bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Analisis Potensi Energi Angin Tambak Untuk Menghasilkan Energi Listrik
Authors: Novri Revi Restan
Published: February 2023

Angin merupakan suatu kumpulan udara yang sedang mengalami pergerakan  dikarenakan adanya suatu perbedaan tekanan yang berada di permukaan bumi. Angin akan melakukan pergerakan dari daerah yang bertekanan tinggi menuju pada daerah yang bertekanan yang lebih rendah. Potensi angin di daerah tambak masih sangat sedikit atau tidak dimanfaatkan, sehingga perbaikan atau penelitian eksperimen pada energi angin menjadi energi yang berguna dan dapat dimanfaatkan dengan baik. Energi angin biasanya dimanfaatkan melalui turbin angin sehingga dapat membangkitkan tenaga listrik yang dapat dimanfaatkan untuk penerangan jalan atau lain sebagainya. Dengan penulisan karya ini bertujuan untuk mengoptimalisasi  pemanfaatan dari potensi energi angin menjadi alternatif tenaga listrik sangat berguna dan mengetahui potensi energi angin yang berada di wilayah tambak. Dengan memanfaatkan angin sebagai sumber terbarukan menjadi energi listrik berupa energi penerangan dapat menghasilkan perubahan baru yang dapat dinikmati dan digunakan oleh banyak orang yang sedang membutuhkan dalam pekerjaan dan lain sebagainya. Jenis penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian eksperimen yang  dilakukan pada pagi hari mulai pukul 07.00 WIB  dan sore hari mulai pukul 17.00 WIB. Dimana pada masing-masing posisi diambil beberapa kali pengukuran. Data hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan jika angin pada sore hari lebih tinggi daripada angin pada pagi hari. Perhitungan yang digunakan dengan menggunakan masing-masing nilai efisiensinya adalah 0,4; 0,95; 0,85; 0,75 , maka energi listrik yang dapat dibangkitkan Psyst / A antara 89,3  sampai 1707 watt/m2. Dari Energi listrik tersebut akan menyediakan selama  kurang lebih selama 5 jam.
ANALISIS DAMPAK SUMBER AIR SUNGAI AKIBAT PENCEMARAN PABRIK GULA DAN PABRIK PEMBUATAN SOSIS
Authors: SRI SEPTI DYAH PRATIWI
Published: February 2023

Limbah cair industry secara umum langsung dibuang ke sungai tanpa adanya suatu pengolahan yang memadai  sehingga kandungan limbah cair yang berlebihan berdampak buruk pada lingkungan yang tercemar. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui seberapa besar dampak negatif yang timbul akibat pencemaran limbah industri Pabrik Gula dan Pengolahan Ayam menjadi Sosis di Jombang Jawa Timur. Tujuan lain penelitian ini yaitu mengetahui kandungan air sungai serta upaya dalam mengatasi permasalahan tersebut. Jenis Penelitian yaitu Studi kasus dengan mengambil informasi secara aktual dan mendalam. Pengumpulan data informasi dimulai bulan Juni sampai Agustus 2021. Metode yang digunakan yaitu kajian literatur, dan observasi lahan. Responden dalam penelitian ini adalah masyarakat Desa Tambakberas dan Desa Sambong dengan jumlah responden 30 orang, 12 orang bekerja sebagai buruh tani dan petani, 10 orang penjual makanan, dan 8 orang pencari ikan. Hasil observasi menujukkan bahwa kadar BOD (Biochemical Oxygen Demand), COD (Chemical Oxygen Demand), fosfor serta derajat keasaman (PH) sangat tinggi sehingga mencemari biota dan lingkungan yang ada disekitar sungai tersebut. Tidak sedikit kerugian yang timbul dari dampak negatif limbah sungai tersebut. Pemberian Kalium Bikromat (K2Cr2O7) dengan campuran Katalis perak sulfat dan Asam pekat digunakan untuk pengukuran COD.  Pengolahan Limbah dapat dilakukan dengan metode Biologi (Secondary Treatment) dan juga metode Fisika (Primary Treatment). Upaya yang dilakukan dengan pengolahan limbah cair sungai dengn IPAL (Instalansi Pengolahan Air Limbah), Oil Content Inlet, DO (Dissolve Oxygen), dan pemberian lumut atau ganggang. Harapan dari upaya ini yaitu dapat mengurangi kadar BOD, COD, Fosfor, serta derajat keasaman (PH) sehingga tidak menimbulkan dampak buruk bagi lingkungan sekitar aliran sungai.
Evaluating the antibiotics' use on patients with chronic kidney failure in Al Iman General Hospital, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Otaibi Saqr Najer , Al-Baqami Sami Zaki , Al-Enezi Faisal Khalaf , Al-Otaibi AbdulRahman Muhammad , Al-Otaibi Ahmed Ghazai , Al-Nami Mishaal Talaq
Published: February 2023

Background: Antibiotics are one of the most widely utilized classes of medications for the treatment of infectious disorders. The application of antibiotics and can be seen as one of the most important things that hospitals accomplish since it contributes to maintaining a consistent level of living for a significant number of individuals. Aim of work: The purpose of this study was to investigate the appropriateness of the antibiotics. Patients and Methodology: About 48 cases who were being administered at the Al-Iman General Hospital located in Al-Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. This hospital treats a significant number of patients who suffer from chronic renal failure as well as a variety of infections. This study looked at a large number of cases to ensure that the evaluation included the appropriate indication, patient, medicine, and dose for each circumstance. This study looked backward at the medical records of people who had chronic renal failure and had been admitted to the hospital as inpatients. Results: The findings of the search and the evaluation revealed that the appropriate antibiotics were administered in as many as 32 of the cases (66.6%), that patients with chronic renal failure who met the appropriate criteria were present in 46 of the cases (95.8%), that the appropriate class of antibiotics was administered in 19 of the cases (34.7%), and that the appropriate dosage of antibiotics was administered in 18 of the cases (51.7%). All cases were discharged with a good and perfect health status. Conclusion: Using improper or prolonged usage of antibiotics is so dangerous in general and for patients with chronic kidney diseases specifically, so, antibiotics have the potential to produce nephrotoxicity in the kidneys, a person who has chronic renal failure should carefully consider whether or not they should take them.
Comparison of the Screening Tests for Gestational D.M One Step and Two Step Methods among the Pregnant Women
Authors:   Department of Gynecology, Alexandria University, Egypt, Elbaz Zeinab Mahmoud
Published: February 2023

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) has defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 1999 as any degree of carbohydrate intolerance resulting in hyperglycemia of variable severity, with onset or first recognition during pregnancy, excluding overt diabetes in early pregnancy [1]. Its prevalence varies worldwide and also with the testing method and diagnostic criteria used [2]. Extensive research has demonstrated that GDM is associated with short- and longterm complications concerning both mother and child. Screening and treating GDM are an effective means to prevent short term complications and a significant opportunity for intervention in order to avoid long term ones [3]. Short term complications of GDM such as macrosomia, shoulder dystocia, birth trauma, increased rate of cesarean section, in uterine fetal death, neonatal hypoglycemia, congenital anomalies, and respiratory distress syndrome, and to the occurrence of maternal hypertensive disorders [4]. Long term complications include maternal increased risk of developing Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM) later in life and major potential metabolic pattern disorders in the offspring, which would lead to increased risks of abnormal glucose tolerance, obesity and metabolic syndrome [5].
A Delphi Consensus-Based Chronic Pelvic Pain Standardized Ultrasound Approach
Authors:   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Julio Muller University Hospital, University of Mato Grosso UFMT, Brazil, SC Paroneto , M Leonardi ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, McMaster University, Canada, Costa da Silva ,   Maternal Fetal Medicine Unit, Gold Coast University Hospital and School of Medicine, Griffith University, Australia, H Herren ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo USP, Brazil, G Condous ,   Acute Gynaecology, Early Pregnancy and Advanced Endosurgery Unit, Sydney Medical School Nepean, University of Sydney, Australia, OB Poli-Neto ,   Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of the University of São Paulo USP, Brazil
Published: February 2023

Objective: To develop a standardized, consensus-based international ultrasound approach on the elements that should be included in the initial ultrasound assessment of women with CPP that can be, in future, applied in clinical practice. Methods: A Delphi survey was conducted with an international panel of experts in CPP and ultrasound, selected for their clinical and scientific experience in the subject. Three rounds of questions were carried out to assess the main parameters that should be included in the ultrasound reporting template. For variables to be included in the template, a priori consensus criteria were used to reach agreement. Results: Of the 86 experts invited, 21 completed the final (third) round of the Delphi process. Experts represented North America, South America, Europe, and Australia. The final CPP ultrasound approach and reporting template established by the experts’ consensus contains 1) the assessment of the quality of the examination, 2) the necessary equipment, 3) the regions to be evaluated, and 4) elements that must be included in the exam. Conclusion: Based on consensus methodology, we propose a standardized international ultrasound approach on the elements that should be included in the initial ultrasound assessment of women with CPP. Whilst it requires validation, this tool may serve to standardize the performance of the ultrasound for the indication of CPP, enhancing the evaluation of the broad differential diagnostic and the clinical applicability.
Polycystic Ovaries: A Cross Sectional Study on Unmarried Girls in KSA
Authors:   Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Wright State University, USA, Qallaf Maha Al
Published: February 2023

Polycystic ovaries often do not cause a disturbance in ovulation, and therefore it does not cause difficulties or problems in conceiving in most cases, but it also depends on the severity and size of the ovarian cysts. The causes of polycystic ovaries are not completely clear, but there are some factors that have a role in increasing the possibility of developing and developing this disorder, and these factors include obesity, family history, insulin resistance, inflammation in the body, which may increase insulin resistance. Polycystic ovary isn’t the same to Polycystic ovary syndrome. The predominant endocrine disease that is rapidly spreading to epidemic levels is PCOS. For this syndrome, there are no community- based prevalence data available in KSA. In order to determine the prevalence of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) among 778 girls and adolescents aged 15–24 years, a community cross-sectional study was conducted in a census block taken from Mumbai. Six hundred of them completed all clinical, ultrasound, and biochemical tests. According to the Rotterdam criteria and 10.7% according to the Androgen Excess Association criteria, they had a prevalence of PCOS of 22.5%. 71.8% of PCOS cases according to the Rotterdam criteria were not infected with H. pylori. The most prevalent phenotype (52.6%) was mild PCOS (oligomenorrhea and polycystic ovary syndrome on USG).
Income Gradient in Children’s Physical Activity: Diminished Returns in Black Families
Authors:   Department of Pediatrics, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA, S Boyce , S Assari ,   Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA, M Bazargan ,   Department of Family Medicine, Charles R Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA 90059, USA, CH Caldwell ,   Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, School of Public Health, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104, USA
Published: February 2023

Background: Children are exposed to a wide range of stressful life events (SLEs) in the family and the community. Exposure to stress in the community as well as the family may depend on socioeconomic status (SES) and race/ ethnicity. Currently, there is limited data that explores different types of SLEs experienced by racial and ethnic groups of children. Aim: To compare the different types of SLEs experienced by a racially and ethnically diverse group of children, with a major emphasis on family and community context. Methods: This cross-sectional study included 5066 adolescents 9-10 years of age from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Race and ethnicity were the independent variables. The main outcomes were exposure to eight types of SLEs measured during an interview with the parent. Age and gender were the confounders. Parental marital status, parental education, parental employment, financial difficulties, and neighborhood income were the mediators. Logistic regression was used to analyze the data. Results: In the absence of SES in the model, Black but not Latino children experienced higher levels of SLEs in some but not all domains. SES explained some of the effects of race on SLEs, however, race remained significant in some domains, when the effects of SES indicators were controlled. While we found the same pattern for family and neighborhood SLEs, the observations showed some degrees of heterogeneities based on the specific type of SLE. There were also domains of SLEs that did not correlate with race. However, all types of SLEs were associated with SES. Conclusions: Our study showed that Black race, but not Latino ethnicity, is associated with disproportionately higher levels of experiencing family and neighborhood SLEs. The effects of race on some but not all types of SLEs are due to the racial gap in SES. Racial health quality requires the elimination of racial inequalities in exposure to stressful life events.
Clinical and Biological Characteristics of a Griscelli Syndrome Type 2: About a Case Report
Authors:   Pediatric Cardiology, Rheumatology and Nephrology Department, Rabat Children’s Hospital/Morocco, C Nahi , S Abdessadek ,   Pediatric Cardiology, Rheumatology and Nephrology Department, Rabat Children’s Hospital/Morocco, T Benouachane ,   Pediatric Cardiology, Rheumatology and Nephrology Department, Rabat Children’s Hospital/Morocco, A Bentahila ,   Pediatric Cardiology, Rheumatology and Nephrology Department, Rabat Children’s Hospital/Morocco
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Griscelli Syndrome (GS) is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder, characterized by a partial albinism that can be associated with early-onset severe psychomotor retardation, and normal immune status (type 1), or associated with an immune deficiency (type 2). GS type 2 results from mutations in the RAB27A gene, leading to immune deficiency. GS type 2 has a grave prognosis because of a rapidly fatal macrophage activated syndrome. Case Report: A 3-month-old infant having a family history of first-degree consanguinity in the parents and history of silvery gray hair in two uncles, Admitted to our department for management of a prolonged fever and an anemic syndrome. Hair on the scalp, eyebrows, and eyelashes were silvery gray and had a metallic sheen. The lymphocyte sub typing showed a severe combined immune deficiency. Histological examination of the hair showed enlarged, hyper pigmented basal melanocytes with sparse pigmentation of adjacent keratinocytes in favor of a Griscelli syndrome. The evolution was marked by clinical worsening, respiratory distress. On the biological level, a macrophage activation syndrome was retained in front of a hyperferritinemia, a hypertriglyceridemia and hepatic cytolysis. The patient received broad-spectrum antibiotic therapy, antivirals and antifungals, corticosteroid boluses 3 days in a row and an immunoglobulin infusion. Unfortunately, the patient died of septic shock. Conclusion: Type 2 GS is a rare genetic disease with a poor prognosis, which must be diagnosed early to allow better support. The only curative treatment is bone marrow transplantation.
Structural patterns enhancing the antibacterial activity of metallacarborane-based antibiotics
Authors: Cebula Jakub , Fink Krzysztof , Goldeman Waldemar , Szermer-Olearnik Bożena , Nasulewicz-Goldeman Anna , Psurski Mateusz , Cuprych Monika , Kędziora Anna , Dudek Bartłomiej , Bugla-Płoskońska Gabriela , Goszczyński Tomasz M.
Published: February 2023

Each year, the number of infections caused by multidrug-resistant bacteria is increasing, making new public health crises likely in the future. To prevent this, novel drugs capable of overcoming current resistances are needed. Boron cluster-based antibiotics offer a valuable possibility to create a new class of antibiotics and expand antibiotic's chemical space beyond conventional carbon-based molecules. In this work, we identified the two most promising structural patterns providing cobalta bis(dicabrollide)(COSAN)-based compounds with potent and selective activity toward Staphylococcus aureus (including clinical strains): introduction of the -amino acid amide to the molecule and the addition of iodine directly to the metallacarborane cage. Furthermore, we found that proper hydrophobic-hydrophilic balance is crucial for the selective activity of the tested compounds toward S. aureus over mammalian cells. The patterns proposed in this paper can be useful in the development of metallacarborane-based antibiotics with potent antibacterial properties and low cytotoxicity.
Energy Flows in Static and Programmable Catalysts
Authors: Abdelrahman Omar , Dauenhauer Paul
Published: February 2023

Programmable catalysts that change on the time scale of a catalytic cycle provide a new opportunity to control the flow of energy to reactants and products to promote faster and more selective chemistry. While traditional chemical manufacturing processes consume energy to achieve favorable reaction conditions, programmable catalysts aim to dynamically add or remove energy to catalytic cycles through perturbations of the catalytic surface via strain, charge, or light. These surface energy flows are quantified by the changes in adsorbate binding energy with time, and the overall efficiency relating energy inputs to catalytic performance are defined by the characteristics of the undulating catalytic surface. Understanding and quantification of energy flows in programmable catalysts provides baseline definitions and metrics for comparing dynamic conditions and identifying optimal catalytic performance.
Cooperative taming of CS2/oxetane copolymerisation: Consequences of main-chain sulfuration on polymer properties and catalysis
Authors: Plajer Alex , Fornacon-Wood Christoph , Gallizioli Cesare , Stühler Merlin , Müller Carsten , Pröhm Patrick
Published: February 2023

CS2 promises easy access to degradable sulfur-rich polymers and insights into how main-group derivatisation affects polymer formation and properties, though its ring-opening copolymerisation is plagued by low linkage selectivity and small-molecule by-products. We demonstrate that a cooperative Cr(III)/K catalyst selectively delivers poly(dithiocarbonates) from CS2 and oxetanes while state-of-the-art strategies produce linkage scrambled polymers and heterocyclic by-products. The formal introduction of sulfur centres into the parent polycarbonates results in a net shift of the polymerisation equilibrium towards, and therefore facilitating, depolymerisation. During copolymerisation however the catalyst enables near quantitative generation of the metastable polymers in high sequence selectivity by limiting the lifetime of alkoxide intermediates. Furthermore, linkage selectivity is key to obtain semi-crystalline materials that can be moulded into self-standing objects. Our report demonstrates the potential of cooperative catalysis to produce previously inaccessible main-group rich materials with beneficial chemical and physical properties
HOMER: A reparameterization of the harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) for excited states
Authors: Arpa Enrique M. , Durbeej Bo
Published: February 2023

Excited-state aromaticity (ESA) and antiaromaticity (ESAA) are by now well-established concepts for explaining photophysical properties and photochemical reactivities of cyclic, conjugated molecules. However, their application is less straightforward than the corresponding process by which the thermal chemistry of such systems is rationalized in terms of ground-state aromaticity (GSA) and antiaromaticity (GSAA). Recognizing that the harmonic oscillator model of aromaticity (HOMA) provides an easy way to measure aromaticity on geometric grounds, it is therefore notable that this model is yet to parameterized for excited states. Against this background, we here present a new parameterization of HOMA − termed HOMER − for the T1 state of both carbocyclic and heterocyclic compounds based on high-level quantum-chemical calculations. Considering CC, CN, NN and CO bonds and testing the parametrization using calculated magnetic data as reference, we find that the description of ESA and ESAA by HOMER is superior to that afforded by the original HOMA scheme, and that it reaches the same overall quality as HOMA does for GSA and GSAA. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the derived HOMER parameters can be used for predictive modeling of ESA and ESAA at very different levels of theory. Altogether, the results highlight the potential of HOMER to facilitate future studies of ESA and ESAA.
Electrochemical Chlor-Iron Process for Iron Production from Iron Oxide and Seawater
Authors: Noble Berkley , Moutarlier Louka , Kempler Paul
Published: February 2023

The iron and steel industry accounts for ~ 8% of global greenhouse gas emissions. Electrochemical reduction of iron ore to metal for electric arc furnaces can enable sustainable steel production, but existing electrochemical processes require expensive capital or electrolytes. We report a low-temperature, electrochemical cell that consumes low-cost and abundant iron oxide and seawater, while co-producing NaOH and Cl2 with industrially relevant current densities reaching 300 mA cm-2 and current efficiencies >90 %. Freestanding films of phase-pure iron were formed after 4 h of continuous, stable electrolysis. The process can lead to levelized costs of iron that are competitive with iron produced in fossil-fuel-powered blast furnaces (< $500 per metric tonne) and the co-produced NaOH can be used for CO2 mineralization from the air or ocean, creating a net negative-emission process.
The Short-Term Carbon Sequestration Potential of New Zealand Indigenous Plant Species in Riparian Zones of Ephemeral Wetlands
Authors:   , Johnson Cameron
Published: February 2023

Ephemeral wetlands and their riparian zones provide a number of critical ecosystemservices, however the potential carbon sequestration of these areas is poorly understood. Greater understanding of the short term (10 year) carbon sequestration potential of these wetlands may provide a profit incentive for businesses to invest additional resources into ecological restoration.

The Stage 3 area of the Wairio Wetland provides an excellent testing ground for assessing this. Historically a Kahikatea swamp forest, the Wairio Wetland has been extensivelymodified due to the Lower Wairarapa Development Scheme, which permanently changed the hydrology of the Wairio Wetland by draining it. The Wairio Wetland was used as a farm post-drainage, until before a bund wall was erected in 2005 that partially restored the hydrology of the site, with on-going restoration up until present day.

Riparian replanting of the site has been completed in stages, with the Stage 3 areaestablished in 2011 to run a cost - benefit analysis on different planting schemes. 9 yearslater, this study utilized allometric equations to predict the carbon sequestered in individual planting combinations.

The harsh ephemeral riparian environmental stressors likely severely limited indigenous plant growth within the Wairio Stage 3, with the largest plants often half the size of theirexpected growth rates in more ideal climates. Ultimately, the environmental conditions of ephemeral wetland riparian zones target prevented any of the species of interest fromreaching the 5 m height requirement necessary to apply for carbon credits from forests.
Skin problems associated with the use of personal protective equipment by healthcare workers during COVID-19 pandemic in Türkiye
Authors: Aydın Gülsün , Turan Nuray , Kaya Nurten
Published: February 2023

Background: Skin problems associated with the use of personal protective equipment (PPE) have been reported during the COVID-19 pandemic. Aims: To determine the skin problems experienced by healthcare workers in Türkiye who used PPE during COVID-19 and the effect of these problems on their quality-of-life. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 30 November 2020 to 30 May 2021. Data were collected from 404 healthcare workers recruited via social media. Participants completed a skin problem evaluation form and Skindex-16, which measures the effects of skin disease on quality-of-life. The t test and ANOVA were used to analyse differences between the means. Results: Most (85.1%) of the participants were nurses and 38.6% worked in COVID-19 intensive care units. All the participants wore gloves (53.2% wore double gloves), 99.3% wore surgical masks and 56.2% wore protective glasses. They washed their hands on average 31.94 [standard deviation (SD) 27.55] times a day. Skin problems developed were mostly around the forehead, hands, nose, and ears. The mean (SD) Skindex-16 score was 45.42 (26.31). Based on Skindex scores, respondents with chronic skin problems had a significantly lower quality-of-life than those without skin problems, as did those who developed skin problems during the COVID-19 pandemic than those who did not (P < 0.001). Conclusion: Skin problems associated with the use of PPE increased during the COVID-19 pandemic and these affected the q.
Exploring University Students’ Perceptions of Plagiarism: A Focus Group Study
Authors: Maharajh Lokesh Ramnath
Published: February 2023

Plagiarism is a matter of great concern to those who teach in higher education. The increase in technology has resulted in plagiarism becoming a source of anxiety for many students. Universities are continually being called upon to devote more time and resources to combating plagiarism. However, what of their understanding of students’ attitudes towards and understandings of plagiarism? It is critical to understand student perceptions towards plagiarism to develop approaches to combat plagiarism. This paper reports on a focus group study that generated qualitative data on students’ perceptions of plagiarism. Informal group discussions were held with first-year students to show how plagiarism appears from the undergraduate student's perspective. An interview schedule was developed to provide an overall direction for the discussion. The schedule followed a semistructured,open-ended format to enable participants to set their agenda. The analysis revealed three themes of perceptions of plagiarism: lack of understanding of plagiarism, assumptions about plagiarism, and negative attitudes towards assigned tasks. This paper argues that there is merit in understanding students’ perspectives regarding plagiarism to develop successful strategies to promote academic integrity and prevent plagiarism. The paper concludes with a recommendation that lecturers at tertiary institutions need to explicitly teach plagiarism, how to avoid it, and referencing.
Historical Conditionings Forming/Shaping Bridges
Authors: Leniak-Tomczyk A. , Łagoda G.
Published: February 2023

History of bridges design demonstrates the achievements of engineering and human thinking; capabilities of construction and materials in successive epochs; styles in art and architecture and the changing attitude of man towards nature. The development of technology shows that the times are coming in which people in their striving for improvement will focus not only on precision but also on subtlety and beauty. In the process of creating transport routes we should aim at protection and sustainable use of natural resources while preserving the proportions of social and economic development, including infrastructure development. We should be looking for compromise to satisfy social interests and not hinder technical development yet at the lowest possible cost to the environment. We can venture a thesis that the world will achieve balance when the science and culture, the technological development and beauty of the forms around us will complement each other.
This Is not (only) a Bridge “ceci n'est pas (juste) un pont"
Authors: Arroyo Alba P. P.
Published: February 2023

Infrastructures of all kinds are recently becoming more important components of our built environment. As part of a much larger research, professional and academic framework, named LOCUS (Laboratory of Context- based, User-experience Spaces), Prof. Dr. Pedro Pablo Arroyo Alba presents through some of his projects, mainly developed in Shanghai, China, how bridge design, beyond solving a problem of physical connectivity, offers the opportunity to provide for public spaces of destination where visitors prefer to stay and enjoy the surroundings, via the integration of engineering, architecture and landscape. Art, culture and history are very rich sources of inspiration during the process of adapting a generic structural system to a specific site.
Indoor Air Quality Simulation with Reduced Scale Models for Housing Buildings in the City of Lima, Peru
Authors: Regalado M. , Santa Maria E.
Published: February 2023

The purpose of this research is to validate a methodology for simulating indoor air quality (IAQ) in residential buildings in the city of Lima (Peru), using reduced-scale models. For this, it’s defined a sample of two buildings, the first will serve as a pilot test and the second will serve for definitive validation. First, the physical variables that influence the IAQ are defined. Then, the Buckingham PI Theorem is applied. After that, the geometric scale is proposed for the models (1:10) and the scale factors for each physical variable are obtained. Next, the material to build the models is defined according to the thermal scale, which will be MDF (Medium density fiberboard) wood. With this information, the scale models are constructed. For data collection, work scenarios are generated according to the aperture of the openings (doors and windows). Finally, the methodology is validated by verifying, in both sample of buildings, that the level of error calculated doesn’t exceed the precision values of the measurement equipment used.
The Submerged Floating Tube Bridge: History of a new Structure
Authors: Minoretti A. , Olsen T. O.
Published: February 2023

The Submerged Floating Tube Bridge is an old concept from 1886, conceived by an English naval architect. The structure was proposed for several crossings in the 20th century, in Norway and in several other places in the world. Preliminary studies were performed but the structure was never analyzed as a real possibility due to the lack of technology. With the developments of the offshore oil&gas platforms, the studies become more accurate, especially in correspondence with the E39 Fjord Crossing project, that aims to replace several ferries along the western coast of Norway with fixed links, in areas where the fjords can be extremely deep and the length of the required crossing very long. The paper tells about the story of this structure in the 20th century, about the projects and the people that have tried to bring this bridge into reality. The challenges that have hindered the construction of this structure are discussed and the goals achieved in the recent years are illustrated.
Geometrical Control in Span by Span Cast in Situ Construction of Bridge Decks
Authors: Pacheco P. , Soares J. , Guerra A. , Torres A. , Coelho A. , Coelho H.
Published: February 2023

Geometric control of concrete bridge decks under construction is strongly dependent on the construction method. Different construction methods demand for different geometrical control strategies and different geometric control technologies. Geometric control is usually a major concern in segmental construction solutions, both in precast and cast-in situ. Geometric control dependency is apparently lesser in span by span cast in situ construction. The consequences of a defective control are apparently affordable and as a result this issue is often neglected. However, defective geometric control often leads to expressive costs with surface regularization, either by overconsumption of materials or corrective milling works.

This paper focus on geometrical control in span by span cast in situ construction of bridge decks, referring to practical cases using movable scaffolding systems (MSS). A global control strategy is discussed, identifying the most significant factors, the relevant steps and the involved parties.
The Polish Experience in FRP Composite Bridge Construction
Authors: Siwowski T. , Kulpa M. , Rajchel M.
Published: February 2023

Ageing of the highway infrastructure have led to an increasing demand for new technologies in bridge engineering. The FRP composites have become an integral part of the construction industry because of their versatility, high strength-to-weight ratio, enhanced durability, resistance to fatigue and corrosion, accelerated construction as well as lower maintenance and life-cycle costs. Within the framework of the domestic R&D project two innovative FRP bridge ideas have been proposed for the first time in Poland for vehicular bridges: a FRP composite – lightweight concrete structural system and an all-composite structural system. The superstructure of both bridges consists of four U-shaped FRP girders fabricated by means of a vacuum infusion. Due to the lack of commonly accepted design procedures, the whole designing process was strongly supported by testing. The development of both bridges as well as the research program carried out on their site implementation are the main subject of the paper.
Risk Factors During Underpinning of Historic Structures
Authors: Halpern J. , Feuerborn J. , Wu J.
Published: February 2023

Underpinning has become a common practice in lot-line construction to support excavations deeper than historic adjacent structures without undermining them. However, if the underpinning design and construction are not performed with great care and with sufficient understanding of the existing conditions of the historic structure being underpinned, this can lead to differential settlement and potentially the subsequent partial collapse of the structure. The purpose of this paper will be to address the multitude of factors relating to underpinning design beneath historic structures and will discuss the requirements and potential risk factors of the underpinning design of historic structures including soil investigations, dewatering, building investigation, etc. Additionally, this paper will discuss methods for building assessment and monitoring during underpinning construction to help avoid a potential catastrophic failure. Case studies demonstrating the consequences of inadequate or poorly constructed underpinning will be presented to highlight the potential risks of underpinning historic structures.
Effect of Low Ribbing and Concrete Cover Thickness on the Anchorage of Bars in Existing R.C. Structures
Authors: Palmisano F. , Biasi M. , Greco R. , Marano G. C.
Published: February 2023

The increasing need for assessment and renovation of existing constructions yields the necessity to develop new approaches for old materials and products that are consistent with the requirements of current codes of practice. In this scenario this article focuses on two topics very common in old R.C. structures: the effect of low ribbing and of low concrete cover thickness on the anchorage length of bars. The aim of this article is to develop new formulations that are also consistent with the approach included in the forthcoming second generation of Eurocodes.
The Definition of Drift Capacity of Walls in the Seismic Assessment of Masonry Buildings
Authors: Beconcini M. L. , Croce P. , Formichi P. , Landi F. , Immorali A.
Published: February 2023

The global assessment of the seismic performance of masonry buildings is commonly obtained performing nonlinear static analysis. Since the mechanical properties and the drift capacity of masonry walls are characterized by significant uncertainties, the definition of suitable capacity curves for masonry walls is topical. A comparative study is performed considering: the different formulations given in structural codes (Eurocode 8, Italian, Swiss, New Zealand Building Code), FEMA guidelines, the empirical formulations proposed by recent studies and the first definition of drift capacity in terms of ductility factors proposed for the implementation of the non-linear static analysis. The results are illustrated for a relevant case study of a three storey masonry buildings, and show that high differences in terms of seismic risk indexes are obtained according the different formulations, even leading to divergent conclusions about the structural safety of the building. The critical discussion of the obtained results suggests an improvement in the current criteria.
Recent Developments in Design Methods for Masonry Pillar Structures
Authors: Cornelius T.
Published: February 2023

Large Masonry pillar structures loaded mainly by compression and to some extent eccentrically have been an important load-bearing structure both in historical buildings and in modern buildings. Recent theoretical developments for design of masonry columns will be presented. This paper provides a brief assessment of existing calculation methods in standards/codes and principle masonry design calculations (EC6design.com) will be carried out for clarifying, which design model is governing the failure. It is nevertheless very important to understand the behavior of the failure mechanism correctly so the column is not designed on the uncertain side. The design by calculation will be compared with test results on medium scale masonry wall loaded by combined vertical and horizontal load. The existing models will be evaluated and the need for further investigations will be proposed. Further the design models will be applied on a case story of high news value. The Sagrada Familia, Barcelona, designed by Antoni Gaudi.
Suspension String Future Structure
Authors: Beivydas E.
Published: February 2023

In the first part of the article discusses about kinematic displacements problem in cable structures. More attention is paid to one-span suspension structures. The main advantages and disadvantages of such constructions are indicated. The behavior of one-span suspension structures is discussed. Introducing a new form of design for the future – string that is combined with a one-span suspension structure design and presents the advantages of this design against one-span designs. Numerical analysis of the construction is also presented. Symmetric and asymmetric loads are analyzed separately. The main parameters and behavioral characteristics of such a construction are presented.
Repair Project of a Vehicular Bridge Damaged During the 2017 Puebla-morelos Earthquake: Seismic Evaluation
Authors: Cervantes D. , Guerrerro H. , Escobar J. A. , Gómez R.
Published: February 2023

This paper shows the results of nonlinear analyses, static and dynamic, conducted on a vehicular bridge located in Mexico City. The main characteristics of the developed numerical model and the results of the analysis in terms of capacity curves, global and by element, are presented. Two cases were studied. The first one considers that the seismic restrainers, located at the bridge abutments, can effectively limit the lateral movements; while the other case considers poor lateral restriction. The results show that the first case provides an adequate safety factor for the bridge, while the second case resulted in a marginal safety factor.
Study of the Volodarsky Drawbridge Issues
Authors: Lang A. , Labutin N. , Diachenko L.
Published: February 2023

The study addresses the issues and shortcomings of the Volodarsky drawbridge in Saint-Petersburg, Russia. During the inspection of the bridge structures, several major problems were identified. The main problem is the horizontal displacement of the end of the leaf during closing, as well as progressive cracks in the region of the rotation axis. In addition, the problem of excessive counterweight vibrations was discovered.

The purpose of the study is determination of causes of these issues, carrying out their analysis justification and developing of the recommendations for solving or preventing these problems in similar structures. The main research methods are on-site inspection and testing of bridge structures, mathematical modelling (of the whole span and individual components), modal analysis and direct dynamic analysis.
Extended Validation for Using Nonlinear Finite Element Analysis for Assessing Existing Concrete Structures
Authors: de Boer A. , Hendriks M. A. N. , Yang Y.
Published: February 2023

The Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment is concerned with the safety of existing infrastructure and expected re-analysis of a large number of bridges and viaducts. Nonlinear finite element analysis (NLFEA) can provide a tool to assess safety to obtain a more realistic estimation of the existing safety. Guidelines, based on scientific research, general consensus among peers, and a long-term experience with nonlinear analysis, allow for a reduction of model and user factors. The guidelines have been developed with a two-fold purpose. First, to advice analysts on NLFEA of (P)RC structures. Second, to explain the choices made and to educate analysts, related to the responsibility of limiting model uncertainty. The updated 2017 NLFEA Guidelines can be used for the FE analysis of basic concrete structural elements. Existing concrete structures, like box-girder structures, culverts, cable-stayed bridges and bridge with composite bridge decks can be analysed. The paper contains an overview of the impact of extended validation simulations of tested RC girders with variations in dimensions of cross-sections, amount of reinforcement, strength of concrete. In this way NLFEA can be a reliable tool for re-analysis of existing RC structures.
Axial Rotation of Steel Tubular Arch Springs Connected to Concrete Abutment
Authors: Bogaert V.
Published: February 2023

Torsion stiffness of steel tubes connected to concrete remains an issue. Three preliminary experiments, including strip and stud connectors demonstrate the failure mechanisms. From the first loading a composite action of steel and concrete exists. Failure of strip connectors is due to exceeding compression of the surrounding concrete, followed by high pressure in the contact area between both materials and final failure due to yielding of the steel strips as reinforcement of the composite cross-section. Failure of stud connectors occurred prematurely due to concrete splitting at the contact area of the stud shaft. This is avoided by normal reinforcement, provided it interacts with the studs. Application of the test results by scaling to the case of a recently built steel arch shows that its connection with internal headed studs does not contribute to torsion stiffness. However scaling of the test results demonstrates that the arch spring almost behaves as in free torsion condition.
Strengthening of Slab Bridges with Top Concrete Layers
Authors: Pfleger M.-P. , Vill M.
Published: February 2023

The reconstruction of conventional bridges into integral bridges, with their advantageous characteristics as the economical design and relatively higher possible loads in comparison with conventional constructions, is discussed. An improved efficiency variant is examined for the activation of reserve load capacity of a double span bridge by applying an additional top concrete layer. The structural behaviour of the built-up section was modelled by the use of a non-linear finite element software. Despite reinforcing the slab cross-section, the resistance in field areas still can be insufficient, while high potential is seen at the intermediate support. Therefore, a possible outer restraint of the bridge superstructure was taken into consideration for redistributing bending moments, whereby any creep phenomena were additionally analysed. Further, a plastic cross-section rotation according to the standards of Eurocode 2, could be successfully demonstrated to be sufficiently effective on a two-field system.
Mechanisms of Defects Formation of Waterproofing Membranes on Concrete Bridge Decks
Authors: Chmielewska B. , Adamczewski G.
Published: February 2023

Paper describes the different mechanisms of blistering of the bituminous waterproofing membranes, which often arise on bridge decks. The domestic cases are shown and the most unexpected examples of defects are presented. Authors make an attempt to discuss the most possible mechanisms of blistering of the insulation. Investigations done on site and in laboratory present the thermal loading on the membrane during the application; the influence of laying a hot mastic asphalt and a stone mastic asphalt, as a subsequent layers of the bridge pavement. Moreover, the conditions in the adhesive connection between the cement concrete slab and bituminous insulation are tested and presented. A potential contribution of the concrete surface layer in the observed blistering phenomenon is taken into account.
Poniatowski Bridge & Viaduct in Warsaw – Safety of People and Structure Versus Conservation Requirement
Authors: Zobel H. , Al.-Khafaji A. , Karwowski W. , Mossakowski P. , Wróbel M.
Published: February 2023

Poniatowski Bridge and Viaduct across Vistula River in Warsaw, Poland was damaged during I and II World War and rebuild after them. Total length of the bridge is 504.00 m and of the viaduct is 701.00 m. From 50- ties XX century up to now both of them were modernized 3 times at least. The piers and foundations are more than 100 years old. Concrete girders of the viaduct (35 spans) are in similar age but were repaired in 80-ties. The frame concrete stiffeners were exchanged in that time as well as the deck (steel gird with concrete plate). The same kind of deck is placed on steel girders of four truss spans and four arch spans of the bridge. The first ones are 30 years old but the second one serve from 1946. During this long history everything was changed – materials, traffic loads and environmental requirements about vibration of structure and noise generated by trams and cars. Bicycle traffic also groves rapidly. All of these factors force modernization according to contemporary requirements but against many conservation regulations.
Multigene Genetic Programming Based Prediction of Concrete Fracture Parameters of Unnotched Specimens
Authors: Sudhir M. R. , Beulah M.
Published: February 2023

This study explores the fracture energy of notched and unnotched concrete specimens subjected to the classical three-point bend test, instantiating a gradational step in the continued development of concrete fracture mechanics. An experimental campaign involving 18 notched test specimens and nine unnotched specimens of three different grades of concrete, an examination of the existing literature models for unnotched specimens, and a novel Multigene Genetic programming (MGGP) based concrete fracture energy model for unnotched specimens are integral to this study. As a salient result, the multiple approaches to quasi-brittle materials adopted in the study, highlighted the criticality of the determination of fracture energy, tensile strength and characteristic length for the crack width study. The failure modes of notched and unnotched specimens were found to be similar. The reported literature has mainly focused on a limited number of fracture energy influencing parameters. Therefore, six impact parameters have been chosen and incorporated into the present study to provide a more acceptable explanation of concrete fracture behaviour. A sensitivity analysis of the parameters and an error analysis of the model undertaken have established the accuracy and robustness of the developed MGGP model. Doi: 10.28991/CEJ-2023-09-02-011 Full Text: PDF