bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cortisol Responses in Adults Who Stutter: Coping Preferences and Apprehension about Communication
Authors: Blood Gordon W. , Blood Ingrid M. , Frederick Stephanie B. , Wertz Heidi A. , Simpson Kathleen C.
Published: August 2011

This study evaluated the moderating effects of individuals' coping styles for physiological reactivity to a stressor in the laboratory in 11 persons who stuttered and 11 persons who did not stutter. Reactivity was defined as changes in levels of salivary Cortisol after a stressor. Subjects were grouped according to scores on apprehension about communication. Individuals scoring high on Communication Apprehension showed significantly elevated Cortisol levels compared to those scoring low on Communication Apprehension. Stuttering subjects who scored high on Communication Apprehension and used emotion-based coping strategies showed the largest elevations in Cortisol levels.
Benefits of Physical Activity
Authors: Silvestri Lynette
Published: August 2011

A survey of 44 men concerning their exercise and sport participation indicated the physical, emotional, and social benefits associated with being active. Subjects felt that employer-paid membership in a fitness club was important and that instructional sport classes were beneficial in improving skill.
Sex, Sex-Role, Facial Attractiveness, Social Self-Esteem and Interest in Clothing
Authors: Kwon Yoon-Hee
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the relationships among sex, sex-role, perceived facial attractiveness, social self-esteem, and interest in clothing. Women, compared to men, indicated greater interest in clothing, while there were no significant sex differences on scores of perceived facial attractiveness or social self-esteem. Androgynous women scored higher than the feminine and undifferentiated women on their perceived facial attractiveness, social self-esteem, and interest in clothing. This finding supported the presupposition that androgynous women perceive themselves as having higher scores on social effectiveness and interest in clothing. Scores on perceived facial attractiveness were significantly related to women's and men's scores on social self-esteem and interest in clothing, implying that one's interest in clothing might be interpreted as a form of social skill which is associated with one's social self-esteem and one's facial attractiveness.
Sexual Esteem, Sexual Depression, and Sexual Preoccupation in the Exchange Approach to Sexuality
Authors: Thurman Jennifer M. , Silver N. Clayton
Published: August 2011

A sample of 124 undergraduate students completed the Sexuality Scale and the Sexual Approach Questionnaire developed by Snell. The analysis indicated that those who scored high on the Exchange approach to sexuality ( n = 43) scored lower on Sexual Esteem and higher on Sexual Depression and Sexual Preoccupation than those who scored low on Exchange ( n = 43). Furthermore, men ( n = 49) scored higher on preoccupation with sex than did women ( n = 75).
The Blocked-Random Effect in Pictures and Words
Authors: Toglia Michael P. , Hinman Philip J. , Dayton Bradley S. , Catalano John F.
Published: August 2011

Picture and word recall was examined in conjunction with list organization. 60 subjects studied a list of 30 items, either words or their pictorial equivalents. The 30 words/pictures, members of five conceptual categories, each represented by six exemplars, were presented either blocked by category or in a random order. While pictures were recalled better than words and a standard blocked-random effect was observed, the interaction indicated that the recall advantage of a blocked presentation was restricted to the word lists. A similar pattern emerged for clustering. These findings are discussed in terms of limitations upon the pictorial superiority effect.
Performance Time Transformed by Count as a Determinant of Difficulty in the Shotokan Karate Heian Kata Set
Authors: Layton Clive , Lawrence Jonathan M.
Published: August 2011

Black-belt subjects (10 men) were timed on each of the five Heian kata and the scores transformed by count. Trend analyses showed that increased performance time was significantly related to assumed complexity in Heian ranking.
How Should the Stroop Interference Effect Be Measured? Further Evidence from Alternative Versions of the Stroop Task
Authors: Chen Jenn-Yeu
Published: August 2011

The present study modeled the relationship between the Stroop and the neutral naming times to investigate the mechanism underlying the Stroop interference effect. 95 subjects took six alternative versions of the Stroop task and the naming times in the Stroop and neutral conditions were each averaged across the tasks to arrive at a more general measure of the Stroop and neutral naming times. Regression analysis of these general measures indicated a linear function with a small and nonsignificant intercept and a slope significantly greater than one. This finding is consistent with Chen's 1996 results and supports the hypothesis that the mechanism underlying the Stroop interference is interactive or multiplicative rather than stage-like or additive and that a ratio of Stroop over neutral naming times was psychologically a more appropriate measure.
Type II Errors in Comparisons of Dextral and Sinistral Groups
Authors: Sappington John T.
Published: August 2011

Anomalous cerebral dominance can have multiple manifestations, e.g., left-eye preference or left-foot preference in the absence of left handedness per se. The 1987 estimate of prevalence of anomalous dominance in the population by Geschwind and Behan approaches 30%, three times the estimate obtained by using handedness alone as the sorting criterion. Accordingly, substantial numbers of subjects assigned to “dextral” groups may actually display other legitimate indicators of anomalous dominance. As such there is a tendency to commit Type II errors in studies in which handedness alone is used to represent the variance attributed to cerebral dominance. Accordingly, null hypotheses assessing the relations of cerebral dominance with dependent variables are accepted even though they may, in fact, be false.
Listening to Mozart Does Not Enhance Backwards Digit Span Performance
Authors: Steele Kenneth M. , Ball Tamera N. , Runk Rebecca
Published: August 2011

Rauscher, Shaw, and Ky recently reported that exposure to brief periods of music by Mozart produced a temporary increase in performance on tasks taken from the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale-TV. The present study examined whether this effect occurred in performance on a backwards digit span task. In a within-subjects design 36 undergraduates were exposed to 10–min. periods of Mozart music, a recording of rain, or silence. After each stimulus period, undergraduates had three attempts to hear and recall different 9–digit strings in reverse order. No significant differences among treatment conditions were found. There was a significant effect of practice. Results are discussed in terms of the need to isolate the conditions responsible for production of the Mozart effect.
Comment on Autogenic Training and Hypertension
Authors: Sakai Makoto , Sato Takeshi , Takeichi Masashi , Fukunishi Isao
Published: August 2011

We comment on a report by Watanabe, et al. regarding the effects of autogenic training on hypertension. Using previous reports in the United States, we mention methodological problems on how to evaluate the effects of autogenic training and express our hope that they would provide further research to clarify the effects of autogenic training on hypertension.
Adaptation to Optokinetic Rotation-Induced Motion Sickness without Experiencing Nausea
Authors: Hu Senqi , Hui Lumei
Published: August 2011

17 subjects highly susceptible to motion sickness were divided into Nausea and No-nausea groups depending upon whether the subjects experienced nausea during adaptation to nauseagenic rotation. Eight subjects in the Nausea group viewed an optokinetic rotation drum for repeated sessions of 16 min., with an interval of two days between every two sessions. During each session the subjects continuously viewed the rotating drum 16 min. even if they experienced nausea. Nine subjects in the No-nausea group likewise viewed an optokinetic rotation drum for at most 16 min. but immediately stopped viewing the rotating drum whenever they experienced nausea during the session. The criteria for full adaptation were that the subject reported no feelings of stomach discomfort and nausea during a 16–min. session. The mean number of sessions to reach full adaptation was 3.9 ( SD = 0.6) with a range 3 to 5 sessions for the subjects in the Nausea group and 3.2 ( SD = 0.8) with a range 2 to 4 for the subjects in the No-nausea group. It was concluded that subjects can adapt to a nauseagenic optokinetic rotation by repeated exposure without experiencing nausea and vomiting during adaptation.
Paranormal Short Inventory
Authors: Randall Tom M.
Published: August 2011

A short, 13–item supernatural belief scale was created from an established longer version. The new scale showed good reliability. Validation was provided with a correlation of .86 with an independent scale of supernatural belief. Women scored significantly higher than men.
Changes of Immunoregulatory Cells Associated with Psychological Stress and Humor
Authors: Kamei Tsutomu , Kumano Hiroaki , Masumura Sumio
Published: August 2011

For 8 medical students influences of psychological stress or humor on T-cell subset percentages and natural killer cell activity were investigated by measuring these parameters before and after an examination and before and after watching a comedy video. Although T-cell subsets were not significantly affected by either stimulus and natural killer cell activity was not affected by the examination, the latter was significantly decreased after watching the comedy video.
Adults and Children with High Imagery Show More Pronounced Perceptual Priming Effect
Authors: Hatakeyama Takao
Published: August 2011

36 children in Grade 5 and 59 university students, all native speakers of Japanese, studied three types of priming stimuli in a mixed list: words written in hiragana (Japanese syllabary used in writing), words written in kanji (Chinese characters also used in writing), and pictures. They were then given a task involving completion of hiragana-word fragments: the task involved studied and nonstudied items. For both children and university students, words in hiragana produced the largest priming effects, that is, the words that had appeared in hiragana in the preceding study phase were generated more often in the test phase of word completion than the other two types of priming stimuli. This confirms that the perceptual priming effect depends much on data-driven processing. For both age groups, words in kanji produced nearly half the priming effects seen for hiragana-words. On the other hand, pictures had no priming effect for children but they had a similar effect to kanji-words for students. The discrepancy between kanji-words and pictures for children suggests that the former force the subject to read the words, which, possibly, activates the hiragana-words, while the latter do not necessarily force labelling the pictures. Among three kinds of imagery tests, the Verbalizer-Visualizer Questionnaire predicted priming scores for children and the Questionnaire upon Mental Imagery did so for students, but the Test of Visual Imagery Control did not predict the scores for either age group. This shows that children reporting habitual use of imagery and adults reporting vivid imagery have more pronounced perceptual priming effects. We conclude that the imagery ability based on self-judgments reflects real characteristics of the perceptual representation system of Tulving and Schacter (1990).
Correlation between Field Dependence-Independence and Handball Shooting by Swedish National Male Handball Players
Authors: Apitzsch Erwin , Liu Wen Hao
Published: August 2011

Contradictory claims exist as to whether field dependence or field independence is advantageous to team ball-game performance. For further investigation, Swedish national male handball players' Rod-and-Frame Test scores were correlated with their field-goal shooting attempts and shooting efficiency in the '94 European Handball Championship. No significant correlation was found; discussion followed.
Overestimation of the Effectiveness of Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Authors: Kostoulakos Nathan M. , Bradley Drake R.
Published: August 2011

38 college students estimated the survival rates of people administered cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The mean estimated survival rate (54.5%) was significantly higher than the actual survival rate (10%).
Goal Setting and Feedback for the Development of Instructional Strategies
Authors: Tzetzis George , Kioumourtzoglou Efthimios , Mavromatis George
Published: August 2011

This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of three practice methods, (a) feedback as knowledge of performance (KP), (b) feedback as knowledge of results combined with the goal-setting method, and (c) a combination of knowledge of performance and results with the goal-setting method on the performance and learning of basketball skills of different complexity. Three groups ( n = 26) of children followed the practice methods and the performance (result), and technique of simple and complex basketball skills (dribble, pass, shoot, and lay-up) were assessed for their effectiveness. Subjects practiced using four exercises for each skill, three times a week, for eight weeks. A performance and a retention test (two weeks later) were conducted. A multivariate analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last factor indicated that knowledge of performance with results of goal-setting significantly improved the techniques of the more complex skills but it was significantly better than the knowledge of results and goal-setting method for passing. Giving knowledge of results and setting goals improved performance and proved to be better than the knowledge of performance method. Finally, the combined method was as good as the knowledge of performance and as good as the knowledge of results plus goal setting in performance but improvement was delayed mostly for the more complex skills. Attentional needs for the analysis of information given determined the success in skills execution and the effectiveness of the methods. The different content of the information given to the athletes may improve different aspects of motion or execution of the skills.
Test of Visual-Motor Integration: Construct Validity in a Comparison with the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration
Authors: Preda Cristina
Published: August 2011

The 1996 Test of Visual-Motor Integration manual states that an adjusted correlation of .95 was obtained between this test and the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-Motor Integration for 49 children with an average age of 9 years and that the adjusted .95 suggests equivalency of the tests. In the present study, for 103 children whose average age was 9 years, there was a correlation of .33 between the tests. Scores on the Beery-Buktenica test correlated more strongly than the Test of Visual-Motor Integration with both chronological age and academic achievement. Standard scores for the latter test were high compared to those of the Beery-Buktenica test and the Comprehensive Test of Basic Skills. Interscorer agreement was significantly lower, and more time was required to score the protocols. This study indicates that the 1996 version is not a substitute for the Beery-Buktenica test.
Cross-Cultural Measurement of Experience: Taiwanese and Americans' Peak Performance, Peak Experience, Misery, Failure, Sport, and Average Events
Authors: Privette Gayle , Hwang Kwang-Kuo , Bundrick Charles M.
Published: August 2011

To compare Taiwanese and Americans on selected experiential personality dimensions, the Experience Questionnaire was translated and tested with 27 Taiwanese in an American university. Descriptions by 129 Taiwanese of peak performance, peak experience, misery, failure, sport, and average events were compared with those made by 123 Americans. Analysis of variance with repeated measures of factors indicated that both samples uniformly characterized processes of peak performance as full focus with clarity of self in process. The Taiwanese considered failure more significant than the Americans who denied clarity of self in misery and failure and more generally endorsed peak experience than the Taiwanese. The study extends the credibility of experience: experiential events can simultaneously have cross-cultural generality and inner processes that are culturally sensitive.
Construct Validity of the Physical Self-Efficacy Scale for a Black Sample: Implications for Health Educators
Authors: Sumerlin John R. , Pointer-Thompson Iola , Thaxton Nolan
Published: August 2011

Principal components factor analysis of the Physical Self-efficacy Scale and measures of cardiorespiratory function, flexibility, muscle strength and endurance, and a rating of perceived health were calculated for a sample of 138 black undergraduates. Physical Self-efficacy Scale scores were organized into a factor that represented outcomes of fitness in support of the construct validity of the test. Additional evidence of validity was found in application of multiple regression analysis which indicated that nondominant hand-grip strength and sit and reach were significant physical predictors of efficacy scores. We discuss implications of this research for health educators.
“I Would Kill in God's Name:” Role of Sex, Weekly Church Attendance, Report of a Religious Experience, and Limbic Lability
Authors: Persinger M. A.
Published: August 2011

Data collected during the last 15 years for the Personal Philosophy Inventory from 1.48 thousand university men ( n = 629) and women ( n = 853) were analyzed to discern the response characteristics of individuals who stated “yes” to Item 136 “If God told me to kill, I would do it in His name.” The percentage (7%, range between 2% and 8% per year) of affirmative responses did not change significantly over time. The odds ratio for men:women for an affirmative response was 1.4:1. As predicted a four-way interaction for sex, weekly church attendance, history of a religious experience, and elevated complex partial epileptic-like signs was statistically significant. Of the men who reported a religious experience, attended church weekly, and displayed elevated complex partial epileptic like signs (5.7% of all males), 44% stated they would kill another person if God told them to do so.
Preference for Noise and Effectiveness of Studying
Authors: Ng Cheuk Fan , Turnbull Jeffrey
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis that studying was equally effective in an environment with a preferred versus a nonpreferred amount of noise was tested. University students' preference for noise ( N = 112) was measured with ratings on Weinstein's Noise Sensitivity Scale and responses to seven questions about study habits. A month later, 20 students who reported a preference for noise and 20 students with a preference for quiet studied in a room in which there was noise (recorded cafeteria noise, 75 dB) and in quiet (50–55 dB) on two separate days. Within each preference for noise condition, the order of exposure to noise and to quiet was counterbalanced. An analysis of variance of accuracy scores on tests of reading comprehension indicated no significant difference between conditions. The interaction effect between preference for noise and conditions of noise was also not significant.
Interdependence of Vision and Audition among Inexperienced and Experienced Tennis Players
Authors: Mead Tim P. , Drowatzky John N.
Published: August 2011

Experienced ( n = 14) and inexperienced ( n = 12) tennis players were tested for response to a tennis ball hit to either the right, left, or directly at them under two auditory conditions. In one condition, subjects heard the impact of the ball against the racquet strings. In the other condition, subjects wore sound protectors that completely eliminated the auditory signal. In the latter condition reaction time was slowed when the ball was hit directly at the subject. Experienced and inexperienced tennis players were equally affected, indicating prior interdependence of audition and vision in tennis. No difference in response time was observed for groups of differing experience.
The Actigraph Data Analysis Software: I. A Novel Approach to Scoring and Interpreting Sleep-Wake Activity
Authors: Jean-Louis Girardin , von Gizycki Hans , Zizi Ferdinand , Hauri Peter , Spielman Arthur , Taub Harvey
Published: August 2011

Decades of empirical observations have established the validity of actigraphy primarily in individuals without sleep disorders. Methodological problems encountered thus far coupled with the widespread use of actigraphy signal the need for concentrated efforts to establish a consensus regarding scoring procedures. Currently available scoring methods show less reliability in clinical populations. To address these issues two validation studies were conducted: one for individuals without sleep disorders and the other for patients diagnosed with insomnia. The results of these two studies using the Actigraph Data Analysis Software as the scoring method have shown that the described system is fairly precise. It can be used for actigraphs with different features and mode of operation and is applicable to individuals with insomnia. These findings corroborate previous research showing that actigraphy is a valid instrument for assessment of sleep and wakefulness.
Stop Sign Compliance: A Final Look
Authors: Trinkaus John
Published: August 2011

A concluding study to a number of informal enquiries conducted over the years, on drivers' compliance with stop signs in a residential community, suggests that this traffic control device is now largely ignored by motorists. During a 17-yr. period full stops declined from about 37% to 1% and rolling stops from approximately 34% to 2%.
Application of the Equity Theory of Motivation to Sport Settings: Importance and Effect of Inequity of Overpayment
Authors: Wann Daniel L. , Fortner Barry V. , Schrader Michael P. , Rosenberger Susan
Published: August 2011

The equity theory of motivation has received strong support within sport settings; however, research had focused almost solely on relationships in which there is inequity in underpayment but not that of overpayment. Using equity theory, it was argued that athletes attempt to restore equity to a situation of overpayment by increasing their performance, thereby justifying their overpayment. This prediction was supported for major league baseball teams ( N=16) moving to a new stadium as performance increased after the move. Discussion focused on the implications of inequity in overpayment for coaches and sport psychologists.
Incidental Memory of Differently Processed Odors
Authors: Hvastja Loredana , Zanuttini Lucia
Published: August 2011

10 odors were presented to three different groups of 20 subjects each (10 men and 10 women) to investigate the relationships among encoding conditions and both immediate and delayed incidental recognition of odors. Subjects who were not told to memorize the material and not informed of the final recognition test had to evaluate the intensity of each odor (Task 1), to judge the similarity of each odor to mint (Task 2), or to score each odor for pleasantness and sourness (Task 3). The subjects had to recognize test odors, represented one at a time, together with some distractors, immediately thereafter (Immediate Test) and one week later (Delayed Test). Task 1 and Task 2 produced better performances (77% and 75% of items recognized immediately; 66% and 69% recognized after a week) than Task 1. The performance on Task 3, more conceptually driven, was the worst, both immediately (67%) and a week later (52%). Sex and task reliably interacted: women performed better than men on Tasks 1 and 3, men on Task 2. Accuracy did not vary by task but by test time (immediate or delayed). Better performance on Tasks 1 and 2 may depend not only on more effective storage but also on the better fit between the task and the test.
Teachers' Perception of Auditory Problems and the Scan
Authors: Carlin Margaret F. , Saniga Richard D.
Published: August 2011

An assessment with 95 children (49 boys) showed teachers' perception of listening behavior agreed with scores on the SCAN, a screening test for auditory perceptual disorders.
A Further Examination of the Factors Influencing Current Identification with a Sports Team, a Response to Wann, et al. (1996)
Authors: Jones Ian
Published: August 2011

Wann, et al. (1996) have measured factors responsible for identification with American sports teams suggesting that success is the most important factor influencing current identification. This study identifies locality to the team as the most important factor for identification with an English professional football team. Considerable differences suggest that fans from various sporting contexts may have differing reasons for identification with a particular team.
Selective Modification of Somatosensory Evoked Potential during Voluntary Finger Movement in Humans
Authors: Nishihira Y. , Funase K. , Araki H. , Imanaka K.
Published: August 2011

We examined changes in somatosensory evoked potentials (SEPs) during voluntary movement of fingers innervated by the stimulated nerve and those not innervated by the stimulated nerve and the relationship to the kind of movement modality. Analysis showed that the amplitude of most components at F3, C3', and P3, except for P45 at C3, N35 and P45 at P3, decreased during voluntary finger movement tasks. Further, we found that the components of P40 at F3, P45 at C3', and N35 at P3 were increased during the voluntary pulling movement of the second and the third digits compared to those during the voluntary pushing movement of the fourth and the fifth digits, whereas all other components were decreased at F3, C3', and P3. We also found that not all components of SEPs were decreased while some SEPs in middle latency were increased. In conclusion, we confirmed the selectivity in attenuation of the SEPs. Moreover, we noted an interesting finding that the selectivity of attenuation of the SEPs was most frequently observed in the N20, P30 (P25 at F3), N35 (N30 at F3), and P45 (P40 at F3) components at F3, C3', and P3.
Cognitive Functioning in School-Age Children with Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Frank Elizabeth G. , Foley Gilbert M. , Kuchuk April
Published: August 2011

The number of pediatric AIDS cases continues to rise. This study focused on 27 HIV-positive children aged 6 through 17 and attending public schools. Cognitive functioning and the relation between this domain of functioning and stage of disease, drug therapy, mode of transmission, and caretaker were examined. IQs and visuomotor skills were all, generally, within or close to the normal range. Visuomotor skills emerged as the most sensitive cognitive area in relation to stage of disease, mode of transmission, and the children's living environment. Full scale IQ was highest in children infected from their mothers. No relationships were found between IQs and drug treatment or caretakers. The caretakers' effect on visuomotor skills highlights the influence of environmental factors on functioning. Implications for intervention are discussed with attention to early intervention and the need to address emotional functioning in this population.
Speed and Acceleration as Measures of Driving Style in Young Male Drivers
Authors: Lajunen Timo , Karola Juha , Summala Heikki
Published: August 2011

This study investigated different measures of speed and acceleration as indicators of safe driving style. 58 young males drove a 7.1-km test route twice in an instrumented car. Drivers were instructed to drive as they usually do. Driving style was measured by both site-specific measures (speed on a crest and speed and lateral acceleration in a sharp and a gentle curve) and general measures (maximum speed and lateral and longitudinal accelerations over the route). Analysis of variance (accident involvement × mileage) showed that drivers who had had prior accidents drove at higher speed and higher accelerations on a sharp curve than accident-free drivers. Drivers involved with accidents drove at higher maximum speed, left accelerations (at right-hand curves), and Equivalent Vector Acceleration, a mean parameter of accelerations, than accident-free drivers. However, multiple regression analysis indicated that only maximum speed predicted the number of accidents significantly. In conclusion, maximum speed seemed to be a convenient and robust measure of a safe driving style.
Simple Reaction Time as a Function of Number and Similarity of Sequenced Elements in Rapid Force Production
Authors: Ito Masanobu
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of number and similarity of sequenced elements on simple reaction time (RT). In Exp. 1, subjects were required to initiate and execute sequences of one to three homogeneous or heterogeneous force elements by squeezing the handle as quickly and accurately as possible. Simple RTs and premotor times increased from one to two elements, with no further increases thereafter, regardless of whether the sequences were comprised of homogeneous or heterogeneous elements. The number of elements did not affect the production of interelement interval. In Exps. 1 and 2, however, simple RTs and premotor times to initiate the sequences were longer for the heterogeneous conditions than for the homogeneous conditions. These findings did not support the assumption of the 1978 subprogram retrieval model of Sternberg, Monsell, Knoll, and Wright that only the first element in the sequence is retrieved and programmed during a simple-RT interval. These findings also suggest that similarity of sequenced elements is one factor which affects the complexity of the motor-programming process.
Effects of Melody and Lyrics on Mood and Memory
Authors: Sousou Shaden Denise
Published: August 2011

137 undergraduate Le Moyne College students volunteered in a study on music and its effects on mood and memory. In a 2 × 3 between-subjects design, there were 2 lyric conditions (Happy and Sad Lyrics) and 3 music conditions (No Music, Happy Music, and Sad Music). Participants were asked to listen to instrumental music or mentally to create a melody as they read lyrics to themselves. The study tested cued-recall, self-reported mood state, and psychological arousal. Analysis suggested that mood of participants was influenced by the music played, not the lyrics. Results also showed those exposed to No Music had the highest score on the recall test. Personal relevance to the lyrics was not correlated with memory.
Correlations of Splitting and Phobic Anxiety with Dreaming
Authors: Kroth Jerry , Jensen Lynn , Haraldsson Malena
Published: August 2011

Dream characteristics of 28 women from a graduate counseling program were correlated with measures of phobic anxiety, splitting, and sleepiness. Significant correlations between splitting and recurrent nightmares (.68), agoraphobia and dreams about death (.44), and global phobia and recurrent nightmares (.56) were obtained. Results are discussed in terms of how phobic anxieties and splitting may relate to traumatic content and the dream process.
Construct Validity of the Motor Profile with Preschool Children with Speech-Language Delays: Component of the Early Screening Profiles
Authors: Reeves Lynda
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to assess whether the Motor Profile (Bruininks, Rynders, & Ilmer, 1990) is a reliable, objective, and valid assessment tool of gross and fine motor skills for children ( N = 60) between the ages of 3 yr., 0 mo. to 5 yr., 11 mo., classified only as speech-language-delayed. Strong test-retest and inter-rater agreement were indicated. Higher cognitive processing, static and dynamic balance may have played a critical role in the children's performance of items that loaded on Factor 1, while eye-foot and eye-hand coordination may have influenced performance on those of Factor 2. The Motor Profile is a valid assessment instrument identifying the current motor development of this population.
Why Barbie is Perceived as Beautiful
Authors: Magro Albert M.
Published: August 2011

The long-term acceptance and success of the Barbie doll suggests the physical characteristics of the doll are perceived as attractive. When viewed in the context of universal attractiveness, response to the doll raises the question of why Barbie is perceived as attractive. Published paleontological data on hominid fossils indicate how the shapes and anatomical proportions of humans have evolved. Included in the fossils are phenotypic traits no longer prevalent in humans (primitive) and phenotypic traits that have become increasingly prevalent (derived). It is noted that the anatomical proportions of the Barbie doll are exaggerated and emphasize derived characteristics. It was proposed that in the perception of human form, derived traits are perceived as attractive while primitive traits are perceived as unattractive. Drawings and photographs were utilized to survey reactions to a comparison of primitive vs derived traits by 495 subjects, instructed to select the shape or proportion they considered more attractive. There was significant agreement among the subjects that derived anatomical traits were perceived as more attractive than primitive ones. The Barbie doll is illustrative of how human beauty has evolved and indicates elements of human form that appear beautiful. The doll emphasizes our derived evolutionary traits and, possibly, that is why the doll is perceived as attractive.
Strobe Frequency in the Rod and Frame Effect
Authors: Cian Corinne , Esquivie Dominique , Barraud Pierre-Alain , Raphel Christian , Ohlmann Théophile
Published: August 2011

This experiment dealt with the role of strobe frequency on the rod and frame effect in frame-dependent and frame-independent subjects in light of the destabilizing effect of strobe lighting on body posture. Analysis showed that the frame effect was resistant to strobe illumination and was significantly stronger at 2 Hz titan at 9 Hz. Since the stroboscopic effect was not related to the extent of the frame effect observed in normal light, there was no over-all dependence on the different components of the visual field (static and kinetic). Moreover, analysis of eye movements during stroboscopic exposure confirmed previous observation of a visual scanning style related to orienting activity.
Eating Disorder and Body Image
Authors: Duva Danielle , Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 45 female undergraduates, symptoms of eating disorders were associated with only some aspects of physical appearance, namely, weight distribution, waist, arms, shape of legs, hips, width of shoulders, body build, thighs, face, and hair color.
Recognition Memory, Orcadian Rhythms, and Sleep
Authors: Koulack David
Published: August 2011

One set of 20 subjects learned a list of words early in the morning while another set of 20 learned the same material in the midafternoon. Half of the subjects ( n=10) were tested after an intervening four hours of sleep, while the other 10 were tested after four hours of waking activity. Subjects in the afternoon groups performed better on a recognition task than those in the morning groups, while subjects who had intervening periods of sleep between learning and testing performed better than their counterparts who remained awake. Finally, those subjects who learned in the afternoon and slept prior to testing did best on the recognition task, while those who learned in the morning and remained awake did worst. These results are consistent with the notion that both sleep and circadian rhythms play a role in the memory process.
Reliance on Visual Imagery and its Relation to Mental Rotation
Authors: Weatherly Doris C. , Ball Steven E. , Stacks James R.
Published: August 2011

The relationship of habitual use of visual imagery and mental rotation was investigated. Reliance on Visual Imagery scores were used to define subjects as high frequency or low frequency visualizers. During the mental rotation task, subjects indicated if a pair of 2-dimensional stimulus figures displayed on a computer screen were identical or mirror-images. Figures on the right were rotated in relation to those on the left by 0, 60, 120, or 180°. Data supported the prediction that subjects who report high use of imagery would perform the task with greater accuracy ( z=1.97, p<.05) than subjects who reported low use. The imagery groups did not differ in response latency ( z = .91, p<.36). A comparison of performance on Trials 1 to 24 with performance on Trials 115-138 indicated a learning effect in both accuracy ( z = 7.58, p<.01) and latency ( z = 9.72, p<.01) for all subjects.
Economic Development, Suicide and Homicide
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

1980 homicide rates for 72 nations were negatively associated with industrialization and urbanization, while the 1980 suicide rates were positively associated with these variables.
Speakers' Sex Differences in Voice Onset Time: Some Preliminary Findings
Authors: Whiteside Sandra P. , Irving Caroline J.
Published: August 2011

This study presents a brief investigation into sex differences of speakers in the voice onset time of English plosives that are stressed in both word-initial and prevocalic position. 72 short phrases were presented to 5 men (range 25 to 37 years, mean age 34.2 yr.) and five women speakers (range 28 to 38 years, mean 32.6 yr.). Analysis showed that the women as speakers had on average, longer voice onset time values than their male peers.
Another Generalized Measure of Information
Authors: Kvålseth Tarald O.
Published: August 2011

A generalization of Shannon's entropy is proposed as a measure of information (or uncertainty). Various other information measures are particular cases of this generalized measure, or family of measures. Two information measures are especially interesting since they have convenient and meaningful interpretations in probabilistic terms.
Assessment of Hearing-Impaired Athletes' Anxiety and Self-Perceptions
Authors: Eidson Thomas A.
Published: August 2011

70 hearing-impaired basketball players participating in a national basketball tournament completed Neeman and Harter's Self-perception Profile examining their feelings of social acceptance, athletic competence, and global self-worth. In addition, players completed the Sport Competition Anxiety Test for trait anxiety and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory evaluating their cognitive and somatic anxiety as well as their feelings of self-confidence. Correlations indicated an inverse relationship for subjects' ratings of athletic competence with their scores on trait anxiety and rated cognitive and somatic state anxiety. The correlation between rated self-worth and the subjects' feelings of confidence was low and positive. Results are discussed in relation to achievement-motivation theory.
Age Differences in Remote Pointing Performance
Authors: Hsu Shang H. , Huang Chien C. , Tsuang Yang H. , Sun Jui S.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate age differences in remote pointing movements. The subjects were recruited from three age groups (ages 18–22 yr., 40–50 yr., and 60–70 yr., with 9 men and 9 women in each group). They were required to perform cursor-positioning tasks using a remote pointing device, in which the dependent measures were the time taken to reposition the cursor and the accuracy of subjects' movement trajectories. The movement time was further separated into two components, First Submovement duration and Adjustment Submovement duration. Analysis indicated that age groups showed reduced performance on remote pointing. Moreover, remote positioning movement for the young-adult group was mostly completed in their First Submovement phase, while the elderly subjects spent most of their movement time on the Adjustment Submovement phase. These results support the proposition that different age groups exhibit different kinds of movement patterns.
Veering in Women: Inconsistency of Forward and Backward Progression
Authors: Day H. D. , Goins Vickie J.
Published: August 2011

In a large rectangular room, 13 blindfolded women attempted to walk in a straight line from one end of the room to a target centered at the other end of the room. On 12 trials, the women walked forward, and on 12 trials they walked backward. On half the trials under each of these conditions, they walked toward the north, and on the other half to the south. Performance errors were highly correlated for northward and southward progression, an indication of good reliability for this veering task. Veering during forward progression was not significantly related to veering during backward progression. Individual consistency in veering was demonstrated in several ways, and approximately half the participants veered in the same direction on nearly all trials. These results indicate that veering should be considered as an additional manifestation of lateral preferences in human motor behavior.
Public School Nurses' Knowledge of Sickle Cell Disease
Authors: Hale Doris , Davis Priscilla , Dancer Jess
Published: August 2011

21 public school nurses in the Little Rock School District, questioned about their knowledge of sickle cell disease, knew little of the effects of sickle cell disease on cognition, communication, and learning.
Recall of the Visual Body Image Using a Novel Boundary Detection Task
Authors: Ben-Tovim David I. , Walker M. Kay
Published: August 2011

A new task for eliciting a pictorial mental image of the body or other objects is described. The task involved relating a pair of crosses to the boundary of a mental image ‘projected’ onto a computer screen. Responses were assessed for accuracy defined as identifying a relationship between a cross and an image that would hold when a photograph (of the same object) was substituted for the mental image. A group of 30 female students achieved between 70 to 80% accuracy when using this task to assess mental images of their own faces, torsos, or a familiar nonbody object. Accuracy was similar for body and nonbody objects. The presence of some kind of quasipictorial representation of the body is confirmed. Its characteristics await further elucidation.
Welfare and Suicide in 18 Affluent Capitalist Democracies
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In 18 affluent nations expenditures for welfare were not associated with suicide rates in 1960; neither were changes in both welfare expenditures and suicide rates from 1960 to 1982.
Personality Structure of Elderly Drivers
Authors: Strahan Robert F. , Mercier Cletus R. , Mercier Joyce M. , O'Boyle Michael W.
Published: August 2011

This paper reports the factor structure of a 37-item personality questionnaire intended to be predictive of driving performance in elderly persons. Subjects were 191 persons 63 years of age or older, about half of whom also were given perceptual/cognitive tasks and drove on a closed driving course. Although the personality questionnaire did not predict driving skill, the factor structure of the questionnaire is of interest. Of several factor analyses, the most satisfactory was a 2-factor solution. We interpreted the approximately orthogonal factors as measuring what we labeled Competence and Emotionality.
Changes in Perceived Color with Intermittent Illumination
Authors: Steele Kenneth M. , Stritto Mary Ellen Dello , Brigner Willard L.
Published: August 2011

Using 24 observers with normal color vision, perceived shifts in hue were determined for a yellow-red, green, and blue-green at intermittencies of 5, 10, and 20 cps. The hue shift for yellow-red was consistent with the hue shift exhibited by a deuteranomalous observer while the hue shift for green and blue-green was consistent with that exhibited by a protanomalous observer.
Spatial Visualization: Running Visualization for Empty Squares
Authors: Beech John R.
Published: August 2011

A technique is reported in which an oral description of empty squares had to be visualized. A tone signaled completion, and a response was made whether the last square had touched a previous square. The chain lengths varied from 10 to 19 squares at closure. Local closure sizes consisted of 4 to 10 squares. Closures up to 6 squares produced the least errors. There were biases in response as a function of response type and chain length. The technique could be useful for monitoring continuous spatial visualization.
Students' Perceived Proficiency in Microcomputer Applications
Authors: Vincent Annette , Ross Dianne
Published: August 2011

This study was conducted to examine whether there is still a need for the university-level, introductory microcomputer applications in business course based on students' perceptions of their own knowledge. Data were collected from 234 students in the summers of 1992 and 1996. Students' low ratings of perceived knowledge indicated there is still a need for the course.
The Multidimensional Dream Inventory: Preliminary Evidence for Validity and Reliability
Authors: Kallmeyer Robert J. , Chang Edward C.
Published: August 2011

The present study focused on the development of the Multidimensional Dream Inventory, an individual difference measure of dimensions of dreams. Items were administered to 151 college students. Consistent with expectations, results of an exploratory factor analysis of intercorrelations among items indicated a four-factor solution was appropriate. As a result, four dream-relevant scales were constructed, viz, Dream Importance, Dream Vividness, Dream Usefulness, and Dream Recall. In addition, these scales showed good internal consistency for research. Implications and uses for the Multidimensional Dream Inventory were discussed.
Effects of Instruction and Practice on the Length-Reproduction Task Using the Müller-Lyer Figure
Authors: Anii Akira , Kudo Kazutoshi
Published: August 2011

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of instruction and practice on the length-reproduction task using the Müller-Lyer figure. The task consisted of reproducing visually presented lines by positioning the arm. In Exp. 1, 20 subjects were asked to move a stylus exactly the same length as the line presented in the illusory figure. Instructed subjects were told to ignore the visual illusion, while uninstructed subjects were told nothing. No differences in groups' constant errors were observed; however, subjects in both groups reproduced longer or shorter lines in accordance with the visual illusion. In Exp. 2, we investigated the effect of visual illusion in relation to learned movement. After practicing a length reproduction task 200 times, subjects performed a test session in which illusory figures were among the presented lines. Subjects were instructed to ignore any visual illusions, but this again had no effect on the reproduced length, that is, longer or shorter lines were reproduced in accord with the illusion. The findings show that visual illusion still had an effect after subjects were instructed to ignore it or had practiced the task extensively.