bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An attempt to interpret some electrophysiological phenomena in plants in terms of Pflüger's laws
Authors: Paszewski Adam , Zawadzki Tadeusz
Published: May 2015

In Lupinus shoots an electrical stimulus (DC) produces a voltage wave identical in character to the action potential wave (AP) in stimulated simple plant cells or in nerves and muscles. This fact served as basis for investigations undertaken to establish whether the dependences, known in neurophysiology as Pflüger's laws of contraction, are also true in the case of plant stimulation. Experiments were performed both in a system analogous to that of Pflüger (Variant I), and in more varied system (Variant II). The validity of these laws in plants has been fully confirmed. Other investigations (Paszewski and Zawadzki 1973a, 1973b, 1974) showed that such laws as the strength-duration relation and the all-or-nothing law prove correct in plants.
Influence of sodium humate on the growth of Scenedesmus quadricauda (Turp. Brèb.) and Gonium pectorale in the case of different calciumand iron doses
Authors: Juraja Krystyna
Published: May 2015

The influence of sodium humate on calcium and iron uptake by two species of algae was studied. It was found that sodium humate influence differentially the growth of these algae in various culture conditions by regulating the iron uptake. The action of sodium humate is especially favourable in non optimal pH of the medium and its effectiveness increases with time.
Changes in protein content and activity of proteases and acid phosphatases in needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies L. Karst) seedlings treated with 2,4,5-T
Authors: Tonecki Jan
Published: May 2015

Effect of 2, 4, 5-T in different concentrations and time of herbicide applications on protein biosynthesis and enzymatic activity of proteases and acid phosphatases in needles of spruce seedlings was investigated. 2, 4, 5-T in all concentrations tested and applied on the seedlings during phase of intensive growth caused significant increase in soluble protein content. After spraying the seedlings with 100 and 300 mg ·l-1 of 2, 4, 5-T before bud development a small decrease in soluble protein level was noted. The herbicide caused marked disturbances in the activity of enzymatic systems of proteases and acid phosphatases. No effect of 2, 4, 5-T on dry matter accumulation was observed.
Exchange of Radioactive Phosphorus 32P between the Components of an Artificial Plant Community
Authors: Zarzycki K. , Domnicz A.
Published: May 2015

In artificial plant communities (wooden cases with soil) the following plants were grown together for one year: case No. 1: Betula verrucosa Ehrh. (2 specimens) and Carex pilosa Scop.; sases No. 2 and 3: Alnus incana (L.) Mnch., Fraxinus excelsior L., Podus avium Mili., Aegopodiurti podagraria L., Eupatorium cannabinum L. and others. Into the stalks or stems of one to three plants of every case 32P was introduced. After 3 months all the plants in every case contained radiactive phosphorus. There were great differences in 32P concentration (up to ten-fold) between plants grown in the same case. The concentration of 32P in plants into which it had not been introduced was of the range of 0.1%.
Organization of the cytoplasmic reticulum in the central vacuole of parenchyma cells in Allium cepa L.
Authors: Wodzicki Tomasz J. , Brown Claud L. , Humpherys Walter J.
Published: May 2015

An elaborate and complex cytoplasmic reticulum composed of fine filaments and lamellae ranging from 0.1 to 4 microns in size is revealed by viewing the central vacuole of onion bulb parenchyma cells with the scanning election microscope. The larger cytoplasmic strands, visible with the light microscope, are composed of numerous smaller filaments (some tubular) which might explain the observed bidirectional movement of particles in these larger strands. The finely divided cytoplasmic network of filaments is continuous with the parietal cytoplasm inclosing the vacuolar sap. In these highly vacuolated cells the mass of the protoplast is in the form of an intravacuolar reticulum immersed in the cell sap. The probable significance of the vacuolar sap in relation to physiological processes of the cell is discussed.
Metabolism of excised embryos of Lupinus luteus L. VII. An electrophoretic analysis of esterases and peroxidases in cultured embryos and normal seedling axes
Authors: Czosnowski J.
Published: May 2015

A rich and active spectrum of esterases (E) exists already in the organs of a dry seed. The isolation of axes from the cotyledons exerts a considerable influence on the pattern of E. In the axial organs of a seedling the spectra and activity become impoverished starting from the 3rd day of culture in the dark. On the other hand in the axial organs isolated from the cotyledons from that moment onwards the spectra become richer and more active, particularily in the root. It appears that the enhancement of spectra in the detached axes is not dependent on the elimination with the cotyledons of a source of inhibitors, since in the cotyledons, until the end of the culture period (12 days), a rich pattern of E is maintained. Peroxidase (P) appears starting from the third day giving impoverished spectra, in general development similar to E. The removal of the seed coat from dry seeds exerts during the first two days of imbibition a strong influence on the spectra of axial and cotyledonary enzyms.
Attempt at evaluation of the degree and rate of moss decay in a natural habitat
Authors: Rejment-Grochowska I. , Misztal-Cieliczko M.
Published: May 2015

Analyses of soil samples from under a Climacium dendroides population demonstrated that the total mass of decomposed moss depends on the depth of the profile, the vegetation period and the character of the habitat. Changes in the degree of moss decay at a depth of 0 -12 cm were estimated by the weight or washimg method during 8 months on two grassland study areas differing in moisture conditions. The degree of moss decomposition increases with depth. The decay rate increases from April to August and then decreases up to November.
Morphological and cytological differences within the species Lupinus luteus L.
Authors: Kazimierski T. , Kazimierska M.
Published: May 2015

The Lupinus luteus L. from five different geographical proveniences were investigated morphologically and cytologically. The plants originating from Palestine differ from the rest in many morphological traits. Cytologically they differ by one chromosomal translocation. The Palestinian plants give semisterile F1 hybrids with the rest of the species. They are described as a new subspecies: Lupinus luteus L. ssp. orientalis Kazim. et. Kazim.
Interferometric measurements of dry mass content in nuclei and cytoplasm in the life cycle of antheridial filaments cells of Chara vulgaris L. in their successive developmental stages
Authors: Kuran Hanna
Published: May 2015

Interferometric measurements of the nucleus and cytoplasm dry mass during interphase in the successive stages of development of antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris demonstrated that the dry mass and surface area of cell nuclei double in size in each of the successive generations of the filaments, whereas neither the surface nor the dry mass of the cytoplasm increase in such proportion in the same period. In the successive stages of development of the antheridial filaments the dry mass and surface area of the nuclei and cytoplasm gradually diminish.
Studies on luciferin-luciferase ATP assay in plants (etiolated wheat germs, and bean leaves)
Authors: Barbaro A. , Rożek S.
Published: May 2015

For ATP determination by the method of bioluminescence apparatus of home production was adapted from the equipment available in any isotope laboratory. The measurement error did not exceed 1.5 per cent. Methodical experiments concerned the choice of the extraction, fixation and storage methods of plant material for determination at the given moment of the amount of ATP in the tissues, unchanged by the analytical procedure. The highest ATP amounts were recovered by extraction with perchloric acid at high (25%) concentrations of the tissue in the homogenate. The best way of fixation of the material for later analyses was found to be freezing of ready extracts. Lyophilization and freezing of the plant material caused a several-fold decrease of the ATP level in the tissues. These results suggest the necessity of working in conditions of low temperature during the entire analytical procedure and strict observation of time limitation.
Activity of aminotransferase in tomato seedlings depending on Ca : Mg ion ratio in the nutrient medium
Authors: Kubik-Dorosz G.
Published: May 2015

Change from the normal Ca : Mg ion ratio (3 :1) to 3 : 30 in a medium in the presence of nitrates causes reduction of dry weight content in the tomato seedlings. This reduction is not observable if ammonium salts are the source of nitrogen. It was found that the GOT and GPT activity depends on the form of mineral nitrogen and on the Ca : Mg ion ratio in the medium. An excess of magnesium causes a distinct decrease of the activity of both enzymes in roots of plants grown in nitrate media. In the remaining organs of the plants the GOT activity tends to grow at increased magnesium dose in the medium in the presence of nitrates. Excess of Mg2+ ions in the medium containing ammonium salts increases the activity of GPT in the roots of the tomato seedlings and the GOT activity in the roots, shoots and leaves of tomatoes. The possibility of indirect influence of the Ca : Mg ratio in the medium upon the activity of both enzymes has been discussed.
The effect of oleander glycosides on the germination of pollen grains and the mitosis of the generative nucleus in Tradescantia bracteata Small and Allium cepa L.
Authors: Tarkowska J. A.
Published: May 2015

The effect of water solution of a mixture of glycosides from oleander (Nerium oleander L.) on the germination of pollen grains and on the mitosis of the generative nucleus in Tradescantia bracteata Small and Allium cepa L. has been studied. An inhibition of the germination and of the growth of pollen tubes was observed, proportionally to the concentration of glycosides. The pollen grains of A. cepa are more sensitive. The disturbances in mitosis lead to the formation of two or more uneven-sized doughter nuclei, or to the formation of restitution nuclei. These anomalies are more numerous in T. bracteata. From these results d t appears that pollen grains of A. cepa are characterized by a generally high physiological sensitivity and a small mitotic sensitivity, wheras for T. bracteata the opposite is true.
The ultrastructure of proplastids in the leaves of five species of Orchids. I. Organization of the inner membrane system and divisions of the proplastids
Authors: Damsz Barbara
Published: May 2015

The ultrastructure of proplastids in the leaves of five species of orchids was investigated: Paphiopedilum, Stanhopea, Cymbidium, Coelogyne and Orchis. The proplastids of the different species differ in the density of their stroma. The most electron dense is the stroma of Paphiopedilum proplastids and the lowest electron-density is shown by Orchis proplastids. A characteristic feature of most of the investigated proplastids is the presence of prolamellar bodies. The frequency of their occurrence and their structure differ from species to species. The remaining membrane system is limited to single peripheral vesicles. Dividing forms of the proplastids have been observed. The number of dividing proplastids averages 5 per cent. The proplastids have been observed to divide by constriction, invagination of the inner membrane or arrangement of vesicles in the division plane.
Effectiveness of humic compounds in dependence on calcium content in water tomato cultures
Authors: Leonowicz-Babiak K.
Published: May 2015

The influence of Na-humate and its fractions on dry weight increment of tomato seedlings in water culture and their calcium uptake in conditions of its deficit in the medium were investigated. Only fraction II of Na-humate was found to exert a significant effect; unfractionated Na-humate and fraction I had no noticeable influence.
Alkylresorcinols in rye (Secale cereale L.) caryopses. III. Application of detergents for extraction of proteins and alkylresorcinols
Authors: Mejbaum-Katzenellenbogen W. , Łomako J. , Łomako W.
Published: May 2015

In the work here described sodium dodecyl sulphate solutions (SDS), tween 80 and triton X 100 were used for isolation of proteins and 5-n-alkylresorcinols from ground rye grain. It was found that the above named detergents extract different protein and various amounts of alkylresorcin derivatives. The results indicate that 5-n-alkylresorcinols are localized in the membraneous structures of rye caryopses.
The role of light in the inducation of nitrate reductase and nitrite reductase in cucumber seedlings
Authors: Buczek J.
Published: May 2015

The activity of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitrite reductase (NiR) was investigated in vivo and in vitro in the roots and NR activity in 3-day-old cotyledons of cucumber seedlings. NR activity in the roots appears almost immediately after addition of nitrate ions to the induction medium, whereas, in the cotyledones NR induction is delayed. In general light enhances NR activity in the cotyledons and depresses it in the roots in experiments of short duration. Etiolation of the cotyledons reduces NR activity in the roots and leads to disappearance of the activity of this enzyme in the cotyledons, whereas the NR activity of roots kept in darkness, after transfer of the etiolated plants to light, increases threefold. In roots growing in darkness a delay in NiR induction is observed, while in those growing in ligth it occurs at the same time as NR induction. Chlormaphenicol (CAP), cycloheximide (CHI) and actinomycin D (ACM) applied at the beginning of the period of seedling induction with initrates inhibit NR activity in the cotyledons, whereas in the roots only CHI and ACM exert such an effect. To sum up, NR is synthesized in cucumber roots and cotyledons de novo on the cytoplasmic polyribosomes, and light per se is not indispensable for this synthesis, but it has an indirect influence on the activity level of NR and NiR both in the roots and the cotyledons.
Effect of herbicides on photosynthetic electron transport and on the growth of the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda
Authors: Hendrich W. , Kubiak Z> , Jurajda K. , Pawlaczyk-Szpilowa M.
Published: May 2015

The inhibitory effect of herbicides on the Hill reaction (with 2,6-dichloro-phenol-indophenol as acceptor) and their influence on development of the alga Scenedesmus quadricauda was studied. The following herbicides were tested: 2,4-D, Gramoxone, Afalon, Kresamone, CIPC and Simazine. The results are discussed in terms of the mechanism of action of the investigated herbicides.
Cytochemical localization of peroxidase activity in the protonema of the moss Ceratodon purpureus during differentiation of gametophore buds induced by kinetin
Authors: Sobkowiak A. , Młodzianowski F. , Szweykowska A.
Published: May 2015

An increase in the activity of peroxidases under the influence of kinetin has been demonstrated in the protonema of the moss Ceratodon purpureus. It was connected above all with initiation and acceleration of the differentiation process of gametophore buds which showed a high activity of these enzymes. The increase in peroxidase activity was also noted in the degenerating intercalary cells which produced the buds. The colour reaction characteristic for peroxidases was best noticeable in the minute spherical granules (peroxysomes), nucleoli and cell walls.
A descriptive model o Scots pine (Pinus silvestris) L. seedling's growth during the first growing season
Authors: Gowin Teresa , Ubysz Leokadiusz
Published: May 2015

Scots pine seedlings were grown in pots from seed under outside conditions. Plant material was harvested ten times in fortnight periods, throughout the growing season. At each harvest, each plant was divided into particular organs and their dimensions as well as fresh and dry weight were determined. Seasonal course of growth of particular organs as well as changes in specific leaf area and distribution of dry matter between shoot and root were investigated. Net assimilation rate (NAR) and relative growth rate (RGR) were calculated from the fitted logistic growth curves.
Microsporogenesis of Betula oycoviensis Bess. and of its progeny
Authors: Szwabowicz Anna
Published: May 2015

The crossing of two specimens of Betula oycoviensis Bess. described as a separate taxon of the subsection Albae, unexpectedly yielded a progeny among which three types were distinguished: oycoviensis, verrucosa, and nova, in the approximate ratio 1:2:1. The first two types were trees, whereas the third one was a small shrub. Moreover, the three types of birches differed from one another in a number of morphological and biological characters. Microsporogenesis was in vestigated in the parental specimens of B. oycoviensis and in several specimens of the progeny representing three types of birches. It was only one birch of the oycoviensis type, a mixoploid specimen, that exhibited disturbances in microsporogenesis. In the other examined birches of the oycoviensis, verrucasa, and nova types meiosis 'proceeded normally and resulted in normally developed tetrads an-d pollen grains. Therefore, B. oycoviensis belongs to hybrids of regular meiosis, its hybrid character being revealed only at crossing.
Effects of 5-fluorouracil on the mitotic activity of onion root tips apical meristem
Authors: Lechowicz Waldemar
Published: May 2015

The effects of various concentrations of 5-FU on the mitotic activity of onion root tips apical meristem were investigated during 24-hour incubation in 5-FU and postincubation in water. The incubation in 5-FU caused a reversible inhibition of mitotic activity, and waves of the partially synchronised mitoses were observed during the period of postincubation. The most pronounced synchronisation of mitoses was obtained after incubation in 100 mg/l. 5-FU but the mitotic index of the resumed mitotic activity amounted to only one half of the control value. 5-FU was found to cause some cytological changes in meristematic cells such as enlargement of the nucleoli, change in the interphasic nuclei structure, appearance of subchromatid and chromatid aberrations and micronuclei. The effects of 5-FU on nucleic acids and the cell division cycle ace discussed and compared with the effects of 5-FUdR.
Investigations in vitro on the behaviour of chromosomes and the mitotic apparatus in endosperm cells of Haemanthus katherinae Baker treated with oleander glycosides
Authors: Tarkowska J. A.
Published: May 2015

The effect of oleander glycosides on dividing endosperm cells of Haemanthus katherine was investigated in vitro. The disturbances in the successive cell division phases were analysed in reference to cytokinesis. A strong tendency was noted to restitution nuclei formation in all phases of mitosis, and particularly in prophase. The observed chromosome pattern is the result of disturbances in prometaphase and anaphase chromosome movements owing to disturbances in the function of 'the 'mitotic spindle. It is probable that oleander glycosides inhibit formatiom of 'the microtubules of the mitotic spindle and disorganize the already formed spindle. They cause minor disturbances in cytokinesis, although frequently cell plates arise in quite unexpected places. The results of the present study are compared with those obtained in the case of root meristematic cells (Tarkowska, 1971a, b).
Seasonal activity of cambium in some tropical trees. 111. Salvadora persica L.
Authors: Paliwal G. S. , Saiwan V. S. , Aggarwal Shashi K.
Published: May 2015

Seasonal activity of cambium has been investigated in Salvadora persica L., one of the commonest evergrenn tree of northern India, from March, 1974 to February, 1975 in the main stem and the branch. Secondary vascular cambium behaves abnormally on the xylem side, by producing xylem and phloem in succession, resulting in the formation of interxylary phloem. It has a storied (sitratified) cambium organization, comprising short fusiform and isodiametric ray initials. The fusiform initials show characteristically beaded cell walls due to the presence of primary pit fields and are uninucleate. These are highly vacuolate during the active period. The cambial activity starts in the month of March, reaches the peak in August and finally slows down in the main stem. In an young branch, however, it is initiated in March-April and reaches the peak in July and then declines till November. It once again showed an upward trend gradually. It appears that the initiation of the combial activity in this tree takes place by a hormone produced in the newly formed leaves, coupled with the high rainfall, enhanced relative humidity, optimum temperature, and short-day conditions. Size measurements for the fusiform initials showed considerable variations during the span of a year. A comparision of the organization of three types of phloem 'normal', 'included' and 'internal' occurring in this plant has also bean presented.
Uptake and transport of nutrients and transverse cracking of bean cotyledons
Authors: Duczmal Karol W.
Published: May 2015

Calcium, Potassium and Magnesium in cotyledon cell walls were negatively correlated with cultivar susceptibility to transverse cracking of cotyledons (TVC). Plant feeding with calcium only slightly changed the percentage of TVC, and Ca, K and Mg contents in the cotyledon cell walls. Susceptibility to TVC was connected with the causes inherent in the root or shoot. Some disturbances in the displacement of Ca and K through the peduncles and K through the petioles in susceptible cultivars were noticed. These cultivars also immobilized a large quantity of Mg in sterns, and in this connection they actually had less Mg in the fruit walls, seeds, stems and blades than resistant cultivars.
Influence of lead tetraethyl on the growth of Funaria hygrometrica L. and Marchantia polymorpha L.
Authors: Krupińska Irena
Published: May 2015

The influence of various lead tetraethyl concentrations (mixture added to petrol as antiknock agent) on the growth and development of Funaria hygrometrica L. spores and of Marchantia polymorpha L. gemmulae was investigated. An inhibitory effect of the concentration applied was noted on germination and growth of spores and gemmulae development. Lead tetraethyl produces disturbances In the development of these plants, gradual degeneration of chloroplasts occurs and inhibition of growth leading to profusely branched "dwarf" forms. The disturbances are largely reversible.
Effects of water soluble oncostatic fraction from Rheum officinale Baill. rhizomes on Allium cepa root meristem. III. Morphological changes in cytoplasm
Authors: Dawidowicz-Grzegorzewska A.
Published: May 2015

Spiral concentric and linear configurations of membraneous structures were observed in the cytoplasm of fixed meristematic cells from the root apex of Allium cepa under the light microscope. They appeared after incubation in sublethal and lethal conditions in Rheum ofiicinale rhizome extracts. During postincubation these structures disappeared. They were interpreted as ER membranes. On the basis of literature data the physiological significance of these structures is discussed. It would seem that they are an indication of enhanced metabolic activity evoked either exogenously by various injuries as a form of defence reaction of the protoplast or endogenously during cytodifferentiation. Prolonged treatment in ,noxious conditions causes the ER membranes to transform into inactive myelin structures
Dynamics of phosphorus compounds in ripening and germinating cereal grains. Part I. Changes in phosphorus compounds content during ripening of wheat, barley and rye grains
Authors: Tłuczkiewicz J. , Berendt W.
Published: May 2015

The dynamics of phosphorus compounds was followed in ripening wheat (Grana), barley (Kosmos) and rye (Pancerne) seeds. In the investigated ontogenesis period the content in the seeds of total and acid-soluble phosphorus doubled. The phosphorus of free phytin and phytin that bound with proteins increased to the end of maturation. In dormant seeds the contribution of phosphorus bound with phytin was 62-70 per cent of total P. As the seeds ripened, the content of inorganic and nucleotides-P decreased, while that of saccharides-P and their metabolites started to decrease from the moment of wax ripeness. Later RNA-P and DNA-P level decreased only slight.ly and that of lipids-P markedly. Phosphoproteid content diminished at the beginning of ripening and further remained at almost the same level. Wheat, barley and rye seed exhibited similar dynamics of metabolically active (nucleotides, saccharide-P esters and their metabolites), functional (nucleic acids) and structural (phospholipids) phosphorus compounds. Accumulation of storage forms (phytin) of phosphorus was higher in wheat and successively lower in rye and barley.
Influence of the light factor on the course of the cell cycle in the successive generations of the antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris L.
Authors: Maszewski J.
Published: May 2015

The exposure to continuous light causes a rise of the mitotic index in the successive generations of the antheridial filaments of Chara vulgaris, whereas culture in darkness leads to a considerable depression of mitosis, and if prolonged, to its complete cessation. Light reverses the effect of the depression of mitosis caused by darkness: in the 16-, and 32-cell generations mitotic activity reappeares as early as after 3 h, but in the 2-, 4-, and 8-cell generations only after 18 h. The size of the cells in the antheridial filaments of plants exposed to continuous illumination is larger as compared with the control material. After being kept in darkness the cells become smaller. The analysis of the size of the latter suggests the inhibition of growth in initial and final periods of interphase. In all generations continuous light reduces the duration of the cell cycle while darkness protracts it. The duration of S phase is similar in all generations of antheridial filaments (ca. 16 h) and is not modified by the light conditions. Thus, the light factor seems to interfere mainly with G2 phase, and its role in the regulation of the cell cycle is correlated with the duration of this phase. The role of light in the kinetics of the cell cycle of the particular generations of antheridial filaments in Chara is discussed in the aspect of the nutritional requirements of cells, hormonal regulation and phytochrome.
Distributional data for the Pteridophyta in Zambia
Authors: Kornaś Jan
Published: May 2015

477 records on the occurrence of 144 species of the Pteridophyta in each of Zambia's eight provinces are presented, 213 of them being additions to those contained in Schelpe's account in Flora Zambesiaca (1970).
Nitrogen assimilation and nitrate reductase activity in tomato seedlings. II. Effect of increasing calcium doses in the presence of high magnesium concentrations on nitrate reduction and protein content
Authors: Suder-Moraw A. , Buczek J.
Published: May 2015

A 3:30 Ca:Mg ratio in the nutrient solution produces in tomato seedlings symptoms of Ca2+ deficit owing to excessive accumulation of Mg2+ ions and the depressed Ca2+ accumulation. As a result of this a decrease in dry weight increment and protein content is observed together with inhibition of nitrate reductase activity. A doubled Ca2+ dose in the nutrient solution, that is a change in the Ca:Mg ratio to 6:30 abolishes the external symptoms of Ca2+ deficit and reduces Mg2+ accumulation, that of Ca2+ ions remaining unchanged. At the same time an enhanced activity of nitrate reductase appears, reaching values close to those in control plants. Tomato seedlings grown on a 3-fold increased Ca2+ dose (Ca:Mg = 9:30) did not differ at all from the control ones. An in-crease in calcium concentration in the nutrient solution, the high magnesium dose remaining unchanged, causes enhanced K+ accumulation, and this may affect nitrate absorption and reduction. It would seem that Ca2+ deficit in plant tissues induced by excessive Mg2+ accumulation with unsuitable Ca:Mg ratio in the nutrient solution in cause of disorders in NO3 nitrogen assimilation.
Phosphorus compounds in callus tissue of Nicotiana tabacum L. treated with morphactins IT 3233 and IT 3456
Authors: Chirek Z. , Grabias B. , Maciejewska-Potapczyk W.
Published: May 2015

The morphactins under examination blocked the growth of tobacco callus tis-sues at as low concentrations as l mg/dm3 (IT 3456) and 10 mg/dm3 (IT 3233). The growth inhibition was accompanied by an increase in dry matter content. An increment in total P level induced by morphactins was the result of inorganic P accumulation. It could be supposed that the compounds tested influence the permeability of plasma membranes. No direct relationship his been found between the action of morphactins on growth and the level of phosphorus compounds in tissues. It seems that both the morphactins have a little different mode of action.
Isoenzyme pattern of glutamate dehydrogenase as a reflection of nitrogen metabolism in Lupinus albus
Authors: Ratajczak Lech , Ratajczak Wiktoria , Mazurowa Hanna
Published: May 2015

Glutamate dehydrogenase (L-glutamate: NAD dehydrogenase, EC 1.4. 1.2; GDH) activity and electrophoretic separation pattern of the enzyme were studied. The enzyme was extracted from embryos of Lupinus albus decotyledonized and cultured for 24, 48 and 72 hours in media containing various combinations of saccharose, ammonium chloride, nitrate as well as amino acids: glutamate, aspartate, glutamine and asparagine. The absence of sugar in the medium resulted in an increase of specific activity of GDH, measured by the rate of NADH + H+ oxidation, and induced formation of new isoenzymes of NAD+ - dependent GDH. Most significant increase in GDH specific activity and most evident appearance of new isoenzymes in the embryos were noted when sugar was substituted in the medium by any of the mentioned amino acids. Induction of new isoenzymes could also be seen when ammonium salts were pre-sent in the medium. GHD isoenzymatic patterns were obtained in various trophic conditions. It is suggested that the GDH isoenzyme patterns may serve as a nitrogen metabolism index of a tissue from which the enzyme has been extracted.
Comparison of some chemical and physico-chemical properties of natural and model sodium humates and of the biological activity of both substances in tomato water cultures
Authors: Gumiński S. , Augustyn D. , Sulej J.
Published: May 2015

Natural humate from compost and the model sunstance obtained from p-benzoquinone were dissolved in an acetone-water mixture and subjected to chromatography on a column of aluminium oxide. Similar fractions were obtained which were chemically and spectrophotometrically investigated for the content of functional groups. The particle size of these substances was determined by filtration on Sephadex molecular sieves. Experiments were performed with tomato in water cultures on stagnant nutrient solution. The biological activity of the corresponding fractions of natural and model humates was found to be analogous. The results are discussed and confronted with functional groups content and particle size of the respective substances.
Anomalous pollen grain development after nondifferentiating microspore division in Eremurus
Authors: Charzyńska M. , Maleszka J. , Hon B.
Published: May 2015

Anomalous pollen grain development in Eremurus is caused by an anomalous position of the mitotic spindle and microspore protoplast division into two cells different than in differentiating division. The nuclei of the abnormal gametophytes are always spherical and that of the smaller of the two cells, notwithstanding the shape and position of the latter, has a more compact structure resembling rather that of the generative cell nucleus. Binucleate abnormal gametophytes always have equal nuclei. The wall separating the cells in abnormal pollen grains at first contains callose and, after disappearance of the latter, probably pectins and cellulose. Abnormal pollen grains contain less cytoplasmic RNA than normal ones arid most of them degenerate. If their viability is preserved they do not form' normal pollen tubes in vitro. The frequency of anomalous microspore division is higher in E. robustus (max ca. 50%) than in E. himalaicus (max. ca. 30%) and shows considerable seasonal variations. The results obtained suggest that disturbances in microspore development in Eremurus have a genetic background, but are stimulated by temperature variations in the period preceding mitosis in the microspore.
Purification and properties of acid phosphatase from Avena elatior L. seeds
Authors: Wieczorek E. , Lorenc-Kubis I. , Morawiecka B.
Published: May 2015

Acid phosphatase F1 from Avena elatior seeds was isolated and partially purified by means of alcohol precepitation, DEAE-, CM-column chromatography, Sephadex G-150, Sephadex G-200 and Sepharose 4B - gel filtration. The enzyme was stable at 50°C, pH 5.1. The pH optimum for phosphatase activity was 4.2. Fluoride, Zn2+, molybdate were effective inhibitors. EDTA and l, 10-phenanthroline activated the enzyme.
Attempt at elucidation of the role of fatty acids in the resistance of Pinus silvestris L. seeds to infection by damping-off fungi in dependence on the colour of their seed shells
Authors: Grzywacz Andrzej , Rosochacka Jadwiga
Published: May 2015

The seed shells of the pine (Pinus silvestris L.) contain in dependence on their colour different amounts of the particular fatty acids. Some of the latter are toxic to the fungi causing damping-off of seedlings. The difference in content of toxic fatty acids between the black and the fallow seed shells may explain the mechanism of their different resistance to infection by damping-off fungi.
Seasonal variability of chlorophyll content and the changes of the acidity and buffer capacity in the needles of Larix decidua and Larix leptolepis grown in different air pollution conditions
Authors: Czuchajowska Zuzanna , Niemtur Stanisław
Published: May 2015

The needles of Larix decidua Mili. and Larix leptolepis showed different pattern of seasonal chlorophyll variability, the level of pigments in L. decidua was more influenced by zinc-plant emissions than that in L. leptolepis. The concentrations of chlorophyll a and b and their changes were markedly different from those estimated for the non-deciduous species. The seasonal variability of acidity of aqueous homogenates of the consdered larch needles appeared to be less characterisitic for the species and also for the pollution influence than the changes in buffer capacity.
Anaphylaxis as a Cause of Hospitalization—A Single Academic Centre Experience
Authors: Baran Katarzyna , Pałgan Krzysztof , Szortyka Marcin , Bitner Anna , Bartuzi Zbigniew , Klawe Jacek
Published: May 2015

Introduction: In recent years, more and more often the increase in incidence of allergies is observed. According to the WHO, they are getting the fourth position amongst the most frequent diseases after cancers, cardiovascular diseases and AIDS. Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening, systemic or generalised immediate hypersensitivity reaction. The analysis of the causes and the clinical picture of anaphylaxis in patients treated at single academic hospital centre was the purpose of the study. Materials and Methods: The study was based on retrospective analysis of case records of the patients hospitalised at the Chair and Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology and Internal Diseases, the Jan Biziel University Hospital in Bydgoszcz in the years 2005−2010. 132 patients, in whom anaphylactic reaction appeared, were analysed. The examined population included 70 men and 62 women at 16−95 years of age. Results: The conducted examinations allowed to obtain information about the causes and the course of anaphylactic reactions. The problem of hypersensitivity to substances of various origin (biological or synthetic) can concern everyone irrespective of sex and age. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of anaphylaxis more often occurred in the examined men than women. Most cases of anaphylactic reactions were reported in the 26−50 age range. Based on the presented results, no regularity was observed in anaphylaxis clinical picture and its causative factor. Conclusions: It is difficult to forecast the course of the reaction based on the causative factor, for anaphylactic reaction is characterised by a great individual changeability and intensity of the first symptoms.
High-Mobility Group Box 1 Protein Levels in Serum of Subjects after Exposure to Fire Smoke—Short Communication
Authors: Krakowiak Anna , Śliwkiewicz Konrad , Nowakowska-Swirta Ewa , Winnicka Renata , Politański Piotr
Published: May 2015

Introduction: Fire smoke inhalation a recognized etiologic factor of airway injuries. The objective of this study was evaluation of serum high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein concentration in subjects exposed to fire smoke (SEFS). Materials and Methods: The study group consisted of 40 consecutive patients admitted to the Toxicology Unit, Lodz, Poland after exposure to fire smoke. Serum HMGB1 concentrations were measured upon admission to hospital and rechecked on the 2nd and on the day of discharge. Patients also underwent routine toxicological diagnostic procedures applied in case of those exposures, such as carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb) levels and urinary thiocyanate concentrations. The same diagnostic tests were performed in 10 healthy volunteers not exposed to smoke of the control group. Results: The average serum SEFS concentration of HMGB1 protein was not significantly higher on admission in comparison with the respective values recorded on the 2nd day and on the day of discharge. The mean serum level of HMGB1 protein of exposed group was higher than that one in the control group, however the difference was not statistically significant. The highest concentration of HMGB1 protein was noted in serum of 28 subjects exposed to fire smoke reporting at least one symptom and the difference was statistically significant in a comparison with the control group. Conclusions: As indicated, an acute exposure to smoke may lead to transient increase of HMGB1 in serum in exposed subjects. Further studies are necessary in order to confirm the importance of this protein in pathogenesis of acute airway injury due to exposure to fire smoke.
Acute Laryngeal Dyspnea as First Presentation of Granulomatosis with Polyangiitis
Authors: Pajor Anna , Kwiatkowska Sylwia , Kroczyńska-Bednarek Jadwiga , Piotrowski Wojciech
Published: May 2015

Granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA) is a multi-organ disease which mostly affects lungs, kidney, and head and neck region. We report a rare case of acute laryngeal dyspnea and rapidly progressive pulmonary changes as first manifestations of disease. A 53 year-old woman presented with symptoms of two-week dyspnea, which aggravated rapidly in the preceding hours. Laryngological examination revealed subglottic infiltrations and vocal fold oedema which required urgent tracheotomy. During few days she developed gingival ulcerations and pulmonary infiltration with negative serum c-ANCA titers. The histopathological examination of subglottic and gingival biopsies and the clinical picture established the diagnosis of GPA. She was treated with prednisone and cyclophosphamide with recovery; however, during over 3 years of follow-up, pulmonary symptoms relapsed and subglottic stenosis persisted. The difficulties in diagnosis and treatment in this unusual presentation of GPA are outlined with conclusion that in patients with subglottic infiltration, which develops rapidly, even when this is a sole presentation of the disease, and when c-ANCA are negative, GPA should always be considered.
The Role of Questionnaires in the Assessment of Asthma Control
Authors: Przybyszowski Marek , Bochenek Grażyna
Published: May 2015

The achievement and the maintenance of asthma control is currently considered the main goal of asthma treatment. Recent guidelines recommend regular assessment of asthma control and indicate questionnaires as important tools that can facilitate its evaluation. Questionnaires relate to GINA or NAEPP guidelines. Questionnaires constitute complex numerical or categorical scales and consist of several to over a dozen questions relating to the patient’s symptoms of asthma, limitations in daily activities and usage of rescue medications within a period of time. Each questionnaire is characterized by the features that affect its reliability and usefulness. In the following paper we discuss most of the questionnaires which assess asthma control. We focus on the items they include and present the results of studies that prove the effectiveness of individual questionnaires in assessment of asthma control. Attention was drawn to the patient groups to which the questionnaires are addressed. We list the features of the questionnaire which should be considered before choosing a test, so that it satisfies both the doctor’s and the patient’s needs. The role of questionnaires as the easy-to-use tools is growing steadily. Unfortunately, not all are available in Polish language. Conducting appropriate validation studies may allow to use many of them in Polish conditions.
Tiotropium and Its Efficacy in the Treatment of COPD
Authors: Kupczyk Maciej , Szepiel Paweł , Kuna Piotr
Published: May 2015

Exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) have a negative effect on the clinical course and outcome of the disease thus causing considerable social and economic burden. As the natural course of the disease may vary, the treatment should take into account an individual approach to a patient. The appropriate treatment makes it possible to control the symptoms, improves effort tolerance and decreases the risk of exacerbations and death. Tiotropium is a muscarinic receptor antagonist, which is taken once daily, in maintenance therapy, in every stage of the disease progress. The efficacy of tiotropium in regards to exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been evaluated in many clinical trials against placebo and several different active comparators. This review presents the results of those studies with the main goal to evaluate the efficacy of treatment with tiotropium in terms of prevention and course of exacerbations.
Odpowiedź autorki na komentarz T.M. Zielonki “Czy pierścień naczyniowy był przyczyną duszności?”
Authors: Orwaldi Magdalena
Published: May 2015

Dziękuję za komentarz i wnikliwą analizę przedstawionego przypadku [...]
Natural Dietary Phytosterols
Authors: Racette Susan B , Lin Xiaobo , Ma Lina , Ostlund, Jr Richard E
Published: May 2015

Most clinical phytosterol studies are performed by adding purified supplements to smaller phytosterol amounts present in the natural diet. However, natural dietary phytosterols themselves may also have important effects on cholesterol metabolism. Epidemiological work using food frequency questionnaires to estimate dietary intake suggest that extremes of normal consumption may be associated with 3–14% changes in LDL cholesterol. Standardized food databases do not have enough phytosterol values to allow calculation of phytosterol intake for individuals outside of specialized studies. Natural diets contain phytosterol amounts ranging from less than 60 mg/2000 kcal to over 500 mg/2000 kcal. Physiological studies in which whole body cholesterol metabolism is investigated show large effects of natural dietary phytosterols on cholesterol absorption efficiency, cholesterol biosynthesis and cholesterol excretion which exceed the magnitude of changes in LDL cholesterol. The dual effects of natural phytosterols on both LDL-C and whole body cholesterol metabolism need to be considered in relating them to potential protection from coronary heart disease risk.
Triglyceride-Lowering Response to Plant Sterol and Stanol Consumption
Authors: Rideout Todd C , Marinangeli Christopher P F , Harding Scott V
Published: May 2015

Phytosterols (PS) have long been recognized for their cholesterol-lowering action, however, recent work has highlighted triglyceride (TG)-lowering responses to PS that may have been overlooked in previous human interventions and mechanistic animal model studies. This review assesses the current state of knowledge regarding the effect of dietary PS supplementation on blood TG concentrations by examining the average therapeutic response, potential mechanisms, and metabolic and genetic factors that may contribute to inter-individual variability. Data from human intervention trials demonstrates that, compared to baseline concentrations, PS supplementation results in a variable TG-lowering response ranging from 0.8 to 28%. It is evident that hypertriglyceridemic individuals (>1.7 mmol/L) have a greater TG-lowering response to PS (11–28%) than subjects with normal plasma TG concentrations (0.8–7%). Although a genetic basis for the variable TG-lowering effects of PS is probable, there are only limited studies to draw on. The available data suggest that polymorphisms in the apolipoprotein E (apoE) gene may affect responsiveness, with PS-induced reductions in TG more readily evident in apoE2 than apoE3 or E4 subjects. Although only a minimal number of animal model studies have been conducted to specifically examine the mechanisms whereby PS may reduce blood TG concentrations, it appears that there may be multiple mechanisms involved including interruption of intestinal fatty acid absorption and modulation of hepatic lipogenesis and very low density lipoprotein packaging and secretion. In summary, the available data suggest that PS may be an effective therapy to lower blood TG, particularly in hypertriglyceridemic individuals. However, before PS can be widely recommended as a TG-lowering therapy, studies that are specifically powered and designed to fully access therapeutic responses and the mechanisms involved are required.
Effects of Plant Sterol and Stanol Consumption on Blood Pressure and Endothelial Function
Authors: Yue Sum Yu Pansy , Rideout Todd C , Harding Scott V
Published: May 2015

The cholesterol lowering effects of plant sterols and stanols are a well-established complementary means by which to reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. The average reduction in LDL cholesterol concentrations is approximately –10% following a 28-day supplementation protocol. There is very little known regarding what, if any, effect plant sterols and stanols have on other cardiometabolic risk factors such as blood pressure and endothelial function. Here we review the available literature on this topic and attempt to draw conclusions regarding any benefit or risk for blood pressure and endothelial function linked to plant sterol and stanol supplementation. Generally there has been very little work focusing on changes in blood pressure or endothelial function following plant sterol or stanol intervention, but these factors have been measured in some cases as secondary outcomes. Overall, there is little evidence to support either positive or negative effects of plant sterol or stanol supplementation of blood pressure and the data surrounding endothelial function is quite inconclusive. This area of research would benefit from well controlled mechanistic studies in animals and primary interventions in humans which focus on ambulatory blood pressure, central blood pressure and endothelial function.