bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Neural Effect of Partial Visual Deprivation in Humans
Authors: Freeman Ralph D. , Mitchell Donald E. , Millodot Michel
Published: October 2006

Certain human subjects have considerable sensitivity differences in the visual resolution of vertical gratings as compared to horizontal gratings. Although only subjects with pronounced ocular astigmatism exhibit this effect, the differences are of neural, rather than optical, origin. It is argued that the resolution anisotropies result from early abnormal visual input caused by astigmatism. This abnormal input permanently modifies the brain.
Noncytokinetic Radiation Injury: Anticoagulants as Radioprotective Agents in Experimental Radiation Hepatitis
Authors: Kinzie J. , Studer Rebecca K. , Perez Blanca , Potchen E. James
Published: October 2006

Rats that have been irradiated with a single dose of 1500 roentgens directed to the liver show the following abnormalities: increased clearance of colloidal gold by the liver at 30 days, a decreased albumin space index at 30 days, and increased alkaline phosphatase at 60 days. In each of these cases, animals receiving Depo-heparin in dose ranges reasonable for human application had essentially normal values. There was no radioprotective effect with salicylates at the doses used. Higher doses of salicylates resulted in death of the animals.
Production of Specific Antibody by Lymphocytes of the Bursa of Fabricius
Authors: Van Alten Pierson J. , Meuwissen Hilaire J.
Published: October 2006

Lymphocytes in the bursa of chickens have been found to produce hemolytic antibodies to sheep erythrocytes that are introduced into the cloaca. These lymphocytes also react with
Escherichia coli
and form bacterial adherent colonies, but not with gamma streptococci to which they have not been previously exposed. Thymic and splenic lymphocytes do not bind either organism.
Organotypic Bioelectric Activity in Cultured Reaggregates of Dissociated Rodent Brain Cells
Authors: Crain Stanley M. , Bornstein Murray B.
Published: October 2006

Complex repetitive-spike or slow-wave discharges can be evoked, and can also occur spontaneously, in small clusters of neurons which reaggregate in vitro after dissociation of cerebral cortex, brainstem, or spinal cord from the fetal mouse. Even after random dispersion in culture, these cells still form functional synaptic networks with bioelectric discharge patterns and pharmacologic sensitivities characteristic of the organ (that is, organotypic).
Freezing Resistance in Polar Fishes
Authors: Hargens Alan R.
Published: October 2006

Arctic and antarctic fishes, living in contact with sea ice at -1.9°C, have plasma equilibrium freezing points near -1.2°C which are dependent on salt concentrations. These supercooled fishes have plasma protein concentrations much higher than other polar animals have, and the proteins impede ice propagation at temperatures down to -2°C. Plasma protein concentration increases as environmental water temperature decreases.
Reversible Inhibition of Chloroplast Movement by Cytochalasin B in the Green Alga
Mougeotia
Authors: Wagner Gottfried , Haupt Wolfgang , Laux Anneliese
Published: October 2006

Light-oriented chloroplast movement is reversibly inhibited by cytochalasin B. The photoperception is not influenced by this inhibitor. These results support the assumption that contractile protein fibrils are essential for this intracellular movement.
Lead and Mercury Burden of Urban Woody Plants
Authors: Smith William H.
Published: October 2006

For six New Haven woody plant species, the mean lead concentrations for tissue produced in the preceding growing season exceeded most lead concentrations determined for trees in areas with geologic lead deposits or adjacent to primary highways. Preliminary estimates indicate that some New Haven plants have slightly higher than natural amounts of mercury. The burden of lead and the difficulty in removing it by washing suggest a potential for pathological significance.
Electroencephalographic Spectra and Reaction Time in Disorders of Higher Nervous Function
Authors: Stevens J. R. , Lonsbury B. , Goel S.
Published: October 2006

Cerebral electrical abnormalities associated with variability of attention and responsivity were sought in individuals with schizophrenia and epilepsy. Experimental and control subjects were given stimulus-response tasks, and average power spectra for brief electroencephalographic epochs preceding responses of short and long latency were compared. Spectra that precede long-latency or erroneous responses resemble the "ramp" configuration of spectra computed from scalp electroencephalograms for 1-second epochs triggered by (time-locked to) focal subcortical spikes.
Sexual Behavior: Ultrasonic Postejaculatory Song of the Male Rat
Authors: Barfield Ronald J. , Geyer Lynette A.
Published: October 2006

During the refractory period that follows ejaculation, the male rat regularly emits 22-kilohertz vocalizations. These cease after about three-fourths of the total period has elapsed, and this corresponds to an "absolute refractory period" during which the male cannot spontaneously initiate copulation. Similar 22-kilohertz vocalizations occur in other social contexts, and in general they appear to be desist-contact signals.
Chlorination at Power Plants: Impact on Phytoplankton Productivity
Authors: Brook Alan J. , Baker Alan L.
Published: October 2006

Studies of the effects of passage through a power plant on river phytoplankton have shown that chlorination depresses rates of photosynthesis and respiration to a much greater extent than does heating.
Ascorbate-Nitrite Reaction: Possible Means of Blocking the Formation of Carcinogenic
N
-Nitroso Compounds
Authors: Mirvish Sidney S. , Wallcave Lawrence , Eagen Michael , Shubik Philippe
Published: October 2006

The formation of carcinogenic
N
-nitroso compounds by the chemical reaction between nitrous acid and oxytetracycline, morpholine, piperazine,
N
-methylaniline, methylurea, and (in some experiments) dimethylamine was blocked by ascorbic acid. The extent of blocking depended on the compound nitrosated and on the experimental conditions. Urea and ammonium sulfamate were less effective as blocking agents. The possibility of in vivo formation of carcinogenic
N
-nitroso compounds from drugs could be lessened by the combination of such drugs with the ascorbic acid.
Around-the-World Atomic Clocks: Predicted Relativistic Time Gains
Authors: Hafele J. C. , Keating Richard E.
Published: October 2006

During October 1971, four cesium beam atomic clocks were flown on regularly scheduled commercial jet flights around the world twice, once eastward and once westward, to test Einstein's theory of relativity with macroscopic clocks. From the actual flight paths of each trip, the theory predicts that the flying clocks, compared with reference clocks at the U.S. Naval Observatory, should have lost 40 ± 23 nanoseconds during the eastward trip, and should have gained 275 ± 21 nanoseconds during the westward trip. The observed time differences are presented in the report that follows this one.
Breath Tests for Determining Alcohol in the Blood
Authors: Lovell William S.
Published: October 2006

The "drunk driver" represents one social problem that medicine and the exact sciences have been asked to help solve. Once the decision to employ the criminal justice system for that purpose was made, they were asked to provide both a more precise measure of intoxication, in order that criminal sanctions might be brought into play, and means of determining that measure in individual defendants. The use of breath tests in the courtroom to determine alcohol in the blood, along with evidence of related scientific issues, thus serves well to illustrate the mechanisms by which these scientific contributions may enter into the social scheme.
The Ortega Hypothesis
Authors: Cole Jonathan R. , Cole Stephen
Published: October 2006

Let us consider, then, some general conclusions that may be drawn from the findings reported in this study. The data allow us to question the view stated by Ortega, Florey, and others that large numbers of average scientists contribute substantially to the advance of science
through their research
. It seems, rather, that a relatively small number of physicists produce work that becomes the base for future discoveries in physics. We have found that even papers of relatively minor significance have used to a disproportionate degree the work of the eminent scientists. Although the conclusions of this paper may be reasonably clear, the implications of these data for the structure of scientific activity, at least in physics, need careful consideration.
Survival of Mouse Embryos Frozen to -196° and -269°C
Authors: Whittingham D. G. , Leibo S. P. , Mazur P.
Published: October 2006

Mouse embryos survived freezing to -196°C. Survival required slow cooling (0.3° to 2°C per minute) and slow warming (4° to 25°C per minute). Depending on the specific rates used, 50 to 70 percent of more than 2500 frozen and thawed early embryos developed into blastocysts in culture after storage at -196°C for up to 8 days. When approximately 1000 of the survivors, including some frozen to -269°C (4°K), were transferred into foster mothers, 65 percent of the recipients became pregnant. More than 40 percent of the embryos in these pregnant mice gave rise to normal, living full-term fetuses or newborn mice.
Molecular Structure of LSD
Authors: Baker Roy W. , Chothia Cyrus , Pauling Peter , Weber Hans Peter
Published: October 2006

The molecular configuration of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) in crystals of the iodobenzoate has been determined by using x-ray diffraction techniques. The configuration shows strain and steric hindrance and the conformation is fixed. Some of the implications of this for the hallucinogenic activity of LSD are discussed.
Silicon: An Essential Element for the Chick
Authors: Carlisle Edith M.
Published: October 2006

Silicon is required for normal growth and development in the chick when a low silicon diet is fed in a trace element controlled environment. Day-old deutectomized cockerels fed a purified amino acid diet showed significantly retarded growth and development within 2 to 3 weeks. Chicks fed the same diet plus a silicon supplement showed 50 percent higher growth and normal development. Silicon meets the criteria for an essential trace element.
Proparathyroid Hormone: Biosynthesis by Human Parathyroid Adenomas
Authors: Habener Joel F. , Kemper Byron , Potts John T. , Rich Alexander
Published: October 2006

Biosynthesis of a precursor (proparathyroid hormone) to human parathyroid hormone was demonstrated during incubation of tissue from parathyroid adenomas. The proparathyroid hormone is labeled more rapidly than parathyroid hormone during incubation with amino acids labeled with carbon-14 and is progressively converted to the hormone. Apparent differences in the relative rate of conversion of precursor to hormone found in different tumors suggest that proparathyroid hormone may accumulate in some of the tumors and be secreted into the circulation.
Visual Receptive Fields Sensitive to Absolute and Relative Motion during Tracking
Authors: Bridgeman Bruce
Published: October 2006

Some neurons in the visual cortex of awake monkeys visually tracking a moving target showed receptive fields that were excited only by stimulus motion relative to a background, while other neurons responded to any kind of stimulus motion. This result was found with two methods, one in which tracking eye movements were identical in both relative-motion and absolute-motion conditions, and another in which stimulus motions on the retina were identical in both conditions. This response pattern can differentiate translation of the retinal image during eye movement from motion of objects in the world.
Ragweed Hay Fever: Genetic Control and Linkage to HL-A Haplotypes
Authors: Levine Bernard B. , Stember Rishon H. , Fotino Marilena
Published: October 2006

Clinical ragweed pollenosis (hay fever) and IgE antibody production specific for antigen E (the major purified protein antigen from ragweed pollen extract) correlated closely with HL-A haplotypes in successive generations of seven families. HL-A associated IgE antibody responsiveness was antigen specific and extended also to Ig
G
antibody production. These data indicate an immune response (Ir) gene specific for antigen E necessary but not sufficient for the development of hay fever. This appears to be the first documentation of an Ir gene in man.
Nitrogen Fixation by a Blue-Green Epiphyte on Pelagic
Sargassum
Authors: Carpenter Edward J.
Published: October 2006

Nitrogen fixation by
Dichothrix fucicola
, an epiphyte on pelagic
Sargassum
, was measured in May and June 1972 in the western Sargasso Sea and the Gulf Stream. This is the first report of nitrogen fixation by a heterocyst-bearing blue-green alga in the open ocean, and also the first observation of nitrogen fixation in the genus
Dichothrix
. Cellular carbon/nitrogen ratios suggested that the
Dichothrix
was nitrogen-starved. In dense aggregations of
Sargassum
, such as rafts or windrows, the enrichment of surface seawater with combined nitrogen from nitrogen fixation may be pronounced.
High-Resolution Spectroscopy of the Earth's Free Oscillations, Knowing the Earthquake Source Mechanism
Authors: Mendiguren Jorge A.
Published: October 2006

A new method for identification of normal modes of oscillation of the earth yielded unambiguous determinations of many overtones never before identified. This method consists of the superposition of spectra observed at many stations over the earth, after a correction for the phase determined from the known earthquake source mechanism.
Endothelial Cell Membranes: Polarity of Particles as Seen by Freeze-Fracturing
Authors: Dempsey G. P. , Bullivant S. , Watkins W. B.
Published: October 2006

Freeze-fracturing shows particles within membranes. In plasma membranes of most cells the particles are more strongly bound to the inner half. In unfixed endothelial cells, this polarity is reversed. Glutaraldehyde fixation results in conventional polarity. The reverse polarity may be related to a mechanism for preferential fusion of pinocytotic vesicles with the plasma membrane.
Sleep and Memory
Authors: Fowler Mary Janet , Sullivan Michael J. , Ekstrand Bruce R.
Published: October 2006

Two experiments demonstrated that memory over an interval with relatively high amounts of rapid eye movement (REM) sleep was inferior to memory over an interval with relatively high amounts of stage 4 sleep. The results suggest that, at least for humans, REM sleep does not facilitate memory consolidation and that stage 4 sleep may be beneficial to memory.
Isolation of RNA Virus from Papillary Tumors of the Human Renal Pelvis
Authors: Elliott Arthur Y. , Fraley Elwin E. , Cleveland Patrick , Castro Anthony E. , Stein Nell
Published: October 2006

Virus particles were detected by electron microscopy in three papillary cancers of the human renal pelvis. Similar particles were seen in cells from all three tumors in primary culture. An RNA virus was isolated from these tumors. The serum of tumor patients contains neutralizing antibodies against virus isolated from two of the tumors. Initial studies suggest that this agent is not a known human RNA virus.
Pheromone Concentration as a Mechanism for Reproductive Isolation between Two Lepidopterous Species
Authors: Kaae R. S. , Shorey H. H. , Gaston Lyle K.
Published: October 2006

Pheromone-releasing females of the closely related noctuid moths
Trichoplusia ni
and
Autographa californica
attract mainly males of their own species. Sex-pheromone-concentration specificity appears to be an important reproductive isolating mechanism for these two species. Apparently, both species utilize the same pheromone,
cis
-7-dodecenyl acetate, for mating communication, but
T. ni
utilizes a higher level than does
A. californica
Traps releasing amounts of
cis
-7-dodecenyl acetate that are highly attractive for males of one of the species catch very few males of the other species.
Cannabis and Temporal Disintegration in Experienced and Naive Subjects
Authors: Casswell Sally , Marks David F.
Published: October 2006

The effects of 3.3 and 6.6 milligrams of Δ
9
-tetrahydrocannabinol and of placebo on performance of three cognitive tasks were compared for naive subjects and experienced cannabis smokers. No differences in performance or reported subjective effects were found between these two groups. A significant decrement was found following dosage at both levels, replicating earlier findings of temporal disintegration during cannabis intoxication.
Purine Overproduction in Man Associated with Increased Phosphoribosylpyrophosphate Synthetase Activity
Authors: Becker Michael A. , Meyer Laurence J. , Wood Alexander W. , Seegmiller J. Edwin
Published: October 2006

In hemolyzates from red cells of two brothers with purine overproduction and gout, activity of phosphoribosylpyrophosphate synthetase is more than twofold greater than that measured in normal or other gouty individuals. The increased enzyme activity, which is also demonstrable in fibroblasts of the one patient tested, is associated with increased production of 5-phosphoribosyl-1-pyrophosphate by intact cells, an indication that the enzyme abnormality is the basis for the purine overproduction. This genetic abnormality is an example of an increased enzyme activity producing a disease state.
Electrogenic Sodium Pump in Squid Giant Axon
Authors: De Weer Paul , Geduldig Donald
Published: October 2006

Squid giant axon possesses a hyperpolarizing electrogenic sodium pump which is stimulated by internal sodium and by external potassium. This conclusion is based on the following observations: strophanthidin depolarizes the membrane and enhances the depolarizing effect of 5 or 10 millimolar external potassium; the magnitude of these effects is directly related to the internal sodium concentration; both effects are abolished by cyanide.
Retrograde Amnesia Gradients: Effects of Direct Cortical Stimulation
Authors: Gold Paul E. , Macri John , McGaugh James L.
Published: October 2006

Electrical stimulation was delivered bilaterally to either the anterior or posterior cortex in rats from 0.1 second to 4 hours after a single training trial on an inhibitory avoidance task. As indicated by a retention test given 24 hours later, the length of the retrograde amnesia gradients ranged from 5 seconds to 240 minutes, depending on the brain region stimulated and the intensity of the stimulating current. The stimulation intensity that was threshold for amnesia varied directly with the length of the interval between training and treatment.
Teleconnections in the Equatorial Pacific Ocean
Authors: Wyrtki Klaus
Published: October 2006

Geostrophic water transport by the equatorial countercurrent is compared with the observed sea level difference between two pairs of islands situated north and south of the current. The high correlation between the transport and the sea level difference makes it possible to construct a time series for the countercurrent transport over a 21-year period. The countercurrent carries warm water into the eastern tropical Pacific, and fluctuations in its strength give rise to temperature anomalies off Central America. Periods of exceptionally high transport by the countercurrent in the western Pacific coincide with the occurrence of El Niño several thousand kilometers downstream and demonstrate the existence of teleconnections between events in the Pacific Ocean.
Bottom Currents in the Hudson Canyon
Authors: Keller George H. , Lambert Douglas , Rowe Gilbert , Staresinic Nicholas
Published: October 2006

In-place measurements of the bottom currents in the Hudson Canyon reveal that the current regime is characterized by a pronounced reversal of flow up and down the canyon. Velocities are commonly of the order of 8 to 15 centimeters per second, reaching 27 centimeters per second on occasion in the upper and central portion of the canyon. Although a 2.5-day recording of currents showed a net transport upcanyon, a combination of 66 current measurements from the submersible
Alvin
, the analysis of sediment texture and organic carbon, and the determination of the benthic fauna-nutrient relationship indicate that over the long term there is a net transport of fine material through the canyon to the outer continental rise.
Glaciers and Nutrients in Arctic Seas
Authors: Apollonio S.
Published: October 2006

Significantly higher concentrations of nitrate and silicate were found in glaciated South Cape Fiord than in unglaciated Grise Fiord, in the Canadian Arctic, or in adjacent Jones Sound. No significant differences in phosphate concentrations were found. Glacial activity apparently enriches the concentrations of those nutrients most critically limiting for arctic phytoplankton requirements.
Mucopolysaccharides: Comparison of Chondroitin Sulfate Conformations with Those of Related Polyanions
Authors: Arnott Struther , Guss J. M. , Hukins D. W. L. , Mathews M. B.
Published: October 2006

X-ray diffraction shows that chondroitin 6-sulfate, and some further sulfated derivatives, can occur in two ordered structures in stretched films. Both structures contain single helices with similar projected disaccharide lengths (9.6 and 9.8 angstroms) but with very different turn angles between successive disaccharides (120 and 45 degrees). In contrast, coaxial double helices of hyaluronates and ι-carrageenates have shorter projected disaccharide lengths (8.5 and 8.9 angstroms).
Prism Adaptation: Control of Intermanual Transfer by Distribution of Practice
Authors: Taub Edward , Goldberg Israel A.
Published: October 2006

Correction of errors in localizing movements produced by laterally displacing vision by means of wedge prisms has been termed "prism adaptation." Intermanual transfer of prism adaptation from an exposed to an unexposed hand, with subject's head immobilized, has been reported not to occur. However, it was found that a standard learning variable, distribution of practice, controls the occurrence or nonoccurrence of transfer. When practice is massed, there is no transfer of adaptation; when it is spaced, the transfer is extensive. Spacing of practice also influences the amount of aftereffect displayed by the exposed hand.
Electrical Breakdown Caused by Dust Motion in Low-Pressure Atmospheres: Considerations for Mars
Authors: Eden H. Frank , Vonnegut Bernard
Published: October 2006

Electrification of agitated dust can cause visible breakdown in a carbon dioxide atmosphere at low pressure in a laboratory experiment. Dust storms on earth become electrified, with accompanying breakdown phenomena. Martian dust storms may reduce the atmospheric conductivity by capturing fast ions on particles, and, by electrifying, may cause discharges in the relatively low pressure atmosphere.
Avalanche Mode of Motion: Implications from Lunar Examples
Authors: Howard Keith A.
Published: October 2006

A large avalanche (21 square kilometers) at the Apollo 17 landing site moved out several kilometers over flat ground beyond its source slope. If not triggered by impacts, then it was as "efficient" as terrestrial avalanches attributed to air-cushion sliding. Evidently lunar avalanches are able to flow despite the lack of lubricating or cushioning fluid.
Methionine Sulfoximine-Resistant Mutants of Tobacco
Authors: Carlson Peter S.
Published: October 2006

Selecting mutants from populations of haploid plant cells cultured in vitro may provide a rapid method for recovering agriculturally useful variants. Mutants of
Nicotiana tabacum
were recovered which were resistant to methionine sulfoximine, an analog structurally similar to methionine. Induction of chlorosis was prevented or less evident in mutant plants that were inoculated with
Pseudomonas tabaci
, a bacterial pathogen which produces a toxin that is a structural analog of methionine. Several mutants show a specific increase in the level of free methionine.
Anomalous Heat Capacities of Supercooled Water and Heavy Water
Authors: Angell C. A. , Tucker J. C.
Published: October 2006

Emulsification makes it possible to supercool water to the homogeneous nucleation temperature. Accordingly, the heat capacities of water and deuterium oxide have been determined from the respective equilibrium melting points to —38° and to —34°C, respectively. Two methods, drift calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, have been used. Both methods reveal a striking rise in the constant-pressure heat capacity below —20°C. This indication of an apparently cooperative behavior should serve to test current theories of water, most notably perhaps, the pair potential model of Ben-Naim and Stillinger. Some implications of possible meteorological significance are mentioned.
Dynamics of Carbon Monoxide Binding by Heme Proteins
Authors: Austin R. H. , Beeson K. , Eisenstein L. , Frauenfelder H. , Gunsalus I. C. , Marshall V. P.
Published: October 2006

Rebinding of carbon monoxide to myoglobin and to cytochrome P-450 after removal by a light flash occurs down to 50°K for myoglobin and 25°K for cytochrome P-450 in glycerol-water solution. Above 240°K the reaction is second order; between 240° and 200°K the rebinding becomes exponential and independent of the carbon monoxide concentration. Below 150°K the reaction follows a power law and is approximately 10
3
times faster for cytochrome P-450 than for myoglobin.
Mitochondrion of Yeast: Ultrastructural Evidence for One Giant, Branched Organelle per Cell
Authors: Hoffmann Hans-Peter , Avers Charlotte J.
Published: October 2006

Three-dimensional models constructed from 80 to 150 consecutive serial sections of entire yeast cells showed that all the separate mitochondrial profiles were cross sections through a single, branching, tubular structure about 50 to 60 micrometers in length and 200 to 600 nanometers in diameter. The data are contrary to conventional notions of mitochondrial size, form, and number per cell and should lead to a reassessment of mitochondrial genetics and biogenesis.
Synergism of Insecticides by Herbicides
Authors: Lichtenstein E. P. , Liang T. T. , Anderegg B. N.
Published: October 2006

The herbicides atrazine, simazine, monuron, and 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) enhanced the toxicity of selected insecticides to
Drosophila melanogaster
Meigen,
Musca domestica
L., and larvae of
Aedes aegypti
L. The insecticides—nine organophosphorus compounds, two chlorinated hydrocarbons, and one carbamate—were used at dosages that resulted in low insect mortalities, while the herbicides by themselves were nontoxic. Atrazine was most effective. With increasing amounts of this herbicide and constant amounts of some insecticides, increasing mortalities of fruit flies were observed. Exposure of the insects for 24 hours to carbofuran (0.5 microgram),
p
,
p
′-DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(
p
-chlorophenyl)ethane] (4 micrograms), parathion (0.35 microgram), and diazinon (0.2 microgram) alone resulted in mortalities of 7.5, 9.5, 8, and 10.5 percent, respectively. Based on dosage mortality curves obtained with increasing amounts of atrazine, mortalities of 50 percent of the insect populations would have been achieved with 23, 40, 6, and 10 micrograms of atrazine added to the abovementioned dosages of carbofuran, DDT, parathion, and diazinon, respectively.
Pentapeptide (Pepstatin) Inhibition of Brain Acid Proteinase
Authors: Marks Neville , Grynbaum Alice , Lajtha Abel
Published: October 2006

The pentapeptide pepstatin obtained from culture filtrates of actinomycetes completely inhibited brain acid proteinase (cathepsin D) at exceedingly low concentrations. Among the brain enzymes tested, the effect is specific for acid proteinase because addition of 1000-fold higher concentrations was without effect on neutral proteinase, aminopeptidase, and arylamidases. Pepstatin also inhibits pepsin as tested with hemoglobin or with
N
-acetylphenylalanyl-L-diiodotyrosine as substrate. Pepstatin must be regarded as the most powerful agent yet described that inhibits intracellular acidic proteolytic enzyme in brain.
Defect in Conversion of Procollagen to Collagen in a Form of Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Lichtenstein Jack R. , Martin George R. , Kohn Leonard D. , Byers Peter H. , McKusick Victor A.
Published: October 2006

Three patients with a form of the Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, a generalized disorder of connective tissue, have detectable amounts of procollagen in extracts of their skin and tendon. The activity of procollagen peptidase, the enzyme that converts procollagen to collagen, is reduced in cultures of fibroblasts. The clinical manifestations of this syndrome may be related to impaired enzymatic conversion of procollagen to collagen. Cultures of skin fibroblasts from these patients have an increased rate of synthesis of collagenous protein (collagen and procollagen), possibly related to the inability of these cells to convert procollagen to collagen.
Ecological Genetics and Natural Selection in Molluscs
Authors: Jones J. S.
Published: October 2006

Polymorphic snails of the genus
Cepaea
have been widely used for research in ecological genetics. Natural selection by selective predation is important in controlling morph frequencies in some populations of
C. nemoralis
in England. The importance of environmental selection in affecting other patterns of local genetic differentiation of population structure (area effects) is a matter of controversy. Some authors emphasize divergent evolution of whole gene pools between area effects, while others feel that climatic selection acting on individual loci is important.

Analysis of 500,000
C. nemoralis
snails from throughout Europe shows that there is a strong positive association between gene frequencies at the shell color locus and mean summer temperature, but that no climatic correlations are obvious at other loci. Another species,
C. vindobonensis,
which has a much simpler system of polymorphism than does
C. nemoralis,
was investigated in Yugoslavia, in a region where there is known to be intense microclimatic differentiation because of the accumulation of cold air in frost hollows. There was a striking tendency for snails with lightly pigmented shell bands to be found in places with a warm microclimate. Physiological and behavioral experiments demonstrate that this is due primarily to differential energy absorption from sunshine by the different shell phenotypes. As in
C. nemoralis,
other
C. vindobonensis
phenotypes show no detectable association with the environment. It is possible that genes whose frequencies cannot be related to environmental selection may have evolved strong linkage interactions with other genes in the population's gene pool. Selection by the ecological environment and the genetic environment may therefore both be important in controlling the genetic structure of snail populations.
Protection of Privacy and Confidentiality
Authors: Curran William J. , Kaplan Honora , Laska Eugene M. , Bank Rheta
Published: October 2006

A multistate, cooperative program seeking to develop better methods for the effective and efficient gathering. storing, analyzing, and utilizing of mental patient records has made a comprehensive effort to protect the confidentiality and privacy of these psychiatric patient records. Administrative, technical, and legal safeguards have been implemented. The discussion of legal safeguards involves two areas: the protection of the system itself, located at Rockland State Hospital; and the specific legal environment of confidentiality and privacy of mental health records and information in the group of cooperating jurisdictions.

On the whole, adequate legal and administrative protection can be afforded the confidentiality and privacy of an electronic data system in the mental health field, and access to the records can be restricted for the welfare of the patients. At the same time, access to aggregate data in the system can be allowed, under proper standards, for important research and planning purposes. The methods adopted by MSIS to preserve confidentiality and privacy by limiting access to such records could well prove an important model for the development of protective methods in other electronic data programs—not only those in psychiatry, but those in other fields where the data collected are sensitive and confidential.
Psychologic Stress and Threshold for Repetitive Ventricular Response
Authors: Lown Bernard , Verrier Richard , Corbalan Ramon
Published: October 2006

A psychologically stressful environment reduced the threshold of the dog's ventricle for repetitive response. Elicitation of such a response indicates the presence of electrical instability and a predisposition to ventricular fibrillation, the mechanism of sudden death.
Vasopressin and Neurophysin: High Concentrations in Monkey Hypophyseal Portal Blood
Authors: Zimmerman Earl A. , Carmel Peter W. , Husain M. Kazim , Ferin Michal , Tannenbaum Myron , Frantz Andrew G. , Robinson Alan G.
Published: October 2006

Vasopressin and its binding protein, neurophysin, were measured by radioimmunoassay in the hypophyseal portal blood of monkeys after cannulation of individual long portal veins. Mean vasopressin concentrations (13,800 picograms per milliliter) in portal blood were more than 300 times as high as those in the systemic circulation (42 picograms per milliliter). Neurophysin concentration was approximately 25 times as high in portal as in systemic blood. By immunoperoxidase techniques, high concentrations of neurophysin were demonstrated around portal capillaries of the median eminence. These studies indicate direct secretion of vasopressin and neurophysin into the portal circulation; the quantities secreted during stress may be sufficient to exert significant effects on secretion of anterior pituitary hormone.
Bicyclic Phosphorus Esters: High Toxicity without Cholinesterase Inhibition
Authors: Bellet Eugene M. , Casida John E.
Published: October 2006

4-Isopropyl-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane 1-oxide has a mouse intraperitoneal lethal dose, 50 percent effective, of 0.18 milligram per kilogram of body weight. Related compounds used by many chemical researchers are also highly toxic. Brain acetylcholinesterase inhibition is not involved in their mode of action. The structural similarity of these compounds to adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate (cyclic AMP) is of interest.
Fossil Spores, Pollen, and Fishes from Connecticut Indicate Early Jurassic Age for Part of the Newark Group
Authors: Cornet Bruce , Traverse Alfred , McDonald Nicholas G.
Published: October 2006

Palynologically productive localities have been found in the United States throughout the Newark Group basins, most of which had previously been assumed to be barren. Rich palynoflorules dominated by coniferous pollen of
Circulina-Classopollis
type, and well-preserved fossil fishes, including possible new semionotids, have been found in the Hartford basin. Palynological data indicate that the Newark Group has considerable time-stratigraphic range: Upper Triassic for the Cumnock Formation (North Carolina), the Vinita Beds (Virginia), and the upper New Oxford Formation (Pennsylvania), Rhaeto-Liassic for the Brunswick Formation (New Jersey), Portland Formation (Connecticut and Massachusetts), and the Shuttle Meadow Formation (Connecticut).
Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemic Cells with T (Thymus-Derived) Lymphocyte Markers
Authors: Kersey John H. , Sabad Andrej , Gajl-Peczalska Kazimiera , Hallgren Helen M. , Yunis Edmond J. , Nesbit Mark E.
Published: October 2006

Five of nine children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia had lymphoblasts that bound sheep erythrocytes or reacted with antiserum to thymocytes, suggesting involvement of T (thymus-derived) cells. When lymphoblasts from all patients were examined by immunofluorescence they were found to lack a marker for B (bone marrow or bursa-equivalent) cells, that is, the presence of surface immunoglobulins.
Primary Sequence Dependence of the Deamidation of Rabbit Muscle Aldolase
Authors: McKerrow James H. , Robinson Arthur B.
Published: October 2006

The first-order deamidation half-time of the peptide, Gly-Ser-Asn-His-Gly in phosphate buffer,
p
H 7.4, ionic strength at 0.2, 37.0°C, is 6.4 ± 0.5 days. This compares favorably with the in vivo deamidation half-time of 8 days for this sequence in rabbit muscle aldolase. This fact is discussed with respect to the general hypothesis that sequence-controlled deamidation of glutaminyl and asparaginyl-residues is a mechanism by which molecular and organismic development and aging are timed.
Electroencephalographic Evidence for Retention of Olfactory Cues in Homing Coho Salmon
Authors: Cooper Jon C. , Hasler Arthur D.
Published: October 2006

Differences were observed in the magnitude of the evoked electroencephalographic response to 1 percent morpholine for homing coho salmon
(Oncorhynchus kisutch)
exposed to morpholine as fingerlings 1 month before smolting as compared to salmon not exposed to morpholine as fingerlings. These results indicate that olfactory information has been retained for 18 months, the period between smolting and the homeward migration.
Viscosity of Cellular Protoplasm
Authors: Keith Alec D. , Snipes Wallace
Published: October 2006

The protoplasmic viscosity was studied by using a small spin label having high permeability and broad solubility properties and nickel chloride as an extracellular spin-subtracting agent to localize signal inside cells. The viscosity is variable and in some cells is many times that of water or phospholipids, suggesting that lateral diffusion in biological membranes is important to cell function.
Penetration of Somatic Mammalian Cells by Sperm
Authors: Bendich Aaron , Borenfreund Ellen , Sternberg Stephen S.
Published: October 2006

Penetration of somatic mammalian cells by spermatozoa occurred after simple admixture in culture. With sperm labeled in vivo, autoradiography revealed incorporation of DNA into nuclei of recipient cells, indicating release of DNA after entrance by sperm. This system provides a new approach to study the molecular biology of information transfer and of haploid gene expression.
Paleoclimatic Inferences from Long Tree-Ring Records
Authors: LaMarche Valmore C.
Published: October 2006

Tree-ring data contribute to a better understanding of the nature of past climatic variations. Annual ring records several thousand years long can be constructed for a few areas, but interpretation of them requires the development of new approaches. For example, a single record of average ring width in the upper tree line environment provides a guide to past temperature fluctuations. However, comparison of this record with another, that of the arid lower forest border, from the same area permits characterization of associated precipitation and temperature anomalies that may, in turn, be linked to features of the general circulation. Other approaches that promise to be very fruitful include study of the variation of ring-width statistics through time, investigation of the physical and chemical properties of wood, and combined multivariate analysis of data for a variety of paleoclimatic indicators.
Stimulation of 24,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
3
Production by 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
3
Authors: Tanaka Y. , DeLuca H. F.
Published: October 2006

Vitamin D-deficient rats produce [
3
H]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
from [
3
H]25-hydroxyvitamin D
3
regardless of dietary content of calcium or phosphate. A daily dose of 130 picomoles of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
for a period of 5 days reduces production of [
3
H]1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
to essentially zero and stimulates production of [
3
H]24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
. A daily dose of 325 picomoles of 25-hydroxyvitamin D
3
has a similar but less dramatic effect. On the other hand, 650 picomoles daily of 24,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
given to vitamin D-deficient rats had no effect. Thus it appears that 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
is an important factor in the regulation of kidney metabolism of 25-hydroxyvitamin D
3
.
Visna Virus Infection of American Lambs
Authors: Narayan Opendra , Silverstein Arthur M. , Price Donald , Johnson Richard T.
Published: October 2006

Random-bred fetal and 4-week-old American lambs, inoculated intracerebrally with visna virus, developed a persistent infection in the brain and sometimes in the lung. The pathologic changes present in these lambs were similar to the early lesions of visna in Icelandic sheep, thus providing a possible model for the study of virus-induced demyelinating disease.
Ultraviolet Observations of Venus from Mariner 10: Preliminary Results
Authors: Broadfoot A. L. , Kumar S. , Belton M. J. S. , McElroy M. B.
Published: October 2006

An objective grating spectrometer on Mariner 10 has measured airglow in the wavelength range 200 to 1700 angstroms. The data reveal the presence of significant concentrations of hydrogen, helium, carbon, and oxygen atoms in the upper atmosphere of Venus. A preliminary analysis of the hydrogen data indicates an exospheric temperature of 400°K. There is evidence for intense airglow emission at wavelengths longward of 1350 angstroms; the nature of this emission is unclear, but the radiation is spatially extensive and detectable on both day and night sides of the planet.
Novel Fold and Putative Receptor Binding Site of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor
Authors: Diederichs Kay , Boone Tom , Karplus P. Andrew
Published: October 2006

Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) stimulates the development of and the cytotoxic activity of white blood cells. Recombinant human GM-CSF has proven useful in the treatment of blood disorders. The structure of GM-CSF, which was determined at 2.4 angstrom resolution by x-ray crystallography, has a novel fold combining a two-stranded antiparallel β sheet with an open bundle of four α helices. Residues implicated in receptor recognition, which are distant in the primary sequence, are on adjacent α helices in the folded protein. A working model for the receptor binding site is presented.
Lectin Binding Saccharides on a Parasitic Protozoan
Authors: Dwyer Dennis M.
Published: October 2006

Leishmania donovani
promastigotes were specifically agglutinated by concanavalin A and phytohemagglutinin P. Somatic-somatic, flagellar-somatic, and flagellar-flagellar type agglutination was observed with the lectins. Enzyme-treated promastigotes gave reduced lectin agglutination reactions. The results suggest that complex saccharide moieties are randomly distributed on the surface of this organism.
Somatostatin: Hypothalamic Inhibitor of the Endocrine Pancreas
Authors: Koerker Donna J. , Ruch Willy , Chideckel Elliott , Palmer Jerry , Goodner Charles J. , Ensinck John , Gale Charles C.
Published: October 2006

Somatostatin, a hypothalamic peptide that inhibits the secretion of pituitary growth hormone, inhibits basal insulin secretion in fasted cats and rats. In fasted baboons both basal and arginine-stimulated secretion of insulin and glucagon are inhibited. Somatostatin appears to act directly on the endocrine pancreas. The action is dose-related, rapid in onset, and readily reversed.
Nitric Oxide Reduction Coupled with Carbon Monoxide Oxidation in the Presence of Soluble Metal Catalysts
Authors: Reed Joseph , Eisenberg Richard
Published: October 2006

Solutions of RhCl
3
⋅ xH
2
O in ethanol and Ru(NO)
2
[P(C
6
H
5
)
3
]
2
in benzene catalyze the reduction of nitric oxide to nitrous oxide concomitant with the oxidation of carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide at ambient temperature and atmospheric pressure. The reaction, which is followed by gas chromatography and by the decrease in pressure of the system, proceeds to 47 percent conversion of the reactants after 63 hours.
Partition of Tissue Functions in Epithelia: Localization of Enzymes in "Mitochondria-Rich" Cells of Toad Urinary Bladder
Authors: Scott Walter N. , Sapirstein Victor S. , Yoder Monroe J.
Published: October 2006

The mucosal epithelium of the toad urinary bladder reabsorbs sodium, acidifies the urine, and is responsive to neurohypophyseal hormones. Mucosal epithelial cells, consisting of two major morphologic cell types, "mitochondria-rich" and "granular," were removed from the bladder and separated by density gradient centrifugation. The mitochondria-rich cells contained three times as much carbonic anhydrase activity as the granular cells. Oxytocin caused a 235 percent increase in the adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate content of mitochondria-rich cells but had no effect on the granular cells. The evidence indicates that the mitochondria-rich cell, which accounts for only 15 percent of the mucosal cells, plays a major role in the mediation of sodium ion and hydrogen ion transport in the toad bladder and is a specific site of action of neurohypophyseal hormones.
Cell Cycle-dependent Coupling of the Calcitonin Receptor to Different G Proteins
Authors: Chakraborty Munmun , Chatterjee Diptendu , Kellokumpu Sakari , Rasmussen Howard , Baron Roland
Published: October 2006

Calcitonin is a calcium regulating peptide hormone with binding sites in kidney and bone as well as in the central nervous system. The mechanisms of signal transduction by calcitonin receptors were studied in a pig kidney cell line where the hormone was found to regulate sodium pumps. Calcitonin receptors activated the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) or the protein kinase C (PKC) pathways. The two transduction pathways required guanosine triphosphate (GTP)-binding proteins (G proteins) (the choleratoxin sensitive G
s
and the pertussis toxin sensitive G
i
, respectively) and led to opposite biological responses. Moreover, selective activation of one or the other pathway was cell cycle-dependent. Therefore, calcitonin may induce different biological responses in target cells depending on their positions in the cell cycle. Such a modulation of ligand-induced responses could be of importance in rapidly growing cell populations such as during embryogenesis, growth, and tumor formation.
Gelation of Sickle Cell Hemoglobin: Effects of Hybrid Tetramer Formation in Hemoglobin Mixtures
Authors: Moffat Keith
Published: October 2006

The altered gelation behavior found in mixtures of sickle cell hemoglobin with other hemoglobins is due to the formation of hybrid hemoglobin tetramers from unlike dimers. The hemoglobins need not possess the deoxy quaternary structure for gelation to occur; liganded forms are also capable of participation in gelation.
Complement-Dependent Stimulation of Prostaglandin Synthesis and Bone Resorption
Authors: Raisz Lawrence G. , Sandberg Ann L. , Goodson J. Max , Simmons Hollis A. , Mergenhagen Stephan E.
Published: October 2006

Complement-sufficient heterologous serum induced prostaglandin synthesis and resultant resorption in cultures of fetal rat long bones. Bone resorption was enhanced with unheated normal rabbit serum as compared to heated serum or serum from rabbits lacking the sixth component of complement (C6). Addition of functionally purified C6 restored resorptive activity in C6-deficient serum. Concentrations of prostaglandin E were increased in the culture media of bones incubated with complement-sufficient serum. The resorptive effects of active serum as well as the appearance of prostaglandin E in the media were inhibited by indomethacin.
Electrical Resistivity Variations Associated with Earthquakes on the San Andreas Fault
Authors: Mazzella Aldo , Morrison H. Frank
Published: October 2006

A 24 percent precursory change in apparent electrical resistivity was observed before a magnitude 3.9 earthquake of strike-slip nature on the San Andreas fault in central California. The experimental configuration and numerical calculations suggest that the change is associated with a volume at depth rather than some near-surface phenomenon. The character and duration of the precursor period agree well with those of other earthquake studies and support a dilatant earthquake mechanism model.
Kerogen Recycling in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Authors: Sackett William M. , Poag C. Wylie , Eadie Brian J.
Published: October 2006

Analyses of the stable isotopes of the organic carbon and microscopic examination of the sediment particles suggest that up to 90 percent of the organic matter in Ross Sea sediments is derived from the igneous and ancient metamorphic and sedimentary rocks that are being glacially eroded on the Antarctic continent and transported seaward.