bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Innovation + Equality
Authors: Gans Joshua , Leigh Andrew
Published: November 2019

How to get more innovation and more equality.

Is economic inequality the price we pay for innovation? The amazing technological advances of the last two decades—in such areas as artificial intelligence, genetics, and materials—have benefited society collectively and rewarded innovators handsomely: we get cool smartphones and technology moguls become billionaires. This contributes to a growing wealth gap; in the United States; the wealth controlled by the top 0.1 percent of households equals that of the bottom ninety percent. Is this the inevitable cost of an innovation-driven economy? Economist Joshua Gans and policy maker Andrew Leigh make the case that pursuing innovation does not mean giving up on equality—precisely the opposite. In this book, they outline ways that society can become both more entrepreneurial and more egalitarian.

All innovation entails uncertainty; there's no way to predict which new technologies will catch on. Therefore, Gans and Leigh argue, rather than betting on the future of particular professions, we should consider policies that embrace uncertainty and protect people from unfavorable outcomes. To this end, they suggest policies that promote both innovation and equality. If we encourage innovation in the right way, our future can look more like the cheerful techno-utopia of Star Trek than the dark techno-dystopia of TheTerminator.
Giant extinct caiman breaks constraint on the axial skeleton of extant crocodylians
Authors: Scheyer Torsten M , Hutchinson John R , Strauss Olivier , Delfino Massimo , Carrillo-Briceño Jorge D , Sánchez Rodolfo , Sánchez-Villagra Marcelo R
Published: November 2019

The number of precaudal vertebrae in all extant crocodylians is remarkably conservative, with nine cervicals, 15 dorsals and two sacrals, a pattern present also in their closest extinct relatives. The consistent vertebral count indicates a tight control of axial patterning by Hox genes during development. Here we report on a deviation from this pattern based on an associated skeleton of the giant caimanine Purussaurus, a member of crown Crocodylia, and several other specimens from the Neogene of the northern neotropics. P. mirandai is the first crown-crocodylian to have three sacrals, two true sacral vertebrae and one non-pathological and functional dorsosacral, to articulate with the ilium (pelvis). The giant body size of this caiman relates to locomotory and postural changes. The iliosacral configuration, a more vertically oriented pectoral girdle, and low torsion of the femoral head relative to the condyles are hypothesized specializations for more upright limb orientation or weight support.
Analysis of copper, selenium, and zinc in newborn dried bloodspots using total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) spectroscopy
Authors: Pawly Jessica , Neitzel Richard L. , Basu Niladri
Published: November 2019

Background

There exists great interest in using dried bloodspots across the clinical, public health, and nutritional sciences to characterize circulating levels of essential elements yet current methods face several challenges related to instrumentation, quality control, and matrix effects. Elemental analysis via total X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) may help overcome these challenges. The objective of this study was to develop and apply a novel TXRF-based analytical method to quantify essential elements (copper, selenium, zinc) in dried bloodspots.

Methods

Analytical methods were developed with human whole blood standard reference materials from the Institut National de Santé Publique du Québec (INSPQ). The method was developed in careful consideration of several quality control parameters (e.g., analytical accuracy, precision, linearity, and assay range) which were iteratively investigated to help refine and realize a robust method. The developed method was then applied to a quantitative descriptive survey of punches (n = 675) taken from residual dried bloodspots from a newborn screening biobank program (Michigan BioTrust for Health).

Results

The analytical method developed to quantify the three target elements in dried bloodspots fared well against a priori quality control criteria (i.e., analytical accuracy, precision, linearity and range). In applying this new method, the average (±SD) blood copper, selenium, and zinc levels in the newborn samples were 1,117.0 ± 627.1 µg/L, 193.1 ± 49.1 µg/L, and 4,485 ± 2,275 µg/L respectively. All the elements were normally distributed in the sample population, and the measured concentrations fall within an expected range.

Conclusions

This study developed and applied a novel and robust method to simultaneously quantify three essential elements. The method helps overcome challenges in the field concerning elemental analysis in dried bloodspots and the findings help increase understanding of nutritional status in newborns.
The discriminative power of the ReproQ: a client experience questionnaire in maternity care
Authors: Scheerhagen Marisja , van Stel Henk F. , Franx Arie , Birnie Erwin , Bonsel Gouke J.
Published: November 2019

Background

The aim of the ReproQuestionnaire (ReproQ) is to measure the client’s experience with maternity care, following WHO’s responsiveness model. To support quality improvement, ReproQ should be able to discriminate best from worst organisational units.

Methods

We sent questionnaires to 27,487 third-trimester pregnant women (response 31%) and to 37,230 women 6 weeks after childbirth (response 39%). For analysis we first summarized the ReproQ domain scores into three summary scores: total score (all eight domains), personal score (four personal domains), and setting score (four setting domains). Second, we estimated the proportion of variance across perinatal units attributable to the ‘actual’ difference across perinatal units using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Third, we assessed the ability of ReproQ to discriminate between perinatal units based on both a statistical approach using multilevel regression analyses, and a relevance approach based on the minimally important difference (MID). Finally, we compared the domain scores of the best and underperforming units.

Results

ICCs ranged between 0.004 and 0.025 for the summary scores, and between 0.002 and 0.125 for the individual domains. ReproQ was able to identify the best and worst performing units with both the statistical and relevance approach. The statistical approach was able to identify four underperforming units during childbirth (total score), while the relevance approach identified 10 underperforming units.

Conclusions

ReproQ, a valid and efficient measure of client experiences in maternity care, has the ability to discriminate well across perinatal units, and is suitable for benchmarking under routine conditions.
Intra-individual heteroplasmy in the Gentiana tongolensis plastid genome (Gentianaceae)
Authors: Sun Shan-Shan , Zhou Xiao-Jun , Li Zhi-Zhong , Song Hong-Yang , Long Zhi-Cheng , Fu Peng-Cheng
Published: November 2019

Chloroplasts are typically inherited from the female parent and are haploid in most angiosperms, but rare intra-individual heteroplasmy in plastid genomes has been reported in plants. Here, we report an example of plastome heteroplasmy and its characteristics in Gentiana tongolensis (Gentianaceae). The plastid genome of G. tongolensis is 145,757 bp in size and is missing parts of petD gene when compared with other Gentiana species. A total of 112 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and 31 indels with frequencies of more than 2% were detected in the plastid genome, and most were located in protein coding regions. Most sites with SNP frequencies of more than 10% were located in six genes in the LSC region. After verification via cloning and Sanger sequencing at three loci, heteroplasmy was identified in different individuals. The cause of heteroplasmy at the nucleotide level in plastome of G. tongolensis is unclear from the present data, although biparental plastid inheritance and transfer of plastid DNA seem to be most likely. This study implies that botanists should reconsider the heredity and evolution of chloroplasts and be cautious with using chloroplasts as genetic markers, especially in Gentiana.
Effects of elevated pCO2 and nutrient enrichment on the growth, photosynthesis, and biochemical compositions of the brown alga Saccharina japonica (Laminariaceae, Phaeophyta)
Authors: Chu Yaoyao , Liu Yan , Li Jingyu , Gong Qingli
Published: November 2019

Ocean acidification and eutrophication are two major environmental issues affecting kelp mariculture. In this study, the growth, photosynthesis, and biochemical compositions of adult sporophytes of Saccharina japonica were evaluated at different levels of pCO2 (400 and 800 µatm) and nutrients (nutrient-enriched and non-enriched seawater). The relative growth rate (RGR), net photosynthetic rate, and all tested biochemical contents (including chlorophyll (Chl) a, Chl c, soluble carbohydrates, and soluble proteins) were significantly lower at 800 µatm than at 400 µatm pCO2. The RGR and the contents of Chl a and soluble proteins were significantly higher under nutrient-enriched conditions than under non-enriched conditions. Moreover, the negative effects of the elevated pCO2 level on the RGR, net photosynthetic rate, Chl c and the soluble carbohydrates and proteins contents were synergized by the elevated nutrient availability. These results implied that increased pCO2could suppress the growth and biochemical composition of adult sporophytes of S. japonica. The interactive effects of ocean acidification and eutrophication constitute a great threat to the cultivation of S. japonica due to growth inhibition and a reduction in quality.
Seasonal variation in apparent conductivity and soil salinity at two Narragansett Bay, RI salt marshes
Authors: McKinney Richard , Hanson Alana , Johnson Roxanne , Charpentier Michael
Published: November 2019

Measurement of the apparent conductivity of salt marsh sediments using electromagnetic induction (EMI) is a rapid alternative to traditional methods of salinity determination that can be used to map soil salinity across a marsh surface. Soil salinity measures can provide information about marsh processes, since salinity is important in determining the structure and function of tidally influenced marsh communities. While EMI has been shown to accurately reflect salinity to a specified depth, more information is needed on the potential for spatial and temporal variability in apparent conductivity measures that may impact the interpretation of salinity data. In this study we mapped soil salinity at two salt marshes in the Narragansett Bay, RI estuary monthly over the course of several years to examine spatial and temporal trends in marsh salinity. Mean monthly calculated salinity was 25.8 ± 5.5 ppt at Narrow River marsh (NAR), located near the mouth of the Bay, and 17.7 ± 5.3 ppt at Passeonkquis marsh (PAS) located in the upper Bay. Salinity varied seasonally with both marshes, showing the lowest values (16.3 and 8.3 ppt, respectively) in April and highest values (35.4 and 26.2 ppt, respectively) in August. Contour plots of calculated salinities showed that while the mean whole-marsh calculated salinity at both sites changed over time, within-marsh patterns of higher versus lower salinity were maintained at NAR but changed over time at PAS. Calculated salinity was significantly negatively correlated with elevation at NAR during a sub-set of 12 sample events, but not at PAS. Best-supported linear regression models for both sites included one-month and 6-month cumulative rainfall, and tide state as potential factors driving observed changes in calculated salinity. Mapping apparent conductivity of salt marsh sediments may be useful both identifying within-marsh micro-habitats, and documenting marsh-wide changes in salinity over time.
Arboreal twig-nesting ants form dominance hierarchies over nesting resources
Authors: Yitbarek Senay , Philpott Stacy M.
Published: November 2019

Interspecific dominance hierarchies have been widely reported across animal systems. High-ranking species are expected to monopolize more resources than low-ranking species via resource monopolization. In some ant species, dominance hierarchies have been used to explain species coexistence and community structure. However, it remains unclear whether or in what contexts dominance hierarchies occur in tropical ant communities. This study seeks to examine whether arboreal twig-nesting ants competing for nesting resources in a Mexican coffee agricultural ecosystem are arranged in a linear dominance hierarchy. We described the dominance relationships among 10 species of ants and measured the uncertainty and steepness of the inferred dominance hierarchy. We also assessed the orderliness of the hierarchy by considering species interactions at the network level. Based on the randomized Elo-rating method, we found that the twig-nesting ant species Myrmelachista mexicana ranked highest in the ranking, while Pseudomyrmex ejectus was ranked as the lowest in the hierarchy. Our results show that the hierarchy was intermediate in its steepness, suggesting that the probability of higher ranked species winning contests against lower ranked species was fairly high. Motif analysis and significant excess of triads further revealed that the species networks were largely transitive. This study highlights that some tropical arboreal ant communities organize into dominance hierarchies.
Camera Trapping Technology and Related Advances: into the New Millennium
Authors: Meek Paul D. , Ballard Guy , Falzon Greg , Williamson Jaimen , Milne Heath , Farrell Robert , Stover Joshua , Mather-Zardain Atalya T. , Bishop James C. , Cheung Elrond Ka-Wai , Lawson Christopher K. , Munezero Amos M. , Schneider Derek , Johnston Beau E. , Kiani Ehsan , Shahinfar Saleh , Sadgrove Edmund J. , Fleming Peter J.S.
Published: November 2019

Camera trapping has advanced significantly in Australia over the last two decades. These devices have become more versatile and the associated computer technology has also progressed dramatically since 2011. In the USA, the hunting industry drives most changes to camera traps; however the scientific fraternity has been instrumental in incorporating computational engineering, statistics and technology into camera trap use for wildlife research. New survey methods, analytical tools (including software for image processing and storage) and complex algorithms to analyse images have been developed. For example, pattern and texture analysis and species and individual facial recognition are now possible. In the next few decades, as technology evolves and ecological and computational sciences intertwine, new tools and devices will emerge into the market. Here we outline several projects that are underway to incorporate camera traps and associated technologies into existing and new tools for wildlife management. These also have significant implications for broader wildlife management and research.
Implications of Seagrass Ecosystem Degradation on Marine Resources and People’s Livelihood: A Case Study from Komave Village, Fiji
Authors: Joseph Lionel , Singh Priyatma , Singh Ajay Ashneel , Raj Kushaal , Maharaj Anish
Published: November 2019

Tropical coastal zones have rich marine ecosystems; however, they have been enduring severe environmental hazards, particularly from anthropogenic activity and the effects of climate change. Seagrass ecosystem is one of the most productive yet undervalued marine ecosystems. The residents of Komave village, located on the mainland of Fiji have witnessed marked losses in seagrass cover over the last decade. Several of the village men in Komave are unemployed and rely on the coastal resources through fishing, livestock and agricultural farming for their socioeconomic livelihood. This research explores the impact of loss of seagrass cover on the villagers’ livelihood. This paper highlights the observations and experiences of the Komave villagers, in light of the interviews and discussions carried out at the community. A random sampling method was also used over a period of two years (March, 2015 – April, 2017) to monitor the seagrass habitat. The possible anthropogenic and natural factors contributing to the loss of Seagrass were gotten from the interviews and sampling physical environment. The nitrate content analysed from the random samples, reported values from 190 mg/L to a maximum value of 362.8 mg/L. It was also revealed that the areas where nitrate concentrations were greater than 300 mg/L, there was 0% sea grass cover in total, which confirms that if high levels of nitrates are present, sea grass cover is highly impacted. This paper concludes by providing recommendations for managing seagrass to enhance fisheries productivity in this tropical coastal community.
Protein, Energy and Micronutrient of Five Different Fishes from Tiga Reservoir, Nigeria
Authors: Elaigwu Audu Michael , Oladele Ademuyiwa Hafiz , Umaru Joel
Published: November 2019

This study evaluated the proximate, mineral elements, and vitamins composition of oven-dried Schilbe mystus, Bagrus bayad, Oreochromis niloticus, Clarias anguillaris and Petrocephalus bane bane from Tiga Reservoir. The fishes were obtained from landing site of Tiga reservoir at Rano, they were beheaded, degutted and cleaned with distilled water and oven-dried to a constant weight at 105°C. Grinded form of samples were used for wet digestion and the contents were analyzed according to standard methods at the Biochemistry laboratory, University of Jos, The proximate content of the fishes varied significantly (p<0.05), with mean values of 4.79 - 9.52 g/100 g moisture content, 42.20 - 57.71 g/100 g crude protein, 0.90 - 12.51 g/100 g ash content, 3.41 - 9.93 g/100 g ether extract, 0.62 - 5.08 g/100 g crude fibre, 12.28 - 42.70 g/100 g nitrogen free extract and 90.48 - 95.21 g/100 g dry matter. Based on the FAO/WHO recommended nutrient intakes (RNIs), calcium, magnesium, iron and zinc were found in appreciable amount. The vitamin content of the fishes were above the WHO recommended limits, peak values of vitamins B1 (33.88 mg/l), B6 (15.83 mg/l), B12 (3.04 mg/l), were observed in P. bane bane alone. Whereas, C. anguillaris, O. niloticus and S. mystus contained the highest values of vitamins A (15.87 mg/l), C (1.22 mg/l) and E (4.22 mg/l) respectively. It has shown that all the fishes could be utilized as sources of protein, mineral elements and vitamins for human and animal foods.
Assessment of Fish Farming in Plateau State, North Central Nigeria
Authors: Igoche L. E. , Makwin F. , Akpenseun T. T. , Kaye J. , Oyedapo F. A.
Published: November 2019

World leaders are making concerted effort to tackle the menace of food insecurity brought about by upsurge in human population, climate change and displacement of farming communities due to civil unrest in some part of the world. This study was undertaken to assess the current status of fish farming in Plateau State and suggest possible ways of ameliorating any observed challenges for increased fish production. The study evaluated the challenges affecting fish farming in the study area.

Structured interview schedule questionnaire were used in sourcing information from nine (9) local government areas in the state.  Ninety (90) fish farmers were randomly selected from the nine (9) local governments areas each drawn from the three Agricultural zones of the State. Data obtained were analysed using descriptive statistics.

The findings revealed that majority of the fish farmers 70% were males and between the ages of 21-30 years.

The study also revealed that the major constraints affecting increased level of output in the study area were high cost of inputs (feeds), poor marketing channels, inadequate finance, inadequate access to credit facilities, and poor extension services.

Fish farming in the study area is however, profitable as majority of the farmers made a gross profit margin of above # 501,000.00 per annum.

The study recommends that fish hatcheries and feed mill should be established in the study area and that single digit credit facilities should be granted to interested fish farmers. Also extension services with respect to fish farming should be increased in the study area. A good quality fish market should also be established in the study area to assist the farmers in marketing their produce in order to optimise profit.
Clozapine augmentation strategies
Authors: Roerig James L.
Published: November 2019

Clozapine is established as the gold standard for antipsychotic treatment of patients suffering from treatment-resistant schizophrenia. Over virtually 3 decades, the level of inadequate response to clozapine was found to range from 40% to 60%. A heightened interest developed in the augmentation of clozapine to try to achieve response or maximize partial response. A large variety of drug groups have been investigated. This article focuses on the meta-analyses of these trials to discover reasonable evidence-based approaches to the management of patients not responding to clozapine.
Treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder: Focus on pharmacotherapy
Authors: Ehret Megan
Published: November 2019

Current clinical practice guidelines for the treatment of posttraumatic stress disorder offer varying recommendations regarding the use of pharmacotherapy. Many direct head-to-head comparisons of pharmacotherapy are lacking, and recommendations are based on meta-analyses and small trials. While selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors are considered first-line pharmacotherapy, clear distinctions do not exist when considering other classes of psychotropic medications. Ultimately, when selecting an appropriate medication for a patient diagnosed with posttraumatic stress disorder, the clinician needs to consider the current symptomatology being experienced, comorbid conditions, and evidence for efficacy of specific treatments prior to initiating medications.
Use of therapeutic drug monitoring of risperidone microspheres long-acting injection in hemodialysis: A case report
Authors: Tourtellotte Rebecca , Schmidt Robert
Published: November 2019

Limited evidence exists for the use of psychiatric medications in patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis. Many psychotropic medications are not well-studied in this population, and optimal dosing of these medications is not well-established. Therapeutic drug monitoring is a useful tool in assessing the safety and efficacy of psychotropic medications; however, the use is unclear with long-acting injectable antipsychotics. We present a case of a 73-year-old male initiated on hemodialysis while on risperidone microspheres long-acting injection (RMLAI). Risperidone and 9-hydroxyrisperidone plasma concentrations obtained from this patient were relatively similar before and after initiation of hemodialysis, therefore it appears hemodialysis does not significantly influence clearance of RMLAI. Plasma concentrations in this patient were higher than those reported in the literature for equivalent doses, which may indicate accumulation of the medication secondary to renal impairment.
Cysteine‐Based Biomaterials as Drug Nanocarriers
Authors: Meng Yabin , Han Shuyan , Gu Zhipeng , Wu Jun
Published: November 2019

In the past decade, a variety of cysteine‐based multifunctional biomaterials has been successfully developed for drug delivery and proven invaluable in campaigns against human disease. Despite several significant achievements, a systematic investigation of the structure–property relationships in the field of drug delivery has not been performed. In this review, a variety of up‐to‐date literature results are discussed and compiled in which cysteine and its derivatives have been used in the preparation of payload delivery systems for the treatment of human disease. Particular emphasis is placed on the synthesis methods, especially the structure–property relationship for drug delivery and disease therapy. Additionally, this review focuses on recent innovations in redox‐responsive nanocarriers based on cysteine and its derivatives for in vivo drug delivery to achieve a better therapeutic effect. In summary, nanocarriers based on cysteine and its derivatives have the potential to enhance the efficiency of human disease therapy without increasing toxicity.
Tailoring Quantum Tunneling in a Vanadium‐Doped WSe2/SnSe2 Heterostructure
Authors: Fan Sidi , Yun Seok Joon , Yu Woo Jong , Lee Young Hee
Published: November 2019

2D van der Waals layered heterostructures allow for a variety of energy band offsets, which help in developing valuable multifunctional devices. However, p–n diodes, which are typical and versatile, are still limited by the material choice due to the fixed band structures. Here, the vanadium dopant concentration is modulated in monolayer WSe2 via chemical vapor deposition to demonstrate tunable multifunctional quantum tunneling diodes by vertically stacking SnSe2 layers at room temperature. This is implemented by substituting tungsten atoms with vanadium atoms in WSe2 to provoke the p‐type doping effect in order to efficiently modulate the Fermi level. The precise control of the vanadium doping concentration is the key to achieving the desired quantum tunneling diode behaviors by tuning the proper band alignment for charge transfer across the heterostructure. By constructing a p–n diode for p‐type V‐doped WSe2 and heavily degenerate n‐type SnSe2, the type‐II band alignment at low V‐doping concentration is clearly shown, which evolves into the type‐III broken‐gap alignment at heavy V‐doping concentration to reveal a variety of diode behaviors such as forward diode, backward diode, negative differential resistance, and ohmic resistance.
Occupational injury surveillance pyramid description and association of medical care utilization with low income among work‐related injuries
Authors: Huang Zhenna , Friedman Lee S.
Published: November 2019

Background

A more comprehensive characterization of total work‐related injury burden would ideally include all levels of medical care. Additionally, studies have suggested differential utilization of medical care among various socioeconomic groups, and it is unclear how this translates to work‐related injuries.

Methods

The 2004‐2016 National Health Interview Survey data were used to estimate all levels of care utilized by the individual for each injury episode. A multivariable logistic regression model based on 2004‐2014 data was developed to investigate the relationship of low income and level of medical care used by the injured worker.

Results

Around 53.1% of occupational injury were exclusively treated outside of a hospital setting and never captured by hospital/emergency department data systems, which comprises 40% (3.0 million) of total missed days of work and 44% ($452 million) of total cost of lost productivity among full‐time workers. Patients with work‐related injuries are less likely to stay overnight in hospital compared with those with nonwork‐related injuries (adjusted odds ration [aOR]: 0.6, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.5‐0.7), however among work‐related injuries, low‐income patients are more likely to use medical care in a hospital setting compared with patients with income higher than poverty threshold (hospitalization: aOR: 1.9, 95% CI: 1.1‐3.3; emergency room: aOR: 1.5, 95% CI: 1.1‐2.0).

Conclusions

These “minor work‐related injuries” exclusively treated outside hospital tend to be ignored when defining national injury prevention priorities, but this analysis indicates that such an approach fails to capture a large portion of injuries significant enough to result in missed days of work and cost of lost productivity.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Domino Process to Construct 2,3,9,9a‐Tetrahydro‐1H‐Fluorene Derivatives:Transient σ‐Alkylpalladium(II) Complex Mediated C(sp2)‐H Bond Activation
Authors: Chi Xiaochen , Meng Long , Pang Qingyang , Guo Lianfeng , Liu Qing , Zhao Pingping , Zhang Daopeng , Sun Fenggang , Li Xinjin , Liu Hui
Published: November 2019

A palladium‐catalyzed cascade reaction involving domino Heck/intramolecular C−H arylation to construct 2,3,9,9a‐tetrahydro‐1H‐fluorene derivatives was developed. Products are obtained in moderate to excellent yields. The transient σ‐alkylpalladium(II) complex is the key intermediate, which mediates the C(sp2)‐H bond activation via a six‐metallacycle. According to a transient σ‐alkylpalladium(II) complex, the control experiment demonstrates that β‐H elimination is faster than C−H activation. The methodology shows high chemoselectivity and good functional group tolerance.
‘Tell Me and I Forget, Teach Me and I May Remember, Involve Me and I Learn. And That's What It's About.’ How a Co‐design Methodology is Used in the Delivery of Parents Building Solutions: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Morris Heather , Valentine Cathie , Cummins Jonathon , Dwyer Andrea , Skouteris Helen
Published: November 2019

There are many parenting programs delivered in Australia and Parents Building Solutions (PBS) is one of these. Collaboratively designed by Parentzone staff of Anglicare Victoria, it has a twenty year history of building the evidence base. PBS stands apart from other programs because parents actively co‐design the sessions and content with skilled facilitators. Understanding the drivers, processes and practices that make the co‐design methodology work, is fundamental to the implementation science that underpins the program.This study aimed to examine the way co‐design was used in the delivery of PBS, specifically looking at program implementation and outcomes. Focus groups and interviews were conducted with Parentzone staff (team leaders and facilitators) and parents who had recently completed a program. Ethics approval was provided and analysis was conducted using NVivo software with co‐design as the unit of analysis. Three major themes about co‐design were present across team leaders, facilitators and parents: 1) responsiveness and flexibility are central to the functionality of co‐design within PBS; 2) facilitators implement the co‐design methodology using a suite of knowledge and skills; and 3) parents report tangible results from participating in a co‐designed parenting program. There was an overwhelming appreciation from both facilitators and parents about the co‐designed implementation style. Facilitators and team leaders highly valued the flexibility of the program which enabled their ability to respond to parent's needs. Furthermore, parents believed they achieved tangible outcomes derived from strategies and support delivered in the program. The co‐design methodology used in PBS was evident for all stakeholders and was a driver of program implementation and its outcomes. The methodology described in this has practice implications for family therapists and others who work directly parents and families.
Perioperative Blood Transfusion and Occurrence of Surgical Site Infection: An Integrative Review
Authors: Mantoani Camila Cristina , Margatho Amanda Salles , Dantas Rosana Aparecida Spadoti , Galvão Cristina Maria , de Campos Pereira Silveira Renata Cristina
Published: November 2019

The aim of this integrative review was to locate, assess, and synthesize available evidence of the relationship between perioperative allogeneic blood transfusion and the occurrence of surgical site infection among adult patients undergoing elective surgery. After a comprehensive search of relevant databases and a review of the studies this yielded, we used a validated instrument to extract data from the 25 studies in our final sample. The clinical and surgical variables that were significantly and more frequently associated with the occurrence of surgical site infection among patients who received blood transfusions during the perioperative period were female sex, older age, and higher body mass index. Our findings indicate a lack of consensus on the hemoglobin levels that indicate a blood transfusion is necessary.
Aussteifung von Gebäuden – Einfluss der Modellierung des Kellergeschosses auf die Schnittkräfte und Verformungen von aussteifenden Stahlbetonwänden
Authors: Zahn Franz A. , Gritsch Simon
Published: November 2019

Im vorliegenden Beitrag wird der Einfluss der Modellierung des Kellergeschosses auf die Querkraft und die Verformungen von im Kellergeschoss eingespannten Stahlbeton‐Aussteifungswänden untersucht. Der Querkraftverlauf der Wand und die Verschiebung am Kopf der Wand werden mit den entsprechenden, am vereinfachten Kragwandmodell ermittelten Werten verglichen, bei dem die Wand auf Höhe der Kellerdecke voll eingespannt ist und die Weiterleitung der Schnittkräfte im Kellergeschoss nicht näher betrachtet wird. Für die Berücksichtigung des Kellergeschosses wird zunächst eine gelenkige Festhaltung durch die Kellerdecke und die Bodenplatte betrachtet, wodurch sich eine unrealistisch große Wandquerkraft im Kellergeschoss ergibt. Danach wird ein verfeinertes Modell mit Teileinspannung in der Bodenplatte und nachgiebiger Halterung durch die Kellerdecke untersucht. Es werden Empfehlungswerte für die Federkonstante der Drehfeder auf Höhe der Bodenplatte und der horizontalen Translationsfeder auf Höhe der Kellerdecke angegeben, die in der Praxis Anwendung finden können. Es wird besonders der Frage nachgegangen, welche Einflüsse die Berücksichtigung des Kellergeschosses bei der Erdbebenbemessung der Aussteifungswände hat. Dabei wird einerseits die Systemsteifigkeit, von der die Erdbebenersatzlasten abhängen, und andererseits die mögliche Verschiebungsduktilität, von der der mögliche Verhaltensbeiwert q abhängt, betrachtet.
A Lipophilic 4‐Phenylbutyric Acid Derivative That Prevents Aggregation and Retention of Misfolded Proteins
Authors: Azoulay‐Ginsburg Salome , Trobiani Laura , Setini Andrea , Favaloro Flores Lietta , Giorda Ezio , Jacob Avi , Hauschner Hagit , Levy Laura , Cestra Gianluca , De Jaco Antonella , Gruzman Arie
Published: November 2019

Chemical chaperones prevent protein aggregation. However, the use of chemical chaperones as drugs against diseases due to protein aggregation is limited by the very high active concentrations (mm range) required to mediate their effect. One of the most common chemical chaperones is 4‐phenylbutyric acid (4‐PBA). Despite its unfavorable pharmacokinetic properties, 4‐PBA was approved as a drug to treat ornithine cycle diseases. Here, we report that 2‐isopropyl‐4‐phenylbutanoic acid (5) has been found to be 2–10‐fold more effective than 4‐PBA in several in vitro models of protein aggregation. Importantly, compound 5 reduced the secretion rate of autism‐linked Arg451Cys Neuroligin3 (R451C NLGN3).
Construction of Biaryls from Aryl Sulfoxides and Anilines by Means of a Sigmatropic Rearrangement
Authors: Yanagi Tomoyuki , Nogi Keisuke , Yorimitsu Hideki
Published: November 2019

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Hideki Yorimitsu and colleagues at Kyoto University. The image depicts the sigmatropic rearrangement of aryl sulfoxides and anilines to form biaryls. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201903570.
Photoswitchable Norbornadiene–Quadricyclane Interconversion Mediated by Covalently Linked C60
Authors: Lorenz Patrick , Hirsch Andreas
Published: November 2019

The synthesis and properties of various norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) fullerene hybrids are reported. By cyclopropanation of C60 with malonates carrying the NBD scaffold a small library of NBD–fullerene monoadducts and NBD–fullerene hexakisadducts was established. The substitution pattern of the NBD scaffold, as well as the electron affinity of the fullerene core within these hybrid systems, has a pronounced impact on the properties of the corresponding energy rich QC derivatives. Based on this, the first direct photoisomerization of NBD–fullerene hybrids to their QC derivatives was achieved. Furthermore, it was possible to use the redox‐active fullerene core of a QC–fullerene monoadduct to enable the back reaction to form the corresponding NBD–fullerene monoadduct. Combining these two processes enables switching between NBD and QC simply by changing the irradiation wavelength between 310 and 400 nm. Therefore, turning this usually photo/thermal switch into a pure photoswitch. This not only simplifies the investigation of the underlying processes of the NBD–QC interconversion within the system, but also renders such hybrids interesting for applications as molecular switches.
Boosting Supercapacitor Performance of Graphene by Coupling with Nitrogen‐Doped Hollow Carbon Frameworks
Authors: Wang Man , Yang Juan , Jia Kaili , Liu Siyu , Hu Chao , Qiu Jieshan
Published: November 2019

Graphene as a suitable electrode has been extensively used for electrochemical double‐layer capacitors based on its excellent properties, including high electrical conductivity and large specific surface area. However, one of the drawbacks is the unavoidable stacking tendency between the graphene nanosheets, resulting in limited electrochemically specific surface area. Herein, novel graphene nanosheets supported by hollow nitrogen‐doped carbon frameworks derived from ZIF‐8 (GPNC) were fabricated through a simple polyethyleneimine (PEI)‐assisted pyrolysis strategy, to boost capacitance performance. Benefiting from the unique scaffold/support role of hollow nitrogen‐doped carbon frameworks within the graphene interlayer, the GPNC with a large specific surface area, along with ample micropore/mesopore channels and high nitrogen content, is capable of facilitating electron and electrolyte ion migration kinetics and enhancing intrinsic electrochemical activity. Thus, the GPNC exhibits the highest charge storage of 218 F g−1 and superior rate capability of 74 % when the current density increased from 0.5 to 20 Ag−1 in comparison to pristine graphene and common ZIF‐derived carbon/graphene electrodes. The assembled GPNC//GPNC two‐electrode system further delivers a maximum power of 9080 Wkg−1 with outstanding electrochemical retention of 84 % over 10 000 cycles.
Photoinduced Generation of Superoxidants for the Oxidation of Substrates with High C−H Bond Dissociation Energies
Authors: Sharma Namita , Lee Yong‐Min , Nam Wonwoo , Fukuzumi Shunichi
Published: November 2019

Oxidation of substrates, such as methane, with large C−H bond dissociation energies usually requires harsh reaction conditions, such as high temperature and pressure. The use of photoexcited states of oxidants enables the oxidation of substrates which would otherwise be unable to react thermally. This Review focuses on photoinduced generation of strong inorganic and organic oxidants, which enables the oxidation of substrates with strong C−H bonds. For example, photoexcitation of a CeIV‐alkoxide complex results in the cleavage of Ce−O bond to produce an alkoxyl radical, which can abstract a hydrogen atom from methane to afford a methyl radical, leading to amination of methane with tert‐butyloxycarbonyl (Boc)‐protected monomethylhydrazine. Hydrogen atom abstraction from alkanes also occurs induced by the photoexcited state of tetrabutylammonium decatungstate, leading to alkylations and acylation of both aromatic and aliphatic N‐tosylimines. Photoexcitation of Bi‐ and V‐containing beta zeolites also results in hydrogen atom abstraction from methane to produce methanol at ambient temperature. The photoexcited state of a manganese(IV)‐oxo complex binding with two Sc3+ ions has a surprisingly long lifetime (6.4 μs), and is able to oxidize benzene to produce phenol. Chlorine radicals, that can be generated by photoinduced oxidation of chloride ion by the photoexcited states of oxidants or by photoexcitation of a chlorine dioxide radical, abstracts a hydrogen atom from alkanes including methane to produce alkyl radicals, which can be converted to the oxygenated products. Photoinduced oxidation of methane was also made possible by mixing photosystem II (PSII) and the membrane fraction of a particular form of methane monooxygenase. A PSII model reaction has been achieved by using p‐benzoquinone derivatives as plastoquinone analogues with a non‐heme FeII catalyst in the presence of H2O under photoirradiation, to yield dioxygen with the corresponding hydroquinone derivatives.
Copper‐Catalyzed C–C Bond Cleavage/Double Cyclization of α‐Ketoamides with o‐Phenylene Diamines: Synthesis of Benzimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolin‐6‐ones
Authors: Zou Liang‐Hua , Yan Cheng , Shi Kai , Su Liang , Zhu Shuai , Jia Zhe‐Kang , Wang Qiuan
Published: November 2019

A highly regioselective C–C bond cleavage/double cyclization of α‐ketoamides with o‐phenylene diamines has been developed for the synthesis of benzimidazo[1,2‐c]quinazolin‐6‐ones. Two new C–N and one new C=N bonds are simultaneously formed in the reaction, providing the gateway to access these fused heterocyclic scaffolds via copper catalysis under air atmosphere. This new protocol provides a novel and important foundation for the preparation of these heterocycles.
Improved Performance and Immobilizing Mechanism of N‐doping Carbon Aerogel with Net Channel via Long‐Chain Directing for Lithium–Sulfur Battery
Authors: Shu Yizhen , Li Xueliang , Ye Jinjin , Gao Wei , Cheng Sheng , Zhang Xingchi , Ma Li , Ding Yunsheng
Published: November 2019

A novel net channel and N‐doping carbon aerogel (CA) are successfully prepared by an in situ and facile method via polyimide (PI) inducting for lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries. The PI‐directing carbon aerogel (PI‐CA) presents a cross‐linked framework, abundant porosity, and a high specific surface area. PI‐CA spheres present effective immobilizing polysulfides and high loading sulfur for a Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area of 2039.4 m2 g−1 and N‐doping via physical and chemical adsorption. The Li–S batteries with PI‐CA as cathode matrix exhibit excellent performance. In particular, the initial specific capacity of 2PI‐CA/S with sulfur content of 73.8 wt% delivers 1338 mAh g−1 and remains at 1102 mAh g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 C. The enhanced electrochemical performance mainly benefits from the mesh structure of the composite and the interaction between nitrogen and lithium polysulfide. The theoretical calculation by density functional theory (DFT) further supports the template effect of PI and the anchoring mechanism of polysulfides.
The role of activation of KАTP channels on hydrogen sulfide induced renoprotective effect on diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Elbassuoni Eman A. , Аziz Neven M. , Habeeb Wagdу N.
Published: November 2019

Аbstrаct

This work aims to investigate the renal effect of hydrogen sulfide (H2S), in the experimentally induced diabetic nephropathy, besides the role of activation of АТP‐sensitive potassium (KАTP) channel in that effect. Thirty‐two adult male albino rats randomly divided into four groups: Control, streptozotocin‐induced diabetic (diabetic nephropathy [DN]), DN+NaHS (the H2S inducer), and DN+NaHS+Glibenclamide (a selective KАTP channel blocker) groups. Results showed that kidney functions in the diabetic group improved by NaHS proved by the significant decrease in the measured renal injury markers when compared with the diabetic group with an obvious role of inflammation and oxidative stress. However, the improved kidney functions produced by NaHS was reduced by the combination with Glibenclamide. Glibenclamide combination led also to a significant increase in renal total antioxidant capacity, in addition to a significant decrease in renal total nitric oxide (NO) level. Аccordingly, the results from the present work revealed that the renoprotective effects of H2S in the case of DN through its effects on renal tissue antioxidants and NO can be partially dependent on activation of KАTP channels, while its effect on renal tissue proinflammatory cytokines is independent of it.
Well‐quasi‐ordering and finite distinguishing number
Authors: Atminas Aistis , Brignall Robert
Published: November 2019

Balogh, Bollobás and Weinreich showed that a parameter that has since been termed the distinguishing number can be used to identify a jump in the possible speeds of hereditary classes of graphs at the sequence of Bell numbers. We prove that every hereditary class that lies above the Bell numbers and has finite distinguishing number contains a boundary class for well‐quasi‐ordering. This means that any such hereditary class which in addition is defined by finitely many minimal forbidden induced subgraphs must contain an infinite antichain. As all hereditary classes below the Bell numbers are well‐quasi‐ordered, our results complete the answer to the question of well‐quasi‐ordering for hereditary classes with finite distinguishing number. We also show that the decision procedure of Atminas, Collins, Foniok and Lozin to decide the Bell number (and which now also decides well‐quasi‐ordering for classes of finite distinguishing number) has runtime bounded by an explicit (quadruple exponential) function of the order of the largest minimal forbidden induced subgraph of the class.
Synthesis of 5‐oxo‐5H‐chromeno[3,4‐c]pyridine‐1‐carbonitriles and features of their NMR spectra
Authors: Shkoor Mohanad , Su Haw‐Lih , Ahmed Suzan , Hegazy Sarah
Published: November 2019

Two different methods leading to 5‐oxo‐5H‐chromeno[3,4‐c]pyridine‐1‐carbonitriles were investigated. Reactions of 3‐aminocrotonirile with substituted salicylaldehydes provided 5‐oxo‐5H‐chromeno[3,4‐c]pyridine‐1‐carbonitriles with the same substituent on positions 2 and 4 of the system. The reaction of 3‐aminocrotonirile with variety of substituted 3‐acetylcoumarins lead to 5‐oxo‐5H‐chromeno[3,4‐c]pyridine‐1‐carbonitriles with different substituents on positions 2 and 4. The structures of the products were confirmed by spectroscopic methods. The presence of nitrile moiety in the structures with fixed geometry caused the highly downfield shift of the aromatic proton at position 10 in 1H NMR spectrum. The electronic factor of the substituents caused variation of this downfield shift.