bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The association of complement activation at a low temperature with hepatitis C virus infection in comparison with cryoglobulin
Authors: UEDA K , NAKAJIMA H , NAKAGAWA T , SHIMIZU A
Published: November 2013

Complement activation at a low temperature in vitro and cryoglobulinaemia are associated with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. The frequency of HCV antibody positivity determined in serum specimens that showed the cold-dependent activation of complement was 100%, whereas it was 48% among sera with cryoglobulin. On the other hand, the frequency of cold activation among HCV-infected sera was 41%, and that of cryoglobulin 48%. Cold activation was not found in any HCV− sera studied, whereas cryoglobulin was found at a frequency of 14% in HCV− sera. Cold activation was also absent among hepatitis B virus (HBV) S antigen or antibody-positive sera, except a few that were both HBV+ and HCV+. Rheumatoid factor was also frequently detected in sera with cold activation or cryoglobulin. Cold activation and cryoglobulin may be generated by common mechanisms in which a low avidity, low temperature-preferring antibody may function. In sera with cold activation, fine particles of immune complexes, which do not form precipitates, may activate the complement system. HCV is a unique virus that coexists with antibody in the serum, therefore the avidity of the antibody for the virus antigen may be low, and occasionally react only at a low temperature. This may be why the in vitro phenomenon related to immune complexes occurs specifically in HCV-infected sera.
Changes in cytokine and nitric oxide secretion by rat alveolar macrophages after oral administration of bacterial extracts
Authors: BROUG-HOLUB E , PERSOONS J H A , SCHORNAGEL K , KRAAL G
Published: November 2013

Oral administration of the bacterial immunomodulator Broncho-Vaxom (OM-85), a lysate of eight bacteria strains commonly causing respiratory disease, has been shown to enhance the host defence of the respiratory tract. In this study we examined the effect of orally administered (in vivo) OM-85 on stimulus-induced cytokine and nitric oxide secretion by rat alveolar macrophages in vitro. The results show that alveolar macrophages isolated from OM-85-treated rats secreted significantly more nitric oxide, tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and IL-1β upon in vitro stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), whereas, in contrast, LPS-induced IL-6 secretion was significantly lower. The observed effects of in vivo OM-85 treatment on stimulus-induced cytokine secretion in vitro are not due to a direct effect of OM-85 on the cells, because in vitro incubation of alveolar macrophages with OM-85 did not result in altered activity, nor did direct intratracheal instillation of OM-85 in the lungs of rats result in altered alveolar macrophage activity in vitro. It is hypothesized that oral administration of OM-85 leads to priming of alveolar macrophages in such a way that immune responses are non-specifically enhanced upon stimulation. The therapeutic action of OM-85 may therefore result from an enhanced clearance of infectious bacteria from the respiratory tract due to increased alveolar macrophage activity.
RESPONSE CRITERIA FOR THE THERAPEUTIC EFFICACY OF TREATMENT FOR BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
Authors: Homma Yukio , Imajo Chieko , Kawabe Kazuki , Aso Yoshio
Published: November 2013

Response criteria for the therapeutic efficacy of treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) were proposed following the International Consultation on BPH held in 1993. In the present study, we validated the criteria and proposed a simplified form, which consists of the responses of three parameters: symptom score and quality of life assessed by the international prostate symptom score and the maximum flow rate. Each of the three individual parameters is evaluated as one of four response grades: excellent, good, fair or poor, and the number of response grade of the three parameters determines the overall response. Excellent and Good responses are regarded as effective, and fair and poor are regarded as not effective. The validity of the response criteria was assessed by comparing the responses determined by these criteria with those made by physicians in charge using a group of 225 patients receiving various treatments. The agreement rates on effectiveness of overall responses between the response criteria and physicians were 77% for a multicenter trial of medical treatment (n = 94), 100% for TURP (n = 23), 92% for laser treatment (n = 47), 80% for thermal treatment (n = 26) and 78% for α‐blockers (n = 35), respectively. Altogether, 88% (198 of 225 cases) were evaluated accurately regarding effectiveness. Addition of prostate volume to the battery of response parameters made little contribution to diagnostic accuracy. Deletion of any of the other three parameters, however, significantly compromised the quality of assessment. These results suggest that the proposed criteria may be useful as the standard method for the assessment of the clinical efficacy of BPH treatment.
The Effects of an Early Intervention Program on Physical Symptoms in an Acute Temporomandibular Disorder Population: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Sanders Celeste , Liegey‐Dougall Angela , Lorduy Kara , Haggard Robbie , Gatchel Robert J.
Published: November 2013

The current preliminary study investigated the relative effectiveness of an early intervention program on self‐reported pain, pain‐related disability, emotional distress, and symptoms of temporomandibular joint and muscle disorder (TMJMD) as defined by the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD). These included symptoms of Axis I Group I muscle disorders, Group II disc displacements, and Group III bone deficiencies. Participants were 271 patients recruited from community dental clinics within a large major metropolitan area. Participants at a high risk for chronicity were randomly assigned to a high‐risk self‐care intervention or a high‐risk biobehavioral intervention and were evaluated for their responsiveness immediately following treatment. As predicted, several symptoms of TMD were significantly reduced immediately following the intervention. Though these results are preliminary, it is implicated that the intervention may lead to symptom improvement.
Cropping System Affects Polymer‐Coated Urea Release and Corn Yield Response in Claypan Soils
Authors: Nelson K. A. , Motavalli P. P. , Dudenhoeffer C. J.
Published: November 2013

Preplant‐applied, urea‐based fertilizer management in high‐residue, no‐till (NT) corn (Zea mays L.) is challenging because of potential N loss due to cool, wet conditions in the spring and dry conditions during the summer months. Field research evaluated the effects of polymer‐coated urea (PCU) application timing, placement and cropping system on urea release for corn and determined corn yield response to PCU on claypan soils following wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping systems [reduced‐till corn following wheat, no‐till corn following wheat with double‐cropped (DC) soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] and no‐till corn following wheat with a frost‐seeded red clover (FSC) (Trifolium pratense L.) cover crop]. Urea release from PCU was <35 % from fall through winter (November–January) and <20 % for early preplant (February–March) applications until 1 April. By 1 August, less urea was released in some instances from surface applications of PCU following FSC or DC soybean, but release was generally greater than in the absence of soil. No‐till corn following DC soybean or FSC had yields that were 1.01–1.32 Mg ha−1 greater when grown with PCU compared to urea at 168 kg N ha−1. Grain yields were similar within no‐till cropping systems with PCU, anhydrous ammonia and sidedressed urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) at 168 kg N ha−1. Farmers should recognize that high yields may not be obtained if PCU rates are reduced by 50 % (84 kg N ha−1) in high‐residue (DC soybean or FSC), no‐till production systems. Several N sources such as PCU, anhydrous ammonia and sidedressed UAN worked similarly in high‐residue, no‐till systems, although no differences between N sources were observed in a reduced‐tillage system.
Flow, Organic, and Inorganic Sediment Yields from a Channelized Watershed in the South Carolina Lower Coastal Plain
Authors: Jayakaran Anand D. , Libes Susan M. , Hitchcock Daniel R. , Bell Natasha L. , Fuss David
Published: November 2013

Many small streams in coastal watersheds in the southeastern United States are modified for agricultural, residential, and commercial development. In the South Carolina Lower Coastal Plain, low‐relief topography and a shallow water table make stream channelization ubiquitous. To quantify the impacts of urbanization and stream channelization, we measured flow and sediment from an urbanizing watershed and a small forested watershed. Flow and sediment export rates were used to infer specific yields from forested and nonforested regions of the urbanizing watershed. Study objectives were to: (1) quantify the range of runoff‐to‐rainfall ratios; (2) quantify the range of specific sediment yields; (3) characterize the quantity and quality of particulate matter exported; and (4) estimate sediment yield attributable to agriculture, development, and channelization activities in the urbanizing watershed. Our results showed that the urban watershed exported over five times more sediment per unit area compared with the forested watershed. Sediment concentration was related to flow flashiness in the urban watershed and to flow magnitude in the forested watershed. Sediments from the forested watershed were dominated by organic matter, whereas mineral matter dominated sediment from the urban stream. Our results indicated that a significant shift in sediment quality and quantity are likely to occur as forested watersheds are transformed by urbanization in coastal South Carolina.
A Hydrologic Data Screening Procedure for Exploring Monotonic Trends and Shifts in Rainfall and Runoff Patterns
Authors: Chu Ma. Librada , Ghulam Abduwasiti , Knouft Jason H. , Pan Zaitao
Published: November 2013

A thorough understanding of past and present hydrologic responses to changes in precipitation patterns is crucial for predicting future conditions. The main objectives of this study were to determine temporal changes in rainfall‐runoff relationship and to identify significant trends and abrupt shifts in rainfall and runoff time series. Ninety‐year rainfall and runoff time series datasets from the Gasconade and Meramec watersheds in east‐central Missouri were used to develop data screening procedure to assess changes in the rainfall and runoff temporal patterns. A statistically significant change in mean and variance was detected in 1980 in the rainfall and runoff time series within both watersheds. In addition, both the rainfall and runoff time series indicated the presence of nonstationary attributes such as statistically significant monotonic trends and/or change in mean and variance, which should be taken into consideration when using the time series to predict future scenarios. The annual peak runoff and the annual low flow in the Meramec watershed showed significant temporal changes compared to that in the Gasconade watershed. Water loss in both watersheds was found to be significantly increasing which is potentially due to the increase in groundwater pumping for water supply purposes.
The developmental progression of age 14 behavioral disinhibition, early age of sexual initiation, and subsequent sexual risk‐taking behavior
Authors: Samek Diana R. , Iacono William G. , Keyes Margaret A. , Epstein Marina , Bornovalova Marina A. , McGue Matt
Published: November 2013

Background

Research has demonstrated a consistent relationship between early sexual experience and subsequent sexual risk‐taking behaviors. We hypothesized that this relationship is due to a general predisposition toward behavioral disinhibition (BD), and that relationships amongBD, early sex, and subsequent risky sexual behavior may be influenced by common genetic influences for males and common environmental influences for females.

Methods

A prospective sample of 1,512 same‐sex adolescent twins (50.2% female) was used. AdolescentBDwas measured by clinical symptom counts of conduct disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and self‐reported delinquent behavior (age 14). Age of sexual initiation was defined as first age of consensual oral or penetrative sex (mean age ~17). Adult risky sexual behavior was defined by sexual behaviors under the influence of drugs and alcohol and number of casual sexual partners in the past year (age 24).

Results

Multivariate analyses showed evidence for substantial common genetic variance among age 14BD, age at sexual initiation, and adult risky sexual behavior for males, but not females. There was no significant difference in the degree of common environmental influence on these variables for females compared to males. Notably, age of sexual initiation was not significantly correlated with age 24 risky sexual behavior for females.

Conclusion

The relationship between early sex and later risky sex can be better understood through a general liability towardBD, which is influenced primarily by genetic factors for males. The association between age 14BDand age of sexual initiation was influenced through a combination of genetic and environmental factors for females; however, age of sexual initiation does not appear to be a salient predictor of adult women's sexual risk‐taking behavior. Findings suggest that prevention programs aimed at reducing sexual risk behavior might target youth exhibitingBDby age 14, particularly males. More research is needed on what predicts adult sexual risk‐taking behavior for females.
Suboptimal vitamin D screening in older patients with compromised skeletal health
Authors: Rianon Nahid J. , Murphy Kathleen P. , Guanlao Rodrigo , Hnatow Matthew , De Leon Elaine , Selwyn Beatrice J.
Published: November 2013

Abstracts

Rationale, aims and objectives

Increasing number of primary care visits for osteoporosis by older patients combined with new vitamin D screening recommendations necessitate primary care providers (PCPs) to identify and screen at‐risk patients. We described prevalence and determinants of vitamin D screening among older patients treated for osteopoenia, osteoporosis and related fractures in academic outpatient primary care clinics (family medicine and geriatric medicine) in Houston, TX.

Methods

Electronic chart review collected data on patients ≥50 years old from January 2008 to December 2010. Orders for serum 25‐hydroxy vitamin D indicated vitamin D screening. Differences in patient characteristics were described between the groups with and without vitamin D screening. Age, body mass index, racial/ethnic background, bone‐promoting medication (BPM) use and clinic types (family medicine versus geriatric medicine) were determinants for vitamin D screening in the regression analysis.

Results

Patients were mostly women (95%), Caucasian (65%) and had a mean age of 69 ± 12 years. Twenty‐two per cent of the family medicine clinic patients (total n = 78) and 51% of the geriatric medicine clinics patients (total n = 70) were screened. Older age (odds ratio, 0.94 confidence interval = 0.90–0.99) and BPM use (2.58, 1.03 to 6.45) were significant positive determinants for vitamin D screening.

Conclusions

In primary care clinics, vitamin D screening remains low among patients diagnosed with osteopoenia, osteoporosis and fractures. In light of new guidelines, suboptimal screening in the vulnerable older patients is disturbing. We recommend increased PCPs’ awareness about vitamin D screening guidelines for improving skeletal health in older patients.
Effect of dietary fat on intestinal inflammatory diseases
Authors: Hokari Ryota , Matsunaga Hisayuki , Miura Soichiro
Published: November 2013

Dietary fat has multiple roles on human health, and some dietary fat is used to treat organic diseases because of its anti‐inflammatory effect. It is commonly accepted that omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) is beneficial on ischemic heart disease or rheumatic arthritis. On the contrary, effect of omega‐3‐PUFA on Crohn's disease remained controversial. That effect of omega‐3 PUFA differs according to the location of inflamed intestine was hypothesized. To elucidate this hypothesis, to investigate the role of dietary fat on disease activity in different kind of murine models of intestinal inflammatory diseases was planned. The effect of omega‐3 PUFA on small intestinal Crohn's disease model and large intestinal Crohn's disease model of mice. Chronic colitis model C57BL/6 mice received two cycles of dextran sodium sulfate solution treatment to induce chronic colitis. Feeding of omega‐3 fat‐rich diets exacerbated colitis with decrease in adiponectin expression. Chronic small intestinal inflammation model: SAMP1/Yit mice showed remarkable inflammation of the terminal ileum spontaneously. Feeding of omega‐3 fat‐rich diets for 16 weeks significantly ameliorated the inflammation of the terminal ileum. Enhanced infiltration of leukocytes and expression of mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule‐1 in intestinal mucosa was significantly decreased by omega‐3 fat‐rich diets treatment. Omega‐3 PUFA has dual role, pro‐/anti‐inflammatory, on intestinal inflammatory diseases. The role of omega‐3 fat and the potential for immunonutrition in inflammatory conditions of the gastrointestinal tract will be discussed.
Refeeding syndrome: Screening, incidence, and treatment during parenteral nutrition
Authors: Walmsley Russell S
Published: November 2013

The possible deleterious effects of feeding after a period of prolonged starvation have been known for over 60 years. The resultant biochemical disturbance, symptoms, and signs have been termed the refeeding syndrome (RS). The key to the pathophysiology is the stimulation of insulin release resulting in anabolic activity. Depleted electrolyte and micronutrient stores are overwhelmed and cellular function disrupted.

A concise definition of RS is not agreed and hampers interpretation of clinical data. Hypophosphatemia and appearance of tissue edema/pathological fluid shifts are the most often agreed diagnostic criteria.

The characteristics of particular patient groups at risk have been recognized for some time, and there are guidelines from the National Institute for Clinical Excellence in the UK to aid recognition of individuals at high risk along with protocols for initiating nutrition.

Using loose diagnostic criteria, RS appears to occur in 4% of cases of parenteral nutrition (PN) when case records were reviewed by experts in a large study into PN care in the UK. Disappointingly, prescribers recognized only 50% of at risk cases. Early data from a similar study in New Zealand appear to show a similar pattern.

Prospective series looking at patients receiving nutrition support in institutions with Nutrition Support Teams have found an incidence of 1–5%.

RS is still underrecognized. Patients receiving PN should be counted as being in a high‐risk category and feeding protocols to avoid RS applied. Low rates of RS then occur and death from this cause be avoided.
Expression and distribution of GABA and GABAB‐receptor in the rat adrenal gland
Authors: Kato Kanae , Nakagawa Chieko , Murabayashi Hiroshi , Oomori Yukio
Published: November 2013

The inhibitory effects of gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) in the central and peripheral nervous systems and the endocrine system are mediated by two different GABA receptors: GABAA‐receptor (GABAA‐R) and GABAB‐receptor (GABAB‐R). GABAA‐R, but not GABAB‐R, has been observed in the rat adrenal gland, where GABA is known to be released. This study sought to determine whether both GABA and GABAB‐R are present in the endocrine and neuronal elements of the rat adrenal gland, and to investigate whether GABAB‐R may play a role in mediating the effects of GABA in secretory activity of these cells. GABA‐immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in the superficial cortex. Some GABA‐immunoreactive nerve fibers were found to be associated with blood vessels. Double‐immunostaining revealed GABA‐immunoreactive nerve fibers in the cortex were choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)‐immunonegative. Some GABA‐immunoreactive nerve fibers ran through the cortex toward the medulla. In the medulla, GABA‐immunoreactivity was seen in some large ganglion cells, but not in the chromaffin cells. Double‐immunostaining also showed GABA‐immunoreactive ganglion cells were nitric oxide synthase (NOS)‐immunopositive. However, neither immunohistochemistry combined with fluorescent microscopy nor double‐immunostaining revealed GABA‐immunoreactivity in the noradrenaline cells with blue‐white fluorescence or in the adrenaline cells with phenylethanolamine N‐methyltransferase (PNMT)‐immunoreactivity. Furthermore, GABA‐immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in close contact with ganglion cells, but not chromaffin cells. Double‐immunostaining also showed that the GABA‐immunoreactive nerve fibers were in close contact with NOS‐ or neuropeptide tyrosine (NPY)‐immunoreactive ganglion cells. A few of the GABA‐immunoreactive nerve fibers were ChAT‐immunopositive, while most of the GABA‐immunoreactive nerve fibers were ChAT‐immunonegative. Numerous ChAT‐immunoreactive nerve fibers were observed in close contact with the ganglion cells and chromaffin cells in the medulla. The GABAB‐R‐immunoreactivity was found only in ganglion cells in the medulla and not at all in the cortex. Immunohistochemistry combined with fluorescent microscopy and double‐immunostaining showed no GABAB‐R‐immunoreactivity in noradrenaline cells with blue‐white fluorescence or in adrenaline cells with PNMT‐immunoreactivity. These immunoreactive ganglion cells were NOS‐ or NPY‐immunopositive on double‐immunostaining. These findings suggest that GABA from the intra‐adrenal nerve fibers may have an inhibitory effect on the secretory activity of ganglion cells and cortical cells, and on the motility of blood vessels in the rat adrenal gland, mediated by GABA‐Rs.
The effects of Femore™ cream on sexual dysfunction in Turkish women
Authors: Sen Selma , Guneri Sezer E , Sevil Umran , Cengel Selmin
Published: November 2013

Aims and objectives

To investigate the effects of Femore™ cream on sexual dysfunction in menopause and women's satisfaction levels.

Background

The recent interest of public and the world of medicine in female sexual function have led to a rapid increase in the number of studies on the subject.

Design

The study was designed as an observational intervention study.

Methods

The research data were collected by using a Women Information Form consisting of 13 items; a Sexual Function Index to measure sexual function; and a Satisfaction Determination Form to determine the level of satisfaction with the medical service the women received for the problems with their reproductive organs. The study was conducted with 29 menopausal women who complied with the inclusion criteria.

Results

It was found that women's average age was 52·6; that the average menarche age was 13·0; and that the average menopause age was 46·2. The major complaint of nearly all the women who were aware of their sexual dysfunction was vaginal dryness, and it was concluded that they took no precautions against this problem. The total scores obtained from the Sexual Function Index were reported to be an average of 18·8 ± 4·2 before use of Femore™ cream and an average of 42·3 ± 2·0 after use of Femore™ cream. The average score concerning satisfaction with the use of Femore™ cream was noted to be 9·06 ± 0·40.

Conclusions

The study results suggested that applying Femore™ cream had positive influences on sexual dysfunction and all subdomains.

Relevance to clinical practice

Women's sexual health can therefore be assessed at primary care centres, and it is considered that health professionals employed at these centres, a majority of whom are female nurses and obstetricians, can play an important role in guiding women on the issue.
Clustering of adolescent health concerns: A latent class analysis of school students in New Zealand
Authors: Noel Hannah , Denny Simon , Farrant Bridget , Rossen Fiona , Teevale Tasileta , Clark Terryann , Fleming Terry , Bullen Pat , Sheridan Janie , Fortune Sarah
Published: November 2013

Aims

The aims of this study are to identify clinically meaningful groups of adolescents based on their engagement in high levels of risk behaviours or severe emotional health concerns and to describe the demographic characteristics of these groups in two populations of school students in New Zealand.

Methods

A nationally representative sample of secondary school students was surveyed in 2007; alternative education (AE) students in Auckland and Northland were surveyed in 2009. A total of 9107 secondary school students and 335 AE students completed a youth health questionnaire using Internet tablets. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify groups of students on the basis of distinct profiles of their risk behaviours and mental health concerns.

Results

The majority (80%) of students in secondary schools are ‘healthy’ and report few health concerns, 16% are considered ‘risky’ or ‘distressed’, and 4% report ‘multiple’ risk behaviour profiles or emotional health concerns. In AE, only 21% of students were considered ‘healthy’ with most featuring in the ‘risky’ or ‘multiple’ groups. Females were more likely to be ‘distressed’, whereas males were more likely to feature in the ‘risky’ or ‘multiple’ groups.

Conclusions

Clinically‐concerning health risk behaviours and emotional health concerns ‘cluster’ in up to 20% of students in secondary schools and up to 79% of students in AE. Gender, ethnic and socio‐economic disparities are also observed. This highlights the importance of comprehensive psychosocial assessment and appropriate service provision, particularly for at‐risk groups.
Factors causing stress in women with babies 0–3 months old and their coping styles
Authors: Deniz C. , Ayaz S.
Published: November 2013

Accessible summary

Women who became stressed because of problems with self‐care, baby care and social life use emotion‐oriented styles.

Women adopted the helpless approach within the ‘emotion‐oriented/passive’ coping style.

This study was conducted in order to identify the factors that cause stress in women who have babies aged 0–3 months and the ways to deal with stress. This descriptive study was conducted in outpatient clinics for newborns. The sample consisted of 322 women. Data were collected through a questionnaire and Ways of Coping with Stress Inventory. It was found that most of the women became stressed because of problems regarding self‐care, baby care and social life. Women mostly used ineffective coping styles to cope with stress.
Phylogeny of Euonymus inferred from molecular and morphological data
Authors: LI Yan‐Nan , XIE Lei , LI Jin‐Yu , ZHANG Zhi‐Xiang
Published: November 2013

Euonymus, a cosmopolitan genus of the family Celastraceae, has its species diversity centered in East Asia. It exhibits a complex pattern of morphological variation, making its taxonomy difficult. Monophyly of the genus remains uncertain, and the evolutionary implications of the infrageneric division and delimitation of many species are debatable. In this study, we sampled a total of 62 accessions representing 48 species/taxa covering a broad range of diversity of the genus and its allies. We first investigated the phylogeny of Euonymus using DNA sequences of multiple nuclear and plastid markers, and then used this phylogeny to discuss the circumscription and classification of the genus in combination with evolution of fruit characters, which has been used as an important criterion for the generic subdivision. The resultant data revealed the monophyly of Euonymus sensu lato with inclusion of Glyptopetalum, resolved the major lines of phylogeny of the genus, and clarified the echinate and winged capsules each as lineage‐specific. Therefore, among the five sections accepted by Flora of China, only Sect. Echinococcus (with spiny fruits) and Sect. Kalonymus (with winged fruits) correspond to the molecular grouping. The globose capsule may represent an ancestral character state, and the other types of fruits, that is, the shallowly to deeply lobed capsules, may belong to a broad range of continuous variation derived from the globose.
Species diversity and distribution of Ruppia in China: Potential roles of long‐distance dispersal and environmental factors
Authors: YU Shuo , SHI Miao‐Miao , CHEN Xiao‐Yong
Published: November 2013

Ruppia is a cosmopolitan genus and the species identity within the genus has been often confusing due to high plasticity in morphology. We used nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer and seven chloroplast DNA fragments combined with morphological traits to distinguish Ruppia species along the coastline of China, and to infer the potential mechanisms shaping their distribution patterns. Molecular and morphological data distinguished three congruent clades corresponding with three species: R. cirrhosa (Petagna) Grande, R. maritima L., and R. megacarpa Mason. The geographical ranges of R. cirrhosa and R. maritima coincided closely with coastal current breaks by the Taiwan Strait; R. cirrhosa was found in 17 locations mainly in the north, whereas R. maritima was common in the south, most likely to be the result of differentiated adaptation to optimal temperatures of growth and/or seed germination. Ruppia megacarpa, usually considered as an endemic species of Australia and New Zealand, was first reported in China at two bird stopover sites, Qingdao and Yancheng. The transoceanic dispersal by migratory birds may contribute to the presence and distribution of R. megacarpa in China.
Mitochondrial Impairment and Oxidative Stress in Leukocytes after Testosterone Administration to Female-To-Male Transsexuals
Authors: Victor Víctor M. , Rocha Milagros , Bañuls Celia , Rovira-Llopis Susana , Gómez Marcelino , Hernández-Mijares Antonio
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Testosterone undecanoate (T) treatment is common in female-to-male transsexuals (FtMs) but can induce impairment of mitochondrial function and oxidative stress.

Aim

The effect of T treatment on the mitochondrial function and redox state of leukocytes of FtMs subjects was evaluated.

Methods

This was an observational study conducted in a university hospital. Fifty-seven FtMs were treated with T (1,000 mg) for 12 weeks, after which anthropometric and metabolic parameters and mitochondrial function were evaluated.

Main Outcome Measures

Anthropometric and metabolic parameters were evaluated. Mitochondrial function was studied by assessing mitochondrial oxygen (O2) consumption, membrane potential, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, glutathione levels (GSH), and the reduced glutathione/oxidized glutathione (GSH)/(GSSG) ratio in polymorphonuclear cells.

Results

T treatment led to mitochondrial impairment in FtMs as a result of a decrease in mitochondria O2 consumption, the membrane potential, GSH levels, and the (GSH)/(GSSG) ratio and an increase in ROS production. Mitochondrial O2 consumption and membrane potential negatively correlated with T levels, which was further confirmed that the T treatment had induced mitochondrial dysfunction. T also produced a significant increase in total testosterone, free androgenic index, and atherogenic index of plasma, and a decrease in sex hormone-binding globulin and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

Conclusions

Treatment of FtMs with T can induce impairment of mitochondrial function and a state of oxidative stress. This effect should be taken into account in order to modulate possible comorbidities in these patients.
Sildenafil Promotes eNOS Activation and Inhibits NADPH Oxidase in the Transgenic Sickle Cell Mouse Penis
Authors: Musicki Biljana , Bivalacqua Trinity J. , Champion Hunter C. , Burnett Arthur L.
Published: November 2013

Introduction

Sickle cell disease (SCD)-associated vasculopathy in the penis is characterized by aberrant nitric oxide and phosphodiesterase (PDE) 5 signaling, and by increased oxidative stress. Preliminary clinical trials show that continuous treatment with PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil unassociated with sexual activity decreases priapic activity in patients with SCD. However, the mechanism of its vasculoprotective effect in the penis remains unclear.

Aims

We evaluated whether continuous administration of PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil promotes eNOS function at posttranslational levels and decreases superoxide-producing enzyme NADPH oxidase activity in the sickle cell mouse penis.

Methods

SCD transgenic mice were used as an animal model of SCD. WT mice served as controls. Mice received treatment with the PDE5 inhibitor sildenafil (100 mg/kg/day) or vehicle for 3 weeks. eNOS phosphorylation on Ser-1177 (positive regulatory site), eNOS interactions with heat-shock protein 90 (HSP90) (positive regulator), phosphorylated AKT (upstream mediator of eNOS phosphorylation on Ser-1177), an NADPH oxidase catalytic subunit gp91(phox), and a marker of oxidative stress (4-hydroxy-2-nonenal [HNE]) were measured by Western blot.

Main Outcome Measures

Effect of continuous sildenafil treatment on eNOS posttranslational activation, NADPH oxidase catalytic subunit, and oxidative stress in the penis of the sickle cell mouse.

Results

Continuous treatment with sildenafil reversed (P < 0.05) the abnormalities in protein expressions of P-eNOS (Ser-1177), eNOS/HSP90 interaction, P-AKT, protein expression of gp91(phox), and 4-HNE, in the sickle cell mouse penis. Sildenafil treatment of WT mice did not affect any of these parameters.

Conclusion

Our findings that sildenafil enhances eNOS activation and inhibits NADPH oxidase function in the sickle cell mouse penis offers a vasculoprotective molecular basis for the therapeutic effect of sildenafil in the penis in association with SCD.
Social Network Analysis and Critical Realism
Authors: Buch‐Hansen Hubert
Published: November 2013

Social network analysis (SNA) is an increasingly popular approach that provides researchers with highly developed tools to map and analyze complexes of social relations. Although a number of network scholars have explicated the assumptions that underpinSNA, the approach has yet to be discussed in relation to established philosophies of science. This article argues that there is a tension between applied and methods‐orientedSNAstudies, on the one hand, and those addressing the social‐theoretical nature and implications of networks, on the other. The former, in many cases, exhibits positivist tendencies, whereas the latter incorporate a number of assumptions that are directly compatible with core critical realist views on the nature of social reality and knowledge. This article suggests that SNA may be detached from positivist social science and come to constitute a valuable instrument in the critical realist toolbox.
Hepatitis B virus‐specific T‐cell responses during IFN administration in a small cohort of chronic hepatitis B patients under nucleos(t)ide analogue treatment
Authors: Sprinzl M. F. , Russo C. , Kittner J. , Allgayer S. , Grambihler A. , Bartsch B. , Weinmann A. , Galle P. R. , Schuchmann M. , Protzer U. , Bauer T.
Published: November 2013

The effect of pegylated interferon‐α (IFN) add‐on therapy on HBV‐specific T‐cell responses was evaluated in 12 patients with stable, undetectable hepatitis B virus (HBV) load under nucleos(t)ide analogue therapy. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were isolated at week 0, 4, 8, 12, 24 and 48 of IFN add‐on therapy. Quantity and quality of circulating HBV S‐ and core‐specific CD4 and CD8 T cells were analysed ex vivo by flow cytometry. HBV S‐ and core‐specific CD4 T‐cell numbers modestly increased within 8 weeks of IFN administration (P = 0.0391 and P = 0.0195), whereas HBV‐specific CD8 T cells in general showed only minor changes under IFN add‐on therapy. Functionality of HBV‐specific CD4 but not CD8 T cells positively correlated with serum transaminase activity. In addition, we observed an increase in CD4 T cells producing tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNFα) without antigen restimulation (P = 0.0039), which correlated with elevated transaminases. During IFN add‐on therapy, two patients developed an anti‐HBs seroconversion, only one of whom showed a relevant increase in HBV‐specific T cells. In conclusion, IFN add‐on therapy of chronic hepatitis B increased HBV‐specific T‐cell responses and affected a previously unrecognized TNFα‐monofunctional CD4 T‐cell population. Although the observed T‐cell responses did not correlate with HBsAg seroconversion, we expect additional insights into the immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B, following the characterization of the newly identified TNF α‐monofunctional T‐cell population.
Hampered by historical paradigms – echinocandins and the treatment of Candida endocarditis
Authors: Gardiner B. J. , Slavin M. A. , Korman T. M. , Stuart R. L.
Published: November 2013

Infective endocarditis due to Candida sp. has a high mortality rate. Traditionally, management involves early surgery and prolonged amphotericin ± flucytosine. We report a case of Candida parapsilosis bileaflet mitral valve endocarditis cured with anidulafungin and fluconazole, and review the role of echinocandins in the management of Candida endocarditis.
Susceptibility to stress‐induced visceral sensitivity: a bad legacy for next generations
Authors: Théodorou V.
Published: November 2013

Despite high prevalence, the precise irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) pathophysiology remains poorly understood likely due to the heterogeneity of IBS populations and the multifactorial etiology of this disorder. Among risk factors, genetic predisposition and early life trauma have been reported. In this context, the debate on genetic or environmental influences in the IBS pathogenesis is still open. The study by van der Wijngaard et al., reporting for the first time that susceptibility to stress‐induced visceral hypersensitivity in maternally separated rats can be transferred to the next generation without any further exposure of F2 individuals to maternal separation, supports the importance of environmental influence in the IBS phenotype. Epigenetic mechanisms such as hypermethylation in the promoter region of the glucocorticoid receptor gene mediating the long‐term and transgenerational behavioral effects of maternal care on the development have been shown in some but not in all studies. Van der Wijngaard et al. incriminated maternal care in the transmitted susceptibility to stress‐induced visceral hypersensitivity, but not changes in glucocorticoid receptor protein expression in the brain. This finding opens a broad field of future directions aimed at evaluating the mechanisms involved in the transmission across generations of the digestive features of IBS, including, for example, on the role of gut microbiota changes in vertical transmission or epigenetic modifications of intestinal mast cells and the junctional region of intestinal epithelial cells in vertical transfer.
Is Webbing (Pterygia) a Constant Feature in Patients with Escobar Syndrome?
Authors: Al Kaissi Ali , Kenis Vladimir , Laptiev Sergey , Ghachem Maher Ben , Klaushofer Klaus , Ganger Rudolf , Grill Franz
Published: November 2013

We describe two unrelated patients aged 9 and 12 years. The first patient presented with multiple congenital contractures not associated with webbing (pterygia). Interestingly, his genetic testing showed the typical genotypic criteria of Escobar syndrome (CHRNG heterozygous mutation). The characteristics of the second child were compatible with the phenotypic and genotypic criteria for Escobar syndrome. Both patients manifested the typical facial features suggestive of Escobar syndrome. The aim of this paper is twofold: first, to illustrate that the absence of popliteal webbing is not a sufficient reason to exclude Escobar syndrome in patients with multiple contractures and second, dysmorphic facial features and the presence of certain radiological abnormalities might be considered baseline diagnostic tools in favor of this syndromic entity.
Locked Compression Plating for Peri‐ and Intra‐articular Fractures Around the Knee
Authors: Jain Jitesh Kumar , Asif Naiyer , Ahmad Suhail , Qureshi Owais , Siddiqui Yasir Salam , Rana Ashish
Published: November 2013

Objective

To evaluate the role of locked compression plates (LCPs) in management of peri‐ and intra‐articular fractures around the knee.

Methods

Twenty distal femoral and 20 proximal tibial fractures were fixed with LCPs. The types of femoral fractures were A1 (four), A2 (three), A3 (two), C1 (one), C2 (seven) and C3 (three). The types of tibial fractures were A2 (one), A3 (two), B2 (two), C1 (four), C2 (five) and C3 (six). All patients were followed up for up to 18 months (mean, 12 months). Fourteen patients with distal femoral fractures and 19 with proximal tibial fractures underwent surgery using a minimally invasive percutaneous plate osteosynthesis (MIPPO) technique. The others were treated by open reduction. The average time of fixation was 8 days after injury (0–31 days). Knee Society scores were used for clinical and functional assessment.

Results

All fractures, except one of the distal femur and one of the proximal tibia, united. The mean union times for distal femoral and proximal tibial fractures were 15.2 and 14.9 weeks, respectively. One patient with a distal femoral fracture had implant failure. One patient was quadriplegic and did not recover the ability to walk. The average Knee Society scores of the remaining 18 patients were 82.66 (excellent) and 77.77 (functional score, good). There was one case of implant failure and one of screw breakage in distal femoral fractures. One case of nonunion occurred in a proximal tibial fracture.

Conclusion

Provided it is applied with proper understanding of biomechanics, LCP is one of the best available options for management of challenging peri‐ and intra‐articular fractures.
Arthroscopic Suture Bridge Technique for Intratendinous Tear of Rotator Cuff in Chronically Painful Calcific Tendinitis of the Shoulder
Authors: Ji Jong‐Hun , Shafi Mohamed , Moon Chang‐Yun , Park Sang‐Eun , Kim Yeon‐Jun , Kim Sung‐Eun
Published: November 2013

Arthroscopic removal, now the main treatment option, has almost replaced open surgery for treatment of resistant calcific tendinitis. In some cases of chronic calcific tendinitis of the shoulder, the calcific materials are hard and adherent to the tendon. Removal of these materials can cause significant intratendinous tears between the superficial and deep layers of the degenerated rotator cuff. Thus far, there are no established surgical techniques for removing the calcific materials while ensuring cuff integrity. Good clinical results for rotator cuff repair were achieved by using an arthroscopic suture bridge technique in patients with long‐standing calcific tendinitis. Intact rotator cuff integrity and recovery of signal change on follow‐up magnetic resonance imaging scans were confirmed. This is a technical note about a surgical technique and its clinical results with a review of relevant published reports.
Marrow Stromal Stem Cell Autologous Transplantation in Denervated Fracture Healing: an Experimental Study in Rats
Authors: Lei Shuan‐Hu , Guo Li , Yue Hai‐Yuan , Zhao Da‐Cheng , Zhang Cheng‐Jun , Du Wen‐Jia , Huang Liang‐Zeng , Wang Jing , Dang Yue‐Xiu , Liu Jing‐Sheng , Hao Jun‐Long , Wang Yu‐Liang
Published: November 2013

Objective

To investigate the influence of bone marrow stromal stem cell (BMSCs) transplantation on healing of fractures combined with central nerve injuries in rats.

Methods

 Forty‐eight healthy adult SD male rats were randomly divided into the following three groups (16 rats in each group): group A, simple (left) tibial fracture; group B, tibial fracture combined with T10 spinal cord transection (SCT); group C, tibial fracture combined with T10 SCT and BMSCs transplantation. The tibial fractures were stabilized with modular intramedullary nails and all operated hind limbs were further immobilized in plaster casts to prevent unequal load bearing. BMSCs were labeled with bromodeoxyuridine and implanted into the fractures of C group rats 2 days after creation of the model. The animals in B and C groups were evaluated by postoperative Tarlov scores. The fractured tibiae were evaluated separately radiographically (X‐ray and CT) and immunohistochemically 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after injury to assess fracture healing. In addition, the wet weights of the left tibias were measured.

Results

All Tarlov score of the B and C group animals reached the requirements of the experiment. One, 2 and 3 weeks after surgery, the tibial callus widths in B and C group animals were significantly greater than those of group A rats (P < 0.05). At 4 weeks the tibial callus width in group C animals had decreased, but still differed significantly from that in group A rats (P < 0.05). One, 2, 3 and 4 weeks after surgery, the wet weights of B and C group tibias were significantly greater than those of group A (P < 0.05). Hematoxylin–eosin‐stained sections showed bony union and increased bone trabecula in B and C groups and areas with particles positive for alkaline phosphatase staining were more abundant in groups B and C, especially in group C.

Conclusion

Neural regulation plays an important role in fracture healing. Treatment with BMSCs has a positive effect on defective callus in rats that have been subjected to SCT.
Biomechanical Assessment of Unilateral Pedicle Screws plus Contralateral Transfacetopedicular Screws after Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion with Two Cages
Authors: Xue Zhong‐Lin , Chen Zhong‐Xian , Fu Chao‐Hua , Lei Hong‐Jun , Yuan Xiang‐Wei
Published: November 2013

Objective

To assess the biomechanical stability of unilateral pedicle screws (UPS) plus contralateral transfacetopedicular screws (TFPS) after transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion (TLIF) with two cages.

Methods

Range of motion (ROM) testing was performed in 28 fresh‐frozen human cadaveric lumbar spine motion segments. The sequential test configurations included supplemental constructs after TLIF such as UPS, UPS plus contralateral TFPS and bilateral pedicle screws (BPS). All test specimens were fixated in the normal lordotic lignment, then mounted in a three‐dimensional (3‐D) motion testing machine and fixed to the load frame of a six degrees of freedom spine simulator. Each of the test constructs were subjected to three load–unload cycles in each of the physiologic planes generating flexion‐extension, right‐left lateral bending and right‐left axial rotation load‐displacement curves. Statistical analysis was performed on the ROM data. Comparison of data was performed by repeated‐measures analysis of variance for independent samples followed by Bonferroni analysis for multiple comparison procedures.

Results

The ROMs for UPS, BPS and UPS plus TFPS fixation after TLIF were significantly smaller than those of the intact spine in all modes. The ROM for UPS plus TFPS fixation was between the largest for UPS and the smallest for BPS. The differences between ROMs of UPS and UPS plus TFPS were significant for both lateral bending and rotation. There were no significant differences between BPS and UPS plus TFPS in any mode.

Conclusion

Because the UPS construct provides the least stability, especially during lateral bending and rotation, it should be used prudently. After TLIF with two cages, UPS plus TFPS provides stability comparable to that of TLIF with BPS. It is thus an acceptable option in minimally invasive surgery.