bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Early Cyclophosphamide Treatment on the Development of Lymphoid Organs and Immunological Functions in the Chicken
Authors: Linna T.J. , Frommel D. , Good R.A.
Published: July 2009

Newly-hatched chickens, isogenic for the B locus, were treated with high doses of cyclophosphamide, either alone or in combination with surgical bursectomy. The cyclophosphamide treatment initially caused virtual absence of bursal lymphoid cells and, later, complete destruction of the normal bursal architecture. It also caused an initial decrease in the lymphoid population of the thymus. However, thymic morphology was completely restored in chickens that were 15 days old or older. The most striking features in the morphology of the spleen and of the other peripheral lymphoid tissues of cyclophosphamide-treated birds was the absence of germinal centers and of the plasma cell line. No clear morphological differences could be detected between birds that were treated with cyclophosphamide alone and those subjected to cyclophosphamide treatment in combination with surgical bursectomy. The immunological capacities of normal, cyclophosphamide-treated and cyclophosphamide-treated bursectomized chickens were evaluated, starting with 1-month-old birds. The experimental groups of animals lacked or were profoundly deficient in agglutinating antibody to B. abortus antigen and to sheep erythrocytes after primary and secondary stimulation, while the normal controls responded well. Profound deficiency of IgM and IgG, as measured by the radial diffusion technique, was also obtained in the majority of the birds treated with cyclophosphamide alone or in combination with surgical bursectomy in the newly-hatched period. No clear differences could be detected, in the lack of capacity to respond to antigenic stimulation or to form immunoglobulins, between the birds that were treated with cyclophosphamide alone and those treated with cyclophosphamide together with bursectomy. Cellular immunological functions of normal and of cyclophosphamide-treated chickens were evaluated with regard to capacity to reject allografts and to elicit the graft-versus-host reaction. Cyclophosphamide treatment in the newly-hatched period did not affect the cellular immunological capacities of 1-month-old or older birds. Thus, by using this experimental protocol, cyclophosphamide can be used to accomplish ‘chemical bursectomy’, resulting in a permanent, severe deficiency of the humoral immunological capacities more frequently than can be obtained with other presently available bursectomy methods, while leaving the cellular immunological capacities intact.
Changes in 5-Hydroxytryptamine Metabolism during Anaphylactic Shock in Rats
Authors: Csaba B. , Went Maria
Published: July 2009

(1) 5-HT levels were significantly increased during rat anaphylaxis in the blood, liver, pyloric stomach, small intestine and the skin. Although the activity of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase in the liver was also markedly increased, that of 5-hydroxytryptophan decarboxylase was raised only in the small intestine. MAO activity was increased in the liver, small intestine, pyloric stomach and lung. (2) 5-HT is probably one of the pharmacologically active mediators of rat anaphylaxis.
Immunological Cross-Reactivity Between Human Kidney and Certain E. coli and Streptococcal Strains
Authors: Holm S.E. , Holmgren J. , Ahlmén J.
Published: July 2009

The presence of cross-reactive antigens in human kidney, group A streptococci of nephritogenic types and E. coli 02, 014 and 022 bacteria was studied by double diffusion-in-gel technique. At least one antigenic factor was demonstrated in an identical or partially cross-reactive form in the kidney, streptococci and E. coli. In addition, kidney and streptococci shared antigenic factors that were not present in E. coli. Also, kidney and E. coli had antigenic material in common which was not demonstrable in streptococci. Finally, streptococci and E. coli shared antigenic material not present in the kidney. The possible significance of the cross-reactive antigens demonstrated for the pathogenesis of renal lesions is discussed.
Inhibition of Cutaneous Hypersensitivity by Cyclic AMP
Authors: Yamamoto S. , Greaves M.W.
Published: July 2009

The effect of drugs which increase the cellular concentration of cyclic AMP on IgE-mediated cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions in skin was studied using skin from ovalbumin-sensitised rats. Theophylline, which reduces degradation of cyclic AMP, caused inhibition of antigen-induced histamine release. Synergism was demonstrated when adrenaline in a concentration which was not itself inhibitory caused marked enhancement of theophylline inhibition. The pure β-adrenergic agent isoprenaline produced inhibition in extremely low concentrations. Direct evidence of an inhibitory role for cyclic AMP was obtained using dibutyryl cyclic AMP which produced a dose-related inhibition of histamine release from skin. This evidence should lead to trials of β-adrenergic drugs and xanthines in the treatment of immediate hypersensitivity reactions in human skin.
Adjuvant Action of Poly A:U on T and B Rosette-Forming Cells in SRBC-Immunized Mice
Authors: Cone R.E. , Wilson J.D.
Published: July 2009

The adjuvant action of complexes of polyadenylic and polyuridylic acids (poly A:U) on the primary immune response to SRBC was studied with respect to its effect on the production of thymus-derived (T) and bone marrow-derived (B) rosette-forming cells (RFC). RFC were assayed by two separate methods; one in which rosettes were prepared by incubation at 37 °C and then at 4 °C, the other by centrifugation at 4 °C. Two to three times more RFC were detected in mice receiving SRBC only when RFC were assayed by the incubation method. Most RFC detected by the incubation method were Θ-negative (BRFC) whereas 15–32% of the RFC detected by the centrifugation method were Θ -positive (TRFC). Both methods detected a 2- to 3-fold amplification of BRFC in mice receiving SRBC plus poly A:U. However, while the centrifugation method detected a 2- to 3-fold increase in T RFC, the incubation method detected a greater than 10-fold amplification of T RFC.
Further Studies with the Potentiated Reagin Response to Egg Albumin
Authors: Smith S.R. , Petillo J. , Hwang A.
Published: July 2009

High titers of reagins were obtained in rats by initial immunization with egg albumin and B. pertussis and subsequent infection with larvae of N. brasiliensis. These antibodies have physicochemical properties and biological activities identical to those of rat immunoglobulin E (IgE). IgE type antibodies against N. brasiliensis are also produced in these same animals but not until the titers of IgE against egg albumin have decreased.
Effect of Lymphocytosis-Promoting Factor of Bordetella pertussis on the Immune Response
Authors: Tada T. , Okumura K. , Ochiai T. , Iwasa S.
Published: July 2009

The effect of lymphocytosis-promoting factor (LPF), purified from culture fluid of Bordetella pertussis, on the production of IgE-type reaginic antibody was examined in the rat. Rats were immunized with dinitrophenylated Ascarissuum extract and injected with submicrogram doses of LPF. It was found that LPF, given either intracutaneously or intravenously, exerted a strong adjuvant effect on the production of reaginic antibody, and that the mean peak titers obtained were proportional to the dosage of LPF. Furthermore, the adjuvant activity of killed pertussis vaccine in the reaginic antibody formation correlated with its content of LPF. The results are compatible with the idea that LPF causes depletion of a certain type of lymphocyte in the lymphatic tissues that normally regulates IgE antibody response, resulting in the enhancement of reaginic antibody formation.
Histamine Release from Rat Mast Cells Passively Sensitised with Homocytotropic (IgE) Antibody
Authors: Evans D.P. , Thomson D.S.
Published: July 2009

A simple procedure for achieving allergic histamine release in vitro from rat peritoneal mast cells sensitised with homocytotropic antibody is described. Two factors are critical to this reaction; firstly, the ionic composition of the incubation medium must include Ca++ and Mg++ during the release phase, and secondly, the nature of the sensitising serum is important, for although the IgE contents of a number of sera were shown to be comparable as judged by PCA titres in vivo, their ability to sensitise isolated cells differed markedly.
The Cardiac Auto-Immune System
Authors: Lin T.M. , Halbert S.P. , Kiefer D.
Published: July 2009

One of the human heart auto-antigens cross-reactive with rabbit anti-rabbit heart auto-antibody concentrates (designated auto-antigen D) was purified from phosphate-buffered saline extracts of human heart. The procedure employed sequential salting-out with ammonium sulfate, chromatography on DEAE-cellulose, filtration through Sephadex G-200 gel, and iso-electric focusing in a pH gradient from 4 to 6. The purified auto-antigen D contained no contaminants reactive with plasma-absorbed rabbit antisera to human kidney, human skeletal muscle and human heart, as well as duck anti-rabbit heart sera. One or two trace contaminants were found with goat antibodies to human serum. The iso-electric point of antigen D was 5.0, but it appeared to show a biphasic distribution and was heterogeneous in several other respects. The auto-antigen D had an estimated molecular weight of 68,000, a sedimentation coefficient of 3.5S and a diffusion coefficient of 6.68 × 10––7 cm2 sec ––1.
An Immunochemical Study of Pigeon-Breeder’s Disease
Authors: Berrens L. , Maesen F.P.V.
Published: July 2009

Dialysed extracts of fresh or old pigeon excreta comprise very heterogeneous mixtures of soluble proteins, glycoproteins and polysaccharides. Because these unfractionated mixtures of components cause precipitate formation in agar gel with each human serum sample, crude extracts constitute unsuitable sources of antigens for the in vitro diagnosis of pigeon-breeder’s disease. Simple gel filtration on columns of Sephadex G-150 permits easy separation of the aselective antigens, which are mainly composed of high-molecular-weight heteropolysaccharides.
Immunologic Activities of Pertussis-Treated Lymphocytes
Authors: Phanuphak P. , Moorhead J.W. , Claman H.N.
Published: July 2009

Intravenous injection of killed Bordetella pertussis caused a tremendous increase in peripheral blood lymphocytes and a lesser increase of nucleated cells in the spleen. The pertussis-treated peripheral blood leukocytes had increased responsiveness to phytohemagglutinin PHA, but no increased graft-vs.-host (GvH) reactivity. In contrast, pertussis-treated nucleated spleen cells had unchanged responsiveness to PHA, but had showed a slight increase in GvH reactivity. These results are best explained by heterogeneity of thymus-derived cells with regard to their functional abilities (response to PHA or GvH initiation) and a differential effect of pertussis vaccine on subpopulations of thymus-derived lymphocytes.
An Immunochemical Study of Pigeon-Breeder’s Disease
Authors: Berrens L. , Maesen F.P.V.
Published: July 2009

Gel filtration of the total non-dialysable components in extracts of pigeon droppings permits resolution into non-specifically- and specifically-precipitating antigens. This latter mixture of glycoproteins – ‘B antigens’ – proved a valuable tool for the in vitro diagnosis of pigeon-breeder’s disease by double-diffusion-in-gel tests with suspected serum samples. Immunoelectrophoretic examination of precipitin-positive sera and B antigens showed the major reaction partner in the serum to reside in the γ-globulin region. Further analysis indicated that this γ-globulin might be one of the components of the C3 activator system. Experiments with extracts of isolated pigeon organs revealed detectable specific antigens in the muscular stomach, the gut, and even in the crop. The intestinal contents exhibited powerful protease activity, which persists in the pigeon excreta.
Quantitative Studies of Immunofluorescent Staining
Authors: Nisengard R. , Beutner E.H.
Published: July 2009

Different cellular elements vary in affinities for fluorochroming with labeled proteins or free fluorescein. Dilution of conjugates in human globulin (Cohn Fr II) or albumin (Cohn Fr V) reduced or eliminated the fluorochroming. Differentiation of specific immunofluorescent staining from nonspecific staining can be aided by staining with labeled albumin conjugate.
Spontaneous and Evoked Histamine Release from Guinea Pig Skin in vitro in Presence of Disodium Cromoglycate
Authors: Tay C.H. , Yeoh T.S. , Greaves M.W.
Published: July 2009

The effect of disodium cromoglycate (DCG) on spontaneous and evoked histamine release from guinea pig skin in vitro was studied. DCG in 1–4 mm concentration did not inhibit spontaneous histamine release, release by compound 48/80 or, using skin of actively sensitised guinea pigs, antigen-specific histamine release.
The Lysosomal Enzymic Activities of Lymphocytes in Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Clausen J. , Jørgensen P.
Published: July 2009

Experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) was provoked by sensitization of guinea pigs with pure human basic protein (BP) and Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA). Purified lymphocytes of the EAE animals showed, when compared with those of control animals or of animals injected with Freund’s complete adjuvant, an increased lysosomal acid phosphatase and β-d-glucosaminidase activity, but normal redistribution of these enzymes when lymphocytes were incubated with BP in vitro. The increased lysosomal activities of peripheral blood lymphocytes were found prior to manifest clinical symptoms (8 days after immunization). The findings are discussed in relation to the question of how lymphocytes may trigger the demyelination process.
Comparative Studies on the Hapten-Carrier Specificity of Blast Transformation in Lymphocyte Cultures and of Antibody-Producing Cells in the Plaque Assay
Authors: Warnatz H. , Scheiffarth F. , Gollnick P.
Published: July 2009

In comparative studies hapten and carrier-specific stimulation of the DNA synthesis in cultures of lymph node and spleen cells and counts of hapten and carrier-specific antibody-producing cells are examined. Mice (Fl hybrids of AKR × C57B1 mice) were injected twice with DNP-HSA. Lymph node cells of these animals showed a dose-dependent stimulation of the DNA synthesis induced by the hapten carrier complex as well as by the carrier itself. The incubation of the sensitive lymphocytes with the hapten conjugated with PLL succeeded also in an increased transformation in the first 3 days after the second antigen injection. The kinetics of lymphocyte transformation showed a characteristic development. Effective stimulation of sensitive lymph node cells in the first 3 days by the hapten-carrier complex and the homologous carrier was followed by a phase from the 5th to the 7th day in which the sensitive lymph node cell population was significantly reduced. Finally, sensitive lymph node cells appeared again, but now efficient stimulation was induced by lower antigen concentrations (1 μg DNP-HSA) whereas in the first phase the stimulating concentrations of antigen were spread over a broad range (100–0.1 μg DNP-HSA per culture). The kinetics of blast transformation are in contrast to the kinetics of antibody-producing cells determined by the plaque assay. Here the highest counts of direct plaque-forming cells (PFC) were determined from the 3rd to the 5th day after the second antigen injection and from the 5th to the 7th day for the indirect PFC. The relation of lymph node and spleen cells which were stimulated specifically by the hapten, the carrier and the hapten carrier complex to cells which produce antibodies to these antigen preparations are discussed.
Effects of Cyclophosphamide on Lymphoid Tissues Labelled with 5-Iodo-2-Deoxyuridine-125I and 51Cr
Authors: Turk J.L. , Poulter L.W.
Published: July 2009

The effect of cyclophosphamide (CY) 300 mg/kg was observed on lymphoid tissue labelled with 5-iodo-2-deoxyuridine-125I (I-UDR). A generalized reduction was observed in the radioactivity in all lymphoid tissue, but the greatest effect was on the thymus and bone marrow. Nucleic acid synthesis as assessed by I-UDR uptake by these tissues remained suppressed for 3 days in lymph nodes, spleen and bone marrow. Recovery was followed by a period of increased synthesis, returning to normal by 14 days. DNA synthesis in the thymus remained suppressed for as long as 10 days. CY produced a fourfold reduction in the proportion of transfused I-UDR labelled lymphocytes that localize in lymph nodes and the spleen. There was no evidence of deviation to other organs. No similar reduction was found in lymphocytes labelled with 51Cr. It was, therefore, concluded that CY is selectively cytotoxic to those lymphocytes which are short-lived and have a more rapid rate of turnover in the peripheral lymphoid tissues. This could account for its preferential effect in depleting lymphoid tissue of B-lymphocytes, and for the marked intensificatiOn of contact sensitivity reactions in guinea pigs pretreated with this drug.
Reactions of Procaine Amide-Induced Antinuclear Antibodies with Fractions Derived from Calf Thymus Nuclei
Authors: Klajman K. , Farkas Ruth , Ben-Efraim S.
Published: July 2009

Antinuclear antibodies induced by procaine amide (PrA) treatment reacted with various nucleoprotein fractions derived from calf thymus nuclei. Individual differences were found between the sera and, in one case, a strong reaction was obtained with a Sm fraction. These differences suggest that PrA-induced antinuclear antibodies are heterogenous.
The Manufacture of Protein Microspheres by Suspension Polymerization
Authors: Bergquist N.R. , Holubar K. , Diaz G.A. , Beutner E.H.
Published: July 2009

A method for the preparation of microscopic spheres of polymerized immunoglobulins is described. Solid spherical particles were produced employing surfactants to dynamically disperse proteins in mineral oil and subsequently polymerize them with glutaraldehyde. Reproducibility was dependent on several parameters, which had to be kept within narrow limits. Such parameters included mode of dispersing protein in oil, relative as well as absolute amounts of constituents, and pH of the reaction. Immunological activity of the particles, as revealed by immunofluorescence (IF), remained practically unaltered after multiple freezing and thawing and after several weeks of storage at ––70 °C. In order to establish a reliable immunochemical base for quantified IF studies, the use of such particles is proposed. The role of particles in the determination of optimal working titers, specificity tests, or as a reference standard is discussed.
The Immunoreaction of Auto- and Heteroantisera with Modified Human Thyroglobulin
Authors: Salabè G.B. , Davoli C. , Fontana S.
Published: July 2009

In order to delineate the important antigenic determinants, human thyroiditis and rabbit antihuman thyroglobulin sera have been tested against native and modified thyroglobulins. Reduction or trypsinization of thyroglobulin produced a substantial diminution of its reactivity with rabbit antisera and almost abolished its reaction with thyroiditis sera. Thyroglobulin transiently exposed to 8 M urea retained the ability to precipitate with rabbit antibodies but did not precipitate with human antibodies. It was possible to demonstrate, however, that urea-treated thyroglobulin formed soluble complexes with human antibodies. No new antigenic sites for the human serum were produced by any of the modifications. The soluble complexes formed between rabbit and human antibodies and native thyroglobulin have been compared by sucrose gradient ultracentrifugation. The complexes formed with human antibodies were more homogeneous than those formed with rabbit antibodies at a given antibody-antigen ratio. It is concluded that human antithyroglobulin antibodies possess a more restricted range than rabbit antibodies. All of the antigenic determinants active in human autoimmunization are exposed on native thyroglobulin, and the sites with the highest affinities are destroyed by modification of the secondary and tertiary structure of the molecule.
Lymphocyte Transformation and Amyloidosis
Authors: Briccetti A.B. , Cathcart E.S. , Cohen A.S.
Published: July 2009

Lymphocyte transformation studies (measured by 3H-thymidine uptake) were performed in 14 patients with biopsy-proved amyloidosis and normal controls. Although the unstimulated and absolute phytohemagglutinin (PHA) lymphocyte response was decreased in the amyloid patients, their PHA stimulation indices were considered normal. Six of the 14 patients also had positive responses using PPD as the stimulating antigen. These results are in keeping with experimental data indicating normal delayed hypersensitivity to nonspecific antigens in amyloid disease.
Neuro-Endocrine Correlates of Immune Response
Authors: Janković B.D. , Isaković Katarina
Published: July 2009

Bilateral symmetrical electrolytic lesions were produced in the following areas of the rat brain: hypothalamus, reticular formation, thalamus, superior colliculus, caudate nucleus and amygdaloid complex. Brain-lesioned and control sham-lesioned animals were immunized 24 h after operation with bovine serum albumin, and examined for antibody production, Arthus reactivity and delayed skin hypersensitivity 10, 20 and 30 days after sensitization. The intensity of Arthus and delayed skin reactions, and the rate of circulating antibody formation were significantly reduced only in hypothalamus-lesioned and reticular formation-lesioned rats. This study provides strong evidence for a relationship between the activity of some brain structures and the function of the immune system. It has been postulated that neural, endocrine, lymphatic and non-lymphatic components cooperate in the lymphatic microenvironment and constitute true functional units of the immune potential. Taking into account neuro-endocrine and lympho-endocrine communications and relations, three possible explanations were proposed for the changes in immunological responses which might be accomplished by electrolytic damage of hypothalamic and reticular formation areas of the rat brain.
Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Allergens and Assessment of the Remaining Allergenic Activities by the Paper Disc Radioallergosorbent Method
Authors: Ceska M. , Ponterius G. , Soininen K.
Published: July 2009

Birch-pollen and dog-epithelium allergenic extracts were hydrolyzed by the proteolytic enzyme pronase. The remaining allergenic activity in the hydrolyzed extract was then tested with various sera from allergen-sensitive patients, using the paper disc radioallergosorbent test method. The effect of enzymatic hydrolysis on dose-response curves was established. The isoelectrofocusing patterns of hydrolyzed and non-hydrolyzed allergen extracts were also compared.
Studies with Two New Phosphodiesterase Inhibitors (ICI 58,301 and ICI 63,197) on Anaphylaxis in Guinea Pigs, Mice and Rats
Authors: Davies G.E. , Evans D.P.
Published: July 2009

Two compounds, ICI 58,301 (3-acetamido-6-methyl-8-n-propyl-s-triazolo[4,3-a]pyrazine) and ICI 63,197 (2-amino-6-methyl-5-oxo-4-n-propyl-4,5,-dihydro-s-triazolo[l,5-a]pyrimidine) facilitate the recovery of guinea pigs which have been subjected to anaphylactic shock. ICI 63,197 also reduces the amount of histamine released from the isolated lungs of sensitized guinea pigs after injection of antigen, partially inhibits passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in guinea pigs, protects mice from anaphylactic shock, and inhibits passive cutaneous anaphylaxis in rats sensitized with homologous reaginic or heterologous antisera. ICI 58,301 is not active in these conditions. Both compounds are potent inhibitors of 3′:5′-cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase and it is speculated that this property is associated with their anti-anaphylactic effects.
Experimental Allergic Uveitis
Authors: Wacker W.B.
Published: July 2009

The pathogenic retina antigen, previously localized by immunofluorescence to the photoreceptor cell layers, was identified as a soluble protein having an estimated molecular weight of 55,000. The antigen was separated from guinea pig retina homogenate by successive fractionation techniques using ultra-centrifugation, ammonium sulfate precipitation, and chromatography. Electrophoretic and immunoelectrophoretic analyses indicated that the antigen was obtained in a highly purified form, and as little as 5 μg mixed with adjuvant produced 100% incidence of uveitis in guinea pigs. Formation of a double precipitin band was observed by immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis on testing both crude and purified preparations against homologous guinea pig antiserum. Although this finding suggested antigenic heterogeneity among molecular components of the antigen, the antigen could not be separated into two components by electrophoresis or chromatography.
Serological Studies of Haemophilus influenzae
Authors: Branefors-Helander Paula
Published: July 2009

Rabbits were immunized with capsulated and non-capsulated H. influenzae bacteria in order to study the antibody response to capsular antigens and·antigens. The response was studied by means of immunodiffusion (ID), direct agglutination (DA), indirect hemagglutination (IHA), and complement fixation (CF) with whole bacteria. The ID analyses showed that anti-O precipitins were generally demonstrable after one week of immunization. Anti-capsular precipitins were demonstrable after two weeks for the hyperimmunized rabbits, but not until one week after the booster dose for the rabbit given a single primary injection. Anti-O agglutinins (DA) were revealed in all rabbits. Maximum levels were revealed early during the immunization and the antibody response for the rabbit given a single dose was as high as for the hyperimmunized rabbits. The titers then generally remained unchanged until the booster dose was given. The boostering did not cause a further titer increase. Anti-capsular agglutinins (DA and IHA) showed considerably lower titers for the rabbit given a single primary injection than for those given repeated injections. The anti-capsular titers decreased during the immunization interval and the booster injections caused a titer increase. For the anti-S sera, the CF test was found to measure the anti-O response, not only when S bacteria but also when M bacteria were used for the test. In addition, cross-reacting anti-O agglutinins and CF antibodies were demonstrated. These anti-O agglutinins, however, could be absorbed without diminishing the homologous anti-O titers. Finally, the suitability of the aforementioned serological method for different purposes is discussed.
Inhibition of Allergic Reactions by Cromoglycate and by a New Series of Compounds (AH 6556, AH 7079 and AH 7725)
Authors: Assem E.S.K.
Published: July 2009

(1) A new series of anti-allergic drugs (AH 6556, AH 7079 and AH 7725) were shown to inhibit immediate-type allergy. They act by inhibiting release of pharmacological mediators, and they do not possess any bronchodilator activity. (2) Inhibition of allergic reactions was shown experimentally in a wide range of in vitro test models, and supports the findings in the preliminary in vivo studies in experimental animals. (2) The experimental evidence suggests that these compounds have some qualitative and quantitative advantages over disodium cromoglycate.
Effects of Immunosuppressive Treatment on the in vitro Activity of Mouse Lymphoid Cells after Stimulation by PHA and Allogeneic Cells
Authors: Snippe H. , Bruijnzeel P.L.B. , Willers J.M.N.
Published: July 2009

The level of stimulation by phytohaemagglutinin (PHA) of mouse lymphocytes of the Balb/c and N strains was dependent on the number of cells and on the lymphoid organ from which the cells were derived. Cells from bone marrow, Peyer’s patches, and the peritoneal exudate showed no increased 3H-thymidine incorporation when incubated with PHA. No correlation between the number of T cells in an organ and the activity of the cells after PHA stimulation was found. Treatment of animals in vivo with cortisone, cyclophosphamide and X-rays caused a reduction in the cell numbers of spleen, thymus and lymph nodes. The activity of the thymus cells of these animals is strongly enhanced in the PHA stimulation test. The activity of spleen and lymph node cells of animals treated with anti-thymocyte serum or X-rays and of lymph node cells of cyclophosphamide-treated animals is reduced. The spleen and lymph node cells of animals treated with anti-thymocyte serum show a high thymidine incorporation without PHA stimulation. In the mixed lymphocyte reaction a total cell number of at least 107 spleen cells was necessary for good stimulation. An optimum was reached after about 4 days. Normal thymus cells were almost inactive in the mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR). Thymus cells from cortisone-treated animals were very active in the one-way MLR. This result was not obtained with thymus cells of cyclophosphamide-treated animals. Spleen cells from cortisone-treated N mice, but not Balb/c mice showed also an enhanced activity in the MLR.
Homocytotropic Antibodies Induced in Calves by Infection with Fasciola hepatica
Authors: Doyle J.J.
Published: July 2009

Homocytotropic antibodies to antigens of Fasciola hepatica could be detected using the passive cutaneous anaphylaxis reaction in the sera of calves experimentally infected with this parasite. Homocytotropic antibodies reached their highest level in the sera of these calves between 20 and 28 weeks after infection so coinciding with the period of expulsion of the parasites from the biliary system of the host. The bovine homocytotropic antibodies induced by this infection were heat- and mercaptan-labile, persisted in the skin of a homologous recipient for at least 72 h at the passive transfer and would appear to have some heavy chain antigenic determinants in common with the IgE class of immunoglobulin in man.
Reaginic Antibody Formation in Mice Injected with Rabbit Anti-Mouse Thymocyte Serum
Authors: Kind Leon S. , Macedo-Sobrinho Braz
Published: July 2009

A new model system for inducing reaginic antibody formation in mice is presented, namely a single injection of rabbit anti-mouse thymocyte serum (RAMTS). Using this model we have shown that X-irradiation (450 rad) administered to CBA mice 24 h after a single injection of RAMTS or IgG- (RAMTS) results in a sustained moderately high level of reagins against rabbit serum proteins with a concomitant barely detectable level (titer 1:5) of γ1-antibodies. Splenectomy and thymectomy had no demonstrable effect on reaginic antibody synthesis.
Light, Fluorescence and Electron Microscopic Studies of Lymphoid Cells in the Small Intestinal Epithelium of Mice
Authors: Glaister J.R.
Published: July 2009

The lymphoid cells in the epithelium covering the villi of the small intestinal epithelium of the mouse were examined by light, fluorescence and electron microscopy. The population has a heterogeneous morphology with small and medium-sized lymphocytes predominating. Large lymphocytes and various types of pyroninophils are less common. The fate of these cells is also diverse, a small proportion degenerates, some migrate back into the lamina propria, and the remainder are probably lost into the lumen of the intestine. The presence of blast cells, blast cell-lymphocyte interaction, and limited antibody production suggests that an active immunological reaction is taking place in the epithelium. Whether the large number of non-pyroninophils in the epithelium are also involved in this reaction, or whether they have a different immunological function is not known.
Quantitative Studies of Immunofluorescent Staining
Authors: Diaz Gill Gustavo A. , Beutner Ernst H. , Eisenberg Richard B.
Published: July 2009

Antinuclear antibody (ANA) titers in complement immunofluorescence (CIF) and conventional indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) staining were established and CIF/IIF ratios of ANA titers calculated. The following properties of conjugates seem to be indicated for determinations of CIF/IIF ratios: (1) anti-C4 conjugate dilutions used for CIF staining of ANA should be adjusted to contain ½ unit of antibody/ml; (2) anti-IgG conjugates used for this purpose should be adjusted to ¼ unit/ml; (3) for determinations of CIF/IIF ratios of ANA titers, the two conjugates used should have comparable F/P ratios or optical sensitivity ratios. Using such a system a preliminary double-blind study of 54 selected sera from patients with various collagen diseases was undertaken. After completion of titrations and decoding, it was found that 11 sera of patients with a diagnosis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) all had ANA titers of 200 or more and all fixed the C4 component of complement. The CIF/IIF ratio of these 11 sera fell in the range of 1:6 to 1:1. Of the remaining 43 sera 4 fixed complement. Of these, 2 had antinucleolar antibodies rather than true ANA. Of the other 2 sera which fixed C4, one was from a case of discoid lupus erythematosus and another from a patient with rheumatoid arthritis. Their CIF/IIF ratios were 1:8 and 1:21, respectively. Tests for ANA patterns of 25 coded sera in another laboratory yielded peripheral staining with 3 of 4 SLE sera and with none of the other sera included.
Release of Basic Proteins and Lysosomal Enzymes from Neutrophil Leukocytes of the Rabbit
Authors: Ranadive N.S. , Sajnani A.N. , Alimurka Krys , Movat H.Z.
Published: July 2009

Rabbit neutrophil leukocytes incubated with immune precipitates, with rabbit γ-globulin heat-aggregated at 68 °C, or with rabbit γ-globulin-coated latex particles, release lysosomal constituents such as basic proteins, β-glucuronidase and vascular permeability inducing substances. The release is not accompanied by cytolysis. Uncoated latex particles or γ-globulin heated to 75 °C are taken up by the neutrophils, but this uptake is not associated with release of lysosomal constituents. The release of lysosomal constituents does not parallel the degree of phagocytosis, suggesting that this release is not attributable entirely to phagocytosis. It is postulated that the release is triggered by the reaction of neutrophils with immunoglobulin which has undergone configurational changes, by interacting with antigen, by heat or by adsorption to latex particles.
The Differential Effect of Acetylsalicylic Acid on in vitro Aggregation of Platelets from Normal, Asthmatic and Aspirin-Sensitive Subjects
Authors: Schwartz Howard J. , Bennett Bruce
Published: July 2009

In vitro studies of the effect of acetylsalicylic acid on the collagen-induced aggregation of human platelets are reported. It was found that collagen-induced platelet aggregation was significantly more sensitive to inhibition by aspirin in asthmatics than normal individuals. No significant difference was found between aspirin-hypersensitive and non-aspirin-hypersensitive asthmatics. The possible relationship of these findings to the β-adrenergic theory of asthma is discussed.
Immunological Tolerance to Erwinia carotovora L-Asparaginase
Authors: Ashworth L.A.E. , Maclennan A.P.
Published: July 2009

Mice and rabbits readily form antibodies in response to injections of Erwinia carotovora L-asparaginase (ASNase), and show accelerated blood clearance of the enzyme following treatment. In mice, by a suitable choice of dose of ASNase and schedule of administration, the immunological response could be minimized. There was evidence of specific immunological tolerance, shown more readily in terms of blood clearance than of serum antibody titres. A proportion of mice was also made tolerant using cyclophosphamide (CY) together with ASNase. In rabbits, the immunogenicity of ASNase could not be reduced in general, either by the use of centrifuged, aggregate-free enzyme, or by the use of reportedly tolerogenic regimens of CY or 6-mercaptopurine.
Skin Reactions Induced by Sera of Patients with Monoclonal IgG Gammapathy
Authors: Yoshida H. , Kasukawa R. , Yoshida T. , Kano K.
Published: July 2009

Sera of some patients with monoclonal IgG gammapathy have been shown to contain a factor producing long-lasting vascular permeability in guinea pig skin. Skin reactions became positive 2 h after the intradermal injections of the sera and persisted for at least 8 h. Such activity could not be demonstrated in the sera of patients with macroglobulinemia, monoclonal IgA gammapathy, or light chain disease. This activity was associated with IgG but not IgM or IgA fractions of the patient’s serum. The activity was abolished by heating the serum at 63°C for 30 min or by treatment of the serum with ME and MIA. The activity, however, was not influenced by treatments with antihistaminics, trypsin inhibitor, or di-isopropyl-fluorophosphate.
Studies on the Role of Histamine and 5-Hydroxytryptamine in Immunity against the Nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis
Authors: Rothwell T.L.W. , Prichard R.K. , Love R.J.
Published: July 2009

Infusion of solutions of histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine into the small intestine of guinea pigs during the fourth larval stage of a primary infection with the nematode Trichostrongylus colubriformis led to significant worm expulsion. Incubation of fourth stage larvae with 5-hydroxytryptamine significantly reduced their excretion of the metabolic end product propionic acid. These results support the hypothesis that histamine and 5-hydroxytryptamine are involved in the expulsion of T.colubriformis by immune guinea pigs.
Analysis of the Biphasic Response in Cardiac Anaphylaxis to an Active Streptococcal Toxin
Authors: Feigen George A. , Conrad Michael J. , Gerber Jay D. , Singh Bramah N. , Hadji Lahlou
Published: July 2009

Guinea pig atria, sensitized in vitro with rabbit anti-streptolysin O, release histamine when challenged with inactive toxin and both histamine and acetylcholine when tested with the active (reduced) form. Challenge with active toxin results in a transient cholinergic depressor reaction which precedes the long-lasting augmentor effect of histamine. This biphasic response was analyzed by (1) varying the intensity of the anaphylactic phase alone, (2) by activating the toxin in the reaction system after initiating anaphylaxis by inactive toxin, and (3) by simulation of the biphasic response, using the mediators themselves. When the atrium is presented both substances simultaneously, the response to acetylcholine precedes that to histamine. The powerful atrial cholinesterase activity explains the transience of the toxic phase. The transient and oppositely directed effects of acetylcholine on the cardiac action potential always override those of histamine.
In vitro and in vivo Studies on Uptake of Antigen-Antibody Complexes by Eosinophils
Authors: Ishikawa Takeru , Wicher Konrad , Arbesman Carl E.
Published: July 2009

In vitro and in vivo uptake of soluble Ag-Ab complexes by eosinophilic leukocytes was studied. In the in vitro experiments, soluble complexes containing ragweed antigen and human IgM or IgG antibodies were much more frequently taken up by eosinophils than complexes containing IgA antibodies. Complexes containing IgE antibodies (purified) prepared in extreme and moderate antigen (purified fraction of ragweed extract) excess were taken up more frequently by the eosinophils (4.8 or 4.9%) than complexes containing purified IgG antibodies (1.7 and 0.9%). In vivo experiments were performed on rats using soluble Ag-Ab complexes of rat system (homologous) consisting of ragweed antigen and rat antibodies and complexes of rabbit and human systems (heterologous) consisting of ragweed and corresponding rabbit or human antibodies. Rats injected with homologous complexes showed a definitely higher percentage of eosinophils taking up complexes (14.1%) than rats injected with heterologous complexes of rabbit (2.3%) or human (1.3%) system.
Genetic Control of Immune Responsiveness in Mice Responsiveness to Ovalbumin in (C57BL × DBA/2)F1 Mice
Authors: Vaz Nelson M. , de Souza Celso M. , Maia Luiz C. Sauerbronn
Published: July 2009

Antibody formation following injection of a low dose (0.1 μg)of ovalbumin was significantly higher in (C57BL × DBA/2)F1 mice than in parental strains. The antibody response of genetically related strains and hybrids, such as B10.D2, (C57BL × B10.D2)F1, and (DBA/2 × B10.D2)F1 was lower than that of (C57BL × DBA/2)F1 mice.
Investigations on Alum-Precipitated Pyridine-Extracted Allergens
Authors: Chopra S.L. , Vincent Lyse
Published: July 2009

Studies were conducted to compare the antigenicity of house dust samples with that of commercially available aqueous and alum-precipitated pyridine extract (APPE) preparations. An aqueous house dust extract prepared in our own laboratory, produced a good antibody response in guinea pigs and rabbits. On the other hand, the house dust APPE preparations, obtained from two different commercial sources, failed to produce a detectable immunological response in both species. A degree of cross-reaction was observed between the commercially obtained aqueous extract and the one prepared in our own laboratory. These findings suggested a biological denaturation of house dust antigens due to pyridine extraction and/or a qualitative antigenic difference between the dust samples collected from different sources.
Effect of Soluble Antigen on IgE Responses in the Mouse
Authors: Maia Luiz C. Sauerbronn , Vaz Nelson M. , Vaz Eda M.
Published: July 2009

Three injections of 100 μgof soluble ovalbumin (Ova) significantly reduced IgE responses of DBA/1J mice to immunization with 0.1 μgOva in Al(OH)3 gel, whereas IgG1 responses were not similarly affected.
The Early Immune Response in Rabbits to a Single Injection of Alum-Precipitated Tetanus Toxoid
Authors: Ourth Donald D.
Published: July 2009

The immune response in rabbits from days 4–20 and at days 120 and 300 after a single injection of alum-precipitated tetanus toxoid was followed by indirect hemagglutination (HA), reduction with 2-mercaptoethanol (2ME) and toxin neutralization (TN) in mice. By 2ME treatment and HA, 19S was found to occur mainly from 4 to 12 days and mainly 7S by about 13 days and thereafter. TN first occurred at 6 days and persisted at 300 days after primary immunization. 2ME treatment had little or no effect on TN when comparing treated and untreated antisera.
Studies of the Spontaneous Rosette-Forming Cells in the Bursa of Fabricius of the Chicken
Authors: Tufveson Gunnar , Bäck Rune , Alm Gunnar V.
Published: July 2009

The ability of the lymphoid cells of the bursa of Fabricius of the chicken to form rosettes with sheep red blood cells (SRBC) and rabbit red blood cells (RRBC) has been studied. Large numbers of rosette-forming cells (RFC) were found using either antigen. RFC binding RRBC were three times as frequent as RFC binding SRBC (780/106 vs. 240/106 bursa cells). Rosette formation was inhibited by rabbit antisera to chicken immunoglobulin. The binding of SRBC and RRBC to the individual bursa cell was specific because less than 13% of RFC demonstrated by simultaneous incubation with RRBC and SRBC contained both types of erythrocytes (‘mixed rosettes’). The results suggest that bursa cells, presumably by antibody-like receptors formed by the antigen-binding cell itself, specifically bind xenogeneic erythrocytes. The frequency of RFC binding SRBC was approximately twice as high in the bursal medulla (448/106 cells) as in the cortex (220/106 cells). The frequency of medullary RFC binding SRBC, possibly representing the early stages of RFC development in the bursa, was not significantly influenced 1–4 days after intravenous immunization with SRBC.
Application of Immune Electron Microscopy to the Study of the Antigenic Relationships between Three New Human Papovaviruses
Authors: Albert A.E. , ZuRhein G.M.
Published: July 2009

The serologic cross-relationship between three new human papovaviruses and SV40, polyoma virus and wart virus, were studied by immune electron microscopy. The human papovaviruses were; JC virus and SV40-PML virus isolated from human brains with the demyelinating disease progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML), and BK virus isolated from the urine of a renal transplant patient without PML. Antisera to these viruses were prepared in rabbits and the antibody-antigen complexes formed after incubation of viruses with antisera were examined in the electron microscope. Antibody molecules were seen as filaments projecting from the capsid of the virions. When using a 1:10 serum dilution, two-way cross-reactions occurred between BK virus with JC antiserum and JC virus with BK antiserum; and also between SV40-PML virus with SV40 antiserum and SV40 with SV40 antiserum. One-way crosses were seen between JC virus and SV40-PML antiserum, SV40-PML virus and BK antiserum, and SV40 virus and JC antiserum. The possible significance of these results is discussed.
Some Properties of Ascaris suum Allergen A
Authors: Ambler J. , Miller J.N. , Orr T.S.C.
Published: July 2009

The stability of Ascaris suum allergen A to chemical and enzymatic agents has been studied. The allergenic activity measured in the rat passive cutaneous anaphylaxis test was found to be stable to heat at 100 °C, hot acid and periodate at 4 °C but to be destroyed completely by hot alkali. The allergen showed various degrees of resistance to treatment by the proteolytic enzymes trypsin, papain, chymotrypsin, elastase, subtilisin and pronase but was hydrolysed readily by pepsin. The effect of alkali on the allergen has been further studied by thin-layer gel filtration, ultracentrifugation, electrophoresis and amino acid analysis. Although the amino acid composition and sedimentation coefficients remained the same as the native allergen after this treatment, the isoelectric point and electrophoretic mobility were changed.
Protective Capacity of Antibodies Against E. coli·Antigen with Special Reference to the Avidity
Authors: Ahlstedt S. , Holmgren J. , Hanson L.Å.
Published: July 2009

The antibodies against E. coli·antigen which developed in response to immunization of rabbits with formalin-killed bacteria were investigated for quantity, relative avidity, and protective capacity in experimentally infected mice. Since antibody quantitation by the ammonium sulphate precipitation (ASP) technique was not influenced by avidity, the ASP titres could be used to express the protective capacity of antisera per unit of antibody, ‘protective titre/ASP titre’. Using this ratio, low-avidity antibodies (Ko ≤ 0.25) were found less protective than antibodies of higher avidity. Increase of the avidity above Ko ≥ 0.45 did not further potentiate the protective activity of the antibodies. The commonly used indirect haemagglutination (IHA) technique and the recently developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as applied in the present study were shown to be influenced by the antibody avidity. In the former, low avidity tends to give high antibody titres, whereas high avidity depresses the titres. In the latter technique, highly avid IgG antibodies seemed to give higher titres. The IHA titres correlated significantly to the protective titres only for antibodies of intermediate relative avidities (0.25 ≤ Ko ≤ 0.45), whereas the ELISA did not show any such correlation.
Local and Systemic Immune Response of Mice after Intratracheal and Intravenous Inoculations of Sheep Erythrocytes
Authors: Thomas W.R. , Holt P.G. , Keast D.
Published: July 2009

The plaque-forming cell (pfc) response in the mediastinal and cervical lymph nodes, the spleen, the lung and the blood was measured after either intratracheal or intravenous inoculations of sheep erythrocytes (SRBC). A typical primary and secondary response can be induced in the lung, its draining lymph nodes and the spleen after intratracheal inoculations. This response in the lymph nodes and lungs appears to be initiated locally and can be boosted by an intravenous inoculation. Intravenous inoculation produces pfc closely associated with the lung but apparently related to the pfc in the blood. The response in the lymph nodes after systemic immunization appeared independent of circulating pfc. A primary intravenous inoculation of SRBC moderated the response in the lymph nodes and lung to an intratracheal inoculation.