bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Learning to Log On
Authors: Vieira Kate
Published: August 2019

Based on fieldwork in Brazil, this chapter develops the concept of “writing remittances”—the hardware, software, and knowledge about literacy that migrants often remit home to communicate with loved ones. As objects of emotional and economic value, writing remittances demand literacy learning as one condition of their exchange. Because such learning, like money, is fungible, homeland residents often circulate and reinvest it locally, with varying returns. This chapter brings together two fundamental aspects of literacy—its imbrication in economic trends and its materiality—to show how they interact in families’ relationships across borders. It does so by offering snapshots of experiences of writing remittances taken from various angles: an aerial view of writing remittances across social class; a narrative view of writing remittances across one man’s life; historically oriented views across the changing technologies of print and digital writing remittances; and future-oriented views as women and men described the payoffs (or not) of migration-driven literacy learning.
Introduction
Authors: Olberding Amy
Published: August 2019

This chapter provides a basic orientation to the book as a whole. It canvasses contemporary distinctions drawn between the concepts of “civility,” manners,” and “etiquette.” It provides a brief account of how these concepts came to be treated as distinct and introduces readers to the Confucian concept of li, a term that encompasses all of these concepts at once. The chapter argues that efforts to be more polite need to take account of all the behavioral work we describe when we invoke “civility,” “manners,” and “etiquette.”
Temptations to Bad Manners
Authors: Olberding Amy
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines why ordinary forms of social rudeness can be appealing. Having ordinary good manners largely consists in developing good habits rather than deciding in individual cases to be polite. This chapter considers why we are resistant to developing such habits. It considers common and historical complaints against good manners, most especially the criticism that manners involve fakery and the sense that manners are dreary and joyless. These complaints represent useful forms of skepticism but can also, the chapter argues, seed self-deception. For we are far more likely to find joyful honesty in our own bad manners than in the bad manners of others. So too, the world of honesty and fun we associate with slack in manners is not the world we are likely to get. Instead, bad manners will fall hardest on those with the least.
The Continuity of Religious Belief
Authors: Riess Jana
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses how strong religious belief is among Mormon millennials and what factors may help to sustain that faith, including education, geography, and relationships. Mormon doctrine may seem to be a static thing, but its emphases have shifted measurably even since World War II. Certain themes became less emphasized while others gained ascendancy, especially the nuclear family as the unit of exaltation and Jesus Christ as the Savior of the world. Indeed, today's Mormons grew up in a church that was more overtly Christ-centered than at previous times in the history of the Latter-day Saints; it also had grown comfortable using the traditional nuclear family as its calling card to the world. The chapter then considers what Mormons think about God, Jesus Christ, the resurrection, and other topics by looking at various doctrines and beliefs.
Called to Serve
Authors: Riess Jana
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines the personal sacrifice that is required of Latter-day Saints (LDS) missionaries, and the deep faith that sees them through tough times; the positive feelings most missionaries have about their experience; the sense that a mission demarcates a bright line between childhood and adulthood in Mormon culture; the growing presence of women in the mission force; and the great statistical likelihood that returned missionaries who served the full tenure of their assigned time will remain as lifelong members of the LDS Church. Mormonism's culture of responsibility extends to the mission experience itself—young people are asked to give up between eighteen months to two years of their lives to volunteer wherever in the world the Church elects to send them. What is more, they are often expected to help pay for it. Nevertheless, Mormons who served a mission regard it as a positive experience that helped them in many areas of their lives.
Rites of Passage and the LDS Temple
Authors: Riess Jana
Published: August 2019

This chapter looks at Mormons' experiences in the Latter-day Saints (LDS) temple. Whereas regular Sunday services are open to the public at thousands of LDS chapel meetinghouses around the world, temples are rare—there are just over 150 around the globe—and closed to everyone but the most committed Latter-day Saints. The Next Mormons Survey (NMS) data shows that most Mormons who have been to the temple do have a good first experience. Six in ten current Mormon respondents reported that they had been to the temple for the initiatory followed by the endowment ceremony, which are the two essential rites of initiation for the LDS temple. However, it is possible there is a disconnect between what millennials say about loving their first time in the temple and what some of them actually felt in real time. Overall, the temple emerges as a complex site of contention for many former Mormons.
Single Mormons in a Married Church
Authors: Riess Jana
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on the journey of many single adult Mormons, wherein the “plan of happiness” they imbibed when they were younger included a partner who never materialized for them in adulthood. Because marriage and children are so central to the Mormon concepts of happiness in this life and exaltation in the next, the absence of those relationships can be acutely painful. Many Mormon singles feel judged or shamed, or express frustration that the Church seems to be worshiping the nuclear family instead of Christ. For some, the grief has been strong enough that they're no longer active in the Mormon faith. For its part, the LDS Church has tried different approaches to meet the needs of single members, including “singles wards,” or congregations where unmarried members can worship together apart from the multigenerational wards that are the usual round of the Mormon experience. However, there are pros and cons to singles wards.
Rainbow Fault Lines
Authors: Riess Jana
Published: August 2019

This chapter details the evolving views on homosexuality within Latter-day Saints. For most younger Mormons now who are gay, acceptance is slightly more likely than it was even in the recent past. Their decision to make their sexual identity public has been aided by a more widespread acceptance of homosexuality—not only in American culture more generally, but also within the Mormon subculture. Indeed, Mormon views on homosexuality have undergone a rapid change just within the last decade. Although acceptance among Mormons has not reached majority status, it is double what it was in 2007. This movement is driven in large part by millennials; more than half of Mormon millennials say homosexuality should be accepted. By contrast, only 38 percent of the combined Boomer/Silent Generation feels homosexuality should be accepted by society—a view that is reinforced by many statements from LDS Church leaders, who are themselves of the Silent Generation or even older.
Navigating Religious Practice for a New Generation
Authors: Riess Jana
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores the push–pull relationship of behavior and belief in Mormonism. Adherence to expected behaviors, like sexual abstinence before marriage and keeping the religion's strict dietary code, are intricately related to belief. Belief and behavior tend to reinforce one another, which is something the Mormon religion has understood very well as it has defined itself in the postwar era: it has consistently emphasized high behavioral standards as well as doctrinal instruction for Mormon youth. Some of these behaviors continue to be just as strongly adopted by millennials as by older generations. Overall, millennials are adhering most closely to those behaviors that have a clear spiritual component, and less meticulously to those that may strike them as outwardly focused or superficial. Most millennial Mormons consider themselves “active” in the LDS Church—but the way they define “active” may look different than it does for older generations.
The Realignment of Mormon Religious Authority
Authors: Riess Jana
Published: August 2019

This chapter examines how young adult Mormons regard ecclesiastical authority differently than older Mormons do. Mormons stand apart from many other faiths because they believe their leaders are the only men authorized by Jesus Christ himself to exercise all the authority of the holy priesthood. Given this belief—that Mormonism's uniqueness stretches from its ecclesiastical authority in the form of prophets and apostles—it is not surprising that the religion strongly emphasizes obeying the teachings of those leaders. Indeed, millennial Mormons have grown up in a religious tradition that places a premium on obeying the leaders of the Church and have inherited modern Mormonism's expanded view of the role of the prophet. On the other hand, they're also embedded within a generation that takes a dim view of many traditional institutions, including religious ones, and has tended to qualify claims to exclusive truth. The chapter then considers how young adult Mormons reconcile these tensions within themselves.
Conclusion
Authors: Riess Jana
Published: August 2019

This concluding chapter argues that in the next few years at least, the polarization within Mormonism will continue, in which those who remain in the LDS Church will be ardent believers but those who don't fit in will pull up stakes and leave. How the Church chooses to finesse the social shifts—specifically, those regarding marriage, gender, racial diversity, and LGBT issues—will signal which trajectory it is going to follow: will it remain steadfast and become entrenched in the role of embattled subculture, or will it lean in, accommodating its message and positioning in order to retain cultural relevancy and attractiveness? The chapter then considers the acute tension the LDS Church is experiencing between assimilation into American society and retrenchment. This ever-present pendulum between assimilation and retrenchment has ensured that Mormonism has successfully maintained its distinctive edge even while making major theological deletions that might have been unthinkable to previous generations.
Visions for the Future
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: August 2019

In this chapter, the characteristics of a vision for a region, organization, or group are discussed, and then attention turns to examining the roles of forecasting and backcasting, and scenarios to anticipate the future. Subsequently, the characteristics of both sustainable development and resilience as possible visions to guide resource and environmental management are examined. In the context of sustainable development, the distinction between weak and strong sustainability is reviewed. Next, attention turns to the implications of the Anthropocene for achieving sustainable development and resilience. The concept of the rule of hand is explored, which suggests that normally not more than three to five variables are significant when trying to understand complex social-ecological systems, followed by consideration of how both adaptation and transformation can become strategies to address complexity and uncertainty. Kathryn Bellette provides a guest statement focused on implementing a strategy for sustainable development in metropolitan Adelaide, Australia.
Stakeholders and Partnerships
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: August 2019

Key aspects of sustainable development and resilience include empowerment of local people, self-reliance, and social justice. One way to achieve those aspects is to incorporate experience, knowledge, and understanding of various groups and people. The terms “stakeholders” and “partnerships” are often used to characterize engaging organized interest groups and the general public into resource and environmental planning. This chapter reviews characteristics of stakeholder engagement through partnerships. Attention also is given to the role of local knowledge, including gender perspectives, to inform plans and decisions. In-depth case studies include a state-wide network of partnerships in Wisconsin, stakeholder consultation to manage conflict between commercial fishers and tourism in a natural park in Mexico, the Chipko movement in India, and gender engagement regarding climate change in Nepal. Wendy Cridland, in her guest statement, examines partnership initiatives to address proliferation of an aggressive invasive non-native weed species in coastal wetlands of Lake Erie, Ontario.
Assessing Alternatives
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: August 2019

In previous chapters, attention focused upon the nature of complex social-ecological systems, visions for the future, characteristics of an ecosystem or holistic approach, issues related to governance, the nature of adaptive environmental management, attributes of partnerships and stakeholders, and alternative ways to resolving disputes. For all of these matters, alternative approaches exist and choices must be made. This chapter focuses on three methods for identifying and assessing alternatives: benefit-cost analysis; environmental impact assessment, including strategic environmental assessment; and life-cycle assessment, including ISO 14001 and the European Union’s eco-management and audit scheme (EMAS). Case studies are provided from China, the Republic of Kiribati in the Pacific Ocean, Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia, and Italy. Bram Noble, in his guest statement, examines alternative ways to address uncertainty in environmental impact assessments in the context of Canada.
Moving Forward
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: August 2019

Chapter 12 begins by revisiting climate change as a wicked problem, and considers strategies to deal with problems characterized by ambiguity and intractability. Attention then turns to considering ethical or moral principles that have underlined, or should underlie, resource and environmental management, with particular attention to greenwashing, greenlashing, and shame campaigns. Subsequently, leadership and followership are examined, since both are essential for effective resource and environmental management. Detailed examples include the experience with the Deepwater Horizon oil rig spill in the Gulf of Mexico, shame campaigns focused on Home Depot regarding its selling of old-growth forest products and on jewelers related to No Dirty Gold, and the American West regarding a major community-based collaborative conservation initiative. Cecilia Tortajada’s guest statement focuses on the role of governance. She argues that we need to understand change, drivers, impacts, and directions, as well as the role of disruptive technologies.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Scannapieco Maria , Painter Kirstin R.
Published: August 2019

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is marked by problems with functioning or development that are related to symptoms of a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity. It is the most common mental health problem in children, affecting as many as 1 in 20 children. It affects both boys and girls, but it is more predominant in boys. For males, prevalence rates are estimated to be three times that of females, 12.9% compared to 4.3%. Prevalence rates of ADHD in school-age children in the United States are estimated at 5% by the America Psychiatric Association. This chapter will focus on diagnosing and assessing ADHD from a differential diagnosis and comorbidity perspective. Evidenced-based ADHD interventions will be presented along with a discussion around the importance for school personnel to collaborate with the many other systems that impact children and youth with ADHD.
Self-Harm Disorders
Authors: Raines James C. , Ochocki Stephanie
Published: August 2019

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) lists both suicidal behavior disorder and nonsuicidal self-injury as conditions for further study. The essential feature of suicidal behavior disorder is that the individual has at least some intent to die. The essential feature of nonsuicidal self-harm is that the individual repeatedly inflicts superficial injuries to the body. Controversy continues to exist about whether the proposed disorders are part of a continuum of self-harm or distinct categories. Suicidal behavior is growing fastest in pre- and early adolescent girls. Nonsuicidal self-injury should be distinguished from stereotypic self-injury. Screeners can help to identify students who need a thorough assessment. Full assessments should utilize a crisis team. Recommendations are made for each tier using a multitiered system of supports framework. A case example illustrates school-based intervention for nonsuicidal self-injury.
Fake News
Authors: Krause Nicole M. , Wirz Christopher D. , Scheufele Dietram A. , Xenos Michael A.
Published: August 2019

Since Donald Trump’s surprise victory in the 2016 US presidential election, media organizations, pundits, academics, and technology leaders are panicking not only over what they see as the sudden emergence of fake news but also over the difficulties of finding effective and sustainable solutions. But how new or even real is this idea of inaccurate or intentionally misleading news? This chapter shows that fake news is by no means a new phenomenon but has, in fact, been an integral part of the media ecosystem throughout the history of media effects research. The second section of the chapter provides a discussion of factors that do in fact create new problems for our democratic system and pose new challenges for media systems transitioning to on-demand and online-only modes of delivery. The chapter closes with an outlook on promising research areas that offer solutions for some of the challenges facing our democratic system.
“The True” in Journalism
Authors: Floyd Juliet
Published: August 2019

“The True” is a central norm of journalism that cannot be reduced to something else: opinion, consensus, social force, power, or demographic identity. There are no “alternative” facts, though there are alternative interpretations of facts. The evolution of social media platforms has made collective pursuit of the ideal of “The True” more difficult and complex in our time. Following Frege, the chapter argues that journalists should nevertheless pursue the norm of “The True” as a central, irreducible, and irreplaceable norm. It surveys debates over “The True” from Frege through the pragmatists, social constructivists, deconstructionists, deflationists. In the end, we side with those who refuse to eliminate “The True”: Frege, Wittgenstein, Quine, Putnam, Diamond and others. Nevertheless we should be realistic about the struggle involved in unfolding and revealing it. The struggle for appropriate representation, acknowledgement of “The True,” is a central target of journalism, as it is also in everyday life.
Canards, Fausses Nouvelles, Paranoid Style
Authors: Ortoleva Peppino
Published: August 2019

Fake news has been cyclically surfacing in the history of journalism and public opinion. In the vein of some classic authors, the chapter identifies ideas that are surprisingly useful in the present media environment. It interweaves three historical threads relevant to today’s fake news: (1) the growth of canards in 19th-century Paris, observed by both Honoré de Balzac and Gérard de Nerval as the habitual invention of news when facts were not sufficiently attractive for readers; (2) the diffusion of fausses nouvelles during the Great War, described by Marc Bloch and propelled by the tendency, in times of crisis, to search for oracles more than information proper; (3) the propensity, suggested by Richard Hofstadter, to spread conspiracy theories, notably in the development of McCarthyism.
Bosom Friends
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

The friendship of the bachelor politicians James Buchanan (1791–1868) of Pennsylvania and William Rufus King (1786–1853) of Alabama has excited much speculation through the years. Why did neither one ever marry? Might they have been gay, or was their relationship a nineteenth-century version of the modern-day “bromance”? Then, as now, they have intrigued by the many mysteries surrounding them. In Bosom Friends: The Intimate World of James Buchanan and William Rufus King, Thomas Balcerski explores the lives of these two politicians and discovers one of the most significant collaborations in American political history. Unlikely companions from the start, they lived together as messmates in a Washington, DC, boardinghouse. They developed a friendship that blossomed into a significant political partnership. Before the Civil War, each man was elected to high executive office: William Rufus King as vice president in 1852, and James Buchanan as the nation’s fifteenth president in 1856. This book recounts the story of their bosom friendship through a dual biography of Buchanan and King. Special attention is given to their early lives, the circumstances of their boardinghouse friendship, and the political gossip that has circulated about them ever since. In addition, the author traces their many contributions to the Jacksonian political agenda, manifest destiny, and the debates over slavery, while finding their style of politics to have been disastrous for the American nation. Ultimately, Bosom Friends demonstrates that intimate male friendships among politicians were, and continue to be, an important part of success in the clubby world of American politics.
Leavening, 1786–1819
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 1 examines the family background, early education, friendships, and legal and political careers of James Buchanan and William Rufus King. King entered politics as a Jeffersonian Democratic-Republican, while Buchanan started out as a Federalist. This chapter considers both men’s efforts at romantic courtship: King’s foray into romance during his time as secretary to the Russian legation with Czarina Alexandra Feodorovna, and Buchanan’s failed engagement to Ann Coleman of Lancaster. In both cases, the chapter argues that these love stories established the necessary preconditions for their bachelorhood and for a future in which intimate male friendship superseded the more traditional responsibilities of marriage and family. Their earliest experiences had leavened them into the later forms of northern “dough-face” (a Northerner who supported the Southern agenda for political gain) and southern moderate (a Southerner who placed national concerns over sectional interests).
Ministering, 1844–1848
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 5 traces a period of extended separation between Buchanan and King, from 1844 to 1848. During the administration of President James Polk each man turned his attention to foreign policy concerns, with Buchanan as secretary of state and King as American minister to France. Their relationship had now been transformed from an intimate boardinghouse friendship into one of political superior (Buchanan) to subordinate (King). But their continued collaboration proved critical as the nation navigated first the Oregon territorial crisis and then the War with Mexico, both of which required careful diplomacy to avoid entanglements with European powers. The end of their respective terms of ministerial service found each man considering retirement, but each tried and failed once more for their party’s presidential and vice presidential nominations.
Presiding, 1853–1868
Authors: Balcerski Thomas J.
Published: August 2019

Chapter 7 considers select aspects of Buchanan’s life after King’s death: his time as American minister to England, presidential nomination and election, presidency, retirement years, and the legacy of his friendship with King. In the election of 1856, the Democrats promoted Buchanan’s friendship with King and other Southerners to suggest his pro-southern principles as president. Buchanan was the last presidential candidate elected to run as a “northern man with southern principles.” As president Buchanan sustained pro-southern policies, administered an active social calendar aided by First Lady Harriet Lane, attended a commencement address at the University of North Carolina (the alma mater of William Rufus King), and failed to keep together the Union through the secession winter of 1860 to 1861. During the Civil War and into Reconstruction, Buchanan continued to invoke King and took special care to reconnect with Catherine Margaret Ellis.
Forced Migrants: Refugees and Internally Displaced Persons
Authors: Toole Michael J.
Published: August 2019

This chapter addresses the social injustice experienced by refugees and internally displaced persons. There are approximately 25.4 million refugees and approximately 40.0 million internally displaced persons globally, in addition to 3.1 million asylum seekers. This chapter describes morbidity and mortality in these populations and the increased risk factors that refugees and internally displaced persons face. It provides many specific examples of the effects of social injustice in these populations. The chapter describes international responses to the needs of these populations. It includes a discussion of what needs to be done. The author concludes that the plight of refugees and internally displaced persons can be addressed only if the international community is serious about addressing the root causes of poverty, poor governments, exploitation, and inequities between rich and poor countries.
Infectious Diseases
Authors: Mukherjee Joia S. , Farmer Paul E.
Published: August 2019

The burden of infectious disease cases and deaths falls most heavily on low-income countries. This chapter describes structural inequities and the disproportionate burden of infectious diseases on the poor and provides many examples. It addresses roots and underlying factors, including inadequate support for public works and infrastructure, inadequate protection of social and economic rights, poverty, violence, and inadequate access to medical care and antibiotics. The authors assert that addressing the differential prevalence of infectious diseases requires a holistic approach that incorporates the social determinants of health and promotes prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. The chapter describes in detail the global AIDS movement and its accomplishments. The authors conclude that human suffering due to infectious disease can be alleviated if social injustice is comprehensively addressed. A text box describes a man with tuberculosis who eventually dies of the disease because of inadequate access to quality medical care and necessary medications.
Violence
Authors: Mercy James A. , DeGue Sarah
Published: August 2019

Violence can be both a consequence of social injustice and a tool used to perpetrate it. After describing the World Health Organization’s definition of violence, the chapter describes the public health burden of violence. It then discusses social injustice as a cause of violence, including economic exploitation, poverty and relative deprivation, hate-motivated violence, gender inequality, political repression, and unfair distribution of justice. The chapter concludes with a discussion of what needs to be done, including increasing the cost of injustice, reducing the impact of poverty on violence, reducing social distance, improving gender equality by redefining harmful cultural norms, and strengthening democratic institutions. Three text boxes address war and other forms of armed conflict, the international arms trade, and nuclear weapons and social injustice.
Strengthening Communities and the Roles of Individuals in Building Community Life
Authors: Aronson Robert E. , Lovelace Kay , Hatch John W. , Whitehead Tony L.
Published: August 2019

Strengthening communities and the roles of individuals in building community life can help prevent disease and disability and expand resources for promoting social justice. This chapter discusses addressing social injustice through community transformation and the roles that public health workers can play in this process by developing authentic partnerships with communities, recognizing and building on community strengths, and using public health approaches that address the root causes of health disparities. Communities can be strengthened in their capacity to address their health problems and the root causes of these problems. Public health workers need new skill sets and intervention strategies to assist communities in meeting the challenges that they face. A text box discusses strengthening communities in low- and middle-income countries. A second text box describes the work of a community-based foundation (the MetroWest Health Foundation) in addressing social injustice at the local level.
Promoting Social Justice Through Education in Public Health
Authors: Lawrence Robert S.
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores how to promote social justice through education programs for students in schools of public health, medical school departments of community and preventive medicine, and elsewhere. It also examines how education can equip public health practitioners, researchers, and educators with a social justice perspective that will guide their future work. Two major developments provide crucial information and values for developing and implementing social justice curricula: human rights law and progress in developing analyses of the social determinants of health. This chapter covers principles of social justice, the integration of human rights with public health, and a historical context for the evolution of related developments. The chapter describes examples of the introduction of social justice into public health curricula. The chapter concludes with an agenda for action. A text box contains the International Declaration of Health Rights. A second text box describes the Simmons Master of Public Health in Health Equity program.
A Critical Research Agenda for Social Justice and Public Health
Authors: Krieger Nancy
Published: August 2019

Critical and creative work can and must be done to determine why injustice exists, including who gains and who loses and how it wreaks its woe, thereby generating knowledge for both rectifying harm and creating just and sustainable solutions. Critical research questions focus on: What is the evidence that social injustice harms health? What can be done to prevent this harm? There are four key reasons to develop a research agenda for social justice in public health: (1) ignorance forestalls action. (2) The “facts” never “speak for themselves.” (3) Specificity matters. (4) Research can exacerbate, and even generate, rather than help rectify social inequalities in health. This chapter discusses a proposal for a public health research agenda that advances issues of social justice and includes four components: theory, monitoring, etiology, and prevention. For each component, the author delineates broad principles and provides specific examples.
Mobilizing the Marginalized
Authors: Ahuja Amit
Published: August 2019

In India, a young democratic system has undermined the legitimacy of a two-thousand-year-old social system that excluded and humiliated an entire people by treating them as untouchables. This incomplete, but irreversible change in Indian society and politics has been authored by the mobilization of some of the most marginalized citizens in the world and counts as one of the most significant achievements of Indian democracy. Dalits, the former untouchables in India, who number over 200 million, have been mobilized by social movements and political parties, but their mobilization is puzzling. Dalits’ parties perform poorly in elections in states historically home to movements demanding social equality while they do well in other states where such movements have been weak or entirely absent. For Dalits, collective action in the social sphere appears to undermine rather than bolster collective action in the electoral sphere. Mobilizing the Marginalized shows how social movements by marginalized ethnic groups—those who are stigmatized by others and disproportionately poor—undermine bloc voting to generate competition for marginalized citizens’ votes across political parties. The book presents evidence showing that a marginalized group gains more from participating in a social movement and dividing support among parties than from voting en bloc for an ethnic party.
Disease Constituencies
Authors: Best Rachel Kahn
Published: August 2019

In the second half of the twentieth century, disease advocacy evolved from universal campaigns to patients’ constituencies. Changes in the experience of health and illness and the nationwide expansion of political advocacy laid the groundwork for patient-led campaigns. Then, AIDS and breast cancer activists constructed a new type of disease advocacy on the foundations of the gay rights and women’s health movements. Unlike the earlier disease crusades, these movements were led by patients banding together to fight diseases that affected them personally, and they blazed a trail for patients suffering from other diseases. As patients’ activism became increasingly legitimate, disease nonprofits proliferated, patients took over congressional hearings, and disease walks and ribbons became an inescapable feature of American public life.
Developing Countries, Economic Development, and Markets
Authors: Fox Eleanor M. , Bakhoum Mor
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses economic development and markets in developing countries, with a focus on sub-Saharan Africa. Developing countries, especially lower-income developing countries with low rates of growth, share key characteristics and challenges. Huge portions of their populations live below the poverty line. The markets are generally highly concentrated with high barriers to entry, and state ownership—with privileges granted by the state—is pervasive. In order to provide the people with the necessities of life, developing countries need economic growth; in order to provide equity and spur development, they need inclusive, sustainable economic growth, consistent with equity. The chapter then describes two forms of market policy: antitrust law, which prohibits and removes restraints by market actors who engage in harmful conduct such as conspiracies to raise prices and bar entry by competitors, and surrounding restraints that are not violations of law but do the same thing: raise prices, barricade entry, and favor vested interests.
South Africa
Authors: Fox Eleanor M. , Bakhoum Mor
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores South African competition law. South Africa has the most sophisticated system of competition law and policy in sub-Saharan Africa. It has a mission to expand economic opportunity and facilitate inclusive development. In the wake of the UN Millennium Development Goals and the follow-on Sustainable Development Goals, there is a new world consciousness of the need to combat deep systemic poverty and to reverse the tide of increasing inequality of wealth, income, and opportunity. If there is any nation in the world whose competition law mandates integration of equity and efficiency, it is South Africa, and its policymakers are intent to address this need. The chapter looks at the South African Competition Act and highlights selected cases to illustrate the law and its implementation, including the effort by the Competition Tribunal to give serious regard to the equality and inclusiveness values that animated the statute.
Regional Arrangements
Authors: Fox Eleanor M. , Bakhoum Mor
Published: August 2019

This chapter studies regional coordination in sub-Saharan Africa. Regional arrangements occupy a significant part of African competition policy. The most integrative form of arrangement is a common market, wherein member states tear down trade barriers between and among them, create supranational authorities to oversee trade and competition, and even create monetary unions. The chapter then discusses selected regional groups; namely, the Common Market of Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the Southern African Development Community (SADC), the East African Community (EAC), the West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU), and the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS).
Perspectives from Four Stages of Development
Authors: Fox Eleanor M. , Bakhoum Mor
Published: August 2019

This chapter identifies four clusters of nations based on state of development, in order to highlight significant qualitative differences that may call for different law and policies. The first cluster comprises the least developed sub-Saharan African countries with the most resource-challenged competition authorities, such as Benin and Togo. The second cluster compromises nations that have advanced economically to a perceptibly higher level. The third cluster is a “group” of one—South Africa. With all of its challenges, the South African competition regime is as close to a gold standard as there is in sub-Saharan Africa. Finally, for comparison, the fourth cluster comprises the developed countries, led in particular by the European Union and the United States. These nations have open economies, fairly robust markets, good infrastructure, and good institutions. The chapter proceeds to identify, from the point of view of each of the clusters, the most fitting competition framework nationally and globally. The chapter proposes how the divergences can be brought into sympathy.
Conclusion
Authors: Fox Eleanor M. , Bakhoum Mor
Published: August 2019

This concluding chapter draws together the threads of development, opportunity, markets, and competition in sub-Saharan Africa. It reflects on the potential of the various sets of nations and of the promise of regionalism and cooperation. It offers three main conclusions: 1) context, needs and capabilities really matter. 2) There is no good substitute for freeing up markets to work for the good of the people and for the growth of the economy. And 3) There is a virtuous agenda for the competition authorities. Success in its implementation requires overcoming daunting forces of corruption, cronyism, and bad governance, and opening markets and opportunity for left-out majorities; but with commitment, the nations can do it.
Geographic Information System Data
Authors: Foster Stephanie , Adams Erica , Dunn Ian , Dent Andrew
Published: August 2019

Place is one of the basic tenets of a field investigation. Both the who and the when of infection are relative to and often dependent on the where. Geographic information science, systems, software (collectively known as GIS), and methods are among the tools epidemiologists use in defining and evaluating the where. This chapter reviews GIS applications as they pertain to the 10 steps of a field investigation. This chapter offers recommendations about the types of geographic data, equipment, and software necessary for GIS and provides considerations for visualization and spatial analysis. An overview is included of sample data sets that might prove useful for estimating and defining the population in a particular study area (e.g., population data from the US Census) as are recommendations for geospatial methods for estimating sociodemographic characteristics and disease rates by using these data within GIS. This chapter should provide field epidemiologists with a greater spatial awareness that will help guide the design, collection, analysis, and dissemination of findings from a field investigation.
Nurturing Our Humanity
Authors: Eisler Riane , Fry Douglas P.
Published: August 2019

Nurturing Our Humanity sheds new light on our personal and social options in today’s world, showing how we can build societies that support our great human capacities for consciousness, caring, and creativity. It brings together findings—largely overlooked—from the natural and social sciences debunking the popular idea that we are hardwired for selfishness, war, rape, and greed. Its groundbreaking approach reveals connections between disturbing trends like climate change denial and regressions to strongman rule. Moving past right versus left, religious versus secular, Eastern versus Western, and other familiar categories that do not include our formative parent-child and gender relations, it looks at where societies fall on the partnership-domination scale. On one end is the domination system that ranks man over man, man over woman, race over race, and humans over nature. On the other end is the more peaceful, egalitarian, gender-balanced, and sustainable partnership system. Nurturing Our Humanity explores how behaviors, values, and socioeconomic institutions develop differently in these two environments, documents how this affects nothing less than how our brains develop, examines cultures from this new perspective (including societies that for millennia oriented toward partnership), and proposes actions supporting the contemporary movement in this more life-sustaining and enhancing direction. It shows how through today’s ever more fearful, frenzied, and greed-driven technologies of destruction and exploitation, the domination system may lead us to an evolutionary dead end. However, a more equitable and sustainable way of life is biologically possible and culturally attainable: we can change our course.
Innovation Is a Knowledge Problem
Authors: Potts Jason
Published: August 2019

This chapter furnishes a new theoretical foundation for thinking about the economics of innovation and the innovation problem as a knowledge problem, and a collective action problem, and therefore a governance problem. The theory of the innovation commons is therefore based in new institutional economics. It builds on the analytic frameworks of four key theorists: Deirdre McCloskey on the moral and cultural foundations under which innovation can occur as an evolutionary social process; Friedrich Hayek on “use of knowledge in society,” on cultural evolution, on the ideas of both distributed knowledge and group selection; Oliver Williamson on the coordination problem of idiosyncratic investment under uncertainty and the hazards that contains; and Elinor Ostrom, who resolves the Hayek and Williamson knowledge conditions with a general solution to the collective action problem of knowledge discovery by pooling knowledge through institutional evolution.
Parental Responsibility and Gene Editing
Authors: Vincent Nicole A , Jane Emma A.
Published: August 2019

Once genetic screening and intervention technologies become safe, effective, and inexpensive, should parents use them to safeguard their children’s happiness, and would parents who do not use them be reckless and irresponsible? This line of thinking is troubling for many reasons, but in particular because it overlooks that social pressure, not a sense of responsibility, is what will most likely lead parents to use such technologies. This matters because unless more attention is paid to how people’s choices are affected by group dynamics, then over time nobody may even notice when such technologies start being used in troubling ways. To address this concern, the chapter argues that social institutions are needed that enable society as a whole to reflect on its own evolution over time. Until such institutions are created—to oversee, to evaluate, and to control social factors that influence people’s choices—it makes little sense to debate parental responsibilities.
Creaturehood and Deification as Anchors for an Ethics of Gene Editing
Authors: Burdett Michael
Published: August 2019

This chapter considers what it means to be human in an era of gene editing technologies, using ideas from philosophical and religious scholarship. I call these ideas “visions of the human being.” These visions are central to understanding the relationship between gene editing and human flourishing because they are “at work” in the definition of human flourishing, and they shape people’s responses to the technologies. Proposed is a postsecular, Christian vision of the human being and flourishing in the context of gene editing as the successful navigation between two elements of human existence: “creaturehood” and “deification.” Both elements are important for developing a robust conception of human flourishing and for allowing us to respond well to the uses of gene editing applications.
Recovering Practical Wisdom as a Guide for Human Flourishing
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia
Published: August 2019

This chapter argues that practical wisdom understood according to the classic Christian tradition of Thomas Aquinas can contribute to reflection on complex decision-making when considering new genetic technologies such as CRISPR-Cas9 and their potential relationship to human flourishing. Christian theology conceives of the goal of human life as perfection of virtues, according to a beatific vision where Christ is the image of God for all those in the community of believers. Flourishing is therefore conceived in very different terms compared with secular notions of individual health or longevity. Further, practical wisdom works at the level of the individual, family, society, and nation in a way that confronts a tendency to stress individual autonomy in secular medical ethics. The implications of this perspective are discussed in light of current debates on the new genetics.
Whose Conception of Human Flourishing?
Authors: Roberts Dorothy
Published: August 2019

The argument that having certain genetic traits and not having others (whether as an individual or as a species) increases well-being assumes an understanding of what it means for humans to live well—to flourish. Yet the concept of human flourishing that undergirds this claim tends to import socially biased assumptions about what human flourishing means. In particular, it promotes the traits of socially advantaged groups and focuses on individual enhancement rather than social change. By assuming a concept of human flourishing that privileges these interests, arguments in favor of gene editing can reinforce socially unjust hierarchies and distract us from what we know are flourishing’s most powerful predictors. For a full and just deliberation of the ethics of human genetic modification, therefore, the perspectives of groups that are disadvantaged most by social inequalities must be centered in defining the meaning of human flourishing.
“One’s Own Home Is Better Than All Other Places”
Authors: Saunders Jennifer B.
Published: August 2019

This chapter explores various discourses and practices in which a transnational community engages that help to redefine places as home, sacred space, and connected across the oceans. After briefly reviewing relevant theories of space, place, and home, it examines the ways the Guptas and their community define home through people who live and visit there. The chapter demonstrates how immigrants (particularly women) also help redefine their new locations as home through their narrative performances. Constructing home in a transnational context inevitably includes narratives that speak about movement across spaces. Speech about visits to India inevitably focuses on family and transformative moments. Speech about visits abroad from India requires an agility that can negotiate a new understanding of family relationships, home, and connections across the oceans. These discourses imaginatively create connections between spaces that are physically unconnected.