bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
China as a Net Creditor: An Indication of Strength or Weaknesses?
Authors: Wang Xin
Published: August 2010

China's international investment position is characterized by large net foreign assets, a dominance of low‐return foreign exchange reserves and costly foreign direct investment in foreign assets and foreign liabilities. In addition, China's foreign investment positions are facing potentially large exchange risks. These features reflect entrenched institutional and structural problems in China, including underdeveloped capital markets, biased resource allocation and a defective social security system. China's net creditor status might actually be an indication of weakness rather than strength. To improve its international investment position, China must speed up economic reforms and allow the market to play a fundamental role in resource allocation.
THE EVALUATION AND OPTIMIZATION OF Macrobrachium SHRIMP LARVAE TANK DESIGNS AND SUPPORT SYSTEMS
Authors: Zielinski Paul B. , Castro Walter E. , Sandifer Paul A.
Published: August 2010

An evaluation of the desirable features of larval tanks for use in Macrobrachium culture systems is presented, along with suggestions for improvement of problems such as poor circulation.

Principles of operation and performance curves for air‐lift pumps are also presented, with a brief mention of the use of chemical additives to enhance pump performance.
CULTURE OF Macrobrachium acanthurus AND M. carcinus WITH NOTES ON THE SELECTIVE BREEDING AND HYBRIDIZATION OF THESE SHRIMPS1
Authors: Dobkin Sheldon , Azzinaro William P. , van Montfrans Jacques
Published: August 2010

Brood stock of Macrobrachium acanthurus and M. carcinus was caught in Spring, 1973 by dip netting at night in local canals. Larvae secured from ovigerous females were raised primarily in 946‐liter tanks, and were fed Artemia nauplii, Tetramin, and ground tuna in initial experiments. In later rearing experiments, Artemia nauplii alone were used and were added to a rearing tank at the rate of the Artemia hatched from 25 cc of cysts per day. Two weeks after attaining the postlarval stage, the young shrimp were placed in 1/75th to 1/100th ha ponds. Data for male M. acanthurus show that they grow to a mean size of 10.0 cm in 4 months and 12.1 cm in 6 months. Females grow considerably more slowly, at least after achieving sexual maturity, and outnumber the males by about three to one. Insufficient postlarvae of M. carcinus were obtained from larval rearings to allow meaningful pond culture experiments. Attempts at hybridization of the two species were unsuccessful. Seminal fluid was removed from male M. carcinus by means of a hypodermic syringe with a blunt needle, but attempts to artificially inseminate females also failed.
THE EFFECT OF ANTIBIOTICS ON THE RESPIRATION OF BROWN SHRIMP LARVAE AND POSTLARVAE (Penaeus aztecus IVES) AND THE BACTERIAL POPULATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH THE SHRIMP1
Authors: Chan Eva Sim , Lawrence Addison Lee
Published: August 2010

The oxygen consumption rates of brown shrimp (Penaeus aztecus) larvae and postlarvae were measured by manometric techniques in the absence and presence of four concentrations of an oxytetracyclineoleandomycin antibiotic combination, and the ability of these antibiotics to control bacterial populations associated with the shrimp was determined.

The data suggest that brown shrimp mysis and postlarvae can tolerate all four concentrations of antibiotics tested. However, definite tolerance levels were not determined for the nauplial and protozoeal stages.

The average initial bacterial population associated with brown shrimp nauplii is lower than that found in older stages. The average bacterial populations associated with brown shrimp protozoea, mysis, and postlarvae after a 1 hour incubation in autoclaved sea‐water (ASW) was 2 times 106 cells/ml ambient solution.

In the absence of antibiotic, the bacterial population associated with the brown shrimp larvae and postlarvae increased exponentially. In 24 hours the bacterial population had become as high as 1 times 108 cells/ml ambient solution.

The concentration of 62.5 μg oxytetracycline (OTC) and 25 μg oleandomycin (OLE) per ml ASW has a bacteriostatic activity for 6 hours and a concentration double this amount has a bacteriostatic activity for 6–18 hours. A concentration of 250 μg OTC + 100 μg OLE/ml ASW has a greater than 99% bacteriostatic activity after four hours of exposure time and will maintain the bacterial population at 100 cells or less from 12 to 24 hours. A concentration of 500 μg OTC + 200 μg OLE/ml ASW has a greater than 99.4%. bactericidal activity after 1 hour of incubation and thereafter is better than 99.9% bactericidal. After 12 hours of exposure, the bacterial population is reduced to 10 cells or less per ml ambient solution and this level is maintained for another 12 hours until the termination of the experiment.
FORMULATIONS OF RATIONS FOR THE AMERICAN LOBSTER1
Authors: Shleser Robert , Gallagher Margie
Published: August 2010

A program has been developed for compounding and evaluating artificial diets for the American lobster (Homarus americanus). Feeding trials using brine shrimp have produced growth rates that exceed those described in feeding trials where clams and green crab were fed. While brine shrimp are expensive and not routinely available, growth rates on these animals can be used as a standard in evaluating new diets which have been formulated from economical sources of the dietary components. Diet formulations developed in several laboratories have been compared. The studies show that diet affects both growth components, i.e., molting frequency and size increment per molt. This study suggests that future emphasis be placed on matrix‐type constituent analysis of brine shrimp in comparison with other diets in order to determine which elements or rations of elements are essential dietary components of the lobster. Our progress in this area will be discussed.
A PRELIMINARY EXPERIMENT ON THE REPRODUCTIVE ENDOCRINOLOGY OF THE GREEN SEA TURTLE (Chelonia mydas)
Authors: Owens David Wm.
Published: August 2010

Knowledge is completely lacking concerning the endocrine physiology of reproduction in marine turtles. A preliminary hormone forcing experiment utilizing immature Chelonia mydas at Mariculture, Ltd., Grand Cayman Island, B.W.I., is described.

Gonadotropin from pregnant mare's serum induced marked hypertrophy of testicular and epididymal tissue while sheep luteinizing hormone had no apparent effect on those organs A crude homogenate prepared from sea turtle pituitaries may have caused limited testicular activity.

Testosterone‐propionate and Estradiol‐dipropionate treatment groups showed striking development of primary and secondary sexual characteristics. The histology of the testis related to the various treatment groups is also discussed.
TREATMENTS EMPLOYED FOR CONTROL OF PARASITES OF SELECTED FISHES STOCKED IN MARICULTURE EXPERIMENTS (1969–1972)1
Authors: Williams Ernest H.
Published: August 2010

Effective indefinite prolonged treatments with 20 ppm formalin for the external protozoa, Scyphidia sp. and Trichodina spp. (Ciliata) of eight species of fishes, and 0.25 ppm Dylox for 24 hours for the polyopisthocotylean monogenetic trematode, Bicotylophora trachinoti, from the gill filaments of pompano (Trachinotus carolinus) are discussed. These treatments were successfully employed during 4 years of mariculture experiments at Dauphin Island, Alabama. A prolonged treatment for cymothoid isopods of pompano is discussed. Subsequent testing of the treatment was not possible. Toxicity of Dylox to pompano in saltwater is presented.
INDUCED SPAWNING OF THE SPOTTED SEATROUT, Cynoscion nebulosus (CUVIER)
Authors: Colura Robert L.
Published: August 2010

Induced spawning of spotted seatrout (Cynoscion nebulosus) during their natural spawning season was accomplished by injecting human chorionic gonadtropin. Thirteen of 31 injected females produced viable eggs. Ovulation occurred 26 to 32 hours after injection. Viable eggs resulted only when average initial ova diameters were 0.462 mm or greater. Eggs incubated at 23.5 C hatched in 22 hours but larvae failed to survive to metamorphosis. Eggs incubated at 28 C hatched in 15 hours. Larvae held at 28 C completed metamorphosis after 10 days, at which time an average length of 8 mm had been obtained.
CONTROLLED‐ENVIRONMENT AQUACULTURE
Authors: Mahler L. E. , Groh John E. , Hodges Carl N.
Published: August 2010

The University of Arizona's work in controlled‐environment agriculture is reviewed, followed by discussions of their contemporary modifications of these techniques in controlled‐environment aquaculture. Open and closed systems of agriculture have been designed, constructed and operated by the University in desert regions of Arabia and North America to obtain high yields of superior quality crops while greatly reducing water usage. This required the development of innovative and cost‐efficient construction techniques and simplified systems to control temperature and other environmental variables. Similar systems for controlled‐environment aquaculture are discussed, including the new University applications in shrimp culture. Techniques of construction and operation are reviewed and evaluated, particularly in relation to the major problems of maintaining appropriate water quality in confined systems enriched by large populations of animals and frequent introduction of artificial feeds.
APPLICATION OF OPTIMIZATION THEORY TO THE ECONOMICS OF AQUACULTURE4
Authors: Botsford Louis W. , Rauch H. E. , Shleser Robert
Published: August 2010

Engineering methods of system analysis and optimal control theory are applied to the commercial raising of aquatic species. Mathematical models of aquaculture system components are discussed and optimization theory is applied to the design and operation of an aquaculture facility. The models are formulated in terms of variables which describe the condition of the system (State Variables) and variables which influence the condition of the system (Control Variables). The State Variables are the number of animals in a batch, their average weight, and their cost. The Control Variables relate to the water temperature, water recirculation or replacement, space per animal, amount of food per animal, and kind of food. Differential equation which relate the State Variables to the Control Variables are presented. Mathematical optimization techniques are used to determine the values of Control Variables which minimize the cost. The use of the Technique in research and design of an aquaculture facility is discussed and sample numerical results are presented for lobster culture.
PROGRESS REPORT ON OUTDOOR CULTURE AND HARVEST OF MIDGE (CHIRONOMIDAE: DIPTERA) LARVAE FOR FISH FOOD1
Authors: Alston Dallas E. , Dendy J. S.
Published: August 2010

Chironomid larvae were cultured in 12, 1.25 m2 plastic pools. For use as fertilizers, chicken manure, cottonseed meal, fish meal, and cow manure were tested separately. Chicken manure produced most economical yields. Larvae were harvested by flotation using a sugar solution.
THE SHRIMP AQUACULTURE PROGRAM AT THE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY, UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
Authors: Riley James R. , Dorsey Kathleen T. , Supplee Vashti C.
Published: August 2010

The aquaculture program of the Environmental Research Laboratory is designed to investigate the potential of culturing the brown shrimp of the Gulf of California, Penaeus californiensis. A basic research program has been established to identify nutritional and environmental requirements. Studies in feed composition, feeding rates, and stocking rates are being carried out. In addition, a comparative growth study of P. aztecus and P. californiensis is being conducted in an environmentally‐controlled aquacell.

The University of Arizona has for a number of years conducted cooperative research programs with the University of Sonora at Puerto Peñasco, Sonora, Mexico. Puerto Peñasco is a shrimp port on the Gulf of California. The marine laboratory has been improved, and a hatchery and aquacells for grow‐out studies have been added. The aquacells were converted from inflated greenhouses and are now used to provide a controlled environment for optimum shrimp growth. The seawater for the Puerto Peñasco research site is provided from a seawater well which produces seawater at 35 ppt with an average temperature of 24.5 C + 2.5 C.

The results of these experimental programs are presented.
DEVELOPMENT OF A CRUSTACEAN MARICULTURE PROGRAM AT SOUTH CAROLINA'S MARINE RESOURCES RESEARCH INSTITUTE1
Authors: Sandifer Paul A. , Smith Theodore I. J.
Published: August 2010

The crustacean mariculture program being developed at the Marine Resources Research Institute embraces several long‐range goals including: research, hatchery development, demonstration and pilot projects, and technical assistance. In this program priority has been given to studies on Macrobrachium prawns, with secondary emphasis on Penaeus setiferus and Menippe mercenaria. Although the program is new, considerable progress has been made.

Much of the initial research effort is directed toward closed system culture of crustaceans. Preliminary experiments with larvae have demonstrated the feasibility of closed system culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii larvae and that Instant Ocean artificial seawater is a satisfactory medium for rearing larvae. Results of other studies concerning some effects of salinity and diet on post‐larval M. rosenbergii and the survival and growth of juveniles in recirculating system culture are briefly described.
REARING THE PENAEID SHRIMP Artemesia longinaris FROM EGG TO JUVENILE IN THE LABORATORY
Authors: Boschi Enrique E. , Scelzo Marcelo A.
Published: August 2010

The brown shrimp (Artemesia longinaris) has been reared in laboratory conditions from eggs to juveniles of 60 mm in total length.

The ripe females are obtained from the coastal fishing grounds off Mar del Plata City (latitude of 38°S) in the spring from September to December. The depth in this zone is between 3 and 10 m. The shrimps are caught with a beam trawl commonly used by the small boats in this region. The size of the adult females reaches about 145 mm of the total length.

The ripe females brought to the laboratory are put in special spawning aquaria. The spawning generally occurs within 24–48 hours. In some cases some females spawn after 4–5 days. Generally if the spawning does not take place immediately the ovary is reabsorbed.

At the temperature of 17–20 C the hatching of the naupli takes place after 24–36 hours. This species has six stages of nauplius which are accomplished after 4–5 days. Afterwards the nauplius is transformed in a protozoea with its three characteristic substages. These stages last during 11–12 days. These larvae were fed on the Alga Skeletonema costatum, especially reared for this purpose. Its concentration in the aquarium with shrimp larvae was of 25,000 and 60,000 cells/ml of Skeletonema.

After the stage of protozoea appears the stage of Mysis with its typical four substages appear. This stage lasts during 12–14 days. The mysis were fed on the just hatched naupli of Artemia. After the moult the mysis are transformed in postlarvae of 5.0 – 5.7 mm in length.

The growth of postlarvae is relatively fast if one considers that Artemesia longinaris belongs to the species of temperate waters. According to the results obtained in the summer 1972–73 and at the end of 1973 the average growth rate was 0.3–1.0 mm/day. The shrimps reared in aquaria during 90 days from the first postlarvae reached the size of 40–60 mm total length. These animals were fed first on Artemia naupli and afterwards on minced meat of shrimp and special diet with vitamins, proteins, vegetables, etc.
Effects of Population Density on Growth and Survival of Macrobrachium rosenbergii REARED IN RECIRCULATING WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS1
Authors: Sandifer Paul A. , Smith Theodore I. J.
Published: August 2010

ABSTRACT

Growth and survival were monitored among juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii (de Man) reared at different population densities in recirculating water management systems. Four cylindrical tanks, each with a bottom area of approximately 2.5 m2, and two rectangular raceways with bottoms about 2.8 m2in area were used in the experiments. The cylindrical tanks were stocked with 0.12 g prawns at densities of 10 to 200 animals/m2of bottom area. Juveniles of similar size were stocked in the raceways at about 200 and 400/m2in one study, and slightly smaller animals (0.07 g) were reared at densities approximating 200 and 500/m2in a second raceway experiment.

Both survival and growth varied inversely with population density in all experiments. After 112 days, a mean weight of 9.2 g and survival rate of 82% were obtained among the prawns stocked at 10/m2in a cylindrical tank compared to a mean weight of 3.6 g and survival rate of 50% for those stocked at 200/m2. However, survival was good (nearly 80%) even at 200 prawns/m2for the first 60 days of the study. Similarly, in the raceways growth was relatively slow at the high population densities tested (200 to 500/m2), but survival was excellent for at least the first 6 weeks of rearing (>93% at 200 and 400/m2; about 83% at 500/m2). Survival rates remained high (≥80%) for up to 90 days at 200/m2but had decreased to 56% at 500/m2by this time.

Substantial variations in prawn sizes and growth rates were observed in all experiments. The degree of variation in size within a cohort, which generally increased with mean size, appeared to be unaffected by population density. This suggests that the marked differences in individual growth rates observed within cohorts may be inherent.
Catabolism of Glucose Dissolved in Sea Water by Mysis and Postlarvae of Two Species of Penaeid Shrimp1
Authors: Hightower Michael , Lawrence Addison
Published: August 2010

Respiration rates were determined in mysis and early postlarval stages in the shrimp species Penaeus aztecus and Penaeus setiferus. Rates in the same stages differed somewhat between the two species, being higher in Penaeus setiferus at the experimental temperature of 28 C and salinity of 32 ppt. On the basis of oxygen consumption per unit dry weight, rates were highest in the youngest stages and lower in the older stages. The ability of these organisms to catabolize D‐glucose dissolved in seawater was studied, using uniformly labeled14C‐D‐glucose. Respiratory CO2was collected, and the radioactivity determined by liquid scintillation counting. Catabolism of the dissolved D‐glucose on a per unit dry weight basis was not different between the two species at the same stage of development and was highest in the earlier stages, decreasing with increasing animal size. The results indicate that dissolved D‐glucose contributes to the total catabolic requirements in these animals. The contribution to total respiration made by dissolved glucose was very small. The potential for this contribution needs further study.
Comparative Growth of Hard Shell Ciams (Mercenaria mercenaria LINNÉ AND Mercenaria campechiensis Gmelin) and Their F1 Cross in Temperate, Subtropical, and Tropical Natural Waters and in a Tropical Artificial Upwelling Mariculture System1
Authors: Sunderlin J. B. , Brenner M. , Castagna M. , Hirota J. , Menzel R. W. , Roels O. A.
Published: August 2010

The growth of hard shell clams (Mercenaria mercenaria Linné and Mercenaria campechiensis Gmelin) and their F1 cross in a controlled experimental environment was compared to growth in uncontrolled natural environments. The clams were spawned by Paul Chanley of Shelter Island Oyster Company, Inc., Greenport, New York.

In the controlled environment of the artificial upwelling mariculture system on St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands, pollutants and predators were absent and fouling was minimal. Salinity was 34.75 to 34.95 ppt and water temperature varied between 22 and 30 C during the experiment. Natural environments in temperate, subtropical, and tropical waters were selected as sites for comparative studies: Southold on Southold Bay, New York; Wachapreague on Bradfords Bay, Virginia; Alligator Harbor on the northwest Gulf Coast of Florida; Kupeke Pond in Pukoo, Molokai, Hawaii; and Salt River Inlet, St. Croix.

Clams from each population‐M. mercenaria, M. campechiensis and their F1 cross‐were planted at Southold, New York, and at both St. Croix sites. Only M. campechiensis and F1 clams were sent to Virginia and Florida, and F1 clams and M. mercenaria were sent to Hawaii. Increase in length, “wet” weight, and survival were measured at the different locations from April 1973 through May‐June 1974.

M. campechiensis and F1 clams reached market size (greater than 25.5 mm thick) in 6.5 to 13 months in the St. Croix artificial upwelling system. These clams did not reach market size in Southold, New York; Wachapreague, Virginia; or Salt River Inlet, St. Croix. The F1, clams in Molokai, Hawaii, and in Alligator Harbor, Florida, were close to market size when the experiment was terminated after 13 months. Survival and growth of M. mercenaria was poor in the artificial upwelling controlled environment, in Salt River Inlet, St. Croix, and in Molokai, Hawaii.
Mussel Culture Studies in Puget Sound, Washington1
Authors: Chaves Linda A. , Chew Kenneth K.
Published: August 2010

The application of Spanish mussel culture techniques to Puget Sound is a relatively new concept and is still in an experimental stage. A study is being conducted to determine the availability of natural Mytilus edulis seed in Puget Sound, the suitability of several types of setting substrate, and the length of time required for the mussel to grow to market size.

Two areas in Washington, Clam Bay and Seabeck Bay, were examined for mussel setting in 1974. Clam Bay proved to be unsatisfactory. Seabeck Bay provided positive results: mussel spatfalls occurred twice, once in June and once in September. Synclove rope was found to be superior to Manila rope and oyster strings.
Prevention of Microsporidosis in the Blue Crab, with Notes on Natural Infections1
Authors: Overstreet Robin M. , Whatley Edward C.
Published: August 2010

Application with single doses of various drugs, especially buquinolate, given at the same time that the blue crab, Callinectes sapidus, was fed infective spores of the microsporidan Nosema michaelis, resulted in fewer crabs becoming infected than control crabs given no drugs. The disease consists of infection with the protozoan in the crab's striated muscle tissue and lysis of the tissue adjacent to infected areas. The results for the preventive treatment with drugs are mostly preliminary, since the majority of the experiments, some run in triplicate, were not repeated. The results are presented because buquinolate is effective; because we discourage testing with certain drugs using the methods described; because certain drugs appear to have deleterious effects on the crab in the doses administered; and because we want to encourage rearing of the blue crab for the soft‐shell industry. In order to prevent or treat microsporidan contamination in closed‐systems, we recommend disinfecting the system with commercial bleach or a disinfectant containing iodine. The freezing of spores was shown to be an ineffective method of destroying them.
Performance Characteristics of Air Lift Pumps of Short Length and Small Diameter
Authors: Castro W. E. , Zielinski P. B. , Sandifer P. A.
Published: August 2010

Performance data in the literature on air lift pumps have been based primarily on pumps of long length and large diameter (high lift pumps). Since mariculture operations involve pumps of relatively short length and small diameter, performance data are required for efficient operation.

To provide such data, an experimental apparatus was designed and fabricated to test air lift pumps from 1.27 cm to 7.62 cm inside diameter and from 30 cm to 3.7 m in length. Instrumentation was provided to measure water flow rate and air flow rate as well as water temperature, air temperature, and pressure throughout the system.

Results from this study correlate well with high lift pump data in that, for a given pump geometry, maximum water flow occurs for a specific air flow rate. Driving the pump with air flows larger or smaller than this optimum flow rate will decrease the pumping rate. The optimum flows are significantly different for low lift pumps compared to high lift pumps. However, the pumping rate for low lift pumps approaches that for high lift pumps with increasing length.
Sex Steroids As Growth Promoters In The Cultivation Of Juvenile Coho Salmon(Oncorhynchus Kisutch).
Authors: McBride J.R. , Fagerlund U.H.M.
Published: August 2010

Studies were carried out to determine whether the anabolic steroids 17α‐methyltestosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone, 4‐chloro‐testosterone acetate, testosterone, oxymetholone and progesterone can promote an increase in body weight when incorporated, singly, in the diet of juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch). The steroids were administered for total periods of 32 or 34 weeks at concentrations of 1 and 10 mg/kg of diet. Significant increases in both body weight and length, at both concentrations, were recorded for 17α‐methyltestosterone, 11‐ketotestosterone, testosterone and oxymetholone. Progesterone and 4‐chlorotestosterone acetate failed to induce any change.

Effects of the steroids on external characteristics, muscle composition and on the histological structure of the gonads will be presented.

Preliminary results from a pilot study carried out in a hatchery environment will be used to illustrate the potential for sex steroids as growth promoters in salmon cultivation.
The Molt Cycle Of Subadult Red Swamp Crawfish, Procambarus clarkii(Girard)
Authors: Huner Jay V. , Avault James W.
Published: August 2010

Subadult Procambarus clarkii, 50–60 mm total length, molt rapidly (13.1 ± 5.8 days, N = 115) at 26.7°± 1°. The premolt period (D) occupies 62% of the entire intermolt cycle. Molt may be delayed in either the intermolt period (C4) or early premolt period (D0) of the molt cycle.
A Review Of Shrimp And Prawn Nutrition
Authors: Michael B.
Published: August 2010

While basic nutritional studies on shrimps and prawns have been few, the results of a considerable number of dietary trials, carried out under controlled conditions, have been published, principally in the U.S.A., Japan and the U.K. This paper is a condensed version of a review of published work in this field (New, 1976). The difficulties of making quantitative comparisons between the work of different authors are discussed and some suggestions for standardizing techniques and improving data presentation in dietary trials with shrimp are made.
A Method For Obtaining Metaphase Chromosome Spreads From Marine Shrimp With Notes On The Karyotypes Of: Penaeus aztecus, Penaeus setiferus, and Penaeus duorarum
Authors: Milligan D. J.
Published: August 2010

A method for demonstrating metaphase chromosome spreads from the hepato‐pancreas tissue of marine shrimp is described. The chromosome numbers for Penaeus aztecus 2n=88, Penaeus setiferus 2n=90, and Penaeus duorarum 2n=88 are given.
Performance Characteristics Of Pond Aeration Devices
Authors: Mitchell Richard E. , Kirby Aubrey M.
Published: August 2010

A study was made of the performance characteristics of various pond aeration devices in order to identify an effective system to use in the culture of Macrobrachium rosenbergii. Initial screening work was conducted in the laboratory and examined several porous sparger type devices and a jet exhauster system. Comparisons were made on the basis of the overall volumetric oxygen mass transfer coefficient, aeration efficiency and economy of operation. A sparger type aerator constructed using DuPont's Viaflo tubing was found to be the best candidate at this point.

Work subsequently shifted to the pond site where the laboratory candidates were tested along with some larger mechanical aerators and several types of jet exhausters and eductors. Comparisons were made on the basis of the oxygen transfer capability, economy of operation, initial capital cost, and maintenance requirements. Six ponds, ranging in size from 0.03 ha to 0.17 ha, were in operation and stocked with prawns of various sizes from post‐larvae to adults.

A mechanical entrainment device called an Air‐O‐Lator turned out to be excellent from an oxygen transfer standpoint and would be a good choice for pond aeration except where water depth is less than 0.7 m. The sparger type aerators constructed of Viaflo tubing were the most economical to operate but encountered a maintenance problem due to algae growth. The exhauster and eductor type devices transfer large amounts of oxygen, but require a lot of energy to do so. Overall economics show the Air‐O‐Lator and Viaflo about equal in total cost with a slight advantage to the Air‐O‐Lator because of its superior maintenance record.
The Effect Of Salinity On The Crowth Of Macrobrachium rosenbergii
Authors: Perdue J. A. , Nakamura H.
Published: August 2010

Juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii were grown in the four salinity treatments; freshwater, 2 ppt, 8.5 ppt and 15 ppt. Best growth occurred in the lower salinity (2 ppt), while growth was impaired at the highest salinity (15 ppt). Implications of the results on the hypothesis that growth in aquatic organisms may be enhanced in isosmotic media are discussed.
PRELIMINARY RESULTS OF EXPERIMENTS ON THE FEASIBILITY OF PRODUCING BULL MINNOWS (Fundulus grandis) FOR THE LIVE BAIT INDUSTRY1
Authors: Tatum Walter M. , Helton Robert F.
Published: August 2010

Bull minnows are used extensively as live bait along the northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Fish used in this industry are generally trapped from marsh pools or seined from open bodies of water. Since the species is not available from commercial hatcheries, supply rarely meets demand. Experiments at Claude Peteet Mariculture Center, Gulf Shores, Alabama demonstrated the capability of Fundulus grandis to spawn in brackish water ponds, utilize commercial fish feeds, and produce economical gains in grow‐out ponds. Standing crops of 570.3 kg/ha of marketable fish were produced in a pond stocked at 125,000/ha receiving supplemental feeding and 249.5 kg/ha from one pond stocked at 62,500/ha receiving only applications of organic fertilizer. This production was attained in 95 and 82 days of culture from the fed and unfed ponds, respectively. Observations on spawning activity are made.
WATER QUALITY‐TILAPIA AUREA INTERACTIONS IN PONDS RECEIVING SWINE AND POULTRY WASTES
Authors: Stickney Robert R. , Hesby John H.
Published: August 2010

Juvenile Tilapia aurea were reared from June through early October, 1976 in ponds at densities of approximately 6,000/ha with the following treatments: 1) control, 2) 210 laying hens/ha, 3) 222 hogs/ha, 4) 74 hogs/ha, and 5) 25 hogs/ha. Poultry or swine were maintained over the ponds in suspended cages and slotted floor pens, respectively, to allow waste products and spilled feed to fall directly into the water. Rapid growth of T. aurea occurred throughout most of the experiment in the ponds receiving chicken waste and the two lowest levels of hog waste. Poorest fish growth was obtained in the pond receiving the highest level of hog waste, with the non‐fed control fish demonstrating slightly better growth than those in the 222 hogs/ha pond. A complete fish kill occurred in the pond receiving the intermediate level of hog waste near the termination of the experiment. It is hypothesized that a combination of deteriorating water quality and the complete coverage of the pond surface by duckweed contributed to the mortality.

Dissolved oxygen (DO) levels were satisfactory in the control ponds and the pond receiving poultry waste, and were generally acceptable in the 25 hogs/ha pond. Morning DO levels (between 0800 and 1030) of less than 2.0 mg/l were common in the other two ponds receiving hog waste. Ammonia levels (as NH3 nitrogen) were generally low except in ponds receiving the waste from 222 and 74 hogs/ha. Values in the 222 hogs/ha pond reached in excess of 50 mg/1 and contributed to the high level of mortality which occurred in that pond during the experiment.

T. aurea reared on poultry and swine wastes can be used directly for human consumption or they can be fed back to the livestock as a feed supplement. In addition, the use of ponds to collect terrestrial animal waste eliminates many of the odor and fly problems associated with animal feeding operations.
BIOLOGICAL AND ECOLOGICAL STUDIES AND PERSPECTIVES OF CULTURE OF SEA CATFISH Galeichthys caerulescens (GUNTHER) IN THE COASTAL LAGOONS ON THE PACIFIC COAST OF MEXICO1
Authors: Yáñez‐Arancibia Alejandro
Published: August 2010

The food, feeding habits, trophic relationships, growth, sexual maturity, reproduction and ecologic relationships of the sea catfish, Galeichthys caerulescens (Gunther) in the coastal lagoon system of the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast of Mexico are discussed. The species is very important in number and biomass in all estuarine environments on the mexican Pacific coast.

The investigation shows the sea catfish as predominantly a second or third level carnivore which consumes fish, decapod crustaceans, insects, molluscs, annelids, isopods, nematodes, copepods, ostracods, detritus and organic material, plants and inorganic sediments. These trophic relationships vary both qualitatively and quantitatively according to: (1) food available, (2) season of the year, (3) location within the lagoon and its physical and chemical characteristics, and (4) age of the fish. Stomach contents were studied using volumetric and gravimetric methods and frequency of occurrence, and also by calculating an index of relative importance for each trophic group.

The population studies reveal that length increases very rapidly up to 180 mm total length but with little increase in weight. Thereafter, the length weight curve shows a marked inflection caused by sharp increase in weight with the relatively slow increase in length. The population reaches sexual maturity (gonadal phase III) at an average 200 mm T.L. with the females maturing at a length (180–190 mm T.L.) smaller that of the male (210 mm T.L.).

The investigations indicate that there is a marked sexual dimorphism associated with reproductive activities. There are many more females than males in the populations studied. The eggs are large with a high proportion of yolk, they are fertilized externally and incubated in the oral cavity of the male. The embryological development is described on the basis of 5 distinct embryonic stages. The reproductive period of the population is long with the greater number of eggs and larvae being incubated during the months of May and October, Reproduction occurs in waters with salinities of less than 15 ppt.

No other fish prey on the sea catfish in the lagoons; however, the species does contribute to the exporation of energy from the lagoon system due to predation by man and certain birds. Tolerance ranges of temperature are from 19 to 35°C and of salinity from 0 to 45 ppt.
STIMULATION AND DEPRESSION OF GROWTH, FAT STORAGE, AND GONAD WEIGHT BY DAILY STIMULUS IN THE TELEOST FISH, Tilapía aurea1
Authors: Meier Albert H. , Horseman Nelson D.
Published: August 2010

A daily interval of sound, or mechanical stimulation, had varying effects on the growth rates, fat stores, and gonad weights in Tilapia aurea treated for several weeks. The effects were stimulatory, inhibitory or ineffective depending on the time of day during which they were administered. Weight gain over a 25 day period was 80% better in fish exposed daily to a sonic stimulus at dawn (20 minutes) than in non‐exposed fish. Length increases, fat content and gonad size similarly could be altered by provision of stimulus at various times of the day.
A MASS FEARING SYSTEM FOR THE CULTURE OF BRACHYURAN CRAB LARVAE1
Authors: Hartman Michael C.
Published: August 2010

A system has been designed and evaluated for mass rearing of brachyuran crab larvae. Cancer magister larvae were reared through five developmental stages without the use of antibiotics. The physical design which may be flow‐through or recirculating emphasizes low maintenance and unlimited scale‐up potential. The system concept involves a slow upwelling water column which tends to offset passive sinking and creates a constant flowing, well oxygenated, growing environment. The system and evaluation study will be discussed.
THE CULTURE OF BRINE SHRIMP (Artemia Salina) UNDER SEMI‐CONTROLLED CONDITIONS1
Authors: Rogers Larry O. , Johnston Richard S.
Published: August 2010

During the summer of 1975 the authors cultured Artemia salina on the campus of Oregon State University in outdoor ponds. This prepilot production scheme was part of an attempt to analyze the economic feasibility of producing Artemia eggs under semi‐controlled conditions.

Among the findings were the following: (1) Fertilizer may have an inhibitory effect on the excystment of Artemia eggs; (2) Algae, through absorption of metallic ions, may remove this inhibitory effect; (3) Metallic ions in the fertilizers may have no effect on Artemia after excystment; (4) The addition of NaCl to sea water is important in the culture of brine shrimp; (5) Artemia, in shallow ponds, can overwinter as adults and juveniles, surviving belowfreezing air temperatures. These findings are important in understanding the cost/volume relationships associated with brine shrimp aquaculture.
EFFECTS OF STOCKING SIZE AND DENSITY ON GROWTH AND SURVIVAL OF Macrobrachium rosenbergii (DE MAN) IN PONDS
Authors: Willis Scott A. , Berrigan Mark E.
Published: August 2010

Postlarval and juvenile Macrobrachium rosenbergii were stocked in twelve 0.025 ha earthen ponds to study the effects of stocking size and density on growth and survival. The experiment was comprised of four treatments, three replicates each. One treatment consisted of juveniles (0.760‐0.792 g) stocked at 5/m2. The remaining treatments were postlarvae (0.044‐0.063 g) stocked at 5, 10, and 20/m2. Following each four week sampling interval, feeding rates were adjusted based on mean body weight and an estimated 5% mortality. All ponds were fed Purina Marine Ration 25* at rates of 30, 15, 8, 4, 2, and 2% body weight for each respective sampling interval during the 24 week study. Juveniles grew to a mean weight of 43.256 g while postlarvae reached 29.749 respectively. Survival ranged from 38 to 92% and final feed conversion ratios ranged from 1.88:1 to 0.96:1. The maximum equivlent production of 2278.61 kg/ha occurred in ponds stocked with 20/m2.
MATURATION OF Penaeus stylirostris (Stempson) AND P. setiferus (Linn.) IN HYPERSALINE WATER NEAR CORPUS CHRISTI, TEXAS1
Authors: Conte F. S. , Duronslet M. J. , Clark W. H. , Parker J. C.
Published: August 2010

In order to test the feasibility of producing a breeding stock of nonindigenous penaeid shrimp in closed pond systems tests were performed using second season animals previously overwintered in a heated raceway. The shrimp, originally stocked as postlarvae, were reared to 150.0 mm in length and 30.0 g in weight. The shrimp were then harvested, overwintered, then returned to a 0.1 ha pond in Corpus Christi, Texas. In their second season the shrimp grew to 190.0 mm and 52.0 g and exhibited signs of sexual maturity. Sampling of the pond produced mated females that were removed from the pond and spawned in the laboratory.
EXPERIMENTAL MUSSEL CULTURE IN AUSTRALIA
Authors: MacIntyre R. J. , Murray P. J. , Pregenzer C. , Stoddart H. E.
Published: August 2010

Raft culture of mussels was investigated to increase supply and quality while mininizing labor costs. Two types of spat catching rope and four types of growing rope were used. Mussel yields of 4–6 kg/m and lengths of 60–70 mm were obtained in the first year. Histological sections of gonads, planktonic samples and test settlement ropes were studied to facilitate settlement prediction. Spawning occurred with a fall in water temperature in late autumn and often continued to early summer. Major settlement occurred from winter to early spring. Harmful associates of mussels were investigated. Trematodes, polydorid polychaetes and pinnotherid crabs were most noticeable. Infestation levels, however, were very low. Mussels containing pea‐crabs had significantly lower meat yields. Raft mussels had lower infestation levels than wild mussels. Fish predation was very severe on mussels of less than 30 mm, in certain estuaries.
EXPERIMENTAL CULTURE OF BLUE MUSSELS Mytilus edulis L. IN HEATED EFFLUENT WATERS OF A NUCLEAR POWER PLANT1
Authors: Lutz Richard A. , Porter Barnaby
Published: August 2010

Growth, mortality, and recruitment of blue mussels (Mytilus edulis L.) at varying distances from the heated effluent waters of a nuclear power plant were monitored using experimental rafting techniques Data were obtained at monthly intervals from April through November over a 3‐year period (1973 to 1975). Highest growth rates during April (surface water temperatures less than 25 C) were observed in the immediate vicinity of the effluent. Nortality during April was negligible and growth rates at other stations were negatively correlated with linear distance from the discharge. During May of both 1973 and 1974, with surface water temperatures rising above 25 C, growth rates in the effluent waters declined sharply and by the end of June, mortality ranged from 89% to 100%. Growth rates and survival at other stations from May through November were positively correlated with linear distance from the effluent. With the discontinuation of heated discharge from the plant in May 1975, mortality by November at the “effluent” station was 17% (only slightly greater than control sites). The number of Mytilus edulis spat attached to experimental collector ropes in, and adjacent to, the effluent waters was several orders of magnitude less than that found at control sites during each of the 3 years. Results suggest that, for optimum growth of this species, cultivation operations should probably be restricted to environments in which the upper limit of annual temperature ranges does not exceed 20 c.
LABORATORY REARING OF THE ATLANTIC REEF OCTOPUS, Octopus briareus Robson, AND ITS POTENTIAL FOR MARICULTURE1
Authors: Hanlon Roger T.
Published: August 2010

Octopus briareus Robson is a common octopod in the tropical W. Atlantic weighing up to 1500 g and measuring 1 m. It can be easily reared on a small scale for research purposes in open and closed systems, and these methods may be applicable for mariculture on a larger scale. The large eggs hatch in about 65 days at 23°C. There is no larval stage and the large hatchlings immediately take up a benthic existence and feed on live or dead food. Growth was fast on a limited diet of small, live fiddler crabs (Uca spp.), with animals weighing up to 450 g at 250 days. Estimated gross food conversion efficiency ranged from 45 to 68%. Factors favoring mariculture of this species include large egg size, direct development, high food conversion efficiency, large adult size, fast growth, early maturity and value as a nutritious and marketable food source. Problems to be overcome are cannibalism, containment, dependence upon live food and the death of gravid females before laying second generation eggs in the laboratory.
LAS ENFERMEDADES DE LOS PECES Y SU CONTROL EN EL NORTE DE AMERICA DEL SUR (FISH DISEASES AND THEIR CONTROL IN NORTHERN SOUTH AMERICA)
Authors: Conroy D. A.
Published: August 2010

The aquaculture potential for northern South America includes the production of several native species of worm water fish, and the production of rainbow trout and eyed eggs of this species.

As part of an evaluation of the possibilities for aquaculture in Colombia and Venezuela, studies have been undertaken to identify the major disease problems likely to be encountered in warm water fish and salmonids, and in the investigation of methods suitable for the control of such problems. The results and conclusions of these preliminary observations are given in this paper.
BLACK DEATH, A DISEASE SYENDROME OF PENAEID SHRIMP RELATED TO A DIETARY DEFICIENCY OF ASCORBIC ACID
Authors: Lightner D. V. , Colvin L. B. , Brand C. , Danald D. A.
Published: August 2010

California brown shrimp (Penaeus californiensis) fed a diet low in or without added L‐ascorbic acid, developed blackened lesions (after 6 to 8 weeks in the subcuticular tissues of the general body surface, in the walls of the esophagus, stomach and hindgut, and in the gills and gill cavity. The condition has been previously observed in tank and raceway‐reared P. californiensis and P. aztecus, often in epizootic proportions, and has been named black death disease.

The disease has only been observed in postlarval and juvenile shrimp fed alginate‐bound artificial diets in tanks or raceways that received no sunlight and contained no plant material. Handling and other stress factors often precipitated epizootics in apparently healthy groups of shrimp. Once clinical signs of the disease became apparent, affected shrimp ceased feeding, and death usually followed within 24 to 72 hours. Opportunistic bacteria such as Vibrio spp. and Pseudomonas spp. often, But. not always, produced a terminal septicemia in affected shrimp. Mortalities of 1 to 5% per day due to this disease were observed on several occasions in tank and raceway‐reared P. californiensis in 1974 and 1975 at Puerto Peǹasco, Mexico.

Histopathology showed the blackened lesions to be, composed of masses of hemocytes and necrotic tissue. The black pigmentation of the lesions was due to melanin deposited in areas of heavy hemocyte infiltration, particularly near the centers of developing hemocyte nodules. No parasites or bacteria could be demonstrated in the centers of these nodules.
AN ECONOMETRIC MODEL OF PRAWN POND PRODUCTION1
Authors: Morita S. K.
Published: August 2010

Data on the production of prawns (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) from ponds are not suitable for traditional analysis of variance models because the determining variables or treatments are at widely varying levels. However, the data are amenable to analysis within a simple two‐equation econometric model which is recursive in structure. The first equation has survival rate as a function of dissolved oxygen levels, pH measurements, stocking density, and length of grow‐out period. The second equation has kilograms harvested per hectare as a function of survival rate, stocking size, stocking density, length of grow‐out period and kilograms of feed. The explanatory power of both equations was very promising: R2, the square of the multiple correlation coefficient, was 0.99 for the first equation and 0.97 for the second equation.
PRODUCTION AND CULTURE OF YELLOWTAIL (Seriola quinqueradiata) IN JAPAN*
Authors: Brown E. Evan
Published: August 2010

Yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata) is the most important species cultured in Japan. The industry uses essentially net culture. The latest technique is using submergible nets. The net profit is the highest of any cultured fish raised in Japan.
ECOLOGICAL ENERGETICS AND ITS APPLICATION TO THE EVALUATION OF DIETS FOR AQUATIC SPECIES, WITH SPECIAL REGARD TO THE GIANT MALAYSIAN PRAWN, Macrobrachium rosenbergii1
Authors: Nelson Stephen G. , Knight Allen W.
Published: August 2010

Recent work has shown that the metabolic responses of an organism to dietary properties are important determinants of the physiological processing of calories and nutrients. The effects of diet on the respiratory metabolism of a species is an especially important consideration since by far the majority of food energy assimilated goes to respiration. Rates of assimilation, growth efficiencies, and assimilation efficiencies are different for various dietary constituents. In the paper, the effects of diet on metabolic processes in Macrobrachiurn rosenbergii are reviewed from the perspective of diet evaluation. Physiological factors which are influenced by diet include metabolic rate (specific dynamic effect) growth, ammonia excretion, and the rate and efficiency of caloric assimilation.