bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Headache
Authors: Zunt Joseph R , Marra Christina M
Published: November 2023

Headache is a common problem in HIV-infected persons. Although a variety of HIV- related disorders may cause headache, many HIV-infected persons suffer from migraine or tension-type headaches that are not related to HIV. Moreover, HIV- infected patients with fever frequently develop headache, even in the absence of a central nervous system abnormality.

The differential diagnosis of headache expands as the patient’s CD4 count decreases. At any stage of HIV disease, a patient can develop headache from bacterial meningitis, neurosyphilis, medications, migraines, or muscle contraction. Certain intracranial infections, including cryptococcal meningitis and Toxoplasma

encephalitis, generally do not occur until the CD4 count decreases to less than 200 cells/mm3 Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy and primary central nervous system lymphoma predominantly occur in patients who have CD4 counts less than 100 cells/mm3

Analyzing the patient’s symptoms (quality of pain, duration, sensitivity to light and sound) is often not helpful in determining the cause of the headache. HIV-infected patients who develop headache associated with a focal neurologic deficit usually have a serious central nervous system disorder.
Lower Respiratory Tract Symptoms
Authors: Curtis Randall , Paauw Douglass
Published: November 2023

Respiratory symptoms are among the most common presenting symptoms for HIV- infected persons. Cough is often the earliest respiratory symptom. Dyspnea is another common symptom and can range from dyspnea with moderate exertion to severe dyspnea at rest with impending respiratory failure. The subjective inability to take a deep breath has been associated with Pneumocystis carinii

pneumonia (PCP) in HIV- infected persons.

The differential diagnosis of respiratory symptoms is lengthy and diverse. The most common etiology of these symptoms will depend on a number of factors, including the person’s level of immunosuppression, the use of prophylaxis for PCP, and the geographic region of residence and travel.

The differential diagnosis of respiratory symptoms in HIV-infected persons is strongly related to the CD4 cell count. In persons with less than 200 cells/mm3, P. carinii

is one of the most common causes of respiratory tract symptoms. In persons with CD4 counts greater than 200 cells/mm3, bacterial infections (bronchitis or pneumonia) are the most common cause of these symptoms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa

is an important cause of bacterial pneumonia in HIV-infected patients with CD4 counts less than 100 cells/mm3

Tuberculosis should be considered in every HIV-infected person with respiratory symptoms, primarily because of the concern of spreading Mycobacterium tuberculosis

to other patients and to health care workers. Although M. tuberculosis

can cause disease in HIV-infected patients regardless of the CD4 cell count, the clinical presentation of patients with tuberculosis varies according to the CD4 cell count.
Tuberculosis
Authors: Curtis J Randall , Hooton Thomas M , Nolan Charles M
Published: November 2023

Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

In the mid-1980s the incidence of tuberculosis in the United States, after decades of decline, began to rise. The HIV epidemic has played a major role in this resurgence of TB. Patients with AIDS have an incidence of TB much higher than the general population.

Persons with HIV infection are at increased risk for active tuberculosis for two reasons. First, an HIV-infected individual with latent TB is at much higher risk of reactivation TB. The risk of reactivation in HIV-negative persons with latent TB is 5

to 10 percent in a lifetime, but in HIV-infected persons this risk is 5

to 10 percent per year. Second, HIV-infected individuals are at an increased risk of active disease when they are newly

infected with TB. This risk is hard to quantitate and depends on the individual’s degree of immunosuppression. Several TB outbreaks among persons with HIV infection have documented attack rates for primary active TB ranging from 9 to 37 percent. These attack rates compare with the less than 2 percent attack rates seen in immunocompetent individuals.

In 1987, extrapulmonary tuberculosis in an HIV-infected person became an AIDS- defining diagnosis. In 1993, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) expanded the definition of AIDS to include pulmonary tuberculosis (in an HIV-infected person).
Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Schacker Timothy W , Corey Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the herpes family of viruses and can cause viremia, retinitis, colitis, esophagitis, neuropathy, encephalitis, adrenalitis, and hepatitis in HIV-infected individuals. CMV is found on all continents, and humans are the only known reservoir for this virus.

CMV causes a primary infection and then establishes latency in monocytes and macrophages. It occasionally reactivates, usually in the setting of immune compromise. Some reactivations cause clinically apparent disease, but many do not.

In contrast to the CMV seroprevalence rate of 34 percent in the general population (ages 6 to 22 years), greater than 95 percent of injection-drug users and men who have sex with men have antibody against CMV. In contrast, less than 50 percent of HIV- infected hemophiliacs have serologic evidence of prior CMV infection. HIV-infected patients who are CMV antibody negative should receive CMV-negative blood products.

Reinfection of the genital tract with CMV is common among men who have sex with men; multiple CMV strains have been detected in their semen. In HIV-infected persons, the correlation between infection with multiple strains and subsequent CMV disease remains poorly defined.

At least 7 to 10 percent of all HIV-infected individuals eventually develop clinically apparent CMV disease. CMV usually does not cause significant disease until the patient’s CD4 count decreases to less than 100 cells/mm3 Among patients with a CD4 count less than 100 cells/mm3, the risk of developing clinically apparent CMV disease within a 2 year period is approximately 20 percent. Among those with advanced HIV disease who die and undergo autopsy, one can find microscopic evidence of CMV in the organs and body fluids in most.
Varicella-Zoster Virus
Authors: Nienow John R , Spach David H
Published: November 2023

Varicella-zoster virus is a DNA herpes virus. More than 90 percent of adults have serologic evidence of infection with varicella-zoster virus. Therefore, primary varicella infection infrequently occurs among HIV-infected adults.

There is a high incidence of zoster in association with HIV infection: one study (Buchbinder et al., 1992) has shown that when compared with age-matched HIV- seronegative men, the relative risk of developing zoster among HIV-infected men is approximately 17. In addition, 8 to 12 percent of AIDS patients develop zoster at least once.

Recurrent episodes of zoster occur relatively frequently, with approximately 20 percent of HIV-infected individuals who develop zoster having at least one recurrence.

Development of zoster does not correlate with the duration of HIV infection; it occurs at a relatively constant rate after a person becomes infected with HIV. In addition, an episode of zoster does not affect prognosis and does not predict a more rapid progression to AIDS.

CLINICAL FEATURES

Localized Zoster

The typical clinical presentation of localized zoster is similar to that in the immunocompetent patient, but the duration may be longer and the risk of developing disseminated infection greater.
Immune Thrombocytopenia
Authors: Aboulafia David M
Published: November 2023

Hematologic abnormalities commonly occur among HIV-infected patients, usually reflecting either myelosuppression or hypoproliferation of all three cell lines. HIV- associated immune thrombocytopenia (ITP}, which typically results from rapid platelet destruction, is considered an exception to this general principle.

HIV-associated ITP is an immune disorder characterized by thrombocytopenia (less than or equal to 70,000 platelets/mm3), a positive HIV serology test, normal to increased numbers of megakaryocytes on bone marrow aspirate, and normal white and red blood cell values (although abnormal values frequently exist in HIV-infected patients for other reasons).

Overall, HIV-associated ITP is present in 5

to 12 percent of HIV-infected patients. Thrombocytopenia from nonimmune causes may develop in 30 to 60 percent of patients at some time during the course of their HN

illness. HIV-infected patients can develop chronic ITP with or without an AIDS-defining illness. HIV-associated ITP, which is indistinguishable from classic ITP, is not associated with an increased short- term progression to AIDS.
Leukopenia
Authors: Aboulafia David M
Published: November 2023

Leukopenia, a common finding among HIV-infected patients, may result from multiple causes and frequently is multifactorial. The incidence of leukopenia increases with progressive immunosuppression: approximately 80 percent of AIDS patients will develop lymphopenia and approximately 20 percent granulocytopenia. Anemia and granulocytopenia tend to occur simultaneously.

Severe neutropenia, classically defined as an absolute neutrophil count less than 500 cells/mm3, is the dose-limiting toxicity of a number of therapeutic agents, including zidovudine, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, intravenous pentamidine, ganciclovir, pyrimethamine plus sulfadiazine, and cytotoxic agents. Several studies have shown that the use of myeloid growth factors ameliorates the toxicity of myelosuppressive regimens in AIDS patients.

Several unresolved questions about the role of growth factors for HIV-infected patients remain: What is the impact of growth factor treatment on overall survival? What is the cost effectiveness of growth factor treatment? What is the clinical significance of growth factor-HIV interaction in patients receiving antiviral drugs? Do patients with HIV infection and bacterial sepsis benefit from treatment with growth factors?
HIV-Associated Dementia
Authors: Uldall Karina K , Marra Christina M
Published: November 2023

HIV-associated dementia, also called AIDS dementia complex and AIDS encephalopathy, is the most frequent neurologic complication of AIDS. It affects at least 20 percent of all HIV-infected patients, most commonly those with a CD4 count less than 200 cells/mm3

The mechanism by which HIV-I infection causes dementia is not completely understood. HIV-I can infect macrophages and microglial cells productively (making RNA); restricted (not making RNA) HIV-I infection occurs in astrocytes and possibly in neurons. Despite the lack of productive infection in neurons, several studies show decreases of up to 40 percent of cortical neurons in brains of persons dying with HIV-

An indirect mechanism for neural damage seems most likely. This may result from toxic effects of viral gene products (gp-I20 or tat) or toxic products of infected macrophages (cytokines). The final common pathway for neural damage is probably through the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor, a subtype of glutamate receptors that mediate brain excitatory neurotransmission. Investigators have shown that NMDA receptor channel complex antagonists or L-type voltage-dependent calcium channel antagonists protect neuronal cell cultures from HIV-I-mediated toxicity.

CLINICAL FEATURES

HIV-associated dementia is characterized by disabling cognitive, motor, and behavioral changes. It is considered a “subcortical” dementia because dysfunction associated with cortical involvement, such as aphasia, infrequently develops. White matter and subcortical gray matter are pathologically the most prominently involved regions of the brain.
Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Authors: Kovach Nicholas L
Published: November 2023

Non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is defined as all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s disease. Among HIV-infected individuals, the incidence of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma is increased approximately fivefold. Overall, approximately 3 to 10 percent of HIV- infected individuals develop some type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

All HIV-infected persons appear to be at increased risk for developing lymphomas, regardless of their risk factor for acquiring HIV. Recognized by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention as AIDS-defining diagnoses, primary central nervous system (CNS) lymphoma and systemic high-grade lymphoma constitute about 3 percent of AIDS-defining conditions.

Lymphomas are characterized by their cell type (B cell or T cell), histologic features, and natural history (low grade, intermediate grade, or high grade). HIV-related lymphomas are predominantly B-cell tumors, with 75 to 80 percent classified as high grade, exhibiting either immunoblastic or small noncleaved cell (Burkitt’s and non- Burkitt’s) histology. By comparison, high-grade histology is found in only 10 to 15 percent of non-HIV-related lymphomas in a comparable age group. Diffuse large cell lymphoma is the other major histologic type of HIV-related lymphoma; although it is classified as intermediate grade, it behaves more agressively (like a high-grade lymphoma) in HIV-infected individuals.
Aphthae
Authors: Moss Gregory B , Schubert Mark M
Published: November 2023

Aphthae are painful ulcers that typically occur in the mouth. These ulcers frequently develop among HIV-infected individuals. Aphthae are also a common problem in HIV-negative persons. Those who have experienced aphthae in the past often report exacerbation of the condition after becoming infected with HIV.

The cause is unknown, although many factors have been suggested, including psychologic (stress), immunologic (autoimmune), or infectious.

Therapy with zalcitabine has been associated with aphthae; the lesions typically develop within several weeks of initiating therapy.

CLINICAL FEATURES

Aphthae appear as well-circumscribed ulcers with an erythematous margin. They are typically found in the mucous membranes of the mouth (especially the labial mucosa, tongue, and soft palate), but have also been described in the esophagus, colon, rectum, and vagina. Aphthae are typically painful and sometimes interfere with speech and swallowing.
Universals, Generalizability, and the Acquisition of Signed Language
Authors: Siple Patricia
Published: November 2023

“Why do you study sign language?” That question is asked a surprising number of times of someone like me who did not grow up with deaf relatives and was trained as an experimental psychologist. There are two parts to my answer. In the applied arena, a solid base of fundamental research on the acquisition and use of sign language is crucial for making informed decisions about educational and social issues of concern to deaf people. The importance of this responsibility cannot be underestimated by the sign language researcher. It is the theoretical part, though, that brought me into sign language research, and it is the theoretical reasons for studying sign language that are the focus of this chapter. The stage for the current theoretical interest in sign language was set in the 1960s by the pioneering work of William Stokoe. Stokoe (1960) argued that American Sign Language (ASL), while produced in a different modality, could be studied using the same principles employed to study spoken languages. He demonstrated that ASL signs were not irreducible holistic units but could be analyzed as composed of discrete elements corresponding to a phonetic and phonological description of language. Stokoe’s work, result-
Continuous Memory, Amnesia, And Delayed Recall Of Childhood Trauma: A Clinical Typology
Authors: Harvey Mary R , Herman Judith L
Published: November 2023

The phenomenon of delayed recall of traumatic childhood events has recently drawn the attention of the popular media, clinical practitioners, and academic investigators. Because a number of states now allow victims of childhood abuse to file charges once they have achieved majority age, or have acquired new memories of childhood events, some perpetrators who were once beyond the reach of the law have been convicted or held liable for crimes committed in the distant past. Successful prosecution of a few highly publicized court cases has prompted defense attorneys and some academic investigators to question the accuracy, authenticity, and forensic legitimacy of child abuse claims brought forward by adult complainants. Loftus, for example, speculates that most, if not all, delayed memories of childhood trauma are confabulations, implanted in the minds of suggestible patients by naive or unscrupulous psychotherapists. Of she and Watters posit a virtual epidemic of fictitious claims of childhood abuse, supposedly resulting from intense pressures placed on vulnerable patients by practitioners whom they label “recovered memory therapists. “ These authors, in particular, bolster their speculations with demeaning characterizations of psychotherapy patients and practitioners.
Traumatic Experiences: The Early Organization Of Memory In School-Age Children And Adolescents
Authors: Pynoos Robert S , Steinberg Alan M , Aronson Lisa
Published: November 2023

There are two trends currently working to unduly restrict discussions of traumatic memories. Recent judicial controversies concerning ‘‘repressed memories,’’ ‘‘delayed memories” and “false memory syndromes” in adults, as well as a number of sensationalized legal cases involving allegations of sexual abuse by preschool children, have resulted in social polarization over the veracity of presumed traumatic memories among adults and the reliability of young children’s recall of traumatic experiences. At the same time, there have been efforts to conceptualize traumatic memories in neurobiological terms as involving an extreme consolidation of memory due to danger or fear-induced, augmented stimulation of endogenous stress hormones.5,6 Such terms as malignant memories and super memories suggest that traumatic memories are virtually fixed and indelible. Both the vehement polarization of opinion and the biological reductionism profoundly underrepresent the extraordinary complexity of traumatic experiences and the extreme activity of children’s minds in the experience and remembering of traumatic events. This chapter will present clinical and research material gathered from traumatized children and adolescents to elucidate this contention.
Psychoanalysis, Reconstruction, And The Recovery Of Memory
Authors: Levine Howard B
Published: November 2023

Over the course of treatment, when the details of forgotten events do not emerge spontaneously in the mind of the patient, they may be inferred by the analyst and interpreted to the patient as possibly having occured. We call these inferences of what seems plausible or what might have been, constructions or, when referring to past events, reconstructions. The aim of reconstructions is either to stimulate the recall of the forgotten past or to substitute for important memories that may never be recaptured. In the latter instance, it is the conviction which the analyst and patient assign to the reconstruction that fills in the blanks in a narrative account of the patient’s life and in the development of the patient’s neurosis that is decisive for the treatment. As noted by Freud, ‘‘if the analysis is carried out correctly, we produce in [the patient] an assured conviction of the truth of the construction which achieves the same therapeutic result as a recaptured memory.’’
Cognitive Therapy Of Dissociative Identity Disorder
Authors: Ross Colin A
Published: November 2023

Cognitive therapy was first developed by Aaron Beck and colleagues for the treatment of depression. Since then it has been applied to a wide variety of different mental health problems, including anxiety disorders, personality disorders, and dissociative disorders. It is also used in marital therapy and as an adjunctive modality throughout the mental health field. The cognitive therapy of depression is one of the few psychotherapies that has been subjected to systematic treatment outcome studies, and it has proven to be as effective for the treatment of unipolar nonpsychotic depression as antidepressant medication. In some of its modifications, cognitive therapy involves techniques and strategies not described by Beck: this is true of the cognitive therapy of dissociative identity disorder (DID).
Central Europe and the Roman Christian West 400-1000
Authors: Johnson Lonnie R
Published: November 2023

Defining the relationships between national, historical, or cultural borders and physical borders is exceedingly difficult. Many geographers, whose job it is to come up with meaningful criteria for defining regions, do not like the term “Central Europe” because it subsumes too many heterogeneous phenomena under one concept. Such methodological reservations do not seem to disturb most Central Europeans, however.
Effect of Ethanol on Voltage-Gated Ion Channels
Authors: Leidenheimer N J , Dildy-Mayfield J E , Harris R A
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we review the actions of ethanol on voltage-activated calcium, sodium, and potassium channels, as well as on calcium-activated potassium channels. These channels are critical for the control of neuronal excitability and are responsible for the propagation of nerve impulses and the regulation of neurotransmitter release. Because of their importance, these channels have been examined in detail with diverse techniques. Molecular biological approaches have helped elucidate their protein structure and have provided evidence for their heterogeneity and genetic diversity. Voltage-gated ion channels are composed of (1) principal subunits that are responsible for ion conductance and (2) auxiliary sub-units that are responsible for some physiological properties needed for normal function, such as level of expression, kinetics of activation/inactivation, and voltage dependence of channel gating.
The Longest Way About Is the Nearest Way Home
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

In the time-honored way of all pilgrims, Fox realized he had to get away from a locality he already knew too well. His emotional state, certainly, and his nagging desire to understand his place in the world, just as certainly, could hardly be left behind. Yet in a way he probably did not want to think about, his troubling confusion and wonderment would stay with him as he traveled. From our vantage point, George’s itinerary makes little sense beyond the fact that his general path was down Watling Street toward London. He wandered about a great deal in the course of his journey. Maybe he took detours to visit relatives. The chance to replenish his purse by making shoes may have led him to decide to stop in one place rather than going on to another.1 He may also have followed the cycle of market days from one town to another. On two occasions he chose to stop where parliamentary armies were garrisoned. Many of these soldiers were youths his own age. All had hair cut so unfashionably short that they were tagged “Roundheads,” but the young traveler did not cut his own long hair. Fox may have found, as others certainly did, that Parliament’s garrison towns offered a haven from the slander that sober religious dissenters faced from royalist neighbors. One contemporary reported how persons noted for piety suffered verbal abuse and even had their personal belongings plundered. Fox did make much of the fact that people he called “rude” laughed at him and that something about him attracted unwanted public notice; the fear he recalled may have come from just this type of harassment.
More Belongs to Marriage than Four Bare Legs in a Bed
Authors: Ingle H Larry
Published: November 2023

George Fox’s marriage to Margaret Fell took place at the end of the 1660s. The union marked a personal culmination, even if it did not change his life very much. Marriage is an almost perfect metaphor for his final years in this decade. And if the metaphor identified a struggling marriage, then it would be even more apt. There was little evidence of elation or excitement on either his or his wife’s part—rather than a new beginning it seemed a continuation of the way things had been. The new marriage was an old marriage. The events to which he had to respond also remained more troubling, a kind of nagging bother, than anything pleasureable. Unrest and dissent, despite the fact that Perrot was out of the picture in the New World, still existed within the Society of Friends, calling forth an ongoing effort to deal with them. Complicating this unease was the legal situation, one bringing down on the young sect the full force of the government. A marriage that does not work can seem like a prison when the couple is hemmed in and unable to squeeze free. Fox spent nearly three years in prison, his wife-to-be a year longer, and she was sent back to jail a second time before the decade’s end.
Consistency and Individual Style
Authors: Johnstone Barbara
Published: November 2023

My discussion so far has been mainly about the various ways different people perform linguistic tasks we might in one way or another think of as the same. I have tried to show that different people do things differently with language even when they might be expected to do things similarly because doing things differently from others is how we express selfhood, and expressing selfhood is both an important function of talk and a prerequisite for successful talk. In this Chapter I explore linguistic individuality from another perspective. Rather than asking, as I have up to now, how different people do the same thing, I ask here how the same people do different things. This is in order to suggest answers to some important and usually unasked questions about linguistic consistency. I am interested here in how individuals ‘ styles are consistent across situations and how they are not, and I am interested in how people use consistency and inconsistency as strategic resources in the expression of moral personae. The way a person comes across to others, the way he or she is known for being, is partly a result of using language in consistent ways. I mean
The Yak a’s Questions
Authors: Shulman David
Published: November 2023

Let us assume, for the moment, that the world is impenetrably enigmatic; that blindness is far more than a metaphor for human perception, the question being merely one of the degree of its actualization in each person; that any defined path, any conception of absolute values, any statement of identity-all inevitably and insidiously subvert themselves in real experience; and that language, at least in its referential mode, is consistently shown to abet this subversion. Assume, too, that life is a dice game, governed by rules known to be deceptive, in which the least experienced, least adequate player is nevertheless pushed to the point of staking everything he has, including, in the end, himself, with the certainty of losing. Assume a world in which each of the players in this game must be seen to die, in most cases violently and unfairly; in which, moreover, the poles of life and death are present in every move, with the death-pole always strangely privileged, cognitively and metaphysically, so that death is, in effect, the only possible outcome of the game. In such a world, one mostly fights for time.
Enigmas of Sexual Masquerade 1n Hindu Myths and Tales
Authors: Doniger Wendy
Published: November 2023

The gods and the demons went to Brahma because they desired the Self. They bowed to him and said, “Sir, we desire the Self. Please tell us.” He thought for a long time and then decided, “These demons have a different sort of a self,” and so he spoke to them about a different self; and so they were deluded and go on living on that, with great attachment to the body, rejecting the raft of salvation and praising what is false. They see what is untrue as true, taken in by the magic that Indra spreads with his net.
Connecting through Riddles, or The Riddle of Connecting
Authors: Cohen Shlomith
Published: November 2023

The answer is, of course, “a riddle.” In the following discussion I deal with some serious aspects of riddles and riddling that may account for the persistence of this genre across cultures and centuries. Peter Brooks has suggested that the most illuminating application of psychoanalytic understanding to literary investigations lies in exploring the text itself, without relating it to particular authors or readers. Following Freud, Brooks sees in a literary work the crystallization of a fantasy that combines a memory of some early experience of a wish with a situation that represents the fulfillment of that wish. Relating his ideas to those of Meredith Skuras, he writes: “I would want to extrapolate ... an understanding of how phantasy provides a dynamic model of intratextual temporal relations, and their organization according to the plot of wish or desire.
The Last and Most Decisive Battle: Collectivization as Civil War
Authors: Viola Lynne
Published: November 2023

Never before had the breath of destruction hung so directly above the territory of the October revolution as in the years of complete collectivization. Discontent, distrust, bitterness, were corroding the country. The disturbance of the currency, the mounting up of stable, “conventional,” and free market prices, the transition from a simulacrum of trade between the state and the peasants to a grain, meat and milk levy, the life and-death struggle with mass plunderings of the collective property and mass concealment of these plunderings, the purely military mobilization of the party for the struggle against kulak sabotage (after the “liquidation” of the kulaks as a class) together with this a return to food cards and hunger rations, and finally a restoration of the passport system-all these measures revived throughout the country the atmosphere of the seemingly so long ended civil war.
The Mark of Antichrist: Rumors and the Ideology of Peasant Resistance
Authors: Viola Lynne
Published: November 2023

According to a Russian proverb, popular rumor is like a sea wave: it rolls into a village, engulfing and upending everything in its midst. In the terrible years of collectivization, rumor held the Soviet countryside in a vise of fear and dread anticipation. Everywhere peasants listened to rumors about collectivization. Everywhere peasants discussed the meaning of the fate that lay in wait for them. Some said the Communists were bringing back serfdom. Some said the collective farm signaled the reign of Antichrist on earth. Others said collectivization was simply pillage and ruin. The rumors of collectivization provided peasants with an idiom of resistance and a Manichaean view of the world to match that of the Communists.
Introduction
Authors: Montagu Ashley
Published: November 2023

“Race,, and “IO” are terms which seemingly possess a clear and well-defined meaning for millions of people. Their common usage implies the belief in a reality which is beyond question. When, on occasion, the suggestion is made that these terms correspond to no reality whatever, but constitute an amalgam of erroneous and stultifying ideas of the most damaging kind, the suggestion is received either with blank incredulity or open derision. Nevertheless, the truth is that these terms not only are unsound but in fact correspond to no verifiable reality, and have, indeed, been made the basis for social and political action of the most heinous kinds.
Natural Selection And The Mental Capacities Of Mankind
Authors: Dobzhansky Th. , Montagu Ashley
Published: November 2023

The fundamental mechanisms of the transmission of heredity from parents to offspring are surprisingly uniform in most diverse organisms. Their uniformity is perhaps the most remarkable fact disclosed by genetics. The laws discovered by Mendel apply to human genes just as much as to those of the maize plant, and the processes of cellular division and germ cell maturation in man are not very different from those in a grasshopper.
The IQ Mythology
Authors: Montagu Ashley
Published: November 2023

“Race” and “IQ” are terms which seemingly possess a clear and well-defined meaning for millions of people. Their common usage implies for them the belief in a reality which is beyond question. When, on occasion, the suggestion is made that these terms correspond to no reality whatever, but constitute an amalgam of erroneous and stultifying ideas of the most damaging kind, the suggestion is received either with blank incredulity or open derision. Nevertheless, the truth is that these terms not only are unsound but in fact correspond to no verifiable reality, and have, indeed, been made the basis for social and political action of the most heinous kinds.
Later
Authors: Lieberman Leonard , Littlefield Alice , Reynolds Larry T
Published: November 2023

The following paper consists of two parts. First, there is an analysis of the way the race concept has been shaped by social influences. Emphasis is placed on the debate of the 1960s concerning the validity of the idea of race. This part of the paper was originally published in 1968 and has been partly revised here.
Race And Intelligence
Authors: Lewontin Richard C
Published: November 2023

In the spring of 1653 Pope Innocent X condemned a pernicious heresy which espoused the doctrines of “total depravity, irresistible grace, lack of free will, predestination and limited atonement.” That heresy was Jansenism and its author was Cornelius Jansen, Bishop of Ypres.
Social Policy
Authors: Sanday Peggy R
Published: November 2023

As William F. Brazziel (1969) eloquently demonstrates in his “A Letter from the South,” written in response to Arthur Jensen’s original article ( 1967), the question of whether or not there are genetic racial differences in intelligence cannot be independent of any questions of educational, social, and political implications.
American Values and the Fairness of Health Care Reform
Authors: Daniels Norman , Light Donald W , Caplan Ronald L
Published: November 2023

Are Americans concerned enough about fairness and social justice to as sess health care reform in terms of those values?

The United States remains the only advanced industrial country in the world that fails to assure universal access to medical services. In the past, this fact has prompted some commentators to suggest that Americans lack the culture-the values-to support such a system, or at least to charge that our values must be an important part of the explanation of the absence of universal coverage (see Feldstein 1994:254; Rothman 1993). They claim that we are more “individualistic” than other countries and lack the social solidarity that leads people to share the burdens and benefits of such a system (cf. Evans 1993). We are so intent on protecting our rights as individuals to pursue “life, liberty and happiness” free from interference by others or our government that we are unwilling to support each other even with regard to fundamental needs.
Benchmarks of Fairness
Authors: Daniels Norman , Light Donald W , Caplan Ronald L
Published: November 2023

The benchmarks described in this chapter are intended to enhance deliberation about fairness, putting it centrally in the debate about reform. They form an analytic tool for thinking about the fairness of different aspects of health care reform. They are most useful for disentangling the complex moral and empirical assumptions that underlie our judgments and disagreements about the key dimensions of fairness. They will not produce immediate agreement on the relative fairness of alternatives, in part because they embody particular assumptions that not everyone accepts. By being explicit about these assumptions, they aim to improve debate and understanding about fairness, not to end it by stipulation.
Pharmacology of Opioid Drugs: Basic Principles,Basic Principles
Authors: Lipman Arthur G , Gauthier Michaele.
Published: November 2023

The term opium is derived from the ancient Greek word for juice, because opium is obtained from the juicy exudate of the poppy plant. Opium has been used as an analgesic and euphoriant for over 5,000 years. Opioid is now the preferred term for both endogenous pain-modulating substances, such as beta endorphin and enkephalins, and exogenous drugs, such as morphine and codeine. In the past, these latter substances were called narcotics or opiates. Narcotic, derived from the Greek word for stupor, historically was used to indicate drugs that induce sleep. Narcotic now has been adopted as a legal term that includes many classes of substances that may be abused. Use of that word to describe opioid analgesics may cause confusion. Opiate was originally used to designate substances derived from opium. Later, the word was used for all exogenous opioids. It is now dated, because the distinction between endogenous and exogenous substances that act as opioid receptors is blurred.
Introduction: Psychopathology in Patients with Progressive Medical Disorders: What Is “Normal”?
Authors: Massie Mary Jane
Published: November 2023

Normal Patient Responses to Crisis Points in Progressive Medical Illness . A 34-year-old professional woman says to her psychiatrist: “I’m behaving in ways not characteristic for me; I’m indecisive, I can’t sleep, I’m anxious, and I act like a terrified little animal in front of my doctors. I don’t know if what I’m feeling, thinking and doing is normal. Tell me, what is normal when you have just been told that you have metastatic breast cancer and maybe you are going to die—and you have four little kids and your husband works half a world away?”
Clinical Response to Spiritual Issues
Authors: Mccabe Michael J
Published: November 2023

The biomedical model has served medicine well in the diagnosis, treatment, and curing of disease. However, the fact that health care is as effective as it is can obscure the deeper reality of the effects of illness on the personhood of the patient. In overlooking or giving minimal importance to the spiritual dimension of the patient, medicine limits its ability to be an even more effective agent of healing and health.
The Pharmacological Manipulation of Appetite
Authors: Loprinzi Charles L
Published: November 2023

Cancer anorexia/cachexia is clearly a major clinical problem for many patients who die from cancer. Anorexia and asthenia have been identified as more common symptoms in patients entering hospice programs than are pain or dysphagia. In addition, it is felt that a large number of patients dying from cancer die from asthenia. Anorexia appears to cause suffering for both patients themselves and for their family members as the patients appear to waste away without even trying to eat. In response to this substantial clinical problem, a number of drugs have been evaluated as potential means for reversing cancer anorexia/cachexia.
Introduction Medical and Psychosocial Implications of Skin Disorders
Authors: Bruera Eduardo
Published: November 2023

The majority of terminally ill cancer and AIDS patients suffer from skin abnormalities. The skin may be directly involved by the underlying disease, as in the case of malignancies, or may be affected by a number of associated conditions. These include local and systemic infections, radiation- or chemotherapy-induced dermatitis or mucositis, lymphedema, local or systemic bleeding disorders, and pressure ulcers. Underlying conditions common to terminally ill patients, such as immobility, malnutrition, delirium, severe pain, immunosuppression, and dehydration, are all risk factors for skin disorders. Skin abnormalities cause numerous physical symptoms and other complications, including incidental and continuous pain, hyperalgesia, pruritus, decreased mobility, odor, and bleeding.
Lymphedema: Current Treatments and Controversies
Authors: Tunkel Richard S , Rampulla Phyllis
Published: November 2023

Lymphedema is characterized by the regional accumulation of large amounts of interstitial fluid, especially in the subcutaneous tissues of the affected area. Primary lymphedema or lymphedema praecox is an uncommon form usually affecting the lower limbs. Hereditary lymphedema, which can first be seen at birth or puberty, is rare. In the palliative care setting, secondary lymphedema is the form most frequently encountered. It usually arises from focal lymphatic obstruction caused by neoplastic infiltration, en bloc resection, or irradiation of regional lymph nodes.
So, what did the doctor say?
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline
Published: November 2023

Have you ever walked out of the doctor’s office and realized that you did n’t really know what happened? Many of us have experienced visits when, from the moment the doctor enters the room, nothing seems to go as we had planned. Why is it that we often leave the doctor’s office feeling that we did n’t have the opportunity to ask all the questions we had been thinking about before the appointment? How many times have you almost been home before realizing.
Why don’t i follow my doctor’s advice?
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline
Published: November 2023

Do you always do what your doctor tells you? If you do, you’re the exception to the rule. Do you have any idea how often people go to the doctor and then don’t do anything they were told to do? It may seem surprising how frequently this happens in light of the fact that going to the doctor takes courage and is also inconvenient and expensive. Why, then, do so many patients fail to follow medical advice after taking the trouble to make an appointment, rearrange their schedules, and actually drive somewhere out of the way? Some make appointments and then don’t keep them. As many as 40 percent who make appointments because they are sick never show up.
Does Your Doctor Seem unfeeling?
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline
Published: November 2023

Have you ever visited a doctor, talked about something that was really bothering you, and ended up feeling dissatisfied because your physician did not seem to react to your concerns? Perhaps your doctor was listening, standing up, with no facial expression, and made only matter-of-fact recommendations. Or concentrated on writing notes on a clipboard, never making eye contact with you. Maybe the doctor shrugged off your concerns by saying, ‘‘Relax, don’t worry about it,” treating them as if you were overreacting.
How do doctors get that way?: The Conspiracy of Silence
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline
Published: November 2023

This statement was made by a physician who felt that, during his education and early professional career, he had had insufficient help in dealing with his own suffering and vulnerability. This is not a unique experience; most students, young physicians, and practicing physicians have had little help with these problems. Feelings are not acknowledged in the course of traditional medical education. The reluctance on the part of practitioners and medical educators to discuss patients’ feelings and especially their own feelings has been referred to as a “conspiracy of silence.”
Do I Have to Go to the Doctor?
Authors: Korsch Barbara M , Harding Caroline
Published: November 2023

“That’s easy,” one person responded, “either you are sick or you are well.” But that’s not necessarily true. Everyone reacts differently, and there are no standards as to where the dividing line is. What about you? Are you healthy? Do you get sick a lot? The definition depends on the person who is experiencing the symptoms and what his or her perceptions are. There are young people just bristling with good health who exercise hours every day, eat what they consider a healthy diet, and haven’t missed a day of work for a year or two. At the other end of the spectrum are those who consider themselves healthy, but who have learned to modify their levels of aspiration.
Baden’s Middle Way Viable or Not?
Authors: Feldman Carol Fleisher
Published: November 2023

Boden’s paper, and its important predecessors-including the books Artificial Intelligence and Natural Man, 1977 (A/NM hereafter), Computer Models of Mind, 1988 (CMM), and The Creative Mind, 1990 (CM)-have staked a claim to a distinctive territory in an embattled field. She calls for a psychology that is at once computational and humanistic. Many AI hardliners share her view that a scientific psychology must be computational. And they believe that they can model human minds insofar as they are real within such a science. But, in many ways, the hardliners make strange bedfellows for Boden, who cares principally about such essentially human (and most unmachinelike) expressions of mind as creativity. She is surely the most original thinker in cognitive science today.
A Generic Model for Spatio-Bitemporal Geographic Information
Authors: Worboys Michael F
Published: November 2023

This chapter describes work in progress on the construction of a generic object model for a geographic information system that handles objects with both refer ences to embeddings in two orthogonal spatial dimensions’ and two orthogonal temporal dimensions. Geographic space may be viewed as being populated with objects that have spatio-temporal references. Regarding the purely spatial references, we assume an embedding in 2-D Euclidean space. As for time, it is widely understood (see, e.g., Al-Taha, 1992; Snodgrass, 1992) that a temporal information system needs the capacity for handling at least two orthogonal temporal dimensions, corresponding to the handling of real-world events (so-called real time or event time or valid time), but also handling interactions with the information system (transaction time or database time).
Psychological Time and the Processing of Spatial Information
Authors: Block Richard A
Published: November 2023

A static “snapshot” of the world contains abundant information that allows the brain to automatically generate a reasonably accurate representation of geo graphic space in the area proximate to the observer. The sensory-perceptual systems of the brain automatically extract information that serves as raw material for psychological representations of geographic space. The classic view of visual perception holds that changes in sensory information that occur as a result of motion in the environment or of the observer (e.g., motion parallax) merely add additional cues concerning space to those available in a static display. This classic view is incomplete. As a person interacts with the environment, he or she encodes additional spatial, as well as temporal, information into memory. This occurs as a result of the controlled, or nonautomatic, processing of information. In short, some information is innately available to the organism, some becomes automated only as a result of learning, and some is only available if a person engages in con trolled information processing. Eventually, high-level cognitive factors such as judgmental heuristics influence the use of all encoded spatial and temporal information.
Acquiring Spatial and Temporal Knowledge from Language
Authors: Tversky Barbara , Taylor Holly A
Published: November 2023

People love to tell stories. Folk tales were handed down from generation to generation long before the advent of written language. Most often, stories are embedded in a place and time, so that descriptions of space and time are basic to stories. People describe space and time prospectively as well as retrospectively, in making plans for when and where to meet or in giving directions. Linguistic evidence suggests that spatial language developed prior to temporal, for example, spatial terms like “before” and “after” have been extended from spatial to temporal meanings (Clark, 1971; Clark, 1973). Spatial language has been used to convey abstract meanings as well, as in expressions like, ‘Tm feeling up today,” or “He’s at the bottom of the heap,” or “That.field is wide open” (for more examples and discussion, see Cooper and Ross, 1975; Clark and Clark, 1979; Lakoff and John son, 1980).