bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of some optical parameters of the glasses of the system Bix(As2S3)100‐x
Authors: Šiljegović M. V. , Lukić S. R. , Štrbac D. D.
Published: May 2011

With the aim of characterizing the optical properties of the glasses from the system Bix(As2S3)100‐x, for x=0.5, 2 and 4 at.% Bi, their absorption coefficients and index of refraction were measured. The extrapolation of the linear parts of the absorption coefficient dispersion curve for the different sample thicknesses enabled the determination of the optical band gap Eg. Also, in view of the range of the values of the absorption coefficients for all three glasses, it was possible to determine the Urbach slope Ee, the width of the tails in the localized states of the optical gap. The results of the refractive index measurement were treated using the Wemple di‐Domenico dispersion analysis. Among the others, the effective oscillator energy E0 and the strength parameter of interband optical transitions Ed were determined, the latter being of special importance as it establishes the link with the other physical parameters of the material. In this way, it was possible to estimate the coordination number in the investigated glasses, which enabled the derivation of certain conclusions about the lattice modification caused by introducing Bi into the arsenic‐sulfide matrix (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Upscale feedback of high‐frequency winds to ENSO
Authors: Rong Xinyao , Zhang Renhe , Li Tim , Su Jingzhi
Published: May 2011

The impact of the high‐frequency (HF, <90 days) variability on low‐frequency (LF) interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variations associated with the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is investigated by conducting a series of oceanic general circulation model experiments. Two nonlinear rectification mechanisms are examined. The first is the internal oceanic nonlinear dynamics and the second is the nonlinear rectification of the LF surface wind stress by the HF wind. Numerical simulations show that the latter is dominant in modulating the LF SST variability. The HF wind increases both the amplitude and skewness of the LF wind stress anomaly. As a result, it increases both the amplitude and skewness of the SST anomaly (SSTA) in the eastern equatorial Pacific. For strong El Niño events in 1982/83 and 1997/98, such a nonlinear rectification effect may result in a SSTA increase of 1°C. A mixed‐layer heat budget analysis reveals that whereas meridional and vertical advections primarily contribute to the strengthening of the warm and cold episodes, the nonlinear zonal advection is responsible for the increase of the SSTA skewness. Including the nonlinear rectification of the HF wind on both the surface wind stress and heat flux anomalies leads to a positively (negatively) skewed SSTA in the eastern (central) Pacific. Thus the combined dynamic and thermodynamic effect reshapes the ENSO zonal structure in such a way that it makes the maximum SSTA confined further to the eastern equatorial Pacific. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Structural and energetic exploration of a boron‐rich sulfide cluster B6S
Authors: Tang Xiao‐Yu , Cui Zhong‐Hua , Shao Chang‐Bin , Ding Yi‐Hong
Published: May 2011

Boron and mixed‐boron clusters have received considerable attention because of their wide applications and their essential roles in advancing chemical bonding models. Bearing the bright prospects as building blocks to form novel polymeric materials, the sulfur‐rich boron sulfides have been greatly studied. However, the knowledge of the boron‐rich boron sulfides is much rare. In this article, we report an extensive theoretical study on the structural, energetic, and stability features of a hitherto unknown septa‐atomic cluster B6S at the CCSD(T)/6‐311+G(2df)//B3LYP/6‐311+G(d) level. The local minimum isomers were obtained through our recently developed program “grid‐based comprehensive isomeric search algorithm.” The results show that the planar knife‐like isomer B5(−BS) 01 (0.0 kcal/mol) containing the −BS moiety is the lowest energy, followed by the quasi‐planar belt‐like isomer B6(>S) 02 (6.7 kcal/mol) and the pyramid‐like isomer B6(>S) 03 (8.4 kcal/mol). Notably, the three singlet isomers all have good kinetic stability on the basis of the potential energy surface analysis. The B/S‐centered wheel‐like isomers are unfavorable in thermodynamics and kinetics. The triplet state structures generally can not compete with the singlet ones. The results are compared to the analogous and isoelectronic cluster B6O. Our work is expected to provide useful information for understanding the structures and stability of boron sulfides. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2012
Tracking the flow of bacterially derived13C and15N through soil faunal feeding channels
Authors: Crotty F. V. , Blackshaw R. P. , Murray P. J.
Published: May 2011

The soil food web has been referred to as a ‘black box’, a ‘poor man's tropical rainforest’ and an ‘enigma’, due to its opacity, diversity and the limited insight into feeding specificity. Here we investigate the flow of C and N through the soil food web as a way to gain understanding of the feeding interactions occurring. A bacterium,Pseudomonas lurida, was introduced to soil cores from two different habitats, a grassland and a woodland with the same soil type, enriched to 99 atom% in13C and15N, to trace the flow of bacterial C and N through the soil food web. Throughout the experiment the soil remained enriched in13C and15N. Almost all the invertebrates tested gained C and N enrichment indicative of the labelled bacteria, implying that bacterial feeding is a common mechanism within the soil. Only three groups were significantly enriched in both13C and15N in both habitats. These were Collembola (Entomobryomorpha), Acari (Oribatida), and Nematoda, indicating that these organisms are consuming the most bacteria within both systems. When the invertebrates were grouped into hypothesised trophic levels, those considered secondary decomposers were gaining the most enrichment across all invertebrates tested. This enrichment was also high in the micro‐predators within the soil, implying that their main food source was the secondary decomposers, particularly the Collembola. Using an enriched bacterium to track the trophic transfer between organisms within the soil food web is a novel way of empirically showing that interactions are occurring, which normally cannot be seen. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High rates of nitrogen cycling in volcanic soils from Chilean grasslands
Authors: Dixon E. R. , Cardenas L. , Alfaro M. , Salazar F. , Hatch D. J.
Published: May 2011

There are over one million hectares of pasture in Chile, and 80% and 50% of the country's milk and meat comes from 72% of this area, situated in the lake region of southern Chile. The soils are volcanic and a major characteristic is that they have very high organic matter (OM) contents with the potential to support plant growth with only moderate levels of added nitrogen (N). To understand better the potential fertility of these soils in order to maximise production and minimise losses of N, we undertook studies using the stable isotope of N (15N) to resolve the rates of the main internal N cycling processes in three soils representing the two main volcanic soil types: Osorno and Chiloé (Andisol) and Cudico (Ultisol). We also assessed the longer‐term potential of these soils to sustain N release using anaerobic incubation. Gross rates (µg N g−1 day−1) of mineralisation were 27.9, 27.1 and 15.5 and rates of immobilisation were 5.9, 12.0 and 6.3 for Osorno, Chiloé and Cudico, respectively, implying high rates of net mineralisation in these soils. This was confirmed by anaerobic incubation which gave potential seasonal net mineralisation indices of 1225, 1059 and 450 kg N ha−1 in the top 10 cm soil layers of the three soils. However, plant production may still benefit from added N, as the release of N from organic sources may not be closely synchronised with crop demand. The low rates of nitrification that we found with these acidic soils suggest that the more mobile N (viz. nitrate‐N) would be in limited supply and plants would have to compete for the less mobile ammonium‐N with the soil microbial biomass. Nitrogen was mineralised in appreciable amounts even down to 60 cm depth, so that leaching could become significant, particularly if the soils were limed, which could enhance nitrification and N mobility through the soil profile. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Study of three‐dimensional configurations of (γ‐methacryloxypropyl)‐silsesquioxanes by ultraviolet laser matrix‐assisted desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry and quantum chemical calculation
Authors: Wang Di , You Hong , Hu Lijiang
Published: May 2011

[(3‐Methacryloxy)propyl]silsesquioxanes (MSSO) were prepared from the hydrolytic condensation of [(3‐methacryloxy)‐propyl]trimethoxysilane (MPMS) in the presence of an acid catalyst (HCOOH). The proposed MSSO structures were characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) (1H, 13C and 29Si), and were assigned by ultraviolet laser matrix‐assisted desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (UV‐MALDI‐TOF MS). The large organic group connected to silicon was simplified for the quantum chemical calculation (QCC), and the correlation of the calculated total energies (ET) before and after simplification was analyzed by multiple linear regression, verifying no significant influence on the final conclusions of the research of structural formulas by a correlation coefficient (r). The geometric parameters (Si–O bond length and Si–O–Si, O–Si–O bond angles) and ET of the simplified MSSO were calculated by QCC to determine the relative stability of various MSSO structures. The structural geometry (silicon ring), the fraction of intramolecular cycles (f) and the number of the silicon rings (F) were also employed to qualitatively determine the relative stability. The results of the calculation showed that almost all of the cage structures had a lower ET than the isomeric ladder structures; therefore, most MSSO structures are of the cage type. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developing a methodology for carbon isotope analysis of lacustrine diatoms
Authors: Hurrell Elizabeth R. , Barker Philip A. , Leng Melanie J. , Vane Christopher H. , Wynn Peter , Kendrick Chris. P. , Verschuren Dirk , Alayne Street‐Perrott F.
Published: May 2011

Stable isotope analysis of sedimentary carbon in lakes can help reveal changes in terrestrial and aquatic carbon cycles. A method based on a single, photosynthetic organism, where host effects are minimised, should offer more precision than carbon isotope studies of bulk lake sediments. Here we report the development of a systematic method for use on fossil lacustrine diatom frustules, adapted from previous studies in marine environments. A step‐wise cleaning experiment on diatomaceous lake sediments from Lake Challa, near Mount Kilimanjaro, was made to demonstrate the necessary treatment stages to remove external sedimentary carbon. Changes in soluble carbon compounds during these cleaning experiments were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The mass spectrometry methods were refined to measure the small percentage of carbon in these samples and details of these methods are presented. Samples of cleaned diatoms containing <1% carbon yielded robust results. Carbon isotope analyses of diatom samples containing different species mixtures were performed and suggested that differences existed, although the effects lay within current experimental error and require further work. Unlike what was found in work on oxygen and silicon isotopes from diatom frustules, mineral contamination had no discernible impact on the diatom carbon isotope ratios from these sediments. The range of values found in the lakes investigated thus far can be interpreted with reference to the supply and nature of carbon from the catchment as well as to the demand generated from lake primary productivity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Classification of protein binders in artist's paints by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry: an evaluation of principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA)
Authors: Fremout Wim , Kuckova Stepanka , Crhova Michaela , Sanyova Jana , Saverwyns Steven , Hynek Radovan , Kodicek Milan , Vandenabeele Peter , Moens Luc
Published: May 2011

Proteomics techniques are increasingly applied for the identification of protein binders in historical paints. The complex nature of paint samples, with different kinds of pigments mixed into, and degradation by long term exposure to light, humidity and temperature variations, requires solid analysis and interpretation methods. In this study matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionisation time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF) mass spectra of tryptic‐digested paint replicas are subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and soft independent modelling of class analogy (SIMCA) in order to distinguish proteinaceous binders based on animal glues, egg white, egg yolk and milk casein from each other. The most meaningful peptide peaks for a given protein class will be determined, and if possible, annotated with their corresponding amino acid sequence. The methodology was subsequently applied on egg temperas, as well as on animal glues from different species. In the latter small differences in the MALDI‐TOF mass spectra can allow the determination of a mammal or sturgeon origin of the glue. Finally, paint samples from the 16th century altarpiece of St Margaret of Antioch (Mlynica, Slovakia) were analysed. Several expected peaks are either present in lower abundance or completely missing in these natural aged paints, due to degradation of the paints. In spite of this mammalian glue was identified in the St Margaret samples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Recursive kernel trick for network segmentation
Authors: Kung S. Y. , Luo Yuhui
Published: May 2011

Kernel K‐means has been a powerful unsupervised machine learning tool for cluster discovery. This paper explores its application towards network segmentation, a type of cluster discovery. Very commonly we encounter networks of extremely large size, making computational complexity a major issue in the algorithmic development. In this regard, the sparse structure of kernel matrices can be an invaluable asset. For partitioning nonvectorial data such as network graphs, we need to use a vector‐free clustering criterion for K‐means. The kernel matrix constructed from nonvectorial data usually needs to be preprocessed to assure Mercer's condition, which is required to guarantee monotonic convergence of the kernel K‐means algorithm. This paper describes a centroid‐free criterion for K‐means so that it can be applied to nonvectorial data such as network segmentation. Such a criterion leads to our introduction of pattern‐centroid similarity which ultimately leads to a kernel trick algorithm based on updating of the pattern‐centroid similarity. Furthermore, by adopting a recursive updating scheme, the recursive kernel‐trick allows a computational saving from O(N2/K) to O(N). For networks with high sparsity structure, the amount of computation required can be further reduced from O(N) to O(Ns), where Ns is the average number of nonzero elements per column in the kernel matrix. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fuzzy methodology for frequency response estimation of uncertain dynamic systems
Authors: Ferreira Carlos Cesar Teixeira , Serra Ginalber Luiz de Oliveira
Published: May 2011

Fuzzy frequency response: definition and analysis for uncertain dynamic systems is proposed in this paper. In terms of transfer function, the uncertain dynamic system is partitioned into several linear sub‐models and organized according to Takagi–Sugeno fuzzy representation. The main contribution of this paper is to demonstrate through the proposal of a Theorem that fuzzy frequency response is a boundary in the magnitude and phase Bode plots. Low‐ and high‐frequency analysis of fuzzy dynamic model is obtained by varying the frequency ω from zero to infinity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved multi‐server authentication protocol
Authors: Huang Chun‐Hui , Chou Jue‐Sam , Chen Yalin , Wun Siang Yu
Published: May 2011

In a multi‐server environment, a user only needs to register at the registration center once instead of repeatedly registering in each server. After registration, the user can access the resources of any of the servers in the system. Many protocols have been proposed for the same. Recently, Geng–Zhang, Zhu et al., and Yoon–Yoo each proposed a multi‐server authentication scheme. They claimed that their schemes are secure and can withstand various attacks. However, after analyses, we found that their schemes are deficient. In this paper, we first demonstrate the deficiencies of these three protocols in turn and then show our improvement on Geng–Zhang's protocol. Our improvement makes use of both the user's and the server's secrecy to achieve mutual authentication. This results in a two‐pass multi‐server authentication scheme. We have analyzed its security with respect to several factors such as mutual authentication, perfect forward and backward secrecy, and prevention of smart‐card‐lost attack. Moreover, almost all of the parameters required for a user to log on to a server can be pre‐computed. This is very important for a low‐energy mobile computing device. That is, our improvement is not only one of the most efficient and secure schemes in this area but also suitable for mobile device. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A beneficial analysis of deployment knowledge for key distribution in wireless sensor networks
Authors: Huyen Nguyen Thi Thanh , Jo Minho , Nguyen Tien‐Dung , Huh Eui‐Nam
Published: May 2011

Because of the resource constraints on sensor networks, many recent key management schemes exploit the location of nodes in order to establish pairwise keys. Despite these efforts, location discovery for sensor networks is very difficult because existing schemes have failed to consider changes in the signal range and the deployment error. As a result, network performance may accidentally decrease, whereas costs increase. In this paper, we used the theory of the signal range and deployment error knowledge to analyze sensor nodes location information. Combining with the probabilistic pre‐distribution method, we proposed a scheme that provides high connectivity and secure communication with better communication overhead by defining an efficient number of adjacent cells and determining the adequate length of the cell. With such optimistic results, novel deployment knowledge is also expected to provide superior performance with different types of key distribution schemes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, Structures, and Properties of a Series of New Coordination Polymers Built from 2‐Ethyl‐1H‐imidazole‐4,5‐dicarboxylate Ligand
Authors: Li Shijie , Song Wendong , Miao Dongliang , Hu Shiwei , Ji Lili , Ma Deyun
Published: May 2011

A series of new coordination polymers, namely, [Sr(H2EIDC)2(H2O)2]n(1),{[Pb(H2EIDC)2(H2O)](H2O)3}n(2), [Ag(H2EIDC)]n(3), and [Ba(H2EIDC)2(H2O)]n(4) (H2EIDC = 2‐ethyl‐1H‐imidazole‐4,5‐dicarboxylate), were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analyses. Complex1is a 2D infinite gridlike (4,4)topological layer structure. Complex2is a 2D corrugated layer constructed by PbIIatoms and H2EIDC–anions. Complex3is a 2D corrugated sheet consisting of 1D chains linked by short Ag···Ag interactions, and the three complexes are extended into 3D supramolecular structures by weak intermolecular forces such as hydrogen bonds and π–π stacking interactions. Complex4exhibits a 3D framework with 1D channels. Furthermore, the luminescent properties of complexes1,2, and3are also investigated.
Crystal Structure and Spectroscopic Properties of Bis[trans‐dichlorobis(2,2‐dimethylpropane‐1,3‐diamine)chromium(III)] Tetrachlorozincate
Authors: Choi Jong‐Ha , Joshi Tanmaya , Spiccia Leone
Published: May 2011

The structure of trans‐[Cr(Me2tn)2Cl2]2ZnCl4 (Me2tn = 2,2‐dimethylpropane‐1,3‐diamine) was determined by a single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction study at 173 K. The analysis reveals that there are three crystallographically independent chromium(III) complex cations in the title compound. The chromium(III) atoms are coordinated by four nitrogen atoms of Me2tn and two chlorine atoms in a trans arrangement, displaying a distorted octahedral geometry. The two six‐membered chelate rings in three complex cations are oriented in an anti chair–chair conformation with respect to each other. The Cr–N and Cr–Cl bond lengths average 2.0862(2) and 2.3112(6) Å, respectively. The ZnCl42– have slightly distorted tetrahedral arrangement with Zn–Cl lengths and the Cl–Zn–Cl angles are influenced by hydrogen bonding. The resolved absorption maxima in the electronic d–d spectrum were fitted with a secular determinant for a quartet energy state of the d3 configuration in a tetragonal field. It is confirmed that the nitrogen atoms of the Me2tn ligand are strong σ donors, but the chloro ligands have weak σ‐ and π donor properties toward the chromium(III) ion.
A Zigzag‐Shaped Yb4 Cluster Bridged by Pyridine‐2,6‐dimethanol
Authors: Yang Pei‐Pei
Published: May 2011

A homometallic lanthanide tetranuclear cluster, namely [Yb4(pdmH)2(pdm)4 (PhCO2)2(PhCO2H)2(H2O)2]·PhCO2H·0.25MeOH (1) (pdmH2 = pyridine‐2,6‐dimethanol) was prepared and structurally characterized. Single‐crystal X‐ray analysis revealed that complex 1 has a tetranuclear core with a zigzag arrangement. Magnetic properties of complex 1 were also investigated.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Properties of the 3D Porous Framework [Zn(INAIP)]·DMA·H2O
Authors: Chen Man‐Sheng , Tan Xiong‐Wen , Zhang Chun‐Hua , Kuang Dai‐Zhi
Published: May 2011

A new three‐dimensional (3D) porous framework [Zn(INAIP)]·DMA·H2O (1) [INAIP = 5‐(isonicotinamido)isophthalate, DMA = N,N′‐dimethylacetamide] was synthesized by solvothermal methods and characterized by single‐crystal and powder X‐ray diffraction, as well as thermogravimetric analysis. The results of X‐ray diffraction analyses revealed that complex 1 has an unusual 3D architecture with the (3,6)‐connected rutile (rtl) topology. The adsorption behavior shows that compound 1 exhibits selective adsorptions of CO2 over N2 after the removal of the solvent molecules within the pores.
Hydrazinium Nitriminotetrazolates
Authors: Fischer Niko , Klapötke Thomas M. , Stierstorfer Jörg
Published: May 2011

Hydrazinium 5‐nitrimino‐1H‐tetrazolate (1) and dihydrazinium nitriminotetrazolate monohydrate (2) were synthesized by the reaction of hydrazine with 5‐nitriminotetrazole. The energetic compounds 1 and 2 were characterized by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction (only 2), NMR spectroscopy, IR‐ and Raman spectroscopy as well as DSC measurements. The sensitivities towards impact, friction and electrical discharge were determined. In addition, several detonation parameters (e.g. heat of explosion, detonation velocity) were computed by the EXPLO5 computer code based on calculated (CBS‐4M) heats of formation and X‐ray densities.
Diffraction of antiplane shear waves by a finite crack in a piezoelectric material
Authors: Singh B.M. , Rokne J. , Dhaliwal R.S.
Published: May 2011

The problem of diffraction of antiplane shear waves by a crack of finite length under the permeable electric boundary conditions is investigated analytically. Using Fourier transforms the mixed boundary value problem is reduced to two pairs of dual integral equations. These dual integral equations are further reduced to a pair of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind. The iterative solutions of the Fredholm integral equations have been obtained for small values of the wave number. And analytical expressions for the dynamic stress intensity factor and electric displacement intensity factor are obtained. Finally the numerical results for dynamic stress intensity factor are displayed graphically.
The Quality of Life After Bar Removal in Patients After the Nuss Procedure for Pectus Excavatum
Authors: Kim Hyun Koo , Shim Jae Hoon , Choi Kyu Sun , Choi Young Ho
Published: May 2011

Background

The goal of this study was to evaluate the outcome of patients who had the Nuss procedure for repair of pectus excavatum.

Methods

Thirty‐nine patients (26 male, 13 female) of 61 (63.9%) who had bar removal after the Nuss procedure agreed to participate in an interview. All patients and their parents were asked to complete a questionnaire.

Results

The mean age of the patients was 6.8 ± 3.23 years at the time of the Nuss procedure, 9.1 ± 3.54 at bar removal, and 12.0 ± 3.28 when the questionnaire was completed. The scores for satisfaction with the procedure, sense of social belonging, and well‐being increased after the Nuss procedure according to the responses of the patients and their parents. However, the scores did not significantly differ after bar removal compared to after the Nuss procedure. Patients (4.1 ± 1.08) and parents (4.1 ± 1.02) reported that they were satisfied with the final result and their responses did not significantly differ (P = 0.498). However, the surgical team’s score for overall satisfaction was 4.5, which was higher than the patients’ and/or parents’ scores (P = 0.019).

Conclusion

The Nuss procedure had a positive impact on the patients’ and parents’ quality of life. However, the scores before and after bar removal did not differ.
Dynamics of mineral nutrient storage for mast reproduction in the tropical emergent tree Dryobalanops aromatica
Authors: Ichie Tomoaki , Nakagawa Michiko
Published: May 2011

Limitations in resources are considered to be important in mass‐fruiting trees, based on the speculation that they need to consume a large amount of stored resources in a very short period. To test this hypothesis, we studied the total reproductive costs per individual of the tree Dryobalanops aromatica (Dipterocarpaceae), and the dynamics of stored mineral nutrients, specifically nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium; we then estimated the contribution of each of the stored resources to reproduction in a lowland dipterocarp forest in Sarawak, Malaysia. D. aromatica is an emergent and masting tree species, and it produced a large amount of mature fruit in a masting period running 2001–2002. The dynamics patterns were markedly different for each of the stored nutrients. The phosphorus concentration clearly decreased in the branch, stem and root during reproduction, but nitrogen fluctuated by only a small amount in any organ during this period. The potassium concentration fell in all organs during flowering, but even increased during fruit development. Stored phosphorus accounted for 67.7% of the total phosphorus requirements for reproduction, but nitrogen accounted for only 19.7%. Stored potassium did not appear to contribute anything, at least to fruit production. Our results suggest that D. aromatica supplies phosphorus needed for reproduction mainly from stored resources in the tree, unlike nitrogen or potassium. The accumulation of phosphorus could be the decisive factor in the occurrence and frequency of mast reproduction in the relatively poor soil conditions prevailing in the tropical rain forests of Southeast Asia.
Single Soybean Seed NMR Calibration for Oil Measurement Using Commercial Cooking Oils
Authors: Samii‐Saket Golsa , Boersma Jeffrey G. , Ablett Gary R. , Falk Duane E. , Fletcher Ron , Rajcan Istvan
Published: May 2011

Development of high oil soybeans would reduce the cost of soybean oil production for biodiesel or edible oil applications. An accurate determination of soybean seed oil concentration is essential especially when developing superior cultivars with increased seed oil content. The objective of this study was to develop an oil measurement method for single seeds using NMR spectrometry. An NMR spectrometer was calibrated using commercial cooking oil. Fifteen cultivars of known mean oil content were used to evaluate the calibration curves. The calibration curves developed had a correlation coefficient of 0.99. It was found that soybean and corn oil gave identical results over the calibrated interval.
Le rôle civique du rationalisme expérimental chez Federigo Enriques
Authors: Castelli Gattinara Enrico
Published: May 2011

Le savoir scientifique et le savoir philosophique ont une responsabilité éthique à ne pas mépriser. Ce constat, fait par des savants-philosophes comme Henri Poincaré ou Federigo Enriques, a eu une importance que l’épistémologie du XXe siècle a ignorée, mais qu’il faut aujourd’hui réactiver au nom de valeurs anciennes: l’égalité, la démocratie, l’ouverture, la recherche sans limite dogmatique. L’analyse de l’œuvre d’Enriques nous permet ici de saisir l’enjeu d’une telle démarche.
Le métier de juriste entre règle de droit et expérience de L'histoire
Authors: Hoock Jochen
Published: May 2011

Les activités du juriste qu’il soit juge, avocat ou enseignant, occupent une place stratégique dans la régulation de l’ordre politique et social des sociétés modernes. En Allemagne, la confrontation avec son passé récent a provoqué dans les années 1960 des débats sur les fondements de l’État moderne et son rôle dans la crise de la modernité qui se sont poursuivi au cours années 1980 pour déboucher au début du XXIe siècle sur le problème de l’intégration et l’affirmation d’une échelle de valeurs s’imposant à tous.
How the Internet transformed the software industry
Authors: Wasserman Anthony I.
Published: May 2011

The growth of the Internet has had a huge impact on the software industry, from the ease of creating new businesses to the processes that companies use to develop, distribute, and support their products. Software architectures and platforms for web applications differ significantly from traditional desktop and client-server applications, and require a new generation of programming languages and development tools. Developers make extensive use of open source software, particularly at the infrastructure level of their applications. Development teams can easily use Internet-based tools for collaboration, thus facilitating distributed organizations. Product marketing now emphasizes attracting prospective customers to the company’s website. Companies can release products over the Internet, or provide a hosted web application, both of which are more efficient and less expensive ways to sell their products. Companies can also support their products over the Internet through online discussion forums, often with users helping one another. Ongoing advances in mobile and cloud computing, styles of user interaction, and software business models are certain to have a large effect, leading to innovative new products from both new and established companies.
Immediate implant placement following minimally invasive extraction: A case report with a 6‐year follow‐up
Authors: Fu Po‐Sung , Wu Yi‐Min , Tsai Ching‐Fang , Wang Jen‐Chyan , Huang Ta‐Ko , Chen Wen‐Cheng , Hung Chun‐Cheng
Published: May 2011

Single tooth replacement with a dental implant has become an increasingly favored treatment option in the anterior maxilla; however, bone resorption following maxillary anterior tooth extraction is very common and often compromises gingival tissue for the implant restoration. Achieving predictable peri‐implant esthetics requires a proper understanding and preservation of the osseous and gingival tissue surrounding the failing tooth. Therefore, the key to maintaining the interproximal papillae is to preserve the osseous support with minimally invasive extraction. An immediate implant insertion after tooth extraction may maintain the crest bone and the interdental papillae, thus achieving peri‐implant esthetics. This article describes the detailed treatment planning and meticulous techniques in immediate implant placement that reduce treatment time and maintain functional as well as esthetic results through a 6‐year follow‐up.
Adult capillary hemangioma of the liver: Case report and literature review
Authors: Jhuang Jie‐Yang , Lin Long‐Wei , Hsieh Min‐Shu
Published: May 2011

Primary hepatic capillary hemangioma in adults is very rare. Here, we report a case of hepatic capillary hemangioma in a 71‐year‐old woman. She had abnormal liver function tests, and abdominal sonography revealed a 2‐cm nodular lesion and fatty liver. Computed tomography scan revealed a hypervascular tumor. During 2 years' follow‐up, the hepatic tumor enlarged to 3 cm in diameter. Serological tests showed no evidence of chronic viral hepatitis or increased level of alpha‐fetoprotein. In fear of hepatocellular carcinoma, she received atypical hepatectomy. Microscopically, the tumor turned out to be a capillary hemangioma in a background of steatohepatitis. We searched the literature, and only six similar cases were found. We made a brief review of this rare disease entity and described its clinicopathological features.
Vortex suppression and drag reduction in the wake of counter-rotating cylinders
Authors: CHAN ANDRE S. , DEWEY PETER A. , JAMESON ANTONY , LIANG CHUNLEI , SMITS ALEXANDER J.
Published: May 2011

The flow over a pair of counter-rotating cylinders is investigated numerically and experimentally. It is demonstrated that it is possible to suppress unsteady vortex shedding for gap sizes from one to five cylinder diameters, at Reynolds numbers from 100 to 200, expanding on the more limited work by Chan & Jameson (Intl J. Numer. Meth. Fluids, vol. 63, 2010, p. 22). The degree of unsteady wake suppression is proportional to the speed and the direction of rotation, and there is a critical rotation rate where a complete suppression of flow unsteadiness can be achieved. In the doublet-like configuration at higher rotational speeds, a virtual elliptic body that resembles a potential doublet is formed, and the drag is reduced to zero. The shape of the elliptic body primarily depends on the gap between the two cylinders and the speed of rotation. Prior to the formation of the elliptic body, a second instability region is observed, similar to that seen in studies of single rotating cylinders. It is also shown that the unsteady wake suppression can be achieved by rotating each cylinder in the opposite direction, that is, in a reverse doublet-like configuration. This tends to minimize the wake interaction of the cylinder pair and the second instability does not make an appearance over the range of speeds investigated here.
Sample dispersion in isotachophoresis
Authors: GARCIA-SCHWARZ G. , BERCOVICI M. , MARSHALL L. A. , SANTIAGO J. G.
Published: May 2011

We present an analytical, numerical and experimental study of advective dispersion in isotachophoresis (ITP). We analyse the dynamics of the concentration field of a focused analyte in peak mode ITP. The analyte distribution is subject to electromigration, diffusion and advective dispersion. Advective dispersion results from strong internal pressure gradients caused by non-uniform electro-osmotic flow (EOF). Analyte dispersion strongly affects the sensitivity and resolution of ITP-based assays. We perform axisymmetric time-dependent numerical simulations of fluid flow, diffusion and electromigration. We find that analyte properties contribute greatly to dispersion in ITP. Analytes with mobility values near those of the trailing (TE) or leading electrolyte (LE) show greater penetration into the TE or LE, respectively. Local pressure gradients in the TE and LE then locally disperse these zones of analyte penetration. Based on these observations, we develop a one-dimensional analytical model of the focused sample zone. We treat the LE, TE and LE–TE interface regions separately and, in each, assume a local Taylor–Aris-type effective dispersion coefficient. We also performed well-controlled experiments in circular capillaries, which we use to validate our simulations and analytical model. Our model allows for fast and accurate prediction of the area-averaged sample distribution based on known parameters including species mobilities, EO mobility, applied current density and channel dimensions. This model elucidates the fundamental mechanisms underlying analyte advective dispersion in ITP and can be used to optimize detector placement in detection-based assays.
Lupin and soya reduce glycaemia acutely in type 2 diabetes
Authors: Dove Emma R. , Mori Trevor A. , Chew Gerard T. , Barden Anne E. , Woodman Richard J. , Puddey Ian B. , Sipsas Sofia , Hodgson Jonathan M.
Published: May 2011

Addition of fibre or protein to carbohydrate-rich foods can reduce the glycaemic response to those foods. This may assist with glycaemic management in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Lupin is a legume rich in fibre and protein. We assessed the acute effects of lupin- and soya-based beverages on glucose and insulin responses in type 2 diabetic individuals. We hypothesised that the lupin and soya beverages would lower the acute glycaemic response compared with a control beverage containing no protein or fibre, and that lupin would reduce the postprandial glucose more than soya. In a randomised, controlled, cross-over trial, twenty-four diabetic adults (nineteen men and five women) attended three testing sessions, each 1 week apart. At each session, participants consumed a beverage containing 50 g glucose (control), 50 g glucose plus lupin kernel flour with 12·5 g fibre and 22 g protein (lupin), or 50 g glucose plus 12·5 g fibre and 22 g protein from soya isolates (soya). Serum glucose, insulin and C-peptide were measured periodically for 4 h following beverage consumption. Compared with the control beverage, the 4 h post-beverage glucose response was lower (P < 0·001), and the 4 h post-beverage insulin and C-peptide responses were higher (P < 0·001) for lupin and soya. Glucose (P = 0·25) and C-peptide (P = 0·07) responses did not differ significantly between lupin and soya, but lupin resulted in a lower insulin response compared with soya (P = 0·013). Adding lupin or soya to a carbohydrate-rich beverage reduces glycaemia acutely in type 2 diabetic individuals. This may have a beneficial role in glycaemic management.
Intake of α-linolenic acid and other fatty acids in relation to the risk of bladder cancer: results from the New Hampshire case–control study
Authors: Brinkman Maree T. , Karagas Margaret R. , Zens Michael S. , Schned Alan R. , Reulen Raoul C. , Zeegers Maurice P.
Published: May 2011

The role of dietary fat in bladder cancer aetiology is currently unclear due to few studies, equivocal findings and a lack of information on important dietary fatty acids. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the intake of major dietary fats and fatty acids and the risk of bladder cancer. A case–control study was conducted in New Hampshire, USA. Dietary data were collected from 322 cases and 239 controls, and OR and 95 % CI were calculated using unconditional logistic regression. Adjustment was made for potential confounders: sex, age, smoking status, pack-years smoked, cholesterol and energy intake. Statistically significant reduced odds of bladder cancer were observed for high intakes (highest quartile v. lowest quartile) of α-linolenic acid (ALA) (OR 0·26, 95 % CI 0·10, 0·65; P for trend = 0·01) and vegetable fat (OR 0·39, 95 % CI 0·18, 0·86; P for trend = 0·03). Borderline statistically significant reduced odds were detected for polyunsaturated fat (OR 0·43, 95 % CI 0·19, 0·98; P for trend = 0·07) and linoleic acid (OR 0·43, 95 % CI 0·19, 0·96; P for trend = 0·06). These fats and fatty acids were highly correlated and following adjustment for each other, the only potential inverse association to remain was for ALA. The present findings suggest that ALA may have a protective role against developing bladder cancer; however, further investigation and replication in other epidemiological studies are required. Future research should focus on the type, source and quantities of different dietary fatty acids consumed.
BAMGRO: A SIMPLE MODEL TO SIMULATE THE RESPONSE OF BAMBARA GROUNDNUT TO ABIOTIC STRESS
Authors: KARUNARATNE A. S. , AZAM-ALI S. N. , CROUT N. M. J.
Published: May 2011

Simulation models for many crops are often simple, empirical equations that lack generality across different locations or different levels of abiotic stress making them difficult to apply by independent researchers. The objective of this paper is to describe and demonstrate a user-oriented model ‘BAMGRO’ for an underutilized crop, bambara groundnut with enough detail to be general across locations and genotypes but not so complex that independent users cannot apply it to their own situations. The model consists of different sub-modules that deal specifically with weather (thermal time), crop growth (canopy development, biomass production and yield), temperature (heat and cold stress), photoperiod (daylength control of phenology and reproductive development) and soil water (drought stress). The model predictions are achieved by defining genotype (i.e. cultivar) input files, daily weather parameters and soil characteristics. The model achieves a good fit between observed and predicted data for leaf area index (Nash and Sutcliffe (N-S), 0.80–0.84; mean absolute error (MAE) with maximum less than ± 0.50) for tested genotypes. Pod yield simulation correlated well with measured values (N-S 0.73–0.87; MAE ± 16 g m−2). Available soil moisture content correlated well with the observed data for a field site in Botswana indicating successful performance of the soil water module.
IMPACTS OF SOYABEAN EXPANSION ON THE AMAZON ENERGY BALANCE: A CASE STUDY
Authors: PONTE DE SOUZA PAULO JORGE DE OLIVEIRA , RIBEIRO ARISTIDES , DA ROCHA EDSON JOSÉ PAULINO , BOTELHO MARCEL DO NASCIMENTO , DE SOUSA ADRIANO MARLISOM LEÃO , DE SOUZA EVERALDO BARREIROS , BOUÇAS FARIAS JOSÉ RENATO
Published: May 2011

A micrometeorological experiment was carried out in an area of soyabean cultivation located in northeastern Para state, Brazil, in order to evaluate impacts on the local energy balance due to replacement of forests by soyabean. The meteorological data from forest ecosystems were collected in Caxiuanã forests located in central Para. The energy balance components were obtained using the Bowen ratio technique. Differences in energy balance components between ecosystems were significant during the soyabean growing season and more significant between growing seasons. During the soyabean growing season mean impacts of −15%, −9% and −27% on net radiation, latent heat flux (LE) and sensible heat flux (H), respectively, were observed. At specific soyabean stages, LE was higher than in the forest because of the high soyabean surface conductance of water vapour. However, during the production off-season the impacts were more significant (p< 0.05), showing a reduction of 78% in LE and a substantial increase in H (84%) because of the absence of vegetation cover over this period.
Morpho-functional specialization of the branching sporocyst of Prosorhynchoides borealis Bartoli, Gibson & Bray, 2006 (Digenea, Bucephalidae)
Authors: Podvyaznaya I.M. , Galaktionov K.V.
Published: May 2011

Sporocysts of Prosorhynchoides borealis were obtained from the marine bivalves Abra prismatica and studied using transmission electron microscopy. The sporocyst body consists of a mass of branching and intertwining hollow tubules that ramify through the host's digestive gland and gonads. This study investigated the ultrastructure of the sporocyst branches which comprise alternate distended areas (brood chambers) with a relatively thin body wall, narrower portions with a thicker body wall (constricted areas) and terminal regions. Pronounced differences between these areas were revealed in the structure of their tegument and body cavity lining, as well as in the cellular composition of the subtegumental layers. Body wall composition in distended areas was consistent with the specialization for cercarial nurture in the brood chambers. The structure of the constrictions suggested a dual role of nutrient absorption and physical separation of adjacent brood chambers. Two types of terminal region were identified, one specialized for the investigation and penetration of host tissues and the other, in which the germinal cells are formed, for cercarial production. The overall structure of the sporocyst branches helps explain why this linear modular system, i.e. brood chambers and constrictions continuously growing into the host tissue, enables the sporocyst's long-term existence and can continuously produce cercariae in numbers comparable with those produced by rediae and/or daughter sporocyst infrapopulations in other digeneans. The origin of the nuclei in the outer tegumental layer of some branching bucephalid sporocysts is also discussed.
First record of Neoxysomatium brevicaudatum through the non-invasive sampling of Anguis fragilis: complementary morphological and molecular detection
Authors: Jones R. , Brown D.S. , Harris E. , Jones J. , Symondson W.O.C. , Bruford M.W. , Cable J.
Published: May 2011

Relatively few studies have examined the parasite fauna of British reptiles, partly due to the cryptic nature and low population density of these hosts. Here we examined 12 populations of the slow worm Anguis fragilis which, unlike other UK lizards, occurs at locally high population densities. Morphological examination of non-invasively collected faecal samples revealed the presence of Neoxysomatium brevicaudatum and a second unidentified nematode species. Although previously unrecorded from slow worms in the UK, N. brevicaudatum was present in 38% of animals (mean intensity 70.9, range 1–686). Morphological identification was confirmed by sequencing the 18S ribosomal gene. The use of the species-specific, cytochrome oxidase I mitochondrial gene primers proved an efficient alternative to conventional, microscope screening for parasites, although the original identification of N. brevicaudatum was dependent upon morphological characters. Sequencing also identified the second, smaller nematode as belonging to the Rhabdiasidae family: this species was even more common at a prevalence of 83% (mean intensity 102.8, range 1–2000). While increasing our knowledge of the UK macroparasite fauna, this work demonstrates the benefits of a combined morphological–molecular approach.
The life cycle ofGyliauchen volubilisNagaty, (Digenea: Gyliauchenidae) from the Red Sea
Authors: Al-Jahdali M.O. , El-Said Hassanine R.M.
Published: May 2011

Although nothing is known about gyliauchenid life cycles, molecular phylogenetic studies have placed the Gyliauchenidae Fukui, 1929 close to the Lepocreadiidae Odhner, 1905. The gyliauchenidGyliauchen volubilisNagaty, 1956 was found in the intestine of its type-host,Siganus rivulatus, a siganid fish permanently resident in a lagoon within the mangrove swamps on the Egyptian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. Larval forms of this trematode (mother sporocysts, rediae and cercariae) were found in the gonads and digestive gland ofClypeomorus clypeomorus(Gastropoda: Cerithiidae), a common snail in the same lagoon. So, this life cycle ofG. volubiliswas elucidated under natural conditions: eggs are directly ingested by the snail; mother sporocysts and rediae reach their maturity 3–6 and 11–13 weeks post-infection; rediae contain 23–29 developing cercariae; fully developed cercariae are gymnocephalus, without penetration glands, emerge from the snail during the night 16–18 weeks post-infection and rapidly encyst on aquatic vegetation (no second intermediate host); encysted metacercariae are not progenetic; 4-day-old metacercariae encysted on filamentous algae fed toS. rivulatusdeveloped into fully mature worms 6–8 weeks post-infection. The cycle was completed in about 26 weeks and followed one of the three known patterns of lepocreadiid life cycles, and except for the gymnocephalus cercariae, the other larval stages are very similar to those of lepocreadiids. Generally, the life cycle ofG. volubilisimplicitly supports the phylogenetic relationship of Gyliauchenidae and Lepocreadiidae inferred from molecular phylogenetic studies.