bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mitigation of Excessive Retrieval Augmentation and Knowledge Conflicts in Large Language Models
Authors: Galway Michael , DiRenzo Matteo , Esposito Dominik , Marchand Rafael , Grigoriev Valentin
Published: October 2024

There have been significant advances with large language models in generating coherent and contextually relevant responses, but their limitations in accessing and integrating real-time or specialized information have driven the development of retrieval augmentation techniques. Retrieval augmentation offers the ability to enhance a model’s responses through external knowledge, yet the challenge of managing knowledge conflicts between retrieved data and internal model predictions remains unresolved. A systematic examination of varying levels of retrieval augmentation has revealed that excessive reliance on external information not only introduces factual inconsistencies but also degrades the coherence of model outputs. The experiments conducted on the Llama model demonstrate that while moderate augmentation improves accuracy and relevance, high retrieval augmentation significantly increases the risk of knowledge conflicts, complicating the response generation process. The conflict detection and resolution mechanisms employed showed promise in mitigating some of these inconsistencies, although their effectiveness diminished as the volume of retrieval data increased. These findings highlight the delicate balance required between external knowledge integration and internal model coherence, emphasizing the need for more sophisticated conflict management strategies to optimize the potential of retrieval-augmented models.
Qualitative serum microRNA signatures for lung cancer screening
Authors: Wu Dandan , Yang Nianlin , Yan Haidan , Yu Shuiyan , Zhang Yuchen , Shen Xiaopei , He Jun
Published: October 2024

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among cancers worldwide. The early detection of lung cancer can effectively reduce the mortality rates among patients. Therefore, this study aims to construct signatures for the screening of lung cancer.
Methods: The serum miRNA expression profiles of 5078 non-cancer, 1951 lung cancer and 3504 other cancer samples from four datasets were used. Subsequently, the samples were classified into one training dataset and two validation datasets.
Results: In this study, we firstly demonstrate the differential expression pattern of serum miRNAs between lung cancer and non-cancer in four datasets, respectively. Subsequently, two qualitative serum microRNA signatures were established. The first signature, designated as LC-MPS2, was employed to distinguish lung cancer from non-cancer samples. The sensitivity and specificity of the signature were all over 99.0% in both the training and validation datasets. However, LC-MPS2 was unable to distinguish lung cancer from other types of cancer. Thus, an additional signature, comprising of six miRNA pairs designated as LC-MPS6, was constructed. This signature demonstrated 90.9% sensitivity and 91.1% specificity in the training datasets for discriminating lung cancer from multiple other types of cancers. In an independent validation dataset, LC-MPS6 achieved 80.2% sensitivity and 93.9% specificity.
Conclusions:This study demonstrates that the qualitative serum microRNA signatures can accurately identify lung cancer from multiple cancer and non-cancer samples.
Performance analysis of different signal representations and optimizers for CNN based automatic modulation classification
Authors: Chahil Sardar Tamoor Hussain , Zakwan Muhammad , Khan Khurram , Fazil Adnan
Published: October 2024

Automatic Modulation Classification (AMC) plays a crucial role in non-cooperative communication systems by identifying modulation types of received signals without prior information. Recently, Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) based AMC techniques have shown great promise in achieving high classification accuracy for multiple modulation schemes. In this regard, researchers have used different input signal representations and optimizers for training CNN models. This paper investigates the effectiveness of using constellation diagrams and spectrograms as input representations along with various optimizers for CNN based AMC using SqueezeNet model. The optimizers assessed include Stochastic Gradient Descent with Momentum (SGDM), Adaptive Moment Estimation (ADAM), and Root Mean Square Propagation (RMSprop). Eleven modulation schemes were analyzed, and classification performance was measured using accuracy, F1 score, and specificity. The best results were obtained with constellation diagrams for RMSprop optimizer, achieving an accuracy of 99.55%, an F1 score of 99.54%, and a specificity of 99.95% at 20 dB SNR. The ADAM optimizer with constellation diagrams followed closely, yielding 96.81% accuracy, 96.82% F1 score, and 99.63% specificity. These configurations also provided the best results over wide range of SNRs from − 20 dB to 20 dB. Additionally, a comparative analysis with previous approach utilizing IQ sequential signal frames demonstrated a significant improvement in classification accuracy with the mentioned configurations. These findings highlight the effectiveness of specific input types and optimizers in enhancing classification performance for CNN-based AMC applications.
Reflection of the Kurdish Issue in the American New York Times During the Period between (1961-1968)
Authors: Rahman Qaraman Haidar , Ismail Ismail Abdullah
Published: October 2024

The New York Times is an American newspaper based in New York City. The newspaper has a great influence on its readers internationally. The first issue was published on September 18, 1851 as the New York Daily Times. Throughout its life, it has been one of the most trusted newspaper organizations, winning dozens of international awards and consistently being one of the best-selling newspapers in the world. One of the topics that the newspaper focused on and devoted a lot of space to during the years (1961-1968) was the Kurdish issue in Iraq. On this basis, we conducted this scientific research entitled (Reflection of the Kurdish Issue in the American New York Times newspaper in the period between 1961-1968). It consists of an introduction and three axes. Each topic includes several discussions. In the first section, entitled (The Beginning of Defining the Kurds), we briefly highlighted some of these articles that dealt with the definition of Kurdish nationalism after the founding and publication of the newspaper. In the second section, we focused on the events of the Kurdish revolution and nationalist demands. The third and final topic was entitled (The role of the newspaper in demonstrating the international political position towards the Kurdish issue). In this topic, we highlight the international position and the newspaper’s position towards the Kurdish issue. Finally, we came to the conclusion that The New York Times provided a valuable service to the Kurdish cause in Iraq. Within the framework of his professional work.
Karakteristik Nata De Soya dari Whey Tahu dengan Penambahan Gula Semut Aren Menggunakan Acetobacter xylinum
Authors: Alayda Vivi Rahma , Yuliasari Fitri , Hasannah Cintiya Septa
Published: October 2024

Tahu merupakah produk olahan kedelai yang menghasilkan limbah berupa padatan dan cairan. Limbah cair atau Whey yang tidak diolah berpotensi untuk mencemari lingkungan sehingga perlu adanya pengolahan terhadap limbah tersebut. Oleh karena itu, dilakukan penelitian pembuatan Nata de Soya berbahan dasar limbah cair tahu dengan metode fermentasi bakteri Acetobacter xylinum. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui karakteristik Nata de Soya yang dihasilkan dari limbah cair tahu dengan penambahan gula semut aren. Karakterisasi Nata de Soya dilakukan dengan pengujian kadar serat kasar menggunakan metode gravimetri, kadar air dengan metode thermogravimetri, ketebalan dengan pengukuran jangka sorong, rendemen dengan perhitungan berat dan volume bahan, Total Coliform dengan metode Chromocult Coliform Agar (CCA), serta Food Security dengan metode Colorimetric dan Colorimetric-Sulfanilic Acid. Variasi penambahan gula semut aren adalah 2,8%(b/v), 4,2% (b/v), dan 4,6% (b/v). Nata de Soya dengan variasi gula 4,6% (b/v) memiliki kadar air paling maksimal yaitu 97,82%, rendemen 21,20%, dan tebal 0,45 cm. Kadar serat maksimal dihasilkan pada variasi gula 2,8% (b/v) sebesar 1,18%. Nata de Soya menunjukkan kadar Coliform sebanyak 7 g dan positif mengandung nitrit pada uji Food Security.
A UTERINE RUPTURE NOT TO OVERLOOK IN THE CONTEXT OF RETROPLACENTAL HEMATOMA
Authors:   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Mohammed VI-Oujda University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco., Douzi Amine , Lamzouri Oussama ,   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Mohammed VI-Oujda University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco., Taheri Hafsa ,   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Mohammed VI-Oujda University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco., Saadi Hanane ,   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Mohammed VI-Oujda University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco., Mimouni Ahmed ,   Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Mohammed VI-Oujda University Hospital, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy, Mohammed Premier University, Oujda, Morocco.
Published: October 2024

Objective: To report a rare case of uterine rupture in the context of a Couvelaire uterus in a patient with no history of uterine surgery or manipulation and to discuss the clinical challenges and management strategies for such cases. Case Summary: A 34-year-old multiparous woman presented at 34 weeks gestation with intrauterine fetal death (IUFD) and preeclampsia. Despite an unremarkable history with no prior cesarean deliveries or intrauterine interventions, she developed sudden hemodynamic instability and was diagnosed with uterine rupture during an emergency laparotomy. Intraoperatively, a large posterior uterine rupture was identified and repaired. Postoperatively, the patient experienced uterine atony and significant hemorrhage, necessitating additional surgical interventions including Tsirulnikov ligation and the B-Lynch uterine compression technique. The patient recovered well following intensive care management. Discussion: Uterine rupture in an unscarred uterus is an exceedingly rare event, particularly in the absence of classic risk factors. This case occurred in the context of a Couvelaire uterus, where extensive intramyometrial hemorrhage due to placental abruption may have weakened the uterine wall. The nonspecific clinical presentation, including the absence of abdominal pain or vaginal bleeding, poses diagnostic challenges. Immediate surgical intervention is crucial, especially in low-resource settings where advanced treatment options may be limited. This case underscores the importance of maintaining a high index of suspicion for uterine rupture, even in patients without typical risk factors, and highlights the need for adaptable management strategies. Conclusion: Uterine rupture should be considered in the differential diagnosis of acute abdomen in pregnancy, regardless of the patients obstetric history. Early recognition, prompt surgical management, and flexible treatment strategies are essential for optimizing outcomes in such rare but potentially life-threatening situations. Further studies are needed to improve understanding and management of this rare complication.
LA MALADIE DE FAHR A PROPOS DUN CAS
Authors:   Hopital Psychiatrique Universitaire Arrazi de Sale, Faculte de Medecine et de Pharmacie, Universite Mohamed V, Rabat, Maroc., Kissa N. , Azizi L. ,   Hopital Psychiatrique Universitaire Arrazi de Sale, Faculte de Medecine et de Pharmacie, Universite Mohamed V, Rabat, Maroc., Majdoub H. ,   Hopital Psychiatrique Universitaire Arrazi de Sale, Faculte de Medecine et de Pharmacie, Universite Mohamed V, Rabat, Maroc., Ouanass A. ,   Hopital Psychiatrique Universitaire Arrazi de Sale, Faculte de Medecine et de Pharmacie, Universite Mohamed V, Rabat, Maroc.
Published: October 2024

Introduction : Le syndrome de Fahr est une entite anatomoclinique rare caracterisee par des depots calciques anormaux, bilateraux, symetriques, non arteriosclerotiques situes dans les zones du cerveau qui controlent les mouvements, notamment les noyaux gris centraux et le cortex cerebral. Methode: Nous rapportons a travers cette vignette un cas rare de maladie de Fahr revelee par des troubles neuropsychiatriques. Resultats: Un homme de 23 ans, qui presentait des troubles du comportement depuis l age de 19 ans, a ete admis dans une unite de psychiatrie pour le prise en charge dÂ’agressivite envers son entourage, avec verbalisation de propos delirants de persecution et soliloquie. Son evaluation psychiatrique a revele de graves troubles cognitifs, des symptomes delitants et hellucinatoire. La tomodensitometrie cerebrale a objective la presence de calcifications bilaterales dans les noyaux gris centraux, principalement Nous avons diagnostique une psychose chronique secondaire a la maladie de Fahr. LÂ’evolution a ete marquee par une bonne reponse et bonne tolerance a 8mg de la risperidone . Conclusion: Il es necessaire que les psychiatres cherchent la presence dÂ’anomalies du metabolisme phosphocalcique et des calcifications intracraniennes chez les patients presentant des symptomes psychotiques.
STUDY OF SERUM SODIUM LEVELS AND ITS CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE IN DECOMPENSATED CHRONIC LIVER DISEASE PATIENTS ADMITTED IN A TERTIARY CARE CENTRE OF NORTH EASTERN STATE, TRIPURA
Authors:   Post Graduate Resident, Department of General Medicine, Agartala Government Medical College, Agartala, Tripura., Sinha Jishnu
Published: October 2024

Introduction: Chronic Liver Disease is a major source of death and morbidity globally. Hyponatremia is one of the most common electrolyte abnormalities in chronic liver disease patients. Various studies have established a correlation between serum sodium levels and survival in these patients. Hyponatremia is a marker of severity in CLD patients and studies have shown its relationship with MELD score and Child Pugh score. The complications of DCLD and mortality also increases with hyponatremia. The aim of this study was to study the serum sodium levels in patients with DCLD and to establish its significance. Materials And Methods: Data was collected from 100 patients admitted in medical wards. Patients were divided into 3 groups based on serum sodium levels and the relevant parameters analyzed among the groups. OBSERVATIONS: Among 100 patients, 45 had serum sodium levels â‰¥136 mEq/L, while 32 had serum sodium levels between 131 and 135 mEq/L and 23 patients had serum sodium level â‰¤130. No patients had serum sodium levels greater than 145. Serum sodium levels were associated strongly with the severity of liver disease as assessed by Child Pugh and MELD scores. Serum sodium â‰¤130 indicated the existence of Hepatic Encephalopathy, Hepatorenal Syndrome and Spontaneous Bacterial Peritonitis. Patients with serum sodium less than 130 mEq/L had increased frequency of complications than those with â‰¥136 mEq/L. Patient with serum sodium levels â‰¤130 had increased mortality. Conclusion: Hyponatremia is more common in DCLD and low serum sodium levels are associated with increased frequency of complications such as hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis and GI bleeding. Lower serum sodium levels were associated with increased MELD and Child Pugh score and mortality indicating the inverse relationship between serum sodium levels and severity of the disease.
Disk-band graphs in the theory of framed tangles
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Nezhinskij Vladimir M. ,   The Herzen State Pedagogical University of Russia, Petrov Maxim V. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: October 2024

A disk-band graph is a smooth compact two-dimensional manifold with boundary, partitioned into handles; the partition contains only index zero and index one handles and imitates the structure of the graph. (Index zero handles are analogues of the vertices of the graph, index one handles are analogues of the graph edges.) A disk-band graph is called spatial if it is a smooth submanifold of three-dimensional Euclidean space. A tangle is usually understood as a smooth compact one-dimensional submanifold of the standard three-dimensional ball that intersects the boundary of the ball orthogonally, only along its boundary, the intersection is contained in the equator. We call a tangle framed if it is equipped with a smooth field of normal straight lines. It is well known that there is a reduction of the problem of isotopic classification of spatial disk-band graphs to the problem of isotopic classification of framed tangles. This work focuses on the application of (abstract) disk-band graphs to study the set of isotopic classes of framed tangles.
Approximation by double periodic functions in the class C^r_A
Authors:   HSE University, Sintsova Kseniia А. , Shirokov Nikolai A. ,   HSE University,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: October 2024

In this work we will consider approximation by polynomials in doubly periodic Weierstrass functions for functions that are analytic in a domain and continuous in its closure. This problem is closely related to the approximation by holomorphic polynomials in two variables of a function that is holomorphic in a domain on an elliptic curve. We assume that at the boundary of the region on the plane the length of the are is commensurable with length of the chord. This condition also applies to the region on the elliptic curve. The possibility of obtaining an approximation estimate that is consistent with the so-called the inverse theorem. i. e., with the restoration of the smoothness of the function by the speed of approximation, it was previously obtained for classed of function analytic in a domain for which in the closure of the domain the derivative of a given order has a modulus of continuity of the Holder type, with an order less than unity. The approximation method used earlier did not make it possible to study classes of analytic functions whose derivative of some order is limited. In this paper, we use a different approximation method to approximate by polynomials in doubly periodic Weierstrass functions the functions that are analytic in a domain and whose derivative of a given order is bounded in the domain.
On estimation of values of jumps for discrete distribution functions
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Frolov Аndrei N.
Published: October 2024

We obtain new inequalities for values of jumps for discrete distribution functions. Values of jumps are bounded by linear combinations of a finite number of moments of the distributions. Obtained inequalities can be used for estimation of ranges for values of improbable jumps when frequencies are zero and are not interesting as estimators. We discuss relationships of derived inequalities with inequalities for probabilities of unions of events and the Caushy-Bunyakovski and Holder inequalities as well.
Dynamics of a double pendulum with viscous friction in the joints. II. Dissipative oscillation modes and optimization of damping parameters
Authors:   Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, Smirnov Aleksei S. ,   Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Kravchinskiy Igor A. ,   Institute for Problems in Mechanical Engineering of the Russian Academy of Sciences,   CMT-Engineering
Published: October 2024

This paper is a continuation of the article "Dynamics of a double pendulum with viscous friction in the joints. I. Mathematical model of motion and construction of the regime diagram", in which a linear mathematical model of the motion of a double mathematical pendulum with identical parameters of links and end loads in the presence of viscous friction in both articulations was given, and a diagram of dissipative regimes of its motion was also constructed. The question of a particular variant of proportional damping is considered, in which the oscillation modes of a dissipative system are not distorted by friction forces, and basic formulas are given that describe the dynamics of the system in this situation. For the general case of damping, through a rational combination of analytical and numerical research methods, all key quantities characterizing the motion of the system on each of the dissipative oscillation modes are identified and determined. In addition, several problems of optimal damping of system oscillations are considered, and the best dissipative parameters are selected based on the criterion of the maximum degree of stability. The obtained results are accompanied by a series of graphical illustrations, which make it possible to establish their dependence on the damping coefficients and note their main qualitative and quantitative features. The solutions found can be useful in practice when designing two-link manipulators and studying their dynamic behavior.
At the forefront of Russian morphology (to the 70th anniversary of the birth of the head of the Department of Morphology of St. Petersburg State University, Professor I. V. Gaivoronsky)
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Yablonsky Piotr , Sarana Andrey ,   St. Petersburg State University, Obrezan Andrey ,   St. Petersburg State University, Nichiporuk Gennadiy ,   St. Petersburg State University,   Military Medical Academy named after S. M. Kirov
Published: October 2024

The article is dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the birth of a prominent domestic anatomist, head of the Department of Morphology of St. Petersburg State University, Doctor of Medical Sciences, Professor I. V. Gaivoronsky. Ivan Vasilyevich was born in 1954. In 1979, he graduated from the Military Medical Academy, then completed his postgraduate studies at it. At this university, he worked his way up from a teacher to the head of the department of normal anatomy, which he has headed for more than 35 years. Since the formation of the Faculty of Medicine of St. Petersburg State University, he has also permanently headed the Department of morphology. During this time, under the leadership of I. V. Gaivoronsky a modern educational and material base has been created, the educational process has been organized at a high methodological level, and scientific research has been conducted to solve pressing problems of morphology. He created a scientific morphological school, which trained 11 doctors and 60 candidates of medical sciences. I. V. Gaivoronsky was twice awarded the Russian Government Prize in the field of education, he was awarded the honorary titles “Honored Worker of Science of the Russian Federation” and “Honored Worker of the Higher School of the Russian Federation”, Academician of the Russian Military Medical Academy, Honorary Doctor of the Military Medical Academy. He was awarded the Order of Honor and the Medal of the Order for Services to the Fatherland, II degree.
Notary tariff: Problems of ensuring constitutional balance in determining parameters
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Kustova Margarita V. , Rasskazova Natalia Yu. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: October 2024

The article analyzes the problems of determining the procedure for financing notarial activities in the context of the constitutional requirement to achieve a balance between private and public interests. Turning to the historical and legal key to the development of approaches concerning the formation of the cost of notarial actions, the authors see the purpose of the formal revision of the regulatory rules as for establishing notarial tariffs only to support the approaches to determining the level of relevant fees that have already been established within the framework of the previous regulation. In this regard, the article notes the urgent need for a conceptual revision of approaches to building a system of self-financing of notarial activities. Without denying the admissibility of the participation of notarial bodies in determining its parameters, the authors, based on the nature of the notarial tariff, focus on the need for effective state supervision of its economic feasibility. At the same time, following the approach of bringing the formation of payment for notarial actions in any part to the subordinate level strengthens the requirements for ensuring economic proof of its size. Ultimately, we are talking about aiming to achieve a constitutional balance between the level of organization of notarial activity expected at the corresponding stage of development of society and the solvency of persons forced to apply for the performance of notarial acts. The article notes that the currently proposed system demonstrates at the regional level both significant deviations from the maximum tariff amount and significant differences in determining the procedure for calculating the regional tariff for a specific notarial act, although the objective reasons for this are not obvious. This demonstrates the need to analyze the relevant deviations from the standpoint of ensuring the principle of equality, which implies, among other things, differentiation of the tariff size based on constitutionally justified criteria.
Fighting against violations of the right to privacy in the virtual space: ensuring the security of personal data
Authors:   Baku State University, Humbatov Elnur A.
Published: October 2024

In the article, the legal regulations on the fight against violations of the right to privacy in the virtual space and ensuring the security of personal data were studied. The formation of the global information society, the transformation of the Internet into an integral part of social life was observed with the increase of people’s activity in the virtual space. On the one hand, it is characterized by positive aspects. Because in the virtual space, any person can easily meet the needs of daily life by using the opportunities provided as a user. For example, online shopping, online communication, searching for desired information in virtual space, etc. But on the other hand, the borderless nature of the virtual space, the use of anonymity (for example, through a fake profile) makes it difficult to detect and prevent violations committed in this space. In general, this raises the issue of protecting human rights and freedoms in the digital age, and among these rights and freedoms, the right to privacy has a special weight. Because people who use the virtual space provide their personal information to various platforms, or during communication, their personal life information remains in the virtual space, so that such information can later be used by criminals for illegal purposes. Therefore, protecting the security, confidentiality and completeness of information about personal and family life in the modern era is one of the most important tasks facing the world community. The author provided information about the most common types of violations of the right to personal integrity in the virtual space, and presented his suggestions on measures to combat them. In addition, the article analyzes the differences between the Anglo-Saxon and the European practice of personal data protection and draws conclusions about more successful practices.
Remote electronic voting in elections in Russia: State, problems, prospects
Authors:   Ufa University of Science and Technology, Bosova Elena N. , Chechulina Alla A. ,   Ufa University of Science and Technology
Published: October 2024

The paper examines the Russian experience of introducing remote electronic voting into the electoral process. By referring to the experience of other countries, we highlight the positive and negative aspects of remote electronic voting. The interest of states therein is due to the capability of combating the electorate absenteeism at polling stations for voting. Along with that, the results of surveying Russians on the use of remote electronic voting in elections show that some voters do not trust the outcomes of such voting for fear of fraud. We accumulated preferential provisions that constitute the interest of states in remote electronic voting. Blockchain technologies used in electronic voting are diverse and affect the public’s attitude to the voting results in different ways, many electoral process participants do not understand the technical component of the electronic program. Russia uses a closed blockchain, therefore only the electoral process participants having a special key can view the data. It turned out that blockchain-based voting does not solve fundamental security problems, but on the contrary is technically more vulnerable than traditional paper ballot voting or postal voting. In Russia, legal regulation relates more to the technical aspects of organizing and implementing remote electronic voting in elections, but does not solve all the problems, leaving many gaps for the guarantees of citizens’ electoral rights. Currently, the optimal model will be the combination of both traditional (paper ballot) and remote voting forms in order to reduce the risks of the latter, i. e. to apply a hybrid voting format in elections. Russian electoral legislation needs to be adapted to the hybrid format of elections with a paper ballot and an electronic ballot, providing voting rights of citizens and remote electronic voting.
Options for multilateral solutions to international taxation issues and their assessment from the perspective of the tax security of the state
Authors:   Financial Research Institute of the Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation, Ponomareva Karina A.
Published: October 2024

The article was prepared as part of a study aimed at identifying fundamental theoretical approaches to the legal provision of the fiscal interests of the state in the context of the transformation of tax relations and tax law institutions under the influence of the digital transformation of the economy and developing recommendations for creating an effective model of legal regulation of taxation in Russia as a means of ensuring the tax security of the state, which is affected by new challenges. From the point of view of the tax security of the state, the need to ensure compliance with the fiscal interests of the state requires the transformation of essential approaches to regulating tax relations. Given that the Russian economy has faced new challenges in recent years, it seems advisable to explore not only the challenges themselves, but also ways to respond to them. It is noted that the Russian economy is successfully coping with new challenges and, in this regard, it seems relevant to return to the tasks that the state faces from the point of view of both national and international taxation. The article analyzes the projects of the OECD and the United Nations on reforming the taxation rules of international groups of companies. The projects of international organizations are considered as answers to the challenges of tax evasion, as well as to the challenges of the digital economy. The study focuses on the UN initiative to prepare a framework convention on international tax cooperation. The UN initiative is considered from the point of view of taking into account the interests of developing countries. The article also assesses the need to amend Russian tax legislation in the context of new challenges to the tax security of the state. It is noted that the current system of preferential tax regimes, which continues to be improved, meets the interests of Russian taxpayers and the national tax base.
Administrative and legal measures to ensure the security of personal data when disclosing information by the government in China
Authors:   Kutafin Moscow State Law University, Guanglong Wang
Published: October 2024

Government disclosure is an inevitable choice to improve public services in the era of big data. In order to meet the new requirements for building a digital government in the era of big data, the government authorities of the People’s Republic of China have implemented a number of strategies and measures for the open use of government data through the overall integration of government informatization work. In recent years, the open use of government data has played a very important role in building a legal system and platforms, but it still faces many real dilemmas, such as the low level of legislation for the open use of data and security for government disclosure of data, vague definition of data ownership and the extent of openness, insufficient supervision and management openness and use of data. In order to ensure effective protection of personal information when disclosing information by the government in the era of big data, it is necessary to improve the mechanism of legal protection of personal information and the system of legal regulation of the use of government-opened data, improve the system for regulating conflicts of legal benefits based on the principle of proportionality, create and optimize an environment for the development and use of government data, as well as develop a mechanism for assessing privacy risks and raise awareness about the protection of personal data and rights.
Crises of the international legal system and their role in developing principles and norms of international law: Retrospective analysis
Authors:   North-Western Branch of the Russian State University of Justice, Dorskaia Aleksandra A. , Dorskii Andrei Yu. ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: October 2024

The article examines the influence of international legal system crises on the establishment and advancement of generally recognized principles and norms of international law. It is shown that the causes of crisis phenomena in international law can include inconsistency of the norms of international treaties and customs with the proclaimed principles of international law, poor regulation of the critical issues of the world community’s life and its institutions; non-implementation of the enshrined principles because of the lack of political will or imperfection of international legal mechanisms. On the example of the principles of conscientious fulfillment of international obligations, the sovereign equality of states and respect for the rights inherent in sovereignty, non-intervention in the internal affairs of states enshrined in the 1945 United Nations Charter, it is shown how the principles undergo changes in different eras, resulting in shifts in emphasis and enabling the evolution of international legal regulation. The terminological discussions, which have spanned centuries, leading to a wide range of interpretations regarding the fundamental principles and norms of international law, including the concept of general recognition, are considered. It has been concluded that numerous principles of international law were established to address crisis situations in international legal affairs. However, sometimes, these principles can inadvertently exacerbate conflicts, as evidenced by the Europe-America tensions in the 19th century. The primary areas of development for the international law principles are revealed: the alignment of specific principles in different international law branches with generally recognized principles and norms, the interplay between principles across different international law branches, which is crucial for regulating a substantial portion of international legal relations and the consolidation of judicial practice from international justice bodies.
The suitability of the copyright system to computer programs in light of the United Arab Emirates law
Authors:   Al Ain University, Madi Ramzi , Al Shamsi Iman ,   Dubai Police Academy
Published: October 2024

This article investigates whether the new copyright and neighbouring rights law adopted by the United Arab Emirates (UAE) legislature is considered appropriate to protect computer programs, or if it is better to establish an independent legal system that includes the appropriate legal protection that is in line with rapid technological progress. For computer programs to enjoy protection, there are two conditions must be met: the work should be a mental production, and the work should be an innovation. Once these two objective conditions are met, computer programs can enjoy automatic protection under the copyright system. Moreover, the study will spot light on Federal Law concerning Copyright and Neighbouring Rights that granted the author of a program a set of moral rights, which do not differ from the rights granted to the authors of traditional works, and it has been agreed that there are four moral rights. We concluded that the computer programs are considered as per Federal Law concerning Copyright and Neighbouring Rights as literary work. They are therefore subject to the protection established under the copyright system. However, despite the importance of the copyright law, it is still unable to keep pace with the technological and economic developments and is not commensurate with the nature of computer programs whose development pace is increasing daily. For computer programs to enjoy protection, there are two conditions must be met: the work should be a mental production, and the work should be an innovation. Once these two objective conditions are met, computer programs can enjoy automatic protection under the copyright system. Moreover, the study will spot light on Federal Law concerning Copyright & Neighbouring Rights that granted the author of a program a set of moral rights, which do not differ from the rights granted to the authors of traditional works, and it has been agreed that there are four moral rights. We concluded that the computer programs are considered as per Federal Law concerning Copyright & Neighbouring Rights as literary work. They are therefore subject to the protection established under the copyright system. However, despite the importance of the copyright law, it is still unable to keep pace with the technological and economic developments and is not commensurate with the nature of computer programs whose development pace is increasing daily.
Development of Sino-Russian legal service cooperation in the context of hindered Eurasian integration
Authors:   Shanghai University of Political Science and Law, Jiang Siyuan ,   China National Institute for SCO International Exchange and Judicial Cooperation, Huang Tianrui ,   Shanghai University of Political Science and Law
Published: October 2024

Due to the continuation of special military operations, the original mode of competition and cooperation in Central Asia has changed. The process of Eurasian integration has fallen into a temporary low tide, and the “Belt and Road” strategy has also been impacted. China and Russia have established a highly friendly comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination in the new era, and have maintained long-term high-level cooperation in various fields. Against the backdrop of the overall downturn in the world economy, bilateral trade has grown. In the face of Western sanctions, the economic and trade cooperation between Russia and European countries has gradually decreased, which will inevitably lead to the deepening of exchanges between Russia and China in the field. Whether the high-quality development of economic and trade cooperation or the docking and landing of long-term strategies, it is inseparable from the escort of the law. The current China-Russia legal services have such problems as narrow coverage, lack of legal talents, lack of dispute resolution mechanism, etc. Such scattered and fragmented legal services obviously cannot meet the needs of the development of Sino-Russian trade, and it is also unable to make timely adjustment in the face of the impact of the drastic international situation. This paper will sort out the development context of China- Russia legal service. Based on the current situation of legal service cooperation, this paper will analyze the shortcomings exposed in this field in the face of the drastic international situation, and put forward suggestions for the transformation and development of China-Russia legal service cooperation.
Wholeness as a fundamental category in describing the nature of personality
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Kostromina Svetlana , Grishina Natalia ,   St. Petersburg State University
Published: October 2024

The concept of wholeness, which is one of the main concepts in the description of personality, is discussed. In psychology, wholeness is considered as a characteristic of personality and as a requirement for its study. In traditional approaches to understanding wholeness, it is described through the relative constancy of personality substructures, interconnected, or, in dynamic approaches, through the development of wholeness based on the connection of existing structures with the emergence of new formations. Violation of the principle of integrity in research studying individual components of personality became one of the main reasons for the crisis in personality psychology of the twentieth century. Difficulties in studying the wholeness of personality are associated, among other things, with differences in its interpretations, with the polysemy and uncertainty of the concepts that describe it, which is demonstrated by the results of the analysis of the conceptual field in scientific discourse. It is proposed to consider wholeness as a fundamental category in the description of personality, along with the categories of variability and stability. Wholeness is understood as an integral characteristic that works at different levels of the functional organization of the individual, which correlate with the contexts of the individual’s life. In accordance with the developed processual approach, integrity is a dynamic formation, the balance of which is ensured by the balance of the processes of change and stability; the content of the conjugate action of these processes is the “completion” of the stability of the individual due to the changes that occur.
Error-related negativity: dynamics of a neurocognitive sensitivity marker to decision mismatch in psychiatric disorders. Part 2
Authors:   Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Sagalakova Olga , Truevtsev Dmitry ,   Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Zhirnova Olga ,   Moscow State University of Psychology and Education, Sagalakov Anatoliy
Published: October 2024

The transformation of methodological ideas about ERN as a significant neurocognitive marker for clarifying the mechanisms of development and maintenance of mental disorders are analyzed. The potential is registered in the anterior cingulate cortex 50–100 ms after making an error in the conflict task and acts as a neurocognitive indicator of sensitivity to decision mismatches. Comprehension of the provisions on the error monitoring system is discussed depending on the peculiarities of the clinical group definition, different conditions of activity (error of another or one’s own, motivational significance, attitude to accuracy, uncertainty, awareness of the error and other), as well as individual-typological characteristics. The significance of the error monitoring system in the context of the transition from a categorical to a dimensional approach to the classification of mental disorders is conceptualized, and inconsistencies in the data are discussed. ERN is considered as a modulation pattern of the internalisation-externalisation spectrum of psychopathology, acting as a dimensional psychopathological model that partially overcomes the problems of comorbidity. Based on the idea of defining ERN as a transdiagnostic electrophysiological marker of mental health, highly comorbid disorders, the problem of comparing the features of the error monitoring system in anxiety and psychotic disorders is analyzed. Studies show specific strengthening of the ERN in anxiety disorders and weakening in psychosis, but some components of the ERN in psychotic disorders may remain preserved, and under certain conditions of activity, error detection is intact. The qualitative rearrangements in the error monitoring system in psychosis reveal a more complex psychological structure of error identification than the observation of a decline in this ability.
Extensive Writing in Tertiary Education
Authors: Erden Behçet , Korkut Perihan
Published: October 2024

The current study seeks to find out whether Extensive Writing (EW) practices has an effect on attitudes of students towards writing and if their attitudes towards writing differ by gender. The study was conducted with two groups of intermediate level English language preparatory class students at a state university in Turkey. In the study, explanatory sequential design of mixed methods research was used for data collection and analysis procedures. In order to collect data, a four-week research lesson cycle was planned. Together with learners’ written works, a questionnaire and learning reflection questions were used. The findings of the study revealed a notable improvement of writing performance in the experimental group. As for gender differences in attitudes and writing scores, there appeared significant differences in test scores of the control group, with males outperforming females. In the experimental group, however, there was no indication of gender-based difference neither in test scores nor in their attitudes regarding writing. By analyzing learning reflection questions, it was concluded that the participants were mostly positive about this new practice. These findings collectively suggest that while observable gains in writing skills are evident, the treatment did not have an effect on gender-related differences in writing.
Agreements on Release of Contractual Liability of Entrepreneurs in Russia and China
Authors: Zimneva S. , He Xiao
Published: October 2024

This article is devoted to a comparative analysis of the provisions of the civil codes of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China regulating the conclusion of agreements on the release or limitation of civil liability. In the context of active trade and economic cooperation between Russia and China, the issues of proper fulfillment of contractual obligations by each of these partners are placed at the forefront of the negotiations. However, the parties may, by means of an agreement between them, provide for cases of exemption from liability in order to minimize their risks from entrepreneurial activity. The authors of this article explore the legal nature and conditions for the conclusion of such agreements, as well as examine the essence of agreements on the release or limitation of liability for an intentional breach of obligation or as a result of gross negligence. A comparative analysis of the provisions of Russian and Chinese civil law leads the authors to conclude that there is a significant similarity in the legal regulation of agreements on exemption from liability for breach of contractual obligations due to the influence of European civil law In addition, the limits of establishing contractual conditions regarding limitations and exemption from liability in accordance with the principle of freedom of contract are examined. Furthermore, the article discusses the recent changes and modifications to the civil laws of Russia and China. These improvements can be used by business partners of the Russian Federation and the People’s Republic of China who are engaged in trade and economic cooperation with these countries when concluding and executing agreements. The results of this study can also be used to study the problems surrounding exemptions from civil liability in contractual obligations in order to further improve the legislation.