bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contact is a stronger predictor of attitudes toward police than race: a state-of-the-art review
Authors: Alberton Amy M. , Gorey Kevin M.
Published: July 2018

Purpose

This scoping review thoroughly scanned research on race, contacts with police and attitudes toward police. An exploratory meta-analysis then assessed the strength of their associations and interaction in Canada and the USA. Key knowledge gaps and specific future research needs, synthetic and primary, were identified. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

A germinal methodological framework for conducting scoping reviews was used (Arksey and O’Malley, 2005). The authors searched for published or unpublished research over the past 15 years and retrieved 33 eligible surveys, 19 of which were included in a sample-weighted meta-analysis.

Findings

The independent association of contact with attitudes toward police was estimated to be three times larger than the independent race association. Three large knowledge gaps were identified. Almost nothing is known about these associations among specific racial groups as they were typically aggregated into visible minority groupings. The authors have essentially no knowledge yet about specific racial group by a specific type of contact interactions. There is also a lack of generalizable knowledge as research has been largely restricted to locales.

Originality/value

This is the first research synthesis of race and attitudes toward the police that incorporated contacts with the police. Its observation of the relative importance of contacts suggested a great preventive potential. This scoping review identified needs for a full systematic research review and a formal meta-analysis to plan future primary research including large national studies that are truly representative of Canada and America’s diversity. Such will be needed to advance more confident knowledge about the factors that would support more trusted relationships between police and people in the communities they aim to serve.
A Weighted Displacement Quotient model for understanding the impact of Crime Prevention through Environmental Design
Authors: Cho Il-Hyoung , Jung Kyujin
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED), a crime prevention tool, on reducing rates of sexual assault. In addition, the study attempts to understand if CPTED results in crime displacement in non-target areas.

Design/methodology/approach

This research utilizes a Weighted Displacement Quotient (WDQ) model to analyze the effects of CPTED, which is an appropriate tool in fields of regional-scale crime prevention and on sexual assault prevention. WDQ is capable of analyzing policy effectiveness while controlling for geographical crime displacement, a known side effect of CPTED in the literature.

Findings

The analysis results show that CPTED is an effective tool to prevent sexual assaults in South Korea. The sexual assault occurrence rate decreased in the CPTED implementation zone of Yeomri-dong Mapo-gu. WDQ showed that crime displacement occurred in adjacent areas in Daeheung-dong and Ahyun-dong. But, crime displacement was lower than the policy effectiveness in the target zone.

Originality/value

The policy implications of this research are immense. First, CPTED for the prevention of sexual assaults should be considered as a pre-control tool. Second, a strategic method for more effectively implementing CPTED is required. Third, because CPTED is a policy done on a regional scale, provisions need to be in place to manage crime displacement.
Individual and situational influences on injurious assaults against the police
Authors: Barrick Kelle , Strom Kevin J. , Richardson Nicholas
Published: July 2018

Purpose

Violence against the police represents an ongoing and serious problem in the USA. In 2014, over 48,000 law enforcement officers assaulted while on duty. Although over one in four of these resulted in injury, little is known about the conditions under which injury is likely to occur. The purpose of this paper is to provide an assessment of the individual and situational factors that predict injurious assaults against law enforcement.

Design/methodology/approach

Using logistic regression, the current study analyzes data from the 2012 National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS) on all assaults against the police (n=8,987) in order to understand, within a routine activities theoretical framework, how individual-level characteristics (i.e. officer and offender characteristics) and situational influences (i.e. assignment type, activity type, and location) predict the likelihood that an assault will result in injury.

Findings

Overall, findings suggest support for a routine activities theory of violence against the police. Initiating an arrest, one-officer vehicle type, and incidents occurring on highways/roads were all more likely to result in injurious assaults against the police. Other predictors of injury include officer and offender demographics as well as the time the incident took place.

Research limitations/implications

This research was unable to control for some factors that may influence the likelihood of injury such as wearing body armor. Additionally, NIBRS data are not nationally representative, which limits the generalizability of the findings.

Originality/value

This is one of the first papers to use national data to examine the individual and situational factors that predict injurious assaults against law enforcement.
Data and evidence challenges facing place-based policing
Authors: Hutt Oliver , Bowers Kate , Johnson Shane , Davies Toby
Published: July 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to use an evaluation of a micro-place-based hot-spot policing implementation to highlight the potential issues raised by data quality standards in the recording and measurement of crime data and police officer movements.

Design/methodology/approach

The study focusses on an area of London (UK) which used a predictive algorithm to designate micro-place patrol zones for each police shift over a two-month period. Police officer movements are measured using GPS data from officer-worn radios. Descriptive statistics regarding the crime data commonly used to evaluate this type of implementation are presented, and simple analyses are presented to examine the effects of officer patrol duration (dosage) on crime in micro-place hot-spots.

Findings

The results suggest that patrols of 10-20 minutes in a given police shift have a significant impact on reducing crime; however, patrols of less than about 10 minutes and more than about 20 minutes are ineffective at deterring crime.

Research limitations/implications

Due to the sparseness of officer GPS data, their paths have to be interpolated which could introduce error to the estimated patrol dosages. Similarly, errors and uncertainty in recorded crime data could have substantial impact on the designation of micro-place interventions and evaluations of their effectiveness.

Originality/value

This study is one of the first to use officer GPS data to estimate patrol dosage and places particular emphasis on the issue of data quality when evaluating micro-place interventions.
Institutionalizing place-based policing: the adoption of a Case of Place approach
Authors: Bond Brenda J. , Nader Elias
Published: July 2018

Purpose

Research shows that crime and disorder tend to concentrate in small, geographic locations and that place-based and problem-solving policing strategies can impact crime and disorder without displacing it to neighboring areas. However, implementation of problem-solving is a challenge. Loosely defined locations, shallow problem analysis, and distractions to problem-solving are cited implementation shortcomings. These shortcomings may be overcome by using the Case of Place approach, a case management strategy focused on documenting and analyzing place-based dynamics and characteristics to inform and direct policing strategies. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

The current study describes the adoption of the Case of Place approach in an urban police agency’s operations and performance management system. The authors utilize implementation theory to explore and explain the adoption of this new place-based strategy.

Findings

Key findings reveal important structural and cultural challenges to implementation. Structural challenges included modifying supervision structures, creating new positions, decentralizing analytical functions, and redirecting resources to problem-solving. Cultural challenges observed included emphasizing problem-solving as an organizational priority, integrating crime analysts into neighborhood precincts, and centering performance management processes around problem-solving.

Originality/value

The authors explore how implementation dynamics impact the adoption of new policies and practices, and offer a number of propositions for the use of the Case of Place approach within a place-based strategy portfolio.
Porosity measurement of heavy oil sands
Authors: Yuan Hemin , Han De‐Hua , Huang Qi
Published: July 2018

Porosity measurement is an important step for petrophysical characterization of reservoir rocks, as porosity is essential for analysing elastic properties and estimating the capacity of rocks to hold hydrocarbon resources. Commonly used porosity measurement methods fail to work on heavy oil sands, because of the loose fragile sand frame and solid‐like irreducible heavy oil. We develop three methods to measure the porosity of heavy oil sands, which are feasible and affordable in most laboratories. Method 1 involves calculating the bulk volume of the sample by measuring its physical dimensions directly. Method 2 uses calibrated sample weight and volume (after removing the protecting foil cover and metal clips). Method 3 first applies pressurizing on samples and then measures the weight and volume of the bare samples. The measurement results of the three methods are then compared and method 3 is determined as the most reliable, which is also verified by the porosity log. Finally, an analysis of the potential sources of errors associated with method 3 is performed.
Eradicating abundant invasive prey could cause unexpected and varied biodiversity outcomes: The importance of multispecies interactions
Authors: Lurgi Miguel , Ritchie Euan G. , Fordham Damien A.
Published: July 2018

Abundant and widely distributed invasive prey can negatively affect co‐occurring native species by competing for food and/or shelter, removing vegetation cover and reducing habitat complexity (changing predation risk), and by sustaining elevated abundances of invasive mesopredators. However, information regarding the community and trophic consequences of controlling invasive prey and their temporal dynamics remain poorly understood.

We used multispecies ecological network models to simulate the consequences of changing European rabbit Oryctolagus cuniculus abundance in an arid mammalian community. We quantified how changes in the dominant prey (rabbits) affected multiple trophic levels, examining changes in predator–prey interactions through time and how they affected native prey persistence.

Our results suggest that removal of rabbits can benefit native biodiversity immediately at removal rates between 30% and 40%. However, beyond these levels, densities of small native mammals will decline in the short term. The processes underpinning these declines are: (a) increased competition for resources (vegetation) with kangaroos Macropus spp., whose numbers increase due to their release from competition with rabbits and (b) increased predation (prey switching) by feral cats Felis catus. Both effects are mediated by dingoes Canis dingo, a native apex predator.

Importantly, native mammal abundance recovers after a time delay, which is prolonged when high rates of rabbit control are applied. This is likely due to a reduction in hyperpredation by invasive feral cats and red foxes Vulpes vulpes following rabbit removal.

Continued eradication of rabbits in arid Australia will benefit native species due to a decrease in apparent competition for resources and by alleviating hyperpredation from invasive mesopredators. Furthermore, ecosystem‐level conservation benefits of reducing invasive prey abundance are as important as direct control of invasive mesopredators.

Synthesis and applications. Multispecies ecological network models provide wildlife managers with tools to better understand and predict the complex effects of species removal and control on both intact and modified ecosystems. Our results show that management of the Australian arid zone can benefit from controlling invasive prey as well as invasive predators. However, invasive species control can cause unexpected outcomes on native biodiversity. This extends to other systems where dominant prey may play fundamental roles in ecosystem structure and function.
Contrasting distributions of bacteriophages and eukaryotic viruses from contaminated coastal sediments
Authors: Lachnit Tim , Dafforn Katherine A. , Johnston Emma L. , Steinberg Peter
Published: July 2018

Viruses are ubiquitous, abundant and play an important role in all ecosystems. Here, we advance understanding of coastal sediment viruses by exploring links in the composition and abundance of sediment viromes to environmental stressors and sediment bacterial communities. We collected sediment from contaminated and reference sites in Sydney Harbour and used metagenomics to analyse viral community composition. The proportion of phages at contaminated sites was significantly greater than phages at reference sites, whereas eukaryotic viruses were relatively more abundant at reference sites. We observed shifts in viral and bacterial composition between contaminated and reference sites of a similar magnitude. Models based on sediment characteristics revealed that total organic carbon in the sediments explained most of the environmental stress‐related variation in the viral dataset. Our results suggest that the presence of anthropogenic contaminants in coastal sediments could be influencing viral community composition with potential consequences for associated hosts and the environment.
High phylogenetic diversity and abundance pattern of Labyrinthulomycete protists in the coastal waters of the Bohai Sea
Authors: Xie Ningdong , Sen Biswarup , Song Zhiquan , Zhao Yue , Chen Zixi , Shi Weijie , Zhang Yongfeng , Zhang Jianle , Johnson Zackary I. , Wang Guangyi
Published: July 2018

The unicellular Labyrinthulomycete protists have long been considered to play a significant role in ocean carbon cycling. However, their distribution and biogeochemical function remain poorly understood. We present a large‐scale study of their spatiotemporal abundance and diversity in the coastal waters of Bohai Sea using flow cytometry and high‐throughput sequencing. These protists display niche preferences and episodic higher biomass than that of bacterioplankton with much phylogenetic diversity (> 4000 OTUs) ever reported. They were ubiquitous with a typical abundance range of 100–1000 cells ml−1 and biomass range of 0.06–574.59 μg C L−1. The observed spatiotemporal abundance variations support the current ‘left‐over scavengers’ nutritional model and highlight these protists as a significant component of the marine microbial loop. The higher average abundance and phylogenetic diversity in the nearshore compared with those in the offshore reveal their predominant role in the terrigenous matter decomposition. Furthermore, the differential relationship of the protist genera to environmental conditions together with their co‐occurrence network suggests their unique substrate preferences and niche partitioning. With few subnetworks and possible keystone species, their network topology indicates community resilience and high connectance level of few operational taxonomic units (OTUs). We demonstrate the significant contribution of these protists to the secondary production and nutrient cycling in the coastal waters. As secondary producers, their role will become more important with increasingly coastal eutrophication.
Identifying labile DOM components in a coastal ocean through depleted bacterial transcripts and chemical signals
Authors: Vorobev Alexey , Sharma Shalabh , Yu Mengyun , Lee Juhyung , Washington Benjamin J. , Whitman William B. , Ballantyne Ford , Medeiros Patricia M. , Moran Mary Ann
Published: July 2018

Understanding which compounds comprising the complex and dynamic marine dissolved organic matter (DOM) pool are important in supporting heterotrophic bacterial production remains a major challenge. We eliminated sources of labile phytoplankton products, advected terrestrial material and photodegradation products to coastal microbial communities by enclosing water samples in situ for 24 h in the dark. Bacterial genes for which expression decreased between the beginning and end of the incubation and chemical formulae that were depleted over this same time frame were used as indicators of bioavailable compounds, an approach that avoids augmenting or modifying the natural DOM pool. Transport‐ and metabolism‐related genes whose relative expression decreased implicated osmolytes, carboxylic acids, fatty acids, sugars and organic sulfur compounds as candidate bioreactive molecules. FT‐ICR MS analysis of depleted molecular formulae implicated functional groups ~ 30–40 Da in size cleaved from semi‐polar components of DOM as bioreactive components. Both gene expression and FT‐ICR MS analyses indicated higher lability of compounds with sulfur and nitrogen heteroatoms. Untargeted methodologies able to integrate biological and chemical perspectives can be effective strategies for characterizing the labile microbial metabolites participating in carbon flux.
Increases in temperature and nutrient availability positively affect methane‐cycling microorganisms in Arctic thermokarst lake sediments
Authors: de Jong Anniek E. E. , in ’t Zandt Michiel H. , Meisel Ove H. , Jetten Mike S. M. , Dean Joshua F. , Rasigraf Olivia , Welte Cornelia U.
Published: July 2018

Arctic permafrost soils store large amounts of organic matter that is sensitive to temperature increases and subsequent microbial degradation to methane (CH
4) and carbon dioxide (CO
2). Here, we studied methanogenic and methanotrophic activity and community composition in thermokarst lake sediments from Utqiag˙vik (formerly Barrow), Alaska. This experiment was carried out under in situ temperature conditions (4°C) and the IPCC 2013 Arctic climate change scenario (10°C) after addition of methanogenic and methanotrophic substrates for nearly a year. Trimethylamine (TMA) amendment with warming showed highest maximum CH
4 production rates, being 30% higher at 10°C than at 4°C. Maximum methanotrophic rates increased by up to 57% at 10°C compared to 4°C. 16S rRNA gene sequencing indicated high relative abundance of Methanosarcinaceae in TMA amended incubations, and for methanotrophic incubations Methylococcaeae were highly enriched. Anaerobic methanotrophic activity with nitrite or nitrate as electron acceptor was not detected. This study indicates that the methane cycling microbial community can adapt to temperature increases and that their activity is highly dependent on substrate availability.
Qualitative exploration of the experiences of renal dietitians and how they help patients with end stage kidney disease to understand the renal diet
Authors: Lambert Kelly , Mansfield Kylie , Mullan Judy
Published: July 2018

Aim

Dietary modification is integral to the management of end stage kidney disease. However, adherence to the renal diet is poor. Few studies have explored the perspectives of renal dietitians and how they work with patients to facilitate dietary change. The objectives of this study were to explore the experiences of renal dietitians about educating patients with end stage kidney disease; and to describe the strategies perceived to help patients understand the renal diet.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews based on Sensemaking theory were conducted with renal dietitians (n = 27) working in Australia and New Zealand from a range of metropolitan, regional and remote areas.

Results

Five major themes across two categories were derived from the data. The renal dietitians in this study experienced feelings of frustration, frequently worked in practice environments with limited or inadequate resources and perceived that establishing trust and demonstrating empathy were important to sense making. Renal dietitians helped patients make sense of and understand the diet by clarifying ambiguities and conflicting information; and simplifying complexity by using simple explanations, individualised advice and practical support. These strategies were considered critical to the renal diet sense making process.

Conclusions

The experience of providing renal diet advice to adults with end stage kidney disease was emotionally and professionally challenging. Alternative approaches to patient education may help dietitians to empower patients to better understand the renal diet. Further research exploring the experiences of learning about the renal diet from the patient and carer perspective would also help to inform future alternative approaches.
Uptake and Transport Mechanism of Dihydromyricetin Across Human Intestinal Caco‐2 Cells
Authors: Xiang Dong , Fan Li , Hou Xiao‐long , Xiong Wei , Shi Chun‐yang , Wang Wen‐qing , Fang Jian‐guo
Published: July 2018

A variety of beneficial pharmacological activities have been reported for dihydromyricetin (DMY), however, its oral bioavailability is poor and the intestinal absorption profiles of DMY remains unknown. The aim of this study was to investigate the uptake and transport mechanism of DMY in human intestinal Caco‐2 cells. DMY was detected using a liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method. Several factors including time, concentration, pH, temperature and efflux transporters were systematically evaluated. DMY was poorly absorbed by a passive diffusion mechanism. The uptake and transport of DMY were time and concentration dependent. Interestingly, decreasing the pH from 8.0 to 6.0 markedly enhanced the DMY uptake, but didn't significantly affect its bidirectional transport. Efflux transporters, multidrug resistance protein 2 and breast cancer resistance protein also influenced the DMY uptake and transport processes. This work details the uptake and transport characteristics of DMY and provides basis for future study.

Practical Application

This study elucidated the uptake and transport characteristics of dihydromyricetin (DMY). DMY was poorly absorbed by a passive diffusion mechanism. The uptake and transport of DMY were time and concentration dependent. Interestingly, pH affected DMY uptake but not its bidirectional transport. MRP2 and BCRP were involved in the uptake and transport of DMY, which hindered the absorption of DMY in the intestinal. Thus, the present study may provide useful information for designing DMY delivery systems and avoiding DMY‐drug interactions.
Effect of Xanthan Gum/Soybean Fiber Ratio in the Batter on Oil Absorption and Quality Attributes of Fried Breaded Fish Nuggets
Authors: Shan Jinhui , Chen Jiwang , Xie Dan , Xia Wenshui , Xu Wei , Xiong Youling L.
Published: July 2018

Xanthan gum (XG) and soybean fiber (SF) at varying ratios were incorporated into the batter to inhibit oil absorption in fried battered and breaded fish nuggets (BBFNs). BBFNs were prepared with 1.2% XG and SF blends (at ratios 1:3, 1:2, 1:1, 2:1, and 3:1 w/w), fried at 170 °C (40 s) followed by 190 °C (30 s), then evaluated for pickup, oil absorption, textural characteristics, and other quality attributes. Compared with the control (without the addition of XG and SF), fried BBFNs prepared with XD and SF had a significantly reduced fat content (P < 0.05). Among all the treatments, fried BBFNs with a 1:2 w/w ratio of XG and SF had the lowest fat content in the crust and the core (16.2% and 0.6%, respectively) and the highest moisture content. When compared with other treatments, the 1:2 w/w treatment group displayed a more intense golden yellow color, higher crispness, lower hardness, and a more compact structure in the crust, a greater elasticity and chewiness of the core, and the least oil penetration. The results proved that the combined addition of XG and SF in the batter can effectively inhibit oil absorption, which may be used to guide the production of low‐fat fried BBFNs.

Practical Application

This study clearly showed that the combined addition of XG and SF at different ratios in the batter significantly affected fat content and quality attributes of fried BBFNs. The inhibition of oil absorption and improvement of color and textural characteristics in fried BBFNs depended on the XG/SF ratio added to the batter, and a 1:2 w/w ratio was found to produce the maximum enhancement.
Autoreactive T cells to citrullinated HSP90 are associated with interstitial lung disease in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Chen Juan , Song Shuli , Liu Yongliang , Liu Dehao , Lin Yihua , Ge Shengxiang , Ascherman Dana P.
Published: July 2018

Aim

Previous analysis of comparative anti‐citrullinated heat shock protein 90 (citHSP90) antibody profiles between bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and serum indicates that the lung plays a direct role in shaping the immune repertoire of rheumatoid arthritis‐associated interstitial lung disease (RA‐ILD).

Methods

To address the contribution of citHSP90β‐specific T cells in this process, we evaluated in vitro cytokine responses to citHSP90β in RA patients with different stages of ILD as well as in controls with non‐RA connective tissue disease‐associated ILD (CTD‐ILD). Cultures derived from whole blood were individually stimulated with HSP90β, citHSP90β, citrullinated BSA, or no antigen. The concentrations of 13 cytokines and chemokines in the plasma supernatant were then measured using Luminex xMAP technology.

Results

CitHSP90β induced significantly higher levels of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) levels in RA‐ILD (interstitial lung abnormalities = 2 + 3) groups compared to the RA‐no ILD group (P = 0.01), but did not stimulate the production of other cytokines (P > 0.05). Furthermore, citHSP90β did not stimulate the production of IFN‐γ or other cytokines in those individuals with non‐RA CTD‐ILD.

Conclusion

Overall, the production of IFN‐γ by T cells stimulated with citHSP90β demonstrates a bias toward TH1 immune responses that are likely involved in the pathogenesis of RA‐ILD.
Incidence of knee chondrocalcinosis and its risk factors in a community‐based cohort
Authors: Cho Nam H. , Song Yoonah , Lee Seunghun , Sung Yoon‐Kyoung , Jun Jae‐Bum
Published: July 2018

Aim

Chondrocalcinosis results from deposition of calcium pyrophosphate dihydrate in articular cartilage. It is a relatively common radiographic finding of the joints, especially the knee. This study investigated the incidence and the risk factors for the development of knee chondrocalcinosis in the general population.

Method

We used a prospective, ongoing cohort, composed of 5018 people, which was established in 2001 to investigate the epidemiologic characteristics of major chronic diseases in the Republic of Korea. The incidence of knee chondrocalcinosis was assessed per 1000 person‐years, and the risk factors were explored by Cox proportional hazard regression analyses.

Results

A total of 4543 patients who did not have knee chondrocalcinosis at enrollment, year 2001–2002, were evaluated with a mean follow‐up duration of 8.4 ± 4.2 years. The crude incidence of knee chondrocalcinosis was 3.19 per 1000 person‐years (women, 3.55; men, 2.70), and the whole cumulative incidence of knee chondrocalcinosis was 2.7%. Older age (> 55 years) and higher HbA1C were associated with increased risk of knee chondrocalcinosis.

Conclusion

This is the first study to report the incidence of knee chondrocalcinosis in the general population of Korea. Older age and high HbA1C were independent risk factors for development of knee chondrocalcinosis.
Multifocal osteolysis with chylous polyserositis and intrathoracic vein thrombosis: a diagnostic challenge for rheumatologists
Authors: Jatuworapruk Kanon , Lertnawapan Ratchaya , Ratanabunjerdkul Hataiwan , Kintarak Jutatip , Satdhabudha Opas
Published: July 2018

Vanishing bone disease with multisystemic involvement may mimic systemic autoimmune or autoinflammatory diseases. We present a 19‐year‐old man who was hospitalized due to chest pain following a progressive osteolysis of the bony thorax. The disease later expanded into the pleura, peritoneum and pericardium in a form of massive chylous polyserositis. The patient also developed thrombosis of multiple central veins, which in turn worsened the chylothorax by increasing the pressure in the thoracic duct. This is the first case of vanishing bone disease complicated by triple chylous effusions and central vein thrombosis.
Paresthesia frequency in fibromyalgia and its effects on personality traits
Authors: Balbaloglu Ozlem , Tanik Nermin , Alpayci Mahmut , Ak Hakan , Karaahmet Elif , Inan Levent Ertugrul
Published: July 2018

Aim

Paresthesia and personality disorders are common conditions among patients with fibromyalgia. However, no previous study has examined a possible relation of paresthesia with personality traits in fibromyalgia. This study investigates the frequency of paresthesia in fibromyalgia patients and its relation with personality traits.

Method

Female patients with fibromyalgia (n = 101) were divided into two groups according to the presence (n = 49; mean age 40.63 ± 7.62 years; range 23–55 years) or absence (n = 52; mean age 40.50 ± 7.12 years; range 27–53 years) of paresthesia. Also, a healthy control group (n = 53; mean age 39.34 ± 5.26 years; range 23–55 years) was included. The groups were evaluated by the Temperament and Character Inventory. Accordingly, temperament includes four dimensions: harm avoidance, novelty seeking, persistence, reward dependence; and character consists of three dimensions: cooperativeness, self‐transcendence, self‐directedness.

Results

There were no significant differences among the three groups in the scores of novelty seeking, persistence, reward dependence and cooperativeness (for all P > 0.05). Both fibromyalgia groups had significantly higher scores in harm avoidance and had lower scores in self‐directedness compared to the control group (P < 0.001). Also, fibromyalgia patients with paresthesia had significantly higher harm avoidance and self‐directedness scores than those in patients without paresthesia (P < 0.001). In both fibromyalgia groups, self‐transcendence scores were similar (P = 0.465) but significantly higher than in the control group (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

This is the first study evaluating the association of paresthesia and personality traits in fibromyalgia. These results suggest that psychological distress associated with high harm avoidance and low self‐directedness scores are more prominent in fibromyalgia patients, and especially of those who have paresthesia.
Modeling Relapse to Pavlovian Alcohol‐Seeking in Rats Using Reinstatement and Spontaneous Recovery Paradigms
Authors: LeCocq Mandy Rita , Lahlou Soraya , Chahine Melanie , Padillo Loreena Nadine , Chaudhri Nadia
Published: July 2018

Background

Animal models are critical for studying causal explanations of relapse. Using a Pavlovian conditioning procedure with alcohol, we examined relapse after extinction triggered by either re‐exposure to alcohol (reinstatement) or a delay between extinction and test (spontaneous recovery).

Methods

Male, Long‐Evans rats were acclimated to 15% alcohol in the home‐cage using an intermittent‐access 2‐bottle choice procedure. Next, they received Pavlovian conditioning sessions in which an auditory‐conditioned stimulus (CS; 20 second white noise; 8 trials/session; variable time 240 seconds) was paired with 15% alcohol (0.3 ml/CS; 2.4 ml/session) that was delivered into a fluid port for oral ingestion. In subsequent extinction and test sessions, CS presentations occurred as before, but without alcohol.

Results

In experiment 1, exposure to either alcohol or water in the fluid port following extinction reinstated CS‐elicited port entries at test 24 hours later. In a follow‐up study using the same procedure (experiment 2), reinstatement was more robustly stimulated by alcohol, compared to a familiar lemon‐flavored liquid. In experiment 3, systemic alcohol injections (0, 0.5, or 1.0 g/kg, intraperitoneal) administered either 24 hours or 15 minutes before test did not reinstate CS‐elicited alcohol‐seeking. Importantly, enzymatic assays in experiment 4 revealed detectable levels of alcohol in the blood following oral alcohol intake or intraperitoneal injection, suggesting that a pharmacological effect was likely with either route of administration. Last, in experiment 5, a 23‐day delay between extinction and test resulted in a robust spontaneous recovery of CS‐elicited alcohol‐seeking.

Conclusions

The reinstatement and spontaneous recovery effects revealed herein provide evidence of viable new behavioral paradigms for testing interventions against relapse.
Influence of Parental Alcohol Dependence Symptoms and Parenting on Adolescent Risky Drinking and Conduct Problems: A Family Systems Perspective
Authors: Su Jinni , Kuo Sally I‐Chun , Aliev Fazil , Guy Mignonne C. , Derlan Chelsea L. , Edenberg Howard J. , Nurnberger John I. , Kramer John R. , Bucholz Kathleen K. , Salvatore Jessica E. , Dick Danielle M.
Published: July 2018

Background

Parental alcohol problems are associated with adverse adolescent outcomes such as risky drinking and conduct problems. Important questions remain about the unique roles of fathers’ and mothers’ alcohol problems and differences and/or similarities in pathways of risk across ethnicity and gender. In this study, we used a family systems approach to consider spillover and crossover effects of fathers’ and mothers’ alcohol problems (number of alcohol dependence symptoms [ADS]) and parenting behaviors in relation to adolescents’ risky drinking and conduct problems.

Methods

The sample included 1,282 adolescents (aged 12 to 17) and their parents from the Collaborative Study on the Genetics of Alcoholism. Parents completed the Semi‐Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA), and adolescents completed an adolescent version of SSAGA. Data were analyzed using multivariate structural equation modeling.

Results

Fathers’ ADS count was associated with higher adolescent risky drinking and conduct problems indirectly via disruption to fathers’ and mothers’ positive parenting behaviors, whereas mothers’ ADS count was not associated with adolescents’ risky drinking and conduct problems directly or indirectly via positive parenting behaviors. No differences in these associations were found across ethnic background and offspring gender.

Conclusions

Findings highlight the importance of considering the unique roles of fathers’ and mothers’ ADS in influencing family processes and adolescent outcomes.
Changes in penile length after radical prostatectomy: effect of neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy
Authors: Kadono Y. , Nohara T. , Kawaguchi S. , Sakamoto J. , Makino T. , Nakashima K. , Iijima M. , Shigehara K. , Izumi K. , Mizokami A.
Published: July 2018

Although reports have shown evidence for penile length (PL) shortening after radical prostatectomy (RP), the association between neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy (NADT) and PL after RP has yet to be determined. This study evaluates chronological changes in PL after NADT and RP. Stretched PLs (SPLs) of 143 patients, 41 of whom had undergone NADT, were measured before, 10 days after, and 1, 3, 6, 9, 12, 18, and 24 months after RP. Chronological erectile function and testosterone levels were then evaluated. SPL was shortest 10 days after RP in both the NADT (−) and NADT (+) groups and gradually recovered in length thereafter. SPL in the NADT (−) group was significantly longer than that in the NADT (+) group before RP. However, no significant differences in SPLs were found between both groups 6 months after RP. Although all subjects in the NADT (+) group had testosterone levels of <50 ng/dL before RP, such levels increased after RP. Before RP, the NADT (−) group was found to have significantly better erectile function than the NADT (+) group. However, differences in erectile function between the NADT (−) and NADT (+) groups after RP were not significant. This report is the first to show that among patients with prostate cancer, those who underwent NADT had greater PL recovery after RP than those who did not. Data regarding PL recovery after NADT and RP obtained in this study could be useful for patients with prostate cancer who plan to undergo such procedures.
1 Archaeologies of Political Ecology – Genealogies, Problems, and Orientations
Authors: Morehart Christopher T. , Millhauser John K. , Juarez Santiago
Published: July 2018

The theoretical and methodological toolkits developed under political ecology have become increasingly relevant in current discussions of environmental impacts, sustainability, and inequality. We developed this volume to identify the unique perspectives that archaeologists offer to the field of political ecology. The archaeology of political ecology is founded on a long and diverse history focused on issues relating to environments, the human–nature relationship, ontology, property, power, and inequality. We outline this history to demonstrate that political ecology and archaeology inform one another through shared interests and research foci. More importantly, we highlight how the two fields can and do benefit through their partnership. Ultimately this volume serves as an invitation for interdisciplinary research that aims to better elucidate the complexities and nuances of human–environmental interaction.
3 A Political Ecology of the Medieval Castle
Authors: Johnson Matthew
Published: July 2018

Recent work in castle studies has moved away from their military role, towards a stress on social life, aesthetics, symbolism, and “status.” While this social‐cultural turn is a marked advance, it has not always been thought through in an anthropological or theorized way; nor have social‐cultural interpretations been related to everyday practices. Consequently, “social” analyses of castles have tended to be rather disembodied, and to be limited in their accounts of power and inequality. In this paper, I sketch out what a political ecology of the castle might look like, with reference to the late medieval castle of Bodiam in south‐east England. I focus on how the castle and its surrounding landscape work to control, delimit, and define flows—flows of things, of animals, and of people, circulating in and around the castle and its context. Flows work at a series of different scales ranging from the position and practices of the human body within castle spaces, to the local and regional, to the networks of religion and power across Europe and beyond. Things, animals, and people move within and around the castle hall and kitchens, upper and lower courtyards, the ancillary buildings of demesne farm, deerpark, fishponds and estate, the local, regional, and wider landscape and environment. Material flows help define the nature and scope of social relations; the description of such flows allows a clearer idea of the castle's role in materializing inequality to be delineated and understood.
7 Were the Vikings Really Green? Environmental Degradation and Social Inequality in Iceland's Second Nature Landscape
Authors: Catlin Kathryn A. , Bolender Douglas J.
Published: July 2018

Iceland was settled by the Norse ca. 870 CE. Within the next few centuries, 40% of Iceland's soil cover was lost to deforestation and erosion. By the late medieval period, the social landscape had also changed from a population of nominally equal landowning households to one comprised mostly of tenant farmers subject to a small class of elite landlords. Interpretations of the changing landscape have described the Norse as unaware of the environmental consequences of their agricultural practices, or as thoughtfully responsive to degrading conditions. Using estimates of the available biomass in different regions and measurements of changing soil depth in lowland Langholt, Skagafjörður, we suggest that what appears to modern researchers as catastrophic environmental devastation was in part an agricultural benefit, at least to some people. While some farmers did well, others were forced to leave failing land and enter service or tenancy. At the same time, agricultural strategies focused on transhumant pastoralism and production of grass fodder created distinct changes to the landscape that reinforced the emerging social hierarchy until it came to seem natural and inevitable. We imagine the earliest Icelanders not as violent raiders of the landscape, nor as sensitive custodians of a changing environment, but as intelligent farmers and politicians who mobilized the transformed landscape into a political economy that would keep their farms productive and their descendants in power for a millennium.
10 Why the Archaeology of Political Ecology Matters
Authors: Ashmore Wendy
Published: July 2018

Archaeology and anthropology generally share with geography an interest in the relationship of humans to their environments. This relationship involves material exchanges but also draws from social relations as well as political, symbolic, and religious practices. Thus, while climate and natural resources shape human biology and culture over time, human culture and politics have reciprocal impacts on the environment, cross‐culturally and across time. This has become the realm of political ecology. Well‐known cases of such impact in historical and modern contexts highlight contrasts between views of Thomas Malthus and Esther Boserup on connections between population size and food supplies, or between the spread of infectious diseases and socioeconomic standing. More succinctly, Paul Robbins (2012, 14) asserts: “political ecology represents an explicit alternative to ‘apolitical’ ecology.” Contributors to this volume raise thought provoking issues in political ecology from an archeological perspective, simultaneously reporting concrete findings and inspiring new lines of research in richly varied cultural and environmental contexts. This chapter discusses insights and challenges in the collective contributions, presented via three themes: (1) inequality in access to landscape resources; (2) multiplicity of time frames, from events to long‐term; and (3) the potential characteristics of “nature” in political ecological dynamics. The chapter closes with summary thoughts on why the archaeology of political ecology matters.
2 Assessing the Politics of Neo‐Assyrian Agriculture
Authors: Rosenzweig Melissa S.
Published: July 2018

In this paper, political ecology informs a study of agriculture under the Neo‐Assyrian empire. Rather than examining cultivation solely as an economy of subsistence practices, this work considers agrarian laborers, activities, and resources as participants in wider political processes of empire‐building. Both material and discursive manipulations of agriculture are discussed in order to demonstrate the ways in which rulers of Neo‐Assyria instituted agricultural colonization in Upper Mesopotamia for political gain. An archaeobotanical case study from the provincial capital of Tušhan is then presented to provide a closer look at the impact of these agro‐politics on the people and lands in the provinces of the empire. Plant use studies from Tušhan capture the flow of power through agricultural practice, emphasize the Neo‐Assyrian monarchy's rhetorical use of agriculture in strategies of imperialism, and, significantly, reveal the shortcomings of the empire's agrarian program.
Emerging relevance of circadian rhythms in headaches and neuropathic pain
Authors: Burish Mark J. , Chen Zheng , Yoo Seung‐Hee
Published: July 2018

Circadian rhythms of physiology are the keys to health and fitness, as dysregulation, by genetic mutations or environmental factors, increases disease risk and aggravates progression. Molecular and physiological studies have shed important light on an intrinsic clock that drives circadian rhythms and serves essential roles in metabolic homoeostasis, organ physiology and brain functions. One exciting new area in circadian research is pain, including headache and neuropathic pain for which new mechanistic insights have recently emerged. For example, cluster headache is an intermittent pain disorder with an exceedingly precise circadian timing, and preliminary evidence is emerging linking several circadian components (eg, Clock and Nr1d1) with the disease. In this review, we first discuss the broad metabolic and physiological relevance of the circadian timing system. We then provide a detailed review of the circadian relevance in pain disease and physiology, including cluster headache, migraine, hypnic headache and neuropathic pain. Finally, we describe potential therapeutic implications, including existing pain medicines and novel clock‐modulating compounds. The physiological basis for the circadian rhythms in pain is an exciting new area of research with profound basic and translational impact.
Effect of different penetrating and non‐penetrating cryoprotectants and media temperature on the cryosurvival of vitrified in vitro produced porcine blastocysts
Authors: Bartolac Louise Katherine , Lowe Jenna Louise , Koustas George , Grupen Christopher Gerald , Sjöblom Cecilia
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study was to determine the most efficient vitrification protocol for the cryopreservation of day 7 in vitro produced (IVP) porcine blastocysts. The post‐warm survival rate of blastocysts vitrified in control (17% dimethyl sulfoxide + 17% ethylene glycol [EG] + 0.4 mol/L sucrose) and commercial media did not differ, nor did the post‐warm survival rate of blastocysts vitrified in medium containing 1,2‐propandiol in place of EG. However, vitrifying embryos in EG alone decreased the cryosurvival rate (55.6% and 33.6%, respectively, p < .05). Furthermore, the post‐warm survival rates of blastocysts vitrified with either trehalose or sucrose as the non‐penetrating cryoprotectant did not differ. There was also no significant difference in post‐warm survival of blastocysts vitrified in control (38°C) media and room temperature (22°C) media with extended equilibration times, although when blastocysts were vitrified using control media at room temperature, the post‐warm survival rate increased (56.8%, 57.3%, 72.5%, respectively, p < .05). The findings show that most cryoprotectant combinations examined proved equally effective at supporting the post‐warm survival of IVP porcine blastocysts. The improved post‐warm survival rate of blastocysts vitrified using media held at room temperature suggests that the cryoprotectant toxicity exerted in 22°C media was reduced.