bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Gene Knock-Down Approach in Tribolium castaneum to Study Survival and Priming Towards Bacillus thuringiensis var. tenebrionis
Authors: Lindeza Ana Sofia , Barth Kathrin , Kurtz Joachim , Zanchi Caroline
Published: April 2021

Insects possess an array of defense molecules allowing them to fight infections. They can also show a form of immune memory, named priming. However, the involvement of insect immune defense mechanisms in priming is unclear, since invertebrates lack the molecular machinery present in vertebrates to build an immune memory. In the red flour beetle Tribolium castaneum, larvae can be primed via the oral route with Bacillus thurigiensis var. tenebrionids (Btt). This results in changes in the expression of a large number of genes, among which some belong to families of ancient defense genes. In the present work, we tested whether three chosen candidate genes (a Thaumatin, a C-type Lectin and an Osiris-like gene) could be involved in the survival to a Btt exposure, as well as in the priming phenotype. We assessed changes in their expression over time and according to the priming treatment, knocked them down individually by RNA interference (RNAi), and observed how it affected survival upon challenge. The quantification of gene expression patterns in our larvae with RT-qPCR showed that up- and/or down-regulation of the genes, after the priming treatment, was quite volatile and time dependent. Upon knock-down, we did not observe the expected decrease in survival to Btt or the abolishment of the priming phenotype. We conclude that knocking down genes individually is probably insufficient to affect survival and priming in our system. This gives us insight into the complexity of the molecular processes underpinning priming.
Black Holes or an Objects without Event Horizon?
Authors: Verozub Leonid
Published: April 2021

The paper substantiates the possibility that objects that we usually identify with black holes are self-gravitating, fully or partially degenerate Fermi gas. This follows from the modification of Einstein's equations, which is based on a mathematical fact that the author of the GR could not have known in his time.
Narrative Literature Review on Risk Factors Involved In Breast Cancer, Brain Cancer, Colon Rectal Cancer, Gynecological Malignancy, Lung Cancer, and Prostate Cancer
Authors: Justiz-Vaillant Angel , Gardiner Lyvan , Mohammed Maryam , Surajbally Matthew , Maharaj Luke , Ramsingh Luke , Simon Makeisha , Seegobin Mark , Niles Masud
Published: April 2021

In this study, we describe the most critical risk factors for different malignancies, including breast, prostate, lung, colon-rectal carcinoma, among others and those with risk factors that are modifiable. We revised the literature review about risk factors involved in the genesis of cancer in various databases, including articles indexed in PUBMED, SCOPUS, PMC, and Google Scholar. Knowing risk factors is a mode of fighting malignancy. Diet, lifestyle, practises, and laboratory/clinical interventions were among risk factors of diverse malignancy. We conclude that risk factors can prevent the development of many malignancies in a century where this conundrum is raising disproportionably. It is treated here is to make the public aware of the modifiable risks of cancers.
Renal Allograft-Related Inflammation and Accelerated Coronary-Artery Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Pliquett Rainer Ullrich , Tannapfel Andrea , Daneschnejad Sait Sebastian
Published: April 2021

Background: Although persistent systemic inflammation is considered to be predictive for future cardiovascular events, it remains unclear whether or not C-reactive protein (CrP) plays an active role in coronary-plaque instability. Here, we report a case of a patient with failed and super-infected renal allograft as a source for systemic inflammation presenting with repeat acute coronary syndromes. Case presentation: A 52-years-old male type-2 diabetic with a failed kidney transplant who was hospitalized for acute urinary-tract infection. In the presence of other, classic cardiovascular risk factors, peak values of CrP coincided with episodes of unstable angina treated by cardiologic interventions. Besides pyelonephritis, the histological examination of the kidney transplant revealed signs of chronic rejection and the presence of a renal cell carcinoma in situ. Once the renal allograft has been removed, systemic inflammation was attenuated, the patient was not rehospitalized for acute-coronary syndrome within the next 12 months. Conclusion: In this case, systemic inflammation was paralleled by instability of coronary plaques as documented by repeat coronary angiograms.
A case of renal allograft-related inflammation complicated by acute coronary syndromes
Authors: Pliquett Rainer Ullrich , Tannapfel Andrea , Daneschnejad Sait Sebastian
Published: April 2021

Background: Although persistent systemic inflammation is considered to be predictive for future cardiovascular events, it remains unclear whether or not C-reactive protein (CrP) plays an active role in coronary-plaque instability. Here, we report a case of a patient with failed and super-infected renal allograft as a source for systemic inflammation presenting with repeat acute coronary syndromes. Case presentation: A 52-years-old male type-2 diabetic with a failed kidney transplant who was hospitalized for acute urinary-tract infection. In the presence of other, classic cardiovascular risk factors, peak values of CrP coincided with episodes of unstable angina treated by percutaneous coronary interventions. Besides pyelonephritis, the histological examination of the kidney transplant revealed signs of chronic rejection and the presence of a renal cell carcinoma in situ. Once the renal allograft has been removed, systemic inflammation was attenuated, the patient was not re-hospitalized for acute-coronary syndrome within the next 12 months. Conclusion: In this case, systemic inflammation was paralleled by instability of coronary plaques as documented by repeat percutaneous coronary interventions.
Immersive Molecular Dynamics In Virtual Reality: Increasing Efficiency of Educational Process With Companion Converter For NarupaXR
Authors: Pereshivkina Polina , Karandasheva Nadezhda , Mikhailenko Maria , Kurushkin Mikhail
Published: April 2021

Visualization has always been a crucial part of the educational process. Implementing computer algorithms and virtual reality tools into it is vital for the new generation engineers, scientists and researchers. In the field of chemistry education, various software that allow dynamic molecular building and viewing are currently available. These software are now used to enhance the learning process and ensure better understanding of the chemical processes from the visual perspective. The present short communication provides a summary of these applications based on the NarupaXR program, which is a great educational tool that combines the functionality and simple design necessary for an educational tool. NarupaXR is used with a companion application “Narupa Builder'' which requires a different file format, therefore a converter that allows a simple transition between the two extensions has been developed. The converter sufficiently increases the efficiency of the educational process. The automatic converter is freely available on GitLab (https://gitlab.com/teamSCAMT/converter_mol2_to_xml). The current communication provides detailed written instructions that can simplify the installation process of the converter and facilitate the use of both the software and the hardware of the VR set.
Integrating Geomorphological Data, Geochronology, and Archaeological Evidence for Coastal Landscape Reconstruction. The Case of Ammoudara Beach, Crete
Authors: Alexandrakis George , Petrakis Stelios , Kampanis Nikolaos
Published: April 2021

Understanding the processes that govern the transformation of the landscape through time is essential for exploring the evolution of a coastal area. Coastal landscapes are dynamic sites, with their evolution strongly linked with waves and sea-level variations. Geomorphological features in the coastal area, such as beachrock formations and dune fields, can function as indicators of the coastal landscape evolution through time. However, our knowledge of the chronological framework of coastal deposits on the Aegean coasts is limited. Optically stimulated luminescence dating techniques are deemed to be very promising indirect dating of the coastal sediments, especially when they are linked with archaeological evidence. The dating of the sediments from different sediment core depths, as they are determined by the method of luminosity, allows us to calculate the rate of sediment deposition over time. Additionally, the coastal evolution and stability were studied from 1945 until today, with the use of aerial photographs and satellite images. This paper presents the 6000 ka years evolution of a coastal landscape based on geomorphological, archaeological, and radio-chronological data. Based on the results, the early stages of the Ammoudara beach dune field appear to be formed ~9.0 – 9.6 ka BP, while the OSL ages from 6 m depth represented the timing of its stabilization (OSL ages ~5–6 ka). This indicates that the dune field appears to already have been formed long before the Bronze Age (5-10 ka BP) and became stabilized with only localized episodes of dune reactivation occurring, while high coastal erosion rates are found in modern times.
Pannexins and Connexins: Their Relevance for Oocyte Developmental Competence
Authors: Kordowitzki Paweł , Sokołowska Gabriela , Wasielak-Politowska Marta , Skowronska Agnieszka , Skowronski Mariusz T.
Published: April 2021

The oocyte is the major determinant of embryo developmental competence in all mammalian species. Although fundamental advances have been generated in the field of reproductive medicine and assisted reproductive technologies in the past three decades, researchers and clinicians are still trying to elucidate molecular factors and pathways which could be pivotal for the oocyte’s developmental competence. The cell-to-cell and cell-to-matrix communications are crucial not only for oocytes but also for multicellular organisms in general. This latter mentioned communication is among others possible due to the Connexin and Pannexin families of large-pore forming channels. Pannexins belong to a protein group of ATP-release channels, therefore of high importance for the oocyte due to its requirements of high energy supply. An increasing body of studies on Pannexins provided evidence that these channels not only play a role during physiological processes of an oocyte but also during pathological circumstances which could lead to the development of diseases or infertility. Connexins are proteins that form membrane channels and gap-junctions, and more precisely, these proteins enable the exchange of some ions and molecules, and therefore playing a fundamental role in the communication between the oocyte and accompanying cells. Herein, the role of Pannexins and Connexins for the processes of oogenesis, folliculogenesis, oocyte maturation and fertilization will be discussed, and at the end of this review, Pannexin and Connexin related pathologies and their impact on the developmental competence of oocytes will be provided.
Sustainability Transition in Established Corporations: Detailing the Role of Technological Innovation
Authors: Patil Rahul , Jain Akriti , Gurtoo Anjula
Published: April 2021

Sustainability transition theories analyse a systematic shift towards sustainability at micro (niche), meso (regime) and macro (landscape) level. The assessment of technological systems and structures at the firm level in sustainability transition literature is scant. The present study, taking the technological assessment perspective at the firm level, finds answers to questions like (a) how do established corporations move towards sustainable practices? (b) what role does technological innovation play in the firm’s transition towards sustainability? (c) what technological modes are adopted for sustainability transition? We find answers to these questions through an in-depth case analysis of two multi-national companies in the consumer goods industry. Internally developed and externally acquired technologies by firms in the last 15 years are plotted using qualitative and quantitative indicators on pre-designed templates. Technologies for all three sustainability dimensions, namely, environmental, social and economic, are mapped and the impact assessed. The analysis finds a sustainability transition landscape that shows the use of protected (patents, trademarks, designs) and unprotected technologies (open innovation) to generate impacts like production efficiency, consumption reduction, emission reduction, reduce-recycle-reuse among others. Companies implementing sustainable technologies do observe positive impacts. Implementation of reduce-reuse-recycle (3R)-based technologies enhance the achievement of sustainable development targets. Furthermore, the use of trademarks seems common in differentiating their technologies and identities. These and other results are detailed and used to comment on the role of managing intellectual property and harnessing the effect of technological innovations in sustainability transition.
Phase reconfiguration of multivalent nickel sulfides in hydrogen evolution
Authors: Sun Yu , Wu Jing , Zhang Zheng , Liao Qingliang , Zhang Suicai , Wang Xin , Liu Baishan , Zhao Yunqi , Xie Yong , Ma Kaikai , Kang Zhuo , Zhang Yue
Published: April 2021

Deciphering the dynamic evolution of catalysts’ atomic and electronic structure in operating conditions is pivotal for unraveling the activity origin and improving catalyst design. Earth-abundant transition metal catalysts have shown efficient catalytic efficiency and are attractive due to sustainable and economic considerations. However, the dynamic evolution process during their whole service time remains elusive, which is greatly complicated by the multiple component and valence states as well as the structural complexity of materials. Here in this work, we investigated the atomic-scale evolution of multivalent nickel-based sulfides (from NiS2 to α-NiS, β-NiS and Ni3S4) as model catalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), via operando Raman and X-ray absorption spectroscopies corroborated by theoretical calculations. Dynamic reconstruction propagating from surface to bulk, mediated by sulphur vacancy, has been demonstrated for these materials, all with the terminated Ni3S2 phase on catalyst surface being responsible for subsequent catalysis. Partial Fe substitution prompts such reconfiguration process and hence improves HER performance, which establishes the dynamic working mechanism of widely-adopted doping strategy. We unprecedentedly reveal the dynamic reconstruction with lower valence state tendency of transition metals in the catalytically terminated phase during HER, and the life-time dynamic correlation between structure and activity, providing insights into future catalyst design.
Machine learning discovery of missing links that mediate alternative branches to plant alkaloids
Authors: Vavricka Christopher , Takahashi Shunsuke , Watanabe Naoki , Takenaka Musashi , Matsuda Mami , Yoshida Takanobu , Kiyota Hiromasa , Minami Hiromichi , Ishii Jun , Tsuge Kenji , Araki Michihiro , Kondo Akihiko , Hasunuma Tomohisa
Published: April 2021

Engineering the microbial production of secondary metabolites is limited by the known reactions of correctly annotated enzymes in sequence databases. To expand the range of biosynthesis pathways, machine learning is herein demonstrated for the discovery of missing link enzymes, using benzylisoquinoline alkaloid production as a model application with potential to revolutionize the paradigm of sustainable biomanufacturing. Bacterial studies utilize a tetrahydropapaveroline pathway, whereas plants are reported to contain a more stable norcoclaurine pathway, which is exploited in yeast. However, committed aromatic precursors are currently produced by microbial enzymes that remain elusive in plants, and additional downstream missing links are hidden within highly-duplicated plant gene families. Accordingly, the machine learning enzyme selection algorithm is first applied to predict the missing links from diverse candidate sequences. Metabolomics-based characterization of selected sequences reveals distinct oxidases and carboxy-lyases in reconstructed plant gene-only benzylisoquinoline alkaloid pathways from tyrosine. Synergistic application of aryl acetaldehyde producing enzymes results in enhanced production through hybrid norcoclaurine and tetrahydropapaveroline pathways. Transplantation of features into homologous enzyme templates leads to the highest levels of bacterial norcoclaurine and N-methylcoclaurine. Mechanism-directed isotope tracing patterns confirm alternative flux branches from aromatic precursors to alkaloids. This machine learning-driven workflow can be adapted to numerous pathways.
Development and Validation of Food Frequency Questionnaire for Food and Nutrient Intake of Adults in Butajira, Southern Ethiopia.
Authors: Regassa Ilili Feyesa , Endris Bilal S , Habtemariam Esete , Hassen Hamid Y , Ghebreyesus Seifu H
Published: April 2021

Background: To date, there is no culture-specific and validated Food Frequency Questionnaire (FFQ) available in Ethiopia. We developed a FFQ and evaluated its validity as compared to estimates of a food group and nutrient intakes derived from two 24-Hour Dietary Recalls (24-HRs).Method: A total of 105 adults, of which 43 (41%) were men and 62 (59%) women aged 20-65 years participated in this study. To evaluate the validity of FFQ against two 24-HRs, we used a paired t-test and Wilcoxon- signed rank test to compare mean and median daily nutrient and food intakes obtained from the averages of the two 24-HRs and the FFQ, correlation coefficients to measure the strength and direction of the correlation, Cross-classification and kappa to assess classification agreement and Bland-Altman analysis for assessing limits of agreement between the two methods.Results: Mean energy and macronutrient intakes obtained from the FFQ were significantly higher than those obtained from the mean of two 24-HRs. For energy and macronutrients, the crude correlation between two instruments ranged from 0.05 (total fat) to 0.32 (carbohydrate). Whereas, for micronutrients, it ranged from 0.1 (calcium) to 0.49 (vitamin B1). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from to 0.10 (total fat) to 0.80 (vitamin A) Visual inspection of the Bland-Altman plots for both energy and macronutrients shows no consistent trend across the intake values. For the majority of the food groups, no significant difference was observed in median intake of foods and nutrients between 24-HRs and FFQ. Crude correlation for food groups ranged from 0.12 (egg) to 0.78 (legumes). The de-attenuated correlation ranged from 0.24 (egg) to 0.10 (Meat/Poultry/Fish). The FFQ showed a fair classification agreement with the 24-HRs for cereals, legumes, and roots and tubers intakes. A systematic trend of overestimation for roots and tubers and under estimation of beverage intakes at higher values was observed when we used FFQ.Conclusion: The FFQ is valid to assess and rank individuals in terms of intakes of most food groups according to high and low intake categories. Individual level validity was acceptable for energy and most nutrients as indicated by de-attenuated correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots. However, group level validity was poor for most nutrients.
Global Surgery indicators and pediatric hydrocephalus: a multicenter cross-country comparative study building the case for health systems strengthening
Authors: Ferraris Kevin Paul , Palabyab Eric Paolo , Kim Sergei , Matsumura Hideaki , Yap Maria Eufemia , Cloma-Rosales Venus Oliva , Letyagin German , Muroi Ai , Baticulon Ronnie , Alcazaren Jose Carlos , Seng Kenny , Navarro Joseph Erroll
Published: April 2021

Purpose: The aim of this study is to compare specific three-institution, cross-country data that are relevant to the Global Surgery indicators and the functioning of health systems. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed clinical and socioeconomic characteristics of pediatric patients who underwent CSF diversion surgery for hydrocephalus in three different centers: University of Tsukuba Hospital in Ibaraki, Japan (HIC), Jose R. Reyes Memorial Medical Center in Manila, Philippines (LMIC), and the Federal Neurosurgical Center in Novosibirsk, Russia (UMIC). The outcomes of interest were timing of CSF diversion surgery and mortality. Statistical tests included descriptive statistics, Cox proportional hazards model, and logistic regression. Nation-level data were also obtained to provide the relevant socioeconomic contexts in discussing the results. Results: In total, 159 children were included—13 from Japan, 99 from the Philippines, and 47 from the Russian Federation. The median time to surgery at the specific neurosurgical centers were 6 days in the Philippines and 1 day in both Japan and Russia. For the cohort from the Philippines, non-poor patients were more likely to receive CSF diversion surgery at an earlier time (HR=4.74, 95%CI 2.34–9.61, p<0.001). In the same center, those with infantile or post-hemorrhagic hydrocephalus (HR=3.72, 95%CI 1.70–8.15, p=0.001) were more likely to receive CSF diversion earlier compared to those with congenital hydrocephalus, and those with post-infectious (HR=0.39, 95%CI 0.22–0.70, p=0.002) or myelomeningocele-associated hydrocephalus (HR=0.46, 95%CI 0.22–0.95, p=0.037) were less likely to undergo surgery at an earlier time. For Russia, older patients were more likely to receive or require early CSF diversion (HR=1.07, 95%CI 1.01–1.14, p=0.035). EVD insertion was found to be associated with mortality (cOR 14.45, 95% CI 1.28–162.97, p = 0.031). Conclusion: In this study, Filipino children underwent late time-interval of CSF diversion surgery and had mortality differences compared to their Japanese and Russian counterparts. These disparities may reflect on the functioning of the respective country’s health systems.
Patients’ and Oncologists’ Perspectives On A Novel Clinician Led Fear of Cancer Recurrence (CIFeR) Intervention
Authors: Serafimovska Anastasia , Liu Jia , Beith Jane , Butow Phyllis
Published: April 2021

PurposeDespite strong demand from breast cancer survivors, there is a dearth of flexibly delivered, accessible psychological interventions addressing fear of cancer recurrence (FCR). This study aimed to explore patients’ and clinicians’ perspectives concerning the experience, utility and barriers to a novel clinician-led FCR intervention (CIFeR).MethodsTwenty female participants (Mean age; 59.8, SD = 11.43), diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer (mean years since diagnosis = 2.8, SD = 1.37 years) participated in telephone interviews, and their five oncologists completed a semi-structured electronic survey. Thematic qualitative analyses were performed on interview transcripts and survey responses.ResultsFindings indicated both patients and clinicians were positive about CIFeR with perceived cognitive, behavioural and emotional benefits of CIFeR most pronounced for patients with clinically significant FCR. All patients, however, found that receiving CIFeR (especially the tailored prognostic information) from their oncologists with whom they had a long-standing relationship, added a much-needed human element to addressing FCR. Similarly, clinicians valued CIFeR as a clear and consistent way to address unmet needs around FCR, with some barriers around time, language and cultural issues noted.ConclusionOverall, all participants perceived CIFeR as strongly beneficial in reducing FCR and related worries, thus warranting further evaluation of its utility in clinical practice.This study was prospectively registered on the 2nd of October, 2018 in the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry (ACTRN12618001615279).
Design and performance enhancement of a dense wavelength division multiplexing MIMO-FSO systems using DPPM and OOK modulation
Authors: Elsayed Ebrahim E.
Published: April 2021

In this paper, we design and analyze the dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) in the multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) free-space optical (FSO) communications system using the digital-pulse position modulation (DPPM) and on-off keying (OOK). We show the effects noises, interchannel crosstalk, and atmospheric turbulence for the proposed system in the weak and strong turbulence with the modulation techniques. DWDM channels suffer from the inter-channel crosstalk while the communication performance in an obviously limited by the MIMO-FSO caused by atmospheric scintillation. All Impairments, in addition to noises of the optical amplification which is emerged the amplified spontaneous emission and are likely to be problematic, particularly in the upstream direction, which are investigated, the results obtained a high enough crosstalk ratio can achieve access to high-capacity in a system network safe and human. DPPM is a more power efficient modulation and lower power penalty 0.2 ~ 0.3 dB from the OOK modulation.
Bridging the gap between Morphometric Similarity Mapping and gene transcription in Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Zhang Yang , Ma Min , Xie Zhonghua , Wu Heng , Zhang Nan , Shen Junlin
Published: April 2021

Disruptions of brain connectivity have been widely reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Morphometric similarity (MS) mapping provides a new way of estimating structural connectivity by inter-regional correlation of T1WI and DTI derived parameters within individual brains. Here, we aimed to identify AD-related MS changing patterns and genes related to the changes and further explore the molecular and cellular mechanism underlying MS changes in AD. Both 3D-T1WI and DTI data of 106 AD patients and well-matched 106 healthy elders from the ADNI database were included in our study. Cortical regions with significantly decreased MS were found in the temporal and parietal cortex, increased MS in the frontal cortex and variant changes in the occipital cortex in AD patients. Mean MS in regions with significantly changed MS was positively or negatively associated with memory function. The negative MS-related genes were significantly down-regulated in AD, specifically enriched in neurons, and participated in biological process with the most significant term in synaptic transmission. This study revealed AD-related cortical MS changes associated with memory function. Linking gene expression to cortical MS changes may provide a possible molecular and cellular substrate for MS abnormality and cognition decline in AD.
Prevalence and associated factors of acute diarrhea among under five children living in Hargeisa IDPs, Somaliland
Authors: Mohamed Ahmed Ismail , Abdilahi Mohamed Mussa
Published: April 2021

Background: In developing countries, diarrhea is the major cause for child death when children are less than five years’ old. Dehydration, malnutrition, delayed physical development and early childhood mortality are the major consequences of diarrheal diseases. In Somaliland, diarrheal diseases have been endemic and a major problem since 1994, with epidemics occurring annually. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess prevalence and risk factors of acute diarrhea among under five children living in Hargeisa IDPs, SomalilandMethods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted among mothers of under five children from August to September, 2020, in Hargeisa IDPs. 383 mothers were selected by using single population proportional formula. Data was entered, cleaned and analyzed using SPSS version 22. To explore association between variables, bivariate logistic regression was done for each independent variable with the dependent variable and those variables with a p-value of < 0.05 were adjusted into multivariate logistic regression. Finally, those variables having a P value < 0.05 were recognized as determinants of acute diarrheal disease.Results: The prevalence of diarrhea among under five children ling in Hargeisa IDPs was 51%. The children whose age older than one year [AOR= 3.586, 95% CI, 1.054, 12.196], didn’t breastfed exclusively [AOR= 4.006, 95% CI, 3.274, 4.596], didn’t met colostrum milk [AOR= 36.41, 95% CI, 24.312, 40.489], drinks water stored in Jerry-cans [AOR = 4.901 95% CI, 1.306, 8.387] and poorly practices hand washing [A0R = 5.739, 95% CI, 1.382, 7.822] were more likely to develop diarrhea than their respective contraparts. Conclusion: From this study we concluded that the prevalence of was very high (51%). Lack of awareness of exclusive breastfeeding and colostrum feeding, storing drinking water in unprotected container and poor hand washing practice were identified to be significance predictors for childhood diarrhea (P < 0.05).
Real-World Clinical Burden and Economic Assessment Associated with Hyperkalaemia in a Large Integrated Healthcare System: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Muhlestein Joseph B. , Kammerer Jennifer , Bair Tami L. , Knowlton Kirk U. , Le Viet T. , Anderson Jeffrey L. , Lappé Donald L. , May Heidi T.
Published: April 2021

Background: Hyperkalaemia (HK) is a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. Both acute and chronic conditions may alter potassium homeostasis. Our aim is to describe HK incidence, clinical outcomes, and associated resource use within a large, integrated healthcare system.Methods: Adult patients seen at Intermountain Healthcare facilities with a serum potassium (sK) result between January 1, 2003 and December 31, 2018 were retrospectively studied. Descriptive assessment of a population with HK, defined by any sK >5.0 mmol/L and HK frequency and severity to associated resource use and characteristics of HK predictors were made. Multivariable Cox hazard regression was used to evaluate HK to outcomes.Results: Of 1,208,815 patients included, 13% had HK. Compared to no-HK, HK patients were older (60±18 vs 43±18 years, P<0.001), male (51% vs 41%, P<0.001), and had greater disease burden (Charlson Comorbidity Index 3.5±2.8 vs 1.7±1.4, P<0.001). At 3 years, more HK patients experienced major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) (19% vs 3%, P<0.001), persisting post-adjustment (multivariable hazard ratio=1.60, P<0.001). They incurred higher costs for emergency department services ($552±7,574 vs $207±1,930, P<0.001) and inpatient stays ($10,956±93,026 vs $1,477±21,423, P<0.001). HyperK Risk Scores for the derivation and validation cohorts were: 44% low-risk, 45% moderate-risk, 11% high-risk. Strongest HK predictors were renal failure, dialysis, aldosterone blockers, diabetes, and smoking.Conclusion: Within this large system, HK was associated with a large clinical burden, affecting over 1 in 10 patients; HK was also associated with increased 3-year MACE risk and higher medical costs. Although risk worsened with more severe or persistently recurring HK, even mild or intermittent HK episodes were associated with significantly greater adverse clinical outcomes and medical costs. The HyperK Score predicted patients who may benefit from closer management to reduce HK risk and associated costs.
Epidemic spreading under pathogen evolution
Authors: Zhang Xiyun , Zhongyuan Ruan , Zheng Muhua , Zhou Jie , Stefano Boccaletti , Barzel Baruch
Published: April 2021

Battling a widespread pandemic is an arms race between our mitigation efforts, e.g., social distancing or vaccination, and the pathogen's evolving persistence. This is being observed firsthand during the current COVID-19 crisis, as novel mutations are constantly challenging our global vaccination race. To address this, we introduce here a general framework for epidemic spreading under pathogen evolution, which
shows that mutations can fundamentally alter the projection of the spread. Specifically, we detect a new pandemic phase - the mutated phase - in which, despite the fact that the pathogen is initially non-pandemic (R0 < 1), it may still spread due to the emergence of a critical mutation. The boundaries of this phase portray a balance between the epidemic and the evolutionary time-scales. If the mutation rate is too low, the pathogen prevalence decays prior to the appearance of a critical mutation. On the other hand, if mutations are too rapid, the pathogen evolution becomes volatile and, once again, it fails to spread. Between these two extremes, however, a broad range of conditions exists in which an initially sub-pandemic pathogen will eventually gain prevalence. This is especially relevant during vaccination, which creates, as it progresses, increasing selection pressure towards vaccine-resistance. To overcome this, we show that vaccination campaigns must be accompanied by fierce mitigation efforts, to suppress the potential rise of a resistant mutant strain.
Clinical Characteristics of Chinese Pediatric Obstructive Sleep Apnea Hypopnea Syndrome
Authors: He Yanyu , Xu Xueyun , Gu Wenjing , Zhang xinxing , Wang Yuqing , Dou Xunwu , Hao Chuangli
Published: April 2021

We aim to analyze the clinical characteristics of obstructive sleep apnea hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in children. Polysomnography (PSG) and nasopharynx lateral film were performed, and clinical data were collected in 469 children who came to the outpatient department due to "snoring during sleep with mouth opening breathing, hard breathing or suffocation". Among the enrolled children, 123 (22.6%) were diagnosed with OSAHS, with 70 were mild and 53 were moderate-severe. Percentage of adenoid hypertrophy was higher in OSAHS patients (p <0.01), instead of tonsil enlargement. The OSAHS children were agged 5 (4, 7). Compared with PS, the percentage of snoring, apnea, dyspnea, increased nocturia, and daytime sleepness were significsntly higher in moderate-severe patients (p <0.01). In OSAHS groups, AHI, ODI, Longest time of apnea were increased, while minimum SpO2 and mean SpO2 during sleep were decreased significantly (p <0.01) than PS. Time ratio of NREM1 was elevated in moderate-severe OSAHS patients (p <0.01). Time ratio of REM was elevated in mild patients(p <0.01). Compared with the preschoolers, the percentage of leg movement and sleepness were significsntly higher in school-agers (p <0.05). The youngers had higher time ratio of NREM3 and better sleep efficieny (p<0.01). However, AHI(p<0.05) and ODI(p<0.01) were higher in elder OSAHS significantly. Snoring (OR =5.745, p < 0.01), adenoid hypertrophy (OR =4.381, p < 0.01), apnea (OR =2.670, p < 0.001), dyspnea (OR =1.975, p < 0.01), and CRP (OR =1.172, p < 0.001) were independent risk factors for OSAHS. Conclusion AHI, ODI, Longest time of apnea, minimum SpO2 and mean SpO2 should be considered and analyzed simultaneously in diagnosis. The school-age OSAHS patients seems to more serious than the preschoolers. Snoring, apnea, dyspnea, adenoid hypertrophy, and CRP are risk factors for OSAHS.
Pronounced loss of Amazon rainforest resilience since the early 2000s
Authors: Boulton Chris , Lenton Timothy , Boers Niklas
Published: April 2021

The resilience of the Amazon rainforest to climate and land-use change is of critical importance for biodiversity, regional climate, and the global carbon cycle. Some models project future climate-driven Amazon rainforest dieback and transition to savanna1. Deforestation and climate change, via increasing dry-season length2,3 and drought frequency – with three 1-in-100-year droughts since 20054-6 – may already have pushed the Amazon close to a critical threshold of rainforest dieback7,8. However, others argue that CO2 fertilization should make the forest more resilient9,10. Here we quantify Amazon resilience by applying established indicators11 to remotely-sensed vegetation data with focus on vegetation optical depth (1991-2016), which correlates well with broadleaf tree coverage. We find that the Amazon rainforest has been losing resilience since 2003, consistent with the approach to a critical transition. Resilience is being lost faster in regions with less rainfall, and in parts of the rainforest that are closer to human activity. Given observed increases in dry-season length2,3 and drought frequency4-6, and expanding areas of land use change, loss of resilience is likely to continue. We provide direct empirical evidence that the Amazon rainforest is losing stability, risking dieback with profound implications for biodiversity, carbon storage and climate change at a global scale.
Disentangling causes of the dieback of littoral stands in an overloaded water-bird reserve: roles of eutrophication, fish and geese
Authors: Svidenský Richard , Kučerová Andrea , Čížková Hana
Published: April 2021

European fishponds used for semi-intensive fish production can serve for refuges of water birds if the fish stocks are limited but the effects of other ecological factors on the ecosystem stability are seldom considered. The aim of this study is to elucidate causes of a marked decline of littoral stands dominated with Typha angustifolia in a hypertrophic fishpond forming a part of a valuable water-bird reserve. Field investigation and two experiments were conducted in order to separate the effects of mineral nutrient availability, redox condition, fish and geese. The physico-chemical characteristics of water and sediments confirmed hypertrophic conditions in the fishpond but a follow-up mesocosm experiment did not prove a negative effect of the sediment quality on the plant growth. On the other hand, a field enclosure experiment showed a significant negative effect on shoot density, which was attributed to grazing by geese. An additional damage to plant belowground parts was ascribed to large carp individuals, albeit in small numbers. The study points to a conservation dilemma caused by large numbers of geese destroying littoral stands in a fishpond nature reserve, which then looses its nesting function for other water-bird species.
HO-1/Bmmscs Perfusion Using a Normothermic Machine Perfusion System Reduces the Acute Rejection of DCD Liver Transplantation by Regulating NKT Cell Co-Inhibitory Receptors
Authors: Cao Huan , Wu Longlong , Tian Xuan , Zheng Weiping , Yuan Mengshu , Li Xiang , Tian Xiaorong , Wang Yuxin , Song Hongli , Shen Zhongyang
Published: April 2021

Background: Liver transplantation (LT) represents the most effective treatment for many end-stage liver diseases. While donation after cardiac death (DCD) donor livers are used due to organ shortage, acute rejection (ACR) remains an important risk factor affecting the survival of recipients following transplantation. Although immunosuppressive agents can be used, they are associated with complications. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) are used in the treatment of organ transplantation; however, there is limited colonization in the target organs and a short survival time following BMMSCs application. Thus, an optimized BMMSCs application method is required to suppress immune rejection and promote the long-term survival of allogeneic liver transplant recipients. Methods: BMMSCs were isolated and modified with heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) gene. HO-1/BMMSCs were perfused into the donor liver in vitro using a normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) system, followed by LT. The severity of ACR was evaluated based on the liver histopathology. Gene chip technology was used to detect differential gene expression, and the flow cytometry was used to analyze changes in natural killer (NK) T cells. Results: NMP can induce BMMSCs to colonize the donor liver during in vitro preservation, and the survival of HO-1/BMMSCs in the liver grafts was significantly longer than that of BMMSCs. When the donor liver contained HO-1/BMMSCs, the ACR is obviously controlled, and the survival time was significantly prolonged. The application of HO-1/BMMSCs reduces the number of NKT cells in the liver grafts, increases the expression of the NKT cell co-inhibitory receptors, and reduces the level of NKT cell expression of IFN-γ. Thus, NK cell and CD8+ T cell activation was inhibited, which reduced acute of rejection of the transplanted liver. Conclusions: The NMP system preserves the DCD donor liver in vitro, and also allows large quantities of BMMSCs to colonize the liver. HO-1-modified BMMSCs are able to improve and prolong the local immunosuppressive effect of BMMSCs following transplantation by reducing the number of NKT cells and up-regulating NKT cell co-inhibitory receptor expression. This results in the transmission of inhibitory signals to NKT cells, reduced NKT cell IFN-γ levels, and the inhibition of ACR.
Valorization of Microcrystalline Cellulose using Heterogeneous Protonated Zeolite Catalyst: An experimental and kinetics approach
Authors: Kassaye Samuel , Gupta Dinesh , Pant Kamal. K. , Jain Sapna
Published: April 2021

This study aims to valorize microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) using protonated zeolite catalysts such as (H-ZSM-5) and Cr/H-ZSM-5 (5 %) in ionic liquid. The catalytic effect in synergy with 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium Chloride ([BMIM] Cl) ionic liquid was studied in detail. The total reducing sugar (TRS) was determined using 3, 5-dinitrisalcylic acid (DNS) array method. The catalysts were characterized using techniques such as Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD), and BET-surface area analyzer. H-ZSM-5 effectively depolymerized cellulose with a maximum yield of 70% total reducing sugar (34% glucose, 8% fructose, and 4.5% 5-HMF) Cr/H-ZSM-5 catalyst dehydrates fructose to 5-HMF with a yield of 53%. The use of ionic liquid significantly reduced the activation energy of formation and decomposition. The activation energy determined in cellulose hydrolysis was 85.83 KJ mol− 1 for a reaction time of 180 min while the decomposition energy was found to be 42.5 kJ mol− 1.
New MicroRNAs Candidates to Treat Human Colorectal Cancer; Molecular Dynamic Simulations Found a Major Down-Regulator of CLCA4 Tumor Suppressor Gene
Authors: Alashti Fariborz Asghari , Goliaei Bahram , Karami Leila , Vassiliev Serguei , Jooyan Najmeh , Minuchehr Zarrin
Published: April 2021

IntroductionColorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common malignancies worldwide. The expression of CLCA4, a tumor suppressor gene, decreases significantly in cancer cells of CRC. In this study, we identified miRNAs target the mRNA of the CLCA4 gene. ObjectiveThe aim of this study was the identification of miRNAs involved in CRC.Material and methodsWe predicted miRNA(s) that target CLCA4 mRNA applying TargetScan v.7. Then through analysis of Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets, among them, miRNA(s) over-expressed in CRC cells were determined. To identify miRNAs with the highest potential to down-regulate CLCA4 through binding, we calculated the binding free energies of the candidate miRNA- mRNA complexes using the molecular mechanics energies combined with several solvation models: The Poisson–Boltzmann (MM/PBSA), the generalized Born (MM/GBSA), and the three-dimensional reference interaction site model with Kovalenko–Hirata closure relation (3D-RISM-KH). ResultsOur TargetScan analysis predicted that 106 miRNAs could bind to CLCA4 3' UTR mRNA. Hsa-miR-934, hsa-miR-574-5p, hsa-miR-377-3p, hsa-miR-5580-3p, hsa-miR-4775, hsa-miR-590-3p and hsa-miR-501-5p showed increased expression in CRC samples compared to normal cells. MD results found the lowest free energy changes in three hsa-miR-377-3p, hsa-miR-574-5p and hsa-miR-501-5p miRNAs. ConclusionThis research beside introducing a new fast and low cost plan to find best candidate of miRNAs to bind their targets, suggested miR-501-5p as a biomarker for early diagnosis of CRC. As well, preventing of down regulation of the CLCA4 expression through interrupting in the expression of miR-574-5p and miR-377-3p and more effectively miR-501-5p probably treat or slow down the development of colorectal cancer.
New and Persistent Controlled Substance Use Among Patients Undergoing Mastectomy and Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Cogan Jacob C. , Raghunathan Rohit R , Beauchemin Melissa P , Accordino Melissa K , Elkin Elena B , Melamed Alexander , Wright Jason D , Hershman Dawn L
Published: April 2021

PurposeProlonged use of controlled substances can place patients at increased risk of dependence and complications. Women who have mastectomy and reconstructive surgery (M+R) may be vulnerable to becoming new persistent users (NPUs) of opioid and sedative-hypnotic medications.MethodsUsing the MarketScan health care claims database, we identified opioid- and sedative-hypnotic-naïve women who had M+R from 2008-2017. Women who filled ≥1 peri-operative prescription and ≥2 post-operative prescriptions within one year after surgery were classified as NPUs. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate rates of new persistent use and predictive factors. Risk summary scores were created based on the sum of associated factors.ResultsWe evaluated 25,270 opioid-naïve women and 27,651 sedative-hypnotic-naïve women.We found that 18,931 opioid-naïve women filled a peri-operative opioid prescription, and of those, 3,315 (17.5%) became opioid NPUs post-operatively. Additionally, 10,781 sedative-hypnotic-naïve women filled a peri-operative sedative-hypnotic prescription, and of those, 1,837 (17.0%) became sedative-hypnotic NPUs. Development of new persistent sedative-hypnotic use was associated with age ≤49 (OR 1.79 [95% CI 1.43–2.25]) and age 50-64 (1.65 [1.31-2.07]) compared to age ≥65; Medicaid insurance (1.92 [1.23–2.98]); southern residence (1.38 [1.20–1.59]); breast cancer diagnosis (1.78 [1.09–2.91]); and chemotherapy (2.24 [2.02–2.49]). Risk of NPU increased with higher risk score. Women with ≥3 of these risk factors were three times more likely to become sedative-hypnotic NPUs than patients with 0 or 1 factors (3.03 [2.60–3.53]). Comparable findings were seen regarding new persistent opioid use.ConclusionWomen who have M+R are at risk of developing both new persistent opioid and new persistent sedative-hypnotic use. A patient’s risk of becoming an NPU increases as their number of risk factors increases. Non-pharmacologic strategies are needed to manage pain and anxiety following cancer-related surgery.
Synthesis of Biodegradable Aloevera-acrylic Acid Based Hydrogel With Enhanced Water Retention Capacity and Its Impact on Agriculture 
Authors: sharma suruchi , Kumar Vaneet
Published: April 2021

The present work deals with the synthesis of biodegradable hydrogel using a natural polysaccharide Aloevera and vinyl monomer acrylic acid. In this synthesis, ammonium per sulphate was used as an initiator and glutaraldehyde as cross-linker, acrylic acid was used as monomers and Aloevera as backbone. Grafting was confirmed by different techniques like SEM, FT-IR, XRD and EDS. Maximum percentage swelling of synthesized hydrogel was found to be 796 %. Biodegradation behavior of Av-cl-poly(AA) was studied by soil burial, compositing and vermicompositing method. Maximum biodegradation was found to be 90%, 94% and 93% in case of soil burial, composting and vermicomposting methods, respectively. Biodegradation of Av-cl-poly(AA) was confirmed by FTIR and SEM techniques. Water retention capacity was prolonged from 11days to 20 days using synthesized Av-cl-poly(AA). Water content of clay soil and sandy loam soil was increased to an extent of 6.1% and 5.79%, respectively.