bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impact analysis of flexible interconnection devices in distribution networks and a setting calculation method for overcurrent protection scheme
Authors: He Ningyi , Yuan Zhichang , Guo Peiqian , Li Hongtao , Li Zijin , Wang Bo , Wang Chen , Xiang Miaoyi
Published: January 2025

The integration of flexible interconnection devices (FIDs) into distribution networks introduces complexities in power flow management under both normal and transient/fault conditions, thereby decreasing the selectivity, sensitivity, and reliability of common current protection schemes. This article examines the impact of FIDs on existing current protection arrangements and proposes a novel method for recalculating the overcurrent protection setting. The AC output characteristics of the FID for a short period after AC fault occurrence are first investigated. It is followed by an analysis of FID's impact on the three‐stage current protection scheme in flexible interconnected distribution networks, conducted through theoretical calculations in MATLAB and simulations in PSCAD/EMTDC. A quantitative assessment of the mal‐operation and non‐operation of current protection caused by FIDs of varying capacities, power flow directions, and locations, with a focus on the typical 10 kV 10MVA FID, is also performed. Based on the above findings, a calculation and modification method for Stage III overcurrent protection setting is presented to address mal‐operation issues in FID‐based distribution networks, with its feasibility validated through electromagnetic transient simulations.
Line detections in photospheric radius expansion bursts from 4U 1820-303
Authors: Barra F. , Barret D. , Pinto C. , Di Salvo T. , Weinberg N. , Guichandut S.
Published: January 2025

Context. The Neutron star Interior Composition ExploreR (NICER) is the instrument of choice for the spectral analysis of type I X-ray bursts, as it provides high throughput at the X-ray CCD resolution down to 0.3 keV.

Aims. Triggered by the detection of absorption and emission lines in the first four photospheric radius expansion (PRE) bursts detected by NICER, we wish to test the dependence of the absorption line energies on the inferred blackbody radius because it was reported that the absorption line energies were positively correlated with the inferred blackbody radius. This was tentatively explained by a combination of a weaker gravitational redshift and higher blueshifts in a burst with a larger blackbody radius.

Methods. We thus reanalysed these four bursts and analysed another eight bursts from 4U 1820-303, for which we report evidence for PRE. We first followed the spectral evolution of the burst on the shortest possible timescales (tenth of a second). We adopted two parallel continuum descriptions to characterise the photospheric expansion and line evolution. Using the accretion-enhanced model, in which the burst emission is modelled as the sum of a blackbody and a component describing the persistent emission recorded prior to the burst and multiplied by a constant (fa), we inferred maximum equivalent blackbody radii up to ∼900 km. The peak bolometric (0.1–20 keV) luminosity reached between 4 and 7 × 1038 erg s−1 (and even higher when absorption from a putative photoionised absorber is accounted for) in our sample of bursts. This exceeds the Eddington luminosity of a helium accretor. In individual bursts, we detected absorption lines and assessed their significance through extensive Monte Carlo simulations. To characterise the spectral lines, we used dedicated plasma codes available within SPEX with a phenomenological continuum. A deep search throughout the temperature–velocity parameter space was run to explore Doppler shifts and minimise the chance of becoming stuck in local minima.

Results. We detected several significant (> 99.9 % significance) absorption lines, including the 2.97 keV line that was previously reported. We do not confirm the correlation between the line energies and the inferred blackbody radius, but for some bursts with larger radii, up to four lines are reported, and the line strength is higher. From the modelling of the feature lines, a photoionised or collisionally ionised slightly redshifted (almost rest-frame) gas in emission is suggested in most cases. In particular for the burst presenting the greatest PRE, a combination of photoionisation plasma in emission and absorption is preferred, however.
Populations of neutron star ultraluminous X-ray sources
Authors: Kovlakas Konstantinos , Misra Devina , Amato Roberta , Luca Israel Gian
Published: January 2025

Ultraluminous X-ray sources (ULXs) with neutron star (NS) accretors pose a challenge to traditional accretion models, sparking a debate regarding the role of geometrical beaming and strong magnetic fields (B). The reduction of the Thomson cross-section in the presence of strong B leads to a modification of the Eddington limit; therefore, it is expected to affect significantly the observational appearance of NS-ULXs. We investigate the role of this modification using population synthesis models and explore its effects on the X-ray luminosity functions, spin-up rates, and outflow energetics of the observed NS-ULXs. Our results show that the new prescription allows NS-ULXs to achieve super-Eddington luminosities with a milder beaming compared to before, improving the agreement with observations. In addition, it broadens the range of spin-up rates, allowing for more diverse conditions in NS-ULXs in terms of accretion rates and magnetic fields. More importantly, the reduced beaming increases the likelihood of observing the NS-ULXs within wind-powered nebulae, such as NGC 5907 ULX-1. Our findings highlight the need to take B effects into account, independently of the usual approach based on geometrical beaming or strong B. Finally, we call for magnetospheric accretion prescriptions that can be integrated in population synthesis codes.
PHENIX highlights: Recent results from PHENIX
Authors: Shimomura Maya
Published: January 2025

The Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) PHENIX experiment has provided new insights into the behavior of quark-gluon plasma (QGP) under extreme conditions. While PHENIX concluded data collection in 2016, the collaboration remains actively engaged in analyzing the rich dataset yielding the following three important results recently. (1) Heavy flavor (HF) with charm and bottom quark separation indicates a clear mass dependence observed in central collisions. Additionally, forward rapidity J/ψ and v2 measurements show a result consistent with zero, in contrast to LHC findings. (2) Precise direct photon yields obtained via large statistical datasets, spanning a wide range of transverse momentum (pT) and centrality bins have the scaling behavior across various large systems, and non-prompt direct photon results reveal temperature (Teff) dependence on pT. (3) Charged hadron production was examined in collision systems of varying sizes, revealing that RAA is primarily dependent on the overlap volume (Npart). Moreover, RdAu obtained by experimental Ncoll suggests the clear yield suppression in central collisions.
Strange Resonances and Exotic States
Authors: Knospe Anders G.
Published: January 2025

In these proceedings, I discuss how strange resonances and exotic states are used as unique probes in the field of ultrarelativistic heavy-ion physics. These particles can be used to study the properties of the hadronic phase of ion-ion collisions, the hadrochemistry of the system, flow and vorticity in the hot and dense medium, and the structures of the hadrons themselves. I provide an overview of recent results to illustrate these concepts.
Experimental Search on the QCD Critical Point
Authors: Zhang Yu
Published: January 2025

The QCD critical point is a landmark on the QCD phase diagram, attracting much effort to confirm its location. In these proceedings, we present recent experimental progress in the search for the QCD critical point. The results, comparisons with models, and implications for the QCD critical point will also be discussed.
Recent theoretical developments in quarkonia production in relativistic heavy ion collisions
Authors: Zhao Jiaxing
Published: January 2025

Quarkonia are golden probes of heavy ion collisions that have attracted much attention from both experimental and theoretical perspectives. This paper will review recent theoretical studies on quarkonium thermal properties, with a particular focus on the heavy quark finite-temperature potential obtained by Lattice QCD and other approaches. Moreover, it will examine the advancements in the real-time evolution of quarkonia in heavy ion collisions.
Molecular states with charm: Insights from vacuum and finite-temperature analyses
Authors: Torres-Rincon Juan M.
Published: January 2025

This contribution to the SQM2024 conference covers the molecular hypothesis for the internal structure of some open and hidden charm states. The use of effective theories that incorporate heavy-quark spin symmetry, combined with unitarization techniques, has provided strong evidences supporting this interpretation. In the heavy-light sector, we discuss the double pole structure of the D*0(2300) and the generation of the D*s0(2317). In the hidden charm sector, we focus on the exotic X(3872) and its heavy-quark partner, the X(4014). Furthermore, we emphasize the benefits of femtoscopic measurements in p + p collisions to establish the nature of these states, as well as the potential role of temperature to discern their internal structure.
Investigation of charm-quark hadronization into baryons in hadronic collisions with ALICE
Authors: Cho Jaeyoon
Published: January 2025

A comprehensive investigation into charm-baryon production provides insight into understanding charm-quark hadronization process. In this contribution, the charm-quark hadronization mechanism is discussed in terms of the production yield ratio between charm hadron species measured by ALICE Collaboration. Measurements of Λc+, ∑c0,+ +, Ξc0,+ and Ωc0 in pp collisions, Λc+ and Ξc0 in p–Pb collisions are presented, together with the Λc+ measurement in larger collision systems, Pb–Pb collisions. Furthermore, the charm-quark hadronization mechanism is discussed based on the fragmentation fractions computed for pp and p–Pb collisions. A preliminary result on ∑c0,+ + measurement with Run 3 data is also presented.
Diffusion of heavy quarks in the early stage of high-energy nuclear collisions
Authors: Pooja  , Das Santosh Kumar , Greco Vincenzo , Ruggieri Marco
Published: January 2025

We study the diffusion of heavy quarks in the early stage of highenergy nuclear collisions. The pre-equilibrium stage of relativistic heavy-ion collisions, commonly known as Glasma, evolves according to the classical Yang-Mills equations. Heavy quarks are coupled to the evolving Glasma fields via relativistic kinetic theory. We compute the momentum broadening, σp as well as the angular momentum fluctuations of heavy quarks in the early stage, which turn out to be anisotropic due to the anisotropy of the background gluon fields. We observe that σp ∝ t2 at very initial times. This non-Markovian diffusion of heavy quarks in the early stages is explained by the memory effect present in the gluon fields.
Testing CPT symmetry via precision mass measurements of multi-strange baryons in ALICE
Authors: Schotter Romain
Published: January 2025

In these proceedings, the measurements of the Ξ−, Ξ¯+, Ω¯, Ω¯+ masses and the mass differences between particle and anti-particle have been measured in pp collisions collected by the ALICE Collaboration during LHC Run 2. The results significantly improve the precision from previous experiments, thus allowing direct tests of CPT symmetry to an unprecedented level of precision in the multi-strange baryon sector.
Strangeness production in pp and pPb collisions at LHCb
Authors: Landesa Gómez Clara
Published: January 2025

Strange hadron production provides information about the hadronisation process in high-energy hadron collisions. Strangeness enhancement has been interpreted as a signature of quark-gluon plasma formation in heavy-ion collisions, and recent observations of strangeness enhancement in small collision systems have challenged conventional hadronisation models. With its forward geometry and excellent particle identification capabilities, the LHCb detector is well-suited to study strangeness production in a unique kinematic region. Recent studies of strangeness production with the LHCb detector are presented, including measurements of strangeness enhancement in the charmand beauty-hadron systems.
Measurement of strange baryon production in charged-particle jets in pp and p-Pb collisions with ALICE
Authors: van Weelden Gijs
Published: January 2025

The enhancement of the ratio of strange to non-strange hadrons with increasing charged-particle multiplicity density is often interpreted as a signature of the medium formed in heavy-ion collisions. However, this effect has also been observed in smaller systems, such as pp and p–Pb collisions. Understanding this effect requires a detailed description of the production mechanisms of strange hadrons in and out of jets. In this manuscript published results on the production of KS0, Λ(Λ¯), Ξ± and Ω± hadrons in charged-particle jets and the underlying event in pp and p-Pb collisions measured by ALICE are presented. In addition, a new analysis of in-jet fragmentation into Λ and KS0 hadrons in pp collisions at √s = 13.6 TeV from LHC Run 3 data is shown.
Heavy Flavour Energy Loss in Small and Large Systems
Authors: Faraday Coleridge , Horowitz W. A.
Published: January 2025

We present suppression results for high-pT D and π mesons produced in p/d + A and A + A collisions at RHIC and LHC. These results are computed using a convolved elastic and radiative energy loss model, which receives small system size corrections to both the elastic and radiative energy loss. We observe that suppression in small systems is almost entirely due to elastic energy loss; furthermore, we find that our model is acutely sensitive to the transition between hard thermal loop and vacuum propagators in the elastic energy loss. Finally, we consider the central limit theorem approximation, which is commonly used to model the elastic energy loss distribution as Gaussian.
Charm and Bottom hadron production with a coalescence plus fragmentation hadronization approach: AA system size scan down to pp collisions
Authors: Plumari Salvatore , Minissale Vincenzo , Greco Vincenzo
Published: January 2025

Heavy baryon production in pp, pA, and AA collisions at RHIC and LHC energies provides new challenges to the theoretical understanding of heavy-quark hadronization. In recent years, a hybrid coalescence-plusfragmentation model has successfully predicted the large baryon/meson ratio observed in AA and pp collisions. This approach also predicts an enhancement of Ξc and Ωc production in pp collisions that is in agreement with the recent ALICE data. In this paper, we provide predictions for bottom hadrons in PbPb and pp collisions at LHC energies. The comparison between charm and bottom hadron production offers new insights into both the hadronization mechanisms. Finally, the extension of the model to multi-charmed baryons like Ξcc and Ωccc has shown that multi-charmed baryon yields, especially Ωccc, are sensitive to the thermalization of charm quarks, offering insights into hadronization and quark equilibration dynamics across different systems.
Open heavy flavor production at LHCb
Authors: Wang Jianqiao
Published: January 2025

The LHCb experiment is a dedicated heavy-flavor experiment at the LHC and is uniquely well-suited to studying heavy-flavor production in heavyion collisions. Open heavy-flavor production studies at LHCb provide strong constraints on nuclear parton densities and probe the hadronization process in the hot, dense, nuclear media produced in heavy-ion collisions. Recent measurements of heavy-flavor production in heavy-ion collisions with the LHCb detector are presented, including studies of charm and beauty baryon production.
RAA and υn: Relativistic transport approach for charm and bottom toward a more solid phenomenological determination of Ds(T)
Authors: Sambataro Maria Lucia , Plumari Salvatore , Minissale Vincenzo , Parisi Gabriele , Greco Vincenzo
Published: January 2025

Quasi-Particle Model (QPM) allows for a good description of the main features of thermodynamics computed via lattice QCD (lQCD) and for charm quark supplies a satisfying description of RAA and υ2,3 of D mesons. Within an event-by-event full Boltzmann transport approach followed by a hybrid hadronization via coalescence plus fragmentation, we investigate the extension to bottom quark dynamics discussing predictions for RAA and υ2,3 of B mesons comparing to the available experimental data by ALICE collaboration on electrons from B meson decay. Furthermore, we extend our QPM approach to a more realistic model in which partonic propagators explicitly depend on quark momentum (QPMp) following Dyson-Schwinger studies. The QPMp improves the description of quark susceptibilities computed via lQCD, understimated in the standard QPM approach and entails a Ds with a stronger nonperturbative behaviour near to Tc which leads to a better agreement with the recent lQCD data.
Charm and beauty production in hadronic collisions via muon measurements at forward rapidity with ALICE
Authors: Zhang Maolin
Published: January 2025

The latest results from the ALICE Collaboration on the measurements of open heavy flavours in the (di)muon channel at forward rapidity are presented. In the LHC Run 3, the new Muon Forward Tracker (MFT) adds vertex capabilities to the muon spectrometer, providing a unique way to discriminate muons from charm- and beauty-hadron decays. The analysis strategy is discussed and the status of the measurements in pp collisions at √s = 13.6 TeV collected with the upgraded ALICE detector is reported.
Simulating Charm Quarks in IP-Glasma Initial Stage and Quark-Gluon Plasma: A Hybrid Approach for charm quark phenomenology
Authors: Gale Charles , Jeon Sangyong , Kurian Manu , Schenke Björn , Singh Mayank
Published: January 2025

We present phenomenological findings on charm quark transport while including its energy loss in both pre-equilibrium and hydrodynamic stages of the evolution. We employed the MARTINI event generator for the production and evolution of heavy quarks in the relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The sensitivity of the heavy meson nuclear modification factor and flow coeffcient to the early stage of heavy-ion collisions and bulk medium evolution is analyzed for Pb+Pb collisions at 5.02 TeV. Our study provides insights into the interaction strength of charm quarks during the early phase and within the quark-gluon plasma.
Critical Point Fluctuations in Heavy-Ion Collisions within Molecular Dynamics with Expansion
Authors: Kuznietsov Volodymyr A. , Vovchenko Volodymyr , Koch Volker , Gorenstein Mark I.
Published: January 2025

We analyze particle number fluctuations near the critical endpoint of a first-order phase transition using molecular dynamics simulations of the Lennard-Jones fluid. Building on our previous study [V.A. Kuznietsov et al., Phys. Rev. C 105, 044903 (2022)], we incorporate longitudinal collective flow. The scaled variance of particle number distributions in various coordinate and momentum space acceptances is computed through ensemble averaging, confirming previous time-averaging results. We find that significant collective flow is crucial for observing large fluctuations from the critical point in momentum space. These results are discussed in the context of heavy-ion collisions.
Study of baryon-strangeness and charge-strangeness correlations in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV with ALICE
Authors: Saha Swati
Published: January 2025

In the quest to unravel the mysteries of the strong force and the underlying properties of the quark-gluon plasma, the ALICE collaboration at CERN has carried out a comprehensive study focusing on the correlations between net-conserved quantities such as net-baryon, net-charge and net- strangeness. These correlations play a crucial role in the study of QCD phase structure as they are closely related to the ratios of thermodynamic susceptibilities in lattice QCD calculations. This work mainly focuses on the correlations between net-kaon and net-proton, and net-kaon and net-charge in Pb–Pb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV using data recorded during LHC Run 2. The net-proton and net-kaon serve as proxies for net-baryon and net-strangeness, respectively, with measurements analyzed as a function of collision centrality. Theoretical predictions from the Thermal-FIST model are compared with experimental results, providing insights into the effects of resonance decays and charge conservation laws on the correlations.
Equilibrium expectations for non-Gaussian fluctuations near a QCD critical point
Authors: Karthein Jamie M. , Pradeep Maneesha , Rajagopal Krishna , Stephanov Mikhail , Yin Yi
Published: January 2025

With the highly anticipated results from the Beam Energy Scan II program at RHIC being recently revealed, an understanding of particle-number fluctuations and their significance as a potential signature of a possible QCD critical point is crucial. Early works that embarked on this endeavor sought to estimate the fluctuations due to the presence of a critical point assuming they stay in equilibrium. From these results came the proposal to focus efforts on higher, non-Gaussian, moments of the event-by-event distributions, in particular of the number of protons. These non-Gaussian moments are especially sensitive to critical fluctuations, as their magnitudes are proportional to high powers of the critical correlation length. As the equation of state provides key input for hydrodynamical simulations of heavy-ion collisions, we estimate equilibrium fluctuations from the BEST equation of state (EoS) that includes critical features from the 3D Ising Model. In particular, the proton factorial cumulants and their dependence on non-universal mapping parameters is investigated within the BEST EoS. Furthermore, the correlation length, as a central quantity for the assessment of fluctuations in the vicinity of a critical point, is also calculated in a consistent manner with the scaling equation of state. An understanding of the equilibrium estimates of proton factorial cumulants will be useful for further comparison to estimates of out-of-equilibrium fluctuations in order to determine the magnitude of the observable fluctuations to be expected in heavyion collision experiments, in which the time spent near a critical point is short.
The ITS3 detector and physics reach of the LS3 ALICE Upgrade
Authors: Wang Chun-Zheng
Published: January 2025

During Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Long Shutdown 3 (LS3) (2026-30), the ALICE experiment is replacing its inner-most three tracking layers by a new detector, Inner Tracking System 3. It will be based on newly developed wafer-scale monolithic active pixel sensors, which are bent into truly cylindrical layers and held in place by light mechanics made from carbon foam. Unprecedented low values of material budget (per layer) and closeness to interaction point (19 mm) lead to a factor two improvement in pointing resolutions from very low pT (O(100MeV/c)), achieving, for example, 20 µm and 15 µm in the transversal and longitudinal directions, respectively, for 1 GeV/c primary charged pions. After a successful R&D phase 2019-2023, which demonstrated the feasibility of this innovational detector, the final sensor and mechanics are being developed. This contribution briefly reviews the conceptual design and the main R&D achievements, as well as the current activities and road to completion and installation. It concludes with a projection of the improved physics performance, in particular for heavy-flavour hadrons, as well as for thermal dielectrons, that will come into reach with this new detector installed.
Fast timing silicon R&D for the future Electron-Ion Collider
Authors: Li Xuan , Renner Eric , Liu Ming , Sondheim Walter , Sanchez Carlos Solans , Nuñez Marcos Vazquez , Gonzalez Vicente , Morales Yasser Corrales
Published: January 2025

The proposed Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) will utilize high- luminosity high-energy electron+proton (e + p) and electron+nucleus (e + A) collisions to solve several fundamental questions including searching for gluon saturation and studying the proton/nuclear structure. Complementary to the ongoing EIC project detector technical prototype carried out by the ePIC collaboration, a Depleted Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (i.e., MALTA2) based fast timing silicon tracking detector (FMT) has been proposed to provide additional hits for track reconstruction in the forward region at the EIC to improve the overall track reconstruction quality. The fast timing resolution of the MALTA2 technology will help reject background events at the EIC as well. Progress of latest MALTA2 R&D, the development of a new MALTA2 quad-sensor prototype module and impacts of the proposed FMT in EIC physics studies will be discussed.
Signals of initial state quantum entanglement in relativistic particle collision
Authors: Bellwied Rene , Hutson Alek
Published: January 2025

We present thermodynamic entropy calculations based on charged particle multiplicity data from proton-proton collisions measured by ALICE at the LHC in comparison to entanglement entropy calculations based on initial state parton distributions. The relative agreement of these distributions can be quantified by studying their higher order cumulants. The commonalities between the initial and final state entropy suggest that entanglement could be a possible source for the seemingly thermal and collective behavior in small systems.
Probing Hydrodynamics in PbPb Collisions at 5.02 TeV with Higher-order Cumulants
Authors: Dattamunsi Aryaa
Published: January 2025

The elliptic flow of charged hadrons is studied through multiparticle correlations in PbPb collisions at √sNN = 5.02 TeV, corresponding to an integrated luminosity of 0.607 nb−1. v2 {2k} are measured up to the tenth order (k = 5) as functions of the collision centrality. They are shown to follow the ordering : v2{2} > v2{4} ≳ v2{6} ≳ v2{8} ≳ v2{10}. The centrality-dependent moments - skewness, kurtosis and, for the first time, superskewness, are measured for the fluctuation-driven event-by-event v2 distribution. These moments can be good probes of the initial-state geometry in high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions, assuming a hydrodynamic expansion.
Réseaux de coexpression de gènes : concepts et applications
Authors: Durand Charles , Charbord Pierre
Published: January 2025

L’avènement des données massives en biologie (les technologies « omics ») et l’établissement de nouveaux algorithmes offrent aux biologistes l’opportunité d’explorer les processus du vivant dans le cadre de la biologie intégrative afin de révéler les interactions entre gènes, les réseaux, rendant compte des fonctions cellulaires complexes. Nous discutons dans cet article de deux méthodes de reconstruction de réseaux de gènes, WGCNA (Weighted Gene Correlation Network Analysis), développée par Steve Horvath et ses collaborateurs en 2008, et MIIC (Multivariate Information-based Inductive Causation) proposée par Hervé Isambert et son équipe en 2017 et 2024. Ces deux méthodes sont complémentaires, la première générant des réseaux non orientés où les interactions sont majoritairement indirectes, la seconde mettant en évidence les interactions directes, dont certaines orientées. Nous illustrons ces aspects à l’aide de nos propres travaux de recherche visant à identifier les interactions entre gènes, essentielles à l’établissement de la fonction de soutien des cellules souches hématopoïétiques par les cellules stromales mésenchymateuses à un stade précoce du développement embryonnaire.
Des milliers d’années de relation homme-chien
Authors: Ollivier Morgane
Published: January 2025

Ces dernières années, de nombreux progrès ont été réalisés sur la compréhension de l’origine et l’évolution du chien. Grâce à la collaboration entre l’archéozoologie, la génomique et la paléogénétique, les chercheurs ont pu émettre des hypothèses de scénarios quant aux origines des lignées canines présentes en Europe à la fin du Pléistocène et au début de l’Holocène. Les recherches ont également montré une corrélation entre migration humaine et canine à travers le temps et l’espace, mettant en évidence une forte relation entre l’homme et son meilleur ami. Cette proximité entre les deux espèces s’illustre aussi par l’adaptation du chien aux pressions sélectives anthropiques, notamment en parallèle des transitions culturelles. Bien que l’histoire de cette espèce nécessite encore de nombreuses explorations pour être pleinement comprise, ces résultats apportent de nouvelles bases théoriques pour comprendre l’interaction entre l’homme et le chien.
Les effets de la pollution atmosphérique sur la santé, état des connaissances épidémiologiques
Authors: Savouré Marine , Jacquemin Bénédicte
Published: January 2025

Les effets sur la santé de la pollution atmosphérique sont depuis longtemps reconnus. Cependant, cette thématique de recherche est toujours d’actualité tant pour la communauté scientifique que pour la société. Le présent article a pour objectif de faire un état des lieux des principales connaissances en épidémiologie sur les effets de la pollution atmosphérique. Nous définirons tout d’abord ce qu’est la pollution atmosphérique, puis comment l’exposition aux différents polluants est estimée en épidémiologie. Enfin, nous présenterons trois exemples d’études épidémiologiques portant sur les effets de la pollution atmosphérique.
From single to multi-stage forming process of copper thin sheet
Authors: Lagroum Amine , Manach Pierre-Yves , Thuillier Sandrine
Published: January 2025

In the electronics industry sector, different types of parts made out of copper alloys are used, such as metal supports (lead frames), on which the chips are assembled. These parts are produced using progressive dies, with several blanking and bending stages. There is a huge interest to numerically predict these multistage forming processes, to decrease design time and to anticipate production problems such as non-compliance with dimensional tolerances depending on the material used. This paper deals with the progressive forming of copper parts with single and multi-stage process coupled with experimental and numerical approaches for bending operations. The main contribution of this study is the design of a single stage bending tool for rectangular samples representative of multi-stage industrial processes, providing a relevant experimental database for numerical model validation. This device is based on the technology of progressive dies, though it allows the production of one part at a time. Instrumentation provides local load and displacement and an experimental database is built for Cu-ETP R290 copper strip. A multi-stage bending industrial process dedicated to the manufacturing of electrical contacts is also considered in this study. Numerical models of both single and multi-stage processes are developed, with a focus on the technological importance of a cam slider for the industrial process. The results show that the bending force is mainly influenced by the sample width. In addition, numerical models for the rectangular geometries capture some of the trends from the experiment such as the proportionality of the maximum force with the bent width. Overall, the models are able to predict springback within the process tolerance. Finally, comparison of one stage of the bending sequence with the single stage bending model showed that the single model approach gives similar results in terms of load and plastic deformation.
Anthropocène, la fin de l’homme ? Retour sur un colloque à l’École polytechnique
Authors: Sentis Thomas
Published: January 2025

Cet article rend compte du colloque de sciences sociales intitulé « Anthropocène, la fin de l’homme ? », qui s’est tenu les 28 et 29 septembre 2023 à l’École polytechnique. Histoire, anthropologie et philosophie y ont dialogué autour de la notion d’Anthropocène, dans laquelle la figure de l’homme est centrale, mais où elle semble aussi dépassée, chargée des catégories d’une modernité qui s’achève. Si l’histoire ne peut plus être pensée comme progrès, et si l’homme est déchu de son surplomb sur la nature, quel avenir reste-t-il ? Les interventions ont proposé différentes perspectives : notre époque peut être celle des devenirs nouveaux de l’humain, par lesquels nous pourrions apprendre à habiter la Terre ; elle peut être aussi celle d’un autre rapport à l’histoire, sans utopie et sans futur écrit d’avance, où l’histoire retrouve son rôle de sage conseillère ; notre époque peut, enfin, renoncer à l’idéal moderne du progrès sans pour autant perdre de vue celui de l’émancipation.
The spatial dimension of the Olympics: the case of the Winter Games
Authors: della Sala Valerio
Published: January 2025

The editions of the Olympic Games have created a major urban transformation, allowing for a new critical perspective on the latest urban dimension of the Games; in particular, the winter edition underwent profound transformations in spatial patterns. The study analyses the different spatial models of the Winter Olympic Games that have developed up to the present day. Focusing on the relationship between the Olympic Village and the urban fabric will provide valuable tools for evaluating the Olympic event on the subject territory. These spatial models show the importance of the spatial impact of the Olympic Village on the city, allowing us to consider Olympic urbanism as an asset that cannot be destroyed in the post-Olympic phase. Since the first Winter Olympic Games in Chamonix in 1924, the event has been organised in mountain resorts with ski resorts, sports halls and accommodation facilities. We will observe how the winter edition since Oslo 1952 has complexified into a broader spatial model. Therefore, we will analyse how creating new structures will always entail territorial changes and new impacts on the internal connections of the city and the territory. The research proposes an innovative analysis of Olympic urbanism in general and of Olympic villages in particular, which consolidates the field of study that Olympic urbanism represents and offers a valuable document for the future construction of new Olympic villages in the coming decades. In addition, the study aims to reflect on the specific case of Turin in 2006 to observe how the regional model has become the model favoured by future candidate cities. Through the analysis, we will observe how the winter edition has become a model permanently embedded in the regional strategies of host cities. We will see how the Olympic event can be crucial for planning regional infrastructure, transport systems, services and housing in regional areas.
Energy-gap subharmonics on characteristics of YBa2Cu3O7−x microbridges
Authors: Pogrebnyakov A. V. , Levinsen M. T. , Sheng Yu. K. , Freltoft T.
Published: January 2025

Microbridges formed in YBa2Cu3O7−x epitaxial films are investigated. The characteristics of the microbridges exhibit a subharmonic gap structure at voltages corresponding to the larger (2Δ1 = 49 meV) as well as smaller (2Δ2=10.3 meV) components of the energy gap at T= 4.2 K. The emergence of the subharmonic structure is attributed to Andreev reflection.
Direct measurements of the Bernoulli effect in superconductors
Authors: Chiang Yu. N. , Shevchenko O. G.
Published: January 2025

A method of measurement of the Bernoulli potential in superconductors with electron velocity close to critical is proposed. The maximum value of the Bernoulli potential is measured in a type I superconductor (tantalum). The obtained value indicates that the electron mass in a Cooper pair corresponds to the mass of a free electron.
Ballistic transport of a high-frequency signal in a superconductor
Authors: Bezuglyĭ E. V. , Voĭchuk A. V.
Published: January 2025

The temperature dependence of the velocity of a high-frequency signal (quasi-wave) transfer in a superconductor, associated with the dependence of the velocity of electron excitations on their energy, is investigated theoretically. The obtained results are in agreement with the results of measurements of the electron sound velocity in the superconducting state of Ga and Mo samples.
Employing algal extract for the fabrication of bimetallic nanoparticles: A powerful solution against tomato pathogenic fungi
Authors: Aldahasi Reham M. , Aabed Kawther , Alghamdi Sahar S. , Mohammed Afrah E.
Published: January 2025

This study explores the innovative use of an aqueous spirulina and chlorella mixture to synthesize bimetallic zinc/manganese nanoparticles (ZnO–Mn NPs), showcasing a sustainable approach to nanomaterial development. The nanoparticles were thoroughly characterized using advanced techniques, including UV–visible spectrophotometry, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), dynamic light scattering, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. These analyses revealed that the ZnO–Mn NPs have an average size of 314.4 nm, a polydispersity index of 0.28, and a zeta potential of −23.86 mV, indicating excellent stability and a uniform distribution. The antifungal properties of the synthesized nanoparticles were tested in vitro against key tomato pathogens, Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Fusarium equiseti. FTIR analysis highlighted the role of phytochemicals from the algal extracts in the reduction and capping of nanoparticles. While the antifungal activity observed was modest at the evaluated concentrations, the strong stability and biocompatibility of the nanoparticles underscore their potential as eco-friendly solutions in agricultural applications. This research highlights the promise of utilizing natural extracts to develop effective nanoparticles, offering a greener alternative for managing plant diseases and enhancing sustainable farming practices.
Monte Carlo analysis of electron transport coefficients and excitation rates of H2X1Σg+(ν) states in hydrogen plasma
Authors: Eshghi F. , Mahjour-Shafiei M.
Published: January 2025

In modeling the production of negative hydrogen ions via volume processes, the population of vibrationally excited states, denoted as H2X1Σg+(ν), is a crucial parameter. Additionally, electron swarm kinetic energy and transport coefficients are essential for fluid or hybrid simulations. This research employs the Monte Carlo method to determine electron transport coefficients for a wide range of E/N and the excitation rate of H2X1Σg+(ν) states in hydrogen plasma (for E/N from 5.46 to 260 Td), both in the absence of a magnetic field and under crossed magnetic fields of 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.2 T. We compare our transport coefficients with those derived from Bolsig+ and experimental data where accessible. Our findings for reduced mobilities, both along the electric field and in the E×B direction, show excellent agreement with Bolsig+ results. In the absence of a magnetic field, at reduced electric fields below 30 Td, the agreement between the present work, Bolsig+, and experimental data for both characteristic energy and mobility is very good. Above 120 Td, deviation from experimental data starts. However, the present simulation does a better job in predicting characteristic energy, which is crucial in obtaining excitation rates.
High-efficiency phase-locking of compact multi-beam relativistic extended interaction oscillator array for coherent power combinations
Authors: Du Chuangzhou , Xu Che , Xue Yuzhe , Liu Qingxiang
Published: January 2025

This study describes a phase-locking mechanism for a relativistic extended interaction oscillator (REIO) that employs a precisely engineered double-ridge waveguide. The mechanism effectively synchronizes four REIOs operating in 3π mode within an angular array through an equivalent coupling loop design. By optimizing the coupling loop structure, the cutoff frequency is reduced, and the coupling strength is properly maintained, ensuring efficient phase-locking with phase jitter confined within ±1.5°. The collective output power of the four REIOs is nearly four times that of a single free-running REIO, producing 550 MW of 5.68 GHz microwaves with an electronic efficiency of 43.5%.
Outer space cultivated regular eutectic cells with anomalous internal microstructures for rapidly solidifying Zr50V50 hypereutectic alloy
Authors: Wang Haipeng , Zheng Chenhui , Hu Liang , Liu Dingnan , Chang Jian , Yan Na , Wei Bingbo
Published: January 2025

The special type of regular eutectic cells with anomalous internal microstructures may improve advanced alloy performances but is difficult to cultivate on the ground because of the coupled effect between cell growth dynamics and strong natural convection. Here, outer space experiments aboard the China Space Station were designed to explore and cultivate this kind of special eutectic cells in the Zr50V50 hypereutectic alloy. It was found that the space environment under 10−5 g0 microgravity brought in much more and smaller eutectic cells on the alloy surface, in particular, the alloy droplet solidified at 160 K undercooling displayed priority growth of eutectic cells with anomalous internal microstructures. This was controlled by the more nuclei within the floating droplet resulting from much lower flow velocity, much weaker convection, and less uniform temperature distribution, as revealed by the thermophysical properties measured via space-based electrostatic technique. Furthermore, a critical anomalous eutectic transition undercooling range of 102–110 K was ascertained by the space interface migration dynamics. Our findings contribute to the method and principle of how to apply the outer space environment to cultivate extraordinary microstructures within eutectic alloys.
High-frequency jetting through axial forced vibration of jet tube
Authors: Zhang Yanqing , Hu Guofang , Xue Boce , Li Zihao , Wu Yuyao , He Weiwei , Yan Mingyu , Li Runsheng , Zhang Yanzhen
Published: January 2025

On-demand droplet jetting can be achieved through the axial reciprocating motion of the jet tube, which is a novel technology. However, its feasibility for high-frequency jetting has not been explored. In this study, it is found that when high-frequency driving signals are applied to the piezoelectric ceramic, the tube undergoes forced vibration, which enables repeatable jetting at frequencies of up to 10 kHz. This paper also investigates the effects of the vibration amplitude and frequency of the tube on the jetting behavior and reveals a linear relationship between the jet velocity and the tube vibration velocity amplitude.
FAM43A coordinates mtDNA replication and mitochondrial biogenesis in response to mtDNA depletion
Authors: Sainz Alva G. , Rojas Gladys R. , Moyzis Alexandra G. , Donnelly Matthew P. , Mangalhara Kailash C. , Johnson Melissa A. , Esparza-Moltó Pau B. , Grae Kym J. , Shaw Reuben J. , Shadel Gerald S.
Published: January 2025

Mitochondrial retrograde signaling (MRS) pathways relay the functional status of mitochondria to elicit homeostatic or adaptive changes in nuclear gene expression. Budding yeast have “intergenomic signaling” pathways that sense the amount of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) independently of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), the primary function of genes encoded by mtDNA. However, MRS pathways that sense the amount of mtDNA in mammalian cells remain poorly understood. We found that mtDNA-depleted IMR90 cells can sustain OXPHOS for a significant amount of time, providing a robust model system to interrogate human intergenomic signaling. We identified FAM43A, a largely uncharacterized protein, as a CHK2-dependent early responder to mtDNA depletion. Depletion of FAM43A activates a mitochondrial biogenesis program, resulting in an increase in mitochondrial mass and mtDNA copy number via CHK2-mediated upregulation of the p53R2 form of ribonucleotide reductase. We propose that FAM43A performs a checkpoint-like function to limit mitochondrial biogenesis and turnover under conditions of mtDNA depletion or replication stress.
Construction of tetrahedral mesh phantom for Chinese women of childbearing age
Authors: Zhang Haowei , Zhang Tiangui , Li XiaoLe , Liu Ying , Sun Li
Published: January 2025

Although the Boundary Representation (BREP) method creates detailed surface phantoms of Chinese women of childbearing age, these phantoms cannot be directly used in Monte Carlo simulations. They must first be converted into voxel phantoms, a process that may diminish some of the inherent advantages of the surface phantoms. Therefore, the aim of this study is to construct a tetrahedral mesh (TM) phantom of Chinese women of childbearing age based on the BREP phantom, incorporating micron-level structural refinements to certain organ tissues while maintaining the original model's structure. This TM phantom can be directly implemented into Monte Carlo codes to calculate the absorbed dose at different photon energies, demonstrating that both the structure and position of organ tissues affect the radiation dose. By achieving more accurate dose assessments, we can optimize radiation protection measures and reduce the potential risks to women of childbearing age.
REDT: a specialized transformer model for the respiratory phase and adventitious sound detection
Authors: Wang Jianhong , Dong Gaoyang , Shen Yufei , Xu Xiaoling , Zhang Minghui , Sun Ping
Published: January 2025

Background and objective. In contrast to respiratory sound classification, respiratory phase and adventitious sound event detection provides more detailed and accurate respiratory information, which is clinically important for respiratory disorders. However, current respiratory sound event detection models mainly use convolutional neural networks to generate frame-level predictions. A significant drawback of the frame-based model lies in its pursuit of optimal frame-level predictions rather than the best event-level ones. Moreover, it demands post-processing and is incapable of being trained in an entirely end-to-end fashion. Based on the above research status, this paper proposes an event-based transformer method - Respiratory Events Detection Transformer (REDT) for multi-class respiratory sound event detection task to achieve efficient recognition and localization of the respiratory phase and adventitious sound events. Approach. Firstly, REDT approach employs the Transformer for time-frequency analysis of respiratory sound signals to extract essential features. Secondly, REDT converts these features into timestamp representations and achieves sound event detection by predicting the location and category of timestamps. Main results. Our method is validated on the public dataset HF_Lung_V1. The experimental results show that our F1 scores for inspiration, expiration, continuous adventitious sound and discontinuous adventitious sound are 90.5%, 77.3%, 78.9%, and 59.4%, respectively. Significance. These results demonstrate the method’s significant performance in respiratory sound event detection.
40 years of JET operations: a unique contribution to fusion science
Authors: Rimini F G ,   JET Contributors,   the EUROfusion Tokamak Exploitation Team
Published: January 2025

During its 40 years of operations, the Joint European Torus (JET) tokamak has consistently pushed the physics and engineering boundaries of fusion research, providing the scientific community with a unique testing ground for theories and innovative ideas. This paper covers a selection of remarkable contributions of JET to various fields of tokamak science, from transport and plasma heating studies to plasma-wall interaction and D-T experiments, and their impact on the fusion research progress.