bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rapid Four-Component Reactions in Water: Synthesis of Pyranopyrazoles Catalyzed by Ammonium Chloride and Their Antimicrobial Evaluation
Authors: Chauhana M.H. , Dubal G.G. , Shah V.H.
Published: May 2020

An environmentally benign synthesis of pyranopyrazoles derivatives has been developed by a four-component reaction between aldehyde, malononitrile, hydrazine hydrate and ethyl acetoacetate in the presence of ammonium chloride in water medium. This method follows the principle of green chemistry by using environmentally benign synthetic method along with use of ammonium chloride as a catalyst and green reaction medium. All the derivatives were evaluated for antimicrobial screening against two Gram-negative bacteria, two Gram-positive bacteria and three fungal species. Among all the tested compounds, it was found that compounds N-3, N-4 and N-9 revealed better activity against the Gram-positive rather than the Gram-negative bacteria.
Foliar application of biofertilizer in semi-hydroponic lettuce fertigated with saline nutrient solution
Authors: Guimarâes Ítala Tavares , Oliveira Francisco de Assis , Leal Caio César Pereira , Souza Maria Williane de Lima , Alves Tatianne Raianne Costa
Published: May 2020

Water scarcity in the world is a problem diagnosed especially in countries with large semi-arid regions such as Brazil. Research has been conducted with a view to making use of saline waters as an input for cultivation, particularly in hydroponics, with especial focus on lettuce, the most prominent leafy vegetable in Brazil. The objective of this study was to evaluate the development of lettuce in a semi-hydroponic system fertigated with saline water and under foliar fertilization with biofertilizer. The present study was carried out in a greenhouse located in the experimental area of ​​the Department of Environmental and Technological Sciences (DCAT) of the Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region, in the municipality of Mossoró, RN, Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design, with treatments arranged in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with 4 replicates, two salinity levels of the water used to prepare the nutrient solution (0.5 and 3.5 dS m-1) and four biofertilizer concentrations (0, 20, 40 and 60%) applied by foliar spraying. The evaluated characteristics were: shoot diameter, stem diameter, number of leaves, fresh mass, dry mass, leaf succulence, leaf area and specific leaf area. The use of saline water to prepare the nutrient solution reduces fresh mass and dry mass production in the lettuce crop. The biofertilizer can be applied through the leaves at concentration of up to 20%, promoting greater plant growth.
Three species of Colletotrichum are associated with anthracnose of pomegranate in Brazil
Authors: Silva-Cabral Janaíne Rossane Araújo , Batista Lourdes Regina Lopes , Costa Jaqueline Figueredo de Oliveira , Amorim Edna Peixoto da Rocha , Lima Gaus Silvestre de Andrade , Assunção Iraildes Pereira
Published: May 2020

Pomegranate is a fruit rich in vitamins and secondary metabolites used in traditional medicine and industry. However, production losses have been associated the anthracnose, disease caused by Colletotrichum species. This is an important disease of the pomegranate, as it affects the yield and the quality of the fruits. The present study aimed to investigate which species of Colletotrichum are associated with anthracnose disease in pomegranate in the Northeast region of Brazil, using multi-locus phylogenetic analysis and morpho-cultural characteristics. The total DNA extracted was amplified with GAPDH, TUB2, CAL, ACT genes and the ITS-rDNA region. The sequences obtained were used for the construction of phylogenetic trees of Bayesian inference. The mycelial growth rate, size and shape of the conidia and appressories were evaluated for the morpho-cultural characterization of the species. Six isolates were analysis and three species belonging to the C. gloeosporioides complex were identified in this study. This is the first report of C. theobromicola (2) in pomegranate fruit in Brazil and C. siamense (2) and C. fructicola (2) in the world.
Phytotechnical parameters and yield of watermelon plants under different irrigation and nitrogen levels
Authors: Pereira Laércio da Silva , Silva Everaldo Moreira da , Lacerda Julian Junio de Jesus , Ratke Rafael Felipe , Lima Carlos José Gonçalves de Sousa , Santos Theuldes Oldenrique da Silva
Published: May 2020

Water and nitrogen availability are fundamental for obtaining a high yield of the watermelon plant. However, the appropriate levels of irrigation and nitrogen to be applied according to specific cultivation conditions should be previously determined. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the effects of irrigation and nitrogen levels in fertigation on the phytotechnical parameters and yield of the Top Gun hybrid watermelon plant. The experiment was conducted at São Luiz Ranch, in Bom Jesus (PI), from August 4 to October 15, 2015. The blocks in strips experimental design was used with four repetitions, and the treatments consisted of five irrigation depths (114.17, 156.86, 221.16, 268.87, and 317.09 mm) and five doses of nitrogen in fertigation (0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg ha-1). The growth rate of the main and primary branches, leaf area, specific leaf area, stem diameter, dry mass of the aerial part, number of fruits, and commercial production per plant were evaluated. Both hydric and nutritional stress caused decreased growth rates, leaf areas, and specific leaf areas, and the highest growth expressions were found with the combination of a 317.09 mm irrigation depth and 200 kg ha-1 nitrogen. The irrigation depths did not influence the diameter of the stem nor the accumulation of dry mass. Nitrogen doses did not influence the number of fruits and production. The 247.95 mm irrigation depth promoted the highest commercial fruit production of the watermelon plant.
Increase of nutrients export and production of pitaya whit potassium fertilization
Authors: Rabelo Josimara Mendes , Cruz Maria do Céu Monteiro , Santos Nubia Cassiana , Alves Deilson de Almeida , Lima João Esdras , Silva Enilson de Barros
Published: May 2020

Characterization works of pitayas show that the potassium (K) is the nutrient most exported, thus, influences in the productivity and quality of this fruit. However, these researches do not report the nutrients export by pitaya's associating the fertilization carried out in the orchard, information that is relevant to make the nutrients reposition adequate at the time of fertilization. The research was carried out to evaluate the supply of K2O in the export of nutrients and productivity of the Hylocereus undatus and Hylocereus polyrhizus pitaya species. The analysis was carried out in the mature fruits harvested in two harvests. Potassium fertilization was performed at doses of 0; 50; 100 and 200 g of K2O per plant. Nutrient export per ton of fruit was calculated from the determination of the nutrient levels and the dry matter of the pitaya pulp. The export of nutrients by the pitaya of the species H. undatus and H. polyrhizus occurs in the following order: K>N>P>Ca>Mg> and Mn>Fe>Cu>Zn>B. These species of pitaya have similar nutritional requirements, enabling them to be receive same fertilization management. The amount of nutrients exported was higher in plants fertilized with potassium due to the higher productivity achieved. Orchards of pitaya that reach high productivity require a greater quantity of nutrients, due to the increase export by the fruits.
Identifikasi Permasalahan Pembelajaran Mahasiswa Tunanetra Pada Mata Kuliah Sintaksis Bahasa Inggris: Studi Kasus di Universitas Dian Nuswantoro
Authors: Sunardi Sunardi , Nugroho Raden Arief , Harjo Budi
Published: May 2020

This study focuses on identifying the problems faced by visually impaired students in teaching-learning  process of English syntax course at Faculty of Humanities, Dian Nuswantoro University in 2014. English syntax, as one of the subjects studied in the English study program, is considered as a challenging subject for visually impaired students as it involves visual perception, such as graphics and images. This research was a descriptive qualitative one. The researchers collected the data by using an in-depth interview. This involved 2 visually impaired students who experienced the learning process of English syntax and 3 lecturers of Dian Nuswantoro University. The discussion was limited on the issues around the needs for creating an accessible learning media and kinds of difficulties faced by the visually impaired students. From the in-depth interview, there are three major findings that are highlighted: a) the needs to overcome all inaccessible English syntax learning materials; b) general difficulties faced by visually impaired students in English syntax subject; c) technical difficulties in drawing tree structure diagrams. Then, these highlighted problems and findings are used as to formulate the recommendations of this study.
Improving the Quantity and Quality of Biogas Production in Tehran Anaerobic Digestion Power Plant by Application of Materials Recirculation Technique
Authors: Naghavi Reza , Abdoli Mohammad Ali , Karbasi Abdolreza , Adl Mehrdad
Published: May 2020

Tehran anaerobic digestion power plant has been built on the eastern margin of the urban district by the purpose of processing the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. One of the most suitable methods for the treatment of organic matter is the use of anaerobic digestion (AD) process, which in addition to significant reduction of organic solid wastes, will produce valuable energy. Contributing to maintain the environment, improve urban health, saving on fossil fuels and producing rich fertilizer for agricultural use are important advantages of anaerobic digestion. The plant has been set up in 2014 with a nominal acceptance capacity of 300 tons of organic solid wastes per day and the nominal power generation of 2000 kWe. This system has been faced with considerable challenges in terms of quantity and quality of biogas during operation. The high concentration of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in produced biogas and the lack of appropriate technologies in the plant for biogas refining are critical for the biogas generator engine deployed in the complex. The purpose of this article is to investigate the factors affecting the quality and quantity of Tehran's AD plant biogas using various H2S reduction approaches and selection of appropriate implementing technologies. The results showed that the recirculation of the digester slurry increased the methane content by more than 30% and reduced H2S by more than 98%.
Optimizing the Synthesis of Lignin Derivatives from Acacia mangium to Improve the Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Kraft Pulp Sorghum Bagasse
Authors: Fatriasari Widya , Hamzah Fajar Nur , Pratomo Bagas Ikhasan , Fajriutami Triyani , Ermawar Riksfardini Annisa , Falah Faizatul , Laksana Raden Permana Budi , Ghozali Muhammad , Iswanto Apri Heri , Hermiati Euis , Winarni Ina
Published: May 2020

The present study is aimed at optimizing the synthesis of Amphipilic lignin derivatives (A-LD) from the isolated lignin of A.mangium black liquor (BL), using the one and two step acid isolation method, and commercial lignin (LS) was used as comparison. The experimental design was conducted using Taguchi method, which consisted of four parameters and two level factors, with reference to the matrix orthogonal array, L8, including temperature, reaction time, amount of polyethylene glycol diglycidylethers (PEGDE) and Kraft lignin (KL). Furthermore, the kraft pulp of sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB) was used as substrate in the enzymatic hydrolysis (NREL method), with addition of A-LD, whose functional group and surface tension were then characterised using ATR-FTIR and surface tension equipment. Conversely, an improvement in the reducing sugar yield (RSY) compared to the control was observed after adding various A-LDs to the substrate during enzymatic hydrolysis. This product was more prospective for L2S than others products under milder circumstances, due to the fact that it possesses the lowest surface tension. Also, Taguchi analysis demonstrated the treatment at 60 °C for 1 h with 3.0 g and 1.0 g of PEDGE and lignin, respectively as the optimum condition, while the amount of lignin present was included as a factor with the propensity to significantly affect A-LD L1S and LS. Therefore, it was established that the A-LDs from A. mangium kraft lignin require milder synthesis conditions, compared to other existing methods and despite the differences in optimum experimental condition for L2S and LS, the functional groups in the IR spectra possessed very identical characteristics.
Issues of National Security and Human Rights in Nigeria: A Case Study of Islamic Movement of Nigeria
Authors: Nweke Kenneth , Etido-Inyang Eunice
Published: May 2020

This paper examined issues of national security and human rights in Nigeria with emphasis on the conflicts between the federal government and the Islamic Movement of Nigeria (IMN). The objectives of the paper included to determine the nature of national security and human rights in Nigeria vis-à-vis the Islamic Movement of Nigeria; identity the contentious issues that triggered the conflicts and undermined national security and human rights between the federal government and the Islamic Movement of Nigeria; determine the implications of continued crackdown of IMN members and detention of their leader, El-Zakzaky and his wife on national security and human rights violations in Nigeria, and make necessary recommendations on how these issues can be amicably resolved without compromising national security and human rights of Nigerians, especially IMN members. This research has become imperative in view of the continued detention of Sheikh Ibrahim El-Zakzaky by the security operatives in Nigeria since 2015 in spite of court orders without concluding the trials. This has caused great concern to Nigerians with daily debates on the implications of this prolonged incarceration of the duo on national security and human rights in a democratic system of government. This paper was anchored on the “Family Theory in Clinical Practice”. The ‘Family Theory’ stressed the need to understand and consider the emotional functioning of a family or group as the basis for religious or political indoctrination, radicalisation, extremism and deviant behaviour that may be antagonistic to acceptable societal norms and values. This paper adopted descriptive research design. Data used for the study were gathered from secondary sources as content analysis was used in the interpretation of data. The paper found that the Islamic Movement of Nigeria (IMN) members were justified in their protest against military crackdown, detention and proscription. The paper observed that the over five year’s detention of Sheikh El-Zakzaky by the Nigerian government without trial amounts to the violation of his constitutionally guaranteed and legally protected human rights. This paper recommends the immediate and unconditional release of the Shiites leader from detention, speedy trial and respect for judicial pronouncements by the Nigerian government without compromising national security and human rights.
Relational Sociological Analysis of Uncertainties: The case of COVID-19 In Turkey
Authors: Kasapoglu Aytul , Akbal Alev
Published: May 2020

The main research  problem of this study is that due to the uncertainties experienced, rationality has been replaced by feelings like morale panic and not all of the precautions will be applied by 55%, although it is known to be 90%. The main purpose of this article, Turkey and all experienced Covidien-19 (Corono virus)from the effects of a new virus in the world, is to examine the sociological basis of the news (reports) in the Turkish media The concepts of "uncertainties", "turning point" and "liminality" in social relations and values, classified by Harrison White (1992), constitute the theoretical basis of this relational sociological  study. The research questions, in which the article was sought in the critical analysis of the media, were formed on the basis of this theoretical framework. Uncertainties in social relations and values have been tried to be revealed through political discourse analysis of pictures and messages (Van Dick, 2016). Research findings revealed that the news in the media related to COVID-19virus caused attitudes and behaviors similar to those observed in previous bird flue (2005) and pig flue (2010) outbreaks in Turkey. In other words, while ontological insecurities lead to irrational reactions (morale panic) with the contribution of the media,  serious measures , such as curfews of people over 65, are not taken too seriously despite all warnings of the Minister of Health and Science Committee. On the other hand, it can be said that the authoritarian tendencies towards broader measures such as the curfew proclamation in the whole country have increased.
Telemedicine for Eating Disorders: A Brief Report of a Italian Project
Authors: Savarese Giulia , Carpinelli Luna , Padovano Maria Rosaria , Pecoraro Nadia , Fasano Oreste , Mollo Monica , Giovanni Claudio Di , Politi Martino
Published: May 2020

The objectives of the present work are the research and development of a Telemedicine system for therapy and enhanced monitoring of Eating disorders (ED). To this end, useful tools have been developed both for patients and caregivers and for operators: a) a mobile application for medical and psychological updates on the status of patients and through which it is possible to access psychological counselling services for family caregivers; and b) virtual and immersive reality viewers for the therapy of ED  patients with social anxiety.
Interdisciplinarity, E-Mentoring and Support of Entrepreneurial Research Skills
Authors: Hamburg Ileana
Published: May 2020

Innovation requires the development of entrepreneurial skills in order to provide a new approach to the work and solutions to a challenge in the corresponding enterprise. Research skills can help entrepreneurs throughout your career i.e. to develop an innovative project, to find an answer to a question. to find data and information about a topic, analyze and interpret this information to find a solution.

Mentoring is understood mostly as a supportive relationship to guide the successful integration of new members/entrepreneurs into an organization or to help entrepreneurs to be innovative and add value to the organization. E-mentoring helps a mentee to obtain knowledge with the support of a mentor who is physically not present but using digital technologies.

One important conceptual change regarding mentoring in both business and education is the emphasis on the need for more than a single mentor i.e. networks of mentors who may provide both technical careers advancing advice and psychosocial support. Interdisciplinary mentorship is a tool of scientists and entrepreneurs to help produce synergy in groups, and to generate multifocal ideas and complex solutions to complex challenges.   

This paper examines entrepreneurial learning, mentoring and entrepreneurial research skills as  main factors for development of innovation in companies.  An example of a project in the context of achieving workplace-oriented research skills of entrepreneurs is given. A part of the project runs within the Coronavirus crisis, so entrepreneurs learn and interact mainly by using a digital platforms and E-mentors.
Posidonia oceanica lower depth limits along a latitudinal gradient in the eastern Adriatic Sea
Authors: Zubak Ivana , Cizmek Hrvoje , Mokos Melita
Published: May 2020

Although extensive studies have been made on Posidonia oceanica ecosystems, in terms of their phenological characteristics, shoot density, biomass, and associated faunal assemblages, little attention has been given to the depth distribution of this species in the Adriatic Sea. The depth limits of the Mediterranean endemic seagrass P. oceanica growing along the eastern coast of the Croatian Adriatic Sea were examined by the use of SCUBA diving. Fifty-two independent measurements show that the lower depth limit of P. oceanica in the Croatian Adriatic Sea ranges from 24 m in the north to 36 m in the south, with a strong latitudinal gradient. The information on maximum depth distribution is an important asset when the increased human pressure and rapid environmental changes pose a threat to the survival of this slow-growing marine species.
Mehr als 50 Jahre Arbeitsförderungsgesetz: Die Entwicklung der deutschen Arbeitsmarktpolitik als Fortschritt oder Rückschritt?
Authors: Dingeldey Irene
Published: May 2020

Das Arbeitsförderungsgesetz (AFG) von 1969 gilt als besonders progressiver Entwurf einer aktiven Arbeitsmarktpolitik in Deutschland. Anders als in der Vergangenheit blieben Würdigungen zum Jubiläum im vergangenen Jahr weitgehend aus – möglicherweise weil das AFG 1998 ins Sozialgesetzbuch III integriert und ein Paradigmenwechsel von der aktiven zur aktivierenden Arbeitsmarktpolitik vollzogen wurde. Gleichwohl nehmen wir das AFG zum Ausgangspunkt, analysieren jedoch auch die Reformen der verschiedenen Transferleistungssysteme, einschließlich der Reformen der Sozialhilfe sowie punktuell relevante Leistungen in flankierenden Politikfeldern, um die Frage nach sozialem Fortschritt in der Arbeitsmarktpolitik in verschiedenen Phasen zu beantworten. Da verschiedene internationale Organisationen jüngst Programmpapiere für eine zukunftsorientierte Arbeitsmarkt- und Sozialpolitik veröffentlichten, nutzen wir die übergreifenden Elemente, um einen Maßstab für Fortschritt oder Rückschritt zu erarbeiten. Unter dem Vorbehalt, dass die aufgezeigten arbeitsmarktpolitischen und sozialen Entwicklungen nicht ausschließlich durch die Arbeitsmarktpolitik, sondern vielfach durch sozialen und ökonomischen Wandel bedingt sind, sind Ambivalenzen hinsichtlich Fortschritt und Rückschritt zu konstatieren.
Perfectionism and Loneliness: The Role of Expectations and Social Hopelessness in Daily Life
Authors: Harper Kelly L. , Eddington Kari M. , Silvia Paul J.
Published: May 2020

Introduction: Research suggests that social disconnection is one pathway that explains why perfectionists have higher negative mental health outcomes. However, thus far research has not examined the role that perfectionists' expectations, about their social world, plays in explaining social disconnection. The current study examined whether negative expectations about future social events and social hopelessness explained the relations between socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP), self-oriented perfectionism (SOP), and social disconnection.

Method: The current study used experience sampling methodology (ESM) with 145 participants to test multilevel structural equation models examining whether negative expectations and social hopelessness mediated the relation between SPP (as well as SOP) and loneliness at the following time point.

Results: Results indicate that having negative expectations for future social interactions and feeling socially hopeless explains the relation between SPP and loneliness both when loneliness was measured concurrently and loneliness measured later in the day. Having lower levels of social hopelessness explained the relation between SOP and loneliness when loneliness was measured concurrently and later in the day.

Discussion: Findings suggest that SPP and SOP are differently associated with cognitions about social interactions and relationships in daily life, which in turn explains variations in loneliness. Results indicate that targeting socially prescribed perfectionists’ negative social cognitions in treatment may be effective for reducing loneliness.
The Prevalence and Correlates of Suicidality in a Sample of Adolescents in Guangdong, China
Authors: Yan Pei , Ren Yaxuan , Li Minyi , Lin Min-Pei , Xu Sian , Liu Jiaqi , Zhou Guofu , Xu Liang , You Jianing
Published: May 2020

Background: Suicidality is a public health concern among Chinese adolescents. This study aimed to examine the prevalence and correlates of suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in a large sample of Chinese adolescents.

Methods: A total of 30,644 Chinese students (56.7% male; Mage = 14.14 years) completed the questionnaires, and a multinomial logistic regression was conducted to analyze the data.

Results: About 17.0% of the participants reported having suicidal ideation and 4.4% reported suicide attempts in the past year. Adolescents with more rumination, more severe depressive symptoms, more communication problems with their parents, and more feelings of burdensomeness were more likely to be suicidal ideators or suicide attempters rather than non-suicidal controls. Additionally, male adolescents, adolescents from incomplete families, adolescents whose parents have lower educational levels, and adolescents with less rumination, more severe depressive symptoms, less communication problems with their parents were more likely to be suicide attempters rather than suicidal ideators.

Discussion: Suicidality is prevalent and correlates with various familial and individual factors in Chinese adolescents. Theoretical and clinical implications of the findings were discussed.
Disruption oftmc1/2a/2bGenes in Zebrafish Reveals Subunit Requirements in Subtypes of Inner Ear Hair Cells
Authors: Smith Eliot T. , Pacentine Itallia , Shipman Anna , Hill Matthew , Nicolson Teresa
Published: May 2020

Detection of sound and head movement requires mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) channels at tips of hair-cell stereocilia. In vertebrates, the transmembrane channel-like (TMC) proteins TMC1 and TMC2 fulfill critical roles in MET, and substantial evidence implicates these TMCs as subunits of the MET channel. To identify developmental and functional roles of this Tmc subfamily in the zebrafish inner ear, we tested the effects of truncating mutations intmc1,tmc2a, andtmc2bonin vivomechanosensation at the onset of hearing and balance, before gender differentiation. We find thattmc1/2a/2btriple-mutant larvae cannot detect sound or orient with respect to gravity. They lack acoustic-evoked behavioral responses, vestibular-induced eye movements, and hair-cell activity as assessed with FM dye labeling and microphonic potentials. Despite complete loss of hair-cell function,tmctriple-mutant larvae retain normal gross morphology of hair bundles and proper trafficking of known MET components Protocadherin 15a (Pcdh15a), Lipoma HMGIC fusion partner-like 5 (Lhfpl5), and Transmembrane inner ear protein (Tmie). Transgenic, hair cell-specific expression of Tmc2b-mEGFP rescues the behavioral and physiological deficits intmctriple mutants. Results fromtmcsingle and double mutants evince a principle role for Tmc2a and Tmc2b in hearing and balance, respectively, whereas Tmc1 has lower overall impact. Our experiments reveal that, in developing cristae, hair cells stratify into an upper, Tmc2a-dependent layer of teardrop-shaped cells and a lower, Tmc1/2b-dependent tier of gourd-shaped cells. Collectively, our genetic evidence indicates that auditory/vestibular end organs and subsets of hair cells therein rely on distinct combinations of Tmc1/2a/2b.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe assessed the effects oftmc1/2a/2btruncation mutations on mechanoelectrical transduction (MET) in the inner-ear hair cells of larval zebrafish.tmctriple mutants lacked behavioral responses to sound and head movements, while further assays demonstrated no observable mechanosensitivity in thetmc1/2a/2btriple mutant inner ear. Examination oftmcdouble mutants revealed major contributions from Tmc2a and Tmc2b to macular function; however, Tmc1 had less overall impact. FM labeling of lateral cristae intmcdouble mutants revealed the presence of two distinct cell types, an upper layer of teardrop-shaped cells that rely on Tmc2a, and a lower layer of gourd-shaped cells that rely on Tmc1/2b.
Impact of Magnetic Field Strengthening on Combustion Performance of Low-Octane Fuel in Two-Stroke Engine
Authors: Wibowo N. A. , Utami S. M. , Riyanto C. A. , Setiawan A.
Published: May 2020

The impacts of strengthening magnetic field exposure on combustion performance of low-octane fuel have been examined experimentally. The combustion test was carried out using a 2-stroke 49 cc engine where the fuel was magnetized using a low magnetic field (<2 kG). Moreover, the molecular behavior of magnetized fuel was also characterized through spectrum tests using NIR and UV-Vis spectrophotometers. The result of this study indicates an exponential decrease of magnetized fuel consumption against the strengthening of magnetic field exposure. This exponential decrease of consumption can be related to the Arrhenius principle. In addition, the decrease of oxygen in the exhaust gas along with the strengthening of the magnetic field also confirms the increase of combustion reactions. Meanwhile, the increase of magnetized fuel absorption against ultraviolet and near-infrared lights along with the increase of the magnetic field intensity indicates a bond weakening, accompanied by the increase of molecular vibrational energy.
Relationship Between Behavior of Learning and Student Achievement in Physics Subject
Authors: Azhary S. A. , Supahar S. , Kuswanto K. , Ikhlas M. , Devi I. P.
Published: May 2020

Behavioral problems become special attention to learning. Some teachers confronted with a variety of student behaviors and varied learning outcomes. This research was aimed to determine the relationship between learning outcomes and student learning behavior with ranking score. A total of 91 of 10th-grade students with three different classes became respondents. The research was used Mixed methods with the sequential explanatory approach. Quantitative data were obtained by giving multiple-choice questions. The interview method was used to collect qualitative data. Kruskal Wallis test was used to analyze quantitative data and the interview transcript analyzed by the keyword of student behavior in learning physics. The results show that behavior while learning is very significant towards student learning outcomes. Interview findings show that student behavior during the learning process could affect learning outcomes.
A Conceptual Analysis of Metaphors Engendering HIV and AIDS-Related Stigma and Discrimination in Kisii County, Kenya
Authors: Maroko Geoffrey Mokua , Mokua Gladys Nyamoita , Nyakundi Augustus Onchari , Onyambu Meshack Ondora
Published: May 2020

Metaphors are mapped across two conceptual domains where A is B. Metaphorical expressionsare defined by dimensions including novelty, conventionality, abstractness and concreteness. The AbaGusii of Western Kenya is a highly conservative community of Bantu speakers of Western part of Kenya. They view HIV and Aids as taboo that cannot be the subject of discussion in public. Hence, People Living with HIV (hereafter PLHIV) are stigmatized and discriminated. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the metaphorical words and concepts that engender HIV and Aids-related stigma and discrimination in Kisii County. Descriptive narratives were elicited from HIV support providers using focus group discussions and follow-up interviews. The narratives were analysed in terms of five attributes of stigma and discrimination within the conceptual metaphor theory. Results revealed some culturally ingrained metaphors that evoke stigma and discrimination. The paper advocates for language management efforts using success stories in HIV and Aids management to construct positive messages to counter the negative metaphors.
Rural-Urban Difference in Natural Menopausal Age and the Correlating Factors
Authors: Ohn Mar Saw , Mona Resni
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Early menopause is shown to correlate with an increased rate of cardiovascular diseases with age advancement. Smoking, physical activity, body mass index (BMI), and the socio-economic level are consistently linked with the onset of menopause though there is no consensus on the residential factor. Considering the undesirable relation of menopause with women’s health, the present review sought to identify the correlation between the rural-urban factor and natural menopausal age. Methods: A comprehensive literature search, covering publications from 1984 to 2017, was done using several databases such as MEDLINE, PubMed, and Google scholar. Evidence from 13 research articles was analyzed for a rural-urban difference in natural menopausal age. The search was later expanded to explore correctable confounding factors such as smoking habits, physical activities, and BMI. Results: Rural women in the Asian region appeared to reach their natural menopausal age earlier than their urban counterparts. This was in contrast with the majority of findings in the non-Asian regions, suggesting a regional variation in the rural-urban difference in natural menopausal age. Based on the findings, earlier menopausal age was related to smoking prevalence and this relationship was consistent in both Asian and non-Asian regions. Similarly, higher physical activity was linked to the early age of natural menopause in both Asian and non-Asian regions. Finally, the results revealed the association between higher BMI and higher menopausal age in the Asian region although this association was not observed in the non-Asian regions. Conclusions: The rural-urban difference in menopausal age has regional variations with rural Asian women reaching menopause earlier than their urban counterparts, but this association was not replicated in the non-Asian regions. Eventually, this difference was affected by factors such as tobacco smoking, high physical activity, and BMI.
Role of Ghrelin in Postmenopausal obesity
Authors: Abdalla Mona Mohamed Ibrahim , Jegasothy Ravindran
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Obesity is considered a worldwide important health problem with continuously increasing prevalence, particularly among postmenopausal women. Weight gain is one of the major concerns of menopause. Understanding the contributing factors to postmenopausal obesity helps to reduce its incidence and thus its associated health complications. The present study aimed to review the role of ghrelin in mediating postmenopausal obesity. Methods: A literature review was done to understand the possible association between ghrelin levels and obesity in postmenopausal women. Results: It was found that the lack of estrogen during menopause increases the serum ghrelin level. In addition, the results revealed that ghrelin stimulates appetite, changes food preference, and causes an accumulation of visceral fat resulting in weight gain. On the other hand, ghrelin was found to have many protective effects as an anti-inflammatory and a neuroprotective agent. Conclusions: In general, the ghrelin hormone is a double-edged sword as it mediates the increase of body weight in postmenopausal women. More importantly, it plays a considerable role in protecting postmenopausal women from cardiovascular and neurodegenerative diseases. The selective blockage of appetite-stimulating and metabolic effects of ghrelin may be of a potential prophylactic or therapeutic effect for postmenopausal overweight and obesity.
A Comparison of 3 Different Controlled Ovarian Stimulation Protocols in Poor Women Responders Chosen According to POSEIDON Criteria: Micro-dose, Standard Flare-up, and Antagonist Protocol
Authors: Al-Jeborry Milal Muhammad , Alizzi Fadia J , Al-Anbari Lubna A
Published: May 2020

Objectives: To compare the effectiveness and outcomes of pregnancy accomplished by in vitro fertilization between micro-dose and standard flare-up, along with antagonist protocols in the treatment of poor responders using POSEIDON (Patient-Oriented Strategies Encompassing Individualized Oocyte Number) criteria for diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This prospective study included 114 poor responder Iraqi women undergoing intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles, who were randomly allocated to 3 groups according to the treatment protocol. Micro-dose (n=38), standard flare-up (n=38) and antagonist (n=38) protocols. High dose gonadotrophins (300-450 IU/day) from day 2 of the cycle until the day of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) administration were used in the three groups. The primary outcome measure was the number of retrieved mature oocytes and the secondary outcomes included fertilization, implantation, and pregnancy rates (PRs). Results: The estradiol level at the day of hCG trigger was higher in women who received a standard flare-up protocol while there was a higher endometrial thickness in the micro-dose group compared to standard flare-up and antagonist groups (P<0.05). In addition, non-statistically significantly higher fertilization, implantation, and PRs with less cancellation rates were observed in the micro-dose group. Conclusions: The micro-dose protocol in the poor responder improved pregnancy, fertilization, and implantation rates while reducing the cancellation rate compared to standard flare-up and antagonist protocols although the result represented no statistical significance.
Is Not It the Time to Change the Treatment of Intermediate-Risk Patients Suffering From Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasia?
Authors: Akhavan Setareh , Modarres Gilani Mitra , Mousavi Azamosadat , Sheikh Hasani Sahrzad , Nokhostin Fahimeh
Published: May 2020

Objectives: The present study attempted to provide a clear view of gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (GTN) with the focus on resistance to treatment approaches in Iran. Materials and Methods: This retrospective cohort study reviewed the medical records of 272 patients with the definitive diagnosis of GTN referring to Imam Khomeini hospital in Tehran during 2007-2017. Results: The mean age of participants was 29.19 ± 7.46 years. The abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) was the most common clinical manifestation in 64.3% of patients. Regarding the risk scoring condition according to the World Health Organization criteria, 77.6%, 9.1%, and 13.3% were categorized as low-, intermediate-, and high-risk cases. Single therapy with methotrexate was used in 22.8% of patients and actinomycin-D was planned for 42.3% whereas 11.0% and 1.5% were considered for treatment with the EMA-CO (Etoposide, methotrexate, actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide, vincristine) and EMA-EP (Etoposide methotrexate and actinomycin-D/ etoposide and cisplatin) regimens, respectively. Good response to methotrexate was 66.7% but it was 83.6% in the ACT group (P = 0.001). The resistance to single-agent chemotherapy in low- and intermediate-risk groups was 16% and 92%, respectively. In addition, 20.2% of patients in stage one had tumor invasion pattern in the uterus in pretreatment Doppler ultrasonography, but 52% and 30% had resistance to chemotherapy treatment in invasive and noninvasive groups, respectively (P = 0.008). Conclusions: In general, due to the high resistance of the intermediate-risk subgroup to a single therapy, a combination therapy may be more useful to treat this disorder. The close association between tumor invasion pattern in the uterus in Doppler ultrasonography and drug resistance can be considered as a new criterion for tumor risk scoring.
Association Between Sexual and Genital Hygiene Habits With the Urinary Tract Infection During Pregnancy: A Case-Control Study
Authors: Haghdoost Simin , Pazandeh Farzaneh , Khabazkhoob Mehdi , Behroozi Lak Tahereh
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common type of infection during pregnancy, which cause serious complications for the mother and baby. The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between sexual and genital hygiene habits and UTIs in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted on 187 pregnant women including 97 pregnant women with symptomatic bacteriuria (case) and 90 healthy pregnant women (control). Controls were frequency matched with the cases with respect to the number of pregnancy and trimesters of pregnancy. Both groups were compared for the presence of UTI. Finally, the binary multivariate unconditional logistic regression approach was used to evaluate the association between UTI and the confounding variables. Results: The results of this study showed a significant association between UTI in pregnancy and sexual and genital hygiene habits (P<0.05). Based on the binary multivariate logistic regression analysis, attributable risks for UTI included having sexual intercourse >3 times/week (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] =3.68, 95% CI = 2.09-5.41, P=0.001), changing the underwear per week (AOR =1.39, 95% CI=1-1.76, P=0.012), not voiding post-coitus (AOR=2.01, 95% CI=1.34-2.69, P=0.01), washing genitalia from back to the front (AOR=1.96, 95% CI=1.06-2.78, P=0.01), and not washing genitals pre-coitus by the husband (AOR=1.20, 95% CI=0.54-1.9, P=0.024) were among the sexual and hygiene habit variables associated with UTI in pregnant women in this model. Conclusions: In general, sexual and genital hygiene habits are vital preventive actions for controlling the UTI in pregnant women. These actions may lead to UTI complications and a preterm birth reduction. Thus, informing spouses about these practices is highly suggested.
Preterm Infant Neurodevelopmental Care Training Program and Mother-Infant Attachment
Authors: Fallah Rostami Fatemeh , Soleimani Farin , Norouzi Mehdi , Hatamizadeh Nikta , Mokhtarinouri Jamileh , Poshtmashhadi Marjan
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Preterm birth and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) would disrupt mother-infant attachment. Neurodevelopmental care training and support of family programs are essential for the family of such infants. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of neurodevelopmental care training program for mothers with preterm infants on mother-infant attachment at one month’s age. Materials and Methods: Study population included all the mothers of preterm infants born in the hospitals of Tehran in 2018. The research was designed as a multicenter cluster clinical trial and four hospitals were randomly selected and divided into intervention and control groups. Before the intervention, the mother-infant attachment was measured by the Maternal-Postnatal Attachment Scale (MPAS). The mothers in the intervention group received a 12-session preterm infant neurodevelopmental care training program while the control group only received the routine care in the unit. Finally, the mother-infant attachment was re-measured in both groups at the one month corrected age. Results: No significant difference was observed in the attachment score before and after the intervention in the control group but the mother-infant attachment score was significantly different in the intervention group (57.75±11.09 vs. 78.27±4.54). Conclusions: The neurodevelopmental care training program was effective and increased the mother-infant attachment rate.
The Success of Surgical and Medical Approach in the Treatment of Cesarean Scar Pregnancy
Authors: Masihi Sara , Najafian Mahin , Barati Mojgan , Mirfazli Zohreh
Published: May 2020

Objectives: The ectopic pregnancy in the cesarean section (CS) scar (CSP) is one of the potentially dangerous and late complications of CS. The current study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic approaches in managing CS scar ectopic pregnancy. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was carried out on 63 CSP patients. The treatment approach was considered based on the shape and nature of the gestational sac (GS) during ultrasound evolutions. Patients’ demographic data, clinical manifestations, and systemic drug treatment (methotrexate, MTX), as well as the type of surgery, hospitalization times, and treatment-related complications were evaluated, followed by comparing the treatment efficacy in different approaches based on the human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) resolution time. Results: The mean age of the subjects was 34.2±5.1 years (within the range of 22-44 years) and the median of B-hCG serum levels at diagnosis was 2319 IU. The vaginal bleeding and abdominal pain (27 [42.9%]) were the most common complaints, followed by a delayed menstrual cycle (8 [12.7%]). The majority of patients were subjected to surgical treatment and 29 cases (46%) were treated by medical approaches. The median time to B-hCG resolution was 42 days. The Cox proportional hazards model showed the significant effect of the treatment approach on time to B-hCG resolution (χ2 =37.78, df=4, P<0.0001). Finally, the MTX plus surgery was the most effective treatment approach (OR=10.56, P<0.0001) in managing CSP patients. Conclusions: Our findings in line with previous studies showed the superiority of the surgical approach alone or in combination with medical treatments compared to medical approaches alone.
Relationship of Vitamin D Serum Level With Intrauterine Growth Retardation in Pregnant Women
Authors: Alimohamadi Shohreh , Esna-Ashari Farzaneh , Beheshti Rooy Rezvaneh Sadat
Published: May 2020

Objectives: Intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) is a major problem in midwifery medicine for which no effective treatment has been established. This problem has been associated with significant morbidity and mortality, as well as perinatal mortality. IUGR could be prevented when the treatment is administered before the occurance of irreversible changes. Hence appropriate methods for early detection and successful treatment deem necessary. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of vitamin D serum level with IUGR in pregnant women. Materials and Methods: This nested case-control study was conducted on pregnant women who had referred to Fatemieh hospital during 2016. Each of case and control groups included 130 pregnant women. Serum levels of vitamin D were tested in the blood samples obtained from the participants. At the end of the study, all data were analyzed in SPSS software version 16, and χ2 , Fisher exact and t tests were utilized for data analyses. Level of 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Our results showed that the average age, body mass index at the beginning of the pregnancy, blood group, employment status, and education level were not significantly different between the two groups. Moreover, average serum levels of vitamin D were about 14.74 ng/L and 25.34 ng/L in the case and control groups, respectively. In those with vitamin D deficiency, the chance of IUGR was higher compared to those who had sufficient levels of vitamin D (6.27 times). Therefore, women who had vitamin D deficiency, had almost 6 times more chance of IUGR incidence compared to the women with adequate levels of vitamin D (P<0.05). Conclusions: The results verified that serum levels of vitamin D can affect the risk of IUGR; therefore, the incidence of IUGR in babies whose mothers have enough vitamin D level during pregnancy is lower than that in other babies.