bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Levantamento das áreas de disposição de resíduos de construção e demolição (RCD) no bairro São Luís em Canoas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Silva Cristine Santos de Souza da , Kohl Cláudia Adriana , De Conti Cristiano , Duarte Natalie Costa
Published: September 2016

Os problemas relacionados aos resíduos de atividades da construção são uma realidade na maioria das grandes cidades brasileiras, sendo comum observar disposições irregulares de resíduos da construção e demolição (RCD) em diversos locais. Na cidade de Canoas/RS/Brasil, situada na região metropolitana de Porto Alegre, houve um grande desenvolvimento urbano e imobiliário nos últimos 5 anos. Nesse sentido, este estudo apresenta o levantamento das áreas regulares e irregulares de disposição de RCD no bairro São Luís de Canoas. Foram consideradas nesta análise as áreas de disposição regulares e irregulares que continham predominantemente RCD da Classe – A, classificados de acordo com a Resolução do CONAMA nº 307/2002. Os dados foram obtidos por meio de consulta a Secretaria Municipal do Meio Ambiente de Canoas e foram analisados a partir da ferramenta computacional Google Earth Pro e de visitas realizadas em campo. Foi possível concluir que no bairro São Luís existem 5 áreas licenciadas para disposição de RCD e foram identificados o total de 14 focos de disposição irregular, todos localizados próximos às áreas licenciadas. Esta constatação corrobora com estudos semelhantes realizados em outras cidades brasileiras.
Uso de cinza de casca de arroz como constituinte da camada de substrato em sistema wetland para tratamento de efluentes
Authors: Schimitt Graziela Taís , Modolo Regina Célia Espinosa , Moraes Carlos Alberto Mendes , Johann Adriani Daniela Dressler , Nunes Tamara
Published: September 2016

Neste estudo foi avaliado o desempenho do Wetland Construído através da utilização de cinzas da combustão de biomassa casca-de-arroz como camada de substrato para tratamento de efluentes, onde foi testada a capacidade de depuração do efluente líquido como método alternativo para tratamento secundário de efluentes sanitários. Para tanto, foram analisados os seguintes parâmetros: DBO5, OD, fósforo, nitrogênio amoniacal, condutividade elétrica, pH, cor e turbidez. Estes parâmetros foram medidos por um período compreendido em aproximadamente 4 meses nas amostras do efluente de entrada, efluente oriundo da Estação de Tratamento de Efluentes da Unisinos, e nos efluentes de saída dos dois wetlands (sistema com cinza e sistema sem cinza). Os resultados esperados são o desenvolvimento de uma metodologia adequada para a depuração de efluente sanitário fundamentada experimentalmente; desenvolvimento de um sistema depurador de efluente doméstico utilizando um resíduo sólido industrial e minimização da disposição de RSI em aterro ao conferir uma aplicabilidade ao mesmo e alternativa para a substituição parcial de um recurso natural não-renovável, que tende a estar ameaçado de escassez.
Estrategia metodológica para la transversalización de la perspectiva de género en el proceso de gestión de los recursos humanos
Authors: Toribio Isis Alejandra Camargo , Lárez María Victoria Veliz , Ordaz Fidel Ortiz
Published: September 2016

Las universidades, en el proceso de transformar las relaciones de poder e impactar en los estereotipos de género de manera efectiva, buscan alternativas para contribuir a la transversalización de género en la gestión de sus recursos humanos, motivo por el cual se presenta en éste artículo una estrategia metodológica referida al tema en cuestión. En el desarrollo del proceso investigativo se procede a: la revisión bibliográfica, el diagnóstico en la Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela, en el estado Aragua, en el cual se demuestra que existen elementos que limitan el desempeño de la mujer, tal como: la falta de liderazgo, baja autoestima, el clima organizacional, entre otros. La propuesta se estructura en cinco partes – objetivo general, objeto, responsables, fases y sugerencias - que se valida mediante el Método de Experto, en su versión de Comparación por Pares, cuyas opiniones coinciden en que la estrategia metodológica puede contribuir a la solución del problema existente.
Phase Equilibria in the Copper-Rich Corner of the Cu-Ni-Si-Cr System
Authors: Samoilova O.V. , Trofimov Evgeny A.
Published: September 2016

Thermodynamic modeling of phase equilibria in the copper-rich corner of the Cu–Ni–Si–Cr system is performed. The "FactSage" software was used for thermodynamic modeling. Isothermal sections of the Cu–Ni–Si–Cr phase diagram with phase existence areas depending on the concentrations of nickel, silicon and chrome are plotted. Reactions between nickel, silicon and chrome, dissolved in a copper melt, are studied experimentally. The samples after crystallization are investigated using scanning electron microscope and X-ray phase analysis. The conditions of silicide formation in as-cast condition are defined. The research results can be used for technology analysis in copper and copper-based alloys production.
Synthesis of Multilayer Vacuum Ion-Plasma Coatings Ti-Tin during the Surface Modification
Authors: Shekhtman S.R. , Sukhova N.A.
Published: September 2016

The article presents the results of the technology development for the vacuum ion-plasma coating deposition with the additional ionic bombardment. As a method to realize the additional ionic bombardment, use of the hollow cathode effect or non-self-maintained high-current discharge generated by the plasma source with an incandescent cathode (PSIC) is suggested. The technology of synthesis of protective coatings with the submicrocrystalline structure was developed.
Comparative Analysis of Catalytic Activity in Complex NiO-CuO-Fe2O3-Cr2O3 Oxide System of Different Production Technologies
Authors: Chernyshev V.M. , Shabelskaya N.P.
Published: September 2016

The paper presents the comparative analysis of phase formation in NiO-CuO-Fe2O3-Cr2O3 system at salt decomposition reactions. Spinel phase formation is proven for each material. Synthesized materials are examined with X-ray phase analysis, low temperature nitrogen absorption, electronic microscope scanning. Highly dispersed spinel samples are proven to be obtained through synthesis at organic precursor presence. High catalytic activity of synthesized materials in the process of methyl orange oxidative destruction at hydrogen peroxide presence is determined. The fact is extremely useful for industrial sewage water treatment materials development for enterprises that employ organic pigments or colorants at their production process.
Thermal Diffusion Galvanizing in Ferriferous Zinc Powder
Authors: Galin R.G. , Shaburova N.A. , Zakharyevich D.A.
Published: September 2016

The features of the growth and the structure of diffusion zinc coatings in the process of galvanizing in powders with nanocrystallized surface area, alloyed with iron, are studied. It is established that the increase in the iron content in the powder substantially increases the area of the zinc solid solution in iron at a constant speed rate of the layer of zinc-iron phases. This effect is accompanied by the change in the morphology of powder particles as a result of iron saturation.
Development of Resource-Saving Cellular Glass Technology and Materials Based on it
Authors: Yatsenko E.A. , Smolii V.A. , Goltsman B.M.
Published: September 2016

The advantages and drawbacks of a modern thermal insulating material – cellular glass (foam glass) – and the use of manmade waste (in particular, thermal power plant ash-slag waste) in its synthesis were described. The results of studies into the development of composites and temperature-time synthesis modes of effective energy-saving cellular glass and materials based on it were shown, including the experimental samples of insulating boards and blocks with density of not more than 500 kg/m3; experimental samples of porous granules for lightweight concrete and thermal insulating fillers with density of not more than 250 kg/m3 –. Technology of cellular glass using the Novocherkassk State District Power Plant ash-slag waste was described. The developed technological solutions allow setting physical and mechanical properties of materials based on cellular glass (density, porosity, thermal conductivity, compressive and bending strength) by varying the amount of ash-slag waste in its composition.
Pore-Forming Additives for Ceramic Gravel Production Made of Technogenic Materials
Authors: Kiryushina N.Yu. , Lupandina N.S.
Published: September 2016

The purpose of the research is to determine the possibility of producing claydite gravel using the technogenic waste - wastewater treatment sludge – as the raw material. In this paper the titrimetric, spectrophotometrical, atomic absorption methods of research are used, the chemical composition of clay and wastewater treatment sludge has been determined. The possibility of using this waste material as an additive for claydite gravel production has been proved. The optimal amount of the wastewater treatment sludge being added to the basic raw stuff has been identified. The negligible extent of heavy metals leaching from the obtained building material has been researched and experimentally proved. The article can be of interest for the specialists in the sphere of obtaining new building materials based on industrial waste and wastewater treatment.
The Structure and Phase Composition of the Diffusion Zone in a Titanium and Steel Composite
Authors: Shmorgun Victor Georgievich , Slautin O.V. , Novikov Roman Evgenyevich
Published: September 2016

An investigation is performed on the influence of the temperature and duration of heating of the explosively welded titanium ВТ1-0+ Steel 20 composite on the phase composition of the diffusion layer formed at the interface. It is shown that after heating to 800 oС the diffusion layer consists of α + α’-Ti , an iron solid solution in titanium and a decarburized zone. When heated at the temperature range from 900 – 1000 oС, the composition of the diffusion layer is as follows: α + α’-Ti acicular structure, Fe2Ti and FeTi intermetallics, TiC titanium carbide, titanium solid solution in α-Fe and a decarburized zone.
Work Softening and Low Cycle Fatigue of Molybdenum Alloy under Force-Controlled Loading and Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Samoilov S.P. , Cherniavsky A.O.
Published: September 2016

Low cycle fatigue (LCF) of a molybdenum alloy was investigated under force-controlled cyclic tension with a zero minimum stress within the 850 – 1300 °C temperature range using Gleeble-3800 physical simulator. Also, the work softening (hardening) behavior was examined through a monotonic tension up to fracture after the force-controlled cyclic deformation. The investigated material under a force-controlled cyclic loading tends to work softening and its tensile strength decreases until the applied stress. The LCF fracture in such conditions occurs through the unrestricted plastic (creep) strain accumulation and exhaustion of the plasticity. The Morrow-type fatigue curves were obtained from the tests. The results of work softening tests were also used to predict the fatigue life.
FE Analysis of the Applicability of the Shear-Compression Testing to the Modeling of the Asymmetric Rolling Process
Authors: Pesin Alexander M. , Pustovoytov D.O.
Published: September 2016

The mechanism of a severe plastic deformation during asymmetric rolling comes from its large equivalent strain, which is composed of a compressive strain and additional shear strain. Physical simulation of shear strain, which is similar to that occurring in asymmetric rolling processes, is very important for design of technology of ultrafine grain material production. Shear testing is complicated because a state of large shear is not easily achievable in most specimen geometries. Application of the shear-compression testing and specimen geometry to physical simulation of asymmetric rolling is discussed in the paper. The results of the numerical simulation and comparison of the stress-strain state during shear-compression testing and asymmetric sheet rolling are presented. The results of the investigation can be used to optimize the physical simulation of asymmetric rolling processes and for the design of the technology for ultrafine grain material production by means of a severe plastic deformation.
Investigation of the Diffusion Processes at the Interface of the Cu/Ti Metal Composite
Authors: Shmorgun Victor Georgievich , Evstropov D.A. , Trunov M.D.
Published: September 2016

In this study the impact of heat treatment on the structure of Ti/Cu laminated metal composite was investigated. The composite was fabricated via explosion welding and was subsequently hot rolled. Optical tests, SEM microscopy and microhardness tests were utilized to identify the phase composition and the structure of diffusion zones formed at the interface between metals during heat treatment. Heat treatment of the composite for less than 1 hour results in the formation of two interlayers with the Tiα+Ti2Cu and TiCu phase composition respectively. The increase in the heat treatment duration up to 10 hours results in the formation of two additional interlayers with the Ti3Cu4 and Cuα + βTiCu4 phase composition.
Hot Deformation of Martensitic and Supermartensitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Akhmed'yanov A.M. , Rushchits S.V. , Smirnov M.A.
Published: September 2016

The deformation behavior of supermartensitic and martensitic stainless steels was investigated through compression test using Gleeble-3800 thermo-mechanical simulator within the temperature range of 900 – 1200 оС and the strain rates range of 0.01 – 10 s-1. The results showed that the flow stress and the peak strain increase with the drop in the deformation temperature and the rise in the strain rate. Flow stress of SMS steel exceeds flow stress of MS steel for same regimes of deformation. The difference in flow stress increases with the increase in Zener-Hollomon parameter, but does not exceed 15 MPa. The critical deformation, required to start dynamic recrystallization, for supermartensitic stainless steel is slightly lower than for martensitic stainless steel. The hot deformation activation energy of steels is also investigated, their values are similar and equal to 432 and 440 kJ/mol for MS and SMS steel, respectively.
Amorphous Copper-Based Alloys: Structure, Technology and Properties
Authors: Tiagunov A.G. , Tsepelev V.S. , Tiagunov G.V.
Published: September 2016

The scientific interest in amorphous and nanocrystalline materials is associated with the expectation of different structural and size effects on the properties of solids, as applied attention due to the possibility of fundamental changes in the properties of polycrystalline materials. Numerous experimental studies indicate the following regularities: the higher the degree of equilibrium of the melt prior to crystallization is, the better quality has a solid metal. In industrial conditions the equilibrium state of the melt is achieved by the technology for heat treatment of the melt. The scientific rationale for this technology is the results of studying the temperature and time dependence of physical properties. The present work describes the analysis of the physical properties of liquid amorphous solder, conducted heat treatment of the melt and the study of the samples mechanical properties in the solid state. Amorphous ribbons obtained by the technology for melt heat treatment, ceteris paribus withstand higher loads in tension, exhibit better ductility and are characterized by high stability of the results. This fact confirms a more uniform material structure.
Plating Technology for Contact Joint Performance Improvement in Electrical Equipment
Authors: Goman V.V. , Fedoreev S.A.
Published: September 2016

The paper analyzes a technology allowing the improvement of such performance characteristics of contact joints as reliability and operating economy, with demountable contact joints taken as an example. The performance characteristics are improved through applying protective metal coatings based on low-melting alloys on the contact members working surfaces. The paper describes the process of alloys selection as well as the development in the technology of the material application onto the contact members.
Determination of Suitable Binder Grade According to the Superpave Mix Design Method for Southern Russia
Authors: Iliopolov S.K. , Uglova E.V. , Golyubin K.D.
Published: September 2016

The article contains an overview of Russian and foreign standard documents used for organic binder quality evaluation, the description of the main principles of organic binders selection for asphalt mixes according to the Superpave Mix Design Method, the analysis of climatic conditions of the Southern region of the Russian Federation impacting the performance of Highway M-4 Don asphalt concrete pavements, and selects suitable binder grades for Southern Russia depending on maintenance conditions.
Auger and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy Study of the Tribocontact Surface after Laser Modification
Authors: Sidashov A.V. , Kozakov A.T. , Yaresko S.I.
Published: September 2016

The samples of the tool steel P6M5 were modified by means of laser irradiation (hereinafter - LO). The chemical composition of the sample surface before and after the LO was studied using the Auger and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (hereinafter - AES and XPS respectively). It was found that while the steel is exposed to LO, the thick oxide layer consisting mainly of the Fe2O3 oxide is formed. It was established that the modification with LO leads to increasing of wear resistance and durability of the R6M5 steel because of a double reduction of the friction coefficient.
The Formation and Functioning of Surface Nanostructures at Tribocontact
Authors: Myasnikova N.A. , Sidashov A.V. , Myasnikov Ph.V.
Published: September 2016

The article describes the principles of composite material creation for friction units based on the binder phenylone C-2 filled with the modified polytetrafluoroethylene and inorganic nanoadditives, natural minerals dispersed to the colloidal state. Conducted tribological tests allow optimization of the composition of the nanocomposites. Spectroscopic studies of the tribocontact surface and the friction transfer film confirmed the high efficiency of the proposed approach using hybrid composites with nanoadditives. This increases the structural strength of the composite material and the friction film formed on the friction surface gives a high wear resistance and good anti-friction properties to the tribological conjunction.
The Manufacturing of the AlSi12-Al2O3 Composite Powder for Additive Production Methods
Authors: Lykov P.A. , Sapozhnikov S.B. , Baitimerov R.M.
Published: September 2016

The technology of composite micropowders’ obtaining that allows the production of a wide range of composite powders suitable for use in additive technologies is proposed. The technology includes modification of the metal powder surface with the mechanochemical treatment. The production modes for the AlSi12-Al2O3 composite powder are determined.
Mathematical Model of Nanostructure Formation in Binary Alloys at Electron Beam Treatment
Authors: Nevskii Sergey A. , Sarychev Vladimir D. , Konovalov Sergey V. , Kosinov D. , Komissarova Irina
Published: September 2016

The paper presents a thermoconcentration and capillary mathematical model, describing the formation of 10 to 100 nm structures in the surface layers of binary alloys irradiated by low-energy, high-current electron beams of submillisecond duration. The model is studied by the example of “ferrum - carbon” and “titanium – carbon” systems. It comprises Navier-Stokes equation, thermoconductivity and diffusion equations, as well as surface kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions. The effect of electron beam on material is specified as various temperature and concentration gradients. A dispersion equation for thermocapillary waves in nanowavelength range is developed and analyzed with thin layer approximation. The critical wavelength, leading to this instability, is revealed. It is found out that its values are 17.39 nm for Fe-С and 69.7 nm for Ti-C at the depth of penetration ~ 10-5 m. Wavelengths are compared to the dimensions of crystallization cells and structures, which are formed in them. The paper shows that the model provides a rational explanation of registered regularities.
Electropulse Machining of Metals
Authors: Shaburova N.A. , Krymsky V.V.
Published: September 2016

There are results of industrial experiments in steel 35L treatment with electromagnetic pulses (EMP) available. The results evidentiate significant improvement in the complex of metal mechanical properties after such treatment. The theory, describing impulse action on metals is proposed herein.
Synthesis of Transition Metals Carbide Compounds in the Vacuum Arc Discharge Plasma
Authors: Kostrin D.K. , Lisenkov A.A.
Published: September 2016

To implement the plasmochemical synthesis of transition metals (Ti, Zr, Mo, W) carbide compounds in a plasma flux of the vacuum arc the discharge carbonaceous working gas is infused. It is shown that the composition of the initial carbonaceous gas defines both the carbon output, and the nature and course of the carbide compounds formation chemical reaction. The composition analysis of the plasma flux in the course of the coating evaporation was carried out by means of the developed emissive spectral analyzer. The result shows that a considerable part of transition metals carbide phases has wide zones of homogeneity within which the change in the carbon content happens without the crystalline grid reorganization. The work reveals and analyzes the factors defining quality of the received carbide compounds (TiC, ZrC, MoC, WC) of refractory metals in a flux of metal plasma of the vacuum arc discharge.
Gear Wheels Surface Engineering by Deformation Hardening and Carburization
Authors: Pakhomova S.A. , Unchikova M.V. , Fakhurtdinov R.S.
Published: September 2016

The purpose of research is to determine the influence of carburized layer initial structural condition on the plastic deformation hardening. Deformation hardening in combination with low temperature tempering is an important technological factor of martensite or martensite-austenite matrix management of carburized layer. The formation of favorable substructure - substructure with high resistance to local microplastic deformation - occurs in the conditions of competitive processes development. The initial structural condition of carburized layer renders the influence on those processes development degree. The initial structural conditions are determined by the termochemical treatment technology. The latter relates to: the carbon saturation of carburized layer; martensite morphology and carbon concentration in it; volume fraction of redundant carbide phase and its distribution through the carburized layer; the presence of retained austenite.
Peculiarities of Thermal Hardening of Experimental Sparingly-Alloy Tool-Class Steels
Authors: Krylova S.E. , Romashkov E.V. , Kuznetsov A.V.
Published: September 2016

The kinetics of phase transformations of economically-alloy steels under continuous cooling from the austenitic region, the behavior of carbide phases at different stages of thermal bonding, and the mechanism of precipitation hardening during tempering were tested. A set of mechanical tests to measure the performance characteristics of new steels that allow optimizing thermal processing modes and improving the reliability and durability of the finished instrument were conducted.
Formation and Structure of Diffusional Zinc Coatings Formed in Nanocrystallized Zinc Powders
Authors: Galin R.G. , Zakharyevich D.A. , Rushchits S.V.
Published: September 2016

The results of the studies of phase formation and the structural state of diffusional zinc coatings formed in zinc powder with nanocrystallized surface of the particles are presented. The sequence of iron-zinc phases formation during the process has been established, which is the reciprocal of those obtained during the annealing of "hot dip" coatings. The microstructure of δ-phase in the coating, a change in its texture and structural parameters through the thickness of the coating have been studied.
Kinetic Description of (Cr, Fe)7C3 Carbide Dissolution in Austenite of High-Carbon Fe-Cr-C Ternary Alloys
Authors: Sozykina A.S. , Okishev K.Yu. , Grebenshchikova A.G. , Mirzaev D.A.
Published: September 2016

The paper examines the available experimental data to produce a model for quantitative prediction of the change of M7C3 carbide fraction and austenite chemical composition during holding of ternary alloys Fe–Cr–C (used as wear-resistant white cast irons and tool steels) in austenite + carbide region. Carbide dissolution is well described by Avrami type equation with exponent n close to 1/2. Dependences of the coefficient of this equation on carbide fraction and of the activation energy of the temperature dependence of this coefficient on carbide composition are established. As a result, a model that permits to calculate the fraction and chemical composition of austenite and M7C3 carbide in an Fe–Cr–C alloy of arbitrary composition after isothermal holding at given temperature for given time is obtained; equilibrium phase composition is needed to be known from thermodynamic models. This allows predicting the results of hardening after different austenitization regimes.
X-Ray Microanalysis of Hardmetal Powder, Produced by Electroerosion Dispersion of VK8 Alloy in Kerosene Environment
Authors: Ageev E.V. , Altukhov A.Y. , Gulidin S.S.
Published: September 2016

The results of X-ray microanalysis of powder obtained by the electroerosion dispersing of solid alloy waste VK8 in kerosene are presented. It is established that the basic elements in the powder, obtained by the electroerosion dispersing of waste, are tungsten, cobalt, carbon and oxygen.
SHS Ferroaluminum Obtained from the Disperse Waste of Engineering
Authors: Safronov G.N. , Safronov N.N. , Kharisov L.R.
Published: September 2016

This article provides a method of disposing of a particulate waste that allows treatment to produce ferroaluminum. In this work the optimization of the charge composition was carried out by the planned experiment to obtain the maximum performance properties of the SHS ferroaluminum. The article presents the analysis of the conditions of formation of the ferroaluminum microstructure in the process of the self-propagating high-temperature synthesis. The SHS process is initiated in the mixture composed of the dispersed waste engineering. The factors influencing the formation of the alloy structure were brought out.
Effect of Stress-Strain State during Combined Deformation on Microstructure Evolution of High Carbon Steel Wire
Authors: Gulin Alexandr , Polyakova Marina , Golubchik Eduard
Published: September 2016

It is shown that new methods of severe plastic deformation design require combining different methods of plastic deformation. As for carbon steel wire, using drawing as a basic operation is obvious. The combination of drawing with bending and twisting was estimated by the stress-strain uniformity complex. It allows choosing the deformation processing conditions which ensure the uniform stress-strain state in each point of the carbon steel wire cross section. Based on such combination, a new method for manufacturing of semi-products with ultra fine grain structure by drawing with torsion was developed. The combination of wire drawing in two consecutively arranged dies with simultaneous bending and torsion allows achieving complex stress-strain state of the processed metal and ensure the share stresses. Metallographic investigation shows that such scheme of combined plastic deformation provides the uniformity of metal microstructure in its cross section.
Experimental Investigation of Al-Alloy Directional Solidification in Pulsed Electromagnetic Field
Authors: Musaeva D.A. , Baake Egbert , Ilin V.K.
Published: September 2016

The paper considers the influence of low-frequency pulsed force of an electromagnetic field on the formation of a solidifying metal structure, investigated experimentally. Pulses in the range from 0.1 to 10 Hz were applied to the melt, during the ingots growth in the cylindrical volume, to create the conditions of the forced convection. The final metal structure and deformation of the samples free surface, solidified in different conditions was analyzed. The reduction of porosity in metal ingots was stated for the cases of forced convection under the pulsed frequencies from 0.1 to 1 Hz, in comparison to the structure, formed by permanent electromagnetic stirring. The specimens, grown under the pulsed forcing with equal time of the pulses and the pauses have concave free surface, as well as in the cases of natural convection and permanent stirring. A flatter form of the free surface was obtained during the solidification process under the short pulses of electromagnetic force.
Intorduction
Structure Investigation of the Constructional Steel St3ps after Argon-Arc Plasma Treatment
Authors: Nikolaeva E.P.
Published: September 2016

The plasma processing causes a change of a surface layer structure and characteristics of the surface layer of the material. During plasma processing the surface is subjected to ultrafast heating and cooling which causes a thin hardened layer, and the resulting non-equilibrium structure of the layer provides properties that are different from the properties of the base metal. Since transformations in alloys due to the ultrafast heating by highly concentrated energy flows are not sufficiently explored, the surface layer structural state and its properties are of a great practical and scientific interest. The article presents study results of the St3ps steel after surface hardening with plasma arc. To study the structure of steel, the author used the microanalysis, the magnetostructural Barkhausen Noise Method; residual stresses have been determined by the x-ray diffraction. The study revealed correlation between the processing mode, steel microstructure, residual stress values and the Barkhausen noise amplitude.
Calculation of Impeded Shrinkage Casting Processes in Sand Layer
Authors: Kolokoltsev V.M. , Savinov A.S. , Tuboltseva A.S.
Published: September 2016

The paper considers the issue of shrinkage stresses of elastic-plastic deformation in the casting ‘Slag bowl’ resulting in a discontinuity and hot crack formation. The stress-strain state of the wall of the as-cast billet during the process of power interaction between the casting and the mould has been analysed according to the existing algorithms. Quantitative indicators of the components of the total stress state in the wall of the casting at the time of hot crack formation were determined. It was found that the bending stress greatly affects the defect, comprising 96 % of the tensile strength of the casting material at the time of destruction. The techniques aimed at reducing hot crack formation in a body of as-cast billet based on the results from the calculations are recommended. In accordance with the proposed recommendations, the changes in the technological parameters in production of a batch of pilot castings showed a decrease in the defect on hot cracks by 73 %.
Titanium-Containing Composite Sorbent-Photocatalyst Based on Calcium Silicates and Aluminosilicates
Authors: Mikhailov G.G. , Morozova A.G. , Lonzinger T.M.
Published: September 2016

It has been established that the semiconducting properties and the hydraulic activity of the silicates and aluminosilicates of calcium and titanium-containing solid solutions based on them cause simultaneous manifestation of their sorption and photocatalytic properties with mutually reinforcing effect. It is shown that a sharp increase in the rate of degradation of the indicator under the impact of ultraviolet radiation is due not only to its activating function, but also to secondary redox centers being generated in the aquatic environment and to the participation of charged point defects (electrons and holes).
Experimental Substantiation of a Method of Improving the Efficiency of Ultrasonic Drilling of Small Diameter Holes
Authors: Muldasheva G.K. , Zlobina I.V. , Bekrenev N.V.
Published: September 2016

Based on the analysis of trends in the development of aviation and rocketry and ground transportation, the prospect of use of high-alloy steels, and titanium-based alloys with high strength, heat-and corrosion-resistant properties is established. It is shown, that high strength and elasticity of mentioned alloy groups adversely affect the dynamics of cutting process and the resistance of the cutting tool. Processing of small diameter holes is especially difficult due to the small longitudinal stability of the instrument, chip evacuation problems, grooves sticking to the surface almost zero cutting speed near the core. The results from the analysis of works of domestic and foreign scientists have shown that the message sent to the drill by ultrasonic vibrations of the small amplitude reduces axial force and cutting moment due to reduced friction caused by local thermal effects and relief of dislocation motion. At the same time, it is stated that the stable results of the effectiveness of ultrasound were not received in relation to the small diameter end tools until recently because of additional dynamic loads reducing the longitudinal stability and therefore it is impossible to report the instrument optimal oscillation amplitude to facilitate cutting. The working hypothesis of increase of efficiency of the ultrasonic drilling of small diameter holes proposes to consider correlation frequency supplied to the ultrasonic instrument, structural parameters and physical and mechanical properties of the material and to drive oscillations in the plane of the main cutting edges which would significantly reduce the magnitude of the oscillation amplitude. Experimental studies on ultrasound indentation, micro cutting and drilling titanium alloys have confirmed this hypothesis. It was established that at the moment the drill receives a message with the oscillation frequency of 30 kHz when machining titanium alloys, the axial cutting forces decrease by 70 – 80 % and the tool life increases by 2.2 times.
Solution to the Diffusion Problem in the Thermocyclic Nitrocementation of Steel
Authors: Bakhracheva Y.S. , Vasilyev A.V. , Petikova T.N.
Published: September 2016

It is shown that cyclic heating and cooling considerably accelerate kinetics of process of the steel chemical thermal processing. Laws of formation of the strengthened layers are considered at thermocyclic nitrocementation of the steel 20Kh. Production tests of machine parts after the chemical thermal and chemical-thermocyclic processing were performed. The structure, phase composition and intensity of wear process of a blanket depending on a number of cycles are studied.
Interaction of Hydrogen Atoms with Vacancies and Divacancies in bcc Iron
Authors: Verkhovykh A.V. , Mirzoev A.A. , Ruzanova G.E. , Mirzaev D.A. , Okishev K.Yu.
Published: September 2016

The paper presents the results of both ab initio and thermodynamic analysis of vacancy and divacancy formation and hydrogen interaction with them in alpha (bcc) iron. Ab initio calculations were performed by DFT method using LAPW in WIEN2k package. Monovacancy formation energy was found to be 2.15 eV and divacancy binding energy 0.22 ± 0.01 eV. Equlibrium fraction of vacancies bound into divacancies is of the order of 10–5 even at the highest temperatures close to bcc → fcc transformation point. Hydrogen has a strong interaction with monovacancies (vacancy-hydrogen binding energy decreasing from 0.60 to 0.31 eV for the first–fifth H atom inside a single vacancy) but has only a small effect on divacancy formation energy that is equal to 0.28, 0.19 and 0.17 for the case of joining of VH + V, VH + VH and VH2 + VH2, respectively. This means that the presence of hydrogen cannot significantly increase the equilibrium concentration of divacancies.
Applying Thermal Coatings to Narrow Walls of the Continuous-Casting Molds
Authors: Gorbatyuk S.M. , Gerasimova A.A. , Belkina N.N.
Published: September 2016

Studies on enhancing the service life of continuous casting moulds at their narrow walls of copper M1 before the last repair by means of a heat spraying wear-resistant layer of the chrome-nickel coating have been carried out. Preliminary, the coating`s structure, phase composition, skin hardness and microhardness of chromium-nickel coating were studied. It is established that to obtain the required cleanliness level of the wall surface by making use of their mechanical operation, it is necessary to conduct thickness of the chromium-nickel coating operations. 0.5 – 0.6 mm chrome-nickel thermal coating was applied to the surface of the wall of a thick-walled narrow pair crystallizer. The results indicate the high-quality coating acceptable for application to the working surface of narrow walls of thick-walled moulds.
Electropulse Processing of Gold-Bearing Ore
Authors: Krymsky V.V. , Litvinova E.V. , Mingazheva J.G.
Published: September 2016

Experimental results for nanosecond electromagnetic impulses (NEMI) impact on precious metals leaching process from sulphidic ores are presented. A possibility of an intensification of leaching process of Au, Ag, Cu is established. The extraction of silver increases by 70 %, gold – by 40 %. The samples of sulphidic ores from the pit of JSC NPF "Bashkir gold mining company" are taken as objects of research. The use of economic electronic generators is suggested herein. They create impulses of 1 nanosecond, the front of 0.1 nanoseconds, amplitude of 6-15 kV impulses, 1 kHz frequency of repetition, consumed power from an electric network is less than 100 W. Energy in one impulse is 10–3 J. The pulse field changes the valence of metals of impurity towards decrease. It changes the current of chemical reactions in a mineral matrix. The local heating of the precious metals interspersed particles and destruction of a mineral matrix are also possible.
Carbon in Solidphase Reduction of Oxides
Authors: Senin A.V.
Published: September 2016

The gasphase-solidphase model is used to explain the results of solid chromite ore carbothermic reduction. The reducing agent is carbon atoms. Carbon is brought to the surface of chromite grains by gaseous carbon-containing molecules and radicals, such as C3O2, CH4, CH3, CH2, CH, C2H2 and other carbon containing particles. Gas particles penetrate a piece of ore through the pores and cracks. Active carbon atoms C are formed by the dissociation of gaseous particles. Reduction by carbon is carried out on the chromite grain surface due to the cations and anions diffusion in the oxide lattice towards the grain surface. Porosity of chromite ores is experimentally defined under reducing conditions; it is estimated at up to 20 – 25 vol.%. Up to 1/4 of porosity is accounted for macropores and macrocracks that have the radius of over 50 microns, the remaining porosity share is accounted for the pore dimensions that are estimated at 0.5 – 50 microns in radius. The carbon presence in the pores of partially reduced ores is deduced based on experiment. There is also carbon in the reduced metal that is situated deep in the lump ore. The experimental results agree with the gasphase-solidphase reduction model.
Optimization of Welding Electrode Coating Composition Based on Simulation of Interaction Processes in Metal-Slag-Gas System
Authors: Shalimov M.P. , Votinova E.B.
Published: September 2016

The way of calculation of welding electrode coating composition using the results of experimental and theoretical investigation into the processes of interaction in a metal-slag-gas system under the conditions of manual arc welding is described.
Linear Friction Welding of a Commercial Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Musin F.F. , Medvedev A.Y. , Bolshakov B.O.
Published: September 2016

The mechanical properties and microstructure of a solid-phase compound produced by linear friction welding (LFW) of commercial Al-4.4%Cu-0.5%Mg-0.4%Mn-0.5%Ag alloy have been studied. The samples of Al-Cu-Mg-Ag alloy were produced by ingot metallurgy and subjected to thermomechanical treatment to get different initial microstructures. It has been shown that the LFW of two rectangular-shaped samples with different microstructures enabled forming a well-done welding joint without macroscopic defects. The LFW samples have shown high mechanical properties. Strength has reached 452 MPa, and plasticity has become not less 15%. The microstructure transformation in the welding joint during plastic deformation and deformation heating at LFW is discussed.
Improving the Controlled Cooling after Wire Rod Rolling in the Finishing Block of Stands
Authors: Platov S.I. , Nekit V.A. , Ogarkov N.N.
Published: September 2016

The thermal regime of rolling in the finishing block of stands and the cooling path after rolling largely determines the mechanical properties of the wire rod. One of the main challenges that must be addressed in the cooling design phase is reduction of temperature non-uniformity over the cross section of a wire rod. The use of adjustable cooling allows getting closer in finishing rolling mill to the regimes of the controlled rolling, thermo mechanical processing and two-phase rolling, which greatly extend the capabilities of the mill in the obtaining of high consumer properties of products. The paper presents the theory and experimental analysis of controlled cooling after rolling in the finishing rolling mill, with the aim to rise temperature heterogeneity over the cross section of the wire rod.
Separation of Fine Particles with the Set Dimensional and Physical Characteristics by Method of the Crown Separation
Authors: Minkin M.S. , Kuimov D.N. , Lukyanov A.D.
Published: September 2016

In this scientific work the new method of electroseparation by means of impact on a dust fraction of the crown charge is considered. The presented device for the electromechanical separation is the main competitor for systems of the electrostatic, crown, dielectric, triboadhesion separation widespread in the industry today. Use of the electromechanical device for crown separation allows separation of fine particles with the set dimensional and physical characteristics from the stream. The main attention in the article is paid to the research of a fine fraction behaviour in the non-uniform electric field. Mechanisms of the impact of electric, gravitational, aerodynamic and other disturbances on the dust fraction (aerosols) are considered in detail. The system of the equations describing physical processes of the movement of a dust particle in the non-uniform electric field taking into account influence of the aerodynamic effort created by the "ionic" wind is presented in this work.
Laser and Hybrid Laser-Arc Welding of High Strength Steel N-A-XTRA-70
Authors: Berdnikova O. , Pozniakov V. , Bushma O.
Published: September 2016

The advantages of laser and hybrid laser-arc welding in production of welded structures from high strength steels are increase of efficiency due to rise of the welding rate by order; significant (3 – 5 times) decrease of heat input; reduction of weld size; receiving of fine grain structures in the welds and the heat affected zone increasing strength of the joint and reducing susceptibility to crack formation. Research of the peculiarities of laser and hybrid processes, their effect on weld formation, revealing the advantages and eliminating the disadvantages of laser and arc constituents of the heat sources are currently the main problems for the production engineers and researchers. Therefore, the aim of the investigation lies in determination of the effect of process mode parameters of the hybrid laser-arc and laser welding in high-strength steel welding on formation of the structure of the welded joint metal as well as the analysis of effect of this structure on their mechanical properties. The investigation was focused on the high-strength steel N-A-XTRA-70 which is widely used in European Union countries for manufacture of critical structures of different designations. A laboratory bench was developed for experiments. It was used for carrying out investigation on the process flow sheet which provided location of a consumable electrode arc at some distance ahead of a laser beam during welding proceeding. The laser irradiation source was Nd:YAG-laser DY 044 of ROFIN company (Germany). For the first time the results of carried investigations allowed determining the process modes of laser and hybrid laser-arc welding for producing quality and sound welded joints of the high-strength steel from the point of view of the structure formation and metal phase composition providing high indices of mechanical properties and crack resistance of the welded joints.
Optimal Сontrol of Technological Process of Carburization of Automotive Gears
Authors: Livshitc M.Yu. , Yakubovich E.A.
Published: September 2016

This article presents the basis for and implementation of an approach to the development of the individualised gas carburization technology relying on optimisation of the process of carburizing surfaces of workpieces and taking into consideration working requirements. The approach is based on the hierarchical structure of carburization models, utilising the decomposition of global quality criteria and reflecting the relationship between the quality values of the hardened layer and the parameters of a technological impact on the workpiece. Taking the example of carburization of automobile gears, optimal parameters for the carburization technology are defined which minimise the duration of the process and maximise the precision of approximation to a given carbon distribution in the hardened layer within technical limitations.
Water-Coal Suspension Preparation Using Electrohydraulic Coal Breakage Method
Authors: Dubrovsky V.A. , Isakov Y.V. , Potapov I.I.
Published: September 2016

This paper presents the results of an investigation into obtaining water-coal suspension from brown coals of Kansk-Achinsk basin using the electrohydraulic method. The obtained results are the basis for developing the technology of obtaining water-coal suspension using electrohydraulic crushing.
Barium Hexaferrite Single Crystal Growth Using PbO and Na2O Based Flux
Authors: Vinnik D.A. , Gudkova S.A. , Niewa R.
Published: September 2016

Barium hexaferriteBaFe12O19single crystals hexagonal platelet shape and sizes of up to 8 mm were grown of lead oxide and sodium oxide based fluxes at 1260 °C. The unit cell parameters of single crystals grown using different fluxes is in good agreement with literature data. Substitution of Ba by Pb was detected, but with only negligible influence on unit cell parameters and Curie temperature.
Sonochemistry Effects Influence on the Adjustments of Raw Materials and Finished Goods Properties in Food Production
Authors: Naumenko N.V. , Kalinina I.V.
Published: September 2016

Nowadays there are many ways to improve the quality of raw materials, to shorten the technological process and increase the persistence of bread and flour products. Most of them are based on the introduction of extra components to the recipe to facilitate fermentation processes intensification and protein matrix swelling starch development. Introduction of additional components often causes an increase in the cost of finished products and falls on the consumers spending. Also, we cannot ignore the fact that the introduction of extra components changes the traditional recipe much. Because of this, the study of the physical nature factors that are used for intensification of biotechnological processes becoming very popular. The article points out that physical nature factors used to intensify that biotechnological processes can be viewed by water activation that obtained by ultrasound (US) exposure.