bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiencing the Streets: Harassment and Perceptions of Safety among Women
Authors: MACMILLAN ROSS , NIEROBISZ ANNETTE , WELSH SANDY
Published: March 2007

Although research consistently shows that women feel unsafe in a variety of situations, the social sources of these perceptions have not been clearly identified. This article examines, theoretically and empirically, the influence of sexual harassment on perceptions of safety among women. Because perceptions of safety among women are largely related to fears of sexual victimization, sexual harassment, particularly when it involves strangers, should indicate sexual vulnerability and typify particular contexts as dangerous and threatening. Using data from a national sample of Canadian women, the authors first examine the prevalence of stranger and nonstranger sexual harassment and then examine their influence on perceptions of safety. The findings indicate that stranger harassment is more prevalent and more extensive than nonstranger harassment and that stranger harassment more strongly influences fear of victimization. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The Effect of Perceptions of Sanctions on Batterer Program Outcomes
Authors: HECKERT D. ALEX , GONDOLF EDWARD W.
Published: March 2007

A persistent theme in intervening with male batterers is the deterrent effect of certain and severe sanctions. However, no studies address the effect of “specific” deterrence on batterer program outcomes. Fifteen-month follow-up data from a multisite evaluation of batterer programs was used to test the effect of batterer perceptions of the likelihood of jailing on dropout and reassault. Approximately half of the batterers perceived jailing as likely to result from program dropout or reassault. Batterers from programs with a court review process for program compliance and/or higher arrest rates for reassault were more likely to perceive jail as likely. The results also support the “experiential effect” of prior contact with the criminal justice system and alcohol treatment. However, neither perceived certainty of sanctions (jailing likely) nor perceived severity of sanctions was predictive of dropout and reassault. Increasing perceptions of criminal justice sanctions alone may not prevent batterers from reassault.
The MMPI Characteristics of Incarcerated Females
Authors: Hannum Thomas E. , Warman Roy E.
Published: March 2007

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory admission scores of 139 inmates of the Iowa Women's Reformatory were analyzed in order to determine the MMPI characteristics of a group of female prison inmates. The mean scores on each of the scales were computed and a mean profile determined. In addition each of the 139 test protocols was coded according to the Total (Welsh) coding system and an analysis made by noting the fre quency of appearance of each scale as one of the first three or last three digits in these coded profiles.

Because of the magnitude of the scores the mean scores yielded somewhat differing results from those obtained from the analysis of the coded profiles. The profile developed from the mean scores showed Scale 4 (Psychopathic deviate), Scale 6 (Paranoia), and Scale 9 (Hypomania) as the first three digits in the mean coded profile. However, in analyzing the coded profiles it was found that Scale 9 appeared almost as frequently in the last three digits as it did in the first three.

In this female prisoner group, Scale 1 (Hypochondriasis) and Scale 5 (Masculinity-Femininity) were the most characteristic low scales. Among the validating scales, the F-scale was found to be elevated as has been noted in comparable studies by other researchers.

General agreement with findings from studies of other delin quent or criminal groups is noted, although the latter typically have been male prisoners. Some areas of disagreement are pointed out and discussed.
Historical Perspectives of Gang Research
Authors: Hardman Dale G.
Published: March 2007

Systematic study of gangs has been largely confined to this century. Five clear periods of development can be identified, two of them overlapping: 1900-1930—a pioneering period; 1930-1943 —an era emphasizing social causality; 1940-1950—a decade of search for causal factors; 1942-1962—a period of disciplined observation which focused on the dynamics of ganging; 1950-1960—a decade of theorizing.

The pioneer period appears to have been the most fertile era; subsequent theory and research largely confirm and extend the pioneers' work. The factor studies made heartening contribu tions ; though stemming from an empirical base with no unifying theory, they showed remarkable congruence in their findings; the observation studies showed less agreement. Studies with a single theoretical base show considerable discord in both theory and research findings.

There is little consensus among gang theorists and researchers, and theorists pay little attention to available findings in elaborat ing new theory. There seems to be no "best" theory or research method.
Attitudes toward Law Enforcement in Greece and the United States
Authors: Mylonas Anastassios D. , Reckless Walter C.
Published: March 2007

Attitudes toward law, legal institutions, and law enforcement authorities may indicate a level of criminality. Such attitudes are the internalized residues of critical experiences fed back into the arena of behavior. A pioneer study found that attitudes toward law varied in expected directions with criminal and noncriminal samples in the United States and that a very definite and discernible gradient existed when the attitude inventories of maximum-security prisoners, probationers, labor-union members, and Mormons were compared. Does a similar gradient exist among criterion groups in other countries, based on their as sessed attitudes toward law, law enforcement, and legal institu tions ? After the American research schedule was pretested in Greece, it was administered to a sample of two hundred prison ers, two hundred laborers, and two hundred police officers (known to be the most law-abiding of Greek groups). A gradient was also discernible among the three Greek samples in the expected direction: the prisoners were the most unfavorable in attitude, the laborers favorable, and the police most favorable. The Greek police sample had scores similar to those of the Mormons in the United States. A criminality level index or measure, if it can be refined, would make a very important diagnostic and predictive tool in the field of crime control.
Gang Cohesiveness, Delinquency, and a Street-Work Program
Authors: Klein Malcolm W.
Published: March 2007

The Group Guidance Project applied standard detached-work procedures to four large juvenile gang clusters containing approximately eight hundred youngsters over a four-year period. Project emphasis was on individual counseling and group pro graming. Research data revealed that the project was associated with a significant increase in gang delinquency, especially at the twelve- to fifteen-year age levels, and in high-companionship offenses. Analyses of inter-cluster differences and specific project events revealed positive relationships between levels of group programing, cohesiveness, and delinquency. The conclusion is that a group-work approach to gang intervention may inad vertently defeat its own purpose, at least in the absence of an active development of alternatives to gang participation.
On Quantitative Approaches to Urban Police Patrol Problems
Authors: Larson Richard C.
Published: March 2007

This paper reviews the use of "hazard " formulas for allocating police patrol personnel and indicates the need for new quantitative methods to assist decision makers. Mathematical models of patrol activity can be structured to provide insight to such planning and management prob lems as optimal design of patrol sectors, formulation of preventive patrol strategies, evaluation of technological and administrative innova tions, and precinct-by-precinct allocation of personnel. Several illustra tive models are discussed, with emphasis placed on the diversity of modeling applications in patrol operations and on the insights provided by use of the models.
A Two-Dimensional Space for Classifing Legal Offenses
Authors: Shoham Shlomo , Guttman Louis , Rahav Giora
Published: March 2007

In the past, conceptual differences between behavioral and legal definitions made a synthesis between the two approaches extremely difficult. The present study utilizes a relatively new nonmetric measurement technique-the Multi-dimensional Scalogram Analysis (MSA)-in an attempt to conceptually analyze the four relevant components of a criminal offense: a) the criminal law norm (legal norm), b) the actor (offender), c) the act (offense), and d) the object (victim).

A theoretical model, assuming interaction among the four com ponents of the criminal offense, was constructed and an empirical analysis of crime within the framework of a legal definition was undertaken..Based on the definitions used in the study, several rela tionships were studied between actus reus and mens rea, the legal norms violated, the offender, the criminal act, and the object of the criminal act.

The empirical findings suggest that the basic structure of the criminal offense is comprised of the dyadic relationship between the offender and the victim. Actus reus elements appear to be after-the- fact intervention for the assessment of damages of injuries and the mens rea elements are also imputed after the fact to the offender in order to punish his indeterministic evil intent. The implications of the findings for research on administration of criminal justice and sentencing are discussed.
The Application of Self-Esteem Measures in A Correctional Setting: I. Reliability of the Scale and Relationship to Other Measures
Authors: Bennett Lawrence A. , Sorensen Donald E. , Forshay Horace
Published: March 2007

Recently Coopersmith 1 related subjective self-esteem of a group of adolescents to social and family antecedents. Self-esteem has been viewed as an important personality variable in postinstitu tional adjustment of former inmates. The applicability of a modi fication of Coopersmith's scale, the Self-Esteem Inventory (SEI), to prison inmates was explored. The distribution found was more nearly normal than clinical predictions for this population would suggest. Reliability measures were computed and found to be satisfactory. Further, the scale has a low relationship with age, intelligence, and socioeconomic status. A moderate relationship to tested grade level was found (p < .05, while the relationship to claimed level of achievement reached statistical significance (p < .01). In general, the scale was seen as an adequate tool for further study in the correctional field.
Subjective Perception of Deterrence (Continued)
Authors: Teevan James J.
Published: March 2007

High school students were questioned about their perceptions of the certainty and severity of punishment for marijuana use and shoplifting. It was found that those respondents who perceived a higher certainty of punishment engage in less marijuana use and shoplifting. Those respondents who perceive a higher severity of punishment do not engage in less marijuana use and shoplifting. Those respondents who perceive marijuana use or shoplifting to be offenses mala in se engage in fewer offenses, but also, in the case of shoplifting, are less deterred by threat of punishment than are respondents who define that shoplifting as mala prohibita. This difference is not true for marijuana use.
Description and Prediction of the Intractable Inmate
Authors: Myers Louis B. , Levy Girard W.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe the intractable inmate and to determine the existence of factors predictive of intractability. The intractable inmate is defined as an inmate who presents a chronic disciplinary problem within the prison. To provide data on this type of inmate, fifty intractable and fifty tractable inmates at the Southern Ohio Correctional Facility (SOCF) were selected by correctional and treatment officers at that institution. From the institutional files of both groups, extensive data were collected on person al, family, educational, vocational, military, criminal, confinement, prison ad justment, self-improvement program, and prison medical histories; psycho metric and personality test scores were collected for both groups. The data were analyzed to determine group differences and predictive factors.

The important results revealed that, in comparison with the tractable group, the intractable inmates at SOCF were generally nonwhite, single, and not heavy users of alcohol, and they exhibited disciplinary problems before in carceration. They began their criminal history at an earlier age, more often used an alias, had a greater number of police contacts, and, once incarcerated, were confined longer. In prison, they were disobedient, created disturbances, possessed and manufactured weapons, threatened others, and destroyed prop erty. They had a higher incidence of sick calls, with tension as the primary complaint and tranquilizers as the primary prescribed medication.

A number of useful predictive variables of intractability (before incarcera tion at SOCF) were statistically isolated; the primary variables were the fol lowing :

Percent Adult Life Incarcerated (18 years and over; high scores associated with intractability).

Extent of Alcohol Use (low use associated with intractability).

MMPI Depression Scale Score (high scores associated with intrac tability).

Minnesota Paper Form Board Score (low scores associated with intrac tability).

Number of Police Contacts as a Juvenile (high scores associated with in tractability).

Use of Alias (use associated with intractability).

These six variables, properly weighted, correctly classified 78 percent of the inmates studied.
Aggregation Bias in Deterrence Research: an Empirical Analysis
Authors: Greenberg David F. , Kessler Ronald C. , Logan Charles H.
Published: March 2007

A theoretical treatment is given of the sources of bias that might be expected in deterrence research when estimation is carried out with spatially aggregated data. In addition, aggregation is studied empirically by comparing estimates obtained from city data for the reciprocal effects of arrest clearance rates and index crime rates on one another with those obtained from state data. Some evidence for bias in the state estimates is found.
The Implications of Respondent Loss in Panel Studies of Deviant Behavior
Authors: Cordray Sheila , Polk Kenneth
Published: March 2007

While the panel design offers many advantages to social scientists, especially those studying deviant behavior, a major source of potential bias and error of this design is the loss of respondents over time. The present investigation draws upon a secondary analysis of data from seven panel studies which followed adolescent populations through time to examine the impact of such attrition on univariate, bivariate, and multivariate estimates obtained from individuals who remain in panels. Those who remain over time in panels are found to provide relatively accurate estimates of bivariate and multivariate relationships. Univariate estimates such as incidence or prevalence measures of deviance are found to be slightly but systematically biased, this tendency being more clear when the panel is constructed from a broadly representative population base.
The Influence of Race in Juvenile Justice Processing
Authors: BISHOP DONNA M. , FRAZIER CHARLES E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the effect of defendant's race on juvenile justice processing in a large southern state. The study traces the movement of a cohort of over 50,000 youths through multiple decision-making stages from intake screening to judicial disposition. After controlling for legal and processing variables in multivariate analyses, we find that race has a direct effect on decisions made at several processing junctures. Indirect and cumulative effects of race are also addressed and implications for future research explored.
Community Types, Crime, and Police Services on Canadian Indian Reserves
Authors: LaPRAIRIE CAROL PITCHER
Published: March 2007

This article attempts to provide an explanation of variations in crime rates between four types of Indian band communities. Official crime rates for the period 1978-1983 produced by Amerindian Police activities on 25 Indian band reserves in Quebec, Canada, are examined in light of Gerber's community typology. This community typology is based on the two dimensions of “institutional completeness” of the Indian reserves and “personal resources development” of the band community members. Band communities emphasizing institutional completeness tend to produce higher official rates of interpersonal crime while band communities reflecting personal resource development display higher official rates of property crime.
The Failure of Arrest to Deter Spouse Abuse
Authors: HIRSCHEL J. DAVID , HUTCHISON IRA W. , DEAN CHARLES W.
Published: March 2007

In this article the authors present the results of an experiment conducted to test the relative effectiveness of three police responses to spouse abuse: (a) advising, and possibly separating the couple; (b) issuing a citation to the offender; and (c) arresting the offender. Cases that met specified eligibility criteria were randomly assigned to one of the three treatments and were then tracked for a period of at least 6 months to discern whether recidivism had occurred. Measures of recidivism were obtained through use of both official police records and victim interviews. Analysis of prevalence, incidence, and time to failure rates indicated that arrest was no more effective than the other two treatments at deterring subsequent abuse.
Heavy Metal Music Preference, Delinquent Friends, Social Control, and Delinquency
Authors: SINGER SIMON I. , LEVINE MURRAY , JOU SUSYAN
Published: March 2007

The authors examined the relationship between a preference for heavy metal music among a large sample of suburban high school youth (N = 715) and delinquency, controlling for parental and school-related variables, as well as delinquent associations. They found support for the hypothesis that heavy metal has an effect on delinquency when parental control is low. However, they found no support for the hypothesized interaction between a preference for heavy metal and delinquent peers. Contrary to expectations, those students with better school marks and a preference for heavy metal music had higher amounts of self-reported delinquency.
The Severity of Official Punishment for Delinquency and Change in Interpersonal Relations in Chinese Society
Authors: ZHANG LENING , MESSNER STEVEN F.
Published: March 2007

This study examines the effects of severity of official punishment for delinquency on the probability of estrangement from four types of significant others—parents, relatives, friends, and neighbors—for a sample of youths in Tianjin, China. Drawing on the labeling perspective, we hypothesize that more severe punishments tend to increase the likelihood that youths experience interpersonal estrangement. We further hypothesize that the strength of the effects of punishment severity on estrangement will vary across types of interpersonal relations. Given the preeminent role of the family in Chinese society, the effect of severity of punishment is expected to be weakest for estrangement from parents and strongest for estrangement from neighbors. The results are generally consistent with expectations, revealing nonsignificant effects of severity of official punishment for delinquency on estrangement from parents and relatives and significant effects only for estrangement from friends and neighbors. In addition, the observed patterns of estrangement in China differ in certain respects from those previously reported in the United States, which suggests that the consequences of labeling for juvenile delinquency are conditioned by the larger sociocultural context.
Adolescent Maltreatment and Delinquency: The Question of Intervening Processes
Authors: BREZINA TIMOTHY
Published: March 2007

A substantial body of research indicates that adolescent maltreatment, like child maltreatment, is associated with elevated levels of delinquency. Criminologists typically account for this relationship by invoking one of three dominant frameworks in criminological theory: “Social control” theorists contend that adolescent maltreatment disrupts important delinquency-inhibiting ties; “social learning” theorists emphasize the deviant values and patterns of behavior that are learned from those that administer maltreatment; whereas “social-psychological strain” theorists emphasize the criminogenic emotions likely to arise among maltreated adolescents, such as anger and resentment. This study uses national survey data to assess the relative merits of these competing explanations. The results provide limited support for all three explanations. The findings are discussed in terms of the need for a more general and complex understanding of the adolescent maltreatment-delinquency relationship.
Reducing Resistance to Diversity through Cognitive Dissonance Instruction
Authors: McFalls Elisabeth L. , Cobb-Roberts Deirdre
Published: March 2007

Before admission to the college of education, students at a large, predominantly White public university in the Southeast are required to complete a state-mandated course on diversity issues. The purpose of this course is to introduce students to diversity and effective ways of addressing it in future classrooms as a result of changing demographics. Often, students experience resistance to diversity issues because their current understandings or beliefs may not coincide with the information presented in class. One psychological theory that can address this phenomenon is called cognitive dissonance. In the study reported here, the principles of cognitive dissonance theory are applied to an instructional strategy used to reduce resistance. The results indicate that incorporating cognitive dissonance theory into instruction on diversity creates an awareness of dissonance (i.e., metadissonance) and has the potential for reducing resistance to diversity issues. Implications for teacher education are addressed.
Reflected Identities
Authors: Martin Renée J. , Van Gunten Dawn M.
Published: March 2007

This work explores how positionality, as a pedagogical construct, can enhance the goals of teaching multicultural education courses that are social reconstructionist in nature. It highlights excerpts from action/research assignments in multicultural education courses and probes how the attitudes of students have been challenged to better understand the complex sociocultural environments in which diverse cultural populations work and live. Students are encouraged to discern how it is that they make meaning of their own lives, what their lives mean in relationshipto the lives of others, and how the educational concepts they embrace are derived from the meaning that they make of such relationships.
Teacher Mentoring: An Analysis of Roles, Activities, and Conditions
Authors: Wildman Terry M. , Magliaro Susan G. , Niles Ruth Anne , Niles Jerome A.
Published: March 2007

A conceptual framework composed of eight categories of mentoring activities that address five domains of beginning teachers' concerns was developed based on the reported activities of 150 teachers who were lead mentors. The study suggests that experienced teachers possess an extensive repertoire of helping strategies and that, with opportunities for collaboration, teachers can develop and shape complex mentoring roles that meet beginning teachers' needs. Conditions that influence mentoring relationships include school context factors and mentor and beginning teacher characteristics. Mentoring programs thus should not attempt to rigidly specify mentoring roles. With support, experienced teachers can provide assistance tailored to the circumstances of beginning teachers in individual schools.
Collaborating Teachers in a Professional Development School: Inducements and Contributions
Authors: Sandholtz Judith Haymore , Merseth Katherine K.
Published: March 2007

Collaborative teacher education programs add to the already heavy demands on practicing teachers, who may question the payoffs for the extra time and effort required. Inducements-contribution theory is used to examine teachers' experiences in such a program, identify the demands and rewards for the teachers, and analyze the balance between the two. The paper provides a framework for analyzing individuals' decisions to participate in collaborative programs and offers suggestions for program designers.
The Organization of Disorganization in Agricultural Labor Markets
Authors: KRIPPNER GRETA R.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the organizational prerequisites of competitive labor markets through an account of the restructuring of Mexico's export tomato industry in the 1980s and 1990s. Agricultural labor markets are typically taken as paradigm cases of competitive labor markets, the closest real-world approximation to the spot market of economic theory. Yet, this case demonstrates that such markets are deeply structured through the activities of producer associations and the state, suggesting that disorganization in a labor market can only be sustained through organization.
The Cultural Characteristics of Chinese Students: a Study of Basic Attitudes and Approaches To Their English Studies
Authors: Mao-jin Wang
Published: March 2007

This paper reports on a study of cultural trends of basic attitudes and approaches of Chinese students to their studies. These trends are derived from celebrated dictums in classrooms at Shaanxi Normal University (SNU). The researcher seeks to explore English teaching and learning in China, through an examination of the celebrated dictums in the classrooms, which can be an important factor to influence the students' learning style, to discover what cultural characteristics the students are likely to have in relation to their attitudes and motivation to studies, to gain insight into Chinese teaching methods, and to show some typical celebrated dictums selected from the classrooms for each ethnic characteristic for a better cross-cultural understanding in a TEFL context. The information that forms the core of the investigation is obtained by a two-fold means of the summarizing of the 237 maxims in the 82 classrooms with the integration of a questionnaire to elicit data for confirmation. The quantitative findings from the survey are the perceptions of the students, each of which is discussed and some typical maxims are provided with analysis of their features in rhetoric. This paper concludes with 15 dimensions of general trends of the Chinese students' basic attitudes and approaches to their English studies: aspiration, accumulation, indomitableness, diligence, patriotism, application, erudition, personality development, books as the knowledge carriers, confidence, review, emphasis on time, respect to teacher, humility, and regular thinking. These points of trends are seen as factors to be complementary to the stances of the Communicative Approach.
Topic Variable in Narrow-Scope Eap Short-Context Reading Tests
Authors: Ansary Hasan , Baba Esmat
Published: March 2007

The present study was an attempt to explore (a) the extent to which EAP students' reading performance on a discipline-specific short- context reading test is influenced by their knowledge of subject-matter of the test tasks, (b) the impact(s) that narrow-scope discipline-specific test tasks may have on the psychometric characteristics of the test, and (c) the suitability of short-context method of testing reading comprehension in an EAP context. To this end, two 20-item multiple- choice short-context reading tests comprising 20 items on statistics and 20 items on discipline-neutral topics were developed and administered to 53 Iranian college-level students of (1) statistics, (2) chemistry, and (3) history. Results demonstrated that students of statistics significantly outperformed students of history and chemistry. Furthermore, topic specificity of the test tasks did not seem to improve the psychometric properties of the discipline-related test. And short- context testing appeared to function equally well in an EAP context.
Significant Motivational Predictors of the Amount of Reading By Efl Learners in Japan
Authors: Mori Setsuko
Published: March 2007

Although there is extensive research into what constitutes second language learning motivation and how it works, most of the existing work is carried out in ESL environments, and is mainly concerned with motivation to communicate using the target language. However, in EFL environments such as Japan, students have quite limited contact with target language communities, and consequently need to rely largely on written form of input. Thus, this study attempted to investigate the relationship between how students' motivation/attitudes toward reading in English and a specific reading task, and how much they read outside of class. The results of the study imply that the following two motivational constructs were significant predictors of the amount of reading: (1) a factor indicative of students' study habits, and (2) a factor of task-specific motivation indicative of students' lack of intrinsic value of stories. Surprisingly, neither sub-factors of reading motivation nor proficiency scores were found to be significant predictors.
Literacy in Singapore, 1970 -1980
Authors: Kuo Eddie C.Y.
Published: March 2007

Comparing literacy statistics in the 1970 and 1980 censuses, the paper analyses the literacy trend in Singapore with the following major findings: (1) There has been a substantial growth in general literacy in the Republic from 1970 to 1980. Concurrently and more significantly, there has also been a distinct trend toward equality in literacy among various ethnic groups and between males and females. (2) The percentage of population with bi-literate or multi-literate ability increased tremendously, testifying to the success of the bilingual educational programme in Singapore. (3) English and Chinese both made parallel growth in literacy during the intercensal years. Literacy in Chinese remained in 1980 the language with the largest number of literates in population. But English is known by large numbers of persons from all ethnic communities. (4) While Malay and Tamil did not make much gain in literacy population-wise, both have made some progress within the Malay and the Indian communities respec tively.
Are Standardized Tests Sensitive to ESL Students' Growth?
Authors: Jafarpur Abdoljavad
Published: March 2007

This study reports an experiment conducted on 110 ESL university students comparing a standardized traditional reading test with a multiple-choice cloze test and a short-context test with a criterion of teacher ratings as measures of growth in reading ability. Results indi cate no evidence that the cloze test or the short-context test performed in a superior manner to the traditional test. Questions are raised as to the nature of growth in reading skills and also as to the validity of the cloze procedure as a measure of across-time gains in reading and of reading proficiency.
The Language Bioprogram Hypothesis and Singaporean English
Authors: Ho Mian Lian
Published: March 2007

In his rather controversial book "Roots of Language" 1981, Bickerton claims that 'many of the prerequisites for human language were laid down in the course of mammalian evolution, and that the most critical of those prerequisites... was the capacity to construct quite elaborate mental representations of the external world....' (Bickerton 1981:294-295). The Language Bioprogram Hypothesis (LBH) concerns 'a biological' or 'a species-specific program for language, genetically coded and expressed in ways still largely myste rious, in the structures and modes of operation of the human brain' (Bickerton 1984:173). Among the important distinctions of the LBH are those between state and process, punctual and non-punctual, specific and non-specific and causative and non-causative. Such dis tinctions are clearly evident when a pidgin becomes a creole. The in nate punctual/non-punctual distinction is manifested in Bickerton's investigation of past tense marking in 2 decreolizing situations- Guyana and Hawaii. Verbs which were used non-punctually received a lower marking for past tense than verbs that were used punctually.

What are the factors which influence variation in past tense marking of Chinese Singaporeans? The substratum language may have a strong influence since in Chinese there is no morphological change to the past form of the verb. Or it could be that the innate Language Bioprogram has an influence as well. Naturally, other fac tors such as teaching and general language learning strategies cannot be ignored.

This paper is based on an empirical investigation of recordings of spontaneous speech of a hundred ethnically Chinese Singaporeans who have had English-medium education and discusses variation in past tense marking in Singaporean English as well as pedagogical im plications of the LBH for second language acquisition.
Investigating Second Language Task Complexity
Authors: Robinson Peter , Ting Sarah chi-chien , Jian Jun Urwin
Published: March 2007

Proposals for task-based approaches to pedagogy have conceded that valid criteria for determining the difficulty level of tasks have yet to be established. We suggest that this is an important area for future research by practicing teachers and we present rationales for three dimensions of task demands which we think may affect the difficulty level of tasks; amount of cognitive load imposed, amount of planning time allowed, and amount of prior information supplied. We briefly report the results of our own studies of speaking, writing and listening tasks which varied along these dimensions, and describe the units of analysis used to • analyse task performance. Finally we discuss the implications of our investigations of task complexity for task-based syllabus design.
Pattern and Variation in Use of Two Languages in the Hong Kong Secondary English Class
Authors: Pennington Martha C.
Published: March 2007

Language use observed in the English classes of eight Cantonese- English bilingual secondary teachers in Hong Kong is examined in relation to the presentation of lessons and other kinds of classroom activities. General patterns and individual variation are reviewed, and a classification system of compensatory and strategic language use is developed to describe the findings of the author's study in the context of previous research on Hong Kong secondary classrooms (Johnson and Lee, 1987; Lin, 1990).
A Useful and Popular Lesson? Comparing Students Working in Pairs and Threes in the Esl Classroom
Authors: Peacock Matthew
Published: March 2007

Pairwork and groupwork continue to be very popular with teachers in ESL classrooms around the world, yet very few studies have compared the two activities regarding their effectiveness for TESL, or their popularity with learners This article reports on a project recently undertaken over six months in eight ESL classrooms in a Hong Kong university to investigate three questions whether learners work harder in pairs or groups, whether they prefer working in pairs or groups, and whether they learn more working in pairs or groups
Laïcité et religion en Afrique: sphère d'humanisation?
Authors: Tshimbulu Raphaël NTAMBUE
Published: March 2007

The author attempts to describe and to evaluate secular and religious action and thought in Africa using the concept of “humanization”. This article is part of longer-term work on the evolution of “tentative” secularization of African societies and on the relation between religion and laicity in Africa. He considers the “laicity” clause contained in the majority of the constitutions of African states, the functioning of nondenominational schools, the programmes of moral education in such schools, the misadventures of socialism, Marxism and scientism in different parts of Africa, and the conflicts between church and state in African societies. He draws no conclusions, ending by speculating on the possibility of a secular religiosity in Africa and of an “African political theology” which would harness laicity to the service of a “significant, grown-up faith”.
Welsh Clergy Speak! A Social Construction of the Parish
Authors: GREGORY Diana
Published: March 2007

The author shows how a sample of parish clergy of the (Anglican) Church in Wales draw upon social resources to describe their parishes. An analysis of the written accounts of 17 clergy in the Diocese of Swansea and Brecon shows that the language that they use to produce these descriptions is rooted in the socio-economic structure of Wales and in the occupational culture and historical traditions of Welsh Anglican clergy. Categories such as “housing” and “community” are prominent among ways of “seeing” the parish. The research forms a part of a larger study of clergy's experiences of poverty and social deprivation in everyday parish ministry.
The development of applications to leave the Church and the transfer from one Church to another, and its causes
Authors: Greinacher N.
Published: March 2007

Dans certains pays, les Eglises ont le droit de lever certains impôts sur leurs fidèles. La loi oblige dès lors les personnes qui quittent ces Eglises, à faire une déclaration officielle afin d'être désormais exemptées de l'impôt dans leur ancienne Eglise. C'est le cas en Allemagne. L'A. compare les départs dans l'Eglise Catholique et l'Eglise Evangélique, et distingue trois périodes, de 1917 à nos jours. Les nomrbes pré sentent des différences significatives d'une Eglise à l'autre. L'A. achève par une comparaison avec d'autres pays.
Some aspects of interaction between religious groups in an upper middle class Roman Catholic parish*
Authors: Greeley Andrew M.
Published: March 2007

Quoique habituellement l'Amérique soit considérée comme «the great melting-pot », il est un fait que la religion ne semble pas participer aux systèmes de valeur qui se perdent dans les processus d'acculturation. Une théorie est suggérée distinguant trois niveaux dans les processus d'interpénétration. Même si les Améri cains se mêlent entre eux sur le plan économique sans tenir compte de la religion, sur les plans matrimonial et des loisirs les vieilles barrières religieuses restent fermes et ne montrent aucun signe d'affaiblissement. Cela apparaît clairement dans une paroisse périphé rique à population appartenant aux classes supérieures. L'homogénéité de la population, quant à la plupart des indices sociaux et économiques, donnerait plutôt à croire que l'on y rencontrerait une absence des barriè res religieuses. Or les faits montrent que « Westwood » est divisé en deux « ghettos invisibles ». Il y a très peu de mariages entre les deux, on se mêle très peu les uns aux autres d'un groupe a l'autre, il y a très peu d'associations et ce, jusque sur le terrain de golf. Les Catholiques ont tendance à vivre dans certains quar tiers résidentiels et les non-Catholiques dans d'autres, cela, apparemment en relation avec l'implantation de l'église catholique. En dépit de ces murs invisibles, il y a très peu de conflits ouverts dans la communauté, chaque groupe écartant avec precaution tout ce qui pourrait donner lieu à des troubles, et allant jusqu'à nier l'existence de quelque barrière que ce soit. En ce sens, les résultats de l'enquête à « Westwood » tendent à confirmer la thèse de l'interpénétration différente selon les plans.
The rooting of ideologies
Authors: Fogarty M.P.
Published: March 2007

Les partis et les mouvements caractérisés par une idéologie plongeant ses racines directement dans une religion se sont notablement multipliés depuis la publi cation par l'auteur de son livre Christian Democracy in Western Europe, 1820-1953, (1957). La différenciation des groupements politiques, telle que S.M. Lipset la présente dans son Political Man (1960), ne donne pas satisfaction. Aussi l'auteur offre-t-il ici un schéma nouveau d'analyse, dans lequel une distinction est faite entre trois niveaux différents auxquels s'exprime une idéologie. Une analyse est faite des conditions sous lesquelles les groupements buts politiques ou sociaux tendent à se baser davantage sur des conditions fon damentalement religieuses que sur des principes géné raux en relation avec des problèmes concrets. La phase de développement auquel se meut un groupement joue en ce cas un très grand rôle.
The sociology of religion in the United States
Authors: Lensky G.
Published: March 2007

La sociologie de la religion aux Etats-Unis s'est déve loppée sur un mode dialectique : de la théorie sans la recherche, l'on est passé via la recherche sans théorie, à une synthèse.

L'A. donne dans cet article un aperçu de ce qui a été réalisé au cours des deux dernières décennies, dans le cadre de ces recherches à orientations théoriques.

De nombreux thèmes s'y côtoyent. L'on a tenté de placer la théorie de Durkheim à propos de l'origine de la religion, sur une base empirique plus large. Une vue plus nette de la variété des comportements religieux dans les diverses catégories sociales a été dégagée, quoi que la plus grande partie de ces variations reste encore inconnue. Des distinctions ont été établies à l'intérieur du phénomène des sectes, ainsi que dans la dychotomie église-secte. La variable « religiosité » a été approfon die de manière à la saisir dans sa multidimensionalité. Les conséquences de l'appartenance religieuse sur les plans des comportements économique ou politique ont été relativement négligées jusqu'à présent, mais les découvertes faites par des recherches récentes montrent tout l'intérêt de ce type d'analyse. Il s'y rencontre encore d'autres thèmes actuels comme la paroisse, le clergé, les tensions confessionnelles.

En fait, l'intérêt pour la sociologie de la religion s'accroît notablement aux Etats-Unis. Et fort heureu sement, il s'agit là nullement d'une mode. La recher che est mise très sérieusement en relation avec la théorie et l'on espère bien avec le temps, pouvoir, par le biais de la sociologie de la religion, donner un nouvel apport décisif à la théorie sociologique générale.
Les Vocations En Espagne
Authors: Diaz Mozaz Jose Maria
Published: March 2007

In this article the author, who is director of the Statistical Office of the Church in Spain, uses the data of an inquiry made in 1961 among all the seminarians in Spain. He studies the qualitative aspects of vocations to the priesthood such as the influence of the family, the family com position, rural or urban background, level of education etc., and also the phenomenon of leaving before ordination. These evaluations could con tribute to a better understanding of the trends and problems of vocations to the priesthood in Spain.
Pratiques religieuses, contenu de foi et comportement moral. Resultats d'une enquête dans trois villes polonaises
Authors: Taras Pierre
Published: March 2007

The author attempts an objective view of several characteristics of Polish Catholicism: practice of religion, content of Faith, and moral attitudes.

These phenomena are discussed in relation to sex, age, the civil state and culture.

1. The study of religious practice centres on attendance at Mass and other practices such as prayer, examination of conscience and receiving Communion.

2. To assess the content of Faith the enquiry takes as a starting point a general question: Faith in man's judgement after death (because of its presuppositions: existence of God, belief in His mercy, Hell etc.). The responses are correlated with the results obtained regarding practice. Other questions are posed concerning other dogmas (Infallibility Providence, Grace).

3. Finally, moral attitudes are themselves studied on the basis of specific questions: opinion about theft, forgiveness, Sunday rest, divorce and abortion. The responses are correlated with the practice and content of Faith.

The enquiry shows that 83 % of people are attached to the Church; 10% are opposed to it as humanists. Those who are practising are not unready to admit reservations on questions of Faith and those who believe are not necessarily practising. In general Faith grows with age (except where it concerns Faith in Providence); one meets it wherever religion is practised (there are exceptions regarding Infallibility).

Finally one must take into account the resistance encountered among people who have received a technical, secondary or higher, education. These conclusions reached in three large cities in Poland would seem to demand other more extensive comparative studies.
Pluralisme culturel et symbolique de I'environnement
Authors: Hambye F. , Remy J.
Published: March 2007

Can a society claim to be pluralistic as soon as it tolerates a diversity of systems of explicit value and of behaviour expressing them? Must it not equally arrive at diversifying the implicit cultural patterns which give rise to collective perceptions of the objects of daily life? This environ ment which, in fact, extends from habitat to gadgets through fashion and tool constitutes for the individual a material support, from which significant processes are constituted. These make possible the commu nication based on a multiplicity of differential representations of self and of others, of society and of individuals.

This article includes an introduction to the semiological analysis with a view to bringing to light the importance of the institutionalization of cultural practices (1st part). Next the study of the perception of the urban area will manifest the link between social structure and the relative homogeneity of symbols (2nd part). Finally it will formulate the work ing hypothesis which will form the base of later research: the cultural diversity manifested by explicit systems such as beliefs and values, does not permit the conclusion that an effective cultural pluralism exists, if it can be proved that contemporary western society imposes a strict 'uni formisation' of implict codes regulating the perception of the environ ment.
Religious Affiliation in South Africa
Authors: Kellerman A.P.R.
Published: March 2007

Dans cet article, l'auteur donne une vue générale de la situation religieuse de l'Afrique du Sud, et met en perspective les modèles d'appartenance religieuse avec les caractéristiques socio-culturelles de la population.

Dans une première partie, il présente les grandes lignes de la situation sociale du pays, sous l'angle racial, culturel et socio-économique.

Les modèles d'appartenance religieuse sont étroitement liés aux clivages existant entre les races, les cultures et les langues. Ceci ne veut pas dire que la situation religieuse n'est qu'une simple déduction de la situation sociale ; les influences sont réciproques et les diverses confessions ont exercé et exercent encore une influence notoire sur les modifications socio-cul turelles.

Les Eglises, qui ont grandement contribué à l'édification de la société actuelle, sauront-elles contribuer à sa modification ? L'auteur conclut en disant que toutes ne semblent pas à même de le faire, du moins, dans un avenir proche.
Le clergé bouddhiste d'une circonscription kandienne et les élections générales de 1965
Authors: Gombrich Richard
Published: March 2007

What political influence has the Buddhist clergy on the people and what determines their political attitude? The Author throws some light on the answers to these questions thanks to a stud y conducted on religious behaviour where interviews with the monks included some questions on politics.

Though at first sight the involvement of the monks with a particular political party in the 1965 elections appears to be motivated by anti-communism, it is really caste membership that seems to play a more influential role. But with regard to political involvement the monks seem to reflect public opinion and not to mould it. The importance of their involvement lies in their way of life and in their social position. They are more disposed to defend their own interests, which are religious, than to identify with the point of view of a particular social group. Hence it appears that religion may not after all have the same importance in politics in Ceylon that politicians tend to attribute to it.