bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of Small Presolar Spinel and Corundum Grains by Isotopic Raster Imaging
Authors: Nguyen Ann , Zinner Ernst , Lewis Roy S.
Published: December 2003

The oxygen isotopic compositions of densely packed submicron oxide grains in two grain separates of different grain size from the CM2 carbonaceous chondrite Murray were determined by multi-detection raster imaging on the NanoSIMS ion microprobe. This led to the identification of 81 presolar spinel and 3 presolar corundum grains among ∼51 700 grains in the CF residue (mean diameter 0.15 µm) and 171 presolar spinel and 29 presolar corundum grains among ˜21 500 grains in the CG residue (mean diameter 0.45 µm). Previous NanoSIMS analysis of individual grains from the same residues has led to the discovery of 15 presolar spinel and 3 presolar corundum grains among 628 CF grains, and 9 presolar spinels among 753 CG grains. The oxygen isotopic compositions of the presolar oxides found by raster imaging are comparable to those of the presolar oxides measured individually. While the abundance of presolar spinel among the (larger) grains of the CG residue is the same for both techniques, the detection efficiency for presolar spinel by imaging among the (smaller) grains in CF is lower due to the small size of these grains. Nonetheless, it is possible to identify presolar grains of this size range. Though single grain measurements are effective for determining the precise isotopic compositions and abundances of presolar grains, raster ion imaging is the method of choice in searches for rare presolar grain types such as presolar silicates.
Short-Lived Nuclei in the Early Solar System: A Low Mass Stellar Source?
Authors: Busso M. , Gallino R. , Wasserburg G. J.
Published: December 2003

We discuss possible stellar origins of short-lived radioactive nuclei with meanlife τ ≤ 100 Myr, which were shown to be alive in the Early Solar System (ESS). We first review current ideas on the production of nuclides having 10 ≤ τ ≤ 100 Myr, which presumably derive from the continuous interplay of galactic astration, nucleosynthesis from massive supernovae and free decay in the interstellar medium. The abundance of the shorter lived 53Mn might be explained by this same scenario. Then we consider the nuclei 107Pd, 26Al, 41Ca and 60Fe, whose early solar system abundances are too high to have originated in this way. Present evidence favours a stellar origin, particularly for 107Pd, 26Al and 60Fe, rather than an in situ production by energetic solar particles. The idea of an encounter (rather close in time and space) between the forming Sun and a dying star is therefore discussed: this star may or may not have also triggered the solar formation. Recent nucleosynthesis calculations for the yields of the relevant short-lived isotopes and of their stable reference nuclei are discussed. Massive stars evolving to type II supernovae (either leaving a neutron star or a black hole as a remnant) seem incapable of explaining the four most critical ESS radioactivities in their observed abundance ratios. An asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star seems to be a viable source, especially if of relatively low initial mass (M ≤ 3 M⊙) and with low neutron exposure: this model can provide a solution for 26Al, 41Ca and 107Pd, with important contributions to 60Fe, which are inside the present uncertainty range of the 60Fe early solar system abundance. Such a model requires that 26Al is produced substantially on the AGB by cool bottom processing. The remaining inventory of short-lived species in the solar nebula would then be attributed to the continuous galactic processing, with the exception of 10Be, which must reflect production by later proton bombardment at a low level during early solar history.
Low-Mass AGB Stellar Models for 0.003 ≤Z≤ 0.02: Basic Formulae for Nucleosynthesis Calculations
Authors: Straniero O. , Domínguez I. , Cristallo S. , Gallino R.
Published: December 2003

We have extended our published set of low-mass AGB stellar modelsto lower metallicities. Different mass-loss rates have been explored. We provide interpolation formulae for the luminosity, effective temperature, core mass, mass of dredge up material and maximum temperature in the convective zone generated by thermal pulses. Finally, we discuss the resultant modification of these quantities when we use an appropriate treatment of the inward propagation of the convective instability, as caused by the steeprise in radiative opacity when the convective envelope penetratesthe H-depleted region.
The Chemical Evolution of Magnesium Isotopic Abundances in the Solar Neighbourhood
Authors: Fenner Y. , Gibson B. K. , Lee H.-c. , Karakas A. I. , Lattanzio J. C. , Chieffi A. , Limongi M. , Yong D.
Published: December 2003

The abundance of the neutron-rich magnesium isotopes observed in metal-poor stars is explained quantitatively with a chemical evolution model of the local Galaxy that considers — for the first time — the metallicity-dependent contribution from intermediate mass stars. Previous models that simulate the variation of Mg isotopic ratios with metallicity in the solar neighbourhood have attributed the production of 25Mg and 26Mg exclusively to hydrostatic burning in massive stars. These models match the data well for [Fe/H] > –1.0 but severely underestimate 25,26Mg/24Mg at lower metallicities. Earlier studies have noted that this discrepancy may indicate a significant role played by intermediate mass stars. Only recently have detailed calculations of intermediate mass stellar yields of 25Mg and 26Mg become available with which to test this hypothesis. In an extension of previous work, we present a model that successfully matches the Mg isotopic abundances in nearby Galactic disk stars through the incorporation of nucleosynthesis predictions of Mg isotopic production in asymptotic giant branch stars.
AGB Stars and the Observed Abundance of Neon in Planetary Nebulae
Authors: Karakas A. I. , Lattanzio J. C.
Published: December 2003

Asymptotic giant branch stars are expected to produce 22Ne through the combined H and He burning that operates during their thermally pulsing evolution. However, observationally there is a fairly tight correlation between the O and Ne abundances as measured in planetary nebulae in various populations. In this paper we use recent detailed stellar evolutionary calculations for compositions appropriate to the Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud, in an attempt to determine if the models are consistent with the observed abundances. We show that there is only a narrow range in stellar mass, about 2 to 4 M⊙ (lower for lower [Fe/H]) where 22Ne is produced in sufficient quantities to affect the total observed elemental neon abundance, which is mostly 20Ne. The models appear to be consistent with the observations, but a more thorough analysis is required.
‘Star Dust Memories’—A Brief History of the Murchison Carbonaceous Chondrite
Authors: Henry Dermot A.
Published: December 2003

The rare carbonaceous chondrite which fell around the township of Murchison in northern Victoria, Australia, in 1969 has probably been the subject of more scientific publications than any other meteorite. The discovery of grains formed in a presolar environment and the abundance of organic molecules within the Murchison meteorite have facilitated studies of the formation of the Solar System, the development of stars and the origins of life.
Nematodes and nutrient partitioning
Authors: Roy N. C. , Bermingham E. N. , Sutherland I. A. , McNabb W. C.
Published: December 2003

Subclinical infection of sheep with gastrointestinal nematodes results in the diversion of nutrients from growth and development towards the repair of damaged intestinal tissues and to sustain the metabolic shifts (nutritional, hormonal and immune) occuring in tissues affected by the parasites. These metabolic effects include decreased nitrogen retention; increased amino acid utilisation and oxidation in the gastrointestinal tract; increased endogenous protein loss and altered protein synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract; increased amino acid utilisation and protein synthesis in the liver and activation of the immune system. These observations strongly suggest that there is competition between the key tissues involved in parasitism and that metabolic decisions are made resulting in the re-prioritisation of nutrient utilisation between the tissues in this inter-organ system. Nutritional status of the host can influence the pathogenesis of parasitic infection and well-nourished animals generally withstand parasitism better than those less adequately fed. Recent studies have focused on the effect of restricting intake on the acquisition of immunity in sheep selected either for resistance or susceptibility to nematodes. The major outcome of these studies was the increase of peripheral eosinophil counts in resistant animals infected with Trichostrongylus colubriformis when fed on an ad libitum diet compared with similar animals fed the same diet at a maintenance level. This was inversely correlated to the numbers of adult parasites recovered. Intake seems to be the primary determinant of the expression of immunity in sheep selected for resistance against nematodes.
The phylogenetic placement and circumscription of the genus Synotaxus (Araneae : Synotaxidae), a new species from Guyana, and notes on theridioid phylogeny
Authors: Agnarsson Ingi
Published: December 2003

The genus Synotaxus Simon, 1895 is reviewed. Modern systematic work has challenged the classical placement of Synotaxus as an argyrodine theridiid. Its placement is evaluated in a phylogenetic analysis containing a wide selection of theridiids, including all major argyrodine genera. For the analysis, two published matrices are fused to produce a dataset containing 83 orbicularian taxa and 302 morphological characters. Although the two matrices share only 10 taxa and 33 characters, a single most parsimonious tree is obtained. The results are congruent with results from each independent matrix, and unambiguously corroborate the placement of Synotaxus outside Theridiidae. Some superficial similarities, such as the elongate abdomen extending far beyond the spinnerets, are clearly convergent in the two taxa. Synotaxus, furthermore, lacks the suite of synapomorphies defining Theridiidae. Thus, its transfer out of Theridiidae is corroborated, and a sister relationship with Chileotaxusi Platnick, 1990 is proposed, based on similarities in web and somatic morphology. A synapomorphy-based circumscription of the genus is given. Synotaxus waiwai, sp. nov. is described, Synotaxus monoceros (Caporiacco, 1947), previously only known from males, is redescribed and synonymised with S. pupularum, Exline & Levi, 1965, syn. nov., previously only known from females. A description of the webs of both species is given, as well as that of Chileotaxus sans Platnick, 1990. Many further Synotaxus species remain to be described.
Determining kangaroo age from lens protein content
Authors: Augusteyn Robert C. , Coulson Graeme , Landman Kerry A.
Published: December 2003

Kangaroos can be aged by external morphometrics only when young (pre-weaning). Indices of molar progression are used to estimate the age of older kangaroos, but that method rests on a number of tenuous assumptions. This study explored the use of the eye lens as an alternative method for determining age. Body mass, foot size, arm length and wet mass of the lens were measured in 40 red (Macropus rufus), 476 western grey (M. fuliginosus) and 57 eastern grey (M. giganteus) kangaroos, ranging in age from 3 days to ~20 years. Total protein contents were determined for 556 lenses from these animals. Body mass and limb dimensions increase with age, at different rates for males and females, but the wet mass and protein content of lenses are independent of sex. Furthermore, the lens data approach their asymptote later than any of the other measurements, making them more reliable for aging older animals. The relationship between total protein contents (in milligrams) and age (in years estimated from molar index) can be described with a single equation for all three species over the whole age range from newborn to adult.
Estradiol and Selective Estrogen Receptor Modulators Differentially Regulate Target Genes with Estrogen Receptors α and β
Authors: Kian Tee Meng , Rogatsky Inez , Tzagarakis-Foster Christina , Cvoro Aleksandra , An Jinping , Christy Robert J. , Yamamoto Keith R. , Leitman Dale C.
Published: December 2003

Estrogens and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) interact with estrogen receptor (ER) α and β to activate or repress gene transcription. To understand how estrogens and SERMs exert tissue-specific effects, we performed microarray analysis to determine whether ERα or ERβ regulate different target genes in response to estrogens and SERMs. We prepared human U2OS osteosarcoma cells that are stably transfected with a tetracycline-inducible vector to express ERα or ERβ. Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunoprecipitation studies confirmed that U2OS-ERα cells synthesized only ERα and that U2OS-ERβ cells expressed exclusively ERβ. U2OS-ERα and U2OS-ERβ cells were treated either with 17β-estradiol (E2), raloxifene, and tamoxifen for 18 h. Labeled cRNAs were hybridized with U95Av2 GeneChips (Affymetrix). A total of 228, 190, and 236 genes were significantly activated or repressed at least 1.74-fold in U2OS-ERα and U2OS-ERβ cells by E2, raloxifene, and tamoxifen, respectively. Most genes regulated in ERα cells in response to E2, raloxifene, and tamoxifen were distinct from those regulated in ERβ cells. Only 38 of the 228 (17%) genes were regulated by E2 in both U2OS-ERα and U2OS-ERβ cells. Raloxifene and tamoxifen regulated only 27% of the same genes in both the ERα and ERβ cells. A subset of genes involved in bone-related activities regulated by E2, raloxifene, and tamoxifen were also distinct. Our results demonstrate that most genes regulated by ERα are distinct from those regulated by ERβ in response to E2 and SERMs. These results indicate that estrogens and SERMs exert tissue-specific effects by regulating unique sets of targets genes through ERα and ERβ
Gum Elastic Bougie-guided Insertion of the ProSeal™ Laryngeal Mask Airway Is Superior to the Digital and Introducer Tool Techniques
Authors: Brimacombe Joseph , Keller Christian , Judd Dana Vosoba
Published: December 2003

Background

The authors compare three techniques for insertion of the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway.

Methods

Two hundred forty healthy patients aged 18-80 yr were randomly allocated for ProSeal laryngeal mask airway insertion using the digital, introducer tool (IT), or gum elastic bougie (GEB)-guided techniques. The digital and IT techniques were performed according to the manufacturer's instructions. The GEB-guided technique involved priming the drain tube with the GEB, placing the GEB in the esophagus under direct vision, and inserting the ProSeal laryngeal mask airway using the digital technique with the GEB as a guide. Failed insertion was defined by any of the following criteria: (1) failed pharyngeal placement; (2) malposition (air leaks, negative tap test results, or failed gastric tube insertion if pharyngeal placement was successful); and (3) ineffective ventilation (maximum expired tidal volume < 8 ml/kg or end-tidal carbon dioxide > 45 mmHg if correctly positioned). Any visible or occult blood was noted. Sore throat, dysphonia, and dysphagia were assessed 18-24 h postoperatively.

Results

Insertion was more frequently successful with the GEB-guided technique at the first attempt (GEB, 100%; digital, 88%; IT, 84%; both P < 0.001), but success after three attempts was similar (GEB, 100%; digital, 99%; IT, 98%). The time taken to successful placement was similar among groups at the first attempt but was shorter for the GEB-technique after three attempts (GEB, 25 +/- 14 s; digital, 33 +/- 19 s; IT, 37 +/- 25 s; both: P < 0.003). There were no differences in the frequency of visible blood, but occult blood occurred less frequently with the GEB-guided technique (GEB, 12%; digital, 29%; IT, 31%; both: P < 0.02) but was similar among techniques if insertion was successful at the first attempt. There were no differences in postoperative airway morbidity. CONCLUSION The GEB-guided insertion technique is more frequently successful than the digital or IT techniques. The authors suggest that the GEB-guided technique may be a useful backup technique for when the digital and IT techniques fail.
Monitoring of Immobility to Noxious Stimulation during Sevoflurane Anesthesia Using the Spinal H-reflex
Authors: Rehberg Benno , Grünewald Matthias , Baars Jan , Fuegener Katja , Urban Bernd W. , Kox Wolfgang J.
Published: December 2003

Background

The spinal H-reflex has been shown to correlate with surgical immobility, i.e., the absence of motor responses to noxious stimulation, during isoflurane anesthesia. Here, the authors established individual concentration-response functions for H-reflex amplitude and tested the predictive power of the H-reflex for movement responses during sevoflurane anesthesia in comparison to electroencephalographic parameters. In addition, they investigated the effect of noxious stimulation on the H-reflex itself.

Methods

The authors studied 12 female patients during sevoflurane anesthesia before surgery. The sevoflurane concentration was increased, a laryngeal mask was inserted, and then the sevoflurane concentration was decreased until H-reflex amplitude (recorded over the soleus muscle) recovered. Thereafter, the end-tidal sevoflurane concentration was kept at a constant value close to the minimum alveolar concentration for suppression of movement responses after tetanic stimulation (MACtetanus), determined by the Dixon up-down method. Pharmacodynamic modeling of H-reflex amplitude and of the Bispectral Index was performed, and predictive values for motor responses to noxious electrical stimulation (50 Hz, 60 mA tetanus, volar forearm) were compared using the prediction probability.

Results

Concentration-dependent depression of H-reflex amplitude by sevoflurane was well modeled (median r2 = 0.97) by a sigmoid function with a median EC50 of 1.5 vol% and a median slope parameter of 3.7, much steeper than the slope for the Bispectral Index. MACtetanus calculated by logistic regression was 1.6 vol%. H-reflex amplitude predicted motor responses to noxious stimulation with a prediction probability of 0.76, whereas the prediction probability for Bispectral Index and spectral edge frequency (SEF95) were not different from chance alone. Noxious stimulation was followed by a substantial increase of H-reflex amplitude for several minutes, whereas the Bispectral Index and SEF95 exhibited no significant changes.

Conclusions

Suppression of movement to noxious stimulation and suppression of H-reflex amplitude by sevoflurane follow similar concentration-response functions. Although this does not imply a causal relation, it explains the high predictive value of H-reflex amplitude for motor responses to noxious stimuli, even in a narrow concentration range around the MACtetanus.
Surfactants Attenuate Gas Embolism-induced Thrombin Production
Authors: Eckmann David M. , Diamond Scott L.
Published: December 2003

Background

There are no pharmacologic strategies to prevent embolism bubble-induced blood clot formation. The authors conducted experiments to measure thrombin production in sheared whole blood in the presence and absence of bubbles and three surface-active compounds.

Methods

Blood samples were obtained from six volunteers seven times. The thrombin-specific substrate Boc-VPR-MCA was added to citrated blood diluted with HEPES-buffered saline. Experimental groups were as follows: sparging (air microbubble embolization) with surfactant present; sparging alone; surfactant alone; and neither surfactant nor sparging. The surfactants were Dow Corning Antifoam 1510US, Perftoran, and Pluronic F-127. Blood was sheared by a cone-plate viscometer at 100 and 500 s-1 for 5, 10, and 20 min at 37 degrees C, pipetted into excess stop buffer, and evaluated fluorimetrically. Mean values of fluorescence intensity +/- SDs for each group were compared using ANOVA. Differences were considered significant at P < 0.05 using the Bonferroni correction.

Results

For fixed shear rate, thrombin production increased 2.3- to 5.7-fold (P < 0.05) as shear duration lengthened. For fixed shear duration, thrombin production increased 1.9- to 3.9-fold (P < 0.05) with increasing shear rate. For fixed shear rate and duration, sparging increased thrombin production 2.1- to 3.7-fold (P < 0.05). Surfactant addition without sparging did not change thrombin production (P > 0.05). Surfactants attenuated thrombin production in sparged samples 31.8-70.9% (P < 0.05).

Conclusions

Thrombin production is shear rate and duration-dependent. Sparging increases thrombin production. Surfactants added before sparging attenuate thrombin production. Surfactants may have a clinical application to attenuate gas embolism-induced clotting.
The Effect of Management Buyouts on Firm–level Technical Inefficiency: Evidence from a Panel of UK Machinery and Equipment Manufacturers
Authors: Amess Kevin
Published: December 2003

The longer–term technical efficiency effects of management buyouts (MBOs) are evaluated using a stochastic production frontier approach on a panel of UK manufacturing firms. The results, based on the period 1986–1997, indicate that firms with the MBO governance structure: (1) have higher efficiency in the two years before the transaction but not prior to that; (2) have efficiency 7%, 7.5%, 4%, and 7% higher in each of the first four years post–buyout; (3) do not have superior efficiency beyond the fifth year post–buyout. This is consistent with MBOs creating managerial incentives that improve firm–level performance.
In Which Industries is Collusion More Likely? Evidence from the UK
Authors: Symeonidis George
Published: December 2003

I examine the factors facilitating or hindering collusion using a comprehensive data set on the incidence of price–fixing across UK manufacturing industries in the 1950s. The econometric results suggest that collusion is more likely the higher the degree of capital intensity and less likely in advertising–intensive than in low–advertising industries. There is also some evidence of a non–monotonic relationship between market growth and the likelihood of collusion. There is no clear link between concentration and the incidence of collusion.
Determinants of Internet Financial Reporting by New Zealand Companies
Authors: Oyelere Peter , Laswad Fawzi , Fisher Richard
Published: December 2003

The development of the Internet as a global medium for the dissemination of corporate financial information creates a new reporting environment. Extensive literature examines the determinants of voluntary financial reporting through traditional media such as print–based annual reports. This paper extends this literature by examining the voluntary adoption of the Internet as a medium for transmitting financial reports and determinants of such voluntary practice by New Zealand companies. The results indicate that some determinants of traditional financial reporting—firm size, liquidity, industrial sector and spread of shareholding—are determinants of voluntary adoption of Internet financial reporting (IFR). However, other firm characteristics, such as leverage, profitability and internationalization do not explain the choice to use the Internet as a medium for corporate financial reporting.
Persisting and Meditating: T.J. Clark and the “Pain of the Unattainable Beyond”
Authors: Day Gail
Published: December 2003

Drawing on debates from critical theory, this article attempts to track the question of mediation in the writings of T.J. Clark, focusing in particular on his work on twentieth‐century art. Mediation can be seen as having provided a founding problematic for the social history of art and was once the subject of much contentious debate. Despite the waning of the social history of art as a research programme (a point recently noted by Clark), on the one hand, and, on the other, the slip of mediation from the agenda of contemporary critical theory, the issue of mediation has remained at the centre of Clark’s methodological reflections. This essay distances itself from recent assessments that see either Clark’s earlier writings as introducing social context into art‐historical work and/or later essays, such as ‘Jackson Pollock’s Abstraction’, as some abandonment of the social‐historical project. Clark’s persistence is taken to be a strength, although that very strength is seen not as unproblematically holistic but as leading – via metaphor, identity and non‐identity – into a series of aporias; the essay traces their unfolding.
On the Hot Seat: Mike Wallace interviews Marcel Duchamp
Authors: Sawelson‐Gorse Naomi
Published: December 2003

Marcel Duchamp (1887–1968) attained fame early in his career due to the succès‐de‐scandale surrounding his painting, Nude Descending the Staircase, No. 2 (1912), when it was exhibited at the 1913 New York Armory Show. Seemingly derisive of all Western aesthetic canons, the work came to embody the general public’s outrage and confusion about modern art, which seemed to them merely a shameless hoax, while it achieved an iconic stature for modern art’s defenders and supporters. Similar polar sentiments persisted in mid‐century. Concurrent with Duchamp’s re‐emergence as an art celebrity, the then new medium of television broadcast art‐based programmes directly targeted at a burgeoning American middle class (mostly white, Eastern, suburbanites), who were themselves fuelling an ever‐expanding and high‐priced art market. With inflated prices, the nagging question was whether consumers were being bilked by the so‐called ‘crook‐and‐swindle’ business of art. In Duchamp’s television interview with Mike Wallace that aired in New York on 18 January 1961, which is transcribed for the first time in English in this article, the ‘crook‐and‐swindle‘ business of art, especially about modern art, takes centre stage, as the artist comments on numerous artists and critics, and reflects on his own artistic production, relationship to the art market and celebrity status.
Body and Soul: Oskar Kokoschka’s The Warrior, truth, and the interchangeability of the physical and psychological in fin‐de‐siècle Vienna
Authors: Cernuschi Claude
Published: December 2003

This essay examines the interpretive issues raised by Oskar Kokoschka’s sculpted bust The Warrior, in light of Kokoschka’s rejection of Gustav Klimt’s decorative use of ornament in favour of an Expressionist visual language of formal distortion and physiognomic exaggeration. Among the most salient properties introduced by Kokoschka’s mode of Expressionist portraiture is the depiction of human flesh as if it were transparent, with veins, arteries and nerve endings left visible on the surface of the skin. The essay also focuses on how Kokoschka’s experiments were patronized by the architect Adolf Loos, and how Loos and Kokoschka could have construed this new idiom as an evocation of psychological ‘truth’, an evocation consistent with the architect’s own obsession with truth to materials in architectural structures. The essay further argues that the association of Kokoschka’s suggestion of physical decay with psychological truth was essentially rhetorical; that this association could only have been made against time‐bound and culturally specific assumptions about the interchangeability of the physical and psychological; and that this association was culled from a broad panoply of ideas prominent in nineteenth‐century philosophy, medicine and psychiatry.
Art over Anthropology
Authors: Wood Paul
Published: December 2003

Book reviewed in this article:

Howard Morphy Aboriginal Art
Fiscal Competition: An Introduction
Authors: Wildasin David E.
Published: December 2003

The papers in this special issue contribute to a rapidly growing literature that departs from traditional public economics by emphasizing that governments (including subnational governments, but also, increasingly, national governments) operate in an environment where labor and capital flow across jurisdictional boundaries. These open–economy considerations raise a host of issues for the analysis of public policy, ranging from practical problems of business taxation in a multi–jurisdictional setting to fundamental conceptual questions about the organizaton of the public sector and the evolution of the institutional structure of governance. The papers in this special issue advance many facets of this broad research program.
Leviathan and Capital Tax Competition in Federations
Authors: Keen Michael , Kotsogiannis Christos
Published: December 2003

This paper analyzes a simple model of taxation in a federal system within which policymakers are revenue–maximizing Leviathans and fiscal externalities arise not only horizontally, across the “states,” but also vertically between levels of government. Such an economy is characterized by excessively high taxation in the noncooperative equilibrium. Intensifying horizontal competition, by increasing the number of states, unambiguously increases revenues (contrary to the Leviathan wisdom) but nevertheless enhances consumer welfare (consistent with the Leviathan wisdom). Revenue sharing arrangements between policymakers are shown to be—contrary to the Leviathan wisdom—Pareto improving.
Strategic Inter–Regional Transfers
Authors: Hindriks Jean , Myles Gareth D.
Published: December 2003

We derive the equilibrium level of redistribution from one mobile factor (say, the rich or capital) to another possibly mobile factor (say, the poor or labour) when regions choose both their inter–regional transfers and redistributive policies non–cooperatively. It is shown that inter–regional transfers are always desirable (to mitigate the fiscal competition), but cannot be sustained (as a Nash equilibrium) when chosen simultaneoulsy with the redistributive policy. On the other hand, if regions can pre–commit to inter–regional transfers before setting their redistributive policy, their strategic effect makes efficient inter–regional transfers sustainable. However, there are also equilibria with inefficiently small inter–regional transfers or no transfers at all. The effects of regional asymmetries and additional regions on these results are also analyzed.
Public Good Mix in a Federation with Incomplete Information
Authors: Cornes Richard C. , Silva Emilson C. D.
Published: December 2003

We analyze a model of resource allocation in a federal system in which the center transfers real resources between member states. The center is assumed to be unable to observe the precise value of the cost differences across jurisdictions that motivate the transfers. Moreover, the center cannot observe the output levels of the individual local public goods provided by the jurisdictions, but must condition its transfers on a coarse aggregate of expenditures on public goods. We find that when the jurisdiction with private information realizes a high unit cost, it is generally worthwhile for the center to allow it a level of expenditure on public goods that differs from the “first best” level. However, whether that level is higher or lower than its first best level depends on the magnitudes of demand parameters for the local public good.
Formula Apportionment and Transfer Pricing under Oligopolistic Competition
Authors: Nielsen Søren Bo , Raimondos–Møller Pascalis , Schjelderup Guttorm
Published: December 2003

This paper demonstrates that under conditions of imperfect (oligopolistic) competition, a transition from separate accounting (SA) to formula apportionment (FA) does not eliminate the problem of profit shifting via transfer pricing. In particular, if affiliates of a multinational firm face oligopolistic competition, it is beneficial for the multinational to manipulate transfer prices for tax–saving as well as strategic reasons under both FA and SA. The analysis shows that a switch from SA rules to FA rules may actually strengthen profit shifting activities by multinationals.
Symmetric Tax Competition under Formula Apportionment
Authors: Eggert Wolfgang , Schjelderup Guttorm
Published: December 2003

This paper compares property taxation to a corporate income tax based on formula apportionment in a model where identical countries compete to attract capital. We find that if countries can pair a residence–based capital tax with a property tax (source tax on capital) the tax equilibrium is efficient. In contrast, the use of a 2–factor FA scheme based on sales and capital combined with a residence–based capital tax leads to an inefficient outcome.
The Effect of a Change in Wages on Welfare in a Two–Class Monocentric City
Authors: Kwon Youngsun
Published: December 2003

This paper performs a comparative static analysis to derive the effect of a change in the wages of the rich living in the suburban area of a city on the welfare of the poor living in the central area of the city. It assumes that commuting cost is a function of distance and wages. A sufficient condition for an increase in the wages of the rich to harm the welfare of the poor is that the time cost of commuting is greater than the operating cost of commuting.
Land Ownership Risk and Urban Development
Authors: Miceli Thomas J , Sirmans C. F , Turnbull Geoffrey K
Published: December 2003

Under certainty, unlimited duration of private ownership of land provides landowners with efficient development incentives. However, in cases of ownership risk arising from title mistakes, fraud, boundary encroachment, or adverse possession, the statute of limitations sets a limit on how long agents have to establish or defend an ownership claim. This paper demonstrates that such restrictions speed the pace of land development and systematically affect the development density according to site location in the urban land market. It also offers an explanation of why land owners prefer a time limit on the ability to defend their ownership. It shows that the value–maximizing statute varies across sites in the spatial market.
Regional Economy Size and the Growth–Instability Frontier: Evidence from Europe
Authors: Chandra Siddharth
Published: December 2003

Predictions of the portfolio model of the economy are tested using regional growth data from Europe. It is shown that more aggregated regions of Europe tend to be more economically diverse than more disaggregated regions. Then, using different frontier estimation methods, evidence of a convex growth–instability frontier for aggregated regions is presented. At the most regionally disaggregated level for which there are data, there is weak if any evidence of the frontier. The results suggest that large economies are appropriately modeled as portfolios, whose growth processes are characterized by the convex growth–instability frontier, whereas small local economies do not display this characteristic.
Be Careful What You Ask For: Effects of Response Instructions on the Construct Validity and Reliability of Situational Judgment Tests
Authors: Ployhart Robert E. , Ehrhart Mark G.
Published: December 2003

The aim of this study was to examine how six different types of situational judgment test (SJT) instructions, used frequently in practice, influence the psychometric characteristics of SJTs. The six SJT versions used the exact same items and differed only in their instructions; these versions were administered in two phases. Phase I was a between–subjects design (n= 486) that had participants complete one version of the SJTs. Phase II was a within–subjects design (n= 231) held several weeks later that had participants complete all six versions of the SJTs. Further, 146 of these individuals completed both phases, allowing for an assessment of test–retest reliability. A variety of objective and subjective criteria were collected, including self and peer ratings. Results indicated that instructions had a large effect on SJT responses, reliability, and validity. In general, instructions asking what one ‘would do’ showed more favorable characteristics than those that asked what one ‘should do’. Correlations between these two types were relatively low despite the fact that the same items were used, and criterion–related validities differed substantially in favor of the ‘would do’ instructions. Overall, this study finds that researchers and practitioners must give careful consideration to the types of SJT instructions used; failing to do so could influence criterion–related validity and cloud inferences of construct validity.
Investigating the Dimensionality of Counterproductive Work Behavior
Authors: Gruys Melissa L. , Sackett Paul R.
Published: December 2003

The study investigated the dimensionality of counterproductive work behavior (CWB) by examining the relationships between various counterproductive behaviors. Utilizing a university alumni sample (N = 343), data was collected through both self–report and direct judgments of the likelihood of co–occurrence. Eleven categories of CWB were examined: (1) Theft and Related Behavior; (2) Destruction of Property; (3) Misuse of Information; (4) Misuse of Time and Resources; (5) Unsafe Behavior; (6) Poor Attendance; (7) Poor Quality Work; (8) Alcohol Use; (9) Drug Use; (10) Inappropriate Verbal Actions; and (11) Inappropriate Physical Actions. CWB items and categories were generally positively related. Multidimensional scaling analysis suggests that the CWB categories vary on two dimensions: an Interpersonal–Organizational dimension and a Task Relevance dimension.
Trait Perception in the Employment Interview: A Five–Factor Model Perspective
Authors: Van Dam Karen
Published: December 2003

The aim of this article was to examine interviewers’ perceptions of applicant personality and to assess how these personality perceptions were related to employment recommendations. In a field setting, personality adjectives spontaneously written down by eight interviewers and referring to 720 applicants were analyzed. The AB5C model (Hofstee, De Raad and Goldberg, 1992) was used to classify the adjectives and determine the applicants’ personality profile scores. The results showed that interviewers used descriptors referring to all five personality dimensions, with a preference for extraversion and agreeableness. Relationships were found between employment recommendations and three dimensions: emotional stability, openness to experience, and conscientiousness. Interviewers, however, differed in judgment standards and in the weights they assigned to trait perceptions when deciding on applicant hirability.
Selection in Teams: An Exploration of the Teamwork Knowledge, Skills, and Ability Test
Authors: McClough Anita C. , Rogelberg Steven G.
Published: December 2003

In 1994, Stevens and Campion introduced the Teamwork Knowledge, Skills, and Ability test (teamwork KSA test) for selecting employees for team–based organizations. Using experimental data from 57 ad hoc student teams (N = 227), we examined this test's relationship with both the behavior of the assigned leader in a team and the behavior of the other team members, respectively. We found that the teamwork KSA test successfully predicted individual team member behavior as indexed by external raters (r= .31) and peers (r= .34) such that higher scores on the teamwork KSA test related to greater individual effectiveness within the team. The teamwork KSA test was unrelated to the behavior of the assigned leader in the teams studied. Self–efficacy for teamwork was not related to individual behavior in teams, nor did it moderate the relationship between the teamwork KSA test and individual performance in teams. Limitations as well as directions for future research in team selection are discussed.
Using Recruiter Assessments of Applicants’ Resume Content to Predict Applicant Mental Ability and Big Five Personality Dimensions
Authors: Cole Michael S. , Feild Hubert S. , Giles William F.
Published: December 2003

Information provided on applicants’ resumes provides a convenient, cost–effective means for applicant screening. We sought to determine if recruiters’ assessments of the presence of certain types of information on job applicants’ resumes was related to applicants’ general mental ability and personality traits. Forty recruiters from 35 organizations assessed the extent to which specified items were present on the resumes of job applicants. Results indicated relationships between recruiters’ judgments regarding applicants’ resume information and applicants’ cognitive ability and Big Five personality characteristics. Implications for the use of resume information in the selection process are discussed.
Test–Retest Reliability of Ratings of Job Performance Dimensions in Managers
Authors: Salgado Jesús F. , Moscoso Silvia , Lado Mario
Published: December 2003

This article examines the test–retest reliability of supervisory ratings for several dimensions of job performance and for overall job performance. We found that the test–retest reliability of overall job performance is .79 (SD = .08), a value very close to the one found by Viswesvaran, Ones and Schmidt (1996), and that the average test–retest reliability for specific dimensions of job performance is .57 (SD = .07). We also found that some dimensions of job performance appear to be easier to rate than others. We suggest some implications of these findings for research and practice of personnel selection.
Approaches to learning at work and workplace climate
Authors: Kirby John R. , Knapper Christopher K. , Evans Christina J. , Carty Allan E. , Gadula Carla
Published: December 2003

Three studies are reported concerning employees' approaches to learning at work and their perceptions of the workplace environment. Based on prior research with university students, two questionnaires were devised, the Approaches to Work Questionnaire (AWQ) and the Workplace Climate Questionnaire (WCQ). In Studies 1 and 2, these questionnaires were administered to two different samples of employees, and the factor structure of the questionnaires was explored. In Study 3, the two data sets were combined, and a random half of it was used to develop reduced sets of items that addressed selected factors for each of the questionnaires. The other half of the data was used to test the scales developed. For the AWQ, three factors are proposed: deep, surface‐rational, and surface‐disorganised. The first of these is consistent with the student learning literature, but the other two represent a division of a unitary surface factor. The three components of the WCQ are good supervision, choice‐independence, and workload. Correlations between scales indicated that the deep approach is positively associated with good supervision and choice‐independence, whereas the surface‐disorganised approach is negatively associated with these two constructs and positively associated with workload. Surface‐rational is negatively, though less strongly associated with choice‐independence. Suggestions are presented for use of these instruments in future research and practice.
Discussion of Privacy in E‐Commerce: Development of Reporting Standards, Disclosure, and Assurance Services in an Unregulated Market
Authors: Healy Paul M.
Published: December 2003

Jamal, Maier, and Sunder (hereafter, JMS), have written an interesting paper on the development of standards in an unregulated market. The development of private standards and assurance that there is compliance are important for creating trust among market participants and for the success of new markets. The paper is relevant for accounting professionals who are responsible for assuring investors that firms' financial information is reliable and trustworthy. It shows that there is demand for market standards absent regulation, that firms voluntarily adopt standards, and that they generally comply with them. The authors contrast these findings with the regulated outcomes in the capital market and raise questions about the merits of regulation.
ADRs, Analysts, and Accuracy: Does Cross Listing in the United States Improve a Firm's Information Environment and Increase Market Value?
Authors: Lang Mark H. , Lins Karl V. , Miller Darius P.
Published: December 2003

This paper investigates the relation between cross listing in the United States and the information environment of non‐U.S. firms. We find that firms that cross list on U.S. exchanges have greater analyst coverage and increased forecast accuracy than firms that are not cross listed. A time‐series analysis shows that a change in analyst coverage and forecast accuracy occurs around cross listing. We also document that firms that have more analyst coverage and higher forecast accuracy have higher valuations. Furthermore, the change in firm value around cross listing is correlated with changes in analyst following and forecast accuracy, suggesting that cross listing enhances firm value through its effect on the firm's information environment. Our findings support the hypothesis that cross‐listed firms have better information environments, which are associated with higher market valuations.
Homosocial Desire on the Final Frontier: Kinship, the American Romance, and Deep Space Nine's “Erotic Triangles”
Authors: Geraghty Lincoln
Published: December 2003

The Star Trek mission, to go where no one has gone before, has returned us to our own inner spaces. One could see the latest question raised by explorations in terms of how to respond when confronted by an awareness of irreducible difference concerning that which bounds and blinds individuals however they are conceived of and wherever they are. (Blair 1997, 88)
Entrenchment and Severance Pay in Optimal Governance Structures
Authors: Almazan Andres , Suarez Javier
Published: December 2003

This paper explores how motivating an incumbent CEO to undertake actions that improve the effectiveness of his management interacts with the firm's policy on CEO replacement. Such policy depends on the presence and the size of severance pay in the CEO's compensation package and on the CEO's influence on the board of directors regarding his own replacement (i.e., entrenchment). We explain when and why the combination of some degree of entrenchment and a sizeable severance package is desirable. The analysis offers predictions about the correlation between entrenchment, severance pay, and incentive compensation.
Role of Speculative Short Sales in Price Formation: The Case of the Weekend Effect
Authors: Chen Honghui , Singal Vijay
Published: December 2003

We argue that short sellers affect prices in a significant and systematic manner. In particular, we contend that speculative short sales contribute to the weekend effect: The inability to trade over the weekend is likely to cause these short sellers to close their speculative positions on Fridays and reestablish new short positions on Mondays causing stock prices to rise on Fridays and fall on Mondays. We find evidence in support of this hypothesis based on a comparison of high short‐interest stocks and low short‐interest stocks, stocks with and without actively traded options, IPOs, zero short‐interest stocks, and highly volatile stocks.
IPO Pricing in the Dot‐com Bubble
Authors: Ljungqvist Alexander , Wilhelm William J.
Published: December 2003

IPO underpricing reached astronomical levels during 1999 and 2000. We show that the regime shift in initial returns and other elements of pricing behavior can be at least partially accounted for by marked changes in pre‐IPO ownership structure and insider selling behavior over the period, which reduced key decision makers' incentives to control underpricing. After controlling for these changes, the difference in underpricing between 1999 and 2000 and the preceding three years is much reduced. Our results suggest that it was firm characteristics that were unique during the “dot‐com bubble” and that pricing behavior followed from incentives created by these characteristics.