bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of the interval between endoscopies with gastric cancer stage at diagnosis in a region of high prevalence
Authors: Nam Ji Hyung , Choi Il Ju , Cho Soo‐Jeong , Kim Chan Gyoo , Jun Jae Kwan , Choi Kui Son , Nam Byung‐Ho , Lee Jun Ho , Ryu Keun Won , Kim Young‐Woo
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND:

Endoscopy screening in high‐risk populations may reduce gastric cancer mortality by detecting cancer earlier. We evaluated the association between the interval between upper gastrointestinal endoscopies and the gastric cancer stage at diagnosis in patients from a region of high prevalence.

METHODS:

The study cohort consisted of 2485 patients diagnosed with gastric adenocarcinoma. We evaluated the effect on cancer stage of the interval between the endoscopy that was diagnostic for gastric cancer and the endoscopy preceding it. Patients were stratified into 7 groups: 1‐, 2‐, 3‐, 4‐, 5‐, >5‐year intervals and those who were never screened.

RESULTS:

The risk of higher cancer stage at diagnosis increased by 23% per increase in interval length (odds ratio = 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.19‐1.28). Compared to the never‐screened, the odds ratio of having a higher stage of cancer decreased gradually from 0.53 (95% CI = 0.41‐0.69) in the >5‐year interval group to 0.31 (95% CI = 0.24‐0.40) in the 1‐year interval group. Compared to the 1‐year interval group, the risk of advanced gastric cancer was increased in the 4‐ and 5‐year, but not the 2‐ and 3‐year, interval groups. However, patients with a family history of gastric cancer were more likely to have a higher stage at diagnosis if they had a 3‐year interval rather than a 1‐year interval.

CONCLUSIONS:

A significant benefit in cancer stage at diagnosis was observed in all interval groups compared to never‐screened. Endoscopy intervals of 3 years or less showed similar benefits, but family members of gastric cancer patients may benefit from intervals of under 3 years. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion: Diagnostic features in surepath™ cervical samples
Authors: Gupta Nalini , Crossley John , Dudding Nick , Ellis Kay , Smith J. H. F.
Published: July 2012

This study was undertaken to identify the situations in which a diagnosis of “Atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude a high‐grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (ASC‐H)” is offered in SurePath™ cervical samples and to identify cytological criteria helpful in predicting high‐grade disease. 2,335 (3.4%) SurePath samples reported as atypical squamous cells (ASC) over a period of 2 years, including 1,112 cases with known hrHPV status were retrieved. 105/1,112 cases were categorized into ASC‐H, and slides were available for review in 88/105 cases. These 88 samples were divided into two categories based on follow‐up histological outcome and hrHPV status–category A: cases with CIN2+ lesions on follow‐up (n = 48) and category B: cases with ≤CIN1 lesions or hrHPV negative status (n = 40). 78% (82/105) cases of ASC‐H tested positive for hrHPV. Overall CIN2+ lesions were found in 50.3% (53/105) cases. Of 88 cases reviewed, HCGs were noted in 56.3% (27/48) cases in category A and 75% (30/40) cases in category B. Dispersed metaplastic cells and scattered small atypical cells were seen in 37.5% (18/48) cases in category A and 12.5%(5/40) in category B. The majority of cases with dispersed atypical cells had <20 cells/sample and cases with HCGs had <10 HCGs per sample. The majority of the cases reported as ASC‐H contained HCGs. Of these groups with nuclear crowding, disorganization and those with steep edges (“blocks”) are likely to predict high‐grade disease. The samples with only dispersed atypical cells had <20 cells/sample in majority of cases. In these, a disproportionate andespecially high nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio and irregular chromatin were the most useful features in predicting high‐grade disease. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
ER, PR, and Her2 immunocytochemistry on cell‐transferred cytologic smears of primary and metastatic breast carcinomas: A Comparison Study With Formalin‐Fixed Cell Blocks and Surgical Biopsies
Authors: Ferguson Jill , Chamberlain Pierce , Cramer Harvey M. , Wu Howard H.
Published: July 2012

The use of formalin‐fixed cell blocks (CBs) for detection of ER, PR, and Her2 status of primary and metastatic breast carcinomas sampled by fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) has been extensively used in clinical practice; however, CBs sometimes lack adequate cellularity even when direct smears are cellular. The aim of this study is to assess the reliability of ER, PR, and Her2 status as demonstrated by immunocytochemical staining (ICC) on alcohol‐fixed direct smears using the cell transfer (CT) technique. FNA cases diagnosed as primary or metastatic breast carcinoma in which the status of ER, PR, and Her2 had been determined either on CB or concurrent biopsy were identified over a period of 18 months. ICC for ER, PR, and Her2 was performed on alcohol‐fixed direct smears using the CT technique. Results were compared with those reported for the corresponding formalin‐fixed tissue. A total of 47 FNA specimens from 46 patients were included in this study. ICC results were excluded from analysis if the CT smear contained fewer than 50 cells. Correlation between the ICC performed on the CT smears and the corresponding CB or biopsy revealed a sensitivity rate for ER, PR, and Her2 of 95%, 90%, and 88%, respectively with a specificity of 100% for all three markers. ICC performed on the FNA smears using the CT technique is a reliable method for assessment of the ER, PR, and Her2 status of breast carcinomas, especially when the direct smears are highly cellular and the CB lacks adequate cellularity. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of nutrient enrichment on the growth, nucleic acid concentrations, and elemental stoichiometry of coral reef macroalgae
Authors: Reef Ruth , Pandolfi John M. , Lovelock Catherine E.
Published: July 2012

The growth rate hypothesis (GRH) links growth rates with organism elemental stoichiometry. Support for the GRH was found for many animal species, but less so for plants. This is the first study to test the GRH in macroalgae. Tropical coral reef macroalgae from three lineages, Caulerpa serrulata (Chlorophyta), Laurencia intricata (Rhodophyta), and Sargassum polyphyllum (Phaeophyceae) were grown enriched with nitrogen or phosphorous and under control conditions at Heron Island on the Great Barrier Reef, Australia. Growth rate, photosynthesis, nucleic acid composition, and elemental stoichiometry were measured. Nutrient enrichment had positive effects on photosynthetic rates and on investment in RNA. However, growth rate was not correlated with either photosynthetic rates or RNA content; thus, we did not find support for the GRH in tropical macroalgae. Macroalgae, especially L. intricata, accumulated P to very high levels (>0.6% of dry weight). The growth rate response to tissue P concentrations was unimodal. Above 0.21%, P accumulation had negative effects on growth. Nitrogen was not stored, but evidence of futile cycling was observed. The capacity to store large amounts of P is probably an adaptation to the low and patchy nutrient environment of the tropical oceans.
Antioxidative and synergistic effects of bene kernel and hull oils during oxidation of virgin olive oil
Authors: Farhoosh Reza , Khodaparast Mohammad Hossein Haddad , Sharif Ali , Hoseini‐Yazdi Seyedeh‐Zohreh , Zamani‐Ghalehshahi Atefeh
Published: July 2012

Total amounts of conjugated diene hydroperoxides and carbonyl compounds of a virgin olive oil (VOO) and its purified form as affected by 0.1–6% w/w bene kernel (BKO) and hull (BHO) oils were monitored during 16 h heating at 180°C. The VOO was more prone to the production of off‐flavour carbonyl compounds than to the formation of conjugated diene hydroperoxides. The VOOs oxidative stability decreased significantly due to the removal of the indigenous antioxidative compounds. Oxidative stability, especially regarding the secondary oxidation, significantly improved with increasing concentrations of the BKO than with those of the BHO.
A cell electrofusion microfluidic chip using discrete coplanar vertical sidewall microelectrodes
Authors: Hu Ning , Yang Jun , Qian Shizhi , Zhang Xiaolin , Joo Sang W. , Zheng Xiaolin
Published: July 2012

A novel cell electrofusion microfluidic chip using discrete coplanar vertical sidewall electrodes has been designed, fabricated, and tested. The device contains a serpentine‐shaped microchannel with 22 500 pairs of vertical sidewall microelectrodes patterned on two opposing vertical sidewalls of the microchannel. The adjacent microelectrodes on each sidewall are separated by coplanar SiO2‐Polysilicon‐SiO2/silicon. This design of coplanar discrete vertical sidewall electrodes eliminates the “dead area” present in previous designs using continuous three‐dimensional (3D) protruding sidewall electrodes, and generates uniform electric field along the height of the microchannel, leading to a lower voltage required for cell fusion compared to designs using 2D thin‐film electrodes. This device is tested to fuse NIH3T3 cells under a low voltage (∼9 V). Almost 100% cells are aligned to the edge of the discrete microelectrodes, and cell−cell pairing efficiency reaches 70%. The electrofusion efficiency is above 40% of the total cells loaded into the device, which is much higher than traditional fusion methods and existing microfluidic devices using continuous 3D protruding sidewall microelectrodes.
Mutation scanning‐based analysis of Theileria orientalis populations in cattle following an outbreak
Authors: Cufos Nadia , Jabbar Abdul , de Carvalho Luís M. , Gasser Robin B.
Published: July 2012

Bovine theileriosis is a tick‐borne disease caused by one or more hemoprotozoan parasites of the genus Theileria. In the past, Theileria infection in cattle in Australia was largely asymptomatic and recognized to be associated with Theileria buffeli. However, outbreaks of theileriosis have occurred in beef and dairy cattle in subtropical climatic regions (New South Wales) of Australia. There is also one published report of a recent theileriosis outbreak in a beef farm near Seymour in the southeastern state of Victoria. In order to gain an improved insight into the genetic composition of Theileria populations following this outbreak, we undertook herein an integrated PCR‐coupled mutation scanning‐sequencing‐phylogenetic analysis of sequence variation in part of the major piroplasm surface protein (MPSP) gene within and among samples from cattle involved in the outbreak. Theileria DNA was detected in 89.4% of 94 cattle in the Seymour farm; the genetic analysis showed that the ikeda and chitose genotypes representing the Theileria orientalis complex were detected in 75 and 4.8% of 84 infected cattle, respectively, and that mixed populations of these two genotypes were found in 20.2% of infected cattle. Given unpublished reports of a significant increase in the number of outbreaks in Victoria, future investigations should focus sharply on elucidating the epidemiology of Theileria to subvert the economic impact on the cattle industry in this state. Although used here to explore genetic variation within the T. orientalis complex in Australia, a mutation scanning‐based approach has broad applicability to other species of Theileria in other countries.
Bayesian state space models with time‐varying parameters: interannual temperature forecasting
Authors: Kim Yongku , Mark Berliner L.
Published: July 2012

State space models with time‐varying parameters have been used to model processes displaying variations at a variety of temporal scales. We develop such models with the goal of forecasting hemispherically averaged surface temperatures at interannual time scales. To capture variations on several scales, we formulate hierarchical models for the main processes of interest conditional upon model coefficients and variances that are themselves modeled via state space models. These parameter models are allowed to have different and unknown time scales. Further, the use of covariates can aid in modeling these time‐varying covariates. Bayesian inference, including model selection, for such models is discussed. Special issues in forecasting based on models with unknown future covariates are discussed and illustrated in forecasting hemispheric surface temperatures. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characteristic volatile components of Japanese sour citrus fruits: Yuzu, Sudachi and Kabosu
Authors: Tomiyama Kenichi , Aoki Hirokazu , Oikawa Takeshi , Sakurai Kazutoshi , Kasahara Yoko , Kawakami Yukihiro
Published: July 2012

The volatile components of both the peel and juice of three major Japanese sour citrus cultivars with pleasant flavour, Yuzu (Citrus junos Sieb. ex Tanaka), Sudachi (Citrus sudachi Hort. ex Shirai) and Kabosu (Citrus sphaerocarpa Hort. ex Tanaka) were investigated using the solvent assisted flavour evaporation technique after solvent extraction. Limonene was the most abundant monoterpene hydrocarbon in all the extracts, followed by γ‐terpinene and β‐phellandrene in Yuzu and Sudachi and by myrcene in Kabosu. Mintsulfide was newly identified in juice extracts from Yuzu and Kabosu. Among the oxygenated components of these extracts, linalool was the most abundant in both the peel and juice of Yuzu and the peel of Sudachi, while both the peel and juice of Kabosu revealed the presence of high quantity of saturated aliphatic aldehydes. Wine lactone and rose oxide were identified in all the extracts, which have not been previously reported to occur in these citrus cultivars. The odour‐active components of each oxygenated fraction were revealed by aroma extract dilution analysis. Linalool, trans‐4,5‐epoxy‐(2E)‐decenal and wine lactone showed relatively high flavour dilution factors in the peel and juice of these citrus cultivars. The enantiomeric distribution of linalool, cis‐rose oxide, β‐citronellol and wine lactone was determined using a multi‐dimensional chiral gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. With regard to linalool, the (R)‐enantiomer was predominant in Yuzu and the (S)‐enantiomer in Sudachi and Kabosu. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Cartesian cut cell free surface capturing method for 3D water impact problems
Authors: Hu Z. Z. , Causon D. M. , Mingham C. G. , Qian L.
Published: July 2012

A Cartesian cut cell mesh generation procedure is developed together with a finite volume Euler solver for a two‐fluid system with a free surface. A fast and robust triangle to triangle overlap scheme is used to determine the intersection of a body‐surface with the background Cartesian mesh. Improvements to the cut cell routines include a new treatment for multiple cuts within a single cell and a surface trimming procedure to ensure a good quality mesh around solid boundaries. The formulae for calculating all necessary information about a cut cell are also presented. These are generic and can be used for arbitrarily irregular boundary elements. A collocated finite volume method with a high resolution Godunov‐type scheme in space is used for discretization of the governing flow equations. By computing in both the air and water regions simultaneously in a consistent manner, the free surface is automatically captured as a contact discontinuity in the density field without the need for any special free surface tracking method. The algorithm incorporates the artificial compressibility method with a dual time stepping strategy to maintain a divergence free velocity field. The mathematical formulation including its numerical implementation of the method is reviewed and results for a number of test cases are also presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Highly Active 40 wt.% Pt on Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube by Improved Impregnation Method for Fuel Cell Applications
Authors: Rahsepar M. , Pakshir M. , Piao Y. , Kim H.
Published: July 2012

40 wt.% Pt catalyst supported on multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) was successfully synthesized by using improved aqueous impregnation method. Catalysts were characterized by HR‐TEM, XRD, and X‐Ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Electrocatalytic performance of the catalyst materials was investigated by electrochemical half cell test measurements. According to the results of electrochemical measurements, synthesized Pt/MWCNT catalyst presented high electrochemical activity which is mostly due to high utilization of catalyst particles and good physical properties of MWCNT supporting material. It was revealed that, improved aqueous impregnation method has a satisfactory efficiency for production of Pt/MWCNT catalyst.
The Relation between Mind‐mindedness in Mothers with Borderline Personality Disorder and Mental State Understanding in their Children
Authors: Schacht Robin , Hammond Linda , Marks Maureen , Wood Barbara , Conroy Susan
Published: July 2012

This study investigated relations between mind‐mindedness in mothers with borderline personality disorder (BPD) and mental state understanding in their children. Participants were 20 mothers with BPD and 19 mothers without personality disorder and their children, aged 39–61 months. Children's mental state understanding was examined via a battery of theory of mind and emotion labelling tasks. Maternal mind‐mindedness was assessed by mothers' use of mental state references to describe their children relative to other attributes. Maternal BPD was associated with fewer references to children's mental states as well as poorer levels of mental state understanding in their children. Findings lend some empirical support to recent theoretical suggestions that BPD is associated with a reduced capacity for mentalization, as well as reduced capacity for mental state understanding in children of mothers with BPD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Major differences among chemopreventive organoselenocompounds in the sustained elevation of cytoprotective genes
Authors: Poerschke Robyn L. , Franklin Michael R. , Bild Andrea H. , Moos Philip J.
Published: July 2012

Cytoprotective enzyme elevation through the nuclear erythroid 2 p45‐related factor 2 (Nrf2)–Kelch‐like ECH‐associated protein 1/antioxidant response element pathway has been promulgated for cancer prevention. This study compares the redox insult and sustained cytoprotective enzyme elevation by organoselenocompounds and sulforaphane (SF) in lung cells. SF elicited a rise in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and drop in glutathione (GSH) at 2 h; nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 at 4 h; and a GSH rebound and elevation in NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase (NQO1), thioredoxin reductase (TR1), and glutamate–cysteine ligase (GCL) at 24 h. Selenocystine (SECY) elicited a similar 24 h response, despite lesser earlier time‐point changes. 2‐Cyclohexylselenazolidine‐4‐carboxylic acid effects were similar to SECY's but with a larger Nrf2 change and the largest 24 h increase in GSH, GCL, TR1, and NQO1 of any compound investigated. Selenomethionine elicited a similar acute rise in ROS, but lesser depletion of GSH, no 4 h increase in nuclear Nrf2, only minor 24 h elevations in TR1 and NQO1, and a GCL elevation insufficient to elevate GSH. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 26:344–353, 2012; View this article online at wileyonlinelibrary.com. DOI 10.1002/jbt.21417
Possible neuroprotective property of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in association with predominant upregulation of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor in astrocytes
Authors: Takarada Takeshi , Nakamichi Noritaka , Kawagoe Hirofumi , Ogura Masato , Fukumori Ryo , Nakazato Ryota , Fujikawa Koichi , Kou Miki , Yoneda Yukio
Published: July 2012

The underlying mechanisms are still unclear for the neuroprotective properties of nicotine to date, whereas we have shown functional expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) responsible for the influx of extracellular Ca2+ in cultured rat cortical astrocytes. In this study, we investigated the possible involvement of astrocytic nAChRs in the neuroprotection by this agonist. Exposure to nicotine predominantly induced mRNA expression of glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) among the different neurotrophic factors examined in cultured astrocytes, in a manner sensitive to nAChR antagonists, nifedipine, and aCa2+ chelator. Nicotine significantly increased GDNF in a concentration‐dependent manner in cultured astrocytes but not in neurons or neural progenitors even at the highest concentration used. In cultured astrocytes, a transient increase was seen in the expression of mRNA and corresponding protein for GDNF during sustained exposure to nicotine for 24 hr. Cytotoxicity mediated by oxidative, calcium, mitochondrial, or endoplasmic reticulum stress was invariably protected against in cortical neurons cultured with conditioned medium from astrocytes previously exposed to nicotine, and preincubation with the anti‐GDNF antibody reduced the neuroprotection by conditioned medium from astrocytes exposed to nicotine. Intraperitoneal administration of nicotine transiently increased the number of cells immunoreactive for both GDNF and glial fibrillary acidic protein in rat cerebral cortex. These results suggest that astrocytic nAChRs play a role in the neuroprotection against different cytotoxins after predominant upregulation of GDNF expression through a mechanism relevant to the acceleration of extracellular Ca2+ influx in rat brain in a particular situation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Classification of glazed potteries from Christian and Muslim territories (Late Medieval Ages, IX–XIII centuries) by micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Zuluaga Maria Cruz , Alonso‐Olazabal Ainhoa , Olivares Maitane , Ortega Luis , Murelaga Xabier , Bienes Juan Jose , Sarmiento Alfredo , Etxebarria Nestor
Published: July 2012

Technological evolution in pottery making is one of the knowledge transference evidence of Islamic culture in the Iberian Peninsula. In this work, two sets of pottery samples from pre‐Islamic, Muslim and post‐Islamic (Mudejar) stages have been analysed in order to study the evolution of pottery‐making techniques. Micro‐Raman spectroscopy has been used for the thorough characterisation and classification of the potsherds. In order to support Raman‐provided information scanning electron microscope coupled with energy‐dispersive X‐ray microanalysis (SEM‐EDX) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) were also performed. On one hand, the mineralogical assemblage determined through Raman spectroscopy and SEM‐EDX indicates similar pottery‐making procedures in Muslim and Mudejar potsherds, whereas local manufacturing style is detected in Christian ones. On the other hand, the composition and the processing temperature of the glaze, by Raman spectroscopy, have provided clues to differentiate not only between Muslim and Mudejar potsherds as well as to detect Mudejar‐style samples in the Christian territory. This last one opens an interesting discussion about the commercial trade between the ceramic manufacturing territories. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The first in situ micro‐Raman spectroscopic analysis of prehistoric cave art of Rouffignac St‐Cernin, France
Authors: Lahlil Sophia , Lebon Matthieu , Beck Lucile , Rousselière Hélène , Vignaud Colette , Reiche Ina , Menu Michel , Paillet Patrick , Plassard Frédéric
Published: July 2012

The first in situ micro‐Raman spectroscopic study of prehistoric drawings found in the cave of Rouffignac‐Saint‐Cernin (Dordogne, France) was carried out. Rouffignac cave art, assigned to the upper Magdalenian Paleolithic period (13500–12000 bp), is constituted of more than 250 drawings and engraving including 158 mammoths. There are about a hundred drawings, all made of black pigments. Until now, destructive chemical analyses performed on one sample, as well as recent micro X‐ray fluorescence (μ‐XRF) in situ analyses have shown that the drawings contain manganese oxides. Because no carbon has yet been found, no direct dating of the drawings could be performed. This new study of the Rouffignac cave using non‐destructive in situ micro‐analyses aims at confirming or not the absence of carbon‐based drawings and at understanding the apparent homogeneity of the parietal representations by the identification of the crystalline phases constituting the black pigments. The adaptability of portable equipment as well as the feasibility of in situ micro‐Raman analyses in a cave environment was tested. The results obtained are compared with in situ XRF, and X‐ray diffraction microanalysis is performed at the same time in the cave. We demonstrate that a portable Raman instrument is very useful to analyze non‐destructively drawings in the following difficult conditions: high humidity, various wall geometries, and small amounts of material studied. These results show that the black manganese oxides romanechite and pyrolusite were used as pigments by prehistorical artists. Carbon and carotenoids have been found locally. Differences between the various figures are highlighted and hypotheses about the drawings production are proposed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resonance Raman spectroscopy and theoretical study on the photodissociation dynamics of diuron in S2 state
Authors: Pei Kemei , Su Mingyang , Chen Lin , Li Fanglong , Zheng Xuming
Published: July 2012

Resonance Raman spectra (RRs) and quantum chemical calculations were used to investigate the photodissociation dynamics of diuron in S2 state. The RRs indicate that the photorelaxation dynamics for the S0 → S2 excited state is predominantly along nine motions: the ring C = C stretch vibration ν12 (1593 cm−1), Ph–N–H wag ν14 (1517 cm−1), CO–N(CH3)2 stretch ν23 (1365 cm−1), CCH wag in plane/ring C = C stretch ν24 (1297 cm−1), ring CH rock in plane/ring deformation ν27 (1233 cm−1), CCH wag in plane ν29 (1151 cm−1), Ph–Cl (para) stretch ν35 (1028 cm−1), Ph–N–H wag ν37 (913 cm−1) and ring breath ν44 (685 cm−1). Dissociation by Ph–Cl (para) cleavage at S2 state directly or relaxation to T2 state by internal conversion (S2 → S1) and intersystem crossing (S1/T2) is expected by ~250 nm irradiation based on the RRS, complete active space self‐consistent field, configuration interaction singles and time‐dependent density functional theory calculations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Contribution to the identification of α‐, β‐ and ε‐copper phthalocyanine blue pigments in modern artists' paints by X‐ray powder diffraction, attenuated total reflectance micro‐fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and micro‐Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Defeyt C. , Vandenabeele P. , Gilbert B. , Van Pevenage J. , Cloots R. , Strivay D.
Published: July 2012

Since the end of the 20th century, the α‐, β‐ and ε‐copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) blue pigments are widely used in modern artists' paints. The identification of the CuPc crystalline structure can provide useful technical and chronological information for the study of works of art. Although when a CuPc blue pigment is identified, its crystalline structure often remains unspecified despite the interest for conservation science. In this study, X‐ray powder diffraction, attenuated total reflectance micro‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and micro‐Raman spectroscopy analyses have been carried out on 15 dry pigment samples of CuPc and acrylic, vinylic, alkyd, arabic gum and oil‐based artists' paints. By using the polymorphic markers underlined for dry pigments, the CuPc crystalline structure has been successfully identified for most of the analysed artists' paints. However, according to the analytical technique used and the investigated paint sample, the obtained results largely differ. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of trap density on the surface‐enhanced Raman scattering of molecules adsorbed on TiO2 (Degussa P25)
Authors: Zhang Z. L. , Li D. N. , Mao Y. L.
Published: July 2012

The surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of molecules on TiO2 (Degussa P25) was investigated. The variation of trap density was carried out by the calcination of TiO2 at 350, 450 and 600°C. We found that the SERS intensity increases first, and then decreases with the calcination temperature rising from 350 to 450°C and 450 to 600°C, respectively. The measurements indicate that the trap density increases with the calcination temperature rising. The results indicate that the increase of trap density is favorable for the increase of SERS enhancement. The increase of SERS intensity from 350 to 450°C could be due to the dominated contribution from the trap density increase, and the decrease from 450 to 600°C could be due to dominated contribution from the increase of the crystallite size and the mass fraction of rutile phase. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of shape and interstice on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of molecules adsorbed on gold nanoparticles in the near‐dipole and quadrupole regions
Authors: Abdallah T. , El‐Brolosy T.A. , Mohamed M. B. , Easawi K. , Negm S. , Talaat H.
Published: July 2012

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) of adsorbed molecule on colloidal gold nanoparticles of different shapes, namely nanospheres (NSs), nanorods (NRs), and nanoprisms (NPs) as well as the three NPs arrays of different interstice prepared by NS lithography, are studied with incident wavenumbers in the near‐dipole and near‐quadrpole regions of the nanoparticles. In the colloidal gold nanoparticles, the SERS enhancement is the largest for the sharp tip followed by the truncated tip NPs, then the NRs and least enhancement for the NSs. This decreasing order of enhancement occurs although the incident wavenumber was near the dipole resonance of NSs and the quadrupole resonance for the NPs. These varied enhancements are explained in part as due to the binding energies of the nanocrystal facets, but the larger contribution results from the plasmon electromagnetic fields. A parallel finite difference time domain (FDTD) calculations were carried out, which corporate the experimental results and show agreement with ratios of the SERS enhancement for the different shapes. The normalized SERS intensity for NPs of different interstice distances show a sharp rise with the decrease of the interstice distances because of interparticle dipolar and quadrupolar coupling as evidenced also by FDTD calculations. Furthermore, these calculations show that the enhancement is polarization independent for an incident wavelength near quadrupole resonance but polarization dependent for an incident wavelength near the plasmon dipole transition. In the last case, the enhancement is larger by an order of magnitude for a polarization parallel to the NPs bisector than for polarization normal to the bisector with no hot spots for the relatively large interstice dimensions used. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative method for determination of amphetamine in plasma using negative ion chemical ionisation GC‐MS of o‐(pentafluorobenzyloxycarbonyl)‐benzoyl derivatives
Authors: Leis Hans J. , Windischhofer Werner
Published: July 2012

The use of a novel electrophoric derivatisation reagent, o‐(pentafluorobenzyloxycarbonyl)‐benzoyl chloride is described for the quantitative determination of amphetamine in plasma. Amphetamine can be quantitatively measured down to 49 pg/mL plasma using only 250 μL of sample due to the extraordinary sensitivity of the derivatives under negative ion chemical ionisation mass spectrometry. Plasma samples were made alkaline with carbonate buffer and treated with n‐hexane and reagent solution for 20 min, which, after concentration was measured by negative ion chemical ionisation gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry. The method is rapid as extraction and derivatisation occur in one single step. [2H5]‐Amphetamine was used as an internal standard. Validation data are given to demonstrate the usefulness of the assay, including specificity, linearity, accuracy and precision, benchtop stability, freeze–thaw stability, autosampler stability, aliquot analysis and prospective analytical batch size accuracy.
Employee Turnover Intention Among Newcomers in Travel Industry
Authors: Kim Namhyun
Published: July 2012

The continual high turnover rate in the tourism and hospitality industry is the most problematic managerial topic. Using a sample of 304 travel agency employees, this research aims to identify differences in turnover antecedents between newcomers from graduate school or other industries and newcomers from the same industry. The results suggest several differences in both newcomer groups. Supervisor support is an antecedent for veterans, whereas personnel management, prospects and job‐related factors are only significant for neophytes. External causes were revealed as the most significant antecedents in both groups, whereas co‐worker support was not significant for turnover intention in either group. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tourism and Governance in Small Island Developing States (SIDS): The Case of Zanzibar
Authors: Sharpley Richard , Ussi Miraji
Published: July 2012

Tourism in small island developing states (SIDS) has long been defined in terms of dependency. However, less attention has been paid to the role of the state in SIDS, particularly the extent to which it supports tourism as an agent of development. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to consider the governance of tourism development in SIDS, specifically the extent to which the state may promote or hinder tourism‐related development. Drawing on research in Zanzibar, it reveals the ways in which poor governance has acted as a barrier to development through tourism, concluding that the state has an unwillingness to support tourism. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Competition Between Motion Constraint and Aggregation of Macromolecular Chains in Poly(vinyl methyl ether)/Poly(ethylene oxide) Aqueous Solution During Phase Transition
Authors: Yang Kun , Yang Yu Zhao , Hu Cheng Long , Huang Yun Yun , Zhang Wen Kai , Chen Xu Dong , Zhang Ming Qiu
Published: July 2012

Resonance light scattering (RLS) technique was applied to study macromolecular entanglements in highly dilute poly(vinyl methyl ether) (PVME)/poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) solution during phase transition process. Temperature dependences of RLS intensities of PVME, PEO and PVME/PEO solutions were recorded. In addition, simulated temperature dependence of RLS intensity of PVME/PEO solution was drawn supposing there was no interaction between PEO and PVME. Comparison between the measured with the simulated results indicated that there were obvious differences in RLS intensities and transition temperatures. The present work proved the existence of entanglements during phase separation in highly dilute solution. Moreover, a model was proposed to describe the entanglement behavior.
Computational microstructure modeling to estimate progressive moisture damage behavior of asphaltic paving mixtures
Authors: Ban Hoki , Kim Yong‐Rak , Rhee Suk‐Keun
Published: July 2012

This paper presents a computational microstructure model to estimate the progressive moisture damage of multiphase asphaltic paving mixtures. Moisture damage because of water transport is incorporated with mechanical loading through a finite element method. To simulate nonlinear damage evolution in the mixtures, the model includes Fickian moisture diffusion, a cohesive zone model to simulate the gradual fracture process, and a degradation characteristic function to represent the reduction of material properties because of moisture infiltration. With the model developed, various parametric analyses are conducted to investigate how each model parameter affects the material‐specific moisture damage mechanism and damage resistance potential of the mixtures. Analysis results clearly demonstrate the significance of physical and mechanical properties of mixture components and geometric characteristics of microstructure for the better design of asphaltic paving mixtures and roadway structures. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping of cerebral perfusion territories using territorial arterial spin labeling: techniques and clinical application
Authors: Hartkamp Nolan S. , Petersen Esben T. , De Vis Jill B. , Bokkers Reinoud P. H. , Hendrikse Jeroen
Published: July 2012

A knowledge of the exact cerebral perfusion territory which is supplied by any artery is of great importance in the understanding and diagnosis of cerebrovascular disease. The development and optimization of territorial arterial spin labeling (T‐ASL) MRI techniques in the past two decades have made it possible to visualize and determine the cerebral perfusion territories in individual patients and, more importantly, to do so without contrast agents or otherwise invasive procedures. This review provides an overview of the development of ASL techniques that aim to visualize the general cerebral perfusion territories or the territory of a specific artery of interest. The first efforts of T‐ASL with pulsed, continuous and pseudo‐continuous techniques are summarized and subsequent clinical studies using T‐ASL are highlighted. In the healthy population, the perfusion territories of the brain‐feeding arteries are highly variable. This high variability requires special consideration in specific patient groups, such as patients with cerebrovascular disease, stroke, steno‐occlusive disease of the large arteries and arteriovenous malformations. In the past, catheter angiography with selective contrast injection was the only available method to visualize the cerebral perfusion territories in vivo. Several T‐ASL methods, sometimes referred to as regional perfusion imaging, are now available that can easily be combined with conventional brain MRI examinations to show the relationship between the cerebral perfusion territories, vascular anatomy and brain infarcts or other pathology. Increased availability of T‐ASL techniques on clinical MRI scanners will allow radiologists and other clinicians to gain further knowledge of the relationship between vasculature and patient diagnosis and prognosis. Treatment decisions, such as surgical revascularization, may, in the near future, be guided by information provided by T‐ASL MRI in close correlation with structural MRI and quantitative perfusion information. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PSA forms complexes with α1‐antichymotrypsin in prostate
Authors: Zhu Lei , Jäämaa Sari , af Hällström Taija M. , Laiho Marikki , Sankila Anna , Nordling Stig , Stenman Ulf‐Håkan , Koistinen Hannu
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND

PSA is the most useful prostate cancer marker. However, its levels are increased also in some non‐malignant conditions. In circulation, the majority of PSA is complexed with protease inhibitors, including α1‐antichymotrypsin (ACT). The proportion of the PSA‐ACT complex is higher in patients with prostate cancer than in controls without cancer. The expression of ACT has been shown to be higher in prostate cancer than in benign prostatic hyperplasia. However, results regarding the extent which PSA forms complexes within the prostate and whether there are differences in complex formation between normal and malignant prostatic tissue are inconsistent and limited.

METHODS

We studied complex formation of PSA secreted by cultured human prostate tissues and in the tissue by in situ proximity ligation assay (PLA). Free, total and active PSA, and the PSA‐ACT complex were determined in tissue culture media by immunoassays, immunoblotting, and chromatographic methods.

RESULTS

The majority of PSA in tissue culture medium was free and enzymatically active. However, a significant proportion (1.6 ± 0.5%) of immunoreactive PSA was found to be complexed with ACT. Complex formation was confirmed by in situ PLA, which showed more intense staining of PSA‐ACT in cancers with Gleason grade 3 than in adjacent benign tissues from the same patients.

CONCLUSIONS

These results show that PSA forms complexes already within the prostate and that PSA‐ACT levels are increased in moderately differentiated prostate cancer tissue. This may explain, at least partially, why the ratio of serum PSA‐ACT to total PSA is increased in prostate cancer. Prostate 73: 219–226, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preferential adsorption of thermally activated oxygen onto annealed polycrystalline diamond films studied by high resolution electron energy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies
Authors: Michaelson Sh. , Akhvlediani R. , Tkach L. , Hoffman A.
Published: July 2012

In this work the amount of adsorbed oxygen and its chemical bonding configuration to diamond surface were investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and high resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HR‐EELS), correspondingly. Hot filament chemical vapor deposited polycrystalline diamond films with sub‐micron grain size have been exposed in situ to thermally activated atomic oxygen (AO) and annealed in ultra‐high vacuum (UHV) in the range of 600–1000 °C. XPS studies revealed that substantial oxidation of the diamond surface takes place at TA > 800 °C, most likely owing to partial hydrogen desorption occurring at this temperature. HR‐EELS revealed that the main constituents of the surface after exposure to AO are saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbon species and oxygen‐bonded fragments. Oxygen bonds to diamond surface in ether (COC), peroxide (COOC), and carbonyl (CO) bonding. HR‐EELS features comparison of hydrogenated and oxygen exposed diamond surface as a function of thermal annealing suggests enhanced reactivity of hydrogenated diamond (111) facets as compared to (100) ones.
Bayesian spatial modeling of HIV mortality via zero‐inflated Poisson models
Authors: Musal Muzaffer , Aktekin Tevfik
Published: July 2012

In this paper, we investigate the effects of poverty and inequality on the number of HIV‐related deaths in 62 New York counties via Bayesian zero‐inflated Poisson models that exhibit spatial dependence. We quantify inequality via the Theil index and poverty via the ratios of two Census 2000 variables, the number of people under the poverty line and the number of people for whom poverty status is determined, in each Zip Code Tabulation Area. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of inequality and poverty in addition to spatial dependence between neighboring regions on HIV mortality rate, which can lead to improved health resource allocation decisions. In modeling county‐specific HIV counts, we propose Bayesian zero‐inflated Poisson models whose rates are functions of both covariate and spatial/random effects. To show how the proposed models work, we used three different publicly available data sets: TIGER Shapefiles, Census 2000, and mortality index files. In addition, we introduce parameter estimation issues of Bayesian zero‐inflated Poisson models and discuss MCMC method implications. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate meta‐analysis for non‐linear and other multi‐parameter associations
Authors: Gasparrini A. , Armstrong B. , Kenward M. G.
Published: July 2012

In this paper, we formalize the application of multivariate meta‐analysis and meta‐regression to synthesize estimates of multi‐parameter associations obtained from different studies. This modelling approach extends the standard two‐stage analysis used to combine results across different sub‐groups or populations. The most straightforward application is for the meta‐analysis of non‐linear relationships, described for example by regression coefficients of splines or other functions, but the methodology easily generalizes to any setting where complex associations are described by multiple correlated parameters. The modelling framework of multivariate meta‐analysis is implemented in the package mvmeta within the statistical environment R. As an illustrative example, we propose a two‐stage analysis for investigating the non‐linear exposure–response relationship between temperature and non‐accidental mortality using time‐series data from multiple cities. Multivariate meta‐analysis represents a useful analytical tool for studying complex associations through a two‐stage procedure. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spending functions and continuous‐monitoring boundaries
Authors: Proschan Michael A. , Gordon Lan K. K.
Published: July 2012

Clinical trials are monitored periodically for safety, efficacy, and futility. The spending function is a popular tool for efficacy monitoring because it does not require pre‐specification of the number or timing of interim analyses. But there are infinitely many spending functions, so some guidance on how to choose one is helpful. We consider spending functions that are generated from different continuous‐monitoring boundaries for Brownian motion. We use properties of the continuous‐monitoring boundaries to derive properties of the associated spending function. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Log transformation: application and interpretation in biomedical research
Authors: Feng Changyong , Wang Hongyue , Lu Naiji , Tu Xin M.
Published: July 2012

The log transformation has been widely used in biomedical research to deal with the skewed data. However, in the medical publications, we have found many misuses and misinterpretations of analysis based on log‐transformed data. In this paper, we list some common scenarios of misuse and misinterpretation of log transformation in biomedical applications. We also provide both theoretical and practical justifications to support our viewpoints. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Joint modeling of progression‐free survival and overall survival by a Bayesian normal induced copula estimation model
Authors: Fu Haoda , Wang Yanping , Liu Jingyi , Kulkarni Pandurang M. , Melemed Allen S.
Published: July 2012

In cancer clinical trials, in addition to time to death (i.e., overall survival), progression‐related measurements such as progression‐free survival and time to progression are also commonly used to evaluate treatment efficacy. It is of scientific interest and importance to understand the correlations among these measurements. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian semi‐competing risks approach to jointly model progression‐related measurements and overall survival. This new model is referred to as the NICE model, which stands for the normal induced copula estimation model. Correlation among these variables can be directly derived from the joint model. In addition, when correlation exists, simulation shows that the joint model is able to borrow strength from correlated measurements, and as a consequence the NICE model improves inference on both variables. The proposed model is in a Bayesian framework that enables us to use it in various Bayesian contexts, such as Bayesian adaptive design and using posterior predictive samples to simulate future trials. We conducted simulation studies to demonstrate properties of the NICE model and applied this method to a data set from chemotherapy‐naive patients with extensive‐stage small‐cell lung cancer. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Testing each hypothesis marginally at alpha while still controlling FWER: how and when
Authors: Li Jianjun (David)
Published: July 2012

This paper proposes a multiple testing procedure that allows one to reject each individual hypothesis at a prespecified level α, while still controlling the familywise error rate at α in the strong sense. Typically, rejecting a hypothesis when its marginal p‐value is ⩽α in a multiple hypothesis testing setting will lead to an inflation of familywise error rate. However, this inflation can be avoided if a particular consistency criterion is prespecified and incorporated in the testing algorithm. The criterion is equivalent to requiring that all p‐values be smaller than or equal to a particular threshold in the one‐sided hypothesis testing setting. Extensions to the two‐sided hypothesis testing setting and extensions to situations where the criterion can be chosen per user's preference are also presented. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.