bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Florida Crackers and Yankee Tourists
Authors: Nelson David J.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 9 looks at those Floridians who rejected this manufactured version of a tropical paradise. Resentful of the changing political and economic priorities, these people (including ranchers, farmers, turpentiners, and North Florida politicians) saw “foreign” control over their livelihoods and culture. First we look at the development of the Florida Cracker as an idea and cultural construct. Long used as a derogatory label, writers such as Marjorie Kinnan Rawlings converted that image into one of resistance, illustrative of an alternative and “authentic” Florida. Finally, the chapter will conclude with two case studies, tick eradication and the anti-fire campaign, in which we see direct clashes between rural and agrarian peoples with those favoring the creation of a new Florida image.
The Sunshine State Emerges on the World Stage
Authors: Nelson David J.
Published: January 2020

Near the end of the Great Depression, Florida ends the decade with a triumphant tenure at the 1939 New York World’s Fair, dozens of thriving tourist attractions, and a newly built Florida Park Service. By 1940, Florida enjoyed a thriving tourist industry that attracted more than double the entire population of the Sunshine State.
Toward a Situated Ontology of Bodies and Landscapes in the Archaeology of the Southern Andes (First Millennium AD, Northwest Argentina)
Authors: Alberti Benjamin
Published: January 2020

In this chapter, a new approach to landscapes by working through alternative ontologies of bodies. Conventional theories of landscape imply a specific kind of conceptualization of the body that cuts off a host of ontological alternatives. Indeed, the very idea of landscape is an artefact or effect of a western concept of bodies as either neutral platforms of observation or sensing things. Amazonian theories of bodies are an entry point to explore the geographic extension of the La Candelaria culture of first millennium northwest Argentina. The focus is shifted from the relation between humans and world to that among multiple beings, including beings that are traditionally called elements of the landscape. The argument is that the way of relating and constituting oneself as human among the multitude of selves is what made life possible for the La Candelaria in the very different environments they inhabited.
Mapping Chickasaw Removal
Authors: Weik Terrance
Published: January 2020

Representations of land such as maps and surveyors’ notes played an important role in facilitating the institutionalized removal of nineteenth-century Mississippi Chickasaws. This chapter discusses the epistemology of maps and property claims, and the social implications of land division and commoditization. It also follows the multidirectional tactics of displacement and nascent articulations of modern indigenous land rights. Weik illustrates how archaeologists can play a role in tracking Native American experiences before, during, and after removal.
Worth(Less)
Authors: Fracchia Adam
Published: January 2020

The small industrial town of Texas, Maryland, employed hundreds of Irish immigrants in the quarrying and burning of limestone during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This chapter by Adam Fracchia examines patterns of value based on categories of class, ethnicity, and race that were influenced by and necessary to ensure the profitability of the quarry industry. Historical records in combination with material culture illustrate shifts in these values over time and the patterns of marginalization that led to the removal of Texans and the destruction of their property. Ultimately, the preservation of the town is governed by similar notions of value tied to the current mode of production and a static perception of the town’s heritage that indirectly supports its continued destruction.
Introduction
Authors: Orr David G.
Published: January 2020

This introduction provides background information into the history of research about encampments. It delineates why these kinds of sites are so important in terms of military scholarship. This research area provides perhaps the best means of accessing the daily lives of soldiers and officers who were stationed away from the combat fields. The winter encampments not only formed a place of respite from vigorous combat but also provided soldiers with time to train and strategize.
The Material World of the Revolutionary War Soldier at Valley Forge Revisited
Authors: West-Rosenthal Jesse
Published: January 2020

This chapter by Jesse West-Rosenthal examines the Revolutionary War soldiers’ material culture at Valley Forge. Much has been written of the suffering that these soldiers endured during that harsh winter, but this chapter provides insight into routines that both kept soldiers busy and helped them perform important and necessary tasks for the military effort. Archaeological explorations at the Washington Memorial Chapel, including a camp kitchen, provided evidence that soldiers kept busy by casting musket balls, by maintaining weaponry and clothing, and, interestingly, by re-purposing musket balls into gaming pieces.
“The Ground Necessary”
Authors: Steele Julia , Campana Douglas , Orr David G.
Published: January 2020

In order to examine the spatial layout and organization of the encampment at Valley Forge, this chapter describes the results of a sampling from an archaeological transect through its Wayne’s Woods section. The transect started from a forward-moving area at the outskirts and continued along a defensive entrenchment, moving through soldiers’ huts, officers’ huts, and, finally, through the camp kitchens and sutlers’ area, which were the more centrally located sections of the camp. The research provided information about the status differences between soldiers and officers, including their diets, defensive entrenchments and earthworks, and routines and activities. It also demonstrated that organization of the Wayne’s Wood section followed the general outline of von Steuben’s orders.
Forgotten Stones
Authors: Morrison Bethany A. , Sgarlata Cosimo A.
Published: January 2020

During the winter of 1778–1779, part of Washington’s Continental army camped at three locations in Redding, Connecticut. This chapter focuses on the Middle Encampment occupied by Connecticut’s First Brigade under the command of General Samuel Parsons. Western Connecticut State University researchers spent four summers in field schools at the site, which had previously seen minimal professional research. The site was successfully nominated as a Connecticut Archaeological Preserve. The research identified numerous Revolutionary War structures, addressed important questions about the site’s spatial organization, and contributed new information about soldiers’ diets through FTIR analysis.
Lead Seals from Colonial Fort St. Joseph
Authors: Davis Cathrine
Published: January 2020

In the past forty years, historians have repeatedly noted that textiles were among the most sought after and ubiquitous trade goods in North America. However, although cloth-related artifacts such as straight pins, thimbles, fasteners, and lead seals are well represented, archaeological sites rarely yield textile scraps. Lead seals provide specific details concerning the types and origins of textiles once present at a site. These data attest to the interconnectedness and scope of the French Atlantic World. This chapter examines the information revealed through the identification and interpretation of lead seals from Fort St. Joseph, including how they situate the daily materiality of the occupants in the larger eighteenth-century world.
Hide Processing and Cultural Exchange in the Fort St. Joseph Community
Authors: Mendes Eric , Nassaney Michael S.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines archaeological remains recovered from the Lyne site (20BE10) located on the terrace in proximity to the floodplain settlement of Fort St. Joseph. Artifacts and features that were contemporaneous with the Fort suggest that a long occupational history of this area and different post-depositional formation processes have produced cultural deposits that vary considerably from what has been recovered at the nearby Fort. The authors places an emphasis on a series of smudge pits that evaded agricultural destruction. Their morphology and contents assist in placing these features into a cultural context and demonstrate the types of activities that were conducted by a multiethnic population engaged in cross-cultural exchange at a commercial fur-trading post in the western Great Lakes region.
Public Archaeology at Fort St. Joseph
Authors: D’ Elia Erica A. , Berliner Kelley , Reichert Sue , Nassaney Michael S.
Published: January 2020

This chapter summarizes two decades of public archaeology at Fort St. Joseph. It reviews the successes, prospects, and challenges of the project, and it critically examines the lessons learned. The authors suggest various pathways for sustaining the Fort St. Joseph Archaeological Project into the future while considering its legacy to the field of public archaeology and the community of Niles, MI.
Ringing True
Authors: Burr Kristin L.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 4 by Kristin Burr examines the ways in which the hero and heroine make themselves “other” within the courtly system in Gerbert de Montreuil’s Le Roman de la Violette. Initially forced into the role of outsider as they face reversals in fortune, both characters then consciously adopt the role, resisting attempts to categorize them easily. They transform their identities through stories that others impose upon them and the tales that they tell about themselves, inviting the audience to question assumptions concerning chivalry, love, the qualities of a courtly lady, and gender stereotypes. Focusing on episodes that center on a ring, the chapter points to the gap between words and acts and argues for nuancing the understanding of activity and passivity in the tale. It demonstrates that the object plays a key role in establishing identity and reintegrating the couple fully into the courtly world.
Inside Out and Outside In
Authors: James Sara I.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines questions of gender as it analyzes the complicated range of ways in which Rainouart and Orable/Guibourc evoke the Other in the chansons de geste of the Cycle de Guillaume. The chapter notes that ambiguity surrounds the characters’ Otherness, as they are noble Saracens who convert to Christianity, thus positioning themselves simultaneously inside and outside of certain groups. Their constant shifts from outsider to insider and back again raise questions about how we are to understand an epic “center,” particularly when Rainouart and Guibourc are portrayed more favorably than Louis and Blanchefleur—the Frankish king and queen. The chapter concludes that in these rich, complex texts, the Other is never inherently lesser, even while being appropriated, assimilated, or feared.
Agency and the Archaeology of the Unconventional
Authors: Yamin Rebecca , Seifert Donna J.
Published: January 2020

This opening chapter lays out the authors’ approach to the study of the archaeology of prostitution and several types of clandestine activities. The materiality of these activities reveals them in the archaeological record, and analysis and interpretation of observed differences lead to a focus on agency. The discussion notes the role of the legislation in the major urban projects that exposed the sites of unconventional activities. Attention to class, gender, and race reveals aspects of agency demonstrated by unconventional behaviour.
Case Studies
Authors: Yamin Rebecca , Seifert Donna J.
Published: January 2020

This chapter focuses on two case studies, reviewing in detail the findings of large urban projects that encountered brothel sites. The New York City project addresses the history and archaeology of a brothel in the Five Points neighborhood of Lower Manhattan. The discussion contrasts the reputation of the residents with the evidence revealed by the artifact assemblages. The discussion of Washington, D.C. parlor houses addresses the remarkable assemblage of high-class furnishings and possessions and expensive foods enjoyed in the houses in the heart of the city—houses that served the men of government and business in the nation’s capital.
Introduction
Authors: Thulman David K.
Published: January 2020

Today, research into Early Florida (circa 15,000–9,000 cal B.P.) is blossoming and entering an exciting phase that has the potential to reveal much about early Floridians in particular, and wider Paleoindian and Early Archaic scholarship in general. Whereas the rest of North American Paleoindian and Early Archaic archaeology is limited almost exclusively to the analysis of site distributions and stone tools, Florida has produced an embarrassment of riches in the form of Paleoindian-age organic tools, including ivory points or shafts, ivory harpoon points, mastodon patella anvil, horse tibia tool handle, and several modified megafauna bones of unknown function. Perhaps more than any other area of North America, Florida provides the opportunity for extraordinary preservation of organic Paleoindian and Early Archaic material from submerged sites in its fresh and coastal waters. However, challenges remain in refining Florida’s early chronology, typology, land-use patterns, offshore survey techniques, and synthetic regional studies, and in preserving terrestrial sites in the face of tremendous development pressures and a deteriorating relationship with private collectors.
What Does the Future Hold for First Floridian Studies?
Authors: Dunbar James S.
Published: January 2020

This chapter by Jessi Halligan examines the peopling of North America and, in particular, ancient Florida. Florida’s important role in First Americans studies demonstrates the importance and number of “Paleoindian” archaeological sites. Halligan addresses the issue of separating Paleoindian and Early Archaic materials. This point is key because of the continuity of the earliest cultural sequences in the archaeological record for many of Florida’s sites. What is “Paleoindian” and what succeeds it must be clearly delineated. This chapter also examines impacts of present and future analytical techniques (like Bayesian modeling of radiocarbon dates, Optical stimulated luminescence (OSL), LiDAR, geoarchaeology, and ancient DNA) on Paleoindian research. The Paleoindian period is discussed in the chronological context of “Early,” Middle,” and “Late.”
Spring Surprise
Authors: Faught Michael K. , Arbuthnot Michael A.
Published: January 2020

Chapter 3 by Michael Faught and Michael Arbuthnot examines methodological and policy considerations regarding spring restoration projects in Florida, which are becoming more common and have the potential to reveal and impact significant wetsite archaeological deposits. The case study is Chassahowitzka Springs in Citrus County, where an archaeological investigation and monitoring recovered significant archaeological remains, including wooden carvings and canoe paddles.
Wood Preservation Dilemmas of Florida’s Prehistoric Saltwater Sites
Authors: Kolianos Phyllis E.
Published: January 2020

In chapter 4, Phyllis Kolianos compares the challenges presented in the conservation of objects from waterlogged sites, especially those in saltwater wetsites. Kolianos compares the efforts made to conserve and preserve the fabulous carvings and wooden artifacts recovered from the Key Marco site in the last decade of the nineteenth century and recent efforts to recover, conserve, and exhibit a 40-plus-foot-long dugout canoe and associated canoe pole found by avocational archaeologists at the Weedon Island Preserve.
Owls, Otters, and Pelicans in Watery Realms
Authors: Ostapkowicz Joanna , Wheeler Ryan
Published: January 2020

This chapter explores the context of the three monumental animal and bird carvings found at the Hontoon/Thursby site on the St. Johns River: the owl, otter, and pelican. Archaeological and ethnographic information from Florida and surrounding areas is brought to play in interpreting the carvings and their placement at the site.
Tombs in Time and Towers in Space
Authors: Cable Charlotte Marie , Larsen Clark Spencer
Published: January 2020

This chapter considers both Hafit Period monumental tombs and Umm an-Nar towers that were developed during the Early Bronze Age in North-Central Oman. The author considers these monuments as communicative to the local community rather than emphasizing the messages that monumental architecture may have served for non-locals. While both monuments may have marked access to resources, they did so in opposite ways. Participation in the mortuary ritual provided access to the living via resources marked by the dead, whereas the tower limited access to water through social and physical exclusion. Simultaneously, these different types of monuments signaled two disparate social ideologies: in one case, group members may have sought to access and leverage specific resource nodes; and in the other, group members may have sought to leverage access to specific resources in order to control access to an entire network of resources.
The Elders of Early Dilmun
Authors: Boutin Alexis T. , Porter Benjamin W.
Published: January 2020

This chapter draws on bioarchaeology and mortuary archaeology to investigate three adult men in a brief case study from Early Dilmun, a Bronze Age polity that spanned the western edge of the Arabian/Persian Gulf at the end of the third and the beginning of the second millennium BCE. We draw our evidence from the Peter B. Cornwall Collection at the Phoebe A. Hearst Museum of Anthropology on the University of California, Berkeley campus. Cornwall (1913–1972) excavated this evidence from Bahrain during his expedition to the region in 1940 and 1941. Cornwall later analyzed these mortuary contexts in several works—including his doctoral dissertation and a handful of articles—and then eventually deposited the skeletal remains and objects in the Hearst Museum. Since 2008, we have been analyzing and publishing materials from this collection under the auspices of the Dilmun Bioarchaeology Project. Using this evidence, we demonstrate both the possibilities and limitations of investigating masculinity in one specific ancient Near Eastern society.
Spanish Manila
Authors: Hu-DeHart Evelyn
Published: January 2020

This essay depicts the beginning of the Spanish Empire in the Asia-Pacific in the mid-sixteenth century (Ming dynasty), when Spaniard Miguel de Legazpi from Mexico in the Americas colonized the Philippines and established Manila as an extension of Spain’s American colony of New Spain. Sustaining this trans-Pacific relationship for 250 year was the Manila Galleon Trade between Acapulco, Mexico and Manila, trading American silver for Chinese silk, porcelain and other fine goods. The large community (twenty to thirty thousand) of Hokkien-speaking migrants from South Fujian (Minnan) which quickly arose and confined to ethnic neighbourhood outside the Manila city wall, became indispensable to the galleon trade by transporting from China all the luxury goods for the galleons, while resident artisans and labourers provided all the everyday consumer items, food, and services to the small Spanish population in Manila city. This first American “Chinatown” was the first large and permanent overseas Chinese community of Southeast Asia/Nanyang, which launched the worldwide Chinese diasporic movement that continues to this day, stretching all over the Americas, Europe and Africa.
Recalling Oceanic Communities
Authors: Heim Otto
Published: January 2020

This chapter situates the dramatic work of Samoan and Hawaiian playwrights John Kneubuhl and Victoria Nalani Kneubuhl in relation to an Oceanian sense of community rooted in a customarily open, fluid, and mobile consciousness of space, in order to ask how such a community consciousness may challenge dominant political identifications and empower the imagination of transnational, postcolonial forms of belonging. Noting the fundamental importance of memory in sustaining a sense of community that thrives in mobility while maintaining the indivisibility of people and land, the chapter examines the memory work performed in John Kneubuhl’s Think of a Garden and Other Plays and Victoria Kneubuhl’s Hawai‘i Nei: Island Plays, as it stirs the limits of living memory, discloses the spectral life of the past in the present, and raises questions about the relationship between loss and remembrance. In different ways, I argue, these plays can be seen to enact a sense of community that seems radically opposed to communitarian thinking in a national frame but fitting to the transnational imagination of a sea of islands, reimagining genealogies in terms of finitude, difference, and interdependence.
Asian Theory and European Humanity
Authors: Sakai Naoki
Published: January 2020

Just like any civilization, Europe produces knowledge, but it is distinguished from other civilizations by its unique mode of operation in knowledge production. Until recently, Europe was proud of itself in its commitment to theory or philosophy at large: it used to claim that it was the only portion of humanity capable of reflecting upon itself, of criticizing and transforming constituted its own manner of knowledge production. Europeans regarded themselves as an exceptional kind of humanity capable of theory and called themselves humanitas in contrast to other types of humanity, anthropos: those who produce knowledge but are incapable of reflecting upon and criticizing their modus operandi in knowledge production. However, the central topic in this article is not about the dichotomy of humanitas and anthropos, which still shapes the disciplinary configuration of human sciences, but rather what has been generally referred to as the crisis of European humanity. It is increasingly difficult to sustain this exceptionalist notion of the West or European humanity. Simultaneously, it is difficult to sustain its obverse and equally exceptionalist notion of Asian culturalism. Through the examination of the crisis of European humanity, this article discusses what the status of theory can potentially mean as we seek to interrogate the identity formations called the West and Asia.
Cold War Aesthetics in East Asia
Authors: Liu Petrus
Published: January 2020

This chapter argues that the conventional understanding that we live in a post-Cold War world order is part of an imperialist aesthetic logic for two important reasons. On the one hand, traditional history creates a teleological narrative that conflates the intellectual history of Marxism—which continues to thrive in China and other locations today—with the political structure of the USSR that collapsed in 1991. According to this narrative, Marxism is merely an "ideology" that is inimical to free thinking and free speech, and, since humanity has entered a distinctly new phase called the "end of history" or the "end of ideologies" in 1991, any current effort to rebuild Marxist or socialist programs must be anachronistic, utopian, or naive. On the other hand, the conventional definition of the Cold War as the period from the Truman Doctrine of 1941 to the dissolution of the USSR in 1991 naturalizes a Western-centered explanatory framework that completely overlooks the experience and agency of East Asia. The presumption that Cold War studies must begin (and end) with the United States and its Western rival(s) is therefore part of the imperialist aesthetics that organizes our temporal-spatial life worlds into the rise and fall of Western empires.
Getting Started
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth Lominska , Johnson Graham E.
Published: January 2020

In the first decades of the twentieth century, Tsuen Wan began its transformation from an impoverished district of Hakka farming and fishing villages to one in which wage labour became available in infrastructure construction and small industry. After the Japanese occupation the area industrialized rapidly, attracting large numbers of immigrants from China. They adapted by forming associations, while the original people rented land and housing to the newcomers. The government initially was overwhelmed, but eventually began planning a ‘new town’, with the original inhabitants remaining in their villages, their rights protected in today’s post-industrial city.
The Fading of Distinctiveness
Authors: Johnson Elizabeth Lominska , Johnson Graham E.
Published: January 2020

The 1970s were marked by dramatic changes in government policies during the governorship of Sir Murray MacLehose. The New Territories became the locus of a planned population shift away from crowded Hong Kong and Kowloon, and the idea of ‘New Towns’, based on Tsuen Wan’s developments, was central. It went hand-in-hand with infrastructural developments, which revolutionized transportation and ended the relative isolation of Tsuen Wan through the MTR. The administration of Tsuen Wan fundamentally changed and the creation of District Boards (later Councils), beginning first in Tsuen Wan, altered the system of political consultation throughout Hong Kong. The 1980s were marked by dramatic changes in economic policies within China, not least in the areas of China adjacent to Hong Kong, which saw industrialization through the Pearl River delta region and de-industrialization in Tsuen Wan. Emergence of a distinctive Hong Kong identity, and a new political culture, emerged as sovereignty over Hong Kong was resumed by China in 1997. Tsuen Wan changed from the working class town that it has been into one dominated by middle class housing developments, much like the rest of Hong Kong, although the villages of the original inhabitants remained.
The Politics of Intimacy
Authors: Driessen Miriam
Published: January 2020

Anxieties about the loss of integrity – the quality of having strong moral principles and the state of being undivided – are compounded by the increased intimacy between Chinese foremen and female members of the local community. Sexual relations, in particular, threaten to annul the carefully maintained distance between ‘us’ and ‘them’. Instances of sexual intimacy prompt Chinese managers to define notions of race and racial difference, and to reestablish their reputation as morally upright. What happens at night-time is consequential for the daytime encounters on the construction site. Sexual intimacy filters into management–labor relations and challenges the social distance set up between Chinese management and Ethiopian rank-and-file workers, on which the managerial authority and racial disparities of the corporate hierarchy depend.
Speaking Bitterness
Authors: Driessen Miriam
Published: January 2020

Unmet expectations inspire narratives of bitterness among Chinese road builders. These tales of suffering, however, derive not only from the obstacles they face on the construction site, but also from their backgrounds as sons of peasants who are struggling to cast off their rural backgrounds – migrants who are forced to move overseas to climb up the social ladder in China, and men who seek to gain respectability as sons, husbands, and fathers. Their hopes of fashioning Ethiopian laborers are intricately linked to expectations regarding themselves. The bitterness reflected in their tales derives as much from their predicaments abroad as at home. Yet speaking their bitterness also has a positive twist and fulfills a crucial function. Juxtaposing conditions of victimhood with collective strength in enduring these conditions, the narratives offset self-pity by celebrating perseverance, lending workers the strength to carry on.
Conclusion
Authors: Driessen Miriam
Published: January 2020

Chinese overseas workers at once represent and enact growing Chinese influence across the world. The bitterness they feel and narrate reveals the disputed nature of China’s engagement with Africa. Rather than being imposed, Chinese-led development in Ethiopia is contested, by Ethiopians and Chinese alike. Yet while Ethiopians assert their agency and challenge the power asymmetries intrinsic to the encounter, their Chinese counterparts, who are commonly presumed to set the standards of their engagement with Africa, lament their lack of agency in bringing their ideas of development to fruition. Indeed, the creativity and gumption with which Ethiopians, workers and non-workers alike, challenge Chinese authority reveals that they define their encounters with Chinese as much as they are defined by them.
Arguing over A-Bombs
Authors: Friedman Hal M.
Published: January 2020

Interservice rivalry between the United States Army and Navy over the 1946 Bikini Atoll atomic bomb tests was an example of a larger rivalry over roles, missions, and budgets that was endemic to U.S. defense policy immediately after World War II.The tests became embroiled in this larger conflict because of the perception that they could be employed by either service to argue its case for the lion’s share of resources in the postwar world.Therefore, each service went to great lengths to try to assure the press and public that the tests were not “rigged.”What is most interesting, however, about the atomic bomb tests of Operation Crossroads was the fact that the test results were so inconclusive.
The Rising Clamor
Authors: Hadley David P.
Published: January 2020

This work examines the relationships that developed between the domestic U.S. press and the Central Intelligence Agency, from the foundation of the agency in 1947 to the first major congressional investigation of the U.S. intelligence system in 1975–1976. The press environment in which the CIA developed had important consequences for the types of activities the agency undertook, and after some initial difficulties the CIA enjoyed a highly favorable press environment in its early years. The CIA did, on occasion, attempt to use reporters operationally and spread propaganda around the world. This work argues, however, that a more important factor in the generally positive press environment that the early CIA enjoyed was the social relationships that developed between members of the press, especially management, and members of the agency. Common ties of elite education, wartime service, and a shared view of the danger of communism allowed the agency both to conduct a variety of activities without exposure in the United States, and to protect itself from oversight and establish its place in the U.S. national security bureaucracy. Even during the height of cooperative ties, however, there were those in the press critical of the CIA and others who, even if cooperating, were wary of agency activities. Over time, these countertrends increased as the Cold War consensus frayed, and press attention led to sustained investigation of the Central Intelligence Agency in the infamous Year of Intelligence, 1975–1976.
The Year of Intelligence’s Contentious End
Authors: Hadley David P.
Published: January 2020

This chapter examines the end of the Year of Intelligence. Public interest began to wane following the release by the Senate’s Church Committee of a report on assassinations, and the death of Central Intelligence Officer Richard Welch in Athens, Greece, prompted pushback against further investigation. The report of the House’s Pike Committee was classified. The outcome of the year laid the groundwork for much of the current architecture for intelligence oversight. Both critics and supporters of the investigations were disappointed by their ultimate outcomes. The Year of Intelligence also prompted both internal and external questioning of the propriety of the relationships between the CIA and news media, especially following an article in Rolling Stone by Carl Bernstein alleging that the CIA had made widespread use of the press in the Cold War. The combination of the Year of Intelligence, Bernstein’s reporting, and the continual generational change of reporters and CIA officers fundamentally changed the nature of the relationships between the CIA and the press.
Introduction
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

In the dining car of the Twentieth Century Limited, Eva Marie Saint raises her eyebrows and smiles provocatively at Cary Grant. Her lips form the words “I never make love on an empty stomach.” But on the soundtrack, the audience hears, “I never discuss love on an empty stomach.” This line from the movie ...
Rope (1948)
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

In Hollywood in the 1940s, both prevailing morality and the Production Code made it impossible to produce a film about gay men. That made the filming of Rope, based on a play mirroring the notorious Leopold-Loeb murder case, in which two homosexual University of Chicago students kidnapped and murdered a fourteen-year-old boy, a particularly risky venture. Hitchcock made the venture even riskier by hiring a gay screenwriter, Arthur Laurents. The Production Code censors detected a gay subtext and suggested a few minor script revisions involving language and stereotypically gay behavior.
Hitchcock chose to film the movie in real time, breaking at intervals of roughly ten minutes to insert a new reel of film. These long takes proved to be a hardship on the actors, who had to endure long retakes if someone fluffed a line, and set designers, who had to create breakaway furniture to enable uninterrupted camera movement. Although the gay subtext disturbed a few reviewers, it went largely unnoticed by audiences at the time. The film is considered inferior Hitchcock, not because of the subtext or casting, but because Hitchcock’s long takes worked against his strengths as a director, emphasizing linear movement and dialogue rather than pacing and montage.
Torn Curtain (1966)
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

When he made Torn Curtain in 1966, Hitchcock was sixty-six, the Production Code was thirty-six, and both were in decline. The curtain of the title is the Iron Curtain, and Paul Newman plays a nuclear scientist assigned to travel to East Germany as a Communist sympathizer to bring back the mathematical formula for an anti-missile system. The Production Code had three major concerns with the script. In one of the movie’s earliest scenes, there appeared to be inappropriate ‘intimacies of lovemaking’ between Newman and costar Julie Andrews. Code reviewers also worried that the killing of the East German bodyguard assigned to Newman was entirely too gruesome, and a scene in which Newman cried, ‘Fire!’ in a crowded theater might create panic among real theatergoers. Hitchcock recut the love scene, had Newman shout ‘Fire!’ in German? presumably so only German audiences would panic?but left the bodyguard’s murder uncut because he wanted to show just how difficult and messy it is to kill a man. He succeeded in this, and the murder is the high point of a disappointing film and a worthy addition to Hitchcock’s canon of memorable scenes.
Television Censorship
Authors: Billheimer John
Published: January 2020

This chapter addresses the censorship issues faced by Hitchcock while producing his television series, Alfred Hitchcock Presents. It traces the history of broadcast censorship from the introduction of the Federal Communication Commission in 1934 through the development of the National Association of Broadcasters’ Code of Practices in 1951. The Code resembled the Motion Picture Production Code and was accompanied by a Seal of Good Practice, which was displayed on the closing credits of most US television programs from 1952 through the early 1980s. In practice, the sponsors of television programs had more control over programming conduct than the NAB Code. Because TV sponsors were attuned to any negative reaction, and television reached a much wider audience than movies, television content in the 1950s and 1960s was much more susceptible to protests from pressure groups than the movies. Television producers faced more censors than movie producers and were even more timid about confronting them. The Red Scare of the 1950s produced blacklists of television performers that ruined as many lives as the movie blacklists did. The NAB Code became hopelessly outdated and was suspended in 1983, supplanted by a rating system similar to that developed by the MPAA in 1996.
Introduction
Authors: Warren Jason W.
Published: January 2020

The introduction, in addition to introducing the themes of the book (see book abstract), expands on them by reintroducing the idea of bureaucratic obstruction to accomplishing strategic landpower objectives. Rather than intentional derailing objectives, individual actors in the Washington, D.C., "Beltway" are incentivized to seek local advantage instead of support the national effort. The introduction also brings into focus the military's lack of intellectual capacity, which detracts from understanding the complexity of the post-9/11 strategic environment. The emphasis on tactical over strategic officer development rendered flaccid the American response to 9/11. These ideas touched on in the introduction cover some of the themes not fully developed in the main of the text and prompt future coverage of these other vital topics.
The Revolution in Military Affairs and Strategic Thought in the US Military, 1991–2003
Authors: Mansoor Peter R.
Published: January 2020

A recurring theme of post-World War II US military history is the fixation of American policy-makers on technological solutions to strategic challenges. In the wake of the 1991 victory in the Gulf War, American military leaders embraced a Revolution in Military Affairs combining guided munitions with advanced intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance systems to provide war-winning capabilities for US forces. Although Army experimentation in the 1990s and early 2000s had much to commend it, senior Army leaders lost sight of the connection between strategy and military operations and virtually ignored any type of war other than the one for which the Army's powerful conventional forces were designed. In the aftermath of regime change in Iraq in 2003, US commanders struggled to develop concepts suitable to achieve the nation's strategic goals. Having all but ignored other types of conflict, Army leaders proved incredibly resistant to embracing counterinsurgency operations in Iraq until defeat stared them in the face. In the future, the US Army needs to integrate information networks, ISR systems, and guided munitions into a broader warfighting framework that military leaders can adapt to whatever type of enemies they may face, rather than counting on fighting a mirror-imaged enemy.
Civil-Military Relations Post-9/11
Authors: Travis Donald S.
Published: January 2020

Post-9/11 civil-military challenges associated with sustained military operations against assorted enemies in Afghanistan, Yemen, Somalia, and other regions around the world are examined through the Clausewitzian concept known as the "paradoxical trinity" of the people, the military establishment, and the civilian government. As America's wars are conducted by a consortium of land forces that General Peter Schoomaker once characterized as a "new strategic triad" composed of the Army and Marines with Special Operations Forces (SOF), the Clausewitzian framework is employed to help reassess three interrelated lessons drawn from the Vietnam War: the legality of war, the use of advanced weapons and their associated strategies, and the persistent debates over how best to employ military power focused on conventional versus unconventional forces' roles, missions, and tactics. Potential futures of landpower and civil-military relations are identified and discussed to challenge current political and military policies and stimulate further inquiry.
The Tortured Path to Strategic Failure
Authors: Sobchak Frank
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the decisions which led to the strategic failure of the US intervention in Iraq, arguing that such failure was the byproduct of a series of bad decisions rather than predetermined. Specifically, the most consequential sets of decisions which contributed to the mission's ultimate failure were the decision to begin the conflict with an inadequate postwar plan, the irrational decisions made in the aftermath of the collapse of the Iraq state, the decision to pursue the transition strategy for two years, the decision to not intervene against electoral abuses in 2010, and the decision to withdraw without a residual force. The United States' inability to craft a strategy that deterred or responded to external malignant actors compounded the effects of those poor decisions. In spite of all the strategic, operational, and tactical mistakes it made, the US nearly was able to achieve a semblance of success as a result of a new strategy nicknamed "the Surge." That temporary success, however, ultimately collapsed under the weight of previous errors that had run out political support for the mission and because of a series of further errors.
US Policy and East Asian Allied Projection of Landpower
Authors: Setzekorn Eric
Published: January 2020

The position of the US Army in Northeast Asia has been strengthened in the past fifteen years due to the force modernization of Taiwanese and South Korea armies. Today, our Asian allies are struggling to balance their identity as vibrant democracies and military requirements. The US Army can play a vital role in improving and accelerating the professionalization of South Korean and Taiwanese land forces and assisting with their creation of more capable reserve system. In addition, because of East Asian demographic and social challenges, the US Army must increase efforts to assist in the transition to a volunteer force in South Korea and Taiwan.
Stryker Brigade Combat Team vs Future Combat System
Authors: Fastabend David
Published: January 2020

This chapter extends the time-honored tactical technique of the Operating Force--the After Action Report--and applies it to two transformation efforts of the US Army: the successful fielding of the Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT), and the ill-fated Future Combat System (FCS). Five "institutional innovation challenges" are applied to each effort:
Forecasting the Environment. Did the Army accurately forecast the Operating Environment that shaped these programs?
Defining the Problem. Did the Army effectively (and compellingly) define the operational problem(s) the programs should solve?
Aligning the Innovation Approach. Was the institutional innovation model properly aligned to Army institutional realities?
Exploiting and Mitigating Process. Were the programs able to leverage institutional process while mitigating process limitations and pitfalls?
Leveraging the Human Dimension. Did the program properly account for the human factors of leadership, politics, complexity, and culture?
The disparate success of these two capability development efforts is clearly traceable to how they fared in addressing these challenges.
Integrating the Components
Authors: Middaugh Jon
Published: January 2020

This chapter assesses the Army National Guard's ability to work alongside the Regular Army to provide strategic landpower capability, capacity, and flexibility. It argues that closely integrating the components can produce a Total Army with more diverse skills for fighting across the range of military operations overseas.For the homeland, a strong National Guard can quickly deliver security and emergency response capabilities for natural or manmade disasters. Integrating the components also makes the overall Army more affordable and provides the all-volunteer organization with the flexibility needed to appeal to today's more fluid society. Finally, more closely integrating the Army's components can help strengthen the social connection between the military and "Main Street" America.
Landpower and Humanitarian Assistance/Disaster Relief
Authors: Luke Charles , Bowers Chris , Willard Alex
Published: January 2020

This chapter discusses the strategic value of landpower in Humanitarian Assistance and Disaster Relief (HA/DR) operations. When disasters occur that are significant enough to derail/delay political agendas, the US government depends on landpower's unique capabilities to support the lead federal agency, the US Agency for International Development. The authors use three disaster relief operations case studies (the 2010 earthquake in Haiti, the 2014 Ebola outbreak in Liberia, and the 2013 Super Typhoon Haiyan in the Philippines) to illuminate the Army's core roles in HA/DR success. Lastly, the chapter discusses the secondary benefits of successful HA/DR operations like enhancing interoperability among joint, interagency, and multinational partners, assuring partners and allies, and reinforcing the strategic narrative of US power.
Post-Traumatic Stress (Disorder) in the Post-9/11 World
Authors: Tritle Lawrence
Published: January 2020

This chapter investigates the issue of landpower from a demographic perspective, exploring the realities of military manpower in a time when fewer than 1 percent of the American people serve in uniform. Since 9/11, the United States has deployed in combat situations this minority of the population in Afghanistan and Iraq, where thousands have been exposed to a new-age weapon of choice, the IED, the Improvised Explosive Device. Many hundreds have been killed or maimed for life. Many thousands more have suffered debilitating, if not life-changing, head and brain injuries. The latest generation of diagnostic tools now available to medical professionals, magnetic resonance imaging, makes clear the catastrophic damage such weapons inflict on the human brain. These findings have enhanced the scientific and popular understanding of the nature of post-traumatic stress disorder, and such precursors as Combat Fatigue, Shell Shock, and Soldier's Heart. The lingering question remains the extent to which the USgovernment and the governed will recognize and act on the revealed science.
Introduction
Authors: Brogi Alessandro , Scott-Smith Giles , Snyder David J.
Published: January 2020

While the ideological inspiration of Woodrow Wilson on American liberal internationalism has been well investigated, less well understood are subsequent influences within the defining ideology of the years of American global ascendancy. Liberal internationalism during the Cold War is often portrayed as a kind of default that arose from idealistic high-mindedness, the novelty of American global experience during World War II, and the bipartisan consensus of sustained anticommunism. However, new scholarship on the career of J. William Fulbright, as well as fresh research on the influence of the Fulbright exchange program overseas, shows the ongoing role of American culture and American political institutions as powerful fashioners of the ideological consensus that defined US foreign policy in these years. These cultural and political influences include a key racial dimension and a prevailing faith in the wisdom of political elites as makers of US foreign policy. Other dimensions of liberal internationalism, including prevailing American gender notions, modernization impulses, and a later critique of American militarism, are evident in Fulbright’s evolving public career, which originated in idealistic support of the United Nations, came to embrace the special mission of the United States in a world of bipolarity, and ended with the senator one of the most vocal critics of a misguided American militarism in Vietnam. The Fulbright exchange program likewise shifted over time in response to many of the same impulses, though, unlike the senator, whose political influence was for long shielded by his electoral invulnerability, it has been vulnerable to shifting political forces both at home and abroad.