bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Survey of expert systems for fault detection, test generation and maintenance
Authors: PAU L.F.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: The use of knowledge engineering in diagnostic systems, is aimed primarily at exploiting procedural knowledge (about: systems operations, configuration, observations, calibration, maintenance), in connection with failure detection and test generation tasks. Next, the goal is to devise knowledge representation schemes whereby the failure events can be analyzed by merging highly diverse sources of information: analog/digital signals, logical variables and test outcomes, text from verbal reports, and inspection images. The final goal is to ease the operator workload when interfacing with the system under test and/or the test equipment, or with reliability assessment software packages. The paper will present key notions, methods and tools from: knowledge representation, inference procedures, pattern analysis. This will be illustrated by reference to a number of current and potential applications for e.g.: electronics failure detection, control systems testing, analysis of intermittent failures, false alarm reduction, test generation, maintenance trainers.
Expert systems and the man–machine interface
Authors: BERRY DIANNE C. , BROADBENT DONALD E.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This is a two part report. It looks at expert systems and the man–machine interface (mmi). We use the term mmi in a fairly broad sense. Specifically, we interpret the ‘man’ half of the interaction in two very different ways. Firstly, we look at man in terms of the ‘expert’ and consider the problem of how to get his or her knowledge into an expert system. Part One of the report therefore looks at what is currently happening in the area of knowledge acquisition in Britain and asks whether it really is the major bottleneck in the production of expert systems.

Secondly, we look at man in terms of the ‘user’ and consider the best ways of making use of the knowledge once it is in an expert system. Part two of the report looks at cognitive aspects of the user interface, including dialogue control, explanation facilities, user models, natural language processing and the effects of new technology. It also considers the very important question of evaluation. Again we are concerned with what is actually happening in these areas in Britain today.
Supporting the programmer of a rule based language
Authors: FICKAS STEPHEN
Published: May 2007

Abstract: In this paper we take up the plight of the programmer of a rule based language. Our focus is on the type of development environment that is most supportive of such programmers. Our view will be that programming is programming, whether it be with a rule based, functional or imperative language. While it is true that rule based languages have strong links to the Expert Systems field, our discussion in this paper has less to do with ‘expert systems’ per se1, and more to do with the view of rule based languages as yet another computational paradigm, often included under the same roof with non‐rule‐based languages. Just as programming environment research has progressed for non‐rule‐based languages, we would like to build more powerful environments in the rule based world as well. We report here on an attempt to build such an environment.2
An initial evaluation of the detection and diagnosis of power plant faults using a deep knowledge representation of physical behaviour
Authors: HERBERT M.R. , WILLIAMS G.H.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper describes an initial evaluation of a deep knowledge representation technique called Incremental Qualitative Analysis (IQA) to assess whether it is reasonably able to discriminate between different behaviours and hence different faults on a power plant. As an example the detection and diagnosis of faults in a PWR pressuriser sub‐system have been implemented in Prolog and evaluated using transients from a reference computer model of a pressuriser in conjunction with an input processor. The application differs from earlier systems for diagnosing faults in electronic hardware in that it is necessary to represent external feedback, two‐way components and sensor failures. The diagnosis is by synthesis and uses ‘constraint satisfaction and suspension’ techniques. For the present implementation all imposed faults have been successfully detected and diagnosed with reasonable determinacy, and a spurious detection has never occurred. IQA appears to be a suitable basis for knowledge‐based operator aids although to produce a real‐time aid appears to require more sophisticated techniques for fault detection and diagnosis, such as ‘constraint propagation’ and ‘candidate generation”. These techniques also offer the prospect of providing pseudo‐causal explanations to justify their hypotheses.
KEE
Authors: FLORENTIN J.J.
Published: May 2007

KEE is produced by IntelliCorp Inc., 1975 El Camino Real West, Mountain View, CA 94040‐2216, USA and IntelliCorp Ltd., Runnymede Malthouse, Runnymede Road, Egham, Surrey, TW20 9BO, England.
The problem of implicit knowledge
Authors: BERRY DIANNE C.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Recognising the existence of different forms of knowledge is a first step towards effective knowledge elicitation. This article takes a brief look at some of the different types of knowledge which human experts possess and then focusses on the problem of implicit knowledge.

The fact that much of an expert's knowledge is implicit or tacit in nature is a major problem for those working in the area of knowledge elicitation. Despite this, the topic has attracted little discussion or research. The present article reviews some of the limited literature on the topic and attempts to settle some of the confusion over what implicit knowledge is, or might be. Relevant experiments from the psychological literature are discussed. The paper also looks at possible ways of assessing implicit knowledge and makes recommendations for future research in this area.
Expertise in assessing solvency problems
Authors: DILLARD JESSE F. , MUTCHLER JANE F.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: The nature of expertise required in evaluating an economic entity's solvency position is investigated. The decision perspective chosen is that of the independent auditor as s/ he ponders the appropriate opinion to render on the financial statements of an entity in financial distress. Verbal protocols were collected from two Big Eight public accounting firm audit partners with experience in making this type of decision. A comprehensive, two part case was designed reflecting the information available to the auditor at separate two points in time. The protocol analysis yielded several levels of representation. The first was a general model of the opinion decision which, in effect, suggested that a ‘normative model’ of the entity under evaluation was constructed and then compared with the actual information about the entity. The process appeared somewhat akin to medical diagnosis. The next level of analysis involved the general classifications of technical knowledge which represented primitive or intermediate decisions within a hierarchical branching structure. Seven major technical model classifications were identified. The next level was referred to as the IF‐THEN rule categories representing decision expertise. General categories included knowledge of business, knowledge of accounting/auditing and current state indicators. These represent the general framework within which the technical knowledge was instantiated. Five primary category frequencies were identified: comparison, evaluation, scenario, rule and recall/review.
Engineering intelligence into real‐time applications
Authors: Odette L.L. , Dress W. B.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: While significant advances have been made in real‐time expert systems, it is Often a major problem to match the software with an appropriate delivery vehicle. We describe two similar approaches, developed independently and brought together in this paper, that address both the language and hardware issues. The result is an integrated solution that preserves the benefits of high‐level languages for developing expert systems while meeting the constraints of many real‐time applications for execution speed and data asynchronism. These constraints are met without the need for translating a high‐level system into a low‐level software, description. We take as a premise that expert systems technology adds value to control and data acquisition systems, and focus on the problem of engineering this technology into systems with severe resource bounds, difficult performance constraints, and non‐standard hardware. Rather than taking the frontal approach of forcing predeveloped, knowledge‐based code into a target machine and attempting to integrate it with a real‐time component, we argue for a platform language as a basis for both the real‐time and knowledge‐based portions. We describe our development work and applications, which demonstrate that this strategy is practical and effective.
Expert systems and database systems: how can they serve each other?
Authors: AL‐ZOBAIDIE A. , GRIMSON J.B.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
Expert systems are becoming increasingly complex and diverse. The need for efficient data management for their growing knowledge bases is apparent. Moreover, with the widespread use of Database Management Systems, the operational data required by the expert system is often already available from an online database. Hence the interaction of expert systems and databases is a topic which is receiving increasing attention. This paper reviews existing techniques for such interaction and describes a novel dictionary–driven approach to the problem, called a Dictionary Interface for Expert Systems and Databases (Difead). A prototype of Difead is described, which couples a Medical Diagnosis System, written in Lisp, with a relational database.
An integrated knowledge representation scheme for expert systems
Authors: TAKENOUCHI H. , IWASHITA Y.
Published: May 2007

Abstract
The purpose of knowledge representation for an expert system is to specify functions to be performed by the system. In this paper, a knowledge representation scheme which mutually combines procedures, functions, production rules and Horn clauses is outlined. Its knowledge representation model is an imaginary organisation for performing functions of a target system, where a number of members try to solve given problems systematically. Knowledge is distributed to each of the members with considerable modularity. Functional specification of expert systems would be performed with less difficulty.
Constraint‐based reasoning for generating naval flying programmes
Authors: Mott D.H. , Cunningham J. , Kelleher G. , Gadsden J.A.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: A system for the generation of naval flying programmes is described. The task is typical of some resource allocation problems, and comprises both the allocation of airborne resources to naval activities whilst taking into account a number of constraints, and the re‐allocation of these resources when circumstances change whilst retaining as much of the original plan as possible. Techniques for constraint‐based reasoning and assumption‐based reasoning are combined to solve the task. An algorithm is described, based around an Assumption‐Based Truth Maintenance System (ATMS), that is able to generate an initial allocation, determine the knock‐on effects of changing requirements or resources, to retain those parts of the plan that were unaffected, and to re‐allocate those parts that were affected. An interactive graphical interface has been designed that allows the user and the system to cooperate in the creation of flying programmes that meet the constraints and fit the situation at hand.
Expert systems in finance planning
Authors: Humpert B. , Holley P.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This is a review of Expert Systems (ES) in the finance and banking areas. Their purpose, mode of operation and some design issues are discussed. This overview also looks at the most advanced research developments concerning strategic business planning, management, negotiation, and the use of qualitative reasoning for corporate assessment.
Expert systems in business: a British perspective
Authors: Bramer M.A.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: In the early 1970s, research into Artificial Intelligence (Al) in Britain was almost wiped out following the publication of an unfavourable report to government. In the 1980s, Al emerged from obscurity with Expert Systems as its leading edge and has now become the focus of considerable activity with an ever‐growing volume of practical applications developed or under development in British industry and business. This paper reviews the growth of business interest in Expert Systems from a British perspective and surveys the principal work carried out to date. Technical issues highlighted by this work are considered and prospects for future development are discussed.
The Trainee Teacher Support System: an expert system for advising trainee teachers on their classroom practice.
Authors: Wood Sharon
Published: May 2007

Abstract: The Trainee Teacher Support System (TTSS) is a computer based advisory system for trainee teachers. Development work, in the form of a feasibility study, has been conducted over the past three years. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the application of expert systems technology and artificial intelligence techniques to the formalisation of experienced teachers’ knowledge of classroom practice. The domain chosen is that of the school based ‘teacher‐tutor’, responsible for guiding and advising the trainee teacher. The TTSS embodies a model of processes which underly classroom events. It has a knowledge base of rules, accumulates a database of facts and has a rule implementation program. It is undergoing continued development in order to capture the teacher‐tutor's understanding of classroom dynamics on a finer timescale.
Case studies of expert systems development using microcomputer software packages
Authors: Bodkin Tim , Graham Ian
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper reports experience with the use of two expert system shell’ packages gained during the ARIES project. We report on the desiderata used for selecting the products, the positive and negative features of each and draw some general conclusions about their utility for future systems development. The microcomputer approach is compared with that of specialist workstations and conclusions are drawn concerning design methods for knowledge based systems. The two products considered are Crystal and Leonardo.
Thinking back on ThinkBack
Authors: Keane Mark
Published: May 2007

Abstract:In a recent article in this journal Eliot [1] has argued for the integration of some sort of analogical mechanism in future expert systems. While the present author agrees with this general aim there were a number of central points made by Eliot which do not reflect the up‐to‐date consensus on the general stages of analogical thinking. These differences are elaborated and some of the implications for Eliot's ThinkBack system, which follow from them are considered.
An expert system for experimental design in off‐line quality control
Authors: Lee Newton S. , Phadke Madhav S. , Keny Rajiv
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Robust design is an efficient method for designing high quality products at low cost. The method examines the effect of a large number of design factors on the variability of a product's response due to various sources of disturbance. This effect can be observed efficiently by studying a large number of variables simultaneously through balanced, orthogonal array experiments, and by analyzing the resulting data using variance decomposition methods. In this paper we describe an expert system prototype for designing efficient experiments. Given the information on various parameters and their levels, the system designs an experiment using orthogonal arrays. This expert system is implemented in Prolog, which is a logic programming language for artificial intelligence research and expert systems development. The system was implemented under the P‐Shell knowledge programming environment on UNIX.
LUCVAR: a computer‐based consultation system for selecting lucerne (alfalfa) varieties
Authors: Lodge G.M. , Frecker T.C.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Computer operated knowledge bases provide a means of rapidly providing agricultural producers with concise up‐to‐date information, which can be used to assist their decision making process. This paper reports on one such system, LUCVAR, which provides advice on the best lucerne varieties for a farmer to grow. The development and organisation of the knowledge base are outlined and examples are used to show the rule structures. A sample consultation is provided to demonstrate the interactive nature of the knowledge base.
Choosing a problem — when is Artificial Intelligence appropriate for the retail industry?
Authors: Murdoch Helen
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Current methodologies for choosing problems suitable for implementation as IKBS's are not appropriate for the retail industry, due to singularities of the domain. In particular, they exclude from consideration a kind of system which uses Electronic Point of Sale (EPOS) data to structure unstructured managerial perceptions, but several examples of these systems have been successfully implemented. Methodologies may be more domain specific than they were thought to be, and may hold back implementations to an artificially imposed level of difficulty. Nonetheless, analysis of the level of structure found in a problem is useful, as it points out possible trouble spots, and Fuzzy/Complex analysis was felt to be the most suitable methodology for retail due to its manufacturing origins, clarity of purpose, and flexibility.
Psychological validity of uncertainty combining rules in expert systems
Authors: Tonn Bruce E. , Goeltz Richard T.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: In recent years, an increasing amount of research in Artificial Intelligence has focused on the representation and manipulation of uncertainty in expert systems. New approaches have been developed and justified because of their mathematical rigor or simplicity, cautiousness, programmability, and/or ability to capture the essence of natural language. Little attention has been paid to the psychological validity of any approach, new or old. To explore the psychological validity of rules that combine uncertainties, Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) has developed a computer program known as LES. Four applications of LES revealed that subjects’ natural combining rules are (1) not best modeled by any generally accepted uncertainty approach and (2) may be highly idiosyncratic. Knowledge Engineers should be aware that cognitive representations of knowledge in expert systems are not routinely being matched with combining rules actually used by experts. Frustrating development activities and highly unsatisfactory expert system performance may result.
Evaluating expert systems
Authors: Berry Dianne C. , Hart Anna E.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Evaluation is crucial for improving expert system design and performance. This paper stresses the need for considering system evaluation throughout the development process. It highlights the importance of evaluating system usability and discusses key usability issues. A number of basic evaluation methods are described, including interviews, questionnaires, observation, system logging, user diaries, laboratory experiments and field trials. Finally, the paper looks at evaluating systems within organisations, and assessing other long term effects of expert systems.
Using existing knowledge sources (cases) to build an expert system
Authors: Chadha Sanjay R. , Mazlack Lawrence J. , Pick Roger Alan
Published: May 2007

Abstract: A case study‐based approach was used to develop the knowledge base of an expert system for marketing media class selection. Cases, in the context of business learning, are detailed, written descriptions of business problems and their resolution. An expert system rule set was developed for media class selection using standardised business case studies. The system developed was validated using another set of case studies. Using case studies has two knowledge elicitation advantages: (1) the knowledge source is standardised and relatively unambiguous and (2) less domain expert involvement is required.
IKOOPPS: an intelligent knowledge‐based object‐oriented process planning system for the manufacture of progressive dies
Authors: Lee Ivan Boon Hong , Lim Beng Siong , Nee Andrew Y. C.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This article describes an intelligent knowledge‐based object‐oriented process planning (IKOOPP) system for the manufacture of progressive die plates. A die assembly is designed using a variety of standardised components based on a computer‐aided design (CAD) system. A feature recognition module extracts all the pertinent geometrical properties and functional attributes of each machining feature from the CAD representation models. These properties and attributes are converted into an object‐oriented representation. Knowledge of the functions of the machining feature allows process planning information to be automatically deduced. Specialised tool engineering knowledge are formulated as production rules or procedures to establish the required set of cutting tools, together with the machining allowances and sequence of operations.
OOPS with everything?
Authors: Dodd Tony
Published: May 2007

Prolog++, available from Logic Programming Associates Ltd, Studio 4, Victoria Patriotic Building, Trinity Road, London SW18 3SX, UK. Tel: +44 (0)81‐871 2016. Runs on both Macintosh and IBM PC.
A suggested descriptive framework for the comparison of knowledge‐based systems methodologies
Authors: Hilal D.K. , Soltan H.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Instigating the selection of a methodological approach for the development of a knowledge‐based system (KBS) should not be trivialised. This paper sets out to enlighten the reader about the needs and difficulties in comparing methodologies. In doing so, a descriptive framework is presented which allows the depiction of essential features of a methodology. This is intended to simplify the comparative study of KBSs that a knowledge engineer might be involved in.
Expert system evaluation techniques: a selected bibliography
Authors: Grogono Peter , Batarekh Aïda , Preece Alun , Shinghal Rajjan , Suen Ching
Published: May 2007

Abstract:The rapid growth in the use of expert systems has led to widespread interest in techniques for their evaluation, which includes verification and validation. Evaluation techniques in the software engineering community are well established but there are different opinions about the effectiveness of transferring software engineering methodologies to expert systems. This paper outlines some of the issues involved in evaluating expert systems and cites almost 200 significant papers on the topic. We present it with the expectation that it will help both new and established researchers become acquainted with the literature of an important and growing field.
A unification‐based approach for knowledge base verification
Authors: Polat Faruk , Guvenir H. Altay
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Knowledge base verification, a part of the validation process in expert system development, includes checking the knowledge base for completeness and consistency to guard against a variety of errors that can arise during the process of transferring expertise from a human expert to a computer system. Regardless of how an expert system is developed, its developers can profit from a systematic check of the knowledge base without gathering extensive data for test runs, even before the full reasoning mechanism is functioning. Until recently knowledge base verification has been largely ignored, which has led to expert systems with knowledge base errors and no safety factors for correctness. We propose a unification‐based approach for verification of a knowledge base represented in the form of production rules and facts. This approach can determine conflicting, redundant, subsumed and circular rules; redundant if‐conditions in rules; dead‐end rules; and cycles and contradiction in rules.
Learning without case records: a mapping of the repertory grid technique onto knowledge acquisition from examples
Authors: Nicholson Clive
Published: May 2007

Abstract: In building a knowledge‐based system, it is sometimes possible to save time by applying some machine learning process to a set of historical cases. In some problem domains, however, such cases may not be available. In addition, the classes, attributes and attribute values that comprise the partial domain model in terms of which cases are expressed may also not be available explicitly. In these circumstances, the repertory grid technique offers a single process for both building a partial domain model and generating a training set of examples. Alternatively, examples can be elicited directly. This paper explores the relationship between knowledge acquisition from examples and the repertory grid technique, and discusses the shared need for machine learning. Fragments of business‐strategy knowledge are used to illustrate the discussion.
IEADVISE — an undergraduate course‐advising expert system in Industrial Engineering
Authors: Occeña Luis G. , Miller Shannon L.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: IEADVISE is an undergraduate course‐advising expert system developed and used by the Department of Industrial Engineering at the University of Missouri‐Columbia, USA. The motivation for this development was the need for an online system that would make undergraduate course‐advising accessible at all times to the Industrial Engineering students. Expert System Environment (ESE), an expert system shell on the IBM mainframe, was chosen as the development tool. This paper describes the knowledge base, the expert system and its operation, and the verification and validation procedures. Results of the verification and validation performed to ensure accuracy and reliability will be discussed.
Rule induction in finance and marketing*
Authors: Nabney Ian , Jenkins Peter
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper describes how statistical techniques and rule induction have been combined to form a data exploration toolkit. The ways in which such an approach alleviates the problems associated with other techniques for data exploration are discussed. Finally, we present some case studies carried out with the toolkit.
Developing maintainable expert systems using case‐based reasoning
Authors: Vargas Juan E. , Raj Savita
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Maintainability problems associated with traditional software systems are exacerbated in rule‐based systems. The very nature of that approach — separation of control knowledge and data‐driven execution — hampers maintenance. While there are widely accepted techniques for maintaining conventional software, the same is not true for rule‐based systems. In most situations, both a knowledge engineer and a domain expert are necessary to update the rules of a rule‐based system. This paper presents, first, an overview of the software engineering techniques and object‐oriented methods used in maintaining rule‐based systems. It then discusses alternate paradigms for expert system development. The benefits of using case‐based reasoning (from the maintenance point of view) are illustrated through the implementation of a case‐based scheduler. The main value of the scheduler is that its knowledge base can be modified by the expert without the assistance of a knowledge engineer. Since changes in application requirements can be given directly to the system by the expert, the effort of maintaining the knowledge base is greatly reduced.
A blackboard approach to modeling expertise in corporate settlement decisions*
Authors: Raghupathi Wullianallur , Schkade Lawrence L.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: The SKADE system models expertise in corporate settlement decisions using the blackboard approach. The full model has four knowledge sources: General Counsel, Attorney, Manager and Insurance Adjuster. The combined expertise from each of these is required to make the settlement decision. A control component in the model coordinates the activities of the various knowledge sources. Based on the latest data entries on the blackboard, the control selects and executes the next knowledge source. The blackboard model reproduces the experts' opportunistic reasoning processes by the interaction between the various knowledge sources. The results of analyses of a hypothetical case through a series of experiments with the SKADE system indicate that the blackboard is an appropriate model for development of multiple cooperative expert systems in the settlement decision domain. Compared to straight rule‐based models, this blackboard provides more efficient problem solving. The initial success with the blackboard model suggests that further work needs to be done to see whether more complex models can be built to incorporate a broader range of determinants of settlement decisions.
The development of an expert system for online company database selection
Authors: Morris Anne , Drenth Hilary , Tseng Gwyneth
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper describes a project undertaken in the Department of Information and Library Studies at Loughborough University to develop a prototype expert system to assist with the selection of online business databases for British company information. The project was funded by the British Library Research and Development Department for 21 months, commencing July 1990. Specific phases of the project comprised a literature survey, knowledge acquisition involving experts in online searching, the design and development of a system called CIDA (Company Information Database Adviser) which was some 4Mb in size, and a user evaluation of this prototype. The study demonstrated that expertise in business database selection can successfully be distilled into a number of rules which can be applied by an expert system.
Human resource management expert systems technology
Authors: Byun Dae‐Ho , Suh Eui‐Ho
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper provides human resource managers with important guidelines when applying expert systems to human resource domains, by reviewing system characteristics, potential benefits and limitations, and appropriate domains to be selected, based on the literature. Structural and procedural aspects of expert systems development in human resource management (represented by a wheel model) and problem descriptions of each expert system respectively are important research results in this paper. We also show semantic networks or semantic nets used for a knowledge representation methodology on such major human resource management activities as human resource planning, recruiting, compensation and labor‐management relations. Knowledge representation is a key component in the development stages of expert systems.
A shell environment for developing connectionist decision support systems*
Authors: Quah Tong‐Seng , Tan Chew‐Lim , Raman Krishnamurthy S. , Teh Hoon‐Heng , Srinivasan Bobby S.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper presents the architecture of a neural network expert system shell. The system captures every rule as a rudimentary neural network, which is called a network element (netel). The aim is to preserve the semantic structure of the expert system rules, while incorporating the learning capability of neural networks into the inferencing mechanism. These netel rules are dynamically linked up to form the rule‐tree during the inferencing process, just as a conventional expert system does. The system is also able to adjust its inference strategy according to different users and situations. A rule editor is provided to enable easy maintenance of the netel rules. These components are housed under a user‐friendly interface. An application
Developing a case‐based knowledge system for AIDS prevention
Authors: Xu Li D.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: Case‐based reasoning (CBR) is a problem‐solving paradigm where past experiences are used to guide problem‐solving. This paradigm shows a great deal of promise for use in intelligent systems. Recent work in intelligent systems focusing on AIDS prevention reflects a growing interest in the case‐based paradigm because AIDS prevention experts rely heavily on memory of previous cases when assessing subjects that exhibit AIDS‐risky behaviors. If an AIDS prevention expert has seen a subject with similar AIDS‐risky behavior previously, he or she is likely to draw on that experience to propose a solution to the new case at hand. This paper describes a CBR system that functions as an AIDS prevention expert. The inputs are risk behavior descriptions and the subject's test results. The system employs fuzzy mathematical algorithms to retrieve and select previous cases, thereby assessing the subject's risk.
A neural network‐based real‐time robot tracking controller using position sensitive detectors
Authors: Oh Se‐Young , Park Hyoung‐Gweon , Nam Soo‐Hyuk
Published: May 2007

Abstract:A real‐time visual servo tracking system for an industrial robot has been developed. Instead of a charge coupled device (CCD), a position sensitive detector (PSD) is used as the real‐time vision sensor due to its fast response (the light position is transduced to analogue current). A neural network learns the complex association between the 3D object position and its sensor reading, and uses it to track that object, either moving or stationary. It also turns out that this scheme lends itself to a user‐friendly way to teach workpaths for industrial robots. Furthermore, for real‐time use of the neural net, an efficient neural network architecture has been developed based on the concept of input space partitioning and local learning. Real experiments indicate the system's characteristics of fast processing and learning as well as optimal usage of network resources.
A generalised fuzzy reasoning algorithm for an object‐oriented expert system tool
Authors: Ong Kenneth , Wang Qiu‐He
Published: May 2007

Abstract:A fuzzy reasoning algorithm is presented in this paper. It is based on the concept of a generalised fuzzy production rule that adds new conjunctions such as ADD and REL to the usual AND and OR conjunctions for the linkage of premises in conventional rules. A definition is given for weights and related factors, to express and measure a relation between the premises. A formal representation for fuzzy premises is presented, together with the introduction of a fuzzy match method. Multiple thresholds are used to convert the uncertainty measures of reasoning results into linguistic variables. We have applied the fuzzy reasoning algorithm to a frame‐based hybrid expert system tool. An object‐oriented approach is used in implementing the system. Some results of the application are presented and discussed.
A knowledge‐based approach for task allocation in heterogeneous distributed computer systems
Authors: Lee Anita , Cheng Chun Hung
Published: May 2007

Abstract: This paper presents a knowledge‐based system for task allocation in a network of processors. Since the problem is NP‐complete, optimisation techniques are computationally prohibitive and impractical. Our approach reduces computational burden by using (1) a two‐level hierarchical scheduling model to alleviate the problem complexity, and (2) a search strategy that uses knowledge from the knowledge base to limit the search space to a manageable size. The major goal of our approach is to generate good but not necessarily optimal solutions quickly. The system is implemented on a Sun SPARCstation 1 + using Common Lisp. Our computational experience in using this system for task allocation indicates that the two‐level hierarchical approach generates better schedules in shorter computational time than a non‐hierarchical approach.
Laddering
Authors: Rugg G. , McGeorge P.
Published: May 2007

Abstract: There is still a need for new knowledge elicitation techniques and tools. Laddering is a technique which has a long history in a wide range of disciplines and which has proved extremely useful in knowledge elicitation. There have, however, been few attempts to describe and survey the technique per se.

This paper describes the technique, its background, its use, analysis, and automation, with particular reference to knowledge elicitation. The advantages and disadvantages of the technique are described. It is concluded that laddering is a valuable technique which could be used in a wide range of settings.
A generic, object‐oriented case‐knowledge representation scheme, and its integration into a wider information management scenario
Authors: Dubitzky Werner , Bell David , Hughes John
Published: May 2007

Abstract:A knowledge base management system (KBMS) realises a combination of techniques found in database management systems and knowledge‐based systems. At the data model and knowledge representation level, many systems of this kind constitute a marriage of the relational data model and the rule‐based reasoning. Experience has shown that either approach is restricted in the way it can express the demanding information and knowledge structures required for applications like decision support systems. Two new technologies offer an exciting new integrated approach to knowledge management. Object‐oriented database management systems (OODBMS) provide an object model that supports powerful abstraction mechanisms to facilitate the modelling of highly structured information. Whereas case‐based reasoning (CBR) systems are knowledge bases which organise their capabilities around a memory of past cases and the notion of similarity. Both types of system are built upon two fundamental concepts: 1) the retrieval of entities with potentially complex structure, called objects in the former, and cases in the latter type of system; 2) the organisation of those entities in collections with common characteristics. In an OODBMS such collections are termed extents, and in CBR they are usually called categories. In either system, the conceptual meta notion to represent both, objects as well as extents, and cases as well as categories, is the class.

Revolving around a Conceptual Case Class and extending a standard object model, this paper proposes a novel and general approach to represent case‐knowledge and to build KBMSs. The work presented here is a spin‐off of the design of an object query language within the ESPRIT project Lynx.
The Precarious Status of Resurrection in Friedrich Schleiermacher's Glaubenslehre
Authors: HIEB NATHAN D.
Published: May 2007

Abstract:  The Glaubenslehre provides the context for this exploration of Schleiermacher's understanding of Christ's resurrection in relation to redemption, the nature‐system and eschatology. In spite of Schleiermacher's affirmation of the historicity of Christ's resurrection, he proceeds to empty the resurrection of redemptive significance, thereby maintaining consistency with a nature‐system that implicitly disallows miracles, and resulting in an eschatology in which the resurrection of individual believers is posited in severe tension with the consummation of the church. Thus, the weight of Schleiermacher's consistent argumentation regarding redemption, the nature‐system and eschatology suggests that there is no room for resurrection in the Glaubenslehre in relation to either Christ or individual believers.
Understanding frame‐of‐reference training success: a social learning theory perspective
Authors: Sulsky Lorne M. , Kline Theresa J. B.
Published: May 2007

Employing the social learning theory (SLT) perspective on training, we analysed the effects of alternative frame‐of‐reference (FOR) training protocols on various criteria of training effectiveness. Undergraduate participants (N = 65) were randomly assigned to one of four FOR training conditions and a control condition. Training effectiveness was determined via trainee reactions, learning and rating accuracy. The results partially supported the study hypotheses: compared to the control group, the more comprehensive FOR training conditions evidenced: (1) significantly higher rating accuracy; (2) significantly higher levels of learning; and (3) more favorable reactions to the training. The discussion focuses on the implications of the results for protocol development when designing FOR training programs.
Evidence for an Association of the Dopamine D5 Receptor Gene on Age at Onset of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Lasky‐Su J. , Biederman J. , Laird N. , Tsuang M. , Doyle A. E. , Smoller J. W. , Lange C. , Faraone S. V.
Published: May 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within candidate genes for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are associated with the age at onset for ADHD. One hundred and forty‐three SNPs were genotyped across five candidate genes (DRD5,SLC6A3,HTR1B,SNAP25,DRD4) for ADHD in 229 families with at least one affected offspring. SNPs with the highest estimated power to detect an association with age at onset were selected for each candidate gene, using a power‐based screening procedure that does not compromise the nominal significance level. A time‐to‐onset analysis for family‐based samples was performed on these SNPs to determine if an association exists with age at onset for ADHD. Seven consecutive SNPs surrounding the D5 dopamine receptor gene (DRD5), were associated with the age at onset for ADHD; FDR adjusted q‐values ranged from 0.008 to 0.023. This analysis indicates that individuals with the risk genotype develop ADHD earlier than individuals with any other genotype. A haplotype analysis across the 6 significant SNPs that were in linkage disequilibrium with one another,CTCATA, was also found to be significant (p‐value = 0.02). We did not observe significant associations with age at onset for the other candidate loci tested. Although definitive conclusions await independent replication, these results suggest that a variant inDRD5may affect age at onset for ADHD.
A comparative study of proteasomal inhibition and apoptosis induced in N27 mesencephalic cells by dopamine and MG132
Authors: Zafar Khan Shoeb , Inayat‐Hussain Salmaan H. , Ross David
Published: May 2007

Dopamine (DA) and its metabolites have been implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson’s disease. DA can produce reactive‐oxygen species and DA‐derived quinones such as aminochrome can induce proteasomal inhibition. We therefore examined the ability of DA and MG132 to induce apoptosis and proteasomal inhibition in N27 rat dopaminergic cells. DA (0–500 μmol/L, 0–24 h) and MG132 (0–5 μmol/L, 0–24 h) treated N27 cells resulted in time‐ and concentration‐dependent apoptosis. To better define DA and MG132‐induced apoptosis, the activation of initiator caspases 2 and caspase 9 and the executioner caspase 3 was investigated. Activation of caspase 2, caspase 9, and caspase 3 occurred early and prior to cell death. In addition, N‐acetylcysteine (NAC) blocked DA but not MG132‐induced apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential loss. NAC can react with both reactive‐oxygen and quinoid metabolites and its inhibitory activity suggests a role for reactive species in DA‐induced apoptosis. Proteasomal inhibition was detected after DA treatment in N27 cells which occurred prior to cell death and was abrogated by NAC. Our results implicate DA‐derived reactive species in proteasomal inhibition and caspase‐dependent apoptosis in N27 cells. The ability of endogenous DA‐derived metabolites to induce proteasomal inhibition and apoptosis may contribute to the selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson’s disease.
Glutamine uptake by System A transporters maintains neurotransmitter GABA synthesis and inhibitory synaptic transmission
Authors: Fricke Molly N. , Jones‐Davis Dorothy M. , Mathews Gregory C.
Published: May 2007

GABA synthesis is necessary to maintain synaptic vesicle filling, and key proteins in its biosynthetic pathways may play a role in regulating inhibitory synaptic stability and strength. GABAergic neurons require a source of precursor glutamate, possibly from glutamine, although it is controversial whether glutamine contributes to the synaptic pool of GABA. Here we report that inhibition of System A glutamine transporters with α‐(methyl‐amino) isobutyric acid rapidly reduced the amplitude of inhibitory post‐synaptic currents and miniature inhibitory post‐synaptic currents (mIPSCs) recorded in rat hippocampal area cornu ammonis 1 (CA1) pyramidal neurons, indicating that synaptic vesicle content of GABA was reduced. After inhibiting astrocytic glutamine synthesis by either blocking glutamate transporters or the glutamine synthetic enzyme, the effect of α‐(methyl‐amino) isobutyric acid on mIPSC amplitudes was abolished. Exogenous glutamine did not affect mIPSC amplitudes, suggesting that the neuronal transporters are normally saturated. Our findings demonstrate that a constitutive supply of glutamine is provided by astrocytes to inhibitory neurons to maintain vesicle filling. Therefore, glutamine transporters, like those for glutamate, are potential regulators of inhibitory synaptic strength. However, in contrast to glutamate, extracellular glutamine levels are normally high. Therefore, we propose a supportive role for glutamine, even under resting conditions, to maintain GABA vesicle filling.
Peristerite compositions in quartzofeldspathic schists, Franz Josef‐Fox Glacier Area, New Zealand
Authors: GRAPES RODNEY , OTSUKI MASAYUKI
Published: May 2007

Plagioclase compositions vary from An0.1–2.5 to An32 with increasing grade in chlorite zone to oligoclase zone quartzofeldspathic schists, Franz Josef‐Fox Glacier area, Southern Alps, New Zealand. This change is interrupted by the peristerite composition gap in rocks transitional between greenschist and amphibolite facies grade. Oligoclase (An20‐24) and albite (An0.1–0.5) are found in biotite zone schists below the garnet isograd. With increasing grade, the plagioclase compositions outline the peristerite gap, which is asymmetric and narrows to compositions of An12 and An6 near the top of the garnet zone. In any one sample, oligoclase is the stable mineral in mica‐rich layers above the garnet isograd, whereas albite and oligoclase exist in apparent textural equilibrium in adjacent quartz‐plagioclase layers. The initial appearance of oligoclase in both layers results from the breakdown of epidote and possibly sphene. Carbonate is restricted to the quartz‐plagioclase rich layers and probably accounts for the more sodic composition of oligoclase in these layers. The formation of more Ca‐rich albite and more Na‐rich oligoclase near the upper limit of the garnet zone coincides with the disappearance of carbonate and closure of the peristerite gap. Garnet appears to have only a localized effect on Ca‐enrichment of plagioclase in mica‐rich layers within the garnet zone. The Na‐content of white mica increases sympathetically with increasing Ca‐content of oligoclase and metamorphic grade.

Comparison of the peristerite gap in the Franz Josef‐Fox Glacier schists and schists of the same bulk composition in the Haast River area, 80 km to the S, indicates that oligoclase appears and epidote disappears at lower temperatures, and that the composition gap between coexisting albite and oligoclase is narrower in the Franz Josef‐Fox Glacier area. It is suggested that a higher thermal gradient (38‐40°C/km) and variations in Si/Al ordering during growth of the plagioclases between the two areas may account for these differences. In the Alpine schists the peristerite gap exists over a temperature and pressure interval of about 370‐515°C and 5.5‐7 kbar (550‐700 MPa) PH2O.