bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Expressing Local Specificity: The Flemish Renaissance Revival in Belgium and the Antwerp City Architect Pieter Jan Auguste Dens
Authors: Bertels Inge
Published: October 2018

While globalizing trends stimulate the creation of entirely new regions, established regional and local identities remain. Architectural historians, among others, explore the ways in which regionalism has been — and continues to be — defined and redefined. Current issues in this debate include what regional architectural traditions might be; whether regions can be defined by architecture; and how regional traditions of architecture have been defined and interpreted by artists, authors and scholars. Nineteenth-century Belgian architecture is particularly relevant in this context. The formation of Belgian Art Nouveau’s style and identity have both been the object of numerous studies, but while Art Nouveau is probably the best-known creation of Belgian nineteenth-century architecture, it is hardly the only one, nor indeed the only interesting one. One of the sources identified for Belgian Art Nouveau has been the milieu of the so-called Flemish Renaissance Revival, which produced such architectural gems as Emile Janlet’s (1839–1919) Belgian pavilion at the World Exhibition in Paris (1878) and Jean Winders’ (1849–1936) own house and studio (1882–83) in Antwerp (Fig. 1).
Schooled by Wren, or a School by Wren? The Conception and Design of Christ’s Hospital Writing School, London
Authors: Foxall Tom
Published: October 2018

On 2 March 1692, Sir Christopher Wren visited the governors of Christ’s Hospital in London, bringing with him a design for a new writing school to be erected on the Hospital’s Newgate Street site. Seven drawings for the school building survive in the Wren collection at All Souls College, Oxford. However, rather than suggesting Wren’s authorship, these drawings are customarily attributed to his pupil and long-time assistant, Nicholas Hawksmoor. It is generally accepted that Hawksmoor received delegated commissions from Wren by at least the early 1690s, but, although the draughtsmanship and stylistic evidence of the Writing School drawings suggest consistency with this interpretation, the surviving documentary evidence by no means proves Hawksmoor’s involvement. In fact, Wren’s name appears no less than thirteen times in the surviving Hospital minutes of 1691 to 1696, while Hawksmoor is never mentioned.

The Writing School designs are briefly described in most architectural histories of the period, although they are considered remarkable more for heralding a shift in architectural taste than for the building shown in the drawings or for the social and ideological impulses that impelled its creation. This article considers the Writing School in the context of contemporary debates and anxieties concerning the provision of education for the poor, and within the wider sphere of late seventeenth-century charity-school building. Wren’s involvement is considered in relation to his philanthropic interest in the charity-school movement. The article concludes with an analysis of the designs and building history of the Writing School, and, on the basis of previously unpublished eighteenth- and nineteenth-century graphic sources, discounts Giles Worsley’s suggestion that Hawksmoor added a pediment to the final design. Wren and Hawksmoor’s specific responsibilities for the conception, design and execution of the building are considered, and it is argued that, although Hawksmoor was responsible for most of the surviving drawings relating to the project, Wren directed the process, taking responsibility for all designs produced in his office and claiming authorship for the drawings produced.
The Tsar’s Last Philosopher on the Method of Architectural History: Orthodox Theology versus Geistesgeschichte
Authors: Mitrović Branko
Published: October 2018

A photograph dating from the years of the Russian Civil War shows Vasiliy Pavlovich Zubov in the uniform of the Red Army: an unlikely conscript to it, given his poor eyesight (as betrayed by his thick glasses), but in fact one who served as a scribe in an artillery unit located near Moscow (Fig. 1). Another photograph, taken not long before his death in 1963, shows him in the greyish suit of the Khrushchev years: a survivor who, by becoming Russia’s greatest intellectual historian, managed to avoid playing any active part in political history (Fig. 2).

Zubov is the towering figure of Russian architectural history in the twentieth century. The most pertinent way to introduce him here is as the Russian translator of Leon Battista Alberti’s De re aedificatoria (Fig. 3) and as one of the two co-translators of Daniele Barbara’s commentary on Vitruvius. The former treatise is notorious for the complexities of its text, and it took a team of three scholars to produce the most recent English translation. Understanding of the latter work demands such an extensive knowledge of both Renaissance and Roman intellectual history that it is considered virtually untranslatable, and the translation on which Zubov collaborated is the only one ever published in any living language. He was also the author of an extensive commentary on Alberti’s architectural treatise (Fig. 4), much praised by those Renaissance scholars who can read Russian, while those few of his articles on Leon Battista Alberti that were published in French or Italian during his lifetime are still widely cited today.
Belief and Patronage in the English Parish before 1300: Some Evidence from Roods
Authors: Cragoe Carol Davidson
Published: October 2018

The late medieval English laity expressed their piety through ostentatious artistic and architectural patronage. The rood, a large-scale image of Christ on the cross, flanked by the Virgin and St John, and placed in or above the chancel arch, was a particular object of both liturgical and financial devotion in the later Middle Ages. One of the more interesting conclusions of recent scholarship has been the recognition that the late medieval desire to express one’s piety through donations to the church was not limited to the upper classes or to one gender. Both men and women of all social classes and ages participated to the best of their ability through collective as well as individual giving. Moreover, people made very deliberate choices about the types of images and architectural forms on which they spent their money. Scholars have argued that the roots of this very active lay patronage lie in the mid-thirteenth century when diocesan statutes first assigned responsibility for maintaining the nave and most of a church’s ornaments to its parishioners.
Female Architectural Patronage in the Eighteenth Century and the Case of Henrietta Cavendish Holies Harley
Authors: Worsley Lucy
Published: October 2018

How did the restrictions imposed by eighteenth-century society help and hinder women in their fulfilment of the role of architectural patron? This article will examine the case of Henrietta Cavendish Holies Harley, second Countess of Oxford and Mortimer (1694–1755), and patron of the remarkable remodelling of Welbeck Abbey in Nottinghamshire.
Henry Cole’s European Travels and the Building of the South Kensington Museum in the 1850s
Authors: Whitehead Christopher
Published: October 2018

In January 1859, Henry Cole, the first Director of the South Kensington Museum (from 1899 known as the Victoria and Albert Museum) was in Rome, commissioning the photographer Pietro Dovizielli to produce photographs of buildings in the capital which Cole considered ‘suggestive’ and ‘picturesque’.
Criminal Skins: Tattoos and Modern Architecture in the Work of Adolf Loos
Authors: Canales Jimena , Herscher Andrew
Published: October 2018

Adolf Loos’s famous essay, ‘Ornament and Crime’, decisively linked unornamented architecture with the culture of modernity and, in so doing, became one of the key formulations of modern architecture. To a great extent, the essay’s force comes from arguments drawn from nineteenth-century criminal anthropology. Nevertheless, Loos’s work has been consistently understood only within the context of the inter-war avant- gardes. In the 1920s, Le Corbusier was particularly enthusiastic in bringing Loos’s work to the fore, thereby establishing its future reception. ‘Ornament and Crime’ became an essential catalyst for architecture’s conversion away from the historicism of the nineteenth century to modernism. At the turn of the century, Loos’s essay already foreshadowed the white abstraction of ‘less is more’ architecture and the functionalist rigour of the International Style which would dominate the twentieth century.
The ‘Beginnings of a Noble Pile': Liverpool Cathedral’s Lady Chapel (1904-10)
Authors: Thomas John
Published: October 2018

Liverpool Cathedral’s Lady Chapel was the first portion to be constructed of a building project which took until the end of the 1970s to complete. Often overshadowed by the later work, this comparatively small building has perhaps not been adequately documented and assessed as a work in its own right. Moreover, in the case of this portion of the cathedral, two architects were involved, and so an attempt to assess the extent of each person’s contribution is a necessary endeavour in any study of this building, but has not previously been undertaken in this case.
The Printed Illustration of Medieval Architecture in Pre-Enlightenment Europe
Authors: Russo Francesco
Published: October 2018

The aim of this article is to bring to the attention of readers a series of significant examples of texts printed prior to 1700 and illustrated with images of medieval architecture in continental Europe. British illustrations of buildings and ruins from the Middle Ages have received relevant attention from modern scholarly writers, but studies of analogous continental examples are lacking. Illustrations of medieval architecture have been little considered in most studies of the Early Modern period, as compared with those of their sixteenth-to eighteenth-century counterparts. In addition, the few studies that do exist of the interest in medieval buildings and illustration of them, prior to the ‘age of mechanical reproduction’, have generally been restricted to monographs on individual antiquarians or else have focused on Enlightenment, Romantic and Positivist criticism, and have tended to concentrate on medieval revivalism. Furthermore, with the exception of a few studies on the perception of the Romanesque, the most frequently investigated category has been the Gothic. Hence, despite the existence of some crucial works, the perspectives adopted in research into Early Modern attitudes to medieval architecture have inevitably been limited. We still lack any comprehensive overview of the architecture of the Middle Ages as a whole (that is, including the Late Antique / Early Christian era), or any studies showing genuine interest in the late Renaissance and Baroque roots of subsequent antiquarian medievalism. This article, therefore, attempts to begin to fill such a lacuna by studying the architectural aspect of those pre-Enlightenment illustrations of medieval antiquities that appeared in continental Europe, and by considering scholars’ awareness of the entire medieval millennium.
Remaking the Space: the Plan and the Route in Country-House Guidebooks from 1770 to 1815
Authors: Anderson Jocelyn
Published: October 2018

In the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, country-house tourism became increasingly popular in England. By 1770, hundreds of tourists were visiting the country’s greatest estates every summer. The nature of the attraction varied from house to house. Some, such as Kedleston Hall and Stowe, were considered ‘elegant’ modern buildings, while others, such as Blenheim Palace, were already seen as historical sites. Although country-house visiting as a concept dated back to the seventeenth century, there had never been so many tourists, nor such a variety of them. While one needed to be relatively wealthy and genteel in order to travel and gain admission to great houses, tourists included not only those who had their own estates but also those who could only be spectators. Early country-house tourists have been examined by a number of historians, but the ways in which the houses themselves were presented have hitherto been little studied. A better understanding of this manner of presentation illuminates the nature of tourists’ experiences and how the country house itself began to be identified as an attraction during this period. In essence, in an effort to cope with the influx of visitors, country-house owners began to formalize the terms under which their estates were open to the public. As part of this process, houses were metaphorically ‘remade’ in order to function as tourist attractions as well as private residences. It was not enough for owners simply to allow entry. They had to decide what would be shown to visitors, and how to provide visitors with information about the house and its contents. At first, these problems were solved by instructing housekeepers to guide visitors, but, as certain houses became exceptionally popular, a new practice developed: publishing guidebooks. This article considers the methodologies by which the interior spaces of country houses were remade in guidebooks (a type of re-presentation that can still be observed in many properties that are open to the public today), as well as the effects of this process.
Letting in the Light: the Council for Art and Industry and Oliver Hill’s Pioneer Schools
Authors: Holland Jessica
Published: October 2018

The British architect Oliver Hill (1887–1968) was an important and influential figure in the inter-war period. His ability to cross the boundaries of architectural style ensured career longevity and success, but invited a reputation as a half-hearted Modernist, lacking the rigour of his Modern Architectural Research (MARS) Group contemporaries. This view was acknowledged by the MARS chairman Wells Coates (1895–1958), in an early group memorandum of 1933, where he asserted that: ‘Certain people [including Oliver Hill] who are popularly and notoriously known as “modern” architects do not qualify in our sense.’ Unquestionably, there were two sides to Hill’s architecture, as he himself recognized in 1937: ‘Today, my love is divided between the new and the old.’

While the MARS Group stuck rigidly to the dogma of the Modern Movement, Hill’s understanding and application of Modernism developed throughout the 1930s. Hill’s Modern buildings chronicle his shifting concept of modernity, reflecting the numerous sub-movements and strands of Modernism in inter-war Britain rather than any halfheartedness in his approach. Commonly remembered for his glitzy early examples of ‘the new’, such as Joldwynds (1930–32) and the Midland Hotel in Morecambe (1932–33), Hill’s Modernism was initially based upon a use of glass and silvered surfaces that straddled Art Deco and the International Style. Yet opulence was gradually replaced by a social concern focused on children’s welfare, evident in a series of exhibits, unrealized projects and school buildings. Hill’s later inter-war Modernism also reflected a wider move toward local materials and construction techniques that acknowledged the peculiarity of English conditions. This article contextualizes Hill’s adoption of Modernism and explores his public work of the late 1930s that combined his fascination for the new with his respect for national tradition.
Not as Ugly as Stonehenge: Architecture and History in the First Lists of Historic Buildings
Authors: Kelsall Frank
Published: October 2018

Four years ago Peter Draper, as your recently retired president, described his lecture as valedictory and therefore self-indulgent in its choice of topic. What a useful precedent. I hope I am not over self-indulgent to the extent of being too autobiographical, but the subject does relate to my personal experience of the practice of architectural history in the conservation of historic buildings. The history of building conservation is now developing its own quite substantial literature to which this is a small contribution. To some extent this lecture is as much about bureaucracy as about architecture, for much of my life has been spent as an official in the public service. But, so that the lecture is properly historical, most of what I will talk about happened before I was involved.

One major difference between the British and American Societies of Architectural Historians is that the American Society has always involved itself in building preservation issues, whereas the Society of Architectural Historians of Great Britain does not. This recognizes the different circumstances in each country. In Great Britain we have many amenity societies directed to conservation matters; most of us will belong to one or more of them and they are centres of quite extraordinary expertise. But in view of what I will say later, it is notable that in an account of a meeting in March 1941 in Washington, reported in the first volume of the American Society’s journal, Henry-Russell Hitchcock commented on the merits of the Historic American Buildings Survey, but added that selections by local groups often lacked historical perspective and ignored anything later than the Greek Revival; that there was excessive preservation of seventeenth- and eighteenth-century houses in New England without regard to architectural merit; and that primary monuments of modern architectural history were wantonly destroyed. As concerns the latter, he cited, among others, Richardson’s Marshall Field Warehouse, and a threat to Wright’s Robie House. The representative of the National Parks Service said that 1870 was about the date limit for a building to be regarded as of interest, though the Vanderbilt House of 1895 had recently been acquired, and that attention was also being paid to groups of buildings.
Sir David Cunningham of Robertland: Murderer and ‘Magna Britannia’s’ First Architect
Authors: Mackechnie Aonghus
Published: October 2018

The year 1603 was one of the British Isles’ most critical dates, due to regnal union. Scotland’s King James VI became, in addition, England and Ireland’s new King James I, and sought immediately to convert regnal into full union, building aMagna Britannia:Great Britain. He sought uniformity in all areas political and religious. That project foundered, not least due to English apprehension towards the influx of Scots promoted to major English posts. One such appointee was the King’s master of works in Scotland, David Cunningham of Robertland, whom James appointed Surveyor of the Works in England.

Cunningham seems therefore to have been a highly significant person, worthy of close study, but current research limits this. How can an architectural figure who may have built nothing be important to architectural study? Who was this Cunningham of Robertland? Why did James appoint him to the highest architectural position in his gift, not once but twice, and when each time there must have been alternative candidates? Seeking an answer to these questions opens up an exploration of the wider issue of the status and function of the master of works and the Surveyor in this period, as will be seen.
The Battle of the Styles in Architectural ‘Graffiti’
Authors: Stamp Gavin
Published: October 2018

In Ornament and Crime Adolf Loos compared architectural decoration with the scriblings on lavatory walls; graffiti recently discovered on a basement wall in Cambridge provide a curious comment on one of the architectural controversies of Victorian England.

In 1976 Mr Christopher B. George of Emmanuel College, Cambridge, came across pencilled drawings behind old shelving on the plaster walls of a long disused basement storeroom in No. 22 Parkside, an Early Victorian house on the east side of Parker's Piece. As well as scribbled calculations and an unidentifiable rough plan, there were caricature drawings of a mongrel-styled building with a Classical portico and a Gothic tower, labelled ‘What Palmerston wants for the Foreign Office. Hardwick would have done it better, but he's dead’, and of a huge statue, labelled ‘Albert the Good, but he's dead too. G.G.S.’ (PI. 60).
Factors influencing soil moisture in the Loess Plateau, China: a review
Authors: ZHAO Wenwu , FANG Xuening , DARYANTO Stefani , ZHANG Xiao , WANG Yaping
Published: October 2018

Soil moisture is a key issue for eco-hydrological research in arid and semi-arid regions, and is primarily concerned with water availability for vegetation. Shallow and deep soil moisture occurs according to the maximum infiltration depth. Soil moisture has three-dimensional characteristics: inter-layer variability, horizontal heterogeneity and temporal variability. Soil moisture is affected by various factors including terrain, soil characteristics, climate and vegetation, and the effects of these change with time (e.g., rainfall patterns) and space (e.g., soil depth). In arid and semi-arid regions, deep soil moisture is of particular importance to vegetation restoration and the evaluation of vegetation sustainability; however, accurate prediction of the spatial distribution of deep soil moisture in the Loess Plateau of China still faces numerous challenges. Therefore, future research should focus on the mechanisms, models and scale effects of soil moisture, particularly for deep soil moisture.
Maternal antenatal mood and child development: an exploratory study of treatment effects on child outcomes up to 5 years
Authors: Milgrom J. , Holt C. J. , Bleker L. S. , Holt C. , Ross J. , Ericksen J. , Glover V. , O’Donnell K. J. , de Rooij S. R. , Gemmill A. W.
Published: October 2018

Effective treatment of maternal antenatal depression may ameliorate adverse neurodevelopmental outcomes in offspring. We performed two follow-up rounds of children at age 2 and age 5 whose mothers had received either specialized cognitive-behavioural therapy or routine care for depression while pregnant. Of the original cohort of 54 women, renewed consent was given by 28 women for 2-year follow-up and by 24 women for 5-year follow-up. Child assessments at the 2-year follow-up included the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), Bayley Scales of Infant Development (BSID-III) and the Child Behaviour Checklist (CBCL). The 5-year follow-up included the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence (WPPSI-III) and again the CBCL. Treatment during pregnancy showed significant benefits for children’s development at age 2, but not at age 5. At 2 years, intervention effects were found with lower scores on the PSI Total score, Parent Domain and Child domain (d=1.44, 1.47, 0.96 respectively). A non-significant trend favoured the intervention group on most subscales of the CBCL and the BSID-III (most notably motor development: d =0.52). In contrast, at 5-year follow-up, no intervention effects were found. Also, irrespective of treatment allocation, higher depression or anxiety during pregnancy was associated with higher CBCL and lower WPPSI-III scores at 5 years. This is one of the first controlled studies to evaluate the long-term effect of antenatal depression treatment on infant neurodevelopmental outcomes, showing some benefit. Nevertheless, caution should be taken interpreting the results because of a small sample size, and larger studies are warranted.
Daily humidity oscillation regulates the circadian clock to influence plant physiology
Authors: Mwimba Musoki , Karapetyan Sargis , Liu Lijing , Marqués Jorge , McGinnis Erin M. , Buchler Nicolas E. , Dong Xinnian
Published: October 2018

Early circadian studies in plants by de Mairan and de Candolle alluded to a regulation of circadian clocks by humidity. However, this regulation has not been described in detail, nor has its influence on physiology been demonstrated. Here we report that, under constant light, circadian humidity oscillation can entrain the plant circadian clock to a period of 24 h probably through the induction of clock genes such as CIRCADIAN CLOCK ASSOCIATED 1. Under simulated natural light and humidity cycles, humidity oscillation increases the amplitude of the circadian clock and further improves plant fitness-related traits. In addition, humidity oscillation enhances effector-triggered immunity at night possibly to counter increased pathogen virulence under high humidity. These results indicate that the humidity oscillation regulates specific circadian outputs besides those co-regulated with the light-dark cycle.
Heat conduction measurements in ballistic 1D phonon waveguides indicate breakdown of the thermal conductance quantization
Authors: Tavakoli Adib , Lulla Kunal , Crozes Thierry , Mingo Natalio , Collin Eddy , Bourgeois Olivier
Published: October 2018

Emerging quantum technologies require mastering thermal management, especially at the nanoscale. It is now accepted that thermal metamaterial-based phonon manipulation is possible, especially at sub-kelvin temperatures. In these extreme limits of low temperatures and dimensions, heat conduction enters a quantum regime where phonon exchange obeys the Landauer formalism. Phonon transport is then governed by the transmission coefficients between the ballistic conductor and the thermal reservoirs. Here we report on ultra-sensitive thermal experiments made on ballistic 1D phonon conductors using a micro-platform suspended sensor. Our thermal conductance measurements attain a power sensitivity of 15 attoWatts $$\sqrt {{\mathrm{Hz}}} \,^{ - 1}$$

Hz

-
1

around 100 mK. Ballistic thermal transport is dominated by non-ideal transmission coefficients and not by the quantized thermal conductance of the nanowire itself. This limitation of heat transport in the quantum regime may have a significant impact on modern thermal management and thermal circuit design.
Some novel soliton solution, breather solution and Darboux transformation for a generalized coupled Toda soliton hierarchy
Authors: Yu Fajun , Li Li , Feng Shuo
Published: October 2018

A few of discrete integrable coupling systems(DICSs) of previous papers are linear discrete integrable couplings(LDICS). We take a special matrix Lie algebra system(non-semisimple) to construct the Lax pairs, and establish a method for deriving the nonlinear discrete integrable coupling systems(NDICS). From the Lax pairs of the generalized Toda(G-Toda) spectral problem, we can derive a novel NDICS, which is a real NDICS. For the obtained lattice integrable coupling equation, we establish a Darboux transformation (DT) with 4 × 4 Lax pairs, and apply the gauge transformation to a specific equation, then the explicit solutions of the lattice integrable coupling equation are given, which contains discrete soliton solution, breather solution and rogue wave solution. Furthermore, we can derive the discrete explicit solutions with free parameters to depict their dynamic behaviors.
Detection of host pathways universally inhibited after Plasmodium yoelii infection for immune intervention
Authors: Xia Lu , Wu Jian , Pattaradilokrat Sittiporn , Tumas Keyla , He Xiao , Peng Yu-chih , Huang Ruili , Myers Timothy G. , Long Carole A. , Wang Rongfu , Su Xin-zhuan
Published: October 2018

Malaria is a disease with diverse symptoms depending on host immune status and pathogenicity ofPlasmodiumparasites. The continuous parasite growth within a host suggests mechanisms of immune evasion by the parasite and/or immune inhibition in response to infection. To identify pathways commonly inhibited after malaria infection, we infected C57BL/6 mice with fourPlasmodium yoeliistrains causing different disease phenotypes and 24 progeny of a genetic cross. mRNAs from mouse spleens day 1 and/or day 4 post infection (p.i.) were hybridized to a mouse microarray to identify activated or inhibited pathways, upstream regulators, and host genes playing an important role in malaria infection. Strong interferon responses were observed after infection with the N67 strain, whereas initial inhibition and later activation of hematopoietic pathways were found after infection with 17XNL parasite, showing unique responses to individual parasite strains. Inhibitions of pathways such as Th1 activation, dendritic cell (DC) maturation, and NFAT immune regulation were observed in mice infected with all the parasite strains day 4p.i., suggesting universally inhibited immune pathways. As a proof of principle, treatment of N67-infected mice with antibodies against T cell receptors OX40 or CD28 to activate the inhibited pathways enhanced host survival. Controlled activation of these pathways may provide important strategies for better disease management and for developing an effective vaccine.
Correction: In vivo activation of an [FeFe] hydrogenase using synthetic cofactors
Authors: Khanna N. , Esmieu C. , Mészáros L. S. , Lindblad P. , Berggren G.
Published: October 2018

Correction for ‘In vivo activation of an [FeFe] hydrogenase using synthetic cofactors’ by N. Khanna et al., Energy Environ. Sci., 2017, 10, 1563–1567.
Modelling DNA extension and fragmentation in contractive microfluidic devices: a Brownian dynamics and computational fluid dynamics approach
Authors: Wu Shuyi , Li Chuang , Zheng Quanshui , Xu Luping
Published: October 2018

We simulated the thorough process of DNA fragmentation in microfluidics. The conformation of DNA preconditioned by shear flow and the strain rate of elongational flow are two critical parameters for DNA fragmentation.
Orthogonal superposition rheometry of colloidal gels: time-shear rate superposition
Authors: Sung Sang Hoon , Kim Sunhyung , Hendricks Jan , Clasen Christian , Ahn Kyung Hyun
Published: October 2018

Shear rate tunes a master clock for all relaxation modes in the sheared colloidal gels to produce a “time-shear rate superposition (TSS)”.
Changing Nonstuttering Preschool Children's Stuttering Attitudes
Authors: Weidner Mary E. , St. Louis Kenneth O. , Glover Haley L.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Negative or uninformed stuttering attitudes proliferate among the general public, and bourgeoning research has shown that such attitudes might emerge as early as the preschool years. Much remains unknown about young children's stuttering attitudes, and conclusive recommendations to improve attitudes toward stuttering have yet to be advanced. This study sought to determine the effect of a new educational program on improving stuttering attitudes among preschool children using objective measures.

Method

Thirty-seven preschool children learned about stuttering and sensitive peer interactions by participating in the newly developed Attitude Change and Tolerance program. The program teaches children about human differences with an emphasis on stuttering and how to interact with people who stutter. Children's stuttering attitudes were measured using the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes–Stuttering/Child (Weidner & St. Louis, 2014) before and after the program.

Results

Pre–post comparisons showed statistically significant improvements in children's overall stuttering attitudes. In particular, children demonstrated gains relative to their perceptions of and reactions toward people who stutter.

Conclusion

This study provides empirical evidence that young children's stuttering attitudes can be improved using the Attitude Change and Tolerance program. In addition, it supports previous research that negative stuttering attitudes emerge as early as preschool.
Event‐based model predictive control of discrete‐time non‐linear systems with external disturbances
Authors: Wang Mengzhi , Sun Jian , Chen Jie
Published: October 2018

The event‐based model predictive control (MPC) problem for discrete‐time non‐linear control systems with external disturbances is studied. Two triggering conditions are designed based on whether the system state is within the terminal region or not. The first one is triggered outside the terminal region when the difference between the actual system state trajectory and the corresponding optimal state trajectory violates a relative threshold, while the second one is triggered inside the terminal region if the difference between the actual system state trajectory and the predicted nominal state trajectory violates a desired relative threshold. The feasibility analysis and stability analysis are given in detail. Sufficient conditions for feasibility relating to the triggering threshold and disturbance bound are obtained. Sufficient conditions for stability of the event‐based control system referring to system parameters, triggering threshold and disturbance bound are given. Besides, the upper bound of the state trajectory is obtained and a robust invariant set that the system state will enter in finite time is given. Finally, simulation examples are given to validate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Design and optimisation of an In‐wheel switched reluctance motor for electric vehicles
Authors: Yueying Zhu , Chuantian Yang , Yuan Yue , Weiyan Wei , Chengwen Zhao
Published: October 2018

To improve the mechanical performance of the In‐wheel switched reluctance motor (SRM) used in electric vehicles (EVs), structure design and geometrical multi‐objective optimisation strategy for the In‐wheel SRM were developed in this study. The design method for major parameters of the In‐wheel SRM was presented by means of design specifications of the EVs. According to requirements of the EVs, four indicators of the SRM were defined to evaluate the development of the SRM and perform the optimisation. To simultaneously improve the static performance of the SRM, a novel multi‐objective simultaneous optimisation function was proposed by using four weighted factors and considering sensitivity analysis of the design variables on indicators. A four‐phase 16/20 In‐wheel SRM with an outer rotor was designed and optimised based on the proposed multi‐objective optimisation method. The influence of design variables on average torque, torque ripple, efficiency, and torque density was analysed based on a combination of finite element analysis and orthogonal experiment design method. The static and dynamic torque performances of the optimised SRM were evaluated and compared with those of the initial motor. The comparison results showed that the proposed multi‐objective simultaneous optimisation strategy can greatly improve the static and dynamic torque performances of the SRM.
Efficient global optimisation of microwave antennas based on a parallel surrogate model‐assisted evolutionary algorithm
Authors: Liu Bo , Akinsolu Mobayode O. , Ali Nazar , Abd‐Alhameed Raed
Published: October 2018

Computational efficiency is a major challenge for evolutionary algorithm (EA)‐based antenna optimisation methods due to the computationally expensive electromagnetic simulations. Surrogate model‐assisted EAs considerably improve the optimisation efficiency, but most of them are sequential methods, which cannot benefit from parallel simulation of multiple candidate designs for further speed improvement. To address this problem, a new method, called parallel surrogate model‐assisted hybrid differential evolution for antenna optimisation (PSADEA), is proposed. The performance of PSADEA is demonstrated by a dielectric resonator antenna, a Yagi‐Uda antenna, and three mathematical benchmark problems. Experimental results show high operational performance in a few hours using a normal desktop 4‐core workstation. Comparisons show that PSADEA possesses significant advantages in efficiency compared to a state‐of‐the‐art surrogate model‐assisted EA for antenna optimisation, the standard parallel differential evolution algorithm, and parallel particle swarm optimisation. In addition, PSADEA also shows stronger optimisation ability compared to the above reference methods for challenging design cases.
New multi‐objective optimisation algorithm for uniformly excited aperiodic array synthesis
Authors: Zhang Chengyan , Fu Xiongjun , Peng Shuilian , Wang Yi , Chang Jiayun
Published: October 2018

A new multi‐objective optimisation algorithm called non‐dominated sorting and local search (NSLS) algorithm is proposed for uniformly excited aperiodic array synthesis here. Two design cases of uniformly excited linear and planar array synthesis are conducted to verify the outperformance of NSLS. Synthesis results indicate that NSLS is able to obtain the lowest maximum sidelobe level (MSLL) and the deepest null depth level in linear array design case, along with the lowest MSLLs in two planes of radiation pattern in planar array design case compared with the other latest algorithms. In addition, the convergence performance and computational costs of NSLS in the design cases are investigated. The synthesis results combined with excellent convergence performance and low computational costs of NSLS make it a reliable and promising optimisation algorithm for uniformly excited aperiodic array synthesis.
Research on starting‐up control strategy of VSC‐HVDC system
Authors: Lin Sheng , Wang Liang , Mu Dalin , Liu Lei , Liao Kai , He Zhengyou
Published: October 2018

The starting‐up control strategy is an important issue for voltage source convert‐high voltage direct current (VSC‐HVDC) system. If a VSC‐HVDC system starts up without any auxiliary starting‐up control strategy, the overcurrent will occur both in AC and in DC sides. Such overcurrent rises rapidly, and its value is several times as the normal operating current. It endangers the convert equipment seriously and may cause mal‐operation of the overcurrent and differential under‐voltage protection. A simple but effective starting‐up control strategy is proposed. It consists of a current limiting resistance (Rin) and three improved controllers. Rin is supplemented into AC side of converter to suppress the overcurrent during uncontrolled rectifier stage, and the design method of Rin is performed in detail. Then, three improved controllers, including DC voltage slope controller, active power adaptive droop controller and reactive power deviation correction controller, are designed to restrain the overcurrent during controlled voltage stage. By introducing this starting‐up control strategy, the overcurrent in the VSC‐HVDC system is restrained effectively and the system can start up steadily. Substantial simulations conducted on PSCAD/EMTDC platform have demonstrated the outperformance of the proposed strategy in mitigating overcurrent in VSC‐HVDC system.
Influence of surface charge decay on cavity PD frequency at DC voltage
Authors: Pan Cheng , Song Wenbin , Tang Ju , Luo Yi , Yin Jia
Published: October 2018

In this study, two types of samples, i.e. a disc‐shaped cavity embedded within solid dielectrics and the other on an electrode surface, were used to investigate partial discharge (PD) behaviours at DC voltage. It has been found that the discharge frequency of the sample with one metallic surface was much larger under a positive voltage than under a negative one, whereas it was not sensitive to voltage polarities for the sample with two insulating surfaces. In order to explain experimental results, a simulation model based on continuity equations was established to obtain PD sequences at DC voltage, in which surface charge decay and discharge time lag were taken into account. Simulation results showed that positive surface charges dissipated faster than the negative, and the discharge time lag kept almost unchanged at the same voltage amplitude. The discharge time interval consisted of field recovery time and discharge time lag, and the former was determined by surface charge decay rate. In terms of these, the effect of surface charge decay on discharge frequency was discussed. The research is helpful to clarify PD mechanism at DC voltage.
Research on stress detection technology of long‐distance pipeline applying non‐magnetic saturation
Authors: Liu Bin , He Luyao , Zhang Hai , Sfarra Stefano , Fernandes Henrique , Perilli Stefano , Ren Jian
Published: October 2018

In order to study the stress detection method on long‐distance oil and gas pipeline, the distribution characteristics of the surface remanence signals in the stress concentration regions must be known. They were studied by using the magnetic domain model in the non‐magnetic saturation state. The finite element method was used herein with the aim to analyse the static and mechanical characteristics of a ferromagnetic specimen. The variation law of remanence signal in stress concentration regions was simulated. The results show that a residue signal in the stress concentration region exists. In addition, a one‐to‐one correspondence in the non‐magnetic saturation environment is evident. In the case of magnetic saturation, the remanence signal of the stress concentration region is covered and the signal cannot be recognised.
The environments of radio-loud AGN from the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS)
Authors: Croston J. H. , Hardcastle M. J. , Mingo B. , Best P. N. , Sabater J. , Shimwell T. M. , Williams W. L. , Duncan K. J. , Röttgering H. J. A. , Brienza M. , Gürkan G. , Ineson J. , Miley G. K. , Morabito L. M. , O’Sullivan S. P. , Prandoni I.
Published: October 2018

An understanding of the relationship between radio-loud active galaxies and their large-scale environments is essential for realistic modelling of radio-galaxy evolution and environmental impact, for understanding AGN triggering and life cycles, and for calibrating galaxy feedback in cosmological models. We use the LOFAR Two-Metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) Data Release 1 catalogues to investigate this relationship. We cross-matched a sample of 8745 radio-loud AGN with 0.08 <  z <  0.4, selected from LoTSS, with two Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) cluster catalogues, and find that only 10 percent of LoTSS AGN in this redshift range have a high-probability association, so that the majority of low-redshift AGN (including a substantial fraction of the most radio-luminous objects) must inhabit haloes with M <  1014 M⊙. We find that the probability of a cluster association, and the richness of the associated cluster, is correlated with AGN radio luminosity, and we also find that, for the cluster population, the number of associated AGN and the radio luminosity of the brightest associated AGN is richness-dependent. We demonstrate that these relations are not driven solely by host-galaxy stellar mass, supporting models in which large-scale environment is influential in driving AGN jet activity in the local Universe. At the lowest radio luminosities we find that the minority of objects with a cluster association are located at larger mean cluster-centre distances than more luminous AGN, an effect that appears to be driven primarily by host-galaxy mass. Finally, we also find that FRI radio galaxies inhabit systematically richer environments than FRIIs, consistent with previous work. The work presented here demonstrates the potential of LoTSS for AGN environmental studies. In future, the full northern-sky LoTSS catalogue, together with the use of deeper optical/IR imaging data and spectroscopic follow-up with WEAVE-LOFAR, will provide opportunities to extend this type of work to much larger samples and higher redshifts.
Alterations on phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity during sour grape juice concentrate processing
Authors: Guler Ali , Tokusoglu Ozlem , Artik Nevzat
Published: October 2018

The alterations of phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity of sour grape juice were investigated during the concentration process stages. Phenolics and antioxidant properties of the samples changed more at the vacuum evaporation stage than that of the other stages. After evaporation, the antioxidant capacity of the samples decreased approximately between 14.2 and 17.0 % for DPPH and ABTS methods, respectively. Besides, phenolic contents also decreased approximately as 14.8%. HPLC data on phenolics of sour grape juice during concentrate processing gave 12 polyphenols, including gallic acid, (+)-catechin, (-)-epigallocatechin, vanillic acid, (-)-epigallocatechin gallate, (-)-epicatechin, caftaric acid, caffeic acid andp-coumaric acid, which were determined as 1.05-1.83 mg/100 g, 5.40-7.83 mg/100 g, 6.35-9.21 mg/100 g, 3.01-5.18 mg/100 g, 0- 1.95 mg/100 g, 2.33-3.54 mg/100 g, 12.40-37.60 mg/100 g, 1.44-2.26 mg/100 g and 0.27-0.44 mg/100 g, respectively. Ferulic, sinapic acids and quercetin were only detected at concentrate step of the sour grape juice processing and were found as 0.18 mg/100 g, 0.28 mg/100 g and 0.76 mg/100 g, respectively.
Again about reliability characteristics of electrical power grids elements
Authors: Abdurakhmanov Abdula , Glushkin Sergey , Plotnikov Vladislav , Shuntov Andrey
Published: October 2018

The reliability characteristics of the (auto)transformers and overhead transmission lines of the unified national electric grid are subjected to statistical analysis. It is shown that their scheduled outages for scheduled or unscheduled repairs, as well as maintenance, weaken the network layout much more than emergency repairs. At the same time, there was a noticeable deterioration in the (auto)transformers and overhead transmission line reliability indexes over the last 30 years, which requires the development and adoption of appropriate organizational and technical solutions.
An analysis of dynamics of a change in the electricity intensity of the economy of the country and eastern regions and the forecasting of electricity consumption in the long term
Authors: Korneev Anatoliy
Published: October 2018

The paper presents a retrospective analysis of the trends towards changes in the electricity in-tensity of the economy of Russia and its eastern regions and assesses the dynamics of its change in the long term. The macroeconomic forecast of Russia’s economic development is given and the forecast of electricity consumption is made for the country and its eastern regions.
Optimization of joint operation of district and distributed heat sources for effective and reliable heat supply to consumers
Authors: Postnikov Ivan , Stennikov Valery , Penkovskii Andrey
Published: October 2018

The problem of optimal load distribution between district and distributed heat sources (heat sources of prosumers) in the district heating systems are considered. The methodical approach and mathematical model for solving this problem are proposed. They are based on methods of the theory of system energy researches, theory of industrial organization, theory of hydraulic circuits, and basic laws of cogeneration. The case study results obtained by using the developed methodology are presented. The potential economic effect of the prosumer adoption under specified conditions is demonstrated. The conclusions and directions for further research are formulated.
The assessment of probabilities and risk of rare events in electric power industry
Authors: Papkov Boris , Kulikov Aleksandr , Osokin Vladimir
Published: October 2018

Issues related to the assessment of probabilities for significant but rare events, extreme and catastrophic situations in the electric power industry are herein examined and analyzed. Special attention is paid to methods of the quantitative assessment of technological risk and its factors. Certain examples are given.
Adequacy analysis of electric power systems with wind and solar power stations
Authors: Karamov Dmitriy , Perzhabinsky Sergey
Published: October 2018

We developed a new method of adequacy analysis of electric power systems with wind and solar power stations. There are storage batteries in the electric power system. Various types of storage batteries can be used in electric power systems. They are electrochemical, hydroelectric, heat or air storages. The modelling of wind speed and solar radiation is based on software «Local analysis of environmental parameters and solar radiation». The original combination of modern models of meteorological data processing is used in the software. For adequacy analysis of electric power system, we use nonsingle estimation of electricity sacrifice in random hour. Simulation of random values is carried out by the Monte Carlo method.