bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COVID-19, Democracy, and Post-Neoliberalism
Authors: Youngs Richard
Published: February 2025

Chapter 5 examines the impact of the COVID-19 experience on different political regime types. Many democratic governments implemented emergency measures that abridged democratic rights; countries in the midst of democratic transition saw reforms stall and even unwind, and some authoritarian regimes seemed to gain new powers. COVID-19 also intensified efforts to improve and defend democracy. Both direct and indirect effects of the pandemic have left a severe impact on social and economic conditions and accelerated a shift in economic models away from neoliberal orthodoxy, with important implications for the quality of democracy and the broader balance between democratic and autocratic dynamics. The political dynamics of the pandemic and its socioeconomic aftermath have been associated with and partly driven by new forms of micropolitics and more empowered state functions. While the pandemic has left clearly authoritarian impacts, new concerns with and initiatives for democratic renewal have also opened in its wake.
Supporting Your Teen's Mental Health
Authors: 9780197768631  , Temkin-Yu Andrea
Published: February 2025

This workbook is a guide for parents hoping to support their teenager who is struggling with mental health. The first portion of the book includes background on teen mental health and environmental factors that are impacting the well-being of adolescents today. It also outlines core principles that parents can use to maximize how effective they are in their parenting decisions. Early chapters include an overview on the importance of parent well-being and include recommendations for parents to improve their emotional reserves and coping skills. The remainder of the book then introduces research-backed parenting strategies that have been shown to be effective in improving parent–child relationships, encouraging skillful behavior, and reducing teen problem behavior. This includes positive parenting strategies such as understanding behavior, labeled praise, validation, and building meaningful routines. There are also a number of conflict and behavior management strategies such as active ignoring, providing the appropriate level of support, effective consequences, and managing outbursts. The final chapters include a review of skills, tips to help parents make the most of the tools within the book, and information on when professional help would be appropriate. Interactive exercises are included throughout the workbook to improve understanding and implementation of the tools. Readers will read and work through numerous vignettes, self-assessments, skill quizzes, and planning worksheets. Completing this workbook will provide parents with an understanding of useful parenting strategies to help them feel connected with their teen and better able to support their mental health.
Maintaining Skills and Seeking Professional Support
Authors: Temkin-Yu Andrea
Published: February 2025

Chapter 12 outlines how parents can make use of their skills once they have completed the workbook and when they should consider seeking professional mental health support. It includes a thorough skill review of all tools discussed in the prior chapters. Readers are then guided through steps to help them create a plan to review book information and put it into practice in an ongoing way. The chapter then provides an overview of what factors professional mental health clinicians consider in assessing teens and determining when professional treatment is appropriate. Different types of mental health treatment are reviewed, with tips on how to find the appropriate care. The chapter ends with a wrap-up of the book and final reminders to help readers make the most of the content.
Southern Democracy or Southern Oligarchy?
Authors: Jones Bryan D.
Published: February 2025

This introductory chapter sets the problem of democratic development in the unequal South. It focuses on the debate of whether there was ever a solid white South unified around race, or whether there was always a division. Were there two Southern minds that deviated on the issues of oligarchy and democracy or just one based in the hierarchical plantation oligarchy. The chapter introduces the major historical eras in Southern political development and the critical junctures that divide them. It sumarizes the history of four lines of the author’s family lineages and how their narratives can illuminate Southern political development. The chapter closes with an overview of the rest of the book.
The Lasting Legacy of Slave Ownership
Authors: Jones Bryan D.
Published: February 2025

Of the four family lines we are following, one enslaved people. The Carrs held slaves from soon after they emigrated from Northern Ireland to North Carolina until Emancipation. Although they never acquired large numbers of slaves, the Carrs were nevertheless able to build considerable wealth through land, slaves, and Indian removal. This chapter follows the trail of Joseph Powell Carr from North Carolina to Sumter County following Choctaw removal, describing the slave economy and its pervasive deleterious influence on politics and religion. The chapter turns to the viewpoint of the former slave Ank Bishop, who was owned by James Powell’s mother in law, “Lady Liza” Larkin. His recolections of Lady Liza’s plantation are far from the dreamy “Old South” myths still passed around today.
Myth and Reality in the Black Belt
Authors: Jones Bryan D.
Published: February 2025

Stories that glorify the past are vehicles for passing down respect for history. These narratives also transmit myths about which groups in society are worthy of respect and those which are not, maintaining status distinctions through time. If they distort history, they buttress unfair inequalities in both status and class. This chapter explores the resilience of the Old South and Lost Cause myths as justifications for white supremacy. It focuses on the author’s personal experiences, how he accepted the narratives and reinforced them in his mind through reading about seemingly heroic deeds of Confederate military leaders and soldiers. The myths were further reinforced in history courses in school and in discussions with friends. The chapter closes with the author’s increasing awareness of the deleterious nature of these myths as they crumbled in his eyes as he matured.
Sand Mountain People
Authors: Jones Bryan D.
Published: February 2025

This chapter describes the lives of the Southern uplanders just before and after the Civil War. Many writers have viewed these poor mounteeners as isolated, uneducated, and bigoted. This chapter describes a quite different picture of them. The “hillbillies” living in Appalachian Alabama in the antebellum years were not the isolated and ignorant hardscrabble farmers often depicted. Religious revivals swept through the area; political gatherings were common; traveling exhorters and political reformers traveled through the hills. Small farms meant that neighbors were accessible. Local churches were plentiful and campground meetings common. Mountain men and women had different social and political lives from the Black Belt planters, reinforcing the differences in culture, economics, and politics. The two groups were represented by different political parties—the mountain people were Democrats; the lowland planters were Whigs. Class conflict underlay these political differences.
A Populist Narrative
Authors: Jones Bryan D.
Published: February 2025

Sample
The Greatest Generation
Authors: Jones Bryan D.
Published: February 2025

The author’s mother’s younger brother, Mac Davidson, could have been drawn from journalist Tom Brokaw’s book The Greatest Generation. After Pearl Harbor, he enlisted in the army, taking part in D-Day. Returning home he graduated from law school. His law partner, E.W. Skidmore, a state senator, ran for lieutenant governor in 1958 on the classic North Alabama labor-liberal platform, and was supported by Tuscaloosa’s Black newspaper. Mac was his finance chair. Skidmore lost badly to a segregationist who had authored most of the prosegregation laws written in the 1950s. The end of the labor-liberal coalition was at hand as race politics pushed aside class politics.
Looking Back to See Forward
Authors: Jones Bryan D.
Published: February 2025

This chapter reviews the Southern cleavage that is the center of this book. It argues that Southern politics has historically centered on whether political cleavages will center on a politics of class or a politics of status. Whites of the Appalachian regions of Southern states cared more about class issues, while whites of Black Belt regions focused on status, especially status based on a racial hierarchy. It shows how that white political attitudes shifted from a dual mind of both class and status to a single mind focused mostly on status. As the author left Alabama to find an environment less consumed by racial politics, he found that status politics was more general and that exit from the Deep South was not a strategy because of the direction of the entire nation’s politics. The long white backlash, the party realignment, and the yearning among many for a modern Bourbon restoration based on a racial hierarchy characterized the post Civil Rights critical moment nationwide.
Introduction
Authors: Riddle Karie Cross
Published: February 2025

The Introduction addresses a difficult question for any transnational feminist work: What does it mean for a white, Western woman to use and critique the peacebuilding work of diverse women from India? First, it draws upon Indian feminist Uma Narayan’s work to argue that careful critique of other cultures is productive when done with sensitivity and an assumption of mutual learning and growth. Second, the chapter employs insights from critical feminist Judith Butler to articulate the limitations of the social critic, who can never be separated from the conditions that she seeks to change. She can never fully understand herself or her society. A Butler-inspired “ethos of critique” therefore requires humility, generosity, and solidarity with others. Finally, to account for the author’s positionality, the chapter relays important personal stories from fieldwork in India, revealing limitations of the author and the work.
Critical Feminist Justpeace in Manipur
Authors: Riddle Karie Cross
Published: February 2025

This chapter revises John Paul Lederach’s definition of justpeace from the viewpoint of women’s peacebuilding praxis in Manipur, culminating in critical feminist justpeace. The chapter charts similarities and differences between Lederach and the women peacebuilders on concepts like justice, equality, peace, violence, and power. This comparison reveals the revisions that are required to make justpeace responsive to women’s collective work. The resulting theory of change is necessarily contingent. It reflects a particular context and the multi-vocal nature of deliberative inquiry; thus, many elements of the theory require further specification from communities that try to apply it. Critical feminist justpeace promotes an intersectional orientation toward conflict transformation that reduces structural power hierarchies and direct forms of violence, increases equitable justice outcomes in public and private relationships, and targets historically marginalized participants. The theory can guide both local peacebuilders and outsiders who wish to be supportive while doing no harm.
The Power of Blank Spaces
Authors: Murton Galen
Published: February 2025

Maps of China’s Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) offer usefully approximate depictions of networks of roads, rails, sea lanes, and other infrastructures. And yet, for a global program that reflects and advances Beijing’s emergent position as a leader in international development, BRI maps remain largely imprecise and unofficial. This paradox is especially true in Nepal and Tibet, where the BRI is highly present discursively and materially and yet remains cartographically fuzzy. Taking this ambiguity as a starting point of critical cartography, the author asks why BRI development throughout the trans-Himalayan region remains conspicuously blank on many widely circulated maps, and what political work may be accomplished by such cartographic silences. Following the case of Chinese development in Nepal, the chapter argues that such contradictions are fundamental to BRI projects across a range of scales and spaces.
Labor Migration Pathways under the BRI
Authors: Fei Ding
Published: February 2025

This chapter delves into the human dimension of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), with a focus on the real-life experiences of Chinese expatriates in Africa. Drawing upon field research in Ethiopia, it outlines expatriates’ transnational work and life experiences across three phases: predeparture, onsite, and posttenure. Specifically, it explores what motivates these individuals to undertake overseas positions and their ability to negotiate the terms of their contracts. It then examines how expatriates’ daily lives are structured and governed and the challenges they have encountered while abroad. Discussions further unpack the considerations around contract renewal and options for repatriation toward the end of expatriates’ overseas tenure. By detailing the varied experiences and aspirations of Chinese expatriates in Africa, who are often generalized as mere instruments of the Chinese state or capital, this chapter sheds light on the often-invisible aspects of the BRI’s downstream impacts on human life.
The Bibles of the Far Right
Authors: Strømmen Hannah M.
Published: February 2025

This book examines the role that Bibles have come to play in the worldview of the contemporary far right. It argues that references to biblical texts and “the Bible” are part of calls to defend Europe against Islam. Taking the case of far-right terrorism in Norway on 22 July 2011 as a starting point, the book maps continuities and connections between Bible-use in far-right terrorist manifestos, in the thought-leaders who inspire far-right violence, in conservative thinkers of Europe, and in historical forms of Bible-use that are being activated today. By drawing on Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, this book proposes a way of doing biblical reception that maps how Bibles operate in the world as assemblages. Ultimately, The Bibles of the Far Right proposes new ways to understand political Bible-use today in order to respond to violence inspired by biblical texts.
Biblical Assemblages in Breivik’s Manifesto
Authors: Strømmen Hannah M.
Published: February 2025

This chapter analyses invocations of “the Bible” and references to biblical texts in Breivik’s manifesto. The argument of the chapter is that these references are arranged in such a way that they constitute two different biblical assemblages: the War Bible and the Civilisation Bible. The “War Bible” assemblage is made up of biblical texts pertaining to violence which are combined with the far-right conspiracies that fill the manifesto, including allusions to the medieval crusades and stories of Muslim persecution of Christians. The “Civilisation Bible” assemblage is made up of references to “the Bible” that connect to assumptions about the civilisational roots and cultural achievements of Europe. It connects to classic Western literature and art, forming part of the vision of the manifesto for combatting the decline of Europe and the perceived threats of Islam and immigration.
The Civilisation Bible
Authors: Strømmen Hannah M.
Published: February 2025

This chapter focuses on the Civilisation Bible assemblage. Examining conservative philosophical (and pop-philosophical) arguments about Western civilisation and European culture, the chapter demonstrates how the emphasis on the uniqueness of a Western Christian scriptural tradition feeds into far-right views about the impossibility of integrating Islam into Europe. The chapter argues that the territorialisation of the Civilisation Bible is not the result only of such recent philosophical claims, however, but is also connected to early modern tendencies to posit “the Bible” as a repository for European culture. Further, the Civilisation Bible assemblage connects to the cultural and theological capital enjoyed by Bibles during colonialism. The Civilisation Bible works effectively when it is combined with particular assumptions about “religion” and “culture”, and has gained traction with the clash of civilisations thesis that has become so pervasive around the globe.
Biblical Lines of Flight
Authors: Strømmen Hannah M.
Published: February 2025

This concluding chapter summarises the main argument of the study, namely, that two biblical assemblages—the War Bible and the Civilisation Bible—are operant in contemporary counterjihadist writings, transnational right-wing movements, and conservative philosophy, as well as having connections and continuities with past Bible-use. The chapter goes on to reflect on the implications for research in biblical reception and the discipline of biblical studies more broadly. With a more experimental and expansive view of biblical studies, an important implication is that antiquity should not be the presumed or privileged site of study. Drawing on scholars such as Vincent Wimbush, the chapter advocates for extending research in biblical reception in multiple directions, working on different scales, with differing scope, and following a variety of actors, undertaking contextual and comparative work.
Bratton’s Transition (1994)
Authors: Moskos Peter
Published: February 2025

Newly elected Mayor Giuliani appointed Bill Bratton police commissioner in 1994. One visible problem, of "squeegee" men, had just been addressed by the previous administration. Bratton stepped into his role just as a major corruption scandal broke that immediately tested his reputation. Bratton assembled his executive team: Jack Maple as deputy commissioner, Louis Anemone as chief of patrol, Mike Julian as chief of personnel, John Timoney as chief of department, and John Miller as the deputy commissioner of public information. Bratton announced the NYPD’s mission was to fight crime, fear of crime, and disorder, and he promised a major crime reduction in his first year. He exceeded his goal. Bratton’s Deputy Commissioner, Jack Maple, asks how many shootings there were the previous year, and nobody seemed to know. The answer turns out to be 5,933. Maple gets the idea to hold weekly crime meetings at Police Headquarters to focus on crime fighting, something that had never been before. These meetings evolved into Compstat, which began in April 1994.
Colonial Military
Authors: Graham Aaron
Published: February 2025

Alongside the garrison the assembly also maintained its own colonial forces, ranging from the militia to the parties of Maroons and blackshot sent into the interior after runaway slaves. On occasion the assembly even voted funds for large companies of semi-permanent troops. These enabled the planters to project power into the interior of the island, and to fight a ‘tropical’ way of war that required special skills which the imperial garrison did not possess. Such measures also offered opportunities for free and even enslaved people of colour to obtain rewards, giving them a stake in the system of plantation slavery and helping to break up dangerous racial solidarities. The trade-off was that the expansion of this system, especially after 1815, as the imperial government began to reduce the size of the garrison, meant that the growing cost of maintaining these auxiliaries increasing fell on the colonial state.
In Pursuit of Sustainability
Authors: Burton Philip J.
Published: February 2025

Development of a quantitative approach to sustained-yield timber production, sometimes referred to as “scientific forestry,” marked a revolutionary shift in forward thinking. Timber sustainability can be achieved with a uniform areal distribution of even-aged stands representing all age classes in a fully regulated forest. A sustainable supply of timber can also be achieved through uneven-aged management at the stand level, marked by declining densities of successively larger trees. Many forest management debates involve preferences for even-aged management (with trees usually harvested by clearcutting) or uneven-aged management, which maintains continuous forest cover. The optimal age for harvesting trees to achieve maximum sustained fiber yield results in shorter rotations than required to sustain other forest values. Successful application of sustained-yield forestry has several requirements that are often compromised by changing conditions such as natural disturbances and unfavorable weather events, requiring a flexible approach with frequent replanning. Extending sustained-yield principles to multiple forest values under the moniker of sustainable forest management becomes even more challenging. Stakeholder consultation and negotiations are typically needed to clarify interpretations and priorities of what is to be sustained over what area. While long-term forest sustainability remains a worthwhile aspirational goal, its implementation requires a resilient and adaptive approach.
Resilience through Adaptive Management
Authors: Burton Philip J.
Published: February 2025

Recurrent monitoring and assessment of forest conditions is required in order to evaluate whether management actions are achieving their stated goals, and to inform adjustment to changing conditions. Efficient monitoring requires the selection of responsive indicators of broader system status and trends. Many features of forests are repeatedly measured in support of forest certification systems and corporate or government reporting requirements, but often with little impact on forest policies or practices. Resilient forest management requires monitoring activities to be embedded in a formal system of adaptive management in which specific questions are addressed or comparisons are made, and where there is a genuine commitment to information-based decision-making. Multiple indicators are required to assess forest composition, structure, and function at stand and landscape levels, and it is advisable to condense or simplify those many indicators in communicating to managers and the public. Attention to the relative health or persistence of environmental conditions in response to disruptions and changing conditions can inform tactics for resilient forest management. Although informed by monitoring, it is a social decision to identify particular criteria and thresholds for selecting forest resistance, recovery, adjustment, reconfiguration, or transformative approaches.
The Oxford Guide to the Languages of the Central Andes
Authors: 9780191884320
Published: February 2025

The Oxford Guide to the Languages of the Central Andes presents a comprehensive and up-to-date overview of the languages of the Central Andes of Peru and Bolivia—the only such volume available in English. Descriptive efforts to document Central Andean languages, as well as philological research into colonial documentation and texts, have blossomed in recent decades; here, the major protagonists and drivers of these exciting developments are given the opportunity to showcase these research achievements in one volume. Internationally leading experts on particular languages contribute extensive descriptions that reflect current knowledge but often also add new aspects to our understanding of their phonological and grammatical structures. The volume also features substantial typological comparative analyses that reflect the pivotal role Central Andean languages have played in investigations into topics of current theoretical interest, such as notions of linguistic complexity and evidentiality. It includes chapters that shed light on the cultural, geographical, and sociolinguistic settings in which Central Andean languages are or were spoken, discusses past and present language contact situations, and considers philological aspects of their study. Central Andean languages have also played a key role in exploring the interfaces of historical linguistics with archeology, in particular the relationship between the introduction of agricultural techniques and language expansion in prehistory. Central Andean languages have influenced—and continue to influence—linguistic thinking in multiple respects; this volume is a nuanced and multifaceted yet coherent and substantial guide to these fascinating languages.
Mochica
Authors: Urban Matthias
Published: February 2025

This chapter sketches the major phonological and morphosyntactic features of the Mochica language of the North Coast of Peru [ISO 369-3: omc, Glottocode: moch1259]. Mochica, a dormant language that has been documented in various stages of development between the 16th and early 20th centuries and that that is currently revitalized, is of particular interest to Central Andean linguistics for its typological features that are often considered to make the language stand out in the Central Andean context. These features include unusual consonant phonemes, in particular a rich, diachronically unstable system of lateral consonants, a comparably loose morphosyntactic organization that relies heavily on clitics rather than affixes, possessive classification, and an etymologically transparent system of numeral classification.
Syntactic structures in the languages of the Central Andes
Authors: Gijn Rik van
Published: February 2025

Syntax is an understudied topic in the languages of the Central Andes. This is certainly in part because these languages are morphologically very rich so that part of what we tend to regard as syntax has been morphologized, or contains clear morphological components. In this contribution I go through the (morpho)syntactic structure of Quechuan, Aymaran, Uru–Chipaya, and Híbito–Cholonón languages, as well as that of the isolates Puquina and Mochica and the mixed language Kallawaya. I start with the minimal building block for syntax, the grammatical word, and work toward the structure of complex sentences. Central Andean languages share a considerable part of their syntax, but in some areas they are clearly distinct, likely highlighting the complex history of these languages that involve both intensive contact and independent developments.
Discourse, information structure, and evidentiality in the Central Andes
Authors: Grzech Karolina
Published: February 2025

This chapter focuses on the grammatical devices used in the languages of the Central Andes to make discourse coherent and cohesive. These include marking of information-structural categories such as topic and focus, evidential marking, tail–head linkage, and grammaticalized ways of tracking reference in discourse. Most attention is granted to the Quechuan and Aymaran languages, since they are the ones for which the most relevant data is available. Uru–Chipaya evidential and discourse marking is also discussed in significant detail. The concluding section aims to point toward the common structural and semantics patterns of expressing discourse-related meanings in the Central Andes, and references a wider range of languages spoken in the region.
The Andean–Amazonian interface
Authors: Emlen Nicholas Q. , van Gijn Rik , Norder Sietze
Published: February 2025

The chapter examines the language ideologies–ways in which value is brought to bear upon the form and use of language in society–in relation to the use of the Quechuan languages in highland Peru and Bolivia, in contemporary times and based on the author’s field research. After a brief synopsis of language ideologies in colonial times and an overview of the sociolinguistic context of Quechuan languages in relation to other Central Andean Indigenous languages, the study takes discourse as its object, both at the “micro” level as people reflect on their own language use and that of others, and at the “macro” level of state legislative, policy, and planning actions. The study of language ideologies in postcolonial settings such as those of the Central Andes helps to identify discriminatory attitudes and practices that can uphold inequality, challenge them, and provide arguments upon which to build more equitable societal arrangements.
The Islamic Agricultural Revolution
Authors: Decker Michael
Published: February 2025

The Islamic Agricultural Revolution: Myths and Realities Since its first advancement by Andrew Watson in 1974, the ‘Watson Thesis’ of a marked expansion of agricultural activity under the first centuries of Islamic rule over western Eurasia and North Africa has gained wide acceptance. Under a new agrarian regime, predicated on thriving urban markets, access to irrigation technologies, plants, and farming technologies, significant economic gains were realized. This chapter offers a modified picture of agrarian change during the Early Islamic period in which these changes are suggested to have been slower and less dramatic than previously thought. In light of recent evidence from Sasanian Persia and Rome, we are able to further hypothesize and contextualize a more linear development in the agrarian regimes of the lands of the Mediterranean basin.
Landholding, Investment, and Irrigation in Lower Iraq during the First Two Centuries of Islam
Authors: Lucas Noëmie
Published: February 2025

Lower Iraq is a sub-region of the Iraqi province where the irrigation system plays a key role in the agricultural development. Despite issues related to the presence of swamps and other water issues, Lower Iraq was a far-reaching cultivated area during the first two centuries of Islam. This chapter pursues previous investigations about the Iraqi agriculture and assesses the role of the Islamic state. First, it argues that two kinds of investment coexisted in Lower Iraq: a ‘private’ one factoring the formation of a Muslim group of landowners and constituting an original way of becoming landlords; and a ‘public’ one, which contributed to the development of the Islamic state and its economic policy through control over land. Second, it investigates the way the Islamic state sought to organize the irrigation system ensuring the functioning of the agricultural economy and controlling it at the same time.
Dynamics of Agricultural Investment in al-Ahwaz in the Early Islamic Period
Authors: Soroush Mehrnoush
Published: February 2025

This chapter challenges the hypothesis of overall decline in the urban and agricultural economy of Khuzistan after the Sasanians. It suggests, instead, that in the early Islamic period, the lower plains of Khuzistan became the focus of agricultural investment and economic development, at the expense of the more ancient centres of production to the north, such as Susa and Shushtar. The new dynamics encouraged the foundation of a new metropolis, ‘Askar Mukram, in the underdeveloped areas between Shushtar and Ahwaz. This means that ‘Askar Mukram was not built on the foundations of the Sasanian city of Rustam Kawād/Rustāqubād, and that the early Islamic Masruqān canal, modern Gargar, irrigated the plains between ‘Askar Mukram and Ahwaz, rather than the Miyanab plain.
Anthropology
Authors: Spencer Nick , Waite Hannah
Published: February 2025

The chapter explores the perceived conflicts in the science and religion debate that relate to the ‘content’ of each ‘discipline’: in effect, the extent to which the ‘facts’ generated by science are understood to be in conflict with the ‘beliefs’ of religion. It begins by looking at the physical sciences, specifically cosmology, before moving on to the life sciences, specifically but not exclusively evolution. In the process it develops the argument that it is in fact the nature and status of the human that lies at the heart of most perceived conflicts here. The chapter then proceeds to examine in greater detail where the apparent tension lies in this area of the landscape, highlighting eight areas pertaining to the soul, morality, human uniqueness, free will, religious experience, the idea that humans are made in the image of God, the origins of religion itself, and the challenge to any religious doctrine that draws a firm boundary line around humanity. Having explored these tensions, the chapter looks at how these can be accommodated, showing how both science and religion can be conceived in a less conflictual way here. However, it concludes by outlining two remaining potential points of tension, the first relating to gradualism and the category of the human, and the second relating to the apparent inherency and necessity of pain and suffering within creation. These remain important outstanding questions for this debate.
Public Authority and Public Reasoning
Authors: Spencer Nick , Waite Hannah
Published: February 2025

This chapter looks at the perception of conflict between science and religion in the areas of social and ethical contention. Issues like abortion, euthanasia, genetic engineering, and stem cell research have long had a perceived ‘science and religion’ dimension to them, and current data show opinions on them correlating with different attitudes to science and to religion. This chapter explores the nature of those tensions, before looking at the deeper ‘orientations’ of both science and religion, which underlie these disagreements. Ultimately, it argues, the potential for tension resides in different attitudes to the givenness of life and nature, and attendant disagreements over the extent to which both can be modified. This tension acknowledged, the chapter shows that the perceived conflicts here are neither universal nor necessary, nor specific to science and religion. Where the tension does lie, the chapter argues, has less to do with the issues themselves, or even the respective ethical orientations that people sense within science and religion, but rather in perennial questions of public authority—who has authority to adjudicate on issues of shared and contentious public concern?—and the attendant question of public reasoning—on what basis? These are indeed live and outstanding questions within the science and religion debate, but not problematic ones, not least as they are questions inherent within all liberal, plural, democratic societies.
Weaponizing Civilian Protection
Authors: Gregory Thomas
Published: February 2025

This chapter introduces the theoretical framework that underpins this book, which is premised on the idea that the violence inflicted upon the battlefield cannot be understood in isolation from the interpretative schemes that constitute certain populations as populations that need protecting and others as populations that can be eliminated. Languishing between these two extremes are those lives that seem losable in the quest to protect the former and eliminate the latter. Crucially, the chapter will argue that the distinction between those lives that are grievable and those lives that are ungrievable is not something that registers post mortem, but is also active ante mortem, and is evident in those measures that target certain populations with direct violence, expose them to indirect violence, or abandon them to death and destruction. This chapter outlines the specific theoretical and methodological tools that are needed to show how the various measures that were meant to protect civilians actually worked to enable the violence inflicted upon them, helping them to recalibrate the violence used to achieve certain objectives, and mitigate the harm caused to civilians.
(Not) Shooting Civilians
Authors: Gregory Thomas
Published: February 2025

This chapter examines the measures that successive commanders imposed on coalition ground engagements to eliminate the superfluous harm inflicted upon civilians that was aggravating the local population and threatening to derail the coalition in its struggle against insurgents. The chapter outlines the often-hidden impact these ground engagements had on the civilian population, focusing particular attention on the civilians killed in force protection incidents and the violence inflicted during night raids on Afghan homes, as well as the various technical fixes that coalition officials introduced to ensure that tactical victories did not degenerate into strategic setbacks. Alongside these technical fixes, the chapter explores the novel mechanisms that commanders used to regulate how coalition troops conducted themselves when dealing with potential threats, focusing on the expectation that soldiers demonstrate ‘courageous restraint’ when deciding whether to open fire on suspected insurgents during force protection incidents and night raids.
The networked reading of Victorian illustrations
Authors: Thomas Julia
Published: February 2025

The proliferation of illustrations in Victorian culture necessitated a viewing in which illustrations were seen alongside each other in a set of shifting and multifarious networks. The networks examined in this chapter reveal the increasing complexity and significance of illustration through the period. A common network revolved around the illustrator’s name, which adopted a new signifying status in this period; readers often had illustrations by specific artists in the back, or the front, of their minds as they read. The mobility of readers and of illustrations generated other networks of illustrations, such as illustrated advertisements, which intruded on the reading process from their location inside and outside the text, and illustrations in penny dreadfuls, which formed their own nefarious networks. As illustrations became a dominant cultural form, their shared iconographic features and subject matter resulted in a mental ‘clustering’ of images: seeing an illustration was said to evoke the memory of other illustrations. This comes to the fore in the illustrative trope of mothers reading picture books to their children, an image that generates a network of similar illustrations in the reading mind’s eye and points to the pervasiveness of illustration in Victorian culture.
Prologue
Authors: Reid Kenneth G C , Schmidt Jan Peter , Zimmermann Reinhard
Published: February 2025

The Prologue explains some ideas which are important for understanding administration of estates as a topic of comparative study. First, the ‘heir’ of civil law systems is not only the residuary beneficiary of the estate but also, in most cases, its administrator; and in respect of the latter role, the functional equivalent of the heir in common law systems is the ‘personal representative’. Secondly, while there are important differences between heirs and personal representatives, both are the universal successors of the deceased person, in the sense of succeeding to the entire estate of that person, liabilities as well as assets. Thirdly, the result of universal succession is either for the deceased’s estate to be integrated into the estate of the administrator or to be held separately from it. Common law systems recognize only the second possibility, but both the ‘integrated’ and the ‘separate’ modes are found in civil law systems.
Administration of Estates in Russia
Authors: Reid Elspeth Christie
Published: February 2025

This chapter reviews the administration of estates in modern Russia. It begins by looking at the historical background, tracing the changing patterns of personal wealth in the pre-revolutionary, Soviet, and post-Soviet periods, and the impact that these have had upon the development of inheritance law. It then moves to the modern law, explaining the terminology of inheritors, heirs, and legatees and examining the key role played by the notary in all aspects of the administration of estates—a distinctive feature of the Russian system. The appointment of executors, their powers and duties, and their status are considered in comparative context. The limited situations in which the courts intervene are noted, and there is discussion of insolvent estates and the position of creditors. Finally, an appendix draws attention to some related recent developments: rules for the ‘trust management’ of assets, inheritance contracts, inheritance foundations, and inheritance tax and duties.
Administration of Estates in the United States of America
Authors: Scalise Ronald J
Published: February 2025

In the United States, the administration of estates (or, more generally, probate) is often characterized by high cost and long delays. Although improvements have been made in recent times, more wealth passes today outside the probate process than through the traditional mechanism of succession, as an increasing number of citizens attempt to avoid probate. When an administration does occur, a court must validate and give effect to a will, if one exists, and appoint a personal representative to administer the deceased’s estate. The personal representative collects and manages the deceased’s assets, pays any just debts and expenses, distributes the assets to heirs or legatees, and closes the estate. Because the administration of a deceased’s estate is a matter regulated by state rather than federal law, variation exists among the fifty states, particularly with respect to Louisiana, given its civil law heritage.
Introduction
Authors: Wolf Reinhard
Published: February 2025

The Introduction first points out the increasing demand for respect within national societies, but also in the international sphere (especially on the part of Trump, Putin, the Chinese leadership, and governments in the Global South). Thereafter, the Introduction describes the main aims and arguments of the book, as well as relevant gaps and shortcomings of existing approaches, in particular theories of international recognition, ontological security, and international status struggles. As will be emphasized, the book goes beyond philosophical considerations of respect or recognition by adopting a decidedly social-scientific perspective that focuses on the empirical effects of respect and disrespect. The innovative contribution to the discussion on international status lies chiefly in the elaboration of the ethical and moral psychological aspects of status disputes as well as in the effort to make mainstream concepts of status more consistent with recent psychological research and international respect disputes.
Social and Political Consequences of Respect and Disrespect
Authors: Wolf Reinhard
Published: February 2025

Drawing on research in social psychology and organizational studies, the chapter first considers the ways in which the experience of respect can promote pro-social attitudes and behaviours, particularly by enhancing ‘we-feelings’, trust, and opportunities for open-minded deliberation. Even more importantly, the chapter then addresses the negative consequences of disrespect, focusing both on people’s impulse to (re)assert their status and on the contributing role that anger or ressentiment play in this context. By charting the interplay between leaders’ experiences, government institutions, and public sentiments, the chapter further examines how group processes and organizational features mediate reactions to dis/respect in interstate relations. Building on these insights, the chapter finally outlines hypotheses and analytical criteria that will guide the case studies.
The Battle, July 1–2
Authors: Smith Adam I. P.
Published: February 2025

The chapter describes the first two days of the Battle of Gettysburg, including its impact on the local residents of the town and the surrounding area. It argues that General Lee did not have to attack on July 2, and that doing so, given the strength of the Union Army’s defensive position, was a high-risk choice. The chapter discusses Longstreet’s actions on July 2 and the many events of that day including the battles in the Peach Orchard, Devil’s Den, Culp’s Hill, and Little Round Top. The second day of battle drew to a close with the armies in virtually the same positions as they had been at dawn. Yet for Lee, the partial, temporary successes of the assaults appear to have validated his instinct that a great victory was within his army’s grasp.
Coming to Terms with Victory and Defeat, c.1865–1880
Authors: Smith Adam I. P.
Published: February 2025

This chapter describes the early efforts to preserve the battlefield and the fights over the war’s (and therefore Gettysburg’s) meaning during Reconstruction. It is sometimes said that the American Civil War disproves the maxim that the winners write the history, but this is not really true. The white South’s “Lost Cause” narrative was a potent way of portraying themselves as the true victims of the war, and victimhood, when appropriately garbed with heroic struggle, has a strong psychological allure. But ultimately the meaning of the war—and thus of Gettysburg’s significance—was framed more by white Northerners than any other group. The impulse for reconciliation, and therefore the recasting of former foes as chivalrous warriors, was not a political concession so much as a strategic reincorporation of Southern elites back into the national fold.
Epilogue
Authors: Smith Adam I. P.
Published: February 2025

What is the future of Gettysburg’s place in American memory? In one possible future, Gettysburg becomes marginalized, the preserve only of those who mourn the loss of a national story in which they had once found comfort and a sense of purpose. But the slide into a backwater status seems unlikely if only because the pull of the American national myth remains so strong. The shocking violence of those July days in 1863 should be a source of meditation into how complex and contradictory human beings—and thus the nations they invent, sustain, and sometimes overthrow—can be.
Pirate Protest Music
Authors: Burkart Patrick , Fredriksson Martin
Published: February 2025

The emergence of P2P technologies has reconfigured the relationship between protest and music by politicizing the modes of music distribution. Protest music has indeed always relied on alternative distribution networks. Still, the ideological significance attributed to open P2P networks and pirate radio channels defines the mode of distribution itself as liberating, regardless of the content that is distributed. If previous music movements have aimed to achieve something outside itself—peace, equality, freedom—then the piracy movement essentially sees the freedom of distribution as a means to its own end. This movement has been countered by a growing range of legal and commercial streaming services controlled by the music industry. At the same time, new technologies have enabled other alternative distribution networks. This chapter discusses the digital radio piracy collective Noisebridge against a long history of media piracy and renegade radio networks to highlight the inherent connection between hacking, piracy, and alternative media distribution.
Hood Politics
Authors: Bonnette-Bailey Lakeyta M. , Dongo Lestina M.
Published: February 2025

Black music has served as a resistance mechanism for African Americans throughout their history in the United States. In keeping with this tradition, hip-hop culture has continued to fight against injustices and for political and social rights through music, elements of the culture (such as breakdancing and graffiti art), and previously successful political models. This chapter examines hip-hop culture as a social movement. Utilizing Doug McAdams’s political process model as a basis of examination, we demonstrate how hip-hop culture has worked as a social movement in its fight against the political and social injustices marginalized communities experience. We discuss the existing political opportunities that are the basis for movement formation, the creation and inclusion of various indigenous hip-hop organizations, and the sense of cognitive liberation expressed within hip-hop music. We summarize how hip-hop culture has been a political outlet since its founding and has satisfied the elements of a social movement.