bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ownership Type, Home‐Country Government‐Directed Investment Policies and Firm Value in Strategic Sectors: Evidence from Chinese Acquiring Firms
Authors: Boateng Agyenim , Du Min , Bi XiaoGang , Kwabi Frank O. , Glaister Keith W.
Published: July 2021

Using data of Chinese acquirers in strategic sectors, we assess the role of home government and the effects of the interaction between ownership type and government‐directed investment policies on acquiring firm value in cross‐border acquisitions (CBAs). We find that CBA activities in strategic sectors encouraged by the home‐country government through its investment policies experience significant increase in acquiring firm value. We also find that firms investing in government‐designated strategic sectors generate wealth for acquirers, but contrary to efficiency logic rooted in agency theory, state‐owned enterprises appear to outperform private‐owned enterprises. Further analysis indicates that three financial incentives associated with government‐directed policies – namely, interest‐rate reduction, tax incentives and direct subsidies – constitute sources of firm value. Our results raise several policy implications, including the need for transparent and rule‐based policies and governance systems to be developed and implemented by governments in the home and host countries to regulate state‐supported firms investing in sensitive strategic sectors.
‘Since this is a Document of Record’: Collecting the Oral Histories of the Brexit Parliament
Authors: Wager Alan
Published: July 2021

This article brings together over thirty on‐the‐record interviews with politicians and political strategists at the centre of British politics during the Brexit gridlock. Prompting political elites to retell their oral histories allows us to begin to understand areas of institutional change and continuity, with the aim of beginning the process of ‘historicising’ Brexit. These interviews demonstrate three areas where the norms of the UK political system were tested and challenged between June 2017 and January 2020: attempts at sustained cross‐party activity in the House of Commons, efforts to rebalance legislative‐executive relations, and the temporary fluidity of the UK's party system. Boris Johnson's ultimate success during this period of (what is now) British political history provides a salutary lesson in the durability of majoritarianism within Westminster, even in the face of sustained challenge on multiple fronts.
Chromosome‐level genome assembly of Scapharca kagoshimensis reveals the expanded molecular basis of heme biosynthesis in ark shells
Authors: Teng Weiming , Xie Xi , Nie Hongtao , Sun Yamin , Liu Xiangfeng , Yu Zuoan , Zheng Jie , Liu Hongyue , Li Dacheng , Zhang Ming , Wang Zhisong , Zhu Shouwei , Du Shangkun , Du Shaojun , Li Qi , Wang Qingzhi
Published: July 2021

Ark shells are commercially important clam species that inhabit in muddy sediments of shallow coasts in East Asia. For a long time, the lack of genome resources has hindered scientific research of ark shells. Here, we report a high‐quality chromosome‐level genome assembly of Scapharca kagoshimensis, with an aim to unravel the molecular basis of heme biosynthesis, and develop genomic resources for genetic breeding and population genetics in ark shells. Nineteen scaffolds corresponding to 19 chromosomes were constructed from 938 contigs (contig N50 = 2.01 Mb) to produce a final high‐quality assembly with a total length of 1.11 Gb and scaffold N50 around 60.64 Mb. The genome assembly represents 93.4% completeness via matching 303 eukaryota core conserved genes. A total of 24,908 protein‐coding genes were predicted and 24,551 genes (98.56%) of which were functionally annotated. The enrichment analyses suggested that genes in heme biosynthesis pathways were expanded and positive selection of the haemoglobin genes was also found in the genome of S. kagoshimensis, which gives important insights into the molecular mechanisms and evolution of the heme biosynthesis in mollusca. The valuable genome assembly of S. kagoshimensis would provide a solid foundation for investigating the molecular mechanisms that underlie the diverse biological functions and evolutionary adaptations of S. kagoshimensis.
Set apart from within: Articulated women in commingled tombs from Early Bronze Age Arabia
Authors: Gregoricka Lesley A. , Ullinger Jaime , Schrenk Alecia
Published: July 2021

The vast majority of individuals who died during the Umm an‐Nar period (2700–2000 BCE) of the Early Bronze Age (3200–2000 BCE) in south‐eastern Arabia were interred within large communal tombs, and following decomposition, their skeletons became commingled with others. Here, two women are discussed whose skeletons remained articulated – one from Unar 2 at Shimal, and one from Tell Abraq. The Unar 2 female was left unburned, exhibited a pathological lesion on her talus, and was directly associated with an articulated dog, indicating that she may have engaged in hunting or herding activities despite her reduced mobility. The Tell Abraq woman suffered from paralytic poliomyelitis, suggesting that she received care as a member of her community despite her disability and non‐local status. Whatever the role these women played in Umm an‐Nar society, both were set apart in meaningful ways, speaking to an identity that granted them special status in death.
The impact of mobile phone voice message reminders on agricultural outcomes in Mali
Authors: Dzanku Fred Mawunyo , Osei Robert , Osei‐Akoto Isaac
Published: July 2021

Based on theories of learning that suggest that repetition is important for knowledge retention and application, this article hypothesized that sending farmers reminders about cereal management information received during face‐to‐face training has impact on the adoption of recommended practices and related agricultural outcomes over and above what could be realized after receiving training alone. We provide a test of this hypothesis using a randomized controlled trial in Sikasso, Mali. Farmers in 99 villages received face‐to‐face training, after which 44 villages received mobile phone voice messages that reinforced the training recommendations. This setup allowed us to evaluate the impact of the voice SMS reminders on selected indicators. Our results show that the reminders significantly induced timely harvesting, reduced on‐farm cereal losses, increased uptake of improved grain storage technology, and increased the likelihood of pre‐harvest sales contracting. However, we found no overwhelming evidence that the reminders increased yields, and no evidence of impact on revenues were detected. We draw lessons for development policy and practice.
Testicular pathology in fatal COVID‐19: A descriptive autopsy study
Authors: Duarte‐Neto Amaro N. , Teixeira Thiago A. , Caldini Elia G. , Kanamura Cristina T. , Gomes‐Gouvêa Michele S. , dos Santos Angela B. G. , Monteiro Renata A. A. , Pinho João R. R. , Mauad Thais , da Silva Luiz F. F. , Saldiva Paulo H. N. , Dolhnikoff Marisa , Leite Katia R. M. , Hallak Jorge
Published: July 2021

Background

Multi‐organ damage is a common feature of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection, going beyond the initially observed severe pneumonia. Evidence that the testis is also compromised is growing.

Objective

To describe the pathological findings in testes from fatal cases of COVID‐19, including the detection of viral particles and antigens, and inflammatory cell subsets.

Materials and methods

Postmortem testicular samples were obtained by percutaneous puncture from 11 deceased men and examined by reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) for RNA detection and by light and electron microscopy (EM) for SARS‐CoV‐2. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the SARS‐CoV‐2 N‐protein and lymphocytic and histiocytic markers was also performed.

Results

Eight patients had mild interstitial orchitis, composed mainly of CD68+ and TCD8+ cells. Fibrin thrombi were detected in five cases. All cases presented congestion, interstitial edema, thickening of the tubular basal membrane, decreased Leydig and Sertoli cells with reduced spermatogenesis, and strong expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule (VCAM) in vessels. IHC detected SARS‐Cov‐2 antigen in Leydig cells, Sertoli cells, spermatogonia, and fibroblasts in all cases. EM detected viral particles in the cytoplasm of fibroblasts, endothelium, Sertoli and Leydig cells, spermatids, and epithelial cells of the rete testis in four cases, while RT‐PCR detected SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA in three cases.

Discussion and conclusion

The COVID‐19‐associated testicular lesion revealed a combination of orchitis, vascular changes, basal membrane thickening, Leydig and Sertoli cell scarcity, and reduced spermatogenesis associated with SARS‐CoV‐2 local infection that may impair hormonal function and fertility in men.
The association between placenta‐associated circulating biomarkers and composite adverse delivery outcome of a likely placental cause in healthy post‐date pregnancies
Authors: Bowe Sophie , Mitlid‐Mork Birgitte , Georgieva Antoniya , Gran Jon M. , Redman Christopher W. G. , Staff Anne Cathrine , Sugulle Meryam
Published: July 2021

Introduction

Post‐date pregnancies have an increased risk of adverse delivery outcome. Our aim was to explore the association between placenta‐associated circulating biomarkers and composite adverse delivery outcome of a likely placental cause in clinically healthy post‐date pregnancies.

Material and methods

Women with healthy singleton post‐date pregnancies between 40+2 and 42+2 weeks of gestation were recruited to this prospective, observational study conducted at Oslo University Hospital, Norway (NCT03100084). Placental growth factor (PlGF) and soluble fms‐like tyrosine kinase‐1 (sFlt‐1) were measured in the maternal serum samples closest to delivery. The composite adverse delivery outcome included fetal acidemia, low Apgar score (<4 at 1 min or <7 at 5 min), asphyxia, fetal death, assisted ventilation for more than 6 h, meconium aspiration, hypoxic–ischemic encephalopathy, therapeutic hypothermia, operative delivery due to fetal distress, or pathological placental histology findings. Two study‐independent senior consultant obstetricians blinded to biomarker results concluded, based on clinical expert opinion, whether the adverse delivery outcomes were most likely associated with placental dysfunction (“likely placental cause”) or not. Means were compared using one‐way analysis of variance and Bonferroni corrected pairwise comparisons between groups. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves assessed the predictive ability of PlGF, sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio, and PlGF <10th centile after adjustment for gestational age at blood sampling.

Results

Of 501 pregnancies reviewed for predefined adverse delivery outcomes and for a likely placental cause, 468 were healthy pregnancies and subsequently assigned to either the “uncomplicated” (no adverse outcome, n = 359), “intermediate” (non‐placental cause/undetermined, n = 90), or “complicated” (likely placental cause, n = 19) group.

There was a significant difference in mean PlGF and sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio between the “complicated”, “intermediate”, and “uncomplicated” groups (108, 185, and 179 pg/mL, p = 0.001; and 48.3, 23.4, and 24.6, p = 0.002, respectively). There was a higher proportion of PlGF concentration <10th centile in the “complicated” group compared with the “intermediate” and “uncomplicated” groups (42.1% vs. 11.1% and 9.5%, p = 0.001). The largest area under the ROC curve for predicting “complicated” outcome was achieved by PlGF concentration and gestational age at blood sampling (0.76; 95% CI 0.65–0.86).

Conclusions

In clinically healthy post‐date pregnancies, an antiangiogenic pre‐delivery profile (lower PlGF level and higher sFlt‐1/PlGF ratio) was associated with composite adverse delivery outcome of a likely placental cause.
Amongst Norwegian paediatricians there is little agreement in management of cases of suspected child maltreatment
Authors: Vollmer‐Sandholm Mary Jo , Myhre Arne Kristian , Otterman Gabriel , Lydersen Stian , Stray‐Pedersen Arne
Published: July 2021

Aim

Child maltreatment is not unusual in our society but little is known about the medical management of cases in the Nordic countries. This study investigated physician knowledge and practice in cases of suspected physical and sexual abuse and neglect.

Methods

Using a patient vignette questionnaire, we assessed paediatrician knowledge and clinical decision‐making on paediatric wards at 17 hospitals in Norway. Experts and non‐experts in child maltreatment responded to the survey which described six potential cases of physical and sexual abuse and neglect.

Results

A total of 156 paediatricians, 67% of whom were female and with a mean age of 40, responded. There was a high level of unanimity in recognition of abuse, but wide variation and little consensus in clinical decision‐making and adherence to national guidelines, with Fleiss kappa ranging from −0.002 to 0.468. In cases involving physical abuse concerns in infants and toddlers, less than half of all paediatricians reported they would order a full radiologic skeletal survey and head MRI/CT imaging, and less than 30% would plan follow‐up consultations.

Conclusion

This study shows little agreement in the paediatric management of child maltreatment cases. These findings suggest the need for a national plan ensuring appropriate paediatric care for maltreated children.
Old, but gold? A dual‐pathway model of age bias in personnel selection decisions
Authors: Fatfouta Ramzi , Ghoniem Amir
Published: July 2021

We present a dual‐pathway model that differentiates two underlying mechanisms by which age affects selection decisions. In two experimental studies, one with lay persons (n = 316) and one with experienced Human Resource professionals (n = 103), we demonstrate that the relationship between older age and hireability is negatively mediated by perceived appearance, indicating that older candidates receive less favorable ratings because they are perceived as being less physically appealing. Moreover, we demonstrate that the relationship between older age and hireability is positively mediated by perceived experience, indicating that older candidates receive more favorable ratings because they are perceived as being more experienced. Importantly, these two pathways neutralize each other, yielding a null effect when their effects are neglected.
Dose equivalence between metaraminol and norepinephrine in critical care
Authors: Abu Sardaneh Arwa , Goradia Shruti , Narayan Sujita W. , Penm Jonathan , McLachlan Andrew J. , Patanwala Asad E.
Published: July 2021

Aims

The aim of this study was to determine the conversion dose ratio between continuous infusion metaraminol and norepinephrine in critically ill patients with shock.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study was conducted in adult patients with shock admitted to an intensive care unit from 29 October 2018 to 30 October 2019 and who transitioned from metaraminol monotherapy to norepinephrine monotherapy. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) and infusion doses for both drugs were collected at hourly intervals; 2 hours before to 5 hours after switching from metaraminol monotherapy to norepinephrine monotherapy. The conversion dose ratio was defined as the ratio of metaraminol (μg.kg−1.min‐1): norepinephrine (μg.kg−1.min−1) required to achieve a similar MAP.

Results

A total of 43 out of 144 eligible patients were included. The median age was 68 years (IQR 56–76) and 22 (51%) were male. There was no significant difference between the baseline MAP during metaraminol monotherapy (median 71 mm Hg, IQR 66–76) and the post‐transition MAP during norepinephrine monotherapy (median 70 mm Hg, IQR 66–73) (P = .09). The median conversion dose ratio between metaraminol and norepinephrine was 13 (IQR 7–24). In the sensitivity analyses, the median conversion dose ratio using the maximum and the mean norepinephrine infusion dose was 8 (IQR 5–16) and 12 (IQR 8–23), respectively.

Conclusion

A conversion dose ratio of 10:1 (metaraminol μg.kg−1.min−1:norepinephrine μg.kg−1.min−1) may be used in critically ill patients with shock to account for ease of calculations and variability of the conversion ratio in the primary and sensitivity analyses.
Metformin use and cirrhotic decompensation in patients with type 2 diabetes and liver cirrhosis
Authors: Yen Fu‐Shun , Huang Yi‐Hsiang , Hou Ming‐Chih , Hwu Chii‐Min , Lo Yu‐Ru , Shin Shyi‐Jang , Hsu Chih‐Cheng
Published: July 2021

Aims

To compare the risks of all‐cause mortality, hepatic outcomes, major adverse cardiovascular events between metformin users and nonusers for patients with diabetes and cirrhosis.

Methods

From the Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database, we selected propensity‐score matched metformin users and nonusers from the cohorts of type 2 diabetes mellitus with compensated (n = 26 164) or decompensated liver cirrhosis (n = 15 056) between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2009, and followed them until 31 December 2010. Cox proportional hazards models with robust sandwich standard error estimates were used to assess risk of investigated outcomes for metformin users.

Results

The incidence rates of mortality during follow‐up were 3.8 and 3.3 per 100 patient‐years (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 1.13, 95% confidence interval 1.01–1.25) for metformin users and nonusers, respectively. The incidence rates of cirrhotic decompensation during follow‐up were 5.9 and 4.9 per 100 patient‐years (aHR 1.15, 95% confidence interval 1.04–1.27) for metformin users and nonusers. The risk of death (P for trend <.01) and cirrhotic decompensation (P for trend <.0001) associated with metformin use was significant for those taking metformin for >40 defined daily doses in 90 days or >1000 mg/d. The outcomes of metformin use vs nonuse for type 2 diabetes mellitus with decompensated liver cirrhosis were not statistically different, except that metformin users had higher risk of mortality (aHR 1.15).

Conclusion

Metformin use was associated with higher risks of mortality and cirrhotic decompensation in patients with compensated liver cirrhosis. Prospective studies are required to confirm our results.
Population pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic model‐based exploration of alternative ustekinumab dosage regimens for patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: Wang Zhigang , Verstockt Bram , Sabino João , Vermeire Séverine , Ferrante Marc , Declerck Paul , Dreesen Erwin
Published: July 2021

Aims

In the UNITI endoscopy sub‐study, only 17.4% of patients with Crohn's disease (CD) on ustekinumab achieved endoscopic response and 10.9% of patients achieved endoscopic remission at week (w)44. We aimed to evaluate the impact of alternative ustekinumab dosage regimens on endoscopic outcomes based on population pharmacokinetic‐pharmacodynamic (popPK‐PD) modelling and simulation analysis.

Methods

Real‐world data were obtained from 83 patients with moderate‐to‐severe CD (95% biological‐refractory) enrolled in a prospective cohort study receiving intravenous ustekinumab (~6 mg/kg) followed by every eight‐week (q8w) subcutaneous maintenance therapy (90 mg). Three sequential models were developed: a two‐compartment popPK model linking ustekinumab dose to ustekinumab exposure, an indirect response popPK‐PD model describing the effect of ustekinumab exposure on fecal calprotectin (fCal), and a logistic regression outcome model linking fCal to endoscopic outcomes.

Results

Ustekinumab clearance increased with decreasing serum albumin and increasing bodyweight. fCal decreased with increasing ustekinumab exposure. The probability of endoscopic response at w24 increased from 10.0% to 17.9% with fCal at w8 decreasing from 1800 μg/g to 694 μg/g (EC50). The probability of endoscopic remission at w24 increased from 2.1% to 10.0% with fCal at w8 decreasing from 1800 μg/g to 214 μg/g (EC50). Simulation‐based comparison of q8w and q4w maintenance dosing regimens predicted 16.7% and 22.2% endoscopic response rates, respectively. Endoscopic remission rates were estimated to be 4.2% on q8w dosing and 6.7% on q4w dosing.

Conclusions

The developed models can guide clinical trial design and support model‐informed dose optimization (stratified or individualized dosing) to improve endoscopic outcomes.
Fish oil supplementation alters emotion‐generated corticolimbic functional connectivity in depressed adolescents at high‐risk for bipolar I disorder: A 12‐week placebo‐controlled fMRI trial
Authors: McNamara Robert K. , Li Wenbin , Lei Du , Tallman Maxwell J. , Welge Jeffrey A. , Strawn Jeffrey R. , Patino Luis Rodrigo , DelBello Melissa P.
Published: July 2021

Objective

To evaluate the effects of fish oil (FO), a source of the omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n‐3 PUFA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), on emotion‐generated corticolimbic functional connectivity in depressed youth at high risk for developing bipolar I disorder.

Methods

Thirty‐nine antidepressant‐free youth with a current depressive disorder diagnosis and a biological parent with bipolar I disorder were randomized to 12‐week double‐blind treatment with FO or placebo. At baseline and endpoint, fMRI (4 Tesla) scans were obtained while performing a continuous performance task with emotional and neutral distractors (CPT‐END). Seed‐to‐voxel functional connectivity analyses were performed using bilateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) and amygdala (AMY) seeds. Measures of depression, mania, global symptom severity, and erythrocyte fatty acids were obtained.

Results

Erythrocyte EPA+DHA composition increased significantly in the FO group (+47%, p ≤ 0.0001) but not in the placebo group (−10%, p = 0.11). Significant group by time interactions were found for functional connectivity between the left OFC and the left superior temporal gyrus (STG) and between the right AMY and right inferior temporal gyrus (ITG). OFC‐STG connectivity increased in the FO group (p = 0.0001) and decreased in the placebo group (p = 0.0019), and AMY‐ITG connectivity decreased in the FO group (p = 0.0014) and increased in the placebo group (p < 0.0001). In the FO group, but not placebo group, the decrease in AMY‐ITG functional connectivity correlated with decreases in Childhood Depression Rating Scale‐Revised and Clinical Global Impression‐Severity Scale scores.

Conclusions

In depressed high‐risk youth FO supplementation alters emotion‐generated corticolimbic functional connectivity which correlates with changes in symptom severity ratings.
Efficient odds ratio estimation under two‐phase sampling using error‐prone data from a multi‐national HIV research cohort
Authors: Lotspeich Sarah C. , Shepherd Bryan E. , Amorim Gustavo G. C. , Shaw Pamela A. , Tao Ran
Published: July 2021

Persons living with HIV engage in routine clinical care, generating large amounts of data in observational HIV cohorts. These data are often error‐prone, and directly using them in biomedical research could bias estimation and give misleading results. A cost‐effective solution is the two‐phase design, under which the error‐prone variables are observed for all patients during Phase I, and that information is used to select patients for data auditing during Phase II. For example, the Caribbean, Central, and South America network for HIV epidemiology (CCASAnet) selected a random sample from each site for data auditing. Herein, we consider efficient odds ratio estimation with partially audited, error‐prone data. We propose a semiparametric approach that uses all information from both phases and accommodates a number of error mechanisms. We allow both the outcome and covariates to be error‐prone and these errors to be correlated, and selection of the Phase II sample can depend on Phase I data in an arbitrary manner. We devise a computationally efficient, numerically stable EM algorithm to obtain estimators that are consistent, asymptotically normal, and asymptotically efficient. We demonstrate the advantages of the proposed methods over existing ones through extensive simulations. Finally, we provide applications to the CCASAnet cohort.
Examining perceptions, selections, and products in undergraduates’ learning from multiple resources
Authors: List Alexandra , Campos Oaxaca Gala S. , Lee Eunseo , Du Hongcui , Lee Hye Yeon
Published: July 2021

Background

When learning about complex topics using the Internet, students commonly encounter a multitude of textual, non‐textual (e.g., images and graphs), and multimedia (e.g., videos) resources. Yet students’ learning from multiple texts and multiple (non‐textual) resources (MT‐MR learning) has received insufficient consideration in the literature.

Aims

We examine the associations among (1) undergraduates’ conceptions of reasons for multiple resource access, (2) log‐data of resource use when completing a MT‐MR task, and (3) writing performance.

Sample

Participants were 72 undergraduate students in the United States.

Methods

Undergraduates were provided with a library of five texts and one video, with the option of accessing supplemental data (e.g., graphs and maps) in association with each resource. Log‐data (e.g., time and supplemental data access) of undergraduates’ resource use were collected. Undergraduates were then asked to compose a research report and to describe what they considered the purpose of multiple resource access to be.

Results

Four types of conceptions were identified, reflecting a desire to (1) access a lot of information, (2) understand multiple perspectives, (3) corroborate and evaluate information, and (4) develop a personal understanding of a given topic. Undergraduates who considered corroboration and evaluation to be the purpose of multiple resource access were more likely to access more supplemental data sources and performed better on a multiple resource learning task.

Conclusions

Undergraduates in our sample held conceptions largely similar to, but in some aspects distinct from, those identified by Barzilai and Zohar (Cognit Instruct, 30, 2012, 39). Conceptions were associated with resource access during task completion and with writing performance.
Latent motivation profiles for choosing teaching as a career: How are they linked to self‐concept concerning teaching subjects and emotions during teacher education training?
Authors: Lohbeck Annette , Frenzel Anne Christiane
Published: July 2021

Background

Numerous studies have explored pre‐service teachers’ motivation for choosing teaching as a career and the relations of pre‐service teachers’ motivation profile membership to long‐term consequences. In contrast, little is still known about certain predictors and the more proximal consequences of pre‐service teachers’ motivation profile membership.

Aims

Using the conceptualization of motivation proposed by Pohlmann and Möller (2010, Zeitschrift für Pädagogische Psychologie, 24, 73–84), the present study aimed to identify pre‐service teachers’ motivation profiles for choosing teaching as a career and to explore the relations of those profiles to certain individual characteristics (i.e., gender, age, specific school type, number of semesters, scholastic grade point average, self‐concept concerning teaching subjects) as predictors and emotions pertaining to the teacher education programme (i.e., enjoyment, anger, anxiety) as outcomes.

Sample

A total of 559 pre‐service teachers from a mid‐sized university in the North of Germany participated in this study.

Methods

To identify pre‐service teachers’ motivation profile for choosing teaching as a career, latent profile analysis (LPA) with one to eight profile solutions was performed. Furthermore, to explore the specific relations of pre‐service teachers’ motivation profile membership to the predictors and outcomes under study, several multinomial logistic regression analyses were conducted.

Results

Results of LPA revealed four distinct motivation profiles labelled ‘Educationally Motivated’ (26.9%), ‘Utility Oriented’ (14.9%), ‘Motivationally Balanced’ (55.4%), and ‘Extrinsically Motivated’ (2.7%). Higher self‐concepts concerning teaching subjects increased almost twice the membership into the ‘Educationally Motivated’ profile relative to the ‘Utility Oriented’ and ‘Extrinsically Motivated’ profiles but decreased the membership into the ‘Utility Oriented’ profile relative to the ‘Motivationally Balanced’ profile. The ‘Educationally Motivated’ profile showed the highest level of enjoyment and lowest levels of anxiety and anger, while the ‘Utility Oriented’ profile exhibited the least enjoyment and highest levels of anxiety and anger.
Large‐conductance calcium‐activated K+ channels, rather than KATP channels, mediate the inhibitory effects of nitric oxide on mouse lymphatic pumping
Authors: Kim Hae Jin , Li Min , Nichols Colin G. , Davis Michael J.
Published: July 2021

Background and Purpose

KATP channels are negative regulators of lymphatic vessel excitability and contractility and are proposed to be targets for immune cell products that inhibit lymph transport. Previous studies in rat and guinea pig mesenteric lymphatics found that NO‐mediated inhibition of lymphatic contraction was prevented or reversed by the KATP channel inhibitor, glibenclamide. We revisited this hypothesis using mouse lymphatic vessels and KATP channel knockout mice.

Experimental Approach

Mouse popliteal lymphatics were isolated, and contractility was assessed using pressure myography. K+ channel expression was determined by PCR analysis of FACS‐purified lymphatic smooth muscle cells.

Key Results

The NO‐producing agonist, ACh, and the NO donor, NONOate, both produced dose‐dependent inhibition of spontaneous lymphatic contractions that were blocked by the soluble GC inhibitor, ODQ, or the PKG inhibitor, Rp‐8‐Br‐PET‐cGMPS. Surprisingly, the inhibitory effects of both were preserved in Kir6.1−/− vessels, suggesting that KATP channels did not mediate NO‐induced responses. We hypothesized a role for BK channels, given their prominence in arterial smooth muscle. Indeed, BK channels were expressed in mouse lymphatic smooth muscle and NS11021 (a BK channel activator) caused dilation and reduced contraction frequency, whereas iberiotoxin and penitrem A (BK channel inhibitors) produced right‐ward shifts in NONOate concentration–response curves.

Conclusion and Implications

Inhibition of mouse lymphatic contractions by NO primarily involves activation of BK channels, rather than KATP channels. Thus, BK channels are a potential target for therapeutic reversal of lymph pump inhibition by NO generated by immune cell activation of iNOS in chronic lymphoedema.
Why Does Classroom‐Level Victimization Moderate the Association Between Victimization and Depressive Symptoms? The “Healthy Context Paradox” and Two Explanations
Authors: Pan Bin , Li Tengfei , Ji Linqin , Malamut Sarah , Zhang Wenxin , Salmivalli Christina
Published: July 2021

The present longitudinal study examined how and why classroom‐level victimization moderates the prospective association between peer victimization and depressive symptoms with 2,643 third‐ and fourth‐graders (Mage = 10.01 years) in China. Multilevel modeling revealed that peer victimization was more strongly associated with increasing depressive symptoms in classrooms with lower classroom‐level victimization. Moreover, two mechanisms were identified to explain the moderating effect of classroom‐level victimization. First, low classroom‐level victimization reduced victimized children’s received friendship nominations from peers, thereby leading to increases in depressive affect. Second, low classroom‐level victimization affected victimized children’s depressive symptoms through damage to their social self‐concept. These findings provide support for the “healthy context paradox” in the Chinese culture, and highlight the mechanisms of this phenomenon.
Breaking bad news: Child welfare workers' informing parents of care order proceedings
Authors: Tonning Otterlei Marte , Studsrød Ingunn
Published: July 2021

Removing children from parents through care orders is a highly intrusive intervention. This article explores how 12 experienced Norwegian child welfare workers perceive and cope with breaking bad news to parents of the decision for a care order initiative. A thematic analysis of qualitative in‐depth interviews revealed that the task of breaking bad news to parents includes several challenging aspects involving ethics, care and control that are influenced by relational and emotional aspects. Caseworkers felt obligated to convey the decision humanely and caretake children and parents, ensuring safety, determinacy and control. Caseworkers struggled to endure heightened emotions, handle the painful switch from helper to traitor and cope with an extreme though necessary intervention of child protection work. Care order meetings are complex and unpredictable and challenge child welfare workers professional and human capacity, as it represents considerable professional and personal demands. The article discusses the challenges of breaking bad news in the child protection profession compared with professions in the health care field. Moreover, discussing how caseworkers' coping strategies may impact their practice and highlights caseworkers' burden with the task, pointing to practical implications.
CHEDDA syndrome is an underrecognized neurodevelopmental disorder with a highly restricted ATN1 mutation spectrum
Authors: Palmer Elizabeth E. , Whitton Chloe , Hashem Mais O. , Clark Robin D. , Ramanathan Subhadra , Starr Lois J. , Velasco Danita , De Dios John Karl , Singh Emily , Cormier‐Daire Valerie , Chopra Maya , Rodan Lance H. , Nellaker Christoffer , Lakhani Shenela , Mallack Eric J. , Panzer Karin , Sidhu Alpa , Wentzensen Ingrid M. , Lacombe Didier , Michaud Vincent , Alkuraya Fowzan S.
Published: July 2021

We describe the clinical features of nine unrelated individuals with rare de novo missense or in‐frame deletions/duplications within the “HX motif” of exon 7 of ATN1. We previously proposed that individuals with such variants should be considered as being affected by the syndromic condition of congenital hypotonia, epilepsy, developmental delay, and digital anomalies (CHEDDA), distinct from dentatorubral‐pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA) secondary to expansion variants in exon 5 of ATN1. We confirm that the universal phenotypic features of CHEDDA are distinctive facial features and global developmental delay. Infantile hypotonia and minor hand and feet differences are common and can present as arthrogryposis. Common comorbidities include severe feeding difficulties, often requiring gastrostomy support, as well as visual and hearing impairments. Epilepsy and congenital malformations of the brain, heart, and genitourinary systems are frequent but not universal. Our study confirms the clinical entity of CHEDDA secondary to a mutational signature restricted to exon 7 of ATN1. We propose a clinical schedule for assessment upon diagnosis, surveillance, and early intervention including the potential of neuroimaging for prognostication.
Bibliometric analysis of the scientific production of literature on peri‐implant diseases in the Web of Science
Authors: Tarazona‐Álvarez Beatriz , López‐Roldan Andres , Vidal‐Infer Antonio , López‐Padilla Daniel , Alonso‐Arroyo Adolfo
Published: July 2021

Background

The exponential increase in implant placement worldwide and the high prevalence of its associated pathologies have prompted an increasing contribution by the scientific community to the number of publications related to peri‐implant pathologies.

Purpose

The objective of this work is to carry out a bibliometric analysis of scientific production on peri‐implant diseases.

Materials and Methods

The search strategy included titles, keywords, and abstracts based on the term peri‐implantitis and all the possible combinations existing in Science Citation Index Expanded (SCIE) of the main collection of Web of Science. Two limits were established: the document typology was limited to Article and Review, and articles published up to 2019 were selected. All articles were refined and standardized manually to avoid typographical errors and duplications in authors' names or institutions.

Results

The total number of papers collected was 2547. A significant increase was observed in the number of articles published, especially in the past 10 years. The three most productive authors were Europeans, and the 45 most productive institutions were the universities. The most productive funding entities were the governments. Of the published works, 42.28% were funded. Of the 2547 records, 86.53% presented keywords.

Conclusions

Scientific literature on peri‐implantitis shows scientific growth in recent years, with a growing trend towards collaboration between authors and institutions. Most of the works have been published in high‐impact journals, and in the last 2 years, more than half of the works have received some type of public or private funding.
Culturomic and quantitative real‐time‐polymerase chain reaction analyses for early contamination of abutments with different surfaces: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Canullo Luigi , Masucci Luca , Quaranta Gianluca , Patini Romeo , Caponio Vito Carlo Alberto , Pesce Paolo , Ravidà Andrea , Penarrocha‐Oltra David , Penarrocha‐Diago Miguel
Published: July 2021

Background

Rough and/or plasma‐activated abutments seem to be able to increase soft tissue adhesion and stability; however, limited evidence is available about bacterial contamination differences.

Purpose

The aim was to investigate the oral microbiota on four dental abutments with different surfaces by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) and culturomic approach.

Methods

Forty patients needing a single implant rehabilitation were involved in the study. Forty healing abutments, especially designed for the study, were divided into four groups according to the surface topography (1. machined [MAC], 2. machined plasma of argon treated [plasmaMAC], 3. ultrathin threaded microsurface [UTM], 4. UTM plasma of argon treated [Plasma UTM]). Random assignment was performed according to predefined randomization tables. All patients underwent surgical intervention for implant and contextual healing abutment positioning. After 2 months of healing, a sterile cotton swab was used for microbiological sampling for culturomics, while sterile paper points inserted into the sulcus were used for qRT‐PCR.

Results

At the end of the study, 36 patients completed all procedures and a total of 36 abutments (9 per group) were analyzed. qRT‐PCR retrieved data for 23 bacterial species whereas culturomics revealed the presence of 74 different bacteria, most of them not routinely included into oral cavity microbiological kits of analysis or never found before in the oral microenvironment. No statistically significant differences emerged analyzing the four different surfaces (p = 0.053). On the contrary, higher total and specific bacterial counts were detected in the plasma‐treated surfaces compared to the untreated ones (p = 0.021).

Conclusions

Abutments with different topographies and surface treatments resulted contaminated by similar oral bacterial flora. Abutments with moderately rough surface were not associated with a greater bacterial adhesion compared to machined ones. Conversely, more bacteria were found around plasma‐treated abutments. Furthermore, data reported suggested to include new species not previously sought in the routine analyses of the oral bacterial microflora.
The Accuracy of Causal Learning Over Long Timeframes: An Ecological Momentary Experiment Approach
Authors: Willett Ciara L. , Rottman Benjamin M.
Published: July 2021

The ability to learn cause–effect relations from experience is critical for humans to behave adaptively — to choose causes that bring about desired effects. However, traditional experiments on experience‐based learning involve events that are artificially compressed in time so that all learning occurs over the course of minutes. These paradigms therefore exclusively rely upon working memory. In contrast, in real‐world situations we need to be able to learn cause–effect relations over days and weeks, which necessitates long‐term memory. 413 participants completed a smartphone study, which compared learning a cause–effect relation one trial per day for 24 days versus the traditional paradigm of 24 trials back‐ to‐ back. Surprisingly, we found few differences between the short versus long timeframes. Subjects were able to accurately detect generative and preventive causal relations, and they exhibited illusory correlations in both the short and long timeframe tasks. These results provide initial evidence that experience‐based learning over long timeframes exhibits similar strengths and weaknesses as in short timeframes. However, learning over long timeframes may become more impaired with more complex tasks.
Strategic monitoring informs wilderness management and socioecological benefits
Authors: Smith Robert J. , Gray Andrew N.
Published: July 2021

Federally designated wilderness areas in the US are mandated to fulfill social and ecological goals. Long‐term monitoring is key to this mandate, yet is seldom consistent across boundaries. Our purpose is to compile literature and data to examine the utility of a strategic forest inventory for meeting wilderness management objectives and for enabling coordinated interagency responses to boundary‐crossing challenges (e.g., pollution, wildfires, plant invasions, global changes). We provide examples from a national forest inventory (NFI), which provides nationally consistent information that helps stakeholders comply with protected‐areas policy, reduce risks to public safety, define economic opportunities, guide conservation efforts and forecast key ecological processes. For example, the NFI has helped detect long‐distance air‐pollution, document high‐elevation whitebark pine declines and evaluate the risk of wilderness fires spreading to adjacent lands and private property. We identify opportunities to improve monitoring by expanding existing measurements of nonforest ecosystems and linking supplemental monitoring efforts to the existing framework. Though the NFI alone cannot fulfill all monitoring functions, strategic monitoring enables effective wilderness management by revealing socioecological feedbacks between human communities and the wildlands on which they depend.
COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy: Race/ethnicity, trust, and fear
Authors: Willis Don E. , Andersen Jennifer A. , Bryant‐Moore Keneshia , Selig James P. , Long Christopher R. , Felix Holly C. , Curran Geoffrey M. , McElfish Pearl A.
Published: July 2021

Understanding and minimizing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccine hesitancy is critical to population health and minimizing health inequities, which continue to be brought into stark relief by the pandemic. We investigate questions regarding vaccine hesitancy in a sample (n = 1205) of Arkansas adults surveyed online in July/August of 2020. We examine relationships among sociodemographics, COVID‐19 health literacy, fear of COVID‐19 infection, general trust in vaccines, and COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy using bivariate analysis and a full information maximum likelihood (FIML) logistic regression model. One in five people (21,21.86%) reported hesitancy to take a COVID‐19 vaccine. Prevalence of COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy was highest among Black/African Americans (50.00%), respondents with household income less than $25K (30.68%), some college (32.17%), little to no fear of infection from COVID‐19 (62.50%), and low trust in vaccines in general (55.84%). Odds of COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy were 2.42 greater for Black/African American respondents compared to White respondents (p < 0.001), 1.67 greater for respondents with some college/technical degree compared to respondents with a 4‐year degree (p < 0.05), 5.48 greater for respondents with no fear of COVID‐19 infection compared to those who fear infection to a great extent (p < 0.001), and 11.32 greater for respondents with low trust in vaccines (p < 0.001). Sociodemographic differences in COVID‐19 vaccine hesitancy raise concerns about the potential of vaccine implementation to widen existing health disparities in COVID‐19 related infections, particularly among Black/African Americans. Fear of infection and general mistrust in vaccines are significantly associated with vaccine hesitancy.
Connected Museums: Reflections on Constructing Technology Maturity Parameters In Museums
Authors: Martins Luciana Conrado , Martins Dalton Lopes , do Carmo Danielle
Published: July 2021

This article reflects on barriers to the use of information and communications technology (ICT) by museums. The use of ICT in museums has become increasingly relevant over the last decade, especially in terms of the distribution and availability of museum collections in digital format, contributing to understanding the social role of museums and their relationship with their audience. This investigation aims to reflect on and understand the barriers to the use of technological tools by museums to preserve and socialize digital collections, particularly digital repositories. A qualitative data collection methodology was applied to 26 national museums in Brazil. A diagnostic matrix consisting of seven dimensions was used to analyze the different aspects of museum operations and institutional characteristics. The results obtained indicate the need to devise a specific policy for technological development in museums that goes beyond technical aspects and includes understanding the role of these institutions in society. This investigation is part of a wider study aimed at creating a diagnostic model to assess the technology maturity level of museums.
Cognitive control deployment is flexibly modulated by social value in early adolescence
Authors: Sharp Paul B. , Do Kathy T. , Lindquist Kristen A. , Prinstein Mitchell J. , Telzer Eva H.
Published: July 2021

Recent mechanistic models of cognitive control define the normative level of control deployment as a function of the effort cost of exerting control balanced against the reward that can be attained by exerting control. Despite these models explaining empirical findings in adults, prior literature has suggested that adolescents may not adaptively integrate value into estimates of how much cognitive control they should deploy. Moreover, much work in adolescent neurodevelopment casts social valuation processes as competing with, and in many cases overwhelming, cognitive control in adolescence. Here, we test whether social incentives can adaptively increase cognitive control. Adolescents (Mage = 14.64, 44 male, N = 87) completed an incentivized cognitive control task in which they could exert cognitive control to receive rewards on behalf of real peers who were rated by all peers in their school grade as being of either high‐ or low‐status. Using Bayesian modeling, we find robust evidence that adolescents exert more cognitive control for high‐ relative to low‐status peers. Moreover, we demonstrate that social incentives, irrespective of their high‐ or low‐status, boost adolescent cognitive control above baseline control where no incentives are offered. Findings support the hypothesis that the cognitive control system in early adolescence is flexibly modulated by social value.