bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Profiling of Squamosa Promoter Binding Protein-Like (SBP) Transcription Factors in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Song Jinghan , Ma Dongfang , Yin Junliang , Yang Lei , He Yiqin , Zhu Zhanwang , Tong Hanwen , Chen Lin , Zhu Guang , Liu Yike , Gao Chunbao
Published: September 2019

Transcription factors (TFs) play fundamental roles in the developmental processes of all living organisms. Squamosa Promoter Binding Protein-like (SBP/SBP-Box) is a major family of plant-specific TFs, which plays important roles in multiple processes involving plant growth and development. While some work has been done, there is a lot more that is yet to be discovered in the hexaploid wheat SBP (TaSBP) family. With the completion of whole genome sequencing, genome-wide analysis of SBPs in common hexaploid wheat is now possible. In this study, we used protein–protein Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLASTp) to hunt the newly released reference genome sequence of hexaploid wheat (Chinese spring). Seventy-four TaSBP proteins (belonging to 56 genes) were identified and clustered into five groups. Gene structure and motif analysis indicated that most TaSBPs have relatively conserved exon–intron arrangements and motif composition. Analysis of transcriptional data showed that many TaSBP genes responded to some biological and abiotic stresses with different expression patterns. Moreover, three TaSBP genes were generally expressed in the majority of tissues throughout the wheat growth and also responded to many environmental biotic and abiotic stresses. Collectively, the detailed analyses presented here will help in understanding the roles of the TaSBP and also provide a reference for the further study of its biological function in wheat.
Jerusalem Artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.): A Versatile and Sustainable Crop for Renewable Energy Production in Europe
Authors: Rossini Francesco , Provenzano Maria Elena , Kuzmanović Ljiljana , Ruggeri Roberto
Published: September 2019

Recently, biofuels have become a strategic focus to reduce vehicle emissions and increase sustainability of the transport sector. However, the sustainability of biofuels production has been questioned owing to its implications for future land footprint. In this respect, the EU Commission has very recently classified as low indirect land-use change (ILUC)–risk biofuels those obtained by crops grown on marginal lands and with low external inputs. Only few crops can reach high yields under both of these conditions across Europe. From this point of view, Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) is certainly a species worthy of remark since it has all the attributes to accomplish the aims of the updated EU Renewable Energy Directive (RED II). Starting from physiological aspects, the present review examines and summarizes literature on the ecology, genetic resources, agronomic practices and sustainability of this species. The goal is to point out the recent advances of research in Jerusalem artichoke (JA) potential as alternative biofuel feedstock and to identify what is still needed to better characterize its environmental benefits and agronomic performance.
Predictors of Appropriate Antibiotic Use in Bacteremia Patients Presenting at the Emergency Department
Authors: Phungoen Pariwat , Kraisriwattana Areerat , Apiratwarakul Korakot , Wonglakorn Lumyai , Sawanyawisuth Kittisak
Published: September 2019

Sepsis is a condition that requires appropriate antibiotic treatment at the emergency department (ED). Most previous studies conducted on inappropriate antibiotic use at the ED were conducted in developed countries with a low percentage of sepsis. This study aimed to find additional clinical predictors for appropriate antibiotic use in bacteremia patients presenting at the ED from a developing country, in which there is a higher proportion of patients with sepsis. We included adult patients who presented at the ED with clinical suspicion of infection and bacteremia. Patients allocated to the appropriate antibiotic group were those in whom the prescribed antibiotic was sensitive to the pathogen. Predictors and outcomes of appropriate antibiotic use were analyzed. A total of 3133 patients who met the study criteria presented at the ED during the study period. Of those, 271 patients were diagnosed with bacteremia, 48 of whom (17.71%) received inappropriate antibiotic prescriptions. Only pulse rate was an independent factor for appropriate antibiotic treatment, with an adjusted odds ratio of 1.019 (95% CI of 1.001, 1.036). In terms of clinical outcomes, the inappropriate antibiotic group had higher proportions of 28-day mortality (29.17% vs. 25.25%; p-value = 0.022) and longer hospitalization (14 vs. 9 days; p-value = 0.003). This study found that inappropriate antibiotics were prescribed in 17% of bacteremia patients presenting at the ED and that high pulse rate was an indicator for appropriate antibiotic prescription. Patients with inappropriate antibiotic administration had longer hospitalization and higher 28-day mortality than those who received appropriate antibiotic treatment.
Resistance Levels and Epidemiology of Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacteria in Urinary Tract Infections of Inpatients and Outpatients (RENFUTI): A 10-Year Epidemiological Snapshot
Authors: Gajdács Márió , Burián Katalin , Terhes Gabriella
Published: September 2019

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are one of the most common infections in the human medicine, both among outpatients and inpatients. There is an increasing appreciation for the pathogenic role of non-fermenting Gram-negative bacteria (NFGNBs) in UTIs, particularly in the presence of underlying illnesses. Methods: The study was carried out using data regarding a 10-year period (2008–2017). The antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using the disk diffusion method, E-tests, and broth microdilution. Results: NFGNB represented 3.46% ± 0.93% for the outpatients, while 6.43% ± 0.81% of all positive urine samples for the inpatients (p < 0.001). In both groups, Pseudomonas spp. (78.7% compared to 85.1%) and Acinetobacter spp. (19.6% compared to 10.9%), were the most prevalent. The Acinetobacter resistance levels were significantly higher in inpatients isolates (p values ranging between 0.046 and <0.001), while the differences in the resistance levels of Pseudomonas was not as pronounced. The β-lactam-resistance levels were between 15–25% and 12–28% for the Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas spp., respectively. 4.71% of Acinetobacter and 1.67% of Pseudomonas were extensively drug resistant (XDR); no colistin-resistant isolates were recovered. Conclusions: Increasing resistance levels of the Acinetobacter spp. from 2013 onward, but not in the case of the Pseudomonas spp. Although rare, the drug resistant NFGNB in UTIs present a concerning therapeutic challenge to clinicians with few therapeutic options left.
Analysis of Oxidative Stress-Related Markers in Crohn’s Disease Patients at Surgery and Correlations with Clinical Findings
Authors: Luceri Cristina , Bigagli Elisabetta , Agostiniani Sara , Giudici Francesco , Zambonin Daniela , Scaringi Stefano , Ficari Ferdinando , Lodovici Maura , Malentacchi Cecilia
Published: September 2019

Crohn’ disease (CD) patients are at high risk of postoperative recurrence and new tools for the assessment of disease activity are needed to prevent long-term complications. In these patients, the over-production of ROS generated by inflamed bowel tissue and inflammatory cells activates a pathogenic cascade that further exacerbates inflammation and leads to increased oxidative damage to DNA, proteins, and lipids. We measured the products of protein/lipid oxidation and the total antioxidant capacity (ferric reducing ability of plasma, FRAP) in the serum of CD patients with severe disease activity requiring surgery with the aim to characterize their redox status and identify associations between oxidative stress-related markers and their clinical characteristics. At the systemic level, CD was associated with increased levels of protein and lipid oxidation products when compared to healthy volunteers, even though the FRAP values were similar. Advanced oxidation protein product (AOPP) levels showed the highest difference between patients and the controls (11.25, 5.02–15.15, vs. 1.36, 0.75–2.70, median, interquartile range; p < 0.0001) and the analysis of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves, indicated for AOPP, the best area under the curve (AUC) value for CD prediction. Advanced glycated end-products (AGEs) were also significantly higher in CD patients (p < 0.01), which is of interest since AOPP and AGEs are both able to activate the membrane receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) involved in inflammatory diseases. Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) levels were significantly higher in CD patients with ileal localization and aggressive disease behavior, in smokers, and in patients suffering from allergies. In conclusion, our data indicate that circulating oxidative stress biomarkers may be attractive candidates as disease predictors as well as for clinical or therapeutic monitoring of CD. Our results also suggest that AOPP/AGEs and RAGE signaling may represent a pathogenic factor and a potential therapeutic target in CD.
Review of Acoustic Sources Alternatives to a Dodecahedron Speaker
Authors: Papadakis Nikolaos M. , Stavroulakis Georgios E.
Published: September 2019

An omnidirectional source is required in many acoustic measurements. Commonly a dodecahedron speaker is used but due to various factors (e.g., high cost, transportation difficulties) other acoustic sources are sometimes preferred. In this review, fifteen acoustic source alternatives to a dodecahedron speaker are presented while emphasis is placed on features such as omnidirectionality, repeatability, adequate sound pressure levels, even frequency response, accuracy in measurement of acoustic parameters and fulfillment of ISO 3382-1 source requirements. Some of the alternative acoustic sources have the appropriate features to provide usable results for acoustic measurements, some have acoustic characteristics better than a dodecahedron speaker (e.g., omnidirectionality in the high-frequency range), while some can potentially fulfill the ISO 3382-1 source requirements. Collected data from this review can be used in many areas (e.g., ISO measurements, head-related transfer functions measurements) for the appropriate selection of an acoustic source according to the expected use. Finally, suggestions for uses and future work are given aimed at achieving further advances in this field.
Different Paths to Achieve High Technological Innovation in Clustered Firms: An Analysis of the Spanish Ceramic Tile Industry
Authors: Molina-Morales Francesc Xavier , Martínez-Cháfer Luis , Valiente-Bordanova David
Published: September 2019

This paper uncovers the different factors behind the high technological innovation performance of clustered firms. Moreover, we aim to investigate the necessary and sufficient conditions of factors to achieve innovative outcomes of clustered firms. This is done by analyzing the Spanish ceramic tile cluster and using a configurational comparative method, namely, fuzzy set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA). The results reveal the presence of equifinality, as there are diverse paths or combinations of factors that lead clustered firms to higher technological innovation performance. Additionally, early adoption of new technologies and a high absorptive capacity are included in most of the successful combinations of factors.
Simulation Analysis of Knee Ligaments in the Landing Phase of Freestyle Skiing Aerial
Authors: Fu Yanming , Wang Xin , Yu Tianbiao
Published: September 2019

The risk of knee injuries in freestyle skiing athletes that perform aerials is high. The internal stresses in the knee joints of these athletes cannot easily be directly measured. In order to ascertain the mechanical response of knee joints during the landing phase, and to explore the mechanism of damage to the cartilage and ligaments, a finite element model of the knee joint was established. Three successful landing conditions (neutral, backward, or forward landing) from a triple kicker were analyzed. The results demonstrate that the risk of cruciate ligament damage during a neutral landing was lowest. A forward landing carried medium risk, while backward landing was of highest risk. Backward and forward landing carried risk of injury to the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL), respectively. The magnitude of stress on the meniscus and cartilage varied for all three landing scenarios. Stress was largest during neutral landing and least in backward landing, while forward landing resulted in a medium level of stress. The results also provide the basis for training that is scientifically robust so as to reduce the risk of injury and assist in the development of a professional knee joint protector.
Compact Model for L-Shaped Tunnel Field-Effect Transistor Including the 2D Region
Authors: Najam Faraz , Yu Yun Seop
Published: September 2019

The L-shaped tunneling field-effect transistor (LTFET) is the only line-tunneling type of TFET to be experimentally demonstrated. To date, there is no literature available on the compact model of LTFET. In this paper, a compact model of LTFET is presented. LTFET has both one-dimensional (1D) and 2D band-to-band tunneling (BTBT) components. The 2D BTBT part dominates in the subthreshold region, whereas the 1D BTBT dominates at higher gate-source biases. The model consists of 1D and 2D BTBT models. The 2D BTBT model is based on the assumption that the electric field originating from the gate and terminating at the source edge is perfectly circular. Tunneling path length is obtained by calculating the distance along an electric field arc that runs from gate to source. The 1D BTBT model is based on a simultaneous solution of the 1D Poisson equation in source and channel regions. Expressions for electric field and potential obtained from integrating the Poisson equation in source and channel regions are solved simultaneously to find the surface potential. Once the surface potential is known, all the other unknown variables, including junction potential and source depletion length, can be calculated. Using the potential profile, tunneling lengths were found for both the source-to-channel BTBT regime, and channel-to-channel BTBT regime. The tunneling lengths were used to calculate the BTBT tunneling rate, and finally, the drain-source current as a function of gate-source, and drain-source bias was calculated. The model results were compared against technology computer-aided design (TCAD) simulation results and were found to be in reasonable agreement for a compact model.
Lexicon-Enhanced Attention Network Based on Text Representation for Sentiment Classification
Authors: Li Wenkuan , Li Dongyuan , Yin Hongxia , Zhang Lindong , Zhu Zhenfang , Liu Peiyu
Published: September 2019

Text representation learning is an important but challenging issue for various natural language processing tasks. Recently, deep learning-based representation models have achieved great success for sentiment classification. However, these existing models focus on more semantic information rather than sentiment linguistic knowledge, which provides rich sentiment information and plays a key role in sentiment analysis. In this paper, we propose a lexicon-enhanced attention network (LAN) based on text representation to improve the performance of sentiment classification. Specifically, we first propose a lexicon-enhanced attention mechanism by combining the sentiment lexicon with an attention mechanism to incorporate sentiment linguistic knowledge into deep learning methods. Second, we introduce a multi-head attention mechanism in the deep neural network to interactively capture the contextual information from different representation subspaces at different positions. Furthermore, we stack a LAN model to build a hierarchical sentiment classification model for large-scale text. Extensive experiments are conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of the proposed models on four popular real-world sentiment classification datasets at both the sentence level and the document level. The experimental results demonstrate that our proposed models can achieve comparable or better performance than the state-of-the-art methods.
Using Different ML Algorithms and Hyperparameter Optimization to Predict Heat Meters’ Failures
Authors: Pałasz Przemysław , Przysowa Radosław
Published: September 2019

The need to increase the energy efficiency of buildings, as well as the use of local renewable heat sources has caused heat meters to be used not only to calculate the consumed energy, but also for the active management of central heating systems. Increasing the reading frequency and the use of measurement data to control the heating system expands the requirements for the reliability of heat meters. The aim of the research is to analyze a large set of meters in the real network and predict their faults to avoid inaccurate readings, incorrect billing, heating system disruption, and unnecessary maintenance. The reliability analysis of heat meters, based on historical data collected over several years, shows some regularities, which cannot be easily described by physics-based models. The failure rate is almost constant and does depend on the past, but is a non-linear combination of state variables. To predict meters’ failures in the next billing period, three independent machine learning models are implemented and compared with selected metrics, because even the high performance of a single model (87% true positive for neural network) may be insufficient to make a maintenance decision. Additionally, performing hyperparameter optimization boosts the models’ performance by a few percent. Finally, three improved models are used to build an ensemble classifier, which outperforms the individual models. The proposed procedure ensures the high efficiency of fault detection (>95%), while maintaining overfitting at the minimum level. The methodology is universal and can be utilized to study the reliability and predict faults of other types of meters and different objects with the constant failure rate.
Minimizing Energy Loss by Coupling Optimization of Connection Topology and Cable Cross-Section in Offshore Wind Farm
Authors: Wang Long , Wu Jianghai , Han Ran , Wang Tongguang
Published: September 2019

The cable cross section of an offshore wind farm power system is conventionally determined on the basis of the maximum current carrying capacity. However, this criterion cannot be matched and optimized with connection topology, which may lead to a large overall resistance level in the topology, thereby causing severe energy loss. In this pursuit, the present work envisages the establishment of a coupling optimization method of connection topology and cable cross-section planning for the first time. Based on this method, the power system of a small discrete wind farm is optimized and its results are compared with the results of the traditional design methods. The results indicate that an optimal matching of connection topology and cable cross section can be achieved using the proposed method. Besides, the optimal topology obtained uses more branches, and the large cross-section cables are reasonably used on the large-current cable segments, thus dramatically reducing the energy loss and minimizing the total cost of the power system. The proposed method is very versatile and suitable for the optimization of power systems containing any number of wind turbines and substations. Moreover, it can be combined with any evolutionary algorithm.
Special Issue on Brillouin Scattering and Optomechanics
Authors: Laude Vincent , Beugnot Jean-Charles , Sylvestre Thibaut
Published: September 2019

The science of the interaction of sound and light, including acousto-optics and opto-acoustics, has recently witnessed the emergence of new topics and directions that lead to a renewed understanding of fundamental effects and to novel applications [...]
Spatial Prediction of Landslide Susceptibility Using GIS-Based Data Mining Techniques of ANFIS with Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) and Grey Wolf Optimizer (GWO)
Authors: Chen Wei , Hong Haoyuan , Panahi Mahdi , Shahabi Himan , Wang Yi , Shirzadi Ataollah , Pirasteh Saied , Alesheikh Ali Asghar , Khosravi Khabat , Panahi Somayeh , Rezaie Fatemeh , Li Shaojun , Jaafari Abolfazl , Bui Dieu Tien , Bin Ahmad Baharin
Published: September 2019

The most dangerous landslide disasters always cause serious economic losses and human deaths. The contribution of this work is to present an integrated landslide modelling framework, in which an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is combined with the two optimization algorithms of whale optimization algorithm (WOA) and grey wolf optimizer (GWO) at Anyuan County, China. It means that WOA and GWO are used as two meta-heuristic algorithms to improve the prediction performance of the ANFIS-based methods. In addition, the step-wise weight assessment ratio analysis (SWARA) method is used to obtain the initial weight of each class of landslide influencing factors. To validate the effectiveness of the proposed framework, 315 landslide events in history were selected for our experiments and were randomly divided into the training and verification sets. To perform landslide susceptibility mapping, fifteen geological, hydrological, geomorphological, land cover, and other factors are considered for the modelling construction. The landslide susceptibility maps by SWARA, SWARA-ANFIS, SWARA-ANFIS-PSO, SWARA-ANFIS-WOA, and SWARA-ANFIS-GWO models are assessed using the measures of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and root-mean-square error (RMSE). The experiments demonstrated that the obtained results of modelling process from the SWARA to the SAWRA-ANFIS-GWO model were more accurate and that the proposed methods have satisfactory prediction ability. Specifically, prediction accuracy by area under the curve (AUC) of SWARA, SWARA-ANFIS, SWARA-ANFIS-PSO, SWARA-ANFIS-GWO, and SWARA-ANFIS-WOA models were 0.831, 0.831, 0.850, 0.856, and 0.869, respectively. Due to adaptability and usability, the proposed prediction methods can be applied to other areas for landslide management and mitigation as well as prevention throughout the world.
Electrochemical Diagnostics of Sprayed Fiber-Reinforced Concrete Corrosion
Authors: Raczkiewicz Wioletta , Kossakowski Paweł Grzegorz
Published: September 2019

Sprayed fiber-reinforced concrete is used in construction for the execution and repair of reinforced concrete elements. It is believed that the addition of steel fibers is most effective, due to their parameters and low costs. Some researchers, however, suggest that the addition of steel fibers can contribute to the initiation of corrosion of the main reinforcement. In consideration of the differences of opinion on the corrosion resistance of sprayed fiber-reinforced concrete, it has become necessary to analyze this issue. The article presents comparative studies of corrosion assessments of the main reinforcement in specimens made of ordinary concrete and concrete with steel fibers. The tests were performed using a semi non-destructive galvanostatic pulse method, which allows location of the areas of corrosion and estimation of the reinforcement corrosion activity. In order to initiate the corrosion processes the specimens were subjected to freezing cycles in NaCl solution. In addition, the shrinkage and compressive strength of specimens were measured, and the observation of specimen structure under a scanning microscope was performed. It was found that galvanostatic pulse method allowed estimation of the reinforcement corrosion progress. The corrosion of the main reinforcement in steel fiber reinforced concrete specimens was less advanced than in the specimens without fibers.
A Novel Bidirectional Wireless Power Transfer System for Mobile Power Application
Authors: Liao Yi-Hung , Lin Yue
Published: September 2019

This paper presents a bidirectional wireless power transfer system for mobile power applications. A novel 2-switch bidirectional wireless power transfer system with dual-side control is proposed for mobile power applications. Although only two switches are adopted, the energy can be transferred from the transmitter side to the receiver side and vice versa. The term bidirectional means that the power-flow is bidirectional and also that the transmitter is also a receiver and the receiver is also a transmitter. The output energy can be easily controlled by the duty ratios of the two switches. Thus, the proposed bidirectional power transfer system uses only one circuit to achieve bidirectional power transfer. Hence, the system cost and volume can be reduced so that the system is small and convenient for mobile power systems, portable and/or wearable electronic devices. A prototype system is constructed and the experimental results verify the validity of the proposed bidirectional wireless power transfer system.
Effects of Cement–Mineral Filler on Asphalt Mixture Performance under Different Aging Procedures
Authors: Fan Zhenyang , Wang Xuancang , Zhang Zhuo , Zhang Yi
Published: September 2019

Cement-containing mineral powder can effectively improve the moisture stability of an asphalt mixture; therefore, this study systematically summarizes the research status of cement–mineral fillers on the performance of an asphalt mixture and determines the limitations of related studies. In this study, long-term performance tests of styrene-butadiene-styrene- (SBS)-modified asphalt mixtures are designed and evaluated with different blending ratios of the cement–mineral powder under three aging conditions. Moreover, the effect of the cement–mineral composite filler on long-term performance of the asphalt mixture using different blending ratios is determined. Cement improves the high-temperature performance and water stability of asphalt mixtures, but only for certain aging conditions. Considering the regulations for the road performance of asphalt mixtures for three aging conditions, as well as long-term performance considerations, the results indicated that the mass ratio of Portland cement to mineral powder must not exceed 2:2. Low-temperature bending and splitting tensile tests confirmed that an excessive amount of cement filler will embrittle the modified asphalt mixture during long-term aging, thereby deteriorating the tensile properties. The mechanism by which the filler influences the performance of the asphalt mixture should be further studied from the perspective of microscopic and molecular dynamics.
Third-Body and Dissipation Energy in Green Tribology Film
Authors: Shi Shih-Chen , Pek Shia-Seng
Published: September 2019

Green tribology film comprising hydroxypropyl methylcellulose modified with nanoparticles and molybdenum disulfide was prepared by the solvent evaporation method. The nanoparticle additives were Al, Cu, Al2O3, and CuO. The tribological behavior of nanoparticles and MoS2 was investigated using a ball-on-disk tribometer. The surface morphologies and worn surfaces were observed through scanning electron microscopy. The preferred orientation and crystallographic structure of MoS2 and nanoparticles in the composites were studied via X-ray diffraction. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy was used to analyze the transfer film formed on the counterball. The surface profile, wear depth, wear width, and wear volume were studied by a 3D optical profiler. The synergistic effect of micro-platelet MoS2 and nanoparticles contributed to the excellent wear resistances. It was found that the wear volume of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC)/MoS2 composites decreased dramatically when Al, Cu, and CuO were used as fillers, and it decreased slightly with Al2O3. The optimal wear resistance was obtained with 3 wt.% additives. These filled composites had a lower coefficient of friction lower than that of unfilled HPMC/MoS2. The optimal result was observed for the HPMC/MoS2/CuO 3 wt.% composite coating, which reduces the wear and friction coefficient by 90% and 84%, respectively, as compared to coatings without additives. Nanoparticles existed in the wear track as the third particles improved the load capacity of the composites. The wear mechanism of the composites is discussed in terms of the worn surfaces and the analysis of transfer film with a third-body approach. The dissipation energy theory is used to evaluate the dominant wear mechanism of the system.
Squat Lifting Imposes Higher Peak Joint and Muscle Loading Compared to Stoop Lifting
Authors: van der Have Arthur , Van Rossom Sam , Jonkers Ilse
Published: September 2019

(1) Background: Yearly, more than 40% of the European employees suffer from work-related musculoskeletal disorders. Still, ergonomic guidelines defining optimal lifting techniques to decrease work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs) has not been unambiguously defined. Therefore, this study investigates if recommended squat lifting imposes lower musculoskeletal loading than stoop lifting while using a complex full body musculoskeletal OpenSim model. (2) Methods: Ten healthy participants lifted two different weights using both lifting techniques. 3D marker trajectories and ground reaction forces were used as input to calculate joint angles, moments and power using a full body musculoskeletal model with articulated lumbar spine. In addition, the muscle activity of nine different muscles was measured to investigate muscle effort when lifting. (3) Results: Peak moments and peak joint power in L5S1 were not different between the squat and the stoop, but higher peak moments and peak power in the hip, knee, elbow and shoulder were found during squat lifting. Moment impulses in L5S1 were higher during stoop lifting. This is reflected in higher peak electromyography (EMG) but lower muscle effort in prior described muscles during the squat. (4) Conclusions: Squat lifting imposes higher peak full body musculoskeletal loading but similar low back loading compared to stoop lifting, as reflected in peak moments, peak power, and peak EMG.
The Hydrometeorology Testbed–West Legacy Observing Network: Supporting Research to Applications for Atmospheric Rivers and Beyond
Authors: Ray Andrea J. , White Allen B.
Published: September 2019

An observing network has been established along the United States west coast that provides up to 20 years of observations to support early warning, preparedness and studies of atmospheric rivers (ARs). The Hydrometeorology Testbed–West Legacy Observing Network, a suite of upper air and surface observing instruments, is now an official National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) observing system with real-time data access provided via publicly available websites. This regional network of wind profiling radars and co-located instruments also provides observations of boundary layer processes such as complex-terrain flows that are not well depicted in the current operational rawindsonde and radar networks, satellites, or in high-resolution models. Furthermore, wind profiling radars have been deployed ephemerally for projects or campaigns in other areas, some with long records of observations. Current research uses of the observing system data are described as well as experimental products and services being transitioned from research to operations and applications. We then explore other ways in which this network and data library provide valuable resources for the community beyond ARs, including evaluation of high-resolution numerical weather prediction models and diagnosis of systematic model errors. Other applications include studies of gap flows and other terrain-influenced processes, snow level, air quality, winds for renewable energy and the predictability of cloudiness for solar energy industry.
Characterization of Real-World Pollutant Emissions and Fuel Consumption of Heavy-Duty Diesel Trucks with Latest Emissions Control
Authors: Keramydas Christos , Ntziachristos Leonidas , Tziourtzioumis Christos , Papadopoulos Georgios , Lo Ting-Shek , Ng Kwok-Lam , Wong Hok-Lai Anson , Wong Carol Ka-Lok
Published: September 2019

Heavy-duty diesel trucks (HDDTs) comprise a key source of road transport emissions and energy consumption worldwide mainly due to the growth of road freight traffic during the last two decades. Addressing their air pollutant and greenhouse gas emissions is therefore required, while accurate emission factors are needed to logistically optimize their operation. This study characterizes real-world emissions and fuel consumption (FC) of HDDTs and investigates the factors that affect their performance. Twenty-two diesel-fueled, Euro IV to Euro VI, HDDTs of six different manufacturers were measured in the road network of the Hong Kong metropolitan area, using portable emission measurement systems (PEMS). The testing routes included urban, highway and mixed urban/highway driving. The data collected corresponds to a wide range of driving, operating, and ambient conditions. Real-world distance- and energy-based emission levels are presented in a comparative manner to capture the effect of after-treatment technologies and the role of the evolution of Euro standards on emissions performance. The emission factors’ uncertainty is analyzed. The impact of speed, road grade and vehicle weight loading on FC and emissions is investigated. An analysis of diesel particulate filter (DPF) regenerations and ammonia (NH3) slip events are presented along with the study of Nitrous oxide (N2O) formation. The results reveal deviations of real-world HDDTs emissions from emission limits, as well as the significant impact of different operating and driving factors on their performance. The occasional high levels of N2O emissions from selective catalytic reduction equipped HDDTs is also revealed, an issue that has not been thoroughly considered so far.
Modelling Changes in Volatile Compounds in British Columbian Varietal Wines That Were Bottle Aged for Up to 120 Months
Authors: Bejaei Masoumeh , Cliff Margaret A. , Madilao Lufiani L. , vanVuuren Hennie J. J.
Published: September 2019

This research quantified 46 volatile compounds in vintage wines (1998–2005) from British Columbia (BC), which had been bottle-aged for up to 120 months. Wines were analyzed up to five times, between December 2003 and October 2008. Compounds were identified using gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and their concentrations were related to “wine age” using single linear regression (SLR). SLR models were developed for each wine compound (eight alcohol, 12 ester/acetate, one acid, one aldehyde, one sulfur) in eight varietal wines: six red (Cabernet franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Meritage, Merlot, Pinot noir, Syrah) and two white (Chardonnay, Pinot gris). Parameter estimates (b0, intercept; b1, slope) and R2 values for models were reported for each compound and each variety. Most of the significant SLR models (109/123) had negative slopes (−b1 coefficients), indicating a decrease in the compounds’ concentration with “wine age”. The b1 coefficients were very small for isobutyl acetate, ethyl isovalerate and ethyl decanoate (−0.00013 to −0.0006 mg/L/mon) and largest (most negative) for 3-methyl-1-butanol, ethyl lactate and isobutyl alcohol (−2.26 to −6.26 mg/L/mon). A few SLR models (14/123) had positive slopes (+b1 coefficients), indicating an increase in the compounds’ concentration with “wine age”, particularly for acetaldehyde, diethyl succinate, ethyl formate and dimethyl sulfide. The +b1 coefficients were smallest for ethyl decanoate (0.0001 mg/L/mon) and dimethyl sulfide (0.00024 mg/L/mon) and largest for dimethyl succinate and acetaldehyde (0.06 mg/L/mon). These values varied by four orders of magnitude (104), reflecting the large concentration range observed for the different volatile compounds. The work provided, for the first time, an empirical (non-theoretical) approach to documenting the evolution of volatile compounds in BC wines. It equipped the industry with an easy-to-use new tool for predicting the concentration of desirable or undesirable compounds in their wines and assisted the industry with decision making regarding the release of their wines into the marketplace.
HLA-G Polymorphisms Are Associated with Non-Segmental Vitiligo among Brazilians
Authors: Veiga-Castelli Luciana , de Oliveira Maria Luiza , Pereira Alison , Debortoli Guilherme , Marcorin Letícia , Fracasso Nádia , Silva Guilherme , Souza Andreia , Massaro Juliana , Simões Aguinaldo Luiz , Sabbagh Audrey , Cardili Renata , Donadi Eduardo , Castelli Erick , Mendes-Junior Celso
Published: September 2019

(1) Background: Vitiligo is characterized by white patches on the skin caused by loss of melanocyte activity or the absence of these cells. The available treatments minimize the symptoms by retarding the process of skin depigmentation or re-pigmenting the affected regions. New studies are required for a better comprehension of the mechanisms that trigger the disease and for the development of more efficient treatments. Studies have suggested an autoimmune feature for vitiligo, based on the occurrence of other autoimmune diseases in vitiligo patients and their relatives, and on the involvement of genes related to the immune response. (2) Methods: We evaluated, by massive parallel sequencing, polymorphisms of the HLA-G gene in vitiligo patients and control samples, to verify if variants of this gene could influence the susceptibility to vitiligo. (3) Results: We detected an association with non-segmental vitiligo regarding the haplotype Distal-010101a/G*01:01:01:01/UTR-1, adjusting for population stratification by using ancestry-informative markers (AIMs). (4) Conclusions: It remains unclear whether the HLA-G variants associated with vitiligo were detected because of the high linkage disequilibrium (LD) with HLA-A*02, or if the HLA-A variants previously reported as associated with vitiligo were detected because of the high LD with HLA-G*01:01:01:01/UTR-1, or if both genes jointly contribute to vitiligo susceptibility.
Anacardium Plants: Chemical,Nutritional Composition and Biotechnological Applications
Authors: Salehi Bahare , Gültekin-Özgüven Mine , Kırkın Celale , Özçelik Beraat , Morais-Braga Maria Flaviana Bezerra , Carneiro Joara Nalyda Pereira , Bezerra Camila Fonseca , Silva Teresinha Gonçalves da , Coutinho Henrique Douglas Melo , Amina Benabdallah , Armstrong Lorene , Selamoglu Zeliha , Sevindik Mustafa , Yousaf Zubaida , Sharifi-Rad Javad , Muddathir Ali Mahmoud , Devkota Hari Prasad , Martorell Miquel , Jugran Arun Kumar , Martins Natália , Cho William C.
Published: September 2019

Anacardium plants are native to the American tropical regions, and Anacardium occidentale L. (cashew tree) is the most recognized species of the genus. These species contain rich secondary metabolites in their leaf and shoot powder, fruits and other parts that have shown diverse applications. This review describes the habitat and cultivation of Anacardium species, phytochemical and nutritional composition, and their industrial food applications. Besides, we also discuss the secondary metabolites present in Anacardium plants which display great antioxidant and antimicrobial effects. These make the use of Anacardium species in the food industry an interesting approach to the development of green foods.
Glypican 3-Targeted Therapy in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Nishida Takahiro , Kataoka Hiroaki
Published: September 2019

Glypican-3 (GPC3) is an oncofetal glycoprotein attached to the cell membrane by a glycophosphatidylinositol anchor. GPC3 is overexpressed in some kinds of tumors, particularly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The prognostic significance of serum GPC3 levels and GPC3 immunoreactivity in tumor cells has been defined in patients with HCC. In addition to its usefulness as a biomarker, GPC3 has attracted attention as a novel therapeutic target molecule, and clinical trials targeting GPC3 are in progress. The major mechanism of anti-GPC3 antibody (GPC3Ab) against cancer cells is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and/or complement-dependent cytotoxicity. Since GPC3Ab is associated with immune responses, a combination of protocols with immune checkpoint inhibitors has also been investigated. Moreover, some innovative approaches for GPC3-targeting therapy have emerged in recent years. This review introduces the results of recent clinical trials targeting GPC3 in HCC and summarizes the latest knowledge regarding the role of GPC3 in HCC progression and clinical application targeting GPC3.
A Facile Synthesis of ZrOx-MnCO3/Graphene Oxide (GRO) Nanocomposites for the Oxidation of Alcohols using Molecular Oxygen under Base Free Conditions
Authors: Adil Syed Farooq , Assal Mohamed E. , Shaik Mohammed Rafi , Kuniyil Mufsir , AlOtaibi Nawaf M. , Khan Mujeeb , Sharif Muhammad , Alam M. Mujahid , Al-Warthan Abdulrahman , Mohammed Jabair Ali , Siddiqui Mohammed Rafiq H , Tahir Muhammad Nawaz
Published: September 2019

Graphene and its nanocomposites are showing excellent potential in improving the catalytic performances of different materials. However, the synthetic protocol and its form, such as graphene oxide (GRO) or highly reduced graphene oxide (HRG), influence the catalytic efficiencies. Here, we present, a facile synthesis of graphene oxide (GRO) and ZrOx-MnCO3-based nanocomposites [(1%)ZrOx–MnCO3/(x%)GRO] and their outcome as an oxidation catalyst for alcohol oxidation under mild conditions using O2 as a clean oxidant. The ZrOx–MnCO3/GRO catalyst prepared by incorporating GRO to pre-calcined ZrOx-MnCO3 using ball milling showed remarkable enhancement in the catalytic activities as compared to pristine ZrOx–MnCO3, ZrOx–MnCO3 supported on HRG or ZrOx–MnCO3/GRO prepared by in-situ growth of ZrOx–MnCO3 onto GRO followed by calcination. The catalyst with composition (1%)ZrOx–MnCO3/(1%)GRO exhibited superior specific activity (57.1 mmol/g·h) with complete conversion and >99% selectivity of the product within a short period of time (7 min) and at a relatively lower temperature (100 °C). The catalyst could be recycled at least five times with a negligible decrease in efficiency and selectivity. The catalytic study was extended to different aromatic as well as aliphatic alcohols under optimized conditions, which confirmed the efficiency and selectivity of the catalyst.
Molecular Catalysis for Utilizing CO2 in Fuel Electro-Generation and in Chemical Feedstock
Authors: Leung Chi-Fai , Ho Pui-Yu
Published: September 2019

Processes for the conversion of CO2 to valuable chemicals are highly desired as a result of the increasing CO2 levels in the atmosphere and the subsequent elevating global temperature. However, CO2 is thermodynamically and kinetically inert to transformation and, therefore, many efforts were made in the last few decades. Reformation/hydrogenation of CO2 is widely used as a means to access valuable products such as acetic acids, CH4, CH3OH, and CO. The electrochemical reduction of CO2 using hetero- and homogeneous catalysts recently attracted much attention. In particular, molecular CO2 reduction catalysts were widely studied using transition-metal complexes modified with various ligands to understand the relationship between various catalytic properties and the coordination spheres above the metal centers. Concurrently, the coupling of CO2 with various electrophiles under homogeneous conditions is also considered an important approach for recycling CO2 as a renewable C-1 substrate in the chemical industry. This review summarizes some recent advances in the conversion of CO2 into valuable chemicals with particular focus on the metal-catalyzed reductive conversion and functionalization of CO2.
Impact of HPV Infection on the Immune System in Oropharyngeal and Non-Oropharyngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lechien Jerome R. , Seminerio Imelda , Descamps Géraldine , Mat Quentin , Mouawad Francois , Hans Stéphane , Julieron Morbize , Dequanter Didier , Vanderhaegen Thibault , Journe Fabrice , Saussez Sven
Published: September 2019

Objectives: To review the current knowledge regarding the involvement of human papilloma virus (HPV) infection and the immune system in the development of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). Methods: An electronic literature search was conducted to identify articles published between 1990 and 2019 pertaining to tumor-infiltrating immune cells (TICs) in HNSCC using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines. Issues of clinical relevance, including tumor location, the number of tumor samples, the inclusion of additional specimens (dysplastic or normal mucosa), tumor size, methods used for HPV detection, relationship between antigen expression and patient characteristics (age, gender, smoking, alcohol consumption, etc.), and prognostic data (overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS)) were assessed by four blinded investigators. Results: The search identified 335 relevant studies, of which 41 met the inclusion criteria. Of these, 7 studies focused on the peripheral blood immune cell concentration in patients with HNSCC according to HPV status, and 36 studies investigated TICs in the intraepithelial and/or stromal compartment(s) according to HPV status. The immune cells studied were CD8+ T cells (N = 19), CD4+ T cells (N = 7), regulatory T cells (Tregs, N = 15), macrophages (N = 13), myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs, N = 4), and Langerhans cells (LCs, N = 2). Conclusions: Irrespective of tumor location, CD8+ and CD4+ T cells appear to play a key role in the development of HPV−related HNSCC, and their infiltration is likely associated with a significant impact on OS and RFS. To date, the roles and prognostic value of Tregs, macrophages, DCs and MDSCs remain unclear.
Go Girls!—Dance-Based Fitness to Increase Enjoyment of Exercise in Girls at Risk for PCOS
Authors: King Anna K. , McGill-Meeks Kara , Beller Jennifer P. , Burt Solorzano Christine M.
Published: September 2019

Weight loss can reduce the hyperandrogenemia associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in peripubertal girls. Yet, adolescent girls have the lowest rates of physical activity and enjoyment of exercise. We created a dance-based support group (Go Girls!) to entice physical activity and improve enjoyment. Girls ages 7–21 over the 85th BMI percentile were recruited and attended once-weekly sessions for 3–6 months. We assessed changes in Physical Activity Enjoyment Scale (PACES), anthropometrics, laboratory data, and amounts of home exercise at 0, 3, and 6 months. Sixteen girls completed either 3 or 6 months. PACES scores were surprisingly high at baseline and remained high. Systolic blood pressure percentile decreased post-intervention. Although no group differences were observed, the majority of individual girls had decreased waist circumference, triglycerides, and metabolic syndrome severity score. Forty percent had decreased free testosterone levels. More girls enjoyed physical education class, got exercise outside of school, and made other lifestyle changes. This dance-based support group was enjoyed by girls and demonstrated health benefits. Continued efforts to engage girls in physical activity are necessary to protect girls from the consequences of obesity, including PCOS and metabolic syndrome. Dance exercise remains a promising tool to encourage physical activity in girls.