bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building Synergy: Cognitively Guided Instruction and Implementation of a Simulated edTPA Elementary Mathematics Task During an Undergraduate Methods Course
Authors: Jacobs Tiffany G. , Smith Marvin E. , Auslander Susan Swars , Smith Stephanie Z. , Myers Kayla D.
Published: September 2017

Teacher preparation programs face increasing demands to demonstrate the competencies of prospective teachers in their programs, while maintaining a focus on developing high-leverage instructional practices in their methods coursework. This study used a mixed methods approach to examine how the implementation of a simulated edTPA elementary mathematics task influenced prospective teachers' experiences in an elementary mathematics methods course. The course curriculum featured cognitively guided instruction (CGI) as the exemplar for understanding and implementing problembased, cognitively oriented pedagogy. Our findings indicate that elements of both CGI and the simulated edTPA mathematics task worked synergistically to enhance opportunities for CGI-type lesson enactment, support productive changes in beliefs, and contribute to the prospective elementary teachers' (PTs) preparation.
Podiatric Physicians and Genomic Medicine
Authors: Levy Leonard A.
Published: September 2017

It has been more than 14 years since identification of the human genome. This phenomenon is creating a revolution in all components of the health-care world. To date, little has been included in the podiatric medical literature despite the fact that so many of the conditions affecting the pedal extremity have genomic implications. Genomics will have a major effect on prevention, diagnosis, and patient management and needs to be included in podiatric medical practice as well as in the curriculum of podiatric medical schools.
MicroCT-based phenomics in the zebrafish skeleton reveals virtues of deep phenotyping in a distributed organ system
Authors: Hur Matthew , Gistelinck Charlotte A , Huber Philippe , Lee Jane , Thompson Marjorie H , Monstad-Rios Adrian T , Watson Claire J , McMenamin Sarah K , Willaert Andy , Parichy David M , Coucke Paul , Kwon Ronald Y
Published: September 2017

Phenomics, which ideally involves in-depth phenotyping at the whole-organism scale, may enhance our functional understanding of genetic variation. Here, we demonstrate methods to profile hundreds of phenotypic measures comprised of morphological and densitometric traits at a large number of sites within the axial skeleton of adult zebrafish. We show the potential for vertebral patterns to confer heightened sensitivity, with similar specificity, in discriminating mutant populations compared to analyzing individual vertebrae in isolation. We identify phenotypes associated with human brittle bone disease and thyroid stimulating hormone receptor hyperactivity. Finally, we develop allometric models and show their potential to aid in the discrimination of mutant phenotypes masked by alterations in growth. Our studies demonstrate virtues of deep phenotyping in a spatially distributed organ system. Analyzing phenotypic patterns may increase productivity in genetic screens, and facilitate the study of genetic variants associated with smaller effect sizes, such as those that underlie complex diseases.
Protein-mediated RNA folding governs sequence-specific interactions between rotavirus genome segments
Authors: Borodavka Alexander , Dykeman Eric C , Schrimpf Waldemar , Lamb Don C
Published: September 2017

Segmented RNA viruses are ubiquitous pathogens, which include influenza viruses and rotaviruses. A major challenge in understanding their assembly is the combinatorial problem of a non-random selection of a full genomic set of distinct RNAs. This process involves complex RNA-RNA and protein-RNA interactions, which are often obscured by non-specific binding at concentrations approaching in vivo assembly conditions. Here, we present direct experimental evidence of sequence-specific inter-segment interactions between rotavirus RNAs, taking place in a complex RNA- and protein-rich milieu. We show that binding of the rotavirus-encoded non-structural protein NSP2 to viral ssRNAs results in the remodeling of RNA, which is conducive to formation of stable inter-segment contacts. To identify the sites of these interactions, we have developed an RNA-RNA SELEX approach for mapping the sequences involved in inter-segment base-pairing. Our findings elucidate the molecular basis underlying inter-segment interactions in rotaviruses, paving the way for delineating similar RNA-RNA interactions that govern assembly of other segmented RNA viruses.
A genetically inducible porcine model of intestinal cancer
Authors: Callesen Morten M. , Árnadóttir Sigrid S. , Lyskjær Iben , Ørntoft Mai‐Britt W. , Høyer Søren , Dagnæs‐Hansen Frederik , Liu Ying , Li Rong , Callesen Henrik , Rasmussen Mads H. , Berthelsen Martin F. , Thomsen Martin K. , Schweiger Pawel J. , Jensen Kim B. , Laurberg Søren , Ørntoft Torben F. , Elverløv‐Jakobsen Jannik E. , Andersen Claus L.
Published: September 2017

Transgenic porcine cancer models bring novel possibilities for research. Their physical similarities with humans enable the use of surgical procedures and treatment approaches used for patients, which facilitates clinical translation. Here, we aimed to develop an inducible oncopig model of intestinal cancer. Transgenic (TG) minipigs were generated using somatic cell nuclear transfer by handmade cloning. The pigs encode two TG cassettes: (a) an Flp recombinase‐inducible oncogene cassette containing KRAS‐G12D, cMYC, SV40LT – which inhibits p53 – and pRB and (b) a 4‐hydroxytamoxifen (4‐OHT)‐inducible Flp recombinase activator cassette controlled by the intestinal epithelium‐specific villin promoter. Thirteen viable transgenic minipigs were born. The ability of 4‐OHT to activate the oncogene cassette was confirmed in vitro in TG colonic organoids and ex vivo in tissue biopsies obtained by colonoscopy. In order to provide proof of principle that the oncogene cassette could also successfully be activated in vivo, three pigs were perorally treated with 400 mg tamoxifen for 2 × 5 days. After two months, one pig developed a duodenal neuroendocrine carcinoma with a lymph node metastasis. Molecular analysis of the carcinoma and metastasis confirmed activation of the oncogene cassette. No tumor formation was observed in untreated TG pigs or in the remaining two treated pigs. The latter indicates that tamoxifen delivery can probably be improved. In summary, we have generated a novel inducible oncopig model of intestinal cancer, which has the ability to form metastatic disease already two months after induction. The model may be helpful in bridging the gap between basic research and clinical usage. It opens new venues for longitudinal studies of tumor development and evolution, for preclinical assessment of new anticancer regimens, for pharmacology and toxicology assessments, as well as for studies into biological mechanisms of tumor formation and metastasis.
Temperature Covariance in Tree Ring Reconstructions and Model Simulations Over the Past Millennium
Authors: Hartl‐Meier C. T. M. , Büntgen U. , Smerdon J. E. , Zorita E. , Krusic P. J. , Ljungqvist F. C. , Schneider L. , Esper J.
Published: September 2017

Spatial covariance in the simulated temperature evolution over the past millennium has been reported to exceed that of multiproxy‐based reconstructions. Here we use tree ring‐based temperature reconstructions and state‐of‐the‐art climate model simulations to assess temporal changes in Northern Hemisphere intercontinental temperature covariance during the last 1000 years. Tree ring‐only approaches reveal stronger agreement with model simulations compared to multiproxy networks. Although simulated temperatures exhibit a substantial spread among individual models, intercontinental temperature coherency is mainly driven by the cooling of large volcanic eruptions in 1257, 1452, 1600, and 1815 Common Era. The coherence of these synchronizing events appears to be elevated in several climate simulations relative to their own unforced covariance baselines and in comparison to the proxy reconstructions. This suggests that some models likely overestimate the amplitude of abrupt summer cooling in response to volcanic eruptions, particularly at larger spatial scales.
Mie Scatter and Interfacial Tension Based Real‐Time Quantification of Colloidal Emulsion Nucleic Acid Amplification
Authors: Nicolini Ariana M. , Toth Tyler D. , Kim Samuel Y. , Mandel M. Alejandra , Galbraith David W. , Yoon Jeong‐Yeol
Published: September 2017

This work demonstrates for the first time rapid, real‐time Mie scatter sensing of colloidal emulsion nucleic acid amplification directly from emulsion droplets. Loop‐mediated isothermal amplification is used in this study, and, to our knowledge, has not previously been used in a colloidal emulsion platform. Interfacial tension values (γ) associated with bulk protein adsorption and denaturation at the oil–water interface exhibit characteristic changes in the absence or presence of amplification. In the presence of target and amplicon, emulsions maintain a constant 300–400 nm diameter, whereas emulsions formed with no target control show a rapid decrease in droplet diameter to <100 nm over the first 20 min of incubation. This method is validated using whole bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus MSSA and Escherichia coli O157:H7) and whole virus (Potato virus Y and Zika virus) samples suspended in water, buffer, or serum‐like matrices. Short‐term formation of colloidal emulsion is quantified via 60° scatter monitoring, where the initial slope of scattering intensity is utilized to confirm target amplification in less than 5 min. The unique benefits of this method render it more cost‐effective and field‐deployable than existing methods, while being adaptable to a multitude of targets, sample matrices, and nucleic acid amplification tests.
Injectable Mussel‐Inspired Immobilization of Platelet‐Rich Plasma on Microspheres Bridging Adipose Micro‐Tissues to Improve Autologous Fat Transplantation by Controlling Release of PDGF and VEGF, Angiogenesis, Stem Cell Migration
Authors: Zhou Shaolong , Chang Qiang , Lu Feng , Xing Malcolm
Published: September 2017

Platelets‐rich plasma (PRP) can produce growth factors (GFs) to improve angiogenesis. However, direct injection of PRP does not lead to highly localized GFs. The current study employs a mussel‐inspired polydopamine to immobilize PRP on gelatin microspheres (GMs) with the purpose of bridging adipose micro‐tissues to help implanted fat survive (GM‐pDA‐PRP). Enhanced PRP adhesion leads to a prolonged and localized production of GFs, which is verified by platelet counting and by ELISA of vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and of platelet derived growth factors (PDGFs). The GM‐pDA‐PRP “hatches” a microenvironment for the proliferation of adipose‐derived stem cells. After the adipose micro‐tissue has bridged with GM‐pDA‐PRP after 16 weeks, triple‐fluorescence staining reveals that the mature adipocytes, blood vessels, and capillaries are arranged like in normal adipose tissue. The survival fat increases significantly compared to that in control, PRP, and GM‐PRP groups (84.8 ± 11.4% versus 47.8 ± 8.9%, 56.9 ± 9.7%, and 60.2 ± 10.5%, respectively). Both histological assessments and CD31 immunofluorescence indicate that the improvement of angiogenesis in GM‐pDA‐PRP is higher than in the fat graft group (6.4‐fold in quantitative CD31 positive cells). The CD34 positive cells in the GM‐pDA‐PRP group are around 3.5‐fold the amount in the fat graft group, which suggests that more stem cells migrate to the implant area. Cell proliferation staining shows that the number of Ki67 positive cells is around five times as high as that in the fat graft group.
Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells over a Broad Temperature Window: The Role of the Charge Carrier Extraction
Authors: Shao Shuyan , Liu Jian , Fang Hong‐Hua , Qiu Li , ten Brink Gert H. , Hummelen Jan C. , Koster L. Jan Anton , Loi Maria Antonietta
Published: September 2017

The mechanism behind the temperature dependence of the device performance in hybrid perovskite solar cells (HPSCs) is investigated systematically. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the reference cell using [60]PCBM as electron extraction layer (EEL) drops significantly from 11.9% at 295 K to 7% at 180 K. The deteriorated charge carrier extraction is found as the dominant factor causing this degradation. Temperature dependent spectroscopy and charge transport studies demonstrate that the poor electron transport in the [60]PCBM EEL at low temperature leads to inefficient charge carrier extraction. It is further demonstrated that the n‐type doping of [60]PCBM EEL or the use of an EEL (fulleropyrrolidine with a triethylene glycol monoethyl ether side chain) with higher electron transport capability is an effective strategy to achieve HPSCs working efficiently over a broad temperature range. The devices fabricated with these highly performing EELs have PCEs at 180 K of 16.7% and 18.2%, respectively. These results support the idea that the temperature dependence of the electron transport in the EELs limits the device performance in HPSCs, especially at lower temperatures and they also give directions toward further improvement of the PCE of HPSCs at realistic operating temperatures.
Manipulation of Biomolecule‐Modified Liquid‐Metal Blobs
Authors: Yu Yue , Miyako Eijiro
Published: September 2017

Soft and deformable liquid metals (LMs) are building components in various systems related to uncertain and dynamic task environments. Herein we describe the development of a biomolecule‐triggered external‐manipulation method involving LM conjugates for the construction of future innovative soft robotics operating in physiological environments. Functional soft hybrids composed of a liquid‐metal droplet, a thiolated ligand, and proteins were synthesized for the expression of diverse macroscopic commands, such as attachment to cells, binary fusion, and self‐propelled movement through molecular recognition and enzymatic reactions. Our technology could be used to create new state‐of‐the‐art soft robots for chemical and biomedical engineering applications.
Improved Electrochemical Cycling Durability in a Nickel Oxide Double‐Layered Film
Authors: Hou Shuai , Zhang Xiang , Tian Yanlong , Zhao Jiupeng , Geng Hongbin , Qu Huiying , Zhang Hangchuan , Zhang Kun , Wang Binsheng , Gavrilyuk Alexander , Li Yao
Published: September 2017

For the first time, a crystalline–amorphous double‐layered NiOx film has been prepared by reactive radio frequency magnetron sputtering. This film has exhibited improved electrochemical cycling durability, whereas other electrochromic parameters have been maintained at the required level, namely, a short coloration/bleaching time (0.8 s/1.1 s) and an enhanced transmittance modulation range (62.2 %) at λ=550 nm. Additionally, the double‐layered film has shown better reversibility than that of amorphous and crystalline single‐layered films.
Integrated Chromatographic Platform for Simultaneous Separation of Charge Variants and Aggregates from Monoclonal Antibody Therapeutic Products
Authors: Kateja Nikhil , Kumar Devashish , Godara Avinash , Kumar Vijesh , Rathore Anurag S.
Published: September 2017

Achieving consistent product quality of a biotherapeutic is a major target for any biopharmaceutical manufacturer, even more for a biosimilar producer as comparability with the innovator product is a regulatory expectation. The complexity of biotherapeutic products and their tedious manufacturing processes, however, make this a non‐trivial exercise. The primary motivation of this work is to develop an integrated chromatographic platform for purification of monoclonal antibody (mAb) therapeutics that can deliver the desired separation of both charge variants and aggregates, in addition to the process related impurities like host cell proteins (HCP) and host cell DNA. To achieve the same, an integrated two‐stage chromatographic process platform consisting of cation exchange chromatography and multimodal chromatography is being proposed. The versatility of the proposed platform has been successfully demonstrated for three different mAbs. It have been shown that in each case charge variant separation is achieved with the required clearance of aggregates (<1%), HCP (<10 ppm), and DNA (<5 ppb). Moreover, the proposed platform is conducive to use for development of a continuous process and offers smaller process time, lower buffer utilization, and decreased operational costs when compared to the conventional purification platforms.
Cell‐Surface Expression Levels Are Important for Fine‐Tuning the Performance of Receptor Tyrosine Kinase‐Based Signalobodies
Authors: Nakabayashi Hideto , Kawahara Masahiro , Nagamune Teruyuki
Published: September 2017

As receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play important roles in cell‐fate control of various cell types, engineered RTKs that could respond to inexpensive ligands might drastically reduce the cost of producing desired cells for various applications in regenerative medicine. We developed several engineered RTKs named “signalobodies” in which the ligand‐recognition domain of RTKs is replaced by single‐chain Fv for enabling recognition of a specific antigen. However, the remaining concern was the dysregulation of antigen‐dependent on/off signaling of the signalobodies. This study aims at fine‐tuning the performance of the signalobodies based on three RTKs (fibroblast growth factor receptor 1, insulin receptor, and c‐fms). To this end, the cell‐surface expression levels of the RTK‐based signalobodies were altered by locating their genes either upstream or downstream of the internal ribosomal entry site, and by inserting 1 to 3 alanine residue(s) at the intracellular juxtamembrane region. As a result, while the signaling response was different among the three signalobodies, the antigen‐dependent on/off regulation became tighter when the cell‐surface expression levels of the signalobodies were lowered. Therefore, we successfully developed a method to diminish the leaky signaling of RTK‐based signalobodies, which will be important for establishing the signalobody‐based platform technology that can produce cells of interest for regenerative medicine.
An Engineered Glycerol Dehydratase With Improved Activity for the Conversion of meso‐2,3‐butanediol to Butanone
Authors: Maddock Danielle J. , Gerth Monica L. , Patrick Wayne M.
Published: September 2017

There is substantial interest in engineering microorganisms to produce industrial chemicals that are currently derived from petroleum. One of these petrochemicals is butanone, which could be produced from microbially synthesized 2,3‐butanediol through the action of a suitable dehydratase enzyme. Unfortunately, however, there are no known enzymes that natively catalyze this reaction. In this work, the authors set out to engineer the B12‐dependent glycerol dehydratase from Klebsiella pneumoniae (KpGDHt), in order to increase its activity for the conversion of meso‐2,3‐butanediol into butanone. The authors began by fusing the α and β subunits of the enzyme, to simplify downstream high‐throughput screening protocols. Serendipitously, the fusion protein showed a 20°C increase in its temperature optimum. Using this stabilized scaffold as a starting point, the authors employed the combinatorial active site saturation test and consensus‐guided mutagenesis to randomize 28 residues within 12 Å of the KpGDHt active site. By screening over 5500 variants, the authors discovered a single point mutation (T200S) that increased the catalytic efficiency of meso‐2,3‐butanediol dehydration by four‐fold, to a value of kcat/KM = 5.1 × 103 M−1 s−1. Thus the authors report what is, to date, the most comprehensive mutagenesis and the largest engineered increase in catalytic efficiency on the B12‐dependent glycerol dehydratase scaffold.
Long‐term outcomes in patients treated with proton therapy for localized prostate cancer
Authors: Takagi Masaru , Demizu Yusuke , Terashima Kazuki , Fujii Osamu , Jin Dongcun , Niwa Yasue , Daimon Takashi , Murakami Masao , Fuwa Nobukazu , Okimoto Tomoaki
Published: September 2017

The aim of this retrospective study was to report long‐term clinical outcomes in patients treated with proton therapy (PT) for localized prostate cancer. Between 2001 and 2014, 1375 consecutive patients were treated with PT. Patients were classified into prognostic risk groups based on the National Comprehensive Cancer Network criteria. Freedom from biochemical relapse (FFBR), cancer‐specific survival (CSS) and incidence of late gastrointestinal (GI)/genitourinary (GU) toxicities were calculated. Multivariate analysis was performed to identify clinical prognostic factors for FFBR and late toxicities. The median follow‐up period was 70 months (range, 4–145 months). In total, 99% of patients received 74 Gy (relative biologic effectiveness [RBE]); 56% of patients received neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy. For the low‐, intermediate‐, high‐, and very high‐risk groups, 5‐year FFBR was 99% (95% confidence intervals [CI], 96–100%), 91% (95% CI, 88–93%), 86% (95% CI, 82–89%), and 66% (95% CI, 53–76%), respectively, and 5‐year CSS was 100% (95% CI, 100–100%), 100% (95% CI, 100–100%) , 99% (95% CI, 97–100%), and 95% (95% CI, 94–98%), respectively. Patient age, T classification, Gleason score, prostate‐specific antigen, and percentage of positive cores were significant prognostic factors for FFBR. Grade 2 or higher GI and GU toxicities were 3.9% and 2.0%. Patient age was a prognostic factor for both late GI and GU toxicities. This study represents the largest cohort of patients treated with PT for localized prostate cancer, with the longest follow‐up to date. Our results demonstrate that the biochemical control of PT is favorable particularly for high‐ and very high‐risk patients with lower late genitourinary toxicity and indicates the necessity of considering patient age in the treatment protocols.
miR‐199a‐3p and miR‐214‐3p improve the overall survival prediction of muscle‐invasive bladder cancer patients after radical cystectomy
Authors: Ecke Thorsten H. , Stier Katja , Weickmann Sabine , Zhao Zhongwei , Buckendahl Laura , Stephan Carsten , Kilic Ergin , Jung Klaus
Published: September 2017

To improve the clinical decision‐making regarding further treatment management and follow‐up scheduling for patients with muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) after radical cystectomy (RC), a better prediction accuracy of prognosis for these patients is urgently needed. The objective of this study was to evaluate the validity of differentially expressed microRNAs (miRNAs) based on a previous study as prognostic markers for overall survival (OS) after RC in models combined with clinicopathological data. The expression of six miRNAs (miR‐100‐5p, miR‐130b‐3p, miR‐141‐3p, miR‐199a‐3p, miR‐205‐5p, and miR‐214‐3p) was measured by RT‐qPCR in formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded tissue samples from 156 MIBC patients who received RC in three urological centers. Samples from 2000 to 2013 were used according to their tissue availability, with follow‐up until June 2016. The patient cohort was randomly divided into a training (n = 100) and test set (n = 56). Seventy‐three samples from adjacent normal tissue were used as controls. Kaplan–Meier, univariate and multivariate Cox regression, and decision curve analyses were carried out to assess the association of clinicopathological variables and miRNAs to OS. Both increased (miR‐130b‐3p and miR‐141‐3p) and reduced (miR‐100‐5p, miR‐199a‐3p, and miR‐214‐3p) miRNA expressions were found in MIBC samples in comparison to nonmalignant tissue samples (P < 0.0001). miR‐199a‐3p and miR‐214‐3p were independent markers of OS in Cox regression models with the significant clinicopathological variables age, tumor status, and lymph node status. The prediction model with the clinicopathological variables was improved by these two miRNAs in both sets. The predictive benefit was confirmed by decision curve analysis. In conclusion, the inclusion of both miRNAs into models based on clinical data for the outcome prediction of MIBC patients after RC could be a valuable approach to improve prognostic accuracy.
Bubble dynamic behaviours at various capillary orifices in a bioreactor with methane oxidizing bacteria suspension
Authors: Tang Qin‐Yuan , Guo Cheng‐Long , Pei Hong‐Shan , Guo Fei‐Qiang
Published: September 2017

Bubble dynamic behaviour has a significant influence on methane bioconversion because a gas mixture including methane and oxygen is usually supplied into a bioreactor with a methane oxidizing bacteria suspension via capillary orifice, forming bubbles. In the work, bubble dynamic behaviours at various capillary orifices were experimentally visualized, as well as the movement of microorganisms was observed during bubble formation evolution. The experimental results showed the chemotaxis effect and the bubble expansion as two key factors affecting the movement of microorganisms in the bioreactor with methane oxidizing bacteria suspension. At the incline angle of 90°, the equivalent departure diameter and departure volume were the smallest, while the departure time was the shortest. With increasing inner diameter, the equivalent departure diameter and departure volume increased, but the waiting time was the longest and the departure time was the shortest at the inner diameter of 0.3 mm. In addition, the successive inrush of bubbles forming at the capillary orifice with 90° incline angle and 0.1 mm inner diameter resulted in the shock of the gas‐liquid interface, affecting the bubble dynamic behaviour. The results in this work contribute to the design of a high‐productivity bioreactor with an optimized aeration system for enhancing mass transfer of methane from the bubble to the bacteria suspension and subsequent methane bioconversion.
Direct Electrodeposition of Superhydrophobic and Highly Oleophobic Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxypyrrole) (PEDOP) and Poly(3,4‐propylenedioxypyrrole) (PProDOP) Nanofibers
Authors: Mortier Claudio , Darmanin Thierry , Guittard Frédéric
Published: September 2017

Inspired by surface properties in nature, we develop for the first time nanofibers of poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxypyrrole) (PEDOP) and poly(3,4‐propylenedioxypyrrole) (PProDOP) with superhydrophobic and highly oleophobic properties via electropolymerization. This was achieved by grafting fluorinated chains onto the alkylenedioxy cycle of PEDOP and PProDOP, while keeping NH groups free. We use a novel strategy to prepare EDOP and ProDOP with a hydroxyl group on the cycle by reaction with epibromohydrin, which is followed by grafting of fluorinated chains. The highest surface properties are obtained with the shortest fluorinated chains (C4F9) due to the formation of nanofibers and the dimension of these nanofibers can be controlled by changing the base monomer (EDOP or ProDOP). This work can be of interest to researchers working in many fields such as the control of wetting properties but also in the development of conducting polymers, membranes, and sensors. For example, EDOT and ProDOT are actually the most‐employed monomers to obtain conducting polymers and here we show that EDOP and ProDOP derivatives have similar electropolymerization properties, which shows the importance of this manuscript for the scientific community. Moreover, the possibility to substitute on the NH groups will be another possiblity to obtain multifunctional polymers, while the NH groups can also be used to obtain pH‐sensitive polymers.
Rational Design of Sulfur‐Doped Copper Catalysts for the Selective Electroreduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formate
Authors: Huang Yun , Deng Yilin , Handoko Albertus D. , Goh Gregory K. L. , Yeo Boon Siang
Published: September 2017

The selective electroreduction of CO2 to formate (or formic acid) is of great interest in the field of renewable‐energy utilization. In this work, we designed a sulfur‐doped Cu2O‐derived Cu catalyst and showed that the presence of sulfur can tune the selectivity of Cu significantly from the production of various CO2 reduction products to almost exclusively formate. Sulfur is doped into the Cu catalysts by dipping the Cu substrates into ammonium polysulfide solutions. Catalyst films with the highest sulfur content of 2.7 at % showed the largest formate current density (j
) of −13.9 mA cm−2 at −0.9 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE), which is approximately 46 times larger than that previously reported for Cu(110) surfaces. At −0.8 V versus RHE, the faradaic efficiency of formate was maintained at approximately 75 % for 12 h of continuous electrolysis. Through the analysis of the evolution of the j
and j
values with the sulfur content, we show that sulfur doping increases formate production and suppresses the hydrogen evolution reaction. Ag–S and Cu–Se catalysts did not exhibit any significant enhancement towards the reduction of CO2 to formate. This demonstrates clearly that sulfur and copper acted synergistically to promote the selective formation of formate. A hypothesis about the role of sulfur is proposed and discussed.
Comparative analysis of landscape effects on spatial genetic structure of the big brown bat and one of its cimicid ectoparasites
Authors: Talbot Benoit , Vonhof Maarten J. , Broders Hugh G. , Fenton Brock , Keyghobadi Nusha
Published: September 2017

Identification of landscape features that correlate with genetic structure permits understanding of factors that may influence gene flow in a species. Comparing effects of the landscape on a parasite and host provides potential insights into parasite‐host ecology. We compared fine‐scale spatial genetic structure between big brown bats (Eptesicus fuscus) and their cimicid ectoparasite (Cimex adjunctus; class Insecta) in the lower Great Lakes region of the United States, in an area of about 160,000 km2. We genotyped 142 big brown bat and 55 C. adjunctus samples at eight and seven microsatellite loci, respectively, and inferred effects of various types of land cover on the genetic structure of each species. We found significant associations between several land cover types and genetic distance in both species, although different land cover types were influential in each. Our results suggest that even in a parasite that is almost entirely reliant on its hosts for dispersal, land cover can affect gene flow differently than in the hosts, depending on key ecological aspects of both species.
Storage Conditions Affect Oxidative Stability and Nutritional Composition of Freeze‐Dried Nannochloropsis salina
Authors: Safafar Hamed , Langvad Simon , Møller Per , Jacobsen Charlotte
Published: September 2017

Microalgae biomass is known as a promising sustainable source of bioactive compounds. Application of microalgae biomass in food and feed products requires information regarding storage stability and optimized storage conditions to minimize unwanted deterioration which downgrades the bioactive composition of microalgae biomass. In order to investigate the worsening of the nutritional quality of freeze dried biomass, a multifactorial storage experiment was conducted on a high EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) Nannochloropsis salina biomass. The storage time (0–56 days), storage temperature (5, 20, and 40 °C and packaging conditions (under vacuum and ambient pressure) used as main factors. During the 56 days of storage, both time and temperature strongly influenced the oxidation reactions which result in deterioration of bioactive compounds such as carotenoids, tocopherols, and EPA. Lipid deterioration occurred both due to enzyme‐induced lipolysis and autoxidation. Carotenoids and α‐tocopherol contents decreased during storage, but may still have prevented EPA from higher oxidative deteriorations due to their powerful antioxidant properties. Oxidation reactions, which resulted in the creation of primary and secondary volatile oxidation products, occurred mainly at the first days of storage. The resulting volatile compounds(measured by head space gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry) declined further until day 56, probably due to reaction with amino acids, or decomposition to low molecular weight tertiary oxidation compounds. Storage of microalgae at low temperature is more effective than vacuum packaging.

Practical Applications: Microalgae are known as a sustainable source of bioactive compounds, and their industrial scale application is growing very fast. Application of microalgae biomass in food, feed, or cosmetics requires the knowledge of the optimum storage conditions to prevent the value‐added compounds from deterioration. Results of this study improve our understanding of the chemical deterioration under different storage conditions and can help the producers/customers to extend the shelf life of microalgae biomass by choosing correct storage conditions.

The storage time and conditions influenced the bioactive compounds in freeze‐dried microalgae biomass.
Incorporating Learning Analytics in the Classroom
Authors: Thille Candace , Zimmaro Dawn
Published: September 2017

This chapter describes an open learning analytics system focused on learning process measures and designed to engage instructors and students in an evidence‐informed decision‐making process to improve learning.
Optimizing combination of vascular endothelial growth factor and mesenchymal stem cells on ectopic bone formation in SCID mice
Authors: Dreyer Chris H. , Kjærgaard Kristian , Ditzel Nicholas , Jørgensen Niklas R. , Overgaard Søren , Ding Ming
Published: September 2017

Introduction: Insufficient blood supply may limit bone regeneration in bone defects. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) promotes angiogenesis by increasing endothelial migration. This outcome, however, could depend on time of application. Sheep mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were used in this study to evaluate optimal time points for VEGF stimulation to increase bone formation.Methods: Twenty‐eight SCID (NOD.CB17‐Prkdcscid/J) mice had hydroxyapatite granules seeded with 5 × 105MSCs inserted subcutaneous. Pellets released VEGF on days 1–7, days 1–14, days 1–21, days 1–42, days 7–14, and days 21–42. After 8 weeks, the implant‐bone‐blocks were harvested, paraffin embedded, sectioned, and stained with both hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and immunohistochemistry for human vimentin (hVim) staining. Blood samples were collected for determination of bone‐related biomarkers in serum.Results: The groups with 5 × 105MSCs and VEGF stimulation on days 1–14 and days 1–21 showed more bone formation when compared to the control group of 5 × 105MSCs alone (p < 0.01). Serum biomarkers had no significant values. The hVim staining confirmed the ovine origin of the observed ectopic bone formation.Conclusion: Optimal bone formation of MSCs was reached when stimulating with VEGF during the first 14 or 21 days after surgery. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 3326–3332, 2017.
Response of preosteoblasts to titanium with periodic micro/nanometer scale grooves produced by femtosecond laser irradiation
Authors: Chen Peng , Miyake Masayoshi , Tsukamoto Masahiro , Tsutsumi Yusuke , Hanawa Takao
Published: September 2017

To investigate the cellular response to designed topography in vitro, we studied the adhesion, proliferation, osteogenic differentiation, and calcification of mouse preosteoblasts (MC3T3‐E1) cultured on titanium (Ti) surfaces with periodic micrometer scale grooves containing nanometer scale ripples in the vertical direction fabricated by single‐shot, femtosecond laser irradiation (fsTi). The surface composition and chemical state of fsTi were almost the same as those of mirror‐polished Ti without femtosecond laser irradiation (mTi). Cells cultured on fsTi were highly aligned, whereas the cell proliferation rate on fsTi was less than that on mTi. Higher gene expressions of Spp1 and Bglap1 were detected in cells cultured on fsTi than those on mTi, indicating that the periodic micro/nanometer scale grooves topography promoted osteogenic differentiation and calcification. This initial activation of osteoinduction on fsTi generated calcified deposits that were thicker and larger than those on mTi and hence, osteoconductivity was promoted on fsTi. Our findings indicate that femtosecond laser irradiation is a technique with potential for controlling biomaterial–cell interfaces and, in particular, the promotion of osseointegration of Ti. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 3456–3464, 2017.
Development of a bioactive porous collagen/β‐tricalcium phosphate bone graft assisting rapid vascularization for bone tissue engineering applications
Authors: Baheiraei Nafiseh , Nourani Mohamma Reza , Mortazavi Seyed Mohammad Javad , Movahedin Mansoureh , Eyni Hossein , Bagheri Fatemeh , Norahan Mohammad Hadi
Published: September 2017

We developed collagen (COL) and collagen/beta tricalcium phosphate (COL/β‐TCP) scaffolds with a β‐TCP/collagen weight ratio of 4 by freeze‐drying. Mouse bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BMMSCs) were cultured on these scaffolds for 14 days. Samples were characterized by physicochemical analyses and their biological properties such as cell viability and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was, also, examined. Additionally, the vascularization potential of the prepared scaffolds was tested subcutaneously in Wistar rats. We observed a microporous structure with large porosity (∼95–98%) and appropriate pore size (120–200 µm). The COL/β‐TCP scaffolds had a much higher compressive modulus (970 ± 1.20 KPa) than pure COL (0.8 ± 1.82 KPa). In vitro model of apatite formation was established by immersing the composite scaffold in simulated body fluid for 7 days. An ALP assay revealed that porous COL/β‐TCP can effectively activate the differentiation of BMMSCs into osteoblasts. The composite scaffolds also promoted vascularization with good integration with the surrounding tissue. Thus, introduction of β‐TCP powder into the porous collagen matrix effectively improved the mechanical and biological properties of the collagen scaffolds, making them potential bone substitutes for enhanced bone regeneration in orthopedic and dental applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 73–85, 2018.
The effect of hydroxyapatite nanoparticles on mechanical behavior and biological performance of porous shape memory polyurethane scaffolds
Authors: Yu Juhong , Xia Hong , Teramoto Akira , Ni Qing‐Qing
Published: September 2017

The scaffold which provides space for cell growth, proliferation, and differentiation, is a key factor in bone tissue engineering. However, improvements in scaffold design are needed to precisely match the irregular boundaries of bone defects as well as facilitate clinical application. In this study, controllable three‐dimensional (3D) porous shape memory polyurethane/nano‐hydroxyapatite (SMPU/nHAP) composite scaffold was successfully fabricated for bone defect reparation. Detailed studies were performed to evaluate its structure, apparent density, porosity, and mechanical properties, emphasizing the contribution of nHAP particles on shape recovery behaviors and biological performance in vitro. The effect of nHAP particles in porous SMPU/nHAP composite scaffold was found to enhance the compression resistance by 37%, shorten the compression recovery time by 41%, reduce the tensile resistance by 78%, reach the shape recovery ratio of 99%, and promote the cell proliferation by 13% after 7 days of culture. These results revealed that the 3D structure and aperture of as‐prepared scaffold were controllable. And in minimally invasive surgery and bone repair surgery, this porous composite scaffold could significantly reduce the operative time and promote the bone cell growth. Therefore, this porous SMPU/nHAP composite scaffold design has potential applications for the bone tissue engineering. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 244–254, 2018.
Enhanced Visible Light Irradiation Photocatalytic Performance of MgFe2O4 After Growing with ZnO Nanoshell and Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Yuhang , Yan Hongxia , Zhang Qiuyu
Published: September 2017

MgFe2O4 implanted with ZnO and silver nanoparticles has been successfully synthesized. The formation mechanism of the core~shell structured Ag/ZnO/MgFe2O4 nanoparticles was investigated. The efficacy of degradation of an organic dye was compared under the visible light irradiation with the individual components (MgFe2O4, ZnO, and Ag). The structure of Ag/ZnO/MgFe2O4 nanoparticles was established from detailed structural analyses using a vibrating‐sample magnetometer (VSM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), selected area electron diffraction (SAED), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Ag/ZnO/MgFe2O4 nanoparticles showed a saturation magnetization (Ms) of 44 emu/g. It is seen from the results that ZnO is coated on the surface of MgFe2O4 nanoparticles, and Ag nanoparticles are attached to the edge of the ZnO/MgFe2O4 nanoparticles. In addition, the nanoparticles were found to be spherical with appropriate structures. The electron transfer mechanism greatly enhances the rhodamine B (RhB) degradation rate, which is illustrated and discussed in detail. The obtained Ag/ZnO/MgFe2O4 nanoparticles were photostable and magnetically recyclable with potential application in the degradation of organic pollutants.
The Biomaker: an entry‐level bioprinting device for biotechnological applications
Authors: Radtke Carsten Philipp , Hillebrandt Nils , Hubbuch Jürgen
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND

3D printing and bioprinting in particular are emerging technologies in the field of biotechnology. The developments of bioprinters and applications lie mostly in the highly observed working fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Until now only little attention has been paid to the application of 3D bioprinting for the investigation of hydrogel–liquid phase interactions in biotechnological applications. This can mostly be attributed to the need for complex and expensive equipment.

RESULTS

In this work, an entry‐level bioprinter on the base of a commercially available Fused‐Filament‐Fabrication 3D printer and an easy to handle user interface was designed. This newly developed bioprinter allowed the structuring of bioinks and hydrogels in microwell plates and even complex models were printed. The applicability of the presented printer setup in the field of biotechnology was shown by the encapsulation of β‐galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.23) in poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate based hydrogels. Subsequently, an automated screening of the biocatalytic conversion of the substrate ONPG by the encapsulated enzyme was executed on a liquid handling station. Under varied pH conditions in the surrounding liquid phase highest substrate turnover rates were detected at pH 3 and pH 5 which is in good accordance with previously reported pH optima of β‐galactosidase.

CONCLUSION

This approach shows an easy access to 3D bioprinting in the field of biotechnology and the implementation of 3D printed hydrogels in high‐throughput experimentation. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Sonographic Characteristics of Apocrine Nodular Hidradenoma of the Skin
Authors: Wortsman Ximena , Reyes Carlos , Ferreira‐Wortsman Camila , Uribe Alberto , Misad Carlos , Gonzalez Sergio
Published: September 2017

Nodular hidradenomas are benign sweat gland–derived tumors that can produce clinical and dermatoscopic misdiagnoses. Histologically, these tumors can be classified into eccrine and apocrine subtypes. We present the sonographic characteristics of 6 cases of apocrine nodular hidradenomas, which, to our knowledge, is so far the largest series reported. A detailed sonographic analysis included layers, body location, shape, diameters, echostructure patterns, and vascularity. Two sonographic signs not previously reported in these or other common dermatologic lesions were detected: “snow falling” and “fluid‐fluid level.” The sonographic characteristics of apocrine nodular hidradenomas can support their earlier and more precise diagnosis.
Fractional CO2 laser of the vagina for genitourinary syndrome of menopause: Is the out‐of‐pocket cost worth the outcome of treatment?
Authors: Lang Patrick , Dell Jeffrey R. , Rosen Leonard , Weiss Peter , Karram Mickey
Published: September 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to assess patient's satisfaction treatment outcomes and out‐of‐pocket expense for the fractional CO2 laser (SmartXide) in the treatment of genitourinary symptoms of menopause (GSM).

Materials and Methods

A multicenter retrospective cohort study of patients who completed a course of three vaginal treatments with the SmartXide11 Fractional CO2 laser. Patients contacted via telephone and asked to participate in questionnaires to evaluate for adverse outcomes since last treatment, symptom severity before and after treatment, patient satisfaction with treatment, patient satisfaction with out‐of‐pocket expense, and sexual function.

Results

Of the 368 patients contacted, 122 agreed to be interviewed. No patients reported seeking emergent medical treatment. Patient reported vaginal dryness significantly improved following treatment (P < 0.05). The frequency of intercourse increased from “once a month” to “few times a month” (P < 0.001). The vast majority of patients reported being satisfied with their treatment results (86%) and with the cost of treatment (78%). Satisfaction with the out‐of‐pocket expense did not correlate with household income (P = 0.07).

Conclusion

The SmartXide Fractional CO2 laser is a safe and efficacious treatment for GSM. This treatment is associated with a high level of patient satisfaction with both treatment results and out‐of‐pocket expense. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:882–885, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diagnostic utility of cerebrospinal fluid α‐synuclein in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Eusebi Paolo , Giannandrea David , Biscetti Leonardo , Abraha Iosief , Chiasserini Davide , Orso Massimiliano , Calabresi Paolo , Parnetti Lucilla
Published: September 2017

Background

The accumulation of misfolded α‐synuclein aggregates is associated with PD. However, the diagnostic value of the α‐synuclein levels in CSF is still under investigation.

Methods

A comprehensive search of the literature was performed, yielding 34 studies eligible for meta‐analysis. We included studies that reported data on CSF total, oligomeric and phosphorylated α‐synuclein in patients with PD and healthy participants, neurological controls, or other parkinsonisms. Standardized mean differences were pooled using random‐effects models, and heterogeneity was reported as I2. Bivariate random effects meta‐analysis was also performed on diagnostic data. Methodological quality of the selected studies was assessed using the QUADAS‐2 tool.

Results

Concentrations of α‐synuclein species in PD did not show significant differences with respect to the levels found in other parkinsonisms. Total α‐synuclein was significantly reduced in PD when compared with controls (standardized mean differences −0.48; P < .001, I2 = 60%). Oligomeric (standardized mean differences 0.57; P < .001, I2 = 44%) and phosphorylated α‐synuclein (standardized mean differences 0.86; P < .001) were significantly increased in PD when compared with controls. Sensitivity and specificity for distinguishing PD and controls were 0.72 and 0.65, respectively, for total α‐synuclein, and 0.71 and 0.64, respectively, for oligomeric α‐syn.

Conclusion

Most of the studies were at high risk of bias and have concerns regarding applicability. Diagnostic performance of CSF α‐synuclein species is still below what would be considered acceptable for their introduction in clinical practice. Future research should focus on combining α‐synuclein species with other biochemical markers as well on improving the standardization of current assays. © 2017 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society