bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Size distribution and genetic structure in relation to clonal growth within a population ofMagnolia tomentosaThunb. (Magnoliaceae)
Authors: SETSUKO S. , ISHIDA K. , TOMARU N.
Published: August 2004

To establish a baseline for conservation of a threatened clonal tree,Magnolia tomentosa, we investigated size distribution and genetic structure within a population, using six microsatellite markers. Within the study site, 1044 living ramets (stems) were distinguished into 175 genets (individuals). The mean number of ramets per genet was 5.97, and 76% of all genets had multiple ramets. Genets, which apparently produced new ramets through sprouting and layering, were generally composed of several large ramets and many small ramets. Spatial autocorrelation analysis of microsatellite alleles revealed positive autocorrelation over short distances for both ramets and genets. The Moran'sI‐value of ramets in the shortest distance class was 3.8 times larger than that of genets, reflecting the effect of clonal growth. To analyse the size‐class differences in genetic structure, the 175 genets were separated into two size classes, small and large. The correlogram for the small genets exhibited positive spatial autocorrelation in the shortest distance class, but this was not the case for the correlogram for the large genets, indicating that genetic structure is weakened or lost through self‐thinning as the genets grow. TheFISvalue over all loci for the small genets was positive and deviated significantly from zero, while the corresponding value for the large genets was close to zero. The excess homozygotes in the small genets may be the result of genetic substructuring and/or inbreeding, and the reduction in homozygote frequency from the small to large genets may be because of loss of genetic structure and/or inbreeding depression.
Molecular signals for Late Tertiary/Early Quaternary range splits of an Eurasian steppe plant: Clausia aprica (Brassicaceae)
Authors: FRANZKE A. , HURKA H. , JANSSEN D. , NEUFFER B. , FRIESEN N. , MARKOV M. , MUMMENHOFF K.
Published: August 2004

Several vegetation belts stretch continuously from Europe to Asia, taiga and steppe being most prominent. Numerous plant species within these belts share a conspicuous distribution area, which is longitudinally contracted or disrupted approximately along longitude 70° E. To date no hypothesis for this intriguing distribution pattern has been put forward. We detected molecular footprints in the contemporary genetic composition in nuclear DNA (ITS1, ITS2) and chloroplast DNA (trnL–trnF spacer region) of the steppe element Clausia aprica (Brassicaceae) providing evidence for a severe longitudinal range split and genetic differentiation east of the Ural Mountains about 1 million years ago caused by Quaternary climatic oscillations. Clausia aprica provides the first phylogeographical analysis on the intraspecific evolution of an Eurasian steppe plant.
Sex‐specific correlation between heterozygosity and clone size in the trematode Schistosma mansoni
Authors: PRUGNOLLE FRANCK , CHOISY MARC , THÉRON ANDRÉ , DURAND PATRICK , DE MEEÛS THIERRY
Published: August 2004

The mode of reproduction (sexual and/or asexual) and the mating system determine the patterns of gene transmission and genotype formation across generations. Schistosoma mansoni is a dioecious trematode that necessarily alternates sexual and asexual reproduction during its life cycle. In a previous study of the distribution of S. mansoni genetic variability within and between definitive host individuals, we noticed that deleting multilocus genotypes from each infrapopulation so as to keep only one copy of each multilocus genotype, seemed to have a substantial effect on FIS values. More precisely, female FIS increased when repeated genotypes were removed whereas no effect was observed on male FIS. This suggested that multilocus genotypes at high frequency tended to be more heterozygous. The aim of the present study is specifically to test and analyse this phenomenon. We demonstrate that the number of repetitions per clone correlates with individual heterozygosity. This effect is however, sex‐specific: only female clone size correlates with heterozygosity. We discuss this phenomenon in relation to the heterozygosity–fitness relationship and the sex‐specific response to inbreeding depression.
Partitioning nuclear and chloroplast variation at multiple spatial scales in the neotropical epiphytic orchid, Laelia rubescens
Authors: TRAPNELL DORSET W. , HAMRICK J. L.
Published: August 2004

Insights into processes that lead to the distribution of genetic variation within plant species require recognition of the importance of both pollen and seed movement. Here we investigate the contributions of pollen and seed movement to overall gene flow in the Central American epiphytic orchid, Laelia rubescens. Genetic diversity and structure were examined at multiple spatial scales in the tropical dry forest of Costa Rica using nuclear (allozymes) and chloroplast restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers, which were found to be diverse (allozymes, P = 73.3%; HE = 0.174; cpDNA, HE = 0.741). Nuclear genetic structure (FSTn) was low at every spatial scale (0.005–0.091). Chloroplast markers displayed more structure (0.073–0.254) but relatively similar patterns. Neither genome displayed significant isolation‐by‐distance. Pollen and seed dispersal rates did not differ significantly from one another (mp/ms = 1.40) at the broadest geographical scale, among sites throughout Costa Rica. However, relative contributions of pollen and seeds to gene flow were scale‐dependent, with different mechanisms determining the dominant mode of gene flow at different spatial scales. Much seed dispersal is highly localized within the maternal population, while some seeds enter the air column and are dispersed over considerable distances. At the intermediate scale (10s to 100s of metres) pollinators are responsible for substantial pollen flow. This species appears capable of distributing its genes across the anthropogenically altered landscape that now characterizes its Costa Rican dry forest habitat.
Phylogeography of a high‐dispersal New Zealand sea‐star: does upwelling block gene‐flow?
Authors: WATERS J. M. , ROY M. S.
Published: August 2004

New Zealand's (NZ) geographical isolation, extensive coastline and well‐characterized oceanography offer a valuable system for marine biogeographical research. Here we use mtDNA control region sequences in the abundant endemic sea‐starPatiriella regularisto test the following literature‐based predictions: that coastal upwelling disrupts north–south gene flow and promotes population differentiation (hypothesis 1); and that an invasive Tasmanian population of the species was introduced anthropogenically from southern New Zealand (hypothesis 2). We sequenced 114 samples from 22 geographical locations, including nine sites from North Island, nine from South Island, one from Stewart Island and three from Tasmania. Our analysis of these sequences revealed an abundance of shallow phylogenetic lineages withinP. regularis(68 haplotypes, mean divergence 0.9%). We detected significant genetic heterogeneity between pooled samples from northern vs. southern New Zealand (FST = 0.072;P = 0.0002), consistent with the hypothesis that upwelling disrupts gene flow between these regions (hypothesis 1). However, we are currently unable to rule out the alternative hypothesis that Cook Strait represents a barrier to dispersal (North Island vs. South Island;FST = 0.031;P = 0.0467). The detection of significant spatial structure in NZ samples is consistent with restricted gene flow, and the strong structure evident in northern NZ may be facilitated by distinct ocean current systems. Four shared haplotypes and nonsignificant differentiation (FST = 0.025;P = 0.2525) between southern New Zealand and Tasmanian samples is consistent with an anthropogenic origin for the latter population (hypothesis 2).
Phylogeographical insights into the origins of the Squalius alburnoides complex via multiple hybridization events
Authors: CUNHA C. , COELHO M. M. , CARMONA J. A. , DOADRIO I.
Published: August 2004

The origin, the phylogeographical structure and divergence times of hybridrogenetic Squalius alburnoides complex were analysed based on the complete mitochondrial cytochrome b gene (1140 pb). The molecular phylogenetic analyses suggest that the S. alburnoides complex has at least five asexual lineages of independent origin. The events that produced this ancestral hybridization took place over a long period of time. There have been multiple hybridization events throughout time, beginning in the upper Pliocene and probably continuing into the present. Increased humidity caused by climate changes in the Pliocene, along with tectonic lifting and vasculation of the Iberian Peninsula, led to the formation of current river drainages which, in turn, contributed to these hybridization events. We postulate that the Northwestern (Mondego and Douro) and the Southwest (Quarteira) drainages of the Iberian Peninsula delimited the border of the maternal ancestral distribution and that vicariant events led to the disappearance of the maternal ancestor in these regions, leaving today only the hybrid species. Two hypotheses have been suggested to explain the similarities between the mtDNA diversity observed in S. alburnoides and its maternal ancestor (S. pyrenaicus). The first hypothesizes that mtDNA similarity results from the recent extinction of the paternal ancestor, while the other postulates that: ‘reconstituted non hybrid males’ assumed the place of the extinct bisexual paternal ancestor and produced new hybridizations with S. pyrenaicus females.
Phylogeography of the Patelloida profunda group (Gastropoda: Lottidae): diversification in a dispersal‐driven marine system
Authors: KIRKENDALE LISA A. , MEYER CHRISTOPHER P.
Published: August 2004

In the last decade, greater than expected levels of genetic structure have been reported for many marine taxa with high dispersal capabilities. Although little‐studied to date, it is predicted that taxa with poor dispersal abilities would exhibit even more genetic differentiation than high dispersal taxa. These systems may track biogeographical processes better than more dispersive taxa and, more critically, function as the ‘lowest common denominators’ in MPA design initiatives. We investigate phylogeographical patterns in the poorly dispersing, yet widely distributed Patelloida profunda group and related congeners across the Indo‐west Pacific region. One hundred and twenty‐five individuals were sequenced for COI mtDNA [593 base pairs (bp)] and 44 individuals were sequenced for 16S mtDNA (539 bp). Identified P. profunda group lineages are highly geographically structured, with 12 reciprocally monophyletic lineages reported from 13 localities. Divergences within Indian and Pacific basins range from d = 0.013 to 0.127 and between basins from d = 0.147 to 0.197. The latter split is ancient (> 15 Myr) and cannot be related to Plio‐Pleistocene sea‐level fluctuations, characteristic of previously reported divergences in the same region. Juxtaposed against this structure is genetic connectivity between two widely separated P. profunda populations that share a common haplotype (φST = 0.001). This finding contrasts with previous work in the same geographical region and cautions strongly against single taxon indicators for designing conservation priorities or marine protected areas (MPAs). Historical and/or biological factors may play more significant roles than oceanography alone in determining the genetic structuring of taxa. In light of these findings, we discuss the difficulty in deriving biogeographical process or directionality from phylogenetic trees in dispersal‐driven systems. Even with a well‐resolved, highly supported topology, many equally parsimonious scenarios are possible.
Species boundaries, phylogeography and conservation genetics of the red‐legged frog (Rana aurora/draytonii) complex
Authors: BRADLEY SHAFFER H. , FELLERS G. M. , RANDAL VOSS S. , OLIVER J. C. , PAULY GREGORY B.
Published: August 2004

The red‐legged frog, Rana aurora, has been recognized as both a single, polytypic species and as two distinct species since its original description 150 years ago. It is currently recognized as one species with two geographically contiguous subspecies, aurora and draytonii; the latter is protected under the US Endangered Species Act. We present the results of a survey of 50 populations of red‐legged frogs from across their range plus four outgroup species for variation in a phylogenetically informative, ∼400 base pairs (bp) fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Our mtDNA analysis points to several major results. (1) In accord with several other lines of independent evidence, aurora and draytonii are each diagnosably distinct, evolutionary lineages; the mtDNA data indicate that they do not constitute a monophyletic group, but rather that aurora and R. cascadae from the Pacific northwest are sister taxa; (2) the range of the draytonii mtDNA clade extends about 100 km further north in coastal California than was previously suspected, and corresponds closely with the range limits or phylogeographical breaks of several codistributed taxa; (3) a narrow zone of overlap exists in southern Mendocino County between aurora and draytonii haplotypes, rather than a broad intergradation zone; and (4) the critically endangered population of draytonii in Riverside County, CA forms a distinct clade with frogs from Baja California, Mexico. The currently available evidence favours recognition of aurora and draytonii as separate species with a narrow zone of overlap in northern California.
Microsatellite marker data suggest sex‐biased dispersal in the common frog Rana temporaria
Authors: PALO J. U. , LESBARRÈRES D. , SCHMELLER D. S. , PRIMMER C. R. , MERILÄ J
Published: August 2004

Despite being important models in ecological, evolutionary and conservation biology research, very little is known about the dispersal in anuran amphibians, and juvenile dispersal in particular. Using microsatellite data, we assessed signatures of sex‐biased migration in the common frog (Rana temporaria) in Scandinavia. Significant heterozygosity deficiency (FIS) and lower assignment value (mAIc) among females suggest that dispersal in R. temporaria is female biased. Also variance of assignment (vAIc), estimated separately for the two sexes, was consistent with this inference, although the difference was not statistically significant. Possible proximate and ultimate explanations for female‐biased dispersal in amphibians are discussed.
Distinct patterns of genetic differentiation among annelids of eastern Pacific hydrothermal vents
Authors: HURTADO L. A. , LUTZ R. A. , VRIJENHOEK R. C.
Published: August 2004

Population genetic and phylogenetic analyses of mitochondrial COI from five deep‐sea hydrothermal vent annelids provided insights into their dispersal modes and barriers to gene flow. These polychaetes inhabit vent fields located along the East Pacific Rise (EPR) and Galapagos Rift (GAR), where hundreds to thousands of kilometers can separate island‐like populations. Long‐distance dispersal occurs via larval stages, but larval life histories differ among these taxa. Mitochondrial gene flow between populations of Riftia pachyptila, a siboglinid worm with neutrally buoyant lecithothrophic larvae, is diminished across the Easter Microplate region, which lies at the boundary of Indo‐Pacific and Antarctic deep‐sea provinces. Populations of the siboglinid Tevnia jerichonana are similarly subdivided. Oasisia alvinae is not found on the southern EPR, but northern EPR populations of this siboglinid are subdivided across the Rivera Fracture Zone. Mitochondrial gene flow of Alvinella pompejana, an alvinellid with large negatively buoyant lecithotrophic eggs and arrested embryonic development, is unimpeded across the Easter Microplate region. Gene flow in the polynoid Branchipolynoe symmytilida also is unimpeded across the Easter Microplate region. However, A. pompejana populations are subdivided across the equator, whereas B. symmitilida populations are subdivided between the EPR and GAR axes. The present findings are compared with similar evidence from codistributed species of annelids, molluscs and crustaceans to identify potential dispersal filters in these eastern Pacific ridge systems.
Crossing the Red Sea: phylogeography of the hamadryas baboon, Papio hamadryas hamadryas
Authors: WINNEY BRUCE J. , HAMMOND ROBERT L. , MACASERO WILLIAM , FLORES BENITO , BOUG AHMED , BIQUAND VERONIQUE , BIQUAND SYLVAIN , BRUFORD MICHAEL W.
Published: August 2004

The hamadryas baboon (Papio hamadryas hamadryas) is found both in East Africa and western Arabia and is the only free‐ranging nonhuman primate in Arabia. It has been hypothesized that hamadryas baboons colonized Arabia in the recent past and were possibly even transported there by humans. We investigated the phylogeography of hamadryas baboons by sequencing a portion of the control region of mtDNA in 107 baboons from four Saudi Arabian populations and combing these data with published data from Eritrean (African) P. h. hamadryas. Analysis grouped sequences into three distinct clades, with clade 1 found only in Arabia, clade 3 found only in Africa, but clade 2 found in both Arabian and African P. h. hamadryas and also in the olive baboon, P. h. anubis. Patterns of variation within Arabia are neither compatible with the recent colonization of Arabia, implying that baboons were not transported there by humans, nor with a northerly route of colonization of Arabia. We propose that hamadryas baboons reached Arabia via land bridges that have formed periodically during glacial maxima at the straits of Bab el Mandab in the southern Red Sea. We suggest that the genetic differentiation of Arabian from African populations suggests that Arabian populations have a higher conservation status than recognized previously.
Patterns of variability and gene flow in Medicago citrina, an endangered endemic of islands in the western Mediterranean, as revealed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)
Authors: JUAN A. , CRESPO M. B. , COWAN R. S. , LEXER C. , FAY M. F.
Published: August 2004

Medicago citrina is an endangered western Mediterranean endemic that grows only on small islets of the Balearic archipelago and off the eastern Spanish coast. Only 10 isolated subpopulations are currently known (four from Ibiza, three from Cabrera, two from Columbretes and one from an offshore islet in northern Alicante province), constituting a severely fragmented genetic system. Data were analysed with the unweighted pair‐group method using arithmetic averages (upgma) and principle coordinates analysis (pcoa), revealing several distinct groups. Genetic diversity indices indicated that Ibizan subpopulations had the highest genetic variability (Nei's index: 0.1463; Shannon's index: 0.228), whereas the lowest variability was found in Alicante (Nei's index: 0.035; Shannon's index: 0.050) and Cabrera (Nei's index: 0.068; Shannon's index: 0.104). These latter populations show the highest FST values (FST = 0.548) revealing high differentiation between them. Columbretes subpopulations formed a defined single group, although it also included some Ibizan samples. The smallest FST values, obtained between Ibiza and Columbretes (FST = 0.185), are not correlated with geographical proximity, but appear to be related to the geologically recent volcanic origin of the Columbretes islands (300 000 years ago). According to the distribution of the Ibizan samples in the dendrogram and the FST values, the best hypothesis is to regard the Ibizan subpopulations as the centre of genetic diversity of the currently known subpopulations. Our results suggest migratory scenarios from Ibiza to Columbretes based mainly on zoochory probably by seabirds. Finally, recommendations are provided for management strategies to facilitate the conservation of this endangered species.
Geographic variation in Mexican jays (Aphelocoma ultramarina): local differentiation, polyphyly or hybridization?
Authors: BHAGABATI NIRMAL K. , BROWN JERRAM L. , BOWEN BONNIE S.
Published: August 2004

Studies of genetic variation within highly variable taxa can provide valuable insight into the factors influencing biological diversification. We examined six microsatellite loci, a nuclear intron and the mitochondrial control region to determine if the Mexican jay subspeciesAphelocoma ultramarina couchiiandA. u. potosinahave hybridized with western scrub‐jays (A. californica). We suspected hybridization because these Mexican Jay populations resemble scrub‐jays in several traits. We sampled six Mexican jay (N = 105) and four scrub‐jay (N = 78) populations. Suspected hybrid Mexican Jay populations did not share any mitochondrial types or intron alleles with scrub‐jays. All microsatellite alleles found in the suspected hybrid Mexican jay populations are also found in the control Mexican jay populations. Genetic distance‐based trees from microsatellites supported reciprocal monophyly of Mexican jays and scrub‐jays with bootstrap support > 80%. We randomized genotypes among populations to test scenarios consistent with hybridization. In some areas where Mexican jays and scrub‐jays occur in sympatry or geographical proximity, randomization tests yield results expected under hybridization (100% support for seven of nine scenarios). However, these populations were not the primary candidates for hybridization based on phenotype. Even if low‐level hybridization did occur, hybridization does not appear to be the main reason some Mexican jay populations resemble scrub‐jays more than others. The scrub‐jay‐like traits in these populations may be due to drift, adaptation or plasticity. Alternatively, ancient hybridization, followed by selection for scrub‐jay like traits in some Mexican jay populations, might have given rise to the observed variation.
Measuring vertebrate telomeres: applications and limitations
Authors: NAKAGAWA SHINICHI , GEMMELL NEIL J. , BURKE TERRY
Published: August 2004

Telomeres are short tandem repeated sequences of DNA found at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes that function in stabilizing chromosomal end integrity. In vivo studies of somatic tissue of mammals and birds have shown a correlation between telomere length and organismal age within species, and correlations between telomere shortening rate and lifespan among species. This result presents the tantalizing possibility that telomere length could be used to provide much needed information on age, ageing and survival in natural populations where longitudinal studies are lacking. Here we review methods available for measuring telomere length and discuss the potential uses and limitations of telomeres as age and ageing estimators in the fields of vertebrate ecology, evolution and conservation.
Polymerase chain reaction in the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis
Authors: Hizel Kenan , Kokturk Nurdan , Kalkanci Ayse , Ozturk Can , Kustimur Semra , Tufan Muge
Published: August 2004

In the present study, we present a patient with invasive pulmonary aspergillosis caused by Aspergillus fumigatus diagnosed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique on blood and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples of the patient. The value of PCR in the diagnosis of aspergillosis is discussed.
Paranasal sinus aspergillosis: its categorization to develop a treatment protocol
Authors: Panda N. K. , Balaji P. , Chakrabarti A. , Sharma S. C. , Reddy C. E. E.
Published: August 2004

A prospective study was conducted in 25 consecutive patients of paranasal sinus aspergillosis to categorize and treat them based on a fixed treatment protocol. The three types of aspergillosis categorized as per definitive criteria were chronic invasive (six), non‐invasive (fungus ball) (seven) and non‐invasive destructive (12). Adjuvant chemotherapy was employed in non‐invasive destructive and chronic invasive disease. Ketoconazole was used in the first variety and itroconazole in the latter. Only two patients had recurrence after a mean follow‐up of 11 months (range: 6–20 months). They belonged to the non‐invasive destructive category and the recurrence had progressed to invasive variety. It is suggested that non‐invasive destructive disease should be followed up regularly with endoscopic examination, CT and fungal serology to detect recurrence. Categorization of the paranasal sinus aspergillosis helps to institute proper treatment. Adjuvant chemotherapy in the form of ketoconazole along with surgery is effective in non‐invasive destructive disease to prevent recurrence and progression to invasive disease. Chronic invasive disease with its propensity to involve orbit and intracranial cavity should be managed at the earliest with surgery and itraconazole.
In vitro activity of terbinafine and itraconazole against Aspergillus species isolated from otomycosis
Authors: Karaarslan A. , Arikan S. , Ozcan M. , Ozcan K. M.
Published: August 2004

The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC, μg ml−1) of itraconazole and terbinafine against overall 34 Aspergillus isolates from the external ear canals with otomycosis have been determined with M38‐P microdilution method suggested by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS). MIC intervals in 48 h determined by taking MIC‐2 value of itraconazole (the lowest drug concentration causing 50% inhibition of visible fungal growth) and MIC‐0 value of terbinafine (the lowest drug concentration causing 100% inhibition of visible fungal growth) as a basis have been found as follows: 0.125–1 and 0.06–0.5 μg ml−1 for A. niger (22 strains), 0.06–0.25 and 0.06–0.125 μg ml−1 for A. flavus (10 strains), 0.125 and 0.125–0.5 μg ml−1 for A. terreus (two strains). It has been observed that both of the antifungal agents showed an in vitro activity against all Aspergillus species tested.
Tinea imbricata: autosomal dominant pattern of susceptibility in a polygamous indigenous family of the Nahuatl zone in Mexico
Authors: Bonifaz A. , Araiza J. , Koffman‐Alfaro Susana , Paredes‐Solis Vanessa , Cuevas‐Covarrubias S. , Rivera M. R.
Published: August 2004

We report on 9 confirmed cases of tinea imbricata (Tokelau, infection due to Trichophyton concentricum) out of 16 family members. They had a common mother with three different fathers. The genetic analysis of the family suggests an autosomal dominant pattern of susceptibility. Most cases (8/9) were presented as concentric and lamellar forms. One patient also had onychomycosis due to T. concentricum. Only two out of nine cases had a positive response to trichophytin.
Isolation of Cryptococcus neoformans in Antwerp Zoo's nocturnal house
Authors: Bauwens L. , Vercammen F. , Wuytack C. , Van Looveren K. , Swinne D.
Published: August 2004

Cryptococcosis was diagnosed postmortem in a striped grass mouse (Lemniscomys barbarus) housed in the nocturnal department of Antwerp Zoo. Eight of the remaining mice in the cage were captured. Cryptococcus neoformans was isolated from the lung of one animal. Two mice had an elevated serum cryptococcal antigen titre. On examination of the pooled faecal samples collected from 17 animal species housed in 23 cages of the nocturnal department, the pathogenic yeast was isolated from the faeces of the striped grass mice and a degu (Octodon degus). Numerous Cr. neoformans colonies were isolated from a tree‐trunk, tree‐stumps, and decaying wood collected from a hollow tree used to decorate the animals cage. Subsequent examination in four other cages of the nocturnal department revealed that all the sampled tree‐trunks were colonized by Cr. neoformans. The fungus was isolated from the air sampled in the cage of the degu. Air samples collected in the public and service corridors remained negative. All the isolated strains were identified as Cr. neoformans var. neoformans serotype A.
Dermatophytoses in Split and Dalmatia, Croatia, 1996–2002
Authors: Babić‐Erceg Andrea , Barišić Zvonimir , Erceg Marijan , Babić Ana , Borzić Elmica , Zoranić Vinko , Kaliterna Vanja
Published: August 2004

The aim of the study was to investigate the epidemiology of dermatophyte infections in Split and Dalmatia County, Croatia, between 1996 and 2002. Of 5792 samples 1318 (23.8%) were positive. Tinea corporis and tinea cruris were the most common types of dermatophytoses. Microsporum canis (36.5%), Trichophyton mentagrophytes (24.8%), and T. rubrum (21.5%) were the main etiologic factors.
Yeasts species distribution in Neonatal Intensive Care Units in northeast Argentina
Authors: Giusiano G. E. , Mangiaterra M. , Rojas F. , Gómez V.
Published: August 2004

The aim of this study was to determine the distribution and antifungal susceptibility profile of yeast species isolated from neonates in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU) in northeast of Argentina. With this purpose 92 strains isolated from 25 blood stream cultures, 20 venous catheters, 23 suprapubic aspirations and 24 rectal swabs were studied. Candida albicans and C. parapsilosis appeared with similar frequencies (36%) in blood stream isolates. Candida parapsilosis (50%) was the most frequent catheters colonizer and C. tropicalis (54.2%) was the most frequent yeast associated with gastrointestinal tract colonization. Candida krusei, C. glabrata and Trichosporon cutaneum appeared with a very low frequency. A high rate of susceptibility to amphotericin B, fluconazole, and itraconazole was observed.
Estrogen‐dependent induction of persistent vaginal candidosis in naïve mice
Authors: Hamad M. , Abu‐Elteen K. H. , Ghaleb M.
Published: August 2004

The capacity of estrogen to induce vaginal candidosis (VC) in the absence of previous or concurrent Candida albicans infections was examined. Adult female Balb/c mice were evaluated for vaginal C. albicans burden, C. albicans‐specific delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) responses and vaginal lymphocyte population kinetics at several time‐points while receiving weekly injections of 0.5 mg estrogen. Estrogen treatment resulted in the appearance of significant levels of C. albicans vaginal colonization, which persisted for a period of 4 weeks. A marked suppression of DTH responses mounted against subsequent C. albicans challenge was observed. Absolute number of vaginal T lymphocytes gradually increased by several folds especially at weeks 5–6 following the start of estrogen treatment. These results clearly indicate that estrogen, independent of other predisposing factors, is capable of perturbing the commensal relationship between the host and the fungus, which results in the induction of persistent VC.
Prevalence, serotypes and mating patterns of Cryptococcus neoformans in the pellets of different avifauna in Madras, India
Authors: Gokulshankar S. , Ranganathan S. , Ranjith M. S. , Ranjithsingh A. J. A.
Published: August 2004

A total of 887 pellets of different avifauna were screened for the presence of Cryptococcus neoformans. One hundred and six of 887 samples (12%) yielded Cr. neoformans in culture. The report on the isolation of Cr. neoformans from the pellets of the crow appears to be new and of greater significance because of the ubiquitous prevalence of this bird in India. The prevalence of both MAT a and MAT alpha mating types were recorded. The serotype D was predominant over serotype A. The findings of the present study reveal the growing diverse ecological niche of Cr. neoformans in a the pellets of various avifauna in India.
Candida carriage and Candida dubliniensis in oropharyngeal samples of type‐1 diabetes mellitus patients
Authors: Tekeli A. , Dolapci I. , Emral R. , Cesur S.
Published: August 2004

The carriage of Candida dubliniensis in the oral cavities of type‐1 diabetic patients were investigated. Of 230 patients 81 (35%) had Candida spp. in their oral cavity; C. albicans was the most frequently isolated species (58%). No C. dubliniensis was found in the study population.
Coexistence of pityriasis versicolor and erythrasma
Authors: Karakatsanis G. , Vakirlis E. , Kastoridou Chionoula , Devliotou‐Panagiotidou Despina
Published: August 2004

We describe a 53‐year‐old woman with pityriasis versicolor together with erythrasma that was localized in the axillary and genitocrural region. The coexistence of these infections is rare and we propose the use of methylene blue stain for the diagnosis of both diseases.
Effects of several antifungal drug combinations against clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from China
Authors: Zhu Li‐Ping , Gil‐Lamaignere Cristina , Müller Frank‐Michael C.
Published: August 2004

The in vitro interactions of caspofungin (CSP) with terbinafine (TRB) and ravuconazole (RVC) with 5‐fluorocytosine (5‐FC) were tested against 82 clinical and environmental isolates of Cryptococcus neoformans from China. The interaction of CSP with TRB proved synergistic against those isolates with a CSP MIC ≤2 μg ml−1 (5% of the isolates), additive against 42% of the isolates and indifferent against 53%. The effects of RVC with 5‐FC were synergistic, additive or indifferent against 8%, 26% and 67% of the isolates, respectively. No antagonistic effects were found among any of the drugs. The combinations of CSP with TRB and RVC with 5‐FC may display beneficial effects in a strain‐dependent manner, while in no case showed antagonistic effects. These data might be of use to design safer and more efficient treatments for patients with cryptococcosis and warrant further evaluation.
Onychomycosis due to Ulocladium botrytis
Authors: Romano C. , Maritati E. , Paccagnini E. , Massai L.
Published: August 2004

A case of disto‐lateral onychomycosis of the third toe of the right foot of a 45‐year‐old man is reported. The agent of infection was Ulocladium botrytis, a mycete not hitherto reported to infect humans. The patient underwent mycological examination consisting of direct microscope observation and culture of pathological material. Diagnosis was based on the macro‐ and microscopic characteristics of the colonies. Fragments of the latter were also examined by scanning electron microscope. Clinical and mycological recovery was achieved after 3 months of topical therapy with ciclopiroxolamine.
Dermatophytosis in children and adolescents in Gdansk, Poland
Authors: Lange M. , Nowicki R. , Barańska‐Rybak W. , Bykowska B.
Published: August 2004

During a 3‐year period (1999–2001) a total of 94 cases of dermatophytosis were seen in patients from 0 to 18 years of age attending the Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Allergology of Gdańsk Medical University. Mycoses were diagnosed on the basis of clinical picture and direct microscopy and were confirmed by positive cultures. The most frequent pathogens were Microsporum canis (62%) and Trichophyton rubrum (12%). The most often forms of dermatophytosis in children were tinea cutis glabrae (42%) and tinea capitis (30%). Microsporum canis predominated in both locations. Glabrous skin lesions were the most frequent in children aged 8–15 years; the peak of scalp lesions was observed mainly in children aged 4–7 years. Tinea pedis occurred more frequently than suspected. Tinea pedis was observed mainly in adolescents (above the age of 12 years) – the majority of cases were caused by T. rubrum and T. mentagrophytes var. granulosum. Onychomycosis was highly uncommon, caused mainly by T. rubrum. Dermatomycoses in general were most frequent in October and November.
Update on antifungal treatment of invasive Candida and Aspergillus infections
Authors: Maschmeyer G. , Ruhnke M.
Published: August 2004

Invasive Candida and Aspergillus infections are among the most common serious complications occurring in chronically immunosuppressed patients, in particular those with hematological malignancies and transplant recipients. A rational, early systemic antifungal treatment can be based upon imaging diagnostic techniques as well as upon conventional mycological and non‐culture‐based procedures. The availability of well tolerable and highly efficacious systemic antifungals has improved the spectrum of therapeutic options and the success rates of antifungal treatment. However, with respect to high treatment costs associated with these new agents, it is mandatory to specify indications and limitations for the use of these substances. Voriconazole may well become the new standard primary treatment of invasive aspergillosis. The role of the new echinocandins such as caspofungin, which has recently been approved for salvage treatment of resistant and refractory Aspergillus infections, in primary or combination treatment of invasive aspergillosis must be further studied. Caspofungin is at least as effective as, yet significantly better tolerated than amphotericin B for primary treatment of invasive candidosis in non‐neutropenic patients, and has been approved for this indication. The selection of systemic antifungals in patients with invasive Candida infection critically depends upon the identification of Candida species involved, because some non‐albicans Candida spp. are resistant to azole antifungals.
Influence of voriconazole and fluconazole on reconstituted multilayered oesophageal epithelium infected by Candida albicans
Authors: Bernhardt J. , Bernhardt H. , Knoke M. , Ludwig K.
Published: August 2004

Reconstituted multilayered oesophageal epithelium appears to be a good basis to test the efficacy of voriconazole (VOR) and fluconazole (FLU) in the tissue. The resulting model of a Candida oesophagitis was approaching the in vivo situation. We infected the tissue with 2 × 106 cfu of the Candida albicans strain SC5314. In the trials with FLU we also used clinical strains. Four hours after infection a good growth of C. albicans appeared mainly with hyphae on the surface of the tissue and a tendency to invasion. The destruction of the tissue began after 36 h. VOR (2 and 16 μg ml−1, respectively) prevented the penetration of hyphae into the tissue, when it was given 4–8 h after infection. It was less effective in reduction of Candida growth on the tissue surface. When VOR was given 16–24 h postinfection, the Candida infiltration stopped more slowly. Thirty‐six hours after infection VOR application could not stop the destruction of the tissue despite reducing the fungi. The results with FLU (32 μg ml−1) were in principle the same, but not so distinct. FLU seems to be more effective against clinical strains of C. albicans than against the type strain.
Structured treatment and teaching of patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and impaired cognitive function—the DICOF trial
Authors: Braun A. , Muller U. A. , Muller R. , Leppert K. , Schiel R.
Published: August 2004

Background  Patient education is integral part of any diabetes therapy in Germany, but elderly patients are not able to follow the variety of topics comprising standard treatment and teaching programmes (TTP), primarily due to impaired neuropsychological function. This leads to deficits in diabetes knowledge and hindered ability for diabetes self‐management.

Aim  To evaluate structured TTP for geriatric patients with impaired cognitive function.

Patients and methods  A neuropsychological examination was performed on all patients over 54 years [n = 102, age 68.6 ± 8.7 years, diabetes duration 10.3 (0.03–35.4) years, HbA1c 10.3 ± 1.7% (HPLC, Diamat®, NR 4.5–6.3%), cognitive function 87.7 ± 12.3 IQ points] who took part in TTP for insulin therapy. Patients with impaired cognitive function participated either in the standard TTP of Berger [n = 35, age 67.6 ± 8.9 years, diabetes duration 9.9 (0.04–35.4) years, HbA1c 10.3 ± 2.0%] or in the specialized structured geriatric DICOF‐TTP [n = 33, age 70.4 ± 8.2 years, diabetes duration 10.4 (0.03–24.9) years, HbA1c 10.7 ± 1.8%].

Results  After TTP there were no differences in knowledge and ability for diabetes self‐management (standard/DICOF: knowledge 11.0 ± 2.6 vs. 12.2 ± 2.7 points, P = 0.11; handling 14.9 ± 3.3 vs. 15.9 ± 2.5 points, P = 0.18). However, patients who took part in the DICOF programme showed better scores in satisfaction with the education programme [standard/DICOF 44.7 (31–57) vs. 52.5 (45–59) points, P < 0.001]. Six months later the DICOF participants showed better results regarding diabetes self‐management (standard/DICOF: handling 12.5 ± 4.1 vs. 15.9 ± 3.1 points, P = 0.001). Both groups showed HbA1c decrease (8.3 ± 1.4 vs. 8.5 ± 1.3%, P = 0.62) and similar incidence of acute complications.

Conclusions  Elderly patients with impaired cognitive function should take part in specialized structured TTP. This leads to both better satisfaction with the education programme and an improved ability for diabetes self‐management.
Exploring Exploration Orientation and its Determinants: Some Empirical Evidence*
Authors: Sidhu Jatinder S. , Volberda Henk W. , Commandeur Harry R.
Published: August 2004

abstract Adopting an information‐process perspective, this article conceptualizes exploration orientation in terms of scope of information acquisition. In line with this conceptualization, a multidimensional operational measure of exploration orientation is developed and its internal consistency established. The measure appears to have nomological validity in that it behaves as predicted with measures of variables hypothesized to be related to exploration orientation. Consistent with the emerging co‐evolution framework, environmental pressures as well as managerial intentions are found to influence an organization's exploration behaviour. Specifically, empirical results indicate that more environmental dynamism, a stronger organization mission, a prospector orientation and larger slack resources are associated with a greater exploration orientation. Implications, shortcomings and future research directions are discussed.
The Bridge to the ‘Real World’: Applied Science or a ‘Schizophrenic Tour de Force’?*
Authors: Nicolai Alexander T.
Published: August 2004

abstract This article concerns those publications which have received considerable attention in an academic as well as in a practical context. In these rare cases, it seems that it was possible to transfer scientific findings more or less directly into managerial implications. This widely shared view is contrasted with a socials systems perspective. From this point of view there cannot be a direct application of scientific knowledge. This also holds true for the classic examples of applied science. It is argued that even in these cases there is no evidence of linear knowledge transfer but rather ‘Applied Science Fiction’ (ASF). ASF comprises all techniques with which the scientific system reacts to external application pressure without having to relinquish its own self‐referential logic. Different forms of ASF are introduced. These are retrofitting, reputation, symbolic labels and undisciplined eclecticism. The ASF‐concept will be illustrated by Michael Porter's Competitive Strategy. Paradoxically, however, the conventional concept of application and ASF are a barrier for the sustainable relevance of management studies.
Kurt Lewin and the Planned Approach to Change: A Re‐appraisal
Authors: Burnes Bernard
Published: August 2004

abstract The work of Kurt Lewin dominated the theory and practice of change management for over 40 years. However, in the past 20 years, Lewin's approach to change, particularly the 3‐Step model, has attracted major criticisms. The key ones are that his work: assumed organizations operate in a stable state; was only suitable for small‐scale change projects; ignored organizational power and politics; and was top‐down and management‐driven. This article seeks to re‐appraise Lewin's work and challenge the validity of these views. It begins by describing Lewin's background and beliefs, especially his commitment to resolving social conflict. The article then moves on to examine the main elements of his Planned approach to change: Field Theory; Group Dynamics; Action Research; and the 3‐Step model. This is followed by a brief summary of the major developments in the field of organizational change since Lewin's death which, in turn, leads to an examination of the main criticisms levelled at Lewin's work. The article concludes by arguing that rather than being outdated or redundant, Lewin's approach is still relevant to the modern world.
The Definition of Strategic Liabilities, and their Impact on Firm Performance*
Authors: Arend Richard J.
Published: August 2004

abstractStrategic Liabilities are processes and tangible and intangible holdings that are firm‐specific, context‐specific and create competitive disadvantage. They are scarce, inconvertible, costly, and appropriated. The concept of Strategic Liabilities contrasts and complements the resource‐based view's Strategic Assets. A firm is likely to possess Strategic Liabilities at some time because these liabilities can originate from endowments, from bad luck, from Strategic Assets, from rival actions, and from unfavourable changes in context. They represent the other side of the firm's ledger often implicitly ignored in the strategy literature. Thus, the formal definition and analysis of Strategic Liabilities is warranted.
Analysing the Influence of Institutional, Organizational and Interpersonal Forces in Shaping Inter‐Organizational Relations*
Authors: Marchington Mick , Vincent Steven
Published: August 2004

abstractMuch of the literature on inter‐organizational relations assumes that firms operate as relatively autonomous and cohesive units that are (1) unimpeded by wider institutional norms governing the industry as a whole, and (2) allow little or no role for the boundary spanning agents who oversee and monitor ‘contracts’ on a daily basis. This perspective is not surprising given that so many studies rely solely on questionnaires completed by a single respondent within one or more of the organizations. Nor has there been much recognition of the dynamic interplay between forces at the institutional, organizational and interpersonal levels. In order to address these issues, we propose a framework that explicitly focuses on forces at these three levels, as well as the interplay between them, in order to analyse how and why inter‐organizational relations take the forms they do. We argue that trusting, OCR‐type relations are more likely to be produced and reproduced when there are strong institutional forces promoting common obligations on both parties, and there is a relative mutuality of power relations between the organizations. However, because the contract is maintained by boundary spanning agents, agreed norms at the institutional and organizational levels are a necessary but not sufficient factor for OCR to develop. Conversely, in the absence of these forces, there is less incentive for either organization to establish and maintain close interpersonal relations, and indeed ACR‐type, distant relations may be beneficial for organizations and individuals that wish to dispense with existing contracts.
National Competitiveness: A Question of Cost Conditions or Institutional Circumstances?
Authors: Thompson Edmund R.
Published: August 2004

The issue of national competitiveness is a matter of considerable importance to both managers and public policy makers alike. Business scholars reflect this importance by their annual production of international indices of country competitiveness. Nevertheless, the notion of national competitiveness is controversial and has both (i) a narrow, concise conception that relates primarily to cost conditions as determined by exchange rates, and (ii) a broader, more nebulous conception that comprises the institutional and systemic circumstances of an economy, such as legal, governmental, public policy and other factors framing countries' wider business environments. In practical managerial terms, national competitiveness is a combination of both these narrow and broad conceptions. However, exactly how important cost conditions as opposed to institutional circumstances are to national competitiveness from a practical business perspective has never been investigated and is not known. This study uses qualitative and quantitative data gathered from senior firm executives in a specimen economy to find out. Hierarchical regression analyses suggest that institutional circumstances are significantly more important than cost conditions to the competitiveness of an economy from a practical managerial viewpoint.