bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Artificial Intelligence Model for Machinability Investigations on Drilling of AA6061 with Micro Textured Tool for Automobile Applications
Authors: Katta Lakshmi Narasimhamu , Natarajan Manikandan , Pasupuleti Thejasree , Siva Rami Reddy Narapureddy , Sivaiah Potta
Published: November 2023

Considering the advancements in manufacturing industries, which are crucial for economic growth, there is a substantial demand for exploration and analysis of advanced materials, especially alloy materials, to enable efficient utilization of new technologies. Lightweight and high-strength materials, like aluminium alloys, are highly recommended for various applications that necessitate both strength and resistance to corrosion, such as automobile, marine and high-temperature applications. Therefore, there is a significant need to investigate and analyse these materials to facilitate their effective application in manufacturing sectors. This study investigates the machinability of drilling AA6061 using a micro-textured tool and proposes an Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) model for investigating the machinability of drilling AA6061 aluminium alloy with a micro-textured uncoated tool. The ANFIS model considers various input parameters such as spindle speed, feed rate, and Coolant type to predict the machinability performance of the drilling process. The results indicate that the ANFIS model is an effective tool for predicting the machinability performance of AA6061 during the drilling process. The model can help optimize the drilling process by identifying the best combination of input parameters that yield the desired machinability performance. This study demonstrates the potential of ANFIS models in the field of machining, particularly in the development of predictive models for optimizing machining processes.
CFD Analysis of Fuel Tank to Reduce Liquid Sloshing
Authors: Nallanukala Prasad , Bhaskara Rao Lokavarapu , Alampally Sainath , Biswas Sayan , Dehadray Prathamesh
Published: November 2023

This paper demonstrates the sloshing phenomena of a cylindrical tank with and without baffles. The main objective of this study is to design baffles of different configurations to reduce sloshing in a cylindrical tank partially filled with gasoil-liquid subjected to only longitudinal acceleration and deceleration. Two different baffle designs have been introduced in the present study. A 3-D transient analysis of a cylindrical tank was carried out using ANSYS-FLUENT with and without baffles. Volume of Fluid (VOF) method was used to study the free surface profile of the fluid in the considered tank. Pressure distribution, velocity distribution and force distribution have been studied in the present study. It has been observed that the new design of baffle was able to reduce sloshing effectively.
Numerical Investigation on the Design and Development of Automotive Exhaust Muffler –A Case Study
Authors: Baskar Subramaniyan , Lingala Vivek , Raju Kumar
Published: November 2023

Attaining better acoustic performance and back-pressure is a continuous research area in the design and development of passenger vehicle exhaust system. Design parameters such as tail pipe, resonator, internal pipes and baffles, muffler dimensions, number of flow reversals, perforated holes size and number etc. govern the muffler design. However, the analysis on the flow directivity from tail pipe is limited. A case study is demonstrated in this work on the development of automotive muffler with due consideration of back pressure and flow directivity from tail pipe. CFD methodology is engaged to evaluate the back pressure of different muffler configurations. The experimental and numerical results of backpressure have been validated. The numerical results are in close agreement with experimental results. It was observed that the influence on back pressure with reducing the quantity of baffle plate, Increasing the tail pipe diameter and twin tail pipe with bypassing flow through inner pipe are 2.7%, 1.4% and 34.4%, respectively. The impact of tail pipe angle on flow directivity is assessed based on the flow uniformity index. Effect of each operating parameter on the back pressure is evaluated with statistical approach.
Suppression of B-Field & E-Field Effects on Resolver due to Overhang Components in Traction Motor Applications
Authors: Kondaveeti Yedukondalu , Venkata Krishna Reddy , Ganesan Aswin Uvaraj , Panchada Jagadish
Published: November 2023

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor (PMSM) is a favorite choice for traction applications because of their high power-to-weight ratio, torque-to-current ratio, high efficiency. In PMSM motors to perform the electronic commutation, resolvers are required to detect the rotor position. Resolvers are placed nearer to the end windings of the stator by considering the Mechanical Assembly and interfacing aspects. In high-power traction applications, due to higher current, there will be a significant influence of electric fields (E-fields) and electromagnetic fields (B-fields) on the rotor position sensor due to overhang components. The magnetic field induced by end-winding changes the excitation field, the magnitude of which decides the rotor angular position. This distortion of the excitation field will impact the sensing position and performance of the resolver. Analytical equations discussed in this paper also highlight that the machine output torque decreases with position error at higher speeds. The magnetic field in the overhang components of the winding is noticeably three-dimensional. In this research study, a 3D finite element simulation is performed to examine and suppress the impact of the B-fields and E-fields. In this approach, the influence of E-fields and B-fields is determined in radial and axial directions by creating planes. From this approach, shielding is provided for the resolver, due to that the effects of B and E-fields are suppressed by 88-95%. Due to the suppression, the resolver can deliver a precise rotor angular position for the motor.
Moisture Induced Mechanical Characterization of Composite through Numerical Simulation
Authors: Nelson N Rino
Published: November 2023

Composite materials find extensive applications in numerous fields, including mechanical components, which are often subjected to varying climatic conditions. Due to the contrasting conditions, there is a difference in the external loadings, leading to the transfer of air, heat, and moisture between the environments. Here, the study is done to model the moisture-based diffusion in order to predict the output beforehand so that necessary precautions can be taken before it fails. The study primarily investigates the heat and moisture-based absorption behavior of composite materials. The Representative Volume Element (RVE) approach is chosen, which enables the simulation of the behavior of the composite at a microscale level, giving insights into the micromechanics and analyzing the material absorption behavior of moisture. The FEA approach for the same is carried out using the COMSOL Multiphysics software. The required RVE of the composite is modeled, and the effect of fiber volume fraction on the hygroscopic swelling, followed by the effect on its properties, is derived. Subsequently, the mechanical characterization of the material is performed. The composite model is run through a moisture-based environmental condition, as in the previous case to evaluate the effects of moisture on the strength of the composite material. The material exposed to the moisture environment showed water uptake. The increase in water uptake causes a decrease in the strength of the material compared to the material with no exposure to moisture. The study focuses on the relationship between the composite’s moisture content and its mechanical characteristics, which can be helpful for the responsible modeling of components in the required environment.
Modelling and Simulation of Solar Powered Thermoelectric Generator for Electric Food Delivery Pick-Up Truck
Authors: Shaik Amjad , Devunuri Suresh , Jayanth Pampadiga , Talluri Srinivasa Rao
Published: November 2023

With the shift towards electric vehicles in the present world scenario, pick-up trucks play a significant role in providing much commercial and private transportation of goods. Focusing on the application of food delivery by electric pick-up trucks, by using solar powered thermoelectric generators, the food temperature and texture can be maintained that increases customer satisfaction. The power generated by the solar panels can be utilized for this purpose without increasing the load on the battery. Also, the additional solar energy that can be used to charge the battery is a way to increase efficiency and decrease the dependency on non-renewable sources. In this basic research, the electric powertrain mathematical model is developed in MATLAB and Simulink. Using the solar panel model the size of the solar panel needed in order to acquire the power needed to run the thermoelectric generator and charge the battery is calculated. The solar module is developed using a photovoltaic array and connected with a battery pack module and the parameters that determine the output of this subsystem are noted. Results revealed that thermoelectric generator needs 150 W power to keep the food hygienic and to compensate for this energy a 20 by 12 solar panel array with a 250 W power output is needed.
Integration of Bi-Level Model and Mixed Integer Linear Programming for Optimization of Electric Vehicle Charging Stations with Distributed Energy Sources
Authors: Jeba J Evangelin , D Suchitra
Published: November 2023

In this research paper, a novel bi-level approach has been introduced to enhance grid flexibility through a flexible power management system, taking into account the availability of renewable and adaptable resources. The proposed optimization strategy focuses on minimizing the total daily idle time of Electric Vehicles (EVs) by optimizing charging processes at both Fast Charging Station (FCSs) and user-level charging. The objectives of FCS energy management and EV idle time are considered as lower and upper-level models, respectively, which are optimized by the proposed bi-level strategy with Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm. The investigation confirms the effectiveness and reliability of the recommended optimization strategy. Test results highlight its success in enhancing financial gains for charging stations and EV users, benefiting grid operators and consumers alike. The outcomes reveal a notable decrease in the FCS day-to-day charge rate, dropping from $3795.84 to $3523.84, marking a 6.34% reduction and providing an advantage to station owners.
Static Inductive Wireless Charging Station for Electric Vehicle
Authors: R Rajarajeswari , V Praveena , D Suchitra
Published: November 2023

Electric vehicles play a huge part in today’s transportation system and their increased use would rid us the downfalls of conventional vehicles. A part integral to this overhaul of EVs is the implementation of wireless charging station. It is necessary to set up a wide range of charging networks in a user-friendly environment in order to facilitate the adoption of electric transportation. As a result, the main goal of this work is to present a viable substitute solution that uses Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) technology to charge electric vehicles (EVs) without any plug-in issues. This work proposes on a static wireless power transfer technology for Electric Vehicles. A high-efficiency wireless power transfer system for electric vehicles is virtually designed using matlab with a maximum power point tracking for solar panel, DC-DC and AC-DC converter. A scaled down version of the prototype for the same is built with more environmental friendly solar power supplied wireless charging and tested to verify the feasibility and the proposed design. This work highlights the potential of WPT as a solution to the challenges of EV charging infrastructure. The use of solar energy makes the charging process more sustainable, and the evaluation of transformer structures provides insights into how to optimize the charging process for future EV development. This charging station is designed for fast charging and to reduce carbon footprint. Ultimately, the work contributes to the goal of creating a cleaner, more sustainable transportation system
An Assessment of Performance of Compression Ignition Engine Fueled with Diesel-Bio Butanol Blends Enhanced with Castor Oil for Properties
Authors: B Prabakaran
Published: November 2023

Bio-butanol addition into diesel for utilization as fuel is an attractive attempt by most researchers. However, the usage of bio-butanol decreases the essential properties of the final blend significantly. This is study is to overcome this limitation by addition of castor oil into the base blend (containing 20% bio-butanol) by enhancing the properties. The study starts with the addition of castor oil (1% to 10%) and testing the properties. One blend is chosen by comparing the properties considering diesel fuel properties. The result depicts the blend of bio-butanol with 10% and 15% of castor oil is found suitable and this blend produces higher thermal efficiency, lower oxides of nitrogen and smoke, and higher heat release and pressure when fueled in the engine at higher brake powers. However, this blend produces higher hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide at low brake power. This study enhances the use of utilization of biobutanol blends in the engine for a long-term duration as the kinematic viscosity is competent to diesel fuel which lowers the friction in the parts of the engine. 20BB80D COBD 10 and 20BB80D COBD 15 produce 8.3% and 5.2% which are slightly low EGT by taking the reference values of diesel. Maximum pressure when fueling with 20BB80D COBD 10 and 20BB80D COBD 15 are low by 3.1% and 1.8% while comparing the diesel values Emissions of oxides of nitrogen are found to be significantly low by 13.2% and 3.4% and the smoke emissions are high by 10.2% and 3.2% (comparing diesel values). Also, the saving of fossil fuel resources through the decrease in imports is significant. There is no modifications necessary in the engine to use this blend.
Modeling and Analysis of Motorcycle Assembly for Dynamic Investigation
Authors: Prajapati Akash , Bhaskara Rao Lokavarapu
Published: November 2023

“The purpose of this study is to explore the structural behavior of motorcycle frames that are fabricated from metals such as steel and aluminum, and that are welded together to generate beams. The components of the wheel, handlebar, and saddle are assembled together to form the chassis of the bicycle. For the purpose of determining modal characteristics such natural frequencies and mode shapes, two different analytical approaches, namely finite element analysis (FEA) and experimental modal analysis (EMA), were utilized. The framework of the chassis was design in 3D using CAD software to carry out the FEA, and after specifying the meshing type and material parameters, normal mode analysis was carried out. To contrast modal characteristics with FEA results, EMA utilized impact hammer testing with a roving accelerometer approach. The study discovered differences between the two methods, which were effectively minimized to less than 10% by carrying out a model, update technique to increase the FEA model's precision. According to the results, model updating can help reduce differences between EMA and FEA and increase the accuracy of FEA models that are impacted by modeling difficulties and predictions of material characteristics.
Virtual Reality Based Study on Pre-Impact Position of Auto Rickshaw Driver
Authors: S Ragul , G Sundhareswaran , Sankarasubramanian Hariharan , Prasanna Selva , Vijayaraghavan Sriram
Published: November 2023

The role of Virtual Reality (VR) platform for experimental studies to mitigate severe injuries is known. A Virtual Reality (VR) module was developed to provide an Indian auto-rickshaw driver experience using commercially available Oculus Quest 2 VR headset. A Driver Behaviour Questionnaire (DBQ) was developed and a study carried out among 20 auto-rickshaw drivers in Thanjavur, India. The DBQ questions provided data to shortlist the most likely near crash experiences among the surveyed drivers. A virtual reality environment was created using UNITY HUB software for one selected scenario from the DBQ survey analysis. A group of 10 volunteers to experience the event using VR gear in the biomechanical laboratory with reflective markers fixed on the body joints of the volunteers to obtain corresponding joint angles in the Neck, Lumbar, Shoulder, Hip, and Knee regions. This study identified various pre-crash reactions from drivers and compared them to the normal driving posture to determine the extent of diversion.
An Evaluation of Gear-Shift Impulse of Two Different Architectures of a High-Torque Capacity Manual Inline Transmission
Authors: K Barathi Raja , Kumar Aneesh , R Manikandan , Ostwal Amit
Published: November 2023

Manual transmission (MT) is still the most preferred solution for emerging markets due to the lower cost of ownership and maintenance coupled with a higher transmission efficiency. In this regard, continuous improvement of the transmission shift quality is quite essential to meet the growing customer expectations. In the present work, a detailed evaluation of the gear-shift impulse (experienced at the gear-shift knob) is conducted between two different architectures of a manual, high-torque (450 Nm input torque) inline transmission meant for a sports utility vehicle (SUV). The conventional manual inline transmission architecture comprises a common gear pair at the input of the transmission. While this input reduction architecture is the most widely used architecture, having the common gear pair at the output of the transmission is also another option.

The synchronizers of the manual transmission need to match the speed of the rotating components just before the gear-shifting event. The axial force required to achieve the synchronization depends heavily on the synchronizer torque capacity, reflected inertia of the rotating components, speed difference, and time required for synchronization. For the same synchronizer torque capacity, it is observed that a significant reduction (~ 40%) of the required axial force is possible by selecting the output reduction architecture. A reduction in the reflected inertia and speed difference are the main reasons for the observed results. Since the axial force requirement at the synchro-sleeve is directly proportional to the gear-shift force required at the gear-shift knob, a similar benefit could be achieved in the gear-shift impulse measured at the knob. The theoretical calculations are validated with the experimental measurements conducted through a sophisticated Gear Shift Quality Assessment (GSQA) equipment of RICARDO make. Detailed calculations of reflected inertia and speed difference in each operating gear along with the layout comparison are presented to support the measurement results.

The benefit of the output reduction architecture could be utilized either to reduce the gear-shift impulse or to reduce the cost by going for a lesser capacity synchronizer. Moreover, a reduced synchronizer capacity helps package the complete synchronizer pack (synchro rings, sleeve, hub, clutch body ring) with a reduced packaging space requirement.
Integration of Automatic Speed Reducers and Motion Stabilizers for Improved Turn Ability in Two-Wheelers
Authors: S Ragul , Radhika Venugopal Jawahar Venkatesan , Venugopalan Rudra , Sankarasubramanian Hariharan
Published: November 2023

The operation of two-wheelers, or bikes, presents risks due to factors such as excessive speed, severe acceleration, and over-tilting, which may compromise the stability of the vehicle. This study proposes a solution to enhance ride safety and turn ability by integrating automatic speed reducers and a motion stabilizer, modelled using CATIA and designed from PVC material. The stabilizer is situated between the fork arms, holding a magnet, which initiates automatic braking when the magnet approaches the rim during a turn. We conducted three modes of testing, including no load and no angle, under magnetic load at zero angles, and under magnetic load at various angles in both lateral directions. Frequency data corresponding to the calculated speed was recorded using a spectrum analyzer, and we performed counterbalancing weight calculations to ensure stability. The results revealed a reduction in speed due to magnetic action. The objective was to design a setup that can be used for a safe two-wheeler ride while making a turn by reducing the speed. While it is true that the reduction in speed due to magnetic action in an Eddy current brake is an expected result, the unique contribution of our research lies in the application of this concept to enhance ride safety and turn ability in two-wheelers. This reduction in speed, although an expected outcome due to the magnetic action, was essential for improving stability and safety during turns. Future work will involve implementing this concept in a two-wheeler and conducting real-time testing while considering implementation challenges and reviewing relevant literature.
“Performance Emission Parameters Behavior of a DI Diesel Engine Using Al
2
O
3
and TiO
2
Nano Additive Biodiesel Blends”
Authors: Anchupogu Praveen , Krupakaran R L , Ganipineni Jamuna Rani , Petla Ratna  Kamala
Published: November 2023

This study mainly focuses on the blending of Alumina and Titanium oxide nanoparticles (NP’s) in Spirulina biodiesel blends (SB20) to estimate the influence of engine (combustion, performance and emission) parameters of a diesel engine. The characterization of Al2O3 and TiO2 NP’s like SEM were reported. By using various fuel samples such as Diesel, SB20, SB20+40 ppm AO, SB20+80 ppm AO, SB20+40 ppm TO and SB20+80 ppm TO, the engine tests on the diesel engine were conducted at various load conditions. The BTE for SB20+80 ppm AO were enhanced by 12.35% and 8.4 % compared to the SB20 fuel and SB20+40 ppm AO fuel samples. The combustion parameters were improved for the NP’s as additives (Al2O3 and TiO2) fuels than the SB20 fuel sample because NP’s contain oxygen content. The parameters of engine exhaust emissions such as HC, CO and smoke are drastically diminished for the SB20+40 ppm AO, SB20+80 ppm AO, SB20+40 ppm TO and SB20+80 ppm TO fuels compared to the SB20 fuel. A marginal improvement was observed for the NP’s blended fuel samples in case of NOx emissions than the B20 fuel.
IoT Integrated Advanced Mor-Sockets for Smart Devices
Authors: R Rajarajeswari , D Suchitra , V Praveena , Karthik Sriram
Published: November 2023

Internet of Thing (IoT) is the connecting network for applications like vehicles, smart devices, buildings etc., with the build in sensors to gather and share information for the user specific needs. The IoT platform offers prospects for a broad and direct integration of the manual world and the digital world by enabling things to be sensed and controlled remotely through existing network infrastructure. Self-contained programs can also be executed on it. This work projects on the integration of the IoT concept to the MOR-socket to manage, monitor and control the energy consumption of smart devices in a smart building. To achieve this, a simulation using Proteus 8.0 professional is made to obtain a virtual MOR-socket. This system is modeled with three prioritized loads of different current rating. The first priority load is the lighting load, second is the motor load and the final one is a load of higher current rating than the other two. The control and monitoring of these loads are performed through a IoT open source webpage (ADAFRUIT) by inculcating Demand Response (DR) strategies. The load connected are monitored and controlled in three modes such as automatic, manual and constraint mode. To facilitate the manual mode touch sensors are provided with each load and in automatic mode current consumption patterns are absorbed for remote connection and disconnection of devices using IoT during emergency and non-mandatory scenarios. In constraint mode the loads can be connected or disconnected based on the power consumption pattern of each load using sensors with a comparison made using a defined threshold value as per DR strategy. Thus the energy conservation during peak load duration is also achieved using MOR socket. A hardware setup for the same is made along with a temperature sensor along with power management for monitoring and curbing the building temperature and power usage.
Application of Grey Taguchi Method for Optimization of EDM Process Parameters on Stir Casted Aluminium Hybrid Metal Matrix Composites
Authors: Kala K.Lakshmi , Krupakaran R L , Gangula Vidyasagar Reddy , Tarigonda Hariprasad , Doddipalli Raghurami Reddy , Naidu B. Vishnu Vardhan , Reddy Damodara
Published: November 2023

Composites made of aluminium and other materials are now essential materials for a variety of engineering tasks, including those in the automotive industry. The present work reports on the machinability studies of Al 6061 hybrid metal matrix composites (HMMC). For the investigation, Al6061 alloy is reinforced with Boron carbide and Graphene nanoparticles (GNp) and the hybrid composite was prepared by stir casting under suitable conditions. The Electrical discharge machining (EDM), advanced machining process, was chosen to machine HMMC as it is difficult to machine by conventional machining. EDM machinablity studies were done on stir casted Al-B4C-GNP composites. The optimization of EDM process parameters were carried out using L27 orthogonal approach with input parameters such as pulse on time, pulse off time and peak current for the response of material removal rate (MRR) and surface roughness. To identify the significance of parameters on measured responses, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been done using Grey-Taguchi method and the most influential parameters for the output responses were determined.
Design Improvement of an Automotive Shock Absorber Component Subjected to Fretting Fatigue
Authors: Sharma Ashish Gorishankar , Bhaskara Rao Lokavarapu
Published: November 2023

A shock absorber endurance test for an automobile that was supposed to resist at least 200,000 load cycles but failed to meet the statutory fatigue limit was under examination. This is due to the breakdown of the assembly that holds the shock absorber shims. This failure occurred due to Fretting fatigue. A design improvement is being introduced to avoid fretting fatigue on the shock absorber shim assembly. FEA is used to investigate the shim assembly in order to locate the stress zone. After adding more shims to the piston, fatigue life was significantly improved. The damping forces were unaffected by the fundamental solution that was applied to make this improvement.
Computational Study on the Handling Performance of 125 cc Scooter to Electric Propulsion Using BIKESIM
TM
Authors: K V Thehaleesan , Sankarasubramanian Hariharan
Published: November 2023

The penetration of Electric vehicle market in India has given rise to an eco-friendly, efficient mode of transport. This work aims to answer the question of whether a powertrain change from an internal combustion engine to electric motor in an existing IC powered 125cc scooter, will change the handling performance of the vehicle. This work was carried out using multi-body dynamics simulation software called BIKESIMTM. The moments of inertia and mass properties were identified by modelling the vehicle chassis, along with the two different powertrains. A 15.6% increase in the overall mass of the vehicle and a 5% increase in the moments of inertia in the pitch, roll and yaw directions when the powertrain is changed from ICE to electric. A slalom test simulation in BIKESIMTM was used to evaluate the differences in maneuverability when the powertrains were changed. The observations from the simulation show a significant change of around 20% in the lateral acceleration, 16.5% in steer angle and 18% in the lean angle when the powertrain is changed from ICE to electric. The rider parameters also experience a deviation as the rider effort and steering torque of the electric powertrain is 14% and 28.5% more than its ICE counterpart respectively. These percentage increases in the handling parameters conclude that the conversion of an existing ICE powertrain to electric powertrain although feasible, will put the rider at a scenario of handling a significantly different vehicle.
Study the Effect of Pneumatic Valve Characteristics due to Linear and Non-Linear Damping System
Authors: Kandasamy Sugumar , T Sukumar , Pendyala Vamsi Krishna , Govindarasu Anbarasu
Published: November 2023

Pneumatic valves are widely used in heavy commercial vehicles’ air braking systems. These valves are mainly used in the braking system layout to maintain the vehicle stability during dynamic conditions. Rubber components are inevitable in valves as a sealing element, and it is very difficult to predict the behavior due to its nonlinear nature. Basically, this valve efficiency is defined in terms of performance and response characteristics. These characteristics are determined in the concept stage itself using 1D simulation software. AMESim software has a variety of elements to use in a unique way for performance and response behavior prediction. For pneumatic valves, 1D analysis is an effective method and it gives good correlation with actual test results. During the modelling of pneumatic valves, some of the contacts between rubber and metals are controlled by various parameters such as damping, contact stiffness and desired phase angle. Instead of giving these parameters to a linear contact element, rubber elements can be used to reduce the variations and increase the correlation with test results. Some of the challenges during modelling the rubber elements are, there is no incorporated rubber element with gap, end-stop controls, and it requires, load Vs deflection characteristics of the rubber (prediction of load and deflection). This paper deals with the modelling and parameterization of a typical pneumatic valve with linear and Non-linear contact elements. Outcome from the 1D simulation results have been validated with the experimental test results.
Optimization of Cooling Efficiency in Inverter Assembly Using Numerical and Experimental Analysis
Authors: Govindarasu Anbarasu , T Sukumar , Sathyamoorthy Gugainamasivayam , Subramanian Vivek
Published: November 2023

In the coming years, moving towards a hundred percent electric vehicles will be one of the key areas in the automotive industry. The main advantages of using e-mobility are operational flexibility, lower carbon emission and regenerative energy. Thermal management in an e-vehicle plays a vital role for the reliability of the system and any thermal failure can cost a significant amount of money to a company per vehicle. Inverter assembly is widely used to convert Direct Current (DC) to Alternating Current (AC) in the e-mobility platform to operate the motor for vehicle propulsion. It consists of various electronic transmitters, controllers, capacitors, and semi-conductors which will emit an enormous amount of heat during their operation. Since inverters are highly temperature sensitive in nature, it is necessary to improve the temperature distribution in the device. For this reason, adequate cooling system and ventilation is inevitable to keep the components operational. In this study, the thermal characteristic of the inverter was determined using transient thermal analysis considering three different fin geometry used in the heat sink. The two major heat sources are capacitors and Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT), and the heat transfer in the inverter assembly is due to conduction, convection, and radiation. This paper deals with the optimization of inverter fin to meet the cooling efficiency. Also, experimental validation was performed to verify the simulation results and correlation study was carried out to find the results accuracy of the numerical method. Simulation methodology was standardized for the thermal management of an inverter which can be effectively used in the electric vehicle industry.
Evaluation of Mechanical Vibration in Permanent Magnet Electric Motor Construction and Its Effects in Speed High Operation
Authors: Neelakandan Varatharaj , B Prabakaran
Published: November 2023

The internal rotor and related parts of a permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) utilized in electric cars are being designed with optimization as the key objective of this study. The goal is to achieve the best “NVH (Noise, Vibration, and Harshness)” performance while maintaining the mechanical integrity and longevity of the motor. By matching the motor’s NVH characteristics with its peak and continuous power needs depending on the duty cycle of the vehicle, the study seeks to improve overall vehicle performance. The researchers use advanced NVH simulation modeling and simulation methods with the “CAE Software” finite element software program to do this. The ultimate goal is to enhance the motor’s noise and vibration characteristics while assuring its durability and long-term performance.
Research of Fuel Components to Expand lean-limit in Super lean burn condition (part III)
Authors: Naiki Taketora , Yasutake Yuki , Watanabe Manabu , Obata Ken
Published: November 2023

In this research, we investigated the improvement of combustion and anti-knocking properties as factors that affect the lean limit in order to reflect in fuel design. First, as a basic study, characteristics such as the Laminar burning velocity and Ignition energy of hydrocarbons, which are highly effective in improving combustion speed, were examined. In addition, using the knowledge obtained in the basic study, several concept fuels were created by blending the blend- stocks of the refinery aiming to meet or exceed the current standards in Japan. Their lean limits, thermal efficiencies, and effects on CO2 emission were investigated.
Effects of Fuel Components on Thermal Efficiency and Emissions in Super Lean Burn S.I. Engine
Authors: Matsubara Naoyoshi , Kaneko Kazuki , Kitano Koji , Yokoo Nozomi , Nakata Koichi , Yasutake Yuki , Naiki Taketora , Obata Ken , Watanabe Manabu
Published: November 2023

To reduce CO2 emission from the vehicles equipped with internal combustion engine, it is important to combine novel fuel characteristics with combustion technology for high thermal efficiency engine. Lean boosted technology has been studied for a long time because of its potential to increase engine thermal efficiency. Super lean-burn whose excess air ratio λ is higher than 2.0 is expected to achieve both high thermal efficiency and low NOx emissions. In such high λ condition, the chemical reaction effect of fuel components becomes more important. However, it is not evaluated enough due to the difficulty of achieving super lean condition. Therefore, in this paper the effects of fuel on combustion speed, knocking, emission and thermal efficiency are analyzed with super lean burn engine. As a result, it is clarified that the fuel effect on enhancing combustion, especially latter half of combustion is important to reduce HC emission and improves thermal efficiency in super lean burn engine.
Insights into combustion and performance of HCCI engine fed with PODE
1
and H
2
-rich PODE
1
-reformate
Authors: Buntin Denis , Tartakovsky Leonid
Published: November 2023

A transition to sustainable energy sources, carbon- free/neutral energy carriers and efficient combustion technologies is intensively discussed as a key pathway in achieving a greener, more secure energy future. In particular, enhancement of internal combustion engine (ICE) performance using promising alternative carbon- neutral propellants, waste heat recovery (WHR) and state-of-the-art combustion methods has gained high research attention. Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODEn, OMEn), well-suited for compression-ignition (CI) combustion, arouse strong interest as potentially sustainable and cleaner alternatives to diesel fuel. This study reports for the first-time numerically examined combustion performance characteristics of reforming- controlled compression ignition (RefCCI) ICE engine, managed by mixing of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ether 1 (PODE1) and its hydrogen-rich reforming products (PODE1-reformate) obtained through thermo- chemical recuperation. The results showed that the RefCCI combustion-control is possible by maintaining an appropriate H2/PODE1 ratio in the process of in- cylinder mixing of PODE1 and PODE1-reformate prior to auto-ignition. Beneficial high engine efficiencies of 40.6-48.4% and reduced NOx and CO emissions were achieved at the examined compression ratio of 16.
Study of Knocking Mitigation and Thermal Efficiency Enhancement of Pre-chamber Jet Combustion in Stoichiometric Gasoline Engine
Authors: Ando Hirokazu , Shintani Yusuke , Kobayashi Hiroki , Shiina Ryosuke , Kimura Noritaka
Published: November 2023

Pre-chamber jet combustion is known to be effective in knocking mitigation as it can increase the combustion speed in spark ignition engines. Therefore, a study was made of the effect of knocking mitigation and thermal efficiency improvement when passive type pre-chamber jet combustion is applied to a gasoline stoichiometric spark ignition combustion engine. Compared to conventional spark ignition combustion engines, pre-chamber jet combustion has enhanced penetration of flame propagation depending on flow rate and flow velocity at the pre-chamber jet hole, and the flame propagation combustion rate inside the pre-chamber. Due to the jet ejected from the pre-chamber, the flame could quickly reach the end of the bore. Moreover, the combustion period was shortened, and the unburned portion of the end gas in the latter half of the combustion was reduced, resulting in knocking mitigation. Furthermore, increasing the number of jets by increasing the number of pre-chamber holes caused the unburned region to be divided and become smaller, which mitigated auto-ignition and knocking. Optimized specifications to achieve the maximum knocking mitigation effect and thermal efficiency, made it possible to raise the compression ratio by 1.8 and therefore made it possible to improve thermal efficiency by 1.1 percentage points.
Residual Gas Fraction Measurement and Estimation of the CFR Octane Rating Engine Operating Under HCCI Conditions
Authors: Gonzalez Jorge Pulpeiro , Hoth Alexander , Kolodziej Christopher P. , Seong Hee Je
Published: November 2023

The autoignition chemistry of fuels depends on the pressure, temperature, and time history that the fuel-air mixture experiences during the compression stroke. While piezoelectric pressure transducers offer excellent means of pressure measurement, temperature measurements are not commonly available and must be estimated. Even if the pressure and temperature at the intake and exhaust ports are measured, the residual gas fraction (RGF) within the combustion chamber requires estimation and greatly impacts the temperature of the fresh charge at intake valve closing. This work replaced the standard D1 Detonation Pickup of a CFR engine with a rapid sampling valve to allow for in-cylinder gas sampling at defined crank-angle times during the compression stroke. The extracted cylinder contents were captured in an emissions sample bag and its composition was subsequently analyzed in an AVL i60 emissions bench. Carbon dioxide levels beyond atmospheric concentration directly identified the existing RGF within the combustion chamber during the compression stroke. The CFR engine was operated under homogeneous charge compression ignition using iso-octane/n-heptane Primary Reference Fuels with seven blends of 0-100% iso-octane to measure the RGF as a function of compression ratio over a range from 6:1 to 17.5:1. Furthermore, a modified compressed air intake manifold enabled evaluation of intake pressure and intake temperature effects on the RGF. The measurements were shown to compare correctly with expected trends as a function of compression ratio and clearance volume. A model was developed to successfully estimate the RGF of a fresh charge based on intake and exhaust pressures and temperatures, as well as the compression ratio. This model showed significantly improved correlations over literature RGF models, such as simple geometric compression ratio models based on clearance volume and displacement.
Prediction of Natural Gas Wall-Impingement Spray Characteristics by ANN Model
Authors: Pham Quangkhai , Choi Byungchul , Park Suhan
Published: November 2023

In this study, the effect of injection pressure, impingement distance and angle, wall temperature on the macroscopic of wall impingement were investigated experimentally, predicted by using deep neural network in the MATLAB environment. With respect to obtaining data from experiments, input factors affecting impingement phenomena are trained, validated to develop model, which was applied to estimate output such as spray tip penetration and height. According to the results, the estimate parameters by coefficient of determination, root mean square error between 0.998 and 0.029. The ANN_GA model is found to be an effective tool to predict spray behaviors output with minimal experimentation.
Numerical Investigation of Multi-Stage HCCI Combustion with Small Chamber Inside Piston
Authors: Nomura Takuya , Moriyoshi Yasuo , Morikawa Koji , Kuboyama Tatsuya
Published: November 2023

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) combustion is promising for not only high thermal efficiency but also reducing nitrogen oxides (NOx) and PM simultaneously. However, the operational range of the HCCI combustion is limited because of some issues, such as poor control of ignition timing and knocking by the excessive rate of pressure rise. In this study, a new combustion system based on the HCCI combustion process is proposed based on the authors' previous experimental work. This combustion system has a divided combustion chamber of two parts, one is small and the other is large. The most significant feature is the small chamber inside the piston. At first, combustion takes place in the small chamber, and then the burned gas is ejected into the large chamber to ignite the mixture in the large chamber. In this combustion system, the combustion in the large chamber takes the HCCI combustion process. 3D-CFD was conducted to predict HCCI combustion characteristics with small chamber inside the piston, varying the geometry of small chamber. Simulation results revealed that this combustion system can be achieve two-stage HCCI combustion with reduced pressure rise rate.
Fuel Consumption Improvement of a New Generation Diesel Engine for Passenger Cars by Quantitative Management of Thermal Efficiency Control Factors and Expansion of Load Range of Premixed Charge Compression Ignition Combustion
Authors: Kato Yudai , Matsuo Takeru , Kanzaki Jun , Kim Sang-kyu , Shimo Daisuke , Morinaga Shinichi
Published: November 2023

To achieve carbon-neutrality, internal combustion engines need to further improve their thermal efficiency to reduce CO2 emissions. To accomplish this, it is necessary to quantify and enhance five factors that control indicated thermal efficiency: compression ratio, specific heat ratio, combustion duration, combustion timing, and heat transfer to wall. In this work, quantitative targets for each factor were defined, which were derived from a simulation that considered the influence of heterogeneity of diesel combustion on thermal efficiency. The simulation utilized a two-zone combustion model. In particular, the targets for the combustion duration, combustion timing and heat transfer to wall were increased significantly compared to those for a conventional engine, in anticipation of an expansion of the load range of premixed charge compression ignition (PCI) combustion to higher loads. To expand the applicable load for PCI combustion, it was necessary to achieve a high degree of constant volume, low combustion noise, and clean emissions by suppressing the interference between the burned gas of the prior spray and the subsequent spray in the multi-stage injections near TDC. For this purpose, Distribution Controlled partially Premixed Compression Ignition (DCPCI) with the Dual Zone Egg-shape Combustion Chamber was proposed as a new combustion concept, and it was validated through CFD analysis that the DCPCI concept achieved high degree of constant volume and lean mixture formation. In addition, experiments were conducted on a new generation engine that applied the DCPCI combustion and other technologies such as slightly increased compression ratio, decreased intake temperature and increased wall temperature with a steel piston to improve the five control factors. The two-zone combustion model was utilized to analyze the result of the experiments, and improvements against the targets for the control factors was verified quantitatively. Furthermore, compared to a previous generation engine, a significant improvement in fuel consumption was confirmed without any adverse effects on emissions or combustion noise.
Technical Improvements of Portable Emissions Measurement System for Solid Particle Number Larger than 10 nm
Authors: Kondo Kenji , Japs Leonid , Lienerth Peter , Kitahara Takahiro , Fukushima Suguru , Otsuki Yoshinori
Published: November 2023

Since the introduction of the first Particle Number (PN) regulation for solid particles larger than 23 nm (SPN23) in the European Union (EU), the trend to introduce and strengthen PN regulations has spread globally. PN was added to the regulated components in the European Real Driving Emissions (RDE) regulation in 2017. Furthermore, the scope of the EU regulation will be expanded to include solid particles larger than 10 nm (SPN10) in the future. The authors have previously developed a Portable Emissions Measurement System (PEMS) capable of measuring SPN23. Since measurement of 10 nm PN by PEMS will also be necessary in the future regulations, The authors developed a 10 nm PN-PEMS. In this paper, the technical improvements and the basic performance of the developed 10 nm PN-PEMS are described. The results of SPN10 measurement tests which have been performed on different kinds of vehicles are presented. The developed 10 nm PN-PEMS showed good correlation with a stationary SPN10 measurement system.
Development of Indoor Test cycle for Real Driving Emissions of Light Duty Vehicles
Authors: Park Jeonghyun , Choi Byeonghee , Choi Sungwoon , Kim Bada , Lee Chul-hee , Lee Daeyup , Kwon Sangil , Chung Taekho , Lee Jongtae
Published: November 2023

Since the emission gap of nitrogen oxides between the measurements in the indoor emission certification test and the driving in real road conditions has revealed to be significant, the RDE(Real Driving Emissions) regulations of exhaust emissions in real road driving in Europe were adopted in 2017 at the Euro 6d-TEMP stage and gradually strengthened thereafter. Many countries including Korea are applying equivalent and similar regulations.

In order to identify whether vehicles in use comply with the emission standards within the exhaust emissions warranty period, it is necessary to add real road tests to ongoing in-use inspections. Thus, a study on the development of an indoor test cycle in order to use for in-use inspection instead of an real road test becomes required while satisfying RDE criteria.

This study shows that the RDE test conducted in real road driving can be simulated in an indoor chassis dynamometer, and confirms that the RDE regulations including dynamic characteristics were satisfied.