bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Changes in Metabolite Pools in Host and Pathogen during the Uredinio and Teliospore Development of the Bean Rust Fungus Uromyces appendiculatus
Authors: Götz M. , Boyle C.
Published: May 2008

Metabolite pool sizes as well as indications for changes in the translocation of metabolites from the host to the parasite were investigated on primary leaves of decapitated bean plants infected with the bean rust fungus Uromyces appendiculatus var. appendiculatus (Pers.) Link with respect to changes in the spore type from uredinioto teliospores. Noninfected control leaves were compared to the directly influenced sorus region of infected leaves and the mycelium‐free areas of these leaves (‘leaf‐remainder’).The data show evidence for an intensive change in the metabolite pools, indicating translocation from the metabolically active leaf‐remainder to the sori, expressing characteristic changes according to the spore type produced. The importance of single metabolites and changes in their pool sizes is discussed and correlated to the respective pools within the uredinio‐ and teliospores. The data indicate that vegetative urediniospores contain mainly preformed metabolites and precursors, whereas teliospores need to undergo metabolite syntheses before germination.
Identification of Phytoplasma Infecting Lilium martagon in the Czech Republic
Authors: Poncarová‐Vorácková Z. , Franová J. , Valová P. , Mertelik J. , Navrátil M. , Nebesárová J.
Published: May 2008

Lilium martagon (Turk's‐cap lily) found in West Bohemia showed untisual malformation in the shape of a very flattened stem. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and fluorescence microscopy (DAPI staining) revealed phytoplasma bodies in sieve tube elements of the diseased plant, but not in healthy ones. The diameter of the bodies ranged from 100 to 900 nm, with an average of 400 nm. Phytoplastna 16S rDNA detection by nested PCR resulted in 1.1 kbp product. Based on restriction analysis of amplified region, this phytoplasma is classified to the aster yellows cluster (16SrI), subgroup 1‐C, with clover phyilody phytoplasma as a type strain. Partial phytoplasma 16S rDNA sequence amplified by nested PCR was compared through restriction fragment length polymorphism. No virus infection was detected. This paper is the first report on clover phyilody phytoplasma in a monocotyledonous host identified on molecular level.
Abutilon Mosaic Geminivirus Proteins Expressed and Phosphorylated in Escherichia coli
Authors: Wege C. , Jeske H.
Published: May 2008

In order to get more detailed information on single proteins involved in the life cycle of Abutilon mosaic geminivirus, special conditions were established allowing expression of the proteins encoded by different viral open reading frames (AC2, AC3, AVI, BC1, and BV1) in Escherichia coli by use of the pET expression vector system. These include cotransformation of a tRNA supplementation plasmid to overcome codon usage problems in the case of AC2, Protocols were developed to purify the virus proteins for production of antisera. Phosphorylation of AbMV proteins AC3, AVI, BCl, and BV1 in E. coli could be shown by autoradiographic detection of stably incorporated inorganic 32PO34.
Two Cases of Non‐host Resistance against Potyviruses Operating at the Single Cell Level
Authors: Bak S. , Poulsen G. B. , Albrechtsen M.
Published: May 2008

Nonhost resistance of plants against viruses is a very common but poorly understood phenomenon. In this study Nicotiana tabacum L. and pea seed‐borne mosaic potyvirus (PSbMV) were chosen as a model system for a closer examination of nonhost resistance. Nicotiana tahacum was confirmed to be a nonhost for PSbMV by mechanical inoculations followed by analysis by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay and by immunofluorescence staining of mesophyll and epidermal protoplasts isolated from inoculated leaves. When tobacco protoplasts were inoculated with PSbMV virions or genomic RNA, only very few eells became infected. On the other hand, both PSbMV virions and genomic RNA could infeet protoplasts from the host plant Pisum sativum L. In parallel experiments, virions of another potyvirus, potato virus Y (PVY), infected tobacco protoplasts but not protoplasts from pea, a nonhost for PVY. The results suggest, that the inabihty of PSbMV to infect tobacco, and of PVY to infect pea, is at least partly caused by a failure of virus replication in the inoculated cells.
Development of Populations of Softrot Bacteria on Witloof Chicory Leaves during Root Production in the Field
Authors: Schober B. M. , Zadoks J. C.
Published: May 2008

During a 4.‐year field experiment at ihe Experimental Slatton for Arable Farming in Lelystad, the Netherlands, witloof chicory plants, grown for root production, were surveyed for Ihe presence of epiphylic or saprophytic populations of the softrot bacteria (Enriniu carotovora and Pseudomonus marginalia) on their leaves. Isolates of pectolytic bacteria collected frotn the leaves were identified and the influence of environmental variables was assessed testing the hypothesis of an increase of the number of isolates on plants in the field. A significant linear correlation (R‐ = 0,47, n= 20, P = 0.002) was found for the regression of the number of pectolytic isolates on titne (tnonth) and temperature (monthly average). The average monthly growth rate of the softrot bacteria was significantly greater than zero during the field seasoti, indicating an increase of the populations of softrot bacteria. The ratio between the number of Envinia and Pseudomonus isolates changed during the growing season from a predominance of pseudomonads frorn May until July to ati equal ratio from Atigust until harvest. The number of isolates of Erwinia carotovora was negatively correlated with total global radiation. The increase in the number of Ecc later in the growing season was attributed to protection from high radiation levels and adverse temperatures in the tmicroclimate under the canopy.
Bark Canker of Persian Walnut (Juglans regia) Trees Incited by Erwinia nigrifluens in Italy
Authors: Morone C. , Janse J. D. , Scortichini M.
Published: May 2008

In autumn 1996, adult Persian walnut (Juglans regia L.) trees cultivated in Piedmont (north‐west of Italy) showed irregularly shaped cankers along the bark. When the phelloderm was removed, extensive necrosis of the tissues below was observed. A watery, dark‐coloured exudale was also frequently observed. Symptoms were present on approximately 10% of 600 trees. Biochemical, nutritional and pathogenicity tests as well as fatty acids analysis of the isolates and type‐strain, indicated that Erwinia nigrifluens was the causal agent of the disease. This is the first report of this pathogen in Italy.
Persistence of the European Stone Fruit Yellows Phytoplasma in Aerial Parts of Prunus Taxa During the Dormant Season
Authors: Seemüller E. , Stolz H. , Kison H.
Published: May 2008

Fluorescence microscopy and PCR as well as graft transmission experiments were employed to examine the persistence of the European stone fruit phytoplasma in the stem of various Prunus taxa during the dormant season. Both approaches revealed that the phytoplasma pathogen persists in the aerial parts of the trees in all stone fruit taxa examined.
Phylogenetic Inference Based on Information Theory‐Based PCR Amplification
Authors: Tooley P. W. , Salvo J. J. , Schneider T. D. , Rogan P. K.
Published: May 2008

As a method for the determination of the taxonomic affinities of plant pathogens and other organisms, a set of ‘universal’ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers which amplify a taxonomically diverse sequence domain of 28S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) were designed. The PCR primers chosen by information‐theory analysis generated PCR products using DNA templates from a wide diversity of organisms. Sequences of PCR products were then obtained which allowed phylogenetic dendrograms to be constructed. Based on the above analysis, the Oomycete pathogen Phytophthora infestans clustered with the protist Prorocentrum micans rather than with representatives of the true fungi, consistent with its designation as a ‘pseudofungus’, Magnaporthe grisea. another important plant pathogen, clustered with the true fungi as expected. The approach described can be used with other plant pathogens to clarify phytogeny of new or ambiguously designated species.
Occurrence of Soil Suppressiveness toFusariumWilt Disease of Broad Bean in Ismailia Governorate
Authors: Wahid O. A. Abdul , Ibrahim M. E. , Omar M. A.
Published: May 2008

Fusarium oxysporumwilt of broad beati was studied in nonsuppressive and suppressive soil. One hundred and fifty soil samples were collected from 10 cultivated and reclaimed fields. The disease response of the 10 fields showed great variation. Percentages of diseased plants ranged from 19 to 85%. Soil samples collected from field Fm2 (soil No. 6, suppressive) showed the lowest percentage of diseased plant (19%), while all other soils showed not less than 40% of diseased plants. When the 10 field soil samples were inoculated withF. oxysporumthey exhibited a high receptivity value (over 50% diseased plants) while Fm2 soil showed almost the least value (less than 10% diseased plants). The fungal flora of the soil samples was studied where 64 spp. belonging to 37 genera were recovered. While the lowest number was recorded in soil Pk1 (soil No. 2, nonsuppressive) the highest total and species counts was found in Fm2 soil. Chemical analysis revealed that chloride and calcium ions were higher in Fm2 soil. The number of chloride ions was higher than calcium ions in all samples. Sugar cane bagasse, an organic supplement, and autoclaving enhanced the wilt disease development and retarded the suppressiveness of Fm2 soil.
Application of In Vitro Therapy for Ilarvirus Elimination in Three Prunus Species
Authors: GELLA R. , ERREA P.
Published: May 2008

Apricot (Prunus armeniaca) shoot cultures infected with apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV). peach (Prunus persica) shoot cultures infected with Prunus necrotic ring‐spot virus (PNRSV) and ACLSV and sour cherry (Prunus avium) shoot cultures infected with prune dwarf virus (PDV) and ACLSV. were selected to evaluate the response of in vitro grown shoots to thermotherapy and to eliminate the viruses from the plant. A constant temperature regime was selected for the heat treatment (37° C). The period of heat treatment applied to each cultivar and species was variable, between 15 and 36 days, and the range of success in the elimination of virus had percentages between 37 and 100% of virus‐free plants for PNRSV. 60 to 100% for ACLSV and 85 to 100% for PDV. The combination of the therapy and tissue culture techniques has been shown to be a simple and efficient method to eliminate these viruses in Prunus sp. despite variability observed among species in shoot survival and elimination of the viruses. The advantage of this method in comparison with other methods used in virus elimination in fruit species is discussed.
Spatial and Temporal Variation of Genetic Marker Patterns in Setosphaeria turcica Populations from Kenya
Authors: Borchardt D. S. , Welz H. G. , Geiger H. H.
Published: May 2008

Setosphaeria turcica is an important fungal pathogen of maize in the humid mid‐altitude and highland environments of East Africa, causing northern corn leaf blight. To conduct a population genetic analysis, a total of 172 S. turcica isolates from four locations in western (Kakamega, Kitale) and central (Embu, Kikuyu) Kenya, collected in 1994 and 1995, were examined with 43 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. Mating types were also determined. Of the total genetic variation, the greatest portion (70%) was attributed to differences between haplotypes in local populations. Only 26% of the variation was due to differences between regions and 4% to locations within regions. Populations from the two regions clearly differed in their haplotype similarities and had different levels of gene and genotypic diversity. Isolation by distance and divergent selection are likely to be major causes of the differentiation between western and central Kenya. Migration between the two regions was weak. Within regions, population samples from different locations were very similar indicating intense migration. Samples collected early and late in the vegetation period or in consecutive years always showed the same population structure, i.e. little fluctuation occurred during the season. Clones were shown to be conserved over long distances and over years despite sexual recombination and an extremely high genotypic diversity.
Diversity of Plasmids of Agrobacterium tumefaciens Isolated from Fruit Trees in Poland
Authors: Pulawska J. , Malinowski T. , Sobiczewski P.
Published: May 2008

Plasmid DNA was isolated from 11 strains of Agro‐bacterium tumefaciens originated from 6 fruit tree species of various locations in Poland. One to four plasmids were consistently isolated from all studied strains. Plasmid sizes varied from about 27 to about 315 kbp. Some of the strains possessed similar plasmid profiles. The lack of any clear relationship between plasmid profiles of strains and their virulence, sensitivity to agrocin 84, biovar and origin was observed.
Comparison of Pea Enation Mosaic Virus (PEMV) Isolates: Sequence of Coat Protein and Aphid Transmission Protein Genes of a European Isolate
Authors: Salgueiro S. , Hull R.
Published: May 2008

Pea enation mosaic virus (PEMV) is a bipartite virus, transmitted mechanically and by aphids in the circulative manner. Virus capsid proteins, coded by RNA‐1 are involved in aphid transmissibility. Using an antiserum against a European (UK) aphid‐transmissible isolate, the capsid proteins of six PEMV isolates, each aphid‐transmissible or non‐transmissible, were compared using Western blots. All isolates have a major coat protein of approximately 22 kDa, but also additional proteins. RNA‐1 complementary DNAs corresponding to ORFs 4 and 5 of isolate SP were cloned and sequenced. This had 95% homology at the nucleotide level and a 96% homology at the amino acid level with the sequence of a North American isolate. Most amino acid differences were in the region corresponding to ORF 5, some of which could result in potential changes in the conformation of the protein. This is the first report on the sequence of an European PEMV isolate and the first direct comparison of viral capsid complexity in different PEMV isolates.
Specific Detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis with a DNA Hybridization Probe
Authors: Verdier V. , Mosquera G.
Published: May 2008

A dot‐blot assay was developed for the detection of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (Xam), the causal agent of cassava bacterial blight. A 898 bp DNA fragment unique to Xam strains was cloned and evaluated as a diagnostic DNA probe. The DNA probe (p898) hybridized with the total DNA of 362 Xam strains tested but not with any of the 40 other Xanthomonas strains tested or with saprophytes associated with the cassava plant. A quick colony hybridization procedure was developed to identify Xam strains. The probe also detected Xam strains in crude extracts of leaf and stem lesions, and in cassava fruits and sexual seeds that were naturally infected. The overall sensitivity of the dot blot method for detecting Xam in stem and leaf samples was about 103 colony‐forming units per reaction. Because the dot‐blot hybridization technique is sensitive and rapid, it can be easily used for culture indexing.
Erwinia and Pseudomonas Bacteria can be Reliably Screened by an Improved Serological Agglutination Test
Authors: Mráz I. , Pánková I. , Petrzik K. , Šíp M.
Published: May 2008

The sensitivity of a modified agglutination test for the detection of Erwinia amylovora and Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi antisera was examined. The bacterial polyclonal antisera were sensitized by Staphylococcus aureus bacteria. These antisera enhanced the sensitivity of the agglutination test by two or three times. The modification of the agglutination test described is recommended for the detection of E. amylovora in plant sap and in bacterial slime of hawthorns (Crataegus sp.) attacked by E. amylovora.
Sunflower Coumarin Phytoalexins Inhibit the Growth of the Virulent Pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum
Authors: Urdangarín C. , Regente M. C. , Jorrín J. , de la Canal L.
Published: May 2008

The fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum causes serious damage to sunflower crops. The effect of two major sunflower phytoalexins, ayapin and scopoletin, on the growth of S. sclerotiorum has been examined; both inhibited mycelial growth in vitro, but at different rates. The concentration necessary to obtain 50% inhibition of fungal growth (IC50 values) determined for ayapin and scopoletin were 0.16 mm and 1.5 mm, respectively. Other sunflower phenolic metabolites such as caffeic acid, chlorogenic acid, and isoliquiritigenin had no inhibitory effect on S. sclerotiorum growth at concentrations as high as 2 mm. These results, together with previously reported data, suggest that coumarin biosynthesis‐accumulation in sunflower may be another target for plant breeding and genetic engineering strategies aimed at obtaining sunflower varieties with enhanced resistance to Sclerotinia rot.
Leaf Hairs as a Basic Protective Barrier against Downy Mildew of Grape
Authors: Kortekamp A. , Zyprian E.
Published: May 2008

The influence of hairs during the interaction of Plasmopara viticola with leaves of four Vitis species was studied both under natural conditions and upon treatment with the detergent Tween 20. The hydrophobic felt consisting of hairs on the adaxial leaf sides repels water from the leaf surface preventing a successful penetration of the host via fungal germ tubes. Treatment with a detergent solution led to an enhanced attachment of water droplets. As a consequence of the detergent treatment, infection structures of P. viticola were formed on the field‐resistant hosts Vitis doaniana and Vitis davidii as in the susceptible Vitis vinifera hosts. It can be concluded that covering the leaf surface with hydrophobic hairs represents a major defence strategy and that the infection process is dependent on wetness. Although in Vitis cinerea and Vitis labrusca primary infection structures can be monitored after detergent treatment, the growth of the fungus was found to be restricted in these species indicating the action of additional or different defence strategies.
Survival of Softrot Bacteria during the Storage of Witloof Chicory Roots
Authors: Schober B. M. , Zadoks J. C.
Published: May 2008

During the cold storage of witloof chicory roots, changes in the populations of the softrot bacteria Erwinia carotovora ssp. carotovora (Ecc), Erwinia carotovora ssp. atroseptica (Eca) and Pseudomonas marginalis (Pm) were investigated from October (directly after harvest) until March of the next year. Colonization incidence of Ecc and Pm changed during the early weeks of storage in each of the 3 years of the experiment and increased significantly after December, approximately 6 to 8 weeks after the roots had been placed in storage. After inoculation, during storage in 1996, populations of Eca decreased continuously from 5.8 × 105 CFU/ml to 103 CFU/ml 4 weeks later in mid‐November without any further statistically significant increase during the rest of the storage period. Timecourse analysis of the monthly colonization incidence of Ecc and Pm over the 3 years revealed that the incidence was significantly dependent on the incidence 2 weeks earlier. Also, high colonization incidences during storage coincided with high disease incidence during the following forcing period of the roots. Therefore, a forecast of disease incidence during forcing of the witloof chicory heads may be envisaged.
Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum race 3, biovar 2, Detected in Surface (irrigation) Water in Egypt
Authors: Farag N. , Stead D. E. , Janse J. D.
Published: May 2008

The causal agent of potato brown rot, Ralstonia (Pseudomonas) solanacearum was demonstrated for the first time to be present in surface (irrigation) water in Egypt. The bacterium was identified in both irrigation and drainage canals near to infected fields within three potato‐growing areas in the delta that were already known to be infected. The bacterium was found in populations of up to 106 colony‐forming units per litre. No weed hosts such as Solanum dulcamara were found along the canals. The bacterium was not detected anywhere in the desert area. These findings show that irrigation water can play a role in the epidemiology of the brown rot disease in Egypt and further studies are necessary to determine its exact role. The use of artesian water in the desert area and avoidance of re‐use of irrigation water could be important factors in the avoidance of brown rot problems.
A Carrot Proliferation Disease Associated with Rickettsia‐like Organisms in the Czech Republic
Authors: Fránová J. , KAREŠOVÁ R. , Navrátil M. , šimková M. , Válová P. , Nebesáŕová J.
Published: May 2008

Carrot plants showing severe proliferation symptoms were observed in East Bohemia in 1996. Blue‐while fluorescent areas were observed under fluorescence microscope in sieve tube cells of symptomatic plants, but not in healthy ones. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the presence of elongated structures in the phloem sieve elements of diseased carrots. Transmission electron microscopy revealed rickettsia‐like organisms present in sieve tube elements of symptomatic plants. The diameter of the bodies ranged from about 0.2‐0.3μm. and the length of the elongated forms reached 2.2 μm. No other organisms were detected. This is the first report of infection by single rickettsia‐like organisms on carrot plants.
Expression of clusterin in normal and preeclamptic placentas
Authors: Shin Jeong‐Kyu , Han Kyung‐An , Kang Min‐Young , Kim Yoon‐Sook , Park Ji‐Kwon , Choi Won‐Jun , Lee Soon‐Ae , Lee Jong‐Hak , Choi Wan‐Sung , Paik Won‐Young
Published: May 2008

Aim:  Clusterin is a multifunctional protein that is up‐regulated during many different pathophysiological states. Clusterin may be related to a compensation mechanism involving aggregation of soluble proteins, inhibition of complement‐mediated cell damage, adaptive regeneration or apoptosis. Clusterin may increase in response to cell damage that results from hypoxic stress in the preeclamptic placenta. The goal of this study was to measure clusterin expression and localization in normal and preeclamptic placental tissues.

Methods:  Immnunohistochemical and double immunofluorescent staining for clusterin was performed on eight normal and eight preeclamptic placental tissues, and clusterin expression was quantified by Western blotting.

Results:  Immunohistochemical analysis of clusterin in placental tissues obtained from normal pregnancies and those with preeclampsia showed localization of clusterin mainly in the syncytiotrophoblasts and villous endothelial cells. In the double immunofluorescent staining, clusterin was detected in the cytoplasm. The Western blot analysis showed that clusterin expression in the placental tissues of the preeclampsia group was significantly higher than in the normal pregnancy group.

Conclusions:  Increased expression of clusterin in placental tissues might play an important role in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia.
Slow programmable and ultra‐rapid freezing of human embryos
Authors: Vutyavanich Teraporn , Sreshthaputra Opas , Mongkolchaipak Suchada , Wongtra‐ngan Supreeya , Piromlertamorn Waraporn
Published: May 2008

Aim:  To compare the outcomes of slow freezing with ultra‐rapid freezing (URF) of cleavage‐stage human embryos on aluminum foil.

Methods:  Two‐cell mouse embryos were used to test our method of ultra‐rapid freezing. The embryos were randomly allocated to a non‐frozen control (208 embryos), and slow (204 embryos) or ultra‐rapid freezing groups (204 embryos). Immediate survival rate, further cleavage and blastocyst formation were compared. After validating our ultra‐rapid freezing method on mouse embryos, we applied a similar ultra‐rapid freezing protocol to human embryos. Consecutive human frozen/thawed embryo transfer (FET) cycles from October 1998 to June 2005 were reviewed. The survival rate, further cleavage rate and the pregnancy outcomes were compared between the URF and slow programmable freezing.

Results:  Mouse embryos in the URF group survived the freezing/thawing process better than those in the slow freezing group (93.1% vs 82.8%, P = 0.001). Blastocyst and hatching blastocyst formation of the surviving embryos were comparable in the URF and slow freezing group (59% vs 58.6%, P = 0.944 and 32.6% vs 42%, P = 0.066, respectively). There were 146 human FET cycles in the URF group and 28 cycles in the slow freezing group. The immediate survival of embryos was higher in the URF group than in the slow freezing group (87.9% and 64.3%, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference in the mean number of embryos per transfer (3.7 ± 1.3 and 3.3 ± 1.2, P = 0.178), clinical pregnancy rate per transfer (28.5% and 21.4%, P = 0.444) and implantation rate per embryo (10.98% and 10.9%, P = 0.974) in the URF or slow freezing groups.

Conclusion:  Our in‐house URF method gave comparable results to slow programmable freezing. Although the risk of potential contamination is a major drawback of the present ultra‐rapid freezing technique, future refinement will minimize or entirely eliminate this concern.
Fetal nasal bone length and Down syndrome during the second trimester in a Chinese population
Authors: Hung Jeng‐Hsiu , Fu Chong Yau , Chen Chih‐Yao , Chao Kuan‐Chong , Hung Jamie
Published: May 2008

Objective:  The purpose of the present study was to build a database of reference ranges of fetal nasal bone length (NBL) in a Chinese population. The accuracy rate of detecting Down syndrome was also analyzed using fetal NBL as a marker.

Methods:  The control group of fetuses included 342 normal singleton pregnancies with no chromosomal or congenital anomalies. The present study was a cross‐section study and the control group was used to construct percentile values of NBL from 13 to 29 gestational weeks of age. Two‐dimensional ultrasonography was used for the nasal bone studies. Measurements of NBL were collected and each fetus contributed a single value to the reference sample. During the study period, 14 fetuses with Down syndrome were examined. Measurement of fetal NBL was made during amniocentesis, with gestational age ranging from 13 to 19 weeks.

Results:  From 342 normal fetuses with gestational age ranging from 13 to 29 weeks, reference ranges of NBL were constructed. The reference ranges were constructed from the 100(1 − p)% reference range: , where Ŷ = 25 − exp(3.58 − 0.044 × t + 0.0006 × t2), with Ŷ being the fitted mean of regression model and t being gestational age (weeks). Using fetal NBL, the regression model was Pr(Down syndrome) = exp(W)/[1 + exp(W)], where W = 0.62–4.80 × NBL (multiples of the median) in predicting Down syndrome. Fetal NBL was found to have a sensitivity and specificity of 0.78 and 0.78, respectively, in predicting Down syndrome in the second trimester of pregnancy.

Conclusions:  Fetal NBL measurement can provide a simple and useful algorithm to predict Down syndrome during the second trimester of pregnancy.
Prediction of multiple pregnancies by the number of early cleaving embryos
Authors: Na Yong‐Jin , Kim Jung‐Pyo , Joo Bo‐Sun , Lee Dong‐Hyung , Lee Kyu‐Sup
Published: May 2008

Aim:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the number of early cleaving embryos as an effective predictor for multiple pregnancies in human in vitro fertilization (IVF).

Methods:  The study analyzed early cleavage (EC) in 190 cycles of IVF. The EC of embryos to the two‐cell stage was assessed at two time points, namely 25 and 27 h after insemination. Embryos that had cleaved at each time point were designated EC‐1 and EC‐2, respectively, whereas other embryos were designated as non‐EC (NEC). The number of cycles with EC‐1 embryos was not included in the results for the EC‐2 group.

Results:  Clinical pregnancy rates were significantly higher in the EC‐1 group compared with the EC‐2 and NEC groups (58.2%, 31.8% and 22.9%, respectively; P < 0.05). The pregnancy outcome was positively related to the number of EC‐1 embryos. Multiple pregnancy rates were significantly increased up to 41.4% when the number of EC‐1 embryos was two or more.

Conclusions:  The results confirm that 25 h after insemination is a more effective critical time point for the selection of EC embryos and that the number of EC embryos could be a useful parameter for the prediction of multiple pregnancies.
Evolution of Flight in Insects
Authors: Norberg R. Åke
Published: May 2008

Norberg, R. Å. (Department of Zoology, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.) Evolution of flight in insects. Zool. Scripta 1 (6): 247–250, 1972.–Two hypotheses on the origin of flight in insects are discussed. 1. Gliding hypothesis. If wings and flight originated in ca. 1 cm large, or larger, insects, a leaping type seems to be a more probable candidate than a non‐leaping one, since the former type has, with certainty, a high frequency of voluntary air excursions, during which any extensions come into play. Furthermore, it may attain the equilibrium gliding speed by jumping, and need not, if arboreal, lose any height on a steep initial fall to gain speed. 2. Floating hypothesis. The hypothesis presented here is a modified version of that put forward by Wigglesworth in 1963. It is suggested that wings may have originated in very small insects as thin dorsolateral, fringed extensions (like the wings of the smallest flying insects) acting as viscous drag producers, enabling the insects to float in the air with a very slow sinking speed and to be dispersed passively over long distances by thermal convection currents. Mov‐ability of the wings would have increased practicability on the ground, and selection pressure for this could have brought about preadaptation for active flapping flight. Monophyly versus convergence of insect wings of conventional type (aerofoil function) is discussed briefly.
First Report on Marine Microturbellarians from Hawaii
Authors: Karling Tor G. , Mack‐Fira Valeria , Dorjes Jurgen
Published: May 2008

Karling, T. G. (Section of Invertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden), Valeria Mack‐Fira, and Jürgen Dörjes.First report on marine microturbellarians from Hawaii.Zool. Scripta 1 (6): 251–270, 1972.–The material presented here consists of:Cilionema hawaiiensisgen. et sp. n.,Microvahine corallicolagen. et sp. n.,Archiloa subtilissp. n.,Minona bistyliferasp. n.,Duplominona kaneoheisp. n.,Archimonocelis heljrichisp. n.,Ulelga variodentatasp. n.,Notocelis gullmarensis maculatassp. n.,Cylindrcstoma monotrochum(Graff),Plagiostomum acoluthumMarcus,Gyratrix hermaphroditusEhrenberg andAustrorhynchus pectatusKarling. The anatomy of the species is described and their taxonomy discussed. Views are given on the comparative anatomy of the bursal organs. The ecology and the biogeography of the species are briefly discussed.
A Revision of the Genus Telmatotrephes Stal (Hemiptera‐Heteroptera, IMepidae)
Authors: Lansbury Ivor
Published: May 2008

Lansbury, I. (University Museum, Oxford, U.K.) A revision of the genus Telmatotrephes Stdl (Hemiptera‐Heteroptera, Nepidae). Zool. Scripta 1 (6): 271–286.–Telmatotrephes is redefined and compared with related Oriental genera. A key to species is given and two new species (T. ecuadorensis sp.n. and T. chinensis sp.n.) are described and one species is placed in synonymy. Some observations are made on the systematic position and distribution of Telmatotrephes in relation to other nepid genera.
The Rhinal Bone and Its Evolutionary Significance
Authors: Bjerring Hans C.
Published: May 2008

Bjerring, H. C. (Section of Palaeozoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.) The rhinal bone and its evolutionary significance. Zool. Scripta 1 (5): 193–201, 1972.– On the basis of serially sectioned embryos of Amia calva, the ethmoidal region of the endocranium and certain adjacent exo‐skeletal elements are analysed. The results include evidence of the existence of branchial moieties pertaining to the first or premandibular metamere. Each of these moieties comprises infrapharyngobranchial (the ethmobasal), suprapharyngobranchial (the orbitonasal lamina), and epibranchial (the palatoquadrate pterygoid process) endoskeletal components as well as horizontal infrapharyngeal (the vomer), ascending infrapharyngeal (the rhinal), and epal (the dermopalatines and ectopterygoid) dental plates. The anterior cerebral arteries may represent the efferent blood vessels of the first‐metamere branchial moieties. A hypothesis on the origin of the nasal sacs is offered.
On the Early Development of the Protonephridial Systems in Some Species Belonging to the Genera Diphyllobothrium, Triaenophorus and Schistocephalus (Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea)
Authors: Malmberg Göran
Published: May 2008

Malmberg, G. {Department of Zoology, University of Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden.) On the early development of the protonephridial systems in some species belonging to the genera Diphyllobothrium, Triaenophorus and Schistocephalus {Cestoda, Pseudophyllidea). Zool. Scripta 1 (5): 227–228, 1972.–The protonephridial systems of coracidia (oncospheres) and procercoids of four Diphyllobothrium species, of Triaenophorus nodulosus (Pallas) and of Schistocephalus solidus (Muller) were studied. In the oncospheres of Diphyllobothrium and Schistocephalus the two flame bulbs of the primary protonephridial system were present, but not in the oncospheres of Triaenophorus. In Schistocephalus the two flame bulbs were found to be inactive in the oncosphere (studied inside the coracidium), but very active in the youngest procercoids, which may imply that the primary protonephridial system does not start its function until the oncosphere has entered the copepod body cavity. The primary protonephridial system of the Triaenophorus procercoids was totally (most specimens) or partly reduced. The secondary protonephridial system, however, began developing more or less simultaneously with the integumental hooklets, the cercomer and the first calcareous bodies, which is in accordance with what is described concerning Diphyllobothrium. The ciliated, excretory bladder described by Rosen in 1919 was found to be a posteriorly open invagination, surrounding the “cercomer shaft”. Reverse bends of the posterior main canals of the secondary system are located closely around the wall of, though very likely not emptying into this invagination.
Evolution, Causal Biology, and Classification
Authors: Brundin Lars
Published: May 2008

Brundin, L. (Section of Entomology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.) Evolution, causal biology, and classification. Zool. Scripta 1 (3–4): 107–120, 1972.–The pros and cons of different approaches to classification are discussed against the background of a critical survey of the leading principles of evolution and the methodological advices furnished by the nature of the evolutionary process for the attainment of an adequate reference system of causal biology. It is shown that such a system has to be a reconstruction of nature's own hierarchy. The reasons for the present disagreement between the Hennig school and the Simpson‐Mayr school are discussed at some length, and it is stressed that the classificatory dilemma of the latter school is an unavoidable consequence of its quantitative approach and hence self‐inflicted.
Two New Species of Interstitial Marine Triclads from the North American Pacific Coast, with Comments on Evolutionary Trends and Systematics in Tricladida (Turbellaria)
Authors: Holmquist Charlotte , Karling Tor G.
Published: May 2008

Holmquist, Ch. and Karling, T. G. (Section of Invertebrate Zoology, Swedish Museum of Natural History, Stockholm, Sweden.) Two new species of marine triclads from the North American Pacific coast, with comments on evolutionary trends and systematics in Tricladida (Turbellaria). Zool. Scripta 1(3–4): 175–184, 1972.–Two marine triclads, Oregoniplana opisthopora gen. et sp.n. and Pacificides psammophilus gen. et sp.n. are described from the Pacific coast of USA. They are inhabitants of sand in the surf zone. They are provisionally included in the family Procerodidae but their anatomy is aberrant in several respects; they elucidate some evolutionary trends as well as some unsatisfactory points in the systematics of the aquatic triclads.
On Morphology and Distribution of Some Hoplonemer‐tean Species along Scandinavian Coasts (Nemertini)
Authors: Berg Gunnar
Published: May 2008

The species Amphipoms superbus (Girard, 1854), Tetrastemma lophoheliae Bergendal, 1903 and Tetrastemma rober‐tianae Mcintosh, 1874 are redescribed and new informations about ths distribution are given. Tetrastemma albicollis Uschakow, 1928 is shown to be synanym to Amphipoms superbus.
Description of the Metacercaria of Zoogonoides viviparous (Olsson, 1868) Odhner, 1902 with Some Remarks on Life Cycles in the Genus Zoogonoides (Trematoda, Digenea, Zoogonidae)
Authors: Orrhage Lars
Published: May 2008

Metacer‐cariae, found in the body‐cavities of Trochochaeta multisetosa (Oersted) (Trochochaetidae, Polychaeta sedentaria) are described and identified as belonging to Zoogonoides viviparus (Olsson, 1868) Odhner, 1902. A combination of these observations with the Résults of investigations, made by previous authors, on the biology of the cercariae, gives the outlines of a life cycle for Z. viviparus.
Taxonomische und phylogenetische Untersuchungen über die Tanaidaceen (Crustacea)
Authors: Lang Karl
Published: May 2008

The taxonomy of the genera mentioned in the title is discussed. Leptochelia rapax Harger is designated as type of the new genus Hargeria. Sars's Paratanais is not identical with Dana's Paratanais and therefore it is transferred to the new genus Pseudoparatanais. Nototanais werthi does not belong to Nototanais and is designated as type of the new genus Pseudonototanais. Heterotanais anomalus (syn. algiricus), H. antarcticus, H. magnus, H. provincialis and Leptochelia filum (syn. profunda), L. inermis, L. mercantilis, L. mergellinae are brought together in the new genus Pseudoleptochelia, of which a new species Ps. mortenseni is erected. Acanthotanais Kussakin is identical with Paratanais Dana. The synonymy of these genera and that of Tanaissus Norman & Scott are discussed as well as the taxonomic position of Typhlotanais longidactylus Shiino and the relationships of the genera –Tanaissus excepted. Figures of Paratanais euelpis are given. It is proposed that Leptochelia, Heterotanais, Hargeria, Pseudoleptochelia and Pseudonototanais should be grouped together in the new family Leptocheliidae. Diagnoses are given of the families Paratanaidae and Leptocheliidae and their genera. The taxonomy of the Monokonophora is discussed. In a postscript the generic name Strongylura G. O. Sars, which is preoccupied, has been replaced by Collettea.
Fisher's Axiom and the Body Size of Animals
Authors: Løvtrup Søren , Rahemtulla Firoz , Höglund Nils‐G.
Published: May 2008

What is here called Fisher's axiom states that all large mutations are deleterious, and the consequence of this is the generally accepted Darwinian notion that all evolutionary progress must have occurred through the accumulation of small mutational steps. We have in the present paper tested the postulate that one parameter, namely, the body size (weight or volume) does not vary in this way, but rather in steps which are powers of two, up to or down, as the case may be. The outcome of our analysis is that this hypothesis is corroborated with fair significance for certain, randomly selected, groups of living and extinct animals. The consequences of this observation are briefly discussed.
On the Larval Protonephridial System of Gyrocotyle and the Evolution of Cercomeromorphae (Platyhelminthes)
Authors: Malmberg Göran
Published: May 2008

Eggs of Gyrocotyle urna specimens were hatched. Certain results from the hatching work are given. The protonephridial system of the larvae/lycophores was investigated. The system was found to be bilaterally symmetrical with two nephridiopores in the anterior body‐half. The system is very similar to the posterior protonephridial system in the oncomiracidium (the monogenoidean larva). Unlike the oncomiracidium the Gyrocotyle lycophore has no anterior system. The hooks of amphilinidean and gyrocotylidean lycophores were found to be of the same basic type as those of other cercomero‐morphaean larvae. A preliminary investigation of the hook ontogeny of Amphilina foliaceawas made: all ten hooks appear to begin developing at the same time, the six ordinary hooks early assumed a similar shape and arrangement to those in the oncosphaera, the four aberrant hooks seem to be less aberrant in their earlier developmental stages. On a basis of the number of hooks and other facts relating to the larvae, cercomero‐morphaean evolution at the larval level is claimed. Because there are no traces of a mouth, a pharynx and an intestine in the ontogeny of Gyrocotyle, the lack of these body parts in the lycophore is assumed to be a primitive condition. It is claimed that the monogenoidean protonephridial system originated from a system of the Gyrocotyle lycophore type and that the mouth, pharynx and intestine are secondarily evolved in the monogenoideans. It is assumed that mouth‐, pharynx‐ and intestine‐less creatures with an ingestive body‐covering gave rise to the digenean and the cercomeromorphaean evolutionary lines. On a basis of the ontogeny and the life cycles in the different cercomeromorphaean groups it is claimed that the adult monogenoideans never reached a certain evolutionary level which is repeated in the ontogeny of the ces‐todes, the amphilinideans and the gyrocotylideans.
The Gregarine Infection in Different Species of Odonata from the Same Habitat
Authors: Åbro Arnold
Published: May 2008

A qualitative and quantitative study of eugregarine parasites in different dragonfly species was performed around a breeding site at Bergen (Western Norway). Dragonfly larvae were never found to harbour gregarines. As a general rule, the number of dragonflies infected and the number of gregarines present in each individual host increased during the flying season. In the zygopterans Coenagrion hastulatum (Charp.), Enallagma cyathi‐gerum (Charp.), and Pyrrhosoma nymphula (Sulz.), the majority became heavily infected. Discoloured, feeble specimens captured in the field exhibited extensive damage to the midgut, probably progressing to bacterial septicaemia. The histopathology of the midgut wall has been recorded from scarcely visible alterations to massive disruption of the epithelium. In these species, gregarine infection apparently reduced the longevity of adults. The population of Lestes sponsa (Hansem.) was moderately infected and injuries of the midgut seldom occurred. In the only infected anisopteran, Sympetrum danae (Sulz.), gregarines seemed unimportant and caused no damage to their hosts. Each gregarine species seemed to thrive in several dragonfly hosts, and a host could harbour at least two different gregarine species at the same time. The pattern of infection is discussed against the background of climatic and edaphic conditions.
Anaerobiosis, Meiofauna and Early Metazoan Evolution
Authors: Boaden Patrick J. S.
Published: May 2008

Boaden, P. J. S. (Queen“s University Marine Biology Station, Portaferry BT22 IPF, Northern Ireland.) Anaerobiosis, meiofauna and early metazoan evolution. Zool. Scr. 4 (1): 21–24, 1975.–Anaerobic marine sands have a fairly diverse fauna and flora consisting mainly of prokaryotes, protists, gnathostomulids, turbellarians, nematodes and gastrotrichs. An increasing body of evidence shows that the Metazoa from this environment are primitive in many respects. This paper suggests that much early evolution occurred in this habitat. Possible supporting evidence for this theory is discussed. It is concluded that the early Metazoa were benthic anaerobes and well established by the Middle Precambrian Era and that, in addition to the Prokaryota and Protista, the Gnathosto‐mulida, Platyhelminthes and Aschelminthes originally evolved under anaerobic conditions.
Ophryotrocha longidentata sp.n. and Dorvillea erucaeformis (Malmgren) (Polychaeta, Dorvilleidae) from the West Coast of Scandinavia
Authors: Josefson Alf
Published: May 2008

Ophryotrocha longidentata sp.n. is described from the Skagerak, West Coast of Sweden. The species lives on muddy bottoms at a depth of about 100 m. It is distinguished by having biarticulated palps and by the structure of the jaw apparatus. Dorvillea erucaeformis (Malmgren) from the West Coast of Norway is redescribed and re‐established. This species was earlier considered identical with D. rubrovittata (Grube).
Anatomy and Taxonomy of Some Species of Polycystididae (Turbellaria, Kalyptorhynchia) from N. Atlantic and Mediterranean Coastal Areas
Authors: Schockaert Ernest R. , Karling Tor G.
Published: May 2008

Acrorhynchides styliferussp.n. from Norway and the British Isles andPolycystis contortasp.n. andTyphlopolycystis coomansisp.n. from Norway and the Mediterranean are described. Additional notes are given on the anatomy and distribution ofParacrorhynchus bergensisKarling,Polycystis groenlandica(Levinsen),P. crocea(Fabricius) andTyphlopolycystis mediterraneaBrunet. The taxonomy of the species and the corresponding genera is discussed.
Immigrant Spirorbids (Polyclaeta Sedentaria) on the Japanese Sargassum at Portsmouth, England
Authors: Knight‐Jones Phyllis , Knight‐Jones E. Wyn , Thorp Clifford H. , Gray Peter W. G.
Published: May 2008

The Japanese Sargassum recently established at Portsmouth, U.K., is described and figured. It commonly bears two spirorbids which are new to Europe. One, Janua (Dexiospira) brasiliensis (Grube) =Dexiospira oshoroensis Uchida, is widespread in warm latitudes, whilst the other, Pileolaria rosepigmentata (Uchida), was previously known only from Japan. The former is distinguished from J. (D.) pseudocorrugata (=Spirorbis corrugalus) principally by its more opaque brood chamber and shorter, wider juvenile talon. The latter is one of the Pileolaria moerchi complex and can be recognised by its bilobed brood chamber, conical juvenile talon and single diffuse patch of pigment.
The Ultrastructure of the Presumed Chemoreceptor Aesthetasc “Y” of a Cypridid Ostracode
Authors: Andersson Anders
Published: May 2008

The aesthetasc “Y” of cypridid ostracodes is divided into three parts: distal, intermediate, and proximal. Distally, it is equipped with five pores containing electron‐dense plugs. The distal part shows a peculiar striated pattern formed by two types of cuticle. The intermediate and proximal parts are smooth with no pores or other substructures. 14 cilia run in the large receptor‐cavity of the distal part. They originate from 14 bipolar sensory cell bodies within the antenna. From the intermediate part, the cilia are grouped in five cuticular sheaths, surrounded by five sheath cells arranged mesaxonally. At the level of the ciliary junctions, the sheath cells form cavities in which the cilia join the dendrites. Before molting, a new aesthetasc is formed in the antenna by hypodermal cells. The cuticle is secreted in a fold around the sheath cells, which in a way act as moulds. The cilia of the old aesthetasc run through the five pores of the new aesthetasc. The main function of the pores is apparently to enable the animal to obtain information from the surroundings also during the molting period. On morphological grounds, the aesthetasc “Y” is believed to be a chemoreceptor.