bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Significant progress in predicting the crystal structures of small organic molecules – a report on the fourth blind test
Authors: Day Graeme M. , Cooper Timothy G. , Cruz-Cabeza Aurora J. , Hejczyk Katarzyna E. , Ammon Herman L. , Boerrigter Stephan X. M. , Tan Jeffrey S. , Della Valle Raffaele G. , Venuti Elisabetta , Jose Jovan , Gadre Shridhar R. , Desiraju Gautam R. , Thakur Tejender S. , van Eijck Bouke P. , Facelli Julio C. , Bazterra Victor E. , Ferraro Marta B. , Hofmann Detlef W. M. , Neumann Marcus A. , Leusen Frank J. J. , Kendrick John , Price Sarah L. , Misquitta Alston J. , Karamertzanis Panagiotis G. , Welch Gareth W. A. , Scheraga Harold A. , Arnautova Yelena A. , Schmidt Martin U. , van de Streek Jacco , Wolf Alexandra K. , Schweizer Bernd
Published: March 2009

We report on the organization and outcome of the fourth blind test of crystal structure prediction, an international collaborative project organized to evaluate the present state in computational methods of predicting the crystal structures of small organic molecules. There were 14 research groups which took part, using a variety of methods to generate and rank the most likely crystal structures for four target systems: three single-component crystal structures and a 1:1 cocrystal. Participants were challenged to predict the crystal structures of the four systems, given only their molecular diagrams, while the recently determined but as-yet unpublished crystal structures were withheld by an independent referee. Three predictions were allowed for each system. The results demonstrate a dramatic improvement in rates of success over previous blind tests; in total, there were 13 successful predictions and, for each of the four targets, at least two groups correctly predicted the observed crystal structure. The successes include one participating group who correctly predicted all four crystal structures as their first ranked choice, albeit at a considerable computational expense. The results reflect important improvements in modelling methods and suggest that, at least for the small and fairly rigid types of molecules included in this blind test, such calculations can be constructively applied to help understand crystallization and polymorphism of organic molecules.
X-ray crystal structures of diacetates of 6-s-cis and 6-s-trans astaxanthin and of 7,8-didehydroastaxanthin and 7,8,7′,8′-tetradehydroastaxanthin: comparison with free and protein-bound astaxanthins
Authors: Bartalucci Giuditta , Fisher Stuart , Helliwell John R. , Helliwell Madeleine , Liaaen-Jensen Synnøve , Warren John E. , Wilkinson James
Published: March 2009

The crystal structures of the 6-s-cis [s-cis-(1)] and 6-s-trans [s-trans-(1)] conformers of the diacetates of astaxanthin (AXT) and those of (3S,3′S)-7,8-didehydroastaxanthin [(3S,3′S)-3,3′-dihydroxy-7,8-didehydro-β,β-carotene-4,4′-dione (2)] and (3S,3′S)-7,8,7′,8′-tetradehydroastaxanthin [(3S,3′S)-3,3′-dihydroxy-7,8,7′,8′-tetradehydro-β,β-carotene-4, 4′-dione (3)] are reported. The conformations of these four molecules vary in particular with the angle of twist of the end rings out of the plane of the polyene chain; for s-cis-(1), the end rings are twisted out of the plane of the polyene chain by an angle of −49.0 (5)°, and the conformation is therefore similar to that found for unesterified AXT as well as for the carotenoids, canthaxanthin and β,β-carotene. For s-trans-(1), the end rings are coplanar with the polyene chain and its conformation is much more similar to that of the protein-bound AXT in the blue protein, crustacyanin, which is found in the shell of lobsters, although s-trans-(1) shows much less bowing of the polyene chain. In (2) and (3) the end rings are also almost coplanar with the polyene chain with the end rings in (2) in the s-cis conformation, and in (3) in the s-trans conformation. Thus, an extensive ensemble of the possible β end-ring conformations has been determined. These structures are compared with one another as well as unbound, unesterified AXT and protein-bound AXT. Also, the effect of the end-ring conformations on the colour and UV–vis spectra of the crystals was established.
Simulation of fuel behaviour during aircraft in‐flight refueling
Authors: Ng H.W. , Tan F.L.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

In‐flight refueling is one of the most important technologies developed in military aviation. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the dynamic behaviour of fuel during a refuel process by means of an internal flow analysis software program.

Design/methodology/approach

The dynamic behaviour of fuel during a refuel process is analyzed by means of an internal flow analysis software program called Flowmaster. The refueling system is analyzed by representing physical components as flow resistances and control volumes and calculating the flow rates and pressures along the system. Both steady and transient state analyses are performed to identify the locations where high‐pressure surges are likely. The peak pressures are compared to allowable proof pressures of system components to ensure that they are not exceeded.

Findings

It was found that a transient analysis of the fuel behaviour in the refuel pod system for a complete refueling process can be completed successfully with Flowmaster software.

Originality/value

The paper models a complete refueling process with the sequence of trail, fuel transfer and rewind phase in order to analyse the fuel‐transient behaviour, in particular near to the times where the valves are activated.
Controlling resonance frequencies of a rectangular plate by a discrete applied force
Authors: Uzal Erol , Korbahti Banu
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse analytically a control scheme in which the resonance frequencies of a rectangular plate is modified by applying a discrete lateral force proportional to the displacement of the plate measured at a single point.

Design/methodology/approach

An isotropic, elastic, rectangular, thin plate which is simply supported along all sides is actuated at point (x2, y2) by applying a force, and the displacement is measured at (x1, y1).

Findings

The main outcome is the full analytical solution for the controlled eigenfrequencies and mode shapes which allows a detailed study of the efficiency of the control method proposed.

Originality/value

The present study was made in the form of an exact analytical solution and demonstrates that it is possible to affect the eigenfrequencies and mode shapes of a plate by measuring the displacement and applying a pressure at discrete points on the plate.
Attitude model identification of on‐orbit satellites
Authors: Geng Lihui , Zhang Tao , Xiao Deyun , Song Jingyan
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to propose an identification algorithm to obtain generalized attitude model (GAM) of satellites in on‐orbit environment, which includes missing attitude data and multi‐noise. The identified GAM and noise model are the basis of attitude control and state estimation on‐orbit.

Design/methodology/approach

To cope with noises contaminating both input and output of attitude model, the errors‐in‐variables model is transformed into a traditional Box‐Jenkins model according to the attitude control loop. The wavelet denoising (WD) technique is helpful to predict the missing output data using the identified GAM.

Findings

By the numerical simulation, it is verified that the proposal accompanied with WD has a faster prediction capability than that of the algorithm without WD. As a result, the proposed approach is suitable to attitude model identification of on‐orbit satellites.

Originality/value

This identification algorithm can deal with two kinds of on‐orbit conditions and has a fast parameter convergent rate. Therefore, it has a practical application value in on‐orbit environment.
Effect of manganese addition on anode characteristics of electrolytic magnesium
Authors: Parthiban G.T. , Palaniswamy N. , Sivan V.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the influence of manganese addition on sacrificial anode characteristics of electrolytic magnesium.

Design/methodology/approach

Different contents of manganese were added to magnesium. Anode characteristics were evaluated and correlated to added manganese.

Findings

The performance of an anode depends strongly on the manganese content. An optimum value for the manganese to be added was identified. The impurity levels to obtain efficiencies above 50 per cent also are reported.

Originality/value

This paper highlights the properties of magnesium‐manganese binary alloys for use as sacrificial anodes in cathodic protection.
Nanocrystalline titanium aluminide coatings for ambient and high‐temperature corrosion protection of CP‐Ti
Authors: Aliofkhazraei M. , Fartash R. , Sabour Rouhaghdam A.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate improving high‐temperature oxidation resistance of titanium by developing new coatings based on aluminum and its combination with the substrate. Nanocrystalline plasma electrolytic saturations were applied on the surface of commercially pure titanium in an aqueous bath. The aim was to obtain good corrosion and oxidation resistances of the differently treated samples by investigation of their nanostructures. The advantages of developed new coatings and the necessity of their use in modern gas turbine engines allow the metals to be used safely at high temperatures, which in turn can enhance the efficiency of gas‐turbine engine‐compressor sections.

Design/methodology/approach

The electrolytic saturation process was done in an aqueous bath with different effective parameters such as frequency, peak of applied pulsed voltage, etc. to obtain the desired nanostructures. Systematic characterization was carried out on as‐prepared as well as oxidized coatings and these results are presented. The performance of new coatings was evaluated by generating weight‐gain data as a function of time, followed by detailed characterization in order to confirm the ability of the coatings to prevent oxidation and alpha‐case formation. Potentiodynamic polarization and SEM nanograph analysis were undertaken to study corrosion resistance and the nanostructure of obtained layers.

Findings

The results showed that the corrosion and oxidation resistance of the obtained layers depended strongly to the average size of nanocrystallites and their nanomorphology. All coated samples had better electrochemical and oxidation behavior compared to the untreated substrate.

Practical implications

The results obtained in this research into nanocrystalline plasma electrolytic saturation can be used wherever good corrosion and oxidation resistances with high efficiency are required.

Originality/value

The speed of treatment by this technique makes this method very suitable for industrial surface treatment of different components.
Prospering in uncertain times
Authors: Price Tony
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to outline some of the measures that UK business leaders can take, during times of economic turbulence, to ensure that their companies survive and thrive.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is written from the perspective of the UK and Ireland CEO of Vistage International, the world's leading executives' organisation; it explores some of the most effective methods and ideas, drawing on current Vistage members as case studies.

Findings

It was found that even during times of uncertainty, adequate preparation and innovation can enable UK businesses to conquer economic challenges and potential obstacles.

Practical implications

Competitive advantages are to be optimised, preparation and flexible planning are to be prioritised and teams are to be reorganised, if appropriate.

Originality/value

The paper provides a useful survival guide for all those business leaders – particularly those who have never before experienced a troubled economic climate – who have an interest in executive development.
Tackling psychological disengagement in older workers
Authors: Hewitt Susan D.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

Older workers are an increasingly important part of the workforce yet their job motivation can be low. This paper sets out to look at the possible reasons for this and to suggest how their disengagement can be addressed through development and training.

Design/methodology/approach

A range of research and other relevant literature is reviewed. Real life experiences with older workers' development are reported and practical suggestions made for implementation.

Findings

Motivation and engagement are affected by organisational policies and culture as well as self stereotyping and perceptions of others. Engagement can be significantly improved through a range of measures including targeted development.

Practical implications

The main implications are that addressing psychological disengagement is not a quick fix. L&D staff will need a wide influence across the organisation and time to see the measures take effect.

Originality/value

This is the first report bringing together a disparate range of data around older workers' engagement and relating these directly to training and development. It will be of value to HR, L&D and Equality professionals.
Information use and information processing
Authors: Savolainen Reijo
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to elaborate the picture of the processes of information use by comparing conceptualizations provided by the constructivist approach and the human information processing approach.

Design/methodology/approach

The article is a conceptual analysis of major articles characterizing information use and human information processing in the fields of information studies and consumer research.

Findings

It is found that both research approaches share the assumption that interpreting, relating and comparing qualities of things is fundamental to the information use process.

Research limitations/implications

The picture of information use processes is based on the comparison of two research approaches only.

Originality/value

Compared to the numerous studies on information needs and seeking, the questions of information use have remained under‐researched. The study elaborates the conceptual picture of information use processes by identifying similarities and differences between two major research approaches.
Reductive and generative approaches to management of morphological variation of keywords in monolingual information retrieval
Authors: Kettunen Kimmo
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to discuss advantages and disadvantages of various means to manage morphological variation of keywords in monolingual information retrieval.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors present a compilation of query results from 11 mostly European languages and a new general classification of the language dependent techniques for management of morphological variation. Variants of the different techniques are compared in some detail in terms of retrieval effectiveness and other criteria. The paper consists mainly of an overview of different management methods for keyword variation in information retrieval. Typical IR retrieval results of 11 languages and a new classification for keyword management methods are also presented.

Findings

The main results of the paper are an overall comparison of reductive and generative keyword management methods in terms of retrieval effectiveness and other broader criteria.

Originality/value

The paper is of value to anyone who wants to get an overall picture of keyword management techniques used in IR.
Revisiting “what is a document?”
Authors: Frohmann Bernd
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide a reconsideration of Michael Buckland's important question, “What is a document?”, analysing the point and purpose of definitions of “document” and “documentation”.

Design/methodology/approach

Two philosophical notions of the point of definitions are contrasted: John Stuart Mill's concept of a “real” definition, purporting to specify the nature of the definiendum; and a concept of definition based upon a foundationalist philosophy of language. Both conceptions assume that a general, philosophical justification for using words as we do is always in order. This assumption is criticized by deploying Hilary Putnam's arguments against the orthodox Wittgensteinian interpretation of criteria governing the use of language. The example of the cabinets of curiosities of the sixteenth‐century English and European virtuosi is developed to show how one might productively think about what documents might be, but without a definition of a document.

Findings

Other than for specific, instrumentalist purposes (often appropriate for specific case studies), there is no general philosophical reason for asking, what is a document? There are good reasons for pursuing studies of documentation without the impediments of definitions of “document” or “documentation”.

Originality/value

The paper makes an original contribution to the new interest in documentation studies by providing conceptual resources for multiplying, rather than restricting, the areas of application of the concepts of documents and documentation.
Human resource practices, job embeddedness and intention to quit
Authors: Bergiel Erich B. , Nguyen Vinh Q. , Clenney Beth F. , Stephen Taylor G.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to test the whether job embeddedness is a mediator of the relationship between human resource practices and employees’ intention to quit. The study presented here used job embeddedness, a new construct, to investigate its mediation effect on the relationship between employees’ intentions to leave and four areas of human resource practices: compensation, supervisor support, growth opportunity and training.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was given to employees at a state department of corrections asking their attitudes about their job, their place of employment, and the agency as a whole. The results of this questionnaire were analyzed utilizing the four‐step method for mediation analysis.

Findings

Job embeddedness fully mediated compensation and growth opportunity, partially mediated supervisor support, and did not mediate training in relation to employees’ intention to quit. Research limitations/implications –A self‐reported, cross‐sectional questionnaire was used to collect all measures. Additionally, this study used a single sample. Future research needs to obtain more diversified samples and continue to expand current research by examining additional areas of human resource practices.

Practical implications

Managers can utilize several strategies and tactics from a variety of human resource practices in order to build deeper links, make a better fit, and create greater potential sacrifices for employees should they decide to look for or pursue other employment opportunities.

Originality/value

This paper presents one of the first studies to examine how job embeddedness develops, and what factors cause employees embedded in their jobs to keep them from leaving the organization.
Budget participation and job performance of South Korean managers mediated by job satisfaction and job relevant information
Authors: Leach‐López Maria A. , Stammerjohan William W. , Sang Lee Kyoo
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to extend the participative budgeting literature, and specifically the budgetary participation literature that has examined the casual mechanisms linking participation to satisfaction/performance and the literature that has examined culture as an explanatory factor in the budgetary participation/performance relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper employs the path model to examine and compare the budget participation–performance relationship for South Korean managers working for either US controlled or Asian controlled companies in South Korea. The path model allows the examination of the direct effects of budget participation on performance and the indirect effects between budget participation and performance that run through job satisfaction and job relevant information.

Findings

The primary findings of this study are that while there are strong associations between budget participation and performance for both samples of managers, the causal mechanisms connecting budget participation to performance are different between these two groups. The information–communication connection between budget participation and performance is stronger among the South Korean managers working for US controlled companies.

Research limitations/implications

Our study suffers from three common limitations found in all survey research: lack of temporal precedence between the independent and dependent variables; any limitations imbedded in the scales used to measure our variables; and generalizability of our samples.

Originality/value

The findings presented in this paper should have important implications for US companies employing US management techniques in their foreign operations.
A conceptual model and illustrative research framework for inter‐organizational innovation
Authors: Matheus Thomas
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop an integrated model, which incorporates the influence of different dimensions of power on various sub‐components of continuous innovation in inter‐firm networks using the product development process (PDP) as the unit of analysis.

Design/methodology/approach

A theoretical framework is developed initially. The theoretical framework is supported by two illustrative examples from the aerospace industry. Semi‐structured interviews, observation and template analysis are proposed as suitable data collection and analysis methods.

Findings

The paper offers a view on how the PDP is facilitated and/or constrained due to this interweavement. The paper offers five tentative initial templates surrounding the themes discussed.

Research limitations/implications

The conceptual framework is still in its nascent stage and requires substantial empirical work. As the relationships between power and knowledge in inter‐firm networks are currently under‐researched it might be worthwhile considering a qualitative approach to widen our understanding of the interrelationships of the concepts before embarking on a quantitative research endeavour.

Originality/value

This paper provides a conceptual model of how four dimensions of power influence the integration of sub‐components of continuous innovation throughout the high‐phased stage‐gate process in an inter‐firm network.
International operations and export performance: an empirical study
Authors: Laureano Paiva Ely , Marques Vieira Luciana
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the role of operations management in the development of international operations – international operations being considered as distribution centers, services and manufacturing plants abroad.

Design/methodology/approach

The proposed model evaluates the relationship between international operations, cross‐functional orientation (CFO) and company's exports performance. A survey was carried out with 99 companies from two industries (machinery and food) located in a newly industrialized country. The data were analyzed through structural equation modeling.

Findings

The results suggest the existence of a relation between international operations to company's performance and also that international operations are positively related to CFO.

Research limitations/implications

The sampling frame is limited to only two industries: machinery and food and to companies located in southern Brazil.

Originality/value

The paper is of value in showing how the process of internationalization should be an integrated action which leads to better performance. This is especially important for companies starting their internationalization process and should be tested in other industries and countries.
A comparison of the performance appraisal practices of US multinational subsidiaries with parent company and local Taiwanese practices
Authors: Sauers Daniel A. , Lin Steven C.H. , Kennedy Jeff , Schrenkler Jana
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to compare the performance appraisal practices of US subsidiaries in Taiwan to those of their parent firms and to those of large Taiwanese companies in an effort to understand how foreign subsidiaries adjust to the competing demands for global integration and local responsiveness.

Design/methodology/approach

A stratified random sampling scheme was employed to ensure that performance appraisal practices of manufacturing firms in similar industry sectors were compared. A mail survey was chosen over other ways of gathering data because of the wide geographical dispersion of companies, the required speed of data collection, and the length of the questionnaire.

Findings

The results indicate that performance appraisal is not a uniform function, but consists of practices that differ in their relative resemblance to local practices and to parent practices. This finding suggests that the competing demands for global integration and local adaptation should not be viewed as opposite ends of a continuum, but as two independent dimensions.

Research limitations/implications

Selection bias, the difficulty in numerically quantifying HR practices, and survey bias by respondents are discussed.

Originality/value

This paper introduces the concept of categorizing performance appraisal practices via the use of the Integration and Adaption Matrix.
Cutting edge couples
Authors: Onishenko Dawn , Caragata Lea
Published: March 2009

Purpose

Following the landmark 2003 Ontario Court of Appeal decision legalizing same‐sex marriage, some same‐sex couples sought to formalize their unions through legal marriage. The purpose of this paper is to explore the personal and political reflections of recently married same‐sex couples on the meaning of their marriages for themselves, their partners, their community as well as the implications for progressive social change in the broader social world.

Design/methodology/approach

An ethnographic approach was employed to semi‐structured in‐depth qualitative interviews with six lesbian and gay couples.

Findings

An emerging thesis is that, while seeking access to a most conventional and conformist institution, same‐sex couples inadvertently become “cutting edge” couples as they make public their declarations of love and commitment and model new and challenging notions of marriage.

Research limitations/implications

The paper provides a snapshot of a small number of interviews that took place approximately 11 months after the Ontario Court of Appeal decision.

Practical implications

Law should take into account the importance of social and legal recognition of marriage for all. The heteronormativity of marriage is thus challenged from within, to make these types of marriages truly cutting edge.

Originality/value

The paper provides evidence of the personal and political reflections of people who had the choice to get married and did, at a time when this was seen as really cutting edge. Few personal accounts exist which provide a picture of the continued importance of marriage to human beings.
Effect of management support, training, and user involvement on system usage and satisfaction in Kuwait
Authors: Rouibah Kamel , Hamdy Hosny I. , Al‐Enezi Majed Z.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the organizational factors and human motivations affecting information systems and information technology (IS/IT) usage and user's satisfaction in an Arabic country.

Design/methodology/approach

The study develops a research model that links three organizational factors (top management support – TMS, availability of training, and user's involvement) to IS/IT usage and end‐user's satisfaction via the mediation of TAM beliefs (usefulness and ease‐of‐use) by 382 IS users. The model was examined through the LISREL.

Findings

The results indicate that IS/IT usage and user satisfaction is largely influenced by perceived usefulness. Among the organizational factors, TMS was found to have the strongest effect on IS/IT usage and user's satisfaction, followed by availability of training and user involvement.

Research limitations/implications

This study focuses on perceptions of respondents from public organizations who have had high experience with IS/IT. These perceptions are based on a one‐time survey. For better validity, a longitudinal study with additional variables is needed.

Practical implications

This study is useful for practitioners who want to increase and boost system usage and user's atisfaction in the Arab region.

Originality/value

This paper highlights the motives of IS/IT usage and user's satisfaction in the Arab world and to educate researchers about how IS/IT is perceived by end‐users in Kuwait.
What drives Malaysian m‐commerce adoption? An empirical analysis
Authors: Tsu Wei Toh , Marthandan Govindan , Yee‐Loong Chong Alain , Ooi Keng‐Boon , Arumugam Seetharam
Published: March 2009

Purpose

This study aims to empirically examine the factors that affect the consumer intention to use (IU) mobile commerce (m‐commerce) in Malaysia. The five factors examined in this study are perceived usefulness (PU), perceived ease‐of‐use (PEOU), social influence (SI), perceived cost and trust.

Design/methodology/approach

The study sample consists of 222 respondents with a response rate of 84.09 per cent. Data were analyzed by employing correlation and multiple regression analysis.

Findings

The findings revealed that PU, SI, perceived financial cost and trust are positively associated with consumer IU m‐commerce in Malaysia. In addition, PEOU and trust were found to have an insignificant effect on consumer IU m‐commerce in Malaysia.

Research limitations/implications

The generalizability of the findings is limited as the study focuses only on Malaysia.

Practical implications

Based on the findings, companies involved in m‐commerce should focus on improving the usefulness of the system, trust (i.e. security and privacy protection) and reducing the cost of m‐commerce services to improve the adoption of m‐commerce.

Originality/value

The findings made a contribution in terms of allowing us to understand the factors that can contribute to the adoption of mobile commerce. This study successfully extend the TAM model in the context of mobile commerce by incorporating one trust‐based construct (trust), one behavioural control construct (perceived financial cost) and one subjective norm construct (SI). This extended TAM model provides a greater understanding of user acceptance of mobile commerce in Malaysia.
Competitiveness of Chinese high‐tech manufacturing companies in global context
Authors: Si Shubin , Takala Josu , Liu Yang
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the operational competitiveness and identify the development route of Chinese high‐tech manufacturing companies by comparing with other similar international manufacturing companies of global manufacturing strategies database.

Design/methodology/approach

The preliminary analytical models for competitiveness analysis are used to analyze the operational competitiveness strategies in three different types of Chinese high‐tech manufacturing companies based on the weights of the multi‐criteria manufacturing strategies, which are calculated using analytic hierarchy process method. Benchmarking between case companies and leading companies of prospector, analyzer and defender groups is applied to evaluate the manufacturing strategies further.

Findings

As a result of the case studies, it is possible to understand operational competitiveness manufacturing strategies for the case companies, to show one development route for Chinese high‐tech manufacturing companies to be competitive in their markets.

Practical implications

Chinese high‐tech manufacturing companies have their own operational strategies in different development phase. The different weights of important factors such as quality, cost, time and flexibility make the case companies to have some advantages in prospector, analyzer and defender. The preliminary analytical models are effective for Chinese high‐tech manufacturing companies to calculate their operational competitiveness under the influence of Chinese culture and macro‐control.

Originality/value

Benchmarking of operational competitiveness is presented to evaluate the manufacturing strategies in this paper. One development route of Chinese high‐tech manufacturing companies, which is under the influence of Chinese culture and macro‐control, is promoted.
Information intensity, control deficiency risk, and materiality
Authors: Chandra Akhilesh , Calderon Thomas G.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

This paper leverages the concept of business information intensity (BII) with the aim of developing a model to assess control deficiency risk (CDR) in organizations. BII measures the extent of use of IT by an organization in its products and value chain.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper develops a conceptual model that uses BII and CDR to examine alternative approaches to risk management. This model contains four quadrants that provide insight into varying risk management strategies for business processes. CFOs and internal auditors from Fortune 100 companies are surveyed to illustrate how the model may be used to guide management in assessing IT security expenditure.

Findings

The model suggests that spending on IT and information security is higher for companies with high BII‐CDR than those with low BII‐CDR.

Research limitations/implications

Analysis focused on only two quadrants in a four‐quadrant model. Future research may seek to refine the measurement of BII and CDR, and offer greater insight into the types of business processes that fall into each of the four quadrants as well as those that do not fit neatly into those quadrants.

Practical implications

Organizations may use the BII‐CDR model to assess risk and to evaluate investments in IT security and other control activities. The model also highlights the need to redefine the concept of materiality and to consider its link to BII and CDR. Auditors should consider the interaction of BII and CDR in planning the audit, conducting field work, and managing overall audit risk.

Originality/value

The paper provides original insights into the relationship between BII and CDR and its implications for treatment of materiality. It was observed that activities which support critical business processes are themselves critical. This is an important departure from traditional approaches to evaluating materiality.
Physicochemical and nutritional study of argan oil (Argania spinosa L.) in south‐western Algeria
Authors: Belarbi‐Benmahdi M. , Khaldi D. , Beghdad C. , Gouzi H. , Bendimerad N. , Hammouti B.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the physicochemical properties, fatty acids, tocopherols, and polyphenols of Algerian argan oil.

Design/methodology/approach

The argan oil was extracted from the kernel by an organic solvent, the n‐hexane. Several methods and techniques (spectrophotometric, titrimetric, refractometric, and chomrtographic (CPG/high‐performance liquid chromatographic – HPLC) were used to characterise to argan oil.

Findings

The argan oil was yellow oil with faintly marked smell and flavour. The physicochemical analysis showed that the oil was pure, fresh, not siccative and rich in C18 medium chain unsaturated fatty acids, particularly the oleic acid. A HPLC and gaseous phase chromatography methods were developed for the quali‐quantitative analysis of α‐tocopherol and fatty acids composition, respectively.

Research limitations/implications

This highlight shows that the composition of argan oil is oleic‐linoleic type rich in α‐tocopherol (20 mg/kg). The phenolic fraction known for its antioxidant properties ranges from 30 to 50 mg/kg. The argan oil is mainly rich in antioxidant compounds such as phenolic compounds and α‐tocopherol. Argan oil is rich in unsaturated fatty acids, tocopherol and phenolic compounds.

Practical implications

Considering its rich composition in antioxidant compounds and essential fatty acid, argan oil has been used for a long time as a food and for body care, prevention and treatment of cardiovascular and some cancers diseases. A deep knowledge of the chemical composition of argan oil will certainly show that is has a high‐nutritional potentiality and is claimed to have favourable medicinal and cosmetic properties.

Originality/value

No such research has been carried out on the argan oil extracted from Argania spinosa (L.) of Algeria. The present work was undertaken to study the physicochemical and nutritional properties of the argan oil.
Inhibition of corrosion of mild steel in acidic medium using ethanol extract of Aloe vera
Authors: Eddy N.O. , Odoemelam S.A.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the effect of concentration of H2SO4 on the corrosion of mild steel and to investigate the inhibitive properties of Aloe vera for mild steel corrosion. The study also seeks to investigate the possibility of using Aloe vera as a green corrosion inhibitor for mild steel.

Design/methodology/approach

Gasometric (Hydrogen evolution) and thermometric methods of corrosion monitoring have been adopted for the study. The study was conducted at 303 and 333 K and the concentrations of inhibitor used were 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4 g/L. The inhibitor was prepared by using alcohol extract of moisture free samples of Aloe vera. The functional groups present in the extract have been determined using infra red spectrophotometer. Thermodynamic and adsorption theories have been used to interpret the data.

Findings

Ethanol extract of Aloe vera is a good inhibitor for mild steel corrosion at 303 and 333 K. The inhibitor acts by chemical adsorption isotherm. Functional groups identified in the extract are found to played dominant role in the adsorptive and inhibitive potentials of this extract. Values of inhibition efficiency obtained from gasometric and thermometric analysis were comparable.

Research limitations/implications

Further study on synergism with the view of enhancing the inhibition efficiency of Aloe vera extract and the used of other analytical methods may reveals a wealth of information on the possibilities of transforming this research for field application.

Originality/value

The paper provides information on the use of Aloe vera as a green corrosion inhibitor. It has not been published elsewhere.
Consumer acceptance and market success: Wal‐Mart in the UK and Germany
Authors: Pioch Elke , Gerhard Ulrike , Fernie John , Arnold Stephen J.
Published: March 2009

Purpose

This paper aims to explore Wal‐Mart's varying performance in Europe and eventual exit from the German market by singling out the role of consumer acceptance of Wal‐Mart's market propositions.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper uses the macro‐constructs of institutional theory to interpret and conceptualise micro‐level consumer data. Data were collected via telephone surveys in two regional German and UK markets in 2002/2003. Salient patronage norms in each market were established and Wal‐Mart's as well as its competitors' performance on those norms were assessed.

Findings

In the German context, the institutional theory approach to explaining Wal‐Mart's problems clearly foreshadows market failure and exit. In UK market, no clear pattern between retailers adhering to salient patronage norms, patronage behaviour and market position could be established. The constructs of institutional theory were more likely to predict and explain market failure than success.

Research limitations/implications

Research in two regional markets limits the applicability of findings. Nevertheless, some key issues seem to indicate overall market performance. The telephone survey approach carries inherent problems, which however have only marginally impacted on the relevance of the findings.

Originality/value

The use of institutional theory constructs adds a further dimension to the discussion of international retailer success/failure and can constitute a valuable tool in the repertoire of the divestment and failure literature.
Spillover effects of foreign hypermarkets on domestic suppliers in Malaysia
Authors: Ranjanee Kaliappan Shivee , Alavi Rokiah , Abdullah Kalthom , Arif Zakaullah Muhammad
Published: March 2009

Purpose

Since the mid‐1990s, there has been a rapid expansion of large‐scale foreign retailers in many countries across Southeast Asia, Central Europe and Latin America. This emerging trend has triggered a number of research interests on the issue of retail globalization. The research aims to consider the entry of foreign hypermarkets in Malaysia and their impact on the development and growth of domestic suppliers and manufacturers.

Design/methodology/approach

This study uses both primary and secondary data. Secondary data were drawn from industry sources which included government departments, economic reports, retailing magazines and companies, web sites. Meanwhile, primary data are collected using mail survey questionnaire and face‐to‐face interviews.

Findings

The findings of this study indicate that foreign hypermarkets play a very important role in the development and growth of the domestic suppliers via backward linkages. The main forms of linkages are product supply, informational linkages, assistance with inventory management, technical support and quality assurance and procurement systems. A majority of the firms indicated that they benefited substantially from the presence of foreign hypermarkets; however, they also face several challenges brought about by imposition of several unfair terms and procurement policy.

Originality/value

The findings are largely derived from the experience encountered by domestic firms who participated in the survey. Thus, it is believed that their views could definitely help all the parties including the policymakers and researchers to better understand the impact of foreign hypermarkets on local businesses and take appropriate policy measures.
Retail internationalisation in practice: per una in the UK and Taiwan
Authors: Wigley Stephen , Rachel Chiang Chu‐Ling
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the retail marketing strategies of one fashion retailer as they are applied in two national markets, and to identify means by which international retailer success may be assured.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is a qualitative case study.

Findings

To be a successful international fashion retailer, the ability to apply and adjust the retail marketing mix elements according to specific target‐market conditions and a wider global strategy is very important.

Practical implications

The paper indicates how an international fashion retailer may manipulate components of its marketing mix to be successful in diverse national markets.

Originality/value

The paper combines international retailing literature with retail marketing concepts to present findings of interest to commercial practitioners and offer opportunities for further research.
When does it make sense for US retailers to opt for backward integration for global sourcing?
Authors: Erin Cho Jinsook
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine a US retailer's decision to backward‐integrate its supply channel for global sourcing, based on the framework adapted from transaction cost analysis (TCA).

Design/methodology/approach

The conceptual framework was developed based on the past literature. A survey method was employed to collect the data from apparel retail firms engaging in global sourcing. Confirmatory factor analysis and ordinal regression analysis were used to diagnose the quality of data and to test hypotheses.

Findings

A retail firm avoids backward integration when facing high volume fluctuation and high country risk combined with asset specificity, while it favors the integration when perceiving high asset specificity, socio‐cultural distance, free‐ride potential, and sourcing volume. Great experience also leads to backward integration not only as a main factor, but also as a moderator reinforcing the effects of asset specificity and uncertainty on integration.

Originality/value

Although transaction costs associated with foreign procurement are highly significant, little attempt has been made so far to apply TCA to understand sourcing governance decisions, in particular those by retailers – important participants in the current landscape of global sourcing. This study fills this gap. This study also examines the role of import volume, experience, and free ride potential to provide a more comprehensive understanding of sourcing governance decisions by retailers.
The effects of negative information transference in the celebrity endorsement relationship
Authors: White Darin W. , Goddard Lucretia , Wilbur Nick
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to test empirically the impact of negative information about a celebrity spokesperson on consumers' perceptions of the endorsed brand. In addition, it is the first study to examine the reverse relationship: the impact of negative information about the brand on the celebrity endorser.

Design/methodology/approach

A two‐group, post‐test‐only, randomized experimental design was utilized to test the hypotheses. Data were collected by a survey of 247 college students.

Findings

The results of an experiment indicate that when respondents are exposed to negative information about a celebrity endorser, a negative transference of affect in the endorsement relationship will occur. However, when the situation is reversed and the respondents are exposed to negative information about the brand, the transference of affect is mitigated.

Research limitations/implications

The present study provides a starting‐point for further research on negative information transference in the celebrity endorsement relationship.

Practical implications

It is crucial that retailers be aware of the risks associated with using celebrities to endorse their stores and products. Given that these results provide tentative support for the commonly held belief that a decline in the celebrity's image can impact the image of the brand, it is important that retailers carefully choose an endorser who currently has a good image and will likely be able to uphold this image in the future.

Originality/value

The paper introduces and empirically examines one explanation of how negative information may impact the celebrity advertising process.
Defining brand values through sponsorship
Authors: Alexander Nicholas
Published: March 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to consider sponsorship embedded within a brand strategy and how fit between the sponsor's and the sponsored brand provides a platform for the integrated communication of brand values. The importance of a service dimension to the brand in the form of retail outlets is considered.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study research strategy was adopted. Other methods were used in the building of data and the triangulation of the findings: documentary analysis and participant observation also provided valuable insights. In particular, the environment in which the case study strategy was adopted demanded an understanding of the discourse on which the relationship was built and developed.

Findings

Explains how the company integrated the sponsorship relationship within its communications and placed the relationship at the centre of its redefined brand strategy. The close semantic fit between the sponsoring and sponsored organisation helped to facilitate a co‐branding relationship and the service dimension of the brand provided an opportunity for a comparatively rapid redefinition of brand values.

Practical implications

Develops an understanding of the methods by which sponsoring organisations may successfully meet corporate objectives. The findings show the considerable value of semantic fit if deployed appropriately.

Originality/value

This paper conceptually structured the research outcomes within the context of existing research relating to the two issues of brand strategy and semantic fit.