bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance of canola oilseed rape (Brassica napus), Ethiopian mustard (Brassica carinata) and Indian rape (Brassica rapa) in the intercropping system
Authors: MANDEEP KAUR  , VIRENDER SARDANA  , PUSHP SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, Punjab, during the winter (rabi) season of 201415, to study the production potential of Indian rape (Brassica rapa var. toria), oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) and Ethiopian mus- tard (Brassica carinata A. Braun) in different row spacings and row proportions in the intercropping systems. The experiment comprised 14 treatments which were replicated thrice as per randomized complete-block design. Plant height at maturity and dry-matter accumulation (DMA) at 90 days after sowing by component crops decreased sig- nificantly in intercropping as compared to their sole crops and such reduction in plant height was more for the nar- row row spacing, and for DMA with increasing row spacing. Number of siliquae/plant and 1,000- seed weight of In- dian rape and Ethiopian mustard, and number of seeds/siliqua of Ethiopian mustard were not influenced by the in- tercropping. The highest seed yield given by Indian rape (1.16 t/ha) in Ethiopian mustard + Indian rape intercrop- ping system (1:2, 22.5 cm) was 80.5% of its sole crop yield. Seed yield of non-canola oilseed rape when inter- cropped with Indian rape (1:1, 22.5 cm) was 45.7% lower than its sole crop yield (1.85 t/ha). However, oilseed rape-equivalent yield produced by non-canola oilseed rape + Indian rape (1 : 1, 22.5 cm) was 22.9% higher than sole non canola oilseed rape. Similarly, sole crop of canola oilseed rape (1.63 t/ha) gave 91.0, 60.2 and 35.3% higher seed yield than its yield under intercropping with Indian rape in different row proportions and spacing. Oil- seed rape- equivalent yield in the canola oilseed rape + Indian rape sown in 1 : 1 and 2 : 1 row proportion at 22.5 cm row spacing was 16.9 and 20.1% higher than sole canola oilseed rape (1.63 t/ha). Similar to seed yields, sto- ver yields of component crops were significantly decreased in the intercropping system (ICS). Canola/ non-canola oilseed rape based intercropping system (ICS) resulted in higher net returns than sole crops, whereas Ethiopian mustard sown as sole crop was more remunerative than its intercropping with Indian rape.
Effect of fertilizer mechanism and harvest time on juice volume, sugar brix and bioethanol in three varieties of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor)
Authors: MURSYID  , ELKAWAKIB SYAM UN  , SALENGKE  , MUHAMMAD RIADI
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the rainy season of 20142015 at Experimental Garden of Indonesian Research Cereals Institute, Gowa, Indonesia to evaluate the effect of fertilizer nutrient release mechanism and harvest time on volume and sugar content of juice and bioethanol yield of 3 varieties of sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench). The experiment was performed in the field using split-split plots design, where the main plot received mechanism of fertilizer that consisted; fast release (P ), slow release (P ) and combination of both fast re- 1 2 lease and slow release (P ), while the sub-plots received harvest time treatments, viz. Harvesting before physi- 3 ological maturity (W ), Harvesting at the exact physiological maturity (W ) and Harvesting after physiological matu- 1 2 rity (W ), and in the sub-sub-plots 3 varieties viz. Numbu (V ), Super 1 (V ) and Super 2 (V ). The results 3 1 2 3 showed that fertilization with P gave the best average results of juice volume and others parameters compared to 3 P . P fertilization gave the best results of sugar content, while P gave the best results of bioethanol produciton. 1 2 3 W gave the best results of volume of juice, while W and W gave the best results of sugar content. W and W re- 1 3 2 1 3 corded the best results on bioethanol. V varieties recorded the highest volume of juice. 2
Productivity and profitability of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) as influenced by weed- management practices under irrigated condition
Authors: SUMITRA DEVI BAMBORIYA  , M.K. KAUSHIK  , SHANTI DEVI BAMBORIYA  DINESH JAJORIYA  , ANITA KUMAWAT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 201415 at Udaipur, Rajasthan, to find out suitable weed-management practices for Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson]. Of the 10 treat- ments, after weed-free check, 2 hand-weedings at 20 and 40 days after sowing (DAS) recorded the highest growth parameters, viz. dry-matter accumulation at harvest (40 g/plant), plant height (170 cm), branches/plant (23); and yield attributes, viz. siliquae/plant (297.0), seeds/siliqua (15.5) and 1,000-seed weight (4.89 g) resulted in the highest seed (1.95 t/ha) and straw yield (5.57 t/ha). However, the highest net returns ( 56.3 103/ha) and benefit : cost ratio (2.69) were recorded with fluazifop-p-butyl 0.055 kg/ha at 10 DAS + 1 hoeing at 40 DAS being at par with fenoxaprop-p-ethyl 0.075 kg/ha at 10 DAS + 1 hoeing at 40 DAS. For getting more yield and profit, weed-management in Indian mustard should be done through application of fluazifop-p-butyl 0.055 kg/ha as post- emergence 10 days after sowing followed by 1 hoeing 40 DAS.
Comparative assessment of organic, inorganic and integrated management practices in rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping system in acid soil of Assam
Authors: A. BAISHYA  , BHABESH GOGOI  , J. HAZARIKA  , J.P. HAZARIKA  , A.S. BORA  , A.K. DAS  , M. BORAH  , P. SUTRADHAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted from 2008-09 to 2014-15 under All India Coordinated Research Project on Integrated Farming System at Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat, Assam, to evaluate the effect of organic (alone), inorganic (alone) and integrated nutrient management on soil properties and productivity of rainfed winter rice (Oryza sativa L.)toria [Brassica rapa subsp. Dichotoma (Roxb.) Honalt]blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper] system. The highest rice-equivalent yield (8.91 t/ha) was recorded with the application of 100% NPK through organic sources plus intercropping with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) during the winter (rabi) season and okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench] during the summer. Application of 100% recommended dose of fertil- izer (RDF) through FYM, vermicompost and mustard seed-cake in the rice during the rainy (kharif) season, fol- lowed by toria + wheat during rabi and blackgram + okra during the summer season resulted in the maximum av- erage uptake of N, P and K (95.5, 20.1 and 84.9 kg/ha respectively). Bacteria, fungi and Actinomycetes counts as well as microbial biomass carbon in soil were the highest (253 104, 137 104, 195 104 and 163.95 ?g/g re- spectively) in the organic management having 100% supply of nutrients through 1/ FYM + 1/ vermicompost + 1/ 3 3 3 mustard seed cake (MSC) along with 3.5 kg/ha each of Azospirillum/Azotobacter and phosphate-solubilizing bac- teria. The highest dehydrogenase, phosphatase and urease activity in soil was also observed in the same treat- ment. Full dose of NPK through organic sources to ricetoriablackgram sequence intercropping with wheat dur- ing the winter (rabi) and okra during the summer registered the highest earthworm count (25 numbers per m3).
Assessment of various tillage options in rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) system and optimization of nitrogen dose in wheat
Authors: S.C. TRIPATHI  , SUBHASH CHANDER  , R.P. MEENA
Published: December 2023

This study was conducted for 4 consecutive years commencing from 201213 to 201516 at ICAR-Indian Insti- tute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India with the objectives to evaluate tillage options in rice (Oryza sativa L.)wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) system and N-levels in wheat for higher productivity and profitabil- ity. Combined analysis of 4 years revealed that puddled transplanted rice produced significantly higher grain yield, which was 19.9 and 13.9% higher than yield obtained under zero-till direct seeded rice and zero-till transplanted rice, respectively. Similarly, conventional-till wheat exhibited significantly higher grain and straw yields, which was 10.9 and 22.4% higher than zero-till wheat respectively. Use of leaf colour chart (LCC) in wheat is very handy and cost effective technology, saved 25 kg N/ha and produced grain yield at par with recommended dose of N. Puddled transplanted rice and conventional-till wheat showed maximum total returns, cost of cultivation and net returns.
Evaluation of intercropping systems involving pearlmillet (Pennisetum typhoides) and mungbean (Vigna radiata) as intercrop in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: N.K. BAROD  , SATISH KUMAR  , A.K. DHAKA  , RAJESH KATHWAL
Published: December 2023

The experiment was carried out at Hisar during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 201112 and 2012 13 for evaluation of different intercrops in pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.]. Based on the investigation it was found that intercropping systems influenced the number of pods, which was maximum in pigeonpea (90 cm) + mungbean [Vigna radiata (L.) Wilezek] (1:1) (99.30) and number of effective tillers (25.90) and grains/spike (2368) was highest in pigeonpea 90 cm + pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Emend. Stuntz] (1:1) in pearlmillet. In case of mungbean, number of pods (44.96) recorded the maximum when mungbean planted one row in pigeonpea at 90 cm. Grain and biological yields were significantly the highest in sole crop i.e. pigeonpea (2.02 and 6.02 t/ha) respectively, pearlmillet (2.12 and 8.27 t/ha) respectively, and mungbean (1.36 and 5.41 t/ha) respec- tively. The maximum land-equivalent ratio (LER) (1.56) and land equivalent coefficient (LEC) (0.60) were recorded with pigeonpea (75 cm) + pearlmillet (1:2) during both the years. Pigeonpea planted at 75 cm spacing along with 2 rows of mungbean, resulted maximum pigeonpea equivalent yield (PEY) (2.63 t/ha) and monetary advantage in- dex (MAI) ( 28,325/ha).
Long-term effects of integrated nutrient management on productivity and soil properties of rice (Oryza sativa)rice cropping system in coastal Odisha
Authors: K.N. MISHRA  , A.K. PATRA  , L.M. GARNAYAK  , A.K. MOHANTY  , S.K. SWAIN
Published: December 2023

A long-term experiment was initiated in 198384 and continued for 31 years on integrated nutrient manage- ment (INM) in rice (Oryza sativa L.)rice cropping system at Bhubaneswar, Odisha. The study was conducted on sandy loams under irrigated conditions in a permanently laid out plot in randomized block design with 12 treat- ments and 4 replications. Application of 50% recommended dose of chemical fertilizers (RDF) coupled with 50% recommended N through green manuring of azolla or through FYM to rainy season (kharif) rice followed by supply of 100% RDF through chemical fertilizers to summer rice resulted in higher system yield of 9.07 and 8.75 t/ha/year respectively. This INM treatment was also most sustainable and improved the physico-chemical properties of the soil with respect to bulk density, soil organic carbon, available NPK, microbial biomass carbon and soil nutrient balance. Reduction in RDF by 100, 50 and 25% without supplementing any organic manure reduced system yield by about 52, 23 and 10%, respectively compared to RDF. Reduction in yield due to supplementation of 25 and 50% N through organic sources was to the tune of 10% during initial five years, and the yield gap between RDF and INM practices narrowed down with passage of time. Yield advantage due to supplementation of N through green manuring was noticed after 10 years, whereas that of FYM after 15 years. On the other hand, no yield ad- vantage was observed with supplementation of 25% N through paddy straw even after 31 years. Application of 50% RDF through fertilizers along with 50% recommended N through green manuring of azolla to rainy season (kharif) rice followed by supply of RDF through fertilizers to summer rice recorded the highest system gross re- turns 1,11,870 and net returns 65,644 with the highest benefit: cost ratio 2.42.
Contribution of microbial inoculation and zinc-fertilization to growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa) under different cultivation methods in a sub-tropical and semi-arid type climate
Authors: A.A. SHAHANE  , Y.S. SHIVAY  , D. KUMAR  , RADHA PRASANNA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at ICAR-Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during rainy sea- son of 201314 and 201415 in sandy clay loam soil to verify and validate the contribution of 2 microbial inocula- tions and zinc (Zn) fertilization on growth, yield and economics of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Rice variety Pusa Sugandh 5 was grown under 3 methods of cultivation, viz. puddled transplanted rice (PTR), system of rice intensi- fication (SRI) and aerobic rice system (ARS) and 4 nutrient management options, viz. recommended dose of nutri- ents (RDN) (N P ), 75% RDN, 75% RDN + Anabaena sp. (CR1) + Providencia sp. (PR3) and 75% RDN + Ana- 120 25.8 baena- Pseudomonas (An-Ps) biofilmed formulation with and without Zn (5 kg Zn/ha through ZnSO .7 H O). Thus 4 2 making total eight nutrient management options along with one absolute control (N P Zn ). Results of 2 year 0 0 0 study revealed that, microbial inoculation of An-Ps biofilmed formulation with 75% RDN increased number of tillers/m2 by 16 and 13 with Zn and by 12 and 10 without Zn in first and second year, respectively. Increase in shoot dry matter due to CR1 + PR3 consortia with 75% RDN was 40.6 and 36.3 g/m2 with and without Zn in first and 31.4 and 28.6 g/m2 with and without Zn in second year, respectively. Contribution of microbial inoculation of An-Ps biofilmed formulation to increasing grain yield was 0.29 and 0.30 t/ha with and without Zn and same for CR1 + PR3 consortia was 0.28 and 0.30 t/ha with and without Zn, respectively. Aerobic method saved 6,000 and 9,640 /ha as compared to PTR, while SRI saved 3,440 and 5,800 /ha as compared to PTR in first and second year, respectively. Contribution of microbial inoculation of An-Ps biofilmed formulation in increasing net returns was 7,500 and 7,670 /ha with and without Zn and same for CR1 + PR3 consortia was 7,350 and 7,660 /ha with and without Zn, respectively.
Evaluation of rice (Oryza sativa) cultivars under different crop establishment methods to enhance productivity, profitability and energetics of rice in middle Indo-Gangetic Plains of India
Authors: SANTOSH KUMAR  , RAKESH KUMAR  , J.S. MISHRA  , S.K. DWIVEDI  , VED PRAKASH  , N. BHAKTA  , A. K. SINGH  , S.K. SINGH  , S.S. SINGH  , A.A. HARIS  , K.K. RAO  , S. MONDAL  , B.P. BHATT  , SUDHANSHU SINGH  , ASHOK YADAV
Published: December 2023

Field investigation was undertaken at the ICAR-Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna to evaluate the performance of nine promising rice (Oryza sativa L.) genotypes (IR83387-B-B-40-1, Shusk Samrat, Abhishek, IR82870 11, Sahbhagi Dhan, CR Dhan 40, IR84899-B-183-CRA-19-1, IR83387-B-B-27-4 and IR83376-B-B- 24-2) under 2-crop establishment methods i.e. puddle transplanted rice (PTR) and unpuddled transplanted rice (UPTR) during the rainy (kharif) seasons of 2013 and 2014. Results showed that PTR produced significantly higher grain yield (4.20 t/ha) than UPTR (3.29 t/ha). Among the rice genotypes, IR83387-B-B-27-4 (4.38 t/ha) be- ing on par with IR83387-B-B-40-1 (4.20 t/ha) recorded significantly higher grain yield over rest of the genotypes. The maximum net returns (25.9103 /ha) and benefit : cost ratio (1.98) were recorded with PTR. Among the rice genotypes, IR83387-B-B-27-4 had significantly the highest net returns (34.8103 /ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.33). UPTR gave the highest energy efficiency, energy productivity and energy profitability (1.9, 0.06 kg/MJ and 0.9 MJ/ha) than PTR (1.5, 0.05 kg/MJ and 0.50 MJ/ha). Hence, growing of rice genotypes IR83387-B-B-27-4 and IR83387-B-B-40-1 under PTR condition is better option to obtain the maximum productivity and profitability in this region.
Residual effects of different soil organic amendments applied to aerobically grown rice (Oryza sativa) on succeeding wheat (Triticum aestivum) under basmati ricewheat cropping system
Authors: I.A. SHAH  , B.C. SHARMA  , BRIJ NANDAN  , RAKESH KUMAR  , AKHIL VERMA  , MONIKA BANOTRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 201214 at Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, to determine the residual effects of different soil organic amendments, viz. control (recommended fertilizer dose); in-situ green manuring of prickly sesban or dhaincha (Sesbania cannabina Willd.) on N-basis; in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed by application of vermicompost on N-basis (1:1); in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed by application of vermicompost and mulching with dhaincha on N-basis (1:1:1); in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed by application of farmyard manure (FYM) on N-basis (1:1); and in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed by appli- cation of FYM and mulching with dhaincha on N-basis (1:1:1) on productivity, nutrient uptake and economics of basmati rice (Oryza sativa L.)wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cropping rotation. Significant residual effects of differ- ent soil organic amendments, viz. in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed by application of vermicompost and mulching with dhaincha on N-basis (1:1:1) and in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed by application of FYM and mulching with dhaincha on N-basis (1:1:1) were observed on succeeding wheat in comparison to the control and rest of the treatments. With residual effect of in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed by applica- tion of vermicompost and mulching with dhaincha on N-basis (1:1:1); and in-situ green manuring of dhaincha fol- lowed by application of farmyard manure (FYM) on N-basis (1:1); grain yield of succeeding wheat was 15.36% and 14.90%, respectively, higher than the control. The highest N : P : K uptake in wheat grain and straw were re- corded with residual effect of in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed by application of vermicompost and mulching with dhaincha on N-basis (1:1:1) and in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed by application of FYM and mulching with dhaincha on N-basis (1:1:1); which in turn were significantly superior to the other treatments. The highest net returns of 44,092/ha and net returns/rupee invested 2.22 were obtained with residual effect of in-situ green manuring of dhaincha followed by application of vermicompost and mulching with dhaincha on N- basis (1:1:1)
Response of maize (Zea mays) hybrids to nutrient management practices for enhancing productivity and profitability under sub-humid condition of Southern Rajasthan
Authors: HARGILAS  , A.K. SINGH  , S.L. JAT  , P.K. ROKADIA  , ARVID KUMAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2 consecutive years of 2013 and 2014 to find out the response of nu- trient expert-decision support systems based on the principle of site-specific nutrient management (SSNM) for achieving targeted yield of maize (Zea mays L.). This approach estimated high dose of N and K and low dose of P over recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) to evaluate the response of hybrid under this experiment. Growth pa- rameters, yield, nutrient uptake, harvest index and partial factor productivity of P and K and apparent recovery of N and P and economics were significantly higher with SSNM over RDF and farmers fertilizer practices (FFP). Yield attributes, harvest index and partial factor productivity of N and apparent recovery of K were found at par with RDF. Among the hybrids, CMH-08-292 recorded maximum plant growth parameters, yield attributes, yield and nutrient uptake, which was found statistically at par with CMH-08-350. SSNM gave significantly higher net re- turns ( 66,350/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.60) over RDF and FFP. Among the hybrids, CMH-08-292 recorded maximum gross returns ( 84,686/ha), net returns ( 60,120/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.41), which was at par with CMH-08-350. The interaction effect revealed that the highest grain yield (7.90 t/ha), net returns ( 84,723/ ha), and benefit: cost ratio (3.27) obtained with CMH-08-292 under SSNM. Hence, it is concluded that SSNM along with suitable high yielding hybrids are recommended for enhancing yield and profitability of maize under sub-humid condition of Southern Rajasthan and similar ecologies elsewhere.
Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus management on productivity and profitability of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: V.V. SAGVEKAR  , B.D. WAGHMODE  , A.S. KAMBLE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for 3 years at Agricultural Research Station, Shirgaon, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra during rainy season (kharif) of 201214 to evaluate the effect of different nitrogen and phosphorus ratios on productivity of rainy season (kharif) groundnut under Konkan conditions. Eleven combinations of nitro- gen-phosphorus ratios were tested in randomized block design with 3 replications. Treatment receiving 0.40 NP ratio (30:75 NP kg/ha) produced significantly higher pod yield of 3.50 t/ha over rest of N:P ratios, but it was at par with 0.42 (25:60 NP kg/ha), 0.33 (25:75 NP kg/ha) and 0.50 (30:60 NP kg/ha) N:P ratios. Kernel yield was also no- ticed significantly higher under 0.40 NP ratio (2.63 t/ha) over all other N:P ratios except 0.42 NP ratio (2.31 t/ha). The increment in pod and kernel yield due to 0.40 NP ratio over the control was to the tune of 36.7% and 38.7% respectively. However, 0.50 NP ratio (30:60 NP kg/ha) recorded significantly higher haulm yield of 3.94 t/ha over the control. Application of N and P in 0.40 ratio also recorded significantly more number of pods/plant (30.7) and dry pod weight (34.2 g/plant) over all other treatments. Higher net returns of 58,826/- and benefit: cost ratio of 1:1.78 were also obtained with 0.40 NP ratio, which was followed by 0.42 NP ratio with net returns of 47,638/ha and benefit: cost ratio of 1.66.
Productivity, nutrient uptake, energy indices and profitability of soybean (Glycine max) as influenced by planting methods, Bradyrhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria
Authors: HARPREET KAUR VIRK  , GURIQBAL SINGH  , POONAM SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy season (kharif) of 2014 and 2015 at Punjab Agricultural Univer- sity, Ludhiana, Punjab to study the effect of planting methods, viz. Happy seeder sowing, straw chopper + zero till- age sowing and conventional sowing and biofertilizers, viz. Bradyrhizobium, plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) and Bradyrhizobium + PGPR on nutrient uptake, energy indices, productivity and profitability of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill). Results showed significantly higher seed yield, gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio with happy seeder sowing as compared to straw chopper + zero tillage sowing and conventional sowing. N, P and K uptake by seed and straw were significantly higher in happy seeder sowing than straw chopper + zero tillage sowing and conventional sowing. Happy seeder sowing recorded the lowest energy input and the highest energy-output, net energy, energy-use efficiency and energy productivity. Seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium and/or PGPR did not influence N, P and K uptake by seed and straw and energy indices significantly. However, combined inoculation of Bradyrhizobium and PGPR recorded the highest gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost ratio. Zero tillage with happy seeder sowing was found promising with the highest net returns and energy-use efficiency.
Integrated weed management in chilli (Capsicum annuum) grown after rice (Oryza sativa) under ricefallow system
Authors: BONTI GOGOI  , JAYANTA DEKA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at the Instructional-cum-Research Farm of Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat during 2012 and 2013 to study the effect of weed management practices on growth and yield of chilli (Cap- sicum annuum L.) grown after winter rice (Oryza sativa L.). The study revealed that the weed density as well as dry weight were the lowest in all the treatment with metribuzin @ 500g/ha combined with and hand weeding at 30 and 60 or 30, 50 and 60 or 30, 60 and 80 days after planting (DAP) over rest of the treatments. Among the weed management treatments, a higher weed density was observed in the 3 treatments of quizalofop-p-ethyl @ 50 g/ha followed by hand weeding at 45 and 75 or 60 and 80 or 50 and 80 DAP. Plant height, days to 50% flowering, num- ber of primary and secondary branches were recorded the highest in metribuzin treated plots. The fruit yield (fresh and dry) was also found to be higher in the metribuzin treated plots. The available nutrients were found to be lower in the metribuzin treated plots and the treatments with only and hand weeding at different days interval. The yield loss was 0.29 t/ha under weedy check treatment as compared to the highest yield (3.41 t/ha) obtained from metribuzin 500 g/ha and hand weeding at 30, 50 and 80 DAP. The benefit: cost ratio was found to be the highest (2.60) in metribuzin @ 500 g/ha along with and hand weeding at 30, 50 and 80 DAP. The biochemical attributes like ascorbic acid (62.1 mg/100g) and capsaicin content (60.8 mg/100g) were found to be higher in metribuzin @ 500 g/ha with and hand weeding at 30 and 60 or 30, 50 and 80 days after planting. From this study, it could be in- ferred that application of metribuzin @ 500g/ha with and hand weeding at 30, 50 and 60 DAP controlled the weeds in chilli effectively and resulted higher fruit yield, quality of chilli and benefit: cost ratio.
Chemical weed management in wheat (Triticum aestivum) under semi-arid conditions of Kandahar, Afghanistan
Authors: Y.K. ZIAR  , T.K. DAS  , A.R. HAKIMI  , KAPILA SHEKHAWAT  , A.K. PAUL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter season of 201415 at the Research Farm, Tarnak, Afghanistan National Agricultural Science and Technology University (ANASTU), Kandahar, Afghanistan to evaluate the chemical weed control effects on weeds and wheat [Triticum aestivum (L.) emend Fiori & Paol.]. The treatments comprised of isoproturon @ 0.75 and 1.00 kg/ha at 35 DAS, sulfosulfuron @ 20 and 25 g/ha at 35 DAS, isoproturon + 2,4-D @ (0.75 + 0.5) kg/ha at 35 DAS (tank-mix treatment), weed-free check and weedy check, laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha at 35 DAS resulted in sig- nificant reduction in weed growth (population and dry weight) and caused a considerable increase in weed control efficiency (WCE) and weed control index (WCI) in wheat. This treatment led to a significant improvement in yield attributes and yield of wheat. It also caused a considerable reduction in wheat yield losses due to weeds, and was superior to all other herbicide treatments. Sulfosulfuron 20 g/ha at 35 DAS was the next best treatment. Sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha applied at 35 DAS gave significantly higher gross and net returns, but comparable with sulfosulfuron 20 g/ha. Therefore, sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha applied at 35 DAS may be recommended for effective broad-spectrum weed control in wheat in Kandahar, Afghanistan. However, this report highlights the results of a location-specific study, conducted for one year, which needs to be replicated over times for more refinement/ vali- dation and sound recommendation.
Planting density and nitrogen management effects on productivity, quality and water-use efficiency of rainfed pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum) under conservation agriculture
Authors: SHANTI DEVI BAMBORIYA  , R.S. BANA  , V. POONIYA  , K.S. RANA  , Y.V. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy season 2015 at New Delhi, to study the effect of planting density and nitrogen-management practices on conservation agriculture-based rainfed pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. Emend stuntz]. The experiment comprised 3 main-plot treatments, viz. normal distance sowing (D ), high density sowing followed by (fb) alternate row harvesting for fodder at 35 days after sowing (DAS), (D ) 1 2 and high density sowing fb alternate row harvesting for fodder at 45 DAS (D ) and 5 subplot treatments, viz. con- 3 trol, 60 kg N/ha as basal, 30 kg N/ha as basal + 30 kg N/ha as side dressing, 75 kg N/ha as basal and 37.5 kg N/ha as basal + 37.5 kg N/ha as side dressing. Maximum production efficiency (56.2 kg/ha-day), system yield (4.49 t/ ha), net returns (33.9 103 /ha) and monetary efficiency ( 424/ha-day) was recorded under D . The highest pro- 2 tein yield (285 kg/ha), consumptive use (423.5 mm), water-use efficiency (6.4 kg/ha-mm) and rate of moisture use (5.3 mm/day) were realized from treatment D . Among N-management treatments, 75 kg N/ha as basal resulted in 1 the highest system yield (4.69 t/ha), production efficiency (58.6 kg/ha-day), net returns (36.6 103 /ha) and mon- etary efficiency ( 457/ha-day). Protein content in grain (11.4%) and protein yield (298 kg/ha), consumptive use of water (429 mm) and water-use efficiency (7.1 kg/ha-mm) were found highest in 37.5 kg N/ha as basal + 37.5 kg N/ ha as side-dressing.
Productivity, profitability and quality of soybean (Glycine max) as influenced by sowing date and row spacing under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh
Authors: AASTHA  , JANARDAN SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Palampur, Himachal Pradesh during the rainy (kharif) season of 2015 on acidic silty clay loam soil, to find out the optimum sowing date and row spacing for newly developed genotypes of soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with the treat- ments comprising of 2 genotypes (HIMSO 1685 and Harasoya), 3 dates of sowing (last week of May, first week and second week of June) and 2 inter-row spacings (45 cm and 60 cm). The new genotype, HIMSO 1685, proved superior over Harasoya. Significantly higher number of primary branches/plant, seeds/pod and protein and oil content were recorded in the crop sown during last week of May followed by first week of June. The highest pods/plant (85.4), seed index (208 g), seed yield (2.4 t/ha), straw yield (9.3 t/ha), net returns ( 58,108/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.17) were noted in the crop sown during last week of May. Inter-row spacing of 45 cm resulted in the highest seed index (202 g), seed yield (2.1 t/ha), straw yield (8.3 t/ha) and net returns ( 45,281/ha), and benefit: cost ratio (0.91). Sowing of soybean in the last week of May at 45 cm inter-row spacing were found to be the optimum agronomic practices for obtaining higher productivity and profitability, and better quality of HIMSO 1685 under mid-hill conditions of Himachal Pradesh.
Effect of nutrient levels on yield, nutrient uptake and economics of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) in tarai region of Uttarakhand
Authors: AMIT KUMAR  , B.S. MAHAPATRA  , V.P. SINGH  , ANIL SHUKLA  , M.S. NEGI  , AJIT YADAV  SAMAR PAL SINGH  , GAURENDRA GUPTA  , MOHAN SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season 201415 at the N.E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre of the Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture and Technology, Pantnagar to study the effect of nutri- ent levels on yield, nutrient uptake and economics of Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj and Cosson] cul- tivar RGN 73 in tarai region of Uttarakhand. Treatment consisted of 3 levels of nitrogen (60, 80 and 100 kg/ha), 2 levels of phosphorus (20 and 40 kg/ha) and 2 levels of potassium (0 and 30 kg/ha), which were evaluated thrice in a randomized block design. The highest seed yield (1.93 t/ha), nutrient (N : P O : K) uptake (99 kg N, 42 P O 2 5 2 5 and 172 kg K O/ha), net returns (37.13 103 /ha), gross returns (60.45 103 /ha) and benefit: cost ratio (1.54) 2 were recorded with application of 100 kg N + 40 kg P O + 30 kg K O/ha followed by 100 kg N + 40 kg P O + 0 kg 2 5 2 2 5 K O/ha and 100 kg N + 20 kg P O + 30 kg K O/ha treatments. 2 2 5 2
Influence of long-term organic nutrient management on soil quality and crop productivity in rice (Oryza sativa)potato (Solanum tuberosum)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) cropping system under irrigated condition
Authors: A.K. PATRA  , K.N. MISHRA  , L.M. GARNAYAK  , A.K. MOHANTY
Published: December 2023

A long-term field experiment was conducted during 200607 to 201415 on organic nutrient management in rice (Oryza sativa L.)potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) cropping system under irrigated conditions in the coastal alluvial sandy loam soil having pH 5.8 and organic carbon 0.62% at Bhubaneswar, Odisha. Eight treatments comprising of five organic, two integrated and one inorganic of nutrient management were tested with three replications in randomized block design. Organic sources of nutrient supply reduced the system yield by 7.6 to 9.7% over the inorganic source in the first year. However, the mean system yield of conversion period (first three cropping system cycles) with organic nutrient management comprising of supply of one-third N each through farm yard manure (FYM), green manuring of dhaincha (Sesbania cannabina) or vermicompost and neem (Azadirachta indica) oilcake + Azospirillum or Azotobacter + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) was on par with inorganic approach. The mean system yield from fourth to ninth cropping system cycles (after conversion period) with organic sources of nutrient supply, i.e. FYM + green manuring or vermicompost + neem oilcake + Azospirillum or Azotobacter + PSB was significantly higher (11.1%) than that of with inorganic source of nutrient supply i.e., 100% NPK + ZnSO @ 25 kg/ha to rice and 100% NPK + gypsum @ 4 110 kg/ha + borax @ 10 kg/ha + ammonium molybdate @ 0.8 kg/ha to both potato and okra. The organic nutrient management package increased the soil organic carbon and available N, P and K at the end of ninth cropping system cycle over the initial and the build-up was maximum in the soil applied with one third N each through FYM, dhaincha/vermicompost and neem oilcake + Azospirillum/Azotobacter + PSB. The microbial population in terms of colony forming units increased in a higher rate in soils with organic nutrient supply system (bacteria 36.5 to 39.4%, fungi 33.0 to 38.2% and actinomycetes 36.0 to 37.3%) compared to the inorganic source of nutrient supply system (bacteria 5.6%, fungi 10.3% and actinomycetes 12.7%) after ninth cropping system cycle over initial status. The microbial biomass carbon of the soils with organic sources of nutrient supply was enhanced considerably (57.7% to 66.8%) over the initial level (98.7 to 107.4 ?g C/g). Application of one-third N each through FYM, green manur- ing of dhaincha and neem oilcake + Azospirillum + PSB to rice followed by similar combination of FYM, vermicompost, neem oilcake + Azotobacter + PSB to both potato and okra was the best organic nutrient manage- ment practice for ricepotatookra cropping system for improving soil health and productivity. However, this sys- tem can be profitable under organic farming only when on-farm generated organic manures are used.
Influence of cereallegume combination and sources of nutrients on productivity and profitability under organic production system
Authors: RAMESHWAR KUMAR  , J.P. SAINI  , S.K. SHARMA  , MEENAKSHI SETH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) and winter (rabi) seasons of 201213 and 201314 on sandy loam soil at experimental farm of CSK Himachal Pradesh Krishi Vishvavidyalaya, Research Sub-Station, Akrot, District Una, Himachal Pradesh to study the production potential of cereallegume based cropping system and nutrient sources on productivity under organic conditions. The cropping sequence maize (Zea mays L.) + blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.) Hepper]chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) resulted in higher total maize-equivalent yield and benefit: cost ratio. Maize-equivalent yield of this system was statistically at par with maize + blackgram wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.) emend. Fiori & Paol.] + chickpea cropping sequence. Vermicompost (VC) @ 10 t/ha recorded higher maize-equivalent yield of cropping system over VC @ 5 t/ha + liquid manure (LM) vermiwash and was statistically at par with VC @ 5 t/ha + LM + biofertilizers and VC @ 5 t/ha + biofertilizers. Application of VC @ 5 t/ha + LM + biofertilizers recorded the highest benefit: cost ratio (1.44). Higher values of available nitrogen (289.8 kg/ha), phosphorus (23.1 kg/ha) and potassium (176.2 kg/ha) in soil were recorded in VC @ 5 t/ha + LM + biofertilizers than the other nutrient sources.
Effect of alkali and canal waters in cyclic and blended mode on potato (Solanum tuberosum)sunflower (Helianthus annuus)sesbania (Sesbania sesban) cropping sequence
Authors: S.K. CHAUHAN  , S.K. SINGH
Published: December 2023

Response of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.)sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)sesbania [Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr.] cropping sequence to conjunctive use of good quality canal water [EC 1.1 dS/m, residual sodium car- CW bonate (RSC) nil, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) 1.7] and alkali water (EC 3.8 dS/m, RSC 15.5 me/L, SAR 11.8) AW was evaluated for 6 years (20072008 to 20122013) on a well-drained sandy-loam soil [ECe 2.3 dS/m, pH 8.1, exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) 5.5]. Increase in soil pH (8.99.1), salinity (3.44.7 dS/m) and sodicity (ESP 24.139.5) as a consequence of irrigation with alkali water affected the growth and yields of all the crops. When averaged for 6 years, the relative yields ranged between 48 and 78% for potato and 55 and 73% for sun- flower in case of cyclic use of alkali water compared to canal water. However, the relative yields ranged 58 to 83% for potato and from 52 to 78% for sunflower when alkali water was used in blended mode. Considerable deteriora- tion in the quality of potato in terms of grade, size and keeping quality, and reduction in oil content of sunflower was observed. The change in soil properties in different modes of water application was in accordance with the proportions of alkali water applied. The analysis on use of canal and alkali waters in similar proportion further indi- cated that cyclic application of canal water during the initial stages would minimize the adverse effects of alkali water.
Performance of summer chilli (Capsicum annum)watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) crop sequence under different irrigation regimes and fertigation levels under silver black polyethylene mulch
Authors: V.G. MORE  , M.B. DHONDE  , S.B. GADGE  , B.D. BHAKARE  , J.B. SHINDE
Published: December 2023

The investigation was carried out in the year 2014 and 2015 at Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri, Dist. Ahmednagar (Maharashtra), with summer chilli (Capsicum annum L.)watermelon [Citrullus lanatus (Thunb). Mansf.] crop sequence to evaluate the response of irrigation regimes and fertigation levels under black polyethyl- ene mulch. The experiment consisted of 12 treatment combinations with 4 irrigation regimes 70, 80, 90 and 100% of ETc and 3 fertigation levels 75, 100 and 125% of RDF. The treatments were replicated thrice in split-plot de- sign. Control treatment with recommended package of practice and absolute control with recommended package of practice with no fertiliser for chilli and watermelon were grown separately. Black silver polyethylene mulch of 50 micron was used common to all the treatments, except control. Fertigation of N, P O and K O was done as per 2 5 2 growth stages for both the crops by using water soluble fertilizers. The yield contributing characters of chilli and watermelon were higher in irrigation regime of 100% Etc, but at par with irrigation regime of 90% ETc. Fertigation of 125% of RDF recorded higher yield contributing characters of chilli as well as watermelon, but was at par with fertigation of RDF in case of chilli. Irrigation regime of 100% Etc recorded maximum fruit yield of chilli (42.11 t/ha) and watermelon (43.39 t/ha), and it was at par with Irrigation regime of 90% Etc in case of chilli (41.61t/ha) and watermelon (42.12 t/ha). Fertigation of 125% of RDF recorded maximum fruit yield of chilli (42.79 t/ha) and water- melon (46.38 t/ha) and was at par with fertigation RDF in case of chilli yield (40.34 t/ha). In case of irrigation re- gime, the maximum chilli equivalent yield (57.47 t/ha) and net monetary returns/ha ( 11,37,000) were recorded with 100% Etc, while in case of fertigation level maximum chilli equivalent yield (59.18 t/ha) and net monetary re- turns ( 11,85,000) were recorded with 125% RDF.
Optimization of nitrogenous fertilizers using leaf-colour chart for irrigated hybrid maize (Zea mays) grown in Vertisol of sub-tropical India
Authors: M.R. UMESH  , M.A. BASAVANNEPPA  , SHIVAKUMAR  , MALLESH  , B.M. CHITTAPUR  , M.Y. AJAYAKUMAR  , B.K. DESAI  , N. ANANDA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Raichur, Karnataka, India, during the rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017, to study the response of hybrid maize leaf-colour chart (LCC) to N and evaluate threshold to enhance crop yields, N- use efficiency (NUE) by altering splits as per crop need guided by LCC. Treatments included LCC thresholds of 1, 2, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5 and 6 compared with fixed splits at definite growth stages and absolute control. Application of 30 kg N/ha, whenever greenness of first fully opened leaf from the top was less than shade of the thresholds on the LCC. Hybrid maize showed significant response to application of N up to 120 kg N/ha in 3 equal split doses. Be- yond this level, fertilizer NUE was significantly reduced. The LCC < 5 proved better than other LCC shades for guiding real-time N management and achieving higher NUE. Application of 80110 kg N/ha using threshold LCC < 4.5 inclusive of 62.5 kg N/ha basal resulted in higher grain yield of maize which was at par with the application of 150 kg N/ha applied in 3 equal split doses.
Optimizing sowing time of Spanish bunch groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) cultivars for spring-summer season in north-west India
Authors: HARPUNEET KAUR  , VIRENDER SARDANA  , PUSHP SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the spring-summer seasons of 2018 and 2019 at Ludhiana, Punjab, to study the performance of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) cultivars under different sowing dates. The experiment was laid out in 3 replications in a split-plot design with 4 sowing dates (25 February, 10 March, 25 March and 10 April) in main plots and 4 cultivars, viz. SG 99, TG 37A, TAG 24 and J 87 in subplots. The crop sown on 25 February took 6, 10 and 12 days more for emergence (17 days) and 11, 20 and 25 days more for maturity (133 days) than that sown on 10 March, 25 March and 10 April sowing dates, respectively. The highest pod yield (5.61 t/ ha) was obtained from 10 March and oil yield (1.88 t/ha) from 25 February sowing date, whereas 10 April sowing resulted in the lowest pod yield (4.78 t/ha) and oil yield (1.43 t/ha). Gross returns, net returns and benefit: cost (B : C) ratio were the highest from 10 March-sown crop. Effect of sowing dates on yield attributes was variable. Cultivar J 87 gave the highest pod yield (5.78 t/ha), oil yield (1.96 t/ha), haulm yield (8.51 t/ha), resulting in higher gross returns and net returns than the other cultivars. TG 37A gave higher pod yield than SG 99 and TAG 24 and the highest B : C ratio. Cultivar J 87 sown on 25 February gave significantly higher pod yield (6.73 t/ha) and oil yield (2.71 t/ha) than the other sowing dates. The highest pod and oil yields were recorded by SG 99 when sown on 25 February; by TG 37A when sown on 25 March and by TAG 24 when sown on 10 March sowing date.
Evaluation of agro-chemicals for enhancing the productivity and profitability of late-sown Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) under acidic soils of Manipur
Authors: AMIT KUMAR SINGH  , ABHINANDAN SINGH  , C. ASWIN  , K.S. SHASHIDHAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 201516 and 201718 at Imphal, Manipur to in- vestigate the best combination of agro-chemicals for maximizing the productivity and profitability of late-sown In- dian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson] under moisture-stress conditions. The experiment was laid out with 9 treatment combinations of hydrogel and thiourea in randomized completely block design (RCBD) with 3 replications. The results indicated that productivity and economic efficiency increased by 68.9% and 39.7% and 88.3% and 45.1% with 5.0 kg hydrogel + 0.05% thiourea at 50% flowering and at siliquae formation over the con- trol and water spray twice at 50% flowering and at siliquae formation respectively. The significant improvement in growth attributes like plant height (116.8 cm), dry-matter accumulation/plant (16.9 g/plant), number of primary and secondary branches (4.1 and 6.3/ plant), leaf-area index (LAI) at 45 days after sowing (DAS): 3.2) and 75 DAS (5.7) and yield attributes such as siliqua/plant (155) seed yield (1.56 t/ha), biological yield (1.56 t/ha), oil recovery (648 kg/ha), protein recovery (263 kg/ha). The economic benefit: in term of gross and net returns (64.58 and 30.99 103 /ha) and benefit: cost ratio (0.92) reflected that feasibility of the treatment over the control and water spray at 50% flowering and at siliquae formation.
Nutrient management in wheat (Triticum aestivum) for improving grain yield, nutrient-use efficiency and profitability
Authors: TANMOY PAIK  , YASHWANT SINGH  , RAHUL SADHUKHAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter (rabi) season of 201617 at Agriculture Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, to study the effect of nutrient management (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium levels) on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The experiment was laid out in a random- ized complete block design with 3 replications and 8 treatments [control, recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF: 150 N + 60 P O + 40 K O kg/ha), 150% RDF, 150% PK, 150% NK, 150% NP, GreenSeeker-guided nitrogen appli- 2 5 2 cation at the 2nd irrigation (P O and K O as RDF dose) and RDF + 10 t FYM/ha]. Various yield attributes of wheat 2 5 2 showed significant variation under different levels of NPK and GreenSeeker-based precision nutrient manage- ment. It was observed that, an application of 150% of recommended dose of fertilizer (225 N + 90 P O + 60 K O 2 5 2 kg/ha) resulted in the highest yield and net returns. However, GreenSeeker-guided nitrogen application saved fer- tilizer nitrogen (32 kg/ha) without significant reduction in yield than blanket recommendation of recommended dose of fertilizer in HD 2967 wheat. In terms of grain-yield increment, it was found that there was 10.6% increase of grain yield by 150% NPK compared to RDF and 7.8% yield increase over 150% NP. In case of economic returns, 12.95% profit increment was achieved by 150% RDF over RDF. So, 150% NPK application to wheat crop at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, is fruitful for farmers point of view for improvement of low N-use efficiency.
Influence of foliar application of nitrogen on growth and yield of mungbean (Vigna radiata) varieties in Kandahar region of Afghanistan
Authors: SHAFIQULLAH BAHADARI  , Y.V. SINGH  , SHAH MAHMOOD BARAY  , Y.S. SHIVAY  , R. PARSAD
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during AprilJuly 2017 at the Afghanistan National Agricultural Sciences and Technology University (ANASTU), Kandahar, Afghanistan to find out the influence of 2 mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) varieties viz. Mash 2008 and NM 94 and 7 methods of N applications, viz. absolute control, basal ap- plication of 25 kg N/ha, foliar application of 2% urea through single application at 40, 50 and 60 days after sowing (DAS), 2 times foliar application at 50 and 60 DAS and 3 times foliar application of 2% urea spray at pre-flowering (40 DAS), flowering (50 DAS) and pod development (60 DAS) on crop growth and productivity. The results showed that the variety Mash 2008 resulted superior performance in respect of plant growth and yield attributes to NM 94 mungbean. The findings of present study showed that the 3 times foliar of 2% urea at pre-flowering + flowering + pod development stages (40, 50 and 60 DAS) may be adopted for Mash 2008 variety to get the superior plant growth, yield attributes and yields of mungbean in semi-arid conditions of Afghanistan.