bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
LUMP SUM TAX LOSS REIMBURSEMENT UNDER THE THAMES RIVER FLOOD CONTROL COMPACT1
Authors: Storey David A. , Lass Daniel A. , Diamond Joseph , Lindsay Bruce E.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Under the terms of the Thames River Valley Flood Control Compact, Connecticut has been paying Massachusetts 40 percent of the annual property tax losses suffered by seven Massachusetts towns where four flood control structures were located. The permissable alternative of a single lump sum payment was investigated in the study summarized here. The lump sum payment should be the proportion of total benefits (flood control and recreation) from the four structures which Connecticut receives, multiplied by the present value of projected tax losses in the seven tom Flood control benefits and their distribution between the two states were fixed in the Compact, but a survey was necessary to determine recreational benefits and their distribution. Regression analysis of 1957 to 1978 tax loss data provided equations used to project future tax losses. Resent values of projected tax low were calculated using discount rates ranging from 6 to 12 percent. A plausible range of lump sum reinbursements as of 1979 was identified.
A DYNAMIC SYSTEM MODEL FOR SIMULATING SEDIMENT DISCHARGE1
Authors: Park Seung W. , Mitehell J. Kent
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A dynamic sediment discharge model was developed and proposed for the simulation of watershed systems. It war developed from an expansion of splash and flow erosion relationships under steady state conditions. It was described as a general erosion model that can be reduced to forms comparable to many conceptual soil erosion and sediment yield models. The model incorporates eight parameters such as rainfall intensities, runoff rates, and previous sediment discharges. The model was tested with two small watersheds with simulation results which were very satisfactory compared to the data.
EVALUATING INLAND WATERWAY NAVIGATION IMPROVEMENT PROJECTS: THE CASE OF THE BONNEVILLE LOCK
Authors: Martin Michael V. , Arthur Louise M.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The period of time from identification of a possibly desirable inland waterway transportation project to its actual implementation has been observed to be inordinately long. It is Hypothesized that at Least one cause of delays in project approval and implementation is a analytical credibility associated with project feasibility analysis conducted by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. This paper examines this hypothesis in terms of the proposal to construct a new, expanded lock at the Bonneville Dam on the Columbia River. The principle finding is that the analysis conducted by the Corps is conceptually flawed, methodologically questionable, internally inconsistant, and inappropriately narrow in scope.
STORM WATER RUNOFF QUALITY FROM THREE LAND‐USE AREAS IN SOUTH FLORIDA1
Authors: Miller Robert A. , Mattraw Harold C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Storm water runoff studies of three small basins (20, 40, and 58 acres) in the Fort Lauderdale area of Florida were conducted by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1974–78. The basins were homogeneously developed with land uses being: commercial, single family residential, and high traffic volume highway. Synchronized data were collected for rainfall, storm water discharge, storm water quality, and bulk precipitation (rainfall plus dry fallout) quality. Analysis of the storm water discharge data showed that most runoff was from impervious areas hydraulically connected to drain inlets. Regression analyses of the storm water discharge and water quality data indicated that storm loads from the single family residential area correlated strongly with peak discharge and length of antecedent dry periods. Storm loads from the highway area correlated strongly with rainfall and less strongly with peak discharge and antecedent dry periods. Storm loads from the commercial area correlated strongly with peak discharge and rainfall, and less strongly with antecedent dry periods. On a unit area basis, the single family residential area yielded the largest loads of nitrogen, phosphorus, and dissolved solids. The commercial area yielded the largest loads of lead, zinc, and chemical oxygen demand. Yields of carbon were about the same for the three areas. Constituent loadings derived directly from the atmosphere were estimated on the basis of bulk precipitation samples and compared with storm runoff loads from the highway and commercial areas.
CALCULATION OF CUMULATIVE PERCENTAGE AT SELECTED PARTICLE SIZES FROM BOTTOM WITHDRAWAL TUBE ANALYSIS
Authors: Lam C. S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A new computation method is developed for the bottom withdrawal tube particle size analysis. A transformation on time scale is introduced so that the cumulative percentage of a selected particle size can be determined from a single continuous Oden cum.
COMPUTATION OF RUNOFF REDUCTION CAUSED BY FARM PONDS1
Authors: Schoof Russell R. , Gander Gene A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A two‐parameter farm pond storage index, FPSI, was Used to adjust computed surface. runoff using the partial area runoff contribution resulting from runoff captured by farm ponds. The validity of the index method was tested by fitting a continuous accounting version of the Soil Conservation Service curve number procedure to surface runoff data from each of three watersheds, first with and then without the FPSI routine. Evapotranspiration computed with the Jensen‐Haise method and rainfall were input to the model. A linear relationship was assumed between the storage index and the portion of the controlled drainage area that was contributing to runoff.

Adjusting the computed runoff with the FPSI reduced the coefficient of variation of monthly measured versus computed surface runoff for each of the three watersheds. The correlation coefficients for the same comparisons were increased. The annual predicted surface runoff Was improved for 12 of the 17 station years of data tested.

The farm pond storage index could be used with any surface runoff model to improve the prediction of runoff from watersheds with drainage areas greater than 1 square mile and with about 20 percent or more of the drainage area controlled by farm ponds.
GROUND WATER USE IN AN ENERGY DEVELOPMENT AREA: THE TONGUE RIVER BASIN, SOUTHEASTERN MONTANA1
Authors: Hickcox David H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Ground water, of relatively good quality, occurs though‐out southeastern Montana's Tongue River basin and can be procured cheaply and easily. The widespread occurrence of springs and the de velopment of shallow aquifers enables settlement to occur away from perennial streams and allows for extensive grazing of the range. Ground water m the Tongue River basin occurs in five aquifers ranging from shallow alluvium to the extremely deep Madison Group. Coal beds of the Fort Union Formation contain significant quantities of good quality ground water. Extensive strip mining of these coal beds lowers the water level of nearby wells and causes springs to dry up. There are over 1,700 permits for ground water appropriation in the Tongue River Valley. Development of ground water has been especially important to ranchers in that it enabled most of the basin to be used for grazing. Ground water also provides an important source of water for domestic use. Ground water quality varies considerably in the basin depending upon locality and aquifer. Generally, ground water is characterized by high sodium, sulfate, and bicarbonate levels. Strip mining significantly alters ground water quality, primarily by leachates entering from the mine spoil.
LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS AS AN AID TO LAKE RESTORATION DECISIONMAKING1
Authors: Dooris Patricia M. , Ley Vance , Martin Dean F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The choice of a lake rehabilitation technique can be assisted by laboratory experiments concerned with the composition and properties of the sediments. This work on Sawgrass Lake, Pinellas County, Florida, provides an example of the type of laboratory information that can be useful towards making decisions regarding the most effective restorative techniques. Experiments include chemical analysis of sediment (water content, organic content, pesticides, nutrients), rate of sediment compaction and rehydration at ambient conditions, and the effect of treatment with alum and other chemicals.
A PROTOTYPE COMPUTER INTERACTIVE GROUND WATER MONITORING METHODOLOGY FOR SURFACE WATER IMPOUNDMENTS1
Authors: Everett Lorne G. , Rasmussen William O.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An approach to developing a ground water monitoring program for coal strip mine operations has been developed by Tempo. The Tempo methodology for ground water monitoring has evolved ova the last few years. Described herein is a computer program which automates components of that methodology. This interactive computer program is designed to be operated by persons with little, if any previous exposure to computers. The Tempo methodology is comprised of several steps. Associated with each step are several objectives that are to be met. Finally, there are numerous alternative monitoring methods available. for meeting each of these objectives. For a given step and objective, the user is presented with a description of the principal involved with each of the alternative methods, the advantages and disadvantages of each method, along with the associated cost. The user is then queried, by the program, as to which method is is now using and which methods he wishes to use in the future for his specific mine sites. The alternative methods he chooses to depict his ongoing monitoring and that which he wishes to use in the future are entered into a monitoring design file which is being held specifically for his mine site. The totality of those alternative methods is the tailor made overall ground water monitoring design he has assembled for his mine site.
PHOSPHORUS LOADING TO A MOUNTAIN RESERVOIR IN SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA1
Authors: Siegfried Clifford A.
Published: June 2007

Phosphorus loading from precipitation and more than a dozen tributaries of Big Beat Lake, Woman, was determined for the period from January to December 1978. Direct precipitation contributed 1120 kg·P·yr‐1 (0.096 g P·m‐2·yr‐1) while tributary runoff contributed 21,560 kg for a total P loading of 1.84 g P·m‐2 Rathbone creek, although accounting for only 4 percent of the hydro‐logic input to Big Bear Lake, contributed >27 percent of the annual phosphorus load. Phosphorus loading increased with increased impervious geology and increased development. Nitrogen loading exhibited similar loading patterns. Big Beat Lake is currently eutrophic and is likely to remain eutrophic. Calculations based on Vollenweider's critical phosphorus loading concept indicated that tributary P‐loading would have to be reduced by >95 percent to achieve mesotrophic conditions. The completion of Big Bear Dam created a “naturally” eutrophic re mix which dl require proper management to enhance its resource potential.
RESIDENTIAL WATER DEMAND: A POOLED, TIME SERIES, CROSS SECTION STUDY OF MALMÖ, SWEDEN1
Authors: Hanke Steve H. , Mare Lennart de
Published: June 2007

Shortcoming associated with past water demand studies are evaluated. To overcome these shortcomings, pooled, time series, cross section data from ‐6, Sweden, are used in an ordinary Least squares analysis to estimate the demand for residential water. Elasticities for five variables, including price and income, are estimated. An approach for the conduct of future water demand studies is suggested.
THE COSTS OF CONFLICTING ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY: A CASE STUDY IN MILWAUKEE1
Authors: Page G. William , Weinstein Ah C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The history of the Milwaukee water pollution abatement program is examined as a case study to investigate the costs of conflicting environmental policy. The recent U.S. Supreme Court decision concerning the Milwaukee case is described as a milestone in U.S. water pollution abatement policy which will help preclude the type of environmental policy conflict which has been found to be so costly to Milwaukee. The implications to U.S. water pollution abatement policy of the 13‐year history of conflict in Milwaukee are presented.
DETRITUS ABUNDANCE AND BENTHIC INVERTEBRATE CATCH IN ARTIFICIAL SUBSTRATE SAMPLES FROM MOUNTAIN STREAMS1
Authors: Slack Keith K. , Tilley Larry J. , Hahn Susan S.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Artificial substrates were designed using rock filled polyethylene bags which were perforated with holes. The substrates trapped waterborne sediment and detritus which enhanced microhabitat complexity. Colonization was compared in side‐by‐side tests with multiple plate samplers in mountain streams ranging from second to seventh order. After 41 days the bag samples contained more sediment and detritus and more animals than did multiple plates. Plastic bags exceeded multiple plate samples by a factor of nearly 8 for individuals and 1.5 for taxa expressed as numbers/sampler. Although detritus amounts differed significantly between samplers, catch composition was similar in habitat preference and functional groups. Most taxa were “lotic erosional” or “lotic erosional‐depositional” detritivores. The plastic bags better represented the streambed fauna judged by their greater similarity to dip net samples. Bag samplers had 4.5 × the colonization area of multiple plates, hence would be expected to support more species. Catch/m2 of colonization area was not significantly different between samplers. Functionally the plastic bags act as detritus retention devices, offering a diverse, highly dynamic microhabitat for colonization. Results are interpretable in terms of research on microdistribution of stream benthos and the river continuum model. This study supports the conclusion that stream benthos abundance and diversity are related to the amount of detritus. Maximum diversity and numbers of individuals occurred in samples from third and fourth order streams. Grazers reached peak abundances in the same streams where the continuum model predicts P>R Shredders reached maximum abundances in third and fourth order streams where the riparian canopy was greatest. Predator abundance changed little with stream size. Although bag samples required more sorting time, the samplers are catch effective, inexpensive, and adaptable.
FOOD QUALITY OF AUFWUCHS FROM ARTIFICIAL STREAMS RECEIVING LOW LEVELS OF PERTURBATIONS1
Authors: Clark James R. , Cherry Donald S. , Cairns John
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Protein, carbohydrate, and organic content of Aufwuchs samples from artificial streams dosed separately With chlorine, copper, or dextrose were altered by changes in the taxonomic composition or physiological condition of the community. Protein content increased as community composition shifted toward a dominance. by blue‐green algae or heterotrophs. Bluegreens or cyanobacteria were dominant most often in Aufwuchs developing under copper or chlorine treatments and when water temperatures approached the seasonal maximum (22.8 C‐25.8 0, while heterotrophs proliferated in the dextrose‐enriched stream. Due to the associated extracellular mucilage, carbohydrate content also tended to be higher when blue‐green algae or bacteria were abundant. However, carbohydrate content decreased in communities developing under chlorine or copper treatments at low or moderate temperatures (3 C‐22.8 C), indicating a utilization of stored photosynthetic products to adapt to the stress. The organic content of Aufwuchs was related to the extent of mucilage production and the tendency of the community to accumulate detritus and suspended inorganic sediment. Protein and carbohydrate estimates were significantly correlated with dry weight and ash‐free dry weight, a result of the copious extracellular mucilage associated with rapidly growing blue greens and other bacteria. Estimates of Aufwuchs food quality are important in evaluating the impact of pollutants on higher trophic levels; however, the tendency of change with both taxonomic shifts and physiological adaptations tends to confound interpretations for water quality assessment.
COMPUTER‐OPTIMIZED STORMWATER TREATMENT (COST) PROGRAM: PHILADELPHIA CASE STUDY1
Authors: Singh Udai P. , Scholl James E. , Wycoff Ronald L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Two computer models, the Continuous Stormwater Pollution Simulation System (CSPSS) and the Computer Optimized Storm‐water Treatment Program (COST), were developed to aid in performing water quality planning. This paper describes COST and its site specific applications to the Philadelphia urban area, using the results from an updated CSPSS receiving water simulation. COST provides a planning and conceptual design tool to identify the economically optimum combination of wet weather and dry weather pollution abatement alternatives. Economic analysis procedures incorporated are based on production theory and marginal cost analysis. This study demonstrates that by transforming BOD removal to reduction in low DO events, using CSPSS results, the benefits associated with pollutant removal can be accounted for explicitly by COST simulations. This is important because a pound of BOD removed from combined sewer overflow may be of more benefit to the receiving water than a pound of BOD removed from urban stormwater runoff. The selection of a pollution control strategy is often a difficult decision which should consider social, political, financial, and regulatory factors. It is suggested that such a selection can be based on evaluating the tradeoffs between total annual costs and receiving water improvements, as determined using the COST and CSPSS programs.
ENVIRONMENTAL FEATURES FOR FLOOD CONTROL CHANNELS1
Authors: Shields F. Douglas
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The environmental effects of flood control channel modifications such as clearing and snagging, straightening, enlargement, and/or paving can be quite severe in some cases. Information review reveals that several environmental features have been incorporated into the design, construction, operation, or maintenance of recent flood control channel projects to avoid adverse environmental impacts and enhance environmental quality. Typically, these features have been proposed by conservation agencies and designed with minimal quantitative analysis. Environmental features for channel projects include selective clearing and snagging techniques, channel designs with nonuniform geometry such as single bank modification and floodways, restoration and enhancement of aquatic habitat, improved techniques for placement of excavated material, and revegetation.
REGIONAL DETECTION OF CHANGE IN WATER QUALITY VARIABLES1
Authors: Koch Roy W. , Sanders Thomas G. , Morel‐Seytoux H. J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The detection of change in a hydrologic varaible, particularly water quality, is a current problem. A method is presented for testing whether there has been a shift in the mean of a hydrologic variable based on the well established bivariate normal distribution theory. In this technique, the dependent, or target, and the independent, or control, variables are formed as weighted linear combinations of the mean values at a number of locations in a selected target and control area. The weighting factors are determined based on a mathematical programming technique which minimizes the conditional coefficient of variation thereby minimizing the number of observations required to detect a change of a preselected magnitude in the mean of the target area. The result is a situation where a savings in the number of observations required to detect a change is a consequence of adding more stations: the space‐time tradeoff. Two applications of the technique are presented, the first using electrical conductivity (EC) data from two sets of river basins and the second using EC data from a set of basins as the target variable and annual discharge as the control. The results indicate that a significant savings in time can be achieved by using this method.
SUPPLEMENTAL IRRIGATION OF HORTICULTURAL CROPS IN THE HUMID REGION1
Authors: Sands G. R. , Moore I. D. , Roberts C. R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A computer model was developed in order to establish a yield predictive relationship and to estimate the water requirements for supplemental irrigation of horticultural crops in the humid region. Alternative distribution systems were developed and designed using the results from the computer model and Wood's (1980) pipe network algorithm. The capital, operational, and maintenance costs of the distribution and recommended on‐farm irrigation systems were determined and used to evaluate the economic feasibility of the alternative designs. Results show that the concentration of irrigated area along the distribution system, the length of the distribution system, and cropping system all have an important effect on the economic feasibility of supplemental irrigation in Wayne County, Kentucky.
RIVERINE TRANSPORT OF NUTRIENTS AND DETRITUS TO THE APALACHICOLA BAY ESTUARY, FLORIDA1
Authors: Elder John F. , Mattraw Harold C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Applachicola River basin in northwest Florida covers an area of 3,100 square kilometers. Fifteen percent of the area is a dense bottomland hardwood forest which is periodically flooded. The annual leaf‐litter fall from the flood‐plain trees is a potential source of nutrients and detritus which eventually can flow into Apalachicola Bay. Transport of such material is dependent on the periodic inundation of the flood plain. The U.S. Geological Survey Apalachicola Rim Quality Assessment measured a total organic carbon flux of 2.1 × 105 metric tons during the one‐year period from June 3, 1979, to June 2,1980. Fluxes of total nitrogen and phosphorus during the same year were 2.1 × lo4 and 1.7 × lo3 metric tons, respectively.

Flood characteirstics, such as prior hydrologic conditions, extent, and timing, are important in determining the amount and forms of materials transported. The 1980 spring flood produced a fourfold discharge increase over the annual mean outflow of 800 cubic meters per second. Nutrient concentrations varied little with discharge, but the 86‐day spring flood accounted for 53, 60, 48, and 56 percent of the annual flux of total organic carbon, particulate organic carbon, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus, respectively. In 1980, the flood peaks, rather than the rise or recession, accounted for maximum nutrient and detritus transport.
TIDAL POWER GENERATION UTILIZING ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE OR AIR RECIRCULATION1
Authors: Jhun Bonghan
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: This paper presents research conducted on tidal power generation utilizig atmospheric pressure or air recirculation. The proposed methods in this paper differ from conventional methods. That is, they require simple and relatively inexpensive power generating facilities that would convert the potential energy of the tides into kine tic energy of air for driving the air turbines in a power plant.

The characteristics of the new methods are as follows: (1) in tidal power generation utilizing the atmospheric pressure, the air pressure exerted on an air turbine can be maintained at 1 atm regardless of the water head; (2) in tidal power generation utilizing the air recirculation, the air pressure exerted on an air turbine can be made twice as high as the available water head; (3) higher tidal energy conversion efficiency can be obtained by flowing larger quantities of water in a shorter time period; (4) the generating turbines can be located at a convenient place remote from the reservoir; and (5) equipment corrosion due to salt is minimized.
ALUM CONTROL OF INTERNAL PHOSPHORUS LOADING IN A SHALLOW LAKE1
Authors: Welch E. B. , Michaud J. P. , Perkins M. A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Alum treatment of a shallow lake, with mean depth 2 m and area 137 ha, curtailed internal loading of P for at least one ear. Mean summer total P and chl a decreased from 76 and 27μg l−1, respectively, in 1978 before treatment. to 29 and 14 μ l−1, while mean summer Sed transparency increased from 1.6 to 2.2 m and blue green algae were no longer dominant. Macrophyte biomass and distribution retuned during the post‐alum year, 1980‐1981, to previous levels after a 1979 four‐month lake level drawdown had reduced biomass by 84 percent The improved transparency, resulting from the decrease in chl a following treatment, could encourage greater biomass of macrophytes in the deeper area of the lake. Recovery of macrophyte biomass to predrawdown levels may restore internal loading of P through enrichment of deep water sediments during winter dieback and decomposition.
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT MANPOWER AND EMPLOYER SURVEY1
Authors: Pillsbury Norman H. , DeWalle David R.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Two surveys were conducted to determine the supply and demand for students trained in watershed management in the United States. The first survey of 23 educational institutions was conducted in 1978. Annual production of about 100 watershed graduates and employment success greater than 85 percent at all degree levels was indicated. The second survey of watershed employment within the U.S. Forest Service (conducted in 1979) indicated one‐third of the annual supply of watershed graduates could be employed by the agency; a fact verified by employment data supplied by educational institutions.
APPLICATION OF LINEAR SYSTEM'S THEORY AND LINEAR PROGRAMMING TO GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT IN KANSAS1
Authors: Heidari Manoutchehr
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A ground water management model based on the linear systems theory and the use of linear programming is formulated and solved. The model maximizes the total amount of pound water that can be pumped from the system subject to the physical capability of the system and institutional constraints. The results are compared With analytical and numerical solutions. Then, this model is applied to the Pawnee Valley area of south‐central Kansas. The results of this application support the previous studies about the future ground water resources of the Valley. These results provide a guide for the ground water resources management of the area over the next ten years.
EFFECTS OF POTENTIAL WATER CONSERVATION EFFORTS IN EAST TENNESSEE1
Authors: Bishop Creg S. , Broach Glen T. , Hester Wendell H. , Sikora Vincent A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The importance of water conservation was emphasized by a proposed National Water Policy which was established during the previous Carter Administration. This policy stressed water conservation on a national scale. Such a policy sought to apply one program to all water resources problems. Before implementation of this or another such policy, consideration must be given to those vast areas of the country which in reality do not have a shortage of water. One of these areas is the French‐Broad River basin in Tennessee. This report was formulated in an effort to describe both the positive and negative effects of water policies which would bring about either a 10 percent or 30 percent reduction in water usage in this basically water rich area. The parameters used in the evaluation included selected economic, sociological, legal, and environmental impacts.
AN EVALUATION OF FLOOD FREQUENCY ESTIMATES BASED ON RAINFALL/RUNOFF MODELING1
Authors: Thomas Wilbert O.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: An evaluation of flood frequency estimates simulated from a rainfall/runoff model is based on (1) computation of the equivalent years of record for regional estimating equations based on 50 small stream sites in Oklahoma and (2) computation of the bias for synthetic flood estimates as compared to observed estimates at 97 small stream sites with at least 20 years of record in eight eastern states. Because of the high intercorrelation of synthetic flood estimates between watersheds, little or no regional (spatial) information may be added to the network as a result of the modeling activity. The equivalent years of record for the regional estimating equations based totally on synthetic flood discharges is shown to be considerably less than the length of rainfall record used to simulate the runoff. Furthermore, the flood estimates from the rainfall/runoff model consistently underestimate the flood discharges based on observed record, particularly for the larger floods. Depending on the way bias is computed, the synthetic estimate of the 100‐year flood discharge varies from 11 to 29 percent less than the value based on observed record. In addition, the correlation between observed and synthetic flood frequency estimates at the same site is also investigated. The degree of correlation between these estimates appears to vary with recurrence interval. Unless the correlation between these two estimates is known, it is not possible to compute a weighted estimate with minimum variance.
ESTIMATION OF PRE‐ AND POST‐DEVELOPMENT NONPOINT WATER QUALITY LOADINGS1
Authors: Shahane Ashok N.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A simple procedure for estimating pre‐ and post‐development water quality loadings from residential communities is discussed. The procedure deals with: (a) gathering basic water quality loading numbers observed by others at several watersheds with various land uses; (b) obtaining the breakdown of proposed land uses at various phases of the community development; and (c) estimating pre‐ and post‐development water quality loading numbers by taking the weighted average of the basic loading numbers in terms of areal coverages of different land uses at various phases of development. Results of this simplified procedure have been verified indirectly by comparing them with the estimates derived independently through a more fundamental but time‐consuming approach.

The procedure was used to evaluate the anticipated water quality impact of two future residential communities in South Florida by analyzing four water quality parameters: Suspended Soils (SS), Total Nitrogen (TN), Total Phosphorus (TP), and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5). Although computation of loading numbers with mixed land uses is not an exact science at the present time, the recommended approach appears to be the best available technique to analyze quantitatively the water quality‐quantity‐land use interactions.
FLOODPLAIN ANALYSIS, SIMPLIFIED VS. COMPLEX METHODS: A CASE STUDY1
Authors: Yomtovian Isaac , Ford David
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The accurate and reliable determination of floodplains, floodway boundaries, and flood water elevations are integral requirements of Flood Insurance Studies. These studies are intended to be used for determining the flood insurance rates. Therefore, the accuracy of the water surface profiles are important. To ensure the high degree of accuracy, the HUD Flood Insurance Administration has developed standards which must be met in the analysis of water surface profiles. A somewhat less accurate study is required for the preparation of Flood Emergency Plans. As part of the flood insurance studies of eight locations in the State of North Dakota, various flood hazard and floodplain information reports were reviewed. The hydrologic and hydraulic analyses, especially the computation of the 100‐year water surface profiles, were completed using both simplified and complex hydraulic computation methods. Significant differences were found (1 to 3 feet) between the profiles computed by the SCS simplified method and those computed by HEC‐2 computer program. However, the floodplain boundaries determined by both methods were found to be similar. Approximate methods are recommended for rapid determination of the floodplain, floodway boundaries, and inundation area mapping, while sophisticated computer programs (HEC‐2) are recommended to be used for developing areas where the 100‐year flood elevation has a significant impact on the cost of land development.
MODELING OF WATER SUPPLY/DEMAND IN THE SOUTH PLATTE RIVER BASIN, 1970–20201
Authors: Hendricks David W. , Janonis Brian A. , Gerlek Steven , Goldbach Joseph C. , Patterson James L.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The application of a water balance model in finding “solutions” to the supply/demand problem was demonstrated using the South Platte River basin as a case study. Solutions were ascertained by hand, using both “average” and “stress” supply/demand conditions, and were developed for 1980, 2000, and 2020; nonquantifiable boundary conditions were incorporated by judgement. The solution obtained for a particular set of conditions is not unique and has strong normative characteristics; thus it must be judged by various interest groups having different ethical positions. The water balance model has a tabular display format and so the “model” is merely a simple table, i.e., a “water balance table.” In this work the water balance table was displayed on an eight‐foot by eight‐foot color‐coded magnetic board. The board provides a means to both find and display the needed supply/demand “solution.” The tabular display facilitates understanding of the systemwide solution and the formulation of value judgments. Based upon these value judgments and an initial “straw man” solution, successive negotiated solutions can be found which can minimize “conflict.”
DEVELOPMENT OF PREDICTION EQUATIONS FOR A PHREATIC AQUIFER IN RESPONSE TO INFILTRATION: DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS1
Authors: Liong Shie‐Yui , DeCoursey Donn G.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The need for a quick means to predict the subsurface flow into a stream caused the authors to take a different approach to the problem. Dimensional analysis was applied to deduce a functional relationship between the dependent and independent variables. This paper lays the ground work for the development of prediction equations for a phreatic aquifer in response to infiltration.
PHYTOPLANKTON RESPONSES TO GROUND WATER ADDITION IN CENTRAL FLORIDA LAKES1
Authors: Dooris Patricia M. , Dooris George M. , Martin Dean F.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Phytoplankton were studied in lakes augmented with water from the Floridan aquifer and in control lakes. Augmented lakes exhibited enhanced phytoplankton diversity which was believed to be related to chemical changes in the lakes brought about as a result of ground water addition. In particular, elevated concentrations of inorganic carbon appeared to influence phytoplankton populations.
COMPARING TWO MEASURES OF WATER BASED RECREATION PARTICIPATION1
Authors: Gramann James H. , Burdge Rabel J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Site specific studies of water based recreation participation are intended to describe use at a particular recreation area. Two common strategies employed in site specific studies are the on‐site “entry” or “exit” survey and the off‐site mailed questionnaire to known users of an area. Previous research has reported differences in psychological perceptions of a recreation engagement depending on whether a survey was administered during or after a trip. If such bias exists for behavioral reports, then managers and planners must be cautious in interpreting results of survey based use assessments for a particular site. Findings may be affected by the particular survey strategy employed. In this study, entry point and post‐trip mailed questionnaire measures of water based recreation participation were compared for a sample of reservoir users. For most activities, a high degree of consistency in measures was found. Inconsistent reports were most likely to occur among participants in activities sharing significant common behaviors, such as power boating and water skiing. Inconsistency was also observed for those reporting very generalized behaviors, such as relaxing. In general, the use of either pre‐ or post‐trip measures of water based recreation participation was supported.
Peak Runoff Model Comparison on Central Illinois Watersheds1
Authors: Mostaghimi Saied , Mitchell J. Kent
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Four peak runoff rate models were tested with 183 gage years of record to determine the model most applicable to small watersheds of mild topography in east‐central Illinois. The Cypress Creek, Rational, Chow, and SCS peak runoff models were evaluated for their performance. Statistical analyses indicated the Soil Conservation Service model was most appropriate for the watersheds tested.
Soluble Mineral Content in Surficial Alluvium and Associated Mancos Shale1
Authors: Laronne Jonathan B. , Schumm Stanley A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Mancos Shale area of the Upper Colorado River basin produces large quantities of solutes. In order to develop an understanding of the mechanism of salt production and to determine the source of salinity, a study of the soluble mineral content (SMC) of Mancos Shale and associated alluvium was undertaken. SMC is highly variable in alluvium and associated surficial Mancos Shale. However, lithomorphological units can be identified in terms of their SMC. Results from this study demonstrate that crusts are leached in deep alluvial fills and they contain somewhat less soluble minerals than underlying Mancos Shale on hillslopes. The crusts are saline, sometimes efflorescent, in shale bedrock channels or where channels abutt against the shale. SMC increases in alluvium with decrease in depth of alluvial fill, does not vary significantly with depth in deep of alluvial fills, and increases with depth in shallow ones.
A Sensitivity and Error Analysis Framework for Lake Eutrophication Modeling1
Authors: Walker William W.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: A framework for sensitivity and error analysis in mathematical modeling is described and demonstrated. The Lake Eutrophication Analysis Procedure (LEAP) consists of a series of linked models which predict lake water quality conditions as a function of watershed land use, hydrolgic variables, and morphometric variables. Specification of input variables as distributions (means and standard errors) and use of first‐order error analysis techniques permits estimation of output variable means, standard errors, and confidence ranges. Predicted distributions compare favorably with those estimated using Monte‐Carlo simulation. The framework is demonstrated by applying it to data from Lake Morey, Vermont. While possible biases exist in the models calibrated for this application, prediction variances, attributed chiefly to model error, are comparable to the observed year‐to‐year variance in water quality, as measured by spring phosphorus concentration, hypolimnetic oxygen depletion rate, summer chlorophyll‐a, and summer transparency in this lake. Use of the framework provides insight into important controlling factors and relationships and identifies the major sources of uncertainty in a given model application.
Thermodynamic Controls on Quality of Water From Underground Coal Mines in Colorado1
Authors: Turk John T.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Water samples collected from 14 underground coal mines in Colorado were analyzed for major dissolved constituents. The data indicate the water quality of 13 of the samples has developed by the interaction of calcite saturated ground water with sodium rich marine shales. Those samples that displayed evidence of being most completely reacted were composed almost entirely of sodium and bicarbonate ions and had a calcium to sodium activity ratio of 0.16, similar to that of seawater. The one sample that was not saturated with respect to calcite was saturated with respect to gypsum. The dissolved solids concentration attainable by dissolution of gypsum is much less than that attainable by the calcite marine shale equilibration, or approximately 2,500 milligrams per liter. By considering the maximum predicted concentrations of dissolved solids in relation to promulgated water quality criteria, it is possible to predict the hazards of reuse of this mine drainage. The primary problems would be damage or destruction of crops if the drainage water was used for irrigation. In addition, some samples contained concentrations of chloride and sulfate in excess of recommended standards for public water supplies.
Sensitivity of SCS Models to Curve Number Variation1
Authors: Bondelid Timothy R. , McCuen Richard H. , Jackson Thomas J.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The Soil Conservation Service (SCS) models, including the TR‐20 computer program and the simplified methods in TR‐55, are widely used in hydrologic design. The runoff curve number (CN), which is an important input parameter to SCS models, is defined in terms of land use tretments, hydrologic, condition, antecedent soil moisture, and soil type. The objective of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity of the SCS models to errors in CN estimates. The results show that the effects of CN variation decrease as the design rainfall depth increases, such as for the larger storm events. The value and use of the sensitivity curves are demonstrated using a comparison of Landsat and conventionally derived curve numbers for three watersheds in Pennsylvania.
Secchi Disc Relationships1
Authors: French Richard H. , Cooper James J. , Vigg Steven
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The problem of estimating bulk light extinction coefficients in surface water impoundments is examined. It is shown that the bulk extinction coefficient can be accurately estimated from the Secchi disc depth. In addition, the equation derived is significantly different from that derived by Poole and Atkins in 1929. This empirical expression for the extinction coefficient is then used to develop a semiempirical expression for the euphotic depth as a function of the Secchi disc depth.
Reduction of Urban Runoff Through Economic Incentives: Boulder, Colorado1
Authors: Thompson Stephen A.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: The problems of increased surface runoff which follow in step with urbanization can be conceptualized in terms of environmental economics. The private transformation of land from a permeable to an impermeable surface imposes the externality of increased surface runoff upon society as a whole and especially on those downstream. The city of Boulder, Colorado, has enacted an ordinance which attempts to internalize some of these external costs and at the same time decrease surface runoff from the urban environment.
Changes in Extractable Metal Concentrations During Storage of Surface Water Samples Containing Sediments1
Authors: Michnowsky Eric , Churchland Leslie M. , Thomson Patricia A. , Whitfield Paul H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT: Changes in metal concentrations during storage of acidified water samples were studied. Water samples with high concentrations of suspended sediment were collected from the Fraser River, British Columbia. These samples were analyzed for “extractable” metals, which are defined to be the dissolved metals plus those metals extracted from suspended sediment by dilute mineral acid. Concentrations of extractable Cu, Fe, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn, and Cd were determined over time. Metal concentrations in these water samples were not stable and showed significant increases throughout the storage period. These results suggest that the extractable metal technique is inappropriate for the analysis of water samples containing suspended sediment.
TREND ASSESSMENT OF WATER QUALITY TIME SERIES1
Authors: McLeod A. Ian , Hipel Keith W. , Comancho Fernando
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACTA general methodology is described for identifying and statistically modeling trends which may be contained in a water quality time series. A range of useful exploratory data analysis tools are suggested for discovering important patterns and statistical characteristics of the data such as trends caused by external interventions. To estimate the entries in an evenly spaced time series when data are available at irregular time intervals, a new procedure based upon seasonal adjustment is described. Intervention analysis is employed at the confirmatory data analysis stage to rigorously model changes in the mean levels of a series which are identified using exploratory data analysis techniques. Furthermore, intervention analysis can be utilized for estimating missing observations when they are not too numerous. The effects of cutting down a forest upon various water quality variables and also the consequences of acid rain upon the alkalinity in a stream provide illustrative applications which demonstrate the effectiveness of the methodology.
MOUND FORMATION AT CULVERT OUTLETS1
Authors: Abt Steven R. , Ruff James F. , Mendoza Cesar
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT One component of the local scour process near a culvert outlet is the formation of an aggraded mound downstream of the scour area. This investigation presents a series of observations and empirical relationships depicting the formation, growth, and estimated maximum dimensions of a mound in a uniformly graded sand material due to clear water scour. The maximum dimensions of the mound were correlated to the discharge intensity (Qg‐0.5 D‐2.5), the maximum dimensions of the scour hole, time, and tailwater elevation. The concept of an approximate area of scour influence was developed relating the mound width, scour hole length, and mound length as a function of the culvert diameter and discharge intensity.
PREDICTING EROSION AND DEPOSITION ON A STRIPMINED AND RECLAIMED AREA1
Authors: Khanbilvardi Reza M. , Rogowski Andrew S. , Miller Arthur C.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A rill‐interrill erosion model was applied to a mined and reclaimed area. Soil loss from the interrill areas was estimated by the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE). The model considers the fate and ultimate disposition of the sediment from interrill areas along with the fate and destination of soil materials detached by the rill flow. The net sediment loss was predicted by comparing, for a given flow, the amounts of eroded soil to rill transport capacity. When applied to a selected stripmined and reclaimed site the model displayed the location of contributing areas and the amount of erosion and deposition. The predicted areal distribution of erosion and deposition was compared to measured data. Agreement between the predicted and measured values was within 25 percent.
NATIONAL WATER ASSESSMENT: NEEDED OR NOT?1
Authors: James L. Douglas , Larson Dean T. , Hoggan Daniel H.
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT A conceptual framework and the systematic collection of reliable information for application within the framework are the cornerstones of effective water planning. The ideal of strengthening these cornerstones was a driving force behind formation of the Water Resources Council and Council efforts, during its life, to develop the Principles and Standards and to complete two National Water Assessments. The Assessments contained voluminous data but never really became an integral component of the national water planning process. Before being disbanded in 1982, the Council solicited several appraisals of its assessment process. This paper reports one made by the university community in which experiences and opinions were obtained from 108 water research administrators and water policy experts.
PULSED TRICKLING EFFECTS ON SOIL MOISTURE DISTRIBUTION1
Authors: Mostaghimi Saied , Mitchell J. Kent
Published: June 2007

ABSTRACT Laboratory experiments were conducted to study effects of trickle emitter discharge rate on the distribution of soil moisture in a silty‐clay loam soil. Both pulsed and continuous irrigation treatments were studied. A simulation model was used to evaluate the results obtained in the laboratory. The agreement between the predicted and measured soil moisture distribution patterns was quite good. For both pulsed and continuous applications, increasing trickle discharge rate resulted in a decrease in the horizontal component and an increase in the vertical component of the wetted soil profile. Compared to the continuous treatments, pulsed applications resulted in significant reduction in water loss below the root zone. Pulsed applications rates can replace continuous small discharge rates to reduce irrigation water runoff problems on heavy soils and with restricted infiltration allow the use of larger emitter orifices to decrease potential clogging of the trickle system.