bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Influence of the Peptide Molar Ratios on the Functionalization of Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Ramirez-Camacho Mayra C. , Tuzovskaya Inga , Bogdanchikova Nina , Pestryakov Alexey , Susarrey-Arce Arturo , Gurin Valerii
Published: December 2013

Au nanoparticles (NPs) functionalized with L-cysteine (Cys) and cysteine-glycine (Cys-Gly) were synthetized. The AuNPs were prepared using sodium citrate as reducing agent. The influence of the molar concentrations of Cys and Cys-Gly, as well as the sodium citrate is studied on particle size and particle size distribution. TEM measurements revealed the formation of AuNPs with diameter in the range 5-35 nm which corresponds to nontoxic sizes [we should add a reference here, perhaps number one]. The optimal particle size for biomedical application along with narrow particle size distribution was observed for samples prepared with molar ratio of CAu:Ccitrate = 1:10. The results of UV-Vis spectroscopy revealed the interaction of the AuNPs with Cys and Gly-Cys demonstrated by a visible change in the absorption intensities of the plasmon peak located at 520 nm after AuNP functionalization and a slight shifting of this gold nanoparticles plasmon peak. Thus, any dielectric shell on surface of particles with more refraction index (and, correspondingly, dielectric function) can produce the particles with the red shift. Such effect of the surface shell with red-shift in the range of few nanometers observed for the AuNPs functionalized with Cys and Cys-Gly (Fig. 4) can be interpreted as thin or discontinuous layer of aminoacid molecules according to the data of optical spectra simulation.
Fabrication of Mullite Fiber Reinforced SiC Porous Ceramic
Authors: Sun Yang Shan , Deng Xiang Yun , Wang Yi Shan , Wang Chuan Fang , Shao Jian , Yang Jie , Sun Guang Hao , Huang Chuan Jun
Published: December 2013

Ceramic fibers and whiskers have been used for modification of toughness because they increase fracture energy due to their high elastic modulus strength. The mechanism of this increase is well known to be pull-out, crack deflection and a bridging mechanism. This study focused on the increase in toughness, strength and thermal shock resistance when using mullite fibers in a gas filter for high temperatures. The green body uses the average 230μm particle diameter of SiC powders, which used as a skeletal material , the length to diameter ratio greater than 10 of the mullite fibers and the mixture of kaolin, feldspar and silica, which was used as a binder. The pore former be made up of graphite and active carbon. The molding pressure is 3MPa, and sintering temperature is 1300°C. The mullite fiber reinforced SiC porous ceramic has low filter pressure drop, 30.36% porosity and 35.66MPa flexural strength, which is higher than the SiC porous ceramic whitout mullite fibers. And the flexural strength degradation was only 5.4% after thermal shock tests.
First-Principle Study on the Photocatalystic Properties of Tungsten Doped Monoclinic BiVO4 Crystallites
Authors: Xi Ying , Jiang Hai Qing , Jin Bo , Shi Jian Zhang , Lei Tian Ming , Zhang Zhi Yong
Published: December 2013

In this paper, the photocatalytic properties of W-doped monoclinic BiVO4 were studied by CASTEP of MS-5.5 software under PWPP based on density function theory (DFT). The results showed that the band gap narrowed and the absorption edge red shifted after 5d atomic orbit of W mixing into the valence band of BiVO4 crystallites, which could effectively improve the photocatalytic activity of BiVO4 crystallites. The calculated results also implied that the photocatalytic properties of monoclinic BiVO4 crystallites could be improved by doping the transition metal with 5d4 orbital.
Critical Behavior of Gd5Si2Ge1.9Ga0.1 near the Ferromagnetic-Paramagnetic Phase Transition
Authors: Zhao Zeng Ru , Wang Gao Feng , Zhang Xue Feng
Published: December 2013

The critical behavior near the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic phase transition in Gd5Si2Ge1.9Ga0.1 has been investigated using a method based on the field dependence of isothermal entropy change. The reliability of the critical exponents determined in such a way has been examined through various techniques, like constructing the modified Arrott plot, applying the scaling law on the isothermal magnetization curves, and comparing the values with those obtained from the Kouvel-Fisher model. The resulting values of the exponents were estimated to be = 0.45(2), = 1.31(5), = 3.9(2) and = 0.69(1), close to the values predicted by the mean field theory. Hence, we concluded that the exchange interaction is of long-range type.
Effect of Active Head Restraint on Cervical Vertebrae Injuries Lessening
Authors: Zhou Shu Wen , Zhang Si Qi
Published: December 2013

A three-dimensional multi-body model of the 50th percentile male human and discretized neck was built to evaluate the effect of active head restraint on cervical vertebrae injuries lessening in vehicle rear impact. The discretized neck includes of cervical spine vertebrae, intervertebral discs, ligaments, and muscles. The BioRID-II adult male dummy restrained using safety belt was seated on a sled, whose longitudinal velocity measured from rear impact FEM simulation was applied to simulate the relative motion of the head and neck. According to the interspinous ligament loads and the ligamenta flava loads of the cervical spine, an active head restraint and an impact absorber were designed to lessening the neck injuries in vehicle rear end collisions.
Improved Extrudability of High Strength Alloys Using an Optimization Method Based on a Combination of Experiments and FEM Software
Authors: Tomovic-Petrovic Stanka , Østhus Rune , Jensrud Ola
Published: December 2013

Numerical analysis of the material flow during the extrusion process for high alloyed variants of the AA 6xxx series is presented in this paper. The analysis was performed by using the commercial FE code Forge2011®. Another issue considered in the paper was an interrelation between the die geometry and the critical extrusion process variables. For optimization of the die exit geometry, the model was produced with the use of linked equation in SolidWorks® combined with Mode FRONTIER.
Several extrusion trials were performed to provide a basis for the verification of simulation results as extrusion temperature, speed and force. For the purpose, rods of a model alloy designated as AlMgSi4, based on an industrial AA6082 aluminium alloy with significantly higher silicon content, were extruded. A good correlation between measured and calculated results was obtained. This approach may enable simplifying when dealing with design of a new alloy.
Unbiased Expression Mapping Identifies a Link between the Complement and Cholinergic Systems in the Rat Central Nervous System
Authors: Lindblom Rickard P. F. , Ström Mikael , Heinig Matthias , Al Nimer Faiez , Aeinehband Shahin , Berg Alexander , Dominguez Cecilia A. , Vijayaraghavan Swetha , Zhang Xing-Mei , Harnesk Karin , Zelano Johan , Hübner Norbert , Cullheim Staffan , Darreh-Shori Taher , Diez Margarita , Piehl Fredrik
Published: December 2013

The complement system is activated in a wide spectrum of CNS diseases and is suggested to play a role in degenerative phenomena such as elimination of synaptic terminals. Still, little is known of mechanisms regulating complement activation in the CNS. Loss of synaptic terminals in the spinal cord after an experimental nerve injury is increased in the inbred DA strain compared with the PVG strain and is associated with expression of the upstream complement components C1q and C3, in the absence of membrane attack complex activation and neutrophil infiltration. To further dissect pathways regulating complement expression, we performed genome-wide expression profiling and linkage analysis in a large F2(DA × PVG) intercross, which identified quantitative trait loci regulating expression of C1qa, C1qb, C3, and C9. Unlike C1qa, C1qb, and C9, which all displayed distinct coregulation with different cis-regulated C-type lectins, C3 was regulated in a coexpression network immediately downstream of butyrylcholinesterase. Butyrylcholinesterase hydrolyses acetylcholine, which exerts immunoregulatory effects partly through TNF-α pathways. Accordingly, increased C3, but not C1q, expression was demonstrated in rat and mouse glia following TNF-α stimulation, which was abrogated in a dose-dependent manner by acetylcholine. These findings demonstrate new pathways regulating CNS complement expression using unbiased mapping in an experimental in vivo system. A direct link between cholinergic activity and complement activation is supported by in vitro experiments. The identification of distinct pathways subjected to regulation by naturally occurring genetic variability is of relevance for the understanding of disease mechanisms in neurologic conditions characterized by neuronal injury and complement activation.
PD-L1 Limits the Mucosal CD8+ T Cell Response to Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Fankhauser Sarah C. , Starnbach Michael N.
Published: December 2013

Chlamydia trachomatis infection is the most common bacterial sexually transmitted disease in the United States. Repeated infections with C. trachomatis lead to serious sequelae, such as infertility. It is unclear why the adaptive immune system, specifically the CD8+ T cell response, is unable to protect against subsequent C. trachomatis infections. In this article, we characterize the mucosal CD8+ T cell response to C. trachomatis in the murine genital tract. We demonstrate that the immunoinhibitory ligand, PD-L1, contributes to the defective CD8+ T cell response. Deletion or inhibition of PD-L1 restores the CD8+ T cell response and enhances C. trachomatis clearance.
CCR7 Is Mainly Expressed in Teleost Gills, Where It Defines an IgD+IgM− B Lymphocyte Subset
Authors: Castro Rosario , Bromage Erin , Abós Beatriz , Pignatelli Jaime , González Granja Aitor , Luque Alfonso , Tafalla Carolina
Published: December 2013

Chemokine receptor CCR7, the receptor for both CCL19 and CCL21 chemokines, regulates the recruitment and clustering of circulating leukocytes to secondary lymphoid tissues, such as lymph nodes and Peyer's patches. Even though teleost fish do not have either of these secondary lymphoid structures, we have recently reported a homolog to CCR7 in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). In the present work, we have studied the distribution of leukocytes bearing extracellular CCR7 in naive adult tissues by flow cytometry, observing that among the different leukocyte populations, the highest numbers of cells with membrane (mem)CCR7 were recorded in the gill (7.5 ± 2% CCR7+ cells). In comparison, head kidney, spleen, thymus, intestine, and peripheral blood possessed <5% CCR7+ cells. When CCR7 was studied at early developmental stages, we detected a progressive increase in gene expression and protein CCR7 levels in the gills throughout development. Surprisingly, the majority of the CCR7+ cells in the gills were not myeloid cells and did not express membrane CD8, IgM, nor IgT, but expressed IgD on the cell surface. In fact, most IgD+ cells in the gills expressed CCR7. Intriguingly, the IgD+CCR7+ population did not coexpress memIgM. Finally, when trout were bath challenged with viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus, the number of CCR7+ cells significantly decreased in the gills while significantly increased in head kidney. These results provide evidence of the presence of a novel memIgD+memIgM− B lymphocyte subset in trout that expresses memCCR7 and responds to viral infections. Similarities with IgD+IgM− subsets in mammals are discussed.
LA RELACIÓN ENTRE LOS CARBOHIDRATOS Y LA VITALIDAD EN ÁRBOLES URBANOS
Authors: Martínez-Trinidad Tomás , Plascencia-Escalante Francisca O. , Islas-Rodríguez Lisbet
Published: December 2013

La concentración de carbohidratos, producto de la fotosíntesis, varía de acuerdo con las condiciones ambientales y las etapas fenológicas de los árboles urbanos. Como la distribución de azúcares es controlada por las relaciones fuente-demanda, la reserva de carbohidratos se vuelve una parte fundamental para afrontar las condiciones de estrés. Algunas investigaciones en Inglaterra y Estados Unidos han demostrado que la aplicación de azúcares al suelo mejora la vitalidad del arbolado urbano; sin embargo, se debe considerar el uso de éstos por los microorganismos. Por lo anterior, la inyección de azúcares al tronco se propone como un método alternativo. La vitalidad de los árboles se determina con base en diferentes variables como el crecimiento, la concentración de carbohidratos y la fluorescencia de clorofila. El trabajo integra información que describe la relación de los azúcares con la vitalidad del arbolado urbano.
EFECTO DE LA COMBINACIÓN DE TÉCNICAS DE ESTABLECIMIENTO SOBRE EL CRECIMIENTO INICIAL DE Grevillea robusta A. Cunn.
Authors: Martiarena Rodolfo A. , Von Wallis Alejandra , Fernández Roberto A. , Knebel Otto E.
Published: December 2013

El efecto de la combinación de técnicas de establecimiento se evaluó sobre el crecimiento inicial de Grevillea robusta, en el norte de la provincia de Corrientes, Argentina. Los tratamientos incluyeron la combinación de dos factores. El primero de ellos aplicado previo a la plantación de G. robusta y consistió en el manejo de residuos con dos niveles: a) conservación de residuos y b) quema de residuos. El segundo factor consistió en la aplicación de fertilizante con tres niveles: a) sin aplicación de fertilizante, b) aplicación de fertilizante luego del establecimiento de la plantación y, c) aplicación de fertilizante después de un año del establecimiento de la plantación. La combinación de técnicas de establecimiento de la plantación modificó el crecimiento inicial de G. robusta. La mejor combinación fue la quema de residuos con fertilización durante el establecimiento. Con dicha combinación, la plantación logró un incremento en diámetro de 43.7 % a los 36 meses de edad, siendo superior que el obtenido con el tratamiento de conservación de residuos sin aplicación de fertilizante.
ANÁLISIS DEL MARCO REGULATORIO EN EL APROVECHAMIENTO DE LOS HONGOS SILVESTRES COMESTIBLES EN MÉXICO
Authors: Benítez-Badillo Griselda , Alvarado-Castillo Gerardo , Nava-Tablada Martha E. , Pérez-Vázquez Arturo
Published: December 2013

La recolección y venta de hongos silvestres comestibles, junto con la de otros productos forestales no maderables, constituyen una estrategia alimentaria y de subsistencia para los productores rurales. A pesar de la importancia social, económica, ecológica y cultural, dichas actividades todavía son de las más aisladas y poco conocidas del sector primario nacional. Esto trae como consecuencia la ausencia de políticas, esquemas de apoyo y estrategias de desarrollo para tales actividades. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue exponer la necesidad de generar estadísticas oficiales en la recolección de hongos y establecer la relación entre la investigación científica, políticas públicas y el marco legal vigente, con el fin de conocer el estado actual de esta actividad y sus perspectivas a futuro. Se observa que el desconocimiento de la recolección de hongos ocasiona que no se le considere y excluya de las políticas de desarrollo del gobierno y de los sectores social y privado. De la misma manera, la falta de información, gestión y vinculación causa el rezago de la recolección y, con ello, su eventual sustitución o reemplazo por otras actividades. Sin embargo, existen ciertas potencialidades que debidamente manejadas pueden representar una alternativa real en el manejo sustentable de los bosques de México.
VARIACIÓN ALTITUDINAL ENTRE ESPECIES Y PROCEDENCIAS DE Pinus pseudostrobus, P. devoniana y P. leiophylla. ENSAYO DE VIVERO
Authors: Castellanos-Acuña Dante , Sáenz-Romero Cuauhtémoc , Lindig-Cisneros Roberto A. , Sánchez-Vargas Nahum M. , Lobbit Phillipe , Montero-Castro Juan Carlos
Published: December 2013

Los bosques de pino-encino de la comunidad de Nuevo San Juan, Michoacán, están dominados por Pinus pseudostrobus, P. devoniana y P. leiophylla. Los patrones de variación genética de estas especies no se conocen lo suficiente, particularmente los de P. leiophylla, lo cual limita la creación de lineamientos para el movimiento de semillas y plántulas para reforestación y su adaptación al cambio climático. Las especies se recolectaron en cuatro o cinco procedencias a lo largo de un transecto altitudinal (1,650 a 2,500 m) para el establecimiento de un ensayo en vivero, con el objetivo de cuantificar la variación genética entre y dentro de las especies. La altura de la planta (tres y cinco meses de edad) fue significativamente diferente (P < 0.0001) entre especies. Entre procedencias hubo diferencias significativas para P. devoniana (P < 0.0001) y P. leiophylla (P = 0.0352). La especie P. devoniana mostró un pronunciado patrón de crecimiento asociado con la altitud de origen, donde las plantas con mayor crecimiento procedían de una menor altitud. Las poblaciones de P. leiophylla fueron diferentes sólo a los tres meses de edad, sin un patrón altitudinal estadísticamente significativo. No se encontraron diferencias significativas entre poblaciones de P. pseudostrobus.
MARCADORES MORFOMÉTRICOS PARA LA IDENTIFICACIÓN DEL SEXO EN Zamia furfuracea L. f. (Zamiaceae)
Authors: Baldo-Romero María Á. , Iglesias-Andreu Lourdes G. , Vázquez-Torres Mario , Sánchez-Velásquez Lázaro R. , Luna-Rodríguez Mauricio , Octavio-Aguilar Pablo
Published: December 2013

Zamia furfuracea L. f. es endémica de Veracruz, México. La especie es una cícada dioica que se encuentra en peligro de extinción. No se ha registrado la existencia de un dimorfismo sexual en esta especie, por lo que no es posible efectuar una identificación del sexo en estadios tempranos o sin estructuras reproductivas. La determinación de las diferencias asociadas con el sexo en Z. furfuracea se hizo a través de la evaluación de nueve variables morfológicas en 31 individuos machos y 26 hembras de una población natural de Veracruz. El número de pares de foliolos, el ancho de la hoja, el promedio del ancho del foliolo y el diámetro del pecíolo fueron significativamente diferentes entre sexos (P = 0.043, P = 0.032, P = 0.041 y P = 0.002, respectivamente). Estos caracteres pueden constituir marcadores morfométricos para determinar, con mayor certeza, la proporción de sexos en la especie.
ELEMENTOS FLORÍSTICOS DE INTERÉS PARA CONSERVACIÓN, PRESENTES EN LOS BOSQUES HÚMEDOS DE LA SIERRA DEL LAUREL Y LA SIERRA FRÍA, AGUASCALIENTES, MÉXICO
Authors: Rodríguez-Ávalos José A. , Siqueiros-Delgado Ma. Elena , Cortés-Ortiz Armando , Zamudio-Ruiz Sergio , Martínez-Ramírez Julio , Sierra-Muñoz José Carlos
Published: December 2013

Aguascalientes se localiza en la región centro-norte de México donde convergen bosques de encino y pino-encino de la Sierra Madre Occidental, pastizales y matorrales xerófilos del Altiplano Zacatecano-Potosino, y bosque tropical caducifolio de las cuencas del río Juchipila y río Verde. Dentro de esta diversidad florística se registra un pequeño conjunto de elementos indicadores de ambientes húmedos asociados al bosque mesófilo de montaña, que se conserva en las barrancas más húmedas de la Sierra Fría y Sierra del Laurel, formando parte de bosques de encino y bosques riparios. Con el objetivo de estimar la distribución de dichos elementos florísticos y de los bosques que los contienen, se combinaron técnicas de análisis visual, imágenes de satélite multiespectrales SPOT-5 y muestreos de vegetación. Acorde con los resultados, se estima que los sitios con elementos afines al bosque mesófilo cubren 1,031.5 ha distribuidas en 12 localidades principales. Los sitios con mayor riqueza de especies son Boca Oscura y Los Alisos en la Sierra del Laurel. Entre las especies de interés destacan Alnus acuminata, Cercocarpus macrophyllus, Clethra hartwegii, Garrya laurifolia, Litsea glaucescens, Populus tremuloides, Quercus castanea y Quercus candicans, las cuales son componentes comunes en los bosques templados-húmedos del centro y occidente de México.
Ricœur et Butler: Lumières sur le débat sexe/genre, à travers le prisme de l’identité narrative
Authors: Deschênes Marjolaine
Published: December 2013

Cet article met en lumière un paradigme de réflexion ignoré par la recherche féministe qui a trait au débat sexe/genre, tel qu’il se présente chez Judith Butler (Trouble dans le genre). D’abord, je rappellerai que la philosophe s’inscrit dans la tradition herméneutique du soupçon. Deuxièmement, je mettrai en relief le concept implicitement platonicien de mimèsis, central dans la subversion espérée du genre et pourtant resté sans critique chez Butler et ses adeptes. Troisièmement, parce que le féminisme butlérien échoue à conjurer les dualismes et à penser du même coup l’idem et l’ipse identitaires, j’attirerai l’attention sur les concepts ricœuriens de triple mimèsis et d’identité narrative, qui permettent d’écarter dichotomies et hiérarchisations. Dans les sillons de Paul Ricœur et de Françoise Héritier, je défendrai enfin un point de vue féministe herméneutique, différentialiste et universaliste.
"First" and "Third" World Feminism(s): Does Paul Ricoeur’s Philosophy Offer a Way to Bridge the Gap?
Authors: Riley Stephanie
Published: December 2013

This essay considers how Paul Ricoeur’s philosophy, including his philosophical hermeneutics and narrative theory, could be employed to facilitate dialogue and understanding between feminists from different contexts. Authors such as bel hooks and Hélène Cixous frame feminist tenets of liberation from sexual oppression and validation of the body as a source of knowledge. Weaving together Ricoeur’s writing and theories with the work of two feminist scholars, Trinh T. Minh-ha and Grace M. Cho, illuminates the potential Ricoeur’s work has to play a part in feminist discourse.
Explorations in Otherness: Paul Ricœur and Luce Irigaray
Authors: Joy Morny
Published: December 2013

This essay explores the work of both Paul Ricoeur and Luce Irigaray particularly in regard to their appeal to imagination and imaginary constructs as ways of introducing change in thought and action. While metaphor is at the heart of Ricoeur’s theory, Irigaray eschews metaphor – at least consciously. Nevertheless, there are a number of fruitful ways that their work can be compared and contrasted, especially on the question of the other, and the concept of recognition.
Introduction
Authors: Henriques Fernanda
Published: December 2013

Introduction, vol. 4, 1 (2013).
Position of folic acid in fortification of nutrition in neonatal period
Authors: Žikavská Tatiana , Brucknerová Ingrid
Published: December 2013

Folic acid is an essential vitamin which has been known in recent 50 years. It plays an important role in period of neurogenesis. The substitution of folic acid is one of the important parts in the complex treatment of anaemia in premature newborns. It is also a component of artificial milk formulae or breast milk following mother’s intake. Fortification of foods with folic acid for population in the world is still discussed. To determine optimal dose of folic acid in premature newborns is difficult. Daily recommended doses of folic acid in infants under the six months were identified. The needs of folic acid in newborns vary. It depends upon the gestational age, body reserves at birth or maternal status of folates during gravidity. On the other hand there is a risk of accumulation of unmetabolised folic acid in circulation of newborns after mandatory folic acid fortification in some countries, which were reported in some studies. The safe upper limits of folic acid intake in premature newborns are not known.
In this review article authors inform about the clear positive effect of folic acid in prenatal and neonatal period, but excessive doses of folic acid could present risk of accumulation and possible adverse effects. To follow up these notions further studies are required.
Relationship between mastitis causative pathogens and somatic cell counts in dairy cows
Authors: Idriss Sharaf Eldeen Abu Baker , Tančin Vladimí­r , Foltys Vladimí­r , Kirchnerová Katarí­na , Tančinová Dana , Vršková Martina
Published: December 2013

Milk somatic cell count is a key component of national and international regulation for milk quality and an indicator of udder health and of the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy herds. The objective of this study was to evaluate the presence of mastitis pathogens in milk samples differed by somatic cell count (SCC) in microbiologically positive samples. Also frequency of distribution of samples differed by SCC were studied in non infected samples as well. The milk samples were collected from individual quarters from the dairy farms located in Nitra region with problematic udder health of herd for SCC and bacteriological analysis. Totally, 390 milk samples were examined, and 288 (73.85%) positive milk samples were detected. Four SCC groups of samples (<100, <100<SCC<200, <200<SCC<400 and >400×103/ml) were used to identify presence of microorganisms in positive samples. The most frequently isolated pathogens in samples with high SCC >400×103/ml according to year were Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (29.11 %) in 2012, followed by Staphylococcus aureus (28.0%) in 2010, yeasts (24.05%) in 2012, Escherichia coli (22.78%) in 2012, Bacillus sp. (20%) in 2010 and Pseudomonas aerugenosa (11.88%) in 2011. Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (66.67%) were the predominantly identified in the samples with low SCC <100×103 cells/ml, followed by Bacillus spp (50%), Entrococcus spp. (33.33%) and Staphylococcus aureus (16.67%) and E. coli (16.67%). The results of this study indicated that the SCC of individual milk samples corresponded with the health status of the udder of dairy cows represented by presence of mastitis microorganisms in milk. However, the contamination of milk samples could be also connected with low SCC. On the ohter side the samples with high SCC were found out without presence of microorganism. The further study is needed to identify the reason of high SCC in milk from negative samples.
Occurence of antibiotic resistant enterococci on skin of teats and teat cups of milking machine
Authors: Krebs Artimová Anna , Ducková Viera , Kročko Miroslav
Published: December 2013

The production of high-quality milk with low bacteriological counts begins at the farm and involves multiple factors related to cows, environment, and hygiene of equipment. The aim of this study was to investigate the occurrence of enterococci in conditions of farmhouse production and antibiotic resistance of 49 strains isolated from skin of teats and 50 strains isolated from teat cups of milking machine. The samples for enumeration and isolation of enterococci were cultured on selective diagnostic Slanetz-Bartley agar. The isolates were phenotypically identified at the species level with EN-COCCUS test. Susceptibilities of isolated enterococci to antibiotic (vancomycin 30 μg/disc, ampicillin 10 μg/disc, erythromycin 15 μg/disc, gentamicin 120 μg/disc, teicoplanin 30 μg/disc and tetracycline 30 μg/disc) were tested using the disc diffusion method.  The counts of enterococci from teats reached the average value 2.77 log10 cfu.ml-1 and from teat cups of milking machine average value 2.85 log10 cfu.ml-1. The dominant species isolated from teats (41%) and also from teat cups (36%) were representatives of E. group III - E. durans, E. hirae, E. faecalis asaccharolytic var. The isolates of enterococci obtained from teats showed resistance to tetracycline (4%), erythromycin (4%) and intermediary resistance to tetracycline (8%), erythromycin (25%) and to vancomycin (8%). The isolates of enterococci obtained from teat cups showed resistance to tetracycline (2%) and intermediary resistance to erythromycin (20%) and to vancomycin (6%). No resistance to the antibiotic teicoplanin, ampicillin and gentamicin was found. The most of the isolates of enterococci were sensitive to the tested antibiotics.
Diversity: AWWA's True Measure of Success
Authors: Simpson Michael D.
Published: December 2013

Imagine AWWA as an even more diverse group of men and women who are driven to protect public health and deliver a better world through better water. Now that's a world we should all want to live in.
Shutdown and Sit Down and Shut Up
Authors: Roberson J. Alan
Published: December 2013

This column is a little more challenging than most because I'm writing this in early October in the midst of the federal government shutdown, knowing that the column will actually be published in January 2014 when things (hopefully) will be back to normal ‐ at least as normal as they can be in Washington, D.C. So I thought I would approach the shutdown from three different perspectives ‐ personal to professional to national, while all of the time remaining as politically neutral as possible.
Adipose-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells From Aged Patients With Coronary Artery Disease Keep Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Properties but Exhibit Characteristics of Aging and Have Impaired Angiogenic Potential
Authors: Efimenko Anastasia , Dzhoyashvili Nina , Kalinina Natalia , Kochegura Tatiana , Akchurin Renat , Tkachuk Vsevolod , Parfyonova Yelena
Published: December 2013

Tissue regeneration is impaired in aged individuals. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADSCs), a promising source for cell therapy, were shown to secrete various angiogenic factors and improve vascularization of ischemic tissues. We analyzed how patient age affected the angiogenic properties of ADSCs. ADSCs were isolated from subcutaneous fat tissue of patients with coronary artery disease (CAD; n = 64, 43–77 years old) and without CAD (n = 31, 2–82 years old). ADSC phenotype characterized by flow cytometry was CD90+/CD73+/CD105+/CD45−/CD31− for all samples, and these cells were capable of adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation. ADSCs from aged patients had shorter telomeres (quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction) and a tendency to attenuated telomerase activity. ADSC-conditioned media (ADSC-CM) stimulated capillary-like tube formation by endothelial cells (EA.hy926), and this effect significantly decreased with the age of patients both with and without CAD. Angiogenic factors (vascular endothelial growth factor, placental growth factor, hepatocyte growth factor, angiopoetin-1, and angiogenin) in ADSC-CM measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay significantly decreased with patient age, whereas levels of antiangiogenic factors thrombospondin-1 and endostatin did not. Expression of angiogenic factors in ADSCs did not change with patient age (real-time polymerase chain reaction); however, gene expression of factors related to extracellular proteolysis (urokinase and its receptor, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1) and urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor surface expression increased in ADSCs from aged patients with CAD. ADSCs from aged patients both with and without CAD acquire aging characteristics, and their angiogenic potential declines because of decreasing proangiogenic factor secretion. This could restrict the effectiveness of autologous cell therapy with ADSCs in aged patients.
Proposta para a adequação da tipologia e para a identificação dos componentes biofísicos dos atrativos naturais nos destinos de ecoturismo no Brasil
Authors: Pires Paulo dos Santos
Published: December 2013

No contexto da relação entre o turismo e as áreas naturais e, mais especificamente, da demanda turística em relação à natureza e aos recursos nela contidos, capazes de despertar o interesse humano pelo contato direto, conhecimento e fruição, o presente artigo aborda a tipologia dos recursos naturais e atrativos associados nos destinos de ecoturismo no Brasil, com ênfase nos seus componentes biofísicos. Para tanto, realizou-se uma abordagem, sobretudo, qualitativa, voltada para uma amostra de operadoras de turismo na natureza e ecoturismo no Brasil. A análise de conteúdo dos dados compilados e sistematizados resultou, primeiramente, na apresentação de um quadro síntese da tipologia dos recursos naturais e das atividades que ocorrem nos 45 destinos do ecoturismo, identificados como os de maior oferta e com representatividade nacional. Em seguida, propõe-se um quadro para a classificação da categoria atrativos naturais, com uma tipologia associada às características relevantes e com aplicação específica para o registro dos atrativos do ecoturismo. Por fim, apresenta-se uma proposta de identificação e descrição dos componentes naturais dos destinos de ecoturismo com base em um modelo de composição visual da paisagem, exemplificada em três destinos preferenciais deste segmento. Os resultados obtidos expressam a possibilidade de se valer do ordenamento e da sistematização de informações sobre os atrativos naturais e atividades relacionadas, para alcançar um melhor padrão de apresentação e descrição da “matéria prima” das agências e operadoras de ecoturismo, assim, melhor atender às necessidades de qualidade e diferenciação requeridas para este segmento. Já para o meio acadêmico, poderá se constituir em uma contribuição metodológica para o ensino e a pesquisa sobre o tema.
Clinical Immobilization Techniques for Proton Therapy
Authors: Wroe Andrew J. , Bush David A. , Schulte Reinhard W. , Slater Jerry D.
Published: December 2013

Proton therapy through the use of the Bragg peak affords clinicians a tool with which highly conformal dose can be delivered to the target while minimizing integral dose to surrounding healthy tissue. To gain maximum benefit from proton therapy adequate patient immobilization must be maintained to ensure accurate dose delivery. While immobilization in external beam radiation therapy is designed to minimize inter- and intra-fraction target motion, in proton therapy there are other additional aspects which must be considered, chief of which is accurately determining and maintaining the targets water-equivalent depth along the beam axis. Over the past 23 years of treating with protons, the team at the James M. Slater Proton Treatment and Research Center at Loma Linda University Medical Center have developed and implemented extensive immobilization systems to address the specific needs of protons. In this publication we review the immobilization systems that are used at Loma Linda in the treatment of head and neck, prostate, upper GI, lung and breast disease, along with a description of the intracranial radiosurgery immobilization system used in the treatment of brain metastasis and arteriovenous malformations (AVM’s).
Birds of a Feather
Authors: Bronner Yigal
Published: December 2013

Courier poetry is perhaps the richest and most vital literary genre of premodern South Asia, with hundreds of poems in a great variety of languages. But other than dubbing these poems “imitations” of Kālidāsa’s classical model, existing scholarship offers very little explanation of why this should be the case: why poets repeatedly turned to this literary form, exactly how they engaged with existing precedents, and what, if anything, was new in these many poems. In hopes of raising and beginning to answer such questions, this essay closely examines one such work, the Haṃsasandeśa of Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa (fl. ca. 1400), and its close correspondence with two important intertexts: Kālidāsa’s Meghasandeśa and Vedānta Deśika’s Haṃsasandeśa. I argue that Vāmana Bhaṭṭa Bāṇa’s work is an intricate mosaic that is put together from pieces—both absences and presences—that are taken from both these poems and that make sense only if we are familiar with their sources, and that this mosaic is nonetheless a surprisingly new and independent statement. On the basis of this analysis, I go on to suggest that novelty in the genre is partly made possible (and manifest) precisely through dense engagement with the vocabulary, figures of speech, situations, and other building blocks of the intertexts, a practice that often results in a heightened mode of density.
Ancient Judaism: New Visions and Views. By Michael E. Stone
Authors: Ulmer Rivka
Published: December 2013

Ancient Judaism: New Visions and Views. By Michael E. Stone. Grand Rapids, Mich.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 2011. Pp. xiv + 242. $30 (paper).
Paul the Martyr: The Cult of the Apostle in the Latin West. By David L. Eastman
Authors: Van Dam Raymond
Published: December 2013

Paul the Martyr: The Cult of the Apostle in the Latin West. By David L. Eastman. Writings from the Greco-Roman World Supplement Series, vol. 4. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2011. Pp. xx + 238, illus. $30.95 (paper).
Mitteliranische Handschriften, pt. 4: Iranian Manuscripts in Syriac Script in the Berlin Turfan Collection. By Nicholas Sims-Williams
Authors: Barbati Chiara
Published: December 2013

Mitteliranische Handschriften, pt. 4: Iranian Manuscripts in Syriac Script in the Berlin Turfan Collection. By Nicholas Sims-Williams. Verzeichnis der orientalischen Handschriften in Deutschland, vol. 18, 4. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag, 2012. Pp. 249.
Theodosius Sphaerica: Arabic and Medieval Latin Translations. Edited by Paul Kunitzsch and Richard Lorch
Authors: Sidoli Nathan
Published: December 2013

Theodosius Sphaerica: Arabic and Medieval Latin Translations. Edited by Paul Kunitzsch and Richard Lorch. Boethius, vol. 62. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 2010. Pp. vii + 431. €64.
Towards a Cultural History of the Mamluk Era. Edited by Mahmoud Haddad, Arnim Heinemann, John L. Meloy, and Souad Slim
Authors: Varisco Daniel Martin
Published: December 2013

Towards a Cultural History of the Mamluk Era. Edited by Mahmoud Haddad, Arnim Heinemann, John L. Meloy, and Souad Slim. Beiruter Texte und Studien, vol. 118. Beirut: Orient-Institut, 2010. [Distributed by Ergon Verlag Würzburg.] Pp. xii + 164 + 152 (Arabic), illus. €68.
Libyan Anarchy: Inscriptions from Egypt’s Third Intermediate Period. By Robert K. Rittner
Authors: Spalinger Anthony
Published: December 2013

The Libyan Anarchy: Inscriptions from Egypt’s Third Intermediate Period. By Robert K. Rittner. Writings from the Ancient World, vol. 21. Atlanta: Society of Biblical Literature, 2009. Pp. xix + 621. $59.95 (paper).
Front Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: December 2013

Front matter
Synthesis of Building Blocks and Oligonucleotides Containing {T}O4‐Alkylene‐O4{T} Interstrand Cross‐Links
Authors: O'Flaherty Derek K. , McManus Francis P. , Noronha Anne M. , Wilds Christopher J.
Published: December 2013

This protocol describes the preparation of O
4‐thymidine‐alkylene‐O
4‐thymidine dimer bis‐phosphoramidites and precursors for incorporation into DNA sequences to produce site‐specific DNA interstrand cross‐links. Linkers are introduced at the 4‐position of thymidine by reacting the sodium salt of a diol with a pyrimidinyl‐convertible nucleoside to produce mono‐adducts, which then undergo reaction with a stoichiometric equivalent of a pyrimidinyl‐convertible nucleoside under basic conditions to form O
4‐thymidine‐alkylene‐O
4‐thymidine dimers. Bis‐phosphoramidites are incorporated into oligonucleotides by solid‐phase synthesis, and mild conditions for deprotection and cleavage from the solid support are employed to prevent degradation of the thymidine modifications. Purification of these cross‐linked oligonucleotides is performed by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. This approach allows for the preparation of cross‐linked DNA substrates in quantities and purity sufficient for a wide range of biophysical experiments and biochemical studies as substrates to investigate DNA repair pathways. Curr. Protoc. Nucleic Acid Chem. 55:5.13.1‐5.13.19. © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Radiative forcing at high concentrations of well‐mixed greenhouse gases
Authors: Byrne B. , Goldblatt C.
Published: December 2013

We present new calculations of radiative forcing at very high concentrations of CO2, CH4, and N2O, relevant to extreme anthropogenic climate change and paleoclimate studies. CO2 forcing is calculated over the range 100 ppmv to 50,000 ppmv, and the maximum forcing is 38.1 W m−2. CH4 and N2O forcings are calculated over the range 100 ppbv to 100 ppmv and give maximum forcings of 6.66 W m−2 and 22.3 W m−2. The sensitivity of our calculations to spatial averaging and tropopause definition is examined. We compare our results with the “simplified expressions” reported by Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) and find significant differences at high greenhouse gas concentrations. We provide new simplified expressions which agree much better with the calculated forcings and suggest that these expressions be used in place of the IPCC expressions. Additionally, we provide meridionally resolved forcings which may be used to force simple and intermediate complexity climate models.
Data‐driven Green's function retrieval and application to imaging with multidimensional deconvolution
Authors: Broggini Filippo , Wapenaar Kees , van der Neut Joost , Snieder Roel
Published: December 2013

An iterative method is presented that allows one to retrieve the Green's function originating from a virtual source located inside a medium using reflection data measured only at the acquisition surface. In addition to the reflection response, an estimate of the travel times corresponding to the direct arrivals is required. However, no detailed information about the heterogeneities in the medium is needed. The iterative scheme generalizes the Marchenko equation for inverse scattering to the seismic reflection problem. To give insight in the mechanism of the iterative method, its steps for a simple layered medium are analyzed using physical arguments based on the stationary phase method. The retrieved Green's wavefield is shown to correctly contain the multiples due to the inhomogeneities present in the medium. Additionally, a variant of the iterative scheme enables decomposition of the retrieved wavefield into its downgoing and upgoing components. These wavefields then enable creation of a ghost‐free image of the medium with either cross correlation or multidimensional deconvolution, presenting an advantage over standard prestack migration.
The 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull: Lightning and plume charge structure
Authors: Behnke S. A. , Thomas R. J. , Edens H. E. , Krehbiel P. R. , Rison W.
Published: December 2013

Six Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) stations were deployed in April 2010 around Eyjafjallajökull volcano in southern Iceland. Single‐station LMA observations were made during the first explosive period (14–18 April), and three‐dimensional LMA observations were made during the second explosive period (5–22 May). The single‐station observations revealed that continuous RF electrical activity caused by high rates of small vent discharges occurred during the first explosive period, but not the second, indicating that the strength of vent charging varied between the first and second explosive periods. During the second explosive period, very little lightning was detected between 5 and 10 May, while moderate rates of lightning were detected between 11 and 21 May, signaling that another change occurred on 11 May that affected plume electrification. The data do not make clear if it was changing eruptive activity or changing meteorological activity that resulted in the sudden onset of lightning. The plume charge structure during the second explosive period was inferred from the three‐dimensional lightning data, showing that the dominant charge structure varied between a positive monopole and a negative‐over‐positive dipole. The predominance of a low‐altitude region of positive charge and the observation that electrical activity was concentrated near the vent indicate that net positive vent charging was dominating the electrification.
Sub‐3 nm particles observed at the coastal and continental sites in the United States
Authors: Yu Huan , Gannet Hallar A. , You Yi , Sedlacek Arthur , Springston Stephen , Kanawade Vijay P. , Lee Yin‐Nan , Wang Jian , Kuang Chongai , McGraw Robert L. , McCubbin Ian , Mikkila Jyri , Lee Shan‐Hu
Published: December 2013

Direct measurements of atmospheric sub‐3 nm particles are crucial for understanding the new particle formation mechanisms, but such measurements are very limited at present. We report measurements of sub‐3nm particles at Brookhaven, New York (a coastal site in summer) and Kent, Ohio (a continental site in winter). During daytime, in approximately 80% of the observation days at both sites, sub‐3nm particle events were observed with concentrations of 2800 ± 1600 cm‐3, and they appeared with the elevated sulfuric acid concentrations. During the nighttime at the coastal site under the marine air mass influences, there were also substantial concentrations of sub‐3nm particles (1500 ± 400 cm‐3), but they did not grow larger. On the other hand, at the coastal Brookhaven site under the continental air mass influences and at the inland Kent site during the night, the sub‐3nm particles were significantly lower (190 ± 130 cm‐3). Our results indicate that sub‐3nm particles were not always present, and their presence was rather closely associated with specific aerosol nucleation precursors: sulfuric acid and other unknown condensable chemical species likely present in the marine air masses. These findings are thus different from other studies conducted in the Finland boreal forest, which showed a persistent presence of high concentrations of sub‐2nm particles and that these sub‐2nm particles were more correlated to monoterpene oxidation products than to sulfuric acid. Therefore, different nucleation mechanisms, as opposed on to a universal mechanism, involving different nucleation precursors dominate in different atmospheric environments with different emissions and transported trace gases.
Selected current‐use and historic‐use pesticides in air and seawater of the Bohai and Yellow Seas, China
Authors: Zhong Guangcai , Tang Jianhui , Xie Zhiyong , Möller Axel , Zhao Zhen , Sturm Renate , Chen Yingjun , Tian Chongguo , Pan Xiaohui , Qin Wei , Zhang Gan , Ebinghaus Ralf
Published: December 2013

Consumption of pesticides in China has increased rapidly in recent years; however, occurrence and fate of current‐use pesticides (CUPs) in China coastal waters are poorly understood. Globally banned pesticides, so‐called historic‐use pesticides (HUPs), are still commonly observed in the environment. In this work, air and surface seawater samples taken from the Bohai and Yellow Seas in May 2012 were analyzed for CUPs including trifluralin, quintozene, chlorothalonil, dicofol, chlorpyrifos, and dacthal, as well as HUPs (hexachlorobenzene (HCB), hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), and endosulfan). CUP profile in both air and seawater samples generally reflected their consumption patterns in China. HUPs in the air and seawater samples were in comparable levels as those of CUPs with high concentrations. α‐Endosulfan, dicofol, and chlorothalonil showed strong net deposition likely resulting from their intensive use in recent years, while CUPs with low consumption amount (quintozene and dacthal) were close to equilibrium at most samplings sites. Another CUP with high usage amout (i.e., chlorpyrifos) underwent volatilization possibly due to its longer half‐life in seawater than that in air. α‐HCH and γ‐HCH were close to equilibrium in the Bohai Sea, but mainly underwent net deposition in the Yellow Sea. The net deposition of α‐HCH could be attributed to polluted air pulses from the East China identified by air mass back trajectories. β‐HCH showed net volatilization in the Bohai Sea, which was driven by its relative enrichment in seawater. HCB either slightly favored net volatilization or was close to equilibrium in the Bohai and Yellow Seas.