bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A node‐based ILP formulation for the node‐weighted dominating Steiner problem
Authors: Bley Andreas , Ljubić Ivana , Maurer Olaf
Published: November 2016

In this article, we consider the Node‐Weighted Dominating Steiner Problem. Given a graph with node weights and a set of terminal nodes, the goal is to find a connected node‐induced subgraph of minimum weight, such that each terminal node is contained in or adjacent to some node in the chosen subgraph. The problem arises in applications in the design of telecommunication networks. Integer programming formulations for Steiner problems usually employ a variable for each edge. We introduce a formulation that only uses node variables and that models connectivity through node‐cut inequalities, which can be separated in polynomial time. We discuss necessary and sufficient conditions for the model inequalities to define facets and we introduce a class of lifted partition‐based inequalities, which can be used to strengthen the linear relaxation. Finally, we show that the polyhedron defined by these inequalities is integral if the underlying graph is a cycle where no two terminals are adjacent. In the general cycle setting, we show that we can get a complete description of the feasible solutions by lifting and projecting into a polytope with no more than twice the dimension. We also show that the well‐known indegree equalities are implied by the lifted partition inequalities. Finally, we evaluate the effectiveness of the presented partition inequalities in computational experiments. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 69(1), 33–51 2017
Facile Preparation of Chloride‐Conducting Membranes: First Step towards a Room‐Temperature Solid‐State Chloride‐Ion Battery
Authors: Gschwind Fabienne , Steinle Dominik , Sandbeck Daniel , Schmidt Celine , von Hauff Elizabeth
Published: November 2016

Three types of chloride‐conducting membranes based on polyvinyl chloride, commercial gelatin, and polyvinyldifluoride‐hexafluoropolymer are introduced in this report. The polymers are mixed with chloride‐containing salts, such as tetrabutylammonium chloride, and cast to form membranes. We studied the structural properties, thermal stability, and electrochemical response of the membranes to understand chloride migration and transport. Finally, the membranes are tested in a prototype solid‐state chloride‐ion battery setup. The feasibility of the membranes for their potential use in anion batteries is discussed.
Field evaluation of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐hexanone and ethanol as attractants for the cerambycid beetle pest of vineyards, Xylotrechus arvicola
Authors: Rodríguez‐González Álvaro , Sánchez‐Maíllo Esteban , Peláez Horacio J , González‐Núñez Manuel , Hall David R , Casquero Pedro A
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND

The beetle Xylotrechus arvicola (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) is a serious pest of vineyards in the Iberian Peninsula. In previous work, the male beetles, but not females, were shown to produce (R)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐hexanone, and female beetles were attracted to this compound in a laboratory bioassay. In this study, release rates of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐hexanone from different dispensers were measured in the laboratory, and the attractiveness of these to X. arvicola adults was determined in trapping tests in three traditional wine‐growing regions in Spain.

RESULTS

As a result of laboratory experiments, for field experiments 3‐hydroxy‐2‐hexanone was formulated as 100 μL in a polyethylene sachet (50 mm × 50 mm × 250 µm), and ethanol was formulated as 1 mL in a polyethylene press‐seal bag (76 mm × 57 mm ×50 µm). Field catches were similar at all three study sites. Catches in traps baited with 3‐hydroxy‐2‐hexanone alone were not significantly different from those in unbaited control traps, but catches in traps baited with 3‐hydroxy‐2‐hexanone and ethanol in separate sachets, with 3‐hydroxy‐2‐hexanone and ethanol in the same sachet or with ethanol alone were significantly greater than those in control traps. These results confirm that the beetles are attracted to ethanol, and the addition of 3‐hydroxy‐2‐hexanone does not seem to make any difference.

CONCLUSIONS

Attraction of females for the male‐produced compound (R)‐3‐hydroxy‐2‐hexanone has been observed in laboratory but not in field experiments. Traps baited with ethanol are highly attractive to both sexes of adults of X. arvicola, and these can be used for improved monitoring of the adult emergence and for population control by mass trapping. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Implementation of refined Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm in a superconducting qutrit system
Authors: Zhao Jie , Tan Xinsheng , Lan Dong , Wu Haiteng , Xue Guangming , Yu Haifeng , Yu Yang
Published: November 2016

Superconducting quantum circuits are promising candidates for realizing quantum computation due to their intrinsic scalability. Here, we report the implementation of the refined Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm in a 3D superconducting transmon qutrit system. Such 3D superconducting systems usually preserve a relatively long coherence time. A qutrit can take advantage of the third level of a superconducting artificial atom and extends the Hilbert space. Compared with the two‐qubit system used for realizing Deutsch–Jozsa algorithm, the employment of qutrit simplifies the hardware design. This simplification and the intrinsic long coherence time jointly lead to a higher fidelity than in previous transmon implementation [DiCarlo et al., Nature 460 (7252), 240–244 (2009)].
Differences among Expert Judgments of Fish Habitat Suitability and Implications for River Management
Authors: Radinger J. , Kail J. , Wolter C.
Published: November 2016

Expert judgment is regularly used in ecology for assessing the suitability of habitats, in particular of rare or endangered species or species with limited empirical data. Yet, differences in expert judgment of habitat suitability and consequent implications for ecosystem management have not been evaluated and are largely ignored.

Here, we evaluated the variability of 13 expert judgments and the related uncertainty in hydraulic habitat suitability modelling using the riverine fish species Phoxinus phoxinus as a model species.

We found (i) the highest agreement among experts identifying the best and fully unsuited habitat conditions, but (ii) that disagreement among experts is surprisingly large, (iii) with largest differences related to the experts' perception of flow velocity and (iv) that semi‐suitable transition areas between high and low habitat suitability are most susceptible to disagreements.

We emphasize that expert judgment of habitat suitability is useful for many applications and especially highly suitable habitats would be reliably identified by experts. However, expert judgment‐based assessments should be iterative processes that include both different experts and feedback on the potential effects of their assessments. Furthermore, we recommend that expert judgment should not replace data‐driven empirical ecology but its benefits can rather complement it. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Separations in circular security for arbitrary length key cycles, revisited
Authors: Chang Jinyong , Dai Honglong , Xu Maozhi , Xue Rui
Published: November 2016

The circular security of public key encryptions has been drawn great attentions in recent years. The relationship of notions between circular securities and standard ones such as chosen plaintext security (CPA‐security) and chosen ciphertext security (CCA‐security) deserve to be clarified. For any integer n > 0 and n ≠ 2, whether the notions of n‐circular securities can be implied by that of their standard correspondences, such as CPA or CCA security in public key setting, has largely remained open. Koppula, Ramchen, and Waters in TCC'15 recently made a separation in CPA case by proposing a CPA secure scheme that is not n‐circular secure based on the recent candidate constructions of indistinguishable obfuscation.

In this work, we consider the CCA case. In particular, inspired by the indistinguishable‐obfuscation‐based construction of Koppula et al., we obtain the following results:

We make a separation between the n‐circular CCA security and CCA security for anyn>0. Specifically, we propose a hybrid encryption scheme that achieves the CCA security but fails even in the n‐circular CPA security. Hence, that makes a separation between the CCA security and the n‐circular CCA security (and even the n‐circular CPA security).

By revising the previous construction, we also present a CCA secure (hybrid encryption) scheme, which allows an adversary to recover all secret keys when obtaining an encrypted key cycle. Hence, that implies that: if a key cycle arises in a system, then a passive adversary might be able to recover all secret keys even if CCA‐secure encryptions are used.

The results in this work, together with that of Koppula et al., confirm that notions of circular securities are stronger than their standard correspondences. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Short lattice signatures with constant‐size public keys
Authors: Xie Dong , Peng Haipeng , Li Lixiang , Yang Yixian
Published: November 2016

A digital signature scheme allows a signer to sign electronic messages using his or her secret key, and any verifier can validate the correctness according to a given verification procedure. Although a variety of lattice‐based signature schemes have been proposed in the past few years, there does not exist a scheme that has short signatures and constant‐size public keys simultaneously. In this paper, we propose a new method for constructing short lattice signatures with constant‐size public keys in the standard model. In our scheme, each signature contains a low‐dimensional lattice vector and the public key only contains three matrices plus a vector. Compared with previous constructions, our scheme is very simple and does not require any complex homomorphic computation. In order for security proof to work, we introduce a new hard lattice problem, called variant small integer solution (Variant‐SIS), and give the security reduction from small integer solution to Variant‐SIS. Then we define a family of hash functions based on the hardness of Variant‐SIS and prove its security properties, including one‐wayness and collision resistance. As a matter of independent interest, the proposed hard problem may be useful in many other lattice‐based cryptographic constructions. Last, the comparison with similar works demonstrates the superiority of our scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A crustacean with eumalacostracan affinities from the Early Devonian Hunsrück Slate (SW Germany)
Authors: Haug Joachim T. , Poschmann Markus , Hörnig Marie K. , Lutz Herbert
Published: November 2016

We describe a new fossil crustacean from the famous Early Devonian Hunsrück Slate, Germany. Other crustacean fossils from this Lagerstätte are of the typical phyllocarid type. The new fossil genus and species Hohensteiniella engeli, represented by a single specimen, exhibits a typical shrimp‐like habitus. H. engeli therefore represents the first crustacean with eumalacostracan affinities from the Hunsrück Slate. Most prominently preserved is the biflagellate antennula, which measures about two‐thirds of the length of the main body. A series of stenopod‐like thoracopods enforce its shrimp‐like appearance. The head shield bears a short rostrum, but appears to have been rather short posteriorly. It remains unclear whether the new species forms an ingroup to Eumalacostraca or is its sister group, as certain key features are not preserved. Possible ingroup affinities may lie with the syncarid lineage (due to the short head shield) or decapod lineage (due to anterior thoracopods being shorter than posterior ones). Representatives of the eumalacostracan lineage are rare in the Devonian and are in most cases younger than H. engeli. Only Archangeliphausia spinosa is slightly older. The specimen of H. engeli is preserved associated with small spherical structures that could represent eggs. We discuss the possibility that H. engeli might have performed a type of parental care.
Differentiating Mathematics Instruction for Secondary‐Level English Language Learners in the Mainstream Classroom
Authors: Cardimona Kimberly
Published: November 2016

This study investigated the nature of dyadic interaction between secondary English language learners (ELLs) engaged in mathematics peer tutoring sessions. An analysis of 15 ELL expert/novice student‐tutoring dyads and three mathematics teacher/ELL novice dyads revealed the importance of questions and wait time in developing novice tutee ownership of mathematical problem‐solving activities. Under current U.S. policy, mathematics teachers are encouraged to adapt to reform‐oriented teaching practices that emphasize discourse and communication, as noted in the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics standards published in 1989, and to prepare ELLs to participate in high‐stakes large‐scale assessments. Often used as gatekeepers to high school graduation, secondary school math teachers are not only under pressure to adapt their teaching strategies to reflect reform‐oriented methods, but also under an immense time constraint to prepare all students for graduation. The results of this study are supported by Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development and can offer secondary mathematics teachers of ELLs practical strategies that reflect reform‐oriented teaching practices and support active participation, vocabulary development, and independent ownership of mathematics problem‐solving activities.
Urban water pricing in Chile: cost recovery, affordability, and water conservation
Authors: Donoso Guillermo
Published: November 2016

To address water scarcity issues, policymakers are increasingly considering pricing as an important tool. However, implementing tariff reforms is often difficult in practice due to political factors and the absence of governance structures that can result in quality service provision. Additionally, institutional replication of successful water pricing policies has been difficult due to incomplete information and the contextual uniqueness of local institutions, politics, and social relations. The case study reported here seeks to fill this gap by analyzing Chile's water supply and sanitation (WSS) regulatory framework and evaluating its performance. We show that Chile's policy of providing WSS services through privatized regional and local water companies has been a notable success, but faces new challenges. Thus, Chile's urban water pricing regulation represents an interesting case study for countries that are analyzing their water and sanitation regulation. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1194. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1194

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Human Water > Value of Water
In vitro reconstitution of the cyclosporine specific P450 hydroxylases using heterologous redox partner proteins
Authors: Sun Yue , Ma Li , Han Dongfei , Du Lei , Qi Fengxia , Zhang Wei , Sun Jingran , Huang Shan , Kim Eung-Soo , Li Shengying
Published: November 2016

The cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYPs) CYP-sb21 from Sebekia benihana and CYP-pa1 from Pseudonocardia autotrophica are able to hydroxylate the immunosuppressant cyclosporin A (CsA) in a regioselective manner, giving rise to the production of two hair-stimulating agents (with dramatically attenuated immunosuppressant activity), γ-hydroxy-N-methyl-l-Leu4-CsA (CsA-4-OH) and γ-hydroxy-N-methyl-l-Leu9-CsA (CsA-9-OH). Recently, the in vitro activity of CYP-sb21 was identified using several surrogate redox partner proteins. Herein, we reconstituted the in vitro activity of CYP-pa1 for the first time via a similar strategy. Moreover, the supporting activities of a set of ferredoxin (Fdx)/ferredoxin reductase (FdR) pairs from the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942 were comparatively analyzed to identify the optimal redox systems for these two CsA hydroxylases. The results suggest the great value of cyanobacterial redox partner proteins for both academic research and industrial application of P450 biocatalysts.
Bio‐/Environment‐Friendly Cationic Gemini Surfactant as Novel Corrosion Inhibitor for Mild Steel in 1 M HCl Solution
Authors: Mobin Mohammad , Aslam Ruby , Zehra Saman , Ahmad Musheer
Published: November 2016

Bio‐/environment‐friendly cationic gemini surfactant, ethane‐1,2‐diyl bis(N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐hexadecylammoniumacetoxy)dichloride, referred to as 16‐E2‐16, was synthesized and characterized. Corrosion inhibition effects of 16‐E2‐16 on mild steel (MS) surface in 1 M HCl solution at 30, 40, 50 and 60 °C were evaluated using gravimetric analysis, potentiodynamic polarisation and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements. The nature of the protective inhibitor film formed on the MS surface was analysed by SEM, EDAX and FT‐IR, while TGA was used to assure the thermal behaviour and stability of the film at high temperature. The formation of [inhibitor‐Fe2+] on the surface of MS was confirmed by UV–visible spectroscopy. The inhibition efficiency of the studied inhibitor increased with increasing concentration and solution temperature. The compound behaved as a mixed type inhibitor and acted by blocking the electrode surface by means of adsorption obeying the Langmuir adsorption isotherm. Surface active properties and corrosion inhibition effects of 16‐E2‐16 in the presence of inorganic (NaI) and organic (NaSal) salts were also investigated and are discussed. Density functional theory calculations have been carried out to correlate the efficiency of the compound with its intrinsic molecular parameters.
A resistant method for landmark‐based analysis of individual asymmetry in two dimensions
Authors: Torcida Sebastián , Gonzalez Paula , Lotto Federico
Published: November 2016

Background

Symmetry of biological structures can be thought as the repetition of their parts in different positions and orientations. Asymmetry analyses, therefore, focuses on identifying and measuring the location and extent of symmetry departures in such structures. In the context of geometric morphometrics, a key step when studying morphological variation is the estimation of the symmetric shape. The standard procedure uses the least‐squares Procrustes superimposition, which by averaging shape differences often underestimates the symmetry departures thus leading to an inaccurate description of the asymmetry pattern. Moreover, the corresponding asymmetry values are neither geometrically intuitive nor visually perceivable.

Methods

In this work, a resistant method for landmark‐based asymmetry analysis of individual bilateral symmetric structures in 2D is introduced. A geometrical derivation of this new approach is offered, while its advantages in comparison with the standard method are examined and discussed through a few illustrative examples.

Results

Experimental tests on both artificial and real data show that asymmetry is more effectively measured by using the resistant method because the underlying symmetric shape is better estimated. Therefore, the most asymmetric (respectively symmetric) landmarks are better determined through their large (respectively small) residuals. The percentage of asymmetry that is accounted for by each landmark is an additional revealing measure the new method offers which agrees with the displayed results while helping in their biological interpretation.

Conclusions

The resistant method is a useful exploratory tool for analyzing shape asymmetry in 2D, and it might be the preferable method whenever a non homogeneous deformation of bilateral symmetric structures is possible. By offering a more detailed and rather exhaustive explanation of the asymmetry pattern, this new approach will hopefully contribute to improve the quality of biological or developmental inferences.
Mediated effects of perceived discrimination on adolescent academic achievement: A test of four models
Authors: Hood William , Bradley Graham L. , Ferguson Samantha
Published: November 2016

Many adolescents feel they are subjected to acts of discrimination. Research shows that discrimination is associated with adverse outcomes including poor psychological adjustment, school adjustment, and academic achievement. This study investigated alternative pathways through which discrimination affects adolescents' academic achievement. A sample of 244 Year 7–10 Australian secondary school students (65% male; Mage = 13.6 years; SD = 1.24) completed questionnaires measuring discrimination, psychological adjustment, and sense of school membership. Both at the time of questionnaire completion and one semester later, absenteeism data, teacher ratings of classroom behavior, and academic grades were retrieved from school records. The fit of four competing structural models were compared. In the best fitting model, the effects of prior discrimination on academic achievement one semester later were serially mediated, first through psychological adjustment, and then through school adjustment. By elucidating these mechanisms, the study informs theory and practice regarding the effects of discrimination on adolescents.
A Nurse‐Initiated Perioperative Pressure Injury Risk Assessment and Prevention Protocol
Authors: Meehan Anita J. , Beinlich Nancy R. , Hammonds Tracy L.
Published: November 2016

Pressure injuries negatively affect patients physically, emotionally, and economically. Studies report that pressure injuries occur in 69% of inpatients who have undergone a surgical procedure while hospitalized. In 2012, we created a nurse‐initiated, perioperative pressure injury risk assessment measure for our midwestern, urban, adult teaching hospital. We retrospectively applied the risk assessment to a random sample of 350 surgical patients which validated the measure. The prospective use of the risk assessment and prevention measures in 350 surgical patients resulted in a 60% reduction in pressure injuries compared with the retrospective group. Our findings support the use of a multipronged approach for the prevention of health care–associated pressure injuries in the surgical population, which includes assessment of risk, implementation of evidence‐based prevention interventions for at‐risk patients, and continuation of prevention beyond the perioperative setting to the nursing care unit.
Theory of Mind Deficit is Associated with Pretend Play Performance, but not Playfulness, in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Chan Ping-Chen , Chen Cheng-Te , Feng Hua , Lee Ya-Chen , Chen Kuan-Lin
Published: November 2016

Objective/Background

This study aimed to examine the relationships of theory of mind (ToM) to both pretend play and playfulness in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD).

Methods

Twenty children with ASD aged between 3 years and 7.11 years were assessed with the ToM test, and then placed in a free play condition and a pretend play condition to assess pretend play and playfulness with the Child-Initiated Pretend Play Assessment and Test of Playfulness, respectively. In addition, the children's symptom severities of ASD and verbal abilities were also assessed with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS) and Receptive and Expressive Vocabulary Test—second edition, respectively.

Results

The results of the regression analysis confirmed that ToM significantly predicted pretend play variables, namely, Number of Object Substitutions (R2 = .158, p = .002) and Number of Imitated Actions (R2 = .175, p = .001), but not playfulness. The CARS score was a significant predictor of the Percentage of Elaborate Pretend Play Actions of pretend play (R2 = .075, p = .034), as well as the internal control (R2 = .125, p = .006) and framing (R2 = .071, p = .039) variables of playfulness.

Conclusion

The findings support the idea that children with ASD who have better ToM might be able to develop better pretend play, but not better playfulness, which might be more strongly related to their autistic severity.
Nonlinear effects in buoyancy-driven variable-density turbulence
Authors: Rao P. , Caulfield C. P. , Gibbon J. D.
Published: November 2016

We consider the time dependence of a hierarchy of scaled $L^{2m}$-norms $D_{m,\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}}$ and $D_{m,\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}}$ of the vorticity $\unicode[STIX]{x1D74E}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}\times \boldsymbol{u}$ and the density gradient $\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$, where $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}=\log (\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}^{\ast }/\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{0}^{\ast })$, in a buoyancy-driven turbulent flow as simulated by Livescu & Ristorcelli (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 591, 2007, pp. 43–71). Here, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}^{\ast }(\boldsymbol{x},t)$ is the composition density of a mixture of two incompressible miscible fluids with fluid densities $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}^{\ast }>\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1}^{\ast }$, and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{0}^{\ast }$ is a reference normalization density. Using data from the publicly available Johns Hopkins turbulence database, we present evidence that the $L^{2}$-spatial average of the density gradient $\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ can reach extremely large values at intermediate times, even in flows with low Atwood number $At=(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}^{\ast }-\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1}^{\ast })/(\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{2}^{\ast }+\unicode[STIX]{x1D70C}_{1}^{\ast })=0.05$, implying that very strong mixing of the density field at small scales can arise in buoyancy-driven turbulence. This large growth raises the possibility that the density gradient $\unicode[STIX]{x1D735}\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}$ might blow up in a finite time.
Capillary jet breakup by noise amplification
Authors: Le Dizès S. , Villermaux E.
Published: November 2016

A liquid jet falling by gravity ultimately destabilizes by capillary forces. Accelerating as it falls, the jet thins and stretches, causing a capillary instability to develop on a spatially varying substrate. We discuss quantitatively the interplay between instability growth, jet thinning and longitudinal stretching for two kinds of perturbations, either solely introduced at the jet nozzle exit or affecting the jet all along its length. The analysis is conducted for any values of the liquid properties for a sufficiently large flow rate. In all cases, we determine the net gain of the most dangerous perturbation for all downstream distances, thus predicting the jet length, the wavelength at breakup and the resulting droplet size.
Challenging Lecturer Assumptions About Preservice Teacher Learning in Mandatory Indigenous Studies
Authors: Thorpe Katrina , Burgess Cathie
Published: November 2016

This paper explores and challenges our assumptions as lecturers about preservice teachers’ knowledge and beliefs entering a mandatory Indigenous Studies subject. A total of 38 focus groups were conducted over two years (2011–2012) with preservice teachers enrolled in teaching degrees at the University of Sydney. Findings were analysed to identify and critically reflect on our assumptions about preservice teachers' prior understanding of the content and approaches to learning. To challenge our assumptions, this paper applies Brookfield's (1995) student and autobiographical lenses to engage in critical reflection and Nakata's (2002, 2007) ‘cultural interface’ to better understand the complexities, tensions and transformations that occur for learners in the Indigenous Studies classroom. Findings illuminated that assumptions about the level of resistance and indifference to course content were often overstated and rather, many preservice teachers were more likely to be insecure and reticent to express their ideas in this complex and potentially uncomfortable learning environment. Implications from the study highlight the need for ongoing critical reflection of lecturer assumptions about preservice teachers’ dispositions and how they engage with the subject to better understand the diversity of their knowledge and experiences and what this means for teaching and learning in this context.
Editorial
Authors: Mackinlay Elizabeth , Nakata Martin
Published: November 2016

We are honoured to present this issue of The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education. It is a sentiment we express each time an issue is released but rarely do we unpack what this is exactly. Formerly, the Aboriginal Child at School, The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education has resisted and persisted the tide of state, Federal and global politics which ebb and flow through our work in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander education, and Indigenous education more broadly. Appearing sometimes as friend, sometimes as foe, and perhaps many more times as both, such practices, policies and politics present ongoing challenges for us but nevertheless, we are still here searching for and speaking particular kinds of justice into the space for the Indigenous children, their families and communities that matter to us. The current educational climate of neoliberalism — replete as it is with individualism, competition, measurement and accountability — is certainly no different but we are still here — persisting and resisting. We are still on our way to the kind of education we seek for Indigenous peoples at all levels locally, nationally and globally and the papers in this issue represent that search. To quote bell hooks in Teaching to Transgress, a much loved scholar in critical pedagogy, ‘the academy is not paradise. But learning is a place where paradise can be created. The classroom, with all its limitation, remains a location of possibility’ (1994, p. 207). The ongoing search to move beyond boundaries characterises much of the work that appears in The Australian Journal of Indigenous Education and it is this sentiment which we are honoured to present.
Administration of State Sponsored Local Justice System: An Appraisal on the Legal Framework of Village Courts in Bangladesh
Authors: Mollah Md. Al-Ifran
Published: November 2016

Access to justice is one of the significant pre-requisites for sustainable human development and it has been made available in the form of both the formal and informal systems stretching from the very top of the judiciary to the local justice system in Bangladesh. The formal justice system, even though it plays the most pivotal role, has been facing huge pressure from case backlogs, which ultimately hampers the true spirit of justice. On the other hand, most people's perception towards informal justice system is also fairly poor with lack of trust due to partisan political interference, corruption, religious dogmas, and social elitism, which have made this system almost ineffective. Consequently, state-sponsored local justice system has come forward with a view to combining the both streams in a single channel in the form of restorative justice and a quorum of quasi-formal justice system aimed at ensuring and dispensing justice to the people in rural areas in an affordable and convenient manner. In line with this view, village courts have been established to redress petty civil and criminal issues. This article attempts to examine the feasibility of the present legal framework of village courts to deliver justice efficiently at the grassroots level.
Rethinking Legal Citation: A Bibliographic Essay
Authors: Stichter Charlotte
Published: November 2016

The easy accessibility of sources via web links and the fluidity of online formats offer an opportunity to revisit the purpose of legal citation and to consider competing citation models from a fresh perspective. This bibliographic article identifies the leading citation guides in use in the United States along a historical continuum and documents selected works that extol, critique, or excoriate—but for the most part continue to recommend adherence to—these guides. Secondary sources are included for the purpose of outlining the scope of the debate concerning which of the many citation guides now in use is preferable, and to help predict the path that legal citation is likely to take in coming years, particularly given the realities of a hyperlinked world and easily accessible source documents. Using these materials as a framework, the article invites the reader to think creatively about the purpose and future of legal citation.
Honour and subsistence: invention, credit and surgery in the nineteenth century
Authors: FRAMPTON SALLY
Published: November 2016

The origins of contemporary exclusion of surgical methods from patenting lie in the complexities of managing credit claims in operative surgery, recognized in the nineteenth century. While surgical methods were not deemed patentable, surgeons were nevertheless embedded within patent culture. In an atmosphere of heightened awareness about the importance of ‘inventors’, how surgeons should be recognized and rewarded for their inventions was an important question. I examine an episode during the 1840s which seemed to concretize the inapplicability of patents to surgical practice, before looking at alternatives to patenting, used by surgeons to gain social and financial credit for inventions.
THE DEMISE OF “PARASITIC ACCESSORIAL LIABILITY”: SUBSTANTIVE JUDICIAL LAW REFORM, NOT COMMON LAW HOUSEKEEPING
Authors: Stark Findlay
Published: November 2016

In Jogee and Ruddock, the Supreme Court/Privy Council decided that the law on secondary liability took a “wrong turn” in 1984 in the Privy Council's decision in Chan Wing-Siu. Chan Wing-Siu's contemplation/foresight-based fault element for secondary liability was alleged by the Supreme Court/Privy Council to have bucked a legal trend towards requiring that the secondary party intended to encourage or assist every one of the principal's offences. This article presents an alternative history of secondary liability that explains a wider selection of cases from 1553–1984 than were considered in Jogee and Ruddock. On this alternative account, Chan Wing-Siu was simply a more explicit and intellectually honest decision than its predecessors. If this alternative view of history is accepted, the Supreme Court/Privy Council's claim to be merely “correcting” (rather than substantively reforming) the law of secondary liability should be rejected. Doing so would make more critical a question that was side-stepped in Jogee and Ruddock, namely whether this reform should have been undertaken by the judiciary, rather than the legislature.
THE PRIVY COUNCIL AND THE DOCTRINE OF LEGITIMATE EXPECTATIONS MEET AGAIN
Authors: Bell Joanna
Published: November 2016

UNITED Policyholder Group v Attorney General for Trinidad and Tobago [2016] UKPC 17 provided the Privy Council with its second opportunity in recent years to consider the doctrine of legitimate expectations (the first being Paponette v Attorney General of Trinidad and Tobago [2010] UKPC 32; [2012] 1 A.C. 1). The appellants were a group of individuals who held policies in a company known as the Colonial Life Insurance Company (CLICO). On learning in 2009 that CLICO was in serious financial difficulty, the then Government of Trinidad and Tobago had publicly issued a number of assurances to the effect that it would undertake a vast restructuring programme in order to ensure that CLICO's contractual liabilities to such policyholders were fulfilled. Following its election in 2010, the new Government changed direction; it found that CLICO's financial difficulties were much graver than had been originally anticipated and, accordingly, determined that the Government would take a different course with the consequence that CLICO's liabilities would be fulfilled to a less generous degree than originally represented.
CONFIDENTIALITY AND INTRUSION: BUILDING STORM DEFENCES RATHER THAN TRYING TO HOLD BACK THE TIDE
Authors: Butler Oliver Michael
Published: November 2016

THE image of King Canute trying to hold back the tide is a popular one used to critique attempts by national courts to restrain the publication of private information in the face of a global and online media. The truth, or at least the allegation, will out. The issue is certainly not a new one. The futility of an injunction in England and Wales, given extensive publication out of the jurisdiction, played a key role in the Spycatcher litigation in the late 1980s. Such futility is a feature of confidentiality or secrecy: the tide of information cannot be held back in an information age. In PJS v News Group Newspapers [2016] UKSC 26, the Supreme Court, endorsing an approach developed by the High Court in several earlier authorities, distinguished between protecting confidentiality and preventing intrusion as twin rationales for the tort of misuse of private information. The intrusion of a pending media storm in the jurisdiction, repeating allegations already widely available, was a further misuse of private information and could usefully be restrained in England and Wales. Even where confidentiality had already been lost, privacy injunctions could continue to play a useful role as a defence against the significant additional intrusion, at least where it could be practicably restrained, and the pending media storm that would accompany a lifting of the injunction represented one such case.
Munji
Authors: Williamson Paul
Published: November 2016

Munji (aka Munjani or Munjiwar; ISO 639-3: [mnj]) is spoken in the Kuran wa Munjan district of Badakhshan province in Afghanistan. Munji is classified as an Indo-European, Indo-Iranian, Iranian, Eastern, Southeastern, Pamir language (Lewis 2009). There are about 5,300 Munji speakers (Beyer & Beck 2011). There are two main dialects, which divide into the northern and southern halves of the valley (see Figure 1). These dialects exhibit some regular sound changes and a small percentage of lexical differences. Munji speakers are aware of the differences, but there is no trouble in mutual understanding.
Fundamental rate-loss trade-off for the quantum internet
Authors: Azuma Koji , Mizutani Akihiro , Lo Hoi-Kwong
Published: November 2016

The quantum internet holds promise for achieving quantum communication—such as quantum teleportation and quantum key distribution (QKD)—freely between any clients all over the globe, as well as for the simulation of the evolution of quantum many-body systems. The most primitive function of the quantum internet is to provide quantum entanglement or a secret key to two points efficiently, by using intermediate nodes connected by optical channels with each other. Here we derive a fundamental rate-loss trade-off for a quantum internet protocol, by generalizing the Takeoka–Guha–Wilde bound to be applicable to any network topology. This trade-off has essentially no scaling gap with the quantum communication efficiencies of protocols known to be indispensable to long-distance quantum communication, such as intercity QKD and quantum repeaters. Our result—putting a practical but general limitation on the quantum internet—enables us to grasp the potential of the future quantum internet.
Transduction of group I mGluR-mediated synaptic plasticity by β-arrestin2 signalling
Authors: Eng Andrew G. , Kelver Daniel A. , Hedrick Tristan P. , Swanson Geoffrey T.
Published: November 2016

Conventional signalling by the group I metabotropic glutamate receptors, mGluR1 and mGluR5, occurs through G-protein coupling, but evidence suggests they might also utilize other, non-canonical effector pathways. Here we test whether group I mGluRs require β-arrestin signalling during specific forms of plasticity at hippocampal excitatory synapses. We find that genetic ablation of β-arrestin2, but not β-arrestin1, results in deficits in plasticity mediated by mGlu1 receptors in CA3 pyramidal neurons and by mGlu5 receptors in CA1 pyramidal neurons. Pharmacological studies additionally support roles for Src kinases and MAPK/ERK downstream of β-arrestin2 in CA3 neurons. mGluR1 modulation of intrinsic conductances is otherwise preserved in β-arrestin2−/− mice with the exception of a rebound depolarization, and non-mGluR-mediated long-term potentiation is unaltered. These results reveal a signalling pathway engaged by group I mGluRs to effect changes in synaptic and cell intrinsic physiology dependent upon β-arrestin rather than G proteins. Pharmacological manipulation of mGluRs with effector-biased ligands could lead to novel therapies to treat neurological disease.
MicroRNA regulation of endothelial TREX1 reprograms the tumour microenvironment
Authors: Wilson RaeAnna , Espinosa-Diez Cristina , Kanner Nathan , Chatterjee Namita , Ruhl Rebecca , Hipfinger Christina , Advani Sunil J. , Li Jie , Khan Omar F. , Franovic Aleksandra , Weis Sara M. , Kumar Sushil , Coussens Lisa M. , Anderson Daniel G. , Chen Clark C. , Cheresh David A. , Anand Sudarshan
Published: November 2016

Rather than targeting tumour cells directly, elements of the tumour microenvironment can be modulated to sensitize tumours to the effects of therapy. Here we report a unique mechanism by which ectopic microRNA-103 can manipulate tumour-associated endothelial cells to enhance tumour cell death. Using gain-and-loss of function approaches, we show that miR-103 exacerbates DNA damage and inhibits angiogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Local, systemic or vascular-targeted delivery of miR-103 in tumour-bearing mice decreased angiogenesis and tumour growth. Mechanistically, miR-103 regulation of its target gene TREX1 in endothelial cells governs the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines into the tumour microenvironment. Our data suggest that this inflammatory milieu may potentiate tumour cell death by supporting immune activation and inducing tumour expression of Fas and TRAIL receptors. Our findings reveal miR-mediated crosstalk between vasculature and tumour cells that can be exploited to improve the efficacy of chemotherapy and radiation.
A stable lithium-rich surface structure for lithium-rich layered cathode materials
Authors: Kim Sangryun , Cho Woosuk , Zhang Xiaobin , Oshima Yoshifumi , Choi Jang Wook
Published: November 2016

Lithium ion batteries are encountering ever-growing demand for further increases in energy density. Li-rich layered oxides are considered a feasible solution to meet this demand because their specific capacities often surpass 200 mAh g−1 due to the additional lithium occupation in the transition metal layers. However, this lithium arrangement, in turn, triggers cation mixing with the transition metals, causing phase transitions during cycling and loss of reversible capacity. Here we report a Li-rich layered surface bearing a consistent framework with the host, in which nickel is regularly arranged between the transition metal layers. This surface structure mitigates unwanted phase transitions, improving the cycling stability. This surface modification enables a reversible capacity of 218.3 mAh g−1 at 1C (250 mA g−1) with improved cycle retention (94.1% after 100 cycles). The present surface design can be applied to various battery electrodes that suffer from structural degradations propagating from the surface.
Simultaneous Faraday filtering of the Mollow triplet sidebands with the Cs-D1 clock transition
Authors: Portalupi Simone Luca , Widmann Matthias , Nawrath Cornelius , Jetter Michael , Michler Peter , Wrachtrup Jörg , Gerhardt Ilja
Published: November 2016

Hybrid quantum systems integrating semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) and atomic vapours become important building blocks for scalable quantum networks due to the complementary strengths of individual parts. QDs provide on-demand single-photon emission with near-unity indistinguishability comprising unprecedented brightness—while atomic vapour systems provide ultra-precise frequency standards and promise long coherence times for the storage of qubits. Spectral filtering is one of the key components for the successful link between QD photons and atoms. Here we present a tailored Faraday anomalous dispersion optical filter based on the caesium-D1 transition for interfacing it with a resonantly pumped QD. The presented Faraday filter enables a narrow-bandwidth (Δω=2π × 1 GHz) simultaneous filtering of both Mollow triplet sidebands. This result opens the way to use QDs as sources of single as well as cascaded photons in photonic quantum networks aligned to the primary frequency standard of the caesium clock transition.
Dichotomy in ultrafast atomic dynamics as direct evidence of polaron formation in manganites
Authors: Li Junjie , Yin Wei-Guo , Wu Lijun , Zhu Pengfei , Konstantinova Tatianna , Tao Jing , Yang Junjie , Cheong Sang-Wook , Carbone Fabrizio , Misewich James A , Hill John P , Wang Xijie , Cava Robert J , Zhu Yimei
Published: November 2016

Polaron transport, in which electron motion is strongly coupled to the underlying lattice deformation or phonons, is crucial for understanding electrical and optical conductivities in many solids. However, little is known experimentally about the dynamics of individual phonon modes during polaron motion. It remains elusive whether polarons have a key role in materials with strong electronic correlations. Here we report the use of a new experimental technique, ultrafast MeV-electron diffraction, to quantify the dynamics of both electronic and atomic motions in the correlated LaSr2Mn2O7. Using photoexcitation to set the electronic system in motion, we find that Jahn-Teller-like O, Mn4+ and La/Sr displacements dominate the lattice response and exhibit a dichotomy in behaviour—overshoot-and-recovery for one sublattice versus normal behaviour for the other. This dichotomy, attributed to slow electronic relaxation, proves that polaron transport is a key process in doped manganites. Our technique promises to be applicable for specifying the nature of electron–phonon coupling in complex materials.
A Subset of Malignant Mesothelioma Tumors Retain Osteogenic Potential
Authors: Lansley S. M. , Pedersen B. , Robinson C. , Searles R. G. , Sterrett G. , van Bruggen I. , Lake R. A. , Mutsaers S. E. , Prêle C. M.
Published: November 2016

Malignant mesothelioma (MM) is an aggressive serosal tumor associated with asbestos exposure. We previously demonstrated that mesothelial cells differentiate into cells of different mesenchymal lineages and hypothesize that osseous tissue observed in a subset of MM patients is due to local differentiation of MM cells. In this study, the capacity of human and mouse MM cells to differentiate into osteoblast-like cells was determined in vitro using a functional model of bone nodule formation and in vivo using an established model of MM. Human and murine MM cell lines cultured in osteogenic medium expressed alkaline phosphatase and formed mineralized bone-like nodules. Several human and mouse MM cell lines also expressed a number of osteoblast phenotype markers, including runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), osteopontin, osteonectin and bone sialoprotein mRNA and protein. Histological analysis of murine MM tumors identified areas of ossification within the tumor, similar to those observed in human MM biopsies. These data demonstrate the ability of MM to differentiate into another mesenchymal cell type and suggest that MM cells may contribute to the formation of the heterologous elements observed in MM tumors.