bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of pre-existing ice crystals on cirrus clouds and comparison between different ice nucleation parameterizations with the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5)
Authors: Shi X. , Liu X. , Zhang K.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. In order to improve the treatment of ice nucleation in a more realistic manner in the Community Atmosphere Model version 5.3 (CAM5.3), the effects of pre-existing ice crystals on ice nucleation in cirrus clouds are considered. In addition, by considering the in-cloud variability in ice saturation ratio, homogeneous nucleation takes place spatially only in a portion of the cirrus cloud rather than in the whole area of the cirrus cloud. Compared to observations, the ice number concentrations and the probability distributions of ice number concentration are both improved with the updated treatment. The pre-existing ice crystals significantly reduce ice number concentrations in cirrus clouds, especially at mid- to high latitudes in the upper troposphere (by a factor of ~10). Furthermore, the contribution of heterogeneous ice nucleation to cirrus ice crystal number increases considerably. Besides the default ice nucleation parameterization of Liu and Penner (2005, hereafter LP) in CAM5.3, two other ice nucleation parameterizations of Barahona and Nenes (2009, hereafter BN) and Kärcher et al. (2006, hereafter KL) are implemented in CAM5.3 for the comparison. In-cloud ice crystal number concentration, percentage contribution from heterogeneous ice nucleation to total ice crystal number, and pre-existing ice effects simulated by the three ice nucleation parameterizations have similar patterns in the simulations with present-day aerosol emissions. However, the change (present-day minus pre-industrial times) in global annual mean column ice number concentration from the KL parameterization (3.24 × 106 m−2) is less than that from the LP (8.46 × 106 m−2) and BN (5.62 × 106 m−2) parameterizations. As a result, the experiment using the KL parameterization predicts a much smaller anthropogenic aerosol long-wave indirect forcing (0.24 W m−2) than that using the LP (0.46 W m−2) and BN (0.39 W m−2) parameterizations.
Sensitivity of top-down CO source estimates to the modeled vertical structure in atmospheric CO
Authors: Jiang Z. , Jones D. B. A. , Worden H. M. , Henze D. K.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. We assessed the sensitivity of regional CO source estimates to the modeled vertical CO distribution by assimilating multi-spectral MOPITT (Measurements of Pollution In The Troposphere) V5J CO retrievals with the GEOS-Chem model. We compared the source estimates obtained by assimilating the CO profiles and the surface layer retrievals from June 2004 to May 2005. Because the surface layer retrievals are less sensitive to CO in the free troposphere, it is expected that they should provide constraints in the CO source estimates that are less sensitive to the vertical structure of CO in the free troposphere. The inferred source estimates all suggest a reduction in CO emissions in the tropics and subtropics, and an increase in the extratropics over the a priori estimates. The tropical decreases were particularly pronounced for regions where the biogenic source of CO was dominant, suggesting an overestimate of the a priori isoprene source of CO in the model. We found that the differences between the regional source estimates inferred from the profile and surface layer retrievals for 2004–2005 were small, generally less than 10% for the main continental regions, except for estimates for southern Asia, North America, and Europe. Because of discrepancies in convective transport in the model, the CO source estimates for India and southeastern Asia inferred from the CO profiles were significantly higher than those estimated from the surface layer retrievals during June–August 2004. On the other hand, the profile inversion underestimated the CO emissions from North America and Europe compared to the assimilation of the surface layer retrievals. We showed that vertical transport of air from the North American and European boundary layers is slower than from other continental regions, and thus air in the free troposphere from North America and Europe in the model is more chemically aged, which could explain the discrepancy between the source estimates inferred from the profile and surface layer retrievals. We also examined the impact of the OH distribution on the source estimates and found that the discrepancies between the source estimates obtained with two OH fields were larger when using the profile data, which is consistent with greater sensitivity to the more chemically aged air in the free troposphere. Our findings indicate that regional CO source estimates are sensitive to the vertical CO structure. They suggest that diagnostics to assess the age of air from the continental source regions should help interpret the results from CO source inversions. Our results also suggest that assimilating a broader range of composition measurements to provide better constraint on tropospheric OH and the biogenic sources of CO is essential for reliable quantification of the regional CO budget.
Precipitation estimation over radar gap areas based on satellite and adjacent radar observations
Authors: Lee Y.-R. , Shin D.-B. , Kim J.-H. , Park H.-S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Continuous rainfall measurements from ground-based radars are crucial for monitoring and forecasting heavy rainfall-related events such as floods and landslides. However, complete coverage by ground-based radars is often hampered by terrain blockage and beam-related errors. In this study, we presented a method to fill the radar gap using surrounding radar-estimated precipitation and observations from a geostationary satellite. The method first estimated the precipitation over radar gap areas using data from the Communication, Ocean, and Meteorological Satellite (COMS); the first geostationary satellite of Korea. The initial precipitation estimation from COMS was based on the rain rate-brightness temperature relationships of a priori databases. The databases were built with temporally and spatially collocated brightness temperatures at four channels (3.7, 6.7, 10.8, and 12 μm) and Jindo (126.3° E, 34.5° N) radar rain rate observations. The databases were updated with collocated data sets in a timespan of approximately one hour prior to the designated retrieval. Then, bias correction based on an ensemble bias factor field (Tesfagiorgis et al., 2011b) from radar precipitation was applied to the estimated precipitation field. Over the radar gap areas, this method finally merged the bias-corrected satellite precipitation with the radar precipitation obtained by interpolating the adjacent radar observation data. The merging was based on optimal weights determined from the root-mean-square error (RMSE) with the reference sensor observation or equal weights in the absence of reference data. This method was tested for major precipitation events during the summer of 2011 with assumed radar gap areas. The results suggested that successful merging appears to be closely related to the quality of the satellite precipitation estimates.
Recent changes in the global and regional carbon cycle: analysis of first-order diagnostics
Authors: Rayner P. J. , Stavert A. , Scholze M. , Ahlström A. , Allison C. E. , Law R. M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. We analyse global and regional changes in CO2 fluxes using two simple models, an airborne fraction of anthropogenic emissions and a linear relationship with CO2 concentrations. We show that both models are able to fit the non-anthropogenic (hereafter natural) flux over the length of the atmospheric concentration record. Analysis of the linear model (including its uncertainties) suggests no significant decrease in the response of the natural carbon cycle. Recent data points rather to an increase. We apply the same linear diagnostic to fluxes from atmospheric inversions. Flux responses show clear regional and seasonal patterns driven by terrestrial uptake in the northern summer. Ocean fluxes show little or no linear response. Terrestrial models show clear responses, agreeing globally with the inversion responses, however the spatial structure is quite different, with dominant responses in the tropics rather than the northern extratropics.
Identifying climatic drivers of tropical forest dynamics
Authors: Aubry-Kientz M. , Rossi V. , Wagner F. , Hérault B.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. In the context of climate changes, identifying and then predicting the impacts of climatic drivers on tropical forest dynamics is becoming a matter of urgency. We used a coupled model of tropical tree growth and mortality, calibrated with forest dynamic data from the 20 year study site of Paracou, French Guiana, in order to introduce and test a set of climatic variables. Three major climatic drivers were identified through the variable selection procedure: drought, water saturation and temperature. Drought decreased annual growth and mortality rates, high precipitation increased mortality rates and high temperature decreased growth. Interactions between key functional traits, stature and climatic variables were investigated, showing best resistance to drought for trees with high wood density and for trees with small current diameters. Our results highlighted strong long-term impacts of climate variables on tropical forest dynamics, suggesting potential deep impacts of climate changes during the next century.
Modelling short-term variability in carbon and water exchange in a temperate Scots pine forest
Authors: Vermeulen M. H. , Kruijt B. J. , Hickler T. , Kabat P.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Vegetation – atmosphere carbon and water exchange at one particular site can strongly vary from year to year, and understanding this interannual variability in carbon and water exchange (IAVcw) is a critical factor in projecting future ecosystem changes. However, the mechanisms driving this IAVcw are not well understood. We used data on carbon and water fluxes from a multi-year Eddy Covariance study (1997–2009) in a Dutch Scots pine forest and forced a process-based ecosystem model (LPJ-GUESS) with local data to, firstly, test whether the model can explain IAVcw and seasonal carbon and water exchange from direct environmental factors only. Initial model runs showed low correlations with estimated annual gross primary productivity (GPP) and annual actual evapotranspiration (AET), while monthly and daily fluxes showed high correlations. The model underestimated GPP and AET during winter and drought events. Secondly, we adapted the temperature inhibition function of photosynthesis to account for the observation that at this particular site, trees continue to assimilate at very low atmospheric temperatures (up to daily averages of −10 °C), resulting in a net carbon sink in winter. While we were able to improve daily and monthly simulations during winter by lowering the modelled minimum temperature threshold for photosynthesis, this did not increase explained IAVcw at the site. Thirdly, we implemented three alternative hypotheses concerning water uptake by plants in order to test which one best corresponds with the data. In particular, we analyse the effects during the 2003 heatwave. These simulations revealed a strong sensitivity of the modelled fluxes during dry and warm conditions, but no single formulation was consistently superior in reproducing the data for all time scales and the overall model-data match for IAVcw could not be improved. Most probably access to deep soil water leads to higher AET and GPP simulated during the heat wave of 2003. We conclude that photosynthesis at lower temperatures than assumed in most models can be important for winter carbon and water fluxes in pine forests. Furthermore, details of the model representations of water uptake, which are often overlooked, need further attention, and deep water access should be treated explicitly.
Macro-roughness model of bedrock–alluvial river morphodynamics
Authors: Zhang L. , Parker G. , Stark C. P. , Inoue T. , Viparelli E. , Fu X. , Izumi N.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The 1-D saltation–abrasion model of channel bedrock incision of Sklar and Dietrich (2004), in which the erosion rate is buffered by the surface area fraction of bedrock covered by alluvium, was a major advance over models that treat river erosion as a function of bed slope and drainage area. Their model is, however, limited because it calculates bed cover in terms of bedload sediment supply rather than local bedload transport. It implicitly assumes that as sediment supply from upstream changes, the transport rate adjusts instantaneously everywhere downstream to match. This assumption is not valid in general, and thus can give rise to unphysical consequences. Here we present a unified morphodynamic formulation of both channel incision and alluviation that specifically tracks the spatiotemporal variation in both bedload transport and alluvial thickness. It does so by relating the bedrock cover fraction to the ratio of alluvium thickness to bedrock macro-roughness, rather than to the ratio of bedload supply rate to capacity bedload transport. The new formulation (MRSAA) predicts waves of alluviation and rarification, in addition to bedrock erosion. Embedded in it are three physical processes: alluvial diffusion, fast downstream advection of alluvial disturbances, and slow upstream migration of incisional disturbances. Solutions of this formulation over a fixed bed are used to demonstrate the stripping of an initial alluvial cover, the emplacement of alluvial cover over an initially bare bed and the advection–diffusion of a sediment pulse over an alluvial bed. A solution for alluvial–incisional interaction in a channel with a basement undergoing net rock uplift shows how an impulsive increase in sediment supply can quickly and completely bury the bedrock under thick alluvium, thus blocking bedrock erosion. As the river responds to rock uplift or base level fall, the transition point separating an alluvial reach upstream from an alluvial–bedrock reach downstream migrates upstream in the form of a "hidden knickpoint". A tectonically more complex case of rock uplift subject to a localized zone of subsidence (graben) yields a steady-state solution that is not attainable with the original saltation–abrasion model. A solution for the case of bedrock–alluvial coevolution upstream of an alluviated river mouth illustrates how the bedrock surface can be progressively buried not far below the alluvium. Because the model tracks the spatiotemporal variation in both bedload transport and alluvial thickness, it is applicable to the study of the incisional response of a river subject to temporally varying sediment supply. It thus has the potential to capture the response of an alluvial–bedrock river to massive impulsive sediment inputs associated with landslides or debris flows.
Image georectification and feature tracking toolbox: ImGRAFT
Authors: Messerli A. , Grinsted A.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. The use of time-lapse camera systems is becoming an increasingly popular method for data acquisition. The camera setup is often cost-effective and simple, allowing for a large amount of data to be accumulated over a variety of environments for relatively minimal effort. The acquired data can, with the correct post-processing, result in a wide range of useful quantitative and qualitative information in remote and dangerous areas. The post-processing requires a significant amount of steps to transform images into meaningful data for quantitative analysis, such as velocity fields. To the best of our knowledge at present a complete, openly available package that encompasses georeferencing, georectification and feature tracking of terrestrial, oblique images is still absent. This study presents a complete, yet adaptable, open-source package developed in MATLAB, that addresses and combines each of these post-processing steps into one complete suite in the form of an "Image GeoRectification and Feature Tracking" (ImGRAFT: http://imgraft.glaciology.net) toolbox. The toolbox can also independently produce other useful outputs, such as viewsheds, georectified and orthorectified images. ImGRAFT is primarily focused on terrestrial oblique images, for which there are currently limited post-processing options available. In this study, we illustrate ImGRAFT for glaciological applications on a small outlet glacier Engabreen, Norway.
Application of a global nonhydrostatic model with a stretched-grid system to regional aerosol simulations around Japan
Authors: Goto D. , Dai T. , Satoh M. , Tomita H. , Uchida J. , Misawa S. , Inoue T. , Tsuruta H. , Ueda K. , Ng C. F. S. , Takami A. , Sugimoto N. , Shimizu A. , Ohara T. , Nakajima T.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. An aerosol-coupled global nonhydrostatic model with a stretched-grid system has been developed. Circulations over the global and target domains are simulated with a single model, which includes fine meshes covering the target region to calculate meso-scale circulations. The stretched global model involves lower computational costs to simulate atmospheric aerosols with fine horizontal resolutions compared with a global uniform nonhydrostatic model, whereas it may require higher computational costs compared with the general regional models, because the stretched-grid system calculates inside and outside the target domain. As opposed to general regional models, the stretched-grid system requires neither a nesting technique nor lateral boundary conditions. In this study, we developed a new-type regional model for the simulation of aerosols over Japan, especially in the Kanto areas surrounding Tokyo, with a maximum horizontal resolution of approximately 10 km. This model usually reproduces temporal variations and their averages of the observed weather around Japan. This model generally reproduces monthly mean distributions of the observed sulfate and SO2 over East Asia, with high correlations (R > 0.6), but the underestimation of the simulated concentrations by 40% (sulfate) and 50% (SO2). Their underestimation of the simulated sulfate and SO2 concentrations over East Asia are strongly affected by their underestimation in China and possibly by the uncertainty of the simulated precipitation around Japan. In the Kanto area, this model succeeds in simulating the wind patterns and the diurnal transitions around the center of the Kanto area, although it is inadequate to simulate the wind patterns and the diurnal transitions at some sites located at the edge of the Kanto area and surrounded on three sides by mountains, e.g., Maebashi, mainly due to the insufficient horizontal resolution. This model also generally reproduces both diurnal and synoptic variations of the observed and/or a regional aerosol-transport model, WRF-CMAQ, simulated EC, sulfate, and SO2 concentrations in the Kanto area, especially with their high correlation (R > 0.5) at Komae/Tokyo. Although the aerosol module used in this study is relatively simplified compared to the general regional aerosol models, this study reveals that our proposed model with the stretched-grid system can be applicable for the regional aerosol simulation.
The Global Gridded Crop Model Intercomparison: data and modeling protocols for Phase 1 (v1.0)
Authors: Elliott J. , Müller C. , Deryng D. , Chryssanthacopoulos J. , Boote K. J. , Büchner M. , Foster I. , Glotter M. , Heinke J. , Iizumi T. , Izaurralde R. C. , Mueller N. D. , Ray D. K. , Rosenzweig C. , Ruane A. C. , Sheffield J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. We present protocols and input data for Phase 1 of the Global Gridded Crop Model Intercomparison, a project of the Agricultural Model Intercomparison and Improvement Project (AgMIP). The project includes global simulations of yields, phenologies, and many land-surface fluxes using 12–15 modeling groups for many crops, climate forcing data sets, and scenarios over the historical period from 1948 to 2012. The primary outcomes of the project include (1) a detailed comparison of the major differences and similarities among global models commonly used for large-scale climate impact assessment, (2) an evaluation of model and ensemble hindcasting skill, (3) quantification of key uncertainties from climate input data, model choice, and other sources, and (4) a multi-model analysis of the agricultural impacts of large-scale climate extremes from the historical record.
A coupling alternative to reactive transport simulations for long-term prediction of chemical reactions in heterogeneous CO2 storage systems
Authors: De Lucia M. , Kempka T. , Kühn M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. Fully coupled, multi-phase reactive transport simulations of CO2 storage systems can be approximated by a simplified one-way coupling of hydrodynamics and reactive chemistry. The main characteristics of such systems, and hypotheses underlying the proposed alternative coupling, are (i) that the presence of CO2 is the only driving force for chemical reactions and (ii) that its migration in the reservoir is only marginally affected by immobilisation due to chemical reactions. In the simplified coupling, the exposure time to CO2 of each element of the hydrodynamic grid is estimated by non-reactive simulations and the reaction path of one single batch geochemical model is applied to each grid element during its exposure time. In heterogeneous settings, analytical scaling relationships provide the dependency of velocity and amount of reactions to porosity and gas saturation. The analysis of TOUGHREACT fully coupled reactive transport simulations of CO2 injection in saline aquifer, inspired to the Ketzin pilot site (Germany), both in homogeneous and heterogeneous settings, confirms that the reaction paths predicted by fully coupled simulations in every element of the grid show a high degree of self-similarity. A threshold value for the minimum concentration of dissolved CO2 considered chemically active is shown to mitigate the effects of the discrepancy between dissolved CO2 migration in non-reactive and fully coupled simulations. In real life, the optimal threshold value is unknown and has to be estimated, e.g. by means of 1-D or 2-D simulations, resulting in an uncertainty ultimately due to the process de-coupling. However, such uncertainty is more than acceptable given that the alternative coupling enables using grids of the order of millions of elements, profiting from much better description of heterogeneous reservoirs at a fraction of the calculation time of fully coupled models.
Direct numerical simulation of intermittent turbulence under stably stratified conditions
Authors: He P. , Basu S.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. In this paper, we simulate intermittent turbulence (also known as bursting events) in stably stratified open-channel flows using direct numerical simulation. Clear signatures of this intriguing phenomenon are observed for a range of stabilities. However, the spatio-temporal characteristics of intermittency are found to be strongly stability-dependent. In general, the bursting events are much more frequent near the bottom wall than in the upper-channel region. A steady coexistence of laminar and turbulent flows is detected at various horizontal planes in very stable cases. This spatially intermittent pattern is found to propagate downstream and strongly correlate with the temporal evolution of intermittency. Last, a long standing hypothesis by Blackadar, i.e., the strong connection between local stability and intermittent turbulence, is corroborated by this modeling study.
Cloud and precipitation properties from ground-based remote-sensing instruments in East Antarctica
Authors: Gorodetskaya I. V. , Kneifel S. , Maahn M. , Van Tricht K. , Thiery W. , Schween J. H. , Mangold A. , Crewell S. , Van Lipzig N. P. M.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. A new comprehensive cloud–precipitation–meteorological observatory has been established at Princess Elisabeth base, located in the escarpment zone of Dronning Maud Land (DML), East Antarctica. The observatory consists of a set of ground-based remote-sensing instruments (ceilometer, infrared pyrometer and vertically profiling precipitation radar) combined with automatic weather station measurements of near-surface meteorology, radiative fluxes, and snow height. In this paper, the observatory is presented and the potential for studying the evolution of clouds and precipitating systems is illustrated by case studies. It is shown that the synergetic use of the set of instruments allows for distinguishing ice, liquid-containing clouds and precipitating clouds, including some information on their vertical extent. In addition, wind-driven blowing snow events can be distinguished from deeper precipitating systems. Cloud properties largely affect the surface radiative fluxes, with liquid-containing clouds dominating the radiative impact. A statistical analysis of all measurements (in total 14 months mainly during summer–beginning of winter) indicates that these liquid-containing clouds occur during as much as 20% of the cloudy periods. The cloud occurrence shows a strong bimodal distribution with clear-sky conditions 51% of the time and complete overcast conditions 35% of the time. Snowfall occurred during 17% of the cloudy periods with a predominance of light precipitation and only rare events with snowfall >1 mm h−1 water equivalent (w.e.). Three of such intense snowfall events occurred during 2011 contributing to anomalously large annual surface mass balance (SMB). Large accumulation events (>10 mm w.e. day−1) during the radar-measurement period of 26 months were always associated with snowfall, but at the same time other snowfall events did not always lead to accumulation. The multiyear deployment of a precipitation radar in Antarctica allows for assessing the contribution of the snowfall to the local SMB and comparing it to the other SMB components. During 2012, snowfall rate was 110 ± 20 mm w.e. yr−1, from which surface and drifting snow sublimation removed together 23%. Given the measured yearly SMB of 52 ± 3 mm w.e., the residual term of 33 ± 21 mm w.e. yr−1 was attributed to the wind-driven snow erosion. In general, this promising set of robust instrumentation allows for improved insight into cloud and precipitation processes in Antarctica and can be easily deployed at other Antarctic stations.
A 1-D modelling study of Arctic sea-ice salinity
Authors: Griewank P. J. , Notz D.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. We use a 1-D model to study how salinity evolves in Arctic sea ice. To do so, we first explore how sea-ice surface melt and flooding can be incorporated into the 1-D thermodynamic Semi-Adaptive Multi-phase Sea-Ice Model (SAMSIM) presented by Griewank and Notz (2013). We introduce flooding and a flushing parametrization which treats sea ice as a hydraulic network of horizontal and vertical fluxes. Forcing SAMSIM with 36 years of ERA-interim atmospheric reanalysis data, we obtain a modelled Arctic sea-ice salinity that agrees well with ice-core measurements. The simulations thus allow us to identify the main drivers of the observed mean salinity profile in Arctic sea ice. Our results show a 1.5–4 g kg−1 decrease of bulk salinity via gravity drainage after ice growth has ceased and before flushing sets in, which hinders approximating bulk salinity from ice thickness beyond the first growth season. In our simulations, salinity interannual variability of first-year ice is mostly restricted to the top 20 cm. We find that ice thickness, thermal resistivity, freshwater column, and stored energy change by less than 5% on average when the full salinity parametrization is replaced with a prescribed salinity profile.
Constraints on the δ2H diffusion rate in firn from field measurements at Summit, Greenland
Authors: van der Wel L. G. , Been H. A. , van de Wal R. S. W. , Smeets C. J. P. P. , Meijer H. A. J.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. We performed detailed 2H isotope diffusion measurements in the upper 3 m of firn at Summit, Greenland. Using a small snow gun, a thin snow layer was formed from 2H-enriched water over a 6 m × 6 m area. We followed the diffusion process, quantified as the increase of the δ2H diffusion length, over a four years period, by retrieving the layer once per year by drilling a firn core and slicing it into 1 cm layers and measuring the δ2H-signal of these layers. We compared our experimental findings to calculations based on the model by Johnsen et al. (2000), and found substantial differences. The diffusion length in our experiments increased much less over the years than in the model. We discuss the possible causes for this discrepancy, and conclude that several aspects of the diffusion process in firn are still poorly constrained, in particular the tortuosity.
Brief Communication: Newly developing rift in Larsen C Ice Shelf presents significant risk to stability
Authors: Jansen D. , Luckman A. J. , Cook A. , Bevan S. , Kulessa B. , Hubbard B. , Holland P. R.
Published: February 2015

Abstract. An established rift in the Larsen C Ice Shelf, formerly constrained by a suture zone containing marine ice, grew rapidly during 2014 and is likely in the near future to generate the largest calving event since the 1980s and result in a new minimum area for the ice shelf. Here we investigate the recent development of the rift, quantify the projected calving event and, using a numerical model, assess its likely impact on ice shelf stability. We find that the ice front is at risk of becoming unstable when the anticipated calving event occurs.
DISPLAZINIŲ KLUBŲ SĄNARIŲ ENDOPROTEZAVIMO ATOKŪS REZULTATAI
Authors: Degutis Gediminas , Butėnas Petras , Kervys Liudvikas
Published: February 2015

Purpose: To evaluate the late results of the patients undergone total hip replacement surgery for hip dysplasia, implanting acetabular component more proximally than anatomic acetabular center. Patients and methods: In 1997-2004 in the Red Cross Hospital, (later VUHSK CF) hospital 85 hip replacement surgeries for patients with I-IVº hip dysplasia were performed by implanting acetabular component more proximally from anatomic acetabular center. This method was used to perform surgeries to 83 patients (17 men – 18 hip joints, 66 women – 67 hip joints). Prior to the surgeries, the patients responded to the Harris questionnaire on the condition of their hip joints. An average response rate was 42.1 (29- 62) point. In February and May 2013 having regard to the Harris questionnaire and objective tests the late results of treatment were successfully evaluated for 44 (53.01%) patients. Results: The evaluation of the patients’ responses to the Harris questionnaire established the average of 61.7 (26-88) points. Conclusion: Based on our findings, more proximal positioning of the acetabular component from the anatomic acetabular center seeking a more anatomic position without lateral displacement is one of the surgical options for selected patients with hip dysplasia.
MOTERŲ MIOKARDO INFARKTO KLINIKINĖS SIMPTOMATIKOS IR BAIGČIŲ YPATUMAI
Authors: Petrulionienė Žaneta , Šerpytis Pranas , Jančauskaitė Dovilė , Gargalskaitė Urtė , Brazauskaitė Brigita , Strazdas Antanas
Published: February 2015

Objective. The aim of the present study was to compare differences of symptoms, comorbidities, risk factors and outcomes in younger (up to 55 years-old) and older (over 55 years-old) women with acute myocardial infarction. Materials and methods. In this retrospective study we analised 473 cases of women with acute myocardial infarction treated in 2012. Patients were divided into two groups according to their age: group I (up to 55 years) and group II (older than 55 years). The first group included 37 patients while the second group - 436 patients. Results. The average age of patients was 72,3 ± 11,07 m. Myocardial infarction with ST elevation were diagnosed to 54,3%, of wich Q+ 70,4%, Q- 29,6% (p 0,001), non-ST elevation 45,7%, of wich Q+ 6,5%, Q- 93,5% (p 0,001), no statistically significant difference was observed between the groups. 73% women in group I had primary arterial hypertension (I grade 2,7%, II 59,5%, III 10,8%), in the second group - 92,7% (I grade 0,7%, II 86%, III 6%), (p 0,001). Moreover, 13,5% patients in group I had diabetes (5,4% of type I, 8,1% of type II), in the group II 23,9% (0,3% of type I, 23,6% of type II), (p 0,001). Heart rhythm disorders were more often in women over 55 years-old (32,8%), (p=0,006). Among these patients, persistent atrial fibrilation were identified in 27,2%, permanent atrial fibrilation in 18,4%, ventricular fibrilation in 4,1% patients (all p 0,001). 5,4% women in younger group had previously experienced myocardial infarction while in older group - 20% (p=0,03). The spread of the pain to left hand was more common in the group of younger patients (27%) (p=0,047). Futhermore, in group I 18,9% felt weakness, while in group II - 38,5% (p=0,018). Fatal outcomes were observed in 6,8% patients, all of them were older than 55 years. Among patients with fatal outcomes Killip IV were found to 78,1% patients (p 0,001). Conclusions. Older women (≥ 55 years-old) treated for acute myocardial infarction more often had the grade II of primary arterial hypertension, heart rhythm disorder, previously experienced mycardial infarction and felt weakness. Younger patients (below 55 years old) had type I diabetes more often and were characterized by pain spreading to the left arm. Determined Killip IV leaded to increased lethality.
PARKINSONO LIGA IR NEĮGALUMAS
Authors: Valeikienė Vaineta , Juozulynas Algirdas , Venalis Algirdas , Jurgelėnas Antanas , Bunevičienė Dalia Stasytytė
Published: February 2015

Parkinson‘s disease is a neurodegenerative disease, which damages the dopaminergic, cholinergic, serotonergic neurons and their interconnections. Diagnosis is clinical and based on the patient‘s complaints, medical history and data of clinical examination. It is a chronic, progressive disease, which sooner or later leads to disability. The study covered 121 person suffering from Parkinson‘s disease, 54 (44, 6%) men and 67 (55, 4%) women among them. The average age of patients was 67, 91 ± 10.98 (95% CI 65.10 - 70.73), males - 67.10 ± 17.11 (95% CI 62.77 - 71.44), 68.62 ± 10.76 for women (95% CI 64.74 - 72.50). We aimed to study the situation of persons suffering from Parkinson‘s disease, who are under complete or almost complete dependence, according to identification of special needs (care or nursing). As it was found, only half of patients: 16 ones (13.2%), with the condition assessed by Barthel Index as completely or almost completely dependent status, have identified specific needs - care. While the other 17 (14%) patients who were nailed to the bed, could not move at all, change in body position, even eat without help, had not been established nursing care. Some patients told that they did not even know about such a possibility, because nobody give them any informatic on about it. Since they can not walk, get to the clinic by themselves, a family doctor is called in to the house only if other conditions (fever or suspected infection) occure, nobody recommended them ask for special needs and care setting.
VAIKŲ, SERGANČIŲ CEREBRINIU PARALYŽIUMI, ILGALAIKIO GYDYMO BOTULINO TOKSINU POVEIKIS ČIURNOS SĄNARIO JUDESIO AMPLITUDEI IR VAIKŲ MOBILUMUI
Authors: Mikulėnaitė Laima , Petrulytė Jovita , Žernakova Anastasija
Published: February 2015

Introduction. Spasticity – the basic and the most common clinical syndrome of cerebral palsy. Most of the time child’s functional and movement disorders depend on this. Botulinum toxin is a drug that relaxes muscles by blocking the release of acetylcholine (ACH) in neuro muscular connection and reduces level of spasticity. The short-term effect of BTX has been proven in scientific literature and it is well known. The effect of treatment with BTX –A in a long-term remains insufficiently studied. Purpose. To evaluate the effect on changes in child’s with cerebral palsy conditions of ankle and child’s mobility over the long time (over 1 year) in the treatment with BTX-A. Method. 98 children with cerebral palsy were treated. The main indication for the treatment of BTX- A was a dynamic ankle joint contracture, resulting in functional status or movement disorders. Condition of all children were evaluated 1 month before starting the treatment with BTX; prior to each injection; within 1 – 2 months after the beginning of treatment with Dysport and after 4 months while planning further treatment with botulinum toxin. The passive ROM of child’s ankle joint was assessed with goniometer measuring the ankle of dorsiflexion while stretching the child’s knee. The functional movement of the child was assessed using the GMFM -88 scale. Results. The average age of children after first BTX-A injection was 33.29 ± 16.235 months. The majority of children (n = 45) were mobile belonging to I - II level at the GMFCS and partly mobile belonging to level III (n = 35). The number of injections of BTX –A ranged from 2 to 8 times per child. The data suggest that despite long-term treatment with BTX –A and physical therapy with the increase of child’s age the contracture of the ankle joint forms. In all cases the only criteria which are statistically significant is time. It means that passive changes in ankle joint dorsiflexion depend on its treatment time. Assessment of child’s functional movement with GMFM -88 scale showed that with each injection of BTX –A the functional movement of a child is enhanced. The highest improvement in motion has been established after the sixth injection of botulinum toxin. Conclusion. Treatment with BTX-A doesn’t have an impact on increase of passive amplitude of ankle and it doesn‘t affect the formation of contractures. Functional movements of a child improvement depend on treatment time: the best result was reached after sixth injection of BTX.
Ecology of a Chalk Aquifer: Composition of Benthic, Hyporheic, and Phreatic Invertebrate Communities in Relation to Changing Environmental Conditions
Authors: Durkota Jessica
Published: February 2015

Groundwater is recognised as an important resource for drinking water, agriculture, and industry, but it also plays an essential role in supporting the functioning of freshwater ecosystems and providing habitat for a number of rare species. However, despite its importance, groundwater ecology often receives little attention in environmentallegislation or research. This study aims to improve our understanding of the organisms living in groundwater-dependent habitats and the influence of environmental conditions on their distribution.
The Effect of Buffalo Meat on Composition, Instrumental and Sensory Characteristics of Traditional Greek Sausages
Authors: Petridis D. , Zotos A. , Skapetas B. , Bampidis V. A.
Published: February 2015

Five (5) mixtures of buffalo / pork meat (70/0, 52.5/17.5, 35/35, 17.5/52.5 and 0/70), maintaining stable the amount of pork backfat, were prepared and analyzed for their chemical composition, fatty acids profile, instrumental parameters and sensory attributes. The results of the study showed that the addition of buffalo meat produced sausages with higher protein and less fat content. A slight decrease in ?6/?3 ratio was observed and an increase in CLA fatty acids. Principal Component Analysis revealed that the lower fat content in the sausages the higher the levels of CLA18:10trans 12cis and CLA18:9cis 11trans, whereas, SFA is abundant at the highest fat levels. Redness and hardness instrumentally increased in the sausages with the addition of buffalo meat, while juiciness decreased, probably due to the decreased lipid content. The mixture with the ratio of 52.5/17.5 buffalo/pork positively maximized sensorial consistency, elasticity and cohesiveness of the traditional sausages, while the addition of 70.0/0.0 mixture, hardness and redness.
Online Games, Legal Issues in
Authors: Lastowka Greg
Published: February 2015

Online games pose new challenges to the law because of their nature as games. They are both intellectual properties and social platforms. Some of the primary legal issues raised by online games are: (1) the state's ability to limit the distribution of online games to minors, (2) the intersection of intellectual property law and online games, and (3) the laws that set the rules for public access to, and permissible actions within, online games.
Counterterrorism Law
Authors: Jaeger Paul T. , Gorham Ursula
Published: February 2015

This entry explores the ways in which counterterrorism laws and accompanying political goals have impacted information policy in the United States and internationally. For the sake of brevity, this entry uses the term “information policy” to indicate policies affecting the interrelated areas of information, communication, and information and communication technologies (ICTs). Because information is at the center of personal, corporate, governmental, educational, and other aspects of modern life, information policy issues now occupy a place on the political agenda of most nations. The nexus of counterterrorism law and information policy, in particular, has wide‐ranging social, societal, and political implications, shaping actions of government agencies, corporations, and citizens related to myriad activities of information creation, management, security, collection, access, exchange, and use, as well as raising numerous related issues of communication and the use of ICTs. This entry, after considering terrorism as a policy issue, will use the United States as a case study to examine the nexus between information policy and counterterrorism, in light of its historical positioning as a leader in protection of speech and openness and its current extensive activities in counterterrorism law and policy. The international context of counterterrorism law and related information policy issues are also examined.
Online Games, Player Behavior
Authors: MacCallum‐Stewart Esther
Published: February 2015

Studying gamers demonstrates how games are growing as texts, as narratives, and as social spaces. In academia, useful models and taxonomies of player behavior help explain how players behave within games, while other research examines how players interact socially. More recently, players have found ways to articulate online play in a variety of contexts, and have created a series of spokespeople who express these desired behaviors publically. This entry presents player behavior online as a protean entity, where a lack of cohesive social determinants leads to interesting articulations of play, as well as conflicts between individuals struggling to behave “correctly.” It examines some of the more controversial aspects resulting when activities in and around gaming prompt different, often contradictory actions. This entry also examines how online behaviors are influencing and becoming integrated with other aspects of social gaming such as fandom, webcasting, and game punditry.
Ambient Computing Law
Authors: Hildebrandt Mireille
Published: February 2015

This entry discusses the legal framework of data protection in relation to the sociotechnical infrastructure of ambient computing. Starting from earlier conceptions such as ubiquitous computing and ambient intelligence, the entry detects the key techniques and technologies of adaptive environments, highlighting the need to distinguish three types of data (volunteered, observed, and inferred) before providing an analysis and comparison of EU and US data protection regimes in relation to ambient computing. Finally, the entry confronts the radically different background of data protection in Japan, calling attention to the early uptake of research into smart environments within Japan, pointing out unfamiliar but nevertheless singularly relevant conceptions of privacy in the Japanese context.
Online Games and Crime
Authors: Ferguson Christopher J.
Published: February 2015

The issue of the potential impact of online games, particularly those with violent content, on criminal behavior in the real world is controversial. Online use of games has proliferated over the past few decades as technology has improved and the use of video games has become more social. Experimental studies on the impact of games generally consider games as solitary and provide mixed results, often with considerable limitations. Correlational studies and longitudinal evidence of the relationship between crime and online games are mixed, but, on balance, are less likely to yield evidence for unambiguous links between the two. Further, the dramatically increasing popularity of online games is not associated with dramatically declining violence among adults and youth in various countries. Despite impressions to the contrary in the media, links between perpetrators of mass homicide and the use of video games, online or otherwise, have not been confirmed. This entry examines evidence regarding the possible associations between online games and crime and considers several theoretical frameworks that inform this research, including media effects theories and moral panic theory.
Social Media in Organizations
Authors: Baxter Gavin
Published: February 2015

The “social organization” is an organization that is skilled at strategically applying mass collaboration toward overcoming its business challenges and fulfilling its business aims. Social organizations, through the formation of collaborative communities, use social media tools to obtain business value in addition to using social media to learn from their business successes. Social media tools such as blogs, wikis, and social networking sites are gradually being employed in organizations for the purposes of communication, information, and knowledge sharing. The concepts of social software and Web 2.0 and their associations with “Enterprise 2.0” have connotations with the term
the social organization
. Social organizations are organizations that adopt social media tools to establish communities in the workplace to enhance organizational performance through the process of organizational learning. Social media tools are transforming the social fabric of organizations in terms of how they perform their business routines within an internal and external context in addition to encouraging a greater degree of transparency across and between organizations. The theory of organizational learning is that it is facilitated through the use of social media tools, which has the potential to transform an organization into a learning organization.
World of Warcraft
Authors: Bainbridge William Sims
Published: February 2015

World of Warcraft (WoW) is the most successful massively multiplayer online role playing game. Itboth represents and influences its genre and has become the focus of a range of scholarly studies. Many have used rigorous social science theories and methods ranging from qualitative ethnography to quantitative analysis of census data. Researchers have examined many aspects of this virtual world, including culture, role playing, group formation, connections with external social actors and economic markets. The player population is global in scope and a vast online community operating outside WoW has created an array of wikis, blogs, guild websites, and add‐on software programs. Due to its size and complexity, WoW has become a proving ground for new research methods and a school for scientists who wish to study other online communities in future.
Access Technologies and Accessibility for Inclusion
Authors: Pal Joyojeet
Published: February 2015

Disability as a social phenomenon and citizens with disabilities are often marginalized on economic, cultural, and social grounds in many parts of the world. This is often particularly so for parts of low‐ and middle‐income countries where disability has not been a central part of the development discourse. This entry examines accessibility through an information and communication technology for development (ICT4D) lens and considers how the environment of technology use and the state of access technology (AT) come together to impact on social inclusion.