bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Implementation of a rehabilitation model in a Program of All‐Inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE): Preliminary data
Authors: Gustavson Allison M. , LeDoux Cherie V. , Himawan Michael , Stevens‐Lapsley Jennifer E. , Nearing Kathryn A.
Published: February 2022

Background

Nursing home eligible participants in the Program of All‐inclusive Care for the Elderly (PACE) are at high risk for falls. Physical function is a modifiable predictor of falls and an important target for prevention. We engaged a PACE site to explore feasibility of implementing progressive intensive rehabilitation to improve physical function and preliminary patient‐level improvements.

Methods

The research involved a mixed‐methods, pre–post implementation study with longitudinal patient follow‐up at one Denver PACE site. Older adults at risk for institutionalization (N = 28) took part in Screening and high‐intensity interventions to Improve Falls risk and Transform expectations in age and aging (SHIFT) rehabilitation program over six weeks. Outcomes included the short physical performance battery (SPPB); 4‐meter gait speed at baseline, discharge, and 6 and 12 months postdischarge from SHIFT. A focus group with staff explored facilitators and barriers to program implementation in the PACE setting and with complex patients and perceived effectiveness.

Results

The rehabilitation team demonstrated high treatment fidelity to SHIFT (>80%). No treatment‐specific adverse events were reported. SPPB scores and gait speeds improved significantly over time (p < 0.005). The average SPPB score at evaluation was 4.6 ± 0.24 compared to 7.7 ± 0.38 points at discharge. The average gait speed at evaluation was 0.58 ± 0.03 meters/second (m/s) compared to 0.79 ± 0.04 m/s at discharge. Common barriers to program completion included changes in health status and environmental factors (e.g., transportation).

Conclusions

Rehabilitation therapists incorporated a high‐intensity resistance training program into routine care of complex older adults in PACE and improved pre–post physical function to levels above independence thresholds (SPPB ≥6; gait speed ≥0.65 m/s). Our pilot implementation study informed refinement of eligibility criteria, number of visits, and strategies to address long‐term adherence to enhance scalability and optimize impact.
A proposed standard for quantifying3‐Dhindlimb joint poses in living and extinct archosaurs
Authors: Gatesy Stephen M. , Manafzadeh Armita R. , Bishop Peter J. , Turner Morgan L. , Kambic Robert E. , Cuff Andrew R. , Hutchinson John R.
Published: February 2022

The last common ancestor of birds and crocodylians plus all of its descendants (clade Archosauria) dominated terrestrial Mesozoic ecosystems, giving rise to disparate body plans, sizes, and modes of locomotion. As in the fields of vertebrate morphology and paleontology more generally, studies of archosaur skeletal structure have come to depend on tools for acquiring, measuring, and exploring three‐dimensional (3‐D) digital models. Such models, in turn, form the basis for many analyses of musculoskeletal function. A set of shared conventions for describing 3‐D pose (joint or limb configuration) and 3‐D kinematics (change in pose through time) is essential for fostering comparison of posture/movement among such varied species, as well as for maximizing communication among scientists. Following researchers in human biomechanics, we propose a standard methodological approach for measuring the relative position and orientation of the major segments of the archosaur pelvis and hindlimb in 3‐D. We describe the construction of anatomical and joint coordinate systems using the extant guineafowl and alligator as examples. Our new standards are then applied to three extinct taxa sampled from the wider range of morphological, postural, and kinematic variation that has arisen across >250 million years of archosaur evolution. These proposed conventions, and the founding principles upon which they are based, can also serve as starting points for measuring poses between elements within a hindlimb segment, for establishing coordinate systems in the forelimb and axial skeleton, or for applying our archosaurian system more broadly to different vertebrate clades.
Effects of music intervention on physical and psychological problems in adults receiving haemodialysis treatment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Yangöz Şefika Tuğba , Özer Zeynep
Published: February 2022

Aims and objectives

To synthesise the effects of music intervention on the physical and psychological problems of adults receiving haemodialysis.

Background

Adults receiving haemodialysis experience many physical and psychological problems. Music interventions may have beneficial effect on the management of these problems.

Design

A systematic review and meta‐analysis based on PRISMA 2020.

Methods

This study followed the Cochrane 2021 guideline. Eleven electronic databases were searched from inception to July 2021. Randomised controlled trials that assessed music intervention on haemodialysis‐related physical and psychological problems were included. Two authors independently assessed risk of bias with the Cochrane Collaboration tool. The Comprehensive Meta‐Analysis software version 3 was used for meta‐analysis.

Results

Sixteen randomised controlled trials were included. This meta‐analysis demonstrated that music intervention had significant and large effect on physical outcomes such as breath rate, oxygen saturation, arteriovenous fistula puncture‐related pain, itching, sleep quality as well as psychological outcomes such as state anxiety and stress. The study also found that music intervention had significant and medium effect on physical outcomes such as systolic and diastolic blood pressure, heart rate and pain, and psychological outcomes such as anxiety. Music intervention had no effect on physical outcomes such as body temperature and cramps, and psychological outcomes such as trait anxiety and depression. Subgroup analyses indicated that sessions of 4–6 are more effective for improving the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and heart rate than three sessions or less. It also found that music duration of 20 min or less is more effective in reducing anxiety compared to music duration of 30 min or more.

Conclusions

This study demonstrated that music intervention may partially improve haemodialysis‐related physical and psychological problems.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study will contribute to perform of music intervention for haemodialysis‐related physical and psychological problems for health professionals, particularly nurses.

Study registration

This study has been registered at PROSPERO (Registration No. CRD42021267463).
Clinical supervision: A mechanism to support person‐centred practice? An integrative review of the literature
Authors: Edgar Denise , Moroney Tracey , Wilson Valerie
Published: February 2022

Aims

To explore whether clinical supervision has an influence on person‐centred practice.

Background

The ability to deliver person‐centred care and the ability to engage in reflective practice are two key skills expected of nurses. Person‐centred care shifts nurses thinking from the patient's disease state to their personhood. Clinical supervision has been proposed as a place to explore person‐centred care. Person‐centred practice extends person‐centredness to enhance healthful relationships between care providers, services users and their significant others.

Methods

An integrative literature was conducted with the key words ‘clinical supervision’ and ‘person‐centredness’ within CINAHL, Medline, PsychInfo and Google Scholar. The PRISMA statement was used to report the identification, selection, appraisal and synthesis of articles and PRISMA diagram reports the selection process. The Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool was used to appraise the articles, followed by a thematic analysis. The Template for Intervention Description and Replication was used to explore the concept of clinical supervision.

Results

Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria. Person‐centredness and clinical supervision are not universally defined concepts. Clinical supervision in this context was mainly an adjunct to educative programmes. Clinical supervision has a positive influence on participants’ person‐centred attributes, but the influence on others is less clear. The clinical supervisor's qualities are pivotal to supervisions’ success.

Conclusions

Clinical supervision is a common reflective strategy used to explore nursing practice, yet as a strategy to enhance person‐centred practices, is under‐researched. Participants can experience person‐centredness when their supervisor has person‐centred attributes, an important aspect in delivering person‐centred care.

Relevance to clinical practice

This review identified a gap in the literature between two common nursing concepts ‘clinical supervision’ and ‘person‐centred care/practices’. There is a need to conduct further research into the combination of these concepts to seek ways to embed person‐centredness into health care and everyday nursing practice.
Peripheral intravenous catheter securement: An integrative review of contemporary literature around medical adhesive tapes and supplementary securement products
Authors: Corley Amanda , Marsh Nicole , Ullman Amanda J , Rickard Claire M
Published: February 2022

Aim

To synthesise evidence related to medical adhesive tapes and supplementary securement products for peripheral intravenous catheters in adults, to prevent complications and device failure.

Design

Integrative review informed by Whittemore and Knafl and reported in accordance with the PRISMA 2020 statement.

Data sources.

The Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health, EMBASE/MEDLINE and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health were searched from 2000–21 September 2020.

Review Methods.

Studies enrolling hospitalised participants >16 years with peripheral intravenous catheters secured by medical adhesive tapes, or supplementary products (bandage, splint and sutureless securement device), were eligible. Quality appraisal was performed using Critical Appraisal Skills Program checklists.

Results

Nineteen studies met criteria, including 43,683 peripheral intravenous catheters. Quality appraisal identified high or unclear risk of bias in 58% of studies. Nonsterile tape was the most common intervention tested (14 studies), alone or in multiproduct combinations. Nonsterile tape directly over insertion sites was associated with increased PIVC failure and complications. Sutureless securement devices potentially reduce failure and complications. Multiproduct combinations were very common. Practice recommendations regarding other tapes and secondary securement products are challenging, due to conflicting, or lack of, evidence.

Conclusion

Tapes and secondary securement product evidence are limited, and over half of the studies are of low methodological quality. This review found nonsterile tape was associated with increased failure and complications; multiproduct dressing and securement bundles were prevalent; and significant evidence gaps exist particularly regarding bandages and splints. The results provide nurses with evidence of medical adhesive tapes and supplementary product effectiveness for peripheral intravenous catheter securement, and future research directions to reduce unacceptably high failure and complication rates. Larger rigorously conducted randomised controlled trials are needed to add to current evidence.
Successful management of a pregnant woman of lower‐limb arteriovenous malformation with chronic cardiac failure
Authors: Kakigano Aiko , Matsuzaki Shinya , Mimura Kazuya , Endo Masayuki , Osuga Keigo , Kimura Tadashi
Published: February 2022

The clinical features of extracranial arteriovenous malformations (AVM) vary from stages I (quiescence) with few symptoms to IV (decompensation) with overt symptoms of cardiac failure. Although the maternal outcomes of pregnant women with extracranial AVM is understudied due to its rarity, previous studies suggested the difficulty in the management of recurrent hemorrhage due to AVM progression during perinatal period; thus, pregnant case of extracranial AVM complicated with cardiac failure were considered challenging. We have reported a woman of stage IV extracranial AVM in the right lower limb with a history of below‐the‐knee amputation, in which two pregnancies and vaginal deliveries under epidural anesthesia were managed successfully. Cardiac failure did not exacerbate throughout the gestational or postpartum periods. Ulceration gradually worsened, with no massive hemorrhage. It is ideal to assess abnormal vascularity, especially in the lower abdomen, vagina, and epidural and subdural spaces, through magnetic resonance imaging to ensure safe delivery.
Fatigue Resistance of 3‐Unit CAD‐CAM Ceramic Fixed Partial Dentures: An FEA Study
Authors: Bataineh Khaled , Al Janaideh Mohammad , Abu‐Naba'a Layla A.
Published: February 2022

Purpose: To estimate the fatigue life of 3‐unit molar fixed partial dentures (FPDs) made from two different monolithic ceramic systems, zirconia cercon (ZC) and lithium disilicate (LD). The effect of the connector size on the fatigue resistance of the monolithic FPD was also investigated.

Methods: Two models for the FPDs were built, a 3‐unit all‐ceramic and a porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal. The porcelain–fused‐to‐metal FPD model was used as the control. Actual 3‐unit FPDs (replacing the second lower premolar) were constructed using a computer aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD‐CAM) system. Finite element analysis (FEA) was executed. A hemispherical indenter was used to simulate occlusal load. The occlusal load phase of the chewing cycle was applied at the premolar pontic.

Results: The failure location for the monolithic FPD was always located at the distal connector. Connector size played a key role in determining the long‐term survival of the prosthesis. The fatigue resistance was predicted to be 670 N for the ZC with a connector size 4 × 3 mm, while it was only 226 N for LD. As for porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal (PFM), FEA predicts that fatigue resistance can reach up to 770 N. Under the cyclic load of 670 N, the fatigue life for the zirconia FPD with connector size 4 × 3 mm was 2.23 × 106 cycles while it survived only 3.1 × 105 cycles when the connector was reduced to 3.5 × 2.5 mm. The angle of the oblique load has a significant effect on the stress distribution.

Conclusion: 3‐unit monolithic FPDs made of ZC have superior fatigue performance compared to those made of LD. The fatigue life of the zirconia FPD was about three times longer than that made of LD with a connector size of 4 mm × 3 mm. The survival rates of ZC FPDs are comparable to porcelain‐fused‐to‐metal. A significant reduction in fatigue strength is predicted for reduced connector size. Therefore, it is necessary to establish general guidelines for the minimum connector size.
From ego‐systems to open innovation ecosystems: A process model of inter‐firm openness
Authors: Alam Muhammad Aftab , Rooney David , Taylor Murray
Published: February 2022

Existing innovation management literature significantly enhances our knowledge about “What” open innovation is and “Why” it is crucial for innovating superior products. However, very little is known about the process of “How” firms adopt openness. We engage in a qualitative exploratory study using a grounded theory method to understand the process by which firms open and migrate from ego‐systems to open innovation ecosystems. This paper reports on our findings from 3 rounds of 54 interviews with managers in the Macquarie Business Park, Australia. The first two rounds (n = 22 + 22) describe the openness process, define its qualitatively different phases, and detect critical variables that trigger or inhibit phase transition. In the final round (n = 10), member checks verify our interpretive model, revealing that inter‐firm openness occurs in four transitory phases—realization, socialization, strategic alignment, and two‐way openness. Phase transition starts somewhat spontaneously for firms but gets more complex as they proceed from ego‐system to an ecosystem, and the degree of openness increases in each subsequent phase. The study has significant theoretical and practical implications for product innovation management. Interdependence, social exchange, and trust play a significant role in creating open innovation ecosystems. Inter‐firm openness follows four interlocking transitory phases—realization, socialization, strategic alignment, and two‐way openness. Phase transitions start spontaneously but become complex as the degree of openness increases in subsequent phases.
The effect of a shaken baby syndrome prevention program on Turkish mothers' awareness and knowledge: A randomized controlled study
Authors: Kaya Ayla , Çelik Derya , Efe Emine
Published: February 2022

Purpose

This study aimed to develop an evidence‐based education program to increase mothers' awareness and knowledge of shaken baby syndrome (SBS) and evaluate program effectiveness.

Design and Methods

Mothers with babies between 2 and 4 months of age were completed the study (intervention group = 43 and control group = 44). This single‐blind randomized controlled study was conducted between September 2020 and February 2021. The intervention group participated in an 8‐week follow‐up. Outcome variables were assessed at baseline and 8 weeks after commencement of the intervention, which included measures to evaluate the administration of the shaken baby syndrome prevention program (SBSPP). The study was approved by ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04568538.

Results

Scores for the SBS assessment survey were significantly higher in the intervention group than in the control group.

Practice Implications

Developing effective interventions for SBS is an important public health goal. This study is the first to prove the effectiveness of an SBSPP conducted by nurses in Turkey. We believe that the implementation of this program in a larger sample will make a significant contribution to SBS reduction. Pediatric nurses identify the needs of parents with babies younger than 6 months and support them to manage this process correctly.
Antifungal and physicochemical properties of Ocimum essential oil loaded in poly(lactic acid) nanofibers
Authors: Brandão Rafaela Magalhães , Cardoso Maria das Graças , Batista Luís Roberto , Caetano Alex Rodrigues Silva , Lemos Ana Carolina Cortez , Martins Maria Alice , Nelson David Lee , De Oliveira Juliano Elvis
Published: February 2022

Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) nanofibres containing different proportions of the essential oils from Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum gratissimum L. were prepared by solution blow spinning method. The essential oils were extracted by hydrodistillation and characterized by gas chromatography. MEV, contact angle, DSC and FTIR were used to characterize the nanofibres. The effect of bioative nanofibres on the growth of the fungus and on the production of ochratoxin A were evaluated using the fumigation test. Linalool, 1·8-cineole and camphor were the principal components of the essential oil from O. basilicum, and eugenol was the principal constituent in the oil from O. gratissimum. An increase in the average diameter of the nanofibres was observed with the addition of the essential oils. The essential oils acted as a plasticizer, resulting in a reduction in the crystallinity of the PLA. The encapsulation of essential oils in PLA nanofibres was verified by FTIR. An effective antifungal and antimicotoxygenic activity against Aspergillus ochraceus and Aspergillus westerdjikiae was observed for the bioative nanofibres. These results confirm the potential of PLA nanofibres containing the essential oils for the control of toxigenic fungi that cause the deterioration of food and are harmful to human health.
Conservation genomics and systematics of a near‐extinct island radiation
Authors: Kearns Anna M. , Campana Michael G. , Slikas Beth , Berry Lainie , Saitoh Takema , Cibois Alice , Fleischer Robert C.
Published: February 2022

Conservation benefits from incorporating genomics to explore the impacts of population declines, inbreeding, loss of genetic variation and hybridization. Here we use the near‐extinct Mariana Islands reedwarbler radiation to showcase how ancient DNA approaches can allow insights into the population dynamics of extinct species and threatened populations for which historical museum specimens or material with low DNA yield (e.g., scats, feathers) are the only sources for DNA. Despite their having paraphyletic mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), nuclear single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) support the distinctiveness of critically endangered Acrocephalus hiwae and the other three species in the radiation that went extinct between the 1960s and 1990s. Two extinct species, A. yamashinae and A. luscinius, were deeply divergent from each other and from a third less differentiated lineage containing A. hiwae and extinct A. nijoi. Both mtDNA and SNPs suggest that the two isolated populations of A. hiwae from Saipan and Alamagan Islands are sufficiently distinct to warrant subspecies recognition and separate conservation management. We detected no significant differences in genetic diversity or inbreeding between Saipan and Alamagan, nor strong signatures of geographical structuring within either island. However, the implications of possible signatures of inbreeding in both Saipan and Alamagan, and long‐term population declines in A. hiwae that pre‐date modern anthropogenic threats require further study with denser population sampling. Our study highlights the value that conservation genomics studies of island radiations have as windows onto the possible future for the world's biota as climate change and habitat destruction increasingly fragment their ranges and contribute to rapid declines in population abundances.
An analysis of energy, environment and economic growth (EEE) nexus: a 2SLS approach
Authors: Sharmin Mowshumi , Dey Sima Rani , Ahmed Faroque , Tareque Mohammad
Published: February 2022

The growing apprehension of global warming, greenhouse gas emissions and increasing use of fossil fuel due to emergent economic activity signifies that for the sustainability of the environment cleaner energy use is important. In the same pursuit, this study aims to examine the energy, environment and economic growth nexus of Bangladesh, incorporating both renewable and non‐renewable energy consumption with forest depletion. We have employed the Two‐Stage Least Square approach to avoid likely simultaneity bias and possible endogeneity of the variables arising from the ordinary least squares. Result postulates non‐renewable energy consumption and forest depletion have a significant impact on CO2 emission, whereas renewable energy shows no significant consequence. The issue which arises in this regard is that renewable energy consumption has not yet reached a stage from where it could play a substantial role in emission reduction of the country. Therefore, countries should adopt policies that would provide a conducive environment for affordable energy use.
Validation of the parent's postoperative pain measure with an age‐appropriate reference pain scale for children 2–12 years old during a 14‐day recovery after tonsillectomy: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Bérard‐Giasson Annick , Brown Karen Ann , Agnihotram Ramanakumar Venkata , Frigon Chantal
Published: February 2022

Background

Adenotonsillectomy is associated with severe postoperative pain. The parent's postoperative pain measure (PPPM), a 15‐item instrument to measure a child's pain at home, has been validated with a seven‐point faces scale in children 7–12 years and with the parents' global report of pain in children 2–6 years.

Aims

Our primary objective was to validate the PPPM with a recommended age‐appropriate pain scale in children 2–12 years after adenotonsillectomy. Our secondary objective was to reduce the PPPM components and validate this reduced PPPM.

Methods

We recruited 319 children out of the 563 adenotonsillectomies performed between December 19, 2017, and December 18, 2018. Parents recorded administration of analgesics and their child's pain scores twice daily for 14 days: PPPM for all children and either the face, legs, arms, crying, consolability (FLACC) pain scale for children 2–3 years or the faces pain scale‐revised (FPS‐R) for children 4–12 years. In addition, parents recorded analgesics.

Results

Among the 354 eligible children, 9% of parents declined. 252 (79%) families submitted pain diaries. The median age was 2.9 [2.5–3.3] years for FLACC (n = 114) and 5.6 [4.5–7.2] years for FPS‐R (n = 138). Across the 14‐day recovery period, Cronbach's alpha for PPPM was 0.77 to 0.87. Generalized linear mixed models evaluated the association between PPPM and reference pain scales after adjustment for potential confounders. Time of day and postoperative days were included as predictors in the models. PPPM was strongly associated with FLACC and FPS‐R (beta coefficient = 0.4; p < 0.0001). The association decreased over time, and the reduction was more significant for FPS‐R than FLACC (beta coefficient = −0.13 vs. −0.04, respectively; p < 0.0001). There was a positive association between PPPM and the use of analgesics. A reduction analysis eliminated items from the original PPPM: four for FLACC and five for FPS‐R, suggesting age‐related differences. The reduced PPPM instruments achieved similar associations with their respective reference pain scales (beta coefficient = 0.5; p < 0.0001).

Conclusions

This study extends previous work by validating the PPPM in children as young as 2 years with a recommended age‐appropriate pain scale over 14‐day convalescence after adenotonsillectomy. The reduced PPPM instruments differed in the two age groups. Future studies might explore these age‐appropriate reduced PPPM instruments to assess pain at home following adenotonsillectomy.
Tinea incognito "mask"erading as allergic contact dermatitis due to COVID‐19 facial covering in children
Authors: Cunningham Eric P. , Carter Natasha F.
Published: February 2022

We present three children with tinea incognito initially misdiagnosed as allergic contact dermatitis to face masks. All three patients presented with pruritic erythematous patches and plaques across the malar cheek and nose. This case series suggests that clinicians should keep a broad differential when evaluating mask‐related facial dermatoses in children.
Queuing safely for elevator systems amidst a pandemic
Authors: Ananthanarayanan Sai Mali , Branas Charles C. , Elmachtoub Adam N. , Stein Clifford S. , Zhou Yeqing
Published: February 2022

The requirement of social distancing during the COVID‐19 pandemic has presented significant challenges for high‐rise buildings, which heavily rely on elevators for vertical transportation. In particular, the need for social distancing has reduced elevator capacity typically by at least two‐thirds or as much as over [Formula: see text] of the normal amount. This reduction is a serious concern, as reduced elevator capacities cause large queues to build up in lobbies, which makes social distancing difficult and results in large wait times. The objective of this study is to safely manage the elevator queues by proposing simple, technology‐free interventions that drastically reduce the waiting time and length of lobby queues. We use mathematical modeling, epidemiological expertise, and simulation to design and evaluate our interventions. The key idea is to explicitly or implicitly group passengers that are going to the same floor into the same elevator as much as possible. In the Cohorting intervention, we attempt to find passengers going to the same floor as the first person in the queue. In the Queue Splitting intervention, we create a different queue for different groups of floors. Based on simulation and analytical findings, Cohorting and Queue Splitting can significantly reduce queue length and wait time, while also maintaining safety from viral transmission in otherwise crowded elevators, building lobbies, and entrances. These interventions are generally accessible for many buildings since they do not require programming the elevators, and rely on only using signage and/or a queue manager to guide passengers.
Child Marriage in Mainland China
Authors: Fan Suiqiong , Qian Yue , Koski Alissa
Published: February 2022

Child marriage, defined as marriage before 18 years of age, has harmful consequences for health and development and is an indicator of gender inequality. We used publicly available data from the 2000 and 2010 censuses to estimate the national and provincial‐level prevalence of child marriage across mainland China. Between 2000 and 2010, the prevalence of child marriage rose from 2.41 percent to 2.85 percent among women and from 0.54 percent to 0.77 percent among men. The 2010 estimates are equivalent to roughly 1.8 million women and 0.5 million men. Child marriage was more common in western provinces among both girls and boys. Provincial prevalence estimates ranged from 0.44 percent in Beijing to 12.94 percent in Qinghai among girls. Among boys, estimates ranged from 0.13 percent in Beijing to 5.03 percent in Tibet. The gender gap widened across much of the country between censuses. Our results indicate that child marriage continues across mainland China despite laws that ostensibly prohibit the practice. They also draw attention to the global nature of child marriage as a threat to gender equality.
Premature deaths, accidental bequests, and fairness*
Authors: Fleurbaey Marc , Leroux Marie‐Louise , Pestieau Pierre , Ponthiere Gregory , Zuber Stephane
Published: February 2022

While there is little agreement regarding the taxation of bequests in general, there is a widely held view that accidental bequests should be subjected to a confiscatory tax. We re‐examine the optimal taxation of accidental bequests by introducing a concern for compensating individuals for a premature death. Assuming that individuals care about what they leave to their children, we show that, whereas the 100 percent tax view holds under the utilitarian criterion, the ex post egalitarian criterion (giving priority to the worst‐off ex post) implies subsidizing accidental bequests so as to compensate the short‐lived. In a second‐best setting, compensating the short‐lived justifies taxing total bequests at a rate increasing with the age of the deceased. Finally, when the model is extended to an intergenerational setting, accidental bequests can no longer be used as a redistributive tool, so that ex post egalitarianism rejoins the 100 percent tax view.
“Precovery” versus recovery: Understanding the role of cherry juice in exercise recovery
Authors: McHugh Malachy P.
Published: February 2022

Cherry juice has become a standard component of athlete recovery strategies. This review covers the history of cherry juice as a recovery drink to give context to its current use. Fifteen studies were identified that included a measure of muscle function, soreness, or inflammation on the days following exercise and had an exercise insult sufficient to assess the effectiveness of the tart cherry intervention. Eight studies used a concentrated juice, three used a juice from fresh‐frozen cherries, two used a tart cherry concentrate gel, and two used a tart cherry powder. The effective juice dose was specific to the type of drink (fresh‐frozen versus concentrate) but dose‐response studies are lacking, and thus, the optimal dose for any specific type of cherry juice is not known. Timing of the dosing regimen is a critical factor. Studies have uniformly shown that muscle function will recover faster on the days after exercise if juice is provided for several days prior to exercise. Effects on soreness or systemic inflammation are more equivocal. The available evidence does not support a regimen that begins on the day of exercise or post‐exercise. Tart cherry powder did not enhance any metric of recovery on the days after exercise. In conclusion, the term recovery implies an intervention that is introduced after an exercise insult. The term “precovery” may be preferable to describe interventions that should be introduced on the days prior to exercise to facilitate recovery on the days after exercise. The evidence supports cherry juice as a precovery intervention across a range of athletic activities.
Reassessing Gender Differences in COVID‐19 Risk Perception and Behavior
Authors: Ferrín Mónica
Published: February 2022

Objective

This article reassesses the gender differences in COVID‐19 attitudes and behavior found in previous studies by examining to what extent the gender gap in the adoption of COVID‐19 preventive behaviors is dependent on women's and men's perceptions of risk.

Methods

The data utilized in this study were obtained from the “Understanding America Study Coronavirus in America (‘COVID’) Survey,” conducted by the Center for Economic and Social Research (CESR), at the University of Southern California.

Result

This study shows that women are more risk averse than men, but that the gender gap in risk behavior depends on the level of risk that is associated with COVID‐19.

Conclusion

Risk perception is a stronger driver of risk behavior for men than for women, who generally tend to adopt safe measures to protect themselves and others. Different messages should be delivered to women and men to increase compliance with norms.
A cluster of transcripts identifies a transition stage initiating leafy head growth in heading morphotypes of Brassica
Authors: Zhang Kang , Yang Yinqing , Wu Jian , Liang Jianli , Chen Shumin , Zhang Lei , Lv Honghao , Yin Xiaona , Zhang Xin , Zhang Yiyue , Zhang Lingkui , Zhang Yangyong , Freeling Michael , Wang Xiaowu , Cheng Feng
Published: February 2022

Leaf heading is an important and economically valuable horticultural trait in many vegetables. The formation of a leafy head is a specialized leaf morphogenesis characterized by the emergence of the enlarged incurving leaves. However, the transcriptional regulation mechanisms underlying the transition to leaf heading remain unclear. We carried out large‐scale time‐series transcriptome assays covering the major vegetative growth phases of two headingBrassica crops, Chinese cabbage and cabbage, with the non‐heading morphotype Taicai as the control. A regulatory transition stage that initiated the heading process is identified, accompanied by a developmental switch from rosette leaf to heading leaf in Chinese cabbages. This transition did not exist in the non‐heading control. Moreover, we reveal that the heading transition stage is also conserved in the cabbage clade. Chinese cabbage acquired through domestication a leafy head independently from the origins of heading in other cabbages; phylogenetics supports that the ancestor of all cabbages is non‐heading. The launch of the transition stage is closely associated with the ambient temperature. In addition, examination of the biological activities in the transition stage identified the ethylene pathway as particularly active, and we hypothesize that this pathway was targeted for selection for domestication to form the heading trait specifically in Chinese cabbage. In conclusion, our findings on the transcriptome transition that initiated the leaf heading in Chinese cabbage and cabbage provide a new perspective for future studies of leafy head crops.
Optoelectronic properties of transparent oxide semiconductor ASnO3 (A = Ba, Sr, and Ca) epitaxial films and thin film transistors
Authors: Sanchela Anup V. , Wei Mian , Cho Hai Jun , Ohta Hiromichi
Published: February 2022

The importance of transparent oxide semiconductors is growing immensely due to their unprecedented dual properties: high electrical conductivity and optical transparency. They have been widely used in many transparent electronics devices due to their excellent electronic properties. In this Review, we discuss our recent research progresses on transparent ASnO3 (A = Ba, Sr, and Ca)-based thin films and thin film transistors (TFT). Here, we have explored the underlying materials physics through the investigation of fundamental properties such as effective mass, effective channel thickness, carrier mobility, electrical characteristics, and optical properties. High Hall mobility and wide bandgap are the key deciding parameters to consider when choosing ASnO3 for transparent electronic applications. Thus, carrier mobility improvisation was also carried out via modifying thin film preparation conditions such as using the highly oxidative atmosphere, vacuum annealing, and increasing the film thickness. Furthermore, we clarified the operating mechanism of BaSnO3-SrSnO3 solid solution-based TFTs and succeeded in fabricating the deep-UV La-doped SrSnO3 TFTs, which has great potential in biological applications. We have also demonstrated that the optoelectronic properties ASnO3 may be controlled by changing the A-site, which is consistent with expectations from the lattice parameter changes. This Review provides better options for designing ASnO3-based transparent devices in future.
Interpreting the interphase gap effect on the electrically evoked compound action potential
Authors: Yuan Yi , Skidmore Jeffrey , He Shuman
Published: February 2022

This study demonstrated the effects of using different quantification methods and parameter scales on the sensitivity of the electrically evoked compound action potential (eCAP) to changes in the interphase gap (IPG). The IPG effect measured in two groups of cochlear implant (CI) users with different cochlear nerve (CN) health on seven eCAP measures was quantified using an absolute and a proportional difference method. The IPG effect provides an indicator for the functional status of the CN in human CI users. Specifying how the IPG effect is quantified is critical for accurate result interpretation.
Microcrack localization based on static component induced by a primary A0 Lamb wave in a thin plate
Authors: Wang Jishuo , Xu Caibin , Hu Ning , Deng Mingxi
Published: February 2022

A microcrack localization method based on a static component (SC) induced by a primary A0 Lamb wave is proposed. Based on the bilinear stress–strain constitutive model, a two-dimensional finite element model is built to investigate the interaction between microcracks and Lamb waves. The A0 Lamb wave at low frequency is selected to be the primary Lamb wave, which is beneficial to microcracks localization. Based on the time of flight of the generated SC pulse, an indicator named normalized amplitude index is defined for finding the location and number of microcracks. Simulation results show that one or multiple microcracks can be effectively located.
Optimizing Social Media Engagement in Professional Sport: A 3-Year Examination of Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter Posts
Authors: Naraine Michael L. , Bakhsh Jordan T.
Published: February 2022

Although social media has gained significant notoriety, there remains a “missing link” in examining engagement in the sport context. While the why, what, and whom have been explored, the where and when have received considerably less uptake. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to examine social media engagement for professional sports teams to determine optimal when and where points of user engagement, and the relationship between impressions and engagement. Over two billion data points from 108,124 Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter posts were collected from four professional sports teams between 2017 and 2019. Findings from a regression analysis indicate that both when and where variables significantly predicted impression, and findings from the correlation analysis indicate that impression and engagement are nearly identical. These findings show fan engagement in the context of professional sport teams, prompting scholars to consider the impacts of time and platform, and encourage practitioners to rethink posting on Twitter, the least engaging of the Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter platforms.
The ESPNification of Football Bowl Subdivision College Football: The Adoption of an Integrated Marketing Communication Televisuality in Football Bowl Subdivision Bowl Game Broadcasts
Authors: Corr Chris , Southall Crystal , Southall Richard M.
Published: February 2022

Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) bowl games represent a final opportunity for teams to showcase themselves in front of a national television audience.Capital One Bowl Mania, as branded by the broadcast network ESPN, is a signature event of college football, and the College Football Playoff national championship marks the end of the FBS season. During the 2019–2020 FBS postseason, ESPN owned the broadcast rights to 36 of the 41 FBS bowl games. Controlling nearly 90% of FBS bowl games, ESPN controls therepresentationof almost every broadcast bowl game. Informed by extant research on the now defunct Bowl Championship Series, this study looks for evidence of a hypercommercial media logic in the institutional field of FBS bowl games. Using a mixed-method approach, this paper investigates the reproduction of a sample of 18 FBS bowl game broadcasts and considers the extent to which the increased use of in-game graphics in broadcast production structures and practices reflects an hypercommercial media logic.
Interfacial charge transfer and persistent metallicity of ultrathin SrIrO
3
/SrRuO
3
heterostructures
Authors: Nelson Jocienne N. , Schreiber Nathaniel J. , Georgescu Alexandru B. , Goodge Berit H. , Faeth Brendan D. , Parzyck Christopher T. , Zeledon Cyrus , Kourkoutis Lena F. , Millis Andrew J. , Georges Antoine , Schlom Darrell G. , Shen Kyle M.
Published: February 2022

Interface quantum materials have yielded a plethora of previously unknown phenomena, including unconventional superconductivity, topological phases, and possible Majorana fermions. Typically, such states are detected at the interface between two insulating constituents by electrical transport, but whether either material is conducting, transport techniques become insensitive to interfacial properties. To overcome these limitations, we use angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy and molecular beam epitaxy to reveal the electronic structure, charge transfer, doping profile, and carrier effective masses in a layer-by-layer fashion for the interface between the Dirac nodal-line semimetal SrIrO
3
and the correlated metallic Weyl ferromagnet SrRuO
3
. We find that electrons are transferred from the SrIrO
3
to SrRuO
3
, with an estimated screening length of λ = 3.2 ± 0.1 Å. In addition, we find that metallicity is preserved even down to a single SrIrO
3
layer, where the dimensionality-driven metal-insulator transition typically observed in SrIrO
3
is avoided because of strong hybridization of the Ir and Ru
t

2
g

states.
A developmental reduction of the excitation:inhibition ratio in association cortex during adolescence
Authors: Larsen Bart , Cui Zaixu , Adebimpe Azeez , Pines Adam , Alexander-Bloch Aaron , Bertolero Max , Calkins Monica E. , Gur Raquel E. , Gur Ruben C. , Mahadevan Arun S. , Moore Tyler M. , Roalf David R. , Seidlitz Jakob , Sydnor Valerie J. , Wolf Daniel H. , Satterthwaite Theodore D.
Published: February 2022

Adolescence is hypothesized to be a critical period for the development of association cortex. A reduction of the excitation:inhibition (E:I) ratio is a hallmark of critical period development; however, it has been unclear how to assess the development of the E:I ratio using noninvasive neuroimaging techniques. Here, we used pharmacological fMRI with a GABAergic benzodiazepine challenge to empirically generate a model of E:I ratio based on multivariate patterns of functional connectivity. In an independent sample of 879 youth (ages 8 to 22 years), this model predicted reductions in the E:I ratio during adolescence, which were specific to association cortex and related to psychopathology. These findings support hypothesized shifts in E:I balance of association cortices during a neurodevelopmental critical period in adolescence.
Patterns of eukaryotic diversity from the surface to the deep-ocean sediment
Authors: Cordier Tristan , Angeles Inès Barrenechea , Henry Nicolas , Lejzerowicz Franck , Berney Cédric , Morard Raphaël , Brandt Angelika , Cambon-Bonavita Marie-Anne , Guidi Lionel , Lombard Fabien , Arbizu Pedro Martinez , Massana Ramon , Orejas Covadonga , Poulain Julie , Smith Craig R. , Wincker Patrick , Arnaud-Haond Sophie , Gooday Andrew J. , de Vargas Colomban , Pawlowski Jan
Published: February 2022

Remote deep-ocean sediment (DOS) ecosystems are among the least explored biomes on Earth. Genomic assessments of their biodiversity have failed to separate indigenous benthic organisms from sinking plankton. Here, we compare global-scale eukaryotic DNA metabarcoding datasets (18
S
-V9) from abyssal and lower bathyal surficial sediments and euphotic and aphotic ocean pelagic layers to distinguish plankton from benthic diversity in sediment material. Based on 1685 samples collected throughout the world ocean, we show that DOS diversity is at least threefold that in pelagic realms, with nearly two-thirds represented by abundant yet unknown eukaryotes. These benthic communities are spatially structured by ocean basins and particulate organic carbon (POC) flux from the upper ocean. Plankton DNA reaching the DOS originates from abundant species, with maximal deposition at high latitudes. Its seafloor DNA signature predicts variations in POC export from the surface and reveals previously overlooked taxa that may drive the biological carbon pump.
The CDK1-TOPBP1-PLK1 axis regulates the Bloom’s syndrome helicase BLM to suppress crossover recombination in somatic cells
Authors: Balbo Pogliano Chiara , Ceppi Ilaria , Giovannini Sara , Petroulaki Vasiliki , Palmer Nathan , Uliana Federico , Gatti Marco , Kasaciunaite Kristina , Freire Raimundo , Seidel Ralf , Altmeyer Matthias , Cejka Petr , Matos Joao
Published: February 2022

Bloom’s syndrome is caused by inactivation of the BLM helicase, which functions with TOP3A and RMI1-2 (BTR complex) to dissolve recombination intermediates and avoid somatic crossing-over. We show here that crossover avoidance by BTR further requires the activity of cyclin-dependent kinase-1 (CDK1), Polo-like kinase-1 (PLK1), and the DDR mediator protein TOPBP1, which act in the same pathway. Mechanistically, CDK1 phosphorylates BLM and TOPBP1 and promotes the interaction of both proteins with PLK1. This is amplified by the ability of TOPBP1 to facilitate phosphorylation of BLM at sites that stimulate both BLM-PLK1 and BLM-TOPBP1 binding, creating a positive feedback loop that drives rapid BLM phosphorylation at the G
2
-M transition. In vitro, BLM phosphorylation by CDK/PLK1/TOPBP1 stimulates the dissolution of topologically linked DNA intermediates by BLM-TOP3A. Thus, we propose that the CDK1-TOPBP1-PLK1 axis enhances BTR-mediated dissolution of recombination intermediates late in the cell cycle to suppress crossover recombination and curtail genomic instability.
The costs and benefits of primary prevention of zoonotic pandemics
Authors: Bernstein Aaron S. , Ando Amy W. , Loch-Temzelides Ted , Vale Mariana M. , Li Binbin V. , Li Hongying , Busch Jonah , Chapman Colin A. , Kinnaird Margaret , Nowak Katarzyna , Castro Marcia C. , Zambrana-Torrelio Carlos , Ahumada Jorge A. , Xiao Lingyun , Roehrdanz Patrick , Kaufman Les , Hannah Lee , Daszak Peter , Pimm Stuart L. , Dobson Andrew P.
Published: February 2022

The lives lost and economic costs of viral zoonotic pandemics have steadily increased over the past century. Prominent policymakers have promoted plans that argue the best ways to address future pandemic catastrophes should entail, “detecting and containing emerging zoonotic threats.” In other words, we should take actions only after humans get sick. We sharply disagree. Humans have extensive contact with wildlife known to harbor vast numbers of viruses, many of which have not yet spilled into humans. We compute the annualized damages from emerging viral zoonoses. We explore three practical actions to minimize the impact of future pandemics: better surveillance of pathogen spillover and development of global databases of virus genomics and serology, better management of wildlife trade, and substantial reduction of deforestation. We find that these primary pandemic prevention actions cost less than 1/20th the value of lives lost each year to emerging viral zoonoses and have substantial cobenefits.