bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Examination of the changes in lower extremities related to progression of adult spinal deformity: a longitudinal study of over 22 years
Authors: Shimizu Mutsuya , Kobayashi Tetsuya , Chiba Hisashi , Senoo Issei , Abe Satomi , Matsukura Keisuke , Ito Hiroshi
Published: July 2020

This longitudinal observational study investigated the relationship between changes in spinal sagittal alignment and changes in lower extremity coronal alignment. A total of 58 female volunteers who visited our institution at least twice during the 1992 to 1997 and 2015 to 2019 periods were investigated. We reviewed whole-spine radiographs and lower extremity radiographs and measured standard spinal sagittal parameters including pelvic incidence [PI], lumbar lordosis [LL], pelvic tilt [PT], sacral slope [SS] and sagittal vertical axis [SVA], and coronal lower extremity parameters including femorotibial angle (FTA), hip–knee–ankle angle (HKA), mechanical lateral distal femoral angle (mLDFA), mechanical medial proximal tibial angle (mMPTA) and mechanical lateral distal tibial angle (mLDTA). Lumbar spondylosis and knee osteoarthritis were assessed using the Kellgren–Lawrence (KL) grading system at baseline and at final follow-up. We investigated the correlation between changes in spinal sagittal alignment and lower extremity alignment and changes in lumbar spondylosis. The mean age [standard deviation (SD)] was 48.3 (6.3) years at first visit and 70.2 (6.3) years at final follow-up. There was a correlation between changes in PI-LL and FTA (R = 0.449, P < 0.001) and between PI-LL and HKA (R = 0.412, P = 0.001). There was a correlation between changes in lumbar spondylosis at L3/4 (R = 0.383, P = 0.004) and L4/5 (R = 0.333, P = 0.012) and the knee joints. Changes in lumbar spondylosis at L3/4 and L4/5 were related to changes in KOA. Successful management of ASD must include evaluation of the state of lower extremity alignment, not only in the sagittal phase, but also the coronal phase.
Author Correction: Kv1 potassium channels control action potential firing of putative GABAergic deep cerebellar nuclear neurons
Authors: Feria Pliego Jessica Abigail , Pedroarena Christine M.
Published: July 2020

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
Higher tree diversity increases soil microbial resistance to drought
Authors: Gillespie Lauren M. , Fromin Nathalie , Milcu Alexandru , Buatois Bruno , Pontoizeau Clovis , Hättenschwiler Stephan
Published: July 2020

Predicted increases in drought frequency and severity may change soil microbial functioning. Microbial resistance and recovery to drought depend on plant community characteristics, among other factors, yet how changes in plant diversity modify microbial drought responses is uncertain. Here, we assessed how repeated drying-rewetting cycles affect soil microbial functioning and whether tree species diversity modifies these effects with a microcosm experiment using soils from different European forests. Our results show that microbial aerobic respiration and denitrification decline under drought but are similar in single and mixed tree species forests. However, microbial communities from mixed forests resist drought better than those from mono-specific forests. This positive tree species mixture effect is robust across forests differing in environmental conditions and species composition. Our data show that mixed forests mitigate drought effects on soil microbial processes, suggesting greater stability of biogeochemical cycling in mixed forests should drought frequency increase in the future.
Aerobic Oxidations Using Metal-free Heterogeneous Systems
Authors: Navalón Sergio , Herance Raúl , Álvaro Mercedes , García Hermenegildo
Published: July 2020

Aerobic oxidation is a process of large industrial importance that requires of a catalyst to achieve selectivity to the wanted product. Currently, most of the catalysts for aerobic oxidations are transition metals, either soluble salts and complexes or supported on insoluble materials. Some of the metals are precious noble metals or critical raw materials. For the sake of sustainability there is a current interest in developing alternative catalysts for aerobic oxidation that are metal-free. The present review summarizes the state of the art in the use of various types of carbon nanoforms, including diamond nanoparticles and different graphene materials, as metal-free catalysts for aerobic oxidation. After an introductory section that describes the objective of the chapter, two specific sections describe the structure and properties of diamond nanoparticles and graphene-related materials. General mechanisms for aerobic oxidations are briefly summarized. The main body of the review is a summary of the state of the art in aerobic oxidation of different functional groups. The last section summarizes the review and contains our view on future developments of the field that is still in its early stages.
Longitudinal shape evolution of Ag2S nanoparticles from nanospheres, rhombic dodecahedrons, nanorods, to nanocubes
Authors: Doh Hyunmi , Lee Wonseok , Sung Yunmo , Kim Sungjee
Published: July 2020

Longitudinal shape evolution of Ag2S nanoparticles is reported. Ag2S nanospheres turn into rhombic dodecahedrons, and sequentially converted into nanodumbbells, nanorods, and nanocubes by oriented attachements along the 〈−104〉 and 〈−110〉 planes.
Quantifying the effects of quadrupolar sinksvia15N relaxation dynamics in metronidazoles hyperpolarizedviaSABRE-SHEATH
Authors: Birchall Jonathan R. , Kabir Mohammad S. H. , Salnikov Oleg G. , Chukanov Nikita V. , Svyatova Alexandra , Kovtunov Kirill V. , Koptyug Igor V. , Gelovani Juri G. , Goodson Boyd M. , Pham Wellington , Chekmenev Eduard Y.
Published: July 2020

The presence of14N nucleus in the scalar coupling network results in a 3-fold decrease of15NT1and polarization values for all15N sites in15N2-metronidazoleversus15N3-metronidazole in SABRE hyperpolarization in microtesla fields.
Near perfect head-to-head selectivity on the supramolecular photocyclodimerisation of 2-anthracenecarboxylate with self-organised gemini surfactant bilayers
Authors: Yospanya Wijak , Nishijima Masaki , Araki Yasuyuki , Buffeteau Thierry , Pouget Emilie , Wada Takehiko , Oda Reiko
Published: July 2020

Near perfect head-to-head selectivity upon supramolecular [4+4] photocyclodimerisation of 2-anthracenecarboxylate were achieved through silicificated self-organised gemini surfactant bilayers in water at room temperature.
The chemistry of phosphirane-substituted phosphinidene complexes
Authors: Wang Min , Yang Tingting , Tian Rongqiang , Wei Donghui , Duan Zheng , Mathey François
Published: July 2020

A phosphinidene induced the ring expansion and splitting of phosphirane to the relative parent 3,4-dihydro-1,2-diphosphete complex and diphosphorus (P2) complex.
Progress toward colorimetric and fluorescent detection of carbonyl sulfide
Authors: Cerda Matthew M. , Fehr Julia M. , Sherbow Tobias J. , Pluth Michael D.
Published: July 2020

We report here that a fluorescent benzobisimidazolium salt (TBBI) can be used for the fluorescent and colorimetric detection of carbonyl sulfide (COS) over related heterocumulenes including CO2 and CS2 in wet MeCN.
Magnetic and electronic properties of 2D TiX3 (X = F, Cl, Br and I)
Authors: Geng Jiazhong , Chan Iat Neng , Ai Haoqiang , Lo Kin Ho , Kawazoe Yoshiyuki , Ng Kar Wei , Pan Hui
Published: July 2020

A two-step transition in the magnetic state occurs in bilayer TiI3 under applied strain.
A simulation study of the low temperature phase diagram of the methane monolayer on graphite: a test of potential energy functions
Authors: Zhang Han , Tan Shiliang (Johnathan) , Prasetyo Luisa , Do D. D. , Nicholson D.
Published: July 2020

The TraPPE-EH model reveals the two patterns of commensurate monolayer and the mechanism of commensurate–incommensurate transition in a certain temperature range.
Palladium dispersion effects on wet methane oxidation kinetics
Authors: Velin Peter , Florén Carl-Robert , Skoglundh Magnus , Raj Agnes , Thompsett David , Smedler Gudmund , Carlsson Per-Anders
Published: July 2020

The catalytic activity for dry and wet methane oxidation over a series of palladium–alumina catalysts with systematically varied palladium loadings and PdO dispersions was measured and compared with conceptual multiscale simulations.
Enzyme production ofd-gluconic acid and glucose oxidase: successful tales of cascade reactions
Authors: Kornecki Jakub F. , Carballares Diego , Tardioli Paulo W. , Rodrigues Rafael C. , Berenguer-Murcia Ángel , Alcántara Andrés R. , Fernandez-Lafuente Roberto
Published: July 2020

This review mainly focuses on the use of glucose oxidase in the production ofd-gluconic acid, which is a reactant of undoubtable interest in different industrial areas. As example of diverse enzymatic cascade reactions.
Dry reforming of methane over alumina-supported rhodium catalysts at low temperatures under visible and near-infrared light
Authors: Takami Daichi , Yamamoto Akira , Yoshida Hisao
Published: July 2020

An alumina-supported metallic Rh catalyst (Rh/Al2O3) was found to be an effective catalyst in photo-assisted dry reforming of methane at around 473 K under visible and near-infrared light.
Investigation of cobalt(iii)–phenylalanine complexes for hypoxia-activated drug delivery
Authors: de Souza Isabela Cristina Aguiar , Santana Savyo de Souza , Gómez Javier G. , Guedes Guilherme P. , Madureira João , Quintal Susana Maria de Ornelas , Lanznaster Mauricio
Published: July 2020

l-Phenylalanine (l-Phe) was used as a ligand model for the anticancer drug melphalan. CoIII–Phe complexes were successfully designed for hypoxia-selective release of l-Phe from CoIII–Phe upon Co3+/Co2+ reduction by ascorbic acid.
Synthesis of atomically precise single-crystalline Ru2-based coordination polymers
Authors: Gao Wen-Yang , Van Trieste III Gerard Pierre , Powers David C.
Published: July 2020

Metallopolymerization of kinetically inert Ru2 metallomonomers via construction of Ag–N bonds provides access to atomically precise single-crystalline Ru2-based coordination polymers with varied network topology and primary coordination sphere.
Antimicrobial activity and mechanism of peptide CM4 againstPseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Li Jian-Feng , Zhang Jia-Xin , Li Guo , Xu Yan-Yan , Lu Kai , Wang Zhi-Guo , Liu Jun-Ping
Published: July 2020

Amidated peptide CM4 showed good activity inin vitrobacteriostasis experiments and may be used as a novel food preservative.
Design and antibacterial activity assessment of “green” synthesized 1,4-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles via an Fe3O4/silicalite-1/PVA/Cu(i) nanocomposite catalyzed three component reaction
Authors: Taheri Kal-Koshvandi Afsaneh , Ahghari Mohammad Reza , Maleki Ali
Published: July 2020

The preparation of an Fe3O4/silicalite-1/PVA/Cu(i) bionanocomposite is presented, completely characterized and applied for the green synthesis of 1,4-disubstituted-1,2,3-triazoles.
Iridium-catalyzed direct C–H arylation of cyclic N-sulfonyl ketimines with arylsiloxanes at ambient temperature
Authors: Sarkar Writhabrata , Bhowmik Arup , Das Sumit , Sulekha Aiswarya Balaram , Mishra Aniket , Deb Indubhusan
Published: July 2020

A highly efficient iridium-catalyzed ortho-selective C–H arylation of weakly coordinating cyclic N-sulfonyl ketimines has been achieved with environmentally benign aryl siloxanes at ambient temperature giving access to a novel class of biaryls.
Preparation of 4-arylquinazolines witho-(N-alkyl,N-p-tosyl)aminobenzonitriles, aryllithiums, and NIS
Authors: Naruto Hiroki , Togo Hideo
Published: July 2020

Tansformation by successive operation without transition metals.
PDGFA gene rs9690350 polymorphism increases biliary atresia risk in Chinese children
Authors: Liu Fei , Zeng Jixiao , Zhu Deli , Xu Xiaogang , Lan Menglong , Wang Mengmeng , Zhao Jinglu , Xia Huimin , Zhang Yan , Zhang Ruizhong
Published: July 2020

Biliary atresia (BA) is a genetic and severe fibro-inflammatory obliterative cholangiopathy of neonates. Platelet-derived growth factor subunit A (PDGFA), as one of participants in liver fibrosis, the overexpression of PDGFA through DNA hypomethylation may lead to the development of BA, but the pathogenesis is still unclear. We conducted a large case–control cohort to investigate the association of genetic variants in PDGFA with BA susceptibility in the Southern Chinese population (506 cases and 1473 controls). We observed that the G allele of rs9690350(G>C) in PDGFA was significantly associated with an increased risk of BA (OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.04–1.49, P=0.02). Additionally, the rs9690350 G allele increased the risk of non-cystic biliary atresia (OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.04–1.52, P=0.02) and was a genetic biomarker of severe manifestations after surgery. These findings indicate that the rs9690350 G allele is a PDGFA polymorphism associated with the risk of BA that may confer increased disease susceptibility.
Lack of association between IGF2BP2 rs4402960 polymorphism and gestational diabetes mellitus: a case–control study, meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis
Authors: Liu Jing , Song Guang , Zhao Ge , Meng Tao
Published: July 2020

Background: It is well known that insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) rs4402960 polymorphism is associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, which has a shared genetic background with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Previous studies have yielded controversial results about the link between IGF2BP2 rs4402960 polymorphism and GDM risk. Thus, a meta-analysis was performed to obtain more conclusive results.

Methods: Clinical and genotype data were determined for 305 GDM and 1216 healthy participants recruited. Eligible studies were retrieved in PubMed, Web of science, EMBASE, and Scopus. Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were utilized to evaluate the relationship between IGF2BP2 polymorphisms and GDM susceptibility in five genetic models. The subgroup stratified analysis and trial sequential analysis (TSA) were performed.

Results: In this case–control study, no significant association was revealed between IGF2BP2 polymorphism and GDM (P>0.05). When combined with the previous studies in the meta-analysis, there was no statistical association between IGF2BP2 polymorphism and GDM (allele model: OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.86–1.18; dominant model: OR = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.81–1.24; recessive model: OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.91–1.29; heterozygous model: OR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.80–1.24; homozygous model: OR = 1.06, 95% CI = 0.78–1.42). No association was observed in five genetic models in each subgroup. TSA indicated sufficient proof of such null association in the overall population.

Conclusions: This meta-analysis provides sufficient statistical evidence indicating null association between IGF2BP2 rs4402960 polymorphism and GDM risk.
Bioinformatics-based analysis of the lncRNA–miRNA–mRNA and TF regulatory networks reveals functional genes in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Ye Zhimin , Fang Jun , Wang Zhun , Wang Lei , Li Bin , Liu Tongxin , Wang Yuezhen , Hua Jianfeng , Wang FangZheng , Fu Zhenfu
Published: July 2020

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is a 5-year survival rate unsatisfied malignancies. The study aimed to identify the novel diagnostic and prognostic targets for ESCC. Expression profiling (GSE89102, GSE97051, and GSE59973) data were downloaded from the GEO database. Then, differentially expressed (DE) lncRNAs, DEmiRNAs, and genes (DEGs) with P-values < 0.05, and |log2FC| ≥ 2, were identified using GEO2R. Functional enrichment analysis of miRNA-related mRNAs and lncRNA co-expressed mRNA was performed. LncRNA–miRNA–mRNA, protein–protein interaction of miRNA-related mRNAs and DEGs, co-expression, and transcription factors-hub genes network were constructed. The transcriptional data, the diagnostic and prognostic value of hub genes were estimated with ONCOMINE, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses, and Kaplan–Meier plotter, respectively. Also, the expressions of hub genes were assessed through qPCR and Western blot assays. The CDK1, VEGFA, PRDM10, RUNX1, CDK6, HSP90AA1, MYC, EGR1, and SOX2 used as hub genes. And among them, PRDM10, RUNX1, and CDK6 predicted worse overall survival (OS) in ESCC patients. Our results showed that the hub genes were significantly up-regulated in ESCA primary tumor tissues and cell lines, and exhibited excellent diagnostic efficiency. These results suggest that the hub genes may server as potential targets for the diagnosis and treatment of ESCC.
What Does It Mean to Be Social? Defining the Social Landscape for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech
Authors: Tarshis Nancy , Winner Michelle Garcia , Crooke Pamela
Published: July 2020

Purpose

What does it mean to be social? In addition, how is that different from behaving socially appropriately? The purpose of this clinical focus article is to tackle these two questions along with taking a deeper look into how communication challenges in childhood apraxia of speech impact social competencies for young children. Through the lens of early social development and social competency, this clinical focus article will explore how speech motor challenges can impact social development and what happens when young learners miss early opportunities to grow socially. While not the primary focus, the clinical focus article will touch upon lingering issues for individuals diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech as they enter the school-aged years.

Conclusion

Finally, it will address some foundational aspects of intervention and offer ideas and suggestions for structuring therapy to address both speech and social goals.
Disseminierte kutane Sarkoidose mit nekrotisierenden Granulomen und erfolgreicher Dithranol-Therapie bei einem 75-jährigen Patienten
Authors: Darr-Foit S. , Schliemann S. , Elsner P. , Goetze S.
Published: July 2020

Bei der Sarkoidose handelt es sich um eine inflammatorische Erkrankung unbekannter Ätiologie, die sich hauptsächlich in der Lunge und in den thorakalen Lymphknoten manifestiert, die aber eine Vielzahl weiterer Organsysteme betreffen kann. Die Sarkoidose der Haut kann dabei mit oder ohne einer systemischen Beteiligung einhergehen und sich mit variablem klinischen Bild präsentieren. Die charakteristischen histologischen Befunde sind nicht-verkäsende („nackte“) Granulome ohne oder mit nur wenigen Lymphozyten oder Plasmazellen. In seltenen Fällen kann auch eine zentrale Nekrose beobachtet werden wie bei tuberkuloiden Granulomen.

Topische und/oder systemische Kortikosteroide gelten als Goldstandard für die Behandlung der kutanen Sarkoidose. Dithranol ist in erster Linie als topisches Antipsoriatikum bekannt. Nach unserem Wissen ist über die Verwendung von Dithranol bei kutaner Sarkoidose bisher nicht in der Literatur berichtet worden. Es könnte sich dabei um eine wirksame Therapiealternative zu topischen Kortikosteroiden handeln. Wir berichten über einen Patienten, der unter Dithranol-Monotherapie erfolgreich behandelt wurde.
Rehabilitationssport und Funktionstraining als Vehikel für ein körperliches Training für Osteoporose-Betroffene – Grundlagen, Perspektiven und Limitationen
Authors: Beck Luisa , Sahar Jamil
Published: July 2020

Rehabilitationssport (RS) und Funktionstraining (FT) nach § 64 SGB IX bieten Menschen mit einer Osteoporose-Erkrankung die Möglichkeit, eigenverantwortlich Einfluss auf ihren gesundheitlichen Status zu nehmen. RS und FT sind nach ärztlicher Verordnung durch die Rehabilitationsträger zu bewilligen und werden in einer anerkannten Sportgruppe unter Leitung eines lizenzierten Übungsleiters durchgeführt. Der Leistungsumfang des RS und FT ist grundsätzlich nicht beschränkt. Beides kann bis zu 3-mal pro Woche verordnet werden, die Mindestdauer einer Übungseinheit (ÜE) liegt bei RS bei 45 min, bei FT bei 30 min bzw. 15 min. Die Teilnehmerobergrenze orthopädischer Indikationen liegt bei 15 Personen. RS- und FT-Gruppen sind zur Sicherung und Weiterentwicklung der Qualität der von ihnen erbrachten Leistung verpflichtet und müssen an Qualitätssicherungsprogrammen der Rehabilitationsträger teilnehmen. Betrachtet man neben den verbindlichen Regelungen die relativ hohe Dichte an Gruppen in Deutschland, so bietet sich der RS und FT als ideales Vehikel zur Sekundär- und Tertiärprävention der Osteoporose an. Allerdings ist die Effektivität von RS und FT auf indikationsspezifische Größen derzeit nicht nachgewiesen.
Factors Influencing Success Rate of Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection with Azoospermic Male Patients
Authors: Rehnitz Julia , Rösner Sabine , Harsch Juliane , Dietrich Jens , Bruckner Thomas , Capp Edison , Strowitzki Thomas , Germeyer Ariane
Published: July 2020

Introduction Azoospermia affects about 1% of men, of whom up to 15% inquire about infertility treatment. Information about predictive factors for these couples is very limited.

Patients, Materials and Methods We performed a retrospective analysis of the clinical records of 118 cycles of intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment after testicular sperm extraction for male azoospermia carried out between January 2008 and October 2015. Of those, 66 were first, 35 second, and 17 third cycles. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Predictive factors for successful pregnancy were evaluated and included male/female age, male/female body mass index, male/female nicotine use, and histological results of testes biopsies.

Results Embryo quality and the number of embryos transferred were positively associated with pregnancy success (p = 0.003). Males whose partners conceived had a significantly lower body mass index than those whose partners did not conceive (p = 0.023). Neither female weight nor age nor smoking status of the male or female were significant factors. In cases with tubular atrophy ≥ SIGG grade 4 the chance of pregnancy was poor, irrespective of the existence of mature sperm and the number of cycles performed.

Conclusion Overweight male patients should be advised about weight reduction prior to treatment, and counseling about success rates should include histological and sperm-positive biopsy results.
Rare Ectopic Pregnancies – A Literature Review for the Period 2007 – 2019 on Locations Outside the Uterus and Fallopian Tubes
Authors: Eisner Sophie M. , Ebert Andreas D. , David Matthias
Published: July 2020

The majority of ectopic pregnancies (EP) are tubal pregnancies, but other implantation sites outside the uterus and tubes are also found. These rare EP locations present a particular diagnostic and therapeutic challenge. We present an overview of potential very rare locations of ectopic pregnancies, their symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, based on a systematic analysis of case reports. A literature review of the databases PubMed, Livivo and Google Scholar for the period 2007 to 2019 was carried out. A total of 113 publications were included in our review. These studies describe EP implantations in the posterior cul-de-sac, on the uterine serosa and uterine ligaments, in the vicinity of almost all intraperitoneal organs, on the abdominal wall as well as in retroperitoneal sites. The most common presenting symptom was abdominal pain occurring in different locations. The diagnostic procedures included various imaging procedures and/or explorative surgery at different
advanced stages of pregnancy. The most common and preferred option was laparotomy for surgical treatment. The placenta was successfully resected in the majority of cases. A rare EP location should be considered when making a differential diagnosis in patients of child-bearing age with abdominal pain.
Continuous Body Temperature Monitoring to Improve the Diagnosis of Female Infertility
Authors: Goeckenjan Maren , Schiwek Esther , Wimberger Pauline
Published: July 2020

Introduction Ovulatory dysfunction is a major cause of female infertility. We evaluated the use of continuous body temperature monitoring with a vaginal biosensor to improve
standard diagnostic procedures for determining ovulatory dysfunction.

Material and Methods This prospective interventional study was performed in a reproductive medicine department of a university hospital. The menstrual cycles of 51 women with
infertility were monitored and analysed using three different strategies: sonographic and hormonal assessment (standard approach), continuous core body temperature measurement and analysis
using the algorithm of OvulaRing, and lowest daily body temperature measurement monitored with a vaginal biosensor and analysed based on the body temperature curves used in natural family
planning.

Results Statistically significant differences were found in the temperature curves of women with luteal phase deficiency and polycystic ovary syndrome compared to women with normal
menstrual cycles. The analysis of individual cyclofertilograms can be used to detect cycle phases and estimate the date of ovulation.

Conclusions Continuous body temperature monitoring with a vaginal biosensor can improve the standard diagnostic procedures used to determine ovulatory dysfunction, especially if
dysfunction is due to luteal phase deficiency and polycystic ovary syndrome. Analysis of the lowest daily body temperature combined with the basal body temperature measurements used in
fertility awareness methods may be equieffective to continuous body temperature measurements with OvulaRing. The results of this study show that a revised diagnostic approach using fewer
hormonal assessments combined with continuous body temperature monitoring can reduce the number of appointments in an infertility clinic as well as the costs.
Aktuelle Definition und Diagnostik der pulmonalen Hypertonie
Authors: Lange T. J. , Borst M. , Ewert R. , Halank M. , Klose H. , Leuchte H. , Meyer F. J. , Seyfarth H.-J. , Skowasch D. , Wilkens H. , Held M.
Published: July 2020

Die 6. Weltkonferenz für pulmonale Hypertonie (PH) fand vom 27. 2. – 1. 3. 2018 in Nizza statt. Hier wurden die Erkenntnisse auf dem Gebiet der PH der letzten 5 Jahre nach Aufarbeitung und Diskussion über einen längeren Vorbereitungszeitraum von 13 Arbeitsgruppen präsentiert und in der Folge zum Jahreswechsel 2018/2019 publiziert. Einer der seither intensiv diskutierten Vorschläge ist der einer Änderung der hämodynamischen Definition der PH mit Absenkung des Grenzwertes für den mittleren pulmonalarteriellen Druck von ≥ 25 auf > 20 mmHg, gemessen im Rechtsherzkatheter in Ruhe. Zusätzlich wurde der pulmonalvaskuläre Widerstand in die PH-Definition aufgenommen, was die Wichtigkeit der Bestimmung des Herzzeitvolumens während der Rechtsherzkatheteruntersuchung unterstreicht.

Die Rationale sowie mögliche Auswirkungen der neuen PH-Definition, zu welchen zwischenzeitlich bereits neue Publikationen erschienen sind, möchten wir in diesem Übersichtsartikel diskutieren. Ferner ist ein aktueller Überblick zur nicht-invasiven und invasiven Diagnostik der PH enthalten, in welchem auf den Stellenwert der Methoden für Diagnostik, Differenzialdiagnostik und Prognose sowie weitere Neuerungen der 6.  PH-Weltkonferenz eingegangen wird. Ergänzt haben wir einen Abschnitt zum Stellenwert von Belastungsuntersuchungen für das Erkennen und die Verlaufsbeurteilung der PH, welche bei der Diskussion in Nizza und in den nachfolgenden Publikationen zumindest erwähnt, aber nicht ausführlicher besprochen wurden.
High grade dysplasia or esophageal adenocarcinoma in patients with a history of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery: a case series
Authors: Alaber Omer , Mansoor Emad , Perez Lady Katherine Mejia , Dumot John , Bhatt Amit , Chak Amitabh
Published: July 2020

Background Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the favored bariatric option in patients with gastroesophageal reflux and Barrett’s esophagus because it prevents reflux. Weight loss and decreased reflux following RYGB could theoretically minimize the risk of progression to cancer. We aimed to demonstrate the management of high grade dysplasia (HGD) and esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) developing in patients after RYGB.

Methods A prospectively maintained database was searched to identify cases of HGD and cancer in RYGB patients. Charts were reviewed for past history, endoscopic findings, endoscopic therapy, and pathology findings.

Results There were five cases where HGD/EAC developed several years after RYGB. The prior bariatric surgery precluded curative esophagectomy, illustrating the management challenges. All but one of the patients were uniquely and successfully managed with endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) and endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD).

Conclusions RYGB patients are still at risk of developing esophageal cancer. Patients at risk should be screened prior to RYGB and those with Barret’s esophagus need to undergo rigorous endoscopic surveillance following surgery. If detected early, EMR and ESD are invaluable in managing those who progress.
Practice patterns, techniques, and outcomes of flexible endoscopic myotomy for Zenker’s diverticulum: a retrospective multicenter study
Authors: Mittal Chetan , Diehl David L. , Draganov Peter V. , Jamil Laith H. , Khalid Ammara , Khara Harshit S. , Khullar Vikas , Law Ryan , Lo Simon K. , Mathew Abraham , Mirakhor Ebrahim , Sedarat Alireza , Sharma Neil , Sharzehi Setareh , Tavakkoli Anna , Thaker Adarsh , Thosani Nirav , Yang Dennis , Zelt Christina , Wagh Mihir S.
Published: July 2020

Background Flexible endoscopic myotomy has been increasingly performed for Zenker’s diverticulum using various endoscopic techniques and devices. The main aims of this study were to assess practice patterns and compare outcomes of endoscopic myotomy for Zenker’s diverticulum.

Methods Procedures performed at 12 tertiary endoscopy centers from 1/2012 to 12/2018 were reviewed. Patients (≥ 18 years) with Zenker’s diverticulum who had dysphagia and/or regurgitation and underwent endoscopic myotomy were included. Outcomes assessed included technical success, clinical success, and adverse events.

Results 161 patients were included. Traditional endoscopic septotomy was performed most frequently (137/161, 85.1 %) followed by submucosal dissection of the septum and myotomy (24/161, 14.9 %). The hook knife (43/161, 26.7 %) and needle-knife (33/161, 20.5 %) were used most frequently. Overall, technical and clinical success rates were 98.1 % (158/161) and 78.1 % (96/123), respectively. Adverse events were noted in 13 patients (8.1 %). There was no significant difference in technical and clinical success between traditional septotomy and submucosal dissection groups (97.1 % vs. 95.8 %, P = 0.56 and 75.2 % vs. 90.9 %, P  = 0.16, respectively). Clinical success was higher with the hook knife (96.7 %) compared with the needle-knife (76.6 %) and insulated tip knife (47.1 %). Outcomes were similar between centers performing > 20, 11 – 20, and ≤ 10 procedures.

Conclusions Flexible endoscopic myotomy is an effective therapy for Zenker’s diverticulum, with a low rate of adverse events. There was no significant difference in outcomes between traditional septotomy and a submucosal dissection approach, or with centers with higher volume, though clinical success was higher with the hook knife.
Synergistic Catalysis for Stereodivergent Synthesis of trans- and cis-Skipped Dienes
Authors: Zhu Shenqqing , Chu Lingling , Wang Fang
Published: July 2020

Catalytic, stereoselective synthesis of skipped dienes is an important topic in organic synthesis. Summarized here are the transition-metal-catalyzed stereoselective approaches and a new, photoinduced stereodivergent strategy reported by our group recently. Our strategy utilizes a synergistic photoredox/nickel protocol to enable the cross-electrophile coupling of allylic carbonates and vinyl triflates to construct 1,4-dienes, the stereoselectivity of which was tuned by the triplet energy (E T) photocatalysts employed, offering a convenient and stereodivergent solution to (E)- and (Z)-1,4-dienes from one set of substrates.
Four profiles of inequality and tax redistribution in Europe
Authors: Cantante Frederico
Published: July 2020

The rise of economic inequality in the past few decades is one of the most relevant phenomena in western countries recent history. Market income distribution pushed inequality up and challenged welfare state capacity to deal with economic gaps. Market inequality or gross income inequality are considerably higher than disposable income inequality. This has to do with redistributive state policies. This paper analyses gross income inequality in the EU countries and measure the impact of personal taxes on income distribution. Several measures of redistributive tax impact on income inequality will be explored. Having in consideration both the level of gross income inequality and the impact of personal taxes on top shares, a typology of income distribution and redistribution in Europe will be drawn.
Thermal conductance switching in aerogel-SiO2 nanoparticle composites
Authors: Hammonds J. S. , Stancil K. A. , Adewuyi O. S.
Published: July 2020

In this Letter, we theoretically describe the dramatic conductance switching properties of a smart aerogel containing phonon polariton (PhP)-supporting nanoparticles with variable dispersity. When its temperature is greater than a transition temperature, TT, the aerogel-SiO2 composite thermal conductance will increase by more than 100×. Using approaches based on Kirchhoff's laws and the fluctuation dissipation theorem, we show that the thermal conductance switching emerges from the nanometer-scale displacements of nanoparticles entrained in the volumetric changes of the smart aerogels and the d−6 dependence of nanoparticle PhP radiation heat exchange on the separation distance, d.
Modeling a low voltage ionization chamber based tomography system on ITER
Authors: Colette D. , Mazon D. , Barnsley R. , Sirinelli A. , Jardin A. , O’Mullane M. , Walsh M.
Published: July 2020

Soft x-ray (SXR) tomography is a key diagnostic method for impurity transport study in tokamaks since it allows for local impurity density reconstruction. The International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER) radiative environment in deuterium–deuterium and deuterium–tritium phases will limit the choices of SXR detector technologies, and gas detectors are one of the most promising solutions. In this paper, we, thus, investigate the SXR tomography possibilities on ITER using Low Voltage Ionization Chambers (LVICs). The study contains the development of a LVIC synthetic diagnostic and its application to estimate the LVIC tomographic capabilities in an ITER D–T scenario, including the influence of LVIC parameters and noise in the measurements.
Cloud enhanced solar irradiance may overload photovoltaic systems
Authors: Bandari Anashe
Published: July 2020

When solar irradiance is enhanced past the expected clear sky conditions, it may be beyond the operating limits of photovoltaic generators.
Miniature capacitive Faraday force magnetometer for magnetization measurements at low temperatures and high magnetic fields
Authors: Blosser Dominic , Facheris Leonardo , Zheludev Andrey
Published: July 2020

A Faraday force magnetometer is presented for measurements of magnetization at temperatures down to 100 mK and in magnetic fields up to 14 T. The specimen is mounted on a flexible cantilever forming a force-sensing capacitor in combination with a fixed back plate. Two different cantilever designs are presented. A torsion resistant cantilever allows us to measure the magnetization of highly anisotropic single crystal samples. Measurements of the metal organic quantum magnets (C5H12N)2CuBr4 (BPCB) and NiCl2 · 4 SC(NH2)2 (DTN) demonstrate the device’s capabilities. Routinely, a specimen’s magnetic moment is measured with a resolution better than 10−7 A m2 (10−4 emu). The device is miniaturized to fit in almost any cryostat.
Two-temperature effects in Hall-MHD simulations of the HIT-SI experiment
Authors: Kaptanoglu A. A. , Benedett T. E. , Morgan K. D. , Hansen C. J. , Jarboe T. R.
Published: July 2020

A two-temperature Hall-magnetohydrodynamic (Hall-MHD) model, which evolves the electron and ion temperatures separately, is implemented in the PSI-Tet 3D MHD code and used to model plasma dynamics in the Helicity Injected Torus–Steady Inductive (HIT-SI) experiment. The two-temperature model is utilized for HIT-SI simulations in both the PSI-Tet and NIMROD codes at a number of different injector frequencies in the 14.5–68.5 kHz range. At all frequencies, the NIMROD two-temperature model results in increased toroidal current, lower chord-averaged density, higher average temperatures, outward radial shift of the current centroid, and axial symmetrization of the current centroid, relative to the single-temperature NIMROD simulations. The two-temperature PSI-Tet model illustrates similar trends, but at high frequency operation, it exhibits lower electron temperature, smaller toroidal current, and decreased axial symmetrization with respect to the single-temperature PSI-Tet model. With all models, average temperatures and toroidal currents increase with the injector frequency. Power balance and heat fluxes to the wall are calculated for the two-temperature PSI-Tet model and illustrate considerable viscous and compressive heating, particularly at high injector frequency. Parameter scans are also presented for artificial diffusivity, wall temperature, and density. Both artificial diffusivity and the density boundary condition significantly modify the plasma density profiles, leading to larger average temperatures, toroidal current, and relative density fluctuations at low densities. A low density simulation achieves sufficiently high current gain (G > 5) to generate significant volumes of closed flux lasting 1–2 injector periods.
Steady laminar flow past a slotted circular cylinder
Authors: Sharma B. , Barman R. N.
Published: July 2020

A numerical study of the viscous flow past a slotted circular cylinder is presented for the low Reynolds number (Re) regime. The computations are carried out for Re varying from 10 to 50 since it is observed that the flow separation causes the bubble formation at Re > 7 and its shedding at Re > 47 for the slotted cylinder. The solid circular cylinder is modified with three different shapes of slit (converging, diverging, and parallel) of width 0.1 times diameter (0.1D) of the circular cylinder located symmetric to its horizontal axis. Analysis is carried out to understand the flow pattern and effect of slit shapes on the bubble formation, flow separation, and drag coefficient at low Re. It is observed that the size of the bubble increases with an increase in Re and attains the highest value for the cylinder with no slit. The drag coefficient decreases with an increase in the Reynolds number, but it is highly influenced by the viscous effect imparted by the slits. Having a minimum value of pressure drag for the slotted cylinders compared to the normal cylinder, the total drag is found to be maximum due to the dominance of the viscous drag.
Resistance to high-rate deformation and fracture of lead at normal and elevated temperatures in the sub-microsecond time range
Authors: Savinykh A. S. , Kanel G. I. , Garkushin G. V. , Razorenov S. V.
Published: July 2020

Using measurements of the evolution of shock compression pulses and the rise time of plastic shock waves, the dependences of the yield stress and dynamic tensile strength (spall strength) of lead were determined depending on the strain rate in a range of 104 to 107 s−1 at room temperature and at 280–310 °C. Similar to other metals with a face-centered cubic structure, the dynamic yield stress of lead under these conditions increased abnormally as the temperature increased. At room temperature, the plastic strain rate in the shock wave did not significantly differ from the initial rate in the elastic precursor wave at the same value of the shear stress, but significantly exceeded it at 280 °C.
A 1.86-kV double-layered NiO/
β
-Ga2O3 vertical p–n heterojunction diode
Authors: Gong H. H. , Chen X. H. , Xu Y. , Ren F.-F. , Gu S. L. , Ye J. D.
Published: July 2020

In this Letter, high-performance vertical NiO/β-Ga2O3 p–n heterojunction diodes without any electric field managements were reported. The devices show a low leakage current density and a high rectification ratio over 1010 (at ±3 V) even operated at temperature of 400 K, indicating their excellent thermal stability and operation capability at high temperature. Given a type-II band alignment of NiO/β-Ga2O3, carrier transport is dominated by the interface recombination at forward bias, while the defect-mediated variable range hopping conduction is identified upon strong reverse electric field. By using the double-layer design of NiO with a reduced hole concentration of 5.1 × 1017 cm−3, the diode demonstrates an improved breakdown voltage (Vb) of 1.86 kV and a specific on-resistance (Ron,sp) of 10.6 mΩ cm2, whose power figure of merit (Vb2/Ron,sp) has reached 0.33 GW/cm2. The high breakdown voltage and low leakage current are outperforming other reported Ga2O3 based p–n heterojunctions and Schottky barrier diodes without field plate and edge termination structures. TCAD simulation indicates that the improved Vb is mainly attributed to the suppression of electric field crowding due to the decreased hole concentration in NiO. Such bipolar heterojunction is expected to be an alternative to increase the breakdown characteristics of β-Ga2O3 power devices.
High quality AlN film grown on a nano-concave-circle patterned Si substrate with an AlN seed layer
Authors: Shen Jianfei , Yang Xuelin , Liu Danshuo , Cai Zidong , Wei Lai , Xie Nan , Xu Fujun , Tang Ning , Wang Xinqiang , Ge Weikun , Shen Bo
Published: July 2020

We have investigated the growth of AlN films on hexagonal nano-concave-circle patterned Si substrates using metal–organic chemical vapor deposition. By depositing a thin AlN seed layer on the Si substrate before the pattern process, a high quality AlN film with a thickness of 2 μm has been obtained. The full width at half maximum values of X-ray diffraction rocking curves are as low as 409 and 677 arc sec for AlN (002) and (102) planes, respectively. Further experimental results indicate that the AlN seed layer can suppress the misorientation of the adjacent grains, as revealed by the lower twist and tilt angles of the mosaic structure, and thus only a few dislocations generated during the grain coalescence. In addition, the migration of Al adatoms is enhanced on the Al terminated surface of the AlN seed layer, which accelerates the coalescence process. All these improvements are attributed to the lower binding energy and diffusion barrier for Al adatoms on the Al terminated surface than that on the Si surface. Our results demonstrate an effective approach to obtain high quality AlN films for high performance ultraviolet light-emitting diodes on the Si substrate.
Measurement and modeling of the radio frequency sheath impedance in a large magnetized plasma
Authors: Myra J. R. , Lau C. , Van Compernolle B. , Vincena S. , Wright J. C.
Published: July 2020

The DC and radio frequency (RF) properties of RF driven sheaths were studied in the Large Plasma Device (LAPD) at the University of California, Los Angeles. The experiments diagnosed RF sheaths on field lines connected to a grounded plate at one end and an ion cyclotron range of frequencies antenna at the other end. The experimental setup permitted measurement of the RF sheath impedance at the plate as a function of DC sheath voltage, with the latter controlled by varying the RF current applied to the antenna. The DC–voltage characteristics of these sheaths and the RF sheath impedance measurements were compared with modeling. Hot electrons, present in the LAPD plasma, were inferred to contribute significantly to both the DC and RF currents and hence the RF impedance. It was postulated that at very low power, hot electrons could not access the region of the plasma subject to RF waves resulting in an increased RF impedance. Within some experimental limitations and significant assumptions, an RF sheath impedance model was verified by the experimental data.
Low-pressure discharge in a trigger unit of pseudospark switch
Authors: Korolev Y. D. , Landl N. V. , Frants O. B. , Argunov G. A. , Geyman V. G. , Bolotov A. V. , Nekhoroshev V. O.
Published: July 2020

The paper deals with the investigations of the discharge in the trigger unit of the pseudospark switch. The main attention is payed to study of the low-current auxiliary glow discharge, which is sustained in the steady-state mode before triggering, and to rearrangement of this discharge when the trigger pulse is applied to the trigger unit. The hydrogen pressure is varied through a range from 0.08 to 0.25 Torr and the auxiliary discharge current in the electrode system with hollow cathode and hollow anode is up to 40 mA. The estimates for the plasma density in the cathode cavity are provided. Under the action of the trigger pulse, the breakdown between the trigger electrodes occurs and the pulsed breakdown current is intercepted to the main cathode cavity of the switch. It is demonstrated that the process of the current interception strongly depends on the regime of sustaining the auxiliary discharge and on the fact, whether the potential electrode of the auxiliary discharge plays a role of the hollow cathode or the hollow anode.
Electron beam irradiation enhanced varistor properties in ZnO nanowire
Authors: Sheng Keyan , Li Yanying , Li Haijun , Ding Zhou , Chen Taiyan , Yuan Jushigang , Zuo Chen , Zhang Lige , Liu Pan , Huang Jiang
Published: July 2020

Through a combination of atomic and electronic structure characterization studies based on aberration-corrected transmission electron microscopy and varistor property tests, we quantitatively investigated the growth process and oxygen vacancy generation in ZnO quantum dots induced by irradiating ZnO nanowires with high-energy electron beams. These processes are associated with improved varistor performance in single-crystalline ZnO nanowires. Quantitative strain measurements revealed the formation of a strong tensile strain of up to 4.4% in the region of the ZnO quantum dots. Electron energy loss spectroscopy demonstrated a rapid increase in oxygen vacancies in ZnO under electron beam irradiation. These two major changes greatly decreased carrier transport, resulting in a 34% reduction in leakage current after irradiation at a beam voltage of 2 MeV. These experimental results suggest that ZnO is an excellent semiconductor material and shows promise for practical application in electronics.
Spatial dependence of the temperature profile along a carbon nanotube during thermal-field emission
Authors: Tripathi G. , Ludwick J. , Cahay M. , Jensen K. L.
Published: July 2020

An efficient algorithm is described to calculate the spatial dependence of the temperature distribution along a carbon nanotube (CNT) during field emission (FE). The algorithm considers the effects of Joule heating in the CNT and radiative losses from the CNT sidewall and tip. The CNT emission current density and the rate of heat exchange per unit area at the CNT tip due to either Henderson-cooling or Nottingham-heating effects are calculated using recent analytical expressions derived by Jensen [J. Appl. Phys. 126, 065302 (2019)]. The latter are valid in the thermionic and field emission regimes and in the transition region between these two extremes. The temperature dependence of the electrical resistivity ρ(T) and the thermal conductivity κ(T) of the CNT is also included in the model. It is shown that replacing ρ(T) and κ(T) by their spatial averages over the length of the CNT can lead to an overestimate of the value of the external electric field threshold at which thermal runaway of the CNT occurs. These results should be considered when calculating the field emission characteristics of CNT arrays such as from a carbon nanotube fiber whose FE properties are primarily determined by the FE properties of the array of CNTs at the tip of the fiber. Using the new algorithm, the simulation times to calculate the CNT FE characteristics and the spatial temperature distribution are found to be nearly two orders of magnitude faster compared to those required when both the current and energy exchange at the CNT tip are calculated numerically.