bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Juxtaglomerular Cell Tumor of Kidney With CD34 and CD117 Immunoreactivity: Report of 5 Cases
Authors: Kim Hyun-Jung , Kim Chul Hwan , Choi Yeong-Jin , Ayala Alberto G. , Amirikachi Mojgan , Ro Jae Y.
Published: February 2021

Context.—Juxtaglomerular cell tumor is a rare renal neoplasm. Renin immunohistochemistry and electron microscopic documentation of rhomboid crystals are the primary methods of diagnosing this benign tumor.

Objectives.—In this retrospective study, we evaluated the morphologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features of 5 cases of juxtaglomerular cell tumor to determine the effectiveness of CD34 and CD117 immunohistochemistry for the diagnosis of this tumor.

Design.—We reviewed 5 cases with clinical, histologic, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural aspects.

Results.—Three women and 2 men with a mean age of 37.8 years (range, 16–60 years) were included in this study. All patients presented with severe hypertension. All tumors were well circumscribed and ranged from 1.5 cm to 8.5 cm (mean, 4.4 cm). On light microscopic examination, we found solid sheets and nests of tumor cells with oval-to-round nuclei and eosinophilic cytoplasm. Low-power microscopic examination disclosed a hemangiopericytic vascular pattern. Immunohistochemistry results were as follows: vimentin (positive), renin (weakly positive), smooth muscle actin (focal immunoreactivity), and cytokeratin (negative). All 5 tumors were immunoreactive for CD34 and CD117. Electron microscopy revealed rhomboid crystals in the cytoplasm. Postoperatively, 4 patients were normotensive and 1 patient experienced persistent mild hypertension.

Conclusions.—Our findings indicate that immunohistochemistry for CD34 and CD117 are effective at diagnosing juxtaglomerular cell tumor. Juxtaglomerular cell tumor should be considered in the diagnosis of any renal tumors with epithelioid cells and negative initial cytokeratin immunohistochemistry.
An Overview of Inflicted Head Injury in Infants and Young Children, With a Review of β-Amyloid Precursor Protein Immunohistochemistry
Authors: Dolinak David , Reichard Ross
Published: February 2021

Context.—Inflicted traumatic brain injury of infants and young children results in a complex array of autopsy findings. In many cases, immunostains for β-amyloid precursor protein are used to detect axonal injury. Interpretation of the gross, microscopic, and immunostaining results requires the integration of the many facets of the individual case.

Objective.—In this article we review the gross and microscopic findings associated with inflicted traumatic brain injury. The application and interpretation of β-amyloid precursor protein immunostains are discussed and photomicrographs are used to illustrate immunostaining patterns.

Data Sources.—The pertinent literature is integrated into a review of the subject.

Conclusions.—Inflicted traumatic brain injury often results in subdural, subarachnoid, retinal, and optic nerve sheath hemorrhage. These findings must be interpreted within the entire context of the case. β-Amyloid precursor protein immunostains may be helpful in illustrating the traumatic nature of the injuries in some cases.
Synchronous Pulmonary Carcinoma and Pleural Diffuse Malignant Mesothelioma
Authors: Allen Timothy Craig , Moran Cesar
Published: February 2021

Synchronous pulmonary carcinoma and pleural diffuse malignant mesothelioma is rare. Cases from the archives of 2 large referral centers were reviewed to identify cases of synchronously occurring pulmonary carcinoma and pleural diffuse malignant mesothelioma. Three cases of synchronous pulmonary carcinoma and pleural diffuse malignant mesothelioma were identified from more than 16 000 pleuropulmonary cases and were reviewed for demographic, clinical, radiographic, histologic, and immunohistochemical findings. The patients were men who were 63, 67, and 77 years old. Two had positive smoking histories; the smoking history of the other patient is unknown. One patient had a positive history of asbestos exposure; one patient had no history of asbestos exposure; and one patient's history of asbestos exposure is unknown. The patients underwent surgery for treatment of adenocarcinoma that was diagnosed preoperatively. Two of the adenocarcinomas were of a predominantly bronchioloalveolar pattern. No diffuse malignant mesothelioma was identified preoperatively. Diffuse malignant mesothelioma was suspected on the basis of pleural involvement by tumor with histology differing from that of the adenocarcinoma. Tumor immunostaining supported the diagnoses. The average survival after diagnosis was 6 weeks or less. In summary, the paucity of cases at 2 large referral centers and the paucity of cases reported in the English language literature highlights the rarity of synchronous pulmonary carcinoma and pleural diffuse malignant mesothelioma. These synchronous neoplasms occur in patients who have risk factors for both neoplasms independently. Length of survival following diagnosis is bleak.
Asphyxiation Caused by Giant Fibrovascular Polyp of the Esophagus
Authors: Sargent Rachel L. , Hood Ian C.
Published: February 2021

Giant fibrovascular polyps of the esophagus are rare, benign, “tumorlike” lesions that typically present as large pedunculated growths arising in the cervical esophagus. The predominant histologic component of these lesions is variable, often resulting in misdiagnosis. Clinically, these polyps present with nonspecific symptoms and are often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed until they are significant in size. Diagnosis is best made by upper endoscopic evaluation; surgical excision is the definitive treatment. Although rare, asphyxia resulting from obstruction of the glottis is the most serious complication. We describe a case of asphyxiation caused by laryngeal occlusion by a giant esophageal polyp and we provide a review of the literature.
The CD117 Immunohistochemistry Tissue Microarray Survey for Quality Assurance and Interlaboratory Comparison: A College of American Pathologists Cell Markers Committee Study
Authors: Dorfman David M. , Bui Marilyn M. , Tubbs Raymond R. , Hsi Eric D. , Fitzgibbons Patrick L. , Linden Michael D. , Rickert Robert R. , Roche Patrick C.
Published: February 2021

Context.—We have developed tissue microarray-based surveys to allow laboratories to compare their performance in staining predictive immunohistochemical markers, including proto-oncogene CD117 (c-kit), which is characteristically expressed in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). GISTs exhibit activating mutations in the c-kit proto-oncogene, which render them amenable to treatment with imatinib mesylate. Consequently, correct identification of c-Kit expression is important for the diagnosis and treatment of GISTs.

Objective.—To analyze CD117 immunohistochemical staining performance by a large number of clinical laboratories.

Design.—A mechanical device was used to construct tissue microarrays consisting of 3 × 1-mm cores of 10 tumor samples, which can be used to generate hundreds of tissue sections from the arrayed cases, suitable for large-scale interlaboratory comparison of immunohistochemical staining.

Results.—An initial survey of 63 laboratories and a second survey of 90 laboratories, performed in 2004 and 2005, exhibited >81% concordance for 7 of 10 cores, including all 4 GIST cases, which were immunoreactive for CD117 with >95% staining concordance. Three of the cores achieved less than 81% concordance of results, possibly due to the presence of foci of necrosis in one core and CD117-positive mast cells in 2 cores of CD117-negative neoplasms.

Conclusions.—There was good performance among a large number of laboratories performing CD117 immunohistochemical staining, with consistently higher concordance of results for CD117-positive GIST cases than for nonimmunoreactive cases. Tissue microarrays for CD117 and other predictive markers should be useful for interlaboratory comparisons, quality assurance, and education of participants regarding staining nuances such as the expression of CKIT by nonneoplastic mast cells.
Nephrogenic Adenoma: Immunohistochemical Evaluation for Its Etiology and Differentiation From Prostatic Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Xiao Guang-Qian , Burstein David E. , Miller Lorraine K. , Unger Pamela D.
Published: February 2021

Context.—Nephrogenic adenoma is a rare benign lesion of the urinary tract. Owing to its strong association with a history of urinary tract irritation, nephrogenic adenoma was initially thought to originate from urothelial metaplasia; however, no solid proof of this association has been found. More recent investigation has pointed to a renal tubular cause. In addition to its uncertain origin, there can be diagnostic difficulty in distinguishing nephrogenic adenoma from prostatic carcinoma, particularly when dealing with lesions from the prostatic urethra.

Objective.—To elucidate a possible histogenic relationship between nephrogenic adenoma and renal tubules, and also to evaluate the role of immunohistochemistry in the diagnostic distinction between nephrogenic adenoma and prostate carcinoma.

Design.—Immunohistochemical studies were performed for P504S, prostate-specific antigen, CD10, p63, and epithelial membrane antigen on 9 cases of nephrogenic adenoma, 10 cases of normal renal parenchyma, and 10 cases of prostatic tissue, both benign and malignant.

Results.—Nephrogenic adenoma shares the same immunohistochemical profile as distal renal tubules: both are positive for P504S and epithelial membrane antigen and negative for p63, CD10, and prostate-specific antigen. Prostatic adenocarcinoma tissue was positive for P504S and prostate-specific antigen, and normal prostatic gland tissue was positive for prostate-specific antigen and negative for P504S; p63-stained basal cells in normal prostatic gland tissue but did not react with prostatic adenocarcinoma tissue. The CD10 inconsistently stained normal and neoplastic prostatic gland tissue. Epithelial membrane antigen stain was negative in prostatic carcinoma, with rare occasional reactivity in normal prostatic glands.

Conclusion.—These findings provide supporting evidence that nephrogenic adenoma is derived from distal renal tubules. Our results also demonstrated that the combination of P504S and prostate-specific antigen with epithelial membrane antigen is a valuable tool in distinguishing prostatic carcinoma from nephrogenic adenoma.
Dual-Track Pathway of Bladder Carcinogenesis: Practical Implications
Authors: Spiess Philippe E. , Czerniak Bogdan
Published: February 2021

Context.—The concept of a dual-track pathway in bladder carcinogenesis postulates that bladder cancer develops via 2 distinct but somewhat overlapping pathways, termed the papillary and nonpapillary. Approximately 80% of bladder carcinomas consist of superficial exophytic papillary lesions that originate from urothelial hyperplasia. These typically low-grade papillary tumors may recur, but they rarely invade the bladder wall or metastasize. The remaining 15% to 20% of tumors represent high-grade solid nonpapillary bladder carcinoma, which arise from high-grade intraurothelial neoplasia. These tumors aggressively invade the bladder wall and have a high propensity for distant metastasis.

Objective.—To summarize the scientific literature and provide a clinicopathologic review of the dual-track concept of bladder carcinogenesis with its important implications.

Data Sources.—Relevant articles indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine) between 1974 and 2005.

Conclusions.—Although the characteristics of papillary and nonpapillary tumors are quite dissimilar, current evidence implies that both forms of bladder cancer start as a clinically occult clonal expansion of preneoplastic lesions that occupy large areas of the bladder mucosa.
Dual Surface Immunoglobulin Light-Chain Expression in B-Cell Lymphoproliferative Disorders
Authors: Xu Dongsheng
Published: February 2021

Context.—Mature B lymphocytes exhibit allelic exclusion in which only a single class of immunoglobulin heavy chain and a single class of light chain, either κ or λ, are expressed. There have been several reports indicating that double light-chain gene rearrangements or dual light-chain expression can occur in B-cell malignant neoplasms, including chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Currently, it is a common notion that demonstration of light-chain restriction in a B-cell population is generally considered proof of monoclonality and indicates malignancy.

Objective.—To increase awareness of the existence of the dual κ/λ immunoglobulin light-chain expressing B-cell leukemia/lymphoma, to emphasize the importance of visual inspection of flow cytometric data, and to present the guidelines for flow cytometric interpretation of dual κ/λ coexpressing populations.

Data Sources.—Through comprehensive literature review, this article discusses the current understandings regarding the dual light-chain expression in B-cell neoplasms, the cellular and molecular mechanisms, and the clinical and diagnostic implications of dual light-chain expression.

Conclusions.—Dual κ/λ light-chain expressing B-cell leukemia/lymphomas do exist. Recognition of the dual κ/ λ light-chain expression on B cells has diagnostic implication in leukemia/lymphoma immunophenotyping.
Frozen Section Discrepancy in the Evaluation of Central Nervous System Tumors
Authors: Plesec Thomas P. , Prayson Richard A.
Published: February 2021

Context.—Frozen section (FS) evaluation of central nervous system (CNS) lesions provides an assessment of specimen adequacy and facilitates triage for ancillary studies. Frozen section also provides an accurate preliminary diagnosis; however, certain lesions are recognized to cause diagnostic challenges at FS.

Objective.—To identify cases in which there was a discrepancy between the FS diagnosis and final diagnosis in the case to heighten awareness of common diagnostic pitfalls in surgical neuropathology.

Design.—All CNS FS cases involving a tumor diagnosis at FS or permanent section (N = 2156) from September 1997 until June 2005 were retrospectively reviewed. Discrepancies between the FS and final diagnoses were identified.

Results.—Of the 2156 cases identified, 57 (2.7%) discrepant diagnoses were found. Twelve (21.1%) of 57 discrepancies involved errors in classification of spindle cell lesions, most commonly confusing schwannomas or meningiomas with other lesions. Twelve (21.1%) of 57 cases involved errors in differentiating oligodendrogliomas from astrocytomas. Nine (15.8%) of 57 discrepancies involved errors in the diagnosis of CNS lymphoma. Eight (14.0%) of 57 cases involved errors in differentiating reactive from neoplastic processes, most frequently gliosis versus glioma. Four (7.0%) of 57 discrepancies involved errors in the overgrading of tumors. The remaining 12 (21.1%) of 57 cases included an assortment of other discrepancies.

Conclusions.—Frozen section of CNS neoplastic processes can be highly accurate. Less than 3% of FS diagnoses in 1 institution's experience were discrepant with the final diagnoses. Approximately 80% of the discrepant cases were classified into 5 categories: spindle cell lesions, astrocytoma versus oligodendroglioma, differential diagnosis of CNS lymphoma, reactive versus neoplastic process, and tumor overgrading. Awareness of these pitfalls may help in further increasing diagnostic accuracy.
α-Methylacyl CoA Racemase in Pulmonary Adenocarcinoma, Squamous Cell Carcinoma, and Neuroendocrine Tumors: Expression and Survival Analysis
Authors: Shilo Konstantin , Dracheva Tatiana , Mani Haresh , Fukuoka Junya , Sesterhenn Isabell A. , Chu Wei-Sing , Shih Joanna H. , Jen Jin , Travis William D. , Franks Teri J.
Published: February 2021

Context.—α-Methylacyl CoA racemase (AMACR) is an oxidative enzyme involved in isomeric transformation of fatty acids entering the beta-oxidation pathway. AMACR serves as a useful marker in establishing a diagnosis of prostatic malignancy; however, limited information is available in regard to its presence in pulmonary neoplasms.

Objective.—To investigate AMACR expression within a spectrum of lung carcinomas and its correlation with patients' survival.

Design.—Four hundred seventy-seven pulmonary carcinomas, including 150 squamous cell carcinomas, 150 adenocarcinomas, 46 typical carcinoids, 31 atypical carcinoids, 28 large cell neuroendocrine carcinomas, and 72 small cell carcinomas, were studied immunohistochemically using tissue microarray–based samples.

Results.—Overall, pulmonary tumors were positive for AMACR in a significant percentage (47%) of cases. Among tumor types, 22% of squamous cell carcinoma, 56% of adenocarcinoma, 72% of typical carcinoid, 52% of atypical carcinoid, 70% of large cell neuroendocrine carcinoma, and 51% of small cell lung carcinoma were positive for AMACR. Furthermore, the Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed that the patients with AMACR-positive small cell carcinoma had better survival (19% vs 5% after 5 years, P = .04) than patients with AMACR-negative tumors. Such survival advantage was seen for patients with stage I–II (P = .01) but not stage III–IV small cell carcinomas (P = .58).

Conclusions.—These results indicate that, similar to prostate cancer, the overexpression of AMACR frequently occurs in pulmonary carcinomas. Additionally, its positive correlation with outcome of stage I–II small cell lung carcinoma warrants further investigation of the AMACR role in the prognosis of this tumor.
Improved Filter Method for Urine Sediment Detection of Urothelial Carcinoma by Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization
Authors: Meiers Isabelle , Singh Harpreet , Hossain Deloar , Lang Kevin , Liu Lina , Qian Junqi , Verhest Alain P. , Bostwick David G.
Published: February 2021

Context.—Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of voided urine sediment is a sensitive and specific test for the detection of urothelial carcinoma. The time required for slide preparation using the conventional cytospin method is lengthy.

Objective.—To present an alternative to the conventional cytospin method.

Design.—We compared the results of an improved filter monolayer method with published results of the conventional cytospin method. A total of 624 patients with cytology and FISH analyses were followed with cystoscopy and/ or bladder biopsy. Fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis was performed on 624 cases using fluorescence-labeled probes to the pericentromeric regions of chromosomes 3, 7, and 17 and band 9p21; cytology was also performed in all cases.

Results.—A total of 217 (34.7%) of 624 patients had follow-up bladder biopsies, and 170 of these (78.3%) had urothelial carcinoma. The sensitivity for cancer detection was higher for FISH than for urine cytology (92.9% [158/ 170] for FISH vs 72.9% [124/170] for urine cytology, P = <5%). The specificity was equivalent for FISH and urine cytology (97.5% [443/454] for FISH vs 92.2% [419/454] for cytology). The sensitivity for FISH was better (92.9% vs 81%), and there was no significant difference in specificity (97.5% vs 96%) between the filter method and the conventional cytospin method. Unlike the conventional cytospin method, the filter method did not require multiple centrifugation and decantation steps or investment in dedicated equipment.

Conclusions.—The improved filter method was faster, easier, and less expensive than published results with the conventional cytospin method with better sensitivity and equivalent specificity.
Omentectomy for Gynecologic Cancer: How Much Sampling Is Adequate for Microscopic Examination?
Authors: Usubütün Alp , Ozseker Havva Solak , Himmetoglu Cigdem , Balcı Serdar , Ayhan Ali
Published: February 2021

Context.—Detecting omental metastasis is crucial for staging and treatment of endometrial and ovarian carcinoma.

Objective.—To determine the optimal omental sampling for omentectomies to ascertain the stage of the disease in a cost-effective way.

Design.—We reevaluated 258 omentectomies that were performed due to ovarian or endometrial carcinoma. A total of 116 cases were retrospectively studied, and 142 cases were prospectively studied. For prospective study, 10 to 16 blocks were sampled if the omentum showed no signs of gross tumor. Mean omental block sample frequency of 2 groups with the negative macroscopy but with or without microscopic tumor have been compared using an independent samples t test.

Results.—Seven patients had no evidence of tumor metastasis on gross examination but had microscopic tumor metastasis. The mean numbers of blocks were 6.4 for patients having microscopic tumor without macroscopic involvement and 7.8 for patients having neither microscopic nor macroscopic involvement. Approximately twice as many samples were taken in the prospective analysis when compared with retrospective analysis. Two cases with microscopic omental metastasis that had no macroscopic involvement at first impression were reevaluated retrospectively and found to contain 0.3- to 0.5-cm white nodules. The rate of omental metastasis increased with the grade of the tumor (P = .005).

Conclusion.—Careful macroscopic examination is the most important step in detecting small omental metastasis. For cases with gross tumor, one section is sufficient. If a macroscopic lesion is not detectable and the patient has a high-grade tumor that will necessitate an adjuvant therapy, 3 to 5 samples seem sufficient for staging. Further studies are needed to determine the optimum sample size for tumors having a low risk of metastasis.
Utility of Tissue-Specific Transcription Factors Thyroid Transcription Factor 1 and Cdx2 in Determining the Primary Site of Metastatic Adenocarcinomas to the Brain
Authors: Strickland-Marmol Leah B. , Khoor Andras , Livingston Sandra K. , Rojiani Amyn
Published: February 2021

Context.—Brain metastases of adenocarcinoma of unknown primary pose a diagnostic dilemma to the surgical pathologist. Although the most common source in these cases is the lung, determining a primary source is difficult on routinely stained slides. Immunohistochemical stain panels including differential cytokeratins, hormone receptors, and breast-specific proteins are commonly used in these cases. Recently, attention has turned to tissue-specific transcription factors, such as thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF-1) and Cdx2, in the appraisal of metastatic adenocarcinomas.

Objective.—To characterize the previously unpublished immunohistochemical expression of the relatively new tissue-specific transcription factor Cdx2 in metastatic adenocarcinomas to the brain.

Design.—We reviewed the surgical pathology files of the H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Fla, and retrieved 38 consecutive cases of metastatic adenocarcinoma (22 pulmonary, 10 breast, 6 gastrointestinal [2 esophagus/gastroesophageal junction, 4 colorectal]) to the brain with confirmation of the primary site by chart review and histologic evaluation. Sections were immunohistochemically stained with antibodies to TTF-1, Cdx2, and cytokeratins 7 and 20 by standard methods.

Results.—Specificities and positive predictive values for Cdx2 and TTF-1 equaled 100% for metastatic gastrointestinal and pulmonary adenocarcinomas, respectively. The negative predictive value of Cdx2 was also very high at 97%.

Conclusions.—Cdx2 is a specific and valuable tool for the surgical pathologist when faced with the common problem of metastatic adenocarcinoma of unknown primary. In conjunction with TTF-1, cytokeratin 7, and cytokeratin 20, Cdx2 can accurately differentiate the most common sources of metastatic adenocarcinoma to the brain.
Sensitivity of Peripheral Blood Smear Review for the Diagnosis of Candida Fungemia
Authors: Branda John A. , Ferraro Mary Jane , Kratz Alexander
Published: February 2021

Context.—Case reports have described detection of candidemia by examination of peripheral blood smears. It is unclear whether this method has wider applicability for early detection of fungemia.

Objective.—To determine the sensitivity of smear review for detecting candidemia.

Design.—Normal and cytopenic blood was spiked with increasing concentrations of yeast. Smears were prepared and reviewed by a pathologist and by technical staff. Staff members blinded to the purpose of the study first performed a routine slide review and then a targeted review for yeast.

Results.—The pathologist detected isolated yeast forms at a concentration of 1 to 5 × 105 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL. When blinded to the purpose of the study, technical staff could detect Candida in most samples when the yeast concentration was 1 to 5 × 107 CFU/mL, but found it in only a small fraction of samples with lower concentrations. When asked to examine the smears specifically for yeast, they could detect it in most samples containing 1 to 5 × 106 CFU/mL.

Conclusions.—Detection of candidemia by peripheral blood smear examination requires a yeast concentration of 1 to 5 × 105 CFU/mL or greater. This degree of fungemia is unusual; therefore, detection of candidemia by blood smear review will not be possible in most cases. Sensitivity of smear review for yeast detection is greatly increased if the microscopist is specifically directed to look for the presence of yeast.
Endosalpingiosis Is Negative for GATA3
Authors: White Marissa J. , Vang Russell , Argani Pedram , Cimino-Mathews Ashley
Published: February 2021

Context.—

Endosalpingiosis is a benign Müllerian inclusion that can mimic metastatic low-grade mammary carcinoma, particularly when encountered in axillary lymph nodes excised for breast cancer staging. Immunohistochemistry can be useful in histologically ambiguous cases, and a targeted immunopanel should include a marker of gynecologic tract origin and a marker of mammary origin. GATA3 is a sensitive immunomarker for breast carcinoma, but the immunoreactivity of GATA3 in endosalpingiosis has not been systematically evaluated.

Objective.—

To evaluate whether GATA3 immunohistochemistry could be used to differentiate endosalpingiosis from metastatic mammary carcinoma.

Design.—

Whole slide sections of 15 cases of endosalpingiosis involving nonneoplastic tissues were subjected to GATA3 immunohistochemistry. Nuclear GATA3 labeling was scored as percentage and intensity labeling, with any labeling considered positive; GATA3 labeling was recorded in all cells present in the sections.

Results.—

Half (47%, n = 7 of 15) of the endosalpingiosis cases involved lymph nodes (2 axillary, 5 pelvic) and half (53%, n = 8 of 15) involved pelvic organs or soft tissue (3 myometrial, 2 paratubal, 2 periadnexal soft tissue, and 1 pelvic sidewall). GATA3 immunohistochemistry was negative in all cases of endosalpingiosis, with intact, positive control labeling in lymphocytes. The benign fallopian tube epithelium present on the sections of paratubal endosalpingiosis displayed focal (<5%), weak labeling for GATA3, specifically within the ciliated and secretory cells.

Conclusions.—

These findings support the diagnostic utility of GATA3 immunohistochemistry and its use in a targeted immunopanel to resolve the differential diagnosis of metastatic low-grade mammary carcinoma (GATA3+) and nodal endosalpingiosis (GATA3−).
Planejamento estratégico: percepções sobre a importância dessa ferramenta de gestão
Authors: Lorenzett Daniel Benitti , Wegner Roger Da Silva , Godoy Leoni Pentiado , Rodrigues Marlene Kreutz
Published: February 2021

Purpose – Strategic planning is a management tool that allows you to establish the strategies that an organization will adopt to achieve its vision of the future and fulfill its proposed mission. In this way, it defines the objectives, means and resources needed to achieve them. Thus, this study aimed to analyze the elements of strategic planning in a group of micro and small service companies located in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul.Design/methodology/approach – To perform the research was carried out a field research, which had data collection. This was done by applying a questionnaire to a group of 25 companies in the service segment, assisted by an extension project.Findings – Results showed that the vast majority of these companies use some elements of strategic planning in their management practice, such as: insurance contracting, the use of outsourced labor, the existence of established operating procedures, the presence and exposure of general organization chart, employees' knowledge of the general organization chart, the presence of documented standards, the existence of a flowchart and its disclosure to employees, even if in an unstructured manner. This finding demonstrates the need for greater specialization of micro and small entrepreneurs to manage their organizations.Originality/value – This study opens the way to highlight the importance of studying the highlighted theme, favoring decision making, in addition to contributing to the literature, deepening the debate on strategic planning in micro and small companies.
Análise da potabilidade da água em poços rasos no município de Caiçara no Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Lazarotto Dinei Vitor , Schneider Silvana Isabel , Bauchspiess Keitiline , Hosftätter Keli , Tarone Vanessa Faco , Volpatto Fernanda , Golombieski Jaqueline Ineu
Published: February 2021

The objective of this work was to evaluate water quality and environmental impacts in shallow wells in rural properties of Caiçara - RS. The physicochemical and microbiological analyzes were performed between September 2017 and March 2018 in three rural properties, in addition to macroscopic evaluation. According to the results obtained, variables such as nitrate, total iron, pH, apparent color and turbidity are in disagreement with the water potability legislation, Consolidation Ordinance No. 5 (2007). In addition, all water samples showed total coliforms and Escherichia coli. The conservation of shallow wells was rated as reasonable or poor. From the monitoring carried out, environmental changes can be noticed, such as the lack of protection in the place and the degradation of the vegetation caused mainly by the inadequate use and occupation of the soil. This reflects the microbiological variables that contaminate drinking water, causing potential health problems for residents of the properties. These characteristics point to the importance of actions to protect and preserve water sources, not disrespecting the socioeconomic aspects of the region, based on incentives and instructions to landowners who have shallow wells for human consumption.
Development of poly(vinyl alcohol)-based membranes by the response surface methodology for environmental applications
Authors: Merck Juliana Zanol , Raota Camila Suliani , Duarte Jocelei , Baldasso Camila , Crespo Janaina Da Silva , Giovanela Marcelo
Published: February 2021

The pollution of hydric sources by pharmaceuticals is an issue in many countries, particularly in Brazil. The presence of these substances causes deleterious effects on the environment and human health. One of the main sources of this contamination is domestic sewage, due to the expressive amount of medicines released in their unaltered form. Unfortunately, traditional wastewater treatment is not effective for the removal of pharmaceuticals and, for this reason, membrane technology is an attractive alternative to overcome this issue. In this regard, hydrophilic polymers, such as poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA), are the most suitable. However, their high affinity with water causes intense swelling, leading to severe modifications in the membrane properties. In view of all these facts, the present work evaluated the swelling of PVA-based membranes, with the aim of finding the membrane preparation method that has the lowest swelling, thereby providing the most suitable characteristics for pharmaceutical removal from wastewater. The membranes were prepared by the casting of a polymeric solution, with PVA as a basis polymer, citric acid as a crosslink agent and glycerol and silver nanoparticles as performance additives. The process optimization was performed using a design of experiments with posterior analysis by the response surface methodology (RSM). The RSM assessed the effect on the membrane swelling of the factors, including citric acid concentration and the time and temperature of crosslinking. The membrane characterization was performed by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with a field emission gun (SEM-FEG) and water contact angle (WCA) measurements. Overall, the condition that showed the lowest swelling was obtained with 10% of citric acid and crosslinking for 4 h at 130 °C. Under these conditions, the membrane had a mass swelling of 42% and a dimensional swelling of 24%. Additionally, our statistical analysis revealed that the factors with the dominant effects were the citric acid concentration and the temperature of crosslinking. The FT-IR analysis suggested that the crosslinking occurred by an esterification reaction, as showed by the stretching frequencies of C=O at 1710 cm-1 and ester C-O at 1230 cm-1. Moreover, the SEM-FEG images revealed a smooth and flat surface and a dense cross section with a thickness of ~113 μm. Concerning the WCA, the angle was at ~80°, which is characteristic of hydrophilic materials. Finally, the data suggested that it is possible to optimize the membrane preparation process with adequate properties so that it can be subsequently applied to the removal of pharmaceuticals from hospital wastewater.
Influencers fitness: o efeito do Instagram na estética feminina
Authors: Ranhel Natalia Cabral da Silva
Published: February 2021

Este artigo trabalha a função das mídias sociais digitais na difusão dos padrões estéticos impostos às mulheres e como as influencers fitness colaboram no reforço desses padrões.
Uma "releitura" da ciência política de Nicolau Maquiavel
Authors: Sparemberger Ariosto , Sparemberger Cristian
Published: February 2021

Nicolau Maquiavel desenvolveu suas ideias no século XVI, no entanto, seus escritos e fama permanecem vivos ainda hoje. Porém, quem foi Nicolau Maquiavel? Quais ensinamentos políticos deixou? Por quais razões carrega demasiada fama? Qual a contribuição de Maquiavel à ciência política? Objetivando responder estas perguntas, o presente estudo, por meio do método de revisão bibliográfica, estabelece uma “releitura” — a partir de 3 visões distintas do pensamento político de Maquiavel —, retratando sua vida e os principais pontos presentes em suas obras, tais como o método utilizado por Maquiavel, os conceitos de virtù e fortuna e a relação de Maquiavel com a ética e a moral na política. Este trabalho apresenta de forma introdutória o pensamento de Maquiavel, vislumbrando servir como caminho de entrada aos que desejam mergulhar na ciência política maquiaveliana.
The role of courts in the execution of criminal sanctions
Authors: Beljanski Slobodan
Published: February 2021

The author examines the role of courts and the organization of administrative institutions in the execution of criminal sanctions, under the new 1997 Act on execution of criminal sanction of Republic of Serbia. He also compares the Minimum of rules on treatment of prisoners with this Act. He finds that to confide the supervisory control over the incarceration to the executive branch renders the judicial function illegitimate. The authority which brings decisions on sanctions has to bear the adequate responsibility in the control over lawfulne.ss of the sanctions' execution.
Provisional measures in the proceedings before the court of First Instance of the European Communities
Authors: Medović Vladimir
Published: February 2021

The Treaties establishing European Communities provide that actions before Court ot Justice shall not have suspensive effect but the Court may, if it considers that circumstances so require, order that the application of the contested act be suspended. The application for suspension may relate to the contested measure as a whole or to some of its provisions. Furthermore, they provide that the Court may prescribe any necessary interim measure. The appiicatin for interim measure must state the subject matter of the proceedings, the circumstances giving rise to urgency and the pleas of fact and law establishing a prima facie case for interim measure applied for. The application must also have direct link with the subject matter of the main action. The President of the Court of First Instance rules on the application for interim relief by way of summary proceedings. The order granting the interim relief has only provisional effect and is without prejudice to the final decision of the Court. The parties to the proceedings may lodge an appeal against any decision of the Court of First Instance concemig the interim reliefs within two months from their notification.
The subject and competences of the methaphysics of law
Authors: Kubinjec Janko
Published: February 2021

The subjective and objective spirit do not differ by the degree of their authenticity, but only by different spheres to which they extend. The law reaches both the subjective sphere and the objective sphere of the spirit, but the laws on which it is based belong exclusively to the sphere of the subjective spirit. The laws on which the law is based are imanent to man as a spiritual being and they are transcendental to man as the subject of knowledge. They are the object of an a priori knowledge, in contrast to the law itself which is the object of an a posteriori knowledge. The subject of methaphysics is a priori knowledge of the laws on which the law is based and this is. at the same time, the limit of its competences.
Enforcement of the right to Constitutional appeal
Authors: Vešović Milan
Published: February 2021

The author analyzes the right to constitutional appeal and concludes that this right is not regulated precisely. The legislation and judicial constitutional, administrative and other practice give attention to rights than to liberties. The Constitutional Court should not remain blind when real violations of human rights and liberties are established.
International capacity of federal units
Authors: Novaković Stanislav
Published: February 2021

The issue of international capacity of federal units of federations is analyzed in the comparative context. The author concludes that only a federation is a person of international law that may conclude international treaties, which are binding on federal units within the federation.
Introduction and renewal of land registers
Authors: Orlić Miodrag
Published: February 2021

The author describes the origin and development of land registers, analyses the separation of public registers on real estate from the land registers, elaborates the arguments in favor of the judicial jurisdiction in those matters, and proposes the enactment of new legislation that would enable renewal of land registers where they already exist, and introduction of new registers where there were none so far.
Legal frameworks for the revitalization of environment and economy of the Danube Basin
Authors: Bogdanović Slavko
Published: February 2021

The paper contains a review of the role and participation of the SFRY (Former Yugoslavia) in creation and development of International Water Law and International Environmental Law and its participation in the activities of international organizations in this field. Following is the review of current state of things concerning the FRY, with a special look back on the Danube River Basin. The concluding remarks comprise the authors views on the immediate and latter activities of the State, needed for development of modem and appropriate legal frameworks for future activities of the FRY in the field of Environment and Economy in Danube Basin, i.e. in the field of sustainable development.
Self-analysis as an important factor in improving health condition and legal status of perpetrators of criminal acts suffering from schizophrenia if they are under 'oath'
Authors: Relić Jovica
Published: February 2021

The paper attempts to show self-analysis as useful means of human treatment especially with patients under oath. Practising self-analyses there is no danger that governmental, military' or official secret could be revealed: a feeling of shame because something has been done or missed, which is typical, is eliminated. Self-analysis is defined as an analysis o f one's own unconsciousness. There are the names of authors who practised it or wrote about if particularly S. Freud, P. Fedem, K. Homay, E. Jonnes and K. G. Jung. There has been pointed out that if self-analysis is combined with other medical and psychological treatments it is possible to improve health condition and legal status o f people who have been pronounced security medical measures and who are in the category' of patients under oath.
Medical safety measures in criminal law
Authors: Babić Miloš
Published: February 2021

The author considers it necessary to have more precised conditions for prononcing and applying medical safety measures in criminal law. Also, it is necessary to omit undefined notions such as ..danger for neighborhood" instead of which it is better to use .danger from a repeated criminal act". The author insists on a limited duration of medical measures and on obligatory court control yearly.
Glosa o Kelzenu
Authors: Stepanov Radivoj , Vukadinović Gordana
Published: February 2021

Hans Kelzen je rodonačelnik tzv. čiste teorije prava koja u poluvekovnoj validnosti i pored brojnih sledbenika, nije bila pošteđena političkih sumnji, otpora i pristrasnih osporavanja. Pravnu ideju, filozofsku koncepciju i formalno-logičku argumentaciju čiste teorije prava H. Kelzen je izložio u istoimenom radu: Čisto učenje o pravu (Reine Rechtslehre, 1934). Drugo, dopunjeno, (novo)prerađeno i prošireno izdanje ove knjige pojavilo se tri decenije docnije (1960), štampano kod (onog) istog bečkog izdavača (Franz Deuticke) koji je objavio prvi Kelzenov naučni rad: Die Staatslehre des Dante Alighieri (Učenje o državi Lantea Alitjerija). Velik broj radova nastalih u vreme Kelzenovog boravka i rada u Americi tematski je veoma razuđen a istraživački raznovrstan. Naime, jedan broj studija odnosi se na problematiku logike normi, kritiku aktuelnih političkih ideologija ili analitičku jurisprudenciju, a drugi kompleks njegovih radova obuhvata pravnu informatiku, filozofska promišljanja pravde ili istraživanje prirode i funkcije institucija ustavnog sudstva.
Dignity of law in Kelsen's "pure" theory of law
Authors: Pihler Stanko
Published: February 2021

Method is the substance of Kelsen's "pure" theory' of law. The law is a world of "necessitation", but not a world of "being". Kelsen's theory is very important for fignity of law and lawyers; it does not justify (legitimate), but only ascertain. Although Kelsen does not accept the idea of "natural law", his theory, being tolerant and in its own way still limited, does not prevent the possibility of the different access to law.
Teze o ekonimičnosti krivičnog postupka
Authors: Cigler Snežana
Published: February 2021

U radu se odrećuje pojam ekonomičnosti krivičnog postupka, analiziraju t'egovi resursi (vreme, ljudska energija, materijalna sredstva) i procenjuju mogućnosti ekonomisanja njima. U uslovima sve veće opterećenosti pravosudiâh organa, značajnog odliva sudijskog kadra i ograničenih buietskih srelstava, ukazuje se na dve grupe rešenja: reduciranje ukupne mase krivičnih dela podložnih krivičnim suđenju i menjanje zakonske regulative u cilju ubrzanja procedure.
Zašto nije moguć radno-pravni odnos sa sopstvenim preduzećem?
Authors: Janković Vladimir
Published: February 2021

 Po svojoj suštini radni odnos je odnos po osnovu rada, između zaposlenog i poslodavca, koji se zasniva ugovorom o radu. To je ugovorni odnos u pogledu načina svog zasnivanja. Njegova sadržina, pored ugovora o radu kojim se zasniva, uređena je i kolektivnim ugovorima i zakonom. Više je nego jasno da se zasnivanje radnog odnosa zaključenjem ugovora o radu postiže saglasnom izjavom volja dve strane, što je odlika zaključenja svih ugovora. Saglasna izjava volja podrazumeva postojanje dva različita entiteta koji su nosioci različitih i suverenih volja koje treba usaglasiti, odnosno dve volje koje su predmet usaglašavanja ne mogu biti personifikovane u jednom licu kao subjektu prava i obaveza. Iz ovih razloga fizičko lice kao osnivač preduzeća, odnosno privrednog društva ne može zaključiti ugovor o radu sa sopstvenim preduzećem ili društvom, čime se u jednom licu stiču dve volje, volja poslodavca i volja zaposlenog. Ustavom garantovano pravo na rad ostvaruje se trojako: zasnivanjem radnog odnosa; osnivanjem preduzeća ili privrednih društava; obavljanjem privrednih i drugih delatnosti u osnovanim radnjama ili obavljanjem profesionatnih delatnosti u skladu sa zakonom. Postojanje ovih načina ostvarivanja ustavom garantovanog prava na rad najočitije se ispoljava u odredbi člana 3. Zakona o zapošljavanju i ostvarivanju prava nezaposlenih lica ("Službeni glasnik RS", br. 22/92, 73/92, 56/93, 34/94. i 52/96) gde se nezaposlenim licima ne smatraju vlasnici, odnosno suvlasnici preduzeća i radnji. Mutatis mutandis aporične zakonske odredbe sadržane u članu 14. stav 1. tačka 9. Zakona o radnim odnosima stvoriće se uslovi sine qua non neometanom funkcionisanju sprovođenja socijatnog osiguranja fizičkih lica osnivača privrednih društava i za otklanjanje logične poteškoće koju postojeća odredba u sebi nosi, logičke poteškoće prepoznatljive kao contradictio in adiecto. Iz opšteg ekonomskog položaja fizičkih lica osnivača privrednih društava, deduktivnim metodom logičkog rasuđivanja iz opšteg o posebnom, može se izvući zaključak o nespojivosti radnopravnog odnosa tih lica sa osnovanim preduzećima. Ponuđena razmišljanja prepustićemo kritičkom sudu vremena, a izneti stavovi neka budu anticipacija budućih zakonskih rešena u radnom zakonodavstvu i celini pravnog sistema.
NIST time and frequency bulletin
Authors: Rodriguez Kelsey
Published: February 2021

The Time and Frequency Bulletin provides information on performance of time scales and a variety of broadcasts (and related information) to users of the NIST services.
ELECTROCHEMICAL OBTAINING AND MORPHOLOGY OF ALLOYS’ NANOCOVERINGS IN SYSTEM Re-Сu-Se
Authors: Salakhova Elza A. , Tagiyev Dilgam B. , Kalantarova Parvana E. , Ibrahimova Kamala F. , Ramazanov Mamedali A. , Agamaliyev Zohrab A.
Published: February 2021

Electrochemical obtaining of nano-coatings in the system Re-Cu-Se on platinum electrode during voltammetric cycling was studied. The research was carried out using sulphate solution containing selenium dioxide, potassium perrenate and copper chloride. For obtaining nano coatings in the Re-Cu-Se system, we used an electrolyte of the following composition (mol/l): 6.9 ∙ 10-4 –  6.9 ∙ 10-3 KReO4 + 9 ∙ 10-4 – 1.8 ∙ 10-2 SeO2 + 6 ∙ 10-4 – 1.2 ∙ 10-2 CuCl2 ∙ 2H2O +2 H2SO4, t = 80 ºC; V = 0.005VS-1; pH = 0.1, electrode - Pt. Based on the studying  of the volt-ampere dependences during the joint electroreduction of rhenium (VII), selenium (IV) and copper (II) ions from sulfate electrolytes on a PT electrode, the conditions for the deposition of alloys nanocoatings in the Re-Cu-Se system were established. To study the morphology of films on platinum and copper substrates, the electrode surface was studied using a JEOL JSM7600F scanning electron microscope at various magnifications, and was accordingly subjected to elemental analysis using an Oxford X-MAX 50 detector. The sample has been scanned in the mode of secondary electrons at an accelerating voltage ~ 15 keV. It has been found that agglomerates are observed on the electrode surface, mainly consisting of sphere-shaped particles with an average size of ~ 20-25 nm. The spectrum of characteristic X-ray radiation indicates the presence of these components of the system, allows quantitative analysis of samples. Based on the presented distribution diagram by weight percent, the content of system components is represented by the following ratio: Re-12%, Cu-5%, Se-10%. The presence of characteristic peaks of carbon and oxygen in the spectrum is explained by residual phenomena during obtaining.