bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feasible carbon‐trade model for low‐carbon density ecosystem
Authors: Zhang Xueyan , Ma Xin
Published: January 2022

China has set a carbon neutrality target for 2060; carbon sinks are vital tools to meet this target. China is leading the effort in greening the world through the restoration of low‐carbon density ecosystems (LCDEs). The potential carbon sinks of LCDEs provide opportunities for carbon trading projects that make cash benefits accessible to the owners, thereby incentivising ecosystem restoration. Unfortunately, carbon trading in LCDEs has, to date, been unsuccessful in China. Therefore, it is important to identify the barriers in the development of carbon trading projects in LCDEs.

This study aimed at creating a feasible model for carbon trading in LCDEs in China. We first accounted for the carbon sink of LCDEs based on field sampling of 169 quadrants and 3,471 plants. Thereafter, we investigated the trade‐off between the cost and efficiency of carbon projects in LCDEs. Finally, we explored the feasibility of corresponding carbon sink potential by considering carbon price fluctuations and public–private partnership models.

The main findings were as follows: (a) Carbon trading in LCDEs is not economically feasible at the current market price of carbon. In our case, the LCDE carbon trading could only recover 41.72% of the project cost. This partially explains the scarcity of carbon trading for LCDEs in the current emission trading scheme; (b) A benefit transfer model is essential, wherein the costs of ecosystem restoration are paid by the central government, and the benefits of carbon trade are transferred to the owners of LCDEs, providing sufficient incentives for the owners to participate in carbon trading.

Policy implications. Given the scarcity of large‐scale organisations and expertise, carbon trading in low‐carbon density ecosystems (LCDEs) should not be treated as a purely commercial project. A public–private partnership network is a suitable model for engaging stakeholders to complete the carbon trading process in LCDEs. For the success of carbon trading in LCDEs, viable carbon prices and transfer of benefits from public investments are policy issues that need to be further explored. Our findings provide a policy basis for the Chinese government to mobilise more LCDE owners to enter the carbon market and achieve carbon neutrality.
Preoperative docetaxel, cisplatin, and fluorouracil treatment with pegfilgrastim on day 7 for patients with esophageal cancer: A phase II study
Authors: Maeda Osamu , Fukaya Masahide , Koike Masahiko , Miyata Kazushi , Kanda Mitsuro , Nishida Kazuki , Ando Masahiko , Kodera Yasuhiro , Ando Yuichi
Published: January 2022

Aims

The docetaxel and cisplatin plus 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) (DCF) regimen is expected to be superior to cisplatin plus 5‐FU for the preoperative treatment of esophageal cancer. However, a high risk of adverse effects, including febrile neutropenia (FN), has been reported. To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of DCF with prophylactic pegfilgrastim, we conducted a phase II study.

Methods

The regimen consisted of intravenous administration of docetaxel (70 mg/m2 per day) and cisplatin (70 mg/m2 per day) on day 1 and a continuous infusion of 5‐FU (750 mg/m2 per day) on days 1–5. A single 3.6‐mg dose of pegfilgrastim was given as a subcutaneous injection on day 7 of each cycle. This regimen was repeated every 3 weeks for a maximum of three cycles. The primary endpoint was the grade‐2/3 histopathological response rate.

Results

Thirty‐seven eligible patients were enrolled and received DCF. Thirty‐four patients underwent esophagectomy. Two patients received chemoradiotherapy or radiotherapy without surgery. One patient withdrew consent and ended his hospital visit. One patient received additional radiotherapy before surgery. Histopathological responses of grade 3, grade 2, grade 1b, and grade 1a were observed in two (5.4%), 14 (37.8%), 10 (27.0%), and seven (18.9%) patients, respectively, and the primary endpoint was met. Of the 37 eligible patients, 11 (29.7%) developed FN in the first cycle.

Conclusions

Since the histopathological responses were as expected, DCF with prophylactic pegfilgrastim is considered to be effective as preoperative chemotherapy. However, the prophylactic use of pegfilgrastim on day 7 was insufficient to prevent FN.
The road to “local green recovery”: Signposts from COVID‐19 lockdown life in the UK
Authors: Collins Rebecca , Welsh Katharine
Published: January 2022

Responding to the conspicuous absence of reference to the local scale in national and global discourses of “green recovery” from COVID‐19, this paper articulates a series of interlinked research agendas united by a focus on what a “green recovery” might involve at a local scale within the context of the United Kingdom. We argue that geography as a discipline is particularly well placed to contribute to theoretical and practical framings of “green recovery” as manifested at and through a range of scales, including the micro (individual), meso (household), and what we term “meso+” (neighbourhood). Specifically, we signpost what might be considered “green shoots” worthy of urgent empirical investigation – shifts in everyday life and practice catalysed by COVID‐19 and with the potential to underpin longer‐lasting transformations towards socially, economically, and environmentally sustainable localities.
Rethinking the potential of collaboration for urban climate governance: The case of Hong Kong
Authors: Cheung Ting Ting Tracy , Fuller Sara
Published: January 2022

Collaboration is strongly promoted as an effective means for cities to respond to climate change. While collaboration is perceived to offer opportunities to progress climate action in cities, little is known about how collaboration can enable low‐carbon transformation in practice. Furthermore, while collaboration is largely framed as a positive endeavour, there is a need to more carefully explore the challenges and barriers that may arise. This paper explores the aims, processes, and outcomes of collaboration within urban climate governance. Drawing on a policy review and semi‐structured interviews, we present empirical findings from the case study of Hong Kong. This paper identifies three types of collaboration that are structured by regulations, oriented to policy goals, and emerge as everyday practices within the governance of climate change and the energy system. The forms of collaboration challenge the assumptions that collaboration always brings positive outcomes in mobilising action for climate change. While collaboration opens up different modes of governance within cities, the paper highlights significant barriers in terms of the diverse roles of actors, ongoing power imbalances, and shifting governance spaces for intervention. Given the prevailing interest in working together, it is critical to review carefully how collaboration facilitates cities to achieve their climate goals and create momentum for action.
Rethinking corporate social responsibility under contemporary capitalism: Five ways to reinvent CSR
Authors: Kim Rebecca Chunghee
Published: January 2022

Skepticism toward CSR is increasing. Management research on CSR tends to focus on positive outcomes from the practice of CSR, such as enhanced financial performance and best practice business cases. Less attention is devoted to why CSR is under siege. This paper argues that CSR is intimately connected with the way that capitalism is practiced, and that poor CSR outcomes are often the result of five “shortcomings” of contemporary capitalism: runaway self‐interest, quarterly focus, elite orientation, volume orientation, and one‐pattern capitalism. To evidence this, I employ a two‐stage approach: a “diagnostic” stage that investigates current challenges facing capitalism and how they affect CSR, and a “clinical” stage that identifies potential solutions based on a qualitative data set collected in Asian business contexts. The proposed solutions suggest ways that researchers, practitioners, and policymakers can conceptualize, design, and implement CSR programs that better fulfill CSR’s promise to business and society. Based on these results, I conclude with ideas on how CSR research can be strengthened by exploring the under‐researched linkages among CSR, modern capitalism, and global institutional contexts.
Racism in child welfare: Ethical considerations of harm
Authors: Berkman Emily , Brown Emily , Scott Maya , Adiele Alicia
Published: January 2022

Racism has resulted in significant disproportionality and disparity in the US child welfare system. Being Black is not an inherent risk factor for child abuse and neglect yet Black children are almost twice as likely to be victims of substantiated abuse and neglect claims compared to other racial groups. Addressing the disproportionality within the child welfare system due to systemic racism falls squarely under the purview of bioethics. In this paper, we briefly review the impact of racism on child welfare. We then discuss some ethical considerations that mandatory healthcare reporters should think through when determining whether to report potential abuse and neglect. Specifically, we discuss the need for a broader consideration of what constitutes harm. We then present a hypothetical composite case to illuminate where and how bias can enter the process of referral to child protective services (CPS). We encourage thoughtful reporting with consideration of social and historical context and alternative explanations for worrisome findings. We recommend using evidence, avoiding assumptions by seeking clarification from families and ensuring internal consistency. When contemplating CPS referral, medical providers should feel empowered to ask questions if there is concern for potential bias. The ultimate goal is to protect children from harm. If there are clear safety concerns—they must be addressed. However, in the many cases where the safety concern is less tangible, we need to expand our considerations of the harms that can befall children, especially children of color.
Suffering is not enough: Assisted dying for people with mental illness
Authors: Trachsel Manuel , Jox Ralf J.
Published: January 2022

Persons with mental disorders who are resistant to evidence‐based treatment can be referred to as patients with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI). Some patients with SPMI develop a strong wish for assisted dying. Switzerland has the longest history of non‐medicalized assisted dying, which is considered a civil right even in non‐pathological situations. Public debate in Switzerland about the issue of suffering in the context of assisted dying is current and ongoing. The Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences recently revised its end‐of‐life policy and specified intolerable suffering due to severe illness or functional limitations (and acknowledged as such by a physician) as a core criterion for assisted dying. We argue that suffering is a necessary but insufficient condition for assisted dying, and that the criteria should also include decision‐making capacity and refractoriness of suffering. We further contend that suffering is a subjective experience that can only be quantified by the patient and cannot be objectively compared across individuals. Some patients with SPMI and refractory suffering who maintain decision‐making capacity will meet the criteria for assisted dying. We advocate for palliative psychiatric care that relinquishes any disease‐modifying therapy, accepts limited survival chances, and focuses on measures that enhance the patient's quality of life, understood in a very broad sense beyond only health‐related quality of life. This approach should also relieve suffering as much as possible while remaining open to the possibility of assisted dying following conscientious assessment of the criteria.
Incidence of penile intraepithelial neoplasia and treatment strategies in Sweden 2000–2019
Authors: Kristiansen Sinja , Torbrand Christian , Svensson Åke , Forslund Ola , Bjartling Carina
Published: January 2022

Objectives

To analyse the incidence, treatment strategies and complications associated with penile intraepithelial neoplasia (PeIN) in Sweden over a period of 20 years.

Materials and methods

Data on PeIN from the Swedish National Penile Cancer Register were analysed regarding treatment in relation to age, size of the PeIN lesion, localization of the PeIN lesion and complications using chi‐squared tests and logistic regression. The incidence of PeIN was calculated and age‐standardized according to the European Standard population.

Results

Between 2000 and 2019 a total of 1113 PeIN cases were reported. The age‐standardized incidence of PeIN was 1.40 per 100 000 men (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.32–1.49). An increase in incidence over time was seen, with a standardized incidence rate of 2.37 (95% CI 1.56–3.70) in 2019 compared to the baseline year, 2000. Surgical or topical treatments were given in 75.0% and 14.6% of cases, respectively. The complication rate was higher in laser surgery (12.1%, 7/58) compared to local surgery (4.6%, 16/348; P = 0.03) with an age‐adjusted odds ratio (OR) of 2.82 (95% CI 1.10–7.19; P = 0.03). Local surgery was more common than laser surgery in the last 5 years compared to the first 5 years of the study period: OR 5.75 (95% CI 2.94–11.27). Treatments with imiquimod and topical 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) were more common than destructive methods such as photodynamic therapy, cryotherapy, curettage and electrocautery in the last 5 years compared to the first 5 years: OR 9.48 (95% CI 2.29–39.24).

Conclusions

A twofold increase in the age‐standardized incidence of PeIN was seen in Sweden over 20 years. Complications were three times more common in laser surgery compared to local surgery. Changes in treatment showed an increase of treatment strategies such as local surgery and treatment with imiquimod and topical 5‐FU over time.
Human papillomavirus vaccine effectiveness by age at first vaccination among Japanese women
Authors: Onuki Mamiko , Yamamoto Kasumi , Yahata Hideaki , Kanao Hiroyuki , Yokota Harushige , Kato Hisamori , Shimamoto Kumi , Takehara Kazuhiro , Kamiura Shoji , Tsuda Naotake , Takei Yuji , Shigeta Shogo , Matsumura Noriomi , Yoshida Hiroyuki , Motohara Takeshi , Watari Hidemichi , Nakamura Keiichiro , Ueda Akihiko , Tasaka Nobutaka , Ishikawa Mitsuya , Hirashima Yasuyuki , Kudaka Wataru , Taguchi Ayumi , Iwata Takashi , Takahashi Fumiaki , Kukimoto Iwao , Yoshikawa Hiroyuki , Yaegashi Nobuo , Matsumoto Koji ,   for the MINT Study Group
Published: January 2022

In Japan, the National Immunization Program against human papillomavirus (HPV) targets girls aged 12‐16 years, and catch‐up vaccination is recommended for young women up to age 26 years. Because HPV infection rates increase soon after sexual debut, we evaluated HPV vaccine effectiveness by age at first vaccination. Along with vaccination history, HPV genotyping results from 5795 women younger than 40 years diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2‐3 (CIN2‐3), adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS), or invasive cervical cancer were analyzed. The attribution of vaccine‐targeted types HPV16 or HPV18 to CIN2‐3/AIS was 47.0% for unvaccinated women (n = 4297), but 0.0%, 13.0%, 35.7%, and 39.6% for women vaccinated at ages 12‐15 years (n = 36), 16‐18 years (n = 23), 19–22 years (n = 14), and older than 22 years (n = 91), respectively, indicating the greater effectiveness of HPV vaccination among those initiating vaccination at age 18 years or younger (P < .001). This finding was supported by age at first sexual intercourse; among women with CIN2‐3/AIS, only 9.2% were sexually active by age 14 years, but the percentage quickly increased to 47.2% by age 16 and 77.1% by age 18. Additionally, the HPV16/18 prevalence in CIN2‐3/AIS was 0.0%, 12.5%, and 40.0% for women vaccinated before (n = 16), within 3 years (n = 8), and more than 3 years after (n = 15) first intercourse, respectively (P = .004). In conclusion, our data appear to support routine HPV vaccination for girls aged 12‐14 years and catch‐up vaccination for adolescents aged 18 years and younger in Japan.
Mother–nurse decision making practices for children with complex health care needs receiving homecare services: A qualitative descriptive study
Authors: LeGrow Karen , Cohen Eyal , Espin Sherry
Published: January 2022

Background

Many children with complex health care needs face chronic health and developmental issues that may include functional impairments, neurodevelopmental disabilities, and lifelong dependence on medical technology. Providing the necessary care and services for this unique group of children and youth places substantial demands on the health care system. Much of the focus on improvements has been in acute care settings even though homecare accounts for the largest proportion of health care utilization among children with complex health care needs. While parents assume great responsibility for their child's care at home, they indicate that the balance of power between themselves and their health care providers does not change when care shifts from the hospital to home. Given the expanding role of paediatric homecare and parents' concerns of their role in decisions related to their child's care, it is imperative to explore these practices in this unique setting.

Purpose

The purpose of this work is to explore mother–nurse decision making practices for children with complex health care needs receiving health care services in their home.

Methods

A qualitative descriptive study design was used. Five mothers and five nurses participated. Twenty‐six home observations with accompanying analytical memos and 10 semistructured interviews were conducted with five mothers and five homecare nurses. Thematic analysis of study data, using an iterative process, identified major themes.

Findings

Data revealed the complex and relational nature of mother–nurse decision making practices within the home setting. Three major themes were identified: (1) core areas of decision making, (2) a dynamic and collaborative process, and (3) centrality of relationships.

Conclusions

Study findings enhanced our understanding of how decision making and relational care practices take place in the home for children with complex health care needs receiving homecare services, which has implications for child and family health.
Housing affordability and responses during times of stress: A preliminary look during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Authors: Malpezzi Stephen
Published: January 2022

The global SARS‐CoV‐2/COVID‐19 Pandemic has disrupted public health, economies, and housing markets since early 2020. The shock has called forth a number of policy responses, such as moratoria on foreclosures and evictions, attempts to regulate rents and prices, and a range of subsidies on both supply and demand sides. This paper reviews the state of housing markets and discusses the expected efficacy of alternative policy measures taken or contemplated. Recognizing the provisional nature of any paper written during a large and durable ongoing shock, suggestions for additional research are provided.
A composite framework of deep multiple view human joints feature extraction and selection strategy with hybrid adaptive sunflower optimization‐whale optimization algorithm for human action recognition in video sequences
Authors: Rajappan Rajitha Jasmine , Kondampatti Kandaswamy Thyagharajan
Published: January 2022

In computer vision and pattern recognition field, video‐based human action recognition (HAR) is the most predominant research area. Object recognition is needed to recognize the subjects regarding video contents, which allows reactive enquiry in a large number of camera contents, mainly in security based platforms where there is a prevalent growth of closed circuit television cameras. Generally, object detectors that have high performance are trained on a large collection of public benchmarks. Identifying human activities from unconstrained videos is the primary challenging task. Further, the feature extraction and feature selection from these unconstrained videos is also considered as a challenging issue. For that, in this article a new composite framework of HAR model is constructed by introducing an efficient feature extraction and selection strategy. The proposed feature extraction model extracts multiple view features, human joints features based on the domain knowledge of the action and fuses them with deep high level features extracted by an improved fully resolution convolutional neural networks. Also, it optimizes the feature selection strategy using the hybrid whale optimization algorithm and adaptive sun flower optimization that maximizes the feature entropy, correlation. It minimizes the error rate for improving the recognition accuracy of the proposed composite framework. The proposed model is validated on four different datasets, namely, Olympics sports, Virat Release 2.0, HMDB51, and UCF 50 sports action dataset to prove its effectiveness. The simulation results show that the proposed composite framework outperforms all the existing human recognition model in terms of classification accuracy and detection rate.
Simultaneous pancreas‐kidney transplantation in Caucasian versus African American patients: Does recipient race influence outcomes?
Authors: Rogers Jeffrey , Jay Colleen L. , Farney Alan C. , Orlando Giuseppe , Jacobs Marie L. , Harriman David , Gurram Venkat , Sharda Berjesh , Gurung Komal , Reeves‐Daniel Amber , Doares William , Kaczmorski Scott , Mena‐Gutierrez Alejandra , Sakhovskaya Natalia , Gautreaux Michael D. , Stratta Robert J.
Published: January 2022

The influence of African American (AA) recipient race on outcomes following simultaneous pancreas‐kidney transplantation (SPKT) is uncertain.

Methods

From 11/01 to 2/19, we retrospectively studied 158 Caucasian (C) and 57 AA patients (pts) undergoing SPKT.

Results

The AA group had fewer patients on peritoneal dialysis (30% C vs. 14% AA), more patients with longer dialysis duration (28% C vs. 51% AA), more sensitized (PRA ≥20%) patients (6% C vs. 21% AA), and more patients with pretransplant C‐peptide levels ≥2.0 ng/ml (11% C vs. 35% AA, all P < .05). With a mean 9.2 year follow‐up, patient survival (65% C vs. 77% AA, P = .098) slightly favored the AA group, whereas kidney (55% C vs. 60% AA) and pancreas (48% C vs. 54% AA) graft survival rates (GSRs) were comparable. Death‐censored kidney (71% C vs. 68% AA) and pancreas (both 62%) GSRs demonstrated that death with a functioning graft (DWFG) was more common in C vs. AA patients (23% C vs. 12% AA, P = .10). The incidence of death‐censored dual graft loss (usually rejection) was 7% C versus 21% AA (P = .005).

Conclusions

Following SPKT, AA patients are at a greater risk for dual immunological graft loss whereas C patients are at greater risk for DWFG.
Using stable isotopes (δ2H, δ13C) to identify natal origins and larval host plant use by western bean cutworm, Striacosta albicosta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) captured in southern Ontario
Authors: Hobson Keith A. , Kusack Jackson W. , Gootgarts Jonathan , Longstaffe Fred J. , McNeil Jeremy N.
Published: January 2022

The Western Bean Cutworm (Striacosta albicosta, Smith), a significant agricultural pest, has a broad distribution in North America having recently expanded northeastward. However, while there are significant populations each summer in Ontario, Canada, this species has limited local overwintering capacity, which suggests a high proportion of immigrant moths. Knowing the origins of immigrant moths would provide insight into their migration and could assist in their management. We used stable‐hydrogen isotope (δ2H) analyses of wings from 283 moths captured over a seven‐year period (2012–2020) to estimate origins of these individuals based on the well‐established precipitation isoscape for the continent. We also analysed wings for stable‐carbon isotopes (δ13C) to examine host plant use as this species uses both C3 (e.g., beans) and C4 (e.g., corn) sources during larval development.

Regardless of year, most moths (71%–91%) fed on corn as larvae. We combined this finding with δ2H analyses to narrow probable geographic natal origins by applying an informed prior to Bayesian‐based isotopic assignments by assuming the Corn Belt of the United States as the likely region of origin. This combined approach indicated Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, Indiana and Ohio as the most likely origins, a conclusion supported by analyses of wind trajectories on nights prior to high trap catches in our study area.

While our combined approach narrowed down the possible origins of cutworms captured in southern Ontario, estimates of origin remain relatively broad and to be useful for management purposes future refinements will be required.
A pedagogical model for effective online teacher professional development—findings from the Teacher Academy initiative of the European Commission
Authors: Hertz Benjamin , Grainger Clemson Hannah , Tasic Hansen Daniella , Laurillard Diana , Murray Madeleine , Fernandes Luis , Gilleran Anne , Rojas Ruiz Diego , Rutkauskiene Danguole
Published: January 2022

During their careers, teachers experience change in education policy, societal trends, and cultural shifts in pedagogical thought, requiring continual adaptation and innovation of their practices. Coupled with this is an assumed intrinsic desire to progress, whether as part of their own subject expertise, or with a view to taking on a role as leader in school management or a specialist area. Effective support and opportunities for teachers to develop and apply their competences is crucial for maintaining both motivation and high standards in the profession. However, many teachers across Europe claim to struggle to have access to effective forms of continued professional development coupled with the numerous demands already made on their work. On‐site courses with opportunities for peer learning remain popular but demand time and are not financially cost‐effective in reaching a large number of teachers, nor are they viable during pandemic restrictions. By exploring the pedagogical model of the online courses of the European Commission's Teacher Academy in the context of these challenges, this article discusses how an effective, collaborative approach to online continued professional development can be developed as a way of addressing both teacher and education system needs.
Cellular autophagy, an unbidden effect of caspase inhibition by zVAD‐fmk
Authors: Sakthivel Dharaniya , Bolívar Beatriz E. , Bouchier‐Hayes Lisa
Published: January 2022

zVAD‐fmk is a widely used pan‐caspase inhibitor that blocks apoptosis but has undesirable side effects, including autophagy. In this issue, Needs et al. propose that zVAD‐fmk induces autophagy by inhibiting the N‐glycanase NGLY1 rather than caspases. NGLY1 is essential for the ERAD response and patients with inactivating mutations in NGLY1 present with neurodevelopmental defects and organ dysfunction. The ability of NGLY1 to inhibit basal levels of autophagy may contribute to this pathology. This study demonstrates possible crosstalk between protein turnover and autophagy while also underscoring the importance of specificity when using chemical tools to interrogate these pathways.

Comment on https://doi.org/10.1111/febs.16345
First‐mover disadvantage: the sovereign ratings mousetrap
Authors: Klusak Patrycja , Kraemer Moritz , Vu Huong
Published: January 2022

Using 102 sovereigns rated by the three largest credit rating agencies (CRA), S&P, Moody's and Fitch between January 2000 and January 2019, we document that the first‐mover CRA (S&P) in downgrades falls into a commercial trap. Namely, each sovereign downgrade by one notch by the first‐mover CRA (S&P) results in 2.4% increase in the probability of a rating contract being cancelled by the sovereign client. The more downgrades S&P makes in a given month, the more their sovereign rating coverage falls relative to its rivals. Our results are more pronounced for downgrades on small sovereign borrowers than on large sovereign borrowers. This paper explores the interaction between three themes of the literature: herding behaviour amongst CRAs, issues of conflict of interest and ratings quality. Our empirical evidence gives credence to, and underscores the need for sovereign ratings to be made in an impartial way and independent of their commercial ramifications elsewhere in the CRA.
From quiet to noisy politics: Varieties of European reactions to 5G and Huawei
Authors: Calcara Antonio
Published: January 2022

5G networks are at the center of geopolitical competition. The United States has denounced market leader Huawei's ability to break into allies' sensitive networks and it has tried to convince Europeans to ban the Chinese group from their 5G markets. How are European governments and industries reacting to 5G politicization? This article argues that government‐industry interactions in the handling of politically salient issues are mediated by the country's political system. In executive‐dominated countries, the government would centralize policymaking. In parliament‐dominated countries, the government would delegate politically salient issues to the industry to bypass diffuse power‐sharing and fragmented coalition‐building. The article adds that political economy acts as an intervening variable. In public governance ecosystems, governments and industries interact through informal coordination; in private governance ecosystems, the two actors rely on formal contracting. The empirical analysis focuses on British, Dutch, French, and Italian reactions to 5G politicization, yielding favorable results to the hypotheses.
Pollution in a globalized world: Are debt transfers among countries a solution?
Authors: Davin Marion , Fodha Mouez , Seegmuller Thomas
Published: January 2022

We analyze the effects of a debt relief, that is, a decrease in public debt of a low‐income country financed by a high‐income country, on environmental quality. Under perfect mobility of assets, the debt relief increases the overall capital stock, and environmental quality when public abatements are sufficiently efficient. Welfare in both countries can also improve. Under a weak mobility of assets, capital does no more increase in the richest country, but environmental quality can improve. This comes from a crowding‐out effect of debt in the high‐income country, which does no more take place when the mobility of assets is significant.
Shadow economy: A comprehensive concept and the interpretation of its size
Authors: Galambosné Tiszberger Mónika
Published: January 2022

There is lack of standard understanding or definition of the shadow economy. The aim of this mainly theoretical paper is twofold. First it brings together the concepts of the available academic research and official statistics. Second it discusses in what sense the calculated shadow economy measures indicate an exceeding amount over the official Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Indicators usually express shadow economy size as a proportion of GDP, so it is of most importance to elucidate the true meaning of these numbers. Official GDP already includes certain part of the shadow activities. Empirical calculations illustrate the weight of overlap.
3,6'‐disinapoyl sucrose attenuates Aβ1‐42‐ induced neurotoxicity in Caenorhabditis elegans by enhancing antioxidation and regulating autophagy
Authors: Tang Xiaoli , Zhao Yuming , Liu Yanan , Liu Yang , Liu Yue , Niu Fenxi , Fang Fang
Published: January 2022

The aggregation of β‐amyloid (Aβ) has the neurotoxicity, which is thought to play critical role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Inhibiting Aβ deposition and neurotoxicity has been considered as an important strategy for AD treatment. 3,6'‐Disinapoyl sucrose (DISS), one of the oligosaccharide esters derived from traditional Chinese medicine Polygalae Radix, possesses antioxidative activity, neuroprotective effect and anti‐depressive activity. This study was to explore whether DISS could attenuate the pathological changes of Aβ1‐42 transgenic Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans). The results showed that DISS (5 and 50 μM) treatment significantly prolonged the life span, increased the number of egg‐laying, reduced paralysis rate, decreased the levels of lipofuscin and ROS and attenuated Aβ deposition in Aβ1‐42 transgenic C. elegans. Gene analysis showed that DISS could up‐regulate the mRNA expression of sod‐3, gst‐4, daf‐16, bec‐1 and lgg‐1, while down‐regulate the mRNA expression of daf‐2 and daf‐15 in Aβ1‐42 transgenic C. elegans. These results suggested that DISS has the protective effect against Aβ1‐42‐induced pathological damages and prolongs the life span of C. elegans, which may be related to the reduction of Aβ deposition and neurotoxicity by regulating expression of genes related to antioxidation and autophagy.
Influence of COVID‐19 on the next generation of nurses in the United States
Authors: Kells Meredith , Jennings Mathis Karen
Published: January 2022

Aims/Objectives

Examine the affective state (anxiety, depression), life satisfaction, stress and worry, media consumption and perceptions of pursuing a career in nursing amidst the COVID‐19 pandemic.

Background

Nursing students worldwide have reported increased stress, fear and anxiety amidst challenges and risks associated with COVID‐19. It remains unclear what impact COVID‐19 will have on nursing students in the United States (US) as they prepare to enter the workforce.

Design

Cross‐sectional study of undergraduate nursing students at one university in the Northeastern United States.

Methods

Students (N = 161) completed an online survey (July 2020) about health and life satisfaction, affective state (depression, anxiety), stress and interest in pursuing nursing. Descriptive statistical analysis described sample and quantitative data. Linear regression was used to examine whether media consumption, stress, affective states predicted interest in pursuing a nursing career. Qualitative thematic analysis was applied to the open‐ended question, ‘How has COVID‐19 influenced your interest in pursuing a nursing career?’. The Standards for Reporting Qualitative Research (SRQR) checklist was used to evaluate methodological quality.

Results

Mean stress score was 56.6 (range 0–100), 55.6% of respondents felt unsettled about the future, and 68.2% reported feeling overwhelmed. 18.7% of students reported moderate to severe anxiety, 19.8% reported moderate to severe depression and 54.4% reported that COVID‐19 influenced their interest in nursing. Six themes emerged from qualitative analysis: no change, reaffirming/confirmatory, importance of nursing, reality check, positive influence and negative influence.

Conclusions

Universities/colleges and nursing faculty should prioritise universal mental health assessment for nursing students and enhance mental health services to support and monitor this population.

Relevance to clinical practice

Mental health services to support nursing students are warranted in the wake of the COVID‐19 pandemic. Reduction in nursing workforce may have significant impacts on staffing ratios, patient outcomes, nurse burn‐out and other aspects of clinical care.
COVID‐19 threat and xenophobia: A moderated mediation model of empathic responding and negative emotions
Authors: She Zhuang , Ng Kok‐Mun , Hou Xiangling , Xi Juzhe
Published: January 2022

The threat of disease is associated with xenophobia, but limited research is available to shed light on the underlying processes that shape this relationship. Based on integrated threat theory and existing research, we tested a model in which the association between threat of disease and xenophobia is mediated by negative emotions, and how the process is moderated by empathic responding to others who are concerned about the disease threat. The research was conducted in China during the early phases of the COVID‐19 pandemic with the focus on Chinese unease about the people of Wuhan, the city where the pandemic began. A national sample of Chinese adults (N = 1697) completed a survey on their perceptions of risk due to COVID‐19, negative emotions experienced during the pandemic, empathic responses to others who were concerned about COVID‐19, and xenophobia expressed toward people from Wuhan. The results showed that negative emotions mediated the relationship between perceived COVID‐19 threat and xenophobia. However, contrary to expectation, empathic responding did not weaken the relation between perceived COVID‐19 threat and xenophobia; instead, it exacerbated the relationship. Specifically, empathic responding to help others in the context of concerns about COVID‐19 was related to greater xenophobia toward the out‐group (i.e., the people of Wuhan).
Risk factors and implications associated with renal mineralization in chronic kidney disease in cats
Authors: Tang Pak‐Kan , Jepson Rosanne E. , Chang Yu‐Mei , Geddes Rebecca F. , Hopkinson Mark , Elliott Jonathan
Published: January 2022

Background

Nephrocalcinosis is a pathological feature of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Its pathophysiological implications for cats with CKD are unexplored.

Objectives

Identify nephrocalcinosis risk factors and evaluate its influence on CKD progression and all‐cause mortality.

Animals

Fifty‐one euthyroid client‐owned cats with International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) stages 2‐3 azotemic CKD.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study. Histopathological kidney sections were assessed for nephrocalcinosis (von Kossa stain). Nephrocalcinosis severity was determined by image analysis (ImageJ). Ordinal logistic regressions were performed to identify nephrocalcinosis risk factors. The influence of nephrocalcinosis on CKD progression and mortality risk were assessed using linear mixed model and Cox regression, respectively. Cats were categorized by their owner‐reported time‐averaged phosphate‐restricted diet (PRD) intake, where PRD comprised ≥50%, 10‐50%, or none of food intake.

Results

Nephrocalcinosis was rated as mild‐to‐severe in 78.4% and absent‐to‐minimal in 21.6% of cases. Higher baseline plasma total calcium concentration (tCa; odds ratio [OR] = 3.07 per 1 mg/dL; P = .02) and eating a PRD (10%‐50%: OR = 8.35; P = .01; ≥50%: OR = 5.47; P = .01) were independent nephrocalcinosis risk factors. Cats with absent‐to‐minimal nephrocalcinosis had increasing plasma creatinine (0.250 ± 0.074 mg/dL/month; P = .002), urea (5.06 ± 1.82 mg/dL/month; P = .01), and phosphate (0.233 ± 0.115 mg/dL/month; P = .05) concentrations over a 1‐year period, and had shorter median survival times than cats with mild‐to‐severe nephrocalcinosis.

Conclusion and Clinical Importance

Higher plasma tCa at CKD diagnosis and PRD intake are independently associated with nephrocalcinosis. However, nephrocalcinosis is not associated with rapid CKD progression in cats.
State Policy and National Representation: Marijuana Politics in American Federalism
Authors: Trachtman Samuel
Published: January 2022

Members of Congress represent geographically demarcated districts embedded in subnational policy environments. Drawing on policy feedback literature and literature on congressional representation, I argue that, because of this institutional configuration, subnational policy adoption can affect national representation. More specifically, policy reforms in the states they represent can increase pressures members face from organized groups and individuals in their constituencies to promote aligned federal policies. Empirically, I examine the effects of state marijuana legalization. The inferential design leverages differences across the states in statewide citizen initiative institutions, which provides exogenous variation in legalization. Instrumental variables analysis indicates legalization influenced pro‐marijuana bill sponsorship and roll calls in the 116th Congress. The evidence points to growing influence of industry in legalizing states—including the ability to mobilize employees and customers—as the key mechanism, thus underscoring the importance of a political economy perspective for studying interdependencies in American federalism.
The precautionary principle and dietary DNA metabarcoding: Commonly used abundance thresholds change ecological interpretation
Authors: Littleford‐Colquhoun Bethan L. , Freeman Patrick T. , Sackett Violet I. , Tulloss Camille V. , McGarvey Lauren M. , Geremia Chris , Kartzinel Tyler R.
Published: January 2022

Dietary DNA metabarcoding enables researchers to identify and characterize trophic interactions with a high degree of taxonomic precision. It is also sensitive to sources of bias and contamination in the field and laboratory. One of the earliest and most common strategies for dealing with such sensitivities has been to remove all low‐abundance sequences and conduct ecological analyses based on the presence or absence of food taxa. Although this step is now often perceived to be necessary, evidence of its sufficiency is lacking and more attention to the risk of introducing other errors is needed. Using computer simulations, we demonstrate that common strategies to remove low‐abundance sequences can erroneously eliminate true dietary sequences in ways that impact downstream inferences. Using real data from well‐studied wildlife populations in Yellowstone National Park, we further show how these strategies can markedly alter the composition of dietary profiles in ways that scale‐up to obscure ecological interpretations about dietary generalism, specialism, and composition. Although the practice of removing low‐abundance sequences may continue to be a useful strategy to address research questions that focus on a subset of relatively abundant foods, its continued widespread use risks generating misleading perceptions about the structure of trophic networks. Researchers working with dietary DNA metabarcoding data—or similar data such as environmental DNA, microbiomes, or pathobiomes—should be aware of drawbacks and consider alternative bioinformatic, experimental, and statistical solutions.
Don't trust Fodor's guide in Monte Carlo: Learning concepts by hypothesis testing without circularity
Authors: Deigan Michael
Published: January 2022

Fodor argued that learning a concept by hypothesis testing would involve an impossible circularity. I show that Fodor's argument implicitly relies on the assumption that actually φ‐ing entails an ability to φ. But this assumption is false in cases of φ‐ing by luck, and just such luck is involved in testing hypotheses with the kinds of generative random sampling methods that many cognitive scientists take our minds to use. Concepts thus can be learned by hypothesis testing without circularity, and it is plausible that this is how humans in fact acquire at least some of their concepts.
The long‐term outcomes of cardiac implantable electronic devices implanted via the femoral route
Authors: Griffiths Samuel , Behar Jonathan M. , Kramer Daniel B. , Debney Mike T. , Monkhouse Christopher , Lefas Alicia Y. , Lowe Martin , Amin Fouad , Cantor Emily , Boyalla Vennela , Karim Nabeela , Till Jan , Markides Vias , Clague Jonathan R. , Wong Tom
Published: January 2022

Background

Conventional superior access for cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) is not always possible and femoral CIEDs (F‐CIED) are an alternative option when leadless systems are not suitable. The long‐term outcomes and extraction experiences with F‐CIEDs, in particular complex F‐CIED (ICD/CRT devices), remain poorly understood.

Methods

Patients referred for F‐CIEDs implantation between 2002 and 2019 at two tertiary centers were included. Early complications were defined as ≤30 days following implant and late complications >30 days.

Results

Thirty‐one patients (66% male; age 56 ± 20 years; 35% [11] patients with congenital heart disease) were implanted with F‐CIEDs (10 ICD/CRT and 21 pacemakers). Early complications were observed in 6.5% of patients: two lead displacements. Late complications at 6.8 ± 4.4 years occurred in 29.0% of patients. This was higher with complex F‐CIED compared to simple F‐CIED (60.0% vs. 14.3%, p = .02). Late complications were predominantly generator site related (n = 8, 25.8%) including seven infections/erosions and one generator migration. Eight femoral generators and 14 leads (median duration in situ seven [range 6–11] years) were extracted without complication.

Conclusions

Procedural success with F‐CIEDs is high with clinically acceptable early complication rates. There is a notable risk of late complications, particularly involving the generator site of complex devices following repeat femoral procedures. Extraction of chronic F‐CIED in experienced centers is feasible and safe.
Rejuvenated and safe: Freeze‐dried plasma for the 21st century
Authors: Sheffield William P. , V. Devine Dana
Published: January 2022

See article on page 406–417, in this issue

See article on page 418–428, in this issue
Hemorrhage control—Proper application of direct pressure, pressure dressings, and tourniquets for controlling acute life‐threatening hemorrhage
Authors: Palmer Lee
Published: January 2022

Background

Timely application of hemorrhage control interventions is lifesaving. Any amount of blood loss may be detrimental and, therefore, trauma‐induced hemorrhage must be addressed immediately and aggressively. Early and prompt hemorrhage control is one of the main priorities of treating hemorrhagic shock. Trauma‐induced hemorrhage remains a leading cause of preventable death. A vast majority of bleeding wounds encountered are not initially life‐threatening but become life‐threatening with delay in appropriate hemorrhage control.

Description

Appropriate immediate hemorrhage control interventions for the exsanguinating small animal include direct pressure, wound packing, hemostatic dressings, pressure bandage, and, possibly, tourniquet application. Although tourniquet application is a lifesaving intervention in people experiencing extremity hemorrhage, it has not been shown to be a necessary intervention for small animals.

The aim of this companion article is to briefly describe the basic methods for achieving immediate hemorrhage control in small animals in a prehospital or life‐threatening situation.

Key Points

Common sources of trauma‐induced massive hemorrhage include injury to a major artery or other large vessel (eg, external jugular), a highly vascular organ(s) (liver and spleen), or from a combination thereof.

Blood loss from a major arterial source (ie, femoral or carotid artery) may rapidly lead to exsanguination and death in as little as 3–5 min.

Placing a circumferential compressive bandage that is too tight or restrictive around the neck, thorax, or abdomen may occlude the patient's airway, restrict chest expansion, or prevent adequate respiration.

Noncircumferential bandages often do not generate sufficient enough pressure to abate arterial hemorrhage, particularly when systolic arterial blood pressure is restored postfluid resuscitation.

Definitive hemostasis for massive internal hemorrhage is best achieved through early surgical intervention.

Direct pressure remains the most effective “medical” intervention for initial hemorrhage control.

When feasible, elevate and splint (immobilize) any bleeding extremity or body part as an adjunctive aid for hemorrhage control when used in conjunction with other methods of control, especially direct pressure.