bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective Evaluation of Open Defecation Free Program in Rural Municipality of Nepal
Authors: Karki Binod Kumar
Published: August 2022

Open defecation practice is very common in Nepal. It causes a serious threat to the health of Nepalese people. Thus, Government of Nepal is committed to making Nepal open defecation free (ODF) by 2017 to promote health of people. This paper explore the current situation of open defecation practices in context to Nepal along with the effective evaluation of open defecation free program in regards to health promotion. It is based on review of the related literature to open defecation free and water supply, sanitation and hygiene in Nepal and effective evaluation of ODF program in rural municipality of Nepal. This study emerged mainly three themes for effective evaluation of open defecation free program that are evaluation stages of ODF program, evaluation criteria of ODF program, and evaluation methods and tools of ODF program along with various other sub themes to carry out ODF program evaluation in a effective manner. ODF is one of the effective community participation programs of Nepal. Thus, a lot of focus should be given on behavior and mind-set changes in community people in order to ensure sustainable of sanitation for all.
The Madhesh Movement: Socio-economic life of displaced households (post displaced impact) in the Tarai-Madhesh
Authors: Shrestha Laxman
Published: August 2022

Madhesh movement is a series of spontaneous, aggressive responses and reaction caused by social injustices and discriminatory activities, imposed by the state on the part of the Tarai-Madhesh inhabitants (the Madheshis) for centuries. Although it was dormant during the whole past centuries, it exploded in 2007 in a more exposable and organized way. The Madhesh movement has connection with Maoist movement; it is result of Maoist movement. The Madheshi learnt to revolt by the Maoist and followed the same sorts of strategy to motivate the Madheshi people in Tarai-Madhesh. The Madhesh movement has been playing a vital role in the mainstream politics of Nepal, forming significant socio-political discourse. This study has used semi-structural interview, key informant interview, focus group discussion and case study method. The secondary data available in news series and journals helps to analyze of post-displacement impact in Tarai-Madhesh.
The Tarai-Madhesh is demographically a very heterogeneous mixture of the people of the Madheshi origin and people of the Pahade (Hill people) origin. However, the Madhesh movement caused some degrees of displacement on the part of the people of the Pahade origin, on the basis of geographical and ethnic roots.
Socio-economic life of displaced households in the Tarai-Madhesh (post-displacement impact): Regarding displacement, mostly the people of Pahade (hill people) origin were targeted by the Madhesh movement activists in Madheshi majority locations and were forced to get displaced. However, surprisingly, the displaced inhabitants held no complaints against the displacement inducing circumstances and were quickly adapted to the new relocated places.
Zapomniany romantyk versus współczesne wydania jego utworów – przypadek Tomasza Olizarowskiego
Authors: Supeł Kamila
Published: August 2022

In this article, I point out the flaws in recent editions of Tomasz Olizarowski’s works – starting from careless proofreading through not including printing mistakes from the first edition and ending with deliberate text deformation. All these factors affect the perception of every piece – its interpretation and the author’s workshop. However, most researchers who deal with the poet’s works sporadically, contextually and without a thorough examination of his entire legacy often reach for a random text source, many times without even being aware of the whole set of texts or the imperfections of existing editions. Discussing the situation of Olizarowski’s literary heritage leads us to reflect on the (analogous) case of the legacy of many other authors once deemed as “minorum gentium” and now almost completely forgotten.
An Analysis of Covid-19 Global Pandemic and Sri Lankan Aboriginal Community with Special Reference to Bourdieusian Approach
Authors: Kosala B. A. L. , Kumara K. M. I. S.
Published: August 2022

It seems that Sri Lankan aboriginal community had to go through significant hardships during the Covid-19 outbreak. This particular research was conducted in Rathugala aboriginal village in Monaragala district mainly as a qualitative research. The whole research was driven by four major objectives; investigating the social burdens that Rathugala aborigines had to undergo in the pandemic outbreak, the efficacy of the government-sponsored redressing mechanism towards the Rathugala aborigines, the coping strategies employed by Rathugala aborigines to face the unexpected pandemic and its consequences and understanding aforesaid factors through a Bourdieusian perspective. A sample comprising 20 respondents (N=20) was selected under the purposive sampling and sample size was determined by the data saturation point. Data analysis was predominantly carried out as a thematic analysis with a Bourdieusian Approach. The research revelations are as follows; Closing the entrances to the aboriginal village seemingly brought most of the income earnings of the Rathugala aborigines to a halt. Subsequently, it caused the proliferation of the decades-old chronic poverty in Rathugala aboriginal village. Some aboriginal youth have been involved in illegal means of income-earning for their survival as government subsidizing was late and not systematic. The lack of social capital in the Rathugala aboriginal community has made them more deprived of gaining social support from outside of their community. Being aborigines has created a pathetic social perception in the mindset of both the general public and state officials and it might have been a barrier for Rathugala aborigines in the pandemic time when gaining state support.
Health, Wellbeing, and Democratic Citizenship: A Review and Research Agenda
Authors: Anderson Christopher J. , Hagemann Sara , Klemmensen Robert
Published: August 2022

Social scientists have examined the causes and consequences of people’s engagement with politics for many decades, yet we have only just begun to understand the roles that health and wellbeing play in people’s involvement as members of the body politic. Findings from a nascent body of research suggest that health predicts people’s decision to turn out to vote and whether they feel they can have a say in political decisions more broadly, but we still lack a systematic understanding of the variable, as well as specific, ways in which health and feelings of wellbeing shape people’s interactions with political life. We also know little about how – and if – these patterns vary across groups in society, regions, countries, or over time. In this contribution, we present a framework for analysing the ways in which specific health conditions may shape the connection between citizens’ wellbeing and their interactions with politics and how research should endeavour to trace the consequences of these links for people’s lives as citizens and their full participation in the democratic political process.
PHYSICAL EDUCATION AS A MEANS OF FORMING A CULTURE OF HEALTH IN STUDENTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Authors: Golubeva V. , Uskova S. , Prus N.
Published: August 2022

Health is an incomparable value, it is important in the life of every person, it is a key aspect of national security, it determines the possibilities of achieving individual and social well-being and well-being, prospects for sustainable development. In modern conditions, the importance of health is being significantly rethought, taking into account the understanding of it as an inalienable human right, from the point of view of existing threats and challenges, growing demands for the quality of health, technological and financial possibilities of its provision. The state of a person's health depends not only on biological factors, the environment and social environment, but also on whether a person's own health is valuable to him. It is this that determines the extent to which a person is ready to take care of him, to follow a healthy lifestyle, to a large extent, awareness of the factors that determine the state of health.
AIKIDOTHERAPY AS A METHOD OF OVERCOMING STRESS
Authors: Serputko O. , Stepanyuk S. , Slimakivskyi Oleg , Kharchenko-Baranetska Luidmyla
Published: August 2022

The authors of this article consider Aikido in the context of its positive impact in the process of overcoming stress, normalization of the mental state, self-control, etc. Not limited to the perception of aikido as one of the types of martial arts or the discipline of Budo, we define its place as a separate recreational direction, i.e. aikidotherapy. The relevance and importance of which is especially increasing now, in the conditions of the global crisis and military actions on the territory of Ukraine, against the background of constant high emotional tension.

It was determined that a similar approach in the world practice of both psychological science and some European and American aikido schools is not new, but it is used mostly for the purpose of physiological and psycho-emotional rehabilitation and socialization when working with children and adolescents with developmental disabilities. Most of the existing techniques are related to overcoming states of anxiety and isolation.

As for the approach proposed in the described experiment, it arose in the conditions of the functioning of a mixed aikido group in the realities of military actions in the zone of occupation. When, regardless of the presence of a direct threat to life in the occupied city due to the lack of foodstuffs and medicines and constant moral pressure from the occupation authorities, emotional exhaustion was observed, which was expressed in a general state of constant fatigue, reluctance to do anything, refusal of food and physical activity.

The presented article discloses and characterizes the state of physical culture and sports activities of aikido athletes, the effectiveness and relevance of which is not only in the formation of motor skills of self-defense and in the development of reaction, coordination and possession of weapons, as well as skillful work and effective interaction with a partner. One of the most important aspects of the aikido practice is the recreational component, which involves not only the restoration of the body and the study of certain techniques and movements, but also a powerful positive effect on self-control, the ability of focusing attention, and the reduction of the pain threshold both physical and emotional.

It was found that Aikido classes aimed at harmonizing the psycho-emotional sphere in order to overcome the effects of stress, using additional forms of work and influence, which included both physical exercises and psychological methods, had a significant positive effect on the well-being of the subjects.

The results of the presented research can be used at enterprises and in educational institutions for persons of any age to optimize the production and educational process, to improve the psychological state both in the team, and with the aim of normalizing the psycho-emotional and physical balance and harmony of each individual.
Level of physical condition of boxers 10-11 years old at the beginning of the formal experiment
Authors: Akopov O.
Published: August 2022

The goal is to determine the level of physical condition of boxers aged 10-11 years who started boxing training online at home at the stage of initial training. Materials and methods: the study involved 15 boxers who were at the stage of initial training took part in the study. Analysis of data from special scientific and methodical literature, pedagogical testing, functional research methods, methods of mathematical statistics were used. Results: the level of physical condition of boxers at the initial training stage was determined. Conclusions. It was established that the most important anthropometric indicators of 10-11-year-old boys who started boxing training at home corresponded to the recommended age norms. The respiratory system of young athletes was still insufficiently formed to breathe in conditions of hypoxia due to the lack of oxygen supply to the body. The calculation of the adaptation potential of the cardiovascular system of young boxers corresponded to the level of satisfactory adaptation.
The effectiveness of the use of crossfit training programs to improve the physical fitness of students of sports faculties
Authors: Hutsul N. , Madyar-Fazekash E. , Voronchak N. , Kubay O. , Pesternikov V.
Published: August 2022

The article describes the effectiveness of using crossfit training programs to improve the physical fitness of students of sports faculties. An analysis of the level of physical fitness of students studying at sports faculties was carried out. Students of various specializations of sports faculties took part in the study. Students (n=100: girls n=50, boys n=50) who were divided into control and main groups. To increase the level of physical fitness, the control groups of boys and girls were offered a standard educational program of the "Physical Culture" discipline, and the main groups were offered a training program with Crossfit equipment. Testing of the level of physical qualities was carried out using the following tests: to assess the level of speed - 100 m run (sec), to assess the level of endurance - 2 km run for girls and 3 km for boys (min), to assess speed and strength abilities - long jump from a standing position (cm), to assess the level of strength qualities – bending-extending the arms in a lying position for girls and pull-ups on the crossbar for boys (number of times), to determine the strength of the abdominal muscles – raising the trunk in a sitting position from a lying position for girls and raising straight legs to the crossbar from a hanging position for boys (number of times), to assess the mobility of the spinal column - lean forward from a sitting position, legs apart (cm). Educational and training classes consisted of three parts: preparatory, main and final. Lesson duration: 1 hour 30 minutes. Means: running, jumping, preparatory and special athletic exercises. The test results confirm the effectiveness of the set of exercises used and prove the positive impact of crossfit on the level of physical fitness of students. In the main group, the results in tests of endurance, strength, speed-power abilities and flexibility increased significantly.
Application innovative technologies in tourism activities
Authors: Demianchuk O. , Erko І. , Vashchuk L. , Savchuk S.
Published: August 2022

Cutting-edge improvements in ways and mechanisms used to receive, analyze, process, store, dissemination and use of information - a definition denoting and used for "information technology”. Talking about modern information technologies, it is a talking about the technologies of the century, which has super-powerful influence on all stages of development and fields of activity personality and the existence of mankind as a whole. The article highlights application of innovative technologies in tourism activities. Methods research: analysis and generalization of methodological and literary sources, information sources of the Internet. It turned out that "tourism" - travel, travel in free time outside of one's permanent accommodation; an active type of recreation, which, combined with cognitive, cultural, recreational, entertainment and sports purposes ensures the restoration of the productive forces of the individual. Tourism is part of the field of sports and physical culture, since it serves manifestation of a healthy lifestyle, ensures the development, improvement and maintaining physical performance and comprehensive training, covers all theoretical and practical aspects of personality activity and involves versatile sports and pedagogical improvement in this form activity. The main goal of modern tourism is provision of appropriate conditions for the fullest satisfaction of physical needs, moral and spiritual strength, education of a harmonious personality means of active tourism In tourism, innovation can be seen as systemic events, characterized by novelty, ensure the development industries and sustainable operation, include modern technologies and lead to positive changes in the region and the country. Important the direction of education is the introduction into the national system innovative technologies in educational and training tourism activities.
Folk-modern dance as the method of development choreographic skills for performers in aerial acrobatics and pylon sports
Authors: Drach T.
Published: August 2022

Aerial silks and pylon sports are technical and aesthetic directions that help develop the physical qualities of the performer, but it is possible to improve their choreographic skill, which is a component of theperformance, due to the folk-modern classes. Due to the classes in choreography, children and adults improve their performing skills, develop artistry and character, in the process of forming technical qualities. Folk dance develops the performer's acting skills, helps to get acquainted with different types of performance and create a unique national style during the performance of aerial acrobatics. Performance with the use of folk choreography are more emotionally saturated, bright, characteristic, they convey the feelings of the performers, their belonging to a certain national stratum. Therefore, the purpose of our research is to determine the influence of folk-stage and folk-modern choreography on the development of performing abilities in aerial acrobatics and pole sports. The issue of choreographic training of athletes in technical and aesthetic sports, such as artistic and athletic gymnastics, figure skating, synchronized swimming, etc., as well as the involvement of folk and stage choreography in this process, was studied by such scientists as Rumba O.H. (2006), V.Yu. Sosina (2009), V.G. Todorova (2018) and others. Methodological recommendations in folk-stage choreography were studied in the work of modern scientists on folk-stage choreography, such as E. Zaitsev and Yu. Kolesnichenko (2007), etc.The issue of the development of such directions as pylon sports, aerial silks, rings, and hammocks was studied by scientists such as Hanna Oleynyk (2017), Irina Kartali (2018), Steven Santos (2013), Pony Poison (2013), and others. However, the question of using folk-modern as a method of choreographic training of performers in aerial acrobatics and pole sports has not been raised in modern literature yet. Due to our research, we have studied in detail the conducted scientific works devoted to the application of folk-stage choreography in the process of training performers in technical and aesthetic sports, and developed a program for improving choreographic skills in such areas as aerial acrobatics and pylon sports.
The role of the teacher in solving the tasks of physical education and sports of modern students in Romania
Authors: Цибанюк О.О.
Published: August 2022

The role of the teacher in solving the tasks of physical education is considered, and the analysis of the main factors influencing the qualified performance of the physical education teacher's functions, etc., is singled out. Thus, it has been proven that the teaching of physical education and sports in educational institutions is provided in Romania only by certified persons in this field who have relevant diplomas or certificates recognized by the "Law on Physical Education and Sports". It is recognized that the system of licensing specialists (confirmation by graduates of their professional qualifications by obtaining a "starting" third degree no later than two years after graduation) is effective and efficient, and such an idea should be creatively used in Ukrainian realities. Personal, socio-educational and psycho-social competences are included in the factors that contribute to the formation and development of a teacher of physical education and sports. Separated components of the deontological code of the physical education teacher, which are identified with the traditions of the Romanian school: motivation for productive activity; modern conditions of education and upbringing; general principles of pedagogical activity; duties, norms and restrictions regarding professional activity.
Doing Business in China – From Necessity to Competitive Advantage
Authors: Hanneforth P.
Published: August 2022

This paper will give an outline of the dynamics and growing importance of China as a key factor in a company’s sourcing, manufacturing and marketing strategy for the coming decade and beyond. First some background information on China as a manufacturing hub and vast market place will be given. Subsequently various market entry strategies for Western companies will be discussed. There will be also a brief discussion of the cultural dimensions and challenges of doing business in China. Lastly a brief overview of the Chinese thermal spray industry and resulting business opportunities will be given.
Difference in Thought of Japanese Small and Medium Companies Obtained by Analyzing Questionnaire Results from the Viewpoint of Cost
Authors: Hirose S. , Kitahara S. , Ohmori A. , Mori K.
Published: August 2022

We have already shown at ITSC2004 that the questionnaire results obtained from job shop small and medium companies in Japan. In this presentation, we would show the results obtained by analyzing questionnaire from the wiewpoint of cost. We show one example here. As for the companies think that their thermal spraying work is profitable rathen than other company's work, expert’s skill is more important for in-process monitoring during thermal spraying. However, as for the companies think that sales obtained from coating is less than that of other companies, they needed expert's skill when doing pretreatment. In this way, the result obtained from our questionnaire would be helpful for establishing company's technological strategy. Abstract only; no full-text paper available.
Carbide Coatings on Fibre-Reinforced Anilox Rollers using the TeroStar Process
Authors: Langer G. , Kremsner A. , Polak R.
Published: August 2022

In Flexoprinting the acceleration of printing speed is the driving force to use more and more lightweight anilox rollers made out of glass or carbon fibre reinforced materials. On the other hand anilox roll manufacturers are constantly looking for coating materials allowing finer engraved structures and the processing of higher ink volumes at extended cleaning cycles. This paper describes basic trends in Flexoprinting and presents the development of a special carbide coating solution showing characteristic advantages compared to the standard plasma sprayed chromium oxide coating. Moreover the TeroStar-process is being presented as a suitable high velocity spraying process to apply this carbide coating onto fibre-reinforced anilox rolls by fulfilling the quality requirements for the laser engravement.
Property Analysis of Thermal Sprayed Glass-Composite Coatings
Authors: Eronen V. , Ahmaniemi S. , Niemi K. , Vuoristo P.
Published: August 2022

To investigate the properties of thermal sprayed glass-composite coatings, experimental measurements have been carried out. The coating demands such as thermal, electrical or mechanical resistance need to be optimised along with stress-minimizing procedures in order to reach high-quality surface coatings. The relevant properties aging, oxidation resistance and bond strength to the substrate are evaluated. Different material combinations were sprayed using the VPS, LPPS and HVOF processes, which combine several parameter sets and substrates. The results of the investigations show that coating properties such as conductivity, thermal expansion, porosity and surface roughness can be well directed influenced by controlling the mixture of the powder material, the pretreatment of the powder and particle size distribution.
High-Temperature Tensiometry by a Coupled Modeling and Experimental Approach
Authors: Moradian A. , Mostaghimi J.
Published: August 2022

A new experimental/numerical method is proposed to measure the surface tension coefficient of high-melting-point materials. Regular surface tension measurement methods are basically limited by proper heating procedure and more importantly by materials used for containers. In the proposed method, radio frequency - Inductively Coupled Plasma (rf-ICP) is employed to melt materials. Dynamics of melting is photographed. The surface tension dominant phenomenon of melting is then numerically modeled. Interfacial tension, as the major parameters governing the dynamics of melt, is estimated by comparison between the theory and observation. The results for copper generally agree with those obtained in previous studies. Preliminary findings suggest promising application of the method for ceramics.
Plasma Sprayed Beryllium High Heat Flux Components
Authors: Hollis K.J. , Bartram B.D. , Rödig M.
Published: August 2022

The development of beryllium first wall components for future magnetic confinement fusion experiments such as the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) is a topic of great importance as the ITER construction phase is about to begin. The beryllium components must be able to survive the harsh plasma environment for extended periods of time during operation. Furthermore, cost and detrimental health effects must be kept to a minimum during the fabrication and operation processes. The work described here details the requirements for ITER first wall components and describes experiments to produce beryllium high heat flux components by plasma spray deposition. Experimental parameters and characterization results from the components are presented. Results of initial high heat flux testing under electron beam irradiation show performance exceeding that required for ITER first wall components.
Effect of Heat Treatment on the Structure and Properties of Cold Sprayed Copper
Authors: Calla E. , McCartney D.G. , Shipway P.H.
Published: August 2022

Deposition of copper by cold gas dynamic spraying has attracted much interest in recent years because of the capability to deposit low porosity oxide free coatings. However, it is generally found that as-deposited copper has a significantly greater hardness, and potentially lower ductility, than bulk material. This paper will describe work undertaken to investigate the effect of annealing heat treatments on the structure and mechanical properties of freestanding cold sprayed copper. After de-bonding from substrates these tracks were annealed for one hour at a range of temperatures up to 600 °C. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were all employed to examine the microstructure. The peak widths in XRD were analysed according to the Hall – Williamson method so that changes in grain size and microstrain (i.e. dislocation content) could be quantified. Mechanical behaviour of the deposits was studied by microhardness measurements and tensile testing. The influences of annealing on mechanical properties are rationalised in terms of microstructure evolution and its effect on strengthening and recrystallization mechanisms in metals. The softening behaviour of cold sprayed Cu is explained considering the low stacking fault energy of Cu and the possibility of dynamic recystallization occurring during spraying.
Study on Cold-Sprayed Copper Coating’s Properties and Optimizing Parameters for the Spraying Process
Authors: Xiong T. , Bao Z. , Li T. , Li Z.
Published: August 2022

Cold gas dynamic spraying is a promising technology and successfully applied to a wide range of materials. In this paper, orthogonal experimental method was introduced to seek out the optimal parameters for cold spraying copper coating. According to the results, standoff distance influenced the coating’s quality the most significantly as well as the carrier gas temperature had a remarkable impact either, but the carrier gas pressure and controlling voltage which influenced feeding speed subsequently had little influence on the coating’s quality. The coating’s porosity, bonding strength, microhardness and the coating’s conductivity were determined respectively. More over, optical and scanning electron microscopies were introduced to study the coating’s surface morphology and its internal structure. Also the effect of subsequent heat treatment on coating’s microhardness was investigated.
Particle Loading Effect in Cold Spray
Authors: Taylor K. , Jodoin B. , Karov J. , Richer P.
Published: August 2022

Cold Gas Dynamic Spray is a line of sight, high rate material deposition process that uses a supersonic flow to accelerate small particles (micron size powder) above a material dependent critical velocity. When the particles impact the substrate, they plastically deform and bond to form a coating. The objective of this research is to investigate the influence of the particle mass flow rate on the properties of coatings sprayed using the Cold Spray process. Varying the mass flow rate at which the feedstock particles are fed into the carrier gas stream can change the thickness of the coating. It was shown that poor coating quality (peeling) was not a result of flow saturation but instead, excessive particle bombardment per unit area on the substrate. This can be overcome by increasing the relative velocity between the substrate and the spraying nozzle. The results are dense coatings, even at higher powder mass flow rates.
Examination of the Critical Velocity for Deposition of Particles in Cold Spraying
Authors: Li C.-J. , Li W.-Y.
Published: August 2022

The critical velocity of copper powder for particle deposition in cold spraying was estimated both experimentally and theoretically. The dependency of the critical velocity on particle temperature was examined. The theoretical relationship between deposition efficiency and critical velocity at different spray angles was utilized to estimate the critical velocity experimentally. The numerical simulation of particle impact deformation was utilized to estimate the critical velocity theoretically. The estimation was performed for Cu particle under different particle temperatures. The experimental deposition was conducted using Cu particles of different temperatures under different spray angles to reveal the evidence of the dependency of the critical velocity on particle temperature. The theoretical estimation was based on the critical velocity corresponds to the particle velocity at which the impact begins to cause the adiabatic shear instability. It is found that the critical velocity is significantly influenced by particle temperature besides the type of material. The critical velocity of particle decreased with the increase in particle temperature, which is attributed to the thermal softening effect at elevated temperatures.
High Velocity Impact Phenomena and Coating Quality in Cold Spraying
Authors: Schmidt T. , Gärtner F. , Stoltenhoff T. , Kreye H. , Assadi H.
Published: August 2022

In Cold Spraying, bonding occurs when the impact velocities of particles exceed a critical value. This critical velocity depends not only on the type of spray material, but also on the powder quality, particle size and the particle impact temperature. For metallic materials, the critical velocity is in the range of 200 – 1200 m/s. In analogy with explosive welding, bonding in Cold Spraying is associated with adiabatic shear instabilities caused by high strain rate deformation during impact. Numerical and experimental methods are developed to investigate the influence of impact conditions and related phenomena on the coating quality. For a deeper understanding of impact phenomena and coating formation, the particle impact was modelled by using the finite element software ABAQUS/Explicit. The numerical analyses indicate shear instabilities localized to the particle surfaces, and thus provide a basis for the calculation of critical velocity in terms of materials properties and process parameters. In addition, modelling is used to obtain information about the effect of process parameters on the bonding quality. For most materials, high-strain-rate data are not available. For a quantitative analysis, therefore, the respective materials behaviour was investigated through individual spraying experiments, which were complemented by additional relevant experiments such as impact tests or explosive powder compaction. In this way, impact dynamics, bonding mechanism and critical velocities could be linked. This type of analysis was proved as a powerful tool to reduce the number of experiments for the optimisation of coating quality in Cold Spraying and also to provide a broader overview of the process.
Cold Spray of Al-Cu-Mg-Fe-Ni Alloy with Sc Addition
Authors: Ajdelsztajn L. , Zúñiga A. , Jodoin B. , Lavernia E.J.
Published: August 2022

This work describes recent progress in Cold Spray of 2618 (Al-Cu-Mg-Fe-Ni) aluminum alloy with Sc addition. Atomized 2618+Sc aluminum powder was sprayed onto aluminum substrates. 2618Al alloy is used for intermediate to high temperature applications in aerospace and automotive industry. The addition of Sc provides higher thermal stability to this alloy by the formation of fine Al3Sc particles. The Cold Spray process allows the fabrication of refined microstructure when compared to conventional manufacturing techniques such as casting. The microstructure of the powder and the resulting coating was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy. The mechanical behavior of the powder and the coating was studied using micro indentation measurements. The influence of different heat treatment conditions on the coating was also analyzed. This work shows that Al-Cu alloys with a refined grain structure microstructure can be successfully produced by the Cold Spray process.
Thermal Spraying – Simulation of Coating Structure
Authors: Wilden J. , Frank H.
Published: August 2022

Thermal sprayed coatings are widely used to improve wear and corrosion behavior of metallic surfaces. The coating characteristics depend on the morphology, which can be designed and adjusted for special applications. Therefore the knowledge of the interaction of process parameters with the resulting structure plays a very important role in the optimization of coating processes. The implementation of mathematical models allows to foresee the coating characteristics and enhance quality and process efficiency as well. In this paper, a model of the vacuum plasma spray process is presented. Theoretical studies show the influence of process parameters on temperature and velocity within the plasma jet. Heating and acceleration of particles by the plasma and following the spreading, superposition, cooling and solidification of particles on the substrate are investigated. The resulting structure depends on plasma properties, injection conditions, particle parameters and substrate properties. Systematic studies show the effect of parameter variation on the particle properties, cooling and solidification behavior and subsequently on the coating structure.
A Systematic Approach to Particle-Substrate Interactions in Thermal Spraying
Authors: Kharlamov Y.A. , Chattha J.A. , Kharlamov M.Y.
Published: August 2022

The principles of system approach to modeling of sprayed particles interaction with substrate in process of thermal spraying of coatings are discussed. The proposed model have six levels for analysis of particle-substrate interaction system: functional, technological, mechanical interaction, thermal, mass transfer level, and metallophysics level.
A Thermal and Chemical Non-Equilibrium Model for Multi-Component Ar-H2 Plasma
Authors: Xue S. , Proulx P. , Boulos M.I. , Murphy T.
Published: August 2022

A thermal and chemical non-equilibrium model is developed for the modelling of multi-component supersonic induction Ar-H2 plasma flows. The species included in the modelling are electrons(e), hydrogen ion(H+), hydrogen atoms(H), hydrogen molecules(H2), Argon ions(Ar+) and Argon atoms(Ar). The negative hydrogen ions(H-), molecular hydrogen ions(H2+) and second order ionisation are neglected. The chemical reactions considered in the modelling are the H2 dissociations and the corresponding recombination, induced by Ar atom and H2, and the ionisations of the hydrogen and Argon and the corresponding recombination. All the heavy species are assumed to have the same temperature (Ti). The electron temperature (Te) is allowed to deviate from that of heavy species. The energies for these chemical reactions have been treated as the source terms for energy conservation equations. As a result, the contributions of these chemical reactions to the total enthalpy are removed. Therefore, the heavy species temperature can be obtained by solving the thermal kinetic energy equation, rather than the total enthalpy equation. Yos’s mixing law is used to calculate the contribution of vibrational and rotational energies of hydrogen molecules to the thermal conductivity of heavy species. The transport properties are calculated using the formulas derived by Hirschfelder, Curtiss and Bird. The data of collision integrals or collision cross-sections between species in the mixture are taken from Murphy, Devoto and Mason’s publications. The binary mass diffusion coefficients between the species in the mixture are also calculated from these collision integral data. The mass diffusion of species in the mixture are modelled under the dilute approximation at present since the mole fraction of the principal species, Argon, in the whole computational region is more than 90%. For charged species, Ambipolar diffusion coefficients are used. Mass balance equations are solved to obtain the mass fractions or mole fractions or the number densities of all the species except for electrons. The electron number density is determined by the condition of electrical neutrality. The developed model is applied to the modelling of inductive plasma flow, generated by the Tekna PL-35 torch model, under different pressures and then to the supersonic plasma flow. The model has been validated by comparing the transport properties under the LTE conditions from this model with the corresponding published values.
Particle Treatment Modeling in a Time-Dependent D.C. Plasma Flow
Authors: Guenadou D. , Meillot E. , Saget A.
Published: August 2022

D.C. plasma spraying process leads to coatings with high level properties. The control of these properties implies to overcome well the process and in particular the interactions between the particles and the plasma plume. This latter shows high fluctuations outside the torch due to arc root movements on the anode wall inside the torch. These movements are responsible of less or more weak plasma flow stretching outside the torch and of air engulfment. From a simple numerical model based on the gas heating by JOULE effect in the anode, the realistic flow behavior is reproduced, in particular, the mechanisms of air engulfment into the plasma plume, such as it was described by PFENDER and al. Moreover, the centerline velocities and temperatures of the gas are compared with experimental values: the comparison shows good agreement. From this realistic flow, zirconia particle treatment modeling is carried on. Depending on the plasma plume stretching outside the torch and on particle granulometry, the particle trajectories and also velocities and temperatures present high variations, leading to particle thermocinetic states at impact quite different from one particle to the other.
Progress in Thermal Spray Processes
Authors: Nassenstein K.
Published: August 2022

Today, more than ever the greatest progresses are reached in the field of microprocessor technique. Electronic devices are becoming smaller and smaller and showing at the same time higher performance. This fact has an effect on equipment control in mechanical engineering. No equipment can be used economically without PLC and PC. Moreover, it is impossible to build one without using them. Since a long time electronic components like PLC are considerable reasonable in pricing compared to supposing simple mechanical or electro mechanical systems. At the same time higher recommendations are expected from operator and service persons. Thermal Spray guns and systems are in a steady further development. Beside the request for high power systems there is a demand coming up for smaller and more affordable systems. Nevertheless, high power plasma guns are also to be focused on due to the fact that there is still the demand for ceramic coatings on big components.
Characteristic of the Arc Length and Voltage in a DC Bi-Anode Plasma Torch
Authors: Gao Y. , An L.T.
Published: August 2022

A special bi-anode plasma torch has been developed for elongating the arc length and obtaining the arc with a fixed length. The relations between the arc voltage and the arc current were investigated for different gas compositions, and the effect of the gas flow rate on the arc voltage was also studied for the pure Ar plasma. The results show that for the pure Ar plasma, the arc voltage had a dropping characteristic for an arc with instable length and a rising characteristic arc voltage for an arc with fixed length, but for Ar-H2 plasma or Ar-N2 plasma, the arc voltage always had dropping characteristic. Increasing the gas flow rate will enhance the arc voltage both for an instable and fixed length arc.
Near-Net Shape Forming of Tungsten Material by Induction Plasma Deposition
Authors: Fan X. , Boulos M.I.
Published: August 2022

Induction plasma deposition has been applied in spray coating and near-net shape forming since long. In this paper, we present a few typical results in applying induction plasma spraying technique to fabricate the near-net shape tungsten components. With various shape, very thick, and large surface of W parts were fabricated, the microstructure in the bulk is uniform, and the density is greater than 98% theoretical density.
Investigation of Relationship Between Spray Parameters And Al2O3 Coating Properties Controlled by On-Line Monitoring System
Authors: Kanno A. , Sugiura H. , Takeuchi J.
Published: August 2022

The technique was examined to prevent errors during thermal spraying by setting up a spray on-line monitoring system (Spray Watch-2i System) at the starting position in the production line using plasma spraying, and monitoring the characteristics of the particles in the plasma flame between each spraying cycle. The tests were carried out with several spray conditions, changing the gas flow, and the arc current. The state of the plasma flame was measured as the velocity, temperature and flux density of the flying particles. The coating properties were then evaluated by measuring the dielectric breakdown test. It has been found that the evaluation result of the coating correlates very well with the monitoring results of the flame particle characteristics. Therefore there is a possibility that monitoring the state of the particle characteristics within the flame during spraying can control the coating characteristics comparatively easily.
Photocatalytic Decomposition of Nitrogen Oxides Over TiO2 Coatings Elaborated by Liquid Feedstock Plasma Spraying
Authors: Toma F.-L. , Bertrand G. , Klein D. , Coddet C. , Meunier C.
Published: August 2022

In this paper, the modified method of plasma spraying using liquid suspension feedstock was used to elaborate thin titanium dioxide coatings. TiO2 Degussa P25 powder were dispersed by continuous stirring in distilled water and alcoholic solutions and injected in an Ar-H2 or Ar-H2-He plasma plume under atmospheric conditions. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction were performed to study the microstructure and crystalline phases of titanium dioxide coatings. The anatase content in the elaborated TiO2 deposits strongly depended on the type of the suspension solvent. The photocatalytic activity of the titanium dioxide coatings was evaluated from the conversion rate of nitrogen oxides and compared with that of the initial powder. The obtained results allowed to affirm that the method of the liquid plasma spraying proved to be a promising technique to elaborate photocatalytic TiO2 coatings for the removal of nitrogen oxides pollutants.
RF Plasma Deposition of Half-Cell (Anode – Electrolyte) Assembly of Medium Temperature Planar Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
Authors: Jia L. , Gitzhofer F.
Published: August 2022

The system studied in this work is based on a Gadolinia-doped Ceria (GDC) matrix and a Nickel oxide cermet as the anode material where both layers are RF plasma deposited. The challenge lies in the optimization of the anode deposition parameters to obtain a controlled porosity thick layer and to process the electrolyte material in such a way as to completely eliminate both open and closed porosity in the relatively thin deposit. The starting materials were nitrate based solutions, prepared so as to obtain final anode spray deposits of NiO-GDC (35%Wt) with the aimed for electrolyte composition of Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.90. In order to optimize these anode deposits, the plasma power, the “stand off” distance, the concentration of the salts solution, as well as substrate cooling, were studied. Similar parameters were also studied for the electrolyte deposition process but, in order to assure attaining high deposit density, the supersonic RF torch nozzle was used for the spray processing. The interactions between all of these parameters and their influence on the deposition process, for both the anode and the electrolyte layers, is examined and discussed.
Advanced Nanoscale Neutron Absorber Coatings for Safe Longterm Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel and Nuclear Waste
Authors: Branagan D. , Buffa J. , Maston M.
Published: August 2022

Neutron absorbers are expected to play an important role in the long-term storage of spent nuclear fuels and nuclear wastes. High neutron absorbing capability, long-term stability, and the capacity to stay with the fuel are important criteria in preventing critical conditions during possible waste package degradation in geological time frames. Existing available neutron absorbing materials are based on boron or boron-10 isotope modifications of austenitic stainless steels or to aluminum based metal matrix composites. Specific rare earths such as gadolinium, samarium, or europium are found to have much higher thermal neutron cross section than boron or boron-10 but have high reactivity which limit their stability and ultimate applicability. In this paper, it is described how it is possible through a nanotechnology approach, to overcome the solubility and stability limitations of conventional materials to allow incorporation of high amounts of boron and rare earths into advanced HVOF coatings. During the development of the NeutraShieldTM Coatings, it was found that high fractions of rare earth elements such as gadolinium along with high concentrations of boron could be dissolved in the liquid melt and then remain soluble in the metallic glass structure. During the transformation of the glass to the nanocomposite structure, the rare earths are found to come out of supersaturated solid solution to form stable nanoscale ternary intermetallic R2Fe14B phases which form in a commensurate fashion and is protected by the highly noble matrix. Abstract only; no full-text paper available.