bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Daily living skills of autistic adolescents and young adults: A scoping review
Authors: Auld Chelsea , Foley Kitty‐Rose , Cashin Andrew
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Daily living skills (DLS) are essential for an increased quality of life and autonomous living. DLS are a focus of occupational therapy practice; however, there has been no identified review of DLS acquisition in autistic adolescents or adults. A scoping review was undertaken of which the objective was to evaluate and synthesise the extent, range, and nature of research activity, and to identify research gaps in the existing literature as they relate to DLS acquisition and autistic adolescents and adults.

Methods

A structured search of the literature was conducted. Studies published in English between 2011 and 2021 that included a focus on the acquisition of DLS in autistic adolescents and young adults were included. The titles and abstracts of 103 records were screened, and the full text of 53 records was reviewed. These reference lists were hand searched. Following this process, 25 papers were found to meet the inclusion criteria.

Results

Findings indicate inconsistencies throughout the literature, with a lack of consensus on best practice methods, mediums, and/or tools to support optimal outcomes in terms of DLS acquisition for the autistic population. Themes related to (1) Generalisation of Skills Across Contexts, (2) Skill Maintenance, (3) Technology as a Teaching Method, (4) Participant and Family Perspectives, and (5) The Balance of Activities of Daily Living (ADL) and Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) focus in research were extracted from the reviewed literature. There is a strong consensus in the findings of the identified papers that autistic adolescents and young adults experience poorer outcomes in terms of DLS acquisition than non‐autistic peers, and peers with other developmental or intellectual disabilities.

Conclusion

Future research is needed to fill these identified gaps and provide a clearer understanding on interventions to support optimal outcomes for autistic individuals.
Imaginaries of patienthood: Constructions of HIV patients by HIV specialist health professionals
Authors: Brown Brian , Jaspal Rusi
Published: April 2022

This paper explores the ways in which HIV specialists based in the United Kingdom (UK) construct, conceptualise and imagine their patient group via the concept of the ‘imaginary’, a notion encompassing the symbols, concepts and values through which people make sense of their social environment. In discussing their work with men who have sex with men (MSM), practitioners described patients as knowledgeable and highly adherent to treatment, yet apt to pursue hedonistic lives involving sex and recreational drugs. Recent innovations in treatment were formulated in terms of optimism and progress and the ascent of biomedical approaches was cast as an advance over former emphases on psychosocial interventions and attempts to facilitate behaviour change. In contrast to the imaginary of patients who were well‐informed and highly compliant with treatment, participants also sought to explain those who were not easily enfolded within modern treatment regimens or who were seen to be overly emotional. These patients, it was said, had some pre‐existing psychological problem or perhaps were especially vulnerable to societal pressures. Overall, the imaginary of the public was pervaded by therapeutic optimism, a sense of progress and an invigoration of biomedical themes in overcoming the challenges of delivering services to MSM.
New Nabataean inscriptions from Shkārat el‐Faras, north of Petra
Authors: al‐Salameen Zeyad , al‐Faqeer Mahmood
Published: April 2022

This paper presents two new Nabataean inscriptions found by the authors in Shkārat el‐Faras, north of Petra. The paper includes a commentary on the vocabulary and the proper names attested in these two undated inscriptions and sheds light on the different interpretations of the disputed word ptwrʾ, a professional title possibly meaning ‘diviner, augur’, which is attested in both texts.
Reducing ER stress with chaperone therapy reverses sleep fragmentation and cognitive decline in aged mice
Authors: Hafycz Jennifer M. , Strus Ewa , Naidoo Nirinjini
Published: April 2022

As the aging population grows, the need to understand age‐related changes in health is vital. Two prominent behavioral changes that occur with age are disrupted sleep and impaired cognition. Sleep disruptions lead to perturbations in proteostasis and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in mice. Further, consolidated sleep and protein synthesis are necessary for memory formation. With age, the molecular mechanisms that relieve cellular stress and ensure proper protein folding become less efficient. It is unclear if a causal relationship links proteostasis, sleep quality, and cognition in aging. Here, we used a mouse model of aging to determine if supplementing chaperone levels reduces ER stress and improves sleep quality and memory. We administered the chemical chaperone 4‐phenyl butyrate (PBA) to aged and young mice, and monitored sleep and cognitive behavior. We found that chaperone treatment consolidates sleep and wake, and improves learning in aged mice. These data correlate with reduced ER stress in the cortex and hippocampus of aged mice. Chaperone treatment increased p‐CREB, which is involved in memory formation and synaptic plasticity, in hippocampi of chaperone‐treated aged mice. Hippocampal overexpression of the endogenous chaperone, binding immunoglobulin protein (BiP), improved cognition, reduced ER stress, and increased p‐CREB in aged mice, suggesting that supplementing BiP levels are sufficient to restore some cognitive function. Together, these results indicate that restoring proteostasis improves sleep and cognition in a wild‐type mouse model of aging. The implications of these results could have an impact on the development of therapies to improve health span across the aging population.
Hypnotic benzodiazepine receptor agonist exposure during pregnancy and the risk of congenital malformations and other adverse pregnancy outcomes: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Grigoriadis Sophie , Alibrahim Aseel , Mansfield Joanna K. , Sullovey Amanda , Robinson Gail Erlick
Published: April 2022

Objective

To determine if there is an association between antenatal hypnotic benzodiazepine receptor agonist exposure and congenital malformations or other adverse pregnancy outcomes in the offspring.

Methods

Databases were searched to January 31, 2021. Cohort studies published in English on congenital malformations or other adverse pregnancy outcomes in infants following exposure compared with those unexposed, were summarized and meta‐analyzed where possible.

Results

Following screening, 25 studies were assessed for eligibility and seven included in the meta‐analyses. Five studies were pooled for congenital malformations following first trimester exposure and not statistically significant (OR 0.87, 95% CI 0.56–1.36). The five studies that assessed for preterm birth following anytime exposure did pool to a statistically significant effect (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.19–1.86); study quality, control for other psychotropic drugs and psychiatric diagnosis did not appear to be moderators. There were two missing studies when examining for publication bias in both of the main analyses above but the revised estimates were similar to the original. Low birth weight (LBW) was significant (three studies, any time exposure, OR 1.51, 1.27–1.78) as was small for gestational age (SGA) (three studies with anytime exposure, OR 1.34, 1.22–1.48). There were too few studies to summarize birth weight, gestational age, respiratory difficulties, APGAR score at 5 min and NICU admission.

Conclusions

Pregnancy exposure to hypnotics was not associated with a higher risk for congenital malformations but was associated with an increased risk for preterm birth, LBW and SGA compared with those infants who were not exposed. These findings are consistent with the antidepressant and benzodiazepine literature.
Influence of different agitation techniques on bacterial reduction in curved root canals
Authors: de Oliveira Helder Fernandes , da Silva Júnior Ismael Fernandes , Teixeira Luan Carlos Gomes , Camilo Naira Geovana , de Almeida Decurcio Daniel , Guedes Orlando Aguirre , de Araújo Estrela Cyntia Rodrigues
Published: April 2022

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of agitation techniques on bacterial reduction in curved root canals. Eighty human mandibular molars were prepared, inoculated with Enterococcus faecalis and incubated at 37°C for 60 days. Then, specimens were randomly separated into two test groups (n = 36) and two control groups (n = 04) according to agitation technique: Passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI, Irrisonic) and XP‐endo Finisher (XPF). Microbial samples were collected before and after instrumentation and after final agitation using sterile paper points. Bacterial growth was analysed by turbidity of culture medium and UV spectrophotometry. The Wilcoxon rank test was used for the paired analysis, while the Mann–Whitney U‐test was used for the non‐paired analysis. The samples collected after final agitation were significantly different between test groups (p < 0.05). Bacterial reduction was greater in the PUI than in the XPF (p < 0.05) group. The irrigant agitation provided significant bacterial reduction. The use of the PUI showed better results.
Users of cannabis‐only are less likely to accept brief interventions than other substance use profiles in a sample of people living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Gette Jordan A. , McKenna Kevin R. , McAfee Nicholas W. , Schumacher Julie A. , Parker Jefferson D. , Konkle‐Parker Deborah
Published: April 2022

Background and Objectives

Research has shown that people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) engage in increased rates of substance use, which has a number of potential negative health outcomes. Increased legalization of cannabis is likely to further increase the availability and use of cannabis in this population. Efforts have been made to integrate screening and intervention resources as part of an individual's routine healthcare visits. Though brief approaches such as Screening and Brief Intervention (SBIRT) have shown promise in addressing alcohol use, results are mixed in addressing cannabis use. The present study investigated how individuals reporting cannabis use responded to an invitation to engage in a brief negotiated intervention (BNI).

Methods

PLWHA participated in a self‐administered tablet computer‐based version of SBIRT. Patients screened as having at‐risk, high‐risk, or dependent substance use (N = 331) were eligible to receive the BNI. Of these patients, 101 reported cannabis‐only use, with or without alcohol.

Results

Binary logistic regressions controlling for Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and Drug Abuse Screening Test score and demographics, found that cannabis‐only use was significantly related to declining the BNI.

Discussion and Conclusions

Cannabis‐only engagement predicts lower BNI acceptance rates than other substance use profiles; inappropriate screening tools may be one reason for this discrepancy. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Scientific Significance

Findings are relevant in modifying SBIRT for cannabis use. To our knowledge, this is the first work to evaluate acceptance of brief interventions for cannabis as compared to other substances and brief intervention acceptance in a sample of PLWHA.
Determinants of women's financial inclusion: Evidence from India
Authors: Govindapuram Suresh , Bhupatiraju Samyukta , Sirohi Rahul A.
Published: April 2022

A number of studies have analyzed the determinants of financial inclusion in India, but few if any have focused specifically on the factors that shape women's access to finance. This paper draws on the trove of women‐specific data collected in the fourth round of the National Family Health Survey (NFHS‐4), conducted in 2015–16 in India, to examine the factors that influence women's access to finance. The results indicate that while the forces that shape women's access to finance function at multiple levels, micro‐level factors appear to be powerful drivers of inclusion. The analysis reveals that household‐level economic indicators like wealth, gender of household head and their rural‐urban location are crucial, but so are individual‐level characteristics which explain approximately 83% of the variation in the multilevel regressions. Informal gender norms that govern women's mobility and economic activity crucially influence the ability of women to access loans and open bank accounts.
The knowledge and skills needed to perform intestinal ultrasound for inflammatory bowel diseases—an international Delphi consensus survey
Authors: Madsen Gorm Roager , Wilkens Rune , Boysen Trine , Burisch Johan , Bryant Robert , Carter Dan , Gecse Krisztina , Maaser Christian , Maconi Giovanni , Novak Kerri , Palmela Carolina , Nayahangan Leizl Joy , Tolsgaard Martin Grønnebæk
Published: April 2022

Background

Intestinal ultrasound (IUS) is a non‐invasive modality for monitoring disease activity in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). IUS training currently lacks well‐defined standards and international consensus on competency criteria. Aim: To achieve international consensus on what competencies should be expected from a newly certified IUS practitioner.

Methods

A three‐round, iterative Delphi process was conducted among 54 IUS experts from 17 countries. Round 1 was a brainstorming phase with an open‐ended question to identify the knowledge and skills that experts believe a newly certified IUS practitioner should possess. The experts' suggestions were then organised into statements by a Steering Committee. In round 2, the experts commented upon and rated the statements, which were revised accordingly. In round 3, the experts rated the revised statements. Statements meeting the pre‐defined consensus criterion of at least 70% agreement were included in the final list of statements.

Results

In total, 858 items were suggested by the experts in the first round. Based on these suggestions, 55 statements were organised into three categories: knowledge, technical skills and interpretation skills. After the second round, 53 revised statements remained. After the final round, a total of 41 statements had achieved consensus.

Conclusions

We established international, expert consensus on the knowledge and skills that should be expected from newly certified IUS practitioners. These consensus statements are the first step towards mastery learning for IUS training. Educators can utilise these statements to design training programmes and evaluate the competencies of trainees before they engage in independent practice.
Laparoscopic repair of suprapubic incisional hernia using a modified transabdominal partial extraperitoneal technique
Authors: Maemoto Ryo , Tsujinaka Shingo , Kakizawa Nao , Nagamori Masakazu , Fukai Shota , Matsuzawa Natsumi , Hatsuzawa Yuuri , Watanabe Fumiaki , Toyama Nobuyuki , Rikiyama Toshiki
Published: April 2022

Introduction

Herein, we describe a novel technique for suprapubic incisional hernia repair using a modified transabdominal partial extraperitoneal technique in four patients.

Materials and Surgical Technique

We implemented four‐trocar placement to achieve a coaxial setting for the pubic bone. The pubic bone and Cooper's ligament were exposed by an incision dorsal to the hernial orifice, and the bladder was mobilized as an inferior peritoneal flap. The retropubic space was dissected approximately 5 cm from the hernial defect and this was closed with an intracorporeal non‐absorbable barbed suture. A mesh was introduced into the intra‐abdominal cavity, positioned to cover the closed defect, and tied to Cooper's ligament, the pubic bone, and rectus muscles. The dissected peritoneal flap was reattached to the abdominal wall by tacking and suturing.

Discussion

The modified transabdominal partial extraperitoneal technique for suprapubic incisional hernia repair may contribute to decreased recurrence and seroma formation.
Robotic low anterior resection of rectal metastasis from small bowel adenocarcinoma: A case report
Authors: Shimano Ryo , Kotake Masanori , Ida Asaka , Hashimoto Masashi , Saito Hiroshi , Sawada Koichiro , Oshima Masahiro , Hada Masahiro , Kato Yosuke , Oyama Kaeko , Hara Takuo , Inaki Noriyuki
Published: April 2022

A 69‐year‐old female underwent laparoscopic ileal partial resection for ileal adenocarcinoma. Pathological diagnosis was moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma (UICC 8th; T4N0M0 StageIIB). The patient received adjuvant chemotherapy with modified 5‐fluorouracil/leucovorin/oxaliplatin. Fourteen months after surgery, computed tomography revealed a mass in the upper rectum. Colonoscopy detected a submucosal protruding mass and a biopsy specimen showed moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma. Robotic low anterior resection was performed. The tumor was located in the upper rectum and there was no macroscopic invasion or peritoneal dissemination. Pathologically, the tumor was moderately differentiated tubular adenocarcinoma located within the rectal wall with little evidence of a carcinoma component in the mucosal lining. Immunohistochemistry showed the same pattern as the previous ileal adenocarcinoma: negativity for cytokeratin 7 and positivity for cytokeratin 20 and caudal‐type homeobox 2. In combination with the rectum showing no abnormalities in colonoscopy performed 15 mo previously, the mass was considered hematogenous metastasis from small bowel adenocarcinoma.
Effects of ABCB1 DNA methylation in donors on tacrolimus blood concentrations in recipients following liver transplantation
Authors: Shi Chengcheng , Yan Liang , Gao Jie , Chen Shitong , Zhang Lirong
Published: April 2022

Aims

To investigate the effects of ABCB1 DNA methylation in donors on individual differences in tacrolimus blood concentrations following liver transplantation.

Methods

Twenty‐three donor liver samples carrying the CYP3A5*3/*3 genotype were classified into 2 groups based on their initial tacrolimus blood concentrations (C0 >10 μg/L or <5 μg/L) following liver transplantation. ABCB1 mRNA levels in liver tissues and HepG2 cells were determined by quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction. DNA methylation status in liver tissues and HepG2 cells was determined using Illumina 850 methylation chip sequencing technology and pyrosequencing. 5‐Aza‐2dC was used to reverse methylation in HepG2 cells. Intracellular tacrolimus concentrations were determined by liquid mass spectrometry.

Results

Genome‐wide methylation sequencing and pyrosequencing analyses showed that the methylation levels of 3 ABCB1 CpG sites (cg12501229, cg00634941 and cg05496710) were significantly different between groups with different tacrolimus concentration/dose (C0/D) ratios. ABCB1 mRNA expression in donor livers was found to be positively correlated with tacrolimus C0/D ratio (R = .458, P < .05). After treatment with 5‐Aza‐2‐Dc, the methylation levels of the ABCB1 CpG sites in HepG2 cells significantly decreased, and this was confirmed by pyrosequencing; there was also a significant increase in ABCB1 transcription, which induced a decrease in intracellular tacrolimus concentrations.

Conclusion

ABCB1 CpG site methylation affects tacrolimus metabolism in humans by regulating ABCB1 expression. Therefore, ABCB1 DNA methylation in donor livers might be an important epigenetic factor that affects tacrolimus blood concentrations following liver transplantation.
LEARN: a multicentre, cross‐sectional evaluation of Urology teaching in UK medical schools
Authors: Ng Alexander , V Wai‐Shun Chan , Asif Aqua , Light Alexander , Lam Chon Meng , Jayaraajan Keerthanaa , Cambridge William A. , Matthews Melissa Gillian , Kulkarni Meghana , S Zhi Yang Ooi , Nathan Arjun , Ahmed Najma , Gadhia Shivali , Morka Naomi , Hinchcliffe Zoe , Chen Wentin , Yoon Won Young , Das Kieran , Kufuor Risata A. , Patel Kenal , Ayres Ben , Dacre Jane , Harding Chris , Page Toby , Pearce Ian , Bhatt Nikita R. , Khadhouri Sinan , Kasivisvanathan Veeru ,   LEARN Study Group Collaborators
Published: April 2022

Objective

To evaluate the status of UK undergraduate urology teaching against the British Association of Urological Surgeons (BAUS) Undergraduate Syllabus for Urology. Secondary objectives included evaluating the type and quantity of teaching provided, the reported performance rate of General Medical Council (GMC)‐mandated urological procedures, and the proportion of undergraduates considering urology as a career.

Subjects and Methods

The uroLogical tEAching in bRitish medical schools Nationally (LEARN) study was a national multicentre cross‐sectional evaluation. Year 2 to Year 5 medical students and Foundation Year (FY) 1 doctors were invited to complete a survey between 3 October and 20 December 2020, retrospectively assessing the urology teaching received to date. Results are reported according to the Checklist for Reporting Results of Internet E‐Surveys (CHERRIES).

Results

In all, 7063/8346 (84.6%) responses from all 39 UK medical schools were included; 1127/7063 (16.0%) were from FY1 doctors who reported that the most frequently taught topics in undergraduate training were on urinary tract infection (96.5%), acute kidney injury (95.9%) and haematuria (94.4%). The most infrequently taught topics were male urinary incontinence (59.4%), male infertility (52.4%) and erectile dysfunction (43.8%). Male and female catheterisation on patients as undergraduates was performed by 92.1% and 73.0% of FY1 doctors respectively, and 16.9% had considered a career in urology. Theory‐based teaching was mainly prevalent in the early years of medical school, with clinical skills teaching, and clinical placements in the later years of medical school. In all, 20.1% of FY1 doctors reported no undergraduate clinical attachment in urology.

Conclusion

The LEARN Study is the largest ever evaluation of undergraduate urology teaching. In the UK, teaching seemed satisfactory as evaluated against the BAUS undergraduate syllabus. However, many students report having no clinical attachments in Urology and some newly qualified doctors report never having inserted a catheter, which is a GMC mandated requirement. We recommend a greater emphasis on undergraduate clinical exposure to urology and stricter adherence to GMC mandated procedures.
Using Andersen's behavioural model to examine individual and contextual factors associated with dental service utilization in Brazil
Authors: Galvão Maria Helena Rodrigues , Medeiros Arthur de Almeida , Roncalli Angelo Giuseppe
Published: April 2022

Objectives

The study aimed to examine individual and contextual factors associated with the frequency of dental service utilization among adolescents, adults and older adults Brazilians.

Methods

This cross‐sectional study used secondary data from the Brazilian 2019 National Health Survey (94 114 individuals). The outcome ‘when was your last dental appointment?’ was categorized into three groups: up to 1 year, more than 1 year and never had a dental appointment. Andersen's behavioural model was used to select contextual and individual variables. Multinomial logistic regression analysis was performed to calculate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI).

Results

The following variables showed increased probability to the outcome had the last dental appointment more than 1 year ago: older adult, illiterate or incomplete primary school, and without private dental insurance. The outcome never had a dental appointment was significantly associated with illiterate (OR 26.65; 95% CI 17.63–40.29), male (OR 2.38; 95% CI 2.17–2.61), without private dental insurance (OR 5.20; 95% CI 3.48–7.76), self‐rated oral health as bad or very bad (OR 2.67; 95% CI 2.31–3.09), household not enrolled in primary care teams (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.11–1.49), household in a rural area (OR 1.86; 95% CI 1.69–2.05), high household crowding (OR 1.08; 95% CI 1.04–1.14) and low household income per capita (OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.99–0.99).

Conclusions

This study showed that contextual and individual factors induce inequity in dental appointments. Moreover, Andersen's behavioural model demonstrated inequitable access for dental services in Brazil, in which social structure and enabling characteristics, rather than the need for the service, determine who receives health care. Living in a household enrolled in primary care teams favoured regular dental appointments. Thus, these findings may help policymakers improve health access by expanding coverage of dental services in primary health care.
Double Prevention, Causal Judgments, and Counterfactuals
Authors: Henne Paul , O'Neill Kevin
Published: April 2022

Mike accidentally knocked against a bottle. Seeing that the bottle was about to fall, Jack was just about to catch it when Peter accidentally knocked against him, making Jack unable to catch it. Jack did not grab the bottle, and it fell to the ground and spilled. In double‐prevention cases like these, philosophers and nonphilosophers alike tend to judge that Mike knocking into the bottle caused the beer to spill and that Peter knocking into Jack did not cause the beer to spill. This difference in causal judgment is a difficult puzzle for counterfactual theories of causal judgment; if each event had not happened, the outcome would not have, yet there is a difference in people's causal judgments. In four experiments and three supplemental experiments, we confirm this difference in causal judgments. We also show that differences in people's counterfactual thinking can explain this difference in their causal judgments and that recent counterfactual models of causal judgment can account for these patterns. We discuss these results in relation to work on counterfactual thinking and causal modeling.
Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided tissue acquisition for pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma in the era of precision medicine
Authors: Ashida Reiko , Kitano Masayuki
Published: April 2022

Endoscopic ultrasound‐guided tissue acquisition (EUS‐TA) currently plays a central role in the diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Although fine‐needle aspiration has been the gold standard, novel biopsy needles for fine‐needle biopsy (FNB) were developed to overcome its limitations, which include low tumor cellularity and the inability to retain cellular architecture. Following recent improvements in FNB needles, the pathological diagnosis has shifted from cytology to histology and now to genetic diagnosis. Genetic analysis using EUS‐TA samples began with a search for the presence of K‐ras mutations. However, the introduction of next‐generation sequencers has dramatically changed genetic analysis and led to the gradual elucidation of the mechanism of PDAC, enabling personalized medicine by performing multiple gene analyses simultaneously. Comprehensive genomic profiling is currently applied in the clinical setting and there is an increasing need for gene analysis using EUS‐TA samples. Although target genome sequencing is feasible even with cytological specimens, it can be difficult to proceed with full genetic analysis including whole‐exome sequence or whole‐genome sequence if the samples are too small. Genetic analysis will become highly important in determining indications for personalized medicine such as poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase inhibitors or immune checkpoint inhibitors. Therefore, the endosonographer must always take gene analysis into consideration when collecting samples for diagnosis and further improvement of the puncture technique and needle development are anticipated in the future.
Pain trajectories and well‐being in children and young people with cerebral palsy: A cohort study
Authors: Shearer Heather M. , Côté Pierre , Hogg‐Johnson Sheilah , Mckeever Patricia , Fehlings Darcy L.
Published: April 2022

Aim

To identify 5‐week pain intensity trajectories and their association with physical and psychological well‐being in children/young people with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method

A cohort study was conducted with 101 Canadian children/young people with CP, of whom 49 were female, with an overall mean age of 12 years 11 months (SD 3 years 1 month), range of 8 to 18 years, and classified in any Gross Motor Function Classification System level. Self‐reported pain intensity (Faces Pain Scale – Revised) was collected weekly for 5 weeks and physical and psychological well‐being (KIDSCREEN‐27) at baseline and 5 weeks. Statistical analyses included latent class growth and general linear models.

Results

All Gross Motor Function Classification System levels were represented (I = 40.6%; II = 15.8%; III = 20.8%; IV = 13.9%; V = 8.9%). Five pain intensity trajectories were identified. Three trajectories had very low (35.4%), low (32.4%), or high (4.9%) mean stable pain. Two trajectories had moderate changing pain (16.8%) and high pain decreasing to moderate levels (10.5%) respectively. Trajectory participants with stable high pain had the lowest physical well‐being (adjusted β = −10.01; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −19.37 to −0.66). Those in the three trajectories with the highest mean baseline pain intensity (>3 out of 10) had the lowest psychological well‐being (adjusted β = −8.27, 95% CI = −14.84 to −1.70; β = −6.74, 95% CI = −12.43 to −1.05; β = −5.82, 95% CI = −15.34 to 3.71).

Interpretation

Almost one‐third of participants had moderate‐to‐high pain intensity trajectories. Membership in the higher pain intensity trajectories was associated with lower physical and psychological well‐being.

What this paper adds

Five distinct 5‐week pain intensity trajectories were identified in children/young people with cerebral palsy.

Thirty‐two per cent of participants had moderate‐to‐high pain intensity trajectories.

Participants in the trajectories with higher pain intensity reported lower physical and psychological well‐being.
Objective evaluation for analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint, the navicular bursa and perineural analgesia in horses with naturally occurring forelimb lameness localised to the foot
Authors: Katrinaki Vasiliki , Estrada Roberto J. , Mählmann Kathrin , Kolokythas Panagiotis , Lischer Christophorus J.
Published: April 2022

Background

The outcome and interpretation of intra‐synovial diagnostic analgesia of the distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) and the navicular bursa (NB) remain in dispute, and no objective studies have been carried out to establish the percentage of improvement over time from these two analgesia techniques.

Objectives

To investigate the qualitative and time‐dependent outcome of DIPJ‐A and NB‐A in naturally occurring forelimb lameness.

Study design

Case series.

Methods

Twenty‐three clinical cases with forelimb lameness were evaluated objectively using a body mounted inertial sensor system (BMIS). Lameness was localised to the foot with a palmar digital nerve block and/or an abaxial sesamoidean nerve block on day 1, and analgesia of the DIPJ (DIPJ‐A) and NB (NB‐A) were performed on days 2 and 3. Improvement following perineural analgesia was measured after 10 min and intra‐synovial blocks after 2‐, 5‐ and 10‐min. Horses with at least 70% improvement measured objectively after diagnostic analgesia were included in the study.

Results

There was no significant association between improvement following perineural analgesia and the DIPJ‐A and NB‐A. The mean improvement in the lameness differed between DIPJ‐A and NB‐A at 2 min (p < 0.001) and at 5 min (p = 0.04), and it was no longer observed after 10 min (p = 0.06). A positive NB‐A produced a high degree of improvement that remained stable, whereas the DIPJ‐A improved over time.

Main limitations

Perineural and intra‐synovial analgesia were performed without contrast medium to assess the diffusion of mepivacaine.

Conclusions

Our results suggest that perineural analgesia is not reliable enough to differentiate pain originating from DIPJ and NB. Early evaluation of the DIPJ‐A and NB‐A can determine the origin of the pain. An improvement following NB‐A was constant over time, but an improvement following DIPJ‐A varied by up to 10 min.
Verapamil downregulates iron uptake and upregulates divalent metal transporter 1 expression in H9C2 cardiomyocytes
Authors: Jiang Li‐Rong , Shen Meng‐Qi , Bao Yu‐Xin , Qian Zhong‐Ming
Published: April 2022

Belgrade rats have a defect in divalent metal transport 1 (DMT1) with a reduced heart iron, indicating that DMT1 plays a physiological role in non‐transferrin‐bound iron (NTBI) uptake by cardiomyocytes. However, L‐type voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channel (LVDCC) blockers were recently demonstrated to significantly reduce NTBI uptake by cardiomyocytes, implying that LVDCC plays a dominant role in NTBI uptake by cardiomyocytes under iron‐overloaded conditions. These findings led us to hypothesize that the LVDCC blocker‐induced reduction in NTBI uptake might result not only from the inhibition of LVDCC‐mediated NTBI uptake but also from the suppression of DMT1‐mediated NTBI uptake. We therefore investigated the effects of the LVDCC blocker verapamil on NTBI uptake as well as DMT1 expression in H9C2 cells by the measurement of radio‐labeled 55Fe(II), reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and western blot analysis. We demonstrated that verapamil induced a significant reduction in NTBI uptake by H9C2 cells but also unexpectedly a remarkable increase rather than decrease in the expression of DMT1 mRNA and protein in H9C2 cells. Our findings imply that the verapamil‐induced reduction in NTBI uptake by H9C2 cells is not associated with DMT1 and also indicate that verapamil stimulates rather than inhibits DMT1 expression and DMT1‐mediated iron uptake by heart cells.
Three‐dimensional distribution of mesoplankton assemblages in the Central Atlantic
Authors: Vedenin Andrey , Musaeva Eteri , Vereshchaka Alexander
Published: April 2022

Aim

Mesoplankton distribution depends on many factors including depth, hydrological parameters, trophic conditions, etc. Recent studies show a link between mesoplankton biomass and trophic factors in the deep sea, whereas relationships between deep‐sea mesoplankton structure/composition and trophic factors remain unknown.

Location

Central Atlantic, between 32°S and 42°N, 14°W and 46°W.

Time period

September–November 2012, 2013, 2016.

Major taxa studied

All mesoplankton taxa.

Methods

We linked composition of mesoplankton assemblages to trophic conditions: surface chlorophyll a (Chl) concentration and particulate organic carbon (POC) flux at different depths—the epipelagic (0–200 m), mesopelagic (200–800/1000 m), upper (800/1000–1500 m), and lower (1500–3000 m) bathypelagic. We collected 146 samples at 40 stations from corresponding depths with Bogorov–Rass plankton net (opening 1.0 m2, mesh 500 µm). The effect of trophic conditions on mesoplankton composition was analysed in horizontal and vertical dimensions using linear mixed‐effects models and canonical correspondence analyses (CCAs). Non‐transformed and transformed data matrices were processed using the Bray–Curtis similarity index, permutational multivariate analysis of variance (PERMANOVA), similarity profiles permutation (SIMPROF) and Kruskal–Wallis tests, and Dunn’s post‐hoc comparisons. Diversity was estimated using the Shannon–Wiener and Hurlbert rarefaction indices.

Results

We identified 118 zooplankton taxa including 90 copepods. The depth effect (vertical dimension of the trophic factor) was greater than the horizontal effect of Chl and POC distribution. The epi‐, meso‐, upper, and lower bathypelagic mesoplankton were further analysed separately. Five assemblages linked to Chl and POC were identified; two of them (an oligotrophic one in the Southern or Northern Gyre and a mesotrophic one in the Equatorial Atlantic) were recorded at all depths.

Main conclusions

We found a link between structure/composition of mesoplankton assemblages and trophic factors enabling projections of mesoplankton taxonomic structure throughout the water column using Chl and POC maps, respectively. These results will contribute to the development of ecological research methodology and to better understanding of carbon transport in the deep sea.
Luciferase‐based quantification of membrane fusion induced by SARS‐CoV‐2 S protein
Authors: Haga Kei , Takai‐Todaka Reiko , Sawada Akihito , Katayama Kazuhiko
Published: April 2022

The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic is caused by SARS‐CoV‐2. Although several effective vaccines that target the Spike protein on the viral surface have been deployed, additional therapeutic agents are urgently needed. Here, we developed a system to measure the Spike protein function by quantifying cellular membrane fusion induced by the Spike protein. The system enables the evaluation of the effects of drugs and neutralizing antibodies against SARS‐CoV‐2 without using live viruses. Furthermore, the system characterizes membrane fusion activity of the Spike protein of each variant to reveal that Delta variant has more potent than Wuhan and Omicron. Our system could lead to develop high‐throughput screening for drug candidates and neutralization antibodies that target virus entry and characterize Spike proteins from variants.
A comparison of foraging‐range sizes, flight distances and foraging habitat preferences in urban and rural House Sparrow (Passer domesticus) populations
Authors: Havlíček Jan , Riegert Jan , Fuchs Roman
Published: April 2022

Lack of food for nestlings is a crucial factor influencing population size and dynamics in birds. It is one of the most cited reasons for recent House Sparrow Passer domesticus population declines in cities and rural settlements. However, a detailed comparative study of habitat use by parents delivering food to offspring in different environments is still missing. To obtain the most detailed information on fine‐scale foraging habitat selection, foraging‐range size, flight distance and foraging duration in typical Central European urban and rural environments, we conducted systematic observations of colour‐ringed focal individuals feeding their offspring. We found that urban House Sparrows had larger foraging‐range sizes and longer foraging distances than rural birds. Additionally, some preferred habitats, such as ruderal and woody vegetation, occurred less frequently in the urban area and consequently increased flight distance to key sources of invertebrate prey. In both environments, the most selected habitats – bin storage areas and poultry holdings – offered a stable and rich but probably lower quality ‘fast food’ source. Birds were willing to fly a longer distance to forage at bin storage areas, tall ruderal vegetation and poultry holdings. Our findings imply that natural food sources in the urban environment are scarce and scattered. Due to the improvement of socio‐economic status associated with better handling of waste products in both urban and rural environments, sprawl of highly urbanized areas and intensification of farming, important foraging habitats have thus decreased. We highlight the importance of maintaining suitable small‐ and medium‐scale farms in rural areas and suggest improvements in the management of green spaces in all types of human settlements that may support House Sparrow populations.
Health economic evaluation of endodontic therapies
Authors: Schwendicke Falk , Herbst Sascha Rudolf
Published: April 2022

Healthcare is an expensive endeavour, and it is likely that costs for endodontic treatment will grow over the next decade. The assessment of costs and, in most cases, health outcomes, and the comparison of the cost‐health ratio of interventions, is at the heart of health economics. The present review aims to introduce the main concepts of health economic analysis, to systematically review the existing economic endodontic literature, and to deduce further action for the community. Overall, the identified body of evidence on the health economics of endodontic therapies is heterogenous and has several limitations: Not all studies identified robust data to inform their analyses and many relied on a wide range of assumptions, which were only explored for their impact in a limited way. However, a number of themes were identified from the review: (1) Maintaining pulpal vitality is preferable over root canal treatment if possible when it comes to cost‐effectiveness. (2) Retaining teeth is usually more cost‐effective than removing and replacing them. (3) Endodontic retreatment may be clinically indicated, but not always cost‐effective, and should hence be considered carefully. In conclusion, the general sparsity of economic analyses is a concern, as decision makers such as commissioners or those funding dental care increasingly rely on them. The endodontic community is called to action to improve the competency of both researchers to conduct such analyses and consider them when planning research, but also clinicians who should factor in health economics when assigning interventions. Health economics should become an accepted pillar of endodontic research.
Effects of various medical expense characteristics on the occurrence of household debt burden
Authors: Choi Hongcheol , Yoo Jaeeon
Published: April 2022

Medical expenses can aggravate the debt burden of households and in severe cases also lead to household bankruptcy. Using longitudinal data, this study identified various characteristics of medical expenses that could lead to household debt burden. In particular, we investigated whether household debt burden varied according to the beneficiary of medical expenses based on mental accounting. Data of 5007 households (number of observations = 34,071) from 2010 (13th wave) to 2018 (21st wave) surveys of the Korean Labor Panel were analysed using descriptive statistics and a random effect logistic regression model. Descriptive statistics showed that 8.3% of households began to feel debt burden during the survey period. The results of the random effects model revealed that the size of medical expense and debt impacted the probability of debt burden. Although medical expense support for parents or children living separately did not affect the household debt burden significantly, medical expense support for the spouse's parents increased the debt burden probability. The results showed that the household conducted mental accounting and it was driven by the subject with whom the household had a relationship. These results imply the necessity of expanding the medical insurance coverage to reduce the burden of medical expenses, and policies to supplement the gap or decrease in income caused by the occurrence of a medical event.
A new theoretical framework of shopping motives and channel preference behaviour in the digital era
Authors: Agrawal Durgesh Kumar , Gupta Sachin
Published: April 2022

The unprecedented dissemination of digital technology has changed people's psychology including their shopping behaviour in the last two decades. Smartphone led digital applications and advancements have disrupted consumers' shopping processes, purchase decisions, and priorities as well as increased their exposure, aspirations and expectations inevitably. Therefore, it is imperative to examine the relevance of various elements of shopping motives holistically. Therefore, the present study aims to develop a new theoretical framework based on significant elements of shopping motives for physical products in the digital technology era. For this purpose, an exploratory study, exploratory factor analysis (EFA), confirmatory factor analysis (CFA), and structural equation modelling (SEM) were used. EFA generated five latent factors by grouping 18 independent variables. CFA validated latent factor construct and measured model fit. SEM visualized the path analysis and portrayed the pattern of relations between latent factors into a single factor structural model (consumer shopping motives framework). Results show that consumers' shopping priorities are changing as 3 conventional variables (‘role‐playing’, ‘status and authority’, and ‘pleasure of bargaining’) became obsolete and 3 new (‘anywhere and any‐time shopping’, ‘safe and secure digital transaction’, and ‘unbiased reviews and ratings”) came into existence prominently. The format and perspective of ‘fun, entertainment and recreation’ ‘social interaction and communication’, and ‘exposure to new and latest trends' have been changing. Consumers are becoming more technology‐dependent in their shopping processes and purchase decisions. The validation of the framework on channel preference behaviour revealed that consumers largely prefer offline channels for the fulfilment of risk‐free and social sub‐motives, and online channels for convenience sub‐motive. Therefore, broad structural change and clarity, specification of priorities, a shift in the format and perspective of few elements of shopping motives, intrinsic passion for the use of digital technology and web service in the shopping journey, and simplification of antecedents for growing popularity of multi‐channel shopping paradigm are the key novelty of this study.
Children in marketing: A review, synthesis and research agenda
Authors: Sigirci Ozge , Gegez A. Ercan , Aytimur Hilal , Gegez E. Eser
Published: April 2022

Children have received much research attention in many different academic disciplines within social sciences, including marketing. The main objective of this study is to provide a comprehensive overview of the marketing literature to investigate the historical evolution of the studies on “children” and shed light on possible gaps which could serve as new research areas for future studies. To the authors' best knowledge, there have been a few attempts on the topic, mostly with a narrow focus on only some aspects of this important concept. The significance of this current research is that it reviews 423 articles from marketing‐related journals and evaluates the development of thought on “children” from every marketing‐based perspective that once has been a subject of scholarly attention. In this study, we examined leading articles, authors and institutions, methodologies used, countries data collected from, and the age of the sample. In addition, an auto‐correlation map is created to identify all the research domains in marketing literature related to children. Our correlation matrix indicates that major subareas in children and marketing literature are children's consumer socialization and role in family decision‐making, materialism, vulnerability and ethics, food, brands, and advertising. Findings revealed that while marketing scholars have shown great attention to children during the last two decades and a wide array of articles have been frequently published on the eight sub‐areas mentioned, marketing literature is still underdeveloped on three aspects: sustainability, technology and digitalization, and cross‐cultural differences.
Changes in virus detection in hospitalized children before and after the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic
Authors: Kume Yohei , Hashimoto Koichi , Chishiki Mina , Norito Sakurako , Suwa Reiko , Ono Takashi , Mochizuki Izumi , Mashiyama Fumi , Ishibashi Naohisa , Suzuki Shigeo , Sakuma Hiroko , Takahashi Hitoshi , Takeda Makoto , Shirato Kazuya , Hosoya Mitsuaki
Published: April 2022

The impact of strengthening preventive measures against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection on the prevalence of respiratory viruses in children was examined. After the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, the rate of multiple virus detection among hospitalized children decreased. Immediately after the SARS‐CoV‐2 pandemic, respiratory syncytial and parainfluenza viruses were rarely detected and subsequently reemerged. Human metapneumovirus and influenza virus were not consistently detected. Non‐enveloped viruses (bocavirus, rhinovirus, and adenovirus) were detected to some extent even after the pandemic. Epidemic‐suppressed infectious diseases may reemerge as susceptibility accumulates in the population and should continue to be monitored.