bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Importance of Performing Experience in Strength Training Periodization
Authors: Novosád Adrián , Buzgó Gabriel , Keszegh Peter , Chudý Jakub , Halaj Matej , Kolonyi Tomáš
Published: June 2017

Proper mastering of a training means seems to be an important determinant of the quality of strength training. Aim of the paper is to examine the differences in strength in relation to squat-performing experience and to offer a way of improving performance by means of increasing the quality of squat technique. Methods 1. Subjects were divided into two groups according to their previous experience with performing squat: a group of inexperienced (n = 9; age: 21.1 years ± 2.37; height: 179.2 cm ± 8.18; weight: 70.0 kg ± 7.38) and experienced (n = 9; age: 24.0 years ± 1.07; height: 182.1 cm ± 4.14; weight: 81.2 kg ± 4.29). We carried out a test of maximal isometric strength in deep squat (ISOmax50°) and a modified diagnostic set (Fitro Force Plate) which consisted of repetitions of heel raised deep squats with a gradually increasing external loading (FmaxBW+(0-100%)). Posture and the body segments of the participants were not corrected during these tests. Mann-Whitney U test (α=0.05) was used to evaluate the data obtained. Results 1. After comparing the differences in the maximal value of force curve in dynamic muscular mode (FmaxBW+(0-100%)) and the maximal isometric force in deep squat (ISOmax50°) between the groups we found significantly bigger differences in the group of experienced when the resistance represented +75 % (Δ 279.0 N) and +100 % of body weight (Δ 332.2 N). Methods 2. Eleven inexperienced subjects (age: 22.1 years ± 1.52; weight: 78.2 kg ± 2.84) completed a short term experiment (with 4 training sessions in weeklong microcycle). The purpose was to practise deep squat without any content of targeted strength development.

No control group was included. Initial and final measurements included the rate of force development test (RFD50°,90°,140°, 0-200 ms), the maximal isometric strength test (ISOmax50°,90°,140°) and the diagnostic set for deep squat (Fitro Dyne Premium). Wilcoxon T-test was used for further analyses (α = 0.01; α = 0.05). Results 2. We found statistically significant increments of ISOmax50° (Δ 89.45 N, p < 0.01), ISOmax90° (Δ 45.63 N, p < 0.05), RFD50°(0-200ms) (Δ 0.42 N.ms-1, p < 0.05), RFD90°(0-200ms) (Δ 0.47 N.ms-1, p < 0.05) and mean power output (Pmean) of entire diagnostic set (Δ 38.8 W, p < 0.01). Conclusions. Increases in the difference in variations between the groups starting from the resistance of 50 % of body weight confirms the recommendations of using lower weights for beginners for the purpose of strength development. Based on the results we conclude that a short-term training programme of deep squat practise (without any intention of improving strength performance) has positive effect on selected strength parameters.
Contemporary overview of soil creep phenomenon
Authors: Kaczmarek Łukasz , Dobak Paweł
Published: June 2017

Soil creep deformation refers to phenomena which take place in many areas and research in this field of science is rich and constantly developing. The article presents an analysis of the literature on soil creep phenomena. In light of the complexity of the issues involved and the wide variety of perspectives taken, this attempt at systematization seeks to provide a reliable review of current theories and practical approaches concerning creep deformation. The paper deals with subjects such as definition of creep, creep genesis, basic description of soil creep dynamics deformation, estimation of creep capabilities, various fields of creep occurrence, and an introduction to creep modeling. Furthermore, based on this analysis, a new direction for research is proposed.
Technology Integration Experiences of Teachers
Authors: Çoklar Ahmet Naci , Yurdakul Işıl Kabakçı
Published: June 2017

Teachers are important providers of educational sustainability. Teachers’ ability to adapt themselves to rapidly developing technologies applicable to learning environments is connected with technology integration. The purpose of this study is to investigate teachers’ technology integration experiences in the course of learning and teaching processes. In doing so, qualitative research methods have been applied. The participants of the study were four teachers of different subject fields who work at a public secondary school in 2015–2016 school years and regard themselves as competent in technology integration. The study results indicated that the teachers took a teacher-centered stand in technology integration and the teachers’ most prominent reasons to start technology integration were the search for quality in education. Also the teachers, as IT school teachers, reported receiving support from close friends, the Ministry of National Education (MoNE), and online resources. The problems that the teachers faced in the processes of technology integration were mostly related to issues connected with the access to technology and technology proficiency.
Replikationen, Reputation und gute wissenschaftliche Praxis
Authors: Fecher Benedikt , Fräßdorf Mathis , Hebing Marcel , Wagner Gert G.
Published: June 2017

In Zeiten wachsender Publikationszahlen und zunehmend datenintensiver Forschung stoßen die klassischen Qualitätssicherungsmaßnahmen, wie die Peer-Review, an ihre Grenzen. Vor diesem Hintergrund werden Replikationsstudien verstärkt als gute wissenschaftliche Praxis und Lösungsansatz diskutiert, um dem Problem methodisch unzureichender und oftmals fehlerbehafteter Analysen zu begegnen. Denn schlechte Analysen untergraben nicht zuletzt das Vertrauen der Öffentlichkeit in die Wissenschaft. Dennoch werden in allen Disziplinen bisher nur wenige Replikationsstudien durchgeführt. In diesem Aufsatz zeigen wir die zentralen Probleme bei der Replizierbarkeit wissenschaftlicher Ergebnisse auf und schlagen Maßnahmen vor, die auf den impliziten Reputationsmechanismen der akademischen Wissenschaft beruhen
How Our Biology Constrains Our Science
Authors: Vlerick Michael
Published: June 2017

Reasoning from a naturalistic perspective, viewing the mind as an evolved biological organ with a particular structure and function, a number of influential philosophers and cognitive scientists claim that science is constrained by human nature. How exactly our genetic constitution constrains scientific representations of the world remains unclear. This is problematic for two reasons. Firstly, it often leads to the unwarranted conclusion that we are cognitively closed to certain aspects or properties of the world. Secondly, it stands in the way of a nuanced account of the relationship between our cognitive and perceptual wiring and scientific theory. In response, I propose a typology or classification of the different kinds of biological constraints and their sources on science. Using Boden’s (1990) notion of a conceptual space, I distinguish between constraints relating to the ease with which we can reach representations within our conceptual space (which I call ‘biases’) and constraints causing possible representations to fall outside of our conceptual space. This last kind of constraints does not entail that some aspects or properties of the world cannot be represented by us – as argued by advocates of ‘cognitive closure’ – merely that some ways of representing the world are inaccessible to us. It relates to what Clark (1986) and Rescher (1990) have framed as ‘the alien scientist hypothesis’ (the possibility that alien scientists, endowed with radically different cognitive abilities, could produce representations of the world that are unintelligible to us). The purpose of this typology is to provide some much needed clarity and structure to the debate about biological constraints on science.
A monotonicity property for generalized Fibonacci sequences
Authors: Mansour Toufik , Shattuck Mark
Published: June 2017

Given k ≥ 2, let a

n
be the sequence defined by the recurrence a

n
= α
1
a

n–1 + … + α

k

a

n–k
for n ≥ k, with initial values a
0 = a
1 = … = a

k–2 = 0 and a

k–1 = 1. We show under a couple of assumptions concerning the constants α

i
that the ratio

a
n

n

a

n
−
1

n
−
1

$\frac{\sqrt[n]{a_n}}{\sqrt[n-1]{a_{n-1}}}$

is strictly decreasing for all n ≥ N, for some N depending on the sequence, and has limit 1. In particular, this holds in the cases when all of the α

i
are unity or when all of the α

i
are zero except for the first and last, which are unity. Furthermore, when k = 3 or k = 4, it is shown that one may take N to be an integer less than 12 in each of these cases.
Character sums with an explicit evaluation
Authors: Alsulmi Badria , Pigno Vincent , Pinner Christopher
Published: June 2017

We show that for Dirichlet characters χ, χ
1, …, χs
mod pm
the sum

∑

x
1

=
1

p
m

…

∑

x
s

=
1

p
m

χ
1

(

x
1

)
…

χ
s

(

x
s

)
χ
(

A
1

x
1

+
⋯
+

A
s

x
s

+
B

x
1

w
1

⋯

x
s

w
s

)

$$\begin{array}{}
\displaystyle\sum\limits_{x_1=1}^{p^m} \dots \sum\limits_{x_s=1}^{p^m}\chi_1(x_1)\dots \chi_s(x_s) \chi(A_1x_1 + \dots + A_sx_s + Bx_1^{w_1}\cdots x_s^{w_s})
\end{array} $$

has a simple evaluation when m is sufficently large, for m ≥ 2 if

p
∤
2

A
1

⋯

A
s

B
(
1
−

w
1

−
⋯
−

w
s

)
.

$$p\nmid 2A_1\cdots A_sB(1-w_1-\cdots -w_s). $$
Uniqueness theorems for finitely additive probabilities on quantum structures
Authors: Svistula Marina
Published: June 2017

The proofs of uniqueness theorems, presented here, allow to extend the earlier results. For example, the following hold: let μ and ν be two finitely additive probabilities on a structure L̃ (for example, L̃ is a pseudo-effect algebra), and let μ be convex-ranged; if there exists an element a ∈ L̃ with 0 < μ(a) < 1 and such that μ(a) = μ(b) ⇒ ν(a) = ν(b) whenever b ∈ L̃, then ν = μ.
The Idea of Dialogue, Trust and Reconciliation in the Pilgrimage of Trust on Earth
Authors: Katarzyńska Agnieszka
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this article is to present the Pilgrimage of Trust on Earth organized by the brothers of Taizé Community as an event building a relationship of dialogue, trust and reconciliation between nations and cultures. The article features an in-depth discussion of the elements of youth meetings and their impact on developing an attitude of dialogue and trust. We will briefly discuss the means used by the brothers to develop a dialogue between people, as well as the methods of spreading the idea of dialogue, trust and solidarity in interpersonal and international relations.
“Phase transition” between Confrontation and Dialogue in the Light of the Concept of the Unity Charism
Authors: Wieczorek Krzysztof
Published: June 2017

In the twenties of the last century the process of building a new type of philosophical culture began, based on the sensitivity towards another person, the recognition of values and dignity of the person and the search for platforms of dialogue and compromise between people. However, it did not gain a broad social resonance. The 20th Century became the scene of the triumph of totalitarianisms, based on the idea of collectivism and marked by the contempt towards the individual, his rights and needs. In the post-war reality environments favouring the humanization of the culture of coexistence earned a voice, but they too did not manage to divert the tendency towards building a bureaucratic and technocratic order. In this kind of system, the person feels reduced to his instrumental functions, and the dialogue submerged in the world of humanistic values becomes a distant and unequalled dream. This text undertakes the problem of the conditions which must be met in order for the tendency towards dialogue and mutual respect to prevail over the hostile, confrontational approach, which characterizes many contemporary social environments. The author suggests that we refer to the analogy with the thermodynamics phenomenon, phase transition, and consider the notion of spiritual energy (the analogue of the physical term enthalpy) as an agent regulating the internal disposition of the individual to “freeze” or “thaw” relations with his fellow human beings. The key thesis is that the most important source of energy indispensable to move from confrontation to dialogue lies in the resources of religious experience- the openness to the grace flowing from the transcendental reality, and the guides on the path to discovering this source are the witnesses of faith- among them the spiritual heirs of Chiara Lubich’s charism.
A Novel Approach Towards Sustainable Testbeds: ToMaTo on CloudLab
Authors: Müller Paul , Schwerdel Dennis
Published: June 2017

Although testbeds and experimental facilities are accepted as tools for research in the scope of distributed systems research, such as Future Internet Research, they lack sustainability; once established as a project, they must be maintained and renewed every few years. However, unfortunately, due to an absence of long-term funding for operating/maintenance and reinvestment, a lot of these are terminated just after the project is complete.

In this paper, we describe a software-defined testbed on demand; this is based on the Topology Management Tool (ToMaTo), a software environment which was developed within the G-Lab project. ToMaTo, initially designed to run on the G-Lab infrastructure, is now independent of the underlying infrastructure and can be deployed on any Cloud infrastructure on demand. We describe here the deployment of ToMaTo to the CloudLab infrastructure offered by the NSF-funded CloudLab project.

This approach offers a new method for sustainable testbeds where neither upfront investment nor the recurring and operating/maintenance costs for the infrastructure will burden the budgets of the projects.
Is Neural Machine Translation the New State of the Art?
Authors: Castilho Sheila , Moorkens Joss , Gaspari Federico , Calixto Iacer , Tinsley John , Way Andy
Published: June 2017

This paper discusses neural machine translation (NMT), a new paradigm in the MT field, comparing the quality of NMT systems with statistical MT by describing three studies using automatic and human evaluation methods. Automatic evaluation results presented for NMT are very promising, however human evaluations show mixed results. We report increases in fluency but inconsistent results for adequacy and post-editing effort. NMT undoubtedly represents a step forward for the MT field, but one that the community should be careful not to oversell.
A Neural Network Architecture for Detecting Grammatical Errors in Statistical Machine Translation
Authors: Tezcan Arda , Hoste Véronique , Macken Lieve
Published: June 2017

In this paper we present a Neural Network (NN) architecture for detecting grammatical errors in Statistical Machine Translation (SMT) using monolingual morpho-syntactic word representations in combination with surface and syntactic context windows. We test our approach on two language pairs and two tasks, namely detecting grammatical errors and predicting overall post-editing effort. Our results show that this approach is not only able to accurately detect grammatical errors but it also performs well as a quality estimation system for predicting overall post-editing effort, which is characterised by all types of MT errors. Furthermore, we show that this approach is portable to other languages.
The Effect of Glaucoma Filtration Surgery on Structural and Functional Eye Parameters in a Short-Term Study
Authors: Baumane Kristīne , Ranka Renāte , Laganovska Guna
Published: June 2017

Glaucoma filtration surgery (trabeculectomy) is an effective glaucoma treatment method that provides significant intraocular pressure (IOP) reduction. Indications for this method are in cases where other forms of therapy, like medicines or lasers, have failed, other forms of therapy are not suitable (compliance or side-effects are a problem), in cases where a target pressure is required to prevent clinically significant disease progression that cannot be reached with topical medications and/or laser and in cases that have such advanced glaucoma and high IOP at presentation that other forms of treatment are unlikely to be successful. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of glaucoma surgery on the structural and functional eye parameters at different stages of glaucoma. A total of 96 eyes of 96 patients (only one eye from each patient) with different stages of glaucoma (stages 2 to 4) who were undergoing trabeculectomy were recruited. Quadrant retinal nerve fibre layer RNFL) thickness (33 patients), cup/disc vertical and horizontal ratio (36 patients) and MD of visual fields (27 patients) were analysed up to one week before and 1 month after the successful surgery. The results show that the MD value was slightly improved in 50%, 85.7%, and 71.4% of patients with glaucoma stages 2, 3, and 4, respectively. The mean RNFL of all four optic nerve head quadrants increased slightly after the surgery for patients with glaucoma stage 2; in contrast, a decrease in the mean RNFL values for all four quadrants was observed for patients with glaucoma stage 4. Statistically significant changes in the mean values for the optic nerve horizontal c/d ratio after glaucoma surgery were observed (p = 0.033) in contrast to the vertical c/d values (p = 0.77). In total, improvement of the horizontal and vertical c/d ratio was detected in 61.1% and 55.6% of the glaucoma patients, respectively. Although the observed changes were statistically insignificant, the positive influence of glaucoma surgery on the structural and functional eye parameters was more pronounced in moderate stages than in advanced or severe stages of glaucoma.
The Oral Microbiome of Smokeless Tobacco Users in Latvia
Authors: Sintija Miļuna , Rostoka Dagnija , Skadińš Ingus , Reinis Aigars , Priedīte Viktorija , Koka Rudīte , Lauva Didzis , Kroiča Juta
Published: June 2017

Snus is a tobacco product containing nicotine and is widely used in Sweden. Now it is becoming more and more popular among young athletes and teenagers in Latvia, even though it is forbidden for sale in the European Union. The use of snus is considered to induce various oral illnesses, especially periodontal diseases, diabetes, heart and cardiovascular diseases as well as cancer. Comparison of the microbiome of saliva and tooth biofilm in snus tobacco users with that in people who never use snus showed that, the number and diversity of periodontal pathogenic microorganisms was much higher in samples taken from snus users. The observed features of the oral microbiome, such as the presence of periodontal pathogens and their high concentration, may have adverse effect on periodontal tissues of snus users and their general health in the future.
Manorial and Grange Complexes as a Cultural Heritage of the Agricultural Landscape in the Management of Commune Space: A Case Study of Tarnowo Podgórne, Wielkopolska
Authors: Wilkaniec Agnieszka , Szczepańska Magdalena
Published: June 2017

Manorial and grange complexes are characteristic elements of the rural cultural landscape; they constitute significant evidence of the farming tradition of a region. Unfortunately, nowadays these complexes have often become dilapidated, their legibility has been obliterated and there have been radical changes in the spatial context. The aim of this study was to determine whether manorial and grange complexes were given proper attention in the development and strategic plans worked out by communes. The commune of Tarnowo Podgórne, stretching along the western boundary of Poznań city, was selected as a case study and research area. An attempt is also made to recognise what protective provisions the local law makes for those complexes. The authors think that the quality of plans concerning the facilities under study is unsatisfactory. The Land Use Plan includes recommendations to protect nonexistent facilities and lists a complex located beyond the commune boundaries. Although the Plan emphasises the significance of manorial and grange complexes, there are no local spatial development plans for most of them. Some plans referring to the spatial structures under analysis are imprecise and incomplete, which results in ineffective protection.
Growth response of European larch (Larix decidua Mill.) populations to climatic transfer A Novel Approach for Controlled Pollination in Casuarina equisetifolia
Authors: Foff V. , Weiser F. , Foffová E. , Gömöry Dušan
Published: June 2017

The study focuses on growth responses of Larix decidua provenances to climatic transfer based on a regional provenance experiment. This comprises a series of 5 trial plots situated in Germany and Slovakia, where 12 indigenous Sudetic and West-Carpathian larch provenances are planted. Transfer rates were defined as differences in altitudes or climatic variables between the site of plantation and the site of origin. 1stand 2nd-order polynomial regressions were used for the identification of overall trends of growth performance and responses to transfer.

Sudetic provenances clearly outperformed the Carpathian ones on all test sites. When all provenances were considered jointly, height and breast-height diameter mostly showed significant monotonous geographical and climatic trends: the performance generally decreased with increasing altitude and precipitations and decreasing temperatures. The relationships between growth response and transfer rates (ecodistances) were mostly linear. However, when Sudetic and Carpathian provenances were considered separately, most significant response curves were unimodal. There is a very good correspondence between the responses in height and diameter growth within geographic groups, but the responses are not consistent between groups. Joint regression analysis showed that most provenances exhibited average stability. Stability indices are quite consistent between the response traits and did not show any association with the geographical position, climate of origin, or growth performance.

The results indicate that populations in different climates remain adapted to a common optimum, the extent of local adaptation is quite limited. Possible explanations of this observation are briefly discussed.
Short Note: Isolation and Characterization of 12 Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers in Engelhardia roxburghiana (Juglandaceae)
Authors: Zhang Dan-Dan , Luo Pi , Chen Ying , Wang Zheng-Feng , Ye Wan-Hui , Cao Hong-Lin
Published: June 2017

Engelhardia roxburghiana is a common half evergreen tree with a wide distribution in southeast Asia. Despite its ecological and pharmaceutical values, its genetic diversity is poorly studied. Our objective was to develop nuclear microsatellite markers to investigate the level of genetic diversity within and among populations in the future. Using the microsatellite-enriched library and PCR-based screening method, 12 microsatellite markers were developed and showed polymorphism in a population. The number of alleles per locus for these 12 microsatellites ranged from four to 15. The observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.358 to 0.897 and from 0.369 to 0.886, respectively. The developed microsatellites will be useful for studying genetic diversity and population structure in E. roxburghiana.
Development and characterization of microsatellite loci for Cedrela fissilis Vell (Meliaceae), an endangered tropical tree species
Authors: Gandara F. B. , Tambarussi E. V. , Sebbenn Alexandre Magno , Ferraz E. M. , Moreno M. A. , Ciampi A. Y. , Vianello R. P. , Grattapaglia D. , Kageyama P. Y.
Published: June 2017

The timber of the Neotropical tree Cedrela fissilis is used in construction, shipbuilding, carpentry and for medical purposes. In this study, polymorphic microsatellite (SSR) markers derived from an enriched genomic library were characterized using 120 adult trees from four different C. fissilis populations. No substantial genotypic linkage disequilibrium was detected among all possible pairs of SSR loci. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 20, the average allele number ranged from 8 to 9.7, depending on the population. The observed heterozygosity among the different SSR loci varied from 0.0 to 1.00 , the expected heterozygosity varied from 0.07 to 0.95 On the population level, the average observed and expected heterozygosities ranged from 0.50 to 0.63 and from 0.64 to 0.70, respectively. The average fixation index among populations ranged from 0.09 to 0.24. Thus, the SSR loci revealed high poly - morphism rates and can be used to study the genetic diversity,structure, mating system, and gene flow in C. fissilis.
Variation of the quantitative traits in a progeny test of Abies alba (Mill.) at the nursery stage
Authors: Mihai G. , Mirancea I. , Duta C.
Published: June 2017

Fifty-one full-sib families were created using 11 parents in a silver fir seed orchard and a half-diallel mating design. The seeds of control-pollinated families were sown in a nursery in autumn 2007. Growth and branches traits were measured during nursery testing, and genetic parameters were estimated at the ages of 3, 4, 5, and 6 years. The additive and dominance genetic variances were major sources of genetic variance. Dominance variance was greater than additive variance at these early ages for all traits. However, the ratio of SCA/GCA variance decreased from 23 to 14 for total height and from 36 to 19 for root collar diameter. Broadsense family heritability is higher than individual heritability. Height and root collar diameter are the most heritable traits in silver fir. The time trend of the five heritability estimates for total height increased with age. Significant trait-trait genetic correlations were obtained. Age-age genetic correlations were very high, and they displayed increasing trends with age. The selection of the most valuable parents and most valuable individuals within the best families could maximise genetic gain in the second breeding generation of silver fir.
Genetic parameters and prediction of breeding values in Castanopsis hystrix A.DC. for growth and form traits
Authors: Zhang F. Q. , Xu B. , Yang H. X. , Zhang W. H. , Zhu B. Z. , Wang Y. X. , Liao H. Q. , Pan Wen
Published: June 2017

Castanopsis hystrix A.DC. is one of the most important and multipurpose tree species native to China. 157 open-pollinated families collected from 11 provenances in Guangdong, Guangxi, and Fujian province were used to estimate genetic parameters for height (H), diameter at breast height (DBH), ground diameter (GD), and crown width (CW) for each province and combined three provinces at ages from 3 to 9 years. The variance component was small and non-significant among provenances but was highly significant among families within provenances for H, DBH, GD, and CW. Heritability estimates were significant except for a few traits from Fujian’s provenances. Heritability ranged from 0.20 to 0.57 for H, 0.19 to 0.38 for DBH, 0.21 to 0.55 for GD, and 0.09 to 0.39 for CW. Heritability estimates for H and DBH decreased with increased age for each province and combined three provinces. Significantly high genetic correlations were observed for ageage and trait-trait correlations, indicating that genetic performance at one trait was well correlated with another trait. In total, 22 families and 60 individuals were selected for backward and forward selection based on breeding values.
Individual, fruit, and annual variation in correlated mating in a Genipa americana population
Authors: Manoel R. O. , Freitas M. L. M. , Júniro E. Furlani , Alves P. F. , Moraes M. L. T. , Sebbenn A. M.
Published: June 2017

In this paper, we use six microsatellite loci to examine a spatially isolated population of Genipa americana in relation to mating system variation at the level of individual and among and within fruits, over two reproductive events. For our analysis, we sampled hierarchically among and within fruits open-pollinated seeds collected from 13 seed trees during the reproductive event in 2010 and 12 seed trees in 2011. The rate of mating among relatives (1-ts) was significantly greater than zero and different between the investigated reproductive events, indicating that some seeds are inbred. The estimate of fixation index (Fo) was significantly higher than zero for seeds from both reproductive events (2010: Fo = 0.258; 2011: Fo = 0.294), confirming that seeds present inbreeding, probably originated from mating among full-sibs. The multilocus paternity correlation within fruits (rp(w)) and among fruits (rp(a)) varied among seed trees and reproductive events. The rp(w) was significantly higher than rp(a) in both reproductive events, suggesting that it is more likely to find full-sibs within fruits (2010: 36.4%; 2011: 72.4%), than among fruits (2010: 18.9%; 2011: 12.8%). Due to the presence of inbreeding, mating among relatives and correlated mating, the within families coancestry coefficient (Θ) was higher and the variance effective size (Ne) lower than expected in open-pollinated families from panmictic populations (Θ = 0.125, Ne = 4). In practical terms for conservation programs, our results show the need to collect seeds from at least 60 seed trees to retain progeny arrays with a total effective size of 150.
Genetic and phenotypic correlations among volume, wood specific gravity and foliar traits in white spruce (Picea glauca (Moench) Voss)
Authors: Pike Carolyn , Montgomery R. A.
Published: June 2017

White spruce is highly valued by the forest products industry in North America. Through tree improvement efforts, selected genotypes can exceed wild sources by 30% in volume. Negative correlations between growth and wood specific gravity have been established, but differences in leaf morphology between high and low performing genotypes are less well understood. We sampled five trees from each of 30 families at each of two locations in a 25-year old progeny test in Minnesota. One wood core was collected from each tree to sample wood specific gravity (WSG), along with a branch collected from the upper crown to examine foliar traits. We confirmed negative correlations between stem volume and WSG, but several families combined high wood volume with only small reductions in WSG. Leaf area ratio and specific leaf area were positively, genetically correlated with volume growth but not correlated with WSG. Increased growth rates of selected genotypes may be attributed, in part, to shifts in allocation to leaves and in leaf morphology that may optimize light interception.
Association mapping for identification of ISSR and AFLP markers linked with resin yield in Himalayan Chir Pine (Pinus roxburghii Sarg
Authors: Rawat Anita , Barthwal S. , Ginwal H. S. , Tripathi S. B.
Published: June 2017

In Pinus roxburghii, marker-trait associations were studied for resin yield using a set of 238 DNA based markers derived from 9 ISSR and 5 AFLP primer pairs. A total of 240 genotypes of P. roxburghii from a natural population in Chakrata division (Tiunee range), Uttarakhand (India) were evaluated for resin yield. Based on stable resin production in consecutive years, 53 genotypes that were best representatives of the variation in resin yield (0.25 to 8.0 kg/tree/year) were used for genotyping and association analysis. For carrying out the association studies, two approaches were used. First, using simple linear regression, resin yield was regressed on all 238 available polymorphic markers (148 ISSR markers and 90 AFLP markers) and second, evidence for association was examined applying population structure information using STRUCTURE and STRAT to avoid any spurious associations between a candidate marker and phenotype. In regression analysis, 16 ISSR and 12 AFLP markers showed significant association with resin yield. In the second approach, 18 ISSR and 18 AFLP loci were found to be associated with resin yield in the absence of population structure out of which 2 ISSR and 3 AFLP loci were common with those associated in regression analysis. After accounting for population structure, 38 ISSR, and 3 AFLP loci revealed association out of which one ISSR and one AFLP locus was found to be common with both simple linear regression and test of association in the absence of population stratification. There was no obvious correlation between population structure and resin yield.
Spiritual Pain. Annäherung an einen Schlüsselbegriff interprofessioneller Spiritual Care
Authors: Peng-Keller Simon
Published: June 2017

Der Beitrag untersucht das Konzept des ‚spirituellen Schmerzes‘ an einem Beispiel aus dem Bereich der Pädiatrie und im Hinblick auf die interprofessionellen Aufgaben von Spiritual Care. In einem ersten Schritt wird die mehrschichtige Genese des Konzepts bei Cicely Saunders nachgezeichnet, um es anschließend in Abgrenzung gegenüber verwandten Begriffen wie seelischem Schmerz (psychic pain), religiöser Anfechtung (religious struggle) oder spiritueller Bedrängnis (spiritual distress) weiter zu schärfen und theologisch zu vertiefen. Die Überlegungen münden in der These, dass ‚spiritueller Schmerz‘ als Sinnschmerz zu verstehen ist, der sich in körperlichem Schmerz manifestiert und diesen verstärkt.
Brd4‐Brd2 isoform switching coordinates pluripotent exit and Smad2‐dependent lineage specification
Authors: Fernandez‐Alonso Rosalia , Davidson Lindsay , Hukelmann Jens , Zengerle Michael , Prescott Alan R , Lamond Angus , Ciulli Alessio , Sapkota Gopal P , Findlay Greg M
Published: June 2017

Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) hold great clinical potential, as they possess the capacity to differentiate into fully specialised tissues such as pancreas, liver, neurons and cardiac muscle. However, the molecular mechanisms that coordinate pluripotent exit with lineage specification remain poorly understood. To address this question, we perform a small molecule screen to systematically identify novel regulators of the Smad2 signalling network, a key determinant of PSC fate. We reveal an essential function for BET family bromodomain proteins in Smad2 activation, distinct from the role of Brd4 in pluripotency maintenance. Mechanistically, BET proteins specifically engage Nodal gene regulatory elements (NREs) to promote Nodal signalling and Smad2 developmental responses. In pluripotent cells, Brd2‐Brd4 occupy NREs, but only Brd4 is required for pluripotency gene expression. Brd4 downregulation facilitates pluripotent exit and drives enhanced Brd2 NRE occupancy, thereby unveiling a specific function for Brd2 in differentiative Nodal‐Smad2 signalling. Therefore, distinct BET functionalities and Brd4‐Brd2 isoform switching at NREs coordinate pluripotent exit with lineage specification.
Salt‐inducible kinase induces cytoplasmic histone deacetylase 4 to promote vascular calcification
Authors: Abend Alon , Shkedi Omer , Fertouk Michal , Caspi Lilac H , Kehat Izhak
Published: June 2017

A pathologic osteochondrogenic differentiation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) promotes arterial calcifications, a process associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The molecular pathways promoting this pathology are not completely understood. We studied VSMCs, mouse aortic rings, and human aortic valves and showed here that histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) is upregulated early in the calcification process. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function assays demonstrate that HDAC4 is a positive regulator driving this pathology. HDAC4 can shuttle between the nucleus and cytoplasm, but in VSMCs, the cytoplasmic rather than the nuclear activity of HDAC4 promotes calcification, and a nuclear‐localized mutant of HDAC4 fails to promote calcification. The cytoplasmic location and function of HDAC4 is controlled by the activity of salt‐inducible kinase (SIK). Pharmacologic inhibition of SIK sends HDAC4 to the nucleus and inhibits the calcification process in VSMCs, aortic rings, and in vivo. In the cytoplasm, HDAC4 binds and its activity depends on the adaptor protein ENIGMA (Pdlim7) to promote vascular calcification. These results establish a cytoplasmic role for HDAC4 and identify HDAC4, SIK, and ENIGMA as mediators of vascular calcification.
Dinámicas socio jurídicas en comunidades en resistencia o paz
Authors: Noguera Sanchez Helvert
Published: June 2017

El artículo pretende analizar las dinámicas socio-jurídicas de la Comunidad de Paz
de San José de Apartadó, y establecer si estas rechazan la aplicación formal del
derecho interno colombiano; desde la coyuntura humanitaria, como Zona
Temporalmente Autónoma y de resistencia civil no violenta que practica hace más
de una década.
Relaciones externas comerciales de la unión europea con estados unidos
Authors: Urbina Sanchez Elisa
Published: June 2017

Las decisiones multilaterales están determinadas hoy por el poder económico de
la Unión Europea y Estados Unidos. Estas se han desarrollado en los últimos
años a través de los Acuerdos firmados desde 1990 hasta el 2009. Los
elementos principales de negociación son los desafíos globales y la expansión
del comercio mundial. En enero de 2007 intensificó sus relaciones económicas
hacia una asociación económica trasatlántica. El interés de la competitividad
global les ha permitido seguir removiendo las barreras comerciales, por ejemplo
en la legislación de patentes, estándares industriales o en el acceso a los
mercados de bolsa. Un mercado común trasatlántico serviría eficazmente al
interés de Europa.
El estado, la constitución y la economía de mercado
Authors: Cortes Zambrano Sonia
Published: June 2017

Los derechos económicos constituyen hoy por hoy, la piedra angular en el
desarrollo social, cultural y político de un país. Se pretende a partir de ellos dar
eficacia al principio de igualdad, generar oportunidades de desarrollo, estimular a la
sociedad para la puesta en marcha de la solidaridad, y entre muchos otros
objetivos, generar progreso en el país. El Estado Colombiano, tiene como deber
constitucional, promover la actividad económica, en procura del cumplimiento de
sus fines sociales. Este artículo, esboza en que forma el Estado, en cumplimiento
de sus fines constitucionales, participa con papel protagónico, en el desarrollo y
dirección de la actividad económica del país, y su deber de defensa de la
democracia.
El pacto de arras en los contratos de derecho privado
Authors: Oviedo Albán Jorge
Published: June 2017

El pacto de arras, bien sea simples o de retracto, o en sus funciones confirmatoria o confirmatorias penales, se encuentra frecuentemente en contratos de Derecho colombiano, sobre todo cuando se trata de ventas o promesas de venta. No obstante, suelen surgir varios problemas prácticos derivados tal vez del desconocimiento de la figura y sus verdaderos alcances.
El presente escrito tiene por objeto plantear y describir los conceptos básicos necesarios para entender esta figura, al igual que algunas cuestiones de orden práctico que es conveniente considerar para evitar algunas imprecisiones a la hora de incorporarlas a un contrato.
Fortalecimiento de la Protección al Consumidor Financiero Frente a la Actividad Contractual Bancaria Nacional e Internacional
Authors: Calonje Londoño Nattaly
Published: June 2017

El presente artículo busca explicar, partiendo del concepto de Interés Público en el Ordenamiento Jurídico colombiano, cómo la Autonomía Privada de la Voluntad de agentes bancarios es restringida a través de la actuación estatal –en virtud de la cláusula general de competencia-, especialmente en la selección de normas contractuales, que pueden provenir de normas internacionales –como la nueva lex mercatoria-, y en ciertos comportamientos, tomando como punto de referencia la Ley 1328 de 2009, que protege al Consumidor Financiero.
La Cesantía Comercial Elemento Determinante Del Contrato De Agencia
Authors: Bedoya Rubio Franz
Published: June 2017

El contrato de agencia comercial es una de las principales figuras jurídicas utilizadas para la intermediación comercial tanto nacional como extranjera, configurándose en una institución jurídica de total importancia para el crecimiento económico del país. Una de las características esenciales del contrato de agencia comercial es la estipulación de la indemnización y la denominada cesantía comercial establecidas en el artículo 1324 del código de comercio.

El contratante o agenciado, ha buscado diferentes mecanismos para evitar el pago de la indemnización y la cesantía establecida en el artículo referenciado; lo cual ha generado una desnaturalización del contrato de agencia comercial, convirtiendo la relación jurídica de la agencia comercial en una tipificación contractual totalmente diferente.

La globalización y la internacionalización ha llevado entonces a que de una u otra forma las empresas extranjeras como las nacionales pretendan desconocer en ciertos negocios, el carácter de orden publico por encima de la voluntad de las partes.
Panorama Laboral de la Mujer en Colombia, una Mirada desde El Espinal-Tolima
Authors: Castro Guiza Omar , Caballero Martinez Lucas
Published: June 2017

El análisis del trabajo desde la perspectiva de género obliga la observancia de los lineamientos del programa del trabajo decente propuesto por la OIT en pro de la erradicación de la discriminación, protección del derecho a la igualdad y la garantía a la igualdad de oportunidades para las mujeres trabajadoras. Es necesario examinar las políticas públicas y la normatividad nacional, así como las investigaciones adelantadas por académicos sobre el derecho del trabajo, con el ánimo de aportar elementos teóricos que permitan el análisis de la situación de la mujer trabajadora en Colombia para dar un panorama actual de sus condiciones laborales.
El Desarrollo de la Desaparición Forzada y sus Elementos Especiales de Configuración en Colombia
Authors: Sandoval Mesa Jaime
Published: June 2017

El delito de desaparición forzada constituye uno de los crímenes más graves contra la comunidad internacional, tanto así que es considerado un crimen de lesa humanidad conforme al Estatuto de Roma de 1998, para el establecimiento de la Corte Penal Internacional. No obstante la importancia del delito en mención, tan sólo desde el año 2000 se observa su tipificación en Colombia, pese a que se reportan antecedentes de la conducta analizada, desde finales de los años 70. Pese a lo anterior, los avances en el derecho interno son significativos y constituyen la perspectiva actual de persecución de crímenes internacionales en Colombia, con las consecuencias que frente a la comunidad internacional ello representa.
El recurso de apelación en el Código General del Proceso: un desatino para la justicia colombiana
Authors: Quintero González Armando
Published: June 2017

No solamente la búsqueda de descongestionar la administración de justicia fue el motor de la creación del Código General del Proceso. La sociedad avanza al ritmo de sus necesidades, por las cuales abarcan aspectos económicos, sociales, culturales y como no tecnológicos, de esta manera se debe comprender que el Derecho no es estático, y que debe dar pasos agigantados para no quedarse atrás de los cambios sociales, por ende debe avanzar al ritmo que la humanidad exija. En este sentido, en el presente artículo se realiza una aproximación al estudio y evolución del recurso de apelación visto desde el Código General del Proceso en donde se vislumbra un conflicto entre la satisfacción material de los derechos de los ciudadanos
o tutela jurisdiccional efectiva con el recurso de apelación caracterizado actualmente por ser restringido.
La justicia militar: una mirada desde la realidad
Authors: Vásquez Hincapié Daniel , Gil García Luz
Published: June 2017

El estudio de la configuración de las normas en la justicia militar y del contenido de los fallos
de los tribunales civiles y militares permiten la realización de una prospectiva de la justicia
militar para que, en el caso de suceder un cambio sustancial en la organización sociocultural
del país, se logre establecer con probabilidades cercanas a la exactitud, si se continuara el
proceso de penalización de las conductas de los militares en favor del mantenimiento de una
subordinación, con matices de subyugación, puesto que es posible observar que el Estado
sigue reclamando su imperio sobre los ciudadanos, a los cuales con normas, que incluso van
en contra de sus propios mandatos constitucionales, les impone la condición obligatoria de
defensa del Estado, antes que una posición en contrario como la señalada en el artículo segundo
de la Constitución Política de Colombia.
Encontrar ahora las diferencias conceptuales y doctrinarias presentes en la administración
de justicia militar puede hacer posible la recuperación del régimen disciplinario militar, que
Cambio de mentalidad frente a la inmunidad de jurisdicción
Authors: Nuñez Ramos Luisa , Cifuentes Sandoval German
Published: June 2017

Siempre que nos referimos al termino Inmunidad Diplomática, lo relacionamos con el principio
de Igualdad Soberana entre los Estados (Par In Parem Not Habet Imperium), entendiendo
esta como la imposibilidad absoluta de ejercer jurisdicción sobre otro Estado, incluyendo
sus agentes, que en el ámbito internacional se conocerán como Agentes Diplomáticos.
La nueva tendencia en materia de inmunidad se encamina hacia el concepto de Inmunidad
Restringida, mediante el cual se aplicará dicha inmunidad solo en los casos en que un Estado
o su agente ejecute actos propios de su función (Jure imperi), en caso contrario se aplicaran
las normas vigentes en el Estado del Foro.

Es en razón a esta nueva tendencia que debemos evolucionar y cambiar la antigua mentalidad
absolutista en materia de inmunidad jurisdiccional que venía imperando, armonizándola
con la era de los derechos humanos y su efectivo goce, pretendiendo definir esa delgada línea
que separa Inmunidad de Impunidad, y esto solo se logrará cuando el legislador y los jueces,
quienes son los encargados de proferir y hacer cumplir las leyes que rigen a los ciudadanos y
a los extranjeros que se encuentren dentro del país, entiendan la importancia y necesidad de
sentar un precedente jurídico frente a este tema.
Prácticas de los abogados en formación en los consultorios jurídicos
Authors: Osorio Valencia Julián
Published: June 2017

Este artículo complementa y amplía la tesis de la débil pertinencia de los programas
de derecho —por la desarticulación entre planes de estudio y prácticas jurídicas—
con la tesis de la institucionalización del diálogo pedagógico contextual, en las áreas
del conocimiento jurídico. La proposición se fundamenta en la hermenéutica filosófica
de la comprensión de la experiencia humana de mundo como dialogismo
contextual, de Gadamer. Su aplicación a la comprensión de la experiencia de la formación
profesional, situada en los contextos problemáticos de las prácticas jurídicas,
gesta, además de la contextualización de los planes de estudio, ambientes de aprendizaje
interdisciplinar en la comprensión de estas prácticas.