bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dimerization of heavy atom free tetraphenylethylene with aggregation induced emission for boosting photodynamic therapy
Authors: Chen Jianjiao , Zou Zhenyuan , Ke Zhen , Zhang Xujing , Feng Jingfei , Jing Yi , Peng Long , Yang Jie , Dai Yansong , Zou Dengfeng
Published: March 2020

Heavy atom free BTPE with enhanced 1O2 generation ability have potential in PDT.
Towards new nanoporous biomaterials: self-assembly of sulfopillar[5]arenes with vitamin D3 into supramolecular polymers
Authors: Shurpik Dmitriy N. , Aleksandrova Yulia I. , Zelenikhin Pavel V. , Subakaeva Evgenia V. , Cragg Peter J. , Stoikov Ivan I.
Published: March 2020

The ability of novel sulfopillar[5]arenes to form UV stable inclusion complex with cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) was shown.
Non-biaryl atropisomerism at the C–B bond in sterically hindered aminoarylboranes
Authors: Birepinte Mélodie , Robert Frédéric , Pinet Sandra , Chabaud Laurent , Pucheault Mathieu
Published: March 2020

Sterically hindered aminoarylboranes with atropisomerism about the C–B bond were prepared and resolved by chiral stationary phase HPLC.
Synthesis, structures and photophysical properties of hexacoordinated organosilicon compounds with 2-(2-pyridyl)phenyl groups
Authors: Furuta Shohei , Mori Toshiaki , Yoshigoe Yusuke , Sekine Kohei , Kuninobu Yoichiro
Published: March 2020

We synthesised novel air-, water-, heat-, acid-, and base-stable hexacoordinated organosilicon compounds, which contain two C,N-bidentate ligands and form two silafluorene equivalent moieties, with Lewis acid–base interactions.
Geometry underlies the mechanical stiffening and softening of an indented floating film
Authors: Ripp Monica M. , Démery Vincent , Zhang Teng , Paulsen Joseph D.
Published: March 2020

Using experiments, simulations, and theory, we map out the remarkably rich mechanical response of a floating polymer film to indentation.
Circadian plasticity in honey bees
Authors: Beer Katharina , Bloch Guy
Published: March 2020

Circadian rhythms of about a day are ubiquitous in animals and considered functionally significant. Honey bees show remarkable circadian plasticity that is related to the complex social organization of their societies. Forager bees show robust circadian rhythms that support time-compensated sun-compass navigation, dance communication and timing visits to flowers. Nest-dwelling nurse bees care for the young brood around the clock. Here, we review our current understanding of the molecular and neuroanatomical mechanisms underlying this remarkable natural plasticity in circadian rhythms.
Exploring Early Childhood Language Environments: A Comparison of Language Use, Exposure, and Interactions in the Home and Childcare Settings
Authors: Larson Anne L. , Barrett Tyson S. , McConnell Scott R.
Published: March 2020

Purpose

This study was conducted in a large Midwestern metropolitan area to examine the language environments at home and in center-based childcare for young children who are living in poverty. We compared child language use and exposure in the home and childcare settings using extended observations with automated Language Environment Analysis to gain a deeper understanding of the environmental factors that may affect change in language outcomes for young children.

Method

Thirty-eight children, along with parents (n= 38) and childcare providers (n= 14) across five childcare centers, participated in this study. Each child completed a standardized language assessment and two daylong recordings with Language Environment Analysis to determine the number of adult words, conversational turns, and child vocalizations that occurred in each setting. Data were analyzed at 5-min intervals across each recording.

Results

Comparisons between home recordings in this sample and a comparison group showed reliably higher rates of adult words and conversational turns in the home setting. Linear mixed-effects regression models showed significant differences in the child language environments, with the home setting providing higher levels of language input and use. These effects were still meaningful after accounting for the time of day, participant demographic characteristics, and child language ability.

Conclusions

Practical implications for supporting child language development across settings are discussed, and suggestions for further research are provided.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.12042678
Loss estimation, thermal analysis, and measurement of a large‐scale turbomolecular pump with active magnetic bearings
Authors: Bangcheng Han , Zan He , Xu Zhang , Xu Liu , Tong Wen , Shiqiang Zheng
Published: March 2020

Temperature rise subjected to the copper losses and iron losses is an important issue for a magnetically suspended turbomolecular pump (MSTMP). In this study, the loss estimation, thermal analysis, and temperature rise measurement of a large‐scale MSTMP are investigated. The copper losses and the iron core losses of two radial magnetic bearings, a thrust magnetic bearing, and a brushless direct current motor (BLDCM) are predicted by the analytical models. Based on the predicted loss values, the heat generation rates in the different parts of the large‐scale MSTMP are calculated, then the thermal field of the prototype is analysed by the 3D finite‐element model. The maximum temperatures estimated for the rotor part and stator part are located at the rotor sleeve and the winding end of BLDCM, which are 68.5 and 55.2 °C, respectively. The loss calculation and thermal field prediction is validated by the temperature rise test in a prototype of large‐scale MSTMP with pumping speed of 4100 L/s, ultimate vacuum of 1.8 × 10−7 Pa, and rated speed of 21,000 r/min. The maximum error between the estimated and the measured temperature rise values is <5%.
High-resolution spectroscopy of flares and CMEs on AD Leonis
Authors: Muheki P. , Guenther E. W. , Mutabazi T. , Jurua E.
Published: March 2020

Context.Flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs) are important for the evolution of the atmospheres of planets and their potential habitability, particularly for planets orbiting M stars at a distance <0.4 AU. Detections of CMEs on these stars have been sparse, and previous studies have therefore modelled their occurrence frequency by scaling up solar relations. However, because the topology and strength of the magnetic fields on M stars is different from that of the Sun, it is not obvious that this approach works well.

Aims.We used a large number of high-resolution spectra to study flares, CMEs, and their dynamics of the active M dwarf star AD Leo. The results can then be used as reference for other M dwarfs.

Methods.We obtained more than 2000 high-resolution spectra (R~ 35 000) of the highly active M dwarf AD Leo, which is viewed nearly pole on. Using these data, we studied the behaviour of the spectral lines Hα, Hβ, and HeI5876 in detail and investigated asymmetric features that might be Doppler signatures of CMEs.

Results.We detected numerous flares. The largest flare emitted 8.32 × 1031erg in Hβand 2.12 × 1032erg in Hα. Although the spectral lines in this and other events showed a significant blue asymmetry, the velocities associated with it are far below the escape velocity.

Conclusions.Although AD Leo shows a high level of flare activity, the number of CMEs is relatively low. It is thus not appropriate to use the same flare-to-CME relation for M dwarfs as for the Sun.
On a class of splines free of Gibbs phenomenon
Authors: Amat Sergio , Ruiz Juan , Shu Chi-Wang , Trillo Juan Carlos
Published: March 2020

When interpolating data with certain regularity, spline functions are useful. They are defined as piecewise polynomials that satisfy certain regularity conditions at the joints. In the literature about splines it is possible to find several references that study the apparition of Gibbs phenomenon close to jump discontinuities in the results obtained by spline interpolation. This work is devoted to the construction and analysis of a new nonlinear technique that allows to improve the accuracy of splines near jump discontinuities eliminating the Gibbs phenomenon. The adaption is easily attained through a nonlinear modification of the right hand side of the system of equations of the spline, that contains divided differences. The modification is based on the use of a new limiter specifically designed to attain adaption close to jumps in the function. The new limiter can be seen as a nonlinear weighted mean that has better adaption properties than the linear weighted mean. We will prove that the nonlinear modification introduced in the spline keeps the maximum theoretical accuracy in all the domain except at the intervals that contain a jump discontinuity, where Gibbs oscillations are eliminated. Diffusion is introduced, but this is fine if the discontinuity appears due to a discretization of a high gradient with not enough accuracy. The new technique is introduced for cubic splines, but the theory presented allows to generalize the results very easily to splines of any order. The experiments presented satisfy the theoretical aspects analyzed in the paper.
Störungen des Geruchssinns: Psychiatrisch-neurologische Bezüge und Diagnostik
Authors: Waldmann Sylvia , T. Lübke Katrin , Pentzek Michael , Pause Bettina M
Published: March 2020

Untersuchungen zur olfaktorischen Wahrnehmung bei psychiatrischen und neurodegenerativen Erkrankungen zeigen vielfältige Veränderungen auf psychophysikalischer, neurophysiologischer und anatomischer Ebene. Diese Veränderungen stellen sich zum Teil erkrankungsspezifisch dar. So wird z. B. die dysfunktionale Geruchswahrnehmung bei affektiven Erkrankungen mit anatomisch-funktionellen Überlappungen von geruchs- und emotionsverarbeitenden Arealen in Verbindung gebracht. Auf Basis der aktuellen Datenlange zur veränderten Riechfähigkeit bei Major Depression, Schizophrenie, Alzheimer-Demenz und der Parkinson-Erkrankung wird hier die Erfassung der olfaktorischen Wahrnehmung als zusätzlicher diagnostischer Marker bei neuropsychiatrischen Erkrankungen diskutiert. Dabei besteht die Notwendigkeit einer objektiven Erfassung der Riechfunktion über validierte Testverfahren, verknüpft mit Kenntnissen in der Interpretation der erhaltenen Befunde. Ziel dieser Übersichtsarbeit ist es, die Veränderungen der olfaktorischen Wahrnehmung bei den genannten Erkrankungen darzustellen und ausgewählte, im deutschen Sprachraum verfügbare Verfahren vorzustellen und anwendungsbezogen einzuordnen. Eigene aktuelle Daten zur Validierung eines Geruchsdiskriminationstests (Düsseldorf Odour Discrimination Test) an einer klinischen Stichprobe werden vorgestellt.
Hintergrundtext zu Empfehlungen der DGPRM zu Struktur und Ausstattung von Akutkrankenhäusern bezüglich Physikalisch-medizinischer/Rehabilitativer Maßnahmen in Intensivmedizin und Intermediate Care
Authors: Sturm Christian , Glaesener Jean Jacques , Korallus Christoph , Reißhauer Anett , Schwarzkopf Susanne , Gutenbrunner Christoph
Published: March 2020

Wissenschaftlicher Hintergrund, Erläuterungen, Definitionen von Begriffen, Literaturangaben und Empfehlungen zur Empfehlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Physikalische und Rehabilitative Medizin (DGPRM) zu Struktur und Ausstattung von Akutkrankenhäusern bezüglich Physikalisch-medizinischer/Rehabilitativer Maßnahmen in der Intensivmedizin und Intermediate Care. Konkrete Problemfelder und mögliche Maßnahmen werden erläutert. Sowohl für personelle Schlüssel als auch Therapiefrequenz und Dauer jeweils werden konkrete Empfehlungen benannt.
Recent Advances in Ruthenium-Catalyzed Carbene/Alkyne Metathesis (CAM) Transformations
Authors: Saá Carlos , Padín Damián , Varela Jesús A.
Published: March 2020

Carbene intermediates have shown versatile applications in modern synthetic chemistry. Catalytic ruthenium carbene/alkyne metathesis (CAM) with readily available substrates renders an efficient procedure for the in situ generation of ruthenium vinyl carbene intermediates. Here, recent advances in synthetic applications of ruthenium-catalyzed carbene/alkyne metathesis (CAM) are highlighted.

1 Introduction

2 Ruthenium Vinyl Carbenes through Carbene/Alkyne Metathesis (CAM)

3 Nonpolar Transformations of Ruthenium Vinyl Carbenes

4 Polar Transformations of Ruthenium Vinyl Carbenes

4.1 Intramolecular Ruthenium-Catalyzed [1,5]- and [1,6]-Hydride Transfer/Cyclization

4.2 Heterocyclizations of Alkynals and Alkynones

4.3 Heterocyclizations of ortho-(Alkynyloxy)benzylamines

5 DFT Studies on the Stereoselectivity of the CAM Reaction

6 Conclusions
Endoscopic Endonasal Odontoidectomy Preserving Atlantoaxial Stability: a Pediatric Case
Authors: Veiceschi Pierlorenzo , Pozzi Fabio , Restelli Francesco , Alfiero Tommaso , Castelnuovo Paolo , Locatelli Davide
Published: March 2020

Objectives We illustrate endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy for the Chiari-I malformation respecting craniovertebral junction (CVJ) stability.

Design Case report of a 12-year-old girl affected by the Chiari-I malformation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed tonsillar herniation, basilar invagination, and dental retroversion, causing angulation and compression of the bulbomedullary junction. Patient underwent endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) with reduction of ventricular size and resolution of gait disturbances, but she complained the Valsalva-induced headaches, hiccup, and dysesthesias in the lower limbs. Endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy was chosen to decompress the cervicomedullary junction.

Setting The research was conducted at University Hospital “Ospedale di Circolo,” Department of Neurosurgery at Varese in Italy.

Participants Patients were from neurosurgical and ENT (ear, nose, and throat) skull base team.

Main Outcome Measures A bilateral paraseptal approach was performed, using a four-hand technique. After resection of posterior edge of the nasal septum, the choana is entered and a rhinopharynx muscle–mucosal flap is dissected subperiosteal and transposed in oral cavity. The CVJ is exposed and, using neuronavigation and neuromonitoring, odontoidectomy is fulfilled until dura is reached, preserving the anterior arch of C1. Reconstruction is obtained suturing the flap previously harvested.

Results Postoperative course was unremarkable and the patient experienced improvement of symptoms. Postoperative MRI documented the appearance of tight cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) film anterior to bulbomedullary junction and in retrotonsillar spaces, opening of the bulbomedullary angle, and slight tonsils reduction. No CVJ instability was occurred with any need of posterior fixation.

Conclusion Endoscopic endonasal odontoidectomy is a feasible approach for CVJ malformation. In this case, bulbar decompression was achieved preserving CVJ stability and avoiding posterior fixation.

The link to the video can be found at: https://youtu.be/VIobocHfCuc.
Evaluation of the Modified Naranjo Criteria for Assessing Causal Attribution of Clinical Outcome to Homeopathic Intervention as Presented in Case Reports
Authors: Lamba Chetna Deep , Gupta Vishwa Kumar , van Haselen Robbert , Rutten Lex , Mahajan Nidhi , Molla Abdul Motin , Singhal Richa
Published: March 2020

Objectives The objective of this study was to establish the reliability and content validity of the “Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy—Causal Attribution Inventory” as a tool for attributing a causal relationship between the homeopathic intervention and outcome in clinical case reports.

Methods Purposive sampling was adopted for the selection of information-rich case reports using pre-defined criteria. Eligible case reports had to fulfil a minimum of nine items of the CARE Clinical Case Reporting Guideline checklist and a minimum of three of the homeopathic HOM-CASE CARE extension items. The Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy Inventory consists of 10 domains. Inter-rater agreement in the scoring of these domains was determined by calculating the percentage agreement and kappa (κ) values. A κ greater than 0.4, indicating fair agreement between raters, in conjunction with the absence of concerns regarding the face validity, was taken to indicate the validity of a given domain. Each domain was assessed by four raters for the selected case reports.

Results Sixty case reports met the inclusion criteria. Inter-rater agreement/concordance per domain was “perfect” for domains 1 (100%, κ = 1.00) and 2 (100%, κ = 1.00); “almost perfect” for domain 8 (97.5%, κ = 0.86); “substantial” for domains 3 (96.7%, κ = 0.80) and 5 (91.1%, κ = 0.70); “moderate” for domains 4 (83.3%, κ = 0.60), 7 (67.8%, κ = 0.46) and 9 (99.2%, κ = 0.50); and “fair” for domain 10 (56.1%, κ = 0.38). For domains 6A (46.7%, κ = 0.03) and 6B (50.3%, κ = 0.18), there was “slight agreement” only. Thus, the validity of the Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy tool was established for each of its domains, except for the two that pertain to direction of cure (domains 6A and 6B).

Conclusion The Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy—Causal Attribution Inventory was identified as a valid tool for assessing the likelihood of a causal relationship between a homeopathic intervention and clinical outcome. Improved wordings for several criteria have been proposed for the assessment tool, under the new acronym “MONARCH”. Further assessment of two MONARCH domains is required.
Partial Infraspinatus Tendon Transection as a Means for the Development of a Translational Ovine Chronic Rotator Cuff Disease Model
Authors: Easley Jeremiah , Johnson James , Regan Daniel , Hackett Eileen , Romeo Anthony A. , Schlegel Ted , Broomfield Cecily , Puttlitz Christian , McGilvray Kirk
Published: March 2020

Objective Rotator cuff tendon tears are the most common soft tissue injuries in the shoulder joint. Various animal models have been described for this condition, but all current translational animal models have inherent weaknesses in their ability to generate chronically degenerated rotator cuff tendons. The objective of this study was to evaluate a partial infraspinatus tendon transection model as a means of creating a chronically degenerated rotator cuff tendon in an ovine model and compare the injury characteristics of this model to those observed in human patients with severe chronic rotator cuff tendon injuries.

Study Design The infraspinatus tendons of six sheep were partially detached followed by capping of the detached medial section of the tendon with Gore-Tex. Human tissue samples of the supraspinatus tendon were harvested from patients undergoing primary reverse shoulder arthroplasty and served as positive controls of chronic rotator cuff tendinopathy.

Results Transected sheep tendons were characterized predominantly by an acute reactive and reparative pathological process as compared with the chronic degenerative changes observed in the human tendons. In contrast, the non-transected portion of the ovine tendon showed histological changes, which were more chronic and degenerative in nature when compared with the transected tendon.

Conclusion Overall, histological features of the non-transected portion of ovine tendon were more similar to those observed in the chronic degenerated human tendon.
The Clinical Implications of Spontaneous Hemorrhage in Vestibular Schwannomas
Authors: Hong Christopher S. , Jin Lan , David Wyatt B. , Shear Brian , Zhao Amy Y. , Zhang Yawei , Erson-Omay E. Zeynep , Fulbright Robert K. , Huttner Anita , Kveton John , Moliterno Jennifer
Published: March 2020

Background Spontaneous hemorrhage into vestibular schwannomas (VSs) is rare and can render more rapid symptom onset and a seemingly poorer prognosis for an otherwise benign pathology. We describe our series of hemorrhagic VS (HVSs) and systematically reviewed the literature to better understand relevant clinical factors and outcomes.

Methods Retrospective case review series and systematic review of the literature using PRISMA guidelines.

Results Fifty-three patients with HVS met inclusion criteria. Compared with historical data for all VS, patients with HVS had relatively higher rates of perioperative mortality, significant preoperative facial weakness, and harbored relatively larger tumors. Regardless of the extent of resection (EOR), surgery for HVS resulted in significant improvement of facial weakness (p = 0.041), facial numbness (p < 0.001), vertigo (p < 0.001), and headache (p < 0.001). Patients with facial weakness tended to have larger tumors (p = 0.058) on average and demonstrated significant improvement after surgery, irrespective of EOR (p < 0.01). The use of blood-thinning medications did not affect patient health outcome. Histopathology of HVS samples showed an increased number of dilated/ectatic thin-walled vascular channels, reflective of potentially increased vascular permeability and hypervascularity.

Conclusion HVS may be an aggressive subgroup of VS, associated with a surprisingly high mortality rate. When features of HVS are identified on imaging, these patients should be treated expeditiously, especially given that facial nerve dysfunction, which is identified in more than half of patients with HVS, appears to be reversible. Overall, this study has significant implications in the management of VS, raising awareness of a small, but highly morbid subgroup.
Neuroblastoma olfatorio. Todo lo que el radiólogo debe saber
Authors: Navas-Campo Raquel , Moreno Caballero Leticia , Gasos Lafuente Ana , Tobajas Morlana Pilar , Séez Valero Eduardo , Gimeno Peribáñez María José
Published: March 2020

El neuroblastoma olfatorio (NBO) es un tumor maligno poco frecuente que se origina de las células neuroepiteliales olfativas. Su diagnóstico precoz es difícil debido a la poca especificidad de los síntomas que presentan los pacientes. Las pruebas de imagen juegan un papel importante en su diagnóstico y en la planificación quirúrgica, por lo que es importante que los radiólogos conozcan sus hallazgos y las diferentes clasificaciones que ayudarán a elegir el tratamiento más adecuado para cada tumor.
Use of Intensive Care Unit in Women with Severe Maternal Morbidity and Maternal Death: Results from a National Multicenter Study
Authors: Soares Fabiano M. , Guida José Paulo , Pacagnella Rodolfo Carvalho , Souza João Paulo , Parpinelli Mary Ângela , Haddad Samira Maerrawi , Cecatti José Guilherme
Published: March 2020

Objective To assess the use of the intensive care unit (ICU) and its effect on maternal mortality (MM) among women with severe maternal morbidity (SMM).

Materials and Methods A secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study on surveillance of SMM in 27 Brazilian obstetric referral centers. The analysis focused on the association between ICU use and maternal death according to individual characteristics and disease severity. Two multivariate regressions considering use of the ICU, age, ethnicity, adequacy of care and the human development index were performed to identify the factors associated to maternal death and maternal near-miss.

Results Out of 82,388 deliveries during the period, there were 9,555 (11.6%) women with SMM, and the MM ratio was of 170.4/100 thousand live births. In total, 8,135 (85.1%) patients were managed in facilities in which ICUs were available; however, only 2,059 (25.3%) had been admitted to the ICU. On the multivariate analysis, when the severity of the maternal disease was measured by the maternal severity score (MMS), the strength of the association between the use of the ICU and maternal death was greatly reduced, along with inadequate care and non-availability of the ICU at the facility. On the assessment of only the more critical cases (SMO, severe maternal outcome), the same pattern of association between ICU and MM was observed. In the models used, only inadequate care and MSS were significantly associated with MM.

Conclusion The current study indicates that the main variables associated with maternal death are the severity and adequacy of the case management, which is more frequent in ICU admissions. The use of the ICU without the stratification of the patients by severity may not produce the expected benefits for part of the women.
The “Ivy-Sign” in Moyamoya Disease—From MRI Pattern to Diagnosis
Authors: Gburek-Augustat Janina , Sorge Ina , Merkenschlager Andreas
Published: March 2020

Moyamoya disease (MMD) is characterized by bilateral, chronic progressive stenosis at the terminal portions of the internal carotid arteries and their proximal branches. The “smoke-like” appearance of the arterial collaterals in angiography gives the disease its name. The “ivy-sign” is the less-known magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) pattern of this disease. The leptomeningeal collaterals present as diffuse signal enhancement at the brain surface in contrast-enhanced T1-weighted image and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequences “as if overgrown with ivy.”

We report on three patients with MMD in whom the “ivy-sign” was already present but misinterpreted in the initial MRI of the brain. The correct diagnosis was made only after repeated MRI.

Using three case studies, we describe the difficulties in the interpretation of the “ivy-sign” as an MRI pattern. Knowledge of the “ivy-sign” can be helpful, especially in diseases predisposing to MMD. If this MRI pattern is present, MMD should be considered and MR angiography should be added.
Description of Referrals for Colposcopy in a Hospital in Brazil
Authors: de Carvalho Stephanie Hein , Rosa Dayana Aparecida Nacimento , Santos André Luis Ferreira , de Medeiros Andréa Paula Peneluppi
Published: March 2020

Objective To describe the referral for colposcopy in a Hospital in Brazil and the relative frequency of patients who benefited from it, considering the correct indications for the examination and its final diagnoses.

Methods A retrospective study was performed in the colposcopy service database of the Hospital Universitário de Taubaté, Taubaté, state of São Paulo, Brazil. The frequency validated in the analysis of the medical records of women referred for clinical indication or cytological alteration, attended from March 2015 to March 2017. The population selected and analyzed included 256 results that were correlated to the cytological, clinical data and the result of the colposcopy.

Results Of the women referred, 45% presented out of the age of screening according to the guidelines of cervical cancer screening, 8.6% being adolescents and young adults < 25 years old, and 36.4% of the patients being ≥ 65 years old. A total of 50% of the patients had no indication of colposcopy, that is, normal cytologies, benign changes, ectopia, cervicitis, atypical squamous cells of indeterminate significance (ASC-US) and low-grade intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) without persistence and normal clinical appearance. A total of 39.84% who underwent colposcopy had high-grade lesion or cancer results, thus benefiting from the adequate referral.

Conclusion Most (60.16%) of the patients referred to the colposcopy service did not benefit from the referral for results without changes, such as negative colposcopies, histologies with no cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN) or only CIN 1, or were out of the age for screening. These findings therefore demonstrate a significant number of unnecessary and inadequate referrals.
Using currency demand to estimate the Palestine underground economy: An econometric analysis
Authors: Awad Ibrahim M. , Alazzeh Wael
Published: March 2020

The existence of an underground economy may hide the official number of unemployed persons, their share in the labour force, and wages. It also gives rise to the economic and social conditions of individuals, household and countries, which are evaluated in a biased way if one relies on the official statistics. In this paper, we use the currency demand model of Tanzi to estimate the underground economy in Palestine over the period: (2008–2017). Toward that end, a group of econometric techniques of time series data was applied. The main empirical results show that the underground economy reached up to 28.6% in 2010 of the GDP with about USD 2676.227 million. The empirical study results also reveal that the explanatory variables listed in the study model suggested by economic theory and previous research have a significant impact on the dependent one, except the variable ratio of governmental wages and salaries to GDP. However, the money received by the government employees does not contribute to the underground economy.
Inverting shock-wave temperatures via artificial neural networks
Authors: He Zhiyu , Guo Erfu , Huang Xiuguang , Mo Chongjie , Kang Wei , Zhang Fan , Wang Chen , Zhang Hao , Chu Xinkun , Jia Guo , Dong Jiaqing , Shu Hua , Fang Zhiheng , Ye Junjian , Xie Zhiyong , Tu Yuchun , Fu Sizu
Published: March 2020

Temperature is one of the most important parameters for characterizing the thermodynamic state of matter in extreme conditions. However, there is as of yet no universal and accurate way to measure the temperature associated with a shock wave propagating in an opaque material, let alone an inversion method for determining how this temperature evolves. Based on the current strong generalization and learning abilities of artificial neural networks, this paper proposes using an artificial neural network to determine (i) how the shock-wave temperature in a material evolves and (ii) the surface temperature of the interface between the material and vacuum when a shock wave propagates through the material. Data generated using a one-dimensional numerical hydrodynamic simulation are used to train the artificial neural network by applying backpropagation and optimization to many datasets. Once the artificial neural network is trained sufficiently, it becomes an excellent approximator that can estimate the shock-wave temperature from a given streaked-optical-pyrometer image and other known information from the experiment. The paper ends with various possible extensions to the present research.
Extended separated-pair approximation for transition metal potential energy curves
Authors: Li Shuhang J. , Gagliardi Laura , Truhlar Donald G.
Published: March 2020

Developing a computational method that is both affordable and accurate for transition-metal chemistry is a major challenge. The bond dissociation energies and the potential energy curves are two important targets for theoretical prediction. Here, we investigate the performance of multiconfiguration pair-density functional theory (MC-PDFT) based on wave functions calculated by the complete-active-space (CAS) and generalized active space (GAS) self-consistent-field (SCF) methods for three transition-metal diatomics (TiC, TiSi, and WCl) for which accurate bond energies are available from recent experiments. We compare the results to those obtained by CAS second-order perturbation theory (CASPT2) and Kohn–Sham DFT (KS-DFT). We use six systematic methods to choose the active spaces: (1) we put the bonding orbitals, antibonding orbitals, and singly occupied nonbonding orbitals into the active space in the first method; (2) we also put s and p valence orbitals into the active space; we tried two levels of correlated participating orbitals (CPO) active spaces: (3) nominal CPO (nom-CPO) and (4) extended CPO (ext-CPO); and we used (5) the separated-pair (SP) approximation and (6) a new method presented here called extended separate pairs (ESP) approximation to divide the nom-CPO active space into subspaces. Schemes 1–4 are carried out within the CAS framework, and schemes 5 and 6 are carried out in the GAS framework to eliminate deadwood configurations. For TiC and TiSi, we used all six kinds of active spaces. For WCl, we used three active spaces (nom-CPO, SP, and ESP). We found that MC-PDFT performs better than both CASPT2 and KS-DFT. We also found that the SP (for TiSi) and ESP (for TiC and WCl) approximations are particularly appealing because they make the potential curves smoother and significantly decrease the computational cost of CASSCF calculations. Furthermore, ESP-PDFT can be as accurate as CAS-PDFT.
A molecular phylogeny of Callianassidae and related families (Crustacea : Decapoda : Axiidea) with morphological support
Authors: Robles Rafael , Dworschak Peter C. , Felder Darryl L. , Poore Gary C. B. , Mantelatto Fernando L.
Published: March 2020

The axiidean families Callianassidae and Ctenochelidae, sometimes treated together as Callianassoidea, are shown to represent a monophyletic taxon. It comprises 265 accepted species in 74 genera, twice this number of species if fossil taxa are included. The higher taxonomy of the group has proved difficult and fluid. In a molecular phylogenetic approach, we inferred evolutionary relationships from a maximum-likelihood (ML) and Bayesian analysis of four genes, mitochondrial 16S rRNA and 12S rRNA along with nuclear histone H3 and 18S rRNA. Our sample consisted of 298 specimens representing 123 species plus two species each of Axiidae and Callianideidae serving as outgroups. This number represented about half of all known species, but included 26 species undescribed or not confidently identified, 9% of all known. In a parallel morphological approach, the published descriptions of all species were examined and detailed observations made on about two-thirds of the known fauna in museum collections. A DELTA (Description Language for Taxonomy), database of 135 characters was made for 195 putative species, 18 of which were undescribed. A PAUP analysis found small clades coincident with the terminal clades found in the molecular treatment. Bayesian analysis of a total-evidence dataset combined elements of both molecular and morphological analyses. Clades were interpreted as seven families and 53 genera. Seventeen new genera are required to reflect the molecular and morphological phylograms. Relationships between the families and genera inferred from the two analyses differed between the two strategies in spite of retrospective searches for morphological features supporting intermediate clades. The family Ctenochelidae was recovered in both analyses but the monophyly of Paragourretia was not supported by molecular data. The hitherto well recognised family Eucalliacidae was found to be polyphyletic in the molecular analysis, but the family and its genera were well defined by morphological synapomorphies. The phylogram for Callianassidae suggested the isolation of several species from the genera to which they had traditionally been assigned and necessitated 12 new generic names. The same was true for Callichiridae, with stronger ML than Bayesian support, and five new genera are proposed. Morphological data did not reliably reflect generic relationships inferred from the molecular analysis though they did diagnose terminal taxa treated as genera. We conclude that discrepancies between molecular and morphological analyses are due at least in part to missing sequences for key species, but no less to our inability to recognise unambiguously informative morphological synapomorphies. The ML analysis revealed the presence of at least 10 complexes wherein 2–4 cryptic species masquerade under single species names.
A morphological and combined phylogenetic analysis of pirate spiders (Araneae, Mimetidae): evolutionary relationships, taxonomy and character evolution
Authors: Benavides Ligia R. , Hormiga Gustavo
Published: March 2020

Mimetidae is one of the three families within Araneoidea whose members do not spin foraging webs, but are unique in displaying a complex prey-capture behaviour known as aggressive mimicry. Mimetids are distributed worldwide and are most diverse in the tropics of Central and South America. Here we provide a comprehensive phylogeny of pirate spiders (Mimetidae) based on analyses that combine morphological and multigene nucleotide sequence data. We scored 147 morphological characters for 55 mimetids and 16 outgroup taxa and combined it in a total-evidence approach with the sequence data of Benavides et al. (2017) which included two nuclear ribosomal genes, 18S rRNA and 28S rRNA, two mitochondrial ribosomal genes, 12S rRNA and 16S rRNA, the nuclear protein-encoding gene histone H3 and the mitochondrial protein-encoding gene cytochromec oxidase subunitI. We analysed the combined dataset using parsimony, maximum-likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. Our results support the monophyly of Mimetidae and of the genera Gelanor, Ero, Anansi and Australomimetus. Mimetidae is sister to Arkyidae + Tetragnathidae. Mimetus as currently circumscribed is not monophyletic under any analytical approach used, although several lineages within the genus are consistently found in our analyses. We describe, illustrate and discuss the morphological synapomorphies that support the main clades of Mimetidae. The following nomenclatural changes are proposed: Ermetus koreanus (Paik, 1967), the sole species of the genus, is transferred to Ero C.L. Koch, 1836 and thus Ermetus Ponomarev, 2008 is a junior synonym of Ero C.L. Koch, 1836 (new synonymy) and Ero koreana Paik, 1967 becomes a revalidated combination. Phobetinus sagittifer Simon, 1895, the type species of the genus, is transferred to Mimetus Hentz, 1832 and thus Phobetinus Simon, 1895 is a junior synonym of Mimetus Hentz, 1832 (new synonymy), which results in two changes: Mimetus sagittifer (Simon, 1895), new combination and Mimetus investus (Simon, 1909), new combination. Reo latro Brignoli, 1979, the type species of the genus, is transferred to Mimetus and thus Reo Brignoli, 1979 is a junior synonym of Mimetus (new synonymy), which results in the following two changes: Mimetus latro Brignoli, 1979, new combination and Mimetus eutypus Chamberlin & Ivie, 1935, revalidated combination. Arochoides integrans Mello-Leitão, 1935 is transferred to Tetragnathidae (new family placement). The type specimen of Arochoides integrans, the only species in this genus, is a subadult male of Azilia (Tetragnathidae), most likely Azilia histrio Simon, 1895. Arochoides is a junior synonym of Azilia (new synonymy). http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:90F6B3DA-232B-428C-BF38-AEA8953D7685
Another one bites the dust: taxonomic sampling of a key genus in phylogenomic datasets reveals more non-monophyletic groups in traditional scorpion classification
Authors: Santibáñez-López Carlos E. , Ojanguren-Affilastro Andrés A. , Sharma Prashant P.
Published: March 2020

Historically, morphological characters have been used to support the monophyly, composition, and phylogenetic relationships of scorpion families. Although recent phylogenomic analyses have recovered most of these traditional higher-level relationships as non-monophyletic, certain key taxa have yet to be sampled using a phylogenomic approach. Salient among these is the monotypic genus Caraboctonus Pocock,1893, the type species of the family Caraboctonidae Kraepelin, 1905. Here, we examined the putative monophyly and phylogenetic placement of this family, sampling the library of C. keyserlingi Pocock, 1893 using high throughput transcriptomic sequencing. Our phylogenomic analyses recovered Caraboctonidae as polyphyletic due to the distant placement of the genera Caraboctonus and Hadrurus Thorell, 1876. Caraboctonus was stably recovered as the sister-group of the monotypic family Superstitioniidae Stahnke, 1940, whereas Hadrurus formed an unstable relationship with Uroctonus Thorell, 1876and Belisarius Simon, 1879. Four-cluster likelihood mapping revealed that the instability inherent to the placement of Hadrurus, Uroctonus and Belisarius was attributable to significant gene tree conflict in the internodes corresponding to their divergences. To redress the polyphyly of Caraboctonidae, the following systematic actions have been taken: (1) the family Caraboctonidae has been delimited to consist of 23 species in the genera Caraboctonus and Hadruroides Pocock, 1893; (2) Caraboctonidae, previously included in the superfamily Iuroidea Thorell, 1876 or as incertae sedis, is transferred to the superfamily Caraboctonoidea (new rank); (3) the superfamily Hadruroidea (new rank) is established and the status of Hadrurinae Stahnke, 1973 is elevated to family (Hadruridae new status) including 9 species in the genera Hadrurus and Hoffmannihadrurus Fet & Soleglad, 2004 and (4) we treat Uroctonus and Belisarius as insertae sedis with respect to superfamilial placement. Our systematic actions engender the monophyly of both Iuroidea and Caraboctonidae. Future phylogenomic investigations should target similar taxon-poor and understudied lineages of potential phylogenetic significance, which are anticipated to reveal additional non-monophyletic groups.
Nocturnal swallowing augments arousal intensity and arousal tachycardia
Authors: Burke P. G. R. , Carter S. G. , Knapman F. , Patti J. , Butlin M. , Gandevia S. C. , Butler J. E. , Eckert D. J. , Bilston L. E.
Published: March 2020

Significance

Spontaneous arousals from sleep are associated with tachycardia and blood pressure responses excessive to physiological need. The prevailing view is that stereotyped autonomic activity is generated by feedforward inputs from cortical and subcortical systems implicated in the arousal, akin to autonomic activation with emotional behavior or cognitive effort. This remains an inadequate explanation, and mechanisms that augment arousal and autonomic functions in sleep remain enigmatic. We identified that swallows trigger rapid, robust, and patterned tachycardia conserved across wake, sleep, and arousal states. Nocturnal swallowing and glottic adduction—essential airway defense mechanisms—were also causally linked to prolonged, intense arousals. These findings identify a fundamental mechanism driving both autonomic activation and heightened arousal via cortical feedback from brainstem swallow networks.
Towards formalizing the GDPR’s notion of singling out
Authors: Cohen Aloni , Nissim Kobbi
Published: March 2020

Significance

This article addresses a gap between legal and technical conceptions of data privacy and demonstrates how it can be minimized. The article focuses on “singling out,” which is a concept appearing in the GDPR. Our analysis draws on the legislation, regulatory guidance, and mathematical reasoning to derive a technical concept—“predicate singling out”—aimed at capturing a core part of GDPR’s intent. Examination of predicate singling out sheds light on the concept of singling out and the question of whether existing technologies protect against such a threat. Conceptually, this work demonstrates the role that principled analysis supported by mathematical argument can and should play in articulating and informing public policy at the interface between law and technology.
Measuring the predictability of life outcomes with a scientific mass collaboration
Authors: Salganik Matthew J. , Lundberg Ian , Kindel Alexander T. , Ahearn Caitlin E. , Al-Ghoneim Khaled , Almaatouq Abdullah , Altschul Drew M. , Brand Jennie E. , Carnegie Nicole Bohme , Compton Ryan James , Datta Debanjan , Davidson Thomas , Filippova Anna , Gilroy Connor , Goode Brian J. , Jahani Eaman , Kashyap Ridhi , Kirchner Antje , McKay Stephen , Morgan Allison C. , Pentland Alex , Polimis Kivan , Raes Louis , Rigobon Daniel E. , Roberts Claudia V. , Stanescu Diana M. , Suhara Yoshihiko , Usmani Adaner , Wang Erik H. , Adem Muna , Alhajri Abdulla , AlShebli Bedoor , Amin Redwane , Amos Ryan B. , Argyle Lisa P. , Baer-Bositis Livia , Büchi Moritz , Chung Bo-Ryehn , Eggert William , Faletto Gregory , Fan Zhilin , Freese Jeremy , Gadgil Tejomay , Gagné Josh , Gao Yue , Halpern-Manners Andrew , Hashim Sonia P. , Hausen Sonia , He Guanhua , Higuera Kimberly , Hogan Bernie , Horwitz Ilana M. , Hummel Lisa M. , Jain Naman , Jin Kun , Jurgens David , Kaminski Patrick , Karapetyan Areg , Kim E. H. , Leizman Ben , Liu Naijia , Möser Malte , Mack Andrew E. , Mahajan Mayank , Mandell Noah , Marahrens Helge , Mercado-Garcia Diana , Mocz Viola , Mueller-Gastell Katariina , Musse Ahmed , Niu Qiankun , Nowak William , Omidvar Hamidreza , Or Andrew , Ouyang Karen , Pinto Katy M. , Porter Ethan , Porter Kristin E. , Qian Crystal , Rauf Tamkinat , Sargsyan Anahit , Schaffner Thomas , Schnabel Landon , Schonfeld Bryan , Sender Ben , Tang Jonathan D. , Tsurkov Emma , van Loon Austin , Varol Onur , Wang Xiafei , Wang Zhi , Wang Julia , Wang Flora , Weissman Samantha , Whitaker Kirstie , Wolters Maria K. , Woon Wei Lee , Wu James , Wu Catherine , Yang Kengran , Yin Jingwen , Zhao Bingyu , Zhu Chenyun , Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , Engelhardt Barbara E. , Hardt Moritz , Knox Dean , Levy Karen , Narayanan Arvind , Stewart Brandon M. , Watts Duncan J. , McLanahan Sara
Published: March 2020

How predictable are life trajectories? We investigated this question with a scientific mass collaboration using the common task method; 160 teams built predictive models for six life outcomes using data from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study, a high-quality birth cohort study. Despite using a rich dataset and applying machine-learning methods optimized for prediction, the best predictions were not very accurate and were only slightly better than those from a simple benchmark model. Within each outcome, prediction error was strongly associated with the family being predicted and weakly associated with the technique used to generate the prediction. Overall, these results suggest practical limits to the predictability of life outcomes in some settings and illustrate the value of mass collaborations in the social sciences.
Trait velocities reveal that mortality has driven widespread coordinated shifts in forest hydraulic trait composition
Authors: Trugman Anna T. , Anderegg Leander D. L. , Shaw John D. , Anderegg William R. L.
Published: March 2020

Understanding the driving mechanisms behind existing patterns of vegetation hydraulic traits and community trait diversity is critical for advancing predictions of the terrestrial carbon cycle because hydraulic traits affect both ecosystem and Earth system responses to changing water availability. Here, we leverage an extensive trait database and a long-term continental forest plot network to map changes in community trait distributions and quantify “trait velocities” (the rate of change in community-weighted traits) for different regions and different forest types across the United States from 2000 to the present. We show that diversity in hydraulic traits and photosynthetic characteristics is more related to local water availability than overall species diversity. Finally, we find evidence for coordinated shifts toward communities with more drought-tolerant traits driven by tree mortality, but the magnitude of responses differs depending on forest type. The hydraulic trait distribution maps provide a publicly available platform to fundamentally advance understanding of community trait change in response to climate change and predictive abilities of mechanistic vegetation models.
The predictive validity of the Academic IELTS test
Authors: Pearson William S.
Published: March 2020

Despite an abundance of studies that address the fundamental issue of the relationship between students’ IELTS
results and their academic performance, findings remain inconclusive. One reason for this are variations in research design,
notably in how researchers collect, analyse, and interpret data, and report their findings. The present study constitutes a
critical methodological synthesis of 32 published IELTS predictive validity studies. The results revealed a number of efficacious
design practices, and also some concerning tendencies, including: (a) dependency on linear models of causality, (b) small sampling
frames situated in Anglo-Australian contexts, (c) a lack of thoroughness in describing contexts, samples, and approaches to
academic performance measurement, and (d) where qualitative data was generated through interviewing and observation, a tendency to
overlook ‘quality’ issues, such as confirmability, dependability, and trustworthiness. Recommendations are made for enhancing
research designs along with suggestions for novel investigations to address gaps in the predictive validity literature.