bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pathologies of axonal transport in neurodegenerative diseases
Authors: Liu Xin-An , Rizzo Valerio , Puthanveettil Sathyanarayanan
Published: November 2012

Gene products such as organelles, proteins and RNAs are actively transported to synaptic terminals for the remodeling of pre-existing neuronal connections and formation of new ones. Proteins described as molecular motors mediate this transport and utilize specialized cytoskeletal proteins that function as molecular tracks for the motor based transport of cargos. Molecular motors such as kinesins and dynein’s move along microtubule tracks formed by tubulins whereas myosin motors utilize tracks formed by actin. Deficits in active transport of gene products have been implicated in a number of neurological disorders. We describe such disorders collectively as “transportopathies”. Here we review current knowledge of critical components of active transport and their relevance to neurodegenerative diseases.
Investigations into the Antibacterial Activity of the Silver-Based Antibiotic Drug Candidate SBC3
Authors: Sharkey Michael , O'Gara James , Gordon Stephen , Hackenberg Frauke , Healy Claire , Paradisi Francesca , Patil Siddappa , Schaible Bettina , Tacke Matthias
Published: November 2012

The synthesis of N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) silver(I) acetate complexes with varying lipophilic benzyl-substituents at the 1 and 3 positions starting from 4,5-diphenylimidazole, opened a new class of antibiotic drug candidates. These NHC-silver(I) acetate derivatives exhibit interesting structural motifs in the solid state and proved to be soluble and stable in biological media. The leading candidate, SBC3, which was known to exhibit good antibacterial activity in preliminary Kirby-Bauer tests, was tested quantitatively using minimum inhibitory concentrations. NHC-silver(I) acetate complexes were found to have MIC values ranging from 20 to 3.13 μg/mL for a variety of Gram-positive, Gram-negative and mycobacteria tested. These values represent good antibiotic activities against potential pathogens when compared to clinically approved antibiotics. Most striking is the fact that SBC3 is active against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC value of 12.5 μg/mL.
dNTP Supply Gene Expression Patterns after P53 Loss
Authors: Radivoyevitch Tomas , Saunthararajah Yogen , Pink John , Ferris Gina , Lent Ian , Jackson Mark , Junk Damian , Kunos Charles A.
Published: November 2012

Loss of the transcription factor p53 implies mRNA losses of target genes such as the p53R2 subunit of human ribonucleotide reductase (RNR). We hypothesized that other genes in the dNTP supply system would compensate for such p53R2 losses and looked for this in our own data and in data of the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO). We found that the de novo dNTP supply system compensates for p53R2 losses with increases in RNR subunit R1, R2, or both. We also found compensatory increases in cytosolic deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) and thymidine kinase 1 (TK1) and in mitochondrial deoxyguanosine kinase (dGK), all of the salvage dNTP supply system; in contrast, the remaining mitochondrial salvage enzyme thymidine kinase 2 (TK2) decreased with p53 loss. Thus, TK2 may be more dedicated to meeting mitochondrial dNTP demands than dGK which may be more obligated to assist cytosolic dNTP supply in meeting nuclear DNA dNTP demands.
Primary, Secondary Metabolites, Photosynthetic Capacity and Antioxidant Activity of the Malaysian Herb Kacip Fatimah (Labisia Pumila Benth) Exposed to Potassium Fertilization under Greenhouse Conditions
Authors: Ibrahim Mohd , Jaafar Hawa , Karimi Ehsan , Ghasemzadeh Ali
Published: November 2012

A randomized complete block design was used to characterize the relationship between production of total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, carbohydrate content, leaf gas exchange, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL), soluble protein, invertase and antioxidant enzyme activities (ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Labisia pumila Benth var. alata under four levels of potassium fertilization experiments (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg K/ha) conducted for 12 weeks. It was found that the production of total phenolics, flavonoids, ascorbic acid and carbohydrate content was affected by the interaction between potassium fertilization and plant parts. As the potassium fertilization levels increased from 0 to 270 kg K/ha, the production of soluble protein and PAL activity increased steadily. At the highest potassium fertilization (270 kg K/ha) L. pumila exhibited signiﬁcantly higher net photosynthesis (A), stomatal conductance (gs), intercellular CO2 (Ci), apparent quantum yield (ɸ) and lower dark respiration rates (Rd), compared to the other treatments. It was found that the production of total phenolics, flavonoids and ascorbic acid are also higher under 270 kg K/ha compared to 180, 90 and 0 kg K/ha. Furthermore, from the present study, the invertase activity was also found to be higher in 270 kg K/ha treatment. The antioxidant enzyme activities (APX, CAT and SOD) were lower under high potassium fertilization (270 kg K/ha) and have a significant negative correlation with total phenolics and flavonoid production. From this study, it was observed that the up-regulation of leaf gas exchange and downregulation of APX, CAT and SOD activities under high supplementation of potassium fertilizer enhanced the carbohydrate content that simultaneously increased the production of L. pumila secondary metabolites, thus increasing the health promoting effects of this plant.
A Novel Active Targeting Preparation, Vinorelbine Tartrate (VLBT) Encapsulated by Folate-Conjugated Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) Nanoparticles: Preparation, Characterization and in Vitro Release Study
Authors: Li Yong , Zhao Xiuhua , Zu Yuangang , Han Xue , Ge Yunlong , Wang Weiguo , Yu Xinyang
Published: November 2012

Vinorelbine tartrate (VLBT), as a kind of high hydrophilic and temperature-induced degradation drug, was prepared into nanoparticles by a desolvation procedure. Bovine serum albumin (BSA), as a drug carrier, was stabilized by chemical cross-linking with glutaraldehyde. Firstly, the optimization process of preparing VLBT-loaded BSA nanoparticles (VLBT-BSANPs) was accomplished using response surface methodology (RSM) by desolvation. Then VLBT-BSANPs were conjugated with folate, namely Fa-BSANPs-VLBT. Hence targeting drug carrier delivery system loading VLBT was produced. In this study, the characteristics of the nanoparticles, such as the amount of folate conjugation, surface morphology, surface chemistry, physical status of VLBT in Fa-BSANPs-VLBT, stability of Fa-BSANPs-VLBT with mannitol and in vitro drug release behavior were all investigated. The VLBT-BSANPs were obtained under optimum conditions, with a mean particle size (MPS) of 155.4 nm and a zeta potential (ZP) of −32.97 mV at a pH value of 5.4. Drug loading efficiency (DLE) and drug entrapment efficiency (DEE) of this obtained drug were approximately 45.6% and 90.6%, respectively.
Four New Antibacterial Xanthones from the Marine-Derived Actinomycetes Streptomyces caelestis
Authors: Liu Ling-Li , Xu Ying , Han Zhuang , Li Yong-Xin , Lu Liang , Lai Pok-Yui , Zhong Jia-Liang , Guo Xian-Rong , Zhang Xi-Xiang , Qian Pei-Yuan
Published: November 2012

Four new polycyclic antibiotics, citreamicin θ A (1), citreamicin θ B (2), citreaglycon A (3), and dehydrocitreaglycon A (4), were isolated from marine-derived Streptomyces caelestis. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by 1D and 2D NMR spectra. All four compounds displayed antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtillis. Citreamicin θ A (1), citreamicin θ B (2) and citreaglycon A (3) also exhibited low MIC values of 0.25, 0.25, and 8.0 μg/mL, respectively, against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300.
Beckmann Rearrangement of Ketoximes Induced by Phenyl Dichlorophosphate at Ambient Temperature
Authors: Kuo Chun-Wei , Hsieh Min-Tsang , Gao Shijay , Shao Yi-Ming , Yao Ching-Fa , Shia Kak-Shan
Published: November 2012

Upon treatment with phenyl dichlorophosphate (PhOP=OCl2) in acetonitrile at ambient temperature, a variety of ketoximes underwent a Beckmann rearrangement in an effective manner to afford the corresponding amides in moderate to high yields.
On the Catalytic Effect of Water in the Intramolecular Diels–Alder Reaction of Quinone Systems: A Theoretical Study
Authors: Soto-Delgado Jorge , Aizman Arie , Contreras Renato , Domingo Luis R.
Published: November 2012

The mechanism of the intramolecular Diels–Alder (IMDA) reaction of benzoquinone 1, in the absence and in the presence of three water molecules, 1w, has been studied by means of density functional theory (DFT) methods, using the M05-2X and B3LYP functionals for exploration of the potential energy surface (PES). The energy and geometrical results obtained are complemented with a population analysis using the NBO method, and an analysis based on the global, local and group electrophilicity and nucleophilicity indices. Both implicit and explicit solvation emphasize the increase of the polarity of the reaction and the reduction of activation free energies associated with the transition states (TSs) of this IMDA process. These results are reinforced by the analysis of the reactivity indices derived from the conceptual DFT, which show that the increase of the electrophilicity of the quinone framework by the hydrogen-bond formation correctly explains the high polar character of this intramolecular process. Large polarization at the TSs promoted by hydrogen-bonds and implicit solvation by water together with a high electrophilicity-nucleophilicity difference consistently explains the catalytic effects of water molecules.
Influence of Ionomer/Carbon Ratio on the Performance of a Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cell
Authors: Eguchi Mika , Baba Koki , Onuma Takamitsu , Yoshida Kazuma , Iwasawa Kenta , Kobayashi Yoshio , Uno Katsuhiro , Komatsu Keishiro , Kobori Maya , Nishitani-Gamo Mikka , Ando Toshihiro
Published: November 2012

We have used fibrous carbon materials as polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) electrodes. We have examined the influence of the ionomer/carbon ratio on the performance of the PEFCs. The Marimo carbon is a kind of carbon with a spherical shape, and consists of carbon nanofilaments. Fibrous carbon materials have large specific surface areas without fine pores. The reactant gases and generated water can easily diffuse among the nanofilaments. The ionomer plays two roles; one is a proton transfer activity, and the other is binding the catalyst electrodes. An excess ionomer interferes with the diffusion of gases. The ionomer/carbon ratio should affect the performance of the PEFC, especially at a high current density.
Infrared Thermometry to Estimate Crop Water Stress Index and Water Use of Irrigated Maize in Northeastern Colorado
Authors: Taghvaeian Saleh , Chávez José , Hansen Neil
Published: November 2012

With an increasing demand of fresh water resources in arid/semi-arid parts of the world, researchers and practitioners are relying more than ever on remote sensing techniques for monitoring and evaluating crop water status and for estimating crop water use or crop actual evapotranspiration (ETa). In this present study, infrared thermometry was used in conjunction with a few weather parameters to develop non-water-stressed and non-transpiring baselines for irrigated maize in a semi-arid region of Colorado in the western USA. A remote sensing-based Crop Water Stress Index (CWSI) was then estimated for four hourly periods each day during 5 August to 2 September 2011 (29 days). The estimated CWSI was smallest during the 10:00–11:00 a.m. and largest during the 12:00–13:00 p.m. hours. Plotting volumetric water content of the topsoil vs. CWSI revealed that there is a high correlation between the two parameters during the analyzed period. CWSI values were also used to estimate maize actual transpiration (Ta). Ta estimates were more influenced by crop biomass rather than irrigation depths alone, mainly due to the fact that the effects of deficit irrigation were largely masked by the significant precipitation during the growing season. During the study period, applying an independent remotely sensed energy balance model showed that maize ETa was 159 mm, 30% larger than CWSI-Ta (122 mm) and 9% smaller than standard-condition maize ET (174 mm).
Performance Analysis of Constrained Loosely Coupled GPS/INS Integration Solutions
Authors: Falco Gianluca , Einicke Garry , Malos John , Dovis Fabio
Published: November 2012

The paper investigates approaches for loosely coupled GPS/INS integration. Error performance is calculated using a reference trajectory. A performance improvement can be obtained by exploiting additional map information (for example, a road boundary). A constrained solution has been developed and its performance compared with an unconstrained one. The case of GPS outages is also investigated showing how a Kalman filter that operates on the last received GPS position and velocity measurements provides a performance benefit. Results are obtained by means of simulation studies and real data.
Examining the RV Travelers' Camping Experience: A Social Media Approach
Authors: Fjelstul Jill , Wang Youcheng , Li Xu
Published: November 2012

The aim of this study was to analyze RV travelers' experience posted on campground online review websites. The study contributes to the relevant literature by understanding what influences the campground experience. Findings were categorized by six themes: campground attributes, campsite
attributes, outdoor activities, surrounding area, campground policies, and staff. Findings also depicted major topic areas revealed in the reviewed postings. Implications were outlined for the campground owner/operator and future RV traveler as a result of this study.
Are You a Tourist? Tourism Definition from the Tourist Perspective
Authors: Yu Xiaojuan , Kim Namhyun , Chen Chih-Chien , Schwartz Zvi
Published: November 2012

Using a large-scale visitors' survey data, this study empirically investigates the question of who is a tourist from the tourist's perspective, and contrasts the findings with elements of more formal definitions. the study contributes to the literature on tourism definition and measurement
by demon strating how tripographic and socioeconomic factors affect visitors' propensity to self-categorize as tourists. the results point to a clear distance threshold of around 75 miles and provide support for the technical approach to the definition of tourism. First-time visitors, visitors
whose main purpose was pleasure, women, and lower middle class income are more inclined to self-categorize as tourists, while those who visit friends and relatives are not. these findings could be used to further improve the definition and measurement of tourism, as well as enhance destination
marketing practices.
Netnographic Tourist Research: The Internet as a Virtual Fieldwork Site
Authors: Mkono Muchazondida
Published: November 2012

The Internet is emerging as a valuable fieldwork site for researching tourist experiences. This article argues that netnography, a web-based research technique developed by Robert Kozinets, could become more useful in tourism research as the Internet is increasingly normalized as part
of everyday lifestyle. However, so far, in the field of tourism research, very few researchers have embraced netnographic techniques as alternatives or complements to traditional fieldwork methods such as face-to-face interviews and surveys. The article also considers the merits, opportunities,
and challenges of netnographic tourism research, and provides suggestions for further study.
DECREASING DISPLACEMENTS OF PRESTRESSED SUSPENSION BRIDGE
Authors: Goremikins Vadims , Rocens Karlis , Serdjuks Dmitrijs
Published: November 2012

A suspension bridge is the most suitable type for a long-span bridge due to rational use of structural materials. Increased deformability, which is conditioned by the appearance of the elastic and kinematic displacements, is the major disadvantage of suspension bridges. The problem of increased kinematic displacements under the action of symmetrical and non-symmetrical load can be solved by the prestressing. A prestressed suspension bridge with span of 200 m was considered as an object of investigations. The cable truss with the cross web was considered as the main load carrying structure of prestressed suspension bridges and was compared with the single cable. The considered prestressed suspension bridge was investigated by the FEM program ANSYS 12 and by the small scale physical model. Rational, from the point of view of minimal vertical kinematic displacements, main load-carrying structure of prestressed suspension bridge was developed. The obtained results shows, that usage of cable truss with the cross web as the main load carrying structures of prestressed suspension bridge in comparison with the single cable, reduces vertical displacements upwards by 63.1%, downwards by 1.8% and total displacements by 29.6% under the action of worth situated load.
Les regarnis de Versailles et de Trianon à travers vingt commandes aux Pépinières du roi (1753-1772)
Authors: Olivesi Felice
Published: November 2012

Un ensemble de documents conservés aux Archives nationales, dans les papiers des Bâtiments du roi, concerne les replantations d’entretien des jardins de Versailles et de Trianon, appelées « regarnis ». Il s’agit de vingt commandes de plantes adressées aux Pépinières du roi entre 1753 et 1772, rédigées sur le même modèle et contenant les mêmes renseignements : quantité, nom et lieu de destination de chaque plante. L’étude de cette série ininterrompue permet de dégager des liens entre les espèces végétales et leur rôle paysager, ainsi qu’une hiérarchie parmi les plantes et les composantes paysagères. Ces commandes de regarnis témoignent en outre de la volonté – mais aussi de la difficulté – de maintenir les jardins dans leur état d’origine et apportent un éclairage nouveau sur les choix de gestion des différents jardins sous le règne de Louis XV.
Cutting Edge: IL-13Rα1 Expression in Dopaminergic Neurons Contributes to Their Oxidative Stress–Mediated Loss following Chronic Peripheral Treatment with Lipopolysaccharide
Authors: Morrison Brad E. , Marcondes Maria Cecilia Garibaldi , Nomura Daniel K. , Sanchez-Alavez Manuel , Sanchez-Gonzalez Alejandro , Saar Indrek , Kim Kwang-Soo , Bartfai Tamas , Maher Pamela , Sugama Shuei , Conti Bruno
Published: November 2012

Inflammation and its mediators, including cytokines and reactive oxygen species, are thought to contribute to neurodegeneration. In the mouse brain, we found that IL-13Rα1 was expressed in the dopaminergic (DA) neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta, which are preferentially lost in human Parkinson’s disease. Mice deficient for Il13ra1 exhibited resistance to loss of DA neurons in a model of chronic peripheral inflammation using bacterial LPS. IL-13, as well as IL-4, potentiated the cytotoxic effects of t-butyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide on mouse DA MN9D cells. Collectively, our data indicate that expression of IL-13Rα1 on DA neurons can increase their susceptibility to oxidative stress–mediated damage, thereby contributing to their preferential loss. In humans, Il13ra1 lies on the X chromosome within the PARK12 locus of susceptibility to Parkinson’s disease, suggesting that IL-13Rα1 may have a role in the pathogenesis of this neurodegenerative disease.
Wildlife carrying capacities in relation to human settlement
Authors: Eltringham S.K.
Published: November 2012

Human encroachment into wildlife areas, which has increased almost exponentially over the past few decades, has usually resulted in the elimination of the larger species, particularly the large mammals. This is not an inevitable consequence and this paper considers the extent to which man and wildlife can coexist. There is a linear inverse relationship between human and elephant densities and the reasons for this are discussed with particular reference to Uganda. Such a relationship does not necessarily hold for all species and the outcome of increasing human pressure on wildlife habitats varies with a variety of factors including the species concerned, the rainfall, vegetation, soil and, above all, the attitudes of the people towards wildlife. Wild animals are more likely to be tolerated if they do no harm to human activities or if the harm they do is outweighed by the benefits to be obtained from their exploitation. In many parts of Africa utilisation is likely to be the best hope for the conservation of wildlife. Some examples are given of situations in which worthwhile carrying capacities of wildlife can be maintained in the presence of human activities.
Ioligtiogsarmoede: 'n Christelik etiese refleksie
Authors: Britz J.J.
Published: November 2012

Information poverty does not only pertain to the lack of essential information, but can also be defined as a condition of life where the majority of people within a specific context do not have the means nor the skills to access essential information for survival and development. It is a form of poverty that is furthermore characterised by global social injustice, and can as such be seen as one of the major poverty problems facing the new millenium. This article investigates the problem of information poverty from a moral perspective, and suggests ethical guidelines to address this form of poverty.
Symbolic Inversion in Death: Some Examples from the Old Testament and the Ancient Near Eastern world
Authors: Kruger Paul A
Published: November 2012

Symbolic inversion is a widespread cultural phenomenon, the earliest examples of which can be traced back to the cultures of the ancient Near East. Symbolic inversion (mundus inversus) relates to those forms of expressive behaviour which invert commonly accepted social codes. One such area in the ancient Near Eastern and Old Testament world where this phenomenon manifested itself prominently is in the conception of life after death: life after death is often conceived as the direct inverse of what is customary in ordinary life.
The social context of the Book of Job
Authors: Roper Leon A
Published: November 2012

Although much has been written about the Book of Job, no consensus exists among scholars with regard to issues such as the dating and origins of this book. In this article the controversies surrounding the social context of the book of Job are discussed. This is followed by an attempt to reconstruct a possible socio-theological context for this book. In doing this, special attention will be given to the writer’ s possible relationship with the mainstream theological tradition of his day. This will be done by considering the possible aim of the “implied” author in constructing the book as well as the ways in which he has gone about achieving this aim. It is concluded that the implied author aimed to critically comment on the way in which the orthodox wisdom teachers of his time had clung to the traditional dogma of divine retribution. In doing this, this author seems to have employed various indirect techniques such as the use of a dramatic narrative to convey his message.
A Rhetorical analysis of Philippians 1:27-2:18
Authors: Snyman A H
Published: November 2012

A new trend in rhetorical analysis is to reconstruct Paul’ s rhetorical strategy from the text itself, rather than applying ancient or modern rhetorical models to his letters. A proposal for such a text-centred approach, in which the focus shifts from the formal to the functional,is briefly summarised in this article, followed by a discussion of the rhetorical situation that Paul wants to address in this letter. Spiritual problems, especially internal unrest and opposition from outside, called forth the letter. In order to address these problems, Paul tries to persuade his audience to persevere in living and proclaiming the gospel.  This dominant rhetorical strategy of 1:27 – 2:18 can be divided into four phases: 1:27-30  (exhorting the Philippians to persevere in proclaiming the gospel); 2:1-11 exhorting them to persevere in living the gospel); 2:12-13 (exhorting them to persevere in living the gospel), and 2:14-18 (exhorting them to persevere in proclaiming the gospel). In order to persuade his audience, Paul uses various rhetorical strategies and techniques. In analyzing these, the focus is on exegetical issues with rhetorical impact, on the types of arguments used, on the way Paul argues and on the rhetorical techniques used to enhance the impact of his communication. I hope to prove that Paul’ s persuasive strategy in Philippians could be constructed fairly accurately from the text itself, provided that it is read carefully and systematically.
Towards a Theology of HIV/AIDS
Authors: Van Wyngaard A
Published: November 2012

In a world which is slowly but surely being devastated by the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the church needs to get involved in the fight against this disease. In many places the church has conveniently denied that HIV/AIDS has anything to do with them. In this paper the author argues for the necessity of thinking theologically about the reality of HIV/AIDS, indicating that HIV/AIDS is not merely a matter of “sinners” becoming infected with a virus, but that certain circumstances are conducive towards the spreading of HIV/AIDS which need to be addressed if an impact is to be made on the spreading of the virus. Although many non-religious organisations are fighting this disease, the church is in an ideal situation to assist these bodies as it is already grounded within communities and already have integrity amongst a  large part of the population. However, to achieve this goal the churches must be transformed in the face of the HIV/AIDS crisis, in order that they themselves may become a force for transformation – bringing healing, hope, and accompaniment to all infected with and affected by HIV/AIDS.
Fulfilment in Matthew
Authors: Viljoen FP
Published: November 2012

Matthew extensively explored the motif that Jesus was the fulfilment of the Old Testament hopes. In this article investigation is done on the way Matthew employs this motif. The expression of fulfilment of Scripture had an important function in early Christian circles. The Christian faith had to be legitimatized by reference to the Jewish Scriptures. What happened to Jesus and the rise of the Christian church were to be identified as the fulfilment of the promises of the Old Testament. For today’s reader it seems as if Matthew sometimes draws awkward links between Old Testament citations and their fulfilment in Jesus. However, when his hermeneutical method is being mirrored against contemporary interpretative methods, it becomes clear that Matthew used the fulfilment motif in a then acceptable way to strategically and persuasively place Jesus’  ministry within the unfolding plan of God.
The Biblical exegesis of headship: a challenge to Patriarchal understanding that impinges on women's rights in the church and society
Authors: Baloyi E.
Published: November 2012

The aim of this paper is to try and find out the real meaning of man’s (male) headship of women, since that can help us to define the deep meaning of gender equality. A brief historical background will be followed by exegetical remarks on Ephesians 5:21-22 which is one of the texts that explains something about the concept of “headship of man”. Secondly, the meaning will help us to shape our understanding as to how we should handle the issue of women’s rights and gender equality in African Christian churches and families. The challenges that are faced by women because of the misunderstanding of the concept of headship will also be discussed. The movement of feminist theology and other movements are becoming vocal in African countries, because women feel that it is the church and the Bible which promote the subjection of women. Fiorenza (1986:67) says that oppression of women in society is a result of Christian male sexist theology.
Freedom of religion in South Africa: Then and now 1652 – 2008
Authors: Coertzen P
Published: November 2012

This article is about freedom of religion in South Africa before and after 1994. It is often argued that the relationship between church and state, and the resultant freedom of religion, during 1652-1994 was determined by a theocratic model of the relationship between church and state. In a theocratic model it is religion and its teachings that determine the place and role of religion in society. This article argues that it was, in fact, a Constantinian model of the relationship between state and church which determined the place and role of religion in society between 1652 and 1994. In a Constantinian model it is the governing authority's understanding and application of religion that determines the place and role of religion in society as well as the resulting degree of freedom of religion. Examples from history are used to prove the point. The second part of the article discusses freedom of religion in South Africa after 1994.
Justice in post-apartheid South Africa: Towards a Theology of Restitution
Authors: Maluleke T S
Published: November 2012

Justice in post-apartheid South Africa: Towards a Theology of RestitutionHaving dabbled with the metaphors of liberation, reconstruction and reconciliation, the time may have come for (South) African prophetic theology to seriously consider the metaphor of restitution. In this essay, the author outlines the contours of a theology of restitution. The starting point is the existing but mostly unspoken theologies for and against various forms of restitution. An exploration of the contours of a theology of restitution is conducted. In order to illustrate the tasks and challenges of a theology of restitution – the author refers to the parable of Lazarus and the rich man. For him a credible theology of restitution is a theology capable of restoring Lazarus before not after he dies.
And Zaccheus remained in the tree: Reconciliation and justice and the Truth and Reconciliation Commission
Authors: Boesak A
Published: November 2012

And Zaccheus remained in the tree: Reconciliation and Justice and the Truth and Reconciliation CommissionSouth Africa’s Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) has been praised the world over for its work and its example is being followed by many countries, in Africa especially. In South Africa the TRC has raised hopes and expectations that went beyond the TRC’s functionality within the framework of South Africa’s political settlement and its legal mandate given by Parliament. This contribution argues that there is growing disillusionment with the work of the TRC especially among black communities and that one of the major flaws of the TRC rests in its failure to link reconciliation with justice. Justice here must not be understood within the strict legal terms that some have applied to the work of the TRC but rather from within the expectations created by the TRC itself through its own insistence that its work should be seen as a Christian endeavour. This failure has a direct bearing on the situation South Africa finds itself in today, and the author argues that a return to an understanding of reconciliation that presupposes justice will help address one of the most critical issues in our social, political and theological discourse today.
Some notes on writing a commentary: Isaiah 1-12
Authors: Groenewald A.
Published: November 2012

I was requested by the editors of the �Historical Commentary on the Old Testament� (HCOT) to contribute two volumes on Isaiah in this series. This present article, however, focuses only on volume I: Isaiah 1-12. The aim of this article can be summarised in six points. Some introductory remarks are made with regard to the genre of commentary writing. Secondly, the viewpoint of the HCOT series is outlined; in other words its methodological and epistemological viewpoint. Thirdly, recent developments in the study of the book of Isaiah are discussed. Fourthly, my own objectives and hypothesis with regard to this project are outlined. Fifthly, a short overview of Isaiah 1-12 on a synchronic level is given. Sixthly, my research methodology is defined as a �diachronically reflected synchronic� reading of the Isaianic text. In the last section some concluding remarks are made.
The Changing Pattern of Endomyocardial Fibrosis in South-West Nigeria
Authors: Akinwusi Patience Olayinka , Odeyemi Abiona Oluwadamilola
Published: November 2012

Background

Endomyocardial fibrosis (EMF) is a restrictive cardiomyopathy, the prevalence of which is declining globally. This study was carried out to determine if there were changing patterns in its local prevalence in South-West Nigeria.

Methods

We reviewed the medical records of all patients admitted to or attending the cardiology clinic or medical outpatient/specialty clinics in the Department of Medicine, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology Teaching Hospital, Osogbo, South-West Nigeria. Medical data for those with EMF from January 2003 to December 2009 were retrieved and analyzed.

Results

Only three cases of EMF were identified from a total of 12,794 medical patients containing a subset of 7956 cardiac patients. The prevalence of EMF was 0.02% and 0.04% for medical and cardiac patients, respectively. All the patients with EMF were in the second or third decades of life, and had right ventricular EMF and atrial fibrillation, but no eosinophilia.

Conclusion

This study shows that the prevalence of EMF has declined in the study area from 10% in the 1960s and 1970s to 0.02% for medical cases and 0.04% for cardiac cases in the first decade of the 21st century. Right ventricular EMF still predominates, but without eosinophilia. Improved health care delivery's positive impact on the control of communicable diseases might be responsible for these observed changes. More work needs to be done both within and outside Nigeria to follow this trend and unravel the mystery surrounding this poorly understood cardiac disease.
Weather-Driven Variation in Dengue Activity in Australia Examined Using a Process-Based Modeling Approach
Authors: Bannister-Tyrrell Melanie , Williams Craig , Ritchie Scott A. , Rau Gina , Lindesay Janette , Mercer Geoff , Harley David
Published: November 2012

The impact of weather variation on dengue transmission in Cairns, Australia, was determined by applying a process-based dengue simulation model (DENSiM) that incorporated local meteorologic, entomologic, and demographic data. Analysis showed that inter-annual weather variation is one of the significant determinants of dengue outbreak receptivity. Cross-correlation analyses showed that DENSiM simulated epidemics of similar relative magnitude and timing to those historically recorded in reported dengue cases in Cairns during 1991–2009, (r = 0.372, P < 0.01). The DENSiM model can now be used to study the potential impacts of future climate change on dengue transmission. Understanding the impact of climate variation on the geographic range, seasonality, and magnitude of dengue transmission will enhance development of adaptation strategies to minimize future disease burden in Australia.
Alterations in Plasmodium falciparum Genetic Structure Two Years after Increased Malaria Control Efforts in Western Kenya
Authors: Vardo-Zalik Anne M. , Zhou Guofa , Zhong Daibin , Afrane Yaw A. , Githeko Andrew K. , Yan Guiyun
Published: November 2012

The impact of malaria intervention measures (insecticide-treated net use and artemisinin combination therapy) on malaria genetics was investigated at two sites in western Kenya: an endemic lowland and an epidemic highland. The genetic structure of the parasite population was assessed by using microsatellites, and the prevalence of drug-resistant mutations was examined by using the polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism method. Two years after intervention, genetic diversity remained high in both populations. A significant decrease in the prevalence of quintuple mutations conferring resistance to sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine was detected in both populations, but the mutation prevalence at codon 1246 of the Plasmodium falciparum multidrug resistance 1 gene had increased in the highland population. The decrease in sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine–resistant mutants is encouraging, but the increase in P. falciparum multidrug resistance 1 gene mutations is worrisome because these mutations are linked to resistance to other antimalarial drugs. In addition, the high level of genetic diversity observed after intervention suggests transmission is still high in each population.
Birthweight in Offspring of Mothers with High Prevalence of Helminth and Malaria Infection in Coastal Kenya
Authors: Fairley Jessica K. , Bisanzio Donal , King Charles H. , Kitron Uriel , Mungai Peter , Muchiri Eric , King Christopher L. , Malhotra Indu
Published: November 2012

Results of studies on the associations of maternal helminth infection and malaria-helminth co-infection on birth outcomes have been mixed. A group of 696 pregnant women from the Kwale district in Kenya were recruited and tested for malaria and helminth infection at delivery. Birthweight was documented for 664 infants. A total of 42.7% of the mothers were infected with Plasmodium falciparum, 30.6% with Schistosoma haematobium, 36.2% with filariasis, 31.5% with hookworm, and 5.9% with Trichuris trichiura; co-infection was present in 46.7%. Low birthweight (LBW) (weight < 2,500 grams) was present in 15.4% of the offspring, and 8.3% had a weight z-score ≤ 2 SD below the World Health Organization mean. Only gravida, age, and locale had a significant association with LBW. The high prevalence of maternal infection coupled with a higher than expected percentage of LBW highlight a need for further investigation of the association of maternal co-infection with LBW.
A Cluster-Randomized Trial of Insecticide-Treated Curtains for Dengue Vector Control in Thailand
Authors: Lenhart Audrey , Trongtokit Yuwadee , Alexander Neal , Apiwathnasorn Chamnarn , Satimai Wichai , Vanlerberghe Veerle , Van der Stuyft Patrick , McCall Philip J.
Published: November 2012

The efficacy of insecticide-treated window curtains (ITCs) for dengue vector control was evaluated in Thailand in a cluster-randomized controlled trial. A total of 2,037 houses in 26 clusters was randomized to receive the intervention or act as control (no treatment). Entomological surveys measured Aedes infestations (Breteau index, house index, container index, and pupae per person index) and oviposition indices (mean numbers of eggs laid in oviposition traps) immediately before and after intervention, and at 3-month intervals over 12 months. There were no consistent statistically significant differences in entomological indices between intervention and control clusters, although oviposition indices were lower (P < 0.01) in ITC clusters during the wet season. It is possible that the open housing structures in the study reduced the likelihood of mosquitoes making contact with ITCs. ITCs deployed in a region where this house design is common may be unsuitable for dengue vector control.
Laser filament-induced aerosol formation
Authors: Saathoff H. , Henin S. , Stelmaszczyk K. , Petrarca M. , Delagrange R. , Hao Z. , Lüder J. , Möhler O. , Petit Y. , Rohwetter P. , Schnaiter M. , Kasparian J. , Leisner T. , Wolf J.-P. , Wöste L.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Using the aerosol and cloud simulation chamber AIDA we investigated the laser filament induced particle formation in ambient air, humid synthetic air, humid nitrogen, argon-oxygen mixture, and pure argon in order to simulate the particle formation under realistic atmospheric conditions as well as to investigate the influence of typical gas-phase atmospheric constituents on the particle formation. Terawatt laser plasma filaments generated new particles in the size range 3 to 130 nm with particle production rates ranging from 1 × 107 to 5 × 109 cm−3 plasma s−1. In all cases the particle formation rates increased exponentially with the water content of the gas mixture. Furthermore, the presence of a few ppb of trace gases like SO2 and α-pinene clearly enhanced the particle yield by number, the latter also by mass. Our findings suggest that new particle formation is efficiently supported by acids generated by the photo-ionization of both major and minor components of the air, including N2, NH3, SO2 and organics.
Impacts of forest changes on hydrology: a case study of large watersheds in the upper reaches of Minjiang River watershed in China
Authors: Cui X. , Liu S. , Wei X.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. Quantifying the effects of forest changes on hydrology in large watersheds is important for designing forest or land management and adaptation strategies for watershed ecosystem sustainability. Minjiang River watershed, located in the upper reach of the Yangtze River basin, plays a strategic role in the environmental protection and economic and social well-being for both the watershed and the entire Yangtze River basin. The watershed lies in the transition zone from Sichuan Basin to Qinghai-Tibet Plateau with a size of 24 000 km2. Due to its strategic significance, severe historic deforestation and high sensitivity to climate change, the watershed has long been recognized as one of the highest priority watersheds in China for scientific research and resource management. The purpose of this review paper is to provide a state-of-the-art summary on what we have learned from several recently completed research programs (one of them known as "973 of the China National Major Fundamental Science" from 2002 to 2008). This summary paper focused on how land cover or forest change affected hydrology at both forest stand and watershed scales in this large watershed. Inclusion of two different spatial scales is useful, because the results from a small spatial scale (e.g. forest stand level) can help interpret the findings on a large spatial scale. Our review suggests that historic forest harvesting or land cover change has caused significant water yield increase due to reduction of forest canopy interception and evapotranspiration caused by removal of forest vegetation on both spatial scales. The impact magnitude caused by forest harvesting indicates that the hydrological effects of forest or land cover changes can be as important as those caused by climate change, while the opposite impact directions suggest their offsetting effects on water yield in the Minjiang River watershed. In addition, different types of forests have different magnitudes of evapotranspiration (ET), with the lowest in old-growth natural coniferous forests (Abies faxoniana Rehd. et Wils.) and the highest in coniferous plantations (e.g. Picea asperata Mast.) among major forest types in the study watershed. This suggests that selection of different types of forests can have an important role in ET and consequently water yield. Our synthesis indicates that future reforestation and climate change would likely produce the hydrological effects in the same direction and thus place double the pressure on water resource as both key drivers may lead to water yield reduction. The findings can support designing management strategies for protection of watershed ecological functions in the context of future land cover and climate changes.
SIMULATION OF MUX CAMERA IMAGES OF THE BRAZIL-CHINA SATELLITE EARTH RESOURCES (CBERS-3)
Authors: Boggione G. A. , Fonseca L. M. G. , Bosch-Puig S. , Ponzoni F. J.
Published: November 2012

Abstract. The manipulation of the bands of a multispectral sensor for the simulation of a other band represents an attractive possibility for the handling of the data of remote sensing. This work presents a simulation technique for the MUX/CBERS-3. MUX (Multispectral Camera) is a Sino-Brazilian camera that is under development and will be launched on the platform CBERS-3. This study analyzes images generated with worse visual aspect taking in account the attributes of the sensors. Visual and statistics tests were accomplished to confirm the effectiveness of the methodology. The result of this processing is an image containing specific information, extracted and enhanced from the original images. The objective of this study is to propose a generic simulation method of spatial resolution based on the determination of the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) by Zernike polynomials. The simulated images is important in all applications where is necessary work with images with different resolutions in order to compare the impact of change in terms of the visual analysis, resolution or performance of procedures for automatic image analysis. This research contributes to feasibility studies for future sensors, which is a very common practice to develop simulation procedures before of the construction of the sensor, where potential errors can be identified. This paper suggests a methodology for simulating band which consists of applying the techniques of filtering and resampling of images for the approximation of the desired spatial resolution.
Women and Political Office Holding In Cross River State Of Nigeria: A Study of Cultural Barriers
Authors: Ikeji Chibueze , Utulu Paul , Adeyemi Jedidiah
Published: November 2012

This study investigates whether cultural factors play a significant role in the low number of women in political positions in Cross River State of Nigeria. Stratified random sampling was used in this study for the purpose of separating the respondents into educated (HND/B.Sc. and above) and less educated. Responses from educated respondents were used in this study. Equal number of questionnaire was distributed to male and female respondents in each senatorial district. Data were collected by distributing 1223 questionnaire across the three senatorial districts of the state (407 the northern senatorial district, 408 in each of the south and central senatorial districts). Likert-scale ranking ( of 4, 3, 2, 1) was used in the questionnaire to measure the respondents views on how certain cultural views affect the number of women in political office holding duties. T-test statistical technique was used to analyze data obtained. It was found that culturally, women are deemed to be inappropriate for such duties, which account for their very low number in political office-holding duties considering their number in the population of Nigeria (about half of the population).
Empirical Support for Radiographic Review: A Follow-Up Study of Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Smith Lindsay K. , Cramp Fiona , Palmer Shea , Coghill Nikki , Spencer Robert F.
Published: November 2012

Routine post surgery surveillance of total hip arthroplasty (THA) is widely recommended to identify asymptomatic failure but inclusion of an x-ray adds to service costs. Evidence is needed to support orthopaedic opinion in order to identify what should be included in surveillance. An investigation was conducted to establish whether an x-ray is needed in addition to patient reported outcome measures. One hundred and fifty-four THA had been assessed at 3 years and were reviewed again at 6 to 9 years (mid-term) when radiographic signs of deterioration commonly appear. Data were explored for associations between radiographic changes and changes in the participants' Oxford Hip Score, age, EuroQol 5-D score or comorbidities. Hierarchical multiple regression analysis showed that the number of radiographic changes could not be predicted by any of the other variables. This supports the inclusion of an x-ray in THA surveillance and suggests that the state of the THA cannot be determined by the use of patient reported outcome measures alone. This has implications for future arthroplasty surveillance.