bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mineral absorption of diets containing natural carob fiber compared to cellulose, pectin and various combinations of these fibers Absorción de minerales de dietas que contienen fibra natural de algarrobas comparada con celulosa, pectina y varias combinaciones de estas fibras
Authors: Vaquero M.P. , Perez-Olleros L. , Garcia-Cuevas M. , Veldhuizen M. , Ruiz-Roso B. , Requejo A.
Published: March 2007

The influence of the consumption of natural carob fiber (NCF), an insoluble hypocholesterolemic fiber, as the unique dietary fiber or combined with cellulose (CEL) or pectin (PEC), on mineral bioavailability was studied. Six groups of rats were fed for 10 days diets containing 10% CEL, NCF, PEC or CEL+NCF, CEL+PEC and NCF+PEC mixtures at 50%. Food intake was lower with PEC than NCF and CEL+NCF, but final body weight was unaffected. Fecal weight showed significant differ ences in the following order: CEL, NCF, CEL+NCF > CEL+PEC, NCF+PEC > PEC. Percentage of calcium absorption was higher with CEL+PEC and NCF+PEC compared with the rest of fibers. Mag nesium absorption was also significantly enhanced in these two groups compared to NCF (p < 0.0004). Iron absorption did not show variations. Zinc apparent absorption was reduced by PEC, but the NCF+PEC mixture counterbalanced this effect. Liver iron was significantly lower with NCF+PEC than CEL, and liver iron concentration was significantly lower with NCF+PEC compared to CEL+PEC. Liver zinc was significantly higher with CEL+NCF than PEC while liver zinc concentrations were slightly higher with the former (p = 0.05 compared to NCF). The results indicate that NCF, compared to CEL and PEC, did not decrease the efficiency of calcium, magnesium and iron absorption in rats, while compared to PEC it increased zinc apparent absorption. Moreover, by combining NCF with PEC calcium and magnesium, absorptions enhanced in comparison with NCF alone, which was prob ably a result of the combination of soluble and insoluble fibers.
Influencia del almacenamiento a temperatura y humedad relativa altas sobre la calidad de garbanzo (C icer arietinum L.) Influence of storage at high temperature and high relative humidity on seed quality of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.)
Authors: Reyes-Moreno C. , Milan-Carrillo J. , Amienta-Rodelo E. , Okamura-Esparza J.
Published: March 2007

The effect of storage simulating tropical conditions (33-35°C, RH = 75%, 160 days) on seed quality of three chickpea (Cicer arietinum L) varieties for human consumption (Surutato 77, Mocorito 88, and Blanco Sinaloa 92) was studied. Storage induced the hard to cook (HTC) condition in all samples. For all samples, the Hunter L value decreased (p < 0.05) and the total difference in color (AE) increased (p < 0.05) during storage, meaning a loss of color lightness and development of darkening. Accelerated storage caused a significant decrease (p < 0.05) in the water absorption capacity (WAC) and cooking time (CT) of whole seed, cotyledons and seed coat for all samples,; these changes were more pronounced for the Blanco Sinaloa variety. Furthermore, storage produced significant (p < 0.05) decreases in the seed coat tannin content of the three materials; this parameter increased (11 < 0.05) in cotyledons. In all samples, the levels of phytic acid in cotyledons decreased (y < 0.05) with the seed hardness. Hardening of chickpea seeds caused a decrease (y < 0.05) in the in vitro protein digestibility of all varieties. These results allow us to suggest that both cotyledons and seed coat play a significant role in the process of chickpea hardening. Blanco Sinaloa 92 and Mocorito 88 might be classified as varieties with high and low proneness, respectively, to develop the HTC condition.
Efecto de la dieta de cerdos ibéricos sobre la composición en ácidos grasos del tejido adiposo y muscular / Effect of diet on the fatty acid composition of adipose and muscular tissue in Iberian pigs
Authors: Ordóñez J.A. , López M.O. , Hierro E. , Cambero M.I. , de la Hoz L.
Published: March 2007

The fatty acid composition of total, apolar and polar lipid fractions from adipose and muscular tissues of Iberian pigs was determined. Animals were fed on diets of pasture and acorns ( montanera), acorns and cereals ( recebo) or cereals ( cebo ). The principal fatty acids in the total and apolar lipid fractions from muscular tissue were C18.1 (39-51%), C16.0 (21-27%), C18.0 (11-21%), C18.2 (3-7%) and C18.3 (1.7-5.4%). Significant differences were observed only in some cases. In the total lipid fraction from the muscular tissue significant differences ( p ≤ 0.05) were found between all three batches for the C161 fatty acid and between the cebo batch and the others for both C181 and C18:0. In total lipids from the adipose tissue, significant differences were found for both C161 and C18:3 between all three batches, and for C16:1 and C18:1 differences were observed only between the montanera batch and the others. The differences between batches in the apolar and polar frac tions were smaller than those for total lipids. A 100% partition among the three different diets studied was not obtained when a stepwise discriminant analysis was applied.
Influence of roasting on the water sorption isotherms of nuts / Influencia del tueste sobre las isotermas de sorción de agua de diferentes frutos secos
Authors: Martínez-Navarrete N. , Chiralt A.
Published: March 2007

This work studies the influence of the roasting process on sorption isotherms of almond, hazelnut and peanut over the normal range of storage temperatures (5, 25 and 45 °C) The results obtained showed that water sorption properties of unroasted nuts are affected by fat content. The mono layer moisture content and water affinity (sorption heat, Qs) increased when the nut fat content decreased. After roasting, a more homogeneous water affinity was observed for the different products, although fat content still affected the monolayer capacity. Also, roasting reduced mono layer moisture content and Qs values in each sample and made the moisturizing process less spontaneous (decreasing the thermodynamic driving force). These results are consistent with an increase of the hydrophobicity of the cellular components of nuts due to the enhancement of lipid interactions. The water binding properties of active points in the roasted products were reduced and, hence, some water sorption active points disappeared.
Microbial technologies in the production of low-lactose dairy foods / Tecnologías microbiológicas para la elaboración de productos lácteos con bajo contenido en lactosa
Authors: Somkutl G.A. , Holsinger V.H.
Published: March 2007

Low-lactose milk products with 70% or more of the lactose hydrolysed by food grade β-galac tosidase enzymes of yeasts or fungi have become widely accepted for alleviating the symptoms of lactose maldigestion. This condition limits the intake of nutritious dairy foods by large segments of the world's population. Alternative approaches recently proposed for dealing with lactose maldigestion include the supplementation of milk with dormant dairy cultures, treatment of milk with sonicated or permeabilized cultures as food-grade sources of β-galactosidase and the use of cold-active enzymes to hydrolyse lactose in milk under refrigerated storage conditions.
Sensory evaluation of maize tortillas supplemented with lysine and tryptophan / Evaluación sensorial de tortillas de maíz elaboradas con la adición de lisina y triptófano
Authors: López Mejía O.A. , Hernández Becerra J.A. , Cárdenas Cágal A. , Guevara C.I. Beristain , Galindo H.S. García
Published: March 2007

Cornmeal was enriched with free lysine and tryptophan and used for preparation of tortillas, which were evaluated by a trained taste panel. According to descriptors generated by the panel lists, the enriched tortillas had flavour defects described as bitter and rancid and a bitter after taste. The results indicate that direct free amino acid supplementation of cornmeal for tortilla manufacture could lead to the apperarance of off-flavours and therefore adversely affect consumer acceptance.
Note. Kinetic parameters of Bacillus stearothermophilus spores under isothermal and non-isothermal heating conditions Nota. Parámetros cinéticos del tratamiento isotérmico y no isotérmico de esporas de Bacillus stearothermophilus
Authors: Periago P.M. , Leontidis S. , Fernández P.S. , Rodrigo C. , Martínez A.
Published: March 2007

Thermobacteriological studies using Bacillus stearotherrnophilus spores were carried out by heating the spores under isothermal and non-isothermal conditions followed by an isothermal period. Ex perimental data obtained after isothermal heating were analyzed using a two-step linear regression procedure and a one-step nonlinear regression method. Results obtained using both analytical tech niques were close, but the 90% interval of confidence for predictions was lower when the one-step nonlinear regression was used. These results indicated the convenience of using the one-step nonlin ear regression method to obtain thermal kinetic parameters for bacterial spores. Also, the parameters obtained by a non-isothermal program followed by an isothermal heating period were similar to those obtained after isothermal heating. Nevertheless, the joint confidence regions at 90% did not overlap, indicating that there are significant differences. The z values obtained under isothermal (7.0 °C) and non-isothermal (8.5 °C) conditions are close and characteristic for this microorganisms.
Revisión: Aplicación de las técnicas cromatográficas al estudio de triglicéridos y esteroles de la grasa de leche / Review: Application of chromatographic techniques to the study of triglycerides and sterols of milk fat
Authors: de la Fuente M.A. , Juarez M.
Published: March 2007

The latest developments in analytical techniques, mainly chromatographic, for the study of triglycer ides (TG) and sterols in milk fat are revised. Gas chromatography (GC) with packed or short capillary columns has been used to separate TG according to their carbon numbers (CN) and can be applied to the detection of foreign fats in milk fat. Combined or hyphenated chromatographic techniques are indispensable in order to identify and quantify individual molecular species of TG: thin layer chro matography (TLC) or high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with Ag+ as prefraction stage, followed by supercritical fluid chromatography, GC with long capillary column, and HPLC with reverse phase and mass spectrometry as detector. These techniques, along with non-specific and/or specific hydrolysis procedures, have allowed a better knowledge of the positional distribution of the fatty acids within the molecules of TG. Concerning the study of the esterol fraction, the supression of the stages of fat extraction—separation of the insaponifiable and derivatization—previous to the analy sis by GC represents a considerable advance that should be in part attributed to the improvement of the chromatographic techniques.
Effects of the combination of starters and enzymes in regulating bread quality and shelf life / Effectos de la combinación de iniciadores microbianos y enzimas en la calidad y conservación del pan
Authors: Martínez-Anaya M.A. , Devesa A. , Andreu P. , Escrivá C. , Collar C.
Published: March 2007

The influence of commercial enzymes and starters on white wheat bread quality and keeping proper ties (microbial and physical shelf life) has been studied. Two different quality flours, two enzymes (α- amylase/pentosanase, lipase and their mix), and three microbial starters were used to formulate twenty four breads. The combination of enzymes and starter resulted in beneficial effects greater than those obtained when each technological aid was used in a single way. The effect was mostly stressed when low grade wheat flour was used; in this case, specifically designated combinations facilitated loaves of improved volume and shape, and a crumb texture with initial values and rate of staling close to those found with a high quality flour.
Influencia de la filtración a vacío en el contenido de cationes de un mosto de la variedad Viura y en su evolución durante la fermentación y conservación del vino / The influence of vacuum-filtration on the content of cations of a must of the Viura variety and on its evolution during the fermentation and the bottle-aging of wine
Authors: López L. Zufía , García Sotro A. , Azpilicueta C. Ancín
Published: March 2007

This work examines the influence of vacuum-filtration on the concentration of cations in a must from the Viura variety, and their changes during fermentation and bottle aging of the wine. The clarifica tion treatment eliminated potassium (17 %) while the concentrations of calcium and magnesium did not change. The sodium content in the filtered must increased through contamination with diatoma ceous earth. Filtration eliminated mainly iron (84 %), and to a lesser extent copper (17 %), but had no influence on the concentrations of zinc and manganese in the must. Most of the studied cations evolved in a similiar way during the fermentation process, both in the filtered must and in the control sample. Most of the concentrations of cations in the white wines stabilized by refrigeration and stored for one year in the bottle were higher in the sample control than in one from filtered must. However, in both cases the limits were within the normal limits outlined for wine.
Effects of maceration time and pectolytic enzymes added during maceration on the phenolic composition of must / Efectos del tiempo de maceración y de la adición de enzimas pectolíticas en la composición fenólica del mosto durante la maceración
Authors: Fernández-Zurbano P. , Ferreira V. , Peña C. , Escudero A. , Cacho J.
Published: March 2007

Se ha estudiado la composición fenólica de mostos de las variedades Macabeo y Chardonnay a distintos tiempos de maceración, así como el efecto de la adición de enzimas pectolíticas en el mosto de la variedad Macabeo. Durante la maceración se observaron dos etapas, la primera tuvo lugar hasta que se alcanzó el máximo de extracción los compuestos fenólicos y la segunda a partir del máximo de extracción en la que disminuye el material fenólico en los mostos. La adición de enzimas durante la maceración aceleró el proceso de pérdida de los compuestos fenólicos de los mostos. La velocidad de pérdida del material fenólico dependió de la concentración de enzimas.
Nota. Estudio de algunos quesos típicos españoles por microscopía electrónica de barrido. Principales modificaciones microestructurales causadas por la congelación / Note. Study of some typical Spanish cheeses by scanning electron microscopy. Main microstructural modifications caused by freezing
Authors: Pérez-Munuera I. , Estévez M. , Lluch M.A.
Published: March 2007

The microstructure of some Spanish cheeses and the main microstructural modifications caused by freezing are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In cured and pressed cheeses such as Manchego and Mahón cheeses, the protein matrix constitutes a compact network in which fat glob ules, uniformly distributed, are immersed; frequently, these spherical globules are limited by an ap parent protein membrane. In the protein matrix, micellar bodies are identified in different aggrega tion grades; this is a characteristic of the enzymatic coagulation. In non-cured Herreño cheese (pressed paste) the compaction grade of the casein micelles is less than in cured and pressed cheeses. In fresh cheese, which is a fresh and non-cured cheese, proteins are distributed as micelle clusters more or less loose. Large fissures and small spherical voids, which would probably contain whey, air or fat, are observed. Cottage cheese, a non-pressed paste, is obtained fundamentally from whey protein coagulation; the protein bodies are distributed loose or in the form of clusters, and large voids are formed. Freezing at -25 °C affected the pressed and cured cheeses ( Manchgeo and Mahón) and non- cured cheeses ( Herreño); the spherical voids containing fat are deformed, the protector membranes are broken, and reticular structures and micellar bridges are found inside the protein matrix. In non- cured and soft paste cheeses such as fresh cheese, the protein matrix becomes hard with fissures, and the spherical voids appear destroyed and deformed. Freezing produces total destruction of the cot tage cheese structure. Texture studies of the cheeses (shear strength) agreed with microscopy results by SEM.
Practical Approaches to Developing Cultural Competency
Authors: DiCicco-Bloom Barbara
Published: March 2007

The same demographic trends and cultural changes that have caused government agencies and private sector businesses to train their associates to be culturally competent are affecting the nursing profession. The patient-centered orientation of nurses makes it essential that they also be culturally competent by accessing cultural knowledge and developing cultural skills. What follows are vignettes and personal experiences based on a study by the author in which nurses were observed providing home care to newly admitted, culturally diverse patients. Tools for cultural assessment are described and included, along with recommendations to enhance the cultural competence of home care nurses and home care agencies.
The challenge of gaining access to the mental health care system: One nurse's perspective
Authors: Guarini Anita
Published: March 2007

Home health care professionals and paraprofessionals are often faced with the dilemma of caring for a mentally ill patient who may or may not be capable of living alone. This article is a case study of one such situation and how the nurse, through her persistence, was able to get the patient treatment for the mental illness. A procedure for gaining access to the mental health system is also discussed. Being aware of potential problems may prevent such sad and frustrating situations. Knowing where to turn ahead of time will get the patient the necessary help sooner.
Hospice care for the 1990s: A concept coming of age
Authors: Gentile Marian , Fello Maryanne
Published: March 2007

In this article the authors present an overview of the history, development, and design of the typical American hospice. Focus is placed on the interdisciplinary team which is the primary implement for the delivery of hospice care. Common clinical and management issues are discussed.
The concepts of empowerment and care of the hospice patient and family
Authors: Bailey Barbara Lindenthal
Published: March 2007

The concept of empowerment in the health care setting is gaining increased momentum. Its application here to hospice home care is particularly unique and powerful as well as fascinating. The author provides a basic framework from which to understand the concept of empowerment, then builds on this, providing applications of the concept to the clinical setting. This is not a philosophic and theoretic discussion regarding empowerment. This article is purposely positioned early in this issue to provide the reader with this vital information, as it affects the entire issue.
Treading the path of interdisciplinary boundaries: A community health care approach to rehabilitation services in the home
Authors: Guzelaydin Suzanne K.
Published: March 2007

The author explores role definitions of the rehabilitation service providers in the home health care setting and shares the experience of one agency in the development and implementation of a rehabilitation nursing program. Included is an RN job definition, direct service responsibilities of the rehab role, and criteria for patient admission.
Total home care management of the burn patient
Authors: Casey Kathleen
Published: March 2007

The home health care team can be of paramount importance to the burn patient in assis tance with direct care, patient education, rehabilitation, and psychosocial recovery. This article presents helpful information on types of bums, the home care assessment, support services, the process of healing, and the nursing role in the prevention of infection and further injury.
Expanding the clinical perspective: Blending financial realities with quality care
Authors: McKeon Tad
Published: March 2007

As the home health care reimbursement method shifts, education and involvement of all agency members will be required. This article is a summary of financial issues and will provide the reader with basic information in areas such as revenues, cost of services, gross profit, operating expenses, employee welfare, insurance, and taxes.
Risk Communication in Europe after Chernobyl: A Media Analysis of Seven Countries
Authors: Otway Harry , Haastrup Palle , Cannell William , Gianitsopoulos Giorgios , Paruccini Massimo
Published: March 2007

We analysed media coverage of the Chernobyl emergency in seven European countries to identify common communications problems. We found the media were reasonably good at reporting information provided by official sources, although there were difficulties with technical topics such as radiation expo sure and effects. There was some confusion, and it affected communications credibility, but the media seemed to be reflecting confusion in official circles and in the scientific community rather than creating it. Typical problems are discussed and suggestions made for improving communications and crisis management.
Managing the Meaning of a Sour Gas Well Blowout: The Public Culture of Organizational Disasters
Authors: Gephart Robert P.
Published: March 2007

This research essay addresses the rhetorical, meaning management practices used in public accounts of organizational disasters. Fourteen newspaper arti cles which chronologically constitute the public emergence of the 1982 Lodge pole, Alberta sour gas well blowout are used as data to illustrate how interpretive practices used in cultural accounts transform organizational events into public problems. The practices discussed are: (1) the construction of social objects and effects as sensemaking resources, (2) normalizing events by constructing accounts which minimize disastrous effects, and (3) using irony to make events appear abnormal, interesting and fundamentally disruptive. The paper thus addresses how public, cultural accounts socially construct organizational dis asters and how organizational disasters both breach and sustain the myth of social order. The paper concludes with discussion of practical implications this research has for organizational stakeholders.
The technopolis as a response to industrial crisis: observations on the French case
Authors: Quéré Michel
Published: March 2007

In response to economic crisis, the 1980s in Western Europe witnessed the emergence of a new post-industrial organizational form, the technopolis. This essay discusses the gap between the technopolis as an ideal concept and its empirical reality in France. Although it has been much touted by the media as an innovative response to crisis, its development and management are more difficult than usually depicted. The example of Sophia-Antipolis illustrates both the weaknesses and the strengths of the approach. Nevertheless, experience there has shown that with proper guidance and management the development of a technopolis milieu is a very useful and feasible alternative.
Reducing uncertainty and increasing credibility: the case of Sybron Chemicals Inc
Authors: Chess Caron , Tamuz Michal , Saville Alex , Greenberg Michael
Published: March 2007

Managing the social consequences of industrial accidents is critical in the face of declining public confidence. Industry has traditionally turned to public re lations to cope with the loss of public confidence. But public relations activities are too often superficial gloss used by companies to polish their images and deflect criticism. We argue that risk communication activities can raise fun damental questions about the relationships of organizations to their environ ments. We examine how relevant organizational theory proposes that organi zations respond to environmental uncertainty. We then contrast organizational theory with how public relations theorists and risk communication specialists propose that companies should respond to volatile publics. In particular, we examine the case of Sybron Chemicals Inc., a small chemical specialty manu facturer, to suggest that an organization may reduce both environmental un certainty and the organizational infrastructure that stands between the com pany and the community. Finally, we suggest the conditions under which a company might adopt this strategy.
Psychometric properties of measures of behavioral inhibition with preschool-age children: Implications for assessment of children at risk for ADHD
Authors: Floyd Randy G. , Kirby Edward A.
Published: March 2007

Measures of behavioral inhibition offer promise in research with young children with ADHD. This study investigated the factorial validity, ecological validity, and temporal reliability of five performance-based measures of behavioral inhibition in a sample of 70 3-, 4-, and 5-year-old children.

An exploratory factor analysis yielded a single factor that accounted for 45% of the variance in the analysis. This factor was found to significantly correlate with teacher ratings of aggression and inattention and was found to differentiate both between sexes and between older and younger children. Several individual measures of behavioral inhibition demonstrated statistically significant correlations with teacher ratings of aggression and inattention. Adequate 1-to 2-week test-retest reliability was demonstrated for only two measures. Some limitations of the study are discussed and suggestions for future research are presented.
Roles of International Advisors
Authors: Croley H.T.
Published: March 2007

Consultation, collaboration, and direct services are described and distinguished as three different roles which advisors play. Drawn from the author's field experience, factors affecting the success of each role are presented. Consultation is further classified as expert, resource or process. Certain advisory problems are described: cultural shock and the interpersonal threats of knowledge, position and take-over.
Computational Approach To Large Quam Dynamical Problems
Authors: Friesner Richard A. , Brunet Jean-Philippe , Wyatt Robert E. , Leforestier Claude , Binkley Steven
Published: March 2007

The organizational structure is described for a new program that permits computa tions on a variety of quantum mechanical problems in chemical dynamics and spec troscopy. Particular attention was devoted to developing and using algorithms that exploit the capabilities of current vector supercomputers. A key component in this procedure is the recursive transformation of the large sparse Hamiltonian matrix into a much smaller tridiagonal matrix. An ap plication to time-dependent laser-mole cule energy transfer is presented. Rate of energy deposition in the multimode mole cule for systematic variations in the mo lecular intermode coupling parameters is emphasized.
Selective Neural Networks and Their Implications for Recognition Automata
Authors: Reeke George N. , Edelman Gerald M. , Sulzbach Dan
Published: March 2007

Higher mental functions require the prior abitity to categorize objects and events according to sensory signals reaching the brain. The neuronal group selection theory postulates that this ability arises from a kind of Darwinian selection operating in somatic time on groups of interconnected neurons. These groups develop with varied and overlapping abilities to respond to patterns of input at their synapses. Groups that contribute to responses having adap tive value for the organism undergo modi fications in the efficacies of their synaptic connections that enhance their future re sponses to similar stimuli. Computer models of automata based on these prin ciples can carry out simple tasks involving recognition, categorization, generalization, and visual tracking. A general program for implementing such models is presented.
Toward Efficient Implementation of Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Methods On Vector Supercomputers
Authors: Melhem Rami , Gannon Dennis
Published: March 2007

We consider large, sparse linear systems that result from the discretization of partial differential equations on regular and ir regular domains, and we focus on the ap plication of the preconditioned conjugate gradient (PCCG) method to the solution of such systems. More specifically, our goal is the efficient implementation of the PCCG method on vector supercomputers. The contribution to the above goal is made by the introduction of a data struc ture that can be effectively manipulated on vector machines, the utilization of precon ditioning matrices obtained by incomplete factorization with diagonal update sets, and the introduction of new numbering schemes for both regular and irregular grids.
Monte Carlo Photon Transport On Shared Memory and Distributed Memory Parallel Processors
Authors: Martin William R. , Wan Tzu-Chiang , Abdel-Rahman Tarek S. , Mudge Trevor N. , Miura Kenichi
Published: March 2007

Parallelized Monte Carlo algorithms for analyzing photon transport in an inertially confined fusion (ICF) plasma are consid ered. Algorithms were developed for shared memory (vector and scalar) and distributed memory (scalar) parallel pro cessors. The shared memory algorithm was implemented on the IBM 3090/400, and timing results are presented for dedi cated runs with two, three, and four pro cessors. Two alternative distributed memory algorithms (replication and dis patching) were implemented on a hyper cube parallel processor (1 through 64 nodes). The replication algorithm yields essentially full efficiency for all cube sizes; with the 64-node configuration, the absolute performance is nearly the same as with the CRAY X-MP The dispatching algorithm also yields efficiencies above 80% in a large simulation for the 64-pro cessor configuration.
On the Suprenum System
Authors: Mierendorff Hermann , Solchenbach Karl , Trottenberg Ulrich
Published: March 2007

This paper gives a very general and rough survey of the hardware, the system software, and the applications software of the SUPRENUM system. Most supercom puter applications today are based on grid data struc tures. Grid applications also play an essential role in the SUPRENUM development. We therefore place some emphasis on this grid orientation in our presentation. The performance of the SUPRENUM system for grid applications has been evaluated extensively. Some re sults for two model problems are given. The SUPRENUM idea, the project, and the system have gen erally been described and presented in several papers. There are also many more detailed technical papers de scribing SUPRENUM as a whole or certain elements of it. This paper can be regarded as a concise summary of two previous papers (Solchenbach and Trottenberg, 1988; Mierendorff and Trottenberg, 1988).
Numerical Simulation of Flow Through Biofluid Devices
Authors: Rogers Stuart E. , Kwak Dochan , Kiris Cetin , Chang I-Dee
Published: March 2007

The results of a numerical simulation of flow through an artificial heart and through an artificial tilting-disk heart valve are presented. The simulation involves solving the incompressible Navier-Stokes equations; the solution process is described. The details and difficulties of mod eling these particular geometries are discussed. The arti ficial heart geometry uses a single moving grid, and the valve computation uses an overlaid-grid approach with one moving grid and one stationary grid. The equations must be solved iteratively for each discrete time step of the computations, requiring a significant amount of computing time. It is particularly difficult to analyze and present the fluid physics represented by these calcula tions because of the time-varying nature of the flow, and because the flows are internal. The use of three- dimensional graphics and scientific visualization tech niques have become instrumental in solving these problems.
Dna Dynamics in Aqueous Solution: Opening the Double Helix
Authors: Pohorille Andrew , Ross Wilson S. , Tinoco Ignacio
Published: March 2007

The opening of a DNA base pair is a simple reaction that is a prerequisite for replication, transcription, and other vital biological functions. Understanding the mo lecular mechanisms of biological reactions is crucial for predicting and, ultimately, controlling them. Realistic computer simulations of the reactions can provide the needed understanding. To model even the simplest re action in aqueous solution requires hundreds of hours of supercomputing time. We have used molecular dy namics techniques to simulate fraying of the ends of a six base pair double strand of DNA, [TCGCGA]2, where the four bases of DNA are denoted by T (thymine), C (cytosine), G (guanine), and A (adenine), and to estimate the free energy barrier to this process. The calculations, in which the DNA was surrounded by 2,594 water mol ecules, required 50 hours of CRAY-2 CPU time for every simulated 100 picoseconds. A free energy barrier to fraying, which is mainly characterized by the movement of adenine away from thymine into aqueous environ ment, was estimated to be 4 kcal/mol. Another fraying pathway, which leads to stacking between terminal adenine and thymine, was also observed. These detailed pictures of the motions and energetics of DNA base pair opening in water are a first step toward understanding how DNA will interact with any molecule.
Quantum Monte Carlo Simulations of a CuO2 Model
Authors: Scalettar R.T. , Scalapino D.J. , Sugar R.L. , White S.R.
Published: March 2007

The nature of the pairing mechanism responsible for high-temperature superconductivity remains a central theoretical puzzle in condensed matter physics. Here we discuss the properties of the two-dimensional CuO2 layers common to these materials in terms of a three- band Hubbard model. We describe how recently devel oped quantum Monte Carlo simulation techniques al low one to calculate the physical properties of strongly interacting many-electron systems and discuss the re sources required for such simulations. Then we review what we have learned from these simulations about the antiferromagnetic, charge-transfer, and supercon ducting correlations in the three-band Hubbard model. We conclude with a discussion of future goals.
The Nas Parallel Benchmarks
Authors: Bailey D.H. , Barszcz E. , Barton J.T. , Browning D.S. , Carter R.L. , Dagum L. , Fatoohi R.A. , Frederickson P.O. , Lasinski T.A. , Schreiber R.S. , Simon H.D. , Venkatakrishnan V. , Weeratunga S.K.
Published: March 2007

A new set of benchmarks has been developed for the performance evaluation of highly parallel supercom puters. These consist of five "parallel kernel" bench marks and three "simulated application" benchmarks. Together they mimic the computation and data move ment characteristics of large-scale computational fluid dynamics applications. The principal distinguishing feature of these benchmarks is their "pencil and paper" specification—all details of these benchmarks are specified only algorithmically. In this way many of the difficulties associated with conventional bench- marking approaches on highly parallel systems are avoided.
The Interpretation of Service: an Anthropological View
Authors: Dore Christopher D.
Published: March 2007

The behavioral model of service which has typified the hospitality industry is challenged. A study of complaints from restaurant guests supports a model of service which is based not on a set of actions and behaviors but upon the interpretation of these behaviors. Factors influencing these perceptions are viewed as culturally determined and the application of anthropological techniques is suggested to study the culture of the restaurant guest. Such studies will lead to an understanding of how actions are interpreted and will facilitate the ultimate goal of addressing perceptual factors directly. Until such studies are undertaken, simple methods of focusing upon factors affecting interpretation are suggested for the restaurant staff in order to improve service and to bridge the gap between theory and practice.
Attraction and Influence On the Employment Decision of the Recent Hotel and Restaurant Graduate
Authors: Laker Dennis R. , Gregory Susan R.
Published: March 2007

The primary purpose of this study was to investigate, identify, and analyze what influences and/or attracts graduating seniors to their choice of employment. Two majorsources of information on potential employers: personnel recruiters and hotel and restaurant school faculty were highlighted in this study. Forty-seven graduating seniors, from five different hotel and restaurant programs, were surveyed at two points in time concerning the perceived influence of various aspects of a job, the organization and the sources of influence on their employment decision. Twenty- seven faculty, from the five institutions were also surveyed. Three sets of compari sons were made. The first set of comparisons was between students before and after their employment decision. The second set of comparisons contrasted faculty and student's perceptions of the sources of influence on the student's employment decision; the job and organizational aspects that did or would influence the student's choice of employment; and their impression of recruiters and the campus interview. A third set of comparisons contrasted the factors that influence who seniors would interview with vs. what position they would accept.
A Critical Thinking/Learning Pilot Study: Student Perceptions of Higher- Order Cognitive Levels of Thinking/ Learning in College Classrooms
Authors: Giroux Sharon S.
Published: March 2007

To what extent are higher order thinking skills taught and tested on college campuses today? This challenging question prompted the researcher to conduct a Pilot Study for purposes of teaching twelve junior and senior students the cognitive levels of thinking/learning and to measure their perceptions of the extent to which it occurred in their classes. Participants in the study underwent a two week teaching/ practice session prior to making observations forfour weeks in six selected courses. In fourout of six classes, students perceived the learning environment to be primarily concerned with the lower order levels of thinking/learning at least 96 percent of the time. The higher-order cognitive levels of thinking/learning occurred in two classes, as perceived by students, at least 18 percent of the time. Educators should be encouraged to more effectively challenge and stimulate the critical thinking/learning process of their students.
Designing Training Programs On Effective Teaching for Graduate Teaching Assistants
Authors: Montgomery Rhonda J.
Published: March 2007

With the increasing call foraccountability in higher education, Hotel, Restaurant and Institutional educators need to take serious action to improve the teaching skills of graduate assistants, thus enhancing the educational experience of the student. The most obvious place to begin is with the new graduate teaching assistant. The new graduate teaching assistant not only has very little teaching experience and thus needs the assistance but is also, in most cases, the first person a freshman will encounter in the classroom. It is important that the higher education community adopt the "frontloading" philosophy, and place more emphasis on the quality of teaching the freshman experiences. This paper will deal with how to train the new graduate teaching assistants.
Image Communication: Integrating Hospitality Marketing and Public Relations
Authors: Bowen John T. , Nelson Richard Alan
Published: March 2007

This paper discusses the implications of image communication to both the hospitality industry and industry educators. The first section of the paper examines current trends in public relations and their implications for the hospitality industry. The second part of the paper explains how the authors of this paper developed an integrated sequence of hospitality marketing and public relation courses.
Preparing Teaching Assistants in Hospitality Management Programs
Authors: Barrows Clayton W. , Lattuca Frank
Published: March 2007

The need to improve the quality of teaching in our colleges and universities has been well documented in the higher education literature, as well as in the public press. Many recommendations have been made in an attempt to improve the state of higher education. One such recommendation concerns the training of graduate teaching assistants for the classroom experience. Since most graduate programs in hospitality management utilize their graduate students as teaching assistants, this particular area of action will be discussed. A survey was developed to determine the extent to which existing graduate programs in hospitality management depend upon their graduates to teach and the extent to which the students are prepared for their teaching roles. Surveys were mailed to the program heads of all CHRIE member institutions which currently offer graduate degrees. The results of this survey are presented and a general model for training teaching assistants is proposed.
The U.S. Travel Account: the Impact of Fluctuations of the U.S. Dollar
Authors: Anastasopoulos Petros G.
Published: March 2007

Fluctuations of currencies are generally expected to influence international travelers in their decisions as to what particular country to visit. This study examines the impact of the recent devaluations of the U.S. dollar on the U. S. travel account and the U.S. balance of payments for selected nationalities of international travelers.
Analysis of Menu Trends in Fast Food Industry
Authors: Parsa H.G. , Khan Mahmood A.
Published: March 2007

The development of fast food industry is critically dependent upon the main product it offers. At the end of growth phase, responding to the first shake out, fast food organizations experienced menu diversification, leading to the differentiation of the "core menu" from the "secondary menu. "Better understanding of various menu trends, past and present, provides useful information needed in planning menus of tomorrow which in turn enhances competitive position of an organization.

Upon analysis of the data, four distinctphases were identified: pre-introductory phase, introductoryphase, growth phase, and maturityphase. The Pre-introductory phase in represented by "all you can eat"specials, breakfastbars, snack shops, and introduction of hamburgers. The introductory phase is noted by limited menu and limited service restaurants, equipment refinements, convenience foods. The growth phase is highlighted by theme restaurants, ethnic concepts, nationwide chains, specialized children's and dessert menus, drive-thru service, and menu diversifica tions. The maturity phase is marked by low calorie menus, salad bars and food bars, rich desserts, frozen yogurt, improved sanitation practices, home delivery and spill resistant cups for drive-thru convenience. Lastly, some of the emerging trends are fresh sea food, special menus forsenior citizens, menu simplifications to save labor, gourmet take-out and promotional and seasonal menus.

Some of the contributing factors for these changes were/are Prohibition Act of the 1919, highwayconstruction, World Warll, "truth in menu"legislation, high unem ployment of teenagers, customerawareness of nutritional needs, increase in senior citizen population, labor shortages, increase in number of women in work force, legislation on franchise practices, international expansion, personal computers and hospitalityeducation programs.
Purchasing Wizardry: Concept To Reality
Authors: Harris Kimberley J.
Published: March 2007

Purchasing in the hospitality industry as well as in other major industries will be experiencing a high-tech mode of purchasing due to the use of interactive video. Products available to purchasing agents from distributors can be seen from a computermonitorby transmissions sent through modems that will display the entire line of products in high-resolution, television-qualityvideo. The customer selects the product, grade, form, and packaging style by touching the touch-sensitive screen or use of another interactive device (lightpen, laser gun, keypad, etc.).

Buyers can receive a complete narrated summary of the products selected including specifications, varieties available, when the products are most readily available, geographic locations where the product can be delivered, customizing options, packaging forms, ordering requirements, and delivery schedules. The video display presents the items in their actual size and forms and also gives suggestions as to how the products can be prepared and served.
Women's Career Progression in the Las Vegas Casino Industry: Facilitators and Constraints
Authors: Weber Karin
Published: March 2007

This study assessed female senior executives'perceptions of factors influencing women's career progression to top management positions in the Las Vegas casino industry. In the process, the representation of women in senior management positions and in various de partments was established. A mail survey was employed to gather data on female senior ex ecutives' demographic profile and their perceptions of career facilitators and constraints in the Las Vegas casino industry. Results indicated that hard work, communication and in terpersonal skills, job knowledge, and personality were perceived as the most important fa cilitators for women's progress to top management positions. The "old boys' network," a lack of assertiveness on the part of the women, and male bias and stereotyping represented the highest-ranking constraints on the career advance of women in the industry. The article concludes with the implications of the study and directions for future research.
Thermal and Other Performance Requirements for Residential Buildings in Hot Climates
Authors: Givoni B. , Hoffman Milo E.
Published: March 2007

Comfort requirements in summer in residential buildings are discussed together with the way they can be achieved in order to improve indoor thermal conditions by appropriate building design.

The proper use of insulation on heat capacity properties and the use of light external colors are very important in order to eliminate or to min imize the use of air conditioning. The proper use of insulation properties can reduce very much the needs of heating in winter.

Moisture problems are also discussed, with relation to problems of con densation and water penetration. Partial results of research in progress are presented.
Experimental Investigation of Multilayer Insulation With Room Temperature Outside and Liquid Helium Temperature Inside
Authors: Inai N.
Published: March 2007

Experiments on multilayer insulation were conducted with the conditions of room temperature outside and liquid helium temperature (4.2K) inside. By varying the total number of radiation shields, heat trans fer rate and transverse layer-by-layer temperature distribution were measured. Experimental data with liquid nitrogen (77K) were also ob tained and the difference in heat transfer rate between from room tempera ture to liquid helium temperature and from room temperature to liquid nitrogen temperature was demonstrated.

Prior to the experiment, preliminary consideration was made as to the determination of each radiation shield temperature in multi-shield system. A single parameter A, which represents the conductive to radiative heat transfer ratio, was introduced, and it is shown that in the case of constant emissivity, the temperature distribution may be computed with the simple method introduced in this investigation. From the temperature distribution thus obtained, it is possible to calculate the total heat transfer rate and the radiative to total heat transfer ratio at each radiation shield with various boundary temperature conditions and the number of radiation shields.