bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HIV/AIDS on the Campus: Universities and the Threat of an Epidemic
Authors: Egero Bertil
Published: January 2007

As the AIDS epidemic moves from the early stages of HIV spread into a growing wave of premature deaths, its in-house impacts are felt in all formal organisations. The paper addresses the particular situation of institutions of higher learning, known to be among the last to develop management responses to the epidemic. While some smaller Ugandan universities have adopted AIDS policies, Makerere University, situated in a country hailed for its success in fighting HIV/AIDS, is yet to offer a clear response to its toll among staff and students. The fates of initiatives taken on campus since the early 1990s are discussed within a context of general demands made on a university deeply affected by the turmoil preceding the NRM government. Organisational problems in decision-making on sensitive issues are studied. The paper ends with a review of suitable theoretical approaches to explain behaviours of universities, among them Minzberg's (1993) characterisation of 'professional bureaucracies'.
The "Balloonomania": Science and Spectacle in 1780s England
Authors: Keen Paul
Published: January 2007

This essay explores the ballooning craze in Britain in the 1780s as an expression of the energies and anxieties that characterized Britain's consumer revolution. Ballooning was a subject of endless commentary, but critics' mixed responses to its enormous popularity epitomized the tensions between the century's dominant narratives of progress and decline. For some, ballooning was a promising example of the pursuit of knowledge; for others, it was symptomatic of the effeminacy of a modern commercial society. The lesson enforced by "the balloonomania," as Horace Walpole called it, was that in a modern commercial society, it was often too hard to maintain these distinctions. This ambivalence reverberated throughout a subtler set of categorical confusions that manifested themselves in a nervous awareness of the often threatening proximity of intellectual seriousness and personal frivolity, scientific pursuits and fashionable distractions.
Amour in the Shubbery: Reading the Detail of English Adultery Trial Publications of the 1780s
Authors: Lloyd Sarah
Published: January 2007

This article examines how late-eighteenth-century knowledge about adultery was constituted through English publications based on legal evidence of female infidelity. A mass of published fragments and hints produced distinctive perspectives on contemporary cultural and social issues. Two cases of 1785, which involved shrubberies, exemplify how such discussion appropriated and re-contextualized discourses, including that of landscape improvement. Shrubbery brought additional resonances to an adultery trial literature which in the 1780s played with ideas about the freedom and rights of women within marriage. However, shrubbery's adulterous politics of subordination and objectification also had implications for the politics and aesthetics of landscape itself.
Goethe on Cosmopolitanism and Colonialism: Bildung and the Dialectic of Critical Mobility
Authors: Noyes John K. (John Kenneth)
Published: January 2007

In Germany in the late Enlightenment, there was widespread engagement with the colonial restructuring of the world. This is to be found in virtually all of the major writers of this time, and they related it directly to the problem of modernization. Experiences of European colonialism fed into some of the central concepts of this time, such as Bildung, mobility, morality, aesthetics, and commerce. One writer who brought European narratives of colonialism and expansionism to bear on these concepts was Goethe. In this paper I show how colonialism plays an important role in some of his major works.
Who Says She's a Bourgeois Writer? Reconsidering the Social and Political Contexts of Jane Austen's Novels
Authors: Downie J. A. (James Alan)
Published: January 2007

In most of her novels, Jane Austen goes to considerable lengths to offer the reader information about the financial circumstances of her characters, and failure to appreciate its significance can lead to serious misunderstanding of their social status. Although there is nothing bourgeois about the Bertrams, Sir Thomas' "West Indian property" has misled recent critics into regarding him as a "great West Indian," and it has even been implied that Austen is herself a bourgeois writer. While her novels are preoccupied with issues of entitlement and rank, she should be included among the "well-bred country gentlemen and ladies" she describes in her novels, and not within the ranks of the middle classes or the "pseudo-gentry."
Pains and Pleasures of the Automaton: Frances Burney's Mechanics of Coming Out
Authors: Park Julie
Published: January 2007

This essay explores how the eighteenth-century automaton operates as a pervasive model for the instability of female subject-formation in Burney's novels, and the affective dilemmas involved in ritual acts of "coming out" in eighteenth-century society. It argues that few models of subjectivity compel and thwart Burney more than the capacious figure of the eighteenth-century automaton and its well-modulated displays of openness and inwardness, whether captured in marvelous toys, the strict patterns of conduct book femininity, or the carefully crafted characters of a novel.
"Often seen - but seldom felt": Emily Dickinson's Reluctant Ecology of Place
Authors: Gerhardt Christine
Published: January 2007

This essay discusses Dickinson's poetry of place in conjunction with her culture's proto-ecological discourses. In subtle but important ways, Dickinson's visions of connectedness and interdependence test early ecological concerns as poetic perspective; her regionalism can be linked to living-in-place as a long standing environmental strategy; and her cosmic yearnings suggest a basic interrelatedness of small and large, past and present natural systems that is still at the heart of ecology today. What makes Dickinson's explorations of natural landscapes particularly environmentally resonant is her prevailing skepticism, which prevents her green sense of place from turning into a one-dimensional, restrictive localism.
A Lesson in Grammar: Dickinson's "Grasped by God" and "Drowning is not so pitiful"
Authors: Zapedowska Magdalena
Published: January 2007

This essay argues that Dickinson's fragments deserve to be read in their own light and for their poetic qualities, not just as phrases later incorporated in poems or as aphorisms. Reading "Grasped by / God" (PF76, Fr1542A) with attention to its alliteration, spacing on the page, and interpretive ambiguities, I find greater richness in the phrase as it appears in fragment form than in the poem where it later appears, revised.
La singuliere captivite des prisonniers de guerre coloniaux durant la Seconde Guerre mondiale
Authors: Mabon Armelle
Published: January 2007

After the fall of France in June 1940, over a million soldiers from the French army were taken prisoner. While the combatants from France were sent to Germany, soldiers from the colonies were dispersed to Frontstalags throughout occupied France. In April 1941, there were close to 70,000 colonial soldiers in 22 Frontstalags. Because of the French location of their detention, they had significant contacts with both the occupiers and the local population. Some of them were eventually sent to southern France for health reasons, and others would escape to join the Resistance. At the end of the war, there were 30,000 men left. In January 1943, at the request of the Germans, the Vichy government agreed to replace the German sentinels with French ones. The colonial prisoners felt betrayed, not for the last time. After the Liberation, the return of former colonial prisoners to their homelands was often marked by incidents, some serious and deadly, like the one in Thiaroye near Dakar in December 1944. Such events were characterized by a denial of justice and equality that contrasted starkly with colonial expectations for political reform.
Making It in America: Social Mobility in the Immigrant Population
Authors: Borjas George J
Published: January 2007

In his survey of research on social mobility and U.S. immigration, George Borjas underscores two insights. First, most immigrants are at a sizable earnings disadvantage, relative to native-born workers. Second, the earnings of different groups of immigrants vary widely.

The children of immigrants "catch up" to native-born workers slowly. The jump in relative wages between the first and second generations is somewhere between 5 and 10 percentage points. Of particular concern is that the age-adjusted relative wage of both immigrants and second-generation workers has been falling—a trend with bleak implications for the children of immigrants.

The wide ethnic variation in the earnings of immigrants has equally important implications. National origin groups from advanced economies, such as Canada, do much better in the U.S. labor market than those from poorer countries, such as Mexico. And the initial ethnic differences tend to persist. In rough terms, about half of the difference in relative economic status persists from one generation to the next. Thus a 20 percentage point wage gap among ethnic groups in the immigrant generation implies a 10 point gap among second-generation groups and a 5 point gap among third-generation groups. Again in rough terms, Borjas attributes about half of that persistence to the ethnic environment in which children are raised.

Borjas cautions that the rate of social mobility that immigrants enjoyed over much of the twentieth century may not continue in the future. The employment sectors seeking immigrants today are unlikely to provide the same growth opportunities as did the rapidly expanding manufacturing sector a century ago. And in contrast to the many and diverse ethnic groups that made up early twentieth-century immigrants, the large ethnic groups of immigrants today may develop separate economies and social structures, in effect hindering their social mobility.
"Culture" and the Intergenerational Transmission of Poverty: The Prevention Paradox
Authors: Ludwig Jens , Mayer Susan E
Published: January 2007

Many U.S. policymakers support changing the "culture" of poor parents to encourage marriage, work, and religion as a means to end the intergenerational transmission of poverty. In this article Jens Ludwig and Susan Mayer review and evaluate research on how parental work, marriage, and religion affect children's socioeconomic status as adults, as well as on the likelihood that changing these indicators of parental behavior will reduce poverty in the next generation. They conclude that even if policymakers were able to ensure that all children had married, working, and religious parents, the result would be a far smaller reduction in poverty among the children's generation than many people believe.

The explanation for this "poverty-prevention paradox," say Ludwig and Mayer, is that the poverty rate in the children's generation depends not only on how many poor children grow up to be poor adults, but also on how many nonpoor children grow up to be poor adults. Reducing the chances that poor children become poor adults will dramatically lower future poverty rates only if most poor adults begin life as poor children. But most poor adults grow up as nonpoor children in the type of "pro-social" households that policymakers are pushing to attain. Moreover, little good evidence supports the idea that such parental behaviors as marriage, work, and religious adherence have strong causal effects on children's long-term economic success.

The authors argue that encouraging positive social behaviors in the parents of poor children is a worthwhile goal in its own right. But they stress that policymakers should recognize the limits of this strategy for reducing poverty among future generations. There may be no substitute for a system of social insurance and income transfers for those children who do wind up poor as adults.
"A Bicycle is a Splendid Thing": Hemingway's Source for Bartolomeo Aymo in A Farewell to Arms
Authors: Cirino Mark
Published: January 2007

Bartolomeo Aymo, an ambulance driver under Frederic Henry's command in A Farewell to Arms, is Hemingway's tribute to a 1920s Italian cyclist of the same name. The historic Aymo's hard-luck career and tenacious riding style inform his fictional counterpart and underscore the qualities Hemingway famously valued in athletes, soldiers, and men of action. This paper summarizes Aymo's career with an eye toward the ways it might have caught Hemingway's attention and inspired him to immortalize the cyclist in fiction. The discussion also surveys Hemingway's fascination with cycling and its role in his work, especially A Farewell to Arms.
Cultural Imperialism, Afro-Cuban Religion, and Santiago's Failure in The Old Man and the Sea
Authors: Melling Philip H
Published: January 2007

In The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway was profoundly affected by the Afro-Cuban religion of Santería and sympathetic to the idea that the sea was protected by saints and orishas. Secular faiths carry no remit in the novella and those who sail the Strait of Florida without ritual acknowledgement or acts of propitiation run the risk of being punished. Such is the fate of Santiago. His faith in baseball and his allegiance to the New York Yankees is an illustration of how mass culture was used by the United States to win Latin American hearts and minds in the post-war era and of the way such culture functioned as an instrument of social control in the fight against Communism.
Reconstructing Haberland Reconstructing the Wolaitta: Writing the History and Society of a Former Ethiopian Kingdom
Authors: Abbink Jon
Published: January 2007

In this paper I take up the methodological issue of combining archived fieldwork notes and contemporary field data in the reconstruction of the recent history of Wolaitta, a former kingdom in southern Ethiopia. The old fieldwork data, archived and little known since the 1960s, consist of the notes of the German Ethiopianist ethnologist Eike Haberland (1924-1992), while the field data are based on my intermittent fieldwork in Wolaitta since 2001. In ongoing research on this subject, I intend to write an historical ethnography of Wolaitta, by combining a study of the methods and interpretive strategies of Haberland as ethnographer and product of his time, with new research. The effort may also allow us to see how his ‘facts’ and explanations fit with current concerns in anthropology and African studies. As the subject of this paper will eventually be elaborated into a book, I aim to be brief here and illustrate the value and challenge of such a reconstruction effort.

The study also is meant to contribute to understanding the dynamics of regional identity in today's Ethiopia, which has been struggling with a very problematic implementation of ethnicity-based federal policies since 1991. A study of a corpus of ethnography gathered in the heyday of German field ethnology (1950s-1960s), in conjunction with present-day research, may highlight processes of identity formation among the Wolaitta, who today in 2005 count some 1.5 million people, with perhaps an additional 80,000 living outside the Wolaitta borders elsewhere in Ethiopia, and having various shades of identification with their country and traditions of origin.
Acknowledging Knowledge: Dissemination and Reception of Expertise in Colonial Africa
Authors: van den Bersselaar Dmitri
Published: January 2007

At every level, the functioning of African colonial societies depended on the availability and mediation of useful information and knowledge. The majority of the existing literature on “colonial knowledge” focuses on one area of this broad field: the various forms of knowledge about their subjects on which colonial states depended. Most of our attempts to understand such knowledge have tended to analyze colonial knowledge as a system: we have tried to identify which were the sets of shared basic assumptions and rules that governed the creation and presentation of knowledge. In analyzing the processes through which colonial knowledge was produced, we have looked at the role of “Orientalism” and other forms of “Othering.” We have examined various investigative modalities. Finally, we have seen how such knowledge may be compared to a pidgin language that allows for communication between colonizers and representatives of the colonized. We have also examined the opportunities for Africans to manipulate the outcomes of colonial knowledge creation, as well as such basic but essential factors as the realities of government support and funding.
Missionary Knowledge and the State in Colonial Nigeria: On How G. T. Basden became an Expert
Authors: van den Bersselaar Dmitri
Published: January 2007

Between 1931 and 1937, the Anglican missionary G. T. Basden represented the Igbo people on the Nigerian Legislative Council. The Igbo had not elected Basden as their representative; he had been appointed by the colonial government. Basden's appointment seems remarkable. In 1923 the Legislative Council had been expanded to include seats for Unofficial Members, representing a number of Nigerian areas, with the expressed aim of increasing African representation on the Council. In selecting Basden the government went against their original intention that the representative of the Igbo area would be a Nigerian. However, the government decided that there was no “suitable” African candidate available, and that the appointment of a recognized European expert on the Igbo was an acceptable alternative. This choice throws light on a number of features of the Nigerian colonial state in 1930s, including the limitations of African representation and the definition of what would make a “suitable” African candidate.

In this paper I am concerned with the question of how Basden became recognized as an expert by the colonial government and also, more generally, with the linkages between colonial administrations' knowledge requirements and missionary knowledge production. Missionary-produced knowledge occupied a central, but also somewhat awkward position in colonial society. On the one hand, colonial governments and missions shared a number of common assumptions and expectations about African peoples. On the other hand, there also existed tensions between missions and government, partly reflecting differing missionary and administrative priorities, which means that the missionary expert was not often recognized as such.
Precolonial Sub-Saharan Africa and the Ancient Norse World: Looking For Similarities
Authors: Fuglestad Finn
Published: January 2007

Comparative history may be fashionable these days, but references to the past of precolonial sub-Saharan Africa in the literature on early Scandinavia, andvice versa, are still hard to come by. Perhaps this is as it should be, as Scandinavia and Sub-Saharan Africa are generally considered to be worlds apart. Besides, there is the time-lag involved: pre-Christian Scandinavia, including the Norse world, came to an end in roughly the eleventh century, whereas the precolonial era in sub-Saharan Africa lasted into the 1880s at the earliest. But many years ago, when after a prolonged immersion in African history, I picked up some books, including printed primary sources, related to pre-Christian Norway, I was invaded by a strange feeling ofdéjà vu, of having seen it all before, precisely in sub-Saharan Africa of old. Pre-Christian Norwegian, or Norse, society suddenly began to make sense to me as it had never done before.

Why the similarities I believe I have detected, and how significant are they? Is it possible that they are in some way more relevant or meaningful than the differences? Can we even speak of a problem of similaritiesà laHenri Frankfort? I have no ready-made answers to these questions. In fact my aim in this paper is a fairly modest one, that of offering some tentative, possibly speculative, observations, thoughts, and/or conclusions. I take as my point of departure the obvious, or trivial, point that precolonial sub-Saharan Africa and pre-Christian Norway did have something quite essential in common: the prevalence in both cases of ”pagan” (or “heathen”) and overwhelmingly agrarian kinship-type societies. In the case of Norway and Scandinavia, the Viking era (790s to somewhere in the tenth century), with its marked maritime orientation, constituted perhaps a rupture. Extensive seafaring, including maritime raiding and pillaging, not to mention the emergence of so-called sea kings, implies mobility, and mobile people do not fit readily into the “model” that is outlined in this essay. It may be, however, that the inland regions of the Nordic world were not always directly or even deeply influenced by what happened on the coast. Note that the words “pagan” and “heathen” are used here for want of a better expression, in the sense of “non-revealed” or “ethnic” religions. By kinship-type societies I mean collectivist-oriented societies composed not primarily of individuals, but of kindreds or lineages.
The Journey of Major Rayne on the Banks of Turkwell River: Silent Political Assignment and Travel Writing
Authors: Mirzeler Mustafa Kemal
Published: January 2007

When I readThe Ivory Raiders, I was intrigued by the plot of the story, the intention of the author, Major Henry A. Rayne, to document the intricate process of political assignment and colonial intervention in the “lawless chaos” of wild African landscape and make it accessible to European readers. The encounter transpired on the banks of the Turkwell River in northern Kenya Colony, bordering the western shores of Lake Rudolf (Lake Turkana), where Rayne triumphantly captured the fugitive Mahomadi bin Abdullah, an Arab from Muscat, for engaging in illicit ivory trade. The narrative plot into which the colonial encounter cast itself surfaces in the first 25 pages of the book, and the story of Major Rayne's encounter with Mahomadi bin Abdullah is fascinating.
Henry James for Venice
Authors: TÃ³ibÃ­n Colm
Published: January 2007

Toibin shows that his own method of merging the deeply personal with the imagined belongs to the main method by which novelists and James work. The importance of the years 1895 to 1900 is that Henry James was building up the images and figures that would constitute his three masterpieces: The Ambassadors, The Wings of the Dove, The Golden Bowl. Small moments, recurring memories, a sudden realization, something half understood, random matters, all of these can make their way into the foreground or background of a novel.
The Coverage Priorities of Disabled Adult Medi-Cal Beneficiaries
Authors: Danis Marion , Ginsburg Marjorie , Goold Susan Dorr
Published: January 2007

Medi-Cal, like other Medicaid programs around the U.S., has been pressed to cut its budget. We report the results of a project using the CHAT (Choosing Healthplans All Together) exercise, designed to ascertain the priorities of disabled adult Medi-Cal beneficiaries to inform any decisions regarding Medi-Cal benefits. Participants voiced greatest interest in maintaining a wide spectrum of benefits and access to a large pool of providers and were most willing to restrict pharmacy benefits. The resulting findings may be of value to legislators drafting Medicaid proposals that revise benefits for this vulnerable population.
Urban-Rural Differences in Excess Mortality among High-Poverty Populations: Evidence from the Harlem Household Survey and the Pitt County, North Carolina Study of African American Health
Authors: Geronimus Arline T , Colen Cynthia G , Shochet Tara , Ingber Lori Barer , James Sherman A
Published: January 2007

Black youth residing in high-poverty areas have dramatically lower probabilities of surviving to age 65 if they are urban than if they are rural. Chronic disease deaths contribute heavily. We begin to probe the reasons using the Harlem Household Survey (HHS) and the Pitt County, North Carolina Study of African American Health (PCS). We compare HHS and PCS respondents on chronic disease rates, health behaviors, social support, employment, indicators of health care access, and health insurance. Chronic disease profiles do not favor Pitt County. Smoking uptake is similar across samples, but PCS respondents are more likely to quit. Indicators of access to health care and private health insurance are more favorable in Pitt County. Findings suggest rural mortality is averted through secondary or tertiary prevention, not primary. Macroeconomic and health system changes of the past 20 years may have left poor urban Blacks as medically underserved as poor rural Blacks.
Serving Asians and Pacific Islanders with HIV/AIDS: Challenges and Lessons Learned
Authors: Chin John J , Kang Ezer , Kim Jennifer Haejin , Martinez John , Eckholdt Haftan
Published: January 2007

This paper reports on findings from an evaluation of the Bridges Project, a community-based intervention implemented at the Asian and Pacific Islander Coalition on HIV/AIDS (APICHA), to reduce disparities in care for Asians and Pacific Islanders (APIs) living with HIV/AIDS in New York. Comparisons of participants by primary language (Asian language vs. English) and immigration status (undocumented vs. documented/citizen) show that Asian-primary-language and undocumented participants at baseline had a significantly lower rate of receipt of primary care services and experienced significantly more barriers per service than English-primary-language and documented participants. At follow-up, however, differences by primary language and immigration status disappeared, indicating that the Bridges Project was effective in improving service utilization and reducing barriers for the Asian-primary-language and undocumented participants. Barriers to services reported most frequently by participants were language and cost barriers, not knowing where to go for services, and confidentiality concerns. Study findings indicate that the capacity to address multiple API languages and cultures is essential in providing culturally competent care to APIs living with HIV.
Informed Participation in TennCare by People with Disabilities
Authors: Hill Steven Conrad , Wooldridge Judith
Published: January 2007

Informed consumer participation in health care is increasingly important, but people with disabilities face barriers to making health care decisions. Using a unique survey, we examine informed health care choices by nonelderly people with diverse disabilities, including mental retardation, mental illness, visual and hearing impairments, and difficulty communicating, in TennCare, Tennessee's Medicaid managed care program. Most people with disabilities chose their plans and providers, felt they had enough information to choose a plan, and rated information from their providers as good to excellent. A minority did not know they could choose their plans and providers and reported poor or fair communication with providers. Adults with mental retardation were less likely than other adults with disabilities to seek information. Adults with serious difficulty communicating were less satisfied than others with information from providers. Medicare, Medicaid, health plans, and providers should tailor information dissemination to the diverse needs of people with disabilities.
Prior Health Care Experiences of Adolescents who Enroll in SCHIP
Authors: Klein Jonathan D , Shenkman Elizabeth , Brach Cindy , Shone Laura P , Col Jana , Schaffer Virginia A , Dick Andrew W , VanLandeghem Karen , Szilagyi Peter G
Published: January 2007

The State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) was designed to provide health insurance to low-income children and adolescents. Little is known about prior access to care and health care experiences of new SCHIP enrollees. We surveyed Florida and New York new adolescent SCHIP enrollees about their health status, prior health care utilization, access, and unmet needs. Most enrollees were younger (ages 12–16 years), Black or Hispanic, lived in poverty, and were without health insurance the year before SCHIP. Most had a usual source of care (USC) prior to enrollment; Blacks and Hispanics were less likely than Whites to have had a USC. Although 69% of Florida and 80% of New York adolescents reported seeing a physician the year before enrollment, 24% and 40%, respectively, reported unmet health care needs. Only 32% of Florida and 40% of the New York adolescents who were surveyed reported ever having met privately with their clinicians. Many new SCHIP enrollees report unmet needs, disparities in access, and sub-optimal care prior to enrollment. Adolescents' needs should be considered in SCHIP program and quality assurance efforts.
Women in Islamic Communities: The Quest for Gender Justice Research
Authors: Abusharaf Adila
Published: January 2007

This article, in the context of jurisprudential social legitimacy of Muslim women's roles and rights, discusses the factors lying behind seemingly contradictory policies towards gender equality in Muslim countries. It first examines the influence of religious institutions over interpretation and application of Muslim women's roles and rights. Second, it discusses the deference social policy gives to the views of these institutions and the extent to which it intersects with the principles of gender justice. The article concludes with some issues and research questions for internationally and nationally concerned groups to consider when planning for the improvement of the status of women in Muslim communities.
National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) and Economic, Social and Cultural Rights: Toward the Institutionalization and Developmentalization of Human Rights
Authors: Kumar C. Raj
Published: January 2007

The article discusses the importance of National Human Rights Institutions (NHRIs) in promoting and protecting economic, social, and cultural rights (ESCRs). Every effort needs to be made by NHRIs to ensure that ESCRs are not neglected by the state. There is need for greater interaction between the NHRIs and state agencies to address the potential violations of ESCRs that the state and nonstate actors may be committing by way of their policies or lack of policies. The article argues that the NHRIs need to operationalize their programs, including the processes relating to investigation of allegations of human rights violations and examination of policies and actions by government agencies, in a manner that takes full account of the implementation of ESCRs. This involves at various levels a fundamental reexamination of the role of NHRIs, particularly when the enabling legislation, constitution of a particular country, the courts, and other legal institutions have not previously supported the notion of NHRIs engaging in the promotion and protection of ESCRs.
The Anti-Slavery Project: Linking the Historical and Contemporary
Authors: Quirk Joel Forbes
Published: January 2007

This article explores the relationship between the historical events surrounding the legal abolition of slavery, and the widespread and often longstanding practices that fall under the rubric of "contemporary forms of slavery." Slavery is routinely dismissed as an historical artifact, but this complacent viewpoint obscures a range of complex and enduring problems. In this article, I suggest that one of the main limitations of an emerging literature on contemporary slavery is a recurrent tendency to downplay or disregard the historical dimensions of current problems, in favor of a problematic bifurcation between "new" and "old." Employing a macro-historical perspective, I take up the complex relationship between the historical and contemporary, introducing the concept of an "Anti-Slavery Project," which builds upon the notion that the present status quo can be traced to both the remarkable achievements, and substantive limitations, of legal abolition.
In Reply To Sweatshop Sophistries
Authors: Powell Benjamin
Published: January 2007

This article first demonstrates that wages and working conditions are interrelated and that economists are correct to analyze them together. It then examines the four economic mechanisms which Arnold and Hartman (2006) suggested could overturn the traditional economic view that raising wages in sweatshops would unemploy workers. It is shown that their mechanisms fail to achieve their purpose. Finally cautions are given against suggested reforms such as industry wide ethical standards and adherence to local labor laws because these reforms would negatively impact workers' welfare.
Teachers Must Not Pass Along Popular "Myths" Regarding the Supposed Omnipotence of the Mass Media
Authors: Martinson David L
Published: January 2007

High school teachers must not use that time devoted to the study of the mass media to "beat up" on the press or to "frighten" students with stories which exaggerate the power of the mass media industries. At the same time the potential enormous impact of the contemporary mass media must not be ignored. This means that teachers must not overstate or understate the potential impact of the media on both individuals and society. Such an equilibrium will occur only if teachers acquire at least a moderate level of intellectual sophistication germane to the subject matter being considered. Acquiring such a level of expertise requires much more than an occasional reading of the local daily newspaper or spending 30 minutes viewing the evening network newscast.
Designing Learning Through Learning to Design
Authors: Mishra Punya , Girod Mark
Published: January 2007

This paper represents a conversation between a high school science teacher and a university researcher as they found common ground in the theory and experiences of designing powerful learning experiences. The teacher describes an instructional unit in which students designed a complex, interactive display showing what life may have been like during the Mesozoic Era. The researcher offers analysis of that activity through the lens of design and design-based learning. Their voices intentionally co-mingle as they illuminate aspects of one another's work – the pedagogical work of the teacher, and the theoretical analysis of the researcher. The conversation provides useful insight for teachers wishing to employ design-based learning in their classrooms and an important analytic lens for researchers to view teaching and learning.
"Don't Sell Them Dreams without the Foundations": Collaboration for the Transitional Needs of Foster Care Adolescents with Disabilities
Authors: Palladino John
Published: January 2007

The 1999 Revisions of the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), now known as the Individuals with Disabilities Education Improvement Act of 2004 (IDEIA), confirmed the legal role of foster parents in special education decision making on behalf of the youth in their care. The present study responded with a multiple case study of seven secondary special education teachers and their attitudes, experiences, and recommendations for collaboration with foster parents of adolescent youth. Collaborative theory was used to frame the study and analyze the data. The participants reported that they lacked full awareness of foster care and limited the scope of their collaboration to address youth's behavioral and vocational needs. This report includes noted gaps between the participants' accounts and the literature, and implications for ongoing research.
Visiting the Six Worlds: Shamanistic Journeys in Canadian Mi'kmaq Cosmology
Authors: Hornborg Anne-Christine
Published: January 2007

Mi'kmaq Indians' descriptions of journeys between worlds, as we find them in tales collected from the early seventeenth century to the early twentieth, are far too complex to fit into Mircea Eliade's model of shamanism or romantic images of Indians as being "at one with nature." The tales reveal six parallel worlds in which all types of beings belong to families, have wigwams, and search for food. The parallelism between worlds has no significance for beings living their ordinary lives, but it is of the utmost importance for understanding how differing types of beings in the stories (people, animals, supernaturals) achieve interworld journeys. The notions of cosmological deixis and perspectivism are used to explore the narratives and shed light on Mi'kmaq cosmology.
"Locating" the Nation: Football Game Day and American Dreams in Central Ohio
Authors: Lindquist Danille Christensen
Published: January 2007

This article suggests how abstract ideas like "nation" are lived and situated by examining recurring features of American football as it is experienced by spectators in central Ohio. Football—an institutionalized drama formed by its inventors to address questions of national identity and social relations—is embedded within the generically complex event known as "game day" and is framed by ongoing social practices that stem from the sport's competitive structure. As a multifaceted event grounded in both historical contexts and live performances, this spectator sport provides an ideal case for highlighting connections among form, ideology, and identity. This article argues that as a celebratory complex, Ohio State University football enacts aspects of national identity (including tropes of competitive opportunity, mechanized teamwork, and homeland defense) in terms of shared experiences and expressions grounded in local affiliations. In particular, the much-anticipated and ritually structured performances of the OSU Marching Band guide fans in endorsing "America" and its attendant ideologies while simultaneously emphasizing local difference.
A Woman's Influence? John Locke and Damaris Masham on Moral Accountability
Authors: Broad Jacqueline
Published: January 2007

Some scholars suggest that John Locke's revisions to the chapter "Of Power" for the 1694 second edition of his Essay concerning Human Understanding may be indebted to the Cambridge Platonist, Ralph Cudworth. Their claims partly rest on evidence that Locke may have had access to Cudworth's unpublished manuscript treatises on free will and moral accountability. In this paper, Jacqueline Broad examines an alternative suggestion — the claim that Cudworth's daughter, Damaris Cudworth Masham, and not Cudworth himself, may have exerted an influence on Locke's revisions. The plausibility of this claim is discussed in light of the relevant historical and textual evidence.
Gods, Demons, and Idols in the Andes
Authors: MacCormack Sabine
Published: January 2007

During the era in which the Spanish first encountered public religious practices that they perceived to be idolatrous in the Americas, the study of Hermetic and Platonic texts in Europe was reactivating interest in the power of images and idols, and in the agency of demons. In the Americas, Spanish newcomers encountered idolatry, the cult of deities present to their worshippers in material objects of various kinds, as part of daily religious practice. The resulting battle over idols and the beliefs surrounding them is in one sense only an outcrop of debates over idols and demons in the ancient Mediterranean and in medieval and Renaissance Europe. Yet while ancient beliefs about idols were reiterated in Peru, arguments shifted in this new context. At question is whether these arguments achieved anything beyond imposing European ideas and cognitive models on the Andean world?
Idolatry and Science: Against Nature Worship from Boyle to Rüdiger, 1680-1720
Authors: Mulsow Martin , Folger Robert
Published: January 2007

The seventeenth-century debates about idolatry had a powerful influence, not only in theology and in religious struggles but in other disciplines as well. Since these debates have fallen into oblivion, their influence in an array of disciplines has been eclipsed or underestimated. Though they focused on ancient Israel and ancient Egypt, it is evident how much they structured nascent ethnology, the study of the religions of the New World, and exotic cultures. Moreover, they shaped the discourse about politics, for instance, in the critique of absolutism as "political idolatry." Yet there is an area in which the influence of the idolatry debates is least expected, namely, natural science, or more specifically, physics. Did physics in the age of the Scientific Revolution have anything to do with the problem of idolatry? I intend to show that it did indeed.
The Rhetoric of Annotation in Mori Ogai's Historical Fiction and Shiden Biographies
Authors: Kono Shion
Published: January 2007

In this study, I examine the crucial role of historical research in Mori Ōgai's historical fiction and biographies in the 1910s. I focus on Ōgai's unique use of annotations and commentaries in works such as "Ōshio Heihachirō" (1914) and "Tsuge Shirōzaemon" (1915). While the annotation reveals visible traces of a new, disciplined mode of historical research introduced in the Meiji period, the flexibility of its format threatens to loosen the narrative structure. Ōgai's use of annotation paved the way for his stylistic innovation of shiden, a potent form of historical biography that combines the literary, the historical, and the personal in a single narrative.
Matter Out of Place: Carnival, Containment, and Cultural Recovery in Miyazaki's Spirited Away
Authors: Napier Susan Jolliffe
Published: January 2007

This essay deals with the recent animated film Spirited Away by the foremost Japanese animator, Miyazaki Hayao. It examines Spirited Away as a representation of "cultural boundedness," a reaction to globalization in which cultural products are used to reinforce notions of local culture as a form of resistance to perceived outside threats. It goes on to query the success of this attempt, arguing that Spirited Away undermines its overt agenda, ultimately expressing a culture beset by polluting and transgressing forces.
Subject to Exception : Security Certificates, National Security and Canada's Role in the “War on Terror”
Authors: Bell Colleen
Published: January 2007

Cet article examine les valeurs que la procédure de certificats de sécurité de laLoi sur l'immigration et la protection des réfugiésattache à la vie de non citoyens ainsi que ses conséquences sur le pouvoir étatique et la liberté politique. Sous l'impératif de la sécurité nationale et la «guerre au terrorisme», le certificat de sécurité constitue un moment d'exception du pouvoir souverain et légitime. Ceci met en cause l'État de droit alors que la protection légale fondamentale est déniée à des détenus qui ne sont pas citoyens canadiens. Dans une première partie, les mécanismes et procédures du certificat de sécurité sont présentés, avec une attention particulière portée à la détention et aux exigences de preuve qui illustrent la dérogation des garanties légales. L'article aborde ensuite comment cette érosion de l'État de droit ouvre un espace d'exception à l'exercice souverain du pouvoir étatique fondé sur des critères discriminatoires du statut de citoyenneté afin d'associer étrangeté et danger. La dernière partie enfin montre comment le certificat de sécurité conçoit la liberté dans le cadre des objectifs nationaux de la «guerre au terrorisme» et les limites de la liberté libérale en lien avec le pouvoir de l'État moderne.
Protecting Research Confidentiality : Towards a Research-Participant Shield Law
Authors: Palys Ted , Lowman John
Published: January 2007

La protection de la confidentialité des recherches est un principe intégral de toutes les sciences sociales, ainsi que des codes d'éthique de l'humanité. Mais que se passerait-il si une juridiction exigerait l'accès à des informations confidentielles sur des recherches, tant dans le cas de litiges au civil, que pour des affaires criminelles? Au Canada, seules les informations provenant des recherches de Statistiques Canada jouissent de ce privilège relatif à la preuve—une juridiction ne peut exiger une divulgation. Tous les autres chercheurs devront faire appel à la common law afin de protéger des recherches confidentielles. Il leur appartiendrait, pour chaque cas, d'apporter la preuve de la nécessité de garder confidentielle toute information sur ces recherches, avec le risque malheureux qu'une juridiction ordonne leur divulgation. Cet article décrit cinq problèmes découlant de l'état du droit. Les protections juridiques de la confidentialité de la recherche ont encore beaucoup de chemin à parcourir avant de résoudre ces problèmes. Mais comment se présenteront ces protections? Qui aura à les gérer? La deuxième partie de cet article examine les protections législatives des privilèges relatifs à la preuve, y compris la Loi sur les statistiques, et la Loi canadienne sur la preuve, ainsi que les «certificats de confidentialité» (pour certains types de recherches en santé) et les «certificats de vie privée» (pour certaines enquêtes criminelles) des États-Unis, en vue d'établir des critères permettant l'établissement d'une loi protégeant la recherche canadienne.
L'institutionnalisation de l'attribution des pouvoirs politico-économiques : Normalité et exception
Authors: Picavet Emmanuel
Published: January 2007

This article puts forward an analytical canvas for studying the effects of a divide between normality and exception in the institutionalization of power-attributing rules. The question is raised through the study of the coordination of institutional agents around issues pertaining to the specification of exceptions. The initial canvas is enriched by the re-examination of examples taken in the field of the legitimate intervention of the State against the backdrop of uncertainties about the meaning of European rules which are central to the policy of competition.
Kazimierz Sosnkowski as Commander in Chief: The Government-in-Exile and Polish Strategy, 1943-1944
Authors: Schwonek Matthew R
Published: January 2007

Lieutenant General Kazimierz Sosnkowski's term as commander in chief of the armed forces of the Polish government-in-exile from 8 July 1943 to 29 September 1944 can be used to assess Polish strategy. His belief that pursuing a major military contribution could not guarantee the state's independence and integrity in the postwar period and his views on international relations were challenged by civilian leaders as well as the Home Army High Command. The assault on Monte Cassino in May 1944 and the Warsaw Uprising in August and September demonstrate the powerlessness of the exiles against the dominant currents of alliance politics.
An Introduction to English-Language Literature on the Polish Armed Forces in World War II
Authors: Peszke Michael Alfred
Published: January 2007

This article reviews all dedicated English-language studies of the Polish military in World War II. It follows a chronological order subdivided by separation into Land Army, Air, Naval, Underground, and Clandestine and Intelligence Services. The review begins with the September 1939 Campaign, and follows the European war as it pertained to the Polish cause. This bibliography is supplemented by references to specific campaign studies, where Polish contributions are discussed in more than just a passing reference. Finally, it includes references to archival material when the discussion of the bibliography in its historical context requires such clarification.
Writing History in the "End of History" Era--Reflections on Historians and the GWOT
Authors: Porch Douglas
Published: January 2007

Military history can and should play a role, even a prominent role, in debates over strategy and policy in wartime. The problem begins when partisans, polemicists, and ideologues pluck examples from past military campaigns or wars that are subsequently interpreted in ways that support policy and strategy decisions. In the case of the current "long war," neoconservative and neoimperialist historians construct and reconstruct interpretations of the past in ways deliberately calculated to promote and sustain a policy agenda. The danger is that history twisted by some partisans into an apologia for contemporary American policy, and ultimately as a weapon of intimidation to silence doubt, dissent, disagreement, and even debate, serves neither the cause of history, nor of policy and strategy formulation, nor even of democracy in a moment of national peril.