bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ОТЛАДКА И АНАЛИЗ УСТРОЙСТВ И ПРИЛОЖЕНИЙ С ОПЕРАЦИОННОЙ СИСТЕМОЙ НА БАЗЕ LINUX В ЭМУЛЯТОРЕ KOPYCAT
Authors: Гладких А.А. , Кемурджиан А.Р. , Комахин М.О.
Published: February 2021

Рассмотрена разработка модуля для программного обеспечения Kopycat, позволяющего проводить эмуляцию самой операционной системы. Приведены общие сведения по разработанному модулю и его подсистемам.
СВЧ-СИНТЕЗАТОР ЧАСТОТ КОСВЕННОГО МЕТОДА СИНТЕЗА
Authors: Мартиросов В.Е. , Алексеев Г.А.
Published: February 2021

Обсуждаются методы построения СВЧ-синтезаторов частот, обеспечивающие выполнение современных требований по диапазону и скорости дискретной перестройки частоты формируемого сигнала, а также по степени подавления собственных частотно-фазовых флуктуаций исходного колебания СВЧ-автогенератора. Представлены результаты исследований спектральных характеристик высокоскоростного широкодиапазонного СВЧ-синтезатора частот, выполненного с привлечением косвенного метода синтеза. Показано, что в предложенной структуре синтезатора уровень частотно-фазовых шумов СВЧ-автогенератора может быть существенно минимизирован.
ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ЭВОЛЮЦИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОННЫХ СВЧ-МОДУЛЕЙ
Authors: Далингер А.Г. , Щербаков С.В.
Published: February 2021

Выполнен ретроспективный обзор эволюционного развития конструкции и технологии создания полупроводниковых электронных СВЧ-модулей, поэтапного наращивания функциональных возможностей с одновременным уменьшением массогабаритных показателей на основе использования прогрессивных комплектующих, материалов и компоновочных решений.
РАЗРАБОТКА И ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЕ СВЧ ПРИЕМОПЕРЕДАЮЩЕГО МОДУЛЯ X-ДИАПАЗОНА ПО ТЕХНОЛОГИИ 0,5 МКМ GAAS
Authors: Дроздецкий М.Г. , Калёнов А.Д. , Бычков М.С. , Мухин И.И. , Тимошенков В.П.
Published: February 2021

В работе представлены результаты разработки СВЧ монолитной интегральной схемы (МИС) приемопередающего модуля на основе GaAs в диапазоне частот 8-12 ГГц. Разработаны образцы приемопередатчика, приемника, передатчика и ГУН. Продемонстрированы результаты использования технологии изготовления GaAs pHEMT с проектными нормами 0,5 мкм в производственном цикле АО «Светлана-Рост». Фазовый шум ГУН на частоте 12,88 ГГц составляет менее -115 дБн при отстройке 1 МГц. Уровень шума МШУ составляет менее 4 дБ. Коэффициент усиления мощности передатчика составляет более 16 дБ. Экспериментальные результаты хорошо согласуются с данными моделирования.
МАЛОШУМЯЩИЙ УСИЛИТЕЛЬ МИЛЛИМЕТРОВОГО ДИАПАЗОНА ЧАСТОТ ДЛЯ РАБОТЫ В СИСТЕМАХ РАДИОАСТРОНОМИЧЕСКОГО НАБЛЮДЕНИЯ
Authors: Аболдуев И.М. , Краснов В.В. , Миннебаев В.М. , Редька А.В.
Published: February 2021

Разработана конструкция малошумящего усилителя миллиметрового диапазона частот для работы в системах радиоастрономического наблюдения, работающего при температурах окружающей среды от 20 K.
ПРОЕКТИРОВАНИЕ ВЫСОКОПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНЫХ РАДИОЧАСТОТНЫХ МИКРОМЕХАНИЧЕСКИХ ПЕРЕКЛЮЧАТЕЛЕЙ
Authors: Лысенко И.Е. , Ткаченко А.В. , Ежова О.А. , Науменко Д.В.
Published: February 2021

В представленной работе на основе предложенной методологии проектирования радиочастотных микромеханических переключателей с электростатическим механизмом активации и комбинированного подхода к повышению их производительности получены две конструкции шунтирующих РЧ МЭМС-переключателей с гибридным типом контакта и неоднородными змеевидными упругими подвесами подвижного электрода, характеризующиеся высоким коэффициентом емкости, предназначенные для применения в приемо-передающих антенных системах мобильных сетей 5G.
КОНСТРУКЦИИ ТУННЕЛЬНЫХ МЭМС-АКСЕЛЕРОМЕТРОВ НА ОСНОВЕ УПРАВЛЯЕМОЙ САМООРГАНИЗАЦИИ НАПРЯЖЕННЫХ ПОЛУПРОВОДНИКОВЫХ СЛОЕВ
Authors: Денисенко М.А. , Исаева А.С. , Лысенко И.Е.
Published: February 2021

Представлены конструкции микроэлектромеханических туннельных акселерометров на основе самоорганизующихся полупроводниковых структур. Приведена методика оптимизации геометрических параметров акселерометров. Проведен анализ результатов моделирования.
МОДЕЛИРОВАНИЕ МЭМС-ЭЛЕМЕНТА ПРИЕМНИКА ИК-ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ НА ОСНОВЕ СИСТЕМЫ ПЕРЕКЛЮЧАЕМЫХ ТЕРМОПАР
Authors: Фетисов Е.А. , Хафизов Р.З. , Демин Г.Д.
Published: February 2021

Исследованы электромеханические свойства мембранного МЭМС-элемента приемника ИК-излучения на основе наноразмерных термопар в зависимости от геометрии управляющих электродов. Выбрана оптимальная топология МЭМС-элемента, обеспечивающая минимальные пороговые напряжения переключения микросистемы.
Viviana L. Grieco, La política de dar en el virreinato del Río de la Plata: donantes, prestamistas, súbditos y ciudadanos
Authors: Nieves Pimentel Elienahí
Published: February 2021

Viviana L. Grieco, La política de dar en el virreinato del Río de la Plata: donantes, prestamistas, súbditos y ciudadanos (Buenos Aires: Prometeo Libros, 2018).
José Luis Gasch-Tomás, The Atlantic World and the Manila Galleons. Circulation, Market, and Consumption of Asian Goods in the Spanish Empire, 1565-1650
Authors: De la Serna Nasser Bruno
Published: February 2021

Reseña sobre José Luis Gasch-Tomás, The Atlantic World and the Manila Galleons. Circulation, Market, and Consumption of Asian Goods in the Spanish Empire, 1565-1650 (Leiden: Brill, 2019).
Programa cubano de pesquisa neonatal de la hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita: una realidad. 2005-2014
Authors: Carvajal Martínez Francisco , González Reyes Ernesto Carlos , Espinosa Reyes Tania , Frómeta Suárez Amarilys , Castells Martínez Elisa María , Arteaga Yera Ana Luisa , Pérez Moras Pedro Lucio
Published: February 2021

Introducción: la hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita (HSC) es el desorden adrenal más común en la infancia y la causa más frecuente de ambigüedad sexual. La forma clásica, que representa los casos más severos de este déficit, se asocia en un 75 % con pérdida de sal. Por otra parte, en los recién nacidos (RN) del sexo femenino se pueden presentar grados severos de virilización de genitales.

Objetivo: presentar los resultados (durante diez años), del Programa Cubano de Pesquisa Neonatal (PN) de la HSC, soportado en un procedimiento inmunoenzimático desarrollado en Cuba.

Resultados: en el período de enero 2005 a diciembre 2014, se han estudiado 1 140 882 RN y se detectaron 56 niños con HSC, para una incidencia de 1:20 373 RN. La cobertura del programa se ha incrementado hasta llegar en el año 2013 al 99.34 % de todos los RN cubanos.

Conclusiones: la existencia del Programa Cubano de PN de HSC, ha permitido estimar la incidencia e incrementar el conocimiento de esta enfermedad. La PN ha posibilitado el diagnóstico precoz en la variedad perdedora de sal, contribuyendo a la disminución de la mortalidad infantil. El Programa ha favorecido a pacientes con formas virilizantes de la enfermedad, mediante la asignación correcta del sexo.
Transmisión Vertical del COVID-19: Revisión de 50 casos reportados
Authors: Pablo Tanya , Barreto Nicole
Published: February 2021

Introducción: la enfermedad por coronavirus (COVID-19) se identificó como causa de un brote de enfermedad respiratoria en Wuhan, China, en diciembre 2019. Más allá del impacto del COVID-19 en la mujer embarazada, existen inquietudes sobre sus efectos en el resultado fetal y neonatal. El objetivo de esta revisión fue analizar literatura actual sobre este aspecto.

Materiales y método: se realizó una búsqueda exhaustiva en PubMed, usando una combinación de los términos: “COVID-19” y “vertical transmission”. Los criterios de elegibilidad fueron: casos publicados sobre el impacto del COVID-19 en el embarazo y su transmisión vertical, pacientes de 18 años o más, y cursando un embarazo en el segundo o tercer trimestre al momento del diagnóstico de la enfermedad, reportes publicados en inglés o español.

Resultados: trece estudios fueron incluidos según los criterios de elegibilidad. Un total de 50 pacientes embarazadas positivas para COVID-19 y 51 neonatos fueron estudiados. De los 51 neonatos, 7 obtuvieron resultados positivos; de los cuales 4 fueron de hisopado nasofaríngeo y 3 correspondieron a muestras de placenta y membranas fetales.

Conclusión: en esta revisión no encontramos evidencia definitiva que soporte la transmisión vertical de SARS-CoV-2 durante el segundo y tercer trimestre del embarazo.
Physiologic and biochemical rationale for treating COVID-19 patients with hyperbaric oxygen
Authors:   University of Toledo Medical Center, Feldmeier John J. , Kirby John P. ,   Washington University School of Medicine, Buckey Jay C. ,   Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Denham Daphne W. ,   Healing with Hyperbarics, LLC, Evangelista Jose S. ,   Henry Ford Health System, Gelly Helly B. ,   HyperbaRxs, Harlan Nicole P. ,   Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Mirza Ziad K. ,   Hyperheal Hyperbarics LLC, Ray Kristi L. ,   Louisiana State University Undersea and Hyperbaric Medicine, Robins Marc ,   Intermountain HealthCare, Utah, Savaser Davut J. ,   Hyperbaric Medicine / Wound Healing, Legacy Emanuel Medical Center, Wainwright Sandra ,   Greenwich Hospital, Yale New Haven Health, Bird Nick ,   International SOS, Huang Enoch T. ,   Hyperbaric Medicine / Wound Healing, Legacy Emanuel Medical Center, Moon Richard E. ,   Center for Hyperbaric Medicine & Environmental Physiology, Duke University Medical Center, Thom Stephen R. ,   University of Maryland School of Medicine, Weaver Lindell K. ,   LDS Hospital, Salt Lake City, and Intermountain Medical Center, Murray, Utah
Published: February 2021

The SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) pandemic remains a major worldwide public health issue. Initially, improved supportive and anti-inflammatory intervention, often employing known drugs or technologies, provided measurable improvement in management. We have recently seen advances in specific therapeutic interventions and in vaccines. Nevertheless, it will be months before most of the world’s population can be vaccinated to achieve herd immunity. In the interim, hyperbaric oxygen (HBO2) treatment offers several potentially beneficial therapeutic effects. Three small published series, one with a propensity-score-matched control group, have demonstrated safety and initial efficacy. Additional anecdotal reports are consistent with these publications. HBO2 delivers oxygen in extreme conditions of hypoxemiaand tissue hypoxia, even in the presence of lung pathology. It provides anti-inflammatory and anti-proinflammatory effects likely to ameliorate the overexuberant immune response common to COVID-19. Unlike steroids, it exerts these effects without immune suppression. One study suggests HBO2 may reduce the hypercoagulability seen in COVID patients. Also, hyperbaric oxygen offers a likely successful intervention to address the oxygen debt expected to arise from a prolonged period of hypoxemia and tissue hypoxia. To date, 11 studies designed to investigate the impact of HBO2 on patients infected with SARS-Cov-2 have been posted on clinicaltrials.gov. This paper describes the promising physiologic and biochemical effects of hyperbaric oxygen in COVID-19 and potentially in other disorders with similar pathologic mechanisms.
Letter-to-the-Editor: Modelling the multi-functionality of African savanna landscapes under global change
Authors: Rötter Reimund , Scheiter Simon , Hoffmann Munir , Pfeiffer Mirjam , Nelson William , Ayisi Kingsley , Taylor Peter , Feil Jan-Henning , Bakhsh Sara Yazdan , Isselstein J , Linstaedter Anja , Behn Kai , Westphal Catrin , Grass Ingo , Odhiambo Jude J. O. , Twine Wayne , Paolo Merante , Bracho-Mujica Gennady , Bringhenti Thomas , Lamega Sala , Abdulai Issaka , Lam Quang , Anders Mina , Linden Valerie , Weier Sina , Foord Stefan , Erasmus Barend
Published: February 2021

Quantifying how multiple ecosystem services and functions are affected
by different drivers of Global Change is challenging. Particularly in
African savanna regions, highly integrated land-use activities created a
landscape mosaic with flows of multiple resources between land use
types. A framework is needed that quantifies the effects of climate
change, management and policy interventions on ecosystem services that
are most relevant for rural communities, such as provision of food,
feed, carbon sequestration, nutrient cycling and natural pest control.
In spite of progress made in ecosystem modelling, data availability and
stakeholder interactions, these elements have neither been brought
together in an integrated framework, nor evaluated in the context of
real-world problems. Here, we propose and outline such framework as
developed by a multi-disciplinary research network, the Southern African
Limpopo Landscapes network (SALLnet). Components of the framework such
as the crop model APSIM and the vegetation model aDGVM2 had already been
parameterized and evaluated using data sets from savanna regions of
eastern, western and southern Africa, and were fine-tuned using novel
data sets from Limpopo. A prototype of an agent-based farm household
model was developed using comprehensive farm survey information from the
Limpopo Province of South Africa. A first test of the functionality of
the integrated framework has been performed for alternative policy
interventions on smallholder crop-livestock systems. We discuss the
versatile applicability of the framework, with a focus on smallholder
landscapes in the savanna regions of southern Africa that are considered
hotspots of global change impacts.
Investigating an Efficient and Accurate Protocol for Sampling Structures from Molecular Dynamics Simulations: A Close Look by Different Wavelet Families
Authors: Gonçalves Mateus , Junior Arismar , Cunha Elaine da , Ramalho Teodorico
Published: February 2021

Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations are widely used to predict the
behavior of molecular systems over time. However, one of the great
challenges of MD simulations is how to treat the thousands of
configurations obtained from calculations, since the number of the
quantum calculations (QM) required for evaluating electronic parameters
is too high and, sometimes, computationally impracticable. Thus, an
efficient and accurate sampling protocol is essential for combining
classical MD and QM calculations. In this article, based on the OWSCA
methodology, 93 wavelet signals were analyzed in order to further refine
the methodology and identify the best wavelet family for
[Fe(H2O)6]2+ and [Mn(H2O)6]2+ complexes in solution. Our results
point out that the bior1.3 was the best wavelet, values closest to the
experimental data were obtained for both studied systems.
Outflow Graft Foreign Body Reaction and Thrombosis in HeartMate III Left Ventricular Assist Device
Authors: Alvarez Paulino , Firchau Dennis , Humble Robert , Briasoulis Alexandros
Published: February 2021

Outflow cannula occlusion is an infrequent complication occurring among
recipients of continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (LVAD).
Hereby, we present a case of intrinsic and extrinsic outflow cannula
obstruction resulting in cardiogenic shock and multiorgan failure.
Comprehensive preclinical evaluation of how cardiac safety profiles of potential COVID-19 drugs are modified by disease associated factors.
Authors: TeBay Clifford , McArthur Jeffrey , Mangala Melissa , Kerr Nicholas , Heitmann STEWART , Perry Matthew , Windley Monique , VaAndenberg Jamie , Hill Adam
Published: February 2021

Background and Purpose: Hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, alone or in
combination with azithromycin, have been proposed as therapies for
COVID-19. However, there is currently scant and inconsistent data
regarding their proarrhythmic potential in these patients. Moreover,
their risk profile in the setting of altered physiological states
encountered in patients with COVID-19 (i.e. febrile state, electrolyte
imbalances, and/or acidosis) is unknown. Experimental approach: Potency
of hERG block was measured using high-throughput electrophysiology in
the presence of variable environmental factors. These potencies informed
simulations to predict population risk profiles. Effects on cardiac
repolarisation were verified in human induced pluripotent stem
cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CM) from three separate individuals.
Key Results: Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine blocked hERG with IC50
of 1.47±0.07 µM and 3.78±0.17 µM respectively, indicating proarrhythmic
risk at concentrations effective against SARS-CoV-2 in vitro and
proposed in COVID-19 clinical trials. Hypokalaemia and hypermagnesemia
increased potency of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine, indicating
increased proarrhythmic risk. Acidosis significantly reduced potency of
all drugs (i.e. reduced proarrhythmic risk), whereas increased
temperature decreased potency of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine but
increased potency for azithromycin. In silico simulations across
genetically diverse populations predicted that 17% of individuals
exhibit action potential durations >500 ms at the highest
proposed therapeutic levels, equating to significant QT prolongation.
Conclusion and Implications: Significant proarrhythmic risk is predicted
for hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine at doses proposed to treat
COVID-19. Clinicians should carefully consider the risk of such
treatments, and implement long term QT interval monitoring in trials,
particularly in patients with electrolyte imbalances.
Biotecnologie innovative per il trattamento avanzato delle acque reflue: i bioreattori anaerobici a membrane
Authors: Riccardi Laura Valentina
Published: February 2021

Negli ultimi anni l’inquinamento ambientale rappresenta una tematica di
notevole rilievo, dal momento che la salute umana e l’equilibrio
dell’ecosistema si basano su una corretta gestione delle varie risorse.
In riferimento alle risorse idriche si evince come l’inquinamento delle
acque progredisca rapidamente, a causa della continua immissione di
sostanze inquinanti nei corpi idrici recettori. È per tale motivo che
assume particolare importanza gestire e trattare opportunamente le acque
reflue, in modo da poterle smaltire in totale sicurezza, così come
previsto dalla normativa vigente. A tal proposito sono state introdotte
nuove biotecnologie capaci di assicurare una resa depurativa maggiore,
ossia gli impianti MBR (Membrane Biological Reactor). I bioreattori a
membrana sono caratterizzati dalla combinazione dei processi di
degradazione biologica a fanghi attivi e della filtrazione su membrana.
Di recente, tra le varie configurazioni dei sistemi MBR, è stata posta
l’attenzione sui bioreattori a membrana operanti in condizioni
anaerobiche, in quanto consentono il recupero di biogas.
How Do We Move Type 1 Diabetes Immunotherapies Forward During the Current COVID-19 Pandemic?
Authors: Haller Michael J. , Jacobsen Laura M. , Posgai Amanda L. , Schatz Desmond A.
Published: February 2021

Research-based immunotherapy trials seeking to prevent or reverse a number of autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes, have seen near universal suspension due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Diabetes and hyperglycemia are now appreciated as significant risk factors for COVID-19 morbidity and mortality; however, the vast majority of studies have reported on adults. Recent data in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes suggest no increased risk of COVID-19. Even with immense appreciation for COVID-19 morbidity and mortality, we believe compelling arguments exist to carefully and thoughtfully resume certain type 1 diabetes phase 2–3 immunotherapy trials. In this Perspective, we consider the experience of trials that never halted or have resumed in the oncology and rheumatology fields, and advocate for staged type 1 diabetes immunotherapy trial resumption. With this, we present recommendations to achieve equipoise and mitigate risks for SARS-CoV-2 infection in the weeks surrounding infusion. Given the fact that the COVID-19 pandemic is expected to persist for some time, it is in the best interest of our patients that we find ways to safely move our field forward.
The Homogeneous Universe
Authors: Peebles P. J. E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses Albert Einstein's (1917) proposal, from pure thought, that a philosophically sensible universe is homogeneous and isotropic: no preferred center or direction, no observable edges to the universe as we see it around us. That of course is apart from the minor irregularities of matter concentrated in people and planets and stars. Einstein's homogeneity is essential to the thought that one might be able to find a theory of the universe as a whole rather than of one or another of its parts. It was an inspired intuitive vision or maybe just a lucky guess; Einstein certainly had no observational evidence that suggested it. The history of how Einstein's thought was received and tested exemplifies the interplay in science between theory and practice, sometimes reinforcing each other; sometimes in serious tension; and, as in this case, sometimes aided by unexpected developments. The chapter then considers the development of the evidence that supports what became known as Einstein's cosmological principle.
Fossils: Microwave Radiation and Light Elements
Authors: Peebles P. J. E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter focuses on the informative fossils left from a time when the universe was very different from now, dense and hot enough to produce the light elements and the sea of thermal radiation that nearly uniformly fills space. It begins by reviewing the behavior of a sea of microwave radiation in an expanding universe. The chapter then considers how George Gamow and his colleagues, Ralph Alpher and Robert Herman, hit on the main elements of the hot big bang cosmology, including the sea of microwave radiation and the large helium abundance, but failed to capture the interest of the community. It assesses how it came to be seen that the abundance of helium is much larger than expected from production in stars but is readily understood as the result of thermonuclear reactions in the hot big bang cosmology. This attracted little attention prior to the recognition of a second fossil: the sea of microwave radiation. The chapter concludes with the steps to a persuasive measurement of the primeval abundance of deuterium and the implied baryon mass density.
How Cosmic Structure Grew
Authors: Peebles P. J. E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter explores how the very evident departures from Albert Einstein's homogeneity—stars in galaxies in groups and clusters of galaxies—might have formed in an expanding universe. In the established cosmology, cosmic structure formed by the gravitational instability of the relativistic expanding universe. The early confusion about the physical meaning of this instability is an important part of the history. The chapter reviews these considerations, along with assessments of early scenarios of how cosmic structure might have formed. A theory of how the galaxies formed in the big bang cosmology has to provide a physically consistent picture of how cosmic structure evolved from the very different conditions in the early stages of expansion. That consideration is absent in the 1948 steady-state cosmology, so thinking about structure formation had to be different.
Subluminal Mass
Authors: Peebles P. J. E.
Published: February 2021

This chapter studies the presence of “subliminal matter.” The presence of significant mass in subluminal matter was first suggested in the 1930s by the surprisingly large velocities of galaxies in clusters of galaxies. The chapter traces the history of discovery of astronomical evidence of subluminal matter in large clusters of galaxies, in groups of a few or just two galaxies that are close enough that they seem likely to be gravitationally bound, and in individual spiral galaxies. There must be enough mass in spirals to account for the circular velocities of disk stars, and the mass rotationally supported in the disk must be large enough that gravity can form spiral arms, but this mass component cannot be so large that the spiral arms grow to destroy the observed nearly circular motions in the disk. These conditions require that most of the mass in a spiral galaxy is in a stable subluminal massive halo draped around the outskirts of the luminous parts of the galaxy.
Western Europe's Democratic Age
Authors: Conway Martin
Published: February 2021

What happened in the years following World War II to create a democratic revolution in the western half of Europe? This book provides an innovative new account of how a stable, durable, and remarkably uniform model of parliamentary democracy emerged in Western Europe—and how this democratic ascendancy held fast until the latter decades of the twentieth century. The book describes how Western Europe's post-war democratic order was built by elite, intellectual, and popular forces. Much more than the consequence of the defeat of fascism and the rejection of Communism, this democratic order rested on universal male and female suffrage, but also on new forms of state authority and new political forces—primarily Christian and social democratic—that espoused democratic values. Above all, it gained the support of the people, for whom democracy provided a new model of citizenship that reflected the aspirations of a more prosperous society. This democratic order did not, however, endure. Its hierarchies of class, gender, and race, which initially gave it its strength, as well as the strains of decolonization and social change, led to an explosion of demands for greater democratic freedoms in the 1960s, and to the much more contested democratic politics of Europe in the late twentieth century. The book is a compelling history that sheds new light not only on the past of European democracy but also on the unresolved question of its future.
A Democratic Age
Authors: Conway Martin
Published: February 2021

This introductory chapter explores French political philosopher Raymond Aron's thesis of a democratic stabilization of Western Europe, which he believed had occurred since the Second World War. Compared with the destructive struggles of ideology, class, and ethnicity that had marked the first half of the twentieth century in Europe, Aron argued that a new form of industrial society had emerged in the fifteen years since the war, characterized by representative democratic institutions and guarantees of personal freedom. Stability was not, of course, guaranteed. And yet what Aron termed the démocraties stabilisées or pacifiées that had taken root in Western Europe since the Second World War were more than the by-product of the political immobilism imposed on Europe, west and east, by the Cold War. In Aron's view, they marked the coming of age of a new model of Western European government and society, which had not so much resolved the divisions of the past as rendered them obsolete through a combination of economic prosperity, effective governmental action, and social compromise. The book then studies the nature and development of democracy, as well as its limitations, in Europe between the end of the Second World War and the political and social upheavals of the later 1960s and early 1970s.
Making Democracy
Authors: Conway Martin
Published: February 2021

This chapter discusses how, in a large swathe of northern, central, and western Europe, military liberation set in motion a wide-ranging process of constitutional, political, and social change that culminated a few years later in a new democratic order. This outcome was very much less than inevitable, but also something more than chance. Instead, Western Europe's post-war transition to democracy arose from the interplay of four dominant forces. These include the actions of the powers who liberated and, subsequently, occupied Europe; the successful refoundation of national state structures; the consequent demobilization and marginalization of other, more locally based or informal political authorities; and the re-emergence of a structure of political parties that, along with a range of other social associations, became the principal intermediaries between rulers and ruled. Taken together, these factors brought into existence a resilient democratic order, but one which through its limitations betrayed the determining influences on its creation.
UJI KETAHANAN BERBAGAI VARIETAS TANAMAN KEDELAI (GLYCINE MAX. L) TERHADAP HAMA LAMPROSEMA INDICATA
Authors: Patria Muhammad Dirga , Bakti Darma , Siregar Ameilia Zuliyanti
Published: February 2021

This research aims to determine the resistance of variance of soybean (Glycine max L) varieties to Lamprosema indicata in the field. This research was conducted in Banyumas Village, Stabat sub-district, Langkat Regency, North of Sumatra, from March 2019 until May 2019. This research used by a descriptive method with observational techniques consisting of 15 plots and 225 sample plants. The results of the study showed the resistance and intensity of attacks larvae of L. indicataon leaf of each variety, namely the Dena (average of 10.33 larvae and 24%); followed by Dega consists of 8.17 larvae and 18%, then Detap showed of 6.00 larvae which 12%. Meanwhile, Devon (7.83 larvae and 14%) and Anjasmoro with an average of 7.67 larvae and 13%.Variety of soybean of Data was resilience of attack of L. indicate in the field, while Dena is very susceptible to attack of L. indicate.
ANALISIS KANDUNGAN UNSUR HARA DAN TOTAL MIKROBA TANAH BEKAS PENAMBANGAN EMAS TANPA IZIN (PETI) DARI BEBERAPA KECAMATAN KABUPATEN KUANTAN SINGINGI
Authors: Mulyani Sri , Zahrah Siti , Sulhaswardi Sulhaswardi
Published: February 2021

This unlicensed gold mining activity (PETI) can have a positive impact on the economy of the community, in the form of increased incomes so that it can improve the welfare of the community. However, besides having a positive impact, PETI's activities will harm the environment around the mining area. The negative impact caused by mining activities is environmental damage in the form of a decrease in land quality as indicated by a decrease in physical, chemical and biological soil quality. The purpose of this study was to determine the nutrient content and the total of microbes in former PETI soils in sub-districts of the Kuantan Singingi Regency. The parameters observed were analysis of nutrient content consisting of analysis of sand, dust, clay, soil pH, C-organic, N-total, P2O5, K2O, interchangeable cations, CEC, a saturation of bases, Aluminum Saturation, and analysis of total soil microbes. The results showed that the Singingi sub-district, Central Kuantan sub-district, Sentoja sub-district, and Logas Tanah Darat sub-district has the texture of sand soil clay to sand, the content of pH H2O Land classified as fertility is very sour, C-Organic (%), Ca-dd, Nitrogen-Total (%), Mg-dd and CEC with very low fertility criteria, C/N Ratio with low to very low fertility criteria, K-dd content with low criteria, Na-dd with moderate to very high criteria, aluminum saturation is very high with wet saturation the fertility criteria are low. The total microbes in the Sub-district of Sentoja Raya and Logas Tanah Darat Sub-district are much higher than Singingi Sub-district and Central Kuantan Sub-district.
IMPLEMENTASI MULTI ENKRIPSI ROT 13 PADA SYMBOL WHATSAPP
Authors: Aresta Redho Maland , Pratomo Ero Wahyu , Geraldino Vicky , Santoso Joko Dwi , Mulyatun Sri
Published: February 2021

Kemajuan teknologi membuat berbagai layanan komunikasi tumbuh dengan pesat. Dengan ini memungkinkan ribuan orang melakukan komunikasi melalui jaringan komputer secara global. Di sisi lain terdapat ancaman dalam keamanan data dan informasi. Sistem keamanan data diperlukan untuk melindungi data dan informasi melalui jaringan komunikasi. Untuk menjamin keamanan pesan, data dan infotmasi dalam pertukaran data adalah kriptografi. Kriptografi menggunakan algoritma pengkodean yang mendukung kebutuhan keamanan informasi, yaitu kerahasiaan dan keaslian. Dalam aplikasi kriptografi ini menggunakan metode ROT13, yang merupakan algoritma kritografi klasik yang sudah terpecahkan. Maka dari itu dengan aplikasi kroptografi dengan metode baru, yaitu multi enkripsi ROT13. Multi enkripsi pada ROT13 adalah penggabungan teknik ROT13 dengan kode ASCII yang akan merubah sebuah pesan menjadi symbol. Ini merupakan algoritma kriptografi klasik baru sehingga akan sulit dipecahkan karena menggunakan metode multi enkripsi.Keywords—component, formatting, style, styling, insert.
Pemanfaatan Alokasi Dana Desa Dalam Meningkatkan Perekonomian Masyarakat Desa Tunujungtirto Kecamatan Singosari Malang
Authors: Pramudiana Ika Devy , Sholichah Nihayatus
Published: February 2021

Desa memiliki peran yang sangat penting dalam menyelenggarakan urusan pemerintahan umum desa serta pelayanan kepada masyarakat secara lebih terarah dan fokus terutama program kegiatan pemerintah desa yang bersentuhan langsung dengan kepentingan masyarakat desa. Dalam dana desa Tunjungtirto terbagi menjadi empat  bagian yaitu perekonomian, sarana prasarana dasar, sarana dan prasarana pelayanan sosial dasar dan pemberdayaan. Dari empat bagian alokasi dana desa Alokasi di bidang ekonomi pada desa Tunjungtirto ini diharapkan mampu mensejahterakan masyarakatnya dan dalam rangka mengurangi kemiskinan di pedesaan karena penguatan basis ekonomi rakyat yang bersumber pada asset desa merupakan pilihan menuju kemandirian. Ada beberapa kesimpulan dari hasil penelitian ini yaitu pemanfaatan ADD pada bidang ekonomi masyarakat adalah tersedianya tempat penjualan berbagai hasil produksi rumah tangga masyarakat Desa Tunjungtirto, dan juga dengan ADD di bidang ekonomi di gunakan untuk kegiatan peningkatan peranan wanita melalui perwujudan kesetaraan gender dan Pemberdayaan dan Kesejahteraan Keluarga (PKK) Desa.
Implementasi Kebijakan PTSL (Pendaftaran Tanah Sistematis Lengkap) Di Desa Medaeng Kecamatan Waru Kabupaten Sidoarjo
Authors: Lika Sari Dewi Rambu , Sholichah Nihayatus
Published: February 2021

Berdasarkan kebutuhan masyarakat atas tanah dan rumah yang semakin hari makin meningkat Adanya Pendaftaran tanah sistematis lengkap (PTSL) di kantor pertanahan dapat menyelenggarakan tugas-tugas pertanahan dimanapun target kegiatannya berada. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pelaksanaan kebijakan PTSL (pendaftaran tanah sistematis lengkap ) dan untuk mengetahui faktor- faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan kebijakan PTSL( pendaftaran tanah sistematis lengkap) di Waru kabupaten Sidoarjo. Penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa pelaksanaan kebijakan program pendaftaran tanah sistematis lengkap (PTSL) di Waru Kabupaten Sidoarjo di  Desa  Medaeng untuk saat ini baru pada tahap pendaftaran. Sehingga belum bisa dikatakan bahwa implementasi kegiatan Pelaksanaan kebijakan PTSL (pendaftaran tanah sistematis lengkap ) ini berhasil atau tidak karena masih di tahap pendaftaran dan faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi pelaksanaan kebijakan PTSL (pendaftaran tanah sistematis lengkap) di Waru Kabupaten Sidoarjo yaitu faktor pendukung yang terdiri atas struktur birokrasi. Sedangkan faktor penghambatnya adalah komunikasi (Communications) dan sikap (dispositions atau attitudes).
Kolaborasi Petani Organik Lokal Sebagai Bentuk Ketahanan Pangan
Authors: Ardiansyah Rizky , Fadillah Dziqry , Hikmawan M. Dian
Published: February 2021

Penelitian kali ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bagaimana kerjasama atau kolaborasi yang dilakukan oleh restoran Serasa dan petani organik lokal dalam merubah stigma masyarakat tentang makanan yang dikonsumsinya bukan hanya berpengaruh terhadap diri sendiri tapi juga lingkungan sekitarnya. Penelitian ini menggunakan dua teori yaitu kolaborasi dari Scott London, dan teori pemberdayaan dari Jamasy. Kolaborasi ini dilakukan sejak tahun2015 dimana restoran Serasa pertama kali didirikan dan mulai bekerja sama dengan petani lokal, dan mulai memberdayakan petani lokal dengan cara membeli hasil panennya untuk memenuhi bahan baku dengan harga yang sudah dinegosiasikan terlebih dahulu agar tidak ada pihak yang dirugikan. Dalam misinya untuk merubah stigma masyarakat dalam mengkonsumsi sayur, Serasa juga berharap ada campur tangan pemerintah agar setidaknya mengkampanyekan konsumsi sayur. Ini akan berpengaruh terhadap kesehatan masyarakat dan kesejahteraan petani lokal.
Aksi Masyarakat Peduli Sanitasi Dalam Mewujudkan Kampung Hijau Di Cempaka Putih, Jakarta Pusat
Authors: Aziz Yugni Maulana , Setiawan Naufal Muzaki , Hikmawan M. Dian
Published: February 2021

DKI Jakarta setiap hari memproduksi 7000 ton sampah, hal itu merupakan masalah lingkungan yang perlu ditangani secara serius karena berdampak pada semua sektor. Kampung Hijau berseri menjadi salah satu kampung percontohan bagi masyarakat Jakarta Pusat sebagai kampung pengurangan sampah dari Pemprov DKI Jakarta karena kegiatan yang di lakukan warganya  berusaha mengurangi jumlah sampah yang di setor ke TPA (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir). AMPUTASI (Aksi Masyarakat Peduli Sanitasi) melakukan gerakan bersama masyarakat Kampung Hijau Berseri untuk melakukan tindakan nyata mengurangi hasil produksi sampah Jakarta dengan cara memilah sampah organic dan non organic. Penelitian ini dilakukan di Kampung Hijau Berseri dengan menggunakan teknik wawancara dan observsi. Jenis penelitian yang di gunakan dalam penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif. Penelitian ini menemukan gerakan AMPUTASI mengurangi jumlah sampah dengan cara membuat sampah lebih memiliki nilai ekonomis.
Pareto ratio and Pareto principle
Authors: Grachev Gennady
Published: February 2021

In the late 19th century, Vilfredo Pareto published the results of his observations of wealth inequality in Italy as a ratio in which the numerator is equal to the share of population ranked in descending order of wealth, and the denominator is the share of wealth of the population. Both the form of presentation of the concentration of inequality in the form of a visual ratio (the Pareto ratio), and an unexpectedly large inequality (80/20), which became known as the Pareto principle. In the 21st century, a new concept was introduced - the generalized Pareto principle, which is understood as any proportion in which the sum of the numerator and denominator is 100%. As a result, an extraordinary situation arose, when the empirical regularity began to be identified with the measure of its measurement. To resolve this confusion, the definition of Pareto ratio is provided in this work, based on a generally accepted concept of "wealthy" element of the system, as also an alternative explanation of the Pareto principle is proposed with the use of isoperimetric inequalities conceptually related with the principle of least action.
Genetic Algorithm Scaling for Compensation System Control in Micro Hydro/Solar Hybrid System for Rural Electrification
Authors: Dhir Biswajit , Upadhyay Mrs. Madhu
Published: February 2021

Recent technologies have been focusing on power generation through renewable energy resources such as solar, wind, hydro etc. This paper focuses on development of a micro solar/hydro power generating resources feeding local loads. The compensation system derived for the small scale loading conditions at the load line was made using PI scaling Genetic Algorithm based control keeping the general architecture of the UPFC same. The results had depicted enhancement in the active power output, better reactive power compensation and reduction in THD levels of voltage and current at the load line.
Distributed Generation system Power Enhancement by per phase Converter and Differential Evolutionary Optimization Controller
Authors: Tiwari Pawan Kumar , Upadhyay Mrs. Madhu
Published: February 2021

Worldwide renewable energy resources, especially solar energy, are growing dramatically in view of energy shortage and environmental concerns. The main objective of this study the design of a solar photovoltaic system in MATLAB/SIMULINK environment so as to enhance its output capacity before its integration with the grid. And to stabilize and improve the active power output from the solar system by designing an efficient controller for the inverter for DC to AC conversion based on AI optimization technique. Enhance the system reliability and efficiency by integrating it with the grid via a transformer with the desired grid voltage and frequency and studying its performance at different loads.

This work provides a comprehensive design and implementation of power regulatory per phase inverter with proposed differential evolutionary pulse regulation control. Finally the work is made efficiently integrating it with the grid. The designed system is also capable of feeding reactive power to the grid when required. The computational methodology of the proposed modulation technique is very easy and the technique can be applied to the multilevel inverter with any number of levels.
Differential Evolutionary and PI Regulated Converter Technology for Loading Analysis in Renewable Energy Systems
Authors: Bhadoria Prakhar , Yadav Divyanshi
Published: February 2021

Many remote communities around the world cannot be physically or economically connected to an electrical grid. The main objective of the study of designing an inverter control that attains a lower distortion level in the voltage as well as current waveforms by incorporating an optimization algorithm. The controller should reduce the spikes at the transient loading point when the system is subjected to sudden load changes at the power generating units. And the system is to be integrated with the fuel system also to obtain energy efficiency. The fuel system would be connected in parallel to the DC voltage output of the solar/wind hybrid system. The final hybrid system with fuel cell integration was studied for the total harmonic distortion in the voltage and current waveform. The distortion level in the voltage waveform was found to be 0.25% and that in the current waveform was 1.84%. It is under the IEEE acceptable limits.
Fault Analyzer Circuit Analysis at the Load Line in Hybrid Solar/Wind System
Authors: Nautiyal Pankaj Mohan , Kumar Verma Mr. Rohit
Published: February 2021

Electric power is generated, transmitted, and distributed via large interconnected power systems. The generation of electric power takes place in a power plant. The main objective reduces the operating time of fault current removal from the load line and senses the fault current quickly to overcome its effects. The system is to be made effective and efficient while dealing with the fault situation, fault removal, and restoration of the normal operating conditions at the loading points. The results conclude the effectiveness of the proposed T-ACO-based Optimization control for the operation of the relay in accordance with the fault current limiter and analyzer circuit. The second model of the hybrid system concludes that the system having fault current limiter and analyzer circuit reduces and fault current rise and prevents the voltage from dropping to zero even if no AI-based technique is used and the operating time remains the same. The AI-based techniques further reduce the operating time also thereby making the system more efficient as the voltage is restored to its normal value in a short interval of time when the test system is simulated for 1 second in a MATLAB/SIMULINK environment.
System Stability Analysis in Two Area System Integration with Three Renewable Energy Resources
Authors: Meher Pramod Kumar , Upadhyay Mrs. Madhu
Published: February 2021

Stability is the most important feature required in the modern electrical system. In recent years, grid stability problems have been detected due to the rapid growth of electrical and electronic loads. To study the system performance under the effect renewable energy based generating units the kundur’s two area system has been taken as test system. The direct integration of these resources were studied for various instability issues like rotor angle stability, power stability at the generating points of machines and distortion level in the voltage and current waveforms of the grid system. The work has proposed a universal dynamic system optimizing control for system stability enhancement in all the aspects. The MATLAB/SIMULINK environment being the platform for the system designing and implementation, The effects on the two area four machines system has been studied by integrating wind energy system without dynamics optimization control in area 1and then systems with both solar and wind with the dynamic optimization controller at area 2 was developed. The study is further carried to integration of a fuel cell system in area 1 as well. The rotor angle stability and power stability at the point of generation bus was also stabilized by the proposed control in the power system.
Unknown Values Estimation in Incomplete Fuzzy Soft and Interval Valued Soft Matrices
Authors: Hooda D. S. , Singh Seema , Malik S. C.
Published: February 2021

In day-to-day problems, incomplete information due to unknown values in data is the cause of the loss of information which leads to uncertainly, ambiguity and vagueness. There are many reasons for unknown values in data, like errors in data collection, lack of data information, inappropriate technique, and illegibility of data which cause incompleteness in data. Thus, estimating the unknown values in data of various information systems is an important area of research. In this communication, the definitions of incomplete Fuzzy soft and interval-valued fuzzy soft matrices are given with application in numerical problems. An algorithm is proposed for unknown values estimation in an incomplete fuzzy soft matrix and applied in solving a numerical problem. An application of an incomplete fuzzy soft matrix after inserting the unknown values in dimension reduction is studied. The unknown values in the incomplete interval-valued fuzzy soft matrix are also estimated and applied in the multi-criteria decision-making method.
LEVINAS Y EL TEMPLO DE JERUSALÉN COMO SÍMBOLO PARA TODA LA HUMANIDAD
Authors: Padial Juan J.
Published: February 2021

Resumen: Levinas no suele hablar del Templo, pero en sus comentarios talmúdicos, dice algunas cosas muy impresionantes acerca del templo y de su imagen. Así, al comentar el Tratado Yoma 10a del Talmud, dice que «El templo de Jerusalén, según el pensamiento judío, es un símbolo, que significa para la humanidad entera». Este artículo se centra en clarificar esta tesis de Levinas y en la universalidad de un sólo templo, que según su comentario al Rabbi Hayyin Volozhiner «es una réplica exacta del Templo celestial, el orden de la santidad absoluta». Investigo el valor simbólico del templo de Jerusalén, tanto construido como en ruinas, e intento conectar este valor con el resto de la filosofía de Levinas, espcialmente con su teoría del sacrificio como substitución.Key Words: Templo de Jerusalén; Mesianismo político; Historia; Responsabilidad; Culpa; Santidad; Sacrificio.
SOLOVYOV’S PHILOSOPHY AS RATIONALIZATION OF RELIGIOUS FEELINGS AND BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Lozev Kamen Dimitrov
Published: February 2021

Abstract: The article is dedicated to Vladimir Solovyov (1853 - 1900), the greatest Russian religious philosopher of the 19th Century. The main thesis is that the central ideas of Solovyov can be interpreted as philosophical reflections on fundamental religious feelings and aspects of religious behavior. With respect to this a detailed discussion of Solovyov’s teachings of ‘positive all-encompassing unity’ (всеединство), sobornost (togetherness, соборность) and Godmanhood (Divine Humanity, Богочеловечество) are discussed. Special attention is paid to Solovyov’s theocratic project of Christian Universal Church and the re-unification of the Christian world.Key words: All-encompassing unity; Godmanhood, Sobornost; Russian Orthodoxy; Universal Church (Ecumenical Church)