bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determinants of antioxidant status in humans
Authors: Papas Andreas M.
Published: May 2007

Antioxidant status in humans reflects the dynamic balance between the antioxidant system and prooxidants and has been suggested as a useful tool in estimating the risk of oxidative damage. This paper reviews determinants of antioxidant status such as diet including antioxidant nutrient and nonnutrient intake, absorption and bioavailabilty, dietary components such as polyunsaturated fatty acids and transition metals, food storage and processing, chemical form, chirality and formulation of supplemental compounds and alcohol intake; environmental factors such as pollutants, ultraviolet radiation and smoking; injury and disease, medications and other medical treatments such as radiation; strenuous exercise; and physiological stage or conditions such as those in premature babies and the elderly. It is proposed that, in addition to current focus on tissues, the antioxidant status of digesta should be considered because of its effect on specific tissues and potential health implications.
In vivo labeling of brain phospholipids by long‐chain fatty acids: Relation to turnover and function
Authors: Rapoport Stanley I.
Published: May 2007

An experimental method and model are described to quantitate kinetics ofin vivo incorporation of fatty acids (FA) into stable brain phospholipids. When a radiolabeled long‐chain FA is injected intravenously in a rat, it rapidly equilibrates with brain FA‐CoA, the precursor pool for phospholipids. As different labeled FA enter differentsn positions of specific phospholipids, a combination of labels can be used to investigate roles of different phospholipids in brain function and structure. By taking into account dilution λ of specific activity of brain FA‐CoA, compared with specific activity of FA in plasma, half‐lives of FA in individual brain phospholipids can be calculated. Values for λ less than 0.02 suggest marked recycling, and give half‐lives two orders of magnitude smaller than literature values. A half‐life of arachidonate in phosphatidyli‐nositol of 0.66 h (turnover=105%h) is consistent with active participation of this FA in phospholipase A2mediated signal transduction.
In vivo compartmental metabolism of13C docosahexaenoic acid, studied by gas chromatography‐combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Croset Martine , Brossard Nicole , Pachiaudi Christiane , Normand Sylvie , Lecerf Jean , Chirouze Véronique , Riou Jean Paul , Tayot Jean Louis , Lagarde Michel
Published: May 2007

The exchange of docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) within lipid pools in rat and human has been followed as a function of time after the ingestion of triglycerides (TG) containing 22:6n‐3 labeled with13C(13C 22:6n‐3). The13C abundance in the fatty acid was measured by gas‐chromatography‐combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry which allowed the detection of 0.001 atom13C percent12C. The13C 22:6n‐3 appearance was rapid in the TG of very low density lipoprotein plus chylomicron fraction, in which the maximal labeling was observed at 3 and 2 h after ingestion in rat and human, respectively. Concomitant with the TG utilization of this fraction by lipoprotein lipase from tissues, unesterified13C 22:6n‐3 appeared in the plasma albumin.13C 22:6n‐3 bound to albumin was mostly present in unesterified form before 12 h post‐ingestion while after that period, lysophosphatidylcholine (lysoPC) bound to albumin carried higher13C 22:6n‐3 concentrations. These lyso‐PC were mostly from hepatic origin and might represent a potential source of 22:6n‐3 redistribution to tissues. The13C 22:6n‐3 uptake into rat brain PC and phosphatidylethanolamine was still increasing when the concentration of plasma unesterified13C 22:6n‐3 had already dropped to a minimal plateau value and during the period of maximal plasma circulation of13C 22:6n‐3‐lysoPC bound to albumin. In contrast, the uptake of13C 22:6n‐3 into blood platelet PC occurred during the phase of important circulation of13C‐22:6n‐3 bound to albumin, suggesting thein vivo efficiency of the Lands pathway for this fatty acid. It is concluded that13C 22:6n‐3 esterified in TG is rapidly absorbed and redistributed within plasma lipoproteins and that its redistribution within the two lipid species bound to albumin might influence its uptake by platelets and rat brain.
Effect of dietary α‐linolenic acid intake on incorporation of docosahexaenoic and arachidonic acids into plasma phospholipids of term infants
Authors: Sauerwald Thorsten U. , Hachey David L. , Jensen Craig L. , Chen Huiming , Anderson Robert E. , Heird William C.
Published: May 2007

The fractional conversion rates of plasma phospholipid α‐linolenic acid (18:3n‐3) and linoleic acid (18:2n‐6) to docosahexaenoic acid (22:6n‐3) and arachidonic acid (20:4n‐6), respectively, and the fractional rates of incorporation of 22:6n‐3 and 20:4n‐6 into plasma phospholipids were determined in 27 healthy 3‐wk‐old term infants who had received formulas with ≈16% of fat as 18:2n‐6 and 0.4% (n=6), 1.0% (n=11), or 3.2% (n=10) as 18:3n‐3 from birth. The infants were given a single dose of both [U‐13C] 18:2n‐6 and [U‐13C]18:3n‐3 with a feeding, and blood samples were collected 8, 12, and 24 h afterward for determination of the isotopic enrichments of the [M+18] isotopomers of plasma phospholipid fatty acids by negative chemical ionization gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. A simple precursor/product compartmental model was used to estimate fractional rates of conversion and incorporation. All infants converted 18:3n‐3 to 22:6n‐3 and 18:2n‐6 to 20:4n‐6. Although the fractional rate of conversion of 18:3n‐3 to 22:6n‐3 did not differ among groups, the fractional rate of incorporation of 22:6n‐3 into the plasma phospholipid fraction was greater in infants who received 3.2% vs. 0.4% or 1.0% 18:3n‐3 (4.1±2.2 vs 1.6±1.5 or 2.0±1.0% of the plasma phospholipid 22:6n‐3 pool daily). The fractional rate of conversion of 18:2n‐6 to 20:4n‐6 was less in infants who received the 3.2% 18:3n‐3 intake (0.4±0.3% of the plasma phospholipid 18:2n‐6 pool daily vs. 1.1±0.7% and 0.8±0.5% in those who received 0.4 and 1.0% 18:3n‐3, respectively). The fractional rate of incorporation of 20:4n‐6 into plasma phospholipid also was less in the 3.2% vs. the 0.4 and 1.0% 18:3n‐3 groups (2.7±1.4% vs. 5.9±2.6 and 4.4±1.7%, respectively, of the plasma phospholipid 20:4n‐6 pool daily).
Enzyme replacement and gene therapy for Gaucher's disease
Authors: Brady Roscoe O. , Barton Norman W.
Published: May 2007

The lipid storage disorders have long been considered primary candidates for enzyme replacement therapy. This goal has been achieved with a remarkable degree of success in Gaucher's disease. Among the accomplishments that were important to obtain clinical benefit were the development of a large‐scale procedure to purify human placental glucocerebrosidase and a method to target this enzyme to lipid‐storing macrophages through glycoform modification. In addition, the effectiveness of recombinantly produced macrophage‐targeted glucorerebrosidase has recently been demonstrated. Because macrophages originate from stem cells in the bone marrow, ex vivo transduction of these cells with retroviral vectors containing the cDNA for human glucocerebrosidase is being explored for the genetic therapy of Gaucher's disease.
Losses of arachidonic acid in rat liver after alcohol inhalation
Authors: Salem Norman , Reyzer Michelle , Karanian John
Published: May 2007

This paper presents an animal model of alcoholism in which rats were exposed to alcohol by inhalation and were fed a diet that simulated the poor diet of some alcoholics. It is hypothesized that some of the pathophysiological effects of alcohol are related to its effects on essential fatty acid metabolism and composition of vital organs. A diet that contains no 20‐and 22‐carbon essential fatty acids and has low levels of 18‐carbon essential fatty acids was used as a dietary challenge. Addition of a second metabolic challenge, i.e., alcohol, led to loss of tissue polyunsaturates, particularly liver arachidonate. A method of cycling alcohol inhalation for 12 h/d was also presented, which was also shown to lower liver arachidonic acid content.
Role of essential fatty acids in the function of the developing nervous system
Authors: Uauy Ricardo , Peirano Patricio , Hoffman Dennis , Mena Patricia , Birch David , Birch Eileen
Published: May 2007

The basis for n‐3 fatty acid essentiality in humans includes not only biochemical evidence but functional measures associated with n‐3 deficiency in human and nonhuman primates. Functional development of the retina and the occipital cortex are affected by α‐linolenic acid deficiency and by a lack of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in preterm infant formulas and, as reported more recently, in term diets. Functional effects of n‐3 supply on sleep‐wake cycles and heart rate rhythms support the need for dietary n‐3 fatty acids during early development. Our results indicate that n‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids should be considered provisionally essential for infant nutrition. DHA may also be required by individuals with inherited metabolic defects in elongation and desaturation activity, such as patients with peroxisomal disorders and some forms of retinitis pigmentosa.
A role for phospholipid polyunsaturation in modulating membrane protein function
Authors: Litman Burton J. , Mitchell Drake C.
Published: May 2007

Visual transduction is one of the best characterized G protein—coupled signalling systems. In addition, about 50% of the disk membrane phospholipid acyl chains are 22:6n‐3, making this system ideal for determining the role of polyunsaturation in modulating membrane‐signalling systems. The extent of formation of metarhodopsin II (MII), the G protein—activating photointermediate of rhodopsin, was studied in phospholipid vesicles composed of a variety of phosphatidylcholines, differing in their acyl chain composition at thesn‐2 position. The amount of MII formed increased progressively with the level of acyl chain unsaturation at thesn‐2 position. The effect of added cholesterol was to reduce the amount of MII formed. The acyl chain packing free volume of the rhodopsin containing lipid vesicles was characterized by a fractional volume parameter fv derived from measurements of the time‐resolved fluorescence anisotropy decay of the hydrophobic membrane probe 1,6‐diphenyl‐1,3,5‐hexatriene. The relationship amongsn‐2 acyl chain unsaturation, cholesterol content, and MII formation is explained on the basis of variation in fv with bilayer lipid composition and a novel model for the packing of phospholipids containing polyenoic acyl chains, such as 22:6n‐3.
Specificity of polyunsaturated fatty acid release from rat brain synaptosomes
Authors: Kim Hee‐Yong , Edsall Lisa , Ma Yee‐Chung
Published: May 2007

Release of specific polyunsaturated fatty acids from cell membranes may have a significant implication in biological function, considering the involvement of various fatty acids in cell signal transduction. In the present study, release of polyunsaturated fatty acids from rat brain synaptosomes by endogeneous synaptosomal lipase activity was examined in comparison to that by cobra venom phospholipase A2 (Naja naja naja). Cobra venom phospholipase A2 (Naja naja naja) preferentially hydrolyzed docosahexaenoic acid (22∶6n−3) from both synaptosomes and lipid muxtures containing similar classes of lipids commonly found in the brain. Arachidonic acid (20∶4n−6) and oleic acid (18∶1n−9) were also hydrolyzed; however, monoene species was hydrolyzed slower than were polyenoic species in synaptosomes. Phosphatidylethanolamine was the most preferred phospholipid class for release of 22∶6n−3 fatty acid from both lipid mixtures and synaptosomes.

In contrast to hydrolysis by cobra venom phospholipase A2, endogenous synaptosomal lipase activity preferentially hydrolyzed 20∶4−6 from rat brain synaptosomes, despite the high abundance of 22∶6n−3 in synaptosomal membranes. Preferential release of 20∶4n−6 was observed over a wide range of pH values and calcium concentrations. Synaptosomal 22∶6 species appeared to be resistant to hydrolysis even after stimulation with various agents such as phorbolmyristate, suggesting that physiological importance of 22∶6−3 in neuronal membranes may not be as the release fatty acid.
The significance of polyunsaturated fatty acids in cutaneous biology
Authors: Ziboh Vincent A.
Published: May 2007

The skin epidermis displays a highly active metabolism of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Dietary deficiency of linoleic acid (LA) and 18‐carbon (n‐6) PUFA results in characteristic scaly skin disorder and excessive epidermal water loss. Arachidonic acid, a 20‐carbon (n‐6) PUFA is metabolized via the cyclooxygenase pathway into predominantly prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) PGF2α′ and PGD2 and via the lipoxygenase pathway into predominantly 15‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15‐HETE). The prostaglandins modulate normal skin physiological processes at low concentrations and inflammatory reactions at high concentrations. Similarly, the very active epidermal 15‐lipoxygenase transforms dihomogammalinolenic acid (DGLA) into 15‐hydroxy eicosatrienoic acid (15‐HETrE), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) into 15‐hydroxyeicosapentaenoic acid (15‐HEPE) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) into 17‐hydroxydocosahexaenoic acid (17‐HDoHE), respectively. These monohydroxy acids exhibit anti‐inflammatory properties. In contrast, the 18‐carbon (n‐6) PUFA is transformed into 13‐hydroxy‐9,11‐octadecadienoic acid (13‐HODE), which exerts antiproliferative properties in the tissue. Thus the supplementation of diets with appropriate purified vegetable oils and/or fish oil may generate local cutaneous anti‐inflammatory metabolites which could serve as a less toxicin vivo monotherapy or as adjuncts to standard therapeutic regimens for the management of skin inflammaory disorders.
Gender differences in insulin‐induced free fatty acid suppression: Studies in an african american population
Authors: Sumner Anne E. , Kushner Harvey , Lakota Christina A. , Falkner Bonita , Marsh Julian B.
Published: May 2007

This study of African Americans (AA) was designed to investigate gender differences in insulin‐induced free fatty acid (FFA) suppression. Sixty AA (34 women, mean age 34±7.6 years, and 26 men, mean age 30±2.9 years) participated. All subjects had an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Nineteen women and 18 men also underwent a euglycemic hyperinsulinemic clamp (IC) study. Plasma insulin and FFA concentrations were obtained during both test at 0, 60, and 120 min. While there was no gender difference in body mass index (P=0.21), women had greater percent body fat (P<0.001) calculated by the Siri formula. There was no gender difference in fasting FFA levels, but during the OGTT, women compared to men had significantly greater FFA suppression. Both nonobese and obese women suppressed FFA concentration by 88%, and nonobese and obese men suppressed, FFA concentration by 80 and 66%, respectively. This gender difference in FFA suppression was significant (P=0.001) and independent of obesity and insulin concentration. During the IC studies, there were no gender or obesity differences in FFA suppression, with women and men suppressing FFA levels by 87–89% (P=0.7). Fasting insulin concentrations were higher in obese vs. nonobese (P=0.03), but fasting FFA concentrations were not different (P=0.15). For nonobese and obese, females, fasting FFA levels were 0.55±0.24 and 0.44±0.26 mEq/L, respectively, and for nonobese and obese males, 0.45±0.2 and 0.35±0.18 mEq/L, respectively. In women, development of obesity may be enhanced by greater sensitivity to insulin‐induced FFA suppression as measured during an OGTT. To detect gender differences in FFA metabolism, the OGTT is superior to the IC. The lack of elevation in fasting FFA levels in obese AA women and men has not been reported in other racial groups and may indicate a greater adipocyte sensitivity to insulin in AA.
Production of eicosapentaenoic acid from marine bacteria
Authors: Yazawa Kazunaga
Published: May 2007

A marine bacterium, judged as a new species close toShewanella putrefaciens, was isolated from the intestinal contents of the Pacific mackerel. The isolated strain SCRC‐2378 produced eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) as the sole polyunsaturated fatty acid, which amounted to 24–40% of the total fatty acid in the cell, which corresponded to 2% of dry cell weight. Under the optimal growth conditions (pH 7.0, 20°C, and grown aerobically for 12–18 h), the yield of SCRC‐2738 reached 15 g of dry cells/L or 2×1010 viable cells/mL. EPA existed as phospholipid and was found in thesn‐2 position of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. The 38 kbp (1,000 base pairs) genome DNA fragment was cloned from SCRC‐2738 and expressed inEscherichia coli, which resulted in the production of EPA. The nucleotide sequence of the 38 kbp DNA fragment was determined. The DNA fragment contains eight open reading frames, and three of them posses homology with enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis. Thus, it may be possible that these EPA biosynthesis genes are applied for EPA production in yeasts or higher plants, and offer a new method for EPA synthesis as new foods containing EPA.
Eicosapentaenoic acid suppressed the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells through modulation of various steps of growth signals
Authors: Terano T. , Shiina T. , Tamura Y.
Published: May 2007

Among fatty acids, only n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentanenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) inhibited the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. DHA was less effective than EPA. To clarify the anti‐proliferative effect of n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, we have explored the effect of EPA on the signal transduction pathway of platelet derived growth factor (PDGF). EPA inhibited PDGF binding on its receptor and activation of protein kinase C. EPA also suppressed c‐fos mRNA expression, one of immediate early genes, through partly inhibiting c‐fos transcription. These data revealed that EPA could inhibit vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through modulating various steps of the signal transduction by PDGF.
The structure‐activity relationship of lipoxygenase products of long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids: Effects on human platelet aggregation
Authors: Karanian John W. , Kim Hee‐Yong , Salem Norman
Published: May 2007

The effect of hydroperoxy and hydroxy derivatives of various fatty acids on human platelet aggregation was determined to delineate potencies and structure‐activity function. In this regard, the 22‐carbon n‐3 fatty acids are the most potent inhibitors in comparison to the n‐6 lipoxygenase derivatives. Submicromolar levels of the docosapentaenoic (22:5) and especially docosahexaenoic (22:6) n‐3 hydroperoxy and hydroxy derivatives specifically antagonize the platelet aggregating effect to arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n‐6) but not that of ADP or collagen. Chain length (22‐C>20‐C), double‐bond position (n‐3>n‐6), and double‐bond number (6>5>4) influence the degree of inhibition of AA‐induced aggregation of human platelets. Moreover, significant differneces in potency were associated with specific structural aspects of 22:6n‐3 lipoxygenase derivatives of 22:6n‐3 as follows: functional group (OOH >OH) and positional isomer (14‐OOH, 14‐OH, 20‐OOH>11‐OOH, 17‐OOH>10‐OOH>11‐OH, 8‐OOH, 7‐OOH>4‐OOH).
Defatted peanuts: Preliminary cost study
Authors: Molaison L. J. , Decossas K. M. , Pominski J. , Patton E. L.
Published: May 2007

Defatted peanuts are high in protein and low in fat content. A preliminary cost study for defatting Virginia peanuts with hexane in three all‐new hypothetical commerical plants indicates operating cost can be as low as 84 cents/lb of peanuts extracted when packaged in 502ȕ308 tins. Cost in fully depreciated plants is as low as 61.5 cents for a volume of extracted peanuts equivalent to the amount of unextracted peanuts normally packaged in 502ȕ308 tins. Process development shows promise for further reducing these costs which are based on limited exploratory pilot plant research.
Quantitative analysis for oleic and petroselinic acids in glyceride oils
Authors: Mallard T. M. , Craig B. M.
Published: May 2007

A rapid quantitative method for the determination of oleic (9‐cis‐octadecenoic) and petroselinic (6‐cis‐octadecenoic) acids was required for nutritional research. The methyl esters of these two acids have coincident emergence in GLC separations using polyester columns. A method involving oxidation and GLC analysis of the resultant monocarboxylic acids has been developed.
Reaction of aliphatic tertiary amines with hydroperoxides
Authors: Le Harris Anna , Olcott H. S.
Published: May 2007

Trioctylamine acts as an antioxidant in fats at 70C but not at lower temperatures. A reactive antioxidant intermediate was sought. Dioctylhydroxylamine was obtained from the reaction of trioctylamine and t‐butyl peroxide at 70C. The recrystallized product had antioxidant properties. About 0.1% existed as stable free radical by electron‐spin resonance. Didecyl‐ and didodecylhydroxylamines were also synthesized from the corresponding tertiary amines. These and a sample of commercial diethylhydroxylamine also contained free radicals and possessed antioxidant activity.
Straight‐chain alkylbenzenes: Structure and performance property relations III. Light‐duty dishwashing formulations
Authors: Anstett R. M. , Munger P. A. , Rubinfeld Joseph
Published: May 2007

A relationship between mixtures of straightchain alkylbenzene sulfonates and their performances in light‐duty dishwashing formulations has been established through studies of many pure isomers and isomer mixtures in both liquid and powder systems. The foam performance characteristics are shown to be directly related to carbon chain length, phenyl position, and water hardness in a readily calculable manner. Solubility studies on pure isomers are also reported.
Reduction of methyl oleate ozonolysis products to aldehydes with activated zinc
Authors: Awl R. A. , Pryde E. H.
Published: May 2007

Reduction of methyl oleate ozonolysis products with active zinc in the absence of acid or water gave an 88% yield of methyl azelaaldehydate. Under these neutral conditions, side reactions such as acetalization and aldehyde condensations could be more conveniently avoided than when zinc‐acetic acid reduction is used. The activated zinc was prepared by treatment with acetic acid followed by washing to remove the acid.
The reaction of picric acid with epoxides I. A colorimetric method
Authors: Fioriti J. A. , Bentz A. P. , Sims R. J.
Published: May 2007

A colorimetric method has been developed for the analysis of epoxides by reaction with picric acid. Picric acid was found to be the best of several acidic chromophores in its reaction with epoxides. Despite a nonquantitative reaction, the product concentration is proportional to the original concentration, i.e., it follows Beer舗s Law.

The reaction variables were studied with methyl mono‐ and diepoxystearates, epoxidized cottonseed oil andVernonia anthelmintica oil. The general applicability of the method was demonstrated by reaction with butyl epoxystearate, styrene oxide, a number of 3‐substituted propylene oxides and two commercial epoxy resins.
Relationships between moisture contents of cottonseed flakes and water in miscellas from extractions with acetone‐cyclohexane azeotropes
Authors: Lawhon J. T. , Rao H. S.
Published: May 2007

A method for determining the composition of acetone, hexane and water mixtures was adapted for use with acetone, cyclohexane and water mixtures.

Techniques for drying cottonseed flakes to different moisture contents for extraction with acetone‐cyclohexane azeotropes were devised. Tests for possible gossypol binding occurring during the drying operation were made.

Bench scale extractions yielded data which show the water resulting in miscellas when extracting cottonseed flakes at various moisture levels.

It is envisioned that in a commercial process utilizing an acetone‐cyclohexane‐water mixture to produce cottonseed protein products for food uses, the water in the extracting mixture would be stablized at a level somewhere between the 0 and 3% by wt water levels of the two azeotropes used in these studies.

Efforts are currently being devoted to defining the optimum practical water level that could be easily attained in commercial usage. Additional products evaluations will also be made.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XII. Alternate syntheses of surface active sulfobetaines
Authors: Parris N. , Well J. K. , Linfield W. M.
Published: May 2007

Sulfopropylated amphoteric surfactants, previously reported in this journal, displayed excellent surface active properties and were good detergents in combination with soap. New synthetic routes were investigated for the preparation of such types of compounds to provide a more economical process and eliminate the hazards due to propanesultone, which was used in the previously reported synthetic procedure. A series of 2‐hydroxy‐3‐sulfopropyl amphoteric surfactants was prepared by reacting sodium 3‐chloro‐2‐hydroxy‐1‐propanesulfonate (the addition product of sodium bisulfite to epichlorophydrin) with various primary fatty amines as well as with fat derived N,N‐dimethylalkylamines. Quaternary sulfobetaines not possessing a hydroxyl group were obtained from tertiary amines by reaction with allyl chloride followed by bisulfite addition. The solubility behavior (Krafft points) of these compounds indicated that they were not identical with the sulfobetaines prepared with the aid of propanesultone. The secondary and quaternary ammonium compounds exhibited limited water solubility but were good lime soap dispersing agents. They displayed good detergency in combination with soap. The quaternary ammonium derivatives were particularly effective on cottonpolyester blend fabrics.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XV. Amino esters of α‐sulfo fatty acids
Authors: Smith F. D. , Sucharski M. K. , Linfield W. M.
Published: May 2007

Amphoteric surfactants were prepared either by direct esterification of α‐sulfo fatty acids with various alkanolamines or by rearrangement of the corresponding alkanolamides of the α‐sulfo fatty acids to the amino esters with the aid of aqueous hydrochloric acid. The α‐sulfo fatty acid monoesters of diethanolamine could be prepared only via the rearrangement method. The amino esters in the C16−C18 range possessed limited water solubility whereas α‐sulfolaurate esters were soluble at room temperature. The amino esters were found to be stable to acid hydrolysis; however, they were generally not stable to alkali, by which they were either hydrolyzed or rearranged to the corresponding amide. Only the esters of isopropanolamine and diglycolamine were stable to alkali. Surface active properties of the esters were determined. The lime soap dispersant requirements of the compounds were slightly poorer than those of the corresponding amides. The compounds were good cotton detergents by themselves as well as in combination with soap and a silicate builder. The overall surface active properties of the amino esters were greatly inferior to those of the sulfobetaines previously reported. This indicates that an effective amphoteric lime soap dispersant should have its anionic group located at the very end of the molecule and the cationic group somewhat farther away, instead of the reverse.
Soap‐based detergent formulations: XVII. Synthesis and surface active properties of alkylbenzene derived amine oxides
Authors: Marmer W. N. , Linfield W. M.
Published: May 2007

Amine oxides CnH2n+1C6H4SO2NH(CH2)3‐NMe2—O− were prepared for testing as lime soap dispersing agents in phosphate free, soap‐based, sodium silicate built laundry detergents. These amine oxides were synthesized via a three step route from a variety of pure 1‐phenylalkanes and also from a commerical detergent alkylate mixture. The process included (a) the sulfonation of the phenylalkane with chlorosulfonic acid, (b) reaction of the resulting alkarylsulfonyl chloride with H2N(CH2)3NMe2 or with H2N(CH2)3N(CH2CH2OH)2 under anhydrous conditions, and (c) oxidation with aqueous H2O2. The amine oxides were water soluble and in some instances isolable as crystalline hydrates. They were found to be thermally stable below 125 C and highly surface active. Optimum detergency and lime soap dispersability were achieved by the model compound of alkyl chain length n=8. This was in contrast to the behavior of the related amphoteric sulfobetaine series CnH2n+1C6H4SO2NH(CH2)3NMe2(CH2)3‐SO3−, whose optimum detergency and lime soap dispersability previously had been observed to reach a maximum at chain length n=12. Detergency screening tests showed that soap‐based detergents formulated with the sulfobetaines outperformed the ones formulated with the amine oxides.
Incorporation of [1‐14C] acetate into phospholipids by soybean seedlings
Authors: Negishi T.
Published: May 2007

Incorporation of [1‐14C] acetate into lipids by slices of soybean seedlings was studied. The results were as follows: (a) the greatest amount of radioactivity was detected in the phospholipid fraction prepared from the main axis; (b) in the cotyledons, radioactivity was about the same in pigment, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol; (c) phosphatidylcholine was the main phospholipid labeled in the axis; (d) the distribution of radioactive fatty acids in the axis suggested that this tissue has the capacity for both phospholipid synthesis and fatty acid desaturation.
The effect of shortening stability on commercially produced army ration biscuits. I. Initial data and results of accelerated stability tests
Authors: Horne L. W. , Stevens H. H. , Thompson J. B.
Published: May 2007

An experiment involving the commercial production and packaging of two types of Army ration biscuits prepared from common ingredients with nine lots of vegetable oil shortening of increasing stability values and two lots of lard as the only ingredient variables has been described, and the initial analytical data presented.

Evaluation of accelerated stability tests on both shortenings and biscuit shows that:

A linear relationship exists between Swift Stability (A.O.M.) and oxygen absorption (Warburg) values obtained on cottonseed oil and soybean oil shortening.

Increasing the accelerated stability values of the shortening by additional hydrogenation of the vegetable oils resulted in greater accelerated stability values for the biscuits containing the corresponding shortenings. A nearly direct relationship was found between the stability of soybean oil shortenings (Swift Stability Values) with the stability of the corresponding biscuits (Rancimeter). In the case of the cottonseed oil shortenings the increase in biscuit stability was marked to about a 100‐hour accelerated stability value, but was much less pronounced above 100 hours.

Addition of commercial lecithin increased the stability values of the biscuits containing cottonseed oil shortenings, but had an adverse effect on the stability of biscuits containing lard and lard plus N.D.G.A.

Results obtained from examinations of biscuits packaged in fiberboard cartons, punched cans, and sealed cans and stored for two years at 70°F. and 100°F. are contained in the second paper of this series.
Fluoride catalysis at 175°C. of the reaction: Glycerol plus fatty acid
Authors: Wocasek Joseph J. , Koch John R.
Published: May 2007

In uncatalyzed reactions the esterification of stearic, oleic, and linolenic acid proceeded at the same general rate though the speed was somewhat enhanced as the degree of unsaturation of the fatty acid increased. None of the reactions went to completion, after 15 hours being 72%, 83%, and 84%, respectively, completed. Only a small fraction of the distearate was converted to the triglyceride; a greater amount of the dioleate was esterified to the trioleate and about half the dilinolenate was changed to the trilinolenate.

Of 15 metallic fluorides studied, all afforded some catalysis, but only antimony trifluoride and zinc and cobalt fluorides were outstanding. Antimony trifluoride was the most active although in large amount it caused severe decomposition and charring of the products. Zinc fluoride had the best general properties, approaching antimony trifluoride yet causing practically no decomposition even in high concentration. Its activity was enhanced with an increase in amount, the best concentration apparently being 0.1 mole per 100 grams fatty acid. Antimony trifluoride was also better in larger amount within limits, but cobalt fluoride did not exhibit this property.

With zinc fluoride as catalyst the reactions of stearic, oleic and linolenic acids after 15 hours were 95%, 94%, and 92%, respectively, completed. At least three‐fourths of the diglycerides were converted to triglycerides. From a study of reaction velocities, zinc fluoride caused the monoglyceride to form at a rate approximately four times that of the uncatalyzed reaction and the diglyceride at a six‐fold rate. The triglyceride was formed at an almost undiminished rate whereas in the uncatalyzed reaction the formation of triglyceride was diminished rapidly.

Unsaturation and viscosity were not affected seriously in the presence of the fluorides except antimony trifluoride. Certain other fluorides caused severe darkening but without accompanying serious decomposition.
Peanut protein paper coatings
Authors: Arthur Jett C. , Mason T. W. , Adams Mabelle E.
Published: May 2007

Paper coated with peanut protein adhesive and mineral pigments gives high wax pick tests. Critical factors affecting the wax pick value are the type of protein, pigment, and dispersing agent, pH, protein‐pigment ratio, and total solids content of the slip. When neutralized protein is used as the adhesive, coating slips containing 40% solids may be prepared with pH values as low as 6.3; and when these slips are applied to raw stock, the coating has wax pick values satisfactory for many printing operations. Over a pH range of 8 to 12, coatings prepared from unwashed protein give high wax pick values, whereas those prepared with water‐washed protein give slightly lower values.
Relationship of structure to properties in surfactants. III. Adsorption at the solid‐liquid interface from aqueous solution
Authors: Rosen M. J.
Published: May 2007

Surfactants adsorb onto solid substrates from aqueous solution by a number of different mechanisms: ion exchange, ion pairing, hydrogen bonding, physical adsorption by polarization or dispersion forces. The relationship of the mechanism of adsorption to such factors as the nature of the solid substrate, the molecular structure of the surface active adsorbate, and the pH, electrolyte content, or other additive content of the aqueous phase is discussed. The effect of structural groups in the surfactant molecule on the efficiency, effectiveness, and rate of adsorption onto various types of solid substrates, charged, polar, and nonpolar, is reviewed and explained, and typical adsorption isotherms are presented. Adsorption of surfactant affects the properties of the solid substrate, such as hydrophilic or hydrophobic character, dispersibility, and reactivity towards reagents and dyes. These effects are discussed and explained.
Surface active anions in polar solvents: I. Conductometric studies on solutions of sodium decyl and dodecyl sulphate in water, N,N‐Dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulfoxide
Authors: Singh H. N. , Singh S. , Tewari K. C.
Published: May 2007

Conductivity measurements of solutions of sodium decyl sulfate and sodium dodecyl sulfate were made in water, N,N‐dimethylformamide, and dimethyl sulf‐oxide at 25 C. Within the concentration range 1 to 100 millimoles, the surfactants were found to form micellar aggregates. The critical micelle concentration values were found to depend on the dielectric constant of the medium and also on the hydrogen bonding nature of the solvent. The role of hydrogen bonding nature of the solvent in micelle formation is discussed.
Strength of bonding of food soils to dishes
Authors: Day J. M.
Published: May 2007

The material which is baked onto ovenware and casseroles is probably more strongly bound than any other food soil. A method has been developed for measuring the relative bonding strength using a calibrated hydraulic jet. Soil‐to‐soil bonds are more readily weakened by aqueous action than soil‐to‐substrate bonds; both types of bonds are stronger on aluminum than they are on glass. Rate of soil removal was increased by increasing the concentration and alkalinity of the detergent. Temperature had the usual exponential effect, doubling the rate each 10.5 C. Time naturally was effective and a number of soaking studies showed this. Time and temperature yielded excellent results in steaming studies. Rather large amounts of energy were necessary to loosen and remove food soil. Some combination of 3 energy inputs was required. Chemical input ranged from water to high concentrations of highly alkaline detergent. Thermal levels ranged from moderate increase in temperature (40 C) to the latent heat of vaporization in steam applications (100 C). Mechanical energy was supplied by impingement of a hydraulic jet at forces from 40 to 350g.
Sperm whale oil. Part 3: Alkanes and alcohols
Authors: Hamilton R. J. , Long M. , Raie M. Y.
Published: May 2007

Pristane has been isolated from sperm whale oil. The monounsaturated alcohols have been isolated and the position of the double bond determined by a modified von Rudloff oxidation technique. Several isomers have been found for each chain length suggesting that many of the alcohols have a dietary origin.
Isomerization phenomena during hydrogenation of methyl oleate and methyl elaidate over nickel‐silica catalysts
Authors: Van Der Plank P.
Published: May 2007

Methyl oleate was hydrogenated at temperatures varying from 50–175 C over three nickel‐silica catalysts of different pore‐size distribution. Methyl elaidate was reduced over one of these catalysts at temperatures between 75–150 C. From the detailed double bond distributions information was obtained on transport phenomena in the pores of the catalyst. It was established that the migration of the double bond in methyl oleate proceeds with a stepwise mechanism, and evidence was obtained that the double bond in methyl elaidate migrates significantly faster than that in methyl oleate, while the rate of hydrogenation of these esters was equal. Thetrans‐cis ratio of the geometrical isomers which are formed by double bond migration varies strongly during hydrogenation.
Binary freezing point determinations for fatty acid‐fatty acid ester mixtures
Authors: Bailey A. V. , Harris J. A. , Skau E. L.
Published: May 2007

Binary freezing point data are presented for methyl and ethyl stearate with stearic acid, methyl palmitate with palmitic acid, and methyl oleate with oleic acid. Simple eutectic points were observed for each of the systems. Oleic acid crystallized only as the low melting polymorph between ca. 11 and 90%, whereas both the low and the high melting polymorphs of oleic acid could be obtained at concentrations between 0 and 11% and 90 and 100% oleic acid.
The hydrolysis of soap solutions. IV. The composition of acid potassium laurates and acid sodium oleates as determined by conductivity measurements
Authors: John Lucille M. , McBain James W.
Published: May 2007

The effect of excess lauric and oleic acids on the conductivity and on the pH of 0.2–0.02N potassium laurate and 0.1–0.01N sodium oleate systems was observed. The decrease in the specific conductivity corresponded with the formation of the acid soaps, 2KL·HL, KL·HL, 2NaOl·HOl, NaOl·HOl, and the mixed soaps 2KL·HOl and 2NaOl·HL. The mixed soaps resemble the oleates in appearance. All of these systems, even with 100 or 150 moles per cent excess acid, were slightly alkaline.
Autoxidation of fatty materials in emulsions. I. Pro‐oxidant effect of histidine and trace metals on the oxidation of linoleate esters
Authors: Saunders D. H. , Coleman J. E. , Hampson J. W. , Wells P. A. , Riemenschneider R. W.
Published: May 2007

Aqueous emulsions of methyl or ethyl linoleate (sodium dodecylsulfate as emulsifier) together with such added components as 1‐histidine, metal chlorides, buffers, and acid or alkali, were oxidized in the dark with shaking in an oxygen atmosphere. Under optimum conditions (pH 6.5), the linoleate peroxide content, after 2 hr autoxidation at 20C, was increased more than 3‐fold by the addition of 1 ppm of ferrous or ferric ions, approximately 20‐fold by a 0.01 M concentration of histidine and more than 60‐fold by the addition of both histidine and ionic iron. The pro‐oxidative effect of other transition metal ions (Cu++, Co++, Cr+++, Mn++, and Ni++) also was investigated. None of these ions had a significant effect alone. Combined with 0.01 M histidine, only Mn++ increased peroxidation over that when when histidine alone was added.

The pro‐oxidative action of histidine was retarded approximately 60% by 0.1 N acetate buffer and completely repressed by 0.05 M phosphate, nonionic emulsifiers, and low and high pH. The threshold concentration of histidine necessary for pro‐oxidative action was greater than 0.0001 M.
Freezing point behavior of the ternary reciprocal salt pair system involving the morpholine and 2,2艂‐dipyridylamine salts of stearic and palmitic acids
Authors: Mod Robert R. , Magne Frank C. , Skau Evald L.
Published: May 2007

Binary and quasi‐binary freezing point data have been obtained to establish the freezing point diagram for the ternary reciprocal salt pair system, involving the morpholine and 2,2艂‐dipyridylamine salts of stearic and palmitic acids. The diagram shows that there are six crystallization surfaces representing equilibrium with crystals of MS, MP, DS, DP, DSƃDP, and MSƃDP. The compositions and primary freezing points of the six peritectic and five eutectic mixtures have been determined. From the diagram it is possible to predict for any molten mixture of these four salts under equilibrium conditions the temperature at which crystals of each component will appear on cooling, the yields of these crystals and the composition of the liquid phase at various temperatures, and the temperature at which maximum yields of crystals of the specific salts can be obtained.
Chemistry and technology of some drying oil fatty acid esters of polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Rheineck A. E. , Monson N. J. , Lantz W. L.
Published: May 2007

Conclusions

No substitute for phenol as the mutual solvent was found. Other solvents which were tried produced deleterious side effects such as bad color and product recovery difficulties. Furthermore, the yields of ester were not as good as those in the phenol process.

At the present time, the yield of ester using the standard procedure cannot be improved. The final product analyses seem to indicate polyethers are formed simultaneously with the fatty acid esters, and that polyvinyl alcohol undergoes chain cleavage with the formation of non‐hydroxyl groups, or a deacylation of one of two 1舑2 hydroxyl groups which results in a ketone group.

Esters of high and low mol wt polyvinyl alcohol based on 0.5/1 (fatty acid/polyol) equivalents as the optimum can be successfully prepared with and without basic catalysts. An ester as low as 0.1/1 fatty acid/LMPVA can be prepared without a gel. This ester is barely soluble in aromatic solvents.

The evaluation data on several coatings indicates that improved clear varnishes and house paints are possible and that further evaluation of these esters as can coatings or industrial bakes should be considered. Linseed esters showed better properties than the soya and tall oil esters. No particular advantages were seen in the other pigmented coatings.
Enzyme‐modified proteins from corn gluten meal: Preparation and functional properties
Authors: Mannheim Adie , Cheryan Munir
Published: May 2007

Functional properties of proteins in corn gluten meal (CGM) can be improved by enzyme hydrolysis combined with membrane technology. CGM was treated with a protease (Alcalase), resulting in 30–50% of the proteins being converted to soluble peptides. Conversions were higher when CGM was pretreated with cysteine or sulfite. Solubility and clarity of the enzyme‐modified proteins were better at higher degrees of hydrolysis (DH). Higher DH increased initial foam volume but decreased foam stability. Membrane filtration of the hydrolyzed CGM reaction mixture resulted in two peptide fractions, as determined by size‐exclusion high‐performance liquid chromatography. Protein solubility of the membrane‐permeable fraction was 90–99% compared with 8% for unmodified proteins. Larger‐pore membranes improved foaming but decreased solubility and clarity. Moisture sorption at a water activity of 0.97 was 3.75 g water per gram of enzyme‐modified/ultrafiltered CGM, compared with 0.2 g/g for the unmodified CGM.
Effects of steaming on soybean proteins and trypsin inhibitors
Authors: Anderson R. L.
Published: May 2007

Steaming of defatted soybean flakes decreases both protein solubility and trypsin inhibitor (TI) activity as measured by nitrogen solubility index (NSI) and TI assay, respectively. NSI can be Iowered from 80–90, in raw flakes, to 10–20 with sufficient steaming. Concurrently, about 90% of TI activity is destroyed. Differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis of raw soy flour demonstrated transition temperatures (Tmax) of 58.2, 72.8 and 96.4°C for TI, 7S and 11S proteins, respectively. Lowering the NSI to 42.4 by steaming caused the TI transition to disappear, even though half of the TI activity remained. DSC analysis of steamed soybean flakes revealed that undenatured 7S and 11S storage proteins remain, even when the NSI is decreased to 10.
Densities of vegetable oils and fatty acids
Authors: Noureddini H. , Teoh B. C. , Davis Clements L.
Published: May 2007

Complete data for density as a function of temperature have been measured for a number of vegetable oils (crambe, rapeseed, corn, soybean, milkweed, coconut, lesquerella), as well as eight fatty acids in the range C9 to C22 at temperatures from above their melting points to 110°C (230°F). The specific gravity and density measurements were performed according to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standard test methods D 368, D 891 and D 1298 for hydrometers and a modified ASTM D 369 and D 891 for pycnometers. Correlation constants, based on the experimental data, are presented for calculating the density of fatty acids and vegetable oils in the range of temperature from 24°C (75°F) or the melting point of the substance, to 110°C (230°F). The constants are valuable for designing or evaluating such chemical process equipment as heat exchangers, reactors, process piping and storage tanks. Estimated density of fatty acids by a modified Rackett equation is also presented.
Viscosities of vegetable oils and fatty acids
Authors: Noureddini H. , Teoh B. C. , Davis Clements L.
Published: May 2007

Data for viscosity as a function of temperature from 24 to 110°C (75 to 230°F) have been measured for a number of vegetable oils (crambe, rapeseed, corn, soybean, milk‐weed, coconut, lesquerella) and eight fatty acids in the range from C9 to C22. The viscosity measurements were performed according to ASTM test methods D 445 and D 446. Several correlations were fitted to the experimental data. Correlation constants for the best fit are presented. The range of temperature in which the correlations are valid is from 24°C (75°F), or the melting point of the substance, to 110°C (230°F). The correlation constants are valuable for designing or evaluating such chemical process equipment as heat exchangers, reactors, distillation columns, mixing vessels and process piping.