bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reduction and Stabilization of an Extension-Distraction Injury in a Patient with Ankylosing Spondylitis
Authors: Burke John Francis , Tadepalli Vaibhav , Chi Jialun , Li Xudong Joshua
Published: October 2022

Case:

The authors reported a case of an 83-year-old man with ankylosing spondylitis throughout the cervical, thoracic, and lumbar spine who sustained a three-column T10 osteoligamentous extension-distraction injury after low-energy trauma. A closed reduction was performed using incremental flexion on a variable flexion-extension table and subsequent stabilization with robotic-assisted percutaneous pedicle screw placement. Postoperative radiographs at 7-month follow-up showed intact implants with adequate alignment with the patient remaining at neurological baseline.

Conclusion:

A closed reduction method using a variable flexion-extension table with stabilization through percutaneous pedicle screw placement is a safe and appropriate method to achieve spinal realignment in select patients.
Teacher Talks and Their Importance for EFL Learners
Authors: Sistyawan Yan Nisa Intan , Purnamasari Intan Izza , Azizah Wafiq , Mardiningrum Arifah
Published: October 2022

In the learning process, the teacher talk is critical because it can help the success of the learning process, especially in mastering English as a foreign language (EFL) at various levels of education. EFL learners need to adapt when they enter the classroom. This narrative review aims to determine the form of teacher talk and its importance to EFL learners at different educational levels. This study uses secondary data from 13 (thirteen) journal articles, which are research results on English teacher talk from various levels of education and settings and published between 2010-2020. The articles were accessed through several databases available to the researchers. All data were synthesized based on two research questions. The results of this study were the discovery of 4 categories of teacher talk forms based on (1) speech modification to facilitate learners, (2) the teacher's role as a facilitator, (3) responses to learners, and (4) their attitude in the classroom. Teacher talk is important because it can provide correct language input to learners and help them develop and improve their ability to speak English. By knowing these results, this narrative review can provide new insights to EFL teachers at all levels of education regarding the forms of teacher talk that they can use and how the talks can help the learning process and outcomes.
Isolation and In Vitro Potential Test of Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria from Asiatic Pennywort (Centella asiatica L. Urban) Rhizosphere
Authors: Kartikawati Andriana , Fitriatin Betty Natalie , Simarmata Tualar
Published: October 2022

Asiatic pennywort (Centella asiatica), a potential medicinal plant, is widely grown in the highlands dominated by Andisols. Phosphorus deficiency is one of the most common cultivation constraints in Andisols soils. Applying phosphate-solubilizing bacteria is an alternative to overcome P nutrient deficiency in Andisol soil because it can dissolve insoluble phosphate into soluble phosphate and produce growth hormones for plants. The study aimed to obtain phosphate-solubilizing bacteria isolates from the Asiatic pennywort rhizosphere, which can also produce IAA hormones and phosphatase enzymes. Bacteria were isolated on Pikovskaya medium, which was specific as phosphate solvent. Parameters observed were phosphate solubilization index, gram stain test, colony morphology, phosphatase activity, and indole acetic acid (IAA) production. Based on the isolation result, 29 isolates were Gram-negative bacteria, and one was Gram-positive. Twenty-five bacterial isolates could dissolve P; 10 isolates had the highest P solubilization index, possessed phosphatase activity, and produced IAA. The phosphatase activity ranged from 2.153–2.272 µg.g-1.hour-1, and IAA production was between   3.668–7.385   ppm.   Three   bacterial   isolates   from   the   Asiatic Pennyworth rhizosphere LMP 3.11, LMP 1.11, and LMP 3.18 showed the ability to dissolve phosphate in vitro of 5.04-7.00 µg.g-1.hour-1 and generated IAA 6.611-7.385 ppm. However, the three isolated bacteria are still required to evaluate for their safety in plants (hypersensitivity test) and mammals (hemolysis test). Furthermore, they should be formulated and tested for potency on Asiatic pennyworth grown on Andisols.
Helping Healthcare Providers to Differentiate COVID-19 Pneumonia by Analyzing Digital Chest X-Rays: Role of Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare Practice
Authors: Zafar Ullah Abu Naser , Rahman Habibur , Allayear Shaikh Muhammad , Khan Mohammed Liakwat Ali , Faysal Sheikh Md , Chowdhury ABM Alauddin , Uddin Md Nasir , Khan Hafiz T A
Published: October 2022

Background: Detecting COVID-19 pneumonia and differentiating it from community acquired pneumonia (CAP) has been a challenging task for healthcare providers since the pandemic began. We therefore aim to develop and evaluate a simple, non-invasive tool to accurately detect COVID-19 by using digital chest X-ray (CXR). Methods and Results: We performed a retrospective, multi-center study in which deep learning frameworks were used to develop the system architecture of the diagnostic tool. The tool was trained and validated by using data from the GitHub database and two hospitals in Bangladesh. Python programming was used to calculate all statistical estimates. Our study revealed that the artificial intelligence (AI)-based diagnostic tool was able to detect COVID-19 accurately by examining chest X-ray (CXR). During the testing phase, the tool could interpret CXR with precision of 0.98, recall/sensitivity of 0.97 and F1 score of 0.97 for COVID-19. The evaluation results showed high sensitivity (90%) and specificity (92%) in detecting COVID-19. The AUC values for COVID-19 and pneumonia were 0.91 and 0.87, respectively. Conclusion: The developed AI-based diagnostic tool can offer the healthcare providers an effective means of detecting and differentiating COVID-19 from other types of pneumonia, thus contributing to reducing the long-term impact of this deadly disease Key Points: • The major strength of this study is that it has led to the development of a technology-based tool that can precisely detect COVID-19 at an early stage and immediately isolate infected patients from the healthy population. • This next generation test can be accessed by healthcare providers remotely and therefore provide an added convenience. • The main limitation is with this tool COVID-19 pneumonia may be confused with other types of pneumonia if the quality of the chest image is too low. Moreover, it focuses only on detecting whether or not the disease is COVID-19, but not its severity.
Leukocyte Shift Index in Purulent-Inflammatory Pathology of the Middle Ear in Children in the Age Aspect
Authors: Kuznetsova Nadezhda , Ponomareva Maria , Kuznetsova Tatiana , Luntovskaya Polina
Published: October 2022

The aim of the study was a comparative analysis of the blood value of the leukocyte shift index (LSI) in acute suppurative otitis media (ASOM) and chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM), depending on the age of children. Methods and Results: This study included 100 children (62 boys and 38 girls) aged 1-16 years who were diagnosed with ASOM and CSOM. The mean age of all patients was 7.59±0.50 years. Group 1 included 50 patients (30 boys and 20 girls) with ASOM. Group 2 included 50 patients (20 boys and 30 girls) with CSOM. As a marker for determining the activity of the inflammatory process, we chose LSI, calculated taking into account the parameters of the general blood test. LSI levels in the patients of Group 1 and Group 2 were 2.08±0.23 and 1.51±0.16, respectively (P=0.0446). The results obtained indicate that in children with mean age of 3.44±0.31 years, the LSI level of 2.08±0.23 can suggest the formation of ASOM. In children with mean age of 11.56±0.46 years, the LSI level of 1.51±0.16 can suggest the formation of CSOM. Conclusion: The proposed method for predicting CSOM in children has enough grounds for clinical application in practical health care.
Evaluating of The Addition Coconut Pulp (Cocos Nucifera L) Fermentation in Feed and The Effect on Percentage of Carcass Broiler Chicken
Authors: Ayuti Siti Rani , Fikri M. , Rastina Rastina , Herrialfian Herrialfian , Helmi T. Zahrial , Isa M. , Zamzami Rumi Sahara
Published: October 2022

Broilers are chickens with high meat production. The productivity of broiler is seen from the percentage of carcass and abdominal fat. This study aims to determine the effect of giving fermented coconut pulp (Cocos nucifera L) on the percentage of carcass and abdominal fat of broilers. This study used a completely randomized design experimental method (CRD) consisting of 6 treatments and 6 replications so that the total observations were 36 units of observation. Each treatment had P1: 100% commercial feed without fermented coconut dregs, P2: 90% commercial feed + 10% fermented coconut dregs, P3: 80% commercial feed + 20% fermented coconut dregs, P4: 70% commercial feed + 30 % fermented coconut dregs, P5: 60% commercial feed + 40% fermented coconut dregs, P6 : 50% commercial feed + 50% fermented coconut dregs. The data were analyzed using the analysis of variance which was preceded by the battle test, followed by the Tukey test using the SPSS program. The analysis of variance showed significantly different results (P0.05) on the percentage of carcass and abdominal fat of the broiler. Tukey's follow-up test on the carcass showed a significant difference (P0.05) and there was no significant difference in fat (P0.05). It can be concluded that the supplementary feed of fermented coconut pulp can be used 40% as additional feed to increase the carcass percentage but not reduce the broiler abdominal fat percentage.
Sensitivity Test of Bandotan Leaf Extract (Ageratum conyzoides) Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Bacteria
Authors: Admi Masda , Sari Yuni , Rasmaidar Rasmaidar , Amiruddin Amiruddin , Helmi T Zahrial , Akmal Yusrizal , Isa M
Published: October 2022

The leaves of Bandotan (Ageratum conyzoides) are a plant thought to have antibacterial properties. This study aims to determine the sensitivity of Bandotan leaf extract in inhibiting the growth of the bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study used a stock extract of Bandotan leaves from the Pharmacology Laboratory and a bacterial isolate of P. aeruginosa in the Microbiology Laboratory of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universitas Syiah Kuala, which was identified by Gram staining, indole test, Methyl Red test, and confectionery test. The research method was carried out by planting the re-identified bacterial isolates on Nutrient Broth (NB) media, incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours. Then the turbidity composition of the isolates was arranged to match the turbidity in 0.5 McFarland solution. Furthermore, the sensitivity test of the extract on Mueller Hinton Agar (MHA) media was carried out by levelling the bacterial isolates on the surface of the media and attaching a disc containing bandotan leaf extract with a concentration of 25%, 50%, 75% and gentamicin disk as a positive control and distilled water as a negative control. All treatments were incubated at 37ºC for 24 hours, and then the inhibition zone was measured using millimeters (mm) callipers. The results showed that concentrations of 25%, 50% and 75%, respectively, had an inhibition zone of 8.16 mm, 9.82 mm, and 16.08 mm, respectively. In contrast, the average inhibition zone for gentamicin was 25, 30 mm and 0 mm distilled water. Therefore, it can be concluded that the Bandotan leaf extract is sensitive to growth inhibition of P. aeruginosa bacteria.
Extension of Non-Sour Severity Boundary for Carbon Steel Pipeline
Authors: Kumseranee Sith , Punpruk Suchada , Dararatana Naruphorn
Published: October 2022

Currently the material selection of carbon steel pipeline for oil and gas field is restricted according to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) severity diagram in ISO15156-2 standard. Nevertheless, there is undefined zone between non-sour and sour region in the mentioned specification and subjected to user's experience. The re-evaluation of undefined zone for expanding non-sour services region become much more interesting for cost reduction strategies on exploration and production oil and gas industries. Therefore, the objective of study is the evaluation of a new region between non-sour and sour region to extend non-sour services zone.

According to the lack of adequate data to revise the boundary, the experiment was performed on base metal and welded specimens in accordance with the requirement of the international standard ISO15156-2. As reported in the literature, there are two main parameters that affect cracking resistance which are pH and H2S partial pressure. Therefore, the pipeline cracking resistance in this study was investigated based on these two parameters on a normalized pipe and a quench and temper (Q&T) pipe of carbon steel grade API 5L X52.

The results showed that the hardness in welding zone including heat affected zone (HAZ) for a normalized pipe is significantly higher than the base metal, while this phenomenal is not observed for a Q&T pipe. Due to the fact that the microstructure of a normalized pipe is not homogeneous as a Q&T pipe causing the change of microstructure after welding and rising the hardness in HAZ and weldment.

In conclusion, the non-sour service zone (region 0, sweet service) can be extended from maximum H2S partial pressure of 0.0035 bar to 0.03 bar with minimum pH value of 3.5 to 2.8 in SSC diagram of ISO15156-2. The pipeline to be used in the extended region shall be Q&T pipeline and maximum material grade of API 5L X52 for offshore application. The updated non-sour and sour region for carbon steel API 5L X52 will be highlighted.
Evaluation of Erosion Resistant Ceramic Coated Through Tubing Sand Screen Installation in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Ibrahim Kamal Sarah Nabilah , M. Zin Zulkifli , Kamarul Zaman Nur Hazrina , A. Rahim M. Shamir , Ayub Nur Afiqah , Hasnol Zam Fathin Shalihah
Published: October 2022

Wells that are producing with high gas oil ratio (GOR) or gas wells with sand production exhibit highly erosive environment due to their high fluid velocity. Well A, oil producer and Well B, gas producer in Peninsular Malaysia had experienced sand production issues since 2017 which caused the wells to be beaned down and subsequently shut in. The conventional metallic screen is not suitable for these wells as the screen will be impaired rapidly due to erosion. In 2021, erosion resistant ceramic coated Through Tubing Sand Screen (TTSS) have been successfully piloted in these two wells to produce with manageable sand production.

In order to select the right technology, Gas Screen Erosion Test (GSET) and Mechanical Strength Test were conducted as qualification requirement to ensure the screen operating envelope can accommodate the wells’ erosive environment. Once the technology is qualified, detailed design of the screen was established to specify the screen opening size, screen length, location and conveyance method. Post-installation, the opening up of the well is in accordance with the bean up procedure to avoid sudden surge or high velocity flow that can damage the screen. In addition, acoustic sand monitoring and sand sampling were also performed to monitor any solid production. The wells’ performances were then monitored for 3 months flowing period prior to the screen retrieval for visual inspection and pilot result evaluation.

The ceramic coated Through Tubing Sand Screen (TTSS) was successfully installed in both wells despite multiple operational challenges encountered during installation process. Both wells showed satisfactory production performance with minimal sand production observed. Based on these promising results, the technology is planned to be replicated in wells with similar erosive environment.

This paper will cover the end-to-end process of ceramic coated Through Tubing Sand Screen (TTSS) pilot installation including technology selection, screen design, execution, operational challenges and well performance.
Preparation and Microscopic Mechanism Analysis of a New Micro-Nano System for Enhanced Oil Recovery
Authors: Wang Xiujun , Sun Zhe , Zhang Jian , Huang Bo , Cao Jie
Published: October 2022

The micro-nano displacement system is a novel flooding system developed in recent years, and has garnered considerable attention of scientists. It can achieve deep fluid diversion and expand the swept volume. Owing to its low cost, we employed the flake nanomaterial laponite. In this study, we modified laponite twice to achieve amphiphilic properties. In addition, we conducted structural characterization and performance testing of the modified particles to study the effect of this amphiphilic property on enhanced oil recovery. Based on the results, we successfully synthesized amphiphilic modified LAS laponite particles using the interface method. Furthermore, LAS has good stability even under high temperature conditions, and it can reduce the interfacial tension from 14.9 mN/m to 9.6 mN/m under low dosage conditions at a concentration of 200 mg/L. Nanoparticles exhibit good performance and transport abilities in porous media. According to the reservoir adaptability evaluation, matching relationships between the particle sizes and core permeability were obtained. The oil displacement mechanism of the particles in the pore throat was explored through microfluidic experiments. In addition, the distribution law of the remaining oil during the displacement process was analyzed, which showed that nanoparticles can expand the swept volume. 3D macro physical simulation experiments showed that nanoparticles can enhance oil recovery. Through interdisciplinary innovative research methods, the preparation and microscopic mechanism of nanosystems have been researched, which proves their progressiveness and superiority. The research results provide a theoretical basis and technical support for significantly enhancing oil recovery.
Cost Effective Plug And Abandonment Operations Through Acoustics Based Hydraulic Isolation Diagnostics
Authors: Troup Duncan John , Khalid Muhammad Idham , Ismail Syahezat , Batulemai Sathish Kumar
Published: October 2022

Presence of undesired and unplanned fluid movement in the wellbore is a major concern for operators through-out a well's life cycle. This happens when the barrier system of the well fails to provide the required isolation. Cemented sections are important barrier systems where failure of isolation can cause numerous issues such as emission to surface, undesired water production, depletion of gas drive mechanism, loss of production to the neighboring zones, contamination of freshwater sands and reservoir damage. Priorities are often given to ensure cement integrity during the plug and abandonment (P&A) phase to eliminate uncontrolled emission to surface post P&A.

Deployment of two new generation acoustics technologies will enable operators to comprehensively identify these undesired/unplanned fluid movement in the wellbore and also indicate cement quality in annulus by running in tubing prior to P&A campaign in rig-less mode. The technology responsible to determine hydraulic seal consists of full-spectrum acoustics sensors that accurately identifies downhole leak or flow behind pipe through industry leading sensitivity & broadest frequency bandwidth sensors. The cement sheath quality meanwhile can be determined through deployment of multi-string isolation logging technology that provides multi-layer cement bond quality measurement. Unlike conventional cement bond logs and ultrasonic imaging logs which requires prior removal of production tubing from the wells, the multi string isolation logging technology diagnoses the cement sheath quality without the need to pull the tubing. Both of this technology can be deployed in the same run.

The accurate assessment of cement bond and isolation conditions in multi-layered configurations not only reduces unnecessary costs, but significantly simplifies the traditional P&A process altogether. While many P&A operations can run as high as $500,000 per day, new generations acoustics based downhole leak and flow detection technology coupled with multi-layer cement bond quality measurement technology drastically reduces overall expenditure and ensures the most efficient operation process. It also paves the way in innovation for a wider range of rigless P&A solutions.

The proposed technology are unique products of Archer and Probe. The combination run also indicate the value that can be generated from collaboration within technology providers in the industry.
Assessment of Requirements for OCTG Connections in Hydrogen Storage Wells
Authors: Martin Pierre , Verger Eric , Mauger Pierre , Rodriguez Alvaro , Boufflers Laurent , Lasjournades Anthony , Brahmi Nora
Published: October 2022

Storage safety, especially ensuring the gas sealability of hydrogen storage wells, needs to be carefully managed. Premium OCTG connections are used to connect casing and tubing pipes in these wells. Vallourec Research and Development department has investigated a new qualification testing protocol for hydrogen storage to properly validate connections for such application.

The existing qualification standard for gas well was designed for the oil and gas industry and does not consider the specificities of hydrogen storage. The lifecycle of hydrogen storage is also expected to be different from standard gas underground storage. The approach is based on two main steps. In theory, hydrogen presents a higher capacity to leak through seals compared to methane or helium. In the first step, several gases are investigated to assess the sealability capacity of a connection with a metal-to-metal seal.

Leaks detections devices by vacuum and accumulation with spectrometry were compared and assessed during this phase. For the second step, a dedicated connection test flow-chart is elaborated to consider the specific lifecycle of the hydrogen storage.

The first test program involves several gas mixtures including different concentrations of hydrogen. The purpose of these tests is to determine which kind of gas mixture could be used for the future connection tests to assess 100% hydrogen gas content with the lowest representative hydrogen content to facilitate testing. It was demonstrated that the accumulation leak detection method allowed a better sensibility for the leak detection up to 10-7 mbar.L/s. The conclusion of this first phase is that up to 470 bars the metal-to-metal seal behavior is the same for the different hydrogen concentration studied. In the second phase, storage lifecycle was studied. A connection test protocol was created to reflect the storage with a seasonal cycle and a daily cycle of loading and unloading when the storage well helps to cope with intermittencies of hydrogen production from renewables. This second test program was performed in full-scale in 9-5/8" 47.00 ppf L80 on our latest generation of advanced premium T&C connections to assess the hydrogen sealability performance with positive results. These two test programs have demonstrated a significant improvement in the performance assessment of connections with metal-to-metal seal in these hydrogen storage wells.

Large scale underground storage of hydrogen will be instrumental in global decarbonization. As hydrogen is a flammable, greenhouse gas, and more prone to leak, all the well completion and production equipment will need a specific validation. The current accepted standard used to assess connection performance is API RP 5C5, which is not fully relevant for hydrogen storage applications.
The First Successful Offshore Slickline-Deployed ESP Project in Asia
Authors: Sanni Ireti , Fung Joanna , Ong Linda , Owoyemi Olumuyiwa , Suhaimin Fadzlan , Jasni Majdi , Noto Brady , Malone David , Nutter Greg , Sheridan Ed , Hashem Shiblee , Loli Manuel
Published: October 2022

The offshore Brunei fields have been producing for over 40 years with 50 platforms and over 400 wells. Historically the predominant method of artificial lift used in the field has been gas lift with significant gas compression infrastructure on the main producing complex. The project is part of a new larger waterflood project that is expected to increase recovery from this field. This phase aims to produce an underdeveloped, shallower area of the field using electrical submersible pumps (ESP) as the lift method.

The well jackets are small, and the use of a workover rig requires a barge for support. This limitation increases the costs of a traditional ESP workover. The long-term economics of traditional offshore ESP projects were marginal and required greater than industry standard ESP run life. In 2016 it was decided to perform a review of an alternative slickline-deployed ESP system to reduce workover costs.

A pilot project of 4 wells was commissioned. Learnings from the project include: Equipment technical qualificationEquipment design and selectionManufacturing processInstallationOngoing operations, including intervention to replace retrievable componentsWell performance summary.

The insights and benefits from these first installations in the region will aid other operators in considering slickline-conveyed ESP systems. The potential benefits include improved recovery, lower workover costs, and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. The reduced power requirements of the technology and the avoidance of heavy workovers to change out downhole equipment are primary benefits that have wide application in offshore and remote onshore operations.
The Pilot Recycled Drill Cuttings Road: Utilisation of Onshore Drill Cuttings Waste for Road Application
Authors: Wattana Piyarat , Somdee Subin , Lamsunthia Surachai , Wondee Jutharat , Chonchirdsin Surasak
Published: October 2022

This project focuses on development of method to recycle the onshore drill cuttings waste and use them in road application. The hazardous characteristics of the drill cuttings waste are also tested and evaluated to address concerns in both safety and environment aspects. The project goals are to recycle drill cuttings waste into new use, reduce environmental footprint and waste management cost, as well as promote corporate social responsibility and sustainability development.

Potential use of drill cuttings contaminated with synthetic based mud as part of material for road application were investigated. Samples of the drill cuttings were tested for presence of heavy metal. Laboratory tests were performed to evaluate suitable percentage of drill cuttings to be incorporate into aggregate for road pavement. Pilot recycled drill cuttings road was constructed at PTTEP Rapid Scale-Up Center. The environmental impact assessment on soil, surface water, and underground water around pilot road areas are also carried out to investigate potential environmental impact of the pilot road.

Results on heavy metal tests indicate that the drill cuttings are non-hazard with concentration of heavy metal within standards specified in the Department of Mineral Fuel Notification on Petroleum Waste Management dated 28 Feb 2013 and is safe for recycling in road application. Laboratory tests performed in collaboration with the Department of Rural Road indicate that 6% of drill cuttings can be incorporated into aggregate for construction of binding course and wearing course of hot-mixed asphalt road. A 1.2-kilometer pilot recycled drill cuttings road with 6% drill cutting incorporated was then constructed at PTTEP Rapid Scale-Up Center (RASC). The pilot road is used as an access road and road surrounding the PTTEP RASC. Samples of soil around pilot area as well as surface water and underground water from public water and from water drains nearest to the pilot road areas were taken for analysis prior to and after the construction of the pilot recycled drill cuttings road to investigate potential leakage and to assess potential environmental impact of the pilot road to the public water. The water analysis results are within acceptable standards in accordance to the Notification of the National Environmental Board.

The pilot recycled drill cuttings road project is consulted and endorsed by the Department of Mineral Fuel and is the first implementation on drill cutting waste utilization in Thailand. It offers cost effective and environmentally sound recycling method for drill cutting waste management and serve as example of circular model for exploration and production waste.
Real Time, Automatic Injecting of Foaming Agent for Gas Deliquification in CQQK Gas Field, China: A Case Study
Authors: Cao Guangqiang , Li Nan , Wang Haoyu , Zhong Ruizhi , Shi Tao
Published: October 2022

The foam unloading technology for gas production is a very important technology for solving the liquid loading problem in gas wells, and its applications in the CQQK Gas Field account for 90% of all the applications of all the deliquification technologies using in the gas field. Its mechanism is to inject the foamer into the bottom-hole liquid accumulation by way of the tubing-casing annulus or capillary tubing and produce a large amount of foam there due to the disturbance of the gas flow, thereby removing the bottom-hole liquid accumulation because the foam is easily carried to the surface by the gas flow. In the process, it is the key to the success of the foam deliquification technology to timely adjust the foamer usage according to the production status of the gas well. In the CQQK Gas Field, foamer usage adjustments are mainly based on the experience of workers, and foamer injection operations are manually performed by on-site workers starting or stopping plunger pumps. The disadvantage of this operating mode is the failure to timely and accurately adjust the foamer usage according to the production status of the gas well and implement the injection operation. Seeing that the CQQK Gas Field has such a problem in its gas production based on foam deliquification, we present this paper on an online and real-time automatic foamer injection technology, which involves a mathematical model calculating the bottom-hole liquid accumulation as well as a mathematical model for online foamer usage optimization and couples the two models with plunger pumps for foamer injection by drawing on IoT and Internet technologies. As a result, we have successfully developed this complete technology that involves automatic collection of gas well production data, real-time foamer usage optimization based on gas well production status, and automatic plunger pump operation. It has been successfully applied in the CQQK Gas Field, and its effects in cost reduction and benefit increase are very significant.
A Holistic Approach to Big Data and Data Analytics for Automated Reservoir Surveillance and Analysis
Authors: Jordan Colin Lyle , Koochak Roozbeh , Roberts Martin , Nalonnil Ajay , Honeychurch Mike
Published: October 2022

Analyses have been widely applied in production forecasting of oil/gas production in both conventional and unconventional reservoirs. In order to forecast production, traditional regression and machine learning approaches have been applied to various reservoir analysis methods. Nevertheless, these methods are still suboptimal in detecting similar production trends in different wells due to data artifacts (noise, data scatter, outliers) that obscure the reservoir signal and leading to large forecast error, or fail due to lack of data access (inadequate SCADA systems, missing or abhorrent data, and much more). Furthermore, without proper and complete integration into a data system, discipline silos still exist reducing the efficiency of automation.

This paper describes a recent field trial conducted in Australia's Cooper Basin with the objective to develop a completely automated end-to-end system in which data are captured directly from the field/SCADA system, automatically imported/processed, and finally analyzed entirely in automated system using modern computing languages, modern devices incl. IoT, as well as advanced data science and machine learning methods. This was a multidisciplinary undertaking requiring expertise from petroleum, computing/programming, and data science disciplines.

The back-end layer was developed using Wolfram's computation engine, run from an independent server in Australia, while the front-end graphical user interface (GUI) was developed using a combination of Wolfram Language, Java, and JavaScript – all later switched to a Python-React combination after extensive testing. The system was designed to simultaneously capture data real-time from SCADA Historians, IIoT devices, and remote databases for automatic processing and analysis through API's. Automatic processing included "Smart Filtering" using apparent Productivity Index and similar methods. Automated analysis, including scenario analysis, was performed using customized M/L and statistical methods which are then applied to Decline curve analysis (DCA), flowing material balance analysis (FMB), and Water-Oil-Ratio (WOR). The entire procedure is automated, without need for any human intervention.
Towards Low-Cost Zero Liquid Discharge in Offshore Production Operations
Authors: Mohd Sahak Muhammad Zakwan , Mohd Shafian Siti Rohaida , Saadon Shazleen , Myo Thant Maung Maung
Published: October 2022

Produced water from oil and gas operations across the globe is steadily rising towards a 3:1 ratio of oil production, if not managed properly leads to pollution and severe environmental impact. Treatment and disposal costs remain the primary concern with the ongoing global push towards the transition to cleaner energy and Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD). Typical PWRI specifications required are Oil-In-Water (OIW) less than 5-10ppm, total suspended solids less than 10ppm, particle size typically less than 2μm for other contaminants and chemicals. These physical and chemical properties depend on the geographic location of the field and reservoir formations, resulting in high treatment costs and complex operations. A new PWRI technology which focuses on reducing the oil droplets' size was studied. In series of laboratory experiments conducted, it was found that an optimum combination of surfactant concentration and mixing intensity was able to effectively reduce OIW size, preventing the formation of larger particles due to the reduced surface size and contact area of the oil droplets and subsequently lower injectivity risk. As a result, produced water with OIW content as high as 300 ppm can be reinjected, leading to a smaller system footprint. It is expected that this technology could accelerate the implementation of PWRI offshore. As produced water stream usually increases towards the latter years of oil and gas fields, this low-cost PWRI technology provides an enormous opportunity at matured offshore assets without substantial investment in new facilities thus favoring project economics. With the ongoing global push towards the transition to cleaner energy and zero liquid discharge, this process is contributing to the sustainable operation of upstream facilities by reducing discharge to the sea, reducing the exposure of hydrocarbon and contaminants from the reservoir to the environment, and supporting SDG12: Responsible Consumption and Production.
A New-Type Eccentric Christmas Tree for Hollow Rod Electric Heating in Offshore ESP Wells
Authors: Fang Tao , Shang Baobing , Han Xiaodong , Zhao Shunchao , Zhou Yugang , Qi Yadong , Hao Tongchun
Published: October 2022

The hollow rod electric heating (HREH) technology can greatly increase the temperature of the fluid in wellbore and improve its fluidity, which is widely used in rod pump wells. Bohai offshore oilfields also have urgent application requirements for HREH technology due to the wide distribution of heavy oil and high waxy crude oil. However, more than 90% of the oil wells there are produced by electric submersible pumps (ESPs). None of these christmas trees in use are suitable for ESP wells using HREH technology.

Based on the conventional christmas tree with only one main channel, a new type of eccentric christmas tree, with separated main channel and cable channel, is designed. As with the conventional ones, the main channel works as the flow passage of wellbore fluids. And the cable channel is used to run and pull out the heating cable. The eccentric design of the main channel provides the space for the cable channel. The separate cable channel avoids the cable crossing the main channel, so that the master valve of the christmas tree can be opened and closed normally, which contributes to ensuring safe production. In the meanwhile, the christmas tree can also seal the heating cable owing to some special design.

This new device has been successfully tested on 6 ESP wells in Bohai Bay. After the installation of the christmas tree, the cable was smoothly run down to the predetermined depth. The construction operation was simple and convenient. There was no oil or gas leakage at wellhead after it was put into use. The wellhead temperature of all these wells reached above 50°C and no wax deposited in tubing any more, verifying its safety and reliability.

This new type of safe and reliable christmas tree lays a solid foundation for the popularization and application of HREH technology, especially in those waxy oil wells and heavy oil wells with ESPs.
Reservoir Souring Simulation and Modelling Study for Field with Long History of Water Injection: History Matching, Prediction
Authors: Mithani Aijaz Hussain , Rosland Eadie Azhar , Jamaludin M Aiman , W Ismail W Rokiah , Lajawi Maxwell Tommie , A Salam Irzie Hani
Published: October 2022

The field under study is a mature brownfield with no H2S in the fluid stream (PVT) at the time of development. However, concentrations more than 1000 ppm were recorded recently causing wells to shut in (a few already shut). Hence, to bring these wells on stream an assessment of souring potential in the field is required. This paper is the results of our experience in H2S mapping at reservoir-well-facilities modelling, history matching, and prediction of H2S. We will highlight the workflow adopted to find the root causes of souring via sampling and modelling approach since the H2S is measured throughout the field across all the reservoirs, including those undergoing waterflood. Moreover, various options that were studied through simulation will be discussed for mitigation and management of H2S within this field to safeguard the production, and thus recovery of the field.

A systematic phased approach is adopted to mitigate and manage the unwanted sour gas (H2S). In the first phase, we performed the analysis of the historical development of H2S throughout the field and developed the concept for possible souring causes. In the second phase, we designed and conducted a comprehensive sampling and laboratory analysis program end-to-end to fill the existing knowledge gap. In the third phase, we performed 3D dynamic reservoir souring modelling where we history matched the H2S and assessed the future potential via forecasting. Finally, we developed multiple mitigation scenarios ranging from nitrate injection, sulphate reducing unit, limiting the nutrient supply for microbe growth via water mixing, etc.

It was evident that a) increased injection water contributed to souring wells, b) link between souring wells and nutrient availability, c) increased negative fractioning of a Sulphur isotope as H2S concentration increases, and d) and mesophilic SRBs detected in some souring wells. This evidence suggested that BSR is the predominant cause of souring. It was also seen based on water chemistry that injection water was rich in sulfate while formation water was rich in volatile fatty acids. Results indicate that the nitrate injection (up to 200 ppm) alone may not be an attractive option to mitigate the H2S within this field. However, the combination of SRU and nitrate injection of 150 ppm could be a technically feasible option to mitigate such high concentration of H2S within allowable facilities limits.
Perf, Wash and Cementing Technique Remediates Cemented Annulus to Achieve High Quality Bond Across the Entire Interval in Complex Slot Recovery Operation
Authors: Torvestad Bjørn Tore , Stokkeland Thore Andre , Fliss Andreas , Zapata Bermudez Fernando , Fagna Jan Ove , Fossdal Tormod , Carlsen Stanghelle Marie
Published: October 2022

The objective of this abstract is to demonstrate how a complex slot recovery operation was performed to permanently plug the main reservoir and the intermediate formation to facilitate a new sidetrack. There were several challenges to overcome in this well and it was favorable to install the annular barriers as deep as possible just above a 7" tieback packer. The 9 5/8" casing was logged and the annulus condition at the depth was cemented, however most of the interval had patchy cement bond with medium isolating potential. Some of the interval had well bonded heterogeneous cement around the annulus, but not enough continues bond to comply with company standards and regulatory requirements in the country.

Based on this challenge, a procedure using the perf, wash, and cementing technique, all in a single trip, was chosen as the best solution as this technique had been very successful in achieving high quality annular barriers across this field for years. High cement content in the annulus was risk assessed and planned accordingly. The decision was made to perforate two different intervals using TCP guns to subsequently drop them in the rat hole. The casing was perforated from 2155 – 2130 mMD and 2111 – 2069 mMD with the overall goal of achieving 86 meters of continues high-quality cement. The next step was to wash the perforated intervals, and that was done effectively with declining standpipe pressure and a unique system that focus the washing fluids into the perforations using inversed swap cups to result in a large amount of cement coming over the shakers. The large amount of cement over the shakers was a testament of the efficiency of the system. It clearly shows the capabilities of restoring barriers by removing patchy cement and provide a new high quality cement plug across the interval. The operation was completed with a flawless cement job utilizing the uniquely engineered Pump and Pull method that is specific to this system and part of the standard operating procedure of the provider.

The results speak for itself; the entire operation was a milestone for both the service company and the operator. After the cement set up it was drilled out and the annulus was re-logged to verify the effectiveness of the operation. The result was high quality cement bond across both the perforated intervals and the customer had achieved 86 meters of high-quality cement bond in the annulus. The objective was met, and the complex dual interval operation was successfully executed with industry leading performance. The operation has proved its efficiency in a cemented annulus setting a new benchmark for the system going forward.
Carbon Capture and Storage in Depleted Hydrocarbon Reservoirs: Lessons Learned from Projects in Asia Pacific
Authors: Wong Daniel Lorng Yon , Adam Peter Alastair
Published: October 2022

Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a lot harder than it seems. Storage capacity can be far lower than a back-of-the-envelope calculation would suggest and keeping Carbon Dioxide (CO2) in the desired phase requires careful engineering. As the adoption of carbon pricing mechanisms increase in Asia Pacific, more CCS projects are expected to be developed. In this paper, we share some technical lessons learned while working on several of these projects. The paper provides an overview of factors that should be considered for CO2 storage in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs, primarily concerning capacity, injectivity and containment. We further discuss some of the challenges faced while assessing these factors. Firstly, we highlight the impact that regional geothermal gradients have on storage site selection. Particularly, we show that higher geothermal gradients due to the proximity to the ring of fire affects CO2 capacity negatively and CO2 injectivity positively. Building on this lesson, we propose a graphical approach which provides improved insights when screening depleted reservoirs for CO2 storage; the approach combines both density and viscosity data to screen reservoirs for capacity and injectivity. Next, challenges surrounding the dynamic modelling of CO2 injection into depleted reservoirs are discussed. We compare the use of large and small scale models, and their implications on simulation accuracy and well placement optimization. We also discuss simulation stopping techniques, and how the incorrect application of a stopping criterion may result in capacity overestimation and risk of CO2 leakage. Finally, we demonstrate the need for careful engineering at injection sites to accommodate complicated CO2 phase transitions. Two approaches were compared – injecting CO2 in liquid or supercritical state versus injecting CO2 in gas state. The trade-offs between both approaches suggested that neither options should be ruled out by default, and that both options should be evaluated against project specific constraints.
A Comparative Study of the Cubic-Plus-Association Equation of State and a Peng-Robinson Equation of State–Based Solid Model for Asphaltene Simulation in the Wellbore
Authors: Coelho Fernando M. C. , Okuno Ryosuke , Sepehrnoori Kamy , Ezekoye Ofodike A.
Published: October 2022

Asphaltene is one of the main flow-assurance concerns in oil production. Its precipitation and further deposition along the flow path (wellbore or reservoir) can cause reduced hydrocarbon flow rates and even a total blockage. These potential damages have caused a growing interest in computationally efficient methods to predict asphaltene precipitation, depending on flow conditions.

This paper presents two different approaches: (i) a model from Li and Firoozabadi (2010), using a simplified version of the cubic-plus-association equation of state (CPA EOS), and (ii) a version of a solid model based on the Peng-Robinson (PR) EOS, with no association term. The two approaches are compared in isolated flash calculations and wellbore flow simulations with asphaltene deposition. The comparisons are made using the same fluid parameters for both approaches as much as possible.

Results show that, if provided with adequate input data, the solid model can consistently match results from the more complex CPA model quite successfully for several fluid compositions. An attempt is made to explain the “success” of the solid model in reproducing CPA model results. The solid model cannot adjust to fluid-composition changes in a manner similar to that of CPA. Therefore, the solid model seems more suitable for wellbore than reservoir simulation, which tends to involve a higher level of fluid mixing. However, the efficiency of the solid model can reduce the computational time by a factor of 2 in comparison with CPA.
Continental-scale climatic gradients of pathogenic microbial taxa in birds and bats
Authors: Xu Yanjie , Poosakkannu Anbu , Suominen Kati , Laine Veronika , Lilley Thomas , Pulliainen Arto , Lehikoinen Aleksi
Published: October 2022

Climate change may alter the threat of zoonotic and wildlife diseases, by changing environmental suitability for hosts, ectoparasites, and pathogens. However, the connections between climatic variables and diseases remains equivocal. We compiled a systematic database for the prevalence of 121 pathogenic microbial taxa in birds and bats, including 11,801 observations from over 450,000 individuals across Europe and surrounding regions. Using a space-for-time-substitution approach, we modelled the potential connection of climatic variables on the prevalence of different pathogenic taxa. The prevalence of influenza A virus and several bacterial taxa in birds (376 species) and bats (39 species) positively correlated with temperature. Rainfall showed a positive correlation with the prevalence of viral taxa but the directions of significant correlations varied between bacterial taxa. The results suggest that changes in temperature and precipitation may potentially alter the threat of bird- and bat-associated pathogenic microbial taxa to the wild-life, domesticated animals and humans.