bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Ambulatory System for Gait Monitoring Based on Wireless Sensorized Insoles
Authors: González Iván , Fontecha Jesús , Hervás Ramón , Bravo José
Published: July 2015

A new gait phase detection system for continuous monitoring based on wireless sensorized insoles is presented. The system can be used in gait analysis mobile applications, and it is designed for real-time demarcation of gait phases. The system employs pressure sensors to assess the force exerted by each foot during walking. A fuzzy rule-based inference algorithm is implemented on a smartphone and used to detect each of the gait phases based on the sensor signals. Additionally, to provide a solution that is insensitive to perturbations caused by non-walking activities, a probabilistic classifier is employed to discriminate walking forward from other low-level activities, such as turning, walking backwards, lateral walking, etc. The combination of these two algorithms constitutes the first approach towards a continuous gait assessment system, by means of the avoidance of non-walking influences.
A Continuum of Meaning in the Copula
Authors: Rude Noel
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1978), pp. 202-210
Acoustic Correlates of “Big” and “Thin” in Kujamutay
Authors: Greenberg Steven , Sapir J. David
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1978), pp. 293-311
Advancement Rules and Syntactic Change: The Loss of Instrumental Voice in Mayan
Authors: Norman William M.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the 4th Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1978), pp. 458-476
A Linguistic Phenomenology of Therapy Talk
Authors: Bennett Adrian T. , Hartmann Barbara Reed
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1979), pp. 525-538
Neurolinguistic Considerations on the Optimum Age for Second Language Learning
Authors: Walsh Terence M. , Diller Karl C.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1979), pp. 510-524
Phonetic Explanations for the Devoicing of High Vowels
Authors: Javkin Hector R.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1979), pp. 413-418
Polarity in Phonology
Authors: Kimenyi Alexandre
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1979), pp. 419-427
The Relationship Between Meaning and Morphological Productivity
Authors: Allen Andrew S.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1979), pp. 453-460
Tongass Tlingit and Na-Dene
Authors: Hamp Eric P.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1979), pp. 461-470
Grammatical Parallelism in Quiche Ritual Language
Authors: Norman William M.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 387-399
J!nu Kurumba: First Report on a Tribal Language of the Nilgiri Area
Authors: Zvelebil Kamil V.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 111-119
Metaphors in Makah Neologisms
Authors: Jacobsen, Jr William H.
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 166-179
Proficiency in Storytelling
Authors: Bennett Ruth
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 120-132
Prosody, Linguistic Diffusion and Conversational Inference
Authors: Gumperz John J. , Kaltman Hannah
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 44-65
Spoken/Written Language and the Oral/Literate Continuum
Authors: Tannen Deborah
Published: July 2015

Proceedings of the Sixth Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society (1980), pp. 207-218
NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF THE EFFECTS OF THE BENDING STIFFNESS OF THE CABLE AND THE MASS OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS ON FREE VIBRATIONS OF SUSPENSION BRIDGES
Authors: Grigorjeva Tatjana
Published: July 2015

The article determines natural frequencies of vibration and the corresponding mode shapes of a suspension bridge with the varying bending stiffness of cables and examines variations that occur in these characteristics with respect to parametric changes in the bridge. A single span suspension steel footbridge with flexible cables has been selected as an initial model used for studying the dynamic characteristics of a suspension system. With the help of the finite elements (FE) method, parameter studies of the bridge model are presented in which vibration characteristics are studied as a function of structural and material parameters such as the flexural stiffness of the cable and the mass density of structural components. It has been generally found that the bending stiffness of the main cable contributes to a considerable effect on natural frequencies for this type of the suspension system. A simplified expression of predicting natural bending frequencies of the suspension bridge taking into account the bending stiffness of the cable has been developed for the application as the first step in the design process.
The Determinants of Capital Structure: an Empirical Study of Omani Listed Industrial Companies
Authors: Al Ani Mawih , Al Amri Maha
Published: July 2015

This study investigates five determinants of capital structure (leverage) in three subsectors of the Omani Industrial companies (food, construction and chemical) listed on Muscat Securities Market for the period 2008–2012. According to available information and literature review, the determinants are profitability measured by return on assets (ROA), risk measured by the standard deviation of return on assets, the size of the company measured by the natural logarithm of total assets, rate of growth measured by the market-book value ratio (P/E) and assets tangibility measured by fixed assets to total assets ratio. The capital structure or leverage is measured by total debt ratio. In the industrial sector as whole; the findings of the study indicate that there is a statistically positive association between risk and tangibility and leverage. Also, there is a statistically negative association between growth rate and profitability and leverage, while there is no association with size. Regression analysis indicates that size, tangibility and risk have a statistically significant effect on leverage.
The 10-Year Effectiveness of Combination Antiretroviral Treatment in Perinatally HIV-Infected Children Participating in Thailand's National Access Program
Authors: Aurpibul Linda , Puthanakit Thanyawee , Sudjaritruk Tavitiya , Oberdorfer Peninnah , Chotecharoentanan Tawalchaya , Taejaroenkul Sineenart , Wongnum Nongyow , Sirisanthana Virat
Published: July 2015

Background

The National Access to Antiretroviral Program for People Living with HIV/AIDS was launched in Thailand in 2002. HIV-infected, antiretroviral-naive, severely immunosuppressed children were initiated on highly active combination antiretroviral treatment (cART). This study aimed to determine the long-term effectiveness of cART.

Methods

Data were extracted from medical records. Primary end points were mortality rate, proportion of children who remained on first-line cART regimen and children with plasma HIV RNA level (pVL) <50 copies/ml at week 520.

Results

From August 2002 to July 2003, 107 children were enrolled. The baseline median age was 7.6 years (IQR 5.7–10.0), the median CD4+ T-cell count was 60 cells/mm3 (IQR 21–272) and the median pVL was 5.37 log10 copies/ml (IQR 5.01–5.76). The mortality rate during and after the first year was 3.7 and 0.006 deaths/100 person-years, respectively. At week 520, 90 (84%) continued to be actively followed. Their median age was 17.8 years (IQR 15.8-19.8). 73 (81% as-treated) remained on the first-line regimen, while 18 (20%) had switched to a second-line cART regimen, at the median time of 272 weeks (IQR 256-363) after the first-line cART initiation. 69 (77%) had pVL<50 copies/ml and the median CD4+ T-cell count was 636 cells/mm3 (IQR 466-804). 83 (92%) and 64 (71%) had CD4+ T-cell counts ≥200 and >500 cells/mm3, respectively.

Conclusions

Long-term virological control, favourable immunological outcomes and healthy survival was achieved in severely immunosuppressed, perinatally HIV-infected children who started first-line NNRTI-based cART. Continuing surveillance for long-term complications is warranted.
The Immobilization of Pt/WO3 on the Glass Substrate for Methylene Blue Degradation
Authors: Firdaus Iqbal , Purwanto Agus , Widiyandari Hendri
Published: July 2015

Platinum doped Tungsten Oxide (WO3/Pt) has been successfully coated on the glass substrate using spray deposition method. Doping of Pt on WO3 was carried out by phodeposition method. The amount of Pt was varied by weight fraction of 0%, 1%, 2%, 4%. These films were characterized using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). It is found that the crystal structure of WO3 was not change with the Pt addition. However, the dominant plane orientation and the size of crystal were influenced by Pt addition. The crystal size increases with increasing the amount of Pt. After Pt addition, the film morphology showed the presence of pillar structure. The photocatalytic activity test resulted that WO3/Pt photocatalyst has the ability for degradation of methylene blue (MB) under sunlight irradion. Significantly, the maximum efficiency of photodegradation was observed at 4% Pt doping amount in the WO3 sample.
Preparation of Fe3O4/TiO2 and Fe3O4/TiO2/CuO Nanohybrids for Photoreduction of Cr(VI)
Authors: Arifin Sarah A. , Jalaludin Shofianina , Djaja Nadia Febiana , Saleh Rosari
Published: July 2015

Fe3O4/TiO2 and CuO incorporated in Fe3O4/TiO2 nanohybrid were successfully synthesized using sol-gel method. X-ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscope, Fourier-transform infrared absorption, diffuse reflectance UV-visible spectrophotometer and Vibrating sample magnetometer were employed to investigate the structural, morphology and composition, optical and magnetic properties of the as prepared sample. The photocatalytic activity of as-prepared nanohybrids photocatalyst was tested by the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) in aqueous solution under UV and visible light irradiation. Compared with Fe3O4/TiO2, Fe3O4/TiO2/CuO had better photocatalytic reduction efficiency. Furthermore, the possible primary species involved in the photocatalytic reduction of Cr(VI) was studied by examination the photocatalytic activity in the presence of scavengers.
Phase Analysis of Natural Silica-Sand-Based Composites as Potential Fuel-Cell Seal Material
Authors: Gita Aristia Gabriela Amanda , Istiqomah Istiqomah , Hidayat Nurul , Triwikantoro Triwikantoro , Baqiya Malik Anjelh , Pratapa Suminar
Published: July 2015

Seal is one of the most important components in fuel cells which is required to bond the cell stacks and prevent mixing of gases in electrodes. Some of the requirements for such components are able to seal several adjacent cell components, which means compatible in thermal expansion coefficient values, and need to be chemically stable in a long-term operation. In this study, the potential use of natural silica sands from Bancar and Sowan in Tuban, East Java, Indonesia was explored, particularly from phase composition point of view. Six batches of samples were collected from both sites. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) data from all samples were complementarily used in this study. XRF and XRD data for each sample showed that quartz (SiO2) was the most dominant phase, with estimated Rietveld method-based weight fraction content ranged between 70.1 and 98.7%. The second dominating phase is calcite (CaCO3). According to the results obtained, we found that there is a slightly difference in the value of phases weight fraction due to RIR and Rietveld methods. In this research, PB-01 sands mixed with 17 wt.% magnesia and were calcined at various temperatures. Natural silica-sand-based composite may give promising excellent candidate for seal fuel cell material, because it forms forsterite and enstatite which suit the CTE value of sealant of fuel cell.
The Improvement of Product Quality and Production Capacity of Metal Coin Dies by Tempering Treatment and PVD TiN Coating in IsodurTM Steel
Authors: Fitrullah Muhammad , Hendra Marta , Alhamidi A.A. , Herliawan A. , Aziz Abdul , Yanyan D. , Adhitya T. , Tri Partuti , Andinnie J.
Published: July 2015

In industry of coins production, dies is proportionally compared with the production of coin. Dies, one of the essential components, is externally influenced by geometry, relief, setting parameter production and others. While, internally dies will be affected by its physical property and surface treatment. Phenomenon of dimension deformation and poor wear resistance on dies surface, are part of leakage factor in coin production. In this research, the mechanical properties of IsodurTM steel is being controlled by heat treatment especially tempering treatment and TiN PVD coating with arc cathodic method, in order to produce coining dies. IsodurTM steel samples are heated until temperature 1080◦C in 30 minutes, then samples are quenched and has a single and double tempered treatment at temperature 550◦C in each. After that, samples are coating with TiN and have variables of PVD process holding time 6 and 12 minutes. The result show that hardness of single temper treatment is 62.9 HRC on temperature 550◦C is constant in IsodurTM steel. While the double tempering treatment will decrease the hardness becoming 61.49 HRC and it will make the microstructure being finer than single tempering treatment. The variables of holding time PVD 6 and 12 minutes do not influence the roughness surface relief of coining dies, but they affect the wear resistance that is showed in average capacity production about 251,552 and 262,403 coin per dies by single tempered treatment, and average capacity production about 355,625 and 359,243 coin per dies by double tempered treatment.
Correlation between Frequency and Sound Absorption Coefficient of Polymer Reinforced Natural Fibre
Authors: Farid Mohammad , Ardhyananta Hosta , Pratiwi Vania Mitha , Wulandari Sri Pingit
Published: July 2015

Aspect ratio which is the ratio between the length and diameter of the fiber affects the sound absorption performance of the polymer reinforced natural fiber (ramie or bamboo fiber). The aim of this study is to choose the specific frequency –which is important for industrial application- to obtain an optimal sound absorption coefficient (α) by designing a certain aspect ratio.The acoustic was measured using impedance tube of The ASTM E- 1050=98 standard. Fiber length was 10 mm, while the diameter of the fiber was measured by using a digital optical microscope measurement with an average diameter of 110.4 microns. The morphology of the material was observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was used to identify the presence of certain functional groups in a molecule. The results indicated that the average of the sound absorption coefficient of the polymer reinforced ramie fiber reached 0,836 at low frequency of 125 Hz and 0,537 at medium frequency of 1000 Hz, and aspect ratio of 90, while the sound absorption coefficient of the polyester material reinforced bamboo fiber reached 0.973 at medium frequency of 1000 Hz.
Verification of Theoretical Model for Tunneling Currents in Al/SiO2/p-Si MOS Capacitors with Nanometer-Thick Oxides
Authors: Mulyanti Budi , Hasanah Lilik , Pantjawati Arjuni B. , Murakami Hideki , Khairurrijal Khairurrijal
Published: July 2015

The verification of calculation results of the isotropic and anisotropic-isotropic mass models in Al/SiO2/Si MOS capacitor against the experimental data is presented, using electron transversal velocity as a fitting parameter. In the accumulation condition, the comparison yields the electron velocity of 2.8 x 106 m/s for both isotropic and isotropic-anisotropic mass models. The tunneling current values for both models are slighly different with experimental data. In the inversion condition, the values of electron velocity for isotropic and isotropic-anisotropic model are 1.55 x 106 m/s and 1 x 105 m/s, respectively. The calculation results of isotropic-anisotropic mass model appear to be closer to the experimental data compared to those of isotropic mass model, due to the effect of electron effective mass.
Flexural Properties of MMT Reinforced Unsaturated Polyester/Epoxidized Palm Oil Biobased Resin
Authors: binti Mustaph Siti Noor Hidayah , Rahmat Abdul Razak , Arsad Agus , Alsagayar Zyad Salem , Shoot Kian Yeong
Published: July 2015

New bio-based thermoset resin was synthesized by blending unsaturated polyester (UPE) and epoxidized palm oil (EPO) together with layered silicate nanoclay (MMT). The biobased polyester resin was processed by 1.5phr benzoyl peroxide initiator. In this study, EPO was added at 10 wt%, while the layered silicate added at 1, 1.5 and 2 phr. The MMT nanoclay was sonicated with acetone for two hours and followed by adding UPE. The MMT, acetone and UPE solution were then dried on a hot plate for 24 hours and followed by vacuum oven for 30 minutes. Then, the EPO and styrene were added to the solution. The sample was cured in an oven at 100 °C (2 hours) and followed by post curing at 160 °C (2 hours). Flexural properties of the UPE/EPO bioresin were experimentally characterized. It was found that, addition of nanoclay improved the flexural modulus of UPE resin. However, the dropped modulus of the resulted bioresin was not recovered by the addition of up to 2 phr MMT. Addition of low percentage MMT nanoclay, which was 1 phr gave a very significant improvements on the dropped flexural strength of UPE/EPO bioresin. The distribution of the MMT nanoclay in the UPE/EPO bioresin sytem was further analysed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) images.
Effect of Magnesium on Hardness and Microstructure of Metal Matrix Composite Al.6061/(Al2O3)p Produced by Stir Casting Route
Authors: Junus Salahuddin , Zulfia Anne , Mariani Lilis
Published: July 2015

Al.6061/Al2O3 metal matrix composites (MMCs) has been fabricated by stir casting. The MMCs were prepared by addition of Al2O3 particulates reinfoced with varios Mg content, 8, 10, 15 %wt Mg. Al.6061/Al2O3 composites with different Mg contents were successfully fabricated by stirring technique under optimum processing conditions. Effects of Mg content on microstructure and hardness were studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)-EDX, SEM-Xray Map, XRD and Rockwell Hardness. The results indicate that Al2O3 particles disperse homogeneously in Al matrix and interfacial reaction between Al matrix and Al2O3 particles is effectively controlled. Distribution of Al2O3 reinforcement and interfacial bonding were improved by adding Mg. Additionally, the hardness of composites were remarkably improved with the Mg. The highest hardness of composites obtained in 15%wt Mg with a value of 55 HRB.
Effect of Composition Variation on the Mechanical Strength of Domestic Waste-Based Composites
Authors: Surtiyeni Neni , Yuliza Elfi , Kurniasih Neny , Khairurrijal Khairurrijal , Abdullah Mikrajuddin
Published: July 2015

We investigated the mechanical and antiburning properties of composites of organic and inorganic domestic wastes. A lot variations of composition: organic content, paper content, plastic content, and textile content as well as binding material, polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) we conducted to obtain the optimum set of synthesis parameters. The process was made using a simple mixing and hot pressing steps. We obtained a maximum mechanical strength of 67.64 MPa for composite processed at the following parameters (expressed in weight fraction): PVAc: organic: paper: plastic: textile = 18.18: 54.55: 15.15: 6.06: 6.06. The produced composites were then simple mixed with an antiburning material and then hot pressed to obtain fire retardant boards.
Effect of Mica Content on Mechanical Properties of Regenerated Cellulose Nanocomposites via Ionic Liquids
Authors: Abdul Hanid Nurbaiti , Wahit Mat Uzir , Guo Qi Peng
Published: July 2015

A series of regenerated cellulose (RC) nanocomposites which were incorporated with the layered silicate mica were successfully prepared via ionic liquid. The effect of the mica loadings was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The mechanical properties which were investigated via tensile testing indicated that upon the introduction of the mica displayed a significant enhancement on the mechanical stability of the RC. The results showed the potential of mica to reinforce the RC polymers matrix.
The Effect of Silica Nanoparticle Filler and Mg(OH)2 Particle Addition on the Compressive Strength of Rice Husk Composite
Authors: Sriyanti Ida , Marlina Leni , Edikresnha Dhewa , Khairurrijal Khairurrijal , Abdullah Mikrajuddin
Published: July 2015

Simple mixing and hot pressing methods were used to make nanocomposite of rice husk using PVAc as adhesive, silica nanoparticle as filler and Mg(OH)2 particle . The compressive strength of the composite was examined. The optimum mass ratio composition of rice husk and PVAc was 13 : 2. A compressive strength of 63.95 MPa was obtained for the samples which were pressed at 75 MPa pressure, at 100°C temperature and then held for 15 minutes in the hot pressing machine. The addition of silica nanoparticle increased the compressive strength to 74.65 MPa hence increasing the value by approximately 11%. The addition of Mg(OH)2 particles then decreased the compressive strength to 61.23 MPa therefore decreasing the value about 13%. The compressive strength gained for the rice-husk/PVAc composite with nanosilica filler is stronger than the composite of Kumagai S making it feasible to be used in many applications, especially in furnishings.
More from Less, Generating Wealth from Lower Grade and Urban Metal/Ore Sources
Authors: Rhamdhani M.A. , Khaliq Abdul , Brooks Geoffrey Alan , Masood Syed , Ahmad Sazzad , Islam M.S.
Published: July 2015

The present paper discusses the challenges both from the technical and non-technical point of views in unlocking alternative resources of lower grade and above ground (urban) metal ores. The lower concentration of the targeted metals and more complex composition of these alternative sources provide challenges in processing and recovering all the valuable metals. There is limited thermodynamic information and the lack of understanding of the behavior of the elements during processing. A comprehensive approach addressing both the technical and non-technical barriers need to be applied for maximizing the resource efficiency and wealth generation. A number of examples on innovation for processing alternative resources developed in the author’s laboratory are also discussed. These include the electrically enhanced boron impurities removal from metallurgical grade silicon and selective sulfidation to remove chrome spinels (such as chromite FeCr2O4) impurities from weathered ilmenite (FeTiO3).
The Processing of Low Grade Nickel Ore from South East Sulawesi
Authors: Solihin Solihin , Zaki Mubarok M. , Hapid Abdul , Firdiyono F.
Published: July 2015

The deposit of nickel ore in Indonesia is very abundant. High grade ore has been processed to produce ferronickel, but low grade nickel ore is still left as by product without being processed. This kind of ore has been attempted to be processed through atmospheric leaching and carbon reduction, separately. In atmospheric leaching process, it is found that iron and nickel can be separated from other minerals through leaching in acid media. The performance of process is influenced by certain process variables such as temperature and acid concentration. At high temperature and high acid concentration, at least 80 % of nickel and 95 % of iron can be extracted in less than 3 hours. The recovery profile of nickel and iron are similar. Nickel and iron extraction increase with an increase in acid concentration and temperature. Another type of process, reduction smelting, results in sponge iron that can be smelted to produce iron-nickel alloy. The ore was reduced by carbon at temperature range of 800 - 1200 °C. The progress of reduction reaction between oxide minerals and carbon depends on reduction temperature. At high temperature, the reduction reaction takes place rapidly. The reduced ores was smelted to obtain iron-nickel alloy.
The Influence of Cooling Rate on Macrosegregation in Bi-Sn Alloy
Authors: Zulaida Yeni Muriani
Published: July 2015

Macrosegregation occurs in casting the most case is as a result of slow interdendritic flow due to shrinkage geometry, solid deformation or gravity. In some cases could be the result of solid movement in the early stages of solidification[1]. The problem is that the observation of macrosegregation in steel material is not easy because of high temperature condition. This recent work uses low melting temperature material alloy to simulate the actual condition as a model material. Various efforts to prevent macrosegregation are aimed to control liquid flow and movement of solid, one of them is by cooling rate controling. In this experiment the mold is cooled in three types of cooling medias to represent three different cooling conditions in order to observe the influence of cooling rate on macrosegregation during solidification of the alloy. The outer part close to the mold wall and the bottom of casting contains less solute than inner location. This occurs in all cooling conditions but cooling rate can cause the solute in casting distributed differently. At high cooling rate condition, distribution of Bi rich grain is more uniform. It is mean that macrosegregation is reduced. Bi-richer grains accumulate at the bottom of the ingot. It could be caused by those grains settle due to their relative density to surrounding liquid during solidification.
Reduction of Low Grade Iron Ore Using a Mixture of Polyethilene (HDPE/LLDPE) and Coal as an Alternate Reductant
Authors: Milandia Anistasia , Oediyani Soesaptri
Published: July 2015

One attempt to utilize low grade iron ores involved the oxygen reduction by carbon monoxide. Carbon monoxide commonly produced from the carboneous materials such as coal but using coal as a reductant may harm the environments. On the other hand, plastic wastes or polyethilene have large potential as reductants for iron ores because their major elements are hydrogen and carbon. If these wastes could be effectively used in the iron-making process, the total CO2 emissions caused by coal would decrease because a signiﬁcant amount of plastic wastes is still simply incinerated without effective heat. Furthermore, the problems of polyethylene as a waste to the environments also can be eliminated. The aim of this research is to obtain sponge iron which has metallization more than 80 percent by using a mixture of coal and polyethilene as a reducing agent. The research variables are the compositions of reductant (3,5; 7,4; 10; 15 percent), temperature (900, 1100, and 1200°C), and times of the reduction (30, 60, 120, and 240 minutes). The result of the experiment shows that the most higher metalization is 80.22 percent reached by the temperature reduction 1200°C and time of reduction is 240 minutes. The experiment also shown that the used of 15 % HDPE giving maximum metalization for 86.79 percent. Although for 15 % LLDPE poliethilene giving maximum metalization for 81.31 percent.
Characterizations of Carbon Nanospheres Synthesized Using Activated Carbons and Palm Oil
Authors: Arie Arenst Andreas , Kristianto Hans , Susanti Ratna Frida , Devianto Hary , Halim Martin , Lee Joong Kee
Published: July 2015

Carbon Nanospheres (CNSs) have been synthesized by thermal pyrolysis method. A mixture of Fe-catalyst supported activated carbons and palm oil was used in the furnace to produce CNSs. Prior to the synthesis of CNSs, Fe-catalyst was deposited onto the surface of activated carbons by wet incipient impregnation method. The ratio of carbon support and palm oil was varied (1:1, 1: 2 and 1:3) to obtain CNSs. The characteristics of produced CNSs were then evaluated with BET surface area analysis, pore size distribution analysis, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). It was found that some impurities were still found in the CNSs in the forms of iron oxide and amorphous carbons.
Electron Tunneling Current in an n-p-n Bipolar Transistor Based on Armchair Graphene Nanoribbon by Using Airy-Wavefunction Approach
Authors: Noor Fatimah A. , Syariati Rifky , Suhendi Endi , Abdullah Mikrajuddin , Khairurrijal Khairurrijal
Published: July 2015

We have developed a model of the tunneling current in n-p-n bipolar transistor based on armchair graphene nanoribbon (AGNR). Airy-wavefunction approach is employed to obtain electron transmittance, and the obtained transmittance is then used to obtain the tunneling current. The tunneling current is calculated for various variables such as base-emitter voltage, base-current voltage, and AGNR width. It is found that the tunneling current increases with increasing the base-emitter voltage or the base-collector voltage. This result is due to the lowered barrier height of the base region caused by the increase in the base-emitter voltage or the base-collector voltage. In addition, the tunneling current density increases with the width for narrow AGNR and, on the other hand, it decreases for wide AGNR. This finding might be due to the contributions of the band gap energy and the electron effective mass of AGNR which are inversely proportional to the AGNR width.
Electrical Properties of Carbon-Based Thin Film on Al2O3/Si
Authors: Alfiadi Heldi , Virdian Angga , Darma Yudi
Published: July 2015

The electrical properties of Metal Insulator Semiconductor (MIS) structure comprise of carbon-based thin film grown on γ-Al2O3/Si have been studied. The carbon based thin film is deposited by using DC unbalanced magnetron sputtering using Fe doped carbon pellet as a target. Electrical properties of this structure have been analyzed through I-V characteristics measurements using cross-sectional electrode configurations. In-plane I-V measurement confirms the electrical conductivity of carbon layer is higher than Al2O3. The role of carbon thin film has been investigated by comparing the I-V characteristic of MIS structure with and without carbon thin film. Carbon layer and interface states of carbon/γ-Al2O3 have a significant contribution to enhance the cross-sectional current density. A simple energy band diagram model and theoretical calculation have been developed to further analyze this I-V characteristics data. This study is expected to be an alternative way to support the realization of future carbon-based electronic devices.
Semisolid Casting of Product with Thin Fins by Using Al-25%Si
Authors: Haga Toshio , Fuse Hiroshi
Published: July 2015

Low solid fraction simple rheocasting using Al-25%Si is proposed to cast a product with thin fins. The characteristics of this casting are presented. A conventional die-cast machine was used. The low solid fraction semisolid slurry was made in the sleeve of the die cast machine. Super cooling was used to reduce the casting temperature. The huge latent heat of the Si was utilized because of its excellent flow ability. A model of a heat sink, which was 0.5mm thick, 25mm high with 0.5 mm draft angle, was could be cast by the proposed process.
Grain Size Modification by Micro Rotary Swaging
Authors: Ishkina Svetlana , Kuhfuss Bernd , Schenck Christian
Published: July 2015

Rotary swaging is a well established cold forming process e.g. in the automotive industry. In order to modify the material properties by swaging systematically, a new process of swaging with asymmetrical strokes of the forming dies is investigated. The newly developed tools feature flat surfaces and do not represent the geometry of the formed part as in conventional swaging. Numerical simulation and physical tests are carried out with special regard to the resulting geometry, mechanical properties and the microstructure. During these tests copper wires with diameter d0=1 mm are formed. Regarding the microstructure in the longitudinal section of formed specimens, elongation of grains in the central part and grain size reduction in the boundary area are observed. Furthermore, this approach opens up new possibilities to configure the geometry of wires. 2D-simulation is applied and discussed in the paper to investigate change of the processed geometry (cross-section) and shear strain distribution during the rotary swaging process.
The Principal Component Analysis of Tribological Tests of Surface Layers Modified with IF-WS2 Nanoparticles
Authors: Pietraszek Jacek , Korzekwa Joanna , Goroshko Andrii
Published: July 2015

The investigation described in this paper resulted in some complicated statistical analysis. The first level was an experimental design with technological parameters as factorials input and geometrical surface layer properties as quantitative outputs. The second level was an analysis generally leading to an optimization inverse problem: what parameters result in desired surface layer properties. The principal component analysis was made to identify possibility of a dimensionality reduction and simplify the optimization. Obtained results showed that the experimental dataset is practically two-dimensional but PCA projection involves all factors into the skewed hyper-plane. This paper contains a description of the problem, obtained results, analysis and conclusions.
IL-1 Receptor Antagonist Chimeric Protein: Context-Specific and Inflammation-Restricted Activation
Authors: Rider Peleg , Carmi Yaron , Yossef Rami , Guttman Ofer , Eini Hadar , Azam Tania , Dinarello Charles A. , Lewis Eli C.
Published: July 2015

Both IL-1α and IL-1β are highly inflammatory cytokines mediating a wide spectrum of diseases. A recombinant form of the naturally occurring IL-1R antagonist (IL-1Ra), which blocks IL-1R1, is broadly used to treat autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases; however, blocking IL-1 increases the risk of infection. In this study, we describe the development of a novel form of recombinant IL-1Ra, termed chimeric IL-1Ra. This molecule is a fusion of the N-terminal peptide of IL-1β and IL-1Ra, resulting in inactive IL-1Ra. Because the IL-1β N-terminal peptide contains several protease sites clustered around the caspase-1 site, local proteases at sites of inflammation can cleave chimeric IL-1Ra and turn IL-1Ra active. We demonstrate that chimeric IL-1Ra reduces IL-1–mediated inflammation in vitro and in vivo. This unique approach limits IL-1 receptor blockade to sites of inflammation, while sparing a multitude of desired IL-1–related activities, including host defense against infections and IL-1–mediated repair.
Data protection laws and privacy on Facebook
Authors: Nyoni Phillip , Velempini Mthulisi
Published: July 2015

Background: Social networks have changed the way people communicate. Business processes and social interactions revolve more in the cyber space. However, as these cyber technologies advance, users become more exposed to privacy threats. Regulatory frameworks and legal instruments currently lacking a strong cyber presence are required, for the protection of users. Objectives: There is need to explore and evaluate the extent to which users are exposed to vulnerabilities and threats in the context of the existing protection laws and policies. Furthermore, to investigate how the existing legal instruments can be enhanced to better protect users. Method: This article evaluates and analyses these privacy challenges from a legalistic point of view. The study is focused on the South African Facebook users. Poll information gathered from the profile pages of users at North-West University was analysed. A short survey was also conducted to validate the poll results. Descriptive statistics, including measures of central tendency and measures of spread, have been used to present the data. In addition, a combination of tabulated and graphical description data was also summarised in a meaningful way. Results: The results clearly show that the legal frameworks and laws are still evolving and that they are not adequately drafted to deal with specific cyber violation of privacy. Conclusion: This highlights the need to review legal instruments on a regular basis with wider consultation with users in an endeavour to develop a robust and an enforceable legal framework. A proactive legal framework would be the ideal approach unfortunately; law is reactive to cyber-crimes.
On the Bernstein Problem in the Three-dimensional Heisenberg Group
Authors: Dorfmeister Josef F. , Inoguchi Jun-ichi , Kobayashi Shimpei
Published: July 2015

In this note we present a simple alternative proof for the Bernstein problem in the threedimensional Heisenberg group Nil3 by using the loop group technique. We clarify the geometric meaning of the two-parameter ambiguity of entire minimal graphs with prescribed Abresch- Rosenberg diòerential.
Making Healthy Eating Policy Practice
Authors: Beets Michael W. , Weaver R. Glenn , Turner-McGrievy Gabrielle , Huberty Jennifer , Ward Dianne S. , Freedman Darcy , Hutto Brent , Moore Justin B. , Beighle Aaron
Published: July 2015

Purpose.

The aim of this study was to evaluate an intervention designed to assist after-school programs (ASPs) in meeting snack nutrition policies that specify that a fruit or vegetable be served daily and sugar-sweetened beverages/foods and artificially flavored foods eliminated.

Design.

The study used a 1-year group-randomized controlled trial.

Setting.

The study took place in ASPs operating in South Carolina, United States.

Subjects.

Twenty ASPs serving over 1700 children were recruited, match-paired postbaseline on enrollment size and days fruits/vegetables were served per week, and randomized to either intervention (n = 10) or control (n = 10) groups.

Intervention.

The study used Strategies To Enhance Practice for Healthy Eating (STEPs-HE), a multistep adaptive intervention framework that assists ASP leaders and staff to serve snacks that meet nutrition policies while maintaining cost.

Measures.

Direct observation of snacks served and consumed and monthly snack expenditures as determined by receipts were used.

Analysis.

The study used nonparametric and mixed-model repeated measures.

Results.

By postassessment, intervention ASPs increased serving of fruits/vegetables to 3.9 ± 2.1 vs. 0.7 ± 1.7 d/wk and decreased serving sugar-sweetened beverages to 0.1 ± 0.7 vs. 1.8 ± 2.4 d/wk and sugar-sweetened foods to 0.3 ± 1.1 vs. 2.7 ± 2.5 d/wk compared to controls, respectively. Cost of snacks increased by $0.02/snack in the intervention ASPs ($0.36 to $0.38) compared to a $0.01 per snack decrease in the control group ($0.39 to $0.38). Across both assessments and groups, 80% to 100% of children consumed FVs.

Conclusions.

The STEPs-HE intervention can assist ASPs in meeting nationally endorsed nutrition policies with marginal increases in cost.
Erkenntnistheoretische Modelle und Realismusdefinitionen nach 1950
Authors: Hrenko Podergajs Klavdija
Published: July 2015

Die Postmoderne wird als Verfassung radikaler Pluralität verstanden, die (einheitlichen) Definitionen der Begriffe Original, Individuum, Wahrheit und Wirklichkeit werden problematisch. Da alles ein Konstrukt ist, kann auch der Realismusbegriff nicht mehr einheitlich definiert werden. Der Beitrag zeigt, dass der Bezug des ,modernen' erkenntnis-theoretischen Diskurses auf den literaturwissenschaftlichen dazu führt, dass die Frage nach der dargestellten Realität im literarischen Werk nicht mehr zu beantworten ist. In diesem Sinn kann von einer dritten, Entwicklungs-phase' des Realismus gesprochen werden: Dem ,realen' Realismus, der nicht mehr vortäuscht, dass es die Realität sei, die dargestellt wird, sondern es wird offen zugestanden, dass es etwas Erdachtes sei, das jedoch den Effekt hervorrufen kann, wahr (real) zu sein. Um terminologischen Unklarheiten aus dem Weg zu gehen, wäre es m. E. besser voneiner realistischen Schreibweise zu sprechen als von einem Realismus, da der Begriff zu sehr an den literaturhistorischen Kontext gebunden ist und viele Konnotationen enthält.
Študenti ekonomije in poslovnih ved kot ciljni uporabniki dvojezičnih (strokovnih) slovarjev
Authors: Plos Alenka
Published: July 2015

Brez dvoma je slovar pomemben delovni pripomoček za učenca tujega jezika. Z uporabo učnega slovarja lahko uporabnik razširi svoje tujejezične kompetence, vključno s komunikativno kot tudi multikulturno komponento, ki sta v današnjem globaliziranem okolju še kako pomembni. Večina dvojezičnih strokovnih slovarjev je zasnovana kot pri pomoček strokovnjakom, ki se ukvarjajo z isto stroko, govorijo pa različne materne jezike in zato so ponavadi zasnovani kot glosarji z navedbo iztočnice v izhodiščnem jeziku in ekvivalenti v ciljnem jeziku. Študentom pa slovarji, ki so narejeni za strokovnjake, ne morejo veliko pomagati, ker jim same navedbe ekvivalentov ne ponudijo širših informacij, ki jih študenti kot začetniki na strokovnem področju potrebujejo, da bi lahko uspešno kodirali ali dekodirali strokovno besedilo v tujem jeziku. Njihova strokovna terminologija je v nastajanju, tako v maternem kot tudi v tujem jeziku. Zato jim dvojezični strokovni slovarji glede na njihovo učno situacijo morajo ponuditi več, od spremljevalnih besedil do slovarskih sestavkov z bogatejšo in dobro strukturirano mikrostrukturo.
Secondary organic aerosol formation from the β-pinene+NO3 system: effect of humidity and peroxy radical fate
Authors: Boyd C. M. , Sanchez J. , Xu L. , Eugene A. J. , Nah T. , Tuet W. Y. , Guzman M. I. , Ng N. L.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The formation of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the oxidation of β-pinene via nitrate radicals is investigated in the Georgia Tech Environmental Chamber (GTEC) facility. Aerosol yields are determined for experiments performed under both dry (relative humidity (RH) < 2 %) and humid (RH = 50 % and RH = 70 %) conditions. To probe the effects of peroxy radical (RO2) fate on aerosol formation, "RO2 + NO3 dominant" and "RO2 + HO2 dominant" experiments are performed. Gas-phase organic nitrate species (with molecular weights of 215, 229, 231, and 245 amu, which likely correspond to molecular formulas of C10H17NO4, C10H15NO5, C10H17NO5, and C10H15NO6, respectively) are detected by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) and their formation mechanisms are proposed. The NO+ (at m/z 30) and NO2+ (at m/z 46) ions contribute about 11 % to the combined organics and nitrate signals in the typical aerosol mass spectrum, with the NO+ : NO2+ ratio ranging from 4.8 to 10.2 in all experiments conducted. The SOA yields in the "RO2 + NO3 dominant" and "RO2 + HO2 dominant" experiments are comparable. For a wide range of organic mass loadings (5.1–216.1 μg m−3), the aerosol mass yield is calculated to be 27.0–104.1 %. Although humidity does not appear to affect SOA yields, there is evidence of particle-phase hydrolysis of organic nitrates, which are estimated to compose 45–74 % of the organic aerosol. The extent of organic nitrate hydrolysis is significantly lower than that observed in previous studies on photooxidation of volatile organic compounds in the presence of NOx. It is estimated that about 90 and 10 % of the organic nitrates formed from the β-pinene+NO3 reaction are primary organic nitrates and tertiary organic nitrates, respectively. While the primary organic nitrates do not appear to hydrolyze, the tertiary organic nitrates undergo hydrolysis with a lifetime of 3–4.5 h. Results from this laboratory chamber study provide the fundamental data to evaluate the contributions of monoterpene + NO3 reaction to ambient organic aerosol measured in the southeastern United States, including the Southern Oxidant and Aerosol Study (SOAS) and the Southeastern Center for Air Pollution and Epidemiology (SCAPE) study.
The impact of snow nitrate photolysis on boundary layer chemistry and the recycling and redistribution of reactive nitrogen across Antarctica in a global chemical transport model
Authors: Zatko M. C. , Geng L. , Alexander B. , Sofen E. D. , Klein K.
Published: July 2015

Abstract. The formation and recycling of reactive nitrogen (NO, NO2, HONO) at the air-snow interface has implications for air quality and the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere in snow-covered regions. Nitrate(NO3-) photolysis in snow provides a source of oxidants (e.g., hydroxyl radical, ozone) and oxidant precursors (e.g., nitrogen oxides) to the overlying boundary layer, and disturbs the preservation of NO3- in ice cores. We have incorporated the photolysis of Antarctic snow NO3- into a global chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to examine the implications of snow NO3- photolysis for boundary layer chemistry, the recycling and redistribution of reactive nitrogen across the Antarctic continent, and the preservation of ice-core NO3- in Antarctic ice cores. The calculated potential flux of snow-sourced NOx in Antarctica (0.5–7.8 × 108 molec cm-2 s-1) and calculated e-folding depths of UV actinic flux in snowpack (24–69 cm) are comparable to observations. Snow-sourced NOx increases mean austral summer boundary layer mixing ratios of total nitrate (HNO3 + NO3-), NOx, OH, and O3 in Antarctica by a factor of up to 32, 38, 7, and 2, respectively, in the model. Model results also suggest that NO3- can be recycled between the air and snow multiple times and that NO3- can remain in the snow photic zone for at least 7.5 years on the East Antarctic plateau. The fraction of photolysis-driven loss of NO3- from the snow is ∼ 0.99 on the East Antarctic plateau, while areas of wind convergence (e.g., over the Ronne Ice Shelf) have a net gain of NO3- due to redistribution of snow-sourced reactive nitrogen across the Antarctic continent. The modeled enrichment in ice-core δ 15N(NO3-) due to photolysis-driven loss of snow NO3- ranges from 0 to 363 ‰ and the magnitudes of the spatial trends are consistent with δ 15N(NO3-) observations, suggesting that the spatial variability in snow δ 15N(NO3-) across the Antarctic continent is determined mainly by the degree of photolysis-driven loss of snow NO3-. Further, there is a strong relationship between the degree of photolysis-driven loss of snow NO3- and the degree of nitrogen recycling between the air and snow, suggesting that ice-core δ 15N(NO3-) observations can be used to assess the degree of nitrogen recycling and loss over much of Antarctica and aid in the interpretation of ice-core NO3- in terms of past atmospheric variability of reactive nitrogen.