bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Carbon paste electrodes in the new millennium
Authors: Švancara Ivan , Walcarius Alain , Kalcher Kurt , Vytřas Karel
Published: October 2009

In this review (with 500 refs), both electrochemistry and electroanalysis with carbon paste-based electrodes, sensors, and detectors are of interest, when attention is focused on the research activities in the years of new millennium. Concerned are all important aspects of the field, from fundamental investigations with carbon paste as the electrode material, via laboratory examination of the first electrode prototypes, basic and advanced studies of various electrode processes and other phenomena, up to practical applications to the determination of inorganic ions, complexes, and molecules. The latter is presented in a series of extensive tables, offering a nearly complete survey of methods published within the period of 2001–2008. Finally, the latest trends and outstanding achievements are also outlined and future prospects given.
Equilibrium isotherm analysis of the sorption of congo red by palm kernel coat
Authors: Oladoja Nurudeen , Ololade Isaac , Idiaghe Justice , Egbon Emmanuel
Published: October 2009

The ability of Palm Kernel Coat (PKC), a waste agricultural product, in the abstraction of Congo Red (CR), an anionic dye, from aqueous solution was studied. The effects of sorbent dose and temperature were studied using batch sorption system. Isotherm experiments were conducted and the data obtained were fitted with different equilibrium isotherm equations namely, Langmuir, Freundlich, Dubinin-Radushkevich (D-R), Temkin, Harkins-Jura and Halsey isotherm equations. The Langmuir isotherm equation gave the best description of the sorption process and the maximum saturated monolayer sorption capacity of the PKC for CR was 79.37 mg g−1. Harkins-Jura isotherm equation gave the poorest description of the sorption process. The linear form of the Langmuir equation was used to analyze the data obtained when the sorbent dosage was optimized by method of continuous variation. The results obtained showed that the equilibrium monolayer sorption capacity, qm, of the PKC for CR decreased (79.37–17.07 mg g−1) with an increase in sorbent dosage. The relationship between the dimensionless parameter, KR, and initial concentration, Co, showed that the sorption of CR was favored at higher initial dye concentration and PKC dosages than the lower ones. The thermodynamic parameters, such as change in the free energy, the enthalpy and the entropy, were also evaluated. The thermodynamic analysis showed that the sorption is spontaneous and exothermic.
Various evaluations of a diffractive transmitted field of light through a one-dimensional metallic grating with subwavelength slits
Authors: Hu Bin , Gu Ben-Yuan , Dong Bi-Zhen , Zhang Yan , Liu Ming
Published: October 2009

We compare the Fresnel-Kirchhoff diffraction formula, the superposition of cylindrical waves, and the twodimensional (2D) Green’s function diffraction formula with a rigorous vector algorithm in calculating the near and intermediately transmitted field of light through a one-dimensional metallic grating with subwavelength slits. It is found that the results calculated by the 2D Green’s function diffraction formula coincide well with the precise result. The other evaluations deviate from the exact result by varying proportions. Our findings may provide a useful and precise way to analyze the transmitted field features of a metallic grating and subsequent possibility of achieving optimal designs for metallic optical elements with subwavelength scale.
Optics-less smart sensors and a possible mechanism of cutaneous vision in nature
Authors: Yaroslavsky Leonid , Goerzen Chad , Umansky Stanislav , Caulfield H.
Published: October 2009

Although optics-less cutaneous (“skin”) vision is not uncommon among living organisms, its mechanisms and capabilities have not been thoroughly investigated. This paper demonstrates, using methods from statistical parameter estimation theory and numerical simulations, that arrays of bare radiation detectors arranged on a planar or curved surface have the ability to perform imaging tasks without any optics at all. The working principle of this type of optics-less sensors and the model developed here for determining their performance may be used to shed light on possible mechanisms, capabilities and evolution of cutaneous vision in nature.
Background and muon counting rates in underground muon measurements with a plastic scintillator counter based on a wavelength shifting fibre and a multi-pixel avalanche photodiode readout
Authors: Volchenko Vladimir , Akhrameev Evgeniy , Bezrukov Leonid , Dzaparova Irina , Davitashvili Irakliy , Enqvist Timo , Fynbo Hans , Guliev Zhamal , Inzhechik Lev , Izmaylov Alexander , Joutsenvaara Jari , Khabibullin Marat , Khotjantsev Alexey , Kudenko Yuri , Kuusiniemi Pasi , Lubsandorzhiev Bayarto , Lubsandorzhiev Nima , Mineev Oleg , Olanterä Lauri , Petkov Valeriy , Poleshuk Roman , Räihä Tomi , Shaibonov Bator , Sarkamo Juho , Shaykhiev Alexey , Trzaska Wladyslaw , Volchenko Galina , Yanin Alexey , Yershov Nikolay
Published: October 2009

In this short note we present results of background measurements carried out with polystyrene based cast plastic 12.0×12.0×3.0 cm3 size scintillator counter with a wavelength shifting fibre and a multi-pixel Geiger mode avalanche photodiode readout in the Baksan underground laboratory at a depth of 200 metres of water equivalent. The total counting rate of the scintillator counter measured at this depth and at a threshold corresponding to ∼0.37 of a minimum ionizing particle is approximately 1.3 Hz.
Multiscale analysis in nonlinear thermal diffusion problems in composite structures
Authors: Timofte Claudia
Published: October 2009

The aim of this paper is to analyze the asymptotic behavior of the solution of a nonlinear problem arising in the modelling of thermal diffusion in a two-component composite material. We consider, at the microscale, a periodic structure formed by two materials with different thermal properties. We assume that we have nonlinear sources and that at the interface between the two materials the flux is continuous and depends in a dynamical nonlinear way on the jump of the temperature field. We shall be interested in describing the asymptotic behavior of the temperature field in the periodic composite as the small parameter which characterizes the sizes of our two regions tends to zero. We prove that the effective behavior of the solution of this system is governed by a new system, similar to Barenblatt’s model, with additional terms capturing the effect of the interfacial barrier, of the dynamical boundary condition, and of the nonlinear sources.
Effect of Organic Selenium from Se-enriched Alga (Chlorella spp.) on Selenium Transfer from Sows to Their Progeny
Authors: Svoboda Martin , Kotrbáček Václav , Ficek Radek , Drábek Josef
Published: October 2009

The study was conducted to determine the efficacy of organic Se from Se-enriched alga Chlorella spp. in placental transfer to piglets. In group A (n = 8) the sows were fed during the gestation a diet supplemented with inorganic Se (sodium selenite, 0.3 mg/kg). In group B (n = 8) the diet of the sows was supplemented with organic Se from Se-enriched alga (0.3 mg/kg). The Se concentrations in the whole blood (P < 0.05) and in colostrums (P < 0.05) were higher in the group of sows provided with the organic Se form. No differences in GSH-Px activities were found between the two groups. The concentrations of Se in piglet tissues were also higher when the organic form was provided. It is concluded that the use of the organic Se from Se-enriched alga Chlorella spp. in sows resulted in greater transfer of Se to their progeny.
Effect of a Grain Extract on Certain Digestive Physiological Indicators in Early Weaned Rabbits
Authors: Kovács Melinda , Kósa Emma , Horn Péter , Szendrő Zsolt , Milisits Gábor
Published: October 2009

The effect of a non-medicated diet with or without a grain extract feed additive (benzoquinones as main active ingredients) on the growth of rabbits and certain physiological indicators of the digestive tract was examined. One-day-old rabbits of average birth weight were distributed into litters of eight, and these litters were randomly divided into three groups (21-22 litters/group). The control group (Group C) received a basal diet. The diet fed to rabbits of Group IM, was supplemented with a feed additive containing natural basic ingredients (Immunovet-HBM, 1 kg/t); the diet fed to Group M was medicated (tiamulin, oxytetracycline and diclazuril). Three days prior to kindling and up to weaning at 21 days of age of the pups, the does were fed one of the three diets ad libitum. Young rabbits were allowed to consume the same diets beside their mother’s milk before weaning. Significant (p < 0.05) difference in body weight between groups was detected only at the ages of 4 and 8 weeks. The pH of the gastric content remained significantly (p < 0.05) higher in Group IM after weaning. Rabbits in Group IM showed the highest pancreatic enzyme (trypsin, lipase, α-amylase) activities throughout the period studied. The composition of microflora of the caecum was only slightly altered by the treatment. The total volatile fatty acid content (tVFA) increased with age and from day 28 it was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the C and IM group than in M rabbits. The proportion of butyric acid was lower than that of propionic acid even on the 42nd day in Group M. From the results of this study it is clear that the early weaning of rabbits can be accomplished by the use of a non-medicated diet without any decrease in weight gain. In our study the grain extract feed additive exerted a beneficial effect by increasing the pancreatic enzyme activity and maintaining a better VFA ratio.
Wavelet Analysis of Electrical Activities from Respiratory Muscles during Coughing and Sneezing in Anaesthetized Rabbits
Authors: Knociková Juliana , Poliaček Ivan , Čáp Ivo , Baráni Helena , Jakuš Ján
Published: October 2009

Despite high behavioural similarity, some differences in the central neural control of the cough and sneeze reflexes have been suggested. The main aim of our study was to analyze and compare characteristics of electromyographic (EMG) activities of the respiratory muscles during these two behaviours. Data were taken from eight adult rabbits under pentobarbital anaesthesia. We compared diaphragm EMG activities in tracheobronchial cough, sneeze, and quiet breathing during inspiration. Electromyograms were read from the abdominal muscles during the expiratory phases of coughing and sneezing. Due to the non-stationary character of electromyographic signals, we used wavelet analysis to determine the time-frequency distribution of energy during the behaviours. Inspiratory durations of all above mentioned behaviours were similar. The maximum inspiratory power occurred later in sneeze than during quiet inspiration (P < 0.05). The total inspiratory power during sneeze was higher compared to that in cough (P < 0.05) and quiet inspiration (P < 0.01). Lower frequencies contributed to this increase significantly more in sneeze compared to cough (less than 287.5 Hz, P < 0.05; 287.5 Hz up to 575 Hz, P < 0.01). We found similar energy distribution for coughing and quiet inspiration. Its maximum occurred at lower frequency in quiet inspiration compared to sneezing (P < 0.01). The abdominal burst during cough was longer than that in sneezing (P < 0.001). Our results support the concept that both cough and eupnoeic inspiration are generated by similar neuronal structures. A non-specific mechanism producing expiratory activity during tracheobronchial cough and sneeze is suggested.
Nutritional Value of Lupine in the Diets for Pigs (a Review)
Authors: Písaříková Bohumila , Zralý Zdeněk
Published: October 2009

The seeds of sweet lupine cultivars (Lupineus species) have been used with increasing frequency as a source of proteins replacing proteins of animal origin or soybean in feed compounds. The seeds of sweet lupine cultivars contain an average of about 33-40% crude protein in dry matter, the lipid content ranges from 5 to 13%. The profile of amino acids is relatively beneficial, however, with slightly lower content of lysine (1.46%) and methionine (0.22%). The main storage carbohydrates in the seeds are the β-galactans that comprise most of the cell-wall material of the kernel and the cellulose and hemicellulose of the thick seed coats. Lupine seeds contain about 40% non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and a negligible amount of starch. High coefficient of protein digestibility (> 90%) has been reported in sweet lupine cultivars, but lower digestibility of energy (~ 60%). Lupineus species contain negligible amounts of trypsin inhibitor so they do not require preheating before being used as an ingredient in feeds for monogastric animals. The efficiency of lupine seeds in the diets for pigs is characterized by controversial results of growth and feed conversion under both mechanical treatment and enzyme supplementation. The results of production efficiency obtained at the testing of lupine cultivars (L. albus, L. angustifolius) for pigs were beneficial at supplementation of the lacking nutrients or dehulling. The submitted paper summarizes national as well as foreign knowledge of the nutritive value of cultural lupine seeds, and deals with the possibility increasing nutrition and production efficiency in the diets for pigs.
Acute Phase Proteins and their Relation to Energy Metabolites in Dairy Cows during the Pre- and Postpartal Period
Authors: Kováč Gabriel , Tóthová Csilla , Nagy Oskar , Seidel Herbert , Konvičná Jana
Published: October 2009

The objective of this study was to evaluate the concentrations of selected acute phase proteins – haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), and selected variables of energy metabolism in blood serum of dairy cows during different stages of the pre- and postpartal period. The analyses were performed in dairy cows of the Slovak spotted breed and its crossbreeds (n = 57). The cows were divided into 9 groups according to the evaluated part of reproduction cycle – from 4 weeks before parturition to 10 weeks after parturition. Significant differences were found in mean Hp and SAA concentrations during the monitored period (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). Cows during the early postparturient period had significantly higher Hp and SAA concentrations compared to cows in later postparturient period (P < 0.05). Significant differences throughout the period under study was found also in means of total cholesterol (P < 0.01), triglycerides (P < 0.001), and non-esterified fatty acids (P < 0.001). Concentrations of Hp during this period were positively correlated with SAA (R = 0.919; P < 0.001). Moreover, significant correlations were found between Hp and non-esterified fatty acids, Hp and β-hydroxybutyrate, as well as between SAA and non-esterified fatty acids. Our results indicate that the acute phase response occurs in cows around parturition, and suggest that there are relationships between mediators of immune response and several indices of energy metabolism. Our results also suggest that in cows with higher concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids, indicating a certain degree of lipid mobilisation, higher values of acute phase proteins may be found.
Influence of Various Antioxidants on Microscopic-Oxidative Stress Indicators and Fertilizing Ability of Frozen-Thawed Bull Semen
Authors: Sariözkan Serpil , Tuncer Pürhan Barbaros , Bucak Mustafa Numan , Ulutaş Pınar Alkım
Published: October 2009

Cryopreservation is associated with the production of reactive oxygen substances (ROS), which lead to lipid peroxidation of sperm membranes, resulting in a loss of sperm motility, viability and fertility. The aim of this study was to determine effects of the antioxidants of oxidized glutathione (GSSG), reduced glutathione (GSH) and bovine serum albumin (BSA) on standard semen indicators (motility, acrosome and total abnormalities, HOST), endogenous antioxidant enzyme activities and fertilizing ability of frozen-thawed bull semen. Eighteen ejaculates from each of 3 Holstein bulls were collected using an artificial vagina and 9 replicates of the ejaculates were diluted with a Bioxcell®-based extender supplemented with antioxidants, including BSA (5 mg/ml), GSH (2 mM), GGSG (2 mM), and an extender containing no antioxidants (control). Insemination doses (1.5 × 107 sperm/0.25 ml straw) were prepared for the insemination of cows at observed oestrus. Supplementation with antioxidants led to lower percentages of acrosome damage (4.0 ± 0.5%, 4.4 ± 0.5%, 4.0 ± 0.3%, respectively) and total abnormalities (10.3 ± 0.7%, 9.7 ± 0.8%, 10.4 ± 0.6%), compared to the controls (6.5 ± 0.6 and 14.9 ± 1.1% P < 0.01). Pregnancy rate after insemination was highest (72.2%) in the group which was given BSA (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences among groups in GSH and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) enzyme activities. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities (0.05 ± 0.005, 0.03 ± 0.005, 0.05 ± 0.009 μkat/g protein, respectively) in all of the experimental groups with antioxidants were lower than the control group (0.11 ± 0.024 μkat/g protein, P < 0.001). Furthermore, BSA increased (P < 0.001) the activity of catalase (CAT, 304.23 ± 114.69 μkat/g protein), following the freezing-thawing process.
Serum Zinc, Iron and Copper Concentrations in Dogs Infected with Hepatozoon canis
Authors: Seyrek Kamil , Karagenç Tülin , Paşa Serdar , Kıral Funda , Atasoy Abidin
Published: October 2009

In Turkey, canine hepatozoonosis is an emerging infection with a large number of cases detected during the past five years. In the present study, serum zinc, copper and iron concentrations of dogs infected with Hepatozoon canis were measured for the first time. Compared to the controls (n = 10), serum zinc and iron concentrations in infected animals (n = 14) decreased significantly (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively), whereas the concentrations of copper in diseased animals increased significantly (p < 0.05). In conclusion, the results of the present study indicate that Hepatozoon canis infection may cause alterations in serum zinc iron and copper concentrations. Furthermore, in the treatment of infected animals addition of zinc and iron to the ration of infected animals should be taken into consideration.
Endocannabinoid Brain System Involvement in dopamine mechanisms of behavioural sensitization to psychostimulants
Authors: Vršková Dagmar
Published: October 2009

The paper deals with the involvement of endocannabionid brain system in dopamine mechanisms of behavioural sensitization to psychostimulants. The development and manifestation of behavioural sensitization to methamphetamine are described. Results obtained in our previous studies, showing an interaction between the endocannabinoid system and methamphetamine brain mechanisms, in the rat intravenous drug self-administration model and with qPCR CB1 mRNA expression, are discussed.
Residual Metal Contamination of the ecosystem in the lower course of the Jihlava River
Authors: Spurný Petr , Mareš Jan , Hedbávný Josef , Sukop Ivo
Published: October 2009

In November 2001, October and November 2002, the concentrations of Hg, Cd, Pb, Cr, Cu, Zn and Ni were determined in four localities of the lower course of the Jihlava River (Czech Republic). The river water, sediments of the riverbed, zoobenthos and tissues of the fish (gill, gonad, skin, dorsal muscle) were analysed. The chub (Leuciscus cephalus) was used as the ichthyo-indicator. At the same time, the stability of the fish community was evaluated using electrofishing and applying basic ichthyological methods. The work links up with previous investigation of the upper course of the Jihlava River (three localities) carried out by the authors in the same way in 1999. The aim of present study was the completion of previous investigation in the whole longitudinal river profile by monitoring selected heavy metals. The highest Cr (14.290 – 77.070 mg/kg), Zn (13.600 – 92.930 mg/kg) and Ni concentrations (12.290 – 36.680 mg/kg) were found in sediments and their highest loading by all of the monitored metals (without Ni) was detected in the last downstream locality (Pohořelice). Zoobenthos was most contaminated by Zn and Cu (7.480 – 62.690 and 8.050 – 21.810 mg/kg). In the body tissues of the chubs, the highest concentrations of Cd, Hg, Cu, Zn and Ni were determined in the gills, while Pb was also high in gills but also in gonads, the skin and in the muscle tissue. Concentrations of the analysed metals in the chub muscle were (in mg/kg): Hg 0.040 ± 0.014 – 0.133 ± 0.063, Cd 0.003 ± 0.002 – 0.010 ± 0.004, Pb 0.045 ± 0.038 – 0.768 ± 0.038, Cr 0.046 ± 0.023 – 0.106 ± 0.092, Cu 0.203 ± 0.123 – 0.634 ± 0.194, Zn 4.25 ± 0.84 – 6.69 ± 2.95 and Ni 0.062 ± 0.018 – 0.103 ± 0.030. Significant differences in the chub muscle were found concerning Hg, Pb, Cu (P < 0.01) and Cd (P < 0.05). Taking into consideration the actually valid FAO/WHO limits for human consumption of chub muscle from the investigated river section, only Hg (PTWI 2.3 kg in locality 7) and Pb (PTWI 2.0 kg in locality 4) could constitute some risk for human health. The index of diversity of the fish community was 0.825 – 2.110, equitability index 0.380 – 0.793, abundance 312.6 – 2,106.5 fish/ha and biomass 46.7 – 451.5 kg/ha. The water quality was characterized as betamesosaprobic (saprobity index 1.77 – 2.18). The results of the study reveal detailed ecological data concerning heavy metals contamination of the whole Jihlava River ecosystem (water, sediment, zoobenthos, fish). The outcome of this study extends our knowledge about metals accumulation in different fish tissues (gill, gonad, skin and muscle).
Deciding on human embryonic stem cell research: Evidence from Congress's first showdown by President George W. Bush
Authors: Burgin Eileen
Published: October 2009

This paper examines the influences that congressional staff people viewed as important in shaping legislators' voting decisions on the human embryonic stem (ES) cell research bill in the 109th Congress, the first legislation vetoed by President George W. Bush. The analysis illuminates factors that impact congressional decision making on a salient issue with a strong moral component. Constituent concerns, ideology, and a desire to make good public policy all centrally affected members' choices; however, moral overtones permeated considerations relevant to the human ES cell research question. In addition, at least three influences that directly reflect or relate to members' moral claims — religious convictions, personal connections to potential beneficiaries of human ES cell research, and moral pressure from outside interests — were important also. The analysis draws on data gathered from interviews with congressional aides.
Memory for images intense enough to draw an administration's attention: Television and the “war on terror”
Authors: Hutchinson David , Bradley Samuel D.
Published: October 2009

In the recent United States–led “war on terror,” including ongoing engagements in Iraq and Afghanistan, news organizations have been accused of showing a negative view of developments on the ground. In particular, news depictions of casualties have brought accusations of anti-Americanism and aiding and abetting the terrorists' cause. In this study, video footage of war from television news stories was manipulated to investigate the effects of negative compelling images on cognitive resource allocation, physiological arousal, and recognition memory. Results of a within-subjects experiment indicate that negatively valenced depictions of casualties and destruction elicit greater attention and physiological arousal than positive and low-intensity images. Recognition memory for visual information in the graphic negative news condition was highest, whereas audio recognition for this condition was lowest. The results suggest that negative, high-intensity video imagery diverts cognitive resources away from the encoding of verbal information in the newscast, positioning visual images and not the spoken narrative as a primary channel of viewer learning.
Taking leaders at face value: Ethology and the analysis of televised leader displays
Authors: Stewart Patrick A. , Salter Frank K. , Mehu Marc
Published: October 2009

Research investigating the influence and character of nonverbal leader displays has been carried out in a systematic fashion since the early 1980s, yielding growing insight into how viewers respond to the televised facial display behavior of politicians. This article reviews the major streams of research in this area by considering the key ethological frameworks for understanding dominance relationships between leaders and followers and the role nonverbal communication plays in politics and social organization. The analysis focuses on key categories of facial display behavior by examining an extended selection of published experimental studies considering the influence of nonverbal leader behavior on observers, the nature of stimuli shown to research participants, range of measures employed, and make-up of participant pools. We conclude with suggestions for future research.
Vitamin D and Calcium Insufficiency-Related Chronic Diseases: an Emerging World-Wide Public Health Problem
Authors: Peterlik Meinrad , Boonen Steven , Cross Heide S. , Lamberg-Allardt Christel
Published: October 2009

Vitamin D and calcium insufficiencies are risk factors for multiple chronic diseases. Data from 46 recent studies from Europe, North America, South-East Asia and the South Pacific area clearly indicate that a low vitamin D status and inadequate calcium nutrition are highly prevalent in the general population (30–80%), affecting both genders. The extent of insufficiencies is particularly high in older populations, and in some geographical areas, also in children and in young women of child-bearing age, in ethnic minorities and immigrants, as well as in people of low socio-economic status. Enrichment of cereal grain products with vitamin D and calcium would be a viable approach to increase consumption and improve health outcomes in the general population worldwide.
5-Methyl-4-oxo-4,6-dihydro-3H-pyridazino[4,5-b]carbazole-1-carbaldehyde
Authors: Emich Miriam , Haider Norbert
Published: October 2009

The title compound was prepared in good yield by oxidation of 1-(hydroxymethyl)-3,6-dihydro-4H-pyridazino[4,5-b]carbazol-4-one with 2-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) in DMSO solution under very mild conditions.
Pharmaceutics: A New Open-Access Journal for All Those Interested in Designing Medicines
Authors: Perrie Yvonne , Mohammed Afzal
Published: October 2009

We know the many hurdles that face us when we look to deliver a drug, starting from the basic characteristics of the drug (its solubility, stability, absorption and biodistribution), to overcoming the physiological barriers faced in reaching the target site, and to maintaining the concentration within the therapeutic window. In addition we must also remember the patient needs in this – is it a child that needs a liquid dosage form? Is it someone having to take multiple doses in a day? Do we need a rapid onset of action in a convenient format? Will people find it convenient to take the drug in the format we are presenting to them – or are there alternative options? [...]
Dengue vaccine development and dengue viral neutralization and enhancement assays
Authors: Jin Xia , Block Olivia Tono , Rose Robert , Schlesinger Jacob
Published: October 2009

Dengue fever is a major tropical infectious disease that affects 50–100 million people each year. Its complications, namely dengue haemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome, disproportionately afflict children and young adults. The primary goal of several vaccines now in development is to elicit protective neutralizing antibody responses; however, the exact definition of such responses remain unclear. Here, we review briefly the historical aspects of dengue vaccine development and current candidate dengue vaccines, and discuss various laboratory assays for gauging the neutralizing antibody responses to infection or vaccination, or both. We conclude that modification of current neutralization assays is required to improve the correlation between neutralization end point determinations and protection against secondary heterotypic dengue infections.
Oxidant stress in HIV-infected women from the Women's Interagency HIV Study
Authors: Glesby Marshall J , Hoover Donald R , Raiszadeh Farbod , Lee Irene , Shi Qiuhu , Milne Ginger , Sanchez Stephanie C , Gao Wei , Kaplan Robert C , Morrow Jason D , Anastos Kathryn
Published: October 2009

Background

Oxidant stress contributes to the pathogenesis of multiple conditions and can be assessed by measuring plasma F2-isoprostane concentrations. We hypothesized that oxidant stress is associated with plasma homocysteine concentration and risk factors for atherosclerosis in HIV-infected women.

Methods

We measured plasma F2-isoprostane concentrations in a cross-sectional study of 249 HIV-infected women attending the Bronx (NY, USA) site of the Women's Interagency HIV Study and assessed associations with plasma homocysteine concentration and other metabolic parameters by linear regression.

Results

In multivariate analysis, hepatitis C virus (HCV) viraemia, waist circumference, homocysteine concentration and serum aspartate aminotransferase level were positively associated with log F2-isoprostane concentration (all P<0.005). There was a trend for an inverse association between log F2-isoprostane and CD4+ T-cell percentage ( P=0.06). Among women with HCV infection, the FIB-4 index, an indirect marker of liver fibrosis derived from routine laboratory tests, was positively associated with log F2-isoprostane concentration.

Conclusions

In this cross-sectional study of HIV-infected women, plasma F2-isoprostane concentration was positively associated with homocysteine concentration, as well as HCV infection, abdominal obesity and aspartate aminotransferase level.
Smoking motivations and quitting motivations among HIV-infected smokers
Authors: Peretti-Watel Patrick , Garelik Daniel , Baron Gabriel , Spire Bruno , Ravaud Philippe , Duval Xavier ,   the EVIT Study Group
Published: October 2009

Background

The aim of this study was to examine smoking motivation and motivation to quit, and determinants of these motivations among HIV-infected cigarette smokers.

Methods

We conducted a 1-day cross-sectional survey on cigarette smoking in a representative sample of HIV-infected outpatients of French hospitals. A cluster analysis was used to characterize respondents’ smoking motivation. A logistic regression was performed to study the factors associated with motivation to quit, including the clusters describing smoking motives.

Results

We found four clusters of smoking motivation. These included intellectual/emotional support (22% of respondents), automatic/stress relief (22%; characterized by heavy smoking and strong dependency); weight control (29%; characterized by frequent symptoms of fat accumulation because of antiretroviral therapy) and pleasure/conviviality (27%; corresponding to ‘lighter’ smokers). In the logistic regression model, among other significant covariates (cigarette consumption level, tobacco dependence and perceived risk of developing a smoking-related disease), the automatic/stress relief cluster was negatively correlated to the motivation to quit (odds ratio 0.39), whereas the weight control cluster was strongly associated to this motivation (odds ratio 2.87).

Conclusions

The diversity of HIV-infected smokers’ profiles suggests that different types of anti-tobacco measures should be implemented in this population, such as information campaigns on specific risks incurred by HIV-infected smokers, non-specific and comprehensive measures for those for whom smoking is combined with other difficulties, and alternative therapeutic solutions for those who smoke to deal with lipodystrophy.
Stimulation of the interleukin-1 receptor and Toll-like receptor 2 inhibits hepatitis B virus replication in hepatoma cell lines in vitro
Authors: Thompson Alex J , Colledge Danni , Rodgers Sally , Wilson Rachel , Revill Peter , Desmond Paul , Mansell Ashley , Visvanathan Kumar , Locarnini Stephen
Published: October 2009

Background

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a key component of the innate immune system and TLR2 has been shown to be involved in the immunopathogenesis of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in vivo. We investigated the role of TLR2 stimulation of virus-infected hepatocyte cell lines as a potential antiviral mechanism in vitro.

Methods

The hepatoblastoma cell line HepG2 was transduced with recombinant HBV baculoviruses and the hepatoma cell line Huh-7 was transiently transfected with complimentary DNA clones of HBV. HBV viral replication was quantified after stimulation with interleukin (IL)-1β and Pam-2-Cys, a synthetic TLR2 ligand, by measuring intracellular core-associated single-stranded HBV DNA using Southern blot hybridization, as well as viral nucleocapsid formation using a non-denaturing immunoblot method.

Results

Stimulation of both cell lines in vitro with IL-1β and Pam-2-Cys, both known to induce expression of the pro inflammatory cytokines tumour necrosis factor-α and IL-8 via a nuclear factor-κB dependent pathway, resulted in the inhibition of HBV DNA replication in the transduced HepG2 cells by up to 90% and nucleocapsid formation in the transiently transfected Huh-7 cells by up to 30%, when compared with mock-treated cells.

Conclusions

Hepatoma cell lines expressed functional IL-1 receptor and TLR2 receptors, which when stimulated led to a signalling cascade that inhibited HBV replication. These data support an active role for hepatocytes in inhibiting HBV replication and provide a rationale for the development of TLR agonists as potentially novel antiviral agents.
α-Galactosylceramide in Chronic Hepatitis B Infection: Results from a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Phase I/ II Trial
Authors: Woltman Andrea M , ter Borg Martijn J , Binda Rekha S , Sprengers Dave , von Blomberg B Mary E , Scheper Rik J , Hayashi Kunihiko , Nishi Nobusuke , Boonstra André , van der Molen Renate , Janssen Harry LA
Published: October 2009

Background

The glycosphingolipid α-galactosylceramide (α-GalCer) is known to stimulate invariant natural killer T-cells (iNKTs) and is able to induce powerful antiviral immune responses. The present dose-escalating randomized placebo-controlled Phase I/II trial aimed to investigate antiviral activity and safety of α-GalCer as a novel class of treatment for chronic hepatitis B patients.

Methods

Patients were randomly assigned to 0.1 μg/kg ( n=8), 1 μg/kg ( n=6) or 10 μg/kg ( n=6) α-GalCer or placebo ( n=7) treatment.

Results

Almost all α-GalCer-treated patients showed a rapid and strong decrease in natural killer T-cell (NKT) numbers. Patients with high baseline NKT numbers showed immune activation, including natural killer cell activation, increased serum tumour necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6 levels, and development of fever. Three patients demonstrated a transient decrease in hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA. Only one α-GalCer-treated patient had a sustained decrease in HBV DNA at the end of follow-up. Four patients discontinued therapy because of fever shortly after drug administration. No significant side effects were observed.

Conclusions

α-GalCer (0.1–10 μg/kg) used as mono-therapy for chronic hepatitis B infection resulted in a strong decrease of NKTs, but did not clearly affect HBV DNA and alanine aminotransferase levels. α-GalCer was poorly tolerated and is unlikely to be suitable as an alternative monotherapy to the current treatment regimen.
Pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability of a single oral dose of maraviroc in HIV-negative subjects with mild and moderate hepatic impairment
Authors: Abel Samantha , Davis John D , Ridgway Caroline E , Hamlin Julia C , Vourvahis Manoli
Published: October 2009

Background

Maraviroc is the first CCR5 antagonist and only oral entry inhibitor approved for the treatment of HIV type-1 infection. Maraviroc is extensively metabolized, primarily by cytochrome P450 3A4 and hence its pharmacokinetics might be affected by impaired hepatic function. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of maraviroc in subjects with mild or moderate hepatic impairment compared with subjects with normal hepatic function. Safety and tolerability were also assessed.

Methods

This was an open-label, non-randomized, single- centre, parallel-group study. A total of 24 subjects with mild ( n=8) or moderate ( n=8) hepatic impairment, or normal hepatic function ( n=8) received a single dose of 300 mg maraviroc.

Results

Relative to those with normal hepatic function, the geometric mean ratio (90% confidence interval) for the maximum observed plasma concentration (Cmax) of maraviroc was 111% (74.6–166) and 132% (89.6–194) for those with mild and moderate hepatic impairment, respectively; the area under the concentration–time curve from time 0 to the last quantifable concentration (AUClast) was 125% (84.7–185) and 146% (100–212); oral clearance was 89% (53.2–150) and 83% (49.2–139); and renal clearance was 94% (70.5–126) and 131% (98.6–173), respectively. Maraviroc was well tolerated in all subjects.

Conclusions

Although differences in maraviroc pharmacokinetics were noted in subjects with hepatic impairment compared with those with normal hepatic function, these do not currently support a dose modification. The single 300 mg dose of maraviroc was well tolerated by subjects with normal and impaired hepatic function.
Insulin resistance impairs sustained virological response rate to pegylated interferon plus ribavirin in HIV–hepatitis C virus-coinfected patients: HOMAVIC-ANRS HC02 Study
Authors: Cacoub Patrice , Carrat Fabrice , Bédossa Pierre , Lambert Jérôme , Pénaranda Guillaume , Pol Stanislas , Halfon Philippe
Published: October 2009

Background

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of insulin resistance (IR) on the response to hepatitis C virus (HCV) therapy in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients.

Methods

A total of 238 HIV-HCV-coinfected patients (74% male, mean ±sd age 40 ±5 years, mean alcohol intake <50 g/day and 38% HCV genotype 2 or 3), treated by standard or pegylated interferon-α2b plus ribavirin during 48 weeks were studied. Liver biopsies were assessed before treatment. Patients were considered to have IR when the homeostasis model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR) was ≥2.5. Multiple logistic regression with stepwise selection was used to estimate independent factors associated with sustained virological response (SVR).

Results

IR was present in 32% and significant liver fibrosis (Metavir≥F2) in 74% of patients. Patients with SVR (96/238 [40%]) were more likely to be infected with HCV genotype 2 or 3 (54% versus 27%; P<0.0001), and had more severe liver fibrosis (≥F3; 45% versus 30%; P=0.03). By multivariate analysis, a HOMA-IR>2.5 had a negative effect on the SVR (odds ratio 0.49 [95% confdence interval 0.26-0.92]; P=0.05).

Conclusions

A high HOMA-IR level is frequently found in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients and is associated with a reduced SVR rate. Improving insulin sensitivity might be a useful adjunct to HCV therapy in HIV-HCV-coinfected patients.
Statin therapy and changes in hip circumference among HIV-infected participants in the ALLRT Cohort
Authors: Brown Todd T , Smurzynski Marlene , Wu Kunling , Bosch Ronald J , McComsey Grace A
Published: October 2009

Background

We aimed to determine whether statin exposure in antiretroviral-treated individuals is associated with increases in hip circumference compared with HIV treatment without concomitant statin use.

Methods

This was a prospective multicentre cohort study involving individuals who had received antiretroviral therapy for at least 40 weeks and who were enrolled in the AIDS Clinical Trials Group Longitudinal Linked Randomized Trials cohort. There were 2,223 participants in the statin-unexposed group and 371 in the statin-exposed group. The main outcome measure was change in hip circumference at week 32.

Results

The 32-week change in hip circumference in the statin-exposed group was 0.60 cm greater (95% confidence interval 0.11–1.10; P=0.02) than in the statin- unexposed group after adjustment for age, gender, race, baseline body mass index and thymidine analogue exposure.

Conclusions

Our findings support the hypothesis that statins might be beneficial in lipoatrophy. Given the limited treatment options for this important problem, further studies are needed to confirm this effect and to determine its clinical significance.
Efficacy and safety of darunavir/ritonavir in treatment-experienced HIV type-1 patients in the POWER 1, 2 and 3 trials at week 96
Authors: Arastéh Keikawus , Yeni Patrick , Pozniak Anton , Grinsztejn Beatriz , Jayaweera Dushyantha , Roberts Afsoon , Hoy Jennifer , De Meyer Sandra , Vangeneugden Tony , Tomaka Frank
Published: October 2009

Background

Long-term (96-week) efficacy and safety of the protease inhibitor (PI) darunavir coadministered with low-dose ritonavir (DRV/r) was evaluated in HIV type-1 (HIV-1)-infected patients with extensive prior treatment experience in the POWER 1, 2 and 3 trials.

Methods

Patients with HIV-1 RNA≥1,000 copies/ml and ≥1 primary PI mutation were randomized to receive either DRV/r 600/100 mg twice daily plus an optimized background regimen (OBR), or an investigator- selected control PI (CPI) plus OBR (POWER 3 was a DRV/r 600/100 mg twice daily single-arm study). The proportion of patients with HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/ml at week 96 was assessed (intent-to-treat [ITT], time-to-loss of virological response algorithm).

Results

In total, 467 patients received DRV/r 600/100 mg twice daily; 124 patients received CPI(s). At week 96, 39% of DRV/r patients in POWER 1 and 2 (pooled analysis) versus 9% of CPI patients achieved HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/ml (ITT, time-to-loss of virological response algorithm; P<0.001). A similar proportion of DRV/r patients (42%) in POWER 3 achieved HIV-1 RNA<50 copies/ml at week 96. Mean absolute CD4+ T-cell count increase for DRV/r at 96 weeks was 133 cells/mm3 in POWER 1 and 2 and 103 cells/mm3 in POWER 3. Grade 2–4 treatment-emergent adverse events at least possibly related to DRV/r (≥2% incidence, excluding laboratory abnormalities) were diarrhoea (3%), vomiting (3%), nausea (2%) and headache (2%).

Conclusions

Treatment with DRV/r 600/100 mg twice daily was well tolerated and led to sustained virological and immunological responses in treatment-experienced HIV-1-infected patients over 96 weeks.
Augustine, his sermons, and their significance
Authors: Van Oort Johannes
Published: October 2009

Augustine’s sermons provide a unique source in explaining his influence from the 5th century onwards as a theologian and pastor, a minister of the Word preached and celebrated in the sacrament. Of particular value in this regard are his sermons on the Psalms. Issues of authenticity are also considered in this article. The influence of Augustine’s sermons was widespread through their tradition and adaptation by others. A substantial and reliable corpus of his sermons is available today. As a pastor, Augustine was anxious to challenge heresy in his preaching, especially to confront the Donatists, Manichaeans and Pelagians. His preaching is considered in the wider context of congregational worship with its origins in the synagogue. Of special importance are his preaching techniques, while his doctrine of ‘the inner teacher’ (magister interior) is equally significant. Essential elements of Augustine’s theory and practice became influential in the early days of the Protestant Reformation (Luther, Calvin and others). The author briefly touches on the question of their relevance for today’s congregational worship.
Identifying protein stabilizing ligands using GroEL
Authors: Naik Subhashchandra , Haque Inamul , Degner Nick , Kornilayev Boris , Bomhoff Gregory , Hodges Jacob , Khorassani Ara‐Azad , Katayama Hiroo , Morris Jill , Kelly Jeffery , Seed John , Fisher Mark T.
Published: October 2009

Over the past 5 years, it has become increasingly apparent to researchers that the initial promise and excitement of using gene replacement therapies to ameliorate folding diseases are still far from being broadly or easily applicable. Because a large number of human diseases are protein folding diseases (∼30 to 50%), many researchers now realize that more directed approaches to target and reverse the fundamental misfolding reactions preceding disease are highly feasible and offer the potential of developing more targeted drug therapies. This is also true with a large number of so called orphan protein folding diseases. The development of a broad‐based general screening array method using the chaperonin as a detection platform will enable us to screen large chemical combinatorial libraries for specific ligands against the elusive transient, primary reactions that often lead to protein misfolding. This development will provide a highly desirable tool for the pharmaceutical, academic, and medical professions. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 237–251, 2010.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
Analysis of a new crystal form of procarboxypeptidase B: Further insights into the catalytic mechanism
Authors: Fernández Daniel , Boix Ester , Pallarès Irantzu , Avilés Francesc X. , Vendrell Josep
Published: October 2009

A new triclinic crystal structure form of porcine pancreatic procarboxypeptidase B (PCPB) was obtained at higher resolution than the previously known tetragonal crystal structure. This new crystal polymorph has allowed for a corrected, accurate assignment of residues along the polypeptide chain based on the currently available gene sequence information and crystallographic data. The present structure shows unbound PCPB in a distinct molecular packing as compared to the previous benzamidine complexed form. Its catalytically important Tyr248 residue is oriented and hydrogen‐bonded to solvent water molecules, and locates the furthest away from the catalytic zinc ion as compared to previous structures. A relatively long stretch of residues flanking Tyr248 and guarding the access to the catalytic zinc ion was found to be sequentially unique to the M14 family of peptidases. Predictions from a normal mode analysis indicated that this stretch of residues belongs to a rigid subdomain in the protein structure. The specific presence of a tyrosyl residue at the most exposed position in this region would allow for a delicate balance between extreme hydrophobicity and hydrophilicity, and affect substrate binding and the kinetic efficiency of the enzyme. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 93: 178–185, 2010.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com