bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of the Hallucinogen Psilocybin on Covert Orienting of Visual Attention in Humans
Authors: Gouzoulis-Mayfrank E. , Thelen B. , Maier S. , Heekeren K. , Kovar K.-A. , Sass H. , Spitzer M.
Published: April 2003

Hallucinogenic drug-induced states are considered as models for acute schizophrenic disorders (experimental psychoses). In a double-blind study with healthy volunteers we investigated the influence of the serotonergic hallucinogen psilocybin, the ecstasy-like drug 3,4-methylenedioxyethylamphetamine (MDE), the stimulant d- methamphetamine and placebo on covert orienting of spatial attention (n = 8 in each group). Reaction times were prolonged after ingestion of psilocybin > MDE, but not after d-methamphetamine. In addition, subjects on psilocybin exhibited particularly slow reaction times in invalid trials at short cue target intervals and failure of response inhibition in valid trials at long cue target intervals for right visual field targets. Despite some methodological limitations, these results are in line with both bilateral impairment of disengagement of attention and a lateralized impairment of inhibition of return (IOR) in productive psychotic states. Additional investigations with larger samples, different hallucinogenic substances (serotonergic agonists vs. NMDA antagonists) and different dose regimens are needed in order to further explore the suggested relationship between visuospatial attentional dysfunction and acute psychotic conditions.
Interactions between Testicular Serotoninergic, Catecholaminergic, and Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone Systems Modulating cAMP and Testosterone Production in the Golden Hamster
Authors: Frungieri Mónica B. , Zitta Karina , Pignataro Omar P. , Gonzalez-Calvar Silvia I. , Calandra Ricardo S.
Published: April 2003

We previously reported the presence of serotonin (5-HT) in testes from golden hamster, a photoperiodic species which is a useful model for the study of states of male (in)fertility. The aims of this study were to investigate: (1) the presence of intrinsic sources of 5-HT in the testis; (2) the role of 5-HT in in vitro androgen production; (3) the serotoninergic receptor subtypes in the testis, and (4) the existence of interactions among the 5-HT receptors and the testicular catecholaminergic and corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) systems. Immunohistochemical studies revealed the presence of tryptophan hydroxylase, a 5-HT-biosynthetic enzyme, in interstitial cells which show the characteristic punctate chromatin pattern of Leydig cells. We describe an inhibitory action of 5-HT on testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, and androstane-3α,17β-diol production from testes of peripubertal and adult hamsters maintained in a long photoperiod (14/10 h light/dark), and adult animals exposed to a short photoperiod (6/18 h light/dark). By using several agonists and antagonists of 5-HT receptors, we characterized 5-HT1A and 5-HT2A receptor subtypes involved in the inhibitory action of this neurotransmitter on human chorionic gonadotropin stimulated cyclic adenosine monophosphate and testosterone production. CRH also produced a negative modulation of both parameters, but epinephrine and norepinephrine, through α1/β1-adrenergic receptors, exerted a stimulatory action. 5-HT1A, 5-HT2, and CRH antagonists showed that the testicular activity of the serotoninergic system, but also the α1/β1-adrenergic receptor system, is mediated by CRH. Moreover, interactions between the 5-HT2A receptor system and α1/β-adrenergic receptors have been established. Thus, these data suggest that α1/β1-adrenergic receptors are involved in the local regulatory action exerted by 5-HT on steroidogenesis through a 5-HT2-receptor-mediated response and the CRH system.
Role of Nitric Oxide and Reactive Oxygen Species in Platelet-Activating Factor-Induced Microvascular Leakage
Authors: Klabunde Richard E. , Anderson Denise E.
Published: April 2003

Platelet-activating factor (PAF), released during inflammatory responses, increases microvascular permeability to fluid and macromolecules. Previous studies in the hamster cheek pouch microcirculation have shown that PAF-induced increases in permeability can be diminished by pretreatment with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor indicating that nitric oxide is required for PAF to cause leakage, although nitric oxide itself does not cause leakage. We evaluated the hypothesis that PAF stimulates the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that then react with nitric oxide to form a new species that signals the increase in vascular permeability. The hamster cheek pouch microcirculation was used to quantify the leakage of FITC-dextran following topical application of PAF. PAF-induced leakage was markedly inhibited (70%) by prior superfusion of the cheek pouch with superoxide dismutase and catalase. Superfusing the cheek pouch with ROS generated by xanthine oxidase and hypoxanthine produced leakage similar to that observed with PAF. Pretreating the cheek pouch with a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor (Nω-nitro-L-arginine, L-NA) inhibited ROS-induced leakage by 59% and PAF-induced leakage by 64%. The effects of L-NA and superoxide dismutase plus catalase on PAF-induced leakage were not additive. Systemic administration of mercaptoethylguanidine, a peroxynitrite scavenger, inhibited PAF-induced leakage by 60%. These results suggest that PAF-induced leakage may be mediated by an interaction between ROS and NO, perhaps through the formation of peroxynitrite or one of its products.
Calcium Imaging of Murine Thoracic Aorta Endothelium by Confocal Microscopy Reveals Inhomogeneous Distribution of Endothelial Cells Responding to Vasodilator Agents
Authors: Marie Isabelle , Bény Jean-Louis
Published: April 2003

The aim of the study was to assess, in intact murine thoracic aorta in vitro, the distribution of endothelial cells responsive to endothelium-dependent vasodilators ACh, ATP, bradykinin and substance P, using laser line confocal microscopy in combination with two Ca2+ fluorescent dyes, Fluo-4 and Fura-red. We observed that 82 ± 3% of endothelial cells responded to ATP, 33 ± 5% to Ach, whereas less than 3% of them responded to bradykinin or substance P. In order to determine whether the findings of pharmacological tests agree with confocal microscopy data, endothelium-dependent vasodilators induced relaxation was evaluated using isometric tension measurement. We show a marked correlation between a higher number of activated endothelial cells, using confocal microscopy, and a greater degree of endothelium-dependent relaxation using isometric tension measurement (p = 0.00286). Our results suggest that endothelial cells responding to endothelium-dependent vasodilators are not homogeneously distributed in intact murine thoracic aorta. This could be due to nonhomogeneous distribution of surface receptors or to differences in post-receptor coupling mechanisms.
Formation of the Knee Joint after Prenatal Propyphenazone (Isopropylantipyrine) Administration
Authors: Burdan Franciszek
Published: April 2003

Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors could produce cartilage toxicity as well as delayed skeleton formation when administrated during pregnancy. The purpose of this experiment was to determine the effect of a nonselective COX inhibitor, propyphenazone (isopropylantipyrine), on the development of the knee joint in rats. The drug was administered orally in Tween 80 water suspension once a day on days 8–14 of gestation in three doses: R1: 2.1 mg/kg, R2: 21.0 mg/kg and R3: 210.0 mg/kg. Two control groups were formed: untreated control (K) and Tween 80-treated (T) animals. Fetuses were delivered by cesarean section on day 21 of gestation and examined macroscopically for external malformations. The knee joints of two fetuses of each litter were sectioned in situ or paraffin-embedded. The slides were examined microscopically. The remaining fetuses were stained using the Alcian blue and red S alizarin skeleton double-staining method. Reduced alizarin staining in bones from the knee joint, and wider epiphysial cartilage was seen in 2 of 53 examined fetuses (3.77%) exposed prenatally to the highest dose of propyphenazone. The extra sesamoid cartilage, located close to the lateral epicondyle of the femur, was absent in 10 cases in group T (15.87%), 9 cases in group K (15.00%), 8 cases in group R1 (12.50%), 9 cases in group R2 (14.75%) and 9 cases in group R3 (14.28%). Similarly sesamoid cartilage close to the middle epicondyle was seen in one fetus from group K (1.66%) and in one fetus from group R2 (1.63%). No histological changes were observed. Based on obtained results, it could be concluded that propyphenazone did not delay the formation of the knee joint.
Hermann Boerhaave and Lithotomy: What He Thought about It
Authors: Antonello Augusto , Bonfante Luciana , Favaro Silvana , Gambaro Giovanni , D’Angelo Angela , Mennella Giuseppe , Calò Lorenzo
Published: April 2003

Hermann Boerhaave (1668–1738) was one of the most important figures in 18th-century medicine. With his particular contribution surgery began its transition to a real clinical medical activity becoming increasingly based on linking symptoms with the knowledge of anatomopathological transformations. Lithiasis of the urinary tract was a very common disease throughout Europe. During the early 18th century the surgical approaches for lithotomy to treat lithiasis had very high risks of complications. In the face of the very common and dangerous complications, the doctors and surgeons actively sought all possible solutions short of surgery, and left lithotomy as the last alternative. Boerhaave dedicated a chapter in his ‘Institutiones medicae’ to the treatment of lithiasis of the urinary tract. His recommendations included an increase in liquid intake, a hot bath in order to induce vasodilation, and exercise. Using these methods, Boerhaave felt that stone removal should be achieved, and perhaps reflecting both the status of surgery in the early 18th century and an appreciation of the risks of the surgical procedures available. Boerhaave’s opinion of lithomy as a last resort when other approaches failed was, ‘I think lithotomy is an act of pure faith’.
Stenosis of the Lachrymal System in Rubinstein-Taybi Syndrome
Authors: Marabotti Andrea , Giannecchini Guido , Cariello Anna , Cappelli Carla , Giannecchini Iacopo , Bedei Andrea
Published: April 2003

In this article the authors describe a case of atypical stenosis of the lachrymal excretory system in Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome (RTS) characterised by morphologic anomalies of the lachrymal bag and by alterations of the osseous structure of the nose. A 9-year-old girl, with typical findings of RTS, was affected by recurrent acute dacryocystitis and tearing. Ocular examination revealed bilateral reflux with mucous and purulent material flowing back after digital pressing: low and bilateral nose-lachrymal duct obstruction was the main cause of the reflux as confirmed by orifice probing, lachrymal drainage system irrigation and spiral CT examination using hydrosoluble contrast medium. The multiplanar reconstruction obtained from CT scanning shows that the right lachrymal sac has an abnormal shape (‘grape-bunch’ image) and that the left one has various bulgings, or swellings, in its shape. The ‘grape-bunch’ lachrymal bags are the most unusual features of our patient’s lachrymal system and it is important to consider the difficulties that could occur during surgery because of the abnormal bag shape and because of the increased bone thickness in RTS patients. The ‘grape-bunch’ lachrymal sac is a truly unusual anatomical feature and, most probably, it could be distinctive of this syndrome.
Human Connective Tissue Growth Factor mRNA Expression of Epiretinal and Subretinal Fibrovascular Membranes: A Report of Three Cases
Authors: Meyer Peter , Wunderlich Kerstin , Kain Hermann L. , Prünte Christian , Flammer Josef
Published: April 2003

Purpose: To investigate the correlation between connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) mRNA expression and immunohistochemical characteristics (expression of type I collagen and tenascin) of fibrovascular membranes of proliferative retinal diseases under in vivo conditions. Methods: CTGF mRNA expression was investigated using in situ hybridization. Expression of type I collagen and tenascin was detected by immunohistochemical staining. Results: CTGF mRNA is produced in transformed retinal pigment epithelial cells and appears also in fibroblast-like cells, which are embedded in epiretinal and subretinal membranes of proliferative retinal diseases as well as in surgically removed subretinal membranes. In all examined membranes, expression of human CTGF mRNA appears in concurrence with the expression of type I collagen and tenascin. Conclusions: The predominant expression of CTGF mRNA in the development of fibrovascular membranes of proliferative retinal diseases suggests a significant role of CTGF in the pathological course of these ocular disorders.
Use of Piritramide for Analgesia and Sedation during Peribulbar Nerve Block for Cataract Surgery
Authors: Reinhardt Sebastian , Burkhardt Ulrich , Nestler Andrei , Wiedemann Renate
Published: April 2003

Purpose: To investigate the effects of pre-block analgesia and sedation using piritramide on haemodynamic stability, endocrine stress response and patients’ pain perception. Methods: In a randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled study, 60 patients having cataract surgery with peribulbar block were randomly assigned into two groups: group A (n = 30) received 0.05 mg/kg piritramide (Dipidolor®) intravenously; group B received normal saline intravenously prior to peribulbar block. Mean arterial pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate and pulse oximetry were recorded perioperatively. Pain from peribulbar block was assessed using a verbal analogue scale. Urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid was measured to assess the endocrine stress response. Using a questionnaire, patients assessed their anxiety and back pain before and during surgery. Results: Mean arterial pressure remained near baseline in group A. In group B, a significant increase in mean arterial pressure after peribulbar block was found (p < 0.001). In addition, a significant increase in urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid was found in group B (p = 0.013). Pain scores (p < 0.001), anxiety before nerve block (p = 0.02) and during surgery (p < 0.001) and back pain (p = 0.003) were significantly lower in group A. Conclusion: The presented study suggests that using piritramide for analgesia and sedation prior to peribulbar block produces haemodynamic stability and reduces pain perception and endocrine stress response.
Identification and Characterization of the Allergenic Proteins of Bahia Grass (Paspalum notatum) Pollen
Authors: Ghobrial George , Naser Saleh A. , Sweeney Michael , White Roseann
Published: April 2003

Background: Pollen of Bahia grass (Paspalum notatum) represents a major cause of type I allergy in diverse geographical areas, particularly in the southeastern coastal plain area of the United States. The aqueous protein extract of Bahia grass pollen contains the allergenically active components that produce skin-test-positive reactions in sensitive patients. Objective: The emphasis of this study included the identification and characterization of the allergenic proteins present in the crude protein aqueous extract of Bahia grass pollen. Methods: The crude extract of Bahia grass pollen, partially purified by isoelectric focusing and fractionated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), was electroblotted onto nitrocellulose membranes, probed with sera from patients skin test positive to Bahia grass and detected using anti-human IgE conjugated peroxidase. Results: Four allergenic proteins of Bahia grass pollen with estimated molecular weights of 45, 33, 31 and 28 kD were identified and characterized. Following treatments with deglycosylation enzymes, the 4 allergens retained their antigenic reactivity with Bahia-grass-allergic patient sera containing polyclonal IgE antibodies. Conclusion: The crude extract of Bahia grass pollen contains many proteins but only 4 have allergenic reactivity. Following deglycosylation treatment, Bahia grass allergenic proteins have retained their antigenic reactivity with Bahia-grass-allergic patient sera containing polyclonal IgE antibodies. Four proteins reactive with IgE were detected, but the 33-kD protein (pI of 6.59) was the most reactive.
Simultaneous Presentation of Silicone and Silica Granuloma
Authors: Pimentel Lucía , Barnadas Maria , Vidal David , Sancho Francisco , Fontarnau Ramon , Alomar Agustín
Published: April 2003

We report a case of a 45-year-old woman who presented a simultaneous foreign-body granuloma reaction to silicone in her face and to silica in the elbow and knee. The patient had received silicone injections in her face 7 years earlier and had suffered a motorcycle accident when she was young. Changes suggestive of silicone were observed in the biopsy obtained from the face, and silica was detected in the biopsy taken from the elbow, confirmed by polarized light and X-ray microanalysis. The presence of polarizable foreign matter in cutaneous epithelioid granulomas should alert to the diagnosis of sarcoidosis.
Oral Lichenoid Reaction to Imatinib (STI 571, Gleevec)
Authors: Lim Davin S. , Muir James
Published: April 2003

Imatinib or STI 571 is a phenylaminopyrimidine derivative and a member of a new class of drugs known as signal transduction inhibitors. These compounds specifically inhibit the proliferation of v-abl- and bcr-abl-expressing cells and have recently been approved as treatment for chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML). Results have been promising, and imatinib may well be the best single agent for the treatment of CML in the near future. Here we report an erosive oral lichenoid eruption confined to the buccal mucosa and dorsum of the tongue which appeared 12 weeks after commencement of imatinib in a 72-year-old woman with CML. The histology was consistent with a lichenoid drug eruption. The lesions resolved upon withdrawal of the drug. To our knowledge, this is the first reported lichenoid reaction to imatinib, and in the setting of CML it must be differentiated from idiopathic lichen planus, paraneoplastic pemphigus and graft-versus-host disease.
Pityriasis rosea Associated with Imatinib (STI571, Gleevec)
Authors: Konstantopoulos K. , Papadogianni A. , Dimopoulou M. , Kourelis C. , Meletis J.
Published: April 2003

A tyrosine kinase inhibitor (STI571, Gleevec) has recently been applied in the treatment of chronic myeloid leukemia. We present the first reported case of pityriasis rosea occurring as a reaction to Gleevec in a woman with blast crisis of this disorder. It is suggested that although coincidental, this exanthem may be due to this agent.
Acute Lumbago and Sciatica as First Symptoms of Focal Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
Authors: Germani Stefano , Miano Roberto , Forte Flavio , Finazzi Agrò Enrico , Virgili Guido , Vespasiani Giuseppe
Published: April 2003

Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis (XGP) is a rare inflammatory disease of the kidney, presenting in a diffuse or focal form. The preoperative diagnosis of XGP is made only in 10% of the cases because neither the clinical nor the radiological presentation are specific and could be confused with renal tumors, thus deserving the name of ‘great imitator’. We report a case of focal XGP in a middle-aged man presenting with acute lumbago and sciatica, an unusual clinical presentation.
Lipid Peroxidation as Additional Marker in Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Lauschke H. , Tolba R. , Burger B. , Minor T. , Hirner A.
Published: April 2003

Background and Aims: Up to now, various tumor markers have been proposed for the detection of the onset of malignant cell transformation or the better follow-up of cancer patients. The aim of the present study is to investigate the diagnostic value of systemic lipid peroxidation as an additional evaluative tool in the follow-up of surgical patients with colorectal cancer in combination to the clinically routine tumor markers carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carcinoantigen 19-9 (CA 19-9). Patients and Methods: 36 patients with a colorectal carcinoma were included in this study. Blood samples were collected 1 day prior to the operation, 10 days and 1 year after the operation. Oxygen free radical mediated lipid peroxidation was determined by measurement of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in the same serum that were used for the determination of tumor markers. Results: Compared to control values, a highly significant increase of lipid peroxidation was found in the serum of all colorectal carcinoma patients up to the first 10 postoperative days. Differentiation of the patients, according to the T-stage, showed a marked and more obvious tendency towards higher serum lipid peroxides with increased tumor stage when compared to the conventional tumor markers. One year postoperatively the serum levels of lipid peroxidation returned to nearly normal values. Also the conventional tumor markers CEA and CA 19-9 showed a relative rise in the levels with the respective tumor stage, but differences were only statistically significant in the highest T-categories. Conclusion: After curative resection of the tumor, the level of systemic lipid peroxides decreases to normal values. We conclude from these results that the tumor is the primary cause of the increased systemic lipid peroxides.
Long-Term Postural Abnormalities in Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Authors: Giacomini Pier Giorgio , Alessandrini Marco , Magrini Antonio
Published: April 2003

Benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV) is a disorder in which patients suffer from acute rotatory vertigo due to the presence of free otoconial debris migrating into one or more semicircular canals during head movements and resulting in abnormal stimulation of the ampullary crest. A prolonged loss of equilibrium of unclear origin is also present. Static posturography is a useful tool for the study of postural control systems and their role in these abnormalities. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency of body sway and long-term instability of BPPV patients by posturography frequency analysis. Twenty patients with canalithiasis of the posterior semicircular canal and 20 normal controls were subjected to static posturography. Informed consent was obtained from all subjects. Patients were tested 1 h after diagnosis, and 3 days and 12 weeks after the characteristic Epley repositioning maneuver. Patients with BPPV showed significantly increased body sway both on lateral (X) and anteroposterior (Y) planes compared to normal subjects. Corporal oscillation with a broad-frequency spectrum was observed in both closed and open eye tests. The repositioning maneuver decreased the X plane body sway, while the anteroposterior sway was unchanged. Twelve weeks after treatment, a normalization of the anteroposterior sway was observed. Results of this study suggest that the long-term postural disturbance associated with BPPV differs from the acute disequilibrium that subsides after canalith repositioning: the former is a sagittal plane/broad spectrum body sway, while the latter is primarily a frontal plane/low frequency sway. The Epley maneuver was shown to reduce frontal sway, a postural abnormality that might therefore be linked to posterior semicircular canal function. Conversely, the observed sagittal body sway was only partially relieved by the restoration of canal function, and therefore, may be more related to the chronic dizziness observed in these patients.
Endoscopic Transnasal Resection of a Juvenile Angiofibroma Using an Ultrasonically Activated Scalpel
Authors: Ochi Kentaro , Watanabe Shoji , Miyabe Satoshi
Published: April 2003

We report a case of juvenile nasopharyngeal angiofibroma (JNA). A 19-year-old male came to our clinic complaining of severe nasal obstruction and epistaxis. Imaging investigations using computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging techniques revealed a soft tissue mass in the nasopharynx with minimal extension to the pterygopalatine fossa. After embolization of the internal maxillary artery, we successfully performed endoscopic transnasal surgery for a JNA using an ultrasonically activated scalpel. Endoscopic follow-up for the 18 months after the surgical procedure revealed no evidence of recurrence or residual tumor.
Vasomotor Reactivity in Premature Neonates at Term
Authors: Ducrocq J. , De Broca A. , Abdiche M. , Scaillet S. , Leke L. , Bach V.
Published: April 2003

In order to assess the specific sympathetic reactivity in premature infants at term, we designed a study to evaluate the peripheral vasomotor response of such infants when exposed to auditory challenges. Testing was performed in 29 premature neonates at term in both quiet and active sleep during a morning session. Two types of noises were used (click and continuous tones) at three frequencies (250, 1,000 and 6,000 Hz) and at three intensities (60, 85 and 110 dBA). Vasomotor response was studied by analyzing with Mathlab® software the variability of the plethysmographic wave of the oxymetric pulse. No behavioral awakening was observed in response to any stimulation. When a tachycardia or a bradycardia reaction to the stimuli was observed, all neonates responded with a vasoconstriction. The global mean of the vasoconstrictive response was 18.45%. The overall ANOVA on the vasomotor response revealed significant effects for sleep stages (t: 1.98; p < 0.05), for frequency (t: 3.3; p < 0.001) and for intensity of noise (t: 3.01; p < 0.03) but no significant response with heart rate variability. From these results, we could conclude that the assessment of the vasomotor response is a very sensitive procedure to determine the reactivity of the autonomic nervous system in neonates, and could be used to study such vegetative responses in other stressful situations with good accuracy.
Effect of 7-Nitroindazole on Bilirubin-Induced Changes in Brain Cell Membrane Function and Energy Metabolism in Newborn Piglets
Authors: Park Won Soon , Chang Yun Sil , Lee Munhyang
Published: April 2003

We evaluated the effects of 7-nitroindazole, a selective neuronal nitric oxide synthetase (nNOS) inhibitor, on bilirubin-induced alterations in brain cell membrane function and energy metabolism in the newborn piglets. The decreased cerebral cortical cell membrane Na+,K+-ATPase activity and increased lipid peroxidation products, indicative of bilirubin-induced brain damage, were significantly attenuated by 7-nitroindazole treatment. 7-Nitroindazole also significantly improved the bilirubin-induced reduction in both brain ATP and phosphocreatine levels, decreased blood-to-brain glucose ratio and increased brain lactate level. In summary, 7-nitroindazole significantly attenuated the bilirubin-induced alterations in brain cell membrane function and energy metabolism in the newborn piglet. These findings suggest that nitric oxide produced by nNOS is involved in mediating or facilitating bilirubin-induced cerebral dysfunction.
Latex Sensitization by Dermal Exposure Can Lead to Airway Hyperreactivity
Authors: Howell Michael D. , Weissman David N. , Meade B. Jean
Published: April 2003

Background: Using non-powdered, low-protein natural rubber latex (NRL) gloves has been shown to reduce the elicitation of respiratory symptoms in latex-allergic individuals; however, the role of dermal exposure in the induction of sensitization is not completely understood. Objective: These studies were conducted to (1) determine levels of NRL protein in gloves currently in use and (2) evaluate, using a murine model, the potential for dermal exposure to induce NRL sensitization and subsequent airway hyperreactivity upon respiratory challenge. Methods: Total extractable protein and NRL allergen levels were evaluated from 38 glove samples using the Lowry and CAP inhibition assays, respectively. BALB/c mice were dermally exposed to non-ammoniated latex (NAL, 6.25–25 µg) 5 days/week for 13 weeks and monitored weekly/biweekly for IgE levels. Airway hyperreactivity was determined following respiratory challenge with methacholine (MCH) or NAL proteins on days 60 and 93, respectively. Results: Glove total protein and NRL allergen levels ranged from below the limit of detection to 946 µg/g and from 0.002 to 112 µg/g, respectively. Mice demonstrated dose-dependent increases in total serum IgE levels by day 58 with increased airway hyperreactivity observed upon respiratory challenge with MCH (day 60) or NAL proteins (day 93). Conclusions: These studies investigated the continued use of gloves with high levels of total extractable protein and NRL allergen. The potential for dermal exposure to induce NRL-specific IgE and airway hyperreactivity upon respiratory challenge suggests there should be continued concern regarding the induction of sensitization in individuals using non-powdered latex gloves.
Hypogammaglobulinemia in Steroid-Dependent Asthmatics Correlates with the Daily Dose of Oral Prednisolone
Authors: Kawano Tetsuya , Matsuse Hiroto , Obase Yasushi , Kondo Yuki , Machida Ikuko , Tomari Shinya , Mitsuta Kazuko , Fukushima Chizu , Shimoda Terufumi , Kohno Shigeru
Published: April 2003

Background: Steroid-induced adverse effects including suppression of humoral immunity should be considered in steroid-dependent severe asthma. Only a few studies have determined the exact steroid dose that could potentially suppress humoral immunity in asthmatics. Methods: Randomly selected 100 adult asthmatics treated with inhaled beclomethasone dipropionate (BDP) were classified into three groups based on the dose of steroid to determine the serum IgG, IgA and IgM levels by radioimmunoassay. Relationships between serum immunoglobulin levels and the daily dose and duration of oral prednisolone (PSL) therapy were examined. Results: None of the patients on inhaled corticosteroid alone had hypogammaglobulinemia. Patients on oral PSL at a dose >12.5 mg/day for at least 1 year had low serum IgG. There was no significant correlation between the duration of oral PSL therapy and serum IgG. Conclusions: Oral PSL can potentially suppress humoral immunity in severe asthma. In asthmatics, hypogammaglobulinemia could develop in those on a daily dose of PSL >12.5 mg, but is independent of the duration of such treatment. No suppression of humoral immunity was noted on inhaled corticosteroid therapy alone, either at low or high dose.
LB50053: A 5-Hydroxytryptamine1A Agent with a High Binding Affinity and a Potency Evoking a K+ Current
Authors: Kim Han-Seop , Cho Taesup , Lee Changho , Joo Hyun , Kim Seung , Min Churl K.
Published: April 2003

The newly synthesized N-substituted derivative of 3-arylpyrrolidine LB50053, 2--butyl}-1,2-benzisothiazol-3(2H)-one-1,1-dioxide, was studied in receptor-binding assays and in electrophysiological measurements. Competitive binding experiments with various radioligands to the rat forebrain revealed that the (S)-enantiomer of LB50053 had a high affinity (Ki 4.2 nmol/l) and a high selectivity for 5-HT1A receptors as compared with 5-HT2A, D1 dopamine, D2 dopamine, or α2-adrenergic receptor. In Xenopus oocytes, where coupling of the 5-HT1A receptor to the G protein activated inwardly rectifying K+ channel 1 (GIRK1) was established, (S)-LB50053 evoked an inward K+ current through GIRK1 in a manner consistent with a partial agonism. The Kd value deduced from the dose-response relationships of the 5-HT1A receptor full agonist 8-OH-2-(di-n-propylamino)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalene and (S)-LB50053 according to Waud analysis was 64.60 nmol/l. These results demonstrate that LB50053 is a 5-HT1A receptor partial agonist and thus can be used as a therapeutic or pharmacological research tool for 5-HT1A receptor mediated events in the future.
Inhibition of Muscimol on Morphine-Induced Hyperactivity, Reverse Tolerance and Postsynaptic Dopamine Receptor Supersensitivity
Authors: Yoon In-Seup , Kim Hack-Seang , Hong Jin-Tae , Lee Myung-Koo , Oh Ki-Wan
Published: April 2003

This study was performed to investigate the effect of muscimol on morphine-induced hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity in mice. A single administration of morphine induced hyperactivity as measured in mice, and the morphine-induced hyperactivity was inhibited dose-dependently by the administration of the GABAA agonist, muscimol (0.3, 0.5 and 1.0 mg kg–1 i.p.). However, daily repeated administration of morphine caused the development of reverse tolerance against morphine hyperactivity (10 mg kg–1 s.c.). The administration of muscimol inhibited the development of reverse tolerance against morphine hyperactivity (10 mg kg–1 s.c.) in mice that had received chronic administration of morphine. Postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity, as shown by the enhanced ambulatory activity after administration of apomorphine (2 mg kg–1 s.c.), also developed in reverse-tolerant mice. Muscimol also inhibited the development of postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by the chronic administration of morphine. These results suggest that the hyperactivity, reverse tolerance and postsynaptic dopamine receptor supersensitivity induced by morphine can be inhibited via the activation of GABAA receptors.
Immunohistochemical Studies of Caveolin-3 in Germ Cell Tumors of the Testis
Authors: Kasahara Takashi , Hara Noboru , Bilim Vladimir , Tomita Yoshihiko , Tsutsui Toshiki , Takahashi Kota
Published: April 2003

Background/Aim: Caveolin, which is a major constructive component of the caveolar membranes, plays a key role in transcytosis of molecules into cells and regulation of several signal transductions. Caveolin has three isoforms, and recent studies suggest that in some malignant tumors an alteration of caveolin-1 expression correlates with oncogenetic changes. Caveolins have been reported to be negative regulators of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) which can provoke an antitumor response via infiltrating immune cells. The aim of this study was to examine the expressions of caveolin-1 and caveolin-3 (which is a caveolin-1 homologue localized predominantly in muscle tissue) in testicular cancer. Methods: We evaluated the expressions of caveolin-1, caveolin-3, and iNOS in 16 seminoma and 10 non-seminoma testicular cancer specimens as well as normal testicular tissue, using a streptavidin-biotin bridge technique on cryostat sections. The expression of caveolin-3 was confirmed by slot-blot analysis. Tumor-infiltrating immune cells were also studied immunohistochemically, and the correlation between the number of immune cells and caveolin-3 concentrations was calculated. Results: Immunohistochemistry revealed that caveolin-3, but not caveolin-1, was frequently expressed in seminomas (12 positive out of 16 specimens) without positive staining in their normal counterparts or in nonseminomatous germ cell tumors, except for muscle components in the teratoma. iNOS was not expressed in any tissues examined. Samples with high levels of caveolin-3 tended to have higher degrees of tumor-infiltrating immune cells, although this finding was not statistically significant. Conclusion: This is the first report demonstrating the involvement of caveolin-3 in germ cell tumors.
Connections of the Dorsomedial Hypothalamic Nucleus from the Forebrain Structures in the Rat
Authors: Onat Filiz Yılmaz , Aker Rezzan , Şehirli Ümit , Şan Tangül , Çavdar Safiye
Published: April 2003

The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus (DMH) has been implicated as an area controlling autonomic activity. The aim of this study was to demonstrate connections of the anterior and posterior DMH to the forebrain structures, using a horseradish peroxidase (HRP) retrograde axonal transport technique in rats. The results of HRP labelling show that the anterior and posterior DMH indicate a number of differences in their connections. The posterior DMH has intense connections with the cortex (cingulate, frontal, parietal and insular), amygdala (lateral and basolateral) and hippocampus (CA1 and CA2), whereas the anterior DMH has faint connections with the cortex (cingulate, frontal and parietal) and prominent connections with the septal and bed nucleus of stria terminalis. These differences in connections of the DMH may provide sites for the specific autonomic function integrated by the DMH.
Immunohistochemical Localization of Chromogranin A in the Acinar Cells of Equine Salivary Glands Contrasts with Rodent Glands
Authors: Sato Fumio , Kanno Tomio , Nagasawa Shingo , Yanaihara Noboru , Ishida Nobushige , Hasegawa Telhisa , Iwanaga Toshihiko
Published: April 2003

We investigated the existence of chromogranin A (CgA) in salivary glands of the horse by Western blotting and enzyme immunoassay (EIA) using an antiserum against a peptide sequence of equine CgA. We also compared its cellular distribution between the horse and rat salivary glands with a tyramide signal amplification immunofluorescence technique. Western blotting gave three significant immunoreactive bands (74, 56 and 48 kDa) in adrenal medulla and three major salivary glands of horses. Immunoreactivities for CgA measured by EIA in horses were 154.05 ± 41.46, 20.32 ± 5.59 and 4.43 ± 2.23 pmol/g wet weight in the parotid gland, submandibular gland and sublingual gland, respectively, and 1.03 ± 0.407 pmol/mg protein in the saliva. Immunohistochemically, the positive reactivity was mainly recognized at acinar cells in equine salivary glands. This exhibits a contrast to the finding in the rat salivary glands that the CgA immunoreactivity is localized at the duct cells of the submandibular gland. These results provide novel evidence that in the horse, CgA is stored in the acinar cells of salivary glands, and secreted into saliva.
Lipopolysaccharide- and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-Induced Changes in Prolactin Secretion and Dopaminergic Activity in the Hypothalamic-Pituitary Axis
Authors: de Laurentiis Andrea , Pisera Daniel , Caruso Carla , Candolfi Marianela , Mohn Claudia , Rettori Valeria , Seilicovich Adriana
Published: April 2003

Bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) affects pituitary hormone secretion, including prolactin release, by inducing synthesis and release of cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Since prolactin is mainly under tonic inhibitory control of dopamine, we investigated the effect of LPS and TNF-α on the hypothalamic-pituitary dopaminergic system. LPS (100–250 µg/rat, i.p.) decreased serum prolactin levels after 1 or 3 h. Sulpiride, a dopaminergic antagonist, increased serum prolactin and blocked the inhibitory effect of LPS. LPS increased hypothalamic dopamine and DOPAC concentrations and the DOPAC/dopamine ratio both in mediobasal hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. LPS also enhanced dopamine and DOPAC concentration in the anterior pituitary. LPS elevated plasma levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine and dopamine but it did not modify the concentration of epinephrine or norepinephrine in the tissues studied. The administration of TNF-α (i.c.v., 1 h, 100 ng/rat) decreased serum prolactin but did not affect plasma catecholamine levels. TNF-α did not modify the DOPAC/dopamine ratio in hypothalamus or posterior pituitary but increased dopamine and DOPAC concentrations in the anterior pituitary. Incubations of hypothalamic explants showed that TNF-α did not modify in vitro basal dopamine release and reduced K+-evoked dopamine release. On the contrary, incubations of posterior pituitaries showed that TNF-α significantly increased basal and K+-evoked dopamine release. These results indicate that LPS and TNF-α increase dopamine turnover in the hypothalamic-pituitary axis. This increase in dopaminergic activity could mediate the inhibitory effect of LPS and TNF-α on prolactin release. Furthermore, the increase in dopaminergic activity elicited by LPS could be mediated by an increase in hypothalamic TNF-α during endotoxemia.
Glutathione Treatment Protects the Rat Liver against Injury after Warm Ischemia and Kupffer Cell Activation
Authors: Bilzer Manfred , Baron Andreas , Schauer Rolf , Steib Christian , Ebensberger Stefan , Gerbes Alexander L.
Published: April 2003

Background/Aim: The generation of reactive oxygen species by activated Kupffer cells (KC) may contribute to reperfusion injury of the liver during liver transplantation or resection. The aim of our present studies was to investigate (1) prevention of hepatic reperfusion injury after warm ischemia by administration of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and (2) whether GSH confers protection through influences on KC toxicity. Methods: Isolated perfused rat livers were subjected to 1 h of warm ischemia followed by 90 min of reperfusion without (n = 5) or with GSH or catalase (n = 4–5 each). Selective KC activation by zymosan (150 µg/ml) in continuously perfused rat livers was used to investigate KC-related liver injury. Results: Postischemic infusion of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mM GSH, but not 0.05 mM GSH prevented reperfusion injury after warm ischemia as indicated by a marked reduction of sinusoidal LDH efflux by up to 83 ± 13% (mean ± SD; p < 0.05) and a concomitant significant improvement of postischemic bile flow by 58 ± 27% (p < 0.05). A similar protection was conveyed by KC blockade with gadolinium chloride indicating prevention of KC-related reperfusion injury by postischemic GSH treatment. Postischemic treatment with catalase (150 U/ml) resulted in a reduction of LDH efflux by 40 ± 9% (p < 0.05). Accordingly, catalase as well as GSH (0.1–2.0 mM) nearly completely prevented the increase in LDH efflux following selective KC activation by zymosan in continously perfused rat livers. Conclusion: Postischemic administration of GSH protects the liver against reperfusion injury after warm ischemia. Detoxification of KC-derived hydrogen peroxide seem to be an important feature of the protective mechanisms.
Prognosis of Patients with T2N0 Tumors in the Alimentary Tract: Should They Be Considered as Early Cancers?
Authors: Tachibana Mitsuo , Dhar Dipok Kumar , Kinugasa Shoichi , Yoshimura Hiroshi , Shibakita Muneaki , Fujii Toshiyuki , Ueda Shuhei , Kubota Hirofumi , Kohno Hitoshi , Nagasue Naofumi
Published: April 2003

Background: T1N0 tumor of the alimentary tract has an excellent long-term prognosis, however, the prognosis of T2N0 tumor has not been uniformly elucidated. Material and Methods: Between February 1981 and April 2000, 75, 424 and 327 patients with node-negative esophageal, gastric and colorectal carcinomas, respectively, underwent curative resection and were included in this study. Long-term prognosis of those node-negative patients stratified by the T-stage were evaluated retrospectively. Results: The 5-year survival rates of patients with T1N0 and T2N0 esophageal tumors were 95.7 and 93.3%, respectively, however those with T3N0 tumor was only 47.6% (p < 0.01). Similarly, the 5-year survival rates of gastric cancer patients with T1–2N0 tumors was 100%, however those with T3N0 and T4N0 tumors were 55.6 and 44.4%, respectively (p < 0.01). The 5-year survival rates of colorectal cancer patients with T1N0 and T2N0 tumors were 97.3 and 97.5%, respectively. In contrast, those with T3N0 and T4N0 tumors were 78.6 and 58.3%, respectively (p < 0.05, T1N0, T2N0 vs. T3N0; p < 0.001, vs. T4N0). Conclusion: Patients with T2N0 tumors have an excellent long-term prognosis like T1N0 tumors and both categories could be classified as early cancer in the alimentary tract cancers.
Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in Bleeding Peptic Ulcer Patients, Evaluation of Urea-Based Tests
Authors: Wildner-Christensen Mette , Touborg Lassen Annmarie , Lindebjerg Jan , Schaffalitzky de Muckadell Ove B.
Published: April 2003

Background/Aims: The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori (Hp) has been reported to be lower in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers than in patients with nonbleeding peptic ulcers. This might be due to inaccuracy of the urease-based diagnostic tests when used in patients with bleeding peptic ulcers. The aims of this study were to compare the validity of the rapid urease test (RUT) and 13C-urea breath test in patients with bleeding (group 1) and nonbleeding peptic ulcers (group 2) and to examine whether the presence of blood in the stomach influences the validity of urease-based tests. Methods: 95 consecutive patients with bleeding peptic ulcers (48 with and 47 without blood in the stomach) and 44 with uncomplicated peptic ulcers. Biopsies for RUT and histology were obtained during endoscopy. After endoscopy a 13C-urea breath test was performed. Positive histology was used as ‘gold standard’ defining positive Hp-status. Results: The prevalence of Hp-infection was 44/95 (46%) in group 1 and 29/44 (66%) in group 2 (p = 0.04). The sensitivities and specificities of RUT, 13C-urea breath test and serology (control) were between 0.72 and 0.96; no difference was found between the groups. In group 1 the sensitivity of the RUT decreased from 0.96 when no blood was present to 0.60 when blood was present (p = 0.006). The sensitivity of 13C-urea breath test was not affected by blood in the stomach. Conclusion: When comparing patients with bleeding and nonbleeding peptic ulcers, we did not find any difference in either sensitivity or specificity of the diagnostic tests for Hp. However, the sensitivity of the RUT was lower when blood was present in the stomach, which was the case in only half of the patients. The sensitivity and specificity of the 13C-urea breath test was not affected by the presence of blood in the stomach.
Knowledge of Stimulus Repetition Affects the Magnitude and Spatial Distribution of Low-Frequency Event-Related Brain Potentials
Authors: Clementz Brett A. , Barber Stefanie K. , Dzau Jacqueline R.
Published: April 2003

Rate effects are defined as a reduction in amplitude of an evoked brain response with increasing stimulus frequency. In auditory paired-stimulus paradigms, a smaller amplitude evoked response to the second stimulus at a latency of 50 ms has been proposed to index a preattentive sensory gating mechanism. The present study investigated the possibility that expectancy and/or attentional biases could alter evoked potentials associated with rate effects. EEG data were recorded from 30 channels while subjects received 240 trials of 1, 2 or 3 click stimuli (with successive stimuli being separated by 500-ms intervals). Half of the subjects knew (blocked condition) and half of the subjects did not know (mixed condition) how many stimuli they would receive on a given trial. Subjects in the blocked condition had a significantly larger rate effect than subjects in the mixed condition. This effect was present only for low-frequency components of the event-related brain potential (ERP; below 10 Hz) and occurred from 30 to 60, 90 to 160 and 190 to 260 ms after stimulus presentation (P1-N1-P2 complex). Mixed condition subjects also had larger contributions to their ERPs from temporal channels. These results suggest that the rate effect can be significantly altered by expectancy, and they are inconsistent with the thesis that ERPs near 50 ms in a paired-stimulus paradigm solely index a preattentive sensory gating mechanism.