bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INCORPORATION OF IODIDE INTO ORGANIC COMPOUNDS IN THE GUINEA PIG THYROID
Authors: Ekholm R. , Zelander T. , Agrell P.-S.
Published: December 2008

Guinea pigs, kept on a iodine-sufficient diet, were injected with Na131I and the thyroids excised from 45 seconds to 5 days later. The thyroid tissue was homogenized and separated into a combined nuclear-mitochondrial-microsomal fraction and a supernatant fraction by centrifugation at 140 000 g for one hour. Protein bound 131iodine (PB131I) and free 131iodide were determined in the fractions and the PB131I was analysed for monoiodotyrosine (MIT), diiodotyrosine (DIT) and thyroxine after hydrolysis of PB131I.

As early as only 20 minutes after the Na131I-injection almost 100% of the particulate fraction 131I was protein bound. In the supernatant fraction the protein binding was somewhat less rapid and PB131I values above 90% of total supernatant 131I were not found until 3 hours after the injection. In all experiments the total amount of PB131I was higher in the supernatant than in the corresponding particulate fraction. The ratio between supernatant PB131I and pellet PB131I was lower in experiments up to 3 minutes and from 2 to 5 days than in experiments of 6 minutes to 20 hours. Hydrolysis of PB131I yielded, even in the shortest experiments, both MIT and DIT. The DIT/MIT ratio was lower in the experiments up to 2 hours than in those of 3 hours and over.
A CASE OF PRIMARY HYPERPARATHYROIDISM WITH PARATHYROID HORMONE ASSAY IN URINE AND ADENOMA TISSUE
Authors: Miki Isaharu , Yoshikawa Seizo , Takada Satoru , Fujita Takuo , Morii Hirotoshi
Published: December 2008

A 42 year old male complained of limping and pain in the left leg, where a bone tumour was demonstrated by X-ray. Serum calcium was 11.2 to 15.2 mg% serum P 1.5 to 1.9 mg%, and serum alkaline phosphatase 8.7–10.4 Bessy-Lowry units. A markedly negative calcium balance was corrected by a diet high in calcium content. A parathyroid adenoma was removed from the right lower pole of the thyroid. The tumour possessed parathyroid hormone-like activity corresponding to 1580 USP units per gram of wet tissue and preoperative urine contained 65 and 97 units/24 hours according to the bioassay by 32P excretion method in parathyroidectomized rats. Postoperatively biochemical changes were normalized and recalcification of the skeleton was demonstrated.
CALCIUM INFUSION IN THE DETECTION OF BONE DISEASE IN PARATHYROID DISORDERS
Authors: Haas Heinrich G. , Canary John J. , Kyle Laurence H. , Mintz Daniel H.
Published: December 2008

The retention of an infused load of calcium was determined under standard conditions in 25 patients with various parathyroid disorders, in 12 normal control subjects, and in 3 patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria.

A normal range of 40–60 per cent calcium-retention was found, and there was some support to the thesis that hypercalciuria per se may lower the retention of calcium.

Patients with primary hyperparathyroidism showed a wide range of calcium retention reflecting on one side probably hypercalciuria (low calcium retention) and on the other osteitis fibrosa generalisata (high calcium retention). In detecting early bone involvement in parathyroid hyperfunction, the calcium retention test was of equal or greater value than alkaline phosphatase determination in the serum.

In secondary hyperparathyroidism due to severe renal insufficiency, a high calcium retention was seen pointing either to delayed calcium excretion (low GFR) or increased avidity of the skeleton for calcium as a consequence of an admixture of osteomalacia and osteitis fibrosa.

All hypoparathyroid patients retained large quantities of calcium. In three of these cases, an elevated alkaline phosphatase level indicated osteomalacia, possibly following inadequate calcium absorption from the gut, while in two patients a low filtered load of calcium accounted for the apparent high calcium retention.
ENZYMATISCHE DEHYDRIERUNG VON EQUILIN ZU EQUILENIN
Authors: Mittermayer C. , Breuer H. , Dirscherl W.
Published: December 2008

After incubation of equilin with rat liver slices, equilenin was isolated and identified by microchemical methods; in addition to equilenin two metabolites were found which were identified as 17β-dihydroequilin and 17β-dihydroequilenin. Under the same experimental conditions, 17β-dihydroequilin was metabolised to equilin as well as to 17β-dihydroequilenin and equilenin.

When equilenin was incubated with rat liver slices, only 17β-dihydroequilenin was found as metabolite; no evidence for the formation of equilin was obtained. Incubation of 17β-dihydroequilenin yielded equilenin, whereas 17β-dihydroequilin could not be detected.

These experiments show that rat liver contains a steroid dehydrogenase which dehydrogenates equilin to equilenin; under the conditions used this reaction proceeds irreversibly. The interconversion of the ring B unsaturated 17-oxo- und 17-hydroxy compounds is catalysed by the 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase in rat liver.
GYNAECOMASTIA IN CHORION-EPITHELIOMA – OESTROGEN LEVELS AND PROBABLE PATHOGENESIS
Authors: Martin F. I. R. , Carden A. B. G.
Published: December 2008

Two men with chorionepithelioma and gynaecomastia are described. In both, urinary oestrogens (Brown et al. 1957) were similar with very high total oestrogens and an excess of oestrone. Urinary gonadotrophins were also elevated. Autopsy examination in one case revealed a seminoma of the testis in association with widespread chorionepithelioma metastases and the presence of interstitial cell hyperplasia and tubular atrophy in the unaffected testis. It is concluded that the gynaecomastia was produced by excess oestrogens due to the action of chorionic gonadotrophin on the interstitial cells of the testis.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE REGULATION OF CORPUS LUTEUM FUNCTION IN CASTRATED MALE RATS BEARING A TRANSPLANTED OVARY
Authors: Zeilmaker G. H.
Published: December 2008

The functional activity of artificially induced corpora lutea in isologous ovaries transplanted into castrated male rats has been studied. Criteria for progesterone production were the morphology of vaginal transplants and the distribution of sudanophilic material in the corpus luteum cells. It was found that spontaneous functional activity of the corpora lutea did not occur in short-term experiments. Progesterone production was observed, however, in animals also bearing an isotransplanted (either male or female) pituitary gland, and in animals which received daily injections of reserpine. It is suggested that the normal influence of the central nervous system on the secretion of luteotrophic hormone is inhibitory in male as well as in female animals.

Some aspects of the induction and maintenance of luteal function in castrated male rats bearing a transplanted ovary have been studied and compared with similar phenomena in the female rat. A real pseudopregnancy, i. e. maintained by the pituitary in situ during a defined period, as can be observed in female rats, could not be induced in these animals. In animals also bearing an isografted pituitary gland, luteolysis was not observed in experiments lasting up to 45 days. It is suggested that these findings may be correlated with the way in which the luteinizing hormone is secreted in the male rat.
EFFECT OF CHLORPROMAZINE ON PITUITARY-ADRENAL FUNCTION IN THE DOG
Authors: Betz Donna , Ganong William F.
Published: December 2008

The response of the adrenal cortex to psychic and surgical stress and to exogenous ACTH has been investigated in dogs following the acute and chronic administration of chlorpromazine. Administration of 2.5 mg/kg intravenously followed by 2.5 mg/kg over a ½-hour period to stressed dogs did not decrease adrenal 17-hydroxycorticoid output significantly, while surgical hypophysectomy caused a marked drop in the same time interval. In dogs given 30 mg/kg/day, the rise in peripheral plasma 17-hydroxycorticoids following 2 hours of immobilization was normal after 3 days of treatment, and the response to surgical stress and to 1 IU of ACTH was normal in dogs treated for 5 days. After hypophysectomy, 17-hydroxycorticoid output in chlorpromazine-treated dogs in response to 2, 5, and 10 mU doses of ACTH was slightly greater than normal, probably due to the mild adrenal hypertrophy produced by the drug. Chlorpromazine does not interfere with the determination of 17-hydroxycorticoids by the Silber-Porter method.
ZUM ANTITHYREOTROPEN UND ANTIGONADOTROPEN WIRKUNGSMECHANISMUS VON LITHOSPERMUM OFFICINALE
Authors: Dhom Georg , Wernze Heinz
Published: December 2008

The thyrotrophic, and to a lesser extent the gonadotrophic pituitary secretory systems were inhibited after the intraperitoneal treatment of rats for seventeen days with 100 mg of Lithospermum officinale freeze-dried extract.

The performic acid-alcianblue PAS method revealed morphologic changes in the thyrotrophic elements characterized by the presence of both hypergranulated and so-called »collapse cells«, while the gonadotrophic cells in the periphery of the gland decreased in size as well as in number. The above changes were not absolutely definite at five days but were quite evident after eleven days of treatment. Marked involution of both systems was still evident fourteen days after cessation of treatment.
FACTORS DETERMINING THE SEX DIFFERENCES IN PITUITARY AND SERUM FSH-CONTENTS AFTER GONADECTOMY
Authors: Gans E. , de Jongh S. E.
Published: December 2008

The FSH-content in the serum and pituitary glands of male and female rats was estimated after gonadectomy in adult animals or on the first day of life, and in sham-operated animals.

Serum. The serum content of non-gonadectomized male and female rats is virtually the same. Gonadectomy, whether performed early or late, produces a similar increase in the serum FSH-content. In male rats it reaches a higher level than in females. The same response to early and late gonadectomy suggests that the sex difference which appears after gonadectomy may be due to genetic factors.

Hypophysis. The pituitary content of non-gonadectomized male rats is much higher than that of females. After early gonadectomy the pituitary FSH-content in males equals that of females at a level below that of normal males. A similar content is found in females after late gonadectomy, whereas in males the content is higher and equals that of normal males. This indicates that the sex difference in hypophyseal FSH-content of rats gonadectomized during adult life is hormonally conditioned. It may be due to fixation of the effect of endogenous androgen.
INVASIV GEWACHSENES BASOPHILES ADENOM DES HYPOPHYSENVORDERLAPPENS BEI CUSHING-SYNDROM
Authors: Kracht J. , Tamm J.
Published: December 2008

A case report is presented of a female patient with an invasive basophil adenoma of the anterior pituitary gland and with Cushing's syndrome. Following a review of the literature of Cushing's syndrome with expanding and invasive pituitary tumours with and without metastases we have divided these tumours into three groups:

Pituitary tumours, which arise with no surgical treatment of the adrenals.

Tumours of category 1, the growth of which is accelerated following adrenalectomy.

Tumours whose growth is accelerated following adrenalectomy, but which are recognized clinically only after surgical treatment of the adrenals.

Most of these tumours are now considered to be »hyperplasiogenic« growths, which continue to remain under the influence of hypothalamic factors. Primary autonomous, ACTH-secreting tumours are on the contrary seldom seen. Histological criteria are insufficient to differentiate between autonomous and regulated pituitary ACTH-producing tumours. It is assumed that this differentiation may be only possible by means of function-tests.
CONJUGATED OESTROGENS. III
Authors: Nakamura Robert M. , Kushinsky Stanley
Published: December 2008

The enzymatic hydrolysis (β-glucuronidase) of conjugated oestrogens in human urine has been studied. The urine was collected from postmenopausal women who had received oestradiol-4-14C by intravenous injection. Hydrolysis was carried out for different periods of time and with various concentrations of enzyme and the relative distribution of several hydrolyzed oestrogens determined under these conditions. The oestrogens reported are: 2-methoxyoestrone, oestrone, oestradiol, ketols (16α-hydroxyoestrone plus 16-ketooestradiol), epioestriol and oestriol.

The first order rate constant for oestrone was particularly high in comparison with those of the other oestrogens.

Two plateaus were observed on the curves of the hydrolysis of several oestrogens (ketols, epioestriol and oestriol) when plotted as a function of time, possibly as a result of multiple conjugation of these oestrogens.
THE DETERMINATION OF CORTISOL AND CORTICOSTERONE PRODUCTION RATES BY AN ISOTOPE DILUTION METHOD
Authors: Van Der Straeten M. , Vermeulen A. , Orie N.
Published: December 2008

Cortisol and corticosterone productions were measured by an isotope dilution technique described by Cope & Black in 1958. Provided that some minor modifications are introduced which increase the specificity, this method is very valuable for measuring corticoid hormone secretion rates. Cortisol production in normal men varied between 15.9 mg and 30.9 mg per 24 h with a mean of 21.4 mg; corticosterone production varied between 1.6 mg and 5.5 mg with a mean of 3.4 mg. The mean F/B production ratio was 6.7. In a few patients with adrenal hypo- and hyperfunction, production rates were determined by the same technique.
THE INHIBITION OF THE PROLIFERATION OF COWPOX VIRUS IN EMBRYONATED HENS' EGGS BY CORTISONE
Authors: Erichsen Stian
Published: December 2008

Measurement of the thickness of the virus-infected and proliferating ectoderm in cortisone - treated eggs and control eggs showed that the ectoderm was thicker in the latter group. The control eggs were also more haemorrhagic than the cortisone - treated eggs. These results indicate an inhibition of the production of cowpox virus in cortisone - treated eggs.
STUDIES ON THE MECHANISM OF DECIDUALIZATION. V.
Authors: Shelesnyak M. C. , Tic Liliane
Published: December 2008

The uteri of pseudopregnant rats show a peak of metabolic activity on the 4th and 5th day of leucocytic smear. After the administration of 20 mg of pyrathiazine Cl on the 4th day of pseudopregnancy (L4) in order to induce decidualization of the progestational endometrium, the metabolic activity of the uterus becomes intensified. The amount of synthesis, estimated by determinations of uterine weight, and amount of protein and nucleic acids, was considered as being related to an oestrogen surge occurring on the 3rd day.

The present work was undertaken to confirm the relation between the oestrogen surge and the metabolic activity found in the uterus thereafter by using an antioestrogenic substance: ethanoxytriphetol (MER-25). The experiments were performed in pseudopregnant as well as in decidualizing animals.

MER-25 was injected on the 3rd day of leucocytic vaginal smear of pseudopregnancy. Analyses of the uterine components 24, 48, 72, 96 h after the injection of the antioestrogen showed a definite inhibition of the synthetic processes in the uterus of the otherwise untreated pseudopregnant rat as well as in decidualizing uterus.

The results, confirm the role of oestrogen surge in the processes of decidualization and the close relationship between the oestrogen surge, increase of metabolism and decidualization.
ON THE EFFECT OF LONG-ACTING CORTICOTROPHIN PREPARATIONS
Authors: Hedner Pavo
Published: December 2008

The effect of addition of carboxymethyl cellulose, gelatine, polyphloretin phosphate and zinc hydroxide to corticotrophin was studied by means of fluorimetric plasma corticosteroid determinations in man and rats. The plasma corticosteroid level was stabilized at a low level by the administration of dexamethasone. Two days after a 3 day period of dexamethasone, 2 mg × 4 orally, the volunteers had a normal diurnal rhythm of plasma corticosteroid level indicating that short term dexamethasone treatment may be given without any serious risks. For each type of experiment, the same corticotrophin was employed to avoid dose differences. Each subject was injected with each preparation at weekly intervals. Significant differences between individuals were observed. The effect of polyphloretin phosphate exceeded that of gelatine, both substances significantly exceeding that of carboxymethyl cellulose and zinc hydroxide 8 hours after the injection and subsequently. Similar results were obtained in animal experiments.
THE CONVERSION OF PROGESTERONE TO 16α-HYDROXY-PREGN-4-ENE-3,20-DIONE AND ANDROST-4-ENE-3,17-DIONE BY HUMAN PLACENTA IN VITRO
Authors: Little Brian , Shaw Ann , Purdy Robert
Published: December 2008

Using the soluble supernatant fraction of a homogenate of normal human placenta and employing reduced triphosphopyridine as cofactor, the conversion of progesterone to 16α-hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione was demonstrated. Tests were made of the radiochemical purity of the products. The possible role of 16α-hydroxylated steroids for the biosynthesis of oestriol in pregnancy is discussed.
THE INFLUENCE OF THE UTERUS ON THE CORPUS LUTEUM-PITUITARY RELATIONSHIP IN THE RAT
Authors: Silbiger Martin , Rothchild Irving
Published: December 2008

The mechanism through which hysterectomy increases the duration of pseudopregnancy in the rat was studied. The operation resulted in a mean increase in dioestrous length of 8.8 days, and an incidence of such prolongations of about 78% when it was done before the late afternoon of the 9th dioestrous day; from this time until the 12th dioestrous day, the incidence of prolonged pseudopregnancies fell to 40%. Normal oestrous cycles were resumed following the pseudopregnant cycle, and cervical stimulation of such rats resulted in pseudopregnancies, of which 77% were prolonged. Sham operations involving only a mild degree of uterine trauma resulted in a 29% incidence of prolonged pseudopregnancies, while increase in the amount of uterine tissue removed (up to one entire horn) increased the incidence to 60%. The homotransplantation of a pituitary to pseudopregnant rats at the time of hysterectomy did not increase the incidence of prolonged pseudopregnancies in the first postoperative cycle, but did increase the degree of prolongation slightly. The cycles of hysterectomized rats bearing pituitary homotransplants – when compared with those of intact rats bearing such transplants – showed a 46% increase in the incidence of all pseudopregnant cycles; 10% of such cycles were prolonged in the intact rats, and 44% in the hysterectomized rats. Ovarian compensatory hypertrophy occurred at a slightly slower rate in cyclic hysterectomized rats than in rats with intact uteri; in pseudopregnant rats, hysterectomy delayed the onset of ovarian compensatory hypertrophy until after the 15th dioestrous day, while in rats with intact uteri, the increase in weight of the remaining ovary began on the 9th dioestrous day. The pituitary folliculotrophic potency (measured by mouse uterine weight increase) of pseudopregnant hysterectomized rats did not increase until the 15th day, while in pseudopregnant rats with intact uteri this increase was seen by the 7th day, and was of greater extent. These results were discussed in terms of whether hysterectomy increased LTH secretion, or decreased the secretion of a pituitary luteolytic factor, probably LH; it was suggested that the results could be more readily accounted for by the second possibility.
EFFECTS OF TESTOSTERONE ON PITUITARY CORTICOTROPHIN AND ADRENAL STEROID SECRETION IN MALE AND FEMALE RATS
Authors: Kitay Julian I.
Published: December 2008

Administration of a depot testosterone preparation to male and female rats resulted in no change in body or pituitary weight in either sex. Pituitary corticotrophin content was unaltered in male animals but was reduced in females. Adrenal weights and adrenal RNA and DNA contents were decreased in both sexes. Plasma corticosterone concentrations were unaffected in males but were reduced in female rats after stress or corticotrophin injection. Hepatic reduction of ring A in vitro and biological half-life of corticosterone in vivo were unchanged in male animals but impaired in females. Testosterone administration to intact male rats significantly increased adrenal steroidogenesis measured in vitro. A significant decrease in steroid production was found in intact females but increased steroidogenesis was observed in adrenals from testosterone-treated oophorectomized animals. No effect was obtained following addition of testosterone directly in vitro.

The data suggest that testosterone leads both to diminution of corticotrophin secretion and enhancement of adrenal steroid secretory capacity. In intact female rats, these effects are complicated by suppression of oestrogen secretion, the effects of which have been reported previously.
THE BIOASSAY OF THYROACTIVE MATERIALS BY THE MOUSE ANOXIA TEST AND GOITRE – PREVENTION RESPONSE IN THE SAME EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Authors: Wiberg G. Stuart , Carter John R. , Stephenson Norman R.
Published: December 2008

The mouse anoxia test was modified by using thiouracilized mice as the test animals. This permitted the simultaneous assessment of the goitre prevention response in the same mice. A comparison of the two parameters of thyroid activity revealed that the antigoitrogenic assay was more sensitive than the mouse anoxia technique and exhibited improved precision for the bioassay of thyroactive materials.
IN VITRO PRODUCTION OF TESTOSTERONE AND ANDROSTENEDIONE IN NORMAL AND STEIN-LEVENTHAL OVARIES
Authors: Kase Nathan , Kowal Jerome , Soffer Louis J.
Published: December 2008

When compared with similar events in the normal ovary, results of incubation of progesterone-7-3H and 17α-OH-progesterone-4-14C with homogenates of typical polycystic ovaries demonstrate increased conversion of these precursors to the androgens testosterone and androst-4-ene3,17-dione. This study provides further in vitro confirmation of increased ovarian androgen production in the Stein-Leventhal syndrome.
VANILLINSÄURE ALS ENDPRODUKT DES STOFFWECHSELS VON ADRENALIN UND NORADRENALIN. II.
Authors: Dirscherl Wilhelm , Thomas Helmut
Published: December 2008

Perfusion of rat liver with vanillic acid yielded only one metabolite. In paper chromatography with three different solvent systems, the substance showed the same RF-values as vanillyolglycine (3-methoxy-4-hydroxyhippuric acid) and in mixed chromatograms there was only one single spot. After separation by column chromatography, the UV- and IRspectra of the reaction product were identical with those of 3-methoxy4-hydroxy-hippuric acid.

During the perfusion experiment, the kinetics of the conjugation were investigated.
AMINO ACID FORMATION FROM GLUCOSE IN THE ISOLATED ADRENOCORTICAL AND THYROID TISSUE OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Hammar Hans , Hellman Bo , Larsson Stig
Published: December 2008

Quantitative paper-radiochromatography was used for measuring the amino acid formation from uniformly labelled 14C-glucose in slices from the isolated adrenal cortex and the thyroid. In both these organs glucose was utilized in the synthesis of the following amino acids: alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, glutamine, arginine, proline, glycine and isoleucine/leucine. Distinct differences were noted in the rate of formation of the individual amino acids; the value for alanine being no less than 5 times higher in the thyroid than in the adrenocortical tissue. While TSH had no effect on the conversion of glucose in the thyroid, there was a tendency for a lower amino acid (glutamine) formation, when the adrenal cortex was incubated with ACTH.
UNTERSUCHUNGEN ÜBER BESTIMMUNG UND GEHALT DER LEUCIN-AMINOPEPTIDASE IN UTERUS UND VAGINA DER RATTE UND MAUS
Authors: Schmidt Helmuth
Published: December 2008

A detailed description of a method of estimating leucine aminopeptidase is given. By the use of this method, leucine aminopeptidase has been estimated in the uterus and vagina of castrated rats after the administration of oestradiol, and also in the uterus of infantile mice after the administration of human menopausal gonadotrophin. In addition, the presence of a protease hydrolysing nitrocasein has been demonstrated in the vagina of castrated oestradiol-treated rats. The administration of oestradiol or human menopausal gonadotrophin respectively induced a statistically significant depression of leucine aminopeptidase activity in the uterus. In the vagina of castrated rats, leucine aminopeptidase and the decomposition rate of nitrocasein showed the same tendency following administration of oestradiol; statistically, however, only some of the results are significant. These data are discussed and compared with others described in the literature.
THE URINARY EXCRETION OF OESTRIOL DURING THE EARLY MONTHS OF PREGNANCY.
Authors: Frandsen V. Aasted , Stakemann Georg
Published: December 2008

The urinary excretion of oestriol in women with normal pregnancies has been estimated by means of two methods developed by Frandsen (1963). Method I has a sensitivity of 0.5 mg/24 h of oestriol and method II a sensitivity of 25–50 μg/24 h.

The excretion in 106 cases of threatened abortion was also investigated. It was found that abortion was almost inevitable if the excretion of oestriol was low, while 75% of the cases with a normal output continued to term. Often a discrepancy between the result of a gonadotrophin test and of the oestriol estimation was found. In such cases the oestriol estimation gave the most reliable guide to the condition of the pregnancy.
BIOLOGISCHE WIRKUNGEN DES 20β-HYDROXY-PREGN-4-EN-3-ON
Authors: Lauritzen Christian
Published: December 2008

The biological effects of 20β-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one were investigated in the rodent by means of the Clauberg test, the Allen-Doisy test, the vaginal opening test, the uterine growth test, the levator ani test and the prostate test.

In the human subject the actions of 20β-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one were investigated with regard to its effects on the endometrium, delay of menstruation, production of withdrawal bleeding, cessation of dysfunctional bleeding, cervical mucus, vaginal smear, basal body temperature, excretion of gonadotrophins and pregnanediol in the urine and protein metabolism. 20β-hydroxy-pregn-4-en-3-one is a true progestational hormone. With regard to its different physiological actions it is nearly halve as active as progesterone in the human subject.
THE ASSAY OF CORTICOTROPHIN IN MICE
Authors: Rerup Claus , Hedner Pavo
Published: December 2008

The assay of corticotrophin was performed in mice by means of small sample analysis of free plasma corticosteroids. In this method hypophysectomy was replaced by dexamethasone pretreatment. The response was measured preferably in a single mouse weighing 20 g or more. When mice of a lower body weight were used the plasma of two randomly assigned mice was pooled. Corticosteroids (mainly corticosterone) were determined fluorometrically in 0.25 (0.20) ml samples of plasma from heparinized blood. The results show that valid corticotrophin assays can be performed in mice both by the intravenous and subcutaneous route. Compared with the adrenal ascorbic acid depletion method or the plasma corticosteroid method in the rat the assay in mice was found to be at least five times more sensitive. 40 micro-units of corticotrophin were consistently detectable. Precision was dependent on the route of administration, the mean index of precision (s/b) being 0.20 in the intravenous and 0.12 in the subcutaneous assay. The difference was due to a steeper slope of the logdose-response line after subcutaneous administration.

Contrary to the findings in the rat, corticotrophin A (oxycel purified) did not differ significantly in potency estimates from subcutaneous and intravenous assays in mice, when crude corticotrophin (U. S. P. Corticotropin Reference Standard) was the basis of comparison. Accordingly results of subcutaneous assays of corticotrophin A samples in terms of the U. S. P. standard were lower in mice than in rats. The use of gelatine instead of saline as diluent in the subcutaneous assays yielded slightly but not significantly higher potency estimates (25 per cent).

The interpretation of the results is that for intravenous corticotrophin assays the mouse method is comparable to the rat assay. For subcutaneous corticotrophin assays, however, the mouse method is not suitable, if crude corticotrophin (U. S. P. standard) is the basis of comparison, but if corticotrophin A (oxycel purified) is the standard of reference (e. g. the Third International Standard for Corticotrophin), the mouse method may justifiably be used.

The advantages of the mouse method are increased sensitivity, precision, convenience, and economy.
ADRENAL CORTICAL RESPONSE TO INSULIN-INDUCED HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN THE RAT.
Authors: Kraicer Jacob , Logothetopoulos John
Published: December 2008

Using plasma corticosterone as an index of adrenal cortical activity, the response to a single subcutaneous injection of Protamine Zinc Insulin was characterized. After twenty-five daily periods of hypoglycaemia induced by this long-acting insulin preparation, hypoglycaemia no longer induced an increase in plasma corticosterone. Further experiments confirmed that this actually represented an adaptation at the adenohypophyseal or higher level to the stimulus of insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.
ADRENAL CORTICAL RESPONSE TO INSULIN-INDUCED HYPOGLYCAEMIA IN THE RAT.
Authors: Kraicer Jacob , Logothetopoulos John
Published: December 2008

The part played by adrenaline and noradrenaline in the adrenal cortical response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was investigated. Both exogenously administered adrenaline and noradrenaline produced an increase in plasma corticosterone. This response was suppressed by pretreatment with the adrenergic blocking agent, Dibenzyline. The increase in plasma corticosterone produced by Protamine Zinc Insulin-induced hypoglycaemia was unchanged by previous adrenal demedullation or pretreatment with Dibenzyline. Thus neither medullary nor extra medullary adrenaline and/or noradrenaline play an essential mediating role in the adrenal cortical response to insulin-induced hypoglycaemia.
NON BUTANOL EXTRACTABLE IODINE IN THE SERUM OF EUMETABOLIC ADULT GOITRE PATIENTS
Authors: Lamberg B.-A. , Hintze G. , Karlsson R.
Published: December 2008

In studies on endemic goitre there were 20 patients who had more than a normal proportion of butanol insoluble iodine in the serum. All these patients were eumetabolic adults with a goitre ranging in size from 50 to 300 g. The insoluble portion of the PB131I (NBE131I) varied from 25 to 80 per cent, the PB131I from 0.005 to 0.94% per litre. Radiochromatography of the extract revealed that thyroxine made up 30 to 100 per cent, the remainder being iodide. In one case instead of thyroxine, 48 per cent of triiodothyronine was found. In one case traces of diiodotyrosine were found 6 hours after the test dose.

Enzymatic hydrolysis increased the extractability in two cases but failed to do so in two other cases.

The responses of PBI, PB131I to stimulation with thyrotrophic hormone were studied in some instances. There was usually a good response of PBI and PB131I. The reaction of NBE131I, however, was nil, or very small. The ratio between the values obtained after and before stimulation varied from 1.0 to 1.3. In contrast there was a marked increase in the difference PB131I – NBE131I which presumably represented thyroid hormones. The ratio varied from 2.5 to 3.2. In one case restudied 5 weeks and 3 months after subtotal thyroidectomy the same situation was observed.

The occurrence of NBE131I was observed in two members of a family in two instances. In some other families the pedigree was also highly suggestive of an inherited disorder, although it must be admitted that the
STUDIES ON THE HORMONAL CONTROL OF THE MILK-EJECTION ACTIVITY IN LACTATING RABBITS
Authors: Kullander Stig
Published: December 2008

A study was made of the effect of synthetic oxytocin (Syntocinon Sandoz) and synthetic lysine-vasopressin (Vasopressin Sandoz) on the milk-ejecting activity of the lactating mammary gland of the rabbit. Both drugs were given by intravenous infusion except in some cases where oxytocin was injected intravenously in single doses.

Depending on the sensitivity of the mammary gland and the amount of oxytocin administered, infusion of this hormone gave a prolonged tonic increase in the milk pressure or a rhythmic series of pressure increases. Both these reactions could be counteracted appreciably by giving vasopressin simultaneously in doses of the order of 1:4 to 1:1 in relation to the dose of oxytocin. After withdrawal of vasopressin the original effect of the oxytocin in the milk-gland pressure was slowly resumed. Doses of vasopressin with ratios of 1:1000 – 1:5 or saline had little or no effect at all.

Intravenous administration of adrenaline also caused transient suppression of the effect of the oxytocin infusion. There was no evidence to indicate that vasopressin potentiated this effect.

These findings are discussed in relation to the clinical findings of disturbance in the milk let-down during different stress situations. Both vasopressin and adrenaline might be released during stress.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF OVARIECTOMY AND HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON BLASTOCYST IMPLANTATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Zeilmaker G. H.
Published: December 2008

The effects of ovariectomy and hypophysectomy on the third and fourth day of pregnancy on blastocyst implantation have been studied. The day on which vaginal sperm was found was considered as day 0 of pregnancy. It was found that ovariectomy at the 1st h on day 4 of pregnancy did not interfere with implantation when progesterone substitution was given. The same operation performed at the 17th h on the third day almost completely prevented implantation. Hypophysectomy followed by luteotrophic hormone treatment at the 17th h on day 3, however, did not interfere with implantation whereas pituitary extirpation on the 13th h on day 3 prevented implantation in most cases.

A single administration of nembutal, atropine and reserpine several hours prior to the time hypophysectomy would have interfered with implantation did not delay implantation by 24 hours.

Some cases of incomplete implantation are described in which implantation sites of normal size occurred simultaneously with unimplanted blastocysts in the same uterus. These blastocysts implanted following the administration of oestradiol.

The results are discussed in relation to current views on the hormonal regulation of blastocyst implantation.
A SENSITIVE ANTI-ANDROGEN ASSAY: ANTAGONISM OF LOCALLY APPLIED ANDROGEN BY A-NORPROGESTERONE INUNCTED ON THE CHICK COMB
Authors: Lerner Leonard J. , Bianchi Albert , Dzelzkalns Margaret
Published: December 2008

A completely local and highly sensitive anti-androgen assay employing the chick comb has been described.

Testosterone dissolved in oil was applied in daily volumes of 0.005 ml to one side of the comb by means of microsyringe. The anti-androgen, A-norprogesterone, in a similar volume of sesame oil was inuncted daily on the other side of the comb. After 7 days of treatment, the chick comb weights increased directly with the quantity of androgen applied and were inhibited from responding to the androgen in a direct relationship to the dose of A-norprogesterone.
DIURNAL RHYTHM IN THE ADRENAL CORTICAL SECRETION AND IN THE RATE OF METABOLISM OF CORTICOSTERONE IN THE RAT
Authors: Saba G. C. , Saba P. , Carnicelli A. , Marescotti V.
Published: December 2008

Plasma levels and adrenal production of corticosterone (11β,21-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) have been determined at different times of the day in male rats. Diurnal variations both in steroid blood levels and in adrenal secretion have been found. An attempt was made to study the rate of disappearance of the hormone in the morning, afternoon, evening, and at night.
DIURNAL RHYTHM IN THE ADRENAL CORTICAL SECRETION AND IN THE RATE OF METABOLISM OF CORTICOSTERONE IN THE RAT
Authors: Saba G. C. , Carnicelli A. , Saba P. , Marescotti V.
Published: December 2008

An absence of diurnal rhythm, and a reduction of adrenal secretion, plasma levels and rate of disappearance of corticosterone (11β,21-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione) are observed in the rat after electrolytic lesions of the eminentia mediana.

The possibility of a direct control of the hormonal metabolism by the hypothalamus is discussed.
ON THE VALUE OF SOME PARAMETERS OF ADRENOCORTICAL GLUCOCORTICOID FUNCTION
Authors: Van Der Straeten M. , Vermeulen A. , Orie N. , Regniers P.
Published: December 2008

The authors studied the correlation between cortisol production, as measured by an isotope dilution method, and the urinary excretion of total and free Porter-Silber chromogens, as well as of 17-ketogenic steroids. Although a significant correlation exists between total Porter-Silber chromogens, 17-ketogenic steroid excretion and cortisol production, discrepancies are occasionally observed. Hence, different colorimetric methods should be used to assess the glucocorticoid activity of the adrenal cortex.
HISTOLOGICAL CHANGES IN EXPERIMENTAL EXOPHTHALMOS OF CARASSIUS AURATUS
Authors: Brunish Robert , Sørensen Bente
Published: December 2008

Carassius auratus were injected with pituitary exophthalmos-producing substance and the subsequent histological changes studied. Oedema, infiltration of macrophages in the retrobulbar area, muscle swelling and splitting, and increase of mucinous substance were noted. Since such changes have been reported for exophthalmic human patients and guinea pigs, it is suggested that the proptosis induced in fish has a genesis similar to that of the other species. Mast cells were hardly observed in Carassius auratus whenever the histological sections were exposed to aqueous solutions. With due precautions, however, an increase in mast cell number in the intestinal submucosa was noted.
METABOLIC EFFECTS OF SHORT TERM ADMINISTRATION OF HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE IN INFANCY AND EARLY CHILDHOOD
Authors: Vest M. , Girard J. , Bühler U.
Published: December 2008

The metabolic effects of short term administration of human growth hormone were studied in four infants two weeks to 2½ months old and three children 11 months to 3¼ years of age. They responded qualitatively in the same way as older children and hypopituitary dwarfs. Quantitatively the infants responded to a lesser extent than older subjects. The most constant findings are in order of decreasing response: Fall in urinary creatine, urea nitrogen and total nitrogen excretion and decreasing blood concentration of urea and residual nitrogen. An increase in α-amino-nitrogen excretion is also a fairly common finding. There is only a slight rise in the fasting level of free fatty acids in the serum in response to HGH injection in the infants. In the children this effect is already more pronounced.

A fall in urinary sodium, potassium and phosphorus does not occur as regularly as in older subjects. An increase in ketone bodies in the urine was observed in some infants and children.

The possible mechanisms and significance of the diminished response of infants to exogenous growth hormone are discussed.
THE »EARLY-ANDROGEN« SYNDROME; ITS DEVELOPMENT AND THE RESPONSE TO HEMI-SPAYING
Authors: Swanson H. E. , van der Werff ten Bosch J. J.
Published: December 2008

The »early-androgen« syndrome in the rat – i. e. anovulatory ovaries in adult females after a single injection of testosterone propionate (TP) within a week of birth – may not become apparent until some time after the attainment of sexual maturity. Large doses (50 or 100 μg) of TP were effective earlier than lower doses (5 or 10 μg). Rats which received 5 μg TP were ovulating at 10 weeks of age, mated but were infertile at 13 weeks of age, and were anovulatory at 21 weeks. In rats between 10 and 13 weeks old there was a marked fall in the number of corpora lutea in the ovaries of animals which had been given 5 μg TP.

Hemi-spaying was followed by compensatory growth of the remaining ovary which consisted of corpora lutea in ovulating, and of follicles in anovulatory rats; little or no compensatory weight increase occurred in animals which seemed to be in the transition stage from the ovulatory to the anovulatory condition.
ÜBER DEN EXTREMEN GESCHLECHTS-DIMORPHISMUS IM WACHSTUM DER MOSCHUSENTE, CAIRINA MOSCHATA FLEMM.
Authors: von Faber Hans
Published: December 2008

The growth of the long bones and the development of the epiphyseal cartilage were studied in 50 male and 33 female Muscovy ducks from the time of hatching up to the 18th week.

An average body weight was measured of 1990 ± 18 g in the females and of 2838 ± 99 g in the males after 10 weeks. No further increase in the body weight was noted in the females. The males continued to grow up to the 18th week and reached a final weight of 4101 ± 62 g.

In the femur, the tibiotarsus, and the tarsusmetatarsus a sex difference occurred in the 2nd week and became significant after 4 weeks. The greatest difference was observed in the tibiotarsus which reached a length of 125.4 ± 0.7 mm in the male and 103.2 ± 1.1 mm in the female after 10 weeks. In both sexes the greatest increase of bone length was noted within the first 4 weeks. The bone growth ceased and the epiphyseal cartilage disappeared with about 8 weeks in the female and with about 10 weeks in the male.

The humerus, the ulna and the radius were somewhat larger in the female than in the male after 4 weeks. Thereafter a more rapid growth was seen in the male. The greatest sex difference was observed in the humerus which measured 136.0 ± 1.6 mm in the male and 113.8 ± 0.9 mm in the female after 10 weeks. In contrast to the leg bones the greatest increase in body length occurred between the 6th and the 8th week. The bone growth ceased after 10 weeks in the female, and after 12 weeks in the male.

Growing males which were treated with 35 mg stilboestrol weighed 2034 ± 90 g after 10 weeks. The long bones only grew to 85–90 % of the normal length. Birds which were allowed to survive a further 8 weeks after the treatment, attained a body weight of 3494 ± 111 g without any further increase in the length of the leg bones and only a slight increase in the length of the wing bones. The dwarfing effect of stilboestrol was not caused by a precocious disappearance of the epiphyseal cartilage.

An identical treatment with stilboestrol had in Pekin ducks no effect on body weight or on the long bones.
PROTEINS OF NORMAL AND PATHOLOGICAL HUMAN THYROID TISSUE
Authors: Stanley P. G.
Published: December 2008

Salting-out curves, analytical ultracentrifugation and paper electrophoresis were used to examine saline extracts of 21 human thyroid glands or portions of glands, both normal and pathological. A simplified procedure of plotting salting-out curves was used. The glands could be divided into 2 groups, the first characterized by a high proportion of protein sedimenting with S20,w 18–20 (55–75 %) and a low proportion of protein sedimenting with S20,w 4 (20–40%), the second characterized by a low proportion of protein sedimenting with S20,w 18–20 (20–55%) and a high proportion of protein sedimenting with S20,w 4 (45–75%). Group 1 comprises normal glands, multinodular goitres, a follicular-alveolar carcinoma and an anaplastic carcinoma containing much follicular tissue; group 2 comprises a follicular and trabecular adenoma, a follicularpapillary carcinoma, anaplastic carcinomata and toxic goitres. Protein sedimenting with S20,w 18–20 could be correlated with protein salting out between 35 and 45% saturation with ammonium sulphate (21 points, correlation coefficient 0.931, P < 0.001 by t test) and there was some correlation between protein sedimenting with S20,w 4 and protein salting out between 20 and 30 % saturation with ammonium sulphate provided some points were omitted (18 points, correlation coefficient 0.600, P < 0.01 by t test). It is suggested that the protein salting out between 20 and 30 % saturation is a nucleoprotein.
EFFECT OF SOME THYROXINE ANALOGUES ON HYPOTHYROID TADPOLES
Authors: Henriques U.
Published: December 2008

Using a new tadpole assay for thyroid hormone which has previously been described, the activities of some thyroxine analogues have been investigated. Apart from the usual immersion technique, microinjection was also used for administration of drugs.

Diiodotyrosine was found to have no effect. Diiodothyronine only had a small effect. This compound as well as triprop, triac and tetrac gave dose response curves quite unlike those of triiodothyronine and thyroxine, so that an estimation of the relative activity could hardly be made. The implications of this finding is discussed.

D-thyroxine was found to be 7 times less active than L-thyroxine.

Triiodothyronine which in previous immersion experiments was found to be about 9 times as active as thyroxine was in injection experiments about 5 times as active as thyroxine.

None of the fatty acid derivatives investigated was more active than thyroxine if given by injection. Contamination with small amounts of these derivatives in the test material therefore does not invalidate the results obtained by the present method.
THE EFFECT OF THYROTROPHIC HORMONE ON THE POTASSIUM CONTENT OF MUSCLE AND LIVER TISSUE AND ON THE BLOOD SUGAR LEVEL IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Gedda Per Olof
Published: December 2008

The investigation showed that a single subcutaneous injection of thyrotrophic hormone (TSH) in young guinea pigs does not produce any change in the potassium content of striated muscle or of the liver within 2 hours of the injection, but does induce hyperglycaemia within this period.

In a previous investigation (Gedda 1960), it was demonstrated that an equally large dose of TSH produced a marked increase in the potassium content of the thyroid gland of the guinea pig within 2 hours. The observations made in the present investigation support the assumption that the increase in potassium in the thyroid gland is specific to the gland after stimulation with TSH and that the increase is not secondary to a primary hypoglycaemia.
DIABETES INSIPIDUS ASSOCIATED WITH EXOPHTHALMIC GOITER
Authors: del Castillo Enrique B. , Trucco Eduardo , Radzyminski Delia
Published: December 2008

The case of a 42 year old female with diabetes insipidus, exophthalmic goiter, lipodystrophy and amenorrhoea is described. The association of diabetes insipidus and hyperthyroidism is not frequently observed and only a few cases have been reported in the literature.

Attention is drawn to what happened to this patient during the Carter-Robbins test and to her death at the end of it.
CORTISOL METABOLISM IN THE NEWBORN
Authors: Aarskog D. , Stoa K. F. , Thorsen T.
Published: December 2008

Following intravenous administration of cortisol-4-14C to seven full-term and five premature newborn infants, the urinary excretion of free and conjugated substances was measured in different fractions. Three normal adult subjects served as controls.

The study comprised the following fractions: a) Free »lowpolar« fraction, extractable with methylene dichloride. b) Free »high-polar« fraction, extractable with ethyl acetate. c) »Low-polar« glucuronoside fraction, extractable with methylene dichloride following β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. d) »High-polar« glucuronoside fraction, extractable with ethyl acetate following β-glucuronidase hydrolysis. e) Solvolysis fraction, extractable with ethyl acetate after previous removal of the free and glucuronoside conjugated fractions and subsequent solvolysis.

The excretion of total radioactivity in the group of normal newborns was found to be delayed as compared with the adult subjects. The unconjugated fractions were found to be somewhat higher in the newborn than in the adult subjects. On the other hand, the »low-polar« glucuronosides were essentially lower. These deviations from the findings in normal adults were still more pronounced in the group of premature newborns. An inverse relationship was demonstrated between the percentage excreted as glucoronosides and the maximum serum bilirubin level in the neonatal period.