bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigating the Inhibitory Effect of Probiotic Lactobacillus Species Isolated From Dairy Products
Authors: Rahi Azar , Marhamatizadeh Mohammad Hosein
Published: January 2023

Background: Lactobacilli are among the most important known probiotic species, and efforts are underway to isolate them from various sources. The beneficial effect of probiotics on health is the main reason for their wide use in dairy products, including yogurt. This research was conducted to isolate and identify Lactobacillus species present in traditional Iranian yogurt. Methods: Thirty samples of traditional yogurt were collected from different regions of the Gachsaran district south of Iran. Bacterial isolations were performed according to the standard international protocols. Following successive culturing on selective media, obtaining typical colonies, and conducting microscopic examinations, five isolates were selected and analyzed for anti-microbial activities against three bacteria and two pathogenic fungi. To confirm biochemical results, three bacterial isolates were selected for molecular analysis and identified by 16S rRNA sequencing. Results: Lactobacillus paracasei JCM1171 with 1384 nucleotides and Lactobacillus plantarum subsp. Plantarum.A1 with 1380 nucleotides were isolated based on investigations. The most anti-microbial activities were related to strain A, and the least effects belonged to strain X3. Moreover, among the applied pathogenic microorganisms, Staphylococcus aureus and the fungus, Aspergillus niger had the highest sensitivity. Conclusion: Probiotic bacteria have highly beneficial effects on the host, and their mechanism of action is through functions such as the production of bioactive compounds. In addition to dairy products, this bacterium has the potential to be isolated from non-dairy products and even plant products, and this issue can be an idea to isolate this bacterium from other sources and even identify new species with probiotic potential.
Viral Gastroenteritis Prevalence in Iranian Pediatric Population: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mojahed Nooshin , Mohammadkhani Mohammad Ali , Pourasgari Masoumeh , Gol-Jah Rad Golnosh , Mohamadkhani Ashraf
Published: January 2023

Background: Viral gastroenteritis infection, a prevalent condition in adolescents and children, is still a rigid and serious problem among humans. This disease is responsible for up to three million fatalities nationwide. noroviruses, rotaviruses, astroviruses, adenoviruses, and sapoviruses are the most common and well-known pathogens associated with viral gastroenteritis agents. In this systematic review, we extracted all original articles and data on viral gastroenteritis that were performed on the Iranian pediatric population. Methods: To investigate the viral agent pathogens of gastroenteritis in Iran, 48 articles on the identification of viral gastroenteritis were gathered from the existing data. Viral gastroenteritis was detected in fourteen provinces, including the southern and northern parts of Iran. The seasonal distribution in Iran was analyzed as well. Finally, all the data from 1978-2021, along with their detailed information, were summarized, including the number of patients, the number of positive cases, applied technics, and the region of the studied cases in Iran. Results: Based on the results, most of the viral detection was associated with Rotavirus, the major pathogen responsible for gastroenteritis disease, followed by Adenovirus, Norovirus, Parechovirus, Bocavirus, Astrovirus, Aichivirus, Sapovirus, and three case reports of SARS-CoV-2 that were associated with viral gastroenteritis. Conclusion: Different studies conducted over Iran, including the northern, southern, and central regions, were obtained based on the data. Most studies had been merely dedicated to rotavirus, which had the highest prevalence of all other viral gastroenteritis. Our review clearly demonstrated that Rotavirus genotype G1P [8] is the dominating sereotype among the other studied gastroenteritis viral agents in Iran in which the most frequency rate was during the winter (44.26%), while the least frequency rate was observed during summer (8.96%).
Prevalence and Molecular Mapping of Multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis in Sokoto, North-Western Nigeria
Authors: Hudu Shuaibu Abdullahi , Jimoh Abdulgafar Olayiwola , Mohammed Yahaya
Published: January 2023

Background: The emergence of multidrug-resistant tuberculosis tuberculosis (MDR-TB) poses a significant danger to Nigeria’s TB control efforts. Nigeria records 570000 new TB cases each year, and it is one of the world’s greatest TB-burden countries as well as one of the top ten countries with MDR-TB. This study aimed to determine the MDR prevalence, phylogenetic analysis, and molecular mapping as well as the link between MDR prevalence and demographic data. Methods: The study comprised 100 TB patients recruited consecutively. The proportion method on Lowenstein-Jensen (LJ) medium was used for drug susceptibility testing. Conventional polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used, and the rrs genes were amplified and sequenced. Multiple sequence alignment techniques were used to compare the PCR product sequences to reference sequences retrieved from GenBank. Results: Rifampicin (RIF) resistance was found in 29% (22.75), ethambutol resistance was found in 20% (15.75), and isoniazid (INH) resistance was found in 28% (21.75). Further, RIF and INH resistance were found in 20% (15.75) of the samples. At nucleotide position 892, four isolates (31%) contained a G-A transition, and the most prevalent mutation found in the rrs gene was S531L (80%, 12.15). The phylogenetic analysis indicated that three of the Sokoto isolates are closely linked to reference isolates from Iran, Germany, China, and Sudan in terms of geographical relatedness. Conclusions: The obtained data revealed that acquired resistance is a major factor in the establishment of MDR-TB in Sokoto, which could be owing to poor adherence to medication or poor treatment of TB patients.
Evaluation of Anti-leishmanial Effect of Selenium Nanoparticles on Leishmania major Promastigotes In Vitro
Authors: Norouzi Roghayeh , Mirzaei Farzaneh , Siadatpanah Abolghasem , Adnani Sadati Seyed Jafar
Published: January 2023

Background: Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) remains a major health threatening disease in Iran and many countries around the world. Antimony compounds are currently used to treat CL. Due to the side effects and high resistance, the use of alternative therapies, especially the use of nanoparticles, has been considered by researchers. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-leishmanial activity of selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) on Leishmania major in vitro. Methods: In this experimental study, the anti-leishmanial activity of the SeNPs was evaluated at concentrations of 1.25, 2.5, 5, 10, 25, 50, and 100 µg/mL at exposure times of 24, 48, and 72 hours on 106 live parasites. Then, the number of live parasites was counted by trypan blue using a neobar slide and light microscope (Hemocytometer method). Glucantime and distilled water were considered positive and negative controls, respectively. Then, 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) values were calculated by SigmaPlot™ 13 software. All reactions were performed in triplicate, and the results were considered as average. Results: The results of this study revealed that all concentrations of SeNPs have anti-leishmanial activity. The concentration of 100 µg/mL of SeNPs had the highest anti-leishmanial effect (100%) after 72 hours of exposure. Further, the IC50 content of SeNPs on L. major after 24, 48, and 72 hours was calculated to be 42.76, 34.53, and 22.69 µg/mL, respectively. Conclusions: The results indicated that SeNPs in different concentrations has an inhibitory effect on the growth of L. major. However, further investigations are required to determine the efficacy of SeNPs in vivo.
Inhibitory Activity of Oliveria decumbens Essential Oil on Staphylococcus aureus Biofilm and Planktonic Cells
Authors: Javid Moghadam Mahshad , Maktabi Siavash , Zarei Mehdi , Mahmoodi Koohi Pezhman
Published: January 2023

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is a pathogenic bacterium that forms biofilms on biotic and abiotic surfaces. Biofilm formation is important for researchers because it increases the risk of food contamination in the food industry, increases the pathogenicity of bacteria, and damages the equipment. The main purpose of this study was to find out the antimicrobial and antibiofilm properties of Oliveria decumbens essential oil (Od-EO) against Staphylococcus aureus. Methods: In this study, the antibacterial and anti-biofilm properties of Od-EO were tested against four strong biofilm producers. S. aureus isolates were obtained from food and humans. The antibacterial properties of Od-EO on planktonic S. aureus were investigated using the disk diffusion method; further, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) were determined. The microtiter plate (MTP) method and slime production evaluation were used to assess the inhibitory effect of Od-EO on S. aureus biofilm formation. Results: Od-EO indicated strong antimicrobial activity against planktonic S. aureus. After performing tests related to the anti-biofilm activity of Od-EO, it was found that Od-EO significantly reduced slime production and thus inhibited biofilm formation. Conclusions: Od-EO and its components can be used as a new anti-biofilm agent in medical, dental, and food industry equipment.
Royal Jelly Feeding as a Main Inducer of Bcl-2-associated X Protein in the Peripheral Blood Immune Cells of Patients With Chronic Hepatitis B
Authors: Bahaaldin-Beygi Morteza , Kariminik Ashraf , Arababadi Mohammad Kazemi
Published: January 2023

Aim: Chemokines, cytokines, and their related molecules play crucial roles in the fight against the hepatitis B virus (HBV) and its related complications. Royal jelly (RJ) is considered an immunomodulatory factor for humans. This clinical trial study aimed to explore the RJ effects on the relative expression of CCL2, CCL3, CCL8, IFN-β, NANOG, OCT4, BAX, and MAVS in chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients. Methods: The CHB patients were under one month of RJ treatment, 1 g/d. The relative expressions of CCL2, CCL3, CCL8, IFN-β, NANOG, OCT4, BAX, and MAVS were evaluated using the real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique. Results: RJ feeding significantly increased the expression of BAX in the peripheral blood immune cells of CHB patients. However, relative expressions of CCL2, CCL3, CCL8, IFN-β, NANOG, OCT4, and MAVS were not altered following RJ feeding. Conclusion: RJ can modulate immune responses via induction of homeostasis in the peripheral blood immune cells of CHB patients. Reduced inflammation following RJ feeding may be a result of homeostasis in the peripheral blood immune cells.
Comparison of Dimensions of the Palate Between Individuals With and Without Nasal Septum Deviation on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Images in an Iranian Population
Authors: Nasereslami Fatemeh , Razi Tahmineh , Banakar Elham , Emamverdizadeh Parya , Razi Sedigheh
Published: January 2023

Background: Nasal septum deviation might disrupt the integrity of nasal septum components, resulting in deformity. Such changes might affect the morphology of adjacent structures. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the dimensions of the palate in subjects with and without nasal septum deviation on cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) images in an Iranian population. Methods: In the present cross-sectional study, the CBCT images of subjects with and without nasal septum deviation were evaluated in two groups (n=107) referred to the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Tabriz Faculty of Dentistry in 2017. The presence or absence of nasal septum deviation and its severity were evaluated in association with palatal dimensions. Data were analyzed by SPSS. Independent samples t test was used to compare the dimensions of the palate. Finally, the Mann-Whitney U test was employed to compare palatal arch depth (PAD)/palatal interalveolar length (PIL) ratios. Results: There were no significant differences between the two groups in terms of the palatal depth (P=0.967), palatal width (P=0.223), and palatal depth/palatal width ratio (P=0.644). However, the results demonstrated significant differences in palatal depth (P<0.001) and palatal width (P=0.05) between male and female subjects. Conclusions: Overall, no significant differences were observed in the dimensions of the palate (depth and width) and their ratios between subjects with and without nasal septum deviation, although greater palatal dimensions (depth and width) were detected in males compared to females.
Crown Lengthening Procedure in Epidermolysis Bullosa: A Case Report
Authors: Lahoorpoor Kamran , Rabienejad Nazli , Moosavi Sayed Ali
Published: January 2023

Epidermolysis bullosa (EB) is a spectrum of conditions characterized by mechanical fragility and blistering of the skin. Individuals suffering from EB display a wide range of symptoms based on affected proteins in different organs and tissues in the body, including the craniofacial complex and the oral cavity. In this case-report, a 22-year-old girl with Dominant Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa is presented. She suffered no other medical complication and psychological examination was normal. Atraumatic extraction of hopeless teeth was performed and patient was referred for endodontic treatment of maintainable teeth. Surgical crown lengthening in anterior segments was performed in two sessions with specific precautions to avoid soft tissue trauma and irritation both during surgery and after it. Post-surgery healing was uneventful and acceptable. In conclusion, with a few precautions, surgical crown lengthening can be performed in these patients with minimal soft tissue trauma and optimal healing post-surgery.
Anti-nociceptive Activity of L-citrulline in Mice Using Formalin and Hot Plate Tests: Possible Mechanism of Action
Authors: Haramipour Pegah , Hassanpour Shahin , Rezaei Alireza
Published: January 2023

Background: Peripheral pain regulation is a very complex phenomenon due to the numerous neural pathways responsible for it. Objectives: The current study aimed to determine the anti-nociceptive activity of L-citrulline and the possible role of opioidergic, nitric oxide (NO), and serotoninergic systems in mice using the formalin and hot plate tests. Methods: In this study, 300 male NMRI mice were divided into 2 groups: 150 mice were used for the formalin test and 150 for the hot plate test (tests 1-6) with 4 sub-groups in each (n=50). The formalin test determined pain caused by the injection of formalin in the hind paw, and the hot plate test recorded pain reactions caused by heat stimulation as response latency time. Further, time mice capable of staying on the rotarod bar were determined. Results: Morphine reduced licking and biting time and latency time in the hot plate (P<0.05), while L-citrulline (50 and 100 mg/kg) decreased pain response and increased latency time compared to the control (P<0.05). Further, pre-treatment with naloxone following L-citrulline increased licking and biting time in the formalin test and decreased latency time in the hot plate test (P<0.05). In addition, pretreatment with L-NAME following L-citrulline diminished licking and biting time in the formalin test and increased latency time in the hot plate test (P<0.05). Likewise, ad pre-treatment with ritanserin following L-citrulline reduced licking and biting time and latency time compared to control mice (P<0.05). Similarly, licking and biting time and latency time were decreased by pre-treatment with ondansetron following L-citrulline. Finally, no significant disturbance was observed in motor coordination by L-citrulline (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) at P>0.05. Conclusion: It seems that L-citrulline has anti-nociceptive effects, and its role is mediated by opioidergic, NO systems, as well as 5-HT2 and 5-HT3 receptors. Further, L-citrulline did not disturb motor coordination.
Interaction of 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) Coumarin With Bovine Serum Albumin and Calf Thymus DNA: Deciphering the Mode of Binding by In Vitro Studies
Authors: Sargolzaei Javad , Khaghaninejad Soheila , Meknatkhah Sogol
Published: January 2023

Background: Coumarins comprise a large family of heterocyclic compounds with a benzo-a-pyrone moiety. Objectives: This study aimed to analyze the binding affinity of 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) coumarin to bovine serum albumin (BSA) and calf thymus DNA (Ct-DNA) using fluorescence spectroscopy. The quenching of fluorescence was recognized during the interaction between 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) coumarin and BSA, followed by a static mechanism. Methods: The hydrogen bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and Vander Waals forces were regarded as the principal part in the 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) coumarin and BSA complexation process. The fluorescence spectral characteristics demonstrated an enhancement in fluorescence intensity of the 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) coumarin in the presence of ct-DNA solution. Results: The experimental results indicated that the 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) coumarin binds to DNA via interjection, hydrogen bonds, and Vander Waals forces. This work illustrated that BSA fluorescence was quenched by 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) coumarin via a static mechanism and the ct-DNA fluorescence enhancement by 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) coumarin was a static process. The secondary structure of proteins changed upon drug binding. Conclusion: It is deduced that 3-(1H-tetrazol-5-yl) coumarin represents a higher binding affinity to DNA compared to BSA. This finding can be useful in designing more effective new drugs with fewer side effects.
Keap1 Gene Variants (rs11085735) and Lipid Profile in Obese Individuals From Kurdistan, Iraq
Authors: Ahmad Avan Arif , Rahimi Zohreh , Vaisi-Raygani Asad
Published: January 2023

Background: Obesity is defined as excessive fat accumulation in the adipose tissue and peripheral organs. The Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) is involved in cellular protection in obesity. Objectives: The objectives of this study were to detect the association of Keap1 rs11085735 variants with the risk of obesity in relation to anthropometric parameters and lipid profile in a population from the Kurdistan of Iraq. Methods: A total of 265 volunteers (134 females and 131 males) were randomly selected. According to the body mass index (BMI), individuals were divided into subjects with normal BMI (131 healthy individuals) and obese subjects (134 obese volunteers). Anthropometry and lipid profile parameters were measured in these volunteers and Keap1 rs11085735 variants were identified by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) followed by digestion with HinfI restriction enzyme. Results: Triglycerides and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) serum levels were significantly higher (P<0.001) in the obese group compared to the control group. The serum level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) was significantly lower (P=0.02) in the obese individuals than in the controls. Moreover, the waist, hip, and wrist circumferences and the waist to hip ratio in obese individuals were significantly higher than in controls (P<0.001). The frequency of Keap1 AA genotype was 1.5% in the obese group and 0% in the controls (P=0.36). The frequency of A allele was 4.9% and 3.1% in obese subjects and controls, respectively (P=0.28). Considering all individuals, carriers of AA genotype of Keap1 had significantly higher BMI and waist and hip circumferences compared to the carriers of AC and CC genotypes. Conclusion: The present study found abnormal lipid profile among obese individuals compared to individuals with normal BMI. Our findings indicated that the presence of Keap1 polymorphism influenced the anthropometric parameters, and the carriers of AA genotype of Keap1 had significantly higher BMI and waist and hip circumferences compared to the carriers of AC and CC genotypes.
Association of 25 (OH)-D3 Level With the CYP27B1 rs10877012 Variants and Metabolic Parameters in T2DM Patients From Kurdistan, Iraq
Authors: Mohhamed Shna Ahmed , Rahimi Zohreh , Shakiba Ebrahim , Khadir Fatemeh , Kohsari Maryam
Published: January 2023

Background:There is an increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) worldwide. The deficiency of vitamin D is a worldwide health problem that can increase susceptibility to T2DM. Cytochrome P450 family 27 subfamily B member 1 (CYP27B1) encodes the enzyme 1α-hydroxylase in the kidney, which converts 25 (OH)-D3 to 1,25 (OH)2-D3. The CYP27B1 rs10877012 G/T polymorphism is located in the gene promoter and can influence vitamin D3 level. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between CYP27B1 gene polymorphism and the 25 (OH)-D3 serum level and the risk of T2DM. Additionally, the effect of 25 (OH)-D3 level on metabolic parameters was investigated. Methods: We investigated 310 individuals including 205 T2DM patients and 105 healthy subjects from the city of AL-Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan of Iraq. The CYP27B1 gene variants were identified by the polymerase chain reaction followed by digestion with HinfI restriction enzyme. Results: The mean level of 25 (OH)-D3 was 18.4±8.5 ng/mL in T2DM patients and 24.1±9.3 ng/mL in healthy controls (P<0.001). Significantly higher body mass index (BMI), HbA1c level, and fasting blood sugar concentration were detected in individuals with vitamin D insufficiency (P=0.009, P=0.001, and P=0.01, respectively) and vitamin D deficiency (P=0.025, P<0.001, and P<0.001, respectively) compared to those with a sufficient level of vitamin D. The T allele frequency of CYP27B1 was 38.1% in controls and 40.2% in patients (P=0.6). In the presence of the GT genotype, a significantly lower level of 25 (OH)-D3 was obtained compared to the GG genotype (P=0.02) among the patients. Conclusion: We found that the CYP27B1 rs10877012 polymorphism was not a risk factor for T2DM but it affected the level of 25 (OH)-D3 in diabetic patients and vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency increased the values of BMI, HbA1c, and FBS as the metabolic parameters involved in the development of T2DM.
Expression, Purification and Characterization of Functional Teduglutide Using GST Fusion System in Prokaryotic Cells
Authors: Alizadeh Ali Akbar , Rasouli Saba , Jamshidi Kandjani Omid , Hemmati Salar , Dastmalchi Siavoush
Published: January 2023

Purpose: Teduglutide is the first and only FDA-approved drug for long-term treatment of short bowel syndrome (SBS). The current study aimed to present an approach for production of teduglutide using recombinant DNA technology. Methods: The coding gene for teduglutide was cloned into pGEX-2T vector, where coding sequence for factor Xa cleavage site was added between GST and teduglutide coding genes. The GST-teduglutide protein was overexpressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3) strain and affinity purified using glutathione sepharose affinity column. Results: On-column proteolytic activity of factor Xa followed by size exclusion chromatography resulted in the pure teduglutide. Circular dichroism (CD) spectropolarimetry showed that the produced teduglutide folds into mainly α-helical structure (>50%), as expected. In mass spectroscopy analysis, the fragments of teduglutide resulted by cyanogen bromide cleavage as well as those expected theoretically due to mass fragmentation were identified. The functionality of the produced peptide was evaluated by measuring its proliferative effect on Caco2 intestinal epithelial cells, and the results indicated that produced teduglutide induces cell proliferation by 19±0.30 and 33±7.82 % at 1.21 and 3.64 µM concentrations, respectively, compared to untreated cells. Conclusion: Teduglutide was successfully expressed and purified and its functionality and structural integrity were confirmed by in vitro experiments. We believe that the experimental-scale method presented in the current study can be useful for pilot-scale and also industrial-scale production of teduglutide.
Biosynthesis of Quantum Dots and Their Therapeutic Applications in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Cancer and SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Moetasam Zorab Musa , Mohammadjani Navid , Ashengroph Morahem , Alavi Mehran
Published: January 2023

Quantum dots (QDs) are semiconductor materials that range from 2 nm to 10 nm. These nanomaterials (NMs) are smaller and have more unique properties compared to conventional nanoparticles (NPs). One of the unique properties of QDs is their special optoelectronic properties, making it possible to apply these NMs in bioimaging. Different size and shape QDs, which are used in various fields such as bioimaging, biosensing, cancer therapy, and drug delivery, have so far been produced by chemical methods. However, chemical synthesis provides expensive routes and causes serious environmental and health issues. Therefore, various biological systems such as bacteria, fungi, yeasts, algae, and plants are considered as potent eco-friendly green nanofactories for the biosynthesis of QDs, which are both economic and environmentally safe. The review aims to provide a descriptive overview of the various microbial agents for the synthesis of QDs and their biomedical applications for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer and SARS-CoV-2.
Comparing the Perceptions of Operating Room Technicians and Nurses Regarding Futile Care: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Torabi Mohammad , Hajilo Parisa , Khabiri Nemati Roghayeh , Kakemam Edris , Ahmadi Niya Tabesh Roya
Published: January 2023

Background. The growing trend of useless care might lead to negative consequences for patients, staff, and the organization. The employees who care for patients in their last stages of life for a long time might not tend to pay enough attention to the patients' pain. As a result, the quality of care services might be negatively affected. This study aimed to compare the perceptions of operating room technicians and nurses regarding futile care in the selected hospitals in Hamadan province, Iran from October to December. Methods. Using available sampling method, the present descriptive cross-sectional study was performed on 200 health care workers (114 nurses and 86 operating room technicians). Data collection tools included a two-part demographic information questionnaire and the perception of futile care designed based on the Corley’s Moral Distress Questionnaire. The questionnaires were distributed in person and electronically. Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software version 26. We used frequency, mean, and standard deviation for descriptive statistics and independent t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA) for analytical statistics. Results. The mean score of nurses' perceptions regarding futile care was significantly higher (16.53±6.18) than that of operating room technicians. While the nurses' perceptions of futile care in both dimensions of intensity (66.71±13.72) and repetition (60.03 13 13.72) were at a high level, the perceptions operating room technicians in both dimensions of intensity (50.19±18.90) and repetition (52.43±18.8) were at an average level. Conclusion. Nurses seem to have a relatively better understanding of futile care compared to operating room technicians. This is probably due to frequent contacts with patients overlooking death, as well as direct contacts with their family and relatives. In this regard, it is essential to develop guidelines in Iran delimiting the standards for the staff’s provision of futile care.
Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli in Diarrheic Neonatal Dairy Calves: Matching Small Intestinal and Fecal Isolates in Terms of Isolation Rates and Antimicrobial Resistance
Authors: Moradi Ramin , Grünberg Walter , Mirshahi Ali , Askari Badouei Mahdi , Sharifi Kamran
Published: January 2023

Background: Shiga toxin-producing strains have been considered remarkable diarrheagenic agents and foodborne pathogens. Several studies have mentioned the role of some Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) strains in diarrhea and dysentery in calves. Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC) have also been isolated from diarrheic calves. Generally, the culture and antibiogram results obtained from fecal samples are used to select antibiotics to treat calf diarrhea. However, the value of such a sampling method has not been evaluated yet. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the clinical utility of fecal sample cultures for isolating STEC and EPEC in calf diarrhea by comparing them with small intestine samples. Materials and Methods: The small intestine and fecal samples were simultaneously collected from 35 diarrheic calves. Small intestine samples were collected under the ultrasonographic guide. A total of 70 confirmed E. coli isolates were screened by the multiplex polymerase chain reaction to detect genes encoding Shiga toxin1 (stx1), Shiga toxin2 (stx2), intimin (eae), and hemolysin (E-hly). We also compared the presence of class 1 and 2 integrons and antimicrobial resistance properties in the STEC and EPEC isolates recovered from the small intestine and fecal samples. Finally, the presence of important STEC/EPEC serogroups, including O26, O103, O111, O113, O145, and O157 in isolates from both samples, was determined as well. Results: STEC strains were detected in 25.7%, and 20% of E. coli isolates obtained from the small intestine and fecal samples, respectively. The stx1 was the sole Shiga toxin subtype detected among STEC in intestinal and fecal isolates. EPEC was detected only in one and two E. coli isolates from the small intestine and fecal samples, respectively. Conclusion: A numerically higher prevalence of STEC was observed in the small intestine compared to fecal samples; there was no significant difference in the frequencies of STEC and EPEC isolates between the small intestine and fecal samples. The results indicated that the fecal sample, as a non-invasive and practical method, could be used for isolating STEC and EPEC in calf diarrhea. The antibiogram showed the presence of a high degree of multi-drug resistance among the isolates.
Leishmania Vaccines: A Narrative Review on Last Decade Developments
Authors: Deris Safa , Delavari Mahdi , Hooshyar Hossein
Published: January 2023

Leishmaniasis is a vector-borne protozoan disease transferred by the sting of a female sandfly. Currently, both cutaneous and visceral forms of leishmaniasis (VL) are observed in Iran. Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is reported in 18 provinces in the country in rural (zoonotic) and urban (anthroponotic) forms. VL is endemic in some areas of Iran. Various drugs are used in the treatment of leishmaniasis, but due to created challenges such as high toxicity, side effects, prolongation, and drug resistance, the process of curing will face problems. The prevention of infection is also costly. One of the best ways to control the disease is to find an effective vaccine. The efficient vaccine will cause long-term immunity and simultaneously breaks the disease transmission chain. This study aimed to review different types of existing vaccines, along with those in trials. It was found that multi anti-gene vaccines created the best immunity against the parasite and could be more successful. Developments in genetic engineering and release systems have raised hope to achieve the vaccines soon.
Prevalence of Bovine Trypanosomosis and Associated Risk Factors in Jima Geneti District of the Horo Guduru Wollega Zone in Ethiopia
Authors: Tolawak Dinaol , Berrie Kassahun , Pal Mahendra
Published: January 2023

Introduction: Parasitic diseases are significant causes of morbidity and mortality in humans and animals throughout the world. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in Ethiopia’s Jima Geneti area of the Horo Guduru Wollega Zone from December 2017 to April 2018. The prime goal of the study was to determine the prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle and assess potential risk factors. Buffy coat and thin blood smears were employed to identify the trypanosome species. The research district and kebeles were chosen using a purposive selection strategy, while cattle were selected by a simple random sample method. Results: In total, 25 of the 384 investigated cattle were infected with trypanosomes, leading to an overall prevalence of 6.5%. Biqiltu Qidame town had a high prevalence of 10.4%, while Adileqa Tuluchali had a low prevalence of 3.5%. The study area had the highest prevalence of Trypanosoma congolense (60%), followed by Trpanosoma vivax (28%) and Trpanosoma brucei (12%) The prevalence of trypanosomosis in cattle was statistically significant (P<0.05) with age, body condition, and packed cell volume (PCV) in the study area. Conclusion: Bovine trypanosomosis was prevalent in the researched area that had a severe impact on livestock production. To increase the livestock’s health and production in the study area, strategic disease prevention and control programs are necessary.
Association between periodontitis and periodontal indices in newly diagnosed bronchial asthma
Authors: Moeintaghavi Amir , Akbari Afsaneh , Rezaeetalab Fariba
Published: January 2023

Background. Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease of the tooth-supporting structures. Current data suggest that periodontal disease may be a risk factor for asthma. The present study aimed to assess the prevalence of periodontitis and its relationship with the severity of asthma in asthmatic patients. Methods. This study was conducted on 70 newly diagnosed asthmatic patients as the case group and 70 healthy subjects as the control group, aged 20‒50. The asthma was diagnosed by a pulmonologist according to Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA) guideline. All the participants underwent peri­odontal examinations, which included measuring the pocket depth (PD), attachment loss (AL), gingi­val index (GI), and plaque index (PI) in one tooth from each sextant, including the incisor/canine and left and right premolar/molar regions for both the maxillary and mandibular dental arches. Results. Periodontal disease was significantly more prevalent in newly diagnosed asthma patients. Patients with asthma had significantly higher PI, GI, PD, and AL scores (P<0.001). Furthermore, dry mouth in asthmatic patients with cough and mucosal changes in asthmatic patients with wheeze were significantly more common than in non-asthmatic patients (P<0.05). The median AL in wheezing patients and the median AL and PD in participants who had asthma attacks within the previous month were significantly higher than in other patients. Furthermore, there was a significant negative correlation between AL with Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC) and PD with FEV1 and FVC. Conclusion. Our results showed that periodontal diseases were more prevalent in newly diagnosed asthmatic patients, and asthma was more severe in periodontitis patients.
Effect of leukocyte and platelet-rich fibrin on free gingival graft healing: A clinical and histological study in rabbits
Authors: Mogharehabed Ahmad , Torabinia Nakisa , Sharifi Darani Sare , Afshari Zohreh , Yaghini Jaber
Published: January 2023

Background. Recently, the use of leukocyte- and platelet-rich fibrin (L-PRF) has been recommended due to the presence of various growth factors to increase the success of free gingival grafts (FGG). This study evaluated the effect of using L-PRF in the healing of FGG in rabbits. Methods. Twenty rabbits were randomly divided into two groups. In each group, FGG was performed in two separate sites with or without L-PRF. One of these groups was sacrificed on the 7th day and the other on the 28th day and analyzed in terms of clinical indices, including wound healing, gingi­val thickness (GT), and keratinized tissue width (KTW). Then histologic sections were obtained and stained for type and degree of inflammation and rate of vascular formation analysis. SPSS 22 was used for statistical analysis. Results. The extent of changes in GT, KTW, wound healing index, and vascular formation between the test and control groups was not statistically significant. The difference in the type of inflammation was significant only between the -7day and -28day control groups (P=0.003). The degree of inflammation between the -7day test group and the -28day control group, as well as the -7day and -28day control groups, were statistically significant (P=0.011 and P=0.002, respectively). Conclusion. Using L-PRF with FGG could improve FGG healing compared to using FGG alone, but the results were not statistically significant.
Effect of an herbal mouthwash on periodontal indices in patients with plaque-induced gingivitis: A cross-over clinical trial
Authors: Talebi Ardakani Mohamadreza , Farahi Atiyeh , Mojab Faraz , Moscowchi Anahita , Gharazi Zahra
Published: January 2023

Background. Recent advances in alternative medicine have led to the introduction of various new herbal products for treating gingivitis as the most prevalent gingival disease. The present study clinically evaluated the effect of a herbal mouthwash consisting of 5 herbal extracts (Myrtus communis, Quercus brantii, Punica granatum, Portulaca olerace, and Boswellia serrata) on periodontal indices. Methods. Fifty patients with plaque-induced gingivitis were included in this randomized, dou­ble-blinded clinical trial and divided into two groups. Following scaling and root planing (SRP), they were prescribed 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) (group 1) and herbal mouthwash (group 2) twice a day for 14 days. Both groups received saline mouthwash for the subsequent 14 days (wash-out time). Then, they used the mouthwashes in a cross-over manner for an additional two weeks. Probing pocket depth (PPD), gingival index (GI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and plaque index (PI) were recorded at baseline and after each period of mouthwash use. The data were analyzed by SPSS software, using generalized estimating equation (GEE) linear regression and paired t-test. P<0.05 was considered sta­tistically significant. Results. Both groups exhibited statistically significant improvements in the periodontal indices compared to the baseline (P<0.05); however, there were no significant differences between the two study groups in this regard. Conclusion. The experimental herbal mouthwash improved the periodontal condition in plaque-induced gingivitis after two weeks, comparable to the effect of %0.2 CHX mouthwash in terms of PPD, BOP, PI, and GI.
Comparison of the accuracy of fixture-level implant impressions using two different materials for splinting
Authors: Negahdari Ramin , Barzegar Ali , Mortazavi Milani Ata , Sheikh Ahmadi Yasin , Rahbar Mahdi
Published: January 2023

Background. Various materials are used for splinting impression copings, the most common of which are auto-polymerizing resins. In this study, a new light-curing pattern resin (Jig-Gel) was investigated and compared with auto-polymerizing resins using two different splinting methods. Methods. After taking impressions with two different materials, a digital caliper with an accuracy of 0.01 mm was used for splinting and measuring the distances between the external parts of the analogs inside the plaster cast. The accuracy was also compared in five groups as follows; group 1: splinting of impression copings by auto-polymerizing acrylic resin, group 2: cutting the splinting of impres­sion copings with self-polymerizing acrylic resin, group 3: splinting of impression copings with a light-cured resin pattern (Jig-Gel), group 4: splinting of impression copings cut by a light-cured resin pattern, and group 5: impression with no splint. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 17. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results. The highest impression accuracy was obtained in the group without cutting the splint of the impression copings using auto-polymerizing acrylic resin. Compared with the impression methods, impression making of non-splint samples in an impression coping was the least accurate, and the results for the two used methods were similar. Conclusion. The results of this study showed that the combination of the impression coping method and auto-polymerizing acrylic resin had the highest accuracy.
Comparison of healing time and the histopathology of bone formation following tooth extraction using freeze-dried bone allograft:A randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Moghaddas Omid , Naddafpour Nima , Farhadi Sareh , Nikookar Peyman , Khandan Sephora
Published: January 2023

Background. A decrease in the width and height of the alveolar ridge is inevitable following tooth extraction. This study aimed to histologically evaluate the amount of newly formed bone after using a freeze-dried bone allograft (FDBA) at two different intervals in the tooth socket grafting. Methods. Forty patients were selected, who required a single-rooted tooth extraction and were candidates for implant placement, with no indication for an immediate implant. Extraction sockets were preserved using a cortical FDBA allograft in two regeneration interval groups: 3 months (group A) and 4 months (group B). At the time of implant placement, a bone sample was collected from each grafted socket. Histomorphometric analyses were performed to determine the percentage of newly formed bone and the residual graft material. Changes in histological indices, i.e., inflammation rate, percentage of ossification, and the amount of remaining biomaterial, were evaluated. Results. There were no significant differences in the amount of newly formed bone and residual graft material between the two groups. In general, the average of new bone formation and remaining graft particles in groups A and B was: %33.89 and %12.59 vs. %39.83 and %14.07, respectively. Conclusion. Bone parameters in group A were better compared to group B. However, due to the lack of significant differences in the results, it is suggested that implant placement in grafted sockets with mineralized allografts be expedited.
Effect of milk as a mouthwash on dentin hypersensitivity after non-surgical periodontal treatment
Authors: Salari Ashkan , Naser Alavi Fereshteh , Aliaghazadeh Komeil , Nikkhah Masumeh
Published: January 2023

Background. Limited evidence is available on the effect of milk as a mouthwash on treating dentin hypersensitivity. The present study aimed to compare the effect of milk as a mouthwash with one anti-hypersensitivity mouthwash in decreasing dentin hypersensitivity after non-surgical periodontal treatment. Methods. Patients with generalized moderate-to-severe chronic periodontitis were selected randomly in the present study and underwent scaling and root planing (SRP). Seventy patients with severe dentin hypersensitivity after two days were assigned to two groups. In group A, the patients were asked to use milk as a mouthwash, and in group B, the patients were asked to use anti-hypersensitiv­ity Misswake mouthwash. The patients’ hypersensitivity was measured during follow-up visits. The independent t-test was used to compare denim hypersensitivity between the two groups. Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. Results. The results showed a significant decrease in dentin hypersensitivity in both groups on days 15 and 30. In the milk group, 11 and 29 patients fully recovered from dentin hypersensitivity on days 15 and 30, respectively. However, in the anti-hypersensitivity mouthwash group, 8 and 27 patients fully recovered from dentin hypersensitivity on days 15 and 30, respectively. Therefore, more patients benefited from the anti-hypersensitivity effects of milk as a mouthwash. However, the differences were not significant during the whole treatment sessions. Conclusion. Using milk as an inexpensive and available mouthwash can decrease dentin hypersensi­tivity after SRP.
Evaluation of root surface roughness produced by hand instruments and ultrasonic scalers: An in vivo study
Authors: Vaziri Farzane , Rashidi Maybodi Fahimeh , Arab Farashahi Mohammad
Published: January 2023

Background. The aim of periodontal treatment is to remove bacterial plaque and dental calculus by hand and power-driven instruments. However, the comparison of the effectiveness of these instruments has always been controversial. Therefore, this in vivo study investigated and compared the effects of hand and ultrasonic piezoelectric instruments on the roughness of dental surfaces under an atomic force microscope (AFM). Methods. In this study, 35 periodontally hopeless teeth were selected and randomly divided into four groups (n=7). The control group consisted of teeth that had to be extracted for orthodontic or prosthetic treatment (n=7). In group one, scaling and root planing were performed using hand instruments. In other groups, scaling and root planing were performed using piezoelectric ultrasonic instruments with low to high power, respectively. Then the scaled teeth were extracted for analysis under an atomic force microscope. Results. This study showed that root roughness significantly differed between different experimental groups (P<0.027). The root roughness (Rq) in the SRP2 group significantly differed from the control group (P<0.05), while no significant differences were observed between the other groups. Furthermore, the least roughness was observed in the SRP3 group, with the highest roughness in the SRP2 group. Conclusion. Within the limitation of this study, there were no significant differences in surface roughness between different powers of the ultrasonic device.
Prevalence of proximal contact loss between implant-supported fixed prosthesis and adjacent teeth and associated factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ghasemi Shima , Oveisi-Oskouei Laleh , Torab Ali , Salehi-Pourmehr Hanieh , Babaloo Amirreza , Vahed Nafiseh , Abolhasanpour Nasrin , Taghilou Sina , Ghasemi Atieh
Published: January 2023

Background. This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the prevalence of proximal contact loss and its associated factors. Methods. A bibliographic search was conducted in June 2021 with no limitation in the article date or language and updated in January 2022 by hand searching. There was no time limit on the search to retrieve all studies. The search included randomized controlled trials or quasi-experiments, and cross-sectional or cohort studies were included in the absence of these studies. Two authors screened the title and abstract. After evaluating the full texts of selected articles, irrelevant studies and or non-English papers that were impossible to translate were excluded. Disagreements between the re­viewers’ selection process were resolved by debate on the eligibility of studies. Standardized critical appraisal instruments from the Joanna Briggs Institute for different types of studies were used to assess the studies’ quality. Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (CMA) software (Version 2.2; Biostat, Englewood, NJ) was used for data analysis. Results. The proximal contact loss (PCL) frequency was %29. According to the results, the frequencies of PCL for the distal and mesial aspects were %7 and %21, respectively. The meta-analysis results showed that the contact loss events on the mesial aspect were statistically higher than on the distal aspect (P<0.0001). There were no significant differences between other associated factors such as the mandibular or maxillary arch, retention type, opposing dentition, implant type, molar or non-molar, parafunction behaviors, and vitality of adjacent teeth. There was a significant association between bone loss and PCL, and in individuals with bone loss >%50, the proximal contact loss was higher (OR: %95[ 2.43 CI: 4.03‒1.47], P=0.0006). The PCL in the anterior area was lower than in the posterior area (P=0.004). Although the frequency of contact loss in females was higher than in males, this rate was not statistically significant. Conclusion. The PCL on the mesial aspect and the posterior area was high. In individuals with bone loss >%50, the proximal contact loss was higher than in others.