bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The adaptive evolution of herbivory in freshwater systems
Authors: Sanchez Jessica L , Trexler Joel C
Published: July 2016

Herbivory is thought to be nutritionally inefficient relative to carnivory and omnivory, but herbivory evolved from carnivory in many terrestrial and aquatic lineages, suggesting that there are advantages of eating plants. Herbivory has been well‐studied in both terrestrial and aquatic systems, and there is abundant information on feedbacks between herbivores and plants, coevolution of plant and herbivore defenses, mechanisms for mediating nutrient limitation, effects of nutrient limitation on herbivore life history, and, more recently, the origins of the herbivorous diet. Researchers have sufficiently defined the ecological context and evolutionary origins of the herbivorous diet, and these main areas of research have laid the groundwork for studying herbivory as an adaptation. However, we have yet to synthesize this information in a way that allows us to establish a framework of testable adaptive hypotheses. To understand the adaptive significance of this diet transition, we review the current literature and use evidence from these works as support for five hypotheses on the evolution of herbivory from carnivory: (1) intake efficiency—herbivores use part of their food source as habitat, thus minimizing the energy/time spent searching for food and avoiding predators; (2) suboptimal habitat—herbivory allows organisms to invade and establish populations in habitats that have high primary production but low abundance of animal prey; (3) heterotroph facilitation—herbivory is adaptive because herbivores consume microbes associated with producers; (4) lipid allocation—herbivory is adaptive because producers are rich in fatty acids, which fuel reproduction and storage; and (5) disease avoidance—herbivory minimizes animal‐facilitated disease transmission. Due to the extensive literature, we have limited this review to discussing herbivory in freshwater systems. To our knowledge, no prior work has compiled a comprehensive list of conditions that favor an herbivorous diet in nature. With backgrounds in both theoretical and experimental ecology, the incorporation of these hypotheses to the current literature will provide information about diet evolution, where it is currently lacking.
Chemical similarity and local community assembly in the species rich tropical genus Piper
Authors: Salazar Diego , Jaramillo M. Alejandra , Marquis Robert J.
Published: July 2016

Community ecologists have strived to find mechanisms that mediate the assembly of natural communities. Recent evidence suggests that natural enemies could play an important role in the assembly of hyper‐diverse tropical plant systems. Classic ecological theory predicts that in order for coexistence to occur, species differences must be maximized across biologically important niche dimensions. For plant–herbivore interactions, it has been recently suggested that, within a particular community, plant species that maximize the difference in chemical defense profiles compared to neighboring taxa will have a relative competitive advantage. Here we tested the hypothesis that plant chemical diversity can affect local community composition in the hyper‐diverse genus Piper at a lowland wet forest location in Costa Rica. We first characterized the chemical composition of 27 of the most locally abundant species of Piper. We then tested whether species with different chemical compositions were more likely to coexist. Finally, we assessed the degree to which Piper phylogenetic relationships are related to differences in secondary chemical composition and community assembly. We found that, on average, co‐occurring species were more likely to differ in chemical composition than expected by chance. Contrary to expectations, there was no phylogenetic signal for overall secondary chemical composition. In addition we found that species in local communities were, on average, more phylogenetically closely related than expected by chance, suggesting that functional traits other than those measured here also influence local assembly. We propose that selection by herbivores for divergent chemistries between closely related species facilitates the coexistence of a high diversity of congeneric taxa via apparent competition.
Synthesis of α‐Acyloxynitrones and Reactivity towards Samarium Diiodide
Authors: Racine Emilie , Burchak Olga N. , Py Sandrine
Published: July 2016

Upon treatment of fructose‐derived nitrone 1 with samarium diiodide, with the aim of inducing its umpolung and coupling with electrophiles, an unexpected β‐elimination of the benzyloxy group at C‐1 was observed, yielding nitrone 2. The mechanism and scope of this transformation were investigated, from nitrone 1 and from five other α‐alkoxy or α‐acyloxy nitrones. This paper describes the preparation of new nitrones 3 and 4 from d‐fructose; their synthesis demonstrates that acyl‐protected nitrones can be prepared efficiently by intramolecular N‐alkylation of sugar‐derived oximes, a strategy previously developed only for ether‐ or ketal‐protected cyclic nitrones. Nitrones 3 and 4 underwent fast β‐elimination upon treatment with SmI2. Contrastingly, no β‐elimination occurred with nitrones 5–7, suggesting a specific behavior of endocyclic keto nitrones.
A three phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction for quantification of lamotrigine in plasma of epileptic patients by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Barros Luiza Saldanha Ribeiro , Carrão Daniel Blascke , Queiroz Regina Helena Costa , de Oliveira Anderson Rodrigo Moraes , de Gaitani Cristiane Masetto
Published: July 2016

A three phase hollow fiber liquid‐phase microextraction technique combined with capillary electrophoresis was developed to quantify lamotrigine (LTG) in plasma samples. The analyte was extracted from 4.0 mL of a basic donor phase (composed of 0.5 mL of plasma and 3.5 mL of sodium phosphate solution pH 9.0) through a supported liquid membrane composed of 1‐octanol immobilized in the pores of the hollow fiber, and to an acidic acceptor phase (hydrochloric acid solution pH 4.0) placed in the lumen of the fiber. The extraction was carried out for 30 min at 500 rpm. The eletrophoretic analysis was carried out in 130 mmol/L MES buffer, pH 5.0 with a constant voltage of +15 kV and 20°C. Sample injections were performed for 10 s, at a pressure of 0.5 psi. The detection was performed at 214 nm for both LTG and the internal standard lidocaine. Under the optimized conditions, the method showed a limit of quantification of 1.0 μg/mL and was linear over the plasmatic concentration range of 1.0–20.0 μg/mL. Finally, the validated method was applied for the quantification of LTG in plasma samples of epileptic patients.
Study of a collocated Lagrange‐remap scheme for multi‐material flows adapted to HPC
Authors: Braeunig Jean‐Philippe , Chaudet Bastien
Published: July 2016

This paper describes a collocated numerical scheme for multi‐material compressible Euler equations, which attempts to suit to parallel computing constraints. Its main features are conservativity of mass, momentum, total energy and entropy production, and second order in time and space. In the context of a Eulerian Lagrange‐remap scheme on planar geometry and for rectangular meshes, we propose and compare remapping schemes using a finite volume framework. We consider directional splitting or fully multi‐dimensional remaps, and we focus on a definition of the so‐called corner fluxes. We also address the issue of the internal energy behavior when using a conservative total energy remap. It can be perturbed by the duality between kinetic energy obtained through the conservative momentum remap or implicitly through the total energy remap. Therefore, we propose a kinetic energy flux that improves the internal energy remap results in this context. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Functional anisotropic panglial networks in the lateral superior olive
Authors: Augustin Vanessa , Bold Charlotte , Wadle Simon L. , Langer Julia , Jabs Ronald , Philippot Camille , Weingarten Dennis J. , Rose Christine R. , Steinhäuser Christian , Stephan Jonathan
Published: July 2016

Astrocytes form large gap junctional networks that contribute to ion and neurotransmitter homeostasis. Astrocytes concentrate in the lateral superior olive (LSO), a prominent auditory brainstem center. Compared to the LSO, astrocyte density is lower in the region dorsal to the LSO (dLSO) and in the internuclear space between the LSO, the superior paraolivary nucleus (SPN). We questioned whether astrocyte networks exhibit certain properties that reflect the precise neuronal arrangement. Employing whole‐cell patch‐clamp and concomitant injection of a gap junction‐permeable tracer, we analyzed size and orientation of astrocyte networks in LSO, dLSO, and SPN‐LSO in acute brainstem slices of mice at postnatal days 10–20. The majority of LSO networks exhibited an oval topography oriented orthogonally to the tonotopic axis, whereas dLSO networks showed no preferred orientation. This correlated with the overall astrocyte morphology in both regions, i.e. LSO astrocyte processes were oriented mainly orthogonally to the tonotopic axis. To assess the spread of small ions within LSO networks, we analyzed the diffusion of Na+ signals between cells using Na+ imaging. We found that Na+ not only diffused between SR101+ astrocytes, but also from astrocytes into SR101− cells. Using PLP‐GFP mice for tracing, we could show that LSO networks contained astrocytes and oligodendrocytes. Together, our results demonstrate that LSO astrocytes and LSO oligodendrocytes form functional anisotropic panglial networks that are oriented predominantly orthogonally to the tonotopic axis. Thus, our results point toward an anisotropic ion and metabolite diffusion and a limited glial crosstalk between neighboring isofrequency bands in the LSO. GLIA 2016;64:1892–1911
Salvage surgery after head and neck squamous cell carcinoma treated with bioradiotherapy
Authors: Rovira Aleix , Tornero Jordi , Oliva Marc , Taberna Miren , Montal Robert , Nogues Julio , Farre Anna , Lares Henry , Navarro Valenti , Mari Antoni , Vinals Joan Maria , Lozano Alicia , Mesia Ricard , Manos Manel
Published: July 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to describe the results and complications of primary site salvage surgery after head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated with bioradiotherapy.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective chart review of 268 patients treated with bioradiotherapy between March 2006 and December 2013 at the Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge‐ICO.

Results

Fifty‐nine patients developed local recurrence or had residual disease with a 1‐year and 3‐year overall survival of 47% and 15.4%, respectively. Salvage surgery was feasible in 22 patients (37.3%). There were 16 complications in these 22 patients (72.7%), 11 (50%) of which were major. Bilateral neck dissection was identified as a risk factor for complications.

Conclusion

Salvage surgery after bioradiotherapy is associated with a high rate of complications. Neck dissection seems to be related to an increased rate of complications with no survival improvement. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 116–121, 2017
Prediction of radioactive iodine remnant ablation failure in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer: A cohort study of 740 patients
Authors: Prpic Marin , Kust Davor , Kruljac Ivan , Kirigin Lora Stanka , Jukic Tomislav , Dabelic Nina , Bolanca Ante , Kusic Zvonko
Published: July 2016

Background

The purpose of this study was to detect parameters that could serve as predictors of radioactive iodine (I‐131) ablation failure in patients with low‐risk and intermediate‐risk differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC).

Methods

Our cohort study included 740 patients with DTC who received postoperative I‐131 remnant ablation. Anthropometric, biochemical, and pathohistological parameters were analyzed and correlated with ablation outcome using multivariable logistic regression models.

Results

Treatment failure rates were higher in patients <53 years, with N1a classification, and lymph node capsular invasion. In patients with N1a disease, thyroglobulin (Tg) > 2.4 ng/mL predicted treatment failure with 93.8% sensitivity and 52.5% specificity, and in patients with N1b disease, Tg > 14.9 ng/mL with 77.8% sensitivity and 92.9% specificity. I‐131 activity was not associated with treatment outcome.

Conclusion

Patients < 53 years old, with higher Tg levels, N1a classification, and lymph node capsular invasion have a higher risk of ablation failure. Stimulated Tg is an excellent predictor of treatment failure in patients with N1 disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 109–115, 2017
Leukocyte trafficking is not affected by multikinase inhibitors sunitinib or sorafenib in mice
Authors: Laurila Juha P. , Laukkanen Mikko O. , Joensuu Heikki , Salmi Marko , Jalkanen Sirpa
Published: July 2016

Sunitinib and sorafenib are broad‐spectrum tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) targeting, for example, VEGF1‐3, PDGFRb, RET, FLT3, CD117 (c‐KIT) and CSF‐1R cell membrane receptors thus suppressing tumor angiogenesis and cancer cell growth. Recently it has been suggested that the kinases targeted by Sunitinib and/or Sorafenib regulate leukocyte transmigration, which might in part be responsible for the often‐observed reduction in tumor‐associated myeloid derived suppressor cells and regulatory T cells. The aim of the current study is to determine whether sunitinib or sorafenib inhibit leukocyte extravasation. Sunitinib, sorafenib, or vehicle treated animals did not show any difference in leukocyte trafficking either in peritonitis or in vivo homing experiments, although sunitinib treatment effectively inhibited growth of B16 melanoma tumors in WT, SCID and SCID beige mice. Inhibition of tumor growth was associated with an increased number of infiltrating CD11b+ cells in the tumor, while the numbers of CD8, Gr‐1 and F4/80 expressing cells were unchanged. In conclusion, the findings suggest that despite multiple targets with a potential role in leukocyte extravasation, neither sunitinib nor sorafenib effectively inhibits this process in vivo. Thus, the observed specific effect on CD11b cells among tumor infiltrating leukocytes is most likely an indirect effect.
Impaired T cell function in malignant pleural effusion is caused by TGF‐β derived predominantly from macrophages
Authors: Li Lifeng , Yang Li , Wang Liping , Wang Fei , Zhang Zhen , Li Jieyao , Yue Dongli , Chen Xinfeng , Ping Yu , Huang Lan , Zhang Bin , Zhang Yi
Published: July 2016

Malignant pleural effusion (MPE) is an indication of advanced cancer. Immune dysfunction often occurs in MPE. We aimed to identify the reason for impaired T cell activity in MPE from lung cancer patients and to provide clues toward potential immune therapies for MPE. The surface inhibitory molecules and cytotoxic activity of T cells in MPE and peripheral blood (PB) were analyzed using flow cytometry. Levels of inflammatory cytokines in MPE and PB were tested using ELISA. TGF‐β expression in tumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) was also analyzed. The effect of TAMs on T cells was verified in vitro. Lastly, changes in T cells were evaluated following treatment with anti‐TGF‐β antibody. We found that expression levels of Tim‐3, PD‐1 and CTLA‐4 in T cells from MPE were upregulated compared with those from PB, but levels of IFN‐γ and Granzyme B were downregulated (p < 0.05). The amount of TGF‐β was significantly higher in MPE than in PB (p < 0.05). TGF‐β was mainly produced by TAMs in MPE. When T cells were co‐cultured with TAMs, expression levels of Tim‐3, PD‐1 and CTLA‐4 were significantly higher than controls, whereas levels of IFN‐γ and Granzyme B were significantly decreased, in a dose‐dependent manner (p < 0.05). In vitro treatment with anti‐TGF‐β antibody restored the impaired T cell cytotoxic activity in MPE. Our results indicate that macrophage‐derived TGF‐β plays an important role in impaired T cell cytotoxicity. It will therefore be valuable to develop therapeutic strategies against TGF‐β pathway for MPE therapy of lung cancer.
Fabrication and physical properties of glass‐fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics for non‐metal‐clasp dentures
Authors: Nagakura Manamu , Tanimoto Yasuhiro , Nishiyama Norihiro
Published: July 2016

Recently, non‐metal‐clasp dentures (NMCDs) made from thermoplastic resins such as polyamide, polyester, polycarbonate, and polypropylene have been used as removable partial dentures (RPDs). However, the use of such RPDs can seriously affect various tissues because of their low rigidity. In this study, we fabricated high‐rigidity glass‐fiber‐reinforced thermoplastics (GFRTPs) for use in RPDs, and examined their physical properties such as apparent density, dynamic hardness, and flexural properties. GFRTPs made from E‐glass fibers and polypropylene were fabricated using an injection‐molding. The effects of the fiber content on the GFRTP properties were examined using glass‐fiber contents of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 mass%. Commercially available denture base materials and NMCD materials were used as controls. The experimental densities of GFRTPs with various fiber contents agreed with the theoretical densities. Dynamic micro‐indentation tests confirmed that the fiber content does not affect the GFRTP surface properties such as dynamic hardness and elastic modulus, because most of the reinforcing glass fibers are embedded in the polypropylene. The flexural strength increased from 55.8 to 217.6 MPa with increasing glass–fiber content from 0 to 50 mass%. The flexural modulus increased from 1.75 to 7.42 GPa with increasing glass–fiber content from 0 to 50 mass%, that is, the flexural strength and modulus of GFRTP with a fiber content of 50 mass% were 3.9 and 4.2 times, respectively, those of unreinforced polypropylene. These results suggest that fiber reinforcement has beneficial effects, and GFRTPs can be used in NMCDs because their physical properties are better than those of controls. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2254–2260, 2017.
LC/MS/MS analysis of α‐tocopherol and coenzyme Q10 content in lyophilized royal jelly, beebread and drone homogenate
Authors: Hryniewicka Marta , Karpinska Agnieszka , Kijewska Marta , Turkowicz Monika Joanna , Karpinska Joanna
Published: July 2016

This study shows the results of application liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) for assay of the content of α‐tocopherol and coenzyme Q10 in bee products of animal origin, i.e. royal jelly, beebread and drone homogenate. The biological matrix was removed using extraction with n‐hexane. It was found that drone homogenate is a rich source of coenzyme Q10. It contains only 8 ± 1 µg/g of α‐tocopherol and 20 ± 2 µg/g of coenzyme Q10. The contents of assayed compounds in royal jelly were 16 ± 3 and 8 ± 0.2 µg/g of α‐tocopherol and coenzyme Q10, respectively. Beebread appeared to be the richest of α‐tocopherol. Its level was 80 ± 30 µg/g, while the level of coenzyme Q10 was only 11.5 ± 0.3 µg/g. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A glaciogenic sequence from the Early Pleistocene of the Central North Sea
Authors: Buckley Francis Andrew
Published: July 2016

A depositional sequence bounded by upper and lower erosion surfaces covering a 35‐km × 20‐km area within the northern embayment of the Early Pleistocene Central North Sea is dated close to the Jaramillo Normal sub‐chron at approximately 1.0–1.1 Ma. The basal surface cuts shallow marine clays of the upper Nordland Group and is characterized by furrow incisions, mega‐scale glacial lineation textures and bedforms that are all orientated NNW–SSE. The sequence comprises a suite of distinctive bedforms, including a chaotic deposit up to 60 m thick, a series of moulded and lineated depositional bodies and some more complex bedforms, with lithologies shown by petrophysical data to be dominated by overconsolidated clays and thin sand layers. This sequence is considered to represent deposition from the advance and subsequent decay of a marine‐terminating ice‐sheet. The upper surface of the sequence coincides with the so‐called ‘Crenulate Reflection’ and is characterized by a fluvial channel system, representing final retreat of the ice‐sheet, which was followed by shallow marine conditions and deposition of the Aberdeen Ground Formation. It is considered that the Aberdeen Ground Formation comprises at least two main sequences spanning the Early to Middle Pleistocene.
Comparison of Adding Treatment of PTSD During and After Shelter Stay to Standard Care in Residents of Battered Women's Shelters: Results of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Johnson Dawn M. , Johnson Nicole L. , Perez Sara K. , Palmieri Patrick A. , Zlotnick Caron
Published: July 2016

This study explored the acceptability, feasibility, and initial efficacy of an expanded version of a PTSD treatment developed for residents of battered women's shelters, Helping to Overcome PTSD through Empowerment (HOPE) in women who received standard shelter services (SSSs). A Phase I randomized clinical trial comparing HOPE + SSSs (n = 30) to SSSs (n = 30) was conducted. Primary outcome measures included the Clinician‐Administered PTSD Scale (Blake et al., 1995) and the Revised Conflict Tactic Scales (Straus, Hamby, Boney‐McCoy, & Sugarman, ). Participants were followed at 1‐week, and 3‐ and 6‐months posttreatment. Only 2 women dropped out of HOPE + SSS treatment. Latent growth curve analyses found significant treatment effects for PTSD from intimate partner violence (IPV) (β = −.007, p = .021), but not for future IPV (β = .002, p = .709) across follow‐up points. Significant effects were also found for secondary outcomes of depression severity (β = −.006, p = .052), empowerment (β = .155, p = .022), and resource gain (β = .158, p = .036). Additionally, more women in HOPE + SSSs were employed at 3‐ and 6‐month follow‐up compared to those in SSSs only. Results showed the acceptability and feasibility of adding IPV‐related treatment to standard services. They also suggested that HOPE may be a promising treatment for residents of battered women's shelters. Further research with a larger sample, utilizing more diverse shelter settings and a more rigorous control condition, is needed to confirm these findings.
Biobased Polyamides: Recent Advances in Basic and Applied Research
Authors: Winnacker Malte , Rieger Bernhard
Published: July 2016

Polyamides represent a very important class of polymers for a wide range of applications. After establishing in the 1930s with Nylon and Perlon, their impact on many branches has been continuously growing. In the context of developing sustainable polymers from renewable resources, many polyamides have meanwhile been described, which are based on natural building blocks. In addition to their sustainability, these biobased starting materials can provide special structural features to the resulting polymers and their properties, e.g., side groups, functionalities, or stereoinformation. While some biopolyamides are known for decades and well established (e.g., PA‐11, Rilsan), many other promising candidates have been described in fundamental research studies, which have high potential but whose capability—especially for large scale and/or high‐performance materials—will have to be proved in the future. Other candidates are very interesting from a scientific point of view, but with less potential for a market establishment due to price and/or feasibility reasons. This article aims at collating the recent developments in the field of biopolyamides and elucidating their properties and potential for different applications.

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Positive ground state solutions for a class of Schrödinger–Poisson systems with sign‐changing and vanishing potential
Authors: Liu Hongliang , Chen Haibo , Xiao Qizhen
Published: July 2016

This paper deals with the following Schrödinger–Poisson systems

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4110:mma4110-math-0001

where λ, ν are positive parameters and V(x) is sign‐changing and may vanish at infinity. Under some suitable assumptions, the existence of positive ground state solutions is obtained by using variational methods. Our main results unify and improve the recent ones in the literatures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of Tailor‐Made Water‐Soluble Copolymers for Enhanced Oil Recovery Polymer Flooding Applications
Authors: Riahinezhad Marzieh , Romero‐Zerón Laura , McManus Neil , Penlidis Alexander
Published: July 2016

The goal in this study is to shed light on the ambiguous procedure of making AAm/AAc copolymers for polymer flooding applications for enhanced oil recovery (EOR). Despite the extensive use of these copolymers in polymer flooding, a well‐established recipe for the required desirable properties of AAm/AAc copolymers does not exist in the literature. Therefore, the knowledge from copolymerization kinetics and copolymer structure/property relationships is implemented to tailor‐make copolymers for polymer flooding. The detailed knowledge of the copolymerization kinetics enables to design copolymers with desirable properties, such as high molecular weight, high AAm content in the copolymer, and random distribution of anionic charges along the copolymer chain. Moreover, rheological properties show that copolymers with higher AAc content in the copolymer have higher solution viscosity and elasticity, both of which are desirable properties. In general, the main factors that should be considered when designing a polymer for polymer flooding for EOR applications are described.

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Error‐free transformation of matrix multiplication with a posteriori validation
Authors: Ozaki Katsuhisa , Ogita Takeshi , Oishi Shin'ichi
Published: July 2016

In this study, we examine the accurate matrix multiplication in floating‐point arithmetic. We demonstrate the error‐free transformations of matrix multiplication using high performance basic linear algebra subprograms. These transformations can be applied to accurately compute the product of two matrices using floating‐point entries. A key technique for this calculation is error‐free splitting in floating‐point matrices. In this study, we improve upon our previous method by a posteriori validation using floating‐point exception. In the method, we utilize the presence of overflow in a positive manner for detecting whether rounding error occurs. If overflow occurs, the result contains some exceptional values such as
and NaN, that is, the method fails by necessity. Otherwise, we can confirm that no rounding error occurs in the process. Therefore, reducing the possibility of overflow is important. The numerical results suggest that the proposed algorithm provides more accurate results compared with the original algorithm. Moreover, for the product of n × n matrices, when
, the new algorithm reduces the computing time for error‐free transformation by an average of 20 % and up to 30 % compared with the original algorithm. Furthermore, the new algorithm can be used when matrix multiplication is performed using divide‐and‐conquer methods. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The policy process in Washington: a conceptual template for public affairs programming
Authors: Donati Eugene
Published: July 2016

Professional and scholarly literatures are rich at individual steps within Washington policy formulation. But a single, guiding template for the entire process—from start to finish—is absent. This creates two difficulties: practitioners toil additionally to explain process intricacies to senior business managers, and educators labor to teach students the public affairs process. This article fills the void. As the policy process unfolds, options to mold policy outcomes in Washington change and increase substantially over time. Knowing what stage one faces within the policy process prescribes communication strategy and tactics. What begins narrowly ends broadly with a virtually universal right to make the government listen and respond. The United States virtually stands alone among democracies globally in the organization of its policy process. This study offers a single, holistic approach to the US public policy process and ways to influence it. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and absorption organics of biomorphic hollow fibers Al2O3 and acrylic ester‐based crosslinked resin composite
Authors: Wang Xinpei , Li Qiurong , Wang Yihan , Gao Lele , Hu Xiaohui , Xiao Haiyan , Yan Li , Song Heru
Published: July 2016

Biomorphic hollow fibers Al2O3 was prepared by impregnation–calcination method using cotton as a template. The as‐prepared biomorphic Al2O3 was modified by vinyl triethoxysilane (A151) and biomorphic Al2O3 became hydrophobic. The high‐oil‐absorption resin composite were synthesized by suspension polymerization with butyl methacrylate (BMA), butyl acrylate (BA), and styrene (St) as the monomers. The samples were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, and thermogravimetric‐differential thermal analysis (TG‐DTA). The composite resin showed a tetrachloromethane absorption capacity of 44.57 g/g and an excellent thermostability. After 10 cycles of regeneration, the composites still showed high absorption capacity for organics without significant quality loss. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:1988–1993, 2018. © 2016 Society of Plastics Engineers
Early‐term deliveries as an independent risk factor for long‐term respiratory morbidity of the offspring
Authors: Walfisch Asnat , Beharier Ofer , Wainstock Tamar , Sergienko Ruslan , Landau Daniella , Sheiner Eyal
Published: July 2016

Objective

Newborns exhibit the lowest immediate respiratory morbidity rates when born following 39 completed weeks of gestation. We sought to determine whether early‐term delivery (37–38 + 6 weeks’ gestation) impacts on long‐term pediatric respiratory morbidity.

Study design

In this population‐based prospective cohort analysis, all term singleton deliveries occurring between 1991 and 2013 at a single tertiary medical center were included. Gestational age upon delivery was sub‐divided into: early (37–38 + 6 weeks’ gestation), full (39–40 + 6 weeks’ gestation), late (41–41 + 6 weeks’ gestation), and post‐term (>42 weeks) deliveries. The incidence of long‐term hospitalizations (up to the age of 18 years) of the offspring due to a set of predefined respiratory morbidities was evaluated. Survival curves were used to compare cumulative morbidity incidence. A Cox hazards regression model was used to control for confounders.

Results

During the study period, 229,142 term deliveries met the inclusion criteria. Of those, 24% (n = 55,202) occurred at early term. Hospitalizations up to the age of 18 years, as a result of complications in the respiratory system were significantly more common in the early‐term group as compared with full and late‐term delivery groups. In the Cox regression model, while controlling for multiple confounders, early‐term delivery exhibited an independent association with long‐term respiratory morbidity (adjusted HR = 1.24, CI 1.19–1.29, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Deliveries occurring at early term are associated with higher rates of pediatric respiratory hospitalizations compared with full and late‐term deliveries. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:198–204. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Perspective on cystic fibrosis and physical activity: Is there a difference compared to healthy individuals?
Authors: Jantzen Anika , Opoku‐Pare Miriam , Bieli Christian , Ruf Katharina , Hebestreit Helge , Moeller Alexander
Published: July 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare habitual physical activity between cystic fibrosis (CF) patients and healthy controls and to investigate possible predictors for reduced physical activity in CF patients.

Methods

Sixty‐six patients with CF (3–44 years) and 65 healthy controls (3–55 years) were asked to wear an accelerometer (Actigraph GT1M) for 9 days (at least 10 hr/day). Physical activity was classified in five categories from very low to very strenuous.

Results

In general, there was no difference in physical activity between CF patients and healthy controls. However, young school‐aged 6–13 years old children with CF spent less time with strenuous and very strenuous activity than healthy controls (adjusted difference in activity −0.43 (−0.69, −0.17)). Patients with very low lung function were significantly less active, but other CF‐associated conditions did not affect physical activity.

Conclusions

While we found similar levels of physical activity measured by accelerometry in patients with CF compared to healthy controls in general, young school‐aged children showed less engagement in strenuous activities than their healthy counterparts. As the reduced physical activity in young school children was not likely to be explained by the disease state, strenuous physical activity may be enhanced by advocating exercise and sport. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2016;51:1020–1030. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Does Neighbourhood Ethnic Concentration in Early Life Affect Subsequent Labour Market Outcomes? A Study across Ethnic Groups in England and Wales
Authors: Zuccotti Carolina V. , Platt Lucinda
Published: July 2016

The impact of neighbourhood ethnic concentration on ethnic minorities' outcomes is a contested topic, with mixed empirical results. In this paper, we use a large‐scale longitudinal dataset of England and Wales, covering a 40‐year period, to assess the impact of neighbourhood co‐ethnic concentration in childhood on subsequent adult labour market outcomes. We distinguish the five main minority groups in the UK and develop theoretical expectations about how social interaction mechanisms in the neighbourhood might influence their employment and social class outcomes, given different group (cultural values and ethnic capital) and individual (gender) characteristics. By separating in time explanatory and outcome variables and by controlling for factors that mediate or confound co‐ethnic concentration – such as neighbourhood deprivation, household resources in childhood (i.e. parental social class), and individuals' own education – our analytical model tackles potential problems of self‐selection and endogeneity. Among other findings, we show that greater concentration of co‐ethnics in the neighbourhood results in substantially lower labour market participation and lower social class for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women but better social class outcomes for Indian men. We link the outcomes for Pakistani and Bangladeshi women to cultural maintenance of more traditional norms, facilitated by greater social interaction. The results for Indian men, instead, suggest the positive role that high levels of group resources or ‘ethnic capital’ can play. Our study is, we believe, the first to demonstrate a role for co‐ethnic concentration in childhood in explaining Pakistani and Bangladeshi women's low labour market participation and Indian men's labour market success. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Attraction Force Estimations of Al2O3 Particle Agglomerations in the Melt
Authors: Xuan Changji , Karasev Andrey V. , Jönsson Pär Göran , Nakajima Keiji
Published: July 2016

The influence of the van der Waals force, wettability of Al2O3 by liquid iron, and solid phase sintering on the Al2O3 agglomeration is studied. By using Fowkes module, the function of Hamaker constant of liquid iron changes with the surface tension of liquid iron, γFe (l), at temperature 1873 K is created. For the agglomeration behavior of Al2O3 in the deoxidation case, the difference between the cavity bridge force and van der Waals force is smaller than seven times. It means that even though van der Waals force is weaker, it still can attract the inclusions to some extent. In the reoxidation case, the influence of the cavity bridge force decreases, and becomes similar to that of the liquid‐capillary force. In this case, both attraction forces play important roles in the Al2O3 cluster formation. Moreover, for the solid phase sintering, the apparent self‐diffusion coefficient, Dv, of Al2O3 at temperature 1873 K in liquid Fe–10 mass%Ni alloy is found to have a value of 1.95 × 10−14 m2 s−1.
The Reliability of the Pre‐hospital Physical Examination of the Pelvis: A Retrospective, Multicenter Study
Authors: Lustenberger Thomas , Walcher Felix , Lefering Rolf , Schweigkofler Uwe , Wyen Hendrik , Marzi Ingo , Wutzler Sebastian ,   the TraumaRegister DGU
Published: July 2016

Introduction

This study assesses the incidence of missed pelvic injuries in the pre‐hospital setting.

Methods

All blunt trauma patients (ISS ≥ 9) with pre‐hospital suspicion of and/or radiologically proven pelvic fracture documented in the TraumaRegister DGU® (TR‐DGU) of the German Trauma Society DGU (2002–2011) were identified and retrospectively analyzed. Patients with a missed pelvic injury in the pre‐hospital period were compared with those who were correctly identified.

Results

Of the 11,062 patients included, 7201 patients (65.1 %) had a pelvic fracture diagnosed on hospital admission. In 44.1 % (n = 3178) of the patients with confirmed pelvic fracture, no pelvic injury was suspected pre‐clinically (overall sensitivity of the pre‐hospital pelvic examination: 55.9 %). For type B and C pelvic fractures, 40.5 % and 32.3 %, respectively, were not suspected in the pre‐hospital environment. Patients with a not‐suspected pelvic injury were significantly more likely to have been involved in a motor vehicle accident, to have a GCS ≤ 8, to be intubated at the scene and to have an ISS of ≥25 (all p < 0.05). Independent risk factors for missing a pelvic injury in the pre‐hospital setting were an AIS head ≥3, a GCS ≤ 8 and age above 60 years. The presence of hypotension (SBP ≤ 90 mmHg) as well as a high overall injury severity (ISS ≥ 25) decreased the risk of missing a pelvic injury.

Conclusion

A significant proportion of severe pelvic fractures type B and C were not suspected in the pre‐hospital setting. Therefore, in severely injured blunt trauma patients, a mechanical pelvic stabilization in the pre‐hospital environment, irrespective of the findings of the physical examination of the pelvis, should be considered.
Study on Apparent Viscosity and Structure of Foaming Slag
Authors: Martinsson Johan , Glaser Björn , Sichen Du
Published: July 2016

Foaming slag was generated using induction heating. The foam was found non-Newtonian having much higher apparent viscosity compared to the dynamic viscosity of pure slag. Quenched foam was examined. The appearance of the foaming slag was very different from silicone oil–gas foam. The size of gas bubbles ranged from 0.1 to 4 mm (while in the case of silicone oil, 1 to 2 mm). The gas fraction in the foam was considerably lower than in the case of silicone oil.
Penile Girth Enhancement with Polymethylmethacrylate-Based Soft Tissue Fillers
Authors: Casavantes Luis , Lemperle Gottfried , Morales Palmira
Published: July 2016

Introduction

An unknown percentage of men will take every risk to develop a larger penis. Thus far, most injectables have caused serious problems. Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) microspheres have been injected as a wrinkle filler and volumizer with increasing safety since 1989.

Aim

To report on a safe and permanently effective method to enhance penile girth and length with an approved dermal filler (ie, PMMA).

Methods

Since 2007, the senior author has performed penile augmentation in 752 men mainly with Metacrill, a suspension of PMMA microspheres in carboxymethyl-cellulose.

Main Outcome Measures

The data of 729 patients and 203 completed questionnaires were evaluated statistically.

Results

The overall satisfaction rate was 8.7 on a scale of 1 to 10. After one to three injection sessions, average girth increased by 3.5 cm, or 134% (10.2 to 13.7 cm = 134.31%). Penile length also increased by weight and stretching force of the implant from an average of 9.8 to 10.5 cm. Approximately half the patients perceived some irregularities of the implant, which caused no problems. Complications occurred in 0.4%, when PMMA nodules had to be surgically removed in three of the 24% of patients who had a non-circumcised penis.

Conclusion

After 5 years of development, penile augmentation with PMMA microspheres appears to be a natural, safe, and permanently effective method. The only complication of nodule formation and other irregularities can be overcome by an improved injection technique and better postimplantation care.
Providing Care for Children: How Service Providers Define and Apply “Care” in Contemporary South Australia
Authors: Barclay Katie , Michell Dee , Due Clemence
Published: July 2016

While a wide array of service providers and academic scholars apply the use of “care” in their work, the concept of “care” itself remains largely undefined. This has widespread implications for applied work with children and young people (CYP), particularly since institutions such as schools and non-governmental organisations are increasingly being expected to care for or about children. In this paper, we use thematic analysis to report on interviews with representatives from four service providers and organisations responsible for the care of children. In our analysis, we explore both how care is defined by these organisations, and the implications for practice when working with CYP.
Mental Health Services for Children: Concerns and Challenges
Authors: Korr Wynne Sandra
Published: July 2016

At various times in my career, I have focussed on mental health services for children and their basis in human rights principles. This year I returned to examining best practices and how they could be implemented in a particular place – the State of Illinois, in the United States, where I reside. I found myself reflecting on improvements in services over the last 40 years, but even more, on the significant challenges and gaps in our knowledge that remain. I want to focus this commentary on two topics I found most salient: Contradictions between principles and practice; and need for more research on how to provide services in the most restrictive settings – inpatient and residential.
The “Who?” Question in the Hate Speech Debate: Part 1: Consistency, Practical, and Formal Approaches
Authors: Brown Alexander
Published: July 2016

This two-part article addresses the “Who?” question in the hate speech debate: namely, which characteristics, social identities or statuses should or should not be treated as protected characteristics within a body of hate speech laws? Using United Kingdom incitement to hatred laws as a focal point, the article outlines and critically appraises five broad approaches to specification. Part 1 deals with consistency specification, which highlights norms of consistency both within incitement to hatred law itself and in relation to other laws, practical specification, which focuses on the ostensible goals or apparent aims of incitement to hatred laws, and formal specification, which looks at the formal qualities of the characteristics themselves and to the different forms of people’s relationships with those characteristics. And Part 2 considers functional specification, which concentrates on the underlying or real functions, purposes or objectives of incitement to hatred laws, and democratic specification, which appeals to democratic procedures as well as to democratic values, norms and principles that speak to the proper scope of incitement to hatred laws. Along the way I shall also critically assess a range of substantive arguments about which particular characteristics should or should not be covered by incitement to hatred laws given the aforementioned approaches. My main conclusion shall be that each of the approaches has its strengths and weakness and that, partly because of this, no single approach is adequate by itself as a tool for specifying the proper scope of incitement to hatred laws, but also, by the same token, no approach should be ruled out entirely. Instead, the best strategy is one that combines together all five approaches in reasonable ways given the law, the characteristic and the context.
Moral Uncertainty and Redistribution through Private Law
Authors: Libson Adi
Published: July 2016

One of the central arguments against redistribution through private law is its inefficiency due to the double-distortion phenomenon that accompanies it. I argue that in a subset of cases—in which there is uncertainty regarding the fairness principle that should be accepted in the realm of private law—it may be required to take into account redistributive considerations even if one generally accepts the double-distortion argument. I assert that while side-constraints may apply to direct redistribution, they do not apply to the role of redistributive considerations in determining which of the fairness principles should be accepted in the realm of private law. As a consequence, some distributive patterns could be achieved only by taking into account redistributive considerations in the realm of private law. I argue that redistributive considerations may tilt the scales toward accepting the fairness principle with the lower credence of being true.
Action in Law’s Empire: Judging in the Deliberative Mode
Authors: Rodriguez-Blanco Veronica
Published: July 2016

Dworkin advances the view that judges decide legal cases according to constructive interpretation. The aim of constructive interpretation is to justify the coercion of the State. A trivial implication of this view is that officials and citizens will comply with the law because of the justification that has been advanced by judges in their exercise of constructive interpretation. Consequently, neither officials nor citizens comply with the law because they have been coerced or because they have been simply told to do so. But then, it seems that constructive interpretation cannot really provide any guidance since officials and citizens have been asked toacceptthe interpretation of the law that has been put forward by the judges since arguably, it is the best possible interpretation of what the law is in this particular case. However, why they ought to do so?

I will argue that the mistake of the theory of constructive interpretation lies in a misleading and implausible conception of action that believes that action is raw behavioural data and that therefore we need to ‘impose meaning’, ‘value’ or ‘purpose’ on them. I will defend a more plausible conception of action along the classical tradition that understands practice as originating in agency and deliberation. The outcome is that constructive interpretation and its conception of ‘imposing meaning’ on practice is a theoretical perspective that neglects and misunderstands action and practical reason.