bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Heat Transfer during Condensation in Non-Circular Channels
Authors: Shah Mirza M.
Published: June 2019

It is desirable to know whether correlations for condensation in round tubes can be used for non-circular channels. To investigate this matter, a number of well-known correlations for mini and macro channels as well as some for flattened channels were compared to a database for condensation in non-circular channels. Data included square, rectangular, triangular, semi-circular, drum, N, and W shaped channels as well as flattened tubes. The data included 15 fluids, hydraulic diameter 0.067 to 1.46 mm, aspect ratio 0.14 to 7, reduced pressure 0.045 to 0.77, and mass flux from 48 to 1000 kgm−2s−1. None of the correlations worked well for flattened tubes. Data for all other shapes were best predicted by the Shah correlation with mean absolute deviation of 20.1% with 1120 data points from 22 sources. None of the other correlations was found satisfactory over the entire range.
Research on K-Value Selection Method of K-Means Clustering Algorithm
Authors: Yuan Chunhui , Yang Haitao
Published: June 2019

Among many clustering algorithms, the K-means clustering algorithm is widely used because of its simple algorithm and fast convergence. However, the K-value of clustering needs to be given in advance and the choice of K-value directly affect the convergence result. To solve this problem, we mainly analyze four K-value selection algorithms, namely Elbow Method, Gap Statistic, Silhouette Coefficient, and Canopy; give the pseudo code of the algorithm; and use the standard data set Iris for experimental verification. Finally, the verification results are evaluated, the advantages and disadvantages of the above four algorithms in a K-value selection are given, and the clustering range of the data set is pointed out.
Circulating Concentrations of GDF11 are Positively Associated with TSH Levels in Humans
Authors: Añón-Hidalgo Juan , Catalán Victoria , Rodríguez Amaia , Ramírez Beatriz , Idoate-Bayón Adrián , Silva Camilo , Mugueta Carmen , Galofré Juan C. , Salvador Javier , Frühbeck Gema , Gómez-Ambrosi Javier
Published: June 2019

Growth differentiation factor 11 (GDF11) is a member of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily which declines with age and has been proposed as an anti-aging factor with regenerative effects in skeletal muscle in mice. However, recent data in humans and mice are conflicting, casting doubts about its true functional actions. The aim of the present study was to analyze the potential involvement of GFD11 in energy homeostasis in particular in relation with thyroid hormones. Serum concentrations of GDF11 were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in 287 subjects. A highly significant positive correlation was found between GDF11 and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations (r = 0.40, p < 0.001). Neither resting energy expenditure (REE) nor REE per unit of fat-free mass (REE/FFM) were significantly correlated (p > 0.05 for both) with GDF11 levels. In a multiple linear regression analysis, the model that best predicted logGDF11 included logTSH, leptin, body mass index (BMI), age, and C-reactive protein (logCRP). This model explained 37% of the total variability of logGDF11 concentrations (p < 0.001), with only logTSH being a significant predictor of logGDF11. After segregating subjects by TSH levels, those within the low TSH group exhibited significantly decreased (p < 0.05) GDF11 concentrations as compared to the normal TSH group or the high TSH group. A significant correlation of GDF11 levels with logCRP (r = 0.19, p = 0.025) was found. GDF11 levels were not related to the presence of hypertension or cardiopathy. In conclusion, our results show that circulating concentrations of GDF11 are closely associated with TSH concentrations and reduced in subjects with low TSH levels. However, GDF11 is not related to the regulation of energy expenditure. Our data also suggest that GDF11 may be involved in the regulation of inflammation, without relation to cardiac function. Further research is needed to elucidate the role of GDF11 in metabolism and its potential involvement in thyroid pathophysiology.
Design, Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Ba-Doped Derivatives of SrCo0.95Ru0.05O3−δ Perovskite as Cathode Materials for SOFCs
Authors: Sydyknazar Sabina , Cascos Vanessa , Troncoso Loreto , Larralde Ana Laura , Fernández-Díaz María Teresa , Alonso José Antonio
Published: June 2019

We have designed and prepared a novel cathode material for solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) based on SrCo0.95Ru0.05O3−δ perovskite. We have partially replaced Sr by Ba in Sr0.9Ba0.1Co0.95Ru0.05O3−δ (SBCRO) in order to expand the unit-cell size, thereby improving the ionic diffusion of O2− through the crystal lattice. The characterization of this new oxide has been studied at room temperature by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and neutron powder diffraction (NPD) experiments. At room temperature, SBCRO perovskite crystallizes in the P4/mmm tetragonal space group, as observed from NDP data. The maximum conductivity value of 18.6 S cm−1 is observed at 850 °C. Polarization resistance measurements on LSGM electrolyte demonstrate an improvement in conductivity with respect to the parent Sr-only perovskite cathode. A good chemical compatibility and an adequate thermal expansion coefficient make this oxide auspicious for using it as a cathode in SOFC.
Evaluation of the Accuracy of Four Digital Methods by Linear and Volumetric Analysis of Dental Impressions
Authors: Pagano Stefano , Moretti Michele , Marsili Roberto , Ricci Alessandro , Barraco Giancarlo , Cianetti Stefano
Published: June 2019

The quality of dental arch impression has a substantial role in the precision of the intervention. It is traditionally acquired with resins that solidify when in contact with the air. Compared to that method, digital impression gives great advantages and, together with three-dimensional (3D) digitization devices, allows a simplification of the digital impression process. The growing adoption of such systems by a large number of dental clinics determines the need for an in-depth evaluation of the accuracy and the precision of the different systems. The aim of this work is to define a methodology for the evaluation of the accuracy and precision of 3D intraoral and desktop scanning systems, by using volumetric and linear methods. The replica of a tooth was realized with zirconium; afterward, high-accuracy point clouds of the master model were acquired by a coordinate measurement machine (CMM). In this way, the dimensions of the replica were accurately known. An intraoral scanner (I) and three desktops (D1, D2, D3) were then used to scan the replica. The geometry resulting from the CMM was compared with the ones derived from the scanners, using two different commercial programs (Geomagic and 3-Matic) and a custom-developed algorithm (MATLAB). Geomagic showed the mean values to be in a range from 0.0286 mm (D1) to 0.1654 mm (I), while 3-Matic showed mean values from −0.0396 mm (D1) to 0.1303 mm (I). MATLAB results ranged from 0.00014 mm (D1) to 0.00049 mm (D2). The probability distributions of the volumetric error of the measurements obtained with the different scanners allow a direct comparison of their performances. For the results given by our study, the volumetric approach that we adopted appears to be an excellent system of analysis.
A Hybrid Process Integrating Reverse Engineering, Pre-Repair Processing, Additive Manufacturing, and Material Testing for Component Remanufacturing
Authors: Zhang Xinchang , Cui Wenyuan , Li Wei , Liou Frank
Published: June 2019

Metallic components can gain defects such as dents, cracks, wear, heat checks, deformation, etc., that need to be repaired before reinserting into service for extending the lifespan of these parts. In this study, a hybrid process was developed to integrate reverse engineering, pre-repair processing, additive manufacturing, and material testing for the purpose of part remanufacturing. Worn components with varied defects were scanned using a 3D scanner to recreate the three-dimensional models. Pre-repair processing methods which include pre-repair machining and heat-treatment were introduced. Strategies for pre-repair machining of defects including surface impact damage, surface superficial damage and cracking were presented. Pre-repair heat-treatment procedure for H13 tool steel which was widely used in die/mold application was introduced. Repair volume reconstruction methodology was developed to regain the missing geometry on worn parts. The repair volume provides a geometry that should be restored in the additive manufacturing process. A damaged component was repaired using the directed energy deposition process to rebuild the worn geometry. The repaired part was inspected in microstructure and mechanical aspects to evaluate the repair. The hybrid process solved key issues associated with repair, providing a solution for automated metallic component remanufacturing.
Microspheres Formation in a Glass–Metal Hybrid Fiber System: Application in Optical Microwires
Authors: Petropoulou Afroditi , Drikakis Dimitris , Riziotis Christos
Published: June 2019

Multicomponent optical fibers with incorporated metals are promising photonic platforms for engineering of tailored plasmonic structures by laser micromachining or thermal processing. It has been observed that during thermal processing microfluidic phenomena lead to the formation of embedded micro- and nanostructures and spheres, thus triggering the technological motivation for their theoretical investigation, especially in the practical case of noble metal/glass composites that have not yet been investigated. Implemented microwires of gold core and glass cladding, recently studied experimentally, are considered as a reference validation platform. The Plateau-Rayleigh instability in such hybrid fibers is theoretically investigated by inducing surface tension perturbations and by comparing them to the Tomotika instability theory. The continuous-core breakup time was calculated via Finite Element Method (FEM) simulations for different temperatures and was found to be considerably higher to Tomotika’s model, while the final sphere diameter is a linear function of the initial core radius. Different sinusoidal perturbation parameters were considered, showing significant impact in the characteristics of formed spherical features. The theoretical results were in close agreement with previous experimental observations expected to assist in the understanding of the processes involved, providing insight into the engineering of fibers, both in the initial drawing process and post processing.
Surface Quality of 3D-Printed Models as a Function of Various Printing Parameters
Authors: Arnold Christin , Monsees Delf , Hey Jeremias , Schweyen Ramona
Published: June 2019

Although 3D-printing is common in dentistry, the technique does not produce the required quality for all target applications. Resin type, printing resolution, positioning, alignment, target structure, and the type and number of support structures may influence the surface roughness of printed objects, and this study investigates the effects of these variables. A stereolithographic data record was generated from a master model. Twelve printing processes were executed with a stereolithography Desktop 3D Printer, including models aligned across and parallel to the printer front as well as solid and hollow models. Three layer thicknesses were used, and in half of all processes, the models were inclined at 15°. For comparison, eight gypsum models and milled polyurethane models were manufactured. The mean roughness index of each model was determined with a perthometer. Surface roughness values were approximately 0.65 µm (master), 0.87–4.44 µm (printed), 2.32–2.57 µm (milled), 1.72–1.86 µm (cast plaster/alginate casting), and 0.98–1.03 µm (cast plaster/polyether casting). The layer height and type and number of support structures influenced the surface roughness of printed models (p ≤ 0.05), but positioning, structure, and alignment did not.
Effect of Polymer Blends on the Properties of Foamed Wood-Polymer Composites
Authors: Wang Suwei , Xue Ping , Jia Mingyin , Tian Jing , Zhang Run
Published: June 2019

The polypropylene (PP)/wood flour (WF) composites were prepared using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder followed by a single-screw extruder foaming system in this paper. Polymers, such as polyolefin elastomer (POE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or microcrystalline wax, were blended with PP in the preparation of composites to improve the melt strength. And a cavity transfer mixer was introduced to increase the distribution uniformity of components in composites. Meanwhile, the effect of the polymer blends on the microstructure and mechanical properties of samples was investigated. The experimental results show that the addition of POE and HDPE resulted in the second melting peak in the differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) curves and a great decrease in the cell size was caused by the added POE. However, due to the velocity difference of composites in the die, the shape of bubbles gradually became irregular. Moreover, the impact strength of samples significantly increased by 85% for the added POE and the apparent density decreased by 6.7%. And the minimum Vicat softening temperature of 133.7 °C was obtained when the mass ratio of HDPE to PP was 4/6.
Superinjection of Holes in Homojunction Diodes Based on Wide-Bandgap Semiconductors
Authors: Khramtsov Igor A. , Fedyanin Dmitry Yu.
Published: June 2019

Electrically driven light sources are essential in a wide range of applications, from indication and display technologies to high-speed data communication and quantum information processing. Wide-bandgap semiconductors promise to advance solid-state lighting by delivering novel light sources. However, electrical pumping of these devices is still a challenging problem. Many wide-bandgap semiconductor materials, such as SiC, GaN, AlN, ZnS, and Ga2O3, can be easily n-type doped, but their efficient p-type doping is extremely difficult. The lack of holes due to the high activation energy of acceptors greatly limits the performance and practical applicability of wide-bandgap semiconductor devices. Here, we study a novel effect which allows homojunction semiconductor devices, such as p-i-n diodes, to operate well above the limit imposed by doping of the p-type material. Using a rigorous numerical approach, we show that the density of injected holes can exceed the density of holes in the p-type injection layer by up to four orders of magnitude depending on the semiconductor material, dopant, and temperature, which gives the possibility to significantly overcome the doping problem. We present a clear physical explanation of this unexpected feature of wide-bandgap semiconductor p-i-n diodes and closely examine it in 4H-SiC, 3C-SiC, AlN, and ZnS structures. The predicted effect can be exploited to develop bright-light-emitting devices, especially electrically driven nonclassical light sources based on color centers in SiC, AlN, ZnO, and other wide-bandgap semiconductors.
Catalytically Active Imine-based Covalent Organic Frameworks for Detoxification of Nerve Agent Simulants in Aqueous Media
Authors: Royuela Sergio , Gil-San Millán Rodrigo , Mancheño María J. , Ramos M. Mar , Segura José L. , Navarro Jorge A. R. , Zamora Félix
Published: June 2019

A series of imine-based covalent organic frameworks decorated in their cavities with different alkynyl, pyrrolidine, and N-methylpyrrolidine functional groups have been synthetized. These materials exhibit catalytic activity in aqueous media for the hydrolytic detoxification of nerve agents, as exemplified with nerve gas simulant diisopropylfluorophosphate (DIFP). These preliminary results suggest imine-based covalent organic frameworks (COFs) as promising materials for detoxification of highly toxic molecules.
Behavior of Colloidal Nanosilica in an Ultrahigh Performance Concrete Environment Using Dynamic Light Scattering
Authors: Hendrix Douglas , McKeon Jessica , Wille Kay
Published: June 2019

The dispersion quality of nanosilica (NS) is an essential parameter to influence and control the material characteristics of nanosilica-enhanced concrete. In this research, the dispersion quality of colloidal nanosilica in simulated concrete environments was investigated using dynamic light scattering. A concrete environment was simulated by creating a synthetic pore solution that mimicked the ionic concentration and pH value of ultrahigh-performance concrete in the fluid state. Four colloidal nanosilica samples were used, ranging in particle sizes from 5 to 75 nm, with differing solid contents and stabilizing ions. It was found that the sodium stabilized 20 nm NS sol remains dispersed at a solid concentration of 2 wt % through a variety of pH values with the inclusion of potassium ions. Calcium ions are a major contributor to the agglomeration of NS sols and only small concentrations of calcium ions can drastically affect the dispersion quality.
C-Phycocyanin Suppresses the In Vitro Proliferation and Migration of Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer Cells through Reduction of RIPK1/NF-κB Activity
Authors: Hao Shuai , Li Shuang , Wang Jing , Zhao Lei , Yan Yan , Wu Tingting , Zhang Jiawen , Wang Chengtao
Published: June 2019

Phycocyanin, derived from Spirulina platensis, is a type of natural antineoplastic marine protein. It is known that phycocyanin exerts anticancer effects on non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells, but its underlying mechanism has not been elucidated. Herein, the antitumor function and regulatory mechanism of phycocyanin were investigated in three NSCLC cell lines for the first time: H358, H1650, and LTEP-a2. Cell phenotype experiments suggested that phycocyanin could suppress the survival rate, proliferation, colony formation, and migration abilities, as well as induce apoptosis of NSCLC cells. Subsequently, transcriptome analysis revealed that receptor-interacting serine/threonine-protein kinase 1 (RIPK1) was significantly down-regulated by phycocyanin in the LTEP-a2 cell, which was further validated by qRT-PCR and Western blot analysis in two other cell lines. Interestingly, similar to phycocyanin-treated assays, siRNA knockdown of RIPK1 expression also resulted in growth and migration inhibition of NSCLC cells. Moreover, the activity of NF-κB signaling was also suppressed after silencing RIPK1 expression, indicating that phycocyanin exerted anti-proliferative and anti-migratory function through down-regulating RIPK1/NF-κB activity in NSCLC cells. This study proposes a mechanism of action for phycocyanin involving both NSCLC apoptosis and down regulation of NSCLC genes.
Is Self-Reported Physical Fitness Useful for Estimating Fitness Levels in Children and Adolescents? A Reliability and Validity Study
Authors: De Moraes Augusto César Ferreira , Vilanova-Campelo Regina Célia , Torres-Leal Francisco Leonardo , Carvalho Heráclito Barbosa
Published: June 2019

Background and objective: The assessment of physical fitness has become a necessary issue in epidemiological studies, since a reduction in fitness is directly associated with early mortality. Therefore, the development of simple, accurate, and inexpensive methods is necessary to measure physical fitness. This study aimed to determine the reliability and validity of the criteria and constructs of the International Fitness Scale (IFIS), Portuguese version, in Brazilian pediatric populations. Methods: A total of 190 children aged 3–10 years and 110 adolescents aged 11–17 years were enrolled in an observational study of reliability and validity. For reliability, the participants completed a questionnaire twice (with an interval of 15 days). To test the criterion validity, we analyzed the agreement between the questionnaire and physical tests (20-m shuttle run test, handgrip strength, standing long jump tests, 4 × 10-m shuttle run test, and back-saver sit and reach test), and the construct validity was estimated by agreement between the questionnaire and high blood pressure. The reliability was analyzed by kappa coefficients. The agreement between the testing and retesting of the questionnaire was evaluated by kappa coefficients. We applied a 2 × 2 table to estimate the specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy of the questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the children was 6.7 years (n = 190), and for the adolescents it was 14.6 years (n = 110). The questionnaire reliability showed an almost perfect score (κ ≥ 0.93 in children and κ ≥ 0.88 in adolescents). The questionnaire showed moderate criterion validity (κ ≥ 0.40 in children and adolescents) as well as moderate construct validity (κ ≥ 0.40) in the components of general conditioning, cardiorespiratory capacity, muscular strength, and speed/agility in children and in the components of cardiorespiratory capacity, muscle strength, and speed/agility in adolescents. The questionnaire was a sensitive method for measuring physical fitness. Conclusions: The Portuguese version of the IFIS is a reliable and valid method for measuring physical fitness in pediatric populations.
Effects of Boxing Matches on Metabolic, Hormonal, and Inflammatory Parameters in Male Elite Boxers
Authors: Kılıc Yakup , Cetin Hasan N. , Sumlu Esra , Pektas Mehmet B. , Koca Halit B. , Akar Fatma
Published: June 2019

Background and objectives: Boxing is a popular combat sport that requires high intensity and cooperation. However, there are limited data about the influence of boxing matches on blood parameters. The purpose of the present study was to investigate the match-induced changes in the metabolic, hormonal, and inflammatory status in male elite boxers. Materials and methods: High-level 20 male boxers with more than 5 years experience in boxing voluntarily participated in this study. Venous blood samples of the boxers, before and after combat, were taken for determination of the plasma parameters. Results: Our results indicated that a 9-min boxing match caused significant increases in plasma energy fuels (glucose and lactate), metabolic hormones (insulin, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), cortisol, and growth hormone), inflammatory markers (interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)), muscle damage indicators (alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST)), and oxidative stress marker (SOD). A decrease in total oxidant status (TOS) was also considered. However, there were no significant alterations in the plasma levels of androgenic hormone (free and total testosterone), anabolic hormone (IGF-1), lipids (total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL)), kidney function markers (creatinine and urea), and minerals (iron (Fe) and magnesium (Mg)). Conclusion: Elevations in the level of energy fuels and metabolic hormones of the boxers could be taken as a reflection of high-energy turnover during combat performance. The increases in inflammatory and tissue damage indicators may possibly be an indication of traumatic injury. Understanding the biochemical changes that occur during boxing match could be valuable to optimize the performance improvement of the athletes.
The Effect of Feed Solution Temperature on the Power Output Performance of a Pilot-Scale Reverse Electrodialysis (RED) System with Different Intermediate Distance
Authors: Mehdizadeh Soroush , Yasukawa Masahiro , Abo Takakazu , Kuno Masaya , Noguchi Yuki , Higa Mitsuru
Published: June 2019

Membrane-based reverse electrodialysis (RED) can convert the salinity gradient energy between two solutions into electric power without any environmental impact. Regarding the practical application of the RED process using natural seawater and river water, the RED performance depends on the climate (temperature). In this study, we have evaluated the effect of the feed solution temperature on the resulting RED performance using two types of pilot-scale RED stacks consisting of 200 cell pairs having a total effective membrane area of 40 m2 with different intermediate distances (200 µm and 600 µm). The temperature dependence of the resistance of the solution compartment and membrane, open circuit voltage (OCV), maximum gross power output, pumping energy, and subsequent net power output of the system was individually evaluated. Increasing the temperature shows a positive influence on all the factors studied, and interesting linear relationships were obtained in all the cases, which allowed us to provide simple empirical equations to predict the resulting performance. Furthermore, the temperature dependence was strongly affected by the experimental conditions, such as the flow rate and type of stack, especially in the case of the pilot-scale stack.
Interface Behavior and Impact Properties of Dissimilar Al/Steel Keyhole-Free FSSW Joints
Authors: Zhang Zhongke , Yu Yang , Zhao Huaxia , Wang Xijing
Published: June 2019

This work systematically investigates the interface behavior and impact properties of the keyhole-free friction stir spot welding (FSSW) of a dissimilar metal AA6082-T4 Al alloy and DP600 galvanized steel. The keyhole is eliminated by pin retraction technology. The welding process is in accordance with the welding temperature curve and the maximum temperature of the periphery of the shoulder, measured at about 500 °C. The transition layers were formed at the interface, in which the Al, Fe, and Zn elements form an inhomogeneous diffusion. A cloud cluster-like mechanical mixing of the Al and steel components is formed in the stirring zone. The impact toughness of the specimen with a welding parameter of 1000 rpm is the best. To a certain extent, the factors affecting the impact energy are not the maximum impact load but the maximum impact deformation. The maximum impact deformation directly reflects the post-crack propagation energy, which significantly affects its impact toughness. In addition, the impact fracture showed a mixed ductile and brittle fracture mode with a brittle–ductile transition zone. Most of the impact energy was absorbed by the ductile fracture.
Silicon Carbide Converters and MEMS Devices for High-temperature Power Electronics: A Critical Review
Authors: Guo Xiaorui , Xun Qian , Li Zuxin , Du Shuxin
Published: June 2019

The significant advance of power electronics in today’s market is calling for high-performance power conversion systems and MEMS devices that can operate reliably in harsh environments, such as high working temperature. Silicon-carbide (SiC) power electronic devices are featured by the high junction temperature, low power losses, and excellent thermal stability, and thus are attractive to converters and MEMS devices applied in a high-temperature environment. This paper conducts an overview of high-temperature power electronics, with a focus on high-temperature converters and MEMS devices. The critical components, namely SiC power devices and modules, gate drives, and passive components, are introduced and comparatively analyzed regarding composition material, physical structure, and packaging technology. Then, the research and development directions of SiC-based high-temperature converters in the fields of motor drives, rectifier units, DC–DC converters are discussed, as well as MEMS devices. Finally, the existing technical challenges facing high-temperature power electronics are identified, including gate drives, current measurement, parameters matching between each component, and packaging technology.
Comparison of Methods for Determining the Thresholds of Geochemical Anomalies and the Prospecting Direction—A Case of Gold Deposits in the Gouli Exploration Area, Qinghai Province
Authors: Chen Dingjie , Wei Junhao , Wang Wenhui , Shi Wenjie , Li Huan , Zhan Xiaofei
Published: June 2019

Geochemical anomalies play an important role in mineral exploration, because they are closely related to the formation of ore deposits. In this paper, the Au in the geochemical samples of 1:50,000 stream sediments in the Gouli exploration area, Qinghai Province, is selected as an example. The cumulative frequency method, local singularity analysis, and exploration data analysis method are used to process the Au data and determine the abnormal thresholds. Robust principal component analysis is used to explore the elemental associations. Among them, the effect of local singularity analysis is the best and it delineates the weak geochemical anomalies not delineated by cumulative frequency method and exploration data analysis method, which shows its superiority. Robust principal component analysis shows that Sb, W, and As are closely related to Au mineralization. Three anomalous areas are delineated in the Gouli exploration area. Gold ore-body is found to occur within anomaly area I. The other anomalous areas are highly consistent with abnormal elemental composition of Sb, W, and As. Moreover, these two areas are extremely conformable with the high-value areas determined by the binary state method. The optimality of the three methods are compared comprehensively, it is pointed out that it is more reasonable to use the local singularity analysis to determine the abnormal threshold. The anomaly areas II and III of Au determined by local singularity analysis have shown great potential for prospecting.
Evaluation of In-Batch and In-Flow Synthetic Strategies towards the Stereoselective Synthesis of a Fluorinated Analogue of Retro-Thiorphan
Authors: Pirola Margherita , Puglisi Alessandra , Raimondi Laura , Forni Alessandra , Benaglia Maurizio
Published: June 2019

A stereoselective synthetic strategy for the preparation of trifluoromethylamine mimics of retro-thiorphan, involving a diastereoselective, metal-free catalytic step, has been studied in batch and afforded the target molecule in good yields and high diastereoselectivity. A crucial point of the synthetic sequence was the catalytic reduction of a fluorinated enamine with trichlorosilane as reducing agent in the presence of a chiral Lewis base. The absolute configuration of the key intermediate was unambiguously assigned by X-ray analysis. The synthesis was also investigated exploiting continuous flow reactions; that is, an advanced intermediate of the target molecule was synthesized in only two in-flow synthetic modules, avoiding isolation and purifications of intermediates, leading to the isolation of the target chiral fluorinated amine in up to an 87:13 diastereoisomeric ratio.
Heterologous Expression of Ilicicolin H Biosynthetic Gene Cluster and Production of a New Potent Antifungal Reagent, Ilicicolin J
Authors: Lin Xiaojing , Yuan Siwen , Chen Senhua , Chen Bin , Xu Hui , Liu Lan , Li Huixian , Gao Zhizeng
Published: June 2019

Ilicicolin H is a broad-spectrum antifungal agent targeting mitochondrial cytochrome bc1 reductase. Unfortunately, ilicicolin H shows reduced activities in vivo. Here, we report our effort on the identification of ilicicolin H biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) by genomic sequencing a producing strain, Neonectria sp. DH2, and its heterologous production in Aspergillus nidulans. In addition, a shunt product with similar antifungal activities, ilicicolin J, was uncovered. This effort would provide a base for future combinatorial biosynthesis of ilicicolin H analogues. Bioinformatics analysis suggests that the backbone of ilicicolin H is assembled by a polyketide-nonribosomal peptide synthethase (IliA), and then offloaded with a tetramic acid moiety. Similar to tenellin biosynthesis, the tetramic acid is then converted to pyridone by a putative P450, IliC. The decalin portion is most possibly constructed by a S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAM)-dependent Diels-Alderase (IliD).
Development of Technetium-99m-Labeled BODIPY-Based Probes Targeting Lipid Droplets Toward the Diagnosis of Hyperlipidemia-Related Diseases
Authors: Shimizu Yoichi , Tanimura Keiichi , Iikuni Shimpei , Watanabe Hiroyuki , Saji Hideo , Ono Masahiro
Published: June 2019

Hyperlipidemia causes systemic lipid disorder, which leads to hepatic steatosis and atherosclerosis. Thus, it is necessary to detect these syndromes early and precisely to improve prognosis. In the affected regions, abnormal formation and growth of lipid droplets is observed; therefore, lipid droplets may be a suitable target for the diagnosis of hyperlipidemia-related syndromes. In this study, we designed and synthesized [99mTc]Tc-BOD and [99mTc]Tc-MBOD composed of one technetium-99m and two BODIPY scaffolds with hydroxamamide (Ham) or N-methylated hydroxamamide (MHam) in radiochemical yields of 54 and 35%, respectively, with a radiochemical purity of over 95%. [99mTc]Tc-BOD showed significantly higher accumulation levels in foam cells than in non-foam cells (foam cells: 213.8 ± 64.8, non-foam cell: 126.2 ± 26.9 %dose/mg protein, p < 0.05) 2 h after incubation. In contrast, [99mTc]Tc-MBOD showed similar accumulation levels in foam cells and non-foam cells (foam cells: 92.2 ± 23.3, non-foam cell: 83.8 ± 19.8 %dose/mg protein). In normal mice, [99mTc]Tc-BOD exhibited gradual blood clearance (0.5 h: 4.98 ± 0.35, 6 h: 1.94 ± 0.12 %ID/g) and relatively high accumulation in the liver 6 h after administration (15.22 ± 1.72 %ID/g). Therefore, [99mTc]Tc-BOD may have potential as an imaging probe for detecting lipid droplets in disease lesions of hyperlipidemia.
Nordic Diet and Inflammation—A Review of Observational and Intervention Studies
Authors: Lankinen Maria , Uusitupa Matti , Schwab Ursula
Published: June 2019

Low-grade inflammation (LGI) has been suggested to be involved in the development of chronic diseases. Healthy dietary patterns, such as the Mediterranean diet (MD), may decrease the markers of LGI. Healthy Nordic diet (HND) has many similarities with MD, but its effects on LGI are less well known. Both of these dietary patterns emphasize the abundant use of fruits and vegetables (and berries in HND), whole grain products, fish, and vegetable oil (canola oil in HND and olive oil in MD), but restrict the use of saturated fat and red and processed meat. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the results of studies, which have investigated the associations or effects of HND on the markers of LGI. Altogether, only two publications of observational studies and eight publications of intervention trials were found through the literature search. Both observational studies reported an inverse association between the adherence to HND and concentration of high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). A significant decrease in the concentration of hsCRP was reported in two out of four intervention studies measuring hsCRP. Single intervention studies reported the beneficial effects on interleukin 1Ra and Cathepsin S. Current evidence suggests the beneficial effects on LGI with HND, but more carefully controlled studies are needed to confirm the anti-inflammatory effects of the HND.
Effect of Nut Consumption on Erectile and Sexual Function in Healthy Males: A Secondary Outcome Analysis of the FERTINUTS Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Salas-Huetos Albert , Muralidharan Jananee , Galiè Serena , Salas-Salvadó Jordi , Bulló Mònica
Published: June 2019

Lifestyle risk factors for erectile and sexual function include smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, lack of physical activity, psychological stress, and adherence to unhealthy diets. In the present study, we evaluated the effects of mixed nuts supplementation on erectile and sexual function. Eighty-three healthy male aged 18–35 with erectile function assessment were included in this FERTINUTS study sub-analysis; a 14-week randomized, controlled, parallel feeding trial. Participants were allocated to (1) the usual Western-style diet enriched with 60 g/day of a mixture of nuts (nut group; n = 43), or (2) the usual Western-style diet avoiding nuts (control group; n = 40). At baseline and the end of the intervention, participants answered 15 questions contained in the validated International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF), and peripheral levels of nitric oxide (NO) and E-selectin were measured, as surrogated markers of erectile endothelial function. Anthropometrical characteristics, and seminogram and blood biochemical parameters did not differ between intervention groups at baseline. Compared to the control group, a significant increase in the orgasmic function (p-value = 0.037) and sexual desire (p-value = 0.040) was observed during the nut intervention. No significant differences in changes between groups were shown in peripheral concentrations of NO and E-selectin. Including nuts in a regular diet significantly improved auto-reported orgasmic function and sexual desire.
Designing Optimal Breakfast for the United States Using Linear Programming and the NHANES 2011–2014 Database: A Study from the International Breakfast Research Initiative (IBRI)
Authors: Vieux Florent , Maillot Matthieu , D. Rehm Colin , Drewnowski Adam
Published: June 2019

The quality of dietary patterns can be optimized using a mathematical technique known as linear programming (LP). LP methods have rarely been applied to individual meals. The present LP models optimized the breakfast meal for those participants in the nationally representative National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011–2014 who ate breakfast (n = 11,565). The Nutrient Rich Food Index (NRF9.3) was a measure of diet quality. Breakfasts in the bottom tertile of NRF9.3 scores (T1) were LP-modeled to meet nutrient requirements without deviating too much from current eating habits. Separate LP models were run for children and for adults. The LP-modeled breakfasts resembled the existing ones in the top tertile of NRF9.3 scores (T3), but were more nutrient-rich. Favoring fruit, cereals, and dairy, the LP-modeled breakfasts had less meat, added sugars and fats, but more whole fruit and 100% juices, more whole grains, and more milk and yogurt. LP modeling methods can build on existing dietary patterns to construct food-based dietary guidelines and identify individual meals and/or snacks that need improvement.
Impact of Maternal Malnutrition on Gut Barrier Defense: Implications for Pregnancy Health and Fetal Development
Authors: Srugo Sebastian A. , Bloise Enrrico , Nguyen Tina Tu-Thu Ngoc , Connor Kristin L.
Published: June 2019

Small intestinal Paneth cells, enteric glial cells (EGC), and goblet cells maintain gut mucosal integrity, homeostasis, and influence host physiology locally and through the gut-brain axis. Little is known about their roles during pregnancy, or how maternal malnutrition impacts these cells and their development. Pregnant mice were fed a control diet (CON), undernourished by 30% vs. control (UN), or fed a high fat diet (HF). At day 18.5 (term = 19), gut integrity and function were assessed by immunohistochemistry and qPCR. UN mothers displayed reduced mRNA expression of Paneth cell antimicrobial peptides (AMP; Lyz2, Reg3g) and an accumulation of villi goblet cells, while HF had reduced Reg3g and mucin (Muc2) mRNA and increased lysozyme protein. UN fetuses had increased mRNA expression of gut transcription factor Sox9, associated with reduced expression of maturation markers (Cdx2, Muc2), and increased expression of tight junctions (TJ; Cldn-7). HF fetuses had increased mRNA expression of EGC markers (S100b, Bfabp, Plp1), AMP (Lyz1, Defa1, Reg3g), and TJ (Cldn-3, Cldn-7), and reduced expression of an AMP-activator (Tlr4). Maternal malnutrition altered expression of genes that maintain maternal gut homeostasis, and altered fetal gut permeability, function, and development. This may have long-term implications for host-microbe interactions, immunity, and offspring gut-brain axis function.
Cardiovascular Health, Adiposity, and Food Insecurity in an Underserved Population
Authors: Myers Candice A. , Martin Corby K. , Newton Robert L. , Apolzan John W. , Arnold Connie L. , Davis Terry C. , Price-Haywood Eboni G. , Katzmarzyk Peter T.
Published: June 2019

This study investigated associations between cardiovascular health (CVH), adiposity, and food insecurity by race, sex, and health literacy in a sample of 800 underserved patients with obesity (body mass index [BMI] ≥ 30 kg/m2). CVH was assessed using American Heart Association Life’s Simple 7 (LS7) and adiposity was estimated using BMI and waist circumference (WC). Mixed models including interaction terms between food insecurity and sex, race, and health literacy were analyzed for LS7, BMI, and WC. Stratified models were analyzed as indicated by significant interactions. Mean BMI and WC were 37.3 kg/m2 (4.6 SD) and 113.5 cm (12.4 SD), respectively. Among patients, 31% were food insecure and 31% had low health literacy. There were significant positive associations between food insecurity and BMI (p = 0.03) and WC (p = 0.03) in the overall sample. In sex-stratified models, women who were food insecure had higher BMI (p = 0.02) and WC (p = 0.007) than their food secure counterparts. Further, food insecure patients with better health literacy had greater BMI (p = 0.004) and WC (p = 0.007) than their food secure counterparts. Results suggest that adiposity is a greater burden in food insecure patients, which may be an important consideration for obesity treatment in underserved populations.
Composition and In Vitro Effects of Cultivars of Humulus lupulus L. Hops on Cholinesterase Activity and Microbial Growth
Authors: Kobus-Cisowska Joanna , Szymanowska-Powałowska Daria , Szczepaniak Oskar , Kmiecik Dominik , Przeor Monika , Gramza-Michałowska Anna , Cielecka-Piontek Judyta , Smuga-Kogut Małgorzata , Szulc Piotr
Published: June 2019

Common hop (Humulus lupulus L.) has significant health-promoting properties. Hop cones contain resins, essential oils, proteins, polyphenols, lipids, waxes, and cellulose. Hop extracts include bioactive compounds such as polyphenolic compounds (phenolic acids, and flavonols), and chlorophylls. The aim of this study was to compare the pro-health potential of hop cone extracts obtained from three cultivars (Magnum, Lubelski, and Marynka). The results showed that the cones of Magnum cultivar demonstrated the highest biological activity. The sum of phenolic acids and flavonols in ethanol extract was the highest for this variety and was equal 4903.5 µg/g dw. Ethanol extracts of Magnum cultivars showed the highest degree of iron ion chelation (55.43–88.76%) as well as the activity against 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical (4.75 mmol Tx/g dw). Hop cone extracts as cholinesterase inhibitors showed high potential for aqueous variants. In terms of antimicrobial activity, all investigated extracts demonstrated strong inhibition against Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, with the Magnum cultivar showing the strongest inhibition. Owing to the biofunctional features of hop cone, it can be concluded that it is an attractive raw material with pro-health potential that can be used much more widely in food technology. However, it should be noted that toxicological tests and in vitro tests must be carried out before the raw material is used in food production.
Synthesis and Study of New Quinolineaminoethanols as Anti-Bacterial Drugs
Authors: Laumaillé Pierre , Dassonville-Klimpt Alexandra , Peltier François , Mullié Catherine , Andréjak Claire , Da-Nascimento Sophie , Castelain Sandrine , Sonnet Pascal
Published: June 2019

The lack of antibiotics with a novel mode of action associated with the spread of drug resistant bacteria make the fight against infectious diseases particularly challenging. A quinoline core is found in several anti-infectious drugs, such as mefloquine and bedaquiline. Two main objectives were set in this work. Firstly, we evaluated the anti-mycobacterial properties of the previous quinolines 3, which have been identified as good candidates against ESKAPEE (Enterococcus faecium, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Acinetobacter baumannii, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacter spp. and Escherichia coli) bacteria. Secondly, a new series 4 was designed and assessed against the same bacteria strains, taking the pair of enantiomers 3m/3n as the lead. More than twenty compounds 4 were prepared through a five-step asymmetric synthesis with good enantiomeric excesses (>90%). Interestingly, all compounds of series 3 were efficient on M. avium with MIC = 2–16 µg/mL, while series 4 was less active. Both series 3 and 4 were generally more active than mefloquine against the ESKAPEE bacteria. The quinolines 4 were either active against Gram-positive bacteria (MIC ≤ 4 µg/mL for 4c–4h and 4k/4l) or E. coli (MIC = 32–64 µg/mL for 4q–4v) according to the global lipophilicity of these compounds.
CDK8-Novel Therapeutic Opportunities
Authors: Menzl Ingeborg , Witalisz-Siepracka Agnieszka , Sexl Veronika
Published: June 2019

Improvements in cancer therapy frequently stem from the development of new small-molecule inhibitors, paralleled by the identification of biomarkers that can predict the treatment response. Recent evidence supports the idea that cyclin-dependent kinase 8 (CDK8) may represent a potential drug target for breast and prostate cancer, although no CDK8 inhibitors have entered the clinics. As the available inhibitors have been recently reviewed, we focus on the biological functions of CDK8 and provide an overview of the complexity of CDK8-dependent signaling throughout evolution and CDK8-dependent effects that may open novel treatment avenues.
Cellular Senescence and Iron Dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Masaldan Shashank , Belaidi Abdel Ali , Ayton Scott , Bush Ashley I.
Published: June 2019

Iron dyshomeostasis is a feature of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). The impact of iron on AD is attributed to its interactions with the central proteins of AD pathology (amyloid precursor protein and tau) and/or through the iron-mediated generation of prooxidant molecules (e.g., hydroxyl radicals). However, the source of iron accumulation in pathologically relevant regions of the brain and its contribution to AD remains unclear. One likely contributor to iron accumulation is the age-associated increase in tissue-resident senescent cells that drive inflammation and contribute to various pathologies associated with advanced age. Iron accumulation predisposes ageing tissue to oxidative stress that can lead to cellular dysfunction and to iron-dependent cell death modalities (e.g., ferroptosis). Further, elevated brain iron is associated with the progression of AD and cognitive decline. Elevated brain iron presents a feature of AD that may be modified pharmacologically to mitigate the effects of age/senescence-associated iron dyshomeostasis and improve disease outcome.
Ironing out Macrophage Immunometabolism
Authors: Recalcati Stefania , Gammella Elena , Cairo Gaetano
Published: June 2019

Over the last decade, increasing evidence has reinforced the key role of metabolic reprogramming in macrophage activation. In addition to supporting the specific immune response of different subsets of macrophages, intracellular metabolic pathways also directly control the specialized effector functions of immune cells. In this context, iron metabolism has been recognized as an important component of macrophage plasticity. Since macrophages control the availability of this essential metal, changes in the expression of genes coding for the major proteins of iron metabolism may result in different iron availability for the macrophage itself and for other cells in the microenvironment. In this review, we discuss how macrophage iron can also play a role in immunometabolism.