bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transferable Redistribution Layers (TRDL)
Authors: Dunphy Suzanne , Herndon David
Published: October 2015

Since the early 1990's, redistribution layers (RDL) have been used to relocate and change the pattern of the bond pads on die. RDL allows legacy parts that were designed as wirebond die to be flip-chip soldered to Printed Wiring Boards (PWBs). The flip-chip soldering technology shrinks overall board size as well as shortening electrical connection lengths. Since the introduction of this technology a couple decades ago, RDL has been performed at the wafer level through a back end of line (BEOL) process performed directly on the active surface of the wafer.

Transferable redistribution layers (TRDL) may become the next evolutionary step for RDL and provide a viable solution to complex RDL. The TRDL technology allows for multi-layer RDL to be transferred from a non-active surface to an active one. TRDL is particularly important for prototyping and quick-react situations. The TRDL wafers can be processed in parallel with obtaining the active components, thereby drastically reducing the time from design to completed components.
Z-Interconnect Technology - A Reliable, Cost Efficient Solution for High Density, High Performance Electronic Packaging
Authors: Lauffer John M. , Knadle Kevin
Published: October 2015

Common themes across all segments of electronic packaging today are density and performance. High density interconnect (HDI) technology is one of the most commonly utilized methods for electronic package density improvement, while many different areas have been investigated for performance improvement, from low loss dielectric and conductor materials, to via design and via stub reduction. Electrical performance and density requirements are sometimes complementary, but often times, conflicting with one another.

This paper will describe the design, materials, fabrication, and reliability of a new Z-Interconnect technology that addresses both high density and high performance demands simultaneously. Z-Interconnect technology uses an electrically conductive adhesive to electrically interconnect several cores (Full Z) or sub-composites (Sub Z) in a single lamination process. Z-Interconnect technology will be compared and contrasted to other commonly used solutions to the performance and density challenges. HDI or sequential build-up technology is a pervasive solution to the density demands in semiconductor packaging and consumer electronics (e.g. Smart phones), but has not caught hold in HPC or A&D printed wiring board (PWB) applications. One solution for PWB electrical performance enhancement is plated through hole (PTH) stub reduction by “back drilling” the unwanted portion of the PTH.

Pb-free reflow and Current Induced Thermal Cycling (CITC) test results of product coupons and specially designed test vehicles, having component pitches down to 0.4mm, will be presented. Z-Interconnect test vehicles have survived 6X Pb-free (260C) reflow cycles, followed by greater than 3000 cycles of 23C–150C CITC cycles. Test vehicle and product coupons also easily survive 10 or more 23C–260C CITC cycles.
Photonic Interconnects for Data Centers
Authors: Tekin Tolga , Hakansson Andreas , Pleros Nikos , Apostolopoulos Dimitris
Published: October 2015

Power consumption, cost and performance appear as the main metrics in next-generation Data Center. PhoxTroT has been conceived to address optical interconnects at a holistic way among all hierarchy levels: chip-to-chip, board-to-board, rack-to-rack.
Experimental and Numerical Simulation Study of Pre-deformed Heavy Copper Wire Wedge Bonds
Authors: Unger Andreas , Sextro Walter , Althoff Simon , Eichwald Paul , Meyer Tobias , Eacock Florian , Brökelmann Michael , Hunstig Matthias , Bolowski Daniel , Guth Karsten
Published: October 2015

To implement a self-optimization technique for ultrasonic wire bonding machines, a model of the pre-deformation phase is essential. The local material characteristics change abruptly because of the cold work during deformation. Investigations confirm a significant influence on the material properties of the contact members during touchdown. In a first step this paper validates the importance of modeling the pre-deformation experimentally. In a second step, the paper presents a numerical study of the elasto-plastic deformation based on the finite element method. This model includes measured overshoots in the touchdown forces in order to achieve accurate model responses. A validation of the model with the resulting nominal contact area, surface pressure and penetration depth reveals the high model quality.
Cost Effective and High Performance 28nm FPGA with New Disruptive Silicon-Less Interconnect Technology (SLIT)
Authors: Kwon Woon-Seong , Ramalingam Suresh , Wu Xin , Madden Liam , Huang C. Y. , Chang Hung-Hsien , Chiu Chi-Hsin , Chiu Steve , Chen Stephen
Published: October 2015

This paper introduces the first comprehensive demonstration of new disruptive innovation technology comprising multiple Xilinx patent-pending innovations for highly cost effective and high performance Xilinx FPGA, which is so called stack silicon-less interconnect technology (SLIT) that provides the equivalent high-bandwidth connectivity and routing design-rule as stack silicon interconnect (SSI) technology at a cost-effective manner. We have successfully demonstrated the overall process integration and functions of our new SLIT-employed package using Virtex® -7 2000T FPGA product. Chip-to-Wafer stacking, wafer level flux cleaning, micro-bump underfilling, mold encapsulation are newly developed. Of all technology elements, both full silicon etching with high etch selectivity to dielectric/fast etch rate and wafer warpage management after full silicon etching are most crucial elements to realize the SLIT technology. In order to manage the wafer warpage after full Si removal, a couple of knobs are identified and employed such as top reinforcement layer, micro-bump underfill properties tuning, die thickness/die-to-die space/total thickness adjustments. It's also discussed in the paper how the wafer warpage behaves and how the wafer warpge is managed. New SLIT module shows excellent warpage characteristics of only −30 μm ~ −40 μm at room temperature for 25 mm × 31 mm in size and +20 μm ~ +25 μm at reflow temperature. Thermal simulation results shows that thermal resistance of new SLIT package is almost comparable to that of standard 2000T FCBGA package using TSV interposer with standard heat sink configuration and air wind condition. The reliability assessment is now under the study.
Using Visual Analytics to Determine the Utilization of Preoperative Anesthesia Assessments
Authors: Gruss C.L. , Ehrenfeld J.M. , Wanderer J.P.
Published: October 2015

Background: Preoperative assessments are a required and essential element of anesthetic care, yet little is known about the utilization of these documents by clinicians who are not part of the anesthesia care team. As part of perioperative workflow restructuring, we implemented a data visualization technique of electronic medical record audit log data to understand the utilization of preoperative anesthesia assessments by non-anesthesia personnel.

Methods: An audit log cache containing 140 days of data was queried for all accesses of preoperative anesthesia assessment documents for any patient who had a preoperative anesthesia assessment that was accessed during that period. User roles were aggregated into categories. Descriptive statistics and data visualization were generated using R (R Software Foundation, Vienna, Austria). Comparisons were performed with the Wilcoxon signed rank test with continuity correction.

Results: During the study period, 73 802 (0.015%) of the 485 062 902 audit log accesses were pre-operative anesthesia assessments representing 412 departments, 302 user roles, and 3 916 distinct users who accessed preoperative anesthesia assessments from 14 235 surgical cases. Each assessment was accessed 2.9 times on average. Assessments performed in the preoperative anesthesia assessment clinic were accessed more frequently than those created on the day of surgery in the preoperative holding room (3.58 ± 5.18 v. 1.98 ± 1.76 average views; p<0.0001). We observed accesses of these documents by pathology and general surgery researchers, as well as orthopedics attending physicians accessing documents that were two years old.

Conclusions: This approach revealed patterns of utilization that had not been previously identified, including usage by surgical residents, surgical faculty, and pathology researchers both before and after the surgical event for which the documents are generated. Knowledge of these dependencies directly informed perioperative workflow restructuring efforts. This visual analytic approach could be broadly utilized to understand documentation dependencies in a variety of clinical contexts.
Mercury oxidation from bromine chemistry in the free troposphere over the southeastern US
Authors: Coburn S. , Dix B. , Edgerton E. , Holmes C. D. , Kinnison D. , Liang Q. , ter Schure A. , Wang S. , Volkamer R.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The elevated deposition of atmospheric mercury over the Southeastern United States is currently not well understood. Here we measure partial columns and vertical profiles of bromine monoxide (BrO) radicals, a key component of mercury oxidation chemistry, to better understand the processes and altitudes at which mercury is being oxidized in the atmosphere. We use the data from a ground-based MAX-DOAS instrument located at a coastal site ~ 1 km from the Gulf of Mexico in Gulf Breeze, FL, where we had previously detected tropospheric BrO (Coburn et al., 2011). Our profile retrieval assimilates information about stratospheric BrO from the WACCM chemical transport model, and uses only measurements at moderately low solar zenith angles (SZA) to estimate the BrO slant column density contained in the reference spectrum (SCDRef). The approach has 2.6 degrees of freedom, and avoids spectroscopic complications that arise at high SZA; knowledge about SCDRef helps to maximize sensitivity in the free troposphere (FT). A cloud-free case study day with low aerosol load (9 April 2010) provided optimal conditions for distinguishing marine boundary layer (MBL: 0–1 km) and free tropospheric (FT: 1–15 km) BrO from the ground. The average daytime tropospheric BrO vertical column density (VCD) of ~ 2.3 × 1013 molec cm−2 (SZA < 70°) is consistent with our earlier reports on other days. The vertical profile locates essentially all tropospheric BrO above 4 km, and shows no evidence for BrO inside the MBL (detection limit < 0.5 pptv). BrO increases in the FT. The average FT-BrO mixing ratio was ~ 0.9 pptv between 1–15 km, consistent with recent aircraft observations. We find that the oxidation of gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) by bromine radicals to form gaseous oxidized mercury (GOM) is the dominant pathway for GEM oxidation throughout the troposphere above Gulf Breeze. The column integral oxidation rates range from 3.0–3.4 × 105 molec cm−2 s−1 for bromine, while contributions from ozone (O3) and chlorine (Cl) were 0.9 × 105 and 0.2 × 105 molec cm−2 s−1, respectively. The GOM formation rate is sensitive to recently proposed atmospheric scavenging reactions of the HgBr adduct by nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and to a lesser extent also HO2 radicals. Using a 3-D chemical transport model, we find that surface GOM variations are typical also of other days, and are mainly derived from the free troposphere. Bromine chemistry is active in the FT over Gulf Breeze, where it forms water-soluble GOM that is subsequently available for wet scavenging by thunderstorms or transport to the boundary layer.
Spatial mapping of ground-based observations of total ozone
Authors: Chang K.-L. , Guillas S. , Fioletov V. E.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Total column ozone variations estimated using ground-based stations provide important independent source of information in addition to satellite-based estimates. This estimation has been vigorously challenged by data inhomogeneity in time and by the irregularity of the spatial distribution of stations, as well as by interruptions in observation records. Furthermore, some stations have calibration issues and thus observations may drift. In this paper we compare the spatial interpolation of ozone levels using the novel stochastic partial differential equation (SPDE) approach with the covariance-based kriging. We show how these new spatial predictions are more accurate, less uncertain and more robust. We construct long-term zonal means to investigate the robustness against the absence of measurements at some stations as well as instruments drifts. We conclude that time series analyzes can benefit from the SPDE approach compared to the covariance-based kriging when stations are missing, but the positive impact of the technique is less pronounced in the case of drifts.
Historical changes in frequency of extreme floods in Prague
Authors: Elleder L.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. This study presents a flood frequency analysis for the Vltava River catchment using a major profile in Prague. The estimates of peak discharges for the pre-instrumental period of 1118–1824 based on documentary sources were carried out using different approaches. 187 flood peak discharges derived for the pre-instrumental period augmented 150 records for the instrumental period of 1825–2013. Flood selection was based on Q10 criteria. Six flood-rich periods in total were identified for 1118–2013. Results of this study correspond with similar studies published earlier for some central European catchments, except for the period around 1750. Presented results indicate that the territory of the present Czech Republic might have experienced extreme floods in the past, comparable – with regard to peak discharge (higher than or equal to Q10) and frequency – to the flood events recorded recently.
The Aesthetic Justification of Existence: Nietzsche on the Beauty of Exemplary Lives
Authors: Church Jeffrey
Published: October 2015

A disagreement about the nature of Nietzsche's “aesthetic justification of existence” has recently emerged in the literature. In this essay, I argue that the disagreement stems from a common but mistaken assumption that Nietzsche focuses on works of art to justify life. Instead, in the Untimely Meditations, Nietzsche shifts to the beauty of exemplary individuals to justify life. Through an examination of the Kantian practical arguments in the Untimely Meditations, I show how the scholarly debate can be overcome and suggest that Nietzsche's early period views can illuminate the basis of some of his late period ideals, such as the overman and philosopher of the future.
Marx, Nietzsche, and the Workshops of History
Authors: Norman Judith
Published: October 2015

Marx and Nietzsche are often compared as practitioners of a hermeneutic of suspicion. I pursue this comparison by focusing on an overlooked similarity between the two. In strangely similar passages, Marx (in Capital) and Nietzsche (in the Genealogy of Morals) introduce explicitly theatrical scenarios into the course of their discussions, complete with what Marx calls dramatis personae, where we witness a descent into a workshop (in some sense underground) in order to learn the secrets of production—the production, in both cases, of value. But neither scenario conforms to the structure of the discovery of a concealed truth—in fact, each challenges this structure directly. By looking at the specific nature of these theatrical descents, we can come to a better understanding of the task of the philosopher in both Nietzsche and Marx, as well as the distinctive position of historical knowledge within a hermeneutics of suspicion.
Examining the Asymmetric Behavior across the Phases of Capacity Utilization Rates in Turkey
Authors: Baycan Ismail Onur
Published: October 2015

This is the first study that explicitly models and characterizes the asymmetric state dependent dynamics of the Turkish capacity utilization rates of the manufacturing industry. The analysis employs hidden Markov models to the mean and variance that are robust to potential structural breaks. The model parameters are estimated using EM algorithm together with the nonlinear filter to provide the maximum likelihood estimates without imposing any a priori restrictions on model parameters and infer the states through statistical estimation. The results reveal nonlinearity, determine the number of regimes and identify the nonlinear heteroscedasticity across different phases. The paper provides the smoothed probabilities of low, moderate and high capacity utilization regimes along with the fitted values for the Turkish capacity utilization rates. A three state specification with regime-dependent mean and variance dynamics is identified. The study also employs the estimated transition probabilities and determines the durations and persistence of staying in each particular regime for the capacity utilization rate fluctuations of the manufacturing industry in Turkey.
System Identification in Difficult Operating Conditions Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Matić Petar , Golub Medvešek Ivana , Perić Tina
Published: October 2015

To investigate an ability of system identification in difficult operating conditions. A simulation based experiment was performed on a simple second order system with white noise signal superimposed to the output signal. Interferences are added to the output signal in order to simulate difficult operating conditions present in a real system environment. Based on system simulation measurements, the system was identified using conventional method with least squares estimate and an alternative method, a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) network. Graphical evaluation of simulation results showed that MLP network produced better results than conventional model, with significantly better results in case of interferences in the output signal. To model dynamic system, a simple two-layer perceptron network with external dynamic members was trained in Matlab using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm.
SMCP Development for Pilotage and Tug Assistance in the Light of Diffusion of Innovations Theory
Authors: Čulić-Viskota Adelija
Published: October 2015

This paper is based in part on an earlier publication on SMCP development, but includes new chapters on sociolinguistic and cultural issues arising during pilot’s taking the vessel into/out of harbour with tug assistance. In this case the multinational, multilingual and multicultural bridge team is further extended onto pilot's communicating with the tug master(s). A request has been made by the IFSMA2 to provide shipmasters with a set of phrases for pilots and tug masters in their working language - English - to be used during manoeuvring, since the existing Standard Marine Communication Phrases (SMCP) have not been considered elaborate enough for the operation. Maritime English lecturers twinned with maritime professionals have provided a set of appropriate phrases and exercises to help students/ trainees adopt them, as the conclusion of the 2014 seminar organized by G.A.M.E. - Gesellschaft für Ausbildung in Maritimem Englisch (German Association for Maritime English) with the seat at Bremen University of Applied Sciences, Nautical Department, in order to meet the requirements from the maritime industry. A sociolinguistic and cultural issue has arisen as a result of the IFSMA’s invitation to G.A.M.E for a further development of the SMCP Pilotage and Tug Assistance Phrases and for presentation of the newly developed phrases for assessment to the IMO as a most influential safety factor. It would be a great benefit for shipmasters worldwide who regularly find themselves in situations when they cannot follow the pilot’s communication with the tug master(s) because it is carried out in a local language and the pilot, due to being involved in communication with several external parties, is often not in the position to translate the communication for the ship’s master due to the shortage of time. This intention of the IFSMA has met an overt disagreement by the pilot representatives taking part in the activities of the 2014 G.A.M.E. seminar and previously by the EMPA as their association. Therefore, following the approach starting from Roger's Diffusion of innovations theory (1960), revised later byClarke (1999) and Orr (2003), is proposed here to present the stages through which a technological innovation, this extension of SMCP being rightfully considered one, passes on its way to successful adoption.
Attenuation of AMPK signaling by ROQUIN promotes T follicular helper cell formation
Authors: Ramiscal Roybel R , Parish Ian A , Lee-Young Robert S , Babon Jeffrey J , Blagih Julianna , Pratama Alvin , Martin Jaime , Hawley Naomi , Cappello Jean Y , Nieto Pablo F , Ellyard Julia I , Kershaw Nadia J , Sweet Rebecca A , Goodnow Christopher C , Jones Russell G , Febbraio Mark A , Vinuesa Carola G , Athanasopoulos Vicki
Published: October 2015

T follicular helper cells (Tfh) are critical for the longevity and quality of antibody-mediated protection against infection. Yet few signaling pathways have been identified to be unique solely to Tfh development. ROQUIN is a post-transcriptional repressor of T cells, acting through its ROQ domain to destabilize mRNA targets important for Th1, Th17, and Tfh biology. Here, we report that ROQUIN has a paradoxical function on Tfh differentiation mediated by its RING domain: mice with a T cell-specific deletion of the ROQUIN RING domain have unchanged Th1, Th2, Th17, and Tregs during a T-dependent response but show a profoundly defective antigen-specific Tfh compartment. ROQUIN RING signaling directly antagonized the catalytic α1 subunit of adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central stress-responsive regulator of cellular metabolism and mTOR signaling, which is known to facilitate T-dependent humoral immunity. We therefore unexpectedly uncover a ROQUIN–AMPK metabolic signaling nexus essential for selectively promoting Tfh responses.
The soot of all evil
Authors: Russell Derek W , Blalock J Edwin
Published: October 2015

Nanoparticles of carbon black in cigarette smoke trigger inflammation in the lung.
Migration in the social stage ofDictyostelium discoideumamoebae impacts competition
Authors: Jack Chandra N. , Buttery Neil , Adu-Oppong Boahemaa , Powers Michael , Thompson Christopher R.L. , Queller David C. , Strassmann Joan E.
Published: October 2015

Interaction conditions can change the balance of cooperation and conflict in multicellular groups. After aggregating together, cells of the social amoebaDictyostelium discoideummay migrate as a group (known as a slug) to a new location. We consider this migration stage as an arena for social competition and conflict because the cells in the slug may not be from a genetically homogeneous population. In this study, we examined the interplay of two seemingly diametric actions, the solitary action of kin recognition and the collective action of slug migration inD. discoideum, to more fully understand the effects of social competition on fitness over the entire lifecycle. We compare slugs composed of either genetically homogenous or heterogeneous cells that have migrated or remained stationary in the social stage of the social amoebaDictyostelium discoideum. After migration of chimeric slugs, we found that facultative cheating is reduced, where facultative cheating is defined as greater contribution to spore relative to stalk than found for that clone in the clonal state. In addition our results support previous findings that competitive interactions in chimeras diminish slug migration distance. Furthermore, fruiting bodies have shorter stalks after migration, even accounting for cell numbers at that time. Taken together, these results show that migration can alleviate the conflict of interests in heterogeneous slugs. It aligns their interest in finding a more advantageous place for dispersal, where shorter stalks suffice, which leads to a decrease in cheating behavior.
a, b careful: The challenge of scale invariance for comparative analyses in power law models of the streamflow recession
Authors: Dralle David , Karst Nathaniel , Thompson Sally E.
Published: October 2015

The falling limb of the hydrograph—the streamflow recession—is frequently well approximated by power law functions, in the form dq/dt = −aqb, so that recessions are often characterized in terms of their power law parameters (a, b). The empirical determination and interpretation of the parameter a is typically biased by the presence of a ubiquitous mathematical artifact resulting from the scale‐free properties of the power law function. This reduces the information available from recession parameter analysis and creates several heretofore unaddressed methodological “pitfalls.” This letter outlines the artifact, demonstrates its genesis, and presents an empirical rescaling method to remove artifact effects from fitted recession parameters. The rescaling process reveals underlying climatic patterns obscured in the original data and, we suggest, could maximize the information content of fitted power laws.
The implications of laser‐diffraction measurements of sediment size distributions in a river to the potential use of acoustic backscatter for sediment measurements
Authors: Agrawal Y. C. , Hanes D. M.
Published: October 2015

We construct vertical profiles of the acoustic attenuation and back‐scattering properties of a river column from measured particle concentration and size distribution profiles. The particle size and concentration data were collected in situ in the Cowlitz River in Washington, U.S., using a laser diffraction‐instrument LISST‐SL. The particle size distribution was bimodal, comprising a vertically well‐mixed washload, and a suspended load that was similar to Rouse profiles. We then explore how well the results of converting these synthetic profiles to recover an acoustic equivalent sediment concentration and acoustic equivalent size compare with laser data in this bimodal environment. The acoustic scattering and attenuation properties are computed for four distinct frequencies: 0.5, 1, 3, and 5 MHz. It is seen that at the lowest frequency, 500 KHz, the acoustic attenuation throughout the water column is nearly constant and determined primarily by particles of size smaller than ∼30 microns, i.e., the washload. At the next higher frequency, 1 MHz, the suspended load also contributed to attenuation, but even so, attenuation remained nearly constant over the vertical profile. Thus, at the two lower frequencies, attenuation was decoupled from scattering, making the inverse problem explicit for inversion. In contrast, at the two highest frequencies, scattering of sound by the suspended mode became the dominant contributor to attenuation, and attenuation varied by an order of magnitude over river depth. As for backscatter, the computed acoustic backscatter strength was determined by a combination of the washload and suspended sediment mode at all four frequencies. A fairly narrow monotonic relationship was found between total sediment concentration and locally computed backscatter, effectively providing a calibration between local backscatter signal strength and suspended sediment concentration. Such a relationship existed throughout the water column, for every frequency. The sediment concentration derived from backscatter at a pair of frequencies was within ∼50% of the value measured by laser diffraction; however, the acoustic equivalent diameter exceeded the laser volume mean diameter by up to an order of magnitude. The robustness of these results for application to other flow regimes or rivers remains to be investigated.
Experimental analysis of spatial correlation effects on capillary trapping of supercritical CO2 at the intermediate laboratory scale in heterogeneous porous media
Authors: Trevisan Luca , Pini Ronny , Cihan Abdullah , Birkholzer Jens T. , Zhou Quanlin , Illangasekare Tissa H.
Published: October 2015

Several numerical studies have demonstrated that the heterogeneous nature of typical sedimentary formations can favorably dampen the accumulation of mobile CO2 phase underneath the caprock. Core flooding experiments have also shown that contrasts in capillary entry pressure can lead to buildup of nonwetting fluid phase (NWP) at interfaces between facies. Explicit representation of geological heterogeneity at the intermediate (cm‐to‐m) scale is a powerful approach to identify the key mechanisms that control multiphase flow dynamics in porous media. The ability to carefully control flow regime and permeability contrast at a scale that is relevant to CO2 plume dynamics in saline formations offers valuable information to understand immiscible displacement processes and provides a benchmark for mathematical models. To provide insight into the impact of capillary heterogeneity on flow dynamics and trapping efficiency of supercritical CO2 under successive drainage and imbibition conditions, we present an experimental investigation conducted in a synthetic sand reservoir. By mimicking the interplay of governing forces at reservoir conditions via application of surrogate fluids, we performed three immiscible displacement experiments to observe the entrapment of NWP in heterogeneous porous media. Capillary trapping performance is evaluated for each scenario through spatial and temporal variations of NWP saturation; for this reason we adopted X‐ray attenuation to precisely measure phase saturation throughout the flow domain and apply spatial moment analysis. The sweeping performance of two different permeability fields with comparable variance but distinct spatial correlation was compared against a homogeneous base case with equivalent mean permeability by means of spatial moment analysis.
Targeting Ideal Dual‐Absorber Tandem Water Splitting Using Perovskite Photovoltaics and CuInxGa1‐xSe2 Photocathodes
Authors: Luo Jingshan , Li Zhen , Nishiwaki Shiro , Schreier Marcel , Mayer Matthew T. , Cendula Peter , Lee Yong Hui , Fu Kunwu , Cao Anyuan , Nazeeruddin Mohammad Khaja , Romanyuk Yaroslav E. , Buecheler Stephan , Tilley S. David , Wong Lydia Helena , Tiwari Ayodhya N. , Grätzel Michael
Published: October 2015

Efficient sunlight‐driven water splitting devices can be achieved by pairing two absorbers of different optimized bandgaps in an optical tandem design. With tunable absorption ranges and cell voltages, organic–inorganic metal halide perovskite solar cells provide new opportunities for tailoring top absorbers for such devices. In this work, semitransparent perovskite solar cells are developed for use as the top cell in tandem with a smaller bandgap photocathode to enable panchromatic harvesting of the solar spectrum. A new CuInxGa1‐xSe2 multilayer photocathode is designed, exhibiting excellent performance for photoelectrochemical water reduction and representing a near‐ideal bottom absorber. When pairing it below a semitransparent CH3NH3PbBr3‐based solar cell, a solar‐to‐hydrogen efficiency exceeding 6% is achieved, the highest value yet reported for a photovoltaic–photoelectrochemical device utilizing a single‐junction solar cell as the bias source under one sun illumination. The analysis shows that the efficiency can reach more than 20% through further optimization of the perovskite top absorber.
Motion mode of poly(lactic acid) chains in film during strain‐induced crystallization
Authors: Chen Zhefeng , Zhang Shuyang , Wu Feng , Yang Wei , Liu Zhengying , Yang Mingbo
Published: October 2015

How stress and temperature impact the movement of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) chains in the process of tensile film stretching was studied. The motion mode of chains was investigated through the study of the strain‐induced crystallization and orientation through changes in the draw temperature (Td), draw ratio, and draw rate. The crystallinity and orientation degrees of the PLA films were measured by differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and polarized optical microscopy. According to the competition between the orientation caused by the stretching and relaxation of chains under the temperature field, the motion modes of PLA chains during strain were divided into four types, modes I–IV. When Td was 100°C, the PLA chains acted in mode I, in which the relaxation rate of chains was so fast that no crystallinity or orientation could be obtained. Beyond a draw rate of 20 mm/min at a Td of 90°C, the type of chain movement changed from mode I to II. In mode II, only crystallites could be reserved after unloading. Chains in the PLA film moved in mode III at a Td of 80°C; then, both the crystallization and orientation were enhanced monophonically with increasing draw rate. Beyond the draw rate of 10 mm/min at a Td of 70°C, the orientation rate of chains was much faster than the relaxation one, and the motion mode transformed from mode III to IV. Then, obvious decreases in the crystallinity and orientation were observed with further increases in the draw rate; this resulted from the destruction of the crystallites. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42969.
Build a better team by engaging creative strengths
Authors: Sutton Halley
Published: October 2015

CHICAGO — As a campus safety official, you constantly work on projects with teams. Without the proper understanding of the different creative styles your team members possess, you cannot tap the full potential of your team or manage the complicated dynamics that come from many different types of creative styles. In a session led by June Hanley during the annual convention for the Society for College and University Planning, participants were led through an exercise based on The Five Faces of Genius by Annette Moser‐Wellman and given instructions on how to create a well‐rounded team that takes advantage of different creative styles. Hanley outlined the following five types of creativity:
Unusual U wave induced by reconstructed retrosternal esophagus
Authors: Yamagata Kenichiro , Uno Kansei , Mori Kazuhiko , Seto Yasuyuki
Published: October 2015

Key Clinical Message

The present case shows that a broad compression of the right ventricle by the reconstructed stomach tube after esophagus cancer surgery induced an abnormal U wave. When facing an abnormal ECG, we should keep in mind of the mechanical compression to the heart as a differential diagnosis.
Ligand Noninnocence in Coinage Metal Corroles: A Silver Knife‐Edge
Authors: Thomas Kolle E. , Vazquez‐Lima Hugo , Fang Yuanyuan , Song Yang , Gagnon Kevin J. , Beavers Christine M. , Kadish Karl M. , Ghosh Abhik
Published: October 2015

Invited for the cover of this issue are Abhik Ghosh and his collaborators at UiT (The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø) and in the United States. The image depicts a silver corrole complex poised on the summit ridge of Mount Sir Alexander, a peak of the Canadian Rockies (image courtesy of Chris Goulet), symbolizing the balance between innocent and noninnocent ligands. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201502150.
High sensitivity flow cytometry of membrane vesicles
Authors: Stoner Samuel A. , Duggan Erika , Condello Danilo , Guerrero Abraham , Turk James R. , Narayanan Padma K. , Nolan John P.
Published: October 2015

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are attracting attention as vehicles for inter‐cellular signaling that may have value as diagnostic or therapeutic targets. EVs are released by many cell types and by different mechanisms, resulting in phenotypic heterogeneity that makes them a challenge to study. Flow cytometry is a popular tool for characterizing heterogeneous mixtures of particles such as cell types within blood, but the small size of EVs makes them difficult to measure using conventional flow cytometry. To address this limitation, a high sensitivity flow cytometer was constructed and EV measurement approaches that allowed them to enumerate and estimate the size of individual EVs, as well as measure the presence of surface markers to identify phenotypic subsets of EVs. Several fluorescent membrane probes were evaluated and it was found that the voltage sensing dye di‐8‐ANEPPS could produce vesicle fluorescence in proportion to vesicle surface area, allowing for accurate measurements of EV number and size. Fluorescence‐labeled annexin V and anti‐CD61 antibody was used to measure the abundance of these surface markers on EVs in rat plasma. It was shown that treatment of platelet rich plasma with calcium ionophore resulted in an increase in the fraction of annexin V and CD61‐positive EVs. Vesicle flow cytometry using fluorescence‐based detection of EVs has the potential to realize the potential of cell‐derived membrane vesicles as functional biomarkers for a variety of applications. © 2015 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Timing synchronization method for pilot‐based coherent detection
Authors: Torres J. , Hernández F. , Hajj Shehadeh Y. El
Published: October 2015

Cognitive radio systems play an important role in the current digital communication systems. With regard to the methods developed, the importance of a coherent detector with matched filters arises, taking into account the optimal properties verified in detection and sensing time. However, the need of perfect timing limits the applicability of this type of system, because of the complexity in hardware implementation. Based upon slope estimation techniques, the present article addresses new methods for tackling this problem. A low complexity system is obtained, and applications can be considered for finding white space in digital television. The results show a good performance with regard to the probability of detection and robustness regarding frequency offset. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Empathy and Modern Technology: A Neuroergonomics Perspective
Authors: Wachowicz Barbara , Lewandowska Koryna , Popek Anna , Karwowski Waldemar , Marek Tadeusz
Published: October 2015

The primary purpose of this paper is to discuss the role of empathy in the design of advanced systems in manufacturing and service industries in order to ensure suitable working conditions for employees from the social and technological point of view. The origins and components of empathy are briefly reviewed. The neural underpinnings of three components of empathy, including cognitive, emotional, and behavioral aspects, are considered in the context of human–human and human–machine interactions, as well as design of working environments. Finally, the potential advantages of applying empathy‐related knowledge to the design and development of human‐centered technology are discussed.
Prostate cancer incidence in 43 populations worldwide: An analysis of time trends overall and by age group
Authors: Zhou Cindy Ke , Check David P. , Lortet‐Tieulent Joannie , Laversanne Mathieu , Jemal Ahmedin , Ferlay Jacques , Bray Freddie , Cook Michael B. , Devesa Susan S.
Published: October 2015

Prostate cancer is a significant public health burden and a major cause of morbidity and mortality among men worldwide. Analyzing geographic patterns and temporal trends may help identify high‐risk populations, suggest the degree of PSA testing, and provide clues to etiology. We used incidence data available from the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and certain cancer registries for 43 populations across five continents during a median period of 24 years. Trends in overall prostate cancer rates showed five distinct patterns ranging from generally monotonic increases to peaking of rates followed by declines, which coincide somewhat with changes in the prevalence of PSA testing. Trends in age‐specific rates generally mirrored those in the overall rates, with several notable exceptions. For populations where overall rates increased rapidly and then peaked, exemplified in North America and Oceania, the highest incidence tended to be most pronounced and occurred during earlier calendar years among older men compared with younger ones. For populations with almost continual increases in overall rates, exemplified in Eastern Europe and Asia, peaks were evident among men aged ≥75 years in many instances. Rates for ages 45–54 years did not clearly stabilize or decline in the majority of studied populations. Global geographic variation remained substantial for both overall and age‐specific incidence rates regardless of levels of PSA testing, with the lowest rates consistently in Asia. Explanations for the persistent geographic differences and the continuing increases of especially early‐onset prostate cancer remain unclear.
Statistical investigation of surface bound ions and further development of BION server to include pH and salt dependence
Authors: Petukh Marharyta , Zhang Min , Alexov Emil
Published: October 2015

Ions are engaged in multiple biological processes in cells. By binding to the macromolecules or being mobile in the solvent, they maintain the integrity of the structure of macromolecules; participate in their enzymatic activity; or screen electrostatic interactions. While experimental methods are not always able to assign the exact location of ions, computational methods are in demand. Although the majority of computational methods are successful in predicting the position of ions buried inside macromolecules, they are less effective in deciphering positions of surface bound ions. Here, we propose the new BION algorithm (http://compbio.clemson.edu/bion_server_ph/) that predicts the location of the surface bound ions. It is more efficient and accurate compared to the previous version since it uses more advanced clustering algorithm in combination with pairing rules. In addition, the BION webserver allows specifying the pH and the salt concentration in predicting ions positions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
2014 outbreak of enterovirus D68 in North America
Authors: Messacar Kevin , Abzug Mark J. , Dominguez Samuel R.
Published: October 2015

Enterovirus D68 (EV‐D68) is an emerging picornavirus which causes severe respiratory disease, predominantly in children. In 2014, the largest and most widespread outbreak of EV‐D68 described to date was reported in North America. Hospitals throughout the United States and Canada reported surges in patient volumes and resource utilization from August to October, 2014. In the US a total of 1,153 infections were confirmed in 49 states, although this is an underestimate of the likely millions of cases that occurred but were not tested. EV‐D68 was detected in 14 patients who died; the role of the virus in these deaths is unknown. A possible association between EV‐D68 and cases of acute flaccid paralysis with spinal cord gray matter lesions, known as acute flaccid myelitis, was observed during the outbreak and is under investigation. The 2014 outbreak of EV‐D68 in North America demonstrates the public health importance of this emerging pathogen. J. Med. Virol. 88:739–745, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Circulation of human metapneumovirus among children with influenza‐like illness in Wuhan, China
Authors: Kong Wenhua , Wang Ying , Zhu Honghao , Lin Xinming , Yu Bin , Hu Quan , Yang Xiaobing , Guo Deyin , Peng Jinsong , Zhou Dunjin
Published: October 2015

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a worldwide distributed pathogen of the respiratory tract. The objectives of this study were to identify HMPV infections among children with influenza‐like illness (ILI) in Wuhan and to assess circulation patterns and molecular diversity of HMPV in this area. From July 2008 to December 2013, a total of 3,883 throat swab samples were collected from ILI outpatients under 16 years old. HMPV RNA was detected in 171 samples (4.40%). All the four subtypes of HMPV were identified, among which A2 was the most common subtype (61/145, 42.1%), followed by B1, B2, and A1. During the study period, HMPV circulation presented a biennial alternation between high and low incidence in Wuhan and the seasonal peak also shift between winter and spring in two continuous seasons. Subtype A2, B1, and B2 co‐circulated during the study period, with genotype A prevailing in epidemic season 2008–2009 and 2012–2013, and genotype B prevailing during other periods. This large‐scale analysis of HMPV prevalence in ILI outpatient children improves the understanding of local HMPV circulation patterns and provides molecular epidemic evidence for comparative analysis of HMPV infection. J. Med. Virol. 88:774–781, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Laser and electron‐beam powder‐bed additive manufacturing of metallic implants: A review on processes, materials and designs
Authors: Sing Swee Leong , An Jia , Yeong Wai Yee , Wiria Florencia Edith
Published: October 2015

Additive manufacturing (AM), also commonly known as 3D printing, allows the direct fabrication of functional parts with complex shapes from digital models. In this review, the current progress of two AM processes suitable for metallic orthopaedic implant applications, namely selective laser melting (SLM) and electron beam melting (EBM) are presented. Several critical design factors such as the need for data acquisition for patient‐specific design, design dependent porosity for osteo‐inductive implants, surface topology of the implants and design for reduction of stress‐shielding in implants are discussed. Additive manufactured biomaterials such as 316L stainless steel, titanium‐6aluminium‐4vanadium (Ti6Al4V) and cobalt‐chromium (CoCr) are highlighted. Limitations and future potential of such technologies are also explored. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:369–385, 2016.
Awake examination versus DISE for surgical decision making in patients with OSA: A systematic review
Authors: Certal Victor F. , Pratas Rui , Guimarães Lidia , Lugo Rodolfo , Tsou Yungan , Camacho Macario , Capasso Robson
Published: October 2015

Objective

Traditionally, upper airway examination is performed while the patient is awake. However, in the past two decades, drug‐induced sleep endoscopy (DISE) has been used as a method of tridimensional evaluation of the upper airway during pharmacologically induced sleep. This study aimed to systematically review the evidence regarding the usefulness of DISE compared with that of traditional awake examination for surgical decision making in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Data Sources

Scopus, PubMed, and Cochrane Library databases were searched.

Review Methods

Only studies with a primary objective of evaluating the usefulness of DISE for surgical decision making in patients with OSA were selected. The included studies directly compared awake examination data with DISE outcome data in terms of possible influences on surgical decision making and operation success.

Results

A total of eight studies with 535 patients were included in this review. Overall, the surgical treatment changed after DISE in 50.24% (standard deviation 8.4) cases. These changes were more frequently associated with structures contributing to hypopharyngeal or laryngeal obstruction. However, these differences do not automatically indicate a higher success rate.

Conclusion

This review emphasized the direct impact of DISE compared with that of awake examination on surgical decision making in OSA patients. However, it is also clear that the available published studies lack evidence on the association between this impact and surgical outcomes. Laryngoscope, 126:768–774, 2016