bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Charge transfer excitations in TDDFT: A ghost‐hunter index
Authors: Campetella Marco , Maschietto Federica , Frisch Mike J. , Scalmani Giovanni , Ciofini Ilaria , Adamo Carlo
Published: August 2017

This work presents a new index, MAC, enabling the on‐the‐fly detection of ghost charge transfer (CT) states, a major problem in time‐dependent density‐functional theory calculations. This computationally inexpensive index, derived as a modification of the Mulliken estimation of transition energy for CT excitations, relies on two basic ingredients: an effective CT distance, computed using our density‐based index (DCT), and an orbital weighted estimation of the Ionization Potential and Electron Affinity. Some model systems, representative of both intermolecular and intramolecular CT excitations, were chosen as test cases. The robustness of our approach was verified by analyzing the behavior of functionals belonging to different classes (GGA, global hybrids and range separated hybrids). The results obtained show that ghost states are correctly spotted, also in the delicate case of intramolecular excitations displaying substantial donor‐bridge‐acceptor delocalization, in a regime for which the standard Mulliken formulation attends its limits. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Solvatochromism and preferential solvation of Brooker's merocyanine in water–methanol mixtures
Authors: Tanaka Yuichi , Kawashima Yukio , Yoshida Norio , Nakano Haruyuki
Published: August 2017

The excitation energy of Brooker's merocyanine in water–methanol mixtures shows nonlinear behavior with respect to the mole fraction of methanol, and it was suggested that this behavior is related to preferential solvation by methanol. We investigated the origin of this behavior and its relation to preferential solvation using the three‐dimensional reference interaction site model self‐consistent field method and time‐dependent density functional theory. The calculated excitation energies were in good agreement with the experimental behavior. Analysis of the coordination numbers revealed preferential solvation by methanol. The free energy component analysis implied that solvent reorganization and solvation entropy drive the preferential solvation by methanol, while the direct solute–solvent interaction promotes solvation by water. The difference in the preferential solvation effect on the ground and excited states causes the nonlinear excitation energy shift. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The prevalence and molecular characterization of (δβ)0‐thalassemia and hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin in the Chinese Zhuang population
Authors: He Sheng , Wei Yuan , Lin Li , Chen Qiuli , Yi Shang , Zuo Yangjin , Wei Hongwei , Zheng Chenguang , Chen Biyan , Qiu XiaoXia
Published: August 2017

Objective

To reveal the prevalence and molecular characterization of (δβ)0‐thalassemia [(δβ)0‐thal] and hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin (HPFH) in the Chinese Zhuang population.

Methods

A total of 105 subjects with fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) level ≥5% from 14 204 unrelated ones were selected for the study. Multiplex ligation dependent probe amplification was firstly used to analyze dosage changes of the β‐globin gene cluster for associated with (δβ)0‐thal and HPFH mutations. The gap polymerase chain reaction was then performed to identify the deletions using the respective flanking primers. Hematologic data were recorded and correlated with the molecular findings.

Results

Twenty‐one (0.15%) subjects were diagnosed with Chinese Gγ(Aγδβ)0‐thal. Nine (0.06%) were diagnosed with Southeast Asia HPFH (SEA‐HPFH) deletion. Seventy‐five (0.53%) cases remained uncharacterized. Three genotypes for Chinese Gγ(Aγδβ)0‐thal and SEA‐HPFH deletion were identified, respectively. The genotype‐phenotype relationships were discussed.

Conclusion

Our study for the first time demonstrated that (δβ)0 and HPFH were not rare events, and molecular characterized Gγ(Aγδβ)0‐thal and HFPH mutations in the Chinese Zhuang population. The findings in our study will be useful in genetic counseling and prenatal diagnostic service of β‐thalassemia in this populations.
Femoral fracture type can be predicted from femoral structure: A finite element study validated by digital volume correlation experiments
Authors: Ridzwan Mohamad Ikhwan Zaini , Sukjamsri Chamaiporn , Pal Bidyut , van Arkel Richard J. , Bell Andrew , Khanna Monica , Baskaradas Aroon , Abel Richard , Boughton Oliver , Cobb Justin , Hansen Ulrich N.
Published: August 2017

Proximal femoral fractures can be categorized into two main types: Neck and intertrochanteric fractures accounting for 53% and 43% of all proximal femoral fractures, respectively. The possibility to predict the type of fracture a specific patient is predisposed to would allow drug and exercise therapies, hip protector design, and prophylactic surgery to be better targeted for this patient rendering fracture preventing strategies more effective. This study hypothesized that the type of fracture is closely related to the patient‐specific femoral structure and predictable by finite element (FE) methods. Fourteen femora were DXA scanned, CT scanned, and mechanically tested to fracture. FE‐predicted fracture patterns were compared to experimentally observed fracture patterns. Measurements of strain patterns to explain neck and intertrochanteric fracture patterns were performed using a digital volume correlation (DVC) technique and compared to FE‐predicted strains and experimentally observed fracture patterns. Although loaded identically, the femora exhibited different fracture types (six neck and eight intertrochanteric fractures). CT‐based FE models matched the experimental observations well (86%) demonstrating that the fracture type can be predicted. DVC‐measured and FE‐predicted strains showed obvious consistency. Neither DXA‐based BMD nor any morphologic characteristics such as neck diameter, femoral neck length, or neck shaft angle were associated with fracture type. In conclusion, patient‐specific femoral structure correlates with fracture type and FE analyses were able to predict these fracture types. Also, the demonstration of FE and DVC as metrics of the strains in bones may be of substantial clinical value, informing treatment strategies and device selection and design. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:993–1001, 2018.
Forecasting tourism demand with Google trends: Accuracy comparison of countries versus cities
Authors: Önder Irem
Published: August 2017

Previously, Google Trends indices have been found to be useful in improving the tourism demand forecast accuracy relative to a purely autoregressive baseline model. The purpose of this study is to extend previous research in terms of comparing the forecasting accuracy of cities and countries using Google Trends Web and image indices. The study compares forecasting models with Web and/or image search indices regarding 2 cities (Vienna and Barcelona) and 2 countries (Austria and Belgium). Overall, the forecast accuracy of Vienna with the Web and/or image indices was the best among the 4 destinations, followed by Belgium, Barcelona, and Austria.
Assessment of Gully Erosion Susceptibility Using Multivariate Adaptive Regression Splines and Accounting for Terrain Connectivity
Authors: Conoscenti Christian , Agnesi Valerio , Cama Mariaelena , Caraballo‐Arias Nathalie Alamaru , Rotigliano Edoardo
Published: August 2017

In this work, we assessed gully erosion susceptibility in two adjacent cultivated catchments of Sicily (Italy) by employing multivariate adaptive regression splines and a set of geo‐environmental variables. To explore the influence of hydrological connectivity on gully occurrence, we measured the changes of performance occurred when adding one by one nine predictors reflecting terrain connectivity to a base model that included contributing area and slope gradient. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the ROC curve were used to evaluate model performance. Gully predictive models were trained in both the catchments and submitted to internal (in the calibration catchment) and external (in the adjacent one) validation, using samples extracted both from all cells of the catchments and only from cells located along flow concentration axes. Model evaluation on the entire catchments shows outstanding predictive performance of models that either include or do not include the predictors selected to reflect potential hydrological connectivity. Conversely, area under the ROC curve values measured on flow concentration axes reveals that almost all the additional predictors improve the performance of the base model, but the most enhanced increase of accuracy occurs when upstream drainage density of each landscape position is included as predictor of gully occurrence. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flexible Polysaccharide Hydrogel with pH‐Regulated Recovery of Self‐Healing and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Ding Fuyuan , Shi Xiaowen , Wu Si , Liu Xinghai , Deng Hongbing , Du Yumin , Li Houbin
Published: August 2017

A self‐healable hydrogel with recoverable self‐healing and mechanical properties is reported. The hydrogel (coded as ACSH) crosslinked by Schiff base linkage contains two polysaccharides of acrylamide‐modified chitosan (AMCS) and oxidized alginate (ADA). Self‐healing and mechanical properties are heavily influenced by the crosslinking time. The hydrogel crosslinked for 2 h possesses better mechanical and self‐healing properties than hydrogel crosslinked for 24 h. Macroscopic test shows that hydrogel without self‐healing ability can recover the self‐repair and mechanical properties by adjusting the pHs. The recovery of self‐healing and mechanical properties relies on the pH sensitivity of the Schiff base linkage. Adjusting the pH to acid, the Schiff base linkage becomes unstable and breaks. Regulating the pH to neutral, reconstruction of Schiff base linkage leads to recovery of the self‐repair and mechanical properties. The recoverable self‐healing property can be cycled once breakage and reconstruction of the Schiff base linkage can be conducted. In addition, this study demonstrates that the hydrogel can be remodeled into different shapes based on self‐healing property of the hydrogel. It is anticipated that this self‐healable hydrogel with recoverable self‐healing and mechanical properties may open a new way to investigate self‐healing hydrogel and find potential applications in different biomedical fields.
Monocarboxylate transporter 1 is a key player in glioma‐endothelial cell crosstalk
Authors: Miranda‐Gonçalves Vera , Bezerra Filipa , Costa‐Almeida Raquel , Freitas‐Cunha Marta , Soares Raquel , Martinho Olga , Reis Rui M. , Pinheiro Céline , Baltazar Fátima
Published: August 2017

Glioblastoma (GBM) is one of the most glycolytic and angiogenic human tumors, characteristics that contribute to the poor prognosis associated with this type of tumor. A lactate shuttle has been described between tumor cells and endothelial cells (ECs), with the monocarboxylate transporters (MCTs) acting as important players in this tumor‐EC communication. In this study, we aimed to understand how the tumor microenvironment modulates EC metabolism, and to characterize the role of MCTs in the glioma‐brain EC crosstalk. Exposure of human brain microvascular ECs (HBMEC) to GBM cell‐conditioned media increased the expression of MCT1, which corresponded to activation of oxidative metabolism and an increase in angiogenic capacity, as determined by increased proliferation, migration, and vessel assembly. Lactate depletion from the microenvironment or inhibition of lactate uptake in HBMEC induced an increase in lactate production and a decrease in proliferation, migration, and vessel assembly. Moreover, addition of lactate to HBMEC media promoted activation of AKT and AMPK pathways and increased expression in NFκB, HIF‐1α, and the lactate receptor GPR81. Here, we demonstrate a role for MCT1 as a mediator of lactate signaling between glioma cells and brain ECs. Our results suggest that MCT1 can mediate EC metabolic reprograming, proliferation, and vessel sprouting in response to tumor signaling. Thus, targeting MCT1 in both tumor cells and brain EC may be a promising therapeutic strategy for the treatment of GBM.
Associations of current diet with plasma and urine TMAO in the KarMeN study: direct and indirect contributions
Authors: Krüger Ralf , Merz Benedikt , Rist Manuela J. , Ferrario Paola G. , Bub Achim , Kulling Sabine E. , Watzl Bernhard
Published: July 2017

Scope

Knowledge on the influence of current diet on trimethylamine‐N‐oxide (TMAO) levels in humans is still inconsistent. Thus, we aimed to investigate associations of current diet with urine and plasma TMAO levels and to determine the effect of different foods on TMAO variation.

Methods and results

TMAO concentrations of 297 healthy individuals were assessed using 1H‐NMR spectroscopy for 24 h urine collection and spot urine, and LC‐MS for plasma. Of 35 assessed food groups, those with a correlation of ρ >|0.15| with plasma or urine TMAO levels were further investigated in multivariate linear regression models showing current fish and (red) meat consumption as plausible dietary sources of TMAO. Overall, explained variance of TMAO levels by current diet and co‐variables (age, sex, lean body mass, glomerular filtration rate) was small. Associations with urine and plasma concentrations differed depending on the TMAO source. Fish consumption was associated with urine and plasma TMAO concentrations, whereas meat consumption was only associated with TMAO concentrations in plasma. Furthermore, associations of plasma TMAO concentration with fish consumption were two times stronger than with meat consumption.

Conclusion

Meat and fish consumption differentially affects TMAO concentrations in body fluids. Only a small fraction of variance is explained by current diet.
19F NMR isotropic chemical shift for efficient screening of fluorinated fragments which are racemates and/or display multiple conformers
Authors: Dalvit Claudio , Knapp Stefan
Published: August 2017

Fluorine ligand‐based NMR spectroscopy is now an established method for performing binding screening against a macromolecular target. Typically, the transverse relaxation rate of the fluorine signals is monitored in the absence and presence of the target. However, useful structural information can sometimes be obtained from the analysis of the fluorine isotropic chemical shift. This is particularly relevant for molecules that are racemates and/or display multiple conformers. The large difference in fluorine isotropic chemical shift between free and bound state deriving mainly from the breaking and/or making of intramolecular and/or intermolecular hydrogen bonds allows the detection of very weak affinity ligands. According to our experimental results, racemates should always be included in the generation of the fluorinated fragment libraries. The selection or the availability of only one of the enantiomers for the fluorinated screening library could result in missing relevant chemical scaffold motifs.
Systematic literature review of clinical trials evaluating pharmacotherapy for overactive bladder in elderly patients: An assessment of trial quality
Authors: Kistler Kristin D. , Xu Yingxin , Zou Kelly H. , Ntanios Fady , Chapman Douglass S. , Luo Xuemei
Published: August 2017

Aims

Overactive bladder (OAB) disproportionately affects older‐aged adults, yet most randomized controlled trials (RCTs) underrepresent patients ≥65. This systematic literature review (SLR) identified RCTs evaluating β‐3 adrenergic agonists or muscarinic antagonists in elderly patients with OAB, and compared study quality across trials.

Methods

MEDLINE®, Embase®, and Cochrane Collaboration Central Register of Clinical Trials databases were searched from inception through April 28, 2015 to identify published, peer‐reviewed RCT reports evaluating β‐3 adrenergic agonists or muscarinic antagonists in elderly OAB patients (either ≥65 years or study‐described as “elderly”). To assess study quality of RCT reports, we focused on internal/external validity, assessed via two scales: the validated Effective Public Health Practice Project [EPHPP]): Quality Assessment Tool for Quantitative Studies, and a tool commissioned by the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ).

Results

Database searches yielded 1380 records that were then screened according to predefined inclusion/exclusion criteria. We included eight papers meeting study criteria. Despite scientific community efforts to improve RCT reporting standards, published reports still include incomplete and inconsistent reporting—of subject attrition, baseline patient characteristics, inclusion/exclusion criteria, and other important details. Only three of the eight OAB RCTs in this review received quality ratings of Strong (EPHPP) or Fair (AHRQ) and were multicenter with large samples.

Conclusions

Despite the prevalence of OAB among older age individuals, relatively few RCTs evaluate OAB treatments explicitly among elderly subjects. The findings from this quality assessment suggest some areas for improvement in both conduct and reporting of future RCTs assessing OAB treatment in elderly.
Urodynamic characteristics of pelvic lipomatosis with glandular cystitis patients correlate with morphologic alterations of the urinary system and disease severity
Authors: Chen Yuke , Yang Yang , Yu Wei , Xiao Yunxiang , Fan Yu , Duan Jihong , Tang Yuan , Jin Jie , Wang Huihui , Wang He , Zhu Sainan , Xi Zhijun , Wu Shiliang
Published: August 2017

Aims

To explore urodynamic characteristics and their clinical value in pelvic lipomatosis (PL) patients.

Methods

We reviewed the clinical information of 84 PL patients. A voiding pressure‐flow study was used to classify patients into nonoutlet obstruction (NOO), latter‐half‐section obstruction (LHSO), or whole‐section bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) groups. Urinary morphologic features were measured by imaging examination and cystoscopy.

Results

A unique LHSO that presented as sudden increasing detrusor pressure (Pdet) and decreasing flow rate in the latter half of voiding was observed for 52.4% (44 of 84) patients. Overall, 27.4% (23 of 84 patients) were diagnosed with BOO with whole‐section increasing Pdet and decreasing flow rate. According to the morphologic feature analyses, the NOO patients had the largest angle of anteroposterior vesical walls (P < 0.001) and the least severe thickened bladder trigone (P = 0.015). The external compression at the bladder neck and thickened bladder trigone caused a prolonged and strictured bladder outlet tract (see the Supplementary video). There were 0, 5, and 4 urinary diversions performed in the NOO, LHSO, and BOO groups at diagnosis (P = 0.055). No patients in the NOO group, seven in the LHSO group, and two patients in the BOO group had disease progression at follow‐up. Two LHSO patients and one BOO patients without hydronephrosis at diagnosis developed to hydronephrosis during follow‐up.

Conclusions

Morphologic alterations of the urinary system of PL patients lead to unique LHSO or BOO on UDS. The presences of LHSO and BOO are associated with disease severity and progression.
Evaluation of pelvic floor muscle strength and its correlation with sexual function in primigravid and non‐pregnant women: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Santos Marília Duarte , Palmezoni Vanessa Pinho , Torelli Luiza , Baldon Vanessa Santos Pereira , Sartori Marair Gracio Ferreira , Resende Ana Paula Magalhães
Published: August 2017

Aims

We aimed to compare pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength and sexual function in primigravid and non‐pregnant women and compare PFM strength between those who exhibited and did not exhibit sexual dysfunction.

Methods

A cross‐sectional observational study was conducted. The sample consisted of 154 women, including 76 primigravid and 78 non‐pregnant women. The inclusion criteria were as follows: non‐pregnant nulliparous women or primigravid women who were pregnant with a single foetus at least 14 weeks of gestational age and reported having sexual intercourse at least once during the last 4 weeks. The exclusion criteria were as follows: inability to contract the PFMs and prior urogynaecologic surgery. PFM strength was assessed via vaginal palpation (using the Modified Oxford Scale) and vaginal squeeze pressure (using the Peritron™ manometer). Sexual function was assessedusing the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) questionnaire. Sexual dysfunction was identified based on low FSFI scores.The data were analyzed using the Mann‐Whiney and Spearman correlation tests.

Results

To discussion, primigravid women had lower FSFI scores and lower PFM strength than non‐pregnant women. Women with sexual dysfunction had lower PFM strength than women without sexual dysfunction, as indicated by vaginal palpation (scores of 2 out of 5 and 4 out of 5, respectively; P < 0.001) and vaginal squeeze pressure (17.5 and 36.8 cm H2O, P < 0.001, respectively)regardless of whether they were non‐pregnant nulliparous women and primigravid.

Conclusions

Primigravid women exhibited worse sexual function and lower PFM strength than non‐pregnant women. Women who had higher FSFI scores demonstrated greater PFM strength.
Urodynamics in patients with spinal cord injury: A clinical review and best practice paper by a working group of The International Continence Society Urodynamics Committee
Authors: Schurch Brigitte , Iacovelli Valerio , Averbeck Marcio A. , Carda Stefano , Altaweel Waleed , Finazzi Agrò Enrico
Published: August 2017

Aims

Urodynamics have been recommended and utilized in the evaluation of spinal cord injury (SCI) patients for many years, but there is no consensus on the optimal use and follow‐up strategy for these patients. In the present manuscript, after reporting the available evidence, a working group of the Urodynamics Committee of the International Continence Society (ICS) provides the current knowledge and recommendations on patients’ assessment, indications, role, technical aspects, and follow‐up of urodynamic studies in SCI patients.

Methods

The working group has analyzed the current available evidence‐based literature leading to a Delphi consensus formation by the members of the working group. A set of questions derived from the search were answered online on several occasions by an international panel of specialists. A 1‐day face‐to‐face meeting of the experts finalized the discussion. Recommendations and expert opinions were finally reviewed by all the members of the ICS Urodynamics Committee on SCI core panel.

Results

Six experts participated in the four phases of the consensus process. Evidence was reviewed. There was substantial variability in the level and quality of detail reported across the literature yield. Several papers reported insufficient detail to allow synthesis of outcomes across studies. The findings of this preliminary review have been used to generate guidelines for best practice of urodynamics in SCI patients. The working group included recommendations for patients’ pre‐testing and urodynamic tests execution. Best practices were given as expert opinions where evidence was lacking.

Conclusion

Urodynamic is highly recommended for patients with SCI after a proper initial assessment. Regular urodynamic follow‐up is recommended to avoid upper urinary tract damage. However, until now, there is limited evidence on how frequently urodynamic control should be performed.
Capsaicin‐induced rapid neutrophil leukocyte activation in the rat urinary bladder microcirculatory bed
Authors: Járomi Péter , Garab Dénes , Hartmann Petra , Bodnár Dóra , Nyíri Sándor , Sántha Péter , Boros Mihály , Jancsó Gábor , Szabó Andrea
Published: August 2017

Aims

This study was initiated to investigate the involvement of neutrophil leukocyte activation in neurogenic inflammation, a process also involved in human urinary pathologies, elicited in the rat urinary bladder by the local administration of capsaicin, the archetypal TRPV1 agonist. The contribution of afferent nerves and sensory neuropeptides to leukocyte activation in the urinary bladder microcirculatory bed was examined.

Methods

Following a 15‐min topical application of capsaicin (50 μM), leukocyte‐endothelial interactions were examined for an observation period of 45 min with intravital microscopy. Expression of adhesion molecules E‐selectin and ICAM‐1 implicated in these interactions was assessed by immunohistochemistry. Selective sensory denervation was performed by neonatal treatment with capsaicin. The role of the TRPV1 receptor and two sensory neuropeptides (CGRP and substance P [SP]) were studied using the selective antagonists capsazepine, CGRP8‐37 and RP67580, respectively.

Results

Capsaicin induced rapid increases in leukocyte rolling and adhesion and increased the expression of E‐selectin and ICAM‐1 in the postcapillary venules. Sensory chemodenervation via capsaicin and also TRPV1 receptor antagonism effectively prevented these changes. A similar reduction was observed in leukocyte adhesion after topical application of CGRP8‐34 or RP67580, but only CGRP8‐34 reduced the capsaicin‐evoked leukocyte rolling.

Conclusions

Topical application of capsaicin induces early neurogenically mediated cellular microcirculatory inflammatory reactions via the activation of the TRPV1 receptor and the release of CGRP and SP from sensory nerves in the bladder. Co‐administration of SP and CGRP receptor antagonists may ameliorate microcirculatory inflammatory changes elicited by capsaicin in the urinary bladder.
Low‐intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy promotes myogenesis through PERK/ATF4 pathway
Authors: Wang Bohan , Zhou Jun , Banie Lia , Reed‐Maldonado Amanda B. , Ning Hongxiu , Lu Zhihua , Ruan Yajun , Zhou Tie , Wang Hsun Shuan , Oh Byung Seok , Wang Guifang , Qi Stanley Lei , Lin Guiting , Lue Tom F.
Published: August 2017

Aim

Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a significant health problem for women. Treatments employing muscle derived stem cells (MDSCs) may be a promising approach to this prevalent, bothersome condition, but these treatments are invasive and require collection of cells from one site for injection into another. It is also unknown whether or not these cells establish themselves and function as muscle cells in the target tissues. Alternatively, low‐intensity extracorporeal shock wave therapy (Li‐ESWT) is non‐invasive and has shown positive outcomes in the treatment of multiple musculoskeletal disorders, but the biological effects responsible for clinical success are not yet well understood. The aim of this study is to explore the possibility of employing Li‐ESWT for activation of MDSCs in situ and to further elucidate the underlying biological effects and mechanisms of action in urethral muscle.

Methods

Urethral muscle derived stem cells (uMDSCs) were harvest from Zucker Lean (ZUC‐LEAN) (ZUC‐Leprfa 186) rats and characterized with flow cytometry. Li‐ESWT (0.02 mJ/mm2, 3 Hz, 200 pulses) and GSK2656157, an inhibitor of PERK pathway, were applied to L6 rat myoblast cells. To assess for myotube formation, we used immunofluorescence staining and western blot analysis in uMDSCs and L6 cells.

Results

The results indicate that uMDSCs could form myotubes. Myotube formation was significantly increased by the Li‐ESWT as was the expression of muscle heavy chain (MHC) and myogenic factor 5 (Myf5) in L6 cells in vitro. Li‐ESWT activated protein kinase RNA‐like ER kinase (PERK) pathway by increasing the phosphorylation levels of PERK and eukaryotic initiation factor 2a (eIF2α) and by increasing activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4). In addition, GSK2656157, an inhibitor of PERK, effectively inhibited the myotube formation in L6 rat myoblast cells. Furthermore, GSK2656157 also attenuated myotube formation induced by Li‐ESWT.

Conclusion

In conclusion, this experiment reveals that rat uMDSCs can be isolated successfully and can form myotubes in vitro. PERK/ATF4 pathway was involved in myotube formation, and L6 rat myoblast cells were activated by Li‐ESWT to form myotubes. These findings suggest that PERK/ATF4 pathway is activated by Li‐ESWT. This study elucidates one of the biochemical pathways responsible for the clinical improvements seen after Li‐ESWT. It is possible that this information will help to establish Li‐ESWT as an acceptable treatment modality and may help to further refine the use of Li‐ESWT in the clinical practice of medicine.
Marking Identity through Cultural Cranial Modification within the First Sedentary Communities (Ninth to Eighth Millennium BCE) in the Near East: Tepe Abdul Hosein, Iran
Authors: Lorentz K. O.
Published: August 2017

This paper explores bioarchaeological evidence for cultural cranial modification (CCM; a.k.a. headshaping) in early Neolithic Near East and at Tepe Abdul Hosein (TAH), Iran, in particular. Skeletal remains from 12 Neolithic individuals (n = 12) recovered from eight mortuary contexts were analysed for evidence of intentional CCM. The TAH remains are among the earliest Neolithic human skeletal remains in the world, dated to around 10 000 years ago. Five adult individuals have sufficient cranial remains to allow assessment of CCM. Of the remaining seven individuals, three are foetuses or perinates, for which no in vivo CCM was expected to be observed, two are subadults with no assessible cranial remains, and two adults have no associated cranial remains. Of the five adult individuals, which could be assessed for CCM, four display circumferential CCM, instigated by the use of two bands. Three are male, while the sex of the fourth cannot be estimated. The fifth individual displays no modification and is female. While all the modified individuals that can be sexed at TAH are male, the sample size is too small to draw extensive inferences as to the potential connection of CCM with any gendered sociocultural practices. Other possible motivations for CCM at TAH include elaboration of status differentiation or group affinity, the former of which can most likely be ruled out based on current understandings of early Neolithic societies in the region. The extent of the two‐band circumferential modification at TAH is significantly more pronounced than at Ganj Dareh, a contemporaneous site located within the same watershed. The discovery of different extents of headshaping within the same watershed, in relatively close proximity to each other, has a bearing on the understanding of the first sedentary Neolithic communities in southwest Asia and the elaboration of bodily difference and identity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effects of LiCl on crystallization, thermal, and mechanical properties of polyamide 6/wood fiber composites
Authors: Xu Shihua , Sun Lichao , He Jun , Han Huan , Wang Haigang , Fang Yiqun , Wang Qingwen
Published: August 2017

In the presented study, lithium chloride (LiCl) was used as a modifier to reduce the melting point of polyamide 6 (PA6) and low melting point PA6/wood fiber composites (LPA6/WFC) were prepared with a hot‐press machine. Non‐isothermal crystallization analysis revealed that as little as 3 wt% LiCl decreased the crystallinity of LPA6/WFC from 21.43% to approximately 10% and reduced the melting point of composites from above 220°C to below 200°C, hence the composites can be produced industrially as well as severe degradation of wood fibers can be avoided. Both LiCl and wood fibers increased the glass transition temperature (Tg) of LPA6/WFC, and the Tg of the composites can reach up to 83.2°C, indicating that composites subjected to high temperature circumstances can still retain good dimensional stability and rigidity. In addition, the composites exhibited good mechanical properties, revealed by a flexural strength of the composites of up to 92 MPa. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:E1574–E1580, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
The impact of statin use on the efficacy of abiraterone acetate in patients with castration‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: Harshman Lauren C. , Werner Lillian , Tripathi Abhishek , Wang Xiaodong , Maughan Benjamin L. , Antonarakis Emmanuel S. , Nakabayashi Mari , McKay Rana , Pomerantz Mark , Mucci Lorelei A. , Taplin Mary‐Ellen , Sweeney Christopher J. , Lee Gwo‐Shu Mary , Kantoff Philip W.
Published: August 2017

Background

Statins compete with DHEAS for influx through the SLCO2B1 transporter, which may prolong time to progression (TTP) on androgen deprivation therapy. Abiraterone acetate (AA) may also undergo SLCO‐mediated transport. Based on preclinical findings showing antagonism, we hypothesized that statins may compete with AA for influx via SLCO2B1 and could negatively impact drug efficacy.

Methods

We queried two institutional clinical databases (Dana‐Farber Cancer Institute [DFCI], Johns Hopkins University [JHU]) for CRPC patients treated with AA. Treatment duration was a surrogate for TTP. Associations between statin use and AA duration were estimated using the Kaplan‐Meier method. Multivariable Cox regression modeling adjusted for known prognostic factors.

Results

Of the 224 DFCI and 270 JHU patients included, the majority (96%) had metastatic disease. Nearly half (41% and 45%) were statin users. In the DFCI cohort, there was a trend toward longer AA duration in statin users: 14.2 versus 9.2 months (HR 0.79, 95%CI: 0.57‐1.09, P = 0.14). There was no association between statin use and AA duration in the JHU cohort: 8.3 versus 8.0 months (HR 0.89, 95%CI: 0.69‐1.16, P = 0.38) in the statin users versus non‐users, except for a trend in patients that had not previously received docetaxel or enzalutamide (HR 0.79; 95%CI: 0.57‐1.10).

Conclusions

Contrary to our initial hypothesis, there was a trend toward longer (rather than shorter) AA duration in statin users in the entire DFCI cohort and in the enzalutamide‐ and docetaxel‐naïve JHU patients. Together, these results do not support the hypothesis that statins interfere with AA efficacy.
Immunoaffinity based methods are superior to kits for purification of prostate derived extracellular vesicles from plasma samples
Authors: Brett Sabine I. , Lucien Fabrice , Guo Charles , Williams Karla C. , Kim Yohan , Durfee Paul N. , Brinker C. J. , Chin Joseph I. , Yang Jun , Leong Hon S.
Published: August 2017

Background

The ability to isolate extracellular vesicles (EVs) such as exosomes or microparticles is an important method that is currently not standardized. While commercially available kits offer purification of EVs from biofluids, such purified EV samples will also contain non‐EV entities such as soluble protein and nucleic acids that could confound subsequent experimentation. Ideally, only EVs would be isolated and no soluble protein would be present in the final EV preparation.

Methods

We compared commercially available EV isolation kits with immunoaffinity purification techniques and evaluated our final EV preparations using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and nanoscale flow cytometry (NFC). AFM is the only modality capable of detecting distinguishing soluble protein from EVs which is important for downstream proteomics approaches. NFC is the only technique capable of quantitating the proportion of target EVs to non‐target EVs in the final EV preparation.

Results

To determine enrichment of prostate derived EVs relative to non‐target MPs, anti‐PSMA (Prostate Specific Membrane Antigen) antibodies were used in NFC. Antibody‐based immunoaffinity purification generated the highest quality of prostate derived EV preparations due to the lack of protein and RNA present in the samples. All kits produced poor purity EV preparations that failed to deplete the sample of plasma protein.

Conclusions

While attractive due to their ease of use, EV purification kits do not provide substantial improvements in isolation of EVs from biofluids such as plasma. Immunoaffinity approaches are more efficient and economical and will also eliminate a significant portion of plasma proteins which is necessary for downstream approaches.
Identification and functionality prediction of pathogenesis‐related protein 1 from legume family
Authors: Tellis Meenakshi , Mathur Monika , Gurjar Gayatri , Kadoo Narendra , Gupta Vidya
Published: August 2017

The production and accumulation of pathogenesis‐related (PR) proteins in plants is one of the important responses to biotic and abiotic stress. Large number of identified PR proteins has been categorized into 17 functional families based on their structure, phylogenetics, and biological activities. However, they are not widely studied in legume crops. Using 29 PR1 proteins from Arabidopsis thaliana, as query, here we have predicted 92 candidate PR1 proteins through the PSI‐BLAST and HMMER programs. These candidate proteins were comprehensively analyzed with, multiple sequence alignment, domain architecture studies, signal peptide, and motif extraction followed by phylogenetic analysis. Further, response of two candidate PR1 proteins from chickpea against Fusarium oxysporum f.sp.ciceri attack was validated using qRT‐PCR followed by their 3D structure prediction. To decipher mode of action for PR1s, docking of pathogen extracellular matrix components along with fungal elicitors was performed with two chickpea PR1 proteins. Based on these findings, we propose carbohydrate to be the unique pathogen‐recognition feature for PR1 proteins and β‐glucanase activity via β‐glucan binding or modification.
Potential secondary poisoning risks to non‐targets from a sodium nitrite toxic bait for invasive wild pigs
Authors: Snow Nathan P , Foster Justin A , VanNatta Eric H , Horak Katherine E , Humphrys Simon T , Staples Linton D , Hewitt David G , VerCauteren Kurt C
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

An acute and orally delivered toxic bait containing micro‐encapsulated sodium nitrite (MESN), is under development to provide a novel and humane technology to help curtail damage caused by invasive wild pigs (Sus scrofa). We evaluated potential secondary risks for non‐target species by: testing whether four different types of micro‐encapsulation coatings could reduce vomiting by invasive wild pigs, testing the levels of residual sodium nitrite (SN) in tissues of invasive wild pigs, testing the environmental persistence of SN in vomitus, and conducting a risk assessment for scavengers.

RESULTS

Micro‐encapsulation coatings did not affect the frequency of vomiting. We identified no risk of secondary poisoning for non‐target scavengers that consume muscle, eyes, and livers of invasive wild pig carcasses because residual SN from the toxic bait was not detected in those tissues. The risk of secondary poisoning from consuming vomitus appeared low because ∼90% of the SN was metabolized or broken down prior to vomiting, and continued to degrade after being exposed to the environment. Secondary poisoning could occur for common scavengers that consume approximately ≥15% of their daily dietary requirements of digestive tract tissues or undigested bait from carcasses of invasive wild pigs in a rapid, single‐feeding event. The likelihood of this occurring in a natural setting is unknown. The digestive tracts of poisoned invasive wild pigs contained an average of ∼4.35 mg/g of residual SN.

CONCLUSION

Data from this study suggest no risks of secondary poisoning for non‐target species (including humans) that consume muscle, liver, or eyes of invasive wild pigs poisoned with a MESN toxic bait. More species‐specific testing for scavengers that consume digestive tract tissues and undigested bait is needed to reduce uncertainty about these potential risks. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Therapeutic Effects of 6‐Gingerol, 8‐Gingerol, and 10‐Gingerol on Dextran Sulfate Sodium‐Induced Acute Ulcerative Colitis in Rats
Authors: Zhang Feng , Ma Na , Gao Yong‐Feng , Sun Li‐Li , Zhang Ji‐Guo
Published: August 2017

Ulcerative colitis is one of the most common types of inflammatory bowel disease and is multifactorial and relapsing. 6‐Gingerol, a component of gingerols extracted from ginger (Zingiber officinale), has been reported to improve ulcerative colitis. The present study aims to investigate the therapeutic efficacy of two analogous forms of 6‐gingerol, 8‐gingerol, and 10‐gingerol, on ulcerative colitis. Colitis was induced in rats through consumption of 5% (w/v) dextran sulfate sodium drinking water for 7 consecutive days. 6‐Gingerol, 8‐gingerol, and 10‐gingerol were then given intraperitoneally at doses of 30 mg kg−1 d−1 for another 7 days, respectively. Body weight change, disease activity index, inflammatory cytokines, and oxidative stress indices were measured, and the colonic tissue injuries were assessed macroscopically and histopathologically. Results showed that all three gingerols attenuated colitic symptoms evoked by dextran sulfate sodium, significantly elevated superoxide dismutase activity, decreased malondialdehyde levels and myeloperoxidase activity in the colon tissue, and markedly reduced the content of tumor necrosis factor alpha and Interleukin 1 beta in the serum. Histological observations showed that all three gingerols obviously accelerated mucosal damage healing. It is concluded that 6‐gingerol, 8‐gingerol, and 10‐gingerol, the three analogues, have a strong and relatively equal efficacy in the treatment of colitis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Intraocular robotic interventional surgical system (IRISS): Mechanical design, evaluation, and master–slave manipulation
Authors: Wilson Jason T. , Gerber Matthew J. , Prince Stephen W. , Chen Cheng‐Wei , Schwartz Steven D. , Hubschman Jean‐Pierre , Tsao Tsu‐Chin
Published: August 2017

Background: Since the advent of robotic‐assisted surgery, the value of using robotic systems to assist in surgical procedures has been repeatedly demonstrated. However, existing technologies are unable to perform complete, multi‐step procedures from start to finish. Many intraocular surgical steps continue to be manually performed.

Methods: An intraocular robotic interventional surgical system (IRISS) capable of performing various intraocular surgical procedures was designed, fabricated, and evaluated. Methods were developed to evaluate the performance of the remote centers of motion (RCMs) using a stereo‐camera setup and to assess the accuracy and precision of positioning the tool tip using an optical coherence tomography (OCT) system.

Results: The IRISS can simultaneously manipulate multiple surgical instruments, change between mounted tools using an onboard tool‐change mechanism, and visualize the otherwise invisible RCMs to facilitate alignment of the RCM to the surgical incision. The accuracy of positioning the tool tip was measured to be 0.205±0.003 mm. The IRISS was evaluated by trained surgeons in a remote surgical theatre using post‐mortem pig eyes and shown to be effective in completing many key steps in a variety of intraocular surgical procedures as well as being capable of performing an entire cataract extraction from start to finish.

Conclusions: The IRISS represents a necessary step towards fully automated intraocular surgery and demonstrated accurate and precise master‐slave manipulation for cataract removal and—through visual feedback—retinal vein cannulation.
Influence of light and mixing regime on bloom‐forming phytoplankton in a subtropical reservoir
Authors: Bordet F. , Fontanarrosa M. S. , O'Farrell I.
Published: August 2017

The joint influence of local climatic and hydrological conditions on the vertical distribution of bloom‐forming phytoplankton was analysed for the Salto Grande Reservoir, a large and enriched subtropical system on the Uruguay River (South America). Threshold of physical factors hindering or impeding blooms was obtained and then contrasted with worldwide observations in reservoirs at similar latitudes. Inflowing discharge, water level, and wind velocity intensity interacted with temperature, producing mixing and light regimes with overriding influence on the vertical distribution of Microcystis spp., Dolichospermum spp., and Ceratium furcoides, hence affecting their maximum abundance and biomass. Cyanobacteria (Microcystis > Dolichospermum) showed the most heterogeneous distribution in the depth profile during strong thermal stratification, showing surface scums prone to horizontal displacements. C. furcoides was evenly distributed in the water column in correspondence to windy periods. Blooms of both Cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates did not occur when inflowing discharge exceeded 10,000 m3 s−1. Nutrient influence on phytoplankton vertical distribution appeared strongly subordinate to the effect of light. Highest microcystin concentrations (>WHO alert Level 2) occurred especially after blooms collapsed during highly turbulent situations.
Electrocatalytic Oxidations of Formic Acid and Ethanol over Pd Catalysts Supported on a Doped Polypyrrole‐Carbon Composite
Authors: Han Hyunsu , Noh Yuseong , Kim Yoongon , Yadav V. S. K. , Park Seongmin , Yoon Wongeun , Lee Seungjun , Kim Won Bae
Published: August 2017

In this study, a highly efficient Pd catalyst supported on a conducting polymer‐carbon composite was prepared for electro‐oxidations of ethanol and formic acid. A polypyrrole‐carbon composite was synthesized and modified by doping camphor sulfonic acid (CSA) during the polymerization step of pyrrole at room temperature. The resulting CSA‐doped polypyrrole‐carbon composite (PPyCC) showed significantly increased specific surface area and enhanced electrical conductivity compared with a polypyrrole‐carbon composite without doping (PPyC). From the electrochemical tests, it was observed that the Pd‐supported on CSA‐doped polypyrrole‐carbon composite (Pd/PPyCC) exhibited much larger electrochemical surface area (ECSA), enhanced catalytic activity and high durability towards the oxidations of ethanol and formic acid. The results indicate that the camphor sulfonic acid serving as both dopant and surfactant could improve the electrical conductivity and morphology of support material with enhanced interaction between Pd nanoparticles and support material.
Prioritizing MCDC test cases by spectral analysis of Boolean functions
Authors: Ayav Tolga
Published: August 2017

Test case prioritization aims at scheduling test cases in an order that improves some performance goal. One performance goal is a measure of how quickly faults are detected. Such prioritization can be performed by exploiting the fault exposing potential (FEP) parameters associated to the test cases. The FEP is usually approximated by mutation analysis under certain fault assumptions. Although this technique is effective, it could be relatively expensive compared to the other prioritization techniques. This study proposes a cost‐effective FEP approximation for prioritizing modified condition decision coverage (MCDC) test cases. A strict negative correlation between the FEP of an MCDC test case and the influence value of the associated input condition allows to order the test cases easily without the need of an extensive mutation analysis. The method is entirely based on mathematics and it provides useful insight into how spectral analysis of Boolean functions can benefit software testing.