bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Invasive Breast Carcinoma with Neuroendocrine Differentiation: A Single-Center Analysis of Clinical Features and Prognosis
Authors: Krawczyk Natalia , Röwer Rowena , Anlauf Martin , Muntanjohl Caja , Baldus Stephan Ernst , Neumann Monika , Banys-Paluchowski Maggie , Otten Sabine , Luczak Katharina , Ruckhäberle Eugen , Mohrmann Svjetlana , Hoffmann Jürgen , Kaleta Thomas , Jaeger Bernadette , Esposito Irene , Fehm Tanja
Published: November 2021

Introduction Invasive breast cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation is a rare subtype of breast malignancy. Due to frequent changes in the definition of these lesions, the correct diagnosis, estimation of exact prevalence, and clinical behaviour of this entity may be challenging. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence, clinical features, and outcomes in a large cohort of patients with breast cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation.

Patients Twenty-seven cases of breast cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation have been included in this analysis. Twenty-one cases were identified by systematic immunohistochemical re-evaluation of 465 breast cancer specimens using the neuroendocrine markers chromogranin A and synaptophysin, resulting in a prevalence of 4.5%. A further six cases were identified by a review of clinical records.

Results Median age at the time of diagnosis was 61 years. 70% of patients had T2 – 4 tumors and 37% were node-positive. The most common immunohistochemical subtype was HR-positive/HER2-negative (85%). 93% were positive for synaptophysin and 48% for chromogranin A. Somatostatin receptor type 2A status was positive in 12 of 24 analyzed tumors (50%). Neuroendocrine-specific treatment with somatostatin analogues was administered in two patients. The 5-year survival rate was 70%.

Conclusions Breast cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation is mostly HR-positive/HER2-negative and the diagnosis is made at a higher TNM stage than in patients with conventional invasive breast carcinoma. Moreover, breast cancer with neuroendocrine differentiation was found to be associated with impaired prognosis in several retrospective trials. Due to somatostatin receptor 2A expression, somatostatin receptor-based imaging can be used and somatostatin receptor-targeted therapy can be offered in selected cases.
Pheochromocytoma and Adrenocortical Carcinoma: Morphological
Characteristics in Endoscopic Ultrasound Imaging
Authors: Özkul Neslihan , Kann Peter Herbert
Published: November 2021

Purpose Pheochromocytoma (PCC) and adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) are two
rare endocrine diseases. Early diagnosis is crucial to significantly reduce
morbidity and mortality. In this study, we used endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) for
high-resolution imaging to investigate the endosonographic morphology pattern of
PCC and ACC.

Materials and Methods This retrospective cohort study included 58
PCC/ACC lesions diagnosed by EUS imaging at two tertiary care centers
between 1997 and 2015. The following groups were defined by histology or by the
presence of a pheochromocytoma-associated syndrome without histological proof:
bPCC (benign PCC), mPCC (malignant PCC), and ACC.

Results In our cohort, mPCC tended to be larger at the time of diagnosis
(n=5; 39.9±41.9 mm) than bPCC (n=46;
27.3 ±20.8 mm, P=0.548). ACC lesions were
significantly larger (n=7; 50.6±14.8 mm) than bPCC and
mPCC (n=51; 28.5±23.3 mm, P=0.002). In EUS, bPCC
and ACC lesions frequently appeared to have a round shape and nodular structure.
bPCC and ACC tended to be more hyperechoic (P=0.112 and P=0.558,
respectively) and heterogeneous (P=0.501 and P=0.098,
respectively) than mPCC. Compared to PCC, ACC did not show high hyperperfusion
(P=0.022). In contrast to adenoma, all tumor entities showed
hypo-/anechoic areas within the tumor (P<0.05).

Conclusion No significant differences in EUS morphology were found to
reliably distinguish benign from malignant PCC and ACC lesions. However, EUS may
be a reasonable alternative or complementary method to conventional imaging
techniques for the early detection of these tumor entities.
Leitlinie erklärt – Perspektive
Authors: Thomasius Friederike
Published: November 2021

Kapitel Therapie

Im Kapitel „Therapiedauer und Kontrollen“ der aktuell geltenden
Leitlinienfassung von 2017 wird darauf hingewiesen, dass der Knochenmassenzuwachs
durch eine Denosumabtherapie schnell bei Therapieende verloren gehen kann. Hier
steht:
Detectability of Target Lesion During CT-Guided Tumor Ablations: Impact on Ablation Outcome
Authors: Barzakova Emona , Senthilvel Niveditha , Bruners Philipp , Keil Sebastian , Lurje Georg , Zimmermann Markus , Kuhl Christiane K , Isfort Peter
Published: November 2021

Purpose Small hepatic malignancies scheduled for CT-guided percutaneous ablation may have been identified in the hepatobiliary phase of liver MRI or in a specific phase of multi-phase CT but may be occult on unenhanced CT used to guide the ablation. We investigated whether the detectability of the target lesion would impact the efficacy of CT-guided hepatic tumor ablations.

Materials and Methods We included 69 patients with 99 malignant liver lesions (25 primary, 44 metastases) who underwent IRE (n = 35), RFA (n = 41), or MWA (n = 23) between 01/2015 and 06/2018. All procedures were performed under CT guidance. Lesions not detectable on CT (NDL) were targeted through identification of anatomical landmarks on preinterventional contrast-enhanced CT or MRI. Rates of incomplete ablation, size of ablation zone, local tumor recurrence, intrahepatic progression-free survival (ihPFS), and adverse event rates were compared for detectable lesions (DL) vs. NDL.

Results 40 lesions were NDL, and 59 lesions were DL on unenhanced CT. The mean follow-up was 16.2 months (14.8 for DL and 18.2 for NDL). The mean diameter of NDL and DL was similar (12.9 mm vs. 14.9 mm). The mean ablation zone size was similar (37.1 mm vs. 38.8 mm). Incomplete ablation did not differ between NDL vs. DL (5.0 % [2/40; 0.6–16.9 %] vs. 3.4 % [2/59; 0.4–11.7 %]), nor did local tumor recurrence (15.4 % [6/39; 5.7 %–30.5 %] vs. 16.9 % [10/59; 8.4–29.0 %]), or median ihPFS (15.5 months vs. 14.3 months).

Conclusion Target lesion detectability on interventional CT does not have a significant impact on outcome after percutaneous liver ablation when anatomical landmarks are used to guide needle placement.

Key Points: 

Citation Format
Evaluation of an Ultra-Short MRI Protocol for Cerebral Staging Examinations in Melanoma Patients
Authors: Peters Sönke , Gärtner Friederike , Austein Friederike , Wodarg Fritz , Jansen Olav , Hensler Johannes
Published: November 2021

Purpose Due to its high sensitivity and lack of radiation, MRI is often used to stage cerebral tumors in patients. In contrast, the relatively long examination times and the limited availability of MRI slots at the clinic might delay these examinations. The aim of this study was to compare an ultra-short MRI protocol with the routinely used standard protocol.

Materials and Methods Cerebral MRI of 147 patients with malignant melanoma were evaluated retrospectively, whereby only two sequences (FLAIR images and contrast-enhanced T1 MPR images) were evaluated in one group and images from the whole examination were available for the second group, including five sequences (DWI, T2 TSE, FLAIR, native and contrast-enhanced T1 TSE, and contrast-enhanced T1 MPR). The results of the two groups were compared and tested to determine whether the ultra-short approach was inferior to the full examination.

Results 13.6 % of the patients had cerebral metastases. Overall, 73 metastases were detected: 60 were located supratentorially and 13 infratentorially. Concerning the detection of cerebral metastases, the ultra-short MRI examination, involving only a FLAIR and a contrast-enhanced T1 MPR sequence, was not inferior to the full MRI protocol in general (p = 0.017) and separated by location for supratentorial (p = 0.026) and infratentorial (p = 0.001) metastases.

Conclusion For staging purposes, a focused, ultra-short MRI protocol is not inferior to a standard MRI examination. This might open up opportunities for faster staging processes and a more efficient use of the often-restricted MRI capacities.

Key Points 

Citation Format
Pd-Catalyzed Arylation of 1,2-Amino Alcohol Derivatives via β-Carbon Elimination
Authors: Pericàs Miquel A. , Martin Ruben , Sau Miriam
Published: November 2021

Herein, we describe a Pd-catalyzed arylation of 1,2-amino alcohols with aryl halides enabled by a retroallylation manifold. This protocol constitutes a new entry point to β-arylated aldehydes via the intermediacy of in situ generated enamine intermediates. The protocol is characterized by its exquisite regioselectivity profile and broad substrate scope – including challenging substrate combinations – even in an enantioselective manner.
Stereoselective Total Synthesis of (+)-Brevipolide H from d-Galactal
Authors: Liu Jun , Zhao Ziyang , Lv Qingwei , Geng Jialin , Liu Yang , Hu Chao , Du Yuguo
Published: November 2021

An efficient and concise synthesis of cytotoxic 5,6-dihydro-α-pyrone (+)-brevipolide H has been accomplished in 12 long linear steps in 8.65% overall yield from readily available chiral synthons, d-galactal and ethyl l-lactate. The features of this synthesis are highly diastereoselective Simmons–Smith cyclopropanation and carbohydrate-based chiron approach to rapid access to key 5,6-dihydro-α-pyrone skeleton.
Radical Fluorosulfonylation: Accessing Alkenylsulfonyl Fluorides from Alkenes and Alkynes
Authors: liao Saihu , Nie Xingliang
Published: November 2021

Sulfonyl fluorides have widespread applications in many fields. In particular, the increasing research interest on the study of sulfonyl fluorides in the context of chemical biology and drug discovery in the past decade has raised a high demand for new and efficient methods for the synthesis of sulfonyl fluorides. Even though many synthetic routes have been developed in recent years, the corresponding radical fluorosulfonylation remains elusive. Here, we report our efforts toward this goal, and the identification of sulfuryl chlorofluoride (FSO2Cl) as an effective fluorosulfonyl radical precursor, as well as the development of radical fluorosulfonylation of alkenes and radical trans-chloro/fluorosulfonylation of alkynes.

1 Introduction

1.1 Functional Group Constructions

1.2 Modular Synthesis with FSO2-Containing Synthetic Blocks

1.3 Direct Fluorosulfonylation

2 Radical Fluorosulfonylation of Alkenes with FSO2Cl

3 Mechanistic Study

4 Radical Chloro/Fluorosulfonylation of Alkynes

5 Summary and Outlook
Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Diverse Libraries of Small-Molecule Building Blocks in Ionic Liquids (ILs)
Authors: Laali Kenneth K. , Kalkhambkar Rajesh G. , Sutar Suraj M.
Published: November 2021

The Account describes recent advances, from the authors’ laboratories, in the synthesis of diverse libraries of small-molecule building blocks employing ionic liquids (ILs). The ability of ILs to act as catalysts/promoters/solvents for electrophilic and onium ion chemistry, as well as in metal-mediated cross-coupling reactions, and the potential to sequence/hyphenate these methods, have opened up new opportunities for facile assembly of functional small molecules with increased complexity from readily available precursors. While Brønsted acidic IL/IL solvent mixtures are suitable media for carbocation and onium ion chemistry, piperidine-appended IL/IL solvent mixtures can successfully catalyze a variety of base-catalyzed reactions. Several widely practiced transformations including ‘name reactions’ were adapted and performed efficiently in ILs.

1 Introduction

2 Aryldiazonium Salts and Aryltriazenes as Coupling Partners in Metal-Mediated C–C Cross-Coupling Reactions in ILs

3 Expanding the Scope of Metal-Mediated Cross-Coupling Reactions in ILs

4 Application of ILs in Synthesis and Functionalization of Hetero­cycles

5 Expanding the Scope of Amide Synthesis in ILs

6 Generation and Chemistry of ‘Tamed’ Propargylic Cations in ILs

7 Newer Nitration Methods for Arenes and Heteroarenes in ILs

8 Halofunctionalization in ILs

9 ‘Name Reactions’and Other Widely Practiced Synthetic Transformations in ILs

9.1 The Biginelli Reaction

9.2 Nitrile Synthesis by the Schmidt Reaction

9.3 Rupe Rearrangement

9.4 Synthesis of 1,3-Dioxanes via Prins Reaction in [BMIM(SO3H)][OTf]

9.5 Synthesis of Cyclopropanes and Oxiranes by the Corey–Chaykovsky (CC) Reaction

10 Conclusions and Closing Remarks
Modified Transpetrosal–Transtentorial Approach for Resection of Large and Giant Petroclival Meningioma: Technical Nuance and Surgical Experiences
Authors: Haq Irwan Barlian Immadoel , Wahyuhadi Joni , Suryonurafif Akhmad , Arifianto Muhammad Reza , Susilo Rahadian Indarto , Nagm Alhusain , Goto Takeo , Ohata Kenji
Published: November 2021

Background Meningiomas arising from the petroclival area remain a challenge for neurosurgeons. Various approaches have been proposed to achieve maximum resection with minimal morbidity and mortality. Also, some articles correlated preservation of adjacent veins with less neurologic deficits.

Objective To describe the experiences in using a new technique to achieve maximal resection of petroclival meningiomas and preserving the superior petrosal veins (SPVs) and the superior petrosal sinus (SPS).

Methods A retrospective analysis of 26 patients harboring a true petroclival meningioma with a diameter ≥25 mm and undergoing surgery with the modified transpetrosal–transtentorial approach (MTTA) was performed.

Results Fifty-four percent of 22 patients complained of severe headache at presentation. There was also complaint of cranial nerve (CN) deficit, with CN VII deficit being the most common (present in 42% of patients). The average tumor size (measured as maximum diameter) was 45.2 mm, and most of the tumors compressed the brainstem. Total resection was achieved in 12 patients (46.2%), whereas the others were excised subtotally (54.8%). Most of the patients had WHO grade I (96.1%) meningioma; only one had a grade II (3.8%) meningioma. In addition, clinical improvement and persistence of symptoms were observed in 17 (65.4%) and 8 (30.7%) patients, respectively, and postoperative permanent CN injury was observed in 3 (11.5%) patients.

Conclusion Using the MTTA, maximal resection with preservation of the CNs and neurovascular SPV-SPS complex can be achieved. Therefore, further studies and improvements of the technique are required to increase the total resection rate without neglecting the complications that may develop postoperatively.
Factors Associated with Timely Surgery for Semi-elective Distal Radius Fracture Fixation
Authors: Johnson Nick A. , Dias Joseph J.
Published: November 2021

Background In the United Kingdom, national guidance recommends intra-articular distal radius fractures should undergo surgery within 72 hours and extra-articular fractures within 7 days.

Purpose We investigated if hospitals can provide timely surgery and meet national guidelines in patients who are sent home following distal radius fracture (DRF) to return for planned surgery. The influence of patient, hospital, and seasonal factors on wait to surgery are investigated.

Patients and Methods We reviewed Hospital Episode Statistics (HES) data between April 2009 and March 2013. Proportion of procedures being performed within 3 and 7 days was calculated. A linear regression model was created to investigate the relationship between wait for surgery and patient and hospital factors.

Results A total of 9,318 patients were sent home to return for planned acute DRF surgery during the 4-year study period. Mean time to surgery was 3.04 days (range 1–days, standard deviation [SD] 3.14). A total of 6,538 patients underwent surgery within 3 days (70.2%) and 8,747 within 7 days (93.9%). Patients listed for surgery and sent home to return waited longer if listed toward the end of the week. Less surgery was performed at weekends, and patients were less likely to be listed for semielective trauma surgery.

Conclusions Acute semielective DRF fixation is generally performed within targets for extra-articular fractures but there is scope for improvement for intra-articular fractures. Day of presentation and increasing number of comorbidities increase wait for surgery. Hospital trusts should focus on improving pathways for patients with multiple comorbidities and strategies to improve accessibility of these services at weekends.
Survey outlines wide range of methodologies for examining nuclear mechanics and mechanobiology
Authors: Ikenson Ben
Published: November 2021

Growing focus on the physical nature of cell nucleus may help enable disease detection and prevention
Effect of surface oxidation on soft x-ray optical properties of ion beam sputter deposited amorphous AlN thin film
Authors: Kiranjot  , Modi Mohammed H.
Published: November 2021

In the present study, structural and compositional analyses of reactive ion beam sputter deposited aluminum nitride (AlN) thin film of thickness 100 Å are carried out using x-ray reflectivity and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques. Soft x-ray optical response of the film is derived from energy dependent soft x-ray reflectivity measurements performed in photon energy region of 380–1700 eV. Optical constants (δ and β) obtained from the reflectivity spectra show features corresponding to absorption edges of the constituent elements. Observed fine features in the β profile are further confirmed from x-ray absorption (XAS) measurements carried out in the total electron yield mode. The measured XAS spectra are correlated with electronic and compositional properties of the AlN film. The effects of surface oxidation on soft x-ray optical properties of the AlN thin film are discussed.
Fermi acceleration in relativistic collisionless plasma shocks correlates with anisotropic energy gains
Authors: Rajawat Roopendra Singh , Khudik Vladimir , Shvets Gennady
Published: November 2021

Collisionless shocks generated by two colliding relativistic electron-positron plasma shells are studied using particle-in-cell simulations. Shocks are mediated by the Weibel instability (WI), and the kinetic energy of the fastest accelerated particles is found to be anisotropically modified by WI-induced electric fields. Specifically, we show that all particles interacting with the shock bifurcate into two groups based on their final relativistic Lorentz factor γ: slow (γ<γbf) and fast (γ>γbf), where γbf is the bifurcation Lorentz factor that was found to be approximately twice the initial (upstream) Lorentz factor γ0. We have found that the kinetic energies of the slow particles are equally affected by the longitudinal and transverse components of the shock electric field, whereas the fast particles are primarily accelerated by the transverse field component.
Electrical aspects of skin as a pathway to engineering skin devices
Authors: Abe Yuina , Nishizawa Matsuhiko
Published: November 2021

Skin is one of the indispensable organs for life. The epidermis at the outermost surface provides a permeability barrier to infectious agents, chemicals, and excessive loss of water, while the dermis and subcutaneous tissue mechanically support the structure of the skin and appendages, including hairs and secretory glands. The integrity of the integumentary system is a key for general health, and many techniques have been developed to measure and control this protective function. In contrast, the effective skin barrier is the major obstacle for transdermal delivery and detection. Changes in the electrical properties of skin, such as impedance and ionic activity, is a practical indicator that reflects the structures and functions of the skin. For example, the impedance that reflects the hydration of the skin is measured for quantitative assessment in skincare, and the current generated across a wound is used for the evaluation and control of wound healing. Furthermore, the electrically charged structure of the skin enables transdermal drug delivery and chemical extraction. This paper provides an overview of the electrical aspects of the skin and summarizes current advances in the development of devices based on these features.
Designing and application of a new medical instrument sterilization system using reactive oxygen species
Authors: Ülkütaş Hesna Özbek , Özçelik Berrin , Güler İnan
Published: November 2021

The aim of this study is to design and test a new medical sterilization system as an alternative to the techniques used in the sterilization of medical instruments. The designed system, which uses a new oxygen molecule allotrope (NOMA) in the reactive oxygen species, is developed as an alternative to the sterilization systems using other gases. The test was conducted on 12 different materials, each having a surface of 2 cm2, sterilized under 120 °C at 1 atm pressure for 20 min in the NUVE-OT 4060 sterilizer, and all surfaces were contaminated with a biological indicator Geobacillus stearothermophilus cultured in an incubator at 37 °C. Test samples in sterile Petri dishes were placed in a desiccator, and a sample was taken at 30-, 45-, and 60-min test periods and were placed on an agar medium and put in a Memmert incubator IN75 at 37 °C; in the controls conducted following 16–18 h of incubation period, no bacterial growth was observed in the newly designed system tested with gram positive bacilli; moreover, it was observed that the new system was 100% effective in sterilizing the microbes as no growth was observed on the samples. Within the scope of this study, a faster, low-cost, low-temperature, residue-free, and human and environmental friendly system was developed and tested for sterilization of medical devices compared to existing sterilization methods using NOMA.
Modification of flow behind a circular cylinder by steady and time-periodic blowing
Authors: Wu Zhi , Choi Haecheon
Published: November 2021

We apply steady and time-periodic blowing, respectively, to flow over a circular cylinder at a Reynolds number of 21 000 for the modification of flow in the wake. The blowing is applied near the separation point on the upper and lower surfaces from either a slit (uniform blowing) or eight holes (discrete blowing) along the spanwise direction at each surface. For steady blowing, the blowing momentum coefficient ranges from 0.008 to 0.269, and, for time-periodic blowing, it does from 0.013 to 0.162. The changes in the drag are estimated by a momentum theorem with the velocity measurements in the wake. The steady discrete blowing is more effective and efficient for drag reduction than the steady uniform blowing, providing a maximum drag reduction of 38%. Counter-rotating vortices induced by the optimal discrete blowing change the Kármán vortex cores into three-dimensional vortices and weaken their strength. On the other hand, steady uniform blowing significantly increases the wake width and leads to drag increase. With time-periodic blowing, the maximum drag reductions by uniform and discrete blowing are 68% and 28%, respectively, indicating that the time-periodic uniform blowing is more effective than the steady discrete blowing. For the time-periodic blowing, two different vortex lock-on phenomena (symmetric and asymmetric vortex shedding in the wake) are found, and they lead to a significant drag decrease and increase, respectively.
A survey of physical methods for studying nuclear mechanics and mechanobiology
Authors: Hobson Chad M. , Falvo Michael R. , Superfine Richard
Published: November 2021

It is increasingly appreciated that the cell nucleus is not only a home for DNA but also a complex material that resists physical deformations and dynamically responds to external mechanical cues. The molecules that confer mechanical properties to nuclei certainly contribute to laminopathies and possibly contribute to cellular mechanotransduction and physical processes in cancer such as metastasis. Studying nuclear mechanics and the downstream biochemical consequences or their modulation requires a suite of complex assays for applying, measuring, and visualizing mechanical forces across diverse length, time, and force scales. Here, we review the current methods in nuclear mechanics and mechanobiology, placing specific emphasis on each of their unique advantages and limitations. Furthermore, we explore important considerations in selecting a new methodology as are demonstrated by recent examples from the literature. We conclude by providing an outlook on the development of new methods and the judicious use of the current techniques for continued exploration into the role of nuclear mechanobiology.
Microscopic piezoelectric behavior of clamped and membrane (001) PMN-30PT thin films
Authors: Brewer A. , Lindemann S. , Wang B. , Maeng W. , Frederick J. , Li F. , Choi Y. , Thompson P. J. , Kim J. W. , Mooney T. , Vaithyanathan V. , Schlom D. G. , Rzchowski M. S. , Chen L. Q. , Ryan P. J. , Eom C. B.
Published: November 2021

Bulk single-crystal relaxor-ferroelectrics, like Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3-PbTiO3 (PMN-PT), are widely known for their large piezoelectricity. This is attributed to polarization rotation, which is facilitated by the presence of various crystal symmetries for compositions near a morphotropic phase boundary. Relaxor-ferroelectric thin films, which are necessary for low-voltage applications, suffer a reduction in their piezoelectric response due to clamping by the passive substrate. To understand the microscopic behavior of this adverse phenomenon, we employ the AC electric field driven in-operando synchrotron x-ray diffraction on patterned device structures to investigate the piezoelectric domain behavior under an electric field for both a clamped (001) PMN-PT thin film on Si and a (001) PMN-PT membrane released from its substrate. In the clamped film, the substrate inhibits the field-induced rhombohedral (R) to tetragonal (T) phase transition resulting in a reversible R to Monoclinic (M) transition with a reduced longitudinal piezoelectric coefficient d33 < 100 pm/V. Releasing the film from the substrate results in recovery of the R to T transition and results in a d33 > 1000 pm/V. Using diffraction with spatial mapping, we find that lateral constraints imposed by the boundary between the active and inactive materials also inhibit the R to T transition. Phase-field calculations on both clamped and released PMN-PT thin films simulate our experimental findings. Resolving the suppression of thin film piezoelectric response is critical to their application in piezo-driven technologies.
Flow examination in abdominal aortic aneurysms: Reduced-order models driven by in vitro data and spectral proper orthogonal decomposition
Authors: Norouzi Shahrzad , Le Floc'h Arnaud , Di Labbio Giuseppe , Kadem Lyes
Published: November 2021

Although flow characteristics in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) have been extensively studied, they have not found their way into the clinical evaluation of the disease. We, therefore, present experimental AAA flow models, optimized using spectral proper orthogonal decomposition, to aid in gauging AAA severity based on the underlying flow. The resulting reduced-order AAA flow models capture pertinent pathological flow features. With progressive aneurysm expansion, the flow becomes increasingly complex, accompanied by larger vortical structures and elevated particle residence time. The presented models can lead to a more comprehensive clinical evaluation that includes patient-specific flow information.
Numerical investigation of three-dimensional asymmetric hovering flapping flight
Authors: Diaz-Arriba D. , Jardin T. , Gourdain N. , Pons F. , David L.
Published: November 2021

Direct numerical simulations are performed to assess the aerodynamic performance of three-dimensional wings undergoing asymmetric hovering flapping flight. A large number of flapping kinematics is investigated, varying the pitch rate and the upstroke and downstroke angles of attack. We show that, for all cases, time-averaged performance is driven, to leading order, by the mean angle of attack over a flapping period despite the increased contribution of drag to vertical force with increased stroke plane angle. We hence suggest that asymmetric hovering is not intrinsically more efficient than normal hovering, conversely to what has been previously reported in the literature. This may explain the under-representation of this flight mode in nature.
Optimising emergency department and acute care for people experiencing mental health problems: a nominal group study
Authors: Marynowski-Traczyk Donna , Wallis Marianne , Broadbent Marc , Scuffham Paul , Young Jesse T. , Johnston Amy N. B. , FitzGerald Gerard , Heffernan Ed , Kinner Stuart A. , Zhang Ping , Keijzers Gerben , Bosley Emma , Martin-Khan Melinda , Shevlin Laurie , Crilly Julia
Published: November 2021

Objective The aim of this study was to identify potential model of care approaches and systems processes for people presenting to acute healthcare settings with mental health problems, including mental illnesses. Methods Five (consensus) nominal group technique sessions were conducted in 2019 with a purposive sample of stakeholders from health, police, ambulance and consumer agencies (n = 21). Sessions were recorded, transcribed and analysed for thematic content. Results Potential model of care approaches and systems processes for people with mental health problems in the emergency department include: a skilled collaborative approach to care; consumer-focused service; knowledge improvement; early assessment; the development of models, systems and processes; and the built environment. In the broader acute care setting, the themes of formal care, linking of services, enhancing informal and innovative care options, improving information sharing and enhancing training and education were identified. Conclusions Coherent and multifaceted approaches to the provision of care to people with mental health problems and diagnosed mental illnesses who are requiring emergency care include the linking and sharing of systems and information, changing the built environment and exploring new models of service delivery. What is known about the topic? There is considerable evidence of interventions used in the emergency department and acute healthcare settings for this vulnerable group of people with mental health problems and diagnosed mental illnesses; however, the evidence for appropriate model of care approaches and systems processes is limited. What does this paper add? For people with mental health problems in emergency departments and for people with diagnosed mental illnesses in acute care settings, targeted directions to further support treatment include the linking and sharing of systems and information, changing the built environment and exploring new models of service delivery. What are the implications for practitioners? Planning changes to services for mental health clients with acute problems needs to incorporate clinicians, health service planners, architects and a range of emergency services personnel.
Single-neuron firing cascades underlie global spontaneous brain events
Authors: Liu Xiao , Leopold David A. , Yang Yifan
Published: November 2021

Significance

The resting brain consumes enormous energy and shows highly organized spontaneous activity as often measured by functional MRI (fMRI). Using large-scale recordings from thousands of neurons, we showed a highly structured brain activity that involves the majority (∼70%) of surveyed neurons from various brain regions. It takes the form of sequential activations between two distinct neuronal ensembles and relates to low-frequency (∼0.1 Hz) modulations of arousal and hippocampal ripple activity. The finding provides a cellular-level understanding of the resting-state global brain activity often observed with fMRI and further suggests that this global activity may represent an “offline” process that links cholinergic function, memory consolidation, and perivascular clearance of brain waste.
Emergent dual scaling of riverine biodiversity
Authors: Terui Akira , Kim Seoghyun , Dolph Christine L. , Kadoya Taku , Miyazaki Yusuke
Published: November 2021

Significance

Larger ecosystems support more species; this ubiquitous pattern is the foundation of current conservation schemes. However, many ecosystems possess a complex spatial structure that cannot be represented by area, and the role of such complexity in regulating biodiversity patterns is largely unknown. Here, we use theory and extensive fish community data to show that ecosystem size and complexity dictate riverine biodiversity. We found that larger and more branched “complex” river networks harbored greater species richness due to increased space and environmental heterogeneity. The complexity effect was comparable to the size effect, and this pattern has emerged regardless of ecological contexts. Our discovery illustrates a fundamental ecological law in complex ecosystems, laying the groundwork for future research exploring macroecological patterns.
Herbivore feeding preference corroborates optimal defense theory for specialized metabolites within plants
Authors: Hunziker Pascal , Lambertz Sophie Konstanze , Weber Konrad , Crocoll Christoph , Halkier Barbara Ann , Schulz Alexander
Published: November 2021

Significance

The “optimal defense theory” is a long-standing theoretical framework that is still controversially discussed. The central hypothesis of the optimal defense theory predicts that plant defenses are concentrated at the highest level in tissues and in organs that are the most valuable for survival and fitness. In this paper, we use the herbivore-deterrent defense compounds glucosinolates in the reference plant
Arabidopsis thaliana
as a model to test this central aspect of the optimal defense theory. We eliminated the gradient of glucosinolate distribution across tissues by the mutation of genes encoding transporters and thereby altered the feeding preference of the African cotton leafworm,
Spodoptera littoralis
, which is a devastating pest of many economically important crop plants including cotton, tomato, and maize.
Overt subject pronoun in Gothic vs null subject in Greek
Authors: Falluomini Carla
Published: November 2021

The Gothic translation of the Bible is a word-for-word rendition of a lost Greek Vorlage (reconstructed by W.
Streitberg in 1908; 2nd revised edition in 1919). As previous studies have pointed out,
one of the most interesting features of this version is the presence of the overt subject pronoun in instances where there is a null
subject in Greek. Considering that Gothic is a null subject language, how is it possible to justify this feature? Based on a new collation that uses biblical textual witnesses not considered by Streitberg (i.e.
Greek majuscule and minuscule manuscripts, Church Fathers, commentaries, lectionaries, and Vetus Latina
manuscripts), this paper analyses the Gothic-Greek divergences involving the presence of the overt subject pronoun in the Gospel
of John, in order to verify previous hypotheses and shed new light on this debated topic.
The typology of Old Norse revisited
Authors: Heltoft Lars
Published: November 2021

Typologically, the Old and Middle Scandinavian languages preserve features lost in Modern Scandinavian (Danish,
Norwegian and Swedish), especially zero arguments and inactive constructions. Both phenomena present difficulties for the analysis
of the Old and Middle Scandinavian languages as configurational, and generative linguists often choose a reductionist strategy,
claiming that at the level of deep structure, configurational structure persists. Based on Middle Danish, my claim will be that
zero arguments are semantically different from – and therefore cannot be reduced to – pronouns, and secondly, that inactive
constructions do not have oblique subjects, but oblique first arguments (A1s). The meanings of the case forms nominative and
oblique differ, depending on their constructional context. Any functional theory must respect the relevant grammatical sign
contrasts of the language analysed, not try to explain them away.
High Plains wheat mosaic emaravirus. [Distribution map].
Authors: CABI  , EPPO
Published: November 2021

A new distribution map is provided for High Plains wheat mosaic emaravirus. Bunyavirales: Fimoviridae: Emaravirus. Main hosts: wheat (
Triticum aestivum
), maize (
Zea mays
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Europe (Ukraine), North America (Canada, Alberta, United States, Colorado, Idaho, Kansas, Montana, Nebraska, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, Washington, Wyoming), Oceania (Australia, New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria, Western Australia), South America (Argentina).
Xylophilus ampelinus
. [Distribution map].
Authors: CABI  , EPPO
Published: November 2021

A new distribution map is provided for
Xylophilus ampelinus
(Panagopoulos) Willems et al. Betaproteobacteria: Burkholderiales: Comamonadaceae. Host: grapevine (
Vitis vinifera
). Information is given on the geographical distribution in Africa (South Africa), Asia (Japan, Hokkaido, Honshu), Europe (France, Greece, Crete, Italy, Sardinia, Sicily, Russia, Slovenia, Spain).
Assessing the implementation of machine learning models for thermal treatments design
Authors: Eres-Castellanos Adriana , De-Castro David , Capdevila Carlos , Garcia-Mateo Carlos , Caballero Francisca G.
Published: November 2021

The latest progress in machine learning (ML) algorithms enabled to predict some steel physical properties previously modelled by linear regression (LR), such as the Ms temperature. Authors claimed that the performance given by ML models could improve the one of previous LR models, although they did not include fair comparisons. In this work, a large database was used to train different ML algorithms, whose Ms temperature predictions were compared to the ones of previous literature empirical models. ML methods were proved to require longer computational times and wider knowledge, while leading to similar results. Therefore, we recommend that ML methods are not always considered as the first option when trying to solve easy problems that can be modelled by LR techniques.
Proof of universality in one-dimensional few-body systems including anisotropic interactions
Authors: Happ Lucas , Efremov Maxim A
Published: November 2021

We provide an analytical proof of universality for bound states in one-dimensional systems of two and three particles, valid for short-range interactions with negative or vanishing integral over space. The proof is performed in the limit of weak pair-interactions and covers both binding energies and wave functions. Moreover, in this limit the results are formally shown to converge to the respective ones found in the case of the zero-range contact interaction.
Multifunctional metasurfaces integrating near-field display and 3D holography
Authors: Du Wenjuan , Lou Zhilang , Chen Xuesong , Chen Long , Tang Dongliang
Published: November 2021

Metasurfaces have versatile manipulation capabilities in the optical field and provide the possibility of building a compact optical device with various complex functions. They have been regarded as ideal candidates to construct a miniaturized optical system with high density and multi-channel information. In this work, reflective all-metallic multifunctional metasurfaces consisting of aluminum nanorods are designed by simultaneously realizing the near-filed display and three-dimensional (3D) holography. Specifically, in the proposed design, each nanorod acts as a complex amplitude modulator to provide continuous amplitude control and binary phase control. By carefully optimizing the orientations of nanorods, a multifunctional metasurface can be designed to display a near-field grayscale pattern and far-field 3D images simultaneously. Numerical results by a full-wave simulation validate the good performance of the proposed design. The proposed method could provide greater degree of freedom to designs of lightweight devices, which could be employed in optical applications, such as virtual or augmented reality displays and anti-counterfeiting technology.
Analysis of current-in-plane giant magnetoresistance using Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5 half-metallic Heusler alloy
Authors: Fathoni Kresna B , Sakuraba Yuya , Miura Yoshio , Sasaki Taisuke , Nakatani Tomoya , Hono Kazuhiro
Published: November 2021

There has been renewed interest in current-in-plane giant magnetoresistance (CIP-GMR) devices for high-sensitivity magnetic sensors. However, further improvement in magnetoresistance (MR) ratio is necessary to achieve sufficient magnetic field sensitivity. Use of a half-metallic Co-based Heusler alloy ferromagnetic (FM) layer has been demonstrated to be effective in enhancing GMR in the configuration with current perpendicular to the plane; however, only small MR ratios are obtained in the CIP configuration. To understand the origin of the disappointingly low MR in the CIP configuration when using Heusler alloy FM layers, we investigated the magnetotransport properties of CIP-GMR devices using half-metallic Co2FeAl0.5Si0.5 (CFAS) Heusler alloy and conventional CoFe alloy as the FM layers in combination with Ag or Cu as a nonmagnetic (NM) spacer layer. Regardless of the high lattice and electronic band matching at the CFAS/Ag interface, CFAS/Ag CIP spin valves (SVs) show a MR ratio of only 1.2% at room temperature, which is much smaller than those of reference CoFe/Cu and CoFe/Ag SVs (21.6% and 8.4%, respectively). Current density distribution simulations suggest that large current shunting occurs in the Ag layer due to the significant resistivity gap between CFAS and Ag, which limits the generation of highly spin-polarized current from the CFAS layer, resulting in the very small MR ratios. To enhance the MR ratio in CIP-GMR using half-metallic materials, resistivity matching between FM layers and the NM layer is required, in addition to the high electronic band match that has been considered, as a key factor to obtain a high MR ratio in CIP-GMR devices.
Non-adiabatic dynamics of the entanglement entropy in a symmetry-breaking Haldane insulator
Authors: Xu Junjun
Published: November 2021

We study the non-adiabatic dynamics of a typical symmetry-protected topological (SPT) phase-the Haldane insulator (HI) phase with broken bond-centered inversion. By continuously breaking the middle chain, we find the gap closes at a critical point in the deep HI regime with a change of particle number partition of the left or right system. The adiabatic evolution fails at this critical point and we show how to predict the dynamics of the entanglement entropy near this point using a two-level model. These results show that one can find a critical regime where the entanglement measurement is relatively robust against perturbation that breaks the protecting symmetries in the HI. This is in contrast to the common belief that the SPT phases are fragile without the protecting symmetries.
An EM algorithm for target tracking with an unknown correlation coefficient of measurement noise
Authors: He Shan , Wu Panlong , Yun Peng , Li Xingxiu , Li Jimin
Published: November 2021

In practical applications, the range rate used in a target tracking algorithm will further increase the strong nonlinearity between the measurement and the state, and the unknown correlation coefficient of measurement noise between the range and the range rate will cause suboptimal gain of the filter, which will seriously affect the performance of the filter. In this paper, an expectation maximization (EM)-based sequential modified unbiased converted measurement Kalman filter is proposed for target tracking with an unknown correlation coefficient of measurement noise between the range and the range rate. Firstly, a pseudo measurement is constructed by multiplying the range and the range rate to reduce the strong nonlinearity. The mean and covariance of converted errors are subsequently derived using modified unbiased converted measurement (MUCM) to weaken the error caused by the linearization of the measurement equation, which will effectively improve the dynamic accuracy of target tracking. Then, the converted errors of the position and the pseudo measurement are decorrelated by Cholesky factorization to facilitate the subsequent identification of the correlation coefficient, and the posterior probability distribution of the state is obtained using sequential filtering within the Bayesian framework. Finally, the EM is introduced in the updating procedure of the pseudo measurement to estimate both the target state and the correlation coefficient. The target tracking scenario with an unknown correlation coefficient is built to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of the proposed algorithm. Simultaneously, the results of the normalized error squared validate the consistency of the MUCM.
Physically unclonable security patterns created by electrospinning, and authenticated by two-step validation method
Authors: Taşcıoğlu Didem , Atçı Arda , Ünlütürk Seçil Sevim , Özçelik Serdar
Published: November 2021

Counterfeiting is a growing economic and social problem. For anticounterfeiting, random and inimitable droplet/fiber patterns were created by the electrospinning method as security tags that are detectable under UV light but invisible in daylight. To check the authenticity of the original security patterns created; images were collected with a simple smartphone microscope and a database of the recorded original patterns was created. The originality of the random patterns was checked by comparing them with the patterns recorded in the database. In addition, the spectral signature of the patterns in the droplet/fiber network was obtained with a simple and hand-held spectrometer. Thus, by reading the spectral signature from the pattern, the spectral information of the photoluminescent nanoparticles was verified and thus a second-step verification was established. In this way, anticounterfeiting technology that combines ink formula, unclonable security pattern creation and two-level verification is developed.
Magnetically induced self-assembly DNAzyme electrochemical biosensor based on gold-modified α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heterogeneous nanoparticles for sensitive detection of Ni2+
Authors: Yu Lulu , Liu Min , Zhang Yanling , Ni Yun , Wu Shaobo , Liu Ruijiang
Published: November 2021

A magnetically induced self-assembly DNAzyme electrochemical biosensor based on gold-modified α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heterogeneous nanoparticles was successfully fabricated to detect Nickel(II) (Ni2+). The phase composition and magnetic properties of α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heterogeneous nanoparticles controllably prepared by the citric acid (CA) sol–gel method were investigated in detail. The α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4 heterogeneous nanoparticles were modified by using trisodium citrate as reducing agent, and the magnetically induced self-assembly α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4–Au nanocomposites were obtained. The designed Ni2+-dependent DNAzyme consisted of the catalytic chain modified with the thiol group (S1-SH) and the substrate chain modified with methylene blue (S2-MB). The MGCE/α-Fe2O3/Fe3O4–Au/S1/BSA/S2 electrochemical sensing platform was constructed and differential pulse voltammetry was applied for electrochemical detection. Under the optimum experimental parameters, the detection range of the biosensor was 100 pM–10 μM (R
2 = 0.9978) with the limit of detection of 55 pM. The biosensor had high selectivity, acceptable stability, and reproducibility (RSD = 4.03%).