bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A definition of song from human music universals observed in primate calls
Authors: Schruth David , Templeton Christopher N. , Holman Darryl J.
Published: May 2019

Musical behavior is likely as old as our species with song originating as early as 60 million years ago in the primate order. Early singing likely evolved into the music of modern humans via multiple selective events, but efforts to disentangle these influences have been stifled by challenges to precisely define this behavior in a broadly applicable way. Detailed here is a method to quantify the elaborateness of acoustic displays using published spectrograms (n=832 calls) culled from the literature on primate vocalizations. Each spectrogram was scored by five trained analysts via visual assessments along six musically relevant acoustic parameters:tone, interval, transposition, repetition, rhythm, andsyllabic variation. Principal Components Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce this multivariate assessment into a simplified measure of musical elaborateness. The resulting “acoustic reappearance diversity” index simultaneously captures syllabic variation and spectral/temporal redundancy in a single continuous variable. The potential utility of this index is demonstrated by applying it to several social and habitat-based theories of acoustic display origins. Our results confirm that primate species living in small, monogamous groups have song-like calls, while forest habitat had a less pronounced association.
Phlebotomus papatasisand fly salivary protein diversity and immune response potential in Egypt and Jordan populations
Authors: Flanley Catherine M. , Ramalho-Ortigao Marcelo , Coutinho-Abreu Iliano V. , Mukbel Rami , Hanafi Hanafi A. , El-Hossary Shabaan S. , Fawaz Emadeldin Y. , Hoel David F. , Bray Alexander W. , Stayback Gwen , Shoue Douglas A. , Kamhawi Shaden , Emrich Scott , McDowell Mary Ann
Published: May 2019

Phlebotomus papatasisand flies inject their hosts with a myriad of pharmacologically active salivary proteins to assist with blood feeding and to modulate host defenses. These salivary proteins have been studied for their role in cutaneous leishmaniasis disease outcome with different salivary proteins attenuating or exacerbating lesion size. Studies have shown that while co-administered sand fly saliva exacerbatesLeishmania majorinfections in naïve mice, animals pre-exposed to saliva are protected, with the infection attenuated via a delayed-type hypersensitivity immune reaction. These studies highlight the potential of the salivary components to be used as a vaccine. One protein in particular,P. papatasisalivary protein 15 (PpSP15) has been intensively studied because of its ability to protect mice againstLe. majorchallenge. The number of antigenic molecules included in vaccines is restricted thus emphasizing the role of population genetics to identify molecules, like PpSP15, that are functionally significant, conserved across populations and do not experience selection. Three distinct ecotope study sites, one in Egypt (Aswan) and two in Jordan (Swaimeh and Malka), were chosen based on their elevation, rainfall, vegetation, differing reservoir species, and the presence or absence ofLe. major. The objective of this work was to analyze the genetic variability of nine of the most abundantly expressed salivary proteins including PpSP12, PpSP14, PpSP28, PpSP29, PpSP30, PpSP32, PpSP36, PpSP42, and PpSP44 and to predict their ability to elicit an immune response. Two proteins, PpSP12 and PpSP14, demonstrated low genetic variability across the three sand fly populations represented in this study, with multiple predicted MHCII epitope binding sites, identified by alleles present in the human populations from the study sites. The other seven salivary proteins revealed greater allelic variation across the same sand fly populations indicating that their use as vaccine targets may prove to be challenging.
MYL2-associated congenital fiber-type disproportion and cardiomyopathy with variants in additional neuromuscular disease genes; the dilemma of panel testing
Authors: Marttila Minttu , Win Wathone , Al-Ghamdi Fouad , Abdel-Hamid Hoda Z. , Lacomis David , Beggs Alan H.
Published: May 2019

Next-generation sequencing has led to transformative advances in our ability to diagnose rare diseases by simultaneously sequencing dozens, hundreds, or even entire genomes worth of genes to efficiently identify pathogenic mutations. These studies amount to multiple hypothesis testing on a massive scale and not infrequently lead to discovery of multiple genetic variants whose relative contributions to a patient's disease are unclear. Panel testing, in particular, can be problematic because each of the many genes being sequenced might represent a plausible explanation for a given case. We performed targeted gene panel analysis of 43 established neuromuscular disease genes in a patient with congenital fiber-type disproportion (CFTD) and fatal infantile cardiomyopathy. Initial review of variants identified changes in four genes that could be considered relevant candidates to cause this child's disease. Further analysis revealed that two of these are likely benign, but a homozygous frameshift variant in the myosin light chain 2 gene, MYL2, and a heterozygous nonsense mutation in the nebulin gene, NEB, met criteria to be classified as likely pathogenic or pathogenic. Recessive MYL2 mutations are a rare cause of CFTD associated with both skeletal and cardiomyopathy, whereas recessive NEB mutations cause nemaline myopathy. Although the proband's phenotype is likely largely explained by the MYL2 variant, the heterozygous pathogenic NEB variant cannot be ruled out as a contributing factor. This case illustrates the complexity when analyzing large numbers of variants from targeted gene panels in which each of the genes might plausibly contribute to the patient's clinical presentation.
A zone-plate-based two-color spectrometer for indirect X-ray absorption spectroscopy
Authors: Döring Florian , Risch Marcel , Rösner Benedikt , Beye Martin , Busse Philipp , Kubiček Katharina , Glaser Leif , Miedema Piter S. , Soltau Jakob , Raiser Dirk , Guzenko Vitaliy A. , Szabadics Lukas , Kochanneck Leif , Baumung Max , Buck Jens , Jooss Christian , Techert Simone , David Christian
Published: May 2019

X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) is a powerful element-specific technique that allows the study of structural and chemical properties of matter. Often an indirect method is used to access the X-ray absorption (XA). This work demonstrates a new XAS implementation that is based on off-axis transmission Fresnel zone plates to obtain the XA spectrum of La0.6Sr0.4MnO3 by analysis of three emission lines simultaneously at the detector, namely the O 2p–1s, Mn 3s–2p and Mn 3d–2p transitions. This scheme allows the simultaneous measurement of an integrated total fluorescence yield and the partial fluorescence yields (PFY) of the Mn 3s–2p and Mn 3d–2p transitions when scanning the Mn L-edge. In addition to this, the reduction in O fluorescence provides another measure for absorption often referred to as the inverse partial fluorescence yield (IPFY). Among these different methods to measure XA, the Mn 3s PFY and IPFY deviate the least from the true XA spectra due to the negligible influence of selection rules on the decay channel. Other advantages of this new scheme are the potential to strongly increase the efficiency and throughput compared with similar measurements using conventional gratings and to increase the signal-to-noise of the XA spectra as compared with a photodiode. The ability to record undistorted bulk XA spectra at high flux is crucial for future in situ spectroscopy experiments on complex materials.
Scientific instruments for soft X-ray photon-in/photon-out spectroscopy on the PAL-XFEL
Authors: Park Sang Han , Yoon Jungbum , Kim Changsoo , Hwang Chanyong , Kim Dong-Hyun , Lee Sang-Hyuk , Kwon Soonnam
Published: May 2019

An overview is given of the soft X-ray photon-in/photon-out instruments on the free-electron laser (FEL) beamline at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, and selected commissioning results are presented. The FEL beamline provides a photon energy of 270 to 1200 eV, with an energy bandwidth of 0.44%, an energy of 200 µJ per pulse and a pulse width of <50 fs (full width at half-maximum). The estimated total time resolution between optical laser and X-ray pulses is <100 fs. Instruments for X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) have been set up. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism spectra for a Co/Pt multilayer film and RIXS spectra for α-Fe2O3(100) have been obtained and the performance of the spectrometer has been evaluated.
Comparison of different strategies for modelling hydrogen atoms in charge density analyses
Authors: Köhler Christian , Lübben Jens , Krause Lennard , Hoffmann Christina , Herbst-Irmer Regine , Stalke Dietmar
Published: May 2019

The quality of various approximation methods for modelling anisotropic displacement parameters (ADPs) for hydrogen atoms was investigated in a comparative study. A multipole refinement was performed against high-resolution single crystal X-ray data of 9-diphenylthiophosphoranylanthracene (SPAnH) and 9,10-bis-diphenylthiophosphoranylanthracene·toluene (SPAnPS). Hydrogen-atom parameters and structural properties derived from our collected neutron data sets were compared with those obtained from the SHADE-server, the software APD-Toolkit based on the invariom database, the results from Hirshfeld atom refinement conducted in the OLEX2 GUI (HARt), and the results of anisotropic hydrogen refinement within XD2016. Additionally, a free refinement of H-atom positions against X-ray data was performed with fixed ADPs from various methods. The resulting C—H bond distances were compared with distances from neutron diffraction experiments and the HARt results. Surprisingly, the refinement of anisotropic hydrogen displacement parameters against the X-ray data yielded the smallest deviations from the neutron values. However, the refinement of bond-directed quadrupole parameters turned out to be vital for the quality of the resulting ADPs. In both model structures, SHADE and, to a lesser extent, APD-Toolkit showed problems in dealing with atoms bonded to carbon atoms with refined Gram-Charlier parameters for anharmonic motion. The HARt method yields the most accurate C—H bond distances compared to neutron data results. Unconstrained refinement of hydrogen atom positions using ADPs derived from all other used approximation methods showed that even with well approximated hydrogen ADPs, the resulting distances were still significantly underestimated.
Crystal structure of 7,8,15,16,17-pentathiadispiro[5.2.59.36]heptadecane
Authors: Hofstetter Robert , Elvers Benedict J. , Potlitz Felix , Link Andreas , Schulzke Carola
Published: May 2019

The title compound, C12H20S5, crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c with four molecules in the unit cell. In the crystal, the asymmetric unit comprises the entire molecule with the three cyclic moieties arranged in a line. The molecules in the unit cell pack in a parallel fashion, with their longitudinal axes arranged along a uniform direction. The packing is stabilized by the one-dimensional propagation of non-classical hydrogen-bonding contacts between the central sulfur atom of the S3 fragment and the C—H of a cyclohexyl group from a glide-related molecule [C...S = 3.787 (2) Å].
Crystal structure of bis(μ-{2-[(5-bromo-2-oxidobenzylidene)amino]ethyl}sulfanido-κ3
N,O,S){2,2′-[(3,4-dithiahexane-1,6-diyl)bis(nitrilomethanylylidene)]bis(4-bromophenolato)-κ4
O,N,N′,O′}dicobalt(III) dimethylformamide monosolvate
Authors: Rusanova Julia A. , Kokozay Vladimir N. , Bondarenko Olena
Published: May 2019

The title binuclear CoIII complex, [Co2(C9H8BrNOS)2(C18H16Br2N2O2S2)]·C3H7NO, with a Schiff base ligand formed in situ from cysteamine (2-aminoethanethiol) and 5-bromosalicylaldehyde crystallizes in the space group P21. It was found that during the synthesis the ligand undergoes spontaneous oxidation, forming the new ligand H2
L′ having an S—S bond. Thus, the asymmetric unit consists of one Co2(L)2(L′) molecule and one DMF solvent molecule. Each CoIII ion has a slightly distorted octahedral S2N2O2 coordination geometry. In the crystal, the components are linked into a three-dimensional network by several S... Br, C... Br, C—H...Br, short S...C (essentially shorter than the sum of the van der Waals radii for the atoms involved) contacts as well by weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds. The crystal studied was refined as an inversion twin.
Crystal structure and Hirshfeld surface analysis of ethyl 2-[5-(3-chlorobenzyl)-6-oxo-3-phenyl-1,6-dihydropyridazin-1-yl]acetate
Authors: El Kalai Fouad , Baydere Cemile , Daoui Said , Saddik Rafik , Dege Necmi , Karrouchi Khalid , Benchat Noureddine
Published: May 2019

The title pyridazinone derivative, C21H19ClN2O3, is not planar. The unsubstituted phenyl ring and the pyridazine ring are inclined to each other, making a dihedral angle of 17.41 (13)° whereas the Cl-substituted phenyl ring is nearly orthogonal to the pyridazine ring [88.19 (13)°]. In the crystal, C—H...O hydrogen bonds generate dimers with R
2
2(10) and R
2
2(24) ring motifs which are linked by C—H...O interactions, forming chains extending parallel to the c-axis direction. The intermolecular interactions were investigated using Hirshfeld surface analysis and two-dimensional fingerprint plots, revealing that the most significant contributions to the crystal packing are from H...H (44.5%), C...H/H...C (18.5%), H...O/H...O (15.6%), Cl...H/H...Cl (10.6%) and C...C (2.8%) contacts.
1,3-Bis{[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)sulfanyl]methyl}benzene
Authors: Garita-Salazar Bruno , Pineda Leslie W.
Published: May 2019

The structure of the title compound, C24H26S2, an example of a pincer ligand with an SCS-chelation motif, illustrates the steric effects of the methyl groups in the thiophenyl rings at the 2- and 6-positions, forcing a dissimilar spatial orientation of the thiophenyl rings relative to the central aryl group [dihedral angles = 33.58 (7) and 40.49 (7)°]. In the crystal, weak S...S contacts [3.4009 (7) Å] link the molecules into inversion dimers.
Optimizing website quality: the case of two superstar museum websites
Authors: Garcia-Madariaga Jesús , Recuero Virto Nuria , Blasco López Maria Francisca , Aldas Manzano Joaquín
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Studies that examine users’ perceptions of museum’s website quality are scarce. The purpouse of this paper is to propose a multi-group comparison between two superstar museums to outline the variables that define website quality regarding museum websites towards achieving e-loyalty, trust and perceived control.

Design/methodology/approach

The sample comprised 305 valid online questionnaires, collected from a panel survey using a quota-sampling technique. The proposed model was tested using partial least squares analysis multi-group comparison between Prado and Thyssen-Bornemisza museum websites.

Findings

Website quality plays a determinant role in users’ behavioural outcomes. As evidenced in the results for the first time in a museum setting, website quality has the potential of influencing e-loyalty, trust and perceived control. Besides, trust has a positive influence on e-loyalty and perceived control, on trust. The multi-group comparison revealed no significant differences between the two museum superstars, which offer highly useful insights for the correct design of these websites.

Originality/value

This research addresses a multi-group comparison using partial least squares, a quite recent technique that advances knowledge regarding this method. It contributes to knowledge museum website management and online literature by means of proposing website quality as a dimension that includes content, ease of understanding, emotion, informational fit-to-task, promotion and visual appeal and by revealing significant effects of the relationships of the proposed model. Museum managers are provided with valuable inputs to design websites in an appropriate and suitable way for their users so they will be more willing to repeat their navigation experience.
How do audit fees change? Effects of firm size and section 404(b) compliance
Authors: Lyubimov Alexey
Published: May 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effect of the size of the audit firm and compliance with Section 404(b) on how audit fees change over time.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses panel data and an OLS regression to examine the relationship between audit fee changes, firms’ size and Section 404(b) compliance.

Findings

Section 404(b)-compliant companies experience a larger change in audit fees if they are audited by Big 4 firms than second-tier firms. Second-tier audit firms increase the fees primarily for the companies which do not comply with Section 404(b).

Practical implications

Regulators have been concerned with the Big 4 fee premium for four decades. This study informs regulators that the Big 4 continue increasing their fees at a higher rate than second-tier firms for their Section 404(b)-compliant clients (even though recent research shows that second-tier firms have increased quality to match the Big 4). This suggests that the Big 4 fee premium increases for this subset of clients, adding to the regulatory concerns.

Originality/value

While prior research has established the existence of the Big 4 fee premium, little is known about how this premium changes over time. Prior research shows that audit fees increase when internal controls are weak; however, little is known about how Section 404(b) compliance (once control effectiveness is controlled) affects fee changes. This paper addresses these voids in research.
Investment in internal auditing and governance characteristics
Authors: Park Hyun-Young , Lee Ho-Young , Kim Jin Wook
Published: May 2019

Purpose

Based on 3,775 firm-year observations from 2009 to 2013 using publicly available disclosure data for Korean listed firms, this study examines whether and how firm-level governance characteristics are associated with investment in internal auditing proxied by compensation and the number of statutory internal auditors.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors investigate the association between governance characteristics and investment in internal auditing proxied by compensation and the number of statutory internal auditors.

Findings

The authors find that firms with greater ownership of the largest shareholders and with a higher proportion of outside directors invest more in internal auditing. These results indicate that firms with higher incentive and demand for monitoring are more likely to invest more in internal auditing. The authors further find that the positive effect of the largest shareholder ownership (board independence) on investment in internal auditing is attenuated in firms with greater board independence (ownership of the largest shareholders) suggesting that the complementary effect of the two governance mechanisms associated with internal auditing weakens as they function simultaneously.

Research limitations/implications

The results provide regulators and investors with a clear picture of the governance characteristics of firms associated with investment in internal auditing. The results imply that both the largest shareholders and the outside board of directors play a significant role in resource allocation in internal auditing within a firm. The effect of allocation, however, can be attenuated contingent upon the combined characteristics of governance mechanisms.

Originality/value

Using large amounts of public archival data, this study adds to the extant literature on firm characteristics associated with investment in internal auditing. This study also contributes to the literature by expanding the scope of research on executive compensation to the locus of statutory internal auditors.
Asset pricing when trading is for entertainment
Authors: Luo Jiang , Subrahmanyam Avanidhar
Published: May 2019

Purpose

High levels of turnover in financial markets are consistent with the notion that trading, like gambling, yields direct utility to some agents. The purpose of this paper is to show that the presence of these agents attenuates covariance risk pricing and volatility, and implies a negative relation between volume and future returns. Since psychological literature indicates that the desirability of a gamble arises from the ex ante volatility of the outcome, the authors propose that agents derive greater utility from trading more volatile stocks. These stocks earn lower average returns in equilibrium, although the risk premium on the market portfolio is positive. The authors then consider a dynamic setting where agents’ utility from trading increases when they make positive profits in earlier rounds (e.g. due to an endowment effect). This leads to “bubbles,” i.e. disproportionate jumps in asset returns as a function of past prices, higher volume in up markets relative to down markets, as well as a leverage effect, wherein down markets are followed by higher volatility than up markets.

Design/methodology/approach

Analytical.

Findings

The presence of gamblers attenuates covariance risk pricing and volatility, and implies a negative relation between volume and future returns. If gamblers prefer more volatile stocks, these stocks earn lower average returns in equilibrium. If agents’ utility from trading increases when they make positive profits in earlier rounds (e.g. to an endowment effect), this leads to higher volume and lower volatility in up markets relative to down markets.

Originality/value

No paper has previously modeled agents who derive direct utility from trading.
Stressor dominance and sensitivity‐dependent antagonism: Disentangling the freshwater effects of an insecticide among co‐occurring agricultural stressors
Authors: Bray Jon P. , Nichols Sue J. , Keely‐Smith Alexandra , Thompson Ross , Bhattacharyya Saurav , Gupta Susmita , Gupta Abhik , Gao Jianfa , Wang Xianyu , Kaserzon Sarit , Mueller Jochen F. , Chou Audrey , Kefford Ben J.
Published: May 2019

Pesticide concentrations are correlated with regional declines in stream invertebrate diversity. Experimental studies have identified that pesticides can have strong and persistent negative effects on aquatic ecosystems. These effects may occur at concentrations orders of magnitude lower than laboratory toxicity studies predict. Synergism among stressors is one explanation for observed laboratory–field differences. However, the true effect of pesticides on stream invertebrates remains uncertain, given interactions between stressors and natural environmental conditions.

We experimentally examined multiple‐stressor effects on stream invertebrate assemblages and leaf litter breakdown using 24 independent ~900 L re‐circulating outdoor mesocosms in a semi‐orthogonal design. Two pulses of the pesticide malathion (C10H19O6PS2) were delivered at low and high concentrations (Pulse 1: low at 0.1 and high at 1 µg/L; Pulse 2: at 2.5 and 25 µg/L). These were crossed with a treatment combining stressors commonly associated with agricultural development; nitrogen, phosphorus and sediment (kaolinite).

Malathion degradation was rapid (<24 hr half‐life) in all treatments, likely because of photolysis, hydrolysis, the presence of biofilms and sorptive processes. There were significant differences in invertebrate assemblages between treatments, where malathion contributed to 48% and 87% of deviance during Pulse 1 and 2 respectively. Malathion had strong negative effects during Pulse 2, with declines occurring between control and high pesticide treatments in Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera and Trichoptera abundances (Cohen's d = 3.08), invertebrate richness (d = 3.57) and total abundance (d = 3.31).

Despite the dominant effects of malathion on invertebrates, agricultural stressors inhibited rates of leaf litter breakdown (p < 0.05), and weakly mitigated malathion toxicity in mesocosms (e.g. PERMANOVA, P ≈ 0.1). Malathion breakdown analysis indicated sediment addition reduced malathion concentrations through alkaline hydrolysis and sorption. Experimental assays on common taxa supported sediment‐malathion interactions resulted in antagonism.

Synthesis and applications. Pesticide effects were not synergistic with the stressors tested here. Indeed, sensitivity‐dependent stressor antagonisms were observed, reinforcing a mechanistic understanding of stressor effects and interactions is important. Among aquatic stressors examined, malathion had dominant effects on invertebrate assemblages, despite rapid degradation. Our results suggest that pesticide effects may be underestimated within ecosystems, where pesticides can have severe community‐wide effects, but rapid pesticide breakdown and sorptive processes may conceal causal links.
Clinical significance of CCN2/connective tissue growth factor in Behçet's disease patients
Authors: Bassyouni Iman Hamed , Mohammed Wafaa Hob Sharkawy , Taha Fatma M. , El Refai Rasha M.
Published: May 2019

Aim

Behçet's disease (BD) is a chronic autoimmune vasculitic disorder of unclear pathogenesis. CCN2/CTGF (connective tissue growth factor) is one of the CCN family members which carry out pro‐angiogenic biological functions and play an important role in inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. The aim of the present study was to assess CCN2 plasma concentrations in BD patients and to analyze their association with clinical features of the disease, activity and laboratory parameters.

Methods

We included 87 BD patients and 60 healthy control subjects matched for age and gender. Demographic, clinical, disease activity and severity data were recorded. Plasma CCN2 concentrations were measured using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results

The plasma concentrations of CCN2 in BD patients were significantly elevated compared to healthy controls. The mean plasma CCN2 levels in patients with major organ involvement were significantly higher than those without. Patients who received steroids or cyclophosphamide showed a significant reduction in CCN2 levels. This was confirmed by the results of multivariate analysis. Patients with active ocular disease had a significant increase in CCN2 compared to the inactive group. On the other hand, CCN2 levels were not significantly correlated with overall disease activity and severity scores.

Conclusion

Behçet's disease patients showed a significant increase of CCN2 levels, especially in the group of patients with major organ involvement. A significant reduction of these levels was found in patients who received steroids or cyclophosphamide. Larger studies with further investigations of the precise role of CCN2 in BD pathogenesis might lead to novel therapies for the clinical management of this disease.
A novel uncultured marine cyanophage lineage with lysogenic potential linked to a putative marine Synechococcus ‘relic’ prophage
Authors: Flores‐Uribe José , Philosof Alon , Sharon Itai , Fridman Svetlana , Larom Shirley , Béjà Oded
Published: May 2019

Marine cyanobacteria are important contributors to primary production in the ocean and their viruses (cyanophages) affect the ocean microbial communities. Despite reports of lysogeny in marine cyanobacteria, a genome sequence of such temperate cyanophages remains unknown although genomic analysis indicate potential for lysogeny in certain marine cyanophages. Using assemblies from Red Sea and Tara Oceans metagenomes, we recovered genomes of a novel uncultured marine cyanophage lineage, which contain, in addition to common cyanophage genes, a phycobilisome degradation protein NblA, an integrase and a split DNA polymerase. The DNA polymerase forms a monophyletic clade with a DNA polymerase from a genomic island in Synechococcus WH8016. The island contains a relic prophage that does not resemble any previously reported cyanophage but shares several genes with the newly identified cyanophages reported here. Metagenomic recruitment indicates that the novel cyanophages are widespread, albeit at low abundance. Here, we describe a novel potentially lysogenic cyanophage family, their abundance and distribution in the marine environment.
Our Voices Matter: Using Video‐Cued Ethnography to Facilitate a Conversation about Race between Parents of Color and Preservice Teachers
Authors: Campbell Kathlene Holmes , Valauri Anne
Published: May 2019

This article highlights how video‐cued ethnography (VCE) helped facilitate conversations about race between parents of color and preservice teachers. Utilizing VCE, we conducted exchanges between both groups to determine what would occur if they engaged in asynchronous discussions about the impact of race in schools. Two notable shifts emerged: (1) the necessity of conversations to end racial oppression and (2) the importance of challenging inequities to present a racially conscious curriculum to young children. [Preservice teachers, racial conversations, early childhood, race]
Adopting bioenergy crops: Does farmers’ attitude toward loss matter?
Authors: Anand Mohit , Miao Ruiqing , Khanna Madhu
Published: May 2019

We apply prospect theory to examining farmers’ economic incentives to divert a share of their land to bioenergy crops (miscanthus and switchgrass in this study). Numerical simulation is conducted for 1,919 rain‐fed U.S. counties to identify the impact of loss aversion on bioenergy crop adoption, and how this impact is influenced by biomass price, discount rate, credit constraint status, and policy instruments. Results show that ignoring farmer's loss aversion causes overestimation of miscanthus production but underestimation of switchgrass production, particularly when farmers are credit constrained and have a high discount rate. We find that establishment cost subsidy induces more miscanthus production whereas subsidized energy crop insurance induces more switchgrass production. The efficacy of these two policy instruments, measured by biomass production increased by per dollar of government outlay, depends on the magnitude of farmers’ loss aversion and discount rate.
Personalized medicine—concepts, technologies, and applications in inflammatory skin diseases
Authors: Litman Thomas
Published: May 2019

The current state, tools, and applications of personalized medicine with special emphasis on inflammatory skin diseases like psoriasis and atopic dermatitis are discussed. Inflammatory pathways are outlined as well as potential targets for monoclonal antibodies and small‐molecule inhibitors.
A safety, pharmacokinetic, pharmacogenomic and population pharmacokinetic analysis of the third‐generation EGFR TKI, olmutinib (HM61713), after single oral administration in healthy volunteers
Authors: Noh Young Su , Yoon Seonghae , Kim Suk Ran , Lee Kyung‐Tae , Jang In‐Jin
Published: May 2019

The main objective of this phase I trial was to investigate pharmacokinetics (PKs) of olmutinib in three racial subjects. We also evaluate safety/tolerability and a population PK and pharmacogenomic analysis were performed for explorative purposes. A dose escalation study was conducted in 56 Korean, Japanese and Caucasian subjects. The food effect was assessed in the 300 mg Korean group. Individual PK parameters were calculated by non‐compartmental methods and presented by dose and race. Genotype analysis was performed using DMET® plus to identify genotypes which affect PK characteristics. A population PK model was developed to explore inter‐individual variability and to evaluate the influence of possible covariates using NONMEM®. Tmax was 2‐3 hour, regardless of race. The mean terminal half‐life ranged from 4.8 to 7.4 hour, with no significant differences between dose or racial groups. Dose‐normalized Cmax and AUClast were not significantly different between race groups. PK parameters were similar between the fasting and fed conditions. A single‐nucleotide polymorphism in the GSTM3 gene (rs4783) and a copy number variation in the GSTM1 gene were significantly related to AUC. A one‐compartment model with first‐order absorption adequately described the observed olmutinib data. Thirty adverse events were observed in 15 subjects, of which 26 events, all mild, were possibly related to olmutinib. A single oral dose of olmutinib 100‐300 mg was safe and well tolerated. PK parameters were dose‐proportional and did not differ by race. Food intake did not affect olmutinib absorption. Pharmacogenomic analysis indicated that glutathione S‐transferase might be involved in olmutinib metabolism.
Transformed mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas: A single institution retrospective study including polymerase chain reaction‐based clonality analysis
Authors: Kiesewetter Barbara , Lamm Wolfgang , Dolak Werner , Lukas Julius , Mayerhoefer Marius E. , Weber Michael , Schiefer Ana‐Iris , Kornauth Christoph , Bayer Günther , Simonitsch‐Klupp Ingrid , Raderer Markus
Published: May 2019

Given the lack of consistent data regarding the clinico‐pathological features and clonal lymphomagenesis of patients with mucosa‐associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma and histological transformation (HT), we have systematically analysed 379 patients (32% gastric, 68% extra‐gastric; median follow‐up 52 months) diagnosed with HT at the Medical University Vienna 1999–2017, and reassessed tissues of identified patients by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based clonality analysis. HT was documented in 12/379 patients (3·2%) and occurred at a median time of 22 months (range; 6–202 months) after diagnosis of MALT lymphoma. By PCR‐based clonality analysis, we detected a clear‐cut clonal relationship of MALT lymphoma and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL) in 8 of 11 analysed cases proving that the large majority of DLBCL following MALT lymphoma are clonally‐related and constitute a real transformation. Interestingly, HT occurred within the first 2·5 years after diagnosis in patients with clonal relationship, whereas time to aggressive lymphoma was longer in patients identified as clonally‐unrelated (most likely secondary) lymphoma (82–202 months), suggesting that HT is an early event in this disease. Survival of patients with HT was poor with 6/12 dying at 1·5–33 months after HT, however, patients with localized gastric transformation had a superior outcome with only 1/6 dying due to progression of lymphoma.
Conscience in public administration: More than just a chirping cricket?
Authors: Kathleen Deutscher Mary , Walker Keith D. , Phillips Peter W.B.
Published: May 2019

The policy and practice of public administration are caught between two seemingly incommensurate goals. Public servants are expected to be responsible to the oversight and control of democratically elected governments, yet, as the policy space becomes more complex, are forced to exercise more judgment and discretion in their responsibilities. Individual, collective, and professional conscience is motivated across this spectrum of challenges. This article explores the concepts of discretion and conscience in theory and practice in the Canadian context. It offers insights into how conscience can, and perhaps must, be both accommodated and supported more appropriately in the practice of 21st‐century public administration and service. At root, we argue that an array of strategies and approaches may help to build relational reciprocity to a broader set of norms that are necessary for efficient and effective governance.
Retracted: Effect of Fasudil on remyelination following cuprizone‐induced demyelination
Authors: Wang Jing , Sui Ruo‐Xuan , Miao Qiang , Wang Qing , Song Li‐Juan , Yu Jie‐Zhong , Li Yan‐Hua , Xiao Bao‐Guo , Ma Cun‐Gen
Published: May 2019

Background

Multiple sclerosis is characterized by demyelination/remyelination, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. Cuprizone (CPZ)‐induced toxic demyelination is an experimental animal model commonly used to study demyelination and remyelination in the central nervous system. Fasudil is one of the most thoroughly studied Rho kinase inhibitors.

Methods

Following CPZ exposure, the degree of demyelination in the brain of male C57BL/6 mice was assessed by Luxol fast blue, Black Gold II, myelin basic protein immunofluorescent staining, and Western blot. The effect of Fasudil on behavioral change was determined using elevated plus maze test and pole test. The possible mechanisms of Fasudil action were examined by immunohistochemistry, flow cytometry, ELISA, and dot blot.

Results

Fasudil improved behavioral abnormalities, inhibited microglia‐mediated neuroinflammation, and promoted astrocyte‐derived nerve growth factor and ciliary neurotrophic factor, which should contribute to protection and regeneration of oligodendrocytes. In addition, Fasudil inhibited the production of myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody and the infiltration of peripheral CD4+ T cells and CD68+ macrophages, which appears to be related to the integrity of the blood‐brain barrier.

Conclusion

These results provide evidence for the therapeutic potential of Fasudil in CPZ‐induced demyelination. However, how Fasudil acts on microglia, astrocytes, and immune cells remains to be further explored.
Causative exposures and temporal development of cobalt allergy in Denmark between 2002 and 2017
Authors: Alinaghi Farzad , Zachariae Claus , Thyssen Jacob P. , Johansen Jeanne D.
Published: May 2019

Background

Cobalt contact allergy is common, but clinical relevance is often difficult to determine.

Objectives

To examine the aetiology, prevalence and clinical characteristics of cobalt‐allergic patients who were patch tested between 2002 and 2017 at the Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Herlev‐Gentofte Hospital.

Methods

Patch test data, along with patient characteristics and causative exposures, from all adult dermatitis patients seen and tested between 2002 and 2017 were analysed. Associations were tested with the χ
2 test and logistic regression.

Results

A total of 13 475 adults aged 18 to 99 years were patch tested. The overall prevalence of cobalt allergy and the prevalence of isolated cobalt allergy were 3.3% and 1.5%, respectively. The prevalence of isolated cobalt allergy decreased from 2.4% in 2006 to 2009 to 1.1% in 2014 to 2017 (Ptrend = 0.00003). Leather exposure as a relevant cause of allergic cobalt dermatitis increased from 3.7% in 2002 to 2009 to 8.3% in 2010 to 2017 (P = 0.04). The current clinical relevance of positive patch test reactions, that is, a positive reaction to cobalt combined with a history of current skin exposure to a source of cobalt, was 20.1%.

Conclusions

We conclude that cobalt allergy is relatively common, but causative exposures are largely unknown, and the proportion of positive patch test reactions with clinical relevance is low. It is therefore currently unclear how we can better protect consumers and workers from cobalt exposure.
The impact of social media on citation rates in coloproctology
Authors: Jeong J. W. , Kim M. J. , Oh H.‐K. , Jeong S. , Kim M. H. , Cho J. R. , Kim D.‐W. , Kang S.‐B.
Published: May 2019

Aim

This study aimed to investigate the association between Twitter exposure and the number of citations for coloproctology articles.

Method

Original articles from journals using Twitter between June 2015 and May 2016 were evaluated for the following characteristics: publishing journal; article subject; study design; nationality, speciality and affiliation of the author(s); and reference on Twitter. Citation data for these articles were retrieved from Google Scholar (https://scholar.google.com) in January 2018. We performed a univariate analysis using these data followed by a multivariate, logistic regression analysis to search for factors associated with a high citation level, which was defined as accrual of more than five citations.

Results

Out of six coloproctology journals listed on the InCites JCR database, three (Diseases of the Colon & Rectum, Colorectal Disease and Techniques in Coloproctology) used Twitter, where 200 (49.5%) out of a total of 404 articles had been featured. Citation rates of articles that featured on Twitter were significantly higher than those that did not (11.4 ± 9.2 vs 4.1 ± 3.1, P < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, Twitter exposure (OR 8.6, P = 0.001), European Union nationality (OR 2.4, P = 0.004), Colorectal Disease journal (OR 3.3, P = 0.005) and systematic review articles (OR 3.4, P = 0.009) were associated with higher citation levels.

Conclusion

Article exposure on Twitter was strongly associated with a high citation level. Medical communities should encourage journals as well as physicians to actively utilize social media to expedite the spread of new ideas and ultimately benefit medical society as a whole.
Colour harmony of two‐colour combinations using a 3D colour configuration
Authors: Gong Shi‐Min , Lee Wen‐Yuan
Published: May 2019

Over the past few years, although many studies have investigated colour harmony, most of those used the planar colour configuration, which is not in line with the design requirements of real‐life products. Therefore, this study used 11 basic colours and five types of colour scheme techniques to derive 141 colour combinations applied upon a physical 3D colour configuration to observe the phenomena of colour harmony. The results show that colour harmony on a 3D colour configuration is different from that on a planar colour configuration, and can be divided into four phenomena: (i) lightness difference was found to determine the colour harmony while achromatic colour was configured with achromatic colour; (ii) lightness sum prompted colour harmony while chromatic colour was configured with achromatic colour; (iii) lightness sum and chroma sum were found to determine colour harmony while chromatic colour was configured with chromatic colour with a two‐colour hue angle difference >90°; and (iv) lightness sum and hue difference were a determination of colour harmony while chromatic colour was configured with chromatic colour with a two‐colour hue angle difference of ≤90°. On the basis of these phenomena, this study develops a colour harmony model based on the colour parameters, most of which are derived from the addition of the colour attributes of two colours.
Endometrial stromal sarcoma metastasis in a supraclavicular lymph node: A diagnostic conundrum on cytology
Authors: Sreerekha Jinkala , Gochhait Debasis , Dk Karthik , Siddaraju Neelaiah , T Parvathi , Kayal Smita
Published: May 2019

Stromal sarcoma of the female genital tract are rare malignant tumor with varied morphology ranging from stromal nodule to high grade undifferentiated sarcoma. Even the immuno marker profile depend on the degree of differentiation. All these features make it difficult to diagnose an stromal sarcoma at primary or metastatic site.
Analysis of the status quo of perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis in dermatosurgery in Germany: results of the DESSI‐study
Authors: Balakirski Galina , Felcht Moritz , Bayer Hans , Schmitt Laurenz
Published: May 2019

Background

Perioperative antibiotic prophylaxis (PAP) is recommended for the prevention of postoperative infections by the Commission for Hospital Hygiene and Infection Prevention (KRINKO) at the Robert Koch Institute. However, how PAP is currently used in the field of dermatosurgery in Germany is unclear.

Methods

All members of the German Society for Dermatosurgery (DGDC) were asked to participate in a web‐based survey in order to investigate the use of PAP by German dermatological surgeons.

Results

78 DGDC members completed the questionnaire. Of these, 89.7 % (70/78) were medical specialists with a median work experience of 15 years in the field of dermatosurgery, and 53.8 % (42/78) of the respondents regularly use PAP in dermatosurgery. Of these, 35.7 % (15/42) reported that they perform PAP for immunocompromised patients. Only a small proportion of skin surgeons stated that they administer PAP parenterally (5.9 %, 4/67). The most commonly used drug was cephalosporin cefuroxime. The duration of the PAP varied between single‐dose and prolonged administration for more than five days.

Conclusion

Currently, the use of PAP in dermatosurgical procedures in Germany is not standardized. Prospective randomized dermatosurgical studies are needed in order to investigate whether the PAP recommendations of KRINKO are applicable to the field of dermatological surgery.
Using hippocampal‐dependent eyeblink conditioning to predict individual differences in spatial reorientation strategies in 3‐ to 6‐year‐olds
Authors: Vieites Vanessa , Pruden Shannon M. , Shusterman Anna , Reeb‐Sutherland Bethany C.
Published: May 2019

The hippocampus is a subcortical structure in the medial temporal lobe involved in cognitive functions such as spatial navigation and reorientation, episodic memory, and associative learning. While much is understood about the role of hippocampal function in learning and memory in adults, less is known about the relations between the hippocampus and the development of these cognitive skills in young children due to the limitations of using standard methods (e.g., MRI) to examine brain structure and function in developing populations. This study used hippocampal‐dependent trace eyeblink conditioning (EBC) as a feasible approach to examine individual differences in hippocampal functioning as they relate to spatial reorientation and episodic memory performance in young children. Three‐ to six‐year‐old children (N = 50) completed tasks that measured EBC, spatial reorientation, and episodic memory, as well as non‐hippocampal‐dependent processing speed abilities. Results revealed that when age was held constant, individual differences in EBC performance were significantly related to individual differences in performance on the spatial reorientation test, but not on the episodic memory or processing speed tests. When the relations between hippocampal‐dependent EBC and different reorientation strategies were explored, it was found that individual differences in hippocampal function predicted the use of geometric information for reorienting in space as opposed to a combined strategy that uses both geometric information and salient visual cues. The utilization of eyeblink conditioning to examine hippocampal function in young populations and its implications for understanding the dissociation between spatial reorientation and episodic memory development are discussed.
Maternal effects across life stages: larvae experiencing predation risk increase offspring provisioning
Authors: Tigreros Natasha , Norris Rachel H. , Thaler Jennifer S
Published: May 2019

1. Maternal provisioning can reduce offspring vulnerability to predators by promoting offspring growth and eliciting of antipredator behaviours. Mothers perceiving predation risk may improve offspring survival if producing larger, higher‐quality offspring. However, empirical evidence suggests that offspring quality is often reduced, probably reflecting predator‐induced physiological costs, or a selfish maternal strategy aimed at producing more offspring by sacrificing their quality. While perception and impact of predators can vary across the prey's life stage, a majority of studies have focused on understanding how reproductive allocation decisions are influenced by the risk of predation during adulthood.

2. In this study,Leptinotarsa decemlineatabeetles were used to examine if the risk of predation during the larval stage: (i) impacts the mother's physiological condition, including body mass and metabolic rate; and (ii) alters maternal allocation of reproductive resources to offspring quantity versus quality.

3. Results revealed thatL. decemlineatamothers responded to perceived predation risk by producing clutches with fewer but larger eggs, thus increasing offspring provisioning. Surprisingly, while females that had faced predation risk as larva emerged with a similar body mass to control females, they exhibited lower metabolic rates.

4. Although predation risk inL. decemlineatalarvae is known to impair their ability to acquire and maintain energy resources, adult females appeared to ameliorate such costs by improving their metabolic efficiency and by allocating more of their limited reproductive resources to produce fewer but better‐quality offspring.