bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
EFFECTS OF SODIUM-FREE MEDIA UPON THE METABOLISM AND THE POTASSIUM AND WATER CONTENTS OF BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Pappius Hanna M. , Rosenfeld M. , Johnson Dorothy McLean , Elliott K. A. C.
Published: December 2009

Brain slices maintain a high concentration of potassium when incubated aerobically in ordinary sodium-containing low-potassium medium but the concentration falls to the level found under plain anaerobic conditions if choline, lithium, or tris-(hydroxymethyl)-aminomethane (tris) are substituted for all the sodium in the medium. With the choline medium, concentration of potassium in the tissue increases markedly if a very little sodium is present; considerably more sodium is required when the main cation present is lithium. A moderately high concentration of potassium is maintained in tissue under anaerobic conditions in sodium-containing medium when glycolysis is stimulated by pyruvate and previous aerobiosis. This high concentration is not found when sodium in the medium is replaced by choline or lithium. The potassium content of slices incubated aerobically or anaerobically with potassium replacing all sodium in the medium is higher than could be accounted for by simple equilibration of the slice fluids with the medium.The rate of oxygen uptake is not changed when choline or lithium replace all the sodium in the medium; with tris or potassium in place of sodium there is slight inhibition. Anaerobic glycolysis is increased in the choline and potassium media and slightly depressed in lithium medium. The stimulatory effect on anaerobic glycolysis of pyruvate is apparent in the sodium, choline, lithium, and potassium media but the stimulation by a preliminary period of aerobiosis does not occur in the lithium and potassium media.Under aerobic conditions swelling and "intracellular" (non-sucrose) space is not affected by replacing sodium with choline or lithium. Both are increased in the tris and, especially, in the potassium media. Under anaerobic conditions there is a striking decrease in swelling and intracellular space with the choline medium.The replacement of a small amount of salt by sucrose causes a decrease in swelling in all media, especially in the potassium medium.
WEIGHTS AND COMPOSITION OF MUSCLES OF WARM- AND COLD-ACCLIMATED RATS
Authors: Heroux O.
Published: December 2009

After cold acclimation at 6 °C. white rats have a smaller muscle mass than control animals of the same age kept at 30 °C. Water and protein determinations in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles as well as in the whole muscular mass revealed that the reduction in the muscle mass after cold acclimation is a real tissue difference due to a reduced protein deposition and not only a water content difference. Apparently red and white fibers are equally affected in their growth by the prolonged cold exposure. Measurements of number and size of muscle fibers in soleus cross sections strongly suggest that protein deposition had been reduced in the same proportion in both muscle fibers and connective tissue.
EFFECTS OF CATIONS ON SUGAR ABSORPTION BY ISOLATED SURVIVING GUINEA PIG INTESTINE
Authors: Riklis E. , Quastel J. H.
Published: December 2009

The rate of absorption of glucose from isolated surviving guinea pig intestine increases with increase of the concentration of glucose in the lumen until a maximum rate is obtained. The relation between absorption rate of glucose and initial glucose concentration conforms to an equation of the Michaelis–Menten type. The apparent Km(half saturation concentration) is 7 × 10−3M. Increase of the concentration of potassium ions in the Ringer–bicarbonate solution bathing the intestine leads to an increase of the rate of glucose absorption, this being most marked with 15.6 meq./liter K+and 14 mM glucose. No such stimulating action of potassium ions is observed on glucose absorption under anaerobic conditions. The effect of increased potassium ion concentration is to accelerate the rate of transport found with low concentrations of glucose to the maximum value found with high concentrations of the sugar. Sodium ions must be present for glucose absorption to take place and omission of magnesium ions from a Ringer–bicarbonate solution, containing 15.6 meq./liter K+, brings about a decreased rate of active glucose transport. Magnesium ions are necessary for the stimulated rate of glucose absorption obtained in the presence of potassium ions. The presence of ammonium ions decreases the rate of glucose absorption. Potassium ions may be effectively replaced by rubidium ions for stimulation of glucose transport. Cesium ions do not activate. The proportion of glucose to fructose appearing in the serosal solution, when fructose is absorbed from the mucosal solution, depends on the concentration of fructose present. The proportion may be as high as 9:1 with low (7 mM) fructose concentrations; it decreases with increasing fructose concentrations. The active transport of fructose, as demonstrated by the conversion of fructose in the isolated surviving guinea pig intestine, is enhanced by the presence of potassium ions (15.6 meq./liter). The rate of transport of fructose itself is unaffected by potassium. Using radioactive glucose and fructose, it is shown that the total amount of sugar transferred through the intestine as estimated by the radioactivity appearing in the serosal solution is approximately that calculated from chemical analyses. Potassium ions have no activating action on the transport of sugars such as sorbose, mannose, and D-glucosamine, but have a marked effect on galactose transport. The results support the conclusion that potassium ions do not influence active transport of glucose, fructose, and galactose by a change of intestinal permeability to these sugars, but do so by affecting a specific phase involved in the mechanism of active transport of sugars. The presence of L-glutamine stimulates active transport of glucose, whereas that of L-glutamate tends to diminish it.
STUDIES ON WHEAT PLANTS USING C14COMPOUNDS: VII. UTILIZATION OF PYRUVATE-2-C14
Authors: Bilinski E. , McConnell W. B.
Published: December 2009

Approximately half of the carbon-14 injected into the stems of wheat plants in the form of pyruvate-2-C14remained in the plant at maturity, 30 days later. Almost 90% of this had accumulated in the kernel. Appreciable activity was found in the major components, protein, starch, ether-soluble material, and a residue termed bran. The amino acids of the gluten protein differed markedly from one another in specific activity. Glutamic acid and the related amino acids, arginine and proline, were most active, their specific activity decreasing in that order. Fifty-two per cent of the carbon-14 in glutamic acid was in carbon-5, while carbon-1 contained 21%. Seventy per cent of the radioactivity of aspartic acid was divided almost equally between the terminal carboxyl groups. The results are similar to those previously observed using acetate-1-C14as tracer, and it is concluded that administered pyruvate-2-C14undergoes extensive decarboxylation to form acetate-1-C14. The most active carbon in alanine from the pyruvate-2-C14was carbon-1. This observation is not in accord with the theory that alanine is formed directly from pyruvate by transamination.
CHANGES IN SALT AND WATER DISTRIBUTION, BLOOD PRESSURE, AND ADRENAL ACTIVITY FOLLOWING NEUROHYPOPHYSEAL DENERVATION IN THE RAT
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Webber William A. , Scherrer Harald F. , Friedman Constance L.
Published: December 2009

Diabetes insipidus was induced by stereotaxic placement of a small lesion in the supraopticohypophyseal tract at the median eminence of the hypothalamus. The presence of diabetes insipidus was indicated by a polyuric response to an imposed salt load which, even with rigid selection criteria, occurred in a high percentage of lesion-bearing animals. In some animals the polyuric response was observed as early as the second postoperative day. No sign of remission was observed within the 4 week period of observation. Extracellular fluid volume and calculated extracellular sodium were increased in the diabetic rats. Basal blood pressure was reduced while sensitivity to norepinephrine and to pitressin was enhanced. The lesion was followed also by a reduction in gonadotrophic activity as indicated by a marked reduction in testis size.
PHARMACOLOGICAL STUDIES ON NEW SYNTHETIC ANTITUSSIVE AGENTS
Authors: Chappel C. I. , Stegen M.-G. P. , Grant G. A.
Published: December 2009

In an attempt to overcome the inherent disadvantage of narcotic antitussive therapy, three basic alkoxy-alkyl esters of phenothiazine-10-carboxylic acid were synthesized and tested for pharmacological activity. These compounds possessed antitussive activity in the cat in the range of activity of codeine. Dimethyl-amino-ethoxy-ethyl phenothiazine-10-carboxylate was chosen, on the basis of strong antitussive activity coupled with low acute toxicity and low antispasmodic activity, for chronic toxicity studies and clinical trial. This compound is devoid of central depressant or analgesic properties and possesses a moderate local anaesthetic action.
THE SURVIVAL OF MAMMALIAN TISSUES PERFUSED WITH INTRAVASCULAR GAS MIXTURES OF OXYGEN AND CARBON DIOXIDE
Authors: Burns B. Delisle , Robson J. G. , Smith G. K.
Published: December 2009

It is possible to maintain active mammalian cardiac and skeletal muscle in good condition for 3 or 4 hours by the intravascular perfusion of these tissues with warm, moist oxygen containing 5% carbon dioxide. Some of the uses of this perfusion technique are discussed.
UNE NOUVELLE MÉTHODE DE DOSAGE DE TRÈS PETITES QUANTITÉS DE MORPHINE
Authors: Nadeau Guy , Sobolewski George
Published: December 2009

A new method for the estimation of amounts of morphine varying from 0.02 to 100 μg. is described. It is based on the fluorescence obtained when the alkaloid is allowed to react with concentrated sulphuric acid followed by ammonium hydroxide. Apart from being very sensitive and specific, the procedure appears to have wide applications. For instance, it allows the estimation of morphine in opium in the presence of other constituents without prior separation.
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE OPTIMUM RATIO OF SATURATED TO MONO-UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN RAT DIETS
Authors: Murray T. K. , Beare J. L. , Campbell J. A. , Hopkins C. Y.
Published: December 2009

Fat mixtures containing 10, 30, 60, and 70% saturated fatty acids as glycerides were fed to male rats at a level of 17% by weight of a chow diet. The saturated acids were mainly palmitic rather than lauric and myristic as previously used. In confirmation of earlier results the fat mixture containing 30% saturated fatty acids produced the greatest weight gains and the highest food efficiency. The same trend was noted when similar fat mixtures were added to a purified diet but differences in weight gain and food efficiency were not significant. The source of fatty acids had no effect on weight gains. The excretion of total lipids was not influenced by the degree of saturation of the fats within the limits studied. Shortening, however, caused increased excretion of total lipid. There were no significant differences in liver and adrenal weights produced by these diets.
ON THE MECHANISM OF GLUCOSE-6-PHOSPHATE OXIDATION IN CELL-FREE EXTRACTS OF XANTHOMONAS PHASEOLI (XP8)
Authors: Hochster R. M. , Katznelson H.
Published: December 2009

Extracts of the plant pathogenic organism Xanthomonas phaseoli contain both TPN- and DPN-linked glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenases as well as a DPN-specific glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase. DPNH oxidase is very active and sensitive to high concentrations of cyanide. No evidence could be found for the presence of pyridine nucleotide transhydrogenase.Ribose-5-phosphate is metabolized via the pentose cycle; sedoheptulose phosphate is an intermediate and other criteria of the functioning of the pentose cycle are met when ribose-5-phosphate is the substrate. The same system also functions with 6-phosphogluconate as substrate but at a level which suggests that this pathway is not of great significance.The Entner–Doudoroff 6-phosphogluconate-splitting pathway is the major avenue of hexosephosphate utilization in cell-free extracts. Pyruvate formation and utilization are discussed in relation to function and cofactor requirements.While phosphoglucose isomerase, aldolase, triosephosphate isomerase, and the enzymes converting phosphoglyceraldehyde to pyruvate are present and enzymatically active, phosphofructokinase appears to be the "bottleneck" to glycolysis. On the other hand fructose-1,6-diphosphate is oxidized by both DPN- and TPN-linked pathways, the latter through the efficient functioning of a specific phosphatase which forms fructose-6-phosphate readily. Glycolysis is considered to play only a very minor role in these extracts.A new "hexose cycle" for the metabolism of hexosephosphate is proposed. It consists of oxidation through "Zwischenferment", followed by the Entner–Doudoroff splitting system and resynthesis of hexosemonophosphate through reversal of the aldolase reaction followed by specific carbon-1 phosphate hydrolysis of fructose-1,6-diphosphate. The cycle is shown to be metabolically feasible and thermodynamically likely. It is considered to be the pathway by which cells which tend not to utilize the pentose cycle or classical glycolysis, but have an active 6-phosphogluconate-splitting system, metabolize hexosephosphate. Pyruvate produced as a result of the operation of this system is then oxidized via the tricarboxylic acid cycle in glucose-grown cells.
THE MECHANISM OF DRUG ACTION AT RECEPTOR SURFACES: PART I. INTRODUCTION. A GENERAL INTERPRETATION OF THE ADRENERGIC BLOCKING ACTIVITY OF β-HALOALKYLAMINES
Authors: Belleau B.
Published: December 2009

An interpretation of the mechanism of action of "Dibenamine" is offered and the conclusion is reached that the excitatory receptors most probably include a carboxylate or phosphate anion as an active center. On the basis of a combination of isosteric and chemical reactivity principles, a precise correlation between structure and pharmacological activity of adrenergic blocking β-haloalkylamines is described. Structural similarities between sympathomimetic amines and adrenergic blockers are uncovered and applied to the interpretation of the activity of several hundred β-haloalkylamines. The crucial point of the discussion revolves about the concept of a phenethylamine pattern illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2 and it is demonstrated that this pattern applies generally to active adrenergic blocking β-haloalkylamines and that it allows predictions of activity.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES ON SOCKEYE SALMON DURING SPAWNING MIGRATION: III. CHANGES IN THE PROTEIN AND NON-PROTEIN NITROGEN FRACTIONS IN MUSCLES OF MIGRATING SOCKEYE SALMON
Authors: Duncan D. W. , Tarr H. L. A.
Published: December 2009

The nitrogen content of three protein fractions and one non-protein nitrogen fraction of muscles of migrating sockeye salmon was determined at three points on the migratory route. The results have been expressed as milligrams of nitrogen per 100 g. of muscle, as per cent of the total muscle nitrogen, and as grams of nitrogen per average (standard) male or female fish.
THE BRACHIAL TO DIGITAL BLOOD PRESSURE GRADIENT IN NORMAL SUBJECTS AND IN PATIENTS WITH HIGH BLOOD PRESSURE
Authors: Gaskell P. , Krisman A. M.
Published: December 2009

The brachial and digital blood pressures were estimated by auscultatory techniques in 10 patients with essential hypertension and in a group of 6 subjects with normal blood pressure who were in a state of regulated peripheral vasoconstriction and again when they were in a state of regulated vasodilatation. The brachial to digital systolic and diastolic pressure gradients in both control subjects and hypertensive patients were greater when the individuals were heated than when they were cooled. The brachial to digital diastolic pressure gradient in the hypertensive patients was not significantly different from that in the subjects with normal blood pressure. However, the systolic pressure gradient was greater in the hypertensive patients than in the control group both when the individuals were heated and when they were cooled.
PLANT STEROLS, DEGREE OF UNSATURATION, AND HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC ACTION OF CERTAIN FATS
Authors: Beveridge J. M. R. , Connell W. Ford , Mayer G. A. , Haust H. L.
Published: December 2009

Dietary experiments in which food was supplied in the form of a homogeneous liquid formula ration of definitely known composition have been performed on 171 subjects (159 men and 12 women, university students).During an initial period of 8 days all subjects ate the same ration and then groups of 8 to 12 individuals were given rations varying in respect of the fat moiety for a further 8 days. Plasma cholesterol analyses were performed at day 0, 4, 8, 12, and 16.The results obtained were interpreted as indicating that: firstly, there is no simple relationship between the hypocholesterolemic effect of an oil and degree of unsaturation; secondly, sitosterol or something closely associated with this sterol in the unsaponifiable matter accounts for a large part of the hypocholesterolemic activity of corn oil; and thirdly, certain fatty acids of short chain length or some other substance in butterfat and coconut oil have a hypercholesterolemic effect.
DEGRADATION OF DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID BY HOT ALKALI
Authors: Hurst R. O. , Kuksis A.
Published: December 2009

An extensive destruction of deoxyribonucleic acid has been observed during prolonged treatment with 1 N sodium hydroxide at 100° C. After 4 hours of hot alkaline hydrolysis there was complete destruction of cytosine, only about 50% of which could be accounted for by conversion to uracil; adenine was destroyed to the extent of 60% without deamination to hypoxanthine, whereas guanine and thymine were not affected. The diphenylamine color test for deoxyribose showed a decrease of 35% and a similar decrease was obtained with the cysteine – sulphuric acid test. A decrease of 26% in the ultraviolet light absorption corresponded to the value calculated on the basis of the destruction of the purine and pyrimidine bases.
DEGRADATION OF SOME PURINE AND PYRIMIDINE DERIVATIVES BY HOT ALKALI
Authors: Hurst R. O. , Kuksis A.
Published: December 2009

The effect of heating a number of purine and pyrimidine derivatives in 1 N sodium hydroxide solution at 100 °C was studied using a spectrophotometric method to determine the extent of degradation. Although adenine was stable under these conditions, adenylic acid was found to be destroyed without evidence of intermediate deamination. No other substituted purines studied were degraded. Cytidylic acid was much more readily deaminated than cytosine but in both cases destruction of the pyrimidine base occurred. Uracil and thymine were stable but uridylic acid was destroyed to the same degree as adenylic acid. The stability of uracil suggests that the destruction of cytosine occurred before deamination. The rapid deamination of cytidylic acid took place before extensive loss of base had occurred. The differences observed are related to the nature and number of substituent groups on the purine and pyrimidine ring structures.
A CONTROLLED ASSAY OF CLEARING FACTOR, AND ITS APPLICATION IN STUDIES OF THE ROLE OF HEPARIN IN CLEARING FACTOR PRODUCTION
Authors: Monkhouse Frank C. , MacKneson Ruth G.
Published: December 2009

A method for measuring clearing factor in vitro has been developed. This method makes use of a standard substrate–receptor system obtained by adding constant amounts of a commercial fat emulsion to stored plasma. Best results are obtained when plasma which has been heated to 56 °C for 5 minutes and stored at −20 °C is used at 50% concentration. A comparison of the production of clearing factor in different species using plasma from different species was made. With all clearing factors, the human and dog plasmas are superior to the other species studied. The results of intravenous and depot injections of heparin are compared.The intravenous injections cause maximum prolongation of clotting time almost immediately and maximum amounts of clearing factor within 30 minutes. Depot injections stimulate the production of maximum amounts of clearing factor as quickly as intravenous injections, but the maximum effect on the clotting mechanism is delayed for three to four hours.The implications of these results are discussed. The application of the method in the study of diseases associated with abnormalities in plasma proteins and fat metabolism is suggested.
ANTAGONISTS TO SCHRADAN POISONING IN MICE
Authors: O'Brien R. D. , Davison A. N.
Published: December 2009

Twelve agents have been tested for their capacity to antagonize schradan poisoning. Three showed promise, and were examined in more detail. The best compound, SKF525A, confers protection even if given after the schradan. When given simultaneously, 20 mg/kg of SKF525A raises the LD50of schradan from 21 to about 80 mg/kg. There are two optima in the treatment times with SKF525A: at 1 hour before and simultaneously with the schradan. SKF525A also has a protective action against other compounds, notably Guthion, yet is without effect on parathion poisoning. The order of effectiveness of SKF525A, iproniazid, and 3-acetylpyridine in antagonizing schradan poisoning closely parallels their order of effectiveness in antagonizing pentobarbital detoxification; the significance of this is discussed. The protection afforded by these agents is probably due to inhibition of the activation of phosphorothionates and phosphoroamidates.
THE FORMATION OF GLYCEROPHOSPHATIDES FROM C14-LABELLED PRECURSORS IN RAT BRAIN SLICES
Authors: Pritchard E. T.
Published: December 2009

The relative incorporation of a number of C14-labelled precursors into the phosphatides of surviving rat brain and liver slices was examined. In addition, the distribution of radioactivity within the individual phosphoglycerides was determined for each precursor. Acetate was the only precursor that contributed considerable radioactivity to the fatty acid portion of the phosphatide molecule. The other precursors donated their radioactivity to the non-fatty acid portion of the glycerophosphatide molecule, both in brain and liver tissue. In brain it was found that ethanolamine was the most effective precursor, followed by serine, choline, glycerol, acetate, and glycine. In liver the order was acetate, glycerol, serine, choline, and glycine. Aerobic conditions and an adequate carbohydrate metabolism were essential for optimum incorporation of the precursors into the phosphatides of brain slices.
EFFECT OF AMBIENT TEMPERATURE ON THERMAL RESPONSES TO DRUGS
Authors: Shemano Irving , Nickerson Mark
Published: December 2009

Thermal responses to a variety of drugs have been investigated at various ambient temperatures, using unanesthetized rats, either lightly restrained or paralyzed with tubocurarine. The results indicate that ambient temperature is a major factor determining thermal responses to many drugs. Experiments on lightly restrained rats demonstrated that the critical ambient temperature, the temperature above which hyperthermia is evoked and below which hypothermia is produced, is about 30 °C (in the thermoneutral range) for Hydergine, ergotamine, LSD-25, and serotonin. The critical ambient temperature for chlorpromazine is approximately 36 °C, and that for 2,4-dinitrophenol, 20 °C. Reserpine produced a consistent hypothermia at 23 °C, but somewhat inconsistent effects at ambient temperatures above this up to 39 °C. Complete curarization abolished the hypothermic effects of all the above agents except chlorpromazine. The production of both hyperthermia and hypothermia by most of the drugs studied suggests that they influence temperature-regulating centers of the central nervous system.
VARIATIONS IN THE SODIUM AND POTASSIUM CONTENT OF THE MUSCLE TISSUE OF PACIFIC SALMON WITH PARTICULAR REFERENCE TO MIGRATION
Authors: MacLeod Robert A. , Jonas R. E. E. , McBride J. R.
Published: December 2009

Further confirmation was obtained of the observation made previously that the Na+and K+levels of the muscle tissue of spring salmon (Oncorhynchus tschawytscha) on the Pacific coast appear to vary with the size of the fish and, in the case of small fish, with the season of the year. Small fish (3 to 5 lb) caught in regions of relatively constant salinity had higher Na+and lower K+concentrations in the spring and summer than in fall and winter. Under the same conditions the levels of Na+and K+in the flesh of larger fish (9 to 10 lb) did not vary.When spring salmon were sampled along the route of their spawning migration up the Fraser River it was found that at the mouth of the river the Na+level was less than in fish at sea. Further up the river, Na+had dropped to less than one-half of the value at sea. At the spawning grounds in three groups out of four examined, Na+rose again to levels the same as or above those prevailing at sea. In general, a drop in Na+was accompanied by a rise in K+and vice versa, though at the spawning ground the drop in K+considerably exceeded the rise in Na+.In the case of sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) heading up river, a lowered Na+and elevated K+occurred in the muscle tissue of the fish while they were still in salt water. After the fish had entered fresh water the ion levels were restored and maintained at levels similar to those normally prevailing at sea. At or near the spawning ground a marked rise in Na+as well as a drop in K+occurred. Evidence was obtained that this change occurred first in the male of the species.The flesh of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) migrating to the sea was found to contain less Na+and more K+than mature fish of the same species caught at sea. Young sockeye in fresh water, however, contained about the same levels of Na+and K+as the mature fish at sea.
COMPARISON OF CARDIOTOXIC ACTIONS OF CERTAIN SYMPATHOMIMETIC AMINES
Authors: Chappel Clifford T. , Rona George , Balazs Tihor , Gaudry Roger
Published: December 2009

Rats were injected subcutaneously on 2 consecutive days with various doses of four sympathomimetic amines. The doses chosen were the median lethal dose or fractions thereof. The animals were sacrificed at 48 hours and myocardial lesions were graded in the gross and after histological sectioning. A synthetic adrenergic agent, isoproterenol, was found to cause severe infarct-like myocardial necrosis. The lesions which were seen after isoproterenol treatment were more severe than those produced by l-epinephrine, l-arterenol, or ephedrine. This was the case whether the severity of the lesions was expressed in terms of single dose lethality of the compound or in terms of absolute amount. It was concluded that the myocardial lesions produced by these drugs are related to their cardiac stimulant properties.
ALCOHOL LEVELS IN BODY FLUIDS AFTER INGESTION OF DISTILLED SPIRITS
Authors: Coldwell B. B. , Smith H. Ward
Published: December 2009

Known volumes of 70-proof distilled spirits were fed to 68 volunteers, making a total of 141 separate doses. The amount of alcohol appearing in the venous blood, saliva, and urine at various time intervals after ingestion was determined by a modified Widmark method, and in the breath by the Breathalyzer. The relationship between time after ingestion, venous blood alcohol concentration (VBA), and Breathalyzer reading (BR) was as follows:(1) between 0.5 and 2.5 hours after ingestion, VBA = (BR + 0.048) ± 0.124 mg/ml;(2) between 30 to 40 minutes after ingestion, VBA = (BR − 0.071) ± 0.065 mg/ml;(3) between 2 to 2.5 hours after ingestion, VBA = (BR + 0.102) ± 0.117 mg/ml. The weighted average ratios of saliva and urine alcohols to venous blood alcohol were 1.12:1 and 1.24:1, respectively. The standard error of estimating the venous blood alcohol indirectly from the saliva alcohol was ±0.075 mg/ml, and from urine alcohol ±0.081 mg/ml when the samples were obtained from 0.5 to 2.5 and from 0.75 to 2.5 hours after drinking, respectively. Over the range of concentrations studied alcohol disappeared from the venous blood at the rate of 0.13 ±0.05 mg/ml/hr and the quantity eliminated from the whole body, per 100 lb of body weight per hour, approximated 0.4 fl. oz of 70-proof distilled spirits.
ETHYLENE METABOLISM IN TOMATO FRUIT: III. EFFECT OF 2,4-DINITROPHENOL ON RESPIRATION, ETHYLENE EVOLUTION, AND RIPENING
Authors: Spencer Mary S.
Published: December 2009

The role of phosphorylation in fruit ripening was investigated by the introduction of a phosphorylation uncoupling agent, 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), into intact fruit. DNP produced a large increase in carbon dioxide evolution by mature green tomatoes, but not by tomatoes in earlier or later stages of maturity. In contrast to its effect on carbon dioxide production, DNP treatment of mature green tomatoes resulted in an immediate depression of ethylene evolution and in failure of the fruit to ripen normally. This suggests a requirement for oxidative phosphorylation for fruit ripening and ethylene production. It was also observed that cell walls of mature green tomatoes treated with the uncoupling agent became wavy and greatly thickened.
MECHANISMS OF THE RENAL RESPONSE TO PLASMA VOLUME EXPANSION
Authors: Atkins E. L. , Pearce J. W.
Published: December 2009

Expansion of the plasma volume by infusions either of plasma or iso-oncotic albumin solution resulted almost uniformly in diuresis and natriuresis in anaesthetized dogs. Although the clearance of para-aminohippurate (RPF) usually increased, changes in clearance of creatinine (GFR) were neither large nor consistent in direction, indicating that the renal response depended on altered tubular reabsorption. The usual temporal dissociation between the peak values for water and sodium output during the response was interpreted as evidence of operation of two effector mechanisms. Reasons are given for believing that the renal response was not due to a direct action of the infusate, but rather to activation of a reflex mechanism by expansion of vascular volume. Bilateral cervical vagotomy did not prevent either the diuresis or the natriuresis, again implying that receptors additional to those in the cardiac atria must contribute to the sensory limb of the reflex. The average magnitude of diuretic and natriuretic responses after cervical vagotomy was, however, less than a quarter of that before the denervation, supporting the contention that the vagi do contribute to the renal response to expansion of the plasma volume when plasma is infused. The diuresis and the natriuresis still occurred during infusion in adrenalectomized animals, indicating that inhibition of aldosterone secretion is not the only effector mechanism leading to a natriuretic response to expansion of vascular volume.
THE INFLUENCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE AND HUMIDITY ON SHOCK PRODUCED BY A CLAMPING PROCEDURE
Authors: Haist R. E. , Moscarello Rebeka , Friedlich T. L. , Hamilton J. R.
Published: December 2009

The influence of environmental temperature on the development of shock produced by a clamping technique in rats was studied. In experiments in which the animals were subjected to different environmental temperatures during the period of limb ischemia, the best survival was obtained with an air temperature of 15 °C. At 9.5 °C and 40 °C the rats did not survive the 10-hour clamping period. When the clamping was carried out at a standard temperature (27 °C) and the rats were then transferred to a room at different temperatures just prior to clamp release, the best survival was obtained at or near a temperature of 24 °C. The temperature in the colon of the shocked rats fell quickly in a cooler environment and rose in a warmer one. When chlorpromazine (0.35 mg/100 g rat) was given at the time of clamp removal to rats kept thereafter at 9.4 °C, 20–21 °C, 24 °C, and 30 °C, survival was significantly prolonged at air temperatures of 20–21 °C, but not at 9.4 °C, 24 °C, or 30 °C. Changes in humidity had no significant influence on survival. The experiments show that the optimum temperature during the period of ischemia is different from that for hindering the development of shock following a period of ischemia.
TURNOVER OF PLASMA GLUCOSE IN ANESTHETIZED WARM- AND COLD-ACCLIMATED RATS EXPOSED TO COLD
Authors: Depocas Florent
Published: December 2009

The turnover of plasma glucose has been measured in anesthetized warm- and cold-acclimated white rats by a method involving a single injection of a tracer amount of uniformly labelled C14-glucose at 30 °C, and measurement of the rate of fall of the plasma glucose specific activity in animals maintained at 30 °C or moved to an environment at 6 °C. Analysis of the data indicated a significant increase in the rate of disappearance of the labelled glucose when the warm-acclimated rats were transferred from 30° to 6 °C but no significant change when the cold-acclimated rats were similarly treated. The concentration of plasma glucose remained essentially constant throughout the observation period. These results may be taken to indicate that the cold-induced increase in metabolism of anesthetized white rats is associated with an increase in plasma glucose turnover in warm-acclimated animals only.
THE PREPARATION OF SUCROSE-C14WITH HIGH SPECIFIC ACTIVITY AND HIGH TRACER YIELD USING DETACHED SUGAR BEET LEAVES
Authors: Nelson C. D. , Mortimer D. C.
Published: December 2009

Radioactive sucrose, in millicurie amounts, was prepared by feeding a detached sugar beet leaf C14O2in air for 15 to 20 minutes followed by 5 to 20 minutes additional photosynthesis in air. The low endogenous sucrose in the leaf coupled with the improved tracer yield effected by the displacement technique gave sucrose with high specific activity. This sucrose-C14, hydrolyzed by 1% invertase, was a good source for radioactive glucose and fructose. Paper chromatographic procedures were used for the isolation and purification of the sugars.
THE EFFECT OF PREVIOUS EXPOSURE TO COLD ON SHOCK SECONDARY TO LIMB ISCHAEMIA
Authors: Schachter H. , Sidlofsky S. , Baker D. G. , Hamilton J. R. , Haist R. E.
Published: December 2009

Previous exposure to a cold environment for a period of 12 weeks increased the incidence of survival and prolonged the survival time of heavy rats shocked by a clamping technique. The oxygen consumption at 27 °C in rats previously exposed to cold for 12 weeks was elevated. During the clamping period the oxygen consumption became more nearly the same in the cold-acclimatized and control rats. After release of the clamps there was a slower fall in oxygen consumption in the previously cold-acclimatized rats than in the control animals. The body temperature, measured in the colon, fell more slowly in the previously cold-exposed rats than in the control rats. This slower fall in colonic temperature was found also in rats previously exposed to cold for shorter periods and was not necessarily associated with changes in survival time. Rats exposed to cold for 6 weeks were "acclimatized" in the sense that they withstood exposure to cold after removal of their fur, but they failed to show significantly lengthened survival times when shocked by this clamping procedure. The administration of thyroxine shortened survival times in the shocked rats but reduced the rate of fall of colonic temperature. The administration of cortisone, thyroxine, and cortisone plus thyroxine shortened survival times in the shocked rats.
THE EFFECT OF SYSTEMATIC TRAINING ON PLASMA ELECTROLYTES, HAEMATOCRIT VALUE, AND BLOOD SUGAR IN THOROUGHBRED RACE HORSES
Authors: Sréter Frank A.
Published: December 2009

Experiments were carried out on regularly ridden horses and thoroughbred race horses following a 10- to 40-minute training period for both groups and following 1- to 3-minute racing in the latter group. An increase was observed in the concentration of calcium in serum and in the concentration of potassium, inorganic phosphorus, and iron in plasma. In the trained race horses a considerable increase was noted in the haematocrit (Hct) value and in the haemoglobin (Hb) concentration of the blood, average values after the race being 23 g% and 66% respectively. In regularly ridden horses and in thoroughbred horses which were not in training, similar muscular exercise did not produce such a noticeable increase in the Hb concentration. Sixteen to twenty-four hours after a race or exercise a transitory, quite pronounced hyperbilirubinaemia of 3 mg% was observed. A large part of the mobilized red cells was not restored, but disintegrated, causing a transitory hyperbilirubinaemia. In blood samples drawn immediately after the race, the average fragility test value of the red cells increased, haemolysis occurring in 0.63% NaCl solution. Blood samples taken from thoroughbred horses after exercise and racing were hyperglycaemic while the blood sugar levels in exercised, regularly ridden horses were not significantly increased and even decreased following exhaustive galloping.These experiments support the hypothesis that the hyperglycaemia is the result of an emotional factor influencing a conditioned nervous response. Thus race horses differ from untrained, regularly ridden horses in that the former show reflex red cell mobilization and hyperglycaemia while the latter do not.
THE POOL SIZE, TURNOVER RATE, AND OXIDATION RATE OF BODY GLUCOSE IN ANESTHETIZED WARM- AND COLD-ACCLIMATED RATS EXPOSED TO A WARM ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Depocas Florent
Published: December 2009

The size and space of the body glucose pool along with its turnover and oxidation rates have been measured in anesthetized 30° and 6 °C acclimated rats by a method involving continuous intravenous injection of small amounts of D-glucose uniformly labelled with C14and attainment of relatively constant specific activities of plasma glucose and respiratory CO2. Values of glucose pool space in warm-acclimated rats (essentially normal animals) were in accord with those found in the dog by a similar method. Results obtained on warm-acclimated rats indicated that previous published values of turnover and oxidation rates of glucose for normal rats were high by a factor of approximately 2 to 4. There was, however, close agreement between the values of turnover time of body glucose pool measured by the continuous infusion procedure and those obtained by others with the single intravenous or intraperitoneal injection procedure. In cold-acclimated rats, average absolute values of glucose pool size were significantly smaller than in warm-acclimated rats but the difference was lost when results were related to body weight. Small, non-significant differences in values of glucose pool size per 100 g body weight and in plasma glucose concentration combined to give a significantly larger glucose space in cold-than in warm-acclimated rats. Glucose turnover and oxidation rates, the ratio between these two quantities, and the proportion of respiratory CO2derived from glucose oxidation were not significantly different in the two groups of rats, thus indicating that cold acclimation is not associated with major alterations in glucose metabolism at least when studied on fully fed anesthetized animals at 30 °C.
HISTAMINE RELEASE BY HOMOLOGOUS PLASMA IN THE DOG
Authors: Bliss J. Q. , Walker J. D.
Published: December 2009

Dogs were injected intracutaneously with their own plasma and with plasma from other dogs. The injected skin in each case was excised and incubated in Tyrode's medium. More free histamine was found in the media containing skin injected with homologous plasma than in the media containing skin injected with autologous plasma. When considered with earlier observations, this result justifies the conclusion that, in the dog, homologous plasma releases histamine on initial injection. Similar experiments with the histamine liberator compound 48/80 showed the method to be extremely sensitive in detecting histamine release.
ESTIMATION OF CORTICOSTEROIDS BY THE REDUCTION OF FERRICYANIDE
Authors: Stephenson N. R.
Published: December 2009

A procedure based on a modification of Folin's micromethod for blood sugar (1, 2) was used to investigate the reducing activity of various corticosteroids. The ferrocyanide produced as a result of the reduction of ferricyanide in alkaline solution was measured photometrically as Prussian blue. With a filter transmitting light at 620 mμ, the relation between the absorbance of the chromogen and the amount of the reducing steroid obeyed Beer's law over the range from 0.005 to 0.050 mg. The oxygen function at C-3 accounted for most of the reducing power of the non-alpha ketolic steroids studied. An oxygen function at C-11 did not affect significantly the reduction of ferricyanide by 17-desoxycorticosteroids. Although the presence of a hydroxyl at C-17 depressed the reducing activity of the alpha-ketol side chain, a fluorine at C-9 and an hydroxyl at C-11 appeared to overcome this inhibiting effect. Evidence was obtained to suggest that a C-16 hydroxyl group was able to increase the reducing action of the alpha-ketolic side chain. Esterification of the C-21 hydroxyl influenced the reduction of ferricyanide only when interference with hydrolysis of the ester in the alkaline medium was experienced.
IMPAIRMENT OF TUMOR GROWTH BY UNNATURAL AMINO ACIDS
Authors: Martel Fernand , Berlinguet Louis
Published: December 2009

Fourteen unnatural amino acids were assayed for their action on the development of a transplantable Novikoff hepatoma tumor, and 10 of them were found to exert some inhibitory effects.
AGGRAVATION OF CHOLESTEROL ATHEROSCLEROSIS IN RABBITS BY FREE UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS
Authors: Rona George , Chappel Clifford I. , Gaudry Roger
Published: December 2009

An unsaturated fatty acid preparation containing 90 to 95% linoleic acid was tested on cholesterol-induced hypercholesterolemia and atherosclerosis in the rabbit. The rabbits, treated with cholesterol dissolved in the unsaturated fatty acid, revealed a significantly higher hypercholesterolemia and more marked atherosclerosis than the rabbits that were treated with cholesterol dissolved in the same amount of olive oil.
VITAMIN B6AND MENTAL DEFICIENCY: THE EFFECTS OF LARGE DOSES OF B6(PYRIDOXINE) IN PHENYLKETONURIA
Authors: McGeer Edith G. , Tischler Bluma
Published: December 2009

Vitamin B6was given to 10 phenylketonuric patients in doses up to 150 mg/day for a period of 9 weeks. Their clinical signs, behavior, intelligence, E.E.G.('s), serum phenylalanine levels, urinary phenylpyruvic acid and phenol levels, and excretions of ethyl-acetate-soluble aromatic derivatives were followed serially. No changes of significance to phenylketonuria were found, although chromatographic evidence indicated some changes in excretion of a few aromatic derivatives, notably Nα-acetyltryptophan.
THE EFFECT OF AGE ON THE ELASTICITY OF HUMAN ILIAC ARTERIES
Authors: Roach Margot R. , Burton Alan C.
Published: December 2009

Autopsy specimens of iliac arteries of 63 individuals of ages between birth and 91 years have been used to measure pressure–volume curves from which elastic diagrams, i.e. tension vs. elongation, and 'elastances' were deduced. For a smaller number of specimens, the longitudinal elastance was also measured. The resistance to deformation was also derived from the amount of excess pressure outside, which was required to empty the vessel (collapse pressure). The mean curves of tension vs. stretch for the different age groups showed a remarkable increase in resistance to stretch with age for both circumferential and longitudinal elastance. The incidence of atherosclerosis, shown by the independent grading of the histologist, increased with age, but vessels not showing atherosclerosis also showed a significant increase in 'elastance' with age. The thickness of the arterial wall was increased from birth to age 20 (about 3 times) but did not change significantly thereafter. There was a significant trend for the diameter of the lumen to decrease after age 30. This was not accounted for by intimal thickening, found in some specimens of greater age. Biophysical analysis in terms of the quantity of collagen fibers present in the wall suggests that not only does the quantity of collagenous material increase with age, but more importantly, the un-stretched length of these fibers decreases with age, as the 'slack' in them is taken up, possibly by cross-linkages or adhesions.
α-AMINO-n-BUTYRIC ACID IN TRANSAMINATION
Authors: Iyer G. Y. N. , Sukumaran M.
Published: December 2009

The transamination reaction between α-amino-n-butyric acid and α-keto-glutarate or pyruvate or oxaloacetate in the presence of homogenates of rat kidney, liver, heart, and skeletal muscle has been studied. Direct evidence is presented for transamination with α-ketoglutarate in the presence of the first three tissues and with pyruvate in the presence of kidney and liver. Appreciable amounts of alanine are formed in the course of transamination with oxaloacetate. Of the four tissues the liver appears to be quantitatively the most important by virtue of its mass and relatively high specific transaminase activity.
THE EFFECT OF CARBON MONOXIDE ON OXYGEN CONSUMPTION, GLUCOSE UTILIZATION, AND GROWTH IN MAMMALIAN CELLS IN VITRO
Authors: Dales Samuel , Fisher Kenneth C.
Published: December 2009

The effect of carbon monoxide on respiration, growth, and carbohydrate metabolism of Earle's L strain cells was investigated. The rate of gas uptake by suspensions of cells in a Warburg respirometer was the same from mixtures containing various proportions of CO/O2/N2or containing only O2/N2. Apparently carbon monoxide was not inhibiting oxygen consumption. In respirometers filled with carbon monoxide and oxygen in the ratio of 9:1, illumination caused the net gas uptake to rise 23% above that of the controls. This suggests that the rate of oxygen consumption in the dark was reduced as a consequence of an inhibition of a respiratory enzyme by carbon monoxide. In keeping with this suggestion, a spectroscopic examination revealed the presence in L cells of absorption bands corresponding to those of the cytochrome enzymes. Using differential manometers it was established for the first time that carbon monoxide is taken up by L cells in the dark. It is concluded that a fraction of the gas uptake which is represented by the consumption of oxygen associated with normal metabolism must be reduced in the presence of carbon monoxide. It is also concluded that L cells oxidize carbon monoxide to carbon dioxide. The rate of multiplication of cells was reduced by carbon monoxide while the rate of glucose breakdown and lactic acid production were markedly accelerated, suggesting that there was an inhibition of cytochrome oxidase. Low partial pressures of oxygen also reduced the rate of multiplication of L cells while increasing the rate of glucose disappearance and the rate of lactic acid production. The observations reported here thus emphasize the role of aerobic oxidations in the maintenance of the maximum rate of growth.
THE BREAKDOWN OF ADENOSINE PHOSPHATES IN EXTRACTS OF XANTHOMONAS PHASEOLI
Authors: Hochster R. M. , Madsen N. B.
Published: December 2009

Cell-free extracts of Xanthomonas phaseoli (XP8) can convert ATP to hypoxanthine, the chief intermediates being ADP, AMP, IMP, and inosine. The following enzymes concerned in the breakdown of ATP are present: adenosine triphosphatase, myokinase, adenylic acid deaminase, a 5′-nucleotidase acting on IMP, and a nucleosidase which converts inosine to hypoxanthine. It is concluded that the conversion of ADP to AMP is, for the most part, carried out by the myokinase, the direct dephosphorylation of ADP being of questionable significance in these extracts.AMP is not dephosphorylated directly but is first deaminated to IMP. A method is presented which allows enzymatic deamination to be studied by manometric means. The deamination of AMP is found to explain the biphasic nature of the carbon dioxide output and uptake observed when hexokinase activity of extracts is measured by the manometric method.
STUDIES ON CALCIUM PHOSPHATE FATTY ACID SALTS OCCURRING IN FECAL LIPIDS
Authors: Richards J. F. , Carroll K. K.
Published: December 2009

The presence of unsaturated fatty acids such as oleic, linoleic, eicosenoic, and erucic acid in the diet of rats causes a marked increase in lipid-soluble calcium and phosphorus in the feces. A proposed structure of a calcium phosphate fatty acid complex salt for this material has been confirmed by chemical synthesis and characterization by paper chromatography.