bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The importance of embodied energy in carbon footprint assessment
Authors: Alwan Zaid , Jones Paul
Published: March 2014

Purpose

– The construction industry has focused on operational and embodied energy of buildings as a way of becoming more sustainable, however, with more emphasis on the former. The purpose of this paper is to highlight the impact that embodied energy of construction materials can have on the decision making when designing buildings, and ultimately on the environment. This is an important aspect that has often been overlooked when calculating a building's carbon footprint; and its inclusion this approach presents a more holistic life cycle assessment.

Design/methodology/approach

– A building project was chosen that is currently being designed; the design team for the project have been tasked by the client to make the facility exemplary in terms of its sustainability. This building has a limited construction palette; therefore the embodied energy component can be accurately calculated. The authors of this paper are also part of the design team for the building so they have full access to Building Information Modelling (BIM) models and production information. An inventory of materials was obtained for the building and embodied energy coefficients applied to assess the key building components. The total operational energy was identified using benchmarking to produce a carbon footprint for the facility.

Findings

– The results indicate that while operational energy is more significant over the long term, the embodied energy of key materials should not be ignored, and is likely to be a bigger proportion of the total carbon in a low carbon building. The components with high embodied energy have also been identified. The design team have responded to this by altering the design to significantly reduce the embodied energy within these key components – and thus make the building far more sustainable in this regard.

Research limitations/implications

– It may be is a challenge to create components inventories for whole buildings or for refurbishments. However, a potential future approach for is application may be to use a BIM model to simplify this process by imbedding embodied energy inventories within the software, as part of the BIM menus.

Originality/value

– This case study identifies the importance of considering carbon use during the whole-life cycle of buildings, as well as highlighting the use of carbon offsetting. The paper presents an original approach to the research by using a “live” building as a case study with a focus on the embodied energy of each component of the scheme. The operational energy is also being calculated, the combined data are currently informing the design approach for the building. As part of the analysis, the building was modelled in BIM software.
Research measurement of knowledge advances in building maintenance issues
Authors: Falorca Jorge , Calejo Rodrigues R. , Mendes da Silva R.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to assess the general progress of Building Maintenance knowledge, to ascertain the growth of the whole body of literary production, and to determine which research lines may require further development.

Design/methodology/approach

– Using several means of support, a detailed survey of over 2,000 titles of publications was made. The survey data were grouped into six pre-defined bibliographic indicators. The survey results were gradually organized into a database and MS Excel features were used for the subsequent process of counting and statistical analysis.

Findings

– The results allowed the authors to develop an approximate growth model of the literature and provided indications of possible gaps in the development of knowledge.

Research limitations/implications

– To allow for a more extensive analysis of the problem, this study was structured differently to a traditional literature review.

Practical implications

– This study offers an overview of the evolution of building maintenance literature to researchers and institutions. A dynamic bibliographic database was also created which could be useful for those who perform management functions.

Originality/value

– The approach of this study differs from other known studies in the area of building maintenance. This study releases an approximate measurement of advances made in the knowledge of a particular subject.
Psychophysical correlations, synchronicity and meaning
Authors: Atmanspacher Harald
Published: March 2014

The dual‐aspect framework which Jung developed with Wolfgang Pauli implies that psychophysical phenomena are neither reducible to physical processes nor to conscious mental activity. Rather, they constitute a radically novel kind of phenomena, deriving from correlations between the physical and the mental. In synchronistic events, a particular subclass of psychophysical phenomena, these correlations are explicated as experienced meaning.
Skeletal Muscle Loss Is Negatively Associated With Single‐Pool Kt/V and Dialysis Duration in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Morishita Yoshiyuki , Kubo Kazuya , Haga Yumi , Miki Atushi , Ishibashi Kenichi , Kusano Eiji , Nagata Daisuke
Published: March 2014

We evaluated the skeletal muscle loss in hemodialysis (HD) patients by bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and handgrip strength test. Thirty‐four HD patients and 16 healthy subjects (control group) were measured for skeletal muscle mass normalized as the skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), calculated as skeletal muscle mass (kg)/height (m)2 using a tetrapolar bioelectrical impedance plethysmograph. Handgrip strength test was also performed using a hand dynamometer in both groups. In HD patients, the associations of SMI and handgrip strength with age, sex, HD conditions, and HD parameters such as body mass index (BMI), single‐pool Kt/V (spKt/V), normalized protein catabolic rate (nPCR), creatinine generation rate (CGR) and serum albumin level (Alb) were investigated. SMI of HD patients (4.58 ± 0.95 kg/m2) was significantly lower than that of the control group (5.55 ± 0.80 kg/m2, P < 0.01). The handgrip strength of HD patients (19.9 ± 7.74 kg) was also significantly lower than that of the control group (33.0 ± 8.94 kg, P < 0.01). In HD patients, HD duration was associated with both SMI and handgrip strength. Among HD parameters, spKt/V was negatively associated with both SMI and handgrip strength, BMI and Alb were positively associated with SMI, while nPCR and CGR were associated with neither SMI nor handgrip strength. HD duration independently contributed to skeletal muscle loss and the value of spKt/V may be affected by skeletal muscle loss in HD patients.
Investigation of Factors Affecting the Six‐Minute Walk Test Results in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Kono Kenichi , Nishida Yusuke , Moriyama Yoshihumi , Yabe Hiroki , Taoka Masahiro , Sato Takashi
Published: March 2014

Renal anemia, uremic myopathy, and malnutrition are some of the factors that affect the results of the 6‐minute walk test (6MWT) in hemodialysis patients. We hypothesized that skeletal muscle dysfunction caused by skeletal myolysis, protein hypercatabolism, and mitochondrial deficiency are strongly related factors. The purpose of this study was to clarify the factors that affect the 6MWT results in hemodialysis patients to assess their exercise tolerance. The study included 43 outpatients from the hemodialysis unit. The 6MWT was performed, and knee extension strength, 1‐leg standing time, and grip were measured. In addition, the subjects' characteristics such as age, preexisting coronary artery disease, hemoglobin level, total iron binding capacity, serum albumin level, creatinine generation rate, and normalized protein catabolic rate were investigated. A stepwise multiple regression model was used to examine the factors affecting the 6MWT results. Multiple regression analysis revealed that knee extension strength (β = 0.446, P = 0.001), total iron binding capacity (β = −0.299, P = 0.021), and preexisting coronary artery disease (β = −0.272, P = 0.035) significantly affected the 6MWT results (R = 0.66, R2 = 0.44). The 6MWT in hemodialysis patients was strongly affected by muscle strength, iron deficiency anemia, and preexisting coronary artery disease, suggesting that resistance training is important for improving 6MWT results. Our findings indicate that iron deficiency and cardiac function should be assessed before exercising or undergoing an exercise tolerance test.
Is additional hyperbaric oxygen therapy cost‐effective for treating ischemic diabetic ulcers? Study protocol for the Dutch DAMOCLES multicenter randomized clinical trial 对缺血性糖尿病溃疡患者额外进行高压氧治疗的成本效益如何？荷兰DAMOCLES多中心随机临床试验的研究方案
Authors: Stoekenbroek Robert M , Santema Trientje B , Koelemay Mark JW , van Hulst Rob A , Legemate Dink A , Reekers Jim A , Ubbink Dirk T
Published: March 2014

Background

The value of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) in the treatment of diabetic ulcers is still under debate. Available evidence suggests that HBOT may improve the healing of diabetic ulcers, but it comes from small trials with heterogeneous populations and interventions. The DAMOCLES‐trial will assess the (cost‐)effectiveness of HBOT for ischemic diabetic ulcers in addition to standard of care.

Methods

In a multicenter randomized clinical trial, including 30 hospitals and all 10 HBOT centers in the Netherlands, we plan to enroll 275 patients with Types 1 or 2 diabetes, a Wagner 2, 3 or 4 ulcer of the leg present for at least 4 weeks, and concomitant leg ischemia, defined as an ankle systolic blood pressure of <70 mmHg, a toe systolic blood pressure of <50 mmHg or a forefoot transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcpO2) of <40 mmHg. Eligible patients may be candidates for revascularization. Patients will be randomly assigned to standard care with or without 40 HBOT‐sessions.

Results

Primary outcome measures are freedom from major amputation after 12 months and achievement of, and time to, complete wound healing. Secondary endpoints include freedom from minor amputations, ulcer recurrence, TcpO2, quality of life, and safety. In addition, we will assess the cost‐effectiveness of HBOT for this indication.

Conclusion

The DAMOCLES trial will be the largest trial ever performed in the realm of HBOT for chronic ulcers, and it is unique for addressing patients with ischemic diabetic foot ulcers who may also receive vascular reconstructions. This matches the treatment dilemma in current clinical practice.
Effects of Lactobacillus casei supplementation on disease activity and inflammatory cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis patients: a randomized double‐blind clinical trial
Authors: Alipour Beitullah , Homayouni‐Rad Aziz , Vaghef‐Mehrabany Elnaz , Sharif Sakineh Khatoun , Vaghef‐Mehrabany Leila , Asghari‐Jafarabadi Mohammad , Nakhjavani Mohammad Reza , Mohtadi‐Nia Javad
Published: March 2014

Aim

The present study aimed at investigating the effects of Lactobacillus casei 01 supplementation on symptoms and inflammatory biomarkers of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in women.

Method

In this randomized double‐blind clinical trial, female patients with established RA for more than 1 year, 20–80 years of age and body mass index (BMI) lower than 40, who followed stable medication for 3 months prior to the supplementation, were randomly allocated to receive either one capsule containing 108 colony forming units (CFU) of L. casei 01, or a placebo for 8 weeks; allocation was stratified by BMI and menopausal status. Disease activity score‐28 (DAS28) was calculated, European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) response was evaluated and the cytokines, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐12 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were measured.

Results

Thirty patients were recruited in each group; 22 and 24 patients were analyzed in the probiotic and placebo groups, respectively. L. casei 01 supplementation decreased serum high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) levels, tender and swollen joint counts, global health (GH) score and DAS28 (P < 0.05). More patients in the L. casei 01 group had moderate response to the treatment, based on the EULAR criteria, at the end of the study (P < 0.01). At the end of the study, a significant difference was observed between the two groups for IL‐10, IL‐12 and TNF‐α changes through the study course (P < 0.05), in favor of the probiotic group. No adverse effects were reported for the intervention.

Conclusion

Probiotic supplementation may be an appropriate adjunct therapy for RA patients and help alleviate symptoms and improve inflammatory cytokines.
FCGR3B copy number loss rather than gain is a risk factor for systemic lupus erythematous and lupus nephritis: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Yuan Jin , Zhao Dongbao , Wu Lijun , Xu Xia , Pang Yafei , Zhang Jun , Ma Yanyun , Liu Jie , Wang Jiucun
Published: March 2014

Aim

Some studies have been performed to elucidate the association between Fc gamma receptor 3B (FCGR3B) copy number (CN) and the risk of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and/or lupus nephritis (LN), yet the results remain conflicting. Therefore, we have undertaken a systematic review of all the studies published and carried out a meta‐analysis to obtain a better understanding of the role of FCGR3B CN in the susceptibility of SLE and LN.

Method

A computerized literature search was conducted in databases of PubMed, ISI Web of Knowledge for all studies investigating the association between FCGR3B CN and SLE and/or LN, published up to May 2013.

Results

A total of six articles meeting all of the criteria were included in this study. There were five comparisons of SLE between 2490 patients and 4286 controls, and four comparisons of LN between 689 patients and 1924 controls. Our results showed that individuals with FCGR3B CN gain did not suffer an increased risk of SLE or LN as compared to the normal genotype in the total analysis (SLE: OR = 1.07, 95% CI = 0.79–1.45, P = 0.65; LN: OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.47–1.46, P = 0.52). However, individuals with FCGR3B CN loss exhibited an increased risk of SLE or LN (SLE: OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.51–2.06, P < 0.00001; LN: OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.59–2.57, P < 0.00001).

Conclusion

Our meta‐analysis indicated that FCGR3B CN loss rather than CN gain was associated with susceptibility to SLE and LN.
Seasonal and plant‐dependent variations in diversity, abundance and stress tolerance of epiphytic yeasts in desert habitats
Authors: Abu‐Ghosh Said , Droby Samir , Korine Carmi
Published: March 2014

We studied the epiphytic yeast species of the plants of the Negev Desert and the Dead Sea region, Israel, which are considered one of the most extreme hyper‐arid lands in the world. For this purpose, we developed isolation protocols; we performed morphological, cultural and molecular identification tests and compared yeast diversity between the locations and the plants. The composition of the yeast populations present in the study's plants underwent seasonal fluctuations, whereas differences in community compositions were significant within sites. The maximum number of species of yeast occurred in autumn and Cryptococcus spp. were predominant year round. The isolated yeast strains showed an unusual tolerance to extreme growth conditions, such as high temperatures (up to 72% viability at 50°C), lethal hydrogen peroxide and NaCl concentrations. These results suggest that epiphytic yeasts inhabit the plants of the Dead Sea region and the Negev Desert have a community structure that is unique to the plant species and have a high tolerance to the harsh conditions that enables them to adapt to an arid ecosystem.
The fungus gardens of leaf‐cutter ants undergo a distinct physiological transition during biomass degradation
Authors: Huang Eric L. , Aylward Frank O. , Kim Young‐Mo , Webb‐Robertson Bobbie‐Jo M. , Nicora Carrie D. , Hu Zeping , Metz Thomas O. , Lipton Mary S. , Smith Richard D. , Currie Cameron R. , Burnum‐Johnson Kristin E.
Published: March 2014

Leaf‐cutter ants are dominant herbivores in ecosystems throughout theNeotropics that feed on fungus gardens cultivated on fresh foliar biomass. Although recent investigations have shed light on how plant biomass is degraded in fungus gardens, the cycling of nutrients that takes place in these specialized microbial ecosystems is still not well understood. Here, using metabolomic and metaproteomic techniques, we examine the dynamics of nutrient turnover in these gardens. Our results reveal that numerous free amino acids and sugars are depleted throughout the process of biomass degradation, indicating that easily accessible nutrients from plant material are readily consumed by microbes in these ecosystems. Accumulation of cellobiose and lignin derivatives near the end of the degradation process is consistent with previous characterization of lignocellulases produced by the fungal cultivar of the ants. Our results also suggest that ureides may be an important source of nitrogen in fungus gardens, especially during nitrogen‐limiting conditions. No free arginine was detected in our metabolomic experiments despite evidence that the host ants cannot produce this amino acid, suggesting that biosynthesis of this metabolite may be tightly regulated in fungus gardens. These results provide new insights into microbial community‐level processes that underlie this important ant‐fungus symbiosis.
Chronic urticaria and coagulation: pathophysiological and clinical aspects
Authors: Tedeschi A. , Kolkhir P. , Asero R. , Pogorelov D. , Olisova O. , Kochergin N. , Cugno M.
Published: March 2014

Chronic urticaria (CU) is a widespread skin disease, characterized by the recurrence of transient wheals and itch for more than 6 weeks. Besides autoimmune mechanisms, coagulation factors, in particular tissue factor and thrombin, might also participate in the disease pathophysiology. Tissue factor expressed by eosinophils can induce activation of blood coagulation generating thrombin which in turn can increase vascular permeability both directly, acting on endothelial cells, and indirectly, inducing degranulation of mast cells with release of histamine, as demonstrated in experimental models. D‐dimer, a fibrin degradation product, generated following activation of the coagulation cascade and fibrinolysis, has been found to be increased during urticaria exacerbations; moreover, it has been proposed as a biomarker of severity and resistance to H1‐antihistamines in CU patients. The possible role of coagulation in CU is also supported by case reports, case series and a small controlled study showing the efficacy of anticoagulant therapy in this disease. The purpose of this review was to summarize the available data on the possible contribution of coagulation to the pathophysiology of CU focusing on clinical aspects and possible future therapeutic developments.
Four‐dimensional computed tomography for parathyroid localization: a new imaging modality
Authors: Brown Sebastian J. , Lee James C. , Christie James , Maher Richard , Sidhu Stanley B. , Sywak Mark S. , Delbridge Leigh W.
Published: March 2014

Introduction

Four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) is a new parathyroid localization technique not previously reported in Australia. It provides both functional and anatomical imaging in a single test, with superior sensitivity compared with sestamibi scintigraphy (SeS). This study examines the utility of 4DCT in defined clinical situations.

Methods

This is a retrospective cohort study in a tertiary referral hospital setting. One hundred consecutive operative cases of primary hyperparathyroidism (99 patients) undergoing both preoperative 4DCT and SeS. Localization studies were correlated with operative findings, histopathology and clinical outcomes. The utility of 4DCT was analysed in three common clinical settings: primary cases with positive SeS (Group A, n = 68), primary cases with negative SeS (Group B, n = 21) and re‐operative cases (Group C, n = 11).

Results

The overall sensitivity of 4DCT was 92% compared with 70% for SeS. The sensitivity of 4DCT was superior to SeS in Groups B and C (76% versus 0% and 91% versus 46%, respectively). The overall cure rate was 98%, with 94% of cases completed as minimally invasive procedures. Up to 62% of Group B cases potentially avoided a bilateral neck exploration owing to a positive 4DCT.

Conclusions

4DCT is an accurate technique providing both functional and anatomical localization of abnormal parathyroid glands. However, the advantage of speed and simplicity in image acquisition needs to be balanced against the small risk of increased radiation exposure in the younger patient group.
What all physicians should know about the potential radiation risk that computed tomography poses for paediatric patients
Authors: Sodhi Kushaljit Singh , Lee Edward Y.
Published: March 2014

The repeated use of CT imaging raises a child's radiation exposure, overall radiation accrual and future cancer risks. However, our review suggests that these risks can be considerably reduced by physicians, radiologists and academic bodies, through proper justification, optimisation and dose limitation.

Conclusion

Computed tomography poses a potential risk of radiation‐induced cancer in children. The physician must weigh up the overall risks and benefits of CT before referring a child for imaging.
Survey ofAustralian equine veterinarians evaluating their biosecurity training and perceptions and opinions about the management of the 2007 equine influenza outbreak
Authors: Schemann K , Toribio J‐ALML , Taylor MR , Ward MP , Dhand NK
Published: March 2014

Objectives

To evaluate the level of biosecurity training amongAustralian equine veterinarians and to assess their perceptions of biosecurity and infectious disease risk and their opinions about the management of the 2007 equine influenza (EI) outbreak.

Design

Cross‐sectional study.

Methods

A survey was conducted among equine veterinarians attending the 2010 annual conference of theEquineVeterinariansAustralia (EVA) inNewSouthWales, Australia. Data were collected using a self‐completed questionnaire and analysed usingFisher's exact tests to assess veterinarians' levels of biosecurity training, their perceptions of infectious disease and views regarding the 2007EIoutbreak management.

Results

A total of 46 of the 196 (23.5%) attending veterinarians completed the questionnaire. Significantly greater proportions of recently graduated veterinarians received theoretical and practical biosecurity training at veterinary schools than their older counterparts. The majority of respondents considered their likelihood of spreading infectious diseases from one client's horse to another to be low (84%). More than half (58%) of the veterinarians considered that hand‐washing/wearing gloves was very effective in preventing disease spread. However, around one‐quarter (27%) reported a degree of reservation about the practicality of performing general biosecurity practices in everyday working life. Overall, veterinarians were satisfied with theEIoutbreak response, but had mixed opinions about the control measures and communications used.

Conclusion

Levels of biosecurity training and the frequency of biosecurity advice provided by veterinarians have increased over time, although the practicality of biosecurity practices is a concern for some veterinarians. Further investigations of the barriers to the use of various biosecurity practices are required in order to inform training programs.
Anticonvulsant Effects of N‐Arachidonoyl‐Serotonin, a Dual Fatty Acid Amide Hydrolase Enzyme and Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid Type‐1 (TRPV1) Channel Blocker, on Experimental Seizures: The Roles of Cannabinoid CB1 Receptors and TRPV1 Channels
Authors: Vilela Luciano R. , Medeiros Daniel C. , de Oliveira Antonio Carlos P. , Moraes Marcio F. , Moreira Fabricio A.
Published: March 2014

Selective blockade of anandamide hydrolysis, through the inhibition of the FAAH enzyme, has anticonvulsant effects, which are mediated by CB1 receptors. Anandamide, however, also activates TRPV1 channels, generally with an opposite outcome on neuronal modulation. Thus, we suggested that the dual FAAH and TRPV1 blockade with N‐arachidonoyl‐serotonin (AA‐5‐HT) would be efficacious in inhibiting pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)‐induced seizures in mice. We also investigated the contribution of CB1 activation and TRPV1 blockade to the overt effect of AA‐5‐HT. In the first experiment, injection of AA‐5‐HT (0.3–3.0 mg/kg) delayed the onset and reduced the duration of PTZ (60 mg)‐induced seizures in mice. These effects were reversed by pre‐treatment with the CB1 antagonist, AM251 (1.0–3.0 mg/kg). Finally, we observed that administration of the selective TRPV1 antagonist, SB366791 (0.1–1 mg/kg), did not entirely mimic AA‐5‐HT effects. In conclusion, AA‐5‐HT alleviates seizures in mice, an effect inhibited by CB1 antagonism, but not completely mimicked by TRPV1 blockage, indicating that the overall effect of AA‐5‐HT seems to depend mainly on CB1 receptors. This may represent a new strategy for the development of drugs against seizures, epilepsies and related syndromes.
Peripheral Antinociception and Anti‐Inflammatory Effects of Sulphated Polysaccharides from the Alga Caulerpa mexicana
Authors: Carneiro José Gerardo , Rodrigues José Ariévilo Gurgel , de Sousa Oliveira Vanderlei Edfranck , Souza Ricardo Basto , Quinderé Ana Luíza Gomes , Coura Chistiane Oliveira , de Araújo Ianna Wivianne Fernandes , Chaves Hellíada Vasconcelos , Bezerra Mirna Marques , Benevides Norma Maria Barros
Published: March 2014

Sulphated polysaccharides from marine algae are widely used in biotechnological and pharmaceutical areas. In this study, we evaluated the effects of sulphated polysaccharides from the green marine alga Caulerpa mexicana (Cm‐SPs) in nociceptive and inflammatory models in rodents. Cm‐SPs (10 or 20 mg/kg), administered i.v. in Swiss mice, significantly reduced nociceptive responses, as measured by the number of writhes in response to acetic acid. Cm‐SPs (10 or 20 mg/kg) also reduced second‐phase responses in the formalin test, but did not exhibit a significant antinociceptive effect in the hot plate test, suggesting that its antinociceptive action occurs through a peripheral mechanism. Cm‐SPs (5, 10 or 20 mg/kg), administered s.c. in wistar rats 1 hr before carrageenan, dextran, histamine or serotonin, were tested in paw oedema models. Cm‐SPs (10 or 20 mg/kg) reduced carrageenan‐induced paw oedema and myeloperoxidase activity in the paw. In addition, Cm‐SPs (20 mg/kg) inhibited dextran‐ or histamine‐induced paw oedema, but not serotonin‐induced oedema, suggesting that histamine is the major target of Cm‐SPs anti‐oedematogenic activity. Finally, Cm‐SPs (20 mg/kg) administered in mice did not show significant signs of toxicity. In conclusion, Cm‐SPs appear to be promising natural modulatory agents for pain and inflammatory conditions.
Effect of alcohol use on the course of bipolar disorder: one‐year follow‐up study using the daily prospective Life Chart method
Authors: van Zaane Jan , van de Ven Peter M , Draisma Stasja , Smit Johannes H , Nolen Willem A , van den Brink Wim
Published: March 2014

Objectives

Relatively little is known about the temporal relationship between alcohol use and subsequent mood changes in patients with bipolar disorder, and the available findings are inconsistent. The present study was a fine‐grained analysis of the temporal relationship between alcohol use and short‐term mood‐switching probabilities.

Methods

The study included 137 patients with bipolar disorder who performed daily self‐ratings of their mood symptoms and the number of alcohol units consumed for a period of up to 52 weeks by using the National Institute of Mental Health self‐rated prospective Life Chart Method. At baseline, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV was administered and demographic, social, and clinical characteristics were obtained. Multi‐state models were used to assess the impact of the number of alcoholic drinks on patients' transition through different states of mood (depression, euthymia, and mania).

Results

The effect of alcohol use on the change in mood states was limited. For women in a depressive state, higher alcohol use was associated with a shorter time before entering the euthymic state [hazard ratio (HR) = 1.18, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.03–1.36, p < 0.05], whereas, for men in an euthymic state, higher alcohol use was associated with a longer time before entering a manic state (HR = 0.81, 95% CI: 0.71–0.92, p < 0.05). The correlation between the consumed number of drinks per week and the average mood severity score of the following week was −0.01 (p < 0.001), indicating that only 0.01% of the variance in mood severity in this population is explained by alcohol use. Possible explanations for these findings are discussed.

Conclusions

The current study, using a fine‐grained analysis, suggests that alcohol use does not have a direct effect on the course of bipolar disorder in patients using mood stabilizers.
DNA copy number alterations mark disease progression in paediatric chronic myeloid leukaemia
Authors: van der Sligte Naomi E. , Krumbholz Manuela , Pastorczak Agata , Scheijen Blanca , Tauer Josephine T. , Nowasz Christina , Sonneveld Edwin , de Bock Geertruida H. , Meeuwsen‐de Boer Tiny G. J. , van Reijmersdal Simon , Kuiper Roland P. , Bradtke Jutta , Metzler Markus , Suttorp Meinolf , de Bont Evelina S. J. M. , van Leeuwen Frank N.
Published: March 2014

Early recognition of children with chronic phase chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML‐CP) at risk for developing a lymphoid blast crisis (LyBC) is desirable, because therapy options in CML‐LyBC are limited. We used Multiplex Ligation‐dependent Probe Amplification to determine whether B‐cell lymphoid leukaemia‐specific copy number alterations (CNAs) (e.g. IKZF1, PAX5, CDKN2A deletions) could be detected in CML‐CP and may be used to predict disease progression to LyBC. CNAs were detected in all patients with CML‐LyBC, but in none of the 77 patients with CML‐CP. Based on this study we conclude that CNAs remain a hallmark of disease progression.
Perioperative and renal functional outcomes of elective robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) for renal tumours with high surgical complexity
Authors: Volpe Alessandro , Garrou Diletta , Amparore Daniele , De Naeyer Geert , Porpiglia Francesco , Ficarra Vincenzo , Mottrie Alexandre
Published: March 2014

Objective

To evaluate the perioperative, postoperative and functional outcomes of robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy (RAPN) for renal tumours with high surgical complexity at a large volume centre.

Patients and Methods

Perioperative and functional outcomes of RAPNs for renal tumours with a Preoperative Aspects and Dimensions Used for an Anatomical (PADUA) score of ≥10 performed at our institution between September 2006 and December 2012 were collected in a prospectively maintained database and analysed. Surgical complications were graded according to the Clavien‐Dindo classification. Serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were assessed at the third postoperative day and 3–6 months after RAPN.

Results

In all, 44 RAPNs for renal tumours with PADUA scores of ≥10 were included in the analysis; 23 tumours (52.3%) were cT1b. The median (interquartile range; range) operative time, estimated blood loss and warm ischaemia time (WIT) were 120 (94, 132; 60–230) min, 150 (80, 200; 25–1200) mL and 16 (13.8, 18; 5–35) min, respectively. Two intraoperative complications occurred (4.5%): one inferior vena caval injury and one bleed from the renal bed, which were both managed robotically. There were postoperative complications in 10 patients (22.7%), of whom four (9.1%) were high Clavien grade, including two bleeds that required percutaneous embolisation, one urinoma that resolved with ureteric stenting and one bowel occlusion managed with laparoscopic adhesiolysis. Two patients (4.5%) had positive surgical margins (PSMs) and were followed expectantly with no radiological recurrence at a mean follow‐up of 23 months. The mean serum creatinine levels were significantly increased after surgery (121.1 vs 89.3 μmol/L; P = 0.001), but decreased over time, with no significant differences from the preoperative values at the 6‐month follow‐up (96.4 vs 89.3 μmol/L; P = 0.09). The same trend was seen for eGFR.

Conclusion

In experienced hands RAPN for renal tumours with a PADUA score of ≥10 is feasible with short WIT, acceptable major complication rate and good long‐term renal functional outcomes. A slightly higher risk of PSMs can be expected due to the high surgical complexity of these lesions. The robotic technology allows a safe expansion of the indications of minimally invasive PN to anatomically very challenging renal lesions in referral centres.
Technical and biological complications of single‐molar implant restorations
Authors: Rinke Sven , Roediger Matthias , Eickholz Peter , Lange Katharina , Ziebolz Dirk
Published: March 2014

Objectives

Retrospective evaluation of the biological and technical complications in implant‐supported single‐tooth molar restorations performed in a private practice after functional periods of ≥4 years.

Material and Methods

Sixty‐five patients (34 females, age 51.7 ± 10.6 years) with 112 implants received annual follow‐up examinations and participated in a maintenance program. The survival (in situ) and success (complication‐free) rates of implants and superstructures were evaluated. Time‐dependent peri‐implantitis rates were calculated, and the influencing factors were identified using a multiple Cox regression.

Results

The implant survival rate was 100%. Three of 112 crowns required replacement (prosthetic survival rate = 98.1%). Thirty technical complications were observed: loss of retention (16), ceramic fracture (10), and screw loosening (4). The success rate of the superstructures was 79.0% after 7 years. Overall, 9.2% of the patients developed peri‐implantitis (probing depth ≥5 mm, BOP, suppuration, bone loss ≥3.5 mm); (smokers: 41.6%, non‐smokers: 1.8%). After 7 years, the time‐dependent implant success rate (free of peri‐implantitis) was 100% for non‐smokers and 58.6% for smokers. Multiple analysis showed a significant effect of smoking (hazard ratio, 19.5; P = 0.008) on peri‐implantitis.

Conclusions

Implants with cemented single‐tooth restorations in the molar region constitute a reliable treatment in private practice. Smokers have a significantly increased peri‐implantitis rate.
Offsetting the Impacts of Mining to Achieve No Net Loss of Native Vegetation
Authors: SONTER L. J. , BARRETT D. J. , SOARES‐FILHO B. S.
Published: March 2014

Offsets are a novel conservation tool, yet using them to achieve no net loss of biodiversity is challenging. This is especially true when using conservation offsets (i.e., protected areas) because achieving no net loss requires avoiding equivalent loss. Our objective was to determine if offsetting the impacts of mining achieves no net loss of native vegetation in Brazil's largest iron mining region. We used a land‐use change model to simulate deforestation by mining to 2020; developed a model to allocate conservation offsets to the landscape under 3 scenarios (baseline, no new offsets; current practice, like‐for‐like [by vegetation type] conservation offsetting near the impact site; and threat scenario, like‐for‐like conservation offsetting of highly threatened vegetation); and simulated nonmining deforestation to 2020 for each scenario to quantify avoided deforestation achieved with offsets. Mines cleared 3570 ha of native vegetation by 2020. Under a 1:4 offset ratio, mining companies would be required to conserve >14,200 ha of native vegetation, doubling the current extent of protected areas in the region. Allocating offsets under current practice avoided deforestation equivalent to 3% of that caused by mining, whereas allocating under the threat scenario avoided 9%. Current practice failed to achieve no net loss because offsets did not conserve threatened vegetation. Explicit allocation of offsets to threatened vegetation also failed because the most threatened vegetation was widely dispersed across the landscape, making conservation logistically difficult. To achieve no net loss with conservation offsets requires information on regional deforestation trajectories and the distribution of threatened vegetation. However, in some regions achieving no net loss through conservation may be impossible. In these cases, other offsetting activities, such as revegetation, will be required.

Compensación de los Impactos de la Minería para Obtener Ninguna Pérdida Neta de la Vegetación Nativa
SOCIAL DRINKING VERSUS ADMINISTERING ALCOHOL
Authors: FRANK BJÖRN , HAUCAP JUSTUS , HERR ANNIKA
Published: March 2014

Alcohol consumption tends to make some people (unwillingly) tell the truth, hence social drinking can serve as a signal in social contact games. We provide empirical evidence which shows that social drinking can serve as a trust facilitating mechanism. Liver cirrhosis mortality and the rate of abstainers are used to construct a novel index of moderate alcohol consumption, which correlates with trust levels in a cross‐country analysis.(JEL L14, D82, D71)
GABAergic transmission in rat pontine reticular formation regulates the induction phase of anesthesia and modulates hyperalgesia caused by sleep deprivation
Authors: Vanini Giancarlo , Nemanis Kriste , Baghdoyan Helen A. , Lydic Ralph
Published: March 2014

The oral part of the pontine reticular formation (PnO) contributes to the regulation of sleep, anesthesia and pain. The role of PnO γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in modulating these states remains incompletely understood. The present study used time to loss and time to resumption of righting response (LoRR and RoRR) as surrogate measures of loss and resumption of consciousness. This study tested three hypotheses: (i) pharmacologically manipulating GABA levels in rat PnO alters LoRR, RoRR and nociception; (ii) propofol decreases GABA levels in the PnO; and (iii) inhibiting GABA synthesis in the PnO blocks hyperalgesia caused by sleep deprivation. Administering a GABA synthesis inhibitor [3‐mercaptopropionic acid (3‐MPA)] or a GABA uptake inhibitor [nipecotic acid (NPA)] into rat PnO significantly altered LoRR caused by propofol. 3‐MPA significantly decreased LoRR for propofol (−18%). NPA significantly increased LoRR during administration of propofol (36%). Neither 3‐MPA nor NPA altered RoRR following cessation of propofol or isoflurane delivery. The finding that LoRR was decreased by 3‐MPA and increased by NPA is consistent with measures showing that extracellular GABA levels in the PnO were decreased (41%) by propofol. Thermal nociception was significantly decreased by 3‐MPA and increased by NPA, and 3‐MPA blocked the hyperalgesia caused by sleep deprivation. The results demonstrate that GABA levels in the PnO regulate the time for loss of consciousness caused by propofol, extend the concept that anesthetic induction and emergence are not inverse processes, and suggest that GABAergic transmission in the PnO mediates hyperalgesia caused by sleep loss.
Contemporary evolution of an invasive grass in response to elevated atmospheric CO2 at a Mojave Desert FACE site
Authors: Grossman Judah D. , Rice Kevin J.
Published: March 2014

Elevated atmospheric CO2 has been shown to rapidly alter plant physiology and ecosystem productivity, but contemporary evolutionary responses to increased CO2 have yet to be demonstrated in the field. At a Mojave Desert FACE (free‐air CO2 enrichment) facility, we tested whether an annual grass weed (Bromus madritensis ssp. rubens) has evolved in response to elevated atmospheric CO2. Within 7 years, field populations exposed to elevated CO2 evolved lower rates of leaf stomatal conductance; a physiological adaptation known to conserve water in other desert or water‐limited ecosystems. Evolution of lower conductance was accompanied by reduced plasticity in upregulating conductance when CO2 was more limiting; this reduction in conductance plasticity suggests that genetic assimilation may be ongoing. Reproductive fitness costs associated with this reduction in phenotypic plasticity were demonstrated under ambient levels of CO2. Our findings suggest that contemporary evolution may facilitate this invasive species' spread in this desert ecosystem.
Activating transcription factor 4 regulates adipocyte differentiation via altering the coordinate expression of CCATT/enhancer binding protein β and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ
Authors: Yu Kaifan , Mo Delin , Wu Ming , Chen Hu , Chen Luxi , Li Mingsen , Chen Yaosheng
Published: March 2014

Adipose tissue is crucial for energy homeostasis and is a topic interest with respect to investigating the regulation of adipose tissue formation for the ever‐increasing health concerns of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Adipocyte differentiation is tightly regulated by the characteristic sequential expression change of adipocyte genes, including members of the CCATT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcription factors, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ and tribbles homolog 3. In the present study, we demonstrate that C/EBPβ and peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (but not tribbles homolog 3) are targeted for activation by activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4), a member of cAMP response element‐binding/activator transcription factor family. Importantly, overexpression of ATF4 in 3T3‐L1 cells enhanced adipogenesis, whereas small‐interfering ATF4 blocked conversion of preadipocytes to adipocytes. These findings were accomplished by altering the coordinate expression of adipogenic transcription factors. Taken together, our results suggest that ATF4 is a positive regulator of adipocyte differentiation. This notion is also supported by the results of the present study showing that the expression of ATF4 is induced during adipocyte differentiation. Thus, ATF4 could be an important regulator of energy homeostasis.
3‐Hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase‐2 and ferritin‐H synergistically regulate intracellular iron
Authors: Liu Zhuoming , Velpula Kiran K. , Devireddy Lax
Published: March 2014

Siderophores are best known as small iron‐binding molecules that facilitate iron uptake in bacteria and fungi. In our previous study, we demonstrated that eukaryotes also produce siderophore‐like molecules via a remarkably conserved biosynthetic pathway. A member of the short‐chain dehydrogenase family of reductases, 3‐hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase‐2, catalyzes a rate‐limiting step in the biogenesis of the mammalian siderophore. Physiologically, depletion of the mammalian siderophore by inhibiting expression of the 3‐hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase‐2 gene (Bdh2) results in abnormal accumulation of intracellular iron, increased oxidative stress, and mitochondrial iron deficiency. Thus, the mammalian siderophore is an important regulator of cellular iron homeostasis. The cellular iron storage protein ferritin also regulates iron metabolism and protects cells from oxidative stress. Depletion of ferritin results in intracellular iron accumulation, predisposes to oxidative stress, and confers a growth advantage to cells. We therefore hypothesize that the siderophore and ferritin coregulate cellular iron metabolism/homeostasis in eukaryotes. We tested this prediction by depleting both the siderophore and ferritin. This resulted in a marked accumulation of cellular iron, and caused increased sensitivity to oxidants. Interestingly, cells lacking both the siderophore and ferritin proliferated at a higher rate than cells lacking either of these components alone. Taken together, our findings suggest that the siderophore and ferritin synergistically regulate cellular iron levels.
L‐Asp is a useful tool in the purification of the ionotropic glutamate receptor A2 ligand‐binding domain
Authors: Krintel Christian , Frydenvang Karla , Ceravalls de Rabassa Anna , Kærn Anne M. , Gajhede Michael , Pickering Darryl S. , Kastrup Jette S.
Published: March 2014

In purification of the ionotropic glutamate receptor A2 (GluA2) ligand‐binding domain (LBD), l‐Glu‐supplemented buffers have previously been used for protein stabilization during the procedure. This sometimes hampers structural studies of low‐affinity ligands, because l‐Glu is difficult to displace, despite extensive dialysis. Here, we show that l‐Asp binds to full‐length GluA2 with low affinity (Ki = 0.63 mm) and to the GluA2 LBD with even lower affinity (Ki = 2.6 mm), and we use differential scanning fluorimetry to show that l‐Asp is able to stabilize the isolated GluA2 LBD. We also show that l‐Asp can replace l‐Glu during purification, providing both equal yields and purity of the resulting protein sample. Furthermore, we solved three structures of the GluA2 LBD in the presence of 7.5, 50 and 250 mm l‐Asp. Surprisingly, with 7.5 mm l‐Asp, the GluA2 LBD crystallized as a mixed dimer, with l‐Glu being present in one subunit, and neither l‐Asp nor l‐Glu being present in the other subunit. Thus, residual l‐Glu is retained from the expression medium. On the other hand, only l‐Asp was found at the binding site when 50 or 250 mm l‐Asp was used for crystallization. The binding mode observed for l‐Asp at the GluA2 LBD is very similar to that described for l‐Glu. Taking our findings together, we have shown that l‐Asp can be used instead of l‐Glu for ligand‐dependent stabilization of the GluA2 LBD during purification. This will enable structural studies of low‐affinity ligands for lead optimization in structure‐based drug design.

Database

Structural data are available in the Protein Data Bank under accession numbers 4O3B (7.5 mm l‐Asp), 4O3C (50 mm l‐Asp), and 4O3A (250 mm l‐Asp)

Structured digital abstract

GluA2 and GluA2 bind by x-ray crystallography (View interaction)
Lake eutrophication and its implications for organic carbon sequestration in Europe
Authors: Anderson N. J. , Bennion H. , Lotter A. F.
Published: March 2014

The eutrophication of lowland lakes in Europe by excess nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) is severe because of the long history of land‐cover change and agricultural intensification. The ecological and socio‐economic effects of eutrophication are well understood but its effect on organic carbon (OC) sequestration by lakes and its change overtime has not been determined. Here, we compile data from ~90 culturally impacted European lakes [~60% are eutrophic, Total P (TP) >30 μg P l−1] and determine the extent to which OC burial rates have increased over the past 100–150 years. The average focussing corrected, OC accumulation rate (C ARFC) for the period 1950–1990 was ~60 g C m−2 yr−1, and for lakes with >100 μg TP l−1 the average was ~100 g C m−2 yr−1. The ratio of post‐1950 to 1900–1950 C AR is low (~1.5) indicating that C accumulation rates have been high throughout the 20th century. Compared to background estimates of OC burial (~5–10 g C m−2 yr−1), contemporary rates have increased by at least four to fivefold. The statistical relationship between C ARFC and TP derived from this study (r2 = 0.5) can be used to estimate OC burial at sites lacking estimates of sediment C‐burial. The implications of eutrophication, diagenesis, lake morphometry and sediment focussing as controls of OC burial rates are considered. A conservative interpretation of the results of the this study suggests that lowland European meso‐ to eutrophic lakes with >30 μg TP l−1 had OC burial rates in excess of 50 g C m−2 yr−1 over the past century, indicating that previous estimates of regional lake OC burial have seriously underestimated their contribution to European carbon sequestration. Enhanced OC burial by lakes is one positive side‐effect of the otherwise negative impact of the anthropogenic disruption of nutrient cycles.