bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterisation of sorghum cultivated in Hungary: potential health risk resulting from the occurrence of toxigenic fungi and effect of endogenous lipophilic antioxidants on mycotoxin production
Authors: Szabó B.K. , Atanasova V. , Ducos C. , Kismányoky A. , Pinson-Gadais L. , Ponts N. , Savignac J.-M. , Körösi K. , Richard-Forget F.
Published: July 2024

Fusarium grain mould, or FGM, is caused by Fusarium species that most frequently infect sorghum during the early stages of grain development. Several toxigenic Fusarium species have been shown to be involved in FGM, the most frequently isolated being Fusarium verticillioides, Fusarium andiyazi, Fusarium proliferatum, Fusarium thapsinum, and Fusarium sacchari. The aim of the present study was to provide new insights on the occurrence of toxigenic fungi infecting sorghum cultivated in Hungary and the risk of contamination with mycotoxins. To reach this objective, the presence of toxigenic Fusarium isolates in sorghum samples was investigated; fungal species and capacity to produce mycotoxins were characterised for each isolated Fusarium strain. In a second step, the profile in tocochromanols and carotenoids of the two most widely cultivated sorghum varieties in Hungary was detailed and the effect of the predominant compounds on the biosynthesis of fumonisins and type B trichothecenes was investigated.
Promoting Peace and Conceptualizing Human Security Diplomacy
Authors: Christie Kenneth , Hanlon Robert J.
Published: July 2024

This article draws on the concept of human security and argues that it can serve as a foundational doctrine within the fields of peacekeeping and peacebuilding. The chapter comprises three main parts which include 1) an introduction to the concept of human security; 2) a call for greater accountability and a strengthening of the duty to care across the peacebuilding landscape to counterbalance the militarization of peacekeeping; and finally 3) a proposal for what we call ‘human security diplomacy’ and the role that Canada can play as a middle power struggling to find its role within the nexus of these different strands. While human security has been a foundational principal of the United Nations for decades, the authors are particularly interested in how countries advance principles of peacebuilding in a globalized world to provide a more practical, rather than just suggested theoretical relationship, in terms developing a stronger identity through the lens of a new approach which we call human security diplomacy.
Karl von Richthofen’s Altfriesisches Wörterbuch (1840): A Milestone in Germanic Lexicography
Authors: Bremmer Rolf H.
Published: July 2024

Karl von Richthofen’s voluminous Altfriesisches Wörterbuch was published in 1840, when the author was only 29 years old. It marked a major achievement in the field of Old Frisian studies and well beyond that discipline. This article introduces the author, his study at the universities of Berlin and Göttingen and how the dictionary evolved from what was originally intended to be a subject index to accompany his critical and comparative edition of all the then known legal texts pertaining to medieval Frisia, Friesische Rechtsquellen (1840). Much information about the genesis of the dictionary can be extracted from the intense discussion which Richthofen in numerous entries entertains with contemporary scholars. The article furthermore presents an analysis of the dictionary’s macro- and micro-structure and finally discusses how this highly innovative dictionary was received upon publication.
Old Frisian Studies in the Seventeenth Century: The Oxford Manuscripts
Authors: Dekker Kees
Published: July 2024

The Bodleian library at Oxford is one of the most important repositories of manuscripts and early printed books documenting the study of Old Frisian in the seventeenth century. Together with primary texts, two copies of the incunable print of the Frisian land laws, Codex Aysma and transcripts of the now lost Codex Unia, the collection includes annotations and glossaries by three pioneers of Old Frisian philology: Franciscus Junius (1591–1677), Jan van Vliet (1622–1666) and Thomas Marshall (1621–1685). This contribution explores Junius’s and van Vliet’s appraisal of the Old Frisian texts, their plans for an edition, and their interest in the narrative aspects of texts, such as the Statutes of Magnus and the Book of Rudolf. By analysing van Vliet’s and Junius’s annotations in Oxford, Bodleian Library, MSS Junius 109 and Marshall 60, it becomes apparent that these seventeenth-century philologists studied Old Frisian texts not only for lexicographical reasons or to compare Frisian with the other Old Germanic languages, but also for their fascinating historical and literary qualities.
Agensbildungen im Altfriesischen
Authors: Marti Heinzle Mirjam
Published: July 2024

In Germanic, the presence of various devices to express ‘agent’ implies that this was a fundamentally important cognitive category. These devices are mainly morphological, and we find various competing agentive word formation patterns. This article provides a corpus-based analysis of the morphological agentive word formation patterns in Old Frisian. These range from suffixal derivation with different suffixes such as Gmc *-(j)an- and the loan suffix Gmc *-ā̆rja-, to compounds with suffixoids such as -mon or -māster. The corpus for the analysis is gathered from the Altfriesische Handwörterbuch by Hofmann and Popkema (2008) and, as such, it offers an insight into the whole corpus of Old Frisian agent nouns.
New Non-legal Sources of Thet Autentica Riocht and Other Old Frisian Law Texts
Authors: Pelle Stephen
Published: July 2024

This article identifies new Latin sources and new Latin and vernacular analogues for noteworthy non-legal passages in late Old Frisian law texts. Several items in Thet Autentica Riocht from Codex Unia and the related “Autentica-Sammlung” preserved in Codex Aysma are shown to descend from Insular catechetical triads (including a triad popularized by Alcuin) that were also adapted by the authors of Old English and Old Norse homilies. Other passages in the Autentica collections can be traced to the works of Gregory and Isidore (likely via a florilegium like the Liber scintillarum), to popular twelfth- and thirteenth-century theological texts like the Stella clericorum and Peter Cantor’s Verbum adbreviatum, and to the Disticha Catonis. Meanwhile, a late, variant conclusion to The Seventeen Statutes is shown to utilize an inexpressibility motif derived from the apocryphal Visio Sancti Pauli that is deployed in similar ways in Old English and Old Norse texts. The identification of these sources and analogues has significant implications for the textual criticism of the Old Frisian works and can also help improve our understanding of their relationship to other medieval European vernacular religious traditions.
On the Provenance of the Nine Extant Copies of the Freeska Landriucht [1484–1486]
Authors: Popkema Anne Tjerk , de Vries Herre
Published: July 2024

This article offers provenance details of the nine extant copies of the first printed book in the Frisian language, the incunable Freeska Landriucht [1484–1486]. It evaluates previous literature on the subject and contains results from archival research as well as codicological and paleographical analyses. A pattern in the profiles of the first known owners of the major part of the copies emerges: They were Frisian men of a relatively high social status – from both secular and clerical background – with legal tasks.
Impossible Love
Authors: Kinnas Miho
Published: July 2024

This article weaves the impossibilities of Dambudzo Marechera’s life under colonialism, racism, poverty, and violence, and of love between the Zimbabwean poet and the German scholar, Flora Veit-Wild. In this article, Veit-Wild is characterized as an “unreliable narrator” and “inside trader” due to her relationship with the poet. However, it is this position of Veit-Wild that allows us to decipher one of Marechera’s most difficult poems, “My Arms Vanished Mountains.” In using Veit-Wild as a window into my intepretation of Marechera, I also link Marechera’s poetics with that of a highly unlikely counterpart, Vladimir Nabokov. The impossibilities I allude to find their representation in Dambudzo Marechera’s “My Arms Vanished Mountains,” the poem Veit-Wild saved by chance.
Hybridization and introgression in deeply differentiated salamander species – molecular genetics and a reappraisal of Dr. Louis Vallée’s osteological data
Authors: Arntzen Jan W.
Published: July 2024

Two morphologically and genetically distinct salamander species (the crested newt, Triturus cristatus and the marbled newt, T. marmoratus) engage over a large area in the west of France where they hybridize at ca. 4%. The species interaction is characterized by ecological differentiation and limited gene flow beyond the F1 hybrid generation. Incompletely isolated species like these allow to investigate the genetic mechanisms and evolutionary forces that maintain their identity in the face of ongoing gene flow, to which a large mosaic hybrid zone provides excellent opportunities. A reanalysis of published morphological data supports the partial breakdown of the species barrier whereas extensive genetic data show that introgression is low yet asymmetric, in line with the dynamics of species replacement inferred earlier. The current work, with seven diagnostic nuclear markers studied for a large sample, revises the estimates of introgression in both T. cristatus (to 0.24%) and T. marmoratus (to 0.11%). Difficulties remain in the recognition of potential triploid hybrids versus backcross hybrids. Haldane’s rule is partially supported, but deeper analyses require the use of a molecular marker for sex that is not yet available.
Why do clinical guidelines for probiotics differ?
Authors: Weizman Z. , Vandenplas Y.
Published: July 2024

Clinical guidelines are recommendations for healthcare providers regarding patients with specific conditions. These guidelines should be based on practice experience and the best available research evidence. However, guidelines developed by various health organisations worldwide often do not agree with each other. This is also true for the current guidelines for the clinical use of probiotics. This article aims to provide examples of conflicting clinical guidelines for probiotics, define reasons for this phenomenon, describe standard tools for improving their quality, and suggest ways to enhance the development and assessment of suitable clinical guidelines for the appropriate clinical use of probiotics in specific conditions.
Rethinking Power-Sharing in Post-War Lebanon: The Case for a Pluralist and Multi-Level Research Agenda
Authors: Fakhoury Tamirace , Aitken Miriam
Published: July 2024

To what extent is power-sharing theory, used as one of the key conceptual frameworks for Lebanon’s political system, still relevant for charting a way forward amid the country’s cumulative crises? This article heeds the call to position research on Lebanon’s power-sharing in a pluralist research agenda that speaks to a wider knowledge base and to a broader set of everyday policy problems. This agenda articulates itself around three axes: first, building on interdisciplinary research perspectives; second, looking at post-war Lebanon through multi-level and relational perspectives beyond the focus on power-sharing theory and “deeply divided societies” as focal paradigms for exploring conflict mitigation; and third, feeding into critical policy perspectives that probe people’s everyday struggles.
Lebanon’s ‘Concomitant Crises’ and Consociationalism as a Leading Form of Conflict Management
Authors: McCulloch Allison
Published: July 2024

Consociationalism is often perceived as a go-to response to ethnicized conflict, a form of ‘political prescription’ proffered by both external mediators and domestic constitutional designers alike. Power-sharing theory posits that extended periods of cross-community cooperation can lessen divisions, allowing the system to give way to more ‘normal’ politics. However, increasing evidence from Lebanon and elsewhere tracks a different set of incentives. Rather than facilitating a virtuous cycle of cooperation and consensus, a more vicious cycle of immobilism, intransigence, and institutional collapse emerges. In Lebanon, this has coincided with a set of intersecting political, economic, and humanitarian crises. This paper outlines how consociationalism’s causal logic has undergone a full reversal in Lebanon, maps the manifestations and implications for the country, and reflects on what power-sharing theory can learn from Lebanon’s consociational experience.
Exploring acoustic overlaps in Djibouti Somali
Authors: Green Christopher R. , Lampitelli Nicola
Published: July 2024

Somali is well known to exhibit vowel harmony (Armstrong 1934), but linguists know remarkably little about how the system is implemented. Most presume that harmonic oppositions involve the tongue root and analyze the system relative to the feature [ATR], though the phonetic implementation of the contrast is complicated by a “quirky” (Krämer 2008) vocalic system. Reports also indicate that harmonic alternations vary between speakers and dialects, including in the bounds of the harmonic domain, but again, little systematic comparison has been pursued. To better understand the bearing that vowel quality and vocalic contrasts have on Somali vowel harmony, this paper reports the results of a study aimed at establishing details of the Djibouti Somali vocalic system. Our findings reveal that while a harmony system seems intact for all speakers studied, three consistent trends of acoustic (i.e., vowel space) overlap emerge from the data which may portend eventual mergers. These trends align in notable ways, but not entirely, with reports of harmonic decay elsewhere in the literature. They suggest that loss of harmonic distinctions in high vowels may be underway, but in different ways, in front vs. back vowels and that harmonic contrasts in long vowels are particularly susceptible to weakening. Our interpretation of these results, viewed alongside the typological literature on ATR harmony systems, is that Somali vowel harmony may be threatened or in decline as a result of these acoustic overlaps.
How many inflectional forms does a Somali verb have?
Authors: Nilsson Morgan
Published: July 2024

The Somali verb is traditionally presented as having a quite large number of inflectional paradigms with, e.g., special negative forms and several kinds of subordinate clause forms. The complexity of traditional descriptions tends to overshadow important generalisations that would otherwise reflect a relative simplicity of the Somali verb system. The most important reasons for the abundance of paradigms are that forms, periphrastic constructions and their functions are not systematically differentiated, but also that the tonal accent and case marking are treated as parts of the inflection, instead of phrasal marking of syntactic or pragmatic functions. The aim of this article is therefore to suggest a simplified analysis and to define the minimal set of synthetic forms and analytical constructions that are necessary for the description of Somali verb inflection as well as the basic syntactic functions of these forms and constructions.
Approaching the Last Decades of Arabic Manuscript Culture (1870–1930): Materiality
Authors: Berthold Cornelius
Published: July 2024

In the late 18th and first half of the 19th century, print gained a permanent foothold in the Middle East and enabled the mass production of books in Arabic, Turkish, and Persian. As a consequence, handwriting gradually ceased to be the primary technology for making books. This article, the second of two, examines the materiality of a selection of Arabic manuscripts mostly made between 1870 and 1930 CE. It shows how scribes not only adapted to the availability of new types of pens or stationery when making their manuscripts, but also that some of them adopted layout choices and paracontent typical of printed books. Tradition and change are both visible in the objects that were analysed, and it is especially against the backdrop of a growing print industry in the Middle East that Arabic manuscript culture’s strengths and its ability to adapt emerge.
John Boorman’s “Excalibur” as a Quasi-Jungian and Eclectic Story of Arthurian Psyche
Authors: Toczyski Piotr
Published: July 2024

For four decades John Boorman’s “Excalibur” has been either partially analyzed by scholars in Jungian categories or just described as a Jungian-inspired film in more general terms by film critics. The six-stage model of King Arthur’s personal and archetypal development in “Excalibur” was first published by Jungian analyst Al Collins in 1981, but remained unknown in mainstream scholarship. This article describes this significant absence and argues for a shift to significant presence, merging many Jungian approaches to “Excalibur” with Piotr Toczyski’s own depth-psychological vision of Boormanian quasi-Jungian Arthurianism. The scholars globally may get further inspiration to relaunch new interpretations of this classic Arthurian retelling in terms of dynamics of conscious and unconscious, meeting the shadow, coping with anger, underlying projections, withdrawal of projections as the moment of lysis similar to psychotherapy, and the self-awareness of archetypes. The process of projection withdrawal is the hero’s journey on its own, bringing some similarities with well-known Joseph Campbell’s post-Jungian model.
Jung’s Conceptualization of Synchronicity Theory and the Role of Astrology
Authors: Zeng Jingchao
Published: July 2024

Jung’s conceptualization of synchronicity has a relation to his engagement in astrology began in roughly 1906. Jung’s conceptualization of varieties of synchronistic experiences can be divided into non-divinatory and divinatory experiences. Among the divinatory sources, he overlooked the differences between I-Ching divination and astrology. His neglect caused a logical discrepancy in his early synchronicity theory. Forty-six years after his first engagement in astrology, his essay on synchronicity (1952) possesses a long section for his astrological experiment. In his astrological experiment, his problematic understanding of metaphysical and methodological issues behind the experiment led to the failure of his statistical part of the experiment. The case study part of it turns to support his meaningful chance version of synchronicity theory and leads to the acknowledgement of the standard version of synchronicity theory: meaningful chances.
Khe Sanh and Jung
Authors: Phillips Matthew T.
Published: July 2024

This paper looks at the 2015 use of the Australian rock song Khe Sanh by far-right nationalist group Reclaim Australia and how it points to deeper archetypal dynamics at play, which are driving the appearance and behaviour of groups like this. Drawing from the work of Swiss psychoanalyst Carl Jung, I treat the song as an expression of the archetype of the fallen hero, who confronts darkness but cannot reintegrate back into the social world and, instead, remains fallen. As I discuss, this song resonates deeply with Reclaim Australia members because it reflects their own ideological conceptions of their place in the changing Australian nation. I use a Jungian archetypal approach because it allows us to explore the underlying psychic structure and instinctive patterns that drive the behaviour of groups like this. Where other approaches may simply focus on the behaviour, an archetypal approach goes much deeper, addressing the root of the behaviour.
Linguistic Variability across Four Generations of Basque Spanish Speakers
Authors: Gondra Ager
Published: July 2024

The present study uses the apparent-time construct to analyze cross-generational variability of the preverbal double negation construction (i.e., yo tampoco no voy a la fiesta ‘I’m not going to the party either’), traditionally cited as a regional characteristic of the Spanish spoken in the Basque Country. An acceptability judgment task and a semi-structured interview were carried out among four different age groups. The results show that speakers of the two older generations tend to accept and produce the regional construction significantly more than speakers of the two younger generations, who favor the Standard Spanish variant (yo tampoco voy a la fiesta ‘I’m not going to the party either’). It is suggested that this trend is mainly due to the participants’ different language contact situations (Thomason and Kaufman, 1988) and levels of formal education. Since older speakers grew up in a situation of shift via interference and with lower levels of formal education, they prefer the preverbal double negation construction, which was already a norm in the regional Spanish. However, younger speakers grew up in a language maintenance situation and have relatively high formal education levels, factors that have conditioned dialectal leveling in this case.
Maintaining the Ramesside Empire: Isotopic Evidence for Elite Migration to Upper Nubia under Pharaonic Rule
Authors: Spencer Neal , Binder Michaela , Buzon Michele , Woodward Jamie , Macklin Mark , Simonetti Antonio
Published: July 2024

Pharaonic Egypt ruled Upper Nubia (now northern Sudan) from around 1450 to 1070 BCE: previous research has demonstrated how co-opted local elites and descendants of earlier immigrants held senior administrative positions following the initial conquest. Strontium isotope data from 39 individuals buried at the colonial centre of Amara West, combined with archaeological and epigraphic evidence, enable us to demonstrate that elites continued to arrive from outside Nubia in the last 150 years of pharaonic rule, settling amongst long-standing communities. Migration to the occupied territory clearly remained a key component of the colonial project, at a time when indigenous Nubian material culture and practice had become more visible within the pharaonic towns. This pattern of immigration seems to have ceased following the pharaonic state losing control of the region.
Remarks on Ángel Pinillos’ Treatment of Global Skepticism in Why We Doubt
Authors: Walker Mark
Published: July 2024

Ángel Pinillos’ Why We Doubt offers an error theory for at least some versions of global skepticism: skeptical doubts are based on a faulty heuristic. Once this heuristic is replaced by a more apt principle inspired by Bayesian approaches to epistemology, the skeptical doubts are shown not to be motivated. I argue contra Pinillos that skeptical doubts may remain even if we grant the main line of Pinillos’ argument. Skeptical doubts might be generated by disagreement even when we accept Pinillos’ Bayesian inspired principle.
Rates of change and phylogenetic signal in Mixtec tone
Authors: Auderset Sandra
Published: July 2024

Despite the abundance of tonal languages around the world, the diachrony of tone is still poorly understood, especially when compared to segmental sound change. This lacuna has contributed to the untested assumption that tones are inherently unstable and change unpredictably. This paper addresses the questions of whether tones change faster than segments and whether tones show less phylogenetic signal than segments in the Mixtec languages of southern Mexico. To this end, I created a database of tonal and segmental sound changes across a sample of 42 Mixtec languages. I calculated phylogenetic signal with the metric D and estimated rates of change with a hidden Markov model across a posterior sample of phylogenetic trees. The results show that the majority of tone changes show phylogenetic signal and that they generally do not change at a faster rate than segments.
Likelihood calculation in a multistate model of vocabulary evolution for linguistic dating
Authors: Rönchen Philipp , Wiklund Tilo , Hammarström Harald
Published: July 2024

Computational methods of language dating make inferences about the divergence times of protolanguages by evaluating the patterns of inheritance in the vocabulary of modern languages, given the specification of a model of vocabulary evolution. We consider a model that describes vocabulary evolution as the replacement of traits by new traits from an infinite state space along a tree. This model has been introduced in previous literature but so far it has not been used in many applications. We give a general recursive algorithm for calculating likelihoods and argue that the model gives a more realistic representation of vocabulary evolution over time, compared to existing models like the Stochastic Dollo model. We also provide a case study demonstrating the model’s potential applications.
Abandoned, Lost and Otherwise Discarded Fishing Gear in the Eastern Caribbean: Barriers, Challenges, and Opportunities for Improved Governance
Authors: Lovell Tricia A. , Pastra Aspasia
Published: July 2024

In recent years there has been a growing focus on filling critical knowledge gaps on the challenge of abandoned, lost, and discarded fishing gear (ALDFG) in the global ocean. While not the biggest contributor to the world’s marine debris problem, ALDFG has been shown to be a particularly deadly form of marine litter due to its ability to entangle, entrap, and ensnare marine wildlife, damage coastal habitats, and result in negative economic impacts to the fishing sector. In the Eastern Caribbean region, fisheries play a crucial role in ensuring livelihood and food security for vulnerable coastal communities. Therefore effective management interventions that are geared towards eliminating anthropogenic threats to the marine environment, including ALDFG are considered of paramount importance. This article aims to gain insight into challenges associated with the governance of ALDFG within the small-scale fisheries of the Eastern Caribbean with a view to outlining opportunities for improvement. A qualitative approach was utilized and interviews were conducted with fisheries and conservation experts from both national and regional-level institutions. The participants revealed that ALDFG was of significant concern for their country or the region and each advocated for the establishment of improved management infrastructure. Identified barriers that could impede this critical goal include limited human and financial capacity, lack of knowledge and understanding of ALDFG generally, lack of trust, and policy incoherence across sectors and between regional and national agencies. To overcome barriers, a multi-faceted approach is required, including regulatory and institutional improvements.
Artificial Intelligence and Foreign Investment Law Arbitration: an Analysis of Regulatory Framework Implications
Authors: Alenezi Atif M.
Published: July 2024

This paper proposes a structured, tiered framework through a UNCITRAL Model Law to gradually integrate artificial intelligence (AI) into foreign investment law arbitration in an ethical and effective manner. It also explores the critical role arbitration institutions can play in facilitating AI implementation. It details how AI can assist arbitrators by searching vast datasets, automating routine tasks, and enhancing decision-making through analysis of previous cases. Current AI regulations in regions like the EU, UK, and Canada fall short in addressing the complexities of cross-border arbitration and ensuring interoperability. By emphasising the distinct contributions of the proposed UNCITRAL Model Law and arbitration institutions, the paper highlights a multi-faceted strategy to overcome challenges posed by outdated international conventions, inconsistencies in bilateral investment treaties, and the lack of comprehensive guidance. This approach aims to refine the integration of AI in arbitration processes, enhancing efficiency, fairness, and the legitimacy of the arbitration system.
A Haitian-Cuban Supercentenarian
Authors: Casey Matthew
Published: July 2024

This article analyzes the repetitive stories that Cuban journalists, community members, and others have told about Emilio Duanes Duvarcer, the Haitian who migrated to Cuba in his youth and allegedly lived to be 120 years old. Although underemphasized by international journalists, Duanes’s Haitian birth and history of migration were crucial to his claim of longevity, since they were responsible for the archival and cultural conditions that made his claim plausible and impossible to (dis)prove. However, the appeal of his story required transforming him into a Cuban through journalistic repetitions and statements, symbolically linking him to canonical moments in Cuban history. By analyzing repeated stories, their variations, and their slippages, this article provides insights into the racism that continues to affect Blacks and immigrant descendants in Cuba—not to mention efforts to challenge these stereotypes. It ends with reflections about which stories and identities are highlighted in Cuba’s burgeoning digital media landscape and which are overcrowded by traditional repetitions of Cuban revolutionary nationalism.
Jules Verne’s Use of Civil War Technology
Authors: Skrabec Quentin R.
Published: July 2024

The U.S. Civil War was fought during an era of technological innovation and new inventions, including monster cannons, a dramatic evolution of ferrous metallurgy, iron-hulled and ironclad battleships, steel-hulled blockade runners, submarines, balloons, and even medical rubber implants. Indeed, the Civil War offered a Victorian-era engineering laboratory and proving grounds for future technology. Jules Verne proved to be a literary engineer applying the emerging science of the Civil War to his futuristic engineering tales. Verne used the advancing Civil War cannon technology for his futuristic moonshot; he foresaw the steel revolution in shipbuilding with the success of steel-hulled blockade runners of the Civil War; and he used steel for his science fiction submarines, ships, and machines to explore the oceans, the Arctic, Africa, and India. Verne chronicled, studied, and published about the Civil War and its technology in his works, which offer a new dimension for Civil War enthusiasts.
About the Role of Perceptual Psychology in Art History
Authors: Carbon Claus-Christian
Published: July 2024

Numerous challenges that arise in the field of art history require recourse to expertise in perceptual psychology. In addition to explaining the meaning that people attach to individual works of art and their content, the effect that arises in the recipient is essential to deciding whether the work of art could adequately represent a statement. In addition, with in-depth knowledge of the human act of perception, it is easier to understand what people can and cannot process, when, and how. Art and perception have always formed a unity, as a work of art has no meaning without perception. Artists often acted as intuitive psychologists who understood very well how human perception works and how certain effects can be achieved. Accordingly, art history, which is dedicated to art from a historical perspective, requires precisely this expertise in a systematic manner to adequately depict, describe, and explain the dimension of perception. The following programmatic paper aims to make clear why both disciplines should work closely together and shows what such fruitful paths of joint work could look like.
Species diversity, relative abundance, and habitat association of small mammals in Wenchi montane forests, central Ethiopia
Authors: Legese Kabeta , Bekele Afework
Published: July 2024

A survey on the diversity, abundance, and habitat association of small mammals in Wenchi Highland, central Ethiopia, was carried out from August 2019 to January 2021. Small mammals were trapped at six different habitats (Hagenia Woodland, Erica Scrub, Qibate, Lakeshore, Erica, and Albesa Forests) using Sherman and snap traps in standard trapping grids. A total of 937 rodents belonging to 12 species (Arvicanthis abyssinicus, Desmomys yaldeni, Mastomys natalensis, M. awashensis, Stenocephaylemys albipes, Lophuromys flavopunctatus, L. brevicaudus, L. chrysopus, Dendromus lovati, Lophiomys imhausi, Graphirius murinus, and an unidentified murid rodent), and 22 insectivores belonging to 3 species (Crocidura bailey, C. fumosa and C. olivieri) were recorded. Hystrix cristata and Tachyoryctes splendens were also recorded through indirect evidence. About 52.9% of the identified small mammals were endemic to Ethiopia. A significant variation was observed in the captures of small mammals. The capture rate was higher in live traps (23.85%) than in snap traps (8.26%). The diversity and composition of small mammal species varied among habitats. The highest species diversity (H’=1.656) was recorded in Albesa Forest, while the lowest was in Erica Scrub (H’=1.409) and Qibate Forest (H’=1.407). However, after controlling for sampling effects, species diversity was the highest in the Erica Scrub (Fisher’s alpha=2.128) and the lowest in the Lakeshore Forests (Fisher’s alpha=1.318). The highest number of individuals was recorded in Lakeshore Forest (27.73%), whereas the lowest was in Erica Forest (3.96%). Mastomys natalensis (30.86%) and S. albipes (27.82%) were the two most abundant species, whereas L. imhausi (0.1%) was the least abundant one. Wenchi montane forests are essential homes for unique small mammals that need urgent conservation actions.
Medium and large-sized mammals in human-dominated landscape of the former Dhidhessa wildlife sanctuary, Western Ethiopia
Authors: Kenaha Tadese Endalu , Erena Mosissa Geleta
Published: July 2024

Assessment of medium- and large-sized mammals’ species diversity, abundance, distribution, and habitat association is necessary to promote their conservation measures. The study was conducted in the former Dhidhessa wildlife sanctuary (FDWS), to assess the medium- and large-sized mammals’ composition, distribution, and diversity. Transect lines were used to collect the data. A total of 1,146 ± 91 individuals belonging to 25 species, seven orders, and 14 families were recorded. Among these, 607 ± 186.5 (52.97%) were recorded during the wet season, whereas 539 ± 144.5 (47.03%) during the dry season. The order Carnivora was the most diverse one, followed by Artiodactyla and Primates, respectively, while Rodentia, Hyracoidea, Tubulidentata, and Lagomorpha were the least diverse orders. Olive baboon (Papio anubis) was the most abundant species (19.2%), followed by Hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibious) (17.63%) and Vervet monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) (13.18%). Species diversity was higher in the savanna-wooded than in the riverine forest during both the wet (H’ = 2.72, Fisher’s alpha = 6.33) and dry (H’= 2.79, Fisher’s alpha = 6.26) seasons. Species evenness was higher in the savanna-wooded habitat than in the riverine forest habitat during both the wet (J’ = 0.87 and J’ = 0.77, respectively) and dry (J’ = 0.9 and J’ = 0.80, respectively) seasons. The highest similarity in species composition was between the wet and dry seasons in the riverine forest habitat (SI = 85.58%). The lowest similarity was recorded between the dry and wet seasons of the riverine forest and the wet season of the savanna wooded habitat (SI = 45.46% and SI = 46.49%, respectively). The study suggests that mammals are at risk of anthropogenic factors in the area. So, an urgent conservation measure that involves the participation of the local community has paramount significance for the sustainable conservation of mammals in the former Dhidhessa wildlife sanctuary.
Valorisation of Tenebrio molitor beetles: enzymes-based bioprocessing to obtain a highly digestible protein hydrolysate
Authors: Muñoz-Seijas N. , Fernandes H. , Outeiriño D. , Morán-Aguilar M.G. , Domı́nguez J.M. , Salgado J.M.
Published: July 2024

The biological valorisation of edible insects is an eco-saving approach that may increase their use for food and feeding purposes. Beetles of T. molitor are a direct waste of insect farms since their protein have a low digestibility. Currently, the degree of hydrolysis achieved with biological treatments are much lower than with chemical treatments. This work focused on the enzymatic hydrolysis of protein from T. molitor beetles using proteases. The obtained protein hydrolysate was evaluated regarding the digestibility and functional properties. Higher hydrolysis degree (HD; 47%) was obtained using a protease from Aspergillus oryzae, which efficiently separated protein from chitin. A full factorial design determined that a liquid:solid ratio (LSR) of 15 and an enzyme load of 3200 U/g increase HD up to 78%. The protein hydrolysate showed higher digestibility (77.3%) compared to beetles’ meal before (17.8%) and after defatting (25.7%). The protein hydrolysate showed a high antioxidant activity (462.1 ± 7.48 μmol TE/g DW), it was highly soluble at pH ranging between 3 and 9 and showed an emulsification activity and stability of 53.6% and 82.2%, respectively. Therefore, this bioprocess improved the use of beetles, obtaining protein with greater digestibility to be used as food.
Cooking resistant edible crickets-specific peptides for authenticity testing of meat products
Authors: Montowska M. , Szymczak A. , Spychaj A. , Fornal E.
Published: July 2024

As consumer and manufacturer interests in edible insects and processed food with added insects are increasing, new possibilities for detecting edible insect proteins in processed foods have become increasingly important. In the present study, a proteomic strategy was applied to identify insect proteins and thermostable house cricket-specific (Acheta domesticus) peptide markers. To determine the limit of detection (LOD) for house cricket proteins, cooked meatballs containing house cricket protein powder (CP) as a partial pork substitute were investigated. The final concentration of CP ranged from 0.8% to 7.6%. The LODs for tropomyosin 1 and translational elongation factor-2 were 0.8% (w/w), whereas for apolipophorin-III it was 2.5% (w/w). Eight heat-resistant peptides unique to the family Grillidae (true crickets) and four peptides unique to the Acheta domesticus were identified. The results suggest that selected cricket-specific and processing-resistant peptide markers have potential utility in the authentication of the cricket formulations used in meat products. However, this has to be confirmed on different heavily processed meat products.
Observation of mating behavior using marked flies of black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) under sunlight condition
Authors: Chiabotto C. , Grosso F. , Doretto A. , Meneguz M.
Published: July 2024

In recent years, various studies have investigated the growth of the larval stage of the black soldier fly (BSF). Nevertheless, the biology and reproductive behaviors of the adult is still largely unknown. Expanding the understanding of this area of research will assist the optimization of breeding-systems of BSF. In this present study, the mating behavior of BSF adults under summer sunlight conditions was evaluated. The number of couplings were evaluated based on a variety of environmental parameters that may have affected the copula: temperature (°C), humidity (RH) and light intensity (lux). 1000 g of pupae were put inside a cage to obtain one hundred adults to put in each three experimental units. Each specimen was then marked with an individual code in the dorsal portion of the thorax using fine-tipped acrylic markers and for each fly the body length parameters were taken. Individuals of interest were subsequently marked; in the first experiment only females, in the second only male, and in the third both sexes. During the trials observations were carried out from 9.30 am to 5.30 pm. During this time the key behaviors evaluated are as follows: mating, mating failure, struggles, deposition, failure to lay eggs, and multiple mating. The rate recorded in the Male and Female trials was 16.5%, but the peak of copulas changed with the trials. Mating events demonstrated strong positive correlation between light intensity (0.73) and humidity (0.64), whereas a negative correlation was seen between temperature and matings (−0.59). A weakly negative correlation was seen between deposition number and light intensity (−0.34) and humidity (−0.41), while positively correlated with the temperature (0.47). Multiple mating events were seen 2 times for females and up to 4 times for male.
Drawing the Dragon’s Claw: China Declares Territorial Sea Baselines in the Gulf of Tonkin
Authors: Schofield Clive , Arsana I Made Andi
Published: July 2024

The Chinese Government issued a declaration defining straight baselines between Hainan and Vietnam on 1 March 2024. In doing so, it has completed the definition of baselines off the western side of Hainan through to the terminus of the China-Vietnam land boundary on the coast. Straight baselines can be declared where the coast is complex as a result of coastal indentations or the presence of a fringe of islands along and close to the coast. They provide a simplified baseline along the coast from which to measure maritime zones. Straight baselines can also push the outer limits of the territorial sea further seaward than if ‘normal’ baselines are used. This article outlines China’s recent announcement regarding its territorial sea baselines as well as the limits delineated from them and considers it in light of international jurisprudence and State practice on baselines. It is anticipated that China’s new baselines system will not impact on the already agreed China-Vietnam maritime boundary in the Gulf of Tonkin but that China will likely face criticism about the manner in which it has drawn these baselines although there is currently little prospect of a dispute reaching international adjudication.
Cabotage Law Coordinately Applied Based on ‘One Country, Two Systems’ in Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao gba
Authors: Luan Yu
Published: July 2024

In order to promote the internal cooperation and coordinated development of Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area (gba), it is necessary to coordinate and unify the distinct legal systems involved, especially to provide uniform transportation laws and regulations between ports. However, if the gba wants to establish a coordinated and unified shipping legal system, there are challenges due to interregional legal differences. These differences are rooted in legal systems of the three regions under the basic national policy of ‘one country, two systems’ and apply differently, leading the difficulties in balancing different interests. To achieve the strategic position and target of the gba, a key area to improve is freight among the ports in the gba which form an international shipping hub. There are many ports with large throughput in the gba, and they are also big ports for cargos import and export or transit. However, the cargoes are without deregulated movement among them. Therefore, the problems of different cabotage laws in the three places need to be solved to make the positive effects of cargoes’ free movement be realized in the gba. A coordinated and unified special shipping scheme can be established in gba by application of the regional cabotage law. This has the potential to deliver consistency in cabotage law, thereby eliminating restrictions and thresholds, simplifying procedures and reducing costs, so as to enhance the overall strength of the gba and help it to become an international shipping super zone.
Indonesia: Law No. 16 of 2023, Related to the Continental Shelf
Authors: Yoga Pornomo Rovan Astri
Published: July 2024

In April 2023, Indonesia passed Law No. 16 of 2023, related to the continental shelf which supersedes Law No. 1 of 1973 which was based on the 1958 Convention on the Continental Shelf. The new continental shelf law aligns Indonesia’s domestic legislation with the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (unclos). The new law also reaffirms the practice of using separate lines for Exclusive Economic Zone (eez) and continental shelf delimitations and explicitly respects previously negotiated delimitation treaties with neighbouring States. However, there are some rules that might potentially diverge from the general practices of States particularly in relation to artificial islands, platforms, and submarine cables and pipelines. This article examines significant aspects and concerns associated with this legislation.
¿Cómo delibera y decide un estoico? How Does a Stoic Deliberate and Decide?
Authors: Doyle Sánchez Daniel
Published: July 2024

This article explores, from an epistemic perspective, the scope of some key notions of the Stoic theory of action at the moment of a rational agent’s deliberation. It is argued that deliberation consists primarily in a critical examination of impulsive presentations (φαντασίαι ὁρμητικαί) and that indifferent objects (ἀδιάφορα), as carriers of a kind of selective value (ἀξία ἐκλεκτική), rather than a reason to act constitute a reason to believe (Klein, 2015). Finally, it is concluded that virtue, contrary to what has sometimes been interpreted, is not part of the deliberative process as one among other considerations about the indifferent because the moral value of virtue is incommensurable with the natural value of the indifferent. However, virtue enters decisively into deliberation insofar as the practical end of the rational agent is to reason perfectly (εὐλογιστεῖν) in full consonance with the demands of destiny.
Good and Bad on the Balance of Justice: ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s Ethical and Legal Norms
Authors: Opwis Felicitas
Published: July 2024

Comparing ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s (d. 415/1025) ethical assessment of acts with their legal status, this paper draws attention to the complex manner in which he arrives at his definitions. The detailed analysis complicates the often presumed dichotomy between consequentialist and deontological approaches to ethics and between rationalist Muʿtazilism and theistic subjectivist Ashʿarism. It demonstrates that ʿAbd al-Jabbār employs both consequentialist and deontological perspectives. The paper argues that ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s definitions of “good,” “bad” and “obligatory” derive from taking God’s justice (ʿadl) as the standard by which he evaluates divine and human action, thus reversing analogizing from the seen to the unseen. Understanding an action as tipping the balance of justice in favor or against the agent explains ʿAbd al-Jabbār’s ethical and legal definitions of acts. It shows how an act of benefit for somebody else establishes a right for the agent and an obligation of restitution on the recipient.
General Ecology: Bataille in the Biosphere
Authors: Grimm Jon Auring
Published: July 2024

I present Georges Bataille’s general economy and trace to what extent it draws on Vladimir Vernadsky’s work The Biosphere and Friedrich Nietzsche’s power ‘ontology.’ I also situate Bataille’s thoughts within contemporary planetary thinking, such as Gaia theory, and highlight some of the potential in thinking global ecology in the light of a Dionysian understanding of the biosphere.
Addressing Democratic Issues in an Era of Education Capitalism
Authors: Malet Régis
Published: July 2024

The economic agenda assigned to education on the basis of human capital contributes to the de-socialization and deterritorialization of educational action, and leads to a weakening rather than a strengthening of schools in their function as institutions of society. Yet, successive crisis contexts, whether they concern climate, security or health, contribute to a collective awareness of the importance of education and the transmission of democratic values in the construction of societies that are both more inclusive and more enlightened about the major challenges of the time. Our purpose is to explore and stress the global and decisive function of a democratic and humanistic education in accordance to these principles, to take the lead, in the troubled times we face, in the global promotion of a humanistic, inclusive and cosmopolitan ideal of cultures, education and societies.