bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Förster Resonance Energy Transfer Measurements in Living Bacteria for Interaction Studies of BamA with BamD and Inhibitor Identification
Authors: Schreiber Sebastian , Jose Joachim
Published: November 2024

The β-barrel assembly machinery (BAM) is a multimeric protein complex responsible for the folding of outer membrane proteins in gram-negative bacteria. It is essential for cell survival and outer membrane integrity. Therefore, it is of impact in the context of antibiotic resistance and can serve as a target for the development of new antibiotics. The interaction between two of its subunits, BamA and BamD, is essential for its function. Here, a FRET-based assay to quantify the affinity between these two proteins in living bacterial cells is presented. The method was applied to identify two interaction hotspots at the binding interface. BamDY184 was identified to significantly contribute to the binding between both proteins through hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen bonding. Additionally, two salt bridges formed between BamDR94, BamDR97, and BamAE127 contributed substantially to the binding of BamA to BamD as well. Two peptides (RFIRLN and VAEYYTER) that mimic the amino acid sequence of BamD around the identified hotspots were shown to inhibit the interaction between BamA and BamD in a dose-dependent manner in the upper micromolar range. These two peptides can potentially act as antibiotic enhancers. This shows that the BamA–BamD interaction site can be addressed for the design of protein–protein interaction inhibitors. Additionally, the method, as presented in this study, can be used for further functional studies on interactions within the BAM complex.
Emerging Role of Ubiquitin Proteasome System and Autophagy in Pediatric Demyelinating Leukodystrophies and Therapeutic Opportunity
Authors: Lin Dar-Shong , Ho Che-Sheng
Published: November 2024

Leukodystrophies represent a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by specific genetic mutations, metabolic abnormalities, and degeneration of white matter in the central nervous system. These disorders are classified into several categories, with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (X-ALD), metachromatic leukodystrophy (MLD), and globoid cell leukodystrophy (GLD) being the most prevalent demyelinating leukodystrophies in pediatric populations. Maintaining proteostasis, which is critical for normal cellular function, relies fundamentally on the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) and autophagy for the degradation of misfolded and damaged proteins. Compelling evidence has highlighted the critical roles of UPS and autophagy dysfunction in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases. Given the complex and poorly understood pathomechanisms underlying demyelinating leukodystrophies, coupled with the pressing need for effective therapeutic strategies, this review aims to systemically analyze the molecular and pathological evidence linking UPS and autophagy dysfunction to demyelinating leukodystrophies, specifically X-ALD and GLD. Furthermore, we will assess the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators in the management of X-ALD and GLD, with the objective to inspire further research into therapeutic approaches that target autophagy and UPS pathways. Novel therapies that enhance autophagy and UPS function hold promise as complementary regimens in combination therapies aimed at achieving comprehensive correction of the pathogenic mechanisms in demyelinating leukodystrophies.
Development and Performance of ZnO/MoS2 Gas Sensors for NO2 Monitoring and Protection in Library Environments
Authors: Wang Jia , Xu Yuting , Tian Canxin , Yu Yunjiang , Zou Changwei
Published: November 2024

The presence of harmful oxidizing gases accelerates the oxidation of cellulose fibers in paper, resulting in reduced strength and fading ink. Therefore, the development of highly sensitive NO2 gas sensors for monitoring and protecting books holds significant practical value. In this manuscript, ZnO/MoS2 composites were synthesized using sodium molybdate and thiourea as raw materials through a hydrothermal method. The morphology and microstructure were characterized by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The ZnO/MoS2 composite exhibited a flower-like structure, with ZnO nanoparticles uniformly attached to the surface of MoS2, demonstrating advantages such as high specific surface area and good uniformity. The gas sensitivity of the ZnO/MoS2 nanocomposites reached its peak at 260 °C, with a sensitivity value around 3.5, which represents an improvement compared to pure ZnO, while also enhancing sensitivity. The resistance of the ZnO/MoS2 gas sensor remained relatively stable in air, exhibiting short response times during transitions between air and NO2 environments while consistently returning to a stable state. In addition to increasing adsorption capacity and improving light utilization efficiency, the formation of hetero-junctions at the ZnO-MoS2 interface creates an internal electric field that effectively promotes the rapid separation of photo-generated charge carriers within ZnO, thereby extending carrier lifetime.
Sleep Quality in Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Pecorari Giancarlo , Moglio Simone , Gamba Dario , Briguglio Marco , Cravero Ester , Sportoletti Baduel Eugenio , Riva Giuseppe
Published: November 2024

Background: Patients with head and neck cancer often experience impaired sleep. Moreover, the treatment may negatively affect sleep quality. The aim of this observational study was to evaluate the sleep quality after treatment for head and neck cancer, and its relationship with quality of life and psychological distress. Methods: A total of 151 patients who underwent treatment for head and neck cancer at our department were included in the study. Quality of life, sleep quality, risk of sleep apnea, sleepiness, pain, and psychological distress were assessed by means of specific questionnaires. Results: The median follow-up was 30 months. Poor sleep quality was observed in 55.6% of the cases. An association between PSQI global sleep quality and EORTC global health status was found. The DT, HADS anxiety, and HADS depression scores were associated to PSQI global score, sleep quality, sleep latency, sleep disturbances, and daytime dysfunction. Conclusions: Sleep disturbances, particularly OSA and insomnia, are frequent in HNC patients, and significantly impact their quality of life and psychological well-being. Given the effect of sleep on overall well-being, addressing sleep disorders should be a priority in the care of HNC patients.
Linking Biodiversity and Functional Patterns of Estuarine Free-Living Nematodes with Sedimentary Organic Matter Lability in an Atlantic Coastal Lagoon (Uruguay, South America)
Authors: Kandratavicius Noelia , Giménez Luis , de Ward Catalina Pastor , Venturini Natalia , Muniz Pablo
Published: November 2024

We examined the taxonomical and functional traits of free-living nematodes, focusing on their density by genus, maturity index (MI), and trophic diversity index (ITD) to determine whether these indices are sensitive to changes in the organic content of the sediment. Samples were collected in autumn and spring from 12 subtidal sampling stations in Rocha Lagoon, distributed between the outer (near the mouth) and the inner sector. We identified 26 genera, with higher abundance in the inner sector, likely due to increased organic matter and biopolymers. In spring, both sectors had sediments rich in fresh organic matter, dominated by deposit-feeding nematodes and showing low trophic diversity (high ITD values). In autumn, the inner sector maintained similar characteristics to spring sampling, while the outer one was dominated by older organic matter, predatory nematodes and higher trophic diversity. The MI showed low variation between sectors, suggesting a disturbed environment. Our findings support the use of ITD to assess other aspects of communities such as the response of trophic groups to the freshness of organic matter, while the MI seems less effective for assessing the ecological status of Rocha Lagoon. Understanding nematode biodiversity and functional traits is crucial for effective ecological quality assessments.
Quantifying the Economic Impact of Supply Voltage Magnitude on Consumers
Authors: Elphick Sean , Knott Jonathan C. , Drury Gerrard , Langstaff Tom , Robinson Duane A.
Published: November 2024

Increasing penetration of distributed energy resources is manifesting as voltage regulation challenges in many LV networks. Appropriate regulation of supply voltage magnitude is essential to ensure efficacy and efficiency in the operation of electricity supply networks and consumer equipment. While the theoretical impacts of supply voltage magnitude on the performance of consumer equipment, which include additional energy consumption and decreased equipment lifespan as voltage magnitude increases, are relatively well known, this has not been translated into quantitative impacts. This paper applies the outcomes of previous impact of supply voltage magnitude studies by the authors, in conjunction with domestic load models, to develop algorithms to estimate the quantitative impacts of supply voltage magnitude on consumers. The paper then applies these algorithms to calculate quantitative economic impacts that can be associated with the magnitude of the supply voltage. The outcomes of this research suggest that the per-annum impact of supply voltage magnitude on consumer equipment loss of life is potentially an order of magnitude greater than the resultant increased energy consumption based on case studies using Australian data.
Production of Hydrogen from Biomass with Negative CO2 Emissions Using a Commercial-Scale Fluidized Bed Gasifier
Authors: Chmielniak Tomasz , Iluk Tomasz , Stepien Leszek , Billig Tomasz , Sciazko Marek
Published: November 2024

Biomass gasification, as a thermochemical method, has attracted interest due to the growing popularity of biofuel production using syngas or pure hydrogen. Additionally, this hydrogen production method, when integrated with CO2 capture, may have negative CO2 emissions, which makes this process competitive with electrolysis and coal gasification. This article presents the results of process and economic analyses of a hydrogen production system integrated with a commercial, fluidized-bed solid fuel gasification reactor (SES technology—Synthesis Energy Systems). With the use of a single gasification unit with a capacity of 60 t/h of raw biomass, the system produces between 72.5 and 78.4 t/d of hydrogen depending on the configuration considered. Additionally, assuming the CO2 emission neutrality of biomass processing, the application of CO2 capture leads to negative CO2 emissions. This allows for obtaining additional revenue from the sale of CO2 emission allowances, which can significantly reduce the costs of hydrogen production. In this analysis, the breakthrough price for CO2 emissions, above which the hydrogen production costs are negative, is USD 240/t CO2.
Opportunities and Challenges of Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Integration
Authors: Fang Tingke , von Jouanne Annette , Agamloh Emmanuel , Yokochi Alex
Published: November 2024

This paper presents an overview of the status and prospects of fuel cell electric vehicles (FC-EVs) for grid integration. In recent years, renewable energy has been explored on every front to extend the use of fossil fuels. Advanced technologies involving wind and solar energy, electric vehicles, and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) are becoming more popular for grid support. With recent developments in solid oxide fuel cell electric vehicles (SOFC-EVs), a more flexible fuel option than traditional proton-exchange membrane fuel cell electric vehicles (PEMFC-EVs), the potential for vehicle-to-grid (V2G)’s implementation is promising. Specifically, SOFC-EVs can utilize renewable biofuels or natural gas and, thus, they are not limited to pure hydrogen fuel only. This opens the opportunity for V2G’s implementation by using biofuels or readily piped natural gas at home or at charging stations. This review paper will discuss current V2G technologies and, importantly, compare battery electric vehicles (BEVs) to SOFC-EVs for V2G’s implementation and their impacts.
State of Charge Balancing Control Strategy for Wind Power Hybrid Energy Storage Based on Successive Variational Mode Decomposition and Multi-Fuzzy Control
Authors: Hou Rui , Liu Jiqing , Zhao Jingbo , Liu Jinhui , Chen Wenxiang
Published: November 2024

To address the instability of wind power caused by the randomness and intermittency of wind generation, as well as the challenges in power compensation by hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs), this paper proposes a state of charge (SOC) balancing control strategy based on Successive Variational Mode Decomposition and multi-fuzzy control. First, a consensus algorithm is used to enable communication between energy storage units to obtain the global average SOC. Then, the Secretary Bird Optimization Algorithm (SBOA) is applied to optimize the Successive Variational Mode Decomposition (SVMD) and Variational Mode Decomposition (VMD) for the initial allocation of wind power, resulting in the smoothing power for hybrid energy storage and the grid integration power. Finally, considering the deviation between the current SOC of the storage units and the global average SOC, dynamic partitioning is used for multi-fuzzy control to adjust the initial power allocation, achieving SOC balancing control. Simulations of the control strategy were conducted using Matlab/Simulink, and the results indicate that the proposed approach effectively smooths wind power fluctuations, achieving stable grid integration power. It enables the SOC of the HESS to quickly align with the global average SOC, preventing the HESS from entering unhealthy SOC regions.
Intelligent Control of an Experimental Small-Scale Wind Turbine
Authors: Borunda Monica , Garduno Raul , de la Cruz Soto Javier , Figueroa Díaz Rafael Alfonso
Published: November 2024

Nowadays, wind turbines are one of the most popular devices for producing clean and renewable electric energy. The rotor blades catch the wind’s kinetic energy to produce rotational energy from the turbine and electric energy from the generator. In small-scale wind turbines, there are several methods to operate the blades to obtain the desired speed of rotation and power outputs. These methods include passive stall, active stall, and pitch control. Pitch control sets the angular position of the blades to face the wind to achieve a predefined relationship between turbine speed or power and wind velocity. Typically, conventional Proportional Integral (PI) controllers are used to set the angular position of the rotor blades or pitch angle. Nevertheless, the quality of speed or power regulation may vary substantially. This study introduces a rotor speed controller for a pitch-controlled small-scale wind turbine prototype based on fuzzy logic concepts. The basics of fuzzy systems required to implement this kind of controller are presented in detail to counteract the lack of such material in the technical literature. The knowledge base of the fuzzy speed controller is composed of Takagi–Sugeno–Kang (TSK) fuzzy inference rules that implement a dedicated PI controller for any desired interval of wind velocities. Each wind velocity interval is defined with a fuzzy set. Simulation experiments show that the TSK fuzzy PI speed controller can outperform the conventional PI controller in the speed and accuracy of response, stability, and robustness over the whole range of operation of the wind turbine prototype.
Morphological and Physiological Characteristics Influencing CO2 Assimilation Rate and Growth in Different Half-Sib Families of Quercus acuta and Q. glauca
Authors: Song Wookyung , Kim Sukyung , Huh Woojin , Byeon Siyeon , Kim Ye-Ji , Kang Kyu-Suk , Kim Hyun Seok
Published: November 2024

Climate change alters vegetation patterns, pushing subtropical forests further north. These forests play a crucial role for carbon neutrality efforts due to their significant CO2 assimilation potential. This study investigated CO2 assimilation rate along with growth, morphological, and physiological traits in 23 half-sib families of Quercus acuta and 26 half-sib families of Q. glauca, two prominent East Asian evergreen broadleaf species. Q. acuta exhibited significantly higher growth rates, with diameter at breast height (DBH) and aboveground biomass exceeding those for Q. glauca by 12.1% and 69.9%, respectively (p < 0.001). Leaf traits, including leaf mass pear area (LMA), leaf nitrogen, and chlorophyll content, were also greater in Q. acuta, showing 24.5%, 45.8%, and 15.6% higher values (p < 0.001). While photosynthetic traits were similar, Q. acuta exhibited a 12.7% higher intrinsic water-use efficiency (iWUE) (p < 0.01). Among half-sib families, marginal differences were observed in growth traits (p < 0.1), and significant differences in leaf morphology and physiological traits (p < 0.05) were observed. A positive correlation was found between growth and physiological traits associated with the CO2 assimilation rate in Q. acuta, but not in Q. glauca. These findings highlight the potential of Q. acuta and Q. glauca for supporting future carbon neutrality efforts and provide traits supporting carbon uptake, valuable for selecting tree species with enhanced carbon sequestration potential.
Improved Prototypical Network Model for Classification of Farmland Shelterbelt Using Sentinel-2 Imagery
Authors: Wang Yueting , Li Qiangzi , Wang Hongyan , Zhang Yuan , Du Xin , Shen Yunqi , Dong Yong
Published: November 2024

Farmland shelterbelt plays an important role in protecting farmland and ensuring stable crop yields, and it is mainly distributed in the form of bands and patches; different forms of distribution have different impacts on farmland, which is an important factor affecting crop yields. Therefore, high-precision classification of banded and patch farmland shelterbelt is a prerequisite for analyzing its impact on crop yield. In this study, we explored the effectiveness and transferability of an improved Prototypical Network model incorporating data augmentation and a convolutional block attention module for extracting banded and patch farmland shelterbelt in Northeast China, and we analyzed the potential of applying it to the production of large-scale farmland shelterbelt products. Firstly, we classified banded and patch farmland shelterbelt under different sample window sizes using the improved Prototypical Network in the source domain study area to obtain the optimal sample window size and the optimal classification model. Secondly, fine-tuning transfer learning and learning from scratch directly were used to classify the banded and patch farmland shelterbelt in the target domain study area, respectively, to evaluate the extraction model’s migratability. The results showed that classification of farmland shelterbelt using the improved Prototypical Network is very effective, with the highest extraction accuracy under the 5 × 5 sample window; the accuracies of the banded and patch farmland shelterbelt are 92.16% and 90.91%, respectively. Using the fine-tuning transfer learning method in the target domain can classify the banded and patch farmland shelterbelt with high accuracy, above 95% and 89%, respectively. The proposed approach can provide new insight into farmland shelterbelt classification and farmland shelterbelt products obtained from freely accessible Sentinel-2 multispectral images.
A Joint Survey in Decentralized Federated Learning and TinyML: A Brief Introduction to Swarm Learning
Authors: Fragkou Evangelia , Katsaros Dimitrios
Published: November 2024

TinyML/DL is a new subfield of ML that allows for the deployment of ML algorithms on low-power devices to process their own data. The lack of resources restricts the aforementioned devices to running only inference tasks (static TinyML), while training is handled by a more computationally efficient system, such as the cloud. In recent literature, the focus has been on conducting real-time on-device training tasks (Reformable TinyML) while being wirelessly connected. With data processing being shift to edge devices, the development of decentralized federated learning (DFL) schemes becomes justified. Within these setups, nodes work together to train a neural network model, eliminating the necessity of a central coordinator. Ensuring secure communication among nodes is of utmost importance for protecting data privacy during edge device training. Swarm Learning (SL) emerges as a DFL paradigm that promotes collaborative learning through peer-to-peer interaction, utilizing edge computing and blockchain technology. While SL provides a robust defense against adversarial attacks, it comes at a high computational expense. In this survey, we emphasize the current literature regarding both DFL and TinyML/DL fields. We explore the obstacles encountered by resource-starved devices in this collaboration and provide a brief overview of the potential of transitioning to Swarm Learning.
Integration of Machine Learning and Experimental Validation to Identify Anoikis-Related Prognostic Signature for Predicting the Breast Cancer Tumor Microenvironment and Treatment Response
Authors: Li Longpeng , Li Longhui , Wang Yaxin , Wu Baoai , Guan Yue , Chen Yinghua , Zhao Jinfeng
Published: November 2024

Background/Objectives: Anoikis-related genes (ANRGs) are crucial in the invasion and metastasis of breast cancer (BC). The underlying role of ANRGs in the prognosis of breast cancer patients warrants further study. Methods: The anoikis-related prognostic signature (ANRS) was generated using a variety of machine learning methods, and the correlation between the ANRS and the tumor microenvironment (TME), drug sensitivity, and immunotherapy was investigated. Moreover, single-cell analysis and spatial transcriptome studies were conducted to investigate the expression of prognostic ANRGs across various cell types. Finally, the expression of ANRGs was verified by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis (WB), and the expression level of PLK1 in the blood was measured by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The ANRS, consisting of five ANRGs, was established. BC patients within the high-ANRS group exhibited poorer prognoses, characterized by elevated levels of immune suppression and stromal scores. The low-ANRS group had a better response to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Single-cell analysis and spatial transcriptomics revealed variations in ANRGs across cells. The results of RT-PCR and WB were consistent with the differential expression analyses from databases. NU.1025 and imatinib were identified as potential inhibitors for SPIB and PLK1, respectively. Additionally, findings from ELISA demonstrated increased expression levels of PLK1 in the blood of BC patients. Conclusions: The ANRS can act as an independent prognostic indicator for BC patients, providing significant guidance for the implementation of chemotherapy and immunotherapy in these patients. Additionally, PLK1 has emerged as a potential blood-based diagnostic marker for breast cancer patients.
Legionella pneumophila—Klebsiella pneumoniae Pulmonary Coinfection in a COVID-19 Patient: Case Report
Authors: Brumboiu Maria Irina , Iuga Edina , Ivanciuc Andreea , Iaru Irina , Durla-Pașca Alexandru , Șchiopu Pavel , Pană Adrian Gabriel
Published: November 2024

Background. Pulmonary superinfections increase the mortality risk among COVID-19 patients, highlighting the need for enhanced understanding to enable early and accurate diagnosis. Methods. We present the case of a patient, a 76-year-old man, hospitalized for a severe form of COVID-19, with a ground-glass pneumonia, involving 40–45% of lung surfaces. Results. In evolution, the clinical condition worsened, presenting leukocytosis with neutrophilia, imaging towards resorption, and computer tomography images showing the appearance of pulmonary condensations in the right lower lobe, the posterior portion of the left lower lobe and pleural collections. Carbapenemase-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae was isolated from the tracheal aspirate, and the real-time polymerase chain reaction test was positive for Klebsiella pneumoniae and Legionella pneumophila. The investigations that were carried out allowed us to establish the coinfections as a probable case of Legionnaire’s disease and a ventilator-associated pneumonia with Klebsiella pneumoniae. Conclusions. The case analysis revealed that rare pneumonias may remain undiagnosed, and coinfections may be conditioned by pathophysiological factors or components of COVID-19 critical form treatment. Enhanced understanding of these aspects in clinical practice may contribute to reducing mortality risk in COVID-19 patients.
Partnering with Communities to Understand Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) Impacts on Access to Shared Micromobility
Authors: McClain Elizabeth K. , Walker Kaitlynn , Kumar Ganesh , Bright Ashley , Aziz Klare , Banchoff Ann W. , Doueiri Zakaria N. , King Abby C. , Mitra Suman K.
Published: November 2024

This study explored the facilitators and barriers of community bike share use in a mid-sized city with high incidence of poverty and racial diversity using a community-based participatory action research (CBPAR) photovoice framework with the Stanford Our Voice (OV) Discovery Tool digital application. Community members participated in one of three community citizen science walks with follow up focus groups facilitated by osteopathic medical student researcher to address “What makes it easy or hard to ride a bike using the bike share?” Twenty-seven diverse community members partnered with four osteopathic medical students exploring vulnerable individuals’ lived experiences, beliefs/understanding of the Social Determinants of Health (SDoH) and access to the bike share program. A total of 322 photos and narrative comments from citizen science walk audits developed deductive themes and follow up focus groups informed inductive themes. Themes addressed challenges to access, maintenance, safety in bike transit, comfort, and environment that create barriers to use and increase inequities for lower income and historically underrepresented communities. The use of OV provided photograph, narrative, and geocoded photo location. This novel approach served as an effective tool for community action with city decision makers. The narrative research identified the impact of the barriers, and the photographs and geocoding provided clear descriptions for locations to prioritize change by adding street signs for access and safety, fixing road safety issues or bike maintenance concerns. It actively engaged the community with the city to drive discussions and plans for change in repair systems and infrastructure that also addressed equity and acknowledged the SDoH supporting residents in lower income or historically underrepresented communities. Citizen science engaged community voices, supporting change in city policies and transportation initiatives to support the sustainability of the bike share program.
Analysis of Lipid Metabolism in Adipose Tissue and Liver of Chinese Soft-Shelled Turtle Pelodiscus sinensis During Hibernation
Authors: Jin Feng , You Yunfei , Wan Junliang , Zhu Huaiyi , Peng Kou , Hu Zhenying , Zeng Qi , Hu Beijuan , Wang Junhua , Duan Jingjing , Hong Yijiang
Published: November 2024

Hibernation serves as an energy-conserving strategy that enables animals to withstand harsh environments by reducing their metabolic rate significantly. However, the mechanisms underlying energy adaptation in hibernating ectotherms, such as Pelodiscus sinensis, remain contentious. This paper first reports the decrease in lipid levels and the expression of metabolism-related genes in P. sinensis during hibernation. The results of physiological and biochemical analysis showed that adipocyte cell size was reduced and liver lipid droplet (LD) contents were decreased during hibernation in P. sinensis. Concurrently, serum levels of triglycerides (TGs), total cholesterol (TC), non-esterified fatty acids (NEFAs), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDLC), and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDLC) were diminished (n = 8, p < 0.01), while an increase in serum glucose (Glu) (n = 8, p < 0.01) was noted among hibernating P. sinensis. These observations suggest a shift in energy metabolism during hibernation. To gain insights into the molecular mechanisms, we performed integrated transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses of adipose tissue and livers from summer-active versus overwintering P. sinensis, which revealed downregulation of free fatty acids (FFAs), triglycerides (TGs), diglycerides (DGs), and ceramides (Cers) during hibernation. The results of GSEA analysis showed that metabolic pathways associated with lipid metabolism, including glycerolipid metabolism and regulation of lipolysis in adipocytes, were suppressed significantly. Notably, acute cold exposure induced significant downregulation of genes related to lipolysis such as PNPLA2, ABHD5, LPL, CPT1A, and PPARα. The results indicate that lipolysis is suppressed during hibernation in P. sinensis. Collectively, these findings deepen our understanding of survival mechanisms and elucidate the unique energy adaptation strategies employed by hibernating ectotherms. Future research should explore the implications of these findings for the conservation of ectotherms and the applications for artificially inducing hibernation.
Swill and Pig Manure Substrates Differentially Affected Transcriptome and Metabolome of the Black Soldier Fly Larvae
Authors: Zhang Bin , Yang Rencan , He Shichun , Dai Sifan , Hu Qingquan , Li Xinrong , Su Hongren , Shi Jingyi , Zhao Zhiyong , Wu Dongwang
Published: November 2024

Black soldier fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) (BSFL) are insect larvae with significant ecological and economic value. This study aims to investigate whether swill and manure had any effects on the transcriptome and metabolome of BSFL. Through high-throughput transcriptome sequencing, we found that larvae fed with swill exhibited higher levels of gene expression, especially with the upregulation of genes related to energy metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and redox reactions. Metabolomics analysis showed a significant increase in energy metabolism-related metabolites, such as organic acids and amino acids, in the swill-fed larvae. In contrast, gene expression and metabolic characteristics in the pig manure-fed group indicated a higher stress response, with relevant genes and metabolites (such as short-chain fatty acids and antioxidants) showing significant upregulation. GO and KEGG enrichment analyses further supported these results, suggesting that swill promotes larval growth and metabolism, whereas pig manure induces the activation of stress response mechanisms. These findings offer clear molecular and physiological insights into the optimization of substrate selection for enhancing the performance of BSFL in waste management.
Differential Glial Response and Neurodegenerative Patterns in CA1, CA3, and DG Hippocampal Regions of 5XFAD Mice
Authors: Nairuz Tahsin , Heo Jin-Chul , Lee Jong-Ha
Published: November 2024

In this study, the distinct patterns of glial response and neurodegeneration within the CA1, CA3, and dentate gyrus (DG) regions of the hippocampus were examined in 5XFAD mice at 6 and 12 months of age. The primary feature of this transgenic mouse model is the rapid onset of amyloid pathology. We employed quantitative assessments via immunohistochemistry, incorporating double staining techniques, followed by observation with light microscopy and subsequent digital analysis of microscopic images. We identified significantly increased Aβ deposition in these three hippocampal regions at 6 and 12 months of transgenic mice. Moreover, the CA1 and CA3 regions showed higher vulnerability, with signs of reactive astrogliosis such as increased astrocyte density and elevated GFAP expression. Additionally, we observed a significant rise in microglia density, along with elevated inflammatory markers (TNFα) in these hippocampal regions. These findings highlight a non-uniform glial and neuronal response to Aβ plaque deposition within the hippocampal regions of 5xFAD mice, potentially contributing to the neurodegenerative and memory deficit characteristics of Alzheimer’s disease in this model.
The Coexistence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Candida albicans Enhanced Biofilm Thickness but Induced Less Severe Neutrophil Responses and Less Inflammation in Pneumonia Mice Than K. pneumoniae Alone
Authors: Phuengmaung Pornpimol , Chongrak Chiratchaya , Saisorn Wilasinee , Makjaroen Jiradej , Singkham-in Uthaibhorn , Leelahavanichkul Asada
Published: November 2024

Due to the possible coexistence of Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) and Candida albicans (CA), strains of KP and CA with biofilm production properties clinically isolated from patients were tested. The production of biofilms from the combined organisms (KP+CA) was higher than the biofilms from each organism alone, as indicated by crystal violet and z-stack immunofluorescence. In parallel, the bacterial abundance in KP + CA was similar to KP, but the fungal abundance was higher than CA (culture method), implying that CA grows better in the presence of KP. Proteomic analysis was performed to compare KP + CA biofilm to KP biofilm alone. With isolated mouse neutrophils (thioglycolate induction), KP + CA biofilms induced less prominent responses than KP biofilms, as determined by (i) neutrophilic supernatant cytokines (ELISA) and (ii) neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs), using immunofluorescent images (neutrophil elastase, myeloperoxidase, and citrullinated histone 3), peptidyl arginine deiminase 4 (PAD4) expression, and cell-free DNA. Likewise, intratracheal KP + CA in C57BL/6 mice induces less severe pneumonia than KP alone, as indicated by organ injury (serum creatinine and alanine transaminase) (colorimetric assays), cytokines (ELISA), bronchoalveolar lavage fluid parameters (bacterial culture and neutrophil abundances using a hemocytometer), histology score (H&E stains), and NETs (immunofluorescence on the lung tissue). In conclusion, the biofilm biomass of KP + CA was mostly produced from CA with less potent neutrophil activation and less severe pneumonia than KP alone. Hence, fungi in the respiratory tract might benefit the host in some situations, despite the well-known adverse effects of fungi.
Analysis of Quantum-Classical Hybrid Deep Learning for 6G Image Processing with Copyright Detection
Authors: Seol Jongho , Kim Hye-Young , Kancharla Abhilash , Kim Jongyeop
Published: November 2024

This study investigates the integration of quantum computing, classical methods, and deep learning techniques for enhanced image processing in dynamic 6G networks, while also addressing essential aspects of copyright technology and detection. Our findings indicate that quantum methods excel in rapid edge detection and feature extraction but encounter difficulties in maintaining image quality compared to classical approaches. In contrast, classical methods preserve higher image fidelity but struggle to satisfy the real-time processing requirements of 6G applications. Deep learning techniques, particularly CNNs, demonstrate potential in complex image analysis tasks but demand substantial computational resources. To promote the ethical use of AI-generated images, we introduce copyright detection mechanisms that employ advanced algorithms to identify potential infringements in generated content. This integration improves adherence to intellectual property rights and legal standards, supporting the responsible implementation of image processing technologies. We suggest that the future of image processing in 6G networks resides in hybrid systems that effectively utilize the strengths of each approach while incorporating robust copyright detection capabilities. These insights contribute to the development of efficient, high-performance image processing systems in next-generation networks, highlighting the promise of integrated quantum-classical–classical deep learning architectures within 6G environments.
Bioecological Parameters of the Black Fig Fly, Silba adipata (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), Collected from Fig Crops in Mexico
Authors: Paniagua-Jasso Eduardo , Tejeda-Reyes Manuel Alejandro , Martínez-Castillo Ana Mabel , Figueroa-de la Rosa José Isaac , García-Banderas Diana Vely , Palma-Castillo Luis Jesús , Illescas-Riquelme Carlos Patricio , Pineda-Guillermo Samuel
Published: November 2024

This study assessed several bioecological aspects of the black fig fly, Silba adipata McAlpine (Diptera: Lonchaeidae), the main pest of fig (Ficus carica L.). Figs were collected from eight sites in the Mexican states of Michoacán (Plan de Ayala, Los Tejones, Antúnez, Tangancícuaro, Indaparapeo, El Carrizal, and Charapendo) and Morelos (Telixtac). No infestation was recorded in figs collected in Charapendo, but, in the remaining sites, it was variable (2–33%). Figs from Plan de Ayala and El Carrizal were longer and contained more larvae than those from Telixtac and Los Tejones. Some figs (≤12) collected in Telixtac and Los Tejones contained few pupae or adults. The survival of larval and pupal stages (≤86%) and the proportion of females (40–53%) were determined at the sites where the infestation of figs was >6% (Telixtac, El Carrizal, Plan de Ayala, and Los Tejones). In the second part of this study, the development of individuals collected in Los Tejones was analyzed under constant conditions. The estimated larval duration time was between 13 and 15 d, whereas pupae lasted 11 d. The survival rate and longevity of females and males were very similar. Our results could help design a program for integrated pest management against S. adipata.
Water-Mediated Synthesis of (E)-3-(1-Methyl-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-5-yl)-N-phenethylacrylamide, a Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Amide Analogue
Authors: Subbarao Muppidi , Kerwin Sean M.
Published: November 2024

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a phenolic natural product with diverse biological activities, notably anticancer properties. However, its ester group is metabolically unstable. The amide derivative, CAPA, offers improved metabolic stability to esterases but still possesses a metabolically liable catechol group. In this work, we describe the synthesis of a novel CAPA analogue in which the catechol is replaced with a benzimidazole bioisostere via a water-mediated Wittig reaction.
Swelling Behavior of Acrylate-Based Photoresist Polymers Containing Cycloaliphatic Groups of Various Sizes
Authors: Lee Choong-Jae , Kim Jinyoung , Lee Geon-Ho , Hyeon Jayoung , Choi Yura , Cho Namchul
Published: November 2024

Photoresist polymers containing cycloaliphatic acrylic monomers have been synthesized for use in the microcircuits of semiconductors. Although cycloaliphatic acrylic monomers exhibit a high etch resistance and excellent thermal properties, their large size increases the distance between the main chains of the resulting polymers. This increased distance facilitates the penetration of a developer between the main chains, which leads to swelling and thus pattern collapse, distortion, and delamination, thereby complicating the fabrication of microcircuits. To solve this problem, various large developers were used in previous studies to reduce the swelling effect. However, these developers could not easily dissolve the unexposed regions of the resist. To overcome this issue, we designed photoresist polymers with smaller functional groups to decrease the degree of swelling. Specifically, ArF photoresist polymers were synthesized from monomers with various sizes of functional groups. We confirmed that the polymer synthesized using cyclohexyl methacrylate (CHMA), which had the smallest functional group, exhibited the shortest distance between the main chains. Consequently, this polymer showed the least swelling, with a swelling ratio of 109%. In contrast, the polymers synthesized using isobornyl acrylate (IBOA) and dicyclopentanyl methacrylate (TCDMA), which have large functional groups, exhibited greater distances between the main chains, resulting in swelling ratios of 114% and 112%, respectively. The polymer with a swelling ratio of 109% showed excellent patterning properties, while those with swelling ratios of 114% and 112% were delaminated by the developer. Our work introduces a novel approach to help reduce the swelling effect and achieve high-quality patterns in negative photoresists.
The Influence of Coaxial Ultrasound on the Droplet Transfer of High Nitrogen Steel GMAW Process
Authors: Luo Jiawen , He Zhizheng , Liu Zeng , Hua Zihuan , Teng Bin , Fan Chenglei
Published: November 2024

The nitrogen bubble bursting phenomenon during the welding process of high nitrogen steel (HNS) can lead to unstable droplet transfer and welding process, reducing the quality of weld formation. In this study, a novel approach, ultrasonic-assisted gas metal arc welding (U-GMAW), is proposed to suppress the escape of nitrogen gas during droplet transfer. This study investigates the influence of ultrasound on the metal transfer process during two distinct metal transfer modes: short-circuiting and droplet transfer. Ultrasound has a significant effect on the welding process; as ultrasonic power increases, both the arc length and droplet size decrease, while the droplet transfer frequency increases and the electrical signal stabilizes. Under the experimental conditions of this study, ultrasound has the most effective improvement on the metal transfer behavior when the ultrasonic power reaches 2 kW. Ultrasound enhances the stability of the droplet transfer process, making U-GMAW an effective and novel approach for controlling the droplet transfer behavior of high nitrogen steel.
Improving the Characteristics of Fruiting Bodies in Lentinus edodes: The Impact of Rolipram-Induced cAMP Modulation
Authors: Li Hongman , Chen Fei , Xu Chong , Wang Yanhua , Deng Chunhai , Meng Qingguo , Zhu Weiwei
Published: November 2024

Background: Strains XG04 and XGT2 of Lentinus edodes (Berk.) Singer demonstrate a high degree of genomic similarity, with XGT2 representing a systematic selection of XG04 and exhibiting enhanced phenotypic traits. Methods: An investigation into the differences between these strains was conducted using untargeted metabolomics to identify potential causal factors. Five exogenous inducers were assessed for their relationship with the observed phenotypes, and their impacts on fruiting body characteristics were analyzed. Results: Notably, the exogenous inducer rolipram, at a concentration of 0.4%, was found to increase cAMP expression levels in L. edodes primordia, which subsequently affected gill development, leading to the formation of gill-free fruiting bodies. Morphological differences between the two strains were evident; XG04 exhibited a spherical morphology with absent gills, rendering it commercially unviable, whereas XGT2 displayed a thicker cap and a more robust stipe, maintaining its characteristic umbrella shape. Conclusions: As the concentration of rolipram increased, both cap retraction and gill reduction in XGT2 occurred in a dose-dependent manner. The endogenous cAMP levels in the fruiting bodies were measured before and after rolipram treatment, revealing that the cap retraction and gill reduction in XGT2 progressed in a dose-dependent manner alongside increasing cAMP expression levels. Furthermore, a positive correlation was observed between cAMP levels and rolipram concentration. This study provides a foundation for improving the quality and productivity of mushroom cultivation by manipulating fruiting body characteristics through external stimuli.
Preliminary Exploration of the Protective Mechanism of Eugenol Against Acute Liver Injury Induced by Thioacetamide Based on Metabolomics
Authors: Chen Huanghan , Li Mengting , Yan Hongmu , Yan Jingyu , Wang Guang , Gao Lina
Published: November 2024

Acute liver injury (ALI) is a significant global public health issue that can rapidly develop into acute liver failure, seriously endangering the safety of patients. Eugenol has various pharmacological effects such as antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and neuroprotective properties. Through pathological section observation, eugenol can alleviate the degree of liver damage caused by thioacetamide. Based on metabolomics, a total of 87 metabolites were found to have differences in content between the control group and the thioacetamide group. Compared with the control group, the contents of 42 metabolites had increased and 45 metabolites had decreased in the thioacetamide group. These differential expressed metabolites mainly indicate inflammatory damage, oxidative damage, and abnormal energy metabolism. There were 269 metabolites with differences in content between the eugenol intervention group and the thioacetamide group. Compared with the thioacetamide group, there were 101 metabolites with increased content and 168 metabolites with decreased content in the eugenol intervention group. These differential expressed metabolites suggest that eugenol intervention can correct inflammation damage, oxidative damage, and energy metabolism abnormalities caused by TAA. This study found through pathological section observation and metabolomics that eugenol has a protective effect on acute liver injury caused by thioacetamide, and the protective mechanism may be related to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of eugenol.
Cyclodextrins: Advances in Chemistry, Toxicology, and Multifaceted Applications
Authors: Musuc Adina Magdalena
Published: November 2024

Cyclodextrins (CDs) have garnered significant attention in various scientific and industrial fields due to their unique ability to form inclusion complexes with a wide range of guest molecules. This review comprehensively explores the latest advancements in cyclodextrin chemistry, focusing on the synthesis and characterization of cyclodextrin derivatives and their inclusion complexes. This review examines the biological activities of cyclodextrins, highlighting their pharmacological properties and pharmacokinetics, and discussing their promising applications in drug delivery systems. Furthermore, the industrial utilization of cyclodextrins, including their role in nanomaterials and nanostructured coatings, as well as their potential in environmental remediation, are explored. The present research also addresses the critical aspect of toxicity, particularly concerning cyclodextrin inclusion complexes, providing an overview of the current understanding and safety considerations. Through a multidisciplinary approach, the aim is to present a complete view of cyclodextrins, underscoring their versatility and impact across various domains.
Curcumin Derivatives in Medicinal Chemistry: Potential Applications in Cancer Treatment
Authors: Kuzminska Joanna , Szyk Piotr , Mlynarczyk Dariusz T. , Bakun Pawel , Muszalska-Kolos Izabela , Dettlaff Katarzyna , Sobczak Agnieszka , Goslinski Tomasz , Jelinska Anna
Published: November 2024

Curcumin, a naturally occurring compound found in the rhizome of Curcuma plants, particularly in turmeric (Curcuma longa L.), exhibits a broad range of biological activities, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anticancer properties. Curcumin has demonstrated effectiveness in inhibiting tumor growth, arousing interest for its potential in treating various cancers, such as breast, lung, prostate, and brain cancers. However, the clinical application of curcumin is limited due to its low chemical stability, poor water solubility, and low bioavailability. In response to these challenges, structural modifications of curcumin have been explored to improve its pharmacological properties, including enhanced anticancer selectivity index and bioavailability. This review highlights promising chemical modifications of curcumin that could lead to the development of more effective anticancer therapies. By functionalizing the parent curcumin molecule, researchers aim to create more stable and bioavailable compounds with enhanced therapeutic potential, making curcumin derivatives promising candidates for medical applications.