bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectrum analysis of respiratory sounds in exercising horses with experimentally induced laryngeal hemiplegia or dorsal displacement of the soft palate
Authors: Derksen Frederik J. , Holcombe Susan J. , Hartmann William , Robinson N. Edward , Stick John A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To record respiratory sounds in exercising horses and determine whether spectrum analysis could be use to identify sounds specific for laryngeal hemiplegia (LH) and dorsal displacement of the soft palate (DDSP).

Animals—5 Standardbred horses.

Procedure—Respiratory sounds were recorded and pharyngeal pressure and stride frequency were measured while horses exercised at speeds corresponding to maximum heart rate, before and after induction of LH and DDSP.

Results—When airway function was normal, expiratory sounds predominated and lasted throughout exhalation. After induction of LH, expiratory sounds were unaffected; however, all horses produced inspiratory sounds characterized by 3 frequency bands centered at approximately 0.3, 1.6, and 3.8 kHz. After induction of DDSP, inspiratory sounds were unaffected, but a broad-frequency expiratory sound, characterized by rapid periodicity (rattling) was heard throughout expiration. This sound was not consistently detected in all horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The technique used to record respiratory sounds was well tolerated by the horses, easy, and inexpensive. Spectrum analysis of respiratory sounds from exercising horses after experimental induction of LH or DDSP revealed unique sound patterns. If other conditions causing airway obstruction are also associated with unique sound patterns, spectrum analysis of respiratory sounds may prove to be useful in the diagnosis of airway abnormalities in horses. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:659–664)
Pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone and its metabolite oxyphenbutazone in miniature donkeys
Authors: Matthews Nora S. , Peck Kenneth E. , Taylor Tex S. , Mealey Katrina L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe the pharmacokinetics of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone after IV administration in miniature donkeys.

Animals—6 clinically normal miniature donkeys.

Procedure—Blood samples were collected before and 5, 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240, 300, 360, and 480 minutes after IV administration of phenylbutazone (4.4 mg/kg of body weight). Serum was analyzed in triplicate by use of high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of phenylbutazone and oxyphenbutazone concentrations. The serum concentration-time curve for each donkey was analyzed separately to estimate model-independent pharmacokinetic variables.

Results—Serum concentrations decreased rapidly after IV administration of phenylbutazone, and they reached undetectable concentrations within 4 hours. Values for mean residence time ranged from 0.5 to 3.0 hours (median, 1.1 hour), whereas total body clearance ranged from 4.2 to 7.5 ml/kg/ min (mean, 5.8 ml/kg/ min). Oxyphenbutazone appeared rapidly in the serum; time to peak concentration ranged from 13 to 41 minutes (mean, 26.4 minutes), and peak concentration in serum ranged from 2.8 to 4.0 mg/ml (mean, 3.5 μg/ml).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Clearance of phenylbutazone in miniature donkeys after injection of a single dose (4.4 mg/kg, IV) is rapid. Compared with horses, miniature donkeys may require more frequent administration of phenylbutazone to achieve therapeutic efficacy. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:673–675)
Experimental deer-to-deer transmission of Mycobacterium bovis
Authors: Palmer Mitchell V. , Whipple Diana L. , Waters W. Ray
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whetherMycobacterium boviscan be transmitted from experimentally infected deer to uninfected in-contact deer.

Animals—Twenty-three 6-month-old white-tailed deer.

Procedure—On day 0,M bovis(2 × 108colony-forming units) was administered by intratonsillar instillation to 8 deer; 3 control deer received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution. Eight in-contact deer were comingled with inoculated deer from day 21. On day 120, inoculated deer were euthanatized and necropsied. On day 180, 4 in-contact deer were euthanatized, and 4 new incontact deer were introduced. On day 360, all in-contact deer were euthanatized. Rectal, oral, and nasal swab specimens and samples of hay, pelleted feed, water, and feces were collected for bacteriologic culture. Tissue specimens were also collected at necropsy for bacteriologic culture and histologic analysis.

Results—On day 90, inoculated and in-contact deer developed delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reactions to purified protein derivative ofM bovis. Similarly, new in-contact deer developed DTH reactions by 100 days of contact with original in-contact deer. Tuberculous lesions in in-contact deer were most commonly detected in lungs and tracheobronchial and medial retropharyngeal lymph nodes.Mycobacterium boviswas isolated from nasal secretions and saliva from inoculated and in-contact deer, urine and feces from in-contact deer, and hay and pelleted feed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Mycobacterium bovisis efficiently transmitted from experimentally infected deer to uninfected in-contact deer through nasal secretions, saliva, or contaminated feed. Wildlife management practices that result in unnatural gatherings of deer may enhance both direct and indirect transmission ofM bovis. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:692–696)
Prevalence and prognostic importance of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in horses that have colic surgery
Authors: Garcia-Lopez Jose M. , Provost Patricia J. , Rush John E. , Zicker Steven C. , Burmaster Holly , Freeman Lisa M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the prevalence of hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia in horses with surgical colic.

Animals—35 horses with surgically managed colic.

Procedure—Serum concentrations of total magnesium (tMg2+) and calcium (tCa2+), as well as ionized magnesium (iMg2+) and calcium (iCa2+) were analyzed before surgery and 1, 3, 5, and 7 days following surgery. A lead-II ECG and pertinent clinical data were also obtained at each time.

Results—Preoperative serum tMg2+and iMg2+concentrations were below the reference range in 6 (17%) and 19 (54%) horses, respectively. Serum concentrations of tCa2+and iCa2+were less than the reference range in 20 (57%) and 30 (86%) horses before surgery. Horses with strangulating lesions of the gastrointestinal tract had significantly lower preoperative serum concentrations of iMg2+and iCa2+, as well as a higher heart rate than horses with nonstrangulating lesions. Horses that developed postoperative ileus had significantly lower serum concentrations of iMg2+after surgery. Serum concentrations of magnesium and calcium (total and ionized) correlated significantly with the PR, QRS, QT, and corrected QT (QTc) intervals. Horses that were euthanatized at the time of surgery (n = 7) had significantly lower preoperative serum concentrations of iMg2+, compared with horses that survived. Neither serum magnesium nor calcium concentrations were predictors of hospitalization time or survival.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia were common during the perioperative period, particularly in horses with strangulating intestinal lesions and ileus. Serum concentrations of tMg2+and tCa2+were less sensitive than iMg2+and iCa2+in detecting horses with hypomagnesemia and hypocalcemia. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:7-12)
Serologic evaluation, efficacy, and safety of a commercial modified-live canine distemper vaccine in domestic ferrets
Authors: Wimsatt Jeffrey , Jay Michele T. , Innes Kim E. , Jessen Michael , Collins James K.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine efficacy and safety of a
commercial modified-live canine distemper virus
(CDV) vaccine used for prophylaxis in domestic ferrets.

Animals—Sixteen 16-week-old neutered male ferrets.

Procedures— Equal groups of ferrets were inoculated
subcutaneously at 16 and 20 weeks of age with
saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or a vaccine derived from
the Onderstepoort CDV strain and attenuated in a primate
cell line. Live virulent CDV was administered to
all ferrets intranasally and orally 3 weeks after the second
inoculation. Clinical signs and body weights were
monitored regularly during the study. Blood samples
for serologic examination were drawn prior to each
inoculation, before challenge exposure, and 10, 15,
and 21 days after exposure. Blood samples for
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
were obtained 5 days after the first vaccination,
and 5, 10, 15, and 21 days after challenge exposure.

Results—After challenge exposure, control ferrets
had significantly more clinical signs and weight loss,
compared with vaccinates. All vaccinated ferrets survived,
whereas all control ferrets died. The RT-PCR
assay was successful in detecting CDV in blood and
fresh or formalin-fixed tissues from infected ferrets.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Findings suggest
that the vaccine when given SC to domestic ferrets
as directed is safe and protective against challenge
exposure with virulent CDV. The RT-PCR assay
may simplify detection of CDV in fresh and fixed tissues.
(Am J Vet Res 2001;62:736–740)
Effect of a tongue-tie on upper airway mechanics in horses during exercise
Authors: Cornelisse Cornelis J. , Holcombe Susan J. , Derksen Frederik J. , Berney Cathy , Jackson Cynthia A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the effect of a tongue-tie on upper airway mechanics in exercising horses.

Animals—5 Standardbreds.

Procedure—Peak inspiratory and expiratory tracheal and pharyngeal pressures and airflow were measured while horses exercised on a treadmill with and without a tongue-tie. Respiratory rate was also measured. Horses ran at speeds that corresponded to 50 (HR50), 75, 90 (HR90), and 100% of maximal heart rate. The tongue-tie was applied by pulling the tongue forward out of the mouth as far as possible and tying it at the level of the base of the frenulum to the mandible with an elastic gauze bandage. Peak inspiratory and expiratory tracheal, pharyngeal, and translaryngeal resistance, minute ventilation, and tidal volume were calculated. Data were analyzed by use of 2-way repeated-measures ANOVA. For post hoc comparison of significant data, the Student-Newman- Keuls test was used.

Results—We were unable to detect significant differences between groups for peak inspiratory or expiratory tracheal or pharyngeal resistance, peak pressure, peak expiratory flow, tidal volume, respiratory rate, or minute ventilation. Horses that ran with a tongue-tie had significantly higher peak inspiratory flows, compared with horses that ran without a tongue-tie. In the post hoc comparison, this effect was significant at 4 m/s, HR50, and HR90.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Application of a tongue-tie did not alter upper respiratory mechanics in exercising horses and may be beneficial in exercising horses with certain types of obstructive dysfunction of the upper airways. However, application of a tongue-tie does not improve upper airway mechanics in clinically normal horses. (Am J Vet Res2001; 62:775-778)
Effect of a tongue-tie on upper airway mechanics during exercise following sternothyrohyoid myectomy in clinically normal horses
Authors: Beard Warren L. , Holcombe Susan J. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the effect of a tongue-tie on upper airway mechanics in clinically normal horses exercising on a treadmill following sternothyrohyoid myectomy.

Animals—6 Standardbreds.

Procedure—Upper airway mechanics were measured with horses exercising on a treadmill at 5, 8, and 10 m/s 4 weeks after a sternothyrohyoid myectomy was performed. Pharyngeal and tracheal inspiratory and expiratory pressures were measured by use of transnasal pharyngeal and tracheal catheters connected to differential pressure transducers. Horses were fitted with a facemask and airflow was measured by use of a pneumotachograph. Horses underwent a standardized exercise protocol on a treadmill at 5, 8, and 10 m/s with and without a tongue-tie in a randomized cross-over design. Inspiratory and expiratory airflow, tracheal pressure, and pharyngeal pressure were measured, and inspiratory and expiratory resistances were calculated.

Results—We were unable to detect an effect of a tongue-tie on any of the respiratory variables measured.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicate that a tongue-tie does not alter upper airway mechanics following sternothyrohyoid myectomy in clinically normal horses during exercise. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:779–782)
Effects of long-term administration of recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor-α on glucose metabolism and growth hormone secretion in steers
Authors: Kushibiki Shiro , Hodate Koichi , Shingu Hiroyuki , Ueda Yasuko , Mori Yasuyuki , Itoh Takashi , Yokomizo Yuichi
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate the effects of long-term administration of recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor-α (rbTNF) on plasma glucose and growth hormone concentrations, and to determine whether treatment with rbTNF causes insulin resistance in steers.

Animals—5 steers treated with rbTNF and 5 steers treated with saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (control).

Procedures—In experiment 1, rbTNF (5.0 μg/kg of body weight) or saline solution (5 ml) was administered SC daily for 12 days. Blood samples were obtained before treatment, and plasma was harvested for determination of glucose, insulin, and growth hormone (GH) concentrations. In experiment 2, insulin, glucose, or growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) was administered IV on days 7, 9, and 11, respectively, after initiation of rbTNF or saline treatment in experiment 1. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured before and at various times for 4 hours after insulin or glucose administration. Plasma GH concentrations were measured at various times for 3 hours after GHRH administration.

Results—In experiment 1, administration of rbTNF resulted in hyperinsulinemia without hypoglycemia and decreased plasma GH concentrations. In experiment 2, plasma glucose concentrations were higher in steers treated with rbTNF and insulin than in controls. Plasma GH concentrations were lower in steers treated with rbTNF and GHRH than in controls.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Prolonged treatment with rbTNF induced insulin resistance and inhibited GHRH-stimulated release of GH in steers. Results indicate that rbTNF is a proximal mediator of insulin resistance and inhibits release of GH during periods of endotoxemia or infection. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:794–798)
Development of the refractive state in eyes of ostrich chicks (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Ofri Ron , Millodot Susan , Shimoni Ronnie , Horowitz Igal H. , Ashash Ehud , Millodot Michel
Published: December 2005

Objective—To follow the development of the refractive error in the eyes of ostrich chicks from age 0 to day 37 after hatching.

Animals—35 ostrich chicks.

Procedures—Spot retinoscopy was conducted to assess refractive error in ostrich chicks. Seventy eyes of 35 ostrich chicks were examined. Of these, 18 chicks were followed over time. At least 4 serial measurements (at 2- to 7- day intervals) were conducted in each of these chicks from day 1 to 37 after hatching. Seventeen additional chicks were examined on days 0, 3, 12, and 19 after hatching.

Results—Ostrich chicks were myopic at hatching, with a mean ± SD refractive error of −4.47 ± 0.15 diopters (D). The refractive error rapidly decreased during the first week of life, and by day 7 after hatching, chicks were slightly hyperopic, with a mean refractive error of 0.42 ± 0.12 D. After day 7, there were no significant differences in the mean refractive error.

Conclusions—The development of optics in the ostrich eye appears to be unique among animals and is characterized by myopia at hatching, rapid onset of emmetropia, and minimal variation in refractive error among chicks. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:812–815)
Evaluation of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from vaccine site-associated sarcomas of cats for polyomavirus DNA and antigen
Authors: Kidney Beverly A. , Haines Deborah M. , Ellis John A. , Burnham Micheline L. , Jackson Marion L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether vaccine site-associated sarcomas (VSS) from cats contain polyomavirus antigen or DNA.

Sample Population—50 formalin-fixed paraffinembedded tissue blocks of VSS from cats.

Procedure—Sections from each tissue block were evaluated for polyomavirus antigen by use of an avidin-biotin-complex immunohistochemical staining method, using rabbit anti-murine polyomavirus polyclonal antiserum as the primary antibody. The DNA was extracted from sections of each tissue block, and a polymerase chain reaction assay was performed, using primers designed to amplify regions of the bovine polyomavirus genome and consensus polyomavirus primers designed to detect unknown polyomaviruses.

Results—Polyomavirus antigen and DNA were not detected in any of the VSS.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that polyomaviruses likely do not have any direct involvement in the pathogenesis of VSS in cats. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:828–832)
Evaluation of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from vaccine site-associated sarcomas of cats for papillomavirus DNA and antigen
Authors: Kidney Beverly A. , Haines Deborah M. , Ellis John A. , Burnham Micheline L. , Teifke Jens P. , Czerwinski Gabriele , Jackson Marion L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether vaccine site-associated sarcomas (VSS) from cats contain papillomavirus antigen or DNA.

Sample Population—50 formalin-fixed paraffinembedded tissue blocks of VSS from cats.

Procedure—Sections from each tissue block were evaluated for papillomavirus antigen by use of an avidin-biotin-complex immunohistochemical staining method, using rabbit anti-bovine papillomavirus type-1 antibody. The DNA was extracted from sections of each tissue block, and polymerase chain reaction assays were performed, using primers designed to amplify regions of the E5 gene of bovine papillomavirus and consensus primers designed to amplify a region of the L1 gene of animal papillomaviruses. Sections from 20 of the tissue blocks were evaluated by use of nonradioactive in situ hybridization for bovine papillomavirus DNA.

Results—Papillomavirus antigen and DNA were not detected in any of the VSS.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that papillomaviruses likely do not have any direct involvement in the pathogenesis of VSS in cats. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:833–839)
Lectin binding patterns of uterine glands in mares with chronic endometrial degeneration
Authors: Walter Ingrid , Klein Michaela , Handler Johannes , Aurich Jörg E. , Reifinger Martin , Aurich Christine
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate changes of glycoconjugate in uterine glands of endometrial tissues obtained from mares.

Animals—50 adult mares.

Procedure—Uterine biopsy samples were collected during the breeding season and analyzed histologically for signs of chronic endometrial degeneration. Stage of the estrous cycle was established, using clinical examination and determination of hormonal status. Uterine tissue samples were analyzed, using lectin histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques (estrogen and progesterone receptors). Connective tissues were stained to determine alterations of ground substance in periglandular fibrosis.

Results—Of 50 mares, 30 (60%) were classified as normal or having modest alterations, and 20 (40%) were classified as having moderate or severe endometrial degeneration. In normal equine endometrium, several lectins (Helix pomatiaagglutinin,Lotus tetragonolobusagglutinin,Ricinus communis Iagglutinin,Ulex europaeusagglutinin, and wheat germ agglutinin) bound to glycoconjugates of the luminal epithelium and openings of uterine glands. Lectin binding patterns of cystic dilated glands or fibrotic glands in endometrial samples were remarkably strong, whereas normal surrounding cells remained unstained.Lotus tetragonolobuslectin was not suitable for detecting endometrial alterations. Connective tissues stained with Alcian blue and results of Hale colloidal-iron binding revealed acidic ground substance in periglandular fibrosis. Estrogen and progesterone receptors were evenly distributed in healthy and affected endometrial samples.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Glycoconjugate patterns of uterine glands were altered in mares with chronic endometrial degeneration. Therefore, uterine secretions are likely to be altered. These changes are not induced by changes in content of estrogen and progesterone receptors in endometrial tissues. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:840–845)
Effects of topical application of a 2% solution of dorzolamide on intraocular pressure and aqueous humor flow rate in clinically normal dogs
Authors: Cawrse Margaret A. , Ward Daniel A. , Hendrix Diane V. H.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effects of topical application of a 2% solution of dorzolamide on intraocular pressure (IOP) and aqueous humor flow rate in clinically normal dogs.

Animals—15 Beagles.

Procedure—The IOP was measured in both eyes of all dogs for 3 days to determine baseline values. In a single-dose study, 50 μl of dorzolamide or control solution was applied in both eyes at 7:00 AM, and IOP was measured 7 times/d. In a multiple-dose study, dorzolamide or control solution was applied to both eyes 3 times/d for 6 days, and IOP was measured 4 times/d during treatment and for 5 days after cessation of treatment. Aqueous humor flow rate was measured for all dogs fluorophotometrically prior to treatment and during the multiple-dose study.

Results—In the single-dose study, dorzolamide significantly decreased IOP from 30 minutes to 6 hours after treatment. Mean decrease in IOP during this time span was 3.1 mm Hg (18.2%). Maximal decrease was detected 6 hours after treatment (3.8 mm Hg, 22.5%). In the multiple-dose study, dorzolamide decreased IOP at all time points, and maximal decrease was detected 3 hours after treatment (4.1 mm Hg, 24.3%). Mean aqueous humor flow rate decreased from 5.9 to 3.4 μl/min (43%) after treatment in the dorzolamide group.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Topical application of a 2% solution of dorzolamide significantly decreases IOP and aqueous humor flow rate in clinically normal dogs. Therefore, topical administration of dorzolamide should be considered for the medical management of dogs with glaucoma. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:859–863)
A rapid and strong laparoscopic-assisted gastropexy in dogs
Authors: Rawlings Clarence A. , Foutz Tim L. , Mahaffey Mary B. , Howerth Elizabeth W. , Bement Shannon , Canalis Chanda
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop a technique for laparoscopic gastropexy in dogs and evaluate effects on stomach position and strength of the adhesion between the stomach and abdominal wall.

Animals—8 healthy dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were anesthetized, and the abdomen was insufflated with carbon dioxide. A laparoscope was placed through a cannula inserted on the abdominal midline caudal to the umbilicus. Babcock forceps placed through a cannula inserted lateral to the right margin of the rectus abdominus muscle were used to exteriorize the pyloric antrum, a longitudinal incision was made through the serosa and muscular layer of the pyloric antrum, and the seromuscular layer of the pyloric antrum was sutured to the transversus abdominus muscle. After surgery, positive-contrast gastrography was used to evaluate stomach position and the onset of gastric emptying, and ultrasonography was used to assess stomach wall activity and mobility. Dogs were euthanatized 1 month after surgery, and tensile strength of the adhesion was tested.

Results—In all dogs, stomach position and the onset of gastric emptying were normal 25 days after surgery, and the pyloric antrum was firmly attached to the abdominal wall 30 days after surgery. Mean ± SD ultimate load of the adhesion in tension was 106.5 ± 45.6 N.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The laparoscopic gastropexy technique described in the present study could be performed quickly and easily by an experienced surgeon, resulted in a strong fibrous adhesion between the stomach and abdominal wall, and appeared to cause minimal stress to the dogs. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:871–875)
Safety and efficacy of preoperative administration of meloxicam, compared with that of ketoprofen and butorphanol in dogs undergoing abdominal surgery
Authors: Mathews Karol A. , Pettifer Glenn , Foster Robert , McDonell Wayne
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the safety and efficacy of preoperative administration of meloxicam with that of ketoprofen and butorphanol in dogs undergoing abdominal surgery.

Animals—36 dogs undergoing laparotomy, splenectomy, or cystotomy.

Procedure—Dogs were randomly assigned to 1 of 3 groups. In the first part of the study, dogs were given a single dose of meloxicam, ketoprofen, or a placebo, and buccal mucosal bleeding times were measured. In the second part of the study, dogs were given meloxicam, ketoprofen, or butorphanol prior to surgery. Dogs in the butorphanol group received a second dose immediately after surgery. Pain scores (1 to 10) were assigned hourly for 20 hours after surgery and used to determine an overall efficacy score for each dog. Dogs with a pain score ≥ 3 were given oxymorphone for pain. Dogs were euthanatized 8 days after surgery, and gross and histologic examinations of the liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract were conducted.

Results—Overall efficacy was rated as good or excellent in 9 of the 12 dogs that received meloxicam, compared with 9 of the 12 dogs that received ketoprofen and only 1 of the 12 dogs that received butorphanol. No clinically important hematologic, biochemical, or pathologic abnormalities were detected.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that preoperative administration of meloxicam is a safe and effective method of controlling postoperative pain for 20 hours in dogs undergoing abdominal surgery; the analgesic effects of meloxicam were comparable to those of ketoprofen and superior to those of butorphanol. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:882–888)
Effect of walking velocity on ground reaction force variables in the hind limb of clinically normal horses
Authors: Khumsap Siriporn , Clayton Hilary M. , Lanovaz Joel L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To measure the effect of subject velocity on hind limb ground reaction force variables at the walk and to use the data to predict the force variables at different walking velocities in horses.

Animals—5 clinically normal horses.

Procedure—Kinematic and force data were collected simultaneously. Each horse was led over a force plate at a range of walking velocities. Stance duration and force data were recorded for the right hind limb. To avoid the effect of horse size on the outcome variables, the 8 force variables were standardized to body mass and height at the shoulders. Velocity was standardized to height at the shoulders and expressed as velocity in dimensionless units (VDU). Stance duration was also expressed in dimensionless units (SDU). Simple regression analysis was performed, using stance duration and force variables as dependent variables and VDU as the independent variable.

Results—Fifty-six trials were recorded with velocities ranging from 0.24 to 0.45 VDU (0.90 to 1.72 m/s). Simple regression models between measured variables and VDU were significant (R2> 0.69) for SDU, first peak of vertical force, dip between the 2 vertical force peaks, vertical impulse, and timing of second peak of vertical force.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Subject velocity affects vertical force components only. In the future, differences between the forces measured in lame horses and the expected forces calculated for the same velocity will be studied to determine whether the equations can be used as diagnostic criteria. (Am J Vet Res2001;62:901–906)
Evaluation of a tapered-sleeve transcortical pin to reduce stress at the bone-pin interface in metacarpal bones obtained from horses
Authors: Nash Dr. Ronald A. , Nunamaker David M. , Boston Ray
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate stiffness and bone-pin interface stress for a transcortical tapered-sleeve pin (TSP) that incorporates bilateral tapered sleeves over a transcortical pin.

Sample Population—14 third metacarpal bones (MCIII) collected from adult horses of various breeds.

Procedure—Each MCIII was cut in half to provide 2 test specimens. Pins (conventional and TSP) of 3 diameters (6.35, 7.94, and 9.50 mm) were inserted in specimens (3 specimens for each diameter and each type of pin). The test fixture simulated a typical sidebar- span skeletal fixation device for horses. Single cycle load-deflection tests were performed. Cyclic fatigue tests of TSP were performed to evaluate fatigue characteristics and stress conditions at the bone-pin interface. Maximum stress and strain were calculated, and results were compared with existing data on fatigue characteristics of bone.

Results—Significant increases in stiffness (loaddeflection) and higher loads at yield point were detected for the TSP (stiffness for conventional 9.50- mm pins, 4,500 N/mm; stiffness for TSP, 19,988 N/mm). Results of cyclic tests revealed a close correlation with existing data on fatigue characteristics.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The TSP described here is stiffer than conventional transcortical pins, and stress across the bone-pin interface is more evenly distributed. Use of this TSP should minimize major problems encountered during external fixation associated with the transcortical pin and bone-pin interface (ie, bone necrosis, infection of the pin track, pin loosening, and bone failure). (Am J Vet Res2001;62:955–960)
Influence of dietary long-chain n-3 fatty acids from Menhaden fish oil on plasma concentrations of α-tocopherol in geriatric Beagles
Authors: Hall Jean A. , Tooley Katie A. , Gradin Joseph L. , Jewell Dennis E. , Wander Rosemary C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine effects of dietary n-3 fatty
acids from Menhaden fish oil on plasma α-tocopherol
concentrations in Beagles.

Animals—32 female Beagles.

Procedure—For 82 days, dogs were fed diets that contained
1 of 2 ratios of n-6:n-3 fatty acids (40:1 [low n-3]
and 1.4:1 [high n-3]) and 1 of 3 concentrations of all- rac-
α-tocopheryl acetate (low, 17 mg/kg of diet; medium,
101 mg/kg; and high, 447 mg/kg) in a 2 X 3 factorial study.

Results—Diets high in n-3 fatty acids significantly
increased total content of n-3 fatty acids in plasma
(17.0 g/100 g of fatty acids), compared with low n-3
diets (2.02 g/100 g of fatty acids). Mean ± SEM plasma
concentration of cholesterol was significantly
lower in dogs consuming high n-3 diets (4.59 ± 0.48
mmol/L), compared with dogs consuming low n-3
diets (5.71 ± 0.48 mmol/L). A significant interaction
existed between the ratio for n-6 and n-3 fatty acids
and amount of α-tocopheryl acetate in the diet (plasma
α-tocopherol concentration expressed on a molar
basis), because the plasma concentration of α-tocopherol
was higher in dogs consuming low n-3 diets,
compared with those consuming high n-3 diets, at
the 2 higher amounts of dietary α-tocopheryl
acetate. Plasma α-tocopherol concentration
expressed relative to total lipid content did not reveal
effects of dietary n-3 fatty acids on concentration of
α-tocopherol.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Plasma
α-tocopherol concentration is not dependent on dietary
ratio of n-6 and n-3 fatty acids when α-tocopherol concentration
is expressed relative to the total lipid content
of plasma. (Am J Vet Res 2002;63:104–110)
Effect of oral administration of electrolyte pastes on rehydration of horses
Authors: Schott II Harold C. , Axiak Shannon M. , Woody Kristina A. , Eberhart Susan W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether the composition of electrolyte pastes formulated for oral administration influences voluntary water intake (WI) by horses recovering from furosemide-induced dehydration.

Animals—6 horses.

Procedure—Voluntary WI, body weight, and blood and urine constituents were measured before and after induction of dehydration by furosemide administration and overnight withholding of water; these same variables also were measured during a 36-hour rehydration period. Each horse was evaluated 4 times with random application of 4 treatments (electrolyte pastes) that provided 0.5 g of KCl/kg of body weight, 0.5 g of NaCl/kg, 0.25 g of NaCl and 0.25 g of KCl/kg, or no electrolytes (control treatment). Electrolyte pastes were administered 3 times (4, 8, and 12 hours after start of the rehydration period).

Results—Administration of all electrolyte pastes resulted in significantly greater voluntarily WI, compared with the control treatment, and was accompanied by significantly greater recovery of body weight when NaCl was a component of the paste. Administration of NaCl and NaCl-KCl pastes tended to produce a state of transient hyperhydration; however, electrolyte administration also resulted in significantly greater urine production and electrolyte excretion during the final 24 hours of the rehydration period. Adverse effects of oral administration of hypertonic electrolyte pastes were not observed.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Oral administration of electrolyte pastes to dehydrated horses increases voluntary WI and improves rehydration during the rehydration period. Rehydration is more rapid and complete when NaCl is a component of the electrolyte paste. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:19–27)
Evaluation of formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissues from feline vaccine site-associated sarcomas for feline foamy virus DNA
Authors: Kidney Beverly A. , Haines Deborah M. , Ellis John A. , Burnham Micheline L. , Jackson Marion L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate a group of vaccine site-associated sarcomas (VSS) for the presence of feline foamy virus (FeFV) DNA, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods.

Sample Population—50 formalin-fixed paraffin embedded (FFPE) tissue blocks from VSS of cats.

Procedure—DNA was extracted from FFPE sections of each tumor, and regions of thegagandpolgenes of FeFV were amplified by use of PCR methods, using 1 primer set for each region. Sensitivity of the method was compared between fresh and FFPE cells, using mouse kidney tissue that was injected with FeFVinfected cultured cells and using agarose-cell pellets.

Results—Feline foamy virus DNA was not detected in VSS tissues. Sensitivity of the method was 10 times greater in fresh versus FFPE mouse tissues. Sensitivity of the method in fresh FeFV-infected cultured cells versus FFPE agarose-cell pellets was equal when fixation was 24 or 48 hours and 10 times greater when fixation was 72 hours or 1 week.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—A PCR-based method can be successfully applied to FFPE tissues for FeFV DNA detection. Results suggest there is no direct FeFV involvement in the pathogenesis of VSS in cats. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:60–63)
Late-phase reactions to intradermal testing with Dermatophagoides farinae in healthy dogs and dogs with house dust mite-induced atopic dermatitis
Authors: Hillier Andrew , Cole Lynette K. , Kwochka Kenneth W. , McCall Catherine
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the prevalence of late-phase reactions to intradermal testing withDermatophagoides farinaein healthy dogs and dogs with atopic dermatitis and an immediate reaction toD farinae.

Animals—6 healthy dogs and 20 dogs with atopic dermatitis and immediate reactions toD farinae.

Procedure—Intradermal tests were performed withD farinaeat 1:1,000 wt/vol and 1:50,000 wt/vol concentrations, and skin reactivity was evaluated after 0.25, 6, and 24 hours. SerumD farinae-specific IgE antibodies were assayed. Extent of lesions (atopy index) and pruritus (visual analogue scale) were evaluated in dogs with atopic dermatitis.

Results—Late-phase reactions were observed in healthy dogs at 6 hours (n = 2 dogs) and 24 hours (1) with the 1:1,000 wt/vol concentration, and at 6 hours (1) and 24 hours (1) with the 1:50,000 wt/vol concentration of allergen. Late-phase reactions in healthy dogs were only observed in dogs with an immediate reaction toD farinae. Late-phase reactions were observed in 11 of 20 dogs with atopic dermatitis at 6 and 24 hours with the 1:1,000 wt/vol concentration and in 10 of 20 at 6 and 24 hours with the 1:50,000 wt/vol concentration of allergen. There was no difference in mean atopy index, mean visual analogue scale of pruritus, or mean serumD farinae-specific IgE concentration of dogs with a late-phase reaction, compared to dogs without a late-phase reaction.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Late-phase reactions may be observed after an immediate reaction to intradermal skin testing in healthy and allergic dogs but are more commonly observed in dogs with atopic dermatitis. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:69–73)
Correlation between plasma leptin concentration and body fat content in dogs
Authors: Sagawa Mayumi M. , Nakadomo Fumio , Honjoh Tsutomu , Ishioka Katsumi , Saito Masayuki
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the relationship between plasma leptin concentration and body fat content in dogs.

Animals—20 spayed female Beagles that were 10 months old at the start of the experiment.

Procedure—Dogs were kept under regulated feeding and exercise conditions for 21 weeks, resulting in a wide range of body weights, body condition scores (BCS), and subcutaneous thicknesses. Plasma leptin concentration was measured by use of a canine leptin- specific ELISA test to evaluate its correlation to body fat content estimated by the deuterium oxide dilution method. Plasma concentrations of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides (TG), and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) were also measured.

Results—Body fat content (9 to 60% of body weight) was positively and closely correlated (r= 0.920; n = 20;P< 0.001) to plasma leptin concentration (0.67 to 8.06 ng/ml), compared with other variables (ie, glucose, cholesterol, TG, and NEFA;r= 0.142, 0.412, 0.074, and 0.182, respectively).

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—The positive relationship between plasma leptin concentration and body fat content in dogs was similar to correlations reported for humans and rodents, suggesting that plasma leptin is a quantitative marker of adiposity in dogs. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:7–10)
Myoelectric activity of the spiral colon in dairy cows
Authors: Meylan Mireille , Eicher Richard , Röthlisberger Judith , Steiner Adrian
Published: December 2005

Objective—To describe myoelectric activity of the spiral colon in healthy cows.

Animals—7 lactating Simmental X Red-Holstein crossbred cows.

Procedure—Cows were implanted with 7 pairs of bipolar silver electrodes (4 in the spiral colon and 1 each in the cecum, distal part of the ileum, and proximal loop of the ascending colon [PLAC]). Myo-electric activity was recorded during 4 days for each cow. Patterns were analyzed, using computer-based methods.

Results—Myoelectric activity of the spiral colon was closely associated with motility of the ileum and PLAC and showed the typical organization of migrating myoelectric complexes (MMC). The MMC in the bovine spiral colon (bcMMC) had a mean ± SD duration of 188.6 ± 30.8 minutes and was divided into 4 phases. Phases I and II lasted 11.3 ± 1.4 and 159.4 ± 33.3 minutes, respectively. Phase III (duration, 5.4 ± 1.2 minutes) was characterized by 5.2 ± 0.9 regular spindles (35.4 ± 5.4 seconds) and 1 final elongated spindle (137.2 ± 56.4 seconds). Phase III most commonly (73.8 ± 16.1%) was followed by phase IV (duration, 17.3 ± 3.6 minutes). Propagation velocity of phase III was 4.4 ± 0.5 cm/min, and 13.6% of bcMMC were incompletely propagated through the spiral colon.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Myoelectric activity of the bovine spiral colon is composed of a recurring cyclic pattern similar to MMC of the small intestine. Data of colonic myoelectric activity in healthy cows will serve as a basis for studies on cecal dilatation and dislocation in cattle. (Am J Vet Res2002;63:78–93)
Effect of weight reduction on clinical signs of lameness in dogs with hip osteoarthritis
Authors: Impellizeri Joseph A. , Tetrick Mark A. , Muir Peter
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the effect of weight reduction on clinical signs of lameness among overweight dogs with clinical and radiographic signs of hip osteoarthritis

Design—Nonblinded prospective clinical trial.

Animals—9 client-owned dogs with radiographic signs of hip osteoarthritis that weighed 11 to 12% greater than their ideal body weight and were examined because of hind limb lameness.

Procedure—Dogs were weighed, and baseline body condition, hind limb lameness, and hip function scores were assigned. Severity of lameness was scored using a numerical rating scale and a visual analogue scale. Dogs were fed a restricted-calorie diet, with amount of diet fed calculated to provide 60% of the calories needed to maintain the dogs' current weights. Evaluations were repeated midway through and at the end of the weight-loss period.

Results—Dogs lost between 11 and 18% of initial body weight. Body weight, body condition score, and severity of hind limb lameness were all significantly decreased at the end of the weight-loss period.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that in overweight dogs with hind limb lameness secondary to hip osteoarthritis, weight reduction alone may result in a substantial improvement in clinical lameness. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:1089–1091)
Risk factors affecting the outcome of surgery for atlantoaxial subluxation in dogs: 46 cases (1978–1998)
Authors: Beaver Daniel P. , Ellison Gary W. , Lewis Daniel D. , Goring Robert L. , Kubilis Paul S. , Barchard Curt
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify risk factors for successful surgical management of dogs with atlantoaxial subluxation (AAS).

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—46 dogs managed surgically for AAS.

Procedure—Age at onset of clinical abnormalities, duration of clinical abnormalities prior to surgery, radiographic appearance of the dens, type (dorsal or ventral procedure) and number (1 or 2) of surgeries performed, grade of postoperative atlantoaxial joint reduction, and neurologic status prior to surgery (preoperative), when dogs were discharged from the hospital (postoperative), and during a follow-up evaluation (final) were obtained from the dogs' medical records. Risk factors for surgical success and degree of neurologic improvement were identified and analyzed for predictive potential.

Results—Age at onset of clinical abnormalities ≤ 24 months was significantly associated with greater odds of a successful first surgery and final outcome and a lower postoperative neurologic grade. Duration of clinical abnormalities ≤ 10 months was significantly associated with greater odds of a successful final outcome and a lower final neurologic grade. A preoperative neurologic grade of 1 or 2 was significantly associated with a lower final neurologic grade. Potential risk factors that did not affect odds of a successful outcome included type of surgery performed, grade of atlantoaxial joint reduction, radiographic appearance of the dens, or need for a second surgery.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Age at onset of clinical abnormalities, duration of clinical abnormalities prior to surgery, and preoperative neurologic status are risk factors for success of surgical management of AAS in dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000; 216:1104–1109)
Prevalence and clinical importance of heart murmurs in racehorses
Authors: Kriz Nikolaus G. , Hodgson David R. , Rose Reuben J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the prevalence of various types of heart murmurs in Thoroughbred racehorses and assess their association with performance by echocardiography and review of the horses' race records for the preceding 2 years.

Design—Clinical and retrospective study.

Animals—846 Thoroughbred racehorses.

Procedure—Cardiac auscultations were performed by 3 individuals; for 30 horses, Doppler echocardiographic examinations were also performed. Statistical analyses of race records for 753 horses were performed to assess association of heart murmurs with performance.

Results—Heart murmurs were detected by cardiac auscultation in 686 of 846 (81.1%) horses. Systolic murmurs over the heart base were most common; 365 (43.1%) horses had systolic murmurs that were loudest over the pulmonary valve area, and 232 (27.4%) horses had systolic murmurs that were loudest over the aortic valve area. Systolic murmurs over the tricuspid valve area were detected in 241 (28.5%) horses, whereas systolic murmurs over the mitral valve area were detected in only 32 (3.8%) horses. Diastolic murmurs were much less common than systolic murmurs. Review of race records did not reveal a significant association between murmurs and performance.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that heart murmurs are a common finding in racehorses; most of these heart murmurs do not appear to be clinically important. (J Am Vet Assoc2000;216:1441–1445)
Sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of medetomidine, medetomidine-butorphanol, and medetomidine-ketamine in dogs
Authors: Ko Jeff C. H. , Fox Steven M. , Mandsager Ronald E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine sedative and cardiorespiratory effects of IM administration of medetomidine alone and in combination with butorphanol or ketamine in dogs.

Design—Randomized, crossover study.

Animals—6 healthy adult dogs.

Procedure—Dogs were given medetomidine alone (30 µg/kg [13.6 µg/lb] of body weight, IM), a combination of medetomidine (30 µg/kg, IM) and butorphanol (0.2 mg/kg [0.09 mg/lb], IM), or a combination of medetomidine (30 µg/kg, IM) and ketamine (3 mg/kg [1.36 mg/lb], IM). Treatments were administered in random order with a minimum of 1 week between treatments. Glycopyrrolate was given at the same time. Atipamezole (150 µg/kg [68 µg/lb], IM) was given 40 minutes after administration of medetomidine.

Results—All but 1 dog (given medetomidine alone) assumed lateral recumbency within 6 minutes after drug administration. Endotracheal intubation was significantly more difficult when dogs were given medetomidine alone than when given medetomidine and butorphanol. At all evaluation times, percentages of dogs with positive responses to tail clamping or to needle pricks in the cervical region, shoulder region, abdominal region, or hindquarters were not significantly different among drug treatments. The PaCO2was significantly higher and the arterial pH and PaO2were significantly lower when dogs were given medetomidine and butorphanol or medetomidine and ketamine than when they were given medetomidine alone. Recovery quality following atipamezole administration was unsatisfactory in 1 dog when given medetomidine and ketamine.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that a combination of medetomidine with butorphanol or ketamine resulted in more reliable and uniform sedation in dogs than did medetomidine alone. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2000;216:1578–1583)