bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Testing of Frozen Soils Under Simulated Earthquake Loading Conditions
Authors: Vinson TS , Chaichanavong T , Li JC
Published: March 2009

Engineers concerned with the development of Alaska and other highly seismic areas underlain by permafrost must have knowledge of dynamic properties of frozen soils under earthquake loading conditions. In response to this need, a cyclic triaxial test system and test methods have been developed to evaluate the dynamic Young's modulus and damping ratio of artificially frozen soils over a range of test conditions which simulate earthquake loadings of permafrost deposits.

The test system developed represents a coupling of conventional closed-loop cyclic triaxial equipment to evaluate the dynamic properties of unfrozen soils with conventional temperature control equipment to evaluate static properties of frozen soils. On-line, real-time data processing has been achieved by coupling a minicomputer to the test system. With the test system, the dynamic Young's modulus and damping ratio can be determined over a range of axial strain amplitudes from 3 × 10-3 to 10-1 percent, temperatures from -1 to -10°C (30 to 14°F), frequencies from 0.3 to 5.0 Hz, and confining pressures from 0 to 1400 kN/m2 (200 psi). An extensive laboratory program was undertaken to establish suitable methods of specimen preparation, specimen installation, and testing for artificially frozen specimens of clay, silt, sand, and ice.

At present there is no standard test procedure to evaluate dynamic properties of frozen soils under simulated earthquake loading conditions. The material presented provides a basis for the development of a standard test procedure.
Effects of Overconsolidation on Liquefaction Characteristics of Sands Containing Fines
Authors: Ishihara K , Sodekawa M , Tanaka Y
Published: March 2009

Two series of cyclic triaxial tests were performed on soils containing fines (passing #200 sieve) from 0 to 100 percent by weight. The first series included the testing of laboratory-prepared reconstituted specimens overconsolidated to overconsolidation ratio (OCR) values of 1.0 to 2.0. It was shown that the overconsolidation had an definite effect in strengthening the cyclic resistance of the specimens, and its effect became more pronounced as the content of the fines increased. The second in the series was concerned with the tests on undisturbed specimens from alluvial deposits in Tokyo as well as the tests on remolded specimens of the same soil. It was shown that the cyclic strength of the undisturbed specimens was about 15 percent greater than that of the reconstituted ones. Comparison of the results from this second series of tests appeared to show that the greater cyclic strength of the undisturbed specimens over that of the remolded specimens might have been caused by a slight overconsolidation which existed in the alluvial deposit of the sands containing the fines.
Triaxial Testing Techniques and Sand Liquefaction
Authors: Mulilis JP , Townsend FC , Horz RC
Published: March 2009

This investigation examines effects of specimen preparation and testing techniques, that is, loading wave form, degree of saturation, and density variations, on the liquefaction behavior of Monterey No. 0 sand under cyclic loading. The test results indicate that specimen preparation greatly affects the cyclic strength. Specimens prepared moist were 38 to 58 percent stronger than specimens of comparable density prepared dry. Also, specimens prepared using a procedure of undercompaction were approximately 10 percent stronger than comparable specimens prepared without using variable compaction. Loading wave form, as well, affected cyclic strength, with sinusoidal wave forms exhibiting strengths 15 percent stronger than triangular-shaped and 30 percent stronger than rectangular-shaped loading wave forms. An increase in density of 20 kg/m3 (1.2 lb/ft3) caused a 22 to 30 percent increase in strength.

The results showed that changing the diameter of the compaction foot from 0.95 cm (0.375 in.) to 3.56 cm (1.4 in.) or the molding water content from 12.8 percent to 8.0 percent, or testing specimens after a B-value of either 0.98 or 0.91 had been obtained, had no significant effect on the cyclic strength of specimens.
Errors Associated with Rate of Undrained Cyclic Testing of Clay Soils
Authors: Sangrey DA , Pollard WS , Egan JA
Published: March 2009

A wide range of cyclic testing rates can be applied to specimens of clay soil depending on the particular test objective. A group of factors which influence the results of these tests is identified and the significance of these factors on test results is demonstrated. Undrained creep effects and air diffusion through membranes surrounding the test specimen are major factors, and methods are described to correct or control these errors. Nonuniform conditions within the test specimen are also significant in some tests. Illustrations of the potential errors and corrections are presented.

There is no cyclic loading rate which has a clear advantage over other rates, although for particular purposes there is a clear preference.
In Situ Determination of Dynamic Soil Properties
Authors: Wilson SD , Brown FR , Schwarz SD
Published: March 2009

Geophysical procedures used to determine the shear modulus for soils are reviewed and the more recent improvements in each technique are discussed. The two most commonly used methods are identified and shear wave velocities by both methods are compared for nine different sites. Considering all of the variables involved in both the test procedures and the soil types, the agreement is considered good. Two newly developed large-strain procedures for obtaining soil properties in situ are also presented. One method is an impulse test which determines with closely spaced waveform measurements the change in shear wave velocity both as a function of depth and strain. The other method is a back-calculation procedure which corrects assumed model properties until agreement is reached between the calculated and field-measured response. Both methods offer promise for the future development of better large-strain field procedures for conducting more complex seismic studies.
Determination of In Situ Density of Sands
Authors: Marcuson WF
Published: March 2009

The use of undisturbed samples to evaluate in situ density and the Standard Penetration Test (SPT) to estimate in situ relative density is reviewed. A procedure for obtaining high-quality undisturbed samples of sands and the influence of this sampling procedure on the in situ relative density are discussed. The use of radiographs to evaluate sample quality is examined.

As a result of studies reviewed, it is concluded that the SPT is not sufficiently accurate to be recommended for final evaluation of the density or relative density of a site unless site specific correlations are developed. High-quality undisturbed samples of sands may be obtained using a fixed-piston sampler and drilling mud. This sampling procedure yields very good samples in deposits of medium-dense sands; however, the procedure tends to density samples of loose sands and loosen samples of dense sands.
A Review of Factors Affecting Cyclic Triaxial Tests
Authors: Townsend FC
Published: March 2009

The effects of testing procedures and material characteristics on the cyclic triaxial strength of cohesionless soils were reviewed with the intent of categorizing the significance of these factors for cognizance in future testing standards. It was found that specimen preparation methods, differences between intact and reconstituted specimens, density, and prestraining have major effects on cyclic strength. Intermediate but significant effects influencing cyclic strength are confining stress, loading wave form, material grain size (D 50) and gradation, overconsolidation ratio (OCR), and consolidation stress ratio (K c). Other factors having minor effects are freezing intact specimens, loading frequency, specimen size, and frictionless caps and bases.

Future testing programs or standards should consider these factors and their effects on test results.
Some Observations on the Mechanism and Chemistry Aspects of Chemical Dispersion
Authors: Canevari GP
Published: March 2009

An overview of the mechanism of chemical dispersion is presented in order to put the subject in the proper perspective. The methodology and role of the surface active agent in the generation of finely dispersed oil droplets are reviewed.

This discussion of the dispersing mechanism will help resolve some of the misconceptions that have persisted for the past 10 years, such as the dispersant acting to either sink or solubilize the oil droplets into the water column, or both.

The incentives, concerns, and resultant present status of chemical dispersion are developed.
Acute Aquatic Toxicity and Dispersing Effectiveness of Oil Spill Dispersants: Results of a Canadian Oil Dispersant Testing Program (1973 to 1977)
Authors: Doe KG , Wells PG
Published: March 2009

An oil spill dispersant testing program was initiated in 1973 to evaluate the toxicity and dispersing effectiveness of dispersants submitted to Fisheries and Environment Canada for approval prior to use in Canadian waters.

Screening toxicity tests with rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were performed initially on 19 dispersants. Thirteen were considered sufficiently nonacutely toxic to justify further evaluation using methods and criteria of the Canadian Guidelines on the use and acceptability of oil spill dispersants.

Twelve of the 13 dispersants had 4-day LC50's to rainbow trout ranging from 50 to 39 360 mg/litre, while the 4-day LC50's for 12 dispersant/No. 2B fuel oil (1:1) mixtures ranged from 35 to 300 mg/litre. Six dispersants passed the toxicity criteria with 4-day LC50's greater than 1000 mg/litre for the dispersant and 100 mg/litre for the dispersant-oil mixture.

Effectiveness tests were conducted with No. 2B fuel, Lago Medio crude oil, and medium and heavy Bunker oils. Twelve dispersants passed the effectiveness criterion by dispersing greater than 65 percent of one or more types of oil. Effectiveness of dispersants varied with oil type and with temperature and salinity of the water.

The dispersants BP1100X, Corexit 8666, Drew Chemical OSE 71, Drew Chemical OSE 72, Oilsperse 43, and Sugee #2 passed both the toxicity and effectiveness criteria and were placed on the Canadian standard list of acceptable oil spill dispersants.

Acute lethal toxicity tests with BP1100X and Sugee #2 showed that rainbow trout in fresh water were more sensitive than two marine fish, Fundulus heteroclitus and Menidia menidia, while fourth-stage larval lobsters, Homarus americanus, were the least sensitive.
Chemical Control of Oil Spills and Hazards
Authors: Kaufman S
Published: March 2009

The use of chemical dispersants on hazardous petroleum spills has become standard practice. Fire departments inject small percentages of chemical into the firehose stream to disperse gasoline and other flammable petroleum fractions into the water column to eliminate explosion and fire hazard. There are also economical and practical considerations why this should be done with a variety of accidental oil spills on land or water. Past practices in this field are reviewed and future directions indicated.
Physical and Chemical Behavior of Small Crude Oil Slicks on the Ocean
Authors: Johnson JC , McAuliffe CD , Brown RA
Published: March 2009

This paper describes the results of a series of research oil spills in the North Atlantic to determine the physical and chemical behavior of fresh oil slicks. Four spills of approximately 1.67 m3 (440 gal) each were made from a vessel and then tracked by vessel and aircraft for up to two days. The spills were not dispersed. The physical and chemical behavior of the spills was determined using slick and water samples, as well as aerial photography. Conclusions are drawn about the physical behavior of the spills without dispersing, as well as the chemical behavior of the slick and the water column. Future tests are described that will make similar determinations on small research spills to which dispersants will be applied.
Dispersant Field Trials in Canadian Waters—Use of Hovercraft as a Dispersant Spraying Platform
Authors: Gill SD
Published: March 2009

During the summer of 1977, modifications were made to the Canadian Coast Guard Voyageur hovercraft for preliminary studies to determine whether this vehicle, and possibly hovercraft in general, could be considered as potential platforms for oil spill dispersant spraying. Work to date indicates that air turbulence resulting from underskirt escapage, propellor wash, and forward velocity does not represent an obstacle that would deter the use of these vehicles as dispersant spraying platforms.
Evaluation of Equipment for Aerial Spraying of Oil Dispersant Chemicals
Authors: Lindblom GP , Barker CD
Published: March 2009

Tests of the feasibility of using helicopters or large aircraft for spraying of dispersants were performed during the summer of 1977 in desert areas of the Southwestern United States. The object was to study the interrelation of such variables as droplet size, swath width, altitude, speed, pump rate, dose of chemical per unit area, and variations in nozzle design. Exhaustive research was not possible within limitations of time and available equipment. It was concluded that aerial spraying is feasible and potentially of great use in responding to oil spills. Careful attention should be given to operating parameters and spray equipment design. Further tests, treating oil slicks at sea with aircraft spraying, are indicated.
Effect of a Chemical Dispersant on Microbial Utilization of Petroleum Hydrocarbons
Authors: Traxler RW , Bhattachatya LS
Published: March 2009

The dispersant Corexit 9527 was found to enhance bacterial metabolism of Kuwait and South Louisiana crude oils as well as pure hydrocarbons in nonmechanically agitated seawater systems.

Oxygen depletion, measured by a modification of the Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) method, was used to determine the rate of substrate and mixed substrates oxidation by raw seawater populations of bacteria. This method demonstrated significantly increased oxidation of crude oil treated with dispersants. Mineralization studies, with 14C labeled hydrocarbon, substantiated the BOD results and also indicated that alkanes were metabolized prior to aromatic components in crude oils.
Drop Size Distributions in a Treated Oil-Water System
Authors: Jasper WL , Kim TJ , Wilson MP
Published: March 2009

An experimental study was conducted to determine the drop size distributions in a dispersant-treated oil-water system. Two different chemical dispersants, Surflow-OW-1 and Corexit 9527, were used. The effect of the method of application of the dispersants on drop size formation and its distribution was also studied as a function of the input energy and shear rate. The oil-water interfacial area was computed by use of the Sauter mean drop diameter and the dispersed phase holdup. The peak values of the drop size distribution curve have shown a tendency to decrease with increasing energy input. It was also found that the self-mixing dispersant had yielded lower peak values than Surflow-OW-1, indicating finer and better dispersion. The interfacial area was found to increase as the input energy increased.
Practical Experience of Dispersant Usage
Authors: Garnett MJ , White IC
Published: March 2009

This paper examines selected aspects of dispersant usage from a practical point of view and with reference to the experience gained from oil spill incidents around the world.

The factors to be considered when deciding what, if any, response should be employed in the event of an oil spillage are discussed and the importance of well-prepared contingency plans stressed.

Environmental considerations are of obvious importance in deciding whether or not dispersants should be used, but it is explained that ultimately the decision will depend upon the priorities for protection and the unique circumstances of each incident. It is emphasized that the effective use of dispersants from vessels and aircraft depends upon good initial evaluation of the response required and continual control of the whole operation. Aerial surveillance is essential to continually reevaluate and direct the response in an ever-changing situation.

It is concluded that dispersants, applied correctly and after detailed consideration of the particular circumstances of the incident, have a role to play in combatting oil spillage at sea and can prevent or reduce damage to coastal resources and amenities. They should be regarded, however, only as one of the many courses of action open to cleanup controllers and not as a panacea for all ills.
A System for the Application of Dispersants to the Problems of Oil Spill Clearance
Authors: Cormack D , Nichols JA
Published: March 2009

This paper describes, by way of introduction only, the U.K. response capability for oil spill clearance and outlines the reasons for choosing a dispersant approach. The paper then concentrates on the details of the system used to render the dispersant approach operational.

The methods of applying dispersants to slicks at sea are described in detail for ships, small vessels, and aircraft. This leads logically to consideration of the oil concentrations in the water column resulting from dispersant use, and data on this topic are presented.

Finally, the respective capability of ships and aircraft is presented in terms of oil treatment rate per hour and the whole rounded off by a statement of the amounts of dispersant and equipment held in the United Kingdom in support of the national contingency plan, with examples of performance in real spills.
An Interlaboratory Comparison of the ASTM C 335 Pipe Insulation Test
Authors: Hollingsworth M
Published: March 2009

An interlaboratory round-robin test program has been conducted for comparison of results from the ASTM Test for Thermal Conductivity of Pipe Insulation (C 335-69). Two specimens of glass fiber pipe insulation have been tested over a range of mean temperatures of approximately 50 to 150°C (120 to 300°F). Data from the nine laboratories reporting tests on one specimen show good agreement with an overall expected error of ± 4.2 percent. During the 71/2-year test period, the specimen shows some degradation due to handling as is evident from a loss in weight and from a trend toward a slightly higher conductivity in repeat tests conducted by two laboratories. If this specimen change is considered, it is evident that the test error is approximately ± 3 percent.

Tests on the second specimen have been limited to fewer laboratories, but similar results are evident. The general conclusion is that good agreement is obtained for the temperature range investigated. It would be desirable, however, to have a standard specimen which could be used up to the temperature limit of the apparatus and which could stand the repeated handling and temperature exposures without change.
Does the Insulation Have a Thermal Conductivity? The Revised ASTM Test Standards Require an Answer
Authors: Pelanne CM
Published: March 2009

An improved understanding of the heat flow processes in thermal insulations has mandated a conceptual revision of the basic ASTM test methods [ASTM Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded Hot Plate (C 177-76), ASTM Book of Standards, Part 18, and ASTM Standard Test Method for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter (C 518-76), ASTM Book of Standards, Part 18] applicable to heat transmission through thermal insulations. The test methods as previously written allowed almost exclusively the measurement of thermal conductivity, a property which thermal insulations, for the most part, do not have. The author discusses the factors which have prompted the change.
Measurement of the Thermal Resistance of Thick Low-Density Mineral Fiber Insulation
Authors: Degenne M , Klarsfeld S , Barthe M-P
Published: March 2009

The use of light and thick insulating materials (fibrous and cellular) is becoming more and more frequent. This led us to the building of a thermal resistance measuring apparatus equipped with large-size heat flowmeters. The construction and performance of such an instrument, which allows thermal measurements on light insulating materials of thickness up to 120 mm, are described.

The apparatus, using one single specimen, is equipped with a bi-guarded hot plate and a heat flowmeter. This gives the possibility of performing both relative (with the heat flowmeter) and absolute measurements and of cross-checking the results.

Such flexibility allows the study of some anomalies concerning the calibration constant of the relative measurement apparatus, which is being employed more and more in industrial quality control.
Thermal Conductivity of Refractories: Working with the Hot-Wire Method
Authors: Jeschke P
Published: March 2009

The German Standard Deutsche Industrie Norm (DIN) 51046 covers the measurement of thermal conductivity of refractories up to 1600°C by the hotwire method. From the publishing of the first draft in 1969 to issuing the standard in 1976, several round-robin tests and other experimental work have shown that 1. the hot-wire method is safe to use for material up to K = 2 W/m * K, and under certain precautions may be used up to K = 6 W/m * K, 2. the simplified solution of the Fourier differential equation used in the standard can be safely applied if the thermal diffusivity is smaller than a = 0.002 m2/h, 3. for material with a > 0.002 m2/h, the recommended measuring time has to be reduced. 4. several recommendations can be given about the type of furnace and measuring equipment and suggestions can be made on how to avoid errors, and 5. the hot-wire method produces consistently higher values for thermal conductivity than other methods, including the ASTM procedure.

The hot-wire method has been adopted by the Féderation Européenne des Fabricants de Produits Réfractaires (PRE) as Recommendation 32 and has been submitted to the Technical Committee TC 33 of the International Standardization Organization (ISO).
Heat Transfer Versus Pitch Angle for Nonventilated, Triangular-Sectioned, Apex-Upward Air-Filled Spaces
Authors: Thirst TJ , Probert SD
Published: March 2009

The optimal pitch angle of a nonventilated triangular-sectioned air space, corresponding to a minimum heat transfer (Q) versus pitch angle (θ), was experimentally determined on a laboratory model to be 18 deg inclination for small values of temperature difference (ΔT) appropriate to those that would occur in roof spaces. In a more realistic roof cavity, this optimal pitch would be smaller; it is suggested that full-size nonventilated roofs be designed with pitches near 15 deg.
Influence of Moisture and Moisture Gradients on Heat Transfer Through Porous Building Materials
Authors: Bomberg M , Shirtliffe CJ
Published: March 2009

The total heat transfer through moist, porous building materials is the sum of a number of heat-transfer phenomena. This paper presents experimental data on heat transfer through specimens of moist aerated concrete and mineral fiberboard.

The aerated concrete specimens with known initial moisture distributions were exposed to a temperature gradient. This temperature gradient caused a redistribution of moisture which in turn changed the heat flow through the material. The changes were monitored by means of thermal probes, heat flowmeters, and thermocouples. The results of measurements were compared with calculations based on a simplified analytical model and with measurements made by other investigators.

A second series of tests was made on a moist specimen of high-density mineral fiberboard to demonstrate the extent of the dependence of the total thermal resistance on the distribution of moisture in the material.
Fibrous Insulation Heat-Transfer Model
Authors: King CR
Published: March 2009

A mathematical model has been developed for the transfer of heat through fibrous insulating materials. Model development was an outgrowth of a study of heat transfer mechanisms and insulating material efficiencies.

This paper describes the mathematical derivation of the model based upon fundamental concepts of heat transfer and certain simplifying assumptions. It is shown that the efficiency of a fibrous insulation may be characterized by three model constants. One constant is calculated from fiber emissivity data and the other two may be determined from measurement of the “apparent” thermal comductivity at two different temperatures by the ASTM Test for Steady-State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Guarded Hot Plate, (C 177-76). Actual test data are included to indicate the model's validity throughout the temperature ranges of practical interest for the materials investigated.

In one form, the model may be used to estimate the “apparent” thermal conductivity of a material for various combinations of hot-face and cold-face temperatures. The model may also be used to calculate heat losses and corresponding temperature profiles through insulated systems under known or assumed boundary conditions without relying upon the concept of “mean” temperature.
Heat Transfer in Refractory Fiber Insulations
Authors: Striepens AH
Published: March 2009

Test results are presented for the thermal conductivity, over a broad range of temperatures and pressures, of two refractory blown fiber insulations. The data, which were obtained for several bulk densities of each material, are compared with predictions from a theoretical expression that accounts for radiation transmission as well as solid and gas conduction contributions to the effective conductivity. The simple model utilized provides a remarkably accurate prediction of insulation performance for the materials of interest and, therefore, represents a useful tool for design purposes, minimizing the amount of actual testing necessary to characterize candidate materials. Criteria are indicated by which it is possible to determine whether the model will be applicable to a given fiber insulation. This study was accomplished over a two and one-half year period, in support of the Space Shuttle thermal protection system design.
Pipe Insulation Testers
Authors: Jury SH , McElroy DL , Moore JP
Published: March 2009

The steady-state temperature distribution of two pipe insulation testers was modeled using the HEATING5 computer code available in the computers at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. One pipe tester, which conformed to the ASTM Test for Thermal Conductivity of Pipe Insulation (C 335-69) specification, had the core heater mounted inside a pipe around which the test insulation was placed. Guard heaters were employed to reduce unwanted axial heat conduction. Computer modeling showed that adjustment of the guard heaters was critical for short testers but not for long ones. A second tester, called an ideal tester, had no guard heaters, and only a simple, resistively heated core heater. The modeling results showed that there is a minimum length-to-thickness (L/S) ratio that will lead to a correct value of thermal conductivity calculated at the midplane of the tester. A peripheral heater with backup insulation can be added to the ideal tester to permit selection of the mean temperature of the test insulation. The ideal tester has the advantage over the ASTM design in that no balancing of heater power is required.

A mock-up of the ideal tester was constructed and tested with calcium silicate pipe insulation. The core heater was a stainless steel screen, whose low thermal conductivity reduces end losses and permits use of a short tester (~0.9m). Measured values on asbestos-free calcium silicate show reasonable agreement with the data of others that contain asbestos.
New High-Temperature Guarded Hot-Box Facility for Reflective Insulation
Authors: Wahle HW , Rausch DA , Allmon BA
Published: March 2009

All-metal reflective insulation, used to insulate commercial nuclear power plants, requires special test considerations because of its nonhomogeneous nature. Internal convection and conduction paths that exist in the field must be preserved in the laboratory if the results are to be representative of field performance. The existing guarded hot-box method, ASTM Test for Thermal Conductance and Transmittance of Built-Up Sections by Means of the Guarded Hot Box (C 236-66), although intended for testing nonhomogeneous structures, does not properly consider these effects which could result in large measurement errors. A modified high-temperature guarded hot box, constructed for testing reflective insulation panels, can test one full-size, 914-mm (36 in.) square, flat panel up to 203 mm (8 in.) thick. This facility can operate at hot surface temperatures up to 811 K (1000°F) and can be rotated to test a panel in either the horizontal or vertical orientation. The facility was verified for testing both homogeneous and nonhomogeneous insulations, and data are presented to illustrate the effect that internal convection and orientation can have on heat loss. Large-scale experiments are planned to verify the performance of individual units of insulation in a system environment.
Megascopic Description of Coal Drill Cores
Authors: Goscinski JS , Robinson JW , Chun D
Published: March 2009

The U.S. Steel Research Laboratory employs a system of logging and describing coal drill-core samples which provides a permanent record of the lithologic variations in a coal bed. This paper outlines the procedure used for the megascopic description of coal drill-core sample.
Preliminary Mixture Design Procedure for Recycled Asphalt Materials
Authors: Kennedy TW , Perez I
Published: March 2009

This paper summarizes the findings of a study to evaluate the strength, fatigue, and elastic characteristics of recycled asphalt pavement materials and to develop a preliminary mixture design procedure.

Mixtures with different types and amounts of additives for three recycling projects in Texas were evaluated. The primary method of evaluation was the static and repeated-load indirect tension test. Estimates of tensile strength, resilient elastic characteristics, and fatigue characteristics were obtained. A preliminary mixture design procedure was formulated which was based on the results of this study and standard tests on the mixture and extracted asphalt and a review of pertinent literature and past experience. The objective of this preliminary design procedure is to allow engineers to begin routinely to design mixtures involving recycled, deteriorated asphalt cements.

Preliminary findings indicate that recycled asphalt mixtures can be treated through the addition of asphalt or reclaiming agents to produce a material which exhibits satisfactory engineering properties as measured by laboratory tests on both laboratory-prepared specimens and field cores.

A preliminary mixture procedure which can be used to design recycled mixtures is presented. Future work will lead to modifications of this procedure. However, at present it is felt that the procedure is practical and capable of being used routinely.
Recycling Old Asphaltic Pavement with Sulfur
Authors: McBee WC , Sullivan TA , Saylak D
Published: March 2009

Recycling asphaltic concrete pavements was investigated as a means of utilizing the asphalt and graded aggregates they contain and solving waste disposal problems. Discarded asphaltic concrete pavement materials from three sources in the Las Vegas, Nev. area were studied; each contained a different aggregate base material. Laboratory testing showed that all three source materials could be recycled successfully into quality pavement materials, with properties comparable to those of virgin asphaltic concrete. This successful recycling was accomplished by a combination of procedures including controlled heating of the material to be recycled, sulfur and asphalt additions, and remixing. Further, a controlled-heating capability was essential to prevent unnecessary oxidation of the asphalt binder. Sulfur additions of 16 to 26 weight percent of the binder successfully reduced the viscosity of the age-hardened asphalt, at the mixing temperature, to levels comparable with those of virgin asphalt. Resilient moduli of sulfur-recycled materials were higher than those of conventional asphaltic concretes, because of the structuring effect provided by the sulfur in the mixture at ambient temperatures. Fatigue properties of the materials were found to be equal to or better than those of asphaltic concretes, indicating that a pavement life comparable to that of normal asphaltic concretes could be expected. Pavement materials recycled with sulfur were also found to be superior to those recycled with a softening agent in that higher softening points and lower penetration values were obtained, both of which would increase the life expectancy and decrease the potential for rutting in the recycled pavements. Successful testing of the sulfur-recycling procedures demonstrated on a laboratory scale makes it attractive now to consider full-scale field tests to evaluate the performance of the recycled pavements under actual road conditions.
Committee C-1 on Cement—Seventy-Five Years of Achievement
Authors: Weaver WS
Published: March 2009

Committee C-1 on Cement for the American Society for Testing and Materials convened its first meeting in Philadelphia on Oct. 31, 1902. Seventy-five years have passed; there have been many changes to the original specification for cement adopted in 1904, and additional standards have been written. Many individuals have been involved; there have been special committees, subcommittees, and task forces. The number and complexity of requirements have increased.

Progress during the 75 years is traced in respect to specific requirements and in terms of general topics—strength, soundness, setting behavior, air-entrainment, alkali reactivity, optimum sulfur trioxide and sulfate resistance. Comments are made on the factors and forces which have contributed to the success, pertinence, and growth of specifications under the jurisdiction of Committee C-1 on Cement.
History and Status of Standards Relating to Alkalies in Hydraulic Cements
Authors: Frohnsdorff G , Clifton JR , Brown PW
Published: March 2009

The evolution of ASTM standards relating to alkalies, specifically sodium and potassium, in portland and blended hydraulic cements is described. The standards include analytical methods for the determination of alkalies in cements, optional specification limits for alkalies in portland cements for use with aggregates that may be deleteriously reactive, and tests for potential alkali reactivity of aggregates. Some shortcomings of the standards are mentioned, and, where they do not treat portland and blended cements in comparable ways, this fact is pointed out. Finally, changes which might be made in the standards to make them responsive to national needs for conservation of energy and materials are suggested.
Tests and Evaluation of Portland and Blended Cements for Resistance to Sulfate Attack
Authors: Mather K
Published: March 2009

This paper describes briefly foui types of sulfate attack on hy- drated cement. It summarizes the history of the activities of ASTM Committee C-l on Cement in investigation of tests for sulfate resistance of hydraulic ce- ments, and it looks forward to the production of a satisfactory test for the sulfate resistance of blended cements.
Specifications and Tests for New Structural Cements
Authors: Price RE
Published: March 2009

Unless comprehensive specifications and adequate testing methods are available for new cements, their use will be limited to that of specialty items. The development of specifications and tests, however, is a time-consuming task requiring the cooperation of many people and a number of laboratories. An example is the recently published specification and complementary test methods for shrinkage-compensating cement. The history of this work, from the creation of a task group in ASTM Subcommittee CO1.12 on Blended Cement, the sponsoring subcommittee of ASTM Committee C-1 on Cement, to round-robin testing and analysis, is traced in detail. At the same time, parallel work in the technical committee on expansive cement of the American Concrete Institute, defining the application requirements, influenced the ASTM task group and lead directly to the establishment of methods of testing.

As a result of this experience, the actions and considerations necessary for the establishment of specifications and tests for new structural materials are defined and outlined.
Insulation Practices: Criteria for Installing Insulation Systems in Petrochemical Plants
Authors: Turner WC
Published: March 2009

If they are to properly fulfill all their functions, insulaation systems must be designed with considerable care. Such care includes discriminating engineering judgment in evaluating tests on materials that are to be used in the system. To illustrate: an engineer might know that the ultimate strength of a particular steel, by test, is 98,000 lb./sq. in. In the design of structural members he would probably use a value of 20,000 to 22,000 lb./sq. in. to allow a safety factor for the unknowns—corrosion, fatigue, etc.
Insulation Practices: Economic Thickness of Thermal Insulation
Authors: Barnhart JM
Published: March 2009

Since the properties of various types of insulation at various temperatures are known, the correct thickness of the chosen material can be easily calculated when the primary reason for applying it is protection, or maintaining close process temperatures, or preventing condensation. The calculation of the optimum thickness based upon economic thickness is not so easy, however, because an unwieldy number of variables must be handled—among them: the cost of heat energy, the cost of insulation, the cost of capital at various periods of amortization, and the conductivities of various insulations at different temperatures. The more insulation, the greater the original insulation cost, yet the lower the operational cost through the expected life of the facility, and the lower the cost of the equipment needed to supply the heat.
Insulation Practices: Protective Coatings for Foam Insulation
Authors: Smith JC , Kummins JS
Published: March 2009

Fuel shortages, and the resulting increase in the cost of energy, has spurred the use of more efficient insulation systems for residential and commercial buildings, as well as for industrial applications. As can be seen from Table 1, the R value of polyurethane foam has almost a two-fold advantage over polystyrene foam and glass fiber, making it the best insulation material available today.
Modified ISO Metric Screw Threads
Authors: Baumgartner TC
Published: March 2009

Screw threads for mechanical fasteners have been studied extensively over the years by researchers in many nations. Present commercial standards for metric threads have not incorporated any of the potential improvements. The American National Standards Institute Special Committee to Study Development of an Optimum Metric Fastener System studied and evaluated many means of improving screw threads. It has developed a modified ISO thread profile which improved fatigue resistance but which functionally assembled with existing ISO threads. The thread is defined by boundary profiles for gages to minimize confusion in defining acceptability conditions. A new gaging system based on assembleability and control of ridge width for thread strength has been developed.
New Gaging System for Modified ISO Metric Screw Threads
Authors: Bitters PF , Emanuelli DJ
Published: March 2009

A new concept has been developed for gaging Modified ISO metric screw threads. It is based on a functional approach to size control. This referee gaging system is new, innovative, and more discriminating than current referee gaging practices in identifying products not conforming to functional requirements of mechanical fasteners. Modified ISO metric screw threads were originally identified as OMFS (Optimum Metric Fastener System) screw threads.
Computerized System to Predict Threaded Product Mismatch
Authors: Bader JD , Ellison HW
Published: March 2009

The emerging use of metric-sized threaded fasteners in North American manufactured products has given rise to concern for inadvertent assembly of metric fasteners with dimensionally similar inch fasteners. To prevent the possibility of mismatched assemblies, it is necessary to determine which thread combinations can be assembled so that proper care may be taken with stock identification and handling procedures.

A computer program called THDFIT has been generated to analyze any mismatched combination of Unified National threads, ISO metric threads, and ANSI-OMFS threads for determining the maximum possible degree of thread engagement and the resulting assembly strength. The logic of the computer program is described and the results of the analysis are presented.
A Quality Assurance Plan for Metric Fasteners
Authors: Park IM
Published: March 2009

This paper discusses the historical development as well as commentary on OMFS-12, Quality Assurance Plan for Metric Fasteners, which features variable levels of quality assurance dependent upon application and includes detailed sampling, control, and inspection frequencies appropriate to each type.
Mechanical and Material Requirements for Metric Threaded Fasteners
Authors: Breed AR , Belford JB
Published: March 2009

The primary objective of the ANSI/OMFS Subcommittee on Material and Performance was to develop ways to maximize the efficient use of raw material in its conversion into metric fastener products, using simplicity and product performance concepts. The results have been the standardization of mechanical, metallurgical, and plating requirements for internally and externally threaded fasteners made from ferrous and nonferrous materials. During this study, considerable investigation of the actual and potential relationships of material to performance of the end product was conducted.
Resistance to Plane-Stress Fracture (R-Curve Behavior) of A572 Structural Steel
Authors: Novak SR
Published: March 2009

The R-curve behavior of A572 Grade 50 steel was established over the temperature range -40 to +72 F by using state-of-the-art procedures. Both linear-elastic-fracture-mechanics (LEFM) and crackopening- stretch (COS) analytical techniques were used in assessing experimental results obtained under load-control and displacementcontrol testing conditions. This study represents a pioneer effort in that it is the first known attempt to evaluate the R-curve behavior of a low-strength structural steel in some depth.
Enhanced Oil Recovery Injection Waters
Authors: Collins AG
Published: March 2009

A survey was made of the types of waters, chemicals, and water treatment methods used in enhanced oil recovery operations. The study indicated that numerous types of waters, chemicals, and water treatment methods are used. Chemical and biochemical reactions can occur when different types of waters are mixed or when enhanced oil recovery chemicals are added. Stringent quality control is needed in all operational phases related to injection waters in order to produce optimum amounts of oil and to prevent irreparable damage to equipment, wells, and oil reservoirs. Additional ASTM standard methods are needed to ensure adequate quality control.
Sulfide Determination by Silver/Sulfide Electrode
Authors: Vinson J
Published: March 2009

The method of sulfide analysis by selective ion electrode is examined, and an additional step which can be applied to all sulfide methods is described. This additional step removes interferences to the iodine titration and, at the same time, places the sample in an ideal solution for analysis. Sulfides can also be removed from slurries, such as oil field drilling muds, and analyzed by the use of the gas train. This step also helps prevent the loss of sample by volatilization and oxidation.

Comparisons of titrimetric, commercially available selective ion electrode, and Drager tube methods showed the selective ion electrode to be most reproducible and accurate. Electrode methods require fewer standardizations of solutions and eliminate dependence on visual end points. However, more sophisticated equipment is needed to utilize the precision available from electrodes. The use of Drager tubes, while found to be the most convenient method, offers less accuracy, but remains suitable for several applications. Sample pretreatment with a gas train following careful sampling methods improves the reliability of all the sulfide methods and should be included as a part of the methods.
Fluorimetric Monitoring of Corrosion Inhibitor Residual
Authors: Gatlin LW , Hudman JD , Williams DC
Published: March 2009

A technique for continuous monitoring of corrosion inhibitor in a waterflood has been investigated. The method consisted of a 160 to 220 ml/min water flow from the system through a fluorescence spectrophotometer. The concentration of the fluorescing species in the inhibitor was then monitored quantitatively. Field variables, such as pH and temperature, were first investigated in the laboratory along with a flow system. The next phase was the field evaluation which showed that the method could be adapted to field conditions. The “in-line” monitoring would give instantaneous chemical residual and thus better control of the system.
Determination of Acrolein in Aqueous Systems
Authors: Brady JL , Erben AR , Kissel CL , Pau JK , Caserio FF
Published: March 2009

The application of acrolein as a biocide and herbicide is increasing rapidly in such areas as agriculture and oil field floodwaters. The use of acrolein as a hydrogen sulfide scavenger in an aqueous system is also developing. These increased applications of acrolein logically demand a study and evaluation of analytical methods for its determination under various circumstances. It is very important to know the residual level of acrolein in a system at a given time to assess the efficiency of treatment and water quality of effluents for various purposes.

Several analytical methods have been studied for suitability in laboratory and field use for determining acrolein down to parts-per-billion levels in aqueous systems. The methods studied included nuclear magnetic resonance, gas chromatography, ultraviolet, fluorescence, and visible spectrophotemetry. The results of the study show that the m-aminophenol fluorometric method is the most suitable method available for acrolein determination in aqueous systems.
International Agreements on Standards in Operational Meteorology
Authors: Zavos B
Published: March 2009

The use and international exchange of meteorological data requires agreement on such items as (a) the timeliness, accuracy, and resolution of the observations; (b) the technical and operational aspects of meteorological telecommunications; (c) the input needs and product outputs of the data processing systems; and (d) educational and training standards.

The acceptance internationally of definitions, standards, technical requirements, and operational procedures by the meteorological services of the world is the result of innumerable meetings, negotiations, renegotiations, and compromises through both official and unofficial channels.

The focus for this activity is the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), a United Nations specialized agency, which operates through its four major meteorological and operational hydrological programs.

The World Weather Watch program provides the basic information used by the meteorological services to make weather forecasts, as well as to provide climatological and other data to their users. Standards and definitions relating to all aspects of this data must be agreed to in the four official WMO languages by the international meteorological community.