bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategies to prevent surgical site infections in acute-care hospitals: 2022 Update
Authors: Calderwood Michael S. , Anderson Deverick J. , Bratzler Dale W. , Dellinger E. Patchen , Garcia-Houchins Sylvia , Maragakis Lisa L. , Nyquist Ann-Christine , Perkins Kiran M. , Preas Michael Anne , Saiman Lisa , Schaffzin Joshua K. , Schweizer Marin , Yokoe Deborah S. , Kaye Keith S.
Published: May 2023

Abstract and purpose

The intent of this document is to highlight practical recommendations in a concise format designed to assist acute-care hospitals in implementing and prioritizing their surgical-site infection (SSI) prevention efforts. This document updates theStrategies to Prevent Surgical Site Infections in Acute Care Hospitalspublished in 2014.1This expert guidance document is sponsored by the Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA). It is the product of a collaborative effort led by SHEA, the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), the Association for Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology (APIC), the American Hospital Association (AHA), and The Joint Commission, with major contributions from representatives of a number of organizations and societies with content expertise.
The onset of turbulence in decelerating diverging channel flows
Authors: Sarath K.P. , Manu K.V.
Published: May 2023

This work investigates the stability and transition to turbulence in a diverging channel subjected to a time-varying trapezoidal-shaped inflow boundary condition. Numerical simulations are performed for different deceleration rates and Reynolds numbers while maintaining a constant acceleration rate. The flow transition begins with two-dimensional primary instability with the formation of inflectional velocity profiles, followed by local separation and the emergence of an array of shear layer vortices. We divide simulation cases systematically into three categories based on the onset of secondary instability and the generation of streamwise vorticity. At low and medium Reynolds numbers (type I), the spanwise vortex rolls formed by inflectional instability remain two-dimensional and diffuse at the channel centre without exhibiting further instabilities. At high Reynolds numbers and deceleration rates (type II), the rolled shear layer exhibits secondary instability during the zero mean inflow phase, followed by local incipient turbulent structure formation. The streamwise vorticity that develops over the shear layer structures causes oscillations with a spanwise wavelength similar to those associated with the elliptic instability in a counter-rotating vortex pair. Using the Lamb–Oseen approximation of vortices in conjunction with the dynamic mode decomposition algorithm of the three-dimensional flow field, we captured successfully the characteristics of the secondary instability. The third category (type III) is characterized by periodic unsteady separation, secondary instability, and merging of shear layer vortices, which occurs when Reynolds numbers are high and deceleration rates are low.
Holocene hydroclimatic variability recorded in sediments from Maddox Lake (northern California Coast Range)
Authors: Kirby Matthew , Barbosa Jazleen , Carlin Joe , MacDonald Glen , Leidelmeijer Jenifer , Bonuso Nicole , Han Jiwoo , Nauman Benjamin , Avila Judith , Woodward Alex , Obarr Sophia , Poulsen Cody , Nichols Kevin , Ramezan Reza
Published: May 2023

Perspectives on past climate using lake sediments are critical for assessing modern and future climate change. These perspectives are especially important for water-stressed regions such as the western United States. One such region is northwestern California (CA), where Holocene-length hydroclimatic records are scarce. Here, we present a 9000-year, relative lake level record from Maddox Lake (CA) using a multi-indicator approach. The Early Holocene is characterized by variably low lake levels with a brief excursion to wetter climates/relative highstand ca. 8.4–8.06 cal ka BP, possibly related to the 8.2 ka cold event and changing Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). From 5.2–0.55 cal ka BP, Maddox Lake experienced a long-term regression, tracking changes in summer-winter insolation, tropical and northeast Pacific SSTs, and the southward migration of the ITCZ. This gradual regression culminated in a pronounced relative lowstand during the Medieval Climatic Anomaly (MCA). A marked relative highstand followed the MCA, correlative to the Little Ice Age. The latter reflects a far-field response to North Atlantic volcanism, solar variability, and possibly changes in AMOC and Arctic sea ice extent. Our results further confirm the hydroclimatic sensitivity of northwest California to various forcings including those emanating from the North Atlantic.
Rejoicing of the hearts: Turkish constructions of Muslim whiteness in Africa south of the Sahara
Authors: Güner Ezgi
Published: May 2023

This article analyses the racial framing of the humanitarian encounter between Turkish and African Muslims as a trope of first contact. Intensifying humanitarian relations with Africa south of the Sahara, in tandem with the foreign policy of the AKP (Justice and Development Party), has led to the emergence of a racialized affective regime in Turkey that endows Islamic philanthropy with new racial meanings. This article argues that racial subjects such as the White Muslim and the Black Muslim are produced through the affective labour of humanitarian volunteers and others, who narrativize and circulate experiences of first contact in Turkey. Based on a multi-sited ethnography in Turkey, Tanzania, Senegal, Gambia and Benin, this article explores race-making as affective labour. Taking on Berg and Ramos-Zayas’s call for an anthropological theorization of race and affect, it develops a critical framework to examine how humanitarian voluntarism produces differently racialized subjects. In order to do so, this analysis draws on James Baldwin’s insights into the racial and affective politics of the first contact to discuss how Turkish humanitarians build on and alter the racialized affective regime Baldwin describes.
Effect of postruminal supply of linseed oil in dairy cows: 1. Production performance and fate of postruminally available α-linolenic acid
Authors: Gervais Rachel , Rico Daniel E. , Peňa-Cotrino Sara M. , Lebeuf Yolaine , Chouinard P. Yvan
Published: May 2023

Triacylglycerols (TAG) are the primary sources of preformed fatty acids (FA) for lipid synthesis in the mammary gland. However, polyunsaturated FA escaping ruminal biohydrogenation are selectively incorporated into cholesterol esters (CE) and phospholipids (PL). The aim of the current experiment was to study the effects of abomasal infusion of increasing amount of linseed oil (L-oil) on plasma distribution of α-linolenic acid (α-LA) and its transfer efficiency into milk fat. Five rumen-fistulated Holstein cows were randomly distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Abomasal infusion of L-oil (55.9% α-LA) was performed at the rate of 0, 75, 150, 300, and 600 ml/d. Concentrations of α-LA increased quadratically in TAG, PL, and CE; a less steep slope was observed with an inflexion at an infusion rate of 300 ml L-oil per day. The increase in plasma concentration of α-LA was of a lower magnitude in CE as compared with the other two fractions, resulting in a quadratic decrease in relative proportion of this FA circulating as CE. The transfer efficiency into milk fat increased from 0 to 150 ml L-oil infused, and a plateau was maintained thereafter with greater levels of infusion (quadratic response). This pattern resembles the quadratic response of the relative proportion of α-LA circulating as TAG, and the relative concentration of this FA in TAG. Increasing the postruminal supply of α-LA partly overcame the segregation mechanism of absorbed polyunsaturated FA in different plasma lipid classes. Proportionately more α-LA was then esterified as TAG, at the expense of CE, increasing its efficiency of transfer into milk fat. This mechanism appears to be surpassed in its turn when L-oil infusion was increased over 150 ml/d. Nevertheless, the yield of α-LA in milk fat continued to increase, but at a slower rate at the highest levels of infusion.
Harnessing ‘Wasted’ Waters: Conservation, Hydropower and the Origins of Chile's National Electrification Plan
Authors: de Montmollin Peter B.
Published: May 2023

This article examines the origins of national electrification in Chile, situating its technocratic promoters within a broad trend – unfolding across Latin America – toward the ‘rational’ management and conservation of natural resources by the state. It surveys the early history of Chilean electrification (1890s–1940s) to show how conservationist thinking flowed through discussions and debates among engineers about the proper uses of the country's waters. These ideas eventually shaped the 1943 national electrification plan, which focused on hydropower. The article sheds new light on the history of Chile's technocracy, the relationship between perceptions of the environment and development planning, and the political and economic debates over national electrification. It also shows how the conservationist dilemma of using versus preserving natural resources operated within a utilitarian and highly technical framework for thinking about nature's bounty. The article thus contributes to recent historical scholarship on conservation and environmental technocrats in Latin America.
Might contain traces of Lotus: The limits of exclusive flag state jurisdiction in the Norstar and the Enrica Lexie cases
Authors: Csernus Máté
Published: May 2023

The article scrutinizes some of the surprising commonalities in the reasonings of two recent decisions by two separate judicial forums: the ITLOS’s judgment in the M/V Norstar case and the award of an ad hoc arbitral tribunal in the Enrica Lexie case. One key connection between the two decisions is their heavy reliance on the Lotus judgment of the PCIJ. Another similarity between the two disputes is that both of them revolve around the concept of exclusive flag state jurisdiction under UNCLOS Article 92(1) and adjacent questions of jurisdiction on the high seas. The article is going to subject both decisions to criticism and argue that some of the more problematic positions adopted by the tribunals in both cases amount to no more than obiter dicta – thus establishing an additional parallel with Lotus, which also received heavy criticism for its controversial obiter dictum. The two tribunals’ new-found interest in Lotus also provides an opportunity to discuss the utility and legal weight of Lotus as a precedent in the face of a century of developments in treaty law and judicial practice. In this sense, this article builds on and attempts to continue the recent trend in scholarship advocating for a renewed appreciation of the Lotus case against the backdrop of decades of criticism against it. Accordingly, the article aims to facilitate a better understanding of all three disputes, the principles they applied, and the dynamics of international adjudication and international law in general.
Percutaneous approach to residual pulmonary bifurcation stenosis in conotruncal diseases
Authors: Castaldi Biagio , Di Candia Angela , Cuppini Elena , Sirico Domenico , Reffo Elena , Padalino Massimo , Vida Vladimiro , Di Salvo Giovanni
Published: May 2023

Residual stenosis after right ventricle outflow tract surgery represents a major issue to manage in the children and adult patient with conotruncal defects. Despite a detailed multimodality imaging, the anatomy of distal pulmonary trunk and pulmonary artery bifurcation may be challenging in these patients.

The aim of this study was to analyse retrospectively the outcome of the percutaneous transcatheter treatment in children with post-surgical stenosis of pulmonary artery bifurcation.

We enrolled 39 patients with a median age of 6.0 years. Standard high-pressure balloon dilation was attempted in 33 patients, effective in 5 of them. Pulmonary branch stenting was performed in 10 patients, effective in 6. A kissing balloon approach was chosen in 17 patients (6 after angioplasty or stenting failure), and this technique was effective in 16 cases. Finally, a bifurcation stenting was performed in 10 patients (second step in 9 cases), effective in all the cases. None of the patients approached by kissing balloon needed a bifurcation stenting.

In conclusion, standard balloon angioplasty and standard stenting might be ineffective in post-surgical stenosis involving pulmonary artery bifurcation. In this population, kissing balloon or bifurcation stenting, followed by side branch de-jailing, may be more effective in relieving the gradient.
The effect of long-term use of methylphenidate on cardiac autonomic functions and ventricular arrhythmogenesis: a prospective case–control study
Authors: Ozdemir Rahmi , Tanır Yaşar , Demir Batuhan Berk , Yılmaz Seheryeli , Geçkalan Soysal Damla , Karadeniz Cem
Published: May 2023

Objective:

We aimed to assess cardiac autonomic balance with heart rate variability by using 24-hour Holter electrocardiography and also to assess susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias by using microvolt T wave alternance in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.

Method:

This study was conducted with age- and gender-matched groups of 40 patients taking long-acting methylphenidate for more than a year and 55 healthy controls. Heart rate variability analysis for cardiac autonomic functions and microvolt T wave alternance measurements for susceptibility to ventricular arrhythmias were evaluated by 24-hour Holter electrocardiography.

Results:

The mean age 10.9 ± 2.7 years, mean duration of therapy 22.76 months, and mean methylphenidate doses were 37.64 mg/day. The study group had considerably higher rMSSD, higher HF, and a lower LF/HF ratio (respectively, p : 0.02, p : 0.001 and p : 0.01). While parasympathetic activity parameters were elevated, sympathetic activity parameters were low during the sleep period. Increase in the microvolt T wave alternance values of the study group was not found to be statistically significant (p > 0.05).

Conclusion:

In children taking long-acting methylphenidate, the autonomic balance was shown to be in favour of the parasympathetic system. Determination of the vulnerability to life-threatening ventricular arrhythmias has been evaluated for the first time in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Accordingly, microvolt T-wave alternance values give the notion that drug use is safe.
Consensus Standard for Evidence Integration into EMS Education and High-Stakes Testing
Authors: Gage Christopher B. , Terry Mark , McKenna Kim D. , Powell Jonathan R. , Hollern Megan , Ozanich Matt , Richards Christopher T. , Martin-Gill Christian , Panchal Ashish R.
Published: May 2023

Background:

Incorporating emerging knowledge into Emergency Medical Service (EMS) competency assessments is critical to reflect current evidence-based out-of-hospital care. However, a standardized approach is needed to incorporate new evidence into EMS competency assessments because of the rapid pace of knowledge generation.

Objective:

The objective was to develop a framework to evaluate and integrate new source material into EMS competency assessments.

Methods:

The National Registry of Emergency Medical Technicians (National Registry) and the Prehospital Guidelines Consortium (PGC) convened a panel of experts. A Delphi method, consisting of virtual meetings and electronic surveys, was used to develop a Table of Evidence matrix that defines sources of EMS evidence. In Round One, participants listed all potential sources of evidence available to inform EMS education. In Round Two, participants categorized these sources into: (a) levels of evidence quality; and (b) type of source material. In Round Three, the panel revised a proposed Table of Evidence. Finally, in Round Four, participants provided recommendations on how each source should be incorporated into competency assessments depending on type and quality. Descriptive statistics were calculated with qualitative analyses conducted by two independent reviewers and a third arbitrator.

Results:

In Round One, 24 sources of evidence were identified. In Round Two, these were classified into high- (n = 4), medium- (n = 15), and low-quality (n = 5) of evidence, followed by categorization by purpose into providing recommendations (n = 10), primary research (n = 7), and educational content (n = 7). In Round Three, the Table of Evidence was revised based on participant feedback. In Round Four, the panel developed a tiered system of evidence integration from immediate incorporation of high-quality sources to more stringent requirements for lower-quality sources.

Conclusion:

The Table of Evidence provides a framework for the rapid and standardized incorporation of new source material into EMS competency assessments. Future goals are to evaluate the application of the Table of Evidence framework in initial and continued competency assessments.
Effects of Behavioral Activation Group Treatment Prior to Individual Therapy for Depression
Authors: Limpächer Cara , Ziem Max , Hoyer Jürgen
Published: May 2023

Abstract: Group therapy has the potential to reach more people seeking treatment at the same time while achieving similar success rates as individual therapy. We examined whether adding group therapy (behavioral activation) before individual therapy shortens the duration of therapy while being no less effective than pure individual therapy. In a cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) outpatient clinic, we analyzed data from N = 290 patients diagnosed with depression. While comparing group plus individual versus pure individual therapy, we controlled for systematic differences using propensity score matching. Patients receiving group therapy prior to individual therapy waited significantly shorter for treatment and needed fewer individual sessions. Linear mixed model analysis of depression scores revealed a significant interaction between time and condition, indicating that patients in the combination treatment improved faster than patients who received individual therapy only. Prior group treatment with behavioral activation increases the efficiency of outpatient CBT for depression.
Oxygen Depletion in Arctic Lakes: Circumpolar Trends, Biogeochemical Processes, and Implications of Climate Change
Authors: Klanten Y. , Couture R.‐M. , Christoffersen K. S. , Vincent W. F. , Antoniades D.
Published: May 2023

Polar amplification of climate change has the potential to cause large‐scale shifts in the dissolved oxygen (DO) dynamics of Arctic lakes, with implications for fish survival, greenhouse gas production, and drinking water quality. While DO is also a sentinel of environmental changes of physical, chemical, and biological nature (e.g., ice cover, temperature, dissolved organic carbon, photosynthesis, and respiration), no synthesis exists of current knowledge of DO dynamics across the diverse freshwater systems of the Arctic. We thus conducted a systematic review of the literature that yielded DO data from 167 sites north of the Subarctic limit (based on vegetation zones), spanning 76 years and including 40 sites with time series. The compilation revealed insufficient observations for adequate representativeness of oxygen dynamics over Arctic ecosystem gradients. We described the main processes controlling DO budgets of Arctic lakes and tested relationships of summer oxygen depletion with maximum depth and latitude. The meta‐analysis showed that most sites with low O2 concentrations were shallow (<10 m) and situated toward the southern end of the latitudinal gradient. Permanently stratified lakes with deep, perennially anoxic basins were located toward the northern end of the gradient. By way of a conceptual model, we identified the direct and indirect drivers and mechanisms that lead to changes in oxygen budgets in the context of the warming Arctic. This comprehensive update on available data allowed us to suggest future research directions and recommend the use of moored instruments for continuous all‐season observations, combined with modeling, remote sensing, and paleo‐reconstructions.
Physical Drivers of Monthly Variation in Phytoplankton Community in the Tidal Freshwater Zone of the Macrotidal Qiantang River Estuary, Eastern China: Implications for Reducing the Risk of Harmful Cyanobacterial Blooms
Authors: Jiang Zhibing , Du Wei , Zhu Yuanli , Guo Ran , Zhan Lin , Sun Zhenhao , Wang Degang , Zeng Jiangning
Published: May 2023

The Qiantang river estuary flows into Hangzhou Bay, on the East China Sea, and has one of the largest tidal bores worldwide. The tidal freshwater zone (TFZ) in this shallow macrotidal estuary is subjected to strong riverine and marine forcings. We investigated monthly variation of phytoplankton and environmental drivers in the upper and lower sections of TFZ during 2016. Large numbers of phytoplankton taxa (422) and genera (161) were identified. Diatoms were dominant in most months, but cyanobacteria abundance reached its greatest in warm months when runoff was low. Surprisingly, relatively high dominances of marine diatom species (e.g., Cyclotella stylorum, Skeletonema, and Thalassiosira) were observed in the TFZ with salinities usually <1 PSU. Microcystis contributed up to 50% to phytoplankton abundance in the upper TFZ in September, consistent with upstream bloom events. Abundances of phytoplankton and cyanobacteria were significantly negatively correlated with monthly runoff and sediment fluxes. Generalized additive models suggested that variation in phytoplankton abundance was largely explained by river flow, temperature and nutrients. Phytoplankton community composition varied significantly across different months and sections. Redundancy analysis indicated that temperature and flow rate explained more variation in phytoplankton community than other variables, but nutrients, Secchi depth and salinity also contributed significantly to the explained variation. Variance partitioning analysis confirmed that phytoplankton variation was largely regulated by physical variables rather than nutrients. These findings highlight the unexpectedly great phytoplankton species richness, dominance of marine diatoms, and physical drivers in the eutrophic macrotidal TFZ under strong tidal forcing.
Precipitation‐Driven Gamma Radiation Enhancement Over the Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Barbosa Susana , Dias Nuno , Almeida Carlos , Silva Guilherme , Ferreira António , Camilo António , Silva Eduardo
Published: May 2023

Gamma radiation over the Atlantic Ocean was measured continuously from January to May 2020 by a NaI(Tl) detector installed on board the Portuguese navy's ship NRP Sagres. Enhancements in the gamma radiation values are identified automatically by an algorithm for detection of anomalies in mean and variance as well as by visual inspection. The anomalies are typically +50% above the background level and relatively rare events (∼<10% of the days). All the detected anomalies are associated with simultaneous precipitation events, consistent with the wet deposition of scavenged radionuclides. The enhancements are detected in the open ocean even at large distances (+500 km) from the nearest coastline. Back trajectories reveal that half of these events are associated with air masses experiencing continental land influences, but the other half do not display evidence of recent land contact. The enhancements in gamma radiation very far from land and with no evidence of continental fetch from back trajectories are difficult to explain as resulting only from radionuclides with a terrestrial source such as radon and its progeny. Further investigation and additional measurements are needed to improve understanding on the sources of ambient radioactivity in the open ocean and assess whether gamma radiation in the marine environment is influenced not only by radionuclides of terrestrial origin, but also cosmogenic radionuclides, like Beryllium‐7, formed in the upper atmosphere but with the ability to be transported downward and serve as a tracer of the aerosols to which it attaches.
On the Geomorphic, Meteorological, and Hydroclimatic Drivers of the Unusual 2018 Early Summer Salt Dust Storms in Central Asia
Authors: Xi Xin
Published: May 2023

A series of synoptically forced dust events, including an extreme salt storm from the Aralkum desert, stuck large parts of Central Asia during early summer 2018, causing flight cancellation, widespread haze, and salt deposition on croplands. This manuscript explores the geomorphic, meteorological, and hydroclimatic drivers of the unusual dust activity based on the three prerequisite factors of dust outbreak: sediment supply, sediment availability, and dust‐uplifting winds. Dry lake beds and lower river floodplains are identified as the source area of frequent dust episodes likely due to the abundant supply of fine‐grain sediments. Whereas, minimal dust activity was detected at the region's major sandy deserts. The salt dust storms were triggered by cold intrusion and strong postfrontal winds at the southeast flank of a rapidly developing anticyclone over western Russia which was enhanced by the Scandinavian blocking upstream. The 2018 early summer dust events in Central Asia were identified as part of spatially compounding weather hazards linked to a slow‐moving synoptic wave pattern across the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. Finally, the aeolian sediment availability at the dust source areas was enhanced by below‐average soil moisture and vegetation during summer 2018 linked to reduced precipitation in the preceding winter. The 2017/18 winter precipitation deficit was driven by a double‐dip, Central Pacific La Niña episode associated with large‐scale precipitation‐suppressing subsidence and enhanced moisture flux divergence over Central Asia.
How a Stable Greenhouse Effect on Earth Is Maintained Under Global Warming
Authors: Feng Jing , Paynter David , Menzel Raymond
Published: May 2023

In a warming climate, greenhouse gases modulate thermal cooling to space from the surface and atmosphere, which is a fundamental feedback process that affects climate sensitivity. Recent studies have found that when relative humidity (RH) is constant with global warming, Earth's clear‐sky longwave feedback would be dominated by surface cooling to space. Using a millennium‐length coupled general circulation model and accurate line‐by‐line radiative transfer calculations, here we show that the atmospheric cooling to space accounts for 12%–50% of the feedback parameter from poles to tropics. A simple yet comprehensive model is proposed here for explaining the atmospheric feedback process. It is found that when RH is held constant, the atmospheric feedback stabilizes the climate because (a) water vapor spectral lines are weakened by the collision‐broadening effect between water vapor and radiatively inert background gases, and (b) thermal emissions from other greenhouse gases increases due to enhanced Planck emission which is proportional to the surface warming. Each mechanism is responsible for half of the atmospheric feedback. We further elucidate that in hotter climates, the atmospheric feedback is more stabilizing because of (a) greater tropospheric opacity, and (b) more dramatic changes in air temperature with respect to transmission, owing to the pseudo‐adiabatic expansion of air with surface warming. The sum of surface and atmospheric feedback, the clear‐sky longwave feedback is accurately predicted by the simple model from the climate base state. Our study provides a theoretical way for assessing Earth's clear‐sky longwave feedback, with important implications for Earth‐like planets.
Semi‐Automatic Tuning of Coupled Climate Models With Multiple Intrinsic Timescales: Lessons Learned From the Lorenz96 Model
Authors: Lguensat Redouane , Deshayes Julie , Durand Homer , Balaji Venkatramani
Published: May 2023

The objective of this study is to evaluate the potential for History Matching (HM) to tune a climate system with multi‐scale dynamics. By considering a toy climate model, namely, the two‐scale Lorenz96 model and producing experiments in perfect‐model setting, we explore in detail how several built‐in choices need to be carefully tested. We also demonstrate the importance of introducing physical expertise in the range of parameters, a priori to running HM. Finally we revisit a classical procedure in climate model tuning, that consists of tuning the slow and fast components separately. By doing so in the Lorenz96 model, we illustrate the non‐uniqueness of plausible parameters and highlight the specificity of metrics emerging from the coupling. This paper contributes also to bridging the communities of uncertainty quantification, machine learning and climate modeling, by making connections between the terms used by each community for the same concept and presenting promising collaboration avenues that would benefit climate modeling research.
Reducing Aerosol Forcing Uncertainty by Combining Models With Satellite and Within‐The‐Atmosphere Observations: A Three‐Way Street
Authors: Kahn Ralph A. , Andrews Elisabeth , Brock Charles A. , Chin Mian , Feingold Graham , Gettelman Andrew , Levy Robert C. , Murphy Daniel M. , Nenes Athanasios , Pierce Jeffrey R. , Popp Thomas , Redemann Jens , Sayer Andrew M. , da Silva Arlindo M. , Sogacheva Larisa , Stier Philip
Published: May 2023

Aerosol forcing uncertainty represents the largest climate forcing uncertainty overall. Its magnitude has remained virtually undiminished over the past 20 years despite considerable advances in understanding most of the key contributing elements. Recent work has produced modest increases only in the confidence of the uncertainty estimate itself. This review summarizes the contributions toward reducing the uncertainty in the aerosol forcing of climate made by satellite observations, measurements taken within the atmosphere, as well as modeling and data assimilation. We adopt a more measurement‐oriented perspective than most reviews of the subject in assessing the strengths and limitations of each; gaps and possible ways to fill them are considered. Currently planned programs supporting advanced, global‐scale satellite and surface‐based aerosol, cloud, and precursor gas observations, climate modeling, and intensive field campaigns aimed at characterizing the underlying physical and chemical processes involved, are all essential. But in addition, new efforts are needed: (a) to obtain systematic aircraft in situ measurements capturing the multi‐variate probability distribution functions of particle optical, microphysical, and chemical properties (and associated uncertainty estimates), as well as co‐variability with meteorology, for the major aerosol airmass types; (b) to conceive, develop, and implement a suborbital (aircraft plus surface‐based) program aimed at systematically quantifying the cloud‐scale microphysics, cloud optical properties, and cloud‐related vertical velocities associated with aerosol‐cloud interactions; and (c) to focus much more research on integrating the unique contributions of satellite observations, suborbital measurements, and modeling, to reduce the persistent uncertainty in aerosol climate forcing.
Crustal‐Scale Disharmonic Structural Pattern of West Junggar: Unveiling a Permian Indentation of Junggar Block Into Northern Kazakhstan Orocline
Authors: Miao Yazhou , Zhang Jian , Schulmann Karel , Guy Alexandra , Jiang Yingde , Sun Min , Zhang Shuhui , Wang Sheng
Published: May 2023

As a crustal‐scale orocline in the Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB), the Kazakhstan Orocline in particular its northern limb intervenes the Junggar Block and Chinese Altai. The West Junggar exhibits a structural pattern that is disharmonic from the major structure of the orocline. How and when such a structural complexity was formed remains poorly understood. To address this issue, we carried out detailed mapping, structural analysis and revision of geophysical data in three key areas of the West Junggar. It is shown that different arc chains experienced independent geological histories before they accreted with one another. Such an accretionary process generated the regional D1 deformation in late Carboniferous. Subsequent D2 shortening event produced variable superimposed structures, including crescent‐mushroom‐like folding in the Boshchekul‐Chingiz Arc and partitioned sinistral shearing of the West Karamay Unit. The synformal folding in the Zharma‐Saur Arc and crustal‐scale Erqis‐Zaysan sinistral strike‐slip shearing in late Permian—Triassic probably resulted from changing configuration of regional stress. Combined with previous data, we propose that the orogenic fabrics of arc chains and accretionary wedges were primarily related to shaping the basic structural framework of the Kazakhstan Orocline until late Carboniferous. The anticlockwise rotation of the northern limb of the orocline was associated with the indentation of the Junggar Block into the arc chains. Progressive indentation resulted in the first passive bending of arc chains followed by deformation partitioning into simple shear dominated transpression along the western margin of the Junggar Block and pure shear dominated transpression away from the indenter.
The Leading Intermodel Spread of the Projected Changes in the Eurasian Continent Winter Surface Air Temperature and Large‐Scale Circulations From the CMIP6 Simulations
Authors: Liu Anqi , Huang Danqing , Huang Anning
Published: May 2023

This study investigates the intermodel spread of changes in the Eurasian winter surface air temperature (SAT) based on Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6) and explains it from the perspective of circulation under shared socioeconomic pathway 2–4.5. Results show that the leading intermodel spread of Eurasian SAT change, derived from the intermodel empirical orthogonal function analysis (EOF), is characterized by a warming pattern of SAT change. This warming pattern is associated with the changes in the weakened Siberian High and Aleutian Low, the weakened subtropical jet, the poleward polar jet, and the tilting trough. The combination of these circulations has prevented the intrusion of the cold air to the south and therefore results in the warming SAT change pattern. Their relative contribution weights of the weakened Siberian High and Aleutian Low, the tilting East Asian trough, the weakened subtropical jet, and the poleward polar jet are 12.73%, 20.43%, 30.24%, 20.96%, and 15.64%, respectively. All these changes may be traced to the warm sea surface temperature (SST) changes in the western North Pacific and tropical Atlantic Ocean, via the meridional temperature gradient and wave trains, respectively. These warmings would be the potential metrics for reducing the intermodel uncertainties of the winter SAT projection at the end of the 21st century over the Eurasian continent.
Appreciation of Peer Reviewers for 2022
Authors: Zhang Minghua , Cheng Yafang , Fu Rong , Giorgi Filippo , Leung Ruby , Liang Xin‐Zhong , Mellouki Wahid , Randel William , Riemer Nicole , Rogers Robert , Russell Lynn , Yang Ping , Qian Yun , Hu Yongyun , Qie Xiushu
Published: May 2023

The editorial board of JGR Atmospheres thanks reviewers who refereed papers in 2022.
Chemiluminescent carbon nanodots for dynamic and guided antibacteria
Authors: Han Jiang-Fan , Lou Qing , Ding Zhong-Zheng , Zheng Guang-Song , Ni Qing-Chao , Song Run-Wei , Liu Kai-Kai , Zang Jin-Hao , Dong Lin , Shen Cheng-Long , Shan Chong-Xin
Published: May 2023

Advanced antibacterial technologies are needed to counter the rapid emergence of drug-resistant bacteria. Image-guided therapy is one of the most promising strategies for efficiently and accurately curing bacterial infections. Herein, a chemiluminescence (CL)-dynamic/guided antibacteria (CDGA) with multiple reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation capacity and chemiexcited near-infrared emission has been designed for the precise theranostics of bacterial infection by employing near-infrared emissive carbon nanodots (CDs) and peroxalate as CL fuels. Mechanistically, hydrogen peroxide generated in the bacterial microenvironment can trigger the chemically initiated electron exchange between CDs and energy-riched intermediate originated from the oxidized peroxalate, enabling bacterial induced inflammation imaging. Meanwhile, type I/II photochemical ROS production and type III ultrafast charge transfer from CDs under the self-illumination can inhibit the bacteria proliferation efficiently. The potential clinical utility of CDGA is further demonstrated in bacteria infected mice trauma model. The self-illuminating CDGA exhibits an excellent in vivo imaging quality in early detecting wound infections and internal inflammation caused by bacteria, and further are proven as efficient broad-spectrum antibacterial nanomedicines without drug-resistance, whose sterilizing rate is up to 99.99%.
Bloch theorem dictated wave chaos in microcavity crystals
Authors: Yi Chang-Hwan , Park Hee Chul , Park Moon Jip
Published: May 2023

Universality class of wave chaos emerges in many areas of science, such as molecular dynamics, optics, and network theory. In this work, we generalize the wave chaos theory to cavity lattice systems by discovering the intrinsic coupling of the crystal momentum to the internal cavity dynamics. The cavity-momentum locking substitutes the role of the deformed boundary shape in the ordinary single microcavity problem, providing a new platform for the in situ study of microcavity light dynamics. The transmutation of wave chaos in periodic lattices leads to a phase space reconfiguration that induces a dynamical localization transition. The degenerate scar-mode spinors hybridize and non-trivially localize around regular islands in phase space. In addition, we find that the momentum coupling becomes maximal at the Brillouin zone boundary, so the intercavity chaotic modes coupling and wave confinement are significantly altered. Our work pioneers the study of intertwining wave chaos in periodic systems and provide useful applications in light dynamics control.
Identification of schizophrenia symptom-related gene modules by postmortem brain transcriptome analysis
Authors: Miyahara Kazusa , Hino Mizuki , Shishido Risa , Nagaoka Atsuko , Izumi Ryuta , Hayashi Hideki , Kakita Akiyoshi , Yabe Hirooki , Tomita Hiroaki , Kunii Yasuto
Published: May 2023

Schizophrenia is a multifactorial disorder, the genetic architecture of which remains unclear. Although many studies have examined the etiology of schizophrenia, the gene sets that contribute to its symptoms have not been fully investigated. In this study, we aimed to identify each gene set associated with corresponding symptoms of schizophrenia using the postmortem brains of 26 patients with schizophrenia and 51 controls. We classified genes expressed in the prefrontal cortex (analyzed by RNA-seq) into several modules by weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and examined the correlation between module expression and clinical characteristics. In addition, we calculated the polygenic risk score (PRS) for schizophrenia from Japanese genome-wide association studies, and investigated the association between the identified gene modules and PRS to evaluate whether genetic background affected gene expression. Finally, we conducted pathway analysis and upstream analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis to clarify the functions and upstream regulators of symptom-related gene modules. As a result, three gene modules generated by WGCNA were significantly correlated with clinical characteristics, and one of these showed a significant association with PRS. Genes belonging to the transcriptional module associated with PRS significantly overlapped with signaling pathways of multiple sclerosis, neuroinflammation, and opioid use, suggesting that these pathways may also be profoundly implicated in schizophrenia. Upstream analysis indicated that genes in the detected module were profoundly regulated by lipopolysaccharides and CREB. This study identified schizophrenia symptom-related gene sets and their upstream regulators, revealing aspects of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia and identifying potential therapeutic targets.
Aminoprocalcitonin protects against hippocampal neuronal death via preserving oxidative phosphorylation in refractory status epilepticus
Authors: Song Changgeng , Zhao Jingjing , Hao Jianmin , Mi Dan , Zhang Jiajia , Liu Yingying , Wu Shengxi , Gao Fang , Jiang Wen
Published: May 2023

Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is a neurological emergency where sustaining seizure causes severe neuronal death. Currently, there is no available neuroprotectant effective in RSE. Aminoprocalcitonin (NPCT) is a conserved peptide cleaved from procalcitonin, but its distribution and function in the brain remain enigmatic. Survival of neurons relies on sufficient energy supply. Recently, we found that NPCT was extensively distributed in the brain and had potent modulations on neuronal oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), suggesting that NPCT might be involved in neuronal death by regulating energy status. In the present study, combining biochemical and histological methods, high-throughput RNA-sequence, Seahorse XFe analyser, an array of mitochondria function assays, and behavior-electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring, we investigated the roles and translational values of NPCT in neuronal death after RSE. We found that NPCT was extensively distributed throughout gray matters in rat brain while RSE triggered NPCT overexpression in hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons. High-throughput RNA-sequence demonstrated that the influences of NPCT on primary hippocampal neurons were enriched in OXPHOS. Further function assays verified that NPCT facilitated ATP production, enhanced the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, IV, V, and increased neuronal maximal respiration capacity. NPCT exerted multiple neurotrophic effects including facilitating synaptogenesis, neuritogenesis, spinogenesis, and suppression of caspase-3. A polyclonal NPCT immunoneutralization antibody was developed to antagonize NPCT. In the in vitro 0-Mg2+ seizure model, immunoneutralization of NPCT caused more neuronal death, while exogenous NPCT supplementation, though did not reverse death outcomes, preserved mitochondrial membrane potential. In rat RSE model, both peripheral and intracerebroventricular immunoneutralization of NPCT exacerbated hippocampal neuronal death and peripheral immunoneutralization increased mortality. Intracerebroventricular immunoneutralization of NPCT further led to more serious hippocampal ATP depletion, and significant EEG power exhaustion. We conclude that NPCT is a neuropeptide regulating neuronal OXPHOS. During RSE, NPCT was overexpressed to protect hippocampal neuronal survival via facilitating energy supply.
Disruption of ER ion homeostasis maintained by an ER anion channel CLCC1 contributes to ALS-like pathologies
Authors: Guo Liang , Mao Qionglei , He Ji , Liu Xiaoling , Piao Xuejiao , Luo Li , Hao Xiaoxu , Yu Hanzhi , Song Qiang , Xiao Bailong , Fan Dongsheng , Gao Zhaobing , Jia Yichang
Published: May 2023

Although anion channel activities have been demonstrated in sarcoplasmic reticulum/endoplasmic reticulum (SR/ER), their molecular identities and functions remain unclear. Here, we link rare variants of Chloride Channel CLIC Like 1 (CLCC1) to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)-like pathologies. We demonstrate that CLCC1 is a pore-forming component of an ER anion channel and that ALS-associated mutations impair channel conductance. CLCC1 forms homomultimers and its channel activity is inhibited by luminal Ca2+ but facilitated by phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2). We identified conserved residues D25 and D181 in CLCC1 N-terminus responsible for Ca2+ binding and luminal Ca2+-mediated inhibition on channel open probability and K298 in CLCC1 intraluminal loop as the critical PIP2-sensing residue. CLCC1 maintains steady-state [Cl–]ER and [K+]ER and ER morphology and regulates ER Ca2+ homeostasis, including internal Ca2+ release and steady-state [Ca2+]ER. ALS-associated mutant forms of CLCC1 increase steady-state [Cl–]ER and impair ER Ca2+ homeostasis, and animals with the ALS-associated mutations are sensitized to stress challenge-induced protein misfolding. Phenotypic comparisons of multiple Clcc1 loss-of-function alleles, including ALS-associated mutations, reveal a CLCC1 dosage dependence in the severity of disease phenotypes in vivo. Similar to CLCC1 rare variations dominant in ALS, 10% of K298A heterozygous mice developed ALS-like symptoms, pointing to a mechanism of channelopathy dominant-negatively induced by a loss-of-function mutation. Conditional knockout of Clcc1 cell-autonomously causes motor neuron loss and ER stress, misfolded protein accumulation, and characteristic ALS pathologies in the spinal cord. Thus, our findings support that disruption of ER ion homeostasis maintained by CLCC1 contributes to ALS-like pathologies.
Seasonal and diurnal variations of Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability at terrestrial magnetopause
Authors: Kavosi S. , Raeder J. , Johnson J. R. , Nykyri K. , Farrugia C. J.
Published: May 2023

Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability is ubiquitous at Earth’s magnetopause and plays an important role in plasma entry into the magnetosphere during northward interplanetary magnetic fields. Here, using one solar cycle of data from NASA THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macro scale Interactions during Substorms) and MMS (Magnetospheric Multiscale) missions, we found that KHI occurrence rates show seasonal and diurnal variations with the rate being high near the equinoxes and low near the solstices. The instability depends directly on the Earth’s dipole tilt angle. The tilt toward or away from the Sun explains most of the seasonal and diurnal variations, while the tilt in the plane perpendicular to the Earth‐Sun line explains the difference between the equinoxes. The results reveal the critical role of dipole tilt in modulating KHI across the magnetopause as a function of time, highlighting the importance of Sun-Earth geometry for solar wind-magnetosphere interaction and for space weather.
Privacy risks of whole-slide image sharing in digital pathology
Authors: Holub Petr , Müller Heimo , Bíl Tomáš , Pireddu Luca , Plass Markus , Prasser Fabian , Schlünder Irene , Zatloukal Kurt , Nenutil Rudolf , Brázdil Tomáš
Published: May 2023

Access to large volumes of so-called whole-slide images—high-resolution scans of complete pathological slides—has become a cornerstone of the development of novel artificial intelligence methods in pathology for diagnostic use, education/training of pathologists, and research. Nevertheless, a methodology based on risk analysis for evaluating the privacy risks associated with sharing such imaging data and applying the principle “as open as possible and as closed as necessary” is still lacking. In this article, we develop a model for privacy risk analysis for whole-slide images which focuses primarily on identity disclosure attacks, as these are the most important from a regulatory perspective. We introduce a taxonomy of whole-slide images with respect to privacy risks and mathematical model for risk assessment and design . Based on this risk assessment model and the taxonomy, we conduct a series of experiments to demonstrate the risks using real-world imaging data. Finally, we develop guidelines for risk assessment and recommendations for low-risk sharing of whole-slide image data.