bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Social Cognitions of Victims of Bullying: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kellij Sanne , Lodder Gerine M. A. , van den Bedem Neeltje , Güroğlu Berna , Veenstra René
Published: February 2022

The nature of the relation between victimization of bullying and social information processing is unclear. The prevention hypothesis predicts that victims focus more on negative social cues to prevent further escalation. In contrast, the reaffiliation hypothesis predicts that victims focus more on positive social cues to restore the social situation. Alternatively, the desensitization hypothesis predicts that victims become increasingly insensitive to social cues because of a numbing effect. This systematic review examines evidence for these three hypotheses on the relation between victimization and social information processing. The focus is on two phases of social information processing: encoding of social information (attending to and registration of social cues) and interpreting social information (making sense of multiple social cues simultaneously). These phases are important prerequisites for behavioral responses. The systematic search led to the inclusion of 142 articles, which were published between 1998 and 2021 and received quality assessment. The studies included on average about 1600 participants (range: 14–25,684), who were on average 11.4 years old (range: 4.1–17.0). The topics covered in the literature included attention to and accurate registration of social cues, peer perception, attribution of situations, empathy, and theory of mind. The results were most often in line with the prevention hypothesis and suggested that victimization is related to a negative social-cognitive style, as shown by a more negative perception of peers in general and more negative situational attribution. Victimization seemed unrelated to abilities to empathize or understand others, which contradicted the desensitization hypothesis. However, desensitization may only occur after prolonged and persistent victimization, which to date has been sparsely studied. The reaffiliation hypothesis could not be thoroughly examined, because most studies did not include positive social cues. In bullying prevention, it is important to consider the negative social information processing style related to victimization, because this style may impede the development of positive social interactions.
Choices and Contexts in India’s Constitutional Founding
Authors: Dann Philipp
Published: February 2022

‘India’s founding moment’ a moment of breath-taking political imagination and it is one of the great achievements of Madhav Khosla. to unpack important parts of its pre-history and emergence. This article will look at two questions—one about alternatives and the other about contexts. Regarding alternatives, I am interested in the paths not taken and an understanding of possibilities. I try to get a sense of possible alternative futures or modernities that the founding generation pondered, in the best case allowing us to wonder what we can learn from the choices made as well as from the paths rejected. The other question I raise is the question of the intellectual contexts, in which the founding took place. Coming from a non-Indian perspective, I am interested in the entanglements, the contexts and potentially migrating ideas that emerge.
Research on dynamic path planning method of moving single target based on visual AGV
Authors: Sun Meng , Lu Liqun , Ni Huiting , Wang Yi , Gao Janghui
Published: February 2022

In order to research the ability of AGV to cope with the dynamic path planning in mobile single-object dynamic environment, the dynamic path planning methods based on reduced point and non-reduced point were proposed. This paper focuses on the dynamic path planning method of non-reduced point moving targets, adopts the method of combining historical data and real-time data, establishing the NAR neural network prediction model to predict velocity of moving target, and connecting with the A * algorithm, through the example simulation experiment, the results show that the effective success rate of the algorithm reaches 77.5% in the map environment set in this paper.
Comparative assessment for removal of anionic dye from water by different waste-derived biochar vis a vis reusability of generated sludge
Authors: Singh Mayank , Ahsan Mohd. , Pandey Versha , Singh Anupama , Mishra Disha , Tiwari Neerja , Singh Pooja , Karak Tanmoy , Khare Puja
Published: February 2022

In this study, four biochars prepared from different crop residue waste i.e. sugarcane bagasse (SBB), coconut shell (CNB), paddy straw (PDB), and distilled waste of lemongrass (LGB) were evaluated for removal of Remazol Brilliant Blue R from the aqueous system. The RBBR adsorption capacities of biochar were 97–79% for SBB, 99.9–99.47% for CNB, 66.1–48% for PDB, and 78–68% for LGB, dominantly controlled by their aromaticity and mineral content. The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and pseudo-second-order kinetic models have described the chemisorption of RBBR on biochar surfaces. The thermodynamic data suggested that adsorption was spontaneous and endothermic. These biochars demonstrated excellent reusability (till four cycles with 50–61% regeneration). The purified water and biochar dye sludge demonstrated no phytotoxicity. The findings obtained in this study may provide supports for the potential of biochars for anionic dye removal from water and utilization of generated sludge for zero waste-producing technologies in the future.
Impacts of temperatures and phosphoric-acid modification to the physicochemical properties of biochar for excellent sulfadiazine adsorption
Authors: Zeng Xue-Yu , Wang Yu , Li Rong-Xin , Cao Hai-Lei , Li Ya-Feng , Lü Jian
Published: February 2022

The textural properties and surface chemistry of phosphoric acid-modified biochars (PABCs) prepared at different pyrolysis temperatures (500–700 °C) were studied based on the results obtained from XRD, SEM, BET, FT-IR, Raman, XPS and elements analyses. PABCs prepared at higher temperatures tended to possess a bigger proportion of microporous structure. The adsorption capacity and initial rate of PABCs for sulfadiazine (SDZ) were notably improved to 139.2 mg/g and 9.66 mg/(g min) as calculated from the Langmuir model. The adsorption equilibrium time was only one quarter of that without modification. The H3PO4 modification was advantageous to produce phosphate and break functional groups to form disordered carbon structure abundant of micropores. The enhancement in the adsorption of SDZ was due to the confinement effect of hydrophobic cavities from the mircoporous structure and the π–π electron–donor–acceptor interaction. Specially, PABCs exhibited stable adsorption capacities at a wide pH range (3.0–9.0) or relatively high concentrations of coexisting ions.
Resident Match During the COVID Pandemic: How Have Neurology Programs Adapted? – A Survey
Authors: Niznick Naomi , Lun Ronda , Gotfrit Ryan , Deguise Marc-Olivier , Ramsay Tim , Blacquiere Dylan , Lelli Daniel
Published: February 2022

Background:

We aimed to evaluate the perceived effectiveness of interventions implemented by Canadian neurology residency programs for the 2020–2021 iteration of the Canadian Resident Matching Service (CaRMS).

Methods:

A cross-sectional survey was distributed to Canadian neurology residency programs and final-year Canadian medical students who applied to at least one neurology program during the 2020–2021 match cycle. The surveys evaluated pre-interview and interview period interventions implemented by Canadian neurology residency programs and accessed by medical students.

Results:

Thirty-five medical students and 13 out of 15 institutions in Canada with neurology residency programs responded to the survey. Multiple adaptations were implemented, including social media advertisement, web-based platforms, pre-interview information sessions, and teaching sessions, with all surveyed programs implementing at least two virtual interventions. We found that all interventions were perceived as adequate by a majority (>60%) of medical students, with pre-interview period virtual information sessions perceived as effective by the largest proportion of respondents. All Canadian neurology residency programs held virtual interviews for the 2020–2021 cycle, and most programs utilized the same interview structure as prior years. There was discordance between residency program stakeholders and medical students on the most helpful interview period modality. Medical students found the hospital tours and information sessions most valuable, whereas program stakeholders perceived the virtual socials and interviews as most helpful.

Conclusion:

The COVID-19 pandemic has led to innovative adaptations implemented by Canadian neurology residency programs, which were seen as effective by both medical students and program stakeholders.
Investing in mental health in Somalia: harnessing community mental health services through task shifting
Authors: Ibrahim Mohamed , Malik Mamunur Rahman , Noor Zeynab
Published: February 2022

Background

The increase of mental health issues globally has been well documented and now reflected in the United Nations' Sustainable Development Goals as a matter of global health significance. At the same time, studies show the mental health situations in conflict and post-conflict settings much higher than the rest of the world, lack the financial, health services and human resource capacity to address the challenges.

Methods

The study used a descriptive literature review and collected data from public domain, mostly mental health data from WHO's Global Health Observatory. Since there is no primary database for Somalia's public health research, the bibliographic databases used for mental health in this study included Medline, PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar.

Results

The review of the mental health literature shows one of the biggest casualties of the civil war was loss of essential human resources in healthcare as most either fled the country or were part of the victims of the war.

Conclusion

In an attempt to address the human resource gap, there are calls to task-shift so that available human resource can be utilized efficiently and effectively. This policy paper discusses the case of Somalia, the impact of decade-long civil conflict on mental health and health services, the significant gap in mental health service delivery and how to strategically and evidently task-shift in closing the mental health gap in service delivery.
Antibiotic prophylaxis prescriptions prior to dental visits in the Veterans’ Health Administration (VHA), 2015–2019
Authors: Suda Katie J. , Fitzpatrick Margaret A. , Gibson Gretchen , Jurasic M. Marianne , Poggensee Linda , Echevarria Kelly , Hubbard Colin C. , McGregor Jessina C. , Evans Charlesnika T.
Published: February 2022

Objective:

To determine prophylaxis appropriateness by Veterans’ Affairs (VA) dentists.

Design:

A cross-sectional study of dental visits, 2015–2019.

Methods:

Antibiotics within 7 days before a visit in the absence of an oral infection were included. Appropriate antibiotic prophylaxis was defined as visits with gingival manipulation and further delineated into narrow and broad definitions based on comorbidities. The primary analysis applied a narrow definition of appropriate prophylaxis: cardiac conditions at the highest risk of an adverse outcome from endocarditis. The secondary analysis included a broader definition: cardiac or immunocompromising condition or tooth extractions and/or implants. Multivariable log-linear Poisson generalized estimating equation regression was used to assess the association between covariates and unnecessary prophylaxis prescriptions.

Results:

In total, 358,078 visits were associated with 369,102 antibiotics. The median prescription duration was 7 days (IQR, 7–10); only 6.5% were prescribed for 1 day. With the narrow definition, 15% of prophylaxis prescriptions were appropriate, which increased to 72% with the broader definition. Prophylaxis inconsistent with guidelines increased over time. For the narrow definition, Black (vs White) race, Latine (vs non-Latine) ethnicity, and visits located in the West census region were associated with unnecessary prophylaxis. Variables associated with a lower risk were older age, prosthetic joints, immunocompromising condition, and rural location.

Conclusions:

Of every 6 antibiotic prophylaxis prescriptions, 5 were inconsistent with guidelines. Improving prophylaxis appropriateness and shortening duration may have substantial implications for stewardship. Guidelines should state whether antibiotic prophylaxis is indicated for extractions, implants, and immunocompromised patients.
Weakly nonlinear theory for dispersive waves generated by moving seabed deformation
Authors: Michele S. , Renzi E. , Borthwick A.G.L. , Whittaker C. , Raby A.C.
Published: February 2022

We present a weakly nonlinear theory for the evolution of dispersive transient waves generated by moving seabed deformation. Using a perturbation expansion up to second order, we show that higher-order components affect mostly the leading wave and the region close to the deforming seabed. In particular, the leading wave in the nonlinear regime has higher crests and deeper troughs than the known linear solution, while the trough that propagates together with the moving seabed exhibits pulsating behaviour and has larger depth. We also validate the analytical model with experimental data and obtain good agreement between both approaches. Our results suggest a need to extend existing models that neglect the effects of wave dispersion and higher-order components, especially in view of practical applications in engineering and oceanography.
DIOPHANTINE EQUATIONS FOR POLYNOMIALS WITH RESTRICTED COEFFICIENTS, I (POWER VALUES)
Authors: HAJDU LAJOS , VARGA NÓRA
Published: February 2022

We give effective finiteness results for the power values of polynomials with coefficients composed of a fixed finite set of primes; in particular, of Littlewood polynomials.
What predicts persisting social impairment following pediatric traumatic brain injury: contribution of a biopsychosocial approach
Authors: Anderson Vicki , Hearps Stephen J. C. , Catroppa Cathy , Beauchamp Miriam H. , Ryan Nicholas P.
Published: February 2022

Background

Psychosocial deficits, such as emotional, behavioral and social problems, reflect the most common and disabling consequences of pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). Their causes and recovery likely differ from physical and cognitive skills, due to disruption to developing brain networks and the influence of the child's environment. Despite increasing recognition of post-injury behavioral and social problems, there exists a paucity of research regarding the incidence of social impairment, and factors predicting risk and resilience in the social domain over time since injury.

Methods

Using a prospective, longitudinal design, and a bio-psychosocial framework, we studied children with TBI (n = 107) at baseline (pre-injury function), 6 months, 1 and 2-years post-injury. We assessed intellectual ability, attention/executive function, social cognition, social communication and socio-emotional function. Children underwent structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 2–8 weeks post-injury. Parents rated their child's socio-emotional function and their own mental health, family function and perceived burden.

Results

We distinguished five social recovery profiles, characterized by a complex interplay between environment and pre- and post-TBI factors, with injury factors playing a lesser role. Resilience in social competence was linked to intact family and parent function, intact pre-injury adaptive abilities, post-TBI cognition and social participation. Vulnerability in the social domain was related to poor pre- and post-injury adaptive abilities, greater behavioral concerns, and poorer pre- and post-injury parent health and family function.

Conclusions

We identified five distinct social recovery trajectories post-child-TBI, each characterized by a unique biopsychosocial profile, highlighting the importance of comprehensive social assessment and understanding of factors contributing to social impairment, to target resources and interventions to children at highest risk.
Personal motivation, self-regulation barriers and strategies for weight loss in people with overweight and obesity: a thematic framework analysis
Authors: Chew Han Shi Jocelyn , Gao Yujia , Shabbir Asim , Lim Su Lin , Geetha Kayambu , Kim Guowei , Chong Choon Seng , Lomanto Davide , So Bok Yan Jimmy
Published: February 2022

Objective:

To explore motivations, self-regulation barriers and strategies in a multi-ethnic Southeast Asian population with overweight and obesity.

Design:

Qualitative design using semi-structured face-to-face and videoconferencing interviews. Data were analysed using thematic framework analysis and constant comparison method.

Setting:

Specialist weight management clinic.

Participants:

Twenty-two participants were purposively sampled from 13 April to 30 April 2021. Median age and BMI of the participants were 37·5 (interquartile range (IQR) = 13·3) and 39·2 kg/m2 (IQR = 6·1), respectively. And 31·8 % were men, majority had a high intention to adopt healthy eating behaviours (median = 6·5; IQR = 4·8–6·3) and 59 % of the participants had a medium level of self-regulation.

Results:

Six themes and fifteen subthemes were derived. Participants were motivated to lose weight by the sense of responsibility as the family’s pillar of support and to feel ‘normal’ again. We coupled self-regulation barriers with corresponding strategies to come up with four broad themes: habitual overconsumption – mindful self-discipline; proximity and convenience of food available – mental tenacity; momentary lack of motivation and sense of control – motivational boosters; and overeating triggers – removing triggers. We highlighted six unique overeating triggers namely: trigger activities (e.g. using social media); eating with family, friends and colleagues; provision of food by someone; emotions (e.g. feeling bored at home, sad and stressed); physiological condition (e.g. premenstrual syndrome); and the time of the day.

Conclusions:

Future weight management interventions should consider encompassing participant-led weight loss planning, motivation boosters and self-regulation skills to cope with momentary overeating triggers.
Disentangling Coexisting Structural Order Through Phase Lock-In Analysis of Atomic-Resolution STEM Data
Authors: Goodge Berit H. , El Baggari Ismail , Hong Seung Sae , Wang Zhe , Schlom Darrell G. , Hwang Harold Y. , Kourkoutis Lena F.
Published: February 2022

As a real-space technique, atomic-resolution STEM imaging contains both amplitude and geometric phase information about structural order in materials, with the latter encoding important information about local variations and heterogeneities present in crystalline lattices. Such phase information can be extracted using geometric phase analysis (GPA), a method which has generally focused on spatially mapping elastic strain. Here we demonstrate an alternative phase demodulation technique and its application to reveal complex structural phenomena in correlated quantum materials. As with other methods of image phase analysis, the phase lock-in approach can be implemented to extract detailed information about structural order and disorder, including dislocations and compound defects in crystals. Extending the application of this phase analysis to Fourier components that encode periodic modulations of the crystalline lattice, such as superlattice or secondary frequency peaks, we extract the behavior of multiple distinct order parameters within the same image, yielding insights into not only the crystalline heterogeneity but also subtle emergent order parameters such as antipolar displacements. When applied to atomic-resolution images spanning large (~0.5 × 0.5 μm2) fields of view, this approach enables vivid visualizations of the spatial interplay between various structural orders in novel materials.
Effect of self-reported attitudes toward organic foods in consumer preferences and willingness to pay
Authors: Bernabéu Rodolfo , Nieto Roberto , Rabadán Adrián
Published: February 2022

Although consumers' interest in organic products has increased in recent years, the total demand for these products is still small in most countries. This mismatch between the positive perception of these products and their limited final demand is the so-called intention-behavior gap. The aim of this study is twofold. The first aim is to evaluate the effect of self-reported attitudes toward organic foods in the willingness to pay (WTP) for these products. Second, we analyze the effects of these self-reported attitudes in the final purchasing decision when consumers are asked to evaluate several food attributes simultaneously. The results show that self-reported attitudes toward organic products are useful predictors of higher WTP and can be arranged in different categories (range 15.2–20.1%). However, when a conjoint analysis of different food attributes was conducted, the segment of pro-organic consumers reported that the origin of the product was more important for them than the production system. This opens a new debate about the advisability of promoting the joint use of both labels (organic and origin labels) to engage pro-organic consumers.
Validation and Reliability of the German Version of the School Burnout Inventory
Authors: Hoferichter Frances , Raufelder Diana , Schweder Sabine , Salmela-Aro Katariina
Published: February 2022

Abstract. This study investigates the validity and reliability of the German version of the School Burnout Inventory (SBI-G) in 1,570 secondary-school students ( Mage = 14.11, SD = 0.78; 51.7 % girls). Results indicate that school burnout consists of two correlated but separate dimensions including (1) exhaustion at school, (2) cynicism toward the meaning of school and sense of inadequacy. The study revealed that school burnout can be measured as a two-factor model, which provided good reliability and validity indices. Further, we verified concurrent validity, finding that students suffering from general stress also reported overall school burnout as well as exhaustion, cynicism, and inadequacy. Students who exhibited cynicism and inadequacy also reported lower levels of behavioral, emotional, and cognitive school engagement, while exhausted students reported lower emotional school engagement but higher cognitive school engagement.
Long‐Range Multi‐Year Infrasonic Detection of Eruptive Activity at Mount Michael Volcano, South Sandwich Islands
Authors: De Negri R. S. , Rose K. M. , Matoza R. S. , Hupe P. , Ceranna L.
Published: February 2022

Mount Michael stratovolcano, South Sandwich Islands is extremely remote and challenging to observe, but eruptive activity has been sporadically observed since 1820 and captured by satellite methods since 1989. We identify long‐range infrasound signals recorded by the International Monitoring System attributable to episodes of persistent eruptive activity at Mount Michael. Analysis of multi‐year (2004–2020) infrasound array data at station IS27, Antarctica (range 1,672 km) reveals candidate signals especially from May 2005 to January 2008 and from May 2016 to April 2018. By combining ray‐tracing with empirical climatologies and atmospheric specifications, we show that systematic variations in the observed backazimuth of the signals (at IS27) are broadly consistent with annual variability in stratospheric propagation conditions for a source at Mount Michael. Observed signal amplitudes combined with transmission loss estimates are consistent with moderate explosive eruption. We highlight a selection of infrasound signals that correspond to satellite observation of eruptions.
Reflection and Refraction of the L‐O Mode 5 kHz Saturn Narrowband Emission by the Magnetosheath
Authors: Wu S. Y. , Ye S. Y. , Fischer G. , Jackman C. M. , Wang J. , Menietti J. D. , Cecconi B. , Long M. Y.
Published: February 2022

The reflection‐by‐sheath mechanism of 5 kHz narrowband emissions (NB) at Saturn is confirmed by Cassini observations during several crossings of the magnetopause, which show that the 5 kHz NB can be prevented from escaping Saturn's magnetosphere. The L‐O mode 5 kHz NB remained visible in areas of low plasma density but disappeared in regions of high plasma density. In three cases, NB disappeared immediately after the crossings of Saturn's magnetopause. A possible reflected NB event observed near the magnetosheath is discussed. This mechanism can help explain the 5 kHz NB observed at low latitudes outside the Enceladus plasma torus and their upper frequency limit variations. This mechanism significantly improves the current understanding of the 5 kHz NB.
Orbital Forcing of Climatic Changes on the Central Tibetan Plateau Reveals Late Oligocene to Early Miocene South Asian Monsoon Evolution
Authors: Su Bai , Sun Jimin , Jin Chun‐Sheng
Published: February 2022

The uplift of the Tibetan Plateau (TP) is generally considered to have triggered the Asian monsoon system. However, a long‐standing scarcity of high‐resolution paleoclimatic records on the TP makes it unclear when the South Asian monsoon (SAM) reached the central TP. Here, we investigated the environmental magnetic properties of a lacustrine sequence (∼25.5–19.8 Ma) from the Lunpola Basin. Hematite is the dominant magnetic mineral with concentrations that vary with “box‐shaped” peaks that mainly resulted from preferential preservation and dissolution of detrital iron oxides in alternating nonsteady state redox environments. Environmental magnetic sequences reflect distinct dry‐wet cycles with a ∼400 kyr eccentricity periodicity, which are proposed to have been driven by SAM intensity. Therefore, our study reveals that the SAM intensified and advanced northward to the Lunpola Basin by at least ∼25.5 Ma.
Thermal Conductivity and Thermal Diffusivity of Talc at High Temperature and Pressure With Implications for the Thermal Structure of Subduction Zones
Authors: Guo Jiawei , Zhang Ruixin , Wang Duojun , Zhang Rui , Wang Libing , Zhang Jikai , Cai Nao , Miao Sheqiang
Published: February 2022

The thermal conductivity () and thermal diffusivity () of talc have been measured over a range of temperature (298–1,373 K) and pressure (0.5–3.0 GPa) conditions using the transient plane‐source method. The results show that both the thermal conductivity and thermal diffusivity are dependent upon the prevailing temperature and pressure conditions to a certain extent. As the temperature and pressure increase, the thermal diffusivity monotonically decreases, while the thermal conductivity initially decreases between 298 and 973 K and then increases from 973 to 1,173 K. At low temperatures, phonon scattering is the dominant mechanism for heat transfer; at higher temperatures, photon radiation and dehydration become more prevalent. At temperatures greater than 1,173 K, the thermal conductivity decreases significantly due to aqueous liquid accumulation. Talc may be the cause of the high geothermal gradient in the hot subduction zone.
Monitoring the Storage Volume of Water Reservoirs Using Google Earth Engine
Authors: Condeça Joaquim , Nascimento João , Barreiras Nuno
Published: February 2022

Recently, the satellite images have been used in remote sensing allowing observations with high temporal and spatial distribution. The use of water indices has proved to be an effective methodology in the monitoring of surface water resources. However, precise or automatic methodologies using satellite imagery to determine reservoir volumes are lacking. To fulfill that gap, this methodology proposes three stages: use Google Earth Engine to select images; automatically calculate flooded surface areas applying water indices; determine the volume stored in reservoirs over those years based on the relation between the flooded area and the stored volume. The method was applied in four reservoirs and contemplate Landsat 4 and 5 ETM and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager. For the calculation of the flooded area the Normalized Difference Water Index Indexes (Gao, 1996, https://doi.org/10.1016/s0034-4257(96)00067-3; McFeeters, 1996, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431169608948714) and the MNDWI index (Xu, 2006, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160600589179) were applied and tested. The estimation of stored volume of water was made based on the area indices and a cross‐check between real stored volume and calculated volume was made. Finally, an analysis on the selection of the best‐fit water indices was made. The results of every case studies herein displayed showed a quantifiable proficiency and reliability for quite a varied natural conditions. As a conclusion, this methodology could be seen as a tool for water resources management in developing countries, not only, to measure automatically trends of stored volumes and its relation with the precipitation, and could eventually be extended to other types of surface water bodies, as lakes and coastal lagoons.
No Internal Connections Detected Between Low Frequency Climate Modes in North Atlantic and North Pacific Basins
Authors: Fenske T. , Clement A.
Published: February 2022

Previous studies documented possible connections between low frequency climate modes in the Northern Hemisphere ocean basins. We use observed sea surface temperatures and 270 large ensemble climate model simulations, which allows for improved methods of separating external and internal variability, such as removing the ensemble mean from each simulation. Detrending methods for observations have also improved since some of these previous studies were conducted. We also devise a modified statistical test using bootstrapping that is tuned specifically to this analysis. With these tools, we reexamine relationships among these modes. While previous studies have argued for the existence of an inter‐basin link, our results suggest that any internal connections between these modes are indistinguishable from random noise. Further, we show that external forcing affects each region in similar ways. This suggests that anthropogenic warming can cause an indirect link between the two basins, confounding the interpretation of a potential relationship.
Cytokine profile in drug-naïve panic disorder patients
Authors: Quagliato Laiana A. , Nardi Antonio E.
Published: February 2022

Although accumulating evidence suggests that inflammatory processes play a role in the pathophysiology of mental disorders, few studies have investigated this matter in panic disorder (PD). Furthermore, no studies to date have evaluated cytokine levels in drug-naïve patients with PD. Therefore, little is known about the presence of inflammation at the onset of this disorder. The aim of the present study was to determine the levels of the proinflammatory interleukins IL-1B and IL-2R and the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in drug-naïve PD patients. Analysis of serum chemokine levels revealed increased proinflammatory activity in the early phase of PD through increased IL-2R and IL-1B levels and a decrease in IL-10 levels in drug-naïve PD patients compared to matched healthy controls. Neurotransmitters and neurocircuits that are targets of inflammatory responses are discussed, followed by an examination of brain–immune interactions as risk factors for PD. This study is the first to identify a proinflammatory cytokine response in drug-naïve PD subjects. These findings indicate that treatments targeting proinflammatory markers may ameliorate anxiety symptoms in PD patients.
Isolated anemia in patients with large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGLL)
Authors: Salama Youssef , Zhao Fang , Oliveira Jennifer L. , Yuan Ji , Jevremovic Dragan , Go Ronald S. , Ding Wei , Parikh Sameer A. , Shah Mithun V. , Hampel Paul J. , Al-Kali Aref , Morice William G. , Shi Min
Published: February 2022

Patients with large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGLL) frequently present with neutropenia. When present, anemia is usually accompanied by neutropenia and/or thrombocytopenia and isolated anemia is uncommon. We evaluated a cohort of 244 LGLL patients spanning 15 years and herein report the clinicopathologic features of 34 (14%) with isolated anemia. The patients with isolated anemia showed a significantly male predominance (p = 0.001), a lower level of hemoglobulin (p < 0.0001) and higher MCV (p = 0.017) and were less likely to have rheumatoid arthritis (p = 0.023) compared to the remaining 210 patients. Of the 34 LGLL patients with isolated anemia, 13 (38%) presented with pure red cell aplasia (PRCA), markedly decreased reticulocyte count and erythroid precursors, and more transfusion-dependence when compared to non-PRCA patients. There was no other significant clinicopathologic difference between PRCA and non-PRCA patients. 32 patients were followed for a median duration of 51 months (6–199). 24 patients were treated (11/11 PRCA and 13/21 non-PRCA patients,p < 0.02). The overall response rate to first-line therapy was 83% [8/11 (72.7%) for PRCA, 12/13 (92.3%) for non-PRCA], including 14 showing complete response and 6 showing partial response with a median response duration of 48 months (12–129). Half of non-PRCA patients who were observed experienced progressive anemia. During follow-up, no patients developed neutropenia; however, 5/27 (18.5%) patients developed thrombocytopenia. No significant difference in overall survival was noted between PRCA and non-PRCA patients. In summary, this study demonstrates the unique features of LGLL with isolated anemia and underscores the importance of recognizing LGLL as a potential cause of isolated anemia, which may benefit from disease-specific treatment. LGLL patients with PRCA were more likely to require treatment but demonstrated similar clinicopathologic features, therapeutic responses, and overall survival compared to isolated anemia without PRCA, suggesting PRCA and non-PRCA of T-LGLL belong to a common disease spectrum.
FXR1 can bind with the CFIm25/CFIm68 complex and promote the progression of urothelial carcinoma of the bladder by stabilizing TRAF1 mRNA
Authors: Deng Minhua , Wang Ning , Li Zhiyong , Chen Rixin , Duan Jinling , Peng Yulu , Wu Zeshen , Zhang Zhiling , Jiang Lijuan , Zheng Xianchong , Xie Dan , Wei Wensu , Liu Zhuowei , Zhou Fangjian
Published: February 2022

RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) are key regulators of gene expression. RBP dysregulation is reported to play essential roles in tumorigenesis. However, the role of RBPs in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) is only starting to be unveiled. Here, we comprehensively assessed the mRNA expression landscape of 104 RBPs from two independent UCB cohorts, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center (SYSUCC) and The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Fragile X-related gene 1 (FXR1) was identified as a novel cancer driver gene in UCB. FXR1 overexpression was found to be related to the poor survival rate in the SYSUCC and TCGA cohorts. Functionally, FXR1 promotes UCB proliferation and tumorigenesis. Mechanistically, FXR1 serves as a platform to recruit CFIm25 and CFIm68, forming a novel 3′ processing machinery that functions in sequence-specific poly(A) site recognition. FXR1 affects the 3′ processing of Tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 1 (TRAF1) mRNA, which leads to nuclear stabilization. The novel regulatory relationship between FXR1 and TRAF1 can enhance cell proliferation and suppress apoptosis. Our data collectively highlight the novel regulatory role of FXR1 in TRAF1 3′ processing as an important determinant of UCB oncogenesis. Our study provides new insight into RBP function and provides a potential therapeutic target for UCB.
Encoding gene RAB3B exists in linear chromosomal and circular extrachromosomal DNA and contributes to cisplatin resistance of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma via inducing autophagy
Authors: Lin Changwei , Chen Yifei , Zhang Fan , Liu Baiying , Xie Canbin , Song Yexun
Published: February 2022

Cisplatin (DDP) resistance is an important factor that decreases the effect of chemotherapy, thus leading to local recurrence and lymph node metastasis of hypopharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (HSCC). We aimed to explore the role and mechanism of extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) in the DDP resistance of HSCC. In our research, the HSCC cell line FaDu and the DDP-resistant cell line FaDu/DDP were used as subjects. eccDNA sequencing and whole transcriptome sequencing were conducted, followed by a combined analysis of the two sequencing profiles. Outward PCR, inward PCR and Sanger sequencing were used to verify sequences of the eccDNAs. Bioinformatics analysis based on TCGA/GEO was performed in addition to plasmid transfection, RNA interference, qRT-PCR and Western blot experiments to verify the expression level of RAB3B amplified from eccDNA. mRFP-GFP-LC3 adenoviral particle transfection and transmission electron microscopy were used to detect autophagic flux. Finally, we evaluated the role of RAB3B in FaDu/DDP cells and patient-derived organoids. Our results showed that we purified and sequenced more than 10 thousand eccDNAs from the two cell lines, and the size of the eccDNAs was distributed from 0.01 kb to 1000 kb. The combined analysis between eccDNA and transcript sequencing indicated that there were some highly expressed genes that were completely or partially transcribed from related sequences of eccDNAs and not from genome linear DNA. We further screened and verified the encoding gene RAB3B using full-length sequences that might be amplified from eccDNA [chr1circle 46219-52682 kb]. Finally, we confirmed that RAB3B could promote DDP resistance in HSCC by inducing autophagy. The eccDNA might play significant roles in DDP resistance in HSCC by amplifying related functional genes. Further study is needed to explore the novel mechanisms of eccDNA in the drug resistance of HSCC.
Short- and long-read metagenomics of urban and rural South African gut microbiomes reveal a transitional composition and undescribed taxa
Authors: Tamburini Fiona B. , Maghini Dylan , Oduaran Ovokeraye H. , Brewster Ryan , Hulley Michaella R. , Sahibdeen Venesa , Norris Shane A. , Tollman Stephen , Kahn Kathleen , Wagner Ryan G. , Wade Alisha N. , Wafawanaka Floidy , Gómez-Olivé F. Xavier , Twine Rhian , Lombard Zané ,   H3Africa AWI-Gen Collaborative Centre, Agongo Godfred , Alberts Marianne , Ali Stuart , Asiki Gershim , Baloyi Vukosi , Boua Palwendé Romuald , Brandenburg Jean-Tristan , Ceballos Francisco Camiña , Chikowore Tinashe , Choma Solomon , Choudhury Ananyo , Crowther Nigel , Debpuur Cornelius , Gondwe Mwawi , Hazelhurst Scott , Kahn Kathleen , Khayeka-Wandabwa Christopher , Kisiangani Isaac , Kyobutungi Catherine , Lombard Zané , Mashaba Given , Mashinya Felistas , Mathema Theo , Micklesfield Lisa , Mohamed Shukri , Mthembu Busisiwe , Mukomana Freedom , Nonterah Engelbert , Norris Shane A. , Oduaran Ovokeraye , Oduro Abraham R. , Gómez-Olivé F. Xavier , Ramsay Michèle , Sankoh Osman , Sengupta Dhriti , Smyth Natalie , Soo Cassandra , Soodyall Himla , Sorgho Herman , Swiel Yaniv , Tambo Ernest , Tindana Pauline , Tinto Halidou , Tluway Furahini , Tollman Stephen , Twine Rhian , Wade Alisha , Wagner Ryan , Wandera Henry , Kabudula Chodziwadziwa , Ohene-Kwofie Daniel , Wafawanaka Floidy , Hazelhurst Scott , Bhatt Ami S.
Published: February 2022

Human gut microbiome research focuses on populations living in high-income countries and to a lesser extent, non-urban agriculturalist and hunter-gatherer societies. The scarcity of research between these extremes limits our understanding of how the gut microbiota relates to health and disease in the majority of the world’s population. Here, we evaluate gut microbiome composition in transitioning South African populations using short- and long-read sequencing. We analyze stool from adult females living in rural Bushbuckridge (n = 118) or urban Soweto (n = 51) and find that these microbiomes are taxonomically intermediate between those of individuals living in high-income countries and traditional communities. We demonstrate that reference collections are incomplete for characterizing microbiomes of individuals living outside high-income countries, yielding artificially low beta diversity measurements, and generate complete genomes of undescribed taxa, includingTreponema, Lentisphaerae, andSuccinatimonas. Our results suggest that the gut microbiome of South Africans does not conform to a simple “western-nonwestern” axis and contains undescribed microbial diversity.
White matter myelination during early infancy is linked to spatial gradients and myelin content at birth
Authors: Grotheer Mareike , Rosenke Mona , Wu Hua , Kular Holly , Querdasi Francesca R. , Natu Vaidehi S. , Yeatman Jason D. , Grill-Spector Kalanit
Published: February 2022

Development of myelin, a fatty sheath that insulates nerve fibers, is critical for brain function. Myelination during infancy has been studied with histology, but postmortem data cannot evaluate the longitudinal trajectory of white matter development. Here, we obtained longitudinal diffusion MRI and quantitative MRI measures of longitudinal relaxation rate (R1) of white matter in 0, 3 and 6 months-old human infants, and developed an automated method to identify white matter bundles and quantify their properties in each infant’s brain. We find that R1 increases from newborns to 6-months-olds in all bundles. R1 development is nonuniform: there is faster development in white matter that is less mature in newborns, and development rate increases along inferior-to-superior as well as anterior-to-posterior spatial gradients. As R1 is linearly related to myelin fraction in white matter bundles, these findings open new avenues to elucidate typical and atypical white matter myelination in early infancy.
Black carbon footprint of human presence in Antarctica
Authors: Cordero Raúl R. , Sepúlveda Edgardo , Feron Sarah , Damiani Alessandro , Fernandoy Francisco , Neshyba Steven , Rowe Penny M. , Asencio Valentina , Carrasco Jorge , Alfonso Juan A. , Llanillo Pedro , Wachter Paul , Seckmeyer Gunther , Stepanova Marina , Carrera Juan M. , Jorquera Jose , Wang Chenghao , Malhotra Avni , Dana Jacob , Khan Alia L. , Casassa Gino
Published: February 2022

Black carbon (BC) from fossil fuel and biomass combustion darkens the snow and makes it melt sooner. The BC footprint of research activities and tourism in Antarctica has likely increased as human presence in the continent has surged in recent decades. Here, we report on measurements of the BC concentration in snow samples from 28 sites across a transect of about 2,000 km from the northern tip of Antarctica (62°S) to the southern Ellsworth Mountains (79°S). Our surveys show that BC content in snow surrounding research facilities and popular shore tourist-landing sites is considerably above background levels measured elsewhere in the continent. The resulting radiative forcing is accelerating snow melting and shrinking the snowpack on BC-impacted areas on the Antarctic Peninsula and associated archipelagos by up to 23 mm water equivalent (w.e.) every summer.
Boron isotopes in boninites document rapid changes in slab inputs during subduction initiation
Authors: Li Hong-Yan , Li Xiang , Ryan Jeffrey G. , Zhang Chao , Xu Yi-Gang
Published: February 2022

How subduction-related magmatism starts at convergent plate margins is still poorly understood. Here we show that boron isotope variations in early-formed boninites from the Izu-Bonin arc, combined with radiogenic isotopes and elemental ratios document rapid (~0.5 to 1 Myr) changes in the sources and makeup of slab inputs as subduction begins. Heterogeneous hornblende-granulite facies melts from ocean crust gabbros ± basalts fluxed early melting to generate low silica boninites. Hydrous fluids from slab sediments and basalts later fluxed the low silica boninites mantle source to produce high silica boninites. Our results suggest that initially the uppermost parts of the slab were accreted near the nascent trench, perhaps related to early low-angle subduction. The rapid changes in slab inputs recorded in the boninites entail a steepening subduction angle and cooling of the plate interface, allowing for subduction of slab sediment and basalt, and generating hydrous fluids at lower slab temperatures.
Earthquake breakdown energy scaling despite constant fracture energy
Authors: Ke Chun-Yu , McLaskey Gregory C. , Kammer David S.
Published: February 2022

In the quest to determine fault weakening processes that govern earthquake mechanics, it is common to infer the earthquake breakdown energy from seismological measurements. Breakdown energy is observed to scale with slip, which is often attributed to enhanced fault weakening with continued slip or at high slip rates, possibly caused by flash heating and thermal pressurization. However, seismologically inferred breakdown energy varies by more than six orders of magnitude and is frequently found to be negative-valued. This casts doubts about the common interpretation that breakdown energy is a proxy for the fracture energy, a material property which must be positive-valued and is generally observed to be relatively scale independent. Here, we present a dynamic model that demonstrates that breakdown energy scaling can occur despite constant fracture energy and does not require thermal pressurization or other enhanced weakening. Instead, earthquake breakdown energy scaling occurs simply due to scale-invariant stress drop overshoot, which may be affected more directly by the overall rupture mode – crack-like or pulse-like – rather than from a specific slip-weakening relationship.
Cooperative multivalent receptor binding promotes exposure of the SARS-CoV-2 fusion machinery core
Authors: Pak Alexander J. , Yu Alvin , Ke Zunlong , Briggs John A. G. , Voth Gregory A.
Published: February 2022

The molecular events that permit the spike glycoprotein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) to bind and enter cells are important to understand for both fundamental and therapeutic reasons. Spike proteins consist of S1 and S2 domains, which recognize angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors and contain the viral fusion machinery, respectively. Ostensibly, the binding of spike trimers to ACE2 receptors promotes dissociation of the S1 domains and exposure of the fusion machinery, although the molecular details of this process have yet to be observed. We report the development of bottom-up coarse-grained (CG) models consistent with cryo-electron tomography data, and the use of CG molecular dynamics simulations to investigate viral binding and S2 core exposure. We show that spike trimers cooperatively bind to multiple ACE2 dimers at virion-cell interfaces in a manner distinct from binding between soluble proteins, which processively induces S1 dissociation. We also simulate possible variant behavior using perturbed CG models, and find that ACE2-induced S1 dissociation is primarily sensitive to conformational state populations and the extent of S1/S2 cleavage, rather than ACE2 binding affinity. These simulations reveal an important concerted interaction between spike trimers and ACE2 dimers that primes the virus for membrane fusion and entry.