bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observation of the fastest chemical processes in the radiolysis of water
Authors: Loh Z.-H. , Doumy G. , Arnold C. , Kjellsson L. , Southworth S. H. , Al Haddad A. , Kumagai Y. , Tu M.-F. , Ho P. J. , March A. M. , Schaller R. D. , Bin Mohd Yusof M. S. , Debnath T. , Simon M. , Welsch R. , Inhester L. , Khalili K. , Nanda K. , Krylov A. I. , Moeller S. , Coslovich G. , Koralek J. , Minitti M. P. , Schlotter W. F. , Rubensson J.-E. , Santra R. , Young L.
Published: February 2021

The “hole” story of water ionization

The direct observation of the cationic hole H
2
O
+
that is formed in liquid water after ionization has been a long-standing experimental challenge. Previous attempts using optical and ultraviolet techniques have failed to reveal its key spectroscopic signature during ultrafast transformation into a OH radical. Loh
et al.
address this gap by using intense, ultrafast x-ray pulses from an x-ray free electron laser at ∼530 electron volts. They found compelling evidence for the formation H
2
O
+
and its decay to an OH radical by a proton transfer mechanism and elucidated the other fastest–time scale steps in the early-time dynamics of ionized liquid water.

Science
, this issue p.
179
Sepsis in patients with haematological versus solid cancer: a retrospective cohort study
Authors: Bou Chebl Ralphe , Safa Rawan , Sabra Mohammad , Chami Ali , Berbari Iskandar , Jamali Sarah , Makki Maha , Tamim Hani , Abou Dagher Gilbert
Published: February 2021

Objectives

This study aims to examine the outcome of haematological and patients with solid cancer presenting with sepsis to the emergency department (ED).

Design

Single-centred, retrospective cohort study. Setting conducted at an academic emergency department of a tertiary hospital.

Participants

All patients >18 years of age admitted with sepsis were included.

Interventions

Patients were stratified into two groups: haematological and solid malignancy.

Primary and secondary outcome

The primary outcome of the study was in-hospital mortality. Secondary outcomes included intensive care unit (ICU) mortality, ICU and hospital lengths of stay and mechanical ventilation duration.

Results

442 sepsis cancer patients were included in the study, of which 305 patients (69%) had solid tumours and 137 patients (31%) had a haematological malignancy. The mean age at presentation was 67.92 (±13.32) and 55.37 (±20.85) (p<0.001) for solid and liquid tumours, respectively. Among patients with solid malignancies, lung cancer was the most common source (15.6%). As for the laboratory workup, septic solid cancer patients were found to have a higher white blood count (12 576.90 vs 9137.23; p=0.026). During their hospital stay, a total of 158 (51.8%) patients with a solid malignancy died compared with 57 (41.6%) patients with a haematological malignancy (p=0.047). There was no statistically significant association between cancer type and hospital mortality (OR 1.15 for liquid cancer p 0.58). There was also no statistically significant difference regarding intravenous fluid administration, vasopressor use, steroid use or intubation.

Conclusion

Solid tumour patients with sepsis or septic shock are at the same risk of mortality as patients with haematological tumours. However, haematological malignancy patients admitted with sepsis or septic shock have higher rates of bacteraemia.
Impact of parental socioeconomic status on offspring’s mental health: protocol for a longitudinal community-based study
Authors: Li Muzi , O"Donnell Kieran J , Caron Jean , D"Arcy Carl , Meng Xiangfei
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Socioeconomic status (SES) affects physical and mental health and cognitive functioning. The association between SES changes (SES mobility) and health has ethical and political implications in that the pernicious effects of inequality and the differential impact on social classes of economic and social policies. There is a lack of research conducted to explore the intergenerational transmission of parental SES changes on the offspring’s mental health and cognitive functioning. We aim to fill this gap and identify roles of parental SES changes in offspring’s mental health and cognitive outcomes.

Methods and analysis

This study will be based on a longitudinal cohort from the most populous municipality in the Canadian province of Quebec. Participants and their biological offspring will be invited to this study. For those with informed consent, we will collect their information on mental health, psychiatric disorders, cognitive functioning and early life experiences for offspring. Latent class growth analysis will be used to identify parental SES mobility groups. Multivariate regression analyses will be used to explore the roles of early life stress, parental SES mobility and their interactions in psychiatric disorders and cognitive functioning. Subgroup analyses (males and females) are also planned.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has been given ethical approval by the Research Ethics Board of the Douglas Mental Health University Institute (IUSMD-18/17). Each participant will provide informed consent on participation. We will disseminate research findings through publication in peer-reviewed academic journals and presentations at conferences. Lay summaries of major research findings will also be shared annually with our partners in the health system and community agencies located in the catchment area.
Direct oral anticoagulants in treatment of cerebral venous thrombosis: a systematic review
Authors: Bose Gauruv , Graveline Justin , Yogendrakumar Vignan , Shorr Risa , Fergusson Dean A , Le Gal Gregoire , Coutinho Jonathan , Mendonça Marcelo , Viana-Baptista Miguel , Nagel Simon , Dowlatshahi Dar
Published: February 2021

Objectives

Current guidelines do not recommend direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) to treat cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) despite their benefits over standard therapy. We performed a systematic review to summarise the published experience of DOAC therapy in CVT.

Data sources

MEDLINE, Embase and COCHRANE databases up to 18 November 2020.

Eligibility criteria

All published articles of patients with CVT treated with DOAC were included. Studies without follow-up information were excluded.

Data extraction and synthesis

Two independent reviewers screened articles and extracted data. A risk of bias analysis was performed.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

Safety data included mortality, intracranial haemorrhage (ICH) or other adverse events. Efficacy data included recurrent CVT, recanalisation rates and disability by modified Rankin Scales (mRS).

Results

33 studies met inclusion criteria. One randomised controlled trial, 5 observational cohorts and 27 case series or studies reported 279 patients treated with DOAC for CVT: 41% dabigatran, 47% rivaroxaban, 10% apixaban and 2% edoxaban, in addition to 315 patients treated with standard therapy. The observational cohorts showed a similar risk of death in DOAC and standard therapy arms (RR 2.12, 95% CI 0.29 to 15.59). New ICH was reported in 2 (0.7%) DOAC-treated patients and recurrent CVT occurred in 4 (1.5%). A favourable mRS between 0 and 2 was reported in 94% of DOAC-treated patients, more likely than standard therapy in observational cohorts (RR 1.13, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.25).

Conclusion

The evidence for DOAC use in CVT is limited although suggests sufficient safety and efficacy despite variability in timing and dose of treatment. This systematic review highlights that further rigorous trials are needed to validate these findings and to determine optimal treatment regimens.
Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial of a web-based behavioural lifestyle programme for emPOWERment in early Multiple Sclerosis (POWER@MS1)
Authors: Krause Nicole , Riemann-Lorenz Karin , Steffen Tanja , Rahn Anne Christin , Pöttgen Jana , Stellmann Jan-Patrick , Köpke Sascha , Friede Tim , Icks Andrea , Vomhof Markus , Temmes Herbert , van de Loo Markus , Gold Stefan M , Heesen Christoph
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory and degenerative disease of the central nervous system that mainly affects young adults. Uncertainty is a major psychological burden of the disease from diagnosis to prognosis, enhanced by the pressure to make early decisions on a diverse set of immunotherapies. Watchful waiting for 1–2 years while adapting goals and lifestyle habits to life with a chronic disease represents another reasonable option for persons with MS (PwMS). A behaviour change programme based on evidence-based patient information (EBPI) is not available in standard care. This randomised controlled trial (RCT) with an embedded process evaluation investigates the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of a web-based behavioural lifestyle programme to change lifestyle behaviour and reduce inflammatory disease activity in PwMS.

Methods and analysis

A web-based behavioural intervention will be evaluated in an RCT aiming to recruit 328 persons with clinically isolated syndrome, suspected MS or confirmed MS for less than 1 year, who have not yet started immunotherapy. Moreover, a mixed-methods process evaluation and a health economic evaluation will be carried out. Participants will be recruited in at least 16 MS centres across Germany and randomised to an intervention group with 12 months of access to EBPI about lifestyle factors in MS, combined with a complex behaviour change programme or to a control group (optimised standard care). The combined primary endpoint is the incidence of new T2 lesions on MRI or confirmed relapses.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been approved by the Ethics Committee of the Hamburg Chamber of Physicians (PV6015). Trial results will be communicated at scientific conferences and meetings and presented on relevant patient websites and in patient education seminars.

Trial registration number

ClinicalTrials.gov Registry (NCT03968172); Pre-results.
Prospective meta-analysis protocol on randomised trials of renin–angiotensin system inhibitors in patients with COVID-19: an initiative of the International Society of Hypertension
Authors: Gnanenthiran Sonali Rukshana , Borghi Claudio , Burger Dylan , Charchar Fadi , Poulter Neil R , Schlaich Markus P , Steckelings Ulrike Muscha , Stergiou George , Tomaszewski Maciej , Unger Thomas , Wainford Richard D , Williams Bryan , Rodgers Anthony , Schutte Aletta E
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Whether ACE inhibitors (ACEi) or angiotensin II receptor blocker (ARB) therapy should be continued, initiated or ceased in patients with COVID-19 is uncertain. Given the widespread use of ACEi/ARBs worldwide, guidance on the use of these drugs is urgently needed. This prospective meta-analysis aims to pool data from randomised controlled trials (RCTs) to assess the safety and efficacy of ACEi/ARB therapy in adults infected with SARS-CoV-2.

Methods and analysis

RCTs will be eligible if they compare patients with COVID-19 randomised to ACEi/ARB continuation or commencement versuss no ACEi/ARB therapy; study duration ≥14 days; recruitment completed between March 2020 and May 2021. The primary outcome will be all-cause mortality at ≤30 days. Secondary outcomes will include mechanical ventilation, admission to intensive care or cardiovascular events at short-term follow-up (≤30 days) and all-cause mortality at longer-term follow-up (>1 month). Prespecified subgroup analyses will assess the effect of sex; age; comorbidities; smoking status; ethnicity; country of origin on all-cause mortality. A search of ClinicalTrials.gov has been performed, which will be followed by a formal search of trial registers, preprint servers, MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials to identify RCTs that meet inclusion criteria. To date, a search of ClinicalTrials.gov identified 21 potentially eligible trials for this meta-analysis. We will request trial investigators/sponsors to contribute standardised grouped tabular outcome data.

Ethics and dissemination

Ethics approval and informed consent will be the responsibility of the individual RCTs. Dissemination of results will occur by peer-reviewed publication. The results of our analysis can inform public health policy and clinical decision making regarding ACEi/ARB use in patients with COVID-19 on a global scale.
Prospective cohort study of mortality in very low birthweight infants in a single centre in the Eastern Cape province, South Africa
Authors: Michaelis Isabel A , Krägeloh-Mann Ingeborg , Manyisane Ncomeka , Mazinu Mikateko C , Jordaan Esme R
Published: February 2021

Background

Neonatal mortality is a major contributor worldwide to the number of deaths in children under 5 years of age. The primary objective of this study was to assess the overall mortality rate of babies with a birth weight equal or below 1500 g in a neonatal unit at a tertiary hospital in the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa. Furthermore, different maternal-related and infant-related factors for higher mortality were analysed.

Methods

This is a prospective cohort study which included infants admitted to the neonatal wards of the hospital within their first 24 hours of life and with a birth weight equal to or below 1500 g. Mothers who consented answered a questionnaire to identify factors for mortality.

Results

173 very low birth weight (VLBW) infants were recruited in the neonatal department between November 2017 and December 2018, of whom 55 died (overall mortality rate 32.0%). Twenty-three of the 44 infants (53,5%) with a birth weight below 1000 g died during the admission. One hundred and sixty-one mothers completed the questionnaire and 45 of their babies died.

Main factors associated with mortality were lower gestational age and lower birth weight. Need for ventilator support and sepsis were associated with higher mortality, as were maternal factors such as HIV infection and age below 20 years.

Conclusion

This prospective study looked at survival of VLBW babies in an underprivileged part of the Eastern Cape of South Africa. Compared with other public urban hospitals in the country, the survival rate remains unacceptably low. Further research is required to find the associated causes and appropriate ways to address these.
Classification of brain arteriovenous malformations located in motor-related areas based on location and anterior choroidal artery feeding
Authors: Jiao Yuming , Li Hao , Fu Weilun , Weng Jiancong , Huo Ran , Wang Yinyan , Wang Shuo , Jiang Tao , Cao Yong , Zhao Ji Zong
Published: February 2021

Objective

Surgical management of arteriovenous malformations (AVMs) involving motor cortex or fibre tracts (M-AVMs) is challenging. This study aimed to construct a classification system based on nidus locations and anterior choroidal artery (AChA) feeding to pre-surgically evaluate motor-related and seizure-related outcomes in patients undergoing resection of M-AVMs.

Methods and materials

A total of 125 patients who underwent microsurgical resection of M-AVMs were retrospectively reviewed. Four subtypes were identified based on nidus location: (I) nidus involving the premotor area and/or supplementary motor areas; (II) nidus involving the precentral gyrus; (III) nidus involving the corticospinal tract (CST) and superior to the posterior limb of the internal capsule; (IV) nidus involving the CST at or inferior to the level of posterior limb of the internal capsule. In addition, we divided type IV into type IVa and type IVb according to the AChA feeding. Surgical-related motor deficit (MD) evaluations were performed 1 week (short-term) and 6 months (long-term) after surgery.

Results

The type I patients exhibited the highest incidence (62.0%) of pre-surgical epilepsy among the four subtypes. Multivariate analysis showed that motor-related area subtypes (p=0.004) and diffuse nidus (p=0.014) were significantly associated with long-term MDs. Long-term MDs were significantly less frequent in type I than in the other types. Type IV patients acquired the highest proportion (four patients, 25.0%) of long-term poor outcomes (mRS >2). Type IVb patients showed a significantly higher incidence of post-surgical MDs than type IVa patients (p=0.041). The MDs of type III or IV patients required more recovery time. Of the 62 patients who had pre-surgical seizures, 90.3% (56/62) controlled their seizures well and reached Engel class I after surgery.

Conclusions

Combining the consideration of location and AChA feeding, the classification for M-AVMs is a useful approach for predicting post-surgical motor function and decision-making.
COVID-19 and trauma: how social distancing orders altered the patient population using trauma services during the 2020 pandemic
Authors: Pelzl Casey E , Salottolo Kristin , Banton Kaysie , Madayag Robert M , Hamilton David , Duane Therese M , Carrick Matthew , Lieser Mark , Berg Gina , Bar-Or David
Published: February 2021

Background

Recent studies have reported changes in trauma volumes resulting from the COVID-19 pandemic and social distancing orders (SDOs) implemented by federal and state governments. However, literature is lacking on demographic, injury and outcome patterns.

Methods

This retrospective, cross-sectional study included patients aged ≥18 years at six US level 1 trauma centers. Patients not discharged by the date of data acquisition were excluded. Demographic, injury and outcome variables were assessed across four time periods: period 1 (January 1, 2019–December 31, 2019); period 1b (March 16, 2019–June 30, 2019); period 2 (January 1, 2020–March 15, 2020); and period 3 (March 16, 2020–June 30, 2020). Patients admitted in period 3 were compared with patients presenting during all other periods. Categorical data were compared with χ2and Fisher’s exact tests, and continuous data were assessed with Student’s t-tests and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests.

Results

We identified 18 567 patients: 12 797 patients in period 1 (including 3707 in period 1b), 2488 in period 2 and 3282 in period 3. Compared with period 1, period 3 had a statistically significant decrease in mean patient volume, increase in portion of penetrating injuries, increase in higher levels of trauma activation, change in emergency department discharge disposition locations, increase in in-hospital mortality and a shorter hospital length of stay. Comparison between period 1b and period 3 demonstrated a decrease in mean patient volume, increase in penetrating injuries, increase in high acuity trauma activations and increase in in-hospital mortality rate. From period 2 to period 3, the penetrating injuries rose from 6.7% to 9.4% (p=0.004), injury severity scale ≥25 increased from 5.9% to 7.7% (p=0.002), full trauma team activations increased from 13.7% to 16.4% (p<0.001), interhospital transfers decreased from 36.7% to 31.6% (p<0.001) and the in-hospital mortality rate increased from 3.3% to 4.2% (p=0.003).

Discussion

Beyond altering social interactions among people, the federal SDO is associated with changes in trauma volumes, demographics and injury patterns among patients seeking care at six level 1 hospitals during the pandemic.

Level of evidence

IV, prognostic and epidemiological.
Tree establishment and growth drive treeline advance and change treeline form on Pikes Peak (Colorado) in response to recent anthropogenic warming
Authors: Kummel Miroslav , McGarigal Alison , Kummel Michelle , Earnest Carol , Feiden Molly
Published: February 2021

Treeline advance is a well-established response of treeline ecotones to climate change. However, the degree to which tree growth and establishment drives treeline movement is widely debated. We used geographic information system (GIS) analysis of aerial photographs and dendrochronological analysis of tree growth and age structure to examine treeline dynamics on Pikes Peak (Colorado). The rate of treeline advance at the site (1938–2017) was 0.235 m·year–1, and it accelerated through time. Several sites have transformed from abrupt to diffuse topology. Regional temperatures significantly increased after the 1890s, particularly in the last half-century. Tree growth was inhibited by late spring snow in the 1935–1985 window and enhanced by growing season temperature in the 1965–2009 window. Tree establishment above treeline appears to have transformed treeline topology and set up the potential for further treeline advance. We conclude that if current climatic trends and system relationships continue, treeline should continue to advance because (i) there are large numbers of seedlings and saplings above the treeline due to continuous significant seedling recruitment and (ii) growth of trees in the treeline ecotone is positively related to growing season temperatures, which are increasing. Other limits to the system, such as drought or topographic barriers, may arise in the future.
Embedding cosmology and gravity
Authors: Goswami Abhishek
Published: February 2021

I start with a scenario where the universe is an abstract space $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
having d dimensions. There is a two dimensional surface embedded in it. Embedding is a map from the embedded surface to $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
that has a field theory described by Sigma model. I take d directions of $${\mathcal {M}}$$
M
to be the generators of a symmetry group SU(n) of the Lagrangian of the embedding. This means embedding has n flavors. Then I introduce spontaneous symmetry breaking in the theory and define the direction along which the symmetry breaking occurs as time. Next I write down the modified Einstein’s equation including the embedding. Then I discuss embedding’s relation to the expansion of the universe. After that I construct an inflationary scenario with embedding as inflaton and discuss its connection to Starobinsky $$R^{2}$$

R
2

model. Finally, I discuss the effect of inflation on the non-commutativity of the spacetime.
B−L model based on Q4 symmetry for fermion spectrum with normal neutrino mass ordering
Authors: Vien V. V.
Published: February 2021

We propose a renormalizable gauge [Formula: see text] extension of the Standard Model (SM) based on [Formula: see text] symmetry and an auxiliary [Formula: see text] symmetry which can explain the observed quark and lepton masses and mixing angles associated to normal neutrino mass ordering through type-I seesaw mechanism. The relation between the atmospheric mixing angle [Formula: see text] and the effective parameters in neutrino sector is analyzed. Two Majorana phases are predicted to be [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] and the model also predicts the effective neutrino mass parameters of [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] which is well consistent with the planning of future experiments. In the quark sector, the model is predictive since it has ten effective parameters that allow to successfully reproduce the experimental values of the experimental values of the ten physical observables of the quark sector.
Nivolumab Immunotherapy Plus Hydrogen Inhalation for Treatment of KRAS-Mutant Pulmonary Sarcomatoid Carcinoma: A Case Report
Authors: Chen Bo , Zhai Heng , Hu Hongyuan , Zhou Ping , Zhang Fang , Li Liang , Wei Youzhen
Published: February 2021

Background: Pulmonary sarcomatoid carcinoma (PSC) as a rare subtype of nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is resistant to conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy with poor prognosis. Nivolumab is a monoclonal antibody against PD-1 and might be a valuable therapy option for PSC, but limited case reports have shown good response.

Case presentation: A 61-year-old man with PSC characterized with KRAS-G12C mutation and TP53 mutation received treatment of nivolumab synchronously combined with hydrogen inhalation. Clinical symptoms gradually relieved, and evaluation on imaging revealed a response after 1 year.

Conclusion: This case suggests that immunotherapy combined with hydrogen inhalation may potentially be a promising strategy to treat PSC patients.
Multilevel Combinatorial Optimization across Quantum Architectures
Authors: Ushijima-Mwesigwa Hayato , Shaydulin Ruslan , Negre Christian F. A. , Mniszewski Susan M. , Alexeev Yuri , Safro Ilya
Published: February 2021

Emerging quantum processors provide an opportunity to explore new approaches for solving traditional problems in the post Moore’s law supercomputing era. However, the limited number of qubits makes it infeasible to tackle massive real-world datasets directly in the near future, leading to new challenges in utilizing these quantum processors for practical purposes. Hybrid quantum-classical algorithms that leverage both quantum and classical types of devices are considered as one of the main strategies to apply quantum computing to large-scale problems. In this article, we advocate the use of multilevel frameworks for combinatorial optimization as a promising general paradigm for designing hybrid quantum-classical algorithms. To demonstrate this approach, we apply this method to two well-known combinatorial optimization problems, namely, the Graph Partitioning Problem, and the Community Detection Problem. We develop hybrid multilevel solvers with quantum local search on D-Wave’s quantum annealer and IBM’s gate-model based quantum processor. We carry out experiments on graphs that are orders of magnitude larger than the current quantum hardware size, and we observe results comparable to state-of-the-art solvers in terms of quality of the solution.
Reproducibility
: Our code and data are available at Reference [1].
Intratumoral Hypoxia and Mechanisms of Immune Evasion Mediated by Hypoxia-Inducible Factors
Authors: Semenza Gregg L.
Published: February 2021

Activation of the innate and adaptive immune systems represents a promising strategy for defeating cancer. However, during tumor progression, cancer cells battle to shift the balance from immune activation to immunosuppression. Critical sites of this battle are regions of intratumoral hypoxia, and a major driving force for immunosuppression is the activity of hypoxia-inducible factors, which regulate the transcription of large batteries of genes in both cancer and stromal cells that block the infiltration and activity of cytotoxic T lymphocytes and natural killer cells, while stimulating the infiltration and activity of regulatory T cells, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and tumor-associated macrophages. Targeting hypoxia-inducible factors or their target gene products may restore anticancer immunity and improve the response to immunotherapies.
Calculation of Elastic Modulus for Fractured Rock Mass Using Dimensional Analysis Coupled with Numerical Simulation
Authors: Ren Fengyu , Zhang Jing , Ouyang Zhihua , Hu Hao
Published: February 2021

Underground mining activities make the fractures in the natural rock mass develop randomly. The elastic modulus of the fractured rock mass Em is changed with the redistribution and development of the fractures. An equivalent model of fractured rock mass is structured to represent the hydraulic conductivity and the rock mass strain because of the continuum theory. Dimensional analysis is very useful to build relationship of the parameters in complex physical phenomena. Based on the engineering phenomenon of groundwater flowing into the goaf along the fracture in the rock mass, a fuzzy expression among parameters such as the parameter Em, the seepage flow Q, and the exposed area of the goaf A is obtained using dimensionless analysis. To calculate the parameter Em, the fuzzy relationship is then characterized by Darcy’s law and numerical simulation. Under the scripting environment of Python, an automated program to realize the numerical simulation of all scenarios is established, which also provides convenience for drawing the dimensionless flux charts. The results show that the parameter Em can be calculated by the dimensional analysis coupled with numerical simulation. In addition, the parameter Em decreases with the increase of the parameter Q, and the integrity of rock mass is also worse. Finally, a mine example is used to verify the feasibility of the method.
Surgical Procedures for Hip Joint Preservation for Osteonecrosis of the Femoral Head: A Bibliometric Analysis
Authors: Zhang Qingxi , Li Hui , Zhao Yu , Xing Dan , Lin Jianhao
Published: February 2021

Background and Objective. Studies have concentrated on the surgical procedures for hip joint preservation for osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH). This study is aimed at presenting a bibliometric analysis of the relevant articles published from 1999 to 2019. Method. Articles which concentrated on surgical procedures for hip joint preservation for ONFH were searched using Web of Science database. The data were analyzed by using bibliometric analysis. Additionally, VOS viewer software was used for bibliographic coupling, coauthorship, cocitation, and cooccurrence analyses and to investigate the publication trends of the mentioned field. Results. A total of 3467 articles were included. China had the highest number of relevant published articles. However, the USA made the highest contributions to the global research with the highest citations and h‐index. The journal of Clinical Orthopaedics and Related Research published the highest number of relevant articles. Studies could be classified into four clusters: “process and clinical treatment,” “risk factors and diagnosis,” “pathophysiology,” and “basic research.” “Pathophysiology” and “basic research” clusters were predicted as the next hot topics of surgical procedures for hip joint preservation for ONFH. Conclusion. Based on the current global trends, the number of published articles related to surgical procedures for hip joint preservation for ONFH has increased. The USA was noted as the leading country in global research in the target field. “Pathophysiology” and “basic research” clusters may be the next hot spots, and scholars need to further concentrate on the target topic.
Knowledge, Perceptions, and Practices of Electronic Waste Management among Consumers in Kampala, Uganda
Authors: Nuwematsiko Rebecca , Oporia Frederick , Nabirye Juliet , Halage Abdullah Ali , Musoke David , Buregyeya Esther
Published: February 2021

Background. Although proper management of electronic waste (e-waste) is key to preventing disease and protecting the environment, there is no clear mechanism for its management in Uganda. This study assessed knowledge, perceptions, and practices of e-waste management among consumers in Kampala city, Uganda. Methods. We conducted a cross-sectional study among people who used, repaired, or sold electronics (consumers). Both quantitative and qualitative methods of data collection using a sequential explanatory strategy were utilized. The quantitative survey involved 640 study participants, while qualitative interviews included 18 key informant interviews with stakeholders and six focus group discussions with 57 consumers. Modified Poisson regression was used to establish associations with corresponding 95% confidence intervals, and qualitative data analysed thematically. Results. Two-thirds (67.7%; 433/640) of electronics consumers had poor knowledge on the management of e-waste. More than three-quarters 79.1% (506) of the consumers had positive perceptions towards e-waste management. Consumers perceived e-waste as harmful to human health and the environment. Participants in informal employment were 0.96 times less likely to have positive perceptions towards e-waste management compared to those in formal employment (adjusted PR = 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93–0.99). Mobile phones and televisions were the most owned e-waste with only 7.96% (18/226) and 13.2% (7/53) disposed off, respectively. Selling e-waste to repair shops and donation were the common disposal options. Conclusion. Knowledge on proper e-waste management is poor among electronic consumers in Kampala, Uganda, though most have positive perceptions. There is need for increased awareness on e-waste management to prevent its effects on health and the environment. Special attention should be towards sensitisation on e-waste handling practices before disposal and final disposal options available.
Idiopathic Spinal Epidural Lipomatosis: Unusual Presentation and Difficult Management
Authors: Louachama Ouidad , Rada Noureddine , Draiss Ghizlane , Bouskraoui Mohamed
Published: February 2021

Epidural lipomatosis (EL) is a pathology characterized by abnormal accumulation of unencapsulated fat in the epidural space. Although rare, it is a possible cause of lumbosciatica or narrow lumbar canal in adults. It is often associated with favorable factors such as prolonged corticosteroid therapy or obesity. We report an observation of an 18-month-old child who presented with walking delay without other abnormalities, and the radiological exploration confirmed the lumbar epidural lipomatosis. The management was mainly symptomatic, based on motor physiotherapy with additional management in neurosurgery. Various etiologies can cause this disease, remain rare in pediatrics, and the idiopathic form is predominant in children.
Perioperative Intravenous Patient-Controlled Analgesic Efficacy of Morphine with Combined Nefopam and Parecoxib versus Parecoxib in Gynecologic Surgery: A Randomized, Double-Blind Study
Authors: Lekprasert Varinee , Yapanan Lapuskorn , Ittichaikulthol Wichai , Buachai Rungrawan , Soisod Phimol , Sophonsritsuk Areepan
Published: February 2021

Background. Nefopam is a non-NSAIDs and opioid sparing centrally acting drug which is effective for a multimodal postoperative analgesia. The present study aimed to evaluate the analgesic efficacy of nefopam combined with parecoxib for gynecologic surgery. Methods. This randomized double-blinded control trial recruited participants (n = 72) who underwent gynecologic surgeries and divided them into either a nefopam or control group. The study group received parecoxib 40 mg plus nefopam 20 mg, while the control group received parecoxib 40 mg plus normal saline solution intravenously during open abdominal gynecological surgery. Both groups then received either nefopam or normal saline every 6 hours postoperatively for 24 hours. Intravenous patient-controlled analgesia with morphine was given for breakthrough pain within 24 h. The participants were evaluated for morphine consumption within 24 hours and postoperative pain using a verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) at a postanesthetic care unit, at 6-, 12-, and 24-hour postoperative periods. Adverse effects were recorded. Results. Morphine consumption within 24 hours and adverse effects were not significantly different between both groups. Mean difference and 95% confident interval of morphine consumption between both groups was 1.00 (−4.56, 4.76),

P
=
0.97

. The VNRS on movement at 6 hours after surgery of the nefopam group was significantly different from that of the control group [mean (SD), 4.14 (2.11) vs. 5.14 (1.80),

P
=
0.04

]. The VNRS of the nefopam group at 12 hours after operation during resting and on movement was significantly different from that of the control group ([mean (SD), 1.47 (1.80) vs. 2.54 (2.15),

P
=
0.03

], [mean (SD), 3.22 (1.84) vs 4.17 (1.74),

P
=
0.03

]), respectively. Conclusions. The combined administration of nefopam and parecoxib during gynecologic surgery slightly reduced the VNRS at 6 and 12 hours postoperatively more than treatment with parecoxib.
On Refined Neutrosophic Matrices and Their Application in Refined Neutrosophic Algebraic Equations
Authors: Abobala Mohammad
Published: February 2021

The objective of this paper is to introduce the concept of refined neutrosophic matrices as matrices such as multiplication, addition, and ring property. Also, it determines the necessary and sufficient condition for the invertibility of these matrices with respect to multiplication. On the contrary, nilpotency and idempotency properties will be discussed.
Hermite–Hadamard Type Inequalities via Generalized Harmonic Exponential Convexity and Applications
Authors: Butt Saad Ihsan , Tariq Muhammad , Aslam Adnan , Ahmad Hijaz , Nofal Taher A.
Published: February 2021

In this work, we introduce the idea and concept of

m

–polynomial

p

–harmonic exponential type convex functions. In addition, we elaborate the newly introduced idea by examples and some interesting algebraic properties. As a result, several new integral inequalities are established. Finally, we investigate some applications for means. The amazing techniques and wonderful ideas of this work may excite and motivate for further activities and research in the different areas of science.
Synthesis of Hybrid Lead Iodide Perovskite Thin Film by Two-Step Method Modified with a Double Dipping Circle to Control Its Crystallization and Morphology to Improve Solar Cells’ Performance
Authors: Dinh Huy Anh , Nguyen Thuy Thanh Thi , Nguyen Le Thi , Nguyen Hai Tri , Trinh Dien Minh , Tran Vy Anh , Nguyen Phuong Tuyet
Published: February 2021

Crystallization and morphology of perovskite film played an important role to obtain efficient performance of perovskite solar cells. This study is aimed at optimizing the fabrication of hybrid organic–inorganic lead iodide perovskite layer by a two-step method modified by a double dip coating process which enables to control the perovskite crystallization and morphology. The duration time of each circle for the step of dipping PbI2 film to methylammonium iodide solution was varied from 90 to 240 second. The obtained perovskite films were characterized by X-ray diffraction to evaluate the transformation of PbI2 reactant to the perovskite product and its crystallization, by scanning electron microscopy to observe its morphology. Then, the perovskite films were implemented in functional perovskite solar cell devices followed by current–voltage characterization. Results showed that the perovskite was formed via an equilibrium process which reached an optimum transformation of PbI2 to the product after

2
×
150

 second circle dip coating, and its morphology was smooth with the least voids. The solar cell devices fabricated at the optimum conditions achieved a comparable performance of about 14%.
Proposing a Recognition System of Gestures Using MobilenetV2 Combining Single Shot Detector Network for Smart-Home Applications
Authors: Huu Phat Nguyen , Thi Thu Huong Nguyen , Minh Quang Tran
Published: February 2021

The paper proposes a system for identifying gestures and actions in smart homes. The proposed method is based on MobilenetV2 feature extraction combining with single shot detector (SSD) network. We used eleven types of gestures of walking, sitting down, falling back, wearing shoes, waving hands, falling down, smoking, baby crawling, standing up, reading, and typing for recognizing the gestures. In this system, the data are captured from the camera of mobile devices that are used to detect the object. The results are obtained objects on the frame by a bounding box. The results show that the system meets the requirements with an accuracy of over 90% that is suitable for real application.
Characterizing Glycemic Control and Sleep in Adults with Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes and Hypoglycemia Unawareness Initiating Hybrid Closed Loop Insulin Delivery
Authors: Malone Susan Kohl , Peleckis Amy J. , Grunin Laura , Yu Gary , Jang Sooyong , Weimer James , Lee Insup , Rickels Michael R. , Goel Namni
Published: February 2021

Nocturnal hypoglycemia is life threatening for individuals with type 1 diabetes (T1D) due to loss of hypoglycemia symptom recognition (hypoglycemia unawareness) and impaired glucose counter regulation. These individuals also show disturbed sleep, which may result from glycemic dysregulation. Whether use of a hybrid closed loop (HCL) insulin delivery system with integrated continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) designed for improving glycemic control, relates to better sleep across time in this population remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to describe long-term changes in glycemic control and objective sleep after initiating hybrid closed loop (HCL) insulin delivery in adults with type 1 diabetes and hypoglycemia unawareness. To accomplish this, six adults (median

age
=
58
 
y

) participated in an 18-month ongoing trial assessing HCL effectiveness. Glycemic control and sleep were measured using continuous glucose monitoring and wrist accelerometers every 3 months. Paired sample

t

-tests and Cohen’s

d

effect sizes modeled glycemic and sleep changes and the magnitude of these changes from baseline to 9 months. Reduced hypoglycemia (

d
=
0.47
‐
0.79

), reduced basal insulin requirements (

d
=
0.48

), and a smaller glucose coefficient of variation (

d
=
0.47

) occurred with medium-large effect sizes from baseline to 9 months. Hypoglycemia awareness improved from baseline to 6 months with medium-large effect sizes (Clarke score (

d
=
0.60

), lability index (

d
=
0.50

), HYPO score (

d
=
1.06

)). Shorter sleep onset latency (

d
=
1.53

;

p
<
0.01

), shorter sleep duration (

d
=
0.79

), fewer total activity counts (

d
=
1.32

), shorter average awakening length (

d
=
0.46

), and delays in sleep onset (

d
=
1.06

) and sleep midpoint (

d
=
0.72

) occurred with medium-large effect sizes from baseline to 9 months. HCL led to clinically significant reductions in hypoglycemia and improved hypoglycemia awareness. Sleep showed a delayed onset, reduced awakening length and onset latency, and maintenance of high sleep efficiency after initiating HCL. Our findings add to the limited evidence on the relationships between diabetes therapeutic technologies and sleep health. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03215914).
Determination of Hardness and Fracture Toughness of Y‐TZP Manufactured by Digital Light Processing through the Indentation Technique
Authors: Mei Ziyu , Lu Yuqing , Lou Yuxin , Yu Ping , Sun Manlin , Tan Xin , Zhang Junjing , Yue Li , Yu Haiyang
Published: February 2021

Objective. The purpose of the study was to determine the hardness and fracture toughness of dental yttria‐stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystal (Y‐TZP) manufactured by digital light processing (DLP) technology to study its clinical prospects. Methods. The experimental group was DLP‐manufactured zirconia, and the control group was milled zirconia. The hardness was investigated under a range of test loads (0.49 N, 0.98 N, 1.96 N, 4.90 N, 9.81 N, 29.42 N, 49.03 N, 98.07 N, and 196.1 N). Meyer’s law was applied to describe the indentation size effect (ISE). Meanwhile, the PSR model and MPSR model were utilized to generate true hardness values. The cracks were observed to be induced by indentation under loads above 49.03 N, while the cracks showed the radial‐median type under the load of 196.1 N, under which the fracture toughness was calculated. Results. The true hardness of DLP‐manufactured zirconia was 1189 HV based on the PSR model and 1193 HV based on the MPSR model, a bit lower than that of milled zirconia. The fracture toughness was 3.43 ± 0.29 MPa√m, which showed no statistical difference with the milled zirconia. Conclusion. The dental zirconia manufactured by the DLP 3D printing technique is similar to that manufactured by the conventional milling process in hardness and fracture toughness, thus having a promising future of clinical use.
Long‐Term Thermal Regimes of Subgrade under a Drainage Channel in High‐Altitudinal Permafrost Environment
Authors: Yu Hong , Han Hongwu , Ma Wei , Ding Zekun , Chen Ling
Published: February 2021

In permafrost regions, construction of a channel involves a large amount of excavation activities and changes to surface water body, which can exert great impacts on the thermal regimes of permafrost underlying. In this paper, a coupled mathematical model of heat and moisture transfer was constructed for freeze‐thaw soils to investigate the long‐term thermal regimes of subgrade beneath a drainage channel built on the Qinghai‐Tibet Plateau. Based on the numerical simulations, the thermal regimes of the subgrade both in warm and cold seasons were analyzed within a period of 50 years, as well as the impact of the widths of the channel. The results showed that the channel excavation and flowing water within could lead to a significant underlying permafrost degradation. During the first 30 years, the permafrost beneath the channel mainly experienced a rapid downward degradation. After that, the lateral thermal erosion of the flowing water led to a rapid permafrost degradation beneath the slope of the channel. In cold seasons, the shallow ground beneath the channel would not refreeze due to the flowing water and the thaw bulb actually expanded throughout the year. For the channel with a bottom width of 15 m, the thaw bulb beneath the channel could expand laterally to the natural ground about 10 m far away from the slope shoulder of channel till the 50th year. With different widths, the long‐term thermal regimes of the subgrade beneath the channels differed considerably and the maximum difference was at the slope toe of the embankment. With the numerical simulated results, it is recommended that a channel built on permafrost should be wide‐and‐shallow rather than narrow‐and‐deep if conditions permit.
Anti‐Interleukin‐16 Neutralizing Antibody Treatment Alleviates Sepsis‐Induced Cardiac Injury and Dysfunction via the Nuclear Factor Erythroid‐2 Related Factor 2 Pathway in Mice
Authors: Zhang Jianwei , Yang Zicong , Liang Zhishan , Wang Mengjie , Hu Changxing , Chang Chao , Shi Lei , Ji Qingwei , Liu Ling
Published: February 2021

Several interleukin (IL) members have been reported to participate in sepsis. In this study, the effects of IL‐16 on sepsis‐induced cardiac injury and dysfunction were examined, and the related mechanisms were detected. IL‐16 expression in septic mice was first measured, and the results showed that both cardiac and serum IL‐16 expression levels were increased in mice with sepsis induced by LPS or cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) compared with control mice. Then, IL‐16 was neutralized, and the effects on lipopolysaccharide‐ (LPS‐) induced cardiac injury were detected. The results showed that an anti‐IL‐16 neutralizing antibody (nAb) significantly reduced mortality and increased serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase myocardial bound (CK‐MB), and cardiac troponin T (cTnT) levels while improving cardiac function in mice with LPS‐induced sepsis. Neutralization of IL‐16 also increased the activation of antioxidant pathways and the expression of antioxidant factors in septic mice while decreasing the activation of prooxidant pathways and the expression of prooxidants. Treatment with the anti‐IL‐16 nAb increased mitochondrial apoptosis‐inducing factor (AIF) expression, decreased nuclear AIF and cleaved poly‐ADP‐ribose polymerase (PARP) expression, and decreased TUNEL‐positive cell percentages in LPS‐treated mice. Additionally, treatment with CPUY192018, the nuclear factor erythroid‐2 related factor 2 (Nrf2) pathway, significantly increased mortality and reversed the above effects in mice treated with LPS and the anti‐IL‐16 nAb. Our results showed that the anti‐IL‐16 nAb regulates oxidative stress through the Nrf2 pathway and participates in the regulation of cardiac injury in septic mice. Neutralization of IL‐16 may be a beneficial strategy for the prevention of cardiac injury and dysfunction in sepsis patients.