bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le soldat nu et la madone
Authors: Sempé Jean-Claude
Published: November 2010

Résumé Dans son film Valse avec Bachir , Ari Folman met en scène un soldat de l’armée du Tsahal, qui a perdu la mémoire de la guerre du Liban, au point d’oublier qu’il y a participé. Le déroulement du film lève le voile sur les « réminiscences » dont il souffre et qui vont rendre compte de la genèse de son « oubli ». À la réalité de la façon dont s’est déroulé l’encerclement de Sabra et Chatila, le réalisateur emprunte l’image de deux cercles : le premier est constitué par les soldats et leurs chars qui ont entouré les deux camps, la plupart des soldats ignorant les raisons de cet encerclement ; le second est celui des soldats qui ont participé au massacre en « l’éclairant ». Le soldat A. Folman s’aperçoit qu’il était de ceux qui ont envoyé les fusées éclairantes : la raison de son oubli est liée à son lien intime et personnel avec l’histoire de la Shoah, en étant du côté du second cercle, il était du côté des agresseurs. Film d’animation, ce long-métrage rend impossible tout zapping car « on ne peut pas zapper sur des images qu’on ne voit pas ». Les images que nous donnent à voir quotidiennement les médias, à savoir les gesticulations des politiques, les faits divers et les histoires « people », voire les massacres qui se déroulent presque sous nos yeux, n’ont pas besoin d’être zappées pour ne pas voir ce qu’elles nous montrent. Digression autour de mots-clés Potlatch : règles et rituels d’échanges, de dons et de contre-dons. Un don oblige à un contre-don supérieur …, et réciproquement, jusqu’à saturation. Oxymoron : figure de style, « cette obscure clarté qui nous vient des étoiles » (Corneille, Le Cid ) ; l’obscurité qui éclaire, l’éclairage qui obscurcit … Jeu des équivalences symboliques : un modèle littéraire, La philosophie dans le boudoir , de Sade. Madame de Saint-Ange, l’ingénue Eugénie, Dolmancé, le chevalier de Mircel et le jardinier Augustin, sont égaux de sexe, d’état et de classe autour de la pratique mutuelle et réciproque de la sodomie ; « Français, encore un effort si vous voulez être républicains. » Égalité et liberté – principes largement déployés et pratiqués dans le « donner à voir » des médias – peuvent être mis au service de l’ego et de la valse des ego de ceux qui pratiquent le « jeu des équivalences réciproques », mais quid de l’affect, du partage et de la reconnaissance de l’autre, de la fraternité ?
Foucault et « la société punitive »
Authors: Gros Frédéric
Published: November 2010

Résumé Foucault prononce en 1973 un cours au Collège de France intitulé « La société punitive ». Ce cours, encore inédit, offre les premières grandes propositions théoriques de Foucault sur la naissance de la prison. Elles seront reprises, infléchies, reproblématisées dans Surveiller et Punir . Mais, en 1973, elles sont données avec une netteté conceptuelle et un tranchant polémique qu’elles ne retrouveront plus par la suite. Trois grandes notions sont définies : le « pénitentiaire », le « carcéral » et le « coercitif ». C’est le nouage de ces trois dimensions qui rend compte de l’invention de la prison.
L'assurance santé aux États-Unis : la réforme Obama
Authors: Rodwin Victor G.
Published: November 2010

Résumé Le Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) est le projet de réforme du système d’assurance santé le plus ambitieux que les États-Unis aient connu depuis celui du président Lyndon Johnson. Cette réforme vise à moderniser le système de santé en mobilisant des ressources considérables au niveau fédéral pour financer à grande échelle des expérimentations autour d’idées connues et débattues depuis vingt-cinq ans : disease management , paiement à la performance, programmes de prévention et de dépistage, systèmes forfaitaires de rémunération. Enfin, un autre volet de la réforme vise à réduire les gaspillages, à lutter contre les abus et les fraudes et à rationaliser le système Medicare. Pourquoi cette loi, qui met fin à de nombreuses tentatives avortées, a-t-elle suscité un débat si passionné entre démocrates et républicains ? Quels sont les défis auxquels le gouvernement sera confronté et réussira-t-il à faire appliquer la loi ?
Propuesta metodológica para la construcción de indicadores sintéticos de igualdad de género. El caso del medio rural de Castilla y León
Authors: Rico Margarita , Gómez-Limón José Antonio
Published: November 2010

La desigualdad socioeconómica por razón de género constituye un problema multidimensional difícil de cuantiﬁcar en su globalidad. La utilización de indicadores sintéticos puede ayudar a resumir e interpretar el conjunto de información de que se disponga al respecto, así como evaluar las disparidades en la situación de mujeres y hombres desde un punto de vista estático y también dinámico. Dicha utilidad se magniﬁ ca para el estudio de las diferencias por sexo en los espacios rurales, dadas las especiales carencias con las que se enfrentan las mujeres que allí residen. Por todo ello, el objetivo de este trabajo consiste en desarrollar una metodología para construir indicadores sintéticos de igualdad de género que cuantiﬁquen de forma agregada la existencia de asimetría de género en territorios heterogéneos. Con el ﬁn de validar esta propuesta metodológica, se ha realizado una aplicación empírica de los indicadores sintéticos planteados para la Comunidad Autónoma de Castilla y León, comparando el desempeño de estos índices en distintos tipos de hábitats: rural, intermedio y urbano.
Las madres solteras por elección. ¿Ciudadanas de primera y madres de segunda?
Authors: Rivas Ana María , Jociles María Isabel , Moncó Beatriz
Published: November 2010

En este artículo se presentan algunos de los resultados de una investigación sobre los proyectos familiares de las mujeres que han optado por la maternidad en solitario, mediante la reproducción asistida, las relaciones sexuales y/o la adopción internacional. A través de sus discursos se analiza, en primer lugar, el conflicto entre su estatus de ciudadanas de pleno derecho, por el que han podido acceder, exitosamente, a la formación universitaria y al desempeño de empleos cualificados, y el estatus de madres aún condicionado por el modelo convencional de familia nuclear, conyugal y biparental, que sigue actuando como referente de legitimación para el resto de opciones familiares. En segundo lugar, se analizan las estrategias narrativas de legitimación que despliegan estas mujeres para obtener el reconocimiento social de su entorno familiar, labo ral, de los amigos, institucional y, por último, la percepción carencial de su familia que ellas mismas acaban asimilando como efecto inesperado.
La ciudad autoflexible. Narrativas de la prisa y la exclusión
Authors: Oliva-Serrano Jesús
Published: November 2010

La automovilidad privada, la dispersión urbana y la exclusión social se relacionan de manera compleja en la ciudad contemporánea. Este trabajo explora sus conexiones y profundiza en sus consecuencias sociales a partir del trabajo de campo desarrollado a lo largo de tres años en una ciudad media española. Incluye una treintena de entrevistas en profundidad a diferentes perfiles familiares seleccionados e informantes expertos. Las nuevas formas de organización sociotécnica de la ciudad, el imaginario de la automovilidad y los sentidos sociales construidos en torno a la experiencia de un entorno continuamente acelerado y deslocalizado, son analizados como un material privilegiado para comprender las desigualdades que subyacen bajo este modelo urbano.
Un estudio transversal sobre la percepción de la vitalidad etnolingüística en jóvenes y adultos de Cataluña
Authors: Viladot María Àngels , Esteban Moisès
Published: November 2010

El estudio utiliza un diseño transversal en el campo de la percepción de la vitalidad etnolingüística. es el primero que compara la percepción de la vitalidad etnolingüística, así como los factores asociados, entre adultos jóvenes y adultos, en relación con los grupos castellanohablantes y catalanohablantes de la comunidad Autónoma de cataluña. para ello, se aplicó el “cuestionario de vitalidad etnolingüística subjetiva” (cvs) a una muestra de 527 participantes, 268 jóvenes y 259 adultos, de los cuales se seleccionó una submuestra de individuos que tenían el catalán como lengua materna y se identificaban como catalanes (n=301). En ambas muestras se aduce una tendencia a discriminar favorablemente la vitalidad percibida en el grupo catalán, aspecto que se acentúa significativa en el grupo de jóvenes estudiado en relación al grupo de edad de los adultos. se discuten los resultados según las repercusiones teóricas y pragmáticas de los estudios realizados en el ámbito de la comunicación intergrupal.
Os periódicos acadêmicos de geografia francesa de 1940-1945. Entre a pobreza material e a resistência intelectual
Authors: Beauguitte Laurent
Published: November 2010

Apesar da guerra e da escassez decorrente dela, apesar da ocupação e dos censores do governo de Vichy e alemaes, os geógrafos franceses cuidaram, entre 1940 e 1945 de continuar seus trabalhos científicos. Este artigo tem como objetivo destacar as condições de produção dos seis jornais da geografia francesa durante a Segunda Guerra Mundial e as atitudes dos geógrafos frente às notícias deste momento difícil. O impacto da escassez é facilmente quantificável, e também é possível encontrar sinais claros de resistência à ocupação e ao regime de Vichy. Falando da censura como dos prisioneiros de guerra ou das dificuldades diárias relacionadas à Segunda Guerra Mundial, os geógrafos aqui estudados escreviam sobre uma geografia do presente.
A geografia na formação do território francês: capítulos braudelianos de história do pensamento geográfico
Authors: Ribeiro Guilherme
Published: November 2010

Este artigo analisa o diálogo do historiador francês Fernand Braudel com a geografia em L’Identité de la France, seu último livro. Na contramão de determinadas interpretações, que vêem tal diálogo como demodé, cremos que Braudel não apenas retoma temas clássicos de sua relação com a geografia, mas apresenta um aspecto assaz relevante, admitindo-a como parte integrante de um discurso nacional em torno do território francês. De forma ampla, isso nos permite sustentar que Braudel ocupa um capítulo privilegiado (porém ainda a ser escrito) na história do pensamento geográfico francês no século XX.
« L’Amazonie – victime des changements climatiques ? »
Authors: Weissenberger Sebastian , Silva Delaine Sampaio da
Published: November 2010

La forêt d’Amazonie est un des biomes les plus riches et les plus importants de la Terre. Cependant, son avenir est gravement menacé par les changements climatiques. L’effet de ces changements est indissociable de celui des activités humaines. Ainsi, la déforestation est responsable de plus de la moitié des émissions de gaz à effet de serre du Brésil. La lutte contre les changements climatique au Brésil passe donc en premier lieu par la lutte contre la déforestation. Cette lutte fait face aux enjeux actuels du développement en Amazonie, en premier lieu l’élevage et l’agriculture à grande échelle. Certains éléments des politiques récentes du Brésil vont dans le sens d’un développement moins « sauvage » en Amazonie, mais se heurtent à des intérêts économiques et politiques. Les initiatives internationales comme Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and forest Degradation (REDD), dans le cadre d’un accord climatique, peuvent fournir des incitatifs économiques cruciaux. Il est dans tous les cas primordial qu’un tel développement soit adapté à la réalité amazonienne et se fasse en collaboration avec les populations locales dans une optique de développement social autant qu’écologique ou économique.
Recuperação de áreas desflorestadas da Amazônia: será pertinente o cultivo da palma de óleo (Dendê)?
Authors: Becker Bertha K.
Published: November 2010

O artigo discute a pertinência – ou não – de apoiar a expansão da lavoura do dendê na Amazônia, como uma das possibilidades de recuperar áreas desflorestadas e promover o desenvolvimento regional. Responde a três questões: quais as vantagens e quais os riscos associados à lavoura do dendê? Qual a relação entre zoneamento e desenvolvimento na Amazônia? Que desafios devem ser enfrentados como condição para a implementação dessa atividade?
Impactos atmosféricos das transformações territoriais e do crescimento do agronegócio na Amazônia matogrossense
Authors: Cavicchioli Andrea , Morrone Ericka Pardini , Marques Rodrigo , Fornaro Adalgiza
Published: November 2010

O estado do Mato Grosso vem sofrendo, desde os anos 70 do século XX, um acentuado processo de transformação do território com a abertura de amplas áreas agrícolas em detrimento dos biomas amazônico e do cerrado. Este desmatamento está voltado, sobretudo, para o cultivo da soja: em 2005, a área usada para o cultivo deste cereal superou 6,1 milhões de hectares com uma produção de 17,76 milhões de toneladas. Assim, o agronegócio é tido como co-responsável pelo aumento das queimadas neste estado, cujo pico de ocorrência foi registrado no mês de setembro de 2004 com quase 25000 focos – 35% de todos os que foram detectados no Brasil no mesmo período. As queimadas são um fenômeno típico de áreas tropicais e, em decorrência delas, são emitidas para a atmosfera milhões de toneladas de gases e material particulado (em inglês, Particulate Matter, PM) por ano. Estas emissões causam impactos negativos na saúde humana, além de afetarem os equilíbrios energéticos da atmosfera, cujas alterações têm sido associadas a mudanças climáticas em escala regional e global. Apesar de existirem previsões de concentração de PM baseadas em modelos matemáticos alimentados por dados de satélites, o levantamento de dados em superfície é fundamental. O presente estudo buscou avaliar dados diretos sobre a concentração de PM fino e grosso e sua composição química na região agrícola do Mato Grosso. Para isto, foram efetuadas amostragens nas sedes municipais de Guarantã do Norte, Juara, Feliz Natal, Sinop e Sorriso, entre setembro e outubro de 2009. Estes municípios foram selecionados durante viagem de exploração prévia realizada no âmbito do Ano da França no Brasil (“Conhecendo a Amazônia e as dinâmicas territoriais do Mato Grosso”), em julho de 2009. Sinop, Sorriso e Guarantã do Norte estão localizadas ao longo do principal eixo rodoviário do estado (BR163), enquanto Feliz Natal e Juara ficam, respectivamente, ao lado leste e oeste deste eixo e próximas às fronteiras do desmatamento. Para fins comparativos, foram coletadas amostras em Cuiabá e Rondonópolis, os principais centros urbanos do estado. As análises envolveram determinação gravimétrica e a quantificação de black carbon por espectroscopia de refletância e da composição elementar por fluorescência de raios X por dispersão de energia.
Eleições no Paraná: 1998 – 2010
Authors: Barros Omar Neto Fernandes
Published: November 2010

A temática das eleições no Brasil vem sendo explorada por diversos autores sendo poucos os vinculados à Geografia. No momento atual, em que mais uma vez vários candidatos postulam a direção da nação, estados e parlamento, parece-nos oportuno refletir sobre esse tema de maneira geográfica. Tendo por base uma documentação cartográfica, o trabalho tem como objetivo realizar a análise dos resultados das eleições em âmbito estadual do Paraná, no período 1998 - 2010, para o cargo de Governador, compreendendo a produção dos espaços político-eleitoral. A metodologia adotada da Cartografia Temática é um valioso instrumental que permite explorar a massa de dados estatísticos regionalizados. O programa computacional utilizado é o Philcarto, disponível em http://philcarto.free.fr. Os principais resultados permitem revelar uma regionalização preferencial dos votos em alguns candidatos, mas esses podem variar ao longo do tempo. Com a análise dos mapas apresentados foi possível alguns prognósticos e confirmações para 2010.
Mutações no Nordeste brasileiro: reflexão sobre a produção de alimentos e a fome na contemporaneidade
Authors: Dantas Eustogio Wanderley Correia
Published: November 2010

Com imagem associada à fome, pobreza e atraso, o Nordeste passa atualmente por um processo acelerado de mutação, cujos resultados são evidenciados, em alguns estados, nos indicadores sociais a suplantarem a média nacional. A explicação deve-se à sua inserção na nova economia globalizada, relacionada diretamente à modificação de sua imagem internacional. Nestes termos, as fragilidades tradicionais do Nordeste, ligadas à semiaridez, são variáveis potencializadoras do desenvolvimento tanto do agronegócio como do turismo litorâneo em crescimento acelerado... Entretanto, embora apresente avanços, a política implementada não implicou em erradicação da malnutrição crônica.
Une approche géographique du tourisme intérieur dans un pays émergent : l’exemple du Brésil
Authors: Brazidec Nicolas Le
Published: November 2010

Le tourisme n’est plus l’apanage des sociétés occidentales. La fin du vingtième siècle a été marquée par un formidable boom des flux touristiques dans les pays émergents. Au même titre que leur intégration croissante dans la mondialisation, cette nouvelle donne contribue à faire évoluer notre regard sur les pays du Sud. Elle nous conduit aussi à nous interroger sur les paysages, les formes spatiales, les acteurs et les enjeux de ce développement touristique. De même, se pose la question des logiques d’imitation ou, au contraire, de singularisation entre les pratiques des touristes des pays du Nord et ceux des « Suds ». L’exemple du Brésil permet d’appréhender ces évolutions socio-économiques et ces dynamiques territoriales, en montrant notamment que les flux internationaux, pourvoyeurs de devises, occultent souvent l’ampleur des flux touristiques intérieurs. Il montre aussi que les deux types de tourisme se déploient de manière assez différenciée au sein du territoire brésilien. Peu fréquenté par les touristes étrangers – à l’exception notoire des Argentins – le Sud du Brésil constitue un terrain d’étude approprié pour l’étude du tourisme des nationaux. L’analyse approfondie de Balneário Camboriú et Gramado, deux pôles touristiques de cette partie du pays, vise à expliciter les modalités de la mise en tourisme de lieux au site et à la situation assez distincts. Le premier, localisé sur le littoral entre Florianópolis et Curitiba, constitue la principale station balnéaire de l’État du Santa Catarina. Le second se situe à 800 mètres d’altitude sur les plateaux au nord de Porto Alegre (Rio Grande do Sul). Malgré des similitudes dans la chronologie de leur développement touristique, Balneário Camboriú a été créé ex nihilo par l’activité touristique alors que Gramado préexistait et a été investi par le tourisme. Surtout, leurs trajectoires ont assez tôt différé, en fonction des choix effectués par les acteurs locaux. La massification de Balneário Camboriú contraste ainsi avec le caractère plutôt élitiste de Gramado. Désormais, l’un se trouve à la tête d’une conurbation touristique dont l’étalement se poursuit, tandis que l’autre s’efforce de se construire une image de village idéalisé qu’on peut qualifier de « disneylandisée ». Toutefois, dans un cas comme dans l’autre, la fréquentation touristique maximise les interactions sociales, potentielles ou réelles, propre à satisfaire la quête de sociabilité, de distinction sociale et, plus généralement, d’altérité, de ceux qui s’y rendent. Il s’agit là d’une caractéristique universelle des lieux touristiques.
Une région, plusieurs mondes, impressions d’une étude de terrain dans la région du Jarí, Amazonie brésilienne, août 2009
Authors: Greising Ana
Published: November 2010

Cette synthèse de terrain retrace quelques journées clefs d’un travail de recherche réalisé en Amazonie brésilienne entre janvier et août 2009 dans le cadre d’une thèse de doctorat en géographie sur la naissance et le développement de la région du Jarí, un territoire transfrontalier entre l’Amapá et le Pará. L’histoire récente de cette région est indissociablement liée à l’installation en 1967, par l’entrepreneur Américain D.K. Ludwig, d’une entreprise agro-industrielle, la Jari Cellulose S.A., pour la production de pâte à papier à grande échelle, reposant sur des plantations extensives, alors que la région était déjà peuplée de petites communautés vivant de cueillette et d’agriculture de subsistance. Avec l’arrivée de l’entreprise, la région a connu un important changement de cap, caractérisé par une nouvelle dynamique économique, mais aussi par des impacts sociaux et écologiques considérables, dont les effets contradictoires entre développement et conservation en contexte de l’Amazonie forestière n’ont pas encore été résolus dans la région aujourd’hui. Le voyage raconté ici est la dernière et plus lointaine excursion entamée pendant le travail de terrain. Il nous amène aux communautés de l’Estrada Nova, territoire situé au sud-ouest du domaine de l’entreprise Jarí Cellulose. Ici, la plupart des familles des communautés vivent dans un isolement prononcé, en indépendance absolue de l’entreprise où en coopération silencieuse avec celle-ci. L’article suivant inclut plusieurs témoignages de quelques-uns des personnages clefs rencontrés au cours de l’expédition au et à travers de l’Estrada Nova.
Mortality Salience Effects on the Life Expectancy Estimates of Older Adults as a Function of Neuroticism
Authors: Maxfield Molly , Solomon Sheldon , Pyszczynski Tom , Greenberg Jeff
Published: November 2010

Research has shown that reminders of mortality lead people to engage in defenses to minimize the anxiety such thoughts could arouse. In accord with this notion, younger adults reminded of mortality engage in behaviors aimed at denying vulnerability to death. However, little is known about the effects of mortality reminders on older adults. The present study examined the effect of reminders of death on older adults' subjective life expectancy. Mortality reminders did not significantly impact the life expectancy estimates of old-old adults. Reminders of death did however lead to shorter life expectancy estimates among young-old participants low in neuroticism but longer life expectancy estimates among young-old participants high in neuroticism, suggesting that this group was most defensive in response to reminders of death.
Performance measurement dimensions for lecturers at selected universities: An international perspective
Authors: Molefe Gabedi N.
Published: November 2010

Orientation: The study was necessitated by the need to develop a generally accepted performance measurement dimension framework for lecturers at universities. Research purpose: The aim of the inquiry was to investigate the performance measurement dimensions for lecturers at selected universities in countries such as South Africa, USA, UK, Australia and Nigeria. Universities were selected on the basis of their academic reputation – being the best in their respective countries or continents.Motivation for the study: Whilst some studies mention certain attributes as important performance dimensions for the lecturer’s job, there was no scientific evidence to support this claim, hence the need for this study.Research design: A quantitative research approach was adopted with the objective of casting the researcher’s net widely in order to obtain as much data as possible with the view to arriving at scientifically tested findings. A questionnaire was sent out to 500 academics and yielded a response rate of 36%.Main findings: The study confirmed that a lecturer’s performance can be measured on the basis of seven performance dimensions and these dimensions, when tested, attracted a Cronbach Alpha reliability coefficient of above 0.70.Practical and managerial implications: This study has the potential to equip the leadership at universities in South Africa with an empirically tested guideline for formulating policy on performance evaluation frameworks for the lecturing staff.Contribution/value-add: The major contribution of this study has been its argument for performance measurement for lecturers in the higher education environment and also its confirmation of the seven postulated performance measurement dimensions for lecturers.
Thermal Treatments of Calcium Phosphate Biomaterials to Tune the Physico‐Chemical Properties and Modify the In Vitro Osteoclast Response
Authors: Egli Rainer J. , Gruenenfelder Sonja , Doebelin Nicola , Hofstetter Willy , Luginbuehl Reto , Bohner Marc
Published: November 2010

The use of synthetic bone graft substitutes to repair bone defects has dramatically increased over the last decade. Among these materials, calcium phosphates such as tricalcium phosphate or hydroxyapatite are amongst the most effective and the most used.1Many chemical and physical factors have been identified to influence their reactivity and degradation rate upon implantation. Recently, we found that a simple thermal treatment at temperatures of 450–600 °C was able to strongly modify the reactivity of α‐tricalcium phosphate powders [α‐TCP; α‐Ca3(PO4)2] with water without significant change of physical properties.2The strong decrease of reactivity was attributed to the thermal removal of surface defects. Here, we demonstrate the potential of this treatment to control the onset of this particular setting reaction (defined by the start of the exothermic reaction) from a few minutes to a few hours. Furthermore, we show that the behavior of osteoclast lineage cells cultured in vitro on calcium phosphates is affected by the thermal treatment. We conclude that the presented findings may open up new strategies for engineering bone void fillers.
Hybrid Materials: Silica‐Gelatin Hybrids with Tailorable Degradation and Mechanical Properties for Tissue Regeneration (Adv. Funct. Mater. 22/2010)
Authors: Mahony Oliver , Tsigkou Olga , Ionescu Claudia , Minelli Caterina , Ling Lowell , Hanly Ruth , Smith Mark E. , Stevens Molly M. , Jones Julian R.
Published: November 2010

Nature has evolved mechanisms to create a diversity of specialized materials through nanoscale organization. Inspired by nature, hybrid materials are designed with highly tailorable properties, which are achieved through careful control of their nanoscale interactions. These novel materials, based on a silica‐gelatin hybrid system, have the potential to serve as a platform technology for human tissue regeneration. Covalent interactions between the inorganic and organic constituents of the hybrid are essential to enable the precise control of mechanical and dissolution properties. Furthermore, hybrid scaffold porosity is found to highly influence mechanical properties, to the extent where scaffolds of particular strength could be specified based on their porosity. The hybrids also demonstrate a non‐cytotoxic effect when mesenchymal stem cells are cultured on the material. Cytoskeletal proteins of the cells are imaged using actin and vimentin staining. It is envisaged these hybrid materials will find a diverse application in both hard and soft tissue regenerating scaffolds.
Simultaneous and Dual Emissive Imaging by Micro‐Contact Printing on the Surface of Electrostatically Assembled Water‐Soluble Poly(p‐phenylene) Using FRET
Authors: Kwak Chan Kyu , Kim Dai Geun , Kim Tae Hyeon , Lee Chang‐Soo , Lee Minjung , Lee Taek Seung
Published: November 2010

Poly{[2,5‐bis(3‐sulfonatobutoxy)‐1,4‐phenylene sodium salt]‐alt‐(1,4‐phenylene)}, which is an anionically charged, water‐soluble poly(para‐phenylene) derivative with aldehyde groups at both chain ends, is prepared via the Suzuki coupling reaction in order to develop a FRET energy donor, while simultaneously dual‐fluorescence‐patterning the protein. Regardless of the end‐capping, the synthesized polymer exhibits a good solubility in water with an absorption maximum at 338 nm and a photoluminescence maximum at 417 nm, similar to those of the the end‐capped polymer. The emission spectrum of the polymer overlaps the absorption spectrum of fluorescein, and therefore, the polymer can be used as an energy donor with fluorescein as the energy acceptor in the FRET mechanism. This polymer design not only takes advantage of the introduction of biotin at both chain ends (through a reaction with the aldehyde end groups) to realize the facile interaction with streptavidin, but also brings into play the electrostatic features of the anionic sulfonate groups to fabricate an electrostatic self‐assembly with polycation for the pattern substrate. The micropattern of fluorescein‐labeled streptavidin is fabricated on the polymer‐coated substrate through micro‐contact printing using a polydimethylsiloxane mold. As a result, the polymer substrate exhibits a dual fluorescence micropattern, which results from the blue emission color from the energy donor and the FRET‐amplified green emission from the energy acceptor. The high‐resolution patterning is carried out for the application of multiplexing by simultaneously imaging the patterned green‐emitting fluorescein by FRET and the surrounding blue‐emitting polymer according to an optical detection scheme.
Ultrasensitive and Selective Detection of a Prognostic Indicator in Early‐Stage Cancer Using Graphene Oxide and Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Wang Xiaohui , Wang Chunyan , Qu Konggang , Song Yujun , Ren Jinsong , Miyoshi Daisuke , Sugimoto Naoki , Qu Xiaogang
Published: November 2010

Cyclin A2 is a prognostic indicator in early‐stage cancer. However, since most of peptide‐protein bindings do not produce an easily measurable output signal, this severely hinders homogeneous detection of protein using peptide as detection probe. Cyclin A2 can be detected as low as 0.6 μM using a well‐known p21(WAF‐1) consensus senquence for a specific cyclin A2 binding motif, which is incorporated into a Tb3+ chelating macrocycle by chemical modification at the N‐terminus of CMB. Herein, a simple, ultra‐sensitive, and selective signal‐on fluorescence assay is developed for detection of a prognostic indicator in early‐stage cancer, cyclin A2. Graphene oxide (GO) is even superior to SWNTs for cyclin A2 detection. The direct detection limit using graphene oxide is 0.5 nM, 10‐fold better than using SWNTs, and 1200‐fold better than the latest reported value of 0.6 μM using the Tb3+ chelating macrocycle modified p21(WAF‐1) peptide.
Genital abnormalities in Pallister–Hall syndrome: Report of two patients and review of the literature
Authors: Narumi Yoko , Kosho Tomoki , Tsuruta Goro , Shiohara Masaaki , Shimazaki Ei , Mori Tetsuo , Shimizu Ayako , Igawa Yasuhiko , Nishizawa Shuji , Takagi Kimiyo , Kawamura Rie , Wakui Keiko , Fukushima Yoshimitsu
Published: November 2010

We describe two patients with Pallister–Hall syndrome (PHS) with genital abnormalities: a female with hydrometrocolpos secondary to vaginal atresia and a male with micropenis, hypoplastic scrotum, and bilateral cryptorchidism. Nonsense mutations in GLI3 were identified in both patients. Clinical and molecular findings of 12 previously reported patients who had GLI3 mutations and genital abnormalities were reviewed. Genital features in the male patients included hypospadias, micropenis, and bifid or hypoplastic scrotum, whereas all the females had hydrometrocolpos and/or vaginal atresia. No hotspot for GLI3 mutations has been found. The urogenital and anorectal abnormalities associated with PHS might be related to dysregulation of SHH signaling caused by GLI3 mutations rather than hormonal aberrations. We recommend that clinical investigations of genital abnormalities are considered in patients with PHS, even those without hypopituitarism. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Identification of a microdeletion at the 7q33‐q35 disrupting the CNTNAP2 gene in a Brazilian stuttering case
Authors: Petrin Aline L. , Giacheti Célia M. , Maximino Luciana P. , Abramides Dagma V. M. , Zanchetta Sthella , Rossi Natalia F. , Richieri‐Costa Antônio , Murray Jeffrey C.
Published: November 2010

Speech and language disorders are some of the most common referral reasons to child development centers accounting for approximately 40% of cases. Stuttering is a disorder in which involuntary repetition, prolongation, or cessation of the sound precludes the flow of speech. About 5% of individuals in the general population have a stuttering problem, and about 80% of the affected children recover naturally. The causal factors of stuttering remain uncertain in most cases; studies suggest that genetic factors are responsible for 70% of the variance in liability for stuttering, whereas the remaining 30% is due to environmental effects supporting a complex cause of the disorder. The use of high‐resolution genome wide array comparative genomic hybridization has proven to be a powerful strategy to narrow down candidate regions for complex disorders. We report on a case with a complex set of speech and language difficulties including stuttering who presented with a 10 Mb deletion of chromosome region 7q33‐35 causing the deletion of several genes and the disruption of CNTNAP2 by deleting the first three exons of the gene. CNTNAP2 is known to be involved in the cause of language and speech disorders and autism spectrum disorder and is in the same pathway as FOXP2, another important language gene, which makes it a candidate gene for causal studies speech and language disorders such as stuttering. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Chain transfer of vegetable oil macromonomers in acrylic solution copolymerization
Authors: Black Micah , Messman Jamie , Rawlins James
Published: November 2010

The use of vegetable oil macromonomers (VOMMs) as comonomers in emulsion polymerization enables good film coalescence without the use of solvents that constitute volatile organic compounds (VOCs). VOMMs are derived from renewable resources and offer the potential of post‐application crosslinking via auto‐oxidation. However, chain transfer reactions of VOMMs with initiator and/or polymer radicals during emulsion polymerization reduce the amount of allylic hydrogen atoms available for primary auto‐oxidation during drying. Vegetable oils and derivatives were reacted with butyl acrylate and methyl methacrylate via solution polymerization, and the polymerization was monitored using in situ infrared spectroscopy to determine the extent of chain transfer. 1H NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the loci of chain transfer and the molecular weight characteristics of the polymers were characterized by SEC. Solution polymerization was utilized because this limited temperature fluctuations and insolubility of the polymer. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
DNA adsorption on poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide)‐grafted chitosan hydrogels
Authors: Başer Burcu , Demirel Gökçen Birlik , Caykara Tuncer
Published: November 2010

In this study, poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) grafted chitosan (PDMAAm‐g‐CT) hydrogels were prepared for deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) adsorption. Instead of directly grafting the N,N‐dimethylacrylamide (DMAAm) monomer onto the chitosan (CT) chains, poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) with carboxylic acid end group (PDMAAm‐COOH) was firstly synthesized by free‐radical polymerization using mercaptoacetic acid (MAAc) as the chain‐transfer agent and then grafted onto the CT having amino groups. The synthesis of PDMAAm‐COOH and its grafting onto the CT chains were confirmed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy. From gel permeation chromatography measurements, the number‐average molecular weight (Mn) and polydispersity index of PDMAAm‐COOH were found as 2400 g/mol and 2.3, respectively. The PDMAAm‐g‐CT hydrogels were utilized as the adsorbents in DNA adsorption experiments conducted at +4°C in a trisEDTA solution of pH 7.4. The hydrogels produced with higher PDMAAm‐COOH content exhibited higher DNA adsorption capacity. The DNA adsorption capacity up to 4620 μg DNA/g dry gel could be achieved with the PDMAAm‐g‐CT hydrogels prepared in 80.0 wt % PDMAAm‐COOH feed concentration. This value is approximately seven times higher than that of CT alone. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Preparation of nanoclay‐dispersed polystyrene nanofibers via atom transfer radical polymerization and electrospinning
Authors: Roghani‐Mamaqani Hossein , Haddadi‐Asl Vahid , Najafi Mohammad , Salami‐Kalajahi Mehdi
Published: November 2010

In this study, clay‐dispersed polystyrene (PS) nanocomposites were prepared with the in situ atom transfer radical polymerization method and were subsequently electrospun to form nanofibers 450–650 nm in diameter. The polymer chains extracted from the clay‐dispersed nanofibers exhibited a narrow range of molecular weight distribution. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) confirmed a higher thermal stability of the resulting nanocomposites compared to PS. The effect of the weight ratio of montmorillonite on the thermal properties of the nanocomposites was also studied by TGA. Differential scanning calorimetry revealed that the addition of the nanoclay increased the glass‐transition temperature. Moreover, degradation of the bromide chain‐end functionality took place at low temperatures. Scanning electron microscopy showed that the average diameter of the fibers was around 500 nm. The dispersion of clay layers was also evaluated by Al atoms in the PS matrix with the energy‐dispersive X‐ray detection technique. Transmission electron microscopy confirmed the exfoliation of the nanoclay within the matrix. However, the clay layers were oriented along the nanofiber axis. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Styrene–butadiene rubber/cellulose II/clay nanocomposites prepared by cocoagulation—mechanical properties
Authors: Zine Carmen Lane Giri , da Conceição Alberto Justino , Visconte Leila L. Y. , Ito Edson Noriyuki , Nunes Regina C. R.
Published: November 2010

In this work, nanocomposites of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), cellulose II, and clay were prepared by cocoagulation of SBR latex, cellulose xanthate, and clay aqueous suspension mixtures. The incorporated amount of cellulose II was 15 phr, and the clay varied from 0 to 7 phr. The influence of cellulose II and clay was investigated by rheometric, mechanical, physicochemical, and morphological properties. From the analysis of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), dispersion in nanometric scale (below 100nm) of the cellulosic and mineral components throughout the elastomeric matrix was observed. XRD analysis suggested that fully exfoliated structure could be obtained by this method when low loading of silicate layers (up to 5 phr) is used. The results from mechanical tests showed that the nanocomposites presented better mechanical properties than SBR gum vulcanizate. Furthermore, 5 phr of clay is enough to achieve the best tensile properties. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Morphology and chemical elements detection of cured urea–formaldehyde resins
Authors: Park Byung‐Dae , Jeong Ho‐Won , Lee Sang‐Min
Published: November 2010

As a part of understanding the hydrolysis of cured urea–formaldehyde (UF) resins that has been known as responsible for the formaldehyde emission, leading to sick building syndrome, this study attempted to investigate the morphology and to detect chemical elements of the cured UF resins of different formaldehyde/urea (F/U) mole ratios and hardener (NH4Cl) levels, using field emission‐scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive spectroscopy. Cured UF resins of low F/U mole ratio showed spherical structure whose diameter increased with an increase in the hardener level, whereas this was not observed for high F/U mole ratio UF resins regardless of the hardener levels. The energy‐dispersive spectroscopy results showed five different chemical elements such as carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, chloride, and sodium in cured UF resins. The chloride distribution assumed as the presence of residual acid in the cured UF resins suggested that the hydrolysis of cured UF resins could initiate at the sites of chlorides on the surface of the spherical structures. As the hardener level increased, the quantities of both carbon and oxygen decreased, whereas those of nitrogen and chloride increased as expected. But the quantity of sodium was within measurement error. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Optical properties of modified epoxy resin with various oxime derivatives in the UV‐VIS spectral region
Authors: Durmus Haziret , Safak Haluk , Akbas H. Zehra , Ahmetli Gulnare
Published: November 2010

Optical absorbance measurements have been performed on the epoxy resin and the composites prepared by its modification with two different oxime derivatives (benzaldoxime and 2‐furaldoxime) in the wavelength interval of 190–680 nm by unpolarized light. Using the experimental absorbance data, dielectric constant and refractive index dispersion have been determined by means of standard oscillator fit procedure. Moreover, based on the dispersion analysis, direct and indirect band gap energies of the samples have been calculated. It is found that direct band energy for epoxy is nearly 3.49 eV, while its value for the oxime derivatives has been increased up to the 4.15 eV. Another important result to be pointed out is that the absorbance for the 2‐furaldoxime doped resin has been greatly increased in a respectively, narrow interval (∼ 30 nm wide) in the UV region, while in the case for the benzaldoxime doped sample, a decreasing has been observed in the absorbance at the same region. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
Dispersion copolymerization of acrylamide and dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride in ethanol‐water solution
Authors: Wang Xiaona , Yue Qinyan , Gao Baoyu , Si Xiaohui , Sun Xun , Zhang Shengxiao
Published: November 2010

Poly (acrylamide‐dimethyldiallylammonium chloride) (PAM‐DMDAAC) particles have been prepared via dispersion polymerizations using poly (vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP) as a steric stabilizer in ethanol‐water media. The monomer reactivity ratios of acrylamide (AM, r1) and dimethyldiallylammonium chloride (DMDAAC, r2) were determined as 6.664 and 0.120, respectively, which means that PAM‐DMDAAC is a nonideal copolymer. The effects of various polymerization parameters (e.g., concentration of monomer and initiator, medium polarity, the ratio of AM to DMDAAC, initial temperature and ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid disodium (EDTA)) on the intrinsic viscosity and conversion of copolymer have been investigated. The copolymer was characterized by FTIR and NMR. The optimum operating conditions for preparing PAM‐DMDAAC were determined as ethanol content 50%, Cmonomer (wt %) 40%, nAM: nDMDAAC 8 : 2, Cinitiator (wt %) 0.04% and initiate temperature 40°C. © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
In‐vitroAntiproliferative Activity of Benzopyranone Derivatives in Comparison with Standard Chemotherapeutic Drugs
Authors: Musa Musiliyu A. , Cooperwood John S. , Khan M. Omar F. , Rahman Taufiq
Published: November 2010

The cytotoxic activities of five new benzopyranone derivatives containing basic amino side chain are described. Their cytotoxicities against ER(+) MCF‐7 and ER(–) MDA‐MB‐231 human breast cancer cell lines, and Ishikawa human endometrial cell line were determined after 72 h drug exposure employing CellTiter‐Glo assay at concentrations ranging from 0.01–1.0 × 105nM. The antiproliferative activities of these compounds were compared to tamoxifen (TAM), 4‐hydroxytamoxifen (4‐OHT, active metabolite of tamoxifen), and raloxifene (RAL).In‐vitroresults indicated that compounds9,10,12, and13were more potent than TAM against the human breast cancer cell lines with IC50 < 20 µM. Thein‐silicostructure–activity relationships of these compounds and their binding mode within the estrogen receptor (ER) binding site using AutoDock vina are discussed.
The production of practice theories
Authors: Van der Veer Martens Betsy
Published: November 2010

This comparative case study explores the impact of four influential practitioner‐generated theories from the 1970s to the present in the separate domains of finance, military strategy, nursing, and theology, and it discusses why bibliometric research tends to overlook such “invisible” theories from practice, despite their increasing importance in many areas. The concept of the “practice field” as a site for not only the reception of theories into practice but also the production of practice theories themselves may prove useful.
Simulation und Messung der thermischen Behaglichkeit
Authors: Völker Conrad , Kornadt Oliver
Published: November 2010

Vorgestellt wird ein Ansatz, der eine Bewertung der thermischen Behaglichkeit auch unter komplexen, inhomogenen raumklimatischen Verhältnissen unter Berücksichtung der menschlichen Physiologie zulässt. Dabei wird die Strömungssimulation an ein numerisches Modell (UC Berkeley Comfort Model), welches die Thermoregulation des menschlichen Körpers abbildet, gekoppelt. Mit Hilfe der Strömungssimulation können die klimatischen Bedingungen in Räumen detailliert ermittelt werden. Darauf basierend können durch das Thermoregulationsmodell die Temperaturverteilung im menschlichen Körper, die resultierende Wärmeabgabe an die Umgebung sowie die thermische Behaglichkeit bestimmt werden. Beispielhaft wird dieser Ansatz bei der Simulation der thermischen Behaglichkeit sowie des Empfindens bei einer Flächenkühlung angewendet.

Simulation and measurement of thermal comfort. An approach is introduced, which enables the assessment of thermal comfort considering the complex and inhomogeneous climatic conditions in buildings as well as the human physiology. Computational fluid dynamic is linked with a numerical model representing the thermophysiological behavior of the human body (UC Berkeley Comfort Model). By dint of CFD, the climatic conditions in buildings are simulated with a detailed resolution. Basing on the simulations, the thermophysiological model is able to determine the temperature distribution of the human body, the heat flux to the environment as well as thermal comfort. The approach is used for the exemplified investigation of thermal comfort and sensation in a room equipped with a radiant cooling floor.
Aberration‐corrected Analytical Microscopy Characterization of Double‐Supported WO3/TiO2/SiO2 Solid Acid Catalysts
Authors: Zhou Wu , Doura Kevin F. , Watanabe Masashi , Herzing Andrew A. , Okunishi Eiji , Ross‐Medgaarden Elizabeth I. , Wachs Israel E. , Kiely Christopher J.
Published: November 2010

Double‐supported metal oxide catalysts, in which an oxide support material with a high surface area is modified by the presence of a second metal oxide surface species added to control the distribution and activity of a third active oxide component, represent a significant challenge in terms of structural characterization. In this study the various components in a double‐supported WO3/TiO2/SiO2 catalyst system are effectively visualized by using complementary high‐angle annular dark field (HAADF) and bright field (BF) imaging within an aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM). Furthermore, if combined with chemical analysis by electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS) and X‐ray energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (XEDS) within the same STEM instrument, it is possible to map out the relative spatial distribution of all the metal oxide components within the WO3/TiO2/SiO2 catalysts. By comparing the structures of a systematic set of WO3/TiO2/SiO2 samples that display high, intermediate and low activity for the methanol dehydration reaction, new insight is provided into the structure‐performance relationships that exist in this double supported catalyst system.