetz N. , Giblin S. R. , Guguchi Z. , Khasanov R. , Klein J. , Lin C. L. , Liu T. J.
Published: March 2016

EuSe is a simple magnetic system that appears to show many complicated features. Under applied pressure it undergoes a transition from an antiferromagnet (AF) to a ferromagnet (FM). This transition provides a means of testing certain basic fundamentals of magnetic theory and an opportunity to explore the complexities of EuSe. Using the muon-spin rotation and relaxation technique (μSR), EuSe was measured at pressures ranging from ambient to 11 kbar. In ambient-pressure EuSe, muon data reveal two local fields, but show only a single field in the FM state formed under pressure. The μSR measurements appear to show a continuous transition at Tc, contrary to previous Mössbauer results that were interpreted as being evidence of a first-order transition. Values determined for the critical exponent, β, in AF and FM EuSe, differ and therefore appear to be a clear counterexample to the Universality Hypothesis. The values of β also are indicative of EuSe’s being a 2D magnet for pressures up to 11 kbar. The nature and values of the local fields seen by the muons is discussed and analyzed.
Perfect valley filter in strained graphene with single barrier region
Authors: Yesilyurt Can , Ghee Tan Seng , Liang Gengchiau , Jalil Mansoor B. A.
Published: March 2016

We present a single barrier system to generate pure valley-polarized current in monolayer graphene. A uniaxial strain is applied within the barrier region, which is delineated by localized magnetic field created by ferromagnetic stripes at the region’s boundaries. We show that under the condition of matching magnetic field strength, strain potential, and Fermi energy, the transmitted current is composed of only one valley contribution. The desired valley current can transmit with zero reflection while the electrons from the other valley are totally reflected. Thus, the system generates pure valley-polarized current with maximum conductance. The chosen parameters of uniaxial strain and magnetic field are in the range of experimental feasibility, which suggests that the proposed scheme can be realized with current technology.
Bulk Mn-Al-C permanent magnets prepared by various techniques
Authors: Madugundo Rajasekhar , Koylu-Alkan Ozlem , Hadjipanayis George C.
Published: March 2016

Bulk Mn-Al-C magnets have been prepared by hot-compaction, microwave sintering and hot-deformation. Powders of Mn53.5Al44.5C2 alloy in the ε-phase produced by high energy ball milling have been used as precursor for the hot-compacted and microwave sintered magnets. Hot-deformed magnets were produced from alloy pieces in the τ-phase. The hot-compacted magnet exhibits magnetization, remanence and coercivity of 50 emu/g, 28 emu/g and 3.3 kOe, respectively. Microwave sintered magnet shows a maximum magnetization of 94 emu/g, remanence of 30 emu/g and coercivity of 1.1 kOe. The best magnetic properties are obtained in hot-deformed magnets with magnetization, remanence, coercivity and energy product of 82 emu/g, 50 emu/g, 2.2 kOe and 1.8 MGOe, respectively. Hot-deformed magnets exhibit texture with the highest degree of texture obtained 0.26. It is found that the pressure applied during compaction/deformation favors coercivity.
The unique effect of in-plane anisotropic strain in the magnetization control by electric field
Authors: Zhao Y. Y. , Wang J. , Hu F. X. , Liu Y. , Kuang H. , Wu R. R. , Sun J. R. , Shen B. G.
Published: March 2016

The electric field control of magnetization in both (100)- and (011)-Pr0.7Sr0.3MnO3/Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)0.7Ti0.3O3(PSMO/PMN-PT) heterostructures were investigated. It was found that the in-plane isotropic strain induced by electric field only slightly reduces the magnetization at low temperature in (100)-PSMO/PMN-PT film. On the other hand, for (011)-PSMO/PMN-PT film, the in-plane anisotropic strain results in in-plane anisotropic, nonvolatile change of magnetization at low-temperature. The magnetization, remanence and coercivity along in-plane [100] direction are suppressed by the electric field while the ones along [01-1] direction are enhanced, which is ascribed to the extra effective magnetic anisotropy induced by the electric field via anisotropic piezostrains. More interestingly, such anisotropic modulation behaviors are nonvolatile, demonstrating a memory effect.
Seeking to bridge Europe’s impending neutron gap
Authors: Feder Toni
Published: March 2016

Europe’s primacy in neutron scattering depends on maintaining a network of local and international facilities.
The fertile physics of chemical gardens
Authors: Steinbock Oliver , Cartwright Julyan H. E. , Barge Laura M.
Published: March 2016

Many a child has enjoyed watching the gardens grow; many a physicist has puzzled over the transformation of self-organized, nonequilibrium patterns into permanent structures.
Synthesis, Structural Characterisation, DFT Studies, and Spectroscopic Properties of Copper(I) Complexes with Extended C–H⋅⋅⋅π Interactions
Authors: Huang Ting-Hong , Liu Jia-Qin , Yang Hu , Zhao Bin , Shang Jianping
Published: February 2016

Two new CuI compexes, [Cu(phen)(PPh2(o-C6H4CHO))2](BF4)2 (1) and [Cu2(4,4′-bipy)(phen)2(PPh2(o-C6H4CHO))2](BF4)2·2CH3CN (2) (4,4′-bipy = 4,4′-bipyridine, PPh2(o-C6H4CHO) = o-(diphenylphosphino)benzaldehyde), have been synthesised and characterised by IR and UV-vis spectroscopy and X-ray crystal structural analysis. Structural analysis shows that the crystal structure of 1 contains 1D infinite chains formed by intermolecular C–H⋯π interactions, and the ordered-layer-lattice BF4– are located between the chains. For 2, intermolecular C–H⋯π and π⋯π interactions lead to the construction of 1D supramolecular arrays and 2D networks, and the ordered-layer-lattice CH3CN and BF4– are located between these networks. Density of states (DOS) and partial density of states (PDOS) studies indicate that the constitution of energy bands might be related to the change of ligands, with PPh2(o-C6H4CHO) showing the largest contributions to the HOMO of 2 and LUMO of 1. The UV-vis absorption spectra of 1 and 2 reveal that the absorption spectrum of 2 is red-shifted compared with 1. Moreover, the emission spectra of 1 and 2 in acetonitrile are also observed in the region of 480–700 nm.
Co-Condensation Assisted Preparation of MoVI Schiff Base Modified Mesoporous Silica Catalyst for Enhanced Epoxidation of Olefins
Authors: Zhang Jian , Jiang Pingping , Shen Yirui , Zhao Guohu , Zhang Weijie , Bian Gang
Published: February 2016

An organic–inorganic catalyst was prepared by the reaction of p-salicylidine aminobenzoic acid with mesoporous silica modified with 3-chloropropyl groups. The hydrolysis and co-condensation of tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and 3-chloropropyltrimethoxysilane (CPTES) took place during the preparation process. MoO2(acac)2 was then introduced into the mesoporous silica functionalized with a Schiff base ligand. The structural properties of the prepared catalysts were investigated by a series of techniques, such as elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), N2 adsorption/desorption curves, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The results demonstrated that the MoVI Schiff base complex was successfully tethered on the silica support, and the hexagonally ordered mesoporous structure of the SBA-15-type silica was well retained after the anchoring reaction. The heterogeneous catalyst showed good catalytic activities in the liquid-phase epoxidation of olefins with t-BuOOH as the oxygen source in 1,2-dichloroethane solvent at 80°C. Several important factors, including oxidant-to-substrate ratio, solvent, and catalyst reusability, were investigated. Under the optimum reaction conditions, using this heterogeneous catalyst for the cyclohexene epoxidation reaction, a high conversion of 97.20 % and selectivity of >99 % was achieved after 4 h, while the catalytic activity nearly remained unchanged over four runs.
Assessing enteric helminths in refugees, asylum seekers and new migrants
Authors: Hanieh Sarah , Ryan Norbert , Biggs Beverley-Ann
Published: February 2016

Currently there are 59.5million people forcibly displaced worldwide as a result of conflict, human rights violations, generalised violence or persecution. Of these, 19.5million are refugees and 1.8million are asylum seekers. Each year Australia accepts 13750 refugees through the offshore Humanitarian program, and in 2016 that number will almost double with the addition of 12000 refugees from Syria and Iraq. Many refugees have complex medical needs and have reached Australia after a difficult journey, often involving time in refugee camps and exposure to traumatic events including physical hardship and illness. Refugees often come from parts of the world where parasitic and tropical infectious diseases are prevalent and untreated. This article provides a review of enteric helminth infections in refugees, including asylum seekers and those from a refugee-like background.
Validation of a probabilistic post-fire erosion model
Authors: Robichaud Peter R. , Elliot William J. , Lewis Sarah A. , Miller Mary Ellen
Published: February 2016

Post-fire increases of runoff and erosion often occur and land managers need tools to be able to project the increased risk. The Erosion Risk Management Tool (ERMiT) uses the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) model as the underlying processor. ERMiT predicts the probability of a given amount of hillslope sediment delivery from a single rainfall or snowmelt event on unburned, burned and recovering forest, range and chaparral hillslopes and the effectiveness of selected mitigation treatments. Eight published field study sites were used to compare ERMiT predictions with observed sediment deliveries. Most sites experienced only a few rainfall events that produced runoff and sediment (1.3–9.2%) except for a California site with a Mediterranean climate (45.6%). When sediment delivery occurred, pooled Spearman rank correlations indicated significant correlations between the observed sediment delivery and those predicted by ERMiT. Correlations were ρ = 0.65 for the controls, ρ = 0.59 for the log erosion barriers and ρ = 0.27 (not significant) for the mulch treatments. Half of the individual sites also had significant correlations, as did 6 of 7 compared post-fire years. These model validation results suggest reasonable estimates of probabilistic post-fire hillslope sediment delivery when compared with observations from eight field sites.
Ageing of 100Cr6 steel: Synchrotron X-ray diffraction and dimensional analysis investigation
Authors: Lejay V. , Sidoroff C. , Le Bourlot C. , Perez M. , Dierickx P.
Published: February 2016

Thermal ageing of 100Cr6 with different initial austenitisings was studied using the combination of synchrotron X-ray diffraction and dimensional variation measurements. Synchrotron X-ray diffraction provided the phase volume fractions and their carbon content through the analysis of the lattice parameters. Dimensional measurements were obtained in situ in a quench dilatometer also used to realise the heat treatment. The combined analysis of these data provides a better understanding of phase evolutions. For the different austenitising treatments investigated, the dimensional variations were found to be easily linked to the phase parameters measured by X-ray diffraction.

This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Recent developments in bearing steels.
Hardness and wear behaviour of electroless Ni–B coatings
Authors: Balaraju J. N. , Priyadarshi A. , Kumar Vinod , Manikandanath N. T. , Kumar P. Praveen , Ravisankar B.
Published: February 2016

Depth-dependent hardness variation of dimethylamine borane-reduced electroless Ni–5 wt-%B deposits has been examined using the nanoindentation technique. The deposits were characterised using ICP-OES, FESEM, XRD and DSC for evaluating the composition, morphology, structure and phase transformation behaviour, respectively. Coatings were also analysed for hardness and wear resistance. The surface of the as-plated deposit exhibits a typical nodular morphology. DSC traces show the presence of a single exothermic peak at 313°C conforming to its phase transformation. X-ray diffraction pattern of as-prepared deposit contains a mixture of amorphous and sharp microcrystalline nickel peaks. Heat-treated coating exhibits improved hardness and wear resistance. Depth-dependent nanohardness profile of as-deposited film neither obeys Nix–Gao nor the Lam–Chong model of indentation.
Novel cold-rolled martensitic ultra-high-strength steels for roll forming technologies
Authors: Taylor T.
Published: February 2016

Roll forming is one of the fastest developing forming technologies for martensitic ultra-high-strength steels in the automotive industry. As the automotive industry continues to demand materials exhibiting higher strength in addition to improved formability, development of novel martensitic ultra-high-strength steels for roll forming technologies is a priority topic in the steel industry. Six such novel steels were developed, exhibiting ultimate tensile strength from 1500 to 2000 MPa, total elongation from 4% to 11%, bend ratio from 5t to 2t and hole-expansion capacity from 18% to 80%. It was concluded that the novel steels exhibit very attractive properties for roll forming technologies and provide low cost down-gauging opportunities with improved crashworthiness for the automotive industry.
Effects of zinc coating on magnesium alloy–steel joints produced by cold metal transfer method
Authors: Cao R. , Zhu H. X. , Wang Q. , Dong C. , Lin Q. , Chen J. H.
Published: February 2016

Magnesium alloys are lap-joined to galvanised and bare steel sheets by a cold metal transfer method. The weld appearance, cross-section, tensile strength and fracture behaviour of these joints are characterised by scanning electron microscopy, tensile tests and energy-dispersive spectroscopy. The joints were found to have good weld appearance and satisfactory tensile strength. The spreadability and wettability of the Mg alloy–galvanised steel joint are superior to those of the Mg alloy–bare steel joint, but the tensile strength is lower. In particular, the presence of Zn on the galvanised steel sheet improves wettability but decreases tensile strength. Aluminium has a high affinity for Fe, and the thinner layer of Fe–Al improves the mechanical properties of the Mg alloy–bare steel joint.
Martensitic transformation cracking in high carbon steels for bearings
Authors: Bai M. K. , Pang J. C. , Wang G. D. , Yi H. L.
Published: February 2016

Cracking generates usually due to the internal stress during martensitic transformation in high carbon steels, for instance the ‘1C–1.5Cr’ bearing steels. A novel low-density ‘1.2C–1.5Cr–5Al’ alloy has been designed recently for bearing application in previous research. The effect of morphology of martensite plates on the transformation cracking has been proposed and investigated in comparison between the ‘1.2C–1.5Cr–5Al’ and ‘1C–1.5Cr’ steels in this research. Based on the mechanisms proposed, the tendency for transformation cracking in the novel alloy with more carbon addition has been discussed compared with the ‘1C–1.5Cr’ steel.

This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Recent developments in bearing steels.
Role of secondary phase in microstructural stability of as-extruded Mg–Sn–Ca at high temperature
Authors: Zhang J. , Liu B. , Jiang B. , Yang H. , Zhou G. , Dai J. , Pan F.
Published: February 2016

The microstructural stability in three as-extruded Mg alloys (Mg–0.6Ca, Mg–1.9Sn and Mg–1.9Sn–0.6Ca) at high temperature (673 K) is studied by optical microscope (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and its effect on the mechanical properties is tested by tensile test. The grain size of Mg–1.9Sn–0.6Ca alloy is retained at high temperature, while grains in Mg–0.6Ca grow at some degree and in Mg–1.9Sn they coarsen seriously. Additionally, the tensile strength of Mg–1.9Sn–0.6Ca is also most thermally stable. The outstanding microstructural and mechanical stability of as-extruded Mg–1.9Sn–0.6Ca alloy is attributed to the strong pinning effect of stable CaMgSn secondary phase. The poor performances of Mg–0.6Ca and Mg–1.9Sn are due to the dissolution of Mg2Ca and Mg2Sn particles, respectively.
Analysis of surface quality of multi-film cooling holes in nickel-based single crystal superalloy
Authors: Wen Z. , Pei H. , Zhang C. , Wang B.
Published: February 2016

The effect of the surface quality of multi-film cooling holes processed by laser drilling (LD) and electrical discharge machining (EDM) on the mechanical properties of blades have been studied. The physical features of the cooling holes, including the diameter, conicity and shape of the holes, are measured by optical microscopy, demonstrating that the EDM process is not as accurate as the LD process. Meanwhile, metallurgical characteristics, including the recast layer, heat affected zone and micro-cracking within the surface layer, are analysed by scanning electron microscopy, demonstrating that the radial crack generated in the LD process is more dangerous than the circumferential cracks generated in the EDM process. Using finite element analysis (FEA), the single crystal superalloy specimens with multi-film holes are simulated based on the crystal plasticity theory, showing that a significant increase of the stress gradient is observed in a real hole model than in an ideal circular hole model, which means that a shape simplification in the blade design will reduce the reliability of the blade. Based on the findings above, the influence of the surface quality of holes is investigated to obtain the possible damages to nickel single crystal turbine blades.
Evolution of microstructure and crystallographic texture during recrystallisation of high-strength sheet steel
Authors: Chatterjee S. , Mukherjee S. , Kundu S.
Published: February 2016

Ultra-low carbon steels possess an attractive combination of mechanical properties namely drawability and strength that is suitable for automotive applications. A high-strength variant of the material containing large amounts of manganese and phosphorous has been produced in the laboratory. The main objective of the present work was to study the microstructural evolution after recrystallisation, below and above the critical phase transformation temperatures of the steel. Crystallographic texture of ferrite was found to intensify with increasing the annealing temperature; surprisingly even beyond the upper transformation temperature. The texture measurement data obtained with the electron backscatter diffraction and X-ray diffraction matched very well with each other. The steel recorded an impressive strength–drawability balance mainly due to solid solution strengthening and favourable γ-fibre texture.
Origin and sedimentation of Cu-droplets sticking to spinel solids in pyrometallurgical slags
Authors: De Wilde E. , Bellemans I. , Zheng L. , Campforts M. , Guo M. , Blanpain B. , Moelans N. , Verbeken K.
Published: February 2016

Cu-droplet losses in slags are an important problem in Cu-industry, limiting the metal recovery. An important cause responsible for the entrainment of copper droplet losses in slags is their sticking behaviour to spinel solids. In the present study, the interaction between spinel solids and Cu-droplets is investigated in an industrially relevant slag system (PbO–CaO–SiO2–Cu2O–Al2O3–FeO–ZnO) using two complementary experimental set-ups. Firstly the influence of the sedimentation time is studied and secondly the presence of entrained (sticking) droplets is studied as a function of height in the slag layer. Based on the experimental results, a mechanism that explains the sticking Cu-droplets is proposed. Finally, a model describing the sedimentation of sticking and non-sticking droplets is formulated based on the experimental data.
A new low-carbon microalloyed steel wire in drilling rope
Authors: Zhao B. , Zhao Z. B. , Hua G. , Liu C.
Published: February 2016

SAE 1065 steel wire ropes are prone to individual wire fracture due to the martensite structure with high carbon and high microhardness formed on the wire surface because of friction. A new low-carbon microalloyed steel wire composed of lath bainite with fine carbides dispersed in bainitic ferrite and lath martensite is developed in this paper. For the developed steel wire with a diameter of 1.0 mm, the tensile strength and low-cycle fatigue resistance are higher than those of commercial SAE 1065 wire. It is shown that the individual wire fracture caused by as-quenched martensite formation and severe plastic deformation can be avoided in the developed steel wire. Also, the design process and associated manufacturing process are discussed in detail.
Demosthenes as Text: Classical Reception and British Rhetorical History
Authors: Agnew Lois
Published: March 2016

British rhetorical theorists demonstrate a persistent interest in Demosthenes, but their interpretations of his significance reflect different understandings of rhetoric. This article uses reception theory to illuminate how British depictions of Demosthenes at different moments in history reflect writers’ values and rhetorical aims. The focus on Demosthenes as a model of rhetorical prowess becomes particularly important for nineteenth-century British theorists who conceive of rhetoric as an individualistic display of linguistic virtuosity. Viewing Demosthenes through the lens of reception history reveals the inherent instability of a disciplinary history that is not only shaped by important figures, but also constructs those figures in ways that reflect shifting scholarly values.
Do faster swimmers spend longer underwater than slower swimmers at World Championships?
Authors: Veiga Santiago , Roig Andreu , Gómez‐Ruano Miguel A.
Published: March 2016

The main objectives of the present research were (1) to examine the relationships between the distances travelled underwater during the start and turn segments with swimming race performance at the elite level and (2) to determine if the individualised‐distance start and turn parameters affect the overall race performance. The race parameters of the 100 and 200 m events during 2013 World Championships were measured by an innovative image‐processing system (InThePool® 2.0). Overall, 100 m race times were largely related to faster start velocities in men's breaststroke and freestyle events. Conversely, overall, 200 m race times were largely related to longer starting distances in the women's butterfly events, to longer turn distances in men's and women's backstroke and women's butterfly events and to shorter turn distances in women's freestyle events. Changes on the start or turn velocities could represent moderate time improvements in most of the 100 m events, whereas modifications on the start or turn distances (especially in the last turn) could provide elite swimmers with time improvements of practical importance on the 200 m events. The evaluation of races by individualised‐distance parameters should be provided to elite swimmers in order to decide the most appropriate race segment configuration for each event.
A categorical recall strategy does not explain animacy effects in episodic memory
Authors: VanArsdall Joshua E. , Nairne James S. , Pandeirada Josefa N. S. , Cogdill Mindi
Published: March 2016

Animate stimuli are better remembered than matched inanimate stimuli in free recall. Three experiments tested the hypothesis that animacy advantages are due to a more efficient use of a categorical retrieval cue. Experiment 1 developed an “embedded list” procedure that was designed to disrupt participants’ ability to perceive category structure at encoding; a strong animacy effect remained. Experiments 2 and 3 employed animate and inanimate word lists consisting of tightly constrained categories (four-footed animals and furniture). Experiment 2 failed to find an animacy advantage when the categorical structure was readily apparent, but the advantage returned in Experiment 3 when the embedded list procedure was employed using the same target words. These results provide strong evidence against an organizational account of the animacy effect, indicating that the animacy effect in episodic memory is probably due to item-specific factors related to animacy.
Looking for a new legitimacy: internal challenges within the Israeli Left
Authors: Daniele Giulia
Published: March 2016

Considering current Israeli society in terms of the asymmetric power relations and privileges experienced by its heterogeneous population, this paper aims at questioning the role played by Israeli left-wing parties and grassroots organizations since the failure of the Oslo ‘peace process’, with a focus on the aftermath of the legislative elections of 2015. In general, most of the political initiatives led by the Zionist Left can be seen to have lost the internal legitimacy they need in order to challenge the assumptions underpinning the power asymmetries. By taking account of those narrative identities excluded from the mainstream Zionist Left discourse, among which are the Palestinian citizens of Israel, Mizrahi Jews, women's feminist activists and African asylum seekers, I attempt to problematize the ethnic, national, class and gender cleavages emerging in a situation which includes some complex instances of dispossession and marginalization. In a settler colonial context such as the one prevailing in Israel, I question whether the left-wing has been able to represent and to support the rights of the most marginalized communities and to face up to the neo-liberal and ethno-nationalist drift which is gathering increasing momentum inside the country. Deploying an approach that is contrary to the predominant narrative, which addresses the parties and the grassroots groups of the Israeli Left as types of activism based on a single and homogeneous platform, I draw attention to alternative socio-political initiatives that have often been silenced by the mainstream, such as those initiated by radical left-wingers, ‘48 Palestinians, Mizrahim, feminist activists, and also more recently by African migrants and asylum seekers. In this way, the paper also deals with the necessity of providing a means of expression for the critical points of view emerging from the most marginalized backgrounds of Israeli society, a need which is underlined by a good number of my interviewees, and a need which, if fulfilled, could enable the building up of a new and broader legitimacy within the Israeli leftist political arena.
Aposematic signals in North American black widows are more conspicuous to predators than to prey
Authors: Brandley Nicholas , Johnson Matthew , Johnsen Sönke
Published: February 2016

The iconic red hourglass of the black widow spiders (genus Latrodectus) is traditionally considered an aposematic signal, yet experimental evidence is lacking. Here, we present data that suggest that black widow coloration may have evolved to be an aposematic signal that is more conspicuous to their vertebrate predators than to their insect prey. In choice experiments with wild birds, we found that the red-and-black coloration deters potential predators: Wild birds were ~3 times less likely to attack a black widow model with an hourglass than one without. Using visual-system appropriate models, we also found that a black widow’s red-and-black color combo is more apparent to a typical bird than a typical insect. Additionally, an ancestral reconstruction reveals that red dorsal coloration is ancestral in black widows and that at some point some North American widows lost their red dorsal coloration. Behaviorally, differences in red dorsal coloration between 2 North American species are accompanied by differences in microhabitat that affects how often a bird will view a black widow’s dorsal region. All observations are consistent with a cost–benefit trade-off of being more conspicuous to predators than to prey. We suggest that limiting detection by prey may help explain why red and black aposematic signals occur frequently in nature.
Railroads and American Economic Growth: A “Market Access” Approach
*
Authors: Donaldson Dave , Hornbeck Richard
Published: March 2016

This article examines the historical impact of railroads on the U.S. economy, with a focus on quantifying the aggregate impact on the agricultural sector in 1890. Expansion of the railroad network may have affected all counties directly or indirectly—an econometric challenge that arises in many empirical settings. However, the total impact on each county is captured by changes in that county’s “market access,” a reduced-form expression derived from general equilibrium trade theory. We measure counties’ market access by constructing a network database of railroads and waterways and calculating lowest-cost county-to-county freight routes. We estimate that county agricultural land values increased substantially with increases in county market access, as the railroad network expanded from 1870 to 1890. Removing all railroads in 1890 is estimated to decrease the total value of U.S. agricultural land by 60%, with limited potential for mitigating these losses through feasible extensions to the canal network or improvements to country roads.
Rhizosphere Competence of Wild-Type and Genetically Engineered Pseudomonas brassicacearum Is Affected by the Crop Species
Authors: Bankhead Stacey Blouin , Thomashow Linda S. , Weller David M.
Published: March 2016

2,4-Diacetylphloroglucinol (2,4-DAPG)-producing Pseudomonas brassicacearum Q8r1-96 is a highly effective biocontrol agent of take-all disease of wheat. Strain Z30-97, a recombinant derivative of Q8r1-96 containing the phzABCDEFG operon from P. synxantha (formerly P. fluorescens) 2-79 inserted into its chromosome, also produces phenazine-1-carboxylic acid. Rhizosphere population sizes of Q8r1-96, Z30-97, and 2-79, introduced into the soil, were assayed during successive growth cycles of barley, navy bean, or pea under controlled conditions as a measure of the impact of crop species on rhizosphere colonization of each strain. In the barley rhizosphere, Z30-96 colonized less that Q8r1-96 when they were introduced separately, and Q8r1-96 out-competed Z30-96 when the strains were introduced together. In the navy bean rhizosphere, Q8r1-96 colonized better than Z30-97 when the strains were introduced separately. However, both strains had similar population densities when introduced together. Strain Q8r1-96 and Z30-97 colonized the pea rhizosphere equally well when each strain was introduced separately, but Z30-97 out-competed Q8r1-96 when they were introduced together. To our knowledge, this is the first report of a recombinant biocontrol strain of Pseudomonas spp. gaining rhizosphere competitiveness on a crop species. When assessing the potential fate of and risk posed by a recombinant Pseudomonas sp. in soil, both the identity of the introduced genes and the crop species colonized by the recombinant strain need to be considered.
Evaluation of the Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research Medical Student Anesthesia Research Fellowship Program Participants’ Scholarly Activity and Career Choices
Authors: Toledo Paloma , McLean Shakir , Duce Lorent , Wong Cynthia A. , Schubert Armin , Ward Denham S.
Published: March 2016

AbstractAbstract

Thirty percent of all the Medical Student Anesthesia Research Fellowship participants were authors on a subsequent publication. Among participants for whom residency information was available, 58% matched into an anesthesiology program.

Background

The Foundation for Anesthesia Education and Research Medical Student Anesthesia Research Fellowship (MSARF) program is an 8-week program that pairs medical students with anesthesiologists performing anesthesia-related research. This study evaluated the proportion of students who published an article from their work, as well as the percentage of students who entered anesthesiology residency programs.

Methods

A list of previous MSARF participants (2005 to 2012), site, and project information was obtained. Searches for publications were performed using PubMed. The primary outcome was the publication rate for MSARF projects. The MSARF abstract-to-publication ratio was compared with the percentage of abstracts presented at biomedical meetings that resulted in publication as estimated by a Cochrane review (44%). For students who had graduated from medical school, match lists from the students’ medical schools were reviewed for specialty choice.

Results

Forty-two percent of the 346 MSARF projects were subsequently published. There was no difference between the MSARF abstract-to-publication ratio and the publication rate of articles from abstracts presented at scientific meetings (P = 0.57). Thirty percent (n = 105; 95% CI, 25 to 35%) of all the MSARF students were authors on a publication. Fifty-eight percent of the students for whom residency match data (n = 255) were available matched into anesthesiology residencies (95% CI, 52 to 64%).

Conclusions

The MSARF program resulted in many students being included as a co-author on a published article; the majority of these students entered anesthesiology residency programs. Future research should determine whether the program has a long-term impact on the development of academic anesthesiologists.
Environmental and genetic determinants of innovativeness in a natural population of birds
Authors: Quinn John L. , Cole Ella F. , Reed Thomas E. , Morand-Ferron Julie
Published: March 2016

Much of the evidence for the idea that individuals differ in their propensity to innovate and solve new problems has come from studies on captive primates. Increasingly, behavioural ecologists are studying innovativeness in wild populations, and uncovering links with functional behaviour and fitness-related traits. The relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in driving this variation, however, remains unknown. Here, we present the results of the first large-scale study to examine a range of causal factors underlying innovative problem-solving performance (PSP) among 831 great tits (
Parus major
) temporarily taken into captivity. Analyses show that PSP in this population: (i) was linked to a variety of individual factors, including age, personality and natal origin (immigrant or local-born); (ii) was influenced by natal environment, because individuals had a lower PSP when born in poor-quality habitat, or where local population density was high, leading to cohort effects. Links with many of the individual and environmental factors were present only in some years. In addition, PSP (iii) had little or no measurable heritability, as estimated by a Bayesian animal model; and (iv) was not influenced by maternal effects. Despite previous reports of links between PSP and a range of functional traits in this population, the analyses here suggest that innovativeness had weak if any evolutionary potential. Instead most individual variation was caused by phenotypic plasticity driven by links with other behavioural traits and by environmentally mediated developmental stress. Heritability estimates are population, time and context specific, however, and more studies are needed to determine the generality of these effects. Our results shed light on the causes of innovativeness within populations, and add to the debate on the relative importance of genetic and environmental factors in driving phenotypic variation within populations.