bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Afterword
Authors: Vaillant Derek W.
Published: July 2018

U.S–French broadcasting developed relationally through the cross-border circulation of persons, sonic artifacts, aesthetic techniques, and institutional practices. The geopolitics of international broadcasting precipitated the possibility of national presences beyond fixed borders, but in mixed, uneven, and sometimes problematic ways for different constituencies. Fostering imaginaries and linkages in a new technological and cultural field, U.S.–French broadcasting also contributed to mythological caricatures that enhanced the status of the powerful at the expense of marginalized populations. Ironically, Radio helped breech the borders of nation-states while also giving new life and circulation to the particulars and differences within nationally inscribed cultural populations that resisted erasure despite the cross-border processes of mediated geopolitics.
Early Black Chicago Entrepreneurial and Business Activities from the Frontier Era to the Great Migration
Authors: Reed Christopher Robert
Published: July 2018

This chapter surveys the evolution of African American-owned businesses in Chicago from the mid-to-late nineteenth century until the early twentieth century. During the nineteenth century, the most successful black entrepreneurs, such as tailor John Jones and caterer Charles H. Smiley, primarily served white clients. By the early twentieth century, as Chicago’s African American population grew, a new breed of black entrepreneur emerged. Even before the World War One “Great Migration,” persons such as newspaper editor Robert Abbott, real estate professional and banker Jesse Binga and personal care products manufacturer Anthony Overton saw the enormous profit potential associated with catering to the needs of the city’s burgeoning “Black Belt.”
Robert Sengstacke Abbott, 1868–1940
Authors: Rice Myiti Sengstacke
Published: July 2018

From its inception the African American press was a major voice in the African American struggle against violence and discrimination. The unquestioned dean of the black press was Robert Abbott, publisher of the Chicago Defender. This chapter examines two aspects of Abbott’s life. First, it analyzes how Abbott developed and implemented his vision for building a successful business in an environment hostile to black entrepreneurial success. In doing so he helped lay the foundation of the Chicago network of mutually supporting black business people and demonstrated through his actions their role in the community. Second it illustrates how, through the Defender, Abbott and his paper served as an inspirational and intellectual leader in African American’s struggle for rights in Chicago and throughout the United States.
Racial Desegregation and Black Chicago Business
Authors: Weems Robert E.
Published: July 2018

Using Edward Franklin Frazier’s important 1947 essay “Human, All Too Human: How Some Negroes Have Developed Vested Interests in the System of Racial Segregation” as a reference point; this chapter examines how racial desegregation affected two black Chicago insurance companies, the Supreme Liberty Life Insurance Company and Chicago Metropolitan Assurance Company. Frazier predicted that if racial segregation were eliminated, it would ultimately result in the decline and disappearance of African American enterprises. As the evidence indicates, Professor Frazier proved to be a fairly accurate prophet in this regard. Some of the city’s long-standing African American firms, including the Supreme Liberty Life Insurance Company and the Chicago Metropolitan Assurance Company, have, indeed, been removed from the landscape of American business.
J. G. Ballard, a.k.a. Shanghai Jim
Authors: Wilson D. Harlan
Published: July 2018

This biographical chapter traces Ballard’s life from Shanghai, China, where he was interned as a child in a Japanese prison camp during WWII, to Shepperton, England, where he spent most of his adult life until his death in 2009. His writing is distinguished by the technology and violence that he experienced as a child of war. Given the “extreme metaphors” and graphic content that animate his pseudo-autobiographies and narrative experiments, Ballard the man has been misperceived as a psychopath when in fact he led a relatively mild-mannered, uneventful adult life. The source material in this chapter primarily derives from interviews, Ballard’s autobiography Miracles of Life, and a 1991 BBC biopic.
Empires of the Self
Authors: Wilson D. Harlan
Published: July 2018

Much of Ballard’s fiction extrapolates experiences from his own life. His entire canon might be viewed as an effort in self-fashioning and the creation of his own image even as he played with readers’ assumptions about himself as well as the role of the author. This chapter investigates Unlimited Dream Company, Empire of the Sun and The Kindness of Women, a pseudo-autobiographical trilogy that fictionalize Ballard’s life and imaginatively represent various “empires of the self.” Whereas Empire and Kindness are among his most realistic novels, Unlimited is his most oneiric and fantastical, although all of them involve technological affect and show him disentangling memories of conflict, complication and compliance.
Learning and Playing Americanness on the Fiddle
Authors: Bidgood Lee
Published: July 2018

Czech fiddlers are criticized for not producing bluegrass as well as their compatriots who are mandolinists or banjoists. The author's own fiddling becomes a point of discussion, raising questions of genre, style, and even ethnic identity as factors that play into a fiddler's approach to the music. Like their American counterparts, Czech fiddlers draw upon a range of styles (bluegrass, old time, western swing, new acoustic, jazz, and classical music) in trying to forge a distinctive yet idiomatic fiddle sound. Through active consumption of media, transcription practices, and community engagement they negotiate the gaps they find between themselves, their abilities, and their musical ideas.
Popular Fronts and Modern Presses
Authors: Carroll Fred
Published: July 2018

The influence of communism’s racial politics inspired new modes of journalistic agitation in the 1930s to combat segregation and the Great Depression. The commercial black press, particularly several of its national newspapers, fit within a coalition of progressive black institutions that operated as cultural fronts. Journalists fitted progressive racial advocacy to commercial appeal by adopting a reporting template that embraced sensationalism, realism, and direct action. This chapter examines the strengths and weaknesses of this reportage by analyzing J.A. Rogers' dispatches from Ethiopia during its war with Italy for the Pittsburgh Courier and Langston Hughes' reports from the Spanish Civil War for the Baltimore Afro-American. Journalists’ political radicalization intensified their efforts to gain professional recognition and workplace independence within a modernizing industry benefitting from surging circulations.
The “New Crowd” Goes Global
Authors: Carroll Fred
Published: July 2018

The United States' entry into World War II led the federal government to renew its surveillance and censorship of black journalists who struck at segregation in wartime. Simultaneously, the white press dismissed black reporters for failing to uphold the doctrine of objectivity. National black newspapers reconciled black protest and white scrutiny by forsaking explicit textual radicalism for a more coded militancy, as illustrated by the “Double V” campaign. Black war correspondents – including Edgar Rouzeau, Deton "Jack" Brooks, Roi Ottley, and George Padmore – praised black troops for their patriotism and sacrifice but also explained how white supremacy structured the lives of people of color elsewhere in the world. By the war's end, black journalists had achieved an uneasy détente with federal officials and white journalists.
Approaching the Parmenidean Sublime
Authors: Privitello Lucio Angelo ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: July 2018

To engage with the fragments of Parmenides requires a dutiful apprenticeship. The work of translation/resequencing are of equal weight in an interpretative commentary that carry one towards the possible world pictured by the Eleatic master. As far as the translation and resequencing, presented here in its entirety, I have held fast to Eco’s recommendation for translations, that “goodwill . . . prods us to negotiate the best solution for every line. Among the synonyms for "faithfulness," the word "exactitude" does not exist. Instead there is loyalty, devotion, allegiance, piety.” The “Notes to Translator’s Introduction,” and more so, the “Notes to the Fragments,” are a condensed version of a few frames of references, both cultural and theoretical, that stand in, for the present, as signposts. A fuller elaboration of the resequencing decisions, and philosophical aspects of my position, will take the form of an accompanying piece, and Part II, to this article.
Unge, holdspil og medborgerskab: Det dårlige selskab?
Authors: Ryom Knud
Published: July 2018

I september 2017 færdiggjorde jeg mit Ph.d.-projekt på Center for Holdspil og Sundhed, Institut for Idræt og Ernæring på Københavns Universitet. Projektet var et aktionsforskningsinspireret community forløb (Berliner, Høffding & Hakesberg, 2005), hvor et udsat boligområde, forskere, skole, idrætsforeninger, frivillige m.fl., gik sammen om at udvikle nye rammer for lokalområdets unge drenge (12-16 år). De primære deltagere (drengene) var fra et lokalområde, som i den offentlige debat ofte fremhæves i negativ sammenhæng, nemlig unge drenge med migrationsbaggrund fra Mjølnerparken i København.
Evidence of avian-mediated long distance dispersal in American tardigrades
Authors: Mogle Matthew J. , Kimball Scott A. , Miller William R. , McKown Richard D.
Published: July 2018

Terrestrial tardigrades, commonly known as “water bears”, are part of a phylum of microscopic, aquatic invertebrates famous for cryptobiosis and space travel, but little is known about their modes of dispersal on Earth. Wind is assumed, but not truly demonstrated, to be the major method of global dispersal. Yet, some water bear distribution patterns cannot be explained by patterns of prevailing winds. Mammals and birds have been proposed as potential animal vectors. Importantly, most nearctic-neotropical migrant birds move north and south, with many crossing the equator, whereas prevailing winds move west to east or east to west but do not cross the equator. When multiplied by billions of birds over tens of millions of years, if the ectozoochory of tardigrades by birds is true then both regional and intercontinental patterns can be better explained. To test for the potential role of birds in tardigrade dispersal, the nests of 10 species for birds were examined. Seventy percent of nests were positive for tardigrades, demonstrating that some birds are in a position for transference. The carcasses of eight birds (six species) found dead from window strikes and a Sandhill Crane (Grus canadensis) found dead during routine surveys were also examined. Of the birds examined, 66% yielded tardigrades from two classes, three orders, and five species, including juveniles, adults, and eggs, suggesting that many bird species are potential vectors for many species of tardigrades. Our data support the hypothesis of avian-mediated long distance dispersal of tardigrades and provide evidence that further investigation is warranted.
corseq: fast and efficient identification of favoured codons from next generation sequencing reads
Authors: Camiolo Salvatore , Porceddu Andrea
Published: July 2018

Background

Optimization of transgene expression can be achieved by designing coding sequences with the synonymous codon usage of genes which are highly expressed in the host organism. The identification of the so-called “favoured codons” generally requires the access to either the genome or the coding sequences and the availability of expression data.

Results

Here we describe corseq, a fast and reliable software for detecting the favoured codons directly from RNAseq data without prior knowledge of genomic sequence or gene annotation. The presented tool allows the inference of codons that are preferentially used in highly expressed genes while estimating the transcripts abundance by a new kmer based approach. corseq is implemented in Python and runs under any operating system. The software requires the Biopython 1.65 library (or later versions) and is available under the ‘GNU General Public License version 3’ at the project webpagehttps://sourceforge.net/projects/corseq/files.

Conclusion

corseq represents a faster and easy-to-use alternative for the detection of favoured codons in non model organisms.
Back to beaked: Zea mays subsp. mays Rostrata Group in northern Italy, refugia and revival of open-pollinated maize landraces in an intensive cropping system
Authors: Ardenghi Nicola Maria Giuseppe , Rossi Graziano , Guzzon Filippo
Published: July 2018

Crop landraces are fundamental resources to increase the eroded genepool of modern crops in order to adapt agriculture to future challenges; plus, they are of immeasurable heritage and cultural value. Between the 1940s and the 1960s open-pollinated varieties (OPVs) of flint and semi-flint maize in Europe were almost completely replaced by high-yielding hybrid dent cultivars selected in North America. No comprehensive assessment was performed after the 1950s to understand which maize genetic resources survived genetic erosion in northern Italy, an area characterized by a high degree of landraces extinction and introgression, intensive hybrid dent monocultures, as well as being one of the hotspots of maize cultivation at a continental level. Among these landraces, beaked maize represents a peculiar case study for assessing the survival of OPVs in intensive cropping systems. By means of ethnobotanical and literature surveys, the history of Zea mays subsp. mays Rostrata Group and its current distribution were reconstructed. It emerged that beaked maize originated in the study area and it is one of the oldest genepools available not subjected to formal crop improvement. We identified 28 landraces of beaked maize currently cultivated, 18 here recorded for the first time. The cultivation of more than half of the 28 landraces has continued throughout the last 80 years in a few fragmented localities that can be regarded as “refugia”. The survival of these landraces from substitution with high-yielding cultivars and unidirectional introgression has been mainly due to active on-farm conservation performed by custodian farmers and secondarily to cultivation in isolated areas (e.g., mountain valleys). After decades of genetic erosion, beaked maize has since the late 1990s experienced a revival, in terms of an increasing number of cultivation localities and the level of product commercialization. This process is mostly spontaneous and only occasionally mediated by governmental institutions; it is linked to the rediscovery of local food products, in this case mainly polenta, a dish made of corn flour, which used to be the staple food across northern Italy. The ex situ conservation of beaked maize and on-farm measures put in place by the farmers to prevent introgression are also assessed. Further research and collecting missions are needed to provide an inventory of open-pollinated landraces of other landrace groups that have survived genetic erosion in Europe. To meet this aim, extensive ethnobotanical surveys, such as the one performed here, are very powerful tools in detecting these genetic resources.
Speciation among sympatric lineages in the genus Palythoa (Cnidaria: Anthozoa: Zoantharia) revealed by morphological comparison, phylogenetic analyses and investigation of spawning period
Authors: Mizuyama Masaru , Masucci Giovanni D. , Reimer James D.
Published: July 2018

Zoantharians are sessile marine invertebrates and colonial organisms possessing sexual and asexual reproductive ability. The zooxanthellate zoantharian genus Palythoa is widely distributed in coral reef ecosystems. In the Ryukyu Archipelago, Japan, sympatric Palythoa tuberculosa and P. mutuki are the dominant species of this genus in the intertidal zone. Previous phylogenetic analyses have shown that these two species are closely related, and additionally revealed a putative sympatric hybrid species (designated as Palythoa sp. yoron). In this study, we attempted to delineate Palythoa species boundaries and to clarify the relationships among these three groups plus another additional putative sympatric species (P. aff. mutuki) by multiple independent criteria. The morphology of these four lineages was clearly different; for example the number of tentacles was significantly different for each species group in all pairwise comparisons. From observations of gonadal development conducted in 2010 and 2011, P. sp. yoron and P. aff. mutuki appear to be reproductively isolated from P. tuberculosa. In the phylogenetic tree resulting from maximum likelihood analyses of the ITS-rDNA sequence alignment, P. tuberculosa and P. sp. yoron formed a very well supported monophyletic clade (NJ = 100%, ML = 95%, Bayes = 0.99). This study demonstrates that despite clear morphological and/or reproductive differences, P. tuberculosa and P. sp. yoron are phylogenetically entangled and closely related to each other, as are P. mutuki and P. aff. mutuki. Additionally, no single molecular marker was able to divide these four lineages into monophyletic clades by themselves, and a marker that has enough resolution to solve this molecular phylogenetic species complex is required. In summary, the morphological and reproductive results suggest these lineages are four separate species, and that incomplete genetic lineage sorting may prevent the accurate phylogenetic detection of distinct species with the DNA markers utilized in this study, demonstrating the value of morphological and reproductive data when examining closely related lineages.
ТОЛКОВАНИЕ ПРАВОВЫХ НОРМ ВЕРХОВНЫМ СУДОМ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ В КОНТЕКСТЕ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ ПРАВОВОЙ СИСТЕМЫ (ОКОНЧАНИЕ)1), "Государство и право"
Authors: Момотов В.В.
Published: July 2018

В статье рассматриваются место и роль толкований правовых норм, даваемых Верховным Судом РФ, в правовой системе России. С опорой на взгляды представителей социологической школы права обосновывается позиция, согласно которой такие толкования являются источниками права (так называемого “живого права”). Дана общая оценка действующей в Российской Федерации системе толкования права, в рамках которой Верховным Судом осуществляется официальное толкование права. На конкретных примерах показано, что высшая судебная инстанция применяет все разработанные наукой теории права методы толкования: буквальный, системный, телеологический, исторический. Сформулирована иерархия толкований правовых норм Верховным Судом (определения по конкретным делам, обзоры судебной практики, постановления Пленума), каждая из “ступеней” которой выступает предпосылкой для последующей. Показано значение толкований высшей судебной инстанции для развития правовой системы, выражающееся (в частности) в восполнении правовых пробелов, разрешении правовых коллизий, применении существующего правового регулирования к динамично меняющимся и усложняющимся общественным отношениям, а также во взаимном влиянии толкования права и законотворческого процесса. Продемонстрированы последние тенденции в развитии судебного толкования права, в частности появление так называемых упреждающих разъяснений Пленума Верховного Суда.
АДМИНИСТРАТИВНО-ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОЕ ПРАВО РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ, "Государство и право"
Authors: Ашмарина Е. М. , Стахов А.И.
Published: July 2018

В статье обосновывается выделение административно-экономического права в системе мегаотрасли экономического права и в системе современного отечественного административного права. В этой связи приводятся общие положения об актуальности, целесообразности и необходимости доктринального признания экономического права, раскрывается специфика задач административо-правового регулирования в российской экономике, системы и структуры органов исполнительной власти в сфере экономики, проводится типизация современных административно-правовых мер, применяемых в сфере экономической деятельности, выделяются административно-правовые требования государственного контроля и надзора, устанавливаемые для хозяйствующих субъектов.
РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ ПРОЦЕССА ПРОХОЖДЕНИЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННОЙ СЛУЖБЫ В РСФСР (1917-1929?ГГ.), "Государство и право"
Authors: Винниченко О. Ю. , Ваганов А. М.
Published: July 2018

В статье выявляются сферы правового регулирования и преимущественного влияния актов, исходящих от РСДРП(б), РКП(б), ВКП(б), в функционировании советской государственной бюрократии на примере государственной гражданской службы. Обращается внимание на регламентацию процесса прохождения государственной службы. Исследуются сферы правового регулирования и преимущественного влияния партийных документов в отношениях, связанных с определением требований к кандидатам, претендующим на замещение должностей, с установлением порядка назначения, перемещения, продвижения по службе и увольнения. Адаптируется применительно к государственно-правовой науке термин, существующий в исторической науке: номенклатурный принцип подбора кадров.
ОБЗОР ВСЕРОССИЙСКОЙ НАУЧНОЙ КОНФЕРЕНЦИИ В ФОРМЕ “КРУГЛОГО СТОЛА” ЖУРНАЛОВ “ГОСУДАРСТВО И ПРАВО”, “ПРАВОВАЯ ПОЛИТИКА И ПРАВОВАЯ ЖИЗНЬ” НА ТЕМУ “УГОЛОВНОЕ НАКАЗАНИЕ: СОСТОЯНИЕ, СИСТЕМА, ПРОБЛЕМЫ, ТЕНДЕНЦИИ, ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ СОВЕРШЕНСТВОВАНИЯ”, "Государство и пра
Authors: Малько А. В. , Кроткова Н.В. , Розенко С. В.
Published: July 2018

Приведен обзор Всероссийской научной конференции в форме “круглого стола” журналов “Государство и право” и “Правовая политика и правовая жизнь” на тему “Уголовное наказание: состояние, система, проблемы, тенденции, перспективы совершенствования”, которая состоялась 26 мая 2017?г. в Юридическом институте Югорского государственного университета. Актуальность публикации данных материалов обусловлена значимостью роли уголовного наказания в современном государстве и обществе. Цель “круглого стола” - проанализировать состояние и проблемы наказания в российском уголовном праве, характеризующих его специфику и особенности, выработка конструктивных предложений по его развитию и совершенствованию. Участники “круглого стола” обсудили различные аспекты современного состояния уголовного наказания в российском праве. В выступлениях обосновываются роль и значение системы уголовного наказания, приводятся как критические замечания, так и новые предложения по развитию уголовного наказания. Обращается внимание на актуальность и значимость уголовного наказания для российского общества и государства.
Т.А.?ЗЫКИНА, Н.М.?СКОРЮКОВ. ТРУД: СОЦИАЛЬНО-ФИЛОСОФСКОЕ И НОРМАТИВНОЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ. АРХАНГЕЛЬСК: САФУ, 2016. 101 С., "Государство и право"
Authors: Андриановсая И. И.
Published: July 2018

Рецензируемая монография посвящена актуальным и недостаточно разработанным в науке трудового права вопросам. Актуальность темы исследования несомненна и состоит в том, что в современных социально-экономических условиях особую важность приобретают вопросы ценности труда, предоставления и осуществления достойного труда, его адекватной оценки, соответствующей регламентации.
ПРАВОВЫЕ РИСКИ КАК ПРЕДМЕТ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ОБЩЕЙ ТЕОРИИ ПРАВА: ПРОБЛЕМЫ И ПЕРСПЕКТИВЫ МЕТОДОЛОГИИ МЕЖДИСЦИПЛИНАРНОСТИ, "Государство и право"
Authors: Степаненко Р.Ф.
Published: July 2018

Рассматриваются актуальные теоретические и методологические проблемы исследований правовых рисков общей теорией права. Отмечается необходимость использования методологии междисциплинарности, при помощи которой познание каузальной природы правовых рисков будет способствовать получению объективного и всестороннего знания об изучаемом феномене. Внимание автора останавливается на познании антропологических факторов проблемного пространства концепции правовых рисков, имеющих общенаучную и юридическую значимость для современной социогуманитаристики. Исследование вопросов неопределенности и маргинальности в контексте построения данной концепции актуализирует проблему реализации целей и задач юриспруденции на практике.
ПРАВО И ИНТЕРЕС (Р. ИЕРИНГ) (НАУЧНАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ), "Государство и право"
Authors: Кроткова Н.В.
Published: July 2018

Даны материалы научной конференции “Право и интерес (Р.?Иеринг)”, состоявшейся 20 декабря 2017?г. на юридическом факультете МГУ им. М.В.?Ломоносова. Тема соотношения права и интереса в трактовке известного немецкого юриста Р.?Иеринга оценивалась участниками конференции в рамках философии права, политики права, истории политических и правовых учений, социологии права, методологии юридической науки. Участники конференции дали разносторонний анализ теории Иеринга и обратили внимание на актуальность многих положений его политико-правовой доктрины для современной юриспруденции и догмы права: оценка права как интереса, соотношение цели права и его содержания, исследование форм борьбы за право, зависимость права от уровня правосознания народа.
ТРАНСФОРМАЦИЯ ПРАВ ЧЕЛОВЕКА В СОВРЕМЕННОМ МИРЕ / ОТВ. РЕД. А.Н.?САВЕНКОВ; РУК. АВТ. КОЛЛ. Н.В.?КОЛОТОВА. М.: ИЗД-ВО “НОРМА”, 2018, "Государство и право"
Authors: Немытина М. В.
Published: July 2018

Коллектив авторов, принявших участие в создании монографии “Трансформация прав человека в современном мире”, обозначил новые ракурсы исследования прав человека в теоретическом и прикладном аспектах. В работе освещены различные грани трансформационных процессов в области прав человека; показаны современные тенденции в их развитии под воздействием глобализации, цивилизационно-культурных, политических, экономических и социальных факторов; отражены изменения в правовом регулировании прав человека в национальном и международном праве.
А.С. ХОМЯКОВ: КОНЦЕПЦИЯ “ОТВЛЕЧЕННОГО ПРАВА” И “ВНУТРЕННЕГО ЗАКОНА” А.С.?ХОМЯКОВ. ПРИЗВАНИЕ РОССИИ. М.: РИПОЛ-КЛАССИК, 2017. 526 С., "Государство и право"
Authors: Рябчун Н. П.
Published: July 2018

В статье рецензируется книга “Призвание России”, в которой собраны работы выдающегося русского мыслителя-славянофила А.С.?Хомякова, посвященные философии государства. А.С.?Хомяков размышляет об основах российской государственности, анализирует уникальность исторического развития России в связи c проблемой власти и ее взаимоотношения c народом, сопоставляет два типа культуры?-?русскую и европейскую. Философ разделяет “формальный закон” и “народный обычай”, считает русский быт фактором, способствующим стабильности государственной системы.
Noncoding RNAs in disease
Authors: Lekka Evangelia , Hall Jonathan
Published: July 2018

Noncoding RNAs are emerging as potent and multifunctional regulators in all biological processes. In parallel, a rapidly growing number of studies has unravelled associations between aberrant noncoding RNA expression and human diseases. These associations have been extensively reviewed, often with the focus on a particular microRNA (miRNA) (family) or a selected disease/pathology. In this Mini‐Review, we highlight a selection of studies in order to demonstrate the wide‐scale involvement of miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs in the pathophysiology of three types of diseases: cancer, cardiovascular and neurological disorders. This research is opening new avenues to novel therapeutic approaches.
FOXA1 levels are decreased in pleural breast cancer metastases after adjuvant endocrine therapy, and this is associated with poor outcome
Authors: Schrijver Willemijne , Schuurman Karianne , van Rossum Annelot , Droog Marjolein , Jeronimo Carmen , Salta Sofia , Henrique Rui , Wesseling Jelle , Moelans Cathy , Linn Sabine C. , van den Heuvel Michel , van Diest Paul , Zwart Wilbert
Published: July 2018

Estrogen receptor‐alpha (ERα)‐positive breast cancer is often treated with antihormonal regimens. However, resistance to treatment is common, leading to metastatic disease. ERα activity requires the functional involvement of pioneer factors FOXA1 and GATA3, which enable ERα–chromatin binding and are crucial for ERα‐driven cell proliferation. FOXA1 was found increased in metastatic breast cancers in relation to the primary tumor, but a comprehensive clinical assessment thereof, in relation to different metastatic sites and endocrine therapy usage, is currently lacking. Prior cell line‐based reports, however, have revealed that FOXA1 is required for tamoxifen‐resistant tumor cell proliferation. We studied expression levels of ERα, GATA3, and FOXA1 by immunohistochemistry in samples from both primary tumors and various metastatic sites. For all factors, expression levels varied between the metastatic sites. For pleural metastases, strong variation was found in FOXA1 and GATA3 levels. Although GATA3 levels remained unaltered between primary breast cancer and pleural metastases, FOXA1 levels were reduced exclusively in metastases of patients who received endocrine therapies in the adjuvant setting, even though ERα was still expressed. Importantly, decreased FOXA1 levels in pleural metastases correlated with hormone irresponsiveness in the palliative setting, while no such correlation was found for GATA3. With this, we show divergent clinical correlations of the two ERα pioneer factors FOXA1 and GATA3 in metastatic breast cancer, where endocrine therapy resistance was associated with decreased FOXA1 levels in pleural metastases.
Processivity of dimeric kinesin‐1 molecular motors
Authors: Guo Si‐Kao , Shi Xiao‐Xuan , Wang Peng‐Ye , Xie Ping
Published: July 2018

Kinesin‐1 is a homodimeric motor protein that can move along microtubule filaments by hydrolyzing ATP with a high processivity. How the two motor domains are coordinated to achieve such high processivity is not clear. To address this issue, we computationally studied the run length of the dimer with our proposed model. The computational data quantitatively reproduced the puzzling experimental data, including the dramatically asymmetric character of the run length with respect to the direction of external load acting on the coiled‐coil stalk, the enhancement of the run length by addition of phosphate, and the contrary features of the run length for different types of kinesin‐1 with extensions of their neck linkers compared with those without extension of the neck linker. The computational data on other aspects of the movement dynamics such as velocity and durations of one‐head‐bound and two‐head‐bound states in a mechanochemical coupling cycle were also in quantitative agreement with the available experimental data. Moreover, predicted results are provided on dependence of the run length upon external load acting on one head of the dimer, which can be easily tested in the future using single‐molecule optical trapping assays.
A feasibility study of intrafractional tumor motion estimation based on 4D‐CBCT using diaphragm as surrogate
Authors: Zhou Dingyi , Quan Hong , Yan Di , Chen Shupeng , Qin An , Stanhope Carl , Lachaine Martin , Liang Jian
Published: July 2018

Purpose

To investigate the intrafractional stability of the motion relationship between the diaphragm and tumor, as well as the feasibility of using diaphragm motion to estimate lung tumor motion.

Methods

Eighty‐five paired (pre and posttreatment) daily 4D‐CBCT images were obtained from 20 lung cancer patients who underwent SBRT. Bony registration was performed between the pre‐ and post‐CBCT images to exclude patient body movement. The end‐exhalation phase image of the pre‐CBCT image was selected as the reference image. Tumor positions were obtained for each phase image using contour‐based translational alignments. Diaphragm positions were obtained by translational alignment of its apex position. A linear intrafraction model was constructed using regression analysis performed between the diaphragm and tumor positions manifested on the pretreatment 4D‐CBCT images. By applying this model to posttreatment 4D‐CBCT images, the tumor positions were estimated from posttreatment 4D‐CBCT diaphragm positions and compared with measured values. A receiver operating characteristic (ROC) test was performed to determine a suitable indicator for predicting the estimate accuracy of the linear model.

Results

Using the linear model, per‐phase position, mean position, and excursion estimation errors were 1.12 ± 0.99 mm, 0.97 ± 0.88 mm, and 0.79 ± 0.67 mm, respectively. Intrafractional per‐phase tumor position estimation error, mean position error, and excursion error were within 3 mm 95%, 96%, and 99% of the time, respectively. The residual sum of squares (RSS) determined from pretreatment images achieved the largest prediction power for the tumor position estimation error (discrepancy < 3 mm) with an Area Under ROC Curve (AUC) of 0.92 (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Utilizing the relationship between diaphragm and tumor positions on the pretreatment 4D‐CBCT image, intrafractional tumor positions were estimated from intrafractional diaphragm positions. The estimation accuracy can be predicted using the RSS obtained from the pretreatment 4D‐CBCT image.
A sound effect: Exploration of the distinctiveness advantage in voice recognition
Authors: Stevenage Sarah V. , Neil Greg J. , Parsons Beth , Humphreys Abi
Published: July 2018

Two experiments are presented, which explore the presence of a distinctiveness advantage when recognising unfamiliar voices. In Experiment 1, distinctive voices were recognised significantly better, and with greater confidence, in a sequential same/different matching task compared with typical voices. These effects were replicated and extended in Experiment 2, as distinctive voices were recognised better even under challenging listening conditions imposed by nonsense sentences and temporal reversal. Taken together, the results aligned well with similar results when processing faces, and provided a useful point of comparison between voice and face processing.
Synthesis and Optical Properties of Different Bismuth Niobate Films Grown by Dual Magnetron Co‐Sputtering
Authors: Depablos‐Rivera Osmary , Zeinert Andreas , Rodil Sandra E.
Published: July 2018

The interest about the synthesis of bismuth niobates (BNOs) in a thin‐film form has recently grown since their optical and electrical properties are attractive for applications such as photocatalysis, sensors, and fuel cells. The aim of this work is to demonstrate the successful synthesis of different BNOs as films using dual confocal magnetron co‐sputtering deposition, and evaluate properly their optical properties. Two independent targets of α‐Bi2O3 and Nb are used. Crystalline as‐deposited films are obtained at Nb contents ≤9.2 at%. Meanwhile, films grow amorphous for Nb contents >9.2 at%. However, amorphous films are crystallized after annealing obtaining BNOs in compliance with the as‐grown composition. There is a good reproducibility and correlation between the films structure and composition that is controlled through the variation of the power applied to the Nb target. The following niobates are obtained: solid solutions with 5.1–6.6 at% Nb and II‐Bi3NbO7, Bi5Nb3O15, and the mixture of α‐BiNbO4(76 wt%) + β‐BiNbO4(24 wt%). The optical properties of the BNOs are estimated from the data measured by UV‐Visible‐NIR transmittance and reflectance spectrometry. It is shown that all the films have refractive indexes n>2 and optical gaps between 1.67 and 3.34 eV, depending on the Nb content and phase.
Nanoscale Metal–Organic Frameworks for Therapeutic, Imaging, and Sensing Applications
Authors: Lu Kuangda , Aung Theint , Guo Nining , Weichselbaum Ralph , Lin Wenbin
Published: July 2018

Nanotechnology has played an important role in drug delivery and biomedical imaging over the past two decades. In particular, nanoscale metal–organic frameworks (nMOFs) are emerging as an important class of biomedically relevant nanomaterials due to their high porosity, multifunctionality, and biocompatibility. The high porosity of nMOFs allows for the encapsulation of exceptionally high payloads of therapeutic and/or imaging cargoes while the building blocks—both ligands and the secondary building units (SBUs)—can be utilized to load drugs and/or imaging agents via covalent attachment. The ligands and SBUs of nMOFs can also be functionalized for surface passivation or active targeting at overexpressed biomarkers. The metal ions or metal clusters on nMOFs also render them viable candidates as contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, or other imaging modalities. This review article summarizes recent progress on nMOF designs and their exploration in biomedical areas. First, the therapeutic applications of nMOFs, based on four distinct drug loading strategies, are discussed, followed by a summary of nMOF designs for imaging and biosensing. The review is concluded by exploring the fundamental challenges facing nMOF‐based therapeutic, imaging, and biosensing agents. This review hopefully can stimulate interdisciplinary research at the intersection of MOFs and biomedicine.
Identifying the Origin and Contribution of Surface Storage in TiO2(B) Nanotube Electrode by In Situ Dynamic Valence State Monitoring
Authors: Tang Yuxin , Zhang Yanyan , Malyi Oleksandr I. , Bucher Nicolas , Xia Huarong , Xi Shibo , Zhu Zhiqiang , Lv Zhisheng , Li Wenlong , Wei Jiaqi , Srinivasan Madhavi , Borgna Armando , Antonietti Markus , Du Yonghua , Chen Xiaodong
Published: July 2018

Fundamental insight into the surface charging mechanism of TiO2(B) nanomaterials is limited due to the complicated nature of lithiation behavior, as well as the limitations of available characterization tools that can directly probe surface charging process. Here, an in situ approach is reported to monitor the dynamic valence state of TiO2(B) nanotube electrodes, which utilizes in situ X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) to identify the origin and contribution of surface storage. A real‐time correlation is elucidated between the rate‐dependent electrode performance and dynamic Ti valence‐state change. A continuous Ti valence state change is directly observed through the whole charging/discharging process regardless of charging rates, which proves that along with the well‐known non‐faradaic reaction, the surface charging process also originates from a faradaic reaction. The quantification of these two surface storage contributions at different charging rates is further realized through in situ dynamic valence state monitoring combined with traditional cyclic voltammetry measurement. The methodology reported here can also be applied to other electrode materials for the real‐time probing of valence state change during electrochemical reactions, the quantification of the faradaic and non‐faradaic reactions, and the eventual elucidation of electrochemical surface charging mechanisms.
Scandium (III)‐Catalyzed Cycloaddition of in situ Generated ortho‐Quinone Methides with Vinyl Azides: An Efficient Access to Substituted 4H‐Chromenes
Authors: Thirupathi Nuligonda , Tung Chen‐Ho , Xu Zhenghu
Published: July 2018

A convenient and practical synthesis of 4H‐chromenes from the readily accessible o‐hydroxybenzhydryl alcohols and vinyl azides has been achieved. The transformation proceeds through a cascade that involves formation of an ortho‐quinone methide, [4+2]‐cycloaddition and elimination of hydrazoic acid. The reaction is well tolerated with respect to both the o‐hydroxybenzhydrols and the vinyl azides and affords the products in moderate to good yields.

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Oxidation of Tertiary Aromatic Alcohols to Ketones in Water
Authors: Chen Dengfeng , Zhang Yuchen , Pan Xingyu , Wang Fei , Huang Shenlin
Published: July 2018

A new rosin‐based amphiphile enables the oxidation of tertiary aromatic alcohols in water under mild conditions. The oxidation process is mediated by β‐scission of alkoxy radicals. Our catalyst system including the surfactant, catalysts, and water can be easily recycled within the same reaction vial.

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Rhodium‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Dialkyl(Heteroaryl)Phosphine Sulfides by Phosphinylation of Heteroaryl Sulfides
Authors: Arisawa Mieko , Tazawa Takeru , Ichinose Wataru , Kobayashi Haruki , Yamaguchi Masahiko
Published: July 2018

Dialkyl(heteroaryl)phosphine sulfides were synthesized by the rhodium‐catalyzed exchange reaction of heteroaryl aryl sulfides and tetraalkyldiphosphine disulfides. The reaction has a broad applicability, giving diverse dialkyl(heteroaryl)phosphine sulfides containing five‐ and six‐membered heteroaryl groups. Various dialkyl(heteroaryl)phosphines were obtained by desulfurization.

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A Deep Learning Approach to Identify Local Structures in Atomic‐Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Images
Authors: Madsen Jacob , Liu Pei , Kling Jens , Wagner Jakob Birkedal , Hansen Thomas Willum , Winther Ole , Schiøtz Jakob
Published: July 2018

Recording atomic‐resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) images is becoming increasingly routine. A new bottleneck is then analyzing this information, which often involves time‐consuming manual structural identification. A deep learning‐based algorithm for recognition of the local structure in TEM images was developed, which is stable to microscope parameters and noise. The neural network is trained entirely from simulation but is capable of making reliable predictions on experimental images. The method is applied to single sheets of defected graphene, and to metallic nanoparticles on an oxide support.
Mechanism and Regulation of Spontaneous Water Transport in Graphene‐Based Nanoslits
Authors: Wang Yuying , Xu Junbo , Zhu Huajian , Wang Steven , Yang Chao
Published: July 2018

While nanometer‐scale capillaries have long been theoretically and experimentally studied, their transport mechanisms have not yet been fully understood. Here, the flow control mechanism is theoretically clarified by molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of graphene‐based nanoscale capillaries. The imbibition rate complies with a modified Lucas–Washburn equation. It changes non‐monotonically with the slit width due to a compromise in competition of density and slip length. Secondly, the relative scale of imbibition and evaporation rate is length dependent. From short slits to long ones, the imbibition–evaporation process alters from evaporation controlled to imbibition controlled. Finally, hydrophilic modification is employed to enhance the rates. External modification can spread the water and accelerate the evaporation. Within the slit, the flow is accelerated by a positive hydrophilic gradient but detained by a negative one. These findings can be applied in a novel nanofluidic diode.
Synthesis and characterization of antimicrobial nanocomposite hydrogel based on wheat flour and poly (vinyl alcohol) using γ‐irradiation
Authors: Khozemy Ehab E. , Nasef Shaimaa M. , Mahmoud Ghada A.
Published: July 2018

Ag nanoparticles incorporated onto flour (F)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) were performed by green synthesis using gamma irradiation to form (F/PVA/Ag) bio‐based nanocomposite hydrogel. The effect of the hydrogel composition and irradiation dose on the gelation percent was investigated. Characterization of (F/PVA) and (F/PVA/Ag) by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis was was investigated. The formation of Ag nanoparticles in (F/PVA/Ag) was confirmed by UV–Vis spectra, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The (F/PVA/Ag) nanocomposite exhibited excellent antibacterial activity against the gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 29213) and moderate activity against the gram‐negative bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922). It exhibited excellent antifungal activity against Candida albicans (ATCC 10231). The results proved that this novel developed (F/PVA/Ag) naocomposite has a great potential for use in biomedical applications such as wound dressing hydrogel.
Hot‐air aging failure mechanisms of carbonyl iron powder/methyl vinyl silicone rubber microwave‐absorbing materials
Authors: Zhang Yuhong , Xu Jingfeng , Feng Yongbao , Qiu Tai
Published: July 2018

A rubber microwave‐absorbing material was prepared by compounding methyl vinyl silicone rubber (VMQ) and 45 vol% carbonyl iron powder (CIP). When used in a high‐temperature environment at long periods, the material undergoes thermal aging and rapid degradation. This work mainly aimed to investigate the thermal behavior and aging failure mechanisms of such material during hot‐air aging at 200°C. The mechanical and electromagnetic properties were measured with an electronic tensile testing machine and a network analyzer, respectively. Results indicate that CIP was oxidized by oxygen in the aging process and produced reactive oxygen species, which catalyzed the cross‐linking of VMQ. The increased cross‐linking density changed the mechanical properties and enhanced the thermal stability of the CIP/VMQ composite‐absorbing material. Thermal aging gradually penetrated the surface and proceeded into the interior of the material. The microwave‐absorbing properties deteriorated after hot‐air aging.
Impact of bitter taste receptor phenotype upon clinical presentation in chronic rhinosinusitis
Authors: Rowan Nicholas R. , Soler Zachary M. , Othieno Florence , Storck Kristina A. , Smith Timothy L. , Schlosser Rodney J.
Published: July 2018

Background

Genetic variation of the bitter taste receptor T2R38 has been associated with recalcitrant chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Specific T2R38 polymorphisms, correlating with bitter taste sensitivity to phenylthiocarbamide (PTC), have been identified as an independent risk factor for surgical intervention in CRS patients without polyps; however, the exact role of PTC tasting ability in clinical practice remains unknown. In this investigation we characterize PTC taste sensitivity in a tertiary care rhinology practice with pertinent clinical measures of disease and quality of life (QOL).

Methods

Adult CRS patients were prospectively assessed for their ability to taste PTC and categorized as nontasters, tasters, or supertasters. Objective taste was assessed with strips for bitter, sweet, sour, and salty, whereas olfactory testing was measured with Sniffin’ Sticks. Correlation was performed between PTC tasting ability and patient demographics, endoscopy scores, validated QOL surveys, and both subjective and objective measures of taste and olfaction.

Results

Sixty‐seven patients were enrolled. Fifty‐two percent were identified as nontasters, 34% as tasters, and 13% as supertasters. Nontasters were more likely to be non‐Hispanic (p = 0.018), white (p = 0.027), without nasal polyposis (p = 0.004), and nonasthmatics (p = 0.019). There were no other statistical differences in patients’ demographics, QOL measures, and subjective or objective olfactory and taste scores when compared with patients’ oral PTC‐sensing ability.

Conclusion

Oral PTC‐sensing ability may serve as a convenient marker of increased disease severity in white CRS patients without polyps and vary among regional populations. PTC tasting ability appears to provide unique phenotypic information not obtained using other subjective or objective measures of smell and taste.
Robust Ultramicroporous Metal–Organic Frameworks with Benchmark Affinity for Acetylene
Authors: Peng Yun‐Lei , Pham Tony , Li Pengfei , Wang Ting , Chen Yao , Chen Kai‐Jie , Forrest Katherine A. , Space Brian , Cheng Peng , Zaworotko Michael J. , Zhang Zhenjie
Published: July 2018

Highly selective separation and/or purification of acetylene from various gas mixtures is a relevant and difficult challenge that currently requires costly and energy‐intensive chemisorption processes. Two ultramicroporous metal–organic framework physisorbents, NKMOF‐1‐M (M=Cu or Ni), offer high hydrolytic stability and benchmark selectivity towards acetylene versus several gases at ambient temperature. The performance of NKMOF‐1‐M is attributed to their exceptional acetylene binding affinity as revealed by modelling and several experimental studies: in situ single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction, FTIR, and gas mixture breakthrough tests. NKMOF‐1‐M exhibit better low‐pressure uptake than existing physisorbents and possesses the highest selectivities yet reported for C2H2/CO2 and C2H2/CH4. The performance of NKMOF‐1‐M is not driven by the same mechanism as current benchmark physisorbents that rely on pore walls lined by inorganic anions.