bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Potential for novel imaging techniques to monitor early disease progression in connective tissue disease vasculopathy
Authors: Tan Kah Aik , Inderjeeth Charles , Jansen Shirley
Published: September 2021

Vasculopathy associated with connective tissue diseases (CTD) has diverse clinical presentations and complex underlying pathology. Existing imaging techniques remain inadequate for assessing vasculopathy in CTD, particularly in earlier stages of pathogenesis. Novel imaging techniques, such as optical coherence tomography, near‐infrared spectroscopy and superb microvascular imaging, demonstrate potential in monitoring disease progression at earlier stages prior to systemic complications.
Outcomes of artery embolisation for cystic fibrosis patients with haemoptysis: a 20‐year experience at a major Australian tertiary centre
Authors: Semasinghe Bandaralage Sahan P. , Tay George , Hay Karen , Megram Emma , Smith Daniel , Gadowski Tahlia , Wright Eimear , France Megan , Bell Scott , Reid David
Published: September 2021

There are no published data on Australian adult cystic fibrosis (CF) patient outcomes post bronchial arterial embolisation (BAE). We report 20 years of experience of BAE at a major Australian tertiary adult CF centre, where 46 patients underwent 100 BAE during this period. Mortality rate was comparable to previous studies (4% per year) and most who died had repeat BAE requirements. A higher proportion (9 out of 45) of patients were transplanted compared to previous publications. Repeat BAE was common and significantly higher in patients already on tranexamic acid.
Secret messengers: Extracellular RNA communication in the immune system
Authors: Nation Grant K , Saffold Cherie E , Pua Heather H
Published: September 2021

One of the hallmarks of the immune system is a dynamic landscape of cellular communication through the secretion of soluble factors, production of cell‐bound ligands, and expression of surface receptors. This communication affects all aspects of immune cell behavior, integrates the responses of immune cells in tissues, and is fundamental to orchestrating effective immunity. Recent pioneering work has shown that the transfer of ribonucleic acids (RNAs) constitutes a novel mode of cellular communication. This communication involves diverse RNA species, with short noncoding RNAs especially enriched in the extracellular space. These RNAs are highly stable and selectively packaged for secretion. Transferred RNAs have functions in target cells that both mirror their cell‐intrinsic roles and adopt novel mechanisms of action. These extracellular RNAs both impact the behavior of individual immune cells and participate in local and systemic immune responses. The impacts of RNA communication on immune cells and disease states have important implications for the development of novel clinical biomarkers and innovative therapeutic designs in immune‐related disease. In this review, we will discuss the foundation of knowledge that is establishing RNA communication as an active and functional process in the immune system.
LINC00261 elevation inhibits angiogenesis and cell cycle progression of pancreatic cancer cells by upregulating SCP2 via targeting FOXP3
Authors: Zou Jun , Pei Xuanzeng , Xing Dan , Wu Xiaojun , Chen Shuai
Published: September 2021

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs) biological functions and molecular mechanisms associated with pancreatic cancer (PC) remain to be poorly elucidated. We aimed to clarify the role of lncRNA LINC00261 (LINC00261) in PC and confirm its regulatory mechanisms. Bioinformatics analysis, RNA pull‐down and RIP assays were performed to investigate relationship between LINC00261 and forkhead box P3 (FOXP3). Further, dual‐luciferase reporter gene and ChIP assays were employed to confirm the relationship among LINC00261, FOXP3 and sterol carrier protein‐2 (SCP2). PC cells were introduced with a series of vectors to verify the effects of LINC00261 and SCP2 on the viability, cell cycle progression, migration and angiogenesis of PC cells. Nude mice with the xenograft tumour were used to evaluate the effects LINC00261 on the tumourigenicity. LINC00261 was lowly expressed in PC tissues and cells. SCP2 was inhibited by LINC00261 through FOXP3. Functionally, upregulated LINC00261 or downregulated SCP2 led to reduced cell viability, migration, angiogenesis and tumourigenicity potentials. This study demonstrated the inhibitory role of LINC00261 in the angiogenesis and cell cycle progression of PC cells. It acts through the negative regulation of SCP2 via targeting FOXP3. Findings in this study highlight a potentially biomarker for PC treatment.
Sleepy drivers on a slippery road: A pilot study using a driving simulator
Authors: Radun Igor , Levitski Andres , Wahde Mattias , Ingre Michael , Benderius Ola , Radun Jenni , Kecklund Göran
Published: September 2021

Sleepy drivers have problems with keeping the vehicle within the lines, and might often need to apply a sudden or hard corrective steering wheel movement. Such movements, if they occur while driving on a slippery road, might increase the risk of ending off road due to the unforgiving nature of slippery roads. We tested this hypothesis. Twelve young men participated in a driving simulator experiment with two counterbalanced conditions; dry versus slippery road × day (alert) versus night (sleepy) driving. The participants drove 52.5 km on a monotonous two‐lane highway and rated their sleepiness seven times using the Karolinska Sleepiness Scale. Blink durations were extracted from an electrooculogram. The standard deviation of lateral position and the smoothness of steering events were measures of driving performance. Each outcome variable was analysed with mixed‐effect models with road condition, time‐of‐day and time‐on‐task as predictors. The Karolinska Sleepiness Scale increased with time‐on‐task (p < 0.001) and was higher during night drives (p < 0.001), with a three‐way interaction suggesting a small increased sleepiness with driving time at night with slippery road conditions (p = 0.012). Blink durations increased with time‐on‐task (p < 0.01) with an interaction between time‐of‐day and road condition (p = 0.040) such that physiological sleepiness was lower for sleep‐deprived participants in demanding road conditions. The standard deviation of lateral position increased with time‐on‐task (p = 0.026); however, during night driving it was lower on a slippery road (p = 0.025). The results indicate that driving in demanding road condition (i.e. slippery road) might further exhaust already sleepy drivers, although this is not clearly reflected in driving performance.
Population dynamics of Hypselobarbus thomassi (Day 1874), an endemic cyprinid fish from a tropical reservoir of Southern Western Ghats, India
Authors: Renjithkumar Chelapurath Radhakrishnan , Roshni Kuttanelloor , Harikrishnan Mahadevan , Madhusoodana Kurup Balakrishna
Published: September 2021

The Western Ghats of peninsular India is a highly sensitive and threatened ecoregion of exceptional freshwater ichthyodiversity. The present study investigated the growth, mortality and stock characteristics of Hypselobarbus thomassi, an endemic cyprinid fish from the Parappar Reservoir of Western Ghats, on the basis of the length‐frequency data collected during the period from 2009 to 2011. The growth parameters of this species were estimated using the FiSAT program, and the asymptotic length (L∞) and growth constant (K) being 476.79 mm and 0.39 year−1, respectively. The age at zero length (t0) was calculated as −0.0485 year−1. The longevity (tmax) and growth performance index (ϕ) were reported as 7.69 years and 2.95. The estimated total mortality (Z), natural mortality (M) and fishing mortality (F) were 1.65, 0.38 and 1.27 year−1, respectively. The relative yield per recruit (Y/R) analysis revealed the exploitation rate (E) at different levels as E0.1 = 0.36, E0.5 = 0.28 and Emax = 0.42. The current exploration level (0.77) is higher than the optimum exploitation rate (Emax = 0.42), indicating an overexploitation of the H. thomassi population. Accordingly, needed management measures should include restrictions on fishing gear mesh sizes, reduced fishing effort and declaration of closed seasons and sanctuaries to protect this threatened species.
Life‐history traits of three Ambassid fishes (Chanda nama, Parambassis lala and Parambassis ranga) from the Mathabhanga River, southwestern Bangladesh
Authors: Hossain Md. Yeamin , Hossen Md. Alomgir , Mawa Zannatul , Rahman Md. Ataur , Hasan Md. Rabiul , Islam Md. Akhtarul , Khatun Dalia , Rahman Md. Ashekur , Tanjin Sumaya , Sarmin Most. Shakila , Bashar Md. Abul , Ohtomi Jun
Published: September 2021

The present study provides the first indication of the life‐history traits, including, population structure, growth pattern, condition factor, form factor (a3.0), size at first sexual maturity (Lm), natural mortality (MW) and optimum catchable length (Lopt), of three Ambassid (Chanda nama, Parambassis lala and Parambassis ranga) fishes from the Mathabhanga River in southwest Bangladesh. A total of 370 individuals were occasionally collected from August 2017 to July 2018 with cast nets, gill nets, square lift nets, and conical‐ and box‐traps. The total length (TL) ranged from 2.4 to 7.5 cm for C. nama, 1.9–3.8 cm for P. lala and 1.8–6.5 cm for P. ranga. The length‐frequency distributions (LFDs) showed the 4.0–5.0 cm TL size group for C. nama and the 3.0–4.0 cm TL size group were numerically dominant for P. lala and P. ranga. The length–weight relationships (LWRs) indicated isometric growth for C. nama, and positive allometric growth for P. lala and P. ranga. All the LWR values were very significant (p < .001), with all r2 values > .950. Based on the Spearman rank correlation test, body weight (BW) versus Fulton's‐condition factor (KF) was extremely correlated (p < .001), indicating a better wellbeing for these species. The a3.0 value was 0.0082, 0.0138 and 0.0104 for C. nama, P. lala and P. ranga, respectively. Based on the maximum length (Lmax), the Lm was 4.4 cm TL for C. nama, 2.5 cm TL for P. lala, and 4.0 cm TL for P. ranga. Based on the asymptotic length (L∞), the Lm was 4.88 cm TL for C. nama, 2.63 cm TL for P. lala, and 4.28 cm TL for P. ranga. The MW value was 2.2, 3.3 and 2.7/year for C. nama, P. lala and P. ranga, respectively. The optimum catchable length (Lopt) was 5.36 cm TL for C. nama, 2.75 cm TL for P. lala and 4.65 cm TL for P. ranga. The findings of the present study should be very useful for effective and sustainable management of these fishes in the Mathabhanga River and the connecting ecosystems.
Evaluating the fishery of tropical reservoirs using surplus production models: A case study of Aliyar Reservoir, Tamil Nadu, India
Authors: Geethalakshmi Vaidhyanathan , Chandrasekar V. , Shanmugavel Chinnadurai , Hassan Femeena , Gopal Nikita
Published: September 2021

Reservoir fisheries support the livelihood needs of socio‐economically deprived fishers and ensure the nutritional security of rural populations. To sustain community food safety and economic needs, a basic understanding of the prevailing biological and economic conditions, as well as a comprehensive evaluation of the fishery is essential. To this end, the present study focused on evaluating the fisheries of the small Aliyar Reservoir located in the Coimbatore District of the state of Tamil Nadu, India, utilizing surplus production models. The maximum recorded fish catch was 51.3 MT in 2015, with the minimum catch of 10.89 MT obtained in 1991, and the average production during 1985 to 2018 being 30.80 MT from the reservoir. The peak catch season was during the months of February to May. The MSY (Maximum Sustainable Yield) and other key fish population parameters, including the carrying capacity (K), catchability coefficient (q), intrinsic population growth rate (r) and coefficient of variation (CV), using catch and effort data (CEDA) analysis and ASPIC (a surplus production model incorporating covariates) computer software packages. Using CEDA software, the estimated MSY was 36.92 MT (CV = 0.47) using the Fox model and 36.68 MT (CV = 0.307) using the Schaefer model. An integrated surplus production model (CYP) of Clarke et al. (Marine Research Economics, 1992, 7, 115) was also fitted to the data and found to be the best fit with the MSY, an estimated optimum effort of 51.20 MT and 5110 nets/year. The results indicated the need for increasing the fishing effort with appropriate standard gears for exploiting the fish stock. Further economic optimization with the CYP model indicates increasing the fishing effort by 34% will lead to a 40% increase in the annual profits for the fishermen.
Sodium‐glucose co‐transporter 2 inhibitors on weight change and cardiometabolic profiles in individuals with overweight or obesity and without diabetes: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Wong John , Chan Kwan Yi , Lo Kenneth
Published: September 2021

Several meta‐analyses have been conducted to evaluate the weight loss effect of sodium–glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT‐2) inhibitors in patients with type 2 diabetes, whereas pooled analysis focusing on individuals without diabetes is lacking. The objective of this systematic review and meta‐analysis is to evaluate the effect of SGLT‐2 inhibitor monotherapy on weight change and cardiometabolic profiles. Multiple databases were searched for randomized controlled trials reporting weight change effect of SGLT‐2 inhibitor treatment compared with placebo for more than 12 weeks among individuals with overweight or obesity and without diabetes. A total of eight randomized controlled trials with 750 subjects were identified. SGLT‐2 monotherapy was associated with significant reduction in body weight of −2.32 kg, compared to −1.01 kg for placebo, giving a mean difference of −1.31 kg. Significant reductions in body mass index and fasting blood glucose were observed, but not for the changes in waist circumference, fat mass, blood pressure, and lipid profile compared with placebo. SGLT‐2 inhibitor monotherapy for 12 weeks or more can result in modest weight loss among people with overweight or obesity and without diabetes. Depending on pre‐existing comorbidities or risk factors, SGLT‐2 inhibitors can be considered adjuncts in the treatment of obesity.
Biomechanical Effects of Lateral Inclination C1 and C2 Pedicle Screws on Atlantoaxial Fixation
Authors: Zhang Lei , Wang Huan
Published: September 2021

Objective

To assess the biomechanical effect of lateral inclination C1 and C2 pedicle screws on the atlantoaxial fixation through vitro human cadaveric study.

Methods

From January 2016 to December 2017, fresh‐frozen cadaveric cervical spines with intact ligaments from eight donated cadavers at an average age of 71.5 ± 10.6 years, comprising of six males and two females, were collected. There were no fracture and congenital malformation in all specimens according to the imaging examination. The range of motion (ROM) of the specimens were tested in their intact condition and destabilized condition. Next, the specimens were randomly divided into two groups to ensure no differences in sex and age: Group 1 was medial inclination C1 pedicle screw and C2 pedicle screws (C1MPS‐C2PS) and Group 2 was lateral inclination C1 pedicle screw and C2 pedicle screws (C1LPS‐C2PS). The ROM of the fixation scenarios were recorded. Thereafter, all the specimens with fixation constructs were tested for 1,000 cycles of axial rotation and tensile loading to failure was carried out collinearly to the longitudinal axis of all the screws, the data were documented as screw pullout strength (SPS) in newtons. All the recorded data subjected to quantitative analysis.

Results

The ROM of specimens was increased significantly in destabilized condition and significantly reduced in fixation condition compared with intact condition. In C1LPS‐C2PS groups, the C1‐C2 cervical segment showed 3.96° ±1.21° and 3.75° ± 1.33° in flexion and extension direction, 2.85° ± 0.91° and 2.96° ± 0.71° in right and left lateral bending, 2.20° ± 0.43° and 2.15° ± 0.40° in right and left axial rotation. In C1MPS‐C2PS groups, it showed 4.24° ±1.31° and 3.98° ± 1.21° in flexion and extension direction, 2.76° ± 1.10° and 3.23° ± 0.62° in right and left lateral bending, 2.20° ± 0.46° and 2.21° ± 0.42° in right and left axial rotation. There was no statistically significant difference on ROM and screw pullout strengths (764.29 ± 129.00 N vs 714.55 ± 164.63 N) between the two groups. However, there was one specimen in the C1MPS‐C2PS group showing rupture the inferior wall of the left screw trajectory owing to the relatively thin posterior arch of the atlas, the screw pullout strength was significantly reduced (left pullout strength value: 430.5 N, right pullout strength value: 748.4 N). Therefore, in the case of the thin posterior arch of the atlas, the C1LPS‐C2PS group had strong long‐term biomechanics.

Conclusion

The lateral inclination C1 pedicle screw can achieve the same biomechanical strength as the traditional atlas pedicle screw. However, for the case where the posterior arch of the atlas is relatively thin, a lateral inclination C1 pedicle screw is more suitable.
Why they keep missing: An empirical investigation of sovereign bond ratings and their timing*
Authors: El‐Shagi Makram , von Schweinitz Gregor
Published: September 2021

Two contradictory strands of the rating literature criticize that rating agencies merely follow the market on the one hand, and emphasizing that rating changes affect capital movements on the other hand. Both focus on explaining rating levels rather than the timing of rating announcements. Contrarily, we explicitly differentiate between a decision to assess a country and the actual rating decision. We show that this differentiation significantly improves the estimation of the rating function. The three major rating agencies treat economic fundamentals similarly, while differing in their response to other factors such as strategic considerations. This reconciles the conflicting literature.
Stoichiometry tuning of TaN films through ion treatment: Molecular dynamics study
Authors: Methary Jaipal , Sathiyanarayanan Rajesh , Li Rui , Stout Phillip J.
Published: September 2021

Ion treatment of face-centered cubic and amorphous TaN films is studied using classical molecular dynamics simulations. We investigated the effect of ion type (Ne, Ar, Kr, and Xe) and its energy (50, 100, 150, and 200 eV) on the sputtering yield of Ta and N, surface stoichiometry modification (Ta/N ratio), damage cascade development and ion penetration depths in the films at 598 K temperature. We observed that the N sputtering yield is much higher than Ta in both amorphous (a-TaN) and crystalline fcc-TaN (c-TaN) films; hence, the Ta/N ratio strongly depends on the N sputtering yield. Over the energy range studied, significant surface Ta/N modification is observed when TaN films, both amorphous and crystalline, are treated with Ne and Ar rather than Kr and Xe, mainly because of comparable sizes of Ne and Ar ions to N atoms. The Ta/N ratio is found to increase monotonically with the ion energy irrespective of the ion type and crystalline nature of the film. The average penetration depth of the Ne and Ar is ∼1.0 nm, whereas for Kr and Xe, it is ∼0.5 nm. The penetration depth distribution shows that the collision cascade penetrates deep into the film for Ne and Ar than for Kr and Xe. The collision cascade causes surface erosion, which sputters out Ta and N from the film via secondary ion sputtering. The methodology of ion treatment employed in the present study preserves the bulk properties of the TaN film while obtaining desired stoichiometry close to the film surface.
It’s a Party in the MLB: An Analysis of Shirking Between Games in Major League Baseball
Authors: Paulsen Richard J.
Published: September 2021

This paper uses game-level Major League Baseball data to identify whether players with greater job security shirk in their preparation between games. Past work has identified evidence of moral hazard arising in multiyear Major League Baseball player contracts, but little work has been done in identifying when shirking takes place. Using a difference-in-differences estimation strategy, this study finds evidence of an inverse relationship between the number of years remaining on player contracts and performance when the player is playing on short rest, when opportunity to rest is scarce, but not on long rest. Using a triple-difference specification, evidence is found that this inverse relationship between years remaining on a player’s contract when playing on short rest occurs for games played in “party cities.” This evidence would suggest that between game preparation is one avenue through which players on multiyear contracts shirk.
“Just Existing Is Activism”: Transgender Experiences in Martial Arts
Authors: Kavoura Anna , Channon Alex , Kokkonen Marja
Published: September 2021

This study focuses on transgender experiences in martial arts. Interviews with three Finnish and two British transgender martial artists were thematically analyzed, and findings were interpreted through the lens of queer theory. Two themes were identified related to the ways that transgender martial artists experience their sporting contexts, namely martial arts as an empowering and inclusive context and the challenges related to being transgender in martial arts. Two themes were also identified when it comes to participants’ strategies for coping with cis-/heteronormativity in martial arts. Whenever possible, participants employed social change strategies, whereas other times, they drew on self-care strategies. Following this, we suggest a need for context-specific, protective policies; nonbinary means of organizing sport; and gender diversity education for instructors to better cater for the specific needs of transgender people in sport.
The QcrB Inhibitors TB47 and Telacebec Do Not Potentiate the Activity of Clofazimine in Mycobacterium abscessus
Authors: Sorayah Ria , Moraski Garret C. , Barkan Daniel , Pethe Kevin
Published: September 2021

The antituberculosis drug telacebec is ineffective against
Mycobacterium abscessus
. A recent study suggested that TB47, a telacebec analogue, potentiated the efficacy of clofazimine against
M. abscessus
. Here, we report that TB47 not only is ineffective against
M. abscessus
in vitro
but also does not potentiate the activity of clofazimine.
The Legionella pneumophila Effector RavY Contributes to a Replication-Permissive Vacuolar Environment during Infection
Authors: Liu Luying , Roy Craig R.
Published: September 2021

Legionella pneumophila
is the causative agent of Legionnaires’ disease and is capable of replicating inside phagocytic cells, such as mammalian macrophages. The Dot/Icm type IV secretion system is a
L. pneumophila
virulence factor that is essential for successful intracellular replication.
Prophylactic Inhibition of Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae with the Secondary Bile Acid Metabolite Deoxycholic Acid
Authors: Vidal Jorge E. , Wier Meagan N. , A. Angulo-Zamudio Uriel , McDevitt Erin , Jop Vidal Ana G. , Alibayov Babek , Scasny Anna , Wong Sandy M. , Akerley Brian J. , McDaniel Larry S.
Published: September 2021

Streptococcus pneumoniae
colonizes the nasopharynx of children and the elderly but also kills millions worldwide yearly. The secondary bile acid metabolite deoxycholic acid (DoC) affects the viability of human pathogens but also plays multiple roles in host physiology.
Elevated Levels of the Escherichia coli
nrdAB
-Encoded Ribonucleotide Reductase Counteract the Toxicity Caused by an Increased Abundance of the β Clamp
Authors: Babu Vignesh M. P. , Homiski Caleb , Scotland Michelle K. , Chodavarapu Sundari , Kaguni Jon M. , Sutton Mark D.
Published: September 2021

DnaA bound to ATP acts in initiation of DNA replication and regulates the expression of several genes whose products act in DNA metabolism. The state of the ATP bound to DnaA is regulated in part by the β clamp-Hda complex.
Metallogenic fingerprint of a metasomatized lithospheric mantle feeding gold endowment in the western Mediterranean basin
Authors: Schettino Erwin , Marchesi Claudio , González-Jiménez José María , Saunders Edward , Hidas Károly , Gervilla Fernando , Garrido Carlos J.
Published: September 2021

Spinel peridotite xenoliths (one plagioclase-bearing) hosted in alkaline basalts from Tallante (southeast Spain) record the mineralogical and geochemical fingerprint of the subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) evolution beneath the southern Iberian margin. Mantle metasomatism in fertile lherzolites caused the crystallization of clinopyroxene + orthopyroxene + spinel clusters through the percolation of Miocene subalkaline melts during the westward migration of the subduction front in the western Mediterranean. In the Pliocene, heat and volatiles provided by alkaline host-magmas triggered very low melting degrees of metasomatic pyroxene-spinel assemblages, producing melt quenched to silicate glass and reactive spongy coronae around clinopyroxene and spinel. Refertilization of the Tallante peridotites induced the precipitation of base-metal sulfides (BMS) included in metasomatic clino- and orthopyroxene. These sulfides consist of pentlandite ± chalcopyrite ± bornite aggregates with homogeneous composition in terms of major elements (Ni, Fe, Cu) and semi-metals (Se, As, Te, Sb, Bi), but with wide variability of platinum-group elements (PGE) fractionation (0.14 < PdN/IrN < 30.74). Heterogeneous PGE signatures, as well as the presence of euhedral Pt-Pd-Sn-rich platinum-group minerals (PGM) and/or Au-particles within BMS, cannot be explained by conventional models of chalcophile partitioning from sulfide melt. Alternatively, we suggest that they reflect the incorporation of distinct populations of BMS, PGM, and metal nanoparticles (especially of Pt, Pd, and Au) during mantle melting and/or melt percolation. Therefore, we conclude that Miocene subalkaline melts released by asthenosphere upwelling upon slab tearing of the Iberian continental margin effectively stored metals in metasomatized domains of this sector of the SCLM. Remarkably high Au concentrations in Tallante BMS (median 1.78 ppm) support that these metasomatized domains provided a fertile source of metals, especially gold, for the ore-productive Miocene magmatism of the westernmost Mediterranean.
Unraveling the histories of Proterozoic shales through in situ Rb-Sr dating and trace element laser ablation analysis
Authors: Subarkah Darwinaji , Blades Morgan L. , Collins Alan S. , Farkaš Juraj , Gilbert Sarah , Löhr Stefan C. , Redaa Ahmad , Cassidy Eilidh , Zack Thomas
Published: September 2021

Authigenic components in marine sediments are important archives for past environment reconstructions. However, defining reliable age constraints and assessing the effects of post-depositional overprints in Precambrian sequences are challenging. We demonstrate a new laser-based analytical approach that has the potential to rapidly and accurately evaluate the depositional and alteration histories of Proterozoic shales. Our study employs a novel application of in situ Rb-Sr dating coupled with simultaneous trace-element analysis using reaction-cell laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–tandem mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS/MS). We present results from shales sourced from two wells in the Proterozoic McArthur Basin, northern Australia. These rocks have been widely used by previous studies as a key section for ancient biogeochemical and paleo-redox reconstructions. Shales from well UR5 yielded initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios, Rb-Sr ages, and rare earth element plus yttrium (REEY) patterns similar to those of a dolerite sampled from the same core. We propose that the UR5 samples chronicle hydrothermal alteration instigated by the dolerite intrusion. In contrast, a correlative shale from well UR6 yielded an age consistent with the expected depositional age (1577 ±56 Ma) with REEY and initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios similar to ca. 1.5 Ga seawater. We suggest that this sample records the minimum depositional age and early marine diagenetic history for this unit. This new technique can date Proterozoic shales quickly, cheaply, and with minimum sample preparation. Importantly, ages are triaged to differentiate between those recording primary marine versus secondary processes. This novel approach provides a potentially powerful tool for dating and fingerprinting the vast array of ancient marine shales for further studies of Earth systems through deep time.
Linking lava morphologies to effusion rates for the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow field, Iceland
Authors: Voigt Joana R.C. , Hamilton Christopher W. , Steinbrügge Gregor , Höskuldsson Ármann , Jónsdottir Ingibjörg , Thordarson Thorvaldur
Published: September 2021

Determining the parameters that control fissure-fed lava morphologies is critical for reconstructing the complex emplacement histories of eruptions on Earth and other planetary bodies. We used a geomorphological map of the 2014–2015 Holuhraun lava flow field, in combination with new constraints on lava emplacement chronology and two independently derived time-averaged discharge rate (TADR) data sets, to analyze correlations between lava morphology and effusion rate. Results show that lava morphologies are dominantly controlled by effusion rate at the vent during the early phases of the eruption and by lava transport processes as the system evolves. Initially, TADR and its variance, which reflect pulsation in the lava supply rate from the vent, directly affect lava emplacement styles. However, as the eruption progresses, the lava transport system exerts a stronger control with channels and ponds that can either dampen variation in local effusion rate or create surges during sudden drainage events. The Holuhraun eruption predominantly produced rubbly lava in its earlier eruption phases and transitioned into the production of spiny lava toward the end of the eruption. However, a drop of TADR during the first phase of the eruption correlates with a decrease in rubbly lava formation and an increase in spiny lava production. This suggests that a change in effusion rate caused the observed transition in lava type. Our findings show that rubbly lava is formed under relatively high local effusion rates with pulsating supply conditions, whereas spiny lava is formed under lower local effusion rates and steadier supply.
Some Indicators of Nonspecific Immunity of Various Breeding Groups of Carp in Different Periods of the Annual Cycle
Authors: Mikryakov D. V. , Pronina G. I. , Suvorova T. A. , Sokolova A. S. , Mikryakov V. R. , Petrushin A. B.
Published: September 2021

A comparative study of some parameters of nonspecific immunity in the Angelinskii rubella-resistant variant of the scaly and mirror groups of carp in the prespawning and late feeding periods was carried out. The level of the antimicrobial properties of the C-reactive protein, nonspecific immune complexes in the blood serum, and phagocytic activity of neutrophils were studied. The study showed interbreed and inter-seasonal differences in some indicators. It is concluded that the higher level of bacteriostatic activity of blood serum in the rubella-resistant variant, compared with other groups of carp, provides a low percentage of immunodeficient individuals and resistance to pathogens of infectious diseases.
Safety and efficacy of low-dose diazoxide in small-for-gestational-age infants with hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia
Authors: Chandran Suresh , R Pravin R , Mei Chien Chua , Saffari Seyed Ehsan , Rajadurai Victor Samuel , Yap Fabian
Published: September 2021

Objectives

Diazoxide (DZX) is the drug of choice for treating hyperinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia (HH), and it has potentially serious adverse effects. We studied the safety and efficacy of low-dose DZX in small-for-gestational-age (SGA) infants with HH.

Design

An observational cohort study from 1 September 2014 to 31 September 2020.

Setting

A tertiary Women’s and Children’s Hospital in Singapore.

Patients

All SGA infants with HH.

Intervention

Diazoxide, at 3–5 mg/kg/day.

Main outcome measures

Short-term outcomes; adverse drug events and fasting studies to determine ‘safe to go home’ and ‘resolution’ of HH.

Results

Among 71 836 live births, 11 493 (16%) were SGA. Fifty-six (0.5%) SGA infants with HH were identified, of which 27 (47%) with a mean gestational age of 36.4±2 weeks and birth weight of 1942±356 g required DZX treatment. Diazoxide was initiated at 3 mg/kg/day at a median age of 10 days. The mean effective dose was 4.6±2.2 mg/kg/day, with 24/27 (89%) receiving 3–5 mg/kg/day. Generalised hypertrichosis occurred in 2 (7.4%) and fluid retention in 1 (3.7%) infant. A fasting study was performed before home while on DZX in 26/27 (96%) cases. Diazoxide was discontinued at a median age of 63 days (9–198 days), and resolution of HH was confirmed in 26/27 (96%) infants on passing a fasting study.

Conclusion

Our study demonstrates that low-dose DZX effectively treats SGA infants with HH as measured by fasting studies. Although the safety profile was excellent, minimal adverse events were still observed with DZX, even at low doses.
Diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) for shoulder dislocations and reductions in the emergency department: a diagnostic randomised control trial (RCT)
Authors: Attard Biancardi Mark Anthony , Jarman Robert David , Cardona Tania
Published: September 2021

Background

Following blunt trauma, diagnosis of shoulder dislocation based on physical examination alone is difficult due to possible concurrent proximal humeral fractures. X-rays are therefore used to confirm diagnosis. Results from recent observational studies comparing diagnostic accuracy of point-of-care ultrasound (PoCUS) with X-rays for shoulder dislocation have been encouraging. The aim of this study was to determine whether PoCUS improves diagnostic accuracy when used with physical examination for the diagnosis of shoulder dislocation, proximal humeral fracture and ascertaining successful reduction in the ED.

Methods

A prospective, single-centre, open, parallel randomised control study over a 6-month period was used to answer the research question and test the null hypothesis. Consecutive eligible adult patients attending the ED of Mater Dei Hospital in Malta were randomised to either the control (C) (physical examination only) or experimental group (E) (physical examination and a two-point PoCUS scan). The study objectives were to measure diagnostic accuracy for both examinations for detecting shoulder dislocation, any associated proximal humeral fractures and confirming reduction. X-rays were used as reference standard for both groups.

Results

1206 patients were enrolled in this study (C n=600, E n=606). 290 dislocations (C n=132 and E n=158), 332 proximal humeral fractures (C n=154 and E n=178) and 278 reductions (C n=130 and E n=148) were analysed. A statistically significant difference (p<0.001) was found between the two groups for diagnostic accuracy in shoulder dislocation (C=65%, likelihood ratio (LR)+=2.03 and LR−=0.35 and E=100%, LR+=∞ and LR−=0), proximal humeral fractures (C=45.7%, LR+=1.23 and LR−=0.52 and E=98.3%, LR+=103.9 and LR−=0.03) and reduction (C=68.7%, E=100%). The null hypothesis for this study was thus rejected.

Conclusions

The addition of PoCUS to a physical examination significantly improves diagnostic accuracy for dislocations, proximal humeral fractures and reduction confirmation.

Trial registration number

International Standard Randomised Controlled Trials Number Registry (ISRCTN17048126).
Ball magnet ingestion in children: a stronger and more dangerous attraction?
Authors: Price James , Malakounides Georgina , Stibbards Sarah , Agrawal Shruti
Published: September 2021

Introduction

The ingestion of small, strong, rare-earth magnets, also termed ‘ball magnets’, can rapidly result in life-threatening bowel injuries. The objective of this study was to report the incidence and management of ‘ball magnet’ ingestion in children across the UK and to discuss the potential implications for policy-makers and public awareness campaigns.

Methods

In this multi-centre survey of UK major trauma centres (MTCs), paediatric patients admitted to hospital following ‘ball magnet’ ingestion from 1 January 2020 to 31 December 2020 were included.

Results

Responses were received from 11 MTCs (52%) reporting a total of 53 children admitted with ‘ball magnet’ ingestion over the 1-year study period. Most patients (n=51) presented following unintentional ingestion. 36 (68%) patients presented asymptomatically following witnessed or reported ingestion. In symptomatic patients, abdominal pain and vomiting were the the most common symptoms. The median number of ‘ball magnets’ ingested was 5.0 (IQR 3.0–7.8), range 1 to 63. 27 (51%) patients underwent operative intervention; laparotomy being the the most common (n=24, 89%). There were no deaths reported during the study period.

Conclusion

This multi-centre survey from the UK demonstrates the serious impact of ‘ball magnet’ ingestion in children. Clinicians, regulators and caregivers must work symbiotically in order to prevent, recognise and reduce life-threatening bowel injuries.
Unionisation and injury risk in construction: a replication study
Authors: Robson Lynda S , Landsman Victoria , Latour-Villamil Desiree , Lee Hyunmi , Mustard Cameron
Published: September 2021

Objective

To replicate, in a more recent time period, a previous cross-sectional study to estimate the association between unionisation and the risk of workers’ compensation injury claims.

Methods

The sampling frame was workers’ compensation company account records in the industrial, commercial and institutional construction sector in the province of Ontario, Canada, 2012–2018. Company unionisation status was determined through linkage with records of unionised contractors. Outcomes were cumulative counts of workers’ compensation injury claims, aggregated to company business. Risk ratios were estimated with multivariable negative binomial regression models. Models were also fit separately to lost-time claims stratified by company size.

Results

Business unionisation was associated with a lower lost-time claim incidence (crude risk ratio, CRR=0.69, 95% CI 0.65 to 0.74); adjusted risk ratio, ARR=0.75, 95% CI 0.71 to 0.80). In subgroup analyses, the magnitude of the ARR declined as company size decreased and was not statistically significant for the smallest-sized companies of ≤4 full-time equivalent employees. Unionisation was associated (positively) with the incidence of no-lost-time claims in a crude model, but not in an adjusted one (CRR=1.80, 95% CI 1.71 to 1.89; ARR=1.04, 95% CI 0.98 to 1.09).

Conclusions

Company unionisation was associated with a lower risk of lost-time workers’ compensation injury claims, corroborating a similar study from an earlier time period. The protective effect of unionisation declined as company size decreased. In contrast to the previous study, a positive relationship between company unionisation and no-lost-time claim incidence was not found, due in part to a methodological refinement.
DIFFERENTIAL IMPACT OF COVID-19 IN AUSTRALIA: EVIDENCE FROM GOOGLE SEARCH DATA
Authors: KOH WEE CHIAN
Published: September 2021

Quantifying the immediate economic impact of COVID-19 is important to design proportionate relief and support policies. However, surveys of businesses and households are only typically available after considerable delay. We use near-real-time Google search data to examine the temporal and spatial impacts of COVID-19 on service sector activity in Australia. We find that the travel-related and consumer-facing sectors, such as aviation, tourism, hotels, restaurants, and retail trade, suffered steep contractions during the outbreak. By contrast, sectors that involve less physical and face-to-face interaction, such as info-communication technology (ICT) and delivery services, experienced significant gains. The magnitude of the impact is large. During the first COVID-19 wave between January and March, the demand for air travel, tourism, and hotel accommodation declined by 60–80%, while the demand for ICT and delivery services surged by more than 50%. In states and territories with low caseloads, the impact has also been severe due to government-enforced nationwide social distancing measures to contain disease spread. However, in states and territories that eased restrictions earlier and faster, there has been no significant reduction in demand for certain consumer-facing services. Our findings demonstrate the usefulness of high-frequency and near-real-time indicators in monitoring the rapidly unfolding effects of COVID-19.
THE PANDEMIC AND THE ECONOMIC CONUNDRUM: HOW ISLAMIC FINANCE CAN HELP
Authors: BACHA OBIYATHULLA ISMATH
Published: September 2021

This paper examines the economic and financial impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and the responses that governments undertook. Though large and unprecedented in size, policy response has mostly been the same. Huge monetary stimulus, rate cuts, direct market intervention like bond purchases and debt moratoriums. Many of these were techniques used in the previous global financial of 2007–2009. Economies were already fragile and in a vulnerable state when the pandemic struck in late 2019. Continued use of the same policies did prevent a potential meltdown but has increased system vulnerability. The global debt burden is now much larger but governments may have fully expended all their monetary ammunition. Fiscal stimulus though much needed and more appropriate is seriously constrained by budget deficits and lack of fiscal space. Adding more debt to fund fiscal expansion is not really an option. Yet, the pandemic has made vulnerable, several parts of the economy that need to be salvaged. The SME sector which forms the spine of most developing economies is verging on collapse due to cash flow disruptions arising from lockdowns. The domestic banking sector which had funded these SMEs is exposed to a potential meltdown unless restructuring is done. The loan moratoriums widely adapted do not solve but merely postpone the problem. Governments, given their precarious fiscal position are in no position to provide the huge financial infusion needed to shore up the SMEs and banks. Islamic finance, which has risk-sharing alternatives can provide a way out of this conundrum. The paper proposes a shariah compliant risk sharing alternative to resolve this problem.
Archaeological applications of natural gold analyses
Authors: Standish C. D. , Chapman R. J. , Moles N. R. , Walshaw R. D. , Sheridan J. A.
Published: September 2021

Compositional studies of natural gold usually have a geological focus, but are also important in archaeological provenancing. Both methodologies rely on compositional comparison of two sets of samples, one of which is geographically constrained. Here we describe how experiences in gold characterization resulting from geological studies are relevant to archaeology. Microchemical characterization of polished sections of natural gold identifies alloy compositions, alloy heterogeneity and mineral inclusions. Gold from all deposit types shows Cu and Sn values much lower than those recorded during numerous studies of artefacts. Inclusions in artefact gold include various Cu- and Sn-bearing compounds which indicate specific high temperature reactions that could ultimately illuminate the conditions of (s)melting. The use of LA-ICP-MS to generate a wide range of elemental discriminants for provenance studies may be compromised by alloy adulteration and/or unrepresentative analysis of natural/artefact alloys, which are commonly highly heterogeneous at the micron scale. Geological studies normally characterize only the earliest-formed (hypogene) alloy, whereas archaeology-focused studies should entail analyses of bulk alloy compositions and impurities that may be incorporated during (s)melting. Isotopic-based provenancing alleviates many of these problems but, to date, generates regional rather than locality-specific targets. A dual isotopic–compositional approach is recommended.
Preparing Adult Learners for Success in Blended Learning through Onboarding: A pilot study
Authors: Samuel Anita , Durning Steven , Meyer Holly
Published: September 2021

Blended learning offers adult learners unique opportunities for instructional continuity given work and personal commitments. However, learners participating in blended learning may experience a sense of isolation and/or problems with technology. To address the challenges of a blended program, an expanded orientation, called "onboarding," was designed to ensure learners feel connected to their program and clearly understand the programmatic requirements. Onboarding spans six months and includes a series of activities to provide learners with technological, interaction, and self-directed learning skills needed to succeed in a blended program. Results from the evaluation survey reveal that learners feel most engaged with the program through one-to-one interactions with their academic advisors and interactions with peers in an online discussion board. In addition, learners primarily found the onboarding process straightforward and mostly expressed a desire for more explicit instructions. The onboarding, catering to adult learner needs, provides a combination of personal interactions and self-paced activities, offers hands-on experience of the technologies that learners will be using in the program, and contextualizes all the technical activities within programmatic requirements. Providing a comprehensive onboarding process can help returning learners in their transition to blended learning
The science and engineering behind sensitized brain-controlled bionic hands
Authors: Pandarinath Chethan , Bensmaia Sliman J.
Published: September 2021

Advances in our understanding of brain function, along with the development of neural interfaces that allow for the monitoring and activation of neurons, have paved the way for brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), which harness neural signals to reanimate the limbs via electrical activation of the muscles or to control extracorporeal devices, thereby bypassing the muscles and senses altogether. BMIs consist of reading out motor intent from the neuronal responses monitored in motor regions of the brain and executing intended movements with bionic limbs, reanimated limbs, or exoskeletons. BMIs also allow for the restoration of the sense of touch by electrically activating neurons in somatosensory regions of the brain, thereby evoking vivid tactile sensations and conveying feedback about object interactions. In this review, we discuss the neural mechanisms of motor control and somatosensation in able-bodied individuals and describe approaches to use neuronal responses as control signals for movement restoration and to activate residual sensory pathways to restore touch. Although the focus of the review is on intracortical approaches, we also describe alternative signal sources for control and noninvasive strategies for sensory restoration.