bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
γ-Globulin and Antibody Formation in Vitro
Authors: Langevoort H. L. , Asofsky R. M. , Jacobson E. B. , de Vries T. , Thorbecke G. J.
Published: January 2023

The spleens of rabbits, injected either with 10 mg of BGG intravenously or with a similar dose of BGG simultaneously with 10 µg of endotoxin, were examined histologically at various days after injection. “Red” and “white” pulp of these spleens were cultured separately to study their ability to form antibody in vitro.

It was found that an increased number of hemocytoblasts occurred in the white pulp starting 1 day after the antigen injection. Antibody formation in vitro was demonstrated at the time of immature plasma cell proliferation (day 4 to 7), and was much more pronounced in the “red” than in the “white” pulp. Histologically, most of the immature and mature plasma cells were found on the border of red and white pulp.

Endotoxin enhanced the plasmacellular reaction, the serum antibody titers, and the formation of secondary nodules arising in the white pulp between days 5 and 13 after antigen. Since only slight production of antibodies was observed in the white pulp of some rabbits in the later phase of the response, the effect of endotoxin on the primary antibody response seemed mediated rather through its effect on plasma cell proliferation than through stimulation of secondary nodule formation.

Most of the serum antibody formed by the rabbits in this study was destroyed by treatment with mercaptoethanol, indicating that the early primary response antibody belongs to the 19 S fraction of γ-globulin.
Soluble Protective Antigen from Bordetella Pertussis Prepared with Sodium Desoxycholate
Authors: Barta George
Published: January 2023

Treatment of Bordetella pertussis with sodium desoxycholate caused lysis of cells and liberation of the mouse protective antigen in soluble form and with a good yield. Optimum conditions for solubilization of protective antigen were 0.5 to 1% desoxycholate, pH 8.5, 0 to 2°C and a reduction in optical density of 40 to 50%. Approximately 75% of the bacterial dry weight was dissolved under these conditions. However, the soluble fraction was virtually nontoxic in contrast to ultrasonic extracts of the same cells. Millipore filtration was an effective method of sterilizing solutions of protective antigen.
Antigenic Analysis of Influenza Viruses by Complement Fixation
Authors: Lief Florence S.
Published: January 2023

An improved method is described for producing in guinea pigs sera which contain antibodies only to the soluble (S) antigens of type A influenza viruses and none to the viral (V) antigens. The critical modification was the introduction of S antigen derived from A/equi to serve as the booster injection to recall anti-S which was initially stimulated by active Swine/Cam virus. Since A/equi shares no V antigen relationship with either swine or human influenza strains, concomitant recall of anti-V in animals in which this antibody had already disappeared, by any undetectable V components remaining in the S antigen, was avoided.

The anti-S sera thus produced reacted the same in the complement fixation test, whether titrated against S antigens derived from A/equi, S/Cam or three prototype human strains. Similarly, no strain-specific differences could be demonstrated among the S antigens prepared from these five type A viruses.
Studies on the Relationship of Delayed Hypersensitivity to Immunity in Tularemia
Authors: Gordon Milton
Published: January 2023

During the first 3 months of infection of guinea pigs with living attenuated Pasteurella tularensis, the delayed hypersensitive response to killed organisms and the resistance of the animals to challenge with virulent organisms followed a parallel course. Guinea pigs immunized by vaccination with attenuated organisms were appreciably immune and highly hypersensitive by the end of the 1st month. Desensitization by daily injections with heat-killed organisms for 2 weeks reduced the hypersensitivity to a minimal level. When desensitization was discontinued reactivity gradually returned. Resumption of desensitization again caused a loss of reactivity. During the desensitizing procedures, immunity remained unchanged as determined by the mean survival time after challenge.

Immunization with heat-killed organisms in oil adjuvant by the intraperitoneal route produced a moderate degree of hypersensitivity after 3 weeks. These animals demonstrated, at most, a minimal level of acquired resistance. Immunization with specific antigen-antibody complex in oil adjuvant resulted in similar findings. By the 6th day after four simultaneous injections into the four footpads of guinea pigs, a moderate degree of hypersensitivity and a minimal level of resistance were evoked.

The lack of correlation between delayed hypersensitive and immune responses observed in this study indicates that these manifestations are probably independent immunologic phenomena, and it is concluded that the delayed hypersensitive response does not always reflect immune status.
Specificity of Phagocytosis as It May Relate to Antibody Formation
Authors: Perkins Eugene H. , Leonard M. R.
Published: January 2023

The more distant the genetic relationship between erythrocyte and phagocyte, the greater the per cent phagocytosis. Unabsorbed mouse serum contained phagocytosis-enhancing factors; however, erythrocytes from more distantly related species were phagocytized in the absence of these serum factors. Erythrocyte specific antisera increased the degree of phagocytosis. Simultaneous incubation of two different species of erythrocytes with phagocytic cells demonstrated that phagocytosis is highly selective with regard to erythrocyte antigens. In the absence of type specific antisera, the more distantly related erythrocytes were preferentially engulfed. This selectivity could be modified by the addition of specific erythrocyte antibodies. Under conditions in which one erythrocyte was phagocytized maximally, small numbers of cells retained a specificity for, and engulfed exclusively, the second type erythrocyte. There was an apparent exclusion of a second type erythrocyte after engulfment of the first when one type of erythrocyte was incubated for 30 min before the second type was introduced. Only a small percentage of phagocytic cells engulfed two types of erythrocytes. The possible significance of phagocytic cells in antibody formation has been discussed.
Further Studies on the Infectivity of Ribonucleic Acid Prepared from Influenza-Infected Cells
Authors: Maassab Hunein F.
Published: January 2023

A combination of ether and phenol treatment of cells infected with an Asian strain of influenza virus was a more efficient method for isolating infectious ribonucleic acid than was treatment with phenol alone. The phenol extracted material possesses many of the properties of nucleic acid as measured by physical and chemical means. Virus yielded by an RNA-infection grows in chick kidney cells to a much lower titer than the original strain and must be passaged amniotically before it will grow in the allantoic cavity of embryonate eggs. The antigenic characteristics of the RNA-derived virus are indistinguishable from those of the parent virus.
Immunochemistry of Coagulated Antigen-Antibody Complex
Authors: Sutherland G. Bonar , McDuffie Norman M.
Published: January 2023

A study has been presented which deals with factors influencing the adsorption of antigen by the coagulated antigen-antibody complex and the subsequent elution of the antigen. Certain speculations about the loss of combining capacity through denaturation have been put forward.
Continuous Cobalt-60 Irradiation and Immunity to Influenza Virus
Authors: Quilligan J. J. , Boche R. D. , Carruthers E. J. , Axtell S. L. , Trivedi J. C.
Published: January 2023

A survey of the literature on the effects of irradiation on influenza virus growth shows marked differences in the recorded results. The reports may be divided into those showing no effect (1–4); enhanced growth of virus (5, 6); and diminished growth of virus (7, 8). Most recently, there has been evidence that irradiation is associated with increased susceptibility to infection with influenza virus (9).

The majority of the work done in this area has been with short-term irradiation exposure. Some data on the effect of continuous exposure to small amounts of irradiation from cobalt sources have been mentioned in the literature. Nevertheless, a detailed study in this direction, particularly with reference to influenza infection, has not been recorded. We have investigated some aspects of the influence of continuous cobalt-60 irradiation on the course of influenza infection in mice. This report will deal with some of our findings.

Materials and Methods
Effect of Whole Body X-Irradiation on Induction of Allergic Encephalomyelitis in Rats
Authors: Paterson Philip Y. , Beisaw Norman E.
Published: January 2023

Allergic encephalomyelitis (AE) is suppressed in rats given whole body x-irradiation prior to sensitization with spinal cord plus adjuvant. Suppression of the disease is paralleled by reduced production of complement-fixing antibrain antibodies. There is little, if any, suppression of delayed-type immunologic reactivity, based on tuberculin skin testing. X-irradiation after sensitization does not suppress AE. The meaning of these findings with respect to pathogenesis of AE is discussed.
Experimentally Induced Alterations of the Bactericidal Property of Rabbit Serum for Bacillus Subtilis
Authors: Hunder Gene G. , Jacox Ralph F.
Published: January 2023

The bactericidal property of rabbit serum consists of two protein components derived from rabbit platelets. These are designated components 1 and 2. Total body x-ray irradiation of 700 r causes a striking reduction of platelets and of components 1 and 2. As little as 100 r of x-ray irradiation produce a decrease of component 1 without causing a decrease of the platelets.

Specific antiserum for rabbit platelets causes a rapid decrease in platelets and in components 1 and 2, when injected intravenously into rabbits. Studies in vitro reveal that normal rabbit serum loses its bactericidal property when antiplatelet serum is added. Highly bactericidal rat serum is not inhibited by anti-rabbit platelet antibody.

Intravenous injection of thorotrast into rabbits causes a precipitous decrease in platelets and of components 1 and 2 without producing any decrease in leukocytes or hematocrit.
The Role of the Mitotic Apparatus in the Intracellular Location of Reovirus Antigen
Authors: Spendlove Rex S. , Lennette Edwin H. , John A. Charlotte
Published: January 2023

Type 1 reovirus (Lang strain) antigen, demonstrated by fluorescent antibody in dividing human amnion cells (FL), localizes in the areas occupied by the spindles and centrioles. The developmental cycle of viral antigen in interphase cells involves the formation of a reticulum in the cytoplasm that shifts into a perinuclear position as the infection progresses. In the presence of mercaptoethanol, colchicine, podophyllin, and vincaleukoblastine, antimitotic agents known to affect metaphase spindle organization, the network formation is prevented and the antigen is localized as small to large spheres. It is proposed that the spindle material is present throughout the cytoplasm during the interphase of growth as a filamentous reticulum; due to an affinity between spindle components and viral antigen the antigen is oriented by the spindle into a network-like structure. Studies of this phenomenon have the potential of contributing to a better understanding of many basic problems involved in hostvirus interaction and spindle formation.
Characteristics of a Hapten-Induced Leukoagglutinin
Authors: Barrett James T. , Rigney Mary M. , Guthrie Richard A. , Metcalfe David S.
Published: January 2023

Picryl Chloride hypersensitization of guinea pigs produced delayed skin reactions to this drug. In the whole blood of such animals leukocyte agglutination occurred upon addition of a picryl-horse serum conjugate in vitro but not with picryl chloride nor horse serum alone. The substance responsible for this agglutination existed in serum as a nondialyzable, heat-labile constituent. Because of the parallel of leukoagglutinating activity of the sera to the ability to induce passive cutaneous anaphylaxis, the leukoagglutination phenomenon is believed more closely related to the immediate than the delayed form of hypersensitive response.
In Vitro Production of Antibody by Chicken Spleen Cells
Authors: Patterson Roy , Suszko Irena M. , Pruzansky Jacob J.
Published: January 2023

Chicken spleen cells were cultured in vitro after in vivo antigenic stimulation with bovine serum albumin. The production of chicken antibody was detected by several techniques.

Quantitative estimations of antibody by an ammonium sulfate coprecipitation technique provide another method of detection of antibody in tissue culture medium.
Effect of Thymectomy and Bursectomy on Precipitin and Natural Hemagglutinin Production in the Chicken
Authors: Graetzer M. A. , Wolfe H. R. , Aspinall R. L. , Meyer R. K.
Published: January 2023

Thymectomy of chickens during the first 3 days of age does not consistently affect precipitin production to bovine serum albumin when challenged at 6 to 9 weeks of age. In some cases, thymectomized groups did not differ in mean peak titer from controls; in some cases the response was significantly lower; in one case the response was significantly higher. This variation was not evident for the time necessary to clear antigen from the circulation. Of intact and sham control birds 100% responded by producing precipitins, whereas 6% of the thymectomized birds did not give a detectable response. This frequency of negative responders was statistically significant. There was a tendency for groups with greater amounts of residual thymic tissue to give higher mean precipitin titers. However, the titers of birds with no residual thymus fell in a range very similar to that of the controls. The development of natural hemagglutinins was not affected by thymectomy. Splenectomy performed from 2 to 10 days of age significantly delayed the appearance of precipitins but did not affect the mean peak titer. Bursectomy at 1 to 2 days of age reduced the mean peak precipitin titers and the natural hemagglutinin titers drastically. Most birds did not give a detectable response.
Cellular Demonstration of Antibody Production in Rana Pipiens
Authors: Krueger Robert G. , Twedt Robert M.
Published: January 2023

These studies have demonstrated antibody production by splenic red pulp cells isolated from Rana pipiens immunized with Salmonella typhosa and have investigated the effect of temperature upon this production.

Animals immunized and maintained at 26°C demonstrated serum agglutinin titers. Cells isolated from these animals produced antibody when incubated at 26°C. Animals immunized and maintained at 4°C failed to demonstrate serum agglutinin titers. Cells isolated from these animals did not produce antibody when incubated at 4°C; however, cells incubated at 26°C did demonstrate antibody production. A clarified homogenate of cells from animals immunized and maintained at 4°C demonstrated a moderate agglutinin titer.

The mechanism of temperature inhibition of antibody production and release was discussed.
The Presence of the Ragweed-Binding Antibodies in the β2A-, β2M- and γ-Globulins of the Sensitive Individuals
Authors: Yagi Yasuo , Maier Patricia , Pressman David , Arbesman Carl E. , Reisman Robert E.
Published: January 2023

Sera from ragweed-sensitive individuals (two untreated and six treated) were examined by radioimmunoelectrophoresis to detect and identify the serum components possessing the binding activity for a purified fraction of ragweed (ragweed-binding antibodies). The method utilizes the fixation of I131-labeled ragweed antigen on the arcs formed by electrophoresed human antibody components and rabbit anti-human serum. The ragweed-binding activity was detected in the γ-globulin of all the sera and in the β2A-globulin of all but one serum. Two sera showed the activity also in the β2M-globulin. In fact, all the sera contained the activity in the β2A- or in the β2M-globulin in addition to the activity in the γ-globulin. (One serum contained the activity in all three globulins, γ, β2A and β2M.) Such a high incidence of the β2A or β2M-antibody in sera of sensitive individuals suggests the association of the reaginic activity with these antibodies. The ragweed-precipitating antibodies were detected in the γ2-globulin region of some sera including one from an untreated individual. The precipitating antibodies, when present in large amounts, interfered with the identification of antibody components. A modified technique, applicable to such precipitating systems, was described.
Interference and Interferon in Persistent Viral Infections of Cell Cultures
Authors: Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

It may not come as a surprise that the subject of this address is concerned with viral interference, since interference phenomena have provided a sort of Leitmotif, with variations, for my laboratory during the past 20 years. It was introduced in 1942 by the repeated loss of the then new influenza B virus on serial transfers in the chick embryo which, rightly or wrongly, was ascribed by my wife and myself to interference by inactive virus particles accumulating in preceding passages under unfavorable conditions (1). To be sure, experimentally inactivated influenza virus particles were found to interfere with the propagation of various viruses in the chick embryo allantois and this and other systems of interference ever since have supplied problems for study, by design or by chance. Of late, interference entered again in the analysis of persistent viral infections of cultured cell populations, a problem which has received considerable attention in recent years because of its possible bearing, among others, on latent viral infections in intact hosts.
The Agar Cell Culture Precipitation Test: Its Application to the Study of Vaccinia Virus, Adenoviruses and Herpes Simplex Virus
Authors: Mata Leonardo J.
Published: January 2023

An agar substrate consisting essentially of Eagle's basal medium and horse serum was developed to cultivate masses of cells from established mammalian cell lines in wells. The main characteristics of the culture system are: absence of a fluid phase; exposure of the culture to a gas mixture consisting of 1 to 2% CO2 in humidified air; association of the cells in several layers analogous to a bacterial colony; and no replacement of the nutrient medium during the experimental period. Vaccinia virus, adenovirus type 5, herpes simplex virus and poliovirus type 2 multiplied in these cultures and produced cytopathic changes. Titers of the order of 107 to 108 TCID50 per cell culture were achieved in a few days. Production of complement-fixing and precipitable antigen was also demonstrated in cultures infected with adenovirus type 5. Viral antigens, elaborated by cell cultures infected with vaccinia virus, adenoviruses or herpes simplex virus, could be precipitated in the surrounding agar. Two to four vaccinial antigens were demonstrated with human and rabbit vaccinial antisera. With eight types of adenovirus, group-specific reactions consisting of one or two lines were obtained. With four of these, an additional type-specific line was observed in the presence of homotypic rabbit serum. In the case of herpes simplex virus, two precipitin lines appeared with rabbit immune serum. The influence of inoculating dose of virus, and of the time elapsing between viral infection and the addition of antiserum were studied. It was observed that there was an indirect relationship between the size of the infectious dose and the time of appearance of precipitation lines. The distance of the precipitin lines from the infected cell culture which served as the source of antigen varied directly with the time interval between inoculation and the subsequent addition of antiserum.
Biosynthesis and Purification of V and W Antigen in Pasteurella Pestis
Authors: Lawton William D. , Erdman Robert L. , Surgalla Michael J.
Published: January 2023

The separation and purification of V and W antigens is described. The methods that gave the best results were: The precipitation of both antigens from the supernatant fluid of a 36°C-grown culture of strain M23 by use of ammonium sulfate.Chromatography on DEAE-cellulose.

V antigen was eluted with 0.1 M NaCl and W antigen with 0.5 M NaCl. Recycling on DEAE-cellulose resulted in a sample containing approximately 20 units of V antigen/mg of protein (100-fold purification) and no W antigen, and a sample containing 600 units of W antigen/mg of protein (1000-fold purification) and no V antigen.

V antigen is a protein with a molecular weight of 90,000 and W antigen is a lipoprotein with a molecular weight of 145,000.

Both antigens were stable at 60°C, but not at 80°C, for 30 min. W antigen, but not V, was lost upon extensive dialysis against distilled water, or pervaporation. Both antigens were reduced in titer by prolonged storage at 5°C or by lyophilization, but not by storage at -20°C.

Based on the use of rabbit antisera containing only V antibody or only W antibody, the conclusion was drawn that V antibody, but not W antibody, can protect mice against plague.
Isolation of Non-Dialyzable Allergens and Antigens from Low Ragweed Pollen (Ambrosia Elatoir)
Authors: Robbins Kenneth C. , Wu Helen , Baram Peter , Mosko Milton M.
Published: January 2023

A highly allergenic protein-carbohydrate preparation has been isolated from a low ragweed pollen extract (Ambrosia elatoir) by precipitation with ammonium sulfate followed by chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, gel-filtration on Sephadex G-75, chromatography on DEAE-Sephadex and gel-filtration on Sephadex G-200. The preparation is skin reactive at 10-9 to 10-10 µg, on intradermal injection, in the treated rag-weed-sensitive patient. Immunoelectrophoretic and gel-diffusion methods show multiple antigens.
Differential Response to Allogenic and Xenogenic Skin Grafts by Sublethally Irradiated (670 RAD) and Nonirradiated Mice Sensitized by Various Means
Authors: Tyan Marvin L. , Cole Leonard J.
Published: January 2023

Data are presented demonstrating in sublethally x-irradiated (670 rad) mice the differential radiosensitivity of the first and second-set responses to allogenic (H-2 difference) and xenogenic (rat) skin grafts. The second-set response is more radioresistant than is the first-set response; the second-set response to a xenogenic skin graft is more radioresistant than is that to an allogenic graft; the converse is true with regard to the first set response. The “homograft sensitivity” induced with xenogenic or allogenic dissociated skin or spleen cells (with the methods used) appears to be “inferior” to or unlike that induced with skin grafts. Sensitization with xenogenic dissociated cells resulted in a more vigorous response (i.e., shorter rejection time) to subsequent appropriate grafts in both nonirradiated and sublethally irradiated mice than did sensitization with comparable allogenic tissues. Allogenic skin grafts survived significantly longer on sublethally irradiated mice, presensitized with allogenic dissociated spleen cells than they did on the appropriate controls. By contrast, presensitization with allogenic dissociated skin cells had essentially no effect on allogenic graft survival in sublethally irradiated mice. Nonirradiated and sublethally irradiated (670 rad) mice previously sensitized with rat skin grafts rejected subsequent first-set allogenic grafts significantly sooner than did their appropriate controls. This effect was not seen when the mice had been previously sensitized with dissociated rat skin or spleen cells. Neither the initial method of sensitization nor sublethal irradiation influenced the sensitization induced by subsequent skin grafts. Certain observations made during the accelerated rejection of allogenic and particularly of xenogenic skin grafts suggested either the presence of a nonspecific agent capable of disrupting the capillary bed at the graft sites or the deficiency of a factor essential to the maintenance of capillary wall integrity.
Primary and Secondary Antitoxin Responses in Thymectomized Mice
Authors: Hess Max W. , Cottier Hans , Stoner Richard D.
Published: January 2023

A total of 68 Swiss albino mice of either sex were thymectomized at the following time intervals after birth: 22 during day 1, 21 during day 2, 17 on day 4 and 8 on day 8. Sixty-one nonoperated littermates served as controls. All mice were given primary antigenic stimulation with adsorbed tetanus toxoid when 4 weeks of age. Three weeks later a booster injection of fluid tetanus toxoid was given. With these time intervals thymectomized mice showed only slightly impaired primary responses but severely repressed secondary responses as compared to nonoperated littermates. This uncommon finding is difficult to explain at present and results are discussed with regard to other reports on the effect of postnatal thymectomy on immune responses. Special emphasis is placed on the unknown effect of post-thymectomy wasting syndrome.
Isoantibodies to Human Cancer Cells in Healthy Recipients of Cancer Homotransplants
Authors: Itoh Tetsuo , Southam Chester M.
Published: January 2023

Homotransplants of nine cancer cell lines and two normal cell cultures were made in 20 healthy male volunteers. Each man was given only one cell type. Sera collected before and 2, 4 and 6 weeks after implantation were studied using the tanned erythrocyte agglutination technique with antigens prepared as saline extracts of freshly harvested cells of 10 cancer cell lines and 8 cell lines of normal origin. All pretransplantation sera gave negative tests. Two recipients of normal cell transplants produced no antibody which could be detected with normal cell test antigens, and very rarely showed low level reaction with cancer cell antigens. All 18 recipients of cancer cell lines had antibody in the 2- and 4-week serum specimens but seldom in the 6-week serum. These sera reacted against the cell type transplanted and almost equally well against other cancer cell lines of various types. Several reacted with the “transformed” FL amnion cell line but reactions with other cells of normal origin were rare. Reproducibility of titers on repeated tests was good.

Following adsorption of these sera with fresh cell suspensions prepared from tissue cultures, blood, or tissue specimens, they were retested against cancer cell antigens. In most instances antibody titers were not significantly affected when the adsorbing cells were normal but disappeared when cancer cells were used.

The data demonstrate that the 10 cancer cell lines which were studied contain an antigen or antigens in common which were foreign to the transplant recipients and rarely detectable in the normal cell lines and normal tissues which were studied. These results are consistent with the concept of human cancer-specific antigens common to the cancers of many individuals. There are, however, other plausible explanations. These are discussed and the need for caution in interpretation of antigenic analyses based on antibody formation to homografts (or heterografts) is stressed.
Preparation of Antisera Specific for 6.6 S γ-Globulins, β2A-Globulins, γ1-Macroglobulins, and for Type I and II Common γ-Globulin Determinants
Authors: Fahey John L. , McLaughlin Carla
Published: January 2023

Antisera reacting specifically with 6.6 S γ, β2A, or γ1M antigenic determinants or with type I or II common γ-globulin determinants were prepared on the basis of current understanding of the immunochemical structure of γ-globulin molecules.

Purified γ-globulin components were necessary for the preparation and testing of specific antisera. Therefore, methods for preparing and characterizing 6.6 S γ-globulins, β2A-globulins, and γ1-macroglobulins from normal serum and myeloma proteins, γ-macroglobulins, and Bence Jones proteins from appropriate serum and urine are described.
Immunity in Hamsters to Cells Transformed in Vitro and in Vivo by SV40
Authors: Khera Kundan S. , Ashkenazi Asaria , Rapp Fred , Melnick Joseph L.
Published: January 2023

Prior inoculation of the simian papovavirus SV40 was shown to protect hamsters against challenge with cells transformed by SV40 either in vitro or in vivo. When approximately 102 to 104 cells were used as challenge inoculum, tumor growth was either prevented or delayed in the resistant hamsters. When tumors developed in immune animals, the neoplasms were retarded and their size was generally smaller than in the control animals. Similar results were obtained by intracerebral, subcutaneous or cheek pouch inoculation of tumorigenic cells. With cell inocula approaching or exceeding 105 cells, however, protection was no longer evident.

The resistance demonstrated was not due to antiviral antibody. Heat-inactivated virus did not confer protection. Resistance, though of lesser degree, was witnessed in hamsters inoculated with ruptured cells that had been transformed by SV40 virus. The observations suggest the presence in transformed cells of immunologically related cellular antigens.

The inoculation of SV40 transformed cells into hamsters previously inoculated with one of the papovaviruses indicated a high degree of protection conferred by the homologous SV40 virus and none by polyoma virus. The human wart virus and the Shope papilloma virus seemed to produce a limited degree of protection.
Cytolytic Antibody Assay by Tryptic Digestion of Injured Cells and Electronic Counting
Authors: Hirata Arthur A.
Published: January 2023

A rapid and reproducible assay method for cytolytic antibodies is described. The procedure is founded on the observation that trypsin digests cells after their exposure to antibody and complement.

In practice cells are exposed to various dilutions of antiserum plus complement and injured cells digested by trypsin and the surviving cells are counted. For rapid and accurate counting of cells, the Coulter electronic particle counter was utilized. The electronic impulses registered by the products of the tryptic digestion were negligible compared to those registered by intact cells.

In a model system, a horse antiserum against mouse Sarcoma 37 ascites cells was assayed. The cytolytic titer of the serum was expressed as the dilution resulting in lysis of 50% of cells. Assay of antiserum by this method was in close agreement with that obtained by the dye exclusion test.

In the range from 24 to 78% lysis, the standard deviation was less than ±3% lysis. Even the low levels of natural antibodies against sarcoma cells present in normal human serum were found to be well within the range of measurement of this method.
Elicitation of PCA by Univalent and Divalent Haptens
Authors: Amkraut Alfred A. , Rosenberg Leon T. , Raffel Sidney
Published: January 2023

PCA reactions were obtained using anti-DNP antisera and “univalent” haptens containing only a single DNP group. Antisera prepared against different DNP-antigens differed in their capacities to react with the various compounds used, a fact which supports the contention that compounds containing two DNP groups act functionally as univalent haptens.

The characteristics of the reaction are described, and a possible mechanism is proposed which relates the reaction to the “toxic” nature of the unbound portion of the hapten and the relative persistence of hapten-antibody complexes.
The Development of Infectivity, Antigens and Particles in Herpes Infected Cells
Authors: Gold E. , Wildy P. , Watson D. H.
Published: January 2023

The growth of herpes virus in HeLa cells and BHK21 cells has been studied. Virus specific antigen(s) appeared earlier than new virus particles.Throughout the growth cycle more than 80% of the antigens could be separated from virus particles by centrifugation.There was a consistent alteration in the particle: infectivity ratio with time; early virus had high ratios.
Antigenic Components of Human Erythrocytes
Authors: Howe Calderon , Avrameas Stratis , de Vaux St. Cyr Christiane , Grabar Pierre , Lee Lucille T.
Published: January 2023

The stroma of erythrocytes obtained from individual donors was analyzed by electrophoresis, and by immunoelectrophoresis with concentrated rabbit antisera to whole hemolysate and post-hemolytic residue. Each antiserum gave identical reaction patterns with all preparations of stroma irrespective of blood groups. At least 12 antigenic constituents besides hemoglobin were demonstrated, five of which were recognized as enzymes. In addition, four isoenzymes with lactic dehydrogenase activity were encountered. Purified virus receptor substance, glycoprotein complex obtained by butanol treatment of stromal residues, and glycoprotein in aqueous extracts of stroma exhibited basic immunologic identity unrelated to blood groups. Besides M or N activity corresponding to the donor's MN group, traces of blood group A activity were demonstrable in virus receptor substance and in butanol aqueous fractions prepared from cells of group A1. The relation of these various components to the erythrocyte membrane ultrastructure is considered.
A Comparison of the Cutaneous and Mucosal Arthus Reaction in the Guinea Pig and Hamster
Authors: Hyman Herbert M. , Zeldow Bernard J.
Published: January 2023

In the course of this investigation of the Arthus reaction in the oral mucosa of sensitized guinea pigs and hamsters as it is related to the response in the cutaneous areas, the following conclusions could be demonstrated: In the guinea pig, the mucosal Arthus response is markedly different from the classic cutaneous lesion. It is characterized by extensive swelling and interstitial hemorrhage without necrosis.The histologic response of both the cutaneous and mucosal sites in the guinea pig are similar to each other and those previously described in other studies.The hamster cheek pouch mucosa is an extremely advantageous site in which to elicit the Arthus reaction since very early changes can be readily visualized.Early microscopic examination of Arthus lesions in the hamster exhibited a cellular response composed essentially of mononuclear cells. This phenomenon may be due to the unusual white blood cell differential count presented by this animal.
The Immunofluorescent Focus Technique in Studying the Replication of Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Rapp Fred , Rasmussen Lucille E. , Benyesh-Melnick Matilda
Published: January 2023

A quantitative assay for cytomegalovirus involving counts of immunofluorescent foci of antigen-containing cells was developed. Counts were made 6 to 7 days after infection. The number of foci seen decreased with decreasing concentrations of virus and a linear relationship was obtained over the countable range. Comparable virus titers were obtained in parallel immunofluorescent focus and tube titrations, but the tube titration was slow and required about 30 days of observation.

The focus method was used to study virus adsorption and replication in embryonic human lung fibroblasts. Adsorption proceded rapidly at 37°C; 90% of the virus adsorbed within 1 hr. Adsorption proceeded more slowly as the temperature was decreased. At 37°C production of virus antigen and maturation of virus required 4 days after inoculation of the cells, although cellular changes could be observed earlier if the cultures were fixed and stained. The infection subsequently spread to adjacent cells and increasing numbers of cells comprised the infected foci seen.
Evaluation of Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Technique for Detection of Rabies Antibody in Human Sera
Authors: Thomas J. B. , Sikes R. K. , Ricker A. S.
Published: January 2023

Five hundred and eighty-eight sera were tested by the serum neutralization (SN) and indirect fluorescent rabies antibody (IFRA) procedures. Of 285 positive sera by the SN test, 280 (98.3%) were also positive by the IFRA method, indicating acceptability of the IFRA test as a screening procedure for the detection of rabies antibody. Seventy-eight sera from rabies-immunized people were positive by the IFRA method and negative by the SN method, indicating a greater sensitivity of the IFRA test. Further investigations are needed to define the relationship of demonstrable rabies antibody to protection against rabies virus challenge.
Species Specificity of Globulins in Reactions with Rheumatoid Arthritis Serum
Authors: Pike Robert M. , Schulze Mary Louise
Published: January 2023

Sheep cells sensitized with subagglutinating amounts of chicken antisheep cell serum were not agglutinated in RAS. Chicken antibody globulin attached to sheep cell stromas and in the form of an immune precipitate failed to absorb from RAS the factor responsible for the agglutination of sheep cells sensitized with rabbit antibody, whereas rabbit antibody did remove this factor under comparable circumstances. Neither chicken nor rabbit antibody globulin absorbed the factor causing the agglutination of latex particles coated with human γ-globulin.

Normal chicken γ-globulin used to coat tanned sheep cells and latex particles reacted with RAS to a degree comparable to that of normal rabbit γ-globulin, but was less reactive than normal human γ-globulin. Chicken γ-globulin failed to inhibit completely the agglutination by RAS of sheep cells sensitized with rabbit antibody, although human γ-globulin was inhibitory in relatively high concentrations as compared to the low concentration of rabbit γ-globulin required to inhibit.

These observations are discussed in relation to the existence of multiple rheumatoid factors of differing specificities.
Development of Antibodies against Aeromonas Salmonicida in Trout
Authors: Krantz George E. , Reddecliff Jack M. , Heist Carroll E.
Published: January 2023

The development of agglutinating antibody to Aeronomas salmonicida in brook and brown trout was demonstrated by a tube agglutination and a rapid slide agglutination test. Comparison of agglutinin titer development in rabbits and trout demonstrated that trout have a slow antibody response reaching maximum titer about 3 months after injection. Rabbits developed peak titers within a month after receiving the same dose of antigen. Trout immunized with a single injection of formalin-killed bacteria in a mineral oil adjuvant were protected against intraperitoneal injections of viable Aeromonas salmonicida.
Enhanced Antitoxin Responses in Irradiated Mice Elicted by Complexes of Tetanus Toxoid and Specific Antibody
Authors: Stoner Richard D. , Terres Geronimo
Published: January 2023

Enhanced primary antitoxin responses were obtained in mice immunized by intravenous injection with complexes of tetanus toxoid and mouse antitoxin presumably formed either in vivo or prepared in vitro in antigen-antibody ratios of antibody excess, equivalence and antigen excess. The demonstration of the enhancement phenomenon elicited by complexes of toxoid and isologous mouse antitoxin provide conclusive evidence that the antibody portion of the complex does not need to be of heterologous origin in order to elicit enhanced primary antibody responses in mice. Intravenous immunization with the above complexes elicited enhanced primary responses in irradiated animals, whereas minimal responses were obtained with antigen only. Little difference was observed in primary responses in nonirradiated mice when antigen only or antigen complexed with specific antibody was given by subcutaneous injection. However, enhanced primary antitoxin responses were obtained in irradiated mice (400 rads) immunized with the various complexes over the responses observed in irradiated animals immunized with antigen only. The greatest degree of enhancement occurred when the complexes were prepared in the region of equivalence and antigen excess. Secondary antitoxin responses were repressed when the same complexes of antigen and antibody were injected to elicit secondary responses. A corresponding repression of secondary responses was observed in irradiated mice when radiation doses of 300 rads were delivered 24 hr before the second injection of antigen complexed with specific mouse antitoxin.
The Temporal Synthesis of Chicken Antibodies
Authors: Benedict Albert A. , Hersh Robert T. , Larson Charles
Published: January 2023

Evidence was presented that primary chicken anti-bovine serum albumin (BSA) antisera contain a high molecular weight antibody which precipitates in 0.15 M NaCl and which agglutinates sensitized red cells, a 7 S non-hemagglutinating antibody which precipitates only in 1.5 M NaCl when isolated from the heavier fraction by zone ultracentrifugation, and a 7 S hemagglutinating antibody which precipitates in 0.15 M NaCl and which is also found in high concentrations in hyperimmune sera.
Tolerance to a Protein Antigen in Adult Mice and the Effect of Nonspecific Factors
Authors: Claman Henry N.
Published: January 2023

Immunologic tolerance was induced in adult CBA mice by a single injection of the supernatant from ultracentrifuged bovine γ-globulin (BGG). Mice so treated and later challenged with BGG-Bentonite did not produce detectable antibody as measured by the disappearance rate of I125 BGG or by the microhemagglutination method. The sediment from pooled ultracentrifuged BGG induced antibody formation rather than tolerance. Tolerance could be produced by as little as 0.19 mg of supernatant BGG. Such tolerance could be partially overcome by 19 mg, but not by 1.9 mg of BGG-Bentonite. Partial tolerance was induced by 0.019 mg of supernatant BGG. Tolerance could not be produced by supernatant BGG when it was accompanied by an intravenous dose of 100 µg of bacterial endotoxin.
Methotrexate Inhibition of Tuberculin Hypersensitivity in Inbred Guinea Pigs
Authors: Friedman Robert M. , Buckler Charles E.
Published: January 2023

Methotrexate has been employed to inhibit the development of tuberculin hypersensitivity in strain 2 guinea pigs. Tuberculin hypersensitivity is transferred in these animals with viable isologous lymph node cells. The results of experiments employing such lymph node transfers suggested the drug was not acting on the inductive phase of the immune response but on the proliferation of immunologically active cells.
Nonprecipitating Antibody and the Arthus Vasculitis
Authors: Levenson Hubert , Cochrane Charles G.
Published: January 2023

The inability of two nonprecipitating antibodies to produce Arthus vascular inflammatory reactions was studied. In both cases the nonprecipitating antibody did not deposit antigen in the vessel walls in the form of an antigen-antibody-host complement complex, while relatively equal amounts of precipitating antibody did. Rabbit nonprecipitating antibody was found to interact with its antigen in the tissues equally as well as precipitating antibody (determined by passive cutaneous anaphylactic reactions) and was found abundantly capable of inactivating hemolytic guinea pig complement with components at least through C′3c taking part. It was proposed that heavy deposition of antigen-antibody complexes, perhaps with host complement, was essential for the accumulation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and resulting vascular inflammatory damage.
Quantitative Determination of Antibody and Complement Directed against Lymphocytes
Authors: Terasaki Paul I. , Rich Norman E.
Published: January 2023

A rapid, precise method is presented for the quantitative assay of cytotoxic antibody and complement levels employing lymphocytes as the target cell. The technique consists essentially of enumerating with the electronic Coulter Counter the number of “normal size cells” remaining after incubation with antibody and complement. Death of lymphocytes as appraised by eosin dye exclusion was paralleled by a loss in numbers of electronically countable cells, though simultaneous counts made in the hemocytometer indicated that the cells do not actually disappear. Thus dead cells are apparently not “seen” by the electronic counter. Plots of the reduction in normal size cells produced by allogenic mouse antisera or complement were shown to be linear by the method of probits or the von Krogh equation. The technique was highly sensitive, for cytotoxicity of some mouse antisera produced against homografts could be detected with as little as 0.00005 ml.
Recall of Complement Fixing Antibodies to Enteroviruses in Guinea Pigs
Authors: Mietens Carl , Hummeler Klaus , Henle Werner
Published: January 2023

The recall of complement-fixing antibodies was studied in guinea pigs previously immunized with one or several representative agents belonging to the poliomyelitis, Coxsackie A and B, and Echo groups. Although the studies were limited in scope, it became evident that poliomyelitis and Coxsackie B viruses readily recalled antibodies to the other members of the respective groups. Recalls were induced, although less frequently, by agents belonging to heterologous enterovirus groups but not by mumps virus. Antibodies were recalled often in the absence of detectable responses to the injected virus. A single dose of a given virus led to homologous antibody responses at an increased frequency if the animals had previous experience with another member of the same group of viruses. Broadening of the antibody spectra to include reactions with viruses not previously injected were observed only within the poliomyelitis group but the data are insufficient to exclude its occurrence among or between other groups of enteroviruses. Neutralization tests carried out with a few selected sera revealed that recalls of complementfixing antibodies were not accompanied by rises in neutralizing activity.

The results presented appear to parallel the experience gained in the serodiagnosis of enterovirus infections of man.
Hyperreactivity to Endotoxin after Infection with BCG
Authors: Suter Emanuel
Published: January 2023

Experiments are reported dealing with the increased sensitivity to endotoxin of BCG-infected rabbits and mice. With rabbits it was found that infection with BCG has no influence on the pyrogenic responses nor on the skin reactivity in spite of the fact that the sensitivity to lethal shock is greatly enhanced. All attempts of transferring hyperreactivity from BCG-infected to normal mice by mean of lymph node or spleen cells and of serum have failed. Desensitization of hyperreactive animals can be achieved and is nonspecific. The results are discussed in regard to the validity of the hypothesis that endotoxin action, especially in hyperreactive animals, may be mediated by hypersensitivity reactions.
The Measurement of Type- and Nontype-Specific Group A Hemolytic Streptococcal Antibody with an Hemagglutination Technique
Authors: Vosti Kenneth L. , Rantz Lowell A.
Published: January 2023

Tannic acid modified red cells were sensitized with semipurified M protein preparations of group A hemolytic streptococci. The sensitizing antigens in addition to M protein, contained nontype-specific protein which interfered with the measurement of type-specific antibody in rabbit and human sera. Serologic type-specificity was attained by incubation of the test sera with either crude or semipurified antigens from heterologous types. The use of homologous as well as heterologous semipure and crude antigens as inhibitors demonstrated that multiple reactions in human sera reflected the presence of different type-specific antibodies. Serologic type-specificity was shown to correlate with biologic type-specificity.