bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integration of two simple models in a geographical information system to evaluate salinization risk in irrigated land of the Valencian Community, Spain
Authors: de Paz J.M. , Visconti F. , Zapata R. , Sánchez J.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Salt affected soil is one of the main problems decreasing the productivity of irrigated agriculture in the Mediterranean area. Simulation models in combination with geographical information systems (GISs) could be used to evaluate the risk of salinization at a regional scale. In this study, two logical models (Pla and Riverside) were combined in a GIS to evaluate the risk of soil salinity and sodicity in the irrigated agriculture of the Valencian Community, Spain. Simple models were chosen so that they could be used at a regional scale. Before running them in a GIS framework, a soil and irrigation water survey was conducted to validate the models with observed data. The Pla model fitted observed data better than Riverside guidelines, probably because parameters of water quality, soil and climate were considered by the Pla model. The resulting maps indicated that the soils most affected by salts are those located in the south of study area, owing to the arid climate, and those areas near the coast due to saline intrusion. Close to 42% of the irrigated area was predicted to be somewhat affected by salinization. The regional‐scale soil salinity assessment presented here for the Valencian Community is the first to be made for this region and will be useful in targeting critical areas that may require special management.
Nitrogen and sulphur management: challenges for organic sources in temperate agricultural systems
Authors: McNeill A.M. , Eriksen J. , Bergström L. , Smith K.A. , Marstorp H. , Kirchmann H. , Nilsson I.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. A current global trend towards intensification or specialization of agricultural enterprises has been accompanied by increasing public awareness of associated environmental consequences. Air and water pollution from losses of nutrients, such as nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S), are a major concern. Governments have initiated extensive regulatory frameworks, including various land use policies, in an attempt to control or reduce the losses. This paper presents an overview of critical input and loss processes affecting N and S for temperate climates, and provides some background to the discussion in subsequent papers evaluating specific farming systems. Management effects on potential gaseous and leaching losses, the lack of synchrony between supply of nutrients and plant demand, and options for optimizing the efficiency of N and S use are reviewed. Integration of inorganic and organic fertilizer inputs and the equitable re‐distribution of nutrients from manure are discussed. The paper concludes by highlighting a need for innovative research that is also targeted to practical approaches for reducing N and S losses, and improving the overall synchrony between supply and demand.
Nutrient management in low input grazing‐based systems of meat production
Authors: Dahlin A.S. , Emanuelsson U. , McAdam J.H.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Low input grazing‐based meat production is often practised on land where alternative land use is restricted and where high biodiversity warrants specific environmental payments. Although these systems are characterized by low external nutrient inputs, significant nutrient losses may occur per unit of produce, even though losses per unit area are low. If the aim is to have animal production without further eutrophication of watercourses, these losses should be minimized,. However, if nutrient‐poor grasslands characterized by high biodiversity are the aim, some losses must be accepted to balance nutrient inputs by atmospheric deposition. The impact of grazing animals on nutrient dynamics in grasslands is reviewed in this paper, and options to further improve nutrient management are discussed. It is concluded that nutrient management should largely be addressed indirectly through management of animal behaviour in relation to grazing and supplemental feeding, as well as through optimization of the seasonal distribution of livestock size. A case study indicated that N losses from a cattle farm could be reduced considerably by these means, while animal production could actually be improved. Sustainability issues and trends in legislative and social pressures on low input grazing‐based systems of animal production are discussed in relation to nutrient management and practical recommendations.
The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme of England and Wales: the spatial variation of topsoil nutrient status and pH between 1971 and 2001
Authors: Baxter S. J. , Oliver M. A. , Archer J. R.
Published: August 2010

The Representative Soil Sampling Scheme (RSSS) has monitored the soil of agricultural land in England and Wales since 1969. Here we describe the first spatial analysis of the data from these surveys using geostatistics. Four years of data (1971, 1981, 1991 and 2001) were chosen to examine the nutrient (available K, Mg and P) and pH status of the soil. At each farm, four fields were sampled; however, for the earlier years, coordinates were available for the farm only and not for each field. The averaged data for each farm were used for spatial analysis and the variograms showed spatial structure even with the smaller sample size. These variograms provide a reasonable summary of the larger scale of variation identified from the data of the more intensively sampled National Soil Inventory. Maps of kriged predictions of K generally show larger values in the central and southeastern areas (above 200 mg L−1) and an increase in values in the west over time, whereas Mg is fairly stable over time. The kriged predictions of P show a decline over time, particularly in the east, and those of pH show an increase in the east over time. Disjunctive kriging was used to examine temporal changes in available P using probabilities less than given thresholds of this element. The RSSS was not designed for spatial analysis, but the results show that the data from these surveys are suitable for this purpose. The results of the spatial analysis, together with those of the statistical analyses, provide a comprehensive view of the RSSS database as a basis for monitoring the soil. These data should be taken into account when future national soil monitoring schemes are designed.
Second‐line treatment of first relapse recurrent ovarian cancer
Authors: CHUA Terence C. , LIAUW Winston , ROBERTSON Gregory , MORRIS David L.
Published: August 2010

First‐line therapy of advanced ovarian cancer involves primary cytoreductive surgery and adjuvant systemic chemotherapy. Progression of incompletely resected disease or recurrence after cytoreduction is inevitable. The approach to second‐line treatment is ill‐defined and chemotherapy remains the conventional approach, with surgery being reserved in some patients to debulk or palliate symptoms. Increasing evidence suggests that secondary cytoreduction improves progression‐free and overall survival. This approach may be appropriate in selected patients. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy delivered in the adjuvant setting postoperatively has been shown to be more effective than systemic chemotherapy in advanced ovarian cancer after primary surgery. However, its use has not been well accepted and has not been adopted in secondary surgery. Hyperthermic intraperitoneal chemotherapy delivered intraoperatively during surgery has been of clinical interest and may prove to be efficacious and advantageous. The support of the gynaecological cancer medical and surgical community to embrace the efforts and assist in the recruitment of appropriate patients into randomised trials of first relapse recurrent ovarian cancer will provide answers to questions and establish evidence that would impact the care of ovarian cancer patients.
Reliability of patterns of hippocampal sclerosis as predictors of postsurgical outcome
Authors: Thom Maria , Liagkouras Ioannis , Elliot Kathryn J. , Martinian Lillian , Harkness William , McEvoy Andrew , Caboclo Luis O , Sisodiya Sanjay M.
Published: August 2010

Purpose:  Around one‐third of patients undergoing temporal lobe surgery for the treatment of intractable temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (HS) fail to become seizure‐free. Identifying reliable predictors of poor surgical outcome would be helpful in management. Atypical patterns of HS may be associated with poorer outcomes. Our aim was to identify atypical HS cases from a large surgical series and to correlate pathology with clinical and outcome data.

Methods:  Quantitative neuropathologic evaluation on 165 hippocampal surgical specimens and 21 control hippocampi was carried out on NeuN‐stained sections. Neuronal densities (NDs) were measured in CA4, CA3, CA2, and CA1 subfields. The severity of granule cell dispersion (GCD) was assessed.

Results:  Comparison with control ND values identified the following patterns based on the severity and distribution of neuronal loss: classical HS (CHS; n = 60) and total HS (THS; n = 39). Atypical patterns were present in 30% of cases, including end‐folium sclerosis (EFS; n = 5), CA1 predominant pattern (CA1p; n = 9), and indeterminate HS (IHS, n = 35). No HS was noted in 17 cases. Poorest outcomes were noted for no‐HS, and CA1p groups with 33–44% International League Against Epilepsy (ILAE) class I at up to 2 years follow‐up compared to 69% for CHS (p < 0.05). GCD associated with HS type (p < 0.01), but not with outcome.

Conclusions:  These findings support the identification and delineation of atypical patterns of HS using quantitative methods. Atypical patterns may represent distinct clinicopathologic subtypes and may have predictive value following epilepsy surgery.
From mesial temporal lobe to temporoperisylvian seizures: A quantified study of temporal lobe seizure networks
Authors: Bartolomei Fabrice , Cosandier‐Rimele Delphine , McGonigal Aileen , Aubert Sandrine , Régis Jean , Gavaret Martine , Wendling Fabrice , Chauvel Patrick
Published: August 2010

Purpose:  The determination of epileptogenic structures in partial epilepsy is crucial in the context of epilepsy surgery. In this study we have quantified the “epileptogenicity” of mesial temporal lobe structures (M), lateral neocortical regions (L), and extratemporal perisylvian structures (ET) in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), in order to classify the brain networks involved in seizure generation.

Methods:  Thirty‐four patients having TLE investigated by intracerebral recordings using stereotactic electroencephalography (EEG) (SEEG) were selected. Epileptogenicity of M, L, and ET structures was quantified according to the “epileptogenicity index” (EI), a new way to quantify rapid discharges at seizure onset, ranging from 0 (no epileptogenicity) to 1 (maximal epileptogenicity).

Results:  Automatic clustering using EI values from M, L, and ET separated patients into four classes: mesial group (max EI in M), lateral group (max EI in L), mesiolateral group (high EI in both M and L) and temporoperisylvian group (TPS) (high values in ET). The median number of highly epileptogenic structures (defined by EI >0.3) was four, a result confirming that most TLE is organized as “epileptogenic networks.” We found that the duration of epilepsy was correlated with the number of epileptogenic structures and that surgical prognosis was also related to the extent of the epileptogenicity in the brain.

Conclusions:  Several distinct epileptogenic networks are involved in seizure generation in TLE. Findings advocate for a progressive recruitment of epileptogenic structures in human brain with time.
Optimum Centrifugation Conditions for the Preparation of Platelet and Plasma Products
Authors: Kahn R. A. , Cossette I. , Friedman L. I.
Published: August 2010

Units of whole blood were centrifuged for various periods of times and at various speeds to prepare plateletrich plasma. It was found that several sets of centrifugation conditions resulted in an optimum yield of platelets and plasma. This optimum was approximately 8.3 × 1010 platelets in 245 ml of plasma. When platelet‐rich plasma was centrifuged, a maximum of approximately 95 per cent of the platelets could be recovered in the concentrate. Although this maximum was also achieved by several sets of centrifugation conditions, the most efficient method was 3,800 RPM (3731 ×g) for four minutes at speed.
Antigen Site Densities and Ultrastructural Distribution Patterns of Red Cell Rh Antigens
Authors: Masouredis S. P. , Sudora E. J. , Mahan L. , Victoria E. J.
Published: August 2010

The ultrastructural distribution pattern and antigen site density of the major Rh antigens (C, c, E, e, and D) on red blood cell ghosts sensitized with IgG Rh antibodies were determined using electron microscopy and ferritin conjugated rabbit anti‐human IgG. The ferritin particle distribution pattern of all the Rh antigens studied was random and ranged from relatively isolated monodis‐persed clusters containing less than eight ferritin particles to large localized aggregates or masses of 20 or more ferritin particles. Evidence is presented to indicate that most of the antigen clustering was due to the conjugate during staining of the cell bound IgG on the stroma preparations. The conjugate‐induced antigen clustering was influenced by both the titer of the conjugate and the staining time. Whether a similar degree of antigen mobility exists in the native membrane remains to be determined. Estimates of the number of cell bound IgG molecules (number of antigenic determinants) based on ferritin particle scoring of IgG Rh antibody sensitized red blood cells under nonsaturating conditions were in the range of 20,000 to 32,000 for each of the Rh antigens. These findings are consistent with the view that the Rh antigen complex is associated with a single membrane component.
Molecular basis of the JAHK (RH53) antigen
Authors: Scharberg Erwin A. , Green Carole , Daniels Geoff , Richter Ekkehard , Klüter Harald , Bugert Peter
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: The JAHK antigen was first described in 1995 as a low‐frequency red blood cell antigen. Family studies confirmed the association of the antigen with the rare rG phenotype of the Rh blood group system, which is associated with weak expression of C and e, but normal G expression. JAHK was allocated the Rh number RH53. The serologic findings indicated the location of the antigen on the RhCE protein, although the molecular basis for JAHK has not been known.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The RHCE gene of eight persons from three unrelated families was analyzed by exon amplification and direct sequencing. Four of the samples were JAHK+ the remaining four were JAHK–. In one JAHK+ sample, the entire RHCE gene was sequenced. The remaining samples were sequenced for exons 1 to 3. A polymerase chain reaction procedure with sequence specific primers was developed for the specific detection of the JAHK allele.

RESULTS: Analysis of the entire RHCE gene of one JAHK+ sample showed the expected CcEe‐specific nucleotide sequences and revealed an additional nucleotide change (365C>T) in exon 3. This change represented a missense mutation, which led to an amino acid substitution from serine to leucine at position 122 of the RhCE protein. Three JAHK+ samples from two other unrelated families showed the 365C>T mutation and confirmed the association of the Ser122Leu substitution with the JAHK+ phenotype.

CONCLUSION: The molecular basis of the JAHK antigen (RH53) is defined by a 365C>T mutation in exon 3 of the RHCE gene leading to the amino acid substitution Ser122Leu. Because the position 122 is predicted to be located in the transmembrane region adjacent to the second loop, the substitution of the neutral serine by the hydrophobic leucine seems to be the cause of the JAHK antigen by a conformational change of the RhCE protein. This structural change may also cause the weakened expression of the C and e antigens observed in JAHK+ individuals. Based on our results it is concluded that the JAHK‐specific mutation is associated with a dCe haplotype.
Evaluation of pooled cultures for bacterial detection in whole blood–derived platelets
Authors: Ramirez‐Arcos Sandra , Goldman Mindy
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: The BacT/ALERT (bioMérieux) system is highly efficient for bacterial detection in apheresis platelets (PLTs) and whole blood–derived PLTs produced by the buffy‐coat method. Detection of bacterial contamination in whole blood–derived PLTs produced by the PLT‐rich plasma (PRP) method, however, is problematic. Prestorage pooling of these PLTs is not permitted in some countries including Canada and the United States, and culturing individual units is costly and may significantly reduce the PLT unit content. In this study, the sensitivity and specificity of BacT/ALERT cultures performed on pools derived from PRP PLTs are reported.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The sensitivity of the BacT/ALERT system was evaluated for bacterial detection in PRP PLTs with a dilution effect. Thirty PLT pools were produced with 1 PLT unit previously spiked with bacteria and then pooled with other four nonspiked PLT units. Three bacteria, usually associated with PLT contamination, were selected for spiking. The specificity of this method was evaluated in 40 nonspiked PLT pools.

RESULTS: The method was found to be 100 percent specific and 97 percent sensitive. Of the five spiked pools with Streptococcus pneumoniae at levels of less than 2 colony‐forming units (CFUs) per mL, four were found to be positive whereas all 25 spiked pools with greater than 9 CFUs per mL of any of the chosen bacteria gave positive results. The mean time of detection was 17 to 19 hours for Staphylococcus epidermidis and 14 to 15 hours for S. pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa when spiked with similar bacterial inocula.

CONCLUSION: The evaluated system is highly sensitive and specific and may be a feasible method for bacterial detection in PRP PLTs.
Extracellular potassium concentrations in red blood cell suspensions after irradiation and washing
Authors: Weiskopf Richard B. , Schnapp Stephanie , Rouine‐Rapp Kathryn , Bostrom Alan , Toy Pearl
Published: August 2010

BACKGROUND: Extracellular potassium concentration [K+e] increases with duration of red blood cell storage. Sometimes red blood cells (RBC) are washed before transfusion to infants to reduce [K+e] of these components. AABB standards permit storage of washed RBCs at 4°C for 24 hours. The [K+e] of washed RBCs during storage is not known. Experiments were performed to provide those data.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: One day after outdating, 26 RBC units were washed without irradiation or before or after irradiation (25 Gy), and [K+e] was measured for 24 hours. [K+e] was measured also immediately before transfusion of 29 nonoutdated irradiated and washed RBC units.

RESULTS: After washing, [K+e] increased in a time‐dependent fashion. [K+e] increased more rapidly in preparations of irradiated than nonirradiated RBCs. [K+e] was less after washing after irradiation (1.6 ± 0.3, 2.4 ± 0.3, 3.0 ± 0.3, 3.6 ± 0.3. 4.2 ± 0.4, 5.3 ± 0.5, 8.6 ± 1.0, and 14.3 ± 1.3 mEq/L at 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12, and 24 hr; mean ± SD) than washing before irradiation (p < 0.001). The increase in [K+e] during the first 6 hours after washing after irradiation was linear (0.61 ± 0.08 mEq K+/L/hr). The probability of a unit of RBCs having a [K+e] greater than 5 mEq per L is 0.0 to 0.2 percent 3 hours after washing irradiated RBCs and 0.0 to 1.1 percent 6 hours after washing nonirradiated RBCs.

CONCLUSIONS: [K+e] increases after washing irradiated and nonirradiated packed RBCs. After irradiation and washing, the [K+e] for the initial 6 hours can be predicted from the [K+e] immediately after washing. There is a low probability that a unit of RBCs would have a [K+e] greater than 5 mEq per L during 6 hours of storage at 4°C after washing if the cells are not irradiated and for 3 hours if the cells are irradiated.
Nance‐Horan syndrome: a contiguous gene syndrome involving detetion of the ametogenin gene? A case report and molecular analysis
Authors: Franco E , Hodgson S , Lench N , Roberts GJ
Published: August 2010

DESIGN: A case of Nance‐Horan syndrome in a male is presented, with some features of the condition in his carrier mother and her mother. It is proposed that Nance‐Horan syndrome might be a contiguous gene syndrome mapping to chromosome Xp21.2–p22.3.

SETTING: The proband had congenital cataract micro‐phthalmia and dental abnormalities including screwdriver shaped incisors and evidence of enamet pitting hypoplasia. The region Xp2I.2–p22.3 also contains the tooth enamet protein gene, ametogenin (AMGX).

RESULTS: Using molecular genetic techniques, we have shown that there is no evidence that the AMGX gene is deteted in this case of the Nance‐Horan syndrome.
Peripheral giant cell granuloma: a clinical study of 77 cases from 62 patients, and literature review
Authors: Mighetl AJ , Robinson PA , Hume WJ
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify the principle clinical features of the peripheral giant cell granuloma (PGCG), and to recognise clinical features of PGCG that are poorly defined.

DESIGN: We reviewed retrospectivety 77 cases of PGCG from 62 patients, from our files with respect to incidence, sex, patient age, race, clinical symptoms and signs, radio‐graphic features and recurrence following excision.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: Our results were largety in agreement with previous reports, although there is wide variation in the results published between series. In addition, some clinical features of PGCG are poorly defined. Little is known about the retative incidences of PGCG and central giant cell granuloma. An association between PGCG and tooth loss may exist, but is poorly defined, and not all PGCG that involve edentulous areas follow recent tooth loss. Information about PGCG recurrence after excision is limited, and does not necessarily follow incomplete excision. Despite the large number of reported cases of PGCG, clarification of some clinical features is required, and may hetp formulation and interpretation of future laboratory‐based research into this poorly understood lesion.
Association between carriage of oral yeasts and malnutrition among Tanzanian infants aged 6–24 months
Authors: Matee MI , Simon E , Christensen MF , Kirk K , Andersen L , Samaranayake LP , Scheutz F
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To determine if there is an association between carriage of oral yeasts and malnutrition in infants.

DESIGN: A case‐control study within a cross‐sectional study. The dependent variable was carriage of oral yeasts. The exposure variable was malnutrition and con‐founders to be adjusted for were age, sex, and breastfeeding.

SETTING: A maternal and child health clinic in Dar‐es‐Salaam, Tanzania that offers routine medical check‐ups to all expectant mothers and children aged between 0 and 5 years in its catchment areas.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: 972 infants aged 6–24 months participated. Smears from the tongue and cheek mucosa were examined for candidal hyphae and blasto‐spores. Malnutrition was categorized according to Tanzanian standards (weight‐for‐age) and World Health Organization (WHO) standards (weight‐for‐height and height‐for‐age).

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Carriage of oral yeasts (hyphae and blastospores).

RESULTS: Carriage of oral yeasts was significantly higher in the 227 malnourished compared with the 745 wetl nourished adjusted for confounders. Odds ratio for presence of hyphae in smears from the severety malnourished (weight‐for‐age) was 4.5 (90% CI: 2.0–10.0). Odds ratio for presence of hyphae was 2.3 (90% CI: 1.1–4.8) when weight‐for‐height were used to categorize for malnutrition.

CONCLUSION: The study tends to confirm the generally hetd view that malnutrition may predispose to carriage of oral yeasts and subsequent oral candidiasis.
The soft connective tissues of the gingiva and periodontal ligament: are they unique?
Authors: Palmer RM , Lubbock MJ
Published: August 2010

The connective tissues of the gingiva and periodontal ligament share a common embryonic development from cells of the cranial neural crest. This review paper describes the relationship of these tissues in tooth germ initiation, development and eruption.
Expression of TNF and the 55‐kDa TNF receptor in epidermis, oral mucosa, lichen planus and squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Younes F , Quartey EL , Kiguwa S , Partridge M
Published: August 2010

TNF has diverse biological effects including a role in the immune response and growth regulatory effects.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the nature and location of cells able to synthesise and respond to TNF in oral mucosa in health and disease.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: The location of immuno‐reactive TNF and 55‐kDa and 7s‐kDa TNF receptors was demonstrated using immunohistology. We also used RT‐PCR to help determine the sites of synthesis of this cyto‐kine in oral mucosa.

RESULTS: Only occasional TNF‐positive cells were detected in normal epidermis and oral mucosa. However, this cytokine was found throughout the epithelia in oral lichen planus, leukoplakia and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The possible cellular sources and biological effects of TNF in these disease processes is discussed. The 55‐kDa TNFR was expressed at the cell membrane throughout the epidermis, but confined to the lower cell layers on oral mucosa. Ten of 22 SCC did not express this receptor. A significant correlation was observed between the velocity of tumour growth and absence of TNF receptors.

CONCLUSIONS: The growth inhibitory and immuno‐regulatory effects of TNF may be modulated by changes in receptor expression and alterations in synthesis of this cytokine in a subgroup of oral SCC.
The use of micromachined surfaces to investigate the cell behavioural factors essential to osseointegration
Authors: Qu J , Chehroudi B , Brunette DM
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Although currently available implants can be used to achieve osseointegration under well‐defined conditions, a greater understanding of cell behaviour is required to improve the designs and embark on actual tissue engineering.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: We employed micromachined substrata to investigate some of the main behavioural responses of osteoblasts from rat fetal calvaria to surface topography. In particular, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), differential interference contrast microscopy, time‐lapse cinemicrography, immunofluo‐rescence, digital radiography and image analysis were used to investigate cell adhesion, cell shape and cytoske‐leton distribution, tissue organization, cell differentiation, and microenvironment.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS A grooved surface permitted the attachment of more cells than a smooth one. Cell shape and cytoskeleton were strikingly influenced as early as 20 min after cell attachment, when the cytoskeleton begins to align with the topography. Some grooved surfaces appeared to promote osteogenesis in vitro as assessed by the production of bone‐like nodules. Moreover, these nodules align with the topography in vitro, and preliminary results indicate that bone‐like tissue also aligns with grooves when such surfaces are implanted in vivo.
Oral HIV‐1 recovery in the presence of periodontal disease
Authors: Barr CE , Qureshi MN , Qiu Z , Kaim J , Zhang W
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether a significant association occurs between the presence of various periodontal diseases and recoverable infectious HIV‐1 in the saliva of injecting drug users.

DESIGN: Five hundred and fifty‐one injecting drug users were recruited from various programs associated with the Beth Israel Medical Center. Examiners were ‘blinded’ to the subject's HIV‐1 serostatus. A socio‐economic and risk factors’ survey was conducted and a complete oral examination, including periodontal disease indices was performed. Whole saliva and blood were collected for virus culture.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Recovery of infectious HIV‐1 in saliva related to presence of periodontal diseases.

RESULTS: Those HIV‐1 seropositive subjects with periodontal diseases did not differ from those HIV‐1 seropositive subjects without periodontal disease in mean age and immune status. Less than 1% of the HIV‐1 seropositive subjects had cultivable HIV‐1 in their saliva while it was present in 78% of PBMCs and 35% of the sera. There was no significant association between infectious HIV‐1 in saliva, serum, or PBMCs and any of the various periodontal diseases.

CONCLUSIONS: The presence of periodontal disease in HIV‐1 seropositive injecting drug users does not appear to be a potential risk factor for infectious HIV‐1 in saliva, probably due to the various anti‐viral components of saliva.
The association of platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor tyrosine phosphorylation to mitogenic response of human osteoblastic cells in vitro
Authors: Nakanishi H. , Yamanouchi K. , Gotoh Y. , Nagayama M.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to make clear the relationship of human osteoblastic ceil growth, induced by platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF), to PDGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Osteoblastic cells derived from human maxilla were cultured with human PDGF. The cell growth was evaluated by cell number and DNA synthesiS. PDGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation was detected by immunoblot analysis using anti‐PDGF receptor α, β subunits and anti‐phosphotyrosine antibodieS. Genistein, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, was added to the culture to investigate the effect on osteoblastic cell growth and PDGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation induced by PDGF.

RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: PDGF stimulated the proliferation of human osteoblastic cells and this effect was synergetic with serum stimulation. DNA synthesis of osteoblastic cells was elevated by PDGF in a dose dependent manner at the minimum concentration of I ng ml‐1.PDGF also induced PDGF receptor tyrosine phosphorylation within 1 min on osteoblastic cells, and tyrosine phosphorylation occurred on PDGF receptor subunits α and β.Genistein inhibited cell growth and receptor tyrosine phosphorylation, which was induced by PDGF on these cellS. In conclusion, human osteoblastic cell growth induced by PDGF is shown to relate to tyrosine kinase of PDGF receptors.
Resource implications for oral care of patients with HIV
Authors: Gallagher PD , Gealer M , Birnbaum W
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: The aim was to investigate the attitudes of people with HIV infection towards their own dental care provision and the possible implications for future resource allocation.

DESIGN: Sixty‐nine HIV positive subjects attending support groups in London were interviewed. Past and current dental visiting behaviour, problems encountered in obtaining dental care and preferred site of delivery for dental care were investigated.

RESULTS: Showed that a majority (74%) changed dentist or stopped attending following diagnosis with HIV, either due to fear of or actual refusal of treatment, a desire to attend a more sympathetic dentist or to attend a specialist clinic. Forty‐five per cent withheld information about their status. Subjects expressed a desire to receive regular dental care and had definite preferences as to the site of delivery, 45% preferring general practice, 48% specialist clinics.

CONCLUSIONS: Future resource allocation should be used for continued support and education of general dental practitioners willing to treat HIV positive patients, and for accessible specialist referral centres. Hospital clinics could also provide regular routine care, especially in areas of large HIV populations. An improved awareness of and access to community dental clinics appears to be needed, with efforts focused on achieving an informed and educated patient population through education programmes.
Is the invasive front of an oral carcinoma the most important area for prognostication?
Authors: Bryne M
Published: August 2010

The prognosis for patients with oral squamous cell carcinomas is difficult to predict. There is therefore a great need for more reliable prognostic markers which will be of help in the treatment decisions. In this review I present a hypothesis which suggests that molecular and morphological characteristics at the invasive front area of various carcinomas may reflect tumour prognosis better than other parts of the tumour. It is now known that several molecular events of importance for tumour spread like gains and losses of adhesion molecules, secretion of proteolytic enzymes, increased cell proliferation and initiation of angiogenesis occur at the tumour‐host interface (invasive front). Consequently, our group has recently developed a simple morphological malignancy grading system that restricts the evaluation to the deep invasive front area of the tumour. Several studies have shown that this system is a significantly better predictor of prognosis than traditionally used morphological systems. All studies performed so far show that invasive front grading is a valuable supplement to clinical staging, suggesting that it should be introduced into the clinic.
Salivary gland involvement in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia
Authors: Nordgarden H , Johannessen S , Storhaug K , Jensen JL
Published: August 2010

Ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) are a group of developmental disorders (more than 100) mainly affecting ectodermal tissues and organs. The X‐linked hypohidrotic ED (HED) is the most common form of EDs, involving defects in teeth, sweat glands, and hair. In a few reports, HED has been associated with reduced salivary function. In the present case report, a dramatically reduced salivary fluid and acidic proline rich protein production was identified in a 38‐year‐old man with HED. Computed tomography was performed, revealing that one submandibular gland and both parotid glands were hypoplastic, whereas the right submandibular gland seemed to be absent. These findings are in line with a general developmental disturbance also involving the salivary glands. As salivary tests are inexpensive and easy to perform, it is suggested to routinely evaluate salivary secretion in persons with HED, to prevent a possible negative impact on oral health.
The effect of a sodium lauryl sulfate‐free dentifrice on patients with recurrent oral ulceration
Authors: Healy CM , Paterson M. , Joyston‐Bechal S. , Williams DM , Thornhill MH
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: Sodium lauryl sulphate (SLS) is the most commonly used detergent in dentifriceS. Recent reports have suggested that it may exacerbate conditions with compromised epithelial integrity. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of an SLS‐free dentifrice and an SLS‐containing dentifrice on recurrent oral ulceration (ROU).

DESIGN: A double‐blind crossover clinical trial was carried out during which subjects used an SLS dentifrice for 8 weeks and an SLS‐free dentifrice for 8 weekS. Each phase was preceded by a 2‐week washout period.

SETTING: A UK dental teaching hospital.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS: Forty‐seven subjects completed the trial. They were all in the age range 10–62 years, had regularly recurrent oral ulceration reporting at least one to two ulcers per month and had normal levels of vitamin B12, ferritin and folate.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The trial phases were compared for the following ulcer parameters—number of ulcer days, total pain scores, number of ulcer episodes, and number of ulcerS. Additional parameters compared were the number of ulcers per episode, ulcer duration, total pain per episode and ulcer size.

RESULTS: None of the ulcer parameters measured was significantly affected by the use of the SLS‐free dentifrice as compared with the SLS dentifrice.

CONCLUSION: SLS‐free dentifrice had no significant effect on ulcer pattern in the ROU study group.
Molecular pathogenesis of root dentin caries
Authors: Dung TS‐Z , Liu AH‐H
Published: August 2010

Human dentin has a higher content of organic matrix and more non‐ideal hydroxyapatite than human enamel. Ultrastructural studies indicate that root caries involves both mineral dissolution and breakdown of the organic matrix. Factors involved in the root caries process seem more complicated than those in enamel carieS. Moreover, the distinct roles of acids and enzymes and the sequence of events in the root caries process are not well‐understood. Although Streptococcus mutans and Actinomyces viscosus are considered to be major pathogenic micro‐organisms of root caries, their roles in degradation of the organic matrix components of root dentin need clarification. The purpose of this paper is to review the basic composition of root dentin and the roles of acids and both endogenous and bacterial enzymes in the root caries process.
Concomitant leukoplakia in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Schepman KP , van der Meij EH , Smeele LE , van der Waal I
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: There is an ongoing debate on the prevalence of premalignant lesions, in particular leukoplakia, at the time of diagnosis of an oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of the present study was to determine the presence of concomitant leukoplakia in 100 patients with OSCC, and to evaluate possible differences in clinical and histopathological parameters of the OSCC between those with or without concomitant leukoplakia.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred consecutive patients, 61 men and 39 women, with a histologically proven OSCC were screened on the presence of leukoplakia. Four groups were distinguished: (I) leukoplakia adjacent to the OSCC, (II) combination of leukoplakia adjacent to the OSCC, and leukoplakia at another oral site, (III) leu‐koplakia present at another oral site, but not adjacent to the OSCC, and (IV) no leukoplakia present.

RESULTS: In 47 (47%) patients with OSCC the presence of concomitant leukoplakia was observed. Thirty‐six (36%) patients had a leukoplakia adjacent to the OSCC (groups I and II), of which eight (8%) patients (group II) also had a leukoplakia present at another oral site. Eleven (11%) patients (group III) had no leukoplakia adjacent to the OSCC, but a leukoplakia present at another oral site. Fifty‐three (53%) patients (group IV) with OSCC had no concomitant leukoplakia present. No differences were noted between men and women, nor was there any preference for an oral subsite with regard to the carcinoma. There were no statistically significant differences in clinical and histopathological presentation of OSCC's between those with or without concomitant leukoplakia.

CONCLUSION: Almost 50% of oral squamous cell carcinomas are presumably associated with or preceded by leukoplakia. Early detection and active management of patients with oral leukoplakia may prevent the true development of a number of oral squamous cell carcinomas.
Tumor‐associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG‐72) expression in salivary gland neoplasia: an immunohistochemical study using the monoclonal antibody (MAb) CC49
Authors: Epivatianos A. , Poulopoulos A. , Kayavis I. , Papanayotou P.
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to investigate immunohistochemically the expression of tumor‐associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG‐72) using the monoclonal antibody (MAb) CC49 in salivary gland neoplasia and normal salivary glands in an attempt to determine the potential usefulness of MAb CC49 in diagnostic and therapetic applications.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty‐six specimens (21 benign tumors, 41 malignant, and 24 normal salivary glands), fixed in 10% formalin and embedded in paraffin, were retrieved from the files of the Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology at the Dental School of Aristotle University, Thessaloniki, Greece, and were retrospectively studied with hematoxylin and eosin and with the streptavidin‐biotin‐complex method using the MAb CC49.

RESULTS: Strong immunoreactivity for TAG‐72 was observed in salivary duct carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, papillary cystadenocarcinoma, low‐grade mucoepidermoid carcinoma, normal submandibular, sublingual, and minor salivary glandS. Weak or no immunoreactivity was found in adenoid cystic carcinoma, basal cell adenocarcinoma, polymorphous low‐grade adenocarcinoma, and normal parotid gland.

CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest the potential use of MAb CC49 in the differential diagnosis of some salivary gland neoplasms in which their histopathologic features overlap, and in the radiation immunolocalization and immunotherapy of malignant tumors that are localized in the parotid gland.
Structured review of enamel erosion literature (1980–1998): a critical appraisal of experimental, clinical and review publications
Authors: Maupome G. , Ray JM
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVE: To attain an objective account of the methods to measure enamel erosion used in 1980–1998 publications, a structured review of the literature was undertaken.

METHODS: Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to 731 clinical/experimental research and review reportS. Eighty‐five included papers were subsequently rated according to ‘hierarchy of evidence’ guidelines to assess the strength of the report's design and the relevance of the evidence to replicating enamel erosionin vivoin humanS. Scores were assigned to rate each aspect in the guidelines.

RESULTS: A total of 16 clinical, 13 review and 56 experimental papers were assessed; 36.4% were published during 1996–1998.Excluding reviews, 16 papers were qualitative and 56 quantitative; 51 used human enamel. Our classification yielded nine groups of methods (five scoring systems and 26 measurement techniques).CTFPHE (Can Med Assoc J1992; 147: 443) grading of research reports indicated that 2.8% provided evidence grade I; 20.8%, grade IIa; 63.9%, grade III; and 12.5%, grade IV.

CONCLUSIONS: There has been a consistent increase in the body of knowledge. The overall quality of publications has not substantially changed over time. Experimental studies were more often quantitative, and quantitative studies had better research designS. No single group of research methods had obviously superior research designs.
Periodontology/Oral Medicine: Periodontal infections and cardiovascular disease—how strong is the association?
Authors: Armitage GC
Published: August 2010

In the past decade there has been renewed interest in the old hypothesis that infections increase the risk of developing cardiovascular disease and stroke. There is now a convincing body of evidence that atherosclerosis has a major inflammatory component and is much more than the simple vascular accumulation of lipids. Infectious agents that have been linked to an increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) include Chlamydia pneumoniae, Helicobacter pylori, cytomegalovirus, and herpesviruses. The concept has emerged that each of these agents is an independent risk factor for CHD and that common chronic infections are important. In addition, periodontal infections have also been implicated as one of several factors contributing to the development of CHD. Evidence supporting a causative role of chronic infections in CHD is largely circumstantial. However, the evidence is sufficiently strong to warrant further examination of the possible link between chronic infections and CHD. In this review the lines of evidence for a causative role of C. pneumoniae in the development of CHD are summarized and contrasted with the lines of evidence suggesting a periodontal infection ‐ CHD association. If common or widespread chronic infections are truly important risk factors for CHD, it is unlikely that a single infection will be shown to be causative. It is likely that the entire microbial burden of the patient from several simultaneous chronic infections is more important (eg, H. pylori‐caused gastric ulcers +C. pneumoniae‐caused bronchitis + periodontitis). Increased cooperation between cardiologists and periodontists will be required to determine if, and what, combinations of common chronic infections are important in the pathogenesis of CHD and stroke.
Evaluation of p53, PCNA, Ki‐67, MDM2 and AgNOR in oral peripheral and central giant cell lesions
Authors: Souza PEA , Mesquita RA , Gomez RS
Published: August 2010

OBJECTIVES: Peripheral giant cell lesion (PGCL) and central giant cell lesion (CGCL) of the jaws have a distinct clinical behaviour. Whether such biological differences are supported by a distinct pattern of proliferation markers or cell cycle associated proteins expression is not known. Therefore the purpose of the present study was to compare the immunohistochemical expression of p53, MDM2, Ki‐67, PCNA and the histochemical expression of argyrophilic nuclear organiser region (AgNOR) on PGCL and CGCL of the jaws.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Paraffin wax blocks of 14 cases of PGCL and 12 cases of CGCL were retrieved. A biotin‐streptavidin amplified system was used for identification of the antigens. The AgNOR number was also evaluated.

RESULTS: Ki‐67 immunoreactivity was greater in the mononuclear cells of PGCL compared to CGCL. PCNA and AgNOR staining were similar in PGCL and CGCL. Prominent MDM2 immunoreactivy was observed in all tissues investigated. By contrast, there was no p53 immunoreactivity.

CONCLUSIONS: Although CGCL present a more aggressive clinical behaviour, it has a decreased proliferative activity compared to PGCL. Finally, p53, MDM2, PCNA, Ki‐67 immunohistochemical expression and AgNOR histochemical expression do not reflect their distinct biological behaviour.
METHOD FOR DETERMINATION OF PULMONARY GAS EXCHANGE IN CONNECTION WITH BIRTH
Authors: TUNELL RAGNAR
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Tunell, R. (Department of Paediatrics, Karolinska Sjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden). Method for determination of pulmonary gas exchange in connection to birth. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:49, 1975.–An apparatus built on the “open” system for determination of pulmonary gas exchange in the newborn infant after birth is described. At four‐minute intervals diluted expired air (5–7 1/min) was collected in bags. The oxygen and carbon dioxide fraction in the bags were analysed with a Nyons Diaferometer (working on the principle of thermoconductivity). In calibration experiments using a gas‐mixing technique a high degree of linearity was found, both in the determination of the fraction of oxygen and carbon dioxide (r=0.9996). Reproducibility from duplicate readings was also good (for oxygen determination 0.9% and for carbon dioxide determination 0.8%). Duplicate determinations performed on infants with the same degree of motor activity resulted in an estimated error of the method of 5.8 % for V02 and 7.8 % for Vco2 respectively. A metabolic chamber was used to control environmental temperature. The air temperature and wall temperature in the chamber were regulated by water from a thermostatically controlled waterbath and were kept equal within 0.5oC. As the method for determination of the fraction of oxygen and carbon dioxide is not specific, other gaseous materials exhaled by the infants influence the measurements and nitrous oxide was found to interfere with the determinations, and made Vo2 and VCo2 determinations in these patients impossible. Experience from more than 50 investigations on newborn infants has shown that the method is well suited to this particular type of study.
TREATMENT OF RECURRENT URINARY TRACT INFECTION IN CHILDREN
Authors: DASCHNER F. , MARGET W.
Published: August 2010

Abstract. Daschner, F. and Marget, W. (Division for Antimicrobial Therapy, Children's Hospital, University of Munich, BRD). Treatment of recurrent urinary tract infection in children. Acta Paediatr Scand, 64:105, 1975.–Since none of the studies of long‐term management of recurrent urinary tract infections considered the possibility of patients' not taking medication, compliance with long‐term antibiotic therapy was tested by urine check in 93 children with recurrent urinary tract infection. Only 30 children (32.2%) took the prescribed drugs at regular intervals, 27 children (19.1%) did not take the antibiotics at all and 36 patients took the drugs irregularly, skipping one or two doses a day. The difference in infection rate between regular takers (3.9/year) and non‐takers (7.2/year) and irregular takers (4.8/year) and non‐takers was statistically highly significant. Forgetfulness and negligence of the parents was found to be the main reason for not giving the child the medication. Treatment studies which show the advantage of one regimen over another or which try to define optimal duration of therapy should take particular care in evaluation compliance.