bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linkage analyses of stimulant dependence, craving, and heavy use in American Indians
Authors: Ehlers Cindy L. , Gizer Ian R. , Gilder David A. , Wilhelmsen Kirk C.
Published: August 2011

Amphetamine‐type substances are the second most widely used illicit drugs in the United States. There is evidence to suggest that stimulant use (cocaine and methamphetamine) has a heritable component, yet the areas of the genome underlying these use disorders are yet to be identified. This study's aims were to map loci linked to stimulant dependence, heavy use, and craving in an American Indian community at high risk for substance dependence. DSM diagnosis of stimulant dependence, as well as indices of stimulant “craving,” and “heavy use,” were obtained using the Semi‐Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism (SSAGA). Genotypes were determined for a panel of 791 microsatellite polymorphisms in 381 members of multiplex families using SOLAR. Stimulant dependence, stimulant “craving,” and “heavy stimulant use,” were all found to be heritable. Analyses of multipoint variance component LOD scores, failed to yield evidence of linkage for stimulant dependence. For the stimulant “craving” phenotype, linkage analysis revealed a locus that had a LOD score of 3.02 on chromosome 15q25.3‐26.1 near the nicotinic receptor gene cluster. A LOD score of 2.05 was found at this same site for “heavy stimulant use.” Additional loci with LOD scores above 2.00 were found for stimulant “craving” on chromosomes 12p13.33‐13.32 and 18q22.3. These results corroborate the importance of “craving” as an important phenotype that is associated with regions on chromosome 12, 15, and 18, that have been highlighted in prior segregation studies in this and other populations for substance dependence‐related phenotypes. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A loss‐of‐function mutation in the SLC9A6 gene causes X‐linked mental retardation resembling Angelman syndrome
Authors: Takahashi Yumi , Hosoki Kana , Matsushita Masafumi , Funatsuka Makoto , Saito Kayoko , Kanazawa Hiroshi , Goto Yu‐ichi , Saitoh Shinji
Published: August 2011

SLC9A6 mutations have been reported in families in whom X‐linked mental retardation (XMR) mimics Angelman syndrome (AS). However, the relative importance of SLC9A6 mutations in patients with an AS‐like phenotype or XMR has not been fully investigated. Here, the involvement of SLC9A6 mutations in 22 males initially suspected to have AS but found on genetic testing not to have AS (AS‐like cohort), and 104 male patients with XMR (XMR cohort), was investigated. A novel SLC9A6 mutation (c.441delG, p.S147fs) was identified in one patient in the AS‐like cohort, but no mutation was identified in XMR cohort, suggesting mutations in SLC9A6 are not a major cause of the AS‐like phenotype or XMR. The patient with the SLC9A6 mutation showed the typical AS phenotype, further demonstrating the similarity between patients with AS and those with SLC9A6 mutations. To clarify the effect of the SLC9A6 mutation, we performed RT‐PCR and Western blot analysis on lymphoblastoid cells from the patient. Expression of the mutated transcript was significantly reduced, but was restored by cycloheximide treatment, indicating the presence of nonsense mediated mRNA decay. Western blot analysis demonstrated absence of the normal NHE6 protein encoded for by SLC9A6. Taken together, these findings indicate a loss‐of‐function mutation in SLC9A6 caused the phenotype in our patient. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genomic architecture of aggression: Rare copy number variants in intermittent explosive disorder
Authors: Vu Tiffany H. , Coccaro Emil F. , Eichler Evan E. , Girirajan Santhosh
Published: August 2011

Copy number variants (CNVs) are known to be associated with complex neuropsychiatric disorders (e.g., schizophrenia and autism) but have not been explored in the isolated features of aggressive behaviors such as intermittent explosive disorder (IED). IED is characterized by recurrent episodes of aggression in which individuals act impulsively and grossly out of proportion from the involved stressors. Previous studies have identified genetic variants in the serotonergic pathway that play a role in susceptibility to this behavior, but additional contributors have not been identified. Therefore, to further delineate possible genetic influences, we investigated CNVs in individuals diagnosed with IED and/or personality disorder (PD). We carried out array comparative genomic hybridization on 113 samples of individuals with isolated features of IED (n = 90) or PD (n = 23). We detected a recurrent 1.35‐Mbp deletion on chromosome 1q21.1 in one IED subject and a novel ∼350‐kbp deletion on chromosome 16q22.3q23.1 in another IED subject. While five recent reports have suggested the involvement of an ∼1.6‐Mbp 15q13.3 deletion in individuals with behavioral problems, particularly aggression, we report an absence of such events in our study of individuals specifically selected for aggression. We did, however, detect a smaller ∼430‐kbp 15q13.3 duplication containing CHRNA7 in one individual with PD. While these results suggest a possible role for rare CNVs in identifying genes underlying IED or PD, further studies on a large number of well‐characterized individuals are necessary. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phenotypical spectrum of cerebellar ataxia associated with a novel mutation in the CA8 gene, encoding carbonic anhydrase (CA) VIII
Authors: Kaya Namik , Aldhalaan Hesham , Al‐Younes Banan , Colak Dilek , Shuaib Taghreed , Al‐Mohaileb Fahad , Al‐Sugair Abdulaziz , Nester Michael , Al‐Yamani Suad , Al‐Bakheet Albandary , Al‐Hashmi Nadia , Al‐Sayed Moeen , Meyer Brian , Jungbluth Heinz , Al‐Owain Mohammed
Published: August 2011

We define the neurological characteristics of familial cases from multiple branches of a large consanguineous family with cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation (MR), and dysequilibrium syndrome type 3 caused by a mutation in the recently cloned CA8 gene. The linkage analysis revealed a high logarithm of the odds (LOD) score region on 8q that harbors the CA8 in which a novel homozygous c.484G>A (p.G162R) mutation was identified in all seven affected members. The patients had variable cerebellar ataxia and mild cognitive impairment without quadrupedal gait. The brain MRI showed variable cerebellar volume loss and ill‐defined peritrigonal white matter abnormalities. The Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (FDG PET) revealed hypometabolic cerebellar hemispheres, temporal lobes, and mesial cortex. This report expands the neurological and radiological phenotype associated with CA8 mutations. CA8 involvement should be considered in the differential diagnosis of other genetically unresolved autosomal recessive cerebellar ataxias. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and photopolymerization kinetics of oxime ester photoinitiators
Authors: Xu Juan , Ma Guiping , Wang Kemin , Gu Juming , Jiang Shan , Nie Jun
Published: August 2011

Oxime Ester (OXE) Photoinitiators were synthesized and characterized by HPLC, FTIR, UV–Vis spectra, and 1H‐NMR. The UV–Vis spectra of these photoinitiators were similar to Benzophenone (BP) but showed large red‐shifted maximum absorption. OXE were not only soluble in many solvents and (meth) acrylate monomers but also could be dispersed easily in propylene glycol monomethyl ether acetate (PGMEA). The kinetics of polymerization of monomer using OXE as photoinitiator was studied by Real‐time infrared (RTIR) spectra. It showed that OXE were an efficient photoinitiator. The concentration of OXE, functionality of monomer, and light intensity had effect on the photopolymerization kinetics. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2011
CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 regulate synovial fibroblast invasion in rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Laragione Teresina , Brenner Max , Sherry Barbara , Gulko Pércio S.
Published: August 2011

Objective

CXCL10 is expressed in increased levels in highly invasive fibroblast‐like synoviocytes (FLS) from arthritic DA rats and from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study was undertaken to analyze the role of CXCL10 and its receptor CXCR3 in regulation of the invasive properties of FLS.

Methods

FLS were isolated from synovial tissue of RA patients and from DA rats and arthritis‐resistant DA.F344(Cia5d) rats with pristane‐induced arthritis. We used an in vitro model of invasion through Matrigel, which has been shown to correlate with articular damage in RA and in rat arthritis. FLS were cultured in the presence or absence of CXCL10, anti‐CXCR3 antibody, or the CXCR3 inhibitor AMG487 and then studied for invasion, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) production (MMPs 1–3), intracellular calcium influx, and cell morphology.

Results

DA rat FLS produced higher levels of CXCL10 compared with minimally invasive FLS from DA.F344(Cia5d) rats. CXCL10 treatment increased the invasiveness of FLS from DA.F344(Cia5d) rats by 2‐fold, and this increase was blocked by anti‐CXCR3. Both anti‐CXCR3 and AMG487 reduced invasiveness of FLS from DA rats, by as much as 77%. AMG487 significantly reduced invasiveness of RA FLS (by 58%). CXCR3 blockade reduced levels of MMP‐1 by 65%, inhibited receptor signaling (64–100% reduction in intracellular calcium influx), and interfered with actin cytoskeleton reorganization and lamellipodia formation in FLS from rats and RA patients.

Conclusion

We describe and characterize a new autocrine/paracrine role of CXCL10/CXCR3 in the regulation of FLS invasion in rats with arthritis and in RA patients. These observations suggest that the CXCL10/CXCR3 axis is a potential new target for therapies aimed at reducing FLS invasion and its associated joint damage and pannus invasion and destruction in RA.
Variation in joint shape of osteoarthritic knees
Authors: Haverkamp D. J. , Schiphof D. , Bierma‐Zeinstra S. M. , Weinans H. , Waarsing J. H.
Published: August 2011

Objective

To investigate the role of joint shape in knee osteoarthritis (OA) by determining which aspects of bone shape are different in OA knees compared with control knees.

Methods

Using a statistical shape model, we compared radiographs showing the shape of OA knees with radiographs showing the shape of control knees in a population of 609 women (1,218 knees) extracted from the Rotterdam Study. Furthermore, we used magnetic resonance imaging to compare the shape of knees with cartilage defects with the shape of knees without cartilage defects.

Results

Three statistical shape modes, referring to 3 distinct aspects of the shape of the knee, were significantly associated with the presence of radiographic OA (modes 2, 4, and 15). Mode 2 reflected the width of the femoral and tibial bones, which was increased in patients with OA. Knees with cartilage defects also had wider femoral and tibial bones compared with knees without cartilage defects. Mode 4 reflected the variation in flexion of the knee during radiography. OA knees were more extended compared with control knees. Mode 15 showed that patients with OA had an elevated lateral tibial plateau, which was associated with pain.

Conclusion

In women, knees with OA were wider, more extended during radiography, and had an elevated lateral tibial plateau. These results show that the shape of the knee is involved in OA, which might lead to novel imaging biomarkers to monitor or predict knee OA.
Factors influencing the efficacy of two injections of a pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) nonadjuvanted vaccine in systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Mathian A. , Devilliers H. , Krivine A. , Costedoat‐Chalumeau N. , Haroche J. , Huong D. Boutin‐Le Thi , Wechsler B. , Hervier B. , Miyara M. , Morel N. , Le Corre N. , Arnaud L. , Piette J. C. , Musset L. , Autran B. , Rozenberg F. , Amoura Z.
Published: August 2011

Objective

To assess the factors influencing the efficacy of 2 injections of a pandemic 2009 influenza A (H1N1) vaccine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

We conducted a single‐center, observational prospective study of 111 patients who were vaccinated with a monovalent, inactivated, nonadjuvanted, split‐virus vaccine during December 2009 and January 2010 and received a second dose of vaccine 3 weeks later. The antibody response was evaluated using the hemagglutination inhibition assay according to the guidelines recommended for the pandemic vaccine, consisting of 3 immunogenicity criteria (i.e., a seroprotection rate of 70%, a seroconversion rate of 40%, and a geometric mean ratio [GMR] of 2.5).

Results

The 3 immunogenicity criteria were met on day 42 (seroprotection rate 80.0% [95% confidence interval (95% CI) 72.5–87.5%], seroconversion rate 71.8% [95% CI 63.4–80.2%], and GMR 10.3 [95% CI 2.9–14.2]), while only 2 criteria were met on day 21 (seroprotection rate 66.7% [95% CI 57.9–75.4%], seroconversion rate 60.4% [95% CI 51.3–69.5%], and GMR 8.5 [95% CI 3.2–12.0]). The vaccine was well tolerated. Disease activity, assessed by the Safety of Estrogens in Lupus Erythematosus National Assessment version of the SLE Disease Activity Index, the British Isles Lupus Assessment Group score, and the Systemic Lupus Activity Questionnaire, did not increase. In the multivariate analysis, vaccination failure was significantly associated with immunosuppressive treatment or a lymphocyte count of ≤1.0 × 109/liter. The second injection significantly increased the immunogenicity in these subgroups, but not high enough to fulfill the seroprotection criterion in patients receiving immunosuppressive treatment.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that the efficacy of the vaccine was impaired in patients who were receiving immunosuppressive drugs or who had lymphopenia. A second injection increased vaccine immunogenicity without reaching all efficacy criteria for a pandemic vaccine in patients receiving an immunosuppressive agent. These results open possibilities for improving anti‐influenza vaccination in SLE.
HUSEC‐Stamm 41 = EHEC‐Stamm O104:H4
Authors: Schumann Wolfgang
Published: August 2011

Inzwischen wurde der Stamm EHEC O104:H4 zweimal sequenziert – von einer Firma in Darmstadt und in China. Welche Erkenntnisse für das hoch‐pathogene Verhalten des Erregers lassen sich aus der Analyse der 5,2‐Millionen Basenpaare ableiten?
A case of successful angioplasty by the “double retrograde” approach for chronic total occlusion in the left circumflex artery
Authors: Hoshiyama Koki , Nakamura Sunao
Published: August 2011

Currently introduced retrograde approach may increase the success rate of percutaneous coronary interventions on chronic total occlusion (CTO) lesion. This article describes a case of CTO in the left circumflex artery (LCX), which did not allow the regular retrograde approach to deliver a guide wire. At first, a guide wire was attempted to advance from the apical collateral channel, which supplied the distal LCX. However, wiring was extremely difficult because the collateral channel was headed reversely against the direction that the wire was going. Different angle angiogram revealed the existence of another collateral artery, which supplied the distal RCA (posterior descending branch). A guide wire was successfully advanced from the distal RCA, through apical collateral channel, and reached the distal LCX. After the wire was retrieved from the guiding catheter engaged in the left main trunk, antegrade access for balloon and stent delivery was obtained. This method, a sort of “double retrograde” approach, would be worthy to consider when recanalization is failed by other approaches. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pd‐Catalyzed Orthogonal Knoevenagel/Perkin Condensation–Decarboxylation–Heck/Suzuki Sequences: Tandem Transformations of Benzaldehydes into Hydroxy‐Functionalized Antidiabetic Stilbene–Cinnamoyl Hybrids and Asymmetric Distyrylbenzenes
Authors: Sharma Naina , Sharma Abhishek , Shard Amit , Kumar Rakesh , Saima  , Sinha Arun K.
Published: August 2011

Tandem reactions that involve chemoselective Knoevenagel/Perkin condensation–decarboxylation–Heck/Suzuki coupling or Heck–aldol sequences have been achieved. This enabled the first concise and efficient synthesis of several important hydroxy‐functionalized compound classes, such as stilbene–cinnamoyl hybrids (potent protein tyrosine phosphatase1B inhibitors), cinnamoyl–cinnamic acid hybrids, asymmetric distyrylbenzenes, and biarylstyrenes. Previously reported synthesis require multiple steps and protection/deprotection manipulations.
Eine Frage der richtigen Stärke
Authors: Bächtle Christoph , Winkler Petra , Stellbrink Britta
Published: August 2011

Stärke spielt bei einer Vielzahl von industriellen Anwendungen eine große Rolle. Der Großteil wird aus der Kartoffel gewonnen, die normalerweise zwei unterschiedliche Stärke‐Komponenten enthält: Amylose und Amylopektin. Bei einigen Anwendungen ist Amylopektin aufgrund seines molekularen Aufbaus klar überlegen. Für die Industrie ist daher eine Kartoffel wichtig, die nur Amylopektin bildet. “Amflora” ist eine gentechnisch veränderte Kartoffel, die speziell für diesen Einsatz entwickelt worden ist.
Wie die Haare der Bakterien wachsen
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: August 2011

Pathogene Bakterien wie die gefürchteten Ehec‐Keime halten sich mit Proteinfasern, den Pili, an Gewebeoberflächen des Wirts fest. Einblicke in die Strukturbildung dieser Fasern öffnen den Weg zu möglichen neuen antibakteriellen Wirkstoffen.
Chrom
Authors: Schwedt Georg
Published: August 2011

Das seit fast 200 Jahren bestehende Mineralogische Museum der Universität Bonn, das 1874 eine bedeutende Sammlung vom Gründer des heutigen Rheinischen Mineralien‐Kontors A. Krantz erhielt, zeigt unter anderem systematisch geordnet Minerale zu ausgewählten chemischen Elementen. Sie werden in dieser Serie zum Internationalen Jahr der Chemie 2011 näher vorgestellt.
Landmarks in Organo‐Transition Metal Chemistry. A Personal View. Von Helmut Werner
Authors: Tamm Matthias
Published: August 2011

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Assessment of Clam Ruditapes philippinarum as Heavy Metal Bioindicators Using NMR‐Based Metabolomics
Authors: Liu Xiaoli , Zhang Linbao , You Liping , Yu Junbao , Cong Ming , Wang Qing , Li Fei , Li Lianzhen , Zhao Jianmin , Li Chenghua , Wu Huifeng
Published: August 2011

There are mainly distributed three pedigrees (White, Liangdao Red, and Zebra) of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in Yantai population along the Bohai marine and coast. However, the biological differences to environmental stressors have been ignored in toxicology studies, which could lead to the distortion of biological interpretations of toxicological effects induced by environmental contaminants. In this study, we applied a system biology approach, metabolomics to compare the metabolic profiles in digestive gland from three pedigrees of clam and characterize and compare the metabolic responses induced by mercury in clam digestive gland tissues to determine a sensitive pedigree of clam as a preferable bioindicator for metal pollution monitoring and toxicology research. The most abundant metabolites, respectively, included branched‐chain amino acids, alanine, and arginine in White samples, glutamate, dimethylglycine, and glycine in Zebra clams and acetylcholine, betaine, glucose, and glycogen in Liangdao Red clams. After 48 h exposure of 20 µg L−1 Hg2+, the metabolic profiles from the three pedigrees of clams showed differentially significant changes in alanine, glutamate, succinate, taurine, hypotaurine, glycine, arginine, glucose, etc. Our findings indicate the toxicological effects of mercury exposure in Manila clams including the neurotoxicity, disturbances in energetic metabolisms and osmoregulation in the digestive glands and suggest that Liangdao Red pedigree of clam could be a preferable bioindicator for the metal pollution monitoring based on the more sensitive classes of metabolic changes from digestive glands compared with other two (White and Zebra) pedigrees of clams.
Metabolomic Study on the Halophyte Suaeda salsa in the Yellow River Delta
Authors: Liu Xiaoli , Zhang Linbao , You Liping , Wu Huifeng , Zhao Jianmin , Cong Ming , Li Fei , Wang Qing , Li Lianzhen , Li Chenghua , Han Guangxuan , Wang Guangmei , Xia Chuanhai , Yu Junbao
Published: August 2011

Plant metabolomics has been well established and applied across multiple fields including medicine, biotechnology, and environmental sciences in the post‐genomic era. The Chenopodiaceae C3 halophyte Suaeda salsa is the most important plant species in the vegetation of saline soil and even intertidal zone in the Yellow River Delta, which is economically consumed as food, widely used as a bioindicator of environmental stresses (salinity, drought, and pollution) and typically applied for the phyto‐remediation of degraded wetland. However, no global studies have been focused on the metabolic profile of this halophyte which is widely applied in environment related research areas. In metabolomics, the first crucial step is the preparation of plant samples. In this work, several strategies of metabolite extraction from this C3 halophytes S. salsa were evaluated and the metabolic profile was characterized by NMR‐based metabolomics. Multiple replicates of plant tissues (approx. 250 mg whole fresh weight of leaves and stems) were homogenized by a high throughput automated Precellys 24 bead‐based homogenizer and then extracted using the following solvent systems of varying polarities: methanol, water, methanol/water, methanol/chloroform/water, and acetonitrile. The hydrophilic metabolites were analyzed using one‐dimensional proton NMR spectroscopy, and the subsequent NMR spectra were evaluated by principal components analysis (PCA). Each extraction protocol revealed unique metabolic profile from S. salsa. Overall, the quality of each extraction protocol was assessed based on the yield, reproducibility, ease, and speed, and we concluded that the solvent of methanol/water was preferable for the metabolite extraction due to its highest reproducibility, ease, and speed, and considerably high yield. Validation of methanol/water (1:1) solvent also showed a high degree of reproducibility with technical variation being considerably lower than biological variation in S. salsa samples. This demonstrated the quality and robustness of the methanol/water extraction method for NMR‐based metabolomics studies.
New Larvicidal Acetogenin from the Red Alga Laurencia papillosa
Authors: Abou‐Elnaga Zeinab S. , Alarif Walied M. , Al‐lihaibi Sultan S.
Published: August 2011

A new C15 acetogenin, cyclic enyne (12E)‐cis‐maneonene‐E (1) and (12Z)‐trans‐maneonene‐B (2), together with different secondary metabolites including sesquiterpenoid 2,10‐dibromo‐3‐chloro‐α‐chamigrene (3) and fatty acid aldehydes (4–8) were isolated from the petroleum ether extract of a red alga, identified as Laurencia papillosa, collected from the Saudi Red Sea coast. The L. papillosa crude extract and its active ingredient acetogenin (1) have been evaluated for the ability to control two main economically important pests, the confused flour beetle larvae Tribolium confusum and Culex pipiens mosquito larvae. Compound 1 showed high potential as a natural insecticide against these two pests. In the case of T. confusum larvae, the LD50 values were 0.21 and 0.16% after 6 and 12 days of treatment with crude extract and acetogenin, respectively. On the other hand, the resulting LC50 values of mosquito larvae bioassay were 30.7, 36.9, and 41.8 ppm after 24 h treatment against 2nd, 3rd, and 4th larval instars, respectively. Also, an increase of the insecticidal effects against mosquito larvae was recorded after extending treatment time to 48 h.
Ecommerce interface colour and consumer decision making: Two routes of influence
Authors: J. Westerman S. , Sutherland E. J. , Gardner P. H. , Metcalfe R. , Nash J. , Palframan S. , Woodburn N.
Published: August 2011

This article reports an empirical study of the effects of interface colour (blue vs. grey) on ecommerce decision making. Participants viewed a set of products and information on the attributes of each and then made a series of purchase decisions that provided the basis for individual rankings of this set. Results support two proposed ‘routes of influence’. In the first, interface colour influences the cognitive capacities and strategies of consumers. This was evident as participants considered more attributes in the grey interface condition. Importantly, this was not mediated by participants' affective state. In the second, interface colour exerts influence via participants' aesthetic judgements. This was evident at a product‐specific level—with colour‐related differences in product selection decisions mediated (for two product alternatives) by participants' assessments of product aesthetics. There was also some support for a product‐generic effect of interface colour—with product aesthetics tending to be more influential in the grey condition. Overall, the results demonstrate the multifacetted nature of the influence of interface colour on consumer decision making in retail environments. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 2011;
Spectroscopic Studies of Phosphazene Polymers Containing Photoluminescent Metal Complexes
Authors: Ainscough Eric W. , Allcock Harry R. , Brodie Andrew M. , Gordon Keith C. , Hindenlang Mark D. , Horvath Raphael , Otter Carl A.
Published: August 2011

A series of small phosphazene ligands with pendant 6‐phenyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl moieties, namely L1 [N3P3(OPh)5(OPhbpyPh)], L2 [N3P3(biph)2(OPhbpyPh)2], L3 [N3P3(tBubiph)2(OPhbpyPh)2], L4 [N3P3(biph)2(OPhbpyPh)Cl] and L5 [N3P3(biph)2(OPhbpyPh)(OPh)] [OPhbpyPh = 4‐(4‐phenoxy)‐6‐phenyl‐2,2′‐bipyridine, OPh = phenoxy, biph = 2,2′‐oxybiphenyl and tBubiph = 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐oxybiphenyl], have been used to synthesise the new cyclometallated palladium(II) and platinum(II) complexes [(L1‐H)PdCl], [(L1‐H)PtCl], [(L1‐H)(PdCl)2], [(L3‐H)(PdCl)2], [(L4‐H)PtCl], [(L5‐H)PtCl] and the rhenium(I) complex [L5Re(CO)3Cl]. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis was performed on the free ligand L2 and the palladium complexes [(L1‐H)PdCl] and [(L3‐H)(PdCl)2]. In both PdII complexes, the metal centre lies in a distorted square‐planar geometry with an “N2CCl” donor set confirming the cyclopalladation. The ligand pendant arms are involved in intermolecular stacking interactions with adjacent molecules. A polyphosphazene (L6) with 4‐tert‐butylphenoxy (OtBuPh) and the potential donor OPhbpyPh as pendant groups was prepared and used to synthesise metallopolymers with ReI and PtII. Spectroscopic and computational studies were conducted to compare the discrete complexes with the polymers with similar metal pendants as well as to model compounds in the literature. By using UV/Vis and resonance Raman spectroscopic techniques it was found that very few deviations from known metal chromophores exist for both the triphosphazene‐ and polyphosphazene‐based complexes. The transient resonance Raman spectra of the PtII complexes revealed a ligand radical anion signature associated with the N2C unit.
ESR Study of Light‐Induced Valence Tautomerism of a Dinuclear Co Complex
Authors: Teki Yoshio , Shirokoshi Mugen , Kanegawa Shinji , Sato Osamu
Published: August 2011

Light‐induced valence tautomerism (LIVT) of a dinuclear complex, [{Co(dpqa)}2(dhbq)](PF6)3 (1), was investigated by ESR analysis of dhbq3–. LIVT phenomena were observed in the sample diluted in the glass matrix as well as that in powder form. The signal decay and the relaxation were analyzed by double exponential fitting; the results suggest a two‐step mechanism. Quantum mechanical tunneling was clearly observed in the glass matrix.
Chiral Lanthanoid Dimers Ligated by Carbohydrate‐Based Diketonates: Catalytic and Luminescent Properties
Authors: Gee William J. , Hierold Judith , MacLellan Jonathan G. , Andrews Philip C. , Lupton David W. , Junk Peter C.
Published: August 2011

The reaction of hydrated lanthanoid chlorides (Ln = La, Eu) with chiral, carbohydrate‐based diketonate ligands has yielded dimeric species with Ln2L6 composition as determined by MALDI mass spectrometry and single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. The X‐ray crystallographic analysis identified a chiral cavity formed by interligand repulsion able to coordinate dimethylformamide, prompting investigation of the catalytic properties of the dimers. Preliminary results indicate that the dimers display catalytic activity in thio‐Michael addition reactions as well as metal‐based luminescence in the case of europium.
Enyne‐Metathesis‐Based Tandem Processes (Eur. J. Org. Chem. 23/2011)
Authors: Li Jingwei , Lee Daesung
Published: August 2011

The cover picture shows a chain of dominoes in motion where one domino topples the one next to it, and so on. The individual dominoes symbolize elementary bond‐forming events by which simple alkene and alkyne building blocks are processed in tandem to form products of extended conjugation and polycyclic systems. Many enyne‐metathesis‐based tandem reactions developed and applied to the synthesis of natural and unnatural products are detailed in the Microreview by J. Li and D. Lee on p. 4269 ff.
Signal Enhancement of Electrochemical Biomemory Device Composed of Recombinant Azurin/Gold Nanoparticle
Authors: Lee Taek , Yoo Si‐Youl , Chung Yong‐Ho , Min Junhong , Choi Jeong‐Woo
Published: August 2011

A signal‐enhanced biomemory device was developed by introducing cysteine‐modified azurin/gold nanoparticle (GNP) heterolayers. The proposed recombinant azurin/GNP heterolayers provided an enhanced electron transfer between recombinant azurin/GNP and the Au surface, which stored the charges in the fabricated heterolayer. The fabricated recombinant azurin/GNP heterolayers was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) spectroscopy. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was performed to examine the current signal‐amplified electrochemical property. In this analysis, the recombinant azurin/GNP heterolayers produced current that was 5 times greater than the recombinant azurin monolayer. These redox potentials were then used to obtain the ‘write step’ and ‘erase step’. Using these parameters, the biomemory function of the device was verified by chronoamperometry (CA).
Electroanalysis at Salt – Cotton – Electrode Interfaces: Preconcentration Effects Lead to Nano‐Molar Hg2+ Sensitivity
Authors: Shariki Sara , Dale Sara E. C. , Marken Frank
Published: August 2011

Cotton is employed as a sample absorbent which is analysed sandwiched between a glassy carbon electrode and ammonium nitrate salt in a humidified argon atmosphere (ca. 80 % relative humidity). Exploratory experiments show that well‐defined voltammetric responses for the Fe(CN)63−/4− redox system pre‐absorbed into cotton are observed. Experiments with gold plating solution absorbed into cotton reveal the microscopic regions (cotton – glassy carbon contact points) of electrochemical activity where gold microparticles are plated onto the cotton surface. Stripping voltammetry experiments for trace metals such as Hg2+ pre‐absorbed into cotton show a surprisingly high sensitivity with nanomolar detection readily achieved.
Applying the Drosophila wing spot test to assess the genotoxic impact of 10 essential oil constituents used as flavouring agents or cosmetic ingredients
Authors: Mademtzoglou Despoina , Akmoutsou Paraskevi , Kounatidis Ilias , Franzios Gerasimos , Drosopoulou Elena , Vokou Despoina , Mavragani‐Tsipidou Penelope
Published: August 2011

The genotoxicity of 10 essential oil constituents was evaluated using the Drosophila melanogaster (Meigen) somatic mutation and recombination test, also known as the wing spot test, in the frame of a screening project aiming at evaluating the mutagenic activity of widely used substances, natural or not. Of the compounds that we tested here, l‐carveol, dihydrocarveol, (+)‐dihydrocarvone, (−)‐fenchone and (−)‐carvyl acetate did not exhibit any mutagenic or recombinogenic activity, whereas (±)‐linalool, S‐(+)‐carvone and S‐(−)‐limonene gave inconclusive results. In contrast, α‐phellandrene and R‐(−)‐carvone significantly increased the frequency of mutant spots when compared with the negative control, suggesting mutagenic activity even at the lowest concentration used (1.5 µl/ml). Moreover, these data clearly demonstrate differences in activity between stereoisomers such as S‐(+)‐ and R‐(−)‐carvone. Given that α‐phellandrene and R‐(−)‐carvone are widely used compounds, further research is needed in order to have a better understanding of their activity and a clearer picture of their genotoxicity in order to decide whether they should remain or not in the lists of compounds that are safe to use. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Disruption of astrocytic glutamine turnover by manganese is mediated by the protein kinase C pathway
Authors: Sidoryk‐Wegrzynowicz Marta , Lee Eunsook , Mingwei Ni , Aschner Michael
Published: August 2011

Manganese (Mn) is a trace element essential for normal human development and is required for the proper functioning of a variety of physiological processes. Chronic exposure to Mn can cause manganism, a neurodegenerative disorder resembling idiopathic Parkinson's disease (PD). Mn(II) neurotoxicity is characterized by astrocytic impairment both in the expression and activity of glutamine (Gln) transporters. Because protein kinase C (PKC) activation leads to the downregulation of a number of neurotransmitter transporters and Mn(II) increases PKC activity, we hypothesized that the PKC signaling pathway contributes to the Mn(II)‐mediated disruption of Gln turnover. Our results have shown that Mn exposure increases the phosphorylation of both the PKCα and PKCδ isoforms. PKC activity was also shown to be increased in response to Mn(II) treatment. Corroborating our earlier observations, Mn(II) also caused a decrease in Gln uptake. This effect was blocked by PKC inhibitors. Notably, PKC activation caused a decrease in Gln uptake mediated by systems ASC and N, but had no effect on the activities of systems A and L. Exposure to α‐phorbol 12‐myristate 13‐acetate significantly decreased SNAT3 (system N) and ASCT2 (system ASC) protein levels. Additionally, a co‐immunoprecipitation studydemonstrated the association of SNAT3 and ASCT2 with the PKCδ isoform, and Western blotting revealed the Mn(II)‐mediated activation of PKCδ by proteolytic cleavage. PKC activation was also found to increase SNAT3 and ubiquitin ligase Nedd4‐2 binding and to induce hyperubiquitination. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that the Mn(II)‐induced dysregulation of Gln homeostasis in astrocytes involves PKCδ signaling accompanied by an increase in ubiquitin‐mediated proteolysis. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hypoparathyroidism in the adult: Epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, target-organ involvement, treatment, and challenges for future research
Authors: Bilezikian John P , Khan Aliya , Potts John T , Brandi Maria Luisa , Clarke Bart L , Shoback Dolores , Jüppner Harald , D'Amour Pierre , Fox John , Rejnmark Lars , Mosekilde Leif , Rubin Mishaela R , Dempster David , Gafni Rachel , Collins Michael T , Sliney Jim , Sanders James
Published: August 2011

Recent advances in understanding the epidemiology, genetics, diagnosis, clinical presentations, skeletal involvement, and therapeutic approaches to hypoparathyroidism led to the First International Workshop on Hypoparathyroidism that was held in 2009. At this conference, a group of experts convened to discuss these issues with a view towards a future research agenda for this disease. This review, which focuses primarily on hypoparathyroidism in the adult, provides a comprehensive summary of the latest information on this disease. © 2011 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research
Fetal transverse limb defects: Case series and literature review
Authors: Saeed Ferha , Paramasivam Gowrishankar , Wiechec Marcin , Kumar Sailesh
Published: August 2011

Purpose.

To investigate the incidence and outcome of antenatally diagnosed isolated transverse limb defects at a major tertiary center and to review the literature relevant to this rare condition.

Methods.

This was a retrospective review of all cases (2000–2009) diagnosed with an isolated transverse limb defect referred to a tertiary fetal medicine center. Isolated transverse limb defects were defined as partial or complete absence of a part of one or more limbs in the absence of other abnormalities.

Results.

Nine cases were identified. The upper limbs were affected in seven cases. The median gestational age at diagnosis was 22+5 weeks (range 21–29 weeks). The defects ranged from absence of digits to the absence of three limbs in one case. Four women opted to have termination of pregnancy. Postnatal and postmortem examination confirmed the ultrasound findings. No obvious risk factors could be identified in the majority of cases.

Conclusions.

Most cases of limb defects are believed to be secondary to a vascular insult occurring early in embryonic life. The reason for upper limb predominance remains unclear. Perinatal outcome in this series was poor with the majority of pregnancies terminated. Long‐term functional outcome depends on the severity of the limb reduction defect. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Prenatal 3D sonographic diagnosis of an isolated lateral facial cleft
Authors: Chang Yao‐Lung , Lien Reyin , Chang Shuenn‐Dyh , Chao An‐Shine
Published: August 2011

We report a case of lateral facial cleft (Tessier 7) diagnosed by sonography at a gestational age of 24 weeks. Two‐dimensional sonography revealed a fetus appropriate for gestational age without obvious anomaly, but a three‐dimensional sonogram with surface mode rendering showed asymmetrical macrostomia as a result of a left lateral facial cleft. Our case highlights the advantage of using three‐dimensional sonography in the prenatal diagnosis of lateral facial clefts. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Prenatal diagnosis of aortopulmonary window
Authors: Aslan Halil , Corbacioglu Aytul , Yildirim Gokhan , Ceylan Yavuz
Published: August 2011

Aortopulmonary window (APW) is a rare congenital heart malformation. It refers to a connection between the ascending aorta and the pulmonary trunk before bifurcation. We report a case of APW that was detected by prenatal fetal echocardiography. The diagnosis was confirmed postnatally with an additional partial anomalous pulmonary venous connection. Corrective surgery was performed at the age of 1 week. Prenatal diagnosis of APW is important because an operation early after birth is required to prevent congestive heart failure due to high pulmonary blood flow. It is essential to visualize the aortopulmonary septum during fetal echocardiographic examination. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound, 2011
Cyanoacetamide in heterocyclic chemistry: Synthesis, antitumor and antioxidant activities of some new benzothiophenes
Authors: El Bialy Serry A. A. , Gouda Moustafa A.
Published: August 2011

Cyanoacylation of 2‐amino‐tetrahydrobenzothiophene‐3‐carboxylate ethyl ester with 3‐(3,5‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐1‐yl)‐3‐oxopropanenitrile afforded cyanoacetamide 2. The later was utilized as key intermediate for the synthesis of 3‐substituted 2‐iminocoumarins 3, 4, 5, 6 and acrylamides 7a, b via Knoevenagel condensation with 2‐hydroxy‐1‐naphthaldehyde; 2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde; 1‐nitrosonaphthalen‐2‐ol; 7‐hydroxy‐5‐methoxy‐2‐methyl‐4‐oxo‐4H‐chromene‐6‐carbaldehyde; 4‐dimethylamino‐benzaldehyde; and 4‐piperidin‐1‐yl‐benzaldehyde in EtOH/piperidine. The derivatives 7a, b did not afford the pyrazoles 8a, b upon treating with phenyl hydrazine. Furthermore, coupling of 2 with 4‐amino‐1,5‐dimethyl‐2‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐3(2H)‐one and 4,6‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridin‐3‐amine afforded the hydrazone derivatives 9 and 10, respectively. The later derivative 10 was cyclized in acetic acid to afford the pyridopyrazolotriazine 11. Finally, 2 was treated with dimethylformamide‐dimethylacetal (DMF‐DMA) to afford the dimethylaminoacrylamide 12 which underwent transamination with 4,6‐dimethyl‐1H‐pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridin‐3‐amine to afford the pyrazole 13. Cyclization of compound 13 in acetic acid or pyridine was unsuccessful. The antitumor and antioxidant activities of the synthesized products were evaluated; several were found to exhibit promising antioxidant activities. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Novel sulfenamides as promising acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Authors: Proença Carla , Serralheiro M. Luísa , Araújo M. Eduarda , Pamplona Teresa , Santos Susana , Santos M. Soledade , Frazão Fátima
Published: August 2011

Several sulfenamide derivatives were designed as possible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors. New sulfenamides were synthesized and proved to be stable under the physiological conditions used in the enzymatic assays. N‐benzyl‐2‐benzoxazolylsulfenamide (8) and N‐benzyl‐2‐benzimidazolylsulfenamide (9) revealed anti‐AChE activity with IC50 values of 0.6 and 0.8 μM, respectively, values of the same magnitude as those reported for galantamine and tacrine. The affinity for the biological site was evaluated in terms of interaction/partition toward sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) micelles. The inhibitory activity profiles were reasoned in terms of both partition toward a hydrophobic anionic environment and molecular geometry. The XCSN dihedral angle deviations from collinearity stood out as a major parameter linked to enzyme specificity. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Zr(HSO4)4‐catalyzed one‐pot three‐component synthesis of 7‐alkyl‐6H,7H‐naphtho[1′,2′:5,6]pyrano[3,2‐c]chromen‐6‐ones
Authors: Wang Xiao , Lu Guangzhou , Yan Fulin , Ma Weiwei , Wu Liqiang
Published: August 2011

A new, one‐pot, simple thermally efficient and solvent‐free method for the preparation of 7‐alkyl‐6H,7H‐naphtho[1′,2′:5,6]pyrano[3,2‐c]chromen‐6‐ones by condensation of β‐naphthol, aromatic aldehydes, and 4‐hydroxycoumarin using Zr(HSO4)4 as a safe and efficient catalyst is described. This method has the advantages of high yields, a cleaner reaction, simple methodology, short reaction times, easy workup, and greener conditions. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Coupling of two diazotized 3‐aminothieno[3,4‐c]coumarins with aromatic amines
Authors: Fondjo Emmanuel Sopbué , Tsemeugne Joseph , Sondengam Beibam Luc , Oppenlaender Thomas , Wabo Hippolyte Kamdem , Tane Pierre , Connolly Joseph D. , Dehaen Wim , Rohand Taoufik , Kikuchi Haruhisa , Oshima Yoshiteru
Published: August 2011

The coupling reactions of two diazotized 3‐aminothieno[3,4‐c]coumarins were investigated. Compounds 1a, 1b both react with sodium nitrite in concentrated sulphuric acid at 0–5°C to give the diazotized intermediates 2 and 3, the latter resulting from the acid ‐catalyzed hydrolysis of the lactonic ring of 2. The in situ formed diazonium salts react with aromatic amines (4) to afford a series of arylazothiophenes dyes in the form of their ammonium sulfate salts. With diazotized aniline, besides the normally expected phenylazothiophene 10 from the reaction with compound 1a, the corresponding product of acid hydrolysis 11 was also isolated. In at least one of the cases, the thienyl diazonium salt 2 undergoes a Gomberg–Bachmann arylation reaction with p‐nitroaniline to give the 2‐arylthiophene 9. The direct hydrolysis of compounds 1a, 1b by concentrated sulphuric acid and subsequent oxidative dimerization of the primary product of acid hydrolysis led to compound 12. J. Heterocyclic Chem., (2011).
Antiallodynic effects of propentofylline Elicited by interrupting spinal glial function in a rat model of bone cancer pain
Authors: Yao Ming , Chang Xiang‐yang , Chu Yu‐xia , Yang Jian‐ping , Wang Li‐na , Cao Hao‐qiang , Liu Ming‐juan , Xu Qi‐nian
Published: August 2011

The activation of microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cord is involved in the progress of cancer pain. Propentofylline (PPF), a glial modulating agent, alleviates pain hypersensitivity in neuropathic pain models. The present study investigated the potential roles of PPF in a preclinical rat model of bone caner pain established by inoculating Walker 256 cells into the left tibia. At day 9 postinoculation, single administration of PPF (10 μg/10 μl, i.t.) significantly but transiently suppressed mechanical allodynia induced by bone cancer. Repeated application of PPF (10 μg/10 μl, i.t., once daily from days 9 to 12) persistently relieved mechanical allodynia on the side ipsilateral to surgery. Immunohistochemistry and ELISA showed that microglia and astrocytes in the spinal cord were activated, and the production of glia‐derived proinflammatory cytokines interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β), IL‐6, and tumor necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α) markedly increased at day 12 postinoculation in the cancer group. Intrathecal injection of PPF (10 μg/10 μl) significantly inhibited the activation of spinal glial cells and the expression of proinflammatory cytokines. These results suggest that the glial modulating agent PPF has antiallodynic effects on bone cancer pain and has potential utility for clinical treatment of cancer pain. © 2011 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Atmospheric teleconnection‐based conditional streamflow distributions for the Han River and its sub‐watersheds in Korea
Authors: Kim Jong‐Suk , Jain Shaleen , Moon Young‐Il
Published: August 2011

An improved understanding of hydroclimatic variability is central to efforts that seek to anticipate and adapt water resources management in a variable and changing climate. In Korea's Han River Basin, warm season (June–September) streamflow contributes nearly 74% of the annual water supply. In this study, a 40‐year record of simulated daily unimpaired streamflow for the Han River Basin and its 24 sub‐watersheds is analysed with a view to identify relationships with atmospheric teleconnection patterns. Tree‐based classification methods identify East Atlantic‐Western Russia (EA‐WR) and East Atlantic (EA) as the two dominant atmospheric circulation patterns that influence seasonal streamflow variability in the Han River Basin. The classification method allows partitioning of predictor space into three sub‐regions, wherein conditional streamflow statistics were computed based on the joint phases of EA‐WR and EA teleconnection indices. On the basis of conditional hydrologic‐teleconnection information, we estimated the 50‐year return period high‐ and low‐flow events (fitted to a lognormal distribution), thus allowing a simultaneous assessment of the joint effect of changes in the mean and variability of streamflow. Application of this approach for the 24 sub‐watersheds clarified the spatial coherence of teleconnection‐related impacts on streamflow. Despite the relatively modest sample size, the approach presented here illustrates the potential for identification of conditional streamflow information based on climatic precursors. This diagnostic study is a critical first step in developing seasonal streamflow estimates conditioned upon large‐scale climatic state, particularly for multi‐objective reservoir and watershed management. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society
Dynamically based future daily and seasonal temperature scenarios analysis for the northern Iberian Peninsula
Authors: González‐Aparicio Iratxe , Hidalgo Julia
Published: August 2011

This research analyses the changes expected in the tails of the temperature distribution over the Basque Country area (Spain). The study is devoted to support the impact and adaptation studies to climate change coordinated in the framework of the multidisciplinary project K‐EGOKITZEN. A set of regional climate model outputs from the EU‐FP6 ENSEMBLES project at 25 × 25 km horizontal resolution is used to analyse daily maximum and minimum near‐surface air temperature and relative humidity over land. Extreme events are assessed using climatic indices defined by the STARDEX methodology for summer and winter seasons for previous (1978–2000) and future projections (2001–2100). Current bias correction methods are discussed. In winter the tenth percentile of the minimum temperature shows a positive trend with an increase of 3 °C with a mean standard deviation of 0.6 °C. All the models show a 70% decrease of the number of frost days at the end of the century and cold‐wave episodes tend to disappear from 2070 to 2100 in some of the models. In summer, the 90th percentile of daily temperature shows also a positive trend with an increase of upto 3.5 °C with a mean standard deviation of 1.2 °C. The duration of each heat episode increase by 30%: while in the reference period, on ensemble model average, the duration of each heat wave is 15 days; at the end of the century is 24 days. Copyright © 2011 Royal Meteorological Society