bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Meadow Orcharding of Guava for Better Growth, Yield
Authors: Abhishek  , Singh Devi , Wesley C. John , Bahadur Vijay
Published: June 2024

The present experiment was conducted at Department of Horticulture, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj. Prayagraj during the session 2023 - 2024. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications, and the study consists of ten treatment combinations including control by using different Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth yield and quality of guava under meadow orcharding. The best treatment was T9 (50% RDF + 10 Kg FYM + Azotobacter + VAM) &T8 (50% RDF + 10 Kg FYM + VAM) which shows highest values in all the parameters viz., fruit weight (145.98 g), fruit diameter (8.00 cm), number fruit/tree (41.81), fruit yield/tree (6.02 kg), yield (t/ha) (30.09). All the treatments were significantly superior in their fruit yield and fruit growth of guava over control (T0) and (T9).
Screening of Cowpea Germplasm against Cowpea Aphid (Aphis craccivora Koch, 1854) under Artificial Conditions
Authors: K Saikrishna, , L Saravanan, , R Sunitha Devi, , J. Aruna Kumari,
Published: June 2024

The study was carried out during 2022-23 at the glasshouse complex in ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources, Regional Station, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad, to evaluate the resistance or susceptibility of cowpea genotypes against cowpea aphid, A. craccivora in artificial conditions. 109 genotypes categorized as resistant (R) or moderately resistant (MR) (selected from field experiments) and along with a check C-152 were subjected to artificially controlled aphid infestation in a glass house complex. None exhibited resistance based on aphid damage scores 1 to 5 after 21 days of infestation. Nevertheless, nine genotypes (IC372724, IC401381, IC372726, IC399000, IC400103, IC415590, IC420467, IC426812, and NBGP8/03(C-715) were considered moderately resistant, 61 genotypes and check C 152 were susceptible and thirty-nine genotypes were classified highly susceptible.
Assessment of Diabetic and Inflammatory Markers in HIV Infected Adults with and without Diabetes Mellitus in NAUTH, Nnewi, Nigeria
Authors: Obilo Chidera Vivienne , Obilo Chukwuemeka Kingsley , Kalu Ofia Anya , Nwoka Nkiru Chineye , Okeke Chinenye Stellamaris , Ogai Ogalagu Romanus , Ogwuegbu Okezie Alozie , Iwuji Chidinma Joy , Akaeme Chinonso Juliet , Ukibe Ezinne Gloria , Ukibe Blessing C , Ukibe Ezennia Victory , Mbachu Nancy Amarachukwu , Ukibe Nkiriuka Rose
Published: June 2024

Background and Aim of Study: To assess the levels of fasting plasma glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, interleukin 10 (lL-10), high sensitive C - reactive protein (Hs-Crp) and tumour necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in HIV infected adult individuals with and without diabetes mellitus in NAUTH Nnewi, Nigeria.
Methodology: This was a cross-sectional study design carried out at HIV clinic, Nnamdi Azikiwe university teaching hospital, Nnewi Nigeria. A total of 150 participants were recruited using simple random sampling technique and comprised 50 HIV infected individuals with diabetes mellitus, 50 HIV infected individuals without DM and 50 apparently healthy participants without HIV nor DM (control). TNF-α, IL-10 and Hs-Crp was determined using ELISA technique. Anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were measured using standard laboratory methods.
Results: There was significantly higher mean level of TNF-alpha, fasting insulin, HOMA-IR, Hs-Crp and FPG in HIV infected individuals with and without DM when compared with control group (p<0.05) respectively. Significantly higher mean valueof BMI was observed in HIV infected individuals with DM compared with HIV infected individuals without DM (p<0.05).BP was significantly higher in HIV infected individuals with DM compared with their counterpart without DM and control (P<0.05) respectively. However, the mean IL-10 level did not differ significantly (P>0.05) between the groups studied.
Conclusion: This suggests some degree of inflammatory reaction in HIV infected individuals without DM and this may subsequently predispose the affected individuals to type 2 DM.
Fixture Planning for Multi-Workpiece Setup for Make-to-Order Industry
Authors: Ma'ruf Anas , Siregar Edwin Syalli
Published: June 2024

An alternative method to reduce setup time is to simultaneously carry out fixture planning for several parts in one setup planning. This is possible due to the size of parts which are relatively small to the size of the machine work bed, typically found in a make-to-order industry. This research proposed a fixture planning method for multi-workpiece setup. The fixture planning method comprised two stages: 1) multi-workpiece layout and 2) 3-2-1 pin location. An example of multiple workpiece setup is illustrated in this paper to point out the method's applicability. Future research activity will integrate the proposed collaborative human-robot assembly design system method.
An Approach to Combine House of Quality and Finite Element Method in Redesigning of Rotary Shaft Multi-Spindle Wheel Nutrunner Machine
Authors: Sibarani Ayu Anggraeni , Waluyo Sugeng , Tosalili Muhammad Baharuddin Wahid , Lutfiana Hilda
Published: June 2024

An engineering-to-order company has developed multi-spindle wheel nutrunner machines for automotive wheel mounting. The rotating shaft component that supports that machine has experienced compressive and twisting stress during operation, resulting in damage not only to the shaft but also some parts attached to the wheel. This study uses the house of quality (HOQ) and finite element method (FEM) approaches to redesign the rotary shaft to meet quality standards for its engineers, as customers, in a systematic way by using qualitative data from interviews, documents, and questionnaires provided by five rotary shaft engineering experts. Based on the importance levels of technical specifications obtained from the HOQ results, two rotary shaft redesign models for the redesigned models 1 and 2 obtain the maximum von Mises stress from the virtual testing using FEM analysis of 277.5 MPa and 111.8 MPa, respectively, which are below the company standard maximum yield strength of 470 MPa. Hence, using the company's minimum safety factor, the redesigned model 2 is chosen for the improved version of rotary shaft design.
Contemporary Trends in Human Factors and Ergonomics Within Engineering Research
Authors: Adelino Muhammad Ilham , Zadry Hilma Raimona , Susanti Lusi
Published: June 2024

This review explores human factors and ergonomics (HFE) in the engineering subject areas and analyzes research over the last five years across physical, cognitive, and organizational ergonomics and is associated with the Industrial Revolution era. This review aims to identify existing trends in HFE research related to the Industrial Revolution. This study used a systematic four-step methodology and drew from the Science Direct and Scopus databases. The methodology involves conducting a careful literature search, selecting pertinent and suitable literature references, conducting bibliometric analysis, and participating in qualitative discussions. A total of 353 articles are identified for further analysis. Our findings indicate that the current state of Human Factors and Ergonomics (HFE) research remains largely situated within the research paradigm of the Industrial Revolution 3.0 era. Investigations oriented towards the Industrial Revolution 4.0, such as integrating machine learning and artificial intelligence into physical, cognitive, and orga­ni­zational ergonomics, are still limited. The insufficient adoption of these advancements under­scores the necessity for ongoing development of HFE research to leverage these advancements in order to align with the trajectory towards Industry 4.0.
Alloparental Responsiveness to Newborns by Nonreproductive, Adult Male, Common Marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)
Authors: BARBOSA MARICELE N. , DA SILVA MOTA MARIA T.
Published: November 2012

Parental care in mammals is influenced by sensory stimuli from infants, and by changes in the hormone levels of caretakers. To determine the responsiveness to infant cues in nonreproductive adult male common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with and without previous experience in caretaking, we exposed 12 males to newborn marmosets and assessed their cortisol plasma levels and behavioral response. Newborn marmosets housed in transparent enclosures were placed inside the cages of the adult male subjects. Males were exposed four times to two different experimental conditions: (a) newborn enclosures remained closed during the observation period and (b) newborn enclosures were opened during the observation period to allow direct social interaction by the adult males. Blood samples from adult males were collected after each behavioral observation trial to measure the levels of cortisol. The behavioral responses of adult males exposed to the closed and open newborn enclosures showed a significant difference only with respect to the frequency of displacements, where males moved among the quadrants of their own cages with greater frequency when the newborn enclosure was sealed. Experienced males approached newborn enclosures more frequently, spent more time in close proximity, and carried and recovered newborns more quickly than inexperienced males. The successive exposure to newborns increased the responsiveness in inexperienced males. The highest levels of plasma cortisol in adult males were recorded following periods of exposure to the sealed newborn enclosures. This suggests that successive exposure to newborns and previous alloparental caregiving experience while living in family groups influences the responsiveness of male marmosets to the sensory cues of newborns. Am. J. Primatol. 75:145‐152, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The structure of argument patterns on a social Q&A site
Authors: Savolainen Reijo
Published: November 2012

This study investigates the argument patterns in Yahoo! Answers, a major question and answer (Q&A) site. Mainly drawing on the ideas of Toulmin (), argument pattern is conceptualized as a set of 5 major elements: claim, counterclaim, rebuttal, support, and grounds. The combinations of these elements result in diverse argument patterns. Failed opening consists of an initial claim only, whereas nonoppositional argument pattern also includes indications of support. Oppositional argument pattern contains the elements of counterclaim and rebuttal. Mixed argument pattern entails all 5 elements. The empirical data were gathered by downloading from Yahoo! Answers 100 discussion threads discussing global warming—a controversial topic providing a fertile ground for arguments for and against. Of the argument patterns, failed openings were most frequent, followed by oppositional, nonoppositional, and mixed patterns. In most cases, the participants grounded their arguments by drawing on personal beliefs and facts. The findings suggest that oppositional and mixed argument patterns provide more opportunities for the assessment of the quality and credibility of answers, as compared to failed openings and nonoppositional argument patterns.
Erratum: Note of correction: “Laplace approximations to posterior moments and marginal distributions on circles, spheres, and cylinders”
Authors: Bagchi Parthasarathy , Kadane Joseph B.
Published: November 2012

We thank Koffi Eddy Ihou and Adrian M. Peter of Florida Institute of Technology, for bringing the following errors to our attention. The Canadian Journal of Statistics 40: 770–771; 2012 © 2012 Statistical Society of Canada
Putting aspiration back into thyroid fine‐needle biopsy—the re‐emerging role of vacuum assistance
Authors: Abele John S.
Published: November 2012

Although aspiration is a core feature in fine‐needle aspiration biopsy, it vanished with the needle‐only technique, particularly when ultrasound‐guided biopsies are used. Putting the aspiration back into fine‐needle aspiration is very helpful in certain situations.
Human‐induced marine ecological degradation: micropaleontological perspectives
Authors: Yasuhara Moriaki , Hunt Gene , Breitburg Denise , Tsujimoto Akira , Katsuki Kota
Published: November 2012

We analyzed published downcore microfossil records from 150 studies and reinterpreted them from an ecological degradation perspective to address the following critical but still imperfectly answered questions: (1) How is the timing of human‐induced degradation of marine ecosystems different among regions? (2) What are the dominant causes of human‐induced marine ecological degradation? (3) How can we better document natural variability and thereby avoid the problem of shifting baselines of comparison as degradation progresses over time? The results indicated that: (1) ecological degradation in marine systems began significantly earlier in Europe and North America (~1800s) compared with Asia (post‐1900) due to earlier industrialization in European and North American countries, (2) ecological degradation accelerated globally in the late 20th century due to post‐World War II economic growth, (3) recovery from the degraded state in late 20th century following various restoration efforts and environmental regulations occurred only in limited localities. Although complex in detail, typical signs of ecological degradation were diversity decline, dramatic changes in total abundance, decrease in benthic and/or sensitive species, and increase in planktic, resistant, toxic, and/or introduced species. The predominant cause of degradation detected in these microfossil records was nutrient enrichment and the resulting symptoms of eutrophication, including hypoxia. Other causes also played considerable roles in some areas, including severe metal pollution around mining sites, water acidification by acidic wastewater, and salinity changes from construction of causeways, dikes, and channels, deforestation, and land clearance. Microfossils enable reconstruction of the ecological history of the past 102–103 years or even more, and, in conjunction with statistical modeling approaches using independent proxy records of climate and human‐induced environmental changes, future research will enable workers to better address Shifting Baseline Syndrome and separate anthropogenic impacts from background natural variability.
Dust modelling using a combined CFD and discrete element formulation
Authors: Hilton J. E. , Cleary P. W.
Published: November 2012

The production and dispersal of airborne dust is an important issue in both environmental and industrial contexts. Dust pollution is a major environmental concern, and long exposure in occupational settings has been linked with numerous respiratory health issues. Industrial dust pollution can also present a significant explosion hazard, even in facilities with dust extraction systems. Computational models for dust generation and dispersal have, however, generally been formulated for specific geophysical applications and restricted to static, two‐dimensional, approaches. Here, we present a method for simulating dust production from a dynamic granular bed by using a three‐dimensional coupled discrete element method and Navier–Stokes computational model. Dust production is based on an energy formulation in which micro‐scale dust particles are assumed to overcome cohesion to macro‐scale grains. This model is used over the entire range of energies present within the system, from macro‐scale collisions to aerodynamic entrainment and bombardment of micro‐scale particles. The dust concentration is modelled as a scalar density field, which is advected and diffused through turbulence in the gas flow field. The model is tested against empirical predictions for two test cases, a slug of granular material dropped from a set height and air flow over a granular stockpile. Both give good agreement to the empirical relations, showing that the model can accurately predict the production and subsequent dispersal of dust from a dynamic granular bed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A semi‐implicit scheme for 3D free surface flows with high‐order velocity reconstruction on unstructured Voronoi meshes
Authors: Boscheri W. , Dumbser M. , Righetti M.
Published: November 2012

In this paper, we present a computationally efficient semi‐implicit scheme for the simulation of three‐dimensional hydrostatic free surface flow problems on staggered unstructured Voronoi meshes. For each polygonal control volume, the pressure is defined in the cell center, whereas the discrete velocity field is given by the normal velocity component at the cell faces. A piecewise high‐order polynomial vector velocity field is then reconstructed from the scalar normal velocities at the cell faces by using a new high‐order constrained least‐squares reconstruction operator. The reconstructed high‐order piecewise polynomial velocity field is used for trajectory integration in a semi‐Lagrangian approach to discretize the nonlinear convective terms in the governing PDE. For that purpose, a high‐order Taylor method is used as ODE integrator. The resulting semi‐implicit algorithm is extensively validated on a large set of different academic test problems with exact analytical solution and is finally applied to a real‐world engineering problem consisting of a curved channel upstream of two micro‐turbines of a hydroelectric power plant. For this realistic case, some experimental reference data are available from field measurements. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrothermolysis of carbohydrates to levulinic acid using metal supported on porous aluminosilicate
Authors: Suacharoen Sirinart , Tungasmita Duangamol Nuntasri
Published: November 2012

BACKGROUND

Aluminosilicate catalysts have the potential to promote the formation of oxygenated derivatives from carbohydrates in a hydrothermolysis reaction. Levulinic acid (LA) can be obtained from glucose, sucrose and starch hydrothermolysis reactions, and is a very versatile building block for diverse organic synthetic compounds. In this work, the catalytic performance of Ni‐ or Ru‐doped aluminum‐loaded SBA‐15 (Al‐SBA‐15) was compared with ZSM‐5 catalyst in order to achieve high LA selectivity.

RESULTS

All catalytic hydrothermolysis reactions tested gave remarkably higher LA selectivity than non‐catalytic reactions for every carbohydrate substrate used. The acid contents and porous properties are important keys to control yield and selectivity of LA. The highest selectivity of LA (44%) was attained from glucose hydrothermolysis at 200 °C (for 1 h) using a 15 wt% loading of the 20 wt% Ru‐doped ZSM‐5 catalyst.

CONCLUSION

Moderately raising Ru in ZSM‐5 and Al‐SBA‐15 catalysts increased the levels of LA. The MFI structure of ZSM‐5 is suitable for hydrothermolysis of glucose monosaccharide, while the hexagonal mesoporous structure of Al‐SBA‐15 is preferred for starch polysaccharide hydrothermolysis at the optimum condition. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
35Cl NQR frequency and spin lattice relaxation time in 3,4‐dichlorophenol as a function of pressure and temperature
Authors: Ramu L. , Ramesh K. P. , Chandramani R.
Published: November 2012

The pressure dependences of 35Cl nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR) frequency, temperature and pressure variation of spin lattice relaxation time (T1) were investigated in 3,4‐dichlorophenol. T1 was measured in the temperature range 77–300 K. Furthermore, the NQR frequency and T1 for these compounds were measured as a function of pressure up to 5 kbar at 300 K. The temperature dependence of the average torsional lifetimes of the molecules and the transition probabilities W1 and W2 for the Δm = ±1 and Δm = ±2 transitions were also obtained. A nonlinear variation of NQR frequency with pressure has been observed and the pressure coefficients were observed to be positive. A thermodynamic analysis of the data was carried out to determine the constant volume temperature coefficients of the NQR frequency.

An attempt is made to compare the torsional frequencies evaluated from NQR data with those obtained by IR spectra. On selecting the appropriate mode from IR spectra, a good agreement with torsional frequency obtained from NQR data is observed. The previously mentioned approach is a good illustration of the supplementary nature of the data from IR studies, in relation to NQR studies of compounds in solid state. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Guide to evaluation and treatment of anaemia in general practice
Authors: Smith Alastair
Published: November 2012

A systematic approach to evaluation and investigation is key to the successful management of anaemia. Our Drug review considers the various oral and parenteral treatments available, followed by an analysis of prescription data and sources of further information.
Weighted control with ‐stability constraint for switched positive linear systems
Authors: Tong Yanhui , Zhang Lixian , Basin Michael , Wang Changhong
Published: November 2012

This paper is concerned with the problem of control with ‐stability constraint for a class of switched positive linear systems. The ‐stability means that all the poles of each subsystem of the resultant closed‐loop system belong to a prescribed disk in the complex plane. A sufficient condition is derived for the existence of a set of state‐feedback controllers, which guarantees that the closed‐loop system is not only positive and exponentially stable with each subsystem ‐stable but also has a weighted performance for a class of switching signals with average dwell time greater than a certain positive constant. Both continuous‐time and discrete‐time cases are considered, and all of the obtained conditions are formulated in terms of linear matrix inequalities, whose solution also yields the desired controller gains and the corresponding minimal average dwell time. Numerical examples are given to illustrate the effectiveness of the presented approach.Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Roughness statistical influence on cell adhesion using profilometry and multiscale analysis
Authors: Giljean Sylvain , Bigerelle Maxence , Anselme Karine
Published: November 2012

In this study, two series of 11 samples of TiAl6V4 titanium alloy and 316L stainless steel have been polished in an isotropic manner at different levels in order to quantify the influence of biomaterial roughness on cell behavior. Topography was measured by a tactile profilometer and a multiscale analysis has been carried out. Human osteoblasts have been cultured on those samples. It appears that roughness has no reproducible effect on the cell behavior except an influence on cell orientation on the wider grooves. As a conclusion, biomaterial surface damage, in the roughness range betweenRa= 0.01 and 0.1 μm, has no influence on cell‐adhesion mechanisms when roughness is isotropic and groove width is inferior to a critical value. SCANNING 36:2–10, 2014. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“We Teach Who We Are”: A Study of Two Latino Transformative Educators
Authors: Albers Peggy , Frederick Tammy
Published: November 2012

This yearlong ethnographic study explored the work of two Latino teachers who identified themselves as critical literacy teachers and who taught ninth‐grade Latino students whose scores on standardized reading tests fell in the bottom 20th percentile. Framed in critical pedagogy and multimodality, this study sought to answer the following questions: (1) What experiences do two Latino teachers identify as significant in their approach to teaching from a critical and social justice perspective? (2) What pedagogical choices do these teachers make and what literacy practices do they exhibit that evidence this perspective? With the significant growth in numbers of Latino students in the United States and in public school classrooms, this study compels literacy educators and researchers who work with diverse student populations to pay close attention to the critical, reflective, and transformative practices of Latino teachers who engage students most at risk for dropping out.
Computational methods for contemporary carbene chemistry
Authors: Gerbig Dennis , Ley David
Published: November 2012

The use of computational methods in carbene chemistry has a long‐standing tradition. Indeed, the field has come a long way since the first ab initio calculations on methylene. Computations now routinely accompany most experimental studies, either to validate the obtained results or to help design appropriate experiments. Advances in computational carbene chemistry within the last decade are covered in this text, encompassing a plethora of studies on alkyl‐, aryl‐, halo‐, and heterocarbenes (N, P, O, S) as well as on persistent triplet carbenes. Moreover, the conceptual advancements in the fields of theoretical chemistry and computing technology have enabled researchers to conduct intricate ab initio studies. The application of leading‐edge theory to multireference problems, high‐accuracy thermochemical evaluations, atom tunneling, and the description of bonding is thoroughly reviewed. In addition, general recommendations for the choice of an appropriate method for a specific computational problem are given. Practitioners of the art are likely to discover new computational approaches in carbene chemistry applied to various examples from the current literature. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods
Bioconversion ofAgave tequilanafructans by exo-inulinases from indigenousAspergillus nigerCH-A-2010 enhances ethanol production from rawAgave tequilanajuice
Authors: Huitrón Carlos , Pérez Rosalba , Gutiérrez Luís , Lappe Patricia , Petrosyan Pavel , Villegas Jesús , Aguilar Cecilia , Rocha-Zavaleta Leticia , Blancas Abel
Published: November 2012

Agave tequilana fructans are the source of fermentable sugars for the production of tequila. Fructans are processed by acid hydrolysis or by cooking in ovens at high temperature. Enzymatic hydrolysis is considered an alternative for the bioconversion of fructans. We previously described the isolation of Aspergillus niger CH-A-2010, an indigenous strain that produces extracellular inulinases. Here we evaluated the potential application of A. niger CH-A-2010 inulinases for the bioconversion of A. tequilana fructans, and its impact on the production of ethanol. Inulinases were analyzed by Western blotting and thin layer chromatography. Optimal pH and temperature conditions for inulinase activity were determined. The efficiency of A. niger CH-A-2010 inulinases was compared with commercial enzymes and with acid hydrolysis. The hydrolysates obtained were subsequently fermented by Saccharomyces cerevisiae to determine the efficiency of ethanol production. Results indicate that A. niger CH-A-2010 predominantly produces an exo-inulinase activity. Optimal inulinase activity occurred at pH 5.0 and 50 °C. Hydrolysis of raw agave juice by CH-A-2010 inulinases yielded 33.5 g/l reducing sugars, compared with 27.3 g/l by Fructozyme® (Novozymes Corp, Bagsværd, Denmark) and 29.4 g/l by acid hydrolysis. After fermentation of hydrolysates, we observed that the conversion efficiency of sugars into ethanol was 97.5 % of the theoretical ethanol yield for enzymatically degraded agave juice, compared to 83.8 % for acid-hydrolyzed juice. These observations indicate that fructans from raw Agave tequilana juice can be efficiently hydrolyzed by using A. niger CH-A-2010 inulinases, and that this procedure impacts positively on the production of ethanol.
A Phase I, open-label, dose escalation study of afatinib, in a 3-week-on/1-week-off schedule in patients with advanced solid tumors
Authors: Marshall John , Hwang Jimmy , Eskens Ferry A. L. M. , Burger Herman , Malik Shakun , Uttenreuther-Fischer Martina , Stopfer Peter , Ould-Kaci Mahmoud , Cohen Roger B. , Lewis Nancy L
Published: November 2012

Background A Phase I study to determine the maximum tolerated dose (MTD) and pharmacokinetics of afatinib (BIBW 2992), a novel irreversible ErbB Family Blocker, administered orally once daily in a 3-week-on/1-week-off dosing schedule. Methods Patients with advanced solid tumors received single-agent afatinib at 10, 20, 40, 55 or 65 mg/day. Safety, antitumor activity, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamic modulation of biomarkers were assessed. Results: Forty-three patients were enrolled. Dose-limiting toxicities (DLTs) occurred in five patients in the dose escalation phase (1/8 at 40 mg/day; 1/6 at 55 mg/day; 3/6 at 65 mg/day). The MTD was established at 55 mg/day. In the expansion cohort at the MTD, 6 patients experienced a DLT in the first 28-day treatment period. The most frequent DLT was diarrhea. The most common adverse events were diarrhea, rash, nausea, vomiting and fatigue. Overall, the afatinib safety profile in a 3-week-on/1-week-off dose schedule was similar to that of our daily-continuous schedule. Afatinib displayed dose-dependent pharmacokinetics at doses up to and including 55 mg/day, with a terminal half-life suitable for once-daily dosing. Signs of clinical antitumor activity were observed. In biopsies taken from clinically normal forearm skin, afatinib caused a reduced proliferation rate, with a concomitant increase in differentiation of epidermal keratinocytes. Conclusion Afatinib in a 3-week-on/1-week-off schedule showed a good safety profile. The MTD was 55 mg/day, although excess DLTs in the expansion cohort indicated that the 40 mg/day dose would have an acceptable safety profile for future studies. Dose cohorts between 40 and 55 mg/day were not examined in this study.
Influence of Fatty Acid Desaturation on Spontaneous Acyl Migration in 2‐Monoacylglycerols
Authors: Compton David L. , Laszlo Joseph A. , Appell Michael , Vermillion Karl E. , Evans Kervin O.
Published: November 2012

The effect of desaturation from the C9 to the C15 carbon of 2‐monoacylglycerol (2‐MAG) fatty acids on spontaneous acyl migration is described. Three 2‐MAG species, 2‐monooleoylglycerol (C18:1 cis‐Δ9), 2‐monolinoleoylglycerol (C18:2 cis‐Δ9,12), and 2‐monolinolenoylglycerol (C18:3 cis‐Δ9,12,15) were synthesized by lipase‐catalyzed ethanolysis of their respective triacylglycerols and isolated in >60 % yield and at 2‐MAG purities of >95 % relative to 1‐monoacylglycerol (1‐MAG). 1H‐NMR spectroscopy was used to monitor the spontaneous acyl migration of the 2‐MAG species over a temperature range from 20 to 80 °C. The relative energies of activation calculated from the Arrhenius relationships of the 2‐MAG acyl migration rate constants were 73.3, 68.0, and 72.9 kJ mol−1 for the three 2‐MAG species, respectively. Density functional calculations performed using the B3LYP functional at the 6‐31+G* basis set on the three ketal ring intermediate of the three 2‐MAG species followed a similar trend with a lack of relative energetic preference associated with the degree of desaturation. The kinetically determined relative activation energies were approximately twofold higher than the theoretical relative Gibbs free energies of the intermediates, suggesting that other factors influence acyl migration. In general, increasing desaturation after the C9 carbon of 2‐MAG fatty acids had no appreciable effect on acyl migration rates.
Synthesis and Characterization of Carbamate‐Linked Cationic Lipids with Hydroxyethyl Group
Authors: Qiao Weihong , Zheng Zhibo , Qu Wenhui , Zhang Shumin
Published: November 2012

A series of cationic lipids with a carbamate linkage and a hydroxyethyl head group were designed and synthesized for gene delivery. All of the products were characterized by 1H NMR and MS. Cationic liposomes were prepared using the cationic lipid and the liposome states were studied by TEM and Nano Particle Size and Potential Analyzer. Liposomes were approximately spherical structures, the mean diameter was about 150 nm, the zeta‐potential was about 40 mV.
Fatty and Volatile Oils of the Gypsywort Lycopus europaeus L. and the Gaussian‐Like Distribution of its Wax Alkanes
Authors: Radulović Niko , Denić Marija , Stojanović‐Radić Zorica , Skropeta Danielle
Published: November 2012

The detailed analyses of the volatile essential oil and lipid profiles of the aerial parts from the blooming and fruit‐forming stages of both ripe and unripe fruit of Lycopus europaeus (Lamiaceae) are presented. Both of these profiles are distinguished by components with a restricted occurrence in the Plant Kingdom. These rare compounds include (E)‐hotrienol in the volatiles, numerous unusual fatty acids (such as very long chain, odd‐numbered and branched‐chain) in the bound lipids and a high amount of iso‐ and anteiso‐alkanes in the epicuticular waxes. Furthermore, a Gaussian‐like distribution of the relative amounts of the epicuticular wax alkanes was observed. These normal distributions could be interpreted as the end result of the work of elongase enzyme systems where the Gaussian parameter μ should match the length of the “ideal” fatty acid biosynthesised and σ would represent the error of this enzyme system. These curve parameters were shown to have a close relationship with ACL and CPI values usually utilised to describe the natural distribution of wax alkanes. The screening of L. europaeus essential oil for its in vitro antimicrobial activity showed that this oil possesses selectivity towards two gram‐negative strains, E. coli and K. pneumoniae.
From muscle wasting to sarcopenia and myopenia: update 2012
Authors: von Haehling Stephan , Morley John E. , Anker Stefan D.
Published: November 2012

Human muscle undergoes constant changes. After about age 50, muscle mass decreases at an annual rate of 1–2 %. Muscle strength declines by 1.5 % between ages 50 and 60 and by 3 % thereafter. The reasons for these changes include denervation of motor units and a net conversion of fast type II muscle fibers into slow type I fibers with resulting loss in muscle power necessary for activities of daily living. In addition, lipids are deposited in the muscle, but these changes do not usually lead to a loss in body weight. Once muscle mass in elderly subjects falls below 2 standard deviations of the mean of a young control cohort and the gait speed falls below 0.8 m/s, a clinical diagnosis of sarcopenia can be reached. Assessment of muscle strength using tests such as the short physical performance battery test, the timed get‐up‐and‐go test, or the stair climb power test may also be helpful in establishing the diagnosis. Serum markers may be useful when sarcopenia presence is suspected and may prompt further investigations. Indeed, sarcopenia is one of the four main reasons for loss of muscle mass. On average, it is estimated that 5–13 % of elderly people aged 60–70 years are affected by sarcopenia. The numbers increase to 11–50 % for those aged 80 or above. Sarcopenia may lead to frailty, but not all patients with sarcopenia are frail—sarcopenia is about twice as common as frailty. Several studies have shown that the risk of falls is significantly elevated in subjects with reduced muscle strength. Treatment of sarcopenia remains challenging, but promising results have been obtained using progressive resistance training, testosterone, estrogens, growth hormone, vitamin D, and angiotensin‐converting enzyme inhibitors. Interesting nutritional interventions include high‐caloric nutritional supplements and essential amino acids that support muscle fiber synthesis.
Neuropsychologic assessment in collaborative Parkinson's disease research: A proposal from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke Morris K. Udall Centers of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research at the University of Pennsylvania and the University of Washington
Authors: Watson G. Stennis , Cholerton Brenna A. , Gross Rachel G. , Weintraub Daniel , Zabetian Cyrus P. , Trojanowski John Q. , Montine Thomas J. , Siderowf Andrew , Leverenz James B.
Published: November 2012

Cognitive impairment (CI) and behavioral disturbances can be the earliest symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD), ultimately afflict the vast majority of PD patients, and increase caregiver burden. Our two Morris K. Udall Centers of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research were supported by the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS) in an effort to recommend a comprehensive yet practical approach to cognitive and behavioral assessment to further collaborative research. We recommend a stepwise approach with two levels of standardized evaluation to establish a common battery, as well as an alternative testing recommendation for severely impaired subjects, and review supplemental tests that may be useful in specific research settings. Our flexible approach may be applied to studies with varying emphasis on cognition and behavior, does not place undue burden on participants or resources, and has a high degree of compatibility with existing test batteries to promote collaboration.
Revisiting Discrepancy Theory in Learning Disabilities: What Went Wrong and Why We Should Go Back
Authors: Callinan Sarah , Cunningham Everarda , Theiler Stephen
Published: November 2012

The rise in popularity of Response to Intervention (RTI) as a method of identifying Learning Disabilities (LD) is partially due to the psychometric and theoretical issues inherent to the use of IQ tests in the once popular discrepancy method of identification. However, both RTI and discrepancy theories have their shortcomings, and criticisms directed at either method are usually applicable to both. This conceptual article puts forward a justification for using tests of the cognitive processes that are implicated in LD as a better method of LD identification. Although the unsuitability of the discrepancy method to accurately identify LD students is well established, it does represent the construct of LD well. Therefore, the discrepancy method can be used as an effective baseline measure against which improved identification procedures based on cognitive processes can be measured. Once these cognitive processes are more clearly defined, tests of these processes offer promise for LD identification.
MAIZE GRAIN YIELD RESPONSE TO THE DISTANCE NITROGEN IS PLACED AWAY FROM THE ROW
Authors: RUTTO E. , VOSSENKEMPER J. P. , KELLY J. , CHIM B. K. , RAUN W. R.
Published: November 2012

Correct placement of side dress nitrogen (N) fertilizer could increase nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) and maize yield production. Field studies were established to evaluate application of midseason (V8 to V10), variable liquid urea ammonia nitrate (28%), N rates (0, 45, 90 and 134 kg N ha−1) and different application distances (0, 10, 20 and 30 cm) away from the maize row on grain yield and NUE at Haskell and Hennessey in 2009, Efaw in 2010 and Lake Carl Blackwell, Oklahoma in 2009 and 2010. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used throughout the study. Results indicated that maize grain yield in sites with adequate rainfall increased significantly (p < 0.05) with N rate, and poor N response was recorded in sites with low rainfall. Across sites and seasons, varying side dress N application distance away from the maize row did not significantly (p < 0.05) influence maize grain yield and NUE even with no prep-plant applied. Environments with adequate rainfall distribution had better maize grain yields when high side dress N rates (90 and 134 kg N ha−1) were applied 0 to 10 cm, and a higher NUE when 45 kg N ha−1 was applied 0 to 20 cm away from the maize row. For low N rates (45 kg N ha−1), increased maize grain yield and NUE were achieved when side dress N was applied 0 to 20 cm away from the maize row at locations with low rainfall distribution. Across sites and seasons, increasing side dress N to 134 kg N ha−1 contributed to a general decline in mean NUE to as low as 4%, 35%, 10%, 51% at Hennessey, Efaw, LCB (2009) and LCB (2010) respectively.
Age, Hf isotope and trace element signatures of detrital zircons in the Mesoproterozoic Eriksfjord sandstone, southern Greenland: are detrital zircons reliable guides to sedimentary provenance and timing of deposition?
Authors: ANDERSEN TOM
Published: November 2012

The Gardar Rift in southern Greenland developed within Palaeoproterozoic rocks of the Ketilidian orogen, near its boundary with the Archaean craton. The Eriksfjord Formation was deposited atc. 1.3 Ga on a basement ofc. 1.8 Ga Julianehåb I-type granite. Detrital zircons from the lower sandstone units shows a range of ages and εHfcompatible with proto sources within the Archaean craton and the Nagssugtoquidian mobile belt north and east of the craton; zircons that can be attributed to juvenile Ketilidian sources are less abundant. This suggests a predominance of distant sources, probably by recycling of older and no longer preserved cover strata. A significant fraction ofc. 1300 Ma zircons have εHfbetween 0 and −38. Rather than originating from a hitherto unknown igneous body within the Gardar Rift, these are interpreted as Palaeoproterozoic to late Archaean zircons that have lost radiogenic lead during diagenesis and post-depositional thermal alteration related to Gardar magmatism. Although the sediments originate from sources within Greenland, the age and initial Hf isotope distribution of Palaeoproterozoic and Archaean zircons mimics that of granitoids from the Fennoscandian Shield. This may reflect parallel evolution and possible long-range exchange of detritus in Proterozoic supercontinent settings. The lesson to be learned is that detrital zircon age data should not be used to constrain the age of sedimentary deposition unless the post-depositional history is well understood, and that recycling of old sediments, long-range transport and parallel evolution of different continents make detrital zircons unreliable indicators of provenance.
For the Record: The Francis Crick Archive at the Wellcome Library
Authors: Beckett Chris
Published: November 2012

“This is an historic occasion”, announced Francis Crick on 2 June 1966, as he began the opening address of the annual meeting of molecular biologists at Cold Spring Harbor. “There have been many meetings”, he continued, “about the genetic code during the past ten or twelve years but this is the first important one to be held since the code became known.” Such bold pronouncements usually guarantee that an occasion will linger in history's footnotes and never shine centre-page. But, as the first public presentation of the complete genetic code, the moment had some claim to being historically complementary to the publication of James Watson and Crick's first paper in Nature. In April 1953, in fourteen paragraphs and a diagrammatic sketch (contributed by Odile Crick), they had announced—with a minimalism that came more of urgent certainty than of diffidence or reticence—not just a physical structure for DNA, but something far more. “It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing [of purine and pyrimidine bases] we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for the genetic material.” The trajectory begun in 1953 with the suggestion of “a possible copying mechanism” completed its public arc at Cold Spring Harbor in 1966 with a very specific and (almost) complete table showing the genetic code. The occasion “marked”, as Crick later judged, “the end of classical molecular biology”.
Hospitalization: A Contentious Issue for Patients and Health Funds in Baden, 1893–1914
Authors: Hähner-Rombach Sylvelyn
Published: November 2012

Hospitals in Germany had traditionally provided care on a voluntary basis. Before the end of the nineteenth century, hospitalization was compulsory only during epidemics or in the case of infectious diseases such as syphilis or leprosy. Voluntary hospitalization normally occurred only when hospital beds were available, when payment was guaranteed, or during emergencies. Towards the end of the nineteenth century, however, there was a definite increase in hospitalization levels, primarily due to two important developments: the introduction of health insurance in 1883, and the growing number and size of hospitals. Health insurance covered its members' hospital expenses, and the hospitals provided facilities for more and more patients.
Psychotherapy in The Netherlands after the Second World War
Authors: Hutschemaekers Giel J M , Oosterhuis Harry
Published: November 2012

The early history of psychotherapy in the Netherlands hardly differs from that of the surrounding countries. Somewhat later than in France and Germany, psychotherapy appeared during the last decades of the nineteenth century, with general practitioners who started to treat their patients (mainly for all kinds of somatic complaints) by psychological means. In the early decades of the twentieth century, psychotherapy was narrowed down to mainly psychoanalytic treatment. The patient population consisted of a small élite group of people who belonged to the upper social classes. The practice of psychotherapy was restricted to some “enlightened” psychoanalysts.
War and the Practice of Psychotherapy: The UK Experience 1939–1960
Authors: Jones Edgar
Published: November 2012

During the Second World War, it is argued, “the neuroses of battle” not only deepened an understanding of “psychopathological mechanisms”, but also created opportunities for the practice of psychotherapy, while its perceived efficacy led to a broader acceptance within medicine and society once peace had returned. This recognition is contrasted with the aftermath of the First World War when a network of outpatient clinics, set up by the Ministry of Pensions to treat veterans with shell shock, were closed within a few years in response to financial pressures and doubts about their therapeutic value. In the private sector, psychoanalysis under the leadership of Ernest Jones remained an idiosyncratic activity confined largely to the affluent middle classes of London. According to Gregorio Kohon, “it was strongly opposed by the general public, the Church, the medical and psychiatric establishment, and the press”. The Medico-Psychological Clinic of London, originally set up in 1913, offered psychotherapy on three afternoons a week in premises at 30 Brunswick Square under the direction of Dr James Glover. However, it closed in 1923 after Glover and his brother Edward had both become psychoanalysts. As the First World War drew to a close, Maurice Craig helped to persuade Sir Ernest Cassel to fund a hospital for ‘Functional and Nervous Disorders’ at Penshurst, Kent, to treat neuroses in the civilian population. Although moved to permanent premises near Richmond, it remained small-scale and at the time no attempt was made to establish a network of similar institutions throughout the UK. The Tavistock Clinic, opened in Bloomsbury in 1920, struggled to secure funding throughout the interwar period and its efforts to win official recognition from the University of London were consistently rebutted. Thus, despite the epidemic of shell shock and other so-called war neuroses, psychotherapy remained a marginal activity during the 1920s and 1930s.
“A Mere Matter of Rock”: Organized Labour, Scientific Evidence and British Government Schemes for Compensation of Silicosis and Pneumoconiosis among Coalminers, 1926–1940
Authors: Bufton Mark W , Melling Joseph
Published: November 2012

The growth of statutory compensation for industrial injuries and illness has attracted considerable attention from historians of state welfare and students of organized labour in both Europe and North America. The rights of legal redress for disease and accidents in the workplace have become the subject of some debate among historians of occupational health and safety, most particularly in regard to asbestos-related illnesses. Among the most detailed and scholarly accounts of the subject in Britain are those by Peter Bartrip and his collaborators. In contrast to many accounts in labour and medical history which express strong empathy with the plight of workers who faced injury and death in the workplace, Bartrip adopts a model of industrial behaviour which is closer to rational-choice assumptions of mainstream economics. His recent account of government regulation of occupational diseases since the nineteenth century offers limited comment on the attitudes of trade unionists to accidents, though he broadly maintains that British unions have historically been more concerned with winning compensation awards than pressing for the prevention of hazards in the industrial workplace.