bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anatomic Differences in the Sacral Hiatus During Caudal Epidural Injection Using Ultrasound Guidance
Authors: Park Gi-young , Kwon Dong Rak , Cho Hee Kyung
Published: November 2015

Objectives

The aim of this study was to clarify differences in the anatomic structure of the sacral hiatus and angle of needle insertion during caudal epidural steroid injection using ultrasound guidance in patients according to sex and age.

Methods

A total of 237 patients with low back pain with or without sciatica were included. Sonograms of the sacral hiatus were obtained, and caudal epidural steroid injection using ultrasound guidance was performed in all patients. The intercornual distance, diameter of the sacral canal, thickness of the sacrococcygeal ligament, optimal angle for needle insertion, and actual angle of needle insertion were measured.

Results

Between men and women, significant differences were observed for the intercornual distance (17.7 versus 16.5 mm; P< .01) and thickness of the sacrococcygeal ligament (4.3 versus 3.9 mm; P = .02). In all patients, the thickness of the sacrococcygeal ligament (r= 0.28) and diameter of the sacral canal (r= 0.40) were positively correlated with the optimal angle for needle insertion (P < .01). In women, the thickness of the sacrococcygeal ligament (r = −0.24), diameter of the sacral canal (r = −0.27), optimal angle for needle insertion (r = −0.29), and actual angle of needle insertion (r = −0.18) were negatively correlated with age. In men, only the diameter of the sacral canal was negatively correlated with age (r = −0.30).

Conclusions

We found that the sacral hiatus has anatomic differences between patients of different sexes and ages. Understanding these differences, especially in women, may improve the safety and reliability of caudal epidural steroid injection.
Composition, geometry, and emplacement dynamics of a large volcanic island landslide offshore Martinique: From volcano flank‐collapse to seafloor sediment failure?
Authors: Brunet Morgane , Le Friant Anne , Boudon Georges , Lafuerza Sara , Talling Peter , Hornbach Matthew , Ishizuka Osamu , Lebas Elodie , Guyard Hervé ,   IODP Expedition 340 Science Party
Published: November 2015

Landslides are common features in the vicinity of volcanic islands. In this contribution, we investigate landslides emplacement and dynamics around the volcanic island of Martinique based on the first scientific drilling of such deposits. The evolution of the active Montagne Pelée volcano on this island has been marked by three major flank‐collapses that removed much of the western flank of the volcano. Subaerial collapse volumes vary from 2 to 25 km3 and debris avalanches flowed into the Grenada Basin. High‐resolution seismic data (AGUADOMAR‐1999, CARAVAL‐2002, and GWADASEIS‐2009) is combined with new drill cores that penetrate up to 430 m through the three submarine landslide deposits previously associated to the aerial flank‐collapses (Site U1399, Site U1400, Site U1401, IODP Expedition 340, Joides Resolution, March–April 2012). This combined geophysical and core data provide an improved understanding of landslide processes offshore a volcanic island. The integrated analysis shows a large submarine landslide deposit, without debris avalanche deposits coming from the volcano, comprising up to 300 km3 of remobilized seafloor sediment that extends for 70 km away from the coast and covers an area of 2100 km2. Our new data suggest that the aerial debris avalanche deposit enter the sea but stop at the base of submarine flank. We propose a new model dealing with seafloor sediment failures and landslide propagation mechanisms, triggered by volcanic flank‐collapse events affecting Montagne Pelée volcano. Newly recognized landslide deposits occur deeper in the stratigraphy, suggesting the recurrence of large‐scale mass‐wasting processes offshore the island and thus, the necessity to better assess the associated tsunami hazards in the region.
Evolution of the plasma environment of comet 67P from spacecraft potential measurements by the Rosetta Langmuir probe instrument
Authors: Odelstad E. , Eriksson A. I. , Edberg N. J. T. , Johansson F. , Vigren E. , André M. , Tzou C.‐Y. , Carr C. , Cupido E.
Published: November 2015

We study the evolution of the plasma environment of comet 67P using measurements of the spacecraft potential from early September 2014 (heliocentric distance 3.5 AU) to late March 2015 (2.1 AU) obtained by the Langmuir probe instrument. The low collision rate keeps the electron temperature high (∼5 eV), resulting in a negative spacecraft potential whose magnitude depends on the electron density. This potential is more negative in the northern (summer) hemisphere, particularly over sunlit parts of the neck region on the nucleus, consistent with neutral gas measurements by the Cometary Pressure Sensor of the Rosetta Orbiter Spectrometer for Ion and Neutral Analysis. Assuming constant electron temperature, the spacecraft potential traces the electron density. This increases as the comet approaches the Sun, most clearly in the southern hemisphere by a factor possibly as high as 20–44 between September 2014 and January 2015. The northern hemisphere plasma density increase stays around or below a factor of 8–12, consistent with seasonal insolation change.
Frequency variability of standing Alfvén waves excited by fast mode resonances in the outer magnetosphere
Authors: Archer M. O. , Hartinger M. D. , Walsh B. M. , Plaschke F. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: November 2015

Coupled fast mode resonances (cFMRs) in the outer magnetosphere, between the magnetopause and a turning point, are often invoked to explain observed discrete frequency field line resonances. We quantify their frequency variability, applying cFMR theory to a realistic magnetic field model and magnetospheric density profiles observed over almost half a solar cycle. Our calculations show that cFMRs are most likely around dawn, since the plasmaspheric plumes and extended plasmaspheres often found at noon and dusk can preclude their occurrence. The relative spread (median absolute deviation divided by the median) in eigenfrequencies is estimated to be 28%, 72%, and 55% at dawn, noon, and dusk, respectively, with the latter two chiefly due to density. Finally, at dawn we show that the observed bimodal density distribution results in bimodal cFMR frequencies, whereby the secondary peaks are consistent with the so‐called “CMS” frequencies that have previously been attributed to cFMRs.
How increasing CO2 leads to an increased negative greenhouse effect in Antarctica
Authors: Schmithüsen Holger , Notholt Justus , König‐Langlo Gert , Lemke Peter , Jung Thomas
Published: November 2015

CO2 is the strongest anthropogenic forcing agent for climate change since preindustrial times. Like other greenhouse gases, CO2 absorbs terrestrial surface radiation and causes emission from the atmosphere to space. As the surface is generally warmer than the atmosphere, the total long‐wave emission to space is commonly less than the surface emission. However, this does not hold true for the high elevated areas of central Antarctica. For this region, the emission to space is higher than the surface emission; and the greenhouse effect of CO2 is around zero or even negative, which has not been discussed so far. We investigated this in detail and show that for central Antarctica an increase in CO2 concentration leads to an increased long‐wave energy loss to space, which cools the Earth‐atmosphere system. These findings for central Antarctica are in contrast to the general warming effect of increasing CO2.
Development of bifurcated current sheets in solar wind reconnection exhausts
Authors: Mistry R. , Eastwood J. P. , Phan T. D. , Hietala H.
Published: November 2015

Petschek‐type reconnection is expected to result in bifurcations of reconnection current sheets. In contrast, Hall reconnection simulations show smooth changes in the reconnecting magnetic field. Here we study three solar wind reconnection events where different spacecraft sample oppositely directed reconnection exhausts from a common reconnection site. The spacecraft's relative separations and measurements of the exhaust width are used to geometrically calculate each spacecraft's distance from the X line. We find that in all cases spacecraft farthest from the X line observe clearly bifurcated reconnection current sheets, while spacecraft nearer to the X line do not. These observations suggest that clear bifurcations of reconnection current sheets occur at large distances from the X line (~1000 ion skin depths) and that Petschek‐type signatures are less developed close to the reconnection site. This may imply that fully developed bifurcations of reconnection current sheets are unlikely to be observed in the near‐Earth magnetotail.
Global maps of ground magnetometer data
Authors: Waters C. L. , Gjerloev J. W. , Dupont M. , Barnes R. J.
Published: November 2015

A statistical‐based method combined with basis function expansion techniques is described in order to provide extensive maps of the ground level perturbation magnetic field from 40∘ magnetic latitude to the north magnetic pole for all longitudes. The method combines historical data from the SuperMAG data base, Principal Component Analysis, and a spherical cap harmonic basis function expansion in order to fill in magnetic perturbation data where there are no magnetometers and produce the poloidal current potential. The maps have a regular grid with a 2∘ latitude and 1 h longitude spacing. The statistical process uses SuperMAG data derived magnetic indices plus the solar zenith angle which orders the resulting spatial maps by geomagnetic activity indicators to enhance model agreement with the data. For quiet through to moderate magnetic activity intervals, the root‐mean‐square error between the input and the fitted data are 18 nT and 10 nT for the north‐south and east‐west components, respectively, which are of similar magnitude to the statistical uncertainty in the SuperMAG data set.
Further Simplification of the Simple Erosion Narrowing Score With Item Response Theory Methodology
Authors: Oude Voshaar Martijn A. H. , Schenk Olga , ten Klooster Peter M. , Vonkeman Harald E. , Bernelot Moens Hein J. , Boers Maarten , van de Laar Mart A. F. J.
Published: November 2015

Objective

To further simplify the simple erosion narrowing score (SENS) by removing scored areas that contribute the least to its measurement precision according to analysis based on item response theory (IRT) and to compare the measurement performance of the simplified version to the original.

Methods

Baseline and 18‐month data of the Combinatietherapie Bij Reumatoide Artritis (COBRA) trial were modeled using longitudinal IRT methodology. Measurement precision was evaluated across different levels of structural damage. SENS was further simplified by omitting the least reliably scored areas. Discriminant validity of SENS and its simplification were studied by comparing their ability to differentiate between the COBRA and sulfasalazine arms. Responsiveness was studied by comparing standardized change scores between versions.

Results

SENS data showed good fit to the IRT model. Carpal and feet joints contributed the least statistical information to both erosion and joint space narrowing scores. Omitting the joints of the foot reduced measurement precision for the erosion score in cases with below‐average levels of structural damage (relative efficiency compared with the original version ranged 35–59%). Omitting the carpal joints had minimal effect on precision (relative efficiency range 77–88%). Responsiveness of a simplified SENS without carpal joints closely approximated the original version (i.e., all Δ standardized change scores were ≤0.06). Discriminant validity was also similar between versions for both the erosion score (relative efficiency = 97%) and the SENS total score (relative efficiency = 84%).

Conclusion

Our results show that the carpal joints may be omitted from the SENS without notable repercussion for its measurement performance.
Electronic Structure and Properties of Organic Bulk‐Heterojunction Interfaces
Authors: Street Robert A.
Published: November 2015

The electronic structure and physical mechanisms of carrier generation and transport in the organic bulk heterojunction are reviewed. The electronic structure describes the bands and band‐tail states, the band alignment at the bulk‐heterojunction interface, and the overall density‐of‐states model. The different electronic character of excitons and mobile charge is discussed, the former being highly molecular and the latter more delocalized. Dissociation of the exciton via the charge‐transfer (CT) states is attributed to weak binding of the CT state arising from charge delocalization. Carrier transport and charge collection is strongly influenced by the presence of localized band‐tail states. Recombination is attributed primarily to transitions from mobile carriers to band‐tail or deep trap states.
A Hedonic Valuation of Health and Nonhealth Attributes in the U.S. Yogurt Market
Authors: Bonanno Alessandro
Published: November 2015

The U.S. yogurt category encompasses a multitude of subcategories including products carrying health‐related attributes, some products targeting specific segments of the population (i.e., yogurt for kids), and others of recent introduction (e.g., Greek‐style yogurts). Given the numerous attributes that can be present in a product, characterizing those leading to a higher premium can help manufacturers to engage in profitable product formulation. This paper investigates the role played by health and nonhealth‐related attributes on yogurt prices in the United States, both at the national level and in different geographic markets, by means of a large scanner database of yogurt sales and a hedonic price model. The findings indicate that health‐related attributes more commonly associated with yogurts such as the presence of probiotics, specific health claims, and other credence attributes (i.e., organic and “natural”) are valued positively while others, which may lead to lower product acceptance (e.g., fibers, Omega‐3) are not. Nonhealth‐related features, such as “for kids” and Greek‐style, show a positive market value, thus helping in product differentiation. The magnitude of the implicit price of most product attributes is found to vary across markets, hinting that food manufacturers should consider market‐specific product formulation strategies to achieve product differentiation more effectively.
Complete and partial XYLT1 deletion in a patient with neonatal short limb skeletal dysplasia
Authors: van Koningsbruggen Silvana , Knoester Hennie , Bakx Roel , Mook Olaf , Knegt Lia , Cobben Jan Maarten
Published: November 2015

We report on a boy with a neonatal short limb skeletal dysplasia with serious medical complications, associated with one intragenic and one complete deletion of XYLT1. XYLT1 mutations have recently been reported as causative in recessive Desbuquois skeletal dysplasia (DBSD), but the skeletal features in our patient do not fit this diagnosis. It is possible that the phenotype of XYLT1 mutations extends to more aspecific types of short limb skeletal dysplasias and not to DBSD alone. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Resource seasonality and reproduction predict fission–fusion dynamics in black‐and‐white ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata)
Authors: Baden Andrea L. , Webster Timothy H. , Kamilar Jason M.
Published: November 2015

Ruffed lemurs (genusVarecia) are often described as having a flexible social organization, such that both cohesive (low fission–fusion dynamics) and fluid (high fission–fusion dynamics) grouping patterns have been observed. In ruffed lemur communities with high fission–fusion dynamics, group members vary in their temporal and spatial dispersion throughout a communally defended territory. These patterns have been likened to those observed in several haplorrhine species that exhibit the most fluid types of fission–fusion social organization (e.g.,PanandAteles). To substantiate and further refine these claims, we describe the fission–fusion dynamics of a black‐and‐white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata) community at Mangevo, an undisturbed primary rainforest site in Ranomafana National Park, Madagascar. We collected instantaneous group scan samples from August 2007–December 2008 (4,044 observation hours) to study and characterize patterns of subgroup size, composition, cohesion, and social association. In 16 consecutive months, we never found all members of the community together. In fact, individuals spent nearly half of their time alone. Subgroups were small, cohesive, and typically of mixed‐sex composition. Mixed‐sex subgroups were significantly larger, less cohesive, and more common than either male‐only or female‐only subgroups. Subgroup dynamics were related to shifts in climate, phenology of preferred fruit species, and female reproductive state. On average, association indices were low. Males and females were equally gregarious; however, adult male–male associations were significantly weaker than any other association type. Results presented herein document striking differences in fission–fusion dynamics between black‐and‐white ruffed lemurs and haplorrhines, while also demonstrating many broad‐scale similarities to haplorrhine taxa that possess the most fluid fission–fusion societies. Am. J. Primatol. 78:256–279, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Skin nerve misfolded α‐synuclein in pure autonomic failure and Parkinson disease
Authors: Donadio Vincenzo , Incensi Alex , Piccinini Cristina , Cortelli Pietro , Giannoccaro Maria Pia , Baruzzi Agostino , Liguori Rocco
Published: November 2015

Objective

To characterize the expression in skin nerves of native (n‐syn) and misfolded phosphorylated (p‐syn) α‐synucleins in pure autonomic failure (PAF) and idiopathic Parkinson disease (IPD). The specific aims were to (1) define the importance of n‐syn and p‐syn as disease biomarkers and (2) ascertain differences in abnormal synuclein skin nerve deposits.

Methods

We studied 30 patients, including 16 well‐characterized IPD patients and 14 patients fulfilling PAF diagnostic criteria, and 15 age‐matched controls. Subjects underwent skin biopsy from proximal (ie, cervical) and distal (ie, thigh and leg) sites to study small nerve fiber and intraneural n‐syn and p‐syn.

Results

PAF and IPD showed length‐dependent somatic and autonomic small fiber loss, more severely expressed in patients with higher p‐syn load. n‐syn was similarly expressed in both groups of patients and controls. By contrast, p‐syn was not evident in any skin sample of controls but was found in all PAF and IPD patients, although with different skin innervation. In addition, abnormal α‐synuclein deposits were found in all analyzed skin samples in PAF but in only 49% of samples with a higher positivity rate at the proximal site in IPD.

Interpretation

(1) Intraneural p‐syn was a reliable in vivo marker of PAF and IPD; (2) neuritic p‐syn inclusions differed in PAF and IPD, suggesting a different underlying pathogenesis; (3) when searching for abnormal p‐syn deposits in skin nerves, the site of analysis is irrelevant in PAF but it is critical in IPD. Ann Neurol 2015 Ann Neurol 2016;79:306–316
Immobilized copper(II) on nitrogen‐rich polymer‐entrapped Fe3O4 nanoparticles: a highly loaded and magnetically recoverable catalyst for aqueous click chemistry
Authors: Zohreh Nasrin , Hosseini Seyed Hassan , Pourjavadi Ali , Bennett Craig
Published: November 2015

A heterogeneous magnetic copper catalyst was prepared via anchoring of copper sulfate onto multi‐layered poly(2‐dimethylaminoethyl acrylamide)‐coated magnetic nanoparticles and was characterized using various techniques. The catalyst was found to be active, effective and selective for one‐pot three‐component reaction of alkyl halide, sodium azide and alkyne, known as copper‐catalyzed click synthesis of 1,2,3‐triazoles. As little as 0.3 mol% of catalyst was found to be effective under the optimum conditions. The catalyst could also be recycled and reused up to seven times without significant loss of activity. Thermal stability, high loading level of copper on catalyst, broad diversity of alkyl/benzyl/allyl bromide/chloride and alkyl/aryl terminal alkynes without isolation of azide intermediate, and good to excellent yields of products make this procedure highly economical. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterizations of hydrophobically associating water‐soluble polymer with nonionic surfmer
Authors: Ye Zhongbin , Jiang Jinfang , Zhang Xuan , Chen Hong , Han Lijuan , Song Jiarong , Xian Ji , Chen Wei
Published: November 2015

In this article, a hydrophobically associating copolymer (2‐acrylamido)‐2‐methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS)/AA‐EO25C12 was synthesized by AMPS and nonionic surfmer AA‐EO25C12 through free radical copolymerization. The structure of copolymer was characterized by FT‐IR and 1H‐NMR. The properties of copolymer were studied and the results indicated that the copolymer exhibits good thickening ability due to intermolecular hydrophobic associations as the apparent viscosity of the copolymer solution increases sharply with increasing polymer concentration. Compared with homopolymer PAMPS, the rheological test indicates that the copolymer solution shows shear thickening behavior at low shear rate region. Besides, the copolymer exhibits interfacial activity as it can reduce the interfacial tension to 10° level, and ability to form emulsion with good stability, which is due to successfully introducing the structure of nonionic surfmer AA‐EO25C12 to the polymer chain. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43195.
Association of Triple Therapy With Improvement in Cholesterol Profiles Over Two‐Year Followup in the Treatment of Early Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis Trial
Authors: Charles‐Schoeman Christina , Wang Xiaoyan , Lee Yuen Yin , Shahbazian Ani , Navarro‐Millán Iris , Yang Shuo , Chen Lang , Cofield Stacey S. , Moreland Larry W. , O'Dell James , Bathon Joan M. , Paulus Harold , Louis Bridges S. , Curtis Jeffrey R.
Published: November 2015

Objective

To evaluate long‐term changes in cholesterol levels in patients with early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who were randomized to begin treatment with methotrexate (MTX) monotherapy, MTX plus etanercept, or triple therapy (MTX plus sulfasalazine plus hydroxychloroquine) in the Treatment of Early Aggressive Rheumatoid Arthritis (TEAR) trial.

Methods

Levels of total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol were analyzed in 416 patients participating in the TEAR trial, during 102 weeks of followup. Associations of cholesterol changes with disease activity and drug treatment were evaluated using repeated‐measures analysis with mixed‐effect linear models to model within‐subject covariance over time.

Results

Mixed‐effect models controlling for traditional cardiovascular (CV) risk factors, TEAR treatment, and baseline prednisone and statin use demonstrated significant inverse associations of RA disease activity with changes in cholesterol over time. Decreases in the 28‐joint Disease Activity Score, the C‐reactive protein level, or the erythrocyte sedimentation rate were associated with increases in levels of HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, and total cholesterol in all treatment groups (P < 0.001–0.035). Triple therapy was strongly associated with higher levels of HDL cholesterol, lower levels of LDL cholesterol, and higher ratios of total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol (P < 0.001 for all) compared to MTX monotherapy or MTX plus etanercept therapy over the 2‐year followup.

Conclusion

Decreases in RA disease activity over long‐term followup were associated with increases in cholesterol levels in patients with early RA treated with either biologic or nonbiologic therapies. The use of triple therapy during 2 years of followup was associated with higher HDL cholesterol levels, lower LDL cholesterol levels, and lower total cholesterol:HDL cholesterol ratios compared to those observed in patients who received MTX monotherapy or MTX plus etanercept combination therapy. Additional studies are needed to assess the effects of these cholesterol changes on CV events in patients with RA.
Brief Report: First Identification of Intrafamilial Recurrence of Blau Syndrome due to Gonosomal NOD2 Mosaicism
Authors: Mensa‐Vilaro Anna , Tarng Cham Weng , Ping Tang Swee , Chin Lim Sern , González‐Roca Eva , Ruiz‐Ortiz Estibaliz , Ariffin Roziana , Yagüe Jordi , Aróstegui Juan I.
Published: November 2015

Objective

Blau syndrome is characterized by noncaseating granulomatous arthritis, dermatitis, and uveitis, and results from gain‐of‐function NOD2 mutations. This study was undertaken to identify the genetic cause of the disease in a family with 3 members with Blau syndrome.

Methods

We studied a family with 3 affected members across 2 consecutive generations. The children's symptoms started early (at 6 and 7 months of age) and included polyarthritis, dermatitis, uveitis, and fever. In contrast, the father's symptoms started later (at 22 years of age) and included noncaseating granulomatous dermatitis and uveitis. We analyzed the NOD2 gene in all patients by both the Sanger method of DNA sequencing and amplicon‐based deep sequencing using an Ion Torrent PGM platform.

Results

Sanger chromatograms revealed the heterozygous c.1001G>A transition in both children, which resulted in the p.Arg334Gln mutation that causes Blau syndrome. In contrast, the father's chromatograms revealed a small peak of adenine at the c.1001 position, suggesting the presence of a somatic NOD2 mutation. To evaluate this hypothesis, we performed amplicon‐based deep sequencing using DNA from different tissues, which confirmed a variable degree (0.9–12.9%) of somatic NOD2 mosaicism. The previous detection of the NOD2 mutation in his daughters strongly suggests the presence of gonosomal (somatic plus gonadal) NOD2 mosaicism in the father. Comparative analyses with Blau syndrome patients carrying the germline p.Arg334Gln NOD2 mutation revealed late onset of the disease, a mild inflammatory phenotype, and an absence of complications in patients with NOD2 mosaicism.

Conclusion

This is the first description of gonosomal NOD2 mosaicism as the cause of intrafamilial recurrence of Blau syndrome. Our findings also indicate that Blau syndrome includes more diverse and milder phenotypes than previously described.
Copper‐Catalyzed Aerobic Oxidative Reaction of Sulfonyl Hydrazides with Alcohols: An Easy Access to Sulfinates
Authors: Du Bingnan , Li Zan , Qian Ping , Han Jianlin , Pan Yi
Published: November 2015

A Cu‐catalyzed aerobic oxidative reaction between sulfonyl hydrazides and alcohols has been developed. In this reaction, sulfonyl hydrazides act as the sulfinic acid precursors to react with alcohols, resulting in sulfinic esters with up to 72 % yield. This catalytic system tolerates a wide range of sulfonyl hydrazide substrates, and represents a new strategy for the transformation of readily available sulfonyl hydrazides.
Full Characterization and Photoelectrochemical Behavior of Pyrene‐fused Octaazadecacene and Tetraazaoctacene
Authors: Wang Zilong , Miao Jianwei , Long Guankui , Gu Peiyang , Li Junbo , Aratani Naoki , Yamada Hiroko , Liu Bin , Zhang Qichun
Published: November 2015

The preparation of large azaacenes is very important because of their great potential in organic electronics. In this report, we successfully synthesized and fully characterized two stable pyrene‐fused large azaacenes: octaazadecacene and tetraazaoctacene through employing a relatively moderate aromatic unit pyrene as imbedded species in the backbone of azaacenes to ensure large conjugation and stability. The photoelectrochemical (PEC) studies indicate that both azaacenes display n‐type semiconductor behavior.
Left ventricular outflow tract embolization and balloon assisted recapture of a SAPIEN XT prosthesis during transcatheter aortic valve replacement
Authors: Seecheran Naveen , Ittleman Frank , Dauerman Harold
Published: November 2015

Transcatheter aortic valve replacement has emerged within the last decade as a proven alternative therapy in patients with severe aortic stenosis and prohibitive surgical risk. Despite rapidly evolving device technology and growing operator experience, peri‐procedural complications are still relatively common. We present a case in which a SAPIEN XT prosthetic valve embolized into the left ventricular outflow tract. This was followed by balloon assisted recapture and subsequent successful implantation of the valve across the aortic annulus without significant hemodynamic compromise or surgical intervention. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
SCAI/SVM expert consensus statement on Carotid Stenting: Training and credentialing for Carotid Stenting
Authors: Aronow Herbert D. , Collins Tyrone J. , Gray William A. , Jaff Michael R. , Kluck Bryan W. , Patel Rajan A. G. , Rosenfield Kenneth A. , Safian Robert D. , Sobieszczyk Piotr S. , Wayangankar Siddharth A. , White Christopher J.
Published: November 2015

Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has become an integral part of the therapeutic armamentarium offered by cardiovascular medicine programs for the prevention of stroke. The purpose of this expert consensus statement is to provide physician training and credentialing guidance to facilitate the safe and effective incorporation of CAS into clinical practice within these programs. Since publication of the 2005 Clinical Competence Statement on Carotid Stenting, there has been substantial device innovation, publication of numerous clinical trials and observational studies, accumulation of extensive real‐world clinical experience and widespread participation in robust national quality improvement initiatives [5]. Collectively, these advances have led to substantial evolution in the selection of appropriate patients, as well as in the cognitive, technical and clinical skills required to perform safe and effective CAS. Herein, we summarize published guidelines, describe training pathways, outline elements of competency, offer strategies for tracking outcomes, specify facility, equipment and personnel requirements, and propose criteria for maintenance of CAS competency. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Gender differences in the prevalence and treatment of coronary chronic total occlusions
Authors: Wolff Rafael , Fefer Paul , Knudtson Merril L. , Cheema Asim N. , Galbraith P. Diane , Sparkes John D. , Wright Graham A. , Wijeysundera Harindra C. , Strauss Bradley H.
Published: November 2015

Background

Gender differences exist in the presentation and outcomes of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Our study objective was to compare gender differences in prevalence, co‐morbidities, and revascularization treatment in CAD patients with chronic total occlusions (CTOs).

Methods

A retrospective analysis using the Canadian Multicenter CTO Registry, which included 1,690 consecutive CTO patients identified at coronary angiography and a control group of 7,682 non‐CTO patients.

Results

The prevalence of women in the CTO group was significantly lower compared to the control group (19% vs. 30%, P < 0.001). Within the overall CTO group, women were significantly older than men (70 ± 12 vs. 66 ± 11 years, P < 0.001) with more comorbidities, including hypertension and heart failure. Rates of PCI in the CTO group were similar between gender (10%), however, women with CTO were treated significantly less by CABG compared to men (19% vs. 27%, P = 0.003). Moreover, compared to male patients, significantly fewer women undergoing CABG had revascularization of the CTO artery (84% vs. 93%, P = 0.03). Multivariable analysis indicated that female gender (along with age, chronic renal failure, prior MI and cerebro‐vascular disease) were independent predictors for not receiving CABG treatment for CTO.

Conclusions

Female gender differences exist in CTO patients with both lower prevalence of CTOs at angiography and lower revascularization rates of CTOs by CABG. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The influence of advancing age on implantation of drug‐eluting stents
Authors: Tian Wenjie , Mahmoudi Michael , Lhermusier Thibault , Kiramijyan Sarkis , Chen Fang , Torguson Rebecca , Suddath William O. , Satler Lowell F. , Pichard Augusto D. , Waksman Ron
Published: November 2015

Background

The influence of age upon the use of drug‐eluting stents (DES) in patients aged ≥ 65 years is uncertain. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of age increase in patients aged ≥ 65 years in the use of DES in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Method

The study cohort comprised 8,598 patients ≥ 65 years of age who underwent stent implantation from April 2003 to March 2014. We defined the first DES era as the period April 2003 to July 2008 and the second DES era as the period July 2008 to March 2014. Multivariable logistic regression was performed for both eras to assess the impact of age increase and analyze independent factors associated with DES implantation.

Results

In the first DES era cohort, the two groups of patients differed in their risk factor profile with lower rates of male sex, diabetes, smokers, and hypercholesterolemia in those aged ≥ 75 years. There were more Caucasian and less African‐Americans in this age group. Furthermore, patients aged ≥ 75 years had lower left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and baseline haematocrit concentration were more likely to present with an acute myocardial infarction (MI) than stable or unstable angina and had higher rates of a previous history for congestive heart failure (CHF), chronic renal insufficiency (CRI), and peripheral vascular disease (PVD). These differences were broadly similar for patients in the second DES era except for similarities in LVEF, presentation with unstable angina, and PVD, as well as a lower rate for previous PCI. DES use was reduced with increasing age in both the first (OR=0.78; 95% CI=0.69–0.89) and second DES era (OR=0.53; 95% CI=0.47–0.58). In both eras, DES use was less likely in current smokers, patients presenting with acute MI and cardiogenic shock, and those with a previous history of CHF.

Conclusion

In patients aged ≥ 65 years, the use of DES decreased with increasing age. This observation was apparent in both the first and second DES era. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Influence of Surface Orientation on the Catalytic Activities of La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 Crystal Electrodes for Oxygen Reduction and Evolution Reactions
Authors: Miyahara Yuto , Miyazaki Kohei , Fukutsuka Tomokazu , Abe Takeshi
Published: November 2015

We investigated the influence of the surface orientation of La0.8Sr0.2CoO3 (LSCO) on the catalytic activities for oxygen evolution and reduction reactions in alkaline solutions when using single crystals of LSCO. When LSCO single‐crystal rods are sliced along the (001), (110), and (111) planes of a high‐temperature cubic structure, we obtain crystal electrodes that can be denoted (001)C, (110)C, and (111)C, respectively. The catalytic activities for oxygen evolution occur in the order (110)C> (001)C≈(111)C. Although the currents for oxygen reduction on LSCO single crystals are hardly observed, their activities are enhanced when carbon is placed on the crystal surfaces. These results clearly show that the oxygen evolution activities of LSCO electrodes are dependent on their crystal planes, whereas their oxygen reduction activities rely on the interplay between carbon and LSCO. These findings may contribute toward the development of an effective electrocatalyst for rechargeable air electrodes.
A Light‐Activated Microheater for the Remote Control of Enzymatic Catalysis
Authors: Cao Yuanyuan , Wang Zhen , Liao Shenglong , Wang Jian , Wang Yapei
Published: November 2015

The remote control of enzymatic catalysis is of significant importance in disease treatment and industrial applications. Herein, we designed a microheater composed of a porous polylactic acid (PLA) matrix and polydopamine (PDA) with notable photothermal conversion capability. Starch hydrolysis, catalyzed by using α‐amylase, was accelerated in the presence of the microheater under illumination with near‐infrared light or natural sunlight at room temperature. Additionally, the methodology was extended to the preparation of microwave‐absorbing materials with the deposition of polyaniline on porous PLA matrix. The porous morphology improves the energy‐conversion efficiency.
Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis and Physicochemical Characterization of Tetrafuranylporphyrin‐Grafted Reduced‐Graphene Oxide
Authors: Bosca Federica , Orio Laura , Tagliapietra Silvia , Corazzari Ingrid , Turci Francesco , Martina Katia , Pastero Linda , Cravotto Giancarlo , Barge Alessandro
Published: November 2015

This work describes the design of a modified porphyrin that bears four furan rings linked by 1,2‐bis‐(2‐aminoethoxy)ethane spacers. This unit is a well‐suited scaffold for a Diels–Alder reaction with commercial reduced‐graphene oxide, which is also described in this paper. A new hybrid material is obtained, thanks to efficient grafting under microwave irradiation, and fully characterized in terms of structure (UV, TGA, Raman) and morphology (HR‐TEM and AFM). Potential applications in photo‐ and sonodynamic therapy are envisaged.
Reaction between Azidyl Radicals and Alkynes: A Straightforward Approach to NH‐1,2,3‐Triazoles
Authors: Hu Long , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Wang Tao , He Guifeng , Gao Meng , Zhao Junfeng
Published: November 2015

Reaction between nitrogen‐centered radicals and unsaturated C−C bonds is an effective synthetic strategy for the construction of nitrogen‐containing molecules. Although the reactions between nitrogen‐centered radicals and alkenes have been studied extensively, their counterpart reactions with alkynes are extremely rare. Herein, the first example of reactions between azidyl radicals and alkynes is described. This reaction initiated an efficient cascade reaction involving inter‐/intramolecular radical homolytic addition toward a C−C triple bond and a hydrogen‐atom transfer step to offer a straightforward approach to NH‐1,2,3‐triazoles under mild reaction conditions. Both the internal and terminal alkynes work well for this transformation and some heterocyclic substituents on alkynes are compatible. This mechanistically distinct strategy overcomes the inherent limitations associated with azide anion chemistry and represents a rare example of reactions between a nitrogen‐centered radicals and alkynes.
A semivarying joint model for longitudinal binary and continuous outcomes
Authors: Kürüm Esra , Hughes John , Li Runze
Published: November 2015

Semivarying models extend varying coefficient models by allowing some regression coefficients to be constant with respect to the underlying covariate(s). In this paper we develop a semivarying joint modelling framework for estimating the time‐varying association between two intensively measured longitudinal responses: a continuous one and a binary one. To overcome the major challenge of jointly modelling these responses, namely, the lack of a natural multivariate distribution we introduce a Gaussian latent variable underlying the binary response. We then decompose the model into two components: a marginal model for the continuous response and a conditional model for the binary response given the continuous response. We develop a two‐stage estimation procedure and discuss the asymptotic normality of the resulting estimators. We assess the finite‐sample performance of our procedure using a simulation study, and we illustrate our method by analyzing binary and continuous responses from the Women's Interagency HIV Study.The Canadian Journal of Statistics44: 44–57; 2016 © 2015 Statistical Society of Canada
Effect of Steam‐Treatment Time on the Length and Structure of Single‐Walled and Double‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Kierkowicz Magdalena , Pach Elzbieta , Santidrián Ana , Tobías‐Rossell Ester , Kalbáč Martin , Ballesteros Belén , Tobias Gerard
Published: November 2015

A major challenge to turn the potential of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into customer applications is to reduce or eliminate their toxicity. Taking into account health and safety concerns, intensified research efforts have been conducted to improve the biocompatibility of CNTs, including the development of new shortening and purification strategies. Ideally, the methods used for improving the biocompatibility of CNTs should not alter the electronic properties of CNTs. Herein, we report on the shortening of a sample containing single‐walled and double‐walled CNTs using steam and obtain new insights in the properties of the steam‐treated CNTs. The present study shows that short CNTs (median length ca. 200 nm) can be obtained under the reported conditions. Raman analysis reveals that wider and outer nanotubes undergo more significant changes than the narrower and inner ones, especially after a prolonged steam treatment.
Distinguishing Protonation States of Histidine Ligands to the Oxidized Rieske Iron–Sulfur Cluster through 15N Vibrational Frequency Shifts
Authors: Jagger Benjamin R. , Koval Ashlyn M. , Wheeler Ralph A.
Published: November 2015

The Rieske [2Fe–2S] cluster is a vital component of many oxidoreductases, including mitochondrial cytochrome bc1; its chloroplast equivalent, cytochrome b6f; one class of dioxygenases; and arsenite oxidase. The Rieske cluster acts as an electron shuttle and its reduction is believed to couple with protonation of one of the cluster′s His ligands. In cytochromes bc1 and b6f, for example, the Rieske cluster acts as the first electron acceptor in a modified Q cycle. The protonation states of the cluster′s His ligands determine its ability to accept a proton and possibly an electron through a hydrogen bond to the electron carrier, ubiquinol. Experimental determination of the protonation states of a Rieske cluster′s two His ligands by NMR spectroscopy is difficult, due to the close proximity of the two paramagnetic iron atoms of the cluster. Therefore, this work reports density functional calculations and proposes that difference vibrational spectroscopy with 15N isotopic substitution may be used to assign the protonation states of the His ligands of the oxidized Rieske [2Fe–2S] complex.
Biomarkers in heart failure: the importance of inconvenient details
Authors: Miller Wayne L. , Jaffe Allan S.
Published: November 2015

The proliferation of cardiac‐related biomarkers and advocacy for their use has often come without adequate discussion of limitations in the interpretation of values and their best use in heart failure (HF) patients to provide a balanced assessment of how cardiac biomarkers are advocated for use in HF and areas where we would argue there are no gaps in knowledge. We include suggestions to address these issues. We have focused on peer‐reviewed publications over the period 2000 to present. Most studies have used samples at one or at most two points in time to define risk. Although biomarkers might add to the magnitude of risk, it is unclear how often they lead to changes in treatment. We suggest that defining the use of serial biomarker testing over time would be more helpful. To do this, it is necessary to take into account the biomarker's analytical and biological variability in addition to its ability to define and monitor therapy. These factors are often overlooked leading to conclusions that may be statistically significant but not clinically or analytically robust. An appreciation of the value and limitations of biomarker use is important to all clinicians who manage HF patients. If the proper studies are done so that biomarkers are used optimally, they will likely be helpful in defining when and how to intervene. If we continue as we have, we will continue to have ambiguity about the use of these valuable probes in the assessment and management of HF.
Irradiation of primary human gliomas triggers dynamic and aggressive survival responses involving microvesicle signaling
Authors: Baulch Janet E. , Geidzinski Erich , Tran Katherine K. , Yu Liping , Zhou Yi‐Hong , Limoli Charles L.
Published: November 2015

Malignant gliomas are heterogeneous populations of dynamically interacting cells. Genomic and transcriptional changes define this cellular hierarchy and allow certain tumor cells to co‐opt metabolic machinery and adopt gene expression profiles that promote cellular reprogramming. Resultant expansion of privileged subpopulations can then rapidly adapt to microenvironmental stress that ultimately influence tumor response to therapeutic intervention. In this study, primary gliomas were subjected to acute or chronic irradiation and analyzed for changes in survival parameters, oxidative stress, gene expression, and cell invasion before and after treatment with secreted microvesicles isolated from irradiated and nonirradiated glioma cells. We found that primary gliomas exposed to ionizing radiation undergo metabolic changes that increase oxidative stress, alter gene expression, and affect the contents of and response to cellular secreted microvesicles. Radiation‐induced changes were exacerbated under chronic as compared to acute irradiation paradigms and promoted cellular reprogramming through enhanced expression of key transcription factors and regulators involved in differentiation and pluripotency (SOX2, POU3F2, SALL2, OLIG2, NANOG, POU5F1v1, MSI1). Irradiation also affected changes in paracrine signaling mediated by cellular secreted microvesicles that significantly altered target cell phenotype. Primary gliomas treated with microvesicles exhibited increased radioresistance and treatment with microvesicles from chronically irradiated gliomas promoted invasion via induction of increased matrix metalloproteinase II activity. Together, our data describe a complex radiation response of primary glioma cells involving metabolic and transcriptional changes that alter radiation sensitivity and induce invasive behavior. These important changes can contribute to tumor growth and recurrence, and confound interventions designed to forestall disease progression. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 57:405–415, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring Parental Bonding in BED and Non‐BED Obesity Compared with Healthy Controls: Clinical, Personality and Psychopathology Correlates
Authors: Amianto Federico , Ercole Roberta , Abbate Daga Giovanni , Fassino Secondo
Published: November 2015

Early inadequate attachment experiences are relevant co‐factors in the development of obesity and Binge Eating Disorder (BED), which often concurs with obesity. The relationship of parental bonding with personality and psychopathology may influence treatment strategies for obese subjects, either affected or not with BED.

In this study, 443 obese women (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2), including 243 with and 200 without BED, and 158 female controls were assessed with regards to attachment, personality and eating psychopathology measures. Clusters obtained using the scores of the Parental Bonding Instrument (PBI) were compared with each other and with a control subjects' group.

Lower scores of parental bonding distinguished obese subjects with respect to healthy controls. The cluster analysis revealed two clusters of parenting among obese subjects. The larger one displayed intermediate care and overprotection between controls and the smaller cluster, with the exception of paternal overprotection which is similar to controls. This larger cluster was characterized by low persistence and levels of psychopathology which are intermediate between healthy controls and the smaller cluster. The smaller cluster displayed lower care and higher overcontrol from both parents. It also displays more extreme personality traits (high novelty seeking and harm avoidance, and lower self‐directedness and cooperativeness) and more severe eating and general psychopathology.

Different parenting dynamics relate to different personality patterns and eating psychopathology of obese subjects, but not to binge eating conducts. Personality differences between parenting clusters are more extensive than those between BED and non‐BED subgroups. The two different typologies of obese subjects based on parenting may be relevant for treatment personalization. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.