bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perceptions of interprofessional collaboration in education of dentists and dental hygienists and the impact on dental practice in the Netherlands: A qualitative study
Authors: Kersbergen Maria J. , Creugers Nico H. J. , Hollaar Vanessa R. Y. , Laurant Miranda G. H.
Published: November 2019

Introduction

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions of dentists and dental hygienists regarding their own and each other's roles in interprofessional collaboration following a clinical interprofessional educational programme (CIEP) as part of their graduate programme at Radboud university medical center (Radboudumc) and HAN University of Applied Sciences (HAN UAS), Nijmegen, the Netherlands, respectively. Perceptions were obtained at the end of their study (2014) and two years after their graduation (2016).

Methods

A qualitative study was conducted using a questionnaire with open‐ended questions. Sixty‐two dentists and thirty‐eight dental hygienists were invited. Theory‐based analyses were applied in combination with principles of Grounded Theory to analyse and synthesise the collected data from the open‐ended questions.

Results

At baseline, 100% responded. At follow‐up, thirty‐two dentists (51.6%) and twenty‐six dental hygienists (68.4%) responded; twenty‐seven dentists (43.5%) and eighteen dental hygienists (47.4%) were included. Many similarities were found between baseline and follow‐up regarding perceptions of each other's expertise and responsibility, learning from and with each other, and the behaviour of students and the “novice” professionals in interprofessional collaboration. Both dentists and dental hygienists experienced the CIEP as useful for interprofessional collaboration. The “novice” dentists and dental hygienists indicated that in dental practices interprofessional collaboration was less common.

Conclusion

The CIEP resulted in more understanding amongst dentists and dental hygienists with regard to interprofessional roles, but in practice the “novice” dentists and dental hygienists face difficulties in applying the interprofessional roles.
Long‐lasting modifications of motoneuron firing properties by trans‐spinal direct current stimulation in rats
Authors: Bączyk Marcin , Drzymała‐Celichowska Hanna , Mrówczyński Włodzimierz , Krutki Piotr
Published: November 2019

Trans‐spinal direct current stimulation (tsDCS) is a novel neuromodulatory technique that has been used during neurological rehabilitation and sports to modulate muscle activation. However, the physiological mechanisms that underly the long‐lasting functional effects of polarization are not yet fully understood, nor are their relationships with specific neuronal populations. The acute facilitatory and depressive effects of anodal and cathodal polarization on motoneurons have been recently demonstrated, and the aim of this study was to determine whether tsDCS‐evoked modulations of motoneuron properties are able to persist over several hours. Intracellular recordings from multiple antidromically identified rat motoneurons were performed both before and after the application of tsDCS (0.1 mA for 15 min), at various time points up to 180 min after the offset of anodal or cathodal tsDCS. The examined effects of anodal polarization included decreased rheobase, voltage threshold, the minimum and maximum currents necessary for rhythmic firing, increased rhythmic firing frequencies and the slope of the f–I relationship. The majority of these facilitatory changes to threshold and firing properties were sustained for 30–60 min after polarization. In contrast, the significant effects of cathodal polarization were absent, except the short‐lasting decreased ability for motoneurons to induce rhythmic activity. This study provides direct evidence that a single polarization session can alter the electrophysiological properties of motoneurons for at least one hour and provides a basis for the further use of tsDCS techniques under conditions where the sustained modification of motoneuron firing is desired.
A National Collaborative Approach to Recruit, Prepare, and Support Family and Consumer Sciences Educators
Authors: Bowers Jan , Myers Lori A.
Published: November 2019

There is a growing shortage of educators in the United States. The need for Family and Consumer Sciences (FCS) educators is especially critical. The purpose of this article is to describe a national collaborative initiative to increase the number of qualified FCS educators in the United States. In April 2018, the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) awarded a 3‐year grant to a collaboration of three organizations: the State University of New York (SUNY) at Oneonta, the Family, Career, and Community Leaders of America (FCCLA), and the American Association of Family and Consumer Sciences to establish a partnership to recruit, prepare, and support FCS educators. Interested individuals from around the world are invited to participate in grant projects.
Phase selective crystallization of Na2Mn0.9Fe0.1P2O7 glass by laser irradiation
Authors: Honma Tsuyoshi , Kumagai Yu , Komatsu Takayuki
Published: November 2019

Laser‐induced crystallization was performed to form zero‐dimensional (dot) and one‐dimensional (line) patterns on the surface of Na2Mn0.9Fe0.1P2O7 glass. X‐ray diffraction patterns of crystallized‐glass prepared by conventional heat treatment suggests that the formation of β‐Na2MnxFe1−xP2O7 phase is more likely to form than layered‐ (L‐) Na2MnxFe1−xP2O7, which is the other metastable polymorph. Using the continuous wave (CW) laser‐induced crystallization technique, a demonstration of phase selective crystal patterning was confirmed in Na2Mn0.9Fe0.1P2O7 glass. Depending on the laser power (P), micro‐Raman spectroscopy of dot pattern suggest that three types of structural modifications, that is, softening, crystallization of L‐phase structure polymorph, β‐phase, and a mixture of L‐ and β‐phase, were induced. Meanwhile, the line patterning of Na2Mn0.9Fe0.1P2O7 showed a slow growth rate of 2 µm s−1. At P = 0.73 W, even when scanning was started from the β‐dot, the growth of the β‐line was disturbed by the formation of L‐phase but stable line growth of β‐phase occur at P = 0.76 W. Although the formation rate was also slow, laser irradiation is possible to form metastable polymorph selectively.
Molar‐incisor malformation: Eight new cases and a review of the literature
Authors: Vargo Richard J. , Reddy Rekha , Da Costa Walmir B. , Mugayar Leda R.F. , Islam Mohammed N. , Potluri Anitha
Published: November 2019

Background

Molar‐incisor malformation (MIM) is a recently described dental abnormality. While MIM mimics dentin dysplasia, it presents in a localized pattern. Furthermore, it is speculated that MIM is caused by significant early‐life medical history.

Aim

The purpose of this study is to present a series of MIM cases and compare the findings with the literature.

Design

An extensive search of all published cases of MIM in the English‐language literature was conducted. Additionally, an institutional review board‐approved retrospective search was performed within the University of Florida oral pathology biopsy service archives. Radiographic consultation cases were also included. Cases lacking radiographs were excluded.

Results

Seventy‐nine cases were identified in the literature, and eight cases were identified in our retrospective search. All but one case involved the permanent first molars. The average age at diagnosis was 9 years. Many patients reported significant early‐life medical histories.

Conclusions

MIM usually affects the permanent first molars and may be linked to early‐life medical conditions or interventions. Oral healthcare providers, especially paediatric dentists, should be aware of MIM to avoid misdiagnosing it as dentin dysplasia. Long‐term follow‐up studies with thorough medical history documentation are essential to understand the pathogenesis and aetiology and to create treatment guidelines.
Clinical characteristics of insulin resistance syndromes: A nationwide survey in Japan
Authors: Takeuchi Takehito , Ishigaki Yasushi , Hirota Yushi , Hasegawa Yutaka , Yorifuji Tohru , Kadowaki Hiroko , Akamizu Takashi , Ogawa Wataru , Katagiri Hideki
Published: November 2019

Aims/Introduction

Insulin resistance syndrome (IRS) of type A or B is triggered by gene abnormalities of or autoantibodies to the insulin receptor, respectively. Rabson–Mendenhall/Donohue syndrome is also caused by defects of the insulin receptor gene (INSR), but is more serious than type A IRS. Here, we carried out a nationwide survey of these syndromes in Japan.

Materials and Methods

We sent questionnaires to a total of 1,957 academic councilors or responsible individuals at certified facilities of the Japan Diabetes Society, as well as at the department pediatrics or neonatology in medical centers with >300 beds.

Results

We received 904 responses with information on 23, 30 and 10 cases of type A or B IRS and Rabson–Mendenhall/Donohue syndrome, respectively. Eight cases with type A IRS‐like clinical features, but without an abnormality of INSR, were tentatively designated type X IRS, with five of these cases testing positive for PIK3R1 mutations. Fasting serum insulin levels at diagnosis (mean ± standard deviation) were 132.0 ± 112.4, 1122.1 ± 3292.5, 2895.5 ± 3181.5 and 145.0 ± 141.4 μU/mL for type A IRS, type B IRS, Rabson–Mendenhall/Donohue syndrome and type X IRS, respectively. Type A and type X IRS, as well as Rabson–Mendenhall/Donohue syndrome were associated with low birthweight. Type B IRS was diagnosed most frequently in older individuals, and was often associated with concurrent autoimmune conditions and hypoglycemia.

Conclusions

Information yielded by this first nationwide survey should provide epidemiological insight into these rare conditions and inform better healthcare for affected patients.
Adrenergic chromaffin cells are adrenergic even in the absence of epinephrine
Authors: González‐Santana Ayoze , Castañeyra Leandro , Baz‐Dávila Rebeca , Estévez‐Herrera Judith , Domínguez Natalia , Méndez‐López Iago , Padín J. Fernando , Castañeyra Agustín , Machado José‐David , Ebert Steven N. , Borges Ricardo
Published: November 2019

Adrenal chromaffin cells release epinephrine (EPI) and norepinephrine (NE) into the bloodstream as part of the homeostatic response to situations like stress. Here we utilized EPI‐deficient mice generated by knocking out (KO) the phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (Pnmt) gene. These Pnmt‐KO mice were bred to homozygosis but displayed no major phenotype. The lack of EPI was partially compensated by an increase in NE, suggesting that EPI storage was optimized in adrenergic cells. Electron microscopy showed that despite the lack of EPI, chromaffin granules retain their shape and general appearance. This indicate that granules from adrenergic or noradrenergic cells preserve their characteristics even though they contain only NE. Acute insulin injection largely reduced the EPI content in wild‐type animals, with a minimal reduction in NE, whereas there was only a partial reduction in NE content in Pnmt‐KO mice. The analysis of exocytosis by amperometry revealed a reduction in the quantum size (−30%) and Imax (−21%) of granules in KO cells relative to the wild‐type granules, indicating a lower affinity of NE for the granule matrix of adrenergic cells. As amperometry cannot distinguish between adrenergic or noradrenergic cells, it would suggest even a larger reduction in the affinity for the matrix. Therefore, our results demonstrate that adrenergic cells retain their structural characteristics despite the almost complete absence of EPI. Furthermore, the chromaffin granule matrix from adrenergic cells is optimized to accumulate EPI, with NE being a poor substitute.

image

Open Science: This manuscript was awarded with the Open Materials Badge

For more information see: https://cos.io/our-services/open-science-badges/
Melatonin alleviates circadian system disruption induced by chronic shifts of the light‐dark cycle in Octodon degus
Authors: Bano‐Otalora Beatriz , Madrid Juan Antonio , Rol Maria Angeles
Published: November 2019

Modern 24‐h society lifestyle is associated with experiencing frequent shifts in the lighting conditions which can negatively impact human health. Here, we use the degus, a species exhibiting diurnal and nocturnal chronotypes, to: (a) assess the impact of chronic shifts of the light:dark (LD) cycle in the animal's physiology and behaviour and (b) test the therapeutic potential of melatonin in enhancing rhythmicity under these conditions. Degus were subjected to a “5d + 2d” LD‐shifting schedule for 19 weeks. This protocol aims to mimic lighting conditions experienced by humans during shift work: LD cycle was weekly delayed by 8h during 5 “working” days (Morning, Afternoon and Night schedule); during weekends (2 days), animals were kept under Morning schedule. After 9 weeks, melatonin was provided daily for 6h in the drinking water. The “5d + 2d” shifting LD schedule led to a disruption in wheel‐running activity (WRA) and body temperature (Tb) rhythms which manifested up to three separate periods in the circadian range. This chronodisruption was more evident in nocturnal than in diurnal degus, particularly during the Afternoon schedule when a phase misalignment between WRA and Tb rhythms appeared. Melatonin treatment and, to a lesser extent, water restriction enhanced the 24‐h component, suggesting a potential role in ameliorating the disruptive effects of shift work.
Historical biogeography of the widespread macroalga Sargassum (Fucales, Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Yip Zhi Ting , Quek Randolph Z. B. , Huang Danwei
Published: November 2019

Sargassum is a cosmopolitan brown algal genus spanning the three ocean basins of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans, inhabiting temperate, subtropical and tropical habitats. Sargassum has been postulated to have originated in the Oligocene epoch approximately 30 mya according to a broad phylogenetic analysis of brown macroalgae, but its diversification to become one of the most widespread and speciose macroalgal genera remains unclear. Here, we present a Bayesian molecular clock study, which analyzed data from the order Fucales of the brown algal crown radiation (BACR) group to reconstruct a time‐calibrated phylogeny of the Sargassum clade. Our phylogeny included a total of 120 taxa with 99 Sargassum species sampled for three molecular markers – ITS‐2, cox3 and rbcLS – calibrated with an unambiguous Sargassaceae fossil from between the lower and middle Miocene. The analysis revealed a much later origin of Sargassum than expected at about 6.7 mya, with the genus diversifying since approximately 4.3 mya. Current geographic distributions of Sargassum species were then analyzed in conjunction with the time‐calibrated phylogeny using the dispersal‐extinction‐cladogenesis (DEC) model to estimate ancestral ranges of clades in the genus. Results strongly support origination of Sargassum in the Central Indo‐Pacific (CIP) region with subsequent independent dispersal events into other marine realms. The longer history of diversification in the ancestral CIP range could explain the much greater diversity there relative to other marine areas today. Analyses of these dynamic processes, when fine‐tuned to a higher spatial resolution, enable the identification of evolutionary hotspots and provide insights into long‐term dispersal patterns.
Resident memory T cells: Possible players in periodontal disease recurrence
Authors: Deli Federico , Romano Federica , Gualini Giacomo , Mariani Giulia Maria , Sala Irene , Veneziano Francesca , Bertero Luca , Cassoni Paola , Aimetti Mario
Published: November 2019

Background/objectives

Tissue‐resident memory T cells (Trm) represent a new subset of long‐lived memory T cells that remain in barrier tissues after previous bacterial or viral infection to support early/immediate defense mechanisms, providing site‐specific protection from pathogen challenge. As data on Trm cells in human gingiva are just emerging, the aim of the present study was to explore their presence and distribution in epithelial and connective periodontal tissues in relation to microbial exposure and periodontal damage.

Material and methods

Periodontitis tissue specimens were collected from 20 generalized chronic periodontitis patients at the time of osseous resective surgery. As a control, 18 healthy tissue specimens were harvested each from both the primary flap and the palatal graft in 18 periodontally healthy patients during mucogingival surgeries. As CD69 and CD103 are phenotypic markers associated with tissue residence, intraepithelial and stromal CD103+ and CD69+ cells per high‐power field were counted in areas with highest expression. Double immunohistochemistry for CD3 and CD69 was performed to identify T cells.

Results

CD69 +and CD103+ cells showed a lymphocytic morphology, and double CD69 and CD3 staining confirmed the T cell phenotype of these cells. CD103 and CD69 expression was significantly enhanced in epithelial and connective tissues from patients with periodontitis compared with healthy controls (P < .001). Significant positive correlation between PD and both CD103 and CD69 epithelial expression was observed in tissue specimens from periodontitis patients (P < .001).

Conclusion

Within the limits of the present study, these results indicate that Trm cells are higher in periodontitis lesions. They could orchestrate the host response to microbial challenge, leading to a faster reactivation of periodontal disease.
Systemic signalling, and the synchronization of stomatal response
Authors: McLachlan Deirdre H.
Published: November 2019

This article is a Commentary on Devireddy et al. (2020), 225: 21–25.
Tree growth response to shifting soil nutrient economy depends on mycorrhizal associations
Authors: DeForest Jared L. , Snell Rebecca S.
Published: November 2019

The mycorrhizal‐associated nutrient economy hypothesis proposes a strong connection between plant and fungal traits and the dominant form of soil nutrients. If true, then shifting from an organic to an inorganic nutrient economy should benefit arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees because they are more suited to acquiring inorganic forms of nutrients and have limited decomposing capabilities when compared with ectomycorrhizal (ECM) trees.

An inorganic nutrient economy was experimentally promoted by applying inorganic phosphorus (P) fertiliser and/or elevating soil pH with lime in three Allegheny Plateau mixed‐mesophytic forests. Trees were measured over seven growing seasons to determine how growth responded to the treatments based on mycorrhizal association.

AM‐associated trees showed increased growth in response to increased inorganic nutrients, but ECM tree growth was suppressed when compared with the control. We also observed that understory and mid‐story trees responded to the treatments, but large overstory trees showed no significant growth response.

Results support the hypothesis that AM trees respond positively to an inorganic nutrient economy. While raising pH in acidic soils can be detrimental to ECM tree growth, the exact mechanism for this response is unclear.
Vacuolar processing enzymes in the plant life cycle
Authors: Yamada Kenji , Basak Arpan Kumar , Goto‐Yamada Shino , Tarnawska‐Glatt Katarzyna , Hara‐Nishimura Ikuko
Published: November 2019

Vacuolar processing enzyme (VPE) is a cysteine‐type endopeptidase that has a substrate‐specificity for asparagine or aspartic acid residues and cleaves peptide bonds at their carboxyl‐terminal side. Various vacuolar proteins are synthesized as larger proprotein precursors, and VPE is an important initiator of maturation and activation of these proteins. It mediates programmed cell death (PCD) by provoking vacuolar rupture and initiating the proteolytic cascade leading to PCD. Vacuolar processing enzyme also possesses a peptide ligation activity, which is responsible for producing cyclic peptides in several plant species. These unique functions of VPE support developmental and environmental responses in plants. The number of VPE homologues is higher in angiosperm species, indicating that there has been differentiation and specialization of VPE function over the course of evolution. Angiosperm VPEs are separated into two major types: the γ‐type VPEs, which are expressed mainly in vegetative organs, and the β‐type VPEs, whose expression occurs mainly in storage organs; in eudicots, the δ‐type VPEs are further separated within γ‐type VPEs. This review also considers the importance of processing and peptide ligation by VPE in vacuolar protein maturation.
Diagnosis of cystic lesions using panoramic and cone beam computed tomographic images based on deep learning neural network
Authors: Lee Jae‐Hong , Kim Do‐Hyung , Jeong Seong‐Nyum
Published: November 2019

Objectives

The aim of the current study was to evaluate the detection and diagnosis of three types of odontogenic cystic lesions (OCLs)—odontogenic keratocysts, dentigerous cysts, and periapical cysts—using dental panoramic radiography and cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) images based on a deep convolutional neural network (CNN).

Methods

The GoogLeNet Inception‐v3 architecture was used to enhance the overall performance of the detection and diagnosis of OCLs based on transfer learning. Diagnostic indices (area under the ROC curve [AUC], sensitivity, specificity, and confusion matrix with and without normalization) were calculated and compared between pretrained models using panoramic and CBCT images.

Results

The pretrained model using CBCT images showed good diagnostic performance (AUC = 0.914, sensitivity = 96.1%, specificity = 77.1%), which was significantly greater than that achieved by other models using panoramic images (AUC = 0.847, sensitivity = 88.2%, specificity = 77.0%) (p = .014).

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that panoramic and CBCT image datasets, comprising three types of odontogenic OCLs, are effectively detected and diagnosed based on the deep CNN architecture. In particular, we found that the deep CNN architecture trained with CBCT images achieved higher diagnostic performance than that trained with panoramic images.
Subgrouping Factors Influencing Migraine Intensity in Women: A Semi‐automatic Methodology Based on Machine Learning and Information Geometry
Authors: Pérez‐Benito Francisco J. , Conejero J. Alberto , Sáez Carlos , García‐Gómez Juan M. , Navarro‐Pardo Esperanza , Florencio Lidiane L. , Fernández‐de‐las‐Peñas César
Published: November 2019

Background

Migraine is a heterogeneous condition with multiple clinical manifestations. Machine learning algorithms permit the identification of population groups, providing analytical advantages over other modeling techniques.

Objective

The aim of this study was to analyze critical features that permit the differentiation of subgroups of patients with migraine according to the intensity and frequency of attacks by using machine learning algorithms.

Methods

Sixty‐seven women with migraine participated. Clinical features of migraine, related disability (Migraine Disability Assessment Scale), anxiety/depressive levels (Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale), anxiety state/trait levels (State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory), and pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) over the temporalis, neck, second metacarpal, and tibialis anterior were collected. Physical examination included the flexion‐rotation test, cervical range of cervical motion, forward head position while sitting and standing, passive accessory intervertebral movements (PAIVMs) with headache reproduction, and joint positioning sense error. Subgrouping was based on machine learning algorithms by using the nearest neighbors algorithm, multisource variability assessment, and random forest model.

Results

For migraine intensity, group 2 (women with a regular migraine headache intensity score of 7 on an 11‐point Numeric Pain Rating Scale [where 0 = no pain and 10 = maximum pain]) were younger and had lower joint positioning sense error in cervical rotation, greater cervical mobility in rotation and flexion, lower flexion‐rotation test scores, positive PAIVMs reproducing migraine, normal PPTs over the tibialis anterior, shorter migraine history, and lower cranio‐vertebral angles while standing than the remaining migraine intensity subgroups. The most discriminative variable was the flexion‐rotation test score of the symptomatic side. For migraine frequency, no model was able to identify differences between groups (ie, patients with episodic or chronic migraine).

Conclusions

A subgroup of women with migraine who had common migraine intensity was identified with machine learning algorithms.
Heritable temporal gene expression patterns correlate with metabolomic seed content in developing hexaploid oat seed
Authors: Hu Haixiao , Gutierrez‐Gonzalez Juan J. , Liu Xinfang , Yeats Trevor H. , Garvin David F. , Hoekenga Owen A. , Sorrells Mark E. , Gore Michael A. , Jannink Jean‐Luc
Published: November 2019

Oat ranks sixth in world cereal production and has a higher content of health‐promoting compounds compared with other cereals. However, there is neither a robust oat reference genome nor transcriptome. Using deeply sequenced full‐length mRNA libraries of oat cultivar Ogle‐C, a de novo high‐quality and comprehensive oat seed transcriptome was assembled. With this reference transcriptome and QuantSeq 3′ mRNA sequencing, gene expression was quantified during seed development from 22 diverse lines across six time points. Transcript expression showed higher correlations between adjacent time points. Based on differentially expressed genes, we identified 22 major temporal co‐expression (TCoE) patterns of gene expression and revealed enriched gene ontology biological processes. Within each TCoE set, highly correlated transcripts, putatively commonly affected by genetic background, were clustered and termed genetic co‐expression (GCoE) sets. Seventeen of the 22 TCoE sets had GCoE sets with median heritabilities higher than 0.50, and these heritability estimates were much higher than that estimated from permutation analysis, with no divergence observed in cluster sizes between permutation and non‐permutation analyses. Linear regression between 634 metabolites from mature seeds and the PC1 score of each of the GCoE sets showed significantly lower p‐values than permutation analysis. Temporal expression patterns of oat avenanthramides and lipid biosynthetic genes were concordant with previous studies of avenanthramide biosynthetic enzyme activity and lipid accumulation. This study expands our understanding of physiological processes that occur during oat seed maturation and provides plant breeders the means to change oat seed composition through targeted manipulation of key pathways.
Epigenetic signatures of stress adaptation and flowering regulation in response to extended drought and recovery in Zea mays
Authors: Forestan Cristian , Farinati Silvia , Zambelli Federico , Pavesi Giulio , Rossi Vincenzo , Varotto Serena
Published: November 2019

During their lifespan, plants respond to a multitude of stressful factors. Dynamic changes in chromatin and concomitant transcriptional variations control stress response and adaptation, with epigenetic memory mechanisms integrating environmental conditions and appropriate developmental programs over the time. Here we analyzed transcriptome and genome‐wide histone modifications of maize plants subjected to a mild and prolonged drought stress just before the flowering transition. Stress was followed by a complete recovery period to evaluate drought memory mechanisms. Three categories of stress‐memory genes were identified: i) “transcriptional memory” genes, with stable transcriptional changes persisting after the recovery; ii) “epigenetic memory candidate” genes in which stress‐induced chromatin changes persist longer than the stimulus, in absence of transcriptional changes; iii) “delayed memory” genes, not immediately affected by the stress, but perceiving and storing stress signal for a delayed response. This last memory mechanism is described for the first time in drought response. In addition, applied drought stress altered floral patterning, possibly by affecting expression and chromatin of flowering regulatory genes. Altogether, we provided a genome‐wide map of the coordination between genes and chromatin marks utilized by plants to adapt to a stressful environment, describing how this serves as a backbone for setting stress memory.
Sexual Consent and Lying About One’s Self
Authors: Matey Jennifer
Published: November 2019

Despite the acknowledgement of the moral significance of consent there is still much work to be done in determining which specific sexual encounters count as unproblematically consensual. This paper focuses on the impact of deception. It takes up the specific case of deception about one’s self. It may seem obvious that one ought not to lie to a sexual partner about who one is, but determining which features of oneself are most relevant, as well as the lies which it follows would be impermissible to tell, is complicated. It is argued here that deception about one’s morally valenced character traits, those we think of as virtues and vices, are particularly problematic. This is true regardless of whether knowing the truth about those traits would have made a difference to one’s partner’s consent. Attention is then drawn to a range of types of lies that one ought not to tell.
Partial‐body cryotherapy (−135°C) and cold‐water immersion (10°C) after muscle damage in females
Authors: Hohenauer Erich , Costello Joseph T. , Deliens Tom , Clarys Peter , Stoop Rahel , Clijsen Ron
Published: November 2019

This randomized controlled trial examined the effects of cold‐water immersion (CWI), partial‐body cryotherapy (PBC), or a passive control (CON) on physiological and recovery variables following exercise‐induced muscle damage (EIMD, 5 × 20 drop jumps) in females. Twenty‐eight females were allocated to PBC (30 seconds at −60°C, 2 minutes at −135°C), CWI (10 minutes at 10°C), or CON (10 minutes resting). Muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), cutaneous vascular conductance (CVC), mean arterial pressure (MAP), and local skin temperature were assessed at baseline and through 60 minutes (10‐minute intervals), while delayed onset of muscle soreness (DOMS), muscle swelling, maximum voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC), and vertical jump performance (VJP) were assessed up to 72 hours (24‐hour intervals) following treatments. SmO2 was lower in PBC (Δ‐2.77 ± 13.08%) and CWI (Δ‐5.91 ± 11.80%) compared with CON (Δ18.96 ± 1.46%) throughout the 60‐minute follow‐up period (P < .001). CVC was lower from PBC (92.7 ± 25.0%, 90.5 ± 23.4%) and CWI (90.3 ± 23.5%, 88.1 ± 22.9%) compared with CON (119.0 ± 5.1 and 116.1 ± 6.6%, respectively) between 20 and 30 minutes (P < .05). Mean skin temperature was lower from CWI vs PBC (between 10 and 40 minutes, P < .05). Mean skin temperature was higher in CON compared with CWI up to 60 minutes and compared with PBC up to 30 minutes (P < .05). DOMS was lower following both PBC and CWI compared with CON through 72‐hour (P < .05), with no difference between groups. No main group differences for swelling, MVIC, and VJP were observed. In conclusion, CWI elicited generally greater physiological effects compared with PBC while both interventions were more effective than CON in reducing DOMS in females, but had no effect on functional measures or swelling.
Trends in utilization of deceased donor kidneys based on hepatitis C virus status and impact of public health service labeling on discard
Authors: Ariyamuthu Venkatesh K. , Sandikci Burhaneddin , AbdulRahim Nashila , Hwang Christine , MacConmara Malcolm P. , Parasuraman Ravi , Atis Ahsen , Tanriover Bekir
Published: November 2019

Background

Kidneys from deceased donors infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) are underutilized. Most HCV virus‐infected donors are designated as Public Health Service increased donors (PHS‐IR). Impact of PHS and HCV designations on discard is not well studied.

Methods

We queried the UNOS data set for all deceased donor kidneys between January 2015 and December 2018. The final study cohort donors (n = 38 702) were stratified into three groups based on HCV antibody (Ab) and NAT status: (a) Ab−/NAT− (n = 35 861); (b) Ab+/NAT− (n = 973); and (c) Ab±/NAT+ (n = 1868). We analyzed utilization/discard rates of these organs, the impact of PHS‐IR and HCV designations on discard using multivariable two‐level hierarchical logistic regression models, forecasted number of HCV viremic donors/kidneys by 2023.

Results

During the study period, (a) the number of viremic donor kidneys increased 2 folds; (b) the multilevel mixed‐effects logistic regression models showed that, overall, the PHS labeling (OR 1.20, CI 95% CI 1.15‐1.29) and HCV designation (OR 2.29; 95% CI 2.15‐2.43) were independently associated with increased risk of discard; (c) contrary to the general perception, PHS‐IR kidneys across all HCV groups, compared to PHS‐IR kidneys were more likely to be discarded; (d) we forecasted that the number of kidneys from HCV viremic donor kidneys might increase from 1376 in 2019 to 2092 in 2023.

Conclusion

Hepatitis C virus viremic kidneys might represent 10%‐15% of deceased donor organ pool soon with the current rate of the opioid epidemic. PHS labeling effect on discard requires further discussion of the utility of this classification.
Clinical predictors of progression and clearance of low‐level CMV DNAemia in solid organ transplant recipients
Authors: Natori Yoichiro , Alghamdi Ali , Husain Shahid , Rotstein Coleman , Selzner Nazia , Tikkanen Jussi , Schiff Jeffrey , Humar Atul , Kumar Deepali
Published: November 2019

Background

Low‐level CMV DNAemia is common and in the absence of treatment may either progress to higher viral loads that require therapy, or may spontaneously resolve. The clinical predictors of progression and spontaneous viral clearance are not well defined.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study of organ transplant recipients who had untreated low‐level CMV DNAemia (<1000 IU/mL). Outcomes were evaluated for 8 weeks after initial viral detection, and progression to CMV high viral load was defined as CMV viral load ≥1000 IU/mL. CMV DNAemia doubling time was calculated for a subset of patients with sufficient viral load timepoints.

Results

Of the 297 patients analyzed, 118/297 (39.7%) patients progressed to a high viral load and the remaining cleared DNAemia spontaneously (46.8%) or remained at low level (13.4%). In multivariate analysis, progression was significantly more likely in lung transplant recipients (odds ratio 3.09) and less likely in those with an episode of previously treated CMV infection (odds ratio 0.081). In a subset of 27 patients with progression, the doubling time for CMV DNAemia was a median of 6.1 days (range 2.4‐21.8).

Conclusion

We found that previous CMV infection significantly decreased the likelihood of low‐level DNAemia progression suggesting that CMV immunity plays a role in progression vs spontaneous clearance.
Linking water relations and hydraulics with photosynthesis
Authors: Xiong Dongliang , Nadal Miquel
Published: November 2019

For land plants, water is the principal governor of growth. Photosynthetic performance is highly dependent on the stable and suitable water status of leaves, which is balanced by the water transport capacity, the water loss rate as well as the water capacitance of the plant. This review discusses the links between leaf water status and photosynthesis, specifically focussing on the coordination of CO2 and water transport within leaves, and the potential role of leaf capacitance and elasticity on CO2 and water transport.
Responses of river discharge and sediment load to climate change in the transboundary Mekong River Basin
Authors: Khoi Dao Nguyen , Nguyen Van Thinh , Sam Truong Thao , Ky Phung Nguyen , Thi Bay Nguyen
Published: November 2019

Climate change is expected to alter streamflow and sediment load in the transboundary Mekong River Basin (MRB), thereby affecting aquatic ecosystem and people’s livelihoods. Thus, future decisions on sustainable management of water resources in the basin should take climate change impact into consideration. In this study, the responses of river discharge and sediment (total suspended sediment [TSS]) load to future climate change in the transboundary MRB have been investigated. The Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model is used as a simulation tool, which has been carefully calibrated and validated against the observation data in the period of 1982–2005 before applying to evaluate the impact of climate change scenarios for the near‐future period of 2016–2040. The climate change scenarios, which are acquired from four different Regional Climate Models (RCMs) downscaled from the Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model version 2‐Atmosphere (HadGEM2‐AO), are applied in the present study. In regard to the effect of changing climate, the annual river discharge and TSS load are forecasted to rise from 3.35 to 9.13% and from 7.45 to 13.15%, respectively. Generally, the TSS loading projection varies larger than the streamflow projection concerning changing climate. The findings here are also agreed with the conclusions of previous investigations on the future impacts of changing climate in the MRB.
A study of the Resilience Analysis Grid method and its applicability to the water sector in England and Wales
Authors: Rodríguez Mayra , Lawson Elizabeth , Butler David
Published: November 2019

This paper presents an adaptation of the Resilience Analysis Grid (RAG) method framed on the Resilience Engineering theory as a proposal for tackling the lack of organisational resilience metrics in the water sector of England and Wales. The method was adapted to the sector by selecting 16 indicators and the addition of a ‘Resilience Ethos’ section to the grid. Its applicability was tested by analysing the evolution of resilience in Ofwat’s Price Reviews 2009 (PR09), 2014 (PR14) and 2019 (PR19). Key conclusions obtained were that: (I) PR14 acts as a pivot between PR09 and PR19, as it installs a new regulatory approach; (II) the sector has advanced significantly towards greater consideration of resilience and its management in PR19; and (III) the PRs lack instruments for in‐period performance assessment. The RAG method proved to be simple and flexible to use, delivering clear and straightforward graphical results.
Wakaf Di Negeri Johor: Latar Belakang Dan Potensi (Waqf In State Of Johor: Background And Potential)
Authors: Nor Muhamad Nasrul Hisyam , Abdullah Abdul Hafiz , Mohd Noor Sulaiman Shakib , Rosli Mohd Rilizam
Published: November 2019

Waqf is a practice that is encouraged in Islam. In Malaysia, wakaf is under the jurisdiction of the state. This makes the wakaf management and administrative background of each state quite unique. Johor is one of the states that achieved the best achievement in waqf. This article discusses the background of wakaf practices implemented in the state of Johor, including the historical, legal, and management perspectives. Also discussed about the achievement of wakaf in the state of Johor and the forms of potential wakaf to be developed in the future. This study is qualitative. Data collection using library methods and data was analyzed based on 'content analysis' approach. It is found that the achievement of wakaf in Johor is very good especially in terms of the increase in value of waqf assets. Similarly, the Wakaf Shares and Waqf Shares that’s have currently implemented are very potential to be developed and ensure the sustainability of wakaf institutions.
Effects of Sports On Social Anxiety and Subjective Well-Being Levels of University Students
Authors: Tunç Aygül Çağlayan , Akandere Mehibe
Published: November 2019

The aim of this study is to examine the effects of social anxiety and subjective well-being levels of university students. Totally 600 students from the University of Konya, Konya, Turkey. Social Anxiety and subjective well-being tests are applied on participants. The statistical package program Spss 16.0 is used in order to analyze the data. The t test and variance analyzer (ANOVA) is used for independent groups while Tukey's test was used as multiple comparison tests for differences. The relationship between consistent data is being tested via pearson. Well-being scores of male or female students who do not do sports (P <0.05). Being criticized scores of men are not doing sports (P <0.05). Social avoidance scores were higher than boys (P <0.05). Consequently, it is seen as a self-being level.
Semi‐automatic methods for tracking the medial gastrocnemius muscle–tendon junction using ultrasound: a validation study
Authors: Cenni Francesco , Bar‐On Lynn , Monari Davide , Schless Simon‐Henri , Kalkman Barbara M. , Aertbeliën Erwin , Desloovere Kaat , Bruyninckx Herman
Published: November 2019

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

Is the proposed semi‐automatic algorithm suitable for tracking the medial gastrocnemius muscle–tendon junction in ultrasound images collected during passive and active conditions?

What is the main finding and its importance?

The validation of a method allowing efficient tracking of the muscle–tendon junction in both passive and active conditions, in healthy as well as in pathological conditions. This method was tested in common acquisition conditions and the developed software made freely available.

Clinically relevant information can be extracted from ultrasound (US) images by tracking the displacement of the junction between muscle and tendon. This paper validated automatic methods for tracking the location of muscle–tendon junction (MTJ) between the medial gastrocnemius and the Achilles tendon during passive slow and fast stretches, and active ankle rotations while walking on a treadmill. First, an automatic algorithm based on an optical flow approach was applied on collected US images. Second, results of the automatic algorithm were evaluated and corrected using a quality measure that indicated which critical images need to be manually corrected. US images from 12 typically developed (TD) children, 12 children with spastic cerebral palsy (SCP) and eight healthy adults were analysed. Automatic and semi‐automatic tracking methods were compared to manual tracking using root mean square errors (RMSE). For the automatic tracking, RMSE was less than 3.1 mm for the slow stretch and 5.2 mm for the fast stretch, the worst case being for SCP. The tracking results in the fast stretch condition were improved (especially in SCP) by using the semi‐automatic approach, with an RMSE reduction of about 30%. During walking, the semi‐automatic method also reduced errors, with a final RMSE of 3.6 mm. In all cases, data processing was considerably shorter using the semi‐automatic method (2 min) compared to manual tracking (20 min). A quick manual correction considerably improves tracking of the MTJ during gait and allows to achieve results suitable for further analyses. The proposed algorithm is freely available.
The impact of hypoxaemia on vascular function in lowlanders and high altitude indigenous populations
Authors: Tymko Michael M. , Tremblay Joshua C. , Bailey Damian M. , Green Daniel J. , Ainslie Philip N.
Published: November 2019

Exposure to hypoxia elicits widespread physiological responses that are critical for successful acclimatization; however, these responses may induce apparent maladaptive consequences. For example, recent studies conducted in both the laboratory and the field (e.g. at high altitude) have demonstrated that endothelial function is reduced in hypoxia. Herein, we review the several proposed mechanism(s) pertaining to the observed reduction in endothelial function in hypoxia including: (i) changes in blood flow patterns (i.e. shear stress), (ii) increased inflammation and production of reactive oxygen species (i.e. oxidative stress), (iii) heightened sympathetic nerve activity, and (iv) increased red blood cell concentration and mass leading to elevated nitric oxide scavenging. Although some of these mechanism(s) have been examined in lowlanders, less in known about endothelial function in indigenous populations that have chronically adapted to environmental hypoxia for millennia (e.g. the Peruvian, Tibetan and Ethiopian highlanders). There is some evidence indicating that healthy Tibetan and Peruvian (i.e. Andean) highlanders have preserved endothelial function at high altitude, but less is known about the Ethiopian highlanders. However, Andean highlanders suffering from chronic mountain sickness, which is characterized by an excessive production of red blood cells, have markedly reduced endothelial function. This review will provide a framework and mechanistic model for vascular endothelial adaptation to hypoxia in lowlanders and highlanders. Elucidating the pathways responsible for vascular adaption/maladaptation to hypoxia has potential clinical implications for disease featuring low oxygen delivery (e.g. heart failure, pulmonary disease). In addition, a greater understanding of vascular function at high altitude will clinically benefit the global estimated 85 million high altitude residents.

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A 22q13.33 duplication harbouring the SHANK3 gene: does it cause neuropsychiatric disorders?
Authors: Johannessen Maria , Haugen Inger Breistein , Bakken Trine Lise , Braaten Øivind
Published: November 2019

A young man with neuropsychiatric problems has a small 22q13.33 duplication. We suggest this causes his condition. His disorder may represent a 22q13.33 behavioural phenotype. In childhood, he was diagnosed with mild intellectual disability. He was later diagnosed with Tourette syndrome, atypical autism spectrum disorder and bipolar disorder. Lithium seems effective in treating his affective symptoms. He has mild dysmorphic features, full lips and protruding ears. An array comparative genomic hybridisation showed a 300 kb duplication. The duplication harbours several genes, notably SH3 and multiple ankyrin repeat domain 3 (SHANK 3). The small size helps focus on a critical region for a 22q13.33 duplication syndrome. Mutations, deletions and duplications should be kept in mind as causes of neuropsychiatric disorders, especially in a patient with dysmorphic traits.
Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis: treatment with low-dose corticosteroids, vitamin C and thiamine
Authors: Middendorf Matthew Middendorf , Busaileh Ahmad Z , Babakhani Arneh , Marik Paul Ellis
Published: November 2019

We present the case of a 33-year-old woman with no significant past medical history who was admitted to an outside hospital for the abrupt onset of fevers, malaise and a diffuse mucocutaneous rash. Her constellation of symptoms and presentation were most consistent with a diagnosis of Stevens-Johnson syndrome/toxic epidermal necrolysis overlap syndrome secondary to ibuprofen exposure. Her rash continued to worsen and she was transferred to our medical intensive care unit (ICU), where broad-spectrum antibiotics were discontinued and she was treated with supportive care as well as ‘low-dose’ intravenous hydrocortisone, ascorbic acid (vitamin C) and thiamine (HAT therapy). After starting this therapy, the patient demonstrated a dramatic response with rapid improvement of her cutaneous and mucosal lesions. She was tolerating a diet provided by the hospital on day 4 and was discharged from the ICU a few days later.