bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A case study of successful library fund‐raising: the right mix of deliberate strategy, “opportunity knocks” and “Lady Luck”
Authors: McCombs Gillian M.
Published: August 2002

In November 1998, the new Fondren Library Center (FLC) was dedicated at Southern Methodist University (SMU) in Dallas, Texas. This building, connecting the main Fondren Library with the Science and Engineering Library (SEL), was the first building to be completed in SMU’s five year capital campaign “The campaign for SMU: a time to lead”, 1997‐2002. Was this seminal event a reflection of the university’s commitment to its library system; a tribute to donor generosity; the result of intense lobbying on the part of faculty and library staff; a happy accident; or some combination of all of the above? The article hopes to show that, like much fund‐raising, the latter was the case.
Numerical analysis of forced convection in plate and frame heat exchangers
Authors: Croce G. , D’Agaro P.
Published: August 2002

A three‐dimensional numerical investigation of flow field and heat transfer in sine‐wave crossed ducts is presented. Numerical simulations are carried out using a finite element procedure based on an algorithm which shares many features with the SIMPLER finite‐volume method, and utilizes equal order pressure–velocity interpolation functions. Since the flow, after a short entrance regime, reaches the fully developed condition, the computational domain can be reduced to a single periodic element and periodic boundary conditions are assumed at the entrance, the exit and the sides. The thermal performance and the frictional pressure losses of the crossed‐corrugated plates are investigated for different Reynolds number, from steady up to transitional regimes. The evolution from steady to unsteady flow structure is detected and the influence of the unsteadiness on heat transfer and on pressure drop is analysed. Simulations are performed for both air (Pr=0.7) and water (Pr=7) as the flow medium and the dependence of Nusselt number on Prandtl number is investigated.
Using the Internet to communicate the sun‐safety message to teenagers
Authors: Peattie Sue
Published: August 2002

Skin cancer is the world’s most prevalent form of cancer, yet it is one of the most preventable. Examines the challenge of communicating the “sun‐safety” health education message to teenagers. Teenagers represent a key audience, because skin‐cancer risks are strongly linked to sun‐exposure behaviour and experiences during adolescence. Focus groups involving those concerned with child sun‐safety were conducted in both Australia and the UK. In‐depth interviews with UK teenagers were used to explore their experience of the Internet and their opinions on its potential as a channel for promoting sun‐safety. Both Australian and UK teenagers felt that they lacked information on sun‐safety. Interviews showed that teenagers thought that a good Web site should have speed of access, ease of reading and navigation, good links, audio‐visual effects and interactivity. They saw the Internet as potentially useful in providing information about sun‐safety, suggesting the use of celebrities, prizes with competitions, and teenage‐ rather than health‐oriented sites. The evidence from this research suggests that sun‐safety is a health education issue on which the particular communication characteristics of the Internet can be utilised to good effect. The results suggest considerable synergy between the Internet as a medium, sun‐safety as a message and teenagers as an audience.
Are health‐promoting prisons an impossibility? Lessons from England and Wales
Authors: Caraher Martin , Dixon Paul , Carr‐Hill Roy , Hayton Paul , McGough Hilary , Bird Lisa
Published: August 2002

Investigates 1999/2000 health promotion activities in prisons in England and Wales and documents the range and quality of health promotion occurring in prisons, against which future activity might be measured. Finds that health promotion is under‐resourced and the concept and practice poorly understood. Health needs assessment tended to be analysis of and for health‐care services and, except in a minority of cases, did not include consultation with staff, prisoners or their families. Where responsibility was shared and the work based on multi‐disciplinary approaches, it seems more likely to have been reported accurately as health promotion activity. The official policy of a healthy settings/whole prison approach was not understood by many and its application was limited. The findings have informed the development of a new health promotion strategy for the prison service in England and Wales.
Prevalence and nature of violence among young female hawkers in motor‐parks in south‐western Nigeria
Authors: Fawole Olufunmilayo I. , Ajuwon Ademola J. , Osungbade Kayode O. , Faweya Olufemi C.
Published: August 2002

A total of 345 young female hawkers (YFH) from six motor‐parks in south‐western Nigeria were interviewed to determine the nature and extent of violent acts against them – particularly sexual harassment, economic violence, forced marriage and involuntary withdrawal from school. Beatings or batterings and being sexually abused in childhood were reported. The most common perpetrators of the abuse were drivers or bus conductors and neighbours and these acts mostly occurred in the motor‐parks and at home. About a quarter had experienced attempted rape, while about one in 20 had actually been raped. The rapists were spouses and boyfriends. Most of the victims did not seek care or redress. Concludes that violence is a major problem affecting YFH and recommends education programmes for men on both physical and sexual violence, and on culturally‐promoted, psychological and economic violence. YFH need to be empowered educationally and economically to enable them to resist violence.
Communication in postmodern integrated marketing
Authors: Proctor Tony , Kitchen Philip
Published: August 2002

Successful marketing strategies in the twenty‐first century require successful communication strategies and this requires more creative thinking allied to an integrated approach to all communication activities. A postmodernist perspective and the influence of societal pressure now challenge the assertion that marketing is a rational formal process of analysis, planning, implementation and control.
Corporate communication: the challenge of transparency
Authors: Thøger Christensen Lars
Published: August 2002

When organizations set out to manage their communications in accordance with the corporate ideal, they seem to take for granted that they are transparent, not only to their surroundings but also to themselves. The notion of corporate communications, in other words, builds on the assumption that organizations are able to have a general view of themselves as communicating entities. But is this really the case? And, if not, is it possible to articulate the challenge of corporate transparency in alternative, strategic terms? Since contemporary organizations increasingly relate to their surroundings as if they are transparent, these and related questions are highly relevant in both theoretical and practical terms. Discusses the notion of transparency both as a condition and as a strategy, and deconstructs conventional assumptions associated with the use of the term. Looking at corporate transparency as a staging process that involves strategic disclosure, institutionalisation and mimetic behaviour, asks fundamental questions about organizational openness in an age of transparency.
Using LibQUAL+™ to improve services to library constituents: a preliminary report on the University of Nebraska‐Lincoln experience
Authors: McNeil Beth , Giesecke Joan
Published: August 2002

Participation in the Spring 2001 LibQUAL+™ research and development project has helped the University Libraries at the University of Nebraska‐Lincoln (UNL) to better serve its main user groups. An in‐depth investigation of the UNL LibQUAL+™ survey results is currently underway. This investigation is ongoing and results will inform future planning efforts of the university libraries. Concurrently, the libraries have been able to make changes to services during the past year as a direct result of the LibQUAL+™ data. This paper will report on the libraries’ first efforts to address areas where perceptions of service differed from patron expectations, and will indicate plans for future efforts.
Deciphering the Genetic Basis of Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Selkoe Dennis J. , Podlisny Marcia B.
Published: August 2002

A remarkable rise in life expectancy during the past century has made Alzheimer's disease (AD) the most common form of progressive cognitive failure in humans. Compositional analyses of the classical brain lesions, the senile (amyloid) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, preceded and has guided the search for genetic alterations. Four genes have been unequivocally implicated in inherited forms of AD, and mutations or polymorphisms in these genes cause excessive cerebral accumulation of the amyloid ß-protein and subsequent neuronal and glial pathology in brain regions important for memory and cognition. This understanding of the genotype-to-phenotype conversions of familial AD has led to the development of pharmacological strategies to lower amyloid ß-protein levels as a way of treating or preventing all forms of the disease.
Hedgehog Signaling and Human Disease
Authors: Bale Allen E.
Published: August 2002

Developmental pathways first elucidated by genetic studies in the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster are conserved in vertebrates. The hedgehog pathway, first discovered because of its involvement in early Drosophila development, plays a key role in human embryogenesis. Dissruption of this pathway has been associated with congenital anomalies of the central nervous system, axial skeleton, limbs, and occasionally other organs. Many developmental genes continue to play an important role in regulation of cell growth and differentiation after embryogenesis, and mutations that lead to activation of the hedgehog pathway result in skin cancer and other malignancies in children and adults.
LINKAGEANALYSIS INPSYCHIATRICDISORDERS: The Emerging Picture
Authors: Sklar Pamela
Published: August 2002

▪ Abstract  Gene finding in genetically complex diseases has been difficult as a result of many factors that have diagnostic and methodologic considerations. For bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, numerous family, twin, and adoption studies have identified a strong genetic component to these behavioral psychiatric disorders. Despite difficulties that include diagnostic differences between sample populations and the lack of statistical significance in many individual studies, several promising patterns have emerged, suggesting that true susceptibility loci for schizophrenia and bipolar disorder may have been identified. In this review, the genetic epidemiology of these disorders is covered as well as linkage findings on chromosomes 4, 12, 13, 18, 21, and 22 in bipolar disorder and on chromosomes 1, 6, 8, 10, 13, 15, and 22 in schizophrenia. The sequencing of the human genome and identification of numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) should substantially enhance the ability of investigators to identify disease-causing genes in these areas of the genome.
HUMAN MIGRATIONS AND POPULATION STRUCTURE: What We Know and Why it Matters
Authors: Goldstein David B. , Chikhi Lounès
Published: August 2002

▪ Abstract  The increasingly obvious medical relevance of human genetic variation is fueling the development of a rich interface between medical genetics and the study of human genetic history. A key feature of this interface is a step increase in the size and diversity of genetic data sets, permitting a range of new questions to be addressed concerning our evolutionary history. Similarly, methodologies first developed to study genetic history are being tailored to address medical challenges, including mapping genes that influence diseases and variable drug reactions. In this paper we do not attempt a comprehensive review of human genetic history. Rather we briefly outline some of the complications and challenges in the study of human genetic history, drawing particular attention to new opportunities created by the explosive growth in genetic information and technologies. First we discuss the complexity of human migration and demographic history, taking both a genetic and archaeological perspective. Then we show how these apparently academic issues are becoming increasingly important in medical genetics, focusing on association studies, the common disease/common variant hypothesis, the evaluation of variable drug response, and inferences about gene function from patterns of genetic variation. Finally we describe some of the inferential approaches available for interpreting human genetic variation, focusing both on current limitations and future developments.
STRUCTURING THE UNIVERSE OF PROTEINS
Authors: Burley Stephen K. , Bonanno Jeffrey B.
Published: August 2002

▪ Abstract  High-throughput sequencing of human genomes and those of important model organisms (mouse, Drosophila melanogaster, Caenorhabditis elegans, fungi, archaea) and bacterial pathogens has laid the foundation for another “big science” initiative in biology. Together, X-ray crystallographers, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopists, and computational biologists are pursuing high-throughput structural studies aimed at developing a comprehensive three-dimensional view of the protein structure universe. The new science of structural genomics promises more than 10,000 experimental protein structures and millions of calculated homology models of related proteins. The evolutionary underpinnings and technological challenges of automating target selection, protein expression and purification, sample preparation, NMR and X-ray data measurement/analysis, homology modeling, and structure/function annotation are discussed in detail. An informative case study from one of the structural genomics centers funded by the National Institutes of Health and the National Institute of General Medical Sciences (NIH/NIGMS) demonstrates how this experimental/computational pipeline will reveal important links between form and function in biology and provide new insights into evolution and human health and disease.
GENETIC“CODE”: Representations and Dynamical Models of Genetic Components and Networks
Authors: Gilman Alex , Arkin Adam P.
Published: August 2002

▪ Abstract  Dynamical modeling of biological systems is becoming increasingly widespread as people attempt to grasp biological phenomena in their full complexity and make sense of an accelerating stream of experimental data. We review a number of recent modeling studies that focus on systems specifically involving gene expression and regulation. These systems include bacterial metabolic operons and phase-variable piliation, bacteriophages T7 and λ, and interacting networks of eukaryotic developmental genes. A wide range of conceptual and mathematical representations of genetic components and phenomena appears in these works. We discuss these representations in depth and give an overview of the tools currently available for creating and exploring dynamical models. We argue that for modeling to realize its full potential as a mainstream biological research technique the tools must become more general and flexible, and formal, standardized representations of biological knowledge and data must be developed.
PATENTING GENES AND GENETIC RESEARCH TOOLS: Good or Bad for Innovation?
Authors: Arnold Beth E. , Ogielska-Zei Eva
Published: August 2002

▪ Abstract  Our goal with this article is to inform the debate over gene patenting, by providing an understanding of (a) the scope of patent claims that are actually being issued on genetic inventions in the United States, (b) the issues that impact their enforcement, and (c) the role that patents and patent licensing play in the commercialization of genetic technologies and products. We conclude by discussing whether the current legal regime effectively balances the beneficial role of patents in the development of new genetic technologies and products against negative impacts on genetic research or clinical genetic testing, or whether the current laws should be amended.
Functional MRI and the Study of Human Consciousness
Authors: Lloyd Dan
Published: August 2002

Functional brain imaging offers new opportunities for the study of that most pervasive of cognitive conditions, human consciousness. Since consciousness is attendant to so much of human cognitive life, its study requires secondary analysis of multiple experimental datasets. Here, four preprocessed datasets from the National fMRI Data Center are considered: Hazeltine et al., Neural activation during response competition; Ishai et al., The representation of objects in the human occipital and temporal cortex; Mechelli et al., The effects of presentation rate during word and pseudoword reading; and Postle et al., Activity in human frontal cortex associated with spatial working memory and saccadic behavior. The study of consciousness also draws from multiple disciplines. In this article, the philosophical subdiscipline of phenomenology provides initial characterization of phenomenal structures conceptually necessary for an analysis of consciousness. These structures include phenomenal intentionality, phenomenal superposition, and experienced temporality. The empirical predictions arising from these structures require new interpretive methods for their confirmation. These methods begin with single-subject (preprocessed) scan series, and consider the patterns of all voxels as potential multivariate encodings of phenomenal information. Twenty-seven subjects from the four studies were analyzed with multivariate methods, revealing analogues of phenomenal structures, particularly the structures of temporality. In a second interpretive approach, artificial neural networks were used to detect a more explicit prediction from phenomenology, namely, that present experience contains and is inflected by past states of awareness and anticipated events. In all of 21 subjects in this analysis, nets were successfully trained to extract aspects of relative past and future brain states, in comparison with statistically similar controls. This exploratory study thus concludes that the proposed methods for “neurophenomenology” warrant further application, including the exploration of individual differences, multivariate differences between cognitive task conditions, and exploration of specific brain regions possibly contributing to the observations. All of these attractive questions, however, must be reserved for future research.
Intact Motor Imagery in Chronic Upper Limb Hemiplegics: Evidence for Activity-Independent Action Representations
Authors: Johnson Scott H. , Sprehn Gwen , Saykin Andrew J.
Published: August 2002

Four experiments were undertaken to examine the effects of chronic hemiplegia on the ability to internally represent actions involving either the paralyzed (contralesional) or relatively unaffected (ipsilesional) limb. An experimental group of chronic, densely hemiplegic patients was compared with controls who experienced nearly full recovery from an initially dense hemiparesis. All participants suffered cerebral vascular accidents that spared sites in premotor and parietal areas directly involved in representing upper limb actions. Despite chronic limb immobility, hemiplegic patients performed all four tasks at a high level of accuracy and showed no differences in their ability to represent actions of the contralesional versus ipsilesional limbs. On tasks that involved representing actions of the hands and lower arms, hemiplegic patients were as accurate as recovered controls. Hemiplegic patients were, however, less accurate than controls on a task that involved representing actions of either upper arm. Overall, chronic hemiplegics performed more accurately for decisions based on their contralesional limbs: a “hemiplegic advantage” that may be related to an ongoing focus on planning and/or imagining currently impossible movements. These findings reveal a dissociation between the ability to internally “represent” versus “produce” manual actions. Further, they demonstrate that internal action representations can be robust to even years of limb disuse.
A Model of Prefrontal Cortex Dopaminergic Modulation during the Delayed Alternation Task
Authors: Dreher Jean-Claude , Guigon Emmanuel , Burnod Yves
Published: August 2002

Working memory performance is modulated by the level of dopamine (DA) D1 receptors stimulation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC). This modulation is exerted at different time scales. Injection of D1 agonists/antagonists exerts a long-lasting influence (several minutes or hours) on PFC pyramidal neurons. In contrast, during performance of a cognitive task, the duration of the postsynaptic effect of phasic DA release is short lasting. The functional relationships of these two time scales of DA modulation remain poorly understood. Here we propose a model that combines these two time scales of DA modulation on a prefrontal neural network. The model links the cellular and behavioral levels during performance of the delayed alternation task. The network, which represents the activity of deep-layer pyramidal neurons with intrinsic neuronal properties, exhibits two stable states of activity that can be switched on and off by excitatory inputs from long-distance cortical areas arriving in superficial layers. These stable states allow PFC neurons to maintain representations during the delay period. The role of an increase of DA receptors stimulation is to restrict inputs arriving on the prefrontal network. The model explains how the level of working memory performance follows an inverted U-shape with an increased stimulation of DA D1 receptors. The model predicts that (1) D1 receptor agonists increase perseverations, (2) D1 antagonists increase distractability, and (3) the duration of the postsynaptic effect of phasic DA release in the PFC is adjusted to the delay period of the task. These results show how the precise duration of the postsynaptic effect of phasic DA release influences behavioral performance during a simple cognitive task.
Testing Memory for Unseen Visual Stimuli in Patients with Extinction and Spatial Neglect
Authors: Vuilleumier Patrik , Schwartz Sophie , Clarke Karen , Husain Masud , Driver Jon
Published: August 2002

Visual extinction after right parietal damage involves a loss of awareness for stimuli in the contralesional field when presented concurrently with ipsilesional stimuli, although contralesional stimuli are still perceived if presented alone. However, extinguished stimuli can still receive some residual on-line processing, without awareness. Here we examined whether such residual processing of extinguished stimuli can produce implicit and/or explicit memory traces lasting many minutes. We tested four patients with right parietal damage and left extinction on two sessions, each including distinct study and subsequent test phases. At study, pictures of objects were shown briefly in the right, left, or both fields. Patients were asked to name them without memory instructions (Session 1) or to make an indoor/outdoor categorization and memorize them (Session 2). They extinguished most left stimuli on bilateral presentation. During the test (up to 48 min later), fragmented pictures of the previously exposed objects (or novel objects) were presented alone in either field. Patients had to identify each object and then judge whether it had previously been exposed. Identification of fragmented pictures was better for previously exposed objects that had been consciously seen and critically also for objects that had been extinguished (as compared with novel objects), with no influence of the depth of processing during study. By contrast, explicit recollection occurred only for stimuli that were consciously seen at study and increased with depth of processing. These results suggest implicit but not explicit memory for extinguished visual stimuli in parietal patients.
Cerebellum and Speech Perception: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
Authors: Mathiak Klaus , Hertrich Ingo , Grodd Wolfgang , Ackermann Hermann
Published: August 2002

A variety of data indicate that the cerebellum participates in perceptual tasks requiring the precise representation of temporal information. Access to the word form of a lexical item requires, among other functions, the processing of durational parameters of verbal utterances. Therefore, cerebellar dysfunctions must be expected to impair word recognition. In order to specify the topography of the assumed cerebellar speech perception mechanism, a functional magnetic resonance imaging study was performed using the German lexical items “Boden” ([bodn], Engl. “floor”) and “Boten” ([botn], “messengers”) as test materials. The contrast in sound structure of these two lexical items can be signaled either by the length of the wordmedial pause (closure time, CLT; an exclusively temporal measure) or by the aspiration noise of wordmedial “d” or “t” (voice onset time, VOT; an intrasegmental cue). A previous study found bilateral cerebellar disorders to compromise word recognition based on CLT whereas the encoding of VOT remained unimpaired. In the present study, two series of “Boden—Boten” utterances were resynthesized, systematically varying either in CLT or VOT. Subjects had to identify both words “Boden” and “Boten” by analysis of either the durational parameter CLT or the VOT aspiration segment. In a subtraction design, CLT categorization as compared to VOT identification (CLT VOT) yielded a significant hemodynamic response of the right cerebellar hemisphere (neocerebellum Crus I) and the frontal lobe (anterior to Broca's area). The reversed contrast (VOT CLT) resulted in a single activation cluster located at the level of the supra-temporal plane of the dominant hemisphere. These findings provide first evidence for a distinct contribution of the right cerebellar hemisphere to speech perception in terms of encoding of durational parameters of verbal utterances. Verbal working memory tasks, lexical response selection, and auditory imagery of word strings have been reported to elicit activation clusters of a similar location. Conceivably, representation of the temporal structure of speech sound sequences represents the common denominator of cerebellar participation in cognitive tasks acting on a phonetic code.
An Electrophysiological Study of the Effects of Orthographic Neighborhood Size on Printed Word Perception
Authors: Holcomb Phillip J. , Grainger Jonathan , O'Rourke Tim
Published: August 2002

In two experiments participants read words and pseudo-words that belonged to either large or small lexical neighborhoods while event-related brain potentials (ERPs) were recorded from their scalps. In Experiment 1, participants made speeded lexical decisions to all items, while in Experiment 2 they engaged in a go/no-go semantic categorization task in which the critical items did not require an overt behavioral response. In both experiments, words and pseudo-words produced a consistent pattern of ERP effects: items with many lexical neighbors (large neighborhoods) generated larger N400s than similar items with relatively fewer lexical neighbors (small neighborhoods). Reaction time (RT, Experiment 1), on the other hand, showed a different pattern consistent with previous behavioral studies. While words tended to produce a facilitation in RT for larger neighborhoods, pseudowords produced an inhibition effect. The findings are discussed in terms of recent theories of word recognition and the functional significance of the N400.
Exploring the Activation of Semantic and Phonological Codes during Speech Planning with Event-Related Brain Potentials
Authors: Jescheniak Jörg D. , Schriefers Herbert , Garrett Merrill F. , Friederici Angela D.
Published: August 2002

We present a new technique for studying the activation of semantic and phonological codes in speech planning using event-related brain potentials (ERPs) that extend a well-established behavioral procedure from speech production research. It combines a delayed picture-naming task with a priming procedure. While participants prepared the production of a depicted object's name, they heard an auditory target word. If the prepared picture name and the target word were semantically or phonologically related, the ERP waveform to the target word tended less towards the negative when compared to an unrelated control. These effects were widely distributed. By contrast, if participants performed a nonlinguistic task on the depicted object (natural size judgment), the semantic effect was still obtained while the phonological effect disappeared. This suggests that the former effect indexes semantic activation involved in object processing while the latter effect indexes word-form activation specific to lexical processing. The data are discussed in the context of models of lexical access in speech production.
"POOR BIRD, NOT KNOWING WHICH WAY TO FLY": BIBLICAL SCHOLARSHIP'S MARGINALITY, SECULAR HUMANISM, AND THE LAUDABLE OCCIDENT
Authors: Berlinerblau Jacques
Published: August 2002

With the possible exception of Old Testament scholars, who reads Old Testament scholarship today? Not other scholars in the humanities or social sciences. Not the oft-discussed "cultivated lay person." Not the average Jewish/Christian Homo Religiosus, nor the various representatives of those religious orthodoxies for whom the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament stands as a foundational text. What, then, accounts for the marginality of a discipline whose object of scrutiny is, most likely, the most widely read text in the history of the species and one of the taproots of humanistic inquiry? This essay presents one possible set of answers to this question. It is argued that the marginality of Old Testament research is - whether rightly or wrongly - a dividend of its intellectual strangeness, its epistemological difference from both the academy and the Church. As for the academy, it is suggested that the ideation (i.e., the not-necessarily conscious manner in which a community of researchers thinks the world) of our field distinguishes us sharply from all others within the comity of (secular) academic disciplines. It is contended that the intellectual foundations of modern Old Testament research comprise something of an epistemological hybrid. Its practitioners have, somehow, managed to combine a modern, secularizing, rational ethic with the fundamental conviction that an existing God is a legitimate analytical variable. Having been expelled from the ideation of nearly every other academic discipline, the latter conviction renders biblical scholarship anomalous in the contemporary university. As for the Church, it is this same hybrid ethic which creates a certain degree of tension between rationalizing biblical researchers on the one hand, and pious laypeople and orthodoxies on the other. Yet as singular and marginal as it may be, biblical scholarship makes a crucial, albeit unintended, contribution to the world: the existence of an authoritative body of religious intellectuals who are at peace with the notion that sacred scriptures are inspired but not infallible has served to safeguard the modern Occident from some of the more deleterious tendencies of organized religion.
SIGNS AS EVIDENCE: THE DOCTRINE OF IBN TAYMIYYA (1263-1328) AND IBN QAYYIM AL-JAWZIYYA (D. 1351) ON PROOF
Authors: Johansen Baber
Published: August 2002

The fiqh doctrine on evidence, proof and procedure underwent important changes during the Mamluk period. By rationalizing the concept of proof and evidence, authors such as Ibn Taymiyya, Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya and Ibn Farhūn gave a new impetus to the doctrine of siyāsa shar'iyya and defined the court procedure in such a way as to legalize judicial torture. Whether this development was in any way linked to the legal development that brought about the same results in Europe during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries remains an open question.
DISSEMBLING DESCENT, OR HOW THE BARBER LOST HIS TURBAN: IDENTITY AND EVIDENCE IN EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY ZAYDĪ YEMEN
Authors: Haykel Bernard
Published: August 2002

Court cases involving imposture or impersonation offer unique insights into the workings of legal systems and their underlying ideas about personal identity and the social order. This study, based on manuscript and published sources, examines a case of imposture in eighteenth-century Yemen. Through a close analysis of two accounts of this case, I elucidate the legal processes and evidentiary standards by which personal identity was established, assumptions about a person's social identity, and the enactment of justice in the Zaydī highlands of Yemen.
Hunting and Illegal Violence Against Humans and Other Animals: Exploring the Relationship
Authors: Flynn Clifton
Published: August 2002

This study examined the relationship between hunting and illegal violence among college males. Although similar on many socio-demographic characteristics such as age and social class (parents' education and occupation), hunters were more likely than non-hunters to be white and Protestant. They also were more likely to have grown up with a family member who hunted. Hunters were about twice as likely to have been violent toward nonhuman animals; however, one type of violence—killing wild or stray animals—accounted for this difference. Regarding violence toward people, hunters were more than twice as likely to have damaged or destroyed private or public property during their last year in high school but were no more likely during that year to have fought with other persons. Thus, at least for this sample, hunting related to harming animals in the wild and to property damage but not to other forms of animal abuse or violence against humans. This paper discusses possible explanations for this result and limitations of the study.
Bears, Zoos, and Wilderness: The Poverty of Social Constructionism
Authors: Dombrowski Daniel
Published: August 2002

It is the purpose of this short article to defend the realism of Holmes Rolston and other environmental philosophers against the social constructionism of Neil Evernden and others who have written on the social construction of nature. This defense is attempted through appeal to a deceptively simple example: seeing a bear in a zoo.The following four claims are defended in the effort to show the deficiencies of the anthropocentrism of social constructionists like Evernden: (1) there is a difference between a bear in a zoo and one in the wild; (2) this difference legitimates the belief that the former is an attenuated version of the latter; (3) the danger posed by a bear in the wild is not due to an overly active imagination; and (4) experience of sublime beauty (in contrast to mere cuteness) in the presence of a wild bear is only partly of one's own doing.
Risk factors for community-acquired pneumonia in adults: a population-based case-control study
Authors: Almirall J , Bolibar I , Balanzo X , Gonzalez CA
Published: August 2002

Although community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) remains a major cause of hospitalization and death, few studies on risk factors have been performed. A population-based case-control study of risk factors for CAP was carried out in a mixed residential-industrial urban area of 74,610 adult inhabitants in the Maresme (Barcelona, Spain) between 1993 and 1995. All patients living in the area and clinically suspected of having CAP at primary care facilities and hospitals were registered. In total, 205 patients with symptoms, signs and radiographic infiltrate compatible with acute CAP participated in the study. They were matched by municipality, sex and age with 475 controls randomly selected from the municipal census. Risk factors relating the subject's characteristics and habits, housing conditions, medical history and treatments were investigated by means of a questionnaire. In the univariate analysis, an increased risk of CAP was associated with low body mass index, smoking, respiratory infection, previous pneumonia, chronic lung disease, lung tuberculosis, asthma, treated diabetes, chronic liver disease, and treatments with aminophiline, aerosols and plastic pear-spacers. In multivariate models, the only statistically significant risk factors were current smoking of >20 cigarettes x day(-1) (odds ratio (OR)=2.77; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.14-6.70 compared with never-smokers), previous respiratory infection (OR=2.73; 95% CI 1.75-4.26), and chronic bronchitis (OR=2.22; 95% CI 1.13-4.37). Benzodiazepines were found to be protective in univariate and multivariate analysis (OR=0.46; 95% CI 0.23-0.94). This population-based study provides new and better established evidence on the factors associated with the occurrence of pneumonia in the adult community.
Differences in spontaneous breathing pattern and mechanics in patients with severe COPD recovering from acute exacerbation
Authors: Vitacca M , Porta R , Bianchi L , Clini E , Ambrosino N
Published: August 2002

The aims of this study were to assess spontaneous breathing patterns in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) recovering from acute exacerbation and to assess the relationship between different breathing patterns and clinical and functional parameters of respiratory impairment. Thirty-four COPD patients underwent assessment of lung function tests, arterial blood gases, haemodynamics, breathing pattern (respiratory frequency (fR), tidal volume (VT), inspiratory and expiratory time (tI and tE), duty cycle (tI/ttot), VT/tI) and mechanics (oesophageal pressure (Poes), work of breathing (WOB), pressure-time product and index, and dynamic intrinsic positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEPi,dyn)). According to the presence (group 1) or absence (group 2) of Poes swings during the expiratory phase (premature inspiration), 20 (59%) patients were included in group 1 and 14 (41%) in group 2. Premature inspirations were observed 4.5+/-6.4 times x min(-1) (range 1-31), i.e. 20+/-21% (3.7-100%) of total fR calculated from VT tracings. In group 1 the coefficient of variation in VT, tE, tI/ttot, PEEPi,dyn, Poes and WOB of the eight consecutive breaths immediately preceding the premature inspiration was greater than that of eight consecutive breaths in group 2. There were no significant differences in the assessed parameters between the two groups in the overall population, whereas patients with chronic hypoxaemia in group 1 showed a more severe impairment in clinical conditions, mechanics and lung function than hypoxaemic patients in group 2. In spontaneously breathing patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease recovering from an acute exacerbation, detectable activity of inspiratory muscles during expiration was found in more than half of the cases. This phenomenon was not associated with any significant differences in anthropometric, demographic, physiological or clinical characteristics.
Diaphragm electromyogram measured with unilateral magnetic stimulation
Authors: Luo YM , Johnson LC , Polkey MI , Harris ML , Lyall RA , Green M , Moxham J
Published: August 2002

The purpose of this study was to establish the phrenic nerve conduction time (PNCT) for magnetic stimulation and further assess the relatively new technique of anterior unilateral magnetic stimulation (UMS) of the phrenic nerves in evaluating the diaphragm electromyogram (EMG). An oesophageal electrode was used to record the diaphragm compound muscle action potential (CMAP) elicited by supramaximal percutaneous electrical phrenic nerve stimulation (ES) and UMS from eight normal subjects. The oesophageal electrode used for recording the CMAP was positioned at the level of the hiatus and 3 cm below. The diaphragm CMAP was also recorded from chest wall surface electrodes in five subjects. All of the phrenic nerves could be maximally stimulated with UMS. A clear plateau of the amplitude of the CMAP was achieved for the right and left phrenic nerves. The mean amplitudes of the CMAP recorded from the oesophageal electrode were, for the right side, 0.74+/-0.29 mV (mean+SD) for ES and 0.76+/-0.30 mV for UMS with maximal power output, and for the left side 0.88+/-0.33 mV for ES and 0.80+/-0.24 mV for UMS. PNCT measured by the oesophageal electrode with ES and UMS with maximal output were, for the right side, 7.0+/-0.8 ms and 6.9+/-0.8 ms, respectively, and for the left side 7.8+/-1.2 ms and 7.7+/-1.3 ms, respectively. However, the CMAP recorded from chest wall surface electrodes with UMS was unsuitable for the measurement of PNCT. The results suggest that unilateral magnetic stimulation of the phrenic nerves combined with an oesophageal electrode can be used to assess diaphragmatic electrical activity and measure the phrenic nerve conduction time.
Trimodality therapy in stage III non-small cell lung cancer: prediction of recurrence by assessment of p185neu
Authors: Thomas M , Rube C , Semik M , von Eiff M , Klinke F , Macha HN , Freitag L , Scheld HH , Willich N , Berdel WE , Junker K
Published: August 2002

In a trimodality treatment approach for stage III non-small cell lung cancer the prognostic impact of pretherapeutic p185neu assessment was evaluated. Fifty-four patients were admitted to chemotherapy followed by twice-daily radiation with concomittant low-dose chemotherapy and subsequent surgery. Immunohistochemical assessment of p185neu expression was performed in paraffin-embedded mediastinal lymph node metastases, by mediastinoscopy biopsy prior to therapy. Paraffin-embedded biopsies of mediastinal lymph node metastases were available in 33 cases. Seven out of eight patients with positive p185neu staining developed distant metastases, in contrast to seven out of 25 negative cases. Expression of p185neu in mediastinal lymph node metastases was a significant predictor for progression-free survival (p=0.047) and resulted mainly from significant differences in metastases-free survival (p185neu-positive versus p185neu-negative: median, 11 versus 19 months; 2- and 3-yr rates, 13% and 0% versus 40% and 32%; p=0.04). On the basis of these preliminary results it was concluded that further evaluation of p185neu expression in trials on neoadjuvant and adjuvant therapy is warranted. When the prognostic impact of p185neu in such trials with larger patient numbers is confirmed, this may contribute to the identification of stratification variables for future treatment approaches of non-small cell lung cancer.
The contribution of the swallowed fraction of an inhaled dose of salmeterol to it systemic effects
Authors: Bennett JA , Harrison TW , Tattersfield AE
Published: August 2002

Salmeterol is approximately eight times as potent as salbutamol for systemic effects. This may be because the drug is eight times more potent on receptors or there may be differences in systemic bioavailability. The systemic effects of salbutamol are limited by its fairly high first-pass metabolism, but the oral bioavailability of salmeterol is unknown. The contribution of the swallowed fraction of an inhaled dose of salmeterol to its systemic effects were analysed in a randomized, double-blind, crossover study. Twelve healthy subjects were given inhaled salmeterol 400 microg, inhaled salmeterol 400 microg plus oral activated charcoal or inhaled placebo plus oral activated charcoal on three separate days. Cardiac frequency (fC), Q-T interval corrected for heart rate (QTc), plasma potassium and glucose concentrations were measured for 4 h following the inhaled drug. Salmeterol with and without oral charcoal produced significant changes for all measures compared to placebo. The magnitude of effect following salmeterol alone was significantly greater than that following salmeterol plus charcoal for fC and glucose (mean (95% confidence interval) differences 8 (2-13) beats x min(-1), 0.59 (0.04, 1.13) mmol x L(-1), respectively) and nonsignificantly greater for QTc interval and potassium concentration. The differences between salmeterol given with and without charcoal suggest that 28-36% of the systemic response to salmeterol administered from a metered-dose inhaler are due to drug absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract. Thus, most of the systemic effects are due to the inhaled fraction of the drug.
Cytomegalovirus associated neonatal pneumonia and Wilson-Mikity syndrome: a causal relationship?
Authors: Reiterer F , Dornbusch HJ , Urlesberger B , Reittner P , Fotter R , Zach M , Popper H , Muller W
Published: August 2002

Lung injury caused by intrauterine inflammation has recently been strongly implicated in the pathogenesis of Wilson-Mikity syndrome (WMS). This article supports this theory by suggesting a causative role of intrauterine cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection for the development of WMS. A male premature infant, born at 33 weeks of gestational age, developed chronic lung disease compatible with WMS and diagnostic evaluation was positive for CMV infection. High-resolution computed tomography scan and lung histology revealed typical features of WMS in association with signs of interstitial pneumonia. CMV was found in urine, breastmilk, bronchoalveolar lavage material and lung tissue from open lung biopsy. Follow-up after treatment with ganciclovir and steroids showed resolving lung disease at the age of 6, 10 and 16 months, with lung function signs of mild obstruction. Assuming that a chance coexistence of cytomegalovirus pneumonia and Wilson-Mikity syndrome is rather unlikely, it is possible that intrauterine cytomegalovirus infection caused a pattern of lung injury consistent with Wilson-Mikity syndrome. Further cases of Wilson-Mikity syndrome should be investigated as to a possible role of congenital infection.
Late massive haemoptyses from bronchopulmonary collaterals in infarcted segments following pulmonary embolism
Authors: Thomas CS , Endrys J , Abul A , Cherian G
Published: August 2002

Massive, recurrent haemoptyses requiring blood transfusions occurred in a patient who had been diagnosed as having pulmonary thromboembolism 3 months earlier. To the authors' knowledge this is the first case report of this kind, in which massive haemoptyses were proved to be caused by large bronchopulmonary collaterals that had developed in the infarcted lung segments affected by embolism. Selective embolization of the collaterals proved to be therapeutic and life saving.
Human lung volumes and the mechanisms that set them
Authors: Leith DE , Brown R
Published: August 2002

Definitions of human lung volumes and the mechanisms that set them are reviewed in the context of pulmonary function testing, with attention to the distinction between functional residual capacity (FRC) and the static relaxation volume of the respiratory system, and to the circumstances in which FRC and residual volume are set by dynamic rather than by static mechanisms. Related terms, conventions, and issues are addressed, including some common semantic and conceptual difficulties, with attention to "gas trapping", "hyperinflation", and "restriction".