bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Klinische Anwendung des Bregmatests
Authors: Best N. , Loudovici-Krug D. , Zeits P. , Meißner W. , Smolenski U. C.
Published: March 2020

Hintergrund

Der Bregmatest (BT) als Untersuchung sensomotorischer Defizite wurde bislang nicht in der Breite angewandt. Er gilt als ein Test zur Darstellung allgemeiner sensomotorischer Fähigkeiten im Stand. Schmerzpatienten zeigen häufig Körperwahrnehmungs- und Bewegungsstörungen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Gibt es Unterschiede in der Punktprävalenz beim Bregmatest bei Patienten (mit und ohne die Diagnose F45.41) bzw. Gesunden. In einem zweiten Teil wird die Entwicklung pathologischer BT-Werte im Rahmen einer interdisziplinären multimodalen Schmerztherapie (IMST) beobachtet.

Material und Methoden

Punktprävalenz pathologischer Testergebnisse in 3 Gruppen, insgesamt n = 218. Verlaufsbeobachtung im Rahmen einer IMST zu Beginn und am Ende eines tagesklinischen Settings, n = 60.

Ergebnisse

Gesunde und „Nicht-F45.41-Patienten“ zeigen <15 % Häufigkeit des Auftretens pathologischer Bregmatestwerte. Bei „F45.41-Patienten“ lag die Häufigkeit bei >50 %. Im Rahmen einer IMST ließen sich die pathologischen Bewegungsausführungen auf ca. 33 % absenken.

Diskussion

Gehäufte Körperwahrnehmungsstörungen sind für chronische Schmerzpatienten bekannt. Der Bregmatest ist in der Lage, zumindest einen Teil der Patienten, die sensomotorische Defizite haben, zu detektieren. Chronische Schmerzpatienten unterscheiden sich hier signifikant von Gesunden oder anderen Patientengruppen. Die Defizite in der Ansteuerbarkeit myofaszialer Gewebe (Koordination) sind auch im Rahmen einer vierwöchigen IMST besserbar.
Die Bedeutung des demografischen Wandels für das österreichische Hochwasserrisikomanagement
Authors: Nordbeck Ralf , Clar Christoph , Fuchs Sven , Löschner Lukas , Papathoma-Köhle Maria , Thaler Thomas , Fischer Tatjana
Published: March 2020

Der demografische Wandel zählt zu einer der bedeutendsten Herausforderungen unserer Zeit. Demografische Veränderungen vollziehen sich auf unterschiedliche Weise und mit unterschiedlicher Dynamik: Alterung, Bevölkerungsrückgang, Veränderung der Haushaltsstrukturen und Zuwanderung. Wenngleich die steigende Lebenserwartung und die anhaltend niedrigen Geburtenraten langfristig zu einem wachsenden Anteil an älteren Menschen in der Gesamtbevölkerung führen, sind die unterschiedlichen Teilräume Stadt und Land in sehr unterschiedlichem Ausmaß (bereits) vom Bevölkerungsrückgang betroffen. Aufgrund seiner quantitativen Dimension und der sicht- und spürbaren Auswirkungen vor allem auf kleinräumiger bzw. lokaler Ebene – zu nennen sind hierbei vor allem die Unter- bzw. Überauslastung von Infrastruktur, der bauliche Leerstand und die sich einengenden finanziellen Handlungsspielräume der Gemeinden – wird der demografische Wandel als Phänomen bereits öffentlich wahrgenommen. Obgleich sich der demografische Wandel in vielerlei Hinsicht bereits manifestiert, wird ihm im Bereich des Hochwasserrisikomanagements sowohl in der wissenschaftlichen Auseinandersetzung als auch in der Politikgestaltung und -umsetzung bislang kaum Aufmerksamkeit geschenkt. Dieser Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über den Stand der Auseinandersetzung mit dem demografischen Wandel in Bezug auf Hochwasserrisikomanagement aus dem Blickwinkel von Expertinnen und Experten aus den Bereichen Naturgefahren- und Katastrophenmanagement sowie der Raumplanung. Die ExpertInnenumfrage zeigt, dass Zusammenhänge zwischen demografischem Wandel und dem Management von Hochwasserrisiken für die meisten Akteure in Österreich auf der Hand liegen und als sehr relevant für das zukünftige Hochwasserrisikomanagement eingestuft werden. Insbesondere die demografische Alterung und der Bevölkerungsrückgang, aber auch die anhaltenden Veränderungen in der Haushaltsstruktur (d. h. der zunehmende Anteil von Einpersonenhaushalten und Zweitwohnungen) werden in verschiedenen Phasen des Risikomanagementzyklus als zunehmend relevant eingeschätzt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen aber auch, dass in der gegenwärtigen Politikgestaltung und -umsetzung – und hier insbesondere bei der Planung – diese langfristigen Entwicklungen kaum berücksichtigt werden.
A novel supra coarse-grained model for cellulose
Authors: Mehandzhiyski Aleksandar Y. , Rolland Nicolas , Garg Mohit , Wohlert Jakob , Linares Mathieu , Zozoulenko Igor
Published: March 2020

Cellulose being the most widely available biopolymer on Earth is attracting significant interest from the industry and research communities. While molecular simulations can be used to understand fundamental aspects of cellulose nanocrystal self-assembly, a model that can perform on the experimental scale is currently missing. In our study we develop a supra coarse-grained (sCG) model of cellulose nanocrystal which aims to bridge the gap between molecular simulations and experiments. The sCG model is based on atomistic molecular dynamics simulations and it is developed with the force-matching coarse-graining procedure. The validity of the model is shown through comparison with experimental and simulation results of the elastic modulus, self-diffusion coefficients and cellulose fiber twisting angle. We also present two representative case studies, self-assembly of nanocrystal during solvent evaporation and simulation of a chiral nematic phase ordering. Finally, we discuss possible future applications for our model.

Graphic abstract
Phase 1 study of the protein deubiquitinase inhibitor VLX1570 in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Rowinsky Eric K. , Paner Agne , Berdeja Jesus G. , Paba-Prada Claudia , Venugopal Parameswaran , Porkka Kimmo , Gullbo Joachim , Linder Stig , Loskog Angelica , Richardson Paul G. , Landgren Ola
Published: March 2020

This phase 1 study sought to characterize the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic behavior of VLX1570, a small molecule inhibitor of the deubiquitinases (DUBs) that remove sterically bulky ubiquitin chains from proteins during processing in the19S regulatory subunit of the proteasome, in patients with relapsed and refractory multiple myeloma (MM). Fourteen patients were treated with escalating doses of VLX1570 ranging from 0.05 to 1.2 mg/kg as a brief intravenous (IV) infusion on Days 1, 2, 8, 9, 15, and 16 of a 28-day cycle. Due to its poor aqueous solubility, VLX1570 was formulated in polyethylene glycol, polyoxyethylated castor oil, and polysorbate 80 and administered as a brief intravenous (IV) infusion via a central venous catheter. Anti-myeloma effects were noted at doses at or above 0.6 mg/kg, however, two patients treated at the 1.2 mg/kg dose level experienced severe, abrupt, and progressive respiratory insufficiency, which was associated with diffuse pulmonary infiltrates on imaging studies, similar to those rarely noted with bortezomib and other inhibitors of the 20S proteasome, culminating in death. Although the contribution of VLX1570’s formulation to the pulmonary toxicity could not be ruled out, the severity and precipitous nature of the toxicity and the steep relationship between dose and toxicity, the study was discontinued. Despite the severe pulmonary toxicity noted with VLX1570, efforts directed at identifying DUB inhibitors with greater therapeutic indices appear warranted based on the unique mechanism of action, robustness of preclinical antitumor activity, and activity of the DUB inhibitors in MM resistant to PIs targeting the 20S proteasome subunit.
Filament studies for laser spectroscopy on lawrencium
Authors: Murböck Tobias , Raeder Sebastian , Chhetri Premaditya , Diaz Katerine , Laatiaoui Mustapha , Giacoppo Francesca , Block Michael
Published: March 2020

The sensitive RAdiation Detected Resonance Ionization Spectroscopy (RADRIS) technique enabled the study of the atomic structure of the element nobelium (No, Z = 102) for the first time. The prospect of accessing the next element, lawrencium (Lr, Z = 103), depends on the efficiency and speed of evaporation of sample atoms from a filament catcher. To determine the desorption properties with respect to the requirements for the RADRIS technique, an off-line set-up to characterize filament catchers was developed. Using the iso-electronic homologue lutetium (Lu, Z= 71) different filament materials were studied with respect to the required desorption temperatures and the background from surface ionization.
Contrasting Effects of Grass - Endophyte Chemotypes on a Tri-Trophic Cascade
Authors: Fuchs Benjamin , Kuhnert Eric , Krauss Jochen
Published: March 2020

Systemic grass-endophytes of the genus Epichloë symbiotically infect the above-ground plant parts of many grass species, where they produce alkaloids in a grass- and endophyte-specific manner that are toxic or deterrent to herbivores. An increasing number of studies show cascading negative effects of endophyte-derived alkaloids that extend to higher trophic levels, harming beneficial insects, including those that control aphid populations. Lacewings are one of the major biological aphid controls, and are especially resistant to insecticides and pollutants, but their susceptibility to endophyte infection in the food chain has never been studied. Our study found variability in aphid population growth depending on the endophyte-grass chemotype, where aphid population growth was lowest on chemotypes known for producing high amounts of loline alkaloids. We also showed that larval and pupal development and mortality of the Common Green Lacewing (Chrysoperla carnea) was, in a non-choice experiment, not affected by endophyte infection in the food chain. This is a first indication that lacewings might be resistant to endophyte-derived alkaloids and could be robust biocontrol agents when applied together with endophyte-infected grass, possibly replacing chemical pesticides.
Entropy Stable Discontinuous Galerkin Schemes on Moving Meshes for Hyperbolic Conservation Laws
Authors: Schnücke Gero , Krais Nico , Bolemann Thomas , Gassner Gregor J.
Published: March 2020

This work is focused on the entropy analysis of a semi-discrete nodal discontinuous Galerkin spectral element method (DGSEM) on moving meshes for hyperbolic conservation laws. The DGSEM is constructed with a local tensor-product Lagrange-polynomial basis computed from Legendre–Gauss–Lobatto points. Furthermore, the collocation of interpolation and quadrature nodes is used in the spatial discretization. This approach leads to discrete derivative approximations in space that are summation-by-parts (SBP) operators. On a static mesh, the SBP property and suitable two-point flux functions, which satisfy the entropy condition from Tadmor, allow to mimic results from the continuous entropy analysis, if it is ensured that properties such as positivity preservation (of the water height, density or pressure) are satisfied on the discrete level. In this paper, Tadmor’s condition is extended to the moving mesh framework. We show that the volume terms in the semi-discrete moving mesh DGSEM do not contribute to the discrete entropy evolution when a two-point flux function that satisfies the moving mesh entropy condition is applied in the split form DG framework. The discrete entropy behavior then depends solely on the interface contributions and on the domain boundary contribution. The interface contributions are directly controlled by proper choice of the numerical element interface fluxes. If an entropy conserving two-point flux is chosen, the interface contributions vanish. To increase the robustness of the discretization we use so-called entropy stable two-point fluxes at the interfaces that are guaranteed entropy dissipative and thus give a bound on the interface contributions in the discrete entropy balance. The remaining boundary condition contributions depend on the type of the considered boundary condition. E.g. for periodic boundary conditions that are of entropy conserving type, our methodology with the entropy conserving interface fluxes is fully entropy conservative and with the entropy stable interface fluxes is guaranteed entropy stable. The presented proof does not require any exactness of quadrature in the spatial integrals of the variational forms. As it is the case for static meshes, these results rely on the assumption that additional properties like positivity preservation are satisfied on the discrete level. Besides the entropy stability, the time discretization of the moving mesh DGSEM will be investigated and it will be proven that the moving mesh DGSEM satisfies the free stream preservation property for an arbitrary s-stage Runge–Kutta method, when periodic boundary conditions are used. The theoretical properties of the moving mesh DGSEM will be validated by numerical experiments for the compressible Euler equations with periodic boundary conditions.
Effects of urban infrastructure on aquatic invertebrate diversity
Authors: Vehkaoja Mia , Niemi Milla , Väänänen Veli-Matti
Published: March 2020

Wetlands are one of the world’s most important, economically valuable, and diverse ecosystems. A major proportion of wetland biodiversity is composed of aquatic invertebrates, which are essential for secondary production in aquatic and terrestrial food webs. Urban areas have intensified the challenges wetlands encounter by increasing the area of impermeable surfaces and the levels of nutrient and pollutant overflows. We investigated how urban infrastructure affects the aquatic invertebrate fauna of urban wetlands in metropolitan Helsinki, southern Finland. We measured riparian canopy cover, emergent vegetation coverage, and various land cover and road variables. Recreation area, forests, and open natural areas were the most important landscape features positively influencing aquatic invertebrate family richness, whereas buildings and roads had a negative effect on family richness and abundances of many taxa. Recreation area and the various forest types also positively affected the α-diversity indices of wetlands. On the other hand, fish assemblage did not affect either family richness or abundances of the studied taxa. Furthermore, trees growing on the shoreline negatively affected the diversity of aquatic invertebrate families. Invertebrate family diversity was greatest at well-connected wetlands, as these areas added to the regional species pool by over 33%. Our results show that connectivity and green areas near wetlands increase aquatic invertebrate family diversity, and our results could be utilized in urban planning.
Corrosion Resistance and Microstructure of Welded Duplex Stainless Steel Surface Layers on Gray Cast Iron
Authors: Heider B. , Oechsner M. , Reisgen U. , Ellermeier J. , Engler T. , Andersohn G. , Sharma R. , Gonzalez Olivares E. , Zokoll E.
Published: March 2020

The degradation of pump components by corrosion and complex, simultaneous damage mechanisms, e.g., erosion–corrosion and cavitation–corrosion leads to high costs through replacement and maintenance of parts. To increase the lifetime of cost-efficient components with superior casting properties, surface welding of duplex stainless steel on gray cast iron parts was performed using inert shielding gas metal arc surface welding (GMA-SW) and plasma transferred arc surface welding (PTA-SW). The thermal conductivity of the used shielding gas and the preheating temperature influenced the dilution of the surface layers, which had a major impact on the corrosion resistance and the microstructure. Lower cooling rates enhanced diffusion and lead to precipitation of carbides. High heat input and prolonged cooling times during surface welding resulted in high dilution and a carbide network. The corrosion resistance in artificial seawater of those surface layers was substantially reduced compared to surface layers with lower heat input and higher cooling rates. The corrosion of the surface layers in the potentiodynamic polarization test was driven by selective corrosion of the phase boundary between Cr–carbides and Cr–depleted austenite. Passive behavior was observed for surface layers with low dilution, which had homogeneous chromium distribution and no carbide networks. In conclusion, the corrosion behavior of gray cast iron was improved by surface welding with duplex stainless steel. The corrosion resistance of the surface layers produced with PTA-SW with no preheating exceeded that of the surface layers produced with GMA-SW and came close to those of a commercially available duplex stainless steel used as reference material.
Metabolic and amyloid PET network reorganization in Alzheimer’s disease: differential patterns and partial volume effects
Authors:   for the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, Gonzalez-Escamilla Gabriel , Miederer Isabelle , Grothe Michel J. , Schreckenberger Mathias , Muthuraman Muthuraman , Groppa Sergiu
Published: March 2020

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder, considered a disconnection syndrome with regional molecular pattern abnormalities quantifiable by the aid of PET imaging. Solutions for accurate quantification of network dysfunction are scarce. We evaluate the extent to which PET molecular markers reflect quantifiable network metrics derived through the graph theory framework and how partial volume effects (PVE)-correction (PVEc) affects these PET-derived metrics 75 AD patients and 126 cognitively normal older subjects (CN). Therefore our goal is twofold: 1) to evaluate the differential patterns of [18F]FDG- and [18F]AV45-PET data to depict AD pathology; and ii) to analyse the effects of PVEc on global uptake measures of [18F]FDG- and [18F]AV45-PET data and their derived covariance network reconstructions for differentiating between patients and normal older subjects. Network organization patterns were assessed using graph theory in terms of “degree”, “modularity”, and “efficiency”. PVEc evidenced effects on global uptake measures that are specific to either [18F]FDG- or [18F]AV45-PET, leading to increased statistical differences between the groups. PVEc was further shown to influence the topological characterization of PET-derived covariance brain networks, leading to an optimised characterization of network efficiency and modularisation. Partial-volume effects correction improves the interpretability of PET data in AD and leads to optimised characterization of network properties for organisation or disconnection.
Rheology of high-aspect-ratio nanocarbons dispersed in a low-viscosity fluid
Authors: Claypole Andrew , Claypole James , Holder Alex , Claypole Tim C. , Kilduff Liam
Published: March 2020

Printing inks typically consist of a functional component dispersed within a low-viscosity resin/solvent system where interparticle interactions would be expected to play a significant role in dispersion, especially for the high-aspect-ratio nanocarbons such as the graphite nanoplatelets (GNPs). Rheology has been suggested as a method for assessing the dispersion of carbon nanomaterials in a fluid. The effects of phase volume of ammonia plasma-functionalized GNPs on a near-Newtonian low-viscosity thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) resin system have been studied using shear and quiescent oscillatory rheology. At low concentrations, the GNPs were well dispersed with a similar shear profile and viscoelastic behavior to the unfilled TPU resin, as viscous behavior prevailed indicating the absence of any long-range order within the fluid. Particle interactions increased rapidly as the phase volume tended toward maximum packing fraction, producing rapid increases in the relative viscosity, increased low shear rate shear thinning, and the elastic response becoming increasingly frequency independent. The nanoscale dimensions and high-aspect-ratio GNPs occupied a large volume within the flow, while small interparticle distances caused rapid increases in the particle–particle interactions to form flocculates that pack less effectively. Established rheological models were fitted to the experimental data to model the effect of high-aspect-ratio nanocarbon on the viscosity of a low-viscosity system. Using the intrinsic viscosity and the maximum packing fraction as fitting parameters, the Krieger–Dougherty (K–D) model provided the best fit with values. There was good agreement between the estimates of aspect ratio from the SEM images and the predictions of the aspect ratio from the rheological models. The fitting of the K–D model to measured viscosities at various phase volumes could be an effective method in characterizing the shape and dispersion of high-aspect-ratio nanocarbons.
Assessing metacognitive beliefs in test anxiety: Psychometric properties of the metacognitions questionnaire, 30 (MCQ-30) among university students
Authors: Huntley Christopher D. , Young Bridget , Smith Catrin Tudur , Jha Vikram , Fisher Peter L.
Published: March 2020

The Metacognitions Questionnaire-30 (MCQ-30) measures maladaptive metacognitive beliefs considered central to the metacognitive model of psychopathology. However, the psychometric properties of the MCQ-30 in test anxiety (TA) among university students are unknown. This study examined the MCQ-30 factor structure and concurrent validity in both trait and state TA. Confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses support the previously established five-factor structure of the MCQ-30 in both state and trait TA, with factors having good internal consistency. Structural equation modeling of the relationships between MCQ-30 subscales and TA found ‘Negative beliefs about uncontrollability and danger of worry’ to have the strongest association. The MCQ-30 appears a robust measure of metacognitive beliefs in TA and provides a basis for further testing of the validity of the metacognitive model in TA. Extending the reach of metacognitive therapy, which is based upon the metacognitive model, to TA could help to improve both student wellbeing and academic performance.
Embedded inertial measurement unit reveals pole lean angle for cross-country skiing
Authors: Bruzzo John , Perkins Noel C. , Mikkola Aki
Published: March 2020

This study introduces an inertial measurement unit-based measurement system for resolving the dynamic lean angle of a ski pole during double poling while cross-country skiing. The measurement system estimates both the pole lean angle and pole–terrain contact events. Reported are results from 20 trials providing validated estimates of ski pole lean angle and the timing of pole plant and pole lift events. The pole lean angle is estimated from a complementary filter that fuses estimates of orientation from the embedded accelerometer and angular rate gyro. Validation follows from comparison with video capture measurements. Bland–Altman analysis showed agreement between the two measurement modalities with less than 5% bias in the mean differences (relative to the lean angle range of motion). Companion correlation analysis confirms strong correlation ($$r = 0.99$$

r
=
0.99

) between the inertial measurement unit and video-estimated lean angles and with mean root-mean-square errors below 4.5$$^{\circ }$$

∘

.
Long-term vigabatrin treatment modifies pentylenetetrazole-induced seizures in mice: focused on GABA brain concentration
Authors: Świąder Mariusz J. , Świąder Katarzyna , Zakrocka Izabela , Krzyżanowski Maciej , Wróbel Andrzej , Łuszczki Jarogniew J. , Czuczwar Stanisław J.
Published: March 2020

Background

The goal of our study was to examine the long-term effect of vigabatrin (VGB), a γ-aminobutyric acid aminotransferase (GABA-AT) inhibitor on clonazepam (CLO), ethosuximide (ETX) and valproate (VPA) anticonvulsive activity against pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced seizures in mice.

Methods

VGB was administered for 3 and 7 days. Convulsions were evoked by PTZ at its CD97 (99 mg/kg). The influence of CLO, ETX and VPA alone or in combination with VGB on motor performance and long-term memory was analyzed. γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) concentration in mice brain and plasma as well as glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity was measured.

Results

After 3 days of treatment, VGB in doses up to 500 mg/kg increased PTZ-induced seizure threshold, whereas after 7 days VGB (at the dose of 125 mg/kg) inhibited clonic seizures in experimental mice. 7 days of VGB administration did not change the protective effect of CLO, ETX and VPA against PTZ-induced seizures. 7 days of VGB treatment at a subthreshold dose of 75 mg/kg decreased TD50 of ETX and CLO in the chimney test, but did not affect TD50 value for VPA. 7 days of VGB administration in combination with AEDs did not affect long-term memory in mice. VGB after 3 days or 7 days of administration increased brain GABA concentration. GAD activity was decreased after 3 and 7 days of VGB administration.

Conclusions

The presented results confirm anticonvulsive activity of VGB through GABA metabolism alteration and suggest care when combining VGB with ETX or CLO in the therapy.
Phosphodiesterase Type-5 Inhibitor Prescription Patterns in the United States Among Men with Erectile Dysfunction: An Update
Authors: Mulhall John P. , Chopra Ishveen , Patel Dipen , Hassan Tarek A. , Tang Wing Yu
Published: March 2020

Background

While phosphodiesterase type-5 inhibitors (PDE5Is) are highly effective for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED) and well tolerated, updated data on prescription patterns have been limited in real-world settings.

Aim

To describe men in the United States who are prescribed PDE5Is for ED treatment and to evaluate patterns of initiation, switching, and treatment overlap.

Methods

This retrospective claims study used MarketScan Commercial and Medicare Supplement Databases from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2015, to identify initial PDE5I claims (index date) for sildenafil, tadalafil, and/or vardenafil. Adults aged ≥18 years with ED were identified between July 1, 2010, and December 31, 2014, allowing for a 6-month preindex and 12-month follow-up period from the index date.

Outcomes

Outcomes included patient demographics and treatment-related patterns after treatment initiation.

Results

A total of 106,206 identified patients met all inclusion criteria. Of these, 51,694, 40,193, and 14,319 had initial claims for sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil, respectively. Mean age was 50.35 years, and comorbidities included dyslipidemia (44.17%), hypertension (43.09%), diabetes (15.32%), and depression (10.61%). More patients (48.67%) initiated on sildenafil than tadalafil (37.85%) or vardenafil (13.48%). Rate of switching was lower in the 60 days after the end of day supply of the initial prescription in the sildenafil cohort (2.71%) compared with the tadalafil (2.81%) and vardenafil (3.88%) cohorts (P < .001 for sildenafil vs tadalafil or vardenafil). Treatment overlap was lower in the sildenafil cohort (0.35%) than in the tadalafil (0.75%) and vardenafil (0.62%) groups (P < .001 for sildenafil vs tadalafil or vardenafil).

Clinical Implications

These findings provide insight into updated patterns of PDE5I prescriptions in the United States and may aid in clinical decision-making.

Strengths & Limitations

Strengths include the large sample size, long data coverage period, and the real-world nature of the study. Limitations include the retrospective study design, use of data collected with a primary focus of claims, and lack of further details regarding reasons that drive switching. Actual rates of ED and impact on prescription patterns may be underestimated because the claims database only captured patients electing to visit a health-care provider.

Conclusion

Among men with ED in the United States, rates of switching and treatment overlap were low for all PDE5Is but were found to be the lowest for sildenafil compared with tadalafil and vardenafil.
Offshore production's effect on Americans’ attitudes toward trade
Authors: Kerner Andrew , Sumner Jane , Richter Brian
Published: March 2020

American discontent with offshore production features heavily in trade policy debates. But Americans more typically encounter offshore production in apolitical contexts as consumers. We argue that these ostensibly apolitical encounters with offshore production are, in fact, freighted with political consequences. This paper asks: When and for whom does consumer-based exposure to offshore production reduce support for free trade? This is an important in its own right, but also sheds light on the contexts in which more overtly political references to offshore production are likely to find the most fertile ground. We answer these questions using a survey experiment that embeds an offshoring “prime” into an advertisement for pet furniture, varying the location of production across different treatment groups. We find that our experimental exposure to offshore production depressed enthusiasm for free trade, but only when production occurred in China, and mainly among white men living near trade-related job loss. That heterogeneity resonates with work on the economic and social aspects of the decline in American manufacturing employment.
A Feasibility Study of the Translation of Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis into an Australian Adult Mental Health Clinical Setting
Authors: Beames Lee , Strodl Esben , Dark Frances , Wilson Jennifer , Sheridan Judith , Kerswell Nicholas
Published: March 2020

There is evidence that Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Psychosis (CBTp) is an effective intervention for reducing psychotic symptoms. The recently updated Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists clinical practice guidelines (RANZCP CPG) recommend CBTp for the therapeutic management of schizophrenia and related disorders. Translational research is required to examine how well CBTp can be applied into public mental health services. This feasibility study aimed to provide preliminary evidence on how acceptable, implementable, and adaptable individual or group CBTp may be within a public mental health service in Australia. Twenty-seven participants initially agreed to participate in the study with 16 participants being randomised to either group or individual therapy, 11 starting therapy and 7 completing therapy. The intervention involved approximately 20 h of manualised CBTp. Attendance was higher in the individual therapy. Subjective reports indicated that the therapy was acceptable to all completers. Participants who engaged in individual or group CBTp experienced a similar level of reduction in the severity of hallucinations and delusions. Individual CBTp may be a feasible, acceptable, and effective intervention to include in Australian public mental health services. A pilot trial is now required to provide further evidence for and guidance of how best to translate CBTp protocols to Australian mental health services.
Solid organ donation from the emergency department – missed donor opportunities
Authors: McCallum Jessica , Yip Ryan , Dhanani Sonny , Stiell Ian
Published: March 2020

Objective

A significant gap exists between people awaiting solid organ transplantation and solid organ donors. The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were missed donors in the emergency department (ED).

Methods

We performed a health records and organ donation database review of all patients dying in a large tertiary ED from November 1, 2014 to October 31, 2017 at two campuses with 160,000 visits per year. Demographic and donor suitability data were collected. The primary outcome was missed potential solid organ donors. Missed potential donors were intubated, had a pulse, and had no donation contraindications. The secondary outcome was cases where no notification was made to the organ donation organization at all.

Results

There were 605 deaths in the ED. Patients had a mean age of 71.1 years, 58.3% were male, and 12.4% died of a traumatic cause. There were 10 missed potential donors. Missed potential donors had a mean age of 67.4 years, 70.0% were male, and 20.0% died from trauma. In all 10 cases, patients had withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy for medical futility, and referral for donation occurred after death. Missed ED donors could have increased hospital-wide donation up to 10.6%. No notification was made in 12 (2.0%) cases; however, none of these would have been successful solid organ donors.

Conclusion

The ED is a source of missed organ donors. All potential donors were missed due to referral after withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy. ED physicians should consider the possibility of solid organ donation prior to the withdrawal of life-sustaining therapy.
The Deposition of Human Remains Inside Chalcolithic Ditched Enclosures: Ditch 5 at Marroquíes (Jaén, Spain)
Authors: Díaz-Zorita Bonilla M. , Beck J. , Aranda Jiménez G. , Milesi García L. , Sánchez Romero M. , Lozano Medina A. , Escudero Carrillo J. , Knipper C.
Published: March 2020

In the last few decades, the discovery of large ditched enclosures in Iberia has revealed the diversity and complexity of deposition and manipulation of human bone remains. Alongside traditional ritual burials (mainly megalithic tombs and hypogea), fragmented and scattered human bones mixed with other kinds of material culture began to appear in many features. This is the case for Ditch 5 at Marroquíes, which offers an excellent opportunity to explore this ritual behaviour. Based on a multi-proxy approach, three main conclusions can be drawn: 1) the skeletal elements present show deliberate selection of particular categories of bones; 2) depositional episodes included the remains of people who died at different points in time and were subject to different taphonomic processes, and 3) mobility patterns indicate that all individuals, with one possible exception, were local. The movement and manipulations of body parts may reflect the active role of people after death as social and symbolic elements that retain agency and capacity for action.
School connectedness and child anxiety
Authors: Pikulski Paige J. , Pella Jeffrey E. , Casline Elizabeth P. , Hale Amy E. , Drake Kelly , Ginsburg Golda S.
Published: March 2020

Poor school connectedness (SC), defined as students’ feelings of belonging, safety, and fairness at school, is a risk factor for negative psychosocial outcomes. Few studies have examined the specific relationship between SC and anxiety. This study examined the relation between SC and anxiety within a group of 114 clinically anxious youth (mean age = 10.82;SD= 2.93; 48.2% female; 70.2% White, non-Hispanic); age differences were also examined. Results indicated that SC was significantly negatively associated with age but unrelated to gender, race/ethnicity, socio-economic status, parent education, or presence of a comorbid disorder. Findings generally revealed that low SC was associated with greater total and domain specific anxiety. SC may play a unique role in the maintenance of global and domain specific anxiety symptoms.
A large case series of temporal bone fractures at a UK major trauma centre with an evidence-based management protocol
Authors: Kanona H , Anderson C , Lambert A , Al-Abdulwahed R , O'Byrne L , Vakharia N , Motter D , Offiah C , Adams A , Seymour K , Wareing M J
Published: March 2020

Objective

To review the management of temporal bone fractures at a major trauma centre and introduce an evidence-based protocol.

Methods

A review of reports of head computed tomography performed for trauma from January 2012 to July 2018 was conducted. Recorded data fields included: mode of trauma, patient age, associated intracranial injury, mortality, temporal bone fracture pattern, symptoms and intervention.

Results

Of 815 temporal bone fracture cases, records for 165 patients met the inclusion criteria; detailed analysis was performed on the records of these patients.

Conclusion

Temporal bone fractures represent high-energy trauma. Initial management focuses on stabilisation of the patient and treatment of associated intracranial injury. Acute ENT intervention is directed towards the management of facial palsy and cerebrospinal fluid leak, and often requires multidisciplinary team input. The role of nerve conduction assessment for immediate facial palsy is variable across the UK. The administration of high-dose steroids in patients with temporal bone fracture and intracranial injury is not advised. A robust evidence-based approach is introduced for the management of significant ENT complications associated with temporal bone fractures.
Use of the KTP laser in totally endoscopic cholesteatoma surgery
Authors: Sharma S D , Swarup A , James A L
Published: March 2020

Objective

This paper reviews our experience of potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser in transcanal totally endoscopic cholesteatoma surgery.

Methods

A prospective cohort study was conducted in a tertiary referral centre, involving a consecutive series of children with cholesteatoma who underwent totally endoscopic cholesteatoma surgery with a KTP laser.

Results

The patients’ mean age was 10.5 years (range, 1.8–18 years). A KTP laser was used in 70 of the 83 cases (84 per cent). The laser was not used in 13 ‘clean’ cases, in which disease was removed more easily. Residual disease was detected in five cases (6 per cent), of which the KTP laser had been used in four (5 per cent). No complications were associated with KTP laser use.

Conclusion

The combination of KTP laser use with endoscopic visualisation is effective for minimising the risk of residual disease using a minimally invasive surgical approach. The thin, semi-flexible fibre carrier of the KTP laser is ideally suited to work alongside the endoscope within the narrow confines of the ear canal.
Life stress and cortisol reactivity: An exploratory analysis of the effects of stress exposure across life on HPA-axis functioning
Authors: Young Ethan S. , Doom Jenalee R. , Farrell Allison K. , Carlson Elizabeth A. , Englund Michelle M. , Miller Gregory E. , Gunnar Megan R. , Roisman Glenn I. , Simpson Jeffry A.
Published: March 2020

Stressful experiences affect biological stress systems, such as the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis. Life stress can potentially alter regulation of the HPA axis and has been associated with poorer physical and mental health. Little, however, is known about the relative influence of stressors that are encountered at different developmental periods on acute stress reactions in adulthood. In this study, we explored three models of the influence of stress exposure on cortisol reactivity to a modified version of the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) by leveraging 37 years of longitudinal data in a high-risk birth cohort (N = 112). The cumulative stress model suggests that accumulated stress across the lifespan leads to dysregulated reactivity, whereas the biological embedding model implicates early childhood as a critical period. The sensitization model assumes that dysregulation should only occur when stress is high in both early childhood and concurrently. All of the models predicted altered reactivity, but do not anticipate its exact form. We found support for both cumulative and biological embedding effects. However, when pitted against each other, early life stress predicted more blunted cortisol responses at age 37 over and above cumulative life stress. Additional analyses revealed that stress exposure in middle childhood also predicted more blunted cortisol reactivity.
Toward a transdiagnostic neurocircuitry-based biomarker model for pro-cognitive effects: challenges, opportunities, and next steps
Authors: Petersen Cecilia S. , Miskowiak Kamilla W.
Published: March 2020

Cognitive impairment has emerged as a key treatment priority in neuropsychiatric disorders. However, there is a lack of treatments with solid and lasting efficacy on cognition. A neurocircuitry-based biomarker model of pro-cognitive effects is critically needed to select among new candidate treatments. In a recent review of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies in mood disorders, we found that cognitive impairments are consistently accompanied by aberrant (hypo- and hyper-) activity in the dorsal prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the default mode network (DMN), and that activity change in these regions commonly occurs with cognitive improvements. Here, we (i) review the putative model from our recent review article, which explains the discrepant findings regarding the direction of aberrant dorsal PFC activity and treatment-related activity change in mood disorders. Inspired by the Research Domain Criteria project, we do this in order to (ii) examine whether a similar pattern of activity change occurs across distinct neuropsychiatric disorders and thereby provides a common biomarker for pro-cognitive effects. Lastly, we (iii) discuss whether dorsal PFC and DMN target engagement is a putative transdiagnostic neurocircuitry-based biomarker model for pro-cognitive effects, and (iv) outline the necessary next steps to address this question.
The relationship between depression with anxious distress DSM-5 specifier and mixed depression: a network analysis
Authors: Tundo Antonio , Musetti Laura , Del Grande Claudia , de Filippis Rocco , Proietti Luca , Marazziti Donatella , Gibertoni Dino , Dell’Osso Liliana
Published: March 2020

Introduction

Epidemiological, clinical, and treatment response characteristics of major depression with anxious distress (ADS) are quite similar to those of mixed depression, but no study investigated the symptom interplay of these conditions.

Objective

To analyze the correlations among symptom criteria for major depression with ADS and for mixed depression using a network analysis.

Methods

Two hundred and forty-one outpatients with major depression were consecutively recruited. DSM-5 criteria for major depression with ADS or with mixed features (MF) and Koukopoulos’ criteria for mixed depression (MXD) were assessed using a structured clinical interview.

Results

A total of 58.9% of patients met DSM-5 criteria for major depression with ADS, 48.5% for MXD, and 2.5% for major depression with MF, so that the symptoms of this specifier were excluded from the network analysis. The most frequent symptoms were difficulty concentrating due to worries (57.7%), feeling keyed up or on edge (51%) (major depression with ADS), and psychic agitation or inner tension (51%) (MXD). Psychic agitation or inner tension had a central position in the network and bridged MXD to major depression with ADS through feeling keyed up or on edge.

Conclusions

Criteria for major depression with ADS and for MXD are partially overlapping, with psychic agitation or inner tension and feeling keyed up or on edge that feature in both conditions and are difficult to distinguish in clinical practice. The clarification of the relationship between these two psychopathological conditions could bring important implications for diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of depressive episodes.
Silent cyber assessment framework
Authors: Cartagena S. , Gosrani V. , Grewal J. , Pikinska J.
Published: March 2020

The (re)insurance industry is faced with a growing risk related to the development of information technology (IT). This growth is creating an increasingly digitally interconnected world with more and more dependence being placed on IT systems to manage processes. This is generating opportunities for new insurance products and coverages to directly address the risks that companies face. However, it is also changing the risk landscape of existing classes of business within non-life insurance where there is inherent risk of loss as a result of IT events that cannot be or have not been excluded in policy wordings or are changing the risk profile of traditional risks. This risk of losses to non-cyber classes of business resulting from cyber as a peril that has not been intentionally included (often by not clearly excluding it) is defined as non-affirmative cyber risk, and the level of understanding of this issue and the cyber peril exposure from non-cyber policies varies across the market. In contract wordings, the market has remained relatively “silent” across most lines of business about potential losses resulting from IT-related events, either by not addressing the potential issue or excluding via exclusions. Some classes of business recognise the exposure by use of write-backs. Depending on the line of business, the approach will vary as to how best to turn any “silent” exposure into a known quantity either by robust exclusionary language, pricing or exposure monitoring. This paper proposes a framework to help insurance companies address the issue of non-affirmative cyber risk across their portfolios. Whilst the framework is not intended to be an all-encompassing solution to the issue, it has been developed to help those tasked with addressing the issue to be able to perform a structured analysis of the issue. Each company’s analysis will need to tailor the basis of the framework to fit their structure and underwriting procedures. Ultimately, the framework should be used to help analysts engage with management on this issue so that the risk is understood, and any risk mitigation actions can be taken if required. In the appendix, we present a worked example to illustrate how companies could implement the framework. The example is entirely fictional, is focused on non-life specialty insurance, and is intended only to help demonstrate one possible way in which to apply the framework.
Review of asteroid-family and meteorite-type links
Authors: Jenniskens Peter
Published: March 2020

The materials of large asteroids and asteroid families are sampled by meteorites that fall to Earth. The cosmic ray exposure age of the meteorite identifies the collision event from which that meteorite originated. The inclination of the orbit on which the meteoroid impacted Earth measures the inclination of the source region, while the semi-major axis of the orbit points to the delivery resonance, but only in a statistical sense. To isolate the sources of our meteorites requires multiple documented falls for each cosmic ray exposure peak. So far, only 36 meteorites have been recovered from observed falls. Despite these low numbers, some patterns are emerging that suggest CM chondrites originated from near the 3:1 resonance from a low-inclined source (perhaps the Sulamitis family), LL chondrites came to us from the ν6 resonance (perhaps the Flora family), there is an H chondrite source at high inclination (Phocaea?), and one group of low shock-stage L chondrites originates from the inner main belt. Other possible links are discussed.
The Near Earth Asteroid associations
Authors: Jopek Tadeusz J.
Published: March 2020

We searched for associations (not for families) amongst the near Earth asteroids (NEAs) and, similarly as in our previous studies (Jopek 2011; Jopek 2015),AQ: Please provide reference detail for Jopek 2012. a dozen groups of 10 or more members was found with high statistical reliability. We present some details of our most numerous finding: association (2061) Anza which, at the moment, incorporates 191 members.
Trojans distribution in the Solar system
Authors: Kazantsev Anatolii , Kazantseva Lilia
Published: March 2020

Orbits of potential Trojans of different planets in the solar system were selected from the MPC catalog on February, 2017. The evolution of those orbits was calculated. The bodies on librating orbits around the points L4 and L5 were determined. The quantities of real Trojans in the MPC catalog are as follows: Mars - 5, Jupiter - over 4500, Saturn - none, Uranus - 2, Neptune - 15. A reasoned explanation of such distribution of Trojans in the solar system is proposed.
Photometry and spin rates of 4 NEAs recently observed by the Mexican Asteroid Photometry Campaign
Authors: Saucedo J. C. , Ayala-Gómez S. A. , Contreras M. E. , Haro-Corzo S. A. R. , Loera-González P. A. , Olgun L. , Valdés-Sada P. A.
Published: March 2020

We present photometric observations of (4055) Magellan, (143404) 2003 BD44, 2014 JO25 and (3122) Florence, four potentially hazardous Near Earth Asteroids (NEAs). The data were taken near their approaches to Earth by 3 observatories participating in the Mexican Asteroid Photometry Campaign (CMFA). The results obtained: light curves, spin rates, amplitudes and errors, are in general agreement with those obtained by others. During the day of a NEAs maximum approach to our planet, its light curve may present significant changes. In the spin rate, however, only minute changes are observed. 2014 JO25 is briefly discussed in this regard.