bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Local-Diffusion Genetic Algorithm for Disjoint Pareto-Optimal Problems With Application to Vehicle Suspension
Authors: Aly Mohamed F. , Nassef Ashraf O. , Hamza Karim
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a multi-objective design optimization study of a vehicle suspension system with passive variable stiffness and active damping. Design of suspension systems is particularly challenging when the effective mass of the vehicle is subject to considerable variation during service. Perfectly maintaining the suspension performance under the variable load typically requires a controlled actuator in order to emulate variable stiffness. This is typically done through a hydraulic or pneumatic system, which can be too costly for small/medium pickup trucks. The system in this paper employs two springs with an offset to the second spring so that it engages during large deformation only, thereby providing passive variable stiffness without expensive hydraulics. The system damping is assumed to be controlled via variable viscosity magnetizable fluid, which can be implemented in a compact, low-power setup. Simulation of the suspension system is performed by numerically solving the nonlinear equations of motion for a quarter-vehicle mode subject to excitation from a road profile over a set period of time. A performance index from the literature is evaluated for the suspension system for the cases of minimum and maximum weight, and the two indices values are regarded as objectives in a multi-objective problem. As the individual objectives are prone to having local optima, the multi-objective problem is prone to having a disjointed Pareto-space. To deal with this issue, a modification is proposed to a multi-objective genetic algorithm. The algorithm performance is investigated via analytical test functions as well as a design case of the suspension system. Results show a reduction in the system’s spring size, with the Pareto point obtained from the proposed diffusion model, without compromising the system’s performance.
An Efficient Bayesian Calibration Approach Using Dynamically Biorthogonal Field Equations
Authors: Tagade Piyush M. , Choi Han-Lim
Published: September 2013

Present paper proposes new dynamic-biorthogonality based Bayesian formulation for calibration of computer simulators with parametric uncertainty. The formulation uses decomposition of solution field into mean and random field. The random field is represented as a convolution of separable Hilbert spaces in stochastic and spacial dimensions. Both the dimensions are spectrally represented using respective orthogonal bases. In particular, present paper investigates polynomial chaos basis for stochastic dimension and eigenfunction basis for spacial dimension. Dynamic evolution equations are derived such that basis in stochastic dimension is retained while basis in spacial dimension is changed such that dynamic orthogonality is maintained. Resultant evolution equations are used to propagate prior uncertainty in input parameters to the solution output. Whenever new information is available through experimental observations or expert opinion, Bayes theorem is used to update the basis in stochastic dimension. Efficacy of the proposed methodology is demonstrated for calibration of 2D transient diffusion equation with uncertainty in source location. Computational efficiency of the method is demonstrated against Generalized Polynomial Chaos and Monte Carlo method.
A Novel HCA Framework for Simulating the Cellular Mechanisms of Bone Remodeling
Authors: Penninger Charles L. , Patel Neal M. , Tovar Andrés
Published: September 2013

Each year, bone metabolic diseases affect millions of people of all ages, genders, and races. Common diseases such as osteopenia and osteoporosis result from the disruption of the bone remodeling process and can place an individual at a serious fracture risk. Bone remodeling is the complex process by which old bone is replaced with new tissue. This process occurs continuously in the body and is carried out by bone cells that are regulated by numerous metabolic and mechanical factors. The remodeling process provides for various functions such as adaptation to mechanical loading, damage repair, and mineral homeostasis. An improved understanding of this process is necessary to identify patients at risk of bone disease and to assess appropriate treatment protocols.

High-fidelity computer models are needed to understand the complex interaction of all parameters involved in bone remodeling. The primary focus of this investigation is to present a new computational framework that utilizes mathematical rules to mechanistically model the cellular mechanisms involved in the bone remodeling process. The computational framework used in this research combines accepted biological principles, cellular-level rules in a cellular automaton framework, and finite-element analysis. This computational model is referred to as hybrid cellular automaton (HCA) model. The simulations obtained with the HCA model allow to predict time-dependent morphology variations at the tissue level as a result of biological changes at the cellular level.
Customer Productivity: A Measure for Product and Process Development With Customers
Authors: Fukuda Shuichi
Published: September 2013

Although workforce productivity is widely used today, production is quickly moving toward product and process development with customers. Creative customers would like to get more and more involved in product development and furthermore, they would like to get satisfaction not only from the final product but from the processes as well. So we have to introduce a new measure for productivity, which focuses more on how much satisfaction a customer obtains from production. So the new definition of productivity in this sense will be:

Customer productivity = Amount of satisfaction / Customer’s psychological time and money (physical and virtual involvement in production)

This is different from the current customer satisfaction. Current one is focused on how much satisfaction a customer will have for a final product. This is a definition from the standpoint of the producer. The new definition is from the standpoint of the customer.

This paper points out that if we introduce Mahalanobis Taguchi System, such a measure can be established and we can introduce a new metric for measuring customer’s satisfaction for the new type of prosumer system or co-production.
A Survey for Methods of Detecting Aircraft Vortices
Authors: George Richard , Yang Jingzhou (James)
Published: September 2013

Wake vortices produced by the lifting surfaces of large aircraft can have catastrophic effects on aircraft that follow too close behind. Many incidents have been blamed on wingtip vortices in the past several decades. Therefore, vortex detection is important for enhancing airport productivity by allowing adoptive spacing and for increasing the safety of all aircraft operating around the airport by alerting controllers that hazardous conditions may exist near the runways. Many methods have been developed for detecting wake vortices. However, there is a lack of a literature review to summarize all the methods and compare their advantages and drawbacks. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to review these technologies and to summarize their strengths and weaknesses. There are two main methods available in the literature: active and passive detection methods. Active detection methods include LIDAR (LIGHT Detection And Ranging), RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging), and SODAR (Sonic Detection And Ranging). Passive detection methods include microphone systems, opto-acoustic systems, and ultrasonic detection of circulation. Although vortex detection methods are available, due to military and scientific usage, many researchers are still investigating new methods that are more effective.
Objective–Oriented Sequential Sampling for Simulation Based Robust Design Considering Multiple Sources of Uncertainty
Authors: Arendt Paul D. , Chen Wei , Apley Daniel W.
Published: September 2013

Sequential sampling strategies have been developed for managing complexity when using computationally expensive computer simulations in engineering design. However, much of the literature has focused on objective-oriented sequential sampling methods for deterministic optimization. These methods cannot be directly applied to robust design which must account for uncontrollable variations in certain input variables (i.e., noise variables). Obtaining a robust design that is insensitive to variations in the noise variables is more challenging. Even though methods exist for sequential sampling in design under uncertainty, the majority of the existing literature does not systematically take into account the interpolation uncertainty that results from limitations on the number of simulation runs, the effect of which is inherently more severe than in deterministic design. In this paper, we develop a systematic objective-oriented sequential sampling approach to robust design with consideration of both noise variable uncertainty and interpolation uncertainty. The method uses Gaussian processes to model the costly simulator and quantify the interpolation uncertainty within a robust design objective. We examine several criteria, including our own proposed criteria, for sampling the design and noise variables and provide insight into their performance behaviors. We show that for both of the examples considered in this paper the proposed sequential algorithm is more efficient in finding the robust design solution than a one-shot space filling design.
Modeling and Simulation of a Novel 16-DOF Humanoid Biped Robot
Authors: Hernández-Santos C. , Rodriguez-Leal E. , Soto R. , Gordillo J. L.
Published: September 2013

Humanoid biped robots are typically complex in design, having numerous degrees-of-freedom (DOF) due to the ambitious goal of mimicking the human gait. This paper presents the forward kinematics and dynamics of a new sixteen DOF humanoid biped robot. The synthesis of the kinematic chains is based on human body parameters in terms of ratios, range of motion, and physical length. The paper proposes a new architecture for a biped robot with seven DOF per each leg, adding one DOF that imitates the toe joint. The dynamic model is approached by dividing the legs into the sagittal and frontal planes, which simplifies the mathematical model by further applying the principle of Lagrangian dynamics. The paper contains several simulations and numerical examples to prove the analytical results.
A Proposal for a Unified Concept of Kinematic Singularities for Holonomic and Non-Holonomic Mechanisms
Authors: Müller Andreas
Published: September 2013

The study of mechanism singularities has traditionally focused on holonomic systems. On the other hand many robotic systems are characterized by non-holonomic constraints, such as mobile platforms and manipulators driven by non-holonomic joints, and a general concept of singularities seems in order. In this paper a possible generalization of the singularity concept is proposed that equally accounts for holonomic and non-holonomic kinematic systems. The central object is the associated kinematic control problem. Singularities are identified as those configurations where the iteration depth of Lie brackets required to compute the accessibility Lie algebra changes. This notion of singularities is applied to serial manipulator and to non-holonomic mobile platforms. It is shown for holonomic manipulators that this is equivalent to the usual Jacobian rank condition. As example the condition is discussed for a Scara manipulator, a 6R manipulator, and for a kinematic car with one or two trailers.
Hybrid Technique to Support the Tracking in Unstructured Augmented Reality Environments
Authors: Re Guido Maria , Caruso Giandomenico , Belluco Paolo , Bordegoni Monica
Published: September 2013

In this paper, we present a new Augmented Reality (AR) tracking technique that integrates the marker-based tracking with the tracking ability of a commercial mobile robot. The role of the mobile robot is to co-work with the user for extending the working space of the marker-based tracking technique. The robot follows the user’s movements during the exploration in the AR environment and updates the position of a fiducial marker, which is fixed on it. The robot is automatically controlled through the device used to visualize the AR scene. The paper discusses the issues related to the integration of these two tracking techniques and proposes an AR application, which has been developed to demonstrate the feasibility of our approach. Technical issues and performances have been assessed through several testing sessions.
An Early Modeling and Simulation Approach for Fast Evaluation of Early Design Concepts
Authors: Coatanéa Eric , Nonsiri Sarayut , Bakhouya Mohamed , Kiviluoma Panu , Calonius Olof
Published: September 2013

Being able to quickly model and simulate very early design solutions in the design process is an important practical issue for engineering designers. Early design is characterized by the small amount of quantitative data available at the beginning of the development process. The task is becoming cumbersome for engineers when in addition they do not possess extensive knowledge of the domain of interest. In this context, traditional modeling and simulation methods are disqualified for supporting the early engineering design choices because they require too much details and precise quantitative information. The approach considered in this article to supply the deficiency of traditional modeling methods is combining three domains of physics and mathematics: qualitative physics, dimensional analysis and graph-based representation. The present article develops the general framework which is emerging from this combination. The authors develop the framework to the fast modeling and simulation of an air bearing. The structure of the article is the following, first the basis of the modeling and simulation method are briefly presented. In a second step the entire approach is developed on the case of an air bearing concept with the goal of making the presentation as pedagogical as possible. A causal ordering heuristic is used and combined with the topology of the concept to test. This is gradually leading to a causal graph which is transformed into a flow graph that can be simulated in system dynamics simulation tools. A new and easy approach to discover the laws governing the system dynamic model is also explained. Finally the model is simulated and analyzed.

As a result, the method presented in this article offers several advantages: 1- it can be supported by a dedicated computer aided approach, 2- it brings simulation capabilities at very early design stage level where it is seldom present.
Application of the Modified Rosenbrock Algorithm for Transient Rotordynamic Analysis
Authors: Srinivasan Anand , Kumar Dhruv
Published: September 2013

It is well known that transient rotordynamic analyses involve numerical integration of the equations of motion in order to study the response of the system under an applied forcing function. A common problem that arises in such simulations is the choice of step-size that needs to be used to obtain numerically stable results. Traditional numerical integration techniques such as the Runge-Kutta algorithms not only require splitting up second order differential equations as two first order equations, but also necessitate multiple integrations at each time-step, thus increasing the solution time. The Newmark-beta and Wilson-theta algorithms are some of the prevalent methods that have been used for transient simulations in rotordynamics. However, those single-step methods are only conditionally stable, and require iterations to converge to a solution at each time step, thus making it pseudosingle-step. In the more recent years, a modified form of the Rosenbrock algorithm has been proposed as a numerically stable and true single-step mathematical formulation for the integration of structural dynamics problems. In this paper, the modified Rosenbrock algorithm has been applied to a transient start-up multi-degree-of-freedom rotordynamics problem. A constant time step-size algorithm has been used for the simulations, and results of the transient analysis have been presented. The fact that a multi-degree-of-freedom system can be solved without condensation of the higher order modes makes the superior numerical damping characteristics of the algorithm become evident.
Simulating Part and Assembly Variation for Injection Molded Parts
Authors: Lorin Samuel , Lindkvist Lars , Söderberg Rikard
Published: September 2013

Final geometrical variation and deviation have often a negative effect on product functionality and aesthetics. In the automotive industry, design concepts are being evaluated and optimized to withstand variation in the early phase of product development. For this end, simulation tools are employed. Input to these simulations is requirements on parts and fixtures or measurements from previously manufactured parts. In the case of plastic components, parts are often manufactured in the injection molding process. Here, different materials and process settings can make it difficult to predict deviation and variation based on similar parts. In order to perform accurate assembly variation simulation, part variation simulation need, therefore, to be included.

In this work a methodology is presented to simulate part and assembly variation, due to process noise, for plastic components manufactured in the injection molding process. The methodology is based on designed computer experiment and utilizes the concept of geometrical covariance and principal component analysis to relate process noise to variation patterns using regression analysis. Part and assembly variation are simulated combined using the distribution of these variation patterns.

The model used for part variation simulation has been verified against commercial injection molding software showing good agreement. An industrial case from the automotive industry is used to elicit the proposed methodology.
Non-Singular Assembly Mode Changing Trajectories of a 6-DOF Parallel Robot
Authors: Caro Stéphane , Wenger Philippe , Chablat Damien
Published: September 2013

This paper deals with the non-singular assembly mode changing of a six degrees of freedom parallel manipulator. The manipulator is composed of three identical limbs and one moving platform. Each limb is composed of three prismatic joints of directions orthogonal to each other and one spherical joint. The first two prismatic joints of each limb are actuated. The planes normal to the directions of the first two prismatic joints of each limb are orthogonal to each other. It appears that the parallel singularities of the manipulator depend only on the orientation of its moving platform. Moreover, the manipulator turns to have two aspects, namely, two maximal singularity free domains without any singular configuration, in its orientation workspace. As the manipulator can get up to eight solutions to its direct kinematic model, several assembly modes can be connected by non-singular trajectories. It is noteworthy that the images of those trajectories in the joint space of the manipulator encircle one or several cusp point(s). This property can be depicted in a three dimensional space because the singularities depend only on the orientation of the moving-platform and the mapping between the orientation parameters of the manipulator and three joint variables can be obtained with a simple change of variables. Finally to the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first spatial parallel manipulator for which non-singular assembly mode changing trajectories have been found and shown.
A Coupled Two Degree of Freedom Model for Nano/Micromirrors Under van der Waals Force
Authors: Moeenfard Hamid , Darvishian Ali , Ahmadian Mohammad Taghi
Published: September 2013

The current paper presents a two degree of freedom model for the problem of nano/micromirrors under the effect of vdW force. Energy method, the principal of minimum potential energy is employed for finding the equilibrium equations governing the deflection and the rotation of the nano/micromirror. Then using the implicit function theorem, a coupled bending-torsion model is presented for the pull-in characteristics of nano/micromirrors under vdW force and the concept of instability mode is introduced. It is observed that with increasing the ratio of the bending stiffness to the torsion stiffness, the dominant instability mode changes from bending mode to the torsion mode. It is shown that when the bending stiffness of the system is relatively low, the equilibrium point of a one degree of freedom torsion model considerably deviates from that of coupled model. The presented model in this paper can be used for safe and stable design of nano/micromirrors under vdW force.
CFD Analysis of Wind Turbine Blade With Winglets
Authors: Gupta Alka , Amano R. S.
Published: September 2013

This study is aimed at investigating the aerodynamic performance of the wind turbine blade with winglets and compares its performance in terms of the power generated with a regular straight blade without winglet. Adding a winglet to the wind turbine blade improves the power production without increasing the projected rotor area. A parameter study is carried out where two of the key parameters which describe a winglet design namely the cant angle and the winglet height are varied. The winglet is bent towards the pressure (upstream) side. Pro/ENGINEER is used to generate a straight wind turbine blade which is then modified in SPACECLAIM to attach a winglet to it. Single blade analysis approach is chosen to carry out the computation, as this involves less computational time and low cost. Results show that adding a winglet to a straight blade increases its power output by 2% to 20%. In addition, winglet which has a cant angle of 45° performs better, generating more power than the winglet which is perpendicular to the blade (cant angle 90°). Also, the power generation increases with the increase in the winglet height. Amongst the four winglet designs discussed, the design W4 with cant angle of 45° and winglet height of 4% rotor radius performs the best resulting in 20% improvement in the power generation when added to a straight blade.
A Statically Balanced Shape Shifting Surface
Authors: Pishnery Joseph E. , Lusk Craig P.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a concept for producing a Statically Balanced Shape-Shifting Surface (SB-SSS). In this context, an SB-SSS is a surface that can require near-zero magnitude force changes to accomplish a change in shape while retaining effectiveness as a physical barrier. This paper focuses on how to statically balance a specifically-designed compliant mechanism and how to incorporate this mechanism into a polygonal cell. The mechanism consists of a compliant Peaucellier-Lipkin linkage layered with a pre-stressed link as the balancer. Prior art is presented that can show how a polygonal cell can be incorporated into a surface via a tiling array. Specifically shaped overlapping thin plates are used to retain the physical barrier requirement. The demonstration of a virtually zero-force Shape-Shifting Surface (SSS) suggests that SSS’s can be designed with a wide range of force-displacement properties, i.e. ranging from that of a square of the parent material to the zero-force mechanism presented here. Applications for an SB-SSS may be macro-scale or micro-scale and may include sensors, biomedical applications, defense applications, and variable stiffness materials.
PSS Business Case Map: Supporting Idea Generation in PSS Design
Authors: Akasaka Fumiya , Fujita Kazuki , Shimomura Yoshiki
Published: September 2013

This paper proposes the PSS Business Case Map as a tool to support designers’ idea generation in PSS design. The map visualizes the similarities among PSS business cases in a two-dimensional diagram. To make the map, PSS business cases are first collected by conducting, for example, a literature survey. The collected business cases are then classified from multiple aspects that characterize each case such as its product type, service type, target customer, and so on. Based on the results of this classification, the similarities among the cases are calculated and visualized by using the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) technique. A SOM is a type of artificial neural network that is trained using unsupervised learning to produce a low-dimensional (typically two-dimensional) view from high-dimensional data. The visualization result is offered to designers in a form of a two-dimensional map, which is called the PSS Business Case Map. By using the map, designers can figure out the position of their current business and can acquire ideas for the servitization of their business.
Study on the New Type of the Positioner
Authors: Ma Chunxiang , Wang Guotao , Chen Jie , He Jun , Gao Feng
Published: September 2013

In this paper, a new type of the positioner is proposed, which has with dual-drive and dual-screw. Comparing with the positioner of the traditional gear transmission system, the positioner with the new mechanism has less power and less work space. Based on the designing requirements, we optimized the dimensions of the mechanism of the positioner, and carried out the kinematic and dynamic analysis of the positioner. The strength and the rigidity of the positioner are analyzed by the use of FEM. Finally, according to fuzzy mathematical theory, the reliability of the mechanism motion of the positioner is studied.
On the Design of Mechanically Programmable Underactuated Anthropomorphic Robotic and Prosthetic Grippers
Authors: Baril Mathieu , Laliberté Thierry , Gosselin Clément , Routhier François
Published: September 2013

This paper presents several innovative features that aim at improving the mechanical design of underactuated anthropomorphic grippers. Based on prototypes previously developed, the characteristics of a tendon-driven underactuated finger and a reconfigurable thumb are first presented. Their geometry, coverings and attachment principles are detailed. Then, a novel approach to mechanically couple the thumb with the four fingers is presented. Using a lever, this approach provides the ability to mechanically prescribe a desired distribution of the forces/velocities during the actuation. A static model is developed to visualize the possibilities offered by this principle. Also, a compact mechanism that allows underactuation between the four fingers is described. This mechanism significantly improves the synchronization of the outputs. Additionally, a mechanical selector is introduced that makes the gripper mechanically programmable by allowing to selectively block one or many outputs. The use of this mechanical selector, combined with the reconfigurable thumb and the underactuation between the fingers, allows a gripper to produce several grasping modes without the need of additional actuation. Finally, a prototype including all these features is briefly described.
Branch-and-Bound Algorithm for Interface-Based Modular Product Design
Authors: Yoo John Jung-Woon , Aryasomayajula Anirudh
Published: September 2013

In our earlier work we have proposed a collaboration system for modular product design. One of the main components of the system is a design repository to which suppliers can upload their component descriptions using machine-readable, interface-based component description language, so that manufacturers can refer to the descriptions during product design phases. A mathematical formulation for modular product design has been proposed based on Artificial Intelligence Planning framework. The proposed Binary Integer Programming formulation generates the optimal design of a product. The optimal design consists of multiple components that are compatible with each other in terms of input and out interfaces. However, the mathematical approach is faced with scalability issue. The development of a heuristic algorithm that generates a high quality solution within a reasonable amount of time is the final goal of the research. In this paper, we propose an algorithmic approach based on branch-and-bound method as an intermediate step for the final goal. This paper describes the details of the proposed branch-and-bound algorithm using a case study and experimental results are discussed.
A New Gas Bio-Sensor in the Structure of a Micro-Machined Clamped-Clamped Inertial Beam and its Readout Circuit
Authors: Xue Bing-Ze , Chao Paul C.-P. , Lin Bor-Shyh , Tsai Chun-Yin , Chen Tsung-Lin , Liao Hsin-Hao , Tsai Hann-Huei , Juang Ying-Zong
Published: September 2013

This study presents a novel gas bio-sensor in the form of a micro-machined resonator and its readout circuit. The resonator has the structure of a clamped-clamped beam with thermal actuation and piezo-resistive sensing that supports a plate capable of being attached with test gas molecules to detect gas concentration. The purpose of this study is to design and fabricate the micro-scaled inertial beam with its readout circuit in a system-on-chip package. The circuit includes a driver, a front-end converter, a feed-trough reduction unit, a square-wave converter and a phase detector. In the process of signal reading, the sensor is first driven by a DDS module and power amplifier, and then sense the vibrations by piezo-resistivity. The piezo-resistivity is detected by a Wheatstone bridge circuits. The carried signal of modulation is processed by a Wheatstone bridge circuits. An instrumentation amplifier adjusts the gain to the appropriate amplitude. The circuit with reduction on feed-through noise increases the SNR. Square wave conversion circuit and PFD process the signal and the driver reference signal to detect phase difference. The data of phase difference is counted into a microcontroller dsPIC4011 and then the data being transmitted to the computer by RS232 to a USB adapter. Finally, the whole circuit is implemented by using TSMC 0.35 2P4M process and one-step postprocessing.
A Product-Service System Design Framework Based on a Business Ecosystem
Authors: Oh Hyung Sool , Moon Seung Ki , Kim Wonmo
Published: September 2013

Nowadays, enterprises’ efforts are focused on increasing their product values with additional services and contents to satisfy diverse customer needs in competitive market environments. Trends of integrating services and products lead to the emergence of a product-service system (PSS). To enable designers and manufactures to implement and embody a PSS solution in new product development, there is a need for a comprehensive design framework to facilitate the design factors of PSS in complex business environments. The objective of this research is to propose a product-service system design framework to identify design factors for products and services in the context of a business ecosystem. In this paper, we introduce primary and secondary functions to understand customer purchasing motivations, which can be represented as the design factors. A survey on representative IT products is conducted to identify the design factors in terms of PSS. A business ecosystem is a group of entities associated with PSS. With the emergence of PSS, competitions in homogeneous market segment now become confrontations among different business ecosystems. In the proposed framework, we define a Product-Service platform (PS platform) as interface for customers toward PSS manufacturers, its supplier, and contents providers in the business ecosystem. Further, we discuss PS platform’s roles and advantages with case studies involving electronic consumer products.
Optimizing the Exchange of Partial Information in Integrated Product Development With Multiple Activities
Authors: Yassine Ali A. , Maddah Bacel , Jabbour Joe
Published: September 2013

Integrated product development (IPD) requires the incorporation of downstream concerns during the execution of upstream activities. In this paper, we develop a mathematical model based on dynamic programming (DP) to determine the optimal partial information exchanges between activities in an IPD environment. We provide a novel formulation to optimize the flow of information in a set of sequential activities of any cardinality and show how rework cost can be reduced in an IPD environment. Furthermore, a simulation model is developed to study the effect of integration on the behavior of upstream activities in terms of the frequency and timing of considering partial information. The simulation helps draw out a series of observations about partial information usage, which could be used as general guidelines in an IPD environment.
Path Planning of Planar Parallel Mechanisms Using Global Workspace Road Maps
Authors: Au Wesley , Chen Chao , Chung Hoam
Published: September 2013

The aim of this paper is to define a process to expand the overall reachable workspace of the 5R mechanism and to conduct feasible path planning between configurations within that space, even in cases where the initial and final configurations exist in different modes. It is known that if a mechanism has multiple working modes, there is a unique workspace for each configuration, and they are often only partially connected to each other in a complex manner. Serial singularities allow the mechanism to remain stiff and controllable. These regions are utilised to link disconnected workspaces to maximise the overall reachable workspace to form the global workspace road map. This paper focuses on the 2-DOF path planning of the 5R planar mechanism. A generalised method for analysing complex workspaces of parallel mechanisms is proposed, the rotary disk search for finding the connected reachable workspace, a strategy for global path finding by analysing the global workspace road map and local path generation are discussed.
A Study on Predictable Model of Waterproofing for Mobile Phone Using Finite Element Analysis Based on Evaluation of Seal Rubber
Authors: Jeon Hojin , Seo Hyongwon , Kim Myunghan , Kim Jungyoul
Published: September 2013

Recently, product manufacturers of mobile phone have to meet to high demands that allow their products endure variable bad environments exposed throughout the customers’ use. Especially, mobile phones need to resist to high humidity and general waterproofing that is prevalent in everyday usage. However, most previous studies related to seal material or methods for sealing assembly have been focused on heavy industry or automotive industry. In this paper, the aim is to predict waterproof possibility of mobile phone by using finite element analysis in design step. The criteria of waterproof condition for mobile phones was based on IEC60529 IPX-7 level[1]. This paper studied behavior characteristics and properties of the specialized rubber material for sealing the mobile phone housing. Constitutive equation for specialized seal rubber material was applied to the 3rd order Ogden function. Then, the correlation with test and finite element model was studied. Using the correlated finite element model for specialized seal rubber, evaluated behavior characteristics for seal rubber 2D shape and studied waterproof possibility analysis 3D model of mobile phone.

The proposed suggestion is expected to predict waterproof possibility for mobile phone efficiently. Evaluation method of 2D finite element model will be useful for decision design specification of seal rubber shape at preceding design step. And evaluation method of 3D finite element model will predict waterproof possibility before tooling the mold and will save the costs at development step in industry.
Extended Objective-Oriented Sequential Sampling Method for Robust Design of Complex Systems Against Design Uncertainty
Authors: Zhang Siliang , Zhu Ping , Arendt Paul D. , Chen Wei
Published: September 2013

In robust design of complex systems, metamodeling techniques are commonly used to replace expensive computer simulations. To improve the sampling efficiency, efforts have been made towards developing objective-oriented sequential sampling methods for deterministic problems. In this paper, an extended objective-oriented sequential sampling method is proposed for robust design, with an emphasis on those problems with uncertainty in design variables. The method involves quantitative assessment of the effects of metamodeling uncertainty on the robust responses, as well as a sequential strategy of choosing samples to adaptively improve the predicted robust response. To validate the benefits of the sequential strategy, two mathematical examples are illustrated first. This is followed by an automotive crashworthiness design example, a highly expensive and non-linear problem. Results show that the proposed method can mitigate the effect of both metamodeling uncertainty and design uncertainty, and more efficiently identify the robust solution compared to the one-stage sampling approach that is commonly used in practice.
Reduction of a Parametrically Excited Horizontal Oscillation in a High-Tc Superconducting Levitation System
Authors: Sakaguchi Ryunosuke , Sugiura Toshihiko
Published: September 2013

This research proposes reduction in the amplitude of nonlinear oscillation in a high-Tc superconducting magnetic levitation system by using a vibration absorber. High-Tc superconducting levitation systems have very low damping and stable levitation without control. However in such low-damped systems, complicated phenomena of dynamics can be easily generated by nonlinearity of the magnetic force.

Our previous research showed that, when the frequency of vertical excitation is in the neighborhood of double the natural frequency in the horizontal direction, horizontal oscillation can occur parametrically through nonlinear coupling between vertical motion and horizontal motion.

This research discusses on effect of a vibration absorber on a parametrically excited horizontal oscillation of the levitated body. The numerical results showed reduction in the amplitude of the horizontal oscillation. This kind of vibration absorber can be useful for reducing the amplitude of the autoparametric resonance of a high-Tc superconducting levitation system.
Philosophical Perspectives for Strategic Innovation Models and Comprehensive Analysis Processes
Authors: Herr Gunther , Nijmeh André
Published: September 2013

Many tools and methods claim to be “innovative”. Most belong either to project management, engineering design or creativity approaches. “Innovation Management” literature usually discusses “success patterns” for Innovation based on case studies, but hardly process the comprehensive support of innovation activities. It seems that there is a strategic gap between traditional idea-realization processes that focus on reliable project management and the diffuse situation in ever faster changing environments with unclear opportunities and risks. To professionally reinforce strategic innovation activities it is necessary to define a resilient framework. This paper discusses a new view on the field of innovation that is based on the comprehensiveness of philosophy. Fundamental definitions of early philosophers on the interdependencies of the “co-evolution of the world” are applied to define an “Innovation Philosophy”. This is transformed into an “Innovation Strategy” that comprises a repeatable “Innovation Process” for guiding teams through Innovation Projects.
Improved Spray Paint Thickness Calculation From Simulated Droplets Using Density Estimation
Authors: Tafuri Sebastian , Ekstedt Fredrik , Carlson Johan S. , Mark Andreas , Edelvik Fredrik
Published: September 2013

Advancements in the simulation of electrostatic spray painting make it possible to evaluate the quality and efficiency of programs for industrial paint robots during Off-Line Programming (OLP). Simulation of the spray paint deposition process is very complex and requires physical simulation of the airflow, electric fields, breakup of paint into droplets, and tracking of these droplets until they evaporate or impact on a surface. The information from the simulated droplet impacts is then used to estimate the paint film thickness. The current common way of measuring paint thickness on complex geometrical shapes is to use histogram based methods. These methods are easy to implement but are dependent on good quality meshes. In this paper, we show that using kernel density estimation not only gives better estimates but it also is not dependent on mesh quality. We also extend the method using a multivariate bandwidth adapted using estimated gradients of the thickness. To show the advantages of the proposed method, all three methods are compared on a test case and with real thickness measurements from an industrial case study using a complex automotive part.
Vibration Analysis of Inflatable Parabolic Structure for Space Application
Authors: Sardhara Dipan Y. , Upadhyay S. H. , Harsha S. P.
Published: September 2013

Large deployable antennas for space applications become essential in the fields of communications, radio astronomy and Department of Defence (DOD) space-based radar. Since the antenna should be installed in a cargo space of a rocket vehicle during the launch phase, an inflatable deployment concept is inevitable to overcome the size limitation. A newly developed class of space structures, called inflatable-deployable structures, has great potential for satisfying these stringent user requirements. Among the many antenna types available, the parabolic reflector antenna is the most common one mainly due to its high gain, which enable high data rate transmission at low power. Large parabolic reflectors and solar concentrators are of great interest for the applications of satellite. This paper presents the finite element modelling of the parabolic shaped reflector to know the static and dynamic behaviour under the various inflation pressures. Purpose of this study is to highlight the dynamic characteristics of parabolic structures used in space application. The challenge is to assure that inflatable parabolic surfaces have significantly high efficiency and accuracy to satisfy the system requirements. Even the smart material is used for the control of the geometry of the reflecting surfaces and the study is done for the optimal size and placement of actuators and sensors the control of the shape of the reflecting surfaces. So this study is required to understand the dynamic characteristics i.e. frequency and mode shapes of these structures so that we can find out the maximum deflection and deformed shape of the parabolic surfaces.
eRobotics: The Symbiosis of Advanced Robotics and Virtual Reality Technologies
Authors: Rossmann Jürgen
Published: September 2013

The research field of eRobotics is currently an active domain of interest for scientists working in the area of “eSystem engineering”. The objective is to effectively use electronic media — hence the “e” at the beginning of the term — to achieve the best possible advance in the development of their respective fields of use. Well known developments in this research area include eHealth and eMedicine, eLearning, eGovernment, eSecurity, eBusiness, eForensics and so on.

The aim of developments in eRobotics is to provide a comprehensive software environment to address robotics-related issues. Starting with user requirements analysis of system design, support for the development and selection of appropriate robot hardware, robot and mechanisms programming, system and process simulation, control design, and encompassing the validation of developed models and programs, eRobotics requires a continuous and systematic computer support. In this way, the ever increasing complexity of current computer-aided robotic solutions will be kept manageable, and know-how from completed work is electronically preserved and made available for further applications.

In the first place, this paper is intended to give an overview of the numerous applications of eRobotics that have already been realized und thus to promote the term eRobotics in the field of Virtual Reality and simulation.
Type Synthesis of 3-DOF Rotational Parallel Mechanisms With No Intersecting Axes
Authors: Chen Ziming , Cao Wen-ao , Huang Zhen
Published: September 2013

Parallel mechanisms which can realize three rotational motions are very important in the parallel mechanism family. Not the same with the traditional spherical parallel mechanism, a new kind of 3-DOF (degree of freedom) rotational parallel mechanism with no intersecting axes (RPMNIA) are proposed in this paper. This kind of rotational parallel mechanisms have the advantages of easy manufacturing. A new approach using the screw theory and the subchain theory is proposed to design the branches with only one constraint force and some new one-force-branches are found. Using these new branches, a group of 3-DOF rotational parallel mechanisms without intersecting axes are synthesized.
Development of 2 Stage CVT Shift Control Algorithm to Reduce Torque Variation During 1-2 Upshift of Planetary Gear
Authors: Park Jeongman , Ahn Sunghyun , Kwon Oheun , Jun Youngho , Kim Minhyo , Cho Seoyeon , Park Seongjin , Yoon Woosik , Kim Hyunsoo
Published: September 2013

In this paper, a 2 stage continuously variable transmission (CVT) shift control algorithm is proposed for the 1–2 upshift of the planetary gear to achieve the shift quality. A fuzzy control algorithm is designed considering the relatively slower response characteristics of CVT. In order to evaluate the performance of the control algorithm, a 2 stage CVT vehicle simulator is developed including a dynamic model of the CVT powertrain. From the simulation results, it is found that CVT gear ratio changes faster in the inertia phase and remains constant after the inertia phase of the planetary gear shift, which provides the reduced torque variation by the proposed control algorithm.
Metamodel Based Design Automation: Applied on Multidisciplinary Design Optimization of Industrial Robots
Authors: Tarkian Mehdi , Vemula Bhanoday , Feng Xiaolong , Ölvander Johan
Published: September 2013

Intricate and complex dependencies between multiple disciplines require iterative intensive optimization processes. To this end, multidisciplinary design optimization (MDO) has been established as a convincing concurrent technique to manage inherited complexities.

This paper presents a high level CAD and CAE design automation methodology which enables fast, efficient concept generation for MDO. To increase the evaluation speed, global metamodels are introduced to replace computationally expensive CAD and CAE models. In addition, various techniques are applied to drastically decrease the number of samplings required to create the metamodels. In the final part of the paper, a multi-level optimization strategy is proposed to find the optimal concept.

As proof of concept, a real world design problem, from ABB industrial robotics, is presented.
Vehicle Sideslip Estimation Using Unscented Kalman Filter, AHRS and GPS
Authors: Botha Theunis R. , Els Pieter S.
Published: September 2013

A vehicle’s sideslip angle is an important parameter for both vehicle control and tyre property estimation. This paper details the method of determining a vehicles sideslip angle using an Attitude Heading Reference System (AHRS) and a Global Position System (GPS) in conjunction with the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF). The addition of a single GPS antenna and the AHRS provides the ability to directly estimate the sideslip angle. Incorporating this direct measurement, as well as the summation of the gravity and gyro-compensated lateral acceleration to provide lateral velocity, allows the continuous and drift free estimation of the sideslip angle. The method is evaluated in simulation, using a validated non-linear full vehicle ADAMS model with added sensor noise. The estimated sideslip angle compares well against the simulated vehicle’s sideslip angle.