bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Soil Salinization and Ancient Hulled Wheat: A Study on Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms
Authors: Temizgul Ridvan
Published: February 2025

Soil salinization, which is second only to soil erosion in terms of soil degradation, significantly hinders crop growth and development, leading to reduced yields. This study investigated the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms of four ancient hulled wheat species under salt stress, with and without exogenous glycine betaine (0.5 mM). We aimed to assess the salt tolerance of these species and their potential for cultivation in saline/sodic soils. Our findings indicate that sodium and potassium chloride concentrations exceeding 100 mM induce significant stress in hulled wheat. However, combined salt stress (sodium and potassium chloride) reduced this stress by approximately 20–30%. Furthermore, exogenous glycine betaine supplementation almost completely alleviated the negative effects of salt stress, particularly in Triticum boeoticum. This species exhibited a remarkable ability to restore normal growth functions under these conditions. Our results suggest that ancient hulled wheat, especially T. boeoticum, may be a promising candidate for cultivation in sodium-saline soils. By supplementing with potassium fertilizers in addition to nitrogen, plants can effectively control salt influx into their cells and maintain intracellular K+/Na+ balance, thereby mitigating the adverse effects of salinity stress. This approach has the potential to increase crop yields and enhance food security in saline environments.
Evapotranspiration Partitioning of the Populus euphratica Forest Ecosystem in the Drylands of Northwestern China
Authors: Zhang Qi , Feng Qi , Su Yonghong , Jian Cuo
Published: February 2025

The comprehension of seasonal patterns of evapotranspiration (ET), as well as the interactive response to environmental factors, holds paramount importance for illuminating the intricate interaction within the carbon–water cycle of desert riparian forest ecosystems. Nonetheless, the driving mechanism behind ET changes is complex, and different components show significant differences in response to the same factor. Moreover, water resources are scarce in the region, and sustainable water resources management in arid regions usually aims to maximize transpiration (T) and minimize evaporation (E); therefore, reasonable calculation of ET components is urgent to effectively assess water resources consumption and improve water use efficiency. This discussion assessed the suitability and reliability of different methods for partitioning ET within the desert oasis in Northwestern China, calculated water use efficiency (WUE), and explored the differences in the response patterns of ET, transpiration (T), and WUE to environmental elements of constructive Populus euphratica forests in this region during the growing season. Continuous measurements of meteorological, soil, and vegetation factors were collected from 2014 to 2021 to facilitate this investigation. This study demonstrated that the underlying water use efficiency (uWUE) method effectively partitions ET into vegetation T and soil evaporation (E). Seasonal variations in ET and T were predominantly driven by temperature (Ta), radiation (Rn), soil moisture, and leaf area index (LAI). In addition, the exchange of water and carbon across different scales was governed by distinct regulatory mechanisms, where canopy-level WUE (WUEc) primarily depended on climatic conditions, while ecosystem-level WUE (WUEe) was more strongly influenced by vegetation structural characteristics. This study provided valuable insights into the ET characteristics, influencing factors, and water–carbon consumption mechanisms of desert vegetation in arid regions, and the conclusions of the discussion may provide theoretical insights for policymakers and ecosystem managers interested in preserving the ecological balance of arid regions.
Metabolome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Regulatory Effect of Magnesium Treatment on EGCG Biosynthesis in Tea Shoots (Camellia sinensis)
Authors: Feng Zixuan , Li Zhuan , Yan Rui , Yang Nan , Liu Meichen , Bai Yueting , Mao Yuyuan , Zhou Chengzhe , Guo Yuqiong , Zeng Yulin , Ji Yuhang , Lin Yangshun , Chen Jiayong , Gao Shuilian
Published: February 2025

Epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG) is an important ingredient that indicates tea quality and has healthcare functions. Magnesium nutrition can improve the quality and yield of tea plants, but its regulatory role in the biosynthesis of EGCG in tea plants has not been clarified. Herein, we performed a comprehensive analysis of the metabolomics and transcriptomics of the shoots of ‘Huangdan’ at five magnesium concentrations: L1-L5 (0, 0.15, 0.45, 0.6, and 0.9 mmol/L mg2+, respectively). The results showed that the EGCG content of tea shoots treated with low magnesium concentrations was higher compared to those treated with high magnesium concentrations. The contents of related metabolites such as p-coumaric acid and cyanide in the EGCG synthesis pathway increased in the L4 and L5 treatment groups, while those of dihydroquercetin, dinnamic acid, and epicatechin increased significantly in the L2 and L3 treatment groups. Under the influence of magnesium treatment, the biosynthesis of EGCG was affected by a series of structural genes: CsPAL (HD.01G0005520), HD.02G0024350), Cs4CL (HD.15G0008250, HD.13G0010220), CsDFR (HD.04G0026220), CsANS(HD.12G0016700) with CsaroDE (HD.03G0002480)-positive regulation, and CsPAL (HD.13G0009900, HD.06G0008610), CsC4H (HD.06G0017130), Cs4CL (HD.02G0027390, HD.04G0003270), CsCHS (HD.10G0022640), CsCHI (HD.01G0011100), CsF3′H (HD.15G0015490), CsF3′5′H (HD.13G0004300), CsANS (HD.07G0023630), and Csaro B (HD.01G0028400) with CsSCPL (HD.01G0041070)-negative regulation. Transcription factors MYB 44 and WRKY 17 may play a key role in EGCG biosynthesis, which is significantly induced by magnesium nutrition in tea tree shoots. This study elucidates the effect of magnesium nutrition on EGCG biosynthesis in tea plants and provides key candidate transcription factors to provide a reference for further research on high-EGCG tea varieties to improve tea quality.
Genetic Characterization of SWEET Genes in Coconut Palm
Authors: Chen Jiepeng , Zeng Weiming , Mao Jiali , Chen Runan , Xu Ran , Wang Ying , Song Ruibo , Lao Zifen , Yang Zhuang , Mu Zhihua , Li Ruohan , Yin Hongyan , Xiao Yong , Luo Jie , Xia Wei
Published: February 2025

Sugar-Will-Eventually-be-Exported Transporters (SWEETs) play a crucial role in sugar transport in plants, mediating both plant development and stress responses. Despite their importance, there has been limited research characterizing the functional characteristics of CnSWEET genes in coconut (Cocos nucifera). In this study, we conducted a systematic analysis of SWEET genes in coconut using bioinformatics, subcellular localization studies, in silico promoter analysis, and functional assays with yeast mutants. A total of 16 CnSWEET genes were identified and grouped into four clades. Clade I contained the highest number of genes (eight), derived from four pairs of duplicated genomic segments. In contrast, the other clades had fewer genes (one to four) compared to those in Arabidopsis and other species in the Arecaceae family. An extensive analysis of gene expansion using MSCanX indicated significant divergence in gene expansion patterns, both between and within monocots and dicots, as well as among closely related species within the same family. Notable variations in conserved protein motifs and the number of transmembrane helices (TMHs) were detected within Clade I compared to other clades, affecting the subcellular localization of CnSWEET proteins. Specifically, seven TMHs were associated with proteins located in the cell membrane, while CnSWEET2A, which had five TMHs, was found in both the cell membrane and cytosol. Promoter analysis revealed that some CnSWEET genes contained endosperm or seed specific motifs associated with specific endosperm expression, consistent with expression patterns observed in transcriptome data. Functional analysis of five CnSWEET genes, with transcript sequences supported by transcriptome data, was conducted using yeast mutant complementation assays. This analysis demonstrated diverse transport activities for sucrose, fructose, glucose, galactose, and mannose. Our findings provide valuable insights into the functional diversity of SWEET genes in coconuts and their potential roles in stress responses and plant development.
The Effect of Light Cycles on the Predation Characteristics of Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acari: Phytoseiidae) Feeding on Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae)
Authors: Pakyari Hajar , Zemek Rostislav
Published: February 2025

Environmental factors, such as the duration of daylight, can significantly influence the predation ability of arthropod predators. This study aimed to examine the influence of photoperiods of 8:16 h, 12:12 h, and 16:8 h (L:D) on the predation rate of Phytoseiulus persimilis preying on Tetranychus urticae eggs under constant temperature. The daily predation rate (Dj) and the total number of prey eggs consumed (Pj) per predator increased with longer photophases, reaching their peak in the 16L:8D photoperiod. The highest net predation rate (C0) was observed under 16L:8D conditions (173.22 prey eggs/predator), while it was 170.28 and 89.77 prey eggs/predator under the 12L:12D and 8L:16D photoperiods, respectively. The finite predation rate (ω) also increased with longer photophases. The transformation rate (Qp) was highest under the 16L:8D photoperiod. Significant differences were noted in the stable predation rate (ψ), with the highest value being 5.84 prey eggs/predator under 16L:8D conditions. The number of T. urticae eggs predated by P. persimilis was higher under longer photoperiods, and the 16L:8D photoperiod can thus be recommended as optimal for the biocontrol of spider mites in controlled environments. We suggest that future research explores other effects of the light cycle on plant–herbivore–predator interactions to optimize the lighting conditions for effective spider mite control.
Nitrogen Fertilization Coupled with Zinc Foliar Applications Modulate the Production, Quality, and Stress Response of Sideritis cypria Plants Grown Hydroponically Under Excess Copper Concentrations
Authors: Tzortzakis Nikolaos , Neofytou Giannis , Chrysargyris Antonios
Published: February 2025

The demand for medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs) has grown significantly in recent years, due to their therapeutic value. Among these, Sideritis cypria Post is a promising yet under-evaluated species. Existing research assessing the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization, zinc (Zn) foliar applications, and toxic copper (Cu) concentrations often overlooks MAPs such as S. cypria. Additionally, the interactions among these parameters, as well as their combined roles in MAPs plant physiology and secondary metabolite biosynthesis, have yet to be fully elucidated. In this study, hydroponically grown S. cypria plants were cultivated using nutrient solutions (NSs) with different N (75, 150, and 300 mg L−1) and Cu (5 and 100 μM) levels, combined with foliar spraying (0 and 1.74 mM Zn), to evaluate the growth, mineral uptake, secondary metabolites production and stress response. N levels at 75 and 150 mg L−1 resulted in increased dry matter content, whereas fresh biomass production was preserved. Foliar Zn applications enhanced chlorophylls and antioxidants, contingent upon N and Cu in the NS. Increased N accumulation was observed via the increase in N in the NS, while foliar Zn enhanced its uptake at moderate N levels. Excess Cu stimulated its accumulation, while a reduction was observed with foliar Zn at low and high N levels. Excess Cu increased lipid peroxidation (MDA) at low and moderate N in the NS, while foliar Zn decreased both MDA and hydrogen peroxide, contingent upon Cu and N levels. Low-to-moderate N in the NS can be applied under excess Cu without compromising the yield, quality, and safety of S. cypria plants, while foliar Zn can modulate the stress response of plants under excess Cu and the production of secondary metabolites. These results may be utilized for optimizing nutrient management strategies for the cultivation of MAPs, contributing to conservation efforts by supporting the cultivation of endemic species like S. cypria, considering the potential benefits of Zn foliar applications under Cu-contaminated conditions.
An In Vitro Phytohormone Survey Reveals Concerted Regulation of the Cannabis Glandular Trichome Disc Cell Proteome
Authors: Dimopoulos Nicolas , Guo Qi , Liu Lei , Nolan Matthew , Das Rekhamani , Garcia-de Heer Lennard , Mieog Jos C. , Barkla Bronwyn J. , Kretzschmar Tobias
Published: February 2025

Cannabis (Cannabis sativa L.) flower glandular trichomes (GTs) are the main site of cannabinoid synthesis. Phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid (SA), have been shown to increase cannabinoid content in cannabis flowers, but how this is regulated remains unknown. This study aimed to understand which biological processes in GT disc cells phytohormones control by using an in vitro assay. Live GT disc cells were isolated from a high-tetrahydrocannabinol cannabis cultivar and incubated on basal media plates supplemented with either kinetin (KIN), JA, SA, abscisic acid, ethephon, gibberellic acid, brassinolide, or sodium diethyldithiocarbamate. Quantitative proteomic analysis revealed that KIN, JA, and SA caused the greatest number of changes in the GT disc cell proteome. Surprisingly, none of the treatments concertedly increased cannabinoid content or the abundance of related biosynthetic proteins in the GT, suggesting that cannabinoid increases in previous in planta phytohormone studies are likely due to other processes, such as increased GT density. As well, KIN-, JA-, and SA-treated GTs had numerous differentially abundant proteins in common. Several were key proteins for leucoplast differentiation, cuticular wax and fatty acid metabolism, and primary metabolism regulation, denoting that cytokinin, JA, and SA signalling are likely important for coordinating cannabis GT differentiation and development.
Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of Heat Shock Transcription Factors in Camellia sinensis Under Abiotic Stress
Authors: Li Guimin , Shi Xinying , Lin Qinmin , Lv Mengmeng , Chen Jing , Wen Yingxin , Feng Zhiyi , Azam Syed Muhammad , Cheng Yan , Wang Shucai , Cao Shijiang
Published: February 2025

The tea plant (Camellia sinensis) is an economically important crop that plays an important role not only in the beverage industry but also in the pharmaceutical industry. The environment has a great influence on the quality of the tea plant. Heat shock factors (Hsfs) are transcriptional regulators that control the plant response to adversity. However, only a limited number of studies have reported the Hsf gene in Camellia sinensis, and most of these reports involve high-temperature, drought, and salt stress. Research on light, dark, and cold stress is limited. In this study, 22 CsHsf genes were obtained by whole genome sequencing and found to be located on 11 chromosomes. In addition, the gene structure, protein motif, and phylogeny were studied. We classified the genes into three major subfamilies: CsHsfA, CsHsfB, and CsHsfC. Interestingly, we found that there was more alignment between CsHsf and Hsf genes in dicotyledons, including Arabidopsis thaliana and Solanum lycopersicum, than in the monocotyledon Oryza sativa. The expression of many CsHsf genes was affected by low-temperature, light, and dark abiotic stresses. Notably, CsHsf15 and CsHsf16 showed high induction rates under both light and cold stress, and both genes carried cis-acting elements associated with light and low-temperature responses. These results lay a solid groundwork for further investigations into the involvement of CsHsf genes in the response of Camellia sinensis to abiotic stresses.
Effect of Degree of Ethoxylation on the Surface and Thermal Properties of Polymeric Ionic Liquids for Oilfield Applications
Authors: Alotaibi Mohammed , Fahmi Mohanad , Nazar Masooma , Mahboob Ahmad , Hussain Syed Muhammad Shakil , Kamal Muhammad Shahzad
Published: February 2025

Worldwide energy needs are growing, requiring new extraction techniques for crude oil from old reservoirs. However, conventional chemicals face difficulties when exposed to harsh reservoir environments such as solubility in high saline water and heat stability under harsh reservoir environments. This study investigates the potential of newly synthesized polymeric ionic liquids (PILs) as alternative options. A series of PILs was synthesized and characterized by using NMR and FTIR techniques. It was noticed that a PIL without ethoxy groups exhibits precipitation and therefore is not suitable for oilfield applications. However, the incorporation of ethoxy groups in the chemical structure of PILs leads to excellent solubility in low to high salinity brine. The solubility of the synthesized PILs in formation water, seawater, and deionized water, as well as their thermal stability using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), was assessed. In addition, the surface properties, including critical micelle concentration (cmc), surface tension (γcmc), surface excess concentration (Γmax), minimal surface area per molecule (Amin), free adsorption energy (ΔG°ads), and free micellization energy (ΔG°mic), were also evaluated. The findings revealed that adding ethoxy groups in PILs led to a drop in Γmax and an increase in Amin, suggesting reduced monolayer compactness at the air/water interface. The synthesized PILs demonstrated remarkable solubility, heat stability, and resistance to salt, rendering them well-suited for oilfield applications under challenging reservoir environments.
Thiol-Ene Photopolymerization and 3D Printing of Non-Modified Castor Oil Containing Bio-Based Cellulosic Fillers
Authors: Alarcon Rafael Turra , Bergoglio Matteo , Cavalheiro Éder Tadeu Gomes , Sangermano Marco
Published: February 2025

The photopolymerization process in 3D printing is considered greener once it involves a fast reaction and low energy consumption. Various reactions for photopolymerization can be used nowadays, but a special one is the thiol-ene “click” reaction that occurs in equimolar concentrations of thiol and alkene groups. In this sense, solvent-free photopolymerizable formulations were prepared to contain non-modified castor oil, Trimethylolpropane tris(3-mercapto propionate), and cellulosic fillers from hemp, tagua, and walnut. All formulations presented conversions higher than 70% and fast polymerization rates. Moreover, the filled formulations presented excellent curing depths in fewer seconds of light exposition, an important factor for their applicability in 3D printing. Furthermore, the hemp filler formulation presented the highest crosslinking density as determined by the DMTA, and was selected for printing two complex structures (pyramid and honeycomb shape). The rheology analysis showed that the formulations had adequate viscosities for the printer. Lastly, all polymers presented at least 97% bio-based contents, with gel contents superior to 96%.
Bismuth Oxide Nanoparticle-Enhanced Poly(methyl methacrylate) Composites for I-131 Radiation Shielding: A Combined Simulation and Experimental Investigation
Authors: Marshall Suphalak Khamruang , Boonpeng Kullapat , Buapud Nattawat , Chimhashat Sasikarn , Chuaymuang Jarasrawee , Kwandee Poochit , Songphum Nueafa
Published: February 2025

This study investigates the development of advanced radiation shielding materials incorporating bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) nanoparticles (NPs) into polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) composites, comparing efficacy against I-131 gamma radiation. The NPs exhibit a 1.53-fold reduction in z-average diameter and a significantly higher surface area than Bi2O3, ensuring superior dispersion and structural uniformity within the PMMA matrix. These characteristics, validated through SEM, EDX, and XRD analyses, contribute to enhanced gamma radiation attenuation, leveraging the high atomic number and density of Bi2O3. Mechanical evaluations reveal that increasing Bi2O3-NPs concentrations enhances ductility but reduces tensile strength, likely due to nanoparticle agglomeration and stress concentration. Radiation shielding performance, assessed using XCOM and Phy-X/PSD simulations, demonstrates a direct correlation between Bi2O3 content and attenuation efficiency. Notably, composites with 75% Bi2O3 content exhibit attenuation properties comparable to, or exceeding, those of PbO2, achieving superior shielding efficacy at reduced thicknesses across various photon interaction mechanisms. These findings position Bi2O3 NPs-enhanced PMMA composites as promising lightweight high-performance alternatives to lead-based shields. By addressing toxicity and environmental concerns associated with lead, this work emphasizes the potential of high-Z nanomaterials in advancing radiation protection applications. This study highlights a transformative approach to designing safer and more efficient shielding solutions, contributing to the next generation of radiation protection materials.
Study on Coupling Correlation of Factors Affecting Mechanical Properties of High-Damping Rubber Plate
Authors: Peng Tianbo , Li Feng , Ma Chiyuan
Published: February 2025

Factors affecting the mechanical properties of the high-damping rubber plate mainly include temperature, shear strain rate, shear strain amplitude, and compressive stress. However, the existing studies focused on one factor and have not conducted detailed research on the coupling relationships between various factors. The influence on the mechanical properties of the high-damping rubber plate of one factor will change with the change in other factors. To study the coupling correlation, a series of horizontal cyclic loading tests were designed and carried out. Due to the simultaneous hyperelastic and viscoelastic properties of high-damping rubber, the hysteresis curve of the high-damping rubber plate is decomposed into a hyperelastic part and a damping part. Equations of the two parts are deduced by a theoretical method, and all the coefficients of the two parts are obtained by fitting the test results. Then, the variation coefficient is used to study the influence degree of each factor on these coefficients. Finally, the correlation variation coefficient is defined as the variation coefficient of variation coefficients and is used to quantify the coupling correlation between the factors. This study is of great significance in exploring the coupling correlation between the factors affecting the mechanical properties of the high-damping rubber plate.
Study of Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane-Modified Superhydrophilic Transparent Coating in Antifogging, Antifrost and Self-Cleaning
Authors: Zhu Weibiao , Wu Chengfeng , He Jinxin , Dong Xia
Published: February 2025

A highly hydrophilic coating with a water contact angle below 10° was developed on a transparent polycarbonate (PC) sheet using a UV-curable process. Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxanes (POSS), modified with poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate (PEGMA), provided the hydrophilic functionality essential for the coating. Fogging and frost formation on transparent surfaces often hinder visibility and pose challenges in various optical applications. The hydrophilic coating developed in this study demonstrated excellent antifogging and antifrost properties, along with a notable self-cleaning capability. These characteristics make it a promising candidate for applications in transparent optical PC materials, requiring enhanced antifogging, antifrost, and self-cleaning performance.
Technological Research on Preparation of Alkyl Polyglycoside by High-Gravity Impinging Stream-Rotating Packed Bed
Authors: Zeng Zhongyu , Qi Guisheng , Guo Yujin , Li Ning , Guo Shuwei , Guo Qiang , Liu Youzhi
Published: February 2025

This manuscript introduces a new method of preparing alkyl polyglycoside, using n-decyl alcohol and glucose as raw materials, and using the high-gravity impact flow rotating packed bed (IS-RPB) as equipment to prepare alkyl polyglycoside by a direct glycoside process, focusing on solving the problems related to glucose’s easy agglutination and high cost during the preparation of alkyl polyglycoside. The effects of impact times, temperature and molar ratio of n-decyl alcohol on glucose-on-glucose conversion were investigated. The results show that the new preparation method can achieve a glucose conversion rate of more than 70%, the molar ratio of n-decyl alcohol to glucose can be reduced to 2:1, the reaction can still be carried out below 90 °C, and the glucose conversion rate can reach more than 90% after subsequent reprocessing. The product was identified as the target alkyl polyglycoside through infrared spectroscopy analysis. The critical micelle concentration of the product’s aqueous solution was determined to be 5 g/L, with a corresponding surface tension of 25.42 mN/m. Its HLB was calculated at 16.26, categorizing it as an O/W-type emulsifier characterized by excellent foaming properties and producing a rich, fine foam. Moreover, the product demonstrates favorable emulsifying and detergency capabilities.
Coordinated Optimization of Household Air Conditioning and Battery Energy Storage Systems: Implementation and Performance Evaluation
Authors: Shakir Alaa , Zhang Jingbang , He Yigang , Wang Peipei
Published: February 2025

Improving user-level energy efficiency is critical for reducing the load on the power grid and addressing the challenges created by tight power balance when operating domestic air conditioning equipment under time-of-use (ToU) pricing. This paper presents a data-driven control method for HVAC (heating, ventilation, and air conditioning) systems that is based on model predictive control (MPC) and takes ToU electricity pricing into account. To describe building thermal dynamics, a multi-layer neural network is constructed using time-delayed embedding, with the rectified linear unit (ReLU) serving as the activation function for hidden layers. Using this piecewise affine approximation, an optimization model is developed within a receding horizon control framework, integrating the data-driven model and transforming it into a mixed-integer linear programming issue for efficient problem solving. Furthermore, this research suggests a hybrid optimization model for integrating air conditioning systems and battery energy storage systems. By employing a rolling time-domain control method, the proposed model minimizes the frequency of switching between charging and discharging states of the battery energy storage system, improving system reliability and efficiency. An Internet of Things (IoT)-based home energy management system is developed and validated in a real laboratory environment, complemented by a distributed integration solution for the energy management monitoring platform and other essential components. The simulation results and field measurements demonstrate the system’s effectiveness, revealing discernible pre-cooling and pre-charging behaviors prior to peak electricity pricing periods. This cooperative economic operation reduces electricity expenses by 13% compared to standalone operation.
Hydrogen 5.0: Interdisciplinary Development of a Proof-of-Concept Smart System for Green Hydrogen Leak Detection
Authors: Alarcon Claudio , Alarcon Sofia , Hoffer Alvaro , Pavez Boris
Published: February 2025

Green hydrogen is a promising energy vector for industrial applications. However, hydrogen leaks can occur causing greenhouse effects and posing safety risks for operators and local communities, potentially leading to legal liabilities. Industry 4.0 focuses on digital industrial modernization, while Industry 5.0 emphasizes collaborative, human-centered, and sustainable processes. This study developed and analyzed an Industry 5.0 proof of concept as an additional safety layer for hydrogen leak management. The proof of concept was implemented using Raspberry Pi microcomputers, integrated computer vision, and OpenAI GPT-3 for dynamic email communication. A legal liability analysis for Chile and Spain identified potential challenges in transitioning the system into a market-ready product. The findings suggest the system should act as a complementary safety layer rather than a primary detection system to mitigate legal liability risks, as operational deployment without full certification and validation could lead to malfunctions. This study illustrated how hydrogen detection and management can be integrated into Industry 5.0 smart systems. With growing global interest in sustainable engineering and AI regulation, as reflected in Regulation (EU) 2024/1689, legal considerations over technologies like the one presented in this study are becoming increasingly relevant.
An Independent UAV-Based Mobile Base Station
Authors: Choi Sung-Chan , Kim Sung-Yeon
Published: February 2025

In disaster scenarios, e.g., earthquakes, tsunamis, and wildfires, communication infrastructure often becomes severely damaged. To rapidly restore damaged communication systems, we propose a UAV-based mobile base station equipped with Public Safety LTE (PS-LTE) technology to provide standalone communication capabilities. The proposed system includes PS-LTE functionalities, mission-critical push-to-talk, proximity-based services, and isolated E-UTRAN operation to ensure the reliable and secure communication for emergency services. We provide a simulation result to achieve the radio coverage of mobile base station. By using this radio coverage, we find an appropriate location of the end device for performing the outdoor experiments. We develop a prototype of a proposed mobile base station and test its operation in an outdoor environment. The experimental results provide a sufficient data rate to make an independent mobile base station to restore communication infrastructure in areas that experienced environmental disasters. This prototype and experimental results offer a significant step forward in creating agile and efficient communication solutions for emergency scenarios.
Surface Electromyography Monitoring of Muscle Changes in Male Basketball Players During Isotonic Training
Authors: Li Ziyang , Zhang Bowen , Wang Hong , Gouda Mohamed Amin
Published: February 2025

Physiological indicators are increasingly employed in sports training. However, studies on surface electromyography (sEMG) primarily focus on the analysis of isometric contraction. Research on sEMG related to isotonic contraction, which is more relevant to athletic performance, remains relatively limited. This paper examines the changes in the isotonic contraction performance of the male upper arm muscles resulting from long-term basketball training using the sEMG metrics. We recruited basketball physical education (B-PE) and non-PE majors to conduct a controlled isotonic contraction experiment to collect and analyze sEMG signals. The sample entropy event detection method was utilized to extract the epochs of active segments of data. Subsequently, statistical analysis methods were applied to extract the key sEMG time domain (TD) and frequency domain (FD) features of isotonic contraction that can differentiate between professional and amateur athletes. Machine learning methods were employed to perform ten-fold cross-validation and repeated experiments to verify the effectiveness of the features across the different groups. This paper investigates the key features and channels of interest for categorizing male participants from non-PE and B-PE backgrounds. The experimental results show that the F12B feature group consistently achieved an accuracy of between 80% and 90% with the SVM2 model, balancing both accuracy and efficiency, which can serve as evaluation indices for isotonic contraction performance of upper limb muscles during basketball training. This has practical significance for monitoring isotonic sEMG features in sports and training, as well as for providing individualized training regimens.
Biophilic Cities and Communities: Towards Natural Resources, Environmental and Social Sustainability
Authors: Hong Xin-Chen , He Bao-Jie , Liu Jiang , Qi Jin-Da , Wang Guangyu , Cheng Shi
Published: February 2025

Biophilic design represents a design philosophy that advocates for the integration of natural and sustainable systems to enhance the built environment across various scales (e [...]
Global Research Trends and Hotspots in White Clover (Trifolium repens L.) Responses to Drought Stress (1990–2024)
Authors: Deng Xiaolin , Wang Xiangtao , Yang Yuting , Li Junqin , Gao Yang , Huang Haiyan , Zhang Yu , Du Jing , Wang Puchang
Published: February 2025

White clover (Trifolium repens L.) is cultivated worldwide as a forage crop, green manure, and turfgrass, valued for its adaptability and broad distribution. Although numerous studies have investigated the adverse effects of drought stress on white clover growth and yield, a comprehensive bibliometric review has been lacking. To address this gap, we analyzed relevant publications from the Web of Science Core Collection (1990–2024) using VOSviewer (1.6.19.0) and R (4.3.1) software. Our findings reveal a consistent annual increase in research outputs, indicating sustained scholarly efforts to enhance white clover’s drought tolerance. China, New Zealand, Australia, the United States, and France lead in publication volume and maintain active international collaborations. Keyword co-occurrence analysis underscores the importance of phenotypic, physiological, and molecular mechanisms linked to drought resistance, particularly regarding plant growth and yield. Emerging directions include further exploration of transgenic technologies and molecular pathways to bolster white clover’s resilience under water-limited conditions. Overall, these insights offer a theoretical foundation for future research and provide a valuable reference for advancing sustainable agricultural practices in arid and semi-arid environments.
Assessment of the Impact of Extreme Hydrological Conditions on Migratory Bird Habitats of the Largest Freshwater Lake Wetlands in China Based on Multi-Source Remote Sensing Fusion Approach
Authors: Qiu Jingfeng , Li Yu , Liu Xinggen
Published: February 2025

Poyang Lake, the largest freshwater lake of China, serves as a crucial wintering site for migratory birds in the East Asian–Australasian Flyway, where habitat quality is essential for maintaining diverse bird populations. Recently, the frequent alternation of extreme wet years, e.g., 2020, and dry years, e.g., 2022, have inflicted considerable perturbation on the local wetland ecology, severely impacting avian habitats. This study employed the spatiotemporal fusion method (ESTARFM) to obtain continuous imagery of Poyang Lake National Nature Reserve during the wintering seasons from 2020 to 2022. Habitat areas were identified based on wetland classification and water depth constraints. The results indicate that both extreme wet and dry conditions have exacerbated the fragmentation of migratory bird habitats. The shallow water habitats showed minor short-term fluctuations in response to water levels but were more significantly affected by long-term hydrological trends. These habitats exhibited considerable interannual variability across different hydrological years, affecting both their proportion within the overall habitat and their distribution within the study area. This study demonstrates the ability of ESTARFM to reveal the dynamic changes in migratory bird habitats and their responses to extreme hydrological conditions, highlighting the critical role of water depth in habitat analysis. The outcomes of this study improve the understanding of the impact of extreme water levels on migratory bird habitats, which may help expand knowledge about the protection of other floodplain wetlands around the world.
A Sustainable Approach in the Removal of Pharmaceuticals: The Effects of Operational Parameters in the Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline with MXene/ZnO Photocatalysts
Authors: Karcıoğlu Karakaş Zeynep , Dönmez Zeliha
Published: February 2025

Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a vital semiconductor that is widely used for a wide variety of purposes. It is known that this material has a wide bandgap, and this property makes it sensitive to UV radiation. This way, ZnO nanoparticles can be used as photocatalysts in various processes and exhibit excellent catalytic activity. This study aims to produce a new and effective catalyst by combining ZnO nanoparticles used as photocatalysts with MXene, a two-dimensional material. MXenes have a great potential in terms of environmental sustainability. MXenes offer a wide range of sustainable solutions, from energy storage to water treatment, carbon capture to environmentally friendly electronics. The studies carried out for this purpose were carried out in two stages. In the first part, the composite particle was synthesized. In the second part, the produced composite was used as a photocatalyst in the photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline, an endocrine disruptor commonly encountered in wastewater. Optimum conditions were determined for operational parameters such as catalyst dosage, pollutant concentration, pH, irradiation time, light intensity, and temperature, which have the potential to affect the process efficiency significantly. The experiments conducted under optimum conditions determined that the organic pollutant in the solution was removed entirely.
Emergency Drug Demand Forecasting in Earthquakes with XGBoost and AFT-LSTM
Authors: Lin Yuhao , Yan Wei , Zhang Yi , Zhang Hua , Zhang Haiyang , Wang Dongkun
Published: February 2025

Forecasting emergency drug demand (FEDD) during earthquakes is essential for optimizing logistics and improving disaster response efficiency. Traditional forecasting methods mostly rely on indirect forecasting, that is, predicting the number of casualties and then extrapolating drug demand from that. However, the number of casualties in an earthquake is influenced by numerous factors, which introduces significant computational complexity for existing methods that attempt to handle these multi-faceted variables. Furthermore, drug demand forecasts must also consider seasonal and regional variations, which existing methods fail to adequately incorporate. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel FEDD approach that integrates XGBoost and AFT-LSTM. First, a method employs XGBoost-based multi-feature extraction techniques to identify and prioritize key factors influencing earthquake casualties. Next, an AFT-LSTM model is developed to predict casualties during earthquakes, capturing temporal dynamics and the interactions among factors. Finally, a mathematical model is established to predict total drug demand, considering the number of casualties, seasonal fluctuations, and regional characteristics. Empirical analysis demonstrates that the FEDD model performs excellently in casualty prediction, offering significant advantages over traditional BP, LSTM, and Transformer models. Moreover, the model accurately predicts total drug demand based on casualty estimates. The FEDD model provides a scientific foundation for disaster management, facilitating the efficient allocation of rescue resources during earthquake disasters and enhancing overall response efficiency.
Promoting the Use of Bicycles for Transportation and Access to Bus Stations in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Rashid Muhammad Ahmad , Alarabi Sameeh
Published: February 2025

Most research on bicycling and public transportation integration centers around the developed world and inter-modal bicycle–train travel. Similarly, existing research into the factors influencing bicycling to public transport focuses solely on one aspect of the issue, such as physical infrastructure, social environment, user or individual characteristics, etc. On the other hand, interventions to promote bicycling are less likely to be successful when carried out together since there can be multiple levels of barriers and enablers to bicycling. Hence, this study addresses this gap and utilizes a socio-ecological model as a theoretical foundation to understand the potential of using bicycles as a feeder for bus services by analyzing the barriers and enablers. Data were collected through a face-to-face questionnaire survey conducted in public spaces, including bus stops in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Two binary logistics models were developed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) to analyze the key factors influencing bicycle use as a feeder mode to public buses. The findings reveal that individual socio-demographic factors, reported barriers, and enablers are essential in explaining the users’ likelihood of bicycle use in accessing public buses. The barriers model indicates that existing bicycle parking facilities, bicycle theft and safety issues, bus reliability, and distance to bus stops play an essential role. Effective shading, dedicated bicycle tracks, appropriate lighting, and vital public services are explanatory for the enablers model. The findings offer valuable insights and policy recommendations to improve bicycling infrastructure and promote comprehensive accessibility to public transportation.
Multi-Objective Trade-Offs for Construction Projects with Dual Constraints of Schedule Risk and Resources Under a Risk-Driven Perspective
Authors: Zhou Jun , Tang Yanjuan , Tian Yong
Published: February 2025

Project schedules are typically the primary concern for most clients, yet the corresponding schedule risks have not received sufficient attention from project managers during multi-objective trade-offs. Therefore, to select the most valuable schedule plan in a complex risk environment, reveal the objective impact of schedule risks on multi-objective trade-offs, and reflect the decision-maker’s risk mitigation behaviour, this study aims to develop a Time–Cost–Quality Trade-off (TCQT) model constrained by both schedule risks and resources based on risk-driven principles. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis steps for identifying key risk factors are proposed. The Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II (NSGA-II) and Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) methods are introduced to solve the TCQT model and make optimal solution decisions. Case study results demonstrate that the optimal scheduling plan derived from the model improves the total project time, cost, and quality by 11.48%, 4.52%, and 7.05%, respectively, compared to the initial plan formulated by the project team. Additionally, the model identifies the main risk factors affecting the achievement of each objective within the TCQT decision framework, providing crucial insights for decision-makers in formulating effective mitigation strategies.
A Simple Third-Order Hopfield Neural Network: Dynamic Analysis, Microcontroller Implementation and Application to Random Number Generation
Authors: Tamba Victor Kamdoum , Pham Viet-Thanh , Volos Christos
Published: February 2025

This manuscript introduces a simple third-order Hopfield neural network. Its dynamics, implementation with a microcontroller and application to random number generation are explored. The model includes three coupled neurons with no synaptic weights between the first neuron and the third, and between the third and the second. The fundamental features (i.e., symmetry, dissipation and the requirement of existence of an attractor) of the model are studied. The results suggest that the model is asymmetric, dissipative and capable of supporting attractors. The dynamic analysis of the model is conducted through computer explorations, and the findings reveal that it develops complex behaviors like chaos and the coexistence of patterns. The coexistence of patterns is controlled using the linear augmentation method. The coexisting patterns are destroyed, and the multistable system is transformed into a monostable one. In order to confirm the numerical findings, a microcontroller implementation of the considered HNN model is carried out, and the findings of both approaches are concordant. Finally, the elaborated third-order HNN chaotic model is designed for random number generation application. The NIST statistical tests are provided in order to confirm the random features of the generated signals.
A Novel Method to Calculate Nonlocal Symmetries from Local Symmetries
Authors: Paliathanasis Andronikos
Published: February 2025

We explore nonlocal symmetries in a class of Hamiltonian dynamical systems governed by second-order differential equations. Specifically, we establish an algorithm for deriving nonlocal symmetries by utilizing the Jacobi metric and the Eisenhart–Duval lift to geometrize the dynamical systems. The geometrized systems often exhibit additional local symmetries compared to the original systems, some of which correspond to nonlocal symmetries for the original formulation. This novel approach allows us to determine nonlocal symmetries in a systematic way. Within this geometric framework, we demonstrate that the second-order differential equation q¨−Fq=0 admits an infinite number of nonlocal symmetries generated by the infinite-dimensional conformal algebra of a two-dimensional Riemannian manifold. Applications to higher-dimensional systems are also discussed.
Biomonitoring of Serum Inorganic Element Concentrations in Morbidly Obese Patients: Impact of Bariatric Surgery
Authors: Ramos-Luzardo Álvaro , Valerón Pilar Fernández , Díaz-González Beatriz Vanessa , Zumbado Manuel , Simbaña-Rivera Katherine , Bautista-Castaño Inmaculada , Ruiz-Suárez Norberto , Hernández-García Elisabeth , Cornejo-Torre Judith , Luzardo Octavio P. , Serra-Majem Lluis , Henríquez-Hernández Luis Alberto
Published: February 2025

Adipose tissue, in addition to serving as energy storage, can store lipophilic substances, some of which may pose a health risk if massively mobilized during rapid weight loss. This study aimed to biomonitor inorganic elements in obese patients undergoing bariatric surgery and analyze the role of sociodemographic factors. ICP-MS was employed to quantify 55 elements, including elements identified from the ATSDR’s Substance Priority List and rare-earth elements, in serum samples of 58 obese patients before and after bariatric surgery. A total of 39 out of 55 elements were detected, either before or after surgery, in at least one patient. Serum concentrations of gold, copper, mercury, platinum, and selenium significantly decreased after surgery. Serum concentrations of iron and zinc were significantly lower before surgery. Age, sex, diabetes status, arterial hypertension, and family history of obesity were demographic factors associated with the concentration of elements. Correlation analyses showed significant associations between elements and total lipid concentration or body mass index. Our findings indicate a complex interplay between inorganic elements and body fat and provide relevant information regarding the biomonitoring of these chemical elements in a specific and understudied population.