bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proliferation signal inhibitors and post‐transplant malignancies in heart transplantation: practical clinical management questions
Authors: Epailly E. , Albanell J. , Andreassen A. , Bara C. , Campistol J.M. , Delgado J.F. , Eisen H. , Fiane A.E. , Mohacsi P. , Schubert S. , Sebbag L. , Turazza F.M. , Valantine H. , Zuckermann A. , Potena L.
Published: May 2011

Epailly E, Albanell J, Andreassen A, Bara C, Campistol JM, Delgado JF, Eisen H, Fiane AE, Mohacsi P, Schubert S, Sebbag L, Turazza FM, Valantine H, Zuckermann A, Potena L. Proliferation signal inhibitors and post‐transplant malignancies in heart transplantation: practical clinical management questions. Clin Transplant 2011: 25: E475–E486. © 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S.

Abstract:  Although malignancy is a major threat to long‐term survival of heart transplant (HT) recipients, clear strategies to manage immunosuppression in these patients are lacking. Several lines of evidences support the hypothesis of an anticancer effect of proliferation signal inhibitors (PSIs: mammalian target of rapamycin [mTOR] inhibitors) in HT recipients. This property may arise from PSI’s ability to replace immunosuppressive therapies that promote cancer progression, such as calcineurin inhibitors or azathioprine, and/or through their direct biological actions in preventing tumor development and progression. Given the lack of randomized studies specifically exploring these issues in the transplant setting, a collaborative group reviewed current literature and personal clinical experience to reach a consensus aimed to provide practical guidance for the clinical conduct in HT recipients with malignancy, or at high risk of malignancy, with a special focus on advice relevant to potential role of PSIs.
A novel Bweak hybrid allele lacks three enhancer repeats but generates normal ABO transcript levels
Authors: Thuresson B. , Hosseini‐Maaf B. , Hult A. K. , Hustinx H. , Alan Chester M. , Olsson M. L.
Published: May 2011

Background and Objectives  Weak expression of A/B histo‐blood group antigens is often explained by single nucleotide substitutions at the ABO locus. However, hybrid alleles containing segments from different ABO alleles can result in unexpected phenotypes and may complicate genotype analysis. We investigated the basis of weak B phenotype in a referred sample.

Materials and Methods  A healthy young woman was serologically phenotyped as ABweak and RBCs were characterized by flow cytometry. All seven ABO exons, five introns plus the 5′‐region including the CCAAT‐binding factor/Nuclear Factor Y (CBF/NF‐Y) binding enhancer were sequenced. ABO transcript levels were measured in fresh peripheral blood samples. Expression of B antigen was semiquantified following transfection of HeLa cells.

Results  A new Bweak allele with 53G>T resulted in a characteristic pattern of moderately weakened B antigen expression on RBCs. Its sequence revealed a novel hybrid between O2 [O03] and B [B101] alleles with a crossingover region in intron 4 as defined by allele‐specific polymorphisms. B transcript levels were similar to normal controls despite the O2‐related single CBF/NF‐Y‐binding 43‐bp motif in the enhancer region. Expression of the glycosyltransferase including the O2‐specific Arg18Leu substitution resulted in a slight decrease in B‐antigen‐positive cells.

Conclusion  We describe here the first hybrid between an O2 and a B allele and characterized the associated decrease in B antigen expression. Although it lacks three enhancer repeat units compared to common B alleles, the resulting transcript level was unaltered. This study challenges previous suggestions that the number of 43‐bp motifs in the ABO enhancer determines transcription rates in erythroid cells.
Factors affecting older persons' adherence to prescription drugs in Israel
Authors: Ben‐Natan Merav , Noselozich Ilya
Published: May 2011

Despite the significance of patients' adherence to prescription drug treatments, it is estimated that > 30% of the drugs that are prescribed to older persons are not self‐administered in accordance with the instructions. This research examines which factors affect the adherence to prescription drugs of older Israelis and tests whether the Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB) can explain their adherence. In this cross‐sectional survey design, a reliable and valid structured questionnaire, based on the TPB, was administered to a convenience sample of 207 independent older persons who were taking prescription drugs. One‐fifth of the sample reported that they did not adhere to their medication regime. The older persons' self‐reported adherence to treatment was related to the quantity of drugs that they were required to take and to whether or not they received the support of a primary caregiver. The more confidence that the older persons had in their physician's level of professionalism, the greater their self‐reported adherence to the prescription drugs. Behavioral beliefs, behavioral attitudes, perceived behavioral control, and subjective norms were related to the older persons' intention to self‐administer medication. We conclude that nurses have an important responsibility in assessing the medication‐taking behaviors of older adults.
Tadalafil versus solifenacin for persistent storage symptoms after prostate surgery in patients with erectile dysfunction: A prospective randomized study
Authors: Maselli Guevar , Bergamasco Luca , Silvestri Vanuska , Gualà Luana , Pace Gianna , Vicentini Carlo
Published: May 2011

Objectives:  The occurrence of residual storage symptoms after surgical relief of bladder outlet obstruction as a result of benign prostatic enlargement (BPE) underlines the intricate mechanism involved in lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS). The aim of the present study was to compare tadalafil with solifenacin in modifying symptoms and uroflowmetric parameters in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) and residual storage symptoms after prostate surgery.

Methods:  From May 2007 to April 2009, we evaluated 68 patients who had undergone prostate surgery at least 6 months earlier, and presented with ED and persistence of storage symptoms. A total of 56 patients were randomized to receive tadalafil 5 mg (group 1) or solifenacin 5 mg (group 2), both given daily for 12 weeks. International Prostate Symptoms Score (IPSS), IPSS Quality of Life, International Index of Erectile Function‐5 (IIEF‐5) and uroflowmetry parameters were collected at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment.

Results:  A total of 26 patients in group 1 and 25 patients in group 2 completed the study. Each group showed a significant and comparable improvement of urinary symptoms with a decrease of IPSS value. Only in group 1 did the treatment with tadalafil result in a significant increase of IIEF‐5. No statistically significant variations were noted in uroflowmetric parameters in both groups.

Conclusions:  In patients suffering from ED and storage symptoms after surgical treatment for LUTS‐BPE, tadalafil 5 mg given once daily for 12 weeks provided a comparable improvement in IPSS to solifenacin 5 mg given for the same period of time.
Medical expulsive therapy using alfuzosin for patient presenting with ureteral stone less than 10 mm: A prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Chau Lysander Hin , Tai Dominic Chi Kin , Fung Berry Tat Chow , Li James Cheuk Man , Fan Chi Wai , Li Michael Ka Wah
Published: May 2011

Objectives:  To assess the spontaneous passage rate for patients being treated with alfuzosin 10 mg daily after presenting with an acute ureteral stone compared with a control group, and to assess the respective pain control status.

Methods:  This was a prospective randomized controlled trial. Patients presenting with an acute ureteral stone (size 5–10 mm) were enrolled and randomized into a medical expulsive therapy (MET) group or control group. The MET group received alfuzosin slow release (SR) 10 mg daily for 4 weeks and dologesic (paracetamol + dextropropoxyphene, four tablets daily on demand) for 2 weeks. The control group received the same analgesics for 2 weeks only. Diclofenac sodium SR 100 mg daily for 2 weeks was added in case of suboptimal pain control. All the patients were assessed through phone interview at week 2 and with kidney–ureter–bladder X‐ray at week 5 to check for any evidence of stone passage.

Results:  A total of 67 patients were included in the analysis. The overall spontaneous passage rate was increased by 31.8% with MET (P = 0.006). For an upper ureteral stone, the rate was increased by 51.3% (P = 0.01). The MET group used significantly less dicolofenac sodium (1.5 tablets vs 6.7 tablets, P = 0.031).

Conclusions:  MET using alfuzosin SR 10 mg daily is effective to enhance the ureteral stone spontaneous passage rate, particularly for upper ureteral stones. Fewer analgesic drugs are consumed and more patients can avoid ureteroscopic lithotripsy and/or extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy.
Pelvic organ prolapse (POP) surgery: the evidence for the repairs
Authors: Gomelsky Alex , Penson David F. , Dmochowski Roger R.
Published: May 2011

What is known on the subject? and What does the study add?

Substantial experience of the outcomes has been gathered regarding the acute and sub‐acute experience with various types of corrective procedures for POP. These include long‐term POP correction as well as more recent recognition of improvement in functional disorders associated with POP such as UI, colorectal dysfunction, and sexual dysfunction. Long‐term follow‐up is available for some of the older types of interventions and current multicentre trials are being accrued with longer term follow‐up for new interventions including mesh‐type repairs.

The study adds a condensed and summarized version of the current literature regarding the various interventions for POP and also provides an overview of the current controversies and areas where knowledge is incomplete and in need of further elaboration for definitive answers regarding optimization of surgical care for POP.

• Our aim is to summarise the available data on the transvaginal placement of synthetic mesh for pelvic organ prolapse (POP) repair, with a focus on the outcomes and complications of commercial POP‐repair kits.

• As the stability and durability of autologous tissues may be questionable, nonabsorbable, synthetic materials are an attractive alternative for providing additional support during POP surgery. These materials are not novel, and most have been used for many years in surgical applications, e.g. hernia repairs.

• While theoretically appealing, the implantation of synthetic mesh in the pelvis may be associated with inherent adverse consequences, such as erosion, extrusion, and infection. Additionally, the routine use of these materials may carry potential long‐term complications, such as dyspareunia, chronic pelvic pain, and vaginal distortion.

• The success and failure of mesh‐augmented POP repair is related not only to the synthetic material itself, but also to patient‐ and surgeon‐related factors.

• Recent warnings by the USA Food and Drug Administration and other groups regarding adverse events further complicate the decision to use synthetic mesh.
Actions taken by schools when tobacco policies are violated: Associations with adolescent smoking prevalence
Authors: WIIUM NORA , WOLD BENTE
Published: May 2011

Wiium, N. & Wold, B. (2011). Actions taken by schools when tobacco policies are violated: Associations with adolescent smoking prevalence. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology 52, 494–501.

This study examined the association of adolescent smoking prevalence with actions taken by schools (i.e., informing parents or disciplining pupils at school) for violating the school tobacco policy. Interaction terms between actions taken by schools and role models’ smoking behavior or support for adolescents were also examined. Data were collected using self‐completed questionnaires from a nationally representative Norwegian sample of 15‐year‐olds (1,404 pupils, 51% males) and 73 staff members. Informing parents when the school tobacco policy was violated by contrast with other actions taken by schools was not associated with lower levels of adolescent smoking. Disciplining pupils was associated with lower levels of adolescent smoking but the association was no longer significant when examined together with parents’ and teachers’ smoking behavior or support. Exposure to parents’ and teachers’ smoking, and teachers’ support were associated with adolescent smoking prevalence, irrespective of actions taken by schools. Identifying the mechanism under which these different home and school factors relate to adolescent smoking may be worthwhile to inform intervention initiatives.
FOCUS INTRODUCTION: TOWARD SHARING VALUES ACROSS CULTURES AND RELIGIONS
Authors: Soni Jayandra , Raymaker John
Published: May 2011

The contributors to this focus issue participated in a unique gathering of over sixty scholars in Lukenya, Kenya in January 2009, organized by Globethics.net. The three contributions here by Sumner B. Twiss, Shanta Premawardhana, and Ariane Hentsch Cisneros are not the outcome of the deliberations and discussions there; however, they led to the idea of this focus issue. Each essay incorporates major aspects of the general themes discussed in different groups at the Lukenya meeting: (1) defining global ethics; (2) ensuring a successful interreligious dialogue on ethics; (3) integrating means and methods of sharing values in a human to human approach; (4) balancing power relations, inducing a real transformation; and (5) sharing values in the Kenyan and East‐African contexts.
CATHOLIC ETHICS AS SEEN FROM PADUA
Authors: Steck Christopher
Published: May 2011

During the summer of 2006, over four hundred Catholic ethicists from around the world gathered for four days in Padua, Italy. About sixty of the conference papers have become available in two edited collections, Catholic Theological Ethics in the World Church: The Plenary Papers from the First Cross‐cultural Conference on Catholic Theological Ethics, and Applied Ethics in a World Church: The Padua Conference. As the conference was marked by a distinctive and creative tension—between the diversity which characterized the nationalities and cultural identities of the participants, on the one hand, and the commonness of their religious heritage, on the other—these essays can tell us much about contemporary Catholic ethics in its response to global pluralism. The following develops four reflections. First, the conference papers pursue a style of scholarship that is at once critically creative and ecclesially rooted. Second, the conference raises new concerns about the importance that Christian formation must have in a pluralist world. Third, the participants affirm and defend the ultimate universality of moral goods while also arguing that these goods are expressed and embodied in unavoidably particular ways. Finally, the most important contribution that Catholic ethics can make to public conversations about issues of common concern is through its articulation and defense of key human values.
The Transnational Political Practices of Chilean Migrants in Switzerland
Authors: Bolzman Claudio
Published: May 2011

This paper examines the transnational political practices of the Chilean migrants residing in Switzerland. It is mainly interested in their political mobilization. It focuses on two particular questions: what are the main modes of transnational political mobilization of Chileans living in the Swiss Confederation? What are the conditions that promote the mobilization of these migrants and lead them to bring forth political demands? With respect to the first question, data shows that Chileans’ political mobilization combines mostly classical homeland politics (issues related to human rights), initiated during the period of exile, with emigrant politics concerning the transnational status and rights of migrants themselves. With respect to the second question, factors which explain the political mobilization of migrants are related to access to political opportunities for Chileans in Switzerland (dual citizenship, political networks, and presence of international organizations) and limitation of rights in the home country. This goes hand in hand with a strong political identity, important collective resources and the capacity to use them politically.
A modelling study on kefir grain biomass growth: Influence of various minerals
Authors: DEMIRHAN ELÇIN , APAR DILEK KILIÇ , PAYER GIZEM , ÖZBEK BELMA
Published: May 2011

In this study, the effect of initial kefir grain concentration and various minerals (MgO, MgSO4.7H2O, ZnSO4.7H2O, CaSO4.1/2H2O and Fe2O3) on the propagation of kefir grains and the pH evolution of kefir were investigated. The activated kefir grains were inoculated into very low fat (0.1%) cows’ milk under constant temperature (25°C) and impeller speed (100 rpm) for a propagation time of 24 h. Several mathematical models proposed to predict the pH value and kefir grain biomass increase vs propagation time were evaluated by the experimental results for all mineral additions; the Richards equation was found to be the most appropriate one. After evaluation of the experimental data, the most influential mineral addition providing 46.3% increase in kefir grain biomass was found to be MgO with a concentration of 0.30 g Mg2+/L. At this optimal condition, a model was derived for the kefir grain biomass concentration representing pH dependence.
Carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1c gain‐of‐function in the brain results in postnatal microencephaly
Authors: Reamy Amanda A. , Wolfgang Michael J.
Published: May 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 388–398.

Carnitine palmitoyltransferase‐1c (CPT1c) is a newly identified and poorly understood brain‐specific CPT1 homologue. Here, we have generated a new animal model that allows the conditional expression of CPT1c in a tissue specific and/or temporal manner via Cre‐lox mediated recombination. Brain‐specific, exogenous expression of CPT1c was achieved by crossing transgenic CPT1c mice to Nestin‐Cre mice. The resulting double transgenic mice (CPT1c‐TgN) displayed severe growth retardation in the postnatal period with a stunted development at 2 weeks of age. CPT1c‐TgN mice had a greater than 2.3‐fold reduction in brain weight. Even with this degree of microencephaly, CPT1c‐TgN mice were viable and fertile and exhibited normal post‐weaning growth. When fed a high fat diet CPT1c‐TgN mice were protected from weight gain and the difference in body weight between CPT1c‐TgN and control mice was further exaggerated. Conversely, low fat, high carbohydrate feeding partially reversed the body weight defects in CPT1c‐TgN mice. Analysis of total brain lipids of low fat fed mice revealed a depletion of total very long chain fatty acids in adult CPT1c‐TgN mice which was not evident in high fat fed CPT1c‐TgN mice. These data show that CPT1c can elicit profound effects on brain physiology and total fatty acid profiles, which can be modulated by the nutritional composition of the diet.
Transport systems of serine at the brain barriers and in brain parenchymal cells
Authors: Kasai Yasuyuki , Tachikawa Masanori , Hirose Shirou , Akanuma Shin‐ichi , Hosoya Ken‐ichi
Published: May 2011

J. Neurochem. (2011) 118, 304–313.

d‐Serine is a co‐agonist for NMDA‐type glutamate receptors. Although d‐serine levels in CSF and interstitial fluid (ISF) affect CNS function, the regulatory system remains to be fully understood. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate d‐serine transport across the blood–brain barrier (BBB) and blood–CSF barrier (BCSFB) and in brain parenchymal cells. d‐Serine microinjected into the cerebrum was not eliminated, suggesting a negligible contribution of d‐serine efflux transport at the BBB. In contrast, d‐serine was taken up from the circulating blood across the BBB via a carrier‐mediated process. d‐Serine elimination clearance from CSF was fourfold greater than that of d‐mannitol, which is considered to reflect CSF bulk flow. The characteristics of d‐serine uptake by isolated choroid plexus were consistent with those of Na+‐independent alanine–serine–cysteine transporter 1 (asc‐1). Uptake of D‐serine by brain slices appeared to occur predominantly via asc‐1 and Na+‐dependent alanine‐serine‐cysteine transporter 2. These findings suggest that the regulatory system of d‐serine levels in ISF and CSF involves (i) asc‐1 at the BCSFB, acting as a major pathway of d‐serine elimination from the CSF, (ii) blood‐to‐brain and blood‐to‐CSF influx transport of d‐serine across the BBB and BCSFB, and (iii) concentrative uptake of d‐serine by brain parenchymal cells.
At last, a truly selective EP2 receptor antagonist
Authors: Birrell Mark A , Nials Anthony T
Published: May 2011

Ever since the discovery of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), this lipid mediator has been the focus of intense research. The diverse biological effects of PGE2 are due, at least in part, to the existence of four distinct receptors (EP1–4). This can complicate the analysis of the biological effects produced by PGE2. While there are currently selective pharmacological tools to explore the roles of the EP1,3,4 receptors in cellular and tissue responses, analysis of EP2 receptor‐induced responses has been hampered by the lack of a selective EP2 receptor antagonist. The recent publication in this journal by af Forselles et al. suggests that such a tool compound is now available. In their manuscript, the authors describe a series of experiments that show PF‐04418948 to be a potent and selective EP2 receptor antagonist. The discovery of this tool compound will interest many scientists and through collaborations with Pfizer they may have access to PF‐04418948 to facilitate further investigation of the biology of this fascinating lipid mediator.

LINKED ARTICLE This article is a commentary on af Forselles et al., pp. 1847–1856 of this issue. To view this paper visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2011.01495.x
Δ9‐Tetrahydrocannabinol and N‐arachidonyl glycine are full agonists at GPR18 receptors and induce migration in human endometrial HEC‐1B cells
Authors: McHugh Douglas , Page Jeremy , Dunn Emily , Bradshaw Heather B
Published: May 2011

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Endometriosis is a disorder in which the endometrium forms growths outside the uterus and is associated with chronic pain. Recent evidence suggests that endometrial motility plays a role in the aetiology of endometriosis. The endocannabinoid system regulates cellular migration. Given the growing involvement of the endocannabinoids in reproduction, we investigated the role of the endocannabinoid system in migration of endometrial cells.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Migration of the human endometrial HEC‐1B cells was assayed. Standard PCR techniques were used to determine the presence of the GPCR, GPR18, in HEC‐1B cells, and p44/42 MAPK was assayed in stably transfected HEK293‐GPR18 cells to determine receptor specificity for known cannabinoid agonists and antagonists. N‐arachidonoyl ethanolamine (AEA) metabolism was measured, using HPLC/MS/MS for lipid analysis.

KEY RESULTS AEA, Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9‐THC) and N‐arachidonoyl glycine (NAGly) induce migration of HEC‐1B cells through cannabinoid CB1 receptor‐independent mechanisms. MAPK activation in HEK293‐GPR18 cells revealed novel pharmacology for known CB1 and CB2 receptor ligands at GPR18 receptors, including Δ9‐THC, which activates MAPK at nanomolar concentrations, whereas WIN 55212‐2, CP55940, JWH‐133 and JWH‐015, and arachidonyl‐1‐hydroxy‐2‐propylamide (R1‐methanandamide) had no effect. Moreover, HEC‐1B migration and MAPK activation by NAGly and Δ9‐THC were antagonized by Pertussis toxin, AM251 and cannabidiol.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS An understanding of the function and regulation of GPR18 and its molecular interactions with endogenous ligands, and how phytocannabinoids play a role with GPR18 signalling is vital if we are to comprehensively assess the function of the cannabinoid signalling system in human health and disease.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is commented on by Alexander, pp. 2411–2413 of this issue and is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine. To view Alexander visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1476‐5381.2011.01731.x. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐8. To view Part I of Cannabinoids in Biology and Medicine visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.163.issue‐7
Object Familiarity Enhances Infants’ Use of Phonetic Detail in Novel Words
Authors: Fennell Christopher T.
Published: May 2011

Infants greatly refine their ability to discriminate language sounds by 12 months, yet 14‐month‐olds appear to confuse similar‐sounding novel words. Two explanations could account for this phenomenon: infants initially have incomplete phoneme representations, suggesting developmental discontinuity; or word‐learning demands interfere with use of established phonetic detail. These hypotheses were tested at 14 months by pairing a novel word with an object preexposed to half the infants and novel to the other half. If demands are key, only preexposed infants should efficiently use phonetic detail; there is no need to concurrently learn object details with the word. If representations lack detail, object familiarity should not matter. Only infants preexposed to the object noticed a change in its label, thus challenging the discontinuity position and demonstrating the impact of object familiarity on early word learning.
Advanced Boron‐Containing Al2O3–MgO Refractory Castables
Authors: Braulio Mariana A. L. , Morbioli Guilherme G. , Pandolfelli Victor C.
Published: May 2011

Alumina‐magnesia refractory castables present suitable performance during application in steel ladles due to the in situ spinel (MgAl2O4) formation. For the steel industry, an early generation of the spinel phase would be beneficial for the castable performance. Taking this aspect into account, alternatives to replace silica fume, which is the most traditional liquid former inducer in this system, were evaluated in this study, by adding boron‐containing compounds. Faster spinel and calcium hexaluminate (CA6) formation was attained through a transient liquid, leading to remarkable creep resistance and hot modulus of rupture of the refractory castables. In this context, a novel route to design in situ spinel‐forming castable is presented, with great potential to increase the performance of this class of refractory.
Flood pulse and the dynamics of fish assemblage structure from neotropical floodplain lakes
Authors: Scarabotti Pablo A. , López Javier A. , Pouilly Marc
Published: May 2011

Abstract –  The dynamics of fish assemblages from seven floodplain lakes of Salado River (Argentina) was monthly analysed during two contrasting hydrological seasons. Partial canonical correspondence analysis indicated that assemblage structure was predictably linked to environmental characteristics that varied along temporal and spatial scales. Species distributed differentially along an environmental gradient of temperature, hydrometric level, conductivity, macrophyte cover and transparency in relation to their sensory capabilities (following piscivory‐transparency‐morphometry model) and life history strategies. During high water season, assemblages were associated with temperature and hydrometric level, factors which varied mainly across temporal scales and exhibit a regional range of action. During low waters, assemblage structure correlated with macrophyte cover and transparency, factors that varied fundamentally on spatial scales and have local impact. These results indicate that the determinism of fish assemblages does not vary substantially between hydrometric periods, although the environmental variables affecting fish assemblages and their scale of action are clearly different.
Partial exchange transfusion results in increased cerebral oxygenation and faster peripheral microcirculation in newborns with polycythemia
Authors: Ergenekon Ebru , Hirfanoglu Ibrahim Murat , Turan Ozden , Beken Serdar , Gucuyener Kıvılcım , Atalay Yıldız
Published: May 2011

Aim:  The aim of this study was to assess cerebral and peripheral oxygenation, by using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) and microcirculation by using side stream dark field (SDF) imaging in newborns with polycythemia before and after partial exchange transfusion (PET) therapy to investigate treatment effect on tissue oxygenation and microcirculation.

Methods:  Polycythemic newborns with venous haematocrit (Htc) >70% or ≥65% with symptoms were included. NIRS measurements for cerebral and peripheral oxygenation and SDF recordings for microcirculatory flow assessment were obtained before and after PET. Fractional tissue oxygen extraction (FTOE) was calculated based on tissue oxygenation index and oxygen saturation. Wilcoxon test was used for statistical analysis.

Results:  Fifteen newborns were included. Cerebral tissue oxygenation index, microvascular flow index and % of vessels with hyperdynamic flow increased after PET; median (range): 61.27 (51.36–61.87) versus 64.54 (54.1–74.38), 2.74 (2.46–3) versus 3.22 (2.64–3.75) and 0 (0–2.8) versus 3 (0–99.3), respectively. Whereas cerebral fractional tissue oxygen extraction (CFTOE), % of vessels with sluggish flow decreased after treatment; 0.36 (0.22–0.44) versus 0.31 (0.17–0.46), 1.4 (0–69) versus 0 (0–0.9), respectively. Peripheral oxygenation was unchanged.

Conclusion:  Partial exchange transfusion improves microcirculation in polycythemic newborns. Cerebral oxygenation increases and cFTOE decreases suggesting increased blood flow. Microvascular flow increases possibly representing reactive hyperperfusion after hemodilution. Whether these effects are beneficial require further research.
The clinical benefit of evaluating health‐related quality‐of‐life in children with problematic severe asthma
Authors: Nordlund B , Konradsen JR , Pedroletti C , Kull I , Hedlin G
Published: May 2011

Aim:  To evaluate health‐related quality‐of‐life (HR‐QoL) and the asthma control test (ACT) in children with problematic severe asthma and those with controlled asthma and to identify whether clinical characteristics show correlations with these measurements.

Methods:  This multicentre cross‐sectional study included 93 children in total, 54 with problematic severe asthma and 39 age‐matched with controlled asthma. Subjects completed the Paediatric Asthma Quality‐of‐Life Questionnaire as well as a standardized health questionnaire and the ACT. Objective measurements of exhaled nitric oxide, specific sensitization, pulmonary function and bronchial hyper‐responsiveness to methacholine were also taken.

Results:  HR‐QoL was reduced in children with problematic severe asthma (5.4 vs. 6.7, p < 0.001), particularly for girls (5.1 vs. 5.6 for boys, p = 0.02), and their ACT scores were also lower (17 vs. 23, p < 0.001) compared with those of subjects with controlled asthma. A HR‐QoL score <6.2 discriminated problematic severe asthma from controlled asthma with 85% sensitivity and 97% specificity, as did the ACT score <20 (79% sensitivity and 94% specificity). Objective measures and other clinical characteristics were weakly associated with HR‐QoL or ACT score.

Conclusion:  Subjective measurements of HR‐QoL and asthma control are both equally useful in differentiating children with problematic severe asthma from those with controlled asthma.
A phytosociological and phytogeographical survey of the coastal vegetation of western North America: beach and dune vegetation from Baja California to Alaska
Authors: Peinado Manuel , Ocaña‐Peinado Francisco Manuel , Aguirre Juan Luis , Delgadillo José , Macías Miguel Ángel , Díaz‐Santiago Gustavo
Published: May 2011

Questions: What is the floristic composition of the plant communities that inhabit the beaches and dunes of the Pacific coast of North America? What are their ecological relationships in the zonal and successional gradients typical of coastal dune systems? Does climate affect the latitudinal distribution of the azonal vegetation? What other environmental factors influence their distribution on the regional or local scale?

Location: Pacific coast of North America, from Baja California (23°02′ N) to Cook Inlet, Alaska (61°30′ N).

Methods: A total of 1730 phytosociological relevés were obtained by sampling 279 coastal localities. In all localities, zonation was interpreted by considering transects from the shoreline inland. Through traditional phytosociological tabular classification and average linkage clustering, relevés were syntaxonomically classified. Syntaxa, supported by fidelity calculations, are described and interpreted according to their phytogeographical distribution, their relationships with macrobioclimate (MB) and bioclimates (BIO), and to the topographic and ecological gradients typical of coastal sandy areas.

Results: Our bioclimate analysis served to define four MB and 11 BIO, each characterized by a particular type of potential natural vegetation. By floristically analysing the 522 vascular taxa detected, these were related to 16 phytogeographical elements. Syntaxonomically, the communities observed comprise 74 vegetation types, 70 of which are considered associations characterized by their diagnostic combination of species. These associations were classified into 24 alliances, 16 orders and 12 phytosociological classes. Two new classes, five new orders, 10 new alliances and 34 new associations are presented. Some syntaxa have been revised or validated.

Conclusions: The coastal vegetation of the northern Pacific shows a distribution that is mainly linked to the four MB of the latitudinal gradient examined. Higher syntaxa are preferentially linked to a macrobioclimate, although some edaphic factors determine that some occupy two different but geographically close bioclimate zones. Regional factors, such as alkaline sands, induce the appearance of specialized vegetation types rich in endemic plants.
Modular metabolic control analysis of large responses in branched systems – application to aspartate metabolism
Authors: Ortega Fernando , Acerenza Luis
Published: May 2011

Organisms subject to changing environmental conditions or experimental protocols show complex patterns of responses. The design principles behind these patterns are still poorly understood. Here, modular metabolic control analysis is developed to deal with large changes in branched pathways. Modular aggregation of the system dramatically reduces the number of explicit variables and modulation sites. Thus, the resulting number of control coefficients, which describe system responses, is small. Three properties determine the pattern for large changes in the variables: the values of infinitesimal control coefficients, the effect of large rate changes on the control coefficients and the range of rate changes preserving feasible intermediate concentrations. Importantly, this pattern gives information about the possibility of obtaining large variable changes by changing parameters inside the module, without the need to perform any parameter modulations. The framework is applied to a detailed model of Asp metabolism. The system is aggregated in one supply module, producing Thr from Asp (SM1), and two demand modules, incorporating Thr (DM2) and Ile (DM3) into protein. Their fluxes are: J1, J2, and J3, respectively. The analysis shows similar high infinitesimal control coefficients of J2 by the rates of SM1 and DM2 ( and , respectively). In addition, these coefficients present only moderate decreases when the rates of the corresponding modules are increased. However, the range of feasible rate changes in SM1 is narrow. Therefore, for large increases in J2 to be obtained, DM2 must be modulated. Of the rich network of allosteric interactions present, only two groups of inhibitions generate the control pattern for large responses.
Membrane protein integration into the endoplasmic reticulum
Authors: Martínez‐Gil Luis , Saurí Ana , Marti‐Renom Marc A. , Mingarro Ismael
Published: May 2011

Most integral membrane proteins are targeted, inserted and assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. The sequential and potentially overlapping events necessary for membrane protein integration take place at sites termed translocons, which comprise a specific set of membrane proteins acting in concert with ribosomes and, probably, molecular chaperones to ensure the success of the whole process. In this minireview, we summarize our current understanding of helical membrane protein integration at the endoplasmic reticulum, and highlight specific characteristics that affect the biogenesis of multispanning membrane proteins.
Erectile Dysfunction after Plaque Incision and Grafting: Short-term Assessment of Incidence and Predictors
Authors: Flores Stefan , Choi Judy , Alex Byron , Mulhall John P.
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Plaque incision and grafting (PIG) surgery for Peyronie's disease (PD) is a recognized management strategy. One of the recognized complications of PIG surgery is the development of postoperative erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aim

To determine the incidence of ED after PIG surgery and attempt to define predictors of ED development.

Methods

All patients underwent preoperative cavernosometry. Grafting was performed with either cadaveric pericardium (Tutoplast) or intestinal submucosa (Surgisis). Prior to 2006, the procedure used an H-type incision, whereas after this date, the Egydio approach has been used.

Main Outcome Measures

Men undergoing PIG completed preoperative and 6-month postoperative International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) questionnaires.

Results

56 patients were analyzed. Mean patient and partner ages were 57 ± 22 and 54 ± 18 years, respectively. Mean duration of PD at the time of PIG was 22 ± 9 months. Seventy-five percent had curvature alone, 11% had hourglass/indentation deformity, and the remainder had combined curvature/indentation. Mean preoperative curvature was 52 ± 23°. Fifty-two had grafting with Tutoplast, while four had grafting with Surgisis. All men at baseline were capable of generating a penetration rigidity erection. Preoperatively, 50% of men had cavernosal insufficiency and 21% had venous leak (baseline and postoperative erectile function [EF] domain scores were 23 ± 4 and 17 ± 9, respectively [P < 0.01]). Forty-six percent of men experienced a ≥6-point decrease in EF domain score after PIG. The predictors of a ≥6-point reduction in IIEF-EF domain score on multivariable analysis were degree of preoperative curvature, type of plaque incision, patient age, and baseline venous leak.

Conclusions

Almost one-half of men had significant reduction in their erectile rigidity after PIG. Reduction was predicted by larger baseline curvature, the Egydio plaque incision technique, older patient age, and the presence of venous leak at baseline. Based on these data, we discourage older men, those with venous leak, and those with profound curvature from considering PIG surgery.
Content Validity of the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) in Pre- and Postmenopausal Women with Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder
Authors: Revicki Dennis A. , Margolis Mary K. , Bush Elizabeth N. , DeRogatis Leonard R. , Hanes Vladimir
Published: May 2011

Introduction

The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) has consistently been shown to have discriminant validity, test–retest reliability, and internal consistency as a measure of female sexual function. However, the content validity (relevance, clarity, comprehensiveness) of the instrument in women with hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD) must also be established.

Aim

The aim of this study were to assess the content validity of the FSFI, specifically the FSFI desire domain, in pre- and postmenopausal women with HSDD.

Methods

Two single-visit content validation studies were conducted in the United States. Eligible premenopausal (both studies) and postmenopausal (second study only) women with HSDD completed the FSFI followed by one-on-one, face-to-face cognitive debriefing interviews including open-ended questions to capture information on their perceptions of the instrument. Information on women's experiences of decreased sexual desire was also captured.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome measures of this study were the women's ratings of the clarity, ease of understanding, comprehensiveness, and relevance of the 19 items of the FSFI.

Results

Interviews with 15 premenopausal women (first study), and 30 pre- and 31 postmenopausal women (second study), were analyzed. Across the whole sample, most women (80–100%) found every item of the FSFI clear and easy to understand. The majority (53–70%) felt that the FSFI captured all their feelings about decreased sexual desire and other sexual problems, and most (84–90%) indicated that additional questions were unnecessary. Most women in both studies (93–100%) reported that the two items comprising the FSFI desire domain were clear, easy to understand, and were relevant to them. The majority of women thought that a recall period of ≥7 days is most relevant for recall of their sexual desire.

Conclusions

These studies establish the content validity of the FSFI in pre- and postmenopausal women with HSDD, supporting the use of this instrument as a measure of sexual function in women with this condition.
Risk Factors for Low Sexual Function Among Urban Chinese Women: A Hospital-Based Investigation
Authors: Lianjun Pan , Aixia Zhang , Zhong Wang , Feng Pan , Li Bao , Xiaona Yan
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Sexual dysfunction is a common problem affecting women's quality of life. However, reports on sexual dysfunction and its risk factors in Chinese women are scarce in the literature.

Aim

To identify the potential risk factors for low sexual function in urban Chinese women.

Methods

A cross-sectional hospital-based survey was conducted in Nanjing, China. Data on sexual function and related variables of 1,457 women from the urban district of Nanjing city were obtained. Potential risk factors for low sexual function were determined using multiple logistic regression analysis.

Main Outcome Measure

The Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) was used to evaluate sexual function, and the median of the FSFI score was used as a cutoff to define women with low sexual function.

Results

The mean FSFI total score was 23.25 ± 4.00 (median = 22.8). Multivariate analysis showed that age (odds ratio [OR] 1.840 for 40–49 years; 5.006 for 50–60 years), depression (OR 1.896), low education level (primary or secondary school only, OR 1.450), alcohol use (OR 2.671), menopause or postmenopause (OR 3.157), chronic medical disease (OR 1.605), poor health status of partner (OR 3.358), presence of sexual dysfunction in partner (OR 4.604), dystocia (OR 3.109), and living apart from the partner (OR 1.316) were independent risk factors for low sexual function of women in urban China. By contrast, better communication with the partner regarding sex (OR 0.531) was a protective factor.

Conclusion

Low sexual function for urban Chinese women was associated with multiple variables. Women who communicated more frequently with their partner were less likely to have low sexual function.
Higher Expression of mRNA and Protein of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 in Old Rat Penile Tissues: Implications for Erectile Dysfunction
Authors: Pu Xiao-Yong , Zheng Xiang-Guang , Zhang Yan , Xiao Heng-Jun , Xu Zhan-Ping , Liu Jiu-Ming , Wang Huai-Peng , Wen An-Ming , Zhou Xiang-Xue , Wu Yi-Long
Published: May 2011

Introduction

Previous studies have confirmed the gene transfer of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) and the IGF-1 protein can improve the erectile function in aging rats. IGF binding protein (BP)-3 can regulates the availability of IGF-I. The higher expression of IGFBP-3 may play an important role in erectile dysfunction (ED).

Aim

The study aimed to investigate the mRNA and protein expression of IGFBP-3 in young and old rat penile tissues and assess the alteration of the penile structure and the NO-guanosine 3′,5′-cyclic-monophosphate (cGMP) signaling pathways-related marker in ED associated with aging.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome measures for this study were the expression of IGFBP-3, morphological changes, NO-cGMP signaling pathways-related marker, erectile responses were determined.

Methods

Traditional reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time PCR were performed to examine the mRNA expression of the IGFBP-3. The Western blot was used to confirm the protein expression. Immunohistochemistry was also performed to identify the cellular localization of the encoded protein. The percentage of smooth muscle in corpus cavernosum tissue, the activity of nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and concentration of cGMP in penile tissue were also analyzed.

Results

The expression levels of IGFBP-3 of mRNA and protein were greatly increased in aging rats compared with young control rats, which is confirmed by traditional RT-PCR, real-time PCR, and Western blot (P < 0.01, respectively). Increased IGFBP-3 protein was localized to the epithelium of the urethra, penile endothelium, and smooth muscle in the corpus cavernosum. Significant depletion of the smooth muscle density relative to the connective tissue was also observed in the penis of the aged rats, and the lower activity of NOS and lower concentration of cGMP was also demonstrated accompanied with a significant reduction in the intracavernous pressure.

Conclusions

Our data suggest that the increased mRNA and protein expression of IGFBP-3 in old rats may play a role in ED.
Effects of Hypoxia on Nocturnal Erection Quality: A Case Report from the Manaslu Expedition
Authors: Verratti Vittore , Falone Stefano , Fanò Giorgio , Paoli Antonio , Reggiani Carlo , Tenaglia Raffaele , Di Giulio Camillo
Published: May 2011

Introduction

High altitude environment represents a fine model to study physiological and pathophysiological effects of oxygen availability on sleep-related erections (SREs).

Aim

To describe altitude-dependent effects on quality of SREs in order to estimate the role of hypoxia in erection physiology.

Methods

A healthy 37-year-old male mountain climber underwent a chronic high altitude-related hypoxia experience during the 43 days of the Manaslu expedition (Nepal). SREs were recorded by RigiScan (Timm Medical Technologies, Inc., Eden Prairie, MN, USA) at altitudes ranging from 0 to 5,800 m above sea level. The erection-related parameters assessed were: number, duration, event duration (% of session), event rigidity %, time rigidity %, tumescence and rigidity activated unit, and event tum % > bline (%).

Main Outcomes Measures

SREs were recorded by RigiScan at altitudes ranging from 0 to 5,800 m above sea level.

Results

Erectile parameters showed an altitude-related reduction during the hypoxic exposure, although all functional alterations were reverted by the return to sea level.

Conclusions

Our case report supports the hypothesis that oxygen availability and delivery could play an important role in the regulation of local penile erection-related mechanisms and that low oxygen levels might be considered an etiological cofactor in erectile dysfunction.
Constructing Police Abuse after Rodney King: How Skid Row Residents and the Los Angeles Police Department Contest Video Evidence
Authors: Stuart Forrest
Published: May 2011

This ethnographic article explores the manner in which the Los Angeles Community Action Network (LACAN), a grassroots organization made up of homeless and low‐income Skid Row residents, generates video evidence for use in lawsuits against the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD). For marginalized communities fighting police abuse, the 1992 acquittal of four LAPD officers charged with the beating of Rodney King demonstrated that even the most “obvious” and condemning video evidence is subject to reinterpretation and reframing by skilled legal professionals. In response, LACAN has developed interactional filming strategies designed to constrain officers' ability to offer alternative explanations, while alleviating disparities in court‐recognized authority. In the tradition of legal consciousness scholarship, this article “de‐centers” the law by shifting emphasis from formal judicial decisions in the courtroom to citizen groups in their own communities, as they learn to use legal norms and conventions in social justice campaigns.