bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Financial Literacy Among Millennials
Authors: Mohta Anu , Shunmugasundaram V.
Published: March 2022

Financial literacy aids the investor in devising rational financial decisions which in turn provides financial stability to an individual and has emerged as a key to economic development in this rapidly changing financial and investing landscape. A financially illiterate person will make poor financial and investment choices which will have a detrimental effect on their financial wellbeing. The present study aims at assessing the level of basic and advanced financial literacy as well as its association with the demographic profile of millennial investors in the Delhi-NCR Region. A Chi-square test was used to analyse the data collected for the study. The findings revealed that millennials' financial literacy is low and they have poor knowledge about the time value of the money concept and find bond prices by the interest rate concept hard to comprehend. The study concludes that financial illiteracy is acute in females. The common belief that higher education qualification is an indicator of higher financial literacy holds for the study. The millennials with a lower level of income have a lower level of basic and advanced financial literacy. These conclusions were found to be statistically significant. This paper fills the research gap of millennials' financial literacy in India.
Differentiation of jurisdiction and the constitutional right of the defendant to trial by jury
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Akhpanov А.N.
Published: March 2022

The article examines the theoretical, legislative, institutional, technical, and legal aspects of the administration of criminal justice related to ensuring and observing the constitutional right of a defendant to a trial by jury. Within the framework of the doctrinal interpretation of the relevant norms on this form of criminal proceedings, the article focuses on the conditionality and alternativeness of this right of the defendant. The article investigates criteria for referring criminal cases to the jurisdiction of a court with the participation of a jury. The author considers a legal assessment of legal conflicts and a gap in legal regulation arising in judicial practice in differentiating the jurisdiction of criminal cases to a court with the participation of a jury. There was considered the issue of the retroactive effect of the provisions of the law on referring to the consideration by a court with the participation of a jury of the category and composition of criminal offenses, which come into force on January 1, 2023. The author studied foreign legislation and the practice of differentiating the jurisdiction of the jury.
Conditionality of the application of certain labor law norms to regulate the work of foreign workers
Authors:   Ural State Law University, Belozerova K.A.
Published: March 2022

The article under consideration, using the example of the labor legislation of the Russian Federation, describes the procedure for applying certain provisions of regulatory legal acts to regulate the work of employees who are foreign citizens and stateless persons, in cases where the application of such norms involves administrative procedures, including those in force in the state of the employer for foreign citizens and stateless persons. As part of the consideration of this issue, the impact of administrative procedures, primarily provided for in the Russian Federation by migration legislation and legislation on the legal status of foreign citizens and stateless persons, on the application of labor law norms, the impact of the status of a foreign citizen and a stateless person on the mechanism of action of labor law norms, the achievement of the goals of their application is determined. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that their actions are conditional in relation to employees who are foreign citizens and stateless persons, and in some cases, the creation of prerequisites for discrimination by such a mechanism of action both in relation to a special category of employees and in relation to employees who are Russian citizens. In some cases, the regulatory regulation provided for by the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan is considered as a more successful option of adaptation within the framework of the implementation of administrative procedures of the legal status of a foreign citizen to the status of an employee.
Analysis of Kazakhstan legislation regulating the labour of medical and pharmaceutical workers
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Olzhabayeva X.B.
Published: March 2022

The article analyzes the provisions of the Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan «On Health of people and healthcare system» dated July 7, 2020, as well as several departmental regulatory acts regulating the labor of medical and pharmaceutical workers, which were adopted in compliance with this Code. Chapter 30 «The status of medical and pharmaceutical workers» of this Code identifies gaps in the status, rights, duties, and social guarantees of this category of workers and offers specific measures to eliminate them. The Labor Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated November 23, 2015, is not included in the scope of the analyzed legislation due to the absence of norms on the labor of medical and pharmaceutical workers in it. The article also covers the need to adopt a new law of the Republic of Kazakhstan «On the status of medical and pharmaceutical workers». It shows the defects of departmental regulatory acts on the provision of remote medical services, the rules for certification of health managers, personnel accounting, incentives, differentiated surcharges, and salary allowances for employees of health care subjects, which arose because of the conscientious delusion of developers, timely elimination of which will have a positive impact on law-making practice.
Problems of contradictions in the legal regulation of the protection of life and professional health of Russian workers
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Khnykin G.V.
Published: March 2022

The article determines the condition of industrial injuries in Russian organizations through the analysis of statistical data, legislative and other legal acts, as well as the practice of their application. Differences in the indicators of state executive bodies in the field of labor protection complicate the planning of legislative work and the implementation of measures related to demographic policy. The article presents a critical assessment of federal laws, including the Labor Code of the Russian Federation, and government decrees in the field of protecting the life and health of workers. The analysis of legal norms is dedicated to the special assessment of working conditions and there is carried out their implementation in practice.
Subject of escape from places of deprivation of Liberty, detention or protection and its signs
Authors:   Aktobe Law Institute named after M. Bukenbaev, Baisultanov A.B.
Published: March 2022

The article is devoted to the subject of escape from places of deprivation of liberty, from arrest or from custody, criminal liability for committing is provided for by Art. 426 of the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and its features. In addition, criminal liability is associated with the fact that it is considered as a subject only if there is a sign of a natural person, the person’s ability, during the commission of a socially dangerous act, to realize the actual nature and social danger of his actions (inaction) or to control them. Contains a full criminal law meaning about the mandatory signs of a subject who has committed a criminal offense. The controversial points of view of domestic and foreign legal scholars on various problems of this topic are analyzed, the author’s recommendations are offered. The types of the subject of a criminal offense, the definition of signs of a general and special subject are also set forth. The questions about the sign of reaching age are considered. The importance of distinguishing between sanity and insanity is considered. Proposals are given on the qualification of the escape of servicemen who have committed from the places of arrest, and the reduction of the age of the subject of the escape under aggravating circumstances. It is noted that only persons who have been taken in full compliance with the requirements of the Criminal and Criminal Procedure Laws to temporary detention centers, pre-trial detention centers, or institutions of deprivation of liberty and who have escaped from them are prosecuted for escape.
Model and structure of the policy combating crimes related to human trafficking
Authors:   Kostanay Regional University named after A. Baitursynov, Bekmagambetov A.B. , Tabuldenov A.N. ,   Kostanay Regional University named after A. Baitursynov, Askarov E.Kh. ,   Kostanay Regional University named after A. Baitursynov
Published: March 2022

The article discusses the issues of further modeling the criminal policy of combating crime in the field of human trafficking. In this regard, it considers the issues of the constituent elements in the structure of the anticriminal state mechanism. Emphasis is placed on the relationship between criminal and criminological policy. The author has analyzed the research area. So, the author distinguishes two groups of diametrically opposite points of view of scientists: one group of opinions is the idea that criminal policy is part of the criminological one, the other point of view is the opposite. The author of this work is of the opinion about the need for further integration and interaction between various fields of knowledge, including such areas as criminology of law and criminology of criminal law (law). Based on the fundamental concepts of several scientists, the author of the publication presents the structure of criminological legislation in the field of combating crime related to human trafficking, and once again draws attention to the criminogenic gap expressed in the absence of basic anti-trafficking law. In accordance with the author’s approach, the international and national policy, consisting of criminal law, criminal procedural, criminal executive, operational-search, and forensic subsystems, should be included in the number of subsystems of the policy of combating crime related to trafficking in persons. The article notes the need for a clear reflection in the official terminological turnover within the framework of the integral conceptual and categorical apparatus of the draft Concept or the national draft of the legal policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Relevant problems of the fulfillment of the tax obligation in cash and in-kind, associated with the uncertainty of the legal regime of non-cash money
Authors:   Research Institute of Financial and Tax Law, Adilet Law School, Caspian Public University, Proskurina K.Yu.
Published: March 2022

In this article, the author examines the main theoretically and practically significant problems associated with determining the moment of fulfillment of a tax obligation from the point of view of choosing a specific monetary concept (money as a central bank’s obligation, money as a right of claim against a bank, non-cash money as incorporeal thing). The study and presentation of these problems of the current financial legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan resulted in the author’s conclusions about the need to improve the current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and specific proposal of its change. The author has established the moment of termination and emergence of the right of ownership of cash and non-cash money from the taxpayer and the state when the taxpayer fulfills the tax obligation in relation to each of the considered monetary concepts. As a scientific study has shown, tax disputes about determining the moment of fulfillment of a tax obligation in monetary form and about the moment of the emergence of ownership of non-cash money in the form of taxes from the state are largely related to the uncertainty of the legal regime of non-cash money in the Republic of Kazakhstan (a systematic analysis of the current legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan allows us to conclude that the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan does not provide a definition of money in general and non-cash money in particular). In addition, the author of this research considered the issues unsettled by the norms of the current tax legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the moment of fulfillment of the tax obligation in kind and proposed the author’s concepts of establishing such a moment.
The principle of objective truth in civil proceedings
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Bexultanova R.T.
Published: March 2022

The article analyzes the main problems of the institution of objective truth in civil proceedings through theoretical analysis, concretization, and systematization. It gives a characteristic of certain aspects of judicial truth from the point of view of both domestic and foreign scholarly processors. The article investigates two main types of the principle of truth - objective and formal. At the same time, the author highlighted the principle of objective truth, which was consolidated in the socialist past of our country. Formal truth, however, does not recognize the existence of the principle of objective truth, insisting on the formalization of the process. The author has consistently studied the history of the development of the institution of objective truth in Kazakhstan’s civil procedural legislation. At the present stage, one of the most controversial issues in civil procedure is the problem of achieving the truth in a civil case in court. There is no single generally accepted concept of the principle of judicial truth in civil proceedings. The analysis of the norms of the Code of Civil Procedure of 1963, 1999 shows that the legislator does not single out the principle of objective truth in civil proceedings. In the current Code of Civil Procedure of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2015, the content of the principles of dispositiveness, adversariality, and procedural equality of parties in a civil procedure is significantly expanded, that is, a conclusion suggests itself that the principle of objective truth is excluded from the principles of civil proceedings. It should be noted that the term “objective truth” itself is not used in the new legislative acts.
Relevant aspects of digitalization of land legal relations
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Ibraev A.S.
Published: March 2022

The article considers the foreign experience of using information and digital tools in land legal relations. Considering the current legislation and state programs for the digitalization of the economy, the article presents specific recommendations for the use of digital technologies in land relations. In particular, the use of blockchain, bitcoin, and big data technologies, will minimize bureaucracy and corruption risks. Considering the current threats (hacker attacks) and the timing of the provision of public services, it is proposed to use blockchain technology for the rapid and secure provision of land to private ownership or the granting of temporary land use rights. The integration of digital tools into public relations will allow optimizing the speed and quality of public services. Land relations in the Republic of Kazakhstan should be automated and digitized to eliminate possible risks and disputes between subjects of land legal relations, including the state.
International security enhancement instruments and the prevention of terrorist attacks during sports competitions
Authors:   Belgorod State Technological University named after V.G.Shukhov, Gridchin А.А. , Saraev V.V. ,   Centre for scientific support criminal law on crime in sports, Toxanbayev А.B. ,   «Emergency Management» Representative in the Central Asian region
Published: March 2022

The article examines issues related to terrorist attacks against participants in sports events, both the athletes themselves and the spectators. The article presents a brief analysis of the existing mechanisms of international law enforcement cooperation. The main aims are to strengthen the interaction of international organizations, national bodies responsible for law enforcement, and sports organizations.
The issue of determining the legal status of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Zukay Zh. , Iskakova Zh. ,   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University
Published: March 2022

The article attempts to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the international legal aspects of the status of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization as an international regional organization. It examines and systematizes the available data. It studies the scientific approaches of researchers on this issue and analyzes the legal framework and internal organizational mechanisms of the SCO functioning, and its institutional development.
Comparative analysis of legislation in the sphere of tourism in Kazakhstan and Georgia
Authors:   L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University, Kala N.S.
Published: March 2022

A modern world is impossible without human mobility. Tourism is one of its manifestations. According to the UN and several other international organizations, tourism is an effective measure to countercultural contradictions, national enmity, as well as human poverty, an instrument for exchanging cultural traditions and experiences. This article analyses the tourism legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan and Georgia to identify the strengths and weaknesses of such legislation and analyzes the impact of such legislation and other applied measures on the tourism industry of the country concerned. By applying the conceptual method, the international treaty base was studied within the framework of the UN World Tourism Organization. The study revealed the positive and negative aspects of the legislation in both countries, identified priority areas of tourism in such countries, and recommended the addition of existing legislation with relevant provisions that are assessed as necessary, effective, and inherent.
Legal problems of implementation of international social obligations by the Republic of Kazakhstan
Authors:   Institute of State and Law, Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Mezhibovskaya I.
Published: March 2022

The article provides a scientific and practical analysis of some of the international obligations of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the social and labor sphere, presented in interstate agreements ratified by Kazakhstan. At the same time, most of the international documents studied in the article are concluded within the framework of the CIS and the EAEU. The main scientific emphasis is placed on legal incidents that are fixed in contractual texts, initially condemning international bligations to the impossibility of their fulfillment, as well as on interstate obligations, the functioning of which has now lost its relevance and expediency and, therefore, are not actually performed, but at the same time preserving the legal force of priority over the laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Non-fulfillment or improper fulfillment of international obligations from the point of view of the country’s Constitution and international standards is unacceptable. However, such problems are now fixed in the field of pension provision, including issues of pension assignment and their payment, benefits in social benefits, medical care and social insurance, labor, employment, etc. Significant problems in the framework of international regulation and cooperation are often caused by serious differences in national legislative systems, different visions of state tasks and priorities, the lack of full-fledged scientific legal expertise in terms of unification of different national legal systems, and sometimes high-quality long-term actuarial forecasts. The article offers options for the legal resolution of some problems regarding the implementation of Kazakhstan’s international obligations.
STUDY OF BIOCHEMICAL MARKERS IN ARTHRITIS PATIENTS
Authors: Khandalkar Yogesh Shivmurti , Patil Vishal Supada , Kulkarni Ketan Ajay , Raithatha Harsh Arunkumar
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The most prevalent kind of arthritis is osteoarthritis. It happens when joints are overworked and most commonly affects the elderly, although it can also affect persons who have had joint injuries or who are overweight. The weight-bearing joints, such as the knees, hips, foot, and spine, are the ones most prone to osteoporosis. It's a loss of cartilage that leads to inflammation and unpleasant motions.Arthritis is a disease that causes one or more joints to swell and become tender. The most typical symptoms of arthritis are joint pain and stiffness, which usually worsen with age.

Aim: Study of Biochemical Markers in Arthritis Patients

Material and Method: The study included 40 patients, 20 men and 20 females, ranging in age from 25 to 50 years old from Central India. All of the people in the study were healthy, with no congenital anomalies, inflammation, trauma, or orthopedic treatment.

Result: comparison between Arthritis female and Arthritismale subject’s serum Anti CCP value are raised in Arthritis female subjects compare to male subjects the data show that statistically significant p-valve are P < 0.01.

Conclusion: In Arthritis patients, Anti-CCP has become a key serologic marker. It can be utilized as a test for early identification of RA, differential diagnosis between RA and ASO other rheumatic or immunological disorders, prognosis prediction, and therapy outcome evaluation.

Keywords: Anti-CCP, Arthritis, Osteoarthritis, subchondral, ASO
Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı’nın “Talihsiz” Adlı Şiirinde Öznenin Trajedisi
Authors: Karabulut Mustafa
Published: March 2022

İnsanoğlu dünyaya geldiği andan itibaren trajik bir yaşamın içerisine girer. Çünkü hayat olumlu ve olumsuz yönleriyle bireyi içerisine hapseder. Hayatın olumsuz yönlerine rağmen genelde yaşamın cezbeden yönleri kişiyi dünyaya bağlar. Şiirlerinde genel olarak insanın yaşam-ölüm trajedisini dile getiren ve genellikle karamsarlık ve ölüm düşüncesine ağırlık veren Tarancı, memleketi Diyarbakır’dan ayrılıp İstanbul’a gittikten sonra yalnızlık ve yabancılaşmayı derinden hisseder. “Talihsiz” adlı şiirde umutsuzlukla birlikte esarete mahkûm bir insanın trajedisi vardır. Şair dünyadan zevk alamaz durumdadır. Ona göre bu dünyaya gelen kişi daha en başında kaybetmiştir. Kendini “Bir gecenin susuzluk mahsulü”, dünyayı ise bir “iğneli beşik” olarak algılayan şair, adeta kundaksız uyumaya terk edilmiş, korumasız kalmıştır. Şiire göre dünyaya gelen insanın benliği “ıstırap mıhı”yla çıkışsız ve çaresiz kalmıştır. Kişi, artık ecelin kucağındadır ve ölümü beklemektedir ve bu haliyle var oluşunun anlamına erememektedir. Hayattan beklentisi olmayan kişi, tükenmişlik ve yok oluşun korkusu ile iç içedir. Yaşamı sorgulayan ben anlatıcı kendisini ecelin kucağında eriyen çocuk olarak algılar. O, dünyada varlığı ve yokluğuyla sanki bir “sır”dır. Şair tükeniş psikozu içine girmiştir. İçindeki bunaltıyı geceye sığınmakla yok etmeye çalışır. Bu makalede amaç, Cahit Sıtkı Tarancı’nın “Talihsiz” şiirindeki öznenin trajik algısını ortaya koymaktır.
Manzum Şir'atü'l-İslam Tercümesinin Otuz Üçüncü Faslı Olan Sohbet ve Görüşmenin Adabına Dair
Authors: Erbay Ömür
Published: March 2022

Sohbet ve görüşme, insan sosyalleşmesinin en temel araçlarındandır. Şekilsel, yapısal olarak farklı olmakla birlikte her toplum, kendi usüllerince bunlara müracat eder. Bu müracat, insanlar arasındaki iletişimi ve sevgi bağlarını sağlamlaştırır. İslamî hassasiyeti taşıyan topluluklar da yine bu dinin getirmiş olduğu kurallar doğrultusunda bu sosyalleşme araçlarına başvurur. İslam dinine ait olup şekillendirici etkiye sahip olan bu kurallar ilmihal adı verilen eserlerle ortaya konulur. İmamzade adıyla da bilinen Muhammed b. Ebu Bekr’in, Şir’atü’l-İslam ila dari’s-selam adlı eseri de bu türden bir eser olup Osmanlı ulemasınca çok sevilmiş ve eserin, Türkçeye manzum-mensur birçok tercümesi yapılmıştır. Eser üzerine yapılan manzum tercümelerden biri de Derviş Mehmet Bahti tarfından 17. yy da yapılan tercümedir. Çalışmamızda bu tercümenin, otuz üçüncü faslı olan “Sohbet ve Görüşmenin Adabı” konu edilmiş olup ilim talebelerinin; fıkhi meseleleri daha kolay öğrenebilmeleri için yazılmış olan eserden hareketle bu öğrendiklerini insanlara, sohbet ve görüşme yoluyla nasıl aktaracakları, peygamber kıssaları ve hadislerle desteklenerek ortaya konulmuştur.
Antik Yunan Felsefesinde Müziğin Etik ve Saflaştırıcı Gücü
Authors: Yıldırım Rıfat Vedat
Published: March 2022

Hammamizade İsmail Dede Efendi özel meşk defterine, “Musîki ahlak-ı beşeri tasfiye eden bir ilm-i şeriftir.” diye yazdığında belki de yüzlerce yıl öncesinden gelen bir gelenekle bunu dile getiriyordu. Müziğin pek çok özelliğinden insan üzerindeki pek çok etkisinden bahsedilir, bunlarda biri de insan ahlakı üzerindeki saflaştırıcı gücü ve hatta doğrudan ahlakî etkisidir. Bilimsel bir yönü de olan bir sanat etkinliğinin, müziğin, felsefî açıdan bakacak olursak, “estetik” kaygılar güden bir etkinliğin aynı zamanda “etik” ile ilgili, belki de ahlakî demek daha yerinde olabilir, bir amaç doğrultusunda da işlevselliğinden bahsedilebilmektedir.
Yunan filozofları müziğin sadece hoş bir eğlence olmadığına, aynı zamanda belirli insan davranışlarını da ortaya çıkarabileceğine inanıyorlardı. Belirli duygusal ve ruhsal özelliklerle ilgili bir mod sistemi geliştirmişlerdi. Her mod ihtiva ettiği sesler ile belli mizaç ve duyguları karakterize ediyordu. Pythagoras’un takipçileri ve sonrasında Platon ve Aristo, müziğin bu ahlaki gücünü sadece modlara değil müzikal ritme de atfetmişlerdi. Platon, Aristo ve Aristoksenes modlar ve ritmik elementlerle beraber müzik icrasında seçilen enstrümanların da etkili olduğundan bahsetmişlerdir.
Bu noktada müziğin dönüştürücü etkisinden bahsetmek gerekir. İlahi ahengin somutlaşmış, cisimleşmiş ve duygulara hitap eden tezahürü olan müziğin, ruhları dönüştürme etkisine de sahip olduğu düşünülüyordu.
Bu çalışmanın konusu Eski Yunan felsefesinde müziğin ahlakı dönüştürücü ve saflaştırıcı etkisi olacaktır.
Siyasal Ve Toplumsal Konjonktür Ekseninde Politik Reklam Analizi: 2015 Genel Seçimlerinde Gazete Reklamları
Authors: Pazarbaşı Betül , Şahin Tolga
Published: March 2022

Siyasi partilerin seçim kampanyaları kapsamında seçmen iknası amacıyla hazırlanan siyasi reklamların toplumsal ve siyasal konjonktür paralelinde hazırlanması kampanya başarısını arttırmaktadır. Bu kapsamda bu çalışmanın amacı 2015 yılında gerçekleşen iki seçim (7 Haziran/ 1 Kasım) dönemi için hazırlanan siyasi partilerin gazete reklamlarındaki iletileri ve reklam türlerini belirlemektir. Araştırmanın temel varsayımı iki seçim dönemindeki terör eylemlerinde yaşanan artış paralelinde siyasi parti gazete reklamlarında terör iletilerinin daha yoğun olarak kullanıldığıdır. Araştırma toplumsal ve siyasal konjonktürün gazete reklam iletilerine yansıtılıp yansıtılmadığının tespiti açısından önem taşımaktadır. Araştırmada 7 Haziran/1 Kasım 2015 genel seçimleri dönem olarak ele alınmış ve partilerin ulusal basında yer alan gazete reklamları içerik analizi yöntemi ile incelenmiştir. Araştırmada Meclis’e girmeyi başaran AKP, CHP, HDP ve MHP’nin; Cumhuriyet, Hürriyet, Milliyet, Sabah, Sözcü ve Posta gazetelerinde yayınlanan gazete reklamları incelenmiştir. Bu gazeteler, Basın İlan Kurumu (BİK) 2015 tiraj verilerine göre ilk 15 gazete içinden farklı yayın politikaları ve kimliklerine göre seçilmiştir. Bu gazetelerde 01.05.2015-07.06.2015 ve 01.10.2015-01.11.2015 tarihleri arasında yayınlanan toplam 304 reklam analiz edilmiştir. Çalışma sonucunda 7 Haziran/ 1 Kasım seçimleri için hazırlanan siyasi parti gazete reklamlarında ekonomik iletilerin ön plana çıkarıldığı bulgulanmıştır. Bu sonuca göre, Haziran ve Kasım 2015 seçimleri için hazırlanan reklamların siyasal ve toplumsal konjonktürü yansıtmadığı söylenebilmektedir.
Bir Viral İstisna Hali Olarak Pandeminin Etik-Politik Yorumu
Authors: Aksakal Erdi
Published: March 2022

Toplumsal anlamda bir öteki olarak patlak veren virüs, immünolojik eşiklerin, karantina gerçeğinin ve sınırların kapatılması gibi birçok istisnai durumların tartışılmasına imkân vermektedir. Bu süreç, patlamaya hazır ideolojik virüslerin, paranoyak komplo teorilerinin yayılmasına sebebiyet vermesi bir yana viral olağanüstü bir halin yaşanmasına ve yaşanması muhtemel yarının yenidünyasına göz kırpmaktadır. Artık dillendirilmesi gereken epidemik toplum tipi, ölümden tüketime, siyasetten ekonomi ve aile kurumuna kadar birçok alanı yeniden tartışmaya açmaktadır. Tartışmalar, pandeminin, gerekçesiz bir acil durumun yarattığı istisna hali söylemlerinden koronavirüsün çözümünü küresel komünizme bağlayan anlayışlara kadar çeşitli iddialar barındırmaktadır. Bu çıkışlar, istisna halini normal bir yönetim paradigması olarak kullanma eğilimi gibi bir kuramla iktidarları bilinçli ve çıkar sahibi aygıtlar yerine koysa da topluluğun ölüm korkusu, panik havası ve gündelik yaşamındaki devrimi açıklamamaktadır. Bu durumda çalışma, pandemiyi bir viral istisna hali olarak değerlendirme amacını taşırken, Agamben tarzı ideal bahane sunan bir araçsal süreç anlayışına karşı çıkmaktadır. Dolayısıyla egemen güçlerin, pandemiyi biyopolitik uygulamaların ve olağandışı hallerin kalıcılaşmasının provası ve bahanesi haline getirebileceği söylemleri eleştirilmekte; komünizmden ikomünizme, ölümden tüketim kültürüne, pandeminin viral bir istisna haline dönüşmesine neden olan kavramlar ele alınmaktadır.
Self-reported Use of Complementary and Integrated Medicine by Patients With Multiple Sclerosis in Iran
Authors:   School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran., Shooshtari Arash Ghamar , Molavi Vardanjani Hossein ,   Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran., Mohammad Hadi Imanieh ,   Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran., Azadi1 Mohammad ,   School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Objective: Self-report of the use of complementary and integrated medicine by patients with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) can minimize the risk of possible side effects and drug interactions. This study aimed to survey the self-reported use of complementary and integrated medicine by patients with MS in Iran. Methods: This is an analytical cross-sectional study conducted in spring 2020 on 577 patients with MS who were selected from the Fars MS Disease Registry using a simple random sampling method. Data were collected using a standardized questionnaire and interview, and analyzed in SPSS v. 12 software. Results: There was a significant difference between the self-reported use of complementary and integrated medicine and patients’ gender, marital status, employment status, level of education and the complications of the disease (P≤0.05). Overall, 97% of participants had used at least one of the complementary and integrated medicine items, however, only two-thirds of them declared their use to the physician. The most common used complementary and integrated medicine items were herbal medicines and dietary supplements. Conclusion: Most of MS patients in Shiraz use complementary and integrated medicine. The declaration of the use of these treatments by MS patients may play a role in strengthening the physician-patient relationship as well as strengthening evidence-based policy and better management of MS.
Evaluation of Anti-Cancer Effects of Alcoholic Extract of Ginger on SORT1 Gene Expression and Viability of the A2780s Ovarian Cancer Cell Line
Authors:   Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran., Lotfi Zahra , Morovati-Sharifabad Majid ,   Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran., Salehi Elham ,   Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran., Sarkargar Fatemeh ,   Expert Laboratory of Genetic, Meybod Genetic Research Center, Meybod, Iran., Pourghanbari Gholamhossein ,   Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ardakan University, Ardakan, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Aims: Ovarian cancer is the most common fatal malignancy of the female genital tract and is often at an advanced stage when diagnosed. Ginger is one of the most well-known medicinal plants with antioxidant and anti-cancer properties. SORT1 gene is overexpressed in ovarian cancer cell lines. The present study evaluates the anti-cancer effects of ginger extract on SORT1 gene expression and viability of the A2780s ovarian cancer cell line. Methods & Materials: The viability percentage of the A2780s ovarian cancer cells with ginger extract at concentrations of 40, 60, 80, and 100 μg/mL compared to the control group was evaluated by the Neubauer slide method for 24 hours, and IC50 of the ginger extract was determined within 24 hours. Then, the viability percentage of the cells with 60 μg/mL of ginger extract was investigated at 24, 48, and 72 hours. After treating cells with ginger extract, the cells’ RNA was extracted at 24 and 48 hours, then cDNA was synthesized. Finally, the expression of the SORT1 gene was evaluated compared to the GAPDH gene (reference gene) using real-time PCR. Findings: Ginger extract in a dose- and time-dependent manner inhibited the viability of ovarian cancer cells. The ginger extract reduced SORT1 gene expression in A2780s cells. Conclusion: The ginger extract has significant inhibitory activity against A2780s ovarian cancer cells. Therefore, with further research, this compound can be used to develop ovarian anti-cancer drugs.
Criminal Poisoning: A Hospital-Based Survey in an Academic Center of Iran
Authors:   Department of Toxicology and Pharmacology, Islamic Azad University of Tehran Medical Sciences (IAUTMS), Tehran, Iranm, Salari Moghaddam Maryam
Published: March 2022

Background: One of the most common medical emergencies worldwide is deliberate or accidental poisoning. The ever-increasing consumption of toxins and fatal drugs is getting more critical by the time. The purpose of intentional poisoning is to harm self and others. It includes objectives like robbery, sexual abusing (rape). The perpetrators of sedative and hypnotic drugs could sedate patients and make them sleepy. Methods: This descriptive, cross-sectional study investigated the suspected Drug-Facilitated Crime (DFC) admitted patients and Outpatient Department (OPD) in the emergency room and toxicology ward. A researcher-made questionnaire was completed for each patient. The biological samples (urine, blood) were provided to a clinical toxicology lab. Results: The information of 40 suspected DFC patients was analyzed. 70% of intoxicated patients were men, and 30% were women. The patients’ mean age was 31-43 years; 42% were low in education, and 37% were self-employed. Furthermore, 75% of total intoxicated patients had a sedentary level of consciousness. Approximately 92.5% had one positive substance test, and 7.5% had negative lab test results. The most used drug was diazepam, by 70%. The motivation for poisoning was 80% robbery, 12.5% for rape, and 7.5% were no diagnostic. Conclusion: The prevalence of poisoning, especially deliberate poisoning, is dramatically growing in this part of the world. Accordingly, this study reveals the flexibility of criminals in Tehran Province, Iran. Thus, the Ministry of Health should seriously control legal and illegal drugs purchase.
Ethical Considerations in Conducting Clinical Trials
Authors:   Department of Medical Ethics, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Mousavinejad Shahriar , Bazmi Shabnam ,   Department of Medical Ethics, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Rezaei-Tavirani Mostafa ,   Proteomics Research Center, Faculty of Paramedical Scinences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Shamsi-Gooshki Ehsan ,   Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center/Department of Medical Ethics, Faculty of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Iran., Enjoo Seyed Ali ,   Department of Medical Ethics, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran., Kiani Mehrzad ,   Department of Medical Ethics, School of Traditional Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: Clinical trials are the golden key in medical science research with human participants. They have always been considered interesting topics by researchers and scientists working in this field. However, the samples are “human participants,” so the research should be carefully conducted. Methods: In the present study, the published articles on the ethical challenges of conducting clinical trials were evaluated between 2010 and 2019 in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus. The English search keywords were “clinical trial,” with at least one of the phrases of “ethical consideration” or “standard”. Results: In this article, we examined the ethical requirements and considerations in these research studies in four stages: research design and question, proposal review and approval, supervision and implementation, and publication of the results. We have examined them using relevant articles published between 2010 and 2019 and identified important and prominent issues or neglected ones. Conclusion: During this study, it was found that the “research design and question” stage was the most discussed and challenging stage, and the authors’ sensitivity about it has been more than the other three stages. On the other hand, the “results publishing” stage has been considered less sensitive with the least number of references in articles.
Spirulina Ameliorates Oxidative Damage and Inflammation in Rotenone-Induced Neurotoxicity in Male Mice
Authors:   Department of Narcotics, Ergogenic Aids and Poison, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt., EL- Shamarka Marwa E.A. , Mwaheb Marwa A ,   Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt., Hussein Ahmed M.S. ,   Department of Food Technology, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt., N. Sayed Ola ,   Department of Chemistry-Biochemistry Divisions, Faculty of Science, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt., S Said Eman ,   Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
Published: March 2022

Background: Rotenone, a chemical compound produced naturally by leguminous plants, has conventionally been used as a pesticide by blocking the uptake of oxygen by body cells. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of spirulina on oxidative damage, inflammation, and neurotoxicity in male mice treated by rotenone. Methods: The experimental animals were divided into 5 groups. Group (I) served as control that received Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO); Group (II) mice treated with rotenone (1.5 mg/kg, s.c.3 times per week); Group (III) mice received rotenone/L-dopa (25 mg/kg, P.O. daily); Group (IV) and Group (V) mice were treated with rotenone/spirulina (200 and 400 mg/kg, P.O. daily) respectively for two weeks. Results: Rotenone-treated mice indicated impaired motor coordination and activity in wire hanging, wood walking, open field, and stair tests. Furthermore, rotenone treatment caused elevation in striatal levels of Malondialdehyde (MDA), Nitric Oxide (NO), Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF-α), Interleukin -1 beta (IL-1β), and caspase 3 and decrement in Bcl-2; dopamine and Glutathione (GSH) levels. Moreover, severe neuronal degeneration, striatal DNA fragmentation, and increased striatal 8-OHdG levels and MTH1 expression in the rotenone group. Additionally, spirulina treatment prevented rotenone-induced motor deficits striatal DNA fragmentation and demonstrated good restoration of the substantial neurons with reservation of the typical dark appearance. Besides, rotenone-induced biochemical changes were ameliorated by spirulina treatment as dopamine, Bcl-2, and GSH levels were increased, and striatal MDA, TNF-α, IL-1β, and caspase 3 levels were decreased. Conclusion: Natural products like spirulina could reverse rotenone-induced neurotoxicity in male mice due to their anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties.
Therapeutic Approaches of Infantile Acne: A Narrative Review Study
Authors:   Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran., Kazeminejad Armaghan , Davoodi Lotfollah ,   Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Department of Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran., Hajheydari Zohreh ,   Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran., Ghahari Mohammad Jafar ,   Department of Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: Acne vulgaris is a skin condition in children and has various presentations and differential diagnoses. Objectives: The purpose of this review was to evaluate the therapeutic approaches of infantile acne. Methods: In this narrative review, we searched articles published in English on infantile acne in Google Scholar, PubMed, and Scopus from 1981 to 2019. Results: A total of 35 articles were selected for review. The treatment of acne often involves various medications that acne lesions. Different factors contribute to the pathogenesis of acne and its severity. The same principle and treatment strategy applies to all age groups diagnosed with acne. Conclusions: The treatment strategy for infantile acne is similar to acne treatment at any age. Treatment is based on the severity of the acne and the risk of a future scar.
Entrapment of the Brachial Artery Following Supracondylar Fracture Reduction: A Case Report
Authors:   Department of Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Farsavian Hossein , Davoodi Mehdi ,   Department of Vascular Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Soleiman Abad Saeed Kargar ,   Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Hashemie Amir Seyyed Mohammad ,   Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Mohammadi Kali Ali ,   Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran., Boskabadi Javad ,   Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
Published: March 2022

Background: Supracondylar fractures of the humerus are common elbow fractures in children. Supracondylar fractures have two subtypes: flexion, which makes up less than 2% of all such fractures, and extension, which makes up more than 98% of supracondylar fracture of the humerus. Supracondylar fractures of the humerus can develop vascular and neurological complications, either following the fracture itself due to the detached pieces of bone or after reduction or K-wire fixation therapy. The most common complication is damage to the brachial artery. Case Presentation: Our patient is a healthy 7-year-old right dominant boy who sustained a Gartland type III fracture following a fall and was admitted to the Emergency Ward. At first, a weak pulse was detected in the distal part of the right upper extremity. After the reduction using 2 K-wires, the distal pulse of the limb became undetectable. Vascular examination revealed that the adventitia of the brachial artery was trapped between the condyle parts. The artery was then released, and the distal pulse returned. Conclusions: This case shows that although entrapment and pulling of the adventitia of the brachial artery between the condyles of the humerus following a supracondylar fracture is a rare occurrence, it can happen in this type of fracture. After reduction using K-wires percutaneously, a neurovascular examination in all cases of supracondylar fractures is necessary. In supracondylar fractures with pink pulseless limbs, immediate arterial exploration can achieve a markedly better outcome than simply monitoring.
The challenges and opportunities for psychotherapy in Iran: a qualitative study
Authors:   Associate Professor, Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran., Rezaie Leeba , Heydari Shima ,   Psychiatrist, Student Research Committee, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran., Rezaei Farzin ,   Professor, Neuroscience Research Center, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran., Khazaie Habibolah ,   Professor, Sleep Disorders Research Center, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
Published: March 2022

Introduction: There is a scarcity reports on the situation of psychotherapy as an effective treatment for mental illness and interpersonal problems in Iran. Aim: The study aimed to explore the situation of psychotherapy in Iran. Method: The present qualitative study was performed using conventional content analysis in 2017. The current sample included 13 experts in psychotherapy. A semi-structured interview was used for data collection. All interviews were audio recorded and subsequently transcribed. Qualitative analysis using constant comparisons was performed for transcribed interviews. Results: Two main categories were emerged to describe situation of psychotherapy in Iran: challenges and opportunities. Additionally, specific subcategories within each main category were documented. The challenges category described the problems in psychotherapy education and services delivery including lack of coordination in training and lack of insurance coverage. The opportunities category also described the improvement in psychotherapy status including the psychiatrists tendency towards psychotherapy, the varity in psychotherapy approaches and increasing awareness to psychotherapy in community. Conclusion: The results showed that psychotherapy in Iran is facing challenges and opportunities that can affect the provision of psychotherapy services. These results can be used in policies related to psychotherapy in Iran.