bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biodistribution of60Co–Co/Graphitic-Shell NanocrystalsIn Vivo
Authors: Zhan Li , Wei Qi , Yanxia Geng , Junzheng Xu , Wangsuo Wu
Published: July 2011

The magnetic nano-materials, Co/graphitic carbon- (GC-) shell nanocrystals, were madeviachemicalvapour deposition (CVD) method, and their biodistribution and excretion in mice were studied by using postintravenously (i.v.) injecting with60Co–Co/GC nanocrystals. The results showed that about 5% of Co was embedded into graphitic carbon to form multilayer Co/GC nanocrystals and the size of the particle was ~20 nm, the thickness of the nanocrystal cover layer was ~4 nm, and the core size of Co was ~14 nm. Most of the nanocrystals were accumulated in lung, liver, and spleen after 6, 12, 18, and 24 h afteri.v.with60Co–Co/GC nanocrystals. The nanoparticles were cleared rapidly from blood and closed to lower level in 10 min after injection. The60Co–Co/GC nanocrystals were eliminated slowly from body in 24 h after injection, ~6.09% of60Co–Co/GC nanocrystals were excreted by urine, ~1.85% by feces in 24 h, and the total excretion was less than 10%.
Bivariate EMD‐Based Data Adaptive Approach to the Analysis of Climate Variability
Authors: Molla Md. Khademul Islam , Ghosh Poly Rani , Hirose Keikichi
Published: July 2011

This paper presents a data adaptive approach for the analysis of climate variability using bivariate empirical mode decomposition (BEMD). The time series of climate factors: daily evaporation, maximum and minimum temperatures are taken into consideration in variability analysis. All climate data are collected from a specific area of Bihar in India. Fractional Gaussian noise (fGn) is used here as the reference signal. The climate signal and fGn (of same length) are combined to produce bivariate (complex) signal which is decomposed using BEMD into a finite number of sub‐band signals named intrinsic mode functions (IMFs). Both of climate signal as well as fGn are decomposed together into IMFs. The instantaneous frequencies and Fourier spectrum of IMFs are observed to illustrate the property of BEMD. The lowest frequency oscillation of climate signal represents the annual cycle (AC) which is an important factor in analyzing climate change and variability. The energies of the fGn′s IMFs are used to define the data adaptive threshold to separate AC. The IMFs of climate signal with energy exceeding such threshold are summed up to separate the AC. The interannual distance of climate signal is also illustrated for better understanding of climate change and variability.
Application of the Cylindrical Wave Approach to the Simulation of Buried Utilities
Authors: Frezza Fabrizio , Pajewski Lara , Ponti Cristina , Schettini Giuseppe
Published: July 2011

The cylindrical wave approach is resumed. It is a full-wave technique for the solution of the two-dimensional plane-wave scattering problem by a set of perfectly conducting and dielectric cylinders buried in a dielectric half-space, or in a finite-thickness slab. This method can be applied for simulating scenarios with cylindrical inhomogeneities buried in the earth. New numerical results are presented, concerning the simulation of buried utilities. In particular, metallic pipes and air cavities are simulated.
Coverage of Megaprosthesis with Human Acellular Dermal Matrix after Ewing's Sarcoma Resection: A Case Report
Authors: Whitfield Robert M. , Rinard Jeremy , King David
Published: July 2011

A 23-year-old female with Ewing's Sarcoma underwent tibial resection and skeletal reconstruction using proximal tibial allograft prosthetic reconstruction with distal femur endoprosthetic reconstruction and rotating hinge. Human acellular dermal matrix, (Alloderm, LifeCell, Branchburg, NJ, USA), was used to wrap the skeletal reconstruction. Soft tissue reconstruction was completed with a rotational gastrocnemius muscle flap and skin graft. Despite prolonged immobilization, the patient quickly regained full range of motion of her skeletal reconstruction. Synthetic mesh, tapes and tubes are used to perform capsule reconstruction of megaprosthesis. This paper describes the role of human acellular dermal matrix in capsule reconstruction around a megaprosthesis.
Current Concepts of Hyperinflammation in Chronic Granulomatous Disease
Authors: Rieber Nikolaus , Hector Andreas , Kuijpers Taco , Roos Dirk , Hartl Dominik
Published: July 2011

Chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) is the most common inherited disorder of phagocytic functions, caused by genetic defects in the leukocyte nicotinamide dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase. Consequently, CGD phagocytes are impaired in destroying phagocytosed microorganisms, rendering the patients susceptible to bacterial and fungal infections. Besides this immunodeficiency, CGD patients suffer from various autoinflammatory symptoms, such as granuloma formation in the skin or urinary tract and Crohn-like colitis. Owing to improved antimicrobial treatment strategies, the majority of CGD patients reaches adulthood, yet the autoinflammatory manifestations become more prominent by lack of causative treatment options. The underlying pathomechanisms driving hyperinflammatory reactions in CGD are poorly understood, but recent studies implicate reduced neutrophil apoptosis and efferocytosis, dysbalanced innate immune receptors, altered T-cell surface redox levels, induction of Th17 cells, the enzyme indolamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), impaired Nrf2 activity, and inflammasome activation. Here we discuss immunological mechanisms of hyperinflammation and their potential therapeutic implications in CGD.
Supply Chain Coordination under Stock- and Price-Dependent Selling Rates under Declining Market
Authors: Saha Subrata , Das Sambhu , Basu Manjusri
Published: July 2011

We explore coordination issues of a two-echelon supply chain, consisting of a distributor and a retailer. The effect of revenue-sharing contract mechanism is examined under stock-time-price-sensitive demand rate. First, we investigate relationships between distributor and retailer under noncooperative distributor-Stackelberg games. Then we establish analytically that revenue sharing contact is able to coordinate the system and leads to the win-win outcomes. Finally, numerical examples are presented to compare results between the different models.
Traditional Chinese Medicine for Senile Dementia
Authors: Lin Zhihong , Gu Jie , Xiu Jin , Mi Tingyan , Dong Jie , Tiwari Jyoti Kumar
Published: July 2011

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) has a 3000 years' history of human use. A literature survey addressing traditional evidence from human studies was done, with key result that top 10 TCM herb ingredients includingPoria cocos,Radix polygalae,Radix glycyrrhizae,Radix angelica sinensis, andRadix rehmanniaewere prioritized for highest potential benefit to dementia intervention, related to the highest frequency of use in 236 formulae collected from 29 ancient Pharmacopoeias, ancient formula books, or historical archives on ancient renowned TCM doctors, over the past 10 centuries. Based on the history of use, there was strong clinical support thatRadix polygalaeis memory improving. Pharmacological investigation also indicated that all the five ingredients mentioned above can elicit memory-improving effectsin vivoandin vitrovia multiple mechanisms of action, covering estrogen-like, cholinergic, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic, neurogenetic, and anti-Aβ activities. Furthermore, 11 active principles were identified, including sinapic acid, tenuifolin, isoliquiritigenin, liquiritigenin, glabridin, ferulic acid, Z-ligustilide, N-methyl-beta-carboline-3-carboxamide, coniferyl ferulate and 11-angeloylsenkyunolide F, and catalpol. It can be concluded that TCM has a potential for complementary and alternative role in treating senile dementia. The scientific evidence is being continuously mined to back up the traditional medical wisdom.
The Ghost in the Machine: Why and How the Belief in Magic Survives in the Rational Mind
Authors: Subbotsky Eugene
Published: July 2011

Since the time of Galileo (1564–1642), Western civilization has increasingly fallen under the spell of science. Despite this fact, anthropological and psychological research has shown that magical beliefs are present in both children and adults in modern industrial cultures. How can a belief in magic coexist with a belief in science in the mind of a rational, educated adult? A possible explanation is that magical beliefs survive in the rational mind by going into the subconscious. The following hypothesis is considered in the series of studies presented in this paper: in modern industrial cultures, magical beliefs appear in preschool children as a legitimate, conscious form of belief that coexists with children’s belief in physical causality and is supported by social environment. In older children and adults, under the pressure of scientific and religious education, magical beliefs descend into the domain of the subconscious. Experiments examining this hypothesis will be reviewed; theoretical and practical implications of the existence of subconscious magical beliefs in modern rational adults will be analyzed.
Contradictory or Complementary? Creationist and Evolutionist Explanations of the Origin(s) of Species
Authors: Evans E. Margaret , Lane Jonathan D.
Published: July 2011

Almost half of the US public rejects the idea that humans originated via evolution rather than by supernatural design. Moreover, studies demonstrate that even biology teachers have difficulty teaching their students about evolution, often including creationist explanations as well. A typical response to such findings is the argument that greater exposure to evolutionary theory would eliminate these unscientific alternatives. However, creationist ideas are not easily extinguished. Even after repeated exposure to evolutionary concepts, creationist ideas are more likely to be incorporated into hybrid frameworks along with evolutionary ideas, rather than completely rejected. Thus, members of the public often find these ideas complementary rather than contradictory. In this review, we apply dual-process theory to examine individuals’ understandings of the origins of species. We describe cognitive biases that operate at the intuitive-autonomous level (system 1), some of which, we argue, anchor belief in supernatural design, and others of which potentially anchor evolutionary ideas. At the other end of the continuum, reflective and abstract reasoning (system 2) processes are apparent in both scientific and theological explanations of origins. We conclude that presenting supernatural and natural explanations of biological origins as contradictory belies the way they function in everyday reasoning. By understanding the theological and the scientific arguments as well as the way most people intuitively reason about such existential questions, teachers might be better prepared to deal with these issues in the classroom.
Between Religion and Science: Integrating Psychological and Philosophical Accounts of Explanatory Coexistence
Authors: Legare Cristine H. , Visala Aku
Published: July 2011

Examining the relationship between religion and science has until recently been considered a philosophical exercise and, as a consequence, theories of how natural and supernatural explanations are related tend to be highly abstract and operate at the level of ideal rationality rather than in the psychological reality of actual believers. Although cognitive developmental psychologists have studied the topic of explanation quite extensively, until recently little has been known about how people interpret, accommodate, and reconcile natural and supernatural explanations in everyday life. We review psychological data from three core biological domains and provide an analysis of how philosophical and psychological accounts are complementary. We propose that emerging psychological accounts of the coexistence of natural and supernatural explanations may be developed further by adopting the conceptual resources provided by philosophers, especially with respect to the topics of explanation and possible relationships between science and religion. Furthermore, psychological data can inform philosophical accounts by providing information concerning how people reason about topics of fundamental concern to humans.
Optical Coherence Tomography: A New Tool to Assess Nail Disease in Psoriasis?
Authors: Aydin Sibel Zehra , Ash Zoe , Del Galdo Francesco , Marzo-Ortega Helena , Wakefield Richard J. , Emery Paul , McGonagle Dennis
Published: July 2011

Background: Nail disease is a characteristic manifestation of the psoriatic disease spectrum but is poorly understood. Objective: Given the intrinsically high spatial resolution imaging capabilities of optical coherence tomography (OCT), we assessed its value in psoriatic nail disease compared to high-resolution ultrasonography (US). Methods: All fingernails in a psoriatic arthritis patient with nail changes were scanned with OCT, and findings were compared with high-resolution US. Results: US showed loss of trilaminar appearance in all nails, resulting in the nail plate being visualized as a single hyperechoic layer with inhomogeneous thickness. The OCT images showed much higher-resolution changes with prominent thickening in the ventral plate at the nail bed which was grossly inhomogeneous, ‘eroded’ and irregularly fused with the underlying epidermis, which correlated with the clinical observation of subungal hyperakeratosis. Conclusion: OCT has considerable potential for the evaluation of psoriatic nail disease and may be superior to US.
C-Reactive Protein and the Risk of Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Gao Fei , Zhou Yu Jie , Zhu Xi , Wang Zhi Jian , Yang Shi Wei , Shen Hua
Published: July 2011

Background: The relationship between preprocedural C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and the incidence of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is unknown. Methods: Documents of 7,310 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) were screened. Patients with acute myocardial infarction, cardiogenic shock, concomitant inflammatory conditions or undergoing CABG within 48 h were excluded due to potential confounding effects. Results: A total of 4,522 patients were valid for analysis. The median follow-up was 26 months (interquartile range 20–33 months). According to preprocedural CRP values, patients were divided into 3 groups: group 1: CRP <1.0 mg/l (n = 1,523); group 2: 1.0 mg/l ≤ CRP ≤ 3.0 mg/l (n = 1,626); group 3: CRP >3.0 mg/l (n = 1,373). Patients with higher preprocedural CRP levels were associated with a significantly increased rate of CI-AKI (10.6 vs. 14.9 vs. 23.5%, p < 0.0001). After adjustment for baseline covariates, CRP level was still an independent predictor for the incidence of CI-AKI, either as a continuous variable or a categorical variable. Patients with higher CRP values had a significantly higher rate of all-cause mortality and myocardial infarction during follow-up. Conclusion: Elevated preprocedural CRP is associated with an increased risk for CI-AKI in patients undergoing PCI. Preprocedural risk stratification with CRP as an adjunct to established clinical risk factors might be useful.
Additional Lesions Detected in Therapeutic Scans with 177Lu-DOTATATE Reflect Higher Affinity of 177Lu-DOTATATE for Somatostatin Receptors
Authors: Mirzaei Siroos , Bastati Brigitte , Lipp Rainer W. , Knoll Peter , Zojer Niklas , Ludwig Heinz
Published: July 2011

Objective: Peptide receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy (PRRT) of somatostatin receptor (SR)-expressing neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) has become an established therapeutic option in patients with advanced NETs. The aim of this study was to compare the lesion detection rate of 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC, a newly developed tracer for NET imaging, with 177Lu-DOTATATE used for PRRT. Methods: 8 patients (4 women, 4 men, age range 46–76 years) with histologically proven NETs, who showed high SR loads by 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC scintigraphy, were treated with 177Lu-DOTATATE. After treatment, all patients were subjected to whole-body scintigraphy with additional low-dose single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT-CT) of the chest and abdomen. Results: All patients demonstrated 177Lu-DOTATATE accumulation in all lesions previously detected by 99mTc- EDDA/HYNIC-TOC scintigraphy. Three patients showed additional lesions in the liver and lungs. Conclusions: SPECT-CT after 177Lu-DOTATATE therapy may be helpful in detecting additional lesions not seen using 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC. This could reflect the broader affinity of 177Lu-DOTATATE for SRs compared with 99mTc-EDDA/HYNIC-TOC.
Physical Activity in the Prevention of Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Stump Craig S.
Published: July 2011

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. The increase in CKD in recent decades has paralleled increases in obesity, diabetes, and the metabolic syndrome. Physical inactivity is a modifiable risk factor that may affect the development and course of CKD. It is well established that exercise training improves a number of metabolic factors, including blood pressure and insulin resistance, which would be expected to preserve renal function as well as lower CVD risk. Epidemiological studies have suggested that partaking in vigorous physical activity may protect against kidney disease. However, to date few studies have rigorously measured physical activity levels. Instead, investigators have relied on subjective measures of physical activity and patient recall. This is particularly problematic when attempting to capture low- and very-low-intensity physical activity and in quantifying sedentary behavior. Improvements in vascular endothelial function, insulin sensitivity, adipocytokine profiles, and oxidative stress likely mediate the benefits of physical activity on the kidney. While formal exercise recommendations have been published for diabetes and hypertension, guidelines regarding the optimal type, frequency, intensity and duration of physical activity for preventing CKD have yet to be formalized.
Activation of Arterial Matrix Metalloproteinases Leads to Vascular Calcification in Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Chen Neal X. , O’Neill Kalisha D. , Chen Xianming , Kiattisunthorn Kraiwiporn , Gattone Vincent H. , Moe Sharon M.
Published: July 2011

Background: The objective of the current study was to determine if altered regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) may predispose to extracellular matrix degradation, facilitating arterial calcification in chronic kidney disease (CKD) using a progressive model of CKD-MBD, the Cy/+ rat. Methods: Sera were collected from normal or CKD rats at various times and MMP-2 and MMP-9 levels determined by ELISA or zymography. Aorta tissue was harvested at sacrifice for RT-PCR and immunostaining. Calcification of aorta rings was assessed with MMP inhibitors. Results: There was an increase in MMP-2, MMP-9, TIMP-1, and RUNX-2 expression in the aorta with progressive CKD, and increased MMP-2 activity in the serum. Immunostaining revealed increased expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in areas of aorta calcification. There was also an upregulation of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC) from CKD rats. MMP inhibitors decreased calcification of aorta rings from normal and CKD rats. High phosphorus increased MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions in VSMC from normal rats but not from CKD rats. Conclusion: MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression and activity are increased with progressive CKD, and blockade of MMP activity can inhibit arterial calcification. These data suggest degradation of the extracellular matrix is a critical step in the pathogenesis of arterial calcification in CKD.
'Look it up in…'? Aramaic Lexicography Some General Observations
Authors: Kwasman Theodore
Published: July 2011

It is astounding how few dictionaries have been published for Aramaic in the last century. The standard dictionaries such as Payne Smith, Jastrow and Levy are all about a century or more old. This article discusses the current state of Aramaic lexicography against the background of Semitic lexicography in general, and it provides an overview of Aramaic dictionaries for each of the dialects, concluding with a profile for future Aramaic lexicography.
Trouble in the Trees! Variant Selection and Tree Construction Illustrated by the Texts of Targum Judges
Authors: Smelik Willem
Published: July 2011

The genealogy of textual witnesses of the Jewish Aramaic Bible translations is fraught with difficulties because our copies reveal traces of non-linear influences. This article explores some criteria for the selection of variant readings in order to achieve a meaningful picture of the relationships between the witnesses, while focusing on the results of two editions and two manuscripts whose relationship to one another is known. The second part of this article provides an evaluation of the results in the form of shock waves and initial trees. A case is made for the preservation of all variant readings, while using our images of text relations as a heuristic device to help understand the course of variant readings.
The Peshitta of Ben Sira: Jewish and/or Christian?
Authors: van Peursen Wido
Published: July 2011

The religious context in which the Syriac translation of the Bible originated is a much-debated issue. Some scholars argue that it originated in a Jewish context, others that it has a Christian background. Also various hypotheses about a Jewish-Christian origin have been put forward. This paper argues that the question 'Jewish or Christian?' and even the question 'Jewish, Christian, or Jewish-Christian?' is an over-simplification of the problem because of the broad Jewish-Christian spectrum that existed in the first centuries of the Common Era. The paper concentrates on the Syriac translation of Ben Sira, which has some undeniable traces of an origin somewhere on the Christian side of the spectrum.
A revision of the Iponematinae (Nematoda: Drilonematoidea) with description of three new species parasitic in tropical earthworms
Authors: Neuhaus Birger , Ivanova Elena
Published: July 2011

The Iponematinae is revised based on the morphological analysis of known and newly described species. Globocephalonema is restored to accommodate three former Iponema species: G. krishnanii, G. hyderabadense and G. timmae. Emended generic diagnoses and keys for species identification are proposed. Three new species, Filiponema javanicum sp. n., F. cylindropharyngatum sp. n. and Tonoscolecinema awakubianum sp. n., parasitic in earthworms deposited in the collection of the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin, are described and illustrated. Filiponema javanicum sp. n. is closest to F. sarmathicum but is distinguished by its smaller amphids, a cylindroid vs clavate pharynx, the absence of genital sensilla with rounded bases and short bristle in the centre, the lack of somatic sensilla in males, and a differently shaped gubernaculum. From the other three species of the genus, it clearly differs by a rounded vs pointed tail in both sexes. Filiponema cylindropharyngatum sp. n. differs from its congeners by the uniquely short and slim pharynx and fewer eggs with more elongated, finely tuberculate vs smooth, ovoid eggshells. Tonoscolecinema awakubianum sp. n. differs by the presence of a pre-corpal bulb-like pharyngeal swelling, a glandular pharyngeal bulb, a gradually tapering vs conical female tail and cuticularised rectum in females.
The Babylonian Aramaic in Tractate Karetot According to MS Oxford
Authors: Breuer Yochanan
Published: July 2011

This article describes the Aramaic of Tractate Karetot of the Babylonian Talmud according to MS Oxford Bodl. heb. b. 1. Tractate Karetot is one of the tractates which exhibit a special kind of Babylonian Aramaic. The first part of the article contains a description of this kind of Aramaic, with an attempt to define its unique features and their origin. MS Oxford Bodl. heb. b. 1 is the oldest dated manuscript of the Babylonian Talmud (BT) to have reached us. The second part of the article describes the features found in this manuscript which are different from the type of Aramaic known from the printed editions of the Babylonian Talmud. This is the first comprehensive description of a manuscript of the Babylonian Talmud outside the Yemenite manuscripts.
A Brief Comparison of Targumic and Midrashic Angelological Traditions
Authors: Everson David
Published: July 2011

In comparing the angelological traditions of Targum Pseudo-Jonathan, as seen in several key passages, to those of rabbinic literature, one finds that the former draws broadly from the various periods of the latter. The angelology of Targum Pseudo-Jonathan reflects traditions seen as early as the Tosefta and as late as Pirqe de Rabbi Eliezer. Despite the fact that various passages within this targum may echo pseudepigraphic traditions, Targum Pseudo-Jonathan contains a number of angelological traditions that are exclusive to rabbinic literature.
The Book of Daniel in the Bible of Edessa
Authors: Taylor Richard
Published: July 2011

The translation and accompanying notes for the forthcoming annotated English translation of the book of Daniel in the Bible of Edessa will be consistent with the following features of the Syriac Peshitta of Daniel. First, Peshitta-Daniel is a primary version of the Hebrew-Aramaic text and not a daughter version made from a Greek text. Second, some Peshitta-Daniel readings are superior from a text-critical perspective to readings of the MT. Third, Peshitta-Daniel is not significantly influenced by the Septuagint, although it does frequently align with the Greek text of Theodotion. Fourth, Peshitta-Daniel is essentially a literal translation of its Hebrew-Aramaic source text, while at the same time maintaining a high level of stylistic elegance in Syriac. Fifth, Peshitta-Daniel frequently reverses the order of matched pairs of words due to translation technique. Sixth, Peshitta manuscripts of the book of Daniel have interpretive glosses that guide the reader as to the exegesis of chapters 7, 8, and 11, adopting an approach to the interpretation of Daniel that suggests at least indirect influence from the pagan philosopher Porphyry.
Two terms in Ezra
Authors: Zadok Ran
Published: July 2011

It is suggested that trply originates from trmly' 'Lycians', which is recorded in official Aramaic at the end of the Achaemenid period. Trmly → trply underwent two phonological shifts. The historical problem arising from the suggested identification is addressed. 'ptm is recorded as apputumu (or apputammu) in two Late-Babylonian deeds from 503–502 BCE about the baker's prebend of the Borsippan temple in Babylonia. Although the Old-Iranian source of this term cannot be identified so far, there is no need to emend the OT form to 'pts, and 'ptm is a substantive rather than an adverb.
The Heritage of Imperial Aramaic in Eastern Aramaic
Authors: Gzella Holger
Published: July 2011

Based on certain linguistic features, the varieties of Aramaic attested after the Persian period are usually divided into a Western and an Eastern branch. It is, however, less easy to pinpoint the origin of these two branches, since already the first textual witnesses of Aramaic exhibit a considerable amount of variation. This paper attempts to reconsider some traits often associated with Eastern Aramaic (less clearly defined than its Western counterpart) from a diachronic point of view and relates them to the distinctive features of Imperial Aramaic. Whereas some of them clearly antedate the fall of the Persian Empire, many others reflect later developments.
Diathesis and Middle Voice in the Syriac Ancient Grammatical Tradition: The Translations and Adaptations of the Téchne Grammatiké and the Arabic Model
Authors: Farina Margherita
Published: July 2011

A number of ancient Syriac grammars are analysed, as far as the passages related to diathesis are concerned. It appears that the concept and the definition of diathesis vary diachronically, but also according to the theoretical framework chosen by the authors. The influence of different Greek and Arabic models (and of their interactions) causes variation in the perspective under which diathesis is conceived and described. Particular attention is devoted to the middle diathesis, which is attributed to Syriac exclusively in the translation of the Téchne Grammatiké, made by Huzaya in the VI century. The comparison of the Greek original with the Syriac translation may also shed some light on the concept of middle diathesis, as meant in the Téchne.
The Aramaic Dialect(s) of the Toldot Yeshu Fragments
Authors: Smelik Willem
Published: July 2011

The Aramaic fragments of the Toldot Yeshu have long been recognized as the oldest version of this polemical tradition which was translated, and elaborated, into many other languages, and transmitted throughout the centuries after its inception. The Aramaic dialect of these fragments has been described as an artificial mixture of Palestinian and Babylonian Aramaic. A grammatical analysis of each of these fragments reveals that they display the signs of an incomplete dialectal translation from Western to Eastern Aramaic, with conspicuous Western Aramaic morphemes in one fragment. On the other hand, the vast majority of the text of the other fragments is written in a blend of two Eastern Aramaic stocks, one literary type Aramaic which resembles that of Onqelos, and one more colloquial dialect which comes very close to Talmudic Aramaic. Finally, the hybrid construction of the agreement pronoun attached to the nota objecti, followed by the direct object marked by, suggests that the text received further linguistic updating in the West at a relatively late stage in the textual history of this tradition.
The Treatment of Poverty and Theodicy in the Syriac Translation of Ben Sira
Authors: Siegal Michal Bar-Asher
Published: July 2011

This paper is aimed to address the relationship between the Hebrew and the Syriac versions of Ben Sira—and it will try to expose a coherent agenda on the part of the Syriac translator, explaining at least some of the differences between the two versions. The Syriac translator felt obliged to change the content of the original text's treatment of evil. He tended to stress human choice and mute Ben Sira's allusions to predestination and God's creation of Evil. Pointing out this tendency offers new perspectives on earlier scholarship, especially Winter (1977), who claimed that the Syriac version was biased against wealth.
The Recovery of the Aramaic Root br' 'to cleanse' and Another Possible Aramaising Rendering in the Septuagint
Authors: Stadel Christian
Published: July 2011

One source of our knowledge of the Aramaic used in Hellenistic Egypt is the Septuagint, whose translators at times resorted to Aramaic when rendering their Hebrew Vorlage. The present article proposes one such 'Aramaising rendering', in which the Hebrew verb br' pi''el 'to cut down (wood)' was translated as if derived from the Aramaic homonymous root meaning 'to cleanse'. This root, attested in Nabataean, Samaritan, and Jewish Babylonian Aramaic and mistakenly seen as an Arabism in these dialects, is recovered as Aramaic.
The Causative Internal Passive in Qumran Aramaic
Authors: Cook Edward M.
Published: July 2011

Although the prevailing vocalism of the Aramaic causative internal passive is thought to be ‘Hophʿal’, there is some evidence for an alternative vocalism with short /a/ in the first syllable, therefore ‘Haphʿal’. The orthographic renderings of the causative passive in Qumran Aramaic suggest that the vocalism in that dialect was throughout ‘Haphʿal’. Although it is tempting to hypothesize that ‘Haphʿal’ was in fact the normal vocalism of the stem in all ancient Aramaic, it is possible that ‘Hophʿal’ was also used in some dialects. Finally, it is suggested that the vocalism of the ‘Ittaphʿal’ stem is based on the ‘Haphʿal’.
Some Egyptian Elements in the Genesis Apocryphon: Evidence of a Ptolemaic Social Location?
Authors: Machiela Daniel A.
Published: July 2011

Though the social and geographic milieu of the Genesis Apocryphon has regularly been considered to be Greco-Roman period Palestine, there are several indications that the author(s) of this text had a special knowledge of, and interest in, Egypt. This essay explores three possible connections with Egypt: use of the name Hyrcanus for the Pharaoh’s official, employment of the name Karmon for the river separating Canaan and Egypt, and the practice of sibling marriage for Shem’s children only after the flood. Taken cumulatively, these factors speak to a general familiarity of the author(s) with Egypt, plausibly during the Ptolemaic period, though an Egyptian compositional setting is far less certain.
One Voice or Many? The Identity of the Narrators in Noah’s Birth Story (1QapGen 1–5.27) and in the ‘Book of the Words of Noah’ (1QapGen 5.29–18.23)
Authors: Weigold Matthias
Published: July 2011

The present article explores the puzzling variety of narrative voices in the so-called Genesis Apocryphon from Qumran Cave 1. Lamech, Noah, and Abram in turn act as first person narrator, and all three of these stories also include third person narration. Focusing on the columns preceding the Abram story, it is shown that both the account of Noah’s birth (1–5.27) and the ‘Book of the Words of Noah’ (5.29–18.23) are basically narrated in the first person by Lamech and Noah, respectively. It is concluded that the rare shifts to third person narration are not unusual in ancient Jewish literature.
Salafis in Cape Town in Search of Purity, Certainty and Social Impact
Authors: Dumbe Yunus , Tayob Abdulkader
Published: July 2011

Salafism has become part of a public discourse in Cape Town since the last decade of the 20th century. Drawing on extensive interviews with a number of such Salafis and anti-Salafis, this article examines how this search was manifested and then negotiated within the local religious sphere of the city. This article confirms the view presented in the general literature that Salafism represented the aspiration of individuals who desired to chart an independent approach to Islamic practices. Nevertheless, by focussing attention on a number of individuals and measuring their successes, strategies and life-trajectories, the social dimension of Salafi practices is brought into sharp focus. Salafis were not only effective as lone figures who were prepared to break away from everybody; they were also involved in founding communities for their ideas. And in this regard, they could not escape the social contexts in which they found themselves.
Performing Legal Order: Some Feminist Thoughts on International Criminal Law
Authors: Buss Doris
Published: July 2011

This article argues that international criminal law, like its domestic counterpart, is a contradictory site for feminist activism. While it offers some important tools for recognising, naming and giving legal credence to the realities of women's lives in times of conflict, international criminal law is also a limited and limiting arena for feminist-inspired social change. My objective in this article is to highlight some of these limitations, not to counsel against continuing feminist activism, but to start a conversation about some of the costs, risks and implications for feminist strategy in continuing to work within the structures of international criminal law.
The Crime of Aggression and Humanitarian Intervention on Behalf of Women
Authors: Van Schaack Beth
Published: July 2011

This article is part of a larger project to analyse the rarely-considered gender aspects of the crime of aggression and to explore whether or not the amendments adding the crime of aggression to the Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC) represent an advancement for women. This piece focuses on the potential for the new provisions to chill bona fide exercises of humanitarian intervention given that (1) the crime is expansively drafted to potentially cover all uses of sovereign force, (2) delegates rejected efforts by the United States to include an express exception for military operations launched to prevent the commission of other crimes within the jurisdiction of the ICC, and (3) other proposals that would have prevented humanitarian interventions from being considered 'acts of aggression' were not fully explored or implemented. The article acknowledges that feminist theory may never fully come to terms with a notion of humanitarian intervention given the doctrine's valorisation of militarism, especially in light of the fact that women are so often excluded from decisions about uses of force. It nonetheless argues that if we want to hold out the possibility of humanitarian intervention being deployed in defence of women, elements of the new provisions (such as the terms 'manifest', 'character', 'gravity', and 'consequences') should be interpreted to exclude situations involving the nascent responsibility to protect doctrine.
Defining 'De Facto' Slavery in Australia: Ownership, Consent and the Defence of Freedom
Authors: Harris Rachel , Gelber Katharine
Published: July 2011

This article examines a recent judgment of the High Court of Australia, R v. Tang which raises questions about the definition, conceptualisation and language of slavery. The authors argue that by using the language of 'slavery' to describe certain conduct, the court provides a powerful tool to address circumstances that are criminally harmful to women.
Cecelia Goetz, Woman at Nuremberg
Authors: Amann Diane Marie
Published: July 2011

Among the creators of international criminal law were the many women who participated in the post-World War II trials of former Nazis and Nazi collaborators. This essay profiles one of those women: Cecelia Goetz, a thirty-year-old American who was the only woman to deliver an opening statement at Nuremberg. The essay not only details how and why Goetz became a prosecutor in the Krupp trial, but also relates a life story marked by many "first women" events, on law review, at the U.S. Department of Justice, and, after Nuremberg, in the federal judiciary.
Hannah Arendt as a Theorist of International Criminal Law
Authors: Luban David
Published: July 2011

The guilt of Nazi war criminal, Adolf Eichmann, has long been settled. However, during the trial and for years after, Hannah Arendt questioned the legal theories upon which the Jerusalem court relied. Part 1 of this article discusses how Arendt was uncertain about the use of precedent to judge unprecedented acts. Part 2 concerns the logic of proving Eichmann's culpable mental state when he came from a culture where morality had been turned on its head. Part 3 reveals Arendt's struggle with the rationale for universal jurisdiction as well as her unconventional understanding of 'territory'. Part 4 deals with Arendt's views on group affiliation and how those views informed her definition of 'genocide'. Finally, Part 5 details Arendt's most famous writings on "the banality of evil" and how Eichmann was found guilty, not for succumbing to immoral temptation or being a depraved deviant, but instead for conscientiously observing the flawed mores of the Third Reich. While Arendt ultimately supported Eichmann's conviction, her concerns surrounding the trial raise questions that are still relevant today.
Sex Representation on the Bench and the Legitimacy of International Criminal Courts
Authors: Grossman Nienke
Published: July 2011

This article examines the relationship between legitimacy and the presence of both male and female judges on international criminal court benches. It argues that sex representation – an approximate reflection of the ratio of the sexes in the general population – on the bench is an important contributor to legitimacy of international criminal courts. First, it proposes that sex representation affects normative legitimacy because men and women bring different perspectives to judging. Consequently, without both sexes, adjudication is inherently biased. Second, even if one rejects the proposition that men and women "think differently", sex representation affects sociological legitimacy because sex representation signals an impartial bench and capacity to do justice to constituencies involved in the shaping of international criminal adjudication. The article concludes by raising questions for further study.
Avoiding the Creation of a Gender Ghetto in International Criminal Law
Authors: Sadat Leila Nadya
Published: July 2011

This article examines the harm suffered by women and girls in armed conflict and questions the role female lawyers and academics can play in order to best be of assistance. Specifically, the article addresses the problem that when women lawyers work only on gender issues, they find themselves in an all-female ghetto, excluding, or being excluded by, their male colleagues and brothers. Conversely, if women lawyers do not focus on atrocity crimes against women, the question arises of whether anyone will ensure these crimes receive attention. The article argues that by maintaining the treatment of gender crimes and crimes of sexual violence, and by ensuring adequate female representation in the various fields and institutions of international – and national – justice, these issues may be adequately addressed.
Modern Embalming, Circulation of Fluids, and the Voyage through the Human Arterial System: Carl L. Barnes and the Culture of Immortality in America
Authors: Podgorny Irina
Published: July 2011

By considering the work of American embalmer, lawyer, and physician Carl Lewis Barnes (1872-1927), this paper analyzes the emergence of modern embalming in America. Barnes experimented with and exhibited the techniques by which embalming fluids travelled into the most remote cavities of the human body. In this sense, modern embalmers based their skills and methods on experimental medicine, turning the anatomy of blood vessels, physiology of circulation, and composition of blood into a circuit that allowed embalming fluids to move throughout the corpse. Embalmers in the late 19th century took ownership of the laws of hydrodynamics and the physiology of blood circulation to market their fluids and equipment, thus playing the role of physiologists of death, performing and demonstrating physiological experiments with dead bodies.
Voyaging in the Vein: Medical Experimentation with Heart Catheters in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Braun Ramona
Published: July 2011

Historical research on physiology has to date largely been confined to the rise and peak of physiological investigations in the 18th and 19th century. This article examines how the instrument of the cardiac catheter was used in 20th century research on the heart. The development of the domain of interventional cardiology is shown in the efforts of standardising balloon angioplasty. A special focus is given in the three studies on Werner Formann, Andr Cournand and Dickinson Richards and Andreas Grntzig to issues arising from the human being as an experimental object in medicine and to instruments as another material part in the experimental system.
I've Got you under my Skin: Narratives of the Inner Body in Cinema and Television
Authors: Brodesco Alberto
Published: July 2011

1966 Twentieth Century Fox big-budget film Fantastic Voyage represents a corner stone around which a whole audiovisual trope was built. The topic of the voyage of shrunken people sent to explore the inner space of the body was adopted since then by many feature films, television series and animated TV series, for the aims of education, entertainment or edutainment. While the exploration of the body (and, often, the meeting with its inhabitants) gives space to just a few possibilities of plot development, it leaves open ground for metaphors. Starting from the hypotext, this article analyzes a sample of audiovisuals to try to summarize a taxonomy of narrative schemes and the different metaphors (and their uses) that our body can host.
Serphitid wasps in Cretaceous amber from New Jersey (Hymenoptera: Serphitidae)
Authors: Grimaldi David , Ortega-Blanco Jaime , Engel Michael
Published: July 2011

Species of the extinct, parasitoid wasp family Serphitidae (Proctotrupomorpha: Bipetiolarida: Serphitoidea), occurring in Cretaceous (Turonian) amber from New Jersey, are reviewed. Two species, both new, are described and figured as Serphites raritanensis Engel & Grimaldi sp.n. and S. navesinkae Engel & Grimaldi sp.n.
A new fossil genus and species of snakefly (Raphidioptera: Mesoraphidiidae) from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber, with a discussion of snakefly phylogeny and fossil history
Authors: Wolf-Schwenninger Karin , Bechly Günter
Published: July 2011

Lebanoraphidia nana gen. et sp.n. is described from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Lebanon and represents the smallest known Raphidioptera. The new taxon is quite similar in its minute size, large compound eyes and wing venation to Nanoraphidia electroburmica (Mesoraphidiidae) from the Lower Cretaceous amber of Myanmar, as well as to 'Mesoraphidia' luzzii from the Upper Cretaceous amber of New Jersey, and Cantabroraphidia marcanoi from the Lower Cretaceous El Soplao amber of Spain. For the species 'Mesoraphidia' luzzii a new genus, Grimaldiraphidia, is erected, because it would otherwise render the genus Mesoraphidia paraphyletic. 'Mesoraphidia' durlstonenesis, 'M.' gaoi, 'M.' heteroneura, 'M.' mitchelli, 'M.' parvula and 'M.' purbeckensis are also transferred to this new genus Grimaldiraphidia. Four Cretaceous amber genera comprise minute specimens and represent a distinct clade within Mesoraphidiidae, for which a new tribe, Nanoraphidiini, is proposed. The phylogeny and fossil record of Raphidioptera is discussed and the suborders Priscaenigmatomorpha and Raphidiomorpha are supported. A revised definition and composition of Mesoraphidiidae (including Cretinocellia) is suggested. 'Siboptera' medialis is transferred to the genus Mesoraphidia. The synonymy of Alloraphidiidae with Mesoraphidiidae is rejected and Alloraphidiinae is restored as separate subfamily that probably represents the sister group of Mesoraphidiinae. The genera Caloraphidia, Styporaphidia and Ororaphidia are transferred to a new subfamily Ororaphidiinae within Mesoraphidiidae. The genus Metaraphidia is excluded from Mesoraphidiidae and attributed to a new monotypic family Metaraphidiidae, which is considered as sister group of Neoraphidioptera (Raphidiidae+Inocelliidae) within the new taxon Euraphidioptera, which is the sister group to Mesoraphidiidae within the new taxon Raphidiformia. Arariperaphidia rochai is transferred to "Baissopteridae" that might rather be a paraphyletic grade of basal stem group representatives.
A new whitefly from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae)
Authors: Drohojowska Jowita , Szwedo Jacek
Published: July 2011

Baetylus kahramanus gen. et sp.n. from Lower Cretaceous Lebanese amber is described, based on an adult male specimen. It is the second representative of subfamily Aleyrodinae (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Aleyrodidae) and the third aleyrodid from this fossil resin. Morphological features of the new genus and species are discussed as well as evolutionary and biogeographic importance of this fossil.
A new species of Hesterniasca (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Tachyporinae) from the Early Cretaceous of China with discussion of its systematic position
Authors: Solodovnikov Alexey , Huang Diying , Cai Chenyang
Published: July 2011

A new species of the extinct rove beetle genus Hesterniasca Zhang, Wang & Xu, 1992 is described and illustrated on the basis of a well-preserved specimen from the Lower Cretaceous Yixian Formation at Huangbanjigou of Beipiao City, Liaoning Province, Northeastern China. Based on the examination of this new species that is preserved better than the type species of the genus, Hesterniasca is firmly placed in the recent subfamily Tachyporinae, tentatively in the recent tribe Tachyporini MacLeay, 1825. Arguments for the Early Cretaceous age of the Laiyang Formation in Shandong Province, Eastern China, from where the type species of the genus, Hesterniasca obesa Zhang, Wang & Xu, 1992, has been discovered are provided.