bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Magnetohydrodynamic Equilibria
Authors: Wiegelmann Thomas
Published: February 2019

Magnetohydrodynamic equilibria are time-independent solutions of the full magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations. An important class are static equilibria without plasma flow. They are described by the magnetohydrostatic equations

j×B=∇p+ρ∇Ψ,∇×B=μ0j,∇·B=0.

B is the magnetic field, j the electric current density, p the plasma pressure, ρ the mass density, Ψ the gravitational potential, and µ0 the permeability of free space. Under equilibrium conditions, the Lorentz force j×B is compensated by the plasma pressure gradient force and the gravity force.

Despite the apparent simplicity of these equations, it is extremely difficult to find exact solutions due to their intrinsic nonlinearity. The problem is greatly simplified for effectively two-dimensional configurations with a translational or axial symmetry. The magnetohydrostatic (MHS) equations can then be transformed into a single nonlinear partial differential equation, the Grad–Shafranov equation. This approach is popular as a first approximation to model, for example, planetary magnetospheres, solar and stellar coronae, and astrophysical and fusion plasmas.

For systems without symmetry, one has to solve the full equations in three dimensions, which requires numerically expensive computer programs. Boundary conditions for these systems can often be deduced from measurements. In several astrophysical plasmas (e.g., the solar corona), the magnetic pressure is orders of magnitudes higher than the plasma pressure, which allows a neglect of the plasma pressure in lowest order. If gravity is also negligible, Equation 1 then implies a force-free equilibrium in which the Lorentz force vanishes.

Generalizations of MHS equilibria are stationary equilibria including a stationary plasma flow (e.g., stellar winds in astrophysics). It is also possible to compute MHD equilibria in rotating systems (e.g., rotating magnetospheres, rotating stellar coronae) by incorporating the centrifugal force. MHD equilibrium theory is useful for studying physical systems that slowly evolve in time. In this case, while one has an equilibrium at each time step, the configuration changes, often in response to temporal changes of the measured boundary conditions (e.g., the magnetic field of the Sun for modeling the corona) or of external sources (e.g., mass loading in planetary magnetospheres). Finally, MHD equilibria can be used as initial conditions for time-dependent MHD simulations. This article reviews the various analytical solutions and numerical techniques to compute MHD equilibria, as well as applications to the Sun, planetary magnetospheres, space, and laboratory plasmas.
The Posse Comitatus Doctrine in Early America
Authors: Rao Gautham
Published: February 2019

Courts and legislatures in colonial America and the early American republic developed and refined a power to compel civilians to assist peace and law enforcement officers in arresting wrongdoers, keeping the peace, and other matters of law enforcement. This power to command civilian cooperation was known as the posse comitatus or “power of the county.” Rooted in early modern English countryside law enforcement, the posse comitatus became an important police institution in 18th- and 19th-century America. The posse comitatus was typically composed of able-bodied white male civilians who were temporarily deputized to aid a sheriff or constable. But if this “power of the county” was insufficient, law enforcement officers were often authorized to call on the military to serve as the posse comitatus.

The posse comitatus proved particularly important in buttressing slavery in the American South. Slaveholders pushed for and especially benefited from laws that required citizens to assist in the recapture of local runaway slaves and fugitive slaves who crossed into states without slavery. Though slave patrols were rooted in the posse comitatus, the posse comitatus originated as a compulsory and noncompensated institution. Slaveholders in the American South later added financial incentives for those who acted in the place of a posse to recapture slaves on the run from their owners.

The widespread use of the posse comitatus in southern slave law became part of the national discussion about slavery during the early American republic as national lawmakers contemplated how to deal with the problem of fugitive slaves who fled to free states. This dialogue culminated with the Fugitive Slave Law of 1850, in which the US Congress authorized officials to “summon and call to their aid the bystanders, or posse comitatus” and declared that “all good citizens are hereby commanded to aid and assist in the prompt and efficient execution of this law, whenever their services may be required.” During Reconstruction, the Radical Republican Congress used the posse comitatus to enforce laws that targeted conquered Confederates. After the end of Reconstruction in 1877, Southern states pushed Congress to create what would come to be known as the “Posse Comitatus Act,” which prohibited the use of federal military forces for law enforcement. The history of the posse comitatus in early America is thus best understood as a story about and an example of the centralization of government authority and its ramifications.
The Imamura Families and the Making of American Buddhism
Authors: Ama Michihiro
Published: February 2019

The Imamura families primarily refer to Emyō Imamura (1867–1932) and Kanmo Imamura (1904–1986), who each made great contributions to “American Buddhism.” Although a definition of American Buddhism is open to discussion, it began to develop at the turn of the 20th century because of the efforts of Euro-American Buddhist converts and ethnic Buddhists. While serving the Nikkei (persons of Japanese descent) Shin Buddhist community in Hawaii, Emyō introduced Buddhism to a group of Euro-Americans and a member of the royal Hawaiian family. Emyō maintained traditional Japanese temple practices and the political ideology of imperial Japan for the Issei (the first generation, referring to Japanese immigrants), emphasized Buddhist education for the Nisei (the second generation, referring to the children of the Japanese immigrants), and created a Nisei ministry program. He related Buddhist egalitarianism to American democracy and pluralism, which allowed him, together with his congregation, to oppose discriminatory and oppressive policies of the then territory of Hawaii. Emyō defined Buddhism as a form of cosmopolitan religion and spread the universal aspect of Shin Buddhist doctrine. For him, creating American Buddhism was inseparable from redefining Shin Buddhism.

Emyō Imamura’s progressive Buddhist vision and conservative Buddhist practices were supported by his family. His wife, Kiyoko Hino Imamura (1884–1962), helped him in his ministerial duties and led the largest association of Buddhist women in Hawaii. Their first son, Kanmo Imamura, served a Buddhist community in Berkeley, California, and promoted the interaction between Japanese American Buddhists and Euro-American Buddhist converts in the Bay Area during the 1950s and 1960s. Kanmo was greatly supported by his wife, Jane Matsumura Imamura (1920–2011). The Buddhist propagation of Emyō and Kanmo exemplified the practice of a Shin Buddhist temple family by which husband and wife work together to promote Shinran’s teaching and the father is succeeded by the first son. At the same time, their efforts created a tension between a sectarian form of Buddhism that persons of Japanese descent practiced in America and a Universal Buddhism that Euro-American Buddhist converts sought. As leaders of the largest ethnic Buddhist organizations in the United States, Emyō and Kanmo responded to the needs of fellow immigrants and Japanese American Buddhists and Euro-American Buddhist converts and sympathizers. The demand of Euro-American Buddhists, together with the strong presence of Christianity and the sociopolitical conditions in the United States at the time, caused Emyō and Kanmo to maintain, redefine, and transform Shin Buddhist practice.
sex, anal
Authors: Henderson Jeffrey
Published: February 2019

Anal sex with males and females, amply attested in Greece and Rome, was subject, especially for free males, to distinct normative and legal constraints that varied from place to place, changed over time, and did not always align with real-life behaviour but had basic elements in common. Since sexual attraction to both genders was considered normal, the main divisions concerned age, social status, and role: females and smooth males (boys 12–18) were desirable objects, hairy males (men) undesirable; the active partner was penetrative and thus masculine, the passive partner penetrated and thus female or effeminate, so that it was shameful and improper, slavish, and arguably unnatural for free males of any age to play the passive role whether for a price or voluntarily except in certain initiatory or military contexts institutionalized in some communities. No comparable sanctions applied to the active partner.
Transboundary Disasters and Non-Governmental Organizations
Authors: Sapat Alka
Published: February 2019

In an increasingly interconnected world, the impacts of disasters and subsequent disaster relief and response operations are often no longer confined to directly affected communities, regions, or countries. Traditional geographical, sectoral, and policy-related boundaries are progressively becoming more blurred, and increasingly, there are more transboundary disasters—disasters that cross geographical, political, and functional boundaries and that affect multiple policy domains. Examples of transboundary disasters include the 2004 and 2011 tsunamis, the Fukushima nuclear disaster, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and the Ebola outbreak. Responses to transboundary disasters typically require the concerted efforts of various governments, intergovernmental organizations, private entities, and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) working together. Although NGOs have been key responders, not enough attention has been paid to their role amid the constellation of various actors responding to transboundary disasters. There are many different types of NGOs, including those that have been less visible, such as diaspora NGOs, that aid in transboundary disasters. NGO assistance in transboundary disasters assumes various forms, ranging from disaster relief in the form of medical assistance, food, water, and supplies to aid affected populations for rebuilding and reconstruction in disaster-affected areas. NGOs also play a critical role in responding to transboundary disasters by aiding displaced populations in host communities and providing an array of services—from helping find accommodations and schools to providing social support and case management services. While NGOs can be effective and trustworthy transnational players in transboundary disasters, effectively bringing in resources, their participation also has its challenges and limitations. To counter these challenges, transboundary management coordination needs to be increased, along with building capacities of transnational and local civil society organizations. The power of diaspora NGOs can also be harnessed more effectively in disaster response and recovery.
Importance of Prospective Studies in Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus
Authors: Colbers Angela , Mirochnick Mark , Schalkwijk Stein , Penazzato Martina , Townsend Claire , Burger David
Published: February 2019

Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration and European Medicines Agency issued warnings on the use of dolutegravir and darunavir/cobicistat for treatment of pregnant women living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). It took 3–5 years to identify the risks associated with the use of these antiretroviral drugs, during which time pregnant women were exposed to these drugs in clinical care, outside of controlled clinical trial settings. Across all antiretroviral drugs, the interval between registration of new drugs and first data on pharmacokinetics and safety in pregnancy becoming available is around 6 years. In this viewpoint, we provide considerations for clinical pharmacology research to provide safe and effective treatment of pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV and their children. These recommendations will lead to timelier availability of safety and pharmacokinetic information needed to develop safe treatment strategies for pregnant and breastfeeding women living with HIV, and are applicable to other chronic disease areas requiring medication during pregnancy.
Applying a clampless haemostatic device for left ventricular assist device outflow graft anastomosis
Authors: Mehdiani Arash , Albert Alexander , Lichtenberg Artur , Saeed Diyar
Published: February 2019

Performing a left ventricular assist device outflow graft anastomosis in redo cases with a short ascending aorta and open vein grafts requires side clamping of the aorta and may necessitate temporary clamping of the vein grafts to optimize the surgical field. We aim to describe the technique and report our experience with applying the HeartString® device for the anastomosis of the left ventricular assist device outflow graft in 2 male patients with ischaemic cardiomyopathy following coronary artery bypass surgery. The feasibility of using the HeartString device has been shown and no procedure-related complication was documented.
The Influence of Preoperative Medications on Postoperative Complications in Patients After Intestinal Surgery for Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Yu Chang Sik , Jung Sung Woo , Lee Jong Lyul , Lim Seok-Byung , Park In Ja , Yoon Yong Sik , Kim Chan Wook , Ynag Suk-Kyun , Ye Byong Duk , Park Sang Hyoung , Han Minkyu , Kim Jin Cheon
Published: February 2019

Background

Many patients with Crohn’s disease (CD) are treated with medications, including steroids, immunomodulators, and anti–tumor necrosis factor alpha (anti-TNF-α) agents, at the time of surgery. This study evaluated the effects of these medications on postoperative complications in CD patients.

Methods

This retrospective study analyzed patients who underwent bowel resection for CD between January 2006 and December 2015. Postoperative complications were defined as a Clavien-Dindo classification of grade 2A or higher within the first 30 days after surgery.

Results

Of the 817 patients enrolled, 687 patients received bowel resection and anastomosis without stoma formation. Of 687 patients, 381 (55.5%) were being treated with preoperative medications at the time of surgery (medication group) and 306 (44.5%) were not (nonmedication group). The overall rate of postoperative complications was not different between the medication and nonmedication groups (23.4% vs 21.9%, P = 0.36). Preoperative treatments with immunomodulators plus anti-TNF-α agents (relative risk [RR], 2.314; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.126–4.753; P = 0.022) and treatment with immunomodulators plus steroids (RR, 2.536; 95% CI, 1.124–5.725; P = 0.025) were risk factors for infectious complications. Preoperative treatments with immunomodulators plus anti-TNF-α agents (RR, 2.731; 95% CI, 1.102–6.769; P = 0.03) and treatment with immunomodulators plus steroids (RR, 3.118; 95% CI, 1.169–8.320; P = 0.023) were significantly associated with increased risk of intra-abdominal sepsis.

Conclusions

Preoperative treatments with immunomodulators plus anti-TNF-α agents or steroids were risk factors for infectious complications, especially intra-abdominal sepsis in patients who underwent bowel resection and anastomosis.
Analytic solutions for calcium ion fertilisation waves on the surface of eggs
Authors: Bradshaw-Hajek Bronwyn H , Broadbridge Philip
Published: February 2019

The evolution of calcium fertilisation waves on the cortex of amphibian eggs can be described by a nonlinear reaction-diffusion process on the surface of a sphere. Here, we use the nonclassical symmetry technique to find an exact analytic solution that describes the evolution of the calcium concentration. The solutions presented compare well with published experimental results. The analytic solution can be used to give insight into the processes governing the fertilisation wave, such as the flow of calcium ions from the sperm entry point. By finding a spiral solution to an approximate equation linearised near saturation, we also demonstrate how solutions with other properties may be constructed using this technique.
The complex case of EHRs: examining the factors impacting the EHR user experience
Authors: Tutty Michael A , Carlasare Lindsey E , Lloyd Stacy , Sinsky Christine A
Published: February 2019

Physicians can spend more time completing administrative tasks in their electronic health record (EHR) than engaging in direct face time with patients. Increasing rates of burnout associated with EHR use necessitate improvements in how EHRs are developed and used. Although EHR design often bears the brunt of the blame for frustrations expressed by physicians, the EHR user experience is influenced by a variety of factors, including decisions made by entities other than the developers and end users, such as regulators, policymakers, and administrators. Identifying these key influences can help create a deeper understanding of the challenges in developing a better EHR user experience. There are multiple opportunities for regulators, policymakers, EHR developers, payers, health system leadership, and users each to make changes to collectively improve the use and efficacy of EHRs.
Phase I/II trial testing safety and immunogenicity of the multipeptide IMA950/poly-ICLC vaccine in newly diagnosed adult malignant astrocytoma patients
Authors: Migliorini Denis , Dutoit Valérie , Allard Mathilde , Grandjean Hallez Nicole , Marinari Eliana , Widmer Valérie , Philippin Géraldine , Corlazzoli Francesca , Gustave Robin , Kreutzfeldt Mario , Blazek Nathalie , Wasem Joëlle , Hottinger Andreas , Koka Avinash , Momjian Shahan , Lobrinus Alexander , Merkler Doron , Vargas Maria-Isabel , Walker Paul R , Patrikidou Anna , Dietrich Pierre-Yves
Published: February 2019

Background

Peptide vaccines offer the opportunity to elicit glioma-specific T cells with tumor killing ability. Using antigens eluted from the surface of glioblastoma samples, we designed a phase I/II study to test safety and immunogenicity of the IMA950 multipeptide vaccine adjuvanted with poly-ICLC (polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid stabilized with polylysine and carboxymethylcellulose) in human leukocyte antigen A2+ glioma patients.

Methods

Adult patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma (n = 16) and grade III astrocytoma (n = 3) were treated with radiochemotherapy followed by IMA950/poly-ICLC vaccination. The first 6 patients received IMA950 (9 major histocompatibility complex [MHC] class I and 2 MHC class II peptides) intradermally and poly-ICLC intramuscularly (i.m.). After protocol amendment, IMA950 and poly-ICLC were mixed and injected subcutaneously (n = 7) or i.m. (n = 6). Primary endpoints were safety and immunogenicity. Secondary endpoints were overall survival, progression-free survival at 6 and 9 months, and vaccine-specific peripheral cluster of differentiation (CD)4 and CD8 T-cell responses.

Results

The IMA950/poly-ICLC vaccine was safe and well tolerated. Four patients presented cerebral edema with rapid recovery. For the first 6 patients, vaccine-induced CD8 T-cell responses were restricted to a single peptide and CD4 responses were absent. After optimization of vaccine formulation, we observed multipeptide CD8 and sustained T helper 1 CD4 T-cell responses. For the entire cohort, CD8 T-cell responses to a single or multiple peptides were observed in 63.2% and 36.8% of patients, respectively. Median overall survival was 19 months for glioblastoma patients.

Conclusion

We provide, in a clinical trial, using cell surface-presented antigens, insights into optimization of vaccines generating effector T cells for glioma patients.

Trial registration

Clinicaltrials.gov NCT01920191.
Comparison of Motor Outcome in Patients Undergoing Awake vs General Anesthesia Surgery for Brain Tumors Located Within or Adjacent to the Motor Pathways
Authors: Zelitzki Roni , Korn Akiva , Arial Eti , Ben-Harosh Carmit , Ram Zvi , Grossman Rachel
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Surgical removal of intra-axial brain tumors aims at maximal tumor resection while preserving function. The potential benefit of awake craniotomy over craniotomy under general anesthesia (GA) for motor preservation is yet unknown.

OBJECTIVE

To compare the clinical outcomes of patients who underwent surgery for perirolandic tumors while either awake or under GA.

METHODS

Between 2004 and 2015, 1126 patients underwent surgical resection of newly diagnosed intra-axial tumors in a single institution. Data from 85 patients (44 awake, 41 GA) with full dataset who underwent resections for perirolandic tumors were retrospectively analyzed.

RESULTS

Identification of the motor cortex required significantly higher stimulation thresholds in anesthetized patients (9.1 ± 4 vs 6.2 ± 2.7 mA for awake patients, P = .0008). There was no group difference in the subcortical threshold for motor response used to assess the proximity of the lesion to the corticospinal (pyramidal) tract. High-grade gliomas were the most commonly treated pathology. The extent of resection and residual tumor volume were not different between groups. Postoperative motor deficits were more common in the anesthetized patients at 1 wk (P = .046), but no difference between the groups was detected at 3 mo. Patients in the GA group had a longer mean length of hospitalization (10.3 vs 6.7 d for the awake group, P = .003).

CONCLUSION

Awake craniotomy results in a better early postoperative motor outcome and shorter hospitalization compared with patients who underwent the same surgery under GA. The finding of higher cortical thresholds for the identification of the motor cortex in anesthetized patients may suggest an inhibitory effect of anesthetic agents on motor function.
Papillary Tumor of the Pineal Region: Systematic Review and Analysis of Prognostic Factors
Authors: Yamaki Vitor Nagai , Solla Davi Jorge Fontoura , Ribeiro Renan Ribeiro , da Silva Saul Almeida , Teixeira Manoel Jacobsen , Figueiredo Eberval Gadelha
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Clinical outcomes and biological behavior of papillary tumors of the pineal region (PTPR) are still under investigation. The best therapeutic strategy has not been defined.

OBJECTIVE

To perform a comprehensive patient-level analysis of all PTPR cases and identify their clinical features, treatment options, and prognostic factors.

METHODS

A search of the medical databases for case series and reports on PTPRs from January 2003 to June 2017 was performed. Data addressing PTPR’s clinical presentation, imaging, treatment, and histological features were. Variables associated with the primary outcome of 36-mo survival were identified through Cox regression models.

RESULTS

The initial search yielded 1164 studies, of which 71 were included (60 case reports and 11 case series), containing 177 patients (mean age 33.0 ± 15.3 yr and 53.2% male). Intracranial hypertension and hydrocephalus prevailed as the clinical picture. Surgery was performed on 82.0% and gross total resection (GTR) was achieved on 71.4%. A total of 56.8% recurred after a median 29 mo (quartiles 10.5-45.5). The 36-mo survival rate was 83.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 76.2-89.2%). Good functional outcomes (Glasgow Outcome Scale 4/5) were observed in 60.0%. The variables of interest were inconsistently reported and the multivariable analysis final sample was 133 patients. After adjustment for age, tumor size (each additional centimeter, hazard ratio [HR] 1.99, 95% CI 1.12-3.53, P = .019) and surgical treatment (HR 0.16, 95% CI 0.05-0.45, P = .001) were associated with 36-mo survival.

CONCLUSION

Tumor size and surgery are associated with improvement in 36-mo survival. We did not observe any significant benefits from GTR or adjuvant treatments.
How central bankers learned to love financialization: The Fed, the Bank, and the enlisting of unfettered markets in the conduct of monetary policy
Authors: Walter Timo , Wansleben Leon
Published: February 2019

Central banks’ role in financialization has received increasing attention in recent years. These debates have predominantly revolved around authorities’ ‘benign neglect’ of asset bubbles, their deregulatory policies, and the safety nets they provide for speculative exuberance. Most analyses refer to the dominance of pro-market interests and ideas to explain these actions. The present article moves beyond these accounts by showing how an alignment between techniques of monetary governance and ‘unfettered’ financial markets can explain central banks’ endorsement of increasingly fragile structures of liquidity and their strategic ignorance towards growing amounts of debt. We analyze the processes of abstraction and formalization by which the ‘programmes’ and ‘technologies’ of monetary governance have been made compatible with the texture of contemporary finance; and we show how central banks’ attempts to make markets more amenable to their methods of policy implementation shaped new conduits for financial growth. As empirical cases, we discuss the Federal Reserve’s experiments with different policy frameworks in the 1980s and the Bank of England’s twisted path to inflation targeting from 1979 to 1997. These cases allow us to demonstrate that the infrastructural power of contemporary central banking is predicated on the same institutional foundations that have made financialization possible.
Deindustrialization, the Linwood Car Plant and Scotland’s Political Divergence from England in the 1960s and 1970s
Authors: Phillips Jim , Wright Valerie , Tomlinson Jim
Published: February 2019

Scotland’s political divergence from England is a key theme in late twentieth century British history. Typically seen in terms of the post-1979 Thatcher effect, this in fact developed over a longer timeframe, rooted in industrial changes revealed by analysis of the Linwood car plant in Renfrewshire. Conservatism and Unionism was an eminent political force in Scotland in the 1940s and 1950s. But in all general elections from 1959 onwards the vote share of Conservative and Unionist candidates was lower in Scotland than in England. From the late 1960s onwards there were also ambitions for constitutional change. This article breaks new conceptual and empirical ground by relating these important markers of political divergence to popular understanding among Scottish workers of deindustrialization. A Thompsonian moral economy framework is deployed. Expectations were elevated by industrial restructuring from the 1950s, with workers exchanging jobs in the staples for a better future in assembly goods. Labour governments earned a reputation in Scotland as better managers of this process than Conservative governments. The 1979 general election showed that Labourism was growing in popularity in Scotland just as its appeal faded in England. At Linwood moral economy expectations were compromised, chiefly by intermittent redundancy and recurrent threat of closure, which was averted in 1975 by Labour government intervention. When the plant was shut in 1981 criticisms of UK political-constitutional structures and Conservativism were intensified.
Development of Three Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) Assays for the Rapid Detection of Calonectria ilicicola, Dactylonectria macrodidyma, and the Dactylonectria Genus in Avocado Roots
Authors: Parkinson Louisamarie E. , Le Duy P. , Dann Elizabeth K.
Published: February 2019

Black root rot of avocado is a severe disease of nursery trees and young orchard transplants, causing tree death within a year after planting. In Australia, key pathogens include species complexes Calonectria ilicicola and Dactylonectria macrodidyma; however, several other Dactylonectria species also cause the disease. Rapid detection of these pathogens in planta is important to speed up implementation of disease management and reduce loss. The purpose of this study was to develop three loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) diagnostic assays to rapidly identify species within the C. ilicicola and D. macrodidyma complexes and species in the Dactylonectria genus in avocado roots. Primers were designed from β-tubulin sequence data of C. ilicicola and from histone H3 of D. macrodidyma and the Dactylonectria genus. The LAMP primers were tested for specificity and sensitivity with 82 fungal isolates, which included the target species complexes C. ilicicola and D. macrodidyma; species within the target Dactylonectria genus viz. D. macrodidyma, D. anthuriicola, D. novozelandica, D. pauciseptata, and D. vitis; and isolates of nontarget species, including Calonectria sp., Cylindrocladiella sp., Gliocladiopsis forsbergii, G. peggii, G. whileyi, Ilyonectria sp., Mariannaea sp., Fusarium sp., and Phytophthora cinnamomi. The species-specific LAMP assays were sensitive and specific at DNA concentrations of 1 pg/µl for C. ilicicola and 0.01 ng/µl for D. macrodidyma, whereas the Dactylonectria genus-wide assay was sensitive to 0.1 ng/µl. Detection of C. ilicicola occurred within 10 to 15 or 15 to 30 min when the template was pure DNA or crude extracts obtained from suspending fungal cultures in sterile water, respectively. Detection of D. macrodidyma was between 12 to 29 min with pure DNA and 16 to 30 min with crude extracts. Dactylonectria spp. were detected within 6 to 25 min with pure DNA and 7 to 23 min with crude extracts. The specificity of the assays was found to be dependent on time and isothermal amplification temperature, with optimal specificity occurring in reactions of <30 min and at temperatures of 67°C for C. ilicicola and D. macrodidyma assays and 69°C for Dactylonectria genus-wide assays. The assays were modified to accommodate a DNA extraction step and use of avocado roots as DNA templates. Detection in avocado roots ranged between 12 to 25 min for C. ilicicola, 12 to 26 min for D. macrodidyma, and 14 to 30 min for species in the Dactylonectria genus. The LAMP assays are applicable across multiple agricultural industries, because C. ilicicola, D. macrodidyma, and Dactylonectria spp. are also important pathogens of various crops and ornamental plants.
2018 Visionary Leader Lori A. Colineri
Authors: Zavotsky Kathleen Evanovich , Easter Kathy
Published: February 2019

The following manuscript is the winning 2018 Richard Hader Visionary Leader Award entry submitted to Nursing Management in recognition of Lori A. Colineri, DNP, RN, NEA-BC, CNO of the Southern Region for RWJBarnabas Health (RWJBH). Lori was formally recognized for her achievements before the Keynote Address on September 26 at Congress2018 in Lake Buena Vista, Fla., where she received the award, sponsored by Hackensack Meridian Health.
A physiological approach to the ecology and evolution of flowers
Authors: Roddy Adam B.
Published: February 2019

For most angiosperms, flowers are critical to reproduction because they increase rates of outcrossing. Flowers are highly variable in numerous traits, including size, shape, and color. Most of this variation is thought to have arisen due to selection by pollinators. Yet, non-pollinator selection is increasingly being recognized as contributing to floral trait evolution. One such non-pollinator agent of selection that often opposes pollinator selection includes the physiological and resource costs of producing and maintaining flowers. Yet, our understanding of the physiological function of flowers remains limited. Here I argue for a comparative, physiological framework for studying flowers and highlight recent work elucidating some of the basic physiological structure-function relationships of flowers and apply an energy balance model to show how two pollination traits (flower size and flower color) can interact with physiological traits. This modeling shows that (1) physiologically meaningful estimates of flower size can be easily gleaned from available floras, (2) the range of flower size most common in the California flora is the range in which complex, non-linear dynamics in flower energy balance occur, and (3) that intraspecific variation in flower color can, by these conservative estimates, cause large (up to 8°C) changes in flower temperature. The strong interaction between pollination traits (flower size and color) and physiological traits (surface conductance to water vapor) suggests that a more unified framework for understanding the evolution of floral form and function would include physiological traits that represent the costs of flower production and maintenance.
A novel algorithm for the collective integration of single cell RNA-seq during embryogenesis
Authors: Gong Wuming , Singh Bhairab N. , Shah Pruthvi , Das Satyabrata , Theisen Joshua , Chan Sunny , Kyba Michael , Garry Mary G. , Yannopoulos Demetris , Pan Wei , Garry Daniel J.
Published: February 2019

Single cell RNA-seq (scRNA-seq) over specified time periods has been widely used to dissect the cell populations during mammalian embryogenesis. Integrating such scRNA-seq data from different developmental stages and from different laboratories is critical to comprehensively define and understand the molecular dynamics and systematically reconstruct the lineage trajectories. Here, we describe a novel algorithm to integrate heterogenous temporal scRNA-seq datasets and to preserve the global developmental trajectories. We applied this algorithm and approach to integrate 3,387 single cells from seven heterogenous temporal scRNA-seq datasets, and reconstructed the cell atlas of early mouse cardiovascular development from E6.5 to E9.5. Using this integrated atlas, we identified an Etv2 downstream target, Ebf1, as an important transcription factor for mouse endothelial development.
The soft power and paradiplomacy of Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Wai Yin
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to map out the connection between paradiplomacy, policy instruments and soft power and propose a theoretical framework for consideration.

Design/methodology/approach

This research adopted a qualitative research approach involving in-depth interviews with government officials from the Hong Kong Economic and Trade Offices and two Hong Kong film directors.

Findings

The research has discovered that the government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) lacks a holistic strategy and policy to boost Hong Kong’s visibility in the global context. The HKSAR Government exhibits an incomplete understanding of the concept of soft power and ignores the values cherished in the civil society.

Practical implications

This investigation provides a background against which Hong Kong’s policymakers could devise a paradiplomatic strategy. This study suggests that political and social actors in Hong Kong must help to strengthen the city’s global position through strategic investments and the deployment of its soft power at home and aboard. The paradiplomacy of Hong Kong can serve as one of the effective tools to improve the legitimacy of “One Country, Two Systems.”

Originality/value

There is no study on the application of soft power under the framework of paradiplomacy. This paper represents a new direction of research in the area of Hong Kong, international status and its external affairs.
Building sustainability and innovation in organizations
Authors: Lazaretti Kellen , Giotto Olivo Tiago , Sehnem Simone , Bencke Fernando Fantoni
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present the results of a systematic literature review on innovation and sustainability. To accomplish this aim, a systematic analysis of the literature in the Scopus database was carried out for articles with the terms “innovation” and “sustainability” in their titles. Once identified, articles were analyzed in three ways: the ten most-cited articles; the ten most-cited literature reviews; and the most recent articles. Sustainable development is the central theme of the articles studied. Sustainable development is influenced by the ways that sustainability is measured within the network of which the organizations are a part, including adequate systems, and is mediated by compatible behaviors. Encouraging green innovation is an environmental commitment and managerial concern driven by customer pressure, environmental regulations and cost reductions. Suppliers and customers can contribute or benefit from the value created.

Design/methodology/approach

This study was a Systematic literature review. The search terms “Innov * AND sustain *” were defined for the titles of the articles. The analysis was divided into three categories: the ten most-cited articles (without a year filter to form an idea of the impact of the main research in the field); the ten most-cited reviews (these were only filtered from 2009 to 2018); and the 10 most recent articles (all of the articles found were from the year 2018).

Findings

The main findings of this study were that network action, mobilization of relevant stakeholders, reinvention of the business model, redefinition with multiple values and a sustainable strategic scope are the mechanisms that effectively contribute to promoting the link between innovation and sustainability in organizations. Sustainable development is the central theme of the articles studied. Sustainable development is influenced by the ways that sustainability is measured within the network of which the organizations are a part of, including adequate systems, and is mediated by compatible behaviors.

Originality/value

This study contributes to the literature by providing perspectives for future studies that may contribute to the sustainable development of organizations. Sustainable development is strongly influenced by the ways that sustainability is measured within the network of which the organizations are part, including appropriate systems, and is mediated by compatible behaviors.
Time management: skills to learn and put into practice
Authors: Alvarez Sainz María , Ferrero Ana M. , Ugidos Arantza
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The knowledge society determines a work scenario in which it is essential to manage time efficiently; a non-innate skill that should be learned at the university. The paper aims to discuss this issue.

Design/methodology/approach

This research analyzes the attitude, habits and time management of the Economics and Business students of the UPV/EHU, in order to propose/design/specific activities for its achievement. Through a self-administered questionnaire, the sample data are obtained, which are analyzed at a descriptive and multivariate level.

Findings

The decisive factor is not the amount of time available but the management that is made of it. In general, students pay attention to short-term planning and lack habits and attitudes in the long term.

Practical implications

Unaware of the advantages of a correct use of time, students do not develop skills such as self-organization, prioritization of objectives and activities, etc., which is why the intervention of the educational system is necessary in order to develop this skill.

Originality/value

This study focuses on the importance of developing skills, beyond the strictly technical, essential in professional performance regardless of the function assigned in the organizational chart/organization. It is about assessing time management as an integral part of higher education, competence expressed on paper, but not developed in practice. The originality and novelty of this research consists of defining new dimensions of time management and proposing some specific actions to be implemented to get a better time management.
“Walking on egg shells”: Brexit, British values and educational space
Authors: Farrell Francis
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to critically explore and foreground secondary religious education (RE) student teachers’ accounts of the dilemmas they experienced in their classrooms and schools in a highly racialised post referendum environment. Teacher narratives are analysed in order to suggest ways in which a transformative teaching and learning agenda drawing from a pluralistic human rights framework can be reasserted in place of government requirements to promote fundamental British values (FBV).

Design/methodology/approach

Qualitative data were collected in focus group interviews to gain insights into how the referendum environment was experienced phenomenologically in localised school settings.

Findings

The interview data reveals the complex ways in which the discourses circulating in the post referendum milieu play out in highly contingent, diverse secondary school settings. These schools operate in a high stakes policy context, shaped by the new civic nationalism of FBV, the Prevent security agenda and government disavowal of “multiculturalism” in defence of “our way of life” (Cameron, 2011). A key finding to emerge from the teachers’ narratives is that some of the ways in which Prevent and FBV have been imposed in their schools has reduced the transformative potentials of the critical, pluralistic RE approaches to teaching and learning that is promoted within the context of their university initial teacher education programme.

Research limitations/implications

The findings suggest that existing frameworks associated with security and civic nationalism are not sufficient to ensure that young citizens receive an education that prepares them for engagement with a post truth, post Brexit racial and political environment. Transformative teaching and learning approaches (Duckworth and Smith, 2018), drawing upon pluralistic, critical RE and human rights education are presented as more effective alternatives which recognise the dignity and agency of both teachers and students.

Originality/value

This paper is an original investigation of the impact of the Brexit referendum environment on student teachers in a university setting. In the racialised aftermath of the referendum the need for transformative pluralistic and critical educational practice has never been more urgent. The data and analysis presented in this paper offer a compelling argument for a root and branch reformulation of current government security agendas in education.
The circular economy, natural capital and resilience in tourism and hospitality
Authors: Jones Peter , Wynn Martin George
Published: February 2019

Purpose

This paper aims to review some of the academic literature on the circular economy, natural capital and resilience by tourism and hospitality scholars and to examine how a number of companies and industry bodies within the tourism and hospitality industry have used these concepts in their business operations and development plans.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper outlines the importance of sustainability to the tourism and hospitality industry and provides definitions of the concepts of the circular economy, natural capital and resilience. The paper reviews some of the academic literature on these concepts, explores how a number of companies and industry bodies within the tourism and hospitality industry have used them in their business and planning operations and identifies a number of future directions for academic research and managerial contributions.

Findings

The concepts illuminate a range of sustainability challenges and opportunities, and some companies use these concepts in their sustainability strategies and development planning. The current depth of theoretical understanding does not lend itself to management strategies, but one fruitful avenue is to explore how information systems can be better deployed to support these concepts and sustainability management in general.

Originality/value

The paper provides an accessible exploratory review of how academics and companies are focussing on the concepts of the circular economy, natural capital and resilience in the tourism and hospitality industry. As such, it will be of interest to academics, students and practitioners interested in the hospitality industry.
Total Quality Management practices and work-related outcomes
Authors: Khan Muhammad Naeem , Malik Shahab Alam , Janjua Saquib Yousaf
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to explore the impact of Total Quality Management (TQM) practices on the performance of employees working in higher education institutions (HEIs). It also examines the mechanism through which TQM practices affect the performance of employees.

Design/methodology/approach

Data for the current study were obtained from both public and private sector HEIs of Pakistan. In total, 400 questionnaires were distributed among the administrative and academic staff of 3 universities and 240 usable questionnaires were received. Data were analyzed through regression analysis using SPSS.

Findings

The results show that the TQM positively and significantly determines employee performance, and the mediating variables of job satisfaction and affective commitment. Both the mediating variables show a mediating role in the TQM/employee performance relationship.

Research limitations/implications

The study has practical implications for universities’ top management to focus on TQM practices that help in building and enhancing satisfaction, commitment, as well as performance of the employees that could ultimately result in better performance of the universities.

Originality/value

This research is an addition to the current literature and the first attempt in this area to the best of authors’ knowledge. This study will help in identifying how important and beneficial it would be for the services organizations to implement the TQM practices and identifying the impact of TQM practices on employee’s job performance.
Acceptance X-bar chart considering the sample distribution of capability indices, C ˆ p and C ˆ p k
Authors: Oprime Pedro Carlos , Lizarelli Fabiane Leticia , Pimenta Marcio Lopes , Achcar Jorge Alberto
Published: February 2019

Purpose

The traditional Shewhart control chart, the X-bar and R/S chart, cannot give support to decide when it is not economically feasible to stop the process in order to remove special causes. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to propose a new control chart design – a modified acceptance control chart, which provides a supportive method for decision making in economic terms, especially when the process has high capability indices.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors made a modeling expectation average run length (ARL), which incorporates the probability density function of the sampling distribution ofCpk, to compare and analyze the efficiency of the proposed design.

Findings

This study suggested a new procedure to calculate the control limits (CL) of the X-bar chart, which allows economic decisions about the process to be made. By introducing a permissible average variation and defining three regions for statistical CL in the traditional X-bar control chart, a new design is proposed.

Originality/value

A framework is presented to help practitioners in the use of the proposed control chart. Two new parameters (CpandCpk) in addition tomandnwere introduced in the expected ARL equation. TheCpkis a random variable and its probability function is known. Therefore, by using a preliminary sample of a process under control, the authors can test whether the process is capable or not.