bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using Risk–Benefit Analysis to Control Salmonella in Chicken Meat
Authors: Tondo Eduardo Cesar , Gonçalves Claudia Titze Hessel
Published: October 2021

We have created a risk–benefit analysis (RBA) model to assist in food safety decision-making by analyzing Salmonella control in Brazilian chicken meat. First, we described the issues in a risk profile and used a 5×5 matrix to rank the risks associated with Salmonella. We then classified the magnitude of benefits and costs of control measures using another matrix. Finally, we verified the beneficial effects of recommended control measures using Quantitative Microbiological Risk Assessment (QMRA). The RBA classified Salmonella contamination as risk 6, indicating that control measures should be taken in the short and medium terms. It also recommended the adoption of biosecurity measures on farms to reduce the prevalence of Salmonella in birds, better control of carcass washings and chiller tank management, and information placement on packages and campaigns to raise the awareness of the population about the need to control Salmonella contamination before consumption. On the other hand, it did not recommend better controls at scalding and defeathering. QMRA confirmed the beneficial effects of the recommended control measures. For example, as Salmonella prevalence in poultry increased from 4.04 per cent to 50 per cent, the risk of infection per serving also increased from 0.0080 to 0.071. Although better controls in washings and chiller tank management did not affect the risk of infection, it reduced Salmonella counts on carcasses. We assume that the presence of Salmonella on carcasses was due to improper thermal processing or cross-contamination, which increased the risk from 0.0080 to 0.015962. The RBA demonstrated the logic involved in the adoption of control measures, and this can be helpful in the risk management of food safety issues.
One stomach, two subtypes of carcinoma—the differences between distal and proximal gastric cancer
Authors: Zhang Yuan , Zhang Peng-Shan , Rong Ze-Yin , Huang Chen
Published: October 2021

Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the digestive tract, posing a significant risk to human health. Over the past 10 years, the pathological characteristics and the prognosis of GC have been determined based on the locations of the tumors that were then classified into two types—proximal and distal GC. This review focuses on the differences in epidemiology, etiology, cell source, pathological characteristics, gene expression, molecular markers, manifestations, treatment, prognosis, and prevention between proximal and distal GC to provide guidance and a basis for clinical diagnosis and treatment.
Monodopsis and Vischeria Genomes Shed New Light on the Biology of Eustigmatophyte Algae
Authors: Yang Hsiao-Pei , Wenzel Marius , Hauser Duncan A , Nelson Jessica M , Xu Xia , Eliáš Marek , Li Fay-Wei
Published: October 2021

Members of eustigmatophyte algae, especially Nannochloropsis and Microchloropsis, have been tapped for biofuel production owing to their exceptionally high lipid content. Although extensive genomic, transcriptomic, and synthetic biology toolkits have been made available for Nannochloropsis and Microchloropsis, very little is known about other eustigmatophytes. Here we present three near-chromosomal and gapless genome assemblies of Monodopsis strains C73 and C141 (60 Mb) and Vischeria strain C74 (106 Mb), which are the sister groups to Nannochloropsis and Microchloropsis in the order Eustigmatales. These genomes contain unusually high percentages of simple repeats, ranging from 12% to 21% of the total assembly size. Unlike Nannochloropsis and Microchloropsis, long interspersed nuclear element repeats are abundant in Monodopsis and Vischeria and might constitute the centromeric regions. We found that both mevalonate and nonmevalonate pathways for terpenoid biosynthesis are present in Monodopsis and Vischeria, which is different from Nannochloropsis and Microchloropsis that have only the latter. Our analysis further revealed extensive spliced leader trans-splicing in Monodopsis and Vischeria at 36–61% of genes. Altogether, the high-quality genomes of Monodopsis and Vischeria not only serve as the much-needed outgroups to advance Nannochloropsis and Microchloropsis research, but also shed new light on the biology and evolution of eustigmatophyte algae.
La tesis sobre la especificidad de la interpretación constitucionalThe specificity thesis of constitutional interpretation
Authors: Celis Vela Dúber Armando
Published: October 2021

The special nature of constitutional interpretation is a distinctive feature of contemporary constitutionalism. The justification for this thesis is usually presented in a dispersed and unsystematic way. The purpose of this paper is to reconstruct the arguments that promote the thesis of the special interpretation of the constitution and propose a theoretical model to determine its conceptual scope. In general terms, I argue that the constitution and the techniques of constitutional interpretation do not imply special operations to establish the meaning of the constitutional provisions. The doctrine of special interpretation is justified in constitutionalist conceptions of the law to generate attitudes favorable to the discretionary decisions adopted by the constitutional judge.
Association Between Immunogenicity and Reactogenicity: A Post Hoc Analysis of 2 Phase 3 Studies With the Adjuvanted Recombinant Zoster Vaccine
Authors: Callegaro Andrea , Burny Wivine , Hervé Caroline , Hyung Kim Joon , Levin Myron J , Zahaf Toufik , Cunningham Anthony L , Didierlaurent Arnaud M
Published: October 2021

A recurrent question is whether transient reactions to vaccines translate into better immune responses. Using clinical data from 2 large phase 3 studies of the recombinant zoster vaccine, we observed a small but statistically significant association between the intensity of a frequent side effect (pain) after vaccination and immune responses to vaccination. However, despite the statistical correlation, the impact on the immune response is so small, and the immune response in individuals without pain already sufficient, that pain cannot be a surrogate marker for an appropriate immune response. Reactogenicity cannot be used to predict immunity after vaccination.
PSII-2 Daily patterns for respiration rates and internal temperatures of heat stressed lactating sows with or without electronically controlled cooling pads
Authors: Graham Jason R , Galvin Michaiah J , Jansen Taylor L , Field Tyler C , Stwalley Robert M , Johnson Jay S , Schinckel Allan P
Published: October 2021

Lactating sows are especially sensitive to heat stress (HS) due to high metabolic demands resulting from milk output. Therefore, there is a need to develop effective cooling technologies that reduce the impact of HS on lactating sows. The study objective was to determine whether electronically controlled cooling pads (ECP) would allow sows to remain euthermic under HS conditions. Twelve multiparous (2.69 ± 0.85) lactating sows (265.4 ± 26.1 kg) and litters (11.4 ± 0.7 piglets/litter) were assigned to either a non-functional ECP (NECP; n = 6) or an ECP (n = 6), housed in farrowing crates, and tested over two repetitions. Sows were provided feed and water ad libitum and all sows were exposed to HS (28.27 ± 1.42°C nighttime to 35.14 ± 0.70°C daytime). Body temperature (TB), was measured hourly using vaginal implants, and respiration rate (RR) was measured in 30 min intervals from 0600 to 2100 hrs over 2 d representing mid- and late lactation. Mixed model periodic regression equations were fitted to the TB and RR to time. The final model for TB included the effect of replicate, random effect of sow, day of lactation as a covariate, single-phase sine and cosine variables for each treatment and 2-phase sine and cosine periodic regression variables. The final model for RR included the random effect of sow, effect of treatment, replicate, day of lactation, sleeping, and single-phase sine and cosine functions for each treatment. An interaction (P < 0.05) between treatment and sine or cosine was observed for TB. For RR there was no interaction for treatment and cosine (P = 0.07), but an interaction (P < 0.05; -9.94) was observed for sine. The significant treatment by wavelength interactions observed indicate a change in RR and TB patterns when sows are placed on ECPs.
PSXV-23 Effects of a nutritional packet composed of live yeast, vitamins, and electrolytes on the feeding behavior of intensively managed beef steers
Authors: Coello Kymberly D , Osorio Andrea M , Nardi Kaue Tonelli , Scaranto Silva Kaliu G , Raudales Angel A , Ciriaco Francine M , Sarturi Jhones Onorino , Henry Darren D
Published: October 2021

The effect of a nutritional-packet was evaluated on time spent ruminating, eating, and chewing (ruminating + eating) by intensively managed beef steers consuming a finishing diet during the final 65 d of feeding prior to slaughter. Furthermore, the influence of behavior on CH4 production was determined. Twenty-four Angus-crossbreed steers were distributed into pens with SmartFeed (C-Lock) technology in which they were treated with: control or nutritional-packet [0.29% DM basis; live yeast (8.7 Log CFU/g); Vitamin C (5.4 g/kg); Vitamin B1 (13.33 g/kg); NaCl (80 g/kg); KCl (80 g/kg)]. An ear tag containing multiple accelerometers (CowManager) was placed on steers, and such device continuously recorded rumination and eating time (min/day). Enteric CH4 emissions were measured for 15 d using the SF6 tracer technique. Feeding behavior data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design using the MIXED procedure of SAS. The model included the fixed effect of treatment and the random effect of block. Steer was considered experimental unit. The GLM procedure of SAS was used for regressing behavior and CH4 production data. There were no differences between treatments for time (within 24 h) spent ruminating, eating, or chewing (P ³ 0.197). When nutrient intake was taken into account, no differences (P ³ 0.139) were observed between treatments for time spent ruminating, eating, and chewing per kg of dry matter, organic matter, neutral detergent fiber intake, and acid detergent fiber intakes. The production of CH4 was not affected by time spent ruminating (0.93 g/min; R2 = 0.0003; P = 0.935), eating (3.34 g/min; R2 = 0.03; P = 0.409), or chewing (0.69 g/min; R2 = 0.006; P = 0.728). The feeding behavior of intensively managed beef steers during the final 65-d of feeding was not driven by the nutritional-packet supplied, neither was CH4 production associated with feeding behavior variables measured.
PSX-B-14 Properties of Kluyveromyces marxianus strains isolated from natural biotopes
Authors: Nikanova Daria A , Artemyeva Olga
Published: October 2021

Kluyveromyces marxianus yeast is often isolated from dairy products and used as probiotic agents in food. As a producer-yeast they must be genetically stable, have simple nutrient requirements, be effective in hostile conditions, grow on inexpensive nutrient media and be easy to store and distribute. Nineteen strains of K. marxianus isolated from natural biotopes were tested for their ability to grow on various carbon sources. For this, the YPD medium (1% yeast extract, 2% peptone, 2% dextrose, pH 5.5) was used with the addition of 20 g/L of one of the following carbon sources: glucose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, mannitol, arabinose, xylose, and galactose. The cultivation was carried out for 1–3 days. All isolates were also tested for their ability to grow in YPD broth at different temperatures (4, 27, 37, 40, 42, 46 and 48 °C) and pH (5; 3 and 2). K. marxianus strains showed widespread use of the substrate and high resistance to elevated incubation temperatures. All tested strains grew at 27 and 37 °C and one strain grew at 46 °C. None of the strains showed active growth at pH 2 and all cultures grew actively at pH 3. At the same time five strains showed growth at pH 5.0. All strains fermented galactose, 16 - xylose, 9 - glucose, 7 - lactose, 12 - maltose, 11 - arabinose, 5 - sucrose, 13 - mannitol. It should be noted that all strains in this study have showed fully restored growth after 2 hours’ incubation at pH 2. It indicates that they could survive when passing through the gastric passage into the intestine. These properties make the use of K. marxianus and its metabolites indispensable in agriculture as a feed additive. This work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia.
PSX-B-13 Effect of epidermal growth factor and prolactin on the quality of bovine oocytes aging in vitro
Authors: Shedova Ekaterina , Singina Galina , Lebedeva Irina Y , Lopukhov Aleksandr
Published: October 2021

The evaluation of factors responsible for the protection of the oocytes attained the metaphase-II stage from aging is importance for successful in vitro embryo reproduction. The aim of the present research was to study dose-dependent effects of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and prolactin (PRL) on the quality of bovine oocytes after their aging in vitro. Bovine cumulus-enclosed oocytes (CEOs) were matured in vitro for 20 h in TCM 199 containing 0.2 mM sodium pyruvate, 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 10 μg/ml FSH and LH. At the end of in vitro maturation, oocytes were transferred to TCM 199 supplemented with 10% FCS (aging medium) and cultured for additional 24 h in the absence (Control) and in presence of EGF (10 and 50 ng/ml) and PRL (20 and 50 ng/ml). After prolonged culture oocytes were used for apoptosis detection (TUNEL staining, n=251) and the state of chromosomes evaluation (Tarkowski’s cytogenetic method, n=359). The data from 3–4 replicates were analyzed by ANOVA. At the end of prolonged culture (24 h) the rate of apoptotic oocytes in the Control group was 47.4±8.5%. EGF at concentration of 10 ng/ml and PRL at both doses decreased this rate to 15.0–22.1% (p < 0.05). Furthermore, PRL (not EGF) reduced the frequency of abnormal chromosome modifications (decondensation, adherence, clumping) at concentrations of 20–50 ng/ml from 58.7±2.1% (Control) to 41.2±1.9 and 45.6±2.7% respectively (p < 0.01). Thus, EGF and PRL is able to maintain the apoptosis resistance of bovine oocytes during their prolonged in vitro culture as well as PRL have the decelerating effect on abnormal modifications of M-II chromosomes. The research was supported by RFBR (17-29-08035) and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia.
PSX-B-11 Comparing effects of FGF2 and IGF1 on the development competence of parthenogenetic activated bovine oocytes maturing in vitro
Authors: Singina Galina
Published: October 2021

The oocyte quality acquired during in vitro maturation (IVM) are the main limitative factors affecting the embryo production. The aim of the present research was to study effects of fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) during IVM of bovine oocytes on their developmental potential after parthenogenetic activation. Bovine cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC; n = 1176) were cultured for 22h in either standard maturation medium (TCM-199 supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS), 0.2 mM sodium pyruvate, 10 μg/ml FSH and 10 μg/ml LH; Control) or maturation medium supplemented with different concentrations (5–160 ng/ml) of FGF2 and IGF1. After IVM, matured oocytes activated by sequential treatment with ionomycin followed by DMAP and cyclohexamide and then cultured up to the blastocyst stage. The obtained blastocysts were fixed, and the total cell number and the level of apoptosis were determined using DAPI and TUNEL staining. The data from 4 replicates (77–91 oocytes per treatment) were analyzed by ANOVA. Cleavage rates of activated oocytes did not differ between groups and ranged from 63.7 to 68.1%. The addition of 10, 20 and 40 ng/ml of FGF2 to the IVM medium led to an increase in the yield of blastocysts [from 19.6±1.8% (Control) to 35.2±3.4, 29.8±1.9 and 31.1±2.1%, respectively (P<0.05)] and in the total cell number in embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage (P<0.05). Meanwhile, the blastocyst yield and the total cell number in blastocysts in the IGF1-treated groups were similar to that in the control group. No effects of both growth factors on the proportion of apoptotic nuclei in blastocysts (5.3–7.1%) were observed. Thus, FGF2 (but not IGF1) are able to maintain competence for parthenogenetic development of bovine COC during their maturation invitro. Supported by RFBR (18-29-07089) and the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Russia.
PSX-B-12 Сreation of a pichia pastoris strain: A producer of recombinant peptidase M9 from Aeromonas salmonicida
Authors: Minaev Mikhail , Nagel Alexey , Andreeva-Kovalevskaya Zhanna , Zakharova Marina , Khvostov Daniil
Published: October 2021

Proteases are produced by a wide variety of microorganisms and have a wide range of applications. Peptidase M9 from Aeromonas salmonicida is a 915 amino acid residue protein. Earlier, we cloned the 864 bp C end of the gene. (col2 gene) encoding the actual peptidase domain of 238 aa in the vector plasmid pPic9K. It was demonstrated that the recombinant Pichia pastoris strain, created on the basis of this plasmid, has a specific enzymatic activity against collagen. The aim of this work was to further optimize the expression of the col2 gene of the M9 peptidase domain from Aeromonas salmonicida in Pichia pastoris, isolation, purification, and characterization of the protein.First, the col2 gene was optimized based on the use of P. pastoris codons. Secondly, a study of collagenase activity with 4 different signaling sequences was carried out. It was shown that the strain for which the collagenase gene had the P. pastoris alpha peptide as a signal sequence was shown to have the maximum activity. One of the approaches leading to an increase in the yield of the target protein is the cloning of the gene encoding the chaperone proteins. We have created strains containing, in addition to the collagenase gene, also the pdi and hac chaperone genes. It was shown that the collagenase activity in the strain containing the pdi chaperone gene was 2–3 times higher than in the strain containing only the col2 gene. So, the Pichia pastoris strain was created - the producer of the recombinant peptidase M9 from Aeromonas salmonicida, the target protein was isolated and characterized.Research conducted as part of the state assignment of Gorbatov Federal Research Center for Food Systems of Russian Academy of Sciences 0437-2019-0001.
PSVII-22 Changes in biochemical composition of saliva and blood of cattle after sunflower husk included in the diet
Authors: Kondrashova Kristina , Shejjda Elena , Shajahmetova Elvina , Lebedev Svyatoslav , Miroshnikov Sergej , Duskaev Galimzhan , Kvan Olga , Rakhmatullin Shamil
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the introduction of food waste sunflower husk (SH) into the diet on the change in the chemical composition of biological media (blood and saliva) against the background of control (C). The studies were carried out on young 8-month cattle; ration of C - 70% roughage, 25% - concentrated feed, 5% - premix; SH - ration C + 10% sunflower husk (shredded, 0.5–2 mm), instead of the coarse part of the ration. The selection of biosubstrates (saliva, blood) was carried out in the morning before feeding: saliva was obtained by the method of local pharmacological stimulation of salivation (2% sodium citrate solution), blood from the jugular vein into vacuum tubes with a coagulation activator. The chemical composition of biological media was carried out on an automatic biochemical analyzer CS-T240 (Dirui Industrial Co., Ltd., China) using commercial biochemical kits for veterinary medicine (DIAKON-DS, Russia; Randox Laboratories Ltd, Great Britain). The inclusion of SH in the diet contributed to an increase in serum urea by 82.4% (P ≤ 0.05), lipase enzyme by 81.5% (P ≤ 0.05), uric acid by 62.7% (P ≤ 0.05), Ca and P by 73% and 21.8% (P ≤ 0.05), while a decrease in p-Amylase by 63.6% (P ≤ 0.05) and Fe by 86.8% (P ≤ 0.05) relative to C. After SH administration an increase in urea by 73% (P ≤ 0.05), digestive enzymes - lipase by 76.4% (P ≤ 0.05), p-amylase by 61 % (P ≤ 0.05), calcium by 69.3% and iron by 45% (P ≤ 0.05) and superoxide dismutase enzyme in comparison with C was registered in saliva. The obtained data show an increase in the level of digestive enzymes and elements in blood and saliva of ruminants, which favorably contributes to the use of sunflower husk in feeding cattle. This research was performed with financial support from the RSF (# 20-16-00088).
PSIII-19 Soil nutrient profile from cool-season forages fertilized with manure from steers supplemented with titrated levels of dried distillers grains
Authors: Hines Abbigail R , Gray Kacie , Muir James P , Bellows Barbara , Rouquette Francis , Smith William B
Published: October 2021

Dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS) is commonly used as supplemental feed in cattle rations. However, the systemic effects of overfeeding DDGS, especially to potential fertilizer benefits of pass-through nitrogen, are widely unknown. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate plant and soil response to fertilization with manure from steers supplemented with titrated levels of DDGS. Manure utilized was collected from steers supplemented with DDGS (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% BW) during a 2-yr experiment. The experimental design was a randomized complete block design with an augmented factorial treatment structure wherein benches represented blocks. The factorial was made up of manure treatment (0, 0.25, 0.5, or 1% BW DDGS, chemical fertilizer, or none) soil type (Windthorst or Purves), and plant species (none, crimson clover, or rye). Pots were sown (5 seeds/pot) and grown in a greenhouse for 35 d. Water was applied daily at 90% evapotranspiration. After harvest, soils were sifted, dried for 72 h at 55°C, then assayed for C, N, NO3-N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, and S. There was an interaction of manure and soil type for soil C (P < 0.01). Purves soils amended with any manure had a greater (P < 0.05) concentration of C (1.8%) than did the negative control (1.3%). From Windthorst, soil C was greatest from 1% BW DDGS manure (1.9%), and least from 0% DDGS manure (1.5%), with 0.25 and 0.5% manures and the negative control intermediate. There was an interaction of manure, soil type, and forage for soil N (P < 0.01). Manures with higher levels of supplementation had greater (P < 0.05) soil N than lower levels of supplementation or the negative control. Legumes had greater soil N than grasses. Results are interpreted to mean that moderate supplementation of steers with DDGS may yield soil nutrient benefits through nutrient deposition.
PSXVI-24 The succession of reindeer’ rumen symbiotic bacteria
Authors: Ilina Larisa A , Filippova Valentina A , Yildirim Elena A , Brazhnik Evgeni A , Dunyashev Timur P , Laptev Georgiy Y , Laishev Kasim A
Published: October 2021

Reindeer digestion is impossible without the symbiotic microorganisms that live in its rumen. The composition of plant fibers present in the diet of reindeer is characterized by an increased content of plant fiber, hemicellulose, lignin, and secondary lichen metabolites. The Arctic is characterized by extremely scarce food resources even in summer. In winter the nutritional value of the diet is further reduced. The digestion of such feeds is provided only by the enzyme systems of microorganisms that live in the rumen of ruminants. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine the changes occurring in the composition of the reindeer’ rumen bacterial community inhabiting the Nenets region of the Russian Arctic. Rumen contents were collected from 20 reindeer in winter and summer 2017. To identify the bacterial community, 16S rRNA sequencing was used on the MiSeq (Illumina). Statistical processing of the results of NGS using the PERMANOVA analysis showed that the rumen bacterial communities in winter and summer have significant differences (P = 0.001). Taxonomic analysis using the GreenGenes database showed that, in general, at the phylum level in the community, representatives of Firmicutes (29.98–52.67%) and Bacteroidetes (33.55–51.87%) dominated. Significant differences were shown for microorganisms associated with the fermentation of plant polysaccharides. In winter, a significant increase in bacteria of the genera Succiniclasticum (P < 0.001), Paraprevotellaceae (P < 0.001), Coprococcus (P < 0.001), Butyrivibrio (P < 0.001), Prevotella (P < 0.001), Ruminococcus (P < 0.001). Thus, there is a succession of the bacterial community of the reindeer rumen associated with the change of seasons, affecting minor groups of microorganisms. In turn, it is associated with the availability of various components of the diet and the predominance of more or less easily digestible substances in it. The study was supported by a grant of Russian Science Foundation Project No. 17-76-20026.
PSXI-30 Effects of feeding levels on digestibility, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of fattening Korean native goats (Capra hircus coreanae)
Authors: Jin Daehyeok , Lee Jinwook , Choi Bong-Hwan , Lee Sung-Soo , Kim Dong-Kyo , Lee Eun-Do , Roh Hee-Jong , Kim Kwan-Woo
Published: October 2021

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of feeding levels on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation and blood metabolites of fattening Korean native goats. Five Korean native goat (Capra hircus coreanae) bucks (38.0±1.7 kg) with an average age of 2.4-year-old were randomly allocated to one of five feeding levels (maintenance [M], 1.1 x M, 1.2 x M, 1.4 x M, and 1.6 x M). The experimental design was 5 × 5 Latin square design and all animals were housed individual pens (1.2 m × 0.9 m) for an adaption period of 2 weeks and collection period for 1 weeks. The average daily gain (P < 0.05) and nutrient digestibility (P < 0.01) were increased linearly in goat as feeding level increased. Rumen pH showed no significantly differences among feeding levels. Total volatile fatty acid, acetate and propionate concentrations were increased linearly (P < 0.01) and quadratically (P < 0.01) with increased feeding levels. Butyrate and ammonia nitrogen concentrations were linearly increased with increased feeding levels (P < 0.01), but valerate concentration did not differ among feeding levels. Blood metabolites did not differ among feeding levels except for albumin concentration which was linearly increased with increased feeding levels (P < 0.05). The fecal energy loss was not influenced by feeding levels, but digestible energy was increased linearly (P < 0.01) and quadratically (P < 0.05) with increased feeding levels. The metabolizable energy requirement was estimated using quadratic line model and ranged from 153 to 161 kcal per metabolic body weight based on average daily gain and ME intake. These results found that the increased feeding level might be improve an average daily gain and ruminal fermentation of Korean native goats in fattening phase. These results may also serve as a basis for the establishment of feeding standard of goats in Republic of Korea.
PSXI-24 Evaluation of Barbados Blackbelly and St. Croix hair sheep under accelerated lambing using purebred and terminal sire mating: Ewe fertility, prolificacy, and productivity
Authors: Wildeus Stephan , Murphy Tom , O’Brien Dahlia
Published: October 2021

Objectives were to evaluate ewe performance under an accelerated, pasture-lambing system. Barbados Blackbelly (n = 85) and St. Croix ewes (n = 91) were exposed to rams of their own breed (pure) or Dorset (terminal) in November (2012 and 2014), July (2013 and 2015), and March (2014 and 2016). Traits considered were fertility (i.e., ewes lambing/ewes exposed; n = 670) and number of lambs born (NLB), number of lambs weaned (NLW), and total 65 d adjusted litter weaning weight (LWW; n = 548 each). Data were analyzed with fixed effects of ewe age (1, 1.5, 2 yr, or ≥ 2.5 yr), breed, mating system (pure vs terminal), mating month-year, and the mating system x mating month-year interaction and a random ewe effect. Fertility was greater for Barbados Blackbelly than St. Croix ewes (0.88 vs 0.73; P < 0.01) but ewe breed did not affect any other trait (P ≥ 0.06). The mating system x mating month-year interaction effect impacted all traits (P ≤ 0.03) except NLB (P = 0.09) and performance between mating systems was compared within mating month. Fertility was greater for pure than terminal mated ewes in November (0.96 vs 0.85) and July (0.94 vs 0.53; P ≤ 0.01). Following July mating, both NLB and NLW were greater for pure than terminal mated ewes (1.69 vs 1.37 lambs and 1.43 vs 1.11 lambs, respectively; P < 0.01). However, LWW was greater for terminal than pure mated ewes after November (18.0 vs 15.7 kg) and March mating (18.1 vs 14.2 kg; P ≤ 0.02). Using a terminal sire in landrace hair sheep under accelerated mating generally reduced fertility, NLB, and NLW but improved LWW. The strategic use of terminal sire mating should be considered just during breeding season, or the use of alternative sire breeds should be evaluated.
PSXIV-20 Ovine circulatory markers regulating the acute-phase response of variable stress responding sheep to LPS challenge
Authors: Sharma Ankita , Shandilya Umesh K , Sullivan Tianna , Naylor Danielle , Cánovas Angela , Mallard Bonnie , Karrow Niel
Published: October 2021

Pathogens induce neuroendocrine-immune interactions in their hosts, which are a basis to overcome the microbial stressor. These interactions result in individual variation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis response and could contribute to variable stress resiliency. In present study, a comprehensive set of circulatory markers was assessed in variable stress responding lambs selected from a population (n = 112) and categorized based on cortisol levels as high (HSR, 336.2 ±27.9 nmol/L, n =12), middle (MSR, 147.3 ±9.5 nmol/L, n =12) and low (LSR, 32.1 ±10.4 nmol/L, n =12) responding phenotypes post LPS challenge (400 ng/kg iv). Blood was collected from the jugular vein at 0 (pre-) and 4 hrs post-LPS challenge to monitor changes in serum with a panel of 15 pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines and 84 miRNAs, and white blood cell (WBC) populations. The HSR had the strongest fever and pro-inflammatory IL-6, IFN-γ cytokine responses compared to MSR and LSR. HSR and MSR had stronger anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine and CCL2 chemokine responses than LSR. WBC counts changed between 0 and 4 hrs; however, no differences were detected among the variable stress response groups. Three miRNAs, oar-miR-485-5p (+3.82 folds), oar-miR-1193-5p (+2.43 folds) and oar-miR-3957-5p (+3.14 folds) were significantly (P < 0.05) upregulated, and seven miRNAs, oar-miR-376b-3p (-6.6 fold), oar-miR-376c-3p (3.5 folds), oar-miR-411b-5p (-11.69 folds), (oar-miR-376a-3p (-2.28 fold), oar-miR-376b-3p (-6.08 folds), oar-miR-376c-3p (-2.62 folds), oar-miR-381-3p (-3.85 folds) were downregulated (P < 0.05) in HSR compared to LSR and MSR. Functional analysis of miRNAs revealed their roles in activating TGF-beta signalling, Cytokine receptor interaction and Thyroid signalling pathways in HSR phenotypes indicating a hyper-induced acute-phase response. In summary, these results indicate variation in the acute-phase response to stress, and some of these markers could be used as stress biomarkers. Further investigation is warranted to understand the plausible association of cortisol phenotype with other important traits.
A randomized controlled trial evaluating the effect of low-dose chlormadinone in patients with low-risk prostate cancer: PROSAS study
Authors: Sugimoto Mikio , Kakehi Yoshiyuki , Horie Shigeo , Hirao Yoshihiko , Akaza Hideyuki
Published: October 2021

Objectives

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of low-dose chlormadinone acetate, an antiandrogen agent, on the persistence rate of active surveillance in patients with low-risk prostate cancer.

Methods

The study was a multicenter, placebo-controlled, double-blind, randomized controlled trial conducted at 38 sites in Japan. Low-risk prostate cancer patients were randomly assigned to the chlormadinone group or the placebo group and the persistence rate of active surveillance was evaluated for 3 years.

Results

Seventy-one patients in the chlormadinone group and 72 patients in the placebo group were analyzed. The persistence rate of active surveillance [95% CI] at 3 years was 75.5% [62.5–84.6] in the chlormadinone group and 50.1% [36.7–62.2] in the placebo group, showing a significant difference between the groups (P = 0.0039). The hazard ratio [95% CI] of the chlormadinone group to the placebo group for discontinuation of active surveillance was 0.417 [0.226–0.770]. The chlormadinone group showed a significant decrease in prostate specific antigen level, testosterone level and prostate volume. The number of positive cores at 12 and 36 months biopsy was significantly lower in the chlormadinone group. The incidence of adverse events was 43.7% in the chlormadinone group and 12.5% in the placebo group. The most common adverse event in the chlormadinone group was constipation in 22.5%, followed by hepatobiliary disorders in 9.9%.

Conclusions

In patients with low-risk prostate cancer, low-dose chlormadinone showed a reduced number of positive cores and prostate volume, and an increased persistence rate of active surveillance (UMIN000012284).
Laying it on thick: a study in secondary growth
Authors: Turley Emma K , Etchells J Peter
Published: October 2021

The development of secondary vascular tissue enhances the transport capacity and mechanical strength of plant bodies, while contributing a huge proportion of the world’s biomass in the form of wood. Cell divisions in the cambium, which constitutes the vascular meristem, provide progenitors from which conductive xylem and phloem are derived. The cambium is a somewhat unusual stem cell population in two respects, making it an interesting subject for developmental research. Firstly, it arises post-germination, and thus represents a model for understanding stem cell initiation beyond embryogenesis. Secondly, xylem and phloem differentiate on opposing sides of cambial stem cells, making them bifacial in nature. Recent discoveries in Arabidopsis thaliana have provided insight into the molecular mechanisms that regulate the initiation, patterning, and maintenance of the cambium. In this review, the roles of intercellular signalling via mobile transcription factors, peptide–receptor modules, and phytohormones are described. Crosstalk between these regulatory pathways is becoming increasingly apparent, yet the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Future study of the interaction between multiple independently identified regulators, as well as the functions of their orthologues in trees, will deepen our understanding of radial growth in plants.
tsRFun: a comprehensive platform for decoding human tsRNA expression, functions and prognostic value by high-throughput small RNA-Seq and CLIP-Seq data
Authors: Wang Jun-Hao , Chen Wen-Xin , Mei Shi-Qiang , Yang Yue-Dong , Yang Jian-Hua , Qu Liang-Hu , Zheng Ling-Ling
Published: October 2021

tRNA-derived small RNA (tsRNA), a novel type of regulatory small noncoding RNA, plays an important role in physiological and pathological processes. However, the understanding of the functional mechanism of tsRNAs in cells and their role in the occurrence and development of diseases is limited. Here, we integrated multiomics data such as transcriptome, epitranscriptome, and targetome data, and developed novel computer tools to establish tsRFun, a comprehensive platform to facilitate tsRNA research (http://rna.sysu.edu.cn/tsRFun/ or http://biomed.nscc-gz.cn/DB/tsRFun/). tsRFun evaluated tsRNA expression profiles and the prognostic value of tsRNAs across 32 types of cancers, identified tsRNA target molecules utilizing high-throughput CLASH/CLEAR or CLIP sequencing data, and constructed the interaction networks among tsRNAs, microRNAs, and mRNAs. In addition to its data presentation capabilities, tsRFun offers multiple real-time online tools for tsRNA identification, target prediction, and functional enrichment analysis. In summary, tsRFun provides a valuable data resource and multiple analysis tools for tsRNA investigation.
The European Variation Archive: a FAIR resource of genomic variation for all species
Authors: Cezard Timothe , Cunningham Fiona , Hunt Sarah E , Koylass Baron , Kumar Nitin , Saunders Gary , Shen April , Silva Andres F , Tsukanov Kirill , Venkataraman Sundararaman , Flicek Paul , Parkinson Helen , Keane Thomas M
Published: October 2021

The European Variation Archive (EVA; https://www.ebi.ac.uk/eva/) is a resource for sharing all types of genetic variation data (SNPs, indels, and structural variants) for all species. The EVA was created in 2014 to provide FAIR access to genetic variation data and has since grown to be a primary resource for genomic variants hosting >3 billion records. The EVA and dbSNP have established a compatible global system to assign unique identifiers to all submitted genetic variants. The EVA is active within the Global Alliance of Genomics and Health (GA4GH), maintaining, contributing and implementing standards such as VCF, Refget and Variant Representation Specification (VRS). In this article, we describe the submission and permanent accessioning services along with the different ways the data can be retrieved by the scientific community.
Improving the noninvasive classification of glioma genetic subtype with deep learning and diffusion-weighted imaging
Authors: Cluceru Julia , Interian Yannet , Phillips Joanna J , Molinaro Annette M , Luks Tracy L , Alcaide-Leon Paula , Olson Marram P , Nair Devika , LaFontaine Marisa , Shai Anny , Chunduru Pranathi , Pedoia Valentina , Villanueva-Meyer Javier E , Chang Susan M , Lupo Janine M
Published: October 2021

Background

Diagnostic classification of diffuse gliomas now requires an assessment of molecular features, often including IDH-mutation and 1p19q-codeletion status. Because genetic testing requires an invasive process, an alternative noninvasive approach is attractive, particularly if resection is not recommended. The goal of this study was to evaluate the effects of training strategy and incorporation of biologically relevant images on predicting genetic subtypes with deep learning.

Methods

Our dataset consisted of 384 patients with newly diagnosed gliomas who underwent preoperative MRI with standard anatomical and diffusion-weighted imaging, and 147 patients from an external cohort with anatomical imaging. Using tissue samples acquired during surgery, each glioma was classified into IDH-wildtype (IDHwt), IDH-mutant/1p19q-noncodeleted (IDHmut-intact), and IDH-mutant/1p19q-codeleted (IDHmut-codel) subgroups. After optimizing training parameters, top performing convolutional neural network (CNN) classifiers were trained, validated, and tested using combinations of anatomical and diffusion MRI with either a 3-class or tiered structure. Generalization to an external cohort was assessed using anatomical imaging models.

Results

The best model used a 3-class CNN containing diffusion-weighted imaging as an input, achieving 85.7% (95% CI: [77.1, 100]) overall test accuracy and correctly classifying 95.2%, 88.9%, 60.0% of the IDHwt, IDHmut-intact, and IDHmut-codel tumors. In general, 3-class models outperformed tiered approaches by 13.5%-17.5%, and models that included diffusion-weighted imaging were 5%-8.8% more accurate than those that used only anatomical imaging.

Conclusion

Training a classifier to predict both IDH-mutation and 1p19q-codeletion status outperformed a tiered structure that first predicted IDH-mutation, then 1p19q-codeletion. Including apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), a surrogate marker of cellularity, more accurately captured differences between subgroups.
Social Identity and Intergroup Competition
Authors: Belavadi Sucharita , Hogg Michael A.
Published: October 2021

This chapter adopts a social identity approach to explain the nature of competition between groups. The role of the self is central in social identity theory. The ways in which the drive to attain a positive sense of self through identification with groups motivates competitive intergroup behavior forms the core of this chapter. The chapter begins with a brief discussion of realistic conflict theory and discusses the role of independent versus interdependent goals between groups in driving competitive versus cooperative intergroup behavior. Social identity theory is then invoked in the remainder of the chapter to discuss how competition between groups is sparked by the need for a clear, distinctive, and positive identity among group members through competition over status with the outgroup. The ways in which intergroup competition is viewed as adaptive by groups in crystalizing group boundaries and negotiating intergroup status and prestige is highlighted. A clearly defined social identity is also essential to group members in the management of self-uncertainty—a primary motive for social identification. The chapter ends with a discussion of contexts in which group members’ self-uncertainty is provoked and heightened such that they seek groups with rigidly defined ideologies wherein competitive relations spiral into radical, even violent behavior toward the outgroup and support for ingroup leaders who are authoritarian.
Eastern Europe
Authors: Dovzhyk Sasha
Published: October 2021

This article discusses the interdependent notions of “decadent” and “new” in Russian and Ukrainian writers at the fin de siècle. Eastern European decadence is located at the intersection of not only gender and temporal perspectives, but also spatial ones created by the impact of the colonial situation on the culture of the region. The analysis is not limited to decadent works by such Russian authors as Zinaida Gippius and Leonid Andreyev, but also includes Ukrainian writing produced at the peripheries of the Russian and Astro-Hungarian Empires by Volodymyr Vynnychenko and Olha Kobylianska, who explore androgyny, cross-gendering, and new forms of female intimacy. By looking beyond the imperial Russian capitals of Moscow and St. Petersburg to examine the “new people” of decadence, this chapter decenters traditional views of the region to draw a less predictable landscape of Eastern European literature.
Engaging and Designing Place
Authors: David Bruno , Delannoy Jean-Jacques , Urwin Chris , Fresløv Joanna , Mullett Russell , Phillips Christine
Published: October 2021

Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander sites are commonly thought about as ‘natural’ locations onto which people variously undertook activities. This chapter argues and shows that sites are architectural constructs, built through a combination of design (preplanning), bricolage (improvisation), and engagement. Sites are artefacts whose cultural modes of construction are amenable to archaeological investigation. By employing a chaîne opératoire approach to the study of sites as landscape-scale artefacts, how and when they were built can be worked out, offering new insights into the cultural history of peoples and places.
Durkheim and Social Movements
Authors: Jacobsson Kerstin
Published: October 2021

This chapter discusses Durkheim’s contribution to the theorization of social movements. The dominant Durkheimian approaches to social movements have been social disintegration approaches, on the one hand, and collective effervescence and ritual life-inspired analyses, on the other. This chapter suggests that there are other openings in Durkheim’s works as well that can be made productive for social movement theorizing, such as his sociology of morality as developed in Moral Education. It is argued that a distinctly Durkheimian understanding of social movements will entail an understanding of social movements as essentially moral phenomena. The chapter concludes that Durkheim’s reflections on morality in Moral Education allow for a theoretical perspective which is able to reconcile structure and agency, encompass a parallel focus on conflict and consensus, and allow for the theorization of emotional intensity as well as moral reflexivity in the analysis of social movements’ struggle for social change.
Studying Time with Qualitative Comparative Analysis
Authors: Maggetti Martino
Published: October 2021

This chapter aims to show how qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) can be fruitfully applied for the operationalization and the empirical study of the time dimension. Different research strategies are presented and discussed: set calibration, temporal QCA, causal chains, two-step QCA, time-series QCA, and the execution of a separate QCA for each point in time, as well as other less common solutions. These research strategies refer to the incorporation of various conceptions of temporality in the analytical moment of QCA, that is, duration, sequences, tendency, and timing/time-sensitiveness. QCA-based mixed-method designs are also outlined, which are applied after a standard QCA to obtain an in-depth understanding of complex processes unfolding over time.
Indian Territory
Authors: Confer Clarissa W.
Published: October 2021

American Indians residing in Indian Territory fought for both the Union and the Confederacy in the American Civil War. When war came to the region in 1861, the Five Nations—Creek, Cherokee, Choctaw, Chickasaw, Seminole—made choices derived from their cultural, political, and economic interests as sovereign nations. Military action ebbed and flowed through Indian Territory over four years, which displaced significant portions of the population at different times. At war’s end the Natives found themselves on opposing sides, both between and within the individual nations. The external as well as internal civil war deepened tribal divisions and caused substantial physical destruction and considerable human suffering.
Mississippi Valley, 1862
Authors: Pierson Michael D.
Published: October 2021

Union victories at Island No. 10 and Forts Jackson and St. Philip in April 1862 allowed the United States to quickly capture New Orleans, Baton Rouge, Natchez, and Memphis. Their advances prompted the U.S. government to initiate Reconstruction policies that included the enlistment of White, Unionist Southerners. The government also worked with free Blacks, freedmen, and military commanders to start enlisting African American volunteers drawn from throughout the Mississippi Valley by passing the Second Confiscation Act. The Confederate government was badly shaken by its military defeats, especially because its troops suffered from widespread apathy, desertions, and mutinies throughout the Mississippi Valley in 1862. A Confederate conscription law was necessary to bolster its sagging army. The Confederate offensive at Baton Rouge in August was fueled in part by the conscription law and was aimed to interrupt Black enlistments and shore up slavery.
The Seven Days’ Battles and Public Opinion
Authors: Orr Timothy J.
Published: October 2021

In the summer of 1862, Maj. Gen. George McClellan’s Army of the Potomac suffered a decisive defeat on the Yorktown Peninsula. During the so-called Seven Days Battles (June 25–July 1, 1862), sixteen thousand U.S. soldiers became casualties. In the aftermath, U.S. citizens and soldiers attempted to grapple with the consequences. Typically, political affiliation shaped Northerners’ opinions about the week-long engagement. Democrats spun the Seven Days as a masterful victory nearly foiled by the Union’s abolitionists, while their counterparts, the Republicans, saw the battles as a decisive defeat and a clarion call for radicalization. Meanwhile, in the Confederacy, Southerners embraced the victory—horrible though it was—for its decisiveness, often downplaying the twenty-one thousand C.S. casualties. Importantly, the Seven Days represented one of the first incidents from the Civil War when the public at large had to interpret the long-term ramifications of a military engagement.