bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Taksisnye znacenija deepricastija v serbskom jazyke
Authors: Popovic Ljudmila
Published: February 2012

(ruski) V dannoj stat?e, ishodja iz koncepcii taksisa, prinadlezascej V. S.
Hrakovskomu, predlagaetsja sistematiceskij analiz konstrukcij s
deepricastijami v serbskom jazyke. Otdel?no rassmatrivajutsja osloznennye
deepricastijami predlozenija, vyrazajuscie otnosenija predsestvovanija,
odnovremennosti i sledovanija. Vpervye v serbskom jazyke opisyvajutsja
konstrukcii, peredajuscie tak nazyvaemoe kontaktnoe i preryvaemoe
predsestvovanie - kogda dejstvie, vyrazennoe deepricastiem, neposredstvenno
predsestvuet dejstviju, vyrazennomu predikatom ili ze dejstvie, sootnesennoe
s predikatom, preryvaet predsestvujuscee dejstvie, vyrazennoe deepricastiem,
a takze konstrukcii, ukazyvajuscie na nepolnuju odnovremennost? dejstvij,
vyrazennyh deepricastiem i predikatom. V svjazi s tem, cto taksisnye
otnosenija mogut byt?fonom dlja vyrazenija drugih nevremennyh otnosenij -
priciny, celi, sledstvija, uslovija, ustupki, obraza dejstvija, v rabote
budut rassmotreny primery, illjustrirujuscie upotreblenie deepricastij v
konstrukcijah tak nazyvaemogo fonovogo taksisa. V rabote takze budut vyrazeny
soobrazenija po povodu nekotoryh nedostatocno vysvetlennyh v naucnoj
literature voprosov, takih kak pricina raznoreferentnosti deepricastija i
predikata v serbskom jazyke i pr.
Effects of laminating and co-firing conditions on the performance of anode-supported Ce0.8Sm0.201.9 film electrolyte
Authors: Li X. , Lu J. , Wang H.
Published: February 2012

In order to evaluate the laminating and co-firing technique on the
performance of anode-supported Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9 (SDC) film electrolyte and its
single cell, NiO-YSZ and NiOSDC anode-supported SDC film electrolytes were
fabricated by laminating 24 sheets of anode plus one sheet of electrolyte and
co-firing. La0.4Sr0.6Co0.2Fe0.8O3-? (LSCF)-SDC cathode was coated on the SDC
electrolytes to form a single cell. The lamination was tried at different
laminating temperatures and pressures and the co-firing was carried out at
different temperatures. The results showed that the laminating temperature
should above the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the binder. The
laminating pressure of 70 MPa resulted in warp of the samples. The best
co-firing temperature of the anode-supported SDC film electrolyte was 1400?C.
The SDC film electrolyte formed well adherence to the anode. The NiO-YSZ
anode had larger flexural strength than the NiO-SDC anode. The NiO-YSZ
anode-supported SDC film electrolyte single cell had an open circuit voltage
of 0.803 V and a maximum power density of 93.03 mW/cm2 with hydrogen as fuel
at 800?C.
The phase structure and morphology of electrodeposited nickel-cobalt alloy powders
Authors: Spasojevic M. , Ribic-Zelenovic L. , Maricic A.
Published: February 2012

Cobalt and nickel powders of three different compositions: Ni0.8Co0.2,
Ni0.55Co0.45 and Ni0.2Co0.8 were obtained by electrodeposition from an
ammonium chloride-sulphate solution. It was shown that the microstructure and
morphology of the powders depended on the deposition current density as well
as on the bath composition. Amorphous powder of Ni0.8Co0.2 was obtained at
the current density higher than 200 mA cm-2, but nanocrystalline powders
having the same composition were obtained at current densities lower than 200
mAcm-2. The nanocrystalline powders with lower Ni contents (0.55 and 0.2)
obtained at a current density ranging from 40 mA cm-2 to 450 mA cm-2 were
solid solutions of two phases, FCC (?-Ni) and HCP (?-Co) ones. The increase
of the HCP phase in the powder was a result of both the Co content increase
in the powder and decrease of the deposition current density.
Solid state synthesis of extra phase-pure Li4Ti5O12 spinel
Authors: Veljkovic I. , Poleti D. , Karanovic Lj. , Zdujic M. , Brankovic G.
Published: February 2012

Extra phase-pure Li4Ti5O12 spinel with particle sizes less than 500 nm was
synthesized by solid state reaction of mechanochemicaly activated mixture of
nano anatase and Li2CO3 for a very short annealing time, 4 h at 800?C.
Structural and microstructural properties, the mechanism of solid state
reaction between anatase and Li2CO3 as well as thermal stability of prepared
spinel were investigated using XRPD, SEM and TG/DSC analysis. The mechanism
of reaction implies decomposition of Li2CO3 below 250?C, formation of
monoclinic Li2TiO3 as intermediate product between 400 and 600?C and its
transformation to Li4Ti5O12 between 600-800?C. The spinel structure is stable
up to 1000?C when it is decomposed due to Li2O evaporation.
Non-isothermal crystallization kinetics and phase transformation of Bi2O3-SiO2 glass-ceramics
Authors: Guo H.W. , Wang X.F. , Gao D.N.
Published: February 2012

The Bi2O3-SiO2 (BS) glass-ceramics were prepared by melt-quench technique,
and the crystallization kinetics and phase transformation behavior were
investigated in accordance with Kissinger and Johson-Mehl-Avrami equation,
DSC, XRD and SEM. The results show that in the heat treatment process (or
termed as re-crystallizing process) Bi2SiO5 and Bi4Si3O12 crystals were found
consequently. Respectively, the crystallization activation energies of the
two crystals are Ep1=14.8kJ/mol and Ep2=34.1kJ/mol. And the average
crystallization index of n1=1.73 and n2=1.38 suggested volume nucleation,
one-dimensional growth and surface nucleation, one-dimensional growth from
surface to the inside respectively. The meta-stable needle-like Bi2SiO5
crystals are easily to be transformed into stable prismatic Bi4Si3O12
crystals. By quenching the melt and hold in 850?C for 1h, the homogenous
single Bi4Si3O12 crystals were found in the polycrystalline phase of the BS
glassceramics system.
Oxidation Catalysts for Elemental Mercury in Flue Gases—A Review
Authors: Dranga Beatrice-Andreea , Lazar Liliana , Koeser Heinz
Published: February 2012

The removal of mercury from flue gases in scrubbers is greatly facilitated if the mercury is present as water-soluble oxidized species. Therefore, increased mercury oxidation upstream of scrubber devices will improve overall mercury removal. For this purpose heterogeneous catalysts have recently attracted a great deal of interest. Selective catalytic reduction (SCR), noble metal and transition metal oxide based catalysts have been investigated at both the laboratory and plant scale with this objective. A review article published in 2006 covers the progress in the elemental mercury (Hgel) catalytic oxidation area. This paper brings the review in this area up to date. To this end, 110 papers including several reports and patents are reviewed. For each type of catalyst the possible mechanisms as well as the effect of flue gas components on activity and stability are examined. Advantages and main problems are analyzed. The possible future directions of catalyst development in this environmental research area are outlined.
First Insights on Organic Cosolvent Effects on FhuA Wildtype and FhuA Δ1-159
Authors: Tenne Stefanie-Joana , Schwaneberg Ulrich
Published: February 2012

Circular dichroism (CD) and deconvolution were used to study the structural integrity of a “plugged” and an “open” FhuA transmembrane channel protein in the presence of varied concentrations of tetrahydrofuran (THF), ethanol (EtOH) and chloroform/methanol (C/M). FhuA is an Escherichia coli outer membrane protein (78.9 kDa) consisting of 22 β-sheets and an internal globular cork domain which acts as an iron transporter. FhuA and the deletion variant FhuA Δ1-159 showed comparable and remarkable resistance in the presence of THF (≤40 vol%) and EtOH (≤10 vol%). In C/M, significant differences in structural resistance were observed (FhuA stable ≤10 vol%; FhuA Δ1-159 ≤1 vol%). Deconvolution of CD-spectra for FhuA and FhuA Δ1-159 yielded β-sheet contents of 61 % (FhuA) and 58% (FhuA Δ1-159). Interestingly, FhuA and FhuA Δ1-159 had comparable β-sheet contents in the presence and absence of all three organic cosolvents. Additionally, precipitated FhuA and FhuA Δ1-159 (in 40 vol% C/M or 65 vol% THF) redissolved by supplementing the detergent n-octyl-oligo-oxyethylene (oPOE).
Carbon Nanotubes: Solution for the Therapeutic Delivery of siRNA?
Authors: Kirkpatrick D. Lynn , Weiss Michelle , Naumov Anton , Bartholomeusz Geoffrey , Weisman R. Bruce , Gliko Olga
Published: February 2012

Carbon nanotubes have many unique physical and chemical properties that are being widely explored for potential applications in biomedicine especially as transporters of drugs, proteins, DNA and RNA into cells. Specifically, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) have been shown to deliver siRNA to tumors in vivo. The low toxicity, the excellent membrane penetration ability, the protection afforded against blood breakdown of the siRNA payload and the good biological activity seen in vivo suggests that SWCNT may become universal transfection vehicles for siRNA and other RNAs for therapeutic applications. This paper will introduce a short review of a number of therapeutic applications for carbon nanotubes and provide recent data suggesting SWCNT are an excellent option for the delivery of siRNA clinically.
Highly Sensitive Detection of Naphthalene in Solvent Vapor Using a Functionalized PBG Refractive Index Sensor
Authors: Girschikofsky Maiko , Rosenberger Manuel , Belle Stefan , Brutschy Malte , Waldvogel Siegfried R. , Hellmann Ralf
Published: February 2012

We report an optical refractive index sensor system based on a planar Bragg grating which is functionalized by substituted γ-cyclodextrin to determine low concentrations of naphthalene in solvent vapor. The sensor system exhibits a quasi-instantaneous shift of the Bragg wavelength and is therefore capable for online detection. The overall shift of the Bragg wavelength reveals a linear relationship to the analyte concentration with a gradient of 12.5 ± 1.5 pm/ppm. Due to the spectral resolution and repeatability of the interrogation system, this corresponds to acquisition steps of 80 ppb. Taking into account the experimentally detected signal noise a minimum detection limit of 0.48 ± 0.05 ppm is deduced.
Henipavirus Mediated Membrane Fusion, Virus Entry and Targeted Therapeutics
Authors: Steffen Deborah L. , Xu Kai , Nikolov Dimitar B. , Broder Christopher C.
Published: February 2012

The Paramyxoviridae genus Henipavirus is presently represented by the type species Hendra and Nipah viruses which are both recently emerged zoonotic viral pathogens responsible for repeated outbreaks associated with high morbidity and mortality in Australia, Southeast Asia, India and Bangladesh. These enveloped viruses bind and enter host target cells through the coordinated activities of their attachment (G) and class I fusion (F) envelope glycoproteins. The henipavirus G glycoprotein interacts with host cellular B class ephrins, triggering conformational alterations in G that lead to the activation of the F glycoprotein, which facilitates the membrane fusion process. Using the recently published structures of HeV-G and NiV-G and other paramyxovirus glycoproteins, we review the features of the henipavirus envelope glycoproteins that appear essential for mediating the viral fusion process, including receptor binding, G-F interaction, F activation, with an emphasis on G and the mutations that disrupt viral infectivity. Finally, recent candidate therapeutics for henipavirus-mediated disease are summarized in light of their ability to inhibit HeV and NiV entry by targeting their G and F glycoproteins.
Données récentes sur le Paléolithique moyen de l'Aisne : une occupation du Weichselien ancien à Courmelles
Authors: Sellier Nathalie , Coutard Sylvie
Published: February 2012

Courmelles (Département Aisne) liegt in den Lössschichten im östlichen Teil der großen eurasischen Platte. Es zeichnet sich durch seine paläolithische Station in Plateaulage aus. Die Fundschicht aus dem jüngeren Mittelpaläolithikum wurde innerhalb der Ablagerungen der beginnenden letzten Eiszeit (Weichself ruhglazial) identifiziert. Die Steinartefakte aus Quarzit-Sandstein wurden im oberen Teil eines ausgewaschenen, grauen Waldbodens gefunden, was die paläolithische Station in das Isotopenstadium 5a, d.h. zwischen 85 und 75 Ka BP ansetzt. Von dem Levallois-Abschlagmaterial zeugen einige Grundformen und zwei Levallois-Spitzen. Dennoch ist das Fundmaterial nicht repràsentativ genug, um den Fundplatz technologisch einzuordnen.

Die paläolithische Besiedlung von Courmelles trägt zum Verständnis der Fundstätten des Weichselfruhglazials bei und stellt ein erstes Bezugssystem in der Ausarbeitung einer chronostratigraphischen Sequenz im Departement Aisne dar.
A ferrocene redox-active triazolium macrocycle that binds and senses chloride
Authors: White Nicholas G , Beer Paul D
Published: February 2012

A ferrocene bis(triazole) macrocycle was synthesised in good yield by the Eglinton coupling of an acyclic bis(alkyne) precursor and characterised in the solid state by X-ray crystallography. Alkylation gives the corresponding triazolium macrocycle, which binds chloride and benzoate strongly in CD3CN solution through favourable charge-assisted C–H···anion interactions, as evidenced by 1H NMR titration experiments. Preliminary electrochemical studies reveal that the redox-active macrocycle is capable of sensing chloride in CH3CN solution.
Weebly, Wikis, and Digital Storytelling
Authors: Kissel Brian
Published: February 2012

In this chapter, the author explores three questions: 1. How is the practice of writing in K-12 classrooms influenced by this era of new technologies? 2. How can online technologies be brought into the classroom so students can understand that they read and write everyday in digital forms? 3. In what ways can teachers create technology-rich experiences to support 21st century writers? To answer these questions the author briefly examines the theoretical foundation of the process model for writing and how online technologies have impacted this model in classrooms. Next, the author describes three Web 2.0 tools that are available to teachers to use in their classrooms during writing: digital portfolios, wikis, and digital storytelling. The author explains how he uses these tools within his own college classroom. Finally, the author provides a rationale for why teachers should consider using these within their own K-12 classrooms so that digital technologies become a natural part of students’ writing experiences.
Finding Determinants Affecting Distance Education Effectiveness in Terms of Learner Satisfaction and Application Achievement
Authors: Kim Jeong-Wook , Yang Kyung Hoon , Nam Kichan , Kim Sung Tae
Published: February 2012

Distance education has become an important method of extending education to populations that otherwise might be educationally neglected. Distance education in the private sector provides learners with more educational opportunities and widens the range of innovative services with a one-stop educational solution. With distance education, learners can undertake customized education on a more ubiquitous scale. Additionally, information technology allows both trainers and learners to work independently, free from the constraints of location. This study selected the determinants of educational effectiveness from previous literature regarding traditional educational environments, and empirically tested the authors’ hypotheses to examine factors that affected educational effectiveness in terms of learner satisfaction and application performance using a structural equation model. Results show that factors in traditional education are still significant in terms of application performance while certain factors in distance education affect learner satisfaction. The authors expect that this research can serve as a guideline for distance education in the private sector.
An Analysis of Traffic and Throughput for UMTS Packet Core Networks
Authors: Ouyang Ye , Fallah M. Hosein
Published: February 2012

Mobile packet services are penetrating mobile markets rapidly. The mobile industry relies heavily on data services to replace traditional voice services. Designing a reliable packet service network is critical to the mobile operators’ ability to maintain their core competence in a data service market. The current literature provides many practical tools and theoretical methods to design, plan and dimension Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System (UMTS) radio networks but overlooks the algorithms of network plan and dimensioning for the core networks. This paper introduces the algorithms to dimension the throughput for packet switched domain of a UMTS network. The analysis is based on the traffic and data throughput generated and absorbed in the interfaces of network entities in UMTS PS network. A case study is provided to verify the algorithms created for UMTS PS network. This paper provides UMTS PS network operators an optimum network size and network structure to deliver an optimum quality of service for users.
Fractional Reuse Partitioning Schemes for Overlay Cellular Architectures
Authors: Aki Hazar Cenk , Erturk M. , Arslan Huseyin
Published: February 2012

In this paper, the authors propose three partitioning schemes for adaptive clustering with fractional frequency reuse namely maximal fractional frequency reuse partitioning (MFRP), optimal fractional reuse partitioning (OFRP), and GoS-oriented frequency reuse partitioning. The authors propose that an overlaid cellular clustering scheme, which uses adaptive fractional frequency reuse factors, would provide a better capacity by exploiting the high level of signal to interference ratio (SIR). The proposed methods are studied via simulations and the results show that the adaptive clustering with different partitioning methods provide better capacity and grade of service (GoS) comparing to the conventional cellular architectures.
Getting to the Core
Authors: Cleary Patricia
Published: February 2012

A semester-long project for senior undergraduate students was completed in a capstone course that focused on the analysis of ocean cores from the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf. The course was designed to facilitate students’ synthesis of their studies in geosciences by participating in laboratory studies, group work, and scientific writing on a complex project. The course structure, laboratory methods, technology uses and outcomes provide a framework for project-based courses in geosciences which hold inquiry as the central theme using ocean cores as instructional technology.
Harmonized and Reversible Development Framework for HLA based Interoperable Application
Authors: Tu Zhiying , Zacharewicz Gregory , Chen David
Published: February 2012

This chapter aims at proposing an approach to implement a distributed Information System built on top of a federation of existing (reused) software components. This solution is taking as a core consideration the problem of interoperability of data exchanged between enterprises. The idea is to adapt and reuse experiences coming from the development of enterprises legacy Information Systems in order to create a HLA (High Level Architecture) based system of systems. In that perspective, this chapter proposes a new bi-directional development life cycle. MDA (Model Driven Architecture) and HLA FEDEP (Federation Development and Execution Process) are combined and harmonized to implement distributed Information Systems from enterprise models of existing system. Conversely, model reverse engineering techniques are used to help re-implement existing systems, in order to be interoperable without being fully reconstructed. Then, according to HLA 1516 evolved new features, this chapter proposes a solution based on an open source RTI, poRTIco, to implement Web enabled federates.
Towards Crowd-Driven Business Processes
Authors: Vukovic Maja , Bartolini Claudio
Published: February 2012

Web 2.0 is shifting work to online, virtual environments. At the same time social networking technologies are accelerating the discovery of experts, increasing the effectiveness of online knowledge acquisition and collaborative efforts. Nowadays it is possible to harness potentially unknown (large) groups of networked specialists for their abilities to amass large-scale collections of data and to solve complex business and technical problems, in the process known as crowdsourcing. Large global enterprises and entrepreneurs are increasingly adopting crowdsourcing because of its promise to give simple, low cost, access to a scalable workforce online. Enterprise crowdsourcing examples abound, taking many different shapes and forms, from mass data collection to enabling end-user driven customer support. This chapter identifies requirements for common protocols and reusable service components, extracting from existing crowdsourcing applications, in order to enable standardized interfaces supporting crowdsourcing capabilities.
How to be a Transnational Distance Learning Winner
Authors: Hogan Robert
Published: February 2012

Transnational Distance Learning (TDL) holds great promise for universities that are able to capitalize on the emerging market. This chapter discusses strategic planning, operations, and how to maximize opportunities and minimize risk. Vision and mission determine its design and place within the organizational structure. The chapter discusses various approaches for course design, pedagogy, faculty selection, and program management. Techniques to promote acceptance and reduce program costs are discussed. Other topics are testing and evaluation in the virtual classroom, business models, faculty recruitment, and marketing strategies to increase enrollment and profitability. Traditional university management practices need to be reinvented to ensure success in the distance learning market; methods used by for-profit universities are offered as examples. The chapter reviews distance-learning, teaching-learning models, faculty recruitment and training, quality assurance, international partnerships, and accreditation.
World-in-Miniature Interaction for Complex Virtual Environments
Authors: Trueba Ramón , Andujar Carlos , Argelaguet Ferran
Published: February 2012

Object occlusion is a major handicap for efficient interaction with 3D virtual environments. The well-known World in Miniature (WIM) metaphor partially solves this problem by providing an additional dynamic viewpoint through a hand-held miniature copy of the scene. However, letting the miniature show a replica of the whole scene makes the WIM metaphor suitable for only relatively simple scenes due to occlusion and level of scale issues. In this paper, the authors propose several algorithms to extend the idea behind the WIM to arbitrarily complex scenes. The main idea is to automatically decompose indoor scenes into a collection of cells that define potential extents of the miniature replica. This cell decomposition works well for general indoor scenes and allows for simple and efficient algorithms for preserving the visibility of potential targets inside the cell. The authors also discuss how to support interaction at multiple levels of scale by allowing the user to select the WIM size according to the accuracy required for accomplishing the task.
User Experiences and Differences in Viewing Architectural Images with Various Interfaces
Authors: Fonseca David , García Oscar , Pifarré Marc , Villegas Eva
Published: February 2012

This paper proposes an empirical approach to the visualization phase of architectural images, employing established concepts, methodologies, and measurement techniques found in media psychology and user-centered studies. The paper proposes a human-centered approach for conceptualizing visualization technologies and evaluating the quality concept of images to simulate a satisfactory architectural experience. The authors use psychophysiological measures to capture the affective component of image quality experience facilitated by different displays, including immersive and nonimmersive displays. These types of visualizations are important for empirically evaluating the experiential aspects of an architectural space and other types of images.
A young man with a large lung mass
Authors: Praske Steven , Bradshaw David , Roberts John , Childs John
Published: February 2012

A 27-year-old man presented with a large solitary lung mass. Transbronchial lung biopsy and lobectomy specimens showed malignant melanoma. A thorough search for a primary melanoma lesion, including an ophthalmic exam and a dermatologic exam with special attention to the skin, mucous membranes, genitals, perineum, scalp, and nails showed no lesions suspicious for a melanoma. The diagnosis of primary malignant melanoma of the lung was considered. Whole-body positron emission tomography scan with computed tomography fusion imaging at the time of diagnosis showed no evidence of tumor outside the chest, and the diagnosis of primary malignant melanoma of the lung was confirmed. The prognosis of patients with this exceedingly rare neoplasm is poor, though surgical intervention may be warranted in some cases.
An isotope view on ionising radiation as a source of sulphuric acid
Authors: Enghoff M. B. , Bork N. , Hattori S. , Meusinger C. , Nakagawa M. , Pedersen J. O. P. , Danielache S. , Ueno Y. , Johnson M. S. , Yoshida N. , Svensmark H.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. Sulphuric acid is an important factor in aerosol nucleation and growth. It has been shown that ions enhance the formation of sulphuric acid aerosols, but the exact mechanism has remained undetermined. Furthermore some studies have found a deficiency in the sulphuric acid budget, suggesting a missing source. In this study the production of sulphuric acid from SO2 through a number of different pathways is investigated. The production methods are standard gas phase oxidation by OH radicals produced by ozone photolysis with UV light, liquid phase oxidation by ozone, and gas phase oxidation initiated by gamma rays. The distributions of stable sulphur isotopes in the products and substrate were measured using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. All methods produced sulphate enriched in 34S and we find a δ34S value of 8.7 ± 0.4‰ (1 standard deviation) for the UV-initiated OH reaction. Only UV light (Hg emission at 253.65 nm) produced a clear non-mass-dependent excess of 33S. The pattern of isotopic enrichment produced by gamma rays is similar, but not equal, to that produced by aqueous oxidation of SO2 by ozone. This, combined with the relative yields of the experiments, suggests a mechanism in which ionising radiation may lead to hydrated ion clusters that serve as nanoreactors for S(IV) to S(VI) conversion.
Direct comparisons of GOMOS and SAGE III NO3 vertical profiles
Authors: Hakkarainen J. , Tamminen J. , Moore J. R. , Kyrölä E.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. In this paper we present first global comparisons between the two unique satellite-borne data sets of NO3 vertical profiles retrieved from the GOMOS (Global Ozone Monitoring by the Occultation of Stars) stellar occultations and the SAGE III (Stratospheric Aerosols and Gas Experiment) lunar occultations. The comparison results indicate that between the altitudes 25 km and 45 km the median difference between these two data sets is within ±25%. The study of zonal median profiles shows agreement between these data sets. The agreement is at its best in tropics and slightly deviating towards the poles.
Water isotope variations in the global ocean model MPI-OM
Authors: Xu X. , Werner M. , Butzin M. , Lohmann G.
Published: February 2012

Abstract. The stable water isotopes H218O and HDO are incorporated as passive tracers into the oceanic general circulation model MPI-OM, and a control simulation under present-day climate conditions is analyzed in detail. Both δ18O and δD distributions at the ocean surface and deep ocean are generally consistent with available observations on the large scale. The modelled δD-δ18O relations in surface waters slightly deviates from the slope of the global meteoric water line in most basins, and a much steeper slope is detected in Arctic Oceans. The simulated deuterium excess of ocean surface waters shows small variations between 80° S and 55° N, and a strong decrease north of 55° N. The model is also able to capture the quasi-linear relationship between δ18O and salinity S, as well as δD and S, as seen in observational data. Both in the model results and observations, the surface δ–S relations show a steeper slope in extra-tropical regions than in tropical regions, which indicates relatively more addition of isotopically depleted water at high latitudes.
Tooth‐Inspired Nanocomposites
Authors: Moradian‐Oldak Janet , Fan Yuwei
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Biologically Formed Nanocomposites

Nanocomposite Synthesis

Enamel

Enamel Hierarchical Structure

Molecular Mechanisms in Amelogenesis (Enamel Formation)

Amelogenin

Other Enamel Proteins

Synthesis of Enamel‐Like Organized Apatite Crystals

Amelogenin‐Based Nanocomposites

Controlled Crystallization of Apatite by Amelogenin

Biomimetic Coatings Using Simulated Body Fluid

Amelogenin‐Apatite Coatings Using Electrodeposition (ELD)

Bioinspired Remineralization of Enamel

Dentin

Types of Dentin

Dentin Hierarchical Structure

Molecular Mechanisms in Dentinogenesis (Dentin Formation)

Collagen

Noncollagenous Extracellular Matrix Proteins

Collagen–Calcium Phosphate Nanocomposites

Biomimetic Collagen Mineralization UsingSBF

Bioinspired Mineralization of Collagen

Collagen‐Apatite Coating in ModifiedSBF

Collagen‐Apatite Coating by Electrodeposition

Dentin Remineralization

Summary and Future Perspective

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations
Nature‐Inspired Molecular Machines
Authors: Lawit Aitan , Juluri Bala Krishna , Huang Tony Jun
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Biological Molecular Machines

Kinesin and Myosin

ATPase

DNA

Biomimetic Molecular Machines

Rotaxanes, Catenanes, and Pseudorotaxanes

Nanocars

Polyelectrolyte Brushes

Light‐Driven Molecular Motors

Conclusions

Future Perspective
Biomimetic and Bioinspired Self‐Assembled Peptide Nanostructures
Authors: Pampaloni Francesco , Masotti Andrea
Published: February 2012

The most impressing aspect of many biological nanostructures is that they easily self‐assemblein vitro. This is true even for complex and beautiful architectures, such as viruses, cell microtubules, and collagen fibers. Understanding and categorizing the rules of spontaneous biological self‐assembly is extremely important for the advancement of nanobiotechnology. We provide a comprehensive overview of the most recent advances in the design, synthesis, and application of biomimetic building blocks with biological functionalities, which are obtained by chemical functionalization as well as genetic engineering of natural peptides. We also review novel applications of virus and microtubules both as building blocks and as templates in biomimetic nanomaterials.
Biomimetic Nanosensors and Nanoactuators
Authors: Shahinpoor Mohsen
Published: February 2012

This chapter describes the recent advances made in connection with biomimetic distributed nanosensors and nanoactuators (BNNs) made from nanocomposites of ion‐containing polymers, polyelectrolytes and conductive materials and networks. Details of the fundamental properties and characteristics of BNNs are provided, together with descriptions of the basic molecular structures of the materials and subsequent procedures to manufacture materials for electroless molecular plating. A phenomenological model of the underlying sensing and actuation mechanisms is also presented, based on linear irreversible thermodynamics with two driving forces, an electric field and a solvent pressure gradient and two fluxes, electric current density and the ionic + solvent flux.
Biomimetic Approaches to Self‐Assembly of Nanomaterials
Authors: Aili Daniel , Liedberg Bo
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Self‐Assembly

Polypeptide‐Based Nanomaterials

De Novo‐Designed Helix Loop Helix Polypeptides

Polypeptides with Controllable Folding Properties

Polypeptide Scaffolds for Protein Recognition

Polypeptide‐Based Nanofibers

Biomolecular Fibers for the Assembly of Nanowires

Self‐Assembly of Hybrid Nanomaterials

Gold Nanoparticles

Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles

Optical Properties of Gold Nanoparticles

Surface‐Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles

Biomimetic Self‐Assembly of Gold Nanoparticles

Nanoparticle Assembly in Biodiagnostics

Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments

Abbreviations
Nanoscale Deformation Mechanisms in Biological Tissues
Authors: Gupta Himadri S.
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Approaches to Investigating Nanoscale Deformation of Biocomposites

Whole‐System (Macroscopic) Mechanical Testing

Multiscale Deformation and Structural Probes (In‐SituMethods)

Deformation of Individual Molecules and Fibrils

Modeling andAb‐InitioSimulation

Nanoscale Deformation Mechanisms in Mineralized Tissues

Mineralized Collagen Composites: Bone, Antler, and Mineralized Tendon

Bone

Deer Antler

Mineralized Tendon

Anisotropy of the Nanoscale Response

Nanoindentation

Modeling of Nanostructural Deformation

Continuum Micromechanical Modeling

Ab‐Initio Modeling

Deformation in Hypermineralized Systems: Enamel and Abalone Nacre

Dental Enamel

Abalone Nacre

Deformation Mechanisms in Soft Collagenous Tissues: Tendons, Ligaments, and Cartilage

Mechanics of the All‐Organic Nanocomposite of the Wood Cell Wall

The Velcro Model of Wood Cell Deformation

Low‐Microfibril Angle Wood Tissue and Cellulose

Summary and Outlook

Commonalities Across Systems

Future Perspectives and Outlook

Acknowledgments
Titanium Dioxide Nanocomposites
Authors: Arora Hans , Doty Caroline , Yuan Ye , Boyle John , Petras Katarina , Rabatic Bryan , Paunesku Tatjana , Woloschak Gayle
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Photocatalysis by TiO2Nanoparticles, Nanocomposites and Nanoconjugates for Chemical Degradation and Antimicrobial Activity

Methods for Evaluating Photocatalysis

Different Types of TiO2Nanocomposites

Modifying TiO2with Charge‐Transfer Catalysts

Coating with Photosensitizing Dyes

Noble Metal Deposition or Coupling

Doping and Grafting

Coupling with Semiconductors, Blending with Metal Oxides

Modifying with Polymers or Clays

Antimicrobial Uses of Nanocomposites

Antimicrobial Nanocomposites with Noble Metal Deposition

Antimicrobial Doped and Grafted Nanocomposites

Modifying with Polymers

Creation of Magnetic Nanocomposites

Use of TiO2Nanoparticles, Nanocomposites, and Nanoconjugates for Phosphopeptide Enrichment from Biological MaterialsIn Vitro

Uptake and Effects of Nanoscale TiO2and Nanocomposites in Cells

Uptake of TiO2Nanomaterials

Intracellular Localization of TiO2Nanomaterials

Intracellular Interactions of TiO2Nanomaterials

Photocatalytic Uses of TiO2Nanomaterials to InduceDNACleavage and Cytotoxicity

Use of Titania Oxide and Its Composites for Implants and Tissue Engineering

Osseointegration

Implantation Methods

Osteoblast Adhesion

Modification of Surface Chemistry

Artificial Bone Substitute Materials

Toxicology Studies of TiO2Nanomaterials in Animals

Inhalation and Intratracheal Instillation

Intratracheal Instillation

Inhalation

Dermal Exposure

Ingestion and Oral Lavage

Intravenous Injection

Intraperitoneal Injection

Subcutaneous Administration

Conclusions
Silver Nanocomposites and Their Biomedical Applications
Authors: Travan Andrea , Marsich Eleonora , Donati Ivan , Paoletti Sergio
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction to Silver Nanocomposites

Preparation and Characterization of Silver Nanocomposites

Preparation Techniques

Characterization Techniques

Biomedical Applications

Silver Nanocomposites for Biocidal Applications (Antimicrobial, Antiviral, Antifungal)

General Considerations

Overview ofin vitroResults

Effects of Nanoparticles Properties and Role of the Matrix

Antimicrobial Mechanism

Silver Nanocomposites in Wound Healing

Silver Nanocomposites and Inflammation

Silver Nanocomposites for Applications in Biological Sensing and Nanoscale Photonics

Biological Hazards of Silver Nanocomposites

Perspectives
Design and Applications of Genetically Engineered Nanocomposites
Authors: Abbineni Gopal , Mao Chuanbin
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Genetically Modifiable Biomacromolecules for the Design of Genetically Engineered Nanocomposites

Bacteriophage as a Bacteria‐Specific Virus

Bacterial Flagella as Genetically Modifiable Protein Nanotubes

Nanocomposites Built from Genetically Engineered Biomacromolecules

One‐Dimensional Nanocomposites Templated by Filamentous Biotemplates

Inorganic Nanomaterials on Genetically Engineered Biotemplates

Organic Nanomaterials on Genetically Engineered Biotemplates

Three‐Dimensional Assembly of Genetically Engineered Biomacromolecules and Nanomaterials

Layer‐by‐Layer Assembly into 3‐DStructures

Solvent‐Assisted Capillary Molding into 3‐DAssemblies

Genetically Engineered Nanocomposite Films

Applications of Genetically Engineered Nanocomposites

Engineered Nanocomposites for Device Applications

Engineered Nanocomposites for Medical Applications

Engineered Nanoconstructs for Sensing Applications

Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgments
Multifunctional Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Haam Seungjoo , Lee Kwangyeol , Yang Jaemoon , Huh Yong‐Min
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Anatomy of Multifunctional Nanocomposites

The Biomedical Payload

The Carrier

The Biological Surface Modifier

Types of Nanomaterial Multifunctionality

Multimodal Imaging

Multicolor Optical Coding

Optical/T1MRBimodal Image Probes

Optical/T2MRBimodal Image Probes

Theragnostics: Simultaneous Diagnosis and Therapy

Optical Imaging/Therapy

MRImaging/Therapy

Optical Coherence Tomography Imaging/Therapy

Combination Therapy

Therapeutic Antibodies/Chemotherapeutic Drugs

Combinations of Different Chemotherapeutic Drugs

Combinations of Chemotherapeutic Drugs and Genes

Photothermal or Photodynamic Agents with Chemotherapeutic Drugs

Activatable Smart Nanocomposites

Temperature‐Responsive Nanocomposites

pH‐Responsive Nanocomposites

Enzyme‐Responsive Nanocomposites

Reactive Oxygen Species‐Responsive Nanocomposites

Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgments
Nanocomposites for Bone Tissue Engineering
Authors: Katti Kalpana S. , Katti Dinesh R. , Ambre Avinash H.
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Tissue Engineering Scaffolds

Materials

Hydroxyapatite

Silicates

Carbon Nanotubes

Bioactive Glass

Polymers

Natural Polymers

Synthetic Polymers

Processing Methods/Routes for Nanocomposites in Bone Tissue Engineering

Electrospinning

Phase Separation

Freeze‐Drying

Particulate Leaching

Self‐Assembly

Biocompatibility

Counting Cell Densities

Spectroscopic Techniques

Bioactvity

Engineering the Bone–Cartilage/Bone–Ligament Interface

Interfacial Interactions in Nanocomposites for Bone Tissue Engineering

Fourier Transform‐Infrared (FT‐IR) Spectroscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy

Modeling and Simulation Studies

Summary and Conclusions
Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Gelinsky Michael , Heinemann Sascha
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Requirements for Successful Tissue Engineering

Composites and Nanocomposites

Composites

Nanocomposites

Hybrids

Biological Nanocomposites

Bone

Biological Nanocomposites as Scaffolds

Organic–Organic Nanocomposites

Inorganic–Inorganic Nanocomposites

Organic–Inorganic Composites

Mineralized Collagen: Nanocomposites that Mimic theECMof Bone

Silica‐Based Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering

Organic–Inorganic Nanocomposites Containing Fibers

Nanocomposites Containing Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)

Summary and Outlook
Carbon Nanomaterials: Synthetic Approaches
Authors: Tessonnier Jean‐Philippe
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

General Concepts on the Synthesis of Carbon (Nano‐)Materials

Uncatalyzed Synthesis of Carbon (Nano‐)Materials

Catalyzed Synthesis of Carbon (Nano‐)Materials

Synthesis from Solid Precursors

Nanodiamonds

Turning Graphite into Diamond

Explosive Detonation Synthesis

Fullerenes, Nanohorns, Single‐ and Multi‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition

Definitions

Mechanistic Aspects

Single‐ and Multi‐Wall Carbon Nanotubes

Floating CatalystCCVD

Immobilized CatalystCCVD

Aligned Carbon Nanotubes

Carbon Nanotubes Synthesized from Biocompatible Catalysts

Metal‐ andPAH‐Induced Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes

Purification Techniques

Importance of Defects and Curvature for Further Functionalization

Functionalization: Creating Anchoring Points for Bioactive Molecules

Functionalization by Oxidation

Functionalization by Coupling Reactions

Noncovalent Functionalization

Conclusion and Outlook
Nanocarbons: Characterization Tools
Authors: Su Dang Sheng
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Diffraction Techniques

Imaging

Electron Microscopy

Electron–Specimen Interactions

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Transmission Electron Microscopy

Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy

Scanning Probe Microscopy

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy

Atomic Force Microscopy

Spectroscopy

Energy‐Dispersive
X
‐Ray Spectroscopy

Electron Energy‐Loss Spectroscopy

X
‐Ray Absorption Spectroscopy

X
‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy

Raman Spectroscopy

Infrared Spectroscopy
Computational Tools for the Biomedical Application of Carbon Nanomaterials
Authors: Rakesh Leela
Published: February 2012

Single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs), with their versatile physico‐chemical features, have been investigated as an efficient platform for biomedical applications. The main challenges of drug design are to locate compounds that bind selectively to target receptors, but not to other receptors such that they cause adverse side effects. If dispersed properly, nanoparticles of a certain size can pass through the blood barrier to deliver drugs to a targeted site. Often, drugs are rapidly released at lower pH, as in inflammatory/diseased and tumor cells. Nanoparticles are often functionalized and unfunctionalized with nonionic surfactant polymers, with and without functionalized hydrophobic drugs bound by cleavable linker, to render them stable in suspension. In biological membranes, cholesterol and amphiphilic molecules serve as surfactants and, by design, may be used to assist nanoparticles in carrying hydrophobic drugs to targeted sites. As the experimental investigation of biocompatible surfactants, and of hydrophobic drugs and their interactions with nanoparticles, is time‐consuming and expensive, computer simulation might offer a viable means of understanding the interaction between nanoparticles (e.g., carbon nanotubes, fullerenes), drugs and biocompatible surfactants, either by covalent or noncovalent functionalization. Thus, an attempt was made to understand the various interaction properties of these complexes using computer simulation, perhaps to provide insight into the overall mechanisms and for experimental studies. The present study involved molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of a system composed of branched and unbranched PEGylated lipids, with and without the covalent and noncovalent functionalization of drugs [e.g., paclitaxel (PTX) and Irinotecan (Irin)] such as cholesterols and phospholipids (the components of the living cell's membrane) to single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs). The behavior of these complexes in the presence of ssDNA and hormonally active vitamin D2 was also investigated. The addition of SWNTs and vitamin D2 leads to increases in the loading of PTX interaction and binding. Thus, a strategy was investigated to apply a comparative binding energy analysis of SWNTs to identify the interaction between different chemical species. The binding energy, mean square displacement, radial distribution function, angular and translational velocity autocorrelation functions of PEGylated cholesterol and phospholipid molecules are presented, and analyzed to understand the efficiency of the drug‐delivery system in the presence of SWNTs, along with an historical perspective of its merits and demerits in biomedical applications. The strong interaction between complexed PTX in the presence of vitamin D2 and SWNTs is believed to be a determinant factor in the higher loading and prolonged burst release of the drug to a targeted site.
Application of Carbon Nanotubes to Brain Tumor Therapy
Authors: Zhao Dongchang , Badie Behnam
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Current Challenge of Brain Tumor Therapy

Current Status of Clinical Practice in Brain Tumor Therapy

The Progress of Investigational Therapies for Brain Tumors

Targeted Molecular Therapy

Anti‐Angiogenic Therapy

Immunotherapy

Gene Therapy

The Characteristics ofCNTsfor Biological Applications

Single‐Walled and Multi‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Functionalization ofCNTs

Covalent Surface Modification

Noncovalent Surface Modification

CNTDelivery System

Delivery of Antibodies and Peptides

Delivery ofsiRNA

Delivery ofDNAMolecules

Delivery ofCpG

Delivery of Vaccines

Delivery of Chemical Drugs

Strategies of Application ofCNTsto Brain Tumor Therapy

CNTsTargeting Brain Tumor‐Macrophages

Internalization ofCNTsbyBV2 Microglia CellsIn Vitro

Preferential Uptake ofCNTsby Macrophages in a Glioma Model

Phosphatidylserine‐CoatedCNTsTargeting Microglia/Macrophages

CNTsTargeting Tumor Cells and Preliminary Efforts TowardsIn VivoCancer Therapy

CNTsActively Targeting Tumor Cells

CNTsPassively Targeting Tumor Cells

CNTsThermal Effects on Tumor Cells

Toxicity Issues ofCNTsin Brain Tumor Therapy

Conclusions and Future Directions

Acknowledgments
Stimulus‐Responsive Polymers at Nanointerfaces
Authors: Vasani Roshan , Cole Martin , Ellis Amanda V. , Voelcker Nicolas H.
Published: February 2012

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Types of Stimulus‐Responsive Polymer

Thermoresponsive Polymers

LCSTPolymers

UCSTPolymers

pH‐Responsive Polymers

Polycations

Polyanions

Polyzwitterions

Photoresponsive Polymers

Dual and Multi‐Stimulus‐Responsive Polymers

Generating Stimulus‐Responsive Interfaces

Covalent Routes

“Grafting‐From” Techniques

“Grafting‐To” Techniques

Noncovalent Routes

InterfacingSRPswith Flat and Porous Substrates

Nanoparticles and Nanotubes

Silica, Metal, and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles

Quantum Dots

Micelles

Liposomes

Nanotubes

Applications of Stimulus‐Responsive Polymers at Interfaces

Controlled Drug Delivery

Control of Biointerfacial Interactions

Microfluidic Valves

Molecular Separation

Summary and Future Perspectives
Radiopaque Polymeric Nanoparticles for
X
‐Ray Medical Imaging
Authors: Margel Shlomo , Galperin Anna , Aviv Hagit , Bartling Soenke , Kiessling Fabian
Published: February 2012

In this chapter we describe the synthesis of iodinated homopolymeric radiopaque nanoparticles of 28.9 ± 6.3 nm diameter prepared by emulsion polymerization of 2‐methacryloyloxyethyl(2,3,5‐triiodobenzoate) (MAOETIB). These nanoparticles dispersed in aqueous continuous phase tend to agglomerate in concentration above 0.3%. The agglomeration rate increases as the concentration of the nanoparticles in the aqueous phase rises, and prevents thereby the in vivo use as contrast agent for medical X‐ray imaging. This limitation was solved by synthesis of copolymeric iodinated nanoparticles of 25.5 ± 4.2 nm diameter, via emulsion copolymerization of MAOETIB in the presence of a low concentration of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA). The surface of the resulting copolymeric nanoparticles is far more hydrophilic than that of the polyMAOETIB (PMAOETIB) nanoparticles. Therefore, P(MAOETIB‐GMA) nanoparticles are significantly more stable against agglomeration in aqueous continuous phase. After intravenous injection of the P(MAOETIB‐GMA) nanoparticles dispersed in 5% dextrose aqueous solution into rats and mice (including those with a liver cancer model) CT‐imaging revealed a significant enhanced visibility of the blood pool for 30 min after injection. Later, lymph nodes, liver and spleen strongly enhanced due to nanoparticles uptake by the reticuloendothelial system. This favorably enabled the differentiation of cancerous from healthy liver tissue and suggests our particles for tumor imaging in liver and lymph nodes.