bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intracranial pressure before and after cranioplasty: insights into intracranial physiology
Authors: Lilja-Cyron Alexander , Andresen Morten , Kelsen Jesper , Andreasen Trine Hjorslev , Petersen Lonnie Grove , Fugleholm Kåre , Juhler Marianne
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVE

Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is an emergency neurosurgical procedure used in cases of severe intracranial hypertension or impending intracranial herniation. The procedure is often lifesaving, but it exposes the brain to atmospheric pressure in the subsequent rehabilitation period, which changes intracranial physiology and probably leads to complications such as hydrocephalus, hygromas, and “syndrome of the trephined.” The objective of the study was to study the effect of cranioplasty on intracranial pressure (ICP), postural ICP changes, and intracranial pulse wave amplitude (PWA).

METHODS

The authors performed a prospective observational study including patients who underwent DC during a 12-month period. Telemetric ICP sensors were implanted in all patients at the time of DC. ICP was evaluated before and after cranioplasty during weekly measurement sessions including a standardized postural change program.

RESULTS

Twelve of the 17 patients enrolled in the study had cranioplasty performed and were included in the present investigation. Their mean ICP in the supine position increased from –0.5 ± 4.8 mm Hg the week before cranioplasty to 6.3 ± 2.5 mm Hg the week after cranioplasty (p < 0.0001), whereas the mean ICP in the sitting position was unchanged (–1.2 ± 4.8 vs –1.1 ± 3.6 mm Hg, p = 0.90). The difference in ICP between the supine and sitting positions was minimal before cranioplasty (1.1 ± 1.8 mm Hg) and increased to 7.4 ± 3.6 mm Hg in the week following cranioplasty (p < 0.0001). During the succeeding 2 weeks of the follow-up period, the mean ICP in the supine and sitting positions decreased in parallel to, respectively, 4.6 ± 3.0 mm Hg (p = 0.0003) and –3.9 ± 2.7 mm Hg (p = 0.040), meaning that the postural ICP difference remained constant at around 8 mm Hg. The mean intracranial PWA increased from 0.7 ± 0.7 mm Hg to 2.9 ± 0.8 mm Hg after cranioplasty (p < 0.0001) and remained around 3 mm Hg throughout the following weeks.

CONCLUSIONS

Cranioplasty restores normal intracranial physiology regarding postural ICP changes and intracranial PWA. These findings complement those of previous investigations on cerebral blood flow and cerebral metabolism in patients after decompressive craniectomy.
Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products as a biomarker of symptomatic vasospasm in subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Aida Yasuhiro , Kamide Tomoya , Ishii Hiroshi , Kitao Yasuko , Uchiyama Naoyuki , Nakada Mitsutoshi , Hori Osamu
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVE

The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a membrane protein associated with the induction of oxidative stress and inflammation in several pathological conditions. Previous studies have demonstrated that soluble RAGE (sRAGE) acts as a decoy for RAGE and protects cells against RAGE-mediated injury. The authors and other groups have reported that the expression of RAGE increases after brain ischemia and subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), and deletion of RAGE or overexpression of sRAGE improves neuronal survival. It has also been demonstrated that the plasma sRAGE level could be a predictor of the outcome after ischemic stroke. This study aimed to evaluate plasma sRAGE as a biomarker for symptomatic vasospasm (SVS) in SAH patients, as well as a rat model.

METHODS

The authors measured and compared plasma sRAGE levels in 27 SAH patients (7 with SVS and 20 without SVS) from day 5 to day 14 post-SAH. They also examined plasma sRAGE levels and expression of RAGE and heme oxygenase–1 (HO-1) in a rat SAH model.

RESULTS

The relative plasma sRAGE levels were significantly lower in the SVS group than in the non-SVS group of patients. A cut-off value of 0.84 for predicting SVS was considered to be appropriate for the relative plasma sRAGE levels on day 7 versus day 5. In the rat SAH model, plasma sRAGE levels were significantly lower than those in sham-treated rats, and the expressions of RAGE and HO-1 were enhanced in the SAH group compared with the non-SAH group.

CONCLUSIONS

Plasma sRAGE levels can be used as a potential biomarker for predicting SVS after SAH.
Multimodal cerebral arteriovenous malformation treatment: a 12-year experience and comparison of key outcomes to ARUBA
Authors: Pulli Benjamin , Chapman Paul H. , Ogilvy Christopher S. , Patel Aman B. , Stapleton Christopher J. , Leslie-Mazwi Thabele M. , Hirsch Joshua A. , Carter Bob S. , Rabinov James D.
Published: November 2019

OBJECTIVE

Curative treatment of unruptured brain arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) remains controversial after the only randomized controlled trial, A Randomized Trial of Unruptured Brain Arteriovenous Malformations (ARUBA), was halted prematurely because interim analysis revealed superiority of the medical management group. In contrast, meta-analyses of retrospective cohorts suggest that intervention is much safer than was found in ARUBA.

METHODS

The authors retrospectively analyzed 318 consecutive adult patients with brain AVMs treated at their institution with embolization, surgery, and/or proton beam radiosurgery. Analysis was performed in 142 ARUBA-eligible patients (baseline modified Rankin Scale [mRS] score 0–1, no history of hemorrhage), and results were compared to primary and secondary outcomes from ARUBA, as well as to natural history cohorts.

RESULTS

The annualized stroke rate (hemorrhagic or ischemic) in this cohort was 1.8%, 4.9% in the first 12 months and 0.8% after the first 12 months, which was lower than in natural history studies and the ARUBA medical management arm (p = 0.001). The primary ARUBA endpoint of symptomatic stroke was reached in 13 patients (9.2%), which compares favorably to the ARUBA intervention arm (39.6%, p = 0.0001) and is similar to the ARUBA medical management arm (9.2%, p = 1.0). The secondary ARUBA endpoint (mRS score ≥ 2 at 5 years of follow-up) was reached in 14.3% of patients, compared to 40.5% in the ARUBA intervention arm (p = 0.002) and 16.7% in the ARUBA medical management arm (p = 0.6).

CONCLUSIONS

This multimodal approach to the selection and treatment of patients with brain AVMs yields good clinical outcomes with key safety endpoints (stroke, death, and mRS score 0–1) better than the ARUBA intervention arm and similar to the ARUBA medical arm at 5 years of follow-up. Results compare favorably to natural history cohorts at longer follow-up times. This suggests that tertiary care centers with integrated programs, expertise in patient selection, and individualized treatment approaches may allow for better clinical outcomes than reported in ARUBA. It supports current registry studies and merits consideration of future randomized controlled trials in patients with brain AVMs.
PNEUMONIA PADA BALITA DAN FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHINYA: STUDI KASUS DI KECAMATAN SUKAGUMIWANG
Authors: Nuraeni Tating , Rahmawati Ade
Published: November 2019

Penelitian ini mengkaji tentang pneumonia pada balita dan faktor yang mempengaruhinya. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh balita yang berumur 0 sampai 5 tahun yang datang berkunjung di wilayah kerja UPTD Puskesmas Sukagumiwang Kabupaten Indramayu baik yang pneumonia maupun tidak. Sampel penelitian ini yang terdiri dari sampel kasus dan kontrol yaitu sampel kasus adalah balita 0 sampai 5 tahun  yang terkena pneumonia dan sampel kontrol adalah balita 0 sampai 5 tahun  yang tidak terkena pneumonia. Teknik pengambilan sampel dipilih secara Simple random sampling atau secara acak sederhana. Alur penelitian ini dilakukan selama 1 tahun dengan menggunakan data primer melalui kegiatan wawancara langsung dengan ibu yang memiliki balita dengan menggunakan kuesioner penelitian sebagai pedoman wawancara. Data Sekunder di peroleh dari catatan rekam medik di wilayah kerja UPTD Puskesmas Sukagumiwang Kabupaten Indramayu untuk mendapatkan data tentang kejadian pneumonia yang di diagnosa oleh tenaga medis/laboratorium beserta alamat penderita. Kemudian data yang diperoleh dianalisis dan diinterpretasikan untuk menguji hipotesis yang diajukan dengan tahapan yaitu: analisis deskriptif dan uji chi-square bivariat. Berdasarkan data hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan pula, bahwa faktor yang paling dominan terhadap kejadian pneumonia pada bayi usia 0 -5 tahun di Puskesmas Sukagumiwang yakni faktor adanya perokok di rumah. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini memberikan implikasi bahwa kebiasaan merokok orang tua selain memberikan dampak buruk terhadap dirinya, namun berdampak pada anaknya.
MEMBUMIKAN NILAI PANCASILA PADA GENERASI BANGSA
Authors: Alaby Muhammad Awin
Published: November 2019

Pancasila as the state ideology becomes the basic reference for all Indonesian citizens in various sectors of life. But the fact is that nowadays the values of Pancasila are increasingly eroded due to the rapid influence of the progress of science, technology and arts that are not well-filtered. such as increasing crime, corruption, collusion and nepotism, radicalism, sexual crime, consumptive life, unproductive political life, and so on. To restore the value of Pancasila in social life, nation and state need actualization efforts. Through the actualization of the Pancasila values socialization is expected to become more down to earth in Indonesian society by involving all parties to actively participate in grounding Pancasila values to all aspects of life, in the three domains of informal, formal and non-formal education in order to form good character in the nation's generation, so Pancasila acceptability and credibility can be maintained in increasing the awareness and responsibility of the nation's generation towards a quality, intelligent, and  future  character.

Pancasila sebagai ideologi negara menjadi acuan dasar bagi semua warga negara Indonesia diberbagai sektor kehidupan. Namun faktanya saat ini nilai-nilai luhur pancasila semakin terkikis akibat pengaruh pesatnya kemajuan ilmu pengetahuan, teknologi dan seni yang kurang terfilter dengan baik, Indikasi memudarnya praktik nilai-nilai pancasila dapat dilihat dari meningkatnya jumlah kasus yang melibatkan generasi bangsa yang mencerminkan lemahnya karakter bangsa, seperti meningkatnya kriminalitas, korupsi, kolusi dan nepotisme, radikalisme, kejahatan seksual, kehidupan yang konsumtif, kehidupan politik yang tidak produktif, dan sebagainya. Untuk mengembalikan nilai pancasila dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat, berbangsa dan bernegara perlu upaya aktualisasi. Melalui aktualisasi sosialisasi nilai-nilai pancasila diharapkan menjadi lebih membumi dimasyarakat Indonesia dengan melibatkan semua pihak untuk aktif berpartisipasi membumikan nilai-nilai pancasila ke semua aspek kehidupan, di tiga ranah  pendidikan informal, formal dan non formal guna membentuk karakter yang baik pada generasi bangsa, sehingga akseptabilitas dan kredibilitas pancasila dapat terjaga dalam meningkatkan kesadaran dan tanggung jawab generasi bangsa terhadap masa depan yang berkualitas , cerdas, dan  berkarakter
KARAKTERISTIK KARBON AKTIF DARI CANGKANG BUAH KARET MENGGUNAKAN AKTIVATOR H3PO4
Authors: Meilianti Meilianti
Published: November 2019

This research is purposed to determine the characteristic and adsorbtion ability of activated carbon which is made from rubber fruit shell with ativator phosphoric acid ( H3PO4 ). The carbonisation of activated carbon was carried out using furnace for 1 hour with temperature of 750oC. The next mashed and sieved with a size of 100 mesh. Then activated for 24 hours with H3PO4 solution with variation of concentration , 8%,  8.5%,  9%,  9.5% and    10%. As the result of characterisation, the lowest water degree wash content 10% with the value  3,25 % and lowest volatille metter from sample 10 % with the value 3,15 %. the lowest ash degree was from sample 8 % with the value 3,36 %. Maximum adsorbtion of iodine with sample 10  % with the value 947,25  mg/g . The optimum condition of activated carbon with activator phosphoric acis, which is produced in concentration 10%. Which at this concentration has moisture water degree of 3,25%, ash degree of 3,36%, volatille metter degree 3,15%, absorption iodine of 947.25 mg / g, and absorption metilene blue 98,95 mg/g.
EFEKTIFITAS BENTONIT SEBAGAI ADSORBEN PADA PROSES PENINGKATAN KADAR BIOETANOL
Authors: Atikah Atikah
Published: November 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan meningkatkan kadar bioetanol menggunakan proses adsorpsi dengan bentonit sebagai adsorben. Ukuran partikel koloid yang sangat kecil dan kapasitas permukaan ion yang tinggi menyebabkan bentonit mempunyai sifat mengadsoprsi. Proses adsorpsi lebih efektif dan efisien dari segi penggunaan energi untuk memisahkan bioetanol dan air. Proses adsorpsi dilakukan secara batch,  dengan memasukkan bioetanol kadar 70% dan bentonite yang telah teraktivasi dengan HCL 1 M kemudian dilakukan pengadukan. Proses adsorpsi dilakukan masing-masing selama 30, 50, 70, 90 dan 110 menit. Selanjutnya bioetanol dan bentonite dipisahkan untuk mendapatkan bioetanol murni yang selanjutnya dianalisa kadar bioetanolnya menggunakan Gas Chromatography (GC). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa terjadi peningkatan kadar etanol dengan makin banyak jumlah adsorben dan semakin lama waktu proses. Hasil terbaik berlangsung pada waktu proses 110 menit dan berat bentonite 50 gram dengan kadar bioetanol 93,29% dan peningkatan kadar 77,63% dari kadar awal 70% .
BIOPLASTIK PATI UMBI TALAS MELALUI PROSES MELT INTERCALATION
Authors: Melani Ani , Herawati Netty , Kurniawan A.Fajri
Published: November 2019

Plastik sangat banyak diperlukan dalam kehidupan sehari-hari, pada umumnya plastik hanya digunakan sekali pakai. Dalam satu tahun sebanyak 1 triliun plastik digunakan dunia. Plastik konvensional yang terbuat dari minyak bumi memiliki sifat degradasi yang rendah. setidaknya kantong plastik dapat diuraikan dalam waktu 500-1.000 tahun, hal ini menyebabkan plastik menjadi sumber sebagian besar sampah dunia dan tentu saja merusak lingkungan.Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan plastik sehari-hari, maka  diperlukan pemikiran dan teknologi baru untuk membuat plastik yang ramah lingkungan (Avella,2009:DavidPlacket,2003). Bioplastik merupakan plastik yang dapat digunakan layaknya plastik konvensional, namun akan hancur terurai oleh mikroorganisme menjadi air dan gas karbondioksida setelah habis dipakai dan dibuang kelingkungan tanpa meninggalkan zat beracun. Bioplastik adalah plastik yang ramah lingkungan yang secara alamiah dapat dengan mudah terdegradasi. Indonesia merupakan Negara yang memiliki perkebunan dan pertanian yang luas, Untuk memproduksi bioplastik bukanlah hal yang sulit untuk mendapatkan bahan bakunya. Bahan baku bioplastik dapat diperoleh dari pati, minyak nabati dan mikrobiota. Pati merupakan salah satu polimer alami dari ekstraksi tanaman yang dapat digunakan untuk memproduksi material biodegradabel karena sifatnya yang ramah lingkungan, mudah terdegradasi, ketersediaan yang besar dan terjangkau (Yihu Song, 2008; Gonzarrez,2010; Sandra Domenek, 2004). Pada penelitian ini bahan baku yang digunakan adalah  umbi talas yang mengandung pati,  70% yield dalam basis kerimg (Cui, 2005), sebanyak 10 gr dengan variasi jenis plasticiezer (Gliserol, Sorbitol), jenis Filler (Kitosan, ZnO, Clay) dan konsentrasi Filler (3%, 6%, 9%, 12%). Waktu pengadukan konstan 40 menit dan pengovenan pada temperatur 45 C selama 5 jam melalui proses Melt Intercalation. Kondisi operasi ini dipelajari untuk mendapatkan hasil Bioplastik yang terbaik, dengan menguji karakteristik Bioplastik yang dihasilkan. Hasil penelitian yang terbaik diperoleh pada Bioplastik dari Pati Umbi Talas melalui Proses Melt Inercalation pada Konsentrasi Filler Clay 4%, Plasticiezer Sorbitol 25% dengan pengadukan selama 40 menit dan Pengovenan pada temperatur 45 C selama 5 jam. Hasil Uji Karakteristik dari Bioplastik, Uji Tarik 89,327801 MPa, Uji Degradasi 52% berat residual, Uji Logam Timbal (Pb) 0,0057 mg/L dan Kadmium (Cd) 0,127 mg/L. Bioplastik ini memenuhi Standard Nasional Indonesia (SNI).
ADSORPSI ION LOGAM Fe DALAM LIMBAH TEKSTIL SINTESIS DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN METODE BATCH
Authors: Karim Muhammad Arief , Juniar Heni , Ambarsari M. Fitria Putri
Published: November 2019

Adsorption is a process occurs in a fluid, either it is liquid or gas, bonded in a solid or liquid (absorbent agent, adsorbent) and eventually creates a thin layer or film (adsorbed agent, adsorbent) on its surface. In this study, the writer did the process of the adsorption of Fe metal ion to the adsorbent of carbide waste that has been processed into tablet with 3x5 mm size, adsorption was done with Batch process by stirring 15gr or adsorbent into 100ml of synthetic waste with 50rpm stirring speed. There are two factors that influence the decrease of Fe metal concentration in synthesis waste which is the influence of pH and time. This study used variables of adsorption time (1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6) hours with pH (2.5; 4.1) for each hour with an initial concentration of Fe 800g metal ions. This study was conducted to obtain the optimum value of pH and concentration of final Fe metal ions with the comparison of initial pH ratio and predetermined time. Seen from the matrix results of the study, it can be concluded that the longer the stirring time the more metal ions are absorbed by the adsorbent of carbide waste and pH value also rises.
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEMEGANG SAHAM MINORITAS DIKAITKAN DENGAN PENERAPAN GOOD CORPORATE GOVERNANCE (GCG)
Authors: SETIAWAN RAHMAT , MINA RISNO
Published: November 2019

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis hak-hak pemegang saham minoritas dan bentuk pengaturan tentang perlindungan hukum terhadap pemegang saham minoritas.  Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam artikel ini adalah yuridis normatif, dengan metode analisis adalah deskriptif kualitatif. Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas mengatur hak pemegang saham minoritas yaitu hak perseorangan dan hak derivatif. Sedangkan Perlindungan hukum bagi pemegang saham minoritas saat ini sudah diatur dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 Tentang Perseroan Terbatas. Dimana pemegang saham minoritas dapat memintah Pengadilan untuk menetapkan diadakanya RUPS dan meminta dilakukannya Pemeriksaan atas Perseroan apabila merugikan pemegang saham
PERAN RELAWAN DEMOKRASI DALAM MENINGKATKAN PARTISIPASI PEMILIH PADA PEMILIHAN UMUM TAHUN 2019 (Studi di Komisi Pemilihan Umum Kab. Banggai Laut)
Authors: SUCIPTO DRI
Published: November 2019

Tujuan Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui peran Relawan Demokrasi dalam meningkatkan partisipasi pemilih dan untuk mengetahui hambatan-hambatan yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan kegiatan Relawan Demokrasi dalam Pemilihan Umum serentak tahun 2019 di Kabupaten Banggai Laut. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode  empiris dimana sumber data diambil dari penelitian lapangan dan study kepustakaan. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kantor Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) Kabupaten Banggai Laut penelitian ini bersifat empiris. Pengumpulan data melalui observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Kemudian data dianalisis menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan, bahwa  peran Relawan Demokrasi di Kabupaten Banggai Laut  dapat dikatakan berhasil karena tingkat partisipasi pemilih dalam Pemilihan Umum serentak Tahun 2019 di Kabupaten Banggai Laut mencapai sebanyak 84,74 %. Dalam pelaksanaan pemilihan umum salah satu komponen penting yang harus mendapat perhatian serius adalah tingkat partisipasi masyarakat yang mempunyai hak pilih dalam menggunakan hak pilihnya karena semakin tinggi tingkat partisipasi masyarakat maka kualitas pemilu akan semakin baik dan sebaliknya jika tingkat partisipasi masyarakat rendah maka hasil pemilu bisa dikatakan kurang mendapatkan ligitimasi dari masyarakat. Oleh sebab itu dibentuknya Relawan Demokrasi oleh Komisi Pemilihan Umum adalah merupakan upaya untuk meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam memberikan suaranya dalam Pemilihan Umum.
RECTAL CULTURE SURVEILLANCE AND DEVELOPED SYSTEMIC INFECTIONS IN VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCI AND CARBAPENEM-RESISTANT KLEBSIELLA PNEUMONIAE CARRIERS
Authors: Arabacı Çiğdem , Emre Salih
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Globally, in the young age group of people mortality and morbidity is due to the high-energy trauma.  The losing of young age group of population will get impact in the social economic losses of family as well as the nation. Fractures are generally caused by high-energy trauma, high-impact accidents and are often associated with injuries to other organic lesions like abdominal viscera, genitourinary system, neurovascular, musculoskeletal structures and central nervous system. There was relatively low rate of occurrence of facture of pelvic injuries that associated with high levels of morbidity and mortality. According to the studied of the post-mortem examined only in children 66 deaths caused by trauma that showing pelvic fracture and severe bleeding to be the cause of death in 42% of the cases. In the case of adult in cases of unstable pelvic fractures retroperitoneal bleeding is the worst complication.

Aim: The main objective of this study is to study of Unstable Pelvic Fractures from children in tertiary care hospital

Material and methods: In this study total 10 patients were included who had suffered unstable fractures of the pelvic ring with the age from  1 to 15 years old.. From all the patients detail clinical history were taken with analysis of the pre and postoperative radiographs by presence of the triradiate cartilage of the iliac.

Result: In this study total 10 patients were included with unstable fractures of the pelvic ring evaluated where female were 6 and male were 4 with the ration 6: 4. The age ranges were 2 to 15 years with the mean age 7.5±4 years old. Symphysis disjunctions of the pubic facture were present in maximum with the facture of two rami and facture of four rami respectively. In five of the cases Sacroiliac dislocation correspond to posterior lesion were seen. The AO-OTA classification was used to evaluate the cases with the following distribution as 61 B1 (one case); 61 B2 (one case); 61 C3 (one cases), 61 C2 (one case) and 61 C1 (seven cases).

Conclusion: Now  a day’s also many research which still have a controversy  for treatment,  which  has  been  recommended  for  treating  these  fractures  for  many  years. Their concerns relate  to  the  complications  encountered that in  leg  length  and  residual  pain in  the  sacroiliac  joint.

Keywords:  unstable pelvic facture, pelvic asymmetry, children
EFFICACY AND CORRELATION OF INTRAOCULAR PRESSURE MEASURED BY NON-CONTACT, REBOUND AND GOLDMANN APPLANATION TONOMETER WITH CORNEAL THICKNESS, TRUE IOP AND CORNEAL CURVATURE IN A TERTIARY HOSPITAL.
Authors: Das Santanu , Nagesh Nayana , L Kiran Kumar , Shetty Sundeep
Published: November 2019

ABSTRACT:

AIM-To compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) measured by Non-Contact tonometer (NCT), Rebound tonometer (RBT) and Goldmann Applanation tonometer (GAT) and their correlation with central corneal thickness (CCT), true IOP and corneal curvature.

Reliability of each tonometer.

METHODS-500 random patients aged 18 years and above were taken up for the study. Patients with anterior and posterior segment pathologies like corneal ulcer, leukoma, staphyloma, corneal lacerations, ectatic corneal conditions, corneal dystrophies, oedema, perforations, acute angle closure glaucoma, retinal detachments, vitreous haemorrhage and unwilling patients were excluded from the study. IOP was recorded using NCT, RBT and GAT after assessing the patient's visual acuity. Following IOP measurement, central corneal thickness (CCT) of each patient was measured using pachymetry. Kvalues were measured using an autorefractometer. All the data were collected and tabulated for statistical analysis to obtain results.

RESULTS: The mean CCT in males was 0.5350 mm and in females 0.5340 mm respectively. The mean IOP measured by NCT is 16.43 mm hg whereas the mean IOP measured by GAT is 15.43 mm hg. IOP measured by NCT is significantly higher than the IOP measured by GAT (p<0.001). When NCT and RBT are compared NCT values are significantly higher than that of RBT(p<0.001). Although the mean RBT IOP 15.83 mm hg is higher than the mean GAT IOP of 15.42 mm hg the values are not statistically significant. When correlated with CCT all the tonometers showed significant correlation with GAT showing the strongest correlation. NCT overestimates IOP in normal, thin and thicker corneas when compared to GAT and are statistically significant. RBT also overestimates in the normal and thick corneas when compared to GAT but their values are much closer to GAT values in thinner corneas. The IOP measured by all the 3 tonometers correlated with corrected IOP with NCT showing the best correlation followed by GAT. There was no significant correlation between K and IOP in our study.

CONCLUSION-From the present study we can conclude that IOP measured by NCT and RBT is higher than GAT. NCT values are significantly higher than GAT values in thin and normal corneas whereas it overestimates more in thicker corneas. RBT values are significantly higher than that of GAT in normal and thick corneas. All the tonometers show significant correlation with CCT with GAT showing the strongest correlation. So, it is always advisable to measure the corrected IOP for each patient after considering the CCT.

Keywords- Non-contact tonometer; Goldmann applanation tonometer; central corneal thickness; intraocular pressure; Rebound tonometer, true IOP, Corneal curvature.
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF WATER FILTERS WITH ACTIVATED CARBON MEDIA OF BAGASSE SUGARCANE FOR REDUCING IRON LEVELS IN GROUNDWATER
Authors: Maharani Zulfia , Santoso N. Budi , Anggraini Amelia , Rajiani Ismi
Published: November 2019

Background: Clean water supply can be obtained from various sources, both groundwater and surface water. Groundwater often contains high levels of iron (Fe). Many residents are forced to use water which in terms of quality does not meet the requirements, one of which is the chemical elements in the form of high iron content which can cause diarrhea, anemia, kidney damage that ends in death.

Methods: This research is an experimental study to determine the effectiveness of bagasse activated carbon thickness in reducing iron (fe) levels in groundwater in Kebon Jeruk district, west Jakarta. This research was conducted at the workshop of environmental health department of health polytechnic of the ministry of health Jakarta. The water sample used was 45 liters, samples from electric pump wells treated with sugarcane bagasse activated carbon filtration with a thickness variation of 0 cm as control or without activated carbon bagasse, 30 cm, 45 cm, 60 cm, and 75 cm.

Result: results of chemistry laboratory research at the department of environmental health polytechnic of the ministry of health Jakarta on the content of iron (fe) in groundwater, iron content (fe) before processing by filtration method using bagasse pulp activated carbon as much as 2.99 mg / l against allowable iron (fe) levels for clean water quality requirements based on ministry of health regulation no. 32 in 2017, the maximum allowable content of 1.0 mg / l.

Conclusion: of the five treatments the most effective thickness of activated carbon reduces iron (fe), is at a thickness of 45 cm because it has been able to reduce iron levels below the maximum allowable level based on ministry of health regulation no. 32 in 2017 which is 1.0 mg / l.

Keyword: Water Treatment, Sugar Cane Bagasse, Fe Reduction, Environmental Health, Environmental Chemistry
NON-ADHERENCE TO TREATMENT AMONG SCHIZOPHRENIC PATIENTS
Authors: Manhas Rameshwar S , Manhas Angli , Akhter Rukhsana , Thappa Jagdish R , Manhas Gaurav S
Published: November 2019

Background: One of the frequent problem in schizophrenic patients is non adherence to treatment which can be partial or complete7 and can leads to poor clinical outcomes. Non adherence to antipsychotic medications can lead to increased episodes of violent behavior, exacerbation of psychotic symptoms, increased rates of suicidal/homicidal behavior and resistance to drugs.

Aims: To find prevalence of non adherence to treatment in schizophrenic patients.

Materials & Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional study which was conducted over a period of two months, on schizophrenic patients attending the outpatient department (OPD) of tertiary care hospital, Jammu. After meeting inclusion and exclusion criteria, total of 131 patients were selected for the study. Various parameters like age, sex, education, marital status etc were collected. A patient is said to be non adherent if he takes less than 80% of prescribed medication or have gaps in medication of at least 7 days.

 Results: 64.9% schizophrenic patients were non adherent to their treatment. Prevalence of non adherence was higher in those schizophrenic patients who were males, unmarried, uneducated, unemployed, from rural areas, below 20 years of age and belongs to lower socioeconomic status whereas it was low in those who had parents as their caretakers.

Conclusion: In the present study it is concluded that the prevalence of non adherence among schizophrenic patients is high which may hamper treatment outcome, worsens the prognosis of the disease and produces excessive burden on the caretakers of these patients. Hence it is suggested that in addition to providing treatment to these patients, necessary initiatives must be taken by health care professionals to prevent relapses of symptoms by maintaining treatment compliance.

Keywords: Non Adherence, Prevalence. Schizophrenia
COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF BIOCHEMICAL AND IMMUNOLOGICAL MARKERS IN TUBERCULOSIS
Authors: Ninghot Abhijit , Mohod Kanchan , Khan Mohd. Sameer , Ansari Azmat Kamal , Kumar Satish
Published: November 2019

Introduction: Pulmonary tuberculosis is major public health problem in developing countries like India.Millions of people have died from tuberculosis. Many times it is difficult to get sputum sample from the patients. Some tests lack specificity, some other lack sensitivity. Hence, there is need of precise and faster diagnosis for patients attending hospitals. In this study, we compared the detection potential of biochemical and immunological markers(ADA, LDH and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Ra ES-31 & EST-6 antigens & antibodies based ELISAs) in pulmonary tuberculosis.

Methods: 50 pulmonary tuberculosis cases confirmed by sputum examinationfor acid fast bacilli (AFB) and 50 age and sex matched control subjects were included in this study.ADA & LDH were estimated by using commercial kits. Tubercular antigens and antibodies were detected by ELISA method.

Results: SerumADA detected pulmonary tuberculosis with sensitivityand specificityof 94%. Sensitivity and specificity of serum LDH in detecting pulmonary tuberculosis was found to be 94% and 36% respectively.Serumtubercular antigens detected pulmonary tuberculosis with sensitivity and specificity of 88%. Sensitivity and specificity of serum tubercular antibodies in detecting pulmonary tuberculosis was found to be 80% and 90% respectively.

Conclusion: Adenosine deaminase has better detection potential over other markers in pulmonary tuberculosis.

Keywords: Adenosine deaminase, Lactate dehydrogenase, Tuberculosis antigen-antibody
EVALUATION OF COMPLICATIONS OF PHACOEMULSIFICATION WITH PCIOL IMPLANTATION SURGERY
Authors: Manhas Angli , Manhas Rameshwar S , Manhas Gaurav S , Gupta Dinesh
Published: November 2019

Background: Phacoemulsification is a state of the art surgery for cata­ract removal. From the simple procedure of couching practiced by sushruta to latest method of phaco emulsification of Charles kelman, cataract surgery had undergone a tremendous metamorphosis. Phacoemulsification is one of the most successful surgical procedures performed, and its popularity is due to decreased operating time and a shorter postoperative healing period. The objective of the study was to evaluate intraoperative and postoperative complications of phacoemulsification with PCIOL implantation surgery.

Materials & Methods: The present prospective study was conducted over a period of 6 months on patients having visually significant cataract that presented to or were referred to ophthalmology Department, GMCH, Jammu and after getting admission underwent planned extracapsular cataract extraction by phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens ( PCIOL) implantation. After meeting inclusion & exclusion crieteria all the patients underwent complete examination as history, ocular examination, systemic examination and laboratory tests like haemoglobin etc.

Results: Out of 200, maximum numbers of patients were in age group of 41-50 i.e. 90 followed by 82 patients in 51-60yrs age group. Males were 112.Total of 148 patients were from urban area. Best corrected preoperative visual acuity of ≤6/36 was seen in 102 patients whereas 6th week postoperatively only 7 patients had visual acuity of ≤6/36. The final 6th week postoperative best corrected visual acuity of 6/12- 6/6 was found in 171 patients. Among intraoperative complications hyphaema & constriction of pupil each were seen in 2 patients, followed by posterior capsule rent in 3 patients only while postoperatively mild uveitis was seen in 30 followed by striate keratopathy in 12 patients.

Conclusion: From present study, we may conclude that phacoemulsification with posterior chamber intraocular lens implantation is a good surgical tecqinique for cataract which can be performed safely with good visual outcome, with few intraoperative and postoperative complications in expert hands.

Keywords: Phacoemulsification , visual outcome, complications
COMPOSING THE MIXTURE OF A.CORDIFOLIA LEAF EXTRACT IN ELIMINATING SALMONELLA TYPHI AND STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS BACTERIA
Authors: Zaini Wawan  Sofwan , Kurniati Nining , Nurhayati Betty , Sucipto Cecep  Dani , Rajiani Ismi
Published: November 2019

Background: A.cordifolia leaf is one of the traditional medicinal plants that have many benefits, including cough medicine, diabetes, shortness of breath, burns, post-operative wounds, dysentery, kidney inflammation, inflammation of the intestine, acne, bleeding gums, smoothing menstruation, increase appetite, and increase endurance. This research aims to find out the minimum concentration of A.cordifolia leaf extract that was able to kill bacteria Salmonella typhi

Methods: This research is an experimental laboratory study with a research design using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) in which the treatment of test bacteria is carried out with variations in concentration and contact time of the A.cordifolia leaf extract and A.cordifolia leaf using alcohol extract. The controlled variable was the concentration of A.cordifolia  leaf extract with contact time variation while the response variable was the result of bacterial colony growth. For negative control applied sterilized aqua (0%) and as a comparison chloramphenicol was used.

Result: The results showed that A.cordifolia which extracted by ethanol solvent killed bacteria S. Typhi at a concentration of 80% with a contact time of 10 minutes, and bacteria S. aureus at a level of 100% with a contact time of 10 minutes, whereas A.cordifolia water extract could kill bacteria S.typhi at a concentration 80% with a contact time of 20 minutes, and bacteria S. aureus at a concentration of 100% with a contact time of 20 minutes.

Conclusion: A.cordifolia, which extracted by ethanol solvent, has a stronger killing power than one extracted with water solvent.

Keyword: A.cordifolia leaves, Salmonella typhi, Staphylococcus aureus, extraction
PREVALENCE OF COAGULASE NEGATIVE STAPHYLOCOCCUS AT A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL, JAIPUR
Authors: Meena Dr. Rajesh Kumar , Gupta Dr. Prasanna
Published: November 2019

Background: Coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS) have been recognized as an important agent of human infection since the past five decades.  Currently, there are 38 species of CoNS isolated from various human infections.

Methods: A observational descriptive study conduct on 71 samples collected from the hospitalized patients and nonhospitalized patients. Various samples like Urine, body fluids, pus, blood, swabs (wound, high vaginal, nose, throat) and other clinical samples were collected from patients attending outpatient departments (OPD) and admitted in wards and ICUs in NIMS hospital and processed for isolation and identification of Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS) by the phenotypic methods.

Results: Staphylococcus epidermidis(35.21%) isolated more in our study. Second most common species was Staphylococcus saprophyticus(33.80%). Other species that isolated were as Staphylococcus haemolyticus(15.49%), Staphylococcus lugdanensis(7.04%), Staphylococcus schleiferi(4.22%) and Staphylococcus xylosis(7.40%)

Concussion- In this study, the most common species identified was S. epidermidis.

Keywords: Staphylococcus, Infection, Urine, Blood, Pus.
A STUDY OF VENTILATOR-ASSOCIATED PNEUMONIA: INCIDENCE, OUTCOME, RISK FACTORS AND MEASURES TO BE TAKEN FOR PREVENTION
Authors: Singh Dr. Raghvendra , Kumar Dr. Ramesh
Published: November 2019

Background: Pneumonia is the second most common nosocomial infection among critically ill patients, affecting 27% of all critically ill patients.

Methods: The study was conducted in an intensive care unit (ICU) of a tertiary care centre. A total of 100 patients who were kept on mechanical ventilator were randomly selected. Cases included were patients of both sexes who were kept on mechanical ventilator for more than 48 h, having the age of >15 years. Patients who died or developed pneumonia within 48 h or those who were admitted with pneumonia at the time of admission and patients of ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome) were excluded from the study.

Results: The mean duration of mechanical ventilation was found to be 12.3±3.1 days for the non-VAP group and 19.1 ±4.2 days for the VAP group that those requiring prolonged ventilator support (>15 days) had a significantly higher incidence of VAP (P-value, 0.001). Supine position and stuporous, comatose patients were found to be risk factors, having a high incidence of VAP, and proved to be statistically significant.

Conclusion: Incidence is directly proportional to duration of mechanical ventilation and re-intubation is a strong risk factor for development of VAP. Therefore, duration of ventilation has to be reduced to get rid of morbidity and mortality associated with mechanical ventilation, which can be achieved by administering a proper weaning protocol and titrating sedation regimens as per the need of the patients.

Keywords: Incidence, Infection, ICU
PHARMACOLOGY IN SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Manhas Rameshwar S , Manhas Gaurav S , Akhter Rukhsana , Thappa Jagdish R , Manhas Angli
Published: November 2019

Background: Schizophrenia is a chronic debilitating major psychiatric illness which is characterized by a decreased ability to understand reality, strange speech and abnormal behavior.

Aims: To find out pharmacological patterns in schizophrenic patients.

Materials & Methods: The present observational cross-sectional study involved prescription of 150 schizophrenic patients and was conducted in the outpatient department (OPD) of tertiary care hospital, Jammu over a period of two months. Data like name, number, combination of drugs etc of psychotropic medications were collected

Results: Average number of drugs per prescription was 2.26. Among prescribed antipsychotics, 87.9% were atypical antipsychotic drugs. Single antipsychotic was used in 57.3% patients whereas combination of antipsychotics were used in 42.7% patients. Olanzapine was the most commonly used antipsychotic drug and was prescribed in 72.7% patients. Benzodiazepines were the most commonly used comedications and were prescribed in 62% patients.

Conclusion: From present study, it has been concluded that atypical antipsychotic drugs were the most frequently prescribed among schizophrenic patients. The most common medication to be used was olanzapine whereas the most common comedications used along with antipsychotics were benzodiazepines.

Keywords: Antipsychotics, Olanzapine, Schizophrenia.
TO CORRELATE THE MRI FINDINGS WITH THAT OF TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND
Authors: Goindani Dr. Renu , Gupta Dr. Anoop
Published: November 2019

This Study was done in the Department of Radio diagnosis of Amaltas Institute of Medical Sciences, Dewas, Madhya Pradesh, A total of 65 patients who were referred to our department with clinical suspicion of endometrial lesions and incidentally detected endometrial lesions on ultrasonography underwent transvaginal ultrasound.

Result:On TVS 29% cases were diagnosed as endometrial hyperplasia. 25% cases were diagnosed as  malignantetiology. Overall benign lesions predominated comprising of 75% of total lesions.

Other benign lesions identified on TVS were endometrial polyp,endometritis,submucosal fibroid ,adenomyosis and  synechiae.

Conclusion: TVS should be used as the primary imaging modality in endometrial lesions as it is dynamic, widely available and less expensive. But it is less sensitive in diagnosing malignant endometrial lesions and there extend. Accuracy of TVS is 82% in detecting malignant endometrial lesions. All patients with even slight suspicion of malignancy based on clinical features, age and TVS findings should be subjected to pelvic MRI.

Keywords: MRI, Transvaginal, Ultrasound & Endometrial lesions
TO STUDY THE CURRENT PRACTICES OF POLIO VACCINATION (IPV & TOPV TO BOPV SWITCH).
Authors: Aras Dr. Vasundhara
Published: November 2019

Background: This study was conducted to know the operational strategies of polio surveillance to study the current practices of polio vaccination, to find out practices of key health care staff regarding strategies in polio eradication

Result: A significant difference between the knowledge of urban and rural area ANMs regarding. IPV is a not a substitute for OPV (p value<0.05). 63% & 75% ANMs of urban & rural resp. were unaware about OPV being phased out. Only 1 out of 16 ANMs knew the correct reason for tOPV to bOPV switch. All (100%) ANMs reported AEFI monthly, always attended meetings & encouraged their ASHAs for community mobilization. 25% ANMs of rural area considered reporting of AFP cases and checking vaccine requirements & stock maintenance only sometimes.

Conclusion: Vaccines currently in use Indore district are bOPV & fIPV. IPV & fIPV are costly than OPVs. Shortage of bOPV (January to February 2018), IPV & fIPV was suffered due to manufacturing units not working. In this study OPV 3rd dose coverage is low as compared to OPV 1st dose coverage & OPV booster dose coverage has further declined. This practice leads to low population immunity for polio.

In this study PPI coverage over the years has remained >=100%. However the RI coverage has ranged between 82-95%. It indicates towards possibility of lowering of population immunity and herd immunity because of not maintaining the RI coverage more 90% consistently.

Keywords: Polio Vaccination, Practice, IPV, tOPV, bOPV.
A CLINICAL STUDY ON LENS INDUCED GLAUCOMA AND ITS VISUAL OUTCOME IN PATIENTS ATTENDING GOVERNMENT GENERAL HOSPITAL, KADAPA.
Authors: Rao VMVRV Prasada , Bandaru Sunitha
Published: November 2019

Background: India being a developing country, causes of Blindness in India will be different than developed countries. There are 10million (37 million in world) blind people in India today in which 80 percent if taken care in time, completely preventable. AIM:  To evaluate sex predominance, prevalence of different types of lens induced Glaucoma and its visual outcomes in patients attending government general hospital, kadapa. MATERIAL AND METHODS:  This prospective study was conducted in Ophthalmology department of government general hospital, kadapa, Andhra Pradesh from January 2018 to June 2019. 32 Patients visiting the Hospital with classical symptoms of Lens induced Glaucoma were taken into study. RESULTS:  A Total of 32 patients were taken into this study in which 12(37.50%) were male patients and 20(62.50%) were Female. Among different LIG patients maximum patients had Phacomorphic Glaucoma accounting 62.50% (20 patients) and Phacolytic Glaucoma 34.37% (11 patients).

Keywords: Lens-induced glaucoma, Cataract, Phacomorphic glaucoma, Phacolytic glaucoma and Small incision cataract surgery (SICS)
TEAR OSMOLARITY DETERMINATION OF DRY EYE STATUS FOLLOWING USE OF SOFT CONTACT LENS IN KERALA
Authors: George Dr. Simon
Published: November 2019

Prospective two years study of the dry eye status following use of soft contact lens. At the end of 1 year of soft contact lens use, 20 % soft contact lens wearers developed mild dry eye. No patients had moderate or severe dry eye. Two years after use of soft contact lens, 33% wearers developed mild dry eye and 2% had moderately severe dry eye. Tear Osmolarity values were used to assess dry eye status.

Keywords: Tear Osmolarity , soft contact lens, dry eye
DIFFERENT REGIMENS OF MAGNESIUM SULFATE AND IT'S ROLE IN MANAGEMENT OF WOMEN WITH SEVERE PRE-ECLAMPSIA
Authors: Ibrahem Amr M. H. , El-Garhy Ismael M.T. , Gebril Mohamed M. I. , Taha Wael S.
Published: November 2019

Background: Preeclampsia constitutes a serious problem with high incidence that faces the workers in the field of obstetrics and needs good diagnosis and management and must not be neglected as maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality are so dangerous.

Aim of the work: To different Regimens Of Magnesium Sulfate And It's Role In Management Of Women With Severe Pre-Eclampsia

Patients and methods: A randomized controlled study that compared three regimens for administration of MgSO4 used for the cases of severe pre-eclampsia that was performed in the Obstetrics & Gynecology Department, Agouza police Hospital during the period from decemeber 2018 to the end of August 2019

Results: 240 patients were recruited for our study based on their presentation which was severe preeclampsia.

Mean age of patients was; 26.65 years, SD 5.113 (range;16-42).

Mean gestational age was; 35.75 weeks, SD 2.769 (range;28-40).

Mean systolic BP was; 161.88mmHg, SD 17.121 (range;100-210).

Mean diastolic BP was; 103.15, SD 12.127 (range;50-120).

Conclusion: The use of loading dose only of MgSO4 in the ante-partum period with no post partum maintenance doses. If complications occurred, we recommend the abbreviated regimen as an alternative to the standard regimen.