bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Making Nothing Happen: Yeats, Heidegger, Pessoa, and the Emergence of Post-Romanticism
Authors: Corby James
Published: October 2012

Through close readings of the work of two major poets of the twentieth century—W.B. Yeats and Fernando Pessoa—this paper identifies and attempts to make sense of an important shift in European modernism away from a broadly Romantic aesthetic toward what might be called “post-Romanticism.” Taking its cue from W.H. Auden’s “In Memory of W.B. Yeats,” where having stated that “poetry makes nothing happen” he asserts that it survives as “a way of happening,” and drawing on the philosophy of Heidegger and Jean-Luc Nancy, this paper argues that this shift from Romanticism to post-Romanticism hinges on a deep metaphysical reconceptualization of poetry understood as poiesis. In light of this reassessment of the aesthetics and philosophical affinities of poetic modernism, it is argued that post-Romanticism should be understood as offering a modest, salutary, phenomenological re-acquaintance with our involvement with the everyday world, in sharp contrast to the transcendental ambitions of the Romantic aesthetic that preceded it.
Study of Active Ingredients in Black Soybean Sprouts and Their Safety in Cosmetic Use
Authors: Lai Jixiang , Xin Can , Zhao Ya , Feng Bing , He Congfen , Dong Yinmao , Fang Yun , Wei Shaomin
Published: October 2012

Active ingredients in different lengths of black soybean sprouts were extracted with water. Concentrations of the main proteins and polysaccharides were determined by the Forint phenol assay and phenol-sulfuric acid assay, respectively. Anti-oxidizing capacities of the extracts were measured in vitro using the DPPH scavenging test and whitening capacity was measured in vitro using the tyrosinase inhibition test. The effects of the bean sprout extracts on human skin fibroblasts damnified by H2O2 were studied using an MTT colorimetric assay. The safety of the extracts was determined using the red blood cell (RBC) test, chick chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay and human patch test. Results show that DPPH radical scavenging rates at different shoot lengths were all greater than 95%, while the tyrosinase inhibition capacity of the extracts reached 98%. Hemolysis rate in all extracts were lower than 10%, below the 20% regulatory limit for the RBC test. No signs of allergic reactions were observed in the human patch tests. The optimum extract was obtained from bean sprouts grown to 0.5 cm. Extracts of black bean sprouts are safe and can be used as additives in anti-aging and whitening cosmetic products.
Identification of Three New N-Demethylated and O-Demethyled Bisbenzylisoquinoline Alkaloid Metabolites of Isoliensinine from Dog Hepatic Microsomes
Authors: Zhou Hui , Li Liping , Jiang Huidi , Zeng Su
Published: October 2012

Isoliensinine, a natural phenolic bisbenzyltetrahydroisoquinoline alkaloid, has received considerable attention for its potential biological effects such as antioxidant and anti-HIV activities. From the dog hepatic microsomes of isoliensinine, three new N-demethylated and O-demethylated metabolites, 2-N-desmethyl-isoliensinine (M1), 2'-N-desmethylisoliensinine (M2), and 2'-N-6-O-didesmethylisoliensinine (M3), were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography and data-dependent electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Possible metabolic pathways for isoliensinine have been proposed. The result should prove very helpful for evaluation of the drug-like properties of isoliensinine and other bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids.
Microsatellite markers for Amborella (Amborellaceae), a monotypic genus endemic to New Caledonia
Authors: Poncet Valérie , Couderc Marie , Tranchant‐Dubreuil Christine , Gomez Céline , Hamon Perla , Hamon Serge , Pillon Yohan , Munzinger Jérôme , de Kochko Alexandre
Published: October 2012

• Premise of the study: Informative markers are required for assessing the diversity of Amborella trichopoda, the only species of its order, endemic to New Caledonia and considered to be the sister species to all flowering plants. Therefore, expressed sequence tag (EST)–based microsatellite markers were developed.

• Methods and Results: Fifty‐five microsatellite loci were characterized in 14896 putative unigenes, which were generated by assembling A. trichopoda ESTs from the public sequence database. Seventeen markers revealed polymorphism in 80 adult shrubs from three populations. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 12, with a total of 132 alleles scored. The mean expected heterozygosity per population ranged from 0.336 to 0.567.

• Conclusions: These markers offer an appropriate amount of variation to investigate genetic diversity structure, gene flow, and other conservation issues.
ARE THE GLOBAL REAL ESTATE MARKETS CONTAGIOUS?
Authors: Hui Eddie C. M. , Chan Ka Kwan Kevin
Published: October 2012

The aim of this paper is to investigate the contagion across real estate markets of four countries: Hong Kong, China, U.S. and U.K., during the financial tsunami in 2008. We use the Forbes-Rigobon test, the coskewness test and the cokurtosis test. We propose a new cokurtosis test constructed by extending the method of constructing the coskewness test to further higher order moments. It can show additional channels of contagion that other tests fail to show, and hence can provide more information on the direction of contagion, and reflect a more complete picture of the contagion pattern. The coskewness and cokurtosis tests show that contagion exists between the four countries, and the contagion effect is stronger between Hong Kong and China, and between U.S. and U.K. This provides clues for investors on how to diversify their investment to reduce their risk. This paper bridges the gap that previous works on contagion across real estate markets give mixed results, and gives a first insight into the contagion pattern of global real estate markets during the financial tsunami.
THE INTERNALISATION OF EXTERNAL COSTS OF CO2 AND POLLUTANT EMISSIONS FROM PASSENGER CARS
Authors: Kaplanović Snežana , Mijailović Radomir
Published: October 2012

The paper's goal is to unify practical and theoretical aspects of internalisation of external costs, in line with the “polluter pays” and “user pays” principles. Due to the impossibility of applying an ideal economic solution for internalisation of external costs, alternative solutions have to be developed and implemented. One of the possible solutions for internalisation of external costs of CO2 and pollutant emissions from passenger cars is presented in this paper. It is a new methodology for calculating annual circulation taxes on passenger cars. This methodology, besides CO2, also takes into account the pollutants whose emissions are regulated by the Euro standards (CO, HC, NOx and PM), as well as the vehicle age and kilometres driven. The proposed methodology has been tested on some of the best-selling passenger cars in Europe. The results of analysis show significant differences between our methodology and the methodologies that are used in five European countries (Ireland, the United Kingdom, Malta, Luxembourg and Sweden), which use the CO2 emissions as a reference value for their calculation. Also, we have proved that the annual circulation tax, calculated using our methodology, provide better internalisation of external costs compared to the fuel tax.
Familial Mediterranean Fever in Siblings
Authors: ÖZÇAKAR Z. BIRSIN , ERDOGAN BEYZA DOGANAY , ELHAN ATILLA H. , YALÇINKAYA FATOŞ
Published: October 2012

Objective.

Genetic and environmental factors have been implicated in disease severity and development of amyloidosis in familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). We investigated similarities in clinical characteristics, disease severity, and treatment response within siblings with FMF.

Methods.

The study group consisted of 2 or more siblings who were followed in our center with the diagnosis of FMF. Siblings were evaluated for demographic data, clinical and laboratory disease features, genetic analysis of MEFV mutations, and disease severity score. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), which can be interpreted as the expected correlation between 2 siblings, was used to reflect within-family similarity.

Results.

The study included 67 pediatric patients from 31 different families. When we investigated the similarity of siblings after adjusting for genetic effects, we found very low ICC with p > 0.05 in the majority of clinical features, disease severity, and colchicine dosages. However, age at disease onset, age at onset of therapy, attack-free acute-phase reactant levels, and presence of amyloidosis were found to be similar within siblings (relatively high ICC with p < 0.05).

Conclusion.

Siblings with FMF had different clinical findings and disease severity. They had similar amyloidogenic potential, proven by both similar presence of amyloid and increased levels of acute-phase reactants between attacks. Our findings strongly support that genetic factors may be more dominant in the development of amyloidosis.
Composition of decapod crustacean assemblages in beds of Pinctada imbricata and Arca zebra (Mollusca: Bivalvia) in Cubagua Island, Venezuela: Effect of bed density
Authors: Hernández-Ávila Iván , Tagliafico Alejandro , Rago Néstor , Marcano Jesús
Published: October 2012

Beds of the Atlantic pearl oyster (Pinctada imbricata) and the turkey wing (Arca zebra) of contrasting population densities were evaluated to determine the occurrence of associated decapod crustaceans. In these beds at Cubagua Island, Venezuela, we recorded 40 decapod species belonging to 18 families. Mithraculus forceps (Majidae), Pilumnus caribaeus (Pilumnidae), Cuapetes americanus (Palaemonidae) and Petrolisthes galathinus (Porcellanidae) were the most common species found in these assemblages. The medium- and high-density bivalve beds exhibited more species and a greater abundance of associated decapods than the low-density bivalve beds, and more taxonomic distinctness. Multivariate analysis detected different groups of decapods in the low-density beds and the medium- to high-density beds. Additionally, similarities were found in the communities of crustaceans in the beds of Atlantic pearl oysters and turkey wing, demonstrating that bed density is important for the composition of associated fauna.
IL-1 Family Members IL-18 and IL-33 Upregulate the Inflammatory Potential of Differentiated Human Th1 and Th2 Cultures
Authors: Blom Lars , Poulsen Lars K.
Published: October 2012

The IL-1 family members IL-1β, IL-18, and IL-33 are potent cytokines in relationship to amplifying the CD4+ T cell cytokine production. To evaluate their impact on in vitro-differentiated human Th1 and Th2 cultures, such cultures were established from naive T cells, purified from healthy blood donors, and reactivated in the presence of IL-1β, IL-18, or IL-33. Interestingly, we observe modifying responses in Th1 and Th2 cultures induced by IL-18 or IL-33 but not by IL-1β, both contributing to amplify production of IL-5, IL-13, and IFN-γ. IL-18 or IL-33 stimulation of Th1 cultures resulted in increased IFN-γ and IL-13 production concurrent with reduced IL-10 gene transcription and secretion even though Th1 cultures, in contrast to IL-18Rα, had low ST2L expression. Furthermore, adding IL-18 to Th1 cultures promoted Tbet mRNA expression and production. Th2 cultures stimulated with IL-18 or IL-33 had an increased IL-5 secretion. Interestingly, E4BP4 gene expression and the percentage of E4BP4+ cells of the recently shown IL-10 transcriptional regulator E4BP4 correlated with IL-10 gene expression and protein secretion in Th1 cultures. Taken together, we report that the IL-1 family “alarmins” IL-18 and IL-33 in addition to amplifying both Th1- and Th2-associated cytokines block production of the regulatory cytokine IL-10 in Th1 cultures.
Use of Multiple Data Sources to Estimate the Economic Cost of Dengue Illness in Malaysia
Authors: Shepard Donald S. , Undurraga Eduardo A. , Lees Rosemary Susan , Halasa Yara , Lum Lucy Chai See , Ng Chiu Wan
Published: October 2012

Dengue represents a substantial burden in many tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world. We estimated the economic burden of dengue illness in Malaysia. Information about economic burden is needed for setting health policy priorities, but accurate estimation is difficult because of incomplete data. We overcame this limitation by merging multiple data sources to refine our estimates, including an extensive literature review, discussion with experts, review of data from health and surveillance systems, and implementation of a Delphi process. Because Malaysia has a passive surveillance system, the number of dengue cases is under-reported. Using an adjusted estimate of total dengue cases, we estimated an economic burden of dengue illness of US$56 million (Malaysian Ringgit MYR196 million) per year, which is approximately US$2.03 (Malaysian Ringgit 7.14) per capita. The overall economic burden of dengue would be even higher if we included costs associated with dengue prevention and control, dengue surveillance, and long-term sequelae of dengue.
Amebic Liver Abscess Diagnosed by Polymerase Chain Reaction in 14 Returning Travelers
Authors: Vallois Dorothée , Epelboin Loïc , Touafek Feriel , Magne Denis , Thellier Marc , Bricaire François , Caumes Eric , _ _
Published: October 2012

Amebic liver abscesses (ALA) are not commonly described in travelers. The ALA diagnosis is usually based on serology and Entamoeba histolytica polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a new tool. We retrospectively reviewed all ALA cases diagnosed by PCR on the liver abscess pus aspirate of patients admitted in French hospitals between 2007 and 2011. Fourteen cases (10 male, median age 48 years) were included. The median lag time between return and onset of symptoms was 23 days (interquartile range [IQ] 18–24). All patients had an elevated cardiopulmonary resuscitation level, and 11 had leukocytosis. The ALA was multiple in five patients, localized in the right lobe in 12, and higher than 5 cm in 11. Serology was initially negative in one patient, whereas PCR was positive. There was bacterial co-infection in one patient. The outcome was good. Liver puncture allows a rapid diagnosis of ALA with PCR and helps identify the association with a bacterial dual infection.
Personal Consumption Rates for Canada: Update of 2000 PCRs Using 2007–08 Surveys of Household Spending Data
Authors: Brown Cara L.
Published: October 2012

This article seeks to update the Canadian personal consumption rates (“PCRs”) that were derived and published in 2004 from Statistics Canada's 2000 Survey of Household Spending (SHS) by family size and family income level, variables that have long been understood as influencing the decedent's personal consumption in fatality cases. In this article, data from the Survey of Household Spending are used, but combined from Statistics Canada's 2007 and 2008 years, which enlarged the sample size of observations by almost 50% compared to the 2000 data. The PCRs from the 2007–08 samples confirm the 2000 PCRs. The 2007–08 PCRs are summarized in Appendix A; graphs depicting expenditure as a percentage of Canadian household before-tax income are shown in Appendix B for various expenditure categories; and regression results from the 2007 and 2008 SHS datasets are summarized in Appendix C.
Aerosol classification by airborne high spectral resolution lidar observations
Authors: Groß S. , Esselborn M. , Weinzierl B. , Wirth M. , Fix A. , Petzold A.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. During four aircraft field experiments with the DLR research aircraft Falcon in 1998 (LACE), 2006 (SAMUM-1) and 2008 (SAMUM-2 and EUCAARI), airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar (HSRL) and in situ measurements of aerosol microphysical and optical properties were performed. Altogether, the properties of six different aerosol types and aerosol mixtures – Saharan mineral dust, Saharan dust mixtures, Canadian biomass burning aerosol, African biomass burning aerosol, anthropogenic pollution aerosol, and marine aerosol have been studied. On the basis of this extensive HSRL data set, we present an aerosol classification scheme which is also capable to identify mixtures of different aerosol types. We calculated mixing lines that allowed us to determine the contributing aerosol types. The aerosol classification scheme was validated with in-situ measurements and backward trajectory analyses. Our results demonstrate that the developed aerosol mask is capable to identify complex stratifications with different aerosol types throughout the atmosphere.
Development of a sensitive long path absorption photometer to quantify peroxides in aerosol particles (Peroxide-LOPAP)
Authors: Mertes P. , Pfaffenberger L. , Dommen J. , Kalberer M. , Baltensperger U.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. A new off-line instrument to quantify peroxides in aerosol particles using iodometry in long path absorption spectroscopy has been developed and is called peroxide long path absorption photometer (Peroxide-LOPAP). The new analytical setup features important technical innovations compared to hitherto published iodometric peroxide measurements. Firstly, the extraction, chemical conversion and measurement of the aerosol samples are performed in a closed oxygen-free (~ 1 ppb) environment. Secondly, a 50-cm optical detection cell is used for an increased photometric sensitivity. The limit of detection was 0.1 μM peroxide in solution or 0.25 nmol m−3 with respect to an aerosol sample volume of 1 m3. The test reaction was done at a constant elevated temperature of 40 °C and the reaction time was 60 min. Calibration experiments showed that the test reaction with all reactive peroxides, i.e. hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), peracids and peroxides with vicinal carbonyl groups (e.g. lauroyl peroxide) goes to completion and their sensitivity (slope of calibration curve) varies by only ±5%. However, very inert peroxides have a lower sensitivity. For example, tert-butyl hydroperoxide shows only 37% sensitivity compared to H2O2 after 1 h. A kinetic study revealed that even after 5 h only 85% of this inert compound had reacted. The time trends of the peroxide content in secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from the ozonolysis and photo-oxidation of α-pinene in smog chamber experiments were measured. The highest mass fraction of peroxides with 34% (assuming a molecular weight of 300 g mol−1) was found in freshly generated SOA from α-pinene ozonolysis. Mass fractions decreased with increasing NO levels in the photo-oxidation experiments. A decrease of the peroxide content was also observed with aging of the aerosol, indicating a decomposition of peroxides in the particles.
Crossing the digital divide: an interoperable solution for sharing time series and coverages in Earth sciences
Authors: Salas F. R. , Boldrini E. , Maidment D. R. , Nativi S. , Domenico B.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. In a world driven by the Internet and the readily accessible information it provides, there exists a high demand to easily discover and collect vast amounts of data available over several scientific domains and numerous data types. To add to the complexity, data is not only available through a plethora of data sources within disparate systems but also represents differing scales of space and time. One clear divide that exists in the world of information science and technology is the disjoint relationship between hydrologic and atmospheric science information. These worlds have long been split between observed time series at discrete geographical features in hydrologic science and modeled or remotely sensed coverages or grids over continuous space and time domains in atmospheric science. As more information becomes widely available through the Web, data are being served and published as Web services using standardized implementations and encodings. This paper illustrates a framework that utilizes Sensor Observation Services, Web Feature Services, Web Coverage Services, Catalog Services for the Web and GI-cat Services to index and discover data offered through different classes of information. This services infrastructure supports multiple servers of time series and gridded information, which can be searched through multiple portals, using a common set of time, space and concept query filters.
Mineralocorticoid Before Glucocorticoid Deficiency in a Dog with Primary Hypoadrenocorticism and Hypothyroidism
Authors: McGonigle Kathryn M. , Randolph John F. , Center Sharon A. , Goldstein Richard E.
Published: October 2012

A dog with an unexpected presentation of primary hypoadrenocorticism was evaluated for clinical signs and electrolyte abnormalities characteristic of Addison’s disease. Although the initial adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) stimulation test documented serum cortisol concentrations within the reference range, subsequent assessments confirmed hypoaldosteronism. Mineralocorticoid replacement promptly normalized electrolytes and transiently improved clinical illness. Six weeks after initial ACTH stimulation testing, the dog became glucocorticoid deficient. Concurrent primary hypothyroidism was also documented. Hypoaldosteronism preceding hypocortisolemia is a unique presentation of canine Addison’s disease.
Tipping Point: Biosimilars, Emerging Markets, and Public-Private Engagement to Promote Global Health
Authors: Liang Bryan A
Published: October 2012

Biosimilars, also known as follow on biologics, are complex biotechnology drugs that are similar, but not identical, to original biologic drug forms, and represent potential lower cost versions that may improve access. Yet biologics and their biosimilar forms have a key safety concern: unwanted immunogenicity. Emerging markets have tremendous interest in biosimilars, but are at a tipping point: they are moving from developing country concerns (e.g., communicable disease) to developed country needs (e.g., cancer therapies) that require biologic drugs. Production, however, is at lower than current Good Manufacturing Practice levels standard in highly-regulated markets. Emerging market public-private partnerships between public agencies, local producers, and global pharmaceutical firms, can incentivize biosimilar production at higher quality levels than required for local markets as well as position themselves for entry into developed markets. Public health goals can be reached while increasing economic opportunities in these markets to benefit global health.
Making 10 My Way
Authors: Bofferding Laura , Kemmerle Melissa , Murata Aki
Published: October 2012

Focusing on differentiation, three teachers push all their kindergartners toward recognizing relationships among combinations.
ICT training of university teachers in a Personal Learning Environment. Project DIPRO 2.0.
Authors: Almenara Julio Cabero , Díaz Verónica Marín
Published: October 2012

Developing an information and knowledge society involves the incorporation of technological tools into education. This can only happen if teachers are properly qualified to include such tools into the classroom dynamics. The present article brings to the forefront a training proposal framed within an R&D project funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation under the title of “Design, production and evaluation in a 2.0 learning environment for the training of university teachers in the educational use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) (EDU2009-0B 893),” which has as its aim to incorporate technology tools both into classroom dynamics and into teachers' professional development.
Pruning and ranking the Pareto optimal set, application for the dynamic multi‐objective network design problem
Authors: Wismans Luc J.J. , Brands T. , Van Berkum Eric C. , Bliemer Michiel C.J.
Published: October 2012

Solving the multi‐objective network design problem (MONDP) resorts to a Pareto optimal set. This set can provide additional information like trade‐offs between objectives for the decision making process, which is not available if the compensation principle would be chosen in advance. However, the Pareto optimal set of solutions can become large, especially if the objectives are mainly opposed. As a consequence, the Pareto optimal set may become difficult to analyze and to comprehend. In this case, pruning and ranking becomes attractive to reduce the Pareto optimal set and to rank the solutions to assist the decision maker. Because the method used, may influence the eventual decisions taken, it is important to choose a method that corresponds best with the underlying decision process and is in accordance with the qualities of the data used. We provided a review of some methods to prune and rank the Pareto optimal set to illustrate the advantages and disadvantages of these methods. The methods are applied using the outcome of solving the dynamic MONDP in which minimizing externalities of traffic are the objectives, and dynamic traffic management measures are the decision variables. For this, we solved the dynamic MONDP for a realistic network of the city Almelo in the Netherlands using the non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm II. For ranking, we propose to use a fuzzy outranking method that can take uncertainties regarding the data quality and the perception of decision makers into account; and for pruning, a method that explicitly reckons with significant trade‐offs has been identified as the more suitable method to assist the decision making process. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cormack–Jolly–Seber model with environmental covariates: A P‐spline approach
Authors: Stoklosa Jakub , Huggins Richard M.
Published: October 2012

In capture–recapture models, survival and capture probabilities can be modelled as functions of time‐varying covariates, such as temperature or rainfall. The Cormack–Jolly–Seber (CJS) model allows for flexible modelling of these covariates; however, the functional relationship may not be linear. We extend the CJS model by semi‐parametrically modelling capture and survival probabilities using a frequentist approach via P‐splines techniques. We investigate the performance of the estimators by conducting simulation studies. We also apply and compare these models with known semi‐parametric Bayesian approaches on simulated and real data sets.
REDUCING RAPID EATING IN ADULTS WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES
Authors: Echeverria Fran , Miltenberger Raymond G.
Published: October 2012

Rapid eating is a frequent problem among individuals with developmental disabilities that can pose a threat to health. This study sought to reduce the rate of eating behaviors in two adults diagnosed with moderate intellectual disability. Assessment of eating rate took place in the participants' group homes during lunch or dinner meals. Procedures included the use of vibrating pagers with and without verbal prompts to prompt eating and prevent rapid eating behaviors. Results demonstrate a clear reduction in rate of eating when using vibrating pagers and verbal prompts for both participants. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Non‐Newtonian Flows in Annuli with Variable Eccentric Motion of the Inner Tube
Authors: Vieira Neto J. L. , Martins A. L. , Ataíde C. H. , Barrozo M. A. S.
Published: October 2012

In the horizontal drilling process, due to the weight of the drill string, the column may be located at a lower portion of the wellbore, thereby exhibiting an eccentric configuration. It is important to predict the eccentricity effect on the drilling fluids flowing through the annular, a subject not often discussed in the literature. The fluid dynamics of non‐Newtonian fluids (xanthan gum solutions) flowing through annuli with the variable eccentricity motion of the inner tube was investigated. The effects of four important operating variables were quantified. The comparison between computational fluid dynamics simulations and the experimental data indicated a very good agreement.
Influence of the Solvent and the Enantiomeric Purity on the Transition between Different Supramolecular Polymers
Authors: Wolffs Martin , van Velthoven Juliën L. J. , Lou Xianwen , Bovee Ralf A. A. , Pouderoijen Maarten , van Dongen Joost L. J. , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Meijer E. W.
Published: October 2012

The self‐assembly of two enantiomerically pure hexa(oligo (p‐phenylene vinylene))‐substituted benzenes having 24 stereocenters was studied in pure methylcyclohexane (MCH) and in a mixture of MCH/toluene (4:1). Irrespective of the solvent a cooperative supramolecular polymerization mechanism was determined for these star‐shaped molecules by using temperature‐dependent CD and UV/Vis spectroscopy. Quite remarkably, a transition from one helical supramolecular state (A) to a second more thermodynamically stable supramolecular helical assembly (B) was observed. The rate of the A→B transition was strongly dependent on the nature of the solvent; being faster in the solvent mixture than in pure MCH. By using size exclusion chromatography we could relate the increased rate to a decreased stability of the supramolecular A state in the solvent mixture. Next, we mixed the two enantiomerically pure hexa‐substituted benzene derivatives in a so‐called majority‐rules experiment, which lead to the anitcipated chiral amplification in the A state. More importantly it appeared that the A→B transition was significantly hampered in these mixed systems. Furthermore, the absence of chiral amplification in the B state revealed the formation of separated enantiomerically pure assemblies. Therefore, by using a wide variety of spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques we determined the influence of solvent and enantiomeric purity on the transition between different supramolecular states.
Thermodynamics and Conformations in the Formation of Excited States and Their Interconversions for Twisted Donor‐Substituted Tridurylboranes
Authors: Mao Mao , Ren Ming‐Guang , Song Qin‐Hua
Published: October 2012

We synthesized a series of donor‐substituted tridurylboranes containing different types and number of chromophores including 1‐pyrene (PB1–3), 3‐carbazole (CBC1–3), or substituted p‐carbazol‐N‐phenyl (CBN3a–c) as various donor–acceptor (D–A) molecules. The photophysical and electrochemical properties of these twisted D–A molecules were investigated by means of UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy as well as cyclic voltammetry (CV). Solvent polarity, viscosity, and temperature effects on the fluorescence emission reveal the existence of three types of excited states, and their equilibria and interconversions between three excited states. In increasing order of the charge‐separated extent and the conformational change, three excited states are the locally excited (LE) state, the more planar intramolecular charge‐transfer (ICT) state, and the more twisted ICT (TICT) state as compared to the ground state. The TICT state undergoes a conformational change with a higher energy barrier over the ICT state. The solvent polarity effect on the state conversion is opposite to the viscosity effect, and temperature effects derive from its resulting changes of polarity and viscosity. For example, the increase of the polarity of the solvent results in excited‐state conversions from the LE state to the ICT state, and/or from the ICT to the TICT state, and an increased viscosity leads to the opposite conversions. On the basis of electrochemical and spectral data, thermodynamics of a possible ICT process were estimated, and correlated with the excited‐state character. Finally, three excited states have been characterized by the conformation, the photophysical properties, and the thermodynamics of the ICT processes.
Synthesis, Characterization, Electronic and Gas‐Sensing Properties towards H2 and CO of Transparent, Large‐Area, Low‐Layer Graphene
Authors: Kayhan Emine , Prasad Ravi Mohan , Gurlo Alexander , Yilmazoglu Oktay , Engstler Jörg , Ionescu Emanuel , Yoon Songhak , Weidenkaff Anke , Schneider Jörg J.
Published: October 2012

Low‐layered, transparent graphene is accessible by a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) technique on a Ni‐catalyst layer, which is deposited on a <100> silicon substrate. The number of graphene layers on the substrate is controlled by the grain boundaries in the Ni‐catalyst layer and can be studied by micro Raman analysis. Electrical studies showed a sheet resistance (Rsheet) of approximately 1435 Ω per □, a contact resistance (Rc) of about 127 Ω, and a specific contact resistance (Rsc) of approximately 2.8×10−4 Ω cm2 for the CVD graphene samples. Transistor output characteristics for the graphene sample demonstrated linear current/voltage behavior. A current versus voltage (Ids–Vds) plot clearly indicates a p‐conducting characteristic of the synthesized graphene. Gas‐sensor measurements revealed a high sensor activity of the low‐layer graphene material towards H2 and CO. At 300 °C, a sensor response of approximately 29 towards low H2 concentrations (1 vol %) was observed, which is by a factor of four higher than recently reported.
Formal Total Synthesis of Palmerolide A
Authors: Pawar Amit B. , Prasad Kavirayani R.
Published: October 2012

A formal total synthesis of the 20‐membered marine macrolide, palmerolide A from chiral pool tartaric acid is described. Elaboration of a γ‐hydroxy amide, which is derived from the desymmetrization of tartaric acid amide, and Boord olefination are the pivotal reactions employed for the synthesis of the chiral building blocks, and Stille coupling and ring‐closing metathesis (RCM) are used to assemble the macrolactone.
Vanadiumpentoxid schützt vor Biofilmen
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: October 2012

Das Paradebeispiel für die Ausbildung von Biofilmen in freien Gewässern ist der Bewuchs von Schiffsrümpfen mit Algen und Muscheln. Dieser erhöht den Reibungswiderstand, was entweder die Geschwindigkeit mindert oder den Treibstoffverbrauch erhöht und so der Schifffahrt jährliche Kosten von etwa 200 Milliarden Dollar beschert. Seit dem Verbot von Tributylzinn in Antifouling‐Anstrichfarben wurden toxische Verbindungen anderer Metalle wie Kupfer und Zink eingesetzt. Eine neue Strategie wäre die bionische Nachahmung von toxischen Enzymreaktionen durch Vanadiumpentoxid‐Nanopartikel.
Elementares Fluor in der Natur
Authors: Fischer Andrea
Published: October 2012

Fluor als reaktivstes Element kommt in der Natur nicht elementar, sondern nur in gebundener Form vor. So wurde es bisher gelehrt. Doch die Aussage muss revidiert werden: Münchner Wissenschaftler haben im Stinkspat, einem Calciumfluorid‐Mineral, vor kurzem per Festkörper‐NMR‐Spektroskopie erstmals in situ elementares Fluor nachgewiesen.
Was ist die Chemie‐Olympiade?
Authors: Gehring Timo
Published: October 2012

Die Internationale ChemieOlympiade (IChO) wird seit 1967 jährlich in einem anderen Land ausgetragen, wobei sich vierköpfige Schülerteams aus bis zu 72 Nationen in theoretischen und praktischen Chemie‐Aufgaben messen. Es handelt sich um einen internationalen Wettbewerb für Schülerinnen und Schüler weiterführender Schulen bis zum 20. Lebensjahr.
Goldrubinglas – von alchemistischer Glaskunst bis zur chemischen Nanotechnologie
Authors: Heinzerling Peter , Boymans Nadine , Schneider Jenny
Published: October 2012

Goldrubinglas gilt als Schlüssel zur chemischen Nanotechnologie. Es werden im Beitrag Methoden beschrieben, um mithilfe golddotierter Alkoholat‐Lösungen Glasoberflächen nach dem Sol‐Gel‐Verfahren zu beschichten. Die Verfahren wurden professionell durchgeführt, es kamen aber auch Low‐Cost‐Methoden zum Dip‐ und Spin‐Coating zum Einsatz. Die Oberflächen wurden spektroskopisch und ellipsometrisch untersucht.
Photochemistry of N‐Methylformamide: Matrix Isolation and Nonadiabatic Dynamics
Authors: Crespo‐Otero Rachel , Mardyukov Artur , Sanchez‐Garcia Elsa , Barbatti Mario , Sander Wolfram
Published: October 2012

The photochemistry of N‐methylformamide (MF) is elucidated by investigating its photodissociation products generated by UV irradiation (248 nm) in an argon matrix (10 K). We find that, starting from trans‐MF, prolonged irradiation produces cis‐MF, CH3NH2 and CO fragments as major products. Another photoproduct is identified as methylformimidic acid (FIA). Nonadiabatic dynamics simulations starting from both MF conformers revealed that the internal conversion occurs within 1 ps through a CN dissociation channel. The major product is a weakly bound complex between CH3NH and HCO radicals. This complex owes its existence to the cage effect of the matrix which allows for H‐transfer reactions and recombination. By identifying the primary photoisomerization and photodissociation pathways of MF, we gain new insights into the photochemistry of peptide bonds in general, which is a prerequisite for a better understanding of the effect of UV irradiation on living systems.
Split and shift methodology on cellular processor arrays: area saving versus time penalty
Authors: Fernández N.A. , Brea V.M. , Cabello D.
Published: October 2012

This paper addresses the so‐called split and shift methodology. This methodology deals with the implementation of kernels of sizes that go above the physically implemented resources (local connections and weighting circuits) on synchronous cellular processor arrays (CPA), including the realization of large neighborhood operations and/or the reduction of the available hardware in order to drop the area consumption. Two main goals are pursued in the development of the methodology, namely: (1) minimum penalty at processing time and (2) absolutely no penalty at functional level. The paper presents different techniques and guidelines for the methodology application and introduces a Figure of Merit to evaluate them by relating area gains with time penalty. This, along with a kernel shape analysis, led us to propose more adequate configurations of weighting circuits and to justify the classical choice of North‐East‐West‐South connectivity. To validate the methodology, we realize several estimates over actual physical implementations, and we propose the realization over CPAs of the spin filters, scale invariant feature transform and speeded‐up robust features algorithms. A more in‐depth trade‐off analysis is realized over the implementation of the pixel level snakes algorithm. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced‐frame TDMA protocols for wireless sensor networks
Authors: Jovanovic Milica D. , Djordjevic Goran L.
Published: October 2012

Time‐division multiple‐access (TDMA) is a common medium access control paradigm in wireless sensor networks. However, in its traditional form, the TDMA‐based protocols suffer from low channel utilization and high message delay because of a long frame length needed to provide collision‐free transmissions, which is particularly damaging in dense wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we investigate the performance and the energy efficiency of a class of TDMA‐based protocols, called reduced‐frame TDMA, where every TDMA slot is augmented with a short time period dedicated for carrier sense multiple access‐based contention resolution mechanism. Because of their ability to dynamically resolve collisions caused by conflicting slot assignments, the reduced‐frame TDMA protocols can be configured with any frame length, independently of node density. In addition, we present a distributed heuristic slot assignment algorithm that minimizes interslot interference in the presence of limited number of slots per frame. The simulation results indicate that the reduced‐frame TDMA protocols significantly reduce the message delay and increase the maximum throughput without incurring significant penalty in energy efficiency compared with the traditional TDMA scheme. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sequential Phenolate Oxidations in Octahedral Cobalt(III) Complexes with [N2O3] Ligands
Authors: Allard Marco M. , Xavier Fernando R. , Heeg Mary Jane , Schlegel H. Bernhard , Verani Cláudio N.
Published: October 2012

Three six‐coordinate cobalt(III) complexes containing electron‐rich phenolato pentadentate [N2O5] ligands were synthesized and characterized, namely, [CoIII(L1)(MeOH)] (1), [CoIII(L2)(MeOH)] (2) and [CoIII(L3)(MeOH)] (3), where L1, L2 and L3 are the triply deprotonated, triply negative form of(E)‐6,6′‐[({2‐[(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)amino]phenyl}azanediyl)bis(methylene)]bis(2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol), (E)‐6,6′‐[({3‐[(3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2‐hydroxybenzylidene)amino]naphthalen‐2‐yl}azanediyl)bis(methylene)]bis(2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol) and (E)‐6,6′‐[({2‐[(2‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzylidene)amino]phenyl}azanediyl)bis(methylene)]bis(2,4‐di‐tert‐butylphenol), respectively. Crystal structures were obtained for 1–3 and reveal a hexacoordinate cobalt(III) ion bound to the [N2O3] donors of each ligand and a methanol molecule occupying the sixth position. The complexes exhibited comparable electronic behavior dominated by phenolate→cobalt charge transfer processes and four redox‐accessible states involving three distinct phenolato/phenoxyl radical couples and a fourth process associated with the CoII/CoIII couple. The redox processes were cycled 30 times without major decomposition at the surface of the electrode for 1 and 2, indicating that the oxidized species should be substitutionally inert and do not degrade significantly upon cycling. Electronic‐structure DFT calculations on models 1′ and 2′ favor the generation of localized phenoxyl radicals and suggest distinctive oxidation sequences associated to the nature of the ligands.
Organozinc‐ and Imidazole‐Modified Periodic Mesoporous Organosilicas by Means of Molecular Grafting
Authors: Liang Yucang , Erichsen Egil Severin , Song Chen , Anwander Reiner
Published: October 2012

Cagelike cubic periodic mesoporous organosilicas PMO[SBA‐1] with various pore diameters and distorted hexagonal PMO[MCM‐41] as supports were synthesized by using 1,2‐bis(triethoxysilyl)ethane as an organosilica source, and a mixture of binary surfactants C18‐3‐1 and C18TABr as a template under basic conditions. Surface silanol group populations (0.72–1.41 mmol g–1) of PMO[SBA‐1] and PMO[MCM‐41] were determined by carbon elemental analysis from surface silylation. Diethylzinc was immobilized on PMOs to afford ZnEtx@PMO[SBA‐1]/[MCM‐41] with various Zn loading (1.60–2.38 mmol g–1), which depended on surface silanol population of the corresponding PMOs and the number of cleaved siloxane bonds. The surface ethyl groups coordinated to zinc can be exchanged readily by the 4‐methyl‐2,6‐dibutylphenoxy or di‐tert‐butylsilanoxy group to give various organozinc‐modified PMO materials ZnRx@PMO[SBA‐1]/[MCM‐41] (herein, R represents 4‐methyl‐2,6‐dibutylphenoxy and di‐tert‐butylsilanoxy groups). Moreover, N‐(3‐triethoxysilylpropyl)‐4,5‐dihydroimidazole was grafted onto the PMO surfaces to afford hybrid materials Si(OEt)y(CH2)3(imidazole)@PMO[SBA‐1]/[MCM‐41] with the amount of functional groups ranging from 0.36 to 0.70 mmol g–1. The coordination behavior of the surface functional groups with diethylzinc was investigated, and possible coordination modes were hypothesized. All materials were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, N2 physisorption, and elemental analysis. Representative 1H and 13C NMR spectra of a selected organozinc‐/imidazole‐functionalized PMO were recorded to corroborate the proposed surface species. This work presents a versatile approach to the fabrication of multiple surface species that coexist on a support for exploiting the potential application of novel heterogeneous catalysts.
Progress in the use of NATM in Brazil / Fortschritte beim Einsatz der NÖT in Brasilien
Authors: Celestino Tarcísio B.
Published: October 2012

The paper describes the introduction of NATM in Brazil and the developments, which contributed to applications in local geological conditions. An unsuccessful application in the early stages significantly contributed to the development of practices for assistance during construction and systems to help with instrumentation interpretation. Successful applications, which resulted in remarkable results in terms of cost and construction time, are also presented. The evolution of contract types is described, as well as their consequences for the outcome of the projects.

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit der Einführung der NÖT in Brasilien und den Entwicklungen, die zur Anwendung der Methode unter den lokalen geologischen Bedingungen beigetragen haben. Ein früher Fehlschlag trug entscheidend dazu bei, dass bauunterstützende Verfahren und Systeme zur Unterstützung bei der Messdateninterpretation entwickelt wurden. Weiterhin werden erfolgreiche Anwendungen, die ausgesprochen kostengünstig waren und in kurzer Zeit ausgeführt wurden, vorgestellt. Die Entwicklung der Bauverträge und deren Auswirkungen auf den Erfolg von Projekten werden diskutiert.
50 years of NATM from a French perspective / 50 Jahre NÖT aus französischer Sicht
Authors: Putz‐Perrier Martin , Gaudin Bernard , Triclot Jaques , Tournery Hubert , Hingant Pierre
Published: October 2012

This contribution provides a brief historical review of NATM applications in France by presenting a selection of motorway projects implemented in the last five decades. In the late 1950s, the development of the French motorway network became a national priority. The implementation of major transit projects (e.g. the A8 motorway link between Italy and the Côte d'Azur as well as the Mont Blanc and Frejus Alpine transit routes) involved the construction of a significant number of motorway tunnels. The first generation of these tunnels was still constructed using traditional methods. However, to keep pace with the booming motorway development, a faster and more cost‐efficient tunnelling method was needed. The answer was found in the New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM). The construction of the Nice Motorway Bypass with ten tunnels in the early 1970s – 40 years ago – was the first French NATM application. The method was implemented with the guidance of Prof. Rabcewicz. Since then, the observational approach to tunnelling has become the standard method in French tunnelling.

Dieser Beitrag gibt anhand einer Auswahl von französischen Autobahnprojekten aus den vergangenen fünf Jahrzehnten einen kurzen historischen Überblick über die Anwendung der Neuen Österreichischen Tunnelbauweise (NÖT) in Frankreich. In den späten 1950er‐Jahren wurde der Ausbau des französischen Autobahnnetzes zur Staatspriorität erklärt. Die Verwirklichung von wichtigen Verkehrsachsen wie die A8 Autobahnanbindung der Côte d'Azur oder die alpenquerenden Tunnel Mont Blanc und Frejus bedingte die Errichtung zahlreicher neuer Autobahntunnel. Die erste Generation dieser Tunnel wurde noch mit traditionellen Methoden gebaut. Die rasche Erweiterung des französischen Autobahnnetzes erforderte jedoch schon bald eine schnellere und wirtschaftlichere Tunnelbaumethode, die in der NÖT gefunden wurde. Der Bau von zehn Tunneln der Autobahnumfahrung Nizza in den frühen 1970er‐Jahren, also vor exakt 40 Jahren, stellt die erste französische Anwendung der NÖT dar. Die damals neuartige Beobachtungsmethode wurde unter Mithilfe von Prof. Ladislaus von Rabcewicz zur Anwendung gebracht und ist seither aus dem französischen Tunnelbau nicht mehr wegzudenken.