bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
G
hose,
Z
ulfikar
Authors: Kanaganayakam Chelva
Published: August 2017

In his critical work
The Art of Creating Fiction
(1991a), Zulfikar Ghose asserts that “Post‐imperialist guilt is responsible for a lot of bad art that former imperialists dare not criticize” (154–5). Always skeptical about writing that is explicitly tendentious, Ghose, in his fiction, poetry, and criticism, has insistently demonstrated the need for readers to focus on language and form rather than message. In keeping with his dislike for flaunting a “postcolonial” identity, much of Ghose's fiction does not locate itself in the Indian subcontinent where he was born and raised, or in Texas where he has lived for more than three decades. He remains, however, an intriguing and significant writer, as important for postcolonial studies as he is for contemporary literature. While it is possible to argue that Ghose has always been preoccupied with issues of identity, belonging, and migrancy, it is also true that Ghose struggles equally with language and form.
G
ooneratne,
Y
asmine
Authors: Rambukwella Harshana
Published: August 2017

Yasmine Gooneratne's writing is typified by a profoundly satiric worldview conveyed in a crisp and finely crafted style that addresses local and global themes. Gooneratne's many roles as poet, novelist, biographer, social historian, and academic generate diverse voices that engage in a critical dialogue within her creative writing. As a South Asian writer and academic, Gooneratne's writing has sought to explore the ideological tensions of how Asia and its cultures are represented in anglophone writing, while attending to the politics and poetics of her position as an English‐language writer representing a non‐anglophone culture.
Grove,FrederickPhilip
Authors: Moss Laura
Published: August 2017

Frederick Philip Grove holds a place high in Canadian letters for the enduring relevance of his novels about immigrants' lives on the prairies and for the sensational discovery of the fraudulence of his “autobiography.”
G
unesekera,
R
omesh
Authors: Jayawickrama Sharanya
Published: August 2017

Romesh Gunesekera's fiction has been acclaimed for its evocations of the discontinuities of time and space, and for characters whose journeys make the boundaries between places and histories porous. His preoccupations with memory, geography, and dislocation suggest his affiliation with other contemporary authors of the South Asian diaspora who write of migrant experience and the types of creative and reconstructive vision it affords.
H
osain,
A
ttia
Authors: Khurshid Khurram N.
Published: August 2017

Attia Hosain (1913–98) is one of India's foremost female English‐language fiction writers of the twentieth century. Her writing is informed by the tensions between the cultures of India and the West, and the changing political and social landscape of pre‐independence India.
H
ospital,
J
anette
T
urner
Authors: Callahan David
Published: August 2017

The novels and short stories of Janette Turner Hospital combine high‐spirited attention to the challenge of representation with an investigation of the complexity and range of references available to the dislocated, all articulated through a prose style that is as sumptuous as it is selfconsciously playful. These interests are further inflected by a focus on violence of various sorts and how we deal with it, both when we are confronted by violence and when we need to talk about it.
I
himaera,
W
iti
Authors: Ellis Juniper
Published: August 2017

Witi Ihimaera's 1973 novel
Tangi
launched him as the first published Maori novelist and received New Zealand's premier book award, the Wattie/Montana Book of the Year. Ihimaera's publications include nine novels, six short story collections, a play, three children's books, and six edited volumes of Maori writing. Central to his writing is a living storehouse of traditions including tribal affiliations with the Te Whānau‐a‐Kai, Te Aitanga‐a‐Māhaki, Rongowhakaata, and Ngāti Porou people. Ihimaera, also known as Witi Ihimaera Smiler, is one of the most prominent Maori writers and one of only two three‐time winners of the Wattie/Montana Award.
I
ndian Fiction
Authors: Trivedi Harish
Published: August 2017

The novel in India was born in the latter half of the nineteenth century, supposedly in direct imitation of the Western models of the genre with which Indians became acquainted following the introduction of colonial English education. But this common formulation elides the vital fact that numerous indigenous works of prose narrative had existed in India ever since the interwoven
Panchatantra
stories (c. third century BC; translated into English 1570), and the highly sophisticated novel‐length narrative
Kadambari
(c. AD 650), both in Sanskrit. These have continued to be foundational influences, as have the
qissa
and the
dastan
, Perso‐Arabic forms of narrative that came to India in the medieval period with the Muslim rulers. Thus, when English‐educated Indians began to write a new kind of narrative under Western influence, they often produced works in fascinating hybrid forms that were initially regarded as failed or imperfect novels. Even now, Indian novels continue to be generically different from Western novels in some vital respects; for example, not many are centered on the theme of a love relationship between a man and a woman, and several display a different sense of closure.
I
ndigenous Fiction
Authors: Reder Deanna , Kelly Jennifer
Published: August 2017

While storytelling has been a cultural cornerstone to the various Indigenous peoples of Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, their narrative cultural practices (e.g., orature, birch bark scrolls, petroglyphs) are rarely considered to be “fiction,” a category that generally refers to novels and short stories, both of which developed out of Euro‐American literary history. While Indigenous authors have readily adopted these genres and integrated them into their respective traditions, the history of Indigenous fiction is not just the story of this integration; it also involves Indigenous authors' varying (and often limited) opportunities to publish their work, depending on the political climate of the time and the expectations of their readership.
J
ames,
C. L. R.
Authors: Pease Donald E.
Published: August 2017

C. L. R. James's writings received little notice during his lifetime outside the Marxist groups with which he was involved. Following his death in 1989, however, his works became crucial benchmarks for scholars in the emergent fields of Cultural Studies, African American Studies, and Postcolonial Studies. The variety of genres he mastered – short story, novel, drama, the memoir, manifesto, historical narrative, newspaper column, journal, letter, philosophical treatise – and the multiple publics he addressed reveal the range and depth of James's commitments. His various affiliations have challenged readers to engage multiple and often contradictory interpretive strategies in their efforts to endow his career with meaning and coherence.
L
a
G
uma,
A
lex
Authors: Field Roger
Published: August 2017

Best known for his novels and short stories, Alex La Guma's political profile – leading member of the South African Communist Party (SACP) and African National Congress (ANC), founding member of the South African Coloured Peoples Organisation (SACPO), defendant in the 1956–61 Treason Trial, detained without trial several times, banned and placed under house arrest – belies the diversity and complexity of his oeuvre.
L
essing,
D
oris
Authors: Rege Josna
Published: August 2017

Doris Lessing's life and work span the major political events and cultural movements of the twentieth century. Her extensive body of writing encompasses two world wars; the rise and fall of fascism, communism, and apartheid; widespread decolonization; postcolonial migration; psychoanalysis; the nuclear age; the sexual revolution; the culture wars; late capitalism; terrorism; and environmental crisis. Its historical frame includes myth, chronicle, and prophecy, while its geographical purview extends over five continents and beyond, to outer and inner space. Lessing's generic and stylistic range is equally expansive. At once a British, postcolonial, and world writer with a far‐flung readership across the generations, Lessing is a truly global figure.
MacL
ennan,
H
ugh
Authors: Moss Laura
Published: August 2017

From the publication of his first novel in 1941 until his death in 1990, Hugh MacLennan was regarded as one of the finest writers Canada had ever produced. His popularity stemmed from his timely grappling with Canada's growing sense of itself as an emerging nation, his ability to bring Canadian geography to life, and his commitment to exposing the psychological and social consciousness of his characters. However, while some argued that MacLennan's most powerful writing was that which unapologetically engaged nationalist themes in Canadian contexts, others saw this same commitment as parochial and agenda‐driven. Indeed, throughout his writing life, MacLennan was adamant about the social role literature must play in nation building. Alongside Morley Callaghan, Sinclair Ross, and Ethel Wilson, MacLennan is recognized for the vital role he played in modernist Canadian fiction.
MacLeod,Alistair
Authors: Creelman David
Published: August 2017

Alistair MacLeod is one of the best‐known writers to emerge from Maritime Canada in the late twentieth century. Often fatalistic and even tragic in tone, MacLeod's fictions chronicle the contemporary individual's search for a secure identity. Forgoing postmodernist techniques, he increasingly emphasizes the importance of community and clan connections within the Gaelic diaspora in a post‐industrial era that makes such relationships difficult.
M
ais,
R
oger
Authors: James Louis
Published: August 2017

Jamaican novelist Roger Mais forged his literary achievement in the heat of social unrest. His work follows that of Claude McKay and H. G. de Lisser in focusing on the lives of the common people. But, writing as Jamaica moved toward independence, Mais showed a new political awareness and a bolder innovation in literary technique. Fiercely independent himself, his work left a mark on both his society and its evolving literature. Later, his concern with his role as an artist was to lead him into exile and to explore symbolic modes of fiction.
Marechera,Dambudzo
Authors: Gagiano Annie
Published: August 2017

Dambudzo Marechera is one of the major innovators in African English‐language writing. He has remained almost as controversial a figure as he became with the publication of his initial collectionThe House of Hunger(1978), but Marechera's radical anti‐establishment conduct was an expression of a sophisticated and deeply held belief about the need to resist “slow brain death” (quoted in Veit‐Wild 1992, 40), to which most people (in his view) subject themselves by living lives of social conformity. His visceral, surreal descriptions, irreverent humor, scatological diction, and scathing political criticism of all power‐mongers have retained their biting force and have inspired a succeeding generation of writers.
M
elville,
P
auline
Authors: Fischer Susan Alice
Published: August 2017

Writer and actress Pauline Melville is the author of two collections of short stories,
Shape‐Shifter
(1990) and
The Migration of Ghosts
(1998), and the novel
The Ventriloquist's Tale
(1997a). Born in Guyana in 1948 of a white, Anglo‐Saxon English mother and a father of mixed African, Amerindian, and European heritage, Melville has lived part of her life in Guyana but mostly in Britain. Of her background, she writes, “White present, black past, a good position for breaking down preconceptions, stirring up doubt, rattling judgements, shifting boundaries and unfixing fixities. I am also well‐placed to survey the ludicrous” (1992, 740). This shifting sense of identity allows both a nuanced politics and an element of the absurd to emerge clearly in her fiction.
M
iller,
A
lex
Authors: Jacobs Lyn
Published: August 2017

Alexander McPhee Miller is an award‐winning Australian writer whose fictions investigate life and art, landscapes, and immigrant and cross‐cultural experience. His eight novels are diverse in complexity, style, and setting (England, Australia, China); the lovers, artists, and truth‐seekers he writes about are affected by migrancy, memory and loss, as well as transformative empowerment. Miller's literary influences include Oscar Wilde, Patrick White, George Eliot, Marcel Proust, Samuel Beckett, James Joyce, and Antonin Artaud, but his life has also been vitally formative.
M
in,
A
nchee
Authors: Wang Shunzhu
Published: August 2017

Anchee Min's works attempt to rewrite the existing narratives of Chinese history by “locating in that history the positive presence of sexuality, especially women's sexuality” (Hayot 618). Some critics, particularly in the West, applaud Min's sexualization of Chinese history as a passionate feminist discourse that gives voice to women who were directly and intimately involved in the making of that history; others, especially Chinese and Chinese American critics, are disturbed by what they see as Min's willingness to cater to Western readers’ tastes and her simplistic interpretation and reproduction of Eurocentric views of China.
M
istry,
R
ohinton
Authors: Pearson Laura A.
Published: August 2017

Rohinton Mistry's evocative and layered fiction has received widespread attention since he published his first two short stories – “One Sunday” and “Auspicious Occasion” – in the early 1980s. His writing focuses on the minority Parsi community in Bombay (now Mumbai), India, and occasionally on Parsi migrants to Canada. His tragicomic postcolonial fictions attend to recurrent themes of the oppression of the weak at the hands of the influential, and people torn between old and new ways.
M
phahlele,
E
s'kia
Authors: Ogude James
Published: August 2017

Although within South Africa Es'kia Mphahlele is widely known as an educator, community worker, and writer, internationally he is regarded as one of the leading black writers from South Africa. What sets him apart from writers of his generation is his skepticism toward instrumentalist ideologies that oversimplify humanity's complex realities, including the apartheid experience under whose shadow he grew up.
N
wapa,
F
lora
Authors: Silkü Rezzan Kocaöner
Published: August 2017

As the first Nigerian woman novelist to publish in English, Flora Nwapa brings a female perspective to such topics as poverty, illness, child deaths, and gender discrimination. Writing in the same milieu as Chinua Achebe, she addresses such culturally important subjects as dowry, women's circumcision, husbands’ infidelity, women's anguish due to infertility, war, education, and the conflict between tradition and innovation.
O
ndaatje,
M
ichael
Authors: Whetter Darryl
Published: August 2017

Michael Ondaatje writes fiction at the very center of global literary success and attention, yet does so with both a discontinuous, poetic style more generally admired by a smaller readership and a recurrent focus on marginalized characters and communities. His popularity as an internationally respected novelist follows his early work as a poet, work that influences his intensely imagistic novels with their centripetal, often polyphonic narration, metafictional translucency, and contrapuntal plots. Thematically, the novels attend to individual and systemic violence, the intersection of official and unofficial history, textuality, romance, and sexuality. His characters frequently migrate from one community (whether geographically or socially rooted) to another, re‐authoring themselves in new places while their author builds non‐linear, imbricated narratives.
R
ao,
R
aja
Authors: Paranjape Makarand
Published: August 2017

Raja Rao, one of the most important contributors to the development of the English novel in India, writes in an English that is uniquely Indian in style, tone, mood, and rhythm. Relying heavily on translation, quotation, and the use of Indian proverbs, idioms, and colloquial patterns, Rao manipulates vocabulary and syntax to enhance the Indian flavoring of his English and achieve a style that is nonetheless evocative and intelligible to non‐Indian readers. Rao's preeminence stems from the significance of his first novel,
Kanthapura
(1938). Published at a time when Indian English fiction was first gaining recognition – through novels such as Mulk Raj Anand's
Untouchable
(1935) and R. K. Narayan's
Swami and Friends
(1935) – Rao's coming‐of‐age tale was heralded as adventurous and provocative, and is now seen as a classic.
R
ichards,
D
avid
A
dams
Authors: Tremblay Tony
Published: August 2017

The critical assessment of David Adams Richards's fiction provides one of the best examples in Canada of the politics of literary reception, a politics unique to the country's uneven and still tenuous federalism. The pretext of that reception holds that, as an Atlantic Canadian who is peripheral to the country's industrial center, he occupies a space deeply encoded with nostalgias of the folk, specifically of agrarian romances of work, family, and faith. His natural comparators in this realm are eastern Canada's best‐loved regionalists – Lucy Maud Montgomery, Charles G. D. Roberts, and Ernest Buckler – each in different ways an adherent of the
roman de la terre
formula. Richards's conscious rejection of “folk” representations and regional identification, however, has given rise to a body of work that is deliberately political in its response to distant critical authorities that perpetuate delimiting nostalgias of place. His work is therefore the ground across which different versions of Atlantic Canada's socio‐economic reality are frequently contested. While his readership is diverse and loyal, some of his critics have been unmerciful in attacking what they perceive as his coarsening of place.
R
ichardson,
H
enry
H
andel
Authors: Probyn Clive
Published: August 2017

Henry Handel Richardson (Ethel Florence Lindesay Richardson) wrote her novels, short stories, and music as an Australian expatriate, and although the style of her fiction responds to and belongs with the European tradition of literary realism (Flaubert, Zola, Stendhal), most of her subjects are not European. Her pseudonym and her residence in Germany and England occluded her identity and delayed her recognition in Australian literature: she was hardly known in her own country until the international success of
Ultima Thule
in 1929, which won her the Australian Literature Society Gold Medal.
S
arachchandra,
E
diriwira
Authors: Goonetilleke D. C. R. A.
Published: August 2017

Ediriwira Sarachchandra, who won Sri Lanka's Sahitya Akademi Award for the best Sinhalese novel with his first book,
Malagiya Attho
(1959), and the Arts Council Award for the best English novel of 1985 for the manuscript of
With the Begging Bowl
(1986), was Sri Lanka's most distinguished man of letters and leading twentieth‐century novelist in English.
S
argeson,
F
rank
Authors: Williams Mark
Published: August 2017

Frank Sargeson ought to be to New Zealand literature what Mark Twain is to American or Henry Lawson to Australian: an unassailable icon. Like Twain, he found in the marginal and uneducated a literary language that spoke the particularity of place; like Lawson, he found a means of valuing the experience of a transplanted white people. Like both, he figured powerfully in the intense cultural nationalisms settler societies produce as rites of passage to an incomplete postcolonial status. But Sargeson has had a less robust afterlife than either, having been eclipsed as national icon both by Katherine Mansfield and by Janet Frame. The problem lies partly with his writing, which remains too stubbornly anchored to its cultural moment, but also in the resentments that drove him to fashion his style.
S
cott,
K
im
Authors: Eustace John
Published: August 2017

Born in 1957 in Perth, Western Australia, Kim Scott is the first Aboriginal writer to have won the Miles Franklin Literary Award. He received Australia's premier literary prize for fiction in 2000 for his second novel,
Benang: From the Heart
(1999). That novel also won the Western Australian Premier's Book Award in 1999 and The Kate Challis RAKA Award in 2001. Scott is Noongar, a member of the Indigenous community that inhabited a vast area of Australia's southwest before colonial settlement, a process that resulted in the Noongars’ systematic displacement and dislocation from traditional country and culture. His growing body of fiction, non‐fiction, and criticism, much of which is semiautobiographical, addresses directly that history, along with its material, cultural, and psychological ramifications. He uses complex and multivoiced narratives to interrogate the master narratives of Australian history and the identity politics that continue to influence discussions of indigeneity, race, and identity in the former colony. While his work has received critical accolades and attention, particularly with the success of
Benang
, scholarly treatments remain limited.
Selvon,Sam
Authors: Ramraj Victor J.
Published: August 2017

When Sam Selvon's novels, particularlyThe Lonely Londoners(1956), arrived on the London literary scene in the 1950s, what impressed readers and reviewers was his employment of a then unfamiliar version of English, Caribbean demotic. Selvon was praised for the assurance with which he adapted the feel and flow of Caribbean everyday speech to portray the lives of West Indians at home and in London. But as early as his second novel,An Island is a World(1955), Selvon published many other pieces of fiction using Standard English (more precisely,CaribbeanStandard English). Indeed, he consciously divided his fiction into what he called “dialect” and “straight” works. He was proud of his “dialect” novels and defended emphatically his use of this linguistic form, proclaiming that he “was the first Caribbean writer to explore and employ dialect in a full‐length novel where it was used in both narrative and dialogue” (1971, 74). Scholars have acknowledged this accomplishment and published many studies of Selvon's innovative use of the vernacular.
S
enior,
O
live
Authors: Simpson Hyacinth
Published: August 2017

Widely acknowledged as among the best contemporary short fiction writers and poets from the anglophone Caribbean, Olive Senior first won acclaim when her debut collection,
Summer Lightning and Other Stories
(1986), won the inaugural Commonwealth Writers’ Prize in 1987. Two more collections,
Arrival of the Snake‐Woman and Other Stories
(1989) and
Discerner of Hearts and Other Stories
(1995), soon followed, but the 10 stories in
Summer Lightning
introduced the chief characteristics of Senior's short fiction: using children's perspectives and “the voices of those who don't normally get heard” (Simpson 1971, 12) to shape the central consciousness of her narratives; “fus[ing] the oral and the scribal tradition” (Glaser 77); and foregrounding conflict situations for characters caught between value systems, communities, geographies, and cultures.
S
hadbolt,
M
aurice
Authors: Crane Ralph
Published: August 2017

During his 40‐year career, Maurice Shadbolt published 10 novels, four collections of short fiction, two volumes of selected stories, a play, two volumes of personal memoirs, and various works of non‐fiction. His reputation as a major New Zealand writer rests largely on a triptych of historical novels about the New Zealand Wars –
Season of the Jew
(1986),
Monday's Warriors
(1990), and
The House of Strife
(1993a).
S
idhwa,
B
apsi
Authors: Hai Ambreen
Published: August 2017

As the first woman writer from Pakistan to publish fiction in English internationally, Bapsi Sidhwa has garnered attention in South Asia, Europe, and North America. She has written a play, short stories, and five novels, one of which,
Cracking India
(1992), was adapted as the film
Earth
(1998) by the Indian Canadian filmmaker Deepa Mehta. A member of the tiny minority community of Zoroastrians or Parsis (Parsees) who migrated from Persia to India in the eighth century, Sidhwa delineates with self‐ironic humor and well‐observed detail the dilemmas and strategic choices of diasporic Parsi families living in Pakistan or migrant to the US. Her novels also emphasize the difficulties faced by women, Parsi as well as Hindu or Muslim, in the context of British colonialism in India and its aftermath.
S
tead,
C
hristina
Authors: Blake Ann
Published: August 2017

The expatriate novelist Christina Stead, author of 12 novels and many short stories, stands in the front rank of Australian fiction, but not all readers warm to her minutely evoked settings, to the fierce monologues of her characters, or to her sense of human egocentricity.
S
tow,
R
andolph
Authors: Hassall Anthony J.
Published: August 2017

Randolph Stow's novels typically combine a lyrical response to his native Australian landscape with what he calls “fanatical” realism; they are characterized by a vivid, spare, pictorial clarity, a preoccupation with the inner lives of his characters, and a sense of the mythic qualities of the outback Australian experience. His finest work possesses a poetic intensity and jewel‐like precision that come from long meditation and a profound engagement with his subject.
V
anderhaeghe,
G
uy
Authors: Besner Neil Kalman
Published: August 2017

Guy Vanderhaeghe's four novels and three collections of stories have redefined and enriched the reach of prairie writing in Canada, and broadened the power and possibilities of contemporary fiction. Beginning with the Governor General's Award‐ and Faber Prize‐winning collection,
Man Descending
(1982), Vanderhaeghe's short fiction has depicted a rich series of ironic, detached, and quirkily philosophical characters, such as Ed, the collection's sardonic title figure, who is reincarnated and more fully developed in Vanderhaeghe's first novel,
My Present Age
(1984). While his short stories, often darkly comical, are founded on his characters’ quotidian vices and arresting voices, Vanderhaeghe's novels – particularly his two most recent,
The Englishman's Boy
(1996) and
The Last Crossing
(2002) – are at once grounded in and reach far beyond their prairie settings as they represent a dialogue between competing facets of the last two centuries of North American and European history and culture.
W
est
A
frican Fiction
Authors: Newell Stephanie
Published: August 2017

When the European colonial powers met in Berlin to embark on their infamous “scramble for Africa” in the late nineteenth century, a flurry of African‐owned newspapers sprang into existence in West Africa to respond to colonialism with local perspectives. These newspapers paved the way for the emergence of local novelists, poets, and short story writers. The first West African novel in English was serialized in the
Western Echo
of colonial Ghana between 1886 and 1888. Anonymous and incomplete,
Marita: Or the Folly of Love
by “A Native” contained themes and debates that remained central to West African fiction for more than a century afterwards, including marital conflict, the ways Christian missionary teachings affected African households, the cultural alienation caused when Africans “mimic” European culture, and the effects of women's challenges to masculine authority in the home. Throughout the region in subsequent decades, locally owned newspapers hosted a variety of new works of fiction, including African‐language material such as the serialized tragedy of the prostitute Segilola, by Yoruba author I. B. Thomas, and folktales updated to include current moral or political preoccupations.
Controlled Synthesis of Ultrathin 2D β‐In2S3 with Broadband Photoresponse by Chemical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Huang Wenjuan , Gan Lin , Yang Haotian , Zhou Nan , Wang Renyan , Wu Wanhui , Li Huiqiao , Ma Ying , Zeng Haibo , Zhai Tianyou
Published: August 2017

β‐In2S3 is a natural defective III–VI semiconductor attracting considerable interests but lack of efficient method for its 2D form fabrication. Here, for the first time, this paper reports controlled synthesis of ultrathin 2D β‐In2S3 flakes via a facile space‐confined chemical vapor deposition method. The natural defects in β‐In2S3 crystals, clearly revealed by optical spectra and optoelectronic measurement, strongly modulate the (opto)‐electronic of as‐fabricated β‐In2S3 and render it a broad detection range from visible to near‐infrared. Particularly, the as‐fabricated β‐In2S3 photodetector shows a high photoresponsivity of 137 A W−1, a high external quantum efficiency of 3.78 × 104%, and a detectivity of 4.74 × 1010 Jones, accompanied with a fast rise and decay time of 6 and 8 ms, respectively. In addition, an interesting linear response to the testing power intensities range is observed, which can also be understood by the presence of natural defects. The unique defective structure and intrinsic optical properties of β‐In2S3, together with its controllable growth, endow it with great potential for future applications in electronics and optoelectronics.
High Conduction Hopping Behavior Induced in Transition Metal Dichalcogenides by Percolating Defect Networks: Toward Atomically Thin Circuits
Authors: Stanford Michael G. , Pudasaini Pushpa R. , Gallmeier Elisabeth T. , Cross Nicholas , Liang Liangbo , Oyedele Akinola , Duscher Gerd , Mahjouri‐Samani Masoud , Wang Kai , Xiao Kai , Geohegan David B. , Belianinov Alex , Sumpter Bobby G. , Rack Philip D.
Published: August 2017

Atomically thin circuits have recently been explored for applications in next‐generation electronics and optoelectronics and have been demonstrated with 2D lateral heterojunctions. In order to form true 2D circuitry from a single material, electronic properties must be spatially tunable. Here, tunable transport behavior is reported which is introduced into single layer tungsten diselenide and tungsten disulfide by focused He+ irradiation. Pseudometallic behavior is induced by irradiating the materials with a dose of ≈1 × 1016 He+ cm−2 to introduce defect states, and subsequent temperature‐dependent transport measurements suggest a nearest neighbor hopping mechanism is operative. Scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy reveal that Se is sputtered preferentially, and extended percolating networks of edge states form within WSe2 at a critical dose of 1 × 1016 He+ cm−2. First‐principle calculations confirm the semiconductor‐to‐metallic transition of WSe2 after pore and edge defects are introduced by He+ irradiation. The hopping conduction is utilized to direct‐write resistor loaded logic circuits in WSe2 and WS2 with a voltage gain of greater than 5. Edge contacted thin film transistors are also fabricated with a high on/off ratio (>106), demonstrating potential for the formation of atomically thin circuits.
Applications of Topological Photonics in Integrated Photonic Devices
Authors: Wu You , Li Chong , Hu Xiaoyong , Ao Yutian , Zhao Yifan , Gong Qihuang
Published: August 2017

Topological photonics is an emerging field of research, which is inspired by the discovery of topological insulators. The introduction of topology endows traditional photonic systems with brand new properties, including unidirectional propagating edge states and robustness against impurities or defect without backscattering. With the further development of theoretical research on topological photonics, many new photonic devices have been proposed and experimentally demonstrated, showing its broad prospects in constructing high‐performance integrated photonic chips. Topology, as a new research perspective in photonics, is expected to bring about remarkable changes to the field of integrated photonic devices and optical interconnection. This review summarizes the fundamental realization principles of topology in photonic systems, comparison of topology in photonics and electronics, applications of topological photonics in integrated photonic devices and related optical effects. Finally, a brief outlook on the challenges and future development direction in the pursuit of the application of topological photonics in integrated photonic devices is provided.
Outcomes after 18 months of eliglustat therapy in treatment‐naïve adults with Gaucher disease type 1: The phase 3 ENGAGE trial
Authors: Mistry Pramod K. , Lukina Elena , Ben Turkia Hadhami , Shankar Suma P. , Baris Hagit , Ghosn Marwan , Mehta Atul , Packman Seymour , Pastores Gregory , Petakov Milan , Assouline Sarit , Balwani Manisha , Danda Sumita , Hadjiev Evgueniy , Ortega Andres , Gaemers Sebastiaan J. M. , Tayag Regina , Peterschmitt M. Judith
Published: August 2017

Eliglustat, an oral substrate reduction therapy, is a first‐line treatment for adults with Gaucher disease type 1 (GD1) who are poor, intermediate, or extensive CYP2D6 metabolizers (>90% of patients). In the primary analysis of the Phase 3 ENGAGE trial (NCT00891202), eliglustat treatment for 9 months resulted in significant reductions in spleen and liver volumes and increases in hemoglobin concentration and platelet count compared with placebo. We report 18‐month outcomes of patients who entered the trial extension period, in which all patients received eliglustat. Of 40 trial patients, 39 entered the extension period, and 38 completed 18 months. Absolute values and percent change over time were determined for spleen and liver volume, hemoglobin concentration, platelet count, bone mineral density, bone marrow burden, and Gaucher disease biomarkers. For patients randomized to eliglustat in the double‐blind period, continuing treatment with eliglustat for 9 more months resulted in incremental improvement of all disease parameters. For patients randomized to placebo in the double‐blind period, eliglustat treatment during the 9‐month, open‐label period resulted in significant decrease of spleen and liver volumes and significant increase of hemoglobin and platelets, with a similar rate of change to patients who had received eliglustat in the double‐blind period. Eliglustat treatment was also associated with improvement in bone marrow burden score, bone mineral density, and established biomarkers of Gaucher disease, including reduction of the bioactive lipid, glucosylsphingosine. These findings underscore the efficacy of eliglustat in treatment‐naïve patients. Eliglustat was well‐tolerated, and there were no new safety concerns with longer‐term exposure.
Three cases of multi‐generational Pompe disease: Are current practices missing diagnostic and treatment opportunities?
Authors: McIntosh Paul , Austin Stephanie , Sullivan Jennifer , Bailey Lauren , Bailey Carrie , Viskochil David , Kishnani Priya S.
Published: August 2017

Pompe disease (Glycogen storage disease type II, GSDII, or acid maltase deficiency) is an autosomal recessive metabolic myopathy with a broad clinical spectrum, ranging from infantile to late‐onset presentations. In 2015, Pompe disease was added as a core condition to the Recommended Uniform Screening Panel for state newborn screening (NBS). The clinical importance of Pompe disease is evolving with the use of NBS, increasing awareness of the disease, and higher than previously reported disease prevalence; however, current practices miss additional diagnostic and potential treatment opportunities in close relatives of the family proband. In this report, we describe three families with multiple individuals in multiple generations affected by both infantile and late‐onset clinical presentations of Pompe disease. The presence of multi‐generational disease within these families highlights the importance of subsequent risk assessment through medical history and physical examination, with a low threshold for the screening of a proband's family members. We recommend enzymology (GAA activity assay) as the first screening method, as opposed to targeted mutation analysis, for at‐risk family members. Given that the initial symptoms of the slowly progressive late‐onset presentation of Pompe disease may be mild or non‐specific, enzymatic testing of all parents of affected infants should be considered.
Monoallelic FGFR3 and Biallelic ALPL mutations in a Thai girl with hypochondroplasia and hypophosphatasia
Authors: Porntaveetus Thantrira , Srichomthong Chalurmpon , Suphapeetiporn Kanya , Shotelersuk Vorasuk
Published: August 2017

Skeletal dysplasias are a complex group of more than 350 disorders with phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity affecting bone and cartilage growth. We studied a 2‐year‐old girl and her 21‐year‐old mother with disproportionate short stature. In addition to typical features of hypochondroplasia found in both patients, the child had deformities of the extremity bones, metaphyseal flares, and bilateral transverse (Bowdler) fibular spurs with overlying skin dimples detected at birth. Intravenous pamidronate was started in the child since the age of 17 days, and then every two months. Exome sequencing revealed that the girl was heterozygous for a missense mutation (c.1651A>G, p.Ile538Val) in exon 13 of FGFR3, a known mutation for hypochondroplasia, inherited from her mother. Interestingly, the child also harbored compound heterozygous missense mutations in exon 12 of ALPL, c.1460C>T (p.Ala487Val) inherited from her mother and c.1479C>A (p.Asn493Lys) inherited from her healthy father. The former mutation was previously reported in perinatal hypophosphatasia while the latter was novel. Constantly reduced serum alkaline phosphatase levels including the one before the pamidronate administration and a substantially elevated level of plasma pyridoxal 5′‐phosphate detected at age 28 months supported the diagnosis of hypophosphatasia. After a definite diagnosis was achieved, pamidronate was withdrawn at the age of 28 months. No adverse events were observed during pamidronate therapy. In conclusion, we describe a unique case with monoallelic FGFR3 and biallelic ALPL mutations leading to features of both hypochondroplasia and hypophosphatasia.
Enzymatic Synthesis of Psilocybin
Authors: Fricke Janis , Blei Felix , Hoffmeister Dirk
Published: August 2017

Psilocybin is the psychotropic tryptamine‐derived natural product of Psilocybe carpophores, the so‐called “magic mushrooms”. Although its structure has been known for 60 years, the enzymatic basis of its biosynthesis has remained obscure. We characterized four psilocybin biosynthesis enzymes, namely i) PsiD, which represents a new class of fungal l‐tryptophan decarboxylases, ii) PsiK, which catalyzes the phosphotransfer step, iii) the methyltransferase PsiM, catalyzing iterative N‐methyl transfer as the terminal biosynthetic step, and iv) PsiH, a monooxygenase. In a combined PsiD/PsiK/PsiM reaction, psilocybin was synthesized enzymatically in a step‐economic route from 4‐hydroxy‐l‐tryptophan. Given the renewed pharmaceutical interest in psilocybin, our results may lay the foundation for its biotechnological production.
Deaminative Strategy for the Visible‐Light‐Mediated Generation of Alkyl Radicals
Authors: Klauck Felix J. R. , James Michael J. , Glorius Frank
Published: August 2017

A deaminative strategy for the visible‐light‐mediated generation of alkyl radicals from redox‐activated primary amine precursors is described. Abundant and inexpensive primary amine feedstocks, including amino acids, were converted in a single step into redox‐active pyridinium salts and subsequently into alkyl radicals by reaction with an excited‐state photocatalyst. The broad synthetic potential of this protocol was demonstrated by the alkylation of a number of heteroarenes under mild conditions.
Surfactant‐Assisted Phase‐Selective Synthesis of New Cobalt MOFs and Their Efficient Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Wu Ya‐Pan , Zhou Wei , Zhao Jun , Dong Wen‐Wen , Lan Ya‐Qian , Li Dong‐Sheng , Sun Chenghua , Bu Xianhui
Published: August 2017

Reported herein are two new polymorphic Co‐MOFs (CTGU‐5 and ‐6) that can be selectively crystallized into the pure 2D or 3D net using an anionic or neutral surfactant, respectively. Each polymorph contains a H2O molecule, but differs dramatically in its bonding to the framework, which in turn affects the crystal structure and electrocatalytic performance for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Both experimental and computational studies find that 2D CTGU‐5 which has coordinates water and more open access to the cobalt site has higher electrocatalytic activity than CTGU‐6 with the lattice water. The integration with co‐catalysts, such as acetylene black (AB) leads to a composite material, AB&CTGU‐5 (1:4) with very efficient HER catalytic properties among reported MOFs. It exhibits superior HER properties including a very positive onset potential of 18 mV, low Tafel slope of 45 mV dec−1, higher exchange current density of 8.6×10−4 A cm−2, and long‐term stability.
Synthesis, Isolation, and Trifluoromethylation of Two Isomers of C84‐Based Monometallic Cyanide Clusterfullerenes: Interplay between the Endohedral Cluster and the Exohedral Addends
Authors: Jin Fei , Wang Song , Tamm Nadezhda B. , Yang Shangfeng , Troyanov Sergey I.
Published: August 2017

As an emerging member of endohedral fullerenes, metal cyanide clusterfullerenes (CYCF) are unique in terms of the encapsulation of a monometallic cluster. To date the reported carbon cages of CYCFs are limited to C82 and C76, and little is known about the chemical reactivity of CYCFs. Herein, two isomers of the first C84‐based CYCFs, YCN@C84, were isolated as trifluoromethyl derivatives, including YCN@C84(23)(CF3)18 and three isomers of YCN@C84(13)(CF3)16, which are based on a unique chiral C2‐C84(13) cage. As a common feature of the CF3 addition patterns, the YCN@C84(CF3)16/18 compounds are stabilized by the formation of isolated C=C bonds and benzenoid rings on the carbon cages. The interplay between the endohedral YCN cluster and the exhohedral CF3 addends was unveiled according to single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies, thus offering new insight into the chemical reactivity of CYCFs.
Plasmon‐enhanced, two‐photon absorption in Schiff‐base‐modified poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride)–gold nanocomposites
Authors: George Nisha , Thomas Anitta Rose , Subha Radhu , N. L Mary
Published: August 2017

Poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) (SMA) is a synthetic copolymer with interesting thermal and membrane properties. Schiff bases are one of the most widely used organic compounds with chelating ligands having N, S, and O as donor atoms. A Schiff‐base‐modified SMA was synthesized by the reaction of the copolymer with salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone. Gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs), synthesized by a citrate reduction method were used to prepare the polymer–Au nanocomposites. In this research, we explored and investigated the effects on the linear and nonlinear optical properties of the Schiff‐base‐modified SMA copolymer with the incorporation of Au NPs. Open‐aperture Z‐scan measurements were recorded for the polymer, modified polymer, and polymer–Au nanocomposites at 532 nm with an Nd:YAG laser with a repetition rate of 10 Hz and a pulse width of 5 ns. The results indicate that the addition of the Au NPs effectively enhanced the two‐photon absorption coefficients of the polymer and, thereby, provided a platform for the development of nonlinear optical devices with good optical‐limiting properties. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45377.
Control and Synchronization Of A Class Of Uncertain Fractional Order Chaotic Systems Via Adaptive Backstepping Control
Authors: Shukla Manoj Kumar , Sharma B.B.
Published: August 2017

This paper presents the stabilization and synchronization problem of a class of fractional order chaotic systems with unknown parameters. A systematic step by step approach is explained to derive control results using an adaptive backstepping strategy. The analytically obtained control structure, derived by blending a systematic backstepping procedure with Mittag‐Leffler stability results, helps in obtaining the stability of a strict feedback‐like class of uncertain fractional order chaotic systems. The results are further extended to achieve synchronization of these systems in master–slave configuration. Thereafter, the methodology has been applied to two example systems, that is, chaotic Chua's circuit and Genesio‐Tesi system, which belong to addressed class, in order to show the application of results. Numerical simulation given at the end confirms the efficacy of the scheme presented here.
Improvement of amphotericin B production by a newly isolated Streptomyces nodosus mutant
Authors: Zhang Bo , Zhang Hai‐Dong , Zhou Yi‐Teng , Huang Kai , Liu Zhi‐Qiang , Zheng Yu‐Guo
Published: August 2017

Amphotericin B is an effective antifungal antibiotic. However, its production in the wild‐type strain of Streptomyces nodosus is relatively low. In this study, a strain of ZJB 20130827, capable of producing amphotericin B, was isolated and identified as S. nodosus based on its physiological and biochemical characteristics as well as its 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. With N‐methyl‐N‐nitroso‐N′‐nitroguanidine (NTG) and ultraviolet (UV) treatment, this wild‐type strain was mutated for improving the yield of amphotericin B. After NTG and UV treatment, the best mutant N3 was obtained for optimization of fermentation conditions. The production of amphotericin B with N3 was 5,260 mg/L, while the wild‐type strain ZJB 20130827 was about 580 mg/L, an increase of 906.9%. A genetically stable mutant strain with high yield of amphotericin B was obtained using NTG and UV. The mutant obtained in this work could potentially be utilized in industrial production of amphotericin B.
Reproductive and Neurobehavioral Effects of Ethiprole Administered to Mice in the Diet
Authors: Tanaka Toyohito , Inomata Akiko
Published: August 2017

Background

Few studies were found for neurobehavioral toxicity of the phenylpyrazole insecticide ethiprole in mammals. This study was designed to evaluate the reproductive and neurobehavioral effects of ethiprole exposure in mice.

Methods

Ethiprole was given in the diet to provide levels of 0 (control), 0.0003, 0.0009, and 0.0027% from 5 weeks of age of the F0 generation to 11 weeks of age of the F1 generation in mice. Selected reproductive and neurobehavioral parameters were measured.

Results

Movement time increased with a significant dose‐related trend, and frequencies of mice with urination increased in the high‐dose group of adult males in the F0 generation. The average body weight of male and female offspring increased significantly in treatment groups at postnatal days (PNDs) 7, 14, and 21. Surface righting on PND 7 of male offspring was accelerated in a significant dose‐related trend. In female offspring, olfactory orientation on PND 14 was accelerated significantly on the route of higher‐dose groups, and time of all treatment groups. Total distance, movement time, average speed, and average time of movement significantly decreased, and frequencies of mice with urination increased in a significant dose‐related trend in male offspring in the F1 generation. Longitudinal patterns of spontaneous behavior differed in the number of horizontal activities, movement time, and average speed in treatment groups in males. The number of horizontal activities of females decreased in a significant dose‐related trend through 120 min.

Conclusion

The dose levels of ethiprole in the present study produced several adverse effects in neurobehavioral parameters in mice. Birth Defects Research 109:1568–1585, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.