bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An EERI Reconnaissance Report: Damage to San Francisco in the 1906 Earthquake—A Centennial Perspective
Authors: Tobriner Stephen
Published: April 2006

This paper presents an EERI reconnaissance report for building damage in the 1906 earthquake in San Francisco before the fire began. It is therefore synthetic and “virtual.” Using the evidence that has survived in the form of engineering reports and photographs, the paper presents a modern interpretation of the past in the format of a contemporary report. The paper is a synthesis of past observations and judgments leavened with the hindsight of a hundred years. For the first time in decades earthquake damage is surveyed and discussed through the lens of a professional report rather than being seen as a spectacular disaster. The report presented here is a condensed version of a chapter in a larger textural and photographic study entitled Bracing for Disaster; Earthquake-Resistant Architecture and Engineering in San Francisco, 1838-1933 (Berkeley: The Bancroft Library and Heyday Books, March 2006).
The 1906 Earthquake Impacts on the San Francisco and Santa Clara Water Systems—What we Learned, and What we are doing about It
Authors: Eidinger John , de Castro Lota , Ma Dennis
Published: April 2006

This paper describes what happened to San Francisco's water transmission and the city of Santa Clara's water distribution systems in the 1906 and the 1989 earthquakes. These two earthquakes showed that many of our existing transmission and distribution pipelines are susceptible to damage, and some of our older water treatment plants, tanks, and pump stations need to be upgraded. Accordingly, seismic upgrade programs are being undertaken to reduce the vulnerability of the regional water transmission and distribution systems. In developing a cost effective seismic upgrade program, both the transmission system operator (San Francisco Public Utilities Commission) (SFPUC) and distribution system operator (Santa Clara) consider what the weaknesses are of both systems, so that the maximum amount of seismic upgrade can be achieved at the lowest overall cost.
The Effects of the 1906 Earthquake in California on Research and Education
Authors: Reitherman Robert
Published: April 2006

The great earthquake that struck on 18 April 1906 and caused a disaster also forged the first link in a chain of research and education effects that extended over the following decades. Now, with a century of hindsight, we have an advantageous point from which to view that earthquake and the developments it parented. We also face two disadvantages. One is that first-hand accounts and obscure documents are either lost or hard to find. The other is that while the centennial of the earthquake has prompted celebration and promotion activities, however appropriate they may be for advancing seismic safety, a different attitude is required for an objective historical review. The research reported here was conducted within such a critical frame of mind, but the final conclusion is not that the research and education impacts of the 1906 earthquake are overrated. Rather, several unacknowledged developments stemming from the earthquake are brought to light. While the first- and second-generation effects constituted a wave of influence that has largely passed by a century later, the tide today in the earthquake research and education field is still persistently higher than it would be if the 1906 earthquake had not occurred.
Predicted Liquefaction of East Bay Fills during a Repeat of the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake
Authors: Holzer Thomas L. , Luke Blair J. , Noce Thomas E. , Bennett Michael J.
Published: April 2006

Predicted conditional probabilities of surface manifestations of liquefaction during a repeat of the 1906 San Francisco (M7.8) earthquake range from 0.54 to 0.79 in the area underlain by the sandy artificial fills along the eastern shore of San Francisco Bay near Oakland, California. Despite widespread liquefaction in 1906 of sandy fills in San Francisco, most of the East Bay fills were emplaced after 1906 without soil improvement to increase their liquefaction resistance. They have yet to be shaken strongly. Probabilities are based on the liquefaction potential index computed from 82 CPT soundings using median (50 th percentile) estimates of PGA based on a ground-motion prediction equation. Shaking estimates consider both distance from the San Andreas Fault and local site conditions. The high probabilities indicate extensive and damaging liquefaction will occur in East Bay fills during the next M∼7.8 earthquake on the northern San Andreas Fault.
The Evolution of Music in Comparative Perspective
Authors: FITCH W. TECUMSEH
Published: April 2006

Abstract:In this paper, I briefly review some comparative data that provide an empirical basis for research on the evolution of music making in humans. First, a brief comparison of music and language leads to discussion of design features of music, suggesting a deep connection between the biology of music and language. I then selectively review data on animal “music.” Examining sound production in animals, we find examples of repeated convergent evolution or analogy (the evolution of vocal learning of complex songs in birds, whales, and seals). A fascinating but overlooked potential homology to instrumental music is provided by manual percussion in African apes. Such comparative behavioral data, combined with neuroscientific and developmental data, provide an important starting point for any hypothesis about how or why human music evolved. Regarding these functional and phylogenetic questions, I discuss some previously proposed functions of music, including Pinker's “cheesecake” hypothesis; Darwin's and others' sexual selection model; Dunbar's group “grooming” hypothesis; and Trehub's caregiving model. I conclude that only the last hypothesis receives strong support from currently available data. I end with a brief synopsis of Darwin's model of a songlike musical “protolanguage,” concluding that Darwin's model is consistent with much of the available evidence concerning the evolution of both music and language. There is a rich future for empirical investigations of the evolution of music, both in investigations of individual differences among humans, and in interspecific investigations of musical abilities in other animals, especially those of our ape cousins, about which we know little.
Musical and Linguistic Processing in Song Perception
Authors: SCHÖN DANIELE , GORDON REYNA LEIGH , BESSON MIREILLE
Published: April 2006

Abstract: One approach to comparing the neural bases of language and music is through the use of song, which is a unique and ecological combination of these two cognitive domains. In song, language and music are merged into one acoustic signal with two salient dimensions. By manipulating either the linguistic or musical dimensions (or both) of song and studying their relationships, it is possible to gain important information about the neural networks underlying language and music cognition. We will present a brief review followed by recent behavioral, electrophysiological, and neuroimaging studies concerned with the functional and structural relationships of music and language. These results, together with the previous studies in the field, help understanding whether the different levels of music and language processing are independent or interactive.
Music Listening and Cognitive Abilities in 10‐ and 11‐Year‐Olds: The Blur Effect
Authors: SCHELLENBERG E GLENN , HALLAM SUSAN
Published: April 2006

Abstract: The spatial abilities of a large sample of 10 and 11 year olds were tested after they listened to contemporary pop music, music composed by Mozart, or a discussion about the present experiment. After being assigned at random to one of the three listening experiences, each child completed two tests of spatial abilities. Performance on one of the tests (square completion) did not differ as a function of the listening experience, but performance on the other test (paper folding) was superior for children who listened to popular music compared to the other two groups. These findings are consistent with the view that positive benefits of music listening on cognitive abilities are most likely to be evident when the music is enjoyed by the listener.
Examining Rhythm and Melody Processing in Young Children Using fMRI
Authors: OVERY K , NORTON A , CRONIN K , WINNER E , SCHLAUG G
Published: April 2006

Abstract: While it is often reported that musical experience can have positive effects on cognitive development in young children, the neural basis of such potential effects remains relatively unexplored. Employing functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) for such research presents as many challenges as possibilities, not least of which is the fact that young children can find it difficult to remain still and attentive for long periods of time. Here we describe an fMRI scanning protocol designed specifically for young children using short scanning runs, a sparse temporal sampling data acquisition technique, simple rhythmic and melodic discrimination tasks with a button‐press response, and a child‐oriented preparation session. Children were recruited as part of a large‐scale longitudinal study examining the effects of musical training on cognitive development and the structure and function of the growing brain. Results from an initial analysis of 33 children and from the first five children to be re‐scanned after musical training indicate that our scanning protocol is successful and that activation differences can be detected both between conditions and over time.
Effects of Music Training on the Child's Brain and Cognitive Development
Authors: SCHLAUG GOTTFRIED , NORTON ANDREA , OVERY KATIE , WINNER ELLEN
Published: April 2006

Abstract: Research has revealed structural and functional differences in the brains of adult instrumental musicians compared to those of matched nonmusician controls, with intensity/duration of instrumental training and practice being important predictors of these differences. Nevertheless, the differential contributions of nature and nurture to these differences are not yet clear. The musician‐nonmusician comparison is an ideal model for examining whether and, if so, where such functional and structural brain plasticity occurs, because musicians acquire and continuously practice a variety of complex motor, auditory, and multimodal skills (e.g., translating visually perceived musical symbols into motor commands while simultaneously monitoring instrumental output and receiving multisensory feedback). Research has also demonstrated that music training in children results in long‐term enhancement of visual‐spatial, verbal, and mathematical performance. However, the underlying neural bases of such enhancements and whether the intensity and duration of instrumental training or other factors, such as extracurricular activities, attention, motivation, or instructional methods can contribute to or predict these enhancements are yet unknown. Here we report the initial results from our studies examining the brain and cognitive effects of instrumental music training on young children in a longitudinal study and a cross‐sectional comparison in older children. Further, we present a comparison of the results in these children's studies with observations from our cross‐sectional studies with adults.
Scientific Perspectives on Music Therapy
Authors: HILLECKE THOMAS , NICKEL ANNE , BOLAY HANS VOLKER
Published: April 2006

Abstract:What needs to be done on the long road to evidence‐based music therapy? First of all, an adequate research strategy is required. For this purpose the general methodology for therapy research should be adopted. Additionally, music therapy needs a variety of methods of allied fields to contribute scientific findings, including mathematics, natural sciences, behavioral and social sciences, as well as the arts. Pluralism seems necessary as well as inevitable. At least two major research problems can be identified, however, that make the path stony: the problem of specificity and the problem of eclecticism. Neuroscientific research in music is giving rise to new ideas, perspectives, and methods; they seem to be promising prospects for a possible contribution to a theoretical and empirical scientific foundation for music therapy. Despite the huge heterogeneity of theoretical approaches in music therapy, an integrative model of working ingredients in music therapy is useful as a starting point for empirical studies in order to question what specifically works in music therapy. For this purpose, a heuristic model, consisting of five music therapy working factors (attention modulation, emotion modulation, cognition modulation, behavior modulation, and communication modulation) has been developed by the Center for Music Therapy Research (Viktor Dulger Institute) in Heidelberg. Evidence shows the effectiveness of music therapy for treating certain diseases, but the question of what it is in music therapy that works remains largely unanswered. The authors conclude with some questions to neuroscientists, which we hope may help elucidate relevant aspects of a possible link between the two disciplines.
Outcome Research in Music Therapy
Authors: NICKEL ANNE KATHRIN , HILLECKE THOMAS , ARGSTATTER HEIKE , BOLAY HANS VOLKER
Published: April 2006

Abstract:Music therapy is the therapeutic use of music and musical activities in the treatment of somatic and mental diseases. In the last decades it has developed from a quasi‐professional working field into an increasingly evidence‐based treatment for various diseases. Selected outcome studies that were carried out in order to give music therapy a scientific and empirical base are presented in this article. Results show that music therapy is an effective intervention for patients with chronic pain, children with migraine, and patients suffering from chronic tinnitus. This positive outcome, in combination with the observed moderate to large effect sizes in different metanalyses, provides evidence for the use of music therapy in specific clinical fields. Future research should focus on studies that compare well‐defined music therapy interventions to standard treatment.
The Future of Music in Therapy and Medicine
Authors: THAUT MICHAEL H.
Published: April 2006

Abstract: The understanding of music's role and function in therapy and medicine is undergoing a rapid transformation, based on neuroscientific research showing the reciprocal relationship between studying the neurobiological foundations of music in the brain and how musical behavior through learning and experience changes brain and behavior function. Through this research the theory and clinical practice of music therapy is changing more and more from a social science model, based on cultural roles and general well‐being concepts, to a neuroscience‐guided model based on brain function and music perception. This paradigm shift has the potential to move music therapy from an adjunct modality to a central treatment modality in rehabilitation and therapy.
Musical Difficulties Are Rare
Authors: CUDDY LOLA L. , BALKWILL LAURA‐LEE , PERETZ ISABELLE , HOLDEN RONALD R.
Published: April 2006

Abstract: This study was concerned with self‐reported “tone deafness” and its possible relationship to congenital amusia. Nearly 17% of over 2000 first‐year psychology students at Queen's University self‐reported tone deafness. Two hundred students were recruited from this pool of students, comprising 100 who reported tone deafness and 100 who reported that they were not tone‐deaf (NTD). The study contained two parts. In part 1, participants completed the six tests of the Montreal Battery of Evaluation of Amusia (MBEA) developed by Peretz and collaborators. In part 2, participants completed an extensive questionnaire designed to elicit details about musical experiences, abilities, training, and interests. Twenty‐eight questionnaire items allowing a quantitative response were subjected to factor analysis. Four orthogonal components emerged from the analysis. The components reflected self‐report of (1) vocal production, (2) music instruction, (3) listening attitudes, and (4) childhood memories of musical environment. Results for each of the MBEA tests and composite scores for all tests were regressed on participants' factor scores. The best and significant predictors of the MBEA scores were factor I and factor II, followed by factor III. Factor scores accounted for a higher percentage of the variance in MBEA composite test results (27%) than the self‐report of tone deafness alone (7%). The musical difficulties revealed by the MBEA test results for some participants warrant further attention and study. However, an encouraging conclusion from the MBEA results is that many individuals who consider themselves “tone‐deaf” may not, in fact, have perceptual difficulties, and these individuals should be supported in any of their efforts to proceed with music enjoyment and instruction.
A Neurocognitive Approach to Music Reading
Authors: STEWART LAUREN
Published: April 2006

Abstract: Music reading offers a unique perspective on the acquisition of a notational system. Many people cannot read music, but a large proportion are motivated to learn. Musical literacy is therefore amenable to studies of acquisition in a way that language literacy is not. The studies reviewed here investigate how musical symbols on the page are decoded into a musical response. The studies address the nature of the mental representations used in music reading, as well as their instantiation within the brain. The results of a musical Stroop paradigm are described, in which musical notation was present but irrelevant for task performance. The presence of musical notation produced systematic effects on reaction time, demonstrating that reading of the written note, like the written word, is obligatory for those who are musically literate. Spatial interference tasks are also described that suggest that music reading, at least for the pianist, can be characterized as a set of vertical to horizontal mappings. These behavioral findings are mirrored by the results of an fMRI training study in which musically untrained adults were taught to read music and play piano keyboard over a period of three months. Specific learning‐related changes were seen in the superior parietal cortex and fusiform gyrus, for melody reading and rhythm reading, respectively. These changes are suggested to correspond to the acquisition of processes that deal with the extraction of spatial and featural properties of notation, respectively.
Effects of Prior Exposure on Music Liking and Recognition in Patients with Temporal Lobe Lesions
Authors: SAMSON SÉVERINE , PERETZ ISABELLE
Published: April 2006

Abstract: Prior exposure to music typically increases liking. This manifestation of implicit memory can be dissociated from explicit memory recognition. To examine the contribution of the medial temporal lobe to musical preference and recognition, we tested patients with either left (LTL) or right (RTL) temporal lobe lesions as well as normal control (NC) participants using the procedure of Peretz et al. The results in the affect task showed that NC and LTL participants preferred the studied over nonstudied melodies, thereby demonstrating an implicit exposure effect on liking judgments, whereas RTL patients failed to exhibit this effect. Explicit recognition was impaired in both LTL and RTL patients as compared to NC participants. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that RTL structures play a critical role in the formation of melody representations that support both priming and memory recognition, whereas LTL structures are more involved in the explicit retrieval of melodies. Furthermore, we were able to test an amnesic patient (PC) with bilateral lesions of the temporal lobe. In this case, the exposure effect on liking was also absent. However, repeated exposure to melodies was found to enhance both liking and recognition judgments. This remarkable sparing of memory observed through melody repetition suggests that extensive exposure may assist both implicit and explicit memory in the presence of global amnesia.
Neural Correlates of Rapid Spectrotemporal Processing in Musicians and Nonmusicians
Authors: GAAB N , TALLAL P , KIM H , LAKSHMINARAYANAN K , ARCHIE J J , GLOVER G H , GABRIELI J D E
Published: April 2006

Abstract: Our results suggest that musical training alters the functional anatomy of rapid spectrotemporal processing, resulting in improved behavioral performance along with a more efficient functional network primarily involving traditional language regions. This finding may have important implications for improving language/reading skills, especially in children struggling with dyslexia.
How Does Music Arouse “Chills”?
Authors: GREWE OLIVER , NAGEL FREDERIK , KOPIEZ REINHARD , ALTENMÜLLER ECKART
Published: April 2006

Abstract:Music can arouse ecstatic “chill” experiences defined as “goose pimples” and as “shivers down the spine.” We recorded chills both via subjects' self‐reports and physiological reactions, finding that they do not occur in a reflex‐like manner, but as a result of attentive, experienced, and conscious musical enjoyment.
The Power of Listening: Auditory‐Motor Interactions in Musical Training
Authors: LAHAV AMIR , BOULANGER ADAM , SCHLAUG GOTTFRIED , SALTZMAN ELLIOT
Published: April 2006

Abstract: We trained musically naive subjects to play a short piano melody by ear in a fully monitored computerized environment and tested their potential to acquire a functional linkage between actions and sounds. Individual notes that were simply acoustic pretraining signals became “physically meaningful” posttraining. In addition, we found preliminary evidence that passive listening to a newly learned musical piece can enhance motor performance in the absence of physical practice.
Tapping in Synchrony to Auditory Rhythms
Authors: CHEN JOYCE L. , PENHUNE VIRGINIA B. , ZATORRE ROBERT J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract: This study examines how synchronizing movements to auditory rhythms affects behavioral performance and neural activity as assessed using fMRI. Subjects perform worse as they tap along with increasingly complex musical rhythms, with responses becoming progressively asynchronous. This behavioral change also correlates with increasing neural activity in several motor‐related brain regions, such as the cerebellum and premotor cortex (medial and lateral), highlighting the role of these areas in auditory‐motor interactions during temporal processing.
Remember Bach
Authors: ESCHRICH SUSANN , MÜNTE THOMAS F. , ALTENMÜLLER ECKART O.
Published: April 2006

Abstract: Emotional events are remembered better than nonemotional ones, especially after a long period of time. In this study, we investigated whether emotional music is kept better in episodic long‐term memory than less emotional music and to which extent musical structure is important.
Left Auditory Cortex Specialization for Vertical Harmonic Structure of Chords
Authors: PASSYNKOVA NATALIA , SANDER KERSTIN , SCHEICH HENNING
Published: April 2006

Abstract: The representation of consonant and dissonant chords in the auditory cortex was investigated using low‐noise functional magnetic resonance imaging and different experimental paradigms to separate the effects of vertical harmony from those of other musical features. The results revealed higher activation by consonant compared with dissonant chords in the left posterior auditory cortex, suggesting contributions of mechanisms of encoding the acoustical chord structure rather than mechanisms based on sequential integration of chords.
Music to Electric Ears: Pitch and Timbre Perception by Cochlear Implant Patients
Authors: PRESSNITZER DANIEL , BESTEL JULIE , FRAYSSE BERNARD
Published: April 2006

Abstract: The sounds of music play with many perceptual dimensions. We devised a set of psychophysical procedures to better understand how recipients of cochlear implants perceive basic sound attributes involved in music listening.
Spectral and Temporal Processing in the Human Auditory Cortex—Revisited
Authors: SCHÖNWIESNER MARC , RÜBSAMEN RUDOLF , von CRAMON D YVES
Published: April 2006

Abstract: We use novel noise‐like sound stimuli to identify cortical areas in which the functional magnetic resonance signal covaries with spectral and temporal acoustic complexity. The results support a model of hemispheric functional asymmetry for fine‐grained spectral and fast temporal processing.
Differences in Gray Matter between Musicians and Nonmusicians
Authors: BERMUDEZ PATRICK , ZATORRE ROBERT J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract: Voxel‐based morphometry is used to examine differences in cerebral morphology between musicians and nonmusicians. Principal results show differences in gray matter concentration in the right auditory cortex.
Neural Substrates Governing Audiovocal Integration for Vocal Pitch Regulation in Singing
Authors: ZARATE JEAN MARY , ZATORRE ROBERT J.
Published: April 2006

Abstract: The integration of auditory feedback with the vocal motor system is essential for singing, because precise control of vocal pitch is necessary to produce notes and melodies accurately. We used singing tasks with fMRI to determine the neural substrates involved in audiovocal integration. In tasks that specifically required monitoring of auditory feedback and pitch control, neural activity increased in the anterior cingulate cortex and insula, which suggests that these regions may play a special role in audiovocal integration.
The Production and Directed Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Trounson Alan
Published: April 2006

Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are being rapidly produced from chromosomally euploid, aneuploid, and mutant human embryos that are available from in vitro fertilization clinics treating patients for infertility or preimplantation genetic diagnosis. These hESC lines are an important resource for functional genomics, drug screening, and, perhaps eventually, cell and gene therapy. The methods for deriving hESCs are well established and repeatable and are relatively successful with a ratio of 1:10 to 1:2 new hESC lines produced from 4- to 8-d-old morula and blastocysts and from isolated inner cell mass cell clusters of human blastocysts. The hESCs can be formed and maintained on human somatic cells in humanized serum-free culture conditions and for several passages in cell-free culture systems. The hESCs can be transfected with DNA constructs. Their gene expression profiles are being described and immunological characteristics determined. They may be grown indefinitely in vitro while maintaining their original karyotype and epigenetic status, but this needs to be confirmed from time to time in long-term cultures. hESCs spontaneously differentiate in the absence of the appropriate cell feeder layer, when overgrown in culture and when isolated from the ESC colony. All three major embryonic lineages are produced in differentiating flat attachment cultures and unattached embryoid bodies. Cell progenitors of interest can be identified by markers, expression of reporter genes, and characteristic morphology, and the cells thereafter enriched for progenitor types and further culture to more mature cell types. Directed differentiation systems are well developed for ectodermal pathways that result in neural and glial cells and the mesendodermal pathway for cardiac muscle cells and many other cell types including hematopoietic progenitors and endothelial cells. Directed differentiation into endoderm has been more difficult to achieve, perhaps because of the lack of markers of early progenitors in this lineage. There are reports of enriched cultures of keratinocytes, pigmented retinal epithelium, neural crest cells and motor neurons, hepatic progenitors, and cells that have some markers of gut tissue and pancreatic islet-like cells. The prospects for use of hESC derivatives in regenerative medicine are significant, and there is much optimism for their potential contributions to human regenerative medicine.
The multifunctional GIT family of proteins
Authors: Hoefen Ryan J. , Berk Bradford C.
Published: April 2006

The G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR)-kinase-interacting proteins 1 and 2 (GIT1 and GIT2) are ubiquitous multidomain proteins involved in diverse cellular processes. They traffic between three distinct cellular compartments (cytoplasmic complexes, focal adhesions and the cell periphery) through interactions with proteins including ARF, Rac1 and Cdc42 GTPases, p21-activated kinase (PAK), PAK-interacting exchange factor (PIX), the kinase MEK1, phospholipase Cγ (PLCγ) and paxillin. GITs and PIX cooperate to form large oligomeric complexes to which other proteins are transiently recruited. Activation of Rac1 and Cdc42 drives association of PAK with these oligomers, which unmasks the paxillin-binding site in GITs that recruits them to focal complexes. There, they regulate cytoskeletal dynamics by feedback inhibition of Rac1. GITs also participate in receptor internalization by regulating membrane trafficking between the plasma membrane and endosomes, targeting ARF GTPases through their ARF GTPase-activating protein (ARF-GAP) activity. Furthermore, GITs act as scaffolds to control spatial activation of several signaling molecules. Finally, recent results suggest pathogenic roles for GIT proteins in Huntington's disease and HIV infection.
Possible shortcomings of the calibration methods for certain non-destructive monitoring devices for helically wound steel cables
Authors: Raoof M , Davies T. J
Published: April 2006

Coupled extensional–torsional behaviour of axially pre-loaded helically wound steel cables (wire ropes and/or spiral strands) under specific forms (i.e. unit-step, triangular, and half-sine) of impact loading are considered in some detail. The final closed-form formulations can handle both the no-slip and/or the traditionally used full-slip coupled extensional/torsional constitutive equations for helically wound cables, and describe the various characteristics of the resulting pairs of axial or torsional waves at any location along the cable with one end fixed against movement and the other end subjected to impact loading. By using extensive numerical results, which cover the full range of current manufacturing limits for the lay angle (with this being the sole controlling geometrical parameter as far as the axial/torsional stiffnesses are concerned), it is shown that significant differences exist between a number of axial/torsional wave characteristics, depending on whether the no-slip or the full-slip version of the constitutive relations is used in the analysis. It is demonstrated that modest increases in the magnitudes of the lay angles can lead to significant increases in the differences between the no-slip and the full-slip wave propagation characteristics. The present findings may have significant practical implications in relation to the currently adopted techniques used by industry for calibrating the electronic boxes, which are subsequently used as permanently installed devices, for the in situ detection of individual wire fractures under, say, fatigue loading associated with cable-supported structures.
Residual elastic strain due to laser shock peening: Modelling by eigenstrain distribution
Authors: Korsunsky A. M
Published: April 2006

High-energy synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements of residual elastic strain were carried out in a thin slice parted off from a plate of titanium alloy that had been subjected to laser shock peening. The residual elastic strain varies with the distance from the laser shock peened surface, with high near-surface compressive strain changing to tensile strain in the middle of the sample, and then becoming compressive again on the opposite face. The measured residual elastic strain distribution was modelled using a distribution of laser shock induced eigenstrains near the surface, and the most likely eigenstrain profile was deduced using a variational matching procedure. The mathematical framework for this approach is presented and discussed, and the results of matching the predicted residual elastic strain distribution to the measurement are shown.
Analysis of the overturning moment caused by transient liquid slosh inside a partly filled moving tank
Authors: Modaressi-Tehrani K , Rakheja S , Sedaghati R
Published: April 2006

A non-linear fluid slosh analysis of a partially filled circular tank is performed to illustrate the significance of transient fluid motion on the resulting destabilizing forces and moments imposed on the tank structure and thus the vehicle. The analyses are performed on a clean bore tank of circular cross-section for various fill volumes and subject to different magnitudes of steady as well as harmonic lateral acceleration using the FLUENT software. The results of the study are presented in terms of transient forces and moments caused by the cargo slosh, which directly relate to the roll dynamic performance of the partly filled tank trucks. A relationship between the lateral force and the resulting roll moment is derived, which suggests that the roll moment could be defined as a function of the horizontal force and tank radius, irrespective of the translation of the centre-of-mass coordinates. The deviations of the forces and overturning moment from those predicted using quasi-static (QS) load shift analysis are also presented and discussed. The influence of fluid viscosity on the transient behaviour is further investigated under time-varying lateral acceleration in terms of slosh damping rate and peak responses. The results of the study suggest that the magnitude of transient roll moment could be 1.57 times larger than corresponding mean values that are very close to those predicted using the QS analysis. Analysis of the partly filled tank under harmonic lateral acceleration excitations shows that the peak values of the lateral slosh force and the overturning moment occur during the first oscillation. The magnitude of the peak overturning moment is strongly dependent upon the frequency of the lateral acceleration excitation.
Study on the model-based development approach for the electronically controlled system of a high-pressure common-rail diesel engine
Authors: Shitao Yu , Xingli Zhou , Lin Yang , Yuanming Gong , Bin Zhuo
Published: April 2006

A model-based V-cycle development approach is investigated in this paper. The control algorithms are modelled, simulated, and optimized using Matlab/Simulink/Stateflow tools. TargetLink is used to translate the control algorithm model made in Matlab/Simulink/Stateflow into embedded production ANSI C codes. Based on the controller of a high-pressure common-rail electronic control system for a diesel engine (ECU) and the hardware-in-the-loop simulation system (HILSS), the codes of control algorithms can be tested and modified again. The results of the investigation show that both Simulink and TargetLink are effective development tools that can guarantee control precision and rationality of control algorithms, and can also help to shorten the development time. The Simulink, TargetLink, ECU, HILSS, and calibration tools form an effective V-cycle development platform for the control algorithm of a high-pressure common-rail electronic control system.
Integrated control of front-wheel steering and front braking forces on the basis of fuzzy logic
Authors: Boada M J L , Boada B L , Muñoz A , Díaz V
Published: April 2006

This paper presents a free model based fuzzy controller that integrates front steering control and front braking distribution forces to improve vehicle handling and stability. Thus, the yaw rate and the sideslip angle of the vehicle are controlled to follow their target values. The main advantages of fuzzy methods are their simplicity and their good performance in controlling non-linear systems. Simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed control system during different manoeuvres (J-turn and change lane) and driving conditions (dry pavement and snow).
Analysis of lateral sloshing forces within road containers with high fill levels
Authors: Romero J A , Ramírez O , Fortanell J M , Martinez M , Lozano A
Published: April 2006

This paper describes the experimental assessment of lateral sloshing forces developed within scaled road tankers as a function of fill level and container shape, focusing on high fill levels (from 90 to 98 per cent) and three container shapes (oval, modified oval, and circular). The purpose of the study was to estimate the effect of sloshing forces on the lateral stability of tank trucks when operating almost fully loaded. Water was used as the working fluid while the lateral dimensional characteristics of the containers represented a reduction scale of road tankers in the range of 1:5. Containers were subjected to a lateral excitation imparted by a sinusoidal electromagnetic shaker that moved a wheeled container/support assembly at a range of frequencies. The residual after-perturbation sloshing forces were measured by means of a force transducer connected to the shaker ram, and recorded for analysis. For the 98 per cent fill level, normalized sloshing forces were found to represent up to 4 per cent of the total liquid weight. Application of these normalized forces to actual size tank trucks further suggests that the rollover threshold acceleration of a rigidly suspended tank truck, due to sloshing, can be reduced by 2 per cent for the 98 per cent fill level, and around 10 per cent for the 90 per cent fill level. These already significant reductions in the roll stability of tank trucks would be more severe for a spring suspended vehicle, thus rationalizing the rollover trend of such vehicles. The use of longitudinal sloshing suppressors is strongly recommended.
A driver-adaptive range policy for adaptive cruise control
Authors: Han Donghoon , Yi Kyongsu
Published: April 2006

A driver-adaptive range policy for adaptive cruise control is presented. Driver range policies have been analysed using real-world driving data on normal road conditions obtained from 125 participants. A vehicle longitudinal control algorithm has been developed on the basis of the analysis to incorporate the range policy of human drivers into the control strategy. An estimation and adaptation method for characteristic parameters of driver range policy has been investigated. Driver tendency parameters have been estimated during manual driving by means of the recursive least-squares algorithm and then these estimated parameters have been used in the controller adaptation. The vehicle-following characteristics of the cruise-controlled vehicle have been investigated via simulations using real driving radar sensor data and a validated vehicle simulator. The vehicle-following characteristics of cruise-controlled vehicles have been compared with those of manually driven vehicles. The vehicle-following behaviour of cruise-controlled vehicles with the proposed adaptive control strategy is quite close to that of manually driven vehicles. Vehicle-following characteristics that are acceptable to drivers may be achieved by using the driver-adaptive range policy.
Research Note—Sole Entrant, Co-optor, or Component Supplier: Optimal End-Product Strategies for Manufacturers of Proprietary Component Brands
Authors: Venkatesh R. , Chintagunta Pradeep , Mahajan Vijay
Published: April 2006

We propose the optimal strategies in the end-product market for manufacturers of proprietary component brands, MPCBs for short. MPCBs can pursue one of three end-product roles: sole entrant, as with 3Com that, until recently, offered its Palm operating system only as part of its own Palm handheld devices; co-optor, as with Canon, whose specialty motors go into its own and HP laser printers; component supplier, as with Intel, which has refrained from making its own PCs. Applying extant theoretical and modeling perspectives, especially from branding, spatial competition, and channels, we show that although each of the three roles has its unique domain of optimality, the co-optor role is the most widely optimal for the MPCB; it is profit maximizing even when the end products are strong (but not perfect) substitutes, an alternative component is available and the downstream market is saturated. Optimal prices under the co-optor role are higher than under the other roles. We provide an illustrative application of the model to three real-world settings.
Allocation of Service Time in a Multiserver System
Authors: El-Taha Muhammad , Maddah Bacel
Published: April 2006

Reducing congestion is a primary concern in the design and analysis of queueing networks, especially in systems where sources of randomness are characterized by high variability. This paper considers a multiserver first-come, first-served (FCFS) queueing model where we arrange servers in two stations in series. All arrivals join the first service center, where they receive a maximum of T units of service. Arrivals with service requirements that exceed the threshold T join the second queue, where they receive their remaining service. For a variety of heavy tail service time distributions, characterized by large coefficient of variations, analytical and numerical comparisons show that our scheme provides better system performance than the standard parallel multiserver model in the sense of reducing the mean delay per customer in heavy traffic systems. Our model is likely to be useful in systems where high variability is a cause for degradation and where numerous service interruptions are not desired.
E-sourcing in Procurement: Theory and Behavior in Reverse Auctions with Noncompetitive Contracts
Authors: Engelbrecht-Wiggans Richard , Katok Elena
Published: April 2006

One of the goals of procurement is to establish a competitive price while affording the buyer some flexibility in selecting the suppliers to deal with. Reverse auctions do not have this flexibility, because it is the auction rules and not the buyer that determines the winner. In practice, however, hybrid mechanisms that remove some suppliers and a corresponding amount of demand from the auction market are quite common. We find that in theory such hybrid mechanisms increase competition and make buyers better off as long as suppliers are willing to accept noncompetitive contracts. It turns out that suppliers often do because under a wide variety of conditions, these contracts have a positive expected profit. Our theory relies on two behavioral assumptions: (1) bidders in a multiunit uniform-price reverse auction will follow the dominant strategy of bidding truthfully, and (2) the suppliers who have been removed from the market will accept noncompetitive contracts that have a positive expected profit. Our experiment demonstrates that bidders in the auction behave very close to following the dominant strategy regardless of whether this auction is a stand-alone or a part of a hybrid mechanism. We also find that suppliers accept noncompetitive contracts sufficiently often (although not always) to make the hybrid mechanism outperform the reverse auction in the laboratory as well as in theory.
Downside Loss Aversion and Portfolio Management
Authors: Jarrow Robert , Zhao Feng
Published: April 2006

Downside loss-averse preferences have seen a resurgence in the portfolio management literature. This is due to the increasing use of derivatives in managing equity portfolios and the increased use of quantitative techniques for bond portfolio management. We employ the lower partial moment as a risk measure for downside loss aversion and compare mean-variance (M-V) and mean-lower partial moment (M-LPM) optimal portfolios under nonnormal asset return distributions. When asset returns are nearly normally distributed, there is little difference between the optimal M-V and M-LPM portfolios. When asset returns are nonnormal with large left tails, we document significant differences in M-V and M-LPM optimal portfolios. This observation is consistent with industry usage of M-V theory for equity portfolios but not for fixed-income portfolios.
Machine Learning for Direct Marketing Response Models: Bayesian Networks with Evolutionary Programming
Authors: Cui Geng , Wong Man Leung , Lui Hon-Kwong
Published: April 2006

Machine learning methods are powerful tools for data mining with large noisy databases and give researchers the opportunity to gain new insights into consumer behavior and to improve the performance of marketing operations. To model consumer responses to direct marketing, this study proposes Bayesian networks learned by evolutionary programming. Using a large direct marketing data set, we tested the endogeneity bias in the recency, frequency, monetary value (RFM) variables using the control function approach; compared the results of Bayesian networks with those of neural networks, classification and regression tree (CART), and latent class regression; and applied a tenfold cross-validation. The results suggest that Bayesian networks have distinct advantages over the other methods in accuracy of prediction, transparency of procedures, interpretability of results, and explanatory insight. Our findings lend strong support to Bayesian networks as a robust tool for modeling consumer response and other marketing problems and for assisting management decision making.
Modulation of Respiratory Rhythmogenesis by Chloride-Mediated Conductances during the Perinatal Period
Authors: Ren Jun , Greer John J.
Published: April 2006

Respiratory rhythmogenesis is modulated by chloride-mediated conductances via GABAAand glycine receptors. In this study, we determine the actions of chloride-mediated conductances on respiratory rhythmogenesis in perinatal rats from the time of inception of fetal inspiratory drive through to the newborn period. Data were obtained from perinatal rat models, including (1) recordings of nerve roots and neuronal population discharge from medullary slice and brainstem–spinal cordin vitropreparations, (2) gramicidin perforated-patch recordings of respiratory neurons in medullary slices, and (3) plethysmographic recordings from unanesthetized pups. The transition from excitatory to inhibitory effects on respiratory rhythmogenesis occurs at approximately embryonic day 19. By birth, GABA, glycine, and taurine all induce a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential in respiratory medullary neurons and a suppression of respiratory frequency. The age-dependant change in the actions of chloride-mediated conductances is regulated by the development of chloride cotransporters (KCC2 and NKCC1). The function of KCC2 chloride cotransporter is strongly modulated by [K+]o, which must be considered when evaluating responses observed usingin vitroperinatal preparations.