bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pelatihan Manajemen Arsip Dinamis di Kecamatan 2 X 11 Enam Lingkung Kabupaten Padang Pariaman Sumatera Barat
Authors: Armida Armida , Susanti Dessi , Sarianti Rini
Published: December 2017

The purpose of this community activity is 1) increasing knowledge of administrative officers in District 2 x 11 Enam Lingkung concerning the creation and reception of the archives, distribution, use, as well as depreciation of the archive, 2) realizing the sub-district office employee are capable of doing the handling or management of archieves. Implementation of training using a variety of methods and approaches, namely as follows: 1) methods of lectures and discussion; a to deliver the theoretical material about the program handling of archives, namely creation and acceptance Archive, distribution, use, as well as depreciation of the archive, 2) method of training and individual guidance related to the management and activities of archives rearrangement, 3) method resitasi or administering the tasks performed to find out so far where the ability of participants in the care of the archives. The result of the activities of this devotion is 1) 90% of the participants understand the concept of archives, 2) 90% of the participants was able to do the handling or management of archives.
Community Based Tourism Development
Authors: Amerta I Made Suniastha
Published: December 2017

Tourism has long been considered as one of the leading sector and the biggest incomes generator for Karangasem Regency. The Regency was rich with cultural diversity and the natural beauty of the lands. Karangasem has a large tourism potential to develop the community-based tourism. Besides the natural and cultural attractions which form the main part of attracting reasons of the regency, Karangasem was also considered to have a good strategic location for business development. However, Karangasem could be a magnet for domestics tourists and foreigners who are not only come from neighbor countries but also countries all around the globe. This article aims at describing the concepts of the community-based tourism development which were taken from some sources and the possibility of the community-based tourism development adapted in tourism development in Karangasem Regency, Bali Province, seen from the tourism potential that Karangasem has. tourism development, community-based tourism development, Karangasem Regency.
Pok�mon GO and Physical Activity in Asia: Multilevel Study (Preprint)
Authors: Ma Ben D , Ng Sai Leung , Schwanen Tim , Zacharias John , Zhou Mudi , Kawachi Ichiro , Sun Guibo
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUND

Physical activity has long been considered as an important component of a healthy lifestyle. Although many efforts have been made to promote physical activity, there is no effective global intervention for physical activity promotion. Some researchers have suggested that Pokémon GO, a location-based augmented reality game, was associated with a short-term increase in players’ physical activity on a global scale, but the details are far from clear.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of our study was to study the relationship between Pokémon GO use and players’ physical activity and how the relationship varies across players with different physical activity levels.

METHODS

We conducted a field study in Hong Kong to investigate if Pokémon GO use was associated with physical activity. Pokémon GO players were asked to report their demographics through a survey; data on their Pokémon GO behaviors and daily walking and running distances were collected from their mobile phones. Participants (n=210) were Hong Kong residents, aged 13 to 65 years, who played Pokémon GO using iPhone 5 or 6 series in 5 selected types of built environment. We measured the participants’ average daily walking and running distances over a period of 35 days, from 14 days before to 21 days after game installation. Multilevel modeling was used to identify and examine the predictors (including Pokémon GO behaviors, weather, demographics, and built environment) of the relationship between Pokémon GO use and daily walking and running distances.

RESULTS

The average daily walking and running distances increased by 18.1% (0.96 km, approximately 1200 steps) in the 21 days after the participants installed Pokémon GO compared with the average distances over the 14 days before installation (P<.001). However, this association attenuated over time and was estimated to disappear 24 days after game installation. Multilevel models indicated that Pokémon GO had a stronger and more lasting association among the less physically active players compared with the physically active ones (P<.001). Playing Pokémon GO in green space had a significant positive relationship with daily walking and running distances (P=.03). Moreover, our results showed that whether Pokémon GO was played, the number of days played, weather (total rainfall, bright sunshine, mean air temperature, and mean wind speed), and demographics (age, gender, income, education, and body mass index) were associated with daily walking and running distances.

CONCLUSIONS

Pokémon GO was associated with a short-term increase in the players’ daily walking and running distances; this association was especially strong among less physically active participants. Pokémon GO can build new links between humans and green space and encourage people to engage in physical activity. Our results show that location-based augmented reality games, such as Pokémon GO, have the potential to be a global public health intervention tool.
INCREASE OF CUCUMBER PRODUCTIVITY IN OPEN FIELD IN THE LOWER VOLGA REGION
Authors: Tumanyan A F , Silla Kadi , Shcherbakova N A , Bondarenko A N , Terekhin A A
Published: December 2017

The most effective methods of cucumber yield increasing are growth regulators and mineral fertilizers applications, which are important in arid conditions of the Lower Volga region. The field experiments were carried out in Caspian scientific research institute of arid agriculture, Astrakhan region, Chernoyarsky district in 2014-2016. The purpose of the study was to study fertilizers and growth regulators influence on productivity of cucumber grown in light chestnut soils with drip irrigation. On the whole, fertilizers and growth regulators application increased cucumber yield. The highest yield was obtained in hybrid Russky stil F1 in variants N110P105K75 + Megafol (136.5 t/ha) and N110P105K75 + Vitazim (96.3 t/ha), so yield increase was 84.9 t/ha and 44.7 t/ha, respectively. On, for all hybrids, average mass per plant increased by 378.7 g in variant N110P105K75, in variant N110P105K75 + Vitazim - by 842.2 g, in variant N110P105K75 + Megafol - by 1013.9 g. Cucumber yield in all hybrids on average increased by 14.5 t/ha in variant N110P105K75, by 27.0 t/ha in variant N110P105K75 + Vitazim, by 35.3 t/ha in variant N110P105K75 + Megafol. According to the results, application of fertilizers in the dose of N110P105K75 and leaf treatments with growth regulators Megafol or Vitazim increased cucumber productivity and yield reached more than 100.0 t/ha in the open field under drip irrigation. The profitability amounted to 134.1-159.3% and payback was 2.34-2.59 rub/rub.
IDENTIFICANDO A EVOLUÇÃO CONCEITUAL NO ENSINO DE ELETROMAGNETISMO, ATRAVÉS DE UMA UEPS BASEADA NUM SISTEMA DE SOM AUTOMOTIVO GERADOR DE ENERGIA
Authors: Spohr Carla Beatriz , Garcia Isabel Krey , Pereira Santarosa Maria Cecília
Published: December 2017

No presente estudo apresenta-se a proposta de uma Unidade de Ensino Potencialmente Significativa (UEPS) para o ensino de eletromagnetismo a partir de um circuito elétrico capaz de transformar a energia sonora emitida pelo alto-falante em energia elétrica para recarregar a bateria. Tal circuito foi considerado significativo para apresentar as relações entre os conceitos trabalhados, por exemplo, corrente elétrica e indução eletromagnética com o funcionamento de alto-falantes e microfones. Para tanto, acadêmicos do Curso de Licenciatura em Ciências da Natureza (UNIPAMPA – Uruguaiana/RS) se propuseram a elaborar, implementar e avaliar uma UEPS para ensinar conceitos de eletromagnetismo para alunos de nível médio, a partir da utilização do circuito elétrico que mostrou ser um instrumento provocador da motivação do aprendiz, uma das condições necessárias e imprescindíveis para que ocorra a aprendizagem significativa.  Ao final da UEPS, foi notória a motivação por parte dos acadêmicos responsáveis por ensinar com fundamentos teóricos baseados na teoria construtivista ausubeliana, bem como por parte dos estudantes de ensino médio através da predisposição em aprender, evidenciada ao longo dos encontros. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo comparam os avanços, retrocessos e estagnações dos alunos participantes, em relação às evidências de aprendizagem significativa indicadas através das respostas dadas pelos alunos ao início e ao final dos encontros. Os dados apontam que a evolução conceitual se deve ao planejamento e aplicação da UEPS, que procurou observar constantemente a organização sequencial dos conteúdos a serem desenvolvidos, de maneira coerente com as relações de dependência que existem naturalmente entre eles. Além da organização dos conteúdos previstos no planejamento da UEPS, considerou-se a cada encontro o conhecimento prévio do aluno, bem como a presença de subsunçores em sua estrutura cognitiva para possibilitar a ancoragem de novos conhecimentos. Reitera-se que os frutos desta pesquisa, estão em conformidade com os princípios da teoria psicológica de Ausubel, de que para facilitar a aprendizagem significativa deve-se levar em consideração: o conhecimento prévio do aluno, sua predisposição para aprender e o material apresentado deve ser potencialmente significativo.
LA MODELIZACIÓN DE RESORTES CON MASA DESPRECIABLE: DIFICULTADES DE LOS ESTUDIANTES EN SU CONCEPTUALIZACIÓN Y SU TRATAMIENTO EN LIBROS DE FÍSICA USADOS EN EL CICLO INICIAL UNIVERSITARIO THE MASSLESS SPRING MODELLING: DIFFICULTIES OF STUDENTS IN ITS CONCEPTUALIZATION AND TREATMENT IN PHYSICS TEXTBOOKS USED AT THE UNIVERSITY INITIAL CYCLE
Authors: Giorgi Silvia María , Marino Luis Alberto , Carreri Ricardo Antonio , Cámara Cristina Noemí
Published: December 2017

En la enseñanza de la Física, al abordar los temas de Mecánica, son numerosas las situaciones tratadas que involucran masas vinculadas a través de resortes en las que, con fines simplificadores, se idealizan a los resortes asignándoles masa despreciable. Se presenta un estudio sobre las conceptualizaciones, desde los puntos de vista dinámico y energético, logradas por estudiantes universitarios que cursan carreras científico-tecnológicas, acerca de dicha modelización. A partir de resultados obtenidos con relación a las conceptualizaciones, se indagó sobre el tratamiento que de esta idealización presentan los libros de texto de física usados frecuentemente en el ciclo inicial. En estos últimos se investigó, si se explican adecuadamente las consecuencias físicas derivadas de considerar a los resortes sin masa. Del estudio realizado se desprende, por un lado, que no es inmediato para los estudiantes establecer nexos entre esta modelización, y la aplicación de las leyes y principios físicos, al abordar situaciones problemáticas; y por otro, que no todos los autores de los libros de Mecánica frecuentemente utilizados presentan análisis detallados acerca de la misma. Se destacan recomendaciones para ser consideradas por docentes.
ANÁLISE HISTÓRICA DO CONCEITO DE CALOR NOS TRABALHOS DE JOULE E IMPLICAÇÕES PARA O ENSINO DE FÍSICA
Authors: Carvalho Bianca Cintra de , Gomes Luciano Carvalhais
Published: December 2017

Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo realizar uma análise dos textos originais de Joule, escritos em meados do século XIX, buscando compreender como ocorreram as modificações no conceito de calor ao longo de sua obra. Para embasar nossa análise teórica, foi feita uma revisão bibliográfica com a leitura de textos sobre a utilização da história da ciência, além do estudo das concepções alternativas sobre calor. Guiados por essa revisão bibliográfica, utilizou-se como metodologia a Análise Textual Discursiva para examinar quais fatores influenciaram Joule na mudança de concepção a respeito da natureza do calor. Joule inicialmente aceitava a teoria do calórico e, instigado por aspectos internos à sua pesquisa e por trabalhos de outros pesquisadores como Rumford, Davy e Herapath, passa a compreender o calor como um estado de movimento das partículas. Acredita-se que este trabalho tem potencial para servir como subsídio para o ensino de Física, visto que o estudo dos trabalhos de Joule pode contribuir para que haja uma ressignificação do conceito de calor para os estudantes.
ADIAÇÕES E SUAS RELAÇÕES COM A MEDICINA: UMA REVISÃO NA ÁREA DE ENSINO DE FÍSICA
Authors: Coelho da Silva André
Published: December 2017

As diretrizes nacionais para o ensino médio e diversos estudos realizados em diferentes países têm apontado a relevância em trabalhar no ensino de física as inter-relações entre o tema radiações e aspectos da medicina/saúde humana. Sendo assim, com o intuito de compreendermos como a literatura da área de ensino de física/ciências tem abordado tais relações, revisamos artigos publicados em 24 periódicos nacionais e internacionais, em anais dos Encontros de Pesquisa em Ensino de Física (EPEFs) e dos Simpósios Nacionais de Ensino de Física (SNEFs) e em dissertações e teses produzidas em programas de pós-graduação brasileiros. Foram encontrados 31 trabalhos: quatro nos EPEFs, quatorze nos SNEFs, quatro no periódico Physics Education, um no periódico International Journal of Science Education, um no periódico Research in Science & Technological Education, um no periódico The Physics Teacher, um no periódico brasileiro Ensaio: Pesquisa em Educação em Ciências e cinco dissertações de mestrado produzidas nas seguintes universidades: UFRGS, UFRJ, Unicamp e USP. Além de sintetizarmos cada um dos trabalhos selecionados, sistematizamos suas contribuições em três categorias: I) Justificativas para o ensino das radiações e especialmente para relacioná-las a aspectos da medicina/saúde; II) Considerações acerca de recursos didáticos para abordar a temática; e III) Considerações acerca de resultados obtidos a partir da aplicação de propostas didáticas. Concluímos que embora a literatura revisada ofereça contribuições interessantes, ainda há carência de pesquisas de cunho empírico sobre a temática.
La diplomacia cultural en la política exterior brasileña: un análisis comparado de dos momentos de transición matricial
Authors: Saute Torresini Camila , Chagas de Asiss Caroline , Ruiz Karina
Published: December 2017

Este artículo problematiza el papel del Estado brasileño en la elaboración de la diplomacia cultural del país, al comparar los momentos en que se identifica una participación más asertiva de este actor en la formulación de sus directrices, a partir de la redemocratización de Brasil. Para ello, la hipótesis propuesta consiste en que los gobiernos de José Sarney (1985–1990) y Lula da Silva (2003–2010) constituyen dos momentos de transición matricial en la política exterior brasileña, en los que el Estado asumió una función más vigorosa en la articulación de la diplomacia cultural. Con base en la revisión bibliográfica de registros oficiales y de obras especializadas, comienza este análisis con una dilucidación teórica sobre lo que se concibe como diplomacia cultural en la política exterior brasileña y continúa con la comparación entre ambos períodos de transición matricial apuntados a la luz de la actuación del Estado en la conformación de la diplomacia cultural del país.
Attitudes of graduating Canadian urology residents on the job market: Is it getting better or are we just spinning our wheels?
Authors: Hosier Gregory W. , Touma Naji J.
Published: December 2017

Introduction: There has been increasing awareness of employment difficulties for physicians, especially surgeons, in Canada over the past few years. Our objective was to elucidate the attitudes and experiences of graduating Canadian urology residents in obtaining employment.Methods: We surveyed four separate cohorts of graduating urology residents in 2010, 2011, 2016, and 2017. Responses from the 2010 and 2011 cohorts were combined and compared to the combined results of the 2016 and 2017 cohorts. Mean Likert responses were compared using unpaired t-tests. An agreement score was created for those responding with “strongly agree” and “agree” on the Likert scale.Results: A total of 126 surveys were administered with a 100% response rate. The job market was rated as poor or very poor by 64.9% and 58.4% of graduates in 2010/2011 and 2016/2017, respectively (p=0.67). Lack of resources was identified as the biggest barrier to improved employment in both cohorts. Networking at meetings and staff urologists at their institution were the most important factors aiding employment identified by both cohorts. The ideal practice was academic or academically associated community practices in a large urban area, with 5‒10 partners for both cohorts.Conclusions: The majority of graduating urology residents viewed the job market as poor or very poor and this did not change over a six-year period. It is unclear how much personal preference for location and practice type drove the somewhat negative outlook of employment opportunities, as the majority of residents were seeking large urban, academic, or academically associated community practices in competitive locations.
En formel vs. en funktionel tilgang til dansk sætningsstruktur
Authors: Vikner Sten , Jørgensen Henrik
Published: December 2017

Diderichsen (1946: 186) foreslår to sætningsskemaer til analyse af sætningsstrukturen i dansk. I Diderichsens (1946) hovedsætningsskema består en dansk hovedsætning af tre felter som igen består af tilsammen syv pladser. I den generative struktur som vi her vil gå ind for, er der langt flere underinddelinger end der er felter og pladser hos Diderichsen (1946). En anden forskel er at der er mere asymmetri i den generative analyse: Diderichsen (1946) har mange konstituenter på samme niveau hvorimod den generative analyse grundlæggende opererer med binære strukturer. Vi vil vise hvorledes det større analytiske apparat tillader interessante generaliseringer og forudsigelser i den generative analyse som ikke er mulige i et sætningsskema. Udover disse forskelle vil vi også beskæftige os med tre paralleller mellem de to tilgange, nemlig Diderichsens skelnen mellem topologi og syntaks, Diderichsens tre overordnede felter og hvad de svarer til i den generative analyse, og endelig også ideen om flytning af konstituenter i sætningsstrukturen. En del af vores konklusion vil være at alle syntaktikere/grammatikere burde være parat til at tage både de generative og de funktionelle tilgange alvorligt. Selvom tonen nogle gange kan være lidt polemisk, har de forskellige tilgange så meget til fælles at de uden ret stort besvær kan lære en del af hinandens resultater og erkendelser.
Træstruktur i en skov af fortolkninger
Authors: Christensen Ken Ramshøj
Published: December 2017

Denne artikel fremfører først et logisk argument for at det ikke er muligt at redegøre for sprogtilegnelsen og sprogbrugen ved hjælp at funktion og hyppighed  alene. Der er også behov for at tage form-delen – dvs. syntaksen – alvorligt, for den er forudsætningen for funktionen. Dernæst gennemgår artiklen resultaterne fra en række danske neuro- og psykolingvistiske undersøgelser der understøtter den formelle lingvistiks grundtese, nemlig at det er muligt at adskille sproglig form og sproglig funktion. Forsøgene viser at vi laver usandsynlige fortolkninger undervejs i sprogforståelsen, og at sandsynlighed og hyppighed ikke forklarer hvorfor eller hvordan vi misforstår visse sætningstyper, eller hvorfor vi tilskriver mening til sætninger der ikke har en fast betydning. Selvom visse semantiske og syntaktiske kriterier normalt skal være opfyldt, er det muligt så at sige at kortslutte det sproglige fortolkningssystem og dermed adskille form og funktion. Der argumenteres for at hjernen er en forudsigelsesmaskine der konstant konstruerer og opdaterer mentale modeller af verden omkring os, og én af disse modeller er sprogets grammatik. Ligesom enhver anden form for søge- eller læringsalgoritme må sprogforståelsen nødvendigvis være styret af visse formelle principper.
Dansk Sproghistorie. Bind 1: Dansk tager form
Authors: Gudiksen Asgerd
Published: December 2017

Anmeldelse af Dansk Sproghistorie. Bind 1: Dansk tager form.Udgivet af Det danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab. Hovedredaktør: EbbaHjorth. Øvrige redaktører: Henrik Galberg Jacobsen, Bent Jørgensen,Birgitte Jacobsen og Laurids Kristian Fahl. Aarhus Universitetsforlag.472 sider.
In Situ Tropical Peatland Fire Emission Factors and Their Variability, as Determined by Field Measurements in Peninsula Malaysia
Authors: Smith T. E. L. , Evers S. , Yule C. M. , Gan J. Y.
Published: December 2017

Fires in tropical peatlands account for >25% of estimated total greenhouse gas emissions from deforestation and degradation. Despite significant global and regional impacts, our understanding of specific gaseous fire emission factors (EFs) from tropical peat burning is limited to a handful of studies. Furthermore, there is substantial variability in EFs between sampled fires and/or studies. For example, methane EFs vary by 91% between studies. Here we present new fire EFs for the tropical peatland ecosystem; the first EFs measured for Malaysian peatlands, and only the second comprehensive study of EFs in this crucial environment. During August 2015 (under El Niño conditions) and July 2016, we embarked on field campaigns to measure gaseous emissions at multiple peatland fires burning on deforested land in Southeast Pahang (2015) and oil palm plantations in North Selangor (2016), Peninsula Malaysia. Gaseous emissions were measured using open‐path Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The IR spectra were used to retrieve mole fractions of 12 different gases present within the smoke (including carbon dioxide and methane), and these measurements used to calculate EFs. Peat samples were taken at each burn site for physicochemical analysis and to explore possible relationships between specific physicochemical properties and fire EFs. Here we present the first evidence to indicate that substrate bulk density affects methane fire EFs reported here. This novel explanation of interplume, within‐biome variability, should be considered by those undertaking greenhouse gas accounting and haze forecasting in this region and is of importance to peatland management, particularly with respect to artificial compaction.
Experimental Constraints on Ferropericlase (Mg, Fe)O Melt Viscosity Up to 70 GPa
Authors: Du Zhixue , Deng Jie , Lee Kanani K. M.
Published: December 2017

During Earth's accretion, Earth's mantle is expected to have been a magma ocean due to large impacts. As such, properties of molten mantle materials are key to understanding Earth's thermochemical evolution. However, due to experimental challenges, transport properties at lower mantle pressures, particularly viscosity, are poorly constrained for mantle melts. In this study, we use quenched dendritic textures to estimate melt viscosities at high pressures for (Mg, Fe)O ferropericlase, one of the major components of the mantle. We find that the viscosity of (Mg, Fe)O melt near liquidus temperatures is ~10−3–10−2 Pa s over the pressure range of 3–70 GPa, which is ~1–2 orders of magnitude lower than previous results for Si‐rich melts at similar conditions. This may have implications for magma ocean cooling and thermochemical evolution of the mantle.
Experimental Study of Stick‐Slip Failure Processes and Effect of Physical Properties on Stick‐Slip Behavior
Authors: Zhou Xiaoping , Ma Wen , Yang Luhao , Bi Jing , Cheng Hao
Published: December 2017

To investigate the process of stick‐slip shear failure, small‐scale poly methyl methacrylate samples with friction faults and a high‐speed recording experiment system are used. The evolution of shear stress and slip displacement clearly shows both the propagation of stick‐slip failures and the local slip‐weakening behavior of the fault. The distribution of local stress ratioτyx/σyalong the fault is of great significance to determining the nucleation location. The interrelations among local shear stresses, slip displacements, slip velocities, and slip accelerations show the details of local deformations and motions of breakdown near the crack tip. Four distinctive phases of local breakdown process are found in both the nucleation zone and the dynamic rupture propagation zone. Experiments with three prefabricated roughnesses of the fault surfaces are conducted at normal stresses varying from 2 MPa to 4 MPa. The critical crack length decreases and the rupture velocity increases with increasing normal stress or decreasing the roughness. Both the local dynamic stress drop Δτdand local breakdown stress drop Δτbgenerally increase with increasing normal stresses and decrease with increasing the roughness. Although the critical slip‐weakening displacementucseems to be insensitive to normal stress, it decreases as the fault becomes smoother. The shear fracture energyGc, which is determined by Δτbanduc, increases with an increase in the normal stress and increases with increasing the roughness. In addition, the linear relations of Δτd, Δτb, anducto the static friction coefficient μsare found, and a quadratic function relatingGcand μsis established.
Stochastic Finite Element Methods
Authors: Gutiérrez Miguel A. , Krenk Steen
Published: December 2017

This chapter gives an overview of finite element related methods for the solution of problems in which the system has random properties. The notion of stochastic variables and fields is introduced and details are given for the normal and log‐normal distributions. Discretization methods for random fields and efficient algorithms for evaluation of the sensitivity to the random input are presented. The two dominating approximate methods for obtaining the statistical properties of the response from those of the stochastic properties of the system – the perturbation and the spectral method – are described in detail, and it is explained how statically determinate systems constitute a special case, permitting more general results. The final section deals with reliability methods, the purpose of which is to obtain the probability or a probability estimate, of a rare event, for example, failure. The methods are introduced by means of simple examples, with a view to making the text a self‐contained introduction and survey.
Acoustics
Authors: Thompson Lonny L. , Pinsky Peter M.
Published: December 2017

State‐of‐the‐art computational methods for linear acoustics are reviewed. The equations of linear acoustics are summarized and then transformed to the frequency domain for time‐harmonic waves governed by the Helmholtz equation. Three major current challenges in the field are specifically addressed: numerical dispersion errors that arise in the approximation of short unresolved waves, polluting resolved scales and requiring a large computational effort; the effective treatment of unbounded domains by domain‐based methods; and parallel iterative methods for large complex, ill‐conditioned and possibly indefinite equation systems for high‐frequency problems.A priorierror estimates, including both dispersion (phase error) and global pollution effects for moderate to large wave numbers are discussed. Stabilized and other wave‐based discretization methods are reviewed. Domain‐based methods for modeling exterior domains are described including Dirichlet‐to‐Neumann (DtN) methods, absorbing boundary conditions, infinite elements, and the perfectly matched layer (PML). Efficient equation‐solving methods for the resulting complex‐symmetric (non‐Hermitian) matrix systems are discussed including parallel iterative methods and domain decomposition methods. Numerical methods for direct solution of the acoustic wave equation in the time domain are also reviewed.
Boundary Integral Equation Methods for Elastic and Plastic Problems
Authors: Bonnet Marc
Published: December 2017

This chapter deals with formulations based on boundary integral equations (BIEs) for elastic and plastic problems. After a brief review of the basic integral identities of solid mechanics and issues associated with the singular character of the fundamental solutions, the collocation and symmetric Galerkin BIE formulations and the associated boundary element methods (BEMs) are presented in their conventional form where the complete matrix equation is set up using numerical integration and stored. This approach being inadequate for large problem sizes, fast solution techniques are then reviewed, with emphasis on the fast multipole method. Next, BEMs in both collocation and symmetric Galerkin form are described for fracture mechanics and small‐strain elastoplasticity. The treatment of the hypersingular integrals arising in the integral representation of tractions on the crack surface or of strains at potentially plastic interior points is discussed, along with other issues. Shape sensitivity analysis techniques are also presented, based on either the direct differentiation of the primary elastic BIE or an adjoint solution. Finally, the symmetric Galerkin BIE is used to define a symmetric formulation for BEM–FEM coupling.
Boundary Element Methods for the Dynamic Analysis of Elastic, Viscoelastic, and Piezoelectric Solids
Authors: Gaul Lothar , Kögl Martin , Moser Friedrich , Schanz Martin
Published: December 2017

Elastic solids are the simplest model for deformable solid continua, when any deformation vanishes after unloading. The extension to viscoelastic solids takes creep and relaxation effects into account. If additionally to the elastic fields also electric fields influence the behavior of the solid a piezoelectric theory has to be used. The dynamic response of these three models of solids is governed by partial differential equation. The Boundary Element Method utilises the corresponding integral representation of these partial differential equations. The numerical realisation based on a discretization in space and time is the Boundary Element Method.
Aerodynamics
Authors: Witherden Freddie D. , Jameson Antony
Published: December 2017

Computational methods are now pervasive in the science of aerodynamics. Because previously existing numerical methods proved inadequate for fluid flow simulations, the emergence of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) as a distinct discipline has sparked the development of an entirely new class of algorithms, and a supporting body of theory, which are the main theme of this chapter. After a review of mathematical models of fluid flow, methods for solving the transonic potential flow equation (of mixed type) are examined. The central part of the chapter discusses the formulation and implementation of shock‐capturing schemes for the Euler and Navier–Stokes equations. The chapter next discusses the merits of the contrasting approaches of finite difference, finite volume, and finite element methods for the treatment of flows in complex geometric domains, together with the treatment of boundary conditions. A detailed presentation of explicit and implicit time‐stepping schemes for both steady and unsteady flows precedes a discussion of preconditioning and multigrid procedures for accelerating the convergence of steady‐state calculations. High‐order methods suitable for conducting unsteady simulations on unstructured grids are also presented. In order to realize the potential benefits of CFD, it is essential to move beyond simulation to aerodynamic (and ultimately multidisciplinary) optimization. The chapter concludes with a discussion of aerodynamic shape optimization via control theory.
CFD‐Based Nonlinear Computational Aeroelasticity
Authors: Farhat Charbel
Published: December 2017

This chapter overviews a three‐field formulation of nonlinear aeroelastic problems, where the fluid is modeled by the arbitrary Lagrangian–Eulerian (ALE) form of either the Euler or Navier–Stokes equations; the structure is represented by a detailed finite element model, and the fluid‐mesh is unstructured, dynamic, and constructed by a robust structure‐analogy–based method. It also discusses recent advances in the computational algorithms associated with this approach for modeling nonlinear fluid/structure interaction problems. These include CFD schemes that are formally second‐order time‐accurate on moving grids, energy‐transfer–conserving methods for discretizing transmission conditions across nonmatching fluid and structure discrete interfaces, and state‐of‐the‐art loosely coupled algorithms for solving efficiently coupled systems of fluid and structural equations arising from the discretization of real aircraft configurations. A taste of the capabilities of such algorithms is provided by reporting on their validation for an F‐16 fighter aircraft configuration in various subsonic, transonic, and supersonic airstreams, and at various load factors. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the feasibility and merit of the overviewed computational technology for accurately extracting the flutter envelopes of civilian and military aircraft, and a perspective on future research in CFD‐based nonlinear computational aeroelasticity.
The Use of Mixed Finite Element Methods for Viscoelastic Fluid Flow Analysis
Authors: Baaijens Frank P. T. , Hulsen Martien A. , Anderson Patrick D.
Published: December 2017

The numerical analysis of non‐Newtonian viscoelastic flows is a challenging task, and requires accurate, efficient, and robust computational methods. In this work, mixed finite element methods are used for that purpose. They are introduced within the context of closed‐form differential constitutive models. Their application to steady and time‐dependent viscoelastic flows and stability analysis is discussed. Application to model polymer melt flows is briefly addressed. These techniques can also be adapted to solve problems with models that cannot be written as closed‐form differential models. Two examples thereof are the deformation fields method for closed‐form constitutive equations and the Brownian configuration fields formulation for stochastic constitutive models.
Combustion
Authors: Poinsot Thierry J. , Veynante Denis P.
Published: December 2017

This chapter describes the basic phenomena controlling reacting flows and the corresponding computational methodologies. Combustion regimes (premixed or diffusion flames, laminar or turbulent cases, stable or unstable behavior) are first defined before introducing the basic terminology required to understand numerical techniques for reacting flows. The governing equations for combustion are more complex than those used in classical aerodynamics, and their specificities are discussed before describing numerical methods for laminar flames. Finally, the various methods used for turbulent flames are discussed, focusing on recent techniques such as direct numerical simulations and large eddy simulations.
Reproducing Kernel Particle Method for Solving Partial Differential Equations
Authors: Chen Jiun‐Shyan , Liu Wing Kam , Hillman Michael C. , Chi Sheng‐Wei , Lian Yanping , Bessa Miguel A.
Published: December 2017

This chapter gives a state of the art review of the weak‐form‐ and strong‐form‐based reproducing kernel particle method (RKPM). The construction of the continuous and discrete reproducing kernel (RK) approximations and their approximation properties are first presented. Recent developments and their connection to other meshfree methods, as well as an overview of the inherent multiresolution capabilities of the RKPM, are then given. The Galerkin‐based method is discussed in detail, along with several recent advances in quadrature and stability. A review of strong form collocation with RK approximation as well as implicit gradient enhancement is presented. Formulations for large deformation and contact problems for which the RKPM is particularly well suited are also discussed.
Topology Optimization
Authors: Maute Kurt
Published: December 2017

Topology optimization is a computational approach to systematically optimize the conceptual layout and the geometry of a body on the basis of a basic description of a design problem. In contrast to other design optimization methods, the outer shape of the body and the geometry of the material interfaces within the body may undergo radical changes in the optimization process, including both shape and topological changes. This unique feature reduces significantly the dependence of the optimized design on the initial guess from which the optimization process is started and allows finding nonintuitive solutions for complex design problems. Formulating optimization problems that yield meaningful, practical designs requires a solid understanding of the physical phenomena that dominate the body's functionality, as well as insight into the mathematical characteristics of the high‐dimensional design spaces used in topology optimization. Topology optimization methods involve a broad variety of computational techniques for describing the geometry of the body, predicting the physical phenomena of interest, and searching for the optimum design. This chapter provides an introduction to modern topology optimization. Instead of providing a comprehensive overview, the most important and widely used approaches are discussed in sufficient detail to provide the reader with a basic understanding of the state of the art of topology optimization.
Shape Optimization
Authors: Bletzinger Kai‐Uwe
Published: December 2017

This chapter gives basic information about those aspects which make structural shape optimization different from other problem types of optimization. It concentrates on those topics which deal with the control of shape (continuous and parametric), the regularization of problem formulation, the treatment of the infinity of design space and some further aspects which are specific to numerical and parametric shape optimization. As a consequence, there is little presented about general optimization theory or algorithms, or specific aspects of implementation and applications are restricted to typical, illustrative examples. In particular, a unified approach is displayed which allows to see the floating transition between free shape optimization and computer aided design‐based parametric shape optimization on a sound theoretical basis.
High‐Order Methods for CFD
Authors: Abgrall R. , Ricchiuto Mario
Published: December 2017

We provide a review of high‐order methods for computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Besides recalling some classical methods, we show a framework that, on one hand, allows us to see and work with these methods under a different light, and, on the other, provides a different path to construct numerical methods for flow equations. In particular, we focus on residual‐based techniques and residual distribution methods as a framework to construct schemes of arbitrary order.
Development and Testing of a Hybrid Measure of Muscle Strength in Juvenile Dermatomyositis for Use in Routine Care
Authors: Varnier Giulia Camilla , Rosina Silvia , Ferrari Cristina , Pistorio Angela , Consolaro Alessandro , Bovis Francesca , Dalprà Sara , Pilkington Clarissa , Maillard Susan , Civino Adele , Tsitsami Elena , de Inocencio Jaime , Jelusic Marija , Vojinovic Jelena , Espada Graciela , Makay Balahan , Katsicas Maria Martha , Pratsidou‐Gertsi Polixeni , Lazarevic Dragana , Rao Anand Prahalad , Marafon Denise Pires , Ruperto Nicolino , Martini Alberto , Ravelli Angelo
Published: December 2017

Objective

To develop and test a hybrid measure of muscle strength for juvenile dermatomyositis (JDM), which is based on the combination of the Manual Muscle Testing in 8 muscles (MMT‐8) and the Childhood Myositis Assessment Scale (CMAS) but is more comprehensive than the former and more feasible than the latter.

Methods

The hybrid MMT‐8/CMAS (hMC) is composed of all 8 items of the MMT‐8 and 3 items of the CMAS: time of head lift, assessment of abdominal muscles, and floor rise. The score ranges 0–100, with 100 indicating normal muscle strength. Validation procedures were conducted using 3 large multinational patient samples, including a total of 810 JDM patients.

Results

The hMC revealed face and content validity, good construct validity, excellent test–retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = 0.99), and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94), strong responsiveness to clinical change over time (standardized response mean = 0.8 among patients judged as improved by the caring physician), and satisfactory capacity to discriminate patients judged as being in the states of inactive disease or low, moderate, or high disease activity by the physician (P < 0.001) or patients whose parents were satisfied or not satisfied with the illness course (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The hMC was found to possess good measurement properties in a large population of patients with a wide range of disease activity and severity. The new tool, which is primarily intended for use in routine clinical care, should be further tested in other populations of patients evaluated prospectively.
Fully Reversible Multistate Fluorescence Switching: Organogel System Consisting of Luminescent Cyanostilbene and Turn‐On Diarylethene
Authors: Kim Dojin , Kwon Ji Eon , Park Soo Young
Published: December 2017

Multicolor tunable and multistate switchable organogel is reported, which consists of a cyanostilbene organogelator showing aggregation‐induced enhanced emission and a turn‐on type photochromic diarylethene dye. The mixed organogel can be reversibly switched among four different states (blue‐emitting gel, nonemissive sol, green‐emitting gel, and green‐emitting sol) modulated by a combination of orthogonal stimuli of heat and light. It is interestingly noted that this four‐state switching constitutes a combinational logic circuit consisting of two stimuli inputs and three outputs. Reversible fluorescence writing, switching, erasing, and image patterning processes on this mixture gel system are demonstrated.
B‐cell Therapy for Multiple Sclerosis: Entering an era
Authors: Greenfield Ariele L. , Hauser Stephen L.
Published: December 2017

Monoclonal antibodies that target CD20 expressing B cells represent an important new treatment option for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). B‐cell‐depleting therapy is highly effective against relapsing forms of the disease and is also the first treatment approach proven to protect against disability worsening in primary progressive MS. Moreover, evolving clinical experience with B‐cell therapy, combined with a more sophisticated understanding of humoral immunity in preclinical models and in patients with MS, has led to major progress in deciphering the immune pathogenesis of MS. Here, we review the nuanced roles of B cells in MS autoimmunity, the clinical data supporting use of ocrelizumab and other anti‐CD20 therapies in the treatment of MS, as well as safety and practical considerations for prescribing. Last, we summarize remaining unanswered questions regarding the proper role of anti‐CD20 therapy in MS, its limitations, and the future landscape of B‐cell‐based approaches to treatment. Ann Neurol 2018;83:13–26
Trauma and the Family: A Systems‐oriented Approach
Authors: Papero Daniel V.
Published: December 2017

Since at least the middle of the 19th century clinicians have been interested in the symptoms expressed by individuals following exposure to situations inducing severe and chronic stress (trauma). The symptom cluster has been labelled differently over the years. The current diagnosis of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) refers to these symptoms. Although not formally noted in the diagnostic categories, the literature has included much discussion of complex of PTSD (C‐PTSD), also often referred to as disorders extreme stress not otherwise specific (DESNOS). The linking of PTSD and C‐PTSD to early developmental environments represents an important step in understanding the individual's susceptibility to subsequent stress. The focus of clinical assistance has generally settled on the symptomatic individual. Various treatment approaches and techniques have been applied with varying results. The notion that the individual symptoms might be addressed with therapeutic processes applied beyond the individual to the relationship systems, particularly the family, in which the symptomatic individual lives and functions, has received less attention. The idea of chronic anxiety, included in Bowen's discussion of the relationship between anxiety and family relational activity (Bowen, ), provides a conceptual framework from which specific therapeutic processes directed to the relationship system itself can be hypothesised and implemented.
Social Buffering and Compassionate Stories: The Neuroscience of Trust Building with Children in Care
Authors: Baylin Jonathan
Published: December 2017

Caregivers for children who experienced abuse and neglect earlier in life are tasked with sustaining their caring feelings despite the deep mistrust these children bring to the relationship. Two areas of neuroscientific research are particularly applicable to the process of helping caregivers manage the risk of blocked care: research on social buffering and research on the power of compassionate stories to promote trusting connections. This article explores the implications of these two lines of research to the therapeutic goal of helping parents ‘go high’ to embrace the whole child, mistrust, and all.
The role of mindsets, productions, and perceptual symbols in goal‐directed information processing
Authors: Wyer Robert S.
Published: December 2017

Three recent conceptualizations have been proposed to account for the manner in which goal‐directed activity in one situation can influence judgments, behavioral decisions, and overt behavior in a later situation. One, which accounts for the effect of behavioral mindsets (Wyer & Xu, , Journal of Consumer Psychology, 20, 107), conceptualizes the effect of performing goal‐directed behavior in a situation on the strategies selected for use in attaining quite different goals in a later, unrelated situation. A second, stimulated by Anderson's (, The architecture of cognition, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA) conceptualization of cognitive productions, accounts for the effects of stimuli of which one is not completely aware on motor behavior that is performed with little if any cognitive mediation. The third, suggested by Barsalou's (, Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 22, 577; 2008, Annual Review of Psychology, 59, 617) conceptualization of perceptual symbol systems (Barsalou, ), accounts for the associations of not only semantic concepts and their metaphorical meanings but also visual images, affective reactions, sensory stimulation (taste, smell, etc.), and behavioral dispositions. Recent research exemplifying effects of each of these formulations is reviewed, and an approach for conceptually integrating their implications into a more general formulation of information processing is suggested.
Stimulation Interval Evaluation for Lower‐Limb Cycling Movement Based on Torque Observer
Authors: Hsueh Po‐Wen , Tsai Mi‐Ching , Chen Chun‐Lin
Published: December 2017

A functional electrical stimulation (FES) assisted cycling ergometer incorporating passive or active movement has been proven to be effective in rehabilitation for stroke patients. Although a conventional five‐bar linkage model of lower‐limb cycling movement was proposed earlier to evaluate the stimulation interval, the accuracy of the obtained anthropometric data of patients still remains uncertain. To properly deliver FES during cycling for restoring the physical strength of patients, this study proposes a method of stimulation interval evaluation by integrating a torque observer into a motor driven cycle ergometer. The torque observer design, which is based on the measured motor current and position information, is employed to evaluate the stimulation interval without measuring the anthropometric data of patients. Simulated and experimental results were compared to verify the effectiveness of the proposed torque observer approach; meanwhile, the results of the study showed that the torque observer indeed provides a proper stimulation interval for FES in comparison to that of the conventional five‐bar linkage model.