bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating Mercury Flows through Thermometers and Sphygmomanometers in Healthcare Facilities in Thailand on the Basis of a Material Flow Analysis
Authors: Wongsoonthornchai Manaporn , Kwonpongsagoon Suphaphat
Published: May 2014

This paper investigated mercury (Hg) flows and stock through mercury thermometers and sphygmomanometers in Thailand for 2010 using Material Flow Analysis (MFA) based on mass balance principles. All calculations in this study are based on data from hospital surveys and reliable secondary data sources. This study indicates that all thermometers and sphygmomanometers used in Thailand were only imported. Mercury contained in thermometers and sphygmomanometers was about 1,675 kg and 5,375 kg respectively. During the use phase, thermometers can release roughly 70% of Hg into the environment (air and water) while no emissions were emitted from sphygmomanometers. This study also shows that about 20-30% of mercury thermometer and sphygmomanometer waste were disposed of in landfills and incinerators. Hg can be released into air, land, and water at approximately 53%, 35%, and 12% respectively. According to our scenario analysis, it shows that phasing out Hg medical-based devices combined with preventing the breakage and spillage of Hg-thermometers can give higher potential reduction of Hg in Thailand.
Spatial Variability of Sodium Adsorption Ratio and Sodicity in Salt-Affected Soils of Northeast Thailand
Authors: Phontusang Porntip , Katawatin Roengsak , Pannangpetch Krirk , Kingpaiboon Sununtha , Lerdsuwansri Rattana
Published: May 2014

Information on spatial variability of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) is useful for implementation of appropriate control measures for the salt-affected soils. The major objective of this study was to use geostatistics to describe the spatial variability of (i) the SAR and consequently (ii) the soil sodicity, in areas of different classes of salt-affected soils. Attention was on areas of very severely salt-affected soils (class 1), severely salt-affected soils (class 2), and moderately salt-affected soils (class 3). For each class, 2 study sites were chosen, totally 6 sites were taken into consideration. In each site, 100 soil samples were collected at 0-30 cm depth according to the stratified systematic unaligned sampling method in the dry season of 2012, and analyzed for the SAR in the laboratory. Descriptive statistics and Geostatistics were applied to describe the variability and spatial variability of SAR and soil sodicity, respectively. The result revealed very high variability of SAR. Descriptive statistics showed the CV values of ≥ 35% for every site of every class. When using semivariogram to describe the spatial correlation of SAR, it was found that in 3 study sites, the semivariogram models fitted well with the corresponding semivariogram samples indicating spatial correlation of SAR in the areas. In these cases, the Ordinary Kriging was applied to generate soil sodicity map. The relatively short range values especially for class 1 indicated very high variation of SAR. However, for the other 3 study sites, the linear models were fitted indicating no spatial correlation. Consequently, Trend Surface Analysis was applied instead. According to the soil sodicity maps generated in this study, the areas of class 1 were entirely occupied by strongly sodic soils. For classes 2 and 3, the soils in all study sites belonging to these classes included normal and slightly sodic soils of different proportions. Furthermore, inconsistency of the spatial variability patterns of SAR was found even in areas within the same class of salt-affected soils. As a result, prior to the intensive management of this problem soil in a particular area, investigation on the spatial variability pattern should be performed
Estimation of Site Dynamic Characteristics from Ambient Noise Measurements Using HVSR Method in Microzonation Study: Senggarang, Batu Pahat, Malaysia
Authors: Kamarudin Ahmad Fahmy , Daud Mohd Effendi , Ibrahim Zainah , Azmi Ibrahim , Khairani Yub Mohamad , Mohd Noor Mohd Alias
Published: May 2014

Site dynamic characteristics evaluation of fundamental ground frequency, Fo and amplification factor, Ao in Senggarang region were presented in 2D and 3D contour maps (microzonation maps) based on the ambient noise measurements carried out using Lennartz 1 Hz tri-axial seismometer sensors. Reliability of Fo and Ao determined from the ambient noise technique has become the main key components in seismic hazard analysis, resonance effect assessment, predictions of sedimentary layer and shear wave velocity, through cheaper, non-destructive and quick methodology. 73 points of ambient noise records were analyzed using Horizontal-to-Vertical Spectral Ratio (HVSR) method in the boundary area of 800 m x 800 m with the grid spacing of 100 m x 100 m. Significant peaks of mean HVSR curves were checked against the criterions proposed by the SESAME guideline. Slight difference of the Fo contours pattern between the North-South (NS) and the East-West (EW) directions was observed, but vice versa to the Ao contours between both directions. Significant peaks of Fo values were distributed from 1.61 to 6.35 Hz, whereas the Ao values were found from 3.18 to 9.39. Wide gap between the ranges of Fo and Ao in respective direction have shown to the variation of sediment thicknesses. Meanwhile, dominance shape of significant peak from the HVSR curves may indicate to a large velocity contrast presence underneath the ground surfaces.
Development of C.B.T Hot End Yoke Device for Hot Line Insulator Replacement of 230-kV Double Suspension String for Two Bundles with Arcing Horn
Authors: Kajonwattanakul Charoenchai , Skolpap Wanwisa
Published: May 2014

Electrical energy generating from power plant is transmitted to electrical substations via high-voltage transmission lines. After a certain period time of use, the transmission line is required for maintenance such as insulator replacement. To avoid power interruption during insulator replacement, a corrective maintenance, hot line maintenance, is performed. This research focused on the hot line insulator replacement of 230 kV Bangsapan-Chumporn and 230 kV Chumporn-Suratthani transmission lines transferring power between southern and central regions of Thailand. The maintenance of 230 kV double suspension string for two bundles with arcing horn required developed C.B.T. hot end yoke tool to enhance stability and availability of electrical energy during hot line insulator replacement. C.B.T was named by the initial letter of the name of Chumporn Bandon and Takuapa transmission lines under authorization of the maintenance section in responsible maintaining service of transmission lines in upper southern provinces. The developed C.B.T hot end yoke device for hot line insulator replacement could save about 2.67 million bahts during 7-hour of maintenance time of EGAT payment.
Interleaved Double Dual Boost Converter for Renewable Energy System
Authors: Phattanasak Matheepot , Kaewmanee Wattana , Martin Jean Philippe , Pierfederici Serge , Davat Bernard
Published: May 2014

This paper presents an interleaved double dual boost converter (IDDB) used in renewable energy application where high voltage gain is required such as fuel cell or photovoltaic applications, etc. Two types of controllers are applied to this converter, 1) a controller based on Flatness properties for regulating the output voltage (outer loop); 2) a sliding mode controller for inductor current (inner loop). The variation of the input voltage is compensated by trajectory planning process. The validation of the proposed system is done through experimental results.
A Comparative Study of China and America's Building Life Cycle Cost Database Establishment
Authors: Xie Hao , Wu Jing , Jibril Jibril Danazumi
Published: May 2014

Life Cycle Cost (LCC) theory and method have a very positive influence on popularizing energy-saving of green buildings technology and reducing buildings energy consumption. However, applying LCC method into the construction industry field must be based on adequate and accurate data. In establishing the cost database of building LCC, America walks in the forefront of the world. Although China's building LCC cost database has been rapidly developed in the past few years, there is still a large gap between China and the United States. By comparing and analysing the establishment of building LCC cost database of the two countries-United States and China, this article indicates the key issues should be solved to build and further improve the Chinese future building LCC cost database, as well as give some relevant advice.
The Effects of Oil Palm Shell Aggregate Shape on the Thermal Properties and Density of Concrete
Authors: Serri Eravan , Suleiman M. Zailan , Mydin M. Azree Othuman
Published: May 2014

Oil Palm Shell (OPS) are one of low thermal conductivity course aggregate for lightweight concrete. This paper report on all thermal properties parameter, thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal diffusivity. Tree mixes of OPS of air dry density 1733 to 1811 kg/m3 and oven dry density 1502 to 1632 kg/m3 were prepaid and tested for thermal properties and compared with normal concrete using crushed granite as control and conventional materials. Raw shape with air density 1733 kg/m3 showed the lowest thermal properties with thermal conductivity, specific heat and thermal diffusivity of 0.59 W/mK, 1.352 MJ/m3K and 0.4414 mm2/s, respectively. All OPS mix can be consider as semi structure insulation material as per the RILEM classification which is thermal conductivity lower than 0.75 W/mK. High porosity content in concrete created act as an insulation characteristic and showed OPS have good potential as green insulation materials.
The Bond Strength of CFRP Plated Steel Member Submerged in Saltwater
Authors: Ibrahim Raffizee , Akbar Ibrisam
Published: May 2014

This paper presents the experimental results of CFRP plated steel blocks in wet and dry conditions using saltwater. A total of 9 pull test specimens were tested that was divided into two groups; normal and heated saltwater at room temperature and 50°C, respectively. The purpose of this test is to investigate the changes in the debonding capacity of the CFRP plated steel blocks. It was found that both systems showed insignificant increase in bond strength. However, the stiffness of the bonding system increased as the temperature of the saltwater was increased, suggesting the effect of post curing of the adhesive.
Theoretical Study on Cable’s Vibration Control by Single TMD
Authors: Liang Dong , Song Ji Xiang
Published: May 2014

The commonly used viscous dampers for cable’s vibration mitigation have some unfavorable factors, such as the damping effect is not obvious for super long stay cable, the limitation of installation position, coupling vibration, etc. The cable-tuned mass damper system vibration model is put forward to solve this problem. The optimal cable-tuned mass damper system modal damping ratio and optimum design parameters, including cable vibration order, TMD’s stiffness, TMD’s mass, and TMD’s damping, were obtained by the method of complex models. The results can provide important reference for the design of TMD for stay cable.
Cofferdam Construction Monitoring of Haihe Bridge
Authors: Liang Dong , Wei Long , Du Chuang
Published: May 2014

The risk of steel sheet pile cofferdam construction is very high, and the collapse often results in heavy casualties. This paper discusses the calculation model of single wall steel sheet pile cofferdam system in detail during construction. Take for instance the R38# pier construction process of Haihe Bridge, the construction monitoring system of the steel sheet pile cofferdam is established to get the deformation and stress ofsteel sheet pile and supporting system. Comparative analysis between measurable results and 3D FEM results is done, and both are basically consistent.
Impact Analysis of Foundation Pit Excavation on the Deformation of Nearby Subway Tunnel
Authors: Shen Hui , Bi Jin Feng , Ping Tong Qi
Published: May 2014

Bracing of foundation pit design proposal based on the excavation near a block of Suzhou Rail Transit Line 1 is used to build a subway tunnel-pit-envelope three-dimensional computational model, which is analyzed by FLAC3D, software for numerical simulation analysis, to evaluate the impact of the foundation pit excavation on the deformation of the subway tunnel. The calculated results show that: when the pit is excavated to the bottom, the deformation of the tunnel achieves the maximum value, 0.6mm of y direction and 6.54mm of z direction. The pipelines with shallow depth are subject to the deformation caused by the soil subsidence back of the envelope, whose maximum value has reached 7.6mm beyond the control standards. In terms of the deformation of the subway tunnel structure, the deformation can meet the control requirements, and have a certain margin of safety.
A Calculation Model for High Rise Frame-Shear Wall Load Bearing Skeleton Structures
Authors: Lei Xue Chen , Wu Lang , Wu Jing
Published: May 2014

The Skeleton-Infill residential building system has its particular advantages in building industrialization. In order to utilize this building type into high rise residential buildings, this paper proposes a calculation model for the frame-shear wall load bearing skeleton structure with limited floor stiffness. A simplified calculation method adopting ODEs is also demonstrated. A numerical example is proceeded to verify the effectiveness and accuracy of this methodology.
Fire Resistance of High-Rise Building External Wall Using Water Spray Curtain: An Exploration of Fire Protection Design
Authors: Zhao Lan Ming , Hu Hai Bing , Zhao Heng Ze , Qin Jun , Zhao Lan Ming
Published: May 2014

To find out practical design of high-rise building external wall fire protection, a preliminary study of water spray curtain was performed. The characteristic of the spray was analyzed through experiments. Basic characteristics such as exponential relationship between discharge rate and working pressure of the nozzle were obtained. The spread behavior of water film on the wall, such as spread width, was tested and analyzed. Feasible design and apply layout of the spray system on external wall was presented. The probable design was proved to be much more energy-saving than traditional sprinklers. In the end, a workable pattern of application was presented and further explained how the design worked and reduced construction energy.
Research on the Design of Green Building - Take Fragrance Hill Hotel for Example
Authors: Guo Li Qun , Guo Yan Qun
Published: May 2014

Ieoh Ming Pei is the well-known modernist master all over the world. Many of his outstanding architectural works are worthy of careful analysis and learning. What does the Green Building mean? This paper analyzes the green characteristics of Hill Hotel Design in three aspects which is design by Ieoh Ming Pei , such as the spatial layout, the design of buildings, courtyards, then expounds the essential characteristics and design method of Green Buildings.
Molecular Dynamics Simulations of the Conductivity of Aqueous NaCl in the Presence of Sucrose and Electric Fields
Authors: Li Xiao Gang , Yang Shu Ai , Tang Ming Jun , Lei Jing , Hu Hui , Hou Hua , Wang Bao Shan
Published: May 2014

Various natural contamination components distributed on the surface of high-voltage insulators play important roles on the flashover hazard. Under the low humidity condition, the flashover voltage could be affected considerably by the sucrose contaminations. Molecular dynamics simulations have been carried out in order to reveal the microscopic mechanisms for the sucrose-involved flashover uptake. It is found that the diffusion of ions decreases significantly and thus the conductivity of aqueous medium is lowered apparently. In the presence of sucrose, the contact ion pairs formed between Na+ and Cl- ions are enhanced because both ions are less coordinated to water molecules. The influence of the external electric fields on the diffusion and conductivity were investigated as well. It is suggested that the sucrose contamination might lead to the uneven electric fields on the insulator surface.
Influence of Ultrasonic Time on the Preparation and Properties of LaCoO3 Nanoparticles
Authors: Dong Jie , Shen Hong Fang , Wang Yan Min , Lu You Jun , Fang Guo Li
Published: May 2014

Ultrasonic assisted citrate sol-gel is used to synthesis LaCoO3(LCO) ultrafine particles. The influence of ultrasonic time on the properties of the samples was investigated. TG-DSC is applied to determine the phase transition of LCO gel precursor. XRD, FESEM and H2-TPR were applied to characteristic crystalline phase structure, morphology, thermal stability of LCO samples. The results indicated that LCO particles exhibit a well-formed polycrystalline rhombohedral distorted perovskite structure, and their particles are well-decentralized, in a smaller size and better dispersivity as the increasing of ultrasonic time ranged from 0min to 60min. H2-TPR implied that ultrasonic assistance can lower the reduction temperature of the product in the zone of low temperature and raise the temperature in the zone of high temperature. Ultrasonic assistance is not conductive to increase organic dye decolorization efficiency of LCO powders in darkroom when taking methyl orange and gold orange II as targeted dye.
Preparation of Carbaryl-Imprinted Capillary Monolithic Column for Screening of Carbaryl from Three Carbamates Mixture
Authors: Zhang Can , Cai Jian Rong , Duan Yu Qing , Xu Liang
Published: May 2014

A carbaryl molecularly imprinted capillary monolith was prepared by organic-inorganic hybrid approach. Methacrylic acid (MAA) as functional monomer, γ-methacryloxypropytrimethoxysilane (γ-MAPS) as crosslinker, carbaryl as template molecule, and acetonitrile/dichloromethane mixture (v/v, 1:4) were used as porogen. The molar ratio of 1:6:8 (carbaryl:MAA: γ-MAPS, for which the retention factor k was 7.57, was expected to be highest for carbaryl on the optimum capillary monolith. The condition of 20 mmol/L phosphate buffer with pH value 3.5 containing 30% acetonitrile favored the carbaryl separation from three carbamates (carbaryl, fenobucarb and metocarb) through the effective imprinted length of the column which was 15 cm. As far as the screening of carbaryl from a group of structural analogs, the MIP monolith combined with capillary electrochromatography was preferred.
Drug Sustained Release Multiple-Component Polymeric Microparticles Fabricated Using an Electrospray Process
Authors: Li Xiao Yan , Yu Deng Guang , Jiang Fa Ping , Deng Kong Jing , Du Zhi , Wang Xia
Published: May 2014

The present study investigates the preparation of ferulic acid (FA) sustained-release cellulose acetate (CA) microparticles, in which a third component, polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), was included into the microcomposites for an improved sustained drug release profile. An electrospraying process was exploited for the fabrication of multiple-component microparticles. Under an applied voltage of 18 kV, FA/PVP/CA composite microparticles were successfully generated. Field emission scanning electron microscopic observations demonstrated that these microparticles had an indented surface morphology with an average diameter of 1.71 ± 0.56 μm. The drug presented in the polymeric microparticles in an amorphous state due to the favorable secondary interactions among the components, as verified by the X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform spectra. The triple-component microparticles could provide a fine sustained release profiles with full release completeness and small tailing-off release time period. The electrospraying process is a useful tool for developing sustained release microparticles and multiple-component co-existence in the microparticles can be taken to adjust the sustained drug release profiles.
Cultivation and Regulation of Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria in Oilfield
Authors: Song Wen Feng , Ma De Sheng , Zhu You Yi , Wei Xiao Fang , Wu Jie
Published: May 2014

To better regulate (up and down) the activation of SRB thereby contributing to EOR, efficiency of growth and inhibition of SRB was studied in this paper.Six different growth media were tested in total.The optimal growth media were selected based on growth rate and variations of pH between the start and end point of growth. Of the six media, complex I was selected as the best medium in which SRB grew to stationary-phase in less than 8 days with the highest cells’ concentration. Finally, the effects of NO3-on growth and persistence of SRB were studied by using abroad range concentrations of NO3-. The result indicated that SRB growth could be significantly inhibited at NO3-of 80 mM.
Research on Operation Mechanism and Application in Engineering of UNITANK Process
Authors: Bao Dong Jie , Li Jing , Zhang Peng
Published: May 2014

UNITANK is a new wastewater treatment technology combining the advantages of Sequencing Batch Reactor, normal aeration tank and 3-ditch oxidation treatment systems. It has been considered as an attractive pathway to be applied in small or middle wastewater treatment plants. It was chosen as the main process in Xingtai Wastewater Treatment Plant, Hebei Province, PR China. In this paper, the operation process, operation mechanism and features of UNITANK process were discussed in detail on the basis of the basic structure and the application in engineering.
Thermodynamic Analysis of the Internal Melt-Ice-on-Tube during Melting under Natural Convection
Authors: Liu Yi , Chen Xin
Published: May 2014

The numerical simulation of the ice melting processes in internal melt-ice-on-tube which is applied widely in the ice storage system is carried out. The dynamic mathematical models about melting are established and solved by using enthalpy method. Natural convection of the melted water in the course of melting is studied, and natural convection influences on single tube in melting heat transfer process is analyzed under the related parameters. Several conclusions are obtained:1. Because of natural convection of the melted water, the curve of melting interface is no longer a circle, but a curve changing with angle. The melting radius reaches minimum at the bottom and maximum at the top.2. The one with natural convention is compared to the other not considered. At initial stage, the influence of natural convection is smaller in the course of melting. However, the influence of natural convention increases along with melting.
Numerical Analysis for Cavitation Intensity’s Effects on the Extend Angle of Convergence-Divergence Nozzle
Authors: Zhang Feng Hua , Su Xin , Tang Chuan Lin , Shan Li Wei
Published: May 2014

The one of technical key of the convergence-divergence nozzle is extend Angle. To use applies continuity equation, momentum equation and Rayleigh-Plesset equation, bubbly liquid through different extend angles of converging-diverging nozzle were simulated. The results show that it is helpful to increase the vibrating width of cavitate bubble when enlarge appropriately the exit taper of nozzle, that is the convergence-divergence nozzle with extended angle is more conducive to cavitation.
Performances of Manganese Slag Cement
Authors: Chen Qi Zhi , Liang Duo Qiang
Published: May 2014

It is of great importance to innocuity, minimization and reutilization of manganese slag generated in manganese products by electric furnace process. In the paper, ordinary Portland cement is replaced by manganese slag part then to evaluate manganese slag's influence on the mechanical properties. The experimental results obtained show that ordinary Portland cement added less than 20% by manganese slag was improved in mechanical performances and the cement concrete added less than 20% by manganese slag was not changed significantly. To reduce the economic costs, enhance mechanical properties, manganese slag can replace part of cement concrete.
Design and Development of the Environmental Protection Mobile Enforcement System
Authors: Wang Ya Qiong , Zhao Ying Jiong
Published: May 2014

With analyzing the environmental status of law enforcement and job demands, the environmental protection mobile enforcement system was developed based on Android platform and SOA architecture. Using this system, the ability of environmental law enforcement supervision and management was improved, and various environmental administrative law enforcement issues were solved under the limited environmental management resource. Taking Shanxi Province as an example, the environmental protection mobile enforcement system was designed and developed in term of data integration, sharing resources, standardize management and function expansion. This system can been connected to the environmental Internet of Things system which was proved practical.
Calculation of Parameters of Crop Water Production Function of Jensen Model Based on Stochastic Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
Authors: Chang Shu Hui , Qie Zhi Hong
Published: May 2014

In this paper, Stochastic Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm (SPSO) is introduced to calculate parameters of crop water production function directly. SPSO is an improvement of the standard PSO, compared with which, it can be guaranteed to converge to the global optimization solution with probability one in theory, and speed up the convergence. The dimension of space of a particulate is determined by the phases of crop growth and development period in SPSO, and the sensitive index , an important parameter of crop water production function, is regarded as optimized variable to be calculated directly. This method can eliminate some problems existing in linear regression method, such as biased estimate and distortion of result and it can search the global optimization value more easily than the PSO. Through example analysis, we can see that the SPSO is better than PSO in accuracy and calculation speed.
Study of the Differences between Vegetation and Soil Spectrum about Alpine Wetland Ecosystem
Authors: Wang Ji Ming , Chen Ke Long , Zhang Xin , Luo Zheng Xia
Published: May 2014

Using FieldSpec ® 4 Hi-Res portable coverings spectrometer, we have measured the main vegetation and siol reflectance based on different habitats:Surface water swamping meadow, a seasonal water swamping beach, wet beach without of water and sandy in the little Park Lake, East of the Qinghai Lake and analyzed the spectral differences. The results show that: Soil moisture is one of the important factors that affect reflectivity. Under the premise of similar other soil properties, soil moisture and reflectivity shows a negative correlation with each other. 350-1000nm wavelength range is ideal to distinguish vegetation and soil. Due to the presence of water absorption bands, within 1000-1300nm the spectrum derivative of soil and vegetation has a strong similarity, but still can be used to identify the spectrum of vegetation and soil. In addition to sandy habitats, vegetation and soil spectrum has a strong similarity in the 1300-2500nm wavelength range, it is more tolerance translation will confuse the two bands, the spectrum has a strong similarity in the range of 1300-2500nm, so it is relatively easy to confuse the two spectrum.
An Overview of Different Distillation Technologies for Drinking Water Preparation
Authors: Liu Lu , Wang He Li
Published: May 2014

Water scarcity and pollution pose critical situation in all walks of life.Among the available purification methods,desalination process proves to be a safer and more stable solution for solving this problem. This paper provides an overview of the purification effect of distillation process, along with theprinciples and research progress ofdifferent distillation techniques for small scale drinking water preparation.This paper also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each method, as well as proposes an outlook forthe distillation technology on drinking water preparation. This paper also indicates that the removallaw of organic pollutants, especially the volatile organic pollutants during distillation process should attract researchers' attention, whilereducing energy consumption of distillation technology through various means is still the development tendency.
Ozon/Hydrogen Peroxide System for Degradation of Humic Acid in Water
Authors: Kim Kei Woul , Rhee Dong Seok
Published: May 2014

The ozone/hydrogen peroxide system has been introduced for the study of degradation of humic acid in water. The removal ratio of TOC in aquatic humic acid solution has been investigated with some reaction parameter like the change of injected concentration of H2O2, initial pH of aqueous humic acid and injection time of H2O2. And the formation of formaldehyde concentrations in the treatment system processes has been also evaluated with the variation of its concentration. From the experimental results, it has been concluded that the concentrations of H2O2 and the initial pH’s in solution in the ozone/hydrogen peroxide system were very important for enhancing the efficiency of degradation of humic acid in water. The formaldehyde was formed less in ozone/hydrogen peroxide system than in ozone alone system.
The Effect of Particle Deformation on Densification of 316L Stainless Steel under Micro-FAST
Authors: Yang Xian Zhi , Yang Yi , Yang Gang , Qin Yi , Yin De Qiang
Published: May 2014

The importance of the effect of particle deformation under Micro-forming Fields Activated Sintering Technology (Micro-FAST) has been summarized in this paper. Micro-FAST is involved in the coupling of stress field, temperature field and electric field wherein these fields work simultaneously rather than independently. By using Gleeble-1500D thermal simulation instrument, the micro-cylinders with size of Φ1.0mm×1.0mm were formed from 316L stainless steel powders. It has been found that the maximum relative density of sintered samples reaches up to 99.2% close to the full density. Moreover, the microstructure of specimens has also been investigated. Especially, the metal powders have been simulated as globular plasticine particles in the structure to elucidate the deformation of particle under Micro-FAST.
Deformation Behavior of Adhesive Layer in Stretch-Bending/Unbending for Adhesively Bonded Sheet Metals
Authors: Takiguchi Michihiro , Tokuda Taro , Yoshida Tetsuya , Uemori Takeshi , Yoshida Fusahito
Published: May 2014

In this paper, the deformation behavior of adhesive layer in stretch-bending/unbending for adhesively bonded sheet metals was investigated by experiments and finite element method (FEM). We paid special attention to the cyclic shear deformation of the adhesive layers during the plastic working. Major results obtained are summarized as follows: (1) When the adhesively bonded sheet metals is bent and pulled out at a 90° angle, shear deformation due to bending of the adhesive layer starts shortly before reaching the die corner and unbending starts at the middle of the corner. (2) The die radius has a large influence on the bending behavior. (3) It is possible to suppress shear deformation of the adhesive layer by using a material with small tensile strength as one of the two adherends.
Bulging Investigation of Cylinder Compression Forming Using Upper Bound Analysis
Authors: Weng Sen Chyi , Tzou Gow Yi , Kuo Bor Lih
Published: May 2014

Bulging deformation during cylinder compression forming results in geometrical imprecision and flow stress prediction error. Consequently, the present study proposes a hybrid technique comprising the Upper Bound Method (UBM) and geometrical fitting method. It is noted that a volume conservation constraint and an elliptical curve-fitting method with UBM for predicting both the compression force and the bulge profile. It is shown that the predicted results for the compression force based on UBM under certain reduction ratios of 30%, 40%, 50% and 60% are in good agreement with those obtained by experiment, Finite Element Method (FEM), and Slab Method (SM). In addition, it is revealed that the use of an elliptical curve-fitting technique provides a reasonable approximation of the bulge profile obtained by experiment and FEM simulations. Generally, the proposed method effectively provides a low-cost, computationally straightforward means of estimating the compression force and bulge profile in cylinder compression forming. Therefore it can be utilized as the widespread applications in the metal forming field.
Effect of Counter Punch Pressure on Springback of High Strength Steel Sheet
Authors: Lawanwong Komgrit , Hamasaki Hiroshi , Hino Ryutaro , Yoshida Fusahito
Published: May 2014

To reduce springback in U-bending the present paper proposes a new technique where the bottom of a U-bent part is clamped between a punch and a counter-punch during bending and it is pushed up with the counter punch at the final stage. The effect of counter punch pressure, both in sheet clamping and bottoming, was investigated by performing experiments on dual phase 590MPa and TRIP 780MPa HSS sheets. From the experiment, an appropriate combination of the clamping force and the final pushing-up force was found where springback was reduced to almost zero. To investigate the mechanism of the reduction of springback in the above three-step U-bending process, FE simulation of the bending with PAM-STAMP 2G was also conducted where the advanced kinematic hardening Yoshida-Uemori model was employed.
Influence of Wire Reinforcement on the Forming Behaviour of Adhesive Bonded Steel Sheets
Authors: Doley Dhrubajyoti , Satheeshkumar V. , Narayanan R. Ganesh
Published: May 2014

A method for modifying the properties of adhesives is by the addition of metallic wire strand in fibre form to improve the thermal conductivity for use in electrical applications. Clearly any advantage gained as far as thermal conductivity is concerned should not be counteracted by deficiencies in mechanical properties. In this work, the influence of copper wire reinforcements on the tensile behaviour of adhesive bonded steel sheets will be presented. The adhesive used is a two-part epoxy resin with a mix ratio of 1:1 parts by weight of resin to hardener. Wire strands used are copper wires having a diameter of 0.3 mm. The base materials are made of Stainless Steel. The stress-strain behaviour, and limit strain are evaluated through tensile tests and in-plane plane-strain (IPPS) formability tests. It is found that the ductility and limit strain of adhesive bonded sheets with wire reinforcement are better than that of the case without reinforcement. The ductility and limit strain of wire reinforced adhesive bonded sheets increases till three wires in the case of tensile tests, and four wires in the case of IPPS formability tests, after which it decreases.
Influences of Process Conditions on Stretching Characteristics of Crystalline Polymer Film
Authors: Chen Liang Yu , Su Chung Cheng , Chen Ren Haw
Published: May 2014

Developing the interior structures of polymer films is essential for creating novel functions of such films. This study investigates the effects of extension parameters and processing procedures on the super-structure of a polypropylene (PP) film. An biaxial extension device is also designed and fabricated to analyze the effects of annealing, extension temperature, extension rate and other parameters on the super-structures of PP films. Based on super-structure analyses, the relationships between extension parameters and film structures are determined, and an extension process that involves a second time stretching procedure is suggested. Experimental results indicate that void structures can be generated by biaxial extension at the interface between the crystalline and amorphous regions in a film. The mechanical strength of the film is also affected by stretching and become highly oriented. Although a low extension temperature can increase the number of void structures generated at a low extension ratio, structure sizes are dispersed. Additionally, voids with uniform size can be obtained when the film is stretched at a high temperature; however, it needs a high extension ratio to promote the formation of void structures. As for annealing treatment, when the annealing temperature increased, the size and quantity of the spherulites that were formed in films by annealing also increased, but these films tend to have similar sizes and numbers of void structures. Based on the experimental results, this study also describes how parameters influence the void structures of a PP film created during the extension process. Analysis results further demonstrate how extension parameters and processing procedures can be adjusted to improve the fabrication of PP films.
Research on Formability of Aluminum Alloy Automotive Panels by Using Viscous Pressure Forming
Authors: Li Yi , Wang Zhong Jin , Lin Dong Yan , Li Yan Ping
Published: May 2014

The viscous pressure forming (VPF) was applied to form an automotive aluminum alloy panel in this paper. The formability of the panel was investigated. Further, the springback characteristics of the panel were analyzed. The results show that the viscous medium is helpful to improve the flow of the sheet blank. The positive and negative springback occur for the panel formed by VPF. It is different from the panel formed by rigid punch forming, in which only the positive springback occurs. Furthermore, the springback value of the panel formed by VPF is smaller than the latter.
Thermomechanical Forming of NiTi Shape Memory Alloy Wire
Authors: Fann Kuang Jau , Hsu Hau Chi
Published: May 2014

Because of their smart characteristics with shape memory effect and superelasticity, NiTi shape memory alloys used in sensors and actuators are regarded as an emerging applied material with high added value by their additional biomedical compatibility for medical devices and implants. It is meaningful to pay more attention to study the production technique of NiTi shape memory alloys.
For this reason, this article is aimed to investigate the results of a NiTi shape memory alloy wire in thermomechanical forming process regarding the processing temperature and duration. Thereafter a NiTi shape memory alloy wire of 0.63 mm in diameter is formed in a furnace at 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, and 600°C, respectively, by a semi cylindrical punch of 32 mm in diameter, then held together with the die set in the furnace for 10, 30, and 50 minutes long, respectively, and then quenched in the water. All of the formed wires have shape memory effect. That is, the wires returned their formed geometry once they were straightened below martensite transformation finishing temperature about room temperature and heated again above austenite transformation finishing temperature about 70°C. These thermomechanical forming processes were also investigated by commercial finite element software DEFORM. Both analytical and experimental results showed that the formed wires could not have the geometry precision as wanted because of stress relaxation found in process, which depends on the process temperature and the treatment duration. As a result, the lower the temperature and the shorter the duration is, the larger the springback is. That means that the higher the treatment temperature is and the longer the holding time is, the better the precision of the formed part is.
Design and Test of a Rapid Thermal Annealing Furnace for Improving Surface Properties of Silicon Brick in Multi-Wire Sawing Process
Authors: Chen Chao Chang Arthur , Cheng Shou Chih , Chan Ming Hsien , Hsu Wen Ching , Cheng Shih Lung
Published: May 2014

Multi-wire sawing process with free abrasive slurry or called multi-wire slurry wire sawing (MW-SWS) process has been popularly adopted in slicing of silicon substrates for solar cell application. However, the chipping or edge cracking of thin thickness as 200 μm of such silicon substrates need to be improved in current mass production. The potential subsurface cracks induced by previous edge grinding or brush polishing of silicon brick may be the main cause. This paper is to develop a rapid thermal annealing (RTA) process for thermal annealing of the surface quality of silicon brick before MR-SWS. In this study, a RTA furnace is designed and used to improve the material property of surface of silicon brick. A quartz crucible is used as heating source with the maximum heated specimen size of 156×156×100 mm (W×H×L). The bulk silicon brick used in this study is selected with a size of 20×10×20 mm (W×H×L) and supplied by the Sino-American Silicon Ltd. (SAS) in Hsinchu, Taiwan. The nitrogen gas is also injected as a protective gas for target heating temperature around 550°C with rapid heating rate of 50°C per second. The micro-Vickers (Akashi MVK-H1) and SEM (JSM-6500F, JOEL) instruments have been used to observe the improvement of rectified material properties of bulk silicon substrate. Experiments of silicon wafers have been first performed for obtaining the recipe of RTA testing and then adjusting for silicon brick testing. Results have been verified by the lower surface hardness and larger crystal grain size after RTA treatment. Furthermore, such treated silicon brick can be further adopted for MW-SWS process to identify the effects of reducing chipping or edge cracking of silicon substrates for solar cell application.
Deformation Behavior and Wear Resistance of Hard TiCN and TiCN/Ti Coatings on Ti6Al4V Alloy
Authors: Sun Yong , Lu Cheng , Yu Hai Liang , Tieu A. Kiet , Zhu Qiang , Zhao Yue , Zhu Hong Tao
Published: May 2014

Monolayer titanium carbide nitride (TiCN) and multilayer TiCN reinforced titanium (Ti) are coated on the surface of Ti6Al4V alloy by Filtered Arc Deposition System (FADS). Surface chemical composition has been characterized by an X-ray diffraction (XRD). Wear resistance of TiCN coating and TiCN/Ti coating have been detected by hommel tester T1000. Hardness and deformation mechanisms of the multilayer coatings are investigated using depth-sensing indentation comparison with the monolayer TiCN coatings. Focused Ion Beam (FIB) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) are used to identify the fracture modes of the coatings. The TEM image observations show that the inclined crack is the dominant crack in the monolayer TiCN coating while small bending crack is the dominant crack in the multilayer TiCN/Ti coating. The Ti layer with good ductility could efficiently suppress the crack propagation and absorb more indent energy.
Design of Experiments to Study Slurry Erosive Wear Behavior of Inconel-718 Coatings on Copper
Authors: Ramesh C.S. , Kumar Rupanagudi Suresh , Ramakrishna Sikhakolli , Kashyap Venkatesh K.G.
Published: May 2014

The present work is aimed at investigating the effect of speed , slurry concentration and particle size on Inconel-718 coatings on copper subjected to slurry erosion with the help of DOE (design of experiments) tool among which the Taguchi technique is well known. The coatings are subjected to slurry erosive wear tests in 3.5% NaCl solution (35 gms NaCl/ ltr of water) with sand as erodent. On application of analysis of variance, it is found that all three parameters namely speed, sand concentration of the slurry and particle size are significant with speed being the most significant one.
Dynamic Simulation and Analysis of Large-Scale Gear Reducers
Authors: Hou Hsueh Chien , Wu Yu Ren
Published: May 2014

This study has established the equivalent CAE model of a loading large-scale gear reducer for simulating and evaluating the dynamic responses, including the rotation speeds of shafts and meshing forces of gear pairs, in the time and frequency domains by using MSC.ADAMS. The transient response results were compared with measurement data under the practical application to verify reliability and equivalence of the constructed CAE model. The proposed approach and model may be served as the basis to access the transmission performance, vibration analysis, failure diagnosis and even structure improvement for the large gear reducers.
Investigation of Gear Meshing Noise of Planetary Gear Mechanism for Hybrid Vehicles
Authors: Miyata Takahiro , Kang Long Bo , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi
Published: May 2014

In this report, an approach to calculating meshing frequency through the rotational speed of the sun gear, ring gear, and carrier of a planetary gear set is proposed. The proposed method includes a convenient contour map of the rotational speed of each component of the planetary gear sets and the meshing frequency. This contour map is used to estimate the relationship between the numbers of teeth, the rotational speed, and the meshing frequency. The results of experiments measuring acceleration via an accelerometer attached to the edge of a carrier clearly showed the meshing frequency and rotational component frequency at each rotational speed. A comparison of the acceleration at each meshing frequency shows that the vibrational level can be reduced by modifying the specifications of the planetary gear set (the number of teeth, number of pinions, radius of the carrier, etc.). The proposed method is an effective means of reducing vibration and noise in planetary gear sets.
A Survey of Sustainable Design-Centered Integration for Medical Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Wang Steve Hsueh Ming , Qu Yan Rui , Chen Chao Chang Arthur , Chang Shu Ping
Published: May 2014

A number of materials have been used for Medical Additive Manufacturing (MAM), such as stem cells, biopolymers, metals, bio-ceramics, and bio-glass. Recent research includes potential applications in the replacement of human tissues, organs, and bones by using the bio-printing technology. MAM also has been applied to build up a dummy prototype to simulate a complicated operation process before surgery. Sustainable design of MAM has a need for the development of the system to be environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable for its life cycle. This paper surveys the scope of the sustainability of MAM in terms of these three categories. The methodology and tools for assessment of the sustainable development of MAM processes are discussed. This paper analyzes several examples of the application of additive manufacturing in medicine which have been published in recent journals. There are four critical areas of the design-centered system integration for sustainable development in this survey. The investigations for MAM processes including (1) the materials, (2) the precision of the advanced machine tools and tissues, (3) the mechanisms of the processes, and (4) the mechanical properties of the implanted components after MAM. The results can be used as a reference for the assessment of future sustainable Design-Centered Integration for MAM.
Mushy Zone Resolidification in a Temperature Gradient in Multiphase and Multicomponent Alloys
Authors: Löffler Andrea , Rettenmayr Markus
Published: May 2014

A model for simulating mushy zone resolidification in a temperature gradient is presented. For describing macroscopic mass transport in the liquid phase in the mushy zone, an extended diffusion equation is solved numerically using the Finite Difference Method. Temperature dependent local equilibria at each position in the mushy zone are calculated using the thermodynamic software package ChemApp. The resolidification model treats multicomponent alloying systems and accounts for multiphase equilibria. Simulation results for peritectic Cu-40wt%Al and eutectic Al-5wt%Si-1wt%Mg alloys are compared with microstructures from temperature gradient annealing experiments. It is shown that the model is well suited to predict mushy zone resolidification in multicomponent and multiphase alloys. The predicted evolution of the liquid fraction is qualitatively in full agreement with the observed microstructures, including local remelting at the peritectic temperature prior to resolidification, an effect that was first predicted by the model and confirmed by the experiments.