bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Unproductive Prisoner: Labor and Medicine in Canadian Penitentiaries, 1867-1900
Authors: McCoy Ted
Published: January 2010

Labor played a central role in nineteenth-century penitentiaries. It was intended to provide guidance and discipline to prisoners whose behavior was outside of social, moral, and economic norms. This article examines the relationship between medicine and labor in Canadian federal penitentiaries between 1867 and 1900. As penitentiaries grew and expanded throughout the century, increasing numbers of prisoners were unable to participate in penitentiary labor due to illness or disability. In these cases, penitentiary medicine helped form part of an “enlightened” response to nonworking prisoners. It suggests that medical records from this period demonstrate how penitentiaries reconciled nonworking prisoners with the prevailing model of reform constructed around labor. The article looks at two such groups. The first is sick prisoners, including physical and mental ailments. Mental illness was an increasingly vexing problem for penitentiaries in this era as they struggled to form appropriate responses to mentally ill prisoners within the prevailing penitentiary model. The second group is prisoners with disability, including physical and intellectual disability. Although both groups were understood through medical categories, their status as “unproductive” prisoners sometimes played a larger role in determining their experience of confinement. The article looks at the influence of ideas about labor on the delivery of medical services in penitentiaries and the resulting experience of illness. Although prison medicine in Canada expanded and improved throughout this period, the sick and disabled often experienced marginalization and moral condemnation on the basis of their uncertain relationship to penitentiary labor.
Vang-like protein 2 and Rac1 interact to regulate adherens junctions
Authors: Lindqvist Maria , Horn Zachi , Bryja Vitezslav , Schulte Gunnar , Papachristou Panagiotis , Ajima Rieko , Dyberg Cecilia , Arenas Ernest , Yamaguchi Terry P. , Lagercrantz Hugo , Ringstedt Thomas
Published: January 2010

The Wnt planar cell polarity (Wnt/PCP) pathway signals through small Rho-like GTPases to regulate the cytoskeleton. The core PCP proteins have been mapped to the Wnt/PCP pathway genetically, but the molecular mechanism of their action remains unknown. Here, we investigate the function of the mammalian PCP protein Vang-like protein 2 (Vangl2). RNAi knockdown of Vangl2 impaired cell-cell adhesion and cytoskeletal integrity in the epithelial cell lines HEK293T and MDCK. Similar effects were observed when Vangl2 was overexpressed in HEK293T, MDCK or C17.2 cells. The effects of Vangl2 overexpression could be blocked by knockdown of the small GTPase Rac1 or by dominant-negative Rac1. In itself, knockdown of Rac1 impaired cytoskeletal integrity and reduced cell-cell adhesion. We found that Vangl2 bound and re-distributed Rac1 within the cells but did not alter Rac1 activity. Moreover, both transgenic mouse embryos overexpressing Vangl2 in neural stem cells and loop-tail Vangl2 loss-of-function embryos displayed impaired adherens junctions, a cytoskeletal unit essential for neural tube rigidity and neural tube closure. In vivo, Rac1 was re-distributed within the cells in a similar way to that observed by us in vitro. We propose that Vangl2 affects cell adhesion and the cytoskeleton by recruiting Rac1 and targeting its activity in the cell to adherens junctions.
Myosin light chain kinase mediates transcellular intravasation of breast cancer cells through the underlying endothelial cells: a three-dimensional FRET study
Authors: Khuon Satya , Liang Luke , Dettman Robert W. , Sporn Peter H. S. , Wysolmerski Robert B. , Chew Teng-Leong
Published: January 2010

The transient and localized signaling events between invasive breast cancer cells and the underlying endothelial cells have remained poorly characterized. We report a novel approach integrating vascular engineering with three-dimensional time-lapse fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) imaging to dissect how endothelial myosin light chain kinase (MLCK) is modulated during tumor intravasation. We show that tumor transendothelial migration occurs via both paracellular (i.e. through cell-cell junctions) and transcellular (i.e. through individual endothelial cells) routes. Endothelial MLCK is activated at the invasion site, leading to regional diphosphorylation of myosin-II regulatory light chain (RLC) and myosin contraction. Blocking endothelial RLC diphosphorylation blunts tumor transcellular, but not paracellular, invasion. Our results implicate an important role for endothelial myosin-II function in tumor intravasation.
Buyer Uncertainty and Two-Part Pricing: Theory and Applications
Authors: Png I. P. L. , Wang Hao
Published: January 2010

We consider two-part pricing of a service offered to risk-averse buyers subject to demand uncertainty. Buyers subscribe to the contract before resolution of the uncertainty. Sellers set two-part prices that trade off between insuring buyers against the uncertainty and the ex post deadweight loss from inefficient usage. If marginal and total benefits from the service are positively correlated (a sufficient condition is that the uncertainty not directly affect the buyer benefit), the usage charge should be set above the marginal cost of the service. If marginal and total benefits are negatively correlated, the usage charge should be set below the marginal cost. These results apply whether the seller has market power or is subject to competition. The difference between the profit-maximizing usage charge and marginal cost increases with buyer risk aversion. Our results can be extended to the case of the seller being more risk averse than the buyers. We discuss applications to pricing of beach and ski resorts, lines of credit, utility computing, and government services.
Vertical Flexibility in Supply Chains
Authors: Hopp Wallace J. , Iravani Seyed M. R. , Xu Wendy Lu
Published: January 2010

Jordan and Graves (Jordan, W. C., S. C. Graves. 1995. Principles on the benefits of manufacturing process flexibility. Management Sci. 41(4) 577–594) initiated a stream of research on supply chain flexibility, which was furthered by Graves and Tomlin (Graves, S. C., B. T. Tomlin. 2003. Process flexibility in supply chains. Management Sci. 49(7) 907–919), that examined various structures for achieving horizontal flexibility within a single level of a supply chain. In this paper, we extend the theory of supply chain flexibility by considering placement of vertical flexibility across multiple stages in a supply chain. Specifically, we consider two types of flexibility—logistics flexibility and process flexibility—and examine how demand, production, and supply variability at a single stage impacts the best stage in the supply chain for each type of flexibility. Under the assumptions that margins are the same regardless of flexibility location, capacity investment costs are the same within and across stages, and flexibility is limited to a single stage of logistics (process) flexibility accompanied with necessary process (logistics) flexibility, we show that both types of flexibility are most effective when positioned directly at the source of variability. However, although expected profit increases as logistics flexibility is positioned closer to the source of variability (i.e., downstream for demand variability and upstream for supply variability), locating process flexibility anywhere except at the stage with variability leads to the same decrease in expected profit.
Associations between young children's emotion attributions and prediction of outcome in differing social situations
Authors: Eivers Areana R. , Brendgen Mara , Borge Anne I. H.
Published: January 2010

Associations between young children's attributions of emotion at different points in a story, and with regard to their own prediction about the story's outcome, were investigated using two hypothetical scenarios of social and emotional challenge (social entry and negative event). First grade children (N=250) showed an understanding that emotions are tied to situational cues by varying the emotions they attributed both between and within scenarios. Furthermore, emotions attributed to the main protagonist at the beginning of the scenarios were differentially associated with children's prediction of a positive or negative outcome and with the valence of the emotion attributed at the end of the scenario. Gender differences in responses to some items were also found.
De NovoNeurogenesis in Adult Hypothalamus as a Compensatory Mechanism to Regulate Energy Balance
Authors: Pierce Andrew A. , Xu Allison W.
Published: January 2010

The ability to develop counter-regulatory mechanisms to maintain energy balance in response to environmental and physiologic insults is essential for survival, but the mechanisms underlying these compensatory regulations are poorly understood. Agouti-related peptide (AGRP) and Neuropeptide Y are potent orexigens and are coexpressed in neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. Acute ablation of these neurons leads to severe anorexia and weight loss, whereas progressive degeneration of these neurons has minimal impact on food intake and body weight, suggesting that compensatory mechanisms are developed to maintain orexigenic drive. In this study, we show that cell proliferation is increased in the hypothalamus of adult mutant animals in which AgRP neurons undergo progressive neurodegeneration due to deletion of mitochondrial transcription factor A, and that a subset of these newly generated cells differentiate into AgRP neurons along with other resident neuronal subtypes. Furthermore, some of the newly generated cells are capable of responding to leptin, and a central blockade of cell proliferation in adult animals results in decreases in food intake and body adiposity in mutant but not in control animals. Our study indicates that neurons important for energy homeostasis can be regenerated in adult feeding centers under neurodegenerative conditions. It further suggests thatde novoneurogenesis might serve as a compensatory mechanism contributing to the plastic control of energy balance in response to environmental and physiologic insults.
Regulation of Synaptic Pumilio Function by an Aggregation-Prone Domain
Authors: Salazar Anna M. , Silverman Edward J. , Menon Kaushiki P. , Zinn Kai
Published: January 2010

We identified Pumilio (Pum), aDrosophilatranslational repressor, in a computational search for metazoan proteins whose activities might be regulated by assembly into ordered aggregates. The search algorithm was based on evolutionary sequence conservation patterns observed for yeast prion proteins, which contain aggregation-prone glutamine/asparagine (Q/N)-rich domains attached to functional domains of normal amino acid composition. We examined aggregation of Pum and its nematode ortholog PUF-9 by expression in yeast. A domain of Pum containing the Q/N-rich sequence, denoted as NQ1, the entire Pum N terminus, and the complete PUF-9 protein localize to macroscopic aggregates (foci) in yeast. NQ1 and PUF-9 can generate the yeastPin+ trait, which is transmitted by a heritable aggregate. NQ1 also assembles into amyloid fibrilsin vitro. InDrosophila, Pum regulates postsynaptic translation at neuromuscular junctions (NMJs). To assess whether NQ1 affects synaptic Pum activityin vivo, we expressed it in muscles. We found that it negatively regulates endogenous Pum, producing gene dosage-dependentpumloss-of-function NMJ phenotypes. NQ1 coexpression also suppresses lethality and NMJ phenotypes caused by overexpression of Pum in muscles. The Q/N block of NQ1 is required for these phenotypic effects. Negative regulation of Pum by NQ1 might be explained by formation of inactive aggregates, but we have been unable to demonstrate that NQ1 aggregates inDrosophila. NQ1 could also regulate Pum by a “dominant-negative” effect, in which it would block Q/N-mediated interactions of Pum with itself or with cofactors required for translational repression.
Direction Discrimination Thresholds of Vestibular and Cerebellar Nuclei Neurons
Authors: Liu Sheng , Yakusheva Tatyana , DeAngelis Gregory C. , Angelaki Dora E.
Published: January 2010

To understand the roles of the vestibular system in perceptual detection and discrimination of self-motion, it is critical to account for response variability in computing the sensitivity of vestibular neurons. Here we study responses of neurons with no eye movement sensitivity in the vestibular (VN) and rostral fastigial nuclei (FN) using high-frequency (2 Hz) oscillatory translational motion stimuli. The axis of translation (i.e., heading) varied slowly (1°/s) in the horizontal plane as the animal was translated back and forth. Signal detection theory was used to compute the threshold sensitivity of VN/FN neurons for discriminating small variations in heading around all possible directions of translation. Across the population, minimum heading discrimination thresholds averaged 16.6° ± 1° SE for FN neurons and 15.3° ± 2.2° SE for VN neurons, severalfold larger than perceptual thresholds for heading discrimination. In line with previous studies and theoretical predictions, maximum discriminability was observed for directions where firing rate changed steeply as a function of heading, which occurs at headings approximately perpendicular to the maximum response direction. Forward/backward heading thresholds tended to be lower than lateral motion thresholds, and the ratio of lateral over forward heading thresholds averaged 2.2 ± 6.1 (geometric mean ± SD) for FN neurons and 1.1 ± 4.4 for VN neurons. Our findings suggest that substantial pooling and/or selective decoding of vestibular signals from the vestibular and deep cerebellar nuclei may be important components of further processing. Such a characterization of neural sensitivity is critical for understanding how early stages of vestibular processing limit behavioral performance.
Involvement of Ca2+Channel Synprint Site in Synaptic Vesicle Endocytosis
Authors: Watanabe Hiroyasu , Yamashita Takayuki , Saitoh Naoto , Kiyonaka Shigeki , Iwamatsu Akihiro , Campbell Kevin P. , Mori Yasuo , Takahashi Tomoyuki
Published: January 2010

The synaptic protein interaction (synprint) site of the voltage-gated Ca2+channel (VGCC) α1 subunit can interact with proteins involved in exocytosis, and it is therefore thought to be essential for exocytosis of synaptic vesicles. Here we report that the synprint site can also directly bind the μ subunit of AP-2, an adaptor protein for clathrin-mediated endocytosis, in competition with the synaptotagmin 1 (Syt 1) C2B domain. In brain lysates, the AP-2–synprint interaction occurred over a wide range of Ca2+concentrations but was inhibited at high Ca2+concentrations, in which Syt 1 interacted with synprint site. At the calyx of Held synapse in rat brainstem slices, direct presynaptic loading of the synprint fragment peptide blocked endocytic, but not exocytic, membrane capacitance changes. We propose that the VGCC synprint site is involved in synaptic vesicle endocytosis, rather than exocytosis, in the nerve terminal, via Ca2+-dependent interactions with AP-2 and Syt.
The Transformation of a Unilateral Locomotor Command into a Symmetrical Bilateral Activation in the Brainstem
Authors: Brocard Frédéric , Ryczko Dimitri , Fénelon Karine , Hatem Raja , Gonzales Delphine , Auclair François , Dubuc Réjean
Published: January 2010

A unilateral activation of the mesencephalic locomotor region (MLR) produces symmetrical bilateral locomotion in all vertebrate species tested to date. How this occurs remains unresolved. This study examined the possibility that the symmetry occurred at the level of the inputs from the MLR to reticulospinal (RS) cells. In lamprey semi-intact preparations, we recorded intracellular responses of pairs of large, homologous RS cells on both sides to stimulation of the MLR on one side. The synaptic responses on both sides were very similar in shape, amplitude, and threshold intensity. Increasing MLR stimulation intensity produced a symmetrical increase in the magnitude of the responses on both sides. Ca2+imaging confirmed the bilateral activation of smaller-sized RS cells as well. In a high-divalent cation solution, the synaptic responses of homologous RS cells persisted and exhibited a constant latency during high-frequency stimulation. Moreover, during gradual replacement of normal Ringer's solution with a Ca2+-free solution, the magnitude of responses showed a gradual reduction with a similar time course in the homologous RS cells. These results support the idea that the MLR projects monosynaptically to RS cells on both sides with symmetrical inputs. During locomotion of the semi-intact preparation, the discharge pattern was also very similar in homologous bilateral RS cells. Anatomical experiments confirmed the presence of MLR neurons projecting ipsilaterally to the reticular formation intermingled with neurons projecting contralaterally. We conclude that the bilaterally symmetrical MLR inputs to RS cells are likely contributors to generating symmetrical locomotor activity.
Sox2 Induces Neuronal Formation in the Developing Mammalian Cochlea
Authors: Puligilla Chandrakala , Dabdoub Alain , Brenowitz Stephan D. , Kelley Matthew W.
Published: January 2010

In the cochlea, spiral ganglion neurons play a critical role in hearing as they form the relay between mechanosensory hair cells in the inner ear and cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. The proneural basic helix-loop-helix transcription factors Neurogenin1 (Neurog1) and NeuroD1 have been shown to be essential for the development of otocyst-derived inner ear sensory neurons. Here, we show neural competence of nonsensory epithelial cells in the cochlea, as ectopic expression of either Neurog1 or NeuroD1 results in the formation of neuronal cells. Since the high-mobility-group type transcription factor Sox2, which is also known to play a role in neurogenesis, is expressed in otocyst-derived neural precursor cells and later in the spiral ganglion neurons along with Neurog1 and NeuroD1, we used both gain- and loss-of-function experiments to examine the role of Sox2 in spiral ganglion neuron formation. We demonstrate that overexpression of Sox2 results in the production of neurons, suggesting that Sox2 is sufficient for the induction of neuronal fate in nonsensory epithelial cells. Furthermore, spiral ganglion neurons are absent in cochleae fromSox2Lcc/Lccmice, indicating that Sox2 is also required for neuronal formation in the cochlea. Our results indicate that Sox2, along with Neurog1 and NeuroD1, are sufficient to induce a neuronal fate in nonsensory regions of the cochlea. Finally, we demonstrate that nonsensory cells within the cochlea retain neural competence through at least the early postnatal period.
Accumulation of Evidence during Sequential Decision Making: The Importance of Top–Down Factors
Authors: de Lange Floris P. , Jensen Ole , Dehaene Stanislas
Published: January 2010

In the last decade, great progress has been made in characterizing the accumulation of neural information during simple unitary perceptual decisions. However, much less is known about how sequentially presented evidence is integrated over time for successful decision making. The aim of this study was to study the mechanisms of sequential decision making in humans. In a magnetoencephalography (MEG) study, we presented healthy volunteers with sequences of centrally presented arrows. Sequence length varied between one and five arrows, and the accumulated directions of the arrows informed the subject about which hand to use for a button press at the end of the sequence (e.g., LRLRR should result in a right-hand press). Mathematical modeling suggested that nonlinear accumulation was the rational strategy for performing this task in the presence of no or little noise, whereas quasilinear accumulation was optimal in the presence of substantial noise. MEG recordings showed a correlate of evidence integration over parietal and central cortex that was inversely related to the amount of accumulated evidence (i.e., when more evidence was accumulated, neural activity for new stimuli was attenuated). This modulation of activity likely reflects a top–down influence on sensory processing, effectively constraining the influence of sensory information on the decision variable over time. The results indicate that, when making decisions on the basis of sequential information, the human nervous system integrates evidence in a nonlinear manner, using the amount of previously accumulated information to constrain the accumulation of additional evidence.
Temporal Codes for Amplitude Contrast in Auditory Cortex
Authors: Malone Brian J. , Scott Brian H. , Semple Malcolm N.
Published: January 2010

The encoding of sound level is fundamental to auditory signal processing, and the temporal information present in amplitude modulation is crucial to the complex signals used for communication sounds, including human speech. The modulation transfer function, which measures the minimum detectable modulation depth across modulation frequency, has been shown to predict speech intelligibility performance in a range of adverse listening conditions and hearing impairments, and even for users of cochlear implants. We presented sinusoidal amplitude modulation (SAM) tones of varying modulation depths to awake macaque monkeys while measuring the responses of neurons in the auditory core. Using spike train classification methods, we found that thresholds for modulation depth detection and discrimination in the most sensitive units are comparable to psychophysical thresholds when precise temporal discharge patterns rather than average firing rates are considered. Moreover, spike timing information was also superior to average rate information when discriminating static pure tones varying in level but with similar envelopes. The limited utility of average firing rate information in many units also limited the utility of standard measures of sound level tuning, such as the rate level function (RLF), in predicting cortical responses to dynamic signals like SAM. Response modulation typically exceeded that predicted by the slope of the RLF by large factors. The decoupling of the cortical encoding of SAM and static tones indicates that enhancing the representation of acoustic contrast is a cardinal feature of the ascending auditory pathway.
Collapsin Response Mediator Protein 4a (CRMP4a) Is Upregulated in Motoneurons of Mutant SOD1 Mice and Can Trigger Motoneuron Axonal Degeneration and Cell Death
Authors: Duplan Laure , Bernard Nathalie , Casseron Wilfrid , Dudley Keith , Thouvenot Eric , Honnorat Jérôme , Rogemond Véronique , De Bovis Béatrice , Aebischer Patrick , Marin Philippe , Raoul Cédric , Henderson Christopher E. , Pettmann Brigitte
Published: January 2010

Embryonic motoneurons from mutant SOD1 (mSOD1) mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), but not wild-type motoneurons, can be triggered to die by exposure to nitric oxide (NO), leading to activation of a motoneuron-specific signaling pathway downstream of the death receptor Fas/CD95. To identify effectors of mSOD1-dependent cell death, we performed a proteomic analysis. Treatment of cultured mSOD1 motoneurons with NO led to a 2.5-fold increase in levels of collapsin response mediator protein 4a (CRMP4a). In vivo, the percentage of mSOD1 lumbar motoneurons expressing CRMP4 in mSOD1 mice increased progressively from presymptomatic to early-onset stages, reaching a maximum of 25%. Forced adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated expression of CRMP4a in wild-type motoneuronsin vitrotriggered a process of axonal degeneration and cell death affecting 60% of motoneurons, whereas silencing of CRMP4a in mSOD1 motoneurons protected them from NO-induced death.In vivo, AAV-mediated overexpression of CRMP4a but not CRMP2 led to the death of 30% of the lumbar motoneurons and an 18% increase in denervation of neuromuscular junctions in the gastrocnemius muscle. Our data identify CRMP4a as a potential early effector in the neurodegenerative process in ALS.
Normalisierung auf Umwegen. Polen in den politischen Konzeptionen Willy Brandts 1939-1966
Authors: Behring Rainer
Published: January 2010

Vorspann

Willy Brandts Kniefall vor dem Mahnmal im Warschauer Ghetto ist in die Geschichte eingegangen. Aber hat der deutsche Bundeskanzler sich wirklich für Polen interessiert? Wie intensiv und seit wann? Der Kölner Historiker Rainer Behring stellt diese Fragen und kommt zu einem irritierenden Befund: Brandts Blick nach Osten ging über Polen hinweg und richtete sich vor allem auf die Sowjetunion, die in seinen Augen lange keine Bedrohung für die Freiheit Polens darstellte. Das änderte sich erst 1947/48, als der Sozialdemokrat mit linkssozialistisch-revolutionärer Vergangenheit alle Illusionen über Moskau verlor. Polen gewann in Brandts Vorstellungswelt nun langsam eigenes Gewicht, auch wenn keine Rede davon sein kann, dass von solchen Einsichten ein gerader Weg zur Aussöhnung und zum Warschauer Vertrag von 1970 führte.
Frühe biografische Texte zu Hitler. Zur Bewertung der autobiografischen Teile in Mein Kampf
Authors: Plöckinger Othmar
Published: January 2010

Vorspann

Dass es eine der Grundanstrengungen von Hitlers Leben gewesen sei, die eigene Person zu verhüllen wie zu verklären, schrieb schon Joachim Fest. Kaum eine Person der Weltgeschichte habe sich so konsequent stilisiert und im Persönlichen unauffindbar gemacht wie er. Wie aber verlief dieser Prozess, wann begann er? Welche Aspekte seiner Biografie wurden von Hitler in den Vordergrund geschoben, welche abgeschwächt und welche ganz verschwiegen? Und welche Rolle spielte schließlich Hitlers Umgebung bei der Ausbildung von Topoi, die seit 1933 zum Allgemeingut einer ganzen Gesellschaft werden sollten?
Amerika und die Neuordnung Europas vor dem Marshallplan (1940-1944)
Authors: Heyde Veronika
Published: January 2010

Vorspann

Die Vereinigten Staaten taten sich lange schwer mit Europa. Wie sollten sich ihre Beziehungen zum Alten Kontinent gestalten, und wie konnte man Europa nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg so organisieren, dass von dort nicht bald wieder eine Gefahr für die Welt ausging? Über diese Fragen berieten im Auftrag von Präsident Roosevelt schon während des Krieges die klügsten Köpfe. Veronika Heyde, eine Mitarbeiterin des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte, zeichnet diese Beratungen nach und kommt dabei zu dem Ergebnis, dass man in Amerika der Idee eines geeinten Europa zunächst voller Skepsis begegnete; erst der Marshallplan brachte die Wende.
Poor and Blank: History's Marks and the Photographies of Displacement
Authors: Schaefer William
Published: January 2010

Observing a conjunction between massive rural-to-urban migration and the recent documentary turn in Chinese art, this essay suggests some of the ways documentary photography works as a medium of historical thinking in contemporary China. Through the work of the photographer Zhang Xinmin, it examines the cultural politics of blankness and marked surfaces as representational strategies for exploring the intersection of historical remains and mass migration.
The Potter's Daughter's Sons: German Classical Scholarship and the Language of Love Circa 1800
Authors: Güthenke Constanze
Published: January 2010

Around the year 1800, Germany saw the establishment of classical scholarship as a discipline that valued individual self-reflexivity and encouraged strategies of personification. Much as classical antiquity informed the conception of sentimental Bildung, sentimental Bildung and its cultivation of particular attachments also informed classical scholarship's model of itself. With research thus conceptualized as a quasi-personal relationship with antiquity, scholarship could draw on a contemporary language of emotionality.
Split Witness: Metaphorical Extensions of Life in the Art of Felix Gonzalez-Torres
Authors: Rounthwaite Adair
Published: January 2010

This article examines timelessness as a strategy of textual survival employed in the art of Felix Gonzalez-Torres in the wake of the exhibition of his work at the 2007 Venice Biennale. At the Biennale, an erosion of the awareness that this timelessness stems from a split witnessing position led to effects of haunting, in which the artist's intentionality was problematically depicted as literally continuing beyond his death.
Pathological aspects of in situ carcinoma/intraepithelial neoplasia of the breast
Authors: Kulka Janina
Published: January 2010

Az elmúlt évtizedekben az emlőpatológia mind klasszikus, mind modern, molekuláris patológiai értelemben óriási fejlődésen ment keresztül. Ismereteink gyarapodását az előbbi vonatkozásában a széles körű szűrővizsgálatok bevezetése, az utóbbi vonatkozásában a patológiában zajló molekuláris technikai „forradalom” segítette elő. Ez az állandóan gyarapodó tudás a fogalmaink, a régóta használt osztályozások és legfőképpen a szemléletünk változását eredményezte. A ductalis és lobularis in situ carcinomák, vagy a ma egyre inkább terjedő szóhasználattal intraepithelialis neoplasiák összefoglaló ismertetésével a patológiában jelenleg érvényes nézeteket és álláspontokat szeretném közreadni.
Congenital syphilis
Authors: Tabák Réka , Tabák Ádám , Várkonyi Viktória
Published: January 2010

A syphilis az elmúlt évtizedekben ismét egyre gyakrabban diagnosztizált betegség. Előretörésével számítanunk kell a congenitalis syphilis megjelenésére is. Syphilis állhat spontán, illetve habituális vetélés, halvaszülés hátterében. Az intrauterin élet során szerzett syphilisszel világra jövő újszülöttek gyakran tünetmentesek, és a fertőzés által okozott szervi károsodások csak hónapokkal vagy akár évekkel később válnak nyilvánvalóvá. A betegség megelőzhető a terhes nők szűrésével és kezelésével. Minden újszülött, aki potenciálisan syphilisszel fertőződhetett, kezelendő a megszületés napjától kezdve. A syphilis elleni kezelés szuverén szere ma is a penicillin.
Greek Traders in Native Contexts in Iron Age Southeastern Italy
Authors: Herring Edward
Published: January 2010

This paper examines the evidence for Greek traders residing at native sites in southeastern Italy between the eighth and sixth centuries BC. Trade is now seen as one of the key motivations behind the Greek ‘colonization’ of southern Italy. Contact between Greek and native communities was vital to the social and cultural development of both. Although trade need not require cohabitation, scholars have arguedthat there is evidence for resident Greek traders at various native sites. In total, four sites are examined in detail. Two sites are close to later ‘colonies’: Torre Saturo near Taras, and Incoronata near Metapontum. The other two sites are the Adriatic port of Brindisi and the inland site of Cavallino, near modern Lecce. Generally, the evidence for resident foreign traders is quite elusive. However, it is possible to argue that, over time, attitudes towards foreign traders changed,making cohabitation less common.
Metaphor and Maltese Art
Authors: Malone Caroline
Published: January 2010

Temple Period Malta in the 3rd millennium BC saw the production of a range of figurative and decorative art and architecture that implies a richly populated spiritual and cognitive world associated with ritual practice in life and death. The paper explores the potential to categorize the figurative art into distinct groups, and how these various images might represent aspects of the cosmology and social concerns of a prehistoric island society.
Iron Age Landscape and Rural Habitat in the Edetan Territory, Iberia (4th–3rd centuries BC)
Authors: Rosado Helena Bonet , Parreño Consuelo Mata , Martín Andrea Moreno
Published: January 2010

This article focuses on the rural organisation and the settlement pattern of the Iberian Iron Age city

of Edeta. Ongoing research into its macro-spatial organisation has revealed the existence of different

functions and internal features within the settlements and their relation to a wider and more integrated

space: the territory. Based on excavation and survey data, we present new questions and analytical

categories in order to approach issues related to territory formation and the emergence of socio-economic

complexity in the Iron Age societies of ancient eastern Iberia.
Carving Out Gender in the Prehistoric Aegean
Authors: Mina Maria
Published: January 2010

Neolithic and Early Bronze Age anthropomorphic figurines from the Aegean have hitherto constituted separate fields of study. The present article proposes a uniform methodological strategy and theoretical perspective, aimed at uniting both sets of figurines to explore social dynamics through the study of gender. The main ideas discussed focus on the complex ways in which gender identities were constructed, the mechanisms of power negotiation, and the ways in which the physical and cultural body constituted an axis on which prehistoric societies organised themselves at a socio-economic and ideological level. The analysis exposes some of the biases that have coloured previous unilinear interpretations, and calls for a critical review of traditional social models, according to which the ‘egalitarian’ Neolithic was followed by the rise of patriarchy in the EBA.
Negotiating Colonial Encounters:
Authors: Vives-Ferrándiz Jaime
Published: January 2010

Patterns of interaction between Phoenicians and indigenous communities in eastern Iberia between the 8th–6th centuries BC are examined through a study of social practices. Two contexts of interactions are identified according to the way colonial situations were developed. The contributions of all groups involved in the creation of new cultural forms, hybrid practices and, above all, the way in which material culture can illustrate the local system of significances and their transformation, will be evaluated in accordance with postcolonial theoretical perspectives. Moreover, I focus my analysis on the exchanges as evidence of the commercial nature of the colonial encounter, and the associated consumption patterns as a significant expression of social practices.
Colonial Cancer
Authors: Osborne Robin
Published: January 2010

Discussion and debate.
Mesolithic Sites and Surveys in Greece: A Case Study from the Southern Argolid
Authors: Runnels Curtis
Published: January 2010

Regional surveys in Greece have only rarely identified Mesolithic sites, which consist typically of small, unobtrusive scatters of microlithic artifacts. Recently, a site location model was used along with targeted surveys to identify Mesolithic sites in the Argolid, Epirus, and the Sporades, and the results suggest that the Mesolithic may have been overlooked in some early surveys because, in part, the characteristic features of Mesolithic assemblages were unknown at the time. Using lithic assemblages from published sites as a guide, a re-study of lithics from a regional survey in the Southern Argolid (1979–83) was undertaken to determine if some small undated lithic sites from that survey were Mesolithic. Seven probable Mesolithic sites were identified, and the spatial distribution of the sites suggests that a logistical land-use foraging strategy was used in the Argolid during the Mesolithic.
Considering Living-Beings in the Aceramic Neolithic of Cyprus
Authors: Jones Paula Louise
Published: January 2010

This paper seeks to provide an alternative perspective on the portrayal of animals as exclusively ‘resources’ in the existing archaeological literature; it also re examines the relationships between humans and non-human animals in the Early Aceramic Neolithic of Cyprus. Archaeological data from two sites, Mylouthkia and Shillourokambos, form the focus of discussion. Through an exploration of potentials and contextualisation of these data, it considers the significance of human perception and experience in the creation of living worlds, the particularities of relationships between living-beings, and the roles of our ‘significant others’.
Loss of Glyphosate Efficacy: A Changing Weed Spectrum in Georgia Cotton
Authors: Webster Theodore M. , Sosnoskie Lynn M.
Published: January 2010

Introduction of glyphosate resistance into crops through genetic modification has revolutionized crop protection. Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide with favorable environmental characteristics and effective broad-spectrum weed control that has greatly improved crop protection efficiency. However, in less than a decade, the utility of this technology is threatened by the occurrence of glyphosate-tolerant and glyphosate-resistant weed species. Factors that have contributed to this shift in weed species composition in Georgia cotton production are reviewed, along with the implications of continued overreliance on this technology. Potential scenarios for managing glyphosate-resistant populations, as well as implications on the role of various sectors for dealing with this purportedtragedy of the commons, are presented. Benghal dayflower, a glyphosate-tolerant species, continues to spread through Georgia and surrounding states, whereas glyphosate susceptibility in Palmer amaranth is endangered in Georgia and other cotton-producing states in the southern United States. Improved understanding of how glyphosate susceptibility in our weed species spectrum was compromised (either through occurrence of herbicide-tolerant or -resistant weed species) may allow us to avoid repeating these mistakes with the next herbicide-resistant technology.
Shade and Plant Location Effects on Germination and Hormone Content of Palmer Amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) Seed
Authors: Jha Prashant , Norsworthy Jason K. , Riley Melissa B. , Bridges William
Published: January 2010

Experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of shading on and location of the mother plant on germination and hormone content of Palmer amaranth seed. Increasing the shading from 0 to 87% decreased germination of fresh, viable seeds in dark from 25 to 12%. Abscisic acid (ABA) content of seeds from plants in 0% shade increased from 13.3 ng g−1dry seed to 19.1 ng g−1dry seed with 87% shade. Shading of the mother plant did not influence the 1,000-seed weight of Palmer amaranth. Seeds that matured in the top and middle third of the mother plant had 67 to 78% greater germination than those that matured in the bottom third of the mother plant. Endogenous gibberellic acid (GA) content of seeds did not differ between locations on the mother plant; however, the ABA content of seeds produced on the bottom third of the plant was 46 and 59% higher than the ABA content of seeds produced at the middle and top third of the plant, respectively. Endogenous ABA or GA content of seeds and 1,000-seed weight had no relationship with seed germination over and above the treatment effects. This research suggests that shading and plant location can influence germination of fresh, viable seeds of Palmer amaranth, which will be a dormancy strategy for seed dispersal over time.
The Allelopathic Potential of Kudzu (Pueraria montana)
Authors: Rashid Md H. , Asaeda Takashi , Uddin Md N.
Published: January 2010

We explored the allelopathic potential of kudzu as a function of its phenolics. Aqueous and methanol extracts of different kudzu organs (leaf, stem, root, and seed) were assayed for allelopathy with the use of lettuce and radish seeds. Both leaf and root extracts significantly inhibited all of the measured germination indices (total germination, speed of germination, and coefficient of the rate of germination) (all P < 0.01). When treated with leaf extract, the total germination of both species was ∼ 20% less than the control. Furthermore, the leaf extract significantly reduced the speed of germination to 38 and 53% that of the lettuce and radish controls, respectively. Lettuce and radish seeds soaked in leaf and root extracts for 24 h imbibed less water (∼ 30% for both species) than those soaked in distilled water (control), suggesting that a reduction of water imbibition might be one of the mechanisms of germination retardation. Stem and seed extracts affected neither the water uptake nor the germination indices of radish and lettuce seeds. Kudzu leaves and roots contain higher amounts of total phenolics (P = 0.001) and soluble phenolics (P = 0.005) than stems and seeds, consistent with the results of the germination bioassays. In agar plate bioassays, both litter and rhizosphere soil had phytotoxic effects on the radicle growth of radish (P = 0.003) and perennial ryegrass (P = 0.001) seedlings. Perennial ryegrass and cobbler's pegs seedlings grown on leaf and root leachate-amended soil gave ∼ 40% shorter roots and shoots and ∼ 50% less dry weight than those grown in leachate-free soil. Kudzu litter was incorporated and incubated in soil for 6 wk, at which point the soluble phenolics in the soil solution were at a level (> 150 ppm) considered to be allelopathic.
Application Placement and Relative Humidity Affects Smooth Crabgrass and Tall Fescue Response to Mesotrione
Authors: Goddard Matthew J. R. , Willis John B. , Askew Shawn D.
Published: January 2010

Much research has been conducted on mesotrione activity on crops and weeds, but information is lacking in regards to the relative contribution of soil and foliar absorption of mesotrione. Three experiments conducted at Virginia Tech's Glade Road Research Facility in Blacksburg, VA, evaluated the effects of 50 and 90% relative humidity (RH) on the activity of mesotrione applied to foliage, soil, and soil plus foliage. Tall fescue injury ranged from 0 to 21% and was significant in 6 of 20 comparisons. Three of these injury events were caused by soil plus foliar applications, which were always more injurious than foliar only applications, which were more injurious than soil-only applications. Both application placement and RH significantly influenced smooth crabgrass responses to mesotrione. Smooth crabgrass phytotoxicity was lowest when mesotrione was applied only to foliage and highest when mesotrione was applied to soil and foliage. Increasing RH from 50 to 90% caused a 4- to 18-fold increase in plant phytotoxicity when mesotrione was applied only to foliage. By dissecting the plant canopy, it was noted at 14 d after treatment, when averaged over RH, that white leaves comprise 16% of leaves when only foliage was treated and 55 and 62% when applied to soil plus foliage and soil only, respectively. Furthermore, white tissue was found predominately in the two youngest leaves when mesotrione was applied to soil or both soil and foliage, but in older leaves when applied only to foliage. Data indicate mesotrione entering plants through soil travels quickly to growing points and has an equal or greater effect on plant phytotoxicity than foliar-absorbed mesotrione. In addition, foliar-absorbed mesotrione appears to increase in plants significantly with increasing RH, but does not move rapidly to growing points.
Repeated Spontaneous Pregnancies and Successful Deliveries After Repeated Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation and GnRH-Agonist Treatment
Authors: Blumenfeld Zeev , Zuckerman Tsila
Published: January 2010

This article presents a case of repeated spontaneous pregnancies and successful deliveries in a young woman treated with repeated stem cell transplantation and gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist therapy.
The Effect of Passive Opium Smoking on Cardiovascular Indices of Rabbits with Normal and Ischemic Hearts
Authors: Joukar Siyavash , Najafipour Hamid , Malekpour-Afshar Reza , Mirzaeipour Fatemeh , Nasri Hamid Reza
Published: January 2010

Some Asian people believe that opium can protect the cardiovascular system. To assess this belief, we investigated the effect of passive opium smoking (POS) on cardiovascular indices in rabbits with ischemic and non-ischemic hearts.

Rabbits (n = 43) were divided into control (CTL), short term opium (SO) and long term opium (LO) groups. SO and LO groups were exposed to opium smoking for 3 days and 4 weeks, respectively. ECG, blood pressure (BP), left ventricular pressure and cardiac troponin I levels were recorded. Isoproterenol (ISO) was injected to induce cardiac ischemia and after 4 h the above variables were measured along with cardiac histopathology assessment.

All groups showed significant increments in troponin I level (P < 0.05) except the CTL group. This trend was more obvious in ISO-treated groups. Mean arterial pressure (MAP) significantly decreased in all groups (p< 0.05) except the LO group. Opium exposure attenuated ISO-induced myodegeneration but augmented tissue congestion and hemorrhage.

In conclusion, higher troponin I serum level and ECG changes were found in passive opium smoking groups. This evidence is against the belief that opium can protect the cardiovascular system.
Risk Factors for Disease Risk Factors and Attributable Risk Calculations: Are There Mathematical Limits?
Authors: Brown David W. , Anda Robert F.
Published: January 2010

The Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) Study, a
collaborative effort between Kaiser Permanente (San Diego,
CA) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(Atlanta, GA), was designed to examine the long-term
relationship between adverse childhood experiences (ACEs)
and a variety of health behaviors and outcomes in adulthood
[1]. ACEs include childhood emotional, physical, or sexual
abuse and household dysfunction during childhood. The
ACE Study, based on chronic disease prevention and control
models, proposes that ACEs influence social, emotional, and
cognitive impairments which in turn increase the probability
of adopting health risk behaviors that have been documented
to influence the subsequent development of disease,
disability, social problems, and ultimately premature death.
We use the ACE pyramid to depict this concept (see
www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/ace/pyramid.htm).
Sustainable Treatment Method of a High Concentrated NH3 Wastewater by Using Natural Zeolite in Closed-Loop Fixed Bed Systems
Authors: Zorpas Antonis A. , Inglezakis Vassilis J. , Stylianou Marinos , Irene Voukkali
Published: January 2010

The aim of this study is to investigate ammonium removal from a wastewater resulted after homogenization and anaerobic digestion of a mixture of wastes and wastewater from animal processing units and sewage sludge, by using natural zeolite clinoptilolite. Batches as well as closed loop fixed bed system (CLFB) are studied, offering an alternative to conventional fixed bed systems. The experimental results showed that the optimum pH is in the vicinity of 6.48, where the achieved removal in the batch system reached 46%. The CLFB system, under the same experimental conditions and relative flow rate of 2.56 BV h-1, reached a removal of 55%, which is almost 22% higher. In the CLFB the removal of ammonia could be further increased by diluting the initial solution by 1/8, reaching the level of 96%. The achieved zeolite loading, for all studied systems, is between 2.62 and 13 mg g-1. This kind of operation is very useful for relatively high concentration and small volumes of wastewater and in systems that there is no need for continuous flow operation.
Answering the Call: Toward a History of Proposals
Authors: Meloncon Lisa
Published: January 2010

While scholars have begun to write a history of reports and instructions, little scholarship exists on the history of proposals. To fill this gap, I analyze proposals written by Dorothy Wordsworth and Anne Macvicar Grant, ca. 1800. My analysis uses contemporary rhetorical theory to determine how they structured their writing and incorporated rhetorical appeals to achieve their goals. My findings show that their texts should be placed on a continuum of the history and development of the proposal genre. Further findings suggest that their use of contemporary rhetorical theories authorized Wordsworth's and Grant's discourse to successfully affect change.