bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Families bereaved by road traffic crashes: linkage of mortality records with 1971–2001 censuses
Authors: Sullivan R , Edwards P , Sloggett A , Marshall C E
Published: December 2009

Objective:

To estimate the number of people alive in England & Wales who have lost a close family member in a fatal road traffic crash.

Design:

Linkage of mortality records in a sample of 1.1% of the population during 1971–2005 with records from the 1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001 censuses. For each person killed in a road traffic crash, the number of close family members still alive in 2005 was estimated by applying life table probabilities of survival.

Setting:

England & Wales, UK.

Subjects:

Adults and children killed in road traffic crashes 1971–2005.

Main outcome measure:

Number of close family members alive in 2005.

Results:

In a sample of approximately 1.1% of the population in 1971–2005, a total of 1801 adults and children died in road traffic crashes. These deaths left 6467 close family members bereaved in 2005, corresponding to a total of 590 518 bereaved in the population (including 131 399 parents who had lost a child and 107 384 offspring who had lost a parent).

Conclusion:

Over 1% of the population of England & Wales alive in 2005 had lost a close family member in a fatal road traffic crash since 1971. This may imply a greater public health burden of road traffic crashes than previously estimated.
Use of biocides and insect repellents and risk of hypospadias
Authors: Dugas J , Nieuwenhuijsen M J , Martinez D , Iszatt N , Nelson P , Elliott P
Published: December 2009

Background

The relationship between the use of biocides and insect repellents and the risk of hypospadias was examined in a large case–control study in the South East of England.

Methods

A case–control study was carried out among 471 cases of hypospadias referred to surgeons, and 490 randomly selected population-based controls, born between 1 January 1997 and 30 September 1998. Telephone interviews were conducted between September 2000 and March 2003. The questionnaire included information on demographic, lifestyle and environmental factors, including the use of biocides and insect repellents, during pregnancy. A total biocide score was created from summing positive responses to an eight-item biocide exposure questionnaire.

Results

The use of insect repellent (adjusted OR 1.81, 95% CI 1.06 to 3.11) during the first trimester of pregnancy was associated with risk of hypospadias, but none of the biocides, or indicators for them, except for the total biocide score for the highest two exposure categories (score 3: adjusted OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.94; and scores 4 and 5 combined: adjusted OR 2.98, 95% CI 1.01 to 8.78) showed statistically significant associations.

Conclusion

The authors found an association between the use of insect repellent and total biocide score and risk of hypospadias. In particular, the use of insect repellent warrants further investigation, specifically in relation to type, content and frequency of use since this information was missing in the current study.
A reduction in cardiac arrests and duration of clinical instability after implementation of a paediatric rapid response system
Authors: Hanson C C , Randolph G D , Erickson J A , Mayer C M , Bruckel J T , Harris B D , Willis T S
Published: December 2009

Objective

To determine the effects of a multifaceted paediatric rapid response system on the duration of predefined clinical instability and the subsequent rate of cardiac arrests.

Methods

An interrupted time series study coupled with a retrospective chart review to evaluate the effects of implementing a four component paediatric rapid response system. All patients in a 136-bed university-affiliated paediatric hospital from August 2003 to May 2007 were considered. The main outcome measures included rate of cardiac arrests as indicated by the number of patient days between ward paediatric cardiac arrests and duration of predefined clinical instability before evaluation by critical care personnel.

Results

The mean time interval between cardiac arrests increased significantly with the establishment of the rapid response system from a baseline of 2512 to 9418 patient days. The median duration of clinical instability decreased from 9 h 55 min to 4 h 15 min post intervention (p=0.028).

Conclusions

The implementation of a paediatric rapid response system is associated with a significant reduction in the rate of cardiac arrests and duration of clinical instability before evaluation by critical care personnel. This study provides evidence that implementation of a rapid response system brings emergency personnel to deteriorating patients earlier, thus preventing cardiac arrests.
PREDICTION OF POTENTIAL HIT SONG AND MUSICAL GENRE USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS
Authors: MONTEROLA CHRISTOPHER , ABUNDO CHERYL , TUGAFF JERIC , VENTURINA LORCEL ERICKA
Published: December 2009

Accurately quantifying the goodness of music based on the seemingly subjective taste of the public is a multi-million industry. Recording companies can make sound decisions on which songs or artists to prioritize if accurate forecasting is achieved. We extract 56 single-valued musical features (e.g. pitch and tempo) from 380 Original Pilipino Music (OPM) songs (190 are hit songs) released from 2004 to 2006. Based on an effect size criterion which measures a variable's discriminating power, the 20 highest ranked features are fed to a classifier tasked to predict hit songs. We show that regardless of musical genre, a trained feed-forward neural network (NN) can predict potential hit songs with an average accuracy of Φ NN = 81%. The accuracy is about +20% higher than those of standard classifiers such as linear discriminant analysis (LDA, Φ LDA = 61%) and classification and regression trees (CART, Φ CART = 57%). Both LDA and CART are above the proportional chance criterion (PCC, Φ PCC = 50%) but are slightly below the suggested acceptable classifier requirement of 1.25*Φ PCC = 63%. Utilizing a similar procedure, we demonstrate that different genres (ballad, alternative rock or rock) of OPM songs can be automatically classified with near perfect accuracy using LDA or NN but only around 77% using CART.
WALL FREE ENERGY BASED POLYNOMIAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS FOR NON-IDEAL GAS LATTICE BOLTZMANN EQUATION
Authors: LIU LIN , LEE TAEHUN
Published: December 2009

In the non-ideal gas lattice Boltzmann equation (LBE), the intermolecular forces between solid and fluid can be represented by the inclusion of the wall free energy in the expression of the total free energy. We derived and investigated three types of polynomial (linear, quadratic, and cubic) wall free energy based boundary conditions for the non-ideal gas LBE method. Static cases with a liquid drop sitting on solid surfaces are examined. All the proposed boundary conditions are able to predict the equilibrium states very well in the range of moderate contact angles by incorporating the potential form of the intermolecular forces and the bounce-back rule that guarantees mass conservation. Simulations with different boundary conditions are carried out and the results are compared concerning the accuracy as well as the applicability of different polynomial boundary conditions.
PRINCIPAL COMPONENT ANALYSIS OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE IN THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN
Authors: ANDRONACHE CONSTANTIN
Published: December 2009

The framework of principal component analysis (PCA) based on singular value decomposition (SVD) is applied to the monthly sea surface temperature (SST) observations in the North Atlantic Ocean for the time interval 1856–2008. Multiyear time series of SST for each month are used to investigate the statistical relationship between SST variations from the 12 months. To obtain approximate stationary conditions, the trend and a multidecadal oscillation are removed from the data. The remaining SST residuals exhibit remarkable correlation between successive months, due largely to persistence. PCA demonstrates the dimension reduction of the data sets and provides a robust way of analyzing multivariate observations describing the climate system.
APPLICATIONS OF FINITE-DIFFERENCE LATTICE BOLTZMANN METHOD TO BREAKUP AND COALESCENCE IN MULTIPHASE FLOWS
Authors: CHIAPPINI DANIELE , BELLA GINO , SUCCI SAURO , UBERTINI STEFANO
Published: December 2009

We present an application of the hybrid finite-difference Lattice-Boltzmann model, recently introduced by Lee and coworkers for the numerical simulation of complex multiphase flows.1–4Three typical test-case applications are discussed, namely Rayleigh–Taylor instability, liquid droplet break-up and coalescence. The numerical simulations of the Rayleigh–Taylor instability confirm the capability of Lee's method to reproduce literature results obtained with previous Lattice-Boltzmann models for non-ideal fluids. Simulations of two-dimensional droplet breakup reproduce the qualitative regimes observed in three-dimensional simulations, with mild quantitative deviations. Finally, the simulation of droplet coalescence highlights major departures from the three-dimensional picture.
GENETIC PROGRAMING MODELING FOR NUCLEUS–NUCLEUS COLLISIONS
Authors: El-DAHSHAN EL-SAYED , RADI AMR , El-BAKRY MAHMOUD Y.
Published: December 2009

High Energy Physics (HEP), due to the vast and complex data expected from current and future experiments, is in need of powerful and efficient techniques for various analysis tasks. Genetic Programing (GP) is a powerful technique that can be used such complex tasks. In this paper, Genetic programing is used for modeling the functions that describe the pseudo-rapidity distribution of the shower particles for 12 C , 16 O , 28 Si and 32 S on nuclear emulsion and also to predict the distributions that are not present in the training set and matched them effectively. The proposed method shows a better fitting with experimental data. The GP prediction results prove a strong presence modeling in heavy ion collisions.
THE NAMBU–GOTO AND POLYAKOV STRINGS VIA THE RELATIVISTIC PARTICLES
Authors: KAMANI DAVOUD
Published: December 2009

We assume the bosonic string is a composite object of the relativistic particles. The behavior of the relativistic particles in a curve enables us to obtain the Nambu–Goto and the Polyakov actions of the bosonic string. We observe that the particles of these strings move with non-constant speeds along them.
ON THE DEFINITION OF MATTER COLLINEATIONS
Authors: QADIR ASGHAR , SAIFULLAH K.
Published: December 2009

It is shown that when the stress–energy tensor of a spacetime is diagonal and is written in the mixed form, its collineations admit infinite dimensional Lie algebras except possibly in the case when the tensor depends on all the spacetime coordinates. The result can be extended for more general second rank tensors.
A QUANTIZABLE MODEL OF MASSIVE GAUGE VECTOR BOSONS WITHOUT HIGGS
Authors: ALDAYA V. , CALIXTO M. , LOPEZ-RUIZ F. F.
Published: December 2009

We incorporate the parameters of the gauge group G into the gauge theory of interactions through a nonlinear partial-trace σ-model Lagrangian on G/H. The minimal coupling of the new (Goldstone-like) scalar bosons provides mass terms to those intermediate vector bosons associated with the quotient G/H, without spoiling gauge invariance, while the H-vector potentials remain massless. The main virtue of a partial trace on G/H, rather than on the entire G, is that we can find an infinite-dimensional symmetry, with nontrivial Noether invariants, which ensures quantum integrability in a non-canonical quantization scheme. The present formalism is explicitly applied to the case G = SU(2)× U(1), as a Higgsless alternative to the Standard Model of electroweak interactions, although it can also be used in low-energy phenomenological models for strong interactions.
A UNIFIED APPROACH TO MIMETIC FINITE DIFFERENCE, HYBRID FINITE VOLUME AND MIXED FINITE VOLUME METHODS
Authors: DRONIOU JÉRÔME , EYMARD ROBERT , GALLOUËT THIERRY , HERBIN RAPHAÈLE
Published: December 2009

We investigate the connections between several recent methods for the discretization of anisotropic heterogeneous diffusion operators on general grids. We prove that the Mimetic Finite Difference scheme, the Hybrid Finite Volume scheme and the Mixed Finite Volume scheme are in fact identical up to some slight generalizations. As a consequence, some of the mathematical results obtained for each of the methods (such as convergence properties or error estimates) may be extended to the unified common framework. We then focus on the relationships between this unified method and nonconforming Finite Element schemes or Mixed Finite Element schemes. We also show that for isotropic operators, on particular meshes such as triangular meshes with acute angles, the unified method boils down to the well-known efficient two-point flux Finite Volume scheme.
FRACTAL GEOMETRY OF LÉVY-BASED SPATIAL-TEMPORAL RANDOM FIELDS
Authors: SHIEH NARN-RUEIH
Published: December 2009

Let X = {X(t, x), t ∈ ℝ, x ∈ ℝd} be a Lévy-based spatial-temporal random field proposed by Barndorff–Nielsen and Schmiegel1 for dynamic modeling of turbulence. We describe some fractal geometry for this field, with a view toward a proper non-Gaussian aspect of Mandelbrot's paper.2 Recent progress on multifractal scalings of the stationary exponential processes is also reported, and is toward the intermittency fields proposed in Barndorff-Nielsen and Schmiegel.1
A FAST FRACTAL ENCODING METHOD BASED ON FRACTAL DIMENSION
Authors: WANG XING-YUAN , LANG YAHUI
Published: December 2009

In this paper a fast fractal coding method based on fractal dimension is proposed. Image texture is an important content in image analysis and processing which can be used to describe the extent of irregular surface. The fractal dimension in fractal theory can be used to describe the image texture, and it is the same with the human visual system. The higher the fractal dimension, the rougher the surface of the corresponding graph, and vice versa. Therefore in this paper a fast fractal encoding method based on fractal dimension is proposed. During the encoding process, using the fractal dimension of the image, all blocks of the given image first are defined into three classes. Then each range block searches the best match in the corresponding class. The method is based on differential box counting which is chosen specifically for texture analysis. Since the searching space is reduced and the classification operation is simple and computationally efficient, the encoding speed is improved and the quality of the decoded image is preserved. Experiments show that compared with the full search method, the proposed method greatly reduced the encoding time, obtained a rather good retrieved image, and achieved the stable speedup ratio.
INTERVALLIC SCALING IN THE BACH CELLO SUITES
Authors: BROTHERS HARLAN J.
Published: December 2009

The cello suites of Johann Sebastian Bach exhibit several types of power-law scaling, the best examples of which can be considered fractal in nature. This article examines scaling with respect to the characteristics of melodic interval and its derivative, melodic moment. A new and effective method for pitch-related analysis is described and then applied to a selection of the 36 pieces that comprise the six cello suites.
REDDENED BEDS OF CARBONIFEROUS AGE IN NORTH-WEST ENGLAND AND THEIR ORIGIN
Authors: Trotter F. M.
Published: December 2009

The vast quantities of iron, which are imprisoned in deltaic sediments of Carboniferous age, occur predominantly as ferrous iron. This ferrous iron is associated with carbonaceous matter and for the most part is found as siderite at two distinct horizons here termed the Upper and the Lower Ironestone. They lie respectively above and below the coal seam, and periodicity of deposition is made apparent by the repeated occurrence of this ferrous carbonate—carbonaceous matter association. It is considered that the carbonaceous matter has acted as a reducing agent thereby causing the precipitation of the iron in the ferrous state.

When ferrous iron-bearing strata are subjected to oxidising conditions the iron reverts to the more normal ferric oxide and the strata become reddened. Such oxidising conditions existed on and beneath the pre-Permo-Triassic land surface. As proved in the field, and by numerous boreholes, a red zone of complete oxidation lies below the base of the Permo-Triassic rocks and this not infrequently is followed by alternating zones of partial oxidation and non-oxidation. The depth below the pre-Permo-Triassic land surface to which oxidising influences were operative on and to the west of the Pennines is of the order of 1,000 ft. with a maximum of 1,700 ft. It is considered that such deep penetration resulted from high relief in a semi-arid climate during the Carboniferous-Permian interval.
REDDENED BEDS IN THE COAL MEASURES BENEATH THE PERMIAN OF DURHAM AND SOUTH NORTHUMBERLAND
Authors: Anderson W. , Dunham K. C.
Published: December 2009

A zone of reddening of Coal Measures sediments averaging 25 ft. thick underlies the sub-Permian surface in Durham and south-east Northumberland. It is present irrespective of stratigraphical horizon. The fact that the basal Permian sands and the Permian limestones which rest on the surface are nowhere reddened is regarded as conclusive evidence that the reddening of the Coal Measures strata took place before the commencement of Permian sedimentation in the area. Petrographical study indicates that it is due to oxidation of pyrite and chalybite
in situ
and to introduction of red iron oxide along joints and in the pore-spaces of sandstones. It is suggested that hot-humid uplands during the Coal Measures-Zechstein interval became covered with thick red soils, perhaps in part protected by rain forests. Erosion of these soils from remaining high areas in late Zechstein, Bunter and Keuper times may have contributed towards “Red Bed” sediments.
INTRAFORMATIONAL CONTORTED STRATA IN THE UPPER CARBONIFEROUS OF THE LANCASHIRE PENNINES
Authors: Williamson Iain A.
Published: December 2009

Beds of intraformational contorted strata at constant horizons in the Upper Namurian and Lower Ammanian are recorded in north-east Lancashire and the adjacent parts of the West Riding of Yorkshire. With the exception of a fireclay lens, all the contorted beds are in shales. Fracture-cleavage and congruous drag folds are well developed together with numerous slicken-sides. These and other features are taken to indicate a tectonic origin, through bedding plane slip developed during the regional folding. No features in the contorted beds can be ascribed to slumping, though one example is described which is attributed to recent slipping of the overlying sandstone.
GLACIAL AND POST-GLACIAL GEOLOGY OF MIDDLESBROUGH AND THE TEES ESTUARY
Authors: Agar Rodmell
Published: December 2009

The area described has few surface features, but as a result of collection of borehole data, and observation of excavations, a plan and series of sections have been drawn showing the extent and character of the glacial and post-glacial deposits in the Tees estuary and surrounding area.

The boulder clays, with variable beds of sand, taper out on the slopes of the Cleveland Hills. A major feature of the area is a dissected bed of late-glacial laminated clay, associated with a marginal shore-line.

The outline shape of the early post-glacial river gorge is now known, also the character of the alluvial deposits which have filled it, and which now form the river flood-plain. The alluvium includes a peat-bed immediately below Ordnance Datum level. Detailed observation of the alluvial filling of a minor branch valley has revealed a marine bed at a level which proves a stage when the sea was about thirty feet above its present level. The variation in time of sea-level, indicated by the post-glacial deposits, is discussed.
THE GENESIS OF THE HIGH RANK COALS
Authors: Trotter F. M.
Published: December 2009

Confirmation of previous work is afforded by two bores at Prestwich which prove 4,000 ft. of coal-bearing strata in which, as indicated by 220 coal-seam analyses, coal seams display marked decrease in water content but no apparent decrease in volatiles with depth.

By comparing Jurassic coals and Coal Measures coals of the same rank which lie in adjoining fields in north-east England it is shown that there is no necessary relationship between the age and the rank of coal seams.

In the High Rank Series (coals with volatiles of less than 31% d.a.f.) rank is determined by and increases with the intensity of the orogenic forces and natural heat treatment to which the coal has been subjected. This, stated as the Roberts-White Theory, is illustrated by examples: (a) from Lancashire and (b) from Staffordshire where metallurgical coking coals of less than 30% volatiles occur, but only in the downfolded synclines; (c) from the Alston Block where a devolatilisation from high volatile bituminous coals to carbonaceous coals is related to large scale thrusting and to the magmatic mineralisation; (d) from the main South Wales coalfield where progressive devolatilisation from bituminous coals to anthracite is towards an inclined plane (probably a thrust) that lies beneath the coalfield; (e) from highly compressed strata in Pembrokeshire and (f) from similar strata near Bideford, Devon, where coal seams are wholly anthracitic and not infrequently reduced to culm.

It is shown that comparison between coal seams in the High Rank Series is most accurate when the Fuel Ratio is used. Also in this Series accurate direct mathematical comparison of coal seam volatiles is possible only on the basis of a standard amount of Fixed Carbon. A 50% Fixed Carbon basis is chosen to fulfil these requirements.

In the case of the main South Wales coalfield loss of coal seam volatiles is related to the distance of the seam from an inclined plane beneath the coalfield, and on the 50% Fixed Carbon basis the relationship can be expressed by the following exponential equation:

v

2

=

v

1

exp
(
-
2.8
×

10

-
4

y
)

in which
v
2
and
v
1
are the volatiles of a lower and an upper seam respectively and
y
is the vertical distance between the seams.
THE EROSION SURFACES AND DRAINAGE SYSTEM OF SOUTH-WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Sissons J. B.
Published: December 2009

Detailed field-work, supplemented by cartographical analysis, has demonstrated the existence in south-west Yorkshire (and in the adjacent parts of north Derbyshire and Cheshire) of a series of erosion surfaces at various heights between about 200 and 1800 ft. There is abundant evidence that the surfaces above about 450 ft. (with the exception of small fragments of certain surfaces preserved as valley-side benches) were cut by the sea. These surfaces appear to have been formed during periods of approximately stationary sea-level at about 1800, 1350 to 1300, 1070, 710, 530 and 500 ft. The lower surfaces are largely or entirely of subaerial origin and are believed to be related to sea-levels at about or below 425-400, 245–225 and 200–190 ft.

It is considered probable that the initial surface attacked by the sea was a submerged subaerial peneplain tilted to the east in south-west Yorkshire. This peneplain appears to have been entirely destroyed in this area during the period of intermittent emergence associated with the formation of the erosion surfaces. The present drainage system can only be satisfactorily explained as having evolved from consequent streams initiated upon and extended across the marine erosion surfaces as they were successively exposed by the falling sea-level. In the eastern parts of the area the drainage system has been considerably modified by glaciation.
THE OCCURRENCE OF A CORALLIAN LIMESTONE IN EAST YORKSHIRE, SOUTH OF MARKET WEIGHTON
Authors: Gray D. A.
Published: December 2009

Fossils indicate that a limestone found in a borehole, drilled in 1952 at Melton, belongs to the Corallian Beds. In the light of this, the records of six other boreholes in the area have been re-examined and a revised correlation of the strata is suggested. The regional significance of the limestone is discussed.
CURRENT-BEDDING DIRECTIONS IN SANDSTONES OF LOWER
RET1CULOCERAS
AGE IN THE MILLSTONE GRIT OF WHARFEDALE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Walker C. T.
Published: December 2009

A statistical study of foreset-bedding within a limited area of R
1
sandstones in the Millstone Grit shows that current bedding dip directions exhibit a much greater angular range than has previously been supposed. These varying dips are interpreted as the foreset beds of two small delta cones on the surface of the main Millstone Grit delta. They are to be compared with similar cones now forming on the surface of the Colorado delta. From this interpretation it is deduced that the immediate source, but not necessarily the ultimate source, lay towards the north and east. Thus Gilligan’s conclusion that the Millstone Grit detritus was transported from the north-east is confirmed.

Investigation of the long axis orientation of sand grains and the c-axis orientation of quartz grains in a fine R
1
stage sandstone shows that a preferred optical and dimensional orientation is present. However, this method is not considered to be practical for large-scale palaeogeographical interpretation because a great number of observations are required even to establish flow directions over a few square inches. Thus it is concluded that some other technique is required for directional studies of these fine sandstones.
A GRAVIMETER SURVEY IN THE CRAVEN DISTRICT OF NORTH-WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Whetton J. T. , Myers J. O. , Watson I. J.
Published: December 2009

A brief description is given of the way in which the survey was carried out and the results of density measurements are discussed. The most important density contrast, so far as the deeper structure is concerned, is demonstrated to be that between the Palaeozoic and the Pre-Cambrian rocks. The manner in which the observed data were reduced is presented, and it is shown that the maximum value for the standard error of any single Bouguer anomaly is probably no greater than 0–19 mgal. A summary of the geology of the area follows, and the gravity data are interpreted in the light of this knowledge. Over the Askrigg tectonic block the isogams are considered to indicate a low density Pre-Cambrian core, and along the southern boundary of the block are roughly parallel to the North Craven Fault. The nature of the foundation, or “core”, of the Northern Pennines is discussed, and it is considered unlikely that the metalliferous deposits found therein owe their origin to a granitic magma.
CHERTS AND LIMESTONES FROM THE CROW SERIES NEAR RICHMOND, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Hey R. W.
Published: December 2009

Limestones and cherts from the Crow Series near Richmond are described and their origins discussed. Many of the limestones contain some dolomite, and almost all are more or less siliceous; there is no clear distinction between the siliceous limestones and the cherts, most of which contain some calcite. The rocks are thought to have originated by the penecontemporaneous alteration of shell-fragments and other organic calcareous debris. The great majority of the abundant sponge-spicules, now composed of calcite, dolomite, or silica, are thought to have been originally calcareous.
WESTWARD PROGLACIAL DRAINAGE IN CLEVELAND
Authors: Best Robin. H.
Published: December 2009

Although the proglacial drainage of the Cleveland Hills has been well documented by Kendall, relatively little is known about the corresponding system in the lower areas of Cleveland. From a detailed study of an aligned sequence of overflow channels existing there, it has now been possible to demonstrate how proglacial drainage from Kildale and north Cleveland flowed in a generally westward direction into the Vale of York. Evidence is given to show that this low level drainage was closely associated with the eastern margin of the Cleveland and Vale of York glacier during the last glaciation of the district, and that certain high level overflow channels in the Hambleton and Cleveland Hills are the relics of proglacial drainage systems of one or more earlier glacial episodes.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE YOREDALE SERIES AND THE MILLSTONE GRIT ON THE ASKRIGG BLOCK
Authors: Rowell A. J. , Scanlon J. E.
Published: December 2009

The uplift which gave rise to the Bowland Shale overstep at the southern end of the Askrigg Block was late P
2
(pre-E
1
) in age. This movement had little effect on Yoredalian sedimentation. A later phase of uplift initiated the pre-Millstone Grit unconformity on the Block. The effect of this is very marked in the south, but on the northern margin the break is very slight, if existent at all. The beds above the break are everywhere of approximately the same age, late E
1
, and there is no evidence for a large scale overstep by the Millstone Grit. The basal Millstone Grit sandstone passes laterally northwards into Mirk Fell Ganister of Yoredale facies, but there is no indication of its lateral passage into any of the beds beneath the Mirk Fell Ganister. The Millstone Grit facies encroached farther northwards with time, for the Kettlepot Ganister horizon passes into beds of Yoredale facies in the Stainmore Syncline to the north of the block.
PRE-CAMBRIAN FOSSILS FROM CHARNWOOD FOREST
Authors: Ford T. D.
Published: December 2009

Several specimens of two new fossils recently found in the Woodhouse Beds of the Charnwood Forest Pre-Cambrian succession are described and named
Charnia masoni
and
Charniodiscus concentricus.
Their possible association as parts of a single organism is discussed and comparisons are drawn with some other Pre-Cambrian fossils in an attempt to establish their biological status. The evidence points to their being algae.
DIMORPHOCERATIDAE FROM THE UPPER VISEAN SHALES OF COUNTY LEITRIM, EIRE
Authors: MOORE E. W. J.
Published: December 2009

Dimorphoceras
(
Metadimorphoceras
)
hodsoni
subgen. et sp. nov. is described from the P
1
Zone in the Viséan shales of County Leitrim, Eire.
Dimorphoceras
(
Dimorphoceras
)
kathleenae
Moore and
Kazakhoceras hawkinsi
(Moore) are also recorded from the same zone. An early variety, var.
leitrimense
nov., of
D.
(
D.
)
kathleenae
is erected. Recent Russian work on the systematics of Dimorphoceratidae is discussed.
AN ASSEMBLAGE OF MICROPLANKTON FROM THE SHINETON SHALES (TREMADOCIAN)
Authors: Downie C.
Published: December 2009

A prolific assemblage of microplankton from the Shineton Shales (Tremadocian) is described. It consists almost entirely of hystrichospheres, including several new species of
Hystrichosphaeridium, Micrhystridium, Veryhachium, Leiosphaeridia
and
Diornatosphaera
gen. nov. The relationship of this assemblage to others of Lower Palaeozoic age is discussed.
THE YOREDALE ROCKS OF INGLEBOROUGH, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Hicks P. F.
Published: December 2009

The Yoredale rocks of Ingleborough have been re-mapped on the six-inch scale and compared with those of Whernside which have been similarly re-mapped. The mapping and most of the correlations given by the Geological Survey are confirmed, but a later correlation of the “Lamellibranch Bed” and the “
Orionastraea
Band” with horizons in Wensleydale and Wharfedale is considered to be erroneous on evidence supplied by the recognition of faunal and lithological horizons common to both sides of Chapel-le-Dale These markers are most frequent in the critical sequence between the
Girvanella
Band and the top of the Hardraw Limestone.
Hibernicoceras rudis
Moore and Hodson has been found at the top of the Middle Limestone of Fell Close Sike, Ingleborough. A thin, fossiliferous band found on the northern end of the hill is considered to represent the Underset Limestone; farther south this is thought to be cut out by the overlying, coarse-grained sandstone below the Main Limestone.
ANALYSIS OF HEAVY MINERALS IN CERTAIN DRIFT SOILS OF YORKSHIRE
Authors: Crampton C. B.
Published: December 2009

A comparison of the heavy mineral suites in drift soils over Triassic, Permian and Carboniferous rocks within the Leeds area with those of the underlying rocks suggests that apart from certain shallow sedentary soils over the Magnesian Limestone, much material in the remaining drift soils has been derived from outside the outcrop of the underlying rock. Material from the Magnesian Limestone has been distributed widely throughout the area, this distribution suggesting a slight extension of the Vale of York glacier beyond the Linton-Stutton Kame Belt.
THE CARBONIFEROUS STRATIGRAPHY OF THE ROMAN WALL DISTRICT IN WESTERN NORTHUMBERLAND
Authors: Johnson G. A. L.
Published: December 2009

The stratigraphy of part of the Yoredale Bernician Limestone Group succession of western Northumberland is described. The western extremity of the area concerned lies at the eastern margin of the Brampton district (Trotter and Hollingworth, 1932). During the present re-survey a series of 11 Yoredale Cyclothems, some of them multiple, have been traced 17 miles from the margin of the Brampton district eastwards to the River North Tyne. The succession changes considerably when traced from west to east across this area owing to variations in lithology and the splitting of some of the limestone horizons. The stratigraphical sequence in the eastern part of the area is similar to that in north Northumberland, and the Oxford Limestone, an important marker band in north and central Northumberland, has been recognized in the North Tyne region.

The Yoredale Cyclothems of western Northumberland are in detail different from those of other regions. A series of minor rhythms is normally present towards the top of each cyclothem and a pyritic shale phase, sometimes with goniatites, occurs in the marine shales. An unusual reef-limestone facies is present in association with two of the limestones. Faunal bands are of use in lateral correlation of the succession and zonal fossils confirm that the sequence ranges from upper Viséan to lower Namurian. A faunal change occurs below the Viséan-Namurian boundary where there is also a lithological change.
THE YONS NAB BEDS OF THE MIDDLE JURASSIC OF THE YORKSHIRE COAST
Authors: Bate R. H.
Published: December 2009

The Yons Nab Beds at Yons Nab consist of twenty-five feet of marine sandstone and shale possessing a rich lamellibranch fauna. A newly-described marine sequence overlying the Millepore Bed at Cloughton Wyke is correlated with these beds. The minor marine transgression they represent died out just north of Cloughton Wyke, and was associated with the main transgression of the Millepore Bed below, but did not extend so far northwards. The absence at Osgodby Nab of the Yons Nab Beds is considered to be due to the presence of a delta distributory producing a change in facies.
A GRAVITY SURVEY OF THE CRIFFELL GRANODIORITE AND THE NEW RED SANDSTONE DEPOSITS NEAR DUMFRIES
Authors: Bott M. H. P. , Masson-Smith D.
Published: December 2009

Relatively low gravity anomalies are observed over the Criffell granodiorite. These indicate a batholithic shape probably reaching more than seven miles in depth and with contacts sloping outwards at a moderately steep angle. The pattern of anomalies is consistent with a major gradational increase of density within the granodiorite as the south-eastern margin is approached. An isostatic balance is suspected between the large volume of relatively low density granite and the fairly high associated topography.

Negative anomalies of fifteen milligals are associated with the New Red Sandstone deposits at Dumfries and Lochmaben, suggesting thicknesses of about three thousand five hundred feet for both basins. The approximate shapes of those basins have been deduced from the anomalies and can best be explained by contemporaneous sinking and infilling.

Electronic computing methods have been used throughout the interpretation to obtain two-dimensional cross sections of the structure consistent with the observed anomalies.
MICROPLANKTON FROM THE CORALLIAN ROCKS OF YORKSHIRE
Authors: Sarjeant W. A. S.
Published: December 2009

Assemblages of microplankton are described from the Lower Calcareous Grit, Hambleton Oolite, Osmington Oolite and Upper Calcareous Grit of Yorkshire. They consist of dinoflagellates and hystrichospheres. The hystrichospheres include new species of
Micrhystridium
and
Pterospermopsis,
and five species are described for the first time from Britain. Five species of dinoflagellates are described from Britain for the first time also. The stratigraphic distribution of species present is summarized.
THE UPPER CRETACEOUS WHITE SANDSTONE OF LOCH ALINE, ARGYLL, SCOTLAND
Authors: Humphries D. W.
Published: December 2009

The White Sandstone of Loch Aline is shown to be an extremely pure, well-sorted, friable rock. The heavy mineral suite is dominated by the presence of leucoxene and tourmaline, with subsidiary amounts of ilmenite, magnetite, limonite, pyrites, chalcopyrites, zircon, rutile, garnet, staurolite, epidote, kyanite, spinel, sphene, mica (? leached biotite) and authigenic anatase and tourmaline. The light fraction contains besides quartz, muscovite, a green “earthy” mineral having affinities with the glauconite group of minerals, and a trace of kaolin. The quartz grams are only moderately rounded and show frosting and faceting which are attributed to the deposition of secondary silica. Grain roundness is shown to be related to size, but that the rate of change of roundness with size alters at about 0.2 millimetre; a possible explanation for this is discussed.

On the basis of the detailed study of the heavy minerals, in particular tourmaline, it is believed that the ultimate source rocks included both the Moine Schists and the Morven-Strontian Granite, while the immediate source of the sediment may have included the underlying Cenomanian Greensand. The latter is considered to have suffered vigorous localized reworking in the advancing Cenomanian sea on shoals close to islands formed by the Morven. Strontian Granite and the Ross of Mull Granite.

The hypothesis of a desert shoreline to the Chalk sea is not supported by the evidence available in the west of Scotland.
THE DEVONIAN STRATIGRAPHY OF NORTH AND CENTRAL VESTSPITSBERGEN
Authors: Friend P. F.
Published: December 2009

An account of the Devonian sediments of North and Central Vestspitsbergen is presented in the light of four seasons of field work and a survey of previous research. A number of lithological units are defined and briefly described in a sequence of about six thousand metres of sediment of predominantly Old Red Sandstone facies. An attempt is made at correlating them and they are thought to range from Upper Downtonian (Lower Gedinnian) to upper Middle Devonian (upper Givetian) or lowermost Upper Devonian (lowermost Frasnian). The environments of deposition probably include torrential alluvial fans, river floodplains, brackish lagoons and inland lakes. Conglomerates at the top of the succession may indicate the beginning of the Upper Devonian “ Svalbardian ” phase of earthmovement.
THE STRATIGRAPHY OF THE KEUPER SERIES IN SOUTHERN NOTTINGHAMSHIRE
Authors: Elliott R. E.
Published: December 2009

Some seventy-one shallow boreholes have been drilled in southern Nottinghamshire by the National Coal Board in recent years. These, together with earlier borings and surface exposures, have provided new information on the Keuper succession, on faulting, and on the depth and distribution of the superficial solution zone, from which gypsum has been removed. Sedimentary and other characters have been used in the correlation of cores, and have enabled eight formations to be established in the local succession; some of the marker bands persist over fifteen square miles or more. A complex rhythmic pattern, with repetitions, especially from finer to coarser beds, on various scales, has been observed throughout the Keuper sequence. A broad comparison is made with the German divisions, and with modern analogous conditions.
REFOLDED FOLDS IN THE SILURIAN ROCKS OF EYEMOUTH, BERWICKSHIRE
Authors: Dearman W. R. , Shiells K. A. G. , Larwood G. P.
Published: December 2009

Refolded folds are described from Silurian rocks at Eyemouth, Berwickshire. Original north-east to south-west structures have been refolded about north-west to south-east axes producing two sets of folds at right angles which share common axial planes. They appear to represent a new element in the structure of the Southern Uplands.
THE STRUCTURE OF THE SOUTH-WESTERN PART OF THE SYKES ANTICLINE, BOWLAND, WEST YORKSHIRE
Authors: Moseley F.
Published: December 2009

The Carboniferous succession exposed along the Sykes Anticline includes the upper part of the Viséan Series and the lower part of the Namurian Series. The Viséan succession consists of the upper 350 feet of the Worston Group and the Lower Bowland Shales. The Namurian strata of lower Pendleian (E
1
) age include the Upper Bowland Shales and the Pendle Grit. The sequence is conformable and very similar to that described by Parkinson (1936) in the adjacent Slaidburn district.

The anticline is a concentric fold with relatively competent upper and lower levels separated by an incompetent sandwich of shales. The upper level (Pendle Grit) has the general form of a boxfold with dips of about thirty-five degrees on the limbs, an axial zone about a mile wide and a trend of 045 degrees. The lower level (Worston Group) is tightly folded into en echelon periclines with vertical and overturned strata common, and a mean axial trend of 027 degrees. The difference in tectonic style between upper and lower structural levels is attributed partly to the normal process of concentric folding, with the crumpled limestones indicating a lower limit to this, and partly to the disharmony of the Bowland Shales. Dip, strike and oblique joints are found in several well-defined sets, each set related to the anticlinal structure and approximately normal to the bedding.
THE ORIGIN OF GRANITE TORS ON DARTMOOR, DEVONSHIRE
Authors: Palmer J. , Neilson R. A.
Published: December 2009

The Dartmoor tors and associated clitters were formed by the action of frost and solifluction acting recurrently throughout Pleistocene times. Incoherent granite,
in situ
, is sometimes the product of frost shattering along crystal and cleavage boundaries, but usually it is granite that has been partially kaolinized by pneumatolytic processes. The intermittent occurrence of decayed granite often facilitated the formation of valleys, so that it is generally found in valley bottoms and is never found around the tors, which have formed in resistant, well-jointed granites. Where decayed granite occurs on ridges tors are absent, though rounded core-stones are occasionally exposed by erosion. Tors are not found on ridges underlain by the mechanically weak, close jointed “blue granites”. Post-glacial atmospheric weathering, predominantly chemical, has induced variable degrees of rounding in basically angular landforms, but some large partially rounded tor masses were formed by frost weathering on favourable structures.
THE DEGLACIATION OF EASTERN ESKDALE, YORKSHIRE
Authors: Gregory K. J.
Published: December 2009

The ice-marginal features of eastern Eskdale include glacial drainage channels, ice-marginal benches, twin parallel streams, gorges, moraines, kame terraces and lobe edge embankments. Four types of glacial drainage channel have been recognized: strictly marginal, submarginal, compound and subglacial. The compound examples were initiated by subglacial streams and further developed by subaerial meltwaters. Throughout the area there are two recognizable retreat stages; during each a considerable proportion of the glacial drainage was ice-marginal but subsequently, as the ice became more fragmented, englacial, superglacial and subglacial streams became dominant.
THE PERMIAN LOWER EVAPORITES OF FORDON IN YORKSHIRE
Authors: Stewart F. H.
Published: December 2009

In the Fordon No. 1 borehole, sunk by the D’Arcy Exploration Company to a depth of 7559 feet near Scarborough, the Permian succession contains 1387 feet of evaporites. This paper describes and discusses the Lower Evaporites in detail. These are 1069 feet in thickness, and the petrography of each of the main ten subzones they contain is described. The major constituents are dolomite, anhydrite, polyhalite, kieserite and halite. Minor constituents include magnesite, glauberite, celestine, aphthitalite, pyrite, sulphoborite, sulphur and talc. Glauberite and sulphoborite are new to Britain.

The origin of the rocks is discussed in relation to experimental work on salt systems. The ten subzones can be placed in three cycles of sedimentation, each ended by a relatively sudden increase in rate of subsidence, the middle cycle consisting of two sub-cycles. The upper and lower cycles are relatively simple, consisting mainly of halite and anhydrite, but the middle cycle is more complex, and contains rocks unlike any so far recorded from this country. On textural evidence it is concluded that, whereas gypsum was a primary mineral of the upper and lower cycles, the calcium sulphate of the middle cycle was deposited as anhydrite. The latter has been replaced by polyhalite on a large scale, and it is believed that this change was penecontemporaneous, and released enough calcium for the formation of a large amount of primary polyhalite. The later succession has therefore been considerably modified, and some of the polyhalite and kieserite-bearing subzones may represent the potash-free magnesium sulphate and kainite zones of the experimental succession.

There is evidence of a considerable number of replacements. Most of the major ones are probably penecontemporaneous. Others are post-consolidation effects, probably due to rise of temperature and pressure during burial. Some, like those involving glauberite, have probably been effected by solutions rising from a lower cycle; others have been effected by downward or sideways moving solutions from the same or a higher cycle. Some replacements are later than movement and recrystallization of halite under pressure.

A count of rhythmic layers in the middle cycle gives information on rates of deposition and suggests that this cycle may have been deposited in about 25000 years.

The Fordon Lower Evaporite succession is compared with that in other parts of Yorkshire. The Fordon evidence favours Lotze’s correlation of the Lower Evaporites of Yorkshire with the Middle Zechstein of Germany.
CONICAL FOLDING AND OBLIQUE STRUCTURES IN CHARNWOOD FOREST, LEICESTERSHIRE
Authors: Evans A. M.
Published: December 2009

Conical, not cylindrical, folding is dominant in the Charnian rocks. Passing south-eastwards across the Forest the axial trend of the major anticline changes from south-east to east. The folding is concentric. The minor folds and cleavage are oblique to the axis of the major fold; a possible stress system which might account for this is briefly discussed. The cleavage fans into the cores of some of the minor folds (but not of the major anticline) and into the vertex of one of them; it follows a sinuous course across the Forest and has an average strike of 280 degrees. It is concluded that the Charnoid trend may not be everywhere north-west to south-east.
THE ACHANARRAS LIMESTONE OF THE MIDDLE OLD RED SANDSTONE, CAITHNESS, SCOTLAND
Authors: Rayner Dorothy H.
Published: December 2009

Achanarras quarry, in central Caithness, exposes about twenty-five feet of the Caithness Flagstone Series, here consisting of calcareous flags and siltstones; the quarry has long been famous for its rich vertebrate fauna. The sequence has been measured, the approximate ranges of the genera noted, and lithological varieties of the flagstone facies examined. These varieties show laminae varying in thickness from 0.5 to 2.0 millimetres, comprising layers rich in detrital quartz, carbonate and organic matter. Analogies are sought in past and present sediments, especially in Eocene and modern lake deposits; the most striking of the latter exhibit annual laminations, and a similar regime is deduced for the Achanarras flagstones. The environment so pictured reinforces previous views on the Orcadian basin. The eleven feet of flagstone facies of the quarry are tentatively considered to represent about 4,000 years. The abnormally rich fauna probably reflects exceptionally good conditions of preservation.