bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Role of p53 in Septic Immunosuppression: Involvement in Loss and Dysfunction of CD4+ T Lymphocytes
Authors: Zhang Hui , Xu Cheng-Feng , Ren Chao , Wu Tian-Tian , Dong Ning , Yao Yong-Ming
Published: November 2018

Background/Aims: Immunosuppression frequently occurs during the development of sepsis and is closely associated with poor outcome. Characteristics of immunosuppressive CD4+ T lymphocytes in sepsis have been reported to include dramatic cell loss and inactivation. p53 acts as a pivotal transcription factor in regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, which control tumorigenesis. However, few studies have investigated the universal role of p53 in immune cells, especially in the development of sepsis. Methods: A mouse model of sepsis was produced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP), and isolated splenic CD4+ T cells or Jurkat cells were exposed to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in vitro. We used genetic knockout (p53-/-) mice or the specific inhibitor pifithrin-α (PFT) to investigate the regulatory mechanisms of p53. Cell proliferation ability was assessed using a Cell Counting Kit-8 assay, and apoptotic cells were stained with annexin V/propidium iodide and then analyzed using a FACScan flow cytometer. Protein and mRNA expression levels were measured by western blotting and real-time PCR, and cytokine levels in culture supernatants were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Splenic CD4+ T lymphocytes from CLP mice expressed gradually elevated p53 mRNA and protein levels, which resulted in extracellular regulated protein kinase 1/2 inactivation and expression of apoptotic molecules. Specific inhibition of p53 by PFT or genetic knockout (p53-/-) maintained CD4+ T lymphocyte homeostasis, as indicated by protection from cell loss and restoration of immune function. A medium dose of PFT improved the survival rate of mice, while mortality rate showed only a slight improvement in p53-/- mice compared with wild-type mice. The in vitro responses to LPS were consistent with these results, and upregulation of p53 clearly affected the proliferation, apoptosis, and immune dysfunction of CD4+ T lymphocytes. In addition, we confirmed the regulatory effect of p53 in Jurkat cells, and inhibition of p53 by either inhibition or short hairpin RNA transduction markedly protected cells from LPS stimulation. Conclusion: Elevation of p53 in T lymphocytes during sepsis or endotoxin challenge might be responsible for inhibiting cell proliferation and enhancing both apoptosis and immune dysfunction of T cells.
Modos insubmissos de viver
Authors: Leite Rogerio Proença
Published: November 2018

Este artigo aborda o caráter conflitivo da rua como espaço público, nomeadamente através da análise dos usos e práticas cotidianas insubmissas que desafiam a ordem disciplinar das intervenções urbanísticas em cidades históricas. Tendo como referente empírico o centro histórico de Barcelona, a análise se baseia na Teoria das Práticas de Michel de Certeau e tenta compreender as disjuntivas de usos dos espaços da cidade, em processos contemporâneos de gentrification.
Alternative approach to mastitis management – How to prevent and control mastitis without antibiotics?
Authors: Piepers Sofie , De Vliegher Sarne
Published: November 2018

Mastitis affects a high proportion of dairy cows throughout the world and is one of the greater problems faced by the dairy industry today. The disease is still a major cause of economic loss on a dairy farm. Mastitis poses not only negative consequences for the dairy farmer but also for the dairy industry as a number of issues threaten the reputation of milk as a healthy product from healthy animals. The use of antimicrobials is one of those concerns and threats. Antimicrobial usage on dairy farms is most often related to udder health as most medicines are used in prevention and control of mastitis. Antimicrobials remain vital for treatment of bacterial infections in dairy cattle, but in light of the upcoming debate instigated by the potential link between the use of antimicrobial products in animal husbandry and the development of antimicrobial resistance in both animal and human pathogens, there is an urgent need for innovation and alternatives to antibiotic therapy for mastitis treatment and control. Alternative approaches include vaccination, probiotics or beneficial microorganisms and inhibitory substances, immunomodulation, bacteriophages, homeopathy, and plant-derived inhibitory substances, yet only when scientifically-proven evidence is available indicating these alternatives are effective.
Correlation of feline immunodeficiency virus status and the severity of feline chronic gingivostomatitis
Authors: De Sousa Filho Reginaldo Pereira , Sampaio Keytyanne de Oliveira , Cagnini Didier Quevedo , Montenegro Assis Rubens , Rocha Mariana Araújo , Evangelista Janaina Serra Azul Monteiro , Da Cunha Marina Gabriela Monteiro Carvalho Mori
Published: November 2018

Feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS) is a challenge for the veterinary practitioner since its etiology and treatments are still undefined. The present paper investigated the role of the feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) in the severity of the FCGS. Oral mucosal biopsies obtained from 19 cats with FCGS were divided into two groups according to their FIV serology status. Later, the clinical lesion score was correlated with the histopathological grade of FCGS lesions and the degree of immunostaining in both groups. Most of the animals had significant histological changes; however, no correlation with FIV immunostaining intensity was observed. It was concluded that the presence of FIV infection or the animal’s seropositivity status does not seem to interfere with the severity of clinical signs nor the degree of histopathological changes when compared to the seronegative group.
Aspecualização do ator no discurso jornalístico
Authors: Paquieli Caroline Da Silva
Published: November 2018

Este artigo pretende, primeiramente, abordar a atuação do conceito de aspectualização actorial, utilizado pela teoria semiótica de linha francesa (ou greimasiana), no direcionamento argumentativo de um texto jornalístico. Nesse sentido, o objetivo aqui é analisar os modos de presença do enunciador do discurso através das projeções dos julgamentos feitos às ações dos atores do enunciado. As concepções e bases teóricas utilizadas se respaldam nas categorias de excesso x falta x justa medida, estabelecidas por Fiorin (1989), a partir das contribuições sobre aspectualização já realizadas por Greimas e Courtés (2008), e em estudos realizados por Discini (2006) e por Gomes (2012a; 2012b, 2014). Outro intuito do presente trabalho está em demonstrar a inter-relação existente entre a modalização e a aspectualização e seus efeitos argumentativos no texto. No entanto, a análise aqui realizada do conceito de aspectualização actorial não fica restrita à discursivização das etapas modais das estruturas narrativas. Ao contrário, a aspectualização do ator no enunciado atinge, neste artigo, um viés mais amplo e discursivo ao ser averiguada também por meio da influência das paixões e das categorias tensivas, propostas por Zilberberg (2006). Desse modo, o desejo é, ao analisar duas notícias sobre o acatamento do pedido de impeachment de Dilma Rousseff pelo então presidente da Câmara dos Deputados, Eduardo Cunha, veiculadas em jornais online diferentes, examinar como os mecanismos aspectuais atuam na construção dos textos e marcam sua subjetividade.
Entre ilusão e segredo: forma de vida do ator homem “do lar” em Borralheiro, de Fabrício Carpinejar
Authors: Oliveira Raíssa Medici de , Nascimento Edna Maria Fernandes dos Santos
Published: November 2018

Com base no referencial teórico-metodológico da semiótica francesa, o presente artigo busca compreender como o ator homem “do lar” é construído no livro de crônicas Borralheiro, de Fabrício Carpinejar. Para tanto, analisa-se, além do papel actancial que o instaura como actante-sujeito, os papéis temáticos e patêmicos responsáveis pela sua individuação, bem como a constituição de uma nova forma de vida que ele assume (ou não) na interação com o outro. Como hipótese principal, uma possível tensão entre um modo de parecer e um modo de ser, tensão que conduz à verificação de possíveis simulações e/ou dissimulações na configuração da nova forma vida. Nessa verificação, explora-se, ainda, o humor como estratégia de uma práxis enunciativa que busca desestabilizar formas fixas (no caso, estereótipos socioculturais) e sensibilizar o enunciatário para a emergência de novas maneiras de “ser homem”.
Sobre a literatura russa do período clássico
Authors: Lotman Iuri
Published: November 2018

Em um dos seus últimos artigos (datado de 1992), o semioticista Iúri Lotman aborda o assim chamado “período clássico” da literatura russa que abarca o século XIX e vai de Aleksandr Púchkin a Anton Tchékhov. Ao contrário da crítica literária tradicional, que propunha analisar o período como uma passagem do Romantismo para o Realismo, Lotman sugere que o vejamos como um fenômeno dotado de certa unidade orgânica. Dentro dessa unidade, Lotman destaca autores cuja obra possui características “binárias” (como, por exemplo, Nikolai Gógol e Fiódor Dostoiévski) ou “ternárias” (entre eles, Liev Tolstói e Anton Tchékhov). Essa divisão se baseia em uma visão mais geral sobre as culturas russa e universal: para Lotman, trata-se de um processo dinâmico em que épocas relativamente estáveis são alternadas por períodos explosivos.
Universo discursivo dos textos do “Massacre de Realengo”: por uma ampliação da noção de perfil sociolinguístico em contextos forenses
Authors: Almeida Dayane Celestino de
Published: November 2018

O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar alguns textos encontrados pela polícia durante a investigação do que ficou conhecido como “Massacre de Realengo” (ocorrido no Rio de Janeiro em 2011), focalizando a recorrência semântica como “criadora” do efeito de sentido de pertencimento do enunciador a um determinado “grupo social”, que aqui denominaremos “universo discursivo”. Com isso, pretende-se discutir a ideia de “grupo social” no âmbito da sociolinguística e suas implicações para a elaboração de perfis sociolinguísticos em contextos forenses, propondo a ampliação desta noção e incluindo o exame do nível discursivo nos moldes da semiótica greimasiana no rol de possíveis procedimentos de análise, principalmente em textos curtos e em que não seja possível um estudo de variáveis linguísticas nos moldes da sociolinguística. A pergunta que se coloca é: como determinar algum grupo social em que se insere o autor dos textos sob exame, para se selecionar ou “desselecionar” suspeitos quando esses textos são em geral curtos e não apresentam variáveis linguísticas suficientes para que se estabeleçam categorias sociais com confiança? A hipótese é que a recorrência semântica aponte para algum grupo social, não necessariamente demográfico, mas uma espécie de “comunidade discursiva” ou “rede discursiva”, que compartilhe as mesmas práticas, valores, ideologias, etc., e que seja depreendida dos textos.
O que é, afinal, a educação patrimonial?
Authors: Demarchi João Lorandi
Published: November 2018

É paradigmática na história da educação patrimonial brasileira a publicação do Guia Básico de Educação Patrimonial, em 1999. Desdobramento do 1º Seminário sobre o Uso Educativo de Museus e Monumentos, realizado em 1983, esse guia apresenta uma metodologia educativa específica a ser trabalhada com o patrimônio cultural. A despeito de sua importância, é incipiente a análise crítica acerca dos conceitos e concepções adotados pelas autoras, acarretando o uso do guia pela sociedade sem uma consciência clara do que isso significa. Diante disso, este artigo contribui ao refletir sobre as definições e propostas apresentadas por ele, buscando identificar quais as implicações práticas e epistemológicas de tais posicionamentos. Nesse esforço de compreensão, são utilizados os estudos desenvolvidos por pesquisadores específicos da área do patrimônio e da educação patrimonial, e recorre-se com frequência aos conceitos e análises desenvolvidos por Paulo Freire e Marilena Chaui, teóricos da educação e da cultura brasileiras. Dessa forma, o artigo busca incentivar o debate crítico sobre o Guia, objetivando sua compreensão.
[Des]velhecer, uma reflexão sensório-cênica sobre a mulher e o envelhecimento
Authors: Fischer Stela , Olivares Leticia
Published: November 2018

Este texto identifica e analisa a ação cênica [des]velhecer, do coletivo Rubro Obsceno, na cidade de São Paulo. Considerando a análise e cartografia dessa ação – que lança posicionamentos políticos na construção de poéticas cênicas e cujas premissas giram em torno de visibilizar as subjetividades das mulheres a partir de 60 anos –, enfatizamos a importância da reflexão crítica desde o próprio fazer artístico. Para isso, trazemos inspirações dos trabalhos de Tellas, Diéguez e Beauvoir, entre outras. Compartilhamos a experiência de criação enquanto artistas das artes cênicas e, acima de tudo, identificamos os motivos pelos quais ainda se faz necessário promover ativismos feministas.

Palavras-chave: Ativismo feminista, Teatro de mulheres, Ação social.
Víctor Zavala Cataño e seu Teatro Campesino
Authors: Santos Patricia Freitas dos
Published: November 2018

Este trabalho apresenta uma tradução da peça El Gallo, de Víctor Zavala Cataño, inédita em língua portuguesa. Buscamos, assim, preencher uma lacuna nos estudos teatrais no Brasil, além de pontuar, através de um texto introdutório, a importância de um trabalho intensamente cerceado, visto que o autor se manteve como preso político no Peru até junho de 2017.

Palavras-chave: Teatro político, Víctor Zavala Cataño, El Gallo.
O complexo de Penélope
Authors: Almeida Daniel Manzoni de
Published: November 2018

Neste conto exponho a história de Eliseu: um jovem de classe média alta, cisgênero, branco, homossexual e profissionalmente reconhecido. Aparentemente, bem-sucedido aos padrões da estrutura da sociedade brasileira. Porém, ainda falta um amor em sua vida. Na busca desse relacionamento, Eliseu é como o mito de Penélope, na Odisseia de Homero, subvertido: em vez de esperar, procura por seu amado construindo no dia as possibilidades de uma relação, mas a destruindo à noite com facilidade o pouco que construiu, sempre na busca de uma felicidade pautada nas normas de uma sociedade heteronormatizada e sem referências claras de amor-gay.

Palavras-chave: Literatura LGBT; Conto LGBT.
“A recepção dos ‘Principios de direito mercantil e leis de marinha’, do Visconde de Cairu, pelos comercialistas brasileiros dos séculos XIX e XX”
Authors: Camilo Junior Ruy Pereira
Published: November 2018

O artigo constata que, após o longo período de esquecimento que se seguiu à promulgação do Código Comercial de 1850, a obra fundadora da literatura jurídica nacional – os “Principios” de Cairu – foi resgatada pelos comercialistas brasileiros, em um momento histórico de revalorização do papel da doutrina. A releitura deste autor representativo da crise do Antigo Regime não pode, no entanto, ser feito de modo anacrônico, sendo imprescindível compreender sua cosmovisão.
Predomínio do assédio moral na administração pública
Authors: Campos Roberto Augusto de Carvalho , Pancheri Ivanira
Published: November 2018

O presente artigo destina-se a refletir sobre o Assédio Moral no Trabalho e seu predomínio na Administração Pública. Pretende-se compreender o fenômeno do Assédio Moral com seus principais contornos e os motivos pelos quais a Administração Pública caracteriza-se por lugar de maior ocorrência do Assédio Moral. Para tanto, faz-se um levantamento bibliográfico, inclusive com pesquisas empíricas sobre fatos paralelos, mas que, fornecem credibilidade às ilações. Examinando a temática, pode-se formular recomendações para combate de problemática mundial tão grave, inclusive estudando o compliance e sua criminalização.
The primacy and supremacy clauses of European Union Law and their application in the legal order of the Republic of Lithuania
Authors: Ravluševičius Pavelas
Published: November 2018

The primacy and supremacy clauses of European Union law (“EU law”) are to one of the most prevalent issues concerning the relationship between EU law and domestic law of the Republic of Lithuania. It seems that such issues were not definitely settled even when the Treaty of Lisbon amending the Treaty on European Union, which established the European Community. During that period, significant changes were made in EU Member States, regarding the domestic application of the principle of primacy and supremacy of EU law. Lithuanian law has undergone the development in this sphere too.The European Court of Justice (“ECJ”) has developed the meaning of the principle of primacy, which means that European Union law should take precedence over the national law (even over constitutional provisions) and, in case of conflicts between EU law and national law, every national court is obliged to apply the European Union law. The comparative analysis of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court case law shows counter development to the ECJ case law, which may cause the jurisdictional collision of setting aside EU law based on constitutional grounds.The paper includes some relevant examples of application of EU law arising from preliminary ruling procedure under Art. 267 of Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union in the praxis of the Lithuanian Constitutional Court and Lithuanian courts of general and special competences.
Sistematização do Direito Civil às vésperas do código de 1916:
Authors: Queiroz Rafael Mafei Rabelo
Published: November 2018

Este artigo investiga a maneira como os juristas e operadores do direito brasileiro atendiam suas demandas por sistematização nos anos imediatamente anteriores ao Código Civil de 1916. Seu objetivo é problematizar a visão de que uma única obra de doutrina – a Consolidação das Leis Civis de Teixeira de Freitas – cumpria este papel, sem negar a evidente relevância daquele trabalho. Com base em evidências documentais primárias, obtidas nos livros de atas de consulta da Biblioteca da Faculdade de Direito de São Paulo entre 1892 e 1916, o artigo mostra como um conjunto muito maior de autores, inclusive estrangeiros, era de fato utilizado para esses fins.
La exégesis y su recepción en Colombia:
Authors: Botero Andrés
Published: November 2018

En este escrito se enuncian las principales características del movimiento exegético colombiano, a la par que se expone la llegada del código civil a dicho país. Se resalta cómo el mito de la traducción (esto es, creer que el código civil de Andrés Bello fue una traducción o una adaptación del código napoleónico de 1804) permitió una rápida aceptación de dicho texto chileno, pero su eficacia fue muy limitada a lo largo del siglo XIX. El código civil empezó a ser eficaz fuertemente a inicios del siglo XX, justo cuando ya era un texto obsoleto en muchos de sus apartados. A inicios del siglo XX es que aparecieron los juristas que constituyeron el núcleo duro de lo que puede denominarse como “exégesis colombiana”; es decir, juristas más técnicos que gramáticos. Claro está que está exégesis colombiana no es igualable con la francesa, entre otras cosas por su variedad de fuentes doctrinales y jurídicas. Esta exégesis de principios del siglo XX constituyó un escalón del formalismo jurídico colombiano, que es la doctrina y la práctica jurídicas tradicionales en este país, al que se enfrentará el movimiento constitucionalista de finales del siglo XX.
Literatura e antropologia como paradigmas críticos do direito
Authors: Grané Diniz Guilherme
Published: November 2018

O pensamento de crítica do Direito já é muito antigo em nossa sociedade, encontrando desde seus primórdios diversos paradigmas. No passado, a filosofia foi o principal paradigma e com o advento da modernidade e do positivismo filosófico, a ciência passou a ocupar este lugar. No presente artigo, em primeiro momento, exploramos como a antropologia funciona enquanto um paradigma crítico do Direito, a partir do descentramento do olhar ocidental sobre suas instituições e consequente desnaturalização da ideia da universalidade do Direito. Para tanto, exploramos alguns textos postos pelo antropólogo contemporâneo Robert Vachon. Mas, no segundo passo deste trabalho, queremos mostrar que a antropologia encontra limitações para essa crítica no fato de estar atrelada culturalmente à modernidade social, de modo que em uma crítica que busca descentrar de forma absoluta de nossas categorias ela incorre no que Habermas chama de contradição performativa. Desse modo, pretendemos propor a literatura como um paradigma crítico do Direito que não sofre com os ônus enunciativos que a antropologia traz, podendo fazer assim uma crítica mais profunda e consequente.
Entre o erudito e o popular
Authors: Rosa Luciana Fernandes , Berg Silvia Maria Pires Cabrera
Published: November 2018

Este artigo discute a classificação dos gêneros formadores da música urbana brasileira nas categorias de música popular e erudita, desde meados do século XVII até início do século XX. Os conceitos e distinções analisados por Didier Francfort e outros autores serão aqui exemplificados nos processos de construção e desenvolvimento dos gêneros musicais formadores da música brasileira, bem como os mecanismos de apropriação e transferência de gêneros entre o universo erudito e o popular. Os gêneros analisados são a modinha, pertencente ao período colonial, e as danças europeias e gêneros executados pelas bandas de corporação no período joanino, como a polca e o schottisch, assim como seus compositores e suas influências musicais diversas, que culminaram em estilos musicais híbridos. O artigo também demonstra como o esnobismo influenciou a aceitação de compositores brasileiros pelas classes dominantes de suas épocas, e o efeito que esta rejeição provocou nos compositores e no julgamento de suas obras.
Does legislative change affect the use and duration of compulsory treatment orders?
Authors: Vine Ruth , Tibble Holly , Pirkis Jane , Judd Fiona , Spittal Matthew J
Published: November 2018

Objective:

Victoria, Australia, introduced reformed mental health legislation in 2014. The Act was based on a policy platform of recovery-oriented services, supported decision-making and minimisation of the use and duration of compulsory orders. This paper compares service utilisation and legal status after being on a community treatment order under the Mental Health Act 1986 (Vic) with that under the Mental Health Act 2014 (Vic).

Methods:

We obtained two distinct data sets of persons who had been on a community treatment order for at least 3 months and their subsequent treatment episodes over 2 years under the Mental Health Act and/or as an inpatient for the periods 2008–2010 (Mental Health Act 1986) and 2014–2016 (Mental Health Act 2014). The two sets were compared to assess the difference in use, duration and odds of having a further admission over 2 years. We also considered the mode of discharge – whether by the treating psychiatrist, external body or through expiry.

Results:

Compared with the Mental Health Act 1986, under the Mental Health Act 2014, index community treatment orders were shorter (mean 227 days compared with 335 days); there was a reduction in the mean number of community treatment orders in the 2 years following the index discharge − 1.1 compared with 1.5 (incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 0.71, 95% confidence interval = [0.63, 0.80]) – and a 51% reduction in days on an order over 2 years. There was a reduction in the number of subsequent orders for those whose order expired or was revoked by the psychiatrist under the Mental Health Act 2014 compared to those under the Mental Health Act 1986. The number of orders which were varied to an inpatient order by the authorised psychiatrist was notably greater under the Mental Health Act 2014.

Conclusion:

The reformed Mental Health Act has been successful in its intent to reduce the use and duration of compulsory orders in the community. The apparent increase in return to inpatient orders raises questions regarding the intensity and effectiveness of community treatment and context of service delivery.
Price Promotions and Popular Events
Authors: Keller Wiebke I.Y. , Deleersnyder Barbara , Gedenk Karen
Published: November 2018

Managers often use popular events, such as the Olympics, to advertise their brands more heavily. Can manufacturers and retailers capitalize on these events to enhance the response to their price promotions? This study empirically examines whether the sales response to price promotions is stronger or weaker around events than at nonevent times, and what factors drive this relative promotion response. Studying 242 brands from 30 consumer packaged goods categories in the Netherlands over more than four years, the authors find that a price promotion offered around a popular event often generates a stronger sales response than the same promotion at nonevent times, with a price promotion elasticity that is 9.3% larger, on average, during events. Still, the variance in relative promotion response across brands and events is high, and the authors identify several drivers that managers should consider before shifting promotions toward event times. Currently, managers often do not take these drivers into account. This study provides guidelines to improve promotional timing decisions in relation to popular events.
A New Concept in Gasoline Marketing
Authors: McNallen James B.
Published: November 2018

One of the events that excited the most comment in petroleum marketing circles in 1956 was the introduction by Sun Oil Company of five grades of gasoline in Florida. This was particularly significant since Sun had traditionally manufactured and marketed only a single grade of gasoline.

Sun has long been a major factor in price and quality competition in its marketing territory. This is a case history of competition showing how these factors of price and quality competition, along with Sun's distribution setup and technological capacity, influenced the decision to market multiple grades of gasoline.
Creative Marketing of Life Insurance
Authors: Morrill Thomas C.
Published: November 2018

Annual life-Insurance spending is declining for every income group except the highest. Life-insurance companies traditionally have concentrated on families of well-above-average income, to the neglect of the mass market.

Yet because middle-income groups are growing in size and buying power, creativity in the marketing of insurance to this major segment of the population is needed.

The author believes that the life-insurance business has failed to adopt modern marketing concepts. He suggests a re-evaluation of distribution methods in the light of marketing principles.
The Scope of the Military Market
Authors: Weidenbaum Murray L.
Published: November 2018

This article describes the major categories of the military market in the United States. Important changes in the composition of the military demand for goods and services are also indicated.

These developments include the emergence of the Air Force as the largest military customer; increased emphasis on the procurement of new weapons; and the replacement of conventional weapons by missiles, jet aircraft and, in the forseeable future, space vehicles.
Is the United States Being Priced Out of World Markets?
Authors: Dowd Laurence P.
Published: November 2018

The ideas contained in this article were first presented in a summarized form at the International Marketing Session of the American Marketing Association Conference in December, 1959, and subsequently delivered in an expanded version at the Eighth Annual Conference of the Great Lakes States Industrial Development Council at Purdue University in January, 1960. Because of current wide discussion of the subject and its importance to marketers especially, Professor Dowd's analysis is reproduced here in its entirety.

Professor Dowd offers proof that, although prices of products may be high because of increased costs of raw materials, taxes, labor, and declining efficiency of productive organization, U.S. exports are not being priced out of world markets. The popular belief is based upon an erroneous statistical comparison of two “abnormal” years, 1957 and 1958.

Nevertheless, American producers may not be maintaining their share of world exports since they are not applying the principles of modern marketing management, essential to successful domestic selling, to increasingly important foreign markets.
The Wheel of Retailing
Authors: Hollander Stanley C.
Published: November 2018

New types of retailing frequently start off with crude facilities, little prestige, and a reputation for cutting prices and margins. As they mature, they often acquire more expensive buildings, provide more elaborate services, impose higher margins, and become vulnerable to new competition.

The author examines the history of numerous retail institutions to determine if this process really constitutes a “natural law of retailing.”
The Dilemma of Creative Advertising
Authors: Politz Alfred
Published: November 2018

Why does so much of our contemporary advertising violate the rules of effective communication, the application of which could easily increase the power of advertising?

This article explains why … by pointing out several factors which have been overlooked or misunderstood in advertising theory. It also tells how the advertiser can make his advertising operate much more effectively.
Operations Research in Making Marketing Decisions
Authors: Magee John F.
Published: November 2018

Operations research, a confusing and mysterious concept to many in marketing, is finding a significant role in analysis and integration of other business functions in support of marketing.

The author shows that the notion of operations research as a collection of special mathematical techniques is breaking down. The field is showing its power in building concepts and methods for research in business.
Interdisciplinary Horizons in Marketing
Authors: Lazer William , Kelley Eugene J.
Published: November 2018

Marketing has reached a stage in its development as a discipline where critical evaluation of research findings and theories from other fields can add new dimensions to the field of marketing. More materials of other disciplines are likely to be incorporated in marketing in the future.

This article surveys some of the present and potential contributions of behavioral science findings and quantitative measurement methods to marketing.
Creativity in Consumer Research
Authors: Blankenship A. B.
Published: November 2018

Many users of marketing research seem to regard it as a mere matter of summarizing facts, some of which the researcher may have to collect.

This article argues that this is an oversimplification: that research, if it is to be sound and of most help to marketing management, must be creative and imaginative in study design, question design, and the like.
An Improved Hand-Tabulation Method
Authors: Mrazek George J.
Published: November 2018

When a marketing-research project involves more than fifty or sixty cases and calls for some degree of cross-tabulation, accurate analysis is difficult unless the data are coded and transcribed.

This article shows how the accuracy, speed, and flexibility of hand-tabulation methods may be improved.
Formal Reasoning and Marketing Strategy
Authors: Lipson Harry A.
Published: November 2018

Some serious marketing theorists are attempting to use formal reasoning in creating marketing programs.

This article surveys the new methods developed by formalists. The implications of this new approach are important to all marketing executives and researchers.
Personal Interviews or Mail Panels?
Authors: O'Dell William F.
Published: November 2018

Blind allegiance to a particular marketing research technique is frequently the cause of survey inefficiency. According to Mr. O'Dell, the never deviating adherence of many practitioners to the mail panel or a rigorous probability sample leads to waste and excessively costly survey data.

He presents some new, objective findings here, to aid the researcher in selecting the most efficient data-gathering method.
Ferment in Marketing's Oldest Area
Authors: Heskett J. L.
Published: November 2018

Organization changes for more effective management of physical distribution are currently taking place in many of our nation's industrial firms.

This article answers the following questions: • What is physical distribution? • What is the scope of its management in terms of the modern day marketing environment? • What types of firms are most likely to realign managerial responsibilities to unify control over physical distribution? • What are the implications of the trend for marketing managers, marketers of physical distribution services, and teachers of marketing and transportation?
New Products Need Special Management
Authors: Murphy John H.
Published: November 2018

Believing that most companies do not go after new products effectively, the author deals with what is wrong and what to do about it.

Of special interest is the theme that the responsibility for new products should not rest with the marketing function.
Bayesian Decision Theory in Pricing Strategy
Authors: Green Paul E.
Published: November 2018

Both this article and the preceding one by Harry V. Roberts on “Bayesian Statistics in Marketing” (pp. 1–4) show that Bayesian statistics is a new and potentially powerful tool for systematically working with management judgments.

The present article by Paul E. Green shows how this approach can be used in the area of pricing analysis.
A Probability Model for Early Prediction of New Product Market Success
Authors: Barclay William D.
Published: November 2018

This article shows the application of a simple probability model to one aspect of the early prediction of new product success. The model is tested by comparing a long-run predicted proportion of Chicago families who would be expected to buy a particular new product during a bimonthly period with the actual proportions buying since introduction.
Next Sales Meeting—Try a Game
Authors: Thompson Donald L.
Published: November 2018

Here is an account of a business game designed to keep interest at a high pitch, and at the same time highlight a critical sales management problem.

No computer installation is required; and simple rules describe the manner in which this effective sales training device may be used.
The Federal Trade Commission of the 1960s
Authors: Murphy Daniel J.
Published: November 2018

What are some of the recent changes in procedures of the Federal Trade Commission? And how is the FTC giving additional protection against unfair business practices?

An FTC spokesman gives the answers.
Mass Marketing and Warranty Liability
Authors: Southwick Arthur F.
Published: November 2018

How do decisions by marketing managers and advertising executives influence court decisions pertaining to the law of products liability?

Manufacturers face an increasing number of damage claims from consumers, and recent cases modifying the rules of substantive law enhance a plaintiff's prospect of successful suit. The author explains why the law of products liability continues to develop and expand.
What is Meant by Franchise Selling?
Authors: Konopa Leonard J.
Published: November 2018

Too often cooperatives and wholesaler-sponsored chains are described as franchise selling. This marketing man shows how voluntary groups and franchise selling are sufficiently different that these terms should be recognized as distinct concepts.
Practical Media Decisions and the Computer
Authors: Moran William T.
Published: November 2018

Of the variety of new computer applications, the most important is the development of decision models for media selection.

This article discusses the development of decision models in general, the development of a practical media decision model which grew out of disillusionment with linear programing, the ways that this model's requirements for new data are being met, and the implications of the model for the future of the advertising business.

After reading this article, read the succeeding one, “How Practical Is the Media Model?” by Joseph St. Georges (pp. 31–33).
How Practical is the Media Model?
Authors: Georges Joseph St.
Published: November 2018

This article is a fitting conclusion to the preceding one, “Practical Media Decisions and the Computer,” by William T. Moran. Mr. St. Georges deals with the stages by which media decision makers will realize the potential of the computerized media decision model.

He raises serious questions about the requirements and potential sources of necessary data, but shows why the model eventually will enhance rather than inhibit media judgment and creativity.
The Public Relations of Interviewing
Authors: Schwartz Alvin
Published: November 2018

The relationships between interviewers and prospective respondents are crucial to the success of every marketing research project.

Based on the results from a recent study, this article explores some approaches to improving these relationships.
What Could Nonexposure Tell the TV Advertiser?
Authors: Towers Irwin M. , Goodman Leo A. , Zeisel Hans
Published: November 2018

This is a critique of the usual techniques used to gauge the effectiveness of TV advertising.

Also, a new TV-testing method is proposed, aimed at providing more valid results. A controlled experiment, conducted in a realistic setting, with nonexposure to television controlled, forms the basis of this method.
U. S. Consumption of Frozen Foods
Authors: Ertsman John E.
Published: November 2018

What figures are correct for U. S. consumption of frozen foods? The author provides figures different from some previously published.
Marketing Government Surplus Property
Authors: Tahir Abe M.
Published: November 2018

Modern marketing techniques are now being used by the federal government in order to increase the return on its sales of surplus property.

The author presents a general review of the government's sales practices, as carried out by the agency chiefly responsible for disposing of surplus property.
Financial Assistance for Graduate Students in Marketing, 1963–1964
Authors: Cole Robert H.
Published: November 2018

Here is a picture of the financial assistance available during 1963–1964 at leading schools of business throughout the U.S.A. for graduate students in marketing.

There were 100 institutions that furnished detailed information for this second annual survey of financial aid — the first survey was summarized in the October, 1962. JOURNAL OF MARKETING.
Retailing in Poland: A First-Hand Report
Authors: Walters J. Hart
Published: November 2018

An extensive exchange of letters between Professor J. Hart Walters, Jr., and various Polish economists resulted in a first-hand study of marketing in Poland for almost one year.

Drawing on his first-hand experiences in Poland, as well as documentary sources, the author shows why low costs of doing business in Poland are not always accompanied by a high degree of consumer convenience. As in other Eastern European economies, Polish retailing is relatively decentralized, but many major areas of decision-making are centrally controlled.
Variations in the Cyclical Behavior of Advertising
Authors: Yang Charles Yneu
Published: November 2018

The general pattern of cyclical fluctuations in advertising has become familiar today. But what remains less well understood is how one type of advertising may behave differently from others. A better insight into this subject will help media in reducing business instability and to assist advertisers in planning effective advertising strategies.

This article demonstrates how differently advertisers of different types of products and of various sizes react to business fluctuations.
Manufacturer's Representative or Company Salesman?
Authors: Gallop Norman J.
Published: November 2018

There are many situations that make one kind of sales organization preferable to another, but what is the industrial buyer's preference? Does it matter to the industrial buyer whether a salesman is a manufacturer's representative or a direct company man?

The results of a survey in the electronic components' industry indicate some possible answers.
Who Does the Work of Retailing?
Authors: Hollander Stanley C.
Published: November 2018

Many activities of retailers can be divided among manufacturers, wholesalers, retailers, specialized functionaries, and consumers in many different ways. But which marketing tasks should retailers perform, share, shift, and contract out?

Here are some thought-provoking answers by a specialist on retailing.
Wholesaling in an Economy of Scarcity: Turkey
Authors: Samli A. Coskun
Published: November 2018

This article analyzes the functions of wholesaling in an economy of SCARCITY, the Turkish economy, in contrast to the functions of wholesaling in an economy of ABUNDANCE, the United States.

The author compares the two systems, based on firsthand knowledge.
Management Responsibilities Facing the Wholesale Grocer
Authors: Applebaum William
Published: November 2018

The world of the grocery wholesaler has changed and is continuing to change dramatically. What are the objectives of the marketer in this area? What are his responsibilities and how should he meet them?

In discussing these questions as they apply to the food - distribution industry, the author hits upon background, objectives, and responsibilities that apply to other areas of business enterprise as well. He also constructs a “model” grocery wholesaler whose behavior reflects how management could face its responsibilities.
Critical Path Analysis for New Product Planning
Authors: Wong Yung
Published: November 2018

Since its inception in 1957, Critical Path Analysis (CPA), which includes the CRITICAL PATH METHOD (CPM), and PROGRAM EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE (PERT) has received widespread acclaim as a planning, scheduling, and control tool. Its applications had been initially restricted to construction and engineering. Growing sophistication in the use of the tool has extended its applicability to the area of new product planning.

The purpose of this article is to introduce to marketing managers and analysts the group of techniques called CPA and its application to new product planning. The process of new product planning as a function of marketing management is first described. The concept and the underlying logic of CPA and a hypothetical new product venture are presented to show the technique's rationale and capability. Extensions of CPA and its value in a new product venture conclude the discussion.
Effective Management and the Human Factor
Authors: Lesly Philip
Published: November 2018

Management executives—especially in marketing—are striving to become more scientific. Disciplines for evaluating, measuring, and predicting are the current growth fields of business.

But are these disciplines carrying management further away from where the problems really are? The ideas expressed in this article run somewhat counter to the schools of thought so dominant in today's front offices and some schools of business—and some different answers are suggested.
Sales Variability in Service Stations
Authors: Miller Richard A.
Published: November 2018

The fact that individual retail outlets differ substantially from one another in sales volume is not news to marketing executives. Yet static patterns for measuring retail success and failure continue in use.

The author of this article demonstrates the extent of retail sales variations in the oil industry. He also shows evidence that the use of fixed sales ratios may lead to inaccuracies in appraisals of stations and managers, and to inefficient allocation of marketing expenditures.
Is Marketing Education Drifting?
Authors: Kniffin Fred W.
Published: November 2018

As marketing becomes more scientific in its orientation and methodology, are the collegiate schools of business responding with more rigorous programs or merely drifting along?

Here is the available evidence, and indications of the need for new studies of marketing education.
Psychologists in Marketing Education
Authors: Miner John B.
Published: November 2018

While the influence of psychology on marketing practices is widely recognized, almost no information is available regarding the roles of psychologists in the education of those preparing for careers in marketing.

What related changes are occurring in psychology and in business administration? Are adequate provisions being made so that marketing managers of the future will not have to be self-taught as to their psychological knowledge? Are a sufficient number of psychologists being attracted to the faculties of business schools?

This article by a psychologist on the faculty of a school of business provides some answers.
The Semantic Differential: An Information Source for Designing Retail Patronage Appeals
Authors: Kelly Robert F. , Stephenson Ronald
Published: November 2018

The authors propose that the semantic differential, an attitudinal scaling device, be employed by retailers and consumer service institutions to identify factors underlying consumer patronage decisions. Three specific areas of application described are (1) just prior to opening a new store, (2) shortly after a new store has opened, and (3) once a store has reached a stage of relative maturity. Emphasis throughout is on the operational implications of information produced by application of the semantic differential.
How to Plan New Products, Improve Old Ones, and Create Better Advertising
Authors: Twedt Dik Warren
Published: November 2018

A three-step method is presented for planning new products, for planning product improvement, and for evaluating relative strength of copy claims. Step I involves systematic creative exploration of all conceivable product variations; step 2 assigns differentiation ratings; step 3 evaluates three primary factors of product attributes.
Physical Distribution Development, Current Status, and Potential
Authors: Bowersox Donald J.
Published: November 2018

Physical distribution, one of the oldest facets of commercial enterprise, has historically been one of the most neglected of business subjects. A flurry of attention has focused upon the concept of integrated physical distribution since the mid-1950s.

In this article the where been, where now, and where going of physical distribution are examined. The author first reviews major developments which have served to establish the field of physical distribution. The second section provides a synthesis of developments into a summary statement of the existing state of physical distribution. The final section provides a review of research topics on the forefront of development in 1969.
Systems Analysis for Controlling and Improving Marketing Performance
Authors: Stasch Stanley F.
Published: November 2018

This article points out some reasons for marketing's lag in the use of computers and quantitative techniques. The systems approach is suggested as one which can minimize or eliminate the causes of this lag. The systems approach outlined by the author uses marketing theory to guide the firm's efforts in establishing performance criteria, organizing an information collection activity, and developing analytic models.
Measuring the Effectiveness of Your Company's Advertising
Authors: Schwartz David A.
Published: November 2018

A program for the systematic review of company advertising can result in better information concerning what advertising should accomplish, what company advertising has actually accomplished, and what can be done to create more effective advertisements in the future. This article describes a continuing program designed to aid management in evaluating advertising effectiveness.
Marketing Policy Decisions Facing International Marketers in the Less-developed Countries
Authors: Lipson Harry A. , Lamont Douglas F.
Published: November 2018

There are profitable markets in the less-developed countries (LDCs) of the world. To lump all of these markets together into something called international marketing is a mistake. Profits will be made by those marketers understanding the real differences in each of these markets. This article points out how marketers must adapt their policies and practices to meet the socioeconomic circumstances of national and regional markets overseas.