bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
United Nations Initiatives For Promoting Of Women Empowerment: Historical Perspective
Authors: Ali Muhammad , Nadeemullah Muhammad , Ghani Fauzia
Published: June 2020

The present study “United Nations Initiatives for Promoting of Women Empowerment: A Historical Perspective” is aimed at determining the role of UNO in protecting women rights. Women are discriminated at various levels in different societies and subjected to violence both physical and mental. The impacts go beyond the family and affect not only the victim but the society as whole. Securing the legal foundations of gender equality and women empowerment has always remained one of the main tasks of the United Nation Organization (UNO). The charter of UNO specifically emphasize on the equal fundamental freedom of men and women. It clearly guarantees the fundamental rights to all without distinction of race, colour, gender or any other status. The objective of this research paper is to provide historical background of global initiatives, particularly in the frame work of the UNO, regarding the process of women’s empowerment and gender equality. It also highlights the major challenges and hurdles in this perspective.
Writing Anxiety Among Public And Private Sectors Pakistani Undergraduate University Students
Authors: Dar Muhammad Fareed , Khan Imran
Published: June 2020

Pakistan is among the countries where number of English language users is on rapid growth. Despite English has been an influential language in Pakistan since its independence, learners face difficulties in almost every area of English language learning: Listening, reading, writing and speaking referring to just basic skills of English language. This study focuses on one of the four basic skills: Writing. It measures levels of writing anxiety of Pakistani undergraduate students while writing essays on various topics in English. In this study, 418 students participated which represents both public and private sector universities. Cheng (2004) SLWAI’s instrument was adopted to answer the research questions. Data analysis revealed that majority of the total participants, 61.48 percent has average level of English language writing anxiety. On the other hand, 19.38 percent of the total participants at undergraduate level face high level of English language writing anxiety. Minimum 19.14 percent of the total participants belong to low level of English language writing anxiety. It is interesting to note that both participants from the private and public sector universities experienced average level of writing anxiety. Consequently, English Language Teachers have to adopt/adapt those writing approaches and modify their methods of writing instruction which could help learners decrease their writing anxiety.
Widows Of Vrindavan - Feminisation Of Old Age In India
Authors: Pande Rekha
Published: June 2020

The present paper looks at some of the issues of the old women with a special focus on widows of Vrindavan. In 2009, there were 88 million elderly people in India. By 2050, this figure is expected to soar over 320 million. By 2050, women over 60 years would exceed the number of elderly men by 18.4 million, which would result in a unique characteristic of ‘feminisation’ of the elderly population in India. The gendered nature of ageing is such that universally, women tend to live longer than men. In India, social mores inhibit women from re-marrying, resulting in an increased likelihood of women ending up alone. The life of a widow is riddled with stringent moral codes, with integral rights relinquished and liberties circumvented. In many conservative Indian Hindu families, widows are shunned because they’re seen as bringing bad luck. Most of these widows find refuge in Vrindavan. Here they lead a very miserable life mostly begging and singing hymns in praise of God. However, this year saw a change in the condition of these women due to the initiative of Sulabh International, which takes care of two shelter homes where more than 800 widows have been registered and for the first time after they became widows many women played Holi (a festival of colours)excising their agency in a small way. The paper concludes by stating that there is very little information available on these widows. There is a need for better data collection and research on the social and economic status of widows, and on inheritance practices. Last but not least let us treat the widows as human beings and bring them into the main stream of the Women’s Movement.
Rapunzel In Developing Economy: A Study About Relationship Between Globalization And Women Workforce Issues In Pakistan
Authors: Mumtaz Roohi , Hasan Syed Shabib ul , Nizam Afsheen , Akhter Saima
Published: June 2020

As the globalization is bringing change in the business scenarios, there is a need to bring change in the mindset, beliefs, attitude and performance to bring change in the lives of the people. By definition globalization is the multifaceted financial, supporting, civilizing and the geographical development through which the flow of money, companies, innovative approach, talks and the employees have taken a transitional change. Women in third world economies are generally confined under social, cultural, religious and economic boundaries where they are not be allowed to utilize their true potentials and prosper. Under such suppression, businesses mostly prefer female labour, as they remain cheaper and obedient. The paper focuses on the relationship between globalization and the women work force issues in Pakistan. The study also highlights the impact of discriminatory acts like gender discrimination, gender employment segregation and financial biasness in Pakistani society. The findings reveal that discrimination and double standards in the society for women is very common and prevail, more obviously in Pakistan. There is a need to eliminate all the discriminatory elements from the mindset by taking visionary steps in the right direction.
Violence Against Women: Analysis Of Some Works Related To Media
Authors: Parveen Abida
Published: June 2020

The mass media have important role in modern society as the main channel of communication. The population relies on the media as the main source of information and the basis on which they form their opinions. Any selection of messages in the mass media will therefore have a profound effect on the entire society. A society cannot progress unless if women are given due recognition and respect. Mass media can play a significant role in reflecting social realities and in profiting the positive role of women, as envisaged in Islam. This article has examined the prevalence of violent assault against women in Pakistani society. Some works related to media and women have been stressed.
A Study Of Health Conditions Of Women Working At Karachi Fisheries
Authors: Manzoor Seema , Manzoor Asma , Rehma Dua-e- , Saeed Samina
Published: June 2020

This study aims to establish the understanding about the health conditions of women working at Karachi fisheries. The study has also tried to analyze the issues which affect the life of women working at fisheries in their working hours, within the family, while communicating with people around them and in their social life. By using quantitative research method researcher has analyzed different factors and circumstances which these women are experiencing, and the universe of population for this study is chosen as private fisheries near Fish Harbour, West Wharf, Karachi, Sindh, Pakistan. Whereas, convenience and purposive sampling techniques of non-probability sampling method are used in order to collect the data by hundred respondents from various private fishing companies at Karachi fisheries. In Pakistan now more women are connected to labour force due to increased employment opportunities, on the other hand women are doing work outside their homes to gain their economic independence and the rights and social standing like men in the family and society.
Examining The Relationship Between Inequalities In Gender Wage And Economic Growth In Pakistan
Authors: Ali Asghar , Jiang Li Jun
Published: June 2020

Gender equality is not only a policy reform agenda for developing countries but also an important goal of Millennium Development Goals. With respect to all socio-economic indicators, the development history demonstrates extremely gloomy image of gender inequality in Pakistan. With this background this paper investigates the nexus between wage inequality and economic growth and detects co-integration between gender wage differential and economic growth using ARDL bound test. It is confirmed from the empirical results that there exists long-run relationship between economic growth and wage differential. The findings of unrestricted error correction model indicate that the wage inequality showed negative and significant impact on economic growth in the long run. The results of this study showed dissimilarity with the findings of Seguino (2000) that there is existed constructive association between wage inequality and economic growth. An important finding from the present examination is that the gender wage gap is detrimental for the process of growth in long run. Policies should be made to reduce gender wage gap. Such government policy should be designed which could address and adjust economic priorities in the face of changing global economic realities and provide comprehensive framework for conducive environment for gender.
Gender Differences In The Fear Of Crime Victimization And Precautionary Behaviours
Authors: Mansoor Taskeen , Hasan Rukhsana
Published: June 2020

This quantitative study was conducted to explore the gender differences in the fear of crime victimization and associated precautionary behaviours. A questionnaire was designed and administered on 180 students of public and private universities in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Data analyzed in SPSS showed a significant difference in the responses of males and females where females were more worried and felt more unsafe about being a victim of a crime than males. More females observed precautionary behaviours to avoid being a victim of a crime in relation to the males. The females were fearful of crime related to use of public transport, sexual and gender based attack whereas males feared verbal abuse by strangers or acquaintances. It was discussed that females, being members of a marginalized and vulnerable group, may consider themselves as potential victims to crimes, and therefore exhibit a high fear of crime along with higher incidence of precautionary behaviour. Furthermore, in the patriarchal structure of the Pakistani society, the socio-cultural norms and traditional gender role socialization teach the boys to be dominant, risk-takers and fearless and the girls to be submissive, risk avoiding and fearful which tends to restrict the mobility and freedom of females.
Role Of Mass Media And Interpersonal Communication In Promoting Awareness About Woman Rights In Pakistan
Authors: Zaheer Lubna , Mubeen Amber
Published: June 2020

Women rights have always been a debatable issue in almost every society. Being a watchdog, media is expected to give voice to all members of the society regardless of their gender, background and ethnicity. Media can play a vigorous role to educating people about women-rights by addressing their concerns and anxieties. This study aims to investigate the role of mass media (i.e. television, newspapers and social media) and interpersonal communication in promoting awareness about woman rights in Pakistan. Using quantitative survey method with a sample of N=358, results of One-way ANOVA show comparison among various types of media. The study figured out that mass media in Pakistan especially print media, play a positive role in promoting awareness about women rights. However, the role of interpersonal communication has been found more effective as compared to new and old media. The study also expresses that demographics play significant role to attaining the awareness about women rights.
Exploring The Link Between Women Economic Empowerment And Energy Conservation
Authors: Jabeen Musarrat , Bibi Saima , Shah Awais Ali
Published: June 2020

Women and energy conservation strategies purport earning, borrowing or the skills for energy conservation. The datasets for household energy management do not identify the grant of economic decision making to women delegate households by the earning men households as an entry point to initiate and encourage the healthy mindsets for energy conservation. The objective of this study is to explore the link between economic decision making and the women economic empowerment for energy conservation and to assess the energy conservation trends among the economically empowered women. Delphi focused proved 70% correlation between energy women economic empowerment based on economic decision making and energy conservation. The energy conservation trends found positive 80.20% and negative 19.80% in economically empowered women, positive 55.80% and negative 44.20% in not economically empowered women. The study suggests that the economic decision making is a significant tool for women economic empowerment; and women economic empowerment does not depend only on the facts that women earn, have micro finance loans or skills to manage or produce energy. The study is a contribution to organize civil society to conserve energy for sustainable societies and cities.
Women Working In Fisheries At Ibrahim Hydri, Rehri Goth And Arkanabad
Authors: Shah Nasreen Aslam
Published: June 2020

This article emerges out of my study on fisheries at Ibrahim Hydri, Rehri Goth & Arkanabad, a project assigned by Women Development Department, Government of Sindh. The overall objective of this study is to seek out information regarding the following issues: the status of women in family and community, type of work they are doing, reason of doing work and their system and mode of payment, overall their hygiene and health conditions of the women folk. Both qualitative and quantitative research methodologies were adopted for this study through which the researcher has analyzed different factors and circumstances which these women are experiencing. This study has, therefore, been conducted to explore the factual data about the women working in fisheries at Ibrahim Hydri, Rehri Goth and Arkanabad.
Role Of Women In Development Of Pakistan: A Case Study of Women Participation in Labour Force in Pakistan
Authors: Mustafa Sadaf , Khan M. Sadiq Ali , Zafar Ammad
Published: June 2020

This paper highlights the “role of women in development of Pakistan”. Women participation is very vital for the prosperity of economy of Pakistan. Pakistan is a male dominated society despite the fact that its major population consists of women. In Pakistan the women face lots of obstacles when they want to utilize their skills for the growth and development of the country such as religious, political, social and environmental, although education, health and nutrition are the main issues on the top of list of severe problems. The Pakistani women are neglected and targeted by the customs and values of their families and relationships. The drastic fact is that majority of women of Pakistan live in rural areas as compared to the urban areas where they are treated as animals. However, it is also a fact that currently lots of metropolitan women in all provinces perform marvelous activities for the progress of Pakistan. The study reveals women play dynamic role in boosting economy. We cannot ignore the astonishing performance of women in building developed countries.
Exploring Uncounted Contribution of Women in Bangladesh: Barriers, Implications and Opportunities
Authors: Haque Tania
Published: June 2020

Work is typically divided along gender lines with men being responsible for the outside work and as the main income- earner and women for housework and child care. Women’s unpaid work is not recognized and therefore, women are considered as passive dependents. Non-recognition of women’s activity not only leads to undervaluation of economic contribution but also contributes to their lower status in society relative to men in Bangladesh. Therefore unpaid work is not a genderneutral bundle of chores that women perform out of comparative advantage or lower resources but instead it is an integral part to the reproduction of unequal power relations between men and women.
Women In The Folk Literature Of Sindh: Re-Examining The Poetry Of Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai
Authors: Ahmed Bashir , Naz Humera
Published: June 2020

This article is an attempt to examine the significance of folk literature which embodies the history, tradition and culture; implies a socio-cultural corpus specific to a particular ethnic group, and includes folk-behavior or the study of the specific customs and beliefs of a given social group and folk life or the study of folk-traditions. The folk literature of Sindh, like all other folk literature is the result of an interaction of cultural, geographical and religious factors that offers valuable historical evidence of cultural influence. Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai (1689- 1752 CE) is a celebrated Sufi poet, philosopher and social reformist, who employed folklore as a major segment in his poetry. The collection of Bhitai’s poetry which mostly comprised of the folklore is titled Shah Jo Risalo. This paper deals with a socio-cultural analysis of the folklore as a source for providing an image of the woman in the society. The Sindhi folklore also depicts an interesting picture of the prevailing customs and traditions. This article deals with a critical approach in order to reveal some historical truth in this regard.
Feminist Research Methodologies: An Analysis Of Graduate Level Dissertations At CEWS
Authors: Rehma Dua -e- , Manzoor Seema , Shah Nasreen Aslam
Published: June 2020

The study is about learning of feminist research and its application at academic level. The aim of this study is to analyze attitudes of feminist students towards feminist research in order to conduct research in feminist perspective and select topics, methodologies, sample as well as data collection tools and analysis. A sample of 50 M.A. dissertations of different topics of the year 2013-2014 has been selected from the Centre of Excellence for Women’s Studies University of Karachi. Selected topics of sample thesis are based on women’s issues and general social issues. The analytical approach is used with quantitative research methods. Purposive and convenience sampling methods of non-probability sampling are applied. The study observed that students attempted to research and analyze the selected topics from a feminist perspective. Results show that majority of the students apply mix methodology in their researches. They usually select common issues of women for research. There is a need to raise more themes about women and gender issues to bring social change.
Construction Of Female Identity In Pakistani Television Commercials (November, 2015-April, 2016): A Semiotic Analysis
Authors: Iftikhar Moneeba , Islam Mehwish
Published: June 2020

This study explores how TV commercials in Pakistan construct female identity in the present era. Advertising becomes an essential part in moulding and shaping our behaviour, attitude, values towards lifestyle and advertisers use visual, semiotic and printed text aims to convey their specific messages. This work attempts to analyze how the belief system of "flawless" and "perfect" society is created and constructed in and through advertisements. This study employed semiotic analysis as a research method to examine Pakistani TVCs. With stratified sampling technique, ten TVCs selected that appeared during intervals breaks of famous TV serials ,obtained from main three private Pakistani channels, on a week after week premise for a time of six months. TVCs were analyzed with reference to the representation of Pakistani women in selected time period. As sign frameworks are included in the construction of meaning and advertising utilizes these signs to transmit its message. The ideologically developed messages, TVCs not only depict the image of women but have additionally made that image into the affirmed part of the female identity in the society. The overall findings reveal that women identity thrive in TV commercials that repeatedly represent women as glamorized sex object, there by not reflecting the different and progressive roles of women. This study is an effort to examine the advertising practice in Pakistan that how it constructs and depicts Pakistani women. Most commercials reveal today’s Pakistani women as an independent glamorous and liberal object. This study would be significant for communication experts as well as for the policy makers who can apply it as a basis for creating and executing advertisements in future.
Agricultural Development And The Role Of Women's Self- Employment In Pakistan
Authors: Zaheer Rummana , Hussain Saman , Nadeemullah Muhammad
Published: June 2020

Pakistan aimed to achieve the target of 5.5% of GDP growth for the fiscal year 2015-16, of which 3.9% is expected to catch from the agricultural sector. In the economy, about 42.3% of the total employment is attributed by the agricultural sector, of which about 72.7% is contributed by the 48.96% of the total population, the WOMEN. Female as first-line labor force never receive the consideration of their actual contribution in the development on national basis. Like other developing economies of the world, Pakistan must to focus to expose and utilize the potential of the women labor force in agriculture. The discussion on the agricultural development of Pakistan with reference to women's self-employment is done in this study. Along review of literature and empirical studies, to facilitate the discussion and conclusion, annual time series data from the period of 1985 to 2015 under the regression analysis is taken. The variables taken, to discuss the strength and nature of association with the agricultural development of Pakistan by selfemployment of women, are gross domestic product of agriculture, literacy rate of women, women employed in agriculture and domestic credit disbursement to agriculture sector. The study expects the significant result withal positive association of variables to the development of the economy.
Enhancement of Communication Skills of International Language at University Level: Teachers' Side
Authors: Zarif Tayyaba , Nisa Aziz un , Nabi Abdul
Published: June 2020

The primary objective of current research was to study the status of Enhancement of Communication Skills of International Language at University Level it focused on the exploration of problems & hurdles faced by teachers during teaching & enhancement of International Language communication skills at. The current study was descriptive in nature and quantitative by method. All those universities of Shaheed Benazirabad which offering International language as Functional and Communicative in the version of applied linguistics as content course to their students in different disciplines were the population of the study. From each University sixty percent of the teachers who were facilitating the course of International Language communication were selected with the help of purposive random sampling. Questionnaire with five point Likert scale was used for collection of data. Data was analyzed in frequencies, percent and mean scores. The study results showed that teachers faced different kinds of problems while facilitating in enhancement of International language communication skills at University level.
A Girl In The River: A Critical Discourse Analysis Of Honor Killing
Authors: Nasir Munaza Hasan
Published: June 2020

The aim of this research paper is to critically analyse the documentary A Girl in the River: The Price of Forgiveness and explore the phenomenon of honor killing as presented through discourse in the documentary. In order to carry out critical discourse analysis Fairclough’s 3D model (description, explanation and interpretation) provided the framework of the research. The discursive strategies employed by the participants involved in honor killing both as agents and victims were explored. It was observed that the antagonists considered themselves to be the victims who were compelled to act in the name of honor by the protagonist (Saba). They also rationalized their actions through their language and discourse.
Highlighting the Importance of Women Sufis in Sindh
Authors: Manzoor Seema , Shah Nasreen Aslam
Published: June 2020

This study aims to express the importance of Sufi shrines in a Sindhi society. The Sufi shrines dwell a central status in our social, cultural and religious setup regarding socio-spatial relationships, status of women in Sufism/Mysticism, rituals, beliefs, spiritual influence, customs and traditions and spiritual healing. Sufi shrines are not only the source of satisfaction for the devotees but also a place where Muslims and non-Muslims participate in all rituals and festivities together. Sindh is the land of Sufis and it holds great importance in Sindhi culture. Hence, the case studies and observational research methods are used to analyze the importance of women Sufis in the Sindhi culture, because both these research methods are explanatory, descriptive, in-depth, detailed and exploratory in nature. Case studies of six women Sufi shrines (three from Karachi and three from Thatta) are incorporated to access the first hand knowledge on the subject. The historical and current scenario about women Sufis and their role in Sindh regarding Sufism is studied through an unstructured interview schedule. Six shrines from Karachi and Thatta were selected as a universe of the study, and the respondents were purposively selected for conducting interviews in detail. The findings reveal that the people of Sindh have blind faith on Sufis (men and women Sufis both).  People consider that if they visit the Sufi shrines, they will be blessed with their desires. And moreover people go to the shrines to satisfy their socio-economic, psychological and physical, moral wishes and spiritual needs.
The Protection of Woman’s Right to Dower in Islamic Law
Authors: Siddique Hafiz Muhammad , Rao Muhammad Atif Aslam
Published: June 2020

Dower is one of the fundamental rights of woman provided by Islam. This right provides woman economic and financial stability at the beginning of her married life. This study evaluates the concept of dower in Islamic perspective by explicating its significance and legitimacy. It also denotes the importance of dower in marriage contract. The quantum of dower may be fixed or decided according to the families, they are living with, if not mentioned in the contract of marriage. Present study also argues that Islam has not specified the quantum of Dower however the jurists believe that there are different specifications in terms of maximum and minimum quantum. This research aims to demonstrate the reasons of why Islam has promoted dower as a right of woman that invalidates the marriage contract if unpaid. However, Islam strictly prohibits the ostentatious manifestations of Pakistani societies that could trouble the individuals and society holistically. This paper concludes that how Islam has protected woman by providing her right to dower.
A Gender Approach to Militancy (Extremism) in Pakistan –A Case Study of North-Western Region
Authors: Dilawar Shahid , Khan Asghar , Jadoon Muhammad Nawaz Khan
Published: June 2020

The agenda of gender and security in the debate of international relations has much to achieve yet. The notion is based on normative differences of feminism and realism. The former is a flag bearer of feminist agenda of political studies and the latter is a leading International Relations paradigm. There have been many case studies and accounts in which women as victims of conflicts are studied and their plights are analyzed, however, the role of women as ‘security agent’ had hardly been previously touched. The gender inequality worsens the situation in Pakistani society as it promotes radical/extremist tendency which subsequently poses immense security challenges to the social fabric. Due to lack of research on this particular issue, the study has been opted for further exploration. Pakistan being at the forefront in the war against terror since its onset in 2001, has predominantly a military based security agenda. However, the country with 52% of female population, makes it an appropriate case study to understand security and gender. This paper pertains to some conflict hit areas of Pakistan where women role has been analyzed as security agent. This paper is an attempt to explore and analyses the theoretical and academic debate of gender and security with particular reference to North-Western Pakistan.
Gender Discrimination In Selection On Bureaucratic Jobs: A Case Study Of Sindh Public Service Commission
Authors: Channar Zahid Ali , Riaz Sakina , Quresh Saleem Raza
Published: June 2020

This research has focused on gender discrimination in selection on bureaucratic jobs through Sindh Public Service Commission (SPSC). The study was conducted on secondary data collected from annual reports of SPSC.The data was analyzed by the Management tool (fourth-fifths rule)and Statistical technique (Chi-square goodness of fit test). Analysis through 4/5th rule showed that in the combined competitive examination of year 2011, there was huge gender discrimination against females in the appointments of Deputy District Officers’ posts; and for the appointment on the posts of Section Officer, females were again discriminated as compared to males.Gender Discrimination in the appointment on the bureaucratic jobs was also assessed through Chi-Square goodness of fit test. Results yielded by the test showed that there was huge discrimination against females on the appointment of all bureaucratic jobs. This research has implications for the Government, Human Rights Activists and educated females.
Strategizing Public Sector Hospitals In Megacity Karachi: A Case Study On Gender Based Healthcare Facility Selection Criteria And Concerns (From Demand And Supply Perspective)
Authors: Burney Shamaila , Iraqi Khalid Mahmood
Published: June 2020

Karachi is the most populous city in Pakistan and it plays an important role in urban demography of Pakistan. It is growing rapidly, as every fifth urban citizen lives here. This urbanization creates serious challenges for all sectors of Karachi. Especially the health sector, from demand and supply view point is facing serious challenges in terms of non-availability of qualified doctors, specifically female doctors, medicines, latest equipment, poor infrastructure, and patient’s queues belonging to other rural areas because of the lack of quality healthcare facilities, makes the public hospitals crowded and overburdened. Like all over Pakistan, public sector hospitals are very much neglected in Karachi also and needs special consideration. The focus should be on developing patient oriented supply chains for efficient patient’s care and healthcare facilities. Moreover, the case study of Qatar hospital a part of our basic research study also highlighted the depriving condition for women patients’ in Emergency Department, because only male doctors are there but female doctors are not available. Although we observed that the gender wise daily patient flow was consist of 65% females, whereas only 35% male patients. The study suggests that there is an urgent need of women doctors and paramedics staff in the public sector hospitals of suburbs of Karachi. This paper presents a synoptic view of concerns of the residents of Karachi, and identification of their selection criteria of health care facilities. The study also aimed to provide solutions and recommendations for the improvement of these facilities. Cross sectional questionnaire and random sampling with two stage clusters sampling was used to record the responses of 1991 households, 46% respondents were female and 54% were male. Among the total of 11127 respondents, only 580, (5.2 %) sought treatment in public health hospitals and, 2440 (21.9 %) visited private hospitals. Research results shows that Cost is the only significant factor because of which people opt for treatment at public healthcare facility.
Language In Pakistani Crime Reporting: Use Of Gender Specific Adjectives
Authors: Rasul Sarwet , Irshad Sidra
Published: June 2020

Newspapers use language as a tool to create power structures based on gender; and it is through specific vocabulary that they present men and women as different stereotypes in the society. Through language choices not only men and women are presented as different but also as unequal: the former is powerful while the later is powerless, the former is independent while the later is dependant. The present paper attempts to analyze news reporting in the Pakistani print media with special focus on the relationship between gender and language used in crime report headings. It is examined how gender specific adjectives are used to create the reality of women as weak, subdued, and submissive; while men are projected as empowered, dominant and authoritative. Out of the selected four newspapers two are English (Dawn and The News) while two are Urdu (Jang and Khabrain). From these newspapers the headings of crime reports that project the relationship between gender and choice of adjectives, have been sorted out and analyzed under two categories: category ‘A’ deals with adjectives used for men while category ‘B’ deals with adjectives used for women.
Role Of Mass Media In Awareness Raising For Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI’s)
Authors: Nasreen Shagufta , Ali Aliyah
Published: June 2020

One of the major threats faced in the fast changing world is of communicable diseases and infections such as Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI’s). In Pakistan where reproductive health related issues are not discussed openly, it is difficult to find any countrywide data on the prevalence of STI’s. There are, however, a few selected small sample studies confirming its prevalence in general public as well in high risk groups. At policy level we find little recognition and willingness to deal with these infections. However this process can be geared up with the help of mass media for raising awareness. This paper seeks to examine the role of media in creating public awareness and in breaking the silence against these ‘taboo’ infections and make people aware about its prevention and cure.
Beggar Girls Of Karachi: A Survey
Authors: Nadeemullah Muhammad
Published: June 2020

Dr. Nasreen Aslam Shah, Professor Department of Social Work and Director Women’s Studies Centre, University of Karachi has diligently and meticulously composed “Beggar Girls of Karachi: A Survey”. Along with her Shagufta Nasreen, Asma Manzoor, Aliyah Ali, Saba Parveen and Muhammad Nadeemullah worked as field survey team. They interviewed these girls and assisted in the research work. This book is an important piece of work as the topic is not only unique but meaningful also.
A Phenomenological Perspective on Feminist Critique of Reason
Authors: Hussain Syed , Hyder Mustafa , Sultana Mariam
Published: June 2020

This study expounds a phenomenological perspective on feminist critique of reason. Following the lead of Nagl-Docekal, a hypothesis is reached by which a possibility is recognized that the feminist argument which is founded ongendering the unity of reasonis mistaken.This gendering ultimately results in identifying the traditional manifestations of reason as a structure of oppressive power dynamics which feminist philosophy deems masculine. Although, this investigation admits that some of the main premises of feminist argument are supported by evidence, however, themain contention is that its conclusion is problematic. A phenomenology of reason is proposed, after Edmund Husserl’s transcendental phenomenology,with the intention of providingsupport for the validity of hypothesis and offer betterprospects for a critique of reason. Furthermore,It is also argued that phenomenology of reason so outlined already incorporates the valid aspects of feminist critique of reason. The methodology of this investigation is comparative-analytic.The purpose of this study is to provide a philosophical foundation for feminist critique of reason which is aimed at unmasking the illicit pretensions of the oppressive dynamics exhibited in the name of reason.
Women’s Substantive Role in Local Government Khyber Pakhtunkhwa: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Ullah Latif , Ahmad Khalil
Published: June 2020

Women’s political representation is the common concern of the entirefeminist. However, the idea of women representation in politics is criticized thatto how women should be represented in politics. The present study aimed to analyse the challenges and opportunities to the women substantive role in local government Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The study adopted the qualitative method of research to analyse women’s substantive representation. The women’s substantive roles were assessed by pre developed themes as;women’s participation in the local council business, Women’s influence on political party, women’s access to local government financial resources, and women’s role in civil society’s mobilization. The researchers further asked leading questions under eachtheme to collect respondent’s views with respect to challenges and opportunities to women substantive role in local government Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.The study was conducted in District Mardan Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The researchers conducted 10 in-depth interviews with women councillors elected on reserved seats in village/neighbourhood council of district Mardan by using purposive sampling technique of qualitative research.
Cross-line Of East And West: Second Generation Pakistani Youth In Norway
Authors: Muhammad Anwar
Published: June 2020

Pakistani community constitutes the largest group of immigrant population in Norway and its second and third generation youth has a predominated majority in the Pakistani immigrant population in Norway. This generation, which has grown out of the Norway-born-and-bread single parent and then both parents, is different in every aspect from that of their parents or first generation: they are more exposed to and aware of the Norwegian culture. And they are better equipped to safeguard and promote their interests. At the same time, they are also familiar with their parents’ culture and values. Gender issues are often in focus of the media coverage dedicated to the immigrant community in the context of traditional gender role in Pakistani society. This paper focuses on the notion of second generation, identity work and gender. Gender is the cross-cutting theme throughout this paper. This paper deals with theoretical discussion on second generation youth in Norway. It also co-relates the findings of a qualitative study by using the theoretical models and presents some recommendations based on this study.
Gender in Management: An Investigation In The Pakistani Corporate World
Authors: Rahman Mustaghis -ur- , Ahmed Aliya
Published: June 2020

John Gray presents interesting metaphor for men and women in his best seller title “Men are from Mars and Women are from Venus” as men are warrior; protector of fields and territory while women are the symbols of love, beauty and fertility in a society. If summed up the characteristics of men and women in single word for each, explained by Gray, most probably the men are ‘tuff’ and women are ‘fragile’. Are they really so? The claim of Gray can not be out rightly rejected. Although most of the researches in the field of ‘gender and management’ did not endorse the Gray’s analogy but accepted a few differences in the management and leaderships styles of men and women at the work place. In Pakistan too, gender equality or inequality is being debated like anywhere in the world. Pakistani organizations are predominantly managed by men. Few women can be seen at the top slot of management in the Pakistani corporate organizations. It is generally perceived that management is a masculine role, though management role is not a single role rather management roles are further classified into various sub roles, whereas some are perceived masculine and others are perceived as feminine roles. Being an active part of the corporate world, the researchers have observed differences in the managerial styles between men and women and wanted to find out through scientific method whether in Pakistani corporate culture, is management still associated with men only or its sub roles are more/less associated with men and women; both?
Women’s Movement For Peace: Global Overview
Authors: Bano Nafisa
Published: June 2020

Over the years, a realization has slowly but surely grown that war is, after all, not a good thing to happen and it is deadly and devastating for the universe. Especially, the realization about the sufferings of women and children caught in wars, armed conflicts and violence has increased. The women doubtless suffer most because of their vulnerable position. A series of women movements and organizations focusing on women issues are actively campaigning for peace for women today. Women, mostly belonging to North American and European countries, are active in the process of developing peace through writings, lectures, conferences, seminars, workshops and networking in different countries and establishing and empowering organizations to form a broad base for further action. In this context, several women constituencies are playing a very important role in the movement against nuclear weapons. Likewise, the women Nobel Peace Laureates’ role for global peace is very inspiring.
Woman Subjection As Reflected In Sidhwa’s Cracking India
Authors: Zaidi Najia A.
Published: June 2020

The Indian subcontinent gained independence from the British Raj in 1947, and got divided into two states: India and Pakistan. This division was the result of religious conflict that turned into a great tragedy of the region forcing millions to leave the part they were living in and killing large number of innocent people. Women became the worst victims of partition on both sides of the border. Sidhwa captures the position of woman through historical perspective. This paper examines the retelling of partition by Sidhwa in her novel Cracking India and portrays the exploitation, manipulation and oppression of women in relation to politics, religion and society. The publication of this novel establishes it as feminist text that calls for reconsideration of women’s rights and status in Post-Colonial Pakistan.
Socio-Economic And Psychological Perspectives Of Female Crimes
Authors: Sultan Rana Saba , Bibi Irshad
Published: June 2020

Until a few decades ago, crime was considered to be a predominantly male phenomenon, but as women increasingly joined the mainstream of society, their share in crime increased considerably the world over. The family unit has been torn apart because of economic necessity, increasing awareness of women’s rights and the need to step out of home to reach the work place. In fact the growing rate of woman prisoners can be linked to social changes, especially in urbanization and new agents of social control such as urban police and moral reformers. The fewer job opportunities and lower wages for women resulted in economic marginalization and increased the need for women to resort to crimes such as prostitution, especially during wars, when men were not able to support their families. Prostitution was often, the most readily available way for women to support themselves and their children.
Women In Disaster: A Feminist Perspective
Authors: Rehman Shakila A. , Ilyas Zareen , Safirudin Mohammed
Published: June 2020

Women are influenced differently than men by natural disasters. Thus, nature of vulnerability of people to a natural disaster is a direct function of their gender. Based on feminist perspective, this study focused on gendered impact of natural disasters. It is evident from research studies that disaster hit people but women are much more vulnerable to disaster and specially women of developing countries due to their socioeconomic status. Mortality and morbidity rates of women all over the world is higher than that of men and the root cause of that is women’s vulnerability.
Gender Differences In Organizational Structure And Corporate Culture Preferences
Authors: Malik Anila Amber , Salim Sumayya
Published: June 2020

The study aimed at establishing gender differences in the choice of organizational structure and corporate culture on a sample of 108 employees (males = 54, females = 54). It was seen that males prefer formalization and response culture while women give an edge to centralized organizations with an environment that promotes relationship culture. It was also noted that both males and females were least inclined to work in an organization with controlled culture.
The Difference Between Female And Male Leadership
Authors: Manzoor Asma , Abrar Naheed
Published: June 2020

Our society is currently experiencing a period of significant change in the concept of women’s role. This change is reflected in the increasing numbers of women who are planning their lives around careers in the work world. As women gradually enter leadership roles that traditionally were occupied mainly by men, the possibility that the leadership styles of women and men differ continues to attract attention. There are specifically no rules for leadership but there are certain skills that every good leader seems to have. In the battle of the sexes, people often find themselves in discussion on the differences between male and female leadership. Indeed, there are different perspectives on this topic ranging from recognition of no differences in style or ability to clear-cut differences based on gender. This article discusses the differences between male and female leadership styles. Since there are different characteristics between men and women, male leadership is often symbolized by an ego-driven form of direction-giving, while female leadership entails more listening and co-operation.
The Difference Between Leadership And Management: A Gender Perspective
Authors: Siddiqui Shahid D.
Published: June 2020

Discussions on leadership typically get bogged down by a debate between the differences of leadership and management. Some authors argue that leadership and management are diametrically opposed concepts (Bennis & Nanus, 1985) while other authors use the terms interchangeably (Yukl, 2010). This article consider competing perspectives to understand better the relationship between leadership and management, and will conclude by suggesting that effective leaders need to be good managers and that effective managers need to be good leaders. In leadership and management the gender perspective is of outstanding importance. This article also explains that women’s traditional and stereotypic styles of communication are more like those of a good manager than are men’s stereotypic styles.
A Brief Account Of Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah’s Political Struggle And Service For Restoration Of Democracy In Pakistan
Authors: Sultana Summer
Published: June 2020

Through her political struggle in favour of the nation of Pakistan, Mohtarma Fatima Jinnah set such an example of struggle, courage and sacrifice that bears a significant place in our political history. Using her talents and outstanding courage and spirit she not only trembled the strong quarters of the rulers but also emancipated the nation from the grasp of fears they faced at the hands of these rulers. Her life-long struggle continued for the progress and development of the country and nation. She had the courage and character to criticize the huge figures in the power when she noticed any intrigue and evil designs being fabricated against the country and nation.