bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Iterative MMSE equalization and CFO compensation for the uplink SC‐FDMA transmission
Authors: Selvaraj K. , Ganeshkumar P. , Anandaraj M.
Published: January 2016

Single‐carrier frequency division multiple access is greatly sensitive to carrier frequency offset (CFO) between transceivers. This leads to the destruction of orthogonality among subcarriers, which in turn leads to inter‐carrier interference and multiple access interference between different users. Minimum mean square error (MMSE) equalizer that uses an inverse operation on an interference matrix with a dimension equal to the number of subcarriers is normally used to invalidate CFO effects. Hence, the terminal processing complexity is very high. The proposed conjugate gradient method attempts to mitigate the higher computational complexity by iteratively evaluating the MMSE solution without direct matrix inverse operation. To further mitigate the multiple access interference, MMSE combined with parallel interference cancellation is also implemented. The analysis of the proposed method shows better performance and fast convergence in single‐carrier frequency division multiple access systems. The maximum iteration number to formulate an accurate solution is almost equal to the number of active users in the uplink access. Simulation results bring out the effectiveness of the present method compared with the existing CFO compensation schemes in terms of computational complication and system performance with large frequency offsets. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Zebrafish scarb2a insertional mutant reveals a novel function for the Scarb2/Limp2 receptor in notochord development
Authors: Diaz‐Tellez Abigail , Zampedri Cecilia , Ramos‐Balderas Jose L. , García‐Hernández Fernando , Maldonado Ernesto
Published: January 2016

Background: Scarb2 or Limp2 belong to a subfamily of Scavenger receptors described as lysosomal transmembrane glycosylated receptors, that are mutated in the human syndrome AMRF (action myoclonus‐renal failure). The zebrafish insertional mutant scarb2ahi1463Tg has notochord defects, the notochord is a defining feature of chordates running along the center of the longitudinal axis and it is essential for forming the spinal column in all vertebrates. Results: There are three paralogous scarb2 genes in zebrafish; scarb2a, scarb2b, and scarb2c. Both Scarb2a and Scarb2b proteins lack the classical di‐leucine motif. We found that scarb2ahi1463Tg homozygous zebrafish embryos have a null mutation impairing vacuole formation in the notochord and simultaneously disrupting proper formation of the basement membrane resulting in its thickening at the ventral side of the notochord, which may be the cause for the anomalous upward bending observed in the trunk. Through whole‐mount in situ hybridization, we detected scarb2a mRNA expression in the notochord and in the brain early in development. However, it is puzzling that scarb2a notochord mRNA expression is short‐lived in the presumptive notochord and precedes the complete differentiation of the notochord. Conclusions: This work describes a novel function for the Scarb2 receptor as an essential glycoprotein for notochord development. Developmental Dynamics 245:508–519, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pod/seed attributes and their role in taxonomic delimitation on some species of Senna (Caesalpiniaceae)
Authors: Akinyemi O. F. , Ayodele M. S.
Published: January 2016

This study investigated the attributes of pod and seed and their role in taxonomic delimi‐ tation of Senna species. This is consequent upon their ethno‐botanical importance in orthodox medicine, pests and disease control, production of dyes and tannins, and as ornamental trees. A total of twenty‐two accessions of five Senna species: Senna alata, S. occidentalis, S. hirsuta, S. obtusifolia and S. acutifolia were obtained from different locations in Abeokuta, Ogun State Nigeria. The morphological attributes of the pod and seed accessions were evaluated to reveal their phenotypic and phylogenetic relationships. Statistical analyses of quantitative data were done using SAS/PC Version 9.1. The common generic feature which supports their classifications as members of the same genus is exhibited in their fruit type (pod). Percent seed‐set and germination performance are high for all the accessions. Germination performance ranges from 72% to 100%. The variation between species in pod and seed characters is highly significant at 0.001 probability level (p < 0.001). The dendrogram categorizes the 22 accessions (genotypes) into 4 phenotypic groups within the two extremes of similarity levels (0.0–3.5SL). Pod and seed attributes are of taxonomic importance in the genus Senna.
Reinstatement of Tetradesmus G. M. Smith (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyta)
Authors: Wynne Michael J. , Hallan Joel K.
Published: January 2016

Earlier and more recent history of the relationship between the desmid genera Acutodesmus and Tetradesmus (Sphaeropleales, Chlorophyta) is discussed. It is pointed out that current taxonomic treatments are using the name Acutodesmus (Hegewald) Tsarenko, which dates as a genus only from 2001. Taxonomic treatments are now including in Acutodesmus A. wisconsinensis, which is the type species of the earlier generic name Tetradesmus of G. M. Smith (1913). Because of the priority of Tetradesmus, ten taxa are transferred to that genus. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Morphometric analysis of cryofixed muscular tissue for intraoperative consultation
Authors: Bianciardi Giorgio , Pontenani Francesca , Vassallo Loretta , Tacchini Damiana , Buonsanti Michele , Tripodi Sergio
Published: January 2016

For diagnostic purposes, cryofixation of tissues is a daily routine technique to investigate rapidly about the presence of tumours during a surgical procedure in patients. We performed morphometric analysis of cryofixed muscular tissues according to different techniques. About 1,000 muscle fibers and 1,493 nuclei, were automatically examined. After freezing, ice tissue interfaces shrinkage of the cells were present. Liquid isopentane or liquid nitrogen produced a statistical increase of fractal dimension, D, of the ice‐tissue interfaces, P < 0.001 respect to the formalin‐fixed samples, cryofixation performed inside the cryostat chamber at t = −20°C produced a D value close to the formalin‐fixed samples. Shrinkage of the muscle fibers was higher in the samples cryofixed inside the cryostat chamber (P < 0.001). Cryofixation inside cryostat or by liquid nitrogen caused decreases of the nuclei dimensions and altered nuclear morphology (P < 0.01), liquid isopentane appeared not affecting the nuclei of the fibers. Cryofixation inside the cryostat chamber produced the highest shrinkage but it was reduced performing cryofixation in liquid nitrogen or isopentane. Freezing damage inside the muscle cells was absent in the samples cryofixed inside the cryostat, it was present after cryofixation by liquid nitrogen or isopentane. Subcellular components like the nuclei were preserved by isopentane. This paper present, for the first time, an objective method able to quantify and characterize the damages produced by cryofixation in biological sample for intraoperative consultation. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:155–161, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
National survey on the practice of radiation therapists in Australia
Authors: Sale Charlotte , Halkett Georgia , Cox Jenny
Published: January 2016

Introduction

Radiation therapy (RT), like many allied health professions, has lacked professional practice clarity, which until 2008 had not been comprehensively investigated. This manuscript describes the first phase of a three‐phase project investigating the current and future practices of radiation therapists (RTs) in Australia. The aim of phase 1 was to define the practice of RTs in Australia.

Methods

A quantitative approach was used to gain an understanding of RT practice. A national survey was distributed to RTs in Australia. Descriptive statistics and content analysis were used to analyse the data. RT practice was analysed in relation to core and non‐core roles, where non‐core roles were further divided into basic and advanced practices.

Results

The data from the national survey were representative of the Australian RT population (n = 525). The current practice of RTs is presented in summary tables for each area of work (treatment, planning, simulation, mould room and general).

Conclusion

This study provided clarification of RT practice and indicated there was a desire to relinquish administrative roles to focus on RT–specific practice. There was evidence that some advanced roles were currently practiced in Australia; however, there was no structure to support these roles and they were based only on local need. This study identified that the profession needs to consider how they will maintain core RT practice, while encouraging the development of new roles, and whether some roles need to be relinquished.
Chronic hepatitis B infection is not associated with increased risk of vascular mortality while having an association with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Katoonizadeh Aezam , Ghoroghi Shima , Sharafkhah Maryam , Khoshnia Masoud , Mirzaei Samaneh , Shayanrad Amaneh , Poustchi Hossein , Malekzadeh Reza
Published: January 2016

This study aimed to assess the association of chronic hepatitis B (CHB) with vascular mortality and metabolic syndrome (MS) using data from a large population‐based cohort study in Iran. A total of 12,781 participants (2249 treatment‐naïve CHB and 10,532 without CHB) were studied. Logistic regression model was used to assess the association between MS and CHB with adjustment for age, ALT, PLT, alcohol intake, smoking, exercise, and socioeconomic status. MS was defined according to the ATPIII guidelines. Cox proportional hazards model was used to assess the hazard ratios for overall and vascular related mortality. There was a significant association between CHB infection and overall mortality (hazard ratio (95%CI) of 1.44 (1.16–1.79), P < 0.001) after adjusting for other confounders. However, we found no association between CHB infection and mortality from vascular events (hazard ratio (95%CI) of 1.31 (0.93–1.84), P = 0.124) even after subgroup analysis by ALT. Furthermore, increased risk of overall mortality in CHB infected individuals was not related to MS and vice versa (P for interaction = 0.06). We noted a significant direct association between CHB infection and MS in women (OR (95%CI); 1.23 (1.07–1.42), P < 0.004). However, CHB was inversely associated with MS in men (OR (95%CI), 0.85 (0.79–0.99). This gender dependent association was related to high BP levels in women. In this study no association between CHB infection and mortality from vascular events was found. Further longitudinal studies should be done to investigate the exact impact of HBV infection on metabolic parameters and vascular pathology. J. Med. Virol. 88:1230–1237, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantitative in vivo biocompatibility of new ultralow‐nickel cobalt–chromium–molybdenum alloys
Authors: Sonofuchi Kazuaki , Hagiwara Yoshihiro , Koizumi Yuichiro , Chiba Akihiko , Kawano Mitsuko , Nakayama Masafumi , Ogasawara Kouetsu , Yabe Yutaka , Itoi Eiji
Published: January 2016

Nickel (Ni) eluted from metallic biomaterials is widely accepted as a major cause of allergies and inflammation. To improve the safety of cobalt–chromium–molybdenum (Co–Cr–Mo) alloy implants, new ultralow‐Ni Co–Cr–Mo alloys with and without zirconium (Zr) have been developed, with Ni contents of less than 0.01%. In the present study, we investigated the biocompatibility of these new alloys in vivo by subcutaneously implanting pure Ni, conventional Co–Cr–Mo, ultralow‐Ni Co–Cr–Mo, and ultralow‐Ni Co–Cr–Mo with Zr wires into the dorsal sides of mice. After 3 and 7 days, tissues around the wire were excised, and inflammation; the expression of IL‐1β, IL‐6, and TNF‐α; and Ni, Co, Cr, and Mo ion release were analyzed using histological analyses, qRT‐PCR, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS), respectively. Significantly larger amounts of Ni eluted from pure Ni wires than from the other wires, and the degree of inflammation depended on the amount of eluted Ni. Although no significant differences in inflammatory reactions were identified among new alloys and conventional Co–Cr–Mo alloys in histological and qRT‐PCR analyses, ICP‐MS analysis revealed that Ni ion elution from ultralow‐Ni Co–Cr–Mo alloys with and without Zr was significantly lower than from conventional Co–Cr–Mo alloys. Our study, suggests that the present ultralow‐Ni Co–Cr–Mo alloys with and without Zr have greater safety and utility than conventional Co–Cr–Mo alloys. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1505–1513, 2016.
Influence of cyclic loading on the adhesive effectiveness of resin‐zirconia interface after femtosecond laser irradiation and conventional surface treatments
Authors: Vicente María , Gomes Ana L. , Montero Javier , Rosel Eva , Seoane Vicente , Albaladejo Alberto
Published: January 2016

Background and Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of cyclic loading on the shear bond strength (SBS) of a self‐adhesive resin cement to zirconia surfaces after femtosecond laser irradiation at different steps and several conventional surface treatments.

Materials and Methods

One hundred fifty square‐shaped zirconia samples were divided into five groups according their surface treatment: NT Group–no surface treatment; APA25 Group–airborne abrasion with 25 μm alumina particles; TSC Group–tribochemical silica coating; FS20 Group–femtosecond laser irradiation (800 nm, 4 mJ, 40 fs/pulse, 1 kHz, step 20); and FS40 Group–femtosecond laser irradiation (same parameters except step 40). Self‐adhesive resin cement cylinders were bonded at the centre of the zirconia surface. For each experimental group, half of the specimens were subject to cyclic loading under 90 N (50.000 cycles, 3 cycles/sec) and the rest of the specimens were stored in distilled water at 37°C. All subgroups were tested for SBS with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min, until fracture. The results were analyzed statistically.

Results

When cyclic loading was applied, all surface treatments had lower SBS values, except APA25. The four surface treatments had the same SBS values when cyclic loading was employed.

Conclusions

Use of femtosecond laser irradiation could be an alternative to conventional surface treatments to achieve suitable adhesion zirconia and resin cements. Femtosecond laser irradiation at step 40 is preferable because it is more efficient and faster. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:36–44, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐navigation under non‐steady‐state conditions: Cardiac and respiratory self‐gating of inversion recovery snapshot FLASH acquisitions in mice
Authors: Winter Patrick , Kampf Thomas , Helluy Xavier , Gutjahr Fabian T. , Meyer Cord B. , Bauer Wolfgang R. , Jakob Peter M. , Herold Volker
Published: January 2016

Purpose

An algorithm is presented to enable cardiac and respiratory self‐gating in combination with Inversion Recovery Look‐Locker read‐outs.

Methods

A radial inversion recovery snapshot FLASH sequence was adapted for retrospective cardiac T1 measurements in mice. Cardiac and respiratory data were extracted from the k‐space center of radial projections and an adapted method for retrospective cardiac synchronization is introduced. Electrocardiogram (ECG) data was acquired concurrently for validation of the proposed self‐gating technique. T1 maps generated by the proposed technique were compared with maps reconstructed with the ECG reference.

Results

Respiratory gating and cardiac trigger points could be obtained for the whole time course of the relaxation dynamic and correlate very well to the ECG signal. T1 maps reconstructed with the self‐gating technique are in very good agreement with maps reconstructed with the external reference.

Conclusion

The proposed method extends “wireless” cardiac MRI to non‐steady‐state inversion recovery measurements. T1 maps were generated with a quality comparable to ECG based reconstructions. As the method does not rely on an ECG trigger signal it provides easier animal handling. Magn Reson Med 76:1887–1894, 2016. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Dynamics of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Plumes in the Downstream and Upstream Regions
Authors: Li Xue Chen , Zhang Pan Pan , Jia Peng Ying , Chen Jun Ying , Bao Wen Ting , Dong Li Fang
Published: January 2016

A novel plasma jet driven by an alternating current voltage is developed to generate atmospheric pressure non‐equilibrium plasma plumes in the downstream region and in the upstream one of the argon flow. The angle between the rod electrode and the gas flow can be changed easily, and the plume lengths in the downstream and upstream regions are investigated as a function of the angle and the peak voltage. With increasing the peak voltage, the discharge pulse number tends to increase for every half voltage cycle. Using an intensified charge‐coupled device camera, the dynamics of the plasma plumes is also investigated in the downstream and upstream regions. The dynamics of the plumes is qualitatively explained by the streamer propagations influenced by residual charges.
Real‐time PCR assay to detect brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys (Stål), in environmental DNA
Authors: Valentin Rafael E , Maslo Brooke , Lockwood Julie L , Pote John , Fonseca Dina M
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND

Early detection before establishment and identification of key predators are time‐honored strategies towards effective eradication or control of invasive species. The brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), Halyomorpha halys, is a recent exotic pest of several important crops in North America and Europe. Resulting widespread applications of insecticides have countered years of careful integrated pest management and are leading to the resurgence of other agricultural pests. Environmental DNA (eDNA) has been used effectively to detect aquatic invasives.

RESULTS

We developed a real‐time PCR (qPCR) assay for BMSB in a conserved region of the ribosomal DNA interspacer 1 (ITS1). We validated this assay on worldwide populations of BMSB and tested its specificity and sensitivity against other US Pentatomidae species and on guano of big brown bat, Eptesicus fuscus, which we confirmed is a BMSB predator in New Jersey. We also detected BMSB DNA after rapid (and inexpensive) HotSHOT DNA extractions of soiled paper from cages briefly holding BMSB, as well as from discarded exuviae.

CONCLUSION

Given the high sensitivity of our assay to BMSB environmental DNA (eDNA) in terrestrial samples, this tool should become a cost‐effective approach for using eDNA to detect terrestrial invasive species and their key predators. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Determining the Reference Sample Size Needed to Control the Accuracy of the Conditional in‐control ARL of a Normal‐theory CUSUM
Authors: Jeske Daniel R.
Published: January 2016

The question considered in this paper is how large does an in‐control reference sample need to be in order to control the effects of using estimated parameters when using a normal‐theory cumulative sum (CUSUM) tracking statistic? Previous research has demonstrated the effect of estimation errors on the conditional in‐control average run length of the CUSUM. The contributions of this paper are simple analytical tools that determine the required reference sample size needed to ensure probabilistic control of the relative error of the conditional in‐control average run length. The availability of these tools rounds out the design phase of the CUSUM by enabling a practical procedure for determining the needed size of the reference sample. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accurate peak fitting and subsequent quantitative composition analysis of the spectrum of Co 2p obtained with Al Kα radiation: I: cobalt spinel
Authors: Cabrera‐German Dagoberto , Gomez‐Sosa Gustavo , Herrera‐Gomez Alberto
Published: January 2016

Employing state‐of‐the‐art and practical peak‐fitting and background modeling methods (active approach), we obtained high quality fitting of the photoemission spectrum of Co 2p in cobalt spinel. The concurrent analysis of both 2p3/2 and 2p1/2 branches played a fundamental role. It revealed various Auger features that interfere with the main photoemission lines. It was possible to accurately reproduce the corresponding composition (Co3O4.0 ± 0.25) and to report the relative intensity of the various multiplet/satellite peaks including the associated uncertainties. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Simpson's paradox in the integrated discrimination improvement
Authors: Chipman J. , Braun D.
Published: January 2016

The integrated discrimination improvement (IDI) is commonly used to compare two risk prediction models; it summarizes the extent a new model increases risk in events and decreases risk in non‐events. The IDI averages risks across events and non‐events and is therefore susceptible to Simpson's paradox. In some settings, adding a predictive covariate to a well calibrated model results in an overall negative (positive) IDI. However, if stratified by that same covariate, the strata‐specific IDIs are positive (negative). Meanwhile, the calibration (observed to expected ratio and Hosmer–Lemeshow Goodness of Fit Test), area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, and Brier score improve overall and by stratum. We ran extensive simulations to investigate the impact of an imbalanced covariate upon metrics (IDI, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve, Brier score, and R2), provide an analytic explanation for the paradox in the IDI, and use an investigative metric, a Weighted IDI, to better understand the paradox. In simulations, all instances of the paradox occurred under stratum‐specific mis‐calibration, yet there were mis‐calibrated settings in which the paradox did not occur. The paradox is illustrated on Cancer Genomics Network data by calculating predictions based on two versions of BRCAPRO, a Mendelian risk prediction model for breast and ovarian cancer. In both simulations and the Cancer Genomics Network data, overall model calibration did not guarantee stratum‐level calibration. We conclude that the IDI should only assess model performance among a clinically relevant subset when stratum‐level calibration is strictly met and recommend calculating additional metrics to confirm the direction and conclusions of the IDI. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass Communication Research Methods
Authors: Hansen Anders , Cottle Simon , Negrine Ralph , Newbold Chris
Published: January 2016

Offering an introduction to key research methods and approaches for the study of media and mass communications processes, this book starts with a discussion on how to select the right methods for the right research questions, before going on to outline the main methods and approaches for the study of: media organisations; the practices of media professionals; media content and representations; and media audiences. Drawing widely on examples from communications research literature, the authors describe the development and application of each method and the details of the steps involved, giving examples of research instruments as appropriate.
Surgical treatment of secondary peritonitis
Authors: van Ruler O. , Boermeester M. A.
Published: January 2016

Secondary peritonitis remains associated with high mortality and morbidity rates. Treatment of secondary peritonitis is challenging even in modern medicine. Surgical intervention for source control remains the cornerstone of treatment, beside adequate antimicrobial therapy and resuscitation. A randomized clinical trial showed that relaparotomy on demand (ROD) after initial emergency surgery is the preferred treatment strategy, irrespective of the severity and extent of peritonitis. The effective and safe use of ROD requires intensive monitoring of the patient in a setting where diagnostic tests and decision making about relaparotomy are guaranteed round the clock. The lack of knowledge on timely and adequate patient selection, together with the lack of use of easy but reliable monitoring tools, seems to hamper full implementation of ROD. The accuracy of the relap decision tool is reasonable for prediction of ongoing peritonitis and selection for computer tomography (CT). The value of CT in an early postoperative phase is unclear. Future research and innovative technologies should focus on the additive value of CT in cases of operated secondary peritonitis and on the further optimization of bedside prediction tools to enhance adequate patient selection for intervention in a multidisciplinary setting.
Does plant size affect growth responses to water availability at glacial, modern and future CO2 concentrations?
Authors: Liu Jin‐Chun , Temme Andries A. , Cornwell William K. , van Logtestijn Richard S. P. , Aerts Rien , Cornelissen Johannes H. C.
Published: January 2016

Plant responses to carbon (C) and water availability are strongly connected. Thus, we can learn much about the responses of modern plants to rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) by studying their performance under a range of carbon and water availabilities, including very low CO2 as in past glacial periods. We hypothesized that, especially in shallow soils, the positive effects of high CO2 and the negative effects of low CO2 on growth response to drought are moderated by plant size‐driven feedbacks through transpiration and soil water depletion. We grew two temperate annual C3 species, Avena sativa and Chenopodium album, in glacial (180 ppm), modern (400 ppm) and future (700 ppm) CO2 levels and five soil water regimes in climate chambers. In both species, low CO2 resulted in a much lower relative growth rate, biomass and total leaf area than at ambient CO2 with higher water availability, but this difference disappeared steadily towards severe drought conditions. Elevated CO2 increased relative growth rate, plant biomass and total leaf area of both species slightly compared with ambient CO2. These results were especially pronounced under drought. Our results support the hypothesis that, in annuals, plant size modulates the negative drought effect at low CO2. However, plant size‐mediated effects of high CO2 on growth response to drought were inconclusive. Further experiments should reveal the interactive effects of CO2 and water regimes in environments closer to a field setting, both in shallow and in deep soils with unconstrained rooting, as well as in mixed communities.
Microstructure of the Nickel-Base Superalloy CMSX-4 Fabricated by Selective Electron Beam Melting
Authors: Ramsperger Markus , Singer Robert F. , Körner Carolin
Published: January 2016

Powder bed-based additive manufacturing (AM) processes are characterized by very high-temperature gradients and solidification rates. These conditions lead to microstructures orders of magnitude smaller than in conventional casting processes. Especially in the field of high performance alloys, like nickel-base superalloys, this opens new opportunities for homogenization and alloy development. Nevertheless, the high susceptibility to cracking of precipitation-hardenable superalloys is a challenge for AM. In this study, electron beam-based AM is used to fabricate samples from gas-atomized pre-alloyed CMSX-4 powder. The influence of the processing strategy on crack formation is investigated. The samples are characterized by optical and SEM microscopy and analyzed by microprobe analysis. Differential scanning calorimetry is used to demonstrate the effect of the fine microstructure on characteristic temperatures. In addition,in situheat treatment effects are investigated.
Vie et mort des gorilles de l'est (gorilla beringej) en captivité (1923-2012)
Authors: Pouillard Violette
Published: January 2016

L'évolution de l'approvisionnement des zoos en animaux est un aspect de l'histoire de ces institutions marginal dans les recherches bien que révélateur des relations entretenues avec la faune. Dans la lignée des récents développements de l'histoire des animaux, il est envisagé ici du côté des animaux et non des seuls humains. Une micro-histoire de la capture des gorilles de l'Est met en évidence les politiques humaines, leurs incidences sur les gorilles et leurs évolutions concomitantes aboutissant à la réduction des captures.
Onze thèses sur les archives de la recherche pour une nouvelle politique patrimoniale et scientifique
Authors: Müller Bertrand
Published: January 2016

Dans cet article qui reprend l'essentiel d'un rapport récent que nous avons préparé pour la direction du CNRS sur la situation médiocre des archives de la recherche en France, nous proposons onze thèses susceptibles de nourrir, dans un contexte de transition générale vers un nouveau régime documentaire numérique, une réflexion pour élaborer une nouvelle politique patrimoniale des archives de la recherche. Les nouvelles contraintes numériques imposent de nouvelles pratiques de mise en archive, pro-actives, anticipatrices et prospectives. Les archives de la recherche doivent alors être pensées dans une double dimension mémorielle et scientifique, et non plus seulement patrimoniale et historique.
Robotic Surgery for Colon and Rectal Cancer
Authors: Park Eun Jung , Baik Seung Hyuk
Published: January 2016

Robotic surgery, used generally for colorectal cancer, has the advantages of a three-dimensional surgical view, steadiness, and seven degrees of robotic arms. However, there are disadvantages, such as a decreased sense of touch, extra time needed to dock the robotic cart, and high cost. Robotic surgery is performed using various techniques, with or without laparoscopic surgery. Because the results of this approach are reported to be similar to or less favorable than those of laparoscopic surgery, the learning curve for robotic colorectal surgery remains controversial. However, according to short- and long-term oncologic outcomes, robotic colorectal surgery is feasible and safe compared with conventional surgery. Advanced technologies in robotic surgery have resulted in favorable intraoperative and perioperative clinical outcomes as well as functional outcomes. As the technical advances in robotic surgery improve surgical performance as well as outcomes, it increasingly is being regarded as a treatment option for colorectal surgery. However, a multicenter, randomized clinical trial is needed to validate this approach.
Adaptability of structured forms for CSII initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes the Getting2GoalSM concept
Authors: Cohen O. , Agabria Z. , Lysyy L. , Ianovitsky Y. , Nguyen X. , Fung M. , Lee S. , Wainstein J.
Published: January 2016

Background

The goal is to assess the usability and satisfaction of implementing the Getting2GoalSM protocol by physicians transitioning patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) from multiple daily injections (MDI) to continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII).

Methods

T2DM patients from three diabetes clinics were switched from MDI to CSII. Physicians used the Getting2Goal type 2 pumping protocol to prescribe and manage insulin pump therapy for T2DM. Surveys were conducted in which the physicians rated their feedback related to acceptability of the Getting2Goal on a 5-point Likert scale.

Results

17 patients with T2DM were switched from MDI to CSII treatment. Mean (±standard deviation) age was 61.2 ± 7.7 (46–77) years, weight was 91.4 ± 21 (66–147) kg, BMI was 31.9 ± 7.6, A1C was 9.2 ± 1.4 % (7.2–12.3) and TDD on MDI was 109.1 ± 53.1 units. Surveys completed by physicians indicated Getting2Goal type 2 pumping protocol to be more efficient, time saving, and structured compared to their current processes. In addition, the primarily prescribed TDD on pump was 98.1 ± 50.0 units and the TDD at first download was 81.4 ± 36.4 units, representing a 25.4 % reduction in TDD At first download. The percentage of all blood glucose readings below 70 mg/dL was also very low.

Conclusions

The data indicate Getting2Goal materials as a standard approach that is simple and efficient to initiate pump therapy for T2DM. At the same time, it is safe and a useful tool for physicians that are starting to prescribe pump therapy for T2DM.
Identifying at‐risk foot among hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes: A cross‐sectional study in one Chinese tertiary hospital
Authors: Zou Sheng‐Yi , Zhao Yuan , Shen Yue‐Ping , Shi Yao‐Fang , Zhou Hui‐Juan , Zou Jian‐Ying , Shi Bi‐Min
Published: January 2016

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of diabetic at‐risk foot and its associated factors.

Methods

A total of 838 hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes were screened for at‐risk foot. Neural and vascular disorders were evaluated by assessing vibration perception thresholds and ankle brachial indexes (ABIs). After excluding 12 patients with abnormally high ABIs, remaining individuals with neural and/or vascular disorder were identified as at‐risk patients and further classified into three subtypes: isolated neural disorder, isolated vascular disorder and mixed disorder. Potential associated factors were examined using Logistic regression models.

Results

In the final sample of 826 individuals, the prevalence of diabetic at‐risk foot was 30.6%. Among all at‐risk patients, isolated neural disorders (69.6%) were more common than mixed (16.2%) or isolated vascular disorders (14.2%). Isolated neural and vascular disorders shared specific risk factors, including age per 20‐year increment (odds ratio [95% CI], 3.73 [2.59–5.37] and 4.01 [1.98–8.11]), diabetic duration ≥10 years (1.69 [1.13–2.54] and 3.29 [1.49–7.24]) and systolic blood pressure ≥140 mmHg (1.96 [1.31–2.93] and 2.90 [1.38–6.10]) respectively. In addition, isolated neural disorders were associated with a heavy smoking history (95%CI 2.69 [1.15–6.31]), increased high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein levels (95%CI 1.30 [1.04–1.62]) and mild obesity (95%CI 0.49 [0.20–1.24]). Isolated vascular disorders were linked with decreased high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (95%CI 3.42 [1.31–8.96]) and increased triglycerides levels (95%CI 2.74 [1.26–5.97]).

Conclusions

Diabetic at‐risk foot is epidemic among hospitalized patients with type 2 diabetes. Aging, long‐term diabetes, hypertension, smoking, inflammatory response and dyslipidemia may be associated with the prevalence of diabetic at‐risk foot.
Hypoxia‐induced alterations of G2 checkpoint regulators
Authors: Hasvold Grete , Lund-Andersen Christin , Lando Malin , Patzke Sebastian , Hauge Sissel , Suo ZhenHe , Lyng Heidi , Syljuåsen Randi G.
Published: January 2016

Hypoxia promotes an aggressive tumor phenotype with increased genomic instability, partially due to downregulation of DNA repair pathways. However, genome stability is also surveilled by cell cycle checkpoints. An important issue is therefore whether hypoxia also can influence the DNA damage‐induced cell cycle checkpoints. Here, we show that hypoxia (24 h 0.2% O2) alters the expression of several G2 checkpoint regulators, as examined by microarray gene expression analysis and immunoblotting of U2OS cells. While some of the changes reflected hypoxia‐induced inhibition of cell cycle progression, the levels of several G2 checkpoint regulators, in particular Cyclin B, were reduced in G2 phase cells after hypoxic exposure, as shown by flow cytometric barcoding analysis of individual cells. These effects were accompanied by decreased phosphorylation of a Cyclin dependent kinase (CDK) target in G2 phase cells after hypoxia, suggesting decreased CDK activity. Furthermore, cells pre‐exposed to hypoxia showed increased G2 checkpoint arrest upon treatment with ionizing radiation. Similar results were found following other hypoxic conditions (∼0.03% O2 20 h and 0.2% O2 72 h). These results demonstrate that the DNA damage‐induced G2 checkpoint can be altered as a consequence of hypoxia, and we propose that such alterations may influence the genome stability of hypoxic tumors.
Towards an integrated phylogenetic classification of theTremellomycetes
Authors: Liu X.-Z. , Wang Q.-M. , Göker M. , Groenewald M. , Kachalkin A.V. , Lumbsch H.T. , Millanes A.M. , Wedin M. , Yurkov A.M. , Boekhout T. , Bai F.-Y.
Published: January 2016

Families and genera assigned toTremellomyceteshave been mainly circumscribed by morphology and for the yeasts also by biochemical and physiological characteristics. This phenotype-based classification is largely in conflict with molecular phylogenetic analyses. Here a phylogenetic classification framework for theTremellomycetesis proposed based on the results of phylogenetic analyses from a seven-genes dataset covering the majority of tremellomycetous yeasts and closely related filamentous taxa. Circumscriptions of the taxonomic units at the order, family and genus levels recognised were quantitatively assessed using the phylogenetic rank boundary optimisation (PRBO) and modified general mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) tests. In addition, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis on an expanded LSU rRNA (D1/D2 domains) gene sequence dataset covering as many as available teleomorphic and filamentous taxa withinTremellomyceteswas performed to investigate the relationships between yeasts and filamentous taxa and to examine the stability of undersampled clades. Based on the results inferred from molecular data and morphological and physiochemical features, we propose an updated classification for theTremellomycetes. We accept five orders, 17 families and 54 genera, including seven new families and 18 new genera. In addition, seven families and 17 genera are emended and one new species name and 185 new combinations are proposed. We propose to use the termpro temporeorpro tem.in abbreviation to indicate the species names that are temporarily maintained.
Temporal and spatial climatic controls on Holocene fire-related erosion and sedimentation, Jemez Mountains, New Mexico
Authors: Fitch Erin P. , Meyer Grant A.
Published: January 2016

In the Jemez Mountains, tree-ring data indicate that low-severity fires characterized the 400 yr before Euro-American settlement, and that subsequent fire suppression promoted denser forests, recent severe fires, and erosion. Over longer timescales, climate change may alter fire regimes; thus, we used fire-related alluvial deposits to assess the timing of moderate- to high-severity fires, their geomorphic impact, and relation to climate over the last 4000 yr. Fire-related sedimentation does not clearly follow millennial-scale climatic changes, but probability peaks commonly correspond with severe drought, e.g., within the interval 1700–1400 cal yr BP, and ca. 650 and ca. 410 cal yr BP. The latter episodes were preceded by prolonged wet intervals that could promote dense stands. Estimated recurrence intervals for fire-related sedimentation are 250–400 yr. Climatic differences with aspect influenced Holocene post-fire response: fire-related deposits constitute 77% of fan sediments from north-facing basins but only 39% of deposits from drier southerly aspects. With sparser vegetation and exposed bedrock, south aspects can generate runoff and sediment when unburned, whereas soil-mantled north aspects produce minor sediment unless severely burned. Recent channel incision appears unprecedented over the last 2300 yr, suggesting that fuel loading and extreme drought produced an anomalously severe burn in 2002.
Lutein, zeaxanthin and meso-zeaxanthin content of eggs laid by hens supplemented with free and esterified xanthophylls
Authors: Nolan John M. , Meagher Katherine A. , Howard Alan N. , Moran Rachel , Thurnham David I. , Beatty Stephen
Published: January 2016

The xanthophyll carotenoids lutein (L), zeaxanthin (Z) and meso-zeaxanthin (MZ) are found at the macula, the central part of the retina, where they are referred to as macular pigment (MP). MP is studied in human subjects because of its proven role in enhancing visual function and its putative role in protecting against age-related macular degeneration. These benefits are probably due to the antioxidant and short-wavelength filtering properties of MP. It is known that eggs are a dietary source of L and Z. This experiment was designed to measure the egg yolk carotenoid response to hen supplementation with L, Z and MZ. A total of forty hens were used in the trial and were divided into eight groups of five hens. Each group was supplemented (with about 140 mg active xanthophylls/kg feed) with one of the following oil-based carotenoid formulations for 6 weeks: unesterified L (group 1); L diacetate (group 2); unesterified Z (group 3); Z diacetate (group 4); unesterified MZ (group 5); MZ diacetate (group 6); L–MZ (1:1) diacetate mixture (group 7); L–MZ diacetate (1:3) mixture (group 8). Yolk carotenoid content was analysed weekly (in four randomly selected eggs) by HPLC. We found that hens supplemented with Z diacetate and MZ diacetate produced eggs with significantly greater carotenoid concentrations than their free form counterparts. This finding potentially represents the development of a novel food, suitable to increase MP and its constituent carotenoids in serum.
THE FINITE BASIS PROBLEM FOR THE MONOID OF TWO-BY-TWO UPPER TRIANGULAR TROPICAL MATRICES
Authors: CHEN YUZHU , HU XUN , LUO YANFENG , SAPIR OLGA
Published: January 2016

For each positive$n$, let$\mathbf{u}_{n}\approx \boldsymbol{v}_{n}$denote the identity obtained from the Adjan identity$(xy)(yx)(xy)(xy)(yx)\approx (xy)(yx)(yx)(xy)(yx)$by substituting$(xy)\rightarrow (x_{1}x_{2}\ldots x_{n})$and$(yx)\rightarrow (x_{n}\ldots x_{2}x_{1})$. We show that every monoid which satisfies$\mathbf{u}_{n}\approx \boldsymbol{v}_{n}$for each positive$n$and generates a variety containing the bicyclic monoid is nonfinitely based. This implies that the monoid$U_{2}(\mathbb{T})$(respectively,$U_{2}(\overline{\mathbb{Z}})$) of two-by-two upper triangular tropical matrices over the tropical semiring$\mathbb{T}=\mathbb{R}\cup \{-\infty \}$(respectively,$\overline{\mathbb{Z}}=\mathbb{Z}\cup \{-\infty \}$) is nonfinitely based.
Solutions for a Kirchhoff Equation with Weight and Nonlinearity with Subcritical and Critical Caffarelli–Kohn–Nirenberg Growth
Authors: Figueiredo Giovany M. , Guimarães Mateus Balbino , Rodrigues Rodrigo da Silva
Published: January 2016

In this paper we study the multiplicity of non-trivial solutions to a class of nonlinear boundary-value problems of Kirchhoff type. We prove existence results when the problem has nonlinearities with subcritical and with critical Caffarelli–Kohn–Nirenberg exponent.
The Chondritic Moon: a solution to the 142Nd conundrum and implications for terrestrial mantle evolution
Authors: DICKIN ALAN P.
Published: January 2016

Recent discoveries that the Earth has a supra-chondritic 142Nd signature have thrown chondritic geochemical Earth models into doubt. Several solutions have been proposed to explain this discrepancy but none has been widely accepted. This paper reviews Nd isotope data for the Moon which bridge the gap between the 142Nd signatures of chondritic meteorites and the accessible Earth. Different chondrite classes define a 142Nd–148Nd correlation line attributed to incomplete mixing of nucleosynthetic components in the solar nebula. Terrestrial standards have 142Nd signatures well above this correlation line, but the 142Nd signature of the Bulk Moon is c. 6 ppm lower than terrestrial (assuming a chondritic Sm/Nd ratio) and falls within error of enstatite chondrites. In view of the demonstrated isotopic similarity between the Earth and Moon, giant impact models require the Moon to be a sample of the early Earth. Therefore, it is inferred that the Earth–Moon system was generated from material similar to enstatite chondrites, but Earth's mantle experienced Sm/Nd fractionation very soon after the Moon-forming collision. Such fractionation processes have been attributed to subduction of early Fe-enriched crust into a deep mantle storage reservoir. Because Sm/Nd fractionation occurred when most 146Sm had already decayed, the hidden incompatible-element-enriched reservoir only became slightly depressed in its 142Nd signature, explaining why this signal has not yet been detected in ocean island basalt sources.
Dissembling Orthodoxy in the Age of the Enlightenment: Frederick the Great and his Confession of Faith
Authors: Kloes Andrew
Published: January 2016

The name of Friedrich II and his nearly half-century reign from 1740 to 1786 are virtually synonymous with the advent and advance of the Enlightenment in Prussia. In his famous 1784 answer to the question posed by theBerlinische Monatsschrift, “What is enlightenment?” Immanuel Kant asserted that enlightenment could be partially conceptualized as a temporal epoch, one whose salient characteristics, especially in regards to religion, were manifested in the personal opinions and public policies of his royal Prussian sovereign. “We do not live in an enlightened age, but in an age of enlightenment – the century of Friedrich.” In a similar spirit, a generation after Kant wrote, Friedrich Schleiermacher delivered a paean to Friedrich II's memory in a January 24, 1817 address to the Prussian Academy of Sciences on what would have been Friedrich II's one-hundred-and-fifth birthday. Schleiermacher heralded Friedrich II as “a friend of the muses,” who doubtlessly conversed with Plato in the afterlife, the legacy of whose domestic initiatives had been to transform Prussia into a more cultured society, while his “heroic” and “glorious” victories secured for the Prussian Army its vaunted reputation for military prowess. As the 29-year-old king himself wrote in a February 24, 1741 battlefield letter from the frontlines of the First Silesian War, “I love war for its glory, but if I were not a ruler, I would be nothing but a philosopher.”
Reindeer champions: culture, rituals and training race reindeer
Authors: Brown-Leonardi Carol
Published: January 2016

Reindeer racing is a sport that is unique to the Scandinavian and Russian Arctic countries. The paper is based on fieldwork carried out in Finnish Lapland in which the process of training race reindeer and the reindeer race competition is examined. It gives some insight into the cultural practices that are used by Finnish reindeer herders in Lapland to train reindeer to race and the relationship that is nurtured between the race reindeer and the trainer. This paper focuses primarily on two key ethnographic interviews from the field and uses additional fieldwork data to support the points of discussion. It gives insight into the concept of ownership and what is considered to be a ‘good’ race reindeer. The reindeer trainer's understanding of the semi-domesticated reindeer challenges the concept of what it means to be ‘wild.’ This is taken into consideration in an examination of the process of the further domestication and training of the reindeer to race. The research explored the nature of the racing environment, the uniqueness of the reindeer racing event and aspects that makes it traditional and appealing for both international tourists and spectators from the north.