bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing and Developing Theory in Drug Court: A Four-Part Logit Model to Predict Program Completion
Authors: Senjo Scott R. , Leip Leslie A.
Published: January 2017

The expansion of drug courts into numerous additional jurisdictions continues at a rapid pace. Despite this, and the commensurate growth of drug court literature, there remains a surprising paucity of empirical studies that test and develop an underlying theory for drug court. This research is an empirical study that analyzes and tests therapeutic jurisprudence as the theory behind the drug court mission and its day-to-day operations. A logit model is used to assess the strength of specific theoretical components on an offender's ability to complete the drug court program. The findings indicate, among other things, that the manner of interactions between the judge and offenders can increase the likelihood of an offender's ability to remain abstinent and stay engaged in treatment for the duration of the drug court program.
Juvenile Curfews and Race: A Cautionary Note
Authors: Hirschel J. David , Dean Charles W. , Dumond Doris
Published: January 2017

During the 1990s, the United States experienced a rise in the popularity of nocturnal juvenile curfews as a method of crime prevention. Prior research has not, however, found curfews to be particularly effective in achieving their goals, and concerns have been raised about discriminatory enforcement. In this article we examine the implementation of a juvenile curfew in a large southern city, Charlotte, North Carolina, and investigate its impact on different racial groups. The background characteristics of curfew violators were found to mirror those of juvenile offenders in general, and different types of violators were cited in different areas of town. However, although the curfew had a positive or at least a neutral effect on some offenders, it had an escalation effect on Asian and Hispanic youth. The policy implications of the findings are discussed.
Dealing with the Modern Terrorist: The Need for Changes in Strategies and Tactics in the New War on Terrorism
Authors: Albini Joseph L.
Published: January 2017

As the new millennium has arrived, so has the appearance of a new breed of terrorist, highly sophisticated in technological skills, sometimes motivated by political and/or religious beliefs and sometimes motivated by the monetary incentive to sell his services as a mercenary. This type of terrorist made an appearance in the United States during the Y2K crisis and, under its cover, appeared and then disappeared creating further terror by now hiding in the shadows. Using the Italian Red Brigades as a case study, this article examines how the rules of the game of dealing with terrorists has been crucially altered by this new breed and discusses how these rules will present new problems that in turn will necessitate the consideration of serious changes in the tactics and strategies employed by law enforcement agencies and governments as they carry their fight against terrorism into the future.
A Parens Patriae Figure or Impartial Fact Finder: Policy Questions and Conflicts for the Juvenile Court Judge
Authors: Sanborn Joseph B.
Published: January 2017

For several decades, juvenile courts functioned like clinics. Judges assigned there were instructed to assume a variety of roles: jurist, psychologist, counselor, sociologist, and parent. The In re Gault decision in 1967 granted juvenile defendants several constitutional rights that transformed juvenile courts into criminal court-like operations. Juvenile court judges have not been told whether they should continue to be paternal or emulate their counterparts in adult court; research has not addressed this subject. In this study, 100 juvenile court workers (judges, prosecutors, defense attorneys, probation officers) from three juvenile courts (urban, suburban, rural) were interviewed to ascertain how judges operate in juvenile court and what these workers perceive to be the proper role for the judge. The data show that most workers believe that the role of the juvenile court judge is and should be unique.
Joining Punishment and Treatment in Substantive Equality
Authors: Ferdinand Theodore N. , McDermott M. Joan
Published: January 2017

How can justice and treatment be combined so that the rights of victims are upheld and offenders are rehabilitated? Substantive justice administers punishment proportionate both to the offense and the offender’s condition while also providing treatment according to the offender’s needs. Substantive justice means that similar offenders ought to experience not the same objective punishment but similar degrees of subjective pain. Judges already use distinctive standards in sentencing juveniles and women, and this practice should be extended to all offenders; that is, to men and white collar offenders, not simply with minor fines but with all forms of punishment and treatment. It should be codified in law so that our justice system can provide generally better protection to victims and better treatments to offenders.
The Pied Piper of Crime in America: An Analysis of the Presidents’ and Public’s Agenda on Crime
Authors: Oliver Willard M.
Published: January 2017

The theory of presidential influence over public opinion is used to predict the impact of presidential rhetoric on crime over the public’s concern for crime being “the most important problem facing the nation.” It is hypothesized that the more attention presidents give to the policy area of crime in the their State of the Union Addresses, the more concerned the public becomes with crime. Utilizing a time-series regression analysis of data collected from a content analysis of presidents’ State of the Union addresses on the Gallup Poll’s Most Important Problem series from 1946 to 1996, the analysis demonstrates that presidential mention of crime seems to elicit a public response, thus influencing public opinion of crime with a decay effect of approximately 1 year.
Self-development
Authors: Gray Harry
Published: January 2017

New governors may create a greater customer orientation
Managing to Manage
Authors: Spink Jill
Published: January 2017

Coherence, co-operation and change are the benefits consortia bring to TVEI
Management Development by Institutional Twinning
Authors: Storrie Tom
Published: January 2017

A case study of how two college management teams were brought together for mutual development
The Management Challenge of Establishing Consortia
Authors: Murphy Desmond
Published: January 2017

How partnership contributes advantages and problem to entrepreneurial development
Primary World
Authors: Reeves Graham , Capel Madeline
Published: January 2017

Changes in funding and management of maintained primary schools raise issues of promoting and marketing each school. This article explores the consequences of the changes for the survival anddevelopment of a primary school
Secondary World
Authors: Hudson David
Published: January 2017

A guide to who does what
Focus on Scotland
Authors: Mackenzie Malcoim L.
Published: January 2017

Where is the locus of power when management and administration are separated?
Focus on Northern Ireland
Authors: North Reg
Published: January 2017

An analysis of the report of the Northern Ireland IT working group
Cross-Sectional Studies in Periodontal Disease: Current Status and Implications for Dental Practice
Authors: Douglass C.W. , Fox C.H.
Published: January 2017

This paper reviews the cross-sectional national studies of periodontal disease conducted over the past 30 years. Studies included are the 1960-62 HES study (NCHS), the 1971-74 NHANES I study (NCHS), the 1981 RTI study (HRSA), and the 1985-86 Employed Adults study (NIDR). For each of these surveys, the population studied, the general sampling strategy, the periodontal measures collected, and the periodontal findings are compared in this paper.

Compared with the first three studies, the NIDR 1985-86 findings appear markedly lower, implying that there has been a decline in the prevalence of periodontal disease. Two possible inferences from these studies are that: (1) there has been a decline in the prevalence of periodontal disease in recent years or (2) the sampling and measurement methods may be sufficiently different for these lower numbers to result. Each inference is explored, with the authors concluding that the latter is more plausible.

The implications for future treatment needs are then estimated, given the marked trends in the size of the aging population. The number of older adults over age 55 who will need periodontal services will increase. The adequacy of the number, type, and distribution of dental care providers to meet these increasing needs is discussed.
Toward Assessing Trends in Oral Mucosal Lesions: Lessons Learned From Oral Cancer
Authors: Kleinman D.V. , Swango P.A. , Pindborg J.J. , Gupta P.
Published: January 2017

Trend data on oral mucosal lesions are limited. The literature is comprised of a large number of studies documenting the prevalence of various lesions in different populations. Trend data on cancers of the oral cavity and pharynx are the exception. An overview of the international epidemiologic studies of these cancers is provided. General conclusions across studies and countries for trend data of these cancers cannot easily be drawn, since variations exist in data collection methods, risk factors, and other characteristics of the study populations. This paper also reviewed the available prevalence data for oral mucosal lesions in general as well as data on leukoplakia, recurrent herpes labialis, and recurrent aphthous ulcers. A few studies of the incidence of leukoplakia are described. In order to explore the potential for future trend data on oral mucosal lesions, this paper discusses issues related to the feasibility and structure of monitoring these lesions. Criteria that could be used to identify which conditions should be monitored in the future were discussed, such as, those that present a public health problem, those that are sentinel events for serious conditions, and infectious lesions. Once lesions are identified, it is clear that international consensus for diagnostic criteria of these lesions is needed in order to permit comparisons to be made among studies. Finally, strategies for monitoring these conditions and factors that may affect future trends are reviewed.
Diagnosis of Intracapsular Pathology Associated with Temporomandibular Joint Disorders
Authors: Murakami K. , Clark G.T.
Published: January 2017

The clinical diagnosis of a Temporomandibular Disorder (TMD) has traditionally been based on data gathered by means of a medical history and physical examination. The most common signs and symptoms associated with TMD are reduced jaw opening, pain and elevated tenderness in the muscles of mastication, pain and elevated temporomandibular joint (TMJ) tenderness, and TMJ noises upon movement. These signs and symptoms are routinely detectable by a skilled clinician upon examination. Unfortunately, the clinical problem described globally as a TMD has several different and overlapping patho-physiologic disease processes, and a traditional clinical examination does not provide highly tissue-specific pathologic information. Were it readily available, such information would be greatly useful, since logical and accurate treatment planning requires that each disease process be correctly identified. One important challenge for researchers interested in TMD will be the careful definition and subsequent validation of diagnostic methods which identify the relevant ongoing pathological disease process. One such research area, which has great promise, is the establishment of a valid diagnostic technique for intracapsular pathologies unique to TMD patients. This paper provides a critical review and discussion of the diagnostic validity of TMJ arthroscopy and other related methods of identifying intracapsular pathologies associated with TMD.
Diagnostic Potential of Host Response Mediators
Authors: Offenbacher S. , Collins J.G. , Heasman P.A.
Published: January 2017

This review summarizes the data which relate the validation and application of host response markers as diagnostic tests forperiodontal diseases. Practical considerations regarding the general application and evaluation of a diagnostic test for periodontal disease are presented. Experiments which have documented the performance of host response markers as diagnostic measures of disease activity in terms of sensitivity, specificity, and predictive values are summarized. Particular emphasis is placed on the diagnostic potential of gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) components. The considerable body of evidence supporting the potential application of GCF-PGE2 levels for predicting episodes of disease progression and reflecting disease activity is summarized and placed into perspective for the development of future diagnostic tools.
Digital Subtraction Radiography for Longitudinal Assessment of Peri-Implant Bone Change: Method and Validation
Authors: Jeffcoat M.K. , Reddy M.S.
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this paper is to present a digital subtraction technique for the assessment of peri-implant bone change over time in vivo. Digital subtraction radiography may be used to detect areas of bony change that have occurred between radiographic examinations, and image processing algorithms have been developed which can relate the magnitude of the change on the subtraction image to a reference wedge, thereby allowing calculation of the mass of the lesion. This manuscript will present two algorithms for the assessment of osseous change. The method was validated in monkeys by means of small bony chips placed intra-orally prior to the first radiograph. The chips were removed, a second radiograph taken, and the images subtracted. Each algorithm was used to isolate the lesion and calculate change in bone mass. Overall, there was excellent correlation between the calculated lesion mass (in milligrams) and actual lesion mass (r2 > 0.9). The utility of the method was demonstrated by comparison of the results of subtraction radiography in successful implants and in implants that did not integrate during the healing phase.
Diagnosis and Prediction of Root Caries
Authors: Banting D.W.
Published: January 2017

Diagnosis is the process of recognizing diseases by their characteristic clinical signs and symptoms. Diagnostic ability varies considerably between and among examiners, and, consequently, the accuracy of the diagnosis can be questioned. Root caries is a disease for which there are several clinical signs (location, color, surface texture, and surface cavitation). Unfortunately, these signs are open to broad clinical interpretation. As a result, estimates of disease occurrence (incidence rate) have ranged from 0.87 to 8.20/100 surfaces at risk/year or 0.15 to 0.43 lesions/person/year for adults living independently in the community. When multiple examiners are utilized, interexaminer agreement has been reported to be relatively good but could be further improved by minimizing the effects of several sources of examiner disagreement, including the absence of a global consensus on the signs which indicate the presence of root caries. The use of a diagnostic test can enhance the diagnosis and prediction of root caries, but the development of useful tests is hindered by the lack of an accurate clinical standard of diagnosis. At this time, diagnostic tests for root caries are quite limited and of questionable value. A powerful predictive tool for root caries would result from the combination of risk assessment measures and a valid diagnostic test developed with use of standardized and accurate methods of clinical diagnosis.
Fluoride Toothpastes, Rinses, and Tablets
Authors: Sthephen K.W.
Published: January 2017

Only from the mid-1950's has therapeutic benefit been obtained via dentifrices, initially with stannous fluoride-then monofluorophosphate-containing products which remained stable and efficacious. Altered abrasive systems followed, and both sodium fluoride and monofluorophosphate/ sodium fluoride mixtures were introduced as active anti-caries agents, with recent meta-analysis indicating that sodium fluoride > monofluorophosphate/sodium fluoride > monofluorophosphate.

With respect to fluoride levels, clear dose-response relationships have been demonstrated. However, at < 1000 ppm F, the situation is less certain.

Since the mid-1980's, anticalculus fluoride dentifrices have been marketed, and have been shown to have similar caries-reducing potential as their non-calculus-inhibiting control formulae. Finally, one study has been described where a sodium fluoride dentifrice successfully reduced root caries.

Of the many fluoride formulations used for caries-inhibiting mouthrinsing [ e.g., acid phosphate fluoride (100- 3000 ppm F), sodium fluoride (45-3000 ppm F), stannous fluoride (100-250 ppm F), ammonium fluoride (1000 ppm F), and amine fluoride (250 ppm F)], sodium fluoride would seem to be the preferred agent. Furthermore, rinse frequency is deemed more important than fluoride ion concentration, but caution is urged re the volumes and concentrations to be used by children, no rinsing being recommended below 4 years. Combination of a 440-pp-F sodium fluoride and 0.05% chlorhexidine school-administered rinse appears to have increased the caries-inhibiting benefit as compared with sodium fluoride alone.

Fluoride supplements have reduced deciduous caries from 14 to 93%, and in the permanent dentition, from 20 to 81%. For maximum benefit, slow intra-oral dissolution is recommended, but unfortunately, compliance, whether school- or home-based, is problematic. However, fluorosis is not a necessary outcome of their early usage.
Non-Fluoride Anticaries Agents
Authors: Forward G.C.
Published: January 2017

Many potential anticaries agents other than fluoride have been identified in a range of laboratory models. This review covers only those agents which have demonstrated significant activity in either animal caries models, in situ models, or human clinical trials, including those measuring plaque acid formation. The agents which so far have been identified can be divided into 5 categories:

(1) phosphorus-containing agents, (2) calcium-containing agents, (3) antimicrobials and antibiotics, (4) metals, and (5) miscellaneous agents.

Although many potential agents have been identified in various models, very few have been taken forward to full anticaries testing in humans. Chlorhexidine is an exception, and certain agents such as calcium glycerophosphate have been shown to result in greater anticaries activity when added to fluoride. In the future, non-fluoride agents which modify the production of acid in plaque-either antimicrobially, biochemically, or directly-appear to have the most promise for use in topical products and may prove to be effective anticaries systems. Phosphates have shown encouraging activity as diet additives.
Caries-Protective Factors in Saliva
Authors: Lagerlöf F.
Published: January 2017

Saliva influences caries attack mainly by its rate of flow and by its content of fluoride. The salivary flow rate influences to a high degree the rate of oral and salivary clearance of bacterial substrates included in foods and snacks. This influence is site-dependent. The basal salivary fluoride concentration is low, about 1 μmol/L, independent of salivary flow rate, and not influenced by diurnal variation. After an exposure of the oral cavity to fluoride, the increased fluoride level is decreased by a process influenced mainly by the salivary flow rate and the volumes of saliva in the mouth before and after swallowing. Other less important caries-protective factors in saliva include its buffer ability, its content of calcium, inorganic phosphate, pH-increasing substances, and antimicrobial agents.
Microbial Ecology of Dental Plaque and its Significance in Health and Disease
Authors: Marsh P.D.
Published: January 2017

Dental plaque forms naturally on teeth and is of benefit to the host by helping to prevent colonization by exogenous species. The bacterial composition of plaque remains relatively stable despite regular exposure to minor environmental perturbations. This stability (microbial homeostasis) is due in part to a dynamic balance of both synergistic and antagonistic microbial interactions. However, homeostasis can break down, leading to shifts in the balance of the microflora, thereby predisposing sites to disease. For example, the frequent exposure of plaque to low pH leads to inhibition of acid-sensitive species and the selection of organisms with an aciduric physiology, such as mutans streptococci and lactobacilli. Similarly, plaque accumulation around the gingival margin leads to an inflammatory host response and an increased flow of gingival crevicular fluid. The subgingival microflora shifts from being mainly Gram-positive to being comprised of increased levels of obligately anaerobic, asaccharolytic Gram-negative organisms. It is proposed that disease can be prevented or treated not only by targeting the putative pathogens but also by interfering with the processes that drive the breakdown in homeostasis. Thus, the rate of acid production following sugar intake could be reduced by fluoride, alternative sweeteners, and low concentrations of antimicrobial agents, while oxygenating or redox agents could raise the Eh of periodontal pockets and prevent the growth and metabolism of obligately anaerobic species. These views have been incorporated into a modified hypothesis (the "ecological plaque hypothesis") to explain the relationship between the plaque microflora and the host in health and disease, and to identify new strategies for disease prevention.
Polydimethylsiloxane as a Tooth Surface-Bound Carrier of Triclosan: a New Concept in Chemical Plaque Inhibition
Authors: Rølla G. , Ellingsen J.E. , Gaare D.
Published: January 2017

Polydimethylsiloxane (silicone oil) has an extremely low surface tension: It spreads over solid surfaces and forms a tenacious film which is hydrophobic and water-repellent. It is known that this liquid binds to hydroxyapatite and to dental enamel and changes the properties of these solids. It has been suggested that silicone oil may be applied to teeth and serve as a reservoir of lipid-soluble antibacterial substances which presumably will be slowly released into saliva due to their low solubility in water. The present paper reviews recent papers where this hypothesis is tested in vitro and in vivo. It was first shown that test tubes treated with the combination silicone oil and the lipid-soluble agent triclosan acquired a layer which inhibited bacterial growth in a culture of Streptococcus sobrinus (OMZ 176) which was grown in sucrose. Both growth in the medium and polysaccharide adsorption to the glass wall were inhibited. Silicone oil alone inhibited polysaccharide adsorption to some degree, whereas the growth in the medium was not affected. In a similar clinical plaque-inhibition study, topical application of silicone oil/triclosan to the teeth of a test panel showed marked plaque inhibition, particularly giving an increased number of teeth with scores of 0 (no plaque). In a study where silicone oil and triclosan were incorporated into a toothpaste, improved gingival health was observed after a period of one month. It is concluded that the use of silicone oil/ triclosan in the manner described above represents a new principle in preventive dentistry. The results obtained seem to warrant further experiments with this combination.
The Effect of a New Oral Hygiene Training Program On Approximal Caries in 12-15-Year-Old Brazilian Children: Results After Three Years
Authors: Axelsson P. , Buischi Y.A.P. , Barbosa M.F.Z. , Karlsson R. , Prado M.C.B.
Published: January 2017

This study evaluated the effects of a new oral hygiene training program on approximal caries in a population of 12-13-year-old Brazilian schoolchildren with a well-established habit of daily toothbrushing with a F dentifrice. Two hundred twenty-two children were randomly allocated into two test groups (I and II) and one control group (III). Group I subjects were trained to establish needs-related oral hygiene habits based on self-diagnosis and a new behavioral principle, the 'linking method', for establishment of habits. The first three visits (20 minutes each) were scheduled at two-day intervals. They were recalled for a monthly check-up during the first 4 months, and then every 3 months for re-evaluation of the results based on self-diagnosis. Group II subjects were recalled at the same intervals for detailed oral hygiene instruction on how to clean every tooth surface using dental tape, toothbrush, and fluoride dentifrice. Group I developed significantly fewer (p <0.001) new approximal manifest (dentin) caries lesions than groups II and III. The mean values (SEM) were 2.3(0.29), 4.7(0.59), and 5.3(0.68), respectively. The conclusions from our study are: In a toothbrushing population using fluoride dentifrices and fluoridated drinking water, the oral hygiene training program with behavioral modification significantly reducedcaries incidence on approximal surfaces. Frequentrepetition of training in meticulous oral hygiene is almost redundant.
Calculus Formation and Inhibition
Authors: Nancollas G.H. , Johnsson M.A.S.
Published: January 2017

The formation, development, and dissolution of hard deposits such as calculus are complex processes that involve numerous calcium phosphate phases as well as the interaction of these ions with organic molecules. Although formation is determined by thermodynamic driving forces, kinetic factors are also important determinants for the precipitation of specific calcium phosphate phases. The overall process, therefore, may involve the formation of metastable intermediates which may subsequently transform into the more stable hard deposits observed in vivo. A knowledge of the kinetics of growth of both individual calcium phosphate phases and their mixtures is important for elucidating the mechanism of calculus formation. Although salivary proteins are effective inhibitors of the mineralization reactions that take place in dental plaque, once adsorbed, their conformation may change to present surfaces that catalyze the nucleation of mineral phases. The variable pH conditions in plaque, expressed in terms of free ionic concentrations, will markedly alter the supersaturations with respect to typical calcium phosphate precursor phases such as dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) and octacalcium phosphate (OCP). Physical-chemical studies have shown that the mineralization of all the calcium phosphate phases is controlled by reactions at the surface rather than by diffusion of lattice ions through the contacting liquid phase. This makes the rates of reaction very sensitive to ions and molecules in the solution that may adsorb at the active growth sites and, while not significantly incorporating into the precipitated crystal phases, markedly influences the rates of mineralization and demineralization. In addition, the molar ratios of calcium and phosphate lattice ions may also influence the rates of reaction. A complete elucidation of the mechanism of calculus formation must hinge on a physical-chemical understanding of these contributing factors.
Dimensions of 65 Extracted Equine First Premolar Teeth
Authors: Hole Sam Luis , Manfredi Jane Marie , Clayton Hilary Mary
Published: January 2017

The equine first premolar (“wolf tooth,” Triadan number 05) is frequently extracted, and although extracted teeth have been observed to vary greatly in size, published data describing tooth dimensions are limited. Total length, root length, crown height, and crown width were measured in 65 extracted wolf teeth. Dimensions, expressed as median (range) mm, were total length: 21 (12-34), root length: 13.2 (0-19.6), crown height: 7 (2-20), and crown width: 7 (2.6-16). Root length exceeded crown height in 61 of the 65 teeth. Crown height and crown width were either not correlated or poorly correlated with root length using Spearman rank correlation coefficient (ρ = −.093 and ρ = .463, respectively). Total length was poorly correlated with crown height (ρ = .443) but had a fair correlation with crown width (ρ = .646). The dimensions of the clinical crown of the tooth do not provide a good estimate of root length, although the root is usually longer than the crown.
The Influence of Axial Grooves on Dislodgment Resistance of Prosthetic Metal Crowns in Canine Teeth of Dogs
Authors: Goldschmidt Stephanie , Collins Caitlyn J. , Hetzel Scott , Ploeg Heidi-Lynn , Soukup Jason W.
Published: January 2017

The reported failure rate for full veneer crowns of canine teeth of dogs is suboptimal, particularly in teeth with naturally poor retentive features, such as those with low height/diameter (H/D) ratios or high convergence angles (CAs). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the application of axial grooves in an effort to develop a crown preparation design that enhances the retention of full veneer crowns in dogs. Crown dislodgment testing was performed on cast alloy dies of canine teeth with unfavorable retention features (low H/D and high CA) prepared with (n = 14) and without axial grooves (n = 15) to evaluate the force required to dislodge a cemented full veneer crown. The crown/die units were secured within a universal testing machine and a load was applied at the 45° oblique direction from distal to mesial to replicate the vector encountered during biting–pulling action. The maximum force required to cause crown dislodgment was recorded for each crown. Statistical analysis revealed a significant increase in force required for crown dislodgment when axial grooves were included in the crown preparation design ( P < .001). Crown retention is improved in canine teeth with otherwise poor retention features when axial grooves are made in the labial and palatal/lingual walls during crown preparation.
Strategic Collaboration Between Nonprofits and Businesses
Authors: Austin James E.
Published: January 2017

Collaboration between nonprofits and businesses is increasing and becoming more strategically important. Based on 15 case studies, this article presents a cross-sector collaboration framework consisting of four components. First, the collaboration continuum provides a conceptual framework for categorizing different types of partnerships and studying their possible evolution through three principal stages: philanthropic, transactional, and integrative. Second, the collaboration value construct facilitates the analysis of the definition, creation, balance, and renewal of the value generated in different types of alliances. Third, a set of alliance drivers is identified that determines the nature and functioning of the partnerships. Fourth, alliance enablers that contribute to the effective management of the relationship are set forth. The article discusses the dynamics of the alliance marketplace. The research builds on and extends existing interorganizational research theories by providing a distinctive conceptual framework and new empirical understanding of cross-sector alliances. Future research needs are identified.
Managing for Value: Organizational Strategy in for-Profit, Nonprofit, and Governmental Organizations
Authors: Moore Mark H.
Published: January 2017

All organizations benefit from developing a strategy. The most well-developed strategy models come from the private sector and focus on markets, customers, and competition. Yet, these models fail to take account of two crucially important features of nonprofit organizations: (a) the value produced by nonprofit organizations lies in the achievement of social purposes rather than in generating revenues; and (b) nonprofit organizations receive revenues from sources other than customer purchases. An alternative strategy model developed for governmental managers focuses the attention on three key issues: public value to be created, sources of legitimacy and support, and operational capacity to deliver the value. This alternative strategy model resonates powerfully with the experience of nonprofit managers precisely because it focuses attention on social purposes and on the ways in which society as a whole might be mobilized to achieve them.
The value of and values in the work of teachers in Estonia
Authors: Kesküla Eeva , Loogma Krista
Published: January 2017

This article considers how the status of teachers relates to a changing value system, and how the perceived worth of a profession depends on the values its practitioners carry. The article analyses the work of teachers as both productive and reproductive, needing both material and non-material recognition. It argues that in times of radical social change, social groups struggle to determine what value is. The rapid introduction of a neoliberal market economy in Estonia has created a situation where teachers’ labour becomes a site of contestation determining what values prevail in society. Based on 24 semi-structured life history interviews, this article combines theories of the value of labour, of professionalism and the anthropological theory of value to argue for the key role that teachers play during rapid change to a societal value regime.
Positioning error prediction and compensation of ball screw feed drive system with different mounting conditions
Authors: Zhang Jun , Li Bo , Zhou Changxing , Zhao Wanhua
Published: January 2017

For semi-closed-loop computer numerical control machine tool, the pitch error of screw caused by thermal expansion can deteriorate the positioning accuracy of ball screw feed drive system. This study presents different prediction models for positioning error of ball screw feed drive system based on the mounting condition, where the total error is separated into geometric error and thermal error. The coefficients in the model are identified using the multiple linear regression method. The prediction model is validated and the error compensation is also done for the X axis of a three-axis computer numerical control milling machine. The test results show that the model developed can well predict the thermal error under any given temperature as well as position during the temperature rising process of ball screw, and it can greatly improve the system positioning accuracy through compensation.
The Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013
Authors: Murray Claire
Published: January 2017

Abortion is an issue that exposes deep divisions in Irish society and this was apparent during the debates on the Protection of Life During Pregnancy Act 2013. This introduced a framework regulating abortion into Irish law for the first time, but maintained the existing position where abortion is only available where the life of the woman is at risk. This article focuses on the centrality of suicide within the Irish discourse on abortion and the impact this had on the shape of the legislation ultimately introduced, in particular the inclusion of a more onerous process, which a woman must engage with before she can obtain an abortion where the risk to her life is from suicide. It highlights the practical consequences of this for the small number of very vulnerable women in Ireland who will be required to engage with the new statutory process which is deeply damaging. The 2013 Act reinforces the two-tier approach to healthcare that exists in Ireland in the specific context of reproductive healthcare as those with sufficient resources will be able to bypass the difficult and undignified statutory procedure and those who lack the socioeconomic capital will be compelled to remain.
Talking About Abortion
Authors: Sanger Carol
Published: January 2017

This essay examines the complex and contradictory nature of how the issue of abortion is discussed in the U.S. today. In political debate, on conservative news stations, and outside abortion clinics, abortion is regularly shouted about loudly and with great conviction by those who want to see the procedure recriminalized. Yet at the level of individual experience, abortion is rarely discussed, even among close friends and relatives. How is it that a medical procedure, legal since 1973, remains a source of shame and secrecy? To answer that question, this essay identifies the categories into which the subject of abortion commonly falls and argues that so many things in the U.S. are about abortion because abortion itself is about so many things: medicine, religion, rights, regulation, morality, sex, gender, families, and politics. There are complicated views toward abortion within each area, and they complications increase when one area intersects with another -- religion and law, politics and reproduction, the practice of medicine and the regulation of abortion. Disaggregating the many factors about which citizens have strong beliefs reveals how the subject of abortion is an opaque slate upon which concerns not just about fetal personhood but about states’ rights or teenage promiscuity or women’s power can also be inscribed. Talking more openly about abortion will help normalize a decision made by millions of women each year so that the decision can be made outside the parameters of shame and secrecy that so often now set the scene for women with unwanted pregnancies.
Doing It (Feminist Theology and Faith-Based Outreach) With Sex Workers – Beyond Christian Rescue and the Problem-Solving Approach
Authors: McGrow Lauren
Published: January 2017

This article problematizes the usual Christian motif of rescue of sex workers that is disseminated by most faith-based groups working in the field. By focusing upon the problem of prostitution and individual rescue as the primary solution, broader relationships of accountability are neglected and complicated sex worker identifications become impossible. New strategies for thinking about human sexuality are needed that incorporate indecency as a way of questioning traditional moral representations reproduced by Christian outreach projects. In addition, three strategies are outlined that could form counter-narratives for ministry and feminist theological reflection not based upon sex work as a problem to be resolved but instead carving out creative space for mutual engagement between pastoral practitioners and sex industry workers.
You Don’t Look Like a Baptist Minister: An Autoethnographic Retrieval of ‘Women’s Experience’ as an Analytic Category for Feminist Theology
Authors: Wigg-Stevenson Natalie
Published: January 2017

This article constructs and deploys a set of autoethnographic narratives from the author’s experience as a Baptist minister to critically retrieve the category of ‘women’s experience’ for feminist theological construction. Autoethnography, as a response to the crisis of representation in the Humanities, uses personal narratives of the self to reveal, critique and transform wider cultural trends. It therefore provides helpful tools for analysing, critiquing and transforming theological thought and practice. Following the article’s methodological sections, the constructive sections use the crafted autoethnographies to re-frame Rowan Williams’s vision for how church and world co-constitute each other towards God’s just ends. Whereas Williams argues that this co-constitution occurs through processes of interactive transformative judgment, the feminist theological understanding argued for here founds the process instead on interactive, transformative grace.
Anomaly as a Method: Collecting Chinese Micro-Theories of Transition
Authors: Shih Chih-yu
Published: January 2017

The teleology of transition to capitalism in general and China’s turn to capitalism in particular prescribe for observers of China an academic agenda preoccupied with the conditions of establishing capitalism. Studies of transition in China have up to this point lacked bottom-up, past-oriented, and inside-out perspectives that would allow the formation of discourse for the masses, presumably driven by the force of transition to respond from their indigenous positions. To find what possible stories there could be if such perspectives that are not intellectually intelligible from the transition point of view are to be translated into transition narratives is the purpose of this paper. Epistemologically speaking, interpreting the case at hand as an anomaly could be a useful methodology to ameliorate the deterministic and teleological proclivity in the current literature on transition. In this way, agents of transition are more than agents. They gain subjectivity through acquiring micro-perspectives on transition that are not allowed in the teleology toward liberalism. Agents of transition could participate in transition research by articulating, consciously as well as subconsciously, how they have strategically practiced transition, reducing researchers of macro-transition to equal partners in transition.
Exports and Growth Nexus in India: An Econometric Analysis
Authors: Trivedi Pushpa , Pradhan Narayan Chandra
Published: January 2017

The study focuses on the ‘export openness’ of Indian economy which is expected to have a positive impact on economic growth. The temporal coverage of the empirical analysis carried out spans the period 1970-71 to 2008-09. The research question addressed in the study is whether exports are related to growth and if so, then in what direction? Empirical verification of export-led growth hypothesis by applying various time series techniques in this study confirms both short-run and long-run relationship between exports and economic growth. Bivariate Granger causality test suggests that the direction of causality runs from export growth to GDP growth. This implies that one can use export performance also to predict the growth of Indian economy rather than depending only on the time-series models.

JEL Codes: F1, F43, O53.
National Security versus National Development: Debating Asian Practices and Paradigms
Authors: Singh Swaran
Published: January 2017

With continuous expansion of narratives in both security and development paradigms their increasing overlap has resulted in new experiments of their fusion and integration. While much of this integration debate has been triggered and led by western academicians and institutions, it is here that the mosaic of Asian practices and paradigms feels certain comfort in joining in these debates and decision-making processes. In this, Asian narratives remain premised primarily on highlighting continuity of their historical legacies of unity-in-diversity, their shared path-dependencies on western (mainly colonial) models and formulations as also their growing autonomy from these Western powers and resultant, though as yet gradual, cooption (read partnership) into the evolving global practices and paradigms on both security and development sectors. This change though remains too slow and uncertain as Asia still remains only a cluster of its widely varying sub-regions. Even in the sub-regions, their multilateral articulations continue to reflect their diverse political cultures, security challenges and levels of development. There is hardly any semblance of an agreed consensus on what constitutes their pan-Asian identities and interests, which will underwrite and ensure injection of Asian wisdom into evolving 21st century world order that seeks to merge security and development sectors as one.
Book Review: China on the Move: Migration, the State, and the Household
Authors: Murugiah Chelvi
Published: January 2017

C. Cindy Fan, China on the Move: Migration, the State, and the Household, Routledge, New York, 2008, 204pp, ISBN: 978-0-415-42852-1 (hbk)
Book Review: Globalization and Indian State – Education, Health and Agricultural Extension Services in Punjab
Authors: Shergill Baldev Singh
Published: January 2017

Sucha Singh Gill, Sukhwinder Singh and Jaswinder Singh Brar; Globalization and Indian State – Education, Health and Agricultural Extension Services in Punjab Aakar Books, New Delhi, 2010, 135 pp. ISBN: 978-93-5002-034-0
Fresh Food Supermarkets in India: An Analysis of their Inclusiveness and Impact on Primary Producers
Authors: Singh Sukhpal , Singla Naresh
Published: January 2017

Linking primary producers with modern markets through corporate agribusiness, especially food supermarkets, is being seen as one of the ways to improve rural livelihoods. But, given smallholder dominance of farming in India, it is important to consider the implications of corporate linkage for smaller links involved/proposed to be involved in the chains i.e. primary producers, so that the process is not exclusionary in nature, and becomes a win-win situation for most of the participants in the supply/value chain. Gujarat is one of the Indian states which have seen significant food retail chain presence and penetration in the last few years in fruit and vegetable procurement and retailing. This paper analyses the functioning of two fresh food (fruit and vegetable) supermarket retail chains (Reliance Retail’s Reliance Fresh and Aditya Birla’s More) in Gujarat with special focus on implications for small producers. The paper situates the food supermarket retail phenomenon in the Indian context and profiles the operations of major players in fruit and vegetable sector and analyses their primary producer interface with a field study of two major vegetable crops procured by the retail chains each. It examines the inclusiveness of the retail chain operations and its impact on farmer incomes. The paper also attempts inferences about the competitiveness of food supermarkets and the mechanisms to promote inclusiveness and significant farmer benefits from emerging supermarket retail operations in terms of both policy and practice, based on the case study.
Book Review: Tinderbox: The Past & Future of Pakistan
Authors: Tikekar Maneesha
Published: January 2017

MJ Akbar, Tinderbox: The Past & Future of Pakistan, Harper & Collins Publishers India (with India Today Group) Delhi, 2011, 342pp. ISBN 978-93-5029-039-2(hbk)
Book Review: Unruly Hills: Nature and Nation in India’s Northeast
Authors: Burling Robbins
Published: January 2017

Bengt G. Karlsson, Unruly Hills: Nature and Nation in India’s Northeast. New Delhi: Orient Black Swan and Social Science Press. 2011. 350 pp (hbk). ISBN 978-81-87358-59-6
Externally Determined Development: Does Indo-China Rivalry Explain Nepal’s Underdevelopment?
Authors: Bhusal Lok Nath , Singh Pritam
Published: January 2017

Employing the political economy approach in the historical context, this article examines the role of Indo-China rivalry in explaining the persistence of underdevelopment in land-locked Nepal. This external dimension of Nepal’s underdevelopment has largely been overlooked in the existing literature. China in the north and India in all the other three directions are two powerful, immediate and rival neighbours of Nepal. Both of them have their various national interests in Nepal, and often these interests have been contradictory and rival. Consequently, the constant pressure on Nepal to balance these interests adds a geo-strategic dimension to Nepal’s development challenge. While this balancing game has become a reward for Nepal’s ruling elites, the consequences of this for the mass of the Nepali people has been persistent underdevelopment. This experience of underdevelopment by the Nepali people has contributed significantly to the radicalisation of Nepali politics which has its own consequences for Nepal’s development potentials. Our political economy exploration in historical context suggests that the foreign policies of India and China towards Nepal are unlikely to undergo fundamental change due to the rising economic might of both India and China in the global economy and, consequently, their politico-economic rivalry in South Asia and beyond. This implies that it is only through development-oriented internal political processes that Nepal can hope to unleash its development potential. Additionally, Nepal has to also navigate a path of maintaining relations with both India and China which minimises the negative consequences of their external influences on Nepal’s development process.