bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hungarian Writers and the 1956 Revolution
Authors: Nagy Alex
Published: December 2011

Journalists and writers helped create atmosphere in Hungary which later exploded into armed conflict with Soviet Union
The Symbolic Speech Cases: An Analysis
Authors: Pfaff Daniel W.
Published: December 2011

The U.S. Supreme Court has not developed a fruitful line of decisions in the symbolic speech cases, the O'Brien case being the most questioned. The author advances the thesis that the court has balanced this record with its expanded protections in other areas.
Robert Fleming, Senator McCarthy and the Myth of the Marine Hero
Authors: O'Brien Michael
Published: December 2011

A Milwaukee Journal Reporter debunked the legend of McCarthy the war hero. He became a resource to be consulted by critics of the Wisconsin senator.
Journalism as a Profession in a Developing Society: Metropolitan Turkish Newsmen
Authors: Nayman Oguz B. , Atkin Charles K. , O'Keefe Garrett J.
Published: December 2011

Survey adds to evidence of orientations among journalists related to basic criteria of professionalism, and suggests that these orientations are not altogether culture-bound.
A Comparison of Newspapers Under Joint Printing Contracts
Authors: Ardoin Birthney
Published: December 2011

Space allocations in 10 news categories were highly similar for the pairs of newspapers for both 1964 and 1968. No evidence found of effect of legal pressures.
The International Herald Tribune: Unique (World) Newspaper
Authors: Duncan Charles T.
Published: December 2011

This department is devoted to shorter reports on research in the communications field. Readers are invited to submit summaries of investigative studies interesting for content, method or implications for further research.
The Moscow News: Russia's First English Language Newspaper
Authors: O'Keefe M. Timothy
Published: December 2011

Founded by Anna Louise Strong in 1930, the paper has known many changes, was suppressed by Stalin but was revived and is a successful if orthodox paper today.
The ‘Grammar of Film’ in Television News
Authors: Frank Robert S.
Published: December 2011

Study of coverage of I972 shows McCovern had more ‘tightshots,’ but executive branch was seen as agent of action more often than legislative branch.
Poland's Press and Broadcasting under the Gierek Regime
Authors: Shanor Donald R.
Published: December 2011

Dating from the 1970 Baltic upheaval, Polish press and broadcasting have been carrying much more news and much less propaganda than under Gomulka.
Counting the Crowd: Effects of Editorial Policy on Estimates
Authors: Mann Leon
Published: December 2011

For both a I965 and a 1967 an ti- war demonstration, hawk papers gave smaller crowd estimates than did dove papers. Dgferences stem from use of different sources
Quotes Vs. Paraphrases in Writing: Does it Make a Difference to Readers?
Authors: Weaver David H. , Hopkins W. Wat , Billings William H. , Cole Richard R.
Published: December 2011

Quotation marks make little difference in how student respondents evaluate story or the person in the story.
The Atlanta Daily Intelligencer Covers Sherman's March
Authors: Bussel Alan
Published: December 2011

As Northern troops drew near, paper continued to see only success by Southern defenders and hope for final victory.
Radio's March of Time: Dramatized News
Authors: Lichty Lawrence W. , Bohn Thomas W.
Published: December 2011

Early programs by Fred Smith of WLW led to the first national dramatization of news and later experimentation.
The Pacific Islands Press
Authors: Richstad Jim , McMillan Michael
Published: December 2011

“Pacific-style journalism” seems to be emerging from the news-papers published in the diverse and widely scattered societies of the South Pacific area.
Circulation and Population: Comparison of 1940 and 1970
Authors: Eberhard Wallace B.
Published: December 2011

A comparative study indicates the American newspaper has held on to its readers, with a few notable exceptions.
News Media Exposure, Political Knowledge and Campaign Interest
Authors: Atkin Charles K. , Galloway John , Nayman Oguz B.
Published: December 2011

Examines the causal flow among three variables using cross-lagged correlation techniques.
Newsgathering and the First Amendment
Authors: Watkins John J.
Published: December 2011

Supreme Court has not dealt directly with question of a right of newsgathering. Decisions seem to deny in part that there is such a right, but Court may have left door open for positive ruling.
Does Journalism Attract Quality Students?
Authors: Fedler Fred , Taylor Phillip
Published: December 2011

Survey at Florida school finds little difference between students in journalism, communication and other fields.
Changes in Women's/Lifestyle Sections
Authors: Miller Susan H.
Published: December 2011

Of four major newspapers only New York Times has substantially changed amount of lifestyle and consumer coverage in last 10 years.
American Magazine Coverage of Objectors to the Vietnam War
Authors: Showalter Stuart W.
Published: December 2011

In 19 of 21 magazines, coverage of objectors was favorable, with coverage of those who refused to serve only in Vietnam the most favorable and of evaders and deserters unfavorable.
The Cherokee Phoenix: The Short, Unhappy Life of the First American Indian Newspaper
Authors: Riley Sam G.
Published: December 2011

Tribal problems and white harassment combined to end the weekly publication in 1834.
Public Media Use and Preference for Obtaining Weather Information
Authors: Tan Alan K.O.
Published: December 2011

Television is most often used, with radio second, and the two are tied for most preferred, with other mass media far behind.
Evaluation of Newspapers and Television by Blacks and Mexican-Americans
Authors: Tan Alexis S.
Published: December 2011

Blacks more critical than Mexican-Americans of how their ethnic group is portrayed by these media.
Local Public Affairs Content of TV News
Authors: Adams William C.
Published: December 2011

Content analysis of newcasts of 10 Pennsylvania stations finds emphasis is on local politics, not on sensational and human interest stories.
Branzburg Revisited: The Struggle to Define Newsman's Privilege Goes On
Authors: Killenberg George M.
Published: December 2011

Key decisions on meaning of Branrburg have been made by lower courts which have found bases to support privilege in some instances.
Krokodil—Satire for the Soviets
Authors: Pehowski Marian
Published: December 2011

Humor magazine founded in 1922 has earned the confidence of the people and that of the government as well
Hemingway's Literary Journalism: The Spanish Civil War Dispatches
Authors: Shaber Sarah R.
Published: December 2011

His reporting, 1937–38, is examined as a technique for today's journalists.
Advertising Agency Practitioners' Perceptions of Ethical Decisions
Authors: Rotzoll Kim B. , Christians Clifford G.
Published: December 2011

Agency personnel frequently follow standard of immediate consequences when deciding how to act.
Articles on Mass Communication in U.S. and Foreign Journals; A Selected Annotated Bibliography; April, May, June
Authors: McKerns Joseph P. , Delahaye Alfred N.
Published: December 2011

Bibliographers: Abraham Z. Bass, Northern Illinois; Clifford G. Christians, Illinois; Robert E. Drechsel, Colorado State; Kenneth Edwards, Alabama; Warren T. Francke, Nebraska-Omaha; Susan J. Henry, Cal State-Northridge; Herbert Howard, Tennessee; John A. Lent, Temple; Jerry R. Lynn, Tennessee; Mark P. McElreath, Maryland; Ronald E. Ostman, Cornell; Tom Pasqua, San Diego; Zoe Smith-Nesterenko, Tulsa.
Judicial Linking of Intentional Emotional Distress to Intrusion
Authors: Plopper Bruce L.
Published: December 2011

The earliest cases involving intentional infliction of emotional distress and intrusion date to the 19th century, but this study reviews recent cases in the highest nonfederal courts in the 50 states and District of Columbia through early 1989. The study finds that 25 states recognize both torts, while some recognize one or the other or neither. Some states recognized intentional infliction of emotional distress first, others intrusion. The American Bar Association officially recognized the intentional infliction of emotional distress tort in 1948 and intrusion in 1965. This study points out how similar the language of complaint often is with regard to both torts, and offers some advice to reporters, especially with regard to avoiding intrusion during news gathering.
Newspaper Competition and Number of Press Services Carried: A Replication
Authors: Lacy Stephen
Published: December 2011

This study compared 98 competitive newspapers with 100 monopoly newspapers to test the hypothesis that newspapers use more wire services when they are pressed by competition, controlling for circulation. The study also contrasted leading with trailing newspapers and found that competition did lead to use of more wire services. This study compares findings with those of earlier studies of competition and wire service use.
How Science News Sections Influence Newspaper Science Coverage: A Case Study
Authors: Bader Renate G.
Published: December 2011

This study uses content analysis to compare the coverage of science in two groups of dailies to see how the addition of a science news page influences coverage in nine dailies, some which added science sections while others did not. The study finds when a paper adds a science section, there is an increase in the number of science stories, more illustration, and a tendency to group basic science and technology stories in the special section. The addition of a special science section had less effect on coverage of the environment and medicine, stories which — regardless of section — appeared throughout other sections of all sample papers.
A Factor Analysis of Broom and Smith's Public Relations Roles Scale
Authors: Reagan Joey , Anderson Ronald , Sumner Janine , Hill Scott
Published: December 2011

This mail survey of 136 public relations practitioners in Washington State reveals that public relations tasks are most easily sorted into two — those of manager or technician. Factor analysis suggests that earlier study divisions into four distinct roles are hard to defend because of role overlap. This study suggests the need to rework the Broom and Smith public relations role scale.
The Rogue Elephant of Radio Legislation: Senator William E. Borah
Authors: Godfrey Donald G. , Limburg Val E.
Published: December 2011

This study, based on primary sources, explores the role of Idaho Senator William E. Borah in getting the Senate — and government — to finally act to pass the first national 1927 Radio Act. Borah represented a long and continuing progressive tradition in the 1920s age of business. His concern about preserving freedom of speech from government brought him into conflict with many, including his own Republican President Calvin Coolidge, who wanted to keep closer federal control over radio.
Political Discussion and Cognition: A 1988 Look
Authors: Kennamer J. David
Published: December 2011

A survey of 500 residents in the Richmond area during the 1988 presidential campaign finds that, like exposure to political information in the news media, political conversations with others lead to much learning, controlling for effects of education, gender, political interest and media use. The study reminds us of the importance of other people in the political learning process.
Surrogate State Department? Times Coverage of Palestine, 1948
Authors: Evensen Bruce J.
Published: December 2011

This study, based upon extensive primary sources, argues that the New York Times considered itself a Cold War policymaker on Palestine. President Truman saw the Times as an expression of public opinion and sought bipartisan support. Times' leaders saw a need for the paper to influence policy.
Measuring Nonresponse and Refusals to an Electronic Telephone Survey
Authors: Havice Michael J.
Published: December 2011

Noncontact rate (NCR) for an electronic telephone survey using a random phone number list is similar to other telephone surveys using a random phone list. Refusals appear to be more an effect of the telephone survey than the mode of conducting it. Break-offs could be reduced if more response time were allowed for each question. Findings suggest that the rejection of a computer-administered telehone survey has an effect on the refusal rate because it is easier for people to hang up on a machine than another human. Further research is needed to determine whether the population that refuses to interact with an electronic telephone survey device is significantly different from the population willing to interact with an electronic survey device or human interviewer.
Racial References in the Texas Press, 1813–1836
Authors: Buchholz Michael
Published: December 2011

This examination of the 124 surviving issues of 10 English-language Texas newspapers published in the 1813–1836 period suggests that—contrary to some historical accounts—issues of race and cultural differences did not play much role in the oncoming 1835–1836 Texas war of independence from Mexico. English-language newspaper references to Mexico and Mexicans are favorable or neutral until 1834, when there was a shift in tone, often in articles written elsewhere and reprinted in Texas newspapers.
The 19th Century World Versus the Sun: Promoting Consumption (Rather than the Working Man)
Authors: Steele Janet E.
Published: December 2011

Joseph Pulitzer put a stamp on his age when he brought his brand of journalism from St. Louis to New York in 1883. Pulitzer emphasized illustrations, advertising, and a culture of consumption for working men who—Pulitzer believed—saved money to enjoy life with their families when they could, at Coney Island for example. By contrast, long-established editor Charles A. Dana held to a traditional view of the working man as one engaged in a struggle to better his working conditions and to improve himself. Dana thought the 20th century would see even fewer faddish illustrations and wished newspapers did not need advertising. Dana resisted buying a Linotype. These two editors, and their newspapers, reflected two worlds—one old, one new—and Pulitzer won.
Voter Partisan Orientations and Use of Political Television
Authors: Smith Kim A. , Ferguson Douglas A.
Published: December 2011

Dividing voters up into groups from most to least partisan to those politically unattached, this study, based on a telephone survey in Toledo, tests the notion that those most partisan will use the press most for reinforcement of political views while those least partisan or unattached will be more likely to seek information. Findings are mixed but there is evidence that independent partisans—one of the groups studied—is most likely to seek information from television. There are a number of other suggestive findings.
Individual Differences in Ethical Values of Public Relations Practitioners
Authors: Shamir Jacob , Reed Barbara Straus , Connell Steven
Published: December 2011

The reported degree of professional ethics in public relations jobs is strongly related to personal ethics, this study shows, regardless of how long one has been in the public relations profession. This mail survey of 198 members of the Public Relations Society of America (a 66% response rate) indicates that a strong predictor of professional ethical standards is the degree of reported personal ethics while there also are relationships—but somewhat weaker—between age and experience and professional ethics, as measured by this study which employed Likert scales.
Effects of Cuing Familiar and Unfamiliar Acronyms in Newspaper Stories, An Experiment
Authors: Nolan Jack
Published: December 2011

An experiment with college students found that, as hypothesized, familiarity with acronyms (such as CIA or FBI) was a predictor of whether or not acronyms needed explanation, but also found that those with a high need for cognition were more likely to recognize acronyms including unfamiliar acronyms (which were also tested). The study offers suggestions for editors.
A Comparison of Cultural Values in British and American Print Advertising: A Study of Magazines
Authors: Frith Katherine Toland , Wesson David
Published: December 2011

Advertisements in a sample of U.S. magazines portrayed characters in more “individualistic” stances than did a comparable sample of advertisements published in magazines of Great Britain. By contrast, England's advertisements, according to this content analysis, made social class differences more evident. This study looks at the issue: Should advertising be standardized around the world, aiming at homogeneous buyers, or should advertising reflect individual cultural differences? Here individual cultural adaptation wins the argument.
Press Identification of Victims of Sexual Assault: Weighing Privacy and Constitutional Concerns
Authors: Arant Morgan David
Published: December 2011

A review of case law dealing with the identification of rape victims reveals both ongoing tensions among court, press, and victims, and continuing constitutional concerns. This study finds that public records laws that shield identities of rape victims shift the burden to public officials to protect the victims, and some victims have successfully sued when their names were inadvertently released to the press. This has had a chilling effect on officials. Because the legal avenues recommended by advocates of the protection of rape victim identities face constitutional and practical obstacles, the decision of whether to publish names or not seems—for now—to be left up to the press.
Newsmagazine Visuals and the 1988 Presidential Election
Authors: Moriarty Sandra E. , Popovich Mark N.
Published: December 2011

The Republican presidential and vice presidential candidates edged out the Democratic candidates in photographic coverage in Time, Newsweek, and U.S. News & World Report in this study of 1988 campaign coverage. The study covered the fall campaign and measured 15 attributes of photographs (in addition to the sheer numbers), such as camera angle, whether or not the candidate was smiling or frowning, active or passive, and the manner of dress. The study found evidence that editors attempted to balance coverage between both parties. The Republican edge was not large.
Validating An Ethical Motivations Scale: Convergence and Predictive Ability
Authors: White H. Allen , Pearce R. Charles
Published: December 2011

This article reports results of a study designed to validate an ethical motivations scale (EMS). Subjects were exposed to an ethical dilemma, were asked how they would resolve the dilemma, and were measured using the EMS. Quantitative methods–factor analysis and analysis of variance–were used. The EMS exhibited characteristics of predictive and convergent validity. Also, subjects using intrinsic motivations for ethical behavior were found to hold more predictable attitudes toward ethical dilemmas than were subjects using extrinsic guides.
Paradigmatic Drift: A Bibliographic Review of the Spread of Economic Analysis in the Literature of Communication
Authors: Miller Kurt M. , Gandy Oscar H.
Published: December 2011

Between 1965 and 1988 the Journal of Broadcasting (and Electronic Media), Journalism Quarterly, and the Journal of Communication published 351 articles that focused on some economic aspect of communication. The numbers published increased in all three journals over the period studied. Comparisons among these journals are made according to sources used, themes and issues addressed, and levels of analysis and methods employed. A citation analysis identified core referents for these articles and provides evidence that communication scholars cite other communication journals more than they do outside economic fields.
Daily Newspaper Managing Editors' Perceptions of News Media Functions
Authors: Bridges Janet A.
Published: December 2011

A total of 111 managing editors of dailies from 38 states, surveyed by mail, showed a strong orientation to readers, especially with regard to getting news out quickly. There also was a strong interest in keeping a close eye on government. Sorting by factor analysis identified a manager profile, a “reader-oriented businessperson,” and diluted the traditionalist editor of earlier studies.
A Comparison of Trial Lawyer and News Reporter Attitudes about Courthouse Communication
Authors: Lipschultz Jeremy Harris
Published: December 2011

Courthouse reporters and trial lawyers share views of the importance of cooperation to promote solid coverage of the courts. Q-method reveals that news reporters who cover courts do not hold attitude patterns different from their lawyer sources about their relationships in the news-gathering process. Reporters can predict the perceptions of lawyers, and vice versa. The relationship is symbiotic.
Flag Desecration as Seditious Libel
Authors: Hopkins W. Wat
Published: December 2011

Burning the American flag under certain conditions is regarded as protected political protest, as the 1989 U.S. Supreme Court ruling found in Texas v. Johnson. Justice William J. Brennan Jr., who wrote the majority opinion, found this act was political speech and therefore allowed. To find otherwise would be to sanction prosecution for seditious libel, long discarded in the United States. The Supreme Court a year later also overturned a Congressional attempt to prosecute flag desecration under any condition. This study summarizes attempts of state legislatures and lesser courts to deal with those who use the flag as part of an act of political protest.
Free Expression and Wartime: Lessons from the Past, Hopes for the Future
Authors: Blanchard Margaret A.
Published: December 2011

The recent Persian Gulf War raised once again issues of censorship, news manipulation by government sources, unwillingness to tolerate dissent at home, and the conviction that only political conservatives combine to limit First Amendment rights during wartime. An examination of eighteenth and nineteenth century wars shows that the problems are as old as the United States itself. An understanding of the background of such such controversies may be useful in preparing a defense for First Amendment rights in future conflicts.
Contextual Coverage of Government by Local Television News
Authors: Bernstein James M. , Lacy Stephen
Published: December 2011

This content analysis of 14 local television news operations in five markets looks at how local TV news shows contribute to the marketplace of ideas. Performance was measured as the allocation of stories to types of coverage that provide the context about events and issues confronting the public. Overall, just under a third of the stories dealt with a government entity, and commentaries accounted for only about 1% of all stories. Small-market stations provided less contextual information than did large-market stations, which in general provided more in-depth coverage.
Informational Content of American and Japanese Television Commercials
Authors: Ramaprasad Jyotika , Hasegawa Kazumi
Published: December 2011

This study compares the information content of American and Japanese television commercials, particularly by strategy, within the context of the standardization debate. Most American and Japanese commercials used information cues, emphasizing similar kinds of information. But they differed in the average number of cues employed in some product and strategy categories. If standardization implies universality in advertising strategy and tactics, findings of this study suggest caution in trying to use the same advertising approaches in both the United States and Japan.
The Bridging Function of Interpersonal Communication in Agenda-Setting
Authors: Weaver David H. , Zhu Jian-Hua , Willnat Lars
Published: December 2011

This study concerns the agenda-setting effects of people's mediated and unmediated experiences with one social issue — drug abuse — during the fall of 1989. Like the 1987 Mutz study of unemployment, this study explores what kinds of information lead to whether a problem such as drug abuse is perceived as a personal or a social problem. We find, as Mutz did for the issue of unemployment, a unique “bridging” influence of interpersonal communication between personal and social perceptions of the salience of drug abuse, and we offer an explanation for why interpersonal communication has this influence, whereas personal experience and media exposure do not.
The Function of Mass Media Agenda Setting
Authors: Shaw Donald L. , Martin Shannon E.
Published: December 2011

This study, a statewide follow-up to the original 1968 Chapel Hill, N.C., agenda-setting study published in 1972 in Public Opinion Quarterly, used poll and content analysis data to compare media use and agenda agreement for different types of reference groups: men vs. women, non-whites vs. whites, young vs. old, higher- vs. lower-formally educated and rich vs. poor. When individuals increase their newspaper reading, then agreement on important public issues within the gender, racial and age groups to which they belong increases to a point of near consensus. Those of higher vs. lower education also come close to sharing issues, although the sharing is less dramatic between rich and poor. Increased television news viewing also results in higher reference group consensus on key public issues. The study concludes: one major function of mass media is to enhance group consensus within the larger social system by providing issue agenda options more attractive than just those historically learned and expressed as an aspect of one's gender, race, age, level of education, or — to a lesser extent — level of wealth. Media public issue agendas compete with unique historical agendas of readers/viewers and often win, to the benefit of the social system if the system can agree on workable solutions to the important problems.
Newsmagazine Coverage of the Supreme Court during the Reagan Administration
Authors: Bowles Dorothy A. , Bromley Rebekah V.
Published: December 2011

Newsmagazine coverage of U.S. Supreme Court cases in the 1981 through 1988 years covered by this study focused on about one case of every ten handed down (in comparison with reporting about one of every six decided cases in the years immediately preceding). Time, Newsweek and U.S. News & World Report coverage reflected all kinds of cases, but they gave heavy emphasis to decisions with First Amendment implications. In recent years, there also is a tendency for coverage to include more about judicial personalities along with decisions.
The Impact of Training on User Evaluations of Videotext
Authors: Becker Lee B. , Hemels Bernadette M.
Published: December 2011

Two experiments suggest that providing some instruction on new videotext technologies does not necessarily lead to a more positive initial experience or positive program evaluation, except where a system is complex and the user task difficult. Yet the experiments do suggest that as systems become more complex, personalized instruction on use may pay dividends in a number of ways.
Exploring Media Credibility: How Media and Nonmedia Workers Judged Media Performance in Iran/Contra
Authors: Johnson Thomas J.
Published: December 2011

A survey of journalism school graduates compares attitudes toward Iran/Contra of those working in the media and those employed outside the media. Media personnel were more likely to criticize Iran/Contra coverage, but were also more likely to defend reporters against charges that the media covered the event unfairly. Both groups said the media treated President Ronald Reagan fairly, but both groups also criticized reporters for not delving more deeply into the case. Ideology and support for Reagan, however, were the strongest predictors of opinion regarding media performance and Reagan's behavior in Iran/Contra.
Scripps' Competitive Strategy: The Art of Non-Competition
Authors: Baldasty Gerald J. , Jordan Myron K.
Published: December 2011

This article focuses on the market niche strategy used by E. W. Scripps in establishing newspapers in medium-sized cities, particularly on the West Coast. Scripps' newspapers blended vision and hard-headed business concerns in developing and sustaining daily publication.
Was Coverage of the 1988 Presidential Race by Washington's Two Major Dailies Biased?
Authors: Kenney Keith , Simpson Chris
Published: December 2011

A content analysis of stories and photographs about 30 events in the 1988 presidential campaign found that the Washington Post's coverage was balanced and neutral, but the Washington Times' coverage favored the Republicans. More than one-third of the Times' headlines and stories were biased, and each time, they were biased in favor of the Republicans. These findings are important because they support Shoemaker and Reese's theory of news content, which states that ownership and financing determine news content.
News Sources and Power Elites in News Coverage of the Exxon Valdez Oil Spill
Authors: Smith Conrad
Published: December 2011

Analysis of sources named in six months' coverage of the Exxon Valdez oil spill by the New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times and Anchorage Daily News suggests that the majority of sources who were named by more than one news organization represented powerful institutional elites. Sources representing three of those elites perceived the story in substantially different ways, and indicated substantially different levels of satisfaction with how it was reported. However, the degree to which various groups of sources were satisfied with how the spill was reported was not a function of their degree of media access.
The Relationship of Job Satisfaction to Newsroom Policy Changes
Authors: Stamm Keith , Underwood Doug
Published: December 2011

The impact of newsroom policies on job satisfaction was studied in an onsite survey of 429 newsroom staffers at twelve West Coast daily newspapers. The study found that newsroom policy changes are affecting journalists' job satisfaction, primarily through the perceived impact of such changes on newspaper quality and on the balance between business and journalism in the newsroom. If the newspaper's quality was perceived as improving, job satisfaction was higher; if journalism was perceived as taking a back seat to business, job satisfaction was lower. Also important were the amount of emphasis on profits (which lowered job satisfaction) and on journalistic policies (which raised job satisfaction). Newspaper size was not found to be a major factor in job satisfaction, but ownership structure was.
A Cross-Cultural Experiment on How Well Audiences Remember News Stories from Newspaper, Computer, Television, and Radio Sources
Authors: Facorro Luis Buceta , Defleur Melvin L.
Published: December 2011

This paper reports on the methods, findings, and implications of a large-scale cross-cultural experiment on audience recall of brief news stories. Subjects from Spain and from the United States were exposed, one-at-a-time and under highly controlled conditions, to one of three local spot news stories presented via either newspaper, computer screen, television, or radio. Each of the 720 subjects was a student in a beginning course in media studies, in either a Spanish or an American university. The stories were the same for each group, with each carefully prepared in the two languages so as to be “matched.” Careful attention was given to making the stories as close as possible in length, topic, organization, and coverage of specific details so as to permit direct comparisons between similar subjects in the two cultural settings. Distinct patterns of results with statistically significant differences between the two cultural groups were found.
The “Wire Service” Libel Defense
Authors: Youm Kyu Ho
Published: December 2011

Local news media can safely republish defamatory stories furnished by reputable wire services on the basis of the “wire service” libel defense. The powerful, but often neglected, libel defense has been applied to at least twenty reported cases in thirteen jurisdictions. Its success rate has been almost 100 percent. From the First Amendment perspective, the wire service defense, which has its genesis in Layne v. Tribune Co. (1933), adds considerably to free debate as an additional weapon for the press to tackle meritless libel suits.
Media Schemata, Information-Processing Strategies, and Audience Assessment of the Informational Value of Quotes and Background in Local News
Authors: Fredin Eric S. , Tabaczynski Tracy
Published: December 2011

This survey shows that readers often are dissatisfied with the informational value of quotes and background used in news stories. The authors suggest that readers' criticism of structure or form can help journalists to improve story structure.
A Content Analysis of Women's Published Mass Communication Research, 1965–1989
Authors: Dupagne Michel , Potter W. James , Cooper Roger
Published: December 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate women's scholarship in mass communications from 1965 to 1989. A content analysis was conducted to examine the percentage of mass media research published by female scholars in eight leading communication journals. Additional research questions involve sex differences in research topics and methods in the published literature. The examination of 1, 391 articles reveals that the amount of published research attributable to females has grown dramatically over the past two decades. The findings also suggest few major differences between female and male scholars in research methods of published articles.
News Media Exposure and Its Learning Effects during the Persian Gulf War
Authors: Pan Zhongdang , Ostman Ronald E. , Moy Patricia , Reynolds Paula
Published: December 2011

In a comparison of two probability surveys, one conducted immediately after the Persian Gulf War and the other a year and half earlier, this study showed significantly higher levels of news exposure across all media channels during the war. Both exposure to newspaper and to cable and PBS news programming were positively related to levels of knowledge about the war. Exposure to CNN leveled off the potential differences in knowledge acquisition across educational levels. Exposure to network TV news might be related to gaining “image-oriented” information, while exposure to newspaper and to cable and PBS news programming were related to learning more abstract and complex information about the war.
Buses and Ballots: The Role of Media Images in a Local Election
Authors: Kosicki Gerald M. , Becker Lee B. , Fredin Eric S.
Published: December 2011

This study examines the role of media in a local election using media use and public perceptions of media and their interactions as key independent variables. Some support is found for the notion that media do not exert direct effects on behavioral outcomes, but rather this process depends on how people perceive the media they use in terms of their ties to special interests in the community and the interaction of this perception with media use.
Active and Passive Indicators of Public Opinion: Assessing the Call-in Poll
Authors: Cotter Patrick R. , Perry David K. , Stovall James G.
Published: December 2011

This study of call-in poll participants indicates that although such participants are generally similar - in socio-demographics - to the population as a whole, they are more opinionated than are telephone survey respondents. The study confirms that call-in polls and surveys of the population do not necessarily produce similar information concerning public opinion and that decision makers need to be sensitive to the intensity of opinion held by voters.
Books as Culture/Books as Commerce
Authors: Haugland Ann
Published: December 2011

The book industry historically has been characterized as caught between two seemingly conflicting goals: to contribute to the cultural life of the society and to make a profit. As the most influential medium for information about books, the text of the New York Times Book Review reflects that conflict and marks the boundary between books as culture and books as commerce in a way that maintains an artificial distinction between high and low culture.
Black and White Models and Their Activities in Modern Cigarette and Alcohol Ads
Authors: Reid Leonard N. , King Karen Whitehill , Kreshel Peggy J.
Published: December 2011

This article compares model characterizations and activity portrayals of blacks and whites in modern cigarette and alcohol advertising. An analysis of 418 cigarette and alcohol ads appearing in eleven magazines from June 1990 through June 1991 revealed a world in which blacks and whites smoke and drink separately, seldom encountering one another. Despite this segregation, black and white portrayals are similar in terms of sexual suggestiveness and involvement in erotic or romantic activities. However, noteworthy differences also exist. For example, blacks are more often portrayed in leisure activities while whites are portrayed at work. Femininity is a more dominant theme in black than in white representations, while masculinity themes are more dominant in ads with white representations.
Interpretation of Issues and Voter Decision-Making Strategies: A New Perspective on “Issue-Oriented” Election Coverage
Authors: Domke David , Shah Dhavan V.
Published: December 2011

This study investigated the relationship between ethical and societal interpretations of issues and voters' decision-making strategies within systematically varied electoral issue environments. Analysis across two issue milieus using two measures of the decision-making process found that individuals who ascribed an ethical interpretation to issues were more likely to use a noncompensatory strategy, which focuses on one or two key issues in the decision-making process, than individuals who ascribed a societal interpretation to issues. This relationship held when the number of issues considered important and the importance placed on “social-moral” issues each were controlled.
Utilizing Public Relations Theory to Conceptualize and Test Models of Fund Raising
Authors: Kelly Kathleen S.
Published: December 2011

Four models of fund raising, conceptualized from public relations theory, were tested in a national survey of 296 fund-raising practitioners. Results show that the models do describe the typical ways fund raising is practiced, and supportive evidence is provided as to their reliability, validity, and accuracy. Press agentry, the oldest and least ethical model, is predominantly practiced today, although fund raisers tend to move toward the two-way symmetrical model when conducting major gifts programs as compared to annual giving programs. Little difference was found in the models as practiced by the six major types of U.S. charitable organizations.
Network TV Sex as a Counter programming Strategy during a Sweeps Period: An Analysis of Content and Ratings
Authors: Shidler Jon A. , Lowry Dennis T.
Published: December 2011

A common assumption in the TV industry is that, “Where there's sweeps, there's sure to be sex.” This study tested that assumption by conducting a content analysis of sexual behaviors in ABC, Fox, and NBC prime-time programs during the February 1992 sweeps period, when CBS was carrying the Winter Olympics. The random sample consisted of nineteen evenings (fifty-six hours of programs). The three networks carried 12.10 sexual behaviors per hour during the sweeps period, up slightly from 11.99 per hour during a fall 1991 nonsweeps period. An additional 5.04 sexual behaviors per hour were presented in the promos for prime-time programs. Unmarried sex was the predominant type of sex, and disapprovals of unmarried sex were rare. Pregnancy, AIDS, and other STDs were seldom shown or mentioned. Correlations between sexual behaviors and ratings produced either nonsignificant or negative results. The study concluded that where there are sweeps, there may or may not be more sex, depending on which network one is analyzing. ABC cut its number of sexual behaviors per hour by almost half, while Fox more than doubled its rate per hour.
The Effects of Message Framing on Response to Environmental Communications
Authors: Davis Joel J.
Published: December 2011

This research explores how the framing of environmental communication influences attitudes and environmentally responsible behaviors, such as recycling. Communications were framed in terms of the definition of the problem (gains and losses), the target (current and future generations), and recommended activities (“taking less,” as in conservation, or “doing more,” as in recycling). The communication that discussed losses to the current generation gave rise to the most positive responses to the communication and the highest levels of intent to participate in environmentally-responsible behaviors. Activity framing did not exert any influence on attitudes or behavioral intentions.
Attitude toward Homosexuality and Attention to News about AIDS
Authors: Kennamer J. David , Honnold Julie A.
Published: December 2011

Using data from random sample telephone interviews of adults in the Richmond, Virginia, metropolitan area, we tested a path analytic model predicting attention to news about AIDS. We hypothesized that negative attitudes toward homosexuality would act as a barrier to attention to news about AIDS. We found that lower attention to news about AIDS was predicted by negative attitudes toward homosexuality, conservative AIDS policy attitudes, lower perceived risk of getting AIDS, in addition to being male, older, white, and better educated (adjusted R2 = .17). The model predicted media attention better for men (adjusted R2 = .18) than for women (adjusted R2 = .07).
Newspaper Trends in the 1870s: Proliferation, Popularization, and Political Independence
Authors: Rutenbeck Jeffrey B.
Published: December 2011

The 1870s was a decade of dramatic growth and change for American journalism. This article examines several specific aspects of those changes, including changes in newspaper size, cost, and political affiliation. In general, newspapers were expanding in size (from four to eight pages), decreasing in cost, and moving away from the long-standing tradition of party identification toward political independence and nonaffiliation. By the end of the 1870s, partisan papers were smaller, fewer, and more expensive than their independent and nonaffiliated counterparts, suggesting a transformation in the social, political, and economic relationships embodied in American newspapers.
TV Station Group and Cross-Media Ownership: A 1995 Update
Authors: Howard Herbert H.
Published: December 2011

This study of television ownership was undertaken against a background of industry turbulence and likely regulatory change to provide new data on TV station multiple ownership and local newspaper-TV cross-media ownership in 1995. It reveals that 75% of all TV stations in the top one hundred markets are licensed to multiple owners, with 22.5% affiliated with newspaper publishers. Local newspaper-TV cross-media ownerships have become rare, with only 19 of 734 stations in the top one hundred markets sharing ownership with a colocated newspaper. Of the 210 TV groups, about 10 are major entities, with perhaps 25 firms playing a significant role in the television industry at this time.
I.F. Stone: The Practice of Reporting
Authors: Lule Jack
Published: December 2011

I.F. Stone, the life-long radical journalist, often was lauded for his superior reporting. No work, however, has dealt systematically with his method of reporting. The purpose of this article is to analyze and assess the benefits and limitations of I.F. Stone's approach to reporting. Drawing on analyses of Stone's work, published interviews, secondary sources, and conversations held shortly before his death, the article identifies four key emphases in Stone's method: his strategic approach to documents, his commitment to history, his devotion to on-the-scene research, and his independence from sources. The article then considers limitations and adaptations of Stone's approach for the practice of reporting and for understanding the role of the reporter in contemporary American journalism.
Fairness and Balance of Selected Newspaper Coverage of Controversial National, State, and Local Issues
Authors: Fico Frederick , Soffin Stan
Published: December 2011

This study developed a content-based technique of assessing fairness and balance of newspaper coverage of controversial issues and applied it to 259 stories on eighteen issues appearing in eighteen newspapers during February 1991. The study found that on average one side dominated at least three of the six story qualities assessed. Only 7% of the stories were evenly balanced, while more than 50% of the stories had at least four of the six story qualities dominated by one side. Three issues involving abortion and two involving local schools were the most imbalanced. The Gulf War debate was the most imbalanced national issue.
A Study of Tennessee Newspapers' Use of Traditional Headline “Rules”
Authors: Hines Randall W. , Hilliard Jerry
Published: December 2011

This study determined the extent to which the established norms for writing headlines on news stories were actually being observed by newspapers. Secondarily, the research findings determined that there was a statistically significant difference in the degree of adherence to these guidelines between dailies and nondailies. The researchers developed and tested among Tennessee newspapers a list of quantitative indicators of news headline quality, according to traditional headline-writing guidelines. All of the daily and nondaily newspapers that were members of the Tennessee Press Association were selected for evaluation.
Hearst, Roosevelt, and the Muckrake Speech of 1906: A New Perspective
Authors: Neuzil Mark
Published: December 2011

This study uses a functionalist perspective to investigate the political struggle between Theodore Roosevelt and William Randolph Hearst, focusing on Roosevelt's 1906 “muckrake” speech. Hearst spent most of the Progressive Era running for president and battling Roosevelt over issues like trust-busting and the anthracite coal strike. Roosevelt recognized Hearst as his most powerful opponent; part of the president's response was the muckrake speech. The manifest function of the speech was to slow Hearst politically, but its latent function was a delegitimization of all muckrakers while the president solidified control over the direction of reform.
Have it Your Way? Public Records Law and Computerized Government Information
Authors: Bunker Matthew D.
Published: December 2011

As more and more governments move from paper records to computerized information, public records laws have not always kept pace. Journalists and others seeking access to computerized government information have a significant interest in obtaining computerized information in the most useful format, which is often a computerized form rather than a paper printout. This article examines the law on access to computerized format as it has developed in state and federal courts and legislatures.
Secret Combinations and Collusive Agreements: The Scripps Newspaper Empire and the Early Roots of Joint Operating Agreements
Authors: Adams Edward E.
Published: December 2011

This study of E.W. Scripps' newspaper empire in the nineteenth century reveals an effort to form cooperative agreements that resemble anticompetitive practices common to other Gilded Age industries and that in some respects incorporate elements of modern joint operating agreements.
Companionship in the Classifieds: The Adoption of Personal Advertisements by Daily Newspapers
Authors: Merskin Debra L. , Huberlie Mara
Published: December 2011

This study investigates advertising for romantic partners in the daily newspaper. A telephone survey of U.S. daily newspapers shows that mate finding is becoming a matter of mediated information, suggesting a new function for the media. Media dependency theory predicts that individuals will tend to turn to the mass media for this information. The adoption of innovation model explains the process needed to do so.