bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical and biological role of secretory phospholipase A2 in acute respiratory distress syndrome infants
Authors: De Luca Daniele , Lopez-Rodriguez Elena , Minucci Angelo , Vendittelli Francesca , Gentile Leonarda , Stival Eleonora , Conti Giorgio , Piastra Marco , Antonelli Massimo , Echaide Mercedes , Perez-Gil Jesus , Capoluongo Ettore D
Published: July 2013

Introduction

Secretory phospholipase A2 is supposed to play a role in acute lung injury but no data are available for pediatric acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). It is not clear which enzyme subtypes are secreted and what the relationships are between enzyme activity, biophysical and biochemical parameters, and clinical outcomes. We aimed to measure the enzyme and identify its subtypes and to study its biochemical and biophysical effect. The secondary aim was to correlate enzyme activity with clinical outcome.

Methods

Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed in 24 infants with ARDS and 14 controls with no lung disease. Samples were assayed for secretory phospholipase A2 and molecules related to its activity and expression. Western blotting and captive bubble surfactometry were also performed. Clinical data were real time downloaded.

Results

Tumor necrosis factor-α (814 (506-2,499) vs. 287 (111-1,315) pg/mL; P = 0.04), enzyme activity (430 (253-600) vs. 149 (61-387) IU/mL; P = 0.01), free fatty acids (4.3 (2.8-8.6) vs. 2 (0.8-4.6) mM; P = 0.026), and minimum surface tension (25.6 ± 6.1 vs. 18 ± 1.8 mN/m; P = 0.006) were higher in ARDS than in controls. Phospholipids are lower in ARDS than in controls (76.5 (54-100) vs. 1,094 (536-2,907) μg/mL; P = 0.0001). Three enzyme subtypes were identified (-IIA, -V, -X), although in lower quantities in controls; another subtype (-IB) was mainly detected in ARDS. Significant correlations exist between enzyme activity, free fatty acids (ρ = 0.823; P < 0.001), and surface tension (ρ = 0.55; P < 0.028). Correlations also exist with intensive care stay (ρ = 0.54; P = 0.001), PRISM-III24 (ρ = 0.79; P< 0.001), duration of ventilation (ρ = 0.53; P = 0.002), and oxygen therapy (ρ = 0.54; P = 0.001).

Conclusions

Secretory phospholipase A2 activity is raised in pediatric ARDS and constituted of four subtypes. Enzyme correlates with some inflammatory mediators, surface tension, and major clinical outcomes. Secretory phospholipase A2 may be a clinically relevant target in pediatric ARDS.
Rh proteins and NH4+-activated Na+-ATPase in the Magadi tilapia (Alcolapia grahami), a 100% ureotelic teleost fish
Authors: Wood Chris M. , Nawata C. Michele , Wilson Jonathan M. , Laurent Pierre , Chevalier Claudine , Bergman Harold L. , Bianchini Adalto , Maina John N. , Johannsson Ora E. , Bianchini Lucas F. , Kavembe Geraldine D. , Papah Michael B. , Ojoo Rodi O.
Published: July 2013

The small cichlid fish Alcolapia grahami lives in Lake Magadi, Kenya, one of the most extreme aquatic environments on Earth (pH ~10, carbonate alkalinity ~300 mequiv l−1). The Magadi tilapia is the only 100% ureotelic teleost; it normally excretes no ammonia. This is interpreted as an evolutionary adaptation to overcome the near impossibility of sustaining an NH3 diffusion gradient across the gills against the high external pH. In standard ammoniotelic teleosts, branchial ammonia excretion is facilitated by Rh glycoproteins, and cortisol plays a role in upregulating these carriers, together with other components of a transport metabolon, so as to actively excrete ammonia during high environmental ammonia (HEA) exposure. In Magadi tilapia, we show that at least three Rh proteins (Rhag, Rhbg and Rhcg2) are expressed at the mRNA level in various tissues, and are recognized in the gills by specific antibodies. During HEA exposure, plasma ammonia levels and urea excretion rates increase markedly, and mRNA expression for the branchial urea transporter mtUT is elevated. Plasma cortisol increases and branchial mRNAs for Rhbg, Rhcg2 and Na+,K+-ATPase are all upregulated. Enzymatic activity of the latter is activated preferentially by NH4+ (versus K+), suggesting it can function as an NH4+-transporter. Model calculations suggest that active ammonia excretion against the gradient may become possible through a combination of Rh protein and NH4+-activated Na+-ATPase function.
Pectoral fins aid in navigation of a complex environment by bluegill sunfish under sensory deprivation conditions
Authors: Flammang Brooke E. , Lauder George V.
Published: July 2013

Complex structured environments offer fish advantages as places of refuge and areas of greater potential prey densities, but maneuvering through these environments is a navigational challenge. To successfully navigate complex habitats, fish must have sensory input relaying information about the proximity and size of obstacles. We investigated the role of the pectoral fins as mechanosensors in bluegill sunfish swimming through obstacle courses under different sensory deprivation and flow speed conditions. Sensory deprivation was accomplished by filming in the dark to remove visual input and/or temporarily blocking lateral line input via immersion in cobalt chloride. Fish used their pectoral fins to touch obstacles as they swam slowly past them under all conditions. Loss of visual and/or lateral line sensory input resulted in an increased number of fin taps and shorter tap durations while traversing the course. Propulsive pectoral fin strokes were made in open areas between obstacle posts and fish did not use the pectoral fins to push off or change heading. Bending of the flexible pectoral fin rays may initiate an afferent sensory input, which could be an important part of the proprioceptive feedback system needed to navigate complex environments. This behavioral evidence suggests that it is possible for unspecialized pectoral fins to act in both a sensory and a propulsive capacity.
Through their eyes: selective attention in peahens during courtship
Authors: Yorzinski Jessica L. , Patricelli Gail L. , Babcock Jason S. , Pearson John M. , Platt Michael L.
Published: July 2013

Conspicuous, multicomponent ornamentation in male animals can be favored by female mate choice but we know little about the cognitive processes females use to evaluate these traits. Sexual selection may favor attention mechanisms allowing the choosing females to selectively and efficiently acquire relevant information from complex male display traits and, in turn, may favor male display traits that effectively capture and hold female attention. Using a miniaturized telemetric gaze-tracker, we show that peahens (Pavo cristatus) selectively attend to specific components of peacock courtship displays and virtually ignore other, highly conspicuous components. Females gazed at the lower train but largely ignored the head, crest and upper train. When the lower train was obscured, however, females spent more time gazing at the upper train and approached the upper train from a distance. Our results suggest that peahens mainly evaluate the lower train during close-up courtship but use the upper train as a long-distance attraction signal. Furthermore, we found that behavioral display components (train rattling and wing shaking) captured and maintained female attention, indicating that interactions between display components may promote the evolution of multicomponent displays. Taken together, these findings suggest that selective attention plays a crucial role in sexual selection and likely influences the evolution of male display traits.
The double-stranded RNA binding domain of human Dicer functions as a nuclear localization signal
Authors: Doyle Michael , Badertscher Lukas , Jaskiewicz Lukasz , Güttinger Stephan , Jurado Sabine , Hugenschmidt Tabea , Kutay Ulrike , Filipowicz Witold
Published: July 2013

Dicer is a key player in microRNA (miRNA) and RNA interference (RNAi) pathways, processing miRNA precursors and double-stranded RNA into ∼21-nt-long products ultimately triggering sequence-dependent gene silencing. Although processing of substrates in vertebrate cells occurs in the cytoplasm, there is growing evidence suggesting Dicer is also present and functional in the nucleus. To address this possibility, we searched for a nuclear localization signal (NLS) in human Dicer and identified its C-terminal double-stranded RNA binding domain (dsRBD) as harboring NLS activity. We show that the dsRBD-NLS can mediate nuclear import of a reporter protein via interaction with importins β, 7, and 8. In the context of full-length Dicer, the dsRBD-NLS is masked. However, duplication of the dsRBD localizes the full-length protein to the nucleus. Furthermore, deletion of the N-terminal helicase domain results in partial accumulation of Dicer in the nucleus upon leptomycin B treatment, indicating that CRM1 contributes to nuclear export of Dicer. Finally, we demonstrate that human Dicer has the ability to shuttle between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. We conclude that Dicer is a shuttling protein whose steady-state localization is cytoplasmic.
Study Abroad: A Powerful New Approach for Developing Leadership Capacities
Authors: Earnest Garee W.
Published: July 2013

Participation in a leadership-focused study-abroad program is a highly effective way to learn about leadership, based on student responses that cite powerful leadership learning experiences. To operate effectively in the expanding global arena, current and future leaders will need the ability to deal with different cultures and languages almost on a daily basis. Leaders will need to be prepared to lead in fast-changing environments that include a multiplicity of cultures and traditions and a complex labor force. While traditional approaches to leadership education will continue to provide a firm foundation for tomorrow’s leaders, new leadership approaches will be as important, if not more so, in the global world. A leadership-focused study-abroad program offers an excellent teaching technique for preparing participants in the leadership process.
Leadership Studies and Liberal Education
Authors: Colvin Robert E.
Published: July 2013

This article explores leadership studies as a complementary and integrating discipline in undergraduate liberal education curricula. A significant historical purpose of liberal education was to liberate and prepare its graduates to be active and capable participants and leaders in social, economic, religious, and political realms. This historical purpose has become resurgent in recent critical examinations of liberal education. Some now argue that the undergraduate liberal education should return, in part, to preparing citizens for leadership responsibilities necessary to strengthen our communities, nation, and democratic institutions.

There appears to be a symbiotic relationship between liberal education and leadership studies. The knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary for effective leadership appear to be closely aligned with the desired learning outcomes of a liberal arts education, regardless of major. This article concludes that leadership studies may be an important and beneficial component of undergraduate liberal education curricula.
Supervisory Options for Instructional Leaders in Education
Authors: Fritz Carrie , Miller Greg
Published: July 2013

The principal purpose of this article was to identify supervisory approaches available to instructional leaders in education. Selected supervisory approaches served as the basis for creating the Supervisory Options for Instructional Leaders (SOIL) Model. Instructional leaders in a variety of educational settings could use this model. The SOIL Model is divided into three levels of supervision. The supervisory approaches included in each level are placed along a continuum of reward and risk. Reward is defined as “something given or offered for some service or attainment” (Mish, 1989, p. 628). Risk is defined by Mish (1989) as “the exposure to possible loss or injury” (p. 632).

As the instructional leader and teacher develop in the supervisory process, it is proposed that the approach of supervision used should change. As professional readiness increases and as the circumstances dictate, the instructional leader should progress in an upward direction on the continuum and facilitate more teacher-directed approaches of supervision. With teacher-directed approaches of supervision, instructional leaders and teachers may experience greater reward from the supervisory process.
Low Prices are Just the Beginning: Price Image in Retail Management
Authors: Hamilton Ryan , Chernev Alexander
Published: July 2013

Recent managerial evidence and academic research has suggested that consumer decisions are influenced not only by the prices of individual items but also by a retailer's price image, which reflects a consumer's impression of the overall price level of a retailer. Despite the increasing importance of price image in marketing theory and practice, existing research has not provided a clear picture of how price images are formed and how they influence consumer behavior. This article addresses this discrepancy by offering a comprehensive framework delineating the key drivers of price image formation and their consequences for consumer behavior. Contrary to conventional wisdom that assumes price image is mainly a function of a retailer's average price level, this research identifies several price-related and nonprice factors that contribute to price image formation. The authors further identify conditions in which these factors can overcome the impact of the average level of prices, resulting in a low price image despite the retailer's relatively high prices, as well as conditions in which people perceive a retailer to have a high price image despite its relatively low average price level.
Fiscal Decentralization and Environmental Infrastructure in China
Authors: Liu Antung , Zhang Junjie
Published: July 2013

This article provides new evidence that fiscal decentralization has supported economic development by incentiving cities to provide more sewage infrastructure. As a result of the 1994 tax reform, Chinese cities retained different shares of their value-added tax (VAT). Exploiting the persistence of this sharing system, we use the VAT share in 1995 as an instrument for the present fiscal incentives. We find that cities with higher fiscal incentives built significantly more sewage treatment capacity between 2002 and 2008. This result suggests that fiscal incentives can play a strong role in the development of city-level infrastructure.
Astrocytes: new targets of melanocortin 4 receptor actions
Authors: Caruso Carla , Carniglia Lila , Durand Daniela , Scimonelli Teresa N , Lasaga Mercedes
Published: July 2013

Astrocytes exert a wide variety of functions with paramount importance in brain physiology. After injury or infection, astrocytes become reactive and they respond by producing a variety of inflammatory mediators that help maintain brain homeostasis. Loss of astrocyte functions as well as their excessive activation can contribute to disease processes; thus, it is important to modulate reactive astrocyte response. Melanocortins are peptides with well-recognized anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activity. Although melanocortin efficacy was shown in systemic models of inflammatory disease, mechanisms involved in their effects have not yet been fully elucidated. Central anti-inflammatory effects of melanocortins and their mechanisms are even less well known, and, in particular, the effects of melanocortins in glial cells are poorly understood. Of the five known melanocortin receptors (MCRs), only subtype 4 is present in astrocytes. MC4R has been shown to mediate melanocortin effects on energy homeostasis, reproduction, inflammation, and neuroprotection and, recently, to modulate astrocyte functions. In this review, we will describe MC4R involvement in anti-inflammatory, anorexigenic, and anti-apoptotic effects of melanocortins in the brain. We will highlight MC4R action in astrocytes and discuss their possible mechanisms of action. Melanocortin effects on astrocytes provide a new means of treating inflammation, obesity, and neurodegeneration, making them attractive targets for therapeutic interventions in the CNS.
Gastric estradiol-17β (E2) and liver ERα correlate with serum E2 in the cholestatic male rat
Authors: Kobayashi Hiroto , Yoshida Saori , Sun Ying-Jie , Shirasawa Nobuyuki , Naito Akira
Published: July 2013

Cholestasis is associated with changes in hepatic cholesterol metabolism and serum estrogen levels. Ueyama and colleagues reported that the gastric estradiol-17β (E2) level in the portal vein is several times higher than that in the artery. This study aimed to clarify the relationships between gastric E2, hepatic estrogen receptor (ER) α and cholesterol metabolism in cholestatic male rats induced by bile duct ligation (BDL). After BDL, serum E2levels in the portal vein and artery were measured by ELISA. The gene expression of gastric estrogen-synthesizing enzymes and various hepatic enzymes for cholesterol metabolism were measured by real-time RT-PCR, and gastric aromatase and hepatic ERα proteins were determined by immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Portal E2levels increased by 4.9, 5.0, and 3.6 times that of controls at 2 days after BDL (BDL2d), BDL4d, and BDL7d respectively. The change in arterial E2levels was positively correlated with that in the portal vein. Under these conditions, the expression of hepaticErs1(ERα) mRNA and protein was significantly reduced in a negative correlation with serum E2levels in the portal vein after BDL. The expression of hepatic male-specific cytochrome P450 (CYP) genesCyp2c55andCyp3a2decreased and female-specificCyp2c12increased after BDL. It is postulated that the increase in gastric E2levels, which occurs after BDL, results in the reduction of hepatic ERα, the elevation of arterial E2level and leads to cholesterol metabolism becoming sex steroid dependent.
Reduced breath support in a speaker with dysarthria secondary to multiple sclerosis
Authors: Rutter Ben
Published: July 2013

This case study describes a patient with reduced breath support due to multiple sclerosis. Although deficits to the supralaryngeal structures are more commonly associated with a reduction in intelligibility, atypical breathing patterns can severely impact the perceptual coherence of dysarthric speech. This is most likely to manifest in conversational speech as the demands of correctly signalling syntactic, pragmatic and interactional information all rely on control of the breath support system. The study uses the method of interactional phonetics to consider in combination the role of phonetic, linguistic and interactional design in the speaker's natural conversation. The analysis was carried out by taking into account the sequential order of turns and representative extracts are presented. The patient's dysarthria has previously been identified as mild but the findings indicate that issues surrounding breath group length, speech rate and phonatory instability all surface in conversational speech. Of particular interest are the introduction of new person referents and their potential to trigger repair sequences. The findings indicate that a mild dysarthria with reduced breath support as a primary symptom can cause considerable problems of understandability in conversational speech. However, attention to the way in which potentially problematic interactional tasks are carried out and the successful use of repair strategies can minimise these issues.
The accomplishment of nonserious talk in severe speech disability
Authors: Bloch Steven , Wilkinson Ray
Published: July 2013

This paper investigates the production of, and responses to, nonserious talk by a person with a severe speech disorder in everyday conversation. Using the methods of Conversation Analysis (CA) a distinction between appreciability on the one hand and intelligibility and understandability on the other is examined through sequences featuring recipient laughter followed by delayed other-initiation of repair. Additional features of understandability are explored whereby a humour source turn is shown to be both appreciated and intelligible but not fully understood. The analysis reveals ways in which affiliation through humour is accomplished and maintained within an environment of significant intelligibility problems. The evidence presented in this paper indicates that nonserious talk is achievable through interaction despite the challenges of a severe speech disability.
L 2 harmonic forms and finiteness of ends
Authors: ZHU PENG
Published: July 2013

In this paper, we obtain vanishing theorems and finitely many ends theorems of complete Riemannian manifolds with weighted Poincaré inequality, applying them to minimal hypersurfaces.
Impact of natural climate change and historical land use on landscape development in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
Authors: NEHREN UDO , KIRCHNER ANDRE , SATTLER DIETMAR , TURETTA ANA PAULA , HEINRICH JURGEN
Published: July 2013

Climate variations and historical land use had a major impact on landscape development in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (Mata Atlântica). In southeast Brazil, rainforest expanded under warm-humid climate conditions in the late Holocene, but have been dramatically reduced in historical times. Nevertheless, the numerous remaining forest fragments are of outstanding biological richness. In our research in the Atlantic Forest of Rio de Janeiro we aim at the reconstruction of the late Quaternary landscape evolution and an assessment of human impact on landscapes and rainforests. In this context, special focus is given on (a) effects of climate variations on vegetation cover, soil development, and geomorphological processes, and (b) spatial and temporal land use and landscape degradation patterns. In this paper we present some new results of our interdisciplinary research in the Serra dos Órgãos mountain range, state of Rio de Janeiro.
Mathematic model of three-phase induction machine connected to advanced inverter for traction system for electric trolley
Authors: BOCII LIVIU S. , MULLER VALENTIN
Published: July 2013

This paper establishes a mathematical model of induction machine connected to a frequency inverter necessary to adjust the electric motor drive. The mathematical model based on the Park's theory allows the analysis of the whole spectrum (electric car – frequency inverter) to drive the electric trolley bus made on ASTRA Bus Arad (Romania). To remove higher order harmonics, the PWM waveform of supply voltage is used, set in the general case. Operating characteristics of electric motor drive are set to sub-nominal frequency (f < 50 Hz) and for different angles of the control switching elements in the construction of the inverter. Tensions in the stator of the equivalent machine are determined by three components: the fundamental component; the second component corresponding to the higher order harmonics, which rotate in direct connection; and the appropriate third component of higher order harmonics, which are rotated in reverse. The mathematical model developed will help to determine the harmonics which have a negative influence on the performance of the electric engine and also determines the control angle of the switching elements to remove these harmonics, (Bele 2007).
Developmental anatomy of Cyperus laxus (non-Nranz) and Fimbristylis dichotoma (Kranz) (Cyperaceae, Poales) and tissue continuity
Authors: MARTINS SHIRLEY , SCATENA VERA L.
Published: July 2013

The Cyperaceae species are present in different ecosystems and constitute the herbaceous extract. Of the approximately 5,500 species of the family; a third has Kranz anatomy, representing an important characteristic of the taxonomy and phylogeny of the group. In Cyperus laxus L. (non-Kranz) and Fimbristylis dichotoma Vahl (Kranz), development begins with germination that is marked by the emergence of the coleoptiles, followed by the primary root, which is ephemeral. The rhizome originates from the mesocotyl and it promotes the vascular connection between the roots, leaves and scapes. The continuity of the tissues is evidenced by the presence of an endodermis and pericycle in all vegetative organs. Leaves and scapes differ between the two species by the arrangement of mesophyll cells, which is regular in Cyperus laxus (non-Kranz) and arranged radially in Fimbristylis dichotoma (Kranz). Also differ in the number of bundles sheaths: two in Cyperus laxus (non-Kranz) and three in Fimbristylis dichotoma (Kranz). The outer bundle sheath in both species constitutes the endodermis, and the inner sheath in Cyperus laxus and the middle and inner sheaths in Fimbristylis dichotoma constitute the pericycle.
Chlorophyll a spatial inference using artificial neural network from multispectral images and in situ measurements
Authors: FERREIRA MONIQUE S. , GALO MARIA DE LOURDES B.T.
Published: July 2013

Considering the importance of monitoring the water quality parameters, remote sensing is a practicable alternative to limnological variables detection, which interacts with electromagnetic radiation, called optically active components (OAC). Among these, the phytoplankton pigment chlorophyll a is the most representative pigment of photosynthetic activity in all classes of algae. In this sense, this work aims to develop a method of spatial inference of chlorophyll a concentration using Artificial Neural Networks (ANN). To achieve this purpose, a multispectral image and fluorometric measurements were used as input data. The multispectral image was processed and the net training and validation dataset were carefully chosen. From this, the neural net architecture and its parameters were defined to model the variable of interest. In the end of training phase, the trained network was applied to the image and a qualitative analysis was done. Thus, it was noticed that the integration of fluorometric and multispectral data provided good results in the chlorophyll a inference, when combined in a structure of artificial neural networks.
Narrativas interativas sobre o cuidado materno e seus sentidos afetivo-emocionais
Authors: Granato Tania Mara , Aiello-Vaisberg Tânia Maria José
Published: July 2013

Na medida em que a clínica e a pesquisa da maternidade reafirmam a importância do suporte social às mães, pretendemos investigar o imaginário de estudantes universitários sobre o cuidado materno. Partindo do pressuposto de que narramos para elaborar experiências vividas, reconhecemos no narrar um procedimento privilegiado de acesso aos sentidos afetivo-emocionais que subjazem a toda conduta humana. Elaboramos uma narrativa fictícia sobre o abandono materno para que estudantes de Educação Física e Jornalismo a completassem. Tais produções imaginativas, consideradas psicanaliticamente, apontam para uma abordagem ambígua. A mãe é responsabilizada pelo destino do filho, ainda que a compreensibilidade de sua conduta seja situada em termos do contexto social. Tal postura parece traduzir o contraste entre o pretendido tratamento ético da questão materna e as expectativas sociais em relação à figura materna, usualmente ocultas pelo discurso contemporâneo do politicamente correto.
Centro de Avaliação Psicológica - CAP: uma clínica-escola especializada em avaliação e diagnóstico psicológico
Authors: Borsa Juliane Callegaro , Oliveira Sérgio Eduardo Silva de , Yates Denise Balem , Bandeira Denise Ruschel
Published: July 2013

A demanda por uma formação profissional com qualidade fomentou o desenvolvimento do Centro de Avaliação Psicológica (CAP) do Instituto de Psicologia da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS). O CAP é uma clínica-escola especializada em avaliação e diagnóstico psicológicos. O presente relato de experiência tem como objetivo apresentar os trabalhos desenvolvidos no CAP, bem como os métodos e práticas empregados no serviço. Com isso, espera-se colaborar com o desenvolvimento da Avaliação Psicológica no Brasil por meio do incentivo de estratégias que qualifiquem a formação de psicólogos na prática da avaliação e diagnóstico psicológico.
Principais alterações físico-químicas em óleos e gorduras submetidos ao processo de fritura por imersão: regulamentação e efeitos na saúde
Authors: Freire Poliana Cristina Mendonça , Mancini-Filho Jorge , Ferreira Tânia Aparecida Pinto de Castro
Published: July 2013

Alimentos fritos são muito consumidos no Brasil e no mundo. Sabe-se que a fritura é um processo complexo e oferece riscos à saúde humana. Um dos objetivos desta revisão foi apresentar as principais alterações físicas (escurecimento, viscosidade e formação de espuma) e químicas (hidrólise e auto-oxidação) que ocorrem nos óleos e/ou gorduras durante o processo de fritura. Outro objetivo foi abordar os principais fatores envolvidos na degradação do óleo e/ou da gordura de fritura (temperatura e tempo de fritura; relação superfície/volume; tipo de aquecimento; tipo de óleo; adição de óleo novo; natureza e quantidade do alimento frito; presença de contaminantes metálicos e equipamento utilizado, além da presença de antioxidantes). Foram também apresentados alguns métodos de controle de qualidade de óleo ou de gordura de fritura existentes (quantificação de compostos polares totais, acidez, índice de peróxidos, valor de p-anisidina e métodos rápidos de quantificação). Por fim, foram relacionadas as regulamentações vigentes sobre o processo de fritura, os efeitos dos compostos degradados sobre a saúde humana e algumas recomendações para a melhoria da qualidade do óleo ou da gordura de fritura formuladas pelo Informe Técnico nº 11 da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária.
Estilo em perspectiva discursiva: uma análise da revista Aerolândia
Authors: Farias Otávia Marques de , Baptista Lívia Márcia Tiba Rádis
Published: July 2013

Neste trabalho, busca-se desenvolver uma noção de estilo a partir de uma perspectiva discursiva, utilizando-se, para isso, o arcabouço teórico da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa. Tomou-se como base Possenti (2008), que trabalha com a noção de repertório e de que todo enunciado tem estilo; Discini (2009), que defende a existência de duas dimensões para o estilo, a da totalidade (homogênea) e a da individualidade (heterogênea); Maingueneau (1983, 1984), que contribui com a ideia de polêmica como interincompreensão. Foram analisados os editoriais presentes nos quatro primeiros números da revista Aerolândia, análise por meio da qual se verificou como Outro principalmente a revista Aldeota, o que acabou por definir várias de suas escolhas ao relacionar forma e conteúdo e, consequentemente, foi fundamental na elaboração do estilo da publicação. Destacaram-se, dentre as escolhas, a construção da paródia, da ironia e da refutação. Percebeu-se ainda a opção por um senso de humor relacionado às regiões mais periféricas da cidade e a escolha de termos que remetem a esse universo de sentidos, além de ter-se constatado que, conforme se havia hipotetizado, a consideração da individualidade de estilo de cada enunciado pode, sim, ser cientificamente produtiva e não invalida a análise da totalidade.
Uma partitura da tensão: dialogismo e poesia em Lavoura arcaica
Authors: Mota Bruno Curcino
Published: July 2013

Neste trabalho revisitamos conceitos centrais do Círculo de Bakhtin, sobretudo a noção de dialogismo, para pensar o tecido tenso de vozes que se confrontam no romance Lavoura arcaica, de Raduan Nassar. Pretendemos problematizar certa visão construída sobre a poesia nos escritos do Círculo, e retomada por teóricos dentro e fora do Brasil, para mostrar como o poético pode estar a serviço de posicionamentos ideológicos, reforçando o tom emocional-volitivo que anima a voz dos personagens centrais de Lavoura arcaica.
Sentidos de "revolução" e "revolución" na imprensa escrita golpista do Brasil (1964) e da Argentina (1966)
Authors: Vitale María Alejandra
Published: July 2013

Neste artigo percorremos as conexões teóricas que podem ser estabelecidas entre o dialogismo do Círculo de Bakhtin e alguns aspectos da teoria do discurso de Michel Pêcheux, considerando a leitura que Jacqueline Authier-Revuz fez de ambos em sua proposta sobre as heterogeneidades enunciativas. Também nos propomos a descrever os sentidos adquiridos pela palavra "revolução" nos editoriais e comentários dos jornais O Globo e Folha de S. Paulo que tematizaram no Brasil o golpe de Estado de 31 de março de 1964 e compará-los com o que aconteceu na imprensa escrita argentina com a palavra "revolución" frente ao golpe militar de 28 de junho de 1966.
Levantamento e análise de dados de pacientes atendidos em um programa de concessão de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual
Authors: Gresele Amanda Dal Piva , Lessa Alexandre Hundertmarck , Alves Leonardo Carvalho , Torres Enma Mariángel Ortiz , Vaucher Ana Valéria de Almeida , Moraes Anaelena Bragança de , Costa Maristela Julio
Published: July 2013

OBJETIVO: Traçar um perfil dos pacientes atendidos em um Programa de Concessão de aparelhos de amplificação sonora individual, do Ministério da Saúde, analisando-se as variáveis: faixa etária, gênero, tipo e grau da perda auditiva, número de pacientes adaptados, tipo de adaptação, se uni ou bilateral e a orelha adaptada. MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo de levantamento e análise de dados, de caráter observacional descritivo, retrospectivo de corte transversal, no qual foram incluídos os pacientes atendidos no período de fevereiro de 2006 a julho de 2010, totalizando 1572 indivíduos. RESULTADOS: As idades variaram entre três e 100 anos, sendo em sua maioria idosos (52,8%), não existindo diferença de frequência entre os gêneros. As perdas auditivas do tipo neurossensorial (73,12%) e grau moderado (54,7%) foram as mais frequentes, exceto em crianças, em que o grau mais encontrado foi o profundo (45,3%). Foram adaptados mais de 99% dos pacientes, sendo 258 unilateralmente e 1302 bilateralmente. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria dos pacientes atendidos no Programa apresenta idade superior a 60 anos, não existindo diferença de frequência entre homens e mulheres. O tipo de perda auditiva neurossensorial e o grau moderado foram os mais frequentemente diagnosticados nos gêneros e faixas etárias estudadas, exceto em crianças. Observou-se que mais de 99% dos pacientes atendidos foram adaptados, sendo a conduta definida de acordo com seus diagnósticos audiológicos e necessidades.
Scale of Auditory Behaviors e testes auditivos comportamentais para avaliação do processamento auditivo em crianças falantes do português europeu
Authors: Nunes Cristiane Lima , Pereira Liliane Desgualdo , Carvalho Graça Simões de
Published: July 2013

OBJETIVO: Investigar as habilidades auditivas de crianças portuguesas e verificar se há correlação entre aquelas e o escore do Scale of Auditory Behaviors (SAB). MÉTODOS: Todas as crianças foram submetidas a audiometria tonal, logoaudiometria, medidas de imitância acústica e oito testes comportamentais do processamento auditivo, envolvendo tarefas de escuta dicótica, escuta monótica, processamento temporal e localização sonora. Os pais das 51 crianças portuguesas avaliadas preencheram o questionário SAB adaptado ao português europeu. Foram calculados os valores do coeficiente de correlação de Pearson entre os escores obtidos no questionário e os dos testes do processamento auditivo. RESULTADOS: Observou-se correlação significativa entre o escore do questionário e o dos testes comportamentais, tendo a maior sido observada nos testes relacionados ao processamento temporal (p=0,000). CONCLUSÃO: Houve correlação entre o escore da SAB e os resultados obtidos nos testes auditivos comportamentais em crianças portuguesas, sugerindo que este questionário pode ser utilizado em triagem do processamento auditivo.
Análise do reconhecimento das figuras do Teste MT Beta-86 modificado para uma adaptação: descrição e discussão de aspectos metodológicos
Authors: Ishigaki Ellen Cristina Siqueira Soares , Lobrigate Nádia Laís , Fonseca Rochele Paz , Parente Maria Alice Mattos Pimenta , Ortiz Karin Zazo
Published: July 2013

OBJETIVO: Analisar o reconhecimento das figuras do Teste MT Beta-86 modificado, descrever e discutir aspectos metodológicos da adaptação desse instrumento de avaliação da linguagem. MÉTODOS: O estudo foi dividido em duas partes. Na primeira, participaram 61 indivíduos com escolaridade superior a 9 anos. Solicitou-se nomeação de 266 estímulos visuais e verificou-se a concordância da nomeação das figuras entre os participantes. Para a concordância de respostas, utilizou-se o teste de Cochran, com nível de significância de 5%. Em seguida, alguns estímulos visuais foram redesenhados, e as imagens foram substituídas. As imagens passaram pela segunda parte do estudo, da qual participaram 110 indivíduos divididos em 4 faixas de escolaridade (A: 1 a 4 anos; B: 5 a 8 anos; C: 9 a 11 anos e D: acima de 12 anos), de ambos os sexos e idades entre 18 e 75 anos. Foram considerados adequados para serem utilizados na avaliação de linguagem os estímulos com índice de concordância de, no mínimo, 70%. RESULTADOS: Na parte A do estudo, a partir do índice de concordância de nomeação das figuras, foram escolhidas as consideradas apropriadas para fazer parte do teste em sua versão em adaptação. A segunda parte demonstrou que todas as figuras selecionadas apresentaram concordância de resposta acima de 70%. CONCLUSÃO: Identificaram-se quais figuras do Teste MT Beta-86 modificado poderão continuar presentes na próxima versão do instrumento e, por meio da análise do baixo reconhecimento populacional, verificaram-se quais pranchas deverão ser substituídas e quais poderão compor a nova versão do teste.
Thyroid Lymphoma: Recent Advances in Diagnosis and Optimal Management Strategies
Authors: Walsh Siun , Lowery Aoife J. , Evoy Denis , McDermott Enda W. , Prichard Ruth S.
Published: July 2013

Learning Objectives

Explain the diagnostic modalities used to diagnose primary thyroid lymphoma. Describe the role of the endocrine surgeon in the diagnosis and treatment of thyroid lymphoma. Cite the recent advances in the treatment of primary thyroid lymphoma.
Efficacy and Safety of Bevacizumab in Metastatic Colorectal Cancer: Pooled Analysis From Seven Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Hurwitz Herbert I. , Tebbutt Niall C. , Kabbinavar Fairooz , Giantonio Bruce J. , Guan Zhong-Zhen , Mitchell Lada , Waterkamp Daniel , Tabernero Josep
Published: July 2013

Purpose.

This analysis pooled individual patient data from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) to more thoroughly examine clinical outcomes when adding bevacizumab to chemotherapy for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC).

Patients and Methods.

Patient data were pooled from the first-line AVF2107, NO16966, ARTIST, AVF0780, AVF2192, and AGITG MAX RCTs and the second-line E3200 RCT. All analyses were based on the intent-to-treat population. To assess differences in time-to-event variables by treatment (chemotherapy with or without placebo vs. chemotherapy plus bevacizumab), stratified random-effects (overall) and fixed-effects (subgroup comparisons) models were used to estimate pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results.

The analysis population comprised 3,763 patients (1,773 chemotherapy with or without placebo; 1,990 chemotherapy plus bevacizumab). The addition of bevacizumab to chemotherapy was associated with statistically significant increases in overall survival (OS; HR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71–0.90) and progression-free survival (PFS; HR, 0.57; 95% CI, 0.46–0.71). The effects on OS and PFS across subgroups defined by chemotherapy backbone (oxaliplatin-based, irinotecan-based), extent of disease (liver metastases only, extensive disease), age (<65, ≥65 years), Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status (0, ≥1), and KRAS status (wild-type, mutant) were consistent with the overall analysis. Incidence rates of grade ≥3 hypertension, proteinuria, bleeding, wound-healing complications, gastrointestinal perforations, and thromboembolic events were increased with bevacizumab treatment.

Conclusion.

The use of bevacizumab with chemotherapy resulted in statistically significant increases in OS and PFS for patients with mCRC. The PFS benefit extended across the clinically relevant subgroups examined. The observed safety profile of bevacizumab was consistent with that reported in individual trials.
The Role of Pegylated Liposomal Doxorubicin in Ovarian Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Gibson Jean-Marie , Alzghari Saeed , Ahn Chul , Trantham Holly , La-Beck Ninh M.
Published: July 2013

Learning Objectives

Determine circumstances under which ovarian cancer patients would benefit from carboplatin plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin rather than carboplatin plus paclitaxel. Compare and contrast efficacy and toxicity profiles of carboplatin plus pegylated liposomal doxorubicin versus carboplatin plus paclitaxel. Compare and contrast efficacy and toxicity profiles of single agent pegylated liposomal doxorubicin versus topotecan, gemcitabine, olaparib, patupilone, and canfosfamide.
Review of polymer-based sensors for agriculture-related applications
Authors: Palaparthy Vinay S. , Baghini Maryam S. , Singh Devendra N.
Published: July 2013

Advancements in micro-electro-mechanical system (MEMS) and nano-electro-mechanical system (NEMS) technologies are changing the way integrated systems interact with nature by providing a variety of physical and chemical sensing technologies. For emerging markets, cost of new technologies, aimed at applications such as environmental monitoring and agriculture, is an important factor for deployment. This article provides a review on low-cost polymers, used for sensing environmental parameters, such as humidity and temperature, as well as soil-related substances, such as pH, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium. Polymer-based MEMS and NEMS sensors take advantage of simple low-temperature spin-coating process for depositing various sensitive polymer layers on a variety of sensing devices. Review on material, specification and preparation method of the polymers along with their molecular structures is presented in this article. A brief review on the associated devices, such as ion-sensitive field effect transistor, with reported results is also presented.
Biological Degradation and Greenhouse Gas Emissions during Pre‐Storage of Liquid Animal Manure
Authors: M⊘ller Henrik B. , Sommer Sven G. , Ahring Birgitte K.
Published: July 2013

Storage of manure makes a significant contribution to global methane (CH4) emissions. Anaerobic digestion of pig and cattle manure in biogas reactors before outside storage might reduce the potential for CH4 emissions. However, manure pre‐stored at 15 to 20°C in buildings before anaerobic digestion may be a significant source of CH4 and could reduce the potential CH4 production in the biogas reactor. Degradation of energy‐rich organic components in slurry and emissions of CH4 and carbon dioxide (CO2) from aerobic and anaerobic degradation processes during pre‐storage were examined in the laboratory. Newly mixed slurry was added to vessels and stored at 15 and 20°C for 100 to 220 d. During storage, CH4 and CO2 emissions were measured with a dynamic chamber technique. The ratio of decomposition in the subsurface to that at the surface indicated that the aerobic surface processes contributed significantly to CO2 emission. The measured CH4 emission was used to calculate the methane conversion factor (MCF) in relation to storage time and temperature, and the total carbon‐C emission was used to calculate the decrease in potential CH4 production by anaerobic digestion following pre‐storage. The results show substantial methane and carbon dioxide production from animal manure in an open fed‐batch system kept at 15 to 20°C, even for short storage times, but the influence of temperature was not significant at storage times of <30 d. During long‐term storage (90 d), a strong influence of temperature on the MCF value, especially for pig manure, was observed.
Seasonal Variation of Herbicide Concentrations in Prairie Farm Dugouts
Authors: Cessna Allan J. , Elliott Jane A.
Published: July 2013

Prairie farm dugouts are frequently constructed for use as potable water sources. Consequently, cumulative pesticide inputs via atmospheric deposition and surface runoff may constitute a risk to human health. Since, relative to other pesticides, herbicides are used in greatest amount on the Canadian prairies, herbicide concentrations were intensively monitored in three dugouts over three growing seasons. Herbicides were detected in the water of all three dugouts each growing season which may reflect cumulative inputs from atmospheric and surface processes over the lifetimes of the dugouts, which varied from 11 to 22 yr. Detections, which were not continuous, tended to be seasonal in nature. During the 3‐yr study, detections were most frequent during the spring application period and late fall following dugout turnover. Between these periods, herbicide concentrations generally decreased to below detection limits. The reappearance of herbicides in the dugout water during fall turnover and in concentrations generally greater than those present during the spring application period suggest that, under appropriate environmental conditions, the bottom sediments may act as a source of herbicides to the water column. In general, herbicide inputs due to deposition of application drift did not result in detectable concentrations of herbicides in the dugouts. In the only year that winter samples were monitored, herbicides were also detected during ice cover. On the basis of monthly sampling over each growing season, median concentrations of 9 of the 10 herbicides monitored were less than 0.05 μg L−1 The exception, 2,4‐D, which has been used extensively on the Canadian prairies for more than 50 yr and in greatest amounts, was the most frequently detected herbicide. In no case did herbicide concentrations exceed Canadian drinking water guidelines; however, on occasion maximum herbicide concentrations did exceed aquatic life and irrigation water guidelines.
Evaluating Microbial Purification during Soil Treatment of Wastewater with Multicomponent Tracer and Surrogate Tests
Authors: Van Cuyk Sheila , Siegrist Robert L. , Lowe Kathryn , Harvey Ronald W.
Published: July 2013

Soil treatment of wastewater has the potential to achieve high purification efficiency, yet the understanding and predictability of purification with respect to removal of viruses and other pathogens is limited. Research has been completed to quantify the removal of virus and bacteria through the use of microbial surrogates and conservative tracers during controlled experiments with three‐dimensional pilot‐scale soil treatment systems in the laboratory and during the testing of full‐scale systems under field conditions. The surrogates and tracers employed included two viruses (MS‐2 and PRD‐1 bacteriophages), one bacterium (ice‐nucleating active Pseudomonas), and one conservative tracer (bromide ion). Efforts have also been made to determine the relationship between viruses and fecal coliform bacteria in soil samples below the wastewater infiltrative surface, and the correlation between Escherichia coli concentrations measured in percolating soil solution as compared with those estimated from analyses of soil solids. The results suggest episodic breakthrough of virus and bacteria during soil treatment of wastewater and a 2 to 3 log (99–99.9%) removal of virus and near complete removal of fecal coliform bacteria during unsaturated flow through 60 to 90 cm of sandy medium. Results also suggest that the fate of fecal coliform bacteria may be indicative of that of viruses in soil media near the infiltrative surface receiving wastewater effluent. Concentrations of fecal coliform in percolating soil solution may be conservatively estimated from analysis of extracted soil solids.