bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Health Care Privatization in Latin America: Comparing Divergent Privatization Approaches in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico
Authors: Bustamante Arturo Vargas , Méndez Claudio A.
Published: May 2014

The public-private mix in Chile, Colombia, and Mexico was very similar until the early 1980s when Chile undertook health care privatization as part of comprehensive health care reform. Since then, health care privatization policies have diverged in these countries. In this study we characterize health care privatization in Latin America and identify the main factors that promoted and hindered privatization by comparing the experiences of these countries. We argue that policy elites took advantage of specific policy environments and the diffusion of privatization policies to promote health care privatization while political mobilization against privatization, competing policy priorities, weak market and government institutions, and efforts to reach universal health insurance hindered privatization. The privatization approaches of Chile and Colombia were classified as “big-bang,” since these countries implemented health care privatization more rapidly and with a wider scope compared with the case of Mexico, which was classified as gradualist, since the privatization path followed by this country adopted a slower pace and became more limited and focalized over time. We conclude that the emphasis on policy-driven privatization diminished in the 1990s and 2000s because of increased public health care financing and a shift in health care reform priorities. Health care privatization in the region, however, continued as a consequence of demand-driven privatization.
Bio/Logics
Authors: Van Anders Sari M.
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Biopolitics
Authors: Stryker Susan
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Capital
Authors: Irving Dan
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Cisgender
Authors: Aultman B.
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Gender Self-Determination
Authors: Stanley Eric A.
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Human Rights
Authors: Balzer Carsten , Lagata Carla
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems
Authors: Eisfeld Justus
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Lgbt
Authors: Murib Zein
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
La Loca
Authors: González Melissa M.
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Psychoanalysis
Authors: Elliot Patricia
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Queer
Authors: Love Heather
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Revolution
Authors: Cano Gabriela
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Sick
Authors: cárdenas micha
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Symbolic Subversion
Authors: Wieringa Saskia E.
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Trans-Poetics
Authors: Edwards Rebekah
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Transability
Authors: Arfini Elisa A. G.
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Transphobia
Authors: Bettcher Talia Mae
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Wrong Body
Authors: Engdahl Ulrica
Published: May 2014

This section includes eighty-six short original essays commissioned for the inaugural issue of TSQ: Transgender Studies Quarterly. Written by emerging academics, community-based writers, and senior scholars, each essay in this special issue, “Postposttranssexual: Key Concepts for a Twenty-First-Century Transgender Studies,” revolves around a particular keyword or concept. Some contributions focus on a concept central to transgender studies; others describe a term of art from another discipline or interdisciplinary area and show how it might relate to transgender studies. While far from providing a complete picture of the field, these keywords begin to elucidate a conceptual vocabulary for transgender studies. Some of the submissions offer a deep and resilient resistance to the entire project of mapping the field terminologically; some reveal yet-unrealized critical potentials for the field; some take existing terms from canonical thinkers and develop the significance for transgender studies; some offer overviews of well-known methodologies and demonstrate their applicability within transgender studies; some suggest how transgender issues play out in various fields; and some map the productive tensions between trans studies and other interdisciplines.
Opaque Distribution Channels for Competing Service Providers: Posted Price vs. Name-Your-Own-Price Mechanisms
Authors: Chen Rachel R. , Gal-Or Esther , Roma Paolo
Published: May 2014

Opaque selling has been widely adopted by service providers in the travel industry to sell off leftover capacity under stochastic demand. We consider a two-stage model to study the impact of different selling mechanisms, posted price (PP) versus name-your-own-price (NYOP), of an opaque reseller on competing service providers who face forward-looking customers. We find that in this environment, providers prefer that the opaque reseller uses a posted price instead of a bidding model. This is because the ability to set retail prices is critical for extracting surplus from customers who wait to purchase from the reseller. Such surplus extraction enables providers to set high prices for advance sales and obtain high profits. The dominance of PP over NYOP disappears, however, when competition between sellers is minimal or absent. We extend our model to multiple opaque resellers who compete in selling off last-minute capacity for service providers and find that our main insights continue to hold with differentiated resellers. Despite providers' preference in favor of PP, there are circumstances under which the opaque reseller earns higher profits under NYOP. Leisure customers might also prefer the bidding mechanism, which allows them to retain some surplus. This can help explain the rapid growth of the NYOP model over the last decade. Our findings are consistent with the evolution of opaque selling in the travel industry, and in particular, the recent trend towards more published price sales for opaque products.
Children’s musical and social behaviours in the context of music-making activities supported by digital tools: Examples from a pilot study in the United Kingdom
Authors: Charissi Vicky , Rinta Tiija
Published: May 2014

Children’s enjoyable experience in music-making has been reported to be crucial for their social and musical development. This research investigates the way in which participant young children develop their musical and social skills by digital technology-supported music-making activities within a multicultural educational context. Two different software packages were used in the research. Data collection methods reported in the current article included observations and field notes, video analyses and dialogue analyses. Initial results indicate that children developed their musical knowledge as a part of their active interaction with others. In particular, their use of digital tools provided a supportive environment for collaborative music-making. In this process, which seems to be non-linear in nature, children were observed to develop negotiation skills, empathy and a tendency to verbalize their thoughts whilst exchanging their musical ideas. The initial findings, therefore, provide evidence that using appropriate music technology in a classroom can be of benefit for children to develop musical and social skills.
AVALIAÇÃO DOS DIZERES DE ROTULAGEM E DAS CARACTERÍSTICAS FÍSICO-QUÍMICAS DE XAMPUS INFANTIS
Authors: GAMA Robson MIRANDA DA , Lemos Karen Herodek , Carvalho Regina Siqueira Haddad , Paludetti Luis Antonio
Published: May 2014

Xampus infantis são compostos por tensoativos suaves, que reduzem a irritação nos olhos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a qualidade de xampus infantis, o cumprimento das normas reguladoras brasileiras para a rotulagem e as características físico-químicas (pH, índice de viscosidade e espuma) de oito produtos diferentes, comercializados na região de Santo Amaro, São Paulo, Brasil. Todas as amostras foram analisadas no que se refere ao cumprimento dos requisitos de rotulagem descritos na RDC 211/05 da Anvisa. Todas as amostras apresentaram pH compatível com o fluido lacrimal e volume de espuma adequado. De oito produtos analisados, 75% apresentaram viscosidade aparente adequada para xampus infantis e 25% tinham viscosidade inadequada. Estes resultados mostram que a maioria dos fabricantes está preocupada em colocar no mercado produtos seguros e eficazes.
The braided Thompson's groups are of type F∞
Authors: Bux Kai-Uwe , Fluch Martin G. , Marschler Marco , Witzel Stefan , Zaremsky Matthew C. B.
Published: May 2014

We prove that the braided Thompson’s groups

V
br

{V_{\mathrm{br}}}

and

F
br

{F_{\mathrm{br}}}

are of type

F
∞

{\rm F}_{\infty}

, confirming a conjecture by John Meier.
The proof involves showing that matching complexes of arcs on surfaces are highly connected.

In an appendix, Zaremsky uses these connectivity results to exhibit families of subgroups of the pure braid group that are highly generating, in the sense of Abels and Holz.
Permeability characterization of hydroxypropylcellulose/ polyacrylonitrile blend membranes
Authors: Li Hui , Gong Guo-li , Gong Tai-sheng
Published: May 2014

A series of blend membranes were prepared by immersion precipitation phase inversion method using hydroxypropylcellulose and polyacrylonitrile as raw materials. The effects of casting conditions on membrane’s characterization were studied. The properties of resulting blend membranes were that water flux decreased from 489 L·h-1·m-2 to 312 L·h-1·m-2 ; retention rate increased from 80.1% to 91.8%; and corresponding porosity presented increasing trend but changed little within the range of casting solution concentrations from 10 wt % to 16 wt %. The greater the mass fraction of HPC in casting solution, the greater the water flux of blend membranes. Prolonging the atmosphere exposing time, water flux increased from 268 L·h-1·m-2 about 20s to 372 L·h-1·m-2 about 60 s, then decreased to 340 L·h-1·m-2 about 75s. In addition, retention rate decreased from 91.2% to 81.3%. Porosity tend to decrease but changed a little. With the coagulation bath temperature rising, water flux of blend membranes increased from 306 L·h-1·m-2 about 20 0C to 429 L·h-1·m-2 about 35 0C, and corresponding retention rate decreased from 87.9% to 82.5%, porosity decreased from 80.23% to 68.26%.
Preparation and characterization of poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/ Cloisite25A nanocomposites
Authors: Erceg Matko , Jozić Dražan
Published: May 2014

Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/Cloisite25A (PHB/25A) nanocomposites were prepared by solution-intercalation method. The intercalation of PHB chains between the layers of Cloisite25A was observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD). Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and non-isothermal thermogravimetry (TG) analysis were performed to study the thermal properties, crystallization and the thermal degradation of the prepared nanocomposites. DSC analysis indicates that Cloisite25A acts as a nucleating agent and increases the crystallization rate of PHB, but due to intercalation reduces its overall degree of crystallinity. TG analysis shows that addition of Cloisite25A enhances the thermal stability of PHB.
Preparation of ciprofloxacin-encapsulated poly-ε- caprolactone microcapsules by the solvent evaporation technique
Authors: Przybyslawska Marta , Amelian Aleksandra , Winnicka Katarzyna
Published: May 2014

The objective of this study was to prepare ciprofloxacin (CIP) encapsulated poly-ε-caprolactone (PCL) microcapsules by the single emulsion oilin- water (o/w) solvent evaporation method. The obtained microcapsules were characterized for size, morphology, drug loading and entrapment efficiency. The physical state of microcapsules was determined by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). Storage stability, the in vitro drug release and mathematical modeling of drug release were also tested. It was found that obtained microcapsules had spherical shape and their size range was from 57.5 μm to 234.7 μm. The drug loading of microcapsules was from 1.72% to 11.02%. The optimal conditions of the encapsulation process include the drug/polymer ratio 2/1, using homogenizer for 5 min at 15000 rpm to disperse CIP in PCL solution and aqueous phase at pH 5.5. The results of CIP release study indicate that obtained microcapsules might be successfully used for designing sustained release dosage forms.
Modification of clays with styrenic ionic liquid by Synthesis of in-situ Polystyrene Nanocomposite
Authors: Galehassadi Mohammad , Hosseinzadeh Fatemeh , Mahkam Mehrdad
Published: May 2014

Nanocomposites of polystyrene (PS) was prepared with new styrenic ionic liquid, N-(4-vinyl benzyl)-(N,N-dimethylamino) pyridinium chloride[VBMAP], surfactants used as organic modifications for the clays. Sodium montmorillonite (Na-MMT) was successfully modified by [VBMAP] to become OMMT through cation exchange technique which is shown by the increase of basalspacing of clay by XRD. The composite material based on polystyrene and organo-modified montmorillonite (OMMT) was prepared by insitu polymerization and characterized. The morphology of the polymer/clay hybrids was evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) ,transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), showing good overall dispersion of the clay. The thermal stability of the polymer/clay nanocomposites were enhanced, as evaluated by thermogravimetric analysis.
Spectral representation of a Banach-valued stationary random function on a locally compact abelian group
Authors: Benchikh Tawfik
Published: May 2014

Let

L
E
2

$L^2_E$

be a Banach space of all ℙ-square integrable
random variables defined on some probability space

(
Ω
,
𝒜
,
ℙ
)

$(\Omega ,\mathcal {A},\mathbb {P})$

with values in the complex separable Banach space E.
For an

L

E

2

$L_{E}^{2}$

-valued stationary continuous random function

𝔛
=

(

X
g

)

g
∈
G

$\mathfrak {X}=(X_{g})_{g\in G}$

on the locally compact abelian group G,
we provide a condition of
existence of a random measure Z taking values in

L
E
2

$L^{2}_{E}$

such that

(

X
g

)

g
∈
G

$(X_{g})_{g\in G}$

has a spectral representation as a Fourier transform of Z.
An explorative study into the possible benefits of using humor in creative tasks with a class of primary five pupils
Authors: Boyle Felicity , Stack Niamh
Published: May 2014

Creativity now occupies a legitimate place in the curriculum of U.K. schools. Research on the benefits of creativity and an acute awareness of its necessity in the modern workplace have both served to raise its profile. A number of researchers have investigated factors which are most likely to enhance creativity. Ziv (1983) in particular, has researched how humor can be used to promote creativity in adolescents. This study investigates the potential benefits of introducing humor before tasks which require a creative output from pupils of a younger age. The experiment tested the hypothesis that exposure to humorous stimuli in the form of a film cartoon would improve children's subsequent creativity scores in the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking (2006). One group observed animated cartoons with humorous spoken dialogue while the other group observed animated cartoons without humorous content before test booklets were administered. The mean overall creativity score in the humorous condition (M = 59.43, SD = 13.11) was lower than the mean for the non-humorous condition (M = 67.00, SD = 8.98). Possible explanations for the results and directions for future research in this relatively new field, exploring the use of humor within education, are discussed.
SOMI brace immobilization as a treatment option for inveterate hangman’s fracture in pediatric patients
Authors: Landi Alessandro , Donnarumma Pasquale , Altomonte Alfredo , Delfini Roberto , Cantore Giampaolo
Published: May 2014

Traumatic spondylolisthesis of C2 occurs when the mechanical event at the base of the trauma is a compression force on the vertex. Management of this is well defined in literature, and both surgical and conservative treatments have been proposed in adults. In contrast, the principles of treatment are somewhat more uncertain and less well defined in children. One of the most frequently suggested treatments is the early reduction of the fracture, with immobilization in halo. Other types of cervical orthoses are not recommended. This article reports on a rare case of an inveterate hangman’s fracture in a 12-year-old girl that is healing completely through immobilization in a SOMI brace that was applied 4 months after the trauma. In our experience, hangman’s fracture is poorly defined with regard to the treatment of pediatric patients, and there are currently no established guidelines. If dynamic X-ray scans show complete reduction of the fracture, conservative treatment is an efficient, effective, and noninvasive solution, even in case of inveterate fractures. Halo vest and SOMI brace are good solutions. SOMI brace is an available option because it is less traumatic for the patient.
A Review on Successive Interference Cancellation Scheme Based on Optical CDMA Network
Authors: Alsowaidi N. , Eltaif T. , Mokhtar M. R.
Published: May 2014

Due to various desirable features of optical code division multiple access (OCDMA), it is believed this technique once developed and commercially available will be an integral part of optical access networks. Optical CDMA system suffers from a problem called multiple access interference (MAI) which limits the number of active users, it occurs when number of active users share the same carriers. The aim of this paper is to review successive interference cancellation (SIC) scheme based on optical CDMA system. The paper also reviews the system performance in presence of shot noise, thermal noise, and phase–induced intensity noise (PIIN). A comprehensive review on the mathematical model of SIC scheme using direct detection (DS) and spectral amplitude coding (SAC) were presented in this article.
Effect of assisted reproductive technology on fetal brain development assessed by prenatal ultrasonography
Authors: Yin Linliang , Xu Yongle , Li Hong , Ling Chen , Choy Kwong Wai , Xia Fei , Deng Xuedong
Published: May 2014

Aims: The aim was to evaluate whether assisted reproductive technology (ART) affects the development of the fetal central nervous system (CNS).

Methods: This study was carried out on women with singleton pregnancies, including 427 women who became pregnant by ART and 32,859 women with natural conceptions (NCs). The cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) width, transverse cerebellar diameter (TCD), cisterna magna (CM) depth, and lateral ventricle width were measured by ultrasound for 72 normal ART fetuses and 201 normal NC fetuses. The malformation rate of CNS was determined for both groups.

Results: In both groups, significant positive correlations with gestational age were found for CSP width (ART: r=0.7841, NC: r=0.7864; P<0.0001) and for TCD (ART: r=0.7698, NC: r=0.6926; P<0.0001). However, neither CM depth nor lateral ventricle width showed a significant correlation with gestational age. None of the measured parameters showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups. The CNS malformation detection rate was 1.2% (5/427) in ART fetuses and 0.9% (296/32,859) in NC fetuses. It did not reach statistical significance (P>0.05).

Conclusions: The development and malformation rate of the fetal CNS is not significantly different between ART and NC fetuses, thus, ART does not affect the development of the fetal brain.
Crystal structure of poly[(μ-2,2'-bipyridine-3,3',5,5'-tetracarboxylato)- hexaaqua-dicobalt(II)], C14H16Co2N2O14
Authors: Jin Yue-Bao , Yu Hong , Li Jie , Lei Ke-Wei
Published: May 2014

C14H16Co2N2O14, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 26.257(3) Å, b = 6.7342(7) Å, c = 21.401(2) Å, β = 108.856(1)°, V = 3581.0 Å3, Z = 8, Rgt(F) = 0.0254, wRref(F2) = 0.0669, T = 296 K.
Crystal structure of β-[[(1,1-dimethylethoxyl)-carbonyl]amino]- benzenepropanoic acid, C14H19NO4
Authors: Lu Zai-Sheng , Zhu Guang-Zhou , Shi Huan-Le , Wang Xian-Shan
Published: May 2014

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Crystal structure of tris(5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzoato-κ2O,O’)bis(1,10- phenantroline-κ2N,N’)dysprosium(III), C45H28Cl3DyN4O9
Authors: Zhu Wen-Qing , Wang Juan , Li Zhuo , Zhao Rong
Published: May 2014

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Crystal structure of (E)-3-(1-iodoethylidene)-2,3-dihydro-[1,4]thiazino- [2,3,4-ij]quinolin-4-ium triiodide, C13H11I4NS
Authors: Batalov Vladimir I. , Dikhtiarenko Alla , Yushina Irina D. , Bartashevich Ekaterina V. , Kim Dimitri G , García-Granda Santiago
Published: May 2014

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Crystal structure of 2-(methylthio)thiazolo[4,5-b]pyridine, C7H6N2S2
Authors: Ren Yun-Lai , Tian Xin-Zhe , Sun Yan-Pei , Liu Gui-Hua
Published: May 2014

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In vitro degradation of polyglycolic acid synthesized by a one-step reaction
Authors: Tang Siye , Li Guilian , Zhang Rui , Huang Leilei , Tang Hui
Published: May 2014

Polyglycolic acid was synthesized by a one-step reaction of chloroacetic acid and triethylamine in tetrahydrofuran. The hydrolytic degradation of polyglycolic acid has been investigated. The in vitro degradation was investigated in a saline phosphate buffer. The degradation process was examined using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum, weight loss, melting point, X-ray powder diffraction, pH, and scanning electron microscopy measurements. The chemical structure of polyglycolic acid has a small change during in vitro degradation. Degradation occurred with an increase in weight loss, a decrease in melting point, an increase in crystallinity during the initial degradation period and then a decrease afterwards. The melting point fell abruptly after the sixth week. This indicates that the degradation degree increased suddenly, i.e., the molecular weight of polyglycolic acid should decrease abruptly. The pH of the buffer solution fell quickly and decreased with time during in vitro degradation. The lower pH indicates that the molecular weight of polyglycolic acid synthesized by a one-step reaction should be low, and this may enable polyglycolic acid to degrade easily. As the degradation time increased, the surfaces of polyglycolic acid samples were highly degraded, and the surface porosity increased.
Evaluation of a novel and efficient solvent system
containing chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide for radio-cesium
recovery from acidic wastes
Authors: Kandwal Pankaj , Mohapatra Prasanta Kumar
Published: May 2014

A novel solvent system containing chlorinated cobalt dicarbollide (CCD) in a diluent mixture containing 2-nitrophenyloctyl
ether (NPOE) and n-dodecane was found to be highly efficient for the extraction of radio-cesium from acidic feed
conditions. When PEG-400 (polyethylene glycol with average molecular weight of 400) was added to the solvent system, it was
found to extract radio-strontium as well similar to that reported with the UNEX (Universal Extractant) solvent. The solvent
system was found to be superior as compared to analogous solvent systems reported previously using CCD in either nitrobenzene
or PTMS (phenyltrifluoromethyl sulphone, a fluorinated diluent). The present work deals with less toxic solvent formulation
which can be used as an alternative to these hazardous/toxic chemicals for simultaneous recovery of Cs(I) and Sr(II) from
acidic solutions. Batch co-current extraction data are also presented for the simultaneous recovery of Cs and Sr which indicated
near quantitative extraction (>99.5%) of the metal ions in 4 and 3 stages, respectively. The reusability and
radiolytic stability studies were also carried out which suggested highly encouraging results.
Simultaneous solid phase extraction of cobalt, strontium and cesium
from liquid radioactive waste using microcrystalline naphthalene
Authors: Hamed Mostafa Mohamed , Attallah Mohamed Fathy , Metwally Sayed Sayed
Published: May 2014

Most of the procedures developed for the extraction of cobalt, strontium and cesium by solid phase extraction do not employ
simultaneous extraction of them. In this study, rapid simultaneous removal of Co2+, Sr2+ and Cs+ on
microcrystalline naphthalene as solid-phase extractant was investigated. These ions were allowed to form chelates with oxine and then
adsorbed on freshly microcrystalline naphthalene from aqueous solutions. The solid phase extraction procedure (SPE) was optimized by
using model solution containing Co2+, Sr2+ and Cs+ in batch system. The effects of different parameters
such as variation in pH, reagent concentration, standing time, naphthalene solution concentration and contact time on the simultaneous
removal of these ions was studied. The obtained results indicated that, sorption was found to be rapid, and the percentage removal of
Co2+, Sr2+ and Cs+ was found to be 98, 79 and 68% within 10 min, respectively. The
kinetics of the sorption process was investigated to understand the kinetic characteristics of sorption of metal chelates onto
microcrystalline naphthalene. The developed procedure has been successfully applied to the removal and recovery of 60Co and
134Cs from liquid radioactive waste. The parameters can be used for designing a plant for treatment of wastewater
economically.
Wnt meets Warburg: another piece in the puzzle?
Authors: Thompson Craig B
Published: May 2014

One of the most common abnormalities of cancer cells is their predilection to engage in a high rate of glycolysis despite the continued availability of oxygen. First described by Otto Warburg, this phenomenon of aerobic glycolysis (or the Warburg effect) has recently been proposed to result from cancer‐associated alterations in signal transduction pathways. In this issue of The EMBO Journal, Pate et al provide further support for this hypothesis by demonstrating that Wnt signaling plays an important role in establishing aerobic glycolysis as a mechanism to support in vivo cancer cell proliferation.