bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analytik des Dienstes. Die Formularisierung des Lebens in Personaltabellen (ca. 1780)
Authors: Strunz Stephan
Published: March 2022

Dieser Beitrag verfolgt die Spur des tabellarischen Lebenslaufs in das Preußendes ausgehenden 18. Jahrhunderts zurück. Dort begann die reformierte preußischeVerwaltung, damit, das Leben ihrer Beamten in Personalverzeichnissen zu systematisiereen. Das proto-formularische Projekt eines durch Fragebögen abgefragtenPersonalverzeichnisses zeigt, dass in Preußen bereits früh analytische Kategorien auf die Entität „Leben“ angewendet wurden. Die Analyse des Lebens erfolgte entsprechend einzelner Dienst- und Lebensdaten, die in ein tabellarisch angelegtesFormular übertragen wurden. Mit dem durch das Formular erzwungenen analytischen Schema wurde der Dienst der Beamten neu perspektiviert. Die kontinuierliche Geschichte einer bestimmten Biographie machte einem ent-narrativierten Darstellungsverfahren Platz. Dieses Verfahren dividierte die Kohärenz der Lebenszeit auseinander und zerlegte den Beamten in ein Bündel diskreter Fähigkeiten, Erfahrungen und Prüfungen. Letztlich ging es um die administrative Bearbeitbarkeit des Lebensverlaufs, mit der Vorgesetztefortan rechnen konnten.
Jenseits einer »bloßen Formulariensammlung«. Das Disziplinarverfahren nach der Dienstpragmatik 1914 und seine Umsetzung
Authors: Garstenauer Therese
Published: March 2022

Als mit der Dienstpragmatik von 1914 die cisleithanischen Staatsbediensteten auch eine geregelte Disziplinarordnung erhielten, war diese Materie und deren Umsetzung für die damit befassten Beamten neu und gerade für Nichtjuristen oft überfordernd. Begleitende Literatur, etwa die Arbeiten des Verwaltungsrechtsexperten Anton Graf Pace oder des Staatsanwalts Alfons Langer, sollte Abhilfe schaffen und teilweise mithilfe von Formularen und Textbeispielen die Arbeit der Disziplinarkommissionen erleichtern. Formulare figurieren hier überwiegend in ihrer internen Funktion für die Verwaltung, vergleichbar jener eines Fließbands, das die Verwaltungsabläufe effizienter gestalten soll. Im Rahmen dieses Beitrags werden Disziplinarverfahren des frühen 20. Jahrhunderts und im Zusammenhang damit entstandene Quellen auf ihre mehr oder weniger formularförmigen Teile hin untersucht. Deutlich sichtbar wird der Kontrast zwischen dem geregelten Verfahren einerseits und der teils überbordenden Realität des Disziplinarvergehens und dessen Dingfestmachung und Ahndung andererseits.
Bosonic η-deformations of non-integrable backgrounds
Authors: Rado Laura , Rivelles Victor O. , Sánchez Renato
Published: March 2022

Abstract

We consider the non-integrable bosonic backgrounds W2,4× T1,1 and AdS5× T1,1 and derive their bosonic η-deformed versions using an r-matrix that solves the modified Yang-Baxter equation obtaining new integrable deformed backgrounds.
Index-like theorem for massless fermions in spherically symmetric monopole backgrounds
Authors: Brennan T. Daniel
Published: March 2022

Abstract

In this paper we study massless fermions coupled to spherically symmetric SU(N) monopoles without Yukawa couplings between the Higgs and fermion fields. The corresponding Dirac operator is not Fredholm and the associated eigenfunctions are not L2-normalizable. Here we derive a formula for the dimension of the plane-wave normalizable kernel of such a Dirac operator for fermions of any representation of SU(N) in the presence of any spherically symmetric monopole background. Notably, our results also apply to fermions coupled to monopoles that preserve non-abelian gauge symmetry.
Boundary Integral Operators for the Heat Equation in Time-Dependent Domains
Authors: Brügger Rahel , Harbrecht Helmut , Tausch Johannes
Published: March 2022

This article provides a functional analytical framework for boundary integral equations of the heat equation in time-dependent domains. More specifically, we consider a non-cylindrical domain in space-time that is the $$C^2$$

C
2

-diffeomorphic image of a cylinder, i.e., the tensor product of a time interval and a fixed domain in space. On the non-cylindrical domain, we introduce Sobolev spaces, trace lemmata and provide the mapping properties of the layer operators. Here it is critical that the Neumann trace requires a correction term for the normal velocity of the moving boundary. Therefore, one has to analyze the situation carefully.
Global Well Posedness for a Q-tensor Model of Nematic Liquid Crystals
Authors: Murata Miho , Shibata Yoshihiro
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we prove the global well posedness and the decay estimates for a $${\mathbb {Q}}$$
Q
-tensor model of nematic liquid crystals in $$\mathbb {R}^N$$

R

N

, $$N \ge 3$$

N
≥
3

. This system is a coupled system by the Navier–Stokes equations with a parabolic-type equation describing the evolution of the director fields $${\mathbb {Q}}$$
Q
. The proof is based on the maximal $$L_p$$

L
p

–$$L_q$$

L
q

regularity and the $$L_p$$

L
p

–$$L_q$$

L
q

decay estimates to the linearized problem.
Organbezogene Folgeerscheinungen von COVID‑19 bei Erwachsenen
Authors: Hennigs Jan K. , Oqueka Tim , Harbaum Lars , Klose Hans
Published: March 2022

Organbezogene Folgeerscheinungen nach COVID-19 sind häufig und vielgestaltig. Ab 4 Wochen nach Akutinfektion mit SARS-CoV‑2 werden sie unter dem Begriff „Long-COVID“ zusammengefasst.

Nach schweren Akutverläufen treten organbezogene Folgeerscheinungen häufiger auf. Dauer und Intensität variieren jedoch interindividuell stark. Die SARS-CoV-2-Spezifität der Folgeerscheinungen ist ebenfalls weiter unklar. Während sich in der Frühphase nach schweren Verläufen zumeist pulmonale Folgeerscheinungen einstellen, müssen diese nicht auf die Lunge begrenzt bleiben, sondern können prinzipiell jedes Organ betreffen. Die adäquate Diagnostik von COVID-19-Folgeerscheinungen stellt daher eine interdisziplinäre Herausforderung dar. Auch die Therapie richtet sich nach Art, Umfang und Ursache der jeweiligen Folgeerscheinung. Allgemeinmedikamentöse oder zielgerichtete Therapieoptionen gegen Long-COVID bestehen bisher nicht.

Im vorliegenden Übersichtsartikel berichten wir über Häufigkeit, Dauer, Spezifität sowie Art und Umfang organspezifischer COVID-19-Folgeerscheinungen und geben einen Überblick über diagnostisches und therapeutisches Vorgehen (mit Datenstand November 2021).
Perspectives for integrated insect pest protection in oilseed rape breeding
Authors: Obermeier Christian , Mason Annaliese S. , Meiners Torsten , Petschenka Georg , Rostás Michael , Will Torsten , Wittkop Benjamin , Austel Nadine
Published: March 2022

In the past, breeding for incorporation of insect pest resistance or tolerance into cultivars for use in integrated pest management schemes in oilseed rape/canola (Brassica napus) production has hardly ever been approached. This has been largely due to the broad availability of insecticides and the complexity of dealing with high-throughput phenotyping of insect performance and plant damage parameters. However, recent changes in the political framework in many countries demand future sustainable crop protection which makes breeding approaches for crop protection as a measure for pest insect control attractive again. At the same time, new camera-based tracking technologies, new knowledge-based genomic technologies and new scientific insights into the ecology of insect–Brassica interactions are becoming available. Here we discuss and prioritise promising breeding strategies and direct and indirect breeding targets, and their time-perspective for future realisation in integrated insect pest protection of oilseed rape. In conclusion, researchers and oilseed rape breeders can nowadays benefit from an array of new technologies which in combination will accelerate the development of improved oilseed rape cultivars with multiple insect pest resistances/tolerances in the near future.
Incidence of newly diagnosed diabetes after Covid-19
Authors: Rathmann Wolfgang , Kuss Oliver , Kostev Karel
Published: March 2022

Aims/hypothesis

The aim of this work was to investigate diabetes incidence after infection with coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19). Individuals with acute upper respiratory tract infections (AURI), which are frequently caused by viruses, were selected as a non-exposed control group.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort analysis of the Disease Analyzer, which comprises a representative panel of 1171 physicians’ practices throughout Germany (March 2020 to January 2021: 8.8 million patients). Newly diagnosed diabetes was defined based on ICD-10 codes (type 2 diabetes: E11; other forms of diabetes: E12–E14) during follow-up until July 2021 (median for Covid-19, 119 days; median for AURI 161 days). Propensity score matching (1:1) for sex, age, health insurance, index month for Covid-19/AURI and comorbidity (obesity, hypertension, hyperlipidaemia, myocardial infarction, stroke) was performed. Individuals using corticosteroids within 30 days after the index dates were excluded. Poisson regression models were fitted to obtain incidence rate ratios (IRRs) for diabetes.

Results

There were 35,865 individuals with documented Covid-19 in the study period. After propensity score matching, demographic and clinical characteristics were similar in 35,865 AURI controls (mean age 43 years; 46% female). Individuals with Covid-19 showed an increased type 2 diabetes incidence compared with AURI (15.8 vs 12.3 per 1000 person-years). Using marginal models to account for correlation of observations within matched pairs, an IRR for type 2 diabetes of 1.28 (95% CI 1.05, 1.57) was estimated. The IRR was not increased for other forms of diabetes.

Conclusions/interpretation

Covid-19 confers an increased risk for type 2 diabetes. If confirmed, these results support the active monitoring of glucose dysregulation after recovery from mild forms of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection.

Graphical abstract
Separating facts and evaluation: motivation, account, and learnings from a novel approach to evaluating the human impacts of machine learning
Authors: Jenkins Ryan , Hammond Kristian , Spurlock Sarah , Gilpin Leilani
Published: March 2022

In this paper, we outline a new method for evaluating the human impact of machine-learning (ML) applications. In partnership with Underwriters Laboratories Inc., we have developed a framework to evaluate the impacts of a particular use of machine learning that is based on the goals and values of the domain in which that application is deployed. By examining the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in particular domains, such as journalism, criminal justice, or law, we can develop more nuanced and practically relevant understandings of key ethical guidelines for artificial intelligence. By decoupling the extraction of the facts of the matter from the evaluation of the impact of the resulting systems, we create a framework for the process of assessing impact that has two distinctly different phases.
“I’m afraid I can’t let you do that, Doctor”: meaningful disagreements with AI in medical contexts
Authors: Kempt Hendrik , Heilinger Jan-Christoph , Nagel Saskia K.
Published: March 2022

This paper explores the role and resolution of disagreements between physicians and their diagnostic AI-based decision support systems (DSS). With an ever-growing number of applications for these independently operating diagnostic tools, it becomes less and less clear what a physician ought to do in case their diagnosis is in faultless conflict with the results of the DSS. The consequences of such uncertainty can ultimately lead to effects detrimental to the intended purpose of such machines, e.g. by shifting the burden of proof towards a physician. Thus, we require normative clarity for integrating these machines without affecting established, trusted, and relied upon workflows. In reconstructing different causes of conflicts between physicians and their AI-based tools—inspired by the approach of “meaningful human control” over autonomous systems and the challenges to resolve them—we will delineate normative conditions for “meaningful disagreements”. These incorporate the potential of DSS to take on more tasks and outline how the moral responsibility of a physician can be preserved in an increasingly automated clinical work environment.
Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR) for welds fabricated at proximity
Authors: Bhardwaj Sachin , Ratnayake R. M. Chandima
Published: March 2022

Maintaining the minimum allowable distance between proximity welds has always been considered a subject of debate among design engineers, welding engineers/inspectors and fabricators/engineering contractors. The scattered nature of guidelines available in welding codes and standards for maintaining the minimum allowable distance poses a significant challenge in the welding procedure and inspection criteria development process. This is especially critical for complex welded joints on submerged sections of offshore structures, in compact layouts/branched connections of topside piping components, and on topside structural joints (depending on the complexity). This manuscript presents the findings of an experimental study that was performed by fabricating two girth welds at proximity on an S355 steel tubular section with diameter of 219.1 mm and thickness of 8.18 mm. Proximity girth welds were fabricated on S355 tubular sections at three different distances between their weld toes, 5, 10, and 15 mm, respectively, using two different welding procedures. Welding procedure qualification record (WPQR) was performed, and all prescribed mechanical tests were recorded as per NORSOK M-101, a structural steel fabrication code. Although all results from the mechanical test met the minimum specified values as defined in the NORSOK code, the research findings revealed a noticeable difference in Charpy and hardness values for proximity region between adjacent welds. Considerable changes in final microstructure morphology were observed between proximity welds due to varying thermal cycles. These observations can form the basis for the future welding procedure qualification of critical welded joints, especially for proximity welds on critical welded joints of offshore structures and welds fabricated during replacement/repair procedures in compact piping layouts.
Diuretics: a contemporary pharmacological classification?
Authors: Kehrenberg Miriam C. A. , Bachmann Hagen S.
Published: March 2022

Diuretics are drugs that increase the flow of urine. They are commonly used to treat edema, hypertension, and heart failure. Typically, the pharmacological group consists of five classes: thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics, potassium-sparing diuretics, osmotic diuretics, and carbonic anhydrase inhibitors. This traditional classification and the nomenclature of diuretics have not changed over the last decades, which means that it was not adapted to current pharmacological research. Modern approaches in the field of pharmacological nomenclature suggest the introduction of mechanism-based drug class designations, which is not yet reflected in the group of diuretics. Moreover, included drug classes have lost their relevance as diuretic agents. Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors, for example, are mainly used in the treatment of glaucoma. Newer agents such as vasopressin-2 receptor antagonists or SGLT2 inhibitors possess diuretic properties but are not included in the pharmacological group. This review discusses the currentness of the pharmacological classification of diuretics. We elaborate changes in the field of nomenclature, the contemporary medical use of classical diuretics, and new diuretic agents.
Implants Versus Lipograft: Analysis of Long-Term Results Following Congenital Breast Asymmetry Correction
Authors: Brébant Vanessa , Weiherer Maximilian , Noisser Vivien , Seitz Stephan , Prantl Lukas , Eigenberger Andreas
Published: March 2022

Aims

Congenital breast asymmetry represents a particular challenge to the classic techniques of plastic surgery given the young age of patients at presentation. This study reviews and compares the long-term results of traditional breast augmentation using silicone implants and the more innovative technique of lipografting.

Methods

To achieve this, we not only captured subjective parameters such as satisfaction with outcome and symmetry, but also objective parameters including breast volume and anthropometric measurements. The objective examination was performed manually and by using the Vectra® H2 photogrammetry scanning system.

Results

Differences between patients undergoing either implant augmentation or lipograft were revealed not to be significant with respect to patient satisfaction with surgical outcome (p = 0.55) and symmetry (p = 0.69). Furthermore, a breast symmetry of 93 % was reported in both groups. Likewise, no statistically significant volume difference between the left and right breasts was observed in both groups (p < 0.41). However, lipograft patients needed on average 2.9 procedures to achieve the desired result, compared with 1.3 for implant augmentation. In contrast, patients treated with implant augmentation may require a number of implant changes during their lifetime.

Conclusion

Both methods may be considered for patients presenting with congenital breast asymmetry.

Level of Evidence III

This journal requires that authors assign a level of evidence to each article. For a full description of these Evidence-Based Medicine ratings, please refer to the Table of Contents or the online Instructions to Authors www.springer.com/00266.
Dabigatran versus vitamin K antagonists for atrial fibrillation in clinical practice: final outcomes from Phase III of the GLORIA-AF registry
Authors: Huisman Menno V. , Teutsch Christine , Lu Shihai , Diener Hans-Christoph , Dubner Sergio J. , Halperin Jonathan L. , Ma Chang-Sheng , Rothman Kenneth J. , Lohmann Ragna , Gurusamy Venkatesh Kumar , Bartels Dorothee B. , Lip Gregory Y. H. ,   for the GLORIA-AF Investigators
Published: March 2022

Background

Prospectively collected, routine clinical practice-based data on antithrombotic therapy in non-valvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients are important for assessing real-world comparative outcomes. The objective was to compare the safety and effectiveness of dabigatran versus vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) in patients with newly diagnosed AF.

Methods and results

GLORIA-AF is a large, prospective, global registry program. Consecutive patients with newly diagnosed AF and CHA2DS2-VASc scores ≥ 1 were included and followed for 3 years. To control for differences in patient characteristics, the comparative analysis for dabigatran versus VKA was performed on a propensity score (PS)-matched patient set. Missing data were multiply imputed. Proportional-hazards regression was used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for outcomes of interest. Between 2014 and 2016, 21,300 eligible patients were included worldwide: 3839 patients were prescribed dabigatran and 4836 VKA with a median age of 71.0 and 72.0 years, respectively; > 85% in each group had a CHA2DS2-VASc-score ≥ 2. The PS-matched comparative analysis for dabigatran and VKA included on average 3326 pairs of matched initiators. For dabigatran versus VKAs, adjusted HRs (95% confidence intervals) were: stroke 0.89 (0.59–1.34), major bleeding 0.61 (0.42–0.88), all-cause death 0.78 (0.63–0.97), and myocardial infarction 0.89 (0.53–1.48). Further analyses stratified by PS and region provided similar results.

Conclusions

Dabigatran was associated with a 39% reduced risk of major bleeding and 22% reduced risk for all-cause death compared with VKA. Stroke and myocardial infarction risks were similar, confirming a more favorable benefit-risk profile for dabigatran compared with VKA in clinical practice.

Clinical trial registrationhttps://www.clinicaltrials.gov. NCT01468701, NCT01671007.

Graphical abstract
Ultrastructural examination of lung “cryobiopsies” from a series of fatal COVID-19 cases hardly revealed infected cells
Authors: Cortese Katia , Holland Gudrun , Möller Lars , Gagliani Maria Cristina , Barisione Emanuela , Ball Lorenzo , Pelosi Paolo , Grillo Federica , Mastracci Luca , Fiocca Roberto , Laue Michael
Published: March 2022

Ultrastructural analysis of autopsy samples from COVID-19 patients usually suffers from significant structural impairment possibly caused by the rather long latency between death of the patient and an appropriate sample fixation. To improve structural preservation of the tissue, we obtained samples from ventilated patients using a trans-bronchial “cryobiopsy” within 30 min after their death and fixed them immediately for electron microscopy. Samples of six COVID-19 patients with a documented histopathology were systematically investigated by thin section electron microscopy. The different samples and areas inspected revealed the ultrastructural correlates of the different phases of diffuse alveolar damage, including detachment of the alveolar epithelium, hyperplasia of type 2 cells, exudates, and accumulation of extracellular material, such as the hyaline membranes and fibrin. Macrophages and neutrophilic granulocytes were regularly detected. Structural integrity of endothelium was intact in regions where the alveolar epithelium was already detached. Aggregates of erythrocytes, leukocytes with fibrin, and thrombocytes were not observed. Coronavirus particles were only found in and around very few cells in one of the six patient samples. The type and origin of these cells could not be assessed although the overall structural preservation of the samples allowed the identification of pulmonary cell types. Hence, the observed alveolar damage is not associated with virus presence or structural impairment due to ongoing replication at later stages of the disease in fatal cases, which implies that the lung damage in these patients is at least propagated by alternative mechanisms, perhaps, an inappropriate immune or stress response.
Clinical Outcomes and Patient Safety of Nasogastric Tube in Acute Stroke Patients
Authors: Rabaut Jodie , Thirugnanachandran Tharani , Singhal Shaloo , Martin Julie , Iievliev Svitlana , Ma Henry , Phan Thanh G.
Published: March 2022

Nasogastric tube (NGT) is often used in stroke patients who are dysphagic (deglutition disorders) or have decreased conscious state. This method of feeding is assumed to have minimal complications. The aim of this study is to analyze complications associated with NGT and variables associated with mortality. Retrospective analysis of 250 acute stroke patients requiring NGT feeding between 2003 and 2020. There were 250 patients (median age 76 (IQR 68–83), 56.4% males, median time to NGT 1 day (IQR 0–3). Discussion with family prior to insertion of NGT recorded in 46 (18.4%). There were 123 cases (49.2%) of aspiration pneumonia. There were 188 (75.2%) NGT associated complications: 67 patients (26.8%) had failed insertion, 31 required multiple attempts, 129 patients (51.6%) pulled out NGT, 107 patients (42.8%) had NGT placed in wrong positions and require reinsertion, 20 cases in the lung, 5 pneumothorax cases, 97 in the gastro oesophageal junction or hiatus hernias, 1 case of oesophageal ulceration, 37 coiled, kinked or resistance. 78 cases the tips were not seen on chest X-ray (CXR), gastrointestinal bleeding in 9 cases, epistaxis in 6 cases), 96 patients (38.4%) required restrain. There were 91 death (36.4%) with 73 patients occurring during hospital admission and a further 18 died within 6 months. Death was more frequent in those age > 60 (72 of 216 patients versus 1 of 33 patients, p < 0.01). The median National Institute of Health Stroke Score/NIHSS of those with aspiration pneumonia was higher than those without (19.5 versus 15, p < 0.01). Decision tree analysis first split at age (≤ 59 versus > 59, p = 0.03), NIHSS (≤ 16 or > 16, p = 0.02), post-stroke pneumonia (p = 0.04) and multiple NGT insertion (p = 0.01). The area under the ROC curve was for this model was 0.75 (95% CI 0.69–0.80). Complications were common among patients with NGT complications. These findings may be used to inform discussions with families regarding NGT.
Cardiac biomarkers in pediatric CKD—a prospective follow-up study
Authors: Lindblad Ylva Tranæus , Vavilis Georgios , Chromek Milan , Quershi Abdul Rashid , Löwbeer Christian , Bárány Peter
Published: March 2022

Background

The N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) and high-sensitive cardiac-specific troponin T (hs-cTnT) are associated with abnormal cardiac structure and function and an increased risk of cardiovascular death in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. There is limited knowledge about these cardiac markers in pediatric CKD patients.

Methods

Longitudinal levels of NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT were analyzed in 48 pediatric patients, 22 with CKD (GFR range 8.8–68 mL/min/1.73 m2) and 26 transplanted patients (CKD-T; GFR range 30–99 mL/min/1.73 m2). Follow-up was scheduled after 1 and 3 years. Longitudinal patterns and associations to kidney function, cardiovascular risk markers, and echocardiographic parameters were assessed.

Results

High NT-proBNP was present in 27% of CKD and 11% of CKD-T patients. Similarly 32% of CKD and 8% of CKD-T patients had elevated hs-cTnT levels. In longitudinal multivariate analyses, high log NT-proBNP was associated with low GFR (β =  − 0.01, p = 0.01) and elevated left ventricular mass index (LVMI; β = 0.02, p = 0.05). The strong association to LVMI remained when using GFR-adjusted NT-proBNP in similar analysis. Patients with left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) also had higher NT-proBNP (235 [146–301] ng/L) than patients without LVH (86 [11–477] ng/L), p = 0.02. High hs-cTnT over-time was also associated with low GFR (β =  − 0.007, p = 0.01) and a low cc-TDI e´/a´, indicating a worse LV diastolic function (β =  − 0.09, p = 0.05). This association did not persist for GFR-adjusted hs-cTnT.

Conclusions

NT-proBNP and hs-cTnT are elevated in pediatric CKD and CKD-T patients. GFR-adjusted NT-proBNP was associated with longitudinal levels of elevated LVMI suggesting this might be a marker for early subclinical myocardial damage.

Graphical abstract

A higher resolution version of the Graphical abstract is available as Supplementary information.
The preventive care of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ): a position paper by Italian experts for dental hygienists
Authors: Mauceri Rodolfo , Coniglio Rita , Abbinante Antonia , Carcieri Paola , Tomassi Domenico , Panzarella Vera , Di Fede Olga , Bertoldo Francesco , Fusco Vittorio , Bedogni Alberto , Campisi Giuseppina
Published: March 2022

Purpose

The prevention and early diagnosis of medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MRONJ) is fundamental to reducing the incidence and progression of MRONJ. Many in the field believe that dental hygienists should play an integral role in primary and secondary MRONJ prevention. However, to date, very few publications in the literature have proposed standardised MRONJ protocols, which are dedicated to dental hygienists. The aim of this study was to provide guidance to the health care providers managing MRONJ.

Methods

The expert opinion in this study was developed by dental hygienists from the main Italian technical-scientific associations (Italian Dental Hygienists Association, AIDI and National Union of Dental Hygienists, UNID) and authors of the latest Italian recommendations regarding MRONJ from the field of dentistry and maxillofacial surgery.

Results

The oral care protocol outlined in this position paper is focused on the role of dental hygienist in patients at risk or affected by MRONJ, and it regards 3 main issues: primary prevention, secondary prevention and supporting the treatment of MRONJ. Each issue contains easy-to-apply indications and procedures, as described by the authors, regarding the role of the dental hygienist.

Conclusion

Referring to the main issues under consideration (primary prevention, secondary prevention and the treatment of MRONJ), a clinical examination of periodontal tissue is critical in preventing MRONJ. It is the opinion of the authors of this study that the application of a periodontal screening score is fundamental in defining personalised strategies for patients at risk of MRONJ. By means of these basic procedures, a protocol for assisting the health care provider and the presentation of a practical approach for patients at risk or affected by MRONJ are described in this study.
Evading behavioral classifiers: a comprehensive analysis on evading ransomware detection techniques
Authors: De Gaspari Fabio , Hitaj Dorjan , Pagnotta Giulio , De Carli Lorenzo , Mancini Luigi V.
Published: March 2022

Recent progress in machine learning has led to promising results in behavioral malware detection. Behavioral modeling identifies malicious processes via features derived by their runtime behavior. Behavioral features hold great promise as they are intrinsically related to the functioning of each malware, and are therefore considered difficult to evade. Indeed, while a significant amount of results exists on evasion of static malware features, evasion of dynamic features has seen limited work. This paper examines the robustness of behavioral ransomware detectors to evasion and proposes multiple novel techniques to evade them. Ransomware behavior differs significantly from that of benign processes, making it an ideal best case for behavioral detectors, and a difficult candidate for evasion. We identify and propose a set of novel attacks that distribute the overall malware workload across a small set of independent, cooperating processes in order to avoid the generation of significant behavioral features. Our most effective attack decreases the accuracy of a state-of-the-art classifier from 98.6 to 0% using only 18 cooperating processes. Furthermore, we show our attacks to be effective against commercial ransomware detectors in a black-box setting. Finally, we evaluate a detector designed to identify our most effective attack, as well as discuss potential directions to mitigate our most advanced attack.
Absence of endogenous carnosine synthesis does not increase protein carbonylation and advanced lipoxidation end products in brain, kidney or muscle
Authors: Wang-Eckhardt Lihua , Becker Ivonne , Wang Yong , Yuan Jing , Eckhardt Matthias
Published: March 2022

Carnosine and other histidine-containing dipeptides are expected to be important anti-oxidants in vertebrates based on various in vitro and in vivo studies with exogenously administered carnosine or its precursor β-alanine. To examine a possible anti-oxidant role of endogenous carnosine, mice lacking carnosine synthase (Carns1−/−) had been generated and were examined further in the present study. Protein carbonylation increased significantly between old (18 months) and aged (24 months) mice in brain and kidney but this was independent of the Carns1 genotype. Lipoxidation end products were not increased in 18-month-old Carns1−/− mice compared to controls. We also found no evidence for compensatory increase of anti-oxidant enzymes in Carns1−/− mice. To explore the effect of carnosine deficiency in a mouse model known to suffer from increased oxidative stress, Carns1 also was deleted in the type II diabetes model Leprdb/db mouse. In line with previous studies, malondialdehyde adducts were elevated in Leprdb/db mouse kidney, but there was no further increase by additional deficiency in Carns1. Furthermore, Leprdb/db mice lacking Carns1 were indistinguishable from conventional Leprdb/db mice with respect to fasting blood glucose and insulin levels. Taken together, Carns1 deficiency appears not to reinforce oxidative stress in old mice and there was no evidence for a compensatory upregulation of anti-oxidant enzymes. We conclude that the significance of the anti-oxidant activity of endogenously synthesized HCDs is limited in mice, suggesting that other functions of HCDs play a more important role.
The added value of a micro-level ecological approach when mapping self-regulatory control processes and externalizing symptoms during adolescence: a systematic review
Authors: Urben Sébastien , Constanty Lauriane , Lepage Caroline , Rosselet Amoussou Joëlle , Durussel Julie , Turri Fiorella , Wouters Emilie , Mürner-Lavanchy Ines , Plessen Kerstin Jessica
Published: March 2022

Deficits in self-regulatory control (SRC) represent a core characteristic of externalizing (EXT) symptoms (e.g., rule-breaking behavior or aggressive behaviors) in adolescents. This review aims to specify the added value of ecologically valid assessments at a micro-level when examining the associations between SRC and EXT symptoms in adolescents. This systematic review was reported according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) 2020. The search strategy addressed the added value of (1) naturalistic assessment for the understanding of the relationship between (2) SRC and (3) EXT symptoms in (4) adolescents. We conducted comprehensive searches in bibliographic databases. An additional search was conducted in Google Scholar and supplementary studies were identified through backward and forward citation tracking. Twenty-four studies (n = 4071 adolescents) met the inclusion criteria. The methods used to assess naturalistic aspects included the experience sampling method (ecological momentary- or ambulatory assessment) and the time-course approach (i.e., real-time assessment of SRC processes referring to situations approximating real-life experience where SRC are to be engaged such as in frustrating situations). Micro-level ecological assessments, when mapping the intra-individual relationships between SRC processes and EXT symptoms over time in adolescents within their natural context (i.e., real world) of expression in real time, added a finer-grained observation alongside with a higher ecological validity. Micro-level approaches may enhance the understanding of the complex interplay between SRC and EXT symptoms in adolescence, especially in interventional studies, allowing for the acquisition of endpoints with a higher relevance for everyday functioning.
Star finches Neochmia ruficauda have a visual preference for white dot patterns: a possible case of trypophilia
Authors: Mizuno Ayumi , Soma Masayo
Published: March 2022

Many animals have polka dot patterns on their body surface, some of which are known to have signalling functions; however, their evolutionary origins remain unclear. Dot patterns can trigger a fear response (trypophobia) in humans and are known to function as aposematic signals in non-human animals, suggesting that dots may deserve attention for biological reasons. Interestingly in many birds, plumage dot patterns serve for social/sexual signalling. To understand their evolution, we have focused on the sensory bias hypothesis, which predicts the role of pre-existing sensory preference driven by natural selection in shaping signal design. Our previous phylogenetic comparative study supported the hypothesis and showed that diet-driven visual preference promoted the evolution of plumage patterns, as there was an evolutionary correlation between termite-eating (white roundish gregarious prey) and the presence of plumage dot patterns in species of the family Estrildidae. This suggests that these species possess an intrinsic preference for dots. To test this, we compared the responses of an Estrildid species with dot plumage pattern (star finch Neochmia ruficauda) towards simultaneously presented monochrome-printed white dot vs white stripe patterns under both food-deprived and -supplied conditions. Overall, star finches preferred dots to stripes. They showed foraging-like behaviours almost only toward dots when hungry and gazed at dots frequently even when food was available, suggesting both hunger-related and hunger-neutral dot preferences. These results are rather surprising, given how strongly the subjects were attracted to abstract dot patterns without organic structure, but provided good support for the sensory bias hypothesis.
Scaled-up and economic assessment approach of the split-phase glycolysis process for the recycling of flexible polyurethane foam wastes
Authors: Del Amo J. , Simón D. , Ramos M. J. , Rodríguez J. F. , De Lucas A. , Borreguero A. M.
Published: March 2022

The economic viability of the split-phase glycolysis process for the recycling of any kind of flexible polyurethane foam waste employing crude glycerol as cleavage agent has been demonstrated. First, experiments at pilot plant scale were carried out to check that the process can be extrapolated to larger scales. With the goal of scaling-up the process from laboratory scale to pilot plant, geometric similarity criteria were applied together with dynamic similarity for laminar flow in agitated tank reactors. Hence, a pilot plant installation was designed with geometrically similar equipment to those used for lab scale, obtaining analogous results in terms of recovered polyol properties. Then, the basic design of a split-phase glycolysis industrial plant with a capacity for treating 270 Tm per year of flexible PU foams scraps was proposed. Finally, the economic feasibility of such recycling process was confirmed because of the obtention of a Net Present Value (NPV) of 1,464,555€, with an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 27.99%, and a payback time between 4 and 5 years.
Protective Performance of Helmets and Goggles in Mitigating Brain Biomechanical Response to Primary Blast Exposure
Authors: Yu Xiancheng , Ghajari Mazdak
Published: March 2022

The current combat helmets are primarily designed to mitigate blunt impacts and ballistic loadings. Their protection against primary blast wave is not well studied. In this paper, we comprehensively assessed the protective capabilities of the advanced combat helmet and goggles against blast waves with different intensity and directions. Using a high-fidelity human head model, we compared the intracranial pressure (ICP), cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cavitation, and brain strain and strain rate predicted from bare head, helmet-head and helmet-goggles-head simulations. The helmet was found to be effective in mitigating the positive ICP (24–57%) and strain rate (5–34%) in all blast scenarios. Goggles were found to be effective in mitigating the positive ICP in frontal (6–16%) and lateral (5–7%) blast exposures. However, the helmet and goggles had minimal effects on mitigating CSF cavitation and even increased brain strain. Further investigation showed that wearing a helmet leads to higher risk of cavitation. In addition, their presence increased the head kinetic energy, leading to larger strains in the brain. Our findings can improve our understanding of the protective effects of helmets and goggles and guide the design of helmet pads to mitigate brain responses to blast.
Enhancing agricultural and industrial productivity through freshwater withdrawals and management: implications for the BRICS countries
Authors: Egbo Obiamaka P. , Ezeaku Hillary Chijindu , Okolo Victor O. , Anisiuba Chika A. , Ibe Godwin Imo , Okeke Onuora M. , Igwe Paul Agu
Published: March 2022

This paper analysed the effect of freshwater withdrawals and management on agricultural and industrial sectors productivity in the emerging market economies. The auto-regressive distributed lag model and the panel analyses were employed in our estimations. Our result revealed that Brazil had better water use efficiency in agricultural production with annual withdrawals which contribute significantly and positively to the increase in crop and livestock index. In contrast, annual withdrawals for agriculture were considered to be least efficient in Russia, followed by China and India, although, in South Africa, the result suggested an insignificant positive effect in the incremental index. Furthermore, our analysis revealed that freshwater withdrawals have a significant positive impact on industrial outputs in South Africa. Similarly, water withdrawals were positively related to industrial sector productivity in China and Russia. Brazil and India appear to be the least efficient countries where withdrawals impacted negatively (and significantly for Brazil) on industrial sector outputs. Our panel analyses showed that freshwater withdrawals were positively associated with crop and livestock production index and industrial outputs in the BRICS economies. However, the magnitude of the impacts was only significant for the industrial sector. Moreover, investments and private participation in water and sanitation projects impacted significantly and positively in productivity in both sectors.
Accretion and outflows in young stars with CUBES
Authors: Alcalá J. M. , Cupani G. , Evans C. J. , Franchini M. , Nisini B.
Published: March 2022

The science case on studies of accretion and outflows in low-mass (<1.5$$M_{\odot }$$

M
⊙

) young stellar objects (YSOs) with the new CUBES instrument is presented. We show the need for a high-sensitivity, near-ultraviolet (NUV) spectrograph like CUBES, with a resolving power at least four times that of X-Shooter and combined with UVES via a fibrelink for simultaneous observations. Simulations with the CUBES exposure time calculator and the end-to-end software show that a significant gain in signal-to-noise can be achieved compared to current instruments, for both the spectral continuum and emission lines, including for relatively embedded YSOs. Our simulations also show that the low-resolution mode of CUBES will be able to observe much fainter YSOs (V $$\sim$$
∼
22 mag) in the NUV than we can today, allowing us extend studies to YSOs with background-limited magnitudes. The performance of CUBES in terms of sensitivity in the NUV will provide important new insights into the evolution of circumstellar disks, by studying the accretion, jets/winds and photo-evaporation processes, down to the low-mass brown dwarf regime. CUBES will also open-up new science as it will be able to observe targets that are several magnitudes fainter than those reachable with current instruments, facilitating studies of YSOs at distances of $$\sim$$
∼
kpc scale. This means a step-change in the field of low-mass star formation, as it will be possible to expand the science case from relatively local star-forming regions to a large swathe of distances within the Milky Way.
Primary Preservice Teachers’ Mathematics Teaching Efficacy Beliefs: the Role Played by Mathematics Attainment, Educational Level, Preparedness to Teach, and Gender
Authors: Twohill Aisling , NicMhuirí Siún , Harbison Lorraine , Karakolidis Anastasios
Published: March 2022

This paper reports on research which explored the mathematics teaching efficacy beliefs of preservice primary teachers, where efficacy beliefs describe individuals’ beliefs in their potential to enact teaching to promote learning. Efficacy was conceptualised as a bi-faceted construct consisting of personal efficacy and outcome expectancy. This research sought to establish the extent to which differences in efficacy are explained by students’ mathematics attainment level prior to entry into teacher education; the educational level of the students (whether postgraduate or undergraduate); students’ sense of preparedness to teach mathematics on school placement; and students’ gender. A total of 186 students responded to a questionnaire designed to measure their efficacy beliefs after completing one taught mathematics education module in university and one teaching practice placement in primary schools. Bivariate and regression analysis pointed to complex relationships between the explanatory and outcome variables. On bivariate analysis, findings included statistically significant associations between gender, mathematics attainment, preparedness to teach, and one or both of personal efficacy and outcome expectancy. In the regression analysis, gender was statistically significantly associated with outcome expectancy, while preparedness to teach and mathematics attainment were statistically significantly correlated with personal efficacy. Personal efficacy and outcome expectancy were significantly correlated on bivariate analysis, but significance was not retained after controlling for other factors in the regression models. This research has implications for teacher educators in understanding factors explaining mathematics teaching efficacy and therefore helping to better prepare preservice teachers to teach mathematics in the primary school classroom.
An Efficient, Memory-Saving Approach for the Loewner Framework
Authors: Palitta Davide , Lefteriu Sanda
Published: March 2022

The Loewner framework is one of the most successful data-driven model order reduction techniques. If N is the cardinality of a given data set, the so-called Loewner and shifted Loewner matrices $${\mathbb {L}}\in {\mathbb {C}}^{N\times N}$$

L
∈

C

N
×
N

and $${\mathbb {S}}\in {\mathbb {C}}^{N\times N}$$

S
∈

C

N
×
N

can be defined by solely relying on information encoded in the considered data set and they play a crucial role in the computation of the sought rational model approximation.In particular, the singular value decomposition of a linear combination of $${\mathbb {S}}$$
S
and $${\mathbb {L}}$$
L
provides the tools needed to construct accurate models which fulfill important approximation properties with respect to the original data set. However, for highly-sampled data sets, the dense nature of $${\mathbb {L}}$$
L
and $${\mathbb {S}}$$
S
leads to numerical difficulties, namely the failure to allocate these matrices in certain memory-limited environments or excessive computational costs. Even though they do not possess any sparsity pattern, the Loewner and shifted Loewner matrices are extremely structured and, in this paper, we show how to fully exploit their Cauchy-like structure to reduce the cost of computing accurate rational models while avoiding the explicit allocation of $${\mathbb {L}}$$
L
and $${\mathbb {S}}$$
S
. In particular, the use of the hierarchically semiseparable format allows us to remarkably lower both the computational cost and the memory requirements of the Loewner framework obtaining a novel scheme whose costs scale with $$N \log N$$

N
log
N

.
Religiosity and Quality of Life in Older Christian Women in Ireland: A Mixed Methods Analysis
Authors: Orr Joanna , Kenny Rose Anne , McGarrigle Christine A.
Published: March 2022

This study used a mixed methods approach to understand the ways in which religion and quality of life (QoL) are associated in later life in Ireland. Longitudinal quantitative data from 2112 Christian women aged 57 and over at baseline (2009–10) participating in the Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing (TILDA), as well as qualitative data from semi-structured interviews from 11 Christian women aged 65 and over in 2018, were used. The quantitative data showed an association between lower religiosity and lower QoL. Qualitative data supported an effect of religious involvement on QoL although certain aspects of being religious in Ireland were accompanied by distress. The data suggested that the relationship between religious attendance and higher QoL could be driven by multifactorial pathways, including psychological, social, and practical benefits.