bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Liver stiffness measured by transient elastography as predictor of prognoses following portosystemic shunt occlusion
Authors: Ishikawa Tsuyoshi , Sasaki Ryo , Nishimura Tatsuro , Matsuda Takashi , Maeda Masaki , Iwamoto Takuya , Saeki Issei , Hidaka Isao , Takami Taro , Sakaida Isao
Published: August 2018

Background and Aim

This study aimed to identify predictors of model for end‐stage liver disease sodium score reductions and improvements in vital prognoses following portosystemic shunt occlusion in portal hypertension patients.

Methods

Seventy cirrhotic patients with major portosystemic shunts and a mean model for end‐stage liver disease sodium score of 10.5 underwent balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration between February 2008 and March 2017. We calculated the scores before and 1 month after shunt occlusion. The long‐term outcomes were monitored, and vital prognoses were analyzed.

Results

The model for end‐stage liver disease sodium score did not change significantly 1 month post‐balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration, and the score decreased postoperatively in 31 (44.3%) patients. Univariate analyses showed that decline in the score after portosystemic shunt occlusion was strongly associated with hepatic encephalopathy as a procedural indication, lower liver volumes, and lower liver stiffness levels measured by transient elastography before treatment (P < 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis identified preoperative liver stiffness level as an independent predictor of model for end‐stage liver disease sodium score amelioration following balloon‐occluded retrograde transvenous obliteration (P < 0.05), and receiver operating characteristic curve analysis determined a liver stiffness cutoff value of 21.6 kPa, with a sensitivity of 76.0% and specificity of 69.6%. The Kaplan–Meier method determined that overall survival rates after treatment in patients with liver stiffness < 21.6 kPa were significantly higher than in patients with liver stiffness ≥ 21.6 kPa (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Liver stiffness measured by transient elastography may predict improvements in model for end‐stage liver disease sodium scores and in survival rates after portosystemic shunt occlusion in portal hypertension patients.
Association Between Estimated Mortality Risk and Measured Quality of Care in Older Adults
Authors: Gotanda Hiroshi , Ganz David A , Wenger Neil S
Published: August 2018

Quality measures based on processes of care (e.g., breast cancer screening) are frequently used to compare performance of providers and healthcare organizations in a value‐based reimbursement system, but using these measures to make performance comparisons could penalize clinicians caring for older adults with multiple comorbidities. These clinicians may more frequently withhold recommended care based on limited prognosis, patient preference, or potential adverse effects and, as a result, may incur financial penalties because of poor measured performance. Alternatively, they may need to perform additional administrative work to exclude patients from quality measurement. To examine the potential performance handicap associated with caring for complex populations, we cross‐sectionally examined the association between broad outpatient processes of care and 5‐year mortality risk in a nationally representative older adult sample (≥ 65) from the 2002 to 2015 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (n=26,006). In adjusted analyses, performance score based on process‐of‐care measures was significantly worse in the high‐risk group (5‐year mortality risk ≥50; adjusted performance score 67.4%; adjusted absolute difference 6.7%, 95% confidence interval (CI)=5.3–8.1%, p<.001) and in the intermediate‐risk group (5‐year mortality risk 25–49%; adjusted performance score 71.7%; adjusted absolute difference 2.4%, 95% CI=1.7–3.1%, p<.001) than in the low‐risk group (5‐year mortality risk <25%); adjusted performance score 74.1% following <25%. The trend was overall constant across types of care processes and was more prominent in the younger age brackets of our sample. These results suggest that use of process‐of‐care measures can lead to disproportionate burden for clinicians and organizations primarily taking care of complex populations.
Usual interstitial pneumonia: A distinct group within interstitial pneumonia with autoimmune features? – Reply
Authors: Kelly Bryan , Moua Teng
Published: August 2018

See Letter
In vivo mechanical characterization of human facial skin combining curved surface imaging and indentation techniques
Authors: Dai Anna , Wang Shibin , Zhou Lei , Wei Huixin , Wang Zhiyong , He Wei
Published: August 2018

Background

The mechanical properties of human facial skin are of considerable importance for clinical research and cosmetic industry. As a result of their susceptibility to the individual difference and complex surroundings of human beings, the in vivo mechanical characterization by objective and quantitative devices is challenging.

Methods

In this study, an experimental setup was custom‐designed for the mechanical characterization combining curved surface optical imaging and indentation techniques. By means of an independently developed transparent indenter, the contact area and topography of facial skin can be in vivo and in situ captured in real time. Especially, the perpendicularity between indenter and facial skin can be adjusted and guaranteed by imaging analyses.

Results

A modified formula for the contact area calculation of silica gel, one of the most common materials used to simulate human facial skin, has been proposed. The highly improved agreement with the indentation tests shows its reliability and better applicability compared to the classical Hertz theory. Furthermore, we perform the in vivo indentation tests on human facial skin to evaluate the Young's modulus, which shows a potential for better understanding of their mechanical properties.

Conclusion

The device presented could give convincing results. The in vivo mechanical properties of human facial skin obtained by our modified formula agree well with open literature, and a better reliability than classical Hertz theory is evidenced.
An Examination of Issues Surrounding Nonprofit Executive Salaries: 2010-2017
Authors: Seyam Achraf , Banerjee Suvro K.
Published: August 2018

This paper examines issues related to executive compensation in the nonprofit sector for the period since the last recession, 2010-2017. We explain why nonprofit executive compensation matters in terms of charitable giving in the United States. We discuss what is meant by the terms “nonprofit” and “tax-exempt”; the requirements that an entity must meet in order to achieve each respective designation; and why the two terms are not interchangeable. We examine different types of tax-exempt entities and how tax-exempt status aids organizations in raising funds from the donating public. We focus on the requirements for obtaining, and maintaining that status as a regulatory tool. We review the significant expenses for a tax-exempt non-profit and note how commercial entities face similar expenses. We illustrate how the particular expense of executive compensation is inherently different for a tax-exempt non-profit than for profit-making enterprises. We explain the factors that determine executive salaries in the former and the components of this compensation. We review the federal and state regulations governing tax-exempt nonprofit executive salaries and guidelines offered by non-governmental entities. We note that research (Balsam and Harris 2014) indicates a negative correlation between the level of disclosed executive compensation and the percentage of donations that a tax-exempt nonprofit receives. We discuss and analyze the compensation for chief executives at certain such nonprofits which have been highlighted by the mainstream media, the source of nonprofit information most easily accessible to the vast majority of donors to such entities. We conclude by highlighting why donors should have a voice in the determination of a tax exempt’s nonprofit executive compensation.
Effects of Physical Fitness and Mental Hardness on the Performance of Elite Male Basketball Players
Authors: Erciş Sertaç
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this study was to study the effects of physical fitness and mental hardness on the performance of elite basketball players in Turkey. The research included a population of 80 elite male athletes, and the size of the population and the sample size were equal and the method of selection was purposeful one. The instruments consisted of physical fitness measurements. Goldberg General Health Questionnaire and hardiness questionnaire with components of challenge, control, trust, excitement, self-confidence and commitment with the reliability of 0.88 and the exercise performance questionnaire were used to evaluate the performance and practice variables with a reliability of 0.82 which all of them were more than 0.78 in the preliminary design. Pearson correlation analysis and structural equations were used to answer the hypotheses. Physical fitness had affected psychological characteristics and performance. Since their importance is clear to everybody, we need to plan to enhance their psychological and mental health.
Estudio de concordancia entre citología convencional y citometría de flujo en la identificación de infiltracion neoplástica del líquido cefalorraquídeo en pacientes con diagnóstico de leucemia aguda.
Authors: Quijano Gómez Sandra Milena , Guzmán Cruz Paula Carolina , De los Reyes Valencia Iliana , Córdoba Nuñez Maria Adelaida
Published: August 2018

Introducción: la leucemia aguda es el cáncer más frecuente en la infancia. Las manifestaciones clínicas son sistémicas y la infiltración al sistema nervioso central es infrecuente e impacta su tratamiento y pronóstico. Se han implementado diferentes técnicas como citometría de flujo (CMF) y citometría covencional (CC) para mejorar la eficiencia en el diagnóstico de blastos en el líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR). Métodos: estudio retrospectivo de concordancia entre la CMF y CC para determinar la presencia de blastos en el LCR en pacientes pediátricos con diagnóstico de leucemia aguda. Resultados: se analizaron 111 muestras de 34 pacientes, de los cuales solo 6 eran de bajo riesgo (17,6 %). De las 111 muestras, solo en 37 se reportaron empleando CC y CMF. La concordancia entre las dos técnicas fue satisfactoria cuando las dos pruebas eran negativas kappa (0,80 a 0,96). Conclusiones: el diagnóstico de infiltración al sistema nervioso central se debe optimizar, y en la actualidad contamos con dos técnicas de características operativas diferentes. A pesar de que la CMF se reporta como un método más sensible, tiene mayores costos y con el trabajo solo se demuestra buena concordancia con la CC cuando es negativa; por lo anterior, se requieren más estudios para determinar si se debe cambiar a la citología que en la actualidad es el patrón de referencia.
Tratamiento de distonía con estimulación cerebral profunda
Authors: Acevedo González Juan Carlos , Salazar Lina Marcela
Published: August 2018

El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la importancia de la estimulación cerebralprofunda (ECP) en el tratamiento de la distonía. Se tiene en cuenta la población que debe ser llevada a cirugía, la estructura cerebral que debe estimularse, los resultados esperados en la mejoría de la sintomatología, así como los riesgos a los cuales se expone el paciente. Para lo anterior se realizó una búsqueda no sistematizada en las bases de datos Pubmed y Medline. La distonía es un problema médico importante, aunque con poca prevalencia en la población general. Es una enfermedad que puede tener un origen primario o secundario, afecta la movilidad del paciente y produce deterioro significativo de la calidad de vida. El objetivo de esta revisión es evaluar la efectividad de la estimulación cerebral en el tratamiento de la distonía.
Eficacia de la colisina en el tratamiento de pacientes adultos con infecciones severas por Acinetobacter baummannii XDR en cuidados intensivos
Authors: Urrutia Gómez Jorge Andrés , Rueda Riaño Anggie Marcela , Rojas Páez Camilo Andrés , Silva Rodríguez María Alejandra , Méndez Faniño Yardany Rafael
Published: August 2018

Acinetobacter baumannii XDR (extensively drug-resistant) es un agente que ha ganado importancia en las unidades de cuidado intensivo (UCI), debido a su alto perfil de resistencia bacteriana, virulencia y efectos adversos de los tratamientos disponibles, por lo que se ha considerado un problema mundial de salud pública. Por lo tanto, es necesario determinar cuál de las alternativas terapéuticas es más eficaz. Para este artículo se llevó a cabo una revisión cuyo objetivo es ilustrar la eficacia terapéutica de la colistina en infecciones por Acinetobacter baumannii XDR en pacientes de UCI y evaluar cuáles serían sus posibles alternativas terapéuticas. La evidencia demuestra que la mejor elección terapéutica en estos pacientes es la colistina, aunque es altamente nefrotóxica. Existen alternativas como la tigeciclina y el doripenem, aunque cuentan con menor eficacia. Se concluyó que la colistina en monoterapia debe ser el tratamiento de primera línea, aunque la multiterapia ha demostrado eficacia, pero se necesita mayor evidencia sobre su utilidad y manejo clínico.
Menores de 17 años con concentraciones de plomo por exposición ambiental en Bogotá
Authors: Geney Celis Cesar Alejandro , Barbosa Devia María Zaideé , Díaz Gómez Alejandra Del Pilar , Pérez Castiblanco Diana María , Osorio García Samuel David , González Álvarez Yady Cristina
Published: August 2018

Resumen Introducción: el plomo es un metal pesado, y su presencia en niños es un problema de salud pública. La pintura es la principal fuente de exposición por transferencia mano-boca. Genera daños en la salud como retardo mental, encefalopatía, alteraciones en el desarrollo neurológico, retraso en el crecimiento y déficit de atención. Materiales y métodos: estudio descriptivo, análisis secundario de los casos de menores de 17 años con concentraciones de plomo del estudio Prevalencia de mercurio y plomo en población general de Bogotá 2012/2013. Resultados: el 93,7 % de la muestra presentó alguna concentración de plomo en la sangre, el 37,5 % tuvo cantidades superiores a los valores de referencia. De seis casos se resaltan cuatro de ellos: una niña de cuatro años presentó la concentración más elevada de plomo; a su vez tenía un factor de exposición y cuatro de los seis hallazgos clínicos evaluados. Otra niña de dieciséis años tuvo con tres hallazgos clínicos, y dos niños de ocho y quince años de edad también evidenciaron tres hallazgos clínicos. Discusión: la muestra de menores fue muy pequeña. Aun cuando los resultados no permiten realizar inferencias, que el 37,5 % tuviera concentraciones en niveles superiores a los de referencia es preocupante. Además, los casos encontrados tenían hallazgos clínicos específicos descritos en la literatura, asociados a concentraciones elevadas de plomo, como retrasos en el desarrollo motor y de lenguaje, disminución del coeficiente intelectual y trastornos del aprendizaje. Estos hallazgos deberían ser suficientes para implementar acciones orientadas a la identificación temprana del plomo en menores.
Manejo no farmacológico del insomnio
Authors: Oviedo Lugo Gabriel Fernando , Verhelst Forero Patrick Rolando , Jordan Mondragon Valeria
Published: August 2018

El insomnio es el trastorno de sueño más frecuente y, a menudo, se encuentra asociado a otros trastornos mentales. El diagnóstico se realiza cuando la queja principal es un sueño no reparador o una dificultad para iniciar o mantener el sueño y dura, al menos, tres meses. El objetivo del presente artículo es describir los diferentes modelos del insomnio primario, así como las aproximaciones terapéuticas no farmacológicas derivadas de estos esquemas. Las modalidades más comunes de tratamiento incluyen enfoques de tipo comportamental, control de estímulos, restricción de sueño, higiene de sueño y relajación muscular progresiva. Al ser el insomnio una condición crónica, se recomiendan tratamientos a largo plazo con un alto perfil de seguridad.
Radiocirugía de lesión metastásica en la fosa posterior con infiltración leptomeníngea focal: reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura
Authors: Sánchez Forero Ricardo Antonio , Bedoya Lorena
Published: August 2018

Las metástasis en la fosa posterior con asociación leptomeníngea en pacientes con cáncer de mama son infrecuentes. La supervivencia promedio posterior al tratamiento es de 4 a 6 meses. En la literatura se han descrito diferentes opciones terapéuticas para este tipo de lesiones. La localización en la fosa posterior puede ser compleja, llegar a afectar estructuras esenciales del sistema nervioso central (SNC) y requerir un manejo oportuno para evitar complicaciones que empeoran el pronóstico y la supervivencia. Este artículo presenta el caso de una paciente de 57 años de edad con una lesión metástasica única en el aspecto superior del vermis cerebeloso con infiltración leptomeníngea focal asociada, que fue manejado con radiocirugía de dosis única. En el seguimiento a 10 meses se documentó mejoría clínica y neurológica, sin evidencia de enfermedad en SNC por imágenes. Adicionalmente, se revisó la literatura al respecto.
Caracterización de recién nacidos a término con diagnóstico de intolerancia a la vía oral en su primera semana de vida
Authors: Orozco Corredor Johana Paola , Arevalo Camilo Andrés , Quintero Gómez Ana María , Montealegre Pomar Adriana Del Pilar
Published: August 2018

Introducción: El diagnóstico de intolerancia a la vía oral en los recién nacidos atérmino no se basa en la definición operativa. No hay estudios sobre factores de riesgo.Objetivo: Caracterizar a recién nacidos a término hospitalizados con diagnóstico deintolerancia a la vía oral. Analizar la calidad sobre este diagnóstico y establecer suincidencia real. Diseño y metodología: Cohorte retrospectiva entre 2011 y 2013. Seanalizaron variables prenatales, intraparto y postparto y si el diagnóstico cumplía conlos criterios de la definición. Resultados: El 11,3 % de los pacientes tenía intoleranciaa la vía oral, y solo el 33 % cumplía con la definición operativa. La incidencia anualestimada estuvo entre el 3,5 % y el 4,4 %. En la caracterización de la población, lasvariables más frecuentes fueron: consumo de fórmula láctea (88 %), antecedentematerno de anestesia regional (69 %), ictericia (61 %), sexo masculino (58 %), partopor cesárea (57 %) e hipoglucemia (53 %). Conclusiones: La incidencia real es similara otros países; el 66 % de los pacientes no cumplía con la definición operativa. Serequieren estudios analíticos que exploren la relación causal con las variables másfrecuentes.
Descompresión y posterior enucleación de un ameloblastoma uniquístico-variante de células granulares. Reporte de caso
Authors: Mejía Barbosa Juan Pablo , Peña Vega Claudia Patricia , Jaramillo De Barberi Lina , Quintana Muñoz Humberto
Published: August 2018

El ameloblastoma es uno de los tumores benignos más agresivos y destructivoslocalmente de la región maxilofacial, capaz de generar grandes deformaciones facialesen un corto periodo. Sin embargo, dentro de su clasificación, la variante uniquísticaes considerada la menos agresiva y permite un manejo conservador de esta patología.Este artículo describe un caso clínico de una mujer de veinte años de edad, a quien se lediagnosticó un ameloblastoma uniquístico de células granulares, variante histológicapoco frecuente. La lesión fue manejada de manera conservadora, realizando unadescompresión durante dos meses y una enucleación con resección de los márgenesóseos. Este tratamiento disminuye la morbilidad asociada a la resección quirúrgica yse evitan grandes defectos estéticos y funcionales.
Frecuencia de tumores odontogénicos benignos en la Fundación Hospital de la Misericordia (Bogotá, Colombia). Un estudio retrospectivo a nueve años
Authors: Peña Claudia Patricia , Leonel Ennya Lieseth , Guzmán Cristian Davd , Esquivel Diego Luis , Rodríguez Mauricio , Bustillo Jairo
Published: August 2018

Introducción: Los tumores odontogénicos son neoplasias benignas atípicas, potencialmenteagresivas, multifactoriales, derivadas del tejido odontogénico embrionario;por este motivo, son exclusivos de los maxilares. No obstante, existen pocos estudiosde tumores odontogénicos benignos (TOB) en niños. Objetivo: Describir la frecuenciade los TOB en menores de 18 años de edad en la Fundación Hospital de la Misericordia(HOMI). Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal. Se revisaron en total 277 historias clínicasde lesiones en cabeza y cuello y zona anatómicamaxilofacial, en la base de datos ISIS del HOMI,en pacientes de 0-18 años de edad, atendidosentre 2006 y 2014. Se utilizaron los códigos dela Clasificación Internacional de Enfermedades(CIE-10) y la clasificación de la OrganizaciónMundial de la Salud. Resultados: De las historiasclínicas revisadas, 36 cumplieron con loscriterios de selección para los TOB. Estos presentaronuna relativa baja frecuencia del 12,37 %respecto a la patología reportada por los serviciostratantes de cabeza y cuello. La mayoría delos TOB pertenecen al estrato socioeconómico 1(30,55 %). Conclusiones: Este estudio muestraque los TOB son lesiones de relativa baja frecuenciaen la región maxilofacial en la poblaciónpediátrica, con una relación hombre mujer 2:1.También la mayoría de los casos se encontraronen la segunda década de vida.
La sertralina incluida en la β-ciclodextrina no induce un perfil tolerogénico en células dendríticas derivadas de monocitos
Authors: Muñoz Sindy , Rodríguez Luz Stella
Published: August 2018

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto inmunomodulador de la sertralina (SRT) y la sertralinaincluida en la β-ciclodextrina (LF) en células dendríticas humanas (CD) generadas invitro a partir de monocitos sobre marcadores de fenotipo y la producción de citocinas.Materiales y métodos: Se aislaron monocitos CD14+ de células mononucleares desangre periférica y se diferenciaron a CD; posteriormente, se pretrataron con SRT oLF durante una hora. Finalmente, las CD se maduraron con lipopolisacárido (LPS)durante 24 horas y se analizó el fenotipo de las CD y las concentraciones de citocinasen los sobrenadantes de cultivo. Resultados: No se observaron cambios al compararel fenotipo de las CD maduradas con LPS en ausencia o presencia de la SRT. Asímismo, no hubo variación en cuanto a la producción de citocinas. Conclusión: LaSRT incluida o no en la β-ciclodextrina no afecta el fenotipo y la secreción de las CDtratadas con LPS.
10-Year Experience in Performing Saturation Prostate Biopsy
Authors: Villarraga Luis Gabriel , Ramos Jose Gustavo , De La Hoz José , Cataño Cataño Juan Guillermo
Published: August 2018

Objective: Identify the prostate cancer detection rate in patients in whom underwenta saturation prostate biopsy as a rebiopsy from January 2005 to February 2015 at SanIgnacio Hospital. Materials and methods: In San Ignacio hospital were performedfrom January 2005 to February 2015, 114 saturation biopsies. The investigatorsmade a univariate analysis of the variables. The association between the variable wasevaluated based on the T-test and Wilcoxon test. P < 0.05 was considered statisticallysignificant. Finally, a regression model was performed to predict significant variablesfor prostate cancer. Results: The cancer detection rate using saturation prostate biopsywas 16.7% of which 84% were categorized as significant. A mean of 19 cores wereobtained. There were statistically significant differences between patients with prostatecancer and healthy patients in the number of previous biopsies, number of samples,prostate volume and PSA density. Conclusion: Saturation prostate biopsy in our studyhas a prostate cancer detection rate of 16.7% and 84% of them were significant in thiscohort of patients.
Perceptions of Clinical Supervision With and Without Bug-in-Ear Technology
Authors: Nottingham Sara L.
Published: August 2018

Preceptors find challenges delegating responsibility to students while still being able to intervene, and bug-in-ear technology may be a tool that can help overcome some of these challenges with clinical supervision. The purpose of this study was to obtain preceptors’ and students’ perceptions of supervision with and without the use of bug-in-ear technology. Participants described that increasing the distance between preceptors and students helps promote confidence and autonomy, particularly when supervision is adapted to students with different abilities and experience. Participants thought bug-in-ear technology helped them increase the distance between preceptors and students while maintaining communication. Preceptors should continue to adapt supervision of students according to their educational needs and development levels while maintaining patient safety, which can be done by altering the distance between them and the students with tools such as bug-in-ear technology.
Use of Mouthguards and Association With Concussion Rates in Rugby: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Ratka Jenna , Mansell Jamie , Russ Anne
Published: August 2018

Clinical Question: In rugby players, does using a mouthguard reduce the risk of concussion? Clinical Bottom Line: After examining the three studies included in this critical appraisal, results are inconclusive. This translates to limited evidence to support the use of a mouthguard to decrease concussion incidence in the sport of rugby
Creating Powerful Curricula for Student Learning in Physical Education: Contributions of Catherine D. Ennis
Authors: Sun Haichun , Zhang Tan
Published: August 2018

In this article, the authors honor Catherine D. Ennis’s legacy by highlighting her unique and significant contributions to physical education research on curriculum and instruction. First, they discuss Ennis’s curricular philosophy and her empirical work along her career path. Then they review the major school-based curricular interventions she implemented, including the Movement Education; Sport for Peace; Science, PE and Me!; and The Science of Healthful Living curricula to demonstrate Ennis’s commitment to curricular development in physical education. In this process, they share with the reader Ennis’s contributions to curriculum development theories, curriculum intervention research, and physical education practices.
Exploring Empowerment and Gender Relations in a Sport for Development Program in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Seal Emma , Sherry Emma
Published: August 2018

There is a growing body of research that has started to carefully consider the increased presence of girls and women in sport-for-development (SFD). The purpose of this study was to contribute to contextual understandings of empowerment by providing a nuanced reading of micro-level interactions that can disrupt traditional gendered relations. Our research explored the emerging outcomes of a SFD program in Papua New Guinea targeted at young women. We hope to foster a greater understanding of women’s experiences in constrained sociocultural contexts and make sense of the lived reality of doing sport-based development work. The results of our qualitative work demonstrate the importance of exploring nuanced, relational, and embodied processes occurring in day-to-day situations that can lead to transformative change in localized settings.
Not Just Merely Different: Travelling Theories, Post-Feminism and the Racialized Politics of Women of Color
Authors: Ratna Aarti
Published: August 2018

When even the so-called “critical” scholarship about women of color and sport, mostly speaks to cultural tropes of difference, the possibility of recovering alternative knowledges becomes limited. For me, uncovering persistent problems from within this field of study, is an essential step to better recovering diverse representations of difference, that are sometimes consciously, and at other times inadvertently, erased. Adding my voice to a number of sport scholars who advocate a decolonising approach, I urge contemporary researchers to theoretically reconsider, and to re-frame, their analysis of difference. In this paper, I do so by utilizing a transnational feminist lens; addressing the transient boundaries of space, identity, belonging, and knowledge production. I specifically elucidate how difference is made, and not just experienced. Through this theoretical intervention, I make an original case for how the “critical” can be put back into critical studies of race, sport and gender.
Complete Genome Sequences of Three Campylobacter jejuni Phage-Propagating Strains
Authors: Sacher J. C. , Yee E. , Szymanski C. M. , Miller W. G.
Published: August 2018

Bacteriophage therapy can potentially reduce
Campylobacter jejuni
numbers in livestock, but it requires a detailed understanding of phage-host interactions.
C. jejuni
strains readily infected by certain phages are designated as phage-propagating strains. Here, we report the complete genome sequences of three such strains, NCTC 12660, NCTC 12661, and NCTC 12664.
Genome Sequence of a Canadian Vibrio parahaemolyticus Isolate with Unique Mobilizing Capacity
Authors: Bioteau Audrey , Huguet Kévin , Burrus Vincent , Banerjee Swapan
Published: August 2018

Vibrio parahaemolyticus
is a clinically significant marine bacterium implicated in gastroenteritis among consumers of raw or undercooked seafood. This report presents the whole-genome sequence of a unique strain of
V. parahaemolyticus
isolated from oysters harvested in Canada.
PF74 Reinforces the HIV-1 Capsid To Impair Reverse Transcription-Induced Uncoating
Authors: Rankovic Sanela , Ramalho Ruben , Aiken Christopher , Rousso Itay
Published: August 2018

The capsid-binding small molecule PF74 inhibits HIV-1 infection at early stages and perturbs uncoating. However, the mechanism by which PF74 alters capsid stability and reduces viral infection is presently unknown. We recently introduced time-lapse atomic force microscopy to study the morphology and physical properties of HIV-1 cores during the course of reverse transcription. Here, we apply this AFM methodology to show that PF74 prevented the complete disassembly of HIV-1 cores normally observed during 24 h of reverse transcription. Specifically, cores with PF74 only partially disassembled: the main body of the capsid remained intact and stiff, but a cap-like structure dissociated from the narrow end of the core HIV-1. Our result provides direct evidence that PF74 directly stabilizes the HIV-1 capsid lattice.
Reovirus σNS and μNS Proteins Remodel the Endoplasmic Reticulum to Build Replication Neo-Organelles
Authors: Tenorio Raquel , Fernández de Castro Isabel , Knowlton Jonathan J. , Zamora Paula F. , Lee Christopher H. , Mainou Bernardo A. , Dermody Terence S. , Risco Cristina
Published: August 2018

Like most viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm, mammalian reoviruses assemble membranous neo-organelles called inclusions that serve as sites of viral genome replication and particle morphogenesis. Viral inclusion formation is essential for viral infection, but how these organelles form is not well understood. We investigated the biogenesis of reovirus inclusions. Correlative light and electron microscopy showed that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes are in contact with nascent inclusions, which form by collections of membranous tubules and vesicles as revealed by electron tomography. ER markers and newly synthesized viral RNA are detected in inclusion internal membranes. Live-cell imaging showed that early in infection, the ER is transformed into thin cisternae that fragment into small tubules and vesicles. We discovered that ER tubulation and vesiculation are mediated by the reovirus σNS and μNS proteins, respectively. Our results enhance an understanding of how viruses remodel cellular compartments to build functional replication organelles.

IMPORTANCE
Viruses modify cellular structures to build replication organelles. These organelles serve as sites of viral genome replication and particle morphogenesis and are essential for viral infection. However, how these organelles are constructed is not well understood. We found that the replication organelles of mammalian reoviruses are formed by collections of membranous tubules and vesicles derived from extensive remodeling of the peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER). We also observed that ER tubulation and vesiculation are triggered by the reovirus σNS and μNS proteins, respectively. Our results enhance an understanding of how viruses remodel cellular compartments to build functional replication organelles and provide functions for two enigmatic reovirus replication proteins. Most importantly, this research uncovers a new mechanism by which viruses form factories for particle assembly.
Heterosubtypic Protections against Human-Infecting Avian Influenza Viruses Correlate to Biased Cross-T-Cell Responses
Authors: Zhao Min , Liu Kefang , Luo Jiejian , Tan Shuguang , Quan Chuansong , Zhang Shuijun , Chai Yan , Qi Jianxun , Li Yan , Bi Yuhai , Xiao Haixia , Wong Gary , Zhou Jianfang , Jiang Taijiao , Liu Wenjun , Yu Hongjie , Yan Jinghua , Liu Yingxia , Shu Yuelong , Wu Guizhen , Wu Aiping , Gao George F. , Liu William J.
Published: August 2018

Against a backdrop of seasonal influenza virus epidemics, emerging avian influenza viruses (AIVs) occasionally jump from birds to humans, posing a public health risk, especially with the recent sharp increase in H7N9 infections. Evaluations of cross-reactive T-cell immunity to seasonal influenza viruses and human-infecting AIVs have been reported previously. However, the roles of influenza A virus-derived epitopes in the cross-reactive T-cell responses and heterosubtypic protections are not well understood; understanding those roles is important for preventing and controlling new emerging AIVs. Here, among the members of a healthy population presumed to have previously been infected by pandemic H1N1 (pH1N1), we found that pH1N1-specific T cells showed cross- but biased reactivity to human-infecting AIVs, i.e., H5N1, H6N1, H7N9, and H9N2, which correlates with distinct protections. Through a T-cell epitope-based phylogenetic analysis, the cellular immunogenic clustering expanded the relevant conclusions to a broader range of virus strains. We defined the potential key conserved epitopes required for cross-protection and revealed the molecular basis for the immunogenic variations. Our study elucidated an overall profile of cross-reactivity to AIVs and provided useful recommendations for broad-spectrum vaccine development.

IMPORTANCE
We revealed preexisting but biased T-cell reactivity of pH1N1 influenza virus to human-infecting AIVs, which provided distinct protections. The cross-reactive T-cell recognition had a regular pattern that depended on the T-cell epitope matrix revealed via bioinformatics analysis. Our study elucidated an overall profile of cross-reactivity to AIVs and provided useful recommendations for broad-spectrum vaccine development.
Protocol for the study of cervical cancer screening technologies in HIV-infected women living in Rwanda
Authors: Murenzi Gad , Dusingize Jean-Claude , Rurangwa Theogene , Sinayobye Jean d’Amour , Munyaneza Athanase , Murangwa Anthere , Zawadi Thierry , Hebert Tiffany , Mugenzi Pacifique , Adedimeji Adebola , Mutesa Leon , Anastos Kathryn , Castle Philip E
Published: August 2018

Introduction

The optimal method(s) for screening HIV-infected women, especially for those living in sub-Saharan Africa, for cervical precancer and early cancer has yet to be established.

Methods and analysis

A convenience sample of >5000 Rwandan women, ages 30–54 years and living with HIV infection, is being consented and enroled into a cross-sectional study of cervical cancer screening strategies. Participants are completing an administered short risk factor questionnaire and being screened for high-risk human papillomavirus (hrHPV) using the Xpert HPV assay (Cepheid, Sunnyvale, California, USA), unaided visual inspection after acetic acid (VIA) and aided VIA using the Enhanced Visual Assessment (EVA) system (Mobile ODT, Tel Aviv, Israel). Women positive for hrHPV and/or by unaided VIA undergo colposcopy, which includes the collection of two cervical specimens prior to undergoing a four-quadrant microbiopsy protocol. The colposcopy-collected specimens are being tested by dual immunocytochemical staining for p16INK4aand Ki-67 (CINtec PLUS Cytology, Ventana, Tucson, Arizona, USA) and for E6 or E7 oncoprotein for 8 hrHPV genotypes (HPV16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52 and 58) using the next-generation AV Avantage hrHPV E6/E7 test (Arbor Vita Corporation, Freemont, California, USA). Women with a local pathology diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 (CIN2) or more severe (CIN2+) or pathology review diagnosis of CIN grade three or more severe (CIN3+) will receive treatment. Clinical performance and cost-effectiveness (eg, sensitivity, specificity and predictive values) of different screening strategies and algorithms will be evaluated.

Ethics and dissemination

The protocol was approved by local and institutional review boards for human subjects research. At the completion of the study, results will be disseminated to the scientific community through peer-reviewed publication and to the Rwandan stakeholders through an external advisory panel.
Self-perception of adaptation among homicidally bereaved individuals following a psychoeducational intervention: a UK longitudinal qualitative study
Authors: Alves-Costa Filipa , Hamilton-Giachritsis Catherine , Christie Hope , Halligan Sarah L
Published: August 2018

Objective

Research on homicidal bereavement has focused on postloss impact and coping. Less is known about how individuals perceive their adjustment posthomicide. Adverse experiences are likely to leave individuals with an increased risk of developing severe psychological difficulties, such as depression, Post-traumatic stress(PTSD), anxiety and complicated grief. This study aimed to explore how individuals perceive their change and progression posthomicide and post-psychoeducational intervention.

Design

Semistructured qualitative interviews were conducted both as part of a prospective study and retrospectively to allow for a longer follow-up period.

Setting

Homicidally bereaved individuals who participated in a residential psychoeducational intervention offered by a national charity (Escaping Victimhood (EV)).

Participants

Twenty-nine individuals (mainly females) took part: 14 as part of a 6–9-month follow-up (short-term trajectory group (STG) individuals—mean age 45.25) and 15 individuals (long-term trajectory group (LTG) individuals—mean age 48.50), retrospectively, 2 to 5 years postintervention.

Results

Interviews were analysed using an inductive Thematic Analysis method. Three main themes and nine subthemes emerged, and applied to both groups, as follows: (1) actual changes perceived by the participants (increased understanding, improved coping strategies and positive self-change), (2) barriers to recovery (severe psychological difficulties over time, need for further support, reminders and close relationships with both victim and perpetrator), and finally perceived future progression (living day by day, hope and hopelessness). The only significant differences between the two groups related to the reported self-growth among LTG individuals and the perceived increased informal support among STG individuals by keeping in touch in other EV participants.

Conclusion

This unique study provides insight into how homicidally bereaved individuals perceive their bereavement paths and helped to identify elements that appear to contribute for their adjustment. Importantly, it has highlighted that positive changes can also be an outcome.
What non-technical skills competencies are addressed by Australian standards documents for health professionals who work in secondary and tertiary clinical settings? A qualitative comparative analysis
Authors: Peddle Monica , Bearman Margaret , Radomski Natalie , Mckenna Lisa , Nestel Debra
Published: August 2018

Objectives

At minimum, safe patient outcomes are recognised as resulting from a combination of technical and non-technical skills. Flin and colleagues provide a practical framework of non-technical skills, cognitive, social and interpersonal, that complement technical skills, with categories identified assituational awareness, communication, team working, decision-making, leadership, coping with stressandmanaging fatigue. The aim of this research was to explore the alignment of categories and elements of non-technical skills with those in the published standards documents of several health professions in Australia.

Design

A qualitative comparative analysis using document analysis and deductive coding examined, extracted and interpreted data from competency standards documents focusing on non-technical skills categories and elements.

Participants

A purposive sample of 11 health professions competency standards documents required for registration in Australia.

Findings

The 11 competency standards documents contained 1616 statements. Although standards documents addressed all non-technical skills categories, there was limited reporting ofmanaging stressandcoping with fatigue.Of the 31 elements included in the non-technical skills framework, 22 were not common to all health professions and 3 elements were missing from the standards documents. Additionally, the documents were composed differently with no common taxonomy and multifaceted statements.

Conclusion

While commonalities identified in the standards documents related to non-technical skills categories are likely to support patient safety, gaps in associated elements may undermine their effectiveness. The notable lack of reference to stress and fatigue requires further attention for health professional well-being in Australia. A shared taxonomy with clear statements may offer the best support for collaborative practice and positive patient outcomes. Competency standards need to be flexible to respond to the emerging demands of current healthcare practice along with consumer and health service needs.
Coronary stenosis as a modifier of the effect of cold spells on the risk of sudden cardiac death: a case-crossover study in Finland
Authors: Ryti Niilo R I , Junttila M Juhani , Antikainen Harri , Kortelainen Marja-Leena , Huikuri Heikki V , Jaakkola Jouni J K
Published: August 2018

Objective

To test the a priori hypothesis that the association between cold spells and ischaemic sudden cardiac death (SCD) is modified by the severity of coronary stenosis.

Methods

The home coordinates of 2572 autopsy-verified cases of ischaemic SCD aged ≥35 in the Province of Oulu, Finland, were linked to 51 years of weather data. Cold spell was statistically defined for each home address as unusually cold weather pertinent to the location and time of year. We estimated the occurrence of cold spells during the hazard period (7 days preceding death) and reference periods (the same calendar days over 51 years) in a case-crossover setting applying conditional logistic regression, controlling for temporal trends and stratifying by severity of coronary stenosis.

Results

The association between cold spells and ischaemic SCD was stronger among patients with 75%–95% stenosis (OR 2.03; 95% CI 1.31 to 3.17), and weaker to non-existent among patients with <75% stenosis (OR 0.97; 95% CI 0.37 to 2.55) or coronary total occlusion (100% stenosis) (OR 1.01; 95% CI 0.52 to 1.96). Lack of calcium-channel blockers and statin therapy seemed to accentuate the role of stenosis during cold spells.

Conclusions

We provide evidence that the association between cold spells and ischaemic SCD is modified by the severity of coronary stenosis. The findings suggest that disturbances in coronary circulation play part in the pathogenesis of SCD during cold weather.
Xylitol for the prevention of acute otitis media episodes in children aged 2–4 years: protocol for a pragmatic randomised controlled trial
Authors: Persaud Nav , Laupacis Andreas , Azarpazhooh Amir , Birken Catherine , Hoch Jeffrey S , Isaranuwatchai Wanrudee , Maguire Jonathan L , Mamdani Muhammad M , Thorpe Kevin , Allen Christopher , Mason Dalah , Kowal Christine , Bazeghi Farnaz , Parkin Patricia
Published: August 2018

Introduction

Xylitol (or ‘birch sugar’) is a naturally occurring sugar with antibacterial properties that has been used as a natural non-sugar sweetener in chewing gums, confectionery, toothpaste and medicines. In this preventative randomised trial, xylitol will be tested for the prevention of acute otitis media (AOM), a common and costly condition in young children. The primary outcome will be the incidence of AOM. Secondary outcomes will include upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) and dental caries.

Methods and analysis

This study will be a pragmatic, blinded (participant and parents, practitioners and analyst), two-armed superiority, placebo-controlled randomised trial with 1:1 allocation, stratified by clinical site. The trial will be conducted in the 11 primary care group practices participating in the TARGet Kids! research network in Canada. Eligible participants between the ages of 2–4 years will be randomly assigned to the intervention arm of regular xylitol syrup use or the control arm of regular sorbitol use for 6 months. We expect to recruit 236 participants, per treatment arm, to detect a 20% relative risk reduction in AOM episodes. AOM will be identified through chart review. The secondary outcomes of URTIs and dental caries will be identified through monthly phone calls with specified questions.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval from the Research Ethics Boards at the Hospital for Sick Children and St. Michael’s Hospital has been obtained for this study and also for the TARGet Kids! research network. Results will be submitted for publication to a peer-reviewed journal and will be discussed with decision makers.

Trial registration number

NCT03055091; Pre-results.
Prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and associated risk factors: second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (NDSP), 2016–2017
Authors: Basit Abdul , Fawwad Asher , Qureshi Huma , Shera A S
Published: August 2018

Objective

The second National Diabetes Survey of Pakistan (second NDSP) was planned to ascertain the updated prevalence of diabetes, pre-diabetes and associated risk factors at the national and provincial levels.

Research design and methods

The survey was conducted by using multistage clustering technique in all four provinces of Pakistan from February 2016 to August 2017. An estimated sample size of 10 800 was calculated using probability sampling and multistage stratified sampling technique. Twenty-seven clusters were selected out of total 213 clusters from all four provinces (strata) of Pakistan. A total of 46 subclusters were selected by using the ‘Rule of thumb’. Out of 12 486 targeted individuals, 10 834 study subjects finally participated in the study (87% response rate). Seventeen trained teams collected data using the structured questionnaire. The clinical and anthropometric measurements included height, weight, blood pressure, waist circumference and waist-to-hip ratio while the blood tests included Oral Glucose Tolerance Test (OGTT), haemoglobin A1c and fasting lipid profiles. WHO criteria were used for the diagnosis of diabetes and pre-diabetes.

Results

Overall weighted prevalence of diabetes was 26.3%, of which 19.2% had known diabetes, and 7.1% were newly diagnosed people with diabetes. Prevalence of diabetes in urban and rural areas was 28.3% and 25.3%, respectively. Prevalence of pre-diabetes was 14.4% (15.5% in urban areas and 13.9% in rural areas). Age greater than or equal to 43 years, family history of diabetes, hypertension, obesity and dyslipidaemia were significant associated risk factors for diabetes.

Conclusion

The findings of the 2nd NDSP imply that diabetes has reached epidemic proportion and urgently need national strategies for early diagnosis and effective management as well as cost-effective diabetes primary prevention programme in Pakistan.