bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Aspiration Material Preparation System: Application of a New Liquid-Based Cytology Technique for Fine-Needle Aspiration of the Breast
Authors: Sakakibara Eiichi , Kimachi Setsuo , Hashimoto Katsunori , Inagaki Hiroshi , Nagasaka Tetsuro , Wakusawa Shinya , Yokoi Toyoharu
Published: November 2010

Objective: To evaluate the usefulness of our original liquid-based cell preparation system AMAPS (aspiration material preparation system) and to compare it with the AutoSmear system in breast aspiration cytology. Study Design: A total of 487 specimens of fine-needle aspiration cytology of the breast were retrieved, of which 250 were processed with AMAPS and 237 with the AutoSmear method (before the introduction of AMAPS). A final histological diagnosis was obtained by an excisional biopsy or a surgical resection in 148 cases. Results: Cell recovery rates were significantly improved with AMAPS (96.8 and 99.1% in Papanicolaou and Diff-Quik, respectively) compared with the AutoSmear method (40.9 and 42.3%, respectively; p < 0.01). Within-run and day-to-day reproducibility of cell recovery was satisfactory, with coefficients of variations of 6.8 and 8.7%, respectively. Following the introduction of AMAPS in breast cytology, the unsatisfactory rate decreased significantly (from 16.0 to 8.8%; p < 0.01), while the diagnostic sensitivity for malignancy did not change (97.8 to 98.1%). Moreover, the diagnostic specificity for benign lesions increased from 75 to 93.8%, thus decreasing the excision rate of fibrocystic disease. Conclusion: AMAPS may serve as an alternative to the conventional technique or commercially available liquid-based cytology systems.
High-Grade and Low-Grade Pelvic Serous Neoplasms Demonstrate Differential p53 Immunoreactivity in Peritoneal Washings
Authors: Chang Martin C. , Cibas Edmund S. , Crum Christopher P. , Kindelberger David W.
Published: November 2010

Objective: Serous neoplasms of the female pelvis share a müllerian phenotype. Unlike low-grade serous neoplasms (LGSNs), high-grade serous carcinomas (HGSCs) commonly display p53 mutations. The current study correlates p53 immunoreactivity in peritoneal washings with the cytologic interpretation and histology of the corresponding serous neoplasm. Study Design: Peritoneal washings from consecutive cases of pelvic serous neoplasms were identified (n = 45, 31 HGSCs and 14 LGSNs), with a control population selected from benign resections. Immunoreactivity for p53 was scored as a percentage of positive epithelioid cells by blinded manual cell count. Results: Washings from LGSNs and HGSCs were cytomorphologically positive with similar frequency (57 vs. 77%, respectively, p = 0.15, Fisher’s exact test). Immunoreactivity for p53 was not predictive of morphologic positivity. The percentage of p53-positive cells was higher in HGSCs (47 ± 42%), compared to LGSNs (9 ± 9%) and negative controls (2 ± 2%, n = 10). The difference in p53 immunoreactivity was statistically significant (p < 0.00009, ANOVA). Conclusions: The proportion of p53 immunoreactive cells was higher in cases of HGSCs, reflecting the importance of p53 mutations in high-grade serous tumorigenesis. The presence of p53 staining is not diagnostic for neoplastic cells; however, peritoneal washings are potential specimens in the investigation of serous neoplasia.
HPV Test Results Stratify Risk for Histopathologic Follow-Up Findings of High-Grade Cervical Intra-Epithelial Neoplasia in Women with Low-Grade Squamous Intra-Epithelial Lesion Pap Results
Authors: Heider Amer , Austin R. Marshall , Zhao Chengquan
Published: November 2010

Objective: Age-adjusted evaluations have explored the possible utility of human papillomavirus (HPV) test results in women with low-grade squamous intra-epithelial lesion (LSIL) Paps. We document LSIL correlation data with HPV test results and histopathologic follow-up from a large academic women’s hospital practice. Study Design: LSIL Pap tests with intermediate-/high-risk HPV DNA testing between July 1, 2005 and April 30, 2008 were studied along with follow-up histopathologic diagnoses. Patients were divided into age groups, and tissue diagnoses were correlated with HPV test results. Results: 1,083 (80.2%) of a total of 1,351 LSIL Pap samples tested HPV positive. HPV prevalence declined in older age groups. 719 women with LSIL Pap and HPV test results had at least 1 follow-up cervical biopsy result. 89 of 612 patients with HPV-positive LSIL (14.5%) had a follow-up histopathological diagnosis of cervical intra-epithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2/3. Only 4 of 107 patients with HPV-negative LSIL (3.7%) had CIN 2/3. Conclusions: In the largest study to date to document histopathological follow-up of older women with LSIL and HPV test results, no histopathological CIN 2/3 diagnoses were identified in women 50 years and older with HPV-negative LSIL. HPV test results stratified women with LSIL cytology findings into lower- and higher-risk groups for follow-up histopathologic CIN 2/3 outcomes.
Association of Asymmetric Dimethylarginine with Severity of Kidney Injury and Decline in Kidney Function in IgA Nephropathy
Authors: Fujimi-Hayashida Ayako , Ueda Seiji , Yamagishi Sho-ichi , Kaida Yusuke , Ando Ryotaro , Nakayama Yosuke , Fukami Kei , Okuda Seiya
Published: November 2010

Background: Asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) plays important roles in the pathogenesis of chronic kidney disease (CKD). We have recently found that ADMA is involved in glomerular sclerosis and tubulointerstitial fibrosis in an animal model of CKD. However, relationship between plasma ADMA levels and severity of renal damage in CKD patients remains unknown. Methods: Relatively young 109 biopsy-proven IgA nephropathy (IgAN) patients (age: 32.7 ± 13.2; estimated glomerular filtration rate, eGFR: 86.5 ± 28.8 ml/min/1.73 m2) were enrolled. We retrospectively investigated whether plasma levels of ADMA were associated with severity of the renal tissue damage and could be a predictor of the disease progression in our subjects. Results: ADMA levels were higher in IgAN patients than age-, sex- and mean eGFR-matched healthy volunteers (0.53 ± 0.14 vs. 0.43 ± 0.08 µM, p < 0.01). ADMA levels were associated with the severity of glomerular and tubulointerstitial injury. Multiple stepwise regression analysis revealed that ADMA, but not proteinuria was an independent determinant for the disease progression assessed by annual reduction rates of eGFR. In univariate analyses, ADMA levels were correlated with proteinuria, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and uric acid. Proteinuria was a sole independent correlate of ADMA in multiple stepwise regression analysis. Conclusion: The present study demonstrated that ADMA was correlated with the severity of the renal tissue damage and could be a predictor of disease progression in IgAN patients.
Propagating Mu'tazilism in the VIth/XIIth Century Zaydiyya: The Role of al-Hasan al-Rassās
Authors: Thiele Jan
Published: November 2010

While Mutazilism had become marginalized in Sunni Islam by the VIth/XIIth century, the reception of Basran Mutazilī thought experienced a sudden rise among the Zaydīs of Yemen. Their Imams began officially supporting the transfer of Basran Mutazilī texts and doctrines to Yemen. As a result, an indigenous Basran Mutazilī school emerged and preserved numerous Mutazilī theological sources, which would otherwise have been lost. One of the most important representatives of this school was al-asan al-Raā (d. 584/1188). This article provides an outline of al-Raā’ biography and of his extensive body of works in order to show his importance for the spread of Basran Mutazilī thought among the Zaydī community.
Les traductions arabes de Pierre Bourdieu
Authors: Jacquemond Richard
Published: November 2010

À travers l’exemple des traductions arabes de Pierre Bourdieu, cet article propose une analyse des conditions de l’introduction et de la réception d’une pensée sociologique de source française dans le champ intellectuel arabe contemporain et, plus généralement, des conditions de la circulation internationale des idées en contexte postcolonial. L’analyse diachronique révèle l’interpénétration des logiques d’importation et d’exportation, les écarts entre les traditions intellectuelles et académiques nationales dans différents pays arabes (Maroc, Liban, Syrie, Egypte), aussi bien que les conditions (matérielles et symboliques) difficiles de l’édition et de la circulation des ouvrages de sciences humaines et sociales dans l’espace arabe. D’où une économie générale de ces traductions caractérisée comme sélective, didactique et militante, et une poétique dominée par une norme traductionnelle dépaysante, voire littéraliste, au-delà de la diversité des choix terminologiques opérés par les traducteurs en l’absence de cadre normatif. L’auteur analyse en conclusion l’habitus du traducteur arabe, caractérisé par une « souffrance de position » spécifique. Une bibliographie des traductions arabes de Pierre Bourdieu est fournie en annexe.
The role of exercise self-efficacy, perceived exertion, event-related stress, and demographic factors in predicting physical activity among college freshmen
Authors: Brannagan Kim
Published: November 2010

Objectives: The focus of this study was to examine the relationship among precursors to physical activity, including exercise self-efficacy, perceived exertion, stress, and demographic factors, among college students.

Design: This study employed an associational design.

Setting: The study population was college freshmen in southeast Louisiana who were between the ages of 18 and 24 years.

Method: A path analysis was used to examine the strength and directional relationship among variables depicted in Pender’s Health Promotion Model (HPM) and to determine the structure of the relationships among the variables in the conceptual map. Path coefficients were used to determine whether the independent variables (exercise self-efficacy, stress, perceived exertion, demographic factors) as depicted in the path diagram made a unique contribution to predicting physical activity (dependent variable) or if the relationships between stress, perceived exertion, and physical activity, are mediated by exercise self-efficacy.

Results: Study results portrayed a relationship between perceived exertion and exercise self-efficacy and a relationship between a person’s belief in their ability to stick to an exercise programme (self-efficacy) and their level of activity. Compared to their counterparts, this study’s population had lower levels of usual physical activity, but heightened levels of physical activity immediately following hurricanes Katrina and Rita.

Conclusion: This study adds to the body of knowledge related to predictors of physical activity and the applicability of Pender’s HPM to such studies. The study also provides insight into the impact of a natural disaster on physical activity.
An Evaluation of the Establishment of a Taxi Flat Rate from City to Airport
Authors: Castillo-Manzano José I. , Sánchez-Braza Antonio
Published: November 2010

This paper explores the establishment of a flat rate for the taxicab service that serves routes between the city and the airport in Seville. First, the advantages and disadvantages of a flat rate are explained and why it may be an advisable measure for tourist cities with a conflictive taxicab industry. In addition, by using a methodology based on the estimation of average treatment effects, an evaluation is made of the impact of the taxi flat rate on the probability of passengers choosing a taxi for their city–airport transport needs. The main conclusion is that the increased market transparency fostered by this urban transport policy has led to an increase of almost 7 per cent in both the probability of selection and the average revenues of taxi-drivers.
The Increasing Importance of Agglomeration Economies Hidden behind Convergence
Authors: Sonn Jung Won , Park In Kwon
Published: November 2010

Recent studies have found that knowledge production grows faster in cities lagging behind than it does in traditionally leading cities, which implies convergence in knowledge production. On the other hand, there is also evidence that larger cities are more efficient in knowledge production—i.e. agglomeration economies—which is likely to cause divergence. This paper attempts to reconcile these two seemingly contradictory findings by estimating a simple econometric model, using the US patent records between 1975 and 2005. It is found that convergence occurs among cities of similar size (horizontal convergence), while divergence occurs between larger cities and smaller cities (vertical divergence). The former dominates the latter, leading to the net effect of overall convergence. It is also found that the divergence is attributable to the fact that the agglomeration economies that previously existed have become even larger over time.
Sachkritik in Reception History
Authors: Morgan Robert
Published: November 2010

Sachkritik, or critical assessment of what a biblical text says in the light of the gospel that the author intended to communicate, became an issue in modern theology and scriptural interpretation in 1922—26 with Bultmann’s discussions of Barth’s theological exegesis of Romans and 1 Corinthians. Since the gospel is itself heard in and through the witness of scripture this implies a dialectic between them. Bultmann could override some of Paul’s formulations in the light of the apostle’s basic intention, and so find a contemporary Christian meaning in texts from a distant culture. His later demythologizing the New Testament applied the same principle to large swathes of the biblical language without calling it Sachkritik, but some of his followers used the word for their critical assessment of one biblical writer in the light of the gospel as understood from another. Finally, a few liberal theologians now use the word to express their rejection of parts of scripture in the light of their modern understandings of the gospel, which they admit are remote from those of any New Testament witness. Reception historians can see from these three strategies how all historically critical theologians claim either more or less continuity with their scriptures while recognizing that much in them is incredible, and inapplicable to modern Christian identity.
Effective-History and the Hermeneutics of Ulrich Luz
Authors: Elliott Mark W.
Published: November 2010

The background of a short description of the recent growing interest in the effective-history ( Wirkungsgeschichte ) of the biblical text precedes a foregrounding of Ulrich Luz and his work. His interests in recent forms of hermeneutics and ecumenism are considered alongside his role as an academic within the scholarly guild of biblical studies. A discussion of what Luz is trying to achieve in a sample section of his famous Matthew commentary leads, through consideration of some reviews and Luz’s own recent thinking, to a conclusion that an emphasis on religious spirituality as that which persists through the ages, from Bible to present times is problematic for downplaying the doctrinal concerns taught in these passages.
Socio-Rhetorical Interpretation: Textures of a Text and its Reception
Authors: Gowler David B.
Published: November 2010

The meaning of a text does not reside alone in the creative genius of its author; there is a complex correlation between a text and the contexts in which a text has been read and reread, including various dynamic interrelations between creator and contemplators, past and present. Vernon Robbins’s socio-rhetorical interpretation provides a powerful interpretive analytic to explore these dialogic interrelations among authors, texts and readers/interpreters. Correspondingly, studies of reception history, through their investigations of significant additional voices that join the heteroglossic chorus of interpreters, provide critical insights for more comprehensive socio-rhetorical analyses of texts. This article chronicles the birth and development of socio-rhetorical interpretation, introduces major components of a socio-rhetorical approach, and provides examples of how socio-rhetorical interpretation and reception history can mutually inform each other.
Wirkungsgeschichte, Reception History, Reception Theory
Authors: Knight Mark
Published: November 2010

In an attempt to introduce Wirkungsgeschichte, reception history and reception theory, this article begins by considering the different histories each term carries. Although each term signals something slightly different, their collective effect is to raise questions about the historical-critical method that continues to dominate New Testament studies. The main focus of the article is Gadamer’s idea of Wirkungsgeschichte, a term that has, for good reason, been read in various ways by New Testament scholars. Acknowledging that different readings of the term exist, I turn to Gadamer’s broader thesis in Truth and Method and suggest that the purpose of Wirkungsgeschichte is to enable an interpretative conversation rather than to define a new scientific methodology.
Wirkungsgeschichte and Visual Exegesis: The Contribution of Hans-Georg Gadamer
Authors: O'Kane Martin
Published: November 2010

The article considers the visual dimensions associated with Wirkungsgeschichte. It accentuates the role of the artist as an active reader of the Bible and not merely as an illustrator of biblical scenes and highlights the approach of Hans-Georg Gadamer in appreciating the part played by the viewer, as well as the artist, in the visual hermeneutical process. The biblical story of the adoration of the Magi (Mt. 2.1-12), the first public and universal seeing of Christ and one of the most frequently depicted scenes in the entire history of biblical art, is used to illustrate Gadamer’s approach. The emphasis in the biblical narrative on the revealing of the Christ-child to the reader parallels a key concept in Gadamer’s hermeneutical aesthetics, namely Darstellung, a term that denotes how a painting facilitates its subject matter in coming forth, in becoming an existential event, an epiphany , in the life of the viewer.
Measurement of the serotonin 1A receptor availability in patients with schizophrenia during treatment with the antipsychotic medication ziprasidone
Authors: Frankle W Gordon , Lombardo Ilise , Kegeles Lawrence S , Slifstein Mark , Martin John H , Huang Yiyun , Hwang Dah-Ren , Reich Elisa , Cangiano Claudine , Gil Roberto , Abi-Dargham Anissa , Laruelle Marc
Published: November 2010

The aim of this study was to compare 5-HT1A availability in vivo in individuals with schizophrenia before and during treatment with the atypical antipsychotic ziprasidone. Six individuals with schizophrenia underwent two PET scans with [11C]WAY 100635; the first while medication-free (baseline) and the second while taking the atypical antipsychotic ziprasidone (on-medication). Regional volumes of distribution ( VT, mL g−1) were derived using a two-tissue compartment kinetic model. Outcome measures included binding potential relative to the plasma ( BPP, mL g−1) and the binding potential relative to the nonspecific distribution volume ( BPND, unitless). No significant differences were observed in regional BPP or BPND with ziprasidone treatment. A significant correlation was noted between BPP measured in the orbitofrontal cortex during the on-medication condition and degree of improvement in negative symptoms with treatment ( r = 0.96, p = 0.004). Consistent with the published literature of changes in 5-HT1A binding during treatment with 5-HT1A receptor agonists, this study did not detect a significant reduction in 5-HT1A binding with ziprasidone. The finding of a relationship between 5-HT1A binding and the degree of improvement in negative symptoms provides further support for the role of the 5-HT1A receptor in the pathophysiology and treatment of this symptom domain.
Toward a Theory of Organizational Implosion
Authors: Bozeman Barry
Published: November 2010

The essay seeks to develop theory for a particular type of organizational disaster, “organizational implosion.” The organization implosion concept is developed in depth, but a key aspect of it is that organizational members, acting in their official capacities, play a significant role in the havoc wreaked on their organization. Hypotheses are presented about organization disaster and implosion, relating organizational outcomes to the nature of external controlling organizations, communications among organizational sets, and types of interdependence among organizations. A preliminary model of organizational implosion is presented, along with case illustrations.
Rituximab tolerability when given before or after CHOP
Authors: Hannawa Idan S , Bestul Daniel J
Published: November 2010

Study objective. To determine the tolerability of rituximab, specifically cytokine release syndrome/acute infusion reactions (CRS), when it is administered before or after cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP) chemotherapy in patients with non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL).

Methods. This study is a retrospective analysis of patients identified through pharmacy chemotherapy records. Inclusion criteria were diagnosis of NHL, first cycle of rituximab with CHOP or modified CHOP (mCHOP), treated between 1/1/04 and 6/30/09, age 18 years and greater, and inpatient status. Patients were excluded if their records/information were unavailable. Patients were divided into two groups based on practices observed at our institution: rituximab followed by CHOP (R-CHOP) or CHOP followed by rituximab (CHOP-R). Patient records were reviewed to determine demographic data, CRS, vital signs, evidence of chills/rigors, use of rescue medications, and rituximab infusion rates.

Results. One-hundred thirteen patients meeting the inclusion criteria were divided into two groups: R-CHOP ( n = 29) and CHOP-R ( n = 84). R-CHOP patients experienced numerically more CRS (65.5% vs. 42.9%, p = 0.0517) and significantly more chills/rigors ( p = 0.0376). Maximum and minimum oxygen (O2) saturations were significantly lower in the R-CHOP group ( p = 0.0444 and 0.0165, respectively). Maximum temperature was significantly higher in the R-CHOP group ( p = 0.0047). There was no difference between groups in use of rescue medications ( p = 1). R-CHOP patients required significantly more rate reductions ( p = 0.0431) than CHOP-R patients, although there was no difference in final tolerated rate between groups.

Conclusions. Patients with NHL who receive rituximab after CHOP experience significantly fewer chills/rigors, higher oxygen saturations, lower maximum temperatures, and fewer rate reductions than patients who receive rituximab before CHOP.
Development and economic trends in cancer therapeutic drugs in the UK from 1955 to 2009
Authors: Savage Philip
Published: November 2010

Over the past decade, 23 new cancer treatment drugs have been introduced, many have brought major benefits to patient care, whilst others have maintained clinical benefits with reduced toxicity. In this article, the historical trends in drug numbers, therapeutic classification, and treatment costs have been reviewed. Drugs are classified by years of introduction, therapeutic classification, and an assessment of relative treatment cost using a contemporary ‘standard’ treatment compared with the relevant UK GDP per capita. Prior to 1960, there were 5 cancer drugs available, 2 new drugs were introduced in the 1960s, 18 in the 1970s, 14 in the 1980s, 24 in the 1990s, and 23 in the past decade. Prior to 1975, all the cancer treatments were classical cytotoxic agents. Since then, there have been 17 hormonal agents, 6 monoclonal antibodies, and 7 targeted therapies. The number of new classical cytotoxic drugs has declined dramatically with only one new agent in the past decade. The new drugs have become increasingly expensive relative to average GDP, with an average standard course of treatment with a new non-hormonal agent costing 34% of per capita GDP in 1995–1999, 53% in 2000–2004, and 67% in 2005–2009. In contrast, the cost of new hormonal agents introduced has remained at lower levels, with 6-month treatment with Degarelix, the newest hormonal agent, costing 3.8% of per capita GDP in 2009. The data in this article may be of value to those interested in the history of cancer treatment development and associated economic issues.
‘Across the bridge of death’
Authors: Dabbous Yasmine , Nasser Khaled , Dabbous Farah
Published: November 2010

• Pasted on public and private building walls, political posters commemorating martyrs were a familiar feature of Lebanon’s civil war. Twenty-five years later, they serve as a window into the culture of the era. Based on 86 political posters collected from the 1960s through the 1980s in Beirut, this research examines how people viewed martyrdom during that period. Using a semiotic analysis, it studies how different political players promoted and used martyrdom to revive deceased leaders and militiamen, and frame their memory as one of valiant heroism. The study finds that, although martyrdom was promoted as a secular notion at the beginning of the war, it was still venerated as an honor along the tradition of Abraham’s divine sacrifice. Mostly used for political, ideological and publicity purposes, martyrdom enabled the various militias to change their losses into victories, strengthen their bonds with their constituents and acquire credibility as people who have offered blood. •
Tai O village
Authors: Dryland Estelle , Syed Jawad
Published: November 2010

• This article offers a socio-cultural perspective on what happens to a once thriving fishing village when the traditional fishermen retire, their children seek safer and more lucrative work in an adjacent cosmopolitan city, and the population diminishes leaving the village facing economic hardship and general decline. The article explores these issues and the related aspects of ‘place’ and ‘space’ in the context of Tai O village, Lantau Island, Hong Kong. The article treats ‘space’ as a blend of social experience and physical structure in order to examine the tensions between the vernacular architecture of Tai O and the Hong Kong government’s plans to ‘revitalize’ the area. •
Going to bed with a camera
Authors: Schwarz Ori
Published: November 2010

• Many sexual encounters are nowadays photographed by the participants. The article examines the photographed sex in the historical contexts of the visualization of sexuality, pleasure and desire, and the new norms of photographed self-documentation. Based on research conducted in Israel, I show that photographed sex produces not only new sorts of pleasure, but also knowledge: about one’s self, partner, sexuality and relationship. This ‘objective’ visual knowledge is often privileged over subjective, haptic knowledge. Photography also introduces new peformativities, and encourages borrowing from media-representations of sex and rational self-improvement. •
‘Now you’re thinking with portals’
Authors: Brooker Will
Published: November 2010

• Using a range of examples from contemporary popular culture, this article argues that our increasing engagement with the world as data, through digital technology, involves new vocabulary, gestures, conventions and conceptual models: new ways of seeing, acting and thinking. Drawing on the theory that 1920s cinema offered, in Walter Benjamin’s phrase, a ‘kind of training’ for the new modes of operation required by the modernist city, it suggests that contemporary popular narratives are currently serving a similar purpose, training us in the uses of digital technology and emphasizing the social mastery that results from understanding the world as data, and learning to read it, navigate it and manipulate it. •
The governmentality of suicide: Peuchet, Marx, Durkheim, and Foucault
Authors: Tierney Thomas F.
Published: November 2010

This essay develops a remark Foucault made in passing at the end of the first volume of The History of Sexuality (1976), linking the emergence of bio-power and the nineteenth-century sociological fascination with suicide. Foucault traced the origins of bio-power in his Collège de France courses of 1977—1978 and 1978—1979, but never returned to the relationship between the sociological appropriation of suicide and this uniquely modern form of power. Using the recently published lectures from these courses, this essay interprets two nineteenth-century sociological treatises on suicide as historical examples of the development of ‘governmentality.’ The first text is a commentary on suicide from the Mémoires (1838) of Parisian police administrator Jacques Peuchet, which the young Marx translated and published in 1846. This proto-sociological text is interpreted as an early manifestation of governmentality, while the second text, Durkheim’s Le Suicide (1897), is presented as a classic of sociology and governmental rationality. Aside from the light it sheds on the historical relationship between sociology, governmentality, and suicide, this essay also illuminates some often-overlooked implications of the current ‘right to die’ movement.
From state biology to the government of life: Historical dimensions and contemporary perspectives of ‘biopolitics’
Authors: Lemke Thomas
Published: November 2010

The notion of biopolitics has recently become a buzzword. However, there is no consensus about its empirical object or its normative implications. A further disagreement concerns the historical period to which the term refers. For some, biopolitics goes back to Antiquity, or even to the invention of agriculture, while others regard it as the result of contemporary biotechnological innovations. My point of departure in this article is the virtual polarization that is attached to the merger of life and politics in the notion of biopolitics. The existing concepts differ in respect of which part of the word they emphasize. It is possible to distinguish naturalistic concepts that take life as the basis of politics and to contrast these with politicist concepts which conceive of life processes as the object of politics. The two lines of interpretation will be analysed in the first part of the article. My central thesis is that both approaches fail to capture essential dimensions of biopolitical processes. Against the naturalist and the politicist reading I will propose a historical notion of biopolitics that was first developed by the French philosopher and historian Michel Foucault. The diverse refinements and corrections of the Foucauldian notion of biopolitics can be integrated into an ‘analytics of biopolitics’ that will be presented in the final part of the paper.
Energy and society: Herbert Spencer’s ‘energetic sociology’ of social evolution and beyond
Authors: McKinnon Andrew M.
Published: November 2010

Herbert Spencer is usually thought to use a biological metaphor for understanding social-evolutionary processes. Spencer’s evolutionary theory is an ‘energetic’ theory, premised on a particular understanding of physical principles; he applied these ‘energetic’ principles equally to inorganic, organic and supra-organic (social) evolution. The centrality of energy metaphors makes Spencer’s theory of social evolution directly relevant in a global society where energy has once again become an important political, economic and environmental issue. Spencer omits the social use of non-human energy forms in his writings, and this gap is addressed in the context of its implications for his theory of evolution as a whole, providing a corrective to his oversight.
What’s so ‘Dark’ about ‘Dark Tourism’?: Death, Tours, and Performance
Authors: Bowman Michael S. , Pezzullo Phaedra C.
Published: November 2010

Tourist studies scholars have sought to differentiate tours of the picturesque, the romantic, and the sublime from those of the disgusting, the abject, and the macabre. The assumption is that tourist destinations for relaxation and play involve a notably different clientele, tour operator, and set of ethical questions than those destinations where death and tragedy once occurred. An increasingly popular framework to approach this research is ‘dark tourism’. Despite the emerging discourses questioning it, none have interrogated the trope of ‘dark’ itself. This essay identifies and interrogates the scholarly and political assumptions behind labeling tourist destinations at sites of death as ‘dark’. Then, drawing on performance theory and the authors’ own fieldwork, the essay recovers a range of ways that the performance studies turn in tourist studies can be a productive approach to studying the intersections of death and tourism, including questions of ritual, play, identity, everyday life, and embodiment.
The Tourist Narrative
Authors: Rickly-Boyd Jillian M.
Published: November 2010

This paper concerns tourist narratives, a type of autobiographical narrative condensed by the temporal and spatial constraints of tourism experience, as a place-making tool. While much attention has been paid to the importance of metanarratives both in the construction of tourism sites and in the self-identity process, the role of personal narratives for bridging this divide has been underexplored. As episodes of personal narratives, tourist moments are both socially and semiotically constructed. These narratives are at the nexus of spatial and temporal experience as tourists use multisensory experience, material objects, and landscape cues to connect memories with contemporary events and metanarratives to personal history. Narratives, however, are a construction; as they are (re)interpreted and (re)told events change in terms of their significance. As tourism experiences are incorporated into one’s autobiographical narrative, the tourism space takes on new meanings and through this incorporation it becomes place. This process is examined via tourist narratives of Spring Mill Pioneer Village. Collected during survey work at the site, these narratives illuminate the deeper significance of place more than survey data alone could have revealed. By teaming these two data sets, the importance of the social, semiotic, and sensory to the tourist experience, as well as their creation of place, is brought to the fore.
Levels of knowledge and perceived understanding among participants in cancer clinical trials – factors related to the informed consent procedure
Authors: Bergenmar Mia , Johansson Hemming , Wilking Nils
Published: November 2010

Background An informed consent from patients participating in cancer clinical trials is mandatory according to international and national guidelines and laws. Insufficient knowledge and understanding by trial participants have been reported in several studies.

Purpose The aims of this study were to investigate factors of importance for knowledge and understanding about cancer clinical trials among trial participants.

Methods All patients consenting to a phase II or III clinical trial during 1 year were invited ( n = 325). Data on knowledge and perceived understanding were collected by a questionnaire, Quality of Informed Consent. Results are based on data from 268 patients (82%). Associations between knowledge and perceived understanding as well as clinical, socio-economic factors, and factors related to the informed consent procedure were tested.

Results In the multivariate analysis no statistically significant associations were found between knowledge and any of the factors. Patients who reported longer time for trial information before their decision to participate, those who found the decision easy to take, and patients who reported use of other information sources had statistically significant higher perceived understanding. No differences in mean scores for knowledge or perceived understanding were found for any of the clinical factors (age, gender, diagnostic group, trial phase), socio-economic factors (education, marital status), and the following factors related to the informed consent procedure; presence of relative or nurse at information about the trial or previous participation in clinical trials.

Limitations No study specific questions were included due to the number of trials ( n = 35).

Conclusion Strategies to increase patients’ knowledge needs to be elaborated in order to improve the fulfilment of the requirements of informed consent in participants in cancer clinical trials.
Judgment and the Justice: An Ethnographic Reading of the Sotomayor Confirmation Hearings
Authors: Greenhouse Carol J.
Published: November 2010

Justice Sonia Sotomayor was President Obama’s first nominee to the United States Supreme Court. She was confirmed by the Senate after three days of hearings in July, 2009 – and three months of partisan contention focused in part over her so-called “wise Latina” speech years earlier. My interest in the hearings is two-fold: first, in the question of how Sotomayor’s opponents tied the question of her particular judicial qualifications to her self-identity; and second, in the related question of how they worked minority identity more generally into a question of legitimacy. I focus on Republican opposition in the hearings, since Democrats – assured by their numerical majority in Congress at that time – engaged the nominee primarily in reaction to Republican challenges. My thesis is that the Republican performance was keyed to an oppositional discourse in which both the form and content of language were politicized in ideological terms – terms that ascribe a particular significance to race as a form of alienated solidarity.
Legal Judgment and Cape Colonial Law
Authors: Pavlich George
Published: November 2010

Judgment is a complex matter, with particular nuances in the context of juridical decision-making. The following commentary explores legal judgment at a particular juncture via a Cape colonial case in 1798 and through Foucault’s often overlooked essay, “Truth and Juridical Forms.” Noting the legacy of the test and the inquiry as knowledge formations that have significantly influenced judgment in European and colonial law, this discussion highlights how legal judgment might usefully be viewed as a shifting product of local and wider power-knowledge formations. Viewing a Cape record at some historical distance enables one to see colonial legal judgment as a process of its time and place. It also enables a more general, if admittedly exploratory, comment on judgment as an authorized, violent process that cuts and countersigns itself through complex transcriptions. As well, a performative contradiction attaches indecision to the heart of legal decisions, thereby disabling apodictic judgments and intimating a potential escape from totalitarian judgmental systems.
Ethnographic Reform: A technical turn
Authors: Coles Kimberley
Published: November 2010

This article explores a recent technical turn – an interest in the interrogation of the technical means through which the world becomes and is arranged – in ethnographic practice through discussion of three key methodological challenges found in recent ethnographic fieldwork: collaboration, linguistic competence, and temporal immersion. In alliance with posthumanist perspectives and through an interest in the techniques and practices of knowledge production, what at first blush appear as limitations are becoming resources for new sets of questions and approaches. Ethnographic reform requires rethinking the traditional relationships between ethnographer, empiricism and information, and the subjects and objects of data.
Relocalizing the Judicial Space: Place, Access and Mobilization in Judicial Practice in Post-crisis Argentina
Authors: Barrera Leticia
Published: November 2010

This article presents an image of the judicial space that seeks to challenge ubiquitous representations and scholarly metaphors of legal settings that recreate judicial practice as constrained within a delimited site. The article draws on ethnographic work conducted at the Argentine Supreme Court between August 2005 and March 2007, and focuses on the direct observation of the Argentine Supreme Court’s daily dynamic articulated by concrete senses of mobility and access. Additionally, it builds upon the aesthetics of restoration, prompted by the scene of the restoration of the Court’s building, to suggest the tensions that arise out of the efforts to reconstruct the judicial order in post 2001–2-crisis Argentina, constantly disrupted by the institution’s own routine.
The Activity of Judgment: Deleuze, Jurisdiction and the Procedural Genre of Jurisprudence
Authors: Mussawir Edward
Published: November 2010

Modern legal theory is beginning to rediscover its connection with the language and conceptuality of ‘‘jurisdiction.’’ The reasons for this are not simply theoretical: — they are also technical and pragmatic. In an age in which the capacity to make new laws has been invoked as an almost mechanical response to changing patterns of social order, the connection that jurisprudence may still keep with the technical work of jurisdiction represents an important and unresolved problem. This article enlists Gilles Deleuze’s critique of the activity of judgment to explore this problem and to reconstruct some elements to a procedural genre of jurisprudence.
Effect of microstructure on liquation cracking during AZ91 friction stir spot welding
Authors: Horie S. , Shinozaki K. , Yamamoto M. , North T. H. , Gerlich A.
Published: November 2010

Effect of microstructures on liquation cracking is investigated. Melted eutectic formation and cracking are observed in the stir zone region of friction stir spot welds made in squeeze cast and in incompletely solutionised AZ91 sections containing Mg17Al12 particles. Crack susceptibility in the stir zone region is dramatically decreased in AZ91 base material which has been forged and solution treated, and is completely free of Mg17Al12 particles. It is suggested that rapid heating during the tool penetration stage in friction stir spot welding creates undissolved Mg17Al12 particles, which facilitate eutectic melting when the temperature in the stir zone reaches 437°C, the ( α-Mg+Mg17Al12) eutectic temperature in the binary Mg–Al equilibrium phase diagram.
Friction stir welding of ductile iron and low carbon steel
Authors: Cheng C.-P. , Lin H.-M. , Lin J.-C.
Published: November 2010

Friction stir welding (FSW) is a low distortion, high quality solid welding. There is no melting during the welding process, which results in improved welding quality. Ductile iron has the advantages of being low cost, of excellent castability, and of being good mechanically. Therefore, it is generally used in many structural engineering parts. In this study, ferritic ductile iron and low carbon steel were used to explore the qualities of dissimilar metal welding under different conditions. The FSW process, changes in the microstructure of the welding area and the mechanical properties of joints were explored. According to the research, we found that when dissimilar metal welding is conducted at 982 rev min–1 with a travelling speed of 72 mm min–1, flawless welding quality can be obtained if the stir rod rotates counterclockwise with carbon steel fixed in the advancing side and with ductile iron in the retreating side. FSW successfully provided defect free welds. However, fine pearlite and martensite structures appear in the stir zone, which result in mechanical property degradation of weldments. The stir zone in the weldments is very hard due to martensitic transformation. After heat treatment, the tensile strength improves, and the fracture site appears in the base metal of the carbon steel. However, the welding nugget is not completely filled when the stir rod directs ferritic ductile iron to the advancing side in the clockwise direction and carbon steel in the retreating side, which results in defects and lower welding quality.
Material flow and mixing patterns during dissimilar FSW
Authors: Alvarez P. , Janeiro G. , da Silva A. A. M. , Aldanondo E. , Echeverría A.
Published: November 2010

The main goal of this investigation is to study the flow pattern and mixing which take place during dissimilar friction stir welding (FSW). Aspects such as the origin of onion rings and development of welding defects are considered. An evaluation of the impact of welding parameters (rotational speed) on material mixing of AA 7075-T6 and AA 2024-T3 (3 mm thickness) dissimilar butt welds was performed. The ‘stop action’ technique has been employed in order to acquire a close snap shot of the flow and mixing in one of the samples which showed limited mixing but optimal mechanical performance and surface condition. A non-stable rotational flow inside the threads has been identified in this sample due to the formation of a cavity on the rear of the pin. This fact gave rise to characteristic bands in the longitudinal section but it was not enough for developing an onion ring-like mixing pattern.
High speed friction stir welding of aluminium alloys
Authors: Rodrigues D. M. , Leitão C. , Louro R. , Gouveia H. , Loureiro A.
Published: November 2010

In this paper, the weldability of AA 5083-H111 (non-heat treatable) and AA 6082-T6 (heat treatable) aluminium alloys, which are widely used in welding fabrication, is compared by analysing the welds obtained from both materials under a large range of welding conditions (varying tool dimensions, rotation and traverse speeds, axial loads and tilt angles) chosen to ensure high welding speeds. The differences in friction stir weldability, assessed by weld defect analysis and weld strength characterisation, will be related to the markedly different plastic behaviours of both base materials. Based on the experimental results, a methodology for determining suitable friction stir welding parameters is proposed.
Effect of joint line remnant on fatigue lifetime of friction stir welded Al–Cu–Li alloy
Authors: Jolu T. Le , Morgeneyer T. F. , Gourgues-Lorenzon A. F.
Published: November 2010

The effect of joint line remnant (JLR) on the fatigue lifetime of friction stir welds of a 2198 Al alloy in T851 condition has been assessed experimentally. The base material, sound welds (welded in one sheet) and welds with JLR (produced via welding of two sheets with a natural oxide layer) have been investigated. A strong decrease in microhardness is found for the weak weld zone that is consistent with the reduction in tensile properties compared to the base material: 45% in yield strength and 22% in ultimate tensile strength. The fatigue strengths of sound and JLR bearing welds at 100 000 cycles ( R=0·1) are reduced by 10 and 15% respectively compared to the base material. Only for one-third of the JLR bearing specimens, the fatigue crack initiated in regions close to the JLR and this without reduction in fatigue lifetime.
Friction stir welding dissimilar alloys for tailoring properties of aerospace parts
Authors: Eberl I. , Hantrais C. , Ehrtsrom J.-C. , Nardin C.
Published: November 2010

The friction stir welding (FSW) process is capable of joining all aluminium alloys, especially 2xxx and 7xxx aerospace alloys, with good joint properties. Successful weld quality was obtained for a dissimilar joint 2050-T3 Al–Cu–Li alloy/7449-TAF Al–Mg–Zn–Cu alloy at 20 mm thickness thanks to pulsation of the advancing speed. This FSW dissimilar joint was post-weld heat treated: 2050-T8/7449-T79. The joint ultimate tensile strength (UTS) was 336 MPa, similar to a 7449 bead on plate with the same thickness. Moreover, the fracture location takes place in the 7449 heat affected zone (HAZ), the weakest point indicated by the microhardness profile. The ‘pulsed’ process induces an improved stirring based on alternation of dark and light bands, whose chemical composition is close to 2050 and 7449 respectively.