bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of National Pharmacovigilance Data Associated with Statin Use in Korea
Authors: Kim Hyunah , Kim Namhyo , Lee Da Hee , Kim Hun‐Sung
Published: May 2017

The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical manifestations, age distribution and risk factors of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of statins. Korean Adverse Event Reporting System (KAERS) database records (July 2009–June 2014) on statin‐treated adults were used. ADRs classified as ‘certain’, ‘probable’ and ‘possible’ based on the WHO‐Uppsala Monitoring Centre criteria were analysed. The frequency of ADRs was compared between adults (18–64 years) and older people (age ≥65 years) groups. In total, 2161 ADRs from 1690 patients (579, 34.3% older people) were included for analysis. Mean patient age and ADRs per patient were 60.46 ± 12.72 years and 1.28, respectively. ADRs were reported with atorvastatin (48.4%), rosuvastatin (23.0%), pitavastatin (10.4%) and simvastatin (9.1%). The frequent ADRs were gastrointestinal (421 events, 19.5%), musculoskeletal (331, 15.3%), skin (312, 14.4%) and hepatobiliary disorders (286, 13.2%). Skin disorders were significantly more frequent in adults compared to those in older patients (16.3% versus 12.4%, p = 0.021). Common clinical symptoms were myalgia (263 events, 12.2%), dyspepsia (133, 6.2%) and pruritus (103, 4.8%). Myalgia was more frequently reported in adults (12.7% versus 9.5%, p = 0.039) and dizziness was more frequent in older people (3.4% versus 5.8%, p = 0.015). According to KAERS data, leading statin ADRs were gastrointestinal and musculoskeletal disorders. Myalgia and dyspepsia were the common clinical symptoms.
Spatial Bayesian Latent Factor Regression Modeling of Coordinate-based Meta-analysis Data
Authors: Montagna Silvia , Wager Tor , Barrett Lisa Feldman , Johnson Timothy D. , Nichols Thomas E.
Published: May 2017

Now over 20 years old, functional MRI (fMRI) has a large and growing literature that is best synthesised with meta-analytic tools. As most authors do not share image data, only the peak activation coordinates (foci) reported in the article are available for Coordinate-Based Meta-Analysis (CBMA). Neuroimaging meta-analysis is used to (i) identify areas of consistent activation; and (ii) build a predictive model of task type or cognitive process for new studies (reverse inference). To simultaneously address these aims, we propose a Bayesian point process hierarchical model for CBMA. We model the foci from each study as a doubly stochastic Poisson process, where the study-specific log intensity function is characterized as a linear combination of a high-dimensional basis set. A sparse representation of the intensities is guaranteed through latent factor modeling of the basis coefficients. Within our framework, it is also possible to account for the effect of study-level covariates (meta-regression), significantly expanding the capabilities of the current neuroimaging meta-analysis methods available. We apply our methodology to synthetic data and neuroimaging meta-analysis datasets.
Stimulation of autophagy prevents intestinal mucosal inflammation and ameliorates murine colitis
Authors: Macias‐Ceja Dulce C , Cosín‐Roger Jesús , Ortiz‐Masiá Dolores , Salvador Pedro , Hernández Carlos , Esplugues Juan V , Calatayud Sara , Barrachina María D
Published: May 2017

Background and Purpose

Defective autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease and there are interactions between autophagy and inflammation. Here we have analysed the effects of autophagy stimulators on murine colitis.

Experimental Approach

Mice were treated with intrarectal administration of 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) (3.5 mg·20 g−1) and body weight was measured daily. Histological damage was scored 2 or 4 days after treatment. Some mice received trehalose (3% in drinking water 3 weeks before TNBS administration) or a daily administration of rapamycin (1.25 mg·kg−1, i.p.), betanin (1 g·kg−1, i.p.) or betanin + 3‐methyladenine (3MA) (10 mg·kg−1, i.p.). Protein levels of p‐mTOR, p62, LC3, BCL10, NFκB, IκBα and p‐IκBα in mucosa were determined by Western blots and mRNA expression of TNFα, IL1β, IL6, IL10, COX2, CCR7, CD11c, inducible NOS and CD86 by qRT‐PCR.

Key Results

Impaired autophagy associated with body weight loss and intestinal damage was detected in the mucosa of TNBS‐treated mice. Administration of trehalose, rapamycin or betanin prevented the impaired autophagic flux induced by TNBS and decreased mucosal protein levels of BCL10, p‐IκBα and NFκB‐p65 and the expression of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and M1 macrophage markers. Blockade of autophagosome formation by treatment with 3MA, prevented the reduction in protein levels of p62, BCL10, p‐IκBα and NFκB‐p65 induced by betanin in TNBS‐treated mice and weakened the protective effects of betanin on murine colitis.

Conclusions and Implications

Pharmacological stimulation of mucosal autophagy reduced intestinal inflammation and improved murine colitis.
Changing minds: Children's inferences about third party belief revision
Authors: Magid Rachel W. , Yan Phyllis , Siegel Max H. , Tenenbaum Joshua B. , Schulz Laura E.
Published: May 2017

By the age of 5, children explicitly represent that agents can have both true and false beliefs based on epistemic access to information (e.g., Wellman, Cross, & Watson, 2001). Children also begin to understand that agents can view identical evidence and draw different inferences from it (e.g., Carpendale & Chandler, 1996). However, much less is known about when, and under what conditions, children expect other agents to change their minds. Here, inspired by formal ideal observer models of learning, we investigate children's expectations of the dynamics that underlie third parties’ belief revision. We introduce an agent who has prior beliefs about the location of a population of toys and then observes evidence that, from an ideal observer perspective, either does, or does not justify revising those beliefs. We show that children's inferences on behalf of third parties are consistent with the ideal observer perspective, but not with a number of alternative possibilities, including that children expect other agents to be influenced only by their prior beliefs, only by the sampling process, or only by the observed data. Rather, children integrate all three factors in determining how and when agents will update their beliefs from evidence.
Ectopic thyroid mass in the right ventricle: A case report
Authors: Tan Yuying , Yu Wei , Wang Xiaocong , Gao Yongsheng , Xu Hui
Published: May 2017

Ectopic thyroid is a rare congenital embryonic anomaly. Ectopic thyroid tissue can be located anywhere during its descent, but it is found primarily at the base of the tongue and in the mediastinum. It is very rarely found in the heart. Here, we report a rare case of cardiac ectopic thyroid tissue in a 53‐year‐old woman who presented with chest pain. Echocardiography revealed an intracardiac mass that was removed successfully. Histopathology confirmed that the mass was thyroid tissue without malignancy.
Multimodality imaging of a left ventricular aneurysm in a patient with normal coronary arteries: Unusual localization
Authors: Yesin Mahmut , Kalçık Macit , Alizade Elnur , Taşar Onur , Özkan Mehmet
Published: May 2017

Left ventricular aneurysm (LVA) is rare but potentially fatal complication of myocardial infarction. It has been strictly defined as a distinct area of abnormal left ventricular diastolic contour with systolic dyskinesia or paradoxical bulging. It may be asymptomatic. However, complications including thromboembolism, heart failure, valvular regurgitation, arrhythmia, and rarely rupture may be the initial presentation. Diagnosis may be established by transthoracic echocardiography, left ventriculography, computed tomographic angiography, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging. Here, we report a case of uncommonly located LVA in an adult patient with normal coronary arteries, which was diagnosed with multimodality imaging.
THE LONG‐TERM EFFECTS OF CONDITIONAL CASH TRANSFERS ON CHILD LABOR AND SCHOOL ENROLLMENT
Authors: Peruffo Marcel , Ferreira Pedro Cavalcanti
Published: May 2017

This paper investigates the long‐term effects of conditional cash transfers on school attainment and child labor. To this end, we construct a dynamic heterogeneous agent model, calibrate it with Brazilian data, and introduce a policy similar to the Brazilian Bolsa Família. Our results suggest that this type of policy has a very strong impact on educational outcomes, sharply increasing primary school completion. The conditional transfer is also able to reduce the share of working children from 22% to 17%. We then compute the transition to the new steady state and show that the program actually increases child labor over the short run, because the transfer is not enough to completely cover the schooling costs, so children have to work to be able to comply with the program's schooling eligibility requirement. We also evaluate the impacts on poverty, inequality, and welfare. (JEL O11, I25, J24)
Environmental marginality and geographic range limits: a case study with Arabidopsis lyrata ssp. lyrata
Authors: Lee‐Yaw Julie A. , Fracassetti Marco , Willi Yvonne
Published: May 2017

Understanding the factors that govern the distribution of species is a central goal of evolutionary ecology. It is commonly assumed that geographic range limits reflect ecological niche limits and that species experience increasingly marginal conditions towards the edge of their ranges. Using spatial data and ecological niche models we tested these hypotheses in Arabidopsis lyrata. Specifically, we asked whether range limits coincide with predicted niche limits in this system and whether the suitability of sites declines towards the edge of the species’ range in North America. We further explored patterns of environmental change towards the edge of the range and asked whether genome‐wide patterns of genetic diversity decline with increasing peripherality and environmental marginality. Our results suggest that latitudinal range limits coincide with niche limits. Populations experienced increasingly marginal environments towards these limits – though patterns of environmental change were more complex than most theoretical models for range limits assume. Genomic diversity declined towards the edge of the species’ range and with increasing distance from the estimated centre of the species’ niche in environmental space, but not with the suitability of sites based on niche model predictions. Thus while latitudinal range limits in this system are broadly associated with niche limits, the link between environmental conditions and genetic diversity (and thus the adaptive potential of populations) is less clear.
BGG492 as an adjunctive treatment in patients with partial‐onset seizures: A 12‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase II dose‐titration study with an open‐label extension
Authors: Elger Christian E. , Hong Seung Bong , Brandt Christian , Mancione Linda , Han Jackie , Strohmaier Christine
Published: May 2017

Objectives

To evaluate dose–response relationship of BGG492 as add‐on therapy to 1–3 antiepileptic drugs in patients with partial‐onset seizures and to investigate safety and tolerability of BGG492.

Methods

This was a 12‐week, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, phase II dose‐titration study (core study) with a 30‐week, flexible‐dose, open‐label extension. In the core study, patients were randomized (1:2) to placebo or BGG492 100 mg t.i.d. in cohort 1, and in cohort 2 patients were randomized (1:4) to placebo or BGG492 150 mg t.i.d. On completion of the core study, eligible patients entered the extension study. Primary outcome measures were total partial seizure frequency per 28 days (core study) and safety and tolerability (extension study).

Results

Overall, 93 patients were randomized (150 mg [n = 44]; 100 mg [n = 24]; placebo [n = 25]), and 81 (87.1%) completed the core study. Fifty‐one patients entered and 43 (84.3%) completed the extension study. In the core study, no statistically significant dose–response trend among the BGG492 treatment groups (100 and 150 mg) was observed at the 4‐week double‐blind maintenance period (weeks 7–10); however, there was higher percent reduction in total partial seizure frequency in the BGG492 150 mg over placebo groups (37.32%; 95% confidence interval [CI] −18.90, 66.95). Dizziness, somnolence, and fatigue were the most common adverse events (AEs), higher in the BGG492 150 mg group than in the 100 mg and placebo groups (dizziness: 14 [31.8%] vs. 3 [12.5%] and 1 [4.0%]; somnolence: 7 [15.9%] vs. 1 [4.2%] and 1 [4.0%]; fatigue: 5 [11.4%] vs. 1 [4.2%] and 1 [4.0%]). During the open‐label extension study, 39 (76.5%) patients on BGG492 had AEs, and the most commonly experienced AEs were dizziness (14 [27.5%]) and somnolence (9 [17.6%]).

Significance

There was no significant dose–response trend in the BGG492 treatment groups (100 and 150 mg); however, higher percent reduction over placebo was observed in the BGG492 150 mg group. Safety and tolerability data were consistent with the known safety profile for BGG492, and no new safety risks were identified.
Inhibition of mast cell infiltration in an LL‐37‐induced rosacea mouse model using topical brimonidine tartrate 0.33% gel
Authors: Kim Miri , Kim Jongsic , Jeong Seo‐won , Jo Hyunmu , Woo Yu Ri , Park Hyun Jeong
Published: May 2017

Brimonidine is a highly selective α2‐adrenergic receptor agonist approved by the FDA for the treatment of rosacea. Rosacea is a major clinical disease with vasodilatation and rash on the centre of the face, and that brimonidine as a vasoconstrictor can act as a remedy for rosacea. However, there is no study of how brimonidine has an effect on rosacea‐related immune cells or mechanisms in the skin to improve rosacea. In this study, we observed that clinical features of rosacea induced by LL‐37 in Balb/c mice were improved after the application of brimonidine gel, and we also showed a marked decrease in the number of inflammatory cells, especially mast cells (MCs) histologically. Furthermore, we confirmed that mRNA levels of MC enzymes increased by LL‐37 were reduced by brimonidine gel. To our knowledge, we first found that brimonidine has a mechanism of treating rosacea by reducing the number and mRNA levels of MC‐specific enzymes, an important immune cell in the pathogenesis of rosacea.
Vaccines against malaria—still a long way to go
Authors: Matuschewski Kai
Published: May 2017

Several species of Plasmodium cause a broad spectrum of human disease that range from nausea and fever to severe anemia, cerebral malaria, and multiorgan failure. In malaria‐endemic countries, continuous exposure to Plasmodium sporozoite inoculations and subsequent blood infections elicit only partial and short‐lived immunity, which gradually develops over many years of parasite exposure and multiple clinical episodes. The ambitious goal of malaria vaccinology over the past 70 years has been to develop an immunization strategy that mounts protection superior to naturally acquired immunity. Herein, three principal concepts in evidence‐based malaria vaccine development are compared. Feasible leads are typically stand‐alone subunit vaccine approaches that block Plasmodium parasite life cycle progression or parasite/host interactions, and they constitute the majority of candidates in preclinical research and early clinical testing. Integrated approaches incorporate malaria antigen(s) into licensed or emerging pediatric vaccine formulations. This strategy can complement the malaria control portfolio even if the antimalarial component is only partially effective and has led to the development of the only candidate vaccine to date, namely RTS,S‐AS01. Experimental whole parasite vaccine approaches have been repeatedly shown to elicit sterile and lasting protection against identical parasite strains, but mass production, proof of broad protection against different parasite strains, and routes of vaccine delivery remain significant translational road blocks. Global access to an effective and affordable malaria vaccine will critically depend on innovative translational research that builds on a better molecular understanding of Plasmodium biology and host immunity.
Ungeweinte Tränen. Trauma, Trauer und Verlust der inneren Heimat bei Gino Chiellino
Authors: Baginski Thomas
Published: May 2017

Einige der poetischen Geschichts‐ und Erinnerungslandschaften in Gino Chiellinos Lyrik der Erinnerung und Trauer sind symbolische Abbildungen innerpsychischer Prozesse, die ihren Ursprung in kindheitstraumatisch erlebten Trennungs‐ und Verlusterfahrungen haben. Der erste Teil dieser Abhandlung befasst sich mit dem Unterschied von Marcel Prousts und Gino Chiellinos Auffassung vom Gedächtnis und vom Erinnerungsprozess. Der zweite Teil stellt die gelungene Trauerarbeit, wie sie von Clemens Brentanos Weberin in „Der Spinnerin Nachtlied“ geleistet wird, der ausgebliebenen Trauer und dem Nichttrauernkönnen der Weberin in Chiellinos „Sich die Fremde nehmen / weil Rosa die Weberin“ gegenüber. Der dritte Teil behandelt den Zusammenhang von wirtschaftlich erzwungener Auswanderung und psychischer Traumatisierung und arbeitet Chiellinos lyrische Darstellung der transgenerationalen Weitergabe von Trauma‐Erlebnis und Trauma‐Gedächtnis in die zweite Generation heraus.
Large solitary oaks as keystone structures for saproxylic beetles in European agricultural landscapes
Authors: Parmain Guillem , Bouget Christophe
Published: May 2017

Trees outside forests (TOFs) are declining in agricultural landscapes worldwide. Although they provide valuable habitats for saproxylic species, their relative contribution to saproxylic biodiversity with respect to forests is poorly known. Our aim was to investigate the conservation value of oak TOFs for saproxylic beetles in European agricultural landscapes.

In our design, plots pairing forest trees and TOFs were sampled in sites nested in two French regions. We studied local habitat conditions (deadwood, tree‐related microhabitats, openness) and saproxylic beetle assemblages. We measured significant environmental contrasts between forest trees and TOFs, and found that the latter hosted higher microhabitat density and diversity.

Species assemblages were strongly dissimilar between TOFs and forest trees. Even though α‐diversity and abundance were not significantly different in the two contexts, the between‐tree β‐diversity and the γ‐diversity of both all and rare species were higher outside than inside forests.

Furthermore, the potential key drivers of saproxylic beetle diversity were not consistent between forest trees and TOFs. Tree cavity was the only elementary microhabitat whose density significantly affected biodiversity metrics both inside and outside forests. Many more effects on beetle assemblages originating from surrounding conditions were observed in TOFs than in forest trees. We also confirmed that saproxylic beetle diversity is significantly associated to canopy openness.

Consistent with our results, environmentally friendly forestry practices should include the retention of sun‐exposed microhabitat‐bearing trees at final harvesting. In addition, environmental policies should favour TOFs as well as oak savanna‐like woodlands which are seriously threatened worldwide.
The clinical spectrum of xanthomatous lesions of the eyelids
Authors: Baykal Can , Polat Ekinci Algun , Yazganoglu Kurtulus D. , Buyukbabani Nesimi
Published: May 2017

Yellowish papules, nodules, or plaques, namely “xanthomatous” lesions, may be seen on the eyelids in the course of various disorders. The prototype is “xanthelasma palpebrarum” (XP) that is localized only to the eyelids and may be associated with hyperlipidemia. On the other hand, different types of normolipemic disorders may also cause xanthomatous eyelid lesions. Among these, Langerhans cell histiocytosis, diffuse normolipemic xanthoma, and non‐Langerhans cell histiocytoses (papular xanthoma, juvenile xanthogranuloma, xanthoma disseminatum, adult‐onset xanthogranuloma, adult‐onset asthma and periocular xanthogranuloma, necrobiotic xanthogranuloma, Erdheim‐Chester disease, Rosai‐Dorfman disease, and reticulohistiocytosis) can be listed. The eyelid findings of this heterogeneous group of disorders are challenging to differentiate from each other due to common clinical aspects that may even sometimes mimic XP. Nodularity, induration, ulceration, diffuse eyelid involvement, and extension from eyelids to the neighboring skin may represent the clinical features of xanthomatous lesions other than XP. It is necessary to obtain a thorough history and exclude XP and then perform detailed dermatological and systemic examination, biopsy for histopathologic confirmation, and appropriate specific imaging screens. As some of the conditions may be associated with other systemic disorders, especially malignancies, the differentiation of xanthomatous eyelid lesions has a critical importance, and clinical signs can be guiding.
Tattooing and psoriasis: a case series and review of the literature
Authors: Kluger Nicolas , Estève Eric , Fouéré Sébastien , Dupuis‐Fourdan Florence , Jegou Marie‐Hélène , Lévy‐Rameau Chantal
Published: May 2017

Background

Koebner phenomenon (KP) affects from a quarter to a third of the patients with psoriasis and can occur on tattoos

Material and methods

We retrospectively reviewed a case series of seven tattooed patients with an isomorphic response on their tattoos or partial psoriasis patches on their tattoos. We collected the demographic data, the past history of psoriasis, the clinical presentation, and the outcomes. We also performed a review of the literature. We tried to classify the different clinical profile of KP/psoriasis on tattoos accordingly.

Results

Six men and one woman with a median age of 36 ± 6.4 years old were included. Five disclosed a KP in a recent tattoo within days to 1 month after its completion. Fifteen additional cases were collected from the literature (8 men, median age 22 ± 8.2 years old). The delay of psoriasis flare‐up after tattooing was rather short, from a few weeks to several months. We found a high variability in the clinical presentation with five clinical subtypes/profiles of psoriasis on tattoos. A possible confusion between “genuine” KP on tattoos and the coincidental occurrence of psoriasis patches on tattoos is possible in some cases of the literature. Patients were mainly managed locally, rarely by systemic treatments or biologics.

Conclusion

Koebner phenomenon on tattoos may occur in patients with psoriasis under various forms. The evolution is benign, and psoriasis is not a contraindication for tattooing, but patients need proper counseling before getting tattooed.
Characterisation and food application of curcumin bound to sodium caseinate–polysaccharide electrostatic complexes
Authors: Cho Hyunnho , Lee Hee Jae , Yu Ki Seon , Choi Yu Mi , Hwang Keum Taek
Published: May 2017

Electrostatic complexes between sodium caseinate (NaCas) and high‐methoxyl pectin (HMP) or carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were used to stabilise curcumin in this study. Effect of pH on the characteristics of the complex was evaluated, finding pH 4 was optimum. Zeta potential of NaCas‐CMC (−33.59) was larger than that of NaCas‐HMP (−22.19) at pH 4, implying higher colloidal stability. The complexes protected curcumin from heat treatment, and antioxidant activity of curcumin bound to the complexes was similar to that of native curcumin. Incorporation of sucrose partially prevented freeze drying‐induced aggregation of the complex, especially for NaCas‐HMP. In a model beverage, curcumin bound to the complexes showed higher colour stability. In vitro bioaccessibility of curcumin bound to NaCas‐HMP (53.0%) and NaCas‐CMC (51.6%) was higher than the native curcumin (21.4%). This study suggests that curcumin bound to the complexes, especially NaCas‐HMP‐bound curcumin may be used as a potential food colourant where transparency is needed.
Evaluation of modified casings and chitosan‐PVA packaging on the physicochemical properties of cooked Sichuan sausages during long‐term storage
Authors: Feng Chao‐Hui , Liu Yao‐Wen , Makino Yoshio , García Martín Juan Francisco , Cummins Enda
Published: May 2017

The effects of a modified casing and chitosan‐poly‐vinyl alcohol antimicrobial packaging (CP packaging) on sausage colour, texture, microbial spoilage and volatile compounds after 29‐days storage were investigated. Casings were modified by surfactant solution (composed of soy lecithin and soy oil) and lactic acid. For samples stored in CP packaging, there were no significant differences between day 1 and day 29 in relation to sausage hardness and springiness (P > 0.05). Redness increased over storage time regardless of treatments and packagings. Total plate counts of samples packaged by CP packaging were lower than 1 log cfu g−1 during 29‐days storage. Cyclohexene, 1‐methyl‐4‐(1‐methylethylidene)‐ and α‐copaene were found in samples with control casings and CP packaging after 15‐days storage. The improved characteristics of the natural casing will enable meat processors or manufactures to enhance sausage production with a low sausage burst incidence, while the CP packaging will inhibit the intensive microbial growth.
Optimisation of sourdough bread incorporation into wheat bread by response surface methodology: Bioactive and nutritional properties
Authors: Hayta Mehmet , Hendek Ertop Muge
Published: May 2017

The optimisation of the quantity of sourdough (A) prepared with two different fermentation methods, [spontaneous fermentation (F1) vs. starter of lactic acid bacteria‐added fermentation (F2)], instant active dry yeast (B) and wheat bran (C) for a nutritionally improved bread formulation has been studied by evaluating the bioavailability and bioactive properties. The bread produced according to the optimised formula and fermentation types of F1 (OBF1) and F2 (OBF2) was compared with control bread (CB). The optimised levels for F1 were 11.45% for sourdough, 1.10% for dry yeast and 1.58% for wheat bran and for F2 6.99% for sourdough, 1.02% for dry yeast and 38.84% for wheat bran. The addition of sourdough significantly (P < 0.05) affected antioxidant activity, total phenolic content, in vitro ash and protein digestibility, and enzyme resistance starch contents of bread. The F1 fermentation method was found to be more effective in terms of bread properties examined.
Effect of dry heat stabilisation on the functional properties of rice bran proteins
Authors: Lv Shi‐Wen , Sun Li‐Hui , Zhao Shu‐Yan , Bao Yong‐Ming
Published: May 2017

Rice bran was stabilised by dry heat method at 120 °C for 10–60 min, and then, protein was extracted from stabilised rice bran using weak alkali method. The storage characteristics of stabilised rice bran and the influences of dry heat pretreatment on the physicochemical properties of rice bran protein isolate were also evaluated. The results indicated that dry heat pretreatment could not only prevent rancidity of rice bran effectively, but also improve some functional properties of rice bran proteins, such as emulsifying properties, oil holding capacity, and water holding capacity. However, foaming properties and protein solubility were slightly destroyed because of heating. Rice bran was pretreated at 120 °C for 10 or 20 min and then extracted at pH 9.5, and the protein yields were 50.09% and 46.98%, respectively. Therefore, the dry heat treatment at 120 °C for 10 or 20 min was a suitable alternative process in stabilisation of rice bran.
Life history traits and previous exposure predict resistance to UV irradiation in the freshwater cnidarian Hydra oligactis
Authors: Tökölyi Jácint , Kozma Beatrix , Sebestyén Flóra , Miklós Máté , Barta Zoltán
Published: May 2017

Abiotic stress is an important source of mortality for cnidarians and is likely to be a major factor shaping their life histories. In freshwater hydra, the ability to withstand exogenous sources of stress varies between species and populations, but little is known about the factors responsible for this variation. Here, we investigated resistance to UV irradiation in Hydra oligactis, a common temperate freshwater cnidarian. We collected polyps from 12 populations and propagated these asexually under standard conditions in the laboratory to obtain 69 laboratory clonal lines with a total of 324 polyps of different age. We measured the size of polyps and recorded their budding rate. In addition, a subset of animals was exposed to hormetic treatment, where experimental animals received a short, sublethal irradiation 2 d before testing their resistance to a higher dose. We investigated how life history traits (age, size, and budding rate), hormetic treatment, and the interaction between life history traits and hormetic treatment relate to the ability of hydra polyps to tolerate high doses of UV irradiation. In multivariate models controlling for the effect of other variables, stress tolerance was positively related to age (lower tolerance in freshly detached buds compared to adult hydra) and size (higher tolerance in polyps with a large body column). Budding rate was negatively associated with stress tolerance. Hormetic treatment increased resistance to UV irradiation, but we found no evidence for an interaction between hormetic response and any of the life history traits, suggesting that the ability to upregulate physiological defense mechanisms after exposure to mild stress does not depend on the life history background of the individuals.
Anion transport through ceramic electrodialysis membranes made with hydrated cerium dioxide
Authors: Mora‐Gómez Julia , García‐Gabaldón Montserrat , Martí‐Calatayud Manuel C. , Mestre Sergio , Pérez‐Herranz Valentín
Published: May 2017

In this research, low‐cost ceramic anion‐exchange membranes have been developed from porous supports manufactured, using a chamotte as a pore former. An inorganic anion‐exchanger (hydrated cerium dioxide) has been deposited into the support and fixed by thermal treatment. The effects of some process variables (such as the temperature of the thermal treatment or the pH of the electrolyte) on the properties of the anion‐exchange membranes have been investigated. The electrochemical performance of the resulting membranes has been compared to that exhibited by ceramic anion‐exchange membranes based on another anion exchanger (hydrated zirconium dioxide) deposited into alumina‐kaolin supports. The temperature of the thermal treatment applied to fix the hydrated cerium dioxide (HCeD) does not affect the structure nor the electrochemical properties of the membranes. The porosity of the supports obtained, using a chamotte as the pore former was lower than that of the alumina‐kaolin ones, which led to a lower deposition of hydrated cerium dioxide than that obtained for hydrated zirconium dioxide (HZrD) in alumina‐kaolin supports. The higher porosity registered for the HZrD‐based membrane also implies higher membrane conductivities. The selective transport of anions through the membranes was enhanced by increasing the number of infiltrating steps, as confirmed from current to voltage curves. However, this behavior was only apparent at acidic or neutral pH, thus confirming the amphoteric character of the anion‐exchanger. Comparing the γ parameter (equivalents of ion exchanger per gram of deposited oxide), it is concluded that the porosity of the ceramic supports, consequence of their distinct microstructure, is the main parameter responsible for the difference in the ion‐exchange capacity obtained for HZrD and HCeD membranes. Consequently, the CeO2 particles used in this work are also good candidates to impart ion‐exchange properties to microporous ceramic supports.
Validation of electrical ostial pulmonary vein isolation verified with a spiral inner lumen mapping catheter during second‐generation cryoballoon ablation
Authors: Miyazaki Shinsuke , Kajiyama Takatsugu , Watanabe Tomonori , Taniguchi Hiroshi , Nakamura Hiroaki , Hamaya Rikuta , Kusa Shigeki , Igarashi Miyako , Hachiya Hitoshi , Hirao Kenzo , Iesaka Yoshito
Published: May 2017

Background

Achieve catheters are cryoballoon guidewires that enable pulmonary vein (PV) potential mapping. The single catheter approach in conjunction with the Achieve catheter is currently standard practice in second‐generation cryoballoon ablation, yet circumferential mapping catheters are the gold standard for evaluating PV isolation (PVI). The study sought to validate the ostial PVI verified by an Achieve catheter alone.

Methods

One hundred fifty‐one paroxysmal atrial fibrillation patients undergoing PVI using exclusively 28‐mm second‐generation cryoballoons were enrolled. PV recordings were analyzed during (real‐time recordings) and after cryoballoon applications with 20‐mm Achieve mapping catheters, and subsequently validated by 20‐mm conventional circumferential mapping catheters.

Results

Out of 596 PVs, 576 (96.6%) were isolated using cryoballoons, and 20 required touch‐up ablation. PVI was verified during cryoballoon applications with real‐time monitoring in 299, and after applications in 280 PVs by Achieve catheters alone. The time‐to‐isolation was 27.2 ± 22.0 seconds. Validation with standard circumferential mapping catheters confirmed ostial PVIs in 296 of 299 (99.0%) PVs that real‐time PVI was obtained during applications, and in 242 of 280 (86.5%) PVs that PV activities were not visible during applications and PVI was verified after the applications. The accuracy of ostial PVIs with Achieve catheters in PVs without obtaining real‐time PV recordings was 40/47 (85.1%), 58/65 (89.2%), 77/79 (97.5%), 61/81 (75.3%), and 6/8 (75.0%) in left superior, left inferior, right superior, right inferior, and left common PVs, respectively.

Conclusions

In second‐generation 28‐mm cryoballoon ablation, verification of ostial PVIs using Achieve mapping catheters alone might not be sufficient to accurately confirm an ostial PVI when real‐time PVI was not obtained.
Authority, Autonomy, and Deception: Evaluating the Legitimacy of Parental Authority and Adolescent Deceit
Authors: Gingo Matthew , Roded Alona D. , Turiel Elliot
Published: May 2017

This research examined adolescents’ judgments about lying to avoid parental control over different types of activities. Participants (N = 66, Mage = 16.38, 73% European American) were interviewed about hypothetical situations describing adolescents who defied parental directives and lied about their defiance. Judgments about the legitimacy of parents’ directives and protagonists’ deception differed by types of parent relationship with adolescents (mutual or unilateral). Directives were least accepted, and deception was most accepted, in the context of unilateral relationships. Judgments also differed by domain of the action (personal, prudential, or conventional). Participants were least accepting of parental directives, and most accepting of deception about personal activities. Findings indicate that adolescents value honesty and parental authority, but sometimes give priority to concerns with autonomy and mutuality.
Melatonin inhibits neuronal dysfunction‐associated with neuroinflammation by atopic psychological stress in NC/Nga atopic‐like mouse models
Authors: Park Gunhyuk , Lee Seung Hoon , Oh Dal‐Seok , Kim Yong‐ung
Published: May 2017

Atopic dermatitis (AD), also known as atopic eczema, is chronic pruritic skin disease. AD can increase psychological stress as well, increasing glucocorticoid release and exacerbating the associated symptoms. Chronic glucocorticoid elevation disturbs neuroendocrine signaling and can induce neuroinflammation, neurotoxicity, and cognitive impairment; however, it is unclear whether AD‐related psychological stress elevates glucocorticoids enough to cause neuronal damage. Therefore, we assessed the effects of AD‐induced stress in a mouse AD model. AD‐related psychological stress increased astroglial and microglial activation, neuroinflammatory cytokine expression, and markers of neuronal loss. Notably, melatonin administration inhibited the development of skin lesions, scratching behavior, and serum IgE levels in the model mice, and additionally caused a significant reduction in corticotropin‐releasing hormone responsiveness, and a significant reduction in neuronal damage. Finally, we produced similar results in a corticosterone‐induced AD‐like skin model. This is the first study to demonstrate that AD‐related psychological stress increases neuroendocrine dysfunction, exacerbates neuroinflammation, and potentially accelerates other neurodegenerative disease states.
Immune correlates of hepatitis B surface antigen spontaneous seroconversion in hepatitis B e antigen negative chronic hepatitis B patients
Authors: Vyas Ashish Kumar , Sharma Barjesh Chander , Sarin Shiv Kumar , Trehanpati Nirupma
Published: May 2017

Background

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) seroconversion in HBeAg −ve chronic hepatitis B (CHB) infection is rare, possibly due to poor antigen processing and impaired humoral response. We investigated the role of dendritic cells (DCs), T follicular helper (TFH) cells and plasma B cells in seroconversion.

Methods

HBeAg −ve (n=135) CHB patients with raised ALT at baseline were followed up. Patients undergoing HBsAg seroconversion (Gr. I, n=11) were compared with non‐converters with low (Gr. II, n=17, HBV DNA<2000 IU/mL) or high HBV DNA (Gr. III, HBV DNA >2000 IU/mL, n=17). We measured cell phenotypes (TFH, B and DCs), HBV specific T‐cell functionality [using pooled overlapping surface and core peptides], IL21 levels and gene expression analysis by qRT‐PCR.

Results

Patients in Gr. I compared to Gr. II and III, had higher IL‐21 levels (865 vs 276 vs 111 pg/mL, P=<.0001), TFH (CD4+CXCR5+) cells (12.3 vs 4.67 vs 2.77, P=<.001), inducible T‐cell co‐stimulator (ICOS) expression on TFH cells (20.0 vs 13.0 vs 13.68, P=.01), HBsAg specific IL‐17 (9.40 vs 2.33 vs 2.61, P=<.001) and TNF‐α secreting TFH17 cells (82 vs 1.43 vs 2.33, P=<.001), plasma B (CD19+CD38+) cells (15.0 vs 5.08 vs 5.57, P=<.001), myeloid (17.80 vs 5.39 vs 2.70, P=<.001) and plasmocytoid DCs (2.6 vs 0.43 vs 0.21, P=<.001). Plasma B‐cell frequency (R2=.64, P=.01) and IL‐21 levels (R2=.52, P=.003) correlated with anti‐HBs titres in patients with HBsAg seroconversion.

Conclusions

Dendritic cell and TFH cell mediated responses regulate humoral responses against HBV and play a major role in HBsAg seroconversion in CHB patients.
Bergmann glia translocation: a new disease marker for vanishing white matter identifies therapeutic effects of Guanabenz treatment
Authors: Dooves S. , Bugiani M. , Wisse L. E. , Abbink T. E. M. , van der Knaap M. S. , Heine V. M.
Published: May 2017

Aim

Vanishing White Matter (VWM) is a devastating leucoencephalopathy without effective treatment options. Patients have mutations in the EIF2B1‐5 genes, encoding the five subunits of eIF2B, a guanine exchange factor that is an important regulator of protein translation. We recently developed mouse models for VWM that replicate the human disease. To study disease improvement after treatment in these mice, it is essential to have sensitive biomarkers related to disease stage. The Bergmann glia of the cerebellum, an astrocytic subpopulation, translocate into the molecular layer in symptomatic VWM mice and patients. This study looked at the prospects of using Bergmann glia pathology as an objective disease marker for VWM.

Methods

We defined a new quantitative measurement of Bergmann glia pathology in the cerebellum of VWM mice and patients. To test the sensitivity of this new marker for improvement, VWM mutant mice received long‐term treatment with Guanabenz, an FDA‐approved anti‐hypertensive agent affecting eIF2B activity.

Results

Bergmann glia translocation was significantly higher in symptomatic VWM mice and VWM patients than in controls and worsened over the disease course. Both Bergmann glia pathology and cerebellar myelin pathology improved with Guanabenz treatment in mice, showing that Bergmann glia translocation is a sensitive measurement for improvement.

Conclusions

Bergmann glia translocation can be used to objectively assess effects of treatment in VWM mice. Future treatment strategies involving compounds regulating eIF2 phosphorylation might benefit VWM patients.
Virtually No Effect? Different Uses of Classroom Computers and their Effect on Student Achievement
Authors: Falck Oliver , Mang Constantin , Woessmann Ludger
Published: May 2017

Most studies find little to no effect of classroom computers on student achievement. We suggest that this null effect may combine positive effects of computer uses without equivalently effective alternative traditional teaching practices and negative effects of uses that substitute more effective teaching practices. Our correlated random effects models exploit within‐student between‐subject variation in different computer uses in the international TIMSS test. We find positive effects of using computers to look up information and negative effects of using computers to practice skills, resulting in overall null effects. Effects are larger for students with high socioeconomic status and mostly confined to developed countries.
A meta‐analysis of non‐consumptive predator effects in arthropods: the influence of organismal and environmental characteristics
Authors: Buchanan Amanda L. , Hermann Sara L. , Lund Margaret , Szendrei Zsofia
Published: May 2017

Non‐consumptive effects (NCEs) – changes in prey behavior or physiology in response to predator threat – are common and can be as strong as consumptive effects. However, our knowledge of NCEs in arthropod systems is lacking. Factors related to study organism and environment have the potential to influence the occurrence and magnitude of NCEs in arthropod systems. While factors such as coevolutionary history of natural enemies and their prey, predator cue, predator or prey feeding mode, and refuge availability have been theoretically and empirically examined, no trends have been proposed for arthropods. We compiled 62 studies, yielding 128 predator–prey interactions, which explicitly examined NCEs in experiments where arthropods were identified to species, using a previously published database of papers from 1990 to 2005 and a new database of papers published from 2006 to 2015. Using these data, we conducted a meta‐analysis to explore the influence of organismal and environmental characteristics on the magnitude of predator NCEs. Our analysis addressed the following three questions. 1) Does predator–prey coevolution give rise to stronger NCEs than when predator and prey species did not coevolve? 2) What influence does habitat type and refuge availability have on NCEs? 3) How do predator characteristics (cue type, hunting mode and life stage) and prey characteristics (mobility, life stage, specialization, gregariousness and feeding mode) influence NCEs? We found that while NCEs were similar across most measured characteristics, NCEs on prey activity were significantly stronger when predator and prey shared an evolutionary history. Our results support growing evidence that NCEs have a negative effect on prey traits and that behavioral NCEs are stronger than physiological ones. Additional studies are needed to be confident in any emerging patterns, therefore we identify key gaps in the literature on NCEs in arthropod systems and discuss ideas for moving forward.
The therapeutic alliance in different mental disorders: A comparison of patients with depression, somatoform, and eating disorders
Authors: Mander Johannes , Neubauer Andreas B. , Schlarb Angelika , Teufel Martin , Bents Hinrich , Hautzinger Martin , Zipfel Stephan , Wittorf Andreas , Sammet Isa
Published: May 2017

Objective

The therapeutic alliance is intensively investigated in psychotherapy research. However, there is scarce research on the role of the specific diagnosis of the patient in the formation of the therapeutic alliance. Hence, the aim of this study was to address this research gap by comparing the alliance in different mental disorders.

Design

Our sample comprised 348 patients (mean age = 40 years; 68% female; 133 patients with depression, 122 patients with somatoform disorders, and 93 patients with eating disorders).

Methods

Patients completed the Working Alliance Inventory and measures of therapeutic outcome in early, middle, and late stages of inpatient psychotherapy. We applied multivariate multilevel models to address the nested data structure.

Results

All three disorder groups experienced positive alliances that increased across the course of therapy and showed similar alliance–outcome relations that were of comparable strengths as in current meta‐analyses. However, we found perspective incongruence of alliance ratings from patient and therapist in the three disorder groups.

Conclusions

Our results generally indicate that the working alliance is of importance irrespective of the specific mental disorder. Perspective incongruence feedback of working alliance experiences could help to strengthen coordination between patient and therapist and thereby improve the therapeutic process. Further implications of these findings are discussed.

Practitioner points

We found no differences in the strengths of alliance ratings and alliance–outcome associations in depressive, somatoform, and eating disorder patients.

This indicates that the working alliance is of general clinical importance irrespective of the disorder group and should be a central target in all therapies.

We found perspective incongruence in alliance ratings between patient and therapist in all three disorder groups.

Perspective incongruence feedback of working alliance experiences could help to strengthen coordination between patient and therapist and thereby improve the therapeutic process.
Genomewide analysis of the lateral organ boundaries domain gene family in Eucalyptus grandis reveals members that differentially impact secondary growth
Authors: Lu Qiang , Shao Fenjuan , Macmillan Colleen , Wilson Iain W. , van der Merwe Karen , Hussey Steven G. , Myburg Alexander A. , Dong Xiaomei , Qiu Deyou
Published: May 2017

Lateral Organ Boundaries Domain (LBD) proteins are plant‐specific transcription factors playing crucial roles in growth and development. However, the function of LBD proteins in Eucalyptus grandis remains largely unexplored. In this study, LBD genes in E. grandis were identified and characterized using bioinformatics approaches. Gene expression patterns in various tissues and the transcriptional responses of EgLBDs to exogenous hormones were determined by qRT‐PCR. Functions of the selected EgLBDs were studied by ectopically overexpressing in a hybrid poplar (Populus alba × Populus glandulosa). Expression levels of genes in the transgenic plants were investigated by RNA‐seq. Our results showed that there were forty‐six EgLBD members in the E. grandis genome and three EgLBDs displayed xylem‐ (EgLBD29) or phloem‐preferential expression (EgLBD22 and EgLBD37). Confocal microscopy indicated that EgLBD22, EgLBD29 and EgLBD37 were localized to the nucleus. Furthermore, we found that EgLBD22, EgLBD29 and EgLBD37 were responsive to the treatments of indol‐3‐acetic acid and gibberellic acid. More importantly, we demonstrated EgLBDs exerted different influences on secondary growth. Namely, 35S::EgLBD37 led to significantly increased secondary xylem, 35S::EgLBD29 led to greatly increased phloem fibre production, and 35S::EgLBD22 showed no obvious effects. We revealed that key genes related to gibberellin, ethylene and auxin signalling pathway as well as cell expansion were significantly up‐ or down‐regulated in transgenic plants. Our new findings suggest that LBD genes in E. grandis play important roles in secondary growth. This provides new mechanisms to increase wood or fibre production.