bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective spatial scales for evaluating environmental determinants of population density in Yakushima macaques
Authors: Agetsuma Naoki , Koda Ryosuke , Tsujino Riyou , Agetsuma‐Yanagihara Yoshimi
Published: September 2014

Population densities of wildlife species tend to be correlated with resource productivity of habitats. However, wildlife density has been greatly modified by increasing human influences. For effective conservation, we must first identify the significant factors that affect wildlife density, and then determine the extent of the areas in which the factors should be managed. Here, we propose a protocol that accomplishes these two tasks. The main threats to wildlife are thought to be habitat alteration and hunting, with increases in alien carnivores being a concern that has arisen recently. Here, we examined the effect of these anthropogenic disturbances, as well as natural factors, on the local density of Yakushima macaques (Macaca fuscata yakui). We surveyed macaque densities at 30 sites across their habitat using data from 403 automatic cameras. We quantified the effect of natural vegetation (broad‐leaved forest, mixed coniferous/broad‐leaved forest, etc.), altered vegetation (forestry area and agricultural land), hunting pressure, and density of feral domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). The effect of each vegetation type was analyzed at numerous spatial scales (between 150 and 3,600‐m radii from the camera locations) to determine the best scale for explaining macaque density (effective spatial scale). A model‐selection procedure (generalized linear mixed model) was used to detect significant factors affecting macaque density. We detected that the most effective spatial scale was 400 m in radius, a scale that corresponded to group range size of the macaques. At this scale, the amount of broad‐leaved forest was selected as a positive factor, whereas mixed forest and forestry area were selected as negative factors for macaque density. This study demonstrated the importance of the simultaneous evaluation of all possible factors of wildlife population density at the appropriate spatial scale. Am. J. Primatol. 77:152–161, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Long‐term fidelity of foraging techniques in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: Gunhold Tina , Range Friederike , Huber Ludwig , Bugnyar Thomas
Published: September 2014

The formation of behavioral traditions has been considered as one of the main building blocks of culture. Numerous studies on social learning in different animal species provide evidence for their capability of successful transmission of information. However, questions concerning the memory and maintenance of this information have received comparably little attention. After the innovation and initial spread of a novel behavior, the behavior should stabilize and be maintained over time. Otherwise, the behavioral pattern might collapse and no tradition formation would be possible. The aim of this study was to investigate long‐term preferences in a two‐action manipulation task in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus). Three captive family groups (23 individuals in total) were trained on one of two possible techniques to open a wooden box and gain access to a food reward, by either pulling or pushing a flap door. The training phase took place in a family group setting, while the test phase was conducted individually. Although the subjects could experience the alternative technique during the test sessions, the majority preferentially used the technique learned in the group setting. Moreover, the subjects were re‐tested six times over a period of more than four years, in order to examine the fidelity of their preferences. The longest break without exposure the task lasted for 3.5 years. In all tests, the marmosets showed a similar preference as in the first test block shortly after the training. To our knowledge, this is the first lab study that experimentally demonstrates memory and fidelity of experimentally seeded information in a manipulation task over a time period of several years, supporting the assumption that socially learned foraging techniques can lead to relatively stable behavioral traditions. Am. J. Primatol. 77:264–270, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Phenotypic variation of transitional forager‐farmers in theSonoranDesert
Authors: Byrd Rachael M.
Published: September 2014

This study examines phenotypic variation and biological distances estimated using morphological traits from three Early Agricultural period (EAP) (2100 BC–AD 50) site‐complexes in the Sonoran Desert of southern Arizona and northern Sonora. The hypothesis tested is that EAP forager‐farmers were phenotypically homogenous as suggested by patterns in material culture and works to refine inferences regarding gene flow and biological affinity during subsistence transitions. Seven measurements from 62 EAP male and female crania were collected and used to calculate phenotypic variances, biological distances, andvalues with RMET 5.0 software. Analyses were applied to both pooled site‐complex samples and to males and females separately. Results show differential variation between site‐complex population samples, multiple significant biological distances, and significantvalues for the EAP regional sample that indicate widespread phenotypic heterogeneity rather than homogeneity. Significantly lower than expected variance in the Cienega Creek male sample is inferred to suggest a small closely related population present during the Cienega phase. Greater than expected male variation is attributed to higher frequencies of gene flow in the La Playa and Santa Cruz River site‐complex samples. These EAP males are inferred to be more mobile across the Sonoran Desert landscape and representative of multiple biological affinities compared with females. This study provides evidence supporting the canalization of phenotypic variation when associated with human populations becoming increasingly sedentary due to transitioning subsistence practices. Am J Phys Anthropol 155:579–590, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Traumatic vertebral artery dissection and cerebral infarction following head and neck injury with a lucid interval
Authors: Tabuchi Sadaharu , Nakayasu Hiroyuki
Published: September 2014

Cases

Two patients with cerebral infarction following head and neck injury who showed a lucid interval are presented.

Outcome

A 70‐year‐old male showed infarctions in the cerebellum bilaterally and the right hypothalamus on the sixth day after an injury with no fracture of the cervical spine, and bilateral dissection of the vertebral arteries was diagnosed. A 74‐year‐old male showed infarctions in the territory of the right posterior cerebral artery and posterior inferior cerebellar artery 2 days after injury with fractures of the cervical spine (C2 and C3) and was diagnosed as having artery‐to‐artery embolism based on dissection of the right vertebral artery.

Conclusion

Head and neck injury is a very common presentation in the emergency department. Three‐dimensional computed tomography angiography is an effective screening imaging method for vertebral artery dissection that should be carried out on arrival in every patient with fracture of the cervical spine, and even considered in doubtful cases with no fracture.
Development of an interactive anatomical three‐dimensional eye model
Authors: Allen Lauren K. , Bhattacharyya Siddhartha , Wilson Timothy D.
Published: September 2014

The discrete anatomy of the eye's intricate oculomotor system is conceptually difficult for novice students to grasp. This is problematic given that this group of muscles represents one of the most common sites of clinical intervention in the treatment of ocular motility disorders and other eye disorders. This project was designed to develop a digital, interactive, three‐dimensional (3D) model of the muscles and cranial nerves of the oculomotor system. Development of the 3D model utilized data from the Visible Human Project (VHP) dataset that was refined using multiple forms of 3D software. The model was then paired with a virtual user interface in order to create a novel 3D learning tool for the human oculomotor system. Development of the virtual eye model was done while attempting to adhere to the principles of cognitive load theory (CLT) and the reduction of extraneous load in particular. The detailed approach, digital tools employed, and the CLT guidelines are described herein. Anat Sci Educ 8: 275–282. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
CFD simulation and comparison of industrial crystallizers
Authors: Rane Chinmay V. , Ganguli Arijit A. , Kalekudithi Ekambara , Patil Raosaheb N. , Joshi Jyeshtharaj B. , Ramkrishna Doraiswami
Published: September 2014

Simulation of flow patterns in eleven industrial crystallizers (standard Messo, Cerny direct contact, Swenson draft tube baffled, Swenson walker, Swenson evaporative, Oslo cooling, Oslo Krystal, APV Kestner, Batch Vacuum, stirred tank with disc turbine, and stirred tank with pitched blade impeller) have been carried out using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). Population balance modelling (PBM) is coupled with CFD to obtain better results. In all the cases, the crystallizer volume was 100 liter and the power consumption per unit volume was 1 kW/m3. The simulation results have been presented in terms of mean velocity components, turbulent kinetic energy and dissipation rate. On the basis of the flow patterns, these eleven crystallizers have been compared for crystal size distribution (CSD). It was found that Swenson Evaporative, Krystal and Batch Vacuum provide relatively low CSD.
Influence of a perpendicular liquid flow on a cleaning process using 20 kHz ultrasound: Characterization of the agitation at vicinity of the surface opposite to the transducer
Authors: Mazue Gérald , Viennet Rémy , Hihn Jean‐Yves , Bonnet Dimitri , Barthes Magali , Bailly Yannick , Albaïna Ignaki
Published: September 2014

This work is part of a project consisting of the development of an automatic cleaning station for the immersed part of boats. This self‐service station combines ultrasound for washing with a specific water treatment. Since, in this case, displacement of the transducers plus suction of the dirt removed induce circulation, we need to measure the ultrasound activity which reaches the surface despite the disruptions. The goal of this work is to quantify this ultrasound activity. For this purpose, a specific lab‐scale equipment was designed and built. Two methods were implemented for quantification of the ultrasound activity: Particle Image Velocimetry and electrochemical mass transfer measurements. From electrochemical measurements, a parietal velocity was calculated and found to be consistent with velocities obtained from both flow rate and PIV measurements in silent conditions. Moreover, it was found that, even in the presence of a liquid flow perpendicular to the main direction of propagation of ultrasound, contribution of ultrasound to the agitation on the opposite wall remained noticeable. Nevertheless, results showed that the main activity was concentrated in the area close to the transducer. Thus, to maximize the cleaning process, small distances must be maintained between the cleaning tool and the boat hull.
Crystal growth of sapphire for substrates for high‐brightness, light emitting diodes
Authors: Bruni Frank J.
Published: September 2014

Sapphire has emerged as the preferred substrate for high‐brightness, light emitting diodes (HB‐LEDs) made with a GaN epilayer. While the growth of most crystalline materials for electronic and laser applications normally converges onto a single, preferred method—Czochralski growth for silicon, lithium niobate and YAG (yttrium aluminum garnet), vertical gradient freeze (VGF) and Liquid Encapsulated Czochralski (LEC) for GaAs crystals (depending upon current density and device application), vapor transport for SiC, for example—a wide range of processes are employed for sapphire growth. These include Czochralski, Kyropoulos, EFG (Edge‐defined, Film‐fed Growth), Bagdasarov, classical Bridgman and several variants of Bridgman such as HEM (Heat Exchanger Method) and CHES (Controlled Heat Extraction System).

This variety of approaches to grow crystals of what is basically the same material reflects a balance between acceptable defect levels, the costs of downstream fabrication steps such as wire sawing, and the wafer diameters demanded by the market. Each process has advantages and disadvantages. The Kyropoulos method, for example, probably yields crystals with the lowest defect levels, while EFG eliminates the wire sawing stage of wafer fabrication which is a major cost factor. Large sapphire crystals grown by HEM are frequently oxygen deficient, and a‐axis Czochralski crystals have higher dislocation densities than Kyropoulos boules.

Facet formation on the c‐plane is an important criterion in selecting the growth methodology for sapphire. However, we will show that melt grown sapphire crystals have a curved interface that passes through other facet planes, and this can impact the growth process.

In this paper we will summarize the various crystal growth methods currently employed to grow sapphire, discuss the strengths and weaknesses of each approach and also discuss the often overlooked thermodynamic aspects of this high‐temperature crystal growth process. We will attempt to show the long‐term trends in the evolution of the various growth processes and predict the ultimate winner of the contest to supply substrates.
Linking bioregulatory systems: Reciprocal autonomic activation predicts sleep over 1 year in middle childhood
Authors: Erath Stephen , El‐Sheikh Mona
Published: September 2014

This study examined reactivity to social‐evaluative stress in the parasympathetic (PNS) and sympathetic (SNS) branches of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) as prospective predictors of sleep in middle childhood. Participants included 339 children (M age = 9 years and 5 months at T1; 54% female; 64% European American, 36% African American). Sleep efficiency, sleep minutes, and variability in sleep onset time were assessed with actigraphy for seven consecutive nights at T1 and 1 year later at T2. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity (RSAR) and skin conductance level reactivity (SCLR) were assessed in response to a developmentally salient social‐evaluative stress task at T1. Controlling for demographic variables and the respective sleep parameter at T1, the interaction between RSAR and SCLR predicted T2 sleep efficiency and sleep minutes. Consistent with the hypothesized role of reciprocal sympathetic activation (higher SCLR) and parasympathetic withdrawal (higher RSAR), higher RSAR predicted higher sleep efficiency and sleep minutes among children with higher SCLR but not lower SCLR. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 57: 17–24, 2015.
Demographic variation in the U.K. serotine bat: filling gaps in knowledge for management
Authors: Chauvenet Alienor L. M. , Hutson Anthony M. , Smith Graham C. , Aegerter James N.
Published: September 2014

Species of conservation concern, or those in conflict with man, are most efficiently managed with an understanding of their population dynamics. European bats exemplify the need for successful and cost‐effective management for both reasons, often simultaneously. Across Europe, bats are protected, and the concept of Favourable Conservation Status (FCS) is used as a key tool for the assessment and licensing of disruptive actions to populations. However, for efficient decision‐making, this assessment requires knowledge on the demographic rates and long‐term dynamics of populations. We used capture–mark–recapture to describe demographic rates for the Serotine bat (Eptesicus serotinus) at two sites in England and investigate the transition rates between three stages: juveniles, immatures, and breeders. We then use these rates in an individual‐based population dynamics model to investigate the expected trajectories for both populations. Our results demonstrate for the first time the presence and scale of temporal variation in this species' demography. We describe the lengthy prereproductive period (3.5 years) that female Serotines experience. Finally, we show how site‐specific variation in demographic rates can produce divergent population trajectories. Effective management of European bat populations can be achieved through the understanding of life histories, and local demographic rates and population dynamics, in order to anticipate the presence of source and sink sites in the landscape. Using the Serotine bat in England, we show that these can be obtained from rigorous and systematic studies of long‐term demographic datasets.
Natural killer and dendritic cells collaborate in the immune response induced by the vaccine against uterine cervical cancer
Authors: Langers Inge , Renoux Virginie , Reschner Anca , Touzé Antoine , Coursaget Pierre , Boniver Jacques , Koch Joachim , Delvenne Philippe , Jacobs Nathalie
Published: September 2014

Virus‐like particles (VLPs) of human papillomavirus (HPV) are used as a vaccine against HPV‐induced cancer, and recently we have shown that these VLPs are able to activate natural killer (NK) cells. Since NK cells collaborate with dendritic cells (DCs) to induce an immune response against viral infections and tumors, we studied the impact of this crosstalk in the context of HPV vaccination. NK cells in the presence of HPV‐VLPs enhanced DC‐maturation as shown by an upregulation of CD86 and HLA‐DR and an increased production of IL‐12p70, but not of the immunosuppressive cytokine IL‐10. This activation was bidirectional. Indeed, in the presence of HPV‐VLPs, DCs further activated NK cells by inducing the upregulation of cell surface activation markers (CD69 and HLA‐DR). The function of NK cells was also improved as shown by an increase in IFN‐γ secretion and cytotoxic activity against an HPV+ cell line. This crosstalk between NK cells and DCs needed CD40 interaction and IL‐12p70 secretion, whereas NKG2D was not implicated. Our results provide insight into how VLPs interact with innate immune cells and how NK cells and DCs play a role in the immune response induced by this vaccine agent.
Proteasome isoforms exhibit only quantitative differences in cleavage and epitope generation
Authors: Mishto Michele , Liepe Juliane , Textoris‐Taube Kathrin , Keller Christin , Henklein Petra , Weberruß Marion , Dahlmann Burkhardt , Enenkel Cordula , Voigt Antje , Kuckelkorn Ulrike , Stumpf Michael P. H. , Kloetzel Peter M.
Published: September 2014

Immunoproteasomes are considered to be optimised to process Ags and to alter the peptide repertoire by generating a qualitatively different set of MHC class I epitopes. Whether the immunoproteasome at the biochemical level, influence the quality rather than the quantity of the immuno‐genic peptide pool is still unclear. Here, we quantified the cleavage‐site usage by human standard‐ and immunoproteasomes, and proteasomes from immuno‐subunit‐deficient mice, as well as the peptides generated from model polypeptides. We show in this study that the different proteasome isoforms can exert significant quantitative differences in the cleavage‐site usage and MHC class I restricted epitope production. However, independent of the proteasome isoform and substrates studied, no evidence was obtained for the abolishment of the specific cleavage‐site usage, or for differences in the quality of the peptides generated. Thus, we conclude that the observed differences in MHC class I restricted Ag presentation between standard‐ and immunoproteasomes are due to quantitative differences in the proteasome‐generated antigenic peptides.
Synthesis of Co/Ni Unitary‐ or Binary‐Doped CeO2 Mesoporous Nanospheres and Their Catalytic Performance for CO Oxidation
Authors: Liu Xiufang , Han Lu , Liu Wei , Yang Yanzhao
Published: September 2014

In this paper, pure ceria, ceria doped with transition metal ions (Co2+, Ni2+), and Co/Ni binary‐doped ceria mesoporous notched hollow nanospheres were prepared from a one‐step solvothermal synthesis. By introducing metal ions, the composition can be freely manipulated. The morphologies and crystalline structures of the products were characterized in detail by XRD, TEM, SEM, and HRTEM. The surface compositions of the as‐prepared ceria samples were detected by Raman spectroscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometry (EDS), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface areas and pore‐size distributions of the as‐obtained doped ceria mesoporous nanospheres were investigated by N2 adsorption–desorption measurements. Temperature‐programmed reduction measurements under H2 (H2‐TPR) showed the better reduction behavior of the doped ceria samples. Preliminary CO catalytic oxidation experiments indicated that the doped ceria samples showed strikingly higher catalytic activity, owing to the intrinsic surface defects of the samples. In addition, the as‐obtained ceria nanospheres can be used as excellent supports for gold nanoparticles to remove CO by catalytic oxidation; therefore, they demonstrate a promising potential in environmental remediation. This one‐step synthesis is a versatile approach and it could be extended to other binary or ternary metal oxide systems.
Six‐Membered Ring Formation from Lewis Acid Promoted Reactions of 2‐Substituted 2‐Alkenyl Amides and Esters of Ethenetricarboxylate
Authors: Yamazaki Shoko , Ueda Kohta , Fukushima Yugo , Ogawa Akiya , Kakiuchi Kiyomi
Published: September 2014

The Lewis acid promoted reactions of 2‐substituted 2‐propenyl amides and the 2‐methylbuta‐2,3‐dienyl ester of ethenetricarboxylate have been examined. The reactions of 2‐substituted 2‐propenyl amides with AlCl3 gave 2‐oxo‐5,6‐dehydropiperidines as the major products. The reaction of 2‐methylbuta‐2,3‐dienyl ester with Lewis acids such as AlCl3 and SnCl4 gave 2‐oxo‐3,6‐dihydropyran as the major product. The preference for six‐ over five‐membered‐ring formation was observed.
Downstream effects of stream flow diversion on channel characteristics and riparian vegetation in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, USA
Authors: Caskey Simeon T. , Blaschak Tyanna S. , Wohl Ellen , Schnackenberg Elizabeth , Merritt David M. , Dwire Kathleen A.
Published: September 2014

Flow diversions are widespread and numerous throughout the semi‐arid mountains of the western United States. Diversions vary greatly in their structure and ability to divert water, but can alter the magnitude and duration of base and peak flows, depending upon their size and management. Channel geometry and riparian plant communities have adapted to unique hydrologic and geomorphic conditions existing in the areas subject to fluvial processes. We use geomorphic and vegetation data from low‐gradient (≤3%) streams in the Rocky Mountains of north‐central Colorado to assess potential effects of diversion. Data were collected at 37 reaches, including 16 paired upstream and downstream reaches and five unpaired reaches. Channel geometry data were derived from surveys of bankfull channel dimensions and substrate. Vegetation was sampled using a line‐point intercept method along transects oriented perpendicular to the channel, with a total of 100 sampling points per reach. Elevation above and distance from the channel were measured at each vegetation sampling point to analyze differences in lateral and vertical zonation of plant communities between upstream and downstream reaches.

Geomorphic data were analyzed using mixed effects models. Bankfull width, depth, and cross‐sectional area decreased downstream from diversions. Vegetation data were analyzed using biological diversity metrics, richness, evenness and diversity, as well as multivariate community analysis. Evenness increased downstream from diversions, through reduced frequency of wetland indicator species and increased frequency of upland indicator species. Probability of occurrence for upland species downstream of a diversion increases at a greater rate beginning around 0·5 m above active channel. The results suggest that channel morphology and riparian plant communities along low‐gradient reaches in montane environments in the Colorado Rocky Mountains are impacted by diversion‐induced flow alteration, with the net effect of simplifying and narrowing the channel and homogenizing and terrestrializing riparian plant communities. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seasonal and year-to-year variation of mercury concentration in perch (Perca fluviatilis) in boreal lakes
Authors: Braaten Hans Fredrik Veiteberg , Fjeld Eirik , Rognerud Sigurd , Lund Espen , Larssen Thorjørn
Published: September 2014

The authors examined the seasonal and year-to-year variations of mercury (Hg) concentrations in populations of perch (Perca fluviatilis) from 2 boreal freshwater lakes in southeast Norway. Fish Hg concentrations were determined seasonally (spring, summer, and autumn) over 3 yr (2010, 2011, and 2012) to test the hypothesis that there are substantial changes in fish Hg concentrations during the year (seasonal variation) as well as annually. Concentrations were significantly (p < 0.0001) different in the 2 study lakes, with mean seasonal concentrations varying from 0.24 mg/kg to 0.36 mg/kg and from 0.29 mg/kg to 0.37 mg/kg, respectively. The Hg concentrations of both perch populations showed significant year-to-year (p < 0.0001) and seasonal variation (p < 0.01). The changing fish Hg concentrations were 25% and 28% (2010–2011) and 17% and 0% (2011–2012) in the 2 lakes over the 3 yr, respectively. The results demonstrate how the significant year-to-year increase is, among other variables, related to changes in trophic position, shown through stable nitrogen (δ15N) isotope data. The seasonal variation is related to summer growth dilution. The results highlight the clear need for yearly studies of fish Hg concentrations, rather than the 3-yr cycle suggested by current European policy through the Water Framework Directive. The lack of yearly sampling may result in erroneous conclusions regarding fish Hg concentration time trends. Environ Toxicol Chem 2014;33:2661–2670. © 2014 SETAC
A necklace model for vesicles simulations in 2D
Authors: Ismail Mourad , Lefebvre‐Lepot Aline
Published: September 2014

The aim of this paper is to propose a new numerical model to simulate 2D vesicles interacting with a Newtonian fluid. The inextensible membrane is modeled by a chain of circular rigid particles, which are maintained in cohesion by using two different types of forces. First, a spring force is imposed between neighboring particles in the chain. Second, in order to model the bending of the membrane, each triplet of successive particles is submitted to an angular force.

Numerical simulations of vesicles in shear flow have been run using FEM and the FreeFem++ software. Exploring different ratios of inner and outer viscosities, we recover the well‐known ‘tank‐treading’ and ‘tumbling’ motions predicted by a theory and experiments. Moreover, for the first time, 2D simulations of the ‘vacillating‐breathing’ regime without special ingredient such as thermal fluctuations are recovered. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Communicating science and technology while engaging the public at the Illinois Basin – Decatur Project
Authors: Greenberg Sallie E. , Gauvreau Lori M.
Published: September 2014

The Midwest Geological Sequestration Consortium communication initiative at the Illinois Basin – Decatur Project (IBDP) draws on multiple carbon capture and storage (CCS) best practices, guidelines, and international project experiences to be both proactive and responsive toward the engagement of multiple stakeholders. The IBDP communications strategy was developed early in the project to actively reduce associated risks by creating and implementing a communication plan, training communicators, and providing a structure for the communications team. Formalized approaches to knowledge sharing and capacity building have generated additional opportunities to further outreach and impact from IBDP experiences. The initial challenge for the communications team was to provide easy‐to‐understand, scientifically accurate, and consistent information for stakeholders to carry throughout the project. Consistent, factual information was developed and incorporated into project planning, and provides the basis of public communications through the alignment of goals across communications, risk mitigation, and project management. The refinement of the communication strategy and plan is ongoing due to the changing communication needs that are encountered throughout the lifetime of the project.
The structure of the amygdala associates with human sexual permissiveness: Evidence from voxel‐based morphometry
Authors: Takeuchi Hikaru , Taki Yasuyuki , Nouchi Rui , Hashizume Hiroshi , Sekiguchi Atsushi , Kotozaki Yuka , Nakagawa Seishu , Miyauchi Carlos Makoto , Sassa Yuko , Kawashima Ryuta
Published: September 2014

Sexual behavior is a critical function of human procreation. Despite previous studies that investigated the neural mechanisms of basic human physiological sexual functions, the neural mechanisms that underlie individual differences in human sexual permissiveness remain unknown. We used voxel‐based morphometry and a questionnaire (scale for sexual attitudes) to measure sexual permissiveness to investigate the gray matter and white matter structural correlates of sexual permissiveness. Sexual permissiveness was negatively correlated with regional gray matter density of the structures involving the right amygdala and surrounding areas, and positively correlated with regional white matter density of the white matter area that spread around the left amygdala to the hypothalamus area. There were no gender‐specific relationships in the neural correlates of our findings. These findings suggest that structural variations in regions that play key roles in the basic physiological aspects of human sexuality underlie individual complex sexual attitudes in social life. Hum Brain Mapp 36:440–448, 2015. © 2014 The Authors. Human Brain Mapping Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
In vitromechanical fatigue behavior of poly‐ɛ‐caprolactone macroporous scaffolds for cartilage tissue engineering: Influence of pore filling by a poly(vinyl alcohol) gel
Authors: Panadero J. A. , Vikingsson L. , Gomez Ribelles J. L. , Lanceros‐Mendez S. , Sencadas V.
Published: September 2014

Polymeric scaffolds used in regenerative therapies are implanted in the damaged tissue and submitted to repeated loading cycles. In the case of articular cartilage engineering, an implanted scaffold is typically subjected to long‐term dynamic compression. The evolution of the mechanical properties of the scaffold during bioresorption has been deeply studied in the past, but the possibility of failure due to mechanical fatigue has not been properly addressed. Nevertheless, the macroporous scaffold is susceptible to failure after repeated loading‐unloading cycles. In this work fatigue studies of polycaprolactone scaffolds were carried by subjecting the scaffold to repeated compression cycles in conditions simulating the scaffold implanted in the articular cartilage. The behavior of the polycaprolactone sponge with the pores filled with a poly(vinyl alcohol) gel simulating the new formed tissue within the pores was compared with that of the material immersed in water. Results were analyzed with Morrow's criteria for failure and accurate fittings are obtained just up to 200 loading cycles. It is also shown that the presence of poly(vinyl alcohol) increases the elastic modulus of the scaffolds, the effect being more pronounced with increasing the number of freeze/thawing cycles. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1037–1043, 2015.
Incorporation of copper into chitosan scaffolds promotes bone regeneration in rat calvarial defects
Authors: D'Mello Sheetal , Elangovan Satheesh , Hong Liu , Ross Ryan D. , Sumner D. Rick , Salem Aliasger K.
Published: September 2014

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a copper loaded chitosan scaffold on bone regeneration in critical‐sized calvarial defects in rats. Chitosan scaffolds and copper‐chitosan scaffolds were fabricated and characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Chitosan and copper‐chitosan scaffolds were implanted into 5 mm diameter critical‐sized calvarial defects in Fisher 344 male rats. Empty defects (no scaffolds) were included as a control. After 4 weeks, the rats were sacrificed for microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) and histological analysis of new bone tissue development. Microscopy images revealed the uniformly porous structure of chitosan and copper‐chitosan scaffolds. Significant bone regeneration was noted in the defects treated with copper‐chitosan scaffolds when evaluated using micro‐CT and histological analysis, when compared with other groups tested. On analysis of the micro‐CT scans, an eleven‐fold and a two‐fold increase in the new bone volume/total volume (BV/TV) % was found in defects treated with the copper‐chitosan scaffolds, when compared to empty defects and chitosan scaffolds, respectively. This study demonstrated the suitability of copper‐crosslinked chitosan scaffolds for bone tissue engineering and provides the first evidence that inclusion of copper ions in scaffolds can enhance tissue regeneration. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 103B: 1044–1049, 2015.
Outcomes of plasma exchange in patients with transplant‐associated thrombotic microangiopathy based on time of presentation since transplant
Authors: Mulay Sudhanshu , Kreuter Justin D. , Bryant Sandra C. , Elliott Michelle A. , Hogan William J. , Winters Jeffrey L. , Gastineau Dennis A.
Published: September 2014

Transplant‐associated thrombotic microangiopathy (TA‐TMA) is a rare clinical syndrome associated with significant mortality. Although the use of plasma exchange (PE) in TA‐TMA continues to be explored, evidence for its efficacy is debated. We performed a single institution, retrospective study to evaluate the efficacy of PE in treating TA‐TMA patients. Special attention was given to efficacy in relation to the timing of presentation with TA‐TMA since transplant. Thirty‐three patients diagnosed with TA‐TMA and treated with PE between January 1999 and December 2010 were included in the study. Clinical improvement was seen in eight patients (24%); four patients achieved complete resolution while the remaining four achieved partial resolution. All‐cause day‐30 and day‐100 mortality was 33 and 55%, respectively. There was a trend toward a better outcome (complete/partial) for those presenting ≥ 100 days after transplantation (42%) vs. < 100 days after transplantation (14%; P‐value = 0.15). Similarly, those presenting at ≥ 100 days had better, but not significantly, 30‐day and 100‐day all‐cause mortality rates (17 and 33%, respectively) than those presenting at < 100 days (43 and 67%, respectively) (P‐value = 0.25 and 0.08, for 30‐ and 100‐day all‐cause mortality, respectively). This is the first study looking at the efficacy of PE while considering the time of presentation since transplantation and is one of the largest single institution series of TA‐TMA. The overall efficacy of PE is poor; however, patients who present with TA‐TMA ≥100 days after transplant may have better outcome and lower mortality. J. Clin. Apheresis 30:147–153, 2015. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fatty acid composition and δ13C of bulk and individual fatty acids as marker for authenticating Italian PDO/PGI extra virgin olive oils by means of isotopic ratio mass spectrometry
Authors: Faberi Angelo , Marianella Rosa Maria , Fuselli Fabio , La Mantia Alessandro , Ciardiello Felice , Montesano Camilla , Mascini Marcello , Sergi Manuel , Compagnone Dario
Published: September 2014

European Regulation (EEC) 2568/91 has been setting the minimum requirements in order to allow labeling of oil as extra virgin. These general requirements, are based on physical–chemical and organoleptic parameters directly linked to the freshness and quality of the product.

Isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) was demonstrated to be a useful tool for the discrimination of the origin of unknown samples, because the obtained data are practically independent of the cultivar employed and the production technique.

In this work, the evaluation of the composition of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) alongside with the determination of stable isotope ratio of C in bulk oils and in main FAME constituents have been investigated as a tool to improve geographical discrimination of Italian Protected Designation of Origin/Protected Geographical Indication (PDO/PGI) samples.

For this purpose, authentic PDO/PGI extra virgin olive oils were sampled at oil mills and grouped into different sets according to their areas of provenience.

The use of principal component analysis and partial least squares discriminant analysis multivariate analysis techniques demonstrated that discrimination of olive oil samples can be done using geographical and pedoclimatic parameters predominantly by using δ13C results of bulk and individual fatty acids. Results showed that δ13C values are a more reliable marker of origin with respect to fatty acid composition. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of mustard seeds and paste by DART ionization with time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Prchalová Jana , Kovařík František , Ševčík Rudolf , Čížková Helena , Rajchl Aleš
Published: September 2014

Direct analysis in real time (DART) is a novel technique with great potential for rapid screening analysis. The DART ionization method coupled with high‐resolution time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (TOF‐MS) has been used for characterization of mustard seeds and table mustard. The possibility to use DART to analyse glucosinolates was confirmed on determination of sinalbin (4‐hydroxybenzyl glucosinolate). The DART‐TOF‐MS method was optimized and validated. A set of samples of mustard seeds and mustard products was analyzed. High‐performance liquid chromatography and DART‐TOF‐MS were used to determine glucosinolates in mustard seeds and compared. The correlation equation between these methods was DART = 0.797*HPLC + 6.987, R2 = 0.972. The DART technique seems to be a suitable method for evaluation of the quality of mustard seeds and mustard products. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stable isotope ratios of H, C, N and O in Italian citrus juices
Authors: Bontempo L. , Caruso R. , Fiorillo M. , Gambino G. L. , Perini M. , Simoni M. , Traulo P. , Wehrens R. , Gagliano G. , Camin F.
Published: September 2014

Stable isotope ratios (SIRs) of C, N, H and O have been exensively used in fruit juices quality control (ENV and AOAC methods) to detect added sugar and the watering down of concentrated juice, practices prohibited by European legislation (EU Directive 2012/12). The European Fruit Juice Association (AIJN) set some reference guidelines in order to allow the judging of the genuiness of a juice. Moreover, various studies have been carried out to determine the natural variability of SIRs in fruit juices, but none of these has investigated SIRs extensively in authentic citrus juices from Italy. In this work, about 500 citrus juice samples were officially collected in Italy by the Italian Ministry of Agricultural and Forestry Policies from 1998 onwards. (D/H)I and (D/H)II in ethanol and δ13Cethanol, δ13Cpulp, δ13Csugars, δ18Ovegetalwater, δ15Npulp, and δ18Opulp were determined using Site‐Specific Natural Isotope Fractionation‐Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry, respectively.

The characteristic ranges of variability in SIRs in genuine Italian citrus juice samples are here presented as well as their relationships and compliance with the limits indicated by the AIJN and others proposed in the literature. In particular, the Italian range of values was found to be not completely in agreement with AIJN guidelines, with the risk that genuine juices could be judged as not genuine.

Variety seems not to influence SIRs, whereas harvest year and region of origin have some influence on the different ratios, although their data distribution shows overlapping when principal component analysis is applied. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring photooxidation‐induced dynamic changes in the volatile composition of extended shelf life bovine milk by PTR‐MS
Authors: Beauchamp Jonathan , Zardin Erika , Silcock Patrick , Bremer Phil J
Published: September 2014

Exposure of milk to light leads to photooxidation and the development of off‐flavours. To follow these reactions, semi‐skimmed (1.5% fat) and whole (3.8% fat) extended shelf life (ESL) bovine milk samples were exposed to fluorescent light for up to 20 h at room temperature, and the volatiles in the samples' headspace were measured in real time using proton‐transfer‐reaction mass spectrometry (PTR‐MS). Compounds tentatively identified as methanethiol, acetone/propanal, pentanal/octanal/nonanal/1‐octen‐3‐ol, hexanal, diacetyl, dimethyl disulphide, heptanal and benzaldehyde displayed dynamic release profiles relating to the changes occurring in milk upon exposure to light. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reliable liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry method for investigation of primary aromatic amines migration from food packaging and during industrial curing of multilayer plastic laminates
Authors: Lambertini Francesca , Di Lallo Valentina , Catellani Dante , Mattarozzi Monica , Careri Maria , Suman Michele
Published: September 2014

Primary aromatic amines (PAAs) can migrate from packaging into food from different sources such as polyurethanic adhesives used for the manufacture of multilayer films, which may contain residual aromatic isocyanates, or recycled paperboard, because of the presence of azo dyes in the printed paper massively used in the recycling process. In the present work, a reliable analytical method, exploiting a conventional high‐performance liquid chromatography‐(selected ion monitoring)‐mass spectrometry system, for PAAs compliance assessment in food contact materials was developed as an effective alternative to the current standard spectrophotometric one, moving in this way from the screening to the accurate and selective quantitation perspective for the analysis of PAAs both in aqueous and acidic food simulants. The main validation parameters were verified achieving very satisfactory results in terms of linearity range, limit of detection (ranging from 0.1 to 1.0 µg kg−1) and quantitation (ranging from 0.1 to 3.6 µg kg−1), repeatability and accuracy. Suitability of the method was demonstrated for a wide range of commercial samples, chosen among different producers of the most common used food packaging plastic and paperboard categories and then analyzed to assess the risk related to PAAs migration. Finally, the method was also successfully exploited to monitor the evolution of potential PAAs migration during the industrial curing process of multilayer plastic laminates, prior to their release for delivery to the food industry end user. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In‐office balloon catheter dilation: Analysis of 628 patients from an administrative claims database
Authors: Sillers Michael J. , Lay Kristopher F. , Holy Chantal E.
Published: September 2014

Objectives/Hypothesis

Balloon catheter dilation (BCD) of the paranasal sinuses is increasingly described as a standalone procedure in the office for minimally invasive treatment of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). This study evaluates CRS‐related healthcare utilization before and after in‐office treatment as performed by otolaryngologists within the United States in an all‐comer population.

Study Design

Retrospective claims database analysis.

Methods

The MarketScan database was queried for patients undergoing BCD (Current Procedural Terminology [CPT] 31295–31297) for CRS (International Classification of Diseases Ninth Edition [ICD‐9] 473.x) since 2011 in the office (place of service: 11). Exclusion criteria included <1 year preoperative enrollment, <6 months postoperative history, and concurrent (±30 days) endoscopic sinus surgery (CPT 31254–31288). A cohort of 628 patients was identified. Analyses included preoperative comorbidities and CRS‐related healthcare use.

Results

Preoperative comorbidities included asthma (29.0%), polyps (11.5%), and aspirin sensitivity (9.9%). An average of 3.0 sinuses (95% confidence interval: 2.91–3.17) were dilated at index. Maxillary, frontal, and sphenoid dilations were performed in 88.9%, 74.5%, and 33.8% of cases, respectively. There were two orbital complications and seven cases of hemorrhage potentially associated with the procedure, but no postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leaks. No blood transfusion, lateral canthotomy, or canthoplasty were reported. CRS‐related postoperative healthcare use declined rapidly from the immediate preoperative state. Twenty‐one patients underwent revisions, with one patient undergoing two surgeries for a total of 22 reoperations (3.5%).

Conclusions

In‐office BCD is associated with low risks of complications and revisions. Whereas not significant for patients with polyps, decreases in healthcare utilization pre‐ to postsurgery were significant for patients without polyps.

Level of Evidence

NA Laryngoscope, 125:42–48, 2015
Computational homogenization of soft matter friction: Isogeometric framework and elastic boundary layers
Authors: Temizer İ.
Published: September 2014

A computational contact homogenization framework is established for the modeling and simulation of soft matter friction. The main challenges toward the realization of the framework are (1) the establishment of a frictional contact algorithm that displays an optimal combination of accuracy, efficiency, and robustness and plays a central role in (2) the construction of a micromechanical contact test within which samples of arbitrary size may be embedded and which is not restricted to a single deformable body. The former challenge is addressed through the extension of mixed variational formulations of contact mechanics to a mortar‐based isogeometric setting where the augmented Lagrangian approach serves as the constraint enforcement method. The latter challenge is addressed through the concept of periodic embedding, with which a periodically replicated ‐continuous interface topography is realized across which not only pending but also ensuing contact among simulation cells will be automatically captured. Two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional investigations with unilateral/bilateral periodic/random roughness on two elastic micromechanical samples demonstrate the overall framework and the nature of the macroscopic frictional response. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.