bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sintering Silicon Nitride Ceramics in Air
Authors: Plucknett Kevin P. , Lin Hua‐Tay
Published: August 2005

Silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramics, prepared with Y2O3 and Al2O3 sintering additives, have been densified in air at temperatures of up to 1750°C using a conventional MoSi2 element furnace. At the highest sintering temperatures, densities in excess of 98% of theoretical have been achieved for materials prepared with a combined sintering addition of 12 wt% Y2O3 and 3 wt% Al2O3. Densification is accompanied by a small weight gain (typically <1–2 wt%), because of limited passive oxidation of the sample. Complete α‐ to β‐Si3N4 transformation can be achieved at temperatures above 1650°C, although a low volume fraction of Si2N2O is also observed to form below 1750°C. Partial crystallization of the residual grain‐boundary glassy phase was also apparent, with β‐Y2Si2O7 being noted in the majority of samples. The microstructures of the sintered materials exhibited typical β‐Si3N4 elongated grain morphologies, indicating potential for low‐cost processing of in situ toughened Si3N4‐based ceramics.
Neutron Powder Diffraction Study of Y‐Sialon with La2O3 or Nd2O3 Addition
Authors: Salamon David , Pritula Ondrej , Šajgalík Pavol , Rundlöf Håkan
Published: August 2005

Neutron diffraction data of α‐sialon and complementary phases were collected on the neutron powder diffraction (NPD) diffractometer installed in the NFL Studsvik, at a wavelength of 1.470 Å. Calculations were carried out by using the FullProf 2000 utilizing the crystal structure of the yttrium α‐sialon phase. Selected profile and structure parameters were refined in the calculations. The calculated data showed that either La or Nd were also present in the α‐sialon crystal structure in the presence of Y. The comparison of the present phases' weight contents, which were determined by the qualitative phase analysis between NPD and X‐ray diffraction data, was carried out.
Magnetic Properties of a Novel Ceramic Ferroelectric–Ferromagnetic Composite
Authors: Shen Jianhong , Bai Yang , Zhou Ji , Li Longtu
Published: August 2005

A series of [0.8Pb(Ni1/3Nb2/3)O3–0.2PbTiO3]/[(Ni0.2Cu0.2Zn0.6)Fe2O4] (PNNT/NiCuZn) ferroelectric–ferromagnetic composites were prepared by the conventional solid‐state route. The composites show good co‐firing behaviors. X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope studies confirmed the coexistence of ferroelectric PNNT phase and ferromagnetic NiCuZn phase in the composites. No significant chemical interaction has occurred between PNNT phase and NiCuZn phase. All sintered samples exhibit typical magnetic hysteresis loops at room temperature. The saturation magnetization of composites rises linearly with the increase in NiCuZn content. Frequency dependence of initial permeability was also measured. With an increase in NiCuZn, the initial permeability increases and the cutoff frequency tends to decrease. The Maxwell–Garnett (MG) effective medium theory was used to model the magnetic properties of composites. Although the MG equation cannot give an accurate prediction for the initial permeability of composites because of the oversimplified assumption, it gives upper and lower limits for the initial permeability of compositions.
Effects of Samarium Oxide Addition on the Phase Composition, Microstructure, and Electrical Resistivity of Aluminum Nitride Ceramics
Authors: Yoshikawa Jun , Katsuda Yuji , Yamada Naohito , Ihara Chikashi , Masuda Masaaki , Sakai Hiroaki
Published: August 2005

The phase composition, microstructure, and electrical resistivity of hot‐pressed AlN ceramics with 0–4.8 wt% Sm2O3 additive were investigated. The phase composition was approximately consistent with that estimated from the Sm2O3–Al2O3 phase diagram using the amount of added Sm2O3 and oxygen content of the AlN raw material. When sintered at more than 1800°C, the AlN ceramics with 1.0–2.9 wt% Sm2O3 additive contained an Sm‐β‐alumina phase wetting the grain boundaries, and their electrical resistivity considerably decreased to 1010–1012Ω·cm. This resistivity decrease was caused by the continuity of the Sm‐β‐alumina phase with a resistivity lower than that of bulk AlN.
Preparation and Characterization of Nano‐Crystalline LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Cathode Material by the Soft Combustion Reaction Method
Authors: Zhao Zhongqiang , Ma Junfeng , Tian Hua , Xie Lijin , Zhou Jun , Wu Pingwei , Wang Yonggang , Tao Jiantao , Zhu Xiaoyi
Published: August 2005

Nano‐crystalline LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 with a unique powder characterization has been successfully synthesized by a soft combustion reaction method, using lithium nitrate, manganese nitrate, and nickel nitrate as the starting materials, and no organic materials being introduced in the whole process. The LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 powders synthesized by the soft combustion reaction method were investigated by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetry, X‐ray diffractometer, and transmission electron microscopy. The resultant product was a pure phase of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 without any other impurities. Electrochemical measurements were also performed.
Caries experience in the primary dentition among French 6‐year‐olds between 1991 and 2000
Authors: Adam Colette , Eid Ariane , Riordan Paul J. , Wolikow Maryse , Cohen Fabien
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  Background:  There are few national caries preventive policies for children in France. Various surveys suggest that in the late 1980s, oral health of the 6‐year olds in France was poorer than in those of other European countries. In Val de Marne (a Department just east of Paris) a public dental service was established in 1991. A programme to inform preschool staff about dental diseases was commenced and volunteers brought oral health information to parents and health professionals. Periodical monitoring of primary tooth caries of 6‐year olds was planned.

Aim:  The aim of the study was to evaluate changes in primary tooth caries in 6‐year olds over the 10 years of the programme.

Methods:  Participating 6‐year olds, randomly selected, were examined in schools by dentists. Clinical data were collected (WHO criteria). Sociodemographic data were collected through questionnaire. Statistical analysis involved comparison of mean values, variance analysis and chi‐square test for categorical variables.

Results:  The proportions of children with caries experience were, 38.9%, 30.6% and 22.2% in 1991, 1995 and 2000 respectively (P < 0.01). The dft index decreased from 1.74 to 1.39 and 1.05 respectively. About 75% of children with dental caries remained untreated. Children of non‐European native parents or belonging to low socioeconomic families remained those most affected by dental caries in 2000.

Conclusion:  Dental caries in 6‐year olds improved between 1991 and 2000 in Val de Marne but caries remained a socially inequitable disease. Most children did not have access to dental care. The situation requires changes to the dental care provision system.
Evidence for putting the calculus: caries inverse relationship to work
Authors: Duckworth Ralph M. , Huntington Eric
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  To report previously unpublished data from three different types of clinical study to show the strength of the evidence purporting to demonstrate the existence of an inverse relationship between subjects’ calculus and caries experience.

Methods:  Data have been analysed from: a 3‐year caries clinical trial of six toothpastes conducted in Lanarkshire, Scotland that involved 3000 children, Study 1; a caries epidemiological study in the Isle of Lewis that involved 228 children, Study 2; a calculus formation study carried out at Port Sunlight using a wide age range of adults, Study 3.

Results:  Baseline data taken from Study 1 show that caries prevalence is highly significantly lower in calculus‐prone than in calculus‐free subjects (P < 0.0001). The inverse relationship is also demonstrated by the 3‐year caries increment data for subjects who had used non‐zinc toothpastes. Results from Study 2 show that a similar association arose for 8‐year olds over a 6‐year period, based on their erupting teeth alone. Finally, data from Study 3 show that whilst the extent of caries and calculus experience are both positively linked to age, within specific age groups the relationship between the two dental conditions on an individual subject basis is clearly of an inverse nature.

Conclusions:  The present work confirms that calculus status has a direct bearing on both current and future caries experience. Baseline calculus status could be, and has subsequently been demonstrated to be, a useful stratifying factor for caries clinical trials.
Reliability and validity of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) in a Turkish population
Authors: Tunc Elıf Pak , Firat Denız , Onur Ozen Dogan , Sar Vedat
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  Fear of dentistry is a common obstacle to obtaining dental care in Turkey. The aim of this study was to assess the reliability, validity and psychometric characteristics of the Turkish translation of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) and compare it to the Dental Fear Survey (DFS) scores obtained in the same population.

Methods:  The Turkish translated version of the MDAS was administered to 115 dental patients; 21 subjects who suffered from dental phobia, requiring general anesthesia for dental procedures, and 94 who did not have dental anxiety, in addition to 442 subjects from the general population.

Results:  The Turkish translated version of the MDAS was internally consistent and reproducible. The patients with dentist phobia had the highest score. The Turkish MDAS correlated with the DFS (r = 0.80, P < 0.001). The MDAS scale correlated inversely (r = −0.14, P < 0.005) with level of education; however, it did not correlate with economic status. Women scored higher than men on the scale (mean = 12.3, SD = 5.2 vs. mean = 10.9, SD = 4.5, P < 0.005). At a cut‐off point ≥15, sensitivity was 0.80, specificity 0.74, positive predictive value 0.41 and negative predictive value 0.94.

Conclusion:  Although the specificity values were low, the Turkish MDAS demonstrated acceptable sensitivity, positive and negative predictive values. Thus, high reliability and validity of the MDAS supports its cross‐cultural validity and indicated that it may be a valuable tool in quantifying fear of dentistry among Turks.
Childhood circumstances, psychosocial factors and the social impact of adult oral health
Authors: Sanders Anne E. , Spencer A. John
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  The aim of this study was to determine whether childhood familial conditions are associated with the social impact of adult oral health and to investigate the role of psychosocial attributes as potential mechanisms by which risk might be conveyed from childhood to adulthood.

Methods:  Using a cross‐sectional design, self‐report data were obtained from a representative sample of adults in Australia with a telephonic interview and a self‐completed questionnaire. The dependent variable was the sum of impacts on the short‐form Oral Health Impact Profile (OHIP‐14). Childhood familial conditions included socioeconomic position assessed by paternal occupation group, family structure and quality of rearing. Current adult sense of control, perceived stress and satisfaction with life were assessed with standard scales and social support was evaluated with four items.

Results:  Data were obtained for 3678 dentate adults aged 18–91 years. In bivariate analysis controlling for sex, age and household income in adulthood, parenting style was significantly associated with OHIP‐14 scores (anova, P < 0.001). Adults who were reared supportively had more favourable scores on all four current psychosocial attributes (anova, P < 0.001). All four psychosocial attributes were associated with summed OHIP scores in the expected directions (anova, P < 0.001). In the multiple regression, parental rearing style was significantly associated with social impact after adjusting for sex, age and household income in adulthood, but was no longer significant in the presence of the psychosocial factors.

Conclusion:  The importance of parental rearing to adult oral health may be mediated through the quality and nature of psychosocial attributes.
Development of a new questionnaire to assess pain‐related limitations of daily functions in Japanese patients with temporomandibular disorders
Authors: Sugisaki Masashi , Kino Koji , Yoshida Nahoko , Ishikawa Takayuki , Amagasa Teruo , Haketa Tadasu
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  Background:  Various measures/scales have been used to assess oral health‐related quality of life in patients with temporomandibular disorders (TMDs). However, there have been few reports on the validity of questionnaires, and even fewer assessments of their use in Japanese sociocultural conditions.

Objectives:  The objectives of the study were: (i) to develop and refine the number of questions concerning pain‐related limitations of daily function in the TMD questionnaire (LDF‐TMDQ, 13 items) in Japanese patients with TMD, (ii) to assess factor validity, and (iii) to determine convergent and discriminant validity of the LDF‐TMDQ with the observed items within a multidimensional questionnaire.

Methods:  Four hundred and fifty‐six (85.9%) outpatients with TMD were enrolled. The subjects were allocated into two roughly equal groups – E‐group (233) for exploratory factor analysis and C‐group (223) for confirmatory factor analysis [structural equation modeling (SEM)].

Results:  The exploratory factor analysis extracted 10 items and three factors. SEM showed the revised model to accurately describe the relationships between the measured items. As to convergent validity, the factor ‘limitation in executing a certain task’ and ‘limitation of mouth opening’ showed significant correlations with the observed items within the multi‐dimensional questionnaire. However, the factor ‘limitation of sleeping’, show no correlation with any item. As to discriminant validity, all three factors had correlation coefficients below 0.4 with the psychological scale, the personality scale, and the visual analog scale for pain intensity.

Conclusion:  The LDF‐TMDQ was reduced from 13 items to 10. The factor validity of the LDF‐TMDQ, and the construct validity of ‘limitation in executing a certain task’ and ‘limitation of mouth opening’ were confirmed, while that of ‘limitation of sleeping’ remains to be determined.
Derivation and validation of the short version of the Malaysian Oral Health Impact Profile
Authors: Saub Roslan , Locker David , Allison Paul
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  Objectives:  This paper describes the development of a short version of the Malaysian Oral Health Impact Profile.

Methods:  The 45‐item OHIP(M) was shortened using a method known as the ‘item frequency method’. Here, the two most frequently reported items from each of the seven OHIP(M) subscales were chosen to form the short version, designated as the S‐OHIP(M). Field testing was conducted to assess the effect of different modes of administration (mail versus interview) of the short form and to test its measurement properties (reliability and validity). A total of 206 respondents completed the questionnaire. In order to carry out test–retest analysis, a second administration was carried out 15 days after the first administration on a selected subsample.

Results:  The mail questionnaire had a lower response rate and a higher percentage of missing data than the interview administered questionnaire. However, the mail mode of administration resulted in higher scores than interview. Cronbach's alpha was 0.89 and the ICC was also 0.89. All hypotheses developed to assess validity were confirmed.

Conclusion:  The S‐OHIP(M) was found to be valid and reliable and appropriate for use in the cross‐sectional studies in Malaysian adult populations.
The distribution of Tannerella forsythia in an adolescent and adult population
Authors: Narayanan D. , Hamlet S. , Cullinan M. , Davies R. , Ellwood R. , Bird P. , Seymour G. J.
Published: August 2005

Background:  The fact that Tannerella forsythia, an important periopathogen, is difficult to cultivate from mixed infections has impeded precise estimates of its distribution within a given population. In order to discern T. forsythia alone from the mixed infection of plaque, the use of sensitive 16S ribosomal RNA based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection is necessary.

Objectives:  The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of T. forsythia in an adult and in an adolescent population.

Material and methods:  Subgingival plaque samples were obtained from 498 Australian adults and from 228 adolescent subjects from Manchester, UK. Tannerella forsythia was detected using PCR and confirmed by restriction analysis. Semi‐quantitation of the organisms was carried out using two specific primers of differing sensitivities.

Results:  In the adolescent population, 25% were found to carry T. forsythia, albeit in relatively low numbers. In the adult population, a total of 37.8% and 11% were found to carry the organism with primer 2 and primer 1, respectively, suggesting that around 27% had between 103 and 107 organisms. Although there was an apparent increased proportion of T. forsythia positive subjects in those aged ≥ 50 years, this was not statistical significant. However, T. forsythia positive male smokers showed increased disease severity compared with T. forsythia negative subjects.

Conclusion:  This study has shown that at least 25% of the adolescent population carry low numbers of T. forsythia, whereas at least 37% of adults carry the organism, with some 11% having relatively high numbers. The relationship between T. forsythia and disease progression in these populations, however, remains to be determined.
Differential localization of laminin γ2 and integrin β4 in primary cultures of the rat gingival epithelium
Authors: Tanno Michie , Hashimoto Sadamitsu , Muramatsu Takashi , Matsuki Miwako , Yamada Satoru , Shimono Masaki
Published: August 2005

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to investigate the differential immunolocalization of laminin γ2 and integrin β4 in primary cultures of the rat gingival epithelium.

Methods:  The gingival epithelium was obtained from Sprague‐Dawley rats and was cultured in serum‐free keratinocyte growth medium (DK‐SFM). Western blotting analysis, immunofluorescence, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and immuno‐gold labeling for laminin γ2 and integrin β4 were employed. CLSM images for laminin and integrin were analyzed in horizontal (x–y axis) and in vertical (x–z axis) sections.

Results:  Both laminin γ2 and integrin β4 were detected by Western blot analysis in the gingival epithelium. Immunolocalization of laminin γ2 was distinct in the cytoplasm to form one or two irregular rings in gingival epithelial cells. By contrast, integrin β4 was localized diffusely in the cytoplasm. F‐actin (indicating actin filaments) was clearly discernible at the periphery of the cytoplasm to form a cellular fringe. In x–z axis images obtained by CLSM, laminin γ2 was recognized as large foci in the most inner portion just above the basal plasma membrane. Integrin β4 existed in the area where F‐actin was labeled surrounding the membrane. Immuno‐electron microscopy showed that 10nm colloidal gold particles indicating laminin γ2 were mainly localized at the extracellular portion and in the peripheral cytoplasm, whereas integrin β4 was distributed in the cytoplasm close to the basal plasma membrane but not in extracellular regions.

Conclusions:  In primary cultures of the rat gingival epithelium, both laminin γ2 and integrin β4 may be produced by the epithelium, and irregular rings of laminin γ2 are formed in areas where gingival cells adhere to the extracellular matrix.
Rab Proteins, Connecting Transport and Vesicle Fusion
Authors: Jordens Ingrid , Marsman Marije , Kuijl Coen , Neefjes Jacques
Published: August 2005

Small GTPases of the Rab family control timing of vesicle fusion. Fusion of two vesicles can only occur when they have been brought into close contact. Transport by microtubule‐ or actin‐based motor proteins will facilitate this process in vivo. Ideally, transport and vesicle fusion are linked activities. Active, GTP‐bound Rab proteins dock on specific compartments and are therefore perfect candidates to control transport of the different compartments. Recently, a number of Rab proteins were identified that control motor protein recruitment to their specific target membranes. By cycling through inactive and active states, Rab proteins are able to control motor protein‐mediated transport and subsequent fusion of intracellular structures in both spatial and timed manners.
Rehydration of crown fragment 1 year after reattachment: a case report
Authors: Toshihiro Kawashima , Rintaro Terata
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  The reattachment of the crown fragment to a fractured tooth is a conservative treatment that should be considered for patients with crown fractures of anterior teeth. This case report describes the reattachment of crown fragment that is discolored because of dehydration. After 1 month, the fragment had regained some of the original color and translucency. After 1 year, the reattached fragment had satisfying esthetics and excellent function. The reattachment of the crown fragment should be done even if the crown fragment is discolored.
Replantation of permanent incisors in children using Emdogain®
Authors: Barrett Edward J. , Kenny David J. , Tenenbaum Howard C. , Sigal Michael J. , Johnston Douglas H.
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  The aim of this study was to determine whether application of an enamel matrix protein derivative, Emdogain® (Biora AB Malmo, Sweden) to the root surface of avulsed permanent incisors would improve postreplantation outcomes in a pediatric population. Between June 1999 and May 2002, 25 avulsed permanent maxillary incisors (22 centrals and three laterals) were treated with Emdogain® and followed for up to 32 months, mean duration 20.6 months (range: 6.9–32.5 months). Mean patient age at the time of treatment was 12.0 years (range: 7.7–17.6 years) and mean extra‐alveolar duration was 185 min (range: 100–300 min). At the end of their follow‐up each of the replanted incisors demonstrated radiographic evidence of replacement root resorption and clinical evidence of ankylosis. None of the replanted teeth were affected by inflammatory root resorption and there was no evidence of infection. When compared with the control samples from Barrett and Kenny (Endod Dent Traumatol 1997;15:269–72.) and Andersson et al. (Endod Dent Traumatol 1989;5:38–47.) this sample treated with the Emdogain® protocol demonstrated significantly less root resorption than either of the control samples (anova, P < 0.0001). Although the Emdogain® protocol did not produce periodontal regeneration, it did eliminate inflammatory resorption and infection and led to significantly less root resorption compared with the two historical controls.
Relationship between traumatic dental injuries and attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: proposal of an explanatory model
Authors: Sabuncuoglu Osman , Taser Halil , Berkem Meral
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  The objective of the present study was to determine the association between attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and traumatic dental injuries in a child psychiatric clinical population in Istanbul. A total of 475 consecutive children aged 8–17 years were enrolled in the study. Children and their parents were interviewed about the presence of traumatic dental injury and if a positive response was obtained further questions were inquired regarding the time and cause of the injury, and whether treatment had been sought. Child psychiatric diagnosis was based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition (DSM‐IV) criteria. Of the 475 children, 32 reported a traumatic dental injury (6.7%) with statistically significant association with ADHD (χ2 = 26.90, d.f. = 1, P = 0.0001; odds ratio = 17.41, 95% CI: 4.11–73.55). On the Conners Teacher Report Questionnaire, children with dental trauma group differed significantly from the non‐ADHD group but not from the ADHD group (F = 17.02, d.f. = 2, P = 0.0001). Among children with ADHD and dental fracture, the most common subtype was combined ADHD (90%). This is the first study describing a significant association between dental fractures and ADHD which contributes to an explanatory model on dental traumas among children. According to us, awareness of this association is essential at child psychiatry and pediatric dentistry settings and we recommend preventive efforts to be directed at the treatment of ADHD.
Evaluation of dental injury following endotracheal intubation using the Periotest® technique
Authors: Hoffmann Jürgen , Westendorff Carsten , Reinert Siegmar
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  The hazards of damage to teeth and their periodontal attachment during tracheal intubation are well known. Dental trauma represents the commonest single reason for complaints against anesthesiologists. In order to predict the possible risk of perianesthetic iatrogenic tooth luxation we evaluated the use of a measuring method (Periotest® technique), being well established for the diagnosis of periodontal disease. In 120 patients undergoing elective surgery, we compared the amount of tooth mobility before and after general anesthesia to different scores assessing the difficulty of tracheal intubation. Furthermore, the level of work experience of the intubating anesthetist was compared with the degree of postoperative tooth mobility. Changes of periodontal attachment could not be detected by the Periotest® technique. The Periotest® technique does not seem to have the ability to detect early periodontal changes associated with endotracheal intubation.
Dental trauma management knowledge among a group of teachers in two south European cities
Authors: Çaglar Esber , Ferreira Louis Pedro , Kargul Betul
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  The purpose of the present study is to assess the teachers’ knowledge regarding dental trauma management in two south European cities. A three‐part questionnaire comprised of questions on demographic data and knowledge was distributed to teachers in Porto and Istanbul. Seventy‐eight teachers participated in the study; 23 had previously had formal dental trauma education. From the teachers interviewed, 58 of them admitted having no knowledge of dental trauma. Concerning knowledge, 29 teachers from Porto and 12 from Istanbul thought dental trauma emergency should be dealt with immediately. Knowledge of optimal storage media for avulsed permanent teeth was especially poor. In the present study, the majority of teachers did not know the importance of tetanus vaccine control in dental trauma. It is recommended that public education targeted at teachers should be carried out to increase dental trauma management knowledge.
Direct composite coronal reconstruction of two fractured incisors: an 8‐year follow‐up
Authors: Alonso de la Peña Victor , Balboa Cabrita Oscar
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  Dental fractures of the anterior teeth are a relatively frequent accident during childhood. However until maxillary maturation is completed, the employment of porcelain crowns is not recommended, the treatment of choice, instead, would be direct composite restoration. The procedure for restoration of two extensive superior central incisor fractures is presented. Composite crowns were customized directly over the teeth. Root canal treatment was performed in one of the pieces and subsequently a post was cemented, around which a composite core was constructed. Acetate crowns were filled with composite, adapted to the dental contour and photo cured before removal to reproduce the anatomy. After follow‐up of 8 years restorations remained esthetic and fully functional.
Apexification of a replanted tooth using mineral trioxide aggregate
Authors: Villa Paula , Fernández Rafael
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  The most important factors determining periodontal healing after replantation of an avulsed tooth are the extra oral period and the media in which the tooth is preserved before replantation. This case report describes an adequate periodontal healing of an avulsed immature tooth replanted after 20 min of extra alveolar dry time. Vitality was not regained and after disinfection of the pulp space mineral trioxide aggregate was used as the root filling. Follow‐up confirmed complete healing periradicularly.
Histological comparison of alendronate, calcium hydroxide and formocresol in amputated rat molar
Authors: Burcak Cengiz S. , Batirbaygil Yildiz , Onur Mehmet Ali , Atilla Pergin , Asan Esin , Altay Nil , Cehreli Zafer C.
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  The purpose of this study was to evaluate the potential of alendronate sodium (ALN), a biphosohonate to stimulate hard tissue formation in pulpotomized (amputated) rat molars. Two commonly used pulpotomy materials, calcium hydroxide (CH) and formocresol (FC) were utilized for comparisons. Histological evaluations were performed by observers blinded to treatment allocation on days 7, 15, 30 and 60, followed by statistical analysis of selected histological criteria. In all evaluation periods, hard tissue deposition was evident along the radicular dentin in ALN and CH groups. In days 30 and 60, the latter two groups showed no differences in inflammatory cell response and hard tissue deposition scores (P > 0.05). ALN appears to be capable of maintaining pulpal vitality, while promoting hard tissue formation, similar to CH.
Replantation of 45 avulsed permanent teeth: a 1‐year follow‐up study
Authors: Chappuis Vivianne , Von Arx Thomas
Published: August 2005

Abstract –  Thirty‐four patients with 45 avulsed and replanted permanent teeth were followed for 1 year. All teeth were soaked in tetracycline before replantation. In addition, enamel matrix derivative was used in teeth with dry storage times exceeding 30 min. Splinting was carried out with a non‐rigid titanium splint and was limited to 7–10 days. Within that period, root canal treatment was begun in all teeth with a closed apex, whereas teeth with an open apex and ideal post‐traumatic storage were not instrumented. All patients were given tetracycline systematically for 10 days. The survival rate of replanted avulsed permanent teeth was 95.6% at the 1‐year follow‐up. In 82.2%, root canal treatment was performed. Pulp survival was never observed, but three teeth had pulp canal obliteration. Normal periodontal healing was observed in 57.7% of teeth; 42.3% of teeth showed external root resorption (28.9% replacement resorption, 6.7% infection‐related resorption, 6.7% surface resorption). The occurrence of replacement resorption correlated with the period of extraoral dry storage. Compared with other clinical studies on avulsed and replanted teeth, the present study reports a higher percentage of periodontal healing. The favorable treatment outcome may be associated with a strict protocol to enforce endodontic treatment, the use of topical and systemic tetracycline, and the relatively high number of ideally stored teeth following avulsion. In contrast, the present study has a follow‐up period limited to 1 year.
The Value of Scintimammography, F‐18 FDG‐PET and PET‐CT in Breast Cancer
Authors: Gallowitsch H. J. , Igerc I.
Published: August 2005

Due to the introduction of new lipophilic radiotracers like Tc‐99m Sestamibi or Tc‐99m Tetrofosmin in conventional scintigraphy and the implementation of FDG‐PET in clinical routine in the last decade, their role in primary staging, restaging and therapy monitoring in breast cancer patients has been extensively evaluated.

Concerning primary diagnosis, both scintimammography (SMG) and FDG‐PET cannot be recommended for small nodules <1 cm, and biologically low proliferative cancers, like tubular, lobular cancer or DCIS. Nevertheless, FDG‐PET or SMG (when PET is not available) may be useful for selected patients with dense breasts, breast implants and after extensive surgery. In axillary staging, due to its limitation in resolution, both SMG and FDG‐PET cannot be a replacement for sentinel node biopsy or axillary lymph node dissection. Additionally, the number of involved lymph nodes cannot be exactly determined. Nevertheless, by using FDG‐PET, the advantage would be the simultaneous detection of internal mammarian chain lymph node involvement and distant metastases. In restaging, F‐18 FDG‐PET demonstrates apparent advantages in the diagnosis of metastases in patients with breast carcinoma compared with conventional imaging on a patient basis. On a lesion basis, significantly more lymph node and fewer bone metastases can be detected using F‐18 FDG compared with conventional imaging including bone scintigraphy (BS). Concerning bone metastases, sclerotic lesions are predominantly detected by BS, whereas FDG‐PET is more helpful in identifying osteolytic or bone marrow metastases. In patients with clinical suspicion but negative tumour marker profile, F‐18 FDG‐PET seems to be a reliable imaging tool for detection of tumour recurrence or metastases. Given the high predictive value of F‐18 FDG‐PET, tumour stage and therapeutic strategy will be reconsidered in several patients.

In conclusion, besides limitations in primary diagnosis and staging, restaging after surgical resection, chemotherapy and external irradiation is the most efficient and cost‐effective indication for F‐18 FDG‐PET in breast cancer. PET/CT provides important additional information about topography and tumour extent and increases specificity.
MRI Screening for Breast Cancer in Women with a Familial or Genetic Predisposition
Authors: Kriege M. , Brekelmans C. T. M. , Klijn J. G. M.
Published: August 2005

Current options for BRCA 1/2 mutation carriers to reduce their risk of breast cancer (death) include prophylactic mastectomy, oophorectomy and surveillance. Screening for breast cancer is also offered to women with a familial predisposition for breast cancer, but without a proven BRCA 1/2 mutation. The effectivity of mammographic screening in this group of women is questionable, especially in BRCA 1/2 mutation carriers, due to a low sensitivity. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appeared to be a sensitive imaging method in the diagnostic setting and is therefore being investigated as screening tool in women at high risk of breast cancer. Results of MRI pilot studies showed a very high sensitivity (100%) of MRI in all studies, while sensitivity of mammography was never higher than 50%. Recently, the first results of four large series were published. In these studies, sensitivity of MRI was lower than in the smaller pilot studies, but all found a higher sensitivity for MRI (71–96%) than for mammography (36–43%). All studies except one found a lower specificity for MRI than for mammography. Characteristics of the tumours detected within the screening programme were favourable with respect to size and nodal status. Currently, it appears advisable to offer MRI as a screening tool to proven gene mutation carriers. For genetically susceptible women without a proven gene mutation, more research is warranted to decide which of them should be offered MRI screening.
The Role of Sentinel Lymph Node Detection in the Preoperative Evaluation of Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Pirich C. , Rettenbacher L.
Published: August 2005

The concept of sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) in breast cancer surgery is based on the fact that tumours drain in a predefined way in the lymphatic system. SLNB can avoid complete axillary dissection in patients without clinical evidence of nodal involvement. The use of SLNB as a minimal invasive procedure can prevent the risk of morbidity due to axillary node dissection in the majority of breast cancer patients without metastatic disease. Many routes for administration of very low activities of radiotracers (99mTc‐labelled colloids) are known among which subdermal or peritumoural injection are most commonly used. Radiocolloids with their particles in the 5–200 nm size range are most suitable for SLNB in breast cancer. The success rate of detecting and localizing the SLN by means of a gamma probe in breast cancer surgery reaches more than 95% in experienced institutions performing a high number of procedures. Current approved indications include unifocal or multifocal resectable breast cancer (<3 cm diameter) without clinically suspicious or palpable axillary lymph nodes and ductal breast cancer in situ (>2 cm diameter). SLNB has also proved to be a useful and accurate procedure in the setting of preoperative chemotherapy. SLNB which requires a multidisciplinary approach represents the standard of care in many centres for patients with breast cancer.
Thyroid‐stimulating hormone receptor levels and binding affinity in the thyroid gland of growth‐retarded mice
Authors: Kobayashi Kenichi , Sato Mirei , Machida Takeo , Kobayashi Tetsuya
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT  Growth‐retarded (grt/grt) mice are congenitally primary hypothyroid. Our previous study indicated that thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH) responsiveness was defective in the grt/grt thyroid gland. We now report additional studies of impaired grt/grt thyroid function. Semiquantitative RT‐PCR confirmed that TSH receptor (TSHR) mRNA expression in the grt/grt thyroid was significantly decreased compared with +/+ thyroids. Scatchard analysis revealed that grt/grt and +/+ mice have only one type of TSH binding site. grt/grt thyroids had fewer TSH binding sites, although this did not apparently affect the affinity of TSH for its receptor. The present data suggest that reduced TSHR levels or defects in TSHR signaling could be one of the possible defective sites in the grt/grt thyroid gland.
Two cases of a fetus with sirenomelia sequence
Authors: Horikoshi Tsuguhiro , Kikuchi Akihiko , Tatematsu Mikiko , Matsumoto Yasuhiro , Hayashi Akiko , Unno Nobuya
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT  We report two cases of a fetus with sirenomelia sequence which showed oligohydramnios and a single umbilical artery. The first case was of a single fetus with symelia apus and only one leg. Prenatal diagnosis of this case was possible. The second case was of a dichorionic‐diamniotic twin pregnancy in which one fetus had symelia dipus with two fused lower extremities. Prenatal diagnosis of the condition was not made. In both cases, the fetuses died shortly after birth from respiratory distress due to severe pulmonary hypoplasia. Absence of urinary tract, imperforate anus, and spine deformity were confirmed in both cases.

Although prenatal diagnosis of symelia dipus seems difficult, this condition must be considered in a fetus with severe oligohydramnios.
Fetal case of congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung: Fetal therapy and a review of the published reports in Japan
Authors: Asabe Koushi , Oka Yoichiro , Shirakusa Takayuki
Published: August 2005

ABSTRACT  We herein report a case of type I congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung (CCAML) with non‐immune hydrops fetalis (NIHF), a mediastinal shift and polyhydramnios diagnosed at 24 weeks’ gestation by ultrasonography. The fetus was treated with a cyst‐amniotic shunt at 29 weeks’ gestation. Following a postnatal whole resection of the right lung, postpneumonectomy syndrome appeared and, as a result, the infant died 13 months after delivery due to respiratory failure. Only 19 cases demonstrating CCAML associated with NIHF have been reported previously in Japan. Four cases showed a spontaneous resolution of NIHF, while 5 cases with type I CCAML, which all underwent fetal intervention, demonstrated an excellent outcome.
Purification and gene cloning of Fundulus heteroclitus hatching enzyme
Authors: Kawaguchi Mari , Yasumasu Shigeki , Shimizu Akio , Hiroi Junya , Yoshizaki Norio , Nagata Koji , Tanokura Masaru , Iuchi Ichiro
Published: August 2005

Two cDNA homologues of medaka hatching enzyme − high choriolytic enzyme (HCE) and low choriolytic enzyme (LCE) – were cloned from Fundulus heteroclitus embryos. Amino acid sequences of the mature forms of Fundulus HCE (FHCE) and LCE (FLCE) were 77.9% and 63.3% identical to those of medaka HCE and LCE, respectively. In addition, phylogenetic analysis clearly showed that FHCE and FLCE belonged to the clades of HCE and LCE, respectively. Exon–intron structures of FHCE and FLCE genes were similar to those of medaka HCE (intronless) and LCE (8‐exon‐7‐intron) genes, respectively. Northern blotting and whole‐mount in situ hybridization showed that both genes were concurrently expressed in hatching gland cells. Their spatio‐temporal expression pattern was basically similar to that of medaka hatching enzyme genes. We separately purified two isoforms of FHCE, FHCE1 and FHCE2, from hatching liquid through gel filtration and cation exchange column chromatography in the HPLC system. The two isoforms, slightly different in molecular weight and in MCA‐peptide‐cleaving activity, swelled the inner layer of chorion by their limited proteolysis, like the medaka HCE isoforms. In addition, we identified FLCE by TOF‐MS. Similar to the medaka LCE, FLCE hardly digested intact chorion. FHCE and FLCE together, when incubated with chorion, rapidly and completely digested the chorion, suggesting their synergistic effect in chorion digestion. Such a cooperative digestion was confirmed by electron microscopic observation. The results suggest that a hatching enzyme system composed of HCE and LCE is conserved between two different teleosts Fundulus and medaka.
The light‐harvesting antenna of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Authors: Guglielmi Gérard , Lavaud Johann , Rousseau Bernard , Etienne Anne‐Lise , Houmard Jean , Ruban Alexander V.
Published: August 2005

Diatoms differ from higher plants by their antenna system, in terms of both polypeptide and pigment contents. A rapid isolation procedure was designed for the membrane‐intrinsic light harvesting complexes (LHC) of the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum to establish whether different LHC subcomplexes exist, as well to determine an uneven distribution between them of pigments and polypeptides. Two distinct fractions were separated that contain functional oligomeric complexes. The major and more stable complex (≈ 75% of total polypeptides) carries most of the chlorophyll a, and almost only one type of carotenoid, fucoxanthin. The minor complex, carrying ≈ 10–15% of the total antenna chlorophyll and only a little chlorophyll c, is highly enriched in diadinoxanthin, the main xanthophyll cycle carotenoid. The two complexes also differ in their polypeptide composition, suggesting specialized functions within the antenna. The diadinoxanthin‐enriched complex could be where the de‐epoxidation of diadinoxanthin into diatoxanthin mostly occurs.
Proteome analysis of a rat liver nuclear insoluble protein fraction and localization of a novel protein, ISP36, to compartments in the interchromatin space
Authors: Segawa Masashi , Niino Koko , Mineki Reiko , Kaga Naoko , Murayama Kimie , Sugimoto Kenji , Watanabe Yuichi , Furukawa Kazuhiro , Horigome Tsuneyoshi
Published: August 2005

A rat liver nuclear insoluble protein fraction was analyzed to investigate candidate proteins participating in nuclear architecture formation. Proteins were subjected to two‐dimensional separation by reversed‐phase HPLC in 60% formic acid and SDS/PAGE. The method produced good resolution of insoluble proteins. One hundred and thirty‐eight proteins were separated, and 28 of these were identified. The identified proteins included one novel protein, seven known nuclear proteins and 12 known nuclear matrix proteins. The novel 36 kDa protein was further investigated for its subnuclear localization. The human ortholog of the protein was expressed in Escherichia coli and antibodies were raised against the recombinant protein. Exclusive localization of the protein to the nuclear insoluble protein fraction was confirmed by cell fractionation followed by immunoblotting. Immunostaining of mouse C3H cells suggested that the 36 kDa protein was a constituent of an insoluble macromolecular complex spread throughout the interchromatin space of the nucleus. The protein was designated ‘interchromatin space protein of 36 kDa’, ISP36.
Sulfoquinovosylmonoacylglycerol inhibitory mode analysis of rat DNA polymerase β
Authors: Kasai Nobuyuki , Mizushina Yoshiyuki , Murata Hiroshi , Yamazaki Takayuki , Ohkubo Tadayasu , Sakaguchi Kengo , Sugawara Fumio
Published: August 2005

We have previously reported that sulfoquinovosylmonoacylglycerol (SQMG) is a potent inhibitor of mammalian DNA polymerases. DNA polymerase β (pol β) is one of the most important enzymes protecting the cell against DNA damage by base excision repair. In this study, we characterized the inhibitory action of SQMG against rat pol β. SQMG competed with both the substrate and the template‐primer for binding to pol β. A gel mobility shift assay and a polymerase activity assay showed that SQMG competed with DNA for a binding site on the N‐terminal 8‐kDa domain of pol β, subsequently inhibiting its catalytic activity. Fragments of SQMG such as sulfoquinovosylglycerol (SQG) and fatty acid (myristoleic acid, MA) weakly inhibited pol β activity and the inhibitory effect of a mixture of SQG and MA was stronger than that of SQG or MA. To characterize this inhibition more precisely, we attempted to identify the interaction interface between SQMG and the 8‐kDa domain by NMR chemical shift mapping. Firstly, we determined the binding site on a fragment of SQMG, the SQG moiety. We observed chemical shift changes primarily at two sites, the residues comprising the C‐terminus of helix‐1 and the N‐terminus of helix‐2, and residues in helix‐4. Finally, based on our present results and our previously reported study of the interaction interface of fatty acids, we constructed two three‐dimensional models of a complex between the 8‐kDa domain and SQMG and evaluated them by the mutational analysis. The models show a SQMG interaction interface that is consistent with the data.
Proteolytic activation of internalized cholera toxin within hepatic endosomes by cathepsin D
Authors: Merlen Clémence , Fayol‐Messaoudi Domitille , Fabrega Sylvie , El Hage Tatiana , Servin Alain , Authier François
Published: August 2005

We have defined the in vivo and in vitro metabolic fate of internalized cholera toxin (CT) in the endosomal apparatus of rat liver. In vivo, CT was internalized and accumulated in endosomes where it underwent degradation in a pH‐dependent manner. In vitro proteolysis of CT using an endosomal lysate required an acidic pH and was sensitive to pepstatin A, an inhibitor of aspartic acid proteases. By nondenaturating immunoprecipitation, the acidic CT‐degrading activity was attributed to the luminal form of endosomal cathepsin D. The rate of toxin hydrolysis using an endosomal lysate or pure cathepsin D was found to be high for native CT and free CT‐B subunit, and low for free CT‐A subunit. On the basis of IC50 values, competition studies revealed that CT‐A and CT‐B subunits share a common binding site on the cathepsin D enzyme, with native CT and free CT‐B subunit displaying the highest affinity for the protease. By immunofluorescence, partial colocalization of internalized CT with cathepsin D was confirmed at early times of endocytosis in both hepatoma HepG2 and intestinal Caco‐2 cells. Hydrolysates of CT generated at low pH by bovine cathepsin D displayed ADP‐ribosyltransferase activity towards exogenous Gsα protein suggesting that CT cytotoxicity, at least in part, may be related to proteolytic events within endocytic vesicles. Together, these data identify the endocytic apparatus as a critical subcellular site for the accumulation and proteolytic degradation of endocytosed CT, and define endosomal cathepsin D an enzyme potentially responsible for CT cytotoxic activation.