bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lack of Evidence for Transmission of ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’ Through Citrus Seed Taken from Affected Fruit
Authors: Hartung John S. , Halbert Susan E. , Pelz-Stelinski Kirsten , Brlansky Ronald H. , Chen Chunxian , Gmitter Fred G.
Published: September 2010

Citrus huanglongbing, putatively caused by the associated bacterium ‘Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus’, is the greatest threat to the world citrus industry today. The bacterium is spread locally and regionally by the citrus psyllid Diaphorina citri, and also can be disseminated by propagation of contaminated scion budwood that is grafted to the appropriate rootstock. The planting of ‘Ca. Liberibacter asiaticus’-free trees is a component of a comprehensive strategy to manage huanglongbing. In contrast to the scion budwood, the rootstocks used to produce these trees are grown from seed. This research was undertaken to provide evidence as to whether or not ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ can be transmitted through seed. Two groups of 360 or more seedlings each of various citrus species were grown from seed removed from fruit on trees that were symptomatic for huanglongbing and confirmed to be infected with ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. These seedlings were tested multiple times over periods of up to 3 years. No symptoms typical of huanglongbing, such as blotchy leaf mottle, chlorotic shoots, or dieback of branches, were observed in these seedlings, and none of these 723 seedlings tested positive for the presence of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ even after repeated testing by sensitive quantitative PCR assays. Some sour orange seedlings did have quite pronounced and atypical growth, including stunting and mild to severe leaf malformation. These atypical growth habits were limited to seedlings that arose from zygotic embryos as determined by expressed-sequence tag simple-sequence repeat analyses. Thus, no evidence of transmission of ‘Ca. L. asiaticus’ via seed was obtained, and an earlier report of transmission of the pathogen through seed was not confirmed.
Grafting for Management of Southern Root-Knot Nematode, Meloidogyne incognita, in Watermelon
Authors: Thies Judy A. , Ariss Jennifer J. , Hassell Richard L. , Olson Steve , Kousik Chandrasekar S. , Levi Amnon
Published: September 2010

Four bottle gourd (Lagenaria siceraria) cultivars, one squash (Cucurbita moschata × C. maxima) hybrid, five wild watermelon (Citrullus lanatus var. citroides) germplasm lines, and one commercial wild watermelon (C. lanatus var. citroides) cultivar were evaluated as rootstocks for cultivated watermelon (C. lanatus var. lanatus) in fields infested with the southern root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) in Charleston, SC in 2007 and 2008, and in Quincy, FL in 2008. Commercial watermelon ‘Fiesta’ (diploid seeded) and ‘Tri-X 313’ (triploid seedless) scions were grafted onto the rootstocks in 2007 and 2008, respectively. In 2007, the plants grafted on rootstock from the wild watermelon germplasm line RKVL 318 had significantly less (P < 0.05) root galling than nongrafted ‘Fiesta’ watermelon or plants with the squash hybrid or bottle gourd rootstocks. In 2008, ‘Fiesta’ plants with rootstocks from all five wild watermelon germplasm lines and the commercial watermelon rootstock had significantly less (P < 0.05) root galling than plants with the squash hybrid or bottle gourd rootstocks. Root galling of the squash hybrid and bottle gourd rootstocks was severe (78 to 99%) in both years. Root galling for nongrafted ‘Fiesta’ and ‘Tri-X 313’ watermelon was 36 and 50%, respectively. Root galling for the wild watermelon germplasm lines ranged from 11 to 34% and 36 to 44% in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Wild watermelon germplasm lines derived from C. lanatus var. citroides were identified that may be useful as resistant rootstocks for managing root-knot nematodes in watermelon.
Influence of Temperature and Wetness Periods on the Development of Stemphylium Blight on Lentil
Authors: Mwakutuya E. , Banniza S.
Published: September 2010

Stemphylium blight of lentil (Lens culinaris subsp. culinaris) caused by Stemphylium botryosum has become more prevalent in the Canadian prairies. Germination of conidia, appressorium formation, and infection of lentil plants were evaluated under controlled conditions at temperatures from 5 to 30°C and increasing incubation periods under wet conditions to elucidate the epidemiology of this disease. On glass slides, conidial germination increased steadily with temperature up to 25 and 30°C, and reached more than 80% after 20 h at these temperatures, compared with around 30% at 5°C. The response of germination on glass slides to temperature was nonlinear, as evident in significant linear, quadratic single factor, and linear, quadratic, and cubic cross factor temperature effects in the model. On lentil leaves, 18% of conidia had germinated after 2 h of incubation at 25°C, and a few germ tubes penetrated into the tissue through stomata. Germination reached 89% after 12 h, and 12% of germ tubes had penetrated into the leaves. Stemphylium blight severity reached more than 80% at 25 and 30°C with leaf wetness periods of 48 h. A simple logistic model with linear temperature, leaf wetness period, and cross factor effects described disease development on lentil plants.
Verticillium Wilt: A Threat to Artichoke Production
Authors: Cirulli Matteo , Bubici Giovanni , Amenduni Mario , Armengol Josep , Berbegal Mónica , Jiménez-Gasco María del Mar , Jiménez-Díaz Rafael M.
Published: September 2010

Verticillium wilt is becoming an increasing concern in artichoke production because the rapid spread of the disease to new growing areas has led to declining production. Scientists from Italy, Spain, and the United States combine to bring us up to date on diagnosis of the disease, its epidemiology and life cycle, as well as management strategies, current and forthcoming.
Practice Guidelines, Patient Interests, and Risky Procedures
Authors: Ross Isobel A.
Published: September 2010

A clinical scenario is described where an anaesthetist is concerned about the seemingly high risk/benefit ratio relating to laparoscopic versus standard inguinal hernia operations. Some options for further action by the anaesthetist are introduced. The remainder of the paper explores the question of who can legitimately assess the acceptability of risk/benefit ratios, and defends the use of practice guidelines at the expense of so called clinical freedom. It is argued that respect for persons is not breached by limiting the treatment options offered to patients to those therapies which have a ‘reasonable’ risk/benefit ratio. This ‘reasonableness’ is context dependent, and should be properly decided by those with expertise in the field.
Fast and Controllable Simulation of the Shattering of Brittle Objects
Authors: Smith Jeffrey , Witkin Andrew , Baraff David
Published: September 2010

We present a method for the rapid and controllable simulation of the shattering of brittle objects under impact. An object is represented as a set of point masses connected by distance‐preserving linear constraints. This use of constraints, rather than stiff springs, gains us a significant advantage in speed while still retaining fine control over the fracturing behavior. The forces exerted by these constraints during impact are computed using Lagrange multipliers. These constraint forces are then used to determine when and where the object will break, and to calculate the velocities of the newly created fragments. We present the details of our technique together with examples illustrating its use.

An earlier version of this paper was presented at Graphics Interface 2000, held in Montreal, Canada.
Compression Domain Volume Rendering for Distributed Environments
Authors: Lippert L. , Gross M.H. , Kurmann C.
Published: September 2010

This paper describes a method for volume data compression and rendering which bases on wavelet splats. The underlying concept is especially designed for distributed and networked applications, where we assume a remote server to maintain large scale volume data sets, being inspected, browsed through and rendered interactively by a local client. Therefore, we encode the server’s volume data using a newly designed wavelet based volume compression method. A local client can render the volumes immediately from the compression domain by using wavelet footprints, a method proposed earlier. In addition, our setup features full progression, where the rendered image is refined progressively as data comes in. Furthermore, framerate constraints are considered by controlling the quality of the image both locally and globally depending on the current network bandwidth or computational capabilities of the client. As a very important aspect of our setup, the client does not need to provide storage for the volume data and can be implemented in terms of a network application. The underlying framework enables to exploit all advantageous properties of the wavelet transform and forms a basis for both sophisticated lossy compression and rendering. Although coming along with simple illumination and constant exponential decay, the rendering method is especially suited for fast interactive inspection of large data sets and can be supported easily by graphics hardware.
An Algorithmic Reflectance and Transmittance Model for Plant Tissue
Authors: Baranoski Gladimir V.G. , Rokne Jon G.
Published: September 2010

Recent developments in rendering have provided very realistic images. However, these images rarely show organic objects. We believe that one of the main difficulties of rendering these objects realistically is the lack of reflectance and transmittance models oriented to organic materials. In this paper an algorithmic reflectance and transmittance model for plant tissue oriented to computer graphics applications is presented. The model accounts for the three components of light propagation in plant tissues, namely surface reflectance, subsurface reflectance and transmittance, and mechanisms of light absorption by pigments present in these tissues. The model design is based on the available biological information, and it is controlled by a small number of biologically meaningful parameters. Its formulation, based on standard Monte Carlo techniques, guarantees its easy incorporation into most rendering systems. The spectral curves of reflectance and transmittance computed by the model are compared with measured curves from actual experiments.
Stochastic Dynamics: Simulating the Effects of Turbulence on Flexible Structures
Authors: Stam Jos
Published: September 2010

This paper addresses the problem of realistically simulating the motion of tree‐branches subjected to turbulence. Since the resulting motion is random in nature, we model it as a stochastic process. We synthesize this process directly by filtering a white noise in the Fourier domain. The filter is constructed by performing a modal analysis of the tree. We use a sophisticated numerical technique which is able to compute the first few significant modes of large trees. The main advantage of our technique over previous methods is that we are able to compute complicated motions without the necessity of integrating dynamical equations over time. Consequently, a user can view and manipulate tree‐motions in real‐time. Our technique can be further extended to other flexible structures such as two‐dimensional plates.
A Muscle‐based Feed‐forward Controller of the Human Body
Authors: Komura Taku , Shinagawa Yoshihisa , Kunii Tosiyasu L.
Published: September 2010

There is an increasing demand for human body motion data. Motion capture and physical animation have been used to generate such data. It is, however, apparent that such methods cannot automatically generate arbitrary human body motions. A human body is a redundant multi‐linked body controlled by a number of muscles. For this reason, the muscles must work appropriately and cooperatively for controlling the whole body. It is well‐known that the human body control system is composed of two parts: The open‐loop feed‐forward control system and the closed‐loop feedback control system. Many researchers have investigated the characteristics of the latter by analyzing the response of a human body to various external perturbations. However, for the former, very few studies have been done. This paper proposes an open‐loop feed‐forward model of the lower extremities which includes postural control for accurate animation of a human body. Assumptions are made here that the feed‐forward controller minimizes a certain objective value while keeping the balance of the body stable. The actual human motion data obtained using a motion capturing technique is compared with the trajectory calculated using our method for verification. The best criteria which is based on muscle dynamics is proposed. Using our method, dynamically correct human animation can be created by merely specifying a few key postures.
A Flexible Architecture for Virtual Humans in Networked Collaborative Virtual Environments
Authors: Sunday Pandzic Igor , Lee Elwin , Magnenat Thalmann Nadia , Capin Tolga K. , Thalmann Daniel
Published: September 2010

Complex virtual human representation provides more natural interaction and communication among participants in networked virtual environments, hence it is expected to increase the sense of being together within the same virtual world. We present a flexible framework for the integration of virtual humans in networked collaborative virtual environments. A modular architecture allows flexible representation and control of the virtual humans, whether they are controlled by a physical user using all sorts of tracking and other devices, or by an intelligent control program turning them into autonomous actors. The modularity of the system allows for fairly easy extensions and integration with new techniques making it interesting also as a testbed for various domains from “classic” VR to psychological experiments. We present results in terms of functionalities, example applications and measurements of performance and network traffic with an increasing number of participants in the simulation.
Radiosity with Well Distributed Ray Sets
Authors: Neumann László , Neumann Attila , Bekaert Philippe
Published: September 2010

In this paper we present a new radiosity algorithm, based on the notion of a well distributed ray set (WDRS). A WDRS is a set of rays, connecting mutually visible points and patches, that forms an approximate representation of the radiosity operator and the radiosity distribution. We propose an algorithm that constructs an optimal WDRS for a given accuracy and mesh. The construction is based on discrete importance sampling as in previously proposed stochastic radiosity algorithms, and on quasi Monte Carlo sampling. Quasi Monte Carlo sampling leads to faster convergence rates and the fact that the sampling is deterministic makes it possible to represent the well distributed ray set very efficiently in computer memory. Like previously proposed stochastic radiosity algorithms, the new algorithm is well suited for computing the radiance distribution in very complex diffuse scenes, when it is not feasible to explicitly compute and store form factors as in classical radiosity algorithms. Experiments show that the new algorithm is often more efficient than previously proposed Monte Carlo radiosity algorithms by half an order of magnitude and more.
Virtually Documented Environments: A New Interface Paradigm for Task‐oriented Access to Information
Authors: Kakez Samory , Conan Vania , Bisson Pascal
Published: September 2010

We present a suitable virtually documented environment system providing the user with high level interaction possibilities. The system is dedicated to applications where the operator needs to have his hands free in order to access information, carry out measurements and/or operate on a device (e.g. maintenance, instruction). The system merges video images acquired through a head‐mounted video camera with synthetic data (multimedia documents including CAD models and text) and presents these merged images to the operator. Registration techniques allow the operator to visualise information properly correlated to the real world: this is an essential aspect in order to achieve a feeling of presence in a real environment.

We increase the sense of immersion through high level Human‐Computer Interaction (HCI) allowing hands‐free access to information through vocal commands as well as multimodal interaction associating speech and gesture. In this way, the user can access information and manipulate it in a very natural manner. We discuss the construction of the documentation system and the requested functionalities which led to the system architecture.
A Framework for Interacting with Paper
Authors: Robinson Peter , Sheppard Dan , Watts Richard , Harding Robert , Lay Steve
Published: September 2010

This paper reports on ways of using digitised video from television cameras in user interfaces for computer systems. The DigitalDesk is built around an ordinary physical desk and can be used as such, but it has extra capabilities. A video camera mounted above the desk, pointing down at the work surface, is used to detect where the user is pointing and to read documents that are placed on the desk. A computer‐driven projector is also mounted above the desk, allowing the system to project electronic objects onto the work surface and onto real paper documents. The animated paper documents project is considering particular applications of the technology in electronic publishing. The goal is to combine electronic and printed documents to give a richer presentation than that afforded by either separate medium.

This paper describes the framework that has been developed to assist with the preparation and presentation of these mixed‐media documents. The central component is a registry that associates physical locations on pieces of paper with actions. This is surrounded by a number of adaptors that assist with the creation of new documents either from scratch or by translating from conventional hypermedia, and also allow the documents to be edited. Finally the DigitalDesk itself identifies pieces of paper and animates them with the actions described in the registry.
Using Subdivision on Hierarchical Data to Reconstruct Radiosity Distribution
Authors: Kobbelt Leif , Stamminger Marc , Seidel Hans‐Peter
Published: September 2010

Computing global illumination by finite element techniques usually generates a piecewise constant approximation of the radiosity distribution on surfaces. Directly displaying such scenes generates artefacts due to discretization errors. We propose to remedy this drawback by considering the piecewise constant output to be samples of a (piecewise) smooth function in object space and reconstruct this function by applying a binary subdivision scheme. We design custom taylored subdivision schemes with quadratic precision for the efficient refinement of cell‐ or pixel‐type data. The technique naturally allows to reconstruct functions from non‐uniform samples which result from adaptive binary splitting of the original domain (quadtree). This type of output is produced, e.g., by hierarchical radiosity algorithms. The result of the subdivision process can be mapped as a texture on the respective surface patch which allows to exploit graphics hardware for considerably accelerating the display.
A Modeling and Rendering Method for Snow by Using Metaballs
Authors: Nishita Tomoyuki , Iwasaki Hiroshi , Dobashi Yoshinori , Nakamae Eihachiro
Published: September 2010

The display of natural scenes such as mountains, trees, the earth as viewed from space, the sea, and waves have been attempted. Here a method to realistically display snow is proposed.

In order to achieve this, two important elements have to be considered, namely the shape and shading model of snow, based on the physical phenomenon. In this paper, a method for displaying snow fallen onto objects, including curved surfaces and snow scattered by objects, such as skis, is proposed. Snow should be treated as particles with a density distribution since it consists of water particles, ice particles, and air molecules. In order to express the material property of snow, the phase functions of the particles must be taken into account, and it is well‐known that the color of snow is white because of the multiple scattering of light.

This paper describes a calculation method for light scattering due to snow particles taking into account both multiple scattering and sky light, and the modeling of snow.
Book of the Quarter
Authors: Rickards Tudor
Published: September 2010

Book reviewed:

Rollo, Christine and Clarke, Thomas, International Best Practice – Case Studies in Knowledge Management
Acoustic Cardiographic Parameters and Their Relationship to Invasive Hemodynamic Measurements in Patients With Left Ventricular Systolic Dysfunction
Authors: Roos Markus , Toggweiler Stefan , Zuber Michel , Jamshidi Peiman , Erne Paul
Published: September 2010

Data obtained at cardiac catheterization were used to evaluate the utility of acoustic cardiographic data in assessing the hemodynamic abnormalities associated with left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD). Thirty‐seven patients (mean age, 62.6 years) underwent catheterization, and hemodynamic data were recorded. Acoustic cardiographic recordings were obtained using a system that records and algorithmically interprets diastolic heart sounds and parameters analogous to traditional systolic time intervals. Seventeen patients had LVSD (defined as ejection fraction <50%). The 17 patients with LVSD composed the cohort for analysis. There were strong associations between acoustic cardiographic parameters and left ventricular end‐diastolic pressure, ejection fraction, and maximum contractility. Heart rate tended to influence the strength of these correlations. The authors conclude that acoustic cardiographic data can be used in the evaluation of patients with known or suspected LVSD, and specifically in the selection of patients for cardiac resynchronization therapy and the optimization of the settings of implanted resynchronization devices.
A COMPARISON OF TWO METHODS TO STUDY CORRELATED DISCRETE CHARACTERS ON PHYLOGENETIC TREES
Authors: Werdelin Lars , Tullberg Birgitta S.
Published: September 2010

Abstract —We use a simulation approach to study two methods proposed for the analysis of correlated discrete characters on cladograms, the concentrated changes test (CCT) and the contingent states test (CST). Both of these consider the case where there is an independent and a dependent character and assign probabilities to various events in the dependent character given one or the other state of the independent character. The CCT gives different results for symmetric and asymmetric cladograms. In the latter case, the proportion of branches reconstructed as having the derived state has less influence on the resulting probabilities. The CST is only sensitive to the proportion of derived branches, regardless of whether the tree is symmetric or asymmetric. The CCT calculates probabilities by considering character state reconstructions which are not allowed by parsimony algorithms, thereby increasing the probability of rejecting a true null hypothesis (type I error rate). We discuss some alternative questions that could be studied using these tests and also derive equations for calculating the number of possible events in the dependent character for unresolved parts of the phylogeny.
A “Total Evidence” Analysis of the Phylogenetic Relationships among the Photosynthetic Stramenopiles
Authors: Sorhannus Ulf
Published: September 2010

Phylogenetic relationships among the nine major autotrophic stramenopile taxa were inferred in a combined analysis of the rbcL, SSU rDNA, partial LSU rRNA, carotenoid, and ultrastructural data sets. The structure of the shortest combined tree is: (Outgroup, ((((Bacillariophyceae, (Pelagophyceae, Dictyochophyceae)),((Phaeophyceae, Xanthophyceae), Raphidophyceae)), Eustigmatophyceae),(Chrysophyceae, Synurophyceae))). The Synurophyceae/Chrysophyceae is the best supported group followed by the Phaeophyceae/Xanthophyceae and the Pelagophyceae/Dictyochophyceae clades. The monophyletic groups composed of Bacillariophyceae/Pelagophyceae/Dictyochophyceae and Phaeophyceae/Xanthophyceae/Raphidophyceae received the lowest Bremer support values. The optimal combined tree suggests that the diatom frustule is derived from the siliceous “skeleton” in Dictyochophyceae, that the reduced flagellar apparatus arose once in the Bacillariophyceae/Dictyochophyceae/Pelagophyceae clade, and that the specific photoreceptor‐eyespot apparatus in Chrysophyceae and the Phaeophyceae/Xantophyceae clade originated independently within the autotrophic stramenopiles. Despite conflicts in tree structure between the most‐parsimonious combined phylogeny and the optimal tree(s) of each data partition, it cannot be concluded that extensive incongruence exists between the data sets.
Measures for Obtaining Inclusive Sets of Area Cladograms under Assumptions Zero, 1, and 2 with Different Methods for Vicariance Biogeography
Authors: van Veller Marco G.P. , Zandee M. , Kornet D.J.
Published: September 2010

We present modifications to computer programs of a posteriori and a priori methods for vicariance biogeography that enable them to obtain inclusive sets of area cladograms under assumptions zero, 1, and 2. With CAFCA (Component Compatibility Analysis) an upper limit for area cladogram selection by the number of steps is not always sufficient for inclusive sets. CAFCA needs additionally a lower limit for the number of components used to derive area cladograms when noninclusion arises because CAFCA selects area cladograms with different resolutions. PAUP (Brooks Parsimony Analysis) derives inclusive sets when it selects area cladograms under assumptions zero, 1, and 2 by using an upper limit for the number of steps and not collapsing unsupported nodes. For the computer programs Component 1.5 (Component Analysis), Component 2.0 (Reconciled Tree Analysis), and TAS (Three Area Statement Analysis) we suggest a two‐step procedure for inclusive sets. The first step involves dealing with widespread taxa a priori under assumptions zero, 1, or 2. The second step involves dealing with sympatric taxa “as is” (Component 1.5 and TAS) or by tree reconciliation using an upper limit for the number of losses (Component 2.0).
Evolution on a shaky piece of Gondwana: is local endemism recent in New Caledonia?
Authors: Murienne Jérôme , Grandcolas Philippe , Piulachs Maria Dolors , Bellés Xavier , D'Haese Cyrille , Legendre Frédéric , Pellens Roseli , Guilbert Eric
Published: September 2010

New Caledonia is well known as a hot spot of biodiversity whose origin as a land mass can be traced back to the Gondwanan supercontinent. The local flora and fauna, in addition to being remarkably rich and endemic, comprise many supposedly relictual groups. Does the New Caledonian biota date back to Gondwanan times, building up its richness and endemism over 100 Myr or does it result from recent diversifications after Tertiary geological catastrophic events? Here we use a molecular phylogenetic approach to answer this question with the study of the Neocaledonian cockroach genus Angustonicus belonging to the subfamily Tryonicinae from Australia and New Caledonia. Both geological and molecular dating show that the diversification of this group is less than two million years old, whatever the date of its origin itself. This dating is not consistent with hypotheses of Gondwanan richness and endemism in New Caledonian biota. In other terms, local richness and endemism at the specific level are not necessarily related to an old Gondwanan origin of the Neocaledonian groups.

© The Willi Hennig Society 2005.
Further problems with the incongruence length difference test: “hypercongruence” effect and multiple comparisons
Authors: Ramírez Martín J.
Published: September 2010

The incongruence length difference (ILD) test may produce artificially large significance values with the addition not only of uninformative characters, but also of informative characters not relevant to the groups in conflict. Previously reported problems with the ILD test involved cases of false positives, reporting high incongruence when none is expected. Under certain conditions, the test can suffer with the opposite problem (false negatives), reporting non‐significant values in cases of high incongruence. These opposing effects can be combined in a data set, such that a comparison over all partitions appears as congruent, while some of the pair‐wise comparisons are reported as significantly incongruent.

© The Willi Hennig Society 2006.
Morphological data indicates two major clades of the subtribe Gorteriinae (Asteraceae‐Arctotideae)
Authors: Karis Per Ola
Published: September 2010

The phylogeny of subtribe Gorteriinae (Asteraceae‐Arctotideae) is investigated by means of cladistic analysis of morphological characters. Two sister groups are formed, namely a Gorteria clade also containing Hirpicium and Gazania, and a Berkheya clade, which also contains Cullumia, Cuspidia, Didelta and Heterorhachis. The Gorteria clade has strong jackknife support and is diagnosed by four morphological characters (leaves with longitudinally striate hairs, fringed anther apical appendages, pollen of the “Gazania‐type”, and subulate‐ensiform, ascending style sweeping hairs) that are unique within the Asteraceae. The Berkheya clade is moderately supported and diagnosed by two characters without contradiction (spiny leaves, and mamillate, large style sweeping hairs). Hirpicium and Berkheya are paraphyletic, with the other, morphologically more homogeneous genera (Gorteria, and Gazania, Cullumia, Cuspidia, Didelta and Heterorhachis, respectively) nested within them. There is some evidence for a radiation of species of the summer rainfall area of South Africa and tropical Africa and the corresponding species are nested within a grade confined to the Cape Floristic Region.

© The Willi Hennig Society 2006.
Tumor Induction in Monkeys after Administration of Dimethylhydrazine
Authors: Beniashvili Dzhemal Sh. , Turusov Vladimir S. , Krutovskikh Vladimir A. , Sartania Mtvarisa S.
Published: September 2010

1,2‐Dimethylhydrazine (DMH) was administered subcutaneously to nineMacaca fascicularismonkeys (6 males and 3 females) at doses of 16 mg/kg body weight, three times a month for two years. Colon cancer was detected in two male monkeys after total DMH doses of 1080 and 3696 mg (528 and 400 mg/kg body wt., respectively). A uterine tumor was induced in one female monkey which received 3648 mg of DMH (608 mg/kg body wt.). Latent periods of tumor development were 34, 47 and 55 weeks, respectively. Histologically, the colon tumors had the structure of adenocarcinoma in both cases and the uterine tumor was diagnosed as flbromyoma.
Establishment of Transplantable Tumor Lines and in vitro Cell Lines of Malignant Thymoma Developed in a BUF/Mna Rat
Authors: Lu Jin , Sakai Yoshihisa , Wajjawalku Worawidh , Isobe Ken‐ichi , Saito Mitsuhiro , Amo Hiroyuki , Kojima Akinori , Utsumi Kazuhiko R. , Takahashi Masahide , Hiai Hiroshi , Matsuyama Mutsushi
Published: September 2010

A spontaneous malignant thymoma was found in an 18‐month‐old female BUF/Mna rat and serially transplanted subcutaneously in both syngeneic BUF/Mna rats (designated as MTH‐R) and KSN nude mice (MTH‐NM) for more than 5 years. Both tumors shared the histological appearance of sarcomatoid carcinoma as seen in the original tumor. However, MTH‐NM grew faster than MTH‐in the respective hosts. The MTH‐NM grew in both KSN‐nude mice and BUF/Mna‐ rnu/rnu rats but not in BUF/Mna rats the host of the original tumor. Three continuous tissue culture cell lines (MTHC‐1, MTHC‐2 and MTHC‐3) were established from the MTH‐NM tumors at the 2nd, 15th and 17th transplantation generations, respectively. The MTH‐NM tumors and latter two tissue culture cell lines carried one or more mouse chromosomes, probably acquired by cell fusion with mouse cells during passages in vivo. The presence of the mouse chromosomes was confirmed by the presence of mouse DNA and of antibodies to the MTHC‐2 and MTHC‐3 cells in the sera of BUF/Mna rats transplanted with MTH‐NM.
Enhancing Effect of Pokeweed Mitogen on the Proliferation and the Cytotoxicity of Lymphokine‐activated Killer Cells
Authors: Kimoto Yasuhiko , Tanaka Toshishige , Fujiwara Akira , Fujita Masahide , Taguchi Tetsuo
Published: September 2010

In order to obtain more potent lymphokine‐activated killer (LAK) cells for use in adoptive immunotherapy, pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was added to the culture medium for the initial 24–48 h of culturing. The proliferation rate of PWM‐stimulated LAK cells reached about 1000‐fold after 3‐week culture. This rate was nearly the same as that of LAK cells stimulated by 10 ng/ml of OKT3, the mouse anti‐CD3 monoclonal antibody. However, the cytotoxicity of PWM‐stimulated LAK cells was significantly more potent than that of OKT3‐stimulated LAK cells. Phenotypic analysis revealed that PWM‐stimulated LAK cells were CD3+CD56+‐dominant while OKT3‐stimulated LAK cells were CD3+CD56‐‐dominant. About half of CD3+CD56+ PWM‐stimulated LAK cells was CD8+. These results suggest that more efficient adoptive immunotherapy is possible by using high‐dose PWM‐stimulated LAK cells with more potent cytotoxicity. Interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor a were significantly increased in the culture media after 24‐h incubation with 1 μg/ml of PWM. Secretion of interferon‐γ was not enhanced by this concentration of PWM within 24 h. Therefore, PWM is considered to activate monocytes or macrophages to produce these cytokines in advance, influencing the proliferation and the cytotoxicity of LAK cells.
Absence of HTLV‐II Co‐infection in HTLV‐I‐associated Myelopathy Patients
Authors: Miyamoto Kanji , Nakamura Tatsufumi , Nagataki Shigenobu , Tomita Noriko , Kitajima Koichi
Published: September 2010

Syncytium inhibition assay to distinguish between HTLV‐I and HTLV‐II infection was performed with sera and cerebrospinal fluid of 15 HTLV‐I‐associated myelopathy (HAM) patients. Also, genome analysis of HTLV‐II proviral DNA was performed in some HAM patients by use of the polymerase chain reaction method. All of the HAM patients were negative for co‐infection with HTLV‐II.
Efficacy of Lung Cancer Screening; Comparison of Results from a Case‐Control Study and a Survival Analysis
Authors: Sobue Tomotaka , Suzuki Takaichiro , Naruke Tsuguo ,   The Japanese Lung Cancer Screening Research Group
Published: September 2010

A case‐control study to evaluate the efficacy of lung cancer screening conducted by us showed that lung cancer screening may reduce the mortality of the disease up to 28%. Assuming this efficacy is unbiased, and that the screening rate is 51.6%, which was observed in the control group in the above study, the number of lung cancer deaths prevented by screening in the study period was calculated to be 47 for males and females combined. In the same study population, screen‐detected lung cancer patients (N = 207) in the same study period were followed and the 7‐year survival rate (46.9%) was compared to the 5‐year survival rate (11.3%) obtained by the Osaka Cancer Registry, in which screen‐detected lung cancer patients were only 1.8%. The number of lung cancer deaths prevented by screening, estimated by the difference in the above two survival rates, was 74 (95% confidence interval; 55–93). The number of lung cancer deaths prevented by screening estimated from the case‐control study was significantly lower than that estimated from the survival analysis. This indicates that the efficacy of lung cancer screening estimated by the case‐control study was within the range that could be explained by the actual long‐term survivors among the screen‐detected patients in the study population.
32P‐Postlabeling Analysis of DNA Adducts in Rats during Estrogen‐induced Hepatocarcinogenesis and Effect of Tamoxifen on DNA Adduct Level
Authors: Shimomura Makoto , Higashi Shunsaku , Mizumoto Ryuji
Published: September 2010

DNA adduct formation in the liver, pancreas, kidneys and uterus in ethynylestradiol (EE)‐induced carcinogenesis and the effect of tamoxifen (TAM) on DNA adduct formation were evaluated in female Wistar JCL rats using the 32P‐postlabeling method. Hyperplastic nodules were noted in the liver of all rats 4 months after the first oral administration of 0.075 mg of EE, and hepatocellular carcinoma was detected in 8.1% of rats treated with EE for 12 months. DNA adducts increased in the liver for 4 months, reaching a level of 7.3 adducts/107 nucleotides and decreasing thereafter. Formation of DNA adducts was also noted in the pancreas and kidney, but the adduct levels were lower than those in the liver. TAM inhibited estrogen receptors (ER) in liver tissues and completely suppressed the development of hyperplastic nodules or hepatocellular carcinoma but did not affect DNA adduct formation in the liver. In this model, therefore, EE is considered to cause mutations of hepatocytes due to DNA adduct formation without mediation by ER and to induce initiated cells to develop into hepatocellular carcinoma in the presence of ER‐mediated hormonal activities.
Human T‐Cell Leukemia Virus‐1‐positive Cell Line Established from a Patient with Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Matsuzaki Hiromitsu , Hata Hiroyuki , Asou Norio , Yoshida Minoru , Matsuno Fumihiko , Takeya Motohiro , Yamaguchi Kazunari , Sanada Isao , Takatsuki Kiyoshi
Published: September 2010

A stable cell line, KHM‐3S, was established from a patient with small cell lung cancer (SCLC), who had a high serum level of soluble interleukin 2 receptors (sIL2‐R) and was seropositive for human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV)‐l. KHM‐3S cells were positive for IL2‐R (Tac) and NKH‐1, but negative for other lymphocytic markers such as OKT 11, OKT 4, OKT 8, T cell receptor (WT 31), B 1, and B 4. Moreover, the KHM‐3S cells were negative for leukocyte common antigen and strongly positive for neuron‐specific enolase (NSE). Secretion of sIL2‐R and NSE by the KHM‐3S line was detected by an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay. Rearrangement of the T cell receptor gene and monoclonal HTLV‐1 integration were found by Southern blot analysis of KHM‐3S DNA. However, Northern blot analysis showed no T cell receptor mRNA. KHM‐3S may be useful for studies on the role of HTLV‐1 in carcinogenesis and IL2‐R expression in SCLC.
Progression of Weakly Malignant Clone Cells Derived from Rat Mammary Carcinoma by Host Cells Reactive to Plastic Plates
Authors: Hamada Jun‐ichi , Takeichi Noritoshi , Okada Futoshi , Ren Jin , Li Xiaobin , Hosokawa Masuo , Kobayashi Hiroshi
Published: September 2010

Tumor progression is the process by which tumor cells acquire more malignant properties, such as invasiveness and metastasis, during tumor development. To elucidate mechanisms of tumor progression, we examined the role of interactions between the tumor and its host by using a cloned cell line, ER‐1, which was derived from a rat mammary carcinoma. ER‐1 is weakly tumorigenic and non‐metastatic when s.c. injected into syngeneic hosts in single cell suspension. However, ER‐1 cells show a high incidence of lethal, growth when s.c. implanted (5 × 102 cells), being attached to a 10 × 5 × 1 mm polystyrene plate. Tumor cell lines (PLT) obtained from tumors which had arisen from the plate‐attached ER‐1 cells no longer required plates for their growth in normal hosts, and had acquired metastatic ability to the lungs. The malignant phenotypes of PLT were stable under a usual culture condition for at least 6 months. Furthermore, the incidence of tumor development increased when small numbers of ER‐1 cells were injected onto plates (or at their periphery) which had previously been implanted s.c. without tumor cells. The tumorigenicity of ER‐1 cells increased after they were cocultivated for more than 30 days with host reactive cells obtained from the tissues surrounding the plates. These results suggest that host cells reactive to the foreign body (plastic plate) may not only promote the local growth of ER‐1 cells but also convert them into much more malignant tumors.
Epitopes Predominantly Retained on the Carcinoembryonic Antigen Molecules in Plasma of Patients with Malignant Tumors but Not on Those in Plasma of Normal Individuals
Authors: Kuroki Masahlde , Murakami Masaaki , Wakisaka Mamie , Krop‐Watorek Anna , Oikawa Shinzo , Nakazato Hiroshi , Kosaki Goro , Matsuoka Yuji
Published: September 2010

We have previously reported that a group of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), designated Group F MAbs, are able to discriminate CEA in tumor tissues from normal fecal antigen2, a soluble form CEA‐counterpart in normal adult feces, and that the protein epitopes recognized by them are present on the domain A3‐B3 of the CEA molecule. In this study, we further investigated the molecular localization of the epitopes recognized by the Group F MAbs using three new recombinant CEA proteins with restricted domain structures expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells, and found that the epitopes for the Group F MAbs are present on domain B3 close to the anchoring device of the CEA molecule. The epitopes for the Group F MAbs were retained on the CEA molecules in the plasma of patients with malignant tumors and on the CEA molecules spontaneously released into the culture media from established tumor cell lines. However, a large part of the CEA molecules in the plasma of normal individuals were found to lack the epitopes for the Group F MAbs. These results provide a basis for the improved cancer diagnosis by using our CEA assay system utilizing a Group F MAb, and indicate the potential clinical utility of the Group F MAbs.
Mouse‐Human Chimeric Antibody MH171 against the Multidrug Transporter P‐Glycoprotein
Authors: Ariyoshi Keiko , Hamada Hirofumi , Naito Mikihiko , Heike Yuji , Seimiya Hiroyuki , Maezawa Kayoko , Tsuruo Takashi
Published: September 2010

We have developed a mouse‐human chimeric antibody MH171, in which the antigen‐recognizing variable regions of the mouse monoclonal antibody MRK17 are joined with the constant regions of human IgG1 antibodies. The MRK17 recognizes specifically the multidrug transporter P‐glycoprotein and inhibits the growth of human multidrug resistant (MDR) tumor cells in vitro and in the xenograft nude mouse model system. The established chimeric MH171 antibody forms an apparently intact IgG composed of heavy and light chains covalently assembled via disulfide bonds in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis and is specific to MDR cell lines with a similar affinity to the original mouse MRK17. MH171 also displays strong antibody‐dependent cell‐mediated cytotoxicity to the target cells in vitro, when human mononuclear cells are used as effector cells. The chimeric antibody against P‐glycoprotein, MH171, should be a useful agent in the treatment of human drug‐resistant tumors.
The Inhibitory Effect of the Combination of Antineoplaston A‐10 Injection with a Small Dose of cis‐Diamminedichloroplatinum on Cell and Tumor Growth of Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Tsuda Hideaki , Sugihara Shigetaka , Nishida Hiroyuki , Hara Hiroshi , Eriguchi Naofumi , Ishii Kiyoshi , Sasaki Kiyoshi , Yoshimura Shinsuke , Tanaka Noriho
Published: September 2010

The inhibitory effects of a combination of Antineoplaston A‐10 Injection with a small dose of m‐diamminedichloroplatinum (CDDP) on cell and tumor growth was tested in in vitro and in vivo settings. A human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (KIM‐1) was used for the cell growth and transplanted tumor growth studies. In the cell growth study, one‐hour exposure of KIM‐1 cells to CDDP in the medium at concentrations of 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 μg/ml inhibited cell growth dose‐dependently. Continuous exposure of cultured cells to Antineoplaston A‐10 Injection at concentrations of 4, 6, and 8 mg/ml also inhibited tumor growth dose‐dependently. The combination of 0.5 μg/ml CDDP and 6 mg/ml A‐10 Injection inhibited cell growth more than did each agent individually. Electron microscopic study showed well‐maintained organelle structures in Antineoplaston A‐10 Injection‐treated cells compared to CDDP‐treated cells. α‐Fetoprotein (AFP) production by 104 cells in 48 h increased in the A‐10 Injection‐treated and A‐10 Injection + CDDP‐treated groups as the concentration of these agents increased. In the tumor growth study, daily administration of Antineoplaston A‐10 Injection 75 mg with once a week administration of 20 μg of CDDP for 5 weeks inhibited transplanted tumor growth in athymic mice after 33 days of treatment, while administration of 75 mg of A‐10 Injection or 20 or 60 μg of CDDP alone showed no significant inhibition of tumor growth.
Inhibitory Effects of the Natural Products Indole‐3‐carbinol and Sinigrin during Initiation and Promotion Phases of 4‐Nitroquinoline 1‐Oxide‐induced Rat Tongue Carcinogenesis
Authors: Tanaka Takuji , Kojima Toshihiro , Morishita Yukio , Mori Hideki
Published: September 2010

The modifying effects of indole‐3‐carbinol (I3C) and sinigrin (SIN) on the initiation and post‐initiation phases of tongue carcinogenesis induced by 4‐nitroquinoline 1‐oxide (4‐NQO) were investigated in male ACI/N rats. Rats were divided into eight groups: group 1 was given 4‐NQO (10 ppm) in the drinking watar for 12 weeks, starting at 7 weeks of age; groups 2 and 3 were given 4‐NQO and fed the diets containing I3C (1,000 ppm) and SIN (1,200 ppm) for 14 weeks, respectively, starting at 6 weeks of age; groups 4 and 5 were given 4‐NQO and then they were fed I3C and SIN containing diets for 23 weeks, respectively, starting one week after 4‐NQO exposure; groups 6 and 7 were given I3C and SIN alone, respectively, during the experiment; group 8 served as an untreated control. At the termination of the experiment (week 37), the incidence of tongue neoplasms (squamous cell papilloma and carcinoma) in group 2 (1/15,7%), group 3 (1/15, 7%), group 4 (3/15, 20%) or group 5 (2/15, 13%) was significantly smaller than that in group 1 (12/17,71%) (P= 0.0003, P=0.005 or P=0.002). No tongue carcinomas developed in rats of groups 2, 3, and 5. Similarly, the incidence of preneoplastic lesions (hyperplasia and dysplasia) of the tougue in group 2 (11/15, 73%), group 3 (10/15, 67%), group 4 (11/15, 73%) or group 5 (10/15, 67%) was significantly lower than that in group 1 (17/17, 100%) (P=0.04 or P=0.02). There were no tongue neoplasms in rats of groups 6, 7, and 8. Administration of I3C and SIN also caused significant decreases in the number and area of silver‐stained nucleolar organizer regions protein (AgNORs), a new cell proliferation index, of tongue squamous epithelium. Thus, I3C and SIN inhibited rat tongue carcinogenesis in both the initiation and post‐initiation phases, when administered in these respective phases together with, or following treatment with, 4‐NQO.
New Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cell Line SUHC‐1 Established from a Patient with Hepatitis C Virus RNA in Serum
Authors: Yoshizawa Kaname , Kiyosawa Kendo , Usuda Seiichi , Yabu Koji , Nakatsuji Yoshiyuki , Yamada Shuhei , Furuta Kiyoshi , Tanaka Eiji , Sodeyama Takeshi , Furuta Seiichi , Kaneko Shuichi , Nakane Paul K.
Published: September 2010

A new human hepatocellular carcinoma cell (HCC) line, designated SUHC‐1, was derived from a Japanese patient with hepatocellular carcinoma having antibody to hepatitis C virus (HCV) and HCV‐RNA in his serum, and established in tissue culture. This cell line exhibited typical epithelial cell morphology in culture as observed by phase‐contrast and electron microscopy. The SUHC‐1 cells produced albumin and α2‐macroglobulin. Chromosomal analysis showed several rearrangements at short and long arms of chromosome 1, 17 and 20 (1p–, 1q–, i(1q), i(17q) and 20q +) with a modal number of 91. HCV‐RNA was not detected in the supernatant of SUHC‐1 cells by nested polymerase chain reaction assay or in the SUHC‐1 cells by the in situ hybridization method. We concluded that complete HCV does not exist in the SUHC‐1 cell line. The SUHC‐1 cell line is the first line of HCC to have been derived from a patient with persistent HCV infection, and may provide a suitable model for studies of hepatocarcinogenesis related to HCV.