bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La protección jurídica en los fabricantes de bases de datos en el Derecho comunitario y en el Derecho español.
Authors: Pajuelo Macías Antonio
Published: October 2009

El artículo trata de la protección, mediante el derecho sui generis, de las inversiones sustanciales o importantes del fabricante o productor de las bases de datos tanto electrónicas como no electrónicas. Por ello, define el término de «inversión sustancial», el de «fabricante» y los de «extracción», «reutilización» y «parte sustancial» (ya que estos términos forman parte del contenido del derecho sui generis); analiza la independencia de este derecho de los derechos de autor de una base de datos, de modo que los fabricantes o productores de una base de datos no original pueden estar protegidos por este derecho especial; y estudia los derechos y obligaciones del usuario legítimo de una base de datos, y, finalmente, las excepciones o limitaciones del derecho sui generis.
Prepublicaciones: distribucion centralizada vs. descentralizada.
Authors: Barrueco José Manuel , Krichel Thomas
Published: October 2009

Las Prepublicaciones, borradores de trabajos distribuídos antes de su publicacion formal en revistas, han sido el proceso de comunicación científica que más se ha beneficiado de los avances en telecomunicaciones. Su distribución electrónica adopta diferentes modelos dependiendo de la disciplina a que se refieran. En el presente trabajo realizamos un estudio comparativo de su distribución en Economía (modelo descentralizado) y Física (modelo centralizado).
Bibliotecas de los colegios profesionales en el área de salud en Cataluña: servicios actuales y necesidades de actuación
Authors: Ortoll Espinet Eva
Published: October 2009

Las tendencias anglosajonas ponen de manifiesto la importancia de la acreditación de profesionales a través de los colegios profesionales, con especial incidencia en el papel que las bibliotecas deben desarrollar como difusores de servicios de información y especialmente de información bibliográfica. Se analizan los servicios que ofrecen las bibliotecas de los colegios profesionales relacionados con el ámbito de la salud en Cataluña mediante la utilización de una encuesta de opinión. Los resultados demuestran la necesidad de potenciar su uso y de la elaboración de unas pautas que sirvan para la creación de unos servicios mínimos que deberían ofrecer las bibliotecas de los colegios profesionales relacionados con cualquier disciplina
El consumo de información en la industria farmacéutica. II. Resultados de una encuesta.
Authors: Ordóñez Vergara María José
Published: October 2009

Continuando el estudio sobre el consumo de información de la industria farmacéutica, se exponen en este artículo los principales resultados del análisis estadístico de los datos obtenidos con un cuestionario dirigido a los laboratorios farmacéuticos ubicados en la Comunidad de Madrid, con la finalidad de recabar información sobre las necesidades y hábitos de información de este colectivo industrial. Para la realización del estudio estadístico se procedió al establecimiento de tipologías de encuestados, a la vez que de empresas atendiendo a diferentes parámetros como la actividad principal desarrollada dentro de la Comunidad de Madrid, el volumen de plantilla de las empresas, la nacionalidad de las mismas o la utilización de servicios de información.
El lenguaje de la interrogación: una gramática formal para la recuperación de la información.
Authors: Pérez Gutiérrez Mario
Published: October 2009

El conocimiento del lenguaje de interrogación es una herramienta imprescindible para la recuperación de información. En este artículo se ofrece una gramática formal (sintaxis y semántica) para ese tipo de lenguaje. Esta gramática nos permite, por un lado, conocer el lenguaje de interrogación desde un plano sistemático y conceptual y, por otro lado, nos permite obtener ciertos beneficios prácticos de tipo sintáctico y de tipo semántico relacionados con los procesos de recuperación de información.
Rendimiento de los sistemas de recuperación de información en la web: evalución de servicios de búsqueda (search engines).
Authors: Olvera Lobo María Dolores
Published: October 2009

Se han evaluado diez servicios de búsqueda: Altavista, Excite, Hotbot, Infoseek, Lycos, Magellan, OpenText, WebCrawler, WWWWorm, Yahoo. Se formularon 20 preguntas a cada uno de los 10 sistemas evaluados por lo que se realizaron 200 consultas. Además, se examinó la relevancia de los primeros 20 resultados de cada consulta lo que significa que, en total, se revisaron aproximadamente 4.000 referencias, para cada una de las cuales se calcularon los valores de precisión y exhaustividad. Los análisis muestran que Excite, Infoseek y Altavista son los tres servicios que, de forma genérica, muestran mejor rendimiento. Se analizan también los resultados en función del tipo de pregunta (booleanas o de frase) y del tema (ocio o especializada). Se concluye que el método empleado permite analizar el rendimiento de los SRI de la W3 y que los resultados ponen de manifiesto que los buscadores no son sistemas de recuperación de información muy precisos aunque sí muy exhaustivos.
Producción científica de Andalucía en las bases de datos Science Citation Index e índice español de ciencia y tecnología
Authors: Urdín Carmen , Morillo Fernanda
Published: October 2009

Se analiza la producción científica de Andalucía recogida en las bases de datos Science Citation Index (SCI) e Indice Español de Ciencia y Tecnología (ICYT). Se muestra el número total de documentos de Andalucía en ambas bases de datos, el porcentaje que dichos documentos representan respecto a España, la distribución de los documentos por provincias, áreas temáticas abordadas y sectores institucionales, el análisis pormenorizado del sector universitario y las revistas más productivas.
Las bibliotecas centrales de Comunidades Autónomas del estado español. Su colección de materiales
Authors: Fuentes Romero Juan José
Published: October 2009

A partir de un intento de clarificación del concepto y realidad de las aquí llamadas Bibliotecas Centrales de Comunidades Autónomas, en el Estado español, se presentan las líneas generales en cuanto a la planificación del desarrollo de la colección, sus elementos integrantes, los materiales, la cuestión del Depósito Legal, la conservación y el expurgo.
Revistas Científicas: Determinación de necesidades y usos
Authors: Reyes Barragán María J. , Guerrero Bote Vicente P. , Pulgarín Guerrero Antonio , Zapico Alonso Felipe
Published: October 2009

Se analizan tanto cuantitativa como cualitativamente las necesidades de información de la comunidad científica de las áreas de ciencia y tecnología de la Universidad de Extremadura a través de las citas a revistas. Para ello se lleva a cabo una búsqueda retrospectiva en la base de datos del Science Citation Index. Se consideraron múltiples variables, como usos por departamentos, factor de impacto, citas a revistas, disponibilidad, localización, accesibilidad y cobertura. A estas variables le fueron aplicadas una serie de indicadores (simples y complejos), recurriendo a modelos de asociacionismo múltiple (y en concreto al algoritmo de Kohonen), para determinar el grado de solapamiento interdepartamental en el consumo real de información.
Elección de puntos de acceso de autor. Implicaciones de las reglas de catalogación en los catalogos automatizados de la bibliotecas universitarias españolas.
Authors: Ruiz-Pérez Rafael
Published: October 2009

Estudio empírico sobre las implicaciones de las reglas de elección de puntos de accesos en catalogación en línea a fin de obtener datos para su revisión y proponer aplicaciones que mejoren la recuperación por autores. Se utiliza una muestra de 1.315 registros de bibliotecas universitarias españolas y se analizan: fuentes de localización de los autores, puntos de acceso potenciales, entradas realizadas y pérdida de entradas. Los resultados muestran 5.443 puntos de acceso potenciales de autor (M = 4,14 por obra). Productividad por fuentes: portada 52,7%, tablas de contenido 41,6%, otras 5,6%. Distribución de la pérdida de entradas: a) sobre autores totales se pierden 3.184 (58,5%); b) sobre autores de portada 960 (30,2%). Un análisis de pérdidas dividido en dos grupos (menciones de hasta 3 autores y menciones de más de 3 autores) muestra que, en el primer grupo, se concentra el 15,6% de las pérdidas totales, y el 84,4% en el segundo grupo, con una distribución irregular por tipo de autorías y con pérdidas muy elevadas (90%) en coautores y colaboradores. Se discute la relación puntual entre el elevado número de pérdidas y los distintos criterios de elección. El origen de las pérdidas está en la exclusión de las tablas de contenido como fuente de entradas, en la regla de tres, en limitaciones específicas y en ambigüedades y lagunas de las reglas para entradas secundarias. Se propone una revisión de criterios normativos para adaptar la catalogación en línea a la realidad bibliográfica y para mejorar los índices de autores en la recuperación de información.
Composition operators on μ-Bloch spaces
Authors: Chen Huaihui , Gauthier Paul
Published: October 2009

Abstract. Given a positive continuous function μ on the interval 0 < t ≤ 1, we consider the space of so-called μ-Bloch functions on the unit ball. If μ(t ) = t, these are the classical Bloch functions. For μ, we define a metric Fμz (u) in terms of which we give a characterization of μ-Bloch functions. Then, necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained in order that a composition operator be a bounded or compact operator between these generalized Bloch spaces. Our results extend those of Zhang and Xiao.
Ascent Properties of Auslander Categories
Authors: Christensen Lars Winther , Holm Henrik
Published: October 2009

Abstract. Let R be a homomorphic image of a Gorenstein local ring. Recent work has shown that there is a bridge between Auslander categories and modules of finite Gorenstein homological dimensions over R.
We use Gorenstein dimensions to prove new results about Auslander categories and vice versa. For example, we establish base change relations between the Auslander categories of the source and target rings of a homomorphism φ: R → S of finite flat dimension.
Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 5: Soil Classification and Geography
Authors: Kettler Timothy , Zanner William , Mamo Martha , Ippolito James , Reuter Ronald , McCallister Dennis , Morner Patricia , Soester Jody
Published: October 2009

The system of soil classification developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) is called Soil Taxonomy. This lesson focuses on broad descriptions of soils at the Order level of classification.
Soil Genesis and Development, Lesson 4: Soil Profile Development
Authors: Reuter Ronald , Mamo Martha , Kettler Timothy , Ippolito James , McCallister Dennis , Morner Patricia , Soester Jody
Published: October 2009

The processes occurring over time in a soil are reflected in vertical and lateral physical and chemical characteristics of that soil. The four soil forming processes, in conjunction with the five factors of soil formation, organize parent material into a soil profile that consists of soil horizons. These processes can occur over millennia; however, they can also be influenced by short‐term variables such as human use. Understanding the processes enables interpretation of the natural history of a soil and provides a starting point to evaluate how future changes will affect the soil resource. Combining landscape history with knowledge of principles of soil profile development allows for more precise and effective land use planning, from residential development to precision agricultural practices.
The Case for Ecoregion Rather than Regional Extension Water Education
Authors: Mahler Robert. L.
Published: October 2009

In 2000 the National Water Quality program (USDA‐CSREES) was refocused to provide water resources education to citizens on a regional basis. The Pacific Northwest—consisting of Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, and Washington—comprises one of these regions. Even though the Pacific Northwest appears to be a relatively homogeneous region, there are large internal differences in climate, demographics (urban vs. rural), natural resources, and agriculture within the region. The purpose of this study is to evaluate splitting the region into three sub‐ecoregions and then targeting unique programming to clientele to better meet citizen educational needs. Zip code data was used to separate responses from a comprehensive regional needs assessment survey on water resources into three eco‐regions. The data were then analyzed using SAS and chi‐square analysis to compare water resource issue differences within the Pacific Northwest. Residents of the wetter Ecoregion (I) were more concerned with endangered species and less concerned with water quantity issues than residents of the drier Ecoregion II. Residents of Ecoregion II were more likely to need educational programming on irrigated agriculture and yard water use. Based on the data, dividing the region into three ecoregions for extension programming makes sense and could result in efficiencies of existing human resources.
Commentary on "A note on the consensus time of mean-field majority-rule dynamics"
Authors: Fort Hugo
Published: October 2009

A Commentary on the paper by D. H. Zanette [Pap. Phys. 1, 010002 (2009)]. The author of the paper offers a Reply.Received: 2 October 2009, Accepted: 6 October 2009; Edited by: M. C. Barbosa; DOI: 10.4279/PIP.010003
Answer to the Commentary on "A note on the consensus time of mean-field majority-rule dynamics"
Authors: Zanette Damián H.
Published: October 2009

A Reply to the Commentary by Hugo Fort [Pap. Phys. 1, 010003 (2009)].Received: 7 October 2009, Accepted: 7 October 2009; Edited by: M. C. Barbosa; DOI: 10.4279/PIP.010004
Cardiopulmonary complications leading to premature deaths in adult patients with sickle cell disease
Authors: Fitzhugh Courtney D. , Lauder Naudia , Jonassaint Jude C. , Telen Marilyn J. , Zhao Xiongce , Wright Elizabeth C. , Gilliam Francis R. , De Castro Laura M.
Published: October 2009

Sickle cell disease (SCD) is associated with early mortality. We sought to determine the incidence, cause, and risk factors for death in an adult population of patients with SCD. All patients aged ≥18 years seen at the Adult Sickle Cell Center at Duke University Medical Center between January 2000 and April 2005 were enrolled. Forty‐three patients (21 males and 22 females) died during the study period. The median age of survival was 39 years for females (95% CI: 34–56), 40 years for males (95% CI: 34–48), and 40 years overall (95% CI: 35–48). Cardiac causes of death accounted for 25.6% (11/43 patients); pulmonary, 14.0% (six patients); other SCD related, 32.6% (14 patients); unknown, 14.0% (six patients); and others, 14.0% (six patients). Pulseless electrical activity arrest, pulmonary emboli, multiorgan failure, and stroke were the most frequent causes of death. Among the deceased patients, the most common premorbid conditions were cardiopulmonary: acute chest syndrome/pneumonia (58.1%), Pulmonary hypertension (pHTN; 41.9%), systemic HTN (25.6%), congestive heart failure (25.6%), myocardial infarction (20.9%), and arrhythmias (14.0%). Tricuspid regurgitant jet velocity was significantly higher (3.1 m/sec vs. 2.6 m/sec, P < 0.001) and hemoglobin significantly lower (8.3 g/dL vs. 9.2 g/dL, P < 0.05) in deceased patients when compared with patients who lived, respectively. With improved preventive and therapeutic advances, including hydroxyurea therapy, acute complications such as infection are no longer the leading cause of death; instead, causes of death and premorbid conditions are shifting to chronic cardiopulmonary complications. Further, arrhythmia leading to premature death is under‐recognized in SCD and warrants further investigation. Am. J. Hematol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Satoyoshi syndrome with unusual skeletal abnormalities and parental consanguinity
Authors: Venegas‐Vega C.A. , Rivera‐Vega M.R. , Cuevas‐Covarrubias S. , Orozco J. , Kofman‐Alfaro S.
Published: October 2009

Satoyoshi syndrome (SS) (OMIM 600705) is a rare multisystemic disorder of unknown etiology characterized by progressive painful intermittent muscle spasm, alopecia universalis, diarrhea, short stature, amenorrhea, and secondary skeletal abnormalities mimicking a metaphyseal chondrodysplasia. To date all reported cases have been sporadic. We describe a 26‐year‐old Mexican woman, a product of consanguineous parents with clinical characteristics of SS. Our patient, also showed skeletal anomalies not previously reported that seems to be a coincidental finding. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Weismann‐Netter syndrome and mental retardation: A new patient and review of the literature
Authors: Peippo Maarit , Valanne Leena , Perhomaa Marja , Toivanen Leena , Ignatius Jaakko
Published: October 2009

In 1954, Weismann‐Netter and Stuhl described three sporadic adults and a mother and her three children with short stature and congenital anterior bowing of lower legs [Weismann‐Netter and Stuhl (1954); Presse Méd 62:1618–1622]. They named the condition “toxopachyostéose diaphysaire tibio‐péronière,” which presently is known as Weismann‐Netter syndrome (WNS) (OMIM 112350). Since then more than 100 patients have been published. Nearly all have been case reports in French medical literature, and the first report in the Anglo‐American literature appeared in 1988. Only a minority of the publications have appeared during the past two decades. The diagnostic findings of WNS are anterior bowing of the diaphyses of tibia and fibula, broadening or “tibialization” of the fibula and posterior cortical thickening of the two bones. Also the diaphyses of other long bones may be similarly affected but usually to a milder degree. The cause of the condition is unknown, but frequent familial cases suggest a genetic defect with autosomal dominant inheritance. Several of the WNS patients have also had mental retardation (MR), but the existence of a WNS‐MR syndrome is still pending. We describe a sporadic patient with typical WNS skeletal findings and MR. He also had postnatal growth deceleration with partially corrective pubertal growth, normal head size and normal brain structures on MRI. We review the WNS literature. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Pulmonary hypoplasia–diaphragmatic hernia–anophthalmia–cardiac defect (PDAC) syndrome due to STRA6 mutations—What are the minimal criteria?
Authors: Segel Reeval , Levy‐Lahad Ephrat , Pasutto Francesca , Picard Elie , Rauch Anita , Alterescu Gheona , Schimmel Michael S.
Published: October 2009

Microphthalmic syndrome 9 (OMIM601186) is a genetically and phenotypically variable condition, comprising anophthalmia, pulmonary hypoplasia, diaphragmatic hernia, and cardiac malformations (PDAC syndrome). Reported cases have all been associated with fetal/neonatal death or developmental delay. Recessive stimulated by retinoic acid gene 6 homolog (STRA6) mutations have recently been identified as the cause of cases of PDAC in which distinct, “bushy” eyebrows have been observed. We describe a patient with clinical anophthalmia, bushy eyebrows, patent ductus arteriosus, and normal development at age 30 months, who is a compound heterozygote for two novel STRA6 missense mutations. This patient's phenotype is consistent with the multisystemic malformations of PDAC syndrome, but is somewhat milder. This is the first living patient with compound heterozygous STRA6 mutations, which may explain her milder phenotype. We conclude that STRA6 analysis should be considered in all patients with clinical anophthalmia. Genetic counseling should be cautious with respect to long‐term developmental outcomes. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal attitudes toward DNA collection for gene–environment studies: A qualitative research study
Authors: Jenkins Mary M. , Reed‐Gross Erika , Rasmussen Sonja A. , Barfield Wanda D. , Prue Christine E. , Gallagher Margaret L. , Honein Margaret A.
Published: October 2009

To assess attitudes toward DNA collection in an epidemiological study, focus groups were assembled in September 2007 with mothers who had participated in a case–control study of birth defects. Each recruited mother previously had completed an interview and had received a mailed kit containing cytobrushes to collect buccal cells for DNA from herself, her infant, and her infant's father during the period July 2004 through July 2007. A total of 38 mothers attended six focus groups comprising: (1) non‐Hispanic Black mothers of case infants who participated or (2) did not participate in DNA collection, (3) mothers of any race or ethnicity who had case infants of low birth weight who participated or (4) did not participate in DNA collection, and (5) non‐Hispanic Black mothers of control infants who participated or (6) did not participate in DNA collection. Moderator‐led discussions probed maternal attitudes toward providing specimens, factors that influenced decision making, and collection method preferences. Biologics participants reported that they provided DNA for altruistic reasons. Biologics nonparticipants voiced concerns about government involvement and how their DNA will be used. Information provided (or not provided) on DNA use, storage, and disposal influenced decision making. Biologics participants and nonparticipants reported that paternal skepticism was a barrier to participation. All mothers were asked to rank DNA collection methods in terms of preference (cytobrushes, saliva, mouthwash, newborn blood spots, and blood collection). Preferred methods were convenient and noninvasive. Better understanding attitudes toward DNA collection and preferred collection methods might allow more inclusive participation and benefit future studies. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The Mechanism of the Wacker Reaction: A Tale of Two Hydroxypalladations
Authors: Keith John A. , Henry Patrick M.
Published: October 2009

We present a concise review on the most pertinent investigations that illuminate the complicated and elusive mechanism for the Wacker process, homogeneous olefin oxidation by palladium(II) catalysts. For more than four decades, multitudes of creative and elegant studies detailing the nucleophilic addition and other steps of the Wacker process have appeared contradictory, while in fact modern perspective has shown an intricate and colorful picture of the “textbook” organometallic reaction. A summary and critical analysis of previous studies is of great importance to explain resolved and highlight unresolved questions about this frequently misunderstood reaction.
Asymmetric 1,4‐conjugation addition of diethylzinc to cyclic enones catalyzed by a self‐assembled copper complex
Authors: Gou Shaohua , Ye Zhongbin , Huang Zhiyu
Published: October 2009

A new self‐assembled catalyst system based on copper complex was developed for the 1,4‐conjugation addition of diethyl zinc to cyclic enones. The self‐assembled catalyst was readily prepared from (R)‐[1,1′]binaphthalenyl‐2,2′‐diamine (1a), (L)‐tryptophan (3f) and copper(I) chloride (CuCl). Several enones were found to be suitable substrates in the presence of the self‐assembled copper catalyst [10 mol% (R)‐1a, 10 mol% (L)‐3f and 10 mol% CuCl] under optimized conditions. The desired products were afforded with high isolated yields (up to 98%) and moderate to good enantioselectivities (up to 80% ee) in mild conditions (at 0 °C). Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation and properties of bio‐nanoreinforced composites from biodegradable polymer matrix and cellulose whiskers
Authors: Pandey Jitendra K. , Lee Caroline S. , Ahn Sung‐Hoon
Published: October 2009

Crystalline cellulose was extracted from one of the cheapest source; grass by alkali, acid, and mechanical treatments. To evaluate the reinforcing effect of this filler, biodegradable polymer matrix, polylactic acid (PLA) was used and samples were prepared at different concentrations. The modified whiskers were also used as filler to examine the effect on mechanical properties. Crystallinity, thermal behavior, surface morphology and functional group variation was monitored through, XRD, TGA, SEM, and FTIR respectively. The properties were largely depending on the concentration of filler whereas; modification of hydroxyl groups did not exhibit remarkable change in mechanical properties. Thermal resistance was decreased in comparison of neat matrix and reduction in crystallinity was also observed for composites, regardless of filler nature. It was thought that the hydrophilicity of cellulose could be altered by modifying its hydroxyl groups, thereby promoting dispersion. However, the possibility of phase separation was increased, and the thermal stability of the composites gradually decreased with increasing filler load in the matrix. In the examined systems, it was observed that improvement of reinforcing capacity may not only depend on the chemical compatibility between matrixes but also some compositional and physical parameters may be responsible for variation in properties. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
Synthesis and characterizations of calcium di(meth)acrylate divinyl monomers and melt surface graft functionalization with linear low density poly(ethylene)
Authors: Anbarasan R. , Dhanalakshmi V. , Rajasulochana K. , Sudha M. , Jayalakshmi T. , Anusuya M.
Published: October 2009

Calcium diacrylate (CDA) and calcium dimethacrylate (CDM) divinyl monomers were synthesized by a solvo thermal method. The FTIR spectra showed a peak at 1650 cm−1 due to the presence of a CC for both CDA and CDM. Proton NMR and carbon NMR confirmed the structure of CDA and CDM synthesized by a solvo thermal method. DSC determined the melting temperatures of CDA and CDM. XRD indicated the presence of a d110 plane peak for CDA and CDM. The % weight residue that remained above 700°C in TGA method confirmed the higher thermal stability of CDA. Thus, synthesized CDA and CDM were surface grafted on linear low density poly(ethylene) (LLDPE) at 160°C under inert atmosphere by thermolysis method. FTIR confirmed the presence of CO stretching due to CDA and CDM in LLDPE backbone after thermolysis reaction. 1H‐NMR confirmed the chemical grafting of CDM onto LLDPE. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2010
A methodology for forming components of the linear model in 4D‐Var with application to the marine boundary layer
Authors: Payne Tim
Published: October 2009

We show how large numbers of parameters used in the linear model in 4D‐Var may efficiently be optimised according to suitable criteria. We apply this to the linear model representation of boundary layer processes over sea, to obtain significant reductions in linearisation and forecast error. Crown Copyright © 2009 Royal Meteorological Society
Radarstörung
Authors: Wendler Silke
Published: October 2009

Der zur Familie der Tigermotten gehörende Bärenspinner Bertholdia trigona ist ein Nachtfalter, der eine beliebte Beute der Großen Braunen Fledermaus Eptesicus fuscus ist. Beide kommen in weiten Gebieten Zentralamerikas vor. Sobald der Bärenspinner den Sonar seines Feindes wahrnimmt, stößt er hochfrequente Ultraschallklicks aus, die die Echolokation der Fledermaus stören. Dadurch verläuft nur etwa ein Fünftel der Angriffe erfolgreich.
Hungrig auf ein langes Leben
Authors: Rieckmann Susanne , Kronberg Inge
Published: October 2009

“FdH – Friss die Hälfte” – dieser Empfehlung muss man nicht gleich folgen, aber eine kalorienarme Ernährung kann das Leben durchaus verlängern und den Ausbruch von Krebs unter Umständen verzögern. Der lebensverlängernde Effekt einer kalorienreduzierten Diät ist schon seit Jahrzehnten bekannt, die zellphysiologischen und genetischen Hintergründe werden aber erst allmählich verstanden. Eine besondere Rolle spielt dabei der insulininduzierte Signalweg.
Natural Rubber/Acrylonitrile Butadiene Rubber Blend Membranes: Vapor Permeation Properties
Authors: Kumari P. , Radhakrishnan C. K. , Unnikrishnan G. , Varghese S. , Sujith A.
Published: October 2009

Natural rubber (NR)/Acrylonitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) blend membranes, prepared by using dicumyl peroxide as the crosslinking agent, were tested for their vapor permeation characteristics. The permeation studies were conducted using three chlorinated hydrocarbons, viz. dichloro methane, chloroform, and carbon tetrachloride. The effects of the blend ratio, compatibilizer, penetrant size, and temperature on the vapor permeability of the membranes were investigated. The permeability of the blends was found to decrease with an increase in the NBR content, which has been attributed to the inherent solvent resistant nature of NBR. The permeation behavior of compatibilized blends was compared with those of the uncompatibilized blends. The separation efficiencies of the membranes were also tested using chloroform/acetone mixtures to complement the observations from the vapor permeation experiments.
“Supramolecular” Amphiphiles Created by Wrapping Poly(styrene) with the Helix‐Forming β‐1,3‐Glucan Polysaccharide
Authors: Numata Munenori , Kaneko Kenji , Tamiaki Hitoshi , Shinkai Seiji
Published: October 2009

We have demonstrated that giant polymer micelles with a uniform diameter (ca. 200 nm) can be fabricated by “supramolecular wrapping” of poly(styrene) (PS) with the β‐1,3‐glucan polysaccharide, with the β‐1,3‐glucan fastening the PS chains together in a noncovalent fashion to facilitate the formation of a supramolecular polymer network on the O/W emulsion surface. Various spectroscopic and microscopic investigations have revealed that the inner cores of the micelles are comprised of a hydrophobic PS network, whereas the surfaces consist of a hydrophilic β‐1,3‐glucan layer. Accordingly, functional guest molecules can easily be encapsulated inside the cavity through hydrophobic interactions. The encapsulated molecules can simply be released from the micelle cores by peeling off the β‐1,3‐glucan shell in a supramolecular manner. As functional groups can be introduced into the glucose side‐chain unit in a straightforward manner by chemical modification, the micellar surface can acquire further functions useful for molecular recognition. These results show that the micelles obtained could have applications as novel soft nanoparticles, which would be indispensable not only for nanotechnologies, but also for biotechnologies aimed at gene or drug delivery systems.
The Solution Structure and Self‐Association Properties of the Cyclic Lipodepsipeptide Pseudodesmin A Support Its Pore‐Forming Potential
Authors: Sinnaeve Davy , Hendrickx Pieter M. S. , Van hemel Johan , Peys Eric , Kieffer Bruno , Martins José C.
Published: October 2009

Pseudodesmin A is a cyclic lipodepsipeptide (CLP) of the viscosin group with a moderate in vitro biological activity. For several CLPs, including members of this group, this activity has been related to the ability to form ion pores in cellular membranes. As their size does not allow individual CLPs to span the membrane bilayer, individual monomers must somehow assemble into a larger structure. NMR spectroscopy has been used to demonstrate that in chloroform and other apolar organic solvents, pseudodesmin A monomers assemble into a supramolecular structure. These self‐assembled structures can become sufficiently large to span the membrane bilayer as demonstrated with translational diffusion NMR spectroscopic measurements. With the aim to obtain more insight into the structural nature of this assembly, the solution conformation of pseudodesmin A was first determined by using ROESY (rOe) restraints measured in acetonitrile, in which no self‐association occurs. The structure, which is found to be mostly similar to the previously described crystal structure, is shown to be retained within the supramolecular complex. Intermolecular rOe contacts obtained in chloroform together with chemical shift perturbation data provides structural insight into the organization of the self‐associated complex. Based upon this analysis, a model for the organization of pseudodesmin A monomers in the supramolecular assembly is proposed, which is in agreement with the formation of bilayer spanning hydrophilic pores and provides the basis for a structure–function relationship for this type of CLPs. Finally, it is demonstrated that the differences previously reported between the crystal and solution conformation of the white line inducing principle (WLIP), a close analogue of pseudodesmin A, are the result of the use of dimethyl sulfoxide as solvent, whose strong hydrogen‐bonding capacity induces conformational exchange.
Effect of a mesitylene‐based ligand cap on the relaxometric properties of Gd(III) hydroxypyridonate MRI contrast agents
Authors: Werner Eric J. , Botta Mauro , Aime Silvio , Raymond Kenneth N.
Published: October 2009

A series of new Gd(III) hydroxypyridonate complexes featuring a mesitylene (ME)‐derived ligand cap has been prepared. Relaxometric characterization reveals that the complexes tend to form large aggregates in solution with slow tumbling rates, as estimated from NMRD analysis, and unique pH‐dependent relaxivities. The solution behavior and relaxometric properties are compared with those observed for analogous TREN‐capped compounds, and the potential for use of these new ME‐capped complexes as pH‐responsive MRI contrast agents is explored. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methods for an improved detection of the MRI‐CEST effect
Authors: Terreno Enzo , Stancanello Joseph , Longo Dario , Castelli Daniela Delli , Milone Luciano , Sanders Honorius M. H. F. , B. Kok Maarten , Uggeri Fulvio , Aime Silvio
Published: October 2009

CEST imaging is a recently introduced MRI contrast modality based on the use of endogenous or exogenous molecules whose exchangeable proton pools transfer saturated magnetization to bulk water, thus creating negative contrast. One of the critical issues for further development of these agents is represented by their limited sensitivity in vivo. The aim of this work is to improve the detection of CEST agents by exploring new approaches through which the saturation transfer (ST) effect can be enhanced. The performance of the proposed methods has been tested in vitro and in vivo using highly sensitive and highly shifted lipoCEST agents, and the results were compared with the standard ST evaluation mode. The acquired Z‐spectra were interpolated locally and voxel‐by‐voxel by smoothing splines. Besides expressing the ST in the standard mode, we explore two methods, enhanced and integral ST, which better exploit all the information contained in the Z‐spectrum. By combining different modes for ST assessment a significant improvement in the detection of the lipoCEST agents, both in vitro and in vivo, has been found. The results obtained from the application of the proposed methods outline the importance of post‐processing analysis for highlighting the CEST‐MRI contrast. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cytology of endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration
Authors: Feller‐Kopman David , Yung Rex Chin‐Wei , Burroughs Frances , Li Qing Kay
Published: October 2009

BACKGROUND:

Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS) is a relatively new modality that can be used to guide transbronchial needle aspiration (TBNA) of mediastinal and hilar lymph nodes and peripheral lung lesions. Few studies have investigated the cytological profile of EBUS‐TBNA specimens. In this study, we have reviewed the cytological profile of 135 consecutive cases, including 71 lymph node cases, 4 lung cases, and 60 cases of both lymph node and lung sampling. Our study contains the largest number of cases in the evaluation of cytomorphology.

METHODS:

The cytological specimens were collected using an ultrasound bronchofibervideoscope with a 22‐gauge needle and core biopsies were obtained with a 19‐gauge needle. An experienced cytotechnologist performed an immediate on‐site evaluation of adequacy. An immediate assessment was given to the clinician after each pass. In many patients, multiple sites were sampled. The average slides of each case were 9.9 (median of 12), with a range from 2 to 24.

RESULTS:

Of 131 cases of lymph node sampling, 45 cases (34.6%) were diagnosed as malignant, 73 cases (55.7%) as benign process, 5 cases (3.8%) as suspicious for malignancy, and 1 case (0.8%) as atypical cells. Of the 64 cases of lung lesion sampling, 21 cases (32.8%) were diagnosed as malignant, 35 cases (54.7%) as benign process, 1 case (1.5%) as suspicious for malignancy, and 4 cases (6.3%) as atypical cells. The lymph node nondiagnostic rate was 5.3%, whereas the nondiagnostic rate for lung lesions was 4.7%. Eighty‐eight cases (65.2%, 88/135) had corresponding core biopsies (with a 19‐gauge needle) or follow‐up surgery. When histology was taken as the gold standard, the sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for EBUS‐TBNA were 85.0%, 100%, and 100% and 89.7%, respectively. However, when both histology and clinical follow‐up were considered together, the overall sensitivity and negative predictive values were increased to 94.7% (P < .05) and 96.6% (P < .05), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

This study shows that EBUS‐TBNA is an accurate and sensitive method for diagnosing and staging lung cancer. The constant challenge that we as cytopathologists are now facing is how to improve our diagnostic ability and accuracy for lung cancer. We believe that this optimal goal can be achieved with the effective use of EBUS‐TBNA sampling and collaboration with our clinical colleagues. Cancer (Cancer Cytopathol) 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Adsorption of Large Organic Molecules on Clean and Hydroxylated Rutile TiO2(110) Surfaces
Authors: Godlewski Szymon , Tekiel Antoni , Budzioch Janusz , Gourdon Andre , Prauzner‐Bechcicki Jakub S. , Szymonski Marek
Published: October 2009

Behavior of large organic molecules equipped with spacer groups (Violet Landers, VL) on the TiO2(110)‐(1×1) surfaces is investigated by means of high‐resolution scanning tunneling microscopy (STM). Two distinct adsorption geometries are observed. We demonstrate that the molecule adsorption morphology can be alternated by well‐controlled STM tip‐induced manipulation. It is used to probe the mobility of molecules and reveals locking in one of the analyzed adsorption sites, thus allow to enhance or reduce the mobility along the [001] direction. Field induced hydrogen desorption is used to perform lateral STM manipulation on a hydroxyl‐free surface, which provides insight into the influence of surface hydroxyl groups on the molecule behavior. The ability to image with submolecular resolution both the central board and the spacer groups of the VL molecule is demonstrated.
Elastic and elasto‐optical properties of Rb1–x(NH4)xH2AsO4 mixed crystals studied by Brillouin spectroscopy
Authors: Trzaskowska A. , Mielcarek S. , Mroz B. , Trybula Z.
Published: October 2009

The elastic and elasto‐optical properties of Rb1–x (NH4)x H2AsO4 mixed crystals were studied by Brillouin spectroscopy at room temperature. The measurements were made on single crystals obtained from the aqueous solution by slow evaporation. The behaviour of bulk phonons propagating in investigated crystals was studied for different polarisations of incident and scattered beam. The components of the tensors of elasto‐optical and elastic properties of the crystals studied were determined. (© 2010 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Management of Neuropathic Pain in Dialysis Patients: An Effective Approach with Gabapentin
Authors: Spaia Sofia , Tersi Maria , Sidiropoulou Maria , Askepidis Nikolaos , Pazarloglou Michalis , Iliadi Vasiliki
Published: October 2009

Hemodialysis patients frequently complain of restless legs syndrome (RLS), hypoesthesia, or pruritus—all of which are attributed to a nervous system disorder due to kidney dysfunction or even to coexistent diseases. These symptoms are difficult to manage and they respond poorly to conventional treatment. In this study, we administered gabapentin, a novel antiepileptic drug which is excreted at 98% unaltered by the kidneys, to 7 hemodialysis patients (4 female, 3 male) from 65 to 75 years of age and at 65 to 70 kg of body weight who suffered from restless legs syndrome (4 patients), pruritus (1 patient), neuralgia (1 patient), and carpal tunnel syndrome (1 patient). Recommended dosing with adjustments for the degree of kidney failure provoked severe somnolence and dizziness affecting all patients. On an “observe and treat” basis, we determined the optimum dose was 50% lower than the suggested dose. Patients responded rapidly with significant improvement on the lower dose schedule. A follow‐up period of 8 to 32 months confirmed the good outcome. We determine that administration of gabapentin at bedtime, only on dialysis days, eliminates the side effects with concomitant impressive results. Body weight does not seem to play a major role. No additional dose was needed after the dialysis session.
Attitude of Primary Healthcare Personnel Toward Living Donation: A Multicenter Study in the Southeast of Spain
Authors: Ríos Antonio , Ramírez Pablo , Sánchez José , Sánchez Enrique , Martínez‐Alarcón L. , García José Antonio , Parrilla Pascual
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

To determine the attitude of primary healthcare personnel toward living donation and the psychosocial variables that affect this attitude.

METHODS

A random sample was taken of 428 primary healthcare employees in 32 healthcare centers (October 2002 and October 2003). The sample was stratified by job category and geographical location. Attitude was evaluated using a validated questionnaire that was completed anonymously and was self‐administered.

RESULTS

Attitudes toward living donation are favorable in 90% and 88% of respondents to kidney and liver donation respectively, although these percentages fall to only 18% and 17% if the donation is not related. This positive attitude is related to the following variables: (1) a favorable attitude toward deceased‐donor donation; (2) discussion of the subject within the family or with the respondent's partner; (3) having attended to a transplant patient; (4) a respondent's belief that he or she might need a transplant one day and (5) a willingness to receive a living organ if one were needed in the future, and (6) a relationship has also been found between a favorable attitude and a willingness to receive a living organ from a relative (p .000).

CONCLUSION

Primary healthcare personnel have a favorable attitude toward related living donation and there are no differences in attitude according to the type of organ. Attitude is influenced by variables that are closely related to a respondent's willingness to receive a living donated organ if one were needed and having discussed the subject within the family.
Difference in Hemoglobin Concentration by Timing of Blood Sampling in Hemodialysis Patients
Authors: Shimazaki Masaru
Published: October 2009

OBJECTIVE

The degree of interdialytic weight gain (IDWG) may have an influence on anemia results. This article reports the variation of hemoglobin (Hgb) or hematocrit (Hct) levels associated with the timing of blood collection in outpatients on hemodialysis.

METHODS

Pre‐dialysis blood samples for measurement were drawn on both the mid‐week treatment (Wednesday or Thursday) and the beginning of the next dialysis week treatment (Monday or Tuesday) in 69 patients who were hemodialyzed 3 times a week.

RESULTS

Hgb or Hct results from mid‐week were significantly higher than those from the beginning of the next week. Change in Hgb or Hct was correlated negatively with change in IDWG.

DISCUSSION

It seems that there was a difference in Hgb or Hct levels associated with IDWG on the day of the week on which blood was collected.
Prevention of Hemodialysis Catheter‐Related Infection: An Unmet Need
Authors: Korkor Adel B. , Bretzmann Christine M.
Published: October 2009

Catheter‐related bloodstream infection (CRBSI) is a source of significant morbidity and mortality in hemodialysis patients. Several strategies for CRBSI prevention have been investigated. Not all have proven effective and those that have are not without risk. There is a critical need for a safe and effective method for preventing CRBSI.
Subclinical vascular alterations in young adults with type 1 diabetes detected by arterial tonometry
Authors: Barchetta I. , Sperduti L. , Germanò G. , Valiante S. , Vestri A. , Fraioli A. , Baroni M. G. , Cavallo M. G.
Published: October 2009

Background

Diabetes mellitus is characterized by a very high prevalence of atherosclerotic disease. Aims of this study were to determine arterial compliance parameters in type 1 diabetes (T1D) patients as an expression of early pre‐clinical endothelial dysfunction and to evaluate the impact of glucose exposure parameters such as the duration of diabetes and glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) on the risk of developing alterations in vascular compliance.

Methods

23 patients with uncomplicated type 1 diabetes (mean age: 32.78 ± 9.06 years, mean disease duration: 10.78 ± 7.51 years, mean HbA1c levels: 7.7 ± 1.9) and 26 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy subjects (mean age: 32.3 ± 8.51 years) were recruited. In these subjects, we evaluated arterial compliance by calibrated tonometry (HDI/Pulsewave™ CR‐2000). Parameters included the following: large artery elasticity (C1), small artery elasticity (C2), systemic vascular resistance (SVR) and total vascular impedance (TVI).

Results

Patients with longer duration of T1D (>10 years) showed significant alterations in C2 (4.97 ± 2.7 mL/mmHg × 100) and in SVR (1464.67 ± 169.16 dina × s × cm−5) when compared with both healthy individuals (C2: 8.28 ± 2.67 mL/mmHg × 100, p = 0.001; SVR: 1180.58 ± 151.55 dina × s × cm−5, p = 0.01) and patients with recent‐onset disease (≤10 years) (C2: 10.02 ± 3.6 mL/mmHg × 100, p < 0.001; SVR: 1124.18 ± 178.5 dina × s × cm−5, p < 0.000). Both disease duration and HbA1c independently predicted impaired arterial compliance.

Conclusions

Young adult T1D patients with no signs of disease complication have detectable vessel wall abnormalities, particularly of small arteries, suggestive of hyperglycaemia‐related early endothelial dysfunction. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical activity and exercise dependence during inpatient treatment of longstanding eating disorders: An exploratory study of excessive and non‐excessive exercisers
Authors: Bratland‐Sanda Solfrid , Sundgot‐Borgen Jorunn , Rø Øyvind , Rosenvinge Jan H. , Hoffart Asle , Martinsen Egil W.
Published: October 2009

Objective:

To describe changes in physical activity (PA) and exercise dependence score during treatment of eating disorders (ED), and to explore correlations among changes in PA, exercise motivation, exercise dependence score and ED psychopathology in excessive and non‐excessive exercisers.

Method:

Thirty‐eight adult females receiving inpatient treatment for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa or ED not otherwise specified participated in this prospective study. Assessments included accelerometer assessed PA, Exercise Dependence Scale, Reasons for Exercise Inventory, ED Examination, and ED Inventory.

Results:

Amount of PA was significantly reduced in non‐excessive exercisers during treatment, in excessive exercisers there was a trend towards reduced amount of PA from admission to discharge. In excessive exercisers, reduced ED psychopathology was correlated with reduction in exercise dependence score and perceived importance of exercise to regulate negative affects, but not with importance of exercise for weight/appearance. These associations were not found in non‐excessive exercisers.

Discussion:

Excessive exercise is an important issue in longstanding ED, and the excessive exercising patients need help to develop alternative strategies to regulate negative affects. © 2009 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 2010