bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reversed Subtitling and Dual Coding Theory: New Directions for Foreign Language Instruction
Authors: Danan Martine
Published: October 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine how subtitled video programs could enhance foreign language learning. Three viewing methods were compared in a pilot study: French audio only, standard subtitling (English subtitles) and reversed subtitling (English dialogue with French titles). In two subsequent experiments, standard subtitling was replaced with bimodal input (French audio with French titles). The beginning and intermediate French college students selected for the study were tested on vocabulary recall after watching a five‐minute video excerpt of French in Action. The success of reversed subtitling, which proved to be the most beneficial condition, can be explained by the way translation facilitates foreign language encoding. Retrieval is also enhanced by the multiple memory paths created by the visual and bilingual input (Paivio's bilingual dual coding model, 1986). Dual processing in the bimodal input condition also gave positive results. Based on the results of this study, a model integrating both reversed subtitling and bimodal input into a complete curriculum is advocated.
The Relationship Between Native Speaker Judgments of Nonnative Pronunciation and Deviance in Segmentais, Prosody, and Syllable Structure
Authors: Anderson‐Hsieh Janet , Johnson Ruth , Koehler Kenneth
Published: October 2006

This study investigated the relationship between experienced SPEAK Test raters' judgments of nonnative pronunciation and actual deviance in segmentals, prosody, and syllable structure. Sixty reading passage speech samples from SPEAK Test tapes of speakers from 11 language groups were rated impressionistically on pronunciation and later analyzed for deviance in segmentals, prosody, and syllable structure. The deviance found in each area of pronunciation was then correlated with the pronunciation ratings using Pearson correlations and multiple regression. An analysis of the 60 speakers showed that whereas deviance in segmentals, prosody, and syllable structure all showed a significant influence on the pronunciation ratings, the prosodic variable proved to have the strongest effect. When separate analyses were done on two language subgroups within the sample, prosody was always found to be significantly related to the global ratings, whereas this was not always true for the other variables investigated.
Reverse‐Order Reports and the Acquisition of Tense: Beyond the Principle of Chronological Order
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen
Published: October 2006

This article presents the results of a longitudinal study of the expression of temporality in interlanguage that followed 16 adult learners of English as a second language for an average period of 10 months. It focuses on these learners’ presentation of a specific rhetorical device, the reverse‐order report, showing how these learners used tense contrast and time adverbials to produce such reports, and how the emergence of these reports related to more general patterns of tense acquisition. The study indicates that these learners marked reverse‐order reports as deviations from chronological order by their use of tense contrast, time adverbials, and other means, with time adverbials playing a pivotal role. The study also shows that high accuracy of past tense use was a necessary prerequisite for the emergence of reverse‐order reports, and that it was the emergence of these environment for the emergence of the pluperfect (and not vice versa). It further showed that acquisitional prerequisites, and not instruction, played the key role in these acquisitional sequences.
Second versus Third Language Acquisition: Is There a Difference?
Authors: Klein Elaine C.
Published: October 2006

Previous research has investigated whether knowing more than one language will help adult learners acquire additional languages, with mixed results (e.g., Eisenstein, 1980; M. Thomas, 1990). It is questionable whether such enhancement, when it does exist, involves both the acquisition of lexical items and the acquisition of syntactic constructions. This study examined the latter question within a Universal Grammar (UG) parameter‐setting model of acquisition, testing matched groups of 17 Unilingual (Ul) versus 15 Multilingual (Ml) adolescent high‐school students acquiring English as a second versus third (or fourth) language, respectively. Participants were tested on their acquisition of: (a) specific verbs and their prepositional complements (lexical learning) and (b) preposition stranding (syntactic learning). The Mls outperformed the Uls in both types of acquisition, suggesting that qualities attributed to Mls, that is, heightened metalinguistic skills (J. Thomas, 1988, 1992), enhanced lexical knowledge (J. Thomas, 1988), and a less conservative learning procedure (Zobl, 1992), all help to trigger the setting of UG parameters.
The Development of Bilingual Memory: Evidence from Word Translation by Trilinguals
Authors: de Groot Annette M. B. , Hoeks John C. J.
Published: October 2006

We investigated the relation between foreign‐language proficiency and multilingual lexicosemantic organization, using two sets of 48 unbalanced Dutch‐English‐French trilingual adults as participants. Dutch was the participants' native language. Of their two foreign languages English was the strongest. We tested a developmental hypothesis that assumes a “word‐association” lexical structure for the native language and a relatively weak foreign language, here French, but a “concept‐mediation” structure for the native language and a stronger foreign language, here English. Support for the hypothesis derived from the participants' performance in two versions of the word‐translation task: “translation production” and “translation recognition”. Translation was from Dutch to both of the foreign languages. The critical experimental manipulation was word concreteness. We hypothesized that a concept‐mediation structure would predict an effect of this manipulation, whereas a word‐association organization would not. In accordance with the developmental hypothesis, a clear concreteness effect obtained in Dutch to English translation, but not in Dutch to French translation. Overall, the data suggest that foreign‐language proficiency indeed determines multilingual lexicosemantic organization.
Foreign Accent, Comprehensibility, and Intelligibility in the Speech of Second Language Learners
Authors: Munro Murray J. , Derwing Tracey M.
Published: October 2006

This study examines the interrelationships among accentedness, perceived comprehensibility, and intelligi bility in the speech of L2 learners. Eighteen native speak ers (NSs) of English listened to excerpts of extemporaneous English speech produced by 10 Mandarin NSs and two English NSs. We asked the listeners to transcribe the utterances in standard orthography and to rate them for degree of foreign‐accentedness and comprehensibility on 9‐ point scales. We assigned the transcriptions intelligibility scores on the basis of exact word matches. Although the utterances tended to be highly intelligible and highly rated for comprehensibility, the accent judgment scores ranged widely, with a noteworthy proportion of scores at the “heavily‐accented” end of the scale. We calculated Pearson correlations for each listener's intelligibility, accentedness, and comprehensibility scores and the phonetic, phonemic, and grammatical errors in the stimuli, as well as goodness of intonation ratings. Most listeners showed significant correlations between accentedness and errors, fewer lis teners showed correlations between accentedness and per ceived comprehensibility, and fewer still showed a rela tionship between accentedness and intelligibility. The findings suggest that although strength of foreign accent is correlated with perceived comprehensibility and intelligibility, a strong foreign accent does not necessarily reduce the comprehensibility or intelligibility of L2 speech.
Task Complexity and Second Language Narrative Discourse
Authors: Robinson Peter
Published: October 2006

Researchers need to identify what differences second language tasks set at different levels of complexity make to measures of learner language, in order to provide a basis for pedagogic decisions about grading and sequencing such tasks. This study examined differences in the production of oral narrative discourse by 12 adult second language learners of English on narrative tasks that simulated the ability to describe events in the Here‐and‐Now versus the There‐and‐Then. Target‐like use, propositional and syntactic complexity, lexical load, pausing, and utterance length were measured under the two conditions. A MANOVA showed significant differences between the two conditions. Separate ANOVAs for each measure showed a significant difference between the two conditions for measures of lexical load and an almost significant difference for measures of target‐like use. The more complex There‐and‐Then condition elicited greater accuracy and a higher ratio of lexical to grammatical words. There was also a trend suggesting greater utterance length for narratives performed under the simpler Here‐and‐Now condition. These results support the claim that complex tasks elicit less fluent, but more accurate and complex production than do simpler tasks.
Explanatory Variables for EFL Students' Expository Writing
Authors: Sasaki Miyuki , Hirose Keiko
Published: October 2006

This study investigated factors that might influence Japanese university students’ expository writing in English. We examined 70 students of low‐ to high‐intermediate English proficiency along a variety of dimensions, namely, second language (L2) proficiency, first language (L1) writing ability, writing strategies in L1 and L2, metaknowledge of L2 expository writing, past writing experiences, and instructional background. We considered these multiple factors as possible explanatory variables for L2 writing.

Quantitative analysis revealed that (a) students’ L2 proficiency, L1 writing ability, and metaknowledge were all significant in explaining the L2 writing ability variance; (b) among these 3 independent variables, L2 proficiency explained the largest portion (52%) of the L2 writing ability variance, L1 writing ability the second largest (18%), and metaknowledge the smallest (11%); and (c) there were significant correlations among these independent variables. Qualitative analysis indicated that good writers were significantly different from weak writers in that good writers (a) paid more attention to overall organization while writing in L1 and L2; (b) wrote more fluently in L1 and L2; (c) exhibited greater confidence in L2 writing for academic purposes; and (d) had regularly written more than one English paragraph while in high school. There was no significant difference between good and weak writers for other writing strategies and experiences. On the basis of these results, we propose an explanatory model for EFL writing ability.
Garden Path Sentences and Error Data in Second Language Sentence Processing
Authors: Juffs Alan , Harrington Michael
Published: October 2006

This article expands on Juffs & Harrington's (1995) investigation of the parsing performance on wh‐movement sentences by Chinese‐speaking learners of English. We compare the difficulty L2 learners have in parsing subject wh‐traces in embedded finite and nonfinite clauses with the problems they have in parsing Garden Path (GP) sentences. Using the moving window technique (Just, Carpenter, & Woolley, 1982), 25 Chinese‐speaking learners of English supplied word‐by‐word reading times and grammaticality judgments on a range of wh‐extraction structures and GP sentences in English. Analysis of the error and accurate judgment data and the word‐by‐word reading profiles supports the hypothesis that L2 learners of English may have a parsing, rather than a competence, deficit in judging grammatical wh‐extraction.
Exploring New Applications of the Keyword Method to Acquire English Vocabulary
Authors: Avila Enrique , Sadoski Mark
Published: October 2006

Previous research on L2 vocabulary learned by the keyword method has primarily involved the use of English keywords to learn the vocabulary of other languages. Our study used Spanish keywords to acquire English vocabulary. Sixty‐three fifth‐grade limited English proficiency students learned the definitions of 10 English words either by the keyword method or by control instructions emphasizing direct translation and memory. We administered cued‐recall and sentence‐completion tasks either immediately or after a 1‐week delay in a between‐subjects experimental design. Results showed that the keyword method produced superior recall and comprehension both immediately and after 1 week. Results further demonstrated that the keyword method is readily adaptable to actual ESL classrooms.
Vocabulary Learning Strategies and Language Learning Outcomes
Authors: Gu Yongqi , Johnson Robert Keith
Published: October 2006

We aimed to establish the vocabulary learning strategies used by Chinese university learners of English and the relationship between their strategies and outcomes in learning English. We asked 850 sophomore non‐English majors at Beijing Normal University to complete a vocabulary learning questionnaire. We correlated replies to the questionnaire with results on a vocabulary size test and on the College English Test (CETBAND2). Participants reported using a wide variety of vocabulary learning strategies. In a multiple regression analysis, Self‐Initiation and Selective Attention, two metacognitive strategies, emerged as positive predictors of CETBAND2 scores. Contextual guessing, skillful use of dictionaries, note‐taking, paying attention to word formation, contextual encoding, and activation of newly learned words also positively correlated with the two test scores. However, visual repetition of new words was the strongest negative predictor of both vocabulary size and general proficiency. Furthermore, strategies aiming at vocabulary retention only related more to vocabulary size than to English proficiency. We identified 5 approaches to learning. These strategy combinations, rather than individual strategies, may have made the difference in these people's learning.
RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE THEORY OF NATURAL MONOPOLY
Authors: Waterson Michael
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper examines two important recent developments in the theory of natural monopoly, or more generally the theory of market structure. The first is a series of papers, involving Baumol with various co‐authors, investigating the theory of industry structure, whilst the second is particularly associated with the names of Shaked and Sutton, and the relationship they develop between product differentiation and industry structure. The paper surveys and to some extent contrasts these two new approaches.

Baumol et al.'s contribution is seen to be in the area of clarifying the concept of natural monopoly, refining the definitions of multiproduct costs, and developing a notion of social efficiency applicable to industries where economies of scale are important. Shaked and Sutton employ a new definition of natural monopoly unrelated to market size and utilize information about consumers’income distributions to develop their notion of vertical product differentiation and natural oligopoly.
RECENT ADVANCES IN OLIGOPOLY THEORY FROM A GAME THEORY PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Ulph Alistair
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper surveys the contribution that recent developments in game theory have made to the understanding of oligopoly theory. It is argued that conventional models suffer from the problem that there are a number of solution concepts offered with little guidance as to which should be selected, and this is related to the static nature of the models employed. One important development in game theory has been the analysis of repeated games, and when applied to oligopoly theory this suggests that outcomes may be more cooperative than conventional theory suggests. Related to this is the requirement that firms employ credible threats to punish cheating from cooperative outcomes, and the paper examines the extent to which imperfect information may restrict the scope of firms to employ such punishments. One way in which firms may seek to make threats credible is through strategic investments, for example in production capacity, and the paper explores how competition over price or output is integrated with competition over instruments for strategic investment.
THEORIES OF NON‐PROFIT INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Holtmann A. G.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. As thoughtful modelling and empirical research of non‐profit enterprises continues to grow, two general views of non‐profit organizations are emerging: one view is that non‐profit firms are inefficient and wasteful; another view is that non‐profit firms are a response to market failure, and, thus, may improve efficiency. The purpose of this paper is to explore the theoretical and empirical work that represents the current divided state of thinking in this area.
THEORIES OF MONOPOLY CAPITALISM
Authors: Sawyer Malcolm C.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This article presents a survey of theories of monopoly capitalism. The defining characteristic of monopoly capitalism is that developed capitalist economies are seen as essentially dominated by firms which operate in oligopolistic industries. It discusses in chronological order the contributions of Hilferding, Lenin, Kalecki, Steindl, Baran and Sweezy, and Cowling to the monopoly capitalism approach. By drawing out some common features of the authors discussed we arrive at an implicit view of the nature of theories of monopoly capitalism. The macroeconomic aspects of monopoly capitalism are discussed with emphasis on the implications for the level of economic activity. A further section discusses the international aspects of the monopoly capital approach. The final section of the paper reviews criticisms of the theories of monopoly capitalism with concentration on those advanced from a Marxist perspective.
DISEQUILIBRIUM BUFFER STOCK MODELS: A SURVEY
Authors: Milbourne Ross
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper surveys the growing literature on buffer stock models of the monetary transmission process. The first part indicates the basic issue of how (assumed) exogenous changes in the money supply work their way through the economic system via disequilibrium in the money market. After a brief historical development, buffer stock models are divided into four types depending upon whether the disequilibrium arises in stocks and/or flows, and to whether changes in the money stock are purely exogenous. The empirical implications, including how buffer stock models explain the recent behaviour of money demand functions are given. Theoretical and empirical criticisms of the models are presented in terms of the classification system. The survey concludes that whilst the buffer stock notion is an interesting idea, the current models do not lend themselves to empirical testing, and those models which do have performed poorly.
ARTHUR M. OKUN: ECONOMICS FOR POLICYMAKING
Authors: Lodewijks John
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This is a study of macroeconomics in action: how an applied macroeconomist works in a policy context to provide analysis and guidance on specific issues of public concern. We examine and classify Arthur Okun's policy essays, and thereby try to gain a better understanding of the role of economists in the policy‐making process.
THE TERM STRUCTURE OF INTEREST RATES: EVIDENCE AND THEORY
Authors: Melino Angelo
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The term structure of interest rates is an old topic. Over the years, both the hypotheses debated and the research techniques used have changed considerably. Two fairly recent developments which distinguish current research are the widespread adoption of rational expectations and the integration of the term structure with the general theory of asset pricing. This survey reviews previous work from this perspective. The main objective is to catalogue available evidence about term premia and to interpret this evidence in light of alternative models of term premia determination.
NEOCLASSICAL POLITICAL ECONOMY: AN APPLICATION TO TRADE POLICIES
Authors: Quibria M. G.
Published: October 2006

Abstract.This paper starts with a review of the literature on ‘neoclassical’political economy and then goes on to apply this perspective to the issue of trade liberalization. In this connection, the paper critically discusses various political economy models which have been advanced to explain patterns of trade policies in both developed and developing countries and assesses them in light of recent empirical evidence. The paper also makes a brief review of the empirical planning studies which estimate the gains from trade liberalization.
INFORMATION, RATIONAL EXPECTATIONS AND MACROECONOMIC MODELLING
Authors: Snell Andy
Published: October 2006

Book reivewed in this article:

Thomas J. Sargent (1987) Dynamic Macroeconomic Theory.

M. Hashem Pesaran (1987) The Limits to Rational Expectations.
STRATEGIC ENTRY DETERRENCE: RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN THE ECONOMICS OF INDUSTRY
Authors: Neven Damien J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper reviews the recent developments in the economics of industry with respect to strategic entry deterrence. Starting from Bain's (1956) classical analysis, a simple two‐stage game between an incumbent firm and a potential entrant is used to present the general structure of the entry deterrence problem. Commitments, credible threat and sub‐game perfection are illustrated in this context. The various strategic variables that an incumbent firm can use to bar entry are discussed. The issue of whether a group of incumbents can non‐cooperatively deter entry is taken up and some empirical evidence is reviewed.
THE EMERGENCE OF MIGRATION THEORY AND A SUGGESTED NEW DIRECTION
Authors: Shields Gail M. , Shields Michael P.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The literature on internal labour migration is surveyed using a fourfold taxonomic scheme. The potential migrant, as presented in the existing literature, can be viewed as a supplier of labour, an investor in human capital and a consumer of regional amenities such as public goods. The paper develops a fourth approach which treats the household, rather than the individual, as the migrating unit and which views the potential migrant as a producer of home produced commodities. The continuities as well as the contrasts between the four approaches are discussed in the paper.
GAME THEORETIC MODELS OF MIXED OLIGOPOLY
Authors: De Fraja Giovanni , Delbono Flavio
Published: October 2006

Abstract. In this paper we review various models that have been proposed for the study of mixed oligopoly, that is markets in which private and public firm compete on equal basis using only market instruments.
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF DECENTRALIZED PLANNING PROCEDURES
Authors: Chander Parkash , Parikh Ashok
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The paper surveys the theory of decentralized planning procedures, dealing with price‐guided, quantity‐guided and mixed procedures. Informational and incentive properties of the various procedures are dealt with, as is the problem of public goods. The practice of planning in the USSR, Hungary and India is also discussed.
INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC CO‐OPERATION
Authors: Muscatelli Anton
Published: October 2006

Books reviewed in this article:

Ralph Bryant, Dale Henderson, Gerald Holtham, Peter Hooper, Steven Symansky (eds) (1988) Empirical Macroeconomics for Interdependent Economies

Marcello De Cecco and Alberto Giovannini (eds) (1989) A European Central Bank?

Ralph Bryant, David Currie, Jacob Frenkel, Paul Masson and Richard Portes (eds) (1989), Macroeconomic Policies in an Interdependent World

Richard Cooper, Barry Eichengreen, Gerald Holtham, Robert Putnam and Randall Henning (1989) Can Nations Agree?
MAJORITY RULE AND ELECTION MODELS
Authors: Coughlin Peter J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper surveys the theoretical work that has been done on majority rule and economic models of elections. Section I provides an overview of the topic. Section 2 reviews the most important results that have been obtained about majority rule as an abstract collective choice rule. Section 3 identifies some alternative inferences that can be made from those results. Section 4 covers some models that include additional features that are present in political institutions where majority rule is used. Section 5 concentrates on some alternative election models and equilibrium concepts. Section 6 focuses on election models with abstentions and/or candidate uncertainty about voter behaviour. Section 7 compares and contrasts models where candidates are certain about what the voters’choices will be (contingent upon about the choices made by the candidates) and models where they are uncertain about those choices. Section 8 closes the survey by identifying some emerging areas of research.
THE RESEARCH AGENDA FOR SMALL BUSINESS ECONOMICS
Authors: Reid Gavin C.
Published: October 2006

Books reviewed in this article:

Acs, Z. and Audretsch, D. B. (eds.) (1990) The Economics of Small Firms: A European Challenge
GENERAL EQUILIBRIUM THEORY WITH IMPERFECT COMPETITION1
Authors: Bonanno Giacomo
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This survey is organized as follows. I. Introduction. II. The main issues. III. Negishi's model. IV. Objective demand in the Cournot‐Nash framework. V. Objective demand in the Bertrand‐Nash framework. VI. The assumption of quasi‐concavity of the profit functions. VII. Compromises between the conjectural and the objective approach. VIII. Insights into the notion of perfect competition. IX. Conclusion.
CHAOS AND COMPLEXITY IN ECONOMICS
Authors: George Donald A. R.
Published: October 2006

Books reviewed in this article:

William A. Barnett, John Geweke and Karl Shell (eds) (1989) Economic Complexity: Chaos, Sunspots, Bubbles and Nonlinearity

W. A. Brock and A. G. Malliaris (1989) Differential Equations, Stability and Chaos in Dynamic Economics

Carl Chiarella (1990) The Elements of a Nonlinear Theory of Economic Dynamics

Tönu Puu (1989) Nonlinear Economics Dynamics

Kumaraswamy Velupillai (ed.) (1990) Nonlinear and Multisectoral Macrodynamics
THE ECONOMICS OF TAXPAYER COMPLIANCE
Authors: Pyle D. J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. There is a great deal of evidence to suggest that tax evasion is now fairly extensive throughout Western Europe and North America. Academic economists have shown considerable interest in various aspects of tax evasion. In this article we examine the literature on two particular issues. First, why do individuals evade their tax obligations and second, what policies should governments pursue in attempting to reduce or eliminate evasion?

We concentrate on income tax evasion which has been the major preoccupation in the literature. We first show that the compliance costs of income tax evasion are quite substantial. We then examine theoretical attempts to model individual taxpayers behaviour. Here we find that it is extremely difficult to make unambiguous predictions concerning the effects of changes in important variables, such as income tax rates. Next, we review the empirical ‘evidence’ obtained from (i) attitudinal surveys, (ii) tax games, and (iii) econometric analysis of individuals’ tax returns. All of these studies are found to be flawed in certain major respects.

Finally, we consider a number of policy options available to tax authorities. Given the difficulty of determining a socially optimal level of evasion, governments are likely to pursue suboptimal policies aimed at entirely eliminating tax evasion. However, even here there is considerable disagreement about the design of an efficient policy.
CONCEPTS OF POVERTY AND THE POVERTY LINE
Authors: Callan Tim , Nolan Brian
Published: October 2006

Abstract.Various approaches adopted in developed economies to distinguishing between the poor and non‐poor—to setting a poverty line—are reviewed. These include the budget standard, food ratio, ‘official’, subjective and relative poverty line methods, as well as the analysis of indicators of deprivation. There has been significant progress in recent years in the degree of sophistication involved, and a movement away from approaches with a quasi‐absolute background. However, all the methods face formidable problems at conceptual and empirical levels, and no single approach is likely to dominate.
THE RESURGENCE OF INVENTORY RESEARCH: WHAT HAVE WE LEARNED?
Authors: Blinder Alan S. , Maccini Louis J.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. Recent empirical and theoretical research on business inventories is surveyed and critically evaluated. While most inventory research has had macroeconomic motivations, we focus on its microtheoretic basis and on potential conflicts between theory and evidence. The paper asks two principal questions. First, how can inventories, which are allegedly used by firms to stabilize production, nonetheless be a destabilizing factor at the macroeconomic level? Second, why, if firms are following the production‐smoothing model, is production more variable than sales in many industries? We suggest that the so‐called (S,s) model may help answer both questions.
THE ECONOMICS OF COMMUTING AND THE URBAN LABOUR MARKET
Authors: Simpson Wayne , van der Veen Anne
Published: October 2006

ABSTRACT. The spatial distribution of households and firms, or urban spatial structure, is a core element of the study of urban economics and the crucial determinant of commuting patterns. This paper examines developments in the analysis of urban spatial structure and commuting are related to the urban labour market—that is the analysis of labour supply and labour demand in a spatial context. These developments have been overlooked in the traditional approach to urban structure and commuting where most attention has been devoted to the markets for land and housing rather than the market for labour. Yet a little reflection suggests that the labour market might have a great deal to do with the location decisions of households and firms, and hence with commuting patterns. We argue that much criticism of the economic analysis of urban structure and commuting can be addressed by explicit incorporation of the labour market into the conventional model of urban location. This criticism includes findings that the theory cannot explain the tendency for richer households to live farther from the central business district and commute farther to work (Wheaton, 1977) and findings of substantial unexplained or ‘wasteful’ commuting according to conventional theory (Hamilton, 1982). The paper begins by outlining the basic model of residential location and commuting (Section 2). We then consider extensions that involve the introduction of labour supply decisions and which determine the value of commuting time (Section 3). More recent extensions involve the introduction of decentralized workplaces (Section 4) and, logically, the issues of job search and migration (Section 5). We conclude with a summary of the progress in incorporating labour market behaviour into the analysis of urban structure and commuting and our suggestions for further research in this area.
NONPARAMETRIC AND SEMIPARAMETRIC METHODS FOR ECONOMIC RESEARCH
Authors: Delgado Miguel A. , Robinson Peter M.
Published: October 2006

Abstract.Developments in the vast and growing literatures on nonparametric and semiparametric statistical estimation are reviewed. The emphasis is on useful methodology rather than statistical properties for their own sake. Some empirical applications to economic data are described. The paper deals separately with nonparametric density estimation, nonparametric regression estimation, and estimation of semiparametric models.
CAREER CONCERNS: INCENTIVES AND ENDOGENOUS LEARNING IN LABOUR MARKETS
Authors: Borland Jeff
Published: October 2006

Abstract. Models of career concerns provide a framework for analysing the actions that may be taken by a manager in an attempt to influence performance signals that the market uses to update its beliefs on her productivity, and the incentive problem that arises if such actions do not coincide with those that maximise the financial return to a firm's owner. This survey provides a formal introduction to the main types of models of career concerns (hidden action and hidden information), and discusses some extensions of these models. Applications of the career concerns framework to explain aspects of managerial behaviour and the form of labour market institutions are emphasised.
ECONOMETRIC ISSUES IN MACROECONOMIC MODELS WITH GENERATED REGRESSORS
Authors: Oxley Les , McAleer Michael
Published: October 2006

Abstract.The paper critically reviews the literature on the econometric issues raised by the use of generated regressors (GR) in empirical models. The economic rationale for the use of GR is considered, with examples being drawn from several macroeconomic examples, including New Classical Macroeconomic (NCM) models which postulate monetary ncutrality. Various estimation methods are discussed for models which include ‘surprise’ or ‘unexpected’ terms and the strengths and weaknesses of each approach are investigated. Drawing upon the work of McAleer and McKenzie (1991b), situations where the typically inefficient two‐step estimation (2SE) method will be efficient are highlighted. Problems of model misspecification and measurement errors are also investigated. An empirical section highlights some of the dangers of using uncorrected 2SE estimation results through a careful consideration of many recent attempts to test the NCM monetary neutrality hypothesis.
NONLINEAR BUSINESS CYCLE MODELLING
Authors: Mullineux Andy , Peng WenSheng
Published: October 2006

Abstract. Literature which employs nonlinearities to explain economic fluctuations, commonly called business cycles, is surveyed. Relaxation of the linearity assumption significantly increases the range of possible dynamic solution paths and introduces the possibility that business cycles are endogenously determined. The dominant post‐war modelling strategy has been the Frisch (1933) (and Slutsky, 1937) inspired one of developing essentially (log) linear economic models which produce damped cycles (or monotonic damping) to propagate the energy provided by repeated random (or autocorrelated) shocks. The cycle is exogenously driven, since it would die out in the absence of shocks. Deterministic (nonstochastic) nonlinear models can produce a wide range of endogenous fluctuations, including: stable limit cycles; growth cycles; and chaotic output, which have the appearance of random fluctuations. Further, the same model can produce qualitatively different outputs according to starting and parameter values. If the possibility of shocks to parameters is admitted, then behaviour can change abruptly following shocks. Evidence on the existence of nonlinearities and chaos in macroeconomic time series is assessed and alternative approaches to modelling dynamic economic development, related to the work of Keynes, Marx, Schumpeter and Shackle, are discussed. Their ideas have not proved readily amenable to mathematical modelling, but attempts to encapsulate some of them are reviewed.
THE ECONOMICS OF THE GREENHOUSE EFFECT
Authors: Perman Roger
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The recognition that economic activity is contributing to climatic change, with attendant costs that may be of large magnitudes, has set in motion a substantial research effort. This paper seeks to review the contribution of economics to analysis of the greenhouse effect and to the policies and instruments suggested as means of mitgiating its damage.

A brief overview of the causes and consequences of global warming is given, and a number of energy‐economy forecasting models are examined. As the costs of global warming depend upon the extent to which preventative and adaptive measures are undertaken, the techniques available to evaluate these costs are surveyed.

We examine extant targets for greenhouse gas emissions reduction, and explore the frameworks within which optimal policy targets can be designed. The paper also considers the narrower question of (minimized) abatement costs, and surveys the types of models used to estimate them.

The merits of alternative policy instruments are examined, paying particular attention to the role that risk and uncertainty, and the costs of monitoring and implementation of policy under conditions of imperfect information, may play in the choice of instruments. Problems of international co‐operation in the development of abatement policy are examined, and we consider the compensations (across both nations and generations) that are likely to be necessary conditions for effective action.
HIERARCHICAL CHOICE IN ECONOMICS
Authors: Drakopoulos S. A.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The paper examines the relevance for economic issues of choice which is not characterized by unlimited substitutability. After showing that hierarchical choice is common in other social sciences like psychology, the paper proceeds with an examination of such choice and of its different categories. Subsequently the implications for hierarchical choice for specific economic issues are analysed. In particular, there is discussion and literature review of demand theory, Engel curves, the theory of the firm and social choice theory. Finally, some suggestions for the application to other economic problems are considered.
ENVY‐FREENESS AND DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE
Authors: Arnsperger Christian
Published: October 2006

Abstract. The criterion of envy‐freeness, according to which no agent should prefer any of his neighbours’allocation to his own, has become a central part of the economic theory of distributive justice. It essentially corresponds to the need to express an ideal of equality in societies where preferences and endowments are heterogeneous. This paper surveys various formulations of the idea of envy‐freeness, starting with the simple distribution model, then adding the possibility for agents to have different native talent endowments, and finally moving to models with production. Many classical results are displayed, but emphasis is also put on recent developments, mainly the ideas of ‘minimizing envy’and of ‘absence of domination’. Five major difficulties facing envyfreeness are identified and listed as directions of future research.
THE THEORY OF STATE‐OWNED ENTERPRISES IN MARKET ECONOMIES
Authors: Lawson Colin
Published: October 2006

Abstract. Four topics are covered: the circumstances under which state‐owned enterprises (SOEs) are more effective than private firms; the different approaches to modelling public and private firms; the performance of SOEs; and strategies including privatization to limit their more damaging effects. It is argued that ideological or development motives are important in their genesis, but that if efficiency and innovation are key considerations the normative case for their existence is more doubtful. Various types of SOE model are identified, deriving from the variety of circumstances in which they operate, and the theoretical perspective of the modeller. These include the property rights school, the public choice tradition, neoclassical, behavioural and budget maximizing approaches. All models assume the existence of monitoring problems, created by informational asymmetry. The consequences can include high non‐pecuniary benefits for managers, a concentration on monitored activities, and lower innovation levels and efficiency than private firms. Curiously this is not necessarily reflected in higher prices or costs. Possible remedial strategies include a change of ownership, a change of objectives, the introduction of incentive‐compatible payment schemes, improved performance indicators and privatization.
LABOUR SUPPLY ESTIMATION AND PUBLIC POLICY
Authors: Hum Derek , Simpson Wayne
Published: October 2006

Abstract. Economists devote considerable energies towards refining their econometric techniques to overcome difficulties connected with conducting empirical research. Despite advances in technique. it is not clear whether further refinement in this direction is worthwhile for policy purposes. It may be that no further amount of statistical adjustment of inadequate data will increase understanding, and that better data is simply necessary to add to our knowledge. But rarely is sufficient credit paid to new forms of data. In short, econometric technique is emphasized to the neglect of data innovation, as if new data were merely lying about waiting for an ingenious suggestion for use. This paper surveys advances of the last twenty five years in estimating labour supply for policy purposes with a view towards appreciating the relative contribution of both improvements in econometric technique as well as developments of new data.

After briefly detailing the key parameters which economists have sought to estimate, we describe the early ‘first generation’ research (circa 1970), which is plagued by problems of unobservable variables, measurement errors, truncation and selectivity bias, and non linear budget constraints. ‘Second generation’ research constitute attempts to resolve one or more of these difficulties, and the respective contribution of econometric technique and new data is acknowledged and assessed, including the contribution of data generated by large scale social experiments in which participants are randomly assigned to different guaranteed income plans and their labour supply behaviour measured.
THE ECONOMETRICS OF THE HOLY GRAIL — A REVIEW OFECONOMETRICS: ALCHEMY OR SCIENCE? ESSAYS IN ECONOMETRIC METHODOLOGY
Authors: Keuzenkamp Hugo A.
Published: October 2006

Books reviewed in this article:

David F. Hendry (1993)Econometrics: Alchemy or Science? Essays in Econometric Methodology
POST‐KEYNESIAN MONETARY THEORY: SOME ISSUES
Authors: Hewitson Gillian
Published: October 2006

Abstract.Post‐Keynesian monetary theory is of increasing interest to economists in the light of world‐wide financial deregulation of financial markets. This paper offers an exposition of the main issues in this area, including an overview of the most divisive issue, that of interest rate determination, and hence, the slope of the money supply function. Post‐Keynesian monetary theorists divide into two camps with respect to the determination of interest rates: the ‘markup school’and the ‘liquidity preference school’. It is argued in the paper that the post‐Keynesian theory of the business cycle, which incorporates endogeneity of the money supply, requires a liquidity preference notion of interest rate determination.
INFORMATION EXTERNALITIES, SHARE‐PRICE BASED INCENTIVES AND MANAGERIAL BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Grant Simon , King Stephen , Polak Ben
Published: October 2006

Abstract. We survey recent theoretical research on the effects of short‐term share‐price based managerial incentive schemes. Such schemes can induce inefficient managerial behaviour in both hidden action and hidden type contexts. These problems arise from informational asymmetries: managers take actions to manipulate the information flow rather than to maximize firm value. More generally, imperfect transmission of information between managers and shareholders or between managers of different firms can lead to similar distortions even when the parties' interests are aligned.
THE ECONOMICS OF ABSENCE: THEORY AND EVIDENCE
Authors: Brown Sarah , Sessions John G.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. Worker absenteeism constitutes a significant loss of work‐time and therefore has important implications for both household income and firm productivity. Despite this, the economics profession has been somewhat laggard relative to other disciplines in addressing the phenomenon. The situation is, however, changing, with recent years witnessing a mild flurry of activity. The aim of this paper is to maintain, and if possible, enhance this momentum. We do this firstly by developing some basic theoretical ideas which we consider to be central to an economic analysis of absence. In particular, we address the often cited claim that observed absence is unequivocally inefficient. Second, by reviewing some of the key contributions, we attempt to assess where the literature on the economics of absence stands at present, as well as suggesting some potentially fruitful lines of future enquiry.
A SURVEY OF MEASUREMENT BIASES IN PRICE INDEXES
Authors: Wynne Mark A. , Sigalla Fiona D.
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper reviews the literature on measurement error in the major US price indexes—the Consumer Price Index (CPI), the Producer Price Index (RPI), and the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) deflators. We take as our point of departure Triplett's, 1975, survey and focus on the studies of measurement error that have appeared since then. We review the problems of substitution bias, quality bias, new goods bias, and outlet substitution bias that are generally considered to be the main sources of error in price indexes. The bulk of the paper is devoted to problems in the CPI and PPI, as the GDP deflators tend to be based mainly on the components of these series. We find that there has been surprisingly little work on the problem of overall measurement error in any of these price indexes, and we conclude that there is very little scientific basis for the commonly accepted notion that measured inflation at 2 to 3 percent a year is consistent with price stability.
MIGRATION THEORIES AND EVIDENCE: AN ASSESSMENT
Authors: Ghatak Subrata , Levine Paul , Price Stephen Wheatley
Published: October 2006

Abstract. This paper presents a critical survey of theories of migration, their welfare and policy implications and their empirical relevance. We also develop some extensions to the theory beginning with the Harris and Todaro (HT) model. In particular, the HT model is extended to examine risk averse behaviour within families where the migration of members of families serves to diversify risk. The welfare implications of the individual migration decision and government intervention in the form of employment subsidies are examined. Recent evidence on international migration is presented. It is shown that migration does not flow automatically in response to wage differentials. Characteristics of migrants and the process of self‐selection are found to be important determinants of the rate of migration.
Notes on the Difficulty of Studying the State (1977)
Authors: ABRAMS PHILIP
Published: October 2006

Abstract
The state is not the reality which stands behind the mask of political practice. It is itself the mask which prevents our seeing political practice as it is. There is a state‐system: a palpable nexus of practice and institutional stucture centred in government and more or less extensive, unified and dominant in any given society. There is, too, a state‐idea, projected, purveyed and variously believed in in different societies at different times. We are only making difficulties for ourselves in supposing that we have also to study the state ‐ an entity, agent, function or relation over and above the state‐system and the state‐idea. The state comes into being as a stucturation within political practice; it starts its life as an implicit construct; it is then reified ‐ as the res publica, the public reification, no less ‐ and acquires an overt symbolic identity progressively divorced from practice as an illusory account of practice. The ideological function is extended to a point where conservatives and radicals alike believe that their practice is not directed at each other but at the state: the world of illusion prevails. The task of the sociologist is to demystify; and in this context that means attending to the senses in which the state does not exist rather than to those in which it does.

‘When the state itself it is danger’, Lord Denning said in his judgment yesterday, “our cherished freedoms may have to take second place, and even natural justice itself may have to suffer a setback’.

‘The flaw in Lord Denning's argument is that it is the government who decide what the interests of the state should be and which invokes ‘national security’ as the state chooses to define it’, Ms Pat Hewitt, director of the National Council for Civil Liberties, said yesterday’.