bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
It Takes Partners to Create Solutions Management Wants
Authors: Banks Cristina G. , Mosier Kathleen L. , Kennedy Kriss J. , Miller Christopher , Imada Andrew S.
Published: November 2019

The notion of interdisciplinarity is inherent in the principles of human factors and ergonomics. HFE can be described as a multi-disciplinary, user-centric ‘bundling science,’ in that it applies theory, principles, and data from many relevant disciplines to the design of work systems, taking into account the complex interactions between the human and other humans, the external environment, tools and equipment, and technology to enhance human performance and well-being (Wilson, 2000). The 2017 HFES Annual Conference panel addressed how to increase management’s perceived value of HFE by changing the focus of HFE from risk to enhanced employee wellbeing, performance and productivity. This panel furthers this discussion by addressing how HFE can increase its perceived value by partnering with other disciplines to solve a critical organizational problem. We use the example of the Mars spacecraft habitat design to illustrate how HFE and other disciplines can intersect to create a living, working and recreational space that supports astronaut health, wellbeing and performance. First, Mosier describes HFE’s increasing role in interdisciplinarity. Mosier also discusses habitat design from the perspective of team and psycho-social factors. Kennedy describes how architectural and engineering factors affect astronauts’ physiological and psychological well-being. Miller discusses the role automation and technology will play in habitat functioning to keep astronauts safe and healthy. Banks adds concepts of psychological need satisfaction through habitat design to maintain astronaut health and well-being. Imada closes the panel with the role of HFE in the design of suitable human interfaces and consideration of how all elements function together as an effective system. The audience will be invited to contribute their own ideas for how these different disciplines can work together with HFE to create a healthy and productive habitat.
Mental models of AI-based systems: User predictions and explanations of image classification results
Authors: Bos Nathan , Glasgow Kimberly , Gersh John , Harbison Isaiah , Lyn Paul Celeste
Published: November 2019

Humans should be able work more effectively with artificial intelligence-based systems when they can predict likely failures and form useful mental models of how the systems work. We conducted a study of human’s mental models of artificial intelligence systems focusing on a high-performing image classifier. Participants viewed individual labeled images in one of three general classes and then tried to predict whether the classifier would label it correctly. Participants were able to begin performing this task at levels much better than chance, 69% correct. However, after 137 trials with feedback, their performance improved a small, but statistically significant amount to 73%. Analysis of these results and comments indicated that humans were using their own perceptions of the images as first-approximation proxies. ‘Projecting’ human characteristics onto a computer might be considered a cognitive bias, but in this task, the strategy seemed to yield good initial results. This might be called effective anthropomorphism. Participants sometimes used this strategy both implicitly and explicitly. The paper includes discussion of why this strategy might have worked better than alternatives, why further learning was quite difficult, and what assumptions about similarities between human perception and image classification systems may in fact be correct.
Using a Situational Awareness Display to Improve Rider Trust and Comfort with an AV Taxi
Authors: Chang Chun-Cheng , Grier Rebecca A. , Maynard Jason , Shutko John , Blommer Mike , Swaminathan Radhakrishnan , Curry Reates
Published: November 2019

There is evidence that a significant portion of the population does not trust automated vehicles (AV). Research on trust in automation suggests that providing insight into how automation functions via a situational awareness (SA) display improves trust. However, it is unclear how much information is needed to build trust. A study was conducted to evaluate what amount of information improves passenger trust with an AV. After a ride in a simulated AV with one of four SA displays with varying amounts of information or no SA display, participants completed questions about trust and comfort. In addition, participants completed a card sorting task to determine what content they desired to see on the SA display. Our conclusions suggests that an SA display engenders trust and comfort. However, such a display should present a low amount of information. A possible explanation is that high information density displays might be more difficult for participants to interpret.
Postural Strategies of Bus Drivers During a Regular Work Shift in Urban Area: A Pilot Study
Authors: Arippa Federico , Leban Bruno , Pau Massimiliano
Published: November 2019

Bus drivers are forced to adopt constrained postures for a long time on a daily basis. This may cause discomfort and, in the long term, represent a co-factor for the onset of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), particularly in the low back. Objective measurements of biomechanical variables associated to sitting posture may be useful to better estimate the risk of MSD and, in this context, in recent times in chair movements (ICM) have been shown to represent a reliable tool to characterize sitting postural strategies. This study aimed to evaluate postural strategies of bus drivers during actual long-term driving session in urban area, through the analysis of ICM trend with shift time. Seven professional drivers were tested during regular 6-hours work-shift divided in 50 min point-to-point routes, interspersed by 10 minutes breaks at each last stop. Body-seat interface pressures were collected using a pressure sensitive mat and subjective discomfort rating was evaluated using a 2-parts questionnaire. The results show that, during the whole shift, most drivers report a constant increase in perceived discomfort and a correspondent increase in the overall number of ICM. However, it was interesting to observe that considering a single point-to-point route (i.e. the maximum amount of time in which the drivers must remain seated continuously) the number of ICM increase at the beginning of the period but then decrease significantly, probably when the optimal position to minimize discomfort is reached.
Micromobility and the Built Environment
Authors: Tice Patricia C.
Published: November 2019

Within a remarkably short time, a wide range of small scale, short-range transportation options have catapaulted themselves into the urban environment throughout the US and the world. Incorporating these micromobility vehicles into the existing built environment poses several uniquely human opportunities and challenges. They hold out the promise of meeting the classic first mile/last mile transit access problem, but confusion remains about the best place for their use, parking, storage, and operations. This presentation will summarize a vehicle categorization scheme and an urban audit process to support urban designers and engineers as they incorporate this challenging opportunity into their community. It will also touch on specific vehicle design details that are critical to user safety. A discussion of potential options for behavioral modification using software platforms and vehicle hardware will also be provided. The presentation will conclude with design, planning, and policy recommendations for supporting micromobiltiy appropriately.
Preflight Weather Decision Support Tool (PWDST): User-Centered Design Process and Usability Validation
Authors: King Jayde , Kleber John , Harris Ashlee , Chaparro Barbara , Blickensderfer Beth
Published: November 2019

General Aviation flight operations have been negatively affected by the slow decreasing weather related accident rate for the last 20 years. Upon further investigation, research suggests, that poor preflight planning and a lack of aviation weather experience and knowledge may be contributing factors to the stagnant weather related accident rate. Our team developed a Preflight Weather Decision Support Tool (PWDST) to help novice pilots access, interpret, and apply weather information. We used a user-centered design process which involved an initial task analysis, low-fidelity prototyping, low-fidelity usability testing, user interviews and expert review. This study assessed and compared the perceived usability, difficulty, and the system assistance satisfaction of the PWDST. Participants (n=9) completed a usability study and a series of surveys during, as well as, after the completion of the preflight planning scenario. A series of Mann-Whitney U Tests were conducted to compare the difference between Private Pilot and Certified Flight Instructors (CFI) perceived usability, difficulty, and system assistance satisfaction ratings. Results indicated, there were no significant differences between group ratings. Overall, both groups reported above average usability, system assistance and low difficulty rating for the PWDST. Future research and possible implications are discussed.
Updating the Direction Orientation Task: An Aviation Selection Tool
Authors: Keiser Heidi N. , Moclaire Cory M. , King Kenneth M. , Brown Noelle L. , Foroughi Cyrus K. , Sibley Ciara , Coyne Joseph T.
Published: November 2019

Military branches rely on selection and placement testing to help identify individuals who will be well-suited for jobs that they likely have little exposure to or experience with. The goal for this research was to update the Direction Orientation Task (DOT), which is used by both the United States Navy and Air Force as part of their aviation selection batteries. The current version of DOT has limitations such as ceiling effects in some populations and a restriction of range within test scores. We created a new version (DOT2) that attempted to increase the difficulty and variance of the test (among other things discussed in the paper). Ninety-five student Naval Aviators completed an experiment where they completed DOT1, DOT2, and the operation span. Results showed that DOT2 was significantly more difficult and had increased variance compared to DOT1. Scores on DOT1 were highly related to scores on DOT2, both were similarly unrelated to scores the operation span, and both were similarly related to the number of math errors made on the operation span. These preliminary data suggest that DOT2 may be a viable upgrade to DOT1.
Trust Measurement in Human–Automation Interaction: A Systematic Review
Authors: Brzowski Matthew , Nathan-Roberts Dan
Published: November 2019

This systematic review summarizes current measurements of trust in human-automation interaction. A total of 217 articles were found, and it was determined that 44 articles contained relevant information and met inclusion criteria. The results of the review showed that 75% ( n = 33) of articles used subjective measures of trust only, and 41% ( n = 18) used researcher-defined methods of measuring trust instead of peer-reviewed and validated scales. Of 10 defined industries, the highest number of articles ( n = 14) were assigned to the automotive industry, followed by aviation, military, and security ( n = 6). The automated systems studied in relevant articles were decision aids, automated control and navigation systems, and process control systems. This review showed that research of trust in human-automation interaction (1) has the tendency to use subjective measures of trust as the primary or only measure, (2) has the tendency to individually define trust and how it is measured, and (3) is heavily composed of research on automotive automation. Best practices and future research are discussed.
Human-Robot Interaction with Drones and Drone Swarms in Law Enforcement Clearing Operations
Authors: Stone Richard T. , Schnieders Thomas M. , Push Kevin A. , Terry Stephen , Truong Mary , Seshie Inshira , Socha Kathryn
Published: November 2019

Police officers often must work alone in clearing operations, a procedure that involves surveying a building for threats and appropriately responding. A partnership between drone swarms and officers has potential to increase the safety of officers and civilians during these high-stress operations and reduce the risk of harm from hostile persons. This two part study examines aspects of trust, situational awareness, mental demand, performance, and human-robot interaction during law enforcement building clearing operations using either a single drone or a drone swarm. Results indicate that single drone use can increase time for operation, but accuracy and safety of clearing is enhanced. Single drone use saw increased situational awareness, a decrease in number of targets missed, and a moderate level of trust. For drone swarms, results indicate significant differences in mental workload from swarm data feeds compared to single drone feeds but no substantial difference in accuracy of finding targets.
Searching for Fiction for Pleasure Reading: Current Research and Recommendations
Authors: Huang Alexandra , Nathan-Roberts Dan
Published: November 2019

One of the major tasks library patrons are faced with is searching for a good book to read, particularly when they have no specific book in mind. As such, people faced with this task search in places such as online catalogs, looking at existing book reviews and descriptions, and they also ask librarians and other readers’ advisors for assistance in finding book recommendations. This paper attempts to review the research on how people conduct searches for pleasure reading, as well as research for online catalog design in order to inform the search process, leading to recommendations for future work in catalog design and readers’ advisory driven by the application of human factors principles in the search process.
Synquesticon: An Environment for Authoring and Conducting Micro Task Studies
Authors: Hildebrandt Michael , Nguyen Hoa T. , Langstrand Jens-Patrick
Published: November 2019

Micro tasks are small knowledge probes that can provide speed and accuracy data about how well a user interface (UI) supports work tasks. We present a software system that supports researchers in authoring, managing and conducting micro tasks studies. The system supports the generation of different types of micro task questions, provides tagging functionality, can exchange data with external systems such as simulators, is fully integrated with eye tracking, presents micro tasks questions to participants, allows for online observation, and stores responses in a data base.
Kitchen Range Fires and Explosions: Usability Versus Safety
Authors: Pollack Jay
Published: November 2019

Fires and explosions often result from inadvertent actuation of kitchen range appliances. National Standards, such as ANSI Z21.1 and ANSI/UL858, provide guidance on the design of kitchen range controls to ensure the safe operation of these appliances. This work examines residential gas ranges as investigations of fire and explosion incidents often determine that there was no line leakage of gas and the leaked gas likely resulted from inadvertent contact with the range’s controls. A human factors investigation was conducted to determine under what conditions consumers (or their pets) could inadvertently open a closed gas range valve that was designed in a manner that met the requirements of applicable national standards. The investigation revealed that the range controls met the letter of the standard, but the safety intent of the standard was not met. Safety is sacrificed to afford usability. The control design is defective.
Applying Work Domain Analysis to Augmentative and Alternative Communication Systems
Authors: Shea Kaela , Chau Tom , St-Cyr Olivier
Published: November 2019

Augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) systems enable communication for individuals with complex communication needs. The frequency users rely on the communication systems necessitates an interface design that supports usability. As a first step to systematically designing a user interface, the Work Domain Analysis (WDA) framework was applied to a popular commercial AAC system, Proloquo2Go, to analyze and understand system constraints and design a new user interface for an AAC system. For the purpose of the analysis, the system boundaries were that of verbal language-based communication. Information for the analysis of the system was gathered through exploratory operation of AAC systems and structured interviews with a speech-language pathologist and parents of AAC system users. Research into the process of language formation showed logical groupings of the different types of language components to communicate information regarding states, objects, relationships, and emotions; component types were subsequently grouped for high-level communication of ideas and requests. An abstraction hierarchy was developed to represent the various levels of abstraction of the system from which information requirements were determined. This paper presents a novel application of WDA for AAC systems. Results derived from the application of WDA have yielded valuable design considerations for an AAC system user.
Multiple Resource Loading and Auditory Preemption during a Continuous Signal Detection Task
Authors: Bendell Rhyse , Vasquez Gabrielle , Jentsch Florian
Published: November 2019

Performance is typically reduced for dual-versus single-tasks, and potential interference between tasks can often be predicted by resource theories such as Multiple Resource Theory (MRT). MRT suggests that performance of two tasks drawing from the same set of cognitive resources is reduced in comparison to performance of two drawing on separate resource pools (e.g., visual-visual compared to visual-auditory). One drawback of MRT is the effect of auditory preemption on an ongoing visual task: whereas MRT expects no interference between auditory and visual tasks, auditory preemption theory posits a cost of attentional switching which may reduce performance. We investigated the effect of auditory preemption by administering an ongoing visual detection task and an interrupting auditory processing task. Results support the theory of auditory preemption as shown by a decline of response criterion ( C), but not perceptual sensitivity ( d’). MRT is also partially supported by an increase in perceived workload.
Surgical Specialty and Case Number May Influence Surgeon Workload
Authors: Niichel Madeline K. , Lowndes Bethany R. , Linden Anna R. , Blocker Renaldo C. , Hallbeck M. Susan , Law Katherine E.
Published: November 2019

Studies utilizing a systems perspective show that individual work system elements impact surgeon workload. However, limited work has shown how multiple elements together can affect perceived workload in the healthcare domain. Using NASA-Task Load Index (NASA-TLX), this study aimed to compare operating room workload across two work system factors (surgical specialty and case number of the day) using a large set of self-reported surgeon workload data. Thirty-two surgeons completed 545 workload surveys across a three month period. Surgeons reported significant differences in composite workload scores across the surgical specialties (F(7,544)=3.622, p=0.001). Significant interactions were identified between surgical specialty and case number for composite workload, F(20,534)=1.72, p=0.027. While such findings are promising, future work is needed across multiple institutions to establish baseline workload values across specialties with different patient characteristics and work systems.
A Longitudinal Study on Quality of Experience (QoE) measures to predict customer’s Likelihood to Recommend (L2R) a service
Authors: Azad Amin , Chignell Mark , Zucherman Leon
Published: November 2019

Models that predict satisfaction with a service over time need to consider the impact of emotions and remembered quality of experience in predicting overall attitudes towards a service. However, prior research on subjective quality of experience has typically focused on experiments conducted in a single session or over a short period of time. Thus, there is a gap between our understanding of instantaneous quality of experience and long-term judgments, such as overall satisfaction, and likelihood to recommend and likelihood to churn. The goal of the study reported here was to carry out a longitudinal study that would provide initial insights into how experiences of service quality over time are accumulated into memories that then drive longer term attitudes about the service. Our longitudinal study was carried out over a period of roughly 4 weeks with around 3 sessions per week. To facilitate the study, an online service was constructed that would let participants search through YouTube videos, and that added impairments (specified according to an overall experimental design) to the videos before they were played. Participants were asked to rate several measures, including Technical Quality, after each video was viewed. They were also asked to give overall impressions after each session of five videos had been viewed. The results were analyzed in terms of both sequencing effects within sessions. and memory effects that carried over between sessions.
Performance, Movement, Posture, and Perceived Discomfort in Active vs. Static Seating
Authors: Faulk Jeremy D. , McKee Cameron C. , Bazille Heather , Brigham Michael , Daniel Jasmine , Jaffe Julia G. , Lee JeeEun , Sabinson Elena , Zhou Yaoyi , Zhu Yige , jin Chung2 Yoo , Hedge Alan
Published: November 2019

Active seating designs may enable users to move more frequently, thereby decreasing physiological risks associated with a sedentary lifestyle. In this preliminary study, two active seating designs (QOR360, Ariel; QOR360, Newton) were compared to a static chair (Herman Miller, Aeron) to understand how active vs. static seating may affect task performance, movement, posture, and perceived discomfort. This within-subjects experiment involved n = 11 student participants who sat upon each of the three chairs for 20 minutes while performing a series of computer-based tasks. Participants showed increased trunk movement while also reporting higher levels of perceived discomfort in the two active chair conditions. There was no significant difference in either posture or fine motor task performance between the active and static conditions. Future research may benefit from additional physiological measurements along with a wider variety of tasks that require seated users to make postural adjustments.
Seeing in Slow Motion: Manipulating Arousal in Virtual Reality
Authors: Wilkinson Michael , Pugh Zachary H. , Crowson Aaron , Feng Jing , Mayhorn Christopher B. , Gillan Douglas J.
Published: November 2019

The only evidence that seeing in slow-motion exists comes from retrospective interviews. An ongoing debate is whether this phenomenon exists as a figment of memory or a true function of visual perception. Testing these speculations is difficult given slow-motion experience is often associated with intense, stressful, and even threatening situations that dramatically heighten arousal. Virtual reality systems might provide an opportunity to study the experience online, thus offering insights into the speculated mechanisms. This study explores the feasibility to induce heightened arousal and its possible implications on perceptual encoding of information. Participants were exposed to various situations designed to influence arousal as measured by heart rate, and an implicit memory task was used for each situation to test perceptual processing. This study did not reveal performance gains associated with increased physiological arousal.
Do Monolingual and Bilingual Speakers Differ in Language Processing? Evidence from Behavior and ERPs
Authors: Mouloua Salim A. , Castelin Stephanie , Mouloua Mustapha
Published: November 2019

The present study was designed to empirically examine the effects of bilingualism on language processing. Participants consisted of 20 English monolingual and 20 Spanish-English bilingual speakers. All participants were required to complete an English language processing task consisting of categorically related versus unrelated word pairs, and behavioral and electrophysiological data were recorded and analyzed. Overall, results yielded a congruency effect indicating that participants were more accurate in identifying incongruent word pairs than congruent word pairs. There were significant interactions between congruency and bilingualism on behavioral and electrophysiological variables, and monolingual participants outperformed their bilingual counterparts on accuracy and reaction time measures. Both theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Warning signs to fasten seat belts result in higher rates of rear seat belt use in rideshare vehicles
Authors: Nemire Kenneth
Published: November 2019

Using seat belts reduces traffic injuries and fatalities. Passengers in the rear seat typically use their seat belts less often than drivers or front-seat passengers. Seat belt use in the back is even less frequent in vehicles for hire such as taxi cabs and rideshare vehicles than in private passenger vehicles. This observational study of adult passengers video-recorded in rideshare vehicles in San Francisco found that a sign mounted at rear passenger seated eye level, and that warned of the risks of failing to wear a seat belt, resulted in significantly higher rates of seat belt use than for rear seat passengers not exposed to the warning sign. Results also showed that age, gender, and trip duration did not have a significant effect on rear seat belt use. Implications for future research and other countermeasures are discussed.
Challenges and Opportunities in Developing Next Generation In-Vehicle HMI Systems
Authors: Williamson Rebecca , Zhang Yu , Mehler Bruce , Wang Ying
Published: November 2019

The next generation of automotive human machine interface (HMI) systems is expected to be heavily dependent upon artificial intelligence; from autonomous driving to speech assistance, from gesture & touch-enabled interfaces to web & mobile integration. Smooth, safe, and user-friendly interaction between the driver and the vehicle is a key to winning market share. This panel aims to discuss challenges and opportunities for the next generation of automotive HMI from the perspective of human factors and user behavior. Panelists from industry and academia will offer their unique perspectives on the concerns and opportunities in developing future in-vehicle HMIs.
The Impact of Virtual Human Voice on Learner Trust
Authors: Craig Scotty D. , Chiou Erin K. , Schroeder Noah L.
Published: November 2019

The current study investigates if a virtual human’s voice can impact the user’s trust in interacting with the virtual human in a learning setting. It was hypothesized that trust is a malleable factor impacted by the quality of the virtual human’s voice. A randomized alternative treatments design with a pretest placed participants in either a low-quality Text-to-Speech (TTS) engine female voice (Microsoft speech engine), a high-quality TTS engine female voice (Neospeech voice engine), or a human voice (native female English speaker) condition. All three treatments were paired with the same female virtual human. Assessments for the study included a self-report pretest on knowledge of meteorology, which occurred before viewing the instructional video, and a measure of system trust. The current study found that voice type impacts a user’s trust ratings, with the human voice resulting in higher ratings compared to the two synthetic voices.
2019 Town Hall on Human Factors and Ergonomics for Patient Work
Authors: Holden Richard J. , Valdez Rupa S.
Published: November 2019

The 2019 Town Hall gathers stakeholders in the human factors and ergonomics (HFE) community who share an interest in applying HFE to study and improve patient work, an area called “patient ergonomics.” The objective of this town hall is to communally scope, prioritize, and develop applications of HFE for patient work. Whereas the 2018 Town Hall was primarily an initial community gathering, the 2019 Town Hall is envisioned as a space for further developing a community of practice in this area. The central activity of the 2019 Town Hall is a public commentary period, with live scribing, inviting attendees to address the (1) scope of patient ergonomics; (2) prioritization of future efforts; and (3) proposals to lead future development efforts.
Historical Trauma, Ethnic Experience, and Mental Health in a Sample of Urban American Indians
Authors: Guenzel Nicholas , Struwe Leeza
Published: November 2019

BACKGROUND: Historical trauma (HT) among American Indians (AIs) has been linked with poor mental health but has been inadequately studied among urban populations. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to describe historical trauma, historical loss associated thoughts, ethnic experience, and psychological symptoms among a population of urban AIs. METHOD: This was a mixed methods study. In addition to focus groups, survey participants were administered the Historical Losses Scale, the Historical Losses Associated Symptoms Scale, the Scale of Ethnic Experience, and the Achenbach System of Empirically Based Assessment Adult Self-Report. Rates of psychological symptoms were compared with matched controls from a normative data set. RESULTS: Participants reported a strong sense of ethnic identity, a moderate desire to associate with other AIs, moderate comfort within mainstream society, and moderately high perceived discrimination. The most common HT themes were loss of culture, respect by children of traditional ways, and language. Compared with controls, participants had higher rates of aggressive behavior, substance use, thought problems, and obsessive symptoms, but some of these issues are likely explained by cultural factors. A greater number of participants met the clinical threshold for multiple problems compared with controls. CONCLUSIONS: This sample of AIs reported frequent experiences of discrimination. HT is a significant factor in the lives of many urban AIs who also have significantly higher rates of a number of mental health problems. Providers must be aware of these issues to provide the most effective care to AIs.
Hydrocortisone Improves Oxygenation Index and Systolic Blood Pressure in Term Infants With Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension
Authors: Alsaleem Mahdi , Malik Aysha , Lakshminrusimha Satyan , Kumar Vasantha HS
Published: November 2019

Persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn (PPHN) is an essential cause for hypoxic respiratory failure with significant morbidity and mortality in term and near-term neonates. Hydrocortisone has been shown to decrease oxygen dependency and pulmonary hypertension in neonates with meconium aspiration syndrome and animal studies, respectively. We hypothesize that hydrocortisone will improve oxygenation in term and near-term infants with pulmonary hypertension. We performed a retrospective chart review of all infant with PPHN who received intravenous hydrocortisone therapy as a rescue for severe PPHN. Clinical response was objectively measured using, oxygenation index (OI), PaO2/FiO2 ratio, and inotrope score before, during, and after the hydrocortisone course. We found that hydrocortisone administration resulted in significant improvement of systolic blood pressure, OI, and PaO2/FiO2. In conclusion, hydrocortisone increased systolic blood pressure and improved oxygenation in term and near-term infants with persistent pulmonary hypertension. Prospective randomized trials are required to evaluate these findings further.
Mediators affecting the association between a lifestyle behavior intervention and stress in low-income overweight or obese mothers of young children
Authors: Chang Mei-Wei , Robbins Lorraine B , Ling Jiying , Brown Roger , Wegener Duane T
Published: November 2019

Using data from a community-based lifestyle behavioral intervention study, this secondary data analysis investigated whether emotional coping, coping self-efficacy, and autonomous motivation mediated the association between the intervention and perceived stress in low-income overweight or obese mothers of young children. Results showed that coping self-efficacy significantly mediated the association between the intervention and perceived stress. However, emotional coping and autonomous motivation did not significantly mediate the association between intervention and perceived stress. Interventions may be more effective in helping the target audience reduce stress if they incorporate practical skills that can increase a sense of coping self-efficacy.
Disordered eating behaviours, body image and social networking in a type 1 diabetes population
Authors: Verbist Irini L , Condon Laura
Published: November 2019

The purpose of this study was twofold: to examine predictors of disordered eating behaviours and body image dissatisfaction, including social networking, among type 1 diabetes population, and to qualitatively explore the relationship between type 1 diabetes management and body image. A convenience sample of 121 type 1 diabetes patients ( F = 106; Mage = 36 ± 6.5) was collected via online questionnaires, of which 98 patients responded to two open-ended questions. Young age and negative body image explained 58.8 per cent of disordered eating variance, while body weight and social networking negatively contributed to poor body image (29.9%). Qualitative analysis revealed three themes: no control over body weight, limitation in clothing options and discomfort towards medical equipment.
Peer relationship profiles in rural Chinese adolescents: Longitudinal relations with subjective well-being
Authors: Chen Yan , Wang Liwei , Zhao Jingxin
Published: November 2019

Using two waves of data, this study aimed to identify the peer relationship profiles of 1295 rural Chinese adolescents based on a person-centered approach and to examine the interactions among these profiles, left-behind status, and gender in predicting subsequent subjective well-being. Latent profile analyses identified four profiles: a socially competent profile, a socially accepted profile, an isolated profile, and a rejected profile. These profiles were linked to left-behind status (i.e. both-parent migration, father-only migration, mother-only migration, and non-parent migration) and gender. Moreover, left-behind status moderated the longitudinal relations between the peer relationship profiles and subjective well-being for boys and girls.
Smoker identity and resistance to antismoking campaigns: The role of group entitativity
Authors: Blondé Jérôme , Falomir-Pichastor Juan Manuel
Published: November 2019

Past works have shown that identification with smokers predicts increased resistance to antismoking campaigns. In this research, we hypothesized that group entitativity, because it affects the extent to which people feel committed to act for their group, can mitigate this link. We conducted two studies with convenient samples of smokers that both included a measure of identification and measured (Study 1) or manipulated (Study 2) entitativity. Then, participants read an antismoking message and, finally, reported their attitude toward smoking (Studies 1 and 2), as well as their urge to smoke and intention to quit (Study 2). Consistently, both studies revealed more resistance among high (vs. low) identifiers, but only when they perceived smokers as a highly entitative group. These findings emphasized the importance of group processes and social identity factors for accounting for responses to antismoking information.
Seeing bias in irony: How recipients infer speakers’ stereotypes from their ironic remarks about social-category members
Authors: Beukeboom Camiel J. , Burgers Christian
Published: November 2019

We study whether recipients draw inferences about speakers’ stereotypic impressions from their ironic (vs. literal) remarks. Following up on the Irony Bias, we conducted two experiments in which participants were exposed (in writing or sound-recording) to only either literal remarks or irony referring to either positive or negative behaviors of an unknown social category. Results of both experiments show that participants recognize speakers’ biased impressions from their pattern of irony use. When speakers made ironic remarks about category members’ positive behaviors (but not about negative behaviors), participants inferred that speakers had a more negative impression of the category, and that they perceived higher essentialism of negative (vs. positive) behaviors. The impression participants perceived in speakers’ biased communication pattern did not translate to participants’ own reported category impression. We discuss various factors that may determine when a recognized stereotypic view in a speaker contributes to the formation and maintenance of stereotypic impressions.
Women’s March Minnesota on Facebook: Effects of social connection on different types of collective action
Authors: Chen Simin Michelle
Published: November 2019

Scholars have long debated the efficacy of social media in facilitating offline collective action. This research seeks to fill a gap in that literature by examining the role of social ties in determining intention to participate in different types of collective action. Survey findings show that aspects of tie strength—reciprocity, duration, and affect—have different impact on intention to participate in high- and low-cost political actions. Findings from this study have theoretical implication for the field as well as practical implication for social movement organizers seeking to mobilize supporters using social media.
Cross-Cultural and Cross-Organizational Evidence for an Evolved Hazing Motivation
Authors: Cimino Aldo , Toyokawa Wataru , Komatsu Mizuho , Thomson Robert , Gaulin Steven J. C.
Published: November 2019

We report the first cross-cultural and cross-organizational evidence for an evolved hazing motivation. Using experiments performed in the United States, Japan, and among members of a hazing and a nonhazing organization, we demonstrate an invariant set of core hazing predictors. In particular, we show that the perception of near-term group benefits, which would have been ancestrally exploitable by new group members, substantially increases desired hazing severity in all samples. Results are discussed in light of human organizational psychology and the difficulty of reliably suppressing hazing behavior.
The Need for Research About Services and Supports for Aging Individuals With Severe Disabilities and Their Families
Authors: Burke Meghan M. , Lakin K. Charlie
Published: November 2019

In this introduction to the special issue, we discuss the need for research about services and supports for older adults with severe disabilities and their families. We then highlight three considerations in conducting research with older adults with severe disabilities and their families. We conclude with short descriptions of each article in this special issue.
Exploratory Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Botulinum Therapy on Grasp Release After Stroke (PrOMBiS)
Authors: Wallace Amanda Claire , Talelli Penelope , Crook Lucinda , Austin Duncan , Farrell Rachel , Hoad Damon , O’Keeffe Aidan G. , Marsden Jonathan F. , Fitzpatrick Richard , Greenwood Richard , Rothwell John C. , Werring David J.
Published: November 2019

Background. OnabotulinumtoxinA injections improve upper-limb spasticity after stroke, but their effect on arm function remains uncertain. Objective. To determine whether a single treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA injections combined with upper-limb physiotherapy improves grasp release compared with physiotherapy alone after stroke. Methods. A total of 28 patients, at least 1 month poststroke, were randomized to receive either onabotulinumtoxinA or placebo injections to the affected upper limb followed by standardized upper-limb physiotherapy (10 sessions over 4 weeks). The primary outcome was time to release grasp during a functionally relevant standardized task. Secondary outcomes included measures of wrist and finger spasticity and strength using a customized servomotor, clinical assessments of stiffness (modified Ashworth Scale), arm function (Action Research Arm Test [ARAT], Nine Hole Peg Test), arm use (Arm Measure of Activity), Goal Attainment Scale, and quality of life (EQ5D). Results. There was no significant difference between treatment groups in grasp release time 5 weeks post injection (placebo median = 3.0 s, treatment median = 2.0 s; t(24) = 1.20; P = .24; treatment effect = −0.44, 95% CI = −1.19 to 0.31). None of the secondary measures passed significance after correcting for multiple comparisons. Both groups achieved their treatment goals (placebo = 65%; treatment = 71%), and made improvements on the ARAT (placebo +3, treatment +5) and in active wrist extension (placebo +9°, treatment +11°). Conclusions. In this group of stroke patients with mild to moderate spastic hemiparesis, a single treatment with onabotulinumtoxinA did not augment the improvements seen in grasp release time after a standardized upper-limb physiotherapy program.
Sustainable manufacturing: Exploring antecedents and influence of Total Productive Maintenance and lean manufacturing
Authors: Chen Ping-Kuo , Fortuny-Santos Jordi , Lujan Itizar , Ruiz-de-Arbulo-López Patxi
Published: November 2019

This article explores the environment-related antecedents and the influence of Total Productive Maintenance and other lean manufacturing practices on environmental sustainability. Since practitioners point to the environmental benefits of Total Productive Maintenance, a deeper study of the relationship between Total Productive Maintenance and environmental results can contribute to sustainability in manufacturing. In consequence, a review of the literature was undertaken. It was found that (1) the environmental antecedents have not been considered, (2) there is a lack of survey-based papers in the ‘lean and green’ literature and (3) Total Productive Maintenance has not been well addressed. To fill this void in the literature, this article explores the extent to which antecedents of implementation of lean manufacturing practices and Total Productive Maintenance are based on environmental sustainability (namely, on pressure ‘to go green’ from stakeholders and on an effort to achieve environmental certification) and the influence of Total Productive Maintenance and different lean manufacturing practices on several variables related to environmental sustainability performance. The research questions are tested with data collected from over 500 international manufacturing firms. Results show an association between the perceived degree of environmental pressure – or environmental certification – and Total Productive Maintenance (as well as other lean practices). However, not every lean practice is correlated with every environmental indicator. Different lean manufacturing practices seem to have a positive impact on specific operations, but it is possible that there is a limit to the influence of Total Productive Maintenance and other lean practices on environmental sustainability.
Implications of autonomy and networks for costs and inclusion: Comparing patterns of school spending under different governance systems
Authors: Davies Peter , Diamond Colin , Perry Thomas
Published: November 2019

Policy reform around the globe has increased the autonomy that schools enjoy in spending on resources. This reform assumes that schools face strong incentives to use their resources to maximise pupil attainment and that they know best how to spend their money to achieve this aim. This study provides evidence of the relationship between governance and how schools choose to spend their money. It uses data for all state-funded secondary schools in England for the academic years 2009/10, 2011/12 and 2015/16. This enables a comparison of schools operating under three forms of governance: local authority maintained schools (LAMs); schools operated as a single ‘academy’ trust outside local authority control (SATs); or those in a network of academy schools governed by a multi-academy trust (MATs). The data provide no support for claims that academy schools will spend less on administration or that networks of schools will enjoy economies of scale. The data do show that academy schools spent proportionately less on teacher salaries and educational support, and more on back office costs, after taking account of pupil characteristics.
Branding the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
Authors: Bandopadhyaya Suvojit
Published: November 2019

This article will explore three crucial parameters that have been taken into consideration to attract millennials towards the Islamic State or Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS) brand: the first parameter is story creation around the historical significance of Islamic prophecies justifying the ISIS brand. Second is the symbolisms attached to the ISIS brand and its relevance (a flag, a leader, a logo, a caliphate) and, third, the actions or the sense of attachment to the ISIS brand in the form of practising ideology, gaining recognition and appeal to the millennials. The promotion of the brand has been advanced through diverse means – social media platforms, mainstream media organizations, YouTube videos, all orchestrated to gain recognition of a rising state brand on the one end and a brand of fear and intimidation on the other.
A comparison of curricula: Examining the efficacy of a school-based musical theater intervention
Authors: Bailey Brooke , Zyga Olena , Meeker Heather , Kirk Jodi , Russ Sandra W
Published: November 2019

Students qualifying for services under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act may experience challenges meeting the socioemotional demands of the school environment, creating a need for targeted interventions that can be delivered within school settings. The current study used a mixed-methods approach to examine the efficacy of a 4-week school-based musical theater intervention delivered to 121 elementary students with intellectual and developmental disabilities. Quantitative analyses of teacher-reported changes in student engagement pre- and post-intervention were conducted to compare student gains made across two intervention curricula, followed by qualitative content analyses of teachers’ responses to open-ended survey questions. Results indicated an overall benefit of the musical theater intervention, with increases found in composite scores on the teacher-report Student Engagement Survey measure after completion of both intervention curricula; however, gains in individual survey item scores differed by curricula. Additionally, qualitative analyses provided positive insight into several aspects of the intervention.