bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paradigmatism and Syntagmatism of Word Responses of Normals and Patients
Authors: Pons Louis , L'Homme Marie Françoise
Published: September 2011

It is demonstrated that in a free word-association test the paradigmatic-syntagmatic ratio of the most common responses (primary responses) is always higher than that for other responses, whatever the state of the subject (normal or patient). What differs between samples is not the nature of primary responses, but only their frequency.
Beliefs about Cancer, Heart Disease, and Their Victims
Authors: Sloan Richard P. , Gruman Jessie C
Published: September 2011

Of the considerable recent research by social scientists in the area of health and medicine, most has been devoted to examination of individuals' health and their own health-related behaviors and beliefs. Little attention has been paid to the reactions of people to ill others. The just-world hypothesis suggests that these reactions are predictable: that as the severity of illness increases, the victim should receive increasing derogation by others. This study examined the failure of a previous study to find evidence supporting this prediction when the severe disease was cancer. In the current study, 73 undergraduate students were presented one of two stimulus stories depicting a person who suffered either from a heart attack or stomach cancer. After reading the stories, subjects rated the attractiveness of the stimulus person. They also answered a series of questions designed to probe their beliefs about these two health conditions. As predicted and contrary to the just-world hypothesis, victims of conditions seen to be unpreventable received less derogation than victims of preventable ones. Moreover, it was discovered that relative to heart attacks, stomach cancer was seen as less preventable, less well understood, and less effectively treated both by medical and individual means.
Job Satisfaction and Locus of Control in Two Job Types
Authors: Oliver John E.
Published: September 2011

Data from 10 organizations indicate that more variance in job satisfaction is explained by individual differences in locus of control and by organizational differences than by job design.
Machiavellianism and Managerial Work Attitudes and Perceptions
Authors: Hollon Charles J.
Published: September 2011

The relationships of Machiavellianism with managerial work attitudes and perceptions were investigated using questionnaire data for 75 managerial personnel. Machiavellianism for managers was significantly correlated negatively with job satisfaction, perceived participation in decision making and job involvement, and positively with role ambiguity and job tension. Machiavellianism was not significantly related to perceived managerial job performance.
Race, Age, and Conformity in Prison
Authors: Rowe Alan R.
Published: September 2011

Data collected from the 14,834 men and women in the state prison system of Georgia support the hypothesis that age is more important than race for conforming behavior in prison. Prior study shows that criminal propensity declines with age, and this study shows that actual behavior conforms more to rules with increased age.
History of Psychology: XXXIII. On Textbook Lessons from History, or How the Conditioned Reflex Discovered Twitmyer
Authors: Misceo Giovanni , Samelson Franz
Published: September 2011

A number of recent textbooks have claimed that the American psychologist E. B. Twitmyer discovered the conditioned reflex in 1902 independently of and even prior to Pavlov. Various explanations for the obscurity of Twitmyer's discovery were offered. However, closer scrutiny of Twitmyer's publications, viewed in their contemporary context, does not find much support for such speculative explanations. It is argued that Twitmyer's work with the knee jerk constituted neither a knowing nor an unknowing discovery of the “conditioned reflex.” Instead a retrospective and anachronistic view of history, employing an overly simple notion of discovery and a reified concept of the conditioned reflex, had discovered Twitmyer in order to teach some “lessons from history.”
Defensiveness in Psychiatric Elderly Persons: Fact or Fiction
Authors: Tamkin Arthur S. , Hyer Leon A.
Published: September 2011

It is popularly believed that as one ages defensiveness increases and becomes a stable aging trait. 44 psychiatric inpatients were divided into younger and older groups. Standard measures of defensiveness from psychological tests were used; Q and K scales of the MMPI, and the F% of the Rorschach. Intelligence was controlled. Results indicate that there are no differences between the younger and older groups. Among psychiatric elderly inpatients defensiveness does not appear characteristic. Implications are discussed.
Relationship of the Life Experiences Survey to Internal/External Control, Social Desirability, and Work-Related Satisfaction
Authors: Beehr Terry A.
Published: September 2011

The Life Experiences Survey was investigated for possible contamination with internal-external control, social desirability, and affect toward work-related facets of life, and independence of three of its possible subscales. There appears to be relatively little contamination of the scale, although there is some problem with the independence of some of the subscales.
Therapist Expectancy Inventory: Development and Preliminary Validation
Authors: Bernstein Bianca L. , Lecomte Conrad , Des Harnais Gabriel
Published: September 2011

That therapists' expectancies are related to counseling process and outcome has been demonstrated in several studies spanning two decades of research. To facilitate the comparability of data and encourage further research, an instrument to measure therapists' expectancies was developed. A total of 1403 clinical psychologists, clinical social workers, and counselors completed an inventory designed to assess therapists' diagnostic, prognostic, and process expectancies in regard to a written description of a client's case. Factor analyses of the data yielded four factors: Expectancies for Therapist's Directiveness and Expectancies for Interpretation (both process factors), Expectancies of Outcomes for Client (prognostic), and Expectancies for Client's Need (diagnostic). Implications for research and training are proposed.
Comparison of Discrepancies in Reading by Black and White Educable Mentally Retarded Students
Authors: Whorton James E. , Wilson R. Mack
Published: September 2011

Discrepancies in reading were calculated by comparing actual achievement with expected achievement for 224 black and 78 white educable mentally retarded students in Grades 1 to 12. Means for the total population and for black students and white students showed no statistically significant differences for the two groups.
Psychological Stress and Psychopathology: Outline for a Theory
Authors: Siomopoulos V. , Crawford James W.
Published: September 2011

Based on Selye's theory of stress the authors propose a model of psychopathology in which psychological stress, vulnerability to stress, and psychological defenses mediated by various brain neurotransmitters interact to produce psychiatric symptomatology. Acute psychiatric symptoms are viewed as a stage of a general psychological stress syndrome set in motion by psychological defenses mediated by overactivity or underactivity of brain neurotransmitters, whereas chronic psychiatric symptoms are regarded as disorders of psychological adaptation resulting from operation of psychological defenses beyond their emergency function.
Nursing Students: Personality Dimensions and Attitudes toward Women
Authors: Loo Robert
Published: September 2011

100 female nursing students completed the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and the Attitudes Toward Women Scale. A pattern of high Lie and low Psychoticism scores was found. Nursing students were more conservative than female undergraduates and more liberal than male undergraduates as indicated by the Attitudes Toward Women Scale. Scores on the four scales in the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire were independent of scores on the Attitudes Toward Women Scale.
Effects of Race of Rater and Ratee on Peer-Ratings of Managerial Potential
Authors: Orpen Christopher
Published: September 2011

The effect of race of rater and ratee on peer-ratings of managerial potential was examined for 11 whites and 29 blacks attending a Management Training Course held in Zimbabwe. 29 blacks and 11 whites rated the blacks significantly lower than the whites on management potential. The blacks also gave themselves significantly lower self-ratings than the whites. Since the blacks and whites obtained virtually the same mean scores on two separate measures of managerial potential, ratings may be biased.
Validity of Linked Raters' Judgments
Authors: Howard George S. , Wright Katherine M. , Snyder Kathleen S.
Published: September 2011

The traditional procedure for obtaining judged estimates of treatment-related change involves total randomization of the order of materials to be presented for judgment. An alternative approach (linked judgments) is considered as a potential solution to certain instrumentation-related threats to the validity of statistical conclusions which are present with the traditional rating procedure. Data on the effectiveness of a commercial body-slenderizing program are presented. Analysis suggests that linked judgments provide both a more powerful and a more valid index of effectiveness of treatment than the traditional totally randomized procedure. Advantages and disadvantages of the two procedures for obtaining judges' ratings, depending on the relative importance to the purpose of a study of accurately assessing change vs one particular value obtained before or after treatment, are discussed.
Influence of Structured Group Experience on Moral Judgments of Preschoolers
Authors: Moran James D. , O'Brien Gayle
Published: September 2011

Moral judgment stories were read to preschoolers who were either in day care or nursery school ( n = 20) or at home, not attending any formal program ( n = 15). The group-care children focused more on intention in contexts involving injury to another person but tended to be more consequence-based in contexts involving personal property damage than the group at home. These data suggest the influence of the social environment on moral judgments.
Do Assertive People Prefer Merit Pay?
Authors: Brenner O. C. , Bertsch Thomas M.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between assertiveness and individuals' preference for pay increases based on merit versus seniority was investigated. For 83 undergraduate business students (46 women and 37 men) there was a significant sex difference; more assertive men showed a preference for merit pay increases, while more assertive women preferred pay increases based on seniority. Further research to determine the bases of the results for women is encouraged.
They Get Better Looking at Closing Time around Here, Too
Authors: Nida Steve A. , Koon Jack
Published: September 2011

As part of an attempt to replicate and extend a portion of an earlier study of Pennebaker, et al., male patrons of two bars rated the attractiveness of their female counterparts at three different times over the course of an evening. As expected, ratings of attractiveness obtained at a Country and Western bar increased as it grew later; no such increase occurred, however, at a campus bar.
Relative Body Weight as a Factor in the Decision to Abort
Authors: Thelen Thomas H. , Alumbaugh Richard V.
Published: September 2011

Abortion referral data of 692 pregnant women visiting a large urban planned parenthood clinic were analyzed to determine whether relative weight, as measured by an adiposity index, as well as other variables, were associated with a decision to terminate or not terminate a pregnancy. Relative weight, length of pregnancy, education, age, ethnicity, and marital status were found to be associated with the decision to abort. While most of these variables have previously been shown to be related to the decision to terminate or not terminate a pregnancy, a relationship between relative weight and abortion has not previously been reported. In the analyses of all the women in this study and of a subsample consisting only of those in the early stages of their pregnancies, increased relative weight was associated with a decrease in the likelihood of termination of pregnancy. Possible reasons for this relationship and the evolutionary implications are discussed.
Children's Recall and Organization of Noncategorical Associated Pictures
Authors: Frankel Marc T.
Published: September 2011

The present study tested the generality of the associative hypothesis of organization in children's free recall. 10 kindergarten, 10 fourth, and 10 tenth grade subjects were tested for their memory of 24 noncategorical pictures partially composed of highly associated items. Only the tenth grade subjects grouped associated material together at recall. In addition, younger subjects did not improve recall or organization across three trials with the same stimuli.
Attitudes to Sex-Roles, Political Conservatism and Belief in a Just World
Authors: Wagstaff Graham F. , Quirk Mary Anne
Published: September 2011

The relationships between support of the traditional role of women in society, political conservatism, and the belief in a just world were investigated by means of a questionnaire given to 93 British undergraduate students. Significant positive relationships were found.
The Factorial Invariance of the Nurses' Observation Scale for Evaluation of Inpatients
Authors: Carbonara Douglas P. , Regan Brian K. , Delaney Kevin J. , Kumbar Mahadev
Published: September 2011

The stability of the factor pattern of the NOSIE across 3 psychiatric center populations ( N = 3,027) was investigated. The 5 significant factors that emerged from the principal factor analyses were tested for invariance using the coefficient of congruence, root mean square, zero-order correlation, and the similarity index. The convergence of all the measures indicated that the Irritability, Personal Neatness, Social Interest, Social Competence, and Manifest Psychosis factors were remarkably stable across the 3 settings. The psychometric and clinical implications of the results are discussed.
Personality Data Form: Initial Reliability and Validity
Authors: Shorkey Clayton T. , Sutton-Simon Karen
Published: September 2011

This study attempted to establish initial reliability and validity for the Personality Data Form, a self-report questionnaire which purports to assess emotional dysfunctions resulting from irrational beliefs. The Personality Data Form and several other scales of psychological adjustment were administered to 31 male and 56 female outpatients receiving psychotherapy at a community clinic. Their therapists completed an abbreviated version of the Personality Data Form for their clients. Analysis yielded a high estimate of reliability as well as significant low-to-moderate correlations among all measures in the expected directions. Clients' and therapists' scale scores were also significantly correlated .41. These findings ate interpreted as initial evidence for the Personality Data Form's reliability and validity and suggest that research with this scale would be useful, especially to establish its factor structure.
Knowledge Workers: Organizational Climate and Motivation
Authors: Ganesan Vedhagiri
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the correlations between the motivation of knowledge workers and their perceived organizational climate, in the light of Korman's theory which relates motivational processes and organizational behaviour to organizational environment. 21 knowledge workers with professional, technical, or managerial functions from 9 different organizations responded to Organizational Climate Questionnaire, Manifest Need Questionnaire, an individual brain-storming measure, and an aggression scale. Pearson's rs (.36–.53) between motivations and dimensions of organizational climate did not support Korman's theory that the motives of achievement, aggression, and creativity develop in the same kinds of organizational environment. The implications for research were discussed.
Modified Achievement-Motivation Training: A Longitudinal Study of Effects of a Condensed Training Design for Entrepreneurs
Authors: Durand Douglas E.
Published: September 2011

The positive effects of achievement-motivation ( n ach) training on entrepreneurial behavior have been reported for some time. n ach training has been limited to persons who could afford the time and monetary costs of the longer training sessions. A substantially shortened training design, when combined with skill training, has shown many of the effects and benefits of the original n ach training among 13 Australian inventors. In a 2-yr. follow-up study, n ach trained subjects engaged in significantly more business activities than they did before the training.
Stability of Personality Dimensions Related to Cancer and Colitis Ulcerosa: Preliminary Report
Authors: Keltikangas-Järvinen Liisa , Loven Eija-Liisa
Published: September 2011

34 subjects with colostomy and 32 subjects with ileostomy were studied with Ro, Beck's Depression Inventory and ERS-scale of MMPI. The results showed that the stomy-operation did not have any dramatic psychic effect, but the assumed psychosomatic personality constellation was still dominant, though the disease was “over.”
Sex-Role Orientation and Fear of Failure in Women
Authors: Steinberg Carol L. , Teevan Richard C. , Greenfeld Norman
Published: September 2011

155 female students in introductory psychology responded to a modified TAT, a role-orientation scale, and a level-of-aspiration task to test the utility of the Birney, Burdick, and Teevan (1969) model of fear-of-failure motivation in predicting the behavior of females who accept culturally-defined, masculine achievement goals as personally relevant. Subjects were classified as high or low in fear-of-failure motivation, as traditional or nontraditional in sex-role orientation, and as having either defensive or nondefensive level-of-aspiration goals. Contrary to hypothesis, no difference was found between high fear-of-failure traditional and nontraditional females in setting defensive goals.
Maslach Burnout Inventory: Factor Structures for Samples of Teachers
Authors: Belcastro Philip A. , Hays Leon C. , Gold Robert S.
Published: September 2011

There is evidence that the original Maslach Burnout Inventory subscales may be improved by tailoring the factor structure and norms for individual professions within the original group. To determine the factor structures of the original 25-item inventory for a homogeneous population of 710 public school teachers from two states data were factor analyzed using principal factoring with iteration. The resulting factor structure was consistent with the original factor structure scaling; and norms specific for analyzing teachers' scores are reported.
Overshadowing in a Two-Way Shuttlebox
Authors: Cotton M. M.
Published: September 2011

A preliminary experiment established that a tone was a more salient stimulus than a light in promoting shuttlebox-avoidance behavior (Exp. 1). Exp. 2 was designed to detect the extent of overshadowing of the light by the tone. Two groups of subjects ( n = 10) were confined to one side of the shuttlebox and given Pavlovian conditioning trials to either the light (control group) or a tone-light compound (experimental group). On a series of test trials the tone overshadowed the light in terms of response latency and response frequency measures in a two-way shuttlebox.
Self-Determination and Attribution of Responsibility: Another Look
Authors: Stones Christopher R.
Published: September 2011

While evidence pertaining to an internal locus of control suggests the postulate of consistent attribution of responsibility to personal forces, that concerning the external orientation does not present a clear picture, and findings suggest the “external” orientation is more sensitive to environmental influences, especially under conditions of perceived threat. To investigate this further, two distinct groups of subjects, external and internal scorers, were selected on the basis of scores on Rotter's I-E scale by an initial sample of 350 Rhodes University undergraduates. The 163 selected subjects were randomly assigned to success and failure conditions on a problem-task. The prediction that the externally-oriented subjects would show a significantly greater tendency than the internal scorers to blame “bad luck” for their failure was supported as was the expectation of no difference between the two orientations under conditions without threat. It is suggested that Rotter's locus-of-control construct must be viewed as interactional rather than unidimensional.
Social Desirability and Endorsement of Irrational Beliefs
Authors: Lohr Jeffrey M. , Bonge Dennis , Jones Celeste
Published: September 2011

Irrational beliefs have been proposed as causal agents in emotional disorders. Endorsement of such beliefs is positively correlated with anxiety, depression, and anger. However, measurement of irrational beliefs may reflect social-desirability bias. 159 subjects completed validated measures of irrational beliefs and a measure of social desirability. Three of nine belief scales were negatively correlated with social desirability. It is concluded that the content of the Irrational Beliefs Test is not compromised due to a bias to respond in a culturally sanctioned manner.
Birth Order and past-Orientation
Authors: De Man Anton F. , Batten Gladys M. , Green Christopher D. , Weinstein Lawrence
Published: September 2011

Three studies examined Adler's suggestion that firstborns are past-oriented. The first study of the relationship between birthorder and temporal relatedness and dominance in 37 female undergraduates yielded no significant differences. The second one compared the proportions of firstborns among 68 faculty members, majors, and non-majors in history, expecting a decrease in frequency with decreasing commitment, as was partially confirmed. Study 3 of the relationship between birth order and conservatism-radicalism gave no significant differences.
Use of Burks' Behavior Rating Scale with a Referred Population
Authors: Burke John , Broad James , Byford Susan Richardson , Sims Peter
Published: September 2011

The behavior of 106 children referred for social skills training was assessed by parental ratings. The resulting local norms supported the clinical sensitivity of Burks' scale. Independent therapists' and parents' ratings of a sub-sample produced inadequate inter-rater reliability.
Geropsychology: Meaning in Life for Adults over Seventy
Authors: Mc Carthy S. Viterbo
Published: September 2011

Each of 25 residents in a convalescent center who had CAs ranging from 72 to 99 yr. was rated by a confidante or close relative on the Life Satisfaction Index, a Likert-type scale of six categories, each with a description of a source of meaning in life. The respondents rated Relationships as the most important category followed closely by Health; Service and Belief were given intermediate ratings; Growth and Life Work were least important. For the 20 convalescent residents who had ratings from respondents on all categories, a one-way analysis of variance for ratings across the six categories yielded a significant F ratio. Subsequent tests indicated only chance differences between Relationships and Health, but these two categories were significantly more important than all the remaining categories as sources for meaning in life. The implication for assessing fit of person and environment was noted.
History of Western Education in French-Speaking Africa: The Example of Senegal
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

Three centuries of French government with a colonial policy of cultural assimilation have earned Senegal a rich yet ambiguous educational system. While contributing to the full development of the country one consequent would restrict separateness of cultural identity for the Senegalese and require adaptation of the French educational system to their specific needs. This paper examines the history of Senegal's integration as a colony with the French educational system and the problems from independence to the present in elaborating a Senegalese education which adapts the French sysrem and promotes Senegal's cultural values and economic development. The limits of such action are the need to preserve the friendly and fruitful relationships with France especially at a time when the whole educational system is in a state of crisis, the need to “Africanize” the system without losing the benefit of international recognition, and the need to educate for development in a context of chronic underdevelopment. This background forms a context for psychological understanding of citizens' current behavior.
Problems of Generalizing from Small Samples: Comment on Larde and Clopton
Authors: Wallston Kenneth A.
Published: September 2011

Problems inherent in generalizing from data based on a small number of subjects whose beliefs were measured when they were under considerable stress about their health, especially when scores for even one person are aberrant, limit sharply any possible challenge to theoretical commonality between two measures of locus of control.
Short-Term Memory for Colors and Color Names
Authors: Allen Charles K.
Published: September 2011

The Brown-Peterson paradigm was used to study the way colors and color names are encoded in memory. Three colored strips or the names of the 3 colors were presented on each of 4 trials. The 30-sec. retention interval was filled with number counting. Two control groups received the same material, either colors or names of colors, on all 4 trials. Two experimental groups were shifted from color names to colors or from colors to color names on test trial 4. The results indicated that (1) proactive inhibition developed to both colors and color names, (2) recall of colors was superior to color names, and (3) release from proactive inhibition was found in the group shifted from color names to colors but not in the group shifted in the opposite direction. The results were discussed in terms of the dual-coding hypothesis developed by Paivio.
Development and Initial Reliability Testing of an Instrument to Measure Attitudes toward in-Service Programming among Psychiatric Hospital Staff
Authors: Abraham Ivo L. , Hagerty Bonnie Kawczak
Published: September 2011

An instrument to determine clinical staff's perceptions and valuations of in-service programming, the Staff Development Evaluation Questionnaire, is presented. Initial testing on sample of 55 psychiatric nursing staff in a quasi-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design yielded alpha coefficients of .83 for both the pretest and the posttest and a test-retest coefficient of temporal stability of .81. The need for further assessment of reliability is emphasized, a process currently being undertaken.
Comparison of Multitrait-Multimethod, Factor, and Smallest Space Analysis on Personality Scale Data
Authors: Levin J. , Montag I. , Comrey Andrew L.
Published: September 2011

A multitrait-multimethod matrix of four personality constructs, social desirability, neuroticism, extraversion, and masculinity-femininity, measured by three instruments, Comrey Personality Scales, Eysenck Personality Scales, and MMPI, were analyzed by classical factor analysis and smallest space analysis. The results of both procedures showed excellent agreement, giving four clearly defined orthogonal factors as well as four clearly separated regions in space for the personality constructs, confirming the convergent and discriminant validity of the data obtained in a previous study. The results are attributed in part to the special testing instructions designed to minimize faking and social desirability responding.
Attributions for Success and Failure of Academically Gifted High School Students
Authors: Powers Stephen , Douglas Peggy
Published: September 2011

The 24-item Multidimensional-Multiattributional Causality Scale: Achievement was administered to 74 academically gifted students enrolled in the University of Arizona's Precollege Program for Gifted and Talented Students. Attributions for academic success or failure to ability, effort, context, and luck were examined. Data supported predictions derived from attribution theory that academic success would be attributed to ability and effort, and academic failure would be attributed to lack of effort.
Attitudes of West African Students toward Love and Marriage
Authors: D'Hondt Walter , Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

While attitudes about love and marriage of youth in most Western countries have been studied, the Senegalese youths' attitudes represent the specific interests of a society in which traditional social and religious values of adolescents in school are challenged as they are exposed to new values and attitudes. Despite a growing preference for romantic love and a desire for greater self-assertion in selection of a mate, the youths' attitudes toward love and marriage remain generally conservative.
Assessing Assertiveness in Work Settings: A Discrimination Measure
Authors: Warehime Robert G. , Lowe Danny R.
Published: September 2011

Discriminating assertive, nonassertive, and aggressive behaviors is assumed to precede behaving with appropriate assertiveness in conflict situations. This paper describes the development of a measure of such discrimination for conflict situations in work settings. The 36-item inventory presented here was derived from a pool of 60 items administered to 201 middle-management personnel who had undergone training in assertiveness. The instrument is offered for use by trainers and researchers.
Effects of Living Accommodations of High Proximity on the Self-Perceptions of College Students Residing in University Housing Facilities
Authors: Hughey Aaron Wilson
Published: September 2011

150 selected occupants of university residence hall rooms accommodating three students in space designed for only two were compared with 150 selected occupants of rooms accommodating two students in space designed for two. All responded to The Student Life Event Questionnaire and The Self-perception Assessment. Responses by occupants of triple-occupancy rooms had lower mean self-perception scores than the others.
Conflict Compromise Theory and Preference for Stages of Moral Reasoning
Authors: Muehleman Thomas , Barrett Terry
Published: September 2011

Issues important in consideration at 4 stages of moral reasoning (2, 3, 4, 5) were rated by 35 male and 48 female college students in terms of likelihood of use under 3 instructional sets: by self, by others (fellow students), and most admired. As predicted from conflict-compromise theories, the Stage 2 issues were rated in the following order: others > self > most admired. No differences were found among Stage 3 issues, but Stages 4 and 5 were in the order most admired > self > others in terms of rated likelihood of use in resolving dilemmas. The results were interpreted as evidence that higher-stage issues are positively valued and that persons are motivated to be above average in their preferences for issues. The discussion suggests the choice-shift paradigm as an approach to the study of the ascents and declines of types of moral reasoning as a function of group discussion.
Sex Differences in Female Teachers' Approval and Disapproval Behaviors as Related to Their Self-Definition of Sex-Role Type
Authors: Bledsoe Joseph C.
Published: September 2011

44 white female teachers were observed by two observers for six separate 20-min. periods for a total of 88 hr. The frequencies of approval and disapproval behaviors toward boys and girls were obtained. After observation, the Bem Sex-role Inventory was administered to the teachers, and four groups of 11 teachers each were classified by a median split-procedure as androgynous, masculine, feminine, and undifferentiated. As predicted, masculine teachers were more approving of boys' behavior, feminine teachers were more approving of girls' behavior and less approving of boys' behavior. In total observations, types of teacher did not differ, but when approval or disapproval was considered, there were significant differences according to pupils' sex and type of observation. Teachers' self-definition of sex-role type is likely to influence significantly their behavior toward middle-school boys and girls.
Validity of the Revised Beta Examination and a Short-Form Beta for Hospitalized Alcoholics
Authors: Panitz Daniel R. , Feingold Alan
Published: September 2011

Although the Revised Beta Examination, a nonverbal measure of general intelligence, is one of the few group tests extensively validated for psychiatric patients in state hospitals, it has not been determined whether the instrument is useful for discriminating among alcoholic inpatients in state facilities. The Beta was administered to 494 detoxified alcoholics (471 men, 23 women), aged 20 to 60 yr. ( M = 3.99, SD = 10.1) and hospitalized in a state rehabilitation agency. They were grouped by prior occupational status and educational attainment. Means of the Beta Weighted Scores differed significantly among the groups on both criteria whereas the mean IQs differed only for the educational classification. Also reported was the development of a two-subtest short-form Beta based on the Digit Symbol and Picture Completion subtests. The short-form scores differentiated the groups about as well as the Weighted Scores.
Learnability of Technical Vocabulary Depends upon Familiarity, Comprehensibility and Imagery
Authors: Johnson Craig W. , Hwang Ru-Ing
Published: September 2011

Preliminary findings indicate that undergraduates' retention of the meanings of technical vocabulary items depends upon at least three attributes associated with the items themselves. The “learnability” of 46 low-frequency relatively technical vocabulary words and their definitions, assessed as percentage of correct responses on a randomly ordered multiple-choice comprehension test, was significantly correlated .45 with familiarity, .32 with comprehensibility and .28 with imagery ratings obtained for the items from two other groups of raters. Comprehensibility and imagery were significant predictors independent of familiarity (partial r = .30 and .26, respectively) and familiarity was a significant predictor independent of the other two (partial r = .44 for both). Learnability of unfamiliar technical terms might be improved by providing some acquaintance with them before explicit instruction, by defining them in simple understandable terms and by using concrete terms high in visual, pictorial or sensory connotations. Further research is necessary, however, before the definitive priority of relationships can be identified.
A Promising Approach to the Development of a Group Piagetian Measure
Authors: Faust David
Published: September 2011

The development and initial evaluation of an alternative approach to group Piagetian testing for adolescents and adults is described. In a study comparing scores obtained on the group measure to scores obtained on individual Piagetian stage assessment, a correlation of .78 was achieved for assigning individuals to one of four developmental levels and an 88% rate of agreement was achieved for assigning individuals to a concrete or formal “logical capability” score. Although further evaluation and development of the measure is required, the current version does have certain applied uses. Further, the results obtained thus far suggest that the alternative testing approach used in the measure holds substantial promise.
Clinical Decision Processes and Criteria for Social Validity
Authors: Millard Richard W. , Evans Ian M.
Published: September 2011

A sample of 12 clinical psychologists and 12 graduate students in clinical psychology performed an analogue task to investigate decision processes with respect to the judged salience of criteria for social validity. Six child cases were considered by all; each card contained information describing a dangerous behavior, information accompanied by an explicit normative refererence, the same information without a normative reference, or unrelated filler comments. Non-parametric analyses indicated that subjects consistently evaluated information about dangerous behavior as being more serious than any other concern; dangerousness was ranked first 94.4% of the time. Subjects did not distinguish between information with explicit normative referents and the same information without any such referents. Students and clinicians did not differ in their response to these categories of information. The results demonstrate the application of a fixed-order problem-solving method to study the clinical-decision process and suggest the importance of criteria for social validity in this sequence.
Animistic Practices in Senegal
Authors: Vandewiele Michel
Published: September 2011

This paper examines the place and role of animistic beliefs and practices in the psychological make-up of Senegalese schoolgoing adolescents. Despite a long tradition of Islamization and a growing involvement in the Western educational and social models, Senegalese adolescents still largely believe in such phenomena. However, animistic practices are increasingly challenged by educational attainment and moral rectitude.
Story Recall by Mentally Retarded Children
Authors: Bacon Ellen H. , Rubin David C.
Published: September 2011

Three stories were read to 19 mildly retarded young adolescents and to 19 nonretarded children of comparable mental age. The two groups did not differ consistently in the amount they recalled orally. Moreover, the two groups tended to recall the same parts of the stories, indicating that both groups are sensitive to the stories' structure.
Anxiety and Hirsutism
Authors: Rabinowitz Stanley (Shmuel) , Cohen Robert , Le Roith Dereck
Published: September 2011

To compare anxiety of 15 hirsute women and of 20 control subjects (student nurses) seen at the Soroka Medical Center, Israel, three hypotheses were considered: patients with hirsutism have significantly higher state anxiety than the control sample; patients with hirsutism show significantly higher trait anxiety than the control sample; the extent of hirsutism generates no significant differences in state or trait anxiety. The two groups were compared on the Hebrew version of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. The first two hypotheses were confirmed but no correlation was found between extent of hirsutism and state or trait anxiety. The findings are discussed and implications made with regard to physicians' understanding of the hirsute patient.
Romantic Love and the Ravages of Time
Authors: Mathes Eugene W. , Wise Paula S.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of the present research was to assess whether romantic love is a temporary state. In Study I 88 subjects (62 women, 26 men) reported length of interest in their beloved, romantic feelings, absence of anxiety, absence of anger, and elation elicited by the thought of the beloved, as well as the frequency with which they thought of the beloved. Length of interest did not correlate with the various emotions but relationship status did. Study II focused on the longer relationships of 50 married couples, correlating length of marriage with the emotions. For women, negative relationships were found between length of marriage, elation, and the absence of anxiety.
Programmed Generalization of Dress Efficiency across Settings for a Severely Disturbed, Autistic Child
Authors: Fantuzzo John W. , Smith Craig S.
Published: September 2011

A seriously disturbed, autistic child residing in a community-based group home was studied. The primary objectives were to (1) bring deficient behavior under control in the group home setting, (2) train for generalization of acquired control to the natural home setting, and (3) shape the treatment program to fit the response expectations of the parents in the natural home. Efficiency in dressing was the targeted behavior, determined as the percentage of clothing the child had put on within a specified time limit. Effectiveness of the strategies were evaluated by using an ABAB withdrawal design to assure control and subsequent experimental conditions to program sequentially for generalization of the treatment effect to other staff and parents in the natural home setting. The primary teaching parent established clear control over dress efficiency by utilizing token reinforcers. This control was transferred effectively to other staff and parents in both group home and natural home setting. A negative reinforcement procedure was added to the token intervention to reduce dressing time effectively to match the parents' expectations for the child's dressing in the natural home setting.
The Change Seeker Index: An Update on Norms for College Students
Authors: Garlington Warren K. , Russell Michael
Published: September 2011

Some correlates of the Change Seeker Index published over the past 15 years are presented, along with more recent normative data for 337 college students.
Comparison of Use of Meditation and Rest in Treatment of Test Anxiety
Authors: Kindlon Daniel J.
Published: September 2011

Undergraduate volunteers (16 men, 19 women) were randomly assigned to either a meditation or a control condition balanced for expectancy to compare the function of these treatments in the alleviation of test anxiety. Self-report, performance, and physiological indices were assessed as moderated by gender, Scholastic Aptitude Test score, frequency of practice, repression, and expectancy of relief. The treatments were equally effective in reducing test anxiety. The moderators showed no consistent relation to outcome. Results are discussed with reference to different procedures for assessing these constructs.
Data on the Marlowe-Crowne and Edwards Social Desirability Scales
Authors: Crino Michael D. , Svoboda Marita , Rubenfeld Stephen , White Michael C
Published: September 2011

Data bearing on various psychometric issues are reported for the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale and for Edwards' Social Desirability Schedule. Coefficients of stability, coefficients alpha, as well as both confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses for both scales are reported and discussed.
National Differences in Personality: Iceland and England
Authors: Eysenck Sybil B. G. , Haraldsson Erlendur
Published: September 2011

577 men and 567 women were given the 101-item version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, translated into Icelandic. Although some items were inappropriate for use in Iceland, a viable scoring key was suggested and all reliabilities, except perhaps for Psychoticism, were satisfactory. Indices of factor comparison showed very clearly identical factors in both countries. Icelandic and British subjects were compared on the personality factors, using reduced scales comprising only items both scoring keys shared; Icelandic subjects scored lower on all factors, although not always at a statistically significant level.
Mechanism of Biofeedback in the Treatment of Chronic Back Pain: An Hypothesis
Authors: Biedermann Heinz-Joachim
Published: September 2011

Although EMG biofeedback has been successfully used in the treatment of headache, its application to back pain has been sparse, with meager to moderate success. This paper deals with some of the specific problems encountered in EMG biofeedback training of patients with chronic back pain. It questions whether treatment outcome can be related to a change in muscle tension and whether relaxation will be accompanied by reduction of the pain. An alternative view of the application of EMG biofeedback in the treatment of back pain is suggested.
Norming Cautions for Use of the Jesness Inventory with Female Delinquents
Authors: Martin Roger D. , Fischer Donald G.
Published: September 2011

In researching the Jesness Inventory for a concurrent validity study with juvenile delinquents, sex differences were significant on only the last subscale, the Asocial Index. Subsequent analysis suggested that applying the all-male norms to females' scores on this subscale may lead to spurious results. Norms for females are needed.
College Shoplifters: Rebuttal of Beck and Mc Intyre
Authors: Moore Richard H.
Published: September 2011

Prior findings by Beck and McIntyre about the relationship between shoplifting and pathology or maladjustment among college students were tested with 78 full-time college students, convicted of first-offense shoplifting. Contrary to the earlier study, there was little evidence that pathology or maladjustment were significant contributing factors. There were no meaningful personality differences on the California Psychological Inventory between regular and occasional shoplifters or a sample of 30 undergraduates who denied ever shoplifting. The personality test data, offense records, and the diverse motives found among regular shoplifters indicated these college students were not delinquent, criminal personalities, psychopaths, and had no psychopathic tendencies. They steal for a variety of reasons, including the acquisition of personally attractive goods while saving money for other purposes.
Forecasting Intention to Purchase: Attitude versus Equity
Authors: Evans Richard H.
Published: September 2011

This study compared an attitude model with three different equity equations where two different input/output assumptions were examined. Using correlational analysis, the attitude model was superior to the six equity models for predicting intention to purchase over three different products.
The Work Environment Scale: Baseline Data for Dental Schools
Authors: Lusk Edward J. , Cormier P. , Geranmayeh Ali , Diserens Debbi , Neves Joao
Published: September 2011

Comparisons of data from 298 preclinical and 104 clinical dental students in 1981 and 1982 on the Work Environment Scale are significant for Staff Support, Task Orientation, Work Pressure, and Clarity. Test results have been used to understand how students perceive their work environment. Baseline data should facilitate decisions about work environments.
The Tennessee Self-Concept Scale: A Revisit
Authors: Hoffman R. A. , Gellen M. I.
Published: September 2011

The item responses of the Tennessee Self-concept Scale for 743 typical adults were factor analyzed. The Self-criticism, Social Self, Family Self, and Personal Self subscales of the external dimension were clearly unitary in composition. The Moral-ethical subscale was more narrowly defined than expected. The Physical Self subscale emerged as three separate factors. Evidence of an internal dimension was found but that differed from the model of the scale. Except for negative self-esteem factors found for atypical adults, similarity to the original factor structure is indicated across a wide range of samples.
Foster Mothers: Are They Unique?
Authors: Wiehe Vernon R.
Published: September 2011

117 foster mothers and 60 women who had children but were not foster mothers responded to Holland's Vocational Preference Inventory. Data were analyzed by age cohorts of under 41 and 41 yr. and over to determine whether foster mothers differed from non-foster mothers and if younger foster mothers differed from older ones in personality. Foster mothers scored significantly higher than non-foster mothers on the social scale and lower on the enterprising scale. The younger cohort of foster mothers differed from older ones by attaining higher scores on the realistic, social, enterprising and artistic scales. Such high scores reflect personality characteristics highly appropriate for substitute parents. These characteristics also suggest that younger foster mothers take a more assertive approach in this role which may be helpful in making necessary changes in the foster care system.