bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Han Feizi's Criticism of Confucianism and its Implications for Virtue Ethics
Authors: Hutton Eric
Published: July 2010

Several scholars have recently proposed that Confucianism should be regarded as a form of virtue ethics. This view offers new approaches to understanding not only Confucian thinkers, but also their critics within the Chinese tradition. For if Confucianism is a form of virtue ethics, we can then ask to what extent Chinese criticisms of it parallel criticisms launched against contemporary virtue ethics, and what lessons for virtue ethics in general might be gleaned from the challenges to Confucianism in particular. This paper undertakes such an exercise in examining Han Feizi, an early critic of Confucianism. The essay offers a careful interpretation of the debate between Han Feizi and the Confucians and suggests that thinking through Han Feizi's criticisms and the possible Confucian responses to them has a broader philosophical payoff, namely by highlighting a problem for current defenders of virtue ethics that has not been widely noticed, but deserves attention.
Moral Rationalism and the Normative Status of Desiderative Coherence
Authors: Marino Patricia
Published: July 2010

This paper concerns the normative status of coherence of desires, in the context of moral rationalism. I argue that 'desiderative coherence' is not tied to rationality, but is rather of pragmatic, instrumental, and sometimes moral value. This means that desire-based views cannot rely on coherence to support non-agent-relative accounts of moral reasons. For example, on Michael Smith's neo-rationalist view, you have 'normative reason' to do whatever your maximally coherent and fully informed self would want you to do, whether you want to do it or not. For these reasons to be non-agent-relative, coherence would have to be grounded in rationality, but I argue that it is not. I analyze, and reject, various strategies for establishing a coherence-rationality connection, considering in detail a purported analogy between desires and a priori beliefs, with particular attention to the case of mathematics.
Consequentialism and Side Constraints
Authors: Nolan Daniel
Published: July 2010

Theories according to which pursuit of the good should be limited by absolute side constraints on action face a serious intuitive cost when it comes to considering high-stakes cases. Five options for such theories in the face of this problem are examined and found wanting.
Aristotelean Virtue and the Interpersonal Aspect of Ethical Character
Authors: Merritt Maria
Published: July 2010

I examine the Aristotelean conception of virtuous character as firm and unchangeable, a normative ideal endorsed in the currently influential, broadly Aristotelean school of thought known as 'virtue ethics'. Drawing on central concepts of Aristotle's Nicomachean Ethics, I offer an account of how this ideal is supposed to be realized psychologically. I then consider present-day empirical findings about relevant psychological processes, with special attention to interpersonal processes. The empirical evidence suggests that over time, the same interpersonal processes that sometimes help to sustain character may also disrupt it, even among agents who have the right values in principle. Fortunately, the evidence also suggests some remedial measures. An important philosophical measure, I conclude, is for advocates of virtue ethics to address agents' psychological need for a systematic decision procedure that will focus attention primarily on substantive ethical considerations, rather than characterological assessment.
Review of Robby Waddell, The Spirit of the Book of Revelation
Authors: Bauckham Richard
Published: July 2010

This review commends Waddell's book for its outline of a Pentecostal hermeneutic, but questions whether the case study of Revelation 11 really employs the proposed hermeneutic.
A Review of Graham Twelftree, In the Name of Jesus: Exorcism among Early Christians
Authors: Clarke Clifton
Published: July 2010

Graham Twelftree is one of few New Testament theologians who has approached the place and practice of exorcism among early Christians in the New Testament documents in a manner that takes the New Testament text as a whole seriously. This review commends Dr. Twelftree for his helpful (yet challenging) study of these exorcism narratives. The reviewer examines this work through the lens of a missiologist and contextual theological perspective. In the light of this vantage point he urges the author, who has a global readership, to reflect more critically as to his own hermeneutical and epistemological presuppositions and suggests the possible benefits that the other disciplines could bring to the quest of uncovering ancient traditions and practices. In view of the exponential growth of ther Pentecostal-Charismatic movement in the Two-thirds World in which exorcism is a current and pressing issue, the author is encouraged to engage with global applied theological concerns.
In the Name of Jesus: Exorcism among Early Christians: A Friendly Response to Graham Twelftree
Authors: Robeck, Jr. Cecil
Published: July 2010

C.M. Robeck approaches Twelftree's book from the context of a lifelong involvement in the Pentecostal church that has included many opportunities to observe the need for a detailed study of exorcism. Robeck appreciates the careful work that is everywhere evident in the work, and he finds much with which he agrees. In his role as Church historian, Robeck affirms Twelftree's reading of the Fathers, but he voices some concern regarding the interpretation of the Montanist controversy.
Acts 2.17-21: A Paradigm for Pentecostal Mission
Authors: Menzies Robert
Published: July 2010

According to Menzies, a careful analysis of Acts 2:17-21 reveals that Luke has modified the Joel quotation in three significant ways, and that each modification serves to highlight an important aspect of the mission of the church. The church's mission is to be characterized by visions and divine guidance, bold witness in the face of intense opposition, and signs and wonders. These three themes run throughout the narrative of Acts, and Luke anticipates that they will continue to mark the life of the church in 'these last days'. Luke's narrative, then, is much more than a nostalgic review of how it all began. Although Luke is concerned to stress the reliability of the apostolic witness, his purposes go beyond this. Luke presents the missionary praxis of the early church as a model that is relevant for His church and ours.
Welcoming an Unheard Voice: A Response to Lee Roy Martin's The Unheard Voice of God
Authors: Moore Rickie
Published: July 2010

This response to Lee Roy Martin's Wesleyan-Pentecostal study of the book of Judges describes the shared context (between Martin and the reviewer) in which Martin developed this original contribution. An overview of Martin's study is presented that applauds the creativity and significance of his work for both Pentecostal scholarship and the wider biblical academy. The response concludes with questions for what remains to be developed in Martin's call, as highlighted in his work on Judges, for a hearing and not just a reading of the biblical text.
Lee Roy Martin, The Unheard Voice of God: A Pentecostal Hearing of the Book of Judges: A Theological Review
Authors: Pope Robert
Published: July 2010

This review of Lee Roy Martin's The Unheard Voice of God: A Pentecostal Hearing of the Book of Judges draws on some of the main themes of the book and poses some theological questions with the intention of continuing the book's constructive agenda. The aim is a dialogue in which aspects of Dr Martin's argument are rehearsed, questioned and brought alongside insights from other theological traditions. Hermeneutics are under consideration, specifically a Pentecostal hermeneutic, but so too are the more fundamental questions of how scripture speaks a Word of God into the faith community and how that faith community might hear it. The review emphasises the need to be careful, faithful and expectant hearers and suggests that the reader and the expositor might also have a place to play in a Pentecostal hermeneutic. Some insights from Reformed theology are presented, particularly the importance of proclamation and the role which the Holy Spirit plays in receiving and living in obedience to God's word. In conclusion, a number of questions are posed while Dr Martin's contribution is noted and applauded.
Horizons and Hermeneutics of Doctrine: A Review Essay
Authors: Archer Kenneth
Published: July 2010

Anthony Thiselton has long been recognized as a leading voice in the area of hermeneutics. In this essay I engage his latest monograph on hermeneutics as it relates to doctrine. I offer some comment for clarification on hermeneutics of doctrine and horizons of understanding. Although Thiselton's work offers much of value to the Christian communities, his argument that the book of Acts is unable to provide normative doctrinal paradigms for those communities runs counter to his argument that the canon serves as a foundation for the genesis and development of doctrine.
Old Wine and New Wine Skins: West Indian and the New West African Pentecostal Churches in Britain and the Challenge of Renewal
Authors: Clarke Clifton
Published: July 2010

This article is about the black Pentecostal churches of West Indian and West African origin in the Britain. It explores the challenges and opportunities for renewal and reappropriation that confront transmigration black Pentecostal churches beyond the first and second generation. It looks at the older West Indian Pentecostal churches (New Testament Church of God) and the new West African churches (Redeemed Christian Church of God) and asks, what are the lessons of continuity and renewal that they can mutually teach each other at a time of steady decline of traditional black Pentecostalism and the rise of a new West African Pentecostal brand? It places black Pentecostal movements in Britain within the broader global Pentecostal movement and argues against fragmented identities and historiographies which mitigate against mutual learning and shared experience.
Reconciliation and Renunciation of Status as God's Final Aim for Humanity: New Testament Thoughts on the Church's Mission and Unity
Authors: Wenk Matthias
Published: July 2010

Not infrequently the concern for unity (both ecumenical and social) and the concern for mission are played off against each other among Pentecostals. In this article it is argued that these two topics neither oppose each other nor do they simply reflect the two sides of the same coin. Rather, the Missio Dei precisely is to bring back to unity all aspects of life in a world suffering from division and alienation. By analyzing the relation of mission and unity in some of the New Testament books, it is argued that the mission of the church is inseparably linked to the topic of unity; division cannot take place without harming the church's mission to be a visible demonstration of God's renewing power in this world. Some concluding implications for a Pentecostal theology of missions are outlined.
Aimee Semple McPherson and Her Seriously Exciting Gospel
Authors: Ray Donna
Published: July 2010

Aimee Semple McPherson (1890-1944)—charismatic revivalist and founder of the International Church of the Foursquare Gospel—was better known for her spell-binding performances and personal escapades than for her ideas. But, in fact, she was as serious about theology as she was about putting on a good show. McPherson's 'deeper teachings', as she called them, didn't reach the masses because they could not be easily packaged for the tabloid newspapers, radio, or stage. Had McPherson's many detractors read her written works, which are examined in this paper, they would have found a theology that was serious yet lively, complex, comprehensive, and morally demanding. Weaving together elements of nineteenth-century American revivalism, a mix of Arminian and Calvinist doctrine, and her own mystical interpretations of scripture, Aimee Semple McPherson created a distinctive theology for the new Pentecostal movement.
Rethinking Ministerial Ideals in Light of the Clergy Crisis
Authors: Kolbet Paul
Published: July 2010

The profile of American clergy is rapidly changing, especially when gauged in terms of their increasing age and the small number of young people who begin ministry in their twenties. This article contends that the problem of recruitment is the result of a destabilization of the profession that has occurred in recent decades and has called into question the value of the clergy's traditional skills and knowledge. Understanding the real root of the crisis explains the prevalence of ministerial ideals that instruct clergy, above all, to use their profound understanding of their own life experience to make their ministry meaningful to contemporary people. Such an approach has a number of shortcomings, not the least of which is that it has little to say about how those who lack life experience are to be qualified for ministry. Rather than appealing to life experience, it will be more fruitful to focus on the recovery of the clergy's confidence in the intellectual content of their profession and the intrinsic value of its fundamental practices.
Authority, Mission, and Institution: A Systematic Consideration of Matthew 28.18-20 in Karl Barth's Doctrine of Baptism
Authors: McMaken W. Travis
Published: July 2010

Many of Barth's most faithful and devoted interpreters have taken issue with his unapologetically non-sacramental account of baptism in CD IV/4 and his attendant rejection of infant baptism. While many questions have been raised concerning the veracity of the exegesis that Barth produces in support of his position, little attention has been paid to the way in which Matthew 28.18-20, when systematically considered, relates to his account of baptism. Taking the themes of authority, mission and institution as analytic tools, this paper examines the role played by the Matthean passage throughout the Church Dogmatics period, and considers how these themes relate to Barth's rejection of infant baptism. It is suggested in conclusion that understanding baptism as the 'sign of the gospel' allows us to move beyond Barth's rejection of infant baptism without abrogating his concern for mission.
Indian Oceanic Crossings: Music of the Afro-Asian Diaspora Traversées de l'océan Indien : la musique dans la diaspora afro-asiatique
Authors: de Silva Jayasuriya Shihan
Published: July 2010

African movement in the Indian Ocean is a centuries old phenomenon. The better-known transatlantic migration to the Americas has gripped scholars and the public imagination particularly due to the commemorations, in 2007, of the bicentennial of Britain abolishing the slave trade. Archival and oral accounts are complementary in investigating the silent history of the Indian Ocean involuntary migrants. Through case studies, assimilation, social mobility, marginalisation and issues of identity, perhaps we can begin to understand the contemporary status endured by Asia's Africans. This paper considers African influence in the Indian Ocean World through retention and transmission of music while exploring identity and contemporary culture of Afro-Asians. La migration africaine à travers l'océan Indien est un phénomène vieux de plusieurs siècles. Plus connue, la migration transatlantique vers les Amériques a focalisé l'attention des chercheurs ainsi que l'imagination du public surtout du fait des commémorations, en 2007, du bicentenaire de l'abolition du commerce des esclaves en Grande-Bretagne. Les archives et les comptes-rendus oraux apportent un complément à l'enquête sur l'histoire silencieuse des migrants involontaires de l'océan Indien. A travers les études de cas d'assimilation, de mobilité sociale, de marginalisation et les questions d'identité, nous pouvons peut-être commencer à comprendre le statut subi ou apprécié aujourd'hui par les Africains d'Asie. Cet article étudie l'influence africaine sur le monde de l'océan Indien à travers la conservation et la transmission de la musique tout en explorant l'identité et la culture des Afro-Asiatiques.
Pan-Arab Satellite Television and Arab National Information Systems: Journalists' Perspectives on a Complicated Relationship
Authors: Valeriani Augusto
Published: July 2010

Media scholarship has mostly focused on the regional and global dimension of the 'satellite revolution' in Arab news, insisting on concepts such as the 'pan-Arab public sphere' and 'media panarabism.' Taking Egypt as a case study, this article moves from a 'purely' pan-Arab perspective to a broader approach that examines the complex relationship between pan-Arab satellite news media and national media systems. Through a discussion of journalists' representations of their professional community, I investigate how far the coverage and practices of pan-Arab all-news broadcasters have blurred the borders of national media systems, creating new hybrid spaces. My findings show that both satellite broadcast journalists and national media journalists define themselves and their work practices in terms of mutual relationships. The idea of a hybrid space is, at least in the journalists' self-representations, in some way confirmed: a space encompassed by a transnational framework in which 'the national' still maintains its specificities. The article is based on multi-sited research and observation in the headquarters of Gulf-based pan-Arab satellite news media and in Egyptian newsrooms.
Religion and Television in the Arab World: Towards a Communication Studies Approach
Authors: Ferjani Riadh
Published: July 2010

This paper explores the contribution communication studies can make towards a better scholarly understanding of religious talk on Arab television. It offers four theoretical avenues, backed up by examples, to address not only what is at stake in the televising of religion on Arab channels but also the validity of adopting a communication studies approach. First, the political economy of communication can situate religious programs as a link in the chain of a veritable industry of religious by-products and services, where commercial benefits are not guaranteed. Secondly, discourse analysis situates religious speech on television at the intersection of internal and external logics, to consider how much religion there is in religious programs. Thirdly, to theorize religious talk in terms of the public sphere is to problematize the application of a concept with historically specific connections (to the Enlightenment) to discussion of non-Western contemporary reality. Fourthly, conceptual tools from sociological audience studies can help us to see whether the craze for religious programs is related to their intrinsic qualities or whether there are other, more contextualized, ways of reading the relationship that viewers maintain with on-screen religion. The four pathways proposed here converge in seeing religious talk on television as a social phenomenon and, as such, capable of being construed as an object of sociological study.
The Cultural Turn in the US-Israeli Relationship
Authors: Morewood Steve , Stephens Elizabeth
Published: July 2010

The 'special relationship' between the United States and Israel has endured for more than four decades and is one of the more anomalous global political alliances. Conventional explanations have consistently failed to elucidate the underlying nuances of a relationship that has endured the transition from the Cold War to the unipolar world to the present day 'war on terror' and is often costly to the USA in economic and geostrategic terms. This article argues that the nebulous but still valuable concept of political culture provides a crucial ingredient to any understanding of the special relationship. In perceiving their society to be a beacon of what they like to call 'freedom' and 'democracy,' in a world in which these values are largely absent, Americans have been encouraged to believe that they share a political kinship with societies similarly imbued and that they have an obligation to assist where such values are under threat. This process of identification is reinforced by the activities of the pro-Israel lobby and the beliefs of America's increasing number of Christian Evangelicals who support Israel for largely religious reasons. It is the many dimensions of this cultural identification that sets Israel apart from other nations and forms the bedrock of the US-Israeli special relationship.
Humor Against Hegemony: Al-Hurra, Jokes, and the Limits of American Soft Power
Authors: Youmans William Lafi
Published: July 2010

In 2004, the United States launched an Arabic language satellite television station, Al-Hurra ('the free one'). As a mass media outlet designed to enhance American geopolitical influence, it is considered one manifestation of a 'soft power' strategy. Soft power, however, is only effective to the extent that it can rely on 'willing interpreters and receivers'. This article considers humor in Al-Hurra's workplace and among its intended audience as a gauge of the availability of such interpreters and receivers. Humor, this article contends, reflects greater political discourses and attitudes, and therefore outlines the limits to American soft power in Arab regions.
A Waste of Public Diplomacy? The Performance of Al-Hurra TV among Lebanon's University Students
Authors: Nasser Khaled , Dabbous Yasmine
Published: July 2010

As part of their 'War on Terror', Washington policy makers launched a massive public diplomacy campaign hoping to 'gain Muslim hearts and minds.' Their efforts, including the production of advertisements and documentaries, culminated with the inauguration of Al-Hurra, a commercial-free satellite station broadcasting in Arabic. Despite the substantial amount of money poured into it, Al-Hurra's success was strongly questioned among media scholars and US policy experts. And yet, Al-Hurra has generated very little academic research testing its effectiveness as an instrument of public diplomacy. This article reports the results of a survey administered in seven Lebanese universities to assess the performance of Al-Hurra among the country's college students. More specifically, it examines Al-Hurra's viewership, credibility, and trustworthiness in comparison to Al-Jazeera and Al-Arabiya. The paper also tests the relation between Al-Hurra's viewership and audience attitude toward the United States. Findings show that Al-Hurra's viewership is considerably lower than Al-Jazeera's and Al-Arabiya's. Its credibility is also lower than that of its two Arab counterparts. Finally, Al-Hurra viewership did not predict a positive attitude toward the USA. The study raises questions about public diplomacy tools in general and Al-Hurra in particular.
Two Screen Plays: “Kamose” and “Apophis and Seqenenre”
Authors: Spalinger Anthony
Published: July 2010

This paper presents a discussion of the intersection and divergence in approaches between the early XIXth Dynasty Tale, “Apophis and Seqenenre” and the Kamose Stelae. Facets concerned with the post-Amarna trauma and its effect upon later native Egyptian interpretations (via Collective Memory) of the Hyksos form the basis of the discussion.
Evolution of the Persianate Polity and its Transmission to India
Authors: Arjomand Saïd Amir
Published: July 2010

The critical importance of the Samanid dynasty for the emergence of New Persian as a language destined to serve as the lingua franca of the Persianate world has long been recognized. Not so of the distinctive Persianate polity that first emerged under the Samanids in Central Asia in the tenth/fourth century and was later transplanted throughout the Persianate civilizational zone. As this paper was written as an address to the 4th ASPS convention in Lahore, it stresses the significance of that historic city in the transmission of the Persianate polity as a model of political and military organization and its political culture to India with the expansion of Muslim power and the establishment of the Delhi Sultanate in the early thirteenth/seventh century.
From 'Ā'esha to Nur Jahān: The Shaping of a Classical Persian Poetic Canon of Women
Authors: Sharma Sunil
Published: July 2010

The eighteenth century witnessed an interest in Persian women poets and attempts were made by writers of tazkeras to create a female canon of poets. The cultural shift in the Iranian-Indian interface at this time had a direct effect on the writing of Persian literary history that, on the one hand, resulted in the desire to maintain a universal vision regarding the Persianate literary past, exemplified by such writers as Vāleh Dāghestāni in Riāz al-sho' arā', and on the other hand, witnessed the increasingly popular move towards a more local and parochial version of the achievements of poets, as seen in Āzar Bēgdeli's Ātashkada and other writers of biographical dictionaries. The tri-furcation of the literary tradition (Iran, Turan [Transoxiana], India) complicated the way the memory of women poets would be accommodated and tazkera writers were often unencumbered by issues of nationalism and linguistic purity on this subject. However, ultimately the project of canonization of classical Persian women poets was a failure by becoming all inclusive.
Accounting for Difference: A Comparative Look at the Autobiographical Travel Narratives of Hazin Lāhiji and 'Abd-al-Karim Kashmiri
Authors: Kia Mana
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the mid-eighteenth century historical memoir of Mohammad Ali Hazin Lāhiji and the auto-biographical travel narrative of 'Abd al-Karim Kashmiri as a way to understand a shared tradition of cultural conceptions and textual borrowing, even in the midst of different attributions of historical meaning and valuations within that culture. Hazin often serves as an iconic figure, representative of the changing relationship between Iran and Hindustan in the eighteenth century. Reading Hazin's memoir in relation to Kashmiri's travels with Nadir Shah's army from Delhi to Iran on his way to hajj problematizes this dominant reading. Underneath diverging and sometimes conflicting claims in these texts, history is represented in a way that evinces similar ideas of home, country, and ideal political rule in the context of travel and exile.
Darius and the Bisotun Inscription: A New Interpretation of the Last Paragraph of Column IV
Authors: Baghbidi Hassan Rezai
Published: July 2010

The last paragraph (lines 88-92) of Col. IV of the Old Persian version of the Bisotun inscription is one of the most difficult passages in this great inscription. In it, Darius points to the addition of an 'Aryan' (i.e. Old Persian) version to the two previous (i.e. the Elamite and Babylonian) versions of the inscription. There is no firm basis for the prevailing opinion that 'Aryan' refers to the Old Persian cuneiform script, and thus concluding that this script did not exist before the Bisotun inscription. Darius also announces that the text of the inscription was copied on clay tablets and on parchment and circulated throughout his empire, adding that two items were added to the copies of the inscription. Darius's tomb inscriptions (DNa and DNb) reveal his emphasis on his genealogy, and on his virtues, skills and abilities. These are the two items which were added to the copies of the Bisotun inscription and circulated to all the provinces of the Achaemenid Empire. The old Persian words used to refer to 'genealogy' and 'personality' in this part of the inscription should be read as nāmanāfa- and uvādā- respectively.
Median Succumbs to Persian after Three Millennia of Coexistence: Language Shift in the Central Iranian Plateau
Authors: Borjian Habib
Published: July 2010

The so-called Central Plateau Dialects or simply Central Dialects belong to the South Median group of Northwest Iranian languages and are spoken in central Iran, where the prevailing language is Persian. Currently, vestiges of these dialects are limited to several dozen remote villages as well as to the older generation of the Jewish and Zoroastrian communities living in the cities and in diaspora. The dominant influence of Persian for more than a millennium has resulted in the ousting of the vernaculars not only in major towns but also in a majority of villages. Historical evidence suggests that Central Dialects were native to the entire central Iranian Plateau, larger towns included, until the late medieval period. The big shift may have taken place during and after the Safavid dynastic rule, perhaps as a result of forceful propagation of Shi'ism, among other economic and socio-political vicissitudes of those days. Concrete evidence becomes available only in the later nineteenth century when European travelers and local geographers began to report on the language situation of the area. These documents enable us to speculate on the patterns and rates of language shift in various regions speaking Central Dialects. This trend has been accelerating parallel with the enormous socio-economic changes in the last half century. In many villages the local dialect is moribund and becoming increasingly limited to the elders, and the extinction will be the inevitable result of the forces of modernization and globalization in general and the rapid expansion of Persian education and mass media in particular. This paper attempts to show the dynamics of language shift among Central Dialects. The possible causes of the shift within village communities is discussed, while the urban Jewish and Zoroastrian speakers receive individual attention. Part of the data comes from the author's own fieldwork.
The History of Modernization of Law
Authors: Forughi Mohammad-Ali
Published: July 2010

Mohammad Ali Khan, Zokā’ al-Molk, later Forughi, became Minister of Justice in December 1911 (until June 1912 and again from August 1914 to April 1915), following Moshir al-Dawla Pirniā and continuing the legal reform the latter had initiated in 1911. Forughi also served as Prime Minister of Iran several times, lastly in 1941-42 (1320), when he arranged the abdication of Reza Shah and the succession of his son, Mohammad-Reza Pahlavi, shortly before his death in November 1942. This lecture was given at the Faculty of Law and Political Science at the new University of Tehran is an important historical document that throws considerable light on the early stage of the modernization of Iran’s legal system. We are therefore publishing it in a translation which preserves the lecture format with only slight abridgement. Forughi’s informed account of legal modernization is prefaced by acute observations on the intrusion of modernity into the culture of Iran in the early twentieth century. (The Editor)
Eumolpinae – a widely distributed and much diversified subfamily of leaf beetles (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae)
Authors: Verma Krishna , Jolivet Pierre
Published: July 2010

This communication is a general review of Eumolpinae, a subfamily of Chrysomelidae. The subfamily includes more than 7000 species. It is specially numerous and much diversified in the tropics, with both the attributes declining northward. It has several distinctive features, and is clearly related to Clytrinae, Cryptocephalinae, Chlamisinae, Lamprosomatinae, Hispinae, and Cassidinae. Megascelidines, though generally treated as a subfamily, they should be taken as a part of Eumolpinae. Through some larval features, Eumolpinae seem related also to Galerucinae-Chrysomelinae. Separation from Eumolpinae of the primitive eumolpines, the Tribe Spilopyrini, and inclusion of Syneta among Eumolpinae have been contradicted.
Potential ecological implications of human entomophagy by subsistence groups of the Neotropics
Authors: Choo Juanita
Published: July 2010

The practice of human entomophagy is important to the livelihood of many subsistence cultures. Insect foods are a source of protein in traditional diets and are often considered delicacies. While considerable research has been conducted on the nutritional benefits of insects to human welfare, there has been little focus on understanding how harvests of insect foods can potentially impact local ecology. In this paper, I address the potential ecological consequences of insect harvesting activities with a focus on Neotropical subsistence communities. I confine my discussion to four insect foods - palm weevils, bruchid beetles, ants, and termites. Insect harvesting has the potential to not only influence insect populations but also to alter ecological interactions between plant and insects. I propose that rigorous studies on insect harvest intensity, in space and time, are necessary steps in understanding the full effects of harvesting activities on insect populations and broader forest communities. Research on the ecological implications of insect harvests are important in the face of potential increases in the demand for insect food as a result of rapid population growth within indigenous communities and increased hunting pressures on wild game.
Insects and allies associated with bromeliads: a review
Authors:   Lounibos,   Frank
Published: July 2010

Bromeliads are a Neotropical plant family (Bromeliaceae) with about 2,900 described species. They vary considerably in architecture. Many impound water in their inner leaf axils to form phytotelmata (plant pools), providing habitat for terrestrial arthropods with aquatic larvae, while their outer axils provide terraria for an assemblage of fully terrestrial arthropods. Many bromeliads are epiphytic. Dominant terrestrial arthropods with aquatic larvae inhabiting bromeliad phytotelmata are typically larvae of Diptera, of which at least 16 families have been reported, but in some circumstances are Coleoptera, of which only three families have been reported. Other groups include crabs and the insect orders Odonata, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera, plus Hemiptera with adults active on the water surface. The hundreds of arthropod species are detritivores or predators and do not harm their host plants. Many of them are specialists to this habitat. Terrestrial arthropods with terrestrial larvae inhabiting bromeliad terraria include many more arachnid and insect orders, but relatively few specialists to this habitat. They, too, are detritivores or predators. Arthropod herbivores, especially Curculionidae (Coleoptera) and Lepidoptera, consume leaves, stems, flowers, pollen, and roots of bromeliads. Some herbivores consume nectar, and some of these and other arthropods provide pollination and even seed-dispersal. Ants have complex relationships with bromeliads, a few being herbivores, some guarding the plants from herbivory, and some merely nesting in bromeliad terraria. A few serve as food for carnivorous bromeliads, which also consume other terrestrial insects. Bromeliads are visited by far more species of arthropods than breed in them. This is especially notable during dry seasons, when bromeliads provide moist refugia.
Long-term monitoring of moth populations (Lepidoptera) associated with a natural wetland forest: synthesis after 25 years
Authors: Spitzer Karel , Jaroš Josef
Published: July 2010

Temporal variability of moth abundance was monitored for 28 years (1981-2008) by nightly light trap samples during the growing season in native habitat in the Černiš alder carr (open forested wetland) in South Bohemia, Czech Republic. The results of this long-term inventory are summarized and discussed. The wetland moth community was analysed for species richness and population dynamics (temporal variability of abundance were measured by a coefficient of variation – CV) and evaluated against select ecological parameters. Moth population variability (year to year fluctuation), which is highly species-specific, is a result of complex interactions between bionomic strategies (correlates of “r-K continuum”) and habitat characteristics. High bioindicator and conservation values are characteristic of moths with low values of coefficient of variation associated with vegetation units close to edaphic “climax” in the alder carr wetland. The local and regional dynamics of all moth populations associated with the natural wetland (alder carr) were investigated, and the data obtained are critical for predicting patterns of biodiversity.
A review of termitophilous and other termite-associated scuttle flies worldwide (Diptera: Phoridae)
Authors: Dupont Steen , Pape Thomas
Published: July 2010

A review is provided of the morphological and behavioural observations known for the 190 recorded termitophilous and other termite-associated species of Phoridae (scuttle flies) known worldwide. A full list of these termite-associated phorids is provided, together with their recorded termite hosts, as an Appendix. The influence of batch size, egg size, developmental cycle, wing reduction and winglessness, egg-laying and morphological adaptations of a termite-associated lifestyle is discussed, based on differences observed among termite-associated phorids. A high number of termitophilous phorid species with batch sizes of four eggs or less are noted, probably reflecting the stable environment termitophilous phorids experience, and the high percentage of species with parasitoid or predatory larvae. Minimising the free-living larval stage by a reduction of the number of instars, by larval instar curtailment, or by endoparasitism is here hypothesised to be an advantageous life history strategy for many termite-associated phorids. Termite-associated phorids can be divided into four main types, according to their biology and morphology. The exploitive- and generalistic-types include both obligate and non-obligate termite associates that take advantage of the more vulnerable stages of the termites. The protective- and guest-types are obligate associates, spending full larval and pupal stages with their hosts. The guest-type is described as being socially integrated, communicating with the host and being involved in worker/nymph interactions.
Arthropod richness in roadside verges in the Netherlands
Authors: Noordijk Jinze , Raemakers Ivo , Schaffers André , Sýkora Karlè
Published: July 2010

Urbanisation and intensification of agriculture has led to large scale destruction of natural and semi-natural areas in Western Europe. Consequentially, the conservation of biodiversity in small landscape units has become a matter of increasing urgency. In this paper, we inventoried the arthropod diversity in roadside verges in the Netherlands and studied the relative importance of these linear elements. In addition, the occurrence of arthropods in roadside verges in other countries was studied by literature research. In the period 1998-2008, we sampled 57 roadside verges. This was mainly done by pitfall trapping, using sweeping nets and insect nets, and by sight observations. For several arthropod groups the majority of the Dutch indigenous species was sampled: ants (56% of the indigenous species), grasshoppers (53%), harvestmen (67%) and two spider families (52% and 68%). For ground beetles, weevils, butterflies, bees, hoverflies and three other spider families, values between 18–41% were found. Considering that only a minute fraction of the vast network of roadsides was sampled, these figures are remarkably high. Roadside verges are occasionally reported to act as dispersal corridors for exotic species, but this could not be confirmed for arthropods in the Netherlands. Several of the arthropod species inventoried in the Dutch verges are classified as threatened: five grasshopper and eleven bee species appear on national Red Lists and six ant species on the IUCN Red List. Also, in several other countries roadside verges in intensively used landscapes appear to offer opportunities for arthropod conservation. We conclude that, if rightly managed, roadside verges can serve as an important and valuable arthropod habitat. Therefore, we strongly recommend taking always into account the conservation of these arthropod assemblages during planning and actual management of roadside verges.
The arboreal ant community visiting extrafloral nectaries in the Neotropical cerrado savanna
Authors: Ribas Carla , Oliveira Paulo , Sobrinho Tathiana , Schoereder José , Madureira Marcelo
Published: July 2010

The cerrado savanna of Brazil embraces an area of approximately 2 million km2, in which vegetation physiognomies may vary from open grassland to forest with a discontinuous herbaceous layer. Here we describe the main ecological factors accounting for the prevalence of ants on cerrado foliage, and present a general characterization of the arboreal ant fauna of this savanna. The high incidence of ants on cerrado foliage results mostly from the wide occurrence of predictable liquid food sources in the form of extrafloral nectaries (EFNs) and insect honeydew, which act as efficient promoters of ant activity on vegetation. In addition, stem galleries and cavities constructed by boring beetles and insect galls create a nesting space frequently used by arboreal ants. Specific studies involving ants, herbivores and plants are reported to demonstrate the impact that foliage-dwelling ants can have on phytophagous insects, herbivory levels, and ultimately on host plants. These studies show that: (i) ants visit EFNs and likely benefit from this resource; (ii) EFN-gathering ants can benefit particular plant species by reducing herbivory and increasing plant fitness; (iii) presence of EFNs does not affect ant species richness within a given tree; (iv) there is not a particular ant species composition typical of plants with EFNs; (v) although plants with EFNs are visited by more ant individuals than non-nectariferous plants, this visitation pattern does not translate into lower numbers of herbivores on the nectariferous plant community. We suggest some promising research avenues to elucidate how community-level parameters can be tied to the ecology of ant-plant associations in cerrado.
Chemical ecology of Carpophilus sap beetles (Coleoptera: Nitidulidae) and development of an environmentally friendly method of crop protection
Authors: Bartelt Robert , Hossain Mofakhar
Published: July 2010

Nitidulid beetles of the genus Carpophilus are significant pests of a wide variety of fruits and grains and are also vectors of harmful microorganisms. The beetles are difficult to control with conventional insecticides because the beetle damage typically occurs just before harvest, when toxic residues must be avoided. These insects are generally attracted to scents such as from overripe or decomposing fruit. Starting in the 1960's, research was done to develop fermenting fruit and similar materials as trap baits, initially with the intent of achieving beetle control. These studies provided much new information about the ecology and chemistry of host location, but they did not prove successful in protecting crops from beetle damage. Beginning in the late 1980's, pheromones were discovered in Carpophilus beetles. These were potent, male-produced aggregation pheromones, and over the next 20 years much new information was gained about their ecological properties, physiology, and novel chemistry. Importantly, the pheromones were strongly synergistic with fermenting host odors, and the combination was far more attractive than fruit-related baits or pheromones alone, which greatly improved the ability to attract these pests to traps. A practical attract-and-kill method using the pheromones and host volatiles has been developed in Australia and shown to be at least as effective as insecticides for protecting stone fruit crops.
Völkerbund Und Einseitige Abrüstung
Authors: Wehberg Hans
Published: July 2010

Die Frage der Zulässigkeit einseitiger Abrüstung spielt in der öffentlichen Diskussion der skandinavischen Staaten, Hollands und der Schweiz eine von Jahr zu Jahr zunehmende Rolle. Während man vor dem Weltkriege. im Zusammenhang mit dem Problem der einseitigen Abrüstung meines Wissens niemals die Behauptung aufgestellt hat, dass ein Staat völkerrechtlich dazu verpflichtet sei, Truppen aufrecht zu erhalten, findet man nach Gründung des Völkerbundes vielfach die Meinung vertreten, dass die einseitige Abrüstung mit den aus der Satzung des Völkerbundes und dem Völkerrechte sich ergebenden Pflichten unvereinbar sei. Im folgenden soll untersucht werden, ob dieser Standpunkt berechtigt ist oder nicht.
Einige Bemerkungen Über Die Völkerrechtliche Stellung Islands
Authors: Arnörsson Einar
Published: July 2010

Wenn die völkerrechtliche Stellung Islands dargestellt werden soll, so muss man zwischen der völkerrechtlichen Stellung Islands Dänemark gegenüber und der völkerrechtlichen Stellung Islands im allgemeinen unterscheiden. Am zweckmässigsten ist es, die völkerrechtliche Stellung Islands Dänemark gegenüber zuerst zu behandeln, weil sie im wesentlichen die Grundlage für die allgemeine völkerrechtliche Stellung Islands bildet.
The Rule of Law in Peace and Capacity Building Operations: Moving beyond a Conventional State-Centred Imagination
Authors: Hunt Charles , Hughes Bryn
Published: July 2010

Although the 'rule of law' is now widely recognised as indispensable to effective peace operations, its delineation remains elusive. Researchers contest its substance while those most responsible for its implementation (e. g. the United Nations) promulgate only abstract notions needed to inform detailed decisions. At its worst, this means that competing reform activities undermine each other, making long term success less likely. The questions we address are about the deficiencies in how rule of law is conceived. Particular attention is paid to the little recognised assumption that the Weberian state ideal corresponds to the societies on the receiving end of international interventions. After a review of extant academic and practitioner viewpoints, we set out a postWeberian framework which expands the dominant imagination to include non-state rule of law 'providers'. We argue that the optimum sources for immediate yet sustainable rule of law solutions may often be those which bear little resemblance to the conventional state-based providers that populate mainstream conceptions.
Reflections on the Peacekeeping Failure in Darfur: Is There Any Substance to the 'Responsibility to Protect'?
Authors: Barber Rebecca
Published: July 2010

This paper examines the failure of the African Mission in Sudan (AMIS) to provide protection to civilians in Darfur, and considers the relevance, in this context, of the emerging doctrine of responsibility to protect. It is argued that while the existence of the responsibility to protect has been widely endorsed, there has been relatively scant attention paid to its content. In the context of the AMIS intervention in Darfur, this paper considers the question of what the responsibility to protect actually entails: for peace-support operations, for the states that send them, and most importantly, for the civilian population that expects to be protected by the soldiers sent to protect them. Because the responsibility to protect (as described by the International Commission on State Sovereignty (ICISS) and endorsed by the UN Secretary General, the General Assembly and the Security Council) says little as to positive obligations, such as might require peacesupport operations to actively protect, this paper considers whether there are obligations that can be drawn from international human rights or international humanitarian law that may assist in locating a substantive content for the responsibility to protect. It is suggested, in conclusion, that it is in the law of occupation that we come closest to finding a legal responsibility to protect.