bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Umwelttechnische Aspekte des Einsatzes von Schlacken als Versatz im Bergbau
Authors: Höllen Daniel , Galler Robert , Eisenberger Martin , Pomberger Roland
Published: June 2014

Bergversatz ist die zur Prävention von Bergschäden erforderliche Verfüllung unterirdischer Hohlräume. Die Verfahrensrichtlinie des Bergmännischen Verbands Österreich (BVÖ) legt die Anforderungen an die verwendeten Versatzmaterialien fest. Versatzmaterialien aus Sekundärrohstoffen, die aus ressourcenökonomischer Sicht eigens zu diesem Zweck abgebauten Primärrohstoffen vorzuziehen sind, sofern keine bergbaueigenen Materialien in ausreichender Menge zur Verfügung stehen, können diese Anforderungen unter gewissen Voraussetzungen erfüllen. Der Einsatz von Sekundärrohstoffen als Versatzmaterial stellt in diesem Fall eine stoffliche Verwertung im Sinne der Abfallhierarchie dar. Die Zulässigkeit dieser Verwertung hängt maßgeblich von der mineralogisch‐hydrogeochemischen Beurteilung der Auswirkungen des Einsatzes sekundärer Versatzmaterialien auf die Umwelt ab. Schlacken der Metallurgie, die aus felsmechanischen Gründen geeignete Versatzmaterialien darstellen, entsprechen unter gewissen Voraussetzungen auch den umweltgeochemischen Anforderungen. Anhand des Beispiels von Chrom in Stahlwerksschlacken wird gezeigt, welche Aspekte bei der Beurteilung dieser Fragestellung im individuell zu beurteilenden Einzelfall zu prüfen sind.

Environmental aspects of the application of slags as backfill material in mines

Backfilling of subterraneous cavities is necessary to prevent subsidence damages. The guideline of the Austrian Miner's Association (German: Bergmännischer Verband Österreich, BVÖ) defines the requirements for the applied backfill materials. Backfill materials from secondary resources, which should be preferred to primary resources, if the latter are extracted especially for this purpose, can fulfill these requirements under certain conditions. The application of secondary resources as backfill material represents material recycling in terms of the waste hierarchy. The admissibility of this recycling depends significantly on the mineralogical and hydrogeochemical evaluation of the effects of the application of secondary backfill materials on the environment. Metallurgical slags, which represent suitable backfill materials from the point of view of rock mechanics, correspond also to the environmental requirements under certain circumstances. By means of the example of chromium in steel slags it is shown which aspects have to be considered when evaluating the application of secondary resources as backfill materials in every case which has to judged individually.
Nutzbarmachung von Staub in Strebbetrieben mit schneidenden Gewinnungsmaschinen
Authors: Nienhaus Karl , Fietz Nina , Philipp Matthias
Published: June 2014

Durch die Entwicklung von Staub im Zuge der schneidenden Gewinnung von Steinkohle kann eine gesundheitsgefährdende Atmosphäre entstehen. Mit sinkender Korngröße des Staubs lässt sich dieser einatmen und das Risiko, an einer Pneumokoniose zu erkranken, steigt. Durch die staubhaltige Atmosphäre verstärkt sich das Risiko von Staubexplosionen im Zusammenhang mit Grubengasexplosionen deutlich. Im Gewinnungsbetrieb flözartiger Lagerstätten ist die Staubentwicklung von zahlreichen Betriebs‐ und Maschinenparametern beeinflusst. Hierzu zählen unter anderem der Rückvorgang des Schildausbaus, die Förderergeschwindigkeiten – insbesondere an den Übergabestellen –, die Parameter der eingesetzten Brecher sowie die Wettergeschwindigkeit. Ein Großteil des Staubs entsteht beim Löseprozess des hereinzugewinnenden Materials durch den Walzenlader. Dieser Prozess ist wiederum von zahlreichen Parametern wie den eingesetzten Werkzeugen, Schnittgeschwindigkeiten und Schnitttiefen abhängig.

Die Freisetzung von Staub lässt sich in Gewinnungsbetrieben nicht vollständig vermeiden, sondern durch geeignete Verfahren (z.B. Bedüsung des hereingewonnenen Materials) bestenfalls vermindern. Dieses zwangsweise freigesetzte “Gefahrgut” kann jedoch für eine Materialanalyse genutzt werden, um beispielsweise Kohle von Nebengestein bereits während des Schneidprozesses zu unterscheiden. Auf Basis dieser Informationen kann der Walzenlader automatisiert gesteuert werden, sodass die Anwesenheit eines Maschinenbedieners in der Gefahrenzone nicht mehr zwingend erforderlich ist.

Utilizing of dust in longwalls with cutting operation

Dust generation during hard coal extraction by cutting strongly affects the health of humans. With decreasing particle size, the risk of inhaling the dust increases and, therefore, the risk of inflicting pneumoconiosis rises. Additionally, the presence of dust increases the hazard of dust explosions which can result in a high degree of damage when combined with firedamp explosions. During the extraction of hard coal by shearer loaders, numerous factors affecting dust generation are present. These factors can affect each other and are generated by movement of the shields, AFC and feeder breakers as well as mine ventilation. The major amount of the dust, however, is generated by the shearer loader itself, influenced by, for instance, pick geometry, pick material and wear as well as the gap space between intersection lines.

The release of dust during cutting cannot be avoided, but is limited by numerous measures, including venturi sprays on the drum. For automating the extraction of hard coal, however, the released dust during cutting can be utilized for material analysis of the extracted material. This has the advantage of utilizing a potentially dangerous medium and, additionally, of reducing the present amount of dust in the atmosphere and minimizing health and safety risks for machine operators.
Metabolite characterisation in peritoneal dialysis effluent using high‐resolution 1H and 1H–13C NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Guleria Anupam , Bajpai Nitin Kumar , Rawat Atul , Khetrapal C. L. , Prasad Narayan , Kumar Dinesh
Published: June 2014

Metabolite analysis of peritoneal dialysis (PD) effluent may provide information regarding onset and progression of complications associated with prolonged PD therapy. In this context, the nuclear magnetic resonance detectable small metabolites of PD effluent samples were characterised using high‐resolution 1H and 1H–13C NMR spectroscopy. The various spectra were recorded (at 800 MHz proton frequency) on PD effluent samples obtained after 4‐h (intraperitoneal) dwell time from patients with end‐stage renal failure and continuing normally on PD therapy. In spite of devastating spectral feature of PD effluent due to the presence of intense resonances from glucose and lactate, we were able to identify 53 small endogenous metabolites (including many complex coupled spin systems) and more than 90% of the total CH cross peaks of 1H–13C heteronuclear single‐quantum correlation spectrum specific to various metabolites of PD effluent. We foresee that the characteristic fingerprints of various metabolites of control PD effluent samples will be used to identify and distinguish metabolic differences from PD‐related complications. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐dimensional spectroscopic imaging with combined free induction decay and long‐TE acquisition (FID echo spectroscopic imaging, FIDESI) for the detection of intramyocellular lipids in calf muscle at 7 T
Authors: Just Kukurova Ivica , Valkovič Ladislav , Bogner Wolfgang , Gajdošík Martin , Krššák Martin , Gruber Stephan , Trattnig Siegfried , Chmelík Marek
Published: June 2014

The aim of this study was to introduce a two‐dimensional chemical shift imaging (2D CSI) sequence, with simultaneous acquisition of free induction decay (FID) and long TEs, for the detection and quantification of intramyocellular lipids (IMCLs) in the calf at 7 T. The feasibility of the new 2D CSI sequence, which acquires FID (acquisition delay, 1.3 ms) and an echo (long TE) in one measurement, was evaluated in phantoms and volunteers (n = 5): TR/TE*/TE = 800/1.3/156 ms; 48 × 48 matrix; field of view, 200 × 200 × 20 mm3; Hamming filter; no water suppression; measurement time, 22 min 2 s. The IMCL concentration and subcutaneous lipid contamination were assessed. Spectra in the tibialis anterior (TA), gastrocnemius (GM) and soleus (SOL) muscles were analyzed. The water signal from the FID acquisition was used as an internal concentration reference. In the spectra from subcutaneous adipose tissue (SUB) and bone marrow (BM), an unsaturation index (UI) of the vinyl‐H (5.3 ppm) to methyl‐CH3 ratio, and a polyunsaturation index (pUI) of the diallylic‐H (2.77 ppm) to ‐CH3 ratio, were calculated. Long‐TE spectra from muscles showed a simplified spectral pattern with well‐separated IMCL for several muscle groups in the same scan. The IMCL to water ratio was largest in SOL (0.66% ± 0.23%), and lower in GM (0.37% ± 0.14%) and TA (0.36% ± 0.12%). UI and pUI for SUB were 0.65 ± 0.06 and 0.18 ± 0.04, respectively, and for BM were 0.60 ± 0.16 and 0.18 ± 0.08, respectively. The new sequence, with the proposed name ‘free induction decay echo spectroscopic imaging’ (FIDESI), provides information on both specific lipid resonances and water signal from different tissues in the calf, with high spectral and spatial resolution, as well as minimal voxel bleeding and subcutaneous lipid contamination, in clinically acceptable measurement times. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A lockfree shared memory design for high‐throughput multicore packet traffic capture
Authors: Zhanikeev Marat
Published: June 2014

Earlier study by this author has shown that traffic can be captured in multicore architectures with negligible overhead, thus introducing the topic of multicore parallelization into packet traffic analysis. Designs that involve locking or message passing are considered default in parallel processing, which is incompatible with packet traffic with its high throughput and small grain. This paper proposes a new design for shared memory which can be used by any number of processes completely lockfree. Analysis of processing overhead and C/C + + implementation of the design are presented. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Potential upstream regulators of cannabinoid receptor 1 signaling in prostate cancer: A Bayesian network analysis of data from a tissue microarray
Authors: Häggström Jenny , Cipriano Mariateresa , Forshell Linus Plym , Persson Emma , Hammarsten Peter , Stella Nephi , Fowler Christopher J.
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUND

The endocannabinoid system regulates cancer cell proliferation, and in prostate cancer a high cannabinoid CB1 receptor expression is associated with a poor prognosis. Down‐stream mediators of CB1 receptor signaling in prostate cancer are known, but information on potential upstream regulators is lacking.

RESULTS

Data from a well‐characterized tumor tissue microarray were used for a Bayesian network analysis using the max‐min hill‐climbing method. In non‐malignant tissue samples, a directionality of pEGFR (the phosphorylated form of the epidermal growth factor receptor) → CB1 receptors were found regardless as to whether the endocannabinoid metabolizing enzyme fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) was included as a parameter. A similar result was found in the tumor tissue, but only when FAAH was included in the analysis. A second regulatory pathway, from the growth factor receptor ErbB2 → FAAH was also identified in the tumor samples. Transfection of AT1 prostate cancer cells with CB1 receptors induced a sensitivity to the growth‐inhibiting effects of the CB receptor agonist CP55,940. The sensitivity was not dependent upon the level of receptor expression. Thus a high CB1 receptor expression alone does not drive the cells towards a survival phenotype in the presence of a CB receptor agonist.

CONCLUSIONS

The data identify two potential regulators of the endocannabinoid system in prostate cancer and allow the construction of a model of a dysregulated endocannabinoid signaling network in this tumor. Further studies should be designed to test the veracity of the predictions of the network analysis in prostate cancer and other solid tumors. Prostate 74:1107–1117, 2014. © 2014 The Authors. The Prostate published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toxicity of hiba oil constituents and spray formulations to American house dust mites and copra mites
Authors: Kim Jun‐Ran , Perumalsamy Haribalan , Kwon Min Jung , Chae Se Um , Ahn Young‐Joon
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUND

Dermatophagoides farinae and Tyrophagus putrescentiae are recognised as an important source of allergens. An assessment was made of the toxicity of hiba, Thujopsis dolabrata var. hondai, oil and 13 organic compounds and the control efficacy of four experimental spray formulations containing the oil (5–30 g L−1 spray) against both mite species.

RESULTS

In a contact + fumigant mortality bioassay, (−)‐thujopsene was the most toxic constituent against D. farinae and T. putrescentiae (24 h LC50 9.82 and 10.92 µg cm−2), and the toxicity of the compound was nearly identical to that of benzyl benzoate (9.33 and 10.14 µg cm−2). The toxicity was more pronounced in carvacrol, (+)‐terpinen‐4‐ol, β‐thujaplicin, (−)‐terpinen‐4‐ol, cedrol and α‐terpineol (LC50 12.05–15.20 and 12.74–16.48 µg cm−2) than in N,N‐diethyl‐3‐methylbenzamide (LC50 35.53 and 38.42 µg cm−2) against both mite species. The hiba oil 30 g L−1 spray and commercial permethrin (cis:trans 25:75) 2.5 g L−1 spray treatment resulted in 100 and 11% mortality against the two mite species respectively. In vapour‐phase mortality tests, the two compounds were consistently more toxic in closed versus open containers, indicating that toxicity was achieved mainly through the action of vapour.

CONCLUSION

Reasonable mite control in indoor environments can be achieved by a spray formulation containing the 30 g L−1 hiba oil as a potential contact‐action fumigant. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Mating disruption of Spilonota ocellana and other apple orchard tortricids using a multispecies reservoir dispenser
Authors: Porcel Mario , Sjöberg Patrick , Swiergiel Weronika , Dinwiddie Robert , Rämert Birgitta , Tasin Marco
Published: June 2014

BACKGROUND

A new mating disruption formulation for population control of a wide range of tortricid pests, including Spilonota ocellana, was tested in Swedish apple orchards during 2012–2013. Owing to the characteristics of the local agricultural landscape, mating disruption was evaluated in isolated orchards rather than through an area‐wide approach. Parameters such as trap shutdown, communication disruption in field cages, damage level and dispenser emission were measured as efficacy indicators.

RESULTS

The test formulation reduced the catches in monitoring traps for the entire range of the tested species. In field cages, communication between sexes was disrupted for both Adoxophyes orana and Cydia pomonella. The fruit damage caused by leafrollers (including S. ocellana) was reduced by the treatment. The device showed a constant release of all components for the entire flight activity period of these pests.

CONCLUSION

Single‐orchard experiments showed a significant effect on field populations of the leafroller species complex. While promising, in light of the variability of the result, field scouting may be required to enable practitioners to estimate the density of the pests and avoid possible unexpected attacks. Additional experiments are needed to evaluate the efficacy of the product against C. pomonella. © 2014 Society of Chemical Industry
Constrained Online Optimization Using Evolutionary Operation: A Case Study About Energy‐Optimal Robot Control
Authors: Rutten Koen , De Baerdemaeker Josse , Stoev Julian , Witters Maarten , De Ketelaere Bart
Published: June 2014

Optimization of full‐scale processes during regular production is a challenge that is often encountered in practice, requiring specialized approaches that only introduce small perturbations so that production does not need to be interrupted. Based on a case study, we discuss the potential of Evolutionary Operation (EVOP) derived methods. The case study relates to a badminton robot that has to perform point‐to‐point motions during a fixed time interval, based on two operation modes: time‐optimal motion, which ensures maximum precision but highest energy consumption, and energy‐optimal motion, which decreases the energy consumption, but as a trade‐off also lowers the precision. The current standard mode of operation is the energy‐optimal mode that is constructed from off‐line optimization on simulations. An online EVOP steepest ascent optimization to further reduce the energy consumption by fine‐tuning the implemented energy‐optimal mode was implemented. The constrained nature of the problem, where energy needs to be minimized subject to a time constraint, was transformed to an unconstrained single‐objective optimization using Derringer desirability functions. Two important contributions were made: (i) the online optimization of the energy‐optimal motion lowered the energy consumption by 4.7% while keeping the precision constant and (ii) the more stringent time‐constraints implemented in desirability functions lead to an operation mode with maximum precision and 51.7% less energy consumption than the current time‐optimal motion. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring and Diagnosing Process Loss Using a Weighted‐Loss Control Chart
Authors: Yang Su‐Fen , Lin Liang‐Yu
Published: June 2014

Product and service quality and productivity loss are all crucial competitive factors of companies in numerous industries. The loss function is a popular method for measuring the loss caused by variations in product or service quality. This study proposes a weighted‐loss (WL) control chart to monitor the loss variation among manufacturing or service processes. Because loss is caused by a quality variable deviating from its target value, we set up two corresponding control charts to diagnose the sources of out‐of‐control loss and implement processes to correct these losses. We further present a WL chart using optimal variable sampling intervals (VSIs) in order to detect out‐of‐control losses faster compared with a WL chart using a fixed sampling interval (FSI). An example then demonstrates and evaluates the ability of the proposed VSI WL control chart to monitor and diagnose out‐of‐control process loss. Numerical analyses indicate that the optimal VSI WL chart outperforms the FSI WL chart, the joint and S2 charts and the VSI Average Loss chart in detecting out‐of‐control process loss. Thus, the proposed VSI WL chart is recommended. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Density‐matrix theory of quantum dynamics under a strong external field switched on nonadiabatically
Authors: Kitamura H.
Published: June 2014

Quantum time‐evolution equations for the density matrix are formulated in the unrestricted Hartree–Fock approximation, with an emphasis on the nonperturbative effect due to a sudden or gradual onset of a strong external field. Numerical simulations are performed for ideal Fermi gas around a square‐well potential which is switched on dynamically. When the switching is fast enough, an oscillatory motion of the particle is induced by a nonadiabatic transition at the Landau–Zener crossing point, which is most clearly seen in a small‐size system. When the switching is sufficiently slow, the simulation corroborates the adiabatic theorem. It is shown that the Anderson's infrared catastrophe in a metal is strongly enhanced by the nonperturbative effect. The Keldysh formula of atomic multiphoton ionization can also be derived from the nonperturbative term in the density‐matrix equation, indicating a wide applicability of the present theory. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An improved authentication scheme for mobile satellite communication systems
Authors: Zhang Yuanyuan , Chen Jianhua , Huang Baojun
Published: June 2014

Recently, Lee et al. proposed a simple and efficient authentication scheme for mobile satellite communication systems. However, we find that their scheme is vulnerable to the smart card loss attack, the denial of service attack and the replay attack. To overcome the weaknesses of Lee et al.'s scheme, we proposed an authentication scheme for mobile satellite communication systems to improve security. The proposed scheme possesses the essential properties and security requirements, which should be considered for the authentication scheme of mobile satellite communication systems. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pyranosides with 2,3‐trans Carbamate Groups: Exocyclic or Endocyclic Cleavage Reaction?
Authors: Manabe Shino , Ito Yukishige
Published: June 2014

Pyranosides with 2,3‐trans carbamate groups exhibit high 1,2‐cis selectivity in glycosylation reactions. Using glycosyl donors with N‐benzyl 2,3‐trans carbamate groups, an anti‐Helicobacter pylori oligosaccharide was synthesized in an efficient manner. Moreover, pyranosides with 2,3‐trans carbamate groups readily undergo anomerization from the β to the α configuration under mild acidic conditions via endocyclic cleavage. Acyclic cations generated during the endocyclic cleavage reaction were captured using reduction and intramolecular Friedel–Crafts reaction. By exploiting this anomerization, multiply aligned 1,2‐trans glycosyl bonds can be transformed to 1,2‐cis glycosyl bonds in a single operation.
High‐throughput selective cooperation with complex field network coding in multiuser networks
Authors: Wang Gengrun , Guo Daoxing , Liu Aijun , Zhang Bangning
Published: June 2014

In this paper, a cooperation system suitable for networks with multiple users is proposed. In the first phase of the cooperation, the user who has correctly decoded the source signal and has the best channel condition is selected as the relay. Given that the best relay selected by one source–destination (s‐d) pair may also be selected by other pairs, complex field network coding (CFNC) is adopted by the relay in the second phase, to provide diversity gains for the s‐d pairs simultaneously. The number of channels used is reduced, thus increasing the network throughput. Additionally, this system makes up for the performance loss of the traditional CFNC cooperation in large‐scale networks by achieving more diversity gains. Especially, a closed‐form expression of the average signal error probability (SEP) is derived for small‐scale networks, while an upper‐bound estimation is given for larger networks. It is demonstrated that the system achieves full diversity and is robust. To improve the SEP performance of the system, the receiver is modified, and the results demonstrate desirable average SEP performance. Finally, the analytical results are validated by numerical simulations. © 2014 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Digital Storytelling Revisited
Authors: Shelby‐Caffey Crystal , Úbéda Edwin , Jenkins Bethany
Published: June 2014

Digital storytelling has emerged as an innovative practice that allows students deeper engagement with content while encouraging the use of critical thinking and technological skills needed to navigate the ever changing digital terrain of the 21st century. The integration of traditional and new literacy practices is evident throughout the process of creating a digital story. Students use and enhance their reading and writing skills during the creation of a story that ultimately plays out as a digital movie. Within this article, the authors describe how a traditionally trained fifth grade teacher moved beyond her initial avoidance of technology and reframed literacy instruction in her classroom to incorporate digital storytelling. The article provides an illustration of how traditional literacy practices can be merged with new literacy practices to enhance teaching and learning.
A comparative study on thermomechanical and rheological characteristics of graphite/polypropylene nanocomposites: Highlighting the role of mixing
Authors: Fasihi Mohammad , Garmabi Hamid , Reza Ghaffarian Seyed , Ohshima Masahiro
Published: June 2014

The thermomechanical and rheological properties of various graphite/long‐chain branched polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites prepared by different mixing methods have been addressed in the current work. To improve the degree of dispersion of graphite throughout the PP domains, solid‐state milling was carried out and followed by low‐temperature melt processing in the range of melting point and the crystallization temperature of PP. As a result, the well‐dispersed graphite/PP nanocomposites revealed a higher degree of plastic deformation and energy to break in the tensile test; moreover, interestingly, nanocomposites based on branched PP showed a lower zero shear viscosity and lower isothermal crystallization rate. It was speculated that the unexpected decrease in zero shear viscosity arose from the disentanglement of the long‐chain branches in particular, when an exfoliated morphology existed within the PP matrix. J. VINYL ADDIT. TECHNOL., 21:12–17, 2015. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers
Stability and seismicity of fractal fault systems in a fractional image
Authors: Gorenfloy R. , Gudehus G. , Touplikiotis A.
Published: June 2014

Fractal fault systems are analyzed mechanically by means of the fractional calculus. Small elastic deviations from equilibrium are captured by vectorial wave equations which imply elastic energy and conservation of momentum with spatio‐temporal isofractality. Laplace and Fourier transformations lead to an eigenvalue problem which enables a diagonalization for the stable range with convex elastic energy. A degenerate fractional wave equation is proposed for a collapse at the verge of stability. The divergence at collapse is limited to small ranges and times. Substituting such a jerk by a stress jump, its propagation into a stable near‐field is analyzed with a commuted isofractional wave equation. Novel solutions are presented which capture some features of earthquakes. These findings can be extended with less symmetry than first assumed for the ease of presentation. The outlook comprehends anelastic effects, coupling with pore water and multi‐fractality.
Influence of contact point location on dynamical and electrical responses of impact‐type vibration energy harvester based on piezoelectric transduction
Authors: Milasauskaite Ieva , Dauksevicius R. , Ostasevicius V. , Gaidys R. , Janusas G.
Published: June 2014

This research work considers a more efficient vibro‐impacting piezoelectric energy harvester (VIPEH) structure, which is intended both to prevent the device from excessive displacements as well as to increase its operational bandwidth in actual excitation conditions. Multi‐physics finite element model of the VIPEH was developed in Comsol with the objective to analyze influence of stopper location on the mechanical and electrical characteristics of the piezoelectric transducer, followed by the experimental study of two device configurations. Numerical and experimental results revealed that stopper location influences the magnitude of generated voltage since, at certain stopper location points, higher vibration modes are excited during the impact.
Little tern breeding success in artificial and natural habitats: modelling population growth under uncertain vital rates
Authors: Pakanen Veli‐Matti , Hongell Harri , Aikio Sami , Koivula Kari
Published: June 2014

As a consequence of habitat loss, breeding in man‐made habitats has become increasingly common for many coastal breeding bird species. While artificial sites provide valuable substitutes, they may also be more attractive, and importantly, differ in quality from natural sites. Therefore, information on habitat specific breeding success and their potential for supporting stable populations are needed. We compared little tern (Sternula albifrons) breeding success (nest and hatching success) between natural habitat (sandy beaches) and artificial port habitat at Bothnian Bay, Finland from 2006 to 2011. We further reviewed published estimates on pre‐fledging and adult survival for little terns and least terns (Sternula antillarum), and used these ranges to estimate plausible parameter spaces for population growth rates given our estimates of breeding success. Nest success was among the highest reported for little terns in the artificial habitat (82 %) while being lower in the natural habitat (58 %). This difference may have resulted from differences in colony sizes and levels of disturbance. Hatching success did not differ significantly, but the percentage of successful nests containing unhatched eggs was twice as high in the natural habitat. The parameter spaces for population growth rates indicated that the artificial habitat has good potential to sustain stable populations (66 % positive growth rate) while for the natural habitat this potential was lower (37 % positive growth rate). While our results suggest that artificial habitats can be very productive breeding sites for habitat deprived tern populations, management should concentrate on improving both habitats with emphasis on natural sites.
Detection of downy and powdery mildew resistance QTL in a ‘Regent’ × ‘RedGlobe’ population
Authors: van Heerden Carel J. , Burger Phyllis , Vermeulen Abraham , Prins Renée
Published: June 2014

One hundred and eighty six F1plants from a ‘Regent’ × ‘RedGlobe’ cross were used to generate a partial linkage map with 139 microsatellite markers spanning all 19 chromosomes. Phenotypic scores for downy mildew, taken over two years, confirmed a major resistance QTL (Rpv3) against downy mildew in the interval VVIN16-cjvh to UDV108 on chromosome 18 of ‘Regent’. This locus explained up to 62 % of the phenotypic variance observed. Additionally a putative minor downy mildew resistance locus was observed on chromosome 1 in one season. A major resistance locus against powdery mildew (Ren3) was also identified on chromosome 15 of ‘Regent’ in the interval UDV116 to VChr15CenGen06. This study established the efficacy of and validated the ‘Regent’-derived downy and powdery mildew major resistance genes/QTL under South African conditions. Closely linked SSR markers for marker-assisted selection and gene pyramiding strategies were identified.
Characterization of Phosphate‐Free Detergent Powders Incorporated with Palm C16 Methyl Ester Sulfonate (C16MES) and Linear Alkyl Benzene Sulfonic Acid (LABSA)
Authors: Siwayanan Parthiban , Aziz Ramlan , Bakar Nooh Abu , Ya Hamdan , Jokiman Ropien , Chelliapan Shreeshivadasan
Published: June 2014

Laboratory and pilot scale investigations were carried out on phosphate‐free detergent (PFD) formulations comprising binary anionic surfactants of C16 palm methyl ester sulfonates (C16MES) and linear alkyl benzene sulfonic acid (LABSA) with the aim of maximizing the incorporation of C16MES into low density detergent powders without compromising the detergency and other significant properties. Initial laboratory experiments revealed that the detergent powder resulting from C16MES/LABSA with a 50:50 ratio and pH 7–8 has acceptable detergency stability over 1 week of accelerated ageing test at 50 °C and 85 % relative humidity. Subsequent experiments were carried out in a 5‐kg/h‐capacity pilot spray dryer using PFD formulations of C16MES/LABSA over the whole range of weight ratios under the same pH of 7–8. The concentration of the detergent slurry and cleaning performance (detergency, foaming ability and wetting power) of the resulting spray dried detergent powder (SDDP) were evaluated. C16MES/LABSA in a 40:60 ratio was selected as the ideal formulation based on its optimum detergent slurry concentration and comparable cleaning performance against the control formulation. Further environmental tests have confirmed that SDDP obtained from the ideal formulation is readily biodegradable (60 % in 13 days) and exhibits low eco‐toxicity properties (LC50 of 11.3 mg/L).
Germ cell specification and pluripotency in mammals: a perspective from early embryogenesis
Authors: Irie Naoko , Tang Walfred W. C. , Azim Surani M.
Published: June 2014

Germ cells are unique cell types that generate a totipotent zygote upon fertilization, giving rise to the next generation in mammals and many other multicellular organisms. How germ cells acquire this ability has been of considerable interest. In mammals, primordial germ cells (PGCs), the precursors of sperm and oocytes, are specified around the time of gastrulation. PGCs are induced by signals from the surrounding extra‐embryonic tissues to the equipotent epiblast cells that give rise to all cell types. Currently, the mechanism of PGC specification in mammals is best understood from studies in mice. Following implantation, the epiblast cells develop as an egg cylinder while the extra‐embryonic ectoderm cells which are the source of important signals for PGC specification are located over the egg cylinder. However, in most cases, including humans, the epiblast cells develop as a planar disc, which alters the organization and the source of the signaling for cell fates. This, in turn, might have an effect on the precise mechanism of PGC specification in vivo as well as in vitro using pluripotent embryonic stem cells. Here, we discuss how the key early embryonic differences between rodents and other mammals may affect the establishment of the pluripotency network in vivo and in vitro, and consequently the basis for PGC specification, particularly from pluripotent embryonic stem cells in vitro.
Nanopores formed by DNA origami: A review
Authors: Bell Nicholas A.W. , Keyser Ulrich F.
Published: June 2014

Nanopores have emerged over the past two decades to become an important technique in single molecule experimental physics and biomolecule sensing. Recently DNA nanotechnology, in particular DNA origami, has been used for the formation of nanopores in insulating materials. DNA origami is a very attractive technique for the formation of nanopores since it enables the construction of 3D shapes with precise control over geometry and surface functionality. DNA origami has been applied to nanopore research by forming hybrid architectures with solid state nanopores and by direct insertion into lipid bilayers. This review discusses recent experimental work in this area and provides an outlook for future avenues and challenges.
Are hippocampal size differences in posttraumatic stress disorder mediated by sleep pathology?
Authors: Mohlenhoff Brian S. , Chao Linda L. , Buckley Shannon T. , Weiner Michael W. , Neylan Thomas C.
Published: June 2014

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is associated with smaller volumes of the hippocampus, as has been demonstrated by meta‐analyses. Proposed mechanistic relationships are reviewed briefly, including the hypothesis that sleep disturbances mediate the effects of PTSD on hippocampal volume. Evidence for this includes findings that insomnia and restricted sleep are associated with changes in hippocampal cell regulation and impairments in cognition. We present results of a new study of 187 subjects in whom neither PTSD nor poor sleep was associated with lower hippocampal volume. We outline a broad research agenda centered on the hypothesis that sleep changes mediate the relationship between PTSD and hippocampal volume.
Reading between the lines; understanding drug response in the post genomic era
Authors: Alifrangis Constantine C. , McDermott Ultan
Published: June 2014

Following the fanfare of initial, often dramatic, success with small molecule inhibitors in the treatment of defined genomic subgroups, it can be argued that the extension of targeted therapeutics to the majority of patients with solid cancers has stalled. Despite encouraging FDA approval rates, the attrition rates of these compounds remains high in early stage clinical studies, with single agent studies repeatedly showing poor efficacy In striking contrast, our understanding of the complexity of solid neoplasms has increased in huge increments, following the publication of large‐scale genomic and transcriptomic datasets from large collaborations such as the International Cancer Genome Consortium (ICGC http://www.icgc.org/) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA http://cancergenome.nih.gov/). However, there remains a clear disconnect between these rich datasets describing the genomic complexity of cancer, including both intra‐ and inter‐tumour heterogeneity, and what a treating oncologist can consider to be a clinically “actionable” mutation profile. Our understanding of these data is in its infancy and we still find difficulties ascribing characteristics to tumours that consistently predict therapeutic response for the majority of small molecule inhibitors. This article will seek to explore the recent studies of the patterns and impact of mutations in drug resistance, and demonstrate how we may use this data to reshape our thinking about biological pathways, critical dependencies and their therapeutic interruption.
SPECTRAL METHODS FOR THE CALCULATION OF RISK MEASURES FOR VARIABLE ANNUITY GUARANTEED BENEFITS
Authors: Feng Runhuan , Volkmer Hans W.
Published: June 2014

Spectral expansion techniques have been extensively exploited for the pricing of exotic options. In this paper, we present novel applications of spectral methods for the quantitative risk management of variable annuity guaranteed benefits such as guaranteed minimum maturity benefits and guaranteed minimum death benefits. The objective is to find efficient and accurate solution methods for the computation of risk measures, which is the key to determining risk-based capital according to regulatory requirements. Our example calculations show that two spectral methods used in this paper are highly efficient and numerically more stable than conventional known methods. Hence these approaches are more suitable for intensive calculations involving death benefits.
An Analysis of Responses on the Earning Capacity Assessment Form-2
Authors: Athanasou James A.
Published: June 2014

The Earning Capacity Assessment Form-2 assesses the factors that inhibit and facilitate an individual's return to work following an acquired disability (e.g., accident, misadventure). The purpose of this article is to provide the first item response analysis of the form. Data on Australian and US accident victims (N = 110) from two vocational assessment practices were used as a basis for evaluation. An item-response analysis was conducted using the Quest package for the 14 category responses. Results indicated that (a) the items function as inhibitors rather than drivers; and (b) they form a coherent underlying dimension of impairment. Problems in cognition and vocational adjustment issues were major markers for work incapacity.
Needs, Challenges and Goals of Australian Women With Disabilities: A Preliminary Survey
Authors: Copas Stacey , Dorstyn Diana
Published: June 2014

An online survey of adult women living in Australia with an acquired or congenital disability was conducted to explore the needs and challenges experienced by this population. Data for 116 respondents with a primary mobility (n = 92), sensory-related (n = 12), psychiatric (n = 6), or neurocognitive impairment (n = 6) were collected. Word clouds and content analysis were utilised to examine the data. Barriers to achieving vocational, health and relationship goals were identified, including systemic (e.g. financial resources, accessibility issues, societal attitudes), physical (e.g. medical sequalae), and psychological (e.g. self-concept, assertiveness) issues. Strategies to overcome these barriers included increased availability of peer support networks and opportunities for personal development. It follows that disability services require a multi-faceted approach, with a focus on biopsychosocial factors that include, but are not limited to, mobility, self-care and communication needs.
Effects of transverse static electric field on terahertz radiation generation by beating of two transversely modulated Gaussian laser beams in a plasma
Authors: Varshnety Prateek , Sajal Vivek , Chauhan Prashant , Kumar Ravindra , Sharma Navneet K.
Published: June 2014

Resonant excitation of terahertz (THz) radiation by nonlinear coupling of two filamented spatial-Gaussian laser beams of different frequencies and wave numbers is studied in plasma having transverse static electric field. The static ponderomotive force due to filamented lasers is balanced by the pressure gradient force which gives rise to transverse density ripple, while, the nonlinear ponderomotive force at frequency difference of beating lasers couples with density ripple giving rise to stronger transverse nonlinear current which results into the excitation of THz radiation at resonance. The coupling is further enhanced by the presence of static electric field and spatial-Gaussian nature of laser beams. An increase of six-fold in the normalized amplitude of THz is observed by applying a direct current field of about 50 KV. Effects of frequency, laser beam width, and periodicity factor of modulated laser amplitude are studied for the efficient THz radiation generation. These results can be utilized for generating controlled tunable THz sources for medical applications using low filament intensities (~ 1014 W/cm2) of beating lasers.
Electron-density distribution and disordered crystal structure of 12H-SiAlON, SiAl5O2N5
Authors: Banno Hiroki , Hanai Takaaki , Asaka Toru , Kimoto Koji , Nakano Hiromi , Fukuda Koichiro
Published: June 2014

The crystal structure of SiAl5O2N5was characterized by laboratory X-ray powder diffraction (CuKα1). The title compound is hexagonal with space groupP63/mmc(Z = 2). The unit-cell dimensions area = 0.303153(3) nm,c = 3.28153(3) nm, andV = 0.261178(5)  nm3. The initial structural model was successfully derived by the direct methods and further refined by the Rietveld method. The final structural model showed the positional disordering of two of the four (Si,Al) sites. The maximum-entropy method-based pattern fitting (MPF) method was used to confirm the validity of the split-atom model, in which conventional structure bias caused by assuming intensity partitioning was minimized. The reliability indices calculated from the MPF wereRwp = 5.00%,S(=Rwp/Re) = 1.25,Rp = 3.76%,RB = 1.26%, andRF = 0.90%. The disordered crystal structure was successfully described by overlapping four types of domains with ordered atom arrangements. The distribution of atomic positions in each of the domains can be achieved in the space groupP63mc. Two of the four types of domains are related by a pseudo-symmetry inversion, and the two remaining domains also have each other the inversion pseudo-symmetry.
X-ray powder diffraction data for bisacodyl, C22H19NO4
Authors: Li Shan Shan , Wu Xiao Qing , Wang Qing , Tang Pei Xiao , Li Hui
Published: June 2014

In this paper, X-ray powder diffraction data, unit-cell parameters, and space group for bisacodyl, C22H19NO4, are reported [a = 9.081(3) Å,b = 10.631(5) Å,c = 11.549(6) Å,α = 111.492(4)°,β = 108.082(3)°,γ = 101.501(3)°, unit-cell volumeV = 922.368 Å3,Z = 2, and space groupP-1]. All measured lines were indexed, and no detectable impurity was observed.
Drones and the Question of “The Human”
Authors: Berkowitz Roger
Published: June 2014

Domino's Pizza is testing “Domicopter” drones to deliver pizzas, which will compete with Taco Bell's “Tacocopter” drones. Not to be outdone, Amazon is working on an army of delivery drones that will cut out the postal service. In Denmark, farmers use drones to inspect fields for the appearance of harmful weeds, which reduces herbicide use as the drones directly apply pesticides only where it is needed. Environmentalists send drones into glacial caves or into deep waters, gathering data that would be too dangerous or expensive for human scientists to procure. Federal Express dreams of pilotless aerial and terrestrial drones that will transport goods more cheaply, reliably, and safely than vehicles operated by humans. Human rights activists deploy drones over conflict zones, intelligently searching for and documenting abuses for both rhetorical and legal purposes. Aid agencies send unmanned drones to villages deep in jungles or behind enemy lines, maneuvering hazardous terrain to bring food and supplies to endangered populations. Medical researchers are experimenting with injecting drone blood cells into humans that can mimic good cholesterol carriers or identify and neutralize cancerous cells. Parents in Vermont are using flying drones to accompany children to school, giving a whole new meaning to helicopter parenting. And Pilobolus, a New York dance company, has choreographed a dance in which drones and humans engage each other in the most human of acts: the creation of art.
Why Human Rights Are Called Human Rights
Authors: Sussman Alan
Published: June 2014

The title of this essay is rather ambitious and the space available is hardly sufficient to examine two words of almost limitless expanse—“human rights”—whether standing alone or in tandem. This requires that I begin with (and remained disciplined by) what a teacher of mine, Leo Strauss, called “low facts.” My low facts are these: We call ourselves humans because we have certain characteristics that define our nature. We are social and political animals, as Aristotle noted, and possess attributes not shared by other animals. The ancients noted this, of course, when they defined our principal behavioral and cognitive distinction from the rest of the natural world as the faculty of speech. The Greek word for this,logos, means much more than speech, as it connoteswordandreasonand, in the more common understanding, talking and writing, praising and criticizing, persuading and reading. While other animals communicate by making sounds of attraction or warning, leaving smells, and so on, none read newspapers, make speeches, publish their memoirs, or write poetry.
The Future of the Human Rights Movement
Authors: Simmons Beth A.
Published: June 2014

The modern human rights movement is at a critical juncture in its history. It has been nearly seventy years since the creation of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, and some of the oldest and most active human rights organizations have been operating around the world for about forty years. More than twenty years have passed since the end of the cold war, and the time when people spoke in triumphal terms of the global success of Western values is now a fading memory. International human rights are ensconced as firmly as ever in international law and institutions, but what about the future of the “human rights movement”?
From Empire to Sovereignty—and Back?
Authors: Bartelson Jens
Published: June 2014

Sovereignty apparently never ceases to attract scholarly attention. Long gone are the days when its meaning was uncontested and its essential attributes could be safely taken for granted by international theorists. During the past decades international relations scholars have increasingly emphasized the historical contingency of sovereignty and the mutability of its corresponding institutions and practices, yet these accounts have been limited to the changing meaning and function of sovereignty within the international system. This focus has served to reinforce some of the most persistent myths about the origin of sovereignty, and has obscured questions about the diffusion of sovereignty outside the European context.