bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rodentia
Authors: Montuire Sophie
Published: March 2021

The rodents include more than 30 families and about 507 genera. The distribution of the rodent species is worldwide, and they occupy almost every kind of ecological niches. Most species are terrestrial, but some are specialised for underground, semiaquatic or arboreal life. Rodents are abundant and very diverse in form and adaptations.

Key Concepts

Rodents are not just laboratory animals or pests; they are also the most diverse mammals in nature in terms of their ecology, life history traits and behaviour.

Rodents represent the most diversified mammalian order. They are widespread and can colonize different kinds of environments. Several species of rodent have a fossorial life, others are adapted to the flying mode of locomotion, while some have an arboreal life. Some species are excellent swimmers. Their diet is various. So rodents are not just laboratory animals or pests; they are the most diverse in nature in terms of their ecology, life history tratis and behaviour.

Systematics is the study and the description of the diversification of both past and present organisms and their classification.

Phylogeny is a part of systematics that reports the inference of the evolutionary history and relationships among or within groups of organisms.

Conservation biology is the management of biodiversity with the objective of establishing protective measures against the risks of extinction of species, of their habitats and to maintain a balance in ecosystems. This is why the species are classified by the IUCN (the International Union for Conservation of Nature's Red List of Threatened Species).

Paleontology corresponds to the study of organisms (classification and relationships) that lived prior to, and sometimes including, the beginning of the Holocene (around 11,700 years before present).
Evolutionary Ideas: Darwin
Authors: Bowler Peter J
Published: March 2021

Charles Darwin is rightly regarded as the founder of modern evolution theory, although it is important to distinguish between his proposal of the theory of natural selection and his role in converting the scientific community to evolutionism. The general idea of evolution was soon accepted, but the selection theory remained controversial until the middle of the twentieth century.
Evolutionary Ideas: The Modern Synthesis
Authors: Bowler Peter J
Published: March 2021

By the middle decades of the twentieth century, a synthesis between Mendelian genetics and the Darwinian selection theory had emerged that attracted the support of the majority of evolutionary biologists. The genetical theory of natural selection was applied to field studies and palaeontology, giving rise to disagreements among biologists and historians over the nature and ultimate impact of the synthesis.
Analysis of patient‐specific quality assurance for Elekta Unity adaptive plans using statistical process control methodology
Authors: Strand Sarah , Boczkowski Amanda , Smith Blake , Snyder Jeffrey E , Hyer Daniel Ellis , Yaddanapudi Sridhar , Dunkerley David A. P. , St‐Aubin Joel
Published: March 2021

The Elekta Unity MR‐linac utilizes daily magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for online plan adaptation. In the Unity workflow, adapt to position (ATP) and adapt to shape (ATS) treatment planning options are available which represent a virtual shift or full re‐plan with contour adjustments respectively. Both techniques generate a new intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) treatment plan while the patient lies on the treatment table and thus adapted plans cannot be measured prior to treatment delivery. A statistical process control methodology was used to analyze 512 patient‐specific IMRT QA measurements performed on the MR‐compatible SunNuclear ArcCheck with a gamma criterion of 3%/2 mm using global normalization and a 10% low dose threshold. The lower control limit (LCL) was determined from 68 IMRT reference plan measurements, and a one‐sided process capability ratio was used to assess the pass rates from 432 measured ATP and 80 measured ATS plans. Further analysis was performed to assess differences between SBRT or conventional fractionation pass rates and to determine whether there was any correlation between the pass rates and plan complexity. The LCL of the reference plans was determined to be a gamma pass rate of 0.958, and the of the measured ATP plans and measured ATS plans were determined to be 1.403 and 0.940 for ATP and ATS plans, respectively, while a of 0.902 and 1.383 was found for SBRT and conventional fractionations respectively. For plan complexity, no correlation was found between modulation degree and gamma pass rate, but a statistically significant correlation was observed between the beam‐averaged aperture area and gamma pass rate. All adaptive plans passed the TG‐218 guidelines, but the ATS and SBRT plans tended to have a smaller beam‐averaged aperture area with slightly lower gamma pass rates.
Congenital myasthenic syndrome in China: genetic and myopathological characterization
Authors: Zhao Yawen , Li Ying , Bian Yang , Yao Sheng , Liu Penju , Yu Meng , Zhang Wei , Wang Zhaoxia , Yuan Yun
Published: March 2021

Objective

We aimed to summarize the clinical, genetic, and myopathological features of a cohort of Chinese patients with congenital myasthenic syndrome, and follow up on therapeutic outcomes.

Methods

The clinical spectrum, mutational frequency of genes, and pathological diagnostic clues of various subtypes of patients with congenital myasthenic syndrome were summarized. Therapeutic effects were followed up.

Results

Thirty‐five patients from 29 families were recruited. Ten genes were identified: GFPT1 (27.6%), AGRN (17.2%), CHRNE (17.2%), COLQ (13.8%), GMPPB (6.9%), CHAT, CHRNA1, DOK7, COG7, and SLC25A1 (3.4% each, respectively). Sole limb‐girdle weakness was found in patients with AGRN (1/8) and GFPT1 (7/8) mutations, whereas distal weakness was all observed in patients with AGRN (6/8) mutations. Tubular aggregates were only found in patients with GFPT1 mutations (5/6). The patients with GMPPB mutations (2/2) had decreased alpha‐dystroglycan. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor therapy resulted in no response or worsened symptoms in patients with COLQ mutations, a diverse response in patients with AGRN mutations, and a good response in patients with other subtypes. Albuterol therapy was effective or harmless in most subtypes. Therapy effects became attenuated with long‐term use in patients with COLQ or AGRN mutations.

Interpretation

The genetic distribution of congenital myasthenic syndrome in China is distinct from that of other ethnic origins. The appearance of distal weakness, selective limb‐girdle myasthenic syndrome, tubular aggregates, and decreased alpha‐dystroglycan were indicative of the specific subtypes. Based on the follow‐up findings, we suggest cautious evaluation of the long‐term efficacy of therapeutic agents in congenital myasthenic syndrome.
Persistent neurologic symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in non‐hospitalized Covid‐19 “long haulers”
Authors: Graham Edith L. , Clark Jeffrey R. , Orban Zachary S. , Lim Patrick H. , Szymanski April L. , Taylor Carolyn , DiBiase Rebecca M. , Jia Dan Tong , Balabanov Roumen , Ho Sam U. , Batra Ayush , Liotta Eric M. , Koralnik Igor J.
Published: March 2021

Objective

Most SARS‐CoV‐2‐infected individuals never require hospitalization. However, some develop prolonged symptoms. We sought to characterize the spectrum of neurologic manifestations in non‐hospitalized Covid‐19 “long haulers”.

Methods

This is a prospective study of the first 100 consecutive patients (50 SARS‐CoV‐2 laboratory‐positive (SARS‐CoV‐2+) and 50 laboratory‐negative (SARS‐CoV‐2‐) individuals) presenting to our Neuro‐Covid‐19 clinic between May and November 2020. Due to early pandemic testing limitations, patients were included if they met Infectious Diseases Society of America symptoms of Covid‐19, were never hospitalized for pneumonia or hypoxemia, and had neurologic symptoms lasting over 6 weeks. We recorded the frequency of neurologic symptoms and analyzed patient‐reported quality of life measures and standardized cognitive assessments.

Results

Mean age was 43.2 ± 11.3 years, 70% were female, and 48% were evaluated in televisits. The most frequent comorbidities were depression/anxiety (42%) and autoimmune disease (16%). The main neurologic manifestations were: “brain fog” (81%), headache (68%), numbness/tingling (60%), dysgeusia (59%), anosmia (55%), and myalgias (55%), with only anosmia being more frequent in SARS‐CoV‐2+ than SARS‐CoV‐2‐ patients (37/50 [74%] vs. 18/50 [36%]; p < 0.001). Moreover, 85% also experienced fatigue. There was no correlation between time from disease onset and subjective impression of recovery. Both groups exhibited impaired quality of life in cognitive and fatigue domains. SARS‐CoV‐2+ patients performed worse in attention and working memory cognitive tasks compared to a demographic‐matched US population (T‐score 41.5 [37, 48.25] and 43 [37.5, 48.75], respectively; both p < 0.01).

Interpretation

Non‐hospitalized Covid‐19 “long haulers” experience prominent and persistent “brain fog” and fatigue that affect their cognition and quality of life.
A Hippocampus‐Inspired Dual‐Gated Organic Artificial Synapse for Simultaneous Sensing of a Neurotransmitter and Light
Authors: Lee Hae Rang , Lee Doyoung , Oh Joon Hak
Published: March 2021

Organic neuromorphic devices and sensors that mimic the functions of chemical synapses and sensory perception in humans have received much attention for next‐generation computing and integrated logic circuits. Despite recent advances, organic artificial synapses capable of detecting both neurotransmitters in liquid environments and light are not reported. Herein, inspired by hippocampal synapses, a dual‐gate organic synaptic transistor platform with a photoconductive polymer semiconductor, a ferroelectric insulator of P(VDF‐TrFE), and an extended‐gate electrode functionalized with boronic acid is developed to simultaneously detect the neurotransmitter dopamine and light. The developed synaptic transistor enables memory consolidation upon repetitive exposure to dopamine and polychromatic light, exhibiting effectively modulated postsynaptic currents. This proof‐of‐concept hippocampal‐synapse‐mimetic organic neuromorphic system combining a chemical sensor and a photosensor opens new possibilities for developing low‐power organic artificial synaptic multisensors and light‐induced memory consolidative artificial synapses, and can also contribute to the development of human–machine interfaces.
Generation of Alkyl Radicals from Thiols via Zinc Thiolates: Application for the Synthesis ofgem‐Difluorostyrenes
Authors: Supranovich Vyacheslav I. , Levin Vitalij V. , Kokorekin Vladimir A. , Dilman Alexander D.
Published: March 2021

Reaction of thiols with α‐(trifluoromethyl)styrenes under photocatalytic conditions leading to desulfurative allylic fluorine substitution is described. The reaction is performed by treatment of thiols with benzyl zinc chloride to generate zinc thiolates followed by visible light induced desulfurization by means of triphenylphosphine. Radicals formed after the C−S bond cleavage react with the double bond affordinggem‐difluorostyrenes.

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Investigation of the Determining Factors for the “Mobility Boost” in High‐k‐Gated Transparent Oxide Semiconductor Thin‐Film Transistors
Authors: Sun Yuhang , Kim Junkyu , Chatterjee Neel , Swisher Sarah L.
Published: March 2021

In metal‐oxide thin‐film transistors (TFTs), high‐k gate dielectrics often yield a higher electron mobility than SiO2. However, investigations regarding the mechanism of this high‐k “mobility boost” are relatively scarce. To explore this phenomenon, solution‐processed In2O3 TFTs are fabricated using eight different gate dielectrics (SiO2, Al2O3, ZrO2, HfO2, and bilayer SiO2/high‐k structures). With these structures, the total gate capacitance can be varied independently from the semiconductor–dielectric interface to study this mobility enhancement. It is shown that the mobility enhancement is a combination of the effects of areal gate capacitance and interface quality for disordered oxide semiconductor devices. The ZrO2‐gated TFTs achieve the highest mobility by inducing more accumulation charge with higher gate capacitance. Surprisingly, however, when the gate capacitance is held constant, no mobility enhancement is observed with the high‐k gate dielectrics compared to SiO2.
Strain‐Release Driven Spirocyclization of Azabicyclo[1.1.0]butyl Ketones
Authors: Tyler Jasper L. , Noble Adam , Aggarwal Varinder K.
Published: March 2021

Due to their intrinsic rigidity, three‐dimensionality and structural novelty, spirocyclic molecules have become increasingly sought‐after moieties in drug discovery. Herein, we report a strain‐release driven synthesis of azetidine‐containing spirocycles by harnessing the inherent ring strain of the azabicyclo[1.1.0]butane (ABB) fragment. Novel ABB‐ketone precursors bearing silyl‐protected alcohols were synthesized in a single step and shown to engage in electrophile‐induced spirocyclization‐desilylation reactions. Primary, secondary and tertiary silyl ethers were effectively transformed into a library of new spiro‐azetidines, with a range of substituents and ring sizes. In addition, the products are generated with synthetically useful ketone and protected‐amine functional groups, which provides the potential for further elaboration and for this chemistry to be utilized in the rapid assembly of medicinally relevant compounds.
Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (+)‐Alstilobanine C, (+)‐Undulifoline, and (−)‐Alpneumine H
Authors: Li Guang , Gaeng Nicolas , Piemontesi Cyril , Wang Qian , Zhu Jieping
Published: March 2021

We report herein the enantioselective total synthesis of three monoterpene indole alkaloids, namely, (+)‐alstilobanine C, (+)‐undulifoline, and (−)‐alpneumine H. The key features of our synthesis include: a) introduction of chirality via enantioselective deprotonation of a prochiral 4‐substituted cyclohexanone; b) use of methoxymethyl (MOM) ether as both a hydroxyl protective group and a latent oxonium species for the formation of bridged oxepane and c) domino double reductive cyclization to build both the indole and the piperidine ring at the end of the synthesis. The synthesis confirmed the absolute configuration of these natural products assigned based on the biogenetic hypothesis.
Natural Glycoforms of Human Interleukin 6 Show Atypical Plasma Clearance
Authors: Reif Andreas , Lam Kevin , Weidler Sascha , Lott Marie , Boos Irene , Lokau Juliane , Bretscher Christian , Mönnich Manuel , Perkams Lukas , Schmälzlein Marina , Graf Christopher , Fischer Jan‐Patrick , Lechner Carolin , Hallstein Kerstin , Becker Stefan , Weyand Michael , Steegborn Clemens , Schultheiss Gerhard , Rose‐John Stefan , Garbers Christoph , Unverzagt Carlo
Published: March 2021

A library of glycoforms of human interleukin 6 (IL‐6) comprising complex and mannosidic N‐glycans was generated by semisynthesis. The three segments were connected by sequential native chemical ligation followed by two‐step refolding. The central glycopeptide segments were assembled by pseudoproline‐assisted Lansbury aspartylation and subsequent enzymatic elongation of complex N‐glycans. Nine IL‐6 glycoforms were synthesized, seven of which were evaluated for in vivo plasma clearance in rats and compared to non‐glycosylated recombinant IL‐6 from E. coli. Each IL‐6 glycoform was tested in three animals and reproducibly showed individual serum clearances depending on the structure of the N‐glycan. The clearance rates were atypical, since the 2,6‐sialylated glycoforms of IL‐6 cleared faster than the corresponding asialo IL‐6 with terminal galactoses. Compared to non‐glycosylated IL‐6 the plasma clearance of IL‐6 glycoforms was delayed in the presence of larger and multibranched N‐glycans in most cases
Reversing the Chirality of Surface Ligands Can Improve the Biosafety and Pharmacokinetics of Cationic Gold Nanoclusters
Authors: Tang Hao , Li Qizhen , Yan Weixiao , Jiang Xingyu
Published: March 2021

Severe toxicity and rapid in vivo clearance of cationic nanomaterials seriously hinder their clinical translation. Present strategies to improve the biosafety and in vivo performance of cationic nanomaterials require neutralization of positive charge, which often compromises their efficacy. Herein, we report that substituting L‐glutathione (L‐GSH) on cationic gold nanoclusters (GNCs) with its D‐counterpart can effectively improve the biosafety and pharmacokinetics. Compared with L‐GNCs, D‐GNCs do not exhibit cellular cytotoxicity, hemolysis, or acute damage to organs. Cationic D‐GNCs show less cell internalization than L‐GNCs, and do not induce cellular apoptosis. In vivo, the chirality of surface ligands distinctly affects the pharmacokinetics and tumor targeting abilities of D‐/L‐GNCs. D‐GNCs show higher extended circulation time in blood plasma compared to similarly‐sized and poly (ethylene glycol)‐modified gold nanoparticles. This work demonstrates that the choice of chirality of surface ligands can determine toxicities and pharmacokinetics of cationic nanomaterials.
Carbon‐Dot‐Based White‐Light‐Emitting Diodes with Adjustable Correlated Color Temperature Guided by Machine Learning
Authors: Wang Xiao , Wang Bo , Wang Hongshuai , Zhang Tianyang , Qi Huihui , Wu Zhenyu , Ma Yurong , Huang Hui , Shao Mingwang , Liu Yang , Li Youyong , Kang Zhenhui
Published: March 2021

Here, we show the fabrication of the carbon dots (CDs) with green and orange emissions from PTCDA (perylene‐3,4,9,10‐tetracarboxylic dianhydride). Using these CDs as emitters, the orange (or green) CDs LEDs were fabricated, which show electroluminescence (EL) spectra centered at 560 nm (or 498 nm) with an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 1.98 % (1.76 %) adhering a luminescence of 626 cd m−2 (or 519 cd m−2). The machine learning was successfully used to predict PL CCT value. With the model, the white photoluminescence (PL) emission with adjustable correlated color temperature (CCT) from 3093 to 11018 K via combining blue, green, and orange CDs was achieved. Then, we obtained the warm white CDs LEDs with CCT of 3107, 4071 and 4548 K, and cold white CDs LEDs with CCT of 5632 (CIE coordinates of (0.33, 0.33), EQE: 1.18 %, luminescence: 598 cd m−2) and 6034 K accurately.
Boosting the catalytic performance of manganese (III)‐porphyrin complex MnTSPP for facile one‐pot green synthesis of 1,4‐dihydropyridine derivatives under mild conditions
Authors: Ali El‐Remaily Mahmoud Abd El Aleem Ali , Hamad Hesham A. , Soliman Ahmed M. M. , Elhady Omar M.
Published: March 2021

In this study, the metal complex (5,10,15,20‐tetrakis‐(4‐sulfonatophenyl)‐porphyrin manganese (III) chloride; denoted as MnTSPP) represents a promising efficient and reusable heterogeneous solid catalyst for facile and highly efficient one‐pot synthesis of 1,4 dihydropyridine derivatives via three‐component condensation reaction of aromatic aldehyde, ethyl acetoacetate, and ammonium acetate under green and mild reaction conditions. The simple operation, short reaction time (15 min), and the high efficiency (99%) are the special advantage of this protocol. Furthermore, the green aspects of this synthetic protocol were more studied by examination of the reusability of MnTSPP for four consecutive cycles without a significant loss of catalytic activity. Remarkably, the new synthesis presented advantages in terms of safety, commercially available catalyst, simplicity, stability, mild conditions, short reaction time, and excellent yields, using a mixture of H2O and C2H5OH environmental‐friendly solvent, operationally facile, wide tolerance of starting materials, and excellent recoverable of the catalyst.
Identification of spatial defects in semiconductor manufacturing
Authors: Borgoni Riccardo , Galimberti Chiara , Zappa Diego
Published: March 2021

In this article, we investigate the occurrence of defects in integrated circuit fabrication and show how spatial analysis can be effective in grasping and representing spatial regularities in defect patterns on the silicon supports, called wafers, used to produce microchips. Defects occurring on the wafer surface are the main cause of yield loss in the semiconductor industry; hence, to promptly detect an excess of defects and identify their spatial structure is crucial to the entire fabrication process. To address this hard‐to‐solve problem, this article proposes a concatenation of different methods, namely, a control chart, a clustering algorithm, and a graphical tool. First, a control chart based on the p‐value of an appropriate test recognizes spatially structured defects on the wafer area. Then a clustering procedure grounded on the minimum spanning tree algorithm is adopted to identify those regions more prone to defect occurrences. Finally, alpha‐shapes are employed to display their shape effectively. The suggested procedure proves to be extremely fast and effective, allowing its implementation in‐line during the fabrication process. This provides a great advantage in modern microelectronics where items tend to be highly specialized and often produced in small lots. In particular, due to the Monte Carlo nature of the procedure, the control chart proposed hereafter does not require gold standard data to be set. This is particularly advantageous for small lot production, which is typically limited in time and does not permit to collect long time series of the charting statistics.
Homogene oder heterogene Katalyse? Simultane Verwendung von basischen und sauren Zeolithen in der flüssigen Phase bei der Umesterung und Veresterung
Authors: Roessner Frank
Published: March 2021

Die basisch‐katalysierte Umesterung von Triglyceriden mit Methanol wurde an einem K‐LSX‐Katalysator in flüssiger Phase durchgeführt. Freie Fettsäuren führen zu einer Desaktivierung. Deren Veresterung erfolgte an einem sauren H‐Y‐Zeolith. Überraschenderweise wurde bei der Vermischung beider Katalysatoren keine katalytische Aktivität beobachtet. Somit sollten beide Teilreaktionen homogen stattfinden, weil die Bildung des intermediären Methylations zum Erliegen kommt. Eine schnelle Ionenaustauschreaktion zwischen den K+‐Ionen des K‐LSX und den H+‐Ionen des Y‐Zeoliths könnten hierfür verantwortlich sein. Andererseits deutet die beobachtete Stofftransportlimitierung auf eine heterogen‐katalysierte Reaktion. Somit ist bei Umsetzungen in einer flüssigen, auch nicht‐wässrigen, Phase eine homogene Komponente zu berücksichtigen.
White appearance and chromatic adaptation on a display under different ambient lighting conditions
Authors: Peng Rui , Cao Mingkai , Zhai Qiyan , Luo Ming Ronnier
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of neutral white and chromatic adaptation on a display under ambient lighting conditions with different chromaticities and illuminance levels. The desktop display was arranged to simulate a mobile phone. The neutral white was the whitest point that excluded chromatic color. Only one original image was used and it comprised black text against a white background under CIE illuminant D65 and the CIE 1964 standard colorimetric observer. Forty‐two rendered images were made to cover a representative area of chromaticity space that might be considered white. Eleven ambient lighting conditions were applied with five values of correlated color temperature (3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, and 8000 K) each at two illuminance levels (500 and 1000 lx) plus a dark condition. A psychophysical experiment was conducted where observers were asked to judge each image in terms of “neutrality” under each ambient lighting condition. The results showed that there were significant differences between different ambient lighting conditions. All the available data including the present were used to develop an incomplete chromatic adaptation function with different scaling factors for the incomplete adaptation factor (D) in CAT02. The function suggests that the illuminance and chromaticity of the illuminant had a clear trend on chromatic adaptation. However, the degree of adaptation is affected by the viewing conditions in each experiment.
Investigation on the Growth and Properties of Six Garnet Single Crystals with Large Lattice Constants
Authors: Han Zhiyuan , Sun Dunlu , Zhang Huili , Luo Jianqiao , Quan Cong , Hu Lunzhen , Dong Kunpeng , Cheng Maojie , Chen Guangzhu , Hang Yin
Published: March 2021

Large lattice constant Y3Al5O12, Gd3Ga5O12 (GGG), Y3Sc2Ga3O12 (YSGG), Gd3Sc2Ga3O12, Ca0.4Mg0.25Zr0.65Gd2.6Ga4.1O12 (CaMgZr:GGG), and Gd1.17Y1.83Sc2Ga3O12 (GYSGG) substrate crystals with 2 in. in diameter are grown by the Czochralski (Cz) method, their physical, chemical, and optical properties are analyzed and compared in details. The X‐ray rocking curves (XRCs) illustrate that the as‐grown crystals possess high crystalline quality. The lattice constants of six crystals are calculated and that of GYSGG can be easily adjusted in the range of 1.2450–1.2565 nm by changing the Gd/Y proportion. The dislocation densities on the (111)‐crystalline face are about 102 cm−2 order of magnitude. The thermal conductivities of six crystals are measured to be 11.72, 8.98, 6.83, 5.45, 4.67, and 4.66 W m−1 K−1, respectively. It is found that the thermal expansion coefficients of six crystals can be reduced by annealing at 1273 K for 60 h. In addition, the transmission spectra show that the six crystals have excellent transparency and the coefficients of the Sellmeier equation are fitted by the calculated refractive indices. These results of the six crystals can provide the necessary parameters and references for the selection of suitable substrate materials or laser host crystals.
Enlarging the π‐Conjugation of Cobalt Porphyrin for Highly Active and Selective CO2Electroreduction
Authors: Dou Shuo , Sun Libo , Xi Shibo , Li Xiaogang , Su Tan , Fan Hong Jin , Wang Xin
Published: March 2021

Heterogeneous molecular catalysts have attracted considerable attention as carbon dioxide reduction reaction (CO2RR) electrocatalysts. The π‐electron system of conjugated ligands in molecular catalysts may play an important role in determining the activity. In this work, by enlarging π‐conjugation through appending more aromatic substituents on the porphyrin ligand, altered π‐electron system endows the as‐prepared 5,10,15,20‐tetrakis(4‐(pyren‐1‐yl)phenyl)porphyrin CoIIwith high Faradaic efficiency (ca. 95 %) for CO production, as well as high turnover frequency (2.1 s−1at −0.6 V vs. RHE). Density functional theory calculation further suggests that the improved electrocatalytic performance mainly originates from the higher proportion of Coorbital and the CO2π* orbital in the HOMO of the (Co−porphyrin−CO2)−intermediate with larger π‐conjugation, which facilitates the CO2activation. This work provides strong evidence that π‐conjugation perturbation is effective in boosting the CO2RR.
How Comparable are Microbial Electrochemical Systems around the Globe? An Electrochemical and Microbiological Cross‐Laboratory Study
Authors: Santoro Carlo , Babanova Sofia , Cristiani Pierangela , Artyushkova Kateryna , Atanassov Plamen , Bergel Alain , Bretschger Orianna , Brown Robert K. , Carpenter Kayla , Colombo Alessandra , Cortese Rachel , Erable Benjamin , Harnisch Falk , Kodali Mounika , Phadke Sujal , Riedl Sebastian , Rosa Luis F. M. , Schröder Uwe
Published: March 2021

A cross‐laboratory study on microbial fuel cells (MFC) which involved different institutions around the world is presented. The study aims to assess the development of autochthone microbial pools enriched from domestic wastewater, cultivated in identical single‐chamber MFCs, operated in the same way, thereby approaching the idea of developing common standards for MFCs. The MFCs are inoculated with domestic wastewater in different geographic locations. The acclimation stage and, consequently, the startup time are longer or shorter depending on the inoculum, but all MFCs reach similar maximum power outputs (55±22 μW cm−2) and COD removal efficiencies (87±9 %), despite the diversity of the bacterial communities. It is inferred that the MFC performance starts when the syntrophic interaction of fermentative and electrogenic bacteria stabilizes under anaerobic conditions at the anode. The generated power is mostly limited by electrolytic conductivity, electrode overpotentials, and an unbalanced external resistance. The enriched microbial consortia, although composed of different bacterial groups, share similar functions both on the anode and the cathode of the different MFCs, resulting in similar electrochemical output.
Evaluation of DNA ploidy and S‐phase fraction in fine needle aspirates from breast carcinoma
Authors: Panwar Shalini , Handa Uma , Kaur Manveen , Mohan Harsh , Attri Ashok K
Published: March 2021

Background

The use of fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) as a primary tool in the diagnosis of breast carcinoma provides opportunity for early proliferative characterization of the tumor. This study was undertaken to assess DNA ploidy and S‐phase (SPF) fraction by flow cytometry in fine needle aspirates of patients with breast cancer.

Method

Fifty patients of breast cancer diagnosed on fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) and who subsequently underwent either mastectomy or lumpectomy were included. Material obtained by FNAC was subjected to DNA ploidy and SPF analysis. Immunohistochemical estimation of Ki‐67 was done on histopathology sections. The proliferation markers (SPF and Ki‐67) were compared with each other and with the histopathologic parameters.

Results

On DNA flow cytometry, 27 (54%) cases were aneuploid and 23 (46%) cases were diploid. The median SPF was 12.43% and 4.03% in aneuploid and diploid tumors respectively. Median Ki‐67 among aneuploid tumors was 28.6% compared to 8.7% among diploid tumors. Aneuploid tumors were significantly associated with higher values of SPF and Ki‐67, with Kappa 0.437 and agreement of 72%. Diploid tumors showed lower values of SPF and Ki‐67, with Kappa 0.455 and agreement of 72.7%. Correlation among SPF and Ki‐67 was highly significant with Kappa value 0.446, P value of .002 and agreement of 72.3%.

Conclusion

DNA ploidy and proliferative activity by flow cytometric SPF estimation on fine needle aspirates from breast cancer can provide valuable prognostic and predictive information at the time of diagnosis in patients with breast cancer. This might help in selection of appropriate treatment modality.
Identifying high‐density areas of oysters using species distribution modeling: Lessons for conservation of the native Ostrea edulis and management of the invasive Magallana (Crassostrea) gigas in Sweden
Authors: Bergström Per , Thorngren Linnea , Strand Åsa , Lindegarth Mats
Published: March 2021

Aim

Understanding spatial patterns of the distribution of adult native oyster, Ostrea edulis, and the invasive Magallana (Crassostrea) gigas is important for management of these populations. The aim of this study was to use ensemble SDM’s to (a) identify and predict conservation hotspots, (b) assess the current level of protection for O. edulis, and (c) quantify the amount of overlap between the two species where interactions with M. gigas are most likely.

Location

Skagerrak, Sweden.

Methods

We used data collected by video at depths from 0.5 to 10 m in 436 sites. Models of occurrence and densities >1 m−2 were fitted and assessed using ensemble methods (“biomod2” package). Models of high‐density hotspots were used to predict, map, and quantify areal extent of the species in order to assess the degree of overlap with protected areas and the potential for interactions between the two species.

Results

Both species were widely distributed in the region. Observations of high‐density habitats, mainly occurring at depths of ≈3 and 0.5 m for O. edulis and M. gigas, respectively, were found in 4% and 2% of the sites. Models provided useful predictions for both species (AUC = 0.85–0.99; sensitivity = 0.74–1.0; specificity = 0.72–0.97). High‐density areas occupy roughly 15 km2 each with substantial overlap between species. 50% of these are protected only by fisheries regulations, 44% are found in Natura 2000 reserves and 6% of the predicted O. edulis enjoys protection in a national park.

Main conclusions

Data collection by video in combination with SDM’s provides a realistic approach for large‐scale quantification of spatial patterns of marine population and habitats. O. edulis and M. gigas are common in the area, but a large proportion of the most valuable O. edulis habitats are not found in protected areas. The overlap between species suggests that efforts to manage the invasive M. gigas need to be integrated with management actions to conserve the native O. edulis.
Olefin Metathesis, p‐Cresol, and the Second Generation Grubbs Catalyst: Fitting the Pieces
Authors: Swart Marthinus R. , Twigge Linette , Erasmus Elizabeth , Marais Charlene , Bezuidenhoudt Barend C. B.
Published: March 2021

p‐Cresol as additive to the Grubbs second generation catalyst (GII) allows the cross‐metathesis of acrylates with prop‐1‐en‐1‐ylbenzenes under conditions that only give the prop‐1‐en‐1‐ylbenzene self‐metathesis product in the absence of cresol. NMR and IR spectroscopy, MALDI‐TOF MS and XPS supported the formation of a ruthenium benzylidene with hydrogen bonds between p‐cresol and the chloride ligands of GII. XPS furthermore confirmed p‐cresol to increase the binding energies of the GII Ru 3d5/2, 3d3/2, 3p3/2 and 3p1/2 photoelectron lines, whereas 1H NMR spectroscopy indicated the carbene carbon and hydrogen to be shielded. It is thus postulated that p‐cresol allows for more facile interaction between electron‐deficient compounds and the ruthenium benzylidene by decreasing the electron density on the metal center and increasing the electron density on the carbene.
Methyl jasmonate application and flowering stage affect scent emission of Styrax japonicus
Authors: Chen Chen , Chen Hong , Ni Ming , Yu Fangyuan
Published: March 2021

Styrax japonicus is a gorgeous species with high medicinal and ornamental values. Floral scent is an important feature of this species. However, the previous study on its floral scent is limited. To demonstrate the effects of methyl jasmonate on floral scent compounds in Styrax japonicus at different flowering stages, static headspace solid‐phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry was adopted. The results showed that 22 volatile compounds were identified in control at initial flowering, full flowering and end flowering stage. Besides, the relative content of these compounds increased with the development of flowers. Linalool, estragole and germacrene‐d were main volatiles. Compared to the control, 4 new compounds were determined under methyl jasmonate treatment, including β‐elemene, α‐muurolene, β‐caryophyllene and alloaromadendrene. 26 volatile compounds were found under 200 μmol/L methyl jasmonate treatment with much higher contents of α‐pinene and linalool. Meanwhile, 200 μmol/L methyl jasmonate enhanced the relative content of volatile compounds at three flowering stages. This treatment also contributed to the highest content of linalool, followed by control. The linalool content displayed a continuous increasement in both 200 μmol/L methyl jasmonate treatment and control. Our research highlighted that the application of methyl jasmonate, especially with the concentration of 200 μmol/L, had a more positive impact on the type and the relative content of volatile compounds in S japonicus flowers. The results helped to understand the release patterns of volatile compounds in S japonicus flowers and provide important information to regulate the floral scents.
Metabolome‐Genome‐Wide Association Study (mGWAS) Reveals Novel Metabolites Associated with Future Type 2 Diabetes Risk and Susceptibility Loci in a Case‐Control Study in a Chinese Prospective Cohort
Authors: Ouyang Yang , Qiu Gaokun , zhao Xinjie , Su Benzhe , Feng Disheng , Lv Wangjie , Xuan Qiuhui , Wang Lichao , Yu Di , Wang Qingqing , Lin Xiaohui , Wu Tangchun , Xu Guowang
Published: March 2021

In a Chinese prospective cohort, 500 patients with new‐onset type 2 diabetes (T2D) within 4.61 years and 500 matched healthy participants are selected as case and control groups, and randomized into discovery and validation sets to discover the metabolite changes before T2D onset and the related diabetogenic loci. A serum metabolomics analysis reveals that 81 metabolites changed significantly before T2D onset. Based on binary logistic regression, eight metabolites are defined as a biomarker panel for T2D prediction. Pipecolinic acid, carnitine C14:0, epinephrine and phosphatidylethanolamine 34:2 are first found associated with future T2D. The addition of the biomarker panel to the clinical markers (BMI, triglycerides, and fasting glucose) significantly improves the predictive ability in the discovery and validation sets, respectively. By associating metabolomics with genomics, a significant correlation (p < 5.0 × 10−8) between eicosatetraenoic acid and the FADS1 (rs174559) gene is observed, and suggestive correlations (p < 5.0 × 10−6) between pipecolinic acid and CHRM3 (rs535514), and leucine/isoleucine and WWOX (rs72487966) are discovered. Elevated leucine/isoleucine levels increased the risk of T2D. In conclusion, multiple metabolic dysregulations are observed to occur before T2D onset, and the new biomarker panel can help to predict T2D risk.
Anatomical texture patterns identify cerebellar distinctions between essential tremor and Parkinson's disease
Authors: Hett Kilian , Lyu Ilwoo , Trujillo Paula , Lopez Alexander M. , Aumann Megan , Larson Kathleen E. , Hedera Peter , Dawant Benoit , Landman Bennett A. , Claassen Daniel O. , Oguz Ipek
Published: March 2021

Voxel‐based morphometry is an established technique to study focal structural brain differences in neurologic disease. More recently, texture‐based analysis methods have enabled a pattern‐based assessment of group differences, at the patch level rather than at the voxel level, allowing a more sensitive localization of structural differences between patient populations. In this study, we propose a texture‐based approach to identify structural differences between the cerebellum of patients with Parkinson's disease (n= 280) and essential tremor (n= 109). We analyzed anatomical differences of the cerebellum among patients using two features: T1‐weighted MRI intensity, and a texture‐based similarity feature. Our results show anatomical differences between groups that are localized to the inferior part of the cerebellar cortex. Both the T1‐weighted intensity and texture showed differences in lobules VIII and IX, vermis VIII and IX, and middle peduncle, but the texture analysis revealed additional differences in the dentate nucleus, lobules VI and VII, vermis VI and VII. This comparison emphasizes how T1‐weighted intensity and texture‐based methods can provide a complementary anatomical structure analysis. While texture‐based similarity shows high sensitivity for gray matter differences, T1‐weighted intensity shows sensitivity for the detection of white matter differences.
Experimental Models of Liquid Biopsy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Reveal Clone‐Dependent Release of Circulating Tumor DNA
Authors: Labgaa Ismail , von Felden Johann , Craig Amanda J. , Martins‐Filho Sebastiao N. , Villacorta‐Martin Carlos , Demartines Nicolas , Dormond Olivier , D’Avola Delia , Villanueva Augusto
Published: March 2021

Liquid biopsy, the molecular analysis of tumor components released into the bloodstream, has emerged as a noninvasive and resourceful means to access genomic information from cancers. Most data derived from translational studies showcase its numerous potential clinical applications. However, data from experimental models are scarce, and little is known about the underlying mechanisms and factors controlling the release of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) and cells (CTCs). This study aimed to model liquid biopsy in hepatocellular carcinoma xenografts and to study the dynamics of release of ctDNA and CTCs; this included models of intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) and metastatic disease. We quantified ctDNA by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) targeting human long interspersed nuclear element group 1; targeted mutation analysis was performed with digital droplet PCR. CTCs were traced by flow cytometry. Results demonstrated the feasibility of detecting ctDNA, including clone‐specific mutations, as well as CTCs in blood samples of mice. In addition, the concentration of ctDNA and presence of tumor‐specific mutations reflected tumor progression, and detection of CTCs was associated with metastases. Our ITH model suggested differences in the release of DNA fragments impacted by the cell‐clone origin and the treatment. Conclusion: These data present new models to study liquid biopsy and its underlying mechanisms and highlighted a clone‐dependent release of ctDNA into the bloodstream.
Unpacking some of the linkages between uncertainties in observational data and the simulation of different hydrological processes using the Pitman model in the data scarce Zambezi River basin
Authors: Hughes Denis A. , Farinosi Fabio
Published: March 2021

The main objective of this study was to use an uncertainty version of a widely used monthly time step, semi‐distributed model (the Pitman model) to explore the equifinalities in the way in which the main hydrological processes are simulated and any identifiable linkages with uncertainties in the available observational data. The study area is the Zambezi River basin and 17 gauged sub‐basins have been included in the analyses. Unfortunately, it is not generally possible to quantify some of the observational uncertainties in such a data scarce area and mostly we are limited to identifying where these data are clearly deficient (i.e., erroneous or non‐representative). The overall conclusion is that the equifinalities in the model are hugely dominant in terms of the uncertainties in the relative occurrence of different runoff generating processes, although water use uncertainties in the semi‐arid parts of the basin can contribute to these uncertainties. The identification of landscape features that suggest the occurrence of saturation excess surface runoff provides some information to constrain the model. Improved independent estimates of groundwater recharge is also identified as a key source of observational data that would help a great deal in constraining the model parameter space and therefore reducing some of the model equifinality.
Spatulas for operative vaginal birth: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Grillo‐Ardila Carlos Fernando , Paez‐Castellanos Edgar , Bolaños‐Palacios Jesús Camilo , Bautista‐Charry Alejandro Antonio
Published: March 2021

Background

Operative vaginal birth represents an alternative to address problems during the second stage of labor. Obstetricians have access to three different instruments: forceps, vacuum, and spatulas.

Objective

To evaluate the safety and effectiveness of the use of spatulas for operative vaginal birth.

Search strategy

MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL, LILACS, SciELO, ClinicalTrials.gov, and OpenGrey.

Selection criteria

Randomized controlled studies and non‐randomized controlled studies (NRS) were included.

Data collection and analysis

Studies were independently assessed for inclusion, data extraction, and risk of bias.

Main results

Nine NRS (n = 16  497 women) compared the use of spatulas versus forceps. Low‐certainty evidence suggests that spatulas were not different in terms of failed operative vaginal delivery rate (odds ratio [OR] 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53–1.52), but may decrease the incidence of birth canal trauma (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.54–0.91), birth canal laceration (OR 0.50, 95% CI 0.28–0.91), and neonatal soft‐tissue injury (OR 0.19, 95% CI 0.13–0.29). Six NRS (n = 2992 women) compared the use of spatulas versus vacuum. Low‐quality evidence suggests that spatulas may decrease failed operative vaginal delivery rate (OR 0.10, 95% CI 0.04–0.26). There were no apparent differences in other maternal and neonatal outcomes.

Conclusion

Low‐certainty evidence suggests that spatulas could be a safe and effective alternative for operative vaginal birth.
Transcription factor 4 expression in circulating tumor cells from castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Nagaya Naoya , Lee Geun Taek , Lu Yan , Ashizawa Takeshi , Nagata Masayoshi , Kim Isaac Yi , Horie Shigeo
Published: March 2021

Introduction

Neuroendocrine differentiation is partly caused by antiandrogen therapy and exhibits an androgen receptor‐independent growth mechanism. We hypothesized that the expression of transcription factor 4, an inducer of neuroendocrine differentiation, in circulating tumor cells is related to drug resistance in castration‐resistant prostate cancer.

Case presentation

We evaluate the messenger ribonucleic acid expression of transcription factor 4 in circulating tumor cells from 17 patients with castration‐resistant prostate cancer and compared these levels between patients receiving antiandrogen therapies and those who were resistant to antiandrogen therapies and receiving chemotherapies. The expression of transcription factor 4 in circulating tumor cells was significantly higher among patients receiving chemotherapies.

Conclusion

This study shows that transcription factor 4 is higher in the group of patients who were judged by their physicians to need chemotherapy treatment.
Recovery of Symmetrical Peripheral Gangrene of Limbs in a Patient After Performing Hemoadsorption in Septic Shock
Authors: Uncu Ulu Bahar , Yiğenoğlu Tuğçe Nur , Hacıbekiroğlu Tuba , Sağlam Dursun Ali , Kılınç Ali , İskender Gülşen , Çakar Merih Kızıl , Dal Mehmet Sinan , Altuntaş Fevzi
Published: March 2021

We report a 42‐year‐old patient who had Hodgkin lymphoma and developed bilateral symmetrical peripheral gangrene (SPG) in the feet and hands, which occurred during septic shock after autologous hematopoietic stem‐cell transplantation. SPG is a rare but severe complication of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and is frequently associated with sepsis. The pathophysiology of SPG includes DIC‐mediated intravascular thrombosis and thrombotic occlusion of microcirculation, resulting in low blood flow. Sepsis‐induced hypotension has been suspected as one of the other causes of SPG, and it is thought to be aggravated by vasopressor treatments given for hypotension. Our patient first experienced coldness, paleness, and cyanosis in his body's acral parts, and then SPG later developed in both his feet and hands. Septic shock management was performed with cytokine hemoadsorption, broad‐spectrum antibiotics, and massive fluid replacement rapidly. The patient fully recovered without the need for amputation. Hemoadsorption is an extracorporeal cytokine‐adsorption method for removing excess cytokines. Prompt management of septic shock and early monitoring of peripheral ischemia are essential to avoid SPG.
Role of pyroptosis in atherosclerosis and its therapeutic implications
Authors: He Bin , Nie Qiangqiang , Wang Feng , Han Yongxin , Yang Bo , Sun Mingsheng , Fan Xueqiang , Ye Zhidong , Liu Peng , Wen Jianyan
Published: March 2021

Atherosclerosis is a significant cardiovascular burden and a leading cause of death worldwide, recognized as a chronic sterile inflammatory disease. Pyroptosis is a novel proinflammatory regulated cell death, characterized by cell swelling, plasma membrane bubbling, and robust release of proinflammatory cytokines (such as interleukin IL‐1β and IL‐18). Mounting studies have addressed the crucial contribution of pyroptosis to atherosclerosis and clarified the candidate therapeutic agents targeting pyroptosis for atherosclerosis. Herein, we review the initial characterization of pyroptosis, the detailed mechanisms of pyroptosis, current evidence about pyroptosis and atherosclerosis, and potential therapeutic strategies that target pyroptosis in the development of atherosclerosis.