bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spectroscopic Determination of Two Beta-Blockers – Atenolol and Propanolol by Oxidative Derivatization Using Potassium Permanganate in Alkaline Medium
Authors: Vaikosen Edebi N. , Bioghele Jeniffer , Worlu Ruth C. , Ebeshi Benjamin U.
Published: September 2020

A simple, rapid, sensitive, cheap and accurate oxidative method for two beta-blockers in pharmaceutical dosage forms was developed and evaluated. The method involved the oxidimetric treatment of atenolol and propanolol with 2 x 10-3 mol L-1 KMnO4 in alkaline medium (pH ≥ 9). Scanned spectra of oxidized complex showed distinctive absorptions at 460, 520, 540 and 570 nm. Arrays of colour changes were observed - from violet to blue; blue to bluish-green and yellow. Exhibited colours were due to ligand-metal charge transfer. An indirect spectrophotometric determination of atenolol and propranolol was done after 12-15 minutes at 520 nm. The optimum assay conditions showed linearity ranged from 0 – 15.0 μg mL-1 for both beta-blockers (R= 0.9997 – 0.9999). Molar absorptivity values were 4.79 x 103 and 4.88 x 103 L mol-1 cm-1 for atenolol and propanolol respectively, with corresponding Sandell’s sensitivity values of 0.056 and 0.053 μg cm-2. Limits of detection and quantification were 0.50 and 1.65 μg mL-1 for atenolol respectively and 0.58 and 1.91 μg mL-1 for propanolol, while relative standard deviation for intra-and inter-day precision were < 2.0%. The applicability, accuracy and reliability of the method were demonstrated by the determination of atenolol and propanolol in tablet formulations. The recovery studies ranged from 93.33 - 103.00% for both beta-blockers and the amounts in brands were from 97.53 ± 2.68 to 100.84 ± 1.82%.
Perchlorate – properties, toxicity and human health effects: an updated review
Authors: Niziński Przemysław , Błażewicz Anna , Kończyk Joanna , Michalski Rajmund
Published: September 2020

Interest in perchlorate as environmental pollutant has increased since 1997, when high concentrations have been found in the waters of the Colorado River, USA. Perchlorate is very persistent in nature and it is slowly degraded. Although harmful effects of large doses of perchlorate on thyroid function have been proven, the environmental effects are still unclear. The primary objective of the present review is to collect prevailing data of perchlorate exposure and to discuss its impact on human health. The results show that more than 50% of reviewed works found significant associations of perchlorate exposure and human health. This review consists of the following sections: general information of perchlorate sources, its properties and determination methods, role and sources in human body including food and water intake, overview of the scientific literature on the research on the effect of perchlorate on human health from 2010 to 2020. Finally, conclusions and recommendations on future perchlorate studies concerning human exposure are presented.
Urban aquaponics farming and cities- a systematic literature review
Authors: Wirza Rahmita , Nazir Shah
Published: September 2020

An aquaponic system is considered to be a sustainable food production solution that follows circular economy principles and the biomimetic natural system to reduce input and waste. It is the combination of two mainly productive systems, a recirculating aquaculture system consists of fish and crustaceans farmed in a tank and hydroponic cultivation consists of vegetable cultured in medium other than soil. Both these systems are well-known around the globe by their performance of production, quality, and verified food safety. An aquaponic system is an industrious mechanism which incorporates impeccably with sustainable growth of intensive agriculture. The existing literature regarding the aquaponic production covers different species of vegetables and fish, a variety of layouts of system, and climate conditions. However, there is a lack of knowledge that can systematically present the existing state-of-the-artwork in a systematic manner. So to overcome this limitation, the proposed research presents a systematic literature review in the field of urban aquaponics. This systematic literature review will help practitioners to take help from the existing literature and propose new solutions based on the available evidence in urban aquaponics.
Why has COVID-19 not hit the countries like Nepal yet?
Authors: Pathak Krishna Prasad , Gaire Tara , Ho Mu-Hsing , Chang Hui chen (Rita)
Published: September 2020

Noble CORONA Virus (COVID-19) is an infectious disease similar form of pneumonia/ SARS-CoV-2- impacting globally. The fear of coronavirus looks pandemic, but its severity is uncertain. Nepal was one of the first nine countries outside of China to report a COVID-19 case. Also, its unpredictability of mode or range of surface, the lifespan of the virus, objects of transmission (a distance of air/air currents, living duration in air, humidity, duration on objects, surface). The first case was found in Wuhan in December 2019 in China. The purpose is to summarize the current information about COVID-19 and to explore in terms of why Nepal is not hitting severely, while other countries are on death toll? We summarized the published articles form the web sources and news, Academic Journals, Ministry of health and population Nepal, WHO/CDC update reports/guidelines, Google search engine. Thematic analysis is made to explore the situation. Although, Nepal has a lack of health services, testing kits, advance lab and protecting equipment (PPE), why COVID-19 does not hit Nepal than China, Europe and North America, it still tremendous uncertainty. Is lockdown, isolation, social distance and quarantine the best ways of prevention? The hypothesis is floating globally – do BCG vaccinated countries are safer than non-user OR due to not having enough kits to screen populations at risk for the virus – while lack of testing a big cause for missing case OR Nepalese have better immune systems? It has attracted global attention. We believe that the COVID-19 is still evolving and it is too early to predict of an outbreak in Nepal. The government needs to increase funding for local health departments, begin planning for future epidemics and be prepared to bolster the economy by supporting consumer spending the midst of a serious outbreak. COVID-19 is a serious health challenge for Nepal, but so far the number of death has been lower than was foretell. It is, therefore essential to carry out more scientific evidence to explore results. Nepalese health services need to maintain up than today and follow lockdown, isolation, social distance and an advance screening test kit through the country.
Optimization of spinning parameters of 20/316L bimetal composite tube based on orthogonal test
Authors: Xu Wenbin , Yang Yingying , Dai Chenwei , Xie Jingang
Published: September 2020

The spin forming parameters of bimetallic composite pipe were optimized by FEM and experiment, and the torque and the residual contact pressure were analyzed during forming process. Adoption of The orthogonal test of four factors and five levels to gain the optimal spinning parameters (δ = 0.16mm, Ψ = 0.4mm, β = 3.0∘, f = 0.5) and the effects of factors on analysis indicators under the condition of maximum residual contact pressure and small torque. The simulation results showed that the residual contact pressure was nearly 1MPa higher and the torque was lower about 160N·m than unoptimized results. It proved that the orthogonal test method was effective for the optimization of spinning parameters of bimetal composite tube. The accuracy of numerical simulation value was verified by the drawing experiment of the composite tube.
Charles Peirce and firstness: The category of origins
Authors: Sørensen Bent , Thellefsen Torkild , Dewi Amalia Nurma
Published: September 2020

Peirce’s category of Firstness is first and fundamental. Without Firstness, we can say, nothing can (later) be – no time, no space, no things, no processes, no growth, no regularities, and no thoughts – hence, nothing of which we can ever conceive. However, despite the fundamentality of Peirce’s category of Firstness, we still do not believe that it has received the attention that it rightly deserves; not by Peirce himself, nor by his commentators. In the following we will, therefore, look at the category of Firstness and try to give a modest glimpse of its fundamentality in relation to four other of Peirce’s central concepts: namely, evolution, consciousness, icon, and, finally, abduction.
Garroni, the late Peirce, and the issue of creativity
Authors: Grillo Eduardo , Guagnano Giacinto Davide
Published: September 2020

The iconic and diagrammatic features of abduction, as expressed in Peirce’s works after 1890, allow one to re-read the Kantian concept of schema. By means of this new reading, it is possible to consider the dynamics between legality and creative acts, which, according to Emilio Garroni, keep cultures alive. This process can be analysed by a semiotic theory that could combine the features of Kant’s Aesthetic Judgment (as an answer to schema’s problems) and Peirce’s last theory of abduction. In this way, it becomes possible to go beyond the simple subsumption, through Reflective Judgment, of sensible intuitions under a concept. Thus, creativity becomes the process, both mental and cultural, whereby a new regularity come from the background of the previous one as a result of the free play of our faculties (Musement), which sets links between universes of experience apparently very distant one from another.
Sémantique de la grammaire, parcours typologiques et changement historique
Authors: Larrivée Pierre
Published: September 2020

This article revisits the notion of distinctive features used in linguistic semantics, through which this discipline converges with semiotics. Applied to grammar, traits make it possible to characterize notional categories and the links between them. These links are empirically demonstrated by the regularities in typological variation and in diachronic evolution. New data are provided explaining the passage from one category to another, in particular from indefinites to negation proper. The approach makes it possible to identify the features and notional categories that structure the semantics of grammar across languages.
Die friedenspolitische Ambivalenz deutscher Pipelinedeals mit Moskau– eine interdependenztheoretische Erklärung des russisch-ukrainischen Konfliktes
Authors: Umland Andreas
Published: September 2020

Dieser Aufsatz führt einen wenig beachteten Aspekt der deutschen Ostpolitik der letzten 25 Jahren in die aufgeheizte europäische Diskussion darüber ein, wie man am besten mit Putins Russland umgehen solle. Ausgehend von der bekannten Interdependenztheorie wird argumentiert, dass durch die von Berlin geförderten zwei Nord-Stream-Projekte die russisch-ukrainischen Wirtschaftsbeziehungen gelockert und dadurch eine Konfrontation zwischen den beiden postsowjetischen Republiken erleichtert wurde. Besonderheiten der überraschend friedlichen Entwicklung der Ukraine in den ersten zwanzig Jahren ihres Bestehens als unabhängiger Staat werden der Eskalation der Spannungen zwischen Moskau und Kyjiw in den Jahren 2013–2014 gegenübergestellt. Die Fertigstellung des zweiten Strangs der ersten Nord-Stream-Pipeline im Oktober 2012 wird als eine entscheidende Entwicklung angesehen, die dem Kreml gegenüber der Ukraine freie Hand gab. Die Verringerung der wirtschaftlichen Interdependenz infolge der Umleitung sibirischer Gasexporte in die neue Ostsee-Pipeline führte zu einem Territorialkonflikt zwischen der Ukraine und Russland, der an Entwicklungen erinnert, die zuvor in Moldau und Georgien stattgefunden hatten.
A single bout of coordination training does not lead to EIH in young healthy men – a RCT
Authors: Herzig Marie , Krüger Steffen , Hilberg Thomas
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Physical activity can lead to hypoalgesic effects and is often recommended as part of multidisciplinary pain management. Based on the idea, that in future specific and more differentiated sports therapeutic interventions could be used for a multidisciplinary pain management, various type of sports and their effects on pain sensitivity should be analysed. Whereas endurance as well as strengthening exercises are associated with a decrease in pain sensitivity in healthy people as well as people with chronic pain states, the effects of a specific coordination training (CT) on pain sensitivity have not yet been sufficiently investigated. Therefore, aim of the present study was to examine if a single bout of CT leads to exercised-induced hypoalgesia in young healthy men.

Methods

Thirty five healthy men (mean age 27 ± 3 years) were examined in a randomised crossover design before and after a single bout of 45-min CT and a 45-min resting session as control condition by means of Quantitative Sensory Testing (QST). The QST is a validated instrument to assess the function of the somatosensory system, by applying thermal and mechanical stimuli. By doing so, various detection and pain thresholds were determined at the dorsum of one foot. Exercises of CT were chosen to generate high proprioceptive input for the ankle joints.

Results

Analysis of the QST data in respect of the factors group (CT/control condition), time (pre/post) and stimuli (parameter of QST) revealed no statistically significant main effects of a single bout of CT on somatosensory system, neither for the factors group*time (p=0.51), nor the factors group*time*stimuli (p=0.32). All stimuli remained constant in the course of both conditions (e.g. mean ± sd of heat pain threshold pre/post in °C: coordination: 44.7 ± 3.1/44.8 ± 2.9; rest: 45.5 ± 3.0/44.9 ± 3.0).

Conclusions

In this setting, a single bout of CT had no effect on the somatosensory system in young healthy men. Therefore, this specific CT did not lead to an exercised-induced hypoalgesia in healthy people. Intensity of sensory input during training intervention might be too low to generate analgesic effects in a non-pathological altered somatosensory system of young healthy men. Further research is needed to clarify if a CT can induce exercised-induced hypoalgesia in people with pathological alterations of the somatosensory system. In addition, it has to examined if analgesic effects can be induced by changing the intensity of CT in healthy people. Detailed knowledge regarding the effects of different training interventions on pain modulation is needed to completely understand the mechanism of exercised-induced hypoalgesia.
Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric validation of the Hausa version of Örebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire in patients with non-specific low back pain
Authors: Ahmed Usman Abba , Maharaj Sonill S. , Nadasan Thayananthee , Kaka Bashir
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Orebro Musculoskeletal Pain Screening Questionnaire (OMPSQ) is widely used in clinical practice and for research purpose to screen the risk of chronicity in patients with Non-specific low back pain (NSLBP). The questionnaire has been cross-culturally adapted into different languages, but to date, there has not been Hausa version of the questionnaire. This study is important as the Hausa language is widely spoken across sub-Saharan Africa. The study aims to cross-culturally translate the English version of the (OMPSQ) into Hausa language (OMPSQ-H) and to test its psychometric properties in Hausa patients with NSLBP.

Methods

This observational study involved the use of forward-backwards translation method for the English version of OMPSQ. Thus, 124 male and female participants with subacute NSLBP were recruited using convenient sampling techniques. The psychometric properties statistically tested included reliability, internal-consistency, ceiling and floor effects, acceptability and construct validity.

Results

The Hausa version of OMPSQ has demonstrated good reliability (ICC=0.82) and internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha=0.72) with good acceptability as all questions were answered in 5 min. Responsiveness was adequate as OMPSQ-H retest scores demonstrated good correlation with the global rating of change scale scores (r=0.67, p=0.01). Construct validity was evaluated using principal component analysis and it reveals six components structure for the OMPSQ-H.

Conclusions

The OMPSQ-H was successfully translated and cross-culturally adapted with no problem of comprehension. Moreover, it has shown adequate psychometric properties in terms of internal consistency, reliability, responsiveness and constructs validity. Consequently, the OMPSQ-H can be considered as a valid tool for identifying and screening both psychosocial risk factors and risk of chronicity of NSLBP in Hausa population.
Think twice before starting a new trial; what is the impact of recommendations to stop doing new trials?
Authors: van Ravesteyn Leontien M , Skinner Ian W , Newton-John Toby , Ferreira Manuela L , Verhagen Arianne P
Published: September 2020

Objectives

In evidence-based medicine, we base our conclusions on the effectiveness of interventions on the results of high-quality meta-analysis. If a new randomized controlled trial (RCT) is unlikely to change the pooled effect estimate, conducting the new trial is a waste of resources. We evaluated whether recommendations not to conduct further RCTs reduced the number of trials registered for two scenarios.

Methods

Analysis of registered trials on the World Health Organisation (WHO) International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP). We regarded trial protocols relevant if they evaluated the effectiveness of (1) exercise for chronic low back pain (LBP) and (2) cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) for chronic pain. We calculated absolute and relative numbers and change of registered trials in a pre-set time window before and after publication of the recommendations, both published in 2012.

Results

We found 1,574 trials registered in the WHO trial registry for exercise in LBP (459 before 2012; 1,115 after) and 5,037 trials on chronic pain (1,564 before 2012; 3,473 after). Before 2012, 13 trials on exercise for LBP (out of 459) fit the selection criteria, compared to 42 trials (out of 1,115) after, which represents a relative increase of 33%. Twelve trials (out of 1,564) regarding CBT for chronic pain, fit the selection criteria before 2012 and 18 trials (out of 3,473) after, representing a relative decrease of 32%. We found that visibility, media exposure and strength of the recommendation were related to a decrease in registered trials.

Conclusions

Recommendations not to conduct further RCTs might reduce the number of trials registered if these recommendations are strongly worded and combined with social media attention.
Inverse piezoelectric material parameter characterization using a single disc-shaped specimen
Authors: Feldmann Nadine , Schulze Veronika , Claes Leander , Jurgelucks Benjamin , Walther Andrea , Henning Bernd
Published: September 2020

The increasingly simulation-driven design process of ultrasonic transducers requires several reliable parameters for the description of the material behaviour. Exact results can only be achieved when a single specimen is used in the identification process, which typically is prone to the problem of low sensitivities to certain material parameters and thus high uncertainties. Therefore, a custom electrode topology for increased sensitivity is proposed for a piezoceramic disc. The thereupon conducted measurements of the electric impedance can be used as a starting point for an inverse approach where an equivalent simulation model is used to identify fitting material parameters. An optimisation strategy based on a preliminary sensitivity analysis is presented that leads to a good agreement between measurement and simulation. Furthermore, the proposed measurement procedure is able to evaluate the quality of the simulation model. Hence, different frequency-dependent damping models are presented and evaluated.
Direct-imaging DOEs for high-NA multi-spot confocal microscopy
Authors: Li Zheng , Taphanel Miro , Längle Thomas , Beyerer Jürgen
Published: September 2020

Diffractive lens arrays with overlapping apertures can produce spots with high numerical apertures (NAs). Such diffractive optical elements (DOEs) can replace high-NA objectives and measure a large area with high resolution in transmission microscopes. However, in reflection microscopes for surface measurements, the axial resolution is still limited by the objectives. Direct-imaging DOEs are proposed to solve the problem. They can perform high-NA multi-spot measurement in reflection configurations in both lateral and axial directions. Experiments demonstrate a lateral non-vanishing contrast up to 1448 lp/mm and an axial response on a plane mirror with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 2.24 μm.
Akustische Zeitumkehrfokussierung in Wasser mittels FPGA-basierter Plattform
Authors: Edner Falco , Tornow Michael , Steinmann Ulrike
Published: September 2020

In diesem Beitrag wird das Fokussierverhalten mittels akustischer Zeitumkehr in Wasser diskutiert. Als Grundlage zur Generierung einer hochaufgelösten örtlichen und zeitlichen Fokussierung dient eine eigenentwickelte FPGA-basierte Plattform (auf einem ZynqMP Ultrascale+). Diese ermöglicht eine synchrone Anregung von bis zu 32 Wandlern bei einer Abtastrate von 4,8 MSa/s und 8 bit Amplitudenauflösung. Zudem wird die gewählte Filter- und Verstärkertechnik vorgestellt und die FPGA-Plattform mit einem kommerziellen analogen System verglichen. Die Messung des Schalldruckfeldes innerhalb der Flüssigkeit erfolgt über ein Nadelhydrophon, das an ein 3D-Schallfeldscanner-System angekoppelt ist. Die im Kalibrierschritt der Methodik erzeugten analogen zeitumgekehrten Impulsantworten werden über eine frequenz- und auflösungsabhängige Pulsweitenmodulation (PWM) für die darauffolgende synchrone FPGA-Ansteuerung umgewandelt. Der jeweilige Fokuspunkt wird hinsichtlich seiner Amplitude, räumlichen Auslenkung sowie dem Kontrastverhältnis des Fokuspunktes gegenüber dessen akustisch nicht adressierten Umgebung bewertet. Dabei wird die Fokusqualität bezüglich einer unterschiedlichen Wandleranzahl und an verschiedenen Zielpositionen untersucht.
Effect of static magnetic field with quercetin and hesperetin on MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 breast cancer cells
Authors: Abusoglu Gulsum , Ozturk Bahadir
Published: September 2020

Objectives

Static magnetic field (SMF) was previously in practice for the therapy of some diseases and it has been thought that it may be a reliable supportive technique. The aim of this study was to find out the synergistic effect of SMF administration with flavonoids in terms of apoptosis on breast cancer cell lines.

Material and methods

The effects of flavonoids on the proliferation of breast cancer cell lines were observed by MTT cell viability test. The cells were treated with SMF + hesperetin and SMF + quercetin. Apoptosis rates and Bax, Bcl-2 protein levels were detected by flow cytometer and Western Blot, respectively.

Results

Cell lines were treated with quercetin and quercetin + SMF, substantial amount of cells [3.96, 4.86, 11.40% for MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cell lines, respectively (p<0.001)] were mainly in the apoptotic phase. The apoptosis rates of hesperetin and hesperetin + SMF were 2.53, 6.06, 10.10% (p<0.001) for MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cell lines, respectively. Bax:Bcl-2 ratios were significantly increased after flavonoids + SMF exposure (2.7 vs. 1.6 fold (p<0.0001) in hesperetin + SMF group and 1.8 vs. 1.3-fold (p<0.0001) in quercetin + SMF group for MCF-7 and MDA MB-231 cell lines, respectively.

Conclusions

SMF might support the anti-cancer properties of flavonoids, on breast cancer cells via mitochondria-related apoptosis pathway.
High dose ascorbic acid treatment in COVID-19 patients raised some problems in clinical chemistry testing
Authors: Yesildal Fatih , Isman Ferruh Kemal
Published: September 2020

Objective

COVID-19 pandemia still continues to threaten the whole world. High dose ascorbic acid (AA) infusion is a choice of treatment and its efficiency is still being investigated. AA interferes with many clinical chemistry tests. However, data about the interference of high concentrations of AA is not sufficient. In this study, we aimed to investigate the interference of AA at high concentrations on commonly used chemistry assays.

Materials and Methods

Serum samples at AA concentrations of 200, 150, 100, 75, 50, 25, 10, 5, 2 and 0 mg/dL were prepared by using the stock solution of 15000 mg/dL AA. Each sample was analyzed by using the most common 30 chemistry tests (Abbott Architect C8000, Illinois, USA) and a POCT glucometer (STANDARD GlucoNavii, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea).

Results

Creatinine, sodium and glucose (POCT) tests were found to be positively interfered by increasing AA concentrations; while direct bilirubin, lipase, UIBC, triglyceride, total cholesterol, HDL/LDL cholesterol tests were negatively interfered. Absolute interference (%) increased as the AA concentration increased.

Conclusion

This is the largest and first study to investigate the interference of high dose AA, which is used in severe COVID-19 patients nowadays. Manufacturers and clinicians should be aware of the possibility of aberrant results due to high dose AA infusion. Clinicians should not forget to consult a laboratory specialist, since he is the only person to monitor the reactions in all assays, and know the technical subjects like interferences, assay method specifications. This issue is very important for correct decision-making and interpretation of the data-mining studies accurately and efficiently.
Ein Textdossier aus der Zeit Bischof Anselms II. von Lucca
Authors: Schilling Beate
Published: September 2020

A dossier of texts from the time of bishop Anselm II of Lucca. The article analyses an appendix of texts at the end of three manuscripts of the collectio canonum ascribed to Anselm of Lucca. The texts, in their majority contemporaneous, are concerned mainly with simony and might have been intended to supplement the 6th book (about bishopsʼ rights) of that collection. The texts are of interest as they prove their compilerʼs relations to Bernold of Constance and to Milan, the town, where Anselm and his uncle, pope Alexander II, came from. Two texts of Alexander II, a long letter adressed to the clergy and people of Lucca and a canon of dubious authenticity about simoniac consecrations of churches, can in fact be traced back to Milan manuscripts and allow us a glimpse into the local debates of the 1060s.
Theologie in laizistischen Zeiten
Authors: Schwarz Karl W.
Published: September 2020

Theology in laicistic times. The breakdown of Habsburg monarchy and the consequences for protestantic colleges in the region of Danube and the Carpats. The article deals with the fate of protestant colleges in the Austrian-Hungarian Monarchy and its descendant states. Protestant teaching was restricted by a laicistic course of policy in Czechoslovakia (under Masaryk) and Austria (Socialist party). In Hungary, Horthy expected help and hope by the churches during the depression after the lost war, and therefore founded ecclesiastical academic institutes on university level. To this day, pastoral training is located in church-directed universities and colleges, whereas the public universities and colleges offer no theological courses. In Austria, the „Großdeutsche“ party supported the „Christlichsoziale“ party and its powerful (clerical) leader Ignaz Seipel under the condition that the 100 year old protestant seminary was incorporated with Vienna University. In Prag and Bratislava, Masaryk’s system of separation of state and church postboned the academic incorporation until 1990.
Auffällige Personen- und Ortsnamen in den Codex-Glossen des Roffredus Beneventanus
Authors: Bertram Martin
Published: September 2020

Remarkable names of persons and places in the glosses to the Codex Iustiniani of Roffredus Beneventanus. The first part of this paper is a review of Manlio Bellomo’s recent edition of glosses preserved in a Prague manuscript of the Code of Iustinian and now attributed to the famous jurist Roffredus Beneventanus († after june 1243). The second part deals specifically with some strange names mentioned in the glosses. Those names lead to certain persons and places not known from the life and work of Roffredus. With a few exceptions, they cannot be identified, but in general they seem related to the region of Umbria, the Marche and particularly to Spoleto.
Radikale Frühaufklärung in Deutschland
Authors: Schmoeckel Mathias
Published: September 2020

Radical early Enlightenment in Germany. The habilitation paper of Martin Mulsow, now enrichend, provides for a new in-depth look into the scientific discussions of the 17th and 18th century. Though Mulsow treats many subjects and touches issues of law only occasionally, the implication of this new publication reveals many new insights also for legal historians. We see that there was a wide spread belief into the existence of scientific liberty, although there was no law or rule to prove this assumption. Though we find no new Gabriel Naudé, Pierre Bayle, or John Locke, the German professors used their debate in order to extend the topics and opinions which could lawfully be discussed. The hermeneutical issues involve insight also for the history of legal evidence.
Herbert Hoover and the Archives of the Great War
Authors: Cannon Jean M.
Published: September 2020

Established in 1919, the Hoover Institution Library & Archives at Stanford University is perhaps the world's largest repository of materials related to war, revolution, and peace movements across the globe, with especially rich collections related to the First World War. This article explains the origin and mission of the library, which was created by Herbert and Lou Henry Hoover following their World War I–era work in humanitarian aid, food relief, and diplomacy. Outlining significant holdings related to the war—including not just official records but rare ephemera such as posters, lace, and propaganda—this article explains the Hoovers’ vision of building a vast and varied repository of material that would establish the library as a hub of research on war and revolution. By acquiring significant historical material, the founders and curators sought to encourage future generations of scholars to theorize and employ solutions for building peace worldwide. The article also discusses the library's holdings related to Stanford students who served as ambulance drivers, pilots, soldiers, and nurses during the war—collections that provide valuable insight into the lived experience of the war and document Stanford's contributions to interventionist/anti-interventionist discussions before America's entry into the war in 1917 and, later, to the Allied war effort.
California and the 1918–1920 Influenza Pandemic
Authors: North Diane M. T.
Published: September 2020

The 1918–1920 influenza pandemic remains the deadliest influenza pandemic in recorded history. It started in the midst of World War I and killed an estimated 50–100 million people worldwide, many from complications of pneumonia. Approximately 500 million, or one-third of the world's population, became infected. In the United States, an estimated 850,000 died. The exceptionally contagious, unknown strain of influenza virus spread rapidly and attacked all ages, but it especially targeted young adults (ages twenty to forty-four). This essay examines the evolution of four waves of the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic, emphasizes the role of the U.S. Navy and sea travel as the initial transmitters of the virus in the United States, and focuses on California communities and military installations as a case study in the response to the crisis. Although the world war, limited medical science, and the unknown nature of the virus made it extremely difficult to fight the disease, the responses of national, state, and community leaders to the 1918–1920 influenza pandemic can provide useful lessons in 2020, as the onslaught of COVID-19 forces people worldwide to confront a terrible illness and death.
“We Can Fulfill Our Obligation as Women Citizens”
Authors: Clemmer Heather
Published: September 2020

World War I provided San Francisco women public opportunities to actively engage in the body politic. These women expanded their organizational strategies, honed over the decades in clubs and associations, to meet the nation's wartime needs. In 1911 such activism resulted in passage of California suffrage, but the majority of San Francisco men voted against the state amendment. For San Francisco women, World War I was another avenue through which they could expand their community invovement. As guardians of the kitchen, women emphasized their vital contributions to the nation's economy. They continued crusades to eradicate vice and promote community health. They sought ways to make a difference on an international scale. Civic equality remained unobtainable as men dominated wartime leadership roles, but San Francisco women continued to adapt by creating new opportunities to mobilize female citizenry.
A Chant Has Nine Lives
Authors: Walker Trent
Published: September 2020

The story of how Theravada Buddhism came to be adopted among urban Kinh communities in southern Vietnam challenges how scholars narrate Buddhist history. Focusing on the transformation of a single liturgical text—a chant, originally in the Pali language, to invite a monk to give a sermon—as it circulates across Thailand and Cambodia before its eventual translation from Khmer into Vietnamese in the mid-twentieth century, this essay reveals how chants grow as they circulate, how Theravada liturgies unsettle distinctions between classical and vernacular languages, and how ritual and ideological necessities shape translation in new cultural contexts.
Kronzeugenanträge versus Datenschutz und Geschäftsgeheimnisschutz Dritter
Authors: Spindler Gerald
Published: September 2020

Kronzeugen stellen eines der wichtigsten Beweismittel in Kartellverfahren dar und genießen daher besonderen Schutz. Allerdings setzen sich Kronzeugen mit der Preisgabe von Informationen, die oftmals vertraulich sind oder personenbezogene Daten enthalten, dem Risiko einer Haftung gegenüber den vom Geheimnisschutz oder Datenschutz geschützten Personen aus. Dies gilt erst recht, wenn der Kronzeugenantrag scheitert. Der Beitrag untersucht diese Konfliktlage vor dem Hintergrund des neuen Geheimnisschutzgesetzes sowie der noch in deutsches Recht umzusetzenden Whistleblowing-Richtlinie der EU und zeigt auf, dass mit diesen neuen Regelungen der Kronzeuge in aller Regel sich keiner Haftung mehr gegenüber sieht.
„Mietright“ und die Abtretungssammelklage
Authors: Morell Alexander
Published: September 2020

Inwiefern ist die Entscheidung des BGH, dass die konfektionierte Rechtsdienstleistung in einem einzelnen Fall in Sachen Mietright zulässig war, auf die Abtretungssammelklage übertragbar? Das war schon kurz nach dem Urteil eine – vor allem für das Kartellschadensrecht und einen Teil der Verfahren zum Abgasskandal – hoch relevante Frage. Zwei Gerichte haben diese Frage nun ganz unterschiedlich beantwortet. Schon allein das gegensätzliche Verständnis der BGH-Vorgaben durch das LG Braunschweig einer- und das LG München I andererseits lässt es angezeigt erscheinen, zu prüfen, inwieweit die Gründe des BGH in Sachen Mietright (weiter Inkassobegriff, formale Subsumtion unter § 4 RDG und Wirkung der Erfolgsvergütung) auch die rechtliche Bewertung der Abtretungssammelklage vorbestimmen und inwieweit die kundenschützende Interessenabwägung, die der BGH vorsieht, Raum für die Nichtigkeitsfolge des § 134 BGB lässt. Darüber hinaus spricht das LG München I zum ersten Mal einen Interessenkonflikt an, der in der Abtretungssammelklage durch die Heterogenität der zusammengefassten Ansprüche entsteht und die ordnungsgemäße Erbringung der Rechtsdienstleistung gefährden soll.
Compliance-Bemühungen im Rahmen der Bußgeldbemessung nach der 10. GWB-Novelle
Authors: Holle Philipp Maximilian
Published: September 2020

Bundeskartellamt und Literatur streiten seit langem über die Frage, inwieweit Compliance-Maßnahmen bei der Bußgeldbemessung zu berücksichtigen sind, die ein Unternehmen im Vorfeld eines Kartellverstoßes, zu dessen Aufarbeitung sowie im Nachgang zu diesem ergriffen hat. Im Zuge der 10. GWB-Novelle ist nun vorgesehen, die beiden zuletzt genannten Formen von Compliance-Maßnahmen in einem neuen § 81d GWB als Bemessungsfaktoren ausdrücklich aufzulisten. Dies steht einerseits im Widerspruch zur bisherigen Praxis des Bundeskartellamts. Andererseits scheint es die von Seiten der Literatur erhobene Forderung, sämtlichen Compliance-Bemühungen eines Unternehmens bußgeldmindernde Wirkung beizumessen, aber auch nur halbherzig umzusetzen, weil Compliance-Bemühungen, die ein Unternehmen im Vorfeld des Kartellverstoßes ergriffen hat, nicht genannt werden. Der nachfolgende Beitrag soll aufzeigen, dass dieser Schein trügt und infolge des gesetzgeberischen Eingreifens nunmehr zusätzliche Argumente dafür sprechen, auch präventiven Compliance-Maßnahmen bußgeldmindernde Wirkung beizumessen. Er versteht sich insofern als Fortsetzung und Aktualisierung des eingehenden Plädoyers für eine umfassende Berücksichtigung von Compliance-Maßnahmen, das Gerson Trüg und Felix Ruppert noch zur alten Rechtslage vor kurzem in dieser Zeitschrift veröffentlicht haben (ZWeR 2020, 69 ff.). Zugleich warnt der Beitrag vor der Gefahr, die greifbaren zusätzlichen Präventionseffekte wieder dadurch zunichte zu machen, dass der durchaus naheliegenden Forderung nachgegeben wird, einzelne bußgeldmindernde Compliance-Elemente im Gesetz oder in den Bußgeldleitlinien des Bundeskartellamts aufzulisten.
Fusionskontrolle unterhalb der Aufgreifschwellen
Authors: Becker Björn Christian
Published: September 2020

Die deutsche Fusionskontrolle wird durch die Schwellenwerte des § 35 GWB in ihrem Anwendungsbereich begrenzt, um Fälle mit nur marginalen wettbewerblichen Auswirkungen im Inland auszuschließen und dem Bundeskartellamt zu ermöglichen, sich auf gesamtwirtschaftlich bedeutsame Zusammenschlussfälle zu konzentrieren. Zuletzt sind allerdings in verschiedenen Sektoren durchaus bedeutsame Konzentrationstendenzen zu verzeichnen, die von den Schwellenwerten nicht erfasst werden. Beispiele betreffen etwa den Fernbusmarkt (Flixbus), den Markt für Online-Essenslieferdienste (Takeaway.com) sowie vor allem Regionalmärkte (Remondis). Auch das bereits im Zuge der 9. GWB-Novelle diskutierte Phänomen der „Killer Acquisitions“ tritt häufig unterhalb der fusionskontrollrechtlichen Schwellenwerte auf. Als mögliche Lösungswege werden eine Ex-post-Kontrolle am Maßstab des Missbrauchsverbots nach dem Vorbild anderer Jurisdiktionen diskutiert, aber auch Modifikationen der präventiven Fusionskontrolle erwogen. Einiges Aufsehen erregte der mit dem Referentenentwurf zur 10. GWB-Novelle vorgeschlagene § 39a GWB-E. Diese neue Regelung würde es dem Bundeskartellamt ermöglichen, eine „Anmeldeverfügung“ gegen einzelne Unternehmen zu erlassen. Die Betroffenen wären damit gezwungen, auch Fusionen unterhalb der aktuell geltenden Schwellenwerte des § 35 GWB bei der Behörde anzumelden. Der innovative Vorschlag eines neuen flexiblen Aufgreifinstruments hat durchaus Potenzial, hinsichtlich der konkreten Ausgestaltung der Regelung besteht jedoch Nachbesserungsbedarf.
Kartellbußen und ihre steuerliche Abzugsfähigkeit – Gedanken zur neuesten Rechtsprechung des BFH
Authors: Loritz Karl-Georg
Published: September 2020

Nach der zutreffenden Aussage des XI. Senats des BFH kann es nicht vom Willen der Kartellbehörde abhängen, ob eine Geldbuße Abschöpfungswirkung hat und damit steuerlich abzugsfähig ist. Tatsächlich führt diese Entscheidung aber nicht dazu, den vom Bundesverfassungsgericht seit langem geforderten Zustand herzustellen, der es den betroffenen Unternehmen ermöglicht, den Abschöpfungsanteil der Kartellbußen tatsächlich auch als Betriebsausgabe anzusetzen.
Gentrificación e higienización del espacio en Callao, Perú. Barrio de Castilla
Authors: Vargas Villafuerte Jaime , Cuevas Calderón Elder
Published: September 2020

El objetivo de este estudio es analizar cómo la gentrificación de un barrio metropolitano empieza a dislocar a sus residentes por población flotante (turistas/consumidores). Para ello, exploramos la percepción de los vecinos del barrio de Castilla en el Centro Histórico del Callao, Perú, con respecto a un proyecto de inversión privada (Monumental Callao) a través de técnicas cualitativas (entrevistas semiestructuradas, observación no participante, revisión de data oficial). Para la lectura de los hallazgos hemos conjugado la semiótica de la espacialidad con el urbanismo para poder dar una lectura que no solo se concentra en la ontología del espacio, sino en sus relaciones sociales y su puesta en discurso con los procesos urbanísticos. Los resultados arrojan que la gentrificación del barrio de Castilla se ha conjugado con un proceso de higienización del espacio, en donde, solo se puede exigir derechos en tanto se vuelve consumidor.
Desafíos para enfrentar el deterioro de una producción cuantitativa. Vivienda social en copropiedad en Chile
Authors: Bustos-Peñafiel Mónica Alejandra
Published: September 2020

La vivienda social en altura en Chile, administrada bajo el régimen de copropiedad, tiene su  origen a mediados de 1930. Si bien, diversos conjuntos han logrado sostener la mantención de los bienes comunes bajo este modelo, en otros se ha evidenciado un profundo deterioro. Aunque, en algunos casos, se debe a la baja calidad arquitectónica y espacial con la que fueron construidos, un hecho determinante es la dificultad de las familias para configurar un tejido social cohesionado y entender las normas que regulan la administración de bienes comunes, desencadenando una compleja convivencia vecinal.Basados en esta realidad, el estudio se centra en las problemáticas que han surgido en los conjuntos construidos en las décadas de 1980 y 1990 bajo una lógica de producción de libre mercado. A partir de una investigación documental comparada sobre el marco normativo e institucional que ha determinado la formación de la vivienda social en altura regida por el modelo de copropiedad en Chile y su contexto político, social y económico, el articulo desarrolla un recorrido histórico por sus transformaciones tipológicas y morfológicas, exponiendo los actuales enfoques y líneas de intervención diseñados desde las políticas públicas para responder al deterioro y sostenibilidad de los denominados condominios sociales y sus comunidades.
Paraíso Travel y La breve y maravillosa vida de Oscar Wao: Migraciones hacia el desamparo físico y la soledad
Authors: Alvarado Vega Óscar
Published: September 2020

En Paraíso Travel se plantea el proceso doloroso que sufren los personajes en su viaje de migración, pero también se enfoca lo relacionado con lo que para algunos representa la casi imposible inserción en estos “nuevos mundos”.  La relación de amor-odio (unión-separación) que constituye la historia de Marlon y Reina, es la excusa para dar cuenta lo que significa la angustia de muchos de los migrantes en sus espacios de exclusión, mientras optan por otros espacios que tampoco les representan una verdadera salida a sus problemas de dolor y desencanto.    

De igual manera, en La breve y maravillosa vida de Óscar Wao, se aborda el tema de la migración en dos direcciones: la migración espacial que lleva al personaje central de un país a otro en busca de mejores condiciones que le permitan su inserción social y una adaptabilidad mejor, en términos personales y profesionales, con el fin de desenvolverse en otra cultura al tiempo que huye “de la maldición” que aqueja a su familia.  Por otra parte, manifiesta un proceso de migración interna, un rehuir de sí mismo, y de su entorno inmediato, por lo cual busca refugio en los cómics y la producción literaria, mientras intenta ser el mejor en lo que hace, un nuevo maestro de la ciencia ficción; ello como una forma de encontrarse a sí mismo, y de interactuar de forma más adecuada con su medio y su propia personalidad.
Centroamérica, Guerra Fría y recrudecimiento de la crisis de los años ochenta (una introducción)
Authors: Agüero García Javier
Published: September 2020

Este ensayo constituye una interpretación introductoria acerca de la Guerra Fría en la región centroamericana. Para la realización del análisis, primero se estudia el sistema internacional de orden bipolar resultante de la segunda Guerra mundial, para luego abordar el acontecer latinoamericano en medio de la guerra Fría, con las intervenciones en Cuba y en Chile; la crisis de Centroamérica, enmarcada en un proceso de autoritarismo de larga duración; los rasgos definitorios de la crisis del poder político durante los años ochenta, con el militarismo creciente; el difícil camino hacia la paz, desde la propuesta formulada en Contadora, hasta la firma de los acuerdos por parte de los diferentes países. Al final, se concluye con una recapitulación de lo sucedido entre el derrocamiento de Árbenz en Guatemala y de Noriega en Panamá.
Oportunidades para la acción universitaria Algunas pautas a partir del pensamiento de Ignacio Ellacuría Beascoechea
Authors: Cambronero Alpízar José Rodolfo
Published: September 2020

La universidad para Ignacio Ellacuría, está llamada a realizar un profundo análisis de la realidad histórica y a transformarla en función de las mayorías oprimidas. Este llamado no solo tuvo lugar en un contexto determinado, sino que retoma su valor en la actualidad en contextos de nuevas opresiones, pero también de nuevas oportunidades. Las conclusiones de esta investigación señalan elementos de acción para que las universidades posean mejores herramientas para juzgar la realidad y transformarla.
“Repressions Are Necessary; the Newspaper Hype Is Not”: Explaining Terror in Soviet Terms
Authors: Spencer Malcolm L. G.
Published: September 2020

Ever since Robert Conquest’s pioneering study of Joseph Stalin’s Soviet Union first appeared in 1968, the high point of state-sponsored violence in the 1930s has been commonly referred to as the “Great Terror”. The subsequent adoption of the eponymous title by scholars to describe the broader phenomenon of “state terror” in the Stalinist period is similarly now widespread within the field. This terminology is, however, highly problematic. In the language and ideology of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) terror was consistently portrayed as a threat to, rather than strategy of, the state. It formed part of a tightly controlled terminology of terror, rooted in the Party’s experiences of revolution and civil war, and employed by the regime to marginalize and condemn opponents in official propaganda and private discourse. This study will address this key distinction and illuminate an important element of continuity in the tactics, ideology and self-perception of the CPSU, and its satellite parties within the Communist International, when approaching challenges to their authority (both real and imagined), whether they were of a social, political or even international flavour. Deploying a case study approach, this paper will demonstrate the extent to which “terror” and other related language offered a stable characterisation of the “enemy” throughout the interwar period.