bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
New Techniques in LWD Formation Pressure Testing Enable Real-Time Reservoir Evaluation in Evermore Challenging Environments
Authors: Hahne Ulrich , Pragt Jos , Meister Matthias , Lallemand Marco
Published: March 2009

Wireline formation pressure testing has been routinely used as a valuable reservoir characterization tool and its results are generally well-regarded. On the other hand, LWD formation pressure testing, initially introduced primarily as a drilling safety and equivalent circulating density (ECD) optimization tool, has yet to fully prove its effectiveness in reservoir evaluation, due to perceived data acquisition challenges.

Today, re-entry drilling is used in many aging oil and gas fields to target the remaining hydrocarbon. Formation pressure, fluid gradients and the determination of whether or not compartments are in communication are important information when analyzing such reservoirs in real time for optimum wellbore placement. The cost efficiencies of acquiring formation pressure data while drilling are becoming more influential in the operator's technology selection process, but should not come at the cost of reduced data accuracy or data useability.

This paper discusses new techniques and technologies that facilitate gaining a better understanding of the subsurface while drilling. These include a smart test function, which reduces formation shock while pressure testing in microDarcy formations and avoids sanding in highly unconsolidated formations. Performing optimized test sequences improves the accuracy of the pressure and mobility data and leads to higher operating efficiency. Further to this, LWD pressure testing on wired pipe yields a data density previously only found on wireline. The introduction of extended test times of up to 40 minutes broadens the scope of LWD pressure testing into traditional formation pressure testing applications, such as compartmentalization evaluation or fluid gradient analysis. Longer test times and testing on wired pipe precede future fluid sampling while drilling. Benefits for drilling and subsurface teams are equally important and one of the reasons why LWD formation testing has become a cross-functional discipline. Case histories from the Middle East will be used to highlight the recent technology advances and applications.
Improved Wellbore Delivery in a Deepwater Reservoir via the aid of Logging-While-Drilling Imaging and Formation Pressure Data
Authors: Day Ron , Fisher Ramsey , Plutt Louise Jacobsen , Pardo Nesny , Jebutu Segun , Freitag Hans-Christian
Published: March 2009

As capital costs continue to escalate in the deepwater environment, there is greater pressure on operators to deliver wells in a more efficient manner. This paper will review the drilling and data acquisition strategies to successfully deliver a challenging deepwater development well. First, the well was the longest stepout and highest angle well drilled in the field to date. Second, the well targeted a fault block in a portion of the field that was poorly constrained due to limited offset well control and poor-quality seismic data. Third, the final hole section, 6,000 ft of 12¼-in. hole inclined at 48°, was to be drilled through two pressure ramps, one unstable slump zone, and one pressure regression on its way to the targeted reservoirs.

The evaluation program for the well was solely logging-while-drilling (LWD)-based and included structural dip and azimuth from density and gamma imaging sensors and formation pressures and gradients from an LWD formation tester tool. Real-time formation pressure data and rush processing of the azimuthal density image confirmed that the well had crossed an unexpected sub-seismic fault in the targeted reservoir section. Structural data derived from the density image log and projected fluid contacts based on LWD formation pressure tests were integrated into the existing field model in real time, allowing the team to quickly update its structural model, define the fault block size, and successfully plan and deliver a sidetrack well. A total of 129 pressure tests were attempted with 124 successful tests recorded (96% success rate), all while circulating to maintain wellbore integrity.

The viability and benefits of a fully LWD-based data acquisition program were proven in this challenging application, delivering improved wellbore placement and reduced drilling risk based on real-time evolution of the reservoir model.
Using Formation-Testing-While-Drilling Pressures to Optimize a Middle East Carbonate Reservoir Drilling Program
Authors: Masoud Rashad , Gyllensten Asbjorn , Amari Khalid , Al Belooshi Abdulla , Lawghani Jasim , Salem Gamal , Proett Mark , Aki Ahmet , Eyuboglu Sami , Nabawy Sherif
Published: March 2009

Formation-testing-while-drilling (FTWD) technology was introduced in 2002 and has been used primarily for applications similar to wireline formation testers (WFT). These applications include accurate formation pressures, gradient analysis, formation connectivity, differential depletion, and flow barrier detections. A largely untapped application for FTWD is drilling optimization. The testing practices for drilling optimization are somewhat different than those used for typical WFT applications. In these cases, it is desirable to obtain pressures as soon as possible; and real-time test results are paramount. Combined with other downhole drilling information, such as vibration, torque, and weight-on-bit, drilling parameters can be adjusted to improve the rate of penetration (ROP) and make adjustments to the wellbore stability model in real-time.

This paper reviews a Middle East case study in a carbonate gas reservoir. In part of this field, the reservoir pressure was uncertain due to possible communication with a high-pressure lower interval. Therefore, establishing the actual formation pressure was a priority. By monitoring the FTWD pressure tests in real-time, it was possible to verify the quality and validity of each test. Then, the test data was used to change mud parameters gradually. A composite log clearly indicates how decreasing annular pressures resulted in an increase in ROP.

The method of testing and real-time monitoring results are reviewed and compared with high-resolution memory data from the FTWD tool. Comparison validated the real-time test data. Conclusions are drawn concerning drilling applications and how such test data can be utilized to improve the drilling process.
Uncertainty Analysis of a Fractured Carbonate Reservoir
Authors: Thuwaini Jamil S. , Alwan Khalid A. , Ranjan Amit
Published: March 2009

State of the art methodology using experimental design and response surface techniques were used to perform uncertainty and risk analysis for managing reservoir uncertainties during history matching, production forecasting and production scheme optimization.

In this paper we present the method applied successfully on a complex carbonate fractured reservoir with a long production history with approximately 500 producers and injectors. The simulation model is dual porosity/dual permeability, with 5 million cells. The objective is to quantify the impact of principle reservoir uncertainties on key field performance responses such as cumulative oil production, plateau length and water production using a risk analysis approach. The main uncertainties of the field were fracture connectivity, matrix-to fracture transfer, super-permeability streaks (Super-K) extent and matrix properties in a well spacing of one kilometer.

From field performance experience, main parameters were identified and their responses during the historical production period were analyzed. The impact of parameters on history match quality was analyzed and an appropriate range of uncertainty was selected. A sensitivity analysis was performed to prioritize and rank the key influential parameters impacting production forecast. A novel methodology was applied to convert discontinuous realizations into a more continuous problem. Using the most influential selected parameters, another sensitivity analysis was done to accurately predict the dispersion in the production responses. A polynomial regression equation was derived for each of the main production responses. Finally, probabilistic distributions were generated for key production responses.

This paper will highlight results of the study that helped in giving clear direction in field development planning by identifying and quantifying the main drivers influencing production behavior. Additionally, the results allow for quantifying the key uncertainty of the model forecast and associated risk to be investigated further. The results of the study can also be used for production optimization process by deriving the best operating constraints for highest recovery.
A Successful Full-Field Reservoir Characterization Story Utilizing Pressure Transient Analysis
Authors: Al-Harbi Badr M. , BinAkresh Saud A.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a successful case history of full-field reservoir characterization. It discusses real cases where transient analysis was a key tool in detecting various reservoir heterogeneities in the early phases of the field development. Pressure Transient Analysis (PTA) is well-known in the oil industry as one of the most important reservoir characterization tools for its ability to provide better identification of reservoir heterogeneities along with its well-proven capabilities in providing rational determination of reservoir parameters such as permeability thickness, skin and productivity index. Many reservoir heterogeneities such as faults, fractures, Super-K were detected along with many others. In addition the paper spots lights on many unique case histories where pressure transient analysis was able to detect an abnormality in the reservoir. The study helped enhancing the development strategy of that carbonate field following other successful studies that were previously conducted on other development fields.
Field Development Strategy Applied to a North African Field using Reservoir Simulation through an Integrated Asset Team Work
Authors: Castro Abel Andres , Fanjul Javier Prieto , Gaaim Abdussalam , Omran Khalid , Gomez Candido
Published: March 2009

An approach to an integrated asset team work to generate a field simulation static and dynamic model to carry out a field development plan revision is presented. A general workflow to assess this goal is developed. Structural and stratigraphic model, fine grid construction, facies characterization, properties distribution, geostatistical realizations to manage geo-static model are presented together with a complete reservoir simulation methodology. H Field is located in Murzuq Basin, SW Libya, in the middle of the southern part of NC186 block. The field was discovered by well H-01 in 2004. H Field is an elongated NW-SE paleo-high. Middle Ordovician sandstones are the main reservoir.

Hawaz formation comprises a distinctive suite of facies associations representing a broad range of environments from low energy shelfal marine sediments deposited largely below storm wave base, through to sub-aerial delta plain channel environments. The depositional environment is characterized by a gently dipping shelf covered by epicontinental sea developing an extensive coastal plain area dissected by fluvial-tidal channels.

Hawaz formation is subdivided into eight (8) units, three of which are the main reservoir (H4 to H6). The top layers (H1 to H3) are very tight with low quality petrophysical characteristics and they are considered for unconventional future development. Geological framework, fault and facies modeling was used in conjunction with observed dynamic performance to determine a representative distribution of reservoir properties. Upscaling process was not performed until the best fit model was achieved. The model dataset was based on twenty (20) existing wells (producers and injectors). Several simulation runs integrating history matching and interactive multidisciplinary work were performed before arriving to the final realization. Predictive runs to perform sensitivity checks on water injection scenarios and additional infill drilling were carried out, too. A combination of peripheral water-leg, structural-edge oil leg and internal line-drive water injection schemes was envisaged. Resistivity logs and RFT interpretation results were combined to define the water transition zone. The proposed revision of the Field Development Plan maximizes the ultimate recovery and requires the drilling of 40 producers and 20 water injectors to reach a 6-year duration production plateau rate of 25,000 bopd. Close work between interdisciplinary team members reduced time and increased the accuracy of the results. Additional wells drilled later on validated the structural and property distribution predicted by the model, as well as the individual productivity indixes. Recommendations for additional field data gathering were included in the final report to improve future model updates.
Influence of Liquid Manure on Soil Denitrifier Abundance, Denitrification, and Nitrous Oxide Emissions
Authors: Miller M.N. , Zebarth B.J. , Dandie C.E. , Burton D.L. , Goyer C. , Trevors J.T.
Published: March 2009

The influence of liquid dairy and swine manure, soil water‐extractable C (WEC) and glucose on the amount of denitrification, the N2O molar ratio [N2O/(N2O + N2)], and the abundance of soil denitrifiers was investigated using repacked soil cores. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction was used to measure the abundance of the total bacteria (16S rRNA gene), two denitrifier guilds bearing the cnorB gene, and nosZ gene communities. The availability of both C and N oxides influenced the amount of denitrification and the N2O molar ratio for simple (glucose) and complex (liquid manure and WEC) C sources. A positive relationship (R2 = 0.77) was measured between respiration (cumulative CO2 emissions) and total denitrification. A negative relationship (R2 = 0.70) was found between respiration and the N2O molar ratio, demonstrating that C availability in soil promotes the reduction of N2O to N2 The abundance of the 16S rRNA and cnorBB (Bosea/Bradyrhizobium/Ensifer spp.) gene bearing bacteria was not significantly affected by the addition of C. The abundance of cnorBP (Pseudomonas mandelii and related species) gene bearing bacteria increased in response to glucose and manure addition, but only when also amended with NO3− Significant positive correlations were found between the abundance of the cnorBP gene bearing bacteria and respiration. The nosZ gene bearing bacteria significantly increased only in soil amended with liquid manures. No significant relationships were found between the abundance of denitrifiers and total denitrification, N2O emissions, or the N2O molar ratio. Changes in denitrifier community abundance appeared to reflect changes in C substrate availability and were uncoupled to denitrification activity.
Hall effects on MHD flow past an accelerated plate
Authors: Deka R.K.
Published: March 2009

The simultaneous effects of rotation and Hall current on the hydromagnetic flow past an accelerated horizontal plate relative to a rotating fluid is presented. It is found that for given values of m (Hall parameter), M (Hartmann number) and an imposed rotation parameter ? satisfying ? = M 2m/(1 + m2), the transverse motion (transverse to the main flow) disappears and the fluid moves in the direction of the plate only. The effects of the parameters m, M and ? on the axial and transverse velocity profiles are shown graphically, whereas the effects of the parameters on the skin-friction components are shown by tabular values.
Inhibition of Th17 Cells Regulates Autoimmune Diabetes in NOD Mice
Authors: Emamaullee Juliet A. , Davis Joy , Merani Shaheed , Toso Christian , Elliott John F. , Thiesen Aducio , Shapiro A.M. James
Published: March 2009

OBJECTIVE

The T helper 17 (Th17) population, a subset of CD4-positive T-cells that secrete interleukin (IL)-17, has been implicated in autoimmune diseases, including multiple sclerosis and lupus. Therapeutic agents that target the Th17 effector molecule IL-17 or directly inhibit the Th17 population (IL-25) have shown promise in animal models of autoimmunity. The role of Th17 cells in type 1 diabetes has been less clear. The effect of neutralizing anti–IL-17 and recombinant IL-25 on the development of diabetes in NOD mice, a model of spontaneous autoimmune diabetes, was investigated in this study.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS AND RESULTS

Although treatment with either anti–IL-17 or IL-25 had no effect on diabetes development in young (<5 weeks) NOD mice, either intervention prevented diabetes when treatment was started at 10 weeks of age (P < 0.001). Insulitis scoring and immunofluorescence staining revealed that both anti–IL-17 and IL-25 significantly reduced peri-islet T-cell infiltrates. Both treatments also decreased GAD65 autoantibody levels. Analysis of pancreatic lymph nodes revealed that both treatments increased the frequency of regulatory T-cells. Further investigation demonstrated that IL-25 therapy was superior to anti–IL-17 during mature diabetes because it promoted a period of remission from new-onset diabetes in 90% of treated animals. Similarly, IL-25 delayed recurrent autoimmunity after syngeneic islet transplantation, whereas anti–IL-17 was of no benefit. GAD65-specific ELISpot and CD4-positive adoptive transfer studies showed that IL-25 treatment resulted in a T-cell–mediated dominant protective effect against autoimmunity.

CONCLUSIONS

These studies suggest that Th17 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diabetes. Further development of Th17-targeted therapeutic agents may be of benefit in this disease.
Evaluation of serum cardiac troponin I concentration in dogs with renal failure
Authors: Sharkey Leslie C. , Berzina Inese , Ferasin Luca , Tobias Anthony H. , Lulich Jody P. , Hegstad-Davies Rebecca L.
Published: March 2009

Objective—To determine whether dogs with renal failure have higher serum cardiac troponin I (cTnI) concentrations than healthy dogs.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—31 dogs with renal failure and 51 healthy dogs.

Procedures—Serum concentrations of creatinine and cardiac troponin I, urine specific gravity, and systolic arterial blood pressure were measured for all dogs. Dogs underwent a standardized physical examination, and any dog with evidence of cardiovascular disease or other nonrenal disease was excluded from final analyses. Dogs were considered to be in renal failure when the serum creatinine concentration was ≥ 3.0 mg/dL, urine specific gravity was between 1.007 and 1.030, and renal failure had been clinically diagnosed.

Results—Dogs with renal failure had significantly higher serum cTnI concentrations (median, 0.35 ng/mL) than did healthy dogs (0.20 ng/mL). The renal failure group also had a significantly higher median systolic blood pressure (156 mm Hg) than did healthy dogs (138 mm Hg), although serum cTnI concentration was not correlated with systolic blood pressure in dogs with renal failure. There was no significant difference in age between dogs with renal failure and healthy dogs, but dogs with renal failure had significantly higher serum creatinine concentration and lower urine specific gravity.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although dogs with renal failure did not have overt clinical signs of cardiac disease, they had high serum cTnI concentrations, which may have been associated with subclinical cardiovascular disease. The cause of the high serum cTnI concentration in these dogs requires additional investigation.
Evaluation of factors affecting serum IgG concentrations in bottle-fed calves
Authors: Chigerwe Munashe , Tyler Jeff W. , Summers Marin K. , Middleton John R. , Schultz Loren G. , Nagy Dusty W.
Published: March 2009

Objective—To determine the effect of time interval from birth to first colostrum feeding on colostrum intake and serum IgG concentration and the effect of varying colostral volume intake and colostral IgG concentration on the probability of failure of passive transfer (FPT) in bottle-fed calves.

Design—Randomized controlled study.

Animals—104 calves.

Procedures—Equal numbers of calves were randomly assigned to groups and fed 3 L of their dam's colostrum at 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours after birth by use of a nipple bottle. Calves were allowed to feed for 15 minutes, and intake was recorded. A second 3-L bottle feeding of colostrum was offered at 12 hours of age.

Results—17.2% of calves ingested 3 L of colostrum at the first feeding and 3 L at 12 hours of age. Calf age, up to 4 hours, had no significant effect on the calf's ability to ingest colostrum or on 48-hour serum IgG concentration. Colostral intake at 1, 2, 3, or 4 hours had no effect on intake at the second feeding. Probability of FPT in calves ingesting 3 L at both feedings was < 0.05.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Allowing calves fed by nipple bottle to ingest as much colostrum as they can within 4 hours after birth and at 12 hours of age substantially reduced the probability of FPT. Bottle-fed calves that do not ingest 3 L of colostrum within the first 4 hours after birth should be targeted for oroesophageal intubation.
Evaluation of prepartum serum cholesterol and fatty acids concentrations as predictors of postpartum retention of the placenta in dairy cows
Authors: Quiroz-Rocha Gerardo F. , LeBlanc Stephen , Duffield Todd , Wood Darren , Leslie Ken E. , Jacobs Robert M.
Published: March 2009

Objective—To identify serum biochemical and hematologic variables, as measured in the week before parturition, that predict postpartum retention of the placenta (RP) in dairy cows.

Design—Retrospective cohort study.

Animals—1,038 cows in 20 commercial dairy herds.

Procedures—Serum concentrations of fatty acids (FAs), β-hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol, glucose, urea, and calcium and blood leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, and eosinophil counts were determined. These variables were evaluated for an association with development of RP by use of a multivariate logistic regression model. Parity, season of par-turition, existence of twins or dystocia, body condition score, and vitamin E treatment were included in the model as covariates.

Results—High serum concentrations of cholesterol and FAs were associated with an increased odds of RP. There was a 5% relative increase in the odds of RP for each 0.1 mmol/L increase in cholesterol or FAs concentration in the week before parturition. Season of parturition and twinning were also identified as risk factors.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—These associations indicated that prepartum energy metabolism contributes to the development of RP. Serum concentrations of cholesterol and FAs may be useful to identify cows with a metabolic abnormality or energy imbalance that might predispose them to RP and should be interpreted in conjunction with clinical risk factors such as twinning, dystocia, or parturient paresis.
Degenerative disease of the distal interphalangeal joint and sesamoid bone in calves: 9 cases (1995–2004)
Authors: Mulon Pierre-Yves , Babkine Marie , d'Anjou Marc-André , Girard Christiane , Desrochers André
Published: March 2009

Objective—To evaluate the clinical signs, diagnosis, treatment, and outcome associated with distal interphalangeal joint (DIJ) degenerative disease in calves.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—9 calves with degenerative disease of the DIJ.

Procedures—Medical records of calves with lameness for which the cause had been localized to the distal aspect of a limb but without evidence of trauma or sepsis were included. Signalment and results of physical, lameness, radiographic, and postmortem examinations were recorded. Outcomes of medical and surgical treatments were evaluated.

Results—All 9 calves had forelimb lameness (4 bilaterally). The medial digit was affected in 12 limbs and the lateral digit was affected in 9 limbs. Radiographic examination revealed bridging osteoproliferation along the abaxial and palmar aspects of affected DIJs (18/21), subchondral cyst-like lucencies (19/21), and sclerosis (16/21). The DIJ was resected in 3 calves (7 joints), resulting in resolution of lameness within 3 months. Medical management was attempted in 4 calves (6 joints), and 2 calves (6 joints) did not receive treatment; 5 calves had a normal stance within 5 months. Results of postmortem com-puted tomographic and histologic examination were in accordance with degenerative joint disease processes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Degenerative disease of the DIJ should be considered in calves with insidious, progressive forelimb lameness. Although the etiology of this process remains undetermined, results of radiographic, computed tomographic, and histologic examinations suggested an underlying developmental anomaly, such as osteochondrosis. Surgical treatment appeared promising on the basis of postop-erative resolution of lameness in all surgically treated calves.
An endoscopic method for identifying sex of hatchling Chinese box turtles and comparison of general versus local anesthesia for coelioscopy
Authors: Hernandez-Divers Stephen J. , Stahl Scott J. , Farrell Raymond
Published: March 2009

Objective—To establish a safe and effective endoscopic method for visualizing the gonads and identifying the sex of hatchling Chinese box turtles and to compare the effects of general versus local anesthesia during coelioscopy.

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—58 hatchling Chinese box turtles (Cuora flavomarginata).

Procedures—Turtles were randomly assigned to be anesthetized with a mixture of ketamine, medetomidine, and morphine (n = 29) or to receive local anesthesia with lidocaine in the prefemoral region (29). Coelioscopy was performed with a rigid 1.9- or 2.7-mm telescope following insufflation with sterile lactated Ringer's solution. Ease of endoscopic sex identification and quality of anesthesia were scored. Body weights were recorded before and 7 and 14 days after surgery.

Results—Gonads were easily visualized and sex was easily identified in all 58 turtles without complications. Endoscopy scores and pre- and postoperative weights did not differ significantly between groups. However, anesthesia scores were significantly worse for animals that received local anesthesia alone, compared with those that underwent general anesthesia. All anesthetized turtles recovered within 21 minutes after administration of the reversal agents, atipamezole and naloxone.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that coelioscopy with a rigid endoscope and lactated Ringer's solution for insufflation was a safe and effective method for identifying the sex of hatchling Chinese box turtles. General anesthesia was effective and effects were rapidly reversible; local anesthesia with lidocaine alone was considered insufficient for coelioscopy.
Extended Lie Algebraic Stability Analysis for Switched Systems with Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Subsystems
Authors: Zhai Guisheng , Xu Xuping , Lin Hai , Liu Derong
Published: March 2009

Extended Lie Algebraic Stability Analysis for Switched Systems with Continuous-Time and Discrete-Time Subsystems

We analyze stability for switched systems which are composed of both continuous-time and discrete-time subsystems. By considering a Lie algebra generated by all subsystem matrices, we show that if all subsystems are Hurwitz/Schur stable and this Lie algebra is solvable, then there is a common quadratic Lyapunov function for all subsystems and thus the switched system is exponentially stable under arbitrary switching. When not all subsystems are stable and the same Lie algebra is solvable, we show that there is a common quadratic Lyapunov-like function for all subsystems and the switched system is exponentially stable under a dwell time scheme. Two numerical examples are provided to demonstrate the result.
Where the Popular Meets the Mundane: The Use of Lists in Personal Zines
Authors: Poletti Anna
Published: March 2009

What methodologies are required for auto/biography studies to take the popular seriously? This paper will offer a methodology for reading auto/biographical discourse and narrative in a medium of alternative media production, the personal zine. The methodology exemplified in this paper will seek to find synthesis between Gabrielle Helm's call for seriousness and Chris Atton's assertion that, in the case of much alternative media, “mundanity is all there is.”

While canonized forms of auto/biography encourage the contemplation of the exceptional, an engagement with the popular inevitably involves an encounter with the banal. Offering an interpretation of the use of lists in a selection of personal zine narratives, I will examine different types of lists and their deployment as a discourse of autobiography. The list will be positioned as means of gesturing both towards the author's possession of particular (sub)cultural capital and as a narrative strategy used to acknowledge the complex dynamics which exist between the self and the popular.
Reconsidering Rap's “I”: Eminem's Autobiographical Postures and the Construction of Identity Authenticity
Authors: Lee Katja
Published: March 2009

The discourse of authenticity in rap has been and continues to be bound up in the performance of self. This paper examines the extraordinary potential for playing with subjectivity already available in the genre in order to map Eminem's success in renegotiating rap's constructions of identity authenticity to make space for his white body and his success in posturing a multiple, subversive, sometimes fictional, and yet still autobiographical “I.” Eminem's seeming mandate to ensure that all modes of self-representation are equally valid necessitates a careful study of his response to how the media and his fans absorb, reflect, and imitate his performances of self. The malleability of Eminem's “I” allows us to chart the assumptions that govern contemporary rap's discourses of authenticity and truth-telling and to gain insight into what hip hop considers legitimate representations of selfhood.
Confessions of a Celebrity Mom: Brooke Shields's Down Came the Rain: My Journey through Postpartum Depression
Authors: Clark Hilary
Published: March 2009

In “Confessions of a Celebrity Mom: Brooke Shields's Down Came the Rain,” I look at Brooke Shields's recent memoir of postpartum depression as exemplifying the mythic thinking that, according to Anne Hunsaker Hawkins, characterizes autopathography as a genre. In particular, I examine the rhetorical strategies and appeals by which, in the context of her celebrity, Shields defends herself against the shame and stigma attached to postpartum depression in a culture that both idealizes and devalues motherhood. The memoir is an honest yet canny disclosure of intimate moments of depression, shame, and suicidal thinking: in it, the author both exposes herself to the public eye (and attacks by Tom Cruise) and, drawing on the allure of her celebrity, veils herself and her privileged life from any real scrutiny.
Leaf Anatomical Characteristics in Relation to Grain Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Cultivars
Authors: Adhikary SK , Alam MZ , Haider SA , Paul NK
Published: March 2009

An experiment was carried out to study the variability of leaf anatomical characters of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars and their association with grain yields. Results indicated that in most of the cases cultivar differences were significant. In respect of 6th leaf anatomical characters, simple correlation coefficients indicated that most of the leaf anatomical traits had significant negative relation with grain yield whereas in respect of flag leaf anatomical traits, only the association between radial dimension of big xylem vessel and grain yield was significantly negative and the correlation between number of veins and grain yield was significantly positive. Key words: Leaf anatomy, wheat, yield, correlation Â  doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2156 Â  J. bio-sci. 15: 153-158, 2007
The Correlation between Fecundity with Length and Weight of Macrobrachium dayanum (Hall) from the River Padma, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
Authors: Bhuiyan Abdus Salam , Arzu Gulsan , Bhuiyan Sharmin Siddique
Published: March 2009

Macrobrachium dayanum (Hall) is the second largest freshwater prawn found abundantly in Bangladesh, India and Pakistan in rivers. It is a boneless, tasty and lucrative food item. Very few works are available on the fecundity, metamorphosis and hatching of M. dayanum (Jalihall and Sankoli 1975, Katre and Pandian 1972). This lead to the present study. doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2160 J. bio-sci. 15: 173-174, 2007
Rapid Multiplication of Averrhoa carambola through in vitro culture
Authors: Roy PK , Mamun ANK , Ahmed Golam
Published: March 2009

Averrhoa carambola L. (Family - Oxalidaceae) is a tropical common evergreen woody fruit plant. It has many commercially exploitable and beneficial attributes. The plant is a native to the south East Asia and presently being grown as a garden tree in all tropical and subtropical countries (Tidbury 1976). The fleshy sweet and sour fruits are widely eaten in Bangladesh. Carambola fruits are rich in reducing sugar, minerals and vitamin C and A (Ghose and Dhua 1990). Carambola is propagated by seeds. Cutting budding and grafting are unsuccessful. Characters of seed propagated plants vary widely among individuals. Micropropagation method is specifically applicable to species in which clonal propagation is needed (Gamborg and Phillips 1995). Rapid clonal propagation of desired genotype is one of many applications of plant tissue culture. Regeneration of plants in vitro from somatic tissue of Averrhoa carambola was first attempted by Litz and Conover (1980). This report was not satisfactory in multiplication rate and establishment of regenerated plantlets in soil. The objective of this paper is to establish an efficient and reproducible method for rapid clonal propagation of Averrhora carambola from aseptically grown seedlings. doi: 10.3329/jbs.v15i0.2161 Â  J. bio-sci. 15: 175-179, 2007
Paoli Schwartz, le « dernier prisonnier de guerre allemand » de la Première Guerre mondiale
Authors: Sawicki Gérald
Published: March 2009

Paoli Schwartz, le « dernier prisonnier de guerre allemand » de la Première Guerre mondiale Fils d’un commissaire de police français révoqué, Paoli Schwartz fut, à la veille de la Première Guerre mondiale, un des meilleurs agents secrets de la Zentralpolizeistelle (bureau central de police) de Strasbourg sous le nom de code d’agent 39. Arrêté et condamné en 1921 aux travaux forcés à perpétuité puis déporté à l’île du Diable en Guyane, il fit ensuite l’objet de campagnes de presse allemandes en sa faveur, le présentant comme « le dernier prisonnier de guerre allemand » encore détenu en France. Des négociations diplomatiques aboutirent à sa libération en 1932 et à son retour triomphal en Allemagne.
La france face au rapatriement des prisonniers de guerre allemands
Authors: d’Abzac-Epezy Claude
Published: March 2009

La france face au rapatriement des prisonniers de guerre allemands À la fin de l’année 1946 la France détient encore près de 650 000 prisonniers de guerre de l’Axe. Leur travail forcé est considéré comme une forme de réparation en nature. En avril 1947, à la conférence de Moscou, les quatre alliés s’entendent sur un plan de rapatriement : tous les prisonniers de guerre doivent avoir rejoint leur foyer pour la fin de l’année 1948. Comment le gouvernement français réagit-il face à la nécessité de rapatrier cette main-d’œuvre considérée comme indispensable au relèvement de l’économie française ? La tentative de transformer une partie de ces prisonniers en « travailleurs libres » rencontre des obstacles administratifs, politiques, diplomatiques et culturels.
Résolution collective des problèmes de conception
Authors: Darses Françoise
Published: March 2009

RÉSUMÉ Dans cet article, nous rappelons que les évolutions des modes de pilotage des processus de conception sont l’organisation par projet et l’accroissement du travail à distance. Ces évolutions ont un impact sur les approches paradigmatiques de la conception. On cherche désormais à intégrer de manière explicite les dimensions sociocognitives aux modèles du processus de conception. On cherche également à rendre compte de l’accélération des activités de coordination et de l’intensification des interactions coopératives. Enfin, le travail à distance oblige à revoir le concept même de « situation de travail de conception ». La transformation des activités cognitives se révèle dans le renforcement de la synchronisation cognitive. Ce faisant, les concepteurs sont engagés, plus souvent que par le passé, dans un processus d’argumentation. Ce processus mobilise des ressources communicationnelles, conduit à recourir de façon explicite et volontaire aux représentations externalisées afin de mener collectivement la dialectique représentation interne / représentation externe caractéristique des processus de conception.
La conception : de la résolution de problèmes à la construction de représentations
Authors: Visser Willemien
Published: March 2009

DESIGN : FROM PROBLEM SOLVING TO THE CONSTRUCTION OF REPRESENTATIONS Based on Simon (1969/1996)’s approach to design, Goel et Pirolli (1989) defended that design is a generic activity : there are both significant similarities between the design activities implemented in different situations and crucial differences between these and other cognitive activities. The text extends this position in two directions. We present the perspective on design in today’s cognitive design research, and introduce our view of design as a construction of representations. Simon’s view of design as a standard problem-solving activity has been transformed in many cognitive design studies. His discussion of design problems as ill-structured has been elaborated upon. Design involves complex problems that are rarely decomposable into independent sub-problems. Designers often tend to generate, at the very start of a project, a few simple objectives to create an initial solution kernel to which they then are going to stick. However, rather than one, « correct » solution, design problems have several, more or less satisfying solutions. Problem analysis and solution elaboration progress in parallel, rather than in separate, successive stages. Design problems and solutions lack pre-existing, objective evaluation criteria. Reuse is a fundamental strategy. The opportunistic organisation of design continues to be under discussion. According to our view, designing consists in specifying an artefact (the artefact product), given requirements that indicate one or more functions to be fulfilled, and needs and goals to be satisfied by the artefact. At a cognitive level, this specification activity consists of constructing representations of the artefact until they are so precise, concrete, and detailed that the resulting representations specify explicitly and completely the implementation of the artefact product. This construction proceeds through three types of activities : Generating, transforming, and evaluating.
Pourquoi marquer plusieurs fois la prédication « seconde » ? À propos d'une proposition relative singulière, a priori redondante
Authors: Corminboeuf Gilles
Published: March 2009

Résumé Cette étude porte sur les constructions du type De tendres et doux qu’ils étaient , ses cris devenaient menaçants . Ces tours en { de + adjectif} comportent souvent une proposition relative subordonnée par un adjectif, comme c’est le cas dans l’exemple cité. Notre étude a pour objectif d’identifier les conditions d’apparition de cette relative , à partir d’un corpus de données authentiques. On peut en effet se demander ce qui motive la présence de cette relative, dans la mesure où l’adjectif peut apparaître seul, sans qu’une modification sémantique soit manifeste ( De tendres et doux, ses cris devenaient menaçants ). La préposition de est déjà l’auxiliaire d’une prédication « secondaire » et la relative semble également surajouter une prédication. L’analyse proposée permet de mieux comprendre pourquoi la relative est jugée pertinente et non redondante.
Interview with Tony O'Driscoll
Authors: Editor TWC
Published: March 2009

An interview with Tony O'Driscoll, a professor at Duke University and a consultant in corporate innovation.
Diane E. Levin: Child's play as transformative work
Authors: Editor TWC
Published: March 2009

An interview with Diane E. Levin, a professor of early childhood education and a renowned expert on media consumption by children.
Interview with Paul Marino
Authors: Long Geoffrey
Published: March 2009

An e-mail interview of Paul Marino, cofounder of AMAS, conducted by Geoffrey Long.
Games as transformative works
Authors: Carlson Rebecca
Published: March 2009

This special Games issue brings together diverse questions from broadly defined notions of gaming. On some level, all the articles collected here work to reestablish how gaming, in all its variations, is embedded in the social knowledge, meanings, activities, and productions of users and makers.
Lewis Acid‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Functionalized Pyrroles
Authors: Attanasi Orazio A. , Berretta Stefano , De Crescentini Lucia , Favi Gianfranco , Giorgi Gianluca , Mantellini Fabio
Published: March 2009

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The synthesis of highly functionalized pyrroles is described. The sequence involves the preliminary preparation of α‐aminohydrazones by Michael addition of primary amines to 1,2‐diaza‐1,3‐butadienes. The treatment of these compounds with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates produces α‐(N‐enamino)‐hydrazones that were converted into the corresponding pyrroles by Lewis acid‐catalyzed ring closure. A screening of several Lewis/Brønsted acid catalysts was also performed.
Chemische und strukturelle Vielfalt der Eumelanine – ein kaum erforschtes optoelektronisches Biopolymer
Authors: d'Ischia Marco , Napolitano Alessandra , Pezzella Alessandro , Meredith Paul , Sarna Tadeusz
Published: March 2009

Durch oxidative Polymerisation von 5,6‐Dihydroxyindolen (siehe Schema) entsteht Eumelanin, ein charakteristisch schwarzes, unlösliches Biopolymer mit heterogener Struktur und einzigartigen optoelektronischen Eigenschaften. Ein Strukturmodell wird vorgestellt, und Anwendungsmöglichkeiten werden diskutiert.

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Das charakteristisch schwarze, unlösliche und heterogene Biopolymer Eumelanin hat Generationen von Chemikern, Physikern und Biologen aufgrund seiner Struktur und seines einzigartigen optoelektronischen Verhaltens begeistert. Kürzlich wurden Methoden der organischen Chemie mit Spektroskopietechniken, Bildgebungsmethoden, theoretischen Studien und Methoden aus der Festkörperphysik kombiniert, um die Eigenschaften dieses Materials zu entschlüsseln. Dieser Kurzaufsatz stellt die neuesten Fortschritte auf dem Gebiet der Eumelaninforschung vor. Dabei geht es nicht nur um die Aufklärung der Funktion von Eumelanin, sondern auch um die Entwicklung effektiver Strategien, um dessen Eigenschaften zu nutzen und eine neue Klasse von Hightech‐Materialien mit natürlichem Vorbild zu schaffen.
Metallfreie organische Farbstoffe für farbstoffsensibilisierte Solarzellen – von Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Beziehungen zu Designregeln
Authors: Mishra Amaresh , Fischer Markus K. R. , Bäuerle Peter
Published: March 2009

Es geht auch ohne Ru: Farbstoffsensibilisierte Solarzellen, die metallfreie organische Farbstoffe enthalten, wurden in den vergangenen Jahren entscheidend verbessert. Mittlerweile haben sich verschiedene Strategien bei der Konstruktion der Farbstoffe etabliert. In diesem Aufsatz werden Struktur‐Eigenschafts‐Effizienz‐Beziehungen aus der Vielzahl publizierter Farbstoffe abgeleitet, die dabei helfen sollen, hocheffiziente Sensibilisatoren zu entwerfen.

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Farbstoffsensibilisierte Solarzellen (dye‐sensitized solar cells, DSSCs) haben in den letzten Jahren beachtliche Aufmerksamkeit auf sich gezogen, weil sie eine Möglichkeit zur kostengünstigen Produktion von Solarenergie darstellen. In diesem Aufsatz konzentrieren wir uns auf aktuelle Fortschritte bei der Entwicklung von funktionellen metallfreien Farbstoffen und deren Anwendung in farbstoffsensibilisierten Solarzellen mit unterschiedlichen Elektrolytsystemen. Ebenso wird die Cosensibilisierung, eine Technik zur Erweiterung des Absorptionsbereichs, als eine Möglichkeit erläutert, die Leistungsfähigkeit von Solarzellen zu verbessern. Zusätzlich berichten wir über invertierte Farbstoffe, die in Photokathoden Verwendung finden und damit einen relativ neuen Ansatz für die Herstellung von Tandemzellen darstellen. Besonderer Wert wurde darauf gelegt, Beziehungen zwischen der Molekülstruktur, den daraus resultierenden physikalischen Eigenschaften und der Leistungsfähigkeit in Solarzellen herauszuarbeiten.
A Supramolecular Polymer as a Self‐Assembling Polyvalent Scaffold
Authors: Müller Marion K. , Brunsveld Luc
Published: March 2009

Bindung an Bakterien: Diskotische Moleküle aggregieren zu columnaren supramolekularen Polymeren, die über Mannoseeinheiten, die an ihrer Peripherie angebracht sind (orange; siehe Bild), eine starke polyvalente Bindung an Bakterien zeigen. Die reversible Bildung der supramolekularen Polymere ermöglicht ein einfaches Mischen unterschiedlich substituierter Monomere und die Optimierung der Bakterienaggregation.

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A Dimeric Magnesium(I) Compound as a Facile Two‐Center/Two‐Electron Reductant
Authors: Bonyhady Simon J. , Green Shaun P. , Jones Cameron , Nembenna Sharanappa , Stasch Andreas
Published: March 2009

Vielseitig reduzierend: Ein dimerer Magnesium(I)‐Komplex wirkt als ein selektives Zweizentren‐Zweielektronen‐Reduktionsmittel gegenüber einer Serie von ungesättigten Substraten (siehe Schema; Ar=2,6‐iPr2C6H3, Ad=1‐Adamantyl). Die neuartigen reduzierten oder reduktiv gekuppelten Produkte stellen eine weite Verbreitung von Magnesium(I)‐Verbindungen in organischen und metallorganischen Synthesen in Aussicht.

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Sand im Getriebe – Inhibition der RNA‐Polymerase
Authors: Haebich Dieter , von Nussbaum Franz
Published: March 2009

Schlüsselfunktion: Der Naturstoff Myxopyronin A ist der Schlüssel zum Verständnis der Inhibition der bakteriellen RNA‐Polymerase und eine hervorragende Basis für die Konzeption neuer Antibiotika gegen Tuberkulose und andere Infektionskrankheiten.

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PELDOR Spectroscopy Distance Fingerprinting of the Octameric Outer‐Membrane Protein Wza from Escherichia coli.
Authors: Hagelueken Gregor , Ingledew W. John , Huang Hexian , Petrovic‐Stojanovska Biljana , Whitfield Chris , ElMkami Hassane , Schiemann Olav , Naismith James H.
Published: March 2009

Distance fingerprinting: Pulsed electron–electron double resonance spectroscopy (PELDOR) is applied to the octameric membrane protein complex Wza of E. coli. The data yielded a detailed distance fingerprint of its periplasmic region that compares favorably to the crystal structure. These results provide the foundation to study conformation changes from interaction with partner proteins.

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Synthesis of Orthorhombic Mo‐V‐Sb Oxide Species by Assembly of Pentagonal Mo6O21 Polyoxometalate Building Blocks
Authors: Sadakane Masahiro , Yamagata Keiko , Kodato Katsunori , Endo Keisuke , Toriumi Koshiro , Ozawa Yoshiki , Ozeki Tomoji , Nagai Takuro , Matsui Yoshio , Sakaguchi Norihito , Pyrz William D. , Buttrey Douglas J. , Blom Douglas A. , Vogt Thomas , Ueda Wataru
Published: March 2009

Mix and match: The pentagonal [Mo6O21]n− polyoxomolybdate building block assembles with other sources of Mo, V, and Sb ions to form an orthorhombic Mo‐V‐Sb oxide. The first single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of an orthorhombic Mo–V‐based oxide, a promising catalyst for light alkane selective oxidation known as the “M1 phase”, revealed the structure of the compound.

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Bidirectional Chemo‐Switching of Spin State in a Microporous Framework
Authors: Ohba Masaaki , Yoneda Ko , Agustí Gloria , Muñoz M. Carmen , Gaspar Ana B. , Real José A. , Yamasaki Mikio , Ando Hideo , Nakao Yoshihide , Sakaki Shigeyoshi , Kitagawa Susumu
Published: March 2009

The ins and outs of spin: Using the microporous coordination polymer {Fe(pz)[Pt(CN)4]} (1, pz=pyrazine), incorporating spin‐crossover subunits, two‐directional magnetic chemo‐switching is achieved at room temperature. In situ magnetic measurements following guest vapor injection show that most guest molecules transform 1 from the low‐spin (LS) state to the high‐spin (HS) state, whereas CS2 uniquely causes the reverse HS‐to‐LS transition.

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