bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microscopic and Ultrastructural Study of the Lymphatic System in the Human Parotid Gland
Authors: Marchetti C. , Poggi P. , Calligaro A. , Casasco A.
Published: July 2008

The localization and fine structure of the lymphatic system vessels are examined in the human parotid gland. A network of lymphatic capillaries extends in the intralobular connective septa around the striated ducts. These lymphatics converge in collectors frequently bordering the excretory ducts. On the contrary, no lymphatics are present next to the intercalated ducts and adhenomers. Ultrastructurally, the lymphatic capillaries are characterized by a very thin endothelial wall and by slightly complicated intercellular adhesions. Open junctions are also present. The presence of numerous lymphatic capillaries bordering the striated ducts and their blood microvasculature is discussed in relation to the functional activities of the striated ducts in the modification of the saliva.
Regeneration of the Growth Plate
Authors: Langenskiöld A. , Heikel H.V.A. , Nevalainen T. , Österman K. , Videman T.
Published: July 2008

The occurrence of growth plate regeneration has been doubted. However, in 5 different series of experiments reported between 1950 and 1986 regeneration of injured parts of growth plates in long bones of rabbits and pigs could be demonstrated. The 1st series implied partial X-ray injury of growth plates in rabbits aged 3–6 weeks.The 2nd series implied autotransplantation of the head of the fibula in rabbits aged 10–21 days. The 3rd, 4th and 5th series implied transplantation of autologous fat grafts into provoked defects of growth plates in rabbits and pigs. The findings show that regeneration of a growth plate occurs when a part of it is injured in such a manner that a bone bridge is not formed between the epiphysis and the metaphysis. Regeneration of a plate is much faster in relation to the growth in length of the bone in the rabbit than in the pig. The 1st and 2nd series suggest that regeneration takes place by interstitial proliferation of cells from the germinal layer of the uninjured parts of the plate. Signs of partial regeneration of growth plates have been seen in radiographs after operation for partial closure of growth plates in children.
Responsiveness of Mouse Parametrial Fat to Relaxin
Authors: Bani Gastone , Bianchi Stefano , Formigli Lucia , Bigazzi° Mario
Published: July 2008

The effects of relaxin on the hypertrophy of the parametrial fat cells in ovariectomized virgin mice have been studied histologically and morphometrically. This hormone has been previously demonstrated by us to induce hypertrophy also in the adipose cells of the mouse mammary gland. This effect produced by relaxin on mammary adipocytes was greater than that due to estrogen alone and independent of pretreatment with estrogen. When insulin was given after estrogen in place of relaxin the effect was nearly the same as that following relaxin alone. On the contrary, in parametrial adipocytes under the same hormonal conditions, we found an increase in the mean diameter of 28% following estrogen alone, 57% following relaxin alone, 80% when relaxin was given after pretreatment with estrogen, and 60% when insulin was given after pretreatment with estrogen at the same dose as relaxin.These results clearly reveal that relaxin is a very active hormone in promoting lipid deposition in the parametrial adipose cells, and that such an effect attains a maximum following a pretreatment with estrogen. Moreover, these findings indicate that the parametrial fat cells can be included in the list of the targets of relaxin.
Fine Structure of the Porcine Myometrium during the Oestrous Cycle
Authors: Thilander G. , Rodriguez-Martinez H.
Published: July 2008

The ultrastructure of the porcine myometrium was studied at well-defined stages of the oestrous cycle by transmission electron microscopy. The fine structure of the myometrium in the pig was found to be similar to that observed in other genital organs and species and did not show obvious variations through the oestrous cycle.The cell-to-cell contacts between smooth-muscle cells most consistently found were intermediate junctions and simple appositions, whereas interdigitations of muscle cell processes were more sparse. Gap junctions were few and small. Nerve terminals possessing presynaptic vesicles typical of the adrenergic and cholinergic type were found, though sparsely, both within and close to muscle bundles.
Immunocytochemical Localization of Vimentin in the Posterior Lobe of the Cat, Rabbit and Rat Pituitary Glands
Authors: Marin F. , Boya J. , Lopez-Carbonell A.
Published: July 2008

The presence and distribution of vimentin, a subunit of intermediate filaments, in the neural lobe and in the pars intermedia of the cat, rabbit and rat pituitary glands were investigated immunocytochemically. In the pars intermedia, our study revealed the presence of vimentin in glial-like cells located between glandular secretory cells of the three species and in the cells of the marginal layer of the cat and rat hypophyseal cleft. In the neural lobe of the cat and rabbit pituitary glands, there was a large amount of cell processes and immunoreactive pituicytes. In contrast, in the rat neural lobe, few pituicytes exhibited immunoreactivity, and these were located principally in the posterior region near the pituitary stalk. The significance of immunoreactive vimentin in these cells is discussed.
Freeze-Fracture Replica Studies of Tight Junctions in Normal Human Bronchial Epithelium
Authors: Matsumura Hidekatsu , Setoguti Takao
Published: July 2008

Using freeze-fracture techniques, tight junctional networks were observed in the human normal bronchial epithelium.They were morphologically classified into three types: type I was a loosely interconnected, most complicated network consisting of 7–11 roughly parallel wavy strands and situated between ciliated cells; type II was a randomly anastomosing, simple network made up of 2–4 strands and present between goblet cells; type III was an irregularly anastomosing network composed of 4–7 strands and located between a ciliated cell and a goblet cell. Type III junctions, when a goblet cell was strongly bulged, were located on the swollen ridge, the upper surface of which was separated by a deep groove from the bulged apical surface, around the lateral surface of the cell at the level of the luminal surface. The possible relation between the orientation of strands of these networks and extra- or intracellular stress was discussed.
Cytoplasmic Organelles in Neurons of the Dorsal Lateral Geniculate Nucleus of Aged Rats
Authors: Cano Josefina , De La Roza Carmen , Reinoso-Suárez Fernando
Published: July 2008

The ultrastructural characteristics of the neurons containing complex convolutions have been studied in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus of the 31-month-old rat. Neurons were seen to contain oval or round dense bodies which were surrounded by a nuclear membrane and granular endoplasmic re ticulum. Their perikarya showed rarely clusters of pleomorphic and small clear vesicles intermingled with a few larger vesicles of dense material. Dendrites occasionally exhibited intermediate forms between laminated bodies and complex convolutions. The significance of these features has been discussed.
Neuronal Types and their Percent Distribution within the Magnocellular Nuclei of the Human Basal Forebrain
Authors: Ulfig N. , Braak H.
Published: July 2008

Three neuronal types constituting the magnocellular nuclei of the human basal forebrain have been differentiated with the aid of preparations stained for both Nissl material and pigment deposits: type I = large multipolar neurons contain loosely packed and faintly stained lipofuscin granules occupying a large portion of the cell body; type II = large spindle-shaped neurons reveal a densely packed accumulation of coarse and intensely stained lipofuscin granules, and type III = small nerve cells, scattered among these large neuronal components, with only a small number of faintly stained lipofuscin granules. The determination of the projection areas of the somata of the three neuronal types has led to a distribution pattern with three peaks. The ratio of the nerve cell types has been evaluated: 73.6% type I; 8.6% type II, and 17.8% type III neurons.
Relationship of the Primary Choanae and Anterior Cranial Base in the Mouse Embryo
Authors: Sim David W.
Published: July 2008

The anteroposterior growth of the primary choanae and anterior cranial base in, morphologically, staged CB A mouse embryos was measured. Embryo heads were cut serially in a frontal plane of section. Serial measurement of the primary choanae and anterior cranial base demonstrated that growth of the primary choanae was downwards and forwards with the primary palate and that it did not occur by upward and backward extension along the stomodeal roof.The results are discussed in relation to previous topographical descriptions of primary choanal development.
Anatomical Terminology, Then and Now
Authors: O'Rahilly R.
Published: July 2008

Anatomical terminology, which had become chaotic by the nineteenth century, was codified in the BNA of 1895, when some 5,000 terms were carefully selected from among approximately 50,000 names. The BNA and its three major revisions (BR, INA, PNA) are here reviewed and placed in historical perspective. It is emphasized that many anatomical terms are very ancient and that the various nomenclatures are not ‘new terminologies’ but rather, for the most part, selections of already existing names. This can be seen clearly in the naming of the cranial nerves. Another example, the carpal and tarsal bones, is analysed in detail. Of the 8 carpal bones, for instance, the current names for 7 of them are those proposed by Henle in 1855. All the nomenclatures are, as they should be, in Latin, but it is understood that translations of many terms into other languages are necessary. Although views pro and con have been expressed, current usage favours the erect posture and the anatomical position as a basis, as well as the elimination of eponyms. In both teaching and research, the Nomina has been of great benefit in reducing drastically the number of unnecessary synonyms and in providing a coherent, internationally accepted system that is now the standard in anatomical textbooks. Hence, further use of the Nomina should be encouraged.
Effect of Splenectomy on Hepasor Treatment in Allyl-Alcohol-Traumatized Rat Liver
Authors: Virtanen Pauli , Lassila Veijo , Njimi Thomas , Ekotto Mengata Denis
Published: July 2008

Experimental liver injury was provoked in test rats with and without spleen intraperitoneally with allyl alcohol injections. The rats without spleen were used for tests 2 months after the splenectomy. Traumatized rats received further intraperitoneal injections of Hepasor, a protoberberine alkaloid mixture from Enantia chlorantha (Annonaceae). Biochemical assays from blood plasma, serum alanine transferase, serum alkaline phosphatase, serum creatinine, serum hydroxyproline and serum calcium were done and the total amount of blood obtained by decapitation was measured. Liver and kidney samples for histological processing were taken.The biochemical results obtained show significant changes in serum hydroxyproline which increases cumulatively due to traumatization, Hepasor treatment and splenectomy. In case of splenectomy, the absolute volume of circulating blood enhanced under Hepasor treatment. The histological findings in the liver sections show that a 2-week Hepasor therapy of the 2-week pre-traumatized rats greatly furthers the healing process during prolonged traumatization. The preventive effect of Hepasor was seen as a diminished occurrence of Kupffer cells, improved cell architecture and promoted mitotic activity. Thç sedative effect of Hepasor was pivotally evaluated, when massive intra- and extracellular damages were provoked with allyl alcohol in splenectomized rats. This indicate the high regeneration potency of Hepasor en experimentally provoked liver dysplasia.
Stability of Neuron and Glial Number in the Parabigeminal Nucleus of the Ageing Mouse
Authors: Sturrock R.R.
Published: July 2008

The number of neurons and glia in the albino mouse parabigeminal nucleus remains constant between 6 and 31 months of age. The presence of a small number of mitotic and pyknotic cells in the parabigeminal nucleus indicates a slow turnover of the glial population throughout life. Examination of the superior colliculus showed that degenerating neurons were present from 6 months of age and neurons appeared to be much more sparsely scattered in the superficial layers of aged mice than in young adults. The stability of the neuron number in the parabigeminal nucleus may be due to the reciprocal innervation of neurons of the superior colliculi and parabigeminal nuclei protecting each other from transneuronal degeneration which might otherwise occur as a consequence of loss of retinal ganglion cells. Alternatively, since each neuron in the parabigeminal nucleus probably synapses with many tectal neurons, the loss of only some of its target neurons would probably not lead to transneuronal degeneration.
Collagen Fibril Dynamics in the Anulus fibrosus Induced by an Anabolic Steroid Hormone
Authors: Michna Horst
Published: July 2008

This study was designed to elucidate the collagen fibril architecture in the murine anulus fibrosus and to reveal the collagen fibril dynamics induced by hormones which are known to influence protein synthesis, the anabolic steroid hormones. These aims were entered in an ultrastructural morphometric analysis. The diameter distributions, mean diameter, cross-sectional area and volume density of the collagen fibrils in the anulus fibrosus indicate no correlation with age, which is in contrast to the anatomy of the collagenous functional structures in tendon. After treatment with the anabolic steroid hormone, an activation of the collagen synthesis as well as an enhanced density and cross-sectional area were detected. Therefore, the data promise an effective use of anabolic steroid hormones in the therapy of such disorders of connective tissue, which could be treated with a stimulation of the synthesis and hypertrophy of collagen fibrils.
Succinic Dehydrogenase and Cholinesterase Activities in the Skeletal Muscles of the Desert Rat and the Albino Rat
Authors: Moustafa Fatma A.
Published: July 2008

The deltoid and gluteus maximus of the desert rat and the albino rat were examined histochemically for the distribution of succinic dehydrogenase (SDH) and cholinesterase (ChE). SDH activity showed that the deltoid and gluteus maximus muscles of the two animals consisted of three types of muscle fibres, with a predominance of muscle fibres that have higher SDH activity in both the deltoid and gluteus maximus muscles of the desert rat than in the albino rat. The mean diameter of all muscle fibres in the deltoid and gluteus maximus muscles and their ratios to the average body weight were determined in both animals. The desert rat showed a statistically significant increase in those ratios compared with the corresponding ratios for the albino rat. ChE activity showed that the deltoid and gluteus maximus muscles are richly innervated by intensely positive ChE motor end-plates with a predominance of plaque-like terminals. The mean diameters of the end-plates and the ratios of these diameters to the diameter of the muscle fibres together with their ratios to the body weight were determined. A correlation between these values and the histological findings is proposed.
Muscle Architecture and Fibre Characteristics of Rat Gastrocnemius and Semimembranosus Muscles during Isometric Contractions
Authors: Huijing P.A. , Campagne van Lookeren , Koper J.F.
Published: July 2008

Rat gastrocnemius medialis (GM) and semimembranosus (SM) muscles have a very different morphology. GM is a very pennate muscle, combining relatively short muscle fibre length with sizable fibre angles and long muscle and aponeurosis lengths. SM is a more parallel-fibred muscle, combining a relatively long fibre length with a small fibre angle and short aponeurosis length. The mechanisms of fibre shortening as well as angle increase are operational in GM as well as SM. However, as a consequence of isometric contraction, changes of fibre length and angle are greater for GM than for SM at any relative muscle length. These differences are particularly notable at short muscle lengths: at 80% of optimum muscle length, fibre length changes of approximately 30% are coupled to fibre angle changes of 15° in GM, while for SM these changes are 4% and 0.6°, respectively. A considerable difference was found for normalized active slack muscle length (GM approximately 80 and SM approximately 45%).This is explained by differences of degree of pennation as well as factors related to differences found for estimated fibre length-force characteristics. Estimated normalized active fibre slack length was considerably smaller for SM than for GM (approximately 40 and 60% respectively). The most likely explanation of these findings are differences of distribution of optimum fibre lengths, possibly in combination with differences of myofilament lengths and/or fibre length distributions.
Ultrastructural Evidence of Repair and Neuronal Survival after Labyrinthectomy in the Squirrel Monkey
Authors: Fermin Cesar D. , Igarashi Makoto , Martin Glen K. , Jenkins Herman A.
Published: July 2008

Although the vestibular and cochlear branches of the VΠIth cranial nerve originate embryologically from the same primordia, results of the present investigation confirm previous findings indicating that the vestibular branch may be more plastic with respect to recovery after surgical insult than the cochlear division. In this report we show ultrastructural details of changes undergone by the vestibular nerve after surgery. Dendrites peripheral to the vestibular nerve ganglion (VNG) were severed by surgically removing the vestibular end organs; the squirrel monkeys were then allowed to recuperate, and tested for their vestibulospinal and vestibulo-oculomotor functions behaviorally. However, behavior deficits resulting from the injury are reported separately. The vestibular nerves excised from the internal acoustic meatus and the temporal bones were examined histologically for changes of VNG and fibers from day 1 to 1,247 days after labyrinthectomy. Light- and electron-microscopic examinations indicated that some perikarya and some fibers of the VNG remained in the ganglionic matrix for up to 1,247 days, the longest period studied, after the operation. Fibers extended toward the remodeled inner ear space in the absence of appropriate sensory cell targets. The surviving neurons and fibers exhibited various degrees of wallerian-like degeneration at first, but many of them retained ultracellular organelles and integrity even after 1,247 days. Since vestibular perikarya are bipolar, the unse-vered fibers that project to the brainstem could retain functional synaptic connections, a possibility that is now under investigation. Schwann cells in the ganglionic matrix may also have contributed to vestibular neuron survival by providing the proper nourishment. Morphometric measurements determined that neurons remaining in the ganglion had significantly smaller cross-sectional areas than normal neurons. This shift in the cross-sectional area could have resulted from shrinkage of surviving neurons, or from preferential degeneration of the larger ganglion cells. Surgical removal of the sensory end organ structures was complete in all cases as verified histologically. The data presented here are complementary to those recently published in this journal about normal morphometric values of vestibular nerves in this species.
Immunohistochemical Study of the Developing Endocrine Pancreas of the Opossum (Didelphis virginiana)
Authors: Krause William J. , CuttsIII James H. , Cutts Harry , Yamada Junzo
Published: July 2008

Cells immunoreactive for insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, bovine pancreatic polypeptide and 5-hydroxytryptamine are found in the pancreas of the newborn opossum and of all later stages examined. All immunoreactive cell types are present in primary and secondary islets and within elements of the exocrine pancreas. Cells immunoreactive for glucagon, bovine pancreatic polypeptide, somatostatin and 5-hydroxytryptamine generally are confined to the periphery of secondary (intralobular) islets, whereas insulin-immunoreactive cells occupy the central region. Endocrine cells within primary (interlobular) islets are randomly scattered. A small number of pancreatic-polypeptide-immunoreactive cells are reactive for the amine 5-hydroxytryptamine also, but the reverse is not observed.The endocrine pancreas continues to differentiate and develop throughout postnatal life and into adulthood. Little difference was observed between the head and tail regions of the opossum pancreas for the measurements made.
Morphology of Muscle Spindles in the Human Popliteus Muscle
Authors: Amonoo-Kuofi H.S.
Published: July 2008

The mechanical events leading to locking of the human knee joint are well described in the literature, but there appears to be little information on the source of afferent feedback needed to monitor the locked joint. Human fetal popliteus muscles were studied by histological and graphic reconstruction techniques.The results showed that the muscle contained many muscle spindles.The arrangement of these receptors into complex and tandem forms seems to support the view that the popliteus muscle is capable of subserving kinaesthesia.
Optic Nerve Sectioning Does not Affect the Development of the Retina
Authors: Yew David T. , Da Ren Zhang D. , Hui Betta S.W. , Li Winnie W.Y.
Published: July 2008

The development of the retina of the albino rat was studied after sectioning of the optic nerves on the 2nd postnatal day. The 2nd day represents a stage at which the retina shows only the ganglion cell layer clearly delineated from an undifferentiated mass. Section of optic nerves at this stage did not affect the subsequent retinal development. Both control and experimental eyes developed at the same pace. Some minor degrees of ‘retardation’ e.g. the sizes of outer segments, appeared to deviate in the experimental retinae.
Peripheral Vascularization of the Dermal Laminae of the Equine Hoof
Authors: Marais J.
Published: July 2008

The vascular architecture of the dermal laminae was studied by scanning electron microscopy of vascular corrosion casts. Ultrastructurally, the laminar vasculature consisted of arterioles, capillaries, venules and veins, arranged in a sheet-like network. Through the laminae, arterioles ran parallel to the solar surface and branched at two levels to form a continuous arteriolar arcade, parallel to the hoof wall. Capillaries originating from these arcades formed hairpin loops joining the marginal vein prior to forming an axially situated venous network. Additional capillaries were also given off by the arterioles, forming an abaxially arranged capillary plexus.
Presence and Distribution of LHRH- and α-MSH-Like Immunoreactive Nerve Fibers in the Epithalamus of the Sheep
Authors: Cozzi Bruno
Published: July 2008

The presence of luteinizing-hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)-like and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH)-like immunoreactive fibers, nerve terminals or cellular elements in the pineal gland of the sheep has been investigated by immunohistochemistry. No LHRH- or α-MSH-like immunoreactive fiber, nerve terminals or cellular elements have been demonstrated in the pineal organ of the sheep. However, LHRH- and α-MSH-like immunoreactive fibers are present in the posterior commissure. Immunoreactive LHRH and α-MSH nerve endings are evident in the medial and lateral habenular nuclei. Discrepancies with the results obtained in other mammals are indicative of species differences in the distribution of LHRH- and α-MSH-like immunoreactive material in the pineal region.
Peripolar Cells Form the Majority of Granulated Cells in the Kidneys of Antelopes and Goats
Authors: Mbassa Gabriel K.
Published: July 2008

Investigation of renal cortical tissue in 5 adult hartebeests (Alcelaphus buselaphus cokii), 3 impalas (Aepyceros melampus), 1 defassa waterbuck (Kobus defassa) and 5 goats (Capra hircus) revealed large granulated peripolar cells at the junction between the parietal and the visceral epithelial layers of the renal corpuscles. All four animal species under study contained 1 or more peripolar cells for the majority of renal corpuscles sectioned through the vascular pole. In the hartebeests, up to 3 parietal cells and the first podocyte were granulated. Peripolar cells contained intracytoplasmic electron-dense membrane-bounded granules – 200–2,800 nm in diameter in the hartebeests, 200–1,740 nm in the impalas, 150–950 nm in the waterbuck and 200–2,140 nm in the goats. Epithelioid granulated juxtaglomerular cells around afferent and efferent arterioles were rarely seen. When observed, they contained smaller granules than those of the peripolar cells. This distribution suggests that peripolar cells play a role in the regulation of body electrolytes and water, probably acting in concert with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
Ultrastructural Study of Human Uterine Epithelium from a Patient with a Confirmed Pregnancy
Authors: Rogers P.A.W. , Murphy C.R. , Leeton J. , Hosie M. , Beaton L. , Macpherson A.
Published: July 2008

Scanning and transmission electron microscopy have been used to study the uterine epithelial cells from a pregnant human uterus approximately 8 days after ovulation.The ultrastructural appearance of the epithelial cells generally conforms with that previously described as showing receptivity, although some significant regional variability exists.
Description of Eight Phases of Spermiogenesis in the Marmoset Testis
Authors: Haider Syed G. , Passia Dieter , Treiber Annemarie , Milhorst Susanne
Published: July 2008

The differentiation of spermatids in the marmoset (Callithrix jacchus, n = 9) testis is described here at the light-microscopic level employing serial semithin sections. The definition of 8 different phases of spermiogenesis, i.e. the formation of spermatids, is based upon the changes in the development of nucleus, acrosome and flagellum.
Microscopic Study of Cortical Explants from Lamb Kidney in Culture
Authors: Trahair Jeffrey F. , Rodgers Helen F. , Ryan Graeme B.
Published: July 2008

Cortical explants from lamb kidney have been maintained in organ culture for up to 12 days. Early in culture, the tissue showed limited necrosis, but most tissue elements, especially those closest to the medium, significantly recovered by day 5. Glomerular peripolar cells were present for at least the first 3 days of culture. Neotubular formation was noted by day 5, often appearing as cyst-like structures. Glomerular podocytes lost their foot processes early in culture but apparently remained viable throughout the total culture period.
Automatic External Rotation during Passive Glenohumeral Abduction
Authors: Rajendran K. , Tan C.T.
Published: July 2008

A study of human cadaveric glenohumeral joints was undertaken to investigate the mechanism of external rotation during abduction. Previously explored extra-articular influences such as the coracoacromial arch and the rotator cuff muscles were removed from the specimens. A specially designed device was used to measure abduction in the scapular plane as well as any rotation of the humerus.The findings show that external rotation is a consistent feature of passive abduction in the plane of the scapula and could take place in the absence of extra-articular influences. The mechanism appears to lie either in the nature of the capsule or of the articular contours. A role for the intra-articular part of the long head of the biceps cannot be excluded.
Anatomy of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve in Normal Iraqis
Authors: Al-Salihi A.R. , Dabbagh A.W.
Published: July 2008

A study of the anatomy of the recurrent laryngeal nerve was made on 106 post-mortem cases and fixed dissecting-room cadavers. The usual position of the nerve was inthe tracheo-oesophageal groove. The nerve lay posterior to the inferior thyroid artery on the left side in most cases, while its relation was very variable on the right side. The inferior cornu of the thyroid cartilage was the best guide to the site of entry of the nerve into the larynx.
Development of Gastrin- and Somatostatin-Containing Cells in the Pyloric Gland Region of the Bovine Abomasum
Authors: Weyrauch K.D. , Schnorr B. , Glaser H.S.R.
Published: July 2008

The ontogeny of gastrin- and somatostatin-containing cells in the pyloric gland region of the abomasum was studied in bovine fetuses, newborns and adults, using immunohistochemical techniques. A clear-cut developmental increase in the two kinds of endocrine cells could not be observed. The region of the lesser curvature displays more D and G cells than the greater curvature. Cells of both open and closed types are found from the earliest stages examined and continue to be present throughout the complete differentiation of the pyloric mucosa.
Comparative Distribution of Acid Phosphatase and Simple Esterase in the Mouse Neocortex and Hippocampal Formation
Authors: Sethi J.S. , Tanwar R.K.
Published: July 2008

The present study deals with the detailed distribution of acid phosphatase (AcP) and simple esterase (SE) in different layers of the neocortex and hippocampal formation of the mouse brain. The neurons, in general, had moderate to intense enzyme activity for AcP and mild to moderate activity for SE. The AcP activity dominated in the neuronal population as compared to the neuropil; the neuropil stained mildly for SE.The large pyramidal cells in the neocortex and cornu ammonis, and the granular cell layer of the gyrus dentatus, demonstrated strong enzyme activity both in AcP and SE preparations. The role of AcP and SE has been discussed in relation to various structures of the neocortex and hippocampal formation.
Ultrastructure of the Ferret Sublingual Gland
Authors: Jacob S. , Poddar S.
Published: July 2008

The sublingual glands of 2 male and 2 female adult ferrets were examined using electron microscopy. The secretory end piece consisted of mucous tubules, serous and mixed acini. The mucous cells showed two different types of granules. The serous cells contained electron-dense secretory granules. The duct system entirely comprised excretory ducts.
Effects of Hypergravity Environment on the Parathyroid Gland of the Propranolol-Treated Golden Hamster
Authors: Shoumura Shizuko , Emura Shoichi , Ishizaki Noriko , Yamahira Tomo , Chen Huayue , Ito Masaki , Isono Hideo
Published: July 2008

The fine structure of the parathyroid glands of propranolol-treated hamsters subjected to 5 × gravity environment was studied. In the parathyroid glands of the propranolol-treated hamsters exposed to hypergravity environment, the volume density occupied by the Golgi complexes and cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum was increased as compared to that of propranolol-treated hamsters and was decreased as compared to that of hamsters exposed to a hypergravity environment but was almost similar to that of control hamsters. In addition, many chief cells contained rich free ribosomes, abundant mitochondria and some secretory granules located in the peripheral cytoplasm. These findings suggest that the parathyroid gland which may be suppressed by treatment of propranolol and stimulated in response to a hypergravity environment indicates the secretory activity of the control parathyroid gland.
Glial Fibrillary Acidic Protein-Like Immunoreactivity in Cat Satellite Cells of Sympathetic Ganglia
Authors: Alvarez Maria Pilar , Solas Marian Teresa , Suarez Isabel , Fernandez Benjamín
Published: July 2008

The presence and distribution of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) an astrocytic marker protein associated with glial filaments in the sympathetic ganglia of adult cats, was investigated immunocytochemically. This study revealed GFAP plus cells throughout the ganglion. Immunopositive cells surround nerve cell bodies and separate them from the blood vessels.
Morphology of Lymphatics of the Mammalian Heart with Special Reference to the Architecture and Distribution of the Subepicardial Lymphatic System
Authors: Shimada Tatsuo , Noguchi Tsuyoshi , Takita Kaoruko , Kitamura Hirokazu , Nakamura Mitsuo
Published: July 2008

The subepicardial lymphatic system in the rat and dog heart has been investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy. Following application of hydrogen peroxide, the epicardium was removed with a forceps under a dissecting microscope. The subepicardial region contained a well-developed lymphatic system which consisted of the main lymphatic trunks and lymphatic capillaries. The lymphatic trunks of large diameters ran from the apex of the heart to its base. The subepicardial lymphatic capillaries were ramified and anastomosed with each other to form a relatively dense network which extended over the entire surface of both ventricles. These networks joined the main lymphatic trunks. Further, some similar networks were connected with the underlying myocardial lymphatic capillaries.
Ein Beitrag zur Hirndurchblutung des Menschen unhand von Gefässausgüssen des Karotissystems
Authors: Anderhuber Friedrich , Weiglein Andreas , Pucher Robert K.
Published: July 2008

20 corrosion casts of human anterior cerebral arteries and middle cerebral arteries were analyzed. In588 vessel sections in between 2 bifurcations, the relation of vessel length and vessel diameter was investigated. Measurements were taken starting from the arterial trunk down to vessels with a diameter of 0.4 mm. The mean values of the lengths show that both the anterior cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery can be grouped into 5 diameter ranges with significant different lengths. With decreasing diameter there are short vessels in the groups 1, 3 and 5 and long vessels in the groups 2 and 4. However, the long branches in the groups 2 and 4 of the middle cerebral artery are longer and thinner than in the anterior cerebral artery. Due to the higher pressure loss in thin and long vessels, blood pressure drop occurs earlier in the branches of the middle cerebral artery than in those of the anterior cerebral artery.
Tyrosine-Hydroxylase-Immunoreactive Nerve Fibers in the Separated Capsule of the Rat Adrenal Gland
Authors: Oomori Y. , Okuno S. , Fujisawa H. , Ishíkawa K. , Satoh Y. , Matsuda M. , Yamano M. , Ono K.
Published: July 2008

The present study applied the separated adrenal capsules of rats for wholemount immunocytochemistry and used tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) antibody as a marker for catecholamines. TH-immunoreactive nerve bundles without varicosities and fibers with varicosities were seen to run along or to encircle blood vessels entering the adrenal capsule from the outside, and then to run along a network of blood vessels in the intracapsular region. Also, the TH-immunoreactive nerve bundles and fibers were found to run along blood vessels in the subcapsular region. Some TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers and bundles with varicosities unassociated with the blood vessels were seen in the subcapsular region. In this region, TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers with varicosities were often seen to be closely associated with the cortical cells. Some TH-immunoreactive nerve fibers without varicosities were visible within the splanchnic nerve in the subcapsular region. The present study suggests that numerous catecholaminergic nerve fibers are associated with blood vessels forming a network in the superficial region of the rat adrenal gland.
Evidence of Repetitive Patterns of Chromatin Distribution in Cell Nuclei of Rat Liver
Authors: Esquivel Clara , Vázquez-Nin Gerardo H. , Echeverría Olga
Published: July 2008

Samples of rat livers were fixed in glutaraldehyde, contrasted en bloc with phosphotungstic acid, embedded in an epoxy resin and serially sectioned. The study of three-dimensional models of 20 complete nuclei shows that all of them share some general features: they have more than one nucleolus (2–4), an irregular layer of compact chromatin adjacent to the nuclear membrane and well-delimited clumps of chromatin both in the nuclear sap and surrounding the nucleoli. A space of 8 sections containing the central nucleolus and a lateral one was studied in detail. In this space, 8 clumps of compact chromatin were found in 17 nuclei and 9 clumps in the other 3 nuclei. No other number of clumps was found in those zones. In all the nuclei studied the compact chromatin surrounding the central nucleolus contacts the nuclear envelope. This contact takes place in a region almost diametrically opposed to the lateral nucleolus in 13 nuclei. In 7 nuclei, these structures were at angles between 50 and 125 degrees. These results support the existence of nonrandom repetitive patterns of chromatin distribution in liver cells.
Patterns of Arterial Supply of the Human Fetal Liver
Authors: Miyaki T.
Published: July 2008

One or two aberrant hepatic arteries were found in 30% of human fetal livers. The liver received a triple or double arterial supply. The aberrant artery arises from the left gastric or superior mesenteric arteries and supplies an entire lobe or more without joining the branches of the usual hepatic artery in 38.5 %. The artery has an important significance for the arterial supply of the fetal liver.
Die Innervation des menschlichen Ösophagus
Authors: Aharinejad S. , Firbas W.
Published: July 2008

There are usually 3 left and 4 right esophageal branches of the sympathetic chains. Besides a direct approach to the organ, they form a delicate network between aorta and esophagus. This network exchanges fibers with the vagus nerves. The vagal supply of the cranial third is rather poor. It is richest in the middle third. As a rule, the left anterior, left posterior, right anterior and right posterior main branches can be prepared. There are relatively few communications between right and left ramuli. Above the esophageal hiatus always quite distinct anterior vagal chords are found, while posteriorly there are usually only very thin nerve bundles.
Development of Elastic-System Fibers in Human Vocal Cords
Authors: Bonnaure-Mallet Martine , Lescoat Denise
Published: July 2008

The morphogenesis of elastic fibers in human, fetal and adult vocal cords was studied by light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. The elastic system includes elastic, elaunin and oxytalan fibers at different stages. The development of elastic-system fibers in human vocal cord is characterized by every stage of maturation, whether normal, stifled or accelerated, according to areas.
Un mannequin anatomique, visceral, en ivoire
Authors: Le Floch-Prigent Patrice
Published: July 2008

The pregnant woman statue (h: 170 mm) from the Académie nationale de Médecine in Paris, is a visceral manikin carved in ivory, probably in southern Germany, by Stefan Zick (1639–1715) from Nuremberg. It lies flat on its back and stuck in a box; its head and neck are slightly flexed and the two upper limbs are sagittally movable at the shoulder. The left elbow is flexed and the forearm blocks a removable thoraco-abdominal plastron under which a cavity showing the main viscera is carved: a pregnant uterus contains an orientable fetus and a removable intestinal shield covers it. The anatomical precision is limited by the size of the manikin but several visceral or vascular details are carved or drawn. Reported in 1912 by Wickersheimer, as an ‘anatomical Venus’, this object could be used for basic teaching to midwives and parturients.
Blood Vascular Architecture of the Rat Lingual Papillae with Special Reference to Their Relations to the Connective Tissue Papillae and Surface Structures: A Light and Scanning Electron Microscope Study
Authors: Ohshima Hayato , Yoshida Shigemitsu , Kobayashi Shígeo
Published: July 2008

Subepithelial blood vessels of the rat lingual papillae and their spatial relations to the connective tissue papillae and surface structures were demonstrated by light and scanning electron microscopy. In the rat, four types of papillae were distinguished on the dorsal surface of the tongue, i.e. the filiform, fungiform, foliate and circumvallate papillae. Vascular beds of various appearance were found in all four types of lingual papillae: a simple or twisted capillary loop in the filiform papilla; a basket- or petal-like network in the fungiform papilla; a ring-like network in the foliate papilla, and a conglomerated network surrounded by double heart-shaped capillary networks in the circumvallate papilla. These characteristic vascular beds corresponded to the shape of the connective tissue papillae and surface structures. The vascular bed beneath the gustatory epithelium in the fungiform, foliate and circumvallate papilla consisted of fine capillary networks next to the taste buds.
Presence of Vesicular Bodies and Thick Basal Laminae in the Nephron of the Desert Gerbil Meriones crassus
Authors: Safer Abdel Majeed , Al-Ajmi Nada , Bou-Resli Moudhi N.
Published: July 2008

Kidney samples of the adult gerbil Meriones crassus were aldehyde fixed and Epon embedded for studies of the general features of various parts of the nephrons, with particular attention to their basal laminae in all regions. Results obtained showed the presence of thick basal laminae (2–6 µm) in the parietal layer of Bowman’s capsule proximal convoluted tubule thin loop of Henle and distal convoluted tubule. With the aid of the electron microscope extracellular vesicular bodies were observed within the thick basal laminae in the previous regions. The bodies (50–500 nm in diameter) were found at various levels of the basal laminae. Some of them appeared to have been pinched off directly from the epithelial layer and to have moved to the underlying basal lamina which may suggest that these vesicular bodies originated from the epithelial layer. The bodies, with a variable electron opacity, may be found either in small groups or as a single structure surrounded by a clear halo of basal lamina.
CGRP-Like Immunoreactivity in Sensory Nerve Endings of the Golgi Tendon Organ
Authors: Strasmann T. , Weihe E. , Halata Z.
Published: July 2008

Using light- and electron-microscopic immunohistochemistry, it was shown that primary sensory nerve endings in Golgi tendon organs of the grey short-tailed opossum (Monodelphis domestica) contain immunoreactivities to a polyclonal antibody directed against calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP). Myelinated afferent axons (6–9 µm in diameter) of the Golgi tendon organs stained moderately for CGRP. Sensory nerve endings within the sensory compartment of the Golgi tendon organs displayed electron-dense accumulations corresponding to dark-brown staining in adjacent semithin sections. On the outer surface of tendon organs C fibre bundles were observed showing CGRP-like immunoreactivity.
Fine Structure of the Excretory System of the Deep Posterior (Ebner’s) Salivary Glands of the Human Tongue
Authors: Azzali G. , Bucci G. , Gatti R. , Orlandini G. , Ferrari G.
Published: July 2008

Human deep posterior lingual glands (von Ebner’s glands) are located beneath the circumvallate papillae. They are formed by tubuloalveolar adenomeres, intercalated ducts and excretory ducts coming together in the main excretory duct. The tubuloalveolar cells, pyramid-shaped, show large and dense secretory granules (clear cored) throughout the cytoplasm, rare basal folds and packed cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) at the basal pole. The columnar cells of the intercalated ducts are arranged in a monolayer. They are characterized by dense, clear-core secretory granules (mostly in the apical cytoplasm) a basal nucleus well-developed RER and Golgi apparatus and thin filaments distributed in supra- and perinuclear cytoplasm. Striated ducts are absent. Excretory ducts, coming together in the main duct, are lined by a bistratified epithelium. The inner layer consists of columnar cells showing bundles of tonofilaments with scarce secretory activity. The outer layer is composed of basal cells lying on the basal lamina. The main excretory duct, which opens at the bottom of the vallum, shows a stratified epithelium. The outer side is composed of 2–3 layers of malpighian cells lying on the basal lamina. The inner side consists of a single layer of cuboidal-columnar cells with dense apical granules and well-developed organelles synthesizing and condensing secretions. These cells interpolate with goblet cells, rare mitochondria-rich cells, ciliated cells and numerous small globous cells showing a clear matrix and lacking secretory granules. The cilia show a 9+2 microtubular structure with basal bodies provided with striated rootlets. Myoepithelial cells surround with their processes the basal portions of the secretory cells and the intercalated ducts. The conclusions concern some comparative aspects and some hypothesis on the functional role of goblet cells, ciliated cells and epithelial cells lining the different ducts, also in relation to the final secretory product.
Degeneration of Adrenergic Nerves in the Urinary Bladder During Pregnancy
Authors: Qayyum M.A. , Fatani J.A. , Abbas M.O.
Published: July 2008

The adrenergic innervation of the urinary bladder of normal female and pregnant rats has been studied using a fluorescence histochemical method. The bladder is richly innervated by adrenergic nerve fibres as is evidenced by the presence of numerous adrenergic nerves in the adventitia, musculosa and submucosa. However, adrenergic nerve cells could not be observed. During pregnancy, adrenergic nerve fibres showed signs of degeneration, as most of the nerve fibres disappeared and the surviving fibres were much swollen. 10 days after parturition the pattern and density of adrenergic innervation became almost similar to those of the control animals.
Electron-Microscopic Studies on the Pathogenesis of Exencephaly and Cranioschisis Induced in the Rat after Neural Tube Closure: Role of the Neuroepithelium and Choroid Plexus
Authors: Padmanabhan R.
Published: July 2008

Exencephaly was induced in Wistar rat fetuses by the administration of a single dose of cyclophosphamide (15 mg/kg) in saline after neural tube closure. The neuroepithelium (NE) and the choroid plexus were studied electron-microscopically in sections taken from a few hours after treatment to day 19 of gestation. The reduction in polyribosomes and condensation of the nucleus and cytoplasm were followed by cell death and fragmentation in the NE. Such cellular debris were phagocytosed and digested by the apparently normal neuroblasts. Cell proliferation was inhibited. The progressive loss of cells and lack of neuropil arborisation resulted in the expansion of the extracellular space and reduced intercellular contacts. The internal and external limiting membranes became weak. The vascular endothelium was attenuated. There were no obvious discontinuities of endothelium, but clusters of extravascular red blood cells particularly in the vicinity of capillaries in the cavitations in the NE and in the ventricular lumen were prominent by day 15. Subsequently, the cavities in the NE frankly communicated with the ventricle internally and subcutaneous blebs externally . The choroid plexus of exencephalic embryos was more extensive than that of the age-matched controls. Hydropic vacuoles, dense bodies, distended mitochondria, clusters of vesicles in basal cytoplasm and lakes of monoparticulate glycogen progressively increased in the plexus cells. Pericapillary oedema was obvious in the core of the plexus. These observations suggest that, in addition to cell death and reduced cell proliferation, haemorrhage, oedema and enhanced cerebrospinal fluid production contribute to reopening of the closed neural tube in this model.