bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Infrastructural requirements for the implementation of autonomous trucks in open-pit mines
Authors: Benlaajili Sanaa , Moutaouakkil Fouad , Chebak Ahmed
Published: October 2021

The field of study of autonomous trucks especially in open pit mines has been the subject of considerable research over the past three decades. In the last ten years in particular, interest in this area has improved considerably. The implementation of autonomous systems is an integral organizational and cultural change. This work is a guideline for the safe and effective implementation of autonomous trucks in mines. It provides an integral view of the different approaches to implementing autonomous mining trucks with respect to safety criteria, operating costs, etc. It also presents the criteria and measures to be considered when maintaining the haulage routes (vertical/horizontal/combined alignment) that are a vital component for the success of an automation project. Mine site designers and planners should ensure that the design and construction of traffic areas for these trucks are compatible with autonomy and minimize interactions with personnel and non-autonomous equipment. A proposed infrastructural requirement for the autonomous truck zone is presented in this work.
Planning of coal production taking into account the intensity of shipment and the capacity of transport routes
Authors: Tyurin Alexey , Akhmetgalymuly Akhmetgalym Tlek
Published: October 2021

For effective planning of coal mining at coal mines, it is necessary to take into account the relationship between internal and external processes that occur from the moment of mining the coal to the moment of its sale to consumers. Internal processes are primarily determined by the coordination of operations for drilling and blasting operations, the excavation of mined rock into dumps, the movement of coal to warehouses, its washing and further shipment to railway wagons. External processes are determined by ensuring the delivery of coal to consumers, taking into account the capacity of transport routes, the demand for coal and the price policy in export markets that develops in a certain period of time. Using the example of coal companies that are part of JSC Kuzbassrazrezugol, the article considers a two-level dynamic model for planning coal production, taking into account the intensity of shipment and the capacity of transport routes. At the first level, the volume of coal production intended for export is determined by month, taking into account the intensity of demand for the periods of the year and all restrictions that affect the speed of coal movement to the consumer. At the second level of the system under consideration, the volume of coal sales for export is redistributed over a single time period, taking into account the limitations in the capacity of transport routes, the speed of cargo delivery to the consumer, the level of demand and prices for coal. The use of the dynamic programming method made it possible to solve the problem of redistributing coal sales volumes for export at the second level and, using the results of solving this problem, to determine the optimal volumes of coal production intended for export at the first level.
Steel quality of rolling contact bearings produced by different manufacturers, used for mining equipment instrumentation
Authors: Korotkov Aleksandr , Korotkova Lidiya , Voeth Stefan , Solentsov Roman
Published: October 2021

Severe operating conditions of mining equipment have a negative impact on the operating life of the rolling contact bearings used in such equipment. The main reasons for the premature failure of rolling contact bearings include, first of all, poor quality of the bearing steel as delivered and the defects of their subsequent heat treatment. The abovementioned reasons result in splitting of bearings, metal shelling and appearance of potholes on their tracks, as well as intense abrasive wear. Nevertheless, despite the importance of this issue, the quality of bearing steel, either as delivered or in finished bearings, is usually not under control.To solve this problem, the quality of bearing steel was studied, exemplified by the bearings of the Russian, Swedish (SKF) and Japanese (NSK) manufacturers, i.e., main suppliers of rolling contact bearings for mining equipment in Russia. The problem of bearing steel quality control was solved by developing a quality control methodology that took into account the state of the metal after metallurgical treatment and at the stage of bearing production. Based on this methodology, the main types of bearing steel defects affecting the mechanism of bearing failure are identified.It is found that the bearing steel quality of domestic manufacturers is highly competitive with foreign counterparts. A method of nondestructive control is also proposed for detecting possible microstructure defects in bearings, either as delivered or while in operation.
Development of rural areas of a coal-mining region in the context of the creation of an agglomeration system
Authors: Merkuriev Vladimir , Yurzina Tatiana , Kosinsky Piotr , Kharitonov Aleksey
Published: October 2021

The article is devoted to the study of the problems of the development of rural agglomerations of a coal-mining region. It was revealed that the intensive development of the coal industry leads to negative consequences for the environment, which affect the socio-economic development and the quality of life of the population of a region. The rural areas of the Russian Federation and each individual region are strategic resources, however, the lack of opportunity to meet their urgent needs, difficult living conditions of the rural population, isolation of rural settlements from scientific and technological achievements, poor development of transport infrastructure and communications do not allow unlocking the potential of rural areas. Analyzing the decisions made in recent years by the Government of the Russian Federation to regulate the development of rural areas and the agro-industry, we can conclude about a qualitatively new approach to state regulation of the agrarian sector. At the same time, the financial position of the overwhelming majority of the rural population does not allow contracting house construction mortgage loans. The level of improvement of the rural housing stock is 2-3 times lagging behind the urban one. Coal mining entails disturbance of land, which cannot be further used. It is accompanied by a high incidence of respiratory diseases and cancers, which tends to grow. The resources allocated for welfare programs do not allow the residents in rural areas to significantly improve their living conditions, to increase the availability of social services and their quality. To solve the identified problems, it is proposed to create rural agglomerations, allowing for more efficient and independent development of rural areas; to reduce the overlapping of management functions through streamlining management structures; implement a more equitable social policy for the residents of rural areas.
Digitalization in a resource-extracting region: from cluster to business ecosystem
Authors: Zhernov Evgeny , Nekhoda Evgenia , Rusak Iryna
Published: October 2021

The purpose of the study is to trace the evolution of the mineral resource cluster in a resource-extracting region from a territorial association of entities in the industrial economy to a business ecosystem in the digital economy within the framework of the sustainable development concept. The urgency of the research is due to the increase in the information and knowledge intensity of a product in the digital economy, which makes the cluster policy based on the digital principle more efficient than that based on the territorial principle. The digitalization of the mineral resource sector of a resource-extracting region, started with a cluster - a progressive organizational and managerial form - is seen by the authors as a strategic means of increasing the sustainability and efficiency of the socio-economic development of a region. The delegation of responsibility for the modernization of the economy to the regional level gives particular importance to regional research. The dependence on the state of the world market of fuel and energy resources, the exhaustion of the mainly raw material export model of economic growth put Kuzbass, the mining region of Western Siberia, in the most difficult situation. The issue of accelerating the transition to an innovation resource type of development through structural and technological transformation in the context of the general course towards digitalization is urgent for it. A theoretical substantiation of the necessity, possibility and feasibility of digitalization of the mineral resource cluster as a factor in the sustainable development of a resource extracting region is presented in the article.
Information system for environmental monitoring of liquidated mining enterprises
Authors: Abramovich Alexander , Dzhekibaeva Dinara
Published: October 2021

The article presents the concept and the development of an information system for environmental monitoring of land parcels, that have already been robbed-out, and land parcels, that are still being mined by open cut mining, through the example of research carried out on the territory of the Kemerovo region - Kuzbass. The paper presents the concept of an information system: the data collection principle with the use of unmanned aerial vehicles, and presents the full attribute relational database model, which is a data warehouse. A list of subsystems of the information system is also presented, as well as the principle of carrying out of environmental monitoring of fires that occur on culm banks during open cut mining, and the facilities of the information system.
Tools for Forming an Effective Industry Structure of Mining Region
Authors: Abu-Abed Fares , Ostanin Oleg
Published: October 2021

The article discusses the tools as a means of influencing the regional authorities, used to implement regional policy aimed at forming an effective structure of the industry of the coal-mining region. There are five main groups of tools: economic, financial, organizational, legal and informational. Building an effective industrial structure is one of the most important tasks, the solution of which increases the efficiency and stability of the country's economy as a whole. This task should be solved from the regional level, since the general state of the Russian economy depends on the development of the regions. By the structure of the region's industry we mean the totality of all enterprises in the region with their sectoral focus and types of activity and the relationship between them. Such a structure is constantly in dynamics and is subject to changes and structural shifts.
Atualização do Tratamento Medicamentoso da Osteoporose
Authors: Oliveira Lindomar Guimarães , Carneiro Mara Lúcia Rassi Guimarães , Souza Márcio Passini Gonçalves de , Souza Caio Gonçalves de , Moraes Frederico Barra de , Camargo Fábio Lopes de
Published: October 2021

A população brasileira está envelhecendo, e com isso aumenta a prevalência de doenças crônico-degenerativas, dentre elas a osteoporose. O diagnóstico e tratamento da osteoporose teve avanços significativos na última década. O ortopedista e traumatologista não pode mais se deter apenas no tratamento cirúrgico da fratura osteoporótica. É extremamente importante que saibamos: 1) quais fatores de risco avaliar, podendo ser utilizada a ferramenta Fracture Risk Assesment Tool (FRAX, na sigla em inglês); 2) quais exames complementares solicitar, como densitometria, radiografia da coluna e bacia, exames de sangue e urina, e até mesmo biópsia óssea; 3) quais suplementos utilizar, como cálcio e magnésio, vitaminas D e K; 4) quais medicamentos prescrever, antirreabsortivos ou formadores, janelas terapêuticas e eventos adversos.
Função do fixador externo circular de Ilizarov no tratamento de fraturas tibiais com síndrome compartimental iminente/incompleta
Authors: Bhowmick Kaushik , Gunasekaran Chandrasekaran , Kandoth Jacob J. , Ramasamy Boopalan , Jepegnanam Thilak S.
Published: October 2021

Objetivo O tratamento das fraturas da tíbia complicadas por síndrome compartimental afeta o tratamento e o resultado funcional dos pacientes devido às complicações associadas à fasciotomia. O objetivo deste estudo é diferenciar a síndrome compartimental iminente/incompleta (SCI) da síndrome compartimental aguda (SCA) estabelecida nas fraturas tibiais, para avaliar o resultado da fixação do aparelho de Ilizarov nos pacientes fraturados e com SCI, que não foram submetidos à fasciotomia.

Métodos Após o estabelecimento dos critérios de inclusão e exclusão, 19 pacientes foram incluídos no estudo de janeiro de 2007 a dezembro de 2017. Todos eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 42,3 ± 11,38 anos. Todos esses pacientes foram tratados com a fixação do aparelho de Ilizarov, de acordo com o protocolo médico e cirúrgico estabelecido neste estudo.

Resultados O acompanhamento médio dos nossos 19 pacientes foi de 47 ± 41,5 meses. O tempo médio de aplicação do fixador circular foi de 3,7 ± 1,7 dias. No total, 3 (16,7%) desses pacientes não apresentaram consolidação. Não houve complicações nas partes moles ou neurovasculares no pós-operatório imediato. A consolidação ocorreu finalmente em todos os pacientes, sem prejuízo da mobilidade e sem sequela de síndrome compartimental.

Conclusão O fixador circular de Ilizarov pode ser utilizado no tratamento dos pacientes com fraturas tibiais com SCI, e evita a fasciotomia, com suas várias complicações de infecção e não consolidação. O resultado é um número menor de procedimentos cirúrgicos e uma reabilitação mais rápida. Os cirurgiões devem diferenciar cuidadosamente a SCA e a SCI, pois, nesses pacientes, os resultados clínicos e funcionais variam significativamente. Fasciotomias desnecessárias devem ser evitadas.
Fractional Navier–Stokes regularity criterion involving the positive part of the intermediate eigenvalue of the strain matrix
Authors: Wu Fan
Published: October 2021

This paper proves the regularity criterion for the solutions of the 3D fractional Navier–Stokes equations in terms of the positive part of the intermediate eigenvalue of the strain matrix, which can be regarded as an improvement and extension of the results obtained by Miller [Arch. Ration. Mech. Anal. 235, 99–1139 (2020)] and by Wu [Evol. Equations Control Theory 10, 511–518 (2021)].
Impact of oocyte donor age and breed on
Authors: Baruselli Pietro S. , Rodrigues Carlos A. , Ferreira Roberta M. , Sales José Nelio S. , Elliff Flávia M. , Silva Laísa G. , Viziack Mariana P. , Factor Luana , D’Occhio Michael J.
Published: October 2021

Genomic selection combined with in vitro embryo production (IVEP) with oocytes from heifer calves provides a powerful technology platform to reduce generation interval and significantly increase the rate of genetic gain in cattle. The ability to obtain oocytes with developmental competence from calves has been recognised for more than 60 years. There is renewed interest in the potential of this reproductive technology as the beef and dairy industries seek to identify and multiply animals that satisfy consumer demand for efficient utilisation of natural resources, with minimal environmental impact and high product quality. Heifer calves show a good follicular response to FSH stimulation and oocytes can be recovered by ovum pick-up (OPU). However, the efficiency of OPU/IVEP remains lower for calves compared with peripubertal heifers and cows, in both indicus (Zebu, Bos indicus) and taurus (Bos taurus) breeds. Indicus cattle generally have more follicles, yield a greater number of oocytes, and have a better IVEP outcome, compared with taurus cattle. The treatment of prepubertal heifers with bovine somatotrophin (bST) and propylene glycol before OPU/IVEP has yet to show a major improvement in embryo production. Holstein (taurus) dairy heifers derived from different reproductive technologies (AI, MOET, OPU/IVEP) showed a similar age at puberty and first-lactation milk production. OPU/IVEP Holstein embryos transferred to beef or dairy cows likewise yielded heifers with the same performance. The gains in productivity that can be achieved with strategic use of OPU/IVEP in heifer calves make this a relevant and highly important reproductive technology in cattle breeding. Ongoing optimisation of the technology is needed for the potential of OPU/IVEP in young donors to be fully realised.
Supplementary comparison APMP.RI(I)-S1 of standards for absorbed dose to water in 60Co gamma radiation at radiation processing dose levels
Authors: Mungpayaban H , Ninlaphruk S , Chen C L , Yuan M C , Zhang Y L , Yuandi Y , Hassan G M , Rabie N , Kadni T B , Butler D
Published: October 2021

Main text

Four national standards for absorbed dose to water in 60Co gamma radiation at the dose levels used in radiation processing have been compared over the range 0.1 kGy to 50 kGy using alanine dosimeters of the Office of Atoms for Peace (OAP) as transfer dosimeters. The comparison was piloted by the OAP who also participated. Two laboratories from the original six were forced to withdraw due to equipment problems. The results at low doses (0.1 kGy) showed a much wider spread (up to 17%) than at the other doses, most likely as a result of random variations in the alanine readout at OAP at these dose levels. Results in the 0.1 kGy range were excluded from the analysis because the variation between the laboratories' doses is overshadowed by the variation in the readout of the alanine. Above 1 kGy the results indicated reasonable agreement between the laboratories, with the majority of results within 2 % of the reference value. All of these results were within two combined standard uncertainties of the reference value, with the exception of the INER at 50 kGy point which was within three combined standard uncertainties. Within the stated uncertainties, the results establish the equivalence of the laboratories at radiation processing levels, for the range in which they participated: NIS (3 - 10) kGy, NIM (3 - 30) kGy, INER (3 - 50) kGy, OAP (3 - 50) kGy.

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database https://www.bipm.org/kcdb/.

The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Gravitational leptogenesis in teleparallel and symmetric teleparallel gravities *
Authors: Li Mingzhe , Mou Yicen , Rao Haomin , Zhao Dehao
Published: October 2021

In this study, we investigate the possibilities of generating baryon number asymmetry under thermal equilibrium within the frameworks of teleparallel and symmetric teleparallel gravities. Through the derivative couplings of the torsion scalar and the non-metricity scalar to baryons, baryon number asymmetry is produced in the radiation dominated epoch. For gravitational baryogenesis mechanisms in these two frameworks, the produced baryon-to-entropy ratio is too small to be consistent with observations. However, the gravitational leptogenesis models within both frameworks have the potential to explain the observed baryon-antibaryon asymmetry.
Cross-section measurements for the 58,60,61Ni(n, α)55,57,58Fe reactions at 8.50, 9.50 and 10.50 MeV neutron energies *
Authors: Jiang Haoyu , Cui Zengqi , Hu Yiwei , Liu Jie , Bai Haofan , Chen Jinxiang , Zhang Guohui , Gledenov Yu. M. , Sansarbayar E. , Khuukhenkhuu G. , Krupa L. , Chuprakov I. , Ruan Xichao , Huang Hanxiong , Ren Jie , Fan Qiwen
Published: October 2021

Cross sections of the 58,60,61Ni(n, α)55,57,58Fe reactions were measured at 8.50, 9.50 and 10.50 MeV neutron energies based on the HI-13 tandem accelerator of China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE) with enriched 58Ni, 60Ni, and 61Ni foil samples with backings. A twin gridded ionization chamber (GIC) was used as the charged particle detector, and an EJ-309 liquid scintillator was used to obtain the neutron energy spectra. The relative and absolute neutron fluxes were determined via three highly enriched 238U3O8 samples inside the GIC. The uncertainty of the present data of the 58Ni(n, α)55Fe reaction is smaller than most existing measurements. The present data of 60Ni(n, α)57Fe and 61Ni(n, α)58Fe reactions are the first measurement results above 8 MeV. The present experimental data could be reasonably reproduced by calculations with TALYS-1.9 by adjusting several default values of theoretical model parameters.
Graph neural networks for reconstruction and classification in KM3NeT
Authors: Reck S. , Guderian D. , Vermariën G. , Domi A.
Published: October 2021

KM3NeT, a neutrino telescope currently under construction in the Mediterranean Sea, consists of a network of large-volume Cherenkov detectors. Its two different sites, ORCA and ARCA, are optimised for few GeV and TeV-PeV neutrino energies, respectively. This allows for studying a wide range of physics topics spanning from the determination of the neutrino mass hierarchy to the detection of neutrinos from astrophysical sources. Deep learning techniques provide promising methods to analyse the signatures induced by charged particles traversing the detector. This document will cover a deep learning based approach using graph convolutional networks to classify and reconstruct events in both the ORCA and ARCA detector. Performance studies on simulations as well as applications to real data will be presented, together with comparisons to classical approaches.
Optimization of friction stir process parameters for fabrication of AA7075/TiO2 based surface composites
Authors: Suganeswaran K , Nithyavathy N , Parameshwaran R , Deepandurai K , Muthukumar P
Published: October 2021

In this current investigation, Taguchi method is employed for the improvement of hardness and tensile strength of Friction Stir Processed (FSP) AA7075 with TiO2 reinforcement, which is potentially suited for manufacturing of components in automotive and aerospace applications. Controllable FSP process parameters like Rotational Speed (RS), Traverse Speed (TS), Tool Tilt Angle (TA) and number of passes (No. of pass) are taken into consideration. From Taguchi results, it is identified that No of pass as two, RS as 1400 rpm, TS as 28 mm min−1 and TA as 2° serves the most influencing statistical effect for yielding the hardness. Similarly for Ultimate Strength (UTS), it is identified that No of pass as one, RS as 1400 rpm, TS as 28 mm min−1 and TA of 3° are the influencing parameters. No defect like structure is apparent in the optimized specimens owing to the sufficient heat generation and stirring phenomenon. Besides, sufficient interaction between the plasticized AA7075 matrix and packed TiO2 particles in the SC eliminates the defect formation. Micrographs of the optimized specimens revealed that TiO2 particles are dispersed uniformly in AA7075 matrix with clear interface. Moreover, there is an increase in microhardness for optimized specimen compared to base specimen due to reduced grain size value and homogenous dispersion strengthening mechanism. Meanwhile, the load bearing capacity and work hardening action of TiO2 dispersoids enhances the UTS behavior of the optimized specimen.
Enhancement the larvicidal activity of nanostructure copper oxide against Culex pipiens mosquito by yttrium replacement based on crystallite size reduction and topographic surface nature
Authors: Mostafa Wageha A , Abdel-Raoof Ahmed M , Attala Khaled , Elgazzar Elsayed
Published: October 2021

The current work aims to improve the metal oxide characteristics for mosquito control. Un-doped and Y-doped CuO have been synthesized by simple chemical route. Structural, composition, and morphological properties were characterized by XRD, Raman spectra, EDX, SEM, and TEM techniques. The obtained results revealed that CuO was strongly affected by Y3+ support, in which the crystallite size decreased, and the surface area increased. Larvicidal performance was assessed against Culex pipiens suggesting that the nanocomposite CuO/Y of higher efficiency (LC50 = 7.67 mg /l, R2 = 0.977) compared with pure CuO. Light microscopy and SEM images exhibited larvae malformations owing to using the fabricated nanomaterials.
Influence of full annealing on microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 1035 steel
Authors: Joshy Sam , George Merin Sarah , Asok Nikhil , D’Cotha Jose Sheril , Aravind P V , Dev Amal P
Published: October 2021

The influence of annealing parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties of AISI 1035 carbon steel is analysed in this work. The specimens were full annealed at different temperature ranging from 900 °C to 1020 °C, and further, the evolution of microstructure and mechanical properties in these annealed specimens were analysed. Microstructural analysis shows that the ferrite grains coarsen with annealing, and the grain size was found to significantly increase with annealing temperature. From the toughness tests, it was observed that impact energy of specimens annealed at 1020 °C was found to be twice that of the corresponding value at 900 °C. In addition, the angle of deformation of specimens before fracture was measured on the specimens after impact test. Results shows that specimen annealed at 1020 °C has higher plastic deformation, indicating the higher toughness of these samples compared to those annealed at lower temperatures. This indicates that the ductility of C35 steel increases with annealing temperature.
Mentoring Research Through the Years: A Brief Review
Authors: Baugh S. Gayle
Published: October 2021

Mentoring relationships involve a more experienced individual who provides support for the career and personal development of a less experienced coworker. The focus of mentoring research has evolved over the years. Early on, investigators were interested in learning about the outcomes of the mentoring relationship for the protégé, who is the primary beneficiary of the relationship. Risks for the protégé were not acknowledged in the initial research on mentoring relationships. There were questions about how individuals identify appropriate mentoring partners and about the course of the relationship. Attention then turned to the motivations and potential benefits to the mentor, the other party in the relationship. However, scholars recognized that while there were positive outcomes from serving as a mentor, there were also costs associated with the role. Given that so much empirical focus was on the benefits of voluntary developmental relationships, scholars became interested in more formal, organizationally controlled approaches to encouraging mentoring relationships. However, mentoring relationships are not uniformly positive and beneficial to the parties so engaged. Just as would be the case in any relationship, there is a “dark side” to mentoring relationships that has emerged as the focus of empirical attention. Finally, the influence of diversity of the mentoring participants has been explored. That exploration has largely focused on gender issues, with limited attention devoted toward ethnicity. With the advent of greater diversity in the workforce in the United States and elsewhere, diversity represents an area ripe for investigation. Overall, despite the wealth of research on mentoring relationships, there are questions that remain under-researched or unexplored in each of the areas of research.
Pakistan: Persistent Praetorianism
Authors: Shah Aqil
Published: October 2021

The military has dominated politics and national security in Pakistan since the decade following independence from British colonial rule in August 1947. The country appears to be caught in a persistent praetorian trap: It has experienced three military coups (1958, 1977, 1999, and an intra-military coup led by General Yahya Khan against President and Field Marshall Ayub Khan in 1969), and each of them was followed by military or quasi-military governments (1958–1969, 1969–1971, 1977–1988, 1999–2007) that have left behind legacies curtailing the authority of civilian governments long after the generals exited power. Scholars have examined the causes of military intervention, the role of the military in democratic transitions, and the patterns of civil–military relations under elected rule, which are perennially defined by military autonomy and weak civilian control.

The military established its most recent dictatorship under General Pervez Musharraf in 1999, which lasted for 8 years. The subsequent transition to civilian rule in 2008 resulted in the first ever transfer of power from the government of the left-of-center Pakistan People’s Party (PPP), which had completed its constitutional tenure, to the right-of-center Pakistan Muslim League (PML-N of Nawaz Sharif) in 2013. Bipartisan reforms enacted in 2010 restored the 1973 constitution’s federal parliamentary structure and removed several authoritarian distortions (e.g., the power of the president to arbitrarily sack elected governments) introduced under military rule. In the subsequent 2018 vote, the incumbent PML-N government peacefully yielded power to the right-of-center Pakistan Tehrik-e-Insaf (PTI). Despite multiparty elections followed by executive turnovers, civil–military relations remain fraught and the generals continue to retain their vast prerogatives and reserve domains under elected regimes, including institutional affairs, defense allocations, commercial interests in vital sectors of the economy, foreign policy, nuclear weapons, intelligence, and even civilian administration. Between 2008 and 2017, civilian government made repeated attempts to erode its privileges (e.g., the PPP government’s decision to place the country’s main intelligence agency, the Inter-Service Intelligence (ISI), under civilian control) and challenge its presumptions of impunity (e.g., the decision of the PML-N government to prosecute Musharraf for “high treason”). The military responded by publicly contesting civilian policies, resisting or rejecting directives, and mobilizing its civilian proxies to destabilize elected rule. In 2018, the generals manipulated the polls to install the pro-military PTI in power. The country’s weak democracy has since mutated into a hybrid regime where formal democratic political institutions mask undeclared martial rule.
Attention in Early Development
Authors: Conte Stefania , Richards John
Published: October 2021

Attention is a complex construct that shows development throughout the life span and undergoes significant changes over the first years of life. The complexity of attentional processes is described by the different systems and brain network theorized to describe the construct (i.e., alerting, orienting, executive attention, and sustained attention).

Evidence of the development of attention in infancy comes from several behavioral paradigms—primarily focused on the analysis of infants’ eye gaze—physiological measures, and neuroimaging techniques. Many of the changes in attention rely upon the structural and functional development of brain areas involved in attention processes. Behavioral and physiological signs mark the development of attention and are identifiable very early in life.

The investigation of the typical development of attention is pivotal for the understanding of atypical trajectories that characterize many neurodevelopmental disorders. The individuation of alterations in early visual attention processes may be utilized to guide intervention programs aimed at improving attention and other cognitive domains.
Gangs, Crime, and Race
Authors: Aspholm Roberto R.
Published: October 2021

Street gangs first emerged on a broad scale in U.S. cities in the late 19th century in step with industrialization, urbanization, and mass waves of European immigration. Up until the 1960s, the vast majority of gang members in the United States were second- and third-generation European immigrants. Like their Black and Latino successors, these groups routinely engaged in collective violence, which helped push nationwide levels of homicide to a historic peak toward the end of Prohibition. At the same time, White ethnic gangs were integrated into the urban political machines and organized crime syndicates of that era. Moreover, these groups existed within a burgeoning urban industrial economy in which an abundance of low-skilled manufacturing jobs provided readily available opportunities for gang members to transition out of gang life in late adolescence or early adulthood. New Deal policies institutionalizing protections for unions and workers and expanding homeownership opportunities via federal mortgage underwriting, in turn, greatly enhanced economic security for widening sectors of the working class, especially White workers. In short, political patronage, lucrative illegal rackets, a vibrant labor movement, and New Deal labor and housing policies variously punched a ticket to upward mobility for countless White gang members during this period, and, by the mid-1960s, White street gangs had largely disappeared from the urban landscape.

During and after World War II, meanwhile, millions of Southern Blacks as well as Mexicans and Puerto Ricans migrated to America’s urban industrial centers. Conversely, millions of Whites left these cities in the postwar decades, an exodus facilitated by federal highway construction and housing policies that promoted racially exclusive suburbanization. Industry largely followed this outmigration in search of cheaper land, more pliable labor, lower taxes, and greater profits, leaving many central cities economically devastated and without an industrial base for their increasingly Black and Latino working class. At the same time, the urban political machines and organized crime groups that had once provided mobility for White ethnic gangs were in dramatic decline as municipal governance was bureaucratized and criminal rackets were supplanted by the development and expansion of legalized gambling and revolving credit markets. It is within this context that contemporary Black and Latino street gangs emerged and have persisted since the 1960s. Unlike their White predecessors, today’s gang members have been largely excluded from the conventional economy at the same time that society has abandoned the welfare state in favor of incarceration as its major strategy for managing inequality. Prison, the illicit drug trade, and persistent economic dislocation are among the fundamental realities shaping life for contemporary gang members.

Street gangs, violence, and crime, both historical and contemporary, must be understood against this broader backdrop of societal transformation.
Aligning School Autonomy and Social Justice Approaches to Reform in School Breakfast Clubs in Australia
Authors: MacDonald Fiona
Published: October 2021

The purpose of education and school reform is a topic of constant debate, which take on a different perspective depending on the motivation of those calling for change. In the Australian context, two of the loudest school reform agendas in the early 21st century center on school autonomy and social justice. The school autonomy agenda focuses on freeing up schools from the centralized and bureaucratic authorities, enabling them to respond to the local needs of their students and school community. Social justice reform focuses on equity, including lack of opportunity, long-term health conditions, low educational attainment, and other intersecting inequalities, and practices of care and nurture that focus on emotional, behavioral, and social difficulties in order to address the disadvantages and inequalities experienced by many students and families.

In the early 21st century, school autonomy and social justice reform have been engulfed by neoliberal ideology and practices. Schools are encouraged to engage in a culture of competitive performativity dictated by market-driven agendas, whereas equity has been transformed by measurements and comparisons. Neoliberalism has been heavily critiqued by scholars who argue that it has mobilized the school autonomy agenda in ways that generate injustice and that it fails to address the social issues facing students, families, schools, and the system.

Schools are committed to care and social justice, and, when given autonomy without systems-level constraints, they are adept at implementing socially just practices. While the neoliberal agenda focuses on the market and competitive performativity, the premise of school autonomy is to empower school leadership to innovate and pursue opportunities to respond more effectively to the needs and demands of their school at the local level. Schools are implementing social justice practices and programs that introduce responsive caregiving and learning environments into their school culture in order to address the holistic wellbeing and learning needs of their students and school community. With an increasing commitment to addressing disadvantage through the provision of breakfast food, schools are creating wraparound environments of nurture and care that have become enablers of students’ learning and of their connectedness to school and their local community. Adopting a whole-school approach, principals have demonstrated how social justice and school autonomy reform has aligned to address the overall educational commitment to excellence and equity in Australian education.
Private Initiatives in School Reform in India
Authors: Nawani Disha , Sanyal Shinjini
Published: October 2021

School education in independent India was recognized as an important priority for state support, as it was neglected under the colonial regime. However, due to perceived financial challenges, it was placed in the newly (1950) drafted Constitution under Directive Principles of State Policy, which were nonjusticiable. Although the state provided for school education for the majority of Indian children, there remained several limitations in terms of access, equity, and equality for children belonging to disadvantaged communities. As a result, in India, the private sector, both for profit and nonprofit, played an important role in providing educational access to children. Between 1950 and the 1990s, the government school system struggled, and several learning surveys reported poor learning of school children, especially those studying in government schools. Concurrently, the private sector spread its influence and work in spaces not just for the rich but for the poor as well, and profit became a legitimate central concern. In the mid-1990s, the state initiated a rather aggressive policy of structural economic reform, leading to liberalization, privatization, and globalization. All this was justified in a neoliberal environment where the state started to withdraw from social sectors like health and education, on one hand, and private sector participation was hailed, on the other, in the name of efficiency, accountability, and performance. Public–private partnership became the new buzzword justifying any kind of relationship between the state and private actors.
The Economy of Colonial British America
Authors: Slater Aaron
Published: October 2021

Identifying and analyzing a unified system called the “economy of colonial British America” presents a number of challenges. The regions that came to constitute Britain’s North American empire developed according to a variety of factors, including climate and environment, relations with Native peoples, international competition and conflict, internal English/British politics, and the social system and cultural outlook of the various groups that settled each colony. Nevertheless, while there was great diversity in the socioeconomic organization across colonial British America, a few generalizations can be made. First, each region initially focused economic activity on some form of export-oriented production that tied it to the metropole. New England specialized in timber, fish, and shipping services, the Middle Colonies in furs, grains, and foodstuffs, the Chesapeake in tobacco, the South in rice, indigo, and hides, and the West Indies in sugar. Second, the maturation of the export-driven economy in each colony eventually spurred the development of an internal economy directed toward providing the ancillary goods and services necessary to promote the export trade. Third, despite variations within and across colonies, colonial British America underwent more rapid economic expansion over the course of the 17th and 18th centuries than did its European counterparts, to the point that, on the eve of the American Revolution, white settlers in British America enjoyed one of the highest living standards in the world at the time.

A final commonality that all the regions shared was that this robust economic growth spurred an almost insatiable demand for land and labor. With the exception of the West Indies, where the Spanish had largely exterminated the Native inhabitants by the time the English arrived, frontier warfare was ubiquitous across British America, as land-hungry settlers invaded Indian territory and expropriated their lands. The labor problem, while also ubiquitous, showed much greater regional variation. The New England and the Middle colonies largely supplied their labor needs through a combination of family immigration, natural increase, and the importation of bound European workers known as indentured servants. The Chesapeake, Carolina, and West Indian colonies, on the other hand, developed “slave societies,” where captive peoples of African descent were imported in huge numbers and forced to serve as enslaved laborers on colonial plantations. Despite these differences, it should be emphasized that, by the outbreak of the American Revolution, the institution of slavery had, to a greater or lesser extent, insinuated itself into the economy of every British American colony. The expropriation of land from Indians and labor from enslaved Africans thus shaped the economic history of all the colonies of British America.
Spirituality
Authors: Nelstrop Louise
Published: October 2021

This article details spirituality and the three main approaches that are found in academic and popular literature—theological, historical-contextual, and anthropological. It traces the etymology of the term and how thinking on it has developed. It offers carefully chosen case studies that show its use in the anthropological approach—the largest and fastest growing category.
Buddhism and Healing in China
Authors: Köhle Natalie
Published: October 2021

The history of Buddhism in China is deeply connected with healing. Some of the scriptures that were translated into Chinese discuss Indic conceptions of the body as an amalgamation of elements, and causes of illness in the tridoṣa, that is pathogenic body fluids and internal winds. Others discuss materia medica, and monastic rules on healing and hygiene in the monastery. Yet others set forth the ritual worship of the Medicine Buddha (Skt. Bhaiṣajyaguru; Ch. Yaoshi fo 藥師佛), the Bodhisattva Avalokiteśvara (Guanyin pusa 觀音菩薩), and other deities that promise healing. Apart from the translated scriptures, there is a huge body of indigenous works that synthesized the wealth of information on Indic healing which arrived in China between the 2nd and 10th centuries ce. Foremost among those are Yijing’s 義淨 (635–713) account of Indian monastic practices, Daoxuan’s 道宣 (596–667) vinaya commentary, and Daoshi’s 道世 (?–683) encyclopedia chapter on illness. Chinese compositions, such as Zhiyi’s 智顗 (538–597) treatises on meditation, and Huizhao’s 慧皎 (497–554) hagiographies bear witness to the hybridity to which the reception of Indic ideas in China gave rise. With the widening reach of Buddhism into every layer of Chinese society during the Sui and Tang dynasties, eminent Chinese physicians, such as Tao Hongjing 陶弘景 (452–536), Chao Yuanfang 巢元方 (550–630), Wang Tao 王焘 (670–755), and Sun Simiao 孫思邈 (581–682) also began to incorporate Buddhist ideas into their medical treatises. Chinese Buddhist monasteries introduced hospital services to China, and certain lineages of monks continued to provide medical care to the laity in late imperial China. Their healing was based on Chinese medical theories, however, and there is no evidence that they persisted in applying Indic medical ideas.
Overview of Architecture and Religion Since 1500
Authors: Barrie Thomas
Published: October 2021

The architecture of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam during the historically significant period of the 16th through 20th centuries reveals many similarities and differences. Particularly important are the architectural languages each employed to materialize, facilitate, and communicate their religion, and how they changed over time. Additionally, the ontological and symbolic roles of architecture and the key theoretical approaches to the subject are relevant contexts. These include typological taxonomies of organizations, path sequences, and historical, conceptual, or symbolic characteristics. Lastly, seven primary roles of religious architecture—historical, authoritative, commemorative, theocentric, cosmological, prestige, and community places–can effectively situate and contextualize particular examples.

During the pivotal 16th century, popes remade St. Peter’s Basilica and the Vatican and transformed Rome into the ecclesiastical and political center of Christianity; Jews built substantial synagogues that reflected their status during the Golden Age of Jews in Poland; and the Ottoman Empire built some of its most significant mosque complexes that expressed the hegemony of the theocratic state. Subsequent periods of the architecture of the Abrahamic religions illustrate particular themes, and explicate the variety of roles, and relative importance, of the architecture at particular periods. Modernism, in particular, produced significant changes in the architecture, where complexity, ambiguity, inventiveness, and oscillations between tradition and innovation reflected the impacts of new technologies, liturgical reforms, and global architectural cultures. Throughout, the capacity of architecture to materialize and communicate ontological, historical, religious, and sociopolitical content and accommodate communal rituals cannot be overstated.
Monasteries, Holy Monks, Tridentine Saints: Port Cities of Seville and Valencia
Authors: Mathews Karen
Published: October 2021

Religious art in Valencia and Seville reflected the international character of these port cities, attracting a diverse patronage base as well as some of the most talented artists in Spain. The city of Valencia turned east toward the Mediterranean and the movement of artists and artworks around the sea reflected its political, economic, and cultural importance in the region. Seville was the administrative center for Spain’s American colonies and its influence spread across the Atlantic. The international scope of these ports meant that their artistic culture played a defining role in Counter-Reformation Spain. This article addresses several interrelated themes in the religious art of Valencia and Seville. The thematic threads explored here include the international character of these cities and their outward focus on the Mediterranean and the Americas, the role of secular and ecclesiastical art patrons in commissions of painting and sculpture, artistic solutions for the representation of complex imagery and the requirements of Counter-Reformation art, and the accommodation of artists to new tastes in art that reflected a changing political and economic climate. The extraordinary wealth of religious art produced in these two cities can be seen as a manifestation of a central tenet of the Catholic Church in Spain—the power of imagery to inspire, teach, delight, and admonish. Artists and patrons collaborated to forge and perpetuate a veritable industry of image-making that served political ends, addressed social concerns, and highlighted the piety and devotion of each city’s inhabitants in the 17th century.