bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Different Paths of Regional Integration: Trade Networks and Regional Institution‐Building in Europe, Southeast Asia and Southern Africa
Authors: Krapohl Sebastian , Fink Simon
Published: January 2013

This article argues that regional integration can follow three different developmental paths, depending on the centrality of external economic actors and economic asymmetries in regional trade networks. The first path causes intra‐regional interdependence, the second path reinforces dependence on extra‐regional actors, and the third path reinforces asymmetries in the region. The article illustrates this argument using diachronic network visualization of trade networks in three world regions. The European Union (EU) corresponds to the first path, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to the second and the Southern African Development Community (SADC) to the third. The theoretical argument and empirical analysis in the article demonstrate how regional organizations get locked into these developmental paths, and how regional integration reinforces rather than changes existing economic structures.
Fluorescence diagnosis and photodynamic therapy for Bowen’s disease treatment
Authors: Truchuelo M.T. , Pérez B. , Fernández‐Guarino M. , Moreno C. , Jaén‐Olasolo P.
Published: January 2013

Introduction  It has already been demonstrated the high efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for Bowen’s disease (BD) treatment. Fluorescence diagnosis consists on registration of the fluorescence emitted by tissue after application of a photosensitizer, indicating presence of tumoral cells. It has been described as a useful tool for actinic keratosis. Different results have been published about fluorescence diagnosis for basal cell carcinomas. Very few reports about the role of fluorescence diagnosis for this entity exist and this is the first one which correlates the fluorescence image after PDT with the histopathological response.

Objectives  To assess the role of fluorescence diagnosis during BD follow‐up.

Methods  We carried out an observational, retrospective and descriptive study. A total of 29 BD biopsy proven lesions were included. All the lesions had been treated with the standard protocol (Topical methyl‐ aminolaevulinic acid under occlusion for 3 hours and followed by illumination with red‐light (630 nm, 38J/cm2, 7.5 minutes. Two sessions one week apart). Clinical and fluorescence photographs were taken before treatment and one month after the 2nd one. At that moment a post‐treatment biopsy was performed. Clinical response was classified as partial, complete or no response. Fluorescence response was classified as negative, intermediate or intense. The follow‐up period and the adverse events observed including pain were also collected.

Results  We found statistical association between fluorescence and the clinical and histopathological evaluations performed after treatment. Fluorescence diagnosis obtained a 100% sensitivity (higher than clinical evaluation alone) and a specificity of 85.7% (CI: 70.8‐100).

Conclusions  Fluorescence diagnosis seems a valid diagnostic tool, useful during the follow up of Bowen disease lesions with the advantage of avoiding unnecessary post‐treatment biopsies.
Dermoscopic yellow structures in basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Bellucci C. , Arginelli F. , Bassoli S. , Magnoni C. , Seidenari S.
Published: January 2013

Background

Yellowish structures in dermoscopy comprise milia‐like cysts (MLCs) and yellow lobular‐like structures.

Objective

This study aimed at establishing the frequency of these features in BCC and at describing their dermoscopic details.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of digital dermoscopic images referring to 400 BCCs was performed. Images were evaluated for the presence of starry and cloudy MLCs and yellow lobular‐like structures.

Results

Among the 400 BCCs constituting our database, 40 presented yellowish structures (10%). “Yellow” BCCs were located more frequently on the head and were mainly of the nodular type. MLCs were observed in 7.75% of the cases (with a mean number of 4.9 MLCs per lesion), whereas yellow globules were noticed in 4.2% /ucodep of the lesions.

Conclusion

In the presence of BCC specific dermoscopic criteria, the observation of MLCs and yellow lobular‐like structures should not prompt the dermatologist to exclude the diagnosis of BCC.
Judicial Impartiality, Campaign Contributions, and Recusals: Results from a National Survey
Authors: Gibson James L. , Caldeira Gregory A.
Published: January 2013

Legal scholars have of late become quite worried about how citizens form their impressions of the fairness of courts. This concern reflects the changing environments of courts, especially elected state courts, and what might generally be termed the politicization of the judiciary. The purpose of this article is to assess the effectiveness of judicial recusals at rehabilitating a court/judge tainted by perceived conflicts of interest associated with campaign activities by litigants. Based on an experimental design embedded in a nationally representative sample, our data first confirm that direct campaign contributions undermine perceptions of fairness; but, unexpectedly, so, too, does independent support for the candidate. Most important, recusal does indeed restore some perceived fairness; unfortunately, the repair to public perceptions is not to the level enjoyed when no conflict of interest exists. In a post‐Citizens United world, these findings therefore point to significant threats to the legitimacy of elected state courts.
Multiple Components are Integrated to Determine Leaf Complexity in Lotus japonicus
Authors: Wang Zhenhua , Chen Jianghua , Weng Lin , Li Xin , Cao Xianglin , Hu Xiaohe , Luo Da , Yang Jun
Published: January 2013

Transcription factors and phytohormones have been reported to play crucial roles to regulate leaf complexity among plant species. Using the compound‐leafed species Lotus japonicus, a model legume plant with five visible leaflets, we characterized four independent mutants with reduced leaf complexity, proliferating floral meristem (pfm), proliferating floral organ‐2 (pfo‐2), fused leaflets1 (ful1) and umbrella leaflets (uml), which were further identified as loss‐of‐function mutants of Arabidopsis orthologs LEAFY (LFY), UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS (UFO), CUP‐SHAPED COTYLEDON 2 (CUC2) and PIN‐FORMED 1 (PIN1), respectively. Comparing the leaf development of wild‐type and mutants by a scanning electron microscopy approach, leaflet initiation and/or dissection were found to be affected in these mutants. Expression and phenotype analysis indicated that PFM/LjLFY and PFO/LjUFO determined the basipetal leaflet initiation manner in L. japonicus. Genetic analysis of ful1 and uml mutants and their double mutants revealed that the CUC2‐like gene and auxin pathway also participated in leaflet dissection in L. japonicus, and their functions might influence cytokinin biogenesis directly or indirectly. Our results here suggest that multiple genes were interplayed and played conserved functions in controlling leaf complexity during compound leaf development in L. japonicus.
Body mass index of adults with intellectual disability participating in Special Olympics by world region
Authors: Temple V. A. , Foley J. T. , Lloyd M.
Published: January 2013

Background

People with intellectual disability (ID) experience poorer health and have more unmet health needs compared with people without ID, and they are often absent from population health surveillance. The aim of this study was to describe the body mass index (BMI) status of adult Special Olympics participants by world region and gender. Additionally, the general influence of age and gender on overweight/obesity of all participants was explored.

Method

A total of 11 643 (7150 male and 4493 female) Special Olympics BMI records were available from the Special Olympics International Health Promotion database. BMI was compared by gender and world region. Logistic regression was used to examine whether age and gender were associated with the likelihood of being overweight/obese (BMI ≥ 25.0).

Results

Overall, 5.5% of the sample was underweight, 36.1% in the normal range, 24.7% overweight and 32.1% obese, and levels of overweight/obesity were very high in North America. Both age and gender were significant predictors of overweight/obesity (odds ratios 1.06 and 0.59, respectively).

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that adult Special Olympics participants have high levels of overweight and obesity; particularly among women and those from North America. It is crucial that those who work with, care for, coach and live with adults with ID who participate in Special Olympics increase efforts to promote healthy weight status.
A systematic review of interventions for homeless women
Authors: Speirs Vivienne , Johnson Maree , Jirojwong Sansnee
Published: January 2013

Aims and objectives

The aim of this research is to undertake a systematic review of the existing literature to determine effective physical and psychosocial interventions for homeless women.

Background

Homelessness is an increasing problem worldwide. Homelessness results in considerable risk to the health and social and psychological well‐being of those without permanent shelter. Community nurses require effective interventions to assist homeless women to improve their health; however, little is known about effective interventions for this unique group.

Methods

A search of several databases was conducted. Seven hundred and fifteen papers were initially identified, with only six studies meeting the inclusion criteria.

Results

The methodologies included the following: randomised controlled trials (2), quasi‐experimental (3) and a comparative study (1). Due to the diversity of the designs, measurement tools, interventions and outcomes of these studies, narrative synthesis was used to appraise their effectiveness. Study interventions such as structured education and support sessions (with and without advocates or support persons) and therapeutic communities reduced psychological distress and healthcare use, improved self‐esteem, reduced drug and alcohol use within some limitations.

Conclusions

The aspects of the effective interventions could form the basis of community nursing programmes for our communities. Further research is required to ensure that homeless women and their children receive effective nursing interventions.

Revelance to clinical practice

Community nursing can develop and trial programmes for homeless women including content within group sessions, counselling or advocacy within or without a therapeutic community, as presented in this review.
Effects of interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α on macrophage inflammatory protein‐3α production in synovial fibroblast‐like cells from human temporomandibular joints
Authors: Akutsu Miwa , Ogura Naomi , Ito Ko , Kawashima Mutsumi , Kishida Tsuyoshi , Kondoh Toshirou
Published: January 2013

Background

Interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) are key mediators of the intracapsular pathological conditions of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ). Therefore, the gene expression profiles in synovial fibroblast‐like cells (SFCs) from patients with internal derangement of the TMJ were examined after they were stimulated with IL‐1β or TNF‐α to determine which genes were altered.

Methods

Ribonucleic acid was isolated from SFCs after IL‐1β or TNF‐α treatment. Gene expression profiling was performed using oligonucleotide microarray analysis. On the basis of the results of this assay, we investigated the kinetics of macrophage inflammatory protein‐3α (MIP‐3α) gene expression using PCR, and protein production in TMJ SFCs stimulated by IL‐1β or TNF‐α using an ELISA. Inhibition experiments were performed with MAPK and NFκB inhibitors. SFCs were stimulated with IL‐1β or TNF‐α after treatment with inhibitors. The MIP‐3α levels were measured using an ELISA.

Results

Macrophage inflammatory protein‐3α was the gene most upregulated by IL‐1β‐ or TNF‐α stimulation. The mRNA and protein levels of MIP‐3α increased in response to IL‐1β in a time‐dependent manner. In contrast, during TNF‐α stimulation, the MIP‐3α mRNA levels peaked at 4 h, and the protein levels peaked at 8 h. In addition, the IL‐1β‐ and TNF‐α‐stimulated MIP‐3α production was potently reduced by the MAPK and NFκB signaling pathway inhibitors.

Conclusion

Interleukin‐1β and TNF‐α increased the MIP‐3α production in SFCs via the MAPK and NFκB pathways. These results suggest that the production of MIP‐3α from stimulation with IL‐1β or TNF‐α is one factor associated with the inflammatory progression of the internal derangement of the TMJ.
Assessing the Impact of Pilot School Snack Programs on Milk and Alternatives Intake in 2 Remote First Nation Communities in Northern Ontario, Canada
Authors: Gates Michelle , Hanning Rhona M. , Gates Allison , McCarthy Daniel D. , Tsuji Leonard J. S.
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND

Canadian Aboriginal youth have poorer diet quality and higher rates of overweight and obesity than the general population. This research aimed to assess the impact of simple food provision programs on the intakes of milk and alternatives among youth in Kashechewan and Attawapiskat First Nations (FNs), Ontario, Canada.

METHODS

A pilot school snack program was initiated in Kashechewan in May 2009 including coordinator training and grant writing support. A supplementary milk and alternatives program was initiated in Attawapiskat in February 2010. Changes in dietary intake were assessed using Web‐based 24‐hour dietary recalls in grade 6 to 8 students, pre‐ and 1‐week post‐program, with a 1‐year follow‐up in Kashechewan. Student impressions were collected after 1 week using open‐ended questions in the Web survey. Teacher and administrator impressions were collected via focus groups after 1 year in Kashechewan.

RESULTS

After 1 week, calcium intake increased in Kashechewan (805.9 ± 552.0 to 1027.6 ± 603.7 mg, p = .044); however, improvements were not sustained at 1 year; milk and alternatives (1.7 ± 1.7 servings to 2.1 ± 1.4 servings, p = .034) and vitamin D (2.5 ± 2.6 to 3.5 ± 3.4 µg, p = .022) intakes increased in Attawapiskat. Impressions of the programs were positive, though limited resources, staff, facilities, and funding were barriers to sustaining the consistent snack provision of the 1‐week pilot phase.

CONCLUSION

These illustrations show the potential of snack programs to address the low intakes of milk and alternatives among youth in remote FNs. Community‐level constraints must be addressed for sustained program benefits.
Presence of Medical Home and School Attendance: An Analysis of the 2005‐2006 National Survey of Children With Special Healthcare Needs
Authors: Willits Kathryn A. , Troutman‐Jordan Meredith L. , Nies Mary A. , Racine Elizabeth F. , Platonova Elena , Harris Henry L.
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND

Children with special healthcare needs (CSHCN) tend to miss more school because of illness. Medical homes are a model of primary health care that coordinate services to better meet the needs of the child. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between presence of medical home and missed school days among CSHCN.

METHODS

A secondary analysis of cross‐sectional data from the 2005 National Survey of Children With Special Healthcare Needs (NS‐CSHCN) was conducted. Multivariate ordinal logistic regression was done to analyze the relationship between presence of a medical home and number of missed school days.

RESULTS

The presence of a medical home among CSHCN was associated with being in the highest category of missed school days. The adjusted odds ratios for the number of missed school days, after adjustment for poverty, metropolitan statistical area status, education in the household, age, race and ethnicity, demonstrated that access to a medical home does not decrease school absences.

CONCLUSION

Although the data did not support the hypothesis that CSHCN with a medical home would have fewer missed school days due to illness, this study does evoke future research questions, such as what is the relationship between parental perception of child health status with number of missed school days and how adequate is the communication between families and healthcare providers in the medical home.
An Objective Assessment of Children's Physical Activity During the Keep It Moving! After‐School Program
Authors: Schuna Jr John M. , Lauersdorf Rebekah L. , Behrens Timothy K. , Liguori Gary , Liebert Mina L.
Published: January 2013

BACKGROUND

After‐school programs may provide valuable opportunities for children to accumulate healthful physical activity (PA). This study assessed the PA of third‐, fourth‐, and fifth‐grade children in the Keep It Moving! (KIM) after‐school PA program, which was implemented in an ethnically diverse and low socioeconomic status school district in Colorado Springs, Colorado.

METHODS

The PA of KIM participating children (N = 116) at 4 elementary schools was objectively assessed using ActiGraph accelerometers and the System for Observing Fitness Instruction Time (SOFIT). Linear mixed‐effects models or generalized linear mixed‐effects models were used to compare time spent in sedentary (SED) behaviors, light PA (LPA), moderate PA (MPA), vigorous PA (VPA), and moderate‐to‐vigorous PA (MVPA) between genders and weight status classifications during KIM sessions.

RESULTS

Children accumulated 7.6 minutes of SED time, 26.9 minutes of LPA, and 22.2 minutes of MVPA during KIM sessions. Boys accumulated less SED time (p < .05) and LPA (p = .04) than girls, but accumulated more MPA (p = .04), VPA (p = .03), and MVPA (p = .03). Overweight/obese children accumulated more LPA (p = .04) and less VPA (p < .05) than nonoverweight children. SOFIT data indicated that children spent a considerable proportion of KIM sessions being very active (12.4%), walking (36.0%), or standing (40.3%).

CONCLUSION

The KIM program provides opportunities for disadvantaged children to accumulate substantial amounts of MVPA (>20 minutes per session) in an effort to meet current PA guidelines.
Prevalence of habitual snoring and its correlates in young children across the Asia Pacific
Authors: Li Albert M , Sadeh Avi , Au Chun T , Goh Daniel YT , Mindell Jodi A
Published: January 2013

Aims

To evaluate: (i) the prevalence of habitual snoring (HS) in a large sample of children aged from birth to 36 months in 14 countries across Asia Pacific; and (ii) the different correlates associated with HS in Caucasians, Chinese and non‐Chinese, non‐Caucasian Asians.

Methods

This was a multi‐centre, cross‐sectional survey conducted across Asia Pacific. Parents/caregivers of 23 481 infants and toddlers completed an expanded version of the Brief Infant Sleep Questionnaire. We defined HS as snoring more than three nights per week.

Results

Chinese and non‐Caucasian non‐Chinese (NCNC) children had a lower prevalence of HS across the age range from birth to 3 years than their Caucasian counterparts (6.2% and 5.1% vs. 11%, P < 0.01). Boys had a higher prevalence of HS compared to girls (χ2 = 98.5, P < 0.0001). History of prematurity (OR = 1.37–1.56, CI (1.1–2.17), P < 0.01) and gender (OR = 1.53–1.54, CI (1.26–1.85), P < 0.0001) were found to be significant predictors for HS. Current breastfeeding (OR = 0.69, CI (0.54–0.88), P < 0.005) and greater parental age (OR = 0.86, CI (0.78–0.96), P < 0.01) were protective against HS among NCNC children. HS was less prevalent in younger Chinese subjects (OR = 0.88, CI (0.84–0.93), P < 0.0001). In Caucasians, parents' education (OR = 0.78, CI (0.67–0.91), P < 0.005) and their not sleeping in the same room as their child (OR = 0.62, CI (0.45–0.86), P < 0.005) were negatively associated with parental report of HS.

Conclusions

Prevalence of HS shows racial differences among countries across Asia Pacific. Future studies should assess craniofacial structure and body fat distribution as contributory factors for this differential prevalence.
Posterior urethral valves: Determinants of outcome in a developing country
Authors: Okafor Henrietta U , Ekenze Sebastian O , Uwaezuoke Samuel N
Published: January 2013

Aim

This study aims to evaluate posterior urethral valve (PUV) in a developing country with focus on the profile of the disease, determinants of outcome and the challenges of management.

Methods

Analysis of data collected prospectively from 31 patients managed for PUV at the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital, Enugu from January 2008 to December 2009.

Results

The median age at presentation was 2.5 years (range 2 weeks–15 years). Only two (6.5%) had pre‐natal diagnosis. Twenty‐six (83.9%) had one or more complications of the disease at presentation. The mean estimated glomerular filtration rate was 39.5 mL/min/1.73 m2 (range 4.4–116.0). There was hydronephrosis involving 50 renal units, and vesicoureteral reflux involving 22 renal units. Eight cases required upper tract diversion and four required dialysis prior to definitive catheter ablation. After average follow‐up of 12.6 months (range 3–22 months), 18 (58.1%) cases had clinical and radiological improvement, 9 (29%) had persisting poor renal function and 4 (12.9%) died from acute renal failure and end‐stage renal disease. Associated pulmonary hypoplasia in neonates, presentation at adolescent age, bilateral vesicoureteral reflux and estimated glomerular filtration rate <10.0 at presentation adversely affected outcome. Delayed diagnosis, dearth of facilities and resource deficiency remain a challenge.

Conclusion

Significant cases of PUV present late with complications in our setting and have high morbidity and mortality. The poor outcome may be related to delayed diagnosis, poor renal function at presentation and poor renal support. Improving time to diagnosis and renal support may lead to better outcome.
Preparation and Characterization of a Monoclonal Antibody to Prunus necrotic ringspot virus
Authors: Shang Han‐Wu , Zhu Liang‐Jun , Zhao Wei‐Chun , Xu Dan , Wang Yi‐Fei
Published: January 2013

A cell line named PVRSV1D11 secreting monoclonal antibody (McAb) against the prokaryotically expressed coat protein (CP) of Prunus necrotic ringspot virus (PNRSV) was developed using hybridoma technology including animal immunization, cell fusion, cell line culture and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)‐based for screening. The specificity, titre and detection sensitivity of the McAb were determined by indirect ELISA to establish optimal conditions. The antibody reacted strongly with PNRSV and showed no cross‐reactions with the proteins of Plum pox virus, Prunus dwarf virus, Apple stem pitting virus, Apple stem grooving virus, Apple mosaic virus or Apple chlorotic leafspot virus. The ascites developed with PNRSV1D11 cell line showed high absorbance until it was diluted to over 6.6 × 107 fold. The McAb belonged to IgG2a isotype and was diluted by 1.28 × 105 folds as an optimal detection concentration. The detection sensitivity of the monoclonal antibody was 11.7 ng/ml protein of PNRSV. The results indicated that the McAb against the CP of PNRSV is suitable for PNRSV detection in the plants and for monitoring the dynamics of the virus by using indirect ELISA.
Evaluation of the Use of Ammonium Bicarbonate and Oregano (Origanum vulgare ssp. hirtum) Extract on the Control of Apple Scab
Authors: Arslan Umit , Ilhan Kadir , Karabulut Ozgur Akgun
Published: January 2013

In vitro experiments showed that ammonium bicarbonate and aqueous extracts of oregano were effective in inhibiting conidia germination and germ‐tube elongation of Venturia inaequalis. Complete inhibition was achieved by 1% ammonium bicarbonate, 2% oregano extract and 0.01% synthetic fungicide difenoconazole. Two orchard experiments were conducted on the highly susceptible cv. Mutsu to apple scab to investigate the efficacy of ammonium bicarbonate alone or in combination with an aqueous extract of oregano for the control of apple scab. In 2008 and 2009, except for the applications of 1% aqueous extract of oregano, the applications of ammonium bicarbonate (0.5 and 1%) and difenoconazole (0.01%) to trees at 10‐day intervals significantly reduced disease incidence and severity on leaves and fruit compared to the water‐treated control. In both years, the efficacy of 0.5 and 1% ammonium bicarbonate in inhibiting both disease incidence and severity on leaves and fruit was equally effective in all monthly assessments from June to September. Combining 0.5 and 1% ammonium bicarbonate with 1% aqueous extract of oregano did not significantly improve the efficacy of stand‐alone applications of treatments in the final assessment in 2008 and 2009. All treatments were neither phytotoxic to leaves and fruit nor did they adversely affect quality parameters of fruit including physiological disorders and taste both at harvest and after storage. These results indicate that ammonium bicarbonate treatment may be applied as an alternative chemical for the control of apple scab.
Influence of simethicone and alverine on stress-induced alterations of colonic permeability and sensitivity in rats: beneficial effect of their association
Authors: Bueno Lionel , Beaufrand Catherine , Theodorou Vassilia , Andro-Delestrain Marie-Christine
Published: January 2013

Objectives

Alverine, an antispasmodic agent for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), may be combined with simethicone, a protective agent of the mucosa. Stress is a major factor triggering abdominal pain in IBS and causing hypersensitivity to colonic distension in animals through an increased colonic permeability. The antinociceptive effects of alverine and simethicone, separately or in association, were evaluated on stress-induced colonic hypersensitivity to distension in rats. The influence of simethicone on altered permeability was also tested.

Methods

Groups of 8–10 female adult Wistar rats (200–250 g) housed individually were used. Gut paracellular permeability was evaluated after 2 h of partial restraint stress using oral gavage with 51Cr-EDTA and 24 h of urine collection. The number of abdominal cramps during colonic distension was evaluated in animals equipped with electrodes on their abdominal striated muscles.

Key Findings

At 200 mg/kg p.o. twice a day, but not at lower doses, simethicone reduced stress-induced increase of colonic permeability and hypersensitivity to distension. Administered alone at 10 mg/kg p.o., alverine also reduced stress-induced hypersensitivity to distension; lower doses were inactive. However, alverine administered at an inactive dose with simethicone suppressed stress-induced hypersensitivity to distension.

Conclusions

We conclude that both simethicone and alverine have visceral antinociceptive effects by two different mechanisms and that simethicone exerts a potentiating effect on the antinociceptive action of alverine.
Expression of β‐Adrenoceptor Subtypes in Urothelium, Interstitial Cells and Detrusor of the Human Urinary Bladder
Authors: OTSUKA Atsushi , KAWASAKI Hideya , MATSUMOTO Rikiya , SHINBO Hitoshi , KURITA Yutaka , IWASHITA Toshihide , OZONO Seiichiro
Published: January 2013

Objective: We examined whether interstitial cells (ICs) of the human urinary bladder expressed β‐adrenoceptor (AR) subtypes, and semiquantitatively compared the staining intensity among urothelium, ICs and detrusor muscles.

Methods: Paraffin sections of the human urinary bladder were obtained from histologically normal areas of formalin‐fixed specimens removed for bladder carcinoma. Double‐labeling immunohistochemical methods using antibodies against each β‐AR subtype and vimentin were performed to identify ICs of the human urinary bladder. The staining intensity of β‐ARs was semiquantitatively compared among urothelium, ICs and detrusor muscles. Further, gender‐related difference or age‐related correlation in the staining intensity of β‐ARs was compared in the same cell types.

Results: The expression of β1‐, β2‐, and β3‐AR was observed in vimentin‐positive ICs localized in suburothelium, between detrusor muscle bundles, and within these bundles of the human urinary bladder. The rank order of the staining intensity was urothelium > ICs = detrusor muscles in β1‐AR, urothelium > ICs > detrusor muscles in β2‐AR, whereas its order was ICs = detrusor muscles > urothelium in β3‐AR. Except for urothelial β1‐AR, there was no gender‐related difference in the signal intensity of β‐ARs in the urothelium, ICs or detrusor muscles. Age negatively correlated with the signal intensity of all β‐AR subtypes.

Conclusion:β‐ARs were expressed in vimentin‐positive ICs of the human urinary bladder. As for β2‐ and β3‐AR, there was no gender‐related difference or age‐related correlation in urothelium, ICs and detrusor muscles. In the human urinary bladder, β‐ARs expressed in ICs may play a role in bladder physiology.
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Male Urinary Incontinence: Results of a Korean Population‐Based Study
Authors: CHANG Sounghoon , KIM Hyeongsu , PARK Hyoung Keun , KIM Hyeong Gon , PALMER Mary H. , CHOI Heejung
Published: January 2013

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of and risk factors for urinary incontinence (UI) in Korean men.

Methods: This epidemiologic survey adopted a two‐stage systematic sampling method. A total of 5831 men participated in this survey. Face‐to‐face interviews were used to collect data. Age, mobility, self‐care ability, comorbidities and smoking were included as potential risk factors. The type of UI was assessed with the Urogenital Distress Inventory‐6 questionnaire. To provide representative population prevalence estimates, the sample population was weighted by age.

Results: The age‐adjusted prevalence of Korean male UI was 5.5%. Urgency urinary incontinence was the most prevalent incontinence type. Men aged 65 years and older had a rate of UI eight times that of men aged 19–44 years. Men with problems in mobility or self‐care had an OR of 2.3 and 1.7, respectively.

Conclusion: The age‐adjusted prevalence of UI in community‐dwelling Korean men was 5.5%, which is lower than that of Korean women and higher than previously reported prevalence of Korean male incontinence. Age, immobility, and self‐care ability were risk factors for male UI.
Ethnic differences in creatinine kinetics in a New Zealand end‐stage kidney disease cohort
Authors: Sun Tina Y‐T , Lee Katie E , Kendrick‐Jones Jamie C , Marshall Mark R
Published: January 2013

Background

Recent data have suggested that glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is better predicted in New Zealand (NZ) Māori and Pacific People using the equations for Black people that predict higher GFR for any given serum creatinine. We hypothesized that this might be due to a higher rate of creatinine generation in NZ Māori and Pacific People.

Aim

To compare creatinine kinetics between different ethnic groups in a cohort of NZ peritoneal dialysis patients.

Methods

In this retrospective single‐centre observational study, creatinine kinetics in 181 patients were determined from timed serum samples, peritoneal dialysate and urine collections between 1 October 2004 and 31 July 2011. Ethnicity was classified as Asian, NZ European, NZ Māori and Pacific People.

Results

A total of 799 samples from 181 patients were analysed: 194 in Asians, 127 in NZ Europeans, 268 in NZ Māori, 207 in Pacific People. Pacific People had the highest serum creatinine and lean body mass, and the highest creatinine generation rate at 1349 mg/day, compared with 1049 for Asians, 1186 for NZ Europeans and 1094 for NZ Māori (P = 0.0001). After adjustment for confounding factors, Pacific People had a greater creatinine generation by 140 mg/day compared with NZ Europeans (P = 0.047).

Conclusion

Pacific People on peritoneal dialysis in NZ have higher serum creatinine, lean body mass and creatinine generation than other ethnic groups. This is consistent with previous observations that equations for predicting GFR in Black people may have increased accuracy in some Australasian non‐White non‐Asian populations.
Predictors of response to individual and group cognitive behaviour therapy of social phobia
Authors: Mörtberg Ewa , Andersson Gerhard
Published: January 2013

Objectives

Increased knowledge of factors that predict treatment outcome is important for planning and individualizing of treatment. This study analysed predictors of response to individual cognitive therapy (ICT), and intensive (3‐week) group cognitive treatment (IGCT) for social phobia.

Method

Participants (n = 54) met diagnostic criteria for social phobia within a randomized controlled trial. Predictors assessed were fear of negative evaluation, anticipatory worry, self‐directedness (SD) and cluster C personality disorder. Results were analysed by means of multiple regression analyses with both groups combined, and for each of the treatment groups.

Results

Anticipatory worry, an aspect of a harm‐avoidance personality trait, was the strongest negative predictor of outcome in ICT and IGCT both at post‐treatment and 1‐year follow‐up. Whereas low SD, signs of cluster C personality disorder and fear of negative evaluation were negative predictors of post‐treatment outcome in ICT, the corresponding pattern of results was not to be found in IGCT.

Conclusions

Anticipatory worry appears to be a particularly important trait for explaining variance in the outcome of social phobia. The finding is consistent with the assumed stability of such personality traits over time. Further studies are warranted to replicate the finding.

Practitioner Points

Anticipatory worry, an aspect of a harm‐avoidance personality trait was a strong negative predictor of outcome in a randomized trial of ICT and IGCT.

The results imply that this area of processing needs to be more carefully attended to in treatment and possibly, specific techniques for dealing with rumination might be of specific relevance.
Lethal Netherton Syndrome Due to Homozygous p.Arg371X Mutation in SPINK5
Authors: Diociaiuti Andrea , Castiglia Daniele , Fortugno Paola , Bartuli Andrea , Pascucci Monica , Zambruno Giovanna , El Hachem May
Published: January 2013

Here we report a lethal case of Netherton syndrome presenting with neurologic complications, hypernatremic dehydration, failure to thrive, and episodes of sepsis. Molecular analysis of the serine protease inhibitor Kazal‐type 5 gene identified a homozygous mutation (c.1111C>T, p.Arg371X). This case highlights the importance of early diagnosis to start appropriate care in a timely fashion and prevent disease complications.
Cytokine concentrations and regulatory T cells in living donor and deceased donor liver transplant recipients
Authors: Briem‐Richter Andrea , Leuschner Alexander , Haag Friedrich , Grabhorn Enke , Ganschow Rainer
Published: January 2013

Outcomes of pediatric liver transplantation have constantly improved in the last decade. Living‐related liver transplantation does not seem to improve long‐term outcomes following liver transplantation, but few studies have evaluated immunological parameters of the alloimmune response after living vs. deceased donor organ transplantation. We analyzed numbers of regulatory T cells, lymphocyte subsets, and serum cytokine concentrations in 12 pediatric recipients of living‐related liver transplants and in 28 pediatric recipients of deceased donor organs during their annual follow‐ups. Transplant recipients who underwent living donor organ transplantation had significantly higher numbers of regulatory T cells and IL‐4 serum concentrations than recipients of deceased donor organs; both of these factors are associated with beneficial outcomes and transplantation tolerance. Living‐related liver transplantation may have potentially beneficial immunological aspects, although long‐term outcomes do not seem to be better in recipients of living donor organs than in recipients of deceased donor organs. Further studies are needed to compare immunological aspects of the two transplant procedures.
On Du Bois’ Notion of Double Consciousness
Authors: Kirkland Frank M.
Published: January 2013

The recent reception of Du Bois’ notion of “double consciousness” in the humanities has affirmed the notion as crucial and pivotal throughout his work. In contrast, its recent reception in the social sciences has tended to reject its centrality and importance. This essay will give general credence to the former position but, more importantly, show why a turn to Rousseau’s conception of amour‐propre may illuminate the importance of “double consciousness” in and for Du Bois’ 1903 work The Souls of Black Folk (SBF), despite the fact that he never elaborated on or embraced the notion in work subsequent to SBF’s publication.
Oppression, Privilege, & Aesthetics: The Use of the Aesthetic in Theories of Race, Gender, and Sexuality, and the Role of Race, Gender, and Sexuality in Philosophical Aesthetics
Authors: James Robin
Published: January 2013

Gender, race, and sexuality are not just identities; they are also systems of social organization – i.e., systems of privilege and oppression. This article addresses two main ways privilege and oppression (e.g., racism, misogyny, heteronormativity) are relevant topics in and for philosophical aesthetics: (i) the role of the aesthetic in privilege and oppression, and (ii) the role of philosophical aesthetics, as a discipline and a body of texts, in constructing and naturalizing relations of privilege and oppression (i.e., white heteropatriarchy). The first part addresses how systems of privilege and oppression use the aesthetic. I will discuss various ways race, gender, and sexuality, as both embodied identities and broader social institutions, work with and through “the aesthetic”. The second part addresses racism and (hetero) sexism in the discipline of aesthetics. Both in its history and its present practice aesthetics’apparentneutrality on questions of privilege and oppression is actually evidence of its investment in systems of privilege and oppression.
The Planning Theory of Law II: The Nature of Legal Norms
Authors: Plunkett David
Published: January 2013

This paper and its companion (“The Planning Theory of Law I: The Nature of Legal Institutions”) provide a general introduction to Scott Shapiro’s Planning Theory of Law as developed in his recent book Legality. The Planning Theory encompasses both an account of the nature of legal institutions and an account of the nature of legal norms. The first paper concerns the account of legal institutions. This paper concerns the account of legal norms.
The Planning Theory of Law I: The Nature of Legal Institutions1
Authors: Plunkett David
Published: January 2013

This paper and its companion (“The Planning Theory of Law II: The Nature of Legal Norms”) provide a general introduction to Scott Shapiro’s Planning Theory of Law as developed in his recent book Legality. The Planning Theory encompasses both an account of the nature of legal institutions and an account of the nature of legal norms. This first paper concerns the account of legal institutions. The second concerns the account of legal norms.
Effects of adult‐derived carbohydrates and amino acids on the reproduction ofPlutella xylostella
Authors: MARCHIORO CESAR A. , FOERSTER LUÍS A.
Published: January 2013

The use of floral resources to improve the efficiency of natural enemies has grown in recent years, although their effect on pest populations has been overlooked. To understand how access to food resources by adults ofPlutella xylostella(L.) (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) affects their reproduction, the effects of amino acids and carbohydrates (i.e. fructose, glucose and sucrose) on the longevity, lifetime fecundity, egg viability and population growth of this important pest of brassicas are evaluated. Carbohydrate intake increases longevity, oviposition period and lifetime fecundity ofP. xylostella. Oviposition period and fecundity are six‐fold higher in females that consumed carbohydrates. By contrast, amino acid intake by adults does not affect reproductive parameters, even when mixed with carbohydrates. The estimated demographic parameters indicate that the adult diet is important for pest population growth because the net reproductive rate and the intrinsic rate of increase are higher when females have access to carbohydrates. These results are important from both physiological and ecological points of view. The increasing use of flowering plants as a microhabitat and food source for natural enemies may also result in benefits for herbivorous insects, compromising any success in pest control.
The Ontology of Thisness
Authors: Diekemper Joseph
Published: January 2013

This paper seeks to give an account of what it is for an individual to instantiate thisness (i.e. primitive individual essence). Thisnesses are peculiar entities, and even those who endorse their existence and instantiation by objects/entities, have said very little about how an individual and its thisness are related. My approach will be to seek out a model for the instantiation of thisness by canvassing broadly Aristotelian accounts of the substance/attribute relation, and then by making appropriate modifications to the most likely candidates in order to accommodate an individual's instantiation of thisness. What will emerge is that the model with the most utility makes thisness redundant in the case of material substances. Nonetheless, I will suggest that a version of the model can be appropriately applied in the case of other individuals which might instantiate thisness: for example, events (where these are conceived as a fundamental category of ontology distinct from material substances).
Primary dural lymphoma: A novel concept of heterogeneous disease
Authors: Mneimneh Wadad Sami , Ashraf Muhammad Ameen , Li Li , El‐Kadi Osama , Qian Jiang , Nazeer Tipu , Hayner‐Buchan Alida
Published: January 2013

Spinal primary dural lymphoma (PDL) is uncommon with a total of 37 previous well‐documented cases reported, including one diagnosed in the authors' institution. More recently we encountered an additional case of spinal PDL that, similarly to our previous case, was grade 1–2 follicular B‐cell PDL. Our two cases were diagnosed over a 3‐year interval in a 72‐year‐old female and a 74‐year‐old male, respectively. An exhaustive literature review on PDL was performed consequently to reveal that: (i) spinal and cerebral sites of involvement by PDL are constantly mutually exclusive; and (ii) unlike cerebral PDL, which is usually of marginal zone B‐cell type, only two of the 38 cases of spinal PDL were diagnosed as such, diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma being the most commonly encountered type in the spine. This divergence infers that, in contrast to the prevailing concept that PDL is a unique disease group, PDL appears to be rather heterogeneous with a difference in predilection of lymphoma type for the anatomical site of dural involvement. Such a site‐specific lymphoma‐type predilection phenomenon, well‐recognized in other organ systems, has not been acknowledged in PDL. This report brings new insights into PDL, and may contribute to a better understanding of nervous system pathophysiology and lymphoma classification.
Unique mutation, accelerated mTOR signaling and angiogenesis in the pulmonary cysts of Birt‐Hogg‐Dubé syndrome
Authors: Nishii Teppei , Tanabe Mikiko , Tanaka Reiko , Matsuzawa Tetsuhiro , Okudela Koji , Nozawa Akinori , Nakatani Yukio , Furuya Mitsuko
Published: January 2013

Birt‐Hogg‐Dubé syndrome (BHD) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterized by fibrofolliculomas, renal tumors and pulmonary cysts with repeated pneumothorax. This disorder is caused by mutations in the gene that encodes folliculin (FLCN). FLCN is known to be involved in the signaling of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). We investigated the lung of a BHD patient who presented with a unique mutation. A 33‐year‐old woman visited our hospital due to repeated pneumothorax. Histopathologic study of the resected lung demonstrated multiple epithelial cysts. An increase of blood vessels was observed in the vicinity of subpleural cysts. Genomic DNA analysis revealed heterozygous mutation at the 3′ end of intron 5 of the FLCN gene. Total mRNA and protein were extracted from the resected lung tissue. RT‐PCR and sequence analysis demonstrated the production of exon 6‐skipped FLCN mRNA. In Western blotting, the band intensities of phospho‐mTOR, phospho‐S6, phospho‐Akt, hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF)‐1α and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were increased in the BHD lung compared with normal lungs. Histopathologic analysis demonstrated strong immunostainings of mTOR signaling molecules in cyst‐lining cells. Collective data indicates that dysregulation of mTOR signaling facilitates S6‐mediated protein synthesis and HIF‐1α‐mediated angiogenesis, which may contribute to the development of pulmonary cysts in this disorder.
Adjustments in epidermal UV‐transmittance of leaves in sun‐shade transitions
Authors: Barnes Paul W. , Kersting Anna R. , Flint Stephan D. , Beyschlag Wolfram , Ryel Ronald J.
Published: January 2013

Epidermal UV transmittance (TUV) and UV‐absorbing compounds were measured in sun and shade leaves of Populus tremuloides and Vicia faba exposed to contrasting light environments under field conditions to evaluate UV acclimation potentials and regulatory roles of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and UV in UV‐shielding. Within a natural canopy of P. tremuloides, TUV ranged from 4 to 98% and showed a strong nonlinear relationship with mid‐day horizontal fluxes of PAR [photon flux density (PFD) = 6–1830 µmol m−2 s−1]; similar patterns were found for V. faba leaves that developed under a comparable PFD range. A series of field transfer experiments using neutral‐density shade cloth and UV blocking/transmitting films indicated that PAR influenced TUV during leaf development to a greater degree than UV, and shade leaves of both species increased their UV‐shielding when exposed to full sun; however, this required the presence of UV, with both UV‐A and UV‐B required for full acclimation. TUV of sun leaves of both species was largely unresponsive to shade either with or without UV. In most, but not all cases, changes in TUV were associated with alterations in the concentration of whole‐leaf UV‐absorbing compounds. These results suggest that, (1) moderate‐to‐high levels of PAR alone during leaf development can induce substantial UV‐protection in field‐grown plants, (2) mature shade leaves have the potential to adjust their UV‐shielding which may reduce the detrimental effects of UV that could occur following sudden exposures to high light and (3) under field conditions, PAR and UV play different roles in regulating UV‐shielding during and after leaf development.
GROWTH OF RURAL US NON‐FARM PROPRIETORS WITH A FOCUS ON AMENITIES
Authors: Markeson Bjorn , Deller Steven
Published: January 2013

In this research we explore how local amenities relate to proprietorship growth by merging two lines of work: amenities and rural growth and the drivers of proprietorship and small business growth. We do so to examine what role, if any, different types of amenties play in promoting the growth of small businesses in rural USA. Using data for rural US counties we explore the role of natural and built amenities in the growth of rural non‐farm proprietorships between 2000 and 2008 by employing a spatial Durbin model to account for both spatial dependency in the data and to explicitly model spatial spillover effects. The results offer evidence that proprietorship growth is spatially clustered, spatial spillover effects matter, and proprietorship growth is higher in those areas with particular climate attributes. That is, the effect of climate on quality of life may be enough to attract individuals who wish to start new firms.