bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Understanding the United Kingdom marine aquarium trade – a mystery shopper study of species on sale
Authors: Pinnegar John K. , Murray Joanna M.
Published: February 2019

In this study, we conducted a unique survey of marine ornamental fishes appearing in UK retail stores, as well as a review of government trade statistics, with the aim to significantly strengthen the evidence‐base in support of future management initiatives. Fifty marine aquarium retailers were visited. A total of 380 marine aquarium fish species (4926 individuals), from 48 families were recorded with the largest proportion of individuals belonging to the families Pomacentridae, Acanthuridae, Apogonidae, Labridae, Pomacanthidae, Gobiidae and Labridae. The majority of fishes for sale (91% of species) originated from the Indo‐Pacific Ocean, with only a small number (9% of species) derived from the Atlantic Ocean. However, exact sources of individual species were unclear and poorly documented. Government trade statistics revealed that the ornamental reef‐fish trade in the UK grew markedly between 1996 and 2008 with a rapid acceleration in 2003–2004. However, imports have declined since 2008 and amounted to less than 305,000 kg in 2017 with an economic value of UK £3 million (c. US $3.8). Recent trade data (2017) identify Indonesia, USA, Philippines and the Maldives as the most important countries in terms of imports to the UK. The UK is an important exporter of wild‐caught fishes via trans‐shipment, but also production of tank‐reared animals. Several species observed for sale in the UK have been designated by the IUCN and CITES as being of conservation concern, although all these animals are thought to have been captive‐reared.
Systemic infection in European perch with thermoadapted virulent Aeromonas salmonicida (Perca fluviatilis)
Authors: Rupp Melanie , Pilo Paola , Müller Barbara , Knüsel Ralph , von Siebenthal Beat , Frey Joachim , Sindilariu Paul‐Daniel , Schmidt‐Posthaus Heike
Published: February 2019

In non‐salmonid fish, Aeromonas salmonicidacan cause local infections with severe skin ulcerations, known as atypical furunculosis. In this study, we present a systemic infection by a virulent A. salmonicidain European perch (Perca fluviatilis).This infection was diagnosed in a Swiss warm water recirculation aquaculture system. The isolate of A.  salmonicida encodes a type three secretion system (TTSS) most likely located on a plasmid similar to pAsa5/pASvirA, which is known to specify one of the main virulence attributes of the species A. salmonicida. However, the genes specifying the TTSS of the perch isolate show a higher temperature tolerance than strains isolated from cold‐water fish. The function of the TTSS in virulence was verified in a cytotoxicity test using bluegill fry and epithelioma papulosum cyprinid cells.
First detection and isolation of infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus from farmed rainbow trout in Nyeri County, Kenya
Authors: Mulei Isaac R. , Nyaga Phillip N. , Mbuthia Paul G. , Waruiru Robert M. , Xu Cheng , Evensen Øystein , Mutoloki Stephen
Published: February 2019

Infectious haematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) is the causative agent of infectious haematopoietic necrosis, a disease of salmonid responsible for great economic losses. The disease occurs in most parts of the world where rainbow trout is reared but has not been previously reported in Kenya. In this study, rainbow trout fry and growers from two farms in Nyeri County were screened for IHNV. Whole fry (n = 4 from each farm) and kidney samples from growers (n = 15 andn = 6 from the two farms, respectively) were collected and preserved for cell culture examination or PCR analysis. Screening of samples was done by PCR followed by sequencing of the glycoprotein gene of the virus. Demonstration of the virus was done by propagation in EPC cells followed by the indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). The results revealed the presence of IHNV at low prevalence of 0.1 and 0.4 for the two farms. The virus was confirmed both by IFAT and by partial sequencing of the G gene. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the Kenyan isolates were identical to those of the J genogroup found mostly in Asia. The findings have implications for biosecurity measures and import regulations for the Kenyan rainbow trout industry.
Effects of radio frequency, air and water tempering, and different end‐point tempering temperatures on pork quality
Authors: Zhu Yali , Li Feng , Tang Juming , Wang Ting‐Ting , Jiao Yang
Published: February 2019

To explore the effects of different tempering methods and end‐tempering temperature on pork quality, 1 kg frozen lean pork samples in cuboid shapes were treated under radio frequency tempering (3 kW, 27.12 MHz), water tempering, and air tempering from −22°C to −1°C and −4°C, respectively. Tempering time, temperature distribution, drip loss, cook loss, pH, color, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) value, total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) value of tempered samples were evaluated for comparison. Results showed both tempering methods and tempering temperature had significant (p < 0.05) effects on pork quality. The tempering time needed for water and air tempering were about 9 and 17 times longer than radio frequency tempering to reach −1°C, respectively (p < 0.05). From the tempering temperature point of view, when tempered to −1°C, no significant effect was found on physical and chemical properties of pork samples than tempered to −4°C (p > 0.05) expect for the increased drip loss, cook loss and the decreased pH (p < 0.05). From the tempering method point of view, air tempering retains the most physiochemical properties of fresh pork samples except for a higher cook loss, and a lower pH when tempering to −1°C (p < 0.05). The cook loss, TVBN and b* values were significantly higher, and the pH and L* values were lower (p < 0.05) in water immersion tempering to −1°C than those of fresh samples. Meanwhile, the cook loss, TVBN and b* was higher, and pH was lower than those of fresh values (p < 0.05) after radio frequency tempering to −1°C. In general, air tempering retained the best quality of pork samples, and radio frequency tempering showed the fastest tempering rate while also resulted in an acceptable meat quality, which has the potential of being further applied to meat industry.

Practical application

Results in this study provide sufficient data to the meat industry for selecting appropriate tempering method and target tempering temperature based on specific requirements. Results reveal that radio frequency tempering was fast and relatively uniform, which had the capability of defrosting meat blocks in the desired short time with acceptable physiochemical properties. However, radio frequency tempering also showed its limitation on non‐uniform heating especially at targeting temperature of −1°C. This reminds the meat industry to carefully design tempering protocols with appropriate tempering rate and endpoint temperature when applying radio frequency technology.
Inhaler Review in Older Adults with Asthma or COPD: A Cost‐Effectiveness Study and a Perspective in Portugal
Authors: Maricoto Tiago , Marques‐Gomes João , Correia‐de‐Sousa Jaime , Taborda‐Barata Luís
Published: February 2019

OBJECTIVES

Older patients with asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease are particularly susceptible to exacerbations that may be associated with incorrect use of inhalers. Educational programs with inhaler technique review seem to be effective, but no studies have addressed their cost‐effectiveness in older adult patients.

The objective was to perform a cost‐effectiveness analysis of education programs in older patients and estimate the cost benefit of applying such a program in Portugal.

DESIGN

We developed a decision tree analysis from a healthcare perspective, according to intervention costs and the exacerbation rates and costs described in a previous meta‐analysis. A sensitivity analysis of worst and best case scenarios was performed to estimate thresholds for intervention affordable limits, as well as cost‐saving estimations and incremental cost‐effectiveness ratios (ICERs) for a Portuguese scenario.

SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS

We estimated cost‐effectiveness thresholds applicable in all settings and performed a sensitivity analysis of a theoretical intervention model in all patients including an inhaler technique review at an annual appointment with a doctor and a nurse.

RESULTS

In the best case scenario, the intervention affordable budget could be up to almost 1800€ (US $1585.24) per patient per year. Mean intervention‐associated savings in Portugal would be 311.88€ (US $274.68) per patient per year, representing annual savings up to €131 million (US $150 million) for the whole health system, already including intervention costs. ICERs for Portugal vary between 93.73€ (US $82.55) and 437.43€ (US $385.25) per exacerbation avoided.

CONCLUSION

A model of an intervention program with an inhaler technique review in older adult patients suggests that this intervention is cost‐effective and can generate significant savings. J Am Geriatr Soc 1–7, 2019.
Women and Tattoos: Fashion, Meaning, and Implications for Health
Authors: Farley Cindy L. , Van Hoover Cheri , Rademeyer Carol‐Ann
Published: February 2019

Tattooing is a type of body modification that is both ancient and modern. Tattooing is rapidly increasing in popularity and prevalence, especially among younger people. Therefore, health care providers require knowledge about this form of artistic expression, including potential health implications and psychosocial significance. Tattooing is richly laden with cultural and personal meaning, but despite the increasingly mainstream status of this art form, individuals with tattoos may experience stigma, stereotyping, and discrimination in their personal and professional lives. The legal and regulatory aspects of tattoos have lagged behind the rapid growth of this art form, causing confusion and variation in practice. Particularly concerning is the multitude of largely unregulated tattoo inks marketed for human use but untested on humans. Common and uncommon side effects and complications of this procedure include hypersensitivity, infection, and regret. More women than men are now tattooed, and tattooing is associated with important implications for women's health care, including pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. Because of the frequency of regret, many individuals wish to be rid of previously acquired body art. Therefore, health care providers also need to be conversant with tattoo removal: motivations, techniques, risks, and factors influencing success. Familiarity with the many dimensions of body art will facilitate safe, compassionate health care provision and will enhance the therapeutic relationship enjoyed by clinicians and the individuals they serve.
Factors That Contribute to Excessive Sleepiness in Midwives Practicing in the United States
Authors: Arbour Megan , Tanner Tanya , Hensley Jennifer , Beardsley Janet , Wika Judie , Garvan Cynthia
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Excessive daytime sleepiness is defined as difficulty maintaining wakefulness and alertness during normal waking hours. Excessive daytime sleepiness can lead to clinical errors in health care workers and is associated with dangerous driving. Little is known about the level of daytime sleepiness in midwives in the United States. The purposes of this study, conducted by the American College of Nurse‐Midwives (ACNM) Sleep and Safety Taskforce, were first to identify the sleepiness level of US certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs) and certified midwives (CMs) by calculating Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores for CNM/CMs in full‐scope practice, and then to determine factors that significantly contribute to elevated Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores (>10).

Methods

Participants in this descriptive, correlational survey study were active ACNM members in full‐scope midwifery practice. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analysis, and logistic regression were used for data analysis. Surveys were emailed to all active members of ACNM (N = 4358).

Results

A total of 753 (17.3%) survey responses were returned, of which 639 (14.7%) were eligible for analysis. Within this group, 639 (84.9%) self‐identified as being in full‐scope midwifery practice, and one‐fourth (n = 164; 25.7%) had elevated Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores. Duration of work shifts was the only variable found to significantly contribute to differences in Epworth Sleepiness Scale scores, with midwives working shifts longer than 12 hours having higher rates of excessive daytime sleepiness compared with midwives who worked shifts of 12 hours or less.

Discussion

Midwives, midwifery services, and maternity care centers can work together to ensure that clinicians obtain adequate sleep. Reducing excessive sleepiness will contribute to increased safety for midwives, women, newborns, and the general public.
Impact of Coping Strategies on Nurses’ Well‐Being and Practice
Authors: Lee Tony Szu‐Hsien , Tzeng Wen‐Chii , Chiang Hui‐Hsun
Published: February 2019

Objectives

To examine the mechanisms of coping strategies on nurses’ psychological well‐being, practice environments and safety attitudes.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study design was used. Structural equation modeling was performed to analyze the results. Five hundred clinical nurses were randomly selected from a large group of 1,500 from a medical center with 1,350 beds in Taipei, Taiwan, from July to October 2015. Self‐report questionnaires were administered to measure coping strategies (Brief COPE), psychological well‐being (Ryff's Psychological Well‐being Scale), nurses’ practice environments (Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index), and safety attitudes (Safety Attitudes Questionnaire).

Results

Of the 500 participants who gave written consent, 474 (94.8%) filled out the questionnaire. Results showed that using more approach‐oriented coping strategies and fewer avoidant coping strategies was associated with greater psychological well‐being. Psychological well‐being was directly associated with quality of nurses’ practice environments and safety attitudes. The impact of psychological well‐being on safety attitudes was mediated significantly by the quality of the practice environment. The use of approach‐oriented coping strategies was significantly predictive of positive psychological well‐being, a good practice environment, and good safety attitudes.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

This study found a distinct pathway for the relationships between clinical nurses’ psychological well‐being, practice environment, and safety attitudes. Psychological well‐being in clinical nurses was higher for those with more approach‐oriented coping strategies. Psychological well‐being directly impacted safety attitudes, which mediated nurses’ practice environments. The practical implications of the results suggest that interventions designed to promote positive psychological well‐being may help improve nurses’ practice environments, which, in turn, may result in better safety attitudes and nursing care outcomes.
Trotula de Ruggiero: The Magistra mulier sapiens and her medical dermatology treatises
Authors: Bifulco Maurizio , De Falco Domenico D. , Aquino Rita P. , Pisanti Simona
Published: February 2019

Trotula de Ruggiero is supposed to be one of the first female physician of the history, or at least the first who practiced, taught, and wrote medical texts inside the illustrious medieval Medical School of Salerno around the XI‐XII centuries. Here we retrace the steps of her fascinating history from historical cues to legendary anecdotes, through the analysis of the medical texts which were ascribed to her in the Middle Ages and that were very popular around Europe for several centuries, prevalently dealing with all the aspects of women's medical problems, with a focus on dermatology, cosmetic science, and obstetrics/gynecology.
Skeletal maturation and predicted adult height in adolescents with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis
Authors: Hong Seok Woo , Lee Jeong Keun , Kang Jeong‐Hyun
Published: February 2019

Background

The occurrence of osteoarthritis (OA) of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in juveniles could be associated with fluctuating levels of oestrogen and growth hormone (GH) during adolescence.

Objective

To investigate extent of skeletal maturation and predicted adult height in adolescents with TMJ OA.

Method

In total, 155 adolescents (54 males, 101 females; mean age, 14.1 ± 2.0 years) were enrolled. Among them, 19 adolescents (CON) showed no sign of TMD, 50 adolescents exhibited signs of disc displacement but did not have TMJ OA (TMDnoOA), 23 adolescents exhibited the initial stage of TMJ OA (TMJOAini) and 63 adolescents exhibited the severe stage of TMJ OA (TMJOApro). TMJ OA was diagnosed based on the Research Diagnostic Criteria axis I and bone age was estimated using the Greulich‐Pyle method. The height, weight and body mass index of participated adolescents were measured and statistically converted to z‐scores. The predicted adult height and age of peak height velocity (APHV) were calculated using the BoneXpert® software.

Results

In female adolescents, the differences between the chronological and bone ages were significantly higher and the z‐score for height was significantly lower in the TMJOApro. Female adolescents with TMJOA exhibited a significantly shorter predicted adult height and earlier APHV than those in the CON and TMDnoOA.

Conclusion

The adolescents with TMJ OA exhibited premature skeletal maturations and short predicted adult stature, particularly the female adolescents.
Dentin hypersensitivity monitored by cold air quantitative sensory testing
Authors: Brönnimann Ben V. E. , Hou Mei‐Yin , Zembic Anja , Parkinson Charles X. , Meier Michael L , Ettlin Dominik A.
Published: February 2019

Background

Quantification of dentin hypersensitivity (DH) is challenging and requires standardised, graded stimulation by natural‐like stimuli.

Objective

The present study aimed at identifying DH subjects and longitudinally monitoring their pain thresholds by cold air quantitative sensory testing (QST).

Methods

Subject recruitment started with an online DH questionnaire. Respondents were screened by dental air stimulation. Sensitising and habituating subjects were excluded. A recently developed stimulation device was employed for cold air QST. Single tooth DH was verified by applying an equi‐intense stimulus to a control tooth. Descriptive statistics were applied for subject characteristics. Mean values were calculated for the stimulation parameters temperature and air flow. Reliability of temperatures for detecting pain and for evoking moderate pain over multiple time points within a 3‐week period was analysed by two‐way random single‐ and average‐measure intra‐class correlation coefficients.

Results

A total of 353 persons completed the online DH questionnaire of which 117 were screened. Forty‐four passed the screening, yet 15 were excluded for various reasons. Twenty‐nine subjects were monitored by QST across 3 weeks. Results revealed a high intra‐individual stability of the temperature inducing moderate to strong pain intensity (MPI) (single‐measure ICC of TMPI 0.83, P < 0.001). Mean TMPI was −13.69°C, yet it highly varied among the 29 subjects (SD ± 10.04°C).

Conclusions

Using a novel approach, namely dental QST based on cold air stimuli, we present evidence for temporally stable DH perceptions over a 3‐week period. The method fulfils international guideline requirements and is recommendable for obtaining valid results when testing various interventions for DH management.
Cooperation in a risky world
Authors: Théroude Vincent , Zylbersztejn Adam
Published: February 2019

We offer a novel investigation of the effect of environmental risk on cooperation in the Voluntary Contribution Mechanism. Our baseline is the standard setting, in which the personal return from the public good is deterministic, homogeneous, and publicly known. Our experimental treatments alter this classic design by making the marginal per capita return from the public good probabilistic. In thehomogeneous risk(HomR) treatment, the random draw is made for the whole group, whereas in theheterogeneous risk(HetR) treatment, this happens independently for each group member. Our hypothesis is that different environmental risks may differently affect the ex post payoff inequalities, so that other‐regarding preferences (inequality aversion) may generate higher contributions in HomR than in HetR. Our main result is that the environmental risk does not affect the patterns of cooperation either in the one‐shot or in the finitely repeated version of the game. This suggests that the standard experimental methodology provides a robust and conservative measure of human cooperation.
Homeobox genes in melatonin‐producing pinealocytes: Otx2 and Crx act to promote hormone synthesis in the mature rat pineal gland
Authors: Rohde Kristian , Hertz Henrik , Rath Martin F.
Published: February 2019

Homeobox genes encode transcription factors that regulate developmental processes; however, in the pineal gland, a neuroendocrine organ responsible for nocturnal melatonin synthesis, expression of the homeobox genes Otx2 (orthodenticle homeobox 2) and Crx (cone‐rod homeobox) persists postnatally. We here show that OTX2 and CRX are exclusively present in melatonin‐producing pinealocytes of the rat pineal gland. To understand the roles of Otx2 and Crx in the mature pineal gland, we used siRNA technology in cultured rat pinealocytes with the nocturnal situation mimicked by adding norepinephrine to the culture media. siRNA‐induced knockdown of Otx2 was found to reduce expression levels of the enzymes involved in melatonin synthesis at both transcript and protein levels. Similar results were obtained when knocking down Crx. Knocking down Otx2 and Crx simultaneously produced an even larger reduction in both transcript and protein levels of the melatonin‐producing enzymes and also reduced the levels of melatonin released to the culture media. These results suggest that Otx2 and Crx, both alone and in combination, act to control pineal melatonin synthesis.
Individuality in seaweeds and why we need to care
Authors: Demes Kyle W. , Pruitt Jonathan N.
Published: February 2019

Documenting the causes and consequences of intraspecific variation forms the foundation of much of evolutionary ecology. In thisPerspectivespiece, we review the importance of individual variation in ecology and evolution, argue that contemporary phycology often overlooks this foundational biological unit, and highlight how this lack of attention has potentially constrained our understanding of seaweeds. We then provide some suggestions of promising but underrepresented approaches, for instance: conducting more studies and analyses at the level of the individual; designing studies to evaluate heritability and genetic regulation of traits; and measuring associations between individual variation in functional traits and ecological outcomes. We close by highlighting areas of phycological research (e.g., population biology, ecology, aquaculture, climate change management) that could benefit immediately from including a focus on individual variation. Algae, for their part, provide us with a powerful and diverse set of ecological and evolutionary traits to explore these topics. There is much to be discovered.
The Changing Landscape of Diabetes Mortality in the United States Across Region and Rurality, 1999‐2016
Authors: Callaghan Timothy , Ferdinand Alva O. , Akinlotan Marvellous A. , Towne Samuel D. , Bolin Jane
Published: February 2019

Purpose

This brief report examines place‐based differences in diabetes mortality in order to understand whether disparities in diabetes mortality have changed across United States Census regions and levels of rurality over time.

Methods

We use data from the National Center for Health Statistics from 1999 to 2016 to analyze changes in diabetes mortality over time and across geographical regions of the United States.

Findings

We find evidence that diabetes mortality has declined in the United States over the past 2 decades, but that improvements in mortality vary considerably by place. Improvements are observed in urban America and in the Northeast and Midwest while diabetes mortality has remained largely unchanged in rural areas, particularly in the rural South.

Conclusions

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death in the United States, but important differences have emerged in the burden of this disease. Reductions in diabetes mortality are lagging in rural areas, and the rural South in particular, relative to other areas of the country. Continued innovations in care and targeted interventions in rural areas are warranted.
The impact of HIV infection and men who have sex with men status on hepatitis A infection: The experience of two tertiary centres in Northern Italy during the 2017 outbreak and in the 2009‐2016 period
Authors: Lombardi Andrea , Rossotti Roberto , Moioli Maria Cristina , Merli Marco , Valsecchi Pietro , Zuccaro Valentina , Vecchia Marco , Grecchi Cecilia , Patruno Savino F. A. , Sacchi Paolo , Fabbiani Massimiliano , Puoti Massimo , Bruno Raffaele
Published: February 2019

Hepatitis A is a self‐limiting infection representing the most common cause of viral hepatitis worldwide. Despite being a low incidence region, in the European Union, an increasing number of cases have been reported since summer 2016, resulting in a large outbreak in 2017, involving mainly men who have sex with men (MSM). Some reports described a different clinical course of hepatitis A virus in patients infected by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) or MSM. We consecutively collected all the hospitalized cases of hepatitis A referred to two tertiary centres in Northern Italy in 2017 and retrospectively analysed the electronic records of the 2009‐2016 period (pre‐2017). We evaluated demographics data, risk factors, comorbidities and laboratory results to see whether MSM status or HIV infection influenced the disease. Overall, 117 cases were identified in 2017:107 (91%) were male, 78 reported themselves as MSM (66%) and 17 (14.5%) were infected by HIV. For the pre‐2017 period, 48 cases were reported: 29 (60%) were male and 3 (6.2%) were infected by HIV. After stratification for HIV infection, MSM status and occurrence period, no differences were found in aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase; bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and bilirubin values, hospitalization length, HIV viral load and CD4 + cells count. HIV‐positive patients presented a higher number of patients with INR > 1.5 at admission. MSM status and HIV infection did not affect neither the clinical course nor the severity of hepatitis A.
Advanced liver disease in Russian children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Turkova Anna , Volynets Galina V. , Crichton Siobhan , Skvortsova Tamara A. , Panfilova Victoria N. , Rogozina Natalia V. , Khavkin Anatoly I. , Tumanova Elena L. , Indolfi Giuseppe , Thorne Claire
Published: February 2019

Russia has one of the highest prevalences of paediatric chronic hepatitis C infection (CHC). Our aim was to provide a detailed characterization of children and adolescents with CHC including treatment outcomes. Thus, an observational study of children with CHC aged <18 years was conducted in three hepatology centres from November 2014 to May 2017. Of 301 children (52% male), 196 (65%) acquired HCV vertically, 70 (23%) had a history of blood transfusion or invasive procedures, 1 injecting drug use and 34 (11%) had no known risk factors. Median age at HCV diagnosis was 3.1 [interquartile range, IQR 1.1, 8.2] and 10.8 [7.4, 14.7] at last follow‐up. The most common genotype was 1b (51%), followed by 3 (37%). Over a quarter of patients (84, 28%) had raised liver transaminases. Of 92 with liver biopsy, 38 (41%) had bridging fibrosis (median age 10.4 [7.1, 14.1]). Of 223 evaluated by transient elastography, 67 (30%) had liver stiffness ≥5.0 kPa. For each year, increase in age mean stiffness increased by 0.09 kPa (95% CI 0.05, 0.13, P < 0.001). There was significant correlation between liver stiffness and biopsy results (Tau‐b = 0.29, P = 0.042). Of 205 treated with IFN‐based regimens, 100 (49%) had SVR24. Most children (191, 93%) experienced adverse reactions, leading to treatment discontinuation in 6 (3%). In conclusion, a third of children acquired HCV via nonvertical routes and a substantial proportion of those with liver biopsy had advanced liver disease. Only half of children achieved SVR24 with IFN‐based regimens highlighting the need for more effective and better‐tolerated treatments with direct‐acting antivirals. Further studies are warranted in Russia on causes and prevention of nonvertical transmission of HCV in children.
Geese are overlooked dispersal vectors for vascular plants in archipelago environments
Authors: Hattermann Dirk , Bernhardt‐Römermann Markus , Otte Annette , Eckstein Rolf Lutz
Published: February 2019

Question

We addressed the importance of gut‐mediated dispersal by greylag geese for vascular plants in archipelago environments and asked: (a) What proportion of the local species pool is dispersed by geese? (b) Which plant traits characterize species dispersed by geese? (c) Which plant communities are likely to benefit from endozoochory by geese?

Location

Three Swedish Baltic archipelagos.

Methods

Goose droppings were collected on 45 islands. Plants germinating from the droppings represent the endozoochorous species pool (ESP). On 108 islands, the presence of vascular plants was recorded in each habitat. These species represent the island species pool (ISP). Differences in functional traits between ESP and ISP were expressed as effect sizes and tested using meta‐regressions. Using indicator species analyses and indicator species for managed semi‐natural grasslands, we identified the primary habitats of the ESP.

Results

Geese dispersed viable diaspores of 97 plant species, which represents 22% of the ISP. Most ESP species were typical for small islands. Geese dispersed a higher proportion of graminoids and less woody plants, higher proportions of chamaephytes and therophytes and less phanerophytes; annuals and bi‐annuals were significantly overrepresented. On average, seed volume of the ESP was 95% smaller than that of the ISP. About 51% of all ESP species were dispersed in at least two archipelagos. Geese showed a bias towards species of rocky shore habitats.

Conclusion

Geese potentially disperse large amounts of diaspores of many terrestrial island plant species. Through their feeding behaviour, geese select species with certain suites of traits from the regional species pool. Plant dispersal by geese may benefit plants species of rocky shores, but species of formerly managed semi‐natural grasslands may also find refuge sites on epilittoral shores after goose‐mediated dispersal. The relative importance of geese as dispersal vectors may increase under on‐going land‐use changes and cessation of grazing networks.
Hedgerow age affects the species richness of herbaceous forest plants
Authors: Litza Kathrin , Diekmann Martin
Published: February 2019

Questions

Are recent hedgerows less rich in forest vascular plants than ancient hedgerows? Does the proximity to potential source populations influence the forest species richness in recent hedgerows? Is there a difference in the dispersal potential of forest specialists found in recent and ancient hedgerows? How similar is the species composition between hedgerows of different ages?

Location

Southeastern Schleswig‐Holstein, Northern Germany.

Methods

We investigated 30 hedgerows in a pairwise design to compare the species composition of ancient and recent hedgerows.

Results

While recent hedgerows already function as habitats for herbaceous forest specialists, they contain significantly fewer forest species than ancient hedgerows. Besides hedgerow age proximity to ancient forests, a wide shrub layer, high pH values and a low phosphorus content are also positively associated with the number of forest specialists. The similarity in species composition between recent and ancient hedgerows increases with the age of the recent hedgerow. Epizoochorous dispersal and reproduction by seed favour the colonisation of recent hedgerows by forest species. Most environmental and hedgerow structural parameters do not differ between the age categories except for pH, which is significantly higher in recent hedgerows.

Conclusions

Ancient hedgerows are important for regional biodiversity, especially as source populations for recent hedgerows, and therefore need to be protected. If the recent hedgerows are managed traditionally, they can over time transform into valuable habitats similar to ancient hedgerows.
Free and Open Source Software and FRAND‐based patent licenses
Authors: Maracke Catharina
Published: February 2019

In the context of digital transformation, both standards and Free and Open Source Software (FOSS) can be seen as key to success for innovation. However, the increasing role of FOSS in the ICT sector has provoked the question of interplay and compatibility between FOSS and standardization processes. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of the different licensing regimes, FOSS licenses and fair, reasonable, and non‐discriminatory (FRAND)‐based licenses, and to shed some light on the current debate by analyzing possible tensions between some of the most prominent FOSS licenses and their interaction with FRAND‐based patent licenses. The article will begin with an overview of the history and context of FOSS licenses and FRAND‐based licensing regimes, continue with a legal review of the actual language of prominent FOSS licenses, and provide further thoughts on future opportunities and challenges for the interaction between FOSS projects and standard processes, with a particular view on FOSS implementations of standards.
Connecting spectral radiometry of anthropogenic light sources to the visual ecology of organisms
Authors: Seymoure B. M. , Linares C. , White J.
Published: February 2019

Humans have drastically altered nocturnal environments with electric lighting. Animals depend on natural night light conditions and are now being inundated with artificial lighting. There are numerous artificial light sources that differ in spectral composition that should affect the perception of these light sources and due to differences in animal visual systems, the differences in color perception of these anthropogenic light sources should vary significantly. The ecological and evolutionary ramifications of these perceptual differences of light sources remain understudied. Here, we quantify the radiance of nine different street lights comprised of four different light sources: Metal Halide, Mercury Vapor, Light Emitting Diodes, and High‐Pressure Sodium and model how five animal visual systems will be stimulated by these light sources. We calculated the number of photons that photoreceptors in different visual systems would detect. We selected five visual systems: avian UV/VIS, avian V/VIS, human, wolf and hawk moth. We included non‐visual photoreceptors of vertebrates known for controlling circadian rhythms and other physiological traits. The nine light types stimulated visual systems and the photoreceptors within the visual systems differently. Furthermore, we modelled the chromatic contrast (Just Noticeable Differences [JNDs]) and color space overlap for each light type comparison for each visual system to see if organisms would perceive the lights as different colors. The JNDs of most light type comparisons were very high, indicating most visual systems would detect all light types as different colors, however mammalian visual systems would perceive many lights as the same color. We discuss the importance of understanding not only the brightness of artificial light types, but also the spectral composition of light types, as most organisms have different visual systems from humans. Thus, for researchers to understand how artificial light sources affect the visual environment of specific organisms and thus mitigate the effects, spectral information is crucial.
The life and times of focus alternatives: Tracing the activation of alternatives to a focused constituent in language comprehension
Authors: Gotzner Nicole , Spalek Katharina
Published: February 2019

The function of focus is to activate a set of alternatives, providing the locus for focus‐sensitive particles likeonly. In the past decade, psycholinguistic research has shown that listeners entertain a set of alternatives in online language comprehension, similar to the algorithm stipulated by Alternative Semantics. The purpose of the present review is to gain a comprehensive picture of the role of focus alternatives in utterance comprehension and interpretation. Specifically, we focus on how the processing of focus particles interacts with alternatives activated by focus. We show that focus marking activates a network of related concepts, but over time, only those that can be considered as focus alternatives in the relevant context of the utterance are retained in the mental representation of the discourse. Focus particles, in turn, increase the competition between the focused element and its alternatives during the initial stages of comprehension, helping contextual restriction of the set of alternatives. Overall, the studies presented in this review show that focus does not only guide a listener in determining which alternatives are relevant for the purpose of conversation, it also plays a fundamental role in the memory representation of a discourse.
The Maribo CM2 meteorite fall—Survival of weak material at high entry speed
Authors: Borovička Jiří , Popova Olga , Spurný Pavel
Published: February 2019

High entry speed (>25 km s−1) and low density (<2500 kg m−3) are the two factors that lower the chance of a meteoroid to drop meteorites. The 26 g carbonaceous (CM2) meteorite Maribo recovered in Denmark in 2009 was delivered by a bright bolide observed by several instruments across northern and central Europe. By reanalyzing the available data, we confirmed the previously reported high entry speed of (28.3 ± 0.3) km s−1 and trajectory with slope of 31° to the horizontal. In order to understand how such a fragile material survived, we applied three different models of meteoroid atmospheric fragmentation to the detailed bolide light curve obtained by radiometers located in Czech Republic. The Maribo meteoroid was found to be quite inhomogeneous with different parts fragmenting at different dynamic pressures. While 30–40% of the (2000 ± 1000) kg entry mass was destroyed already at 0.02 MPa, another 25–40%, according to different models, survived without fragmentation up to the relatively large dynamic pressures of 3–5 MPa. These pressures are only slightly lower than the measured tensile strengths of hydrated carbonaceous chondrite (CC) meteorites and are comparable with usual atmospheric fragmentation pressures of ordinary chondritic (OC) meteoroids. While internal cracks weaken OC meteoroids in comparison with meteorites, this effect seems to be absent in CC, enabling meteorite delivery even at high speeds, though in the form of only small fragments.
An Embodied Cyberlearning Platform for Gestural Interaction with Cross‐Cutting Science Concepts
Authors: Lindgren Robb , Morphew Jason , Kang Jina , Junokas Michael
Published: February 2019

Research from brain science and the learning sciences support the notion that human cognition is grounded in our sensorimotor engagement with the physical world and that processes of learning can be shaped by our movements and actions. Increasing recognition that effective educational interventions can be seeded with embodied actions is paralleled by recent and rapid advances in sensing and motion capture technologies. These advances allow for a new wave of cyberlearning environments that permit learners to use their bodies to create and manipulate digital representations of core ideas in a variety of learning domains. Drawing on the research literature on embodied cognition and design principles for creating effective embodied educational simulations, we present the design of a cyberlearning platform called ELASTIC3S. We describe the design rationale and preliminary data from a small empirical study of the ELASTIC3S platform that address the potential for enhancing science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) learning and engagement through embodied interaction.
Strengthening advocacy and policy change for infant and young child feeding
Authors: Michaud‐Létourneau Isabelle , Gayard Marion , Pelletier David Louis
Published: February 2019

The creation of environments that are more supportive of optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF) requires countries to enact policies, such as those related to the Maternity Protection Convention, the International Code of Marketing of Breast‐milk Substitutes (the Code), and the Baby‐Friendly Hospital Initiative. However, challenges are experienced in the translation of international policy standards into national legal measures, and there is an important gap in understanding how countries achieve progress. Policy advocacy is a nearly universal feature, but there are methodological challenges and few studies evaluating strategies and effects. The purpose of this supplement to Maternal & Child Nutrition is to address those gaps. This supplement contains three papers that present findings from a real‐time evaluation of the advocacy efforts of Alive & Thrive (A&T), United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF), and partners, that sought to support governments in fostering enabling environment for optimal IYCF in Southeast Asia (SEA) and Africa. A combination of two emergent, theory‐based evaluation approaches was used: developmental evaluation and contribution analysis. The overall objective of the evaluation was to document the extent to which policy objectives were or were not achieved in each country and to identify the key drivers of policy change. One contribution of the supplement is a distinction between and illustration of triggers and drivers of policy change. Three main drivers of policy change were identified: (a) the use of an explicit advocacy approach; (b) the creation of a strategic group of actors; and (c) the realization of 15 critical tasks (more specifically for the Code). Each of the critical tasks has been identified as having triggered progress on the Code in those countries. This supplement provides evidence that the advocacy efforts of A&T, UNICEF, and partners contributed to enhanced IYCF policies in SEA and reveals how it helped to achieve progress. The insights contained in this supplement can serve as a guide for policy advocates for enhanced IYCF policies. A short communication puts findings into perspective within global context.
Solid advice: Complementary feeding experiences among disadvantaged parents in two countries
Authors: Tully Louise , Allen‐Walker Virginia , Spyreli Eleni , McHugh Sheena , Woodside Jayne V. , Kearney Patricia M. , McKinley Michelle C. , Dean Moira , Kelly Colette
Published: February 2019

The initiation of complementary feeding (CF; introducing infants to food/drink other than milk) is recommended close to 6 months and not before 4 months of age. Low socio‐economic status (SES) is a determinant of nonadherence to CF recommendations, but there is an evidence gap around reasons for nonadherence among these parents. This study investigated knowledge, attitudes, and practices of disadvantaged families (in terms of SES and social support) and use of guidance for CF, in the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Parents of infants aged 3–14 months were recruited via community groups. Semistructured focus groups aided by vignettes were used. Data were analysed using an inductive thematic approach. Nineteen focus groups took place with parents (n = 83). A range of factors influence parents when introducing solids. Sources of guidance extend to family, friends, the internet, and commercial resources. Parents experience uncertainty and anxiety during this time, driven by lack of knowledge and conflicting advice. Five major themes were identified: (a) more guidance that is accessible, timely, and respectfully needed; (b) the challenge of choosing safe, nutritious food; (c) “everybody has an opinion”; (d) feelings of inadequacy, embarrassment, and guilt; and (e) decisions are ultimately based on individual circumstances. CF advice should be culturally appropriate, practical, and empowering, emphasising the rationale behind updates to recommendations and consequences of nonadherence. Future training of health professionals for delivery of CF advice and guidance should consider these findings. Compliance with CF recommendations is influenced by health professionals, the wider family, and the commercial baby‐food sector.
Size matters in regulating the biodiversity of tropical forest soils
Authors: Dumbrell Alex J.
Published: February 2019

Tropical forests have long fascinated ecologists, inspiring a plethora of research into the mechanisms regulating their immense biodiversity, which originally captured the interests of early natural historians and explorers, and that still persists to this day. A new focus of this research emerged in the early 2000s highlighting the potential role of neutral (stochastic) processes in regulating the composition and diversity of tropical forest communities, and thus the maintenance of a large portion of global biodiversity (Hubbell, 2001). This strictly contrasted the long‐held belief that communities assembled via the sorting of species (and their abundances) via a deterministic response to local abiotic and biotic environmental conditions, reflecting the niche of each species (Leibold & McPeek, 2006). Yet, it is unlikely that the assembly of any community is solely governed by either stochastic or deterministic processes, but instead a combination of both. However, whether deterministic processes via niche‐based environmental sorting of species, or stochastic processes reflecting pattens of dispersal limitation, neutral effects and ecological drift dominate is often unclear. This prompts questions as to whether the relative influence of one process over another is dependent on the scale (spatial or temporal) or context of the study, or specific traits of the taxa under investigation (e.g., body size). In a From the Cover paper in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Zinger et al. (2018) tackle all these issues and show, among other things, that for soil microbes and mesofauna from tropical forests, the relative contribution of stochastic and deterministic processes in assembling their communities is strongly dependent on the body size or the studied taxa.