bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stumpy forms are the predominant transmissible forms of Trypanosoma brucei
Authors: Tsagmo Ngoune Jean Marc , Sharma Parul , Crouzols Aline , Rotureau Brice
Published: October 2023

Recently, Schuster
et al
. demonstrated that bloodstream slender forms of African trypanosomes are readily transmissible to young tsetse flies where they can complete their complex life cycle (1). In their experimental conditions, a single slender parasite was sufficient for productive infection. Here, we compared the infectivity of slender and stumpy bloodstream forms in adult flies with a mature immune system, and without using any chemical compounds that would alter the insect immune response and/or promote the infection. After ingestion of slender forms, infected flies were observed only in one out of 24 batches of non-immunocompetent teneral flies and with a high number of parasites. In contrast, infected flies were detected in 75% (18/24) of the batches infected with stumpy parasites, and as few as 10 stumpy parasites produced mature infections in immune adult flies. We discuss that, although Schuster
et al
. have unequivocally demonstrated the intrinsic capacity of slender form trypanosomes to infect young and naive tsetse flies, highlighting the remarkable plasticity and adaptability of these protists, this phenomenon is unlikely to significantly contribute to the epidemiology of African trypanosomiases. According to both experimental and field observations, stumpy forms appear to be the most adapted forms for African trypanosome transmission from the mammalian host to the tsetse fly vector in natural conditions.
The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS): psychometric properties and application on preschoolers
Authors: Silva Bianca Núbia Souza , Campos Lucas A. , Marôco João , Campos Juliana A.D.B
Published: October 2023

Background

The concept of oral health related to quality of life involves the impact that oral health has on an individual’s well-being. The Early Childhood Oral Health Impact Scale (ECOHIS) was developed to measure the impact of oral health problems on the lives of children and their families.

Objective

To evaluate the psychometric properties of ECOHIS applied to mothers of preschool children and estimate the influence of demographic characteristics, caries experience, and plaque index on the ECOHIS score.

Methods

The fit of ECOHIS to the data was assessed by confirmatory analysis. Chi-square for degrees of freedom ratio (χ2/df), Comparative Fit Index (CFI), Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) were used. Reliability was estimated by the ordinal coefficients alpha (α) and omega (ω). The factorial invariance was estimated by the difference in CFI (ΔCFI). Comparisons of the ECOHIS mean scores according to the demographic characteristics, caries experience, and plaque index was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA).

Results

A total of 371 children participated in the study. Mothers’ mean age was 33.0 (SD = 7.04) years. The ECOHIS presented a good fit to the data (χ2/df = 4.31; CFI = 0.95; TLI = 0.94; RMSEA = 0.09) and a strict model invariance. Children without caries and from higher income class had lower oral health impact.

Conclusion

The data obtained with the ECOHIS were valid, reliable, and invariant. Children with caries experience and from lower income families had a greater impact of oral problems.
Characterization of soft skills in the Brazilian Judiciary: profile of justice servers
Authors: Lopes de Souza Júlio Cesar Lopes de , Negromonte Fausto Gomes
Published: October 2023

The Judiciary acts strictly according to norms and principles in compliance with a set of rules and principles aimed at ensuring the protection of fundamental rights and the maintenance of the Rule of Law. Thus, the demand for specific technical knowledge of its professionals, the Hard Skills, predominates. On the other hand, there is evidence that other competencies interfere with performance, associated with intangible personal and behavioral attributes, the Soft Skills, such as critical thinking and leadership. The present study aimed to verify the profile of Soft Skills in Justice servers based on fourteen variables that make up the conceptual model chosen. To reach the research goal, 97 servers participated in the investigation and the information collected was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. The results generated an understanding of the Soft Skills profile in the researched organization. The study showed that the respondents consider themselves to be reliable professionals, organized, with appropriate attitudes, and zealous in complying with the institution's rules. However, they declared that they end up doing activities that interfere with their work, because they have difficulty saying "no", besides declaring problems in controlling the important parts of their life. It was concluded in this work that the Justice servers consulted have a high level of Situational Awareness and Responsibility, at the same time that they recognized difficulties with Time Management and Management and stress resistance.
Vegetarian Diets and Their Multciple Identities
Authors: Ferreira Ana Cristina , Rezende Daniel Carvalho de
Published: October 2023

The objective of this work is to identify the identity aspects of semivegetarian, vegetarian and vegan consumers and to understand how each group perceives one another. The study has a qualitative and descriptive approach. Data collection took place through semi-structured interviews with 42 consumers adept at vegetarian diets. Data were analyzed using Content Analysis, with mixed grid and use of Nvivo Software. The results show that vegetarian identities are multiple and multidisciplinary. There is an expectation when a person declares himself semi-vegetarian, vegetarian or vegan. Thus, identity coherence in their actions is expected. In the virtuous process, the individual understands the position he is currently in and the evolutionary steps he can follow. However, there are also conflicts between the studied groups and within the defined groups themselves. This advanced study in understanding the construction of the identity of semi-vegetarians, vegetarians and vegans, makes it possible to understand the vision that brings them closer to the identities of themselves, and that of others. Therefore, there are differences in perception between semivegetarians, vegetarians and vegans, and these differences in identity are reflected in aspects related to personal life, considering conflicts and the virtuous process.
A INDISSOCIABILIDADE LINGUAGEM-DESENVOLVIMENTO: QUANDO OS CONTEXTOS SE INTEGRAM
Authors: Silva Veronica Freitas
Published: October 2023

O contínuo processo de mediação semiótica entre os elementos do meio e os indivíduos estabelece uma relação que amplia os conhecimentos, a partir de um movimento entre a percepção e a linguagem, sistêmico e influenciador do comportamento dos indivíduos. A consciência expressa-se como resultado da atividade humana, fluxo contínuo entre o ambiente interno e o externo, impactado pelo meio onde o indivíduo se encontra. Assim, a aprendizagem parte da consolidação do objeto e objetivo do ensino com as interações sociais, pois, em trocas estabelecidas, locutores e interlocutores integram diferentes “tons” aos discursos a partir da organização do pensamento. Portanto, a linguagem é atividade, reflexo de um trabalho cognitivo. A presente análise enfoca interações formativas do ensino de conceitos submicroscópicos, objetivando compreender a indissocialidade entre a linguagem e a internalização do conhecimento. Resultados sugerem que a linguagem se comporta como mediadora da construção e reconstrução conceitual, despertando processos internos de desenvolvimento, estimulados pelas interações entre os indivíduos e os meios em que se encontram inseridos.
Aluminium Application and Rhizobia Inoculation Effects on Growth, Yield and Nutrients Uptake of Three Kenyan Soy Bean Genotypes
Authors: Mmayi M. P.  , Musyimi D. M.  , Netondo G. W.
Published: October 2023

Soy bean (Glycine max L.) grains are important legume crops commonly grown in Kenya. Soy bean genotypes are grown in western Kenyan soils that are highly saturated with aluminium ions. Aluminium toxicity mainly limits crop production. Many soy bean genotypes do not tolerate high acidity in soils. Aluminium stress have effects on root growth, which limits plant growth and development. Inoculation of plants with Rhizobia can restore nitrogen under acid affected soils to produce competitive crop yields. There is little information on response of soy bean genotypes grown in Western Kenya to aluminium toxicity under rhizobium inoculation. This study was designed to determine the effect of aluminium application and Rhizobia inoculation on growth, yield and nutrients uptake of soy bean genotypes. Eight treatments of Al (AlCl3.6H2O) levels and Rhizobia were imposed. Randomized Complete Block Design with three replicates was used. Parameters determined included; number of branches, days to 50% flowering, pod clearance, number of pods, days to harvest maturity and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium contents. Tukey’s HSD test at 5% level was used to separate treatment means. Mean of branches for NAMSOI was significantly higher compared to mean branches for GAZZELLE and TGX at treatment 4 (T4) on 61 DAT, respectively. Mean number of days to 50% flowering of NAMSOI was significantly higher than that of GAZZELLE and TGX genotypes, respectively at T3.There was a statistically significant interaction between the effects of treatments and genotypes on NPK concentrations in plants. These findings show that Bradyrhizobium japonicum inoculation alleviates Al effects to a level that is significant to improve soy bean yield. Therefore, genotypes GAZELLE and NAMSOI under Rhizobia inoculation were identified to be more tolerant to Al-stress, hence are recommended for growing in Al prone soils. It provides the best conditions in improving soy bean production under Al stress prone soils.
Systematic Review of Genetic-Related Risk Factor and Inhibitor Epidemiology in People with Severe Hemophilia a from Africa: A 2023 Update
Authors: Baglo Tatiana , Zohoun Alban , Azonbakin Simon , Houssou Bienvenu , Massi Romaric , Guiwa Charlotte Orou , Anani Ludovic , Gazard Dorothée Kindé , Fall Awa Omar Touré
Published: October 2023

Background and Aims: Prevalence of factor VIII inhibitors in patients with hemophilia A varies from study to study, ranging from 15% to 30%. The important risk of inhibitor development is factor VIII mutation responsible for hemophilia A. Few studies have reported factor VIII mutations in Africa. The aim of this study was to review on FVIII gène mutations of severe hemophilia A in Africa and those associated with inhibitor development.

Study Design and Methodology: A systematic review was carried out using the electronic databases Pubmed, Science Direct, Index Medicus Global and African Journals online and the key words "hemophilia A", "inhibitor", "genetic" and "Africa". Studies written in French or English on the African continent and published between 2012 and 2023 were included. Publications relating to acquired hemophilia and duplicates were excluded. In the end, 17 articles were selected.

Results: The factor VIII mutations involved in severe hemophilia A in Africa are variable, consisting of intron 22 inversion, large or point deletions, nonsense and missense mutations and splicing abnormalities. Among the latter, numerous previously unrecorded mutations have been identified, and a single case of intron 1 inversion has been found in Algeria. Prevalence of factor VIII inhibitors in severe hemophilia A in Africa varies between 7,8% and 30%. Genetic abnormalities associated with inhibitors include intron 22 inversion, large deletions such as exon 1-13 deletion, nonsense mutations and c.1010-2A>G mutation.

Conclusion: A better knowledge of the factor VIII mutations involved in severe hemophilia A in Africa will help improve patient management.
Influence of Seed Storage and Priming on Naturally Aged Seeds of Aromatic Joha Rice
Authors: Bora Partha Pratim , Barua Meghali , Deka Sharmila D. , Das Priyanka , Barua Purna K.
Published: October 2023

Joha is a fine grain aromatic rice of Assam, well known in the world market. This rice is protected and tagged as a geographical indication. This study evaluated priming effects on naturally aged seeds of two varieties, Kon Joha and Keteki Joha, after 0, 3, 6 and nine months of storage under ambient conditions. Seeds were hydro-primed, osmo-primed with 5% and 10% PEG, halo primed with 1% and 2% KCl and primed with 5 ppm and 10 ppm GA3 for 12 and 24 hours. Seed moisture percentage, germination percentage, germination index, mean germination time, seedling length and dry weight, seed vigour index, field emergence, seed reserve utilization rate, seed reserve use efficiency, seed reserve depletion percentage, and biochemical parameters like electrical conductivity, lipid peroxidation and α-amylase were observed. Seed quality was gradually deteriorating due to ageing over the storage period. The rate of deterioration was faster for seedling vigour traits than germination parameters. There was a varietal difference in the rate of deterioration; it was slower in Kon Joha, an indigenous variety which also showed dormancy. The priming treatments were able to ameliorate the effect of seed ageing on seed germination, seedling growth and biochemical parameters in Kon Joha. Treatments with 1% KCl, 10 ppm GA3 and 5% PEG enhanced the germination parameters and vigour indicators. KCl (1%) priming was the best priming agent; 24 hours of priming for all agents was better than 12 hours.
Vibrio cholerae Bacteraemia: Report of Two Cases
Authors: Chaudhuri Bhaskar Narayan , Basak Amrita , Guchhait Partha , Naskar Sayan , Das Anupam , Das Satadal
Published: October 2023

Aims: Case reports on Vibrio cholerae bacteraemia are extremely rare and thus such cases should be presented for a proper understanding of the mechanism of these rare conditions.

Presentation of Cases: One male patient aged 67 years was suffering from vomiting, hiccups, fever with chills and weakness. The post-liver transplant patient was also suffering from diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease. There was evidence of acute phase inflammatory reactions. Blood culture revealed polymyxin B sensitive Vibrio cholerae. After treatment, patient became normal and was discharged. Another male patient aged 68 years was suffering from jaundice, vomiting, abdominal pain and fever. The post-cholecystectomy patient was also suffering from COPD. LFT and P-time were grossly abnormal with 1.94x105/ml HBV DNA. CT scan of the lungs showed bronchiectasis, fibrosis and emphysema. Blood culture revealed polymyxin B-resistant Vibrio cholerae. Gradually severe metabolic acidosis and congestive cardiac failure developed and the patient expired.

Discussion: Male dominance of Vibrio cholerae bacteraemia as observed also by others was probably due to protection in females by oestrogen; polymyxin B sensitivity, invasion of tissue from colonization and comorbidity conditions may be important factors for treatment outcome.

Conclusion: Vibrio cholerae bacteraemia, although rare, may be present in difficult-to-treat cases.
Comprehensive Analysis of Physicochemical and Antioxidant Properties of Hydro Distilled Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Essential Oil
Authors: Hiregoudar Soumya , Revanna M. L. , Mamatha, H. S.  , Sadananda, G. K.  , Kalpana B. , Chavan Mohan
Published: October 2023

In recent years, there has been a growing need to enhance the quality of essential oils due to their diverse applications in the food, pharmaceutical, and perfumery industries. Rosemary essential oil, derived from the leaves of Rosmarinus officinalis L., has garnered attention for its multifaceted properties, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anticarcinogenic attributes, making it a potential therapeutic agent. This study focused on extracting rosemary essential oil using the hydrodistillation method and assessing its physicochemical properties. The physical parameters of the oil, including appearance, odor, solubility, specific gravity, refractive index, and density, were analyzed, revealing its unique characteristics. The chemical parameters, such as acid value, peroxide value, iodine value, saponification value, and ester value, provided insights into the composition and quality of the oil. Additionally, the antioxidant activity of rosemary essential oil was evaluated through DPPH, FRAP, and ABTS assays at various concentrations, demonstrating its significant antioxidant potential. These findings highlight the quality and potential applications of rosemary essential oil in diverse industries, emphasizing its role as a natural source of antioxidants with promising prospects for further exploration and utilization in food industry as a preservative and natural flavorant.
Nutritional Knowledge and Dietary Habits among Diabetic Patients at the Bono Regional Hospital, Sunyani, Ghana
Authors: Dawuda Ali Sabior , Abdul-Aziz Amidu
Published: October 2023

Background: The rising mortality rate of diabetes mellitus and the upsurge in diabetes complications is very alarming. This has been attributed to the poor knowledge patients living with diabetes have on diabetes and its management, especially the nutritional management.

Objective: This study sought to explore the knowledge on knowledge on diabetes and nutrition among patients living with diabetes mellitus who attended clinic at the Bono Regional Hospital.

Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive quantitative research design was used for this study. Simple random sampling was used to recruit 150 participants for the study. The participants were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Respondents were recruited from the clinic until the desired sample size was obtained. A pre-tested interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to collect data. Dietary habits were assessed using food frequency questionnaire and BMI was assessed following standard procedure and compared with the World Health Organization (WHO) standards. Data was analyzed using IBM SPSS (Version 20). Chi-square test was used to determine the association between variables. The level of significance was set at p-value less than 5%.

Results: The study revealed that the participants have adequate knowledge on DM and Nutrition. Majority of Participants in had high knowledge on diabetes and nutrition, 77.3%. This was associated with adequate education by their health care providers and with strong beliefs in modern medicines as well as diet therapy, which influenced attitudes and practices on Diabetes. Overall, good dietary practice among the participants was 57.3%. Age and level of education were found to be significantly associated with knowledge of diabetes and nutrition whiles gender, religion, occupation, ethnicity, marital status were not significantly associated with knowledge level of diabetes and nutrition.

Conclusion and Recommendation: Dietary counselling will be necessary to improve the dietary pattern and nutritional status of the diabetic patients.
Dimensional Specifications and Resistance Characteristics of Olive Marl Masonry for Reinforcement and Stabilization of Excavations and Road Structures
Authors: Saeedi Farshad , Moradi Gholam , Roustaei Saeed , Dashti Saba
Published: October 2023

Our study focuses on the challenges of preserving excavations and adjacent structures and stabilizing soil walls in construction projects. Neglecting appropriate protective measures can lead to settlements, instability, and alterations in the surrounding area. To address these issues, the use of retaining walls with soldier piles is recommended due to their simplicity, compatibility with different ground conditions, and adaptability to limited spaces. The manuscript presents investigations into the behavior of soldier pile walls, particularly in cohesive and marl soils. Numerical analyses and laboratory experiments were conducted to assess their performance. The research demonstrates the effectiveness of soldier pile walls in various construction operations, including highway construction, foundation excavation, and retaining walls for excavations. It also highlights their success in stabilizing slopes, embankments, underground structures, and protecting temporary and permanent retaining systems.

Marl soil, a sedimentary rock composed of clay and calcium carbonate, presents unique challenges due to its high plasticity and semi-rigid behavior. The manuscript emphasizes the importance of understanding the behavior of piles in marl soils and improving the performance of soil nailing systems. The study examines the impact of different drilling methods on the behavior of soldier piles in marl soil, with a focus on rotary drilling with standard cement grout. The findings reveal increased tensile strength in piles installed using this method compared to percussive drilling. The research provides valuable insights for engineers and practitioners, contributing to efficient land utilization in urban areas.

Overall, this research offers valuable knowledge for the construction industry in dealing with challenging soil conditions. It provides a foundation for developing improved design approaches for excavations and adjacent structures, particularly in cohesive and marl soils. The findings highlight the effectiveness of soldier pile walls and emphasize the need for understanding marl soil behavior to enhance the performance of soil nailing systems. Further research is encouraged to validate the results for different marl soils and explore additional strategies for improving the tensile strength and long-term behavior of piles in these conditions.
Cellular Uptake of Engineered Extracellular Vesicles: Biomechanisms, Engineered Strategies, and Disease Treatment
Authors: Xie Qingpeng , Hao Yujia , Li Na , Song Haoyue , Chen Xiaohang , Zhou Zilan , Wang Jia , Zhang Yuan , Li Huifei , Han Pengcheng , Wang Xing
Published: October 2023

Extracellular vesicles (EVs), lipid‐enclosed nanosized membrane vesicles, are regarded as new vehicles and therapeutic agents in intercellular communication. During internal circulation, if EVs are not effectively taken up by recipient cells, they will be cleared as “cellular waste” and unable to deliver therapeutic components. It can be seen that cells uptake EVs are the prerequisite premise for sharing intercellular biological information. However, natural EVs have a low rate of absorption by their recipient cells, off‐target delivery, and rapid clearance from circulation, which seriously reduces the utilization rate. Affecting the uptake rate of EVs through engineering technologies is essential for therapeutic applications. Engineering strategies for customizing EV uptake can potentially overcome these limitations and enable desirable therapeutic uses of EVs. In this review, the mechanism and influencing factors of natural EV uptake will be described in detail. Targeting each EV uptake mechanism, the strategies of engineered EVs and their application in diseases will be emphatically discussed. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives of engineered EVs are presented multidimensionally.
Bandgap Engineering of Erbium‐Metallofullerenes toward Switchable Photoluminescence
Authors: Jin Huaimin , Xin Jinpeng , Xiang Wenhao , Jiang Zhanxin , Han Xinyi , Chen Muqing , Du Pingwu , Yao Yang‐Rong , Yang Shangfeng
Published: October 2023

Encapsulating photoluminescent lanthanide ions like erbium (Er) into fullerene cages affords photoluminescent endohedral metallofullerenes (EMFs). Few reported photoluminescent Er‐EMFs are all based on encapsulation of multiple (two to three) metal atoms, whereas mono‐Er‐EMFs exemplified by Er@C82 are not photoluminescent due to its narrow optical bandgap. Herein, by entrapping an Er‐cyanide cluster into various C82 cages to form novel Er‐monometallic cyanide clusterfullerenes (CYCFs), ErCN@C82 (C2(5), Cs(6), and C2v(9)), the photoluminescent properties of CYCFs are investigated, and obvious near‐infrared (NIR) photoluminescence only is observed for ErCN@C2(5)‐C82. Combined with a comparative photoluminescence study of three medium‐bandgap di‐Er‐EMFs, including Er2@Cs(6)‐C82, Er2O@Cs(6)‐C82, and Er2C2@Cs(6)‐C82, this study proposes that the optical bandgap can be used as a simple criterion for switching the photoluminescence of Er‐EMFs, and the bandgap threshold is determined to be between 0.83 and 0.74 eV. Furthermore, the photoluminescent patterns of these three di‐Er‐EMFs differ dramatically. It is found that the location of the Er atom within the same Cs(6)‐C82 cage is almost fixed and independent on the endo‐unit; thus the previous statement on the key role of metal position in photoluminescence of di‐Er‐EMFs seems erroneous, and the geometric configuration of the endo‐unit, especially the bridging mode of two Er ions, is decisive instead.
Magnetic Particle Imaging: From Tracer Design to Biomedical Applications in Vasculature Abnormality
Authors: Xie Xulin , Zhai Jiao , Zhou Xiaoyu , Guo Zhengjun , Lo Pui‐Chi , Zhu Guangyu , Chan Kannie W. Y. , Yang Mengsu
Published: October 2023

Magnetic particle imaging (MPI) is an emerging non‐invasive tomographic technique based on the response of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to oscillating drive fields at the center of a static magnetic gradient. In contrast to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), which is driven by uniform magnetic fields and projects the anatomic information of the subjects, MPI directly tracks and quantifies MNPs in vivo without background signals. Moreover, it does not require radioactive tracers and has no limitations on imaging depth. This article first introduces the basic principles of MPI and important features of MNPs for imaging sensitivity, spatial resolution, and targeted biodistribution. The latest research aiming to optimize the performance of MPI tracers is reviewed based on their material composition, physical properties, and surface modifications. While the unique advantages of MPI have led to a series of promising biomedical applications, recent development of MPI in investigating vascular abnormalities in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems, and cancer are also discussed. Finally, recent progress and challenges in the clinical translation of MPI are discussed to provide possible directions for future research and development.
Liquid Crystal Elastomer Artificial Tendrils with Asymmetric Core–Sheath Structure Showing Evolutionary Biomimetic Locomotion
Authors: Zhang Chun , Fei Guoxia , Lu Xili , Xia Hesheng , Zhao Yue
Published: October 2023

The sophisticated and complex haptonastic movements in response to environmental‐stimuli of living organisms have always fascinated scientists. However, how to fundamentally mimic the sophisticated hierarchical architectures of living organisms to provide the artificial counterparts with similar or even beyond‐natural functions based on the underlying mechanism remains a major scientific challenge. Here,  liquid crystal elastomer (LCE) artificial tendrils showing evolutionary biomimetic locomotion are developed following the structure–function principle that is used in nature to grow climbing plants. These elaborately designed tendril‐like LCE actuators possess an asymmetric core–sheath architecture which shows a higher‐to‐lower transition in the degree of LC orientation from the sheath‐to‐core layer across the semi‐ellipse cross‐section. Upon heating and cooling, the LCE artificial tendril can undergo reversible tendril‐like shape‐morphing behaviors, such as helical coiling/winding, and perversion. The fundamental mechanism of the helical shape‐morphing of the artificial tendril is revealed by using theoretical models and finite element simulations. Besides, the incorporation of metal‐ligand coordination into the LCE network provides the artificial tendril with reconfigurable shape‐morphing performances such as helical transitions and rotational deformations. Finally, the abilities of helical and rotational deformations are integrated into a new reprogrammed flagellum‐like architecture to perform evolutionary locomotion mimicking the haptonastic movements of the natural flagellum.
Engineered mRNA Delivery Systems for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Wang Ji , Zhu Haofang , Gan Jingjing , Liang Gaofeng , Li Ling , Zhao Yuanjin
Published: October 2023

Messenger RNA (mRNA)‐based therapeutic strategies have shown remarkable promise in preventing and treating a staggering range of diseases. Optimizing the structure and delivery system of engineered mRNA has greatly improved its stability, immunogenicity, and protein expression levels, which has led to a wider range of uses for mRNA therapeutics. Herein, a thorough analysis of the optimization strategies used in the structure of mRNA is first provided and delivery systems are described in great detail. Furthermore, the latest advancements in biomedical engineering for mRNA technology, including its applications in combatting infectious diseases, treating cancer, providing protein replacement therapy, conducting gene editing, and more, are summarized. Lastly, a perspective on forthcoming challenges and prospects concerning the advancement of mRNA therapeutics is offered. Despite these challenges, mRNA‐based therapeutics remain promising, with the potential to revolutionize disease treatment and contribute to significant advancements in the biomedical field.
The fate of nitrogen of ammonium phosphate fertilizers: A blind spot
Authors: Margenot Andrew J. , Lee Jeonggu
Published: October 2023

Ammonium phosphate fertilizers are a common phosphorus (P) source for crops, namely monoammonium phosphate, diammonium phosphate, and ammonium polyphosphate. Despite containing appreciable nitrogen (N), ammonium phosphate fertilizers are generally considered P fertilizers. However, the approximately 8.5 million Mg N co‐applied with P annually as ammonium phosphate fertilizers represents 8% of global N fertilizer input flux to agroecosystems. Despite this, a systematic review of the literature revealed only one direct assessment of N losses from ammonium phosphate fertilizers. An additional five studies reported NO3‐N leaching and N2O‐N emissions from soils fertilized with ammonium phosphates, but inadvertently as observations from failed or control treatments that are confounded (e.g., not accounting for non‐fertilizer contributions to N losses). The magnitude and fate of N co‐applied with P in ammonium phosphate fertilizers is a blind spot in agroecosystem N budgets and environmental footprints that necessitates quantification.
Hydrocyanic acid potential in sorghums reduce with maturity and increase with temperature
Authors: Ouma Lilian , Cheruiyot Erick , Ogendo Joshua
Published: October 2023

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] is an important fodder; however, its use is limited by the presence of dhurrin that breaks down to yield hydrocyanic acid (HCN), which is toxic to livestock. Twenty sorghum cultivars were evaluated in two sites in the year 2019 and three sites in the year 2020 (Egerton, Rongai, and Marigat representing cool, warm, and hot regions in Kenya) in randomized complete block design with three replications and plants sampled at booting and dough growth stages to measure hydrocyanic acid potential (HCN‐p) of sorghum. Analysis of variance revealed significant effects of both two‐way and higher‐order interactions of cultivar (G), location (L), and stage (S) by season (Y), that is, G × L × S, G × L × Y, G × Y, G × S, L × S, and L × Y. Main factors (cultivar, location, and stage) also have a significant effect on HCN‐p of sorghum. IESV9110 had the highest HCN‐p (146.09 mg kg), while EST 37 had the lowest HCN‐p (83.97 mg kg−1) across all locations. There was a progressive increase in HCN‐p from a cooler region to a warmer and a hotter region, respectively. HCN‐p on average was 47.8% less at Egerton University than at Marigat, 35.4% higher in Marigat compared to Rongai, and 14.41% less in Rongai compared to Egerton. Sorghum sampled at booting stage had averagely higher HCN‐p (133.94 mg kg−1) compared to dough stage (91.31 mg kg−1). The average air temperatures during the growing seasons were 24–27.3°C, 21.8–22.9°C, and 16.5–19.5°C for Marigat, Rongai, and Egerton, respectively. Growing temperature needs consideration when recommending fodder sorghum with low HCN‐p.
Fabricating Effective and Recyclable Cadmium‐based Coordination Polymer for Selective Synthesis of 1,5‐Benzodiazepines
Authors: Chen Li , Li Jiahao , Wang Likui , Shi Gang , Wang Dawei
Published: October 2023

Metal coordination polymers are widely applied in the synthesis of heterocyclic compounds due to the advantages of highly dispersed metal active sites, low cost and strong designability. Herein, employing the 9‐benzyl‐3,6‐di(1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐9H‐carbazole (BPC) as a ligand, the cadmium‐coordinated polymer compound (Cd‐BPC) was facilely prepared by solvothermal method and characterized by energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), flourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and X‐ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS). Employing the Cd‐BPC polymer as a catalyst, 1,5‐benzodiazepine derivatives were produced with relatively high yields through the reaction of o‐phenylenediamine with ketones, and o‐phenylenediamine with alcohols. Additionally, Cd‐BPC could be reused for at least 5 times without significant decrease.
Chiral‐Quantum‐Optics‐Based Supervised Learning
Authors: Yan Wei‐Bin , Zhang Ying‐Jie , Man Zhong‐Xiao , Fan Heng , Xia Yun‐Jie
Published: October 2023

Based on the excellent control of single photons realized by atom‐photon‐chiral couplings,a novel quantum‐optics scheme for supervised learning is proposed. The single‐photon rotating and phase‐shift operations, which can be controlled by another single photon, are realized by proper atom‐photon‐chiral couplings. Then, an algorithm to perform the supervised learning tasks, composed by integrating the realized gates, and implemented by the tunable gate parameters, is realized.
Eliminating the thermal degradation of polylactic acid by the modification of a macromolecular epoxy‐type chain extender
Authors: Duan Hao , Zhu Congshan , Fan Zhongyong
Published: October 2023

A novel macromolecular epoxy chain extender was synthesized and used to modify the PLA resin for developing conventional melt extrusion technology. Fourier‐transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) characterized the successful synthesis. For the first time, the molecular weight plays a key role in preventing thermal degradation and chain extension were discussed experimentally. Macromolecular chain extender showed superior advantages in that the chain extender with higher molecular weight was easier to get the long chain branched (LCB) structure in the modification of PLA. The characterization by rotational rheometer, GPC, melt index, chemical titration, and differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), results demonstrate that the macromolecular epoxy chain extender could decrease the concentration of terminal carboxyl groups and increase with only 0.5% dosage. At a concentration ≥2%, there were a large number of long chain branched structures in the chain extension system for modified PLA. It showed better melt strength and would influence the crystallinity of PLA which would significantly improve the processability of PLA, especially in high‐temperature extrusion, blow molding, spinning, and other processing technologies and applications.
Benzothiazole‐Propanamide Linker Pyrrolidine (Morpholine) as Monoamine Oxidase‐B and Butyrylcholinesterase Inhibitors
Authors: He Zhi‐Wen , Jiang B. S. Kai‐Yin , Sun Xin‐Hao , Tang Min , Liu Ya‐Wen , Guan Li‐Ping , Wu Di
Published: October 2023

According to the fusion technique create effective multi‐target‐directed ligands, in this study, we designed and synthesized a series of benzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl)‐3‐(pyrrolidin‐1‐yl) or 3‐(morph‐ olino‐1‐yl)propanamide derivatives, and evaluated their inhibitory potency against MAOs, AChE, BuChE by in vitro enzyme effect assays. Based on activity results, we found that derivatives N‐(5‐methylbenzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl)‐3‐(pyrrolidin‐1‐yl)propanamide (2 c) and N‐(6‐bromobenzo[d]thiazol‐2‐yl)‐3‐(pyrrolidin‐1‐yl)propanamide (2 h) showed good inhibitory potency against BuChE with IC50 values of 15.12 μM and 12.33 μM, respectively. Besides, 2 c and 2 h also exhibited selective MAO‐B inhibitory effects with inhibition rates of 60.10 % and 66.30 % at 100 μM, respectively. In contrast, all designed derivatives were poor active against AChE and MAO‐A at a concentration of 100 μM. The toxicity analysis in vitro by MTT and AO/EB fluorescence staining confirmed that 2 c and 2 h were nontoxic up to 100 μM. Molecular modeling studies showed that 2 c and 2 h could bind to the active site of BuChE. This research paves the way for further study aimed at designing MAO‐B and BuChE inhibitors for the treatment of neurodegenerative disorders.
Acetal Radicals: Synthetic Access and Applications
Authors: Samony Kyra L. , Kim Daniel K.
Published: October 2023

Aldehydes and ketones are two of the most versatile functional groups in organic synthesis, and the development of new reagents and protocols to install them are always warranted. Recently, the reemergence of radical chemistry has provided new opportunities to introduce these important carbonyl motifs. As such, acetal radicals can be employed as synthetic radical equivalents for acyl radicals that can also circumvent known stability challenges. This review aims to summarize the advancements and known uses of acetal radicals, as well as explore acetal radical formation and synthetic applications.
Revealing the Unique Role of Water in the Formation of Benzothiazoles: an Experimental and Computational Study
Authors: Kumar Dipanshu , Kuijken Peter F. , van de Poel Tjerk , Neumann Kevin , Galimberti Daria Ruth
Published: October 2023

We present here a joint experimental and computational study on the formation of benzothiazoles. Our investigation reveals a green protocol for accessing benzothiazoles from acyl chlorides using either water alongside a reducing agent as the reaction medium or in combination with stoichiometric amounts of a weak acid, instead of the harsh conditions and catalysts previously reported. Specifically, we show that a protic solvent, particularly water, enables the formation of 2‐substituted benzothiazoles from N‐acyl 1,2‐aminothiophenols already at room temperature, without the need for strong acids or metal catalysts. DFT Molecular Dynamics simulations coupled with advanced enhanced sampling techniques provide a clear understanding of the catalytic role of water. We demonstrate how bulk water – due to its extended network of hydrogen bonds and an efficient Grotthuss mechanism – provides a reaction path that strongly reduces the reaction barriers compared to aprotic environments, namely more than 80 kJ/mol for the first reaction step and 250 kJ/mol for the second. Finally, we discuss the influence of different aliphatic and aromatic substituents with varying electronic properties on chemical reactivity. Besides providing in‐depth mechanistic insights, we believe that our findings pave the way for a greener route toward an important class of bioactive molecules.
Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer in Electrocatalytic Water Splitting
Authors: Yang Shujiao , Han Jinxiu , Zhang Wei
Published: October 2023

Proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) plays a crucial role in a diverse array of natural and artificial energy conversion processes. Herein, we will introduce the fundamentals of electrochemical PCET with a focus on its role in water splitting. Besides, perspectives of future development of PCET are presented with regard to the investigation of reaction mechanisms and the design of advanced electrocatalysts.
Bioinspired Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds Enabled by Metal Chelated Bifunctional Ligands
Authors: Gupta Aniket , Rahaman Ajijur , Bhadra Sukalyan
Published: October 2023

In Nature, enzymatic reactions proceed through exceptionally ordered transition states giving rise to extraordinary levels of stereoselection. In those reactions, the active site of the enzyme plays crucial roles – through one position, it holds the substrate in the proximity to the reaction epicentre that facilitates both the reactivity and stereoselectivity of the chemical process. Inspired by this natural phenomenon, synthetic chemists have designed bifunctional ligands that not only coordinate to a metal centre but also preassociate with an organic substrate, for example aldehyde and ketone, and exerts stereodirecting influence to accelerate the attack of the incoming reacting partner from a particular enantiotopic face. The chief goal of the current review is to give an overview of the recently developed approaches enabled by privileged bio‐inspired bifunctional ligands that not only bind to the metal catalyst but also activates carbonyl substrates via organocatalysis, thereby easing in the new bond forming step. As carbonyl α‐functionalizations are dominated by enamine and enolate chemistry, the current review primarily focusses on enamine‐ and enolate‐metal catalysis by bifunctional ligands. Thus, developments based on traditional cooperative catalysis occurring through two directly coupled but independent catalytic cycles of an organocatalyst and a metal catalyst are not covered.
Validation of targeted next‐generation sequencing of cell‐free DNA from archival cerebrospinal fluid specimens for the detection of somatic variants in cancer involving the leptomeninges: Cytopathologic and radiographic correlation
Authors: Neil Alexander J. , Chukwueke Ugonma N. , Hoover Nicholas , Marris Sean R. N. , Rojas‐Rudilla Vanesa , Manning Danielle K. , Mito Jeffrey K. , Cibas Edmund S. , Sholl Lynette M.
Published: October 2023

Background

Leptomeningeal metastases occur across multiple solid and lymphoid cancers, and patients typically undergo cytopathologic assessment of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in this setting. For patients diagnosed with metastatic cancer, the detection of actionable somatic mutations in CSF can provide clinically valuable information for treatment without the need for additional tissue collection.

Methods

The authors validated a targeted next‐generation sequencing assay for the detection of somatic variants in cancer (OncoPanel) on cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) isolated from archival CSF specimens in a cohort of 25 patients who had undergone molecular testing of a prior tumor specimen.

Results

CSF storage time and volume had no impact on cfDNA concentration or mean target coverage of the assay. Previously identified somatic variants in CSF cfDNA were detected in 88%, 50%, and 27% of specimens diagnosed cytologically as positive, suspicious/atypical, and negative for malignancy, respectively. Somatic variants were identified in 81% of CSF specimens from patients who had leptomeningeal enhancement on magnetic resonance imaging compared with 31% from patients without such enhancement.

Conclusions

These data highlight the stability of cfDNA in CSF, which allows for cytopathologic evaluation before triage for next‐generation sequencing assays. For a subset of cases in which clinical suspicion is high but cytologic or radiographic studies are inconclusive, the detection of pathogenic somatic variants in CSF cfDNA may aid in the diagnosis of leptomeningeal metastases.
Renal vein thrombosis due to metastatic germ cell tumor, report of a case with a very rare clinical scenario
Authors: Ghorbani Hamidreza , Emadi Torghabeh Ali , Farzadnia Mahdi , Golshan Alireza , Rabiei Parisa
Published: October 2023

Background

Renal metastasis is a rare manifestation of germ cell tumors. Extension of malignant lesions into the renal vein can complicate the scenario.

Case

This report presents a 35‐year‐old man with primary stage IS NSGCT. Fourteen months after radical orchiectomy he presented with metastasis in the lung, kidney, and para‐aortic lymph nodes. He received multiple lines of salvage treatments including chemotherapy and surgery. Intraoperative exploration during radical nephrectomy and retroperitoneal lymphadenectomy revealed intra‐renal vein involvement with a prominent teratomatous component.

Conclusion

Defining the exact extent of malignant lesions, especially endovascular lesions, is very important to clarify how advanced the malignant lesions are. The surgeons must be aware of the risk factors that predict vascular involvement, and therefore, providing intraoperative access to vascular surgery procedures when needed.
Photophysical Tuning of Imidazolium Tetrahalidomanganate(II) Complexes towards Highly Efficient Green Emitters with Near‐Unity Quantum Yield
Authors: Sääsk Verner , Chen Yi‐An , Huang Tse‐Fu , Ting Li‐Yu , Luo Ting‐An , Fujii Saki , Põhako‐Esko Kaija , Yoshida Masaki , Kato Masako , Wu Tien‐Lin , Chou Ho‐Hsiu
Published: October 2023

Ten ionic manganese(II) complexes of [EMIm]2[MnX2Y2] (EMIm=1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ion; X, Y=Cl, Br or I) and [BnMIm]2[MnX2Y2] (BnMIm=1‐benzyl‐3‐methylimidazolium ion; X, Y=Cl, Br or I) types were synthesized and studied in terms of their thermal and photophysical properties. Complexes with [BnMIm]+ cation were found to exhibit higher crystallinity, owing to the aromatic π‐stacking, and superior photoluminescent quantum yields, promoted by the increased Mn⋅⋅⋅Mn distance. For complexes with chlorine and bromine ligands efficient tunability of photophysical parameters was demonstrated. Out of all complexes, [BnMIm]2[MnBr4] was found to have the highest photoluminescence quantum yield at room temperature (Φ=0.59). To highlight the importance of a large Mn⋅⋅⋅Mn distance for achieving high Φ values, a mixed‐anion analog of complex [BnMIm]2[MnBr4] was prepared, with the suggested formula of [BnMIm]4[MnBr4]Br2. The latter have shown a significant improvement in d–d absorption efficiency and a reduction in nonradiative deactivation, which led to an outstanding Φ value of 0.97. Finally, the optical band gap of [BnMIm]4[MnBr4]Br2 was estimated to describe its applicability as light‐emitting material.
Coupling finite elements of class C1 on composite curved meshes for second order elliptic problems
Authors: Bhole Ashish , Guillard Hervé , Nkonga Boniface , Rapetti Francesca
Published: October 2023

Finite elements of class are suitable for the computation of magnetohydrodynamics instabilities in tokamak plasmas. In addition, isoparametric approximations allow for a precise alignment of the mesh with the magnetic field line. Mesh alignment is crucial to achieve axisymmetric equilibria accurately. It is also helpful to deal with the anisotropy nature of magnetized plasma flows. In this numerical framework, several practical simulations are now available. They help to understand better the operation of existing devices and predict the optimal strategies for using the international ITER tokamak under construction. However, a mesh‐aligned isoparametric representation suffers from the presence of critical points of the magnetic field (magnetic axis, X‐point). We here explore a strategy that combines aligned mesh out of the critical points with non‐aligned unstructured mesh in a region containing these points. By this strategy, we can avoid highly stretched elements and the numerical difficulties that come with them. The mesh‐aligned interpolation uses bi‐cubic Hemite‐Bézier polynomials on a structured mesh of curved quadrangular elements. On the other hand, we assume reduced cubic Hsieh‐Clough‐Tocher finite elements on an unstructured triangular mesh. Both meshes overlap, and the resulting formulation is a coupled discrete problem solved iteratively by a suitable one‐level Schwarz algorithm. In this paper, we will focus on the Poisson problem on a two‐dimensional bounded regular domain. This elliptic equation is a simplified version of the axisymmetric tokamak equilibrium one at the asymptotic limit of infinite major radius (large aspect ratio).