bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neighbourhood context and young adult mobility: A life course approach
Authors: Andersson Eva K. , Malmberg Bo , Clark William A.V.
Published: November 2020

This paper finds convincing evidence of upward progress out of poor Swedish neighbourhoods for individuals with a Swedish background, individuals with a European background, and those with a non‐European background. We use the 1986 cohort of the Swedish population and follow them from age 15 when they are living at home to age 30. We find that by age 30, they live in a neighbourhood that in terms of the poverty level is relatively distant from the initial neighbourhood where they grew up. Mobility into less poor neighbourhoods is clearly linked to higher income, but interestingly, initial context is even more important. Mobility to less poor neighbourhoods is found for those starting in high‐poverty neighbourhoods and vice versa for those starting in low‐poverty neighbourhoods. Moreover, large‐scale context and regional context strongly influence neighbourhood mobility along the poverty gradient. The analysis shows that a large proportion of individuals with a non‐European background improve their neighbourhood status from where they were living as teenagers, to where they live after leaving home. Individuals who stay in the poorest neighbourhoods come from less favourable backgrounds, from large‐scale poverty contexts, have low school grades, tend to have children early, and have low incomes and lower educational attainment. Individuals with a non‐European background are overrepresented in this group. Thus, despite the overall gains in neighbourhood quality, the process of spatial sorting still contributes to an increased spatial concentration of vulnerable populations.
Inherent Properties and Phonon Characteristics of BaWO4 Single Phase Ceramic
Authors: Shi Feng , Fu Guang-en
Published: November 2020

BaWO4 ceramic is fabricated by conventional solid‐state reaction technique, and the intrinsic properties and the phonon characteristics of the ceramic are examined. The single‐phase BaWO4 is found in a tetragonal crystal structure as confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. Scanning electron microscopy shows well‐crystallized grains and uniform grain arrangement with clear boundaries. Raman vibrational modes are assigned, and the atomic motions of the modes are elucidated using first‐principles calculations. The intrinsic properties of the ceramic are evaluated by using the infrared vibrational mode results in a four‐parameter semiquantitative model, and the theoretical values obtained using the model are found to be in good agreement with the measured values. This analysis reveals the dielectric response mechanism of single‐phase BaWO4 ceramic. The contribution of each vibrational mode to the intrinsic properties is analyzed, and it is found that the Eu mode with a frequency of 102.02 cm−1 makes the most important contribution to the dielectric properties.
Nanoframes@CNT Beads‐on‐a‐String Structures: Toward an Advanced High‐Stable Sodium‐Ion Full Battery
Authors: Chen Song , Fan Shuang , Xiong Dongbin , Pam Mei Er , Wang Ye , Shi Yumeng , Yang Hui Ying
Published: November 2020

Engineering intriguing electrode with exceptional kinetics behaviors is imperative for boosting sodium storage systems. Herein, the uniform nanoframes are threaded by the interwoven carbon nanotube (CNT) conductive network to form an ingenious beads‐on‐a‐string structured NiFePBA nanoframe/CNT (NFPB‐NF/CNT) cathode and the corresponding derivative NiFeSe nanoframe/CNT (NFS‐NF/CNT) anode. NFPB‐NF/CNT exhibited remarkable cycling life along with outstanding rate capability and low voltage decay per cycle. The fast Na+ conduction and sufficient sodiation reaction is proved using Na+ diffusion models. Meanwhile, an exceptional sodium storage capacity and prolonged cycling life is achieved using binary NFS‐NF/CNT anode at a high rate. In situ and ex situ investigations are used to reveal the sodium storage mechanisms and structural evolution process. Furthermore, a sodium‐ion full battery based on the above electrodes shows stable performance accompanied by high energy conversion efficiency. The material design strategy provides a new solution for exploiting smart multicomponent composites toward advanced energy storage devices.
Controlled Growth of Li Dendrite Induced by Periodic Ni Mesh for Ultrastable Lithium Metal Battery
Authors: Li Qinyi , Li Yalei , Liu Lei , Luo Chengzhao , Hao Yu , Shen Tong , Chen Linsen , Liu Yanhua , Chen Yu
Published: November 2020

The disordered dendritic growth of Li metal seriously hampers the practical application of lithium metal batteries. Great efforts are devoted to suppress the growth of dendrites, it is still necessary to explore measures of controlling dendritic growth and pave ways for normal cell operation in presence of dendrites. Herein, a modification technique of Li metal anode by a periodic Ni mesh with micrometer‐sized grid is proposed for interfacial engineering. Periodic patterned Ni mesh is prepared using a novel laser direct‐writing technique combined with selective electrodeposition process. The growth of Li dendrites is regulated under the effect of unique electric field distribution by the introduction of the Ni mesh. It is noteworthy that the controlled lateral growth of dendrites is successfully realized by the internal structure modification instead of any external electric or magnetic field as has been previously reported. The resultant anode exhibits a stable cycling performance with ultralow overpotential of 6–8 mV for over 1000 h at the current density of 0.5 mA cm−2. It also presents superior electrochemical performance when assembled against LiFePO4 cathode into full cells, with an initial capacity of 133 mA h g−1 and a stable cycling performance over 160 cycles.
Addressing Career Services’ Internationalisation Challenges Through Transnational Consortia
Authors: Rickmann Jérôme , Perez-Encinas Adriana , Fernandez-de-Pinedo Nadia
Published: November 2020

Providing high quality education and student experience is critical to attracting and retaining students in an increasingly competitive environment. Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) are under growing pressure to ‘guarantee’ their graduates’ employability and successful access to the labour market. On the other hand, with the increase of international student mobility in the past few decades, a new student profile has emerged, which includes broader professional perspectives in geographical terms. One of the challenges for HEIs is, therefore, to develop their graduates’ relevant skills and support them with structures that ease their integration into the local, national or international labour market.The aim of this paper is to outline both the current context and status of the internationalisation of European career services and the main challenges faced in this process. An exploratory single case analysis is used to identify how the formation of international career service consortia could contribute to overcoming some of the challenges, especially in terms of resource efficiency and international network development and reach.
Edge modes of gravity. Part I. Corner potentials and charges
Authors: Freidel Laurent , Geiller Marc , Pranzetti Daniele
Published: November 2020

Abstract

This is the first paper in a series devoted to understanding the classical and quantum nature of edge modes and symmetries in gravitational systems. The goal of this analysis is to: i) achieve a clear understanding of how different formulations of gravity provide non-trivial representations of different sectors of the corner symmetry algebra, and ii) set the foundations of a new proposal for states of quantum geometry as representation states of this corner symmetry algebra. In this first paper we explain how different formulations of gravity, in both metric and tetrad variables, share the same bulk symplectic structure but differ at the corner, and in turn lead to inequivalent representations of the corner symmetry algebra. This provides an organizing criterion for formulations of gravity depending on how big the physical symmetry group that is non-trivially represented at the corner is. This principle can be used as a “treasure map” revealing new clues and routes in the quest for quantum gravity. Building up on these results, we perform a detailed analysis of the corner pre-symplectic potential and symmetries of Einstein-Cartan-Holst gravity in [1], use this to provide a new look at the simplicity constraints in [2], and tackle the quantization in [3].
Comments on D3-brane holography
Authors: Chakraborty Soumangsu , Giveon Amit , Kutasov David
Published: November 2020

Abstract

We revisit the idea that the quantum dynamics of open strings ending on N D3-branes in the large N limit can be described at large ‘t Hooft coupling by classical closed string theory in the background created by the D3-branes in asymptotically flat spacetime. We study the resulting thermodynamics and compute the Hagedorn temperature and other properties of the D3-brane worldvolume theory in this regime. We also consider the theory in which the D3-branes are replaced by negative branes and show that its thermodynamics is well behaved. We comment on the idea that this theory can be thought of as an irrelevant deformation of $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 4 SYM, and on its relation to $$ T\overline{T} $$
T

T
¯

deformed CFT2.
Encountering ethics through design: a workshop with nonhuman participants
Authors: Reddy Anuradha , Nicenboim Iohanna , Pierce James , Giaccardi Elisa
Published: November 2020

What if we began to speculate that intelligent things have an ethical agenda? Could we then imagine ways to move past the moral divide ‘human vs. nonhuman’ in those contexts, where things act on our behalf? Would this help us better address matters of agency and responsibility in the design and use of intelligent systems? In this article, we argue that if we fail to address intelligent things as objects that deserve moral consideration by their relations within a broad social context, we will lack a grip on the distinct ethical rules governing our interaction with intelligent things, and how to design for it. We report insights from a workshop, where we take seriously the perspectives offered by intelligent things, by allowing unforeseen ethical situations to emerge in an improvisatory manner. By giving intelligent things an active role in interaction, our participants seemed to be activated by the artifacts, provoked to act and respond to things beyond the artifact itself—its direct functionality and user experience. The workshop helped to consider autonomous behavior not as a simplistic exercise of anthropomorphization, but within the more significant ecosystems of relations, practices and values of which intelligent things are a part.
Autocrine effects of PCSK9 on cardiomyocytes
Authors: Wolf Annemarie , Kutsche Hanna Sarah , Schreckenberg Rolf , Weber Martin , Li Ling , Rohrbach Susanne , Schulz Rainer , Schlüter Klaus-Dieter
Published: November 2020

Proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is in the focus of cardiovascular research due to its role in hepatic low density lipoprotein (LDL) clearance. However, extrahepatic expression of PCSK9 such as in cardiomyocytes and its regulation by oxidized LDL (oxLDL) put notion on extrahepatic effects of PCSK9 as well. This study was aimed to reveal the role of PCSK9 in oxLDL-dependent regulation of cardiomyocyte function. Adult rat and mouse ventricular cardiomyocytes and isolated perfused hearts were used. OxLDL was applied to increase PCSK9 expression in cardiomyocytes. Cell function was analyzed by load-free cell shortening as well as left ventricular developed pressure of isolated hearts. OxLDL decreased shortening in wild-type-derived mouse cardiomyocytes but not in those isolated from PCSK9 knockout mice. Overexpression of human PCSK9 in rat cardiomyocytes reduced shortening in the absence of oxLDL. Addition of recombinant PCSK9 mimicked these effects. In cardiomyocytes, oxLDL induced PCSK9 release into the supernatant. Inhibition of PCSK9 by Pep 2–8 or alirocumab attenuated the oxLDL-induced loss of cardiomyocyte shortening. Cardiomyocytes express surfeit locus protein 4 (SURF-4), a protein required for PCSK9 secretion in human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293 T), and silencing of SURF-4 reduced the oxLDL effects on cardiomyocytes. In isolated perfused rat hearts PCSK9 inhibition by alirocumab improved the function. In addition, left ventricular function of isolated hearts from PCSK9 knockout mice was increased under basal conditions as well as at 10 min and 120 min of reperfusion following 45 min of ischemia. Collectively, the data show that cardiomyocytes express and release PCSK9 that acts in an autocrine way on cardiomyocytes and impairs their function.
A unified approach to permutation testing for equivalence
Authors: Arboretti Rosa , Pesarin Fortunato , Salmaso Luigi
Published: November 2020

The notion of testing for equivalence of two treatments is widely used in clinical trials, pharmaceutical experiments, bioequivalence and quality control. It is traditionally operated within the intersection–union principle (IU). According to this principle the null hypothesis is stated as the set of effects the differences $$\delta$$
δ
of which lie outside a suitable equivalence interval and the alternative as the set of $$\delta$$
δ
that lie inside it. In the literature related solutions are essentially based on likelihood techniques, which in turn are rather difficult to deal with. A recently published paper goes beyond most of likelihood limitations by using the IU approach within the permutation theory. One more paper, based on Roy’s union–intersection principle (UI) within the permutation theory, goes beyond some limitations of traditional two-sided tests. Such UI approach, effectively a mirror image of IU, assumes a null hypothesis where $$\delta$$
δ
lies inside the equivalence interval and an alternative where it lies outside. Since testing for equivalence can rationally be analyzed by both principles but, as the two differ in terms of the mirror-like roles assigned to the hypotheses under study, they are not strictly comparable. The present paper’s main goal is to look into these problems and provide a sort of comparative analysis of both by highlighting the related requirements, properties, limitations, difficulties, and pitfalls so as to get practitioners properly acquainted with their correct use in practical contexts.
Financial precautions, carbon dioxide leakage, and the European Directive 2009/31/EC on carbon capture and storage (CCS)
Authors: Wifling Manuel
Published: November 2020

The phenomenon of anthropogenic climate change has been identified as a threat multiplier for many human-related concerns. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) can, in combination with several other mitigation technologies, alleviate global warming by reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. Reducing climate change-related risks via CCS creates another risk, smaller in extent: the risk that some of the stored CO2 leaks out of the storage complex. This article reviews European legislation and evaluates how one of its objectives, that private liabilities of CCS-related leakage risks are not socialized, is ensured. Slight modifications of European legislation are suggested in order to prevent an indefinite liability of CCS operators in case a storage complex turns out to be unexpectedly and unavoidably prone to CO2 leakages. Official German and Hungarian financial precaution specifications are contrasted and related to this article’s finding that the state budget is sufficiently hedged against the expected value of climate-related leakage compensation costs of poorly managed storage complexes if 3 to 6% of a CCS operator’s emission-related revenues are diverted into a financial precaution fund.
A Mathematical Analysis of an Election System Proposed by Gottlob Frege
Authors: Harrenstein Paul , Lackner Marie-Louise , Lackner Martin
Published: November 2020

In 1998 a long-lost proposal for an election law by Gottlob Frege (1848–1925) was rediscovered in the Thüringer Universitäts- und Landesbibliothek in Jena, Germany. The method that Frege proposed for the election of representatives of a constituency features a remarkable concern for the representation of minorities. Its core idea is that votes cast for unelected candidates are carried over to the next election, while elected candidates incur a cost of winning. We prove that this sensitivity to past elections guarantees a proportional representation of political opinions in the long run. We find that through a slight modification of Frege’s original method even stronger proportionality guarantees can be achieved. This modified version of Frege’s method also provides a novel solution to the apportionment problem, which is distinct from all of the best-known apportionment methods, while still possessing noteworthy proportionality properties.
Probabilistic inductive constraint logic
Authors: Riguzzi Fabrizio , Bellodi Elena , Zese Riccardo , Alberti Marco , Lamma Evelina
Published: November 2020

Probabilistic logical models deal effectively with uncertain relations and entities typical of many real world domains. In the field of probabilistic logic programming usually the aim is to learn these kinds of models to predict specific atoms or predicates of the domain, called target atoms/predicates. However, it might also be useful to learn classifiers for interpretations as a whole: to this end, we consider the models produced by the inductive constraint logic system, represented by sets ofintegrity constraints, and we propose a probabilistic version of them. Each integrity constraint is annotated with a probability, and the resulting probabilistic logical constraint model assigns a probability of being positive to interpretations. To learn both the structure and the parameters of such probabilistic models we propose the system PASCAL for “probabilistic inductive constraint logic”. Parameter learning can be performed using gradient descent or L-BFGS. PASCAL has been tested on 11 datasets and compared with a few statistical relational systems and a system that builds relational decision trees (TILDE): we demonstrate that this system achieves better or comparable results in terms of area under the precision–recall and receiver operating characteristic curves, in a comparable execution time.
Parametric analysis of a sliding-mode controller to suppress drill-string stick-slip vibration
Authors: Vaziri Vahid , Oladunjoye Ibukunolu O. , Kapitaniak Marcin , Aphale Sumeet S. , Wiercigroch Marian
Published: November 2020

Despite a significant research effort to understand and mitigate stick-slip in drill-strings, this problem yet to be solved. In this work, a comprehensive parametric robustness analysis of the sliding mode controller has hitherto been performed. First, a model verification and extensive parametric analysis of the open-loop model is presented. This is followed by a detailed parametric analysis of the sliding-mode controller based closed-loop system for two cases, (i) an ideal actuator with no delay or constraint and (ii) a realistic actuator with delay or/and constraint. It is shown that though the proposed controller works robustly across a wide range of parameters, in the absence of delay, it fails in the presence of a delay, thereby limiting its practical application. Experimental results are included to support these claims. This work underlines the importance of including the inherent system characteristics during the control design process. Furthermore, the parametric analysis presented here is aimed to act as a blue-print for testing the efficacy of relevant control schemes to be proposed in the future.
Allelic diversity study of functional genes in East Africa bread wheat highlights opportunities for genetic improvement
Authors: Wamalwa Mercy , Tadesse Zerihun , Muthui Lucy , Yao Nasser , Zegeye Habtemariam , Randhawa Mandeep , Wanyera Ruth , Uauy Cristobal , Shorinola Oluwaseyi
Published: November 2020

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major staple crop in East Africa (EA) providing 9% and 10% of daily calories and protein intake, respectively. However, EA countries depend on import to meet 55% of their domestic wheat supplies due to increasing demands and low domestic yields. To determine the beneficial gene pool currently exploited for wheat improvement in EA, we examined the allelic diversity of 39 genes of breeding importance in a collection of 239 wheat cultivars and breeding lines from Kenya and Ethiopia using KASP markers. The assayed genes have been shown to control variations in plant height, thousand kernel weight (TKW), grain protein content, pre-harvest sprouting (PHS), disease resistance, and flowering time. We observed the beneficial alleles of some major genes including Gpc-B1, Yr5, Yr15, Sr26, and Fhb1 to be missing or present at low frequencies in this population. Furthermore, we validated the effects of the major Rht-1 alleles and TaCKX-D1 in controlling variation in plant height and thousand kernel weight, respectively, under EA conditions. Our results uncover hitherto unexploited allelic diversity that can be used to improve the genetic potential of EA wheat germplasm. This will inform strategies to rapidly mobilize these beneficial alleles for wheat improvement in EA.
Complexity-theoretic aspects of expanding cellular automata
Authors: Modanese Augusto
Published: November 2020

The expanding cellular automata (XCA) variant of cellular automata is investigated and characterized from a complexity-theoretical standpoint. An XCA is a one-dimensional cellular automaton which can dynamically create new cells between existing ones. The respective polynomial-time complexity class is shown to coincide with $${\le _{tt}^p}(\textsf {NP})$$

≤

tt

p

(
NP
)

, that is, the class of decision problems polynomial-time truth-table reducible to problems in $$\textsf {NP}$$
NP
. An alternative characterization based on a variant of non-deterministic Turing machines is also given. In addition, corollaries on select XCA variants are proven: XCAs with multiple accept and reject states are shown to be polynomial-time equivalent to the original XCA model. Finally, XCAs with alternative acceptance conditions are considered and classified in terms of $${\le _{tt}^p}(\textsf {NP})$$

≤

tt

p

(
NP
)

and the Turing machine polynomial-time class $$\textsf {P}$$
P
.
Correction to: Effects of Dating Matters® on Sexual Violence and Sexual Harassment Outcomes among Middle School Youth: a Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: DeGue Sarah , Niolon Phyllis Holditch , Estefan Lianne Fuino , Tracy Allison J. , Le Vi D. , Vivolo-Kantor Alana M. , Little Todd D. , Latzman Natasha E. , Tharp Andra , Lang Kyle M. , Taylor Bruce
Published: November 2020

A Correction to this paper has been published: 10.1007/s11121-020-01183-7
It matters how to recall – task differences in retrieval practice
Authors: Endres Tino , Kranzdorf Lena , Schneider Vivien , Renkl Alexander
Published: November 2020

The type of a recall task may substantially influence the effects of learning by retrieval practice. In a within-subject design, 54 university students studied two expository texts, followed by retrieval practice with either short-answer tasks (targeted retrieval) or a free-recall task (holistic retrieval). Concerning the direct effects of retrieval practice, short-answer tasks led to increased retention of directly retrieved targeted information from the learning contents, whereas free-recall tasks led to better retention of further information from the learning contents. Concerning indirect effects, short-answer tasks improved metacognitive calibration; free-recall tasks increased self-efficacy and situational interest. These findings confirm the assumption that the effects of retrieval practice depend on the type of recall task: short-answer tasks help us remember targeted information units and foster metacognitive calibration. Free-recall tasks help us remember a broader spectrum of information, and they foster motivational factors.
Addressing Fracture Properties of Individual Constituents Within a Cu-WTi-SiOx-Si Multilayer
Authors: Alfreider Markus , Zechner Johannes , Kiener Daniel
Published: November 2020

With modern materials applications continually decreasing in size, e.g., microelectronics, sensors, actuators, and medical implants, quantifying materials parameters becomes increasingly challenging. Specifically, addressing individual constituents of a system, such as interfaces or buried layers in a multilayer structure, emerges as a topic of great importance. We demonstrate herein a technique to assess fracture parameters of different interfaces of a Cu-WTi-SiOx-Si model system based on in situ microcantilever testing in a scanning electron microscope. Positioning the initial notch position with respect to the interface of interest enabled selection of different crack paths, while an additional overlaid sinusoidal signal permitted continuous measurement of stiffness changes and thereby experimental measurement of the actual crack extension. We thus achieved continuous J–Δa curve measurements for the interface between Cu and WTi, the bulk WTi, and the interface between WTi and SiOx. The localized nature of this novel approach makes it generally applicable to testing specific interfaces.
Is the plantaris muscle the most undefined human skeletal muscle?
Authors: Kurtys K. , Gonera B. , Olewnik Ł. , Karauda P. , Tubbs R. Shane , Polguj M.
Published: November 2020

The plantaris muscle is located in the posterior aspect of the superficial compartment of the lower leg, running from the lateral condyle of the femur to the calcaneal tuberosity. Classically, it is characterized by a small and fusiform muscle belly, which then changes into a long slender tendon. From the evolutionary point of view, the muscle is considered vestigial. However, it has recently been suspected of being a highly specialized sensory muscle because of its high density of muscle spindles. It has a noticeable tendency to vary in respect of both origin and insertion. Researchers have published many reports on the potential clinical significance of the muscle belly and tendon, including mid-portion Achilles tendinopathy, ‘tennis leg syndrome’, and popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. The right knee joint area was subjected to classical anatomical dissection, during which an atypical plantaris muscle was found and examined in detail. Accurate morphometric measurements were made. The muscle belly was assessed as bifurcated. Morphologically, superior and inferior parts were presented. There was a tendinous connection (named band A) with the iliotibial tract and an additional insertion (named band B) to the semimembranosus tendon. Both bands A and B presented very broad fan-shaped attachments. The human plantaris muscle is of considerable interest and has frequent morphological variations in its proximal part. Its specific characteristics can cause clinical problems and lead to confusion in diagnosis. More studies are needed to define its actual features and functions.
Transient tribo-dynamic analysis of crosshead slipper in low-speed marine diesel engines during engine startup
Authors: Li Rui , Meng Xianghui , Dong Jingjin , Li Wenda
Published: November 2020

A crosshead slipper-guide system, which bears a significant thrust force, is an essential friction pair in low-speed marine diesel engines. Owing to the low moving speed of the crosshead slipper during engine startup, it is difficult to form good hydrodynamic lubrication between the crosshead slipper and guide. Therefore, a detailed analysis of the crosshead slipper during engine startup is needed. In this study, a new transient tribo-dynamic model for a crosshead slipper during the engine startup process is presented. The model consists of a mixed lubrication model of the crosshead slipper-guide and dynamic models of the piston assembly, crosshead assembly, connecting rod, and crankshaft. The tribo-dynamic performances of the crosshead slipper during startup and under the rated conditions were simulated and compared. The results show that the tribo-dynamics of the crosshead slipper during the startup process are significantly different from those under the rated conditions. Some measures beneficial for the low friction of a crosshead slipper-guide under the rated conditions may significantly increase the friction loss of the crosshead slipper-guide system during the startup process.
Learning distance effect on lignite quality variables at global and local scales
Authors: Yaylagul Cem , Tutmez Bulent
Published: November 2020

Determining scale and variable effects have critical importance in developing an energy resource policy. This study aims to explore the relationships in heterogeneous lignite sites using different scale models, spatial weighting as well as error-based pair-wise identification. From a statistical learning framework, the relationships among the quality variables such as geochemical variables and the contributions of the coordinates to quality measures have been exhibited by generalized additive models. In this way, the critical roles of spatial weights provided by the coordinates have been specified at a global scale. The experimental studies reveal that incorporating the geological weighting in the models as the additional information improves both accuracy and transparency. Because relationships among lignite quality variables and sampling locations are spatially non-stationary, the local structure and interdependencies among the variables were analyzed by geographically weighting regression. The local analyses including spatial patterns of bandwidths, search domains as well as residual-based areal dependencies provided not only the critical zones but also availability of pair-wise model alternatives by calibrating a model at each point for location-specific parameter learning. The results completely show that the weighting models applied at different scales can take spatial heterogeneity into consideration and these abilities provide some meta-data and specific information using in sustainable energy planning.
Detecting the need for change: How the British Army adapted to warfare on the Western Front and in the Southern Cameroons
Authors: Hunzeker Michael A. , Harkness Kristen A.
Published: November 2020

This article addresses a gap in the literature on military adaptation by focusing on the first step in the adaptive process: detecting failure. We argue that institutionalised feedback loops are a critical mechanism for facilitating detection. Feedback loops are most effective when they filter information and distribute lessons learned to senior tactical commanders. In turn, effective filtration depends on incorporating frontline soldiers and specialists into intelligence cells while creating a protected space for dissent. We evaluate our theory against both irregular and conventional wars fought by the British Army: the counterinsurgency campaign in the Southern Cameroons (1960–1) as well as the evolution of British assault tactics on the Western Front of the First World War (1914–18).
Legal Threats and the Emergence of Legal Mobilization: Conservative Mobilization in Colombia
Authors: Lehoucq Emilio
Published: November 2020

Though the Colombian Constitutional Court has had a lead role in granting lesbian, gay, bisexual, and trans (LGBT) rights since 1998, conservatives mobilizing against LGBT rights between 1991 and 2007 were active in Congress and the streets rather than in court. After 2007, however, conservatives have maintained consistent opposition to rights claims made by LGBT people in the Constitutional Court. This article draws from fieldwork examining the significance of the Constitutional Court’s transition from granting rights to LGBT people as individuals to granting rights to LGBT people as couples and potential families to theorize conservative legal mobilization, particularly moral conservatism. To account for the rise of conservative legal mobilization against LGBT rights in Colombia in 2007, this article expands on the legal opportunity structure model. It theorizes that legal threats––that is, changes in legal rules that are perceived to increase the costs of mobilization or the expected costs of not taking action––are among the factors that lead movements to engage in legal mobilization, even if legal opportunities are not expanding.
Stowaways at Bohemia's Shores: Undocumented Emigration and People-Smuggling Networks in Interwar East Central Europe
Authors: Schmidt Allison
Published: November 2020

This article investigates interwar people-smuggling networks, based in Germany and Czechoslovakia, that transported undocumented emigrants across borders from east-central Europe to northern Europe, where the travelers planned to sail to the United States. Many of the people involved in such networks in the Saxon-Bohemian borderlands had themselves been immigrants from Galicia. They had left a homeland decimated by the First World War and subsequent violence and entered societies with limited avenues to earn a living. The “othering” of these Galician immigrants became a self-fulfilling prophecy, as those on the margins of society then sought illegal ways to supplement their income. This article concludes that the poor economic conditions and threat of ongoing violence that spurred migrant clients to seek undocumented passage had driven their smugglers, who also faced social marginalization, to emigration and the business of migrant smuggling.
Cold atmospheric plasma jet applied for TiO2/carbon fiber composite biomaterial
Authors: Li Limin , Li Zhiwei , Zhou Qinqin , Huang Xiuxiang , Peng Ke
Published: November 2020

In the present work, Titanium dioxide (TiO2) micro–nanostructured thin films are deposited by a cold atmospheric plasma jet on carbon fiber substrates. The surface morphology, grain size, and structure phase of TiO2 thin films are investigated by scanning electron microscopic (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Raman spectrum. As the discharge voltage increased from 5 to 15 kV, the size of these TiO2 particles decreased from 2 to 3 μm to less than 1 μm. The XRD and Raman spectroscopic results show TiO2 on the carbon fiber surface prepared by atmospheric plasma jet is at the mixture phase of anatase and rutile. We also investigated the adhesion and proliferation assays of MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts on the samples. The surface with smaller TiO2 particles deposited on carbon fiber is more appropriate for attachment of preosteoblasts. Furthermore, the highest proliferation of MC3T3-E1 was found on a sample with smaller TiO2 particles after incubation. Our data suggest that the increased roughness fosters cell attachment and proliferation on the surface of TiO2/carbon fibers.
From gentlemanly capitalism to lobbying capitalism: the City and the EEC, 1972–1992
Authors: Drach Alexis
Published: November 2020

The City of London has long attracted much academic and popular attention. However, little research has been done on the relationship between the City and the European Economic Community in the 1970s and 1980s, despite the accession of the United Kingdom in 1973. Based on archival material from central and commercial banks in the UK and France, this article explores the relationship between the City and the EEC, from the accession of the UK to the EEC in 1973 to the Maastricht Treaty in 1992, which was meant to be the year of the completion of the single financial market. The article explores two areas: the influence of the City on EEC financial regulation, and how this influence was exerted. It pays particular attention to two committees chaired by the Bank of England, the City Liaison Committee and the City EEC Liaison Committee, and to British banks. The article argues that if the EEC played a part in the formalisation of British banking regulation, the City also played a key role in shaping EEC plans for financial regulation.
IRI: financial intermediary or entrepreneurial state?
Authors: Amatori Franco
Published: November 2020

The Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI), a state-controlled holding company, was founded in 1933. Its original mission was to prevent the collapse of Italy's largest universal banks by taking over their huge industrial shareholdings. As a consequence, the historiography traditionally associates it with the concept of ‘entrepreneurial state’. This article aims to challenge this interpretation by focusing on the ideas and actions of three prominent figures: Alberto Beneduce, the IRI's first chairman; Donato Menichella, Beneduce's right-hand man who became governor of the Bank of Italy after World War II; and Pasquale Saraceno, a technocrat who spent his entire career as one of the IRI's top managers. Beneduce and Menichella regarded the IRI as a financial intermediary open to private shareholders. To Saraceno, by contrast, the IRI was an expression of a Catholic ideology that entrusted to the state the mission of promoting the industrialization of the south. This view, which aimed at reducing regional inequalities in order to complete the country's political unification, prevailed only in the second half of the 1950s. By trying to blend profit maximization with political and social goals, this strategy sowed the seeds of the IRI's decline and eventual demise.
The influence of climatic conditions on the permeability and hydraulic properties of the L5–S5 layers in the Loess Plateau, North Qinling Mountains
Authors: CHEN Yao , QIAN Hui , HOU Kai
Published: November 2020

A better understanding of the role of Quaternary-era climate change in the development of regional hydrology in the Loess Plateau and the impact on regional ecosystems is needed. In particular, a thorough examination of the permeability and recharge under different conditions in the fifth loess–palaeosol layer is required. The fifth loess–palaeosol layer is located at the southern edge of the Jinghe River in the Guanzhong Basin, and was examined to better understand these conditions. A constant head permeability test was conducted at 11 points that covered different stratum of loess–palaeosol, and 55 corresponding undisturbed soil samples were analysed for porosity, magnetic susceptibility, and grain size. Results showed that: (1) with an increase in hydraulic gradient, the permeability coefficient of the upper part of the loess and the lower part of the palaeosol showed contrasting characteristics – this phenomenon was closely related to climatic conditions during the sedimentary period, post-sedimentary microbial activity, and to certain properties relating to permeability in the strata under similar monsoon effects; (2) the Loess Plateau, alternately dominated by the East Asian summer and winter monsoons, exhibited different grain-size compositions in the sedimentary layer, which, in turn, made the permeability in the loess noticeably more stable than that in the palaeosol; and (3) different aquifer characteristics and recharge conditions between the loess–palaeosol layers can be primarily explained by the intensity of the pedogenesis, which depended on extreme dry-old glacial climates and relatively humid-warm interglacial climates. These findings show that climate change played an important role in influencing hydrological systems in the loess–palaeosol sequence.
Repeat Subglacial Lake Drainage and Filling Beneath Thwaites Glacier
Authors: Malczyk G. , Gourmelen N. , Goldberg D. , Wuite J. , Nagler T.
Published: November 2020

Active subglacial lakes have been identified throughout Antarctica, offering a window into subglacial environments and their impact on ice sheet mass balance. Here we use high‐resolution altimetry measurements from 2010 to 2019 to show that a lake system under the Thwaites Glacier undertook a large episode of activity in 2017, only four years after the system underwent a substantial drainage event. Our observations suggest significant modifications of the drainage system between the two events, with 2017 experiencing greater upstream discharge, faster lake‐to‐lake connectivity, and the transfer of water within a closed system. Measured rates of lake recharge during the inter‐drainage period are 137% larger than modeled estimates, suggesting processes that drive subglacial meltwater production, such as geothermal heat flux or basal friction, are currently underestimated.
Quantifying Transition Zone Radiative Effects in Longwave Radiation Parameterizations
Authors: Jahani Babak , Calbó Josep , González Josep‐Abel
Published: November 2020

The change in the state of sky from cloudy to cloudless (or vice versa) comprises an additional phase called “transition zone,” in which the characteristics of the particle suspension lay between those corresponding to pure clouds and atmospheric aerosols. This phase, however, is usually considered, in atmospheric monitoring and modeling, as an area containing either aerosol or thin clouds. A sensitivity analysis has been performed to assess the longwave radiative effects resulting from different approximations to the transition zone for three radiation parameterizations included in the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. The parameterizations produce important differences (up to 60 W m−2) between radiative effects of optically thin layers of aerosols and clouds (as surrogates for transition zone suspensions) in the longwave region, both at the top and bottom of the atmosphere. Also, differences are greater if the suspension of particles is located at higher altitudes, but smaller in high humidity conditions.
Effect of Ambient Nitrogen on the Growth of Phytoplankton in the Bohai Sea: Kinetics and Parameters
Authors: Gao Peiyi , Wang Ping , Chen Shanqiao , Bi Whenjing , Lu Shan , He Jian , Wang Xiulin , Li Keqiang
Published: November 2020

Changes in nitrogen forms and levels affect biogeochemical processes, but little is known about the quantitative effect of ambient nitrogen on phytoplankton growth in biogeochemical kinetics. Based on a new experimental data analysis method, we investigated the phytoplankton growth and nitrogen uptake processes of typical phytoplankton subjected to different nitrogen forms in the Bohai Sea. We employed a nonlinear differential model to fit the kinetic processes of phytoplankton growth, death, and nutrient uptake considering multiple equations and parameters. The maximum nitrogen uptake rate (kup), half‐saturation coefficient (ks), and maximum phytoplankton growth rate (kG) were obtained based on the multivariate nonlinear differential mothed. The kup and ks were related with kG for different ambient nitrogen forms (urea, ammonium, and nitrate) in the N sufficiency experiment group I (SGI) treatment, showing that phytoplankton grew faster in the presence of ammonium and nitrate than in the presence of urea, owing to quicker nitrogen uptake rate. The kup, ks, and kG in the N‐Starvation experiment group II (SGII) treatment were lower than that in the SGI treatment, indicating higher nutrient affinity of phytoplankton at lower nitrogen concentrations. Hence, we can infer that eutrophic algae such as Nitzschia closterium may easily become the dominant species in the SGI treatment with abundant nitrogen supply and high kG, kup, and ks. In contrast, oligotrophic algae such as Leptocylindrus danicus and Asterionellopsis glacialis may easily become the dominant species in the SGI or SGII treatments with an insufficient supply of ambient nitrogen and low kG, kup, and ks.
Forecasting Global Ionospheric TEC Using Deep Learning Approach
Authors: Liu Lei , Zou Shasha , Yao Yibin , Wang Zihan
Published: November 2020

Global ionospheric total electron content (TEC) maps are widely utilized in research regarding ionospheric physics and the associated space weather impacts, so there is a great interest in the community in short‐term ionosphere TEC forecasting. In this study, the long short‐term memory (LSTM) neural network (NN) is applied to forecast the 256 spherical harmonic (SH) coefficients that are traditionally used to construct global ionospheric maps (GIM). Multiple input data, including historical time series of the SH coefficients, solar extreme ultraviolet (EUV) flux, disturbance storm time (Dst) index, and hour of the day, are used in the developed LSTM NN model. Different combinations of the above parameters have been used in constructing the LSTM NN model, and it is found that the model using all four parameters performs the best. Then the best performing LSTM model is used to forecast the SH coefficients, and the global hourly TEC maps are reproduced using the 256 predicted SH coefficients. A comprehensive evaluation is carried out with respect to the CODE GIM TEC. Results show that the first/second hour TEC root mean square error (RMSE) is 1.27/2.20 TECU during storm time and 0.86/1.51 TECU during quiet time, so the developed model performs well during both quiet and storm times. Moreover, typical ionospheric structures, such as equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) and storm‐enhanced density (SED), are well reproduced in the predicted TEC maps during storm time. The developed model also shows competitive performance in predicting global TEC when compared to the persistence model and two empirical models (IRI‐2016 and NeQuick‐2).
Derivation of Interannual Climate Elasticity of Streamflow
Authors: Tang Yin , Tang Qiuhong , Zhang Lu
Published: November 2020

Besides climate change (i.e., change on an average condition), streamflow change is also affected by interannual variability of climate (i.e., change from year to year). To quantify the impact of interannual climatic variability, in this study, we first clarify the content and definition of interannual climate elasticity that represents the sensitivity of streamflow to climatic variability from year to year and equals to the ratio of proportional annual change in streamflow and a climatic variable. Then, we analytically derive the interannual climate (i.e., potential evapotranspiration and precipitation) elasticities of streamflow by integrating the annual water balance with a conceptual hydrologic model (i.e., extended Budyko framework). At interannual scale, the terrestrial water storage change (i.e., ∆S) is a substantial component of water balance equation. Consequently, the analytical solutions of the interannual climate elasticities are functions of precipitation, potential evapotranspiration, and ∆S. The newly derived interannual climate elasticities are applied to 335 Model Parameter Estimation Experiment watersheds as a case study to evaluate the hypotheses in this study and construct the regional map of the streamflow sensitivity to interannual variability of climate. Results show that the interannual precipitation elasticity is generally larger than the absolute interannual potential evapotranspiration elasticity across study watersheds. Spatially, streamflow in the arid region tends to be more sensitive to interannual variability of climate than that in humid region. This study may be useful for understanding the extreme events and annual streamflow change caused by the ∆S (e.g., groundwater abstraction) across watersheds or regions.
Author Correction: Divergence in the metabolome between natural aging and Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Hunsberger Holly C. , Greenwood Bennett P. , Tolstikov Vladimir , Narain Niven R. , Kiebish Michael A. , Denny Christine Ann
Published: November 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.