bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methodological Artifact or Persistent Bias?
Authors: David Prabu , Liu Kaiya , Myser Michael
Published: May 2004

Differences in perceived influences of positive and negative media messages were examined in three experiments with methodological variations. In the first experiment, when the contrast between self and others was clearly highlighted within the framework of a within-subject design, both the third-person effect and the reverse third-person effect were significant. In Experiment 2, when the perceived effect on self and others was evaluated using a between-subjects design, the third-person effect continued to persist, whereas the reverse third-person effect was not evident. The results from Experiment 2 were replicated in Experiment 3 under three levels of accountability. The third-person bias continued to persist even after participants were briefed about the self-serving motivation to appear better than others. These results suggest that the third-person phenomenon is not merely a methodological artifact but a persistent social judgment bias that cannot be easily neutralized, whereas the reverse third-person effect appears to be less robust.
Effects of Ethnic Identification on Web Browsers’ Attitudes toward and Navigational Patterns on Race-Targeted Sites
Authors: Appiah Osei
Published: May 2004

Contrary to research that suggests Blacks can only be reached effectively with Black-oriented media, this research demonstrates that there appears to be a subset of the Black population that can be reached equally well with White targeted media as they can with Black-targeted media. The study findings confirm expectations that Blacks’ differential responses to race-targeted Web sites are mediated by their level of ethnic identification. Blacks with strong ethnic identities spent more time browsing a site and viewing each story when the site was targeted to Blacks than Whites. Blacks with strong ethnic identities also rated the site and the stories more favorably when browsing the Black-targeted site compared to the White-targeted site. In contrast, Blacks with weak ethnic identities displayed no difference in their browsing time on the sites and stories or their rating of the sites and stories based on the racial target of the Internet site.
More Evidence for the Validity of the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire for Predicting Violent and Nonviolent Recidivism
Authors: Loza Wagdy , Loza-Fanous Amel
Published: May 2004

The goal of this research was to examine the effectiveness of the Self-Appraisal Questionnaire (SAQ) in predicting release outcome during a 5-year period. The SAQ is a quantitative risk-need instrument consisting of 72 items that constitute eight subscales. The SAQ was administered to 305 federally sentenced Canadian male offenders prior to their release into the community. They were followed up for 60 months at 4-month intervals. Outcome criteria measures were violent recidivism, commission of a new offense, general recidivism (returning to any form of custody), and any failure (a composite measure recording failure on any of the following variables: negative parole reports, violation of parole conditions, incurring new charges, or a new conviction). Results demonstrated that the SAQ has adequate predictive validity during the 5-year period.
Child Maltreatment and Recidivism among Adolescent Detainees
Authors: Kingree J. B. , Phan Debra , Thompson Martie
Published: May 2004

Many studies have examined predictors of recidivism among adolescent detainees. A recent meta-analysis of these predictors indicated that child maltreatment is associated with recidivism. This study expanded on prior work on this topic by using a well-validated self-report instrument to assess abuse and neglect experiences. Results revealed that emotional neglect predicted recidivism during a 6-month follow-up period. Implications and limitations of the findings as well as suggestions for future research are discussed.
Characteristics of False Stalking Reports
Authors: Sheridan L. P. , Blaauw E.
Published: May 2004

Very little research exists on false reports of stalking. The current work analyzed questionnaires completed by 357 respondents who presented as stalking victims at antistalking charities in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. After eight uncertain cases were excluded, the false reporting rate was judged to be 11.5%, with the majority of false victims suffering delusions (70%). Those making false reports differed from genuine victims on several characteristics. For instance, they tended to be older and were less likely to report physical assaults against themselves and third parties than were genuine victims. However, such differences were not significant and did not represent mutually exclusive groupings. Current knowledge suggests that investigating authorities and support groups should judge the veracity of stalking accounts on a case-by-case basis, particularly given the well-documented difficulties related to defining stalking behavior.
Violence Risk Factors in Stalking and Obsessional Harassment
Authors: Rosenfeld Barry
Published: May 2004

The fear of violence is among the most common and debilitating concerns faced by stalking victims. This review summarizes the extant literature on stalking-related violence, highlighting risk factors unique to stalking as well as those common to most offender populations. In total, 13 published studies were found, encompassing 11 unique samples and 1,155 individuals. The overall rate of violence was 38.7%. Significant correlates of stalking-related violence included the presence of threats, substance abuse, and the absence of a psychotic disorder. Other strong correlates included a prior intimate relationship between victim and offender and a history of violent behavior. Results are discussed with respect to risk assessment strategies and future directions for stalking risk assessment research.
Is it Stalking?
Authors: Phillips Lorraine , Quirk Ryan , Rosenfeld Barry , O’Connor Maureen
Published: May 2004

Perceptions of stalking behavior vary tremendously, yet the factors that influence these perceptions are largely unknown. This article reports on two studies that analyzed individual and situational variables that may influence perceptions of stalking using hypothetical vignettes that varied the gender of the perpetrator and target. The first study varied the nature of the relationship between perpetrator and target while holding constant the stalking behavior. The second study manipulated the degree of seriousness of the stalking behavior according to New York’s stalking law. Gender of the perpetrator strongly influenced several of the safety variables, with male stalkers producing concern for the target’s safety. Determinations of stalking were more likely when the characters had no prior relationship and when the behavior was more serious. Findings suggest that situational variables may influence perceptions of whether behavior constitutes stalking and the assessments of risk or violence potential.
Official and Self-Reported Childhood Abuse and Adult Crime of Young Offenders
Authors: Haapasalo Jaana , Moilanen Juha
Published: May 2004

This study sought to predict adult criminal behavior in a sample of 89 young male prison inmates using self-reported and official data on childhood maltreatment (gathered from interviews and files) and criminality (collected using a 33-item Self-Reported Criminality Scale and official criminal records). Overall, the offenders convicted of violent versus nonviolent crimes did not differ in self-reported criminality. File-based neglect was predictive of self-reported property offenses, and self-reported psychological abuse predicted self-reported vandalism. Official criminal record data was not predicted by self-reported or file-based childhood maltreatment. The findings provided evidence of consistency between self-report and official criminal record data on violent criminality among young prison inmates. In all, the findings showed that children who are physically abused tend to report having committed violent crime to a great extent in young adulthood.
Sexual Assault Perpetration and Reperpetration
Authors: White Jacquelyn W. , Smith Paige Hall
Published: May 2004

Three incoming freshmen classes of men provided data in a 5-year longitudinal study of the relationship between childhood victimization experiences and sexually coercive behaviors during adolescence and 4 years of college. A key finding of this study was that men who were physically punished, sexually abused, or who witnessed domestic violence in childhood were at greater risk for sexual perpetration in high school. Furthermore, men who perpetrated in high school were at greater risk for sexual perpetration in college; and after controlling for perpetration in high school, those who were abused or witnessed violence in childhood were not at greater risk for college perpetration. The findings have a number of implications for research and practice: We need to identify high-risk populations and direct more targeted interventions toward them. These groups include those who witness or experience abuse as a child and young men who perpetrate violence in adolescence, regardless of childhood abuse experiences.
A Longitudinal Study of Relations between Attitudes and Delinquent Behavior in Adolescents
Authors: Engels Rutger C. M. E. , Luijpers Eric , Landsheer Johannes , Meeus Wim
Published: May 2004

This study investigated the relations between adolescents’attitudes toward delinquent behavior and actual delinquent behavior. In a study among 550 adolescents, interviewed 3 times during a period of 6 years, results indicated that for those who are just starting delinquent behavior, it is mainly attitudes that influence behavior. Yet for those who have experienced delinquent behavior, it is behavior that influences attitudes. These findings showed that relationships between attitudes and delinquent behaviors should be examined with longitudinal data to establish insight into directionality and causality.
A Multiple-Models Approach to Violence Risk Assessment Among People with Mental Disorder
Authors: Banks Steven , Robbins Pamela Clark , Silver Eric , Vesselinov Roumen , Steadman Henry J. , Monahan John , Mulvey Edward P. , Appelbaum Paul S. , Grisso Thomas , Roth Loren H.
Published: May 2004

Actuarial models for violencerisk assessment have proliferatedin recent years. In this article, we describe an approach that integrates the predictions of many actuarial risk-assessment models, each of which may capture a different but important facet of the interactive relationship between the measured risk factors and violence. Using this multiple-models approach, we ultimately combined the results of five prediction models generated by the iterative classification tree (ICT) methodology developed in the MacArthur Violence Risk Assessment Study. This combination of models produced results not only superior to those of any of its constituent models, but superior to any other actuarial violence risk-assessment procedure reported in the literature to date.
Americanizing Labor
Authors: Austin Robert
Published: May 2004

We will not renounce our part in the mission of our race, trustees under God, of the civilization of the world. God has not been preparing the English speaking and Teutonic peoples for a thousand years for nothing but vain [and] idle contemplation and self admiration. No! He has made us the master organizers of the world to establish system where chaos reigns. He has made us adept in government that we may administer government among savages and senile people.

—U.S. Senator Albert Beveridge, ca. 1890
Computerization, Knowledge, and Information Technology Initiatives in Jordan
Authors: Kulchitsky D. Roman
Published: May 2004

Using the case of Jordan, this article considers why public administrators, planners, and policy makers are overwhelmingly utilizing information technology (IT) for administrative and transactional processing activities but not decision making. Looking through the theoretical spectacles of the rational-choice view, the behavioral perspective, and a knowledge-oriented approach, it raises the possibility that Jordanian IT and public managers with the support of development agencies may be designing initiatives to improve decision-making activities based on unrealistic assumptions. Much of the learning that inspires the analysis of IT initiatives in Jordan’s public sector is based on fieldwork conducted between October 1999 and April 2000.
Quantitative Research Measurement in Public Administration
Authors: Wright Bradley E. , Manigault Lepora J. , Black Tamika R.
Published: May 2004

This study contributes to the ongoing evaluation of quantitative research methods in the field of public administration by examining the data collection and measurement practices in published research. A review of the data collection and measurement methods reported in six public administration journals over a 3-year period raises important concerns about the current state of measurement practice in public administration. Specifically, researchers often failed to report information that would allow their readers to appropriately judge the accuracy of reported research findings, interpret these findings within the context of other research, and learn from the research methods used.
The Effects of Public Policy on Private Charity
Authors: Brooks Arthur C.
Published: May 2004

What do we know empirically about the government's impact on private charitable giving? This article surveys several disparate literatures and data sources on the reaction of private citizens to their most frequent interactions with the public sector. These studies suggest that charitable giving is negatively affected by most tax reforms, receipt ofwelfare payments, government funding of nonprofit activities, and rising confidence in government. These and other findings have implications for policy.
Institutional Preconditions to Collaboration
Authors: Ebrahim Alnoor
Published: May 2004

This article examines the institutional preconditions or rules that shape collaborative natural resource management between public agencies and citizen groups. In particular, it asks: How do the preconditions surrounding a given natural resource, such as property rights, legislative frameworks, and agency performance incentives, circumscribe the possibilities for collaboration? Drawing upon irrigation and forest management policies and practices in India from the mid-1800s onward, it is argued that the context of irrigation provides some opportunities for supporting agency-citizen collaboration, whereas such efforts in forestry are unlikely to succeed without fundamental structural change.
Aristotelian Rhetoric, Pluralism, and Public Administration
Authors: Molina Anthony DeForest , Spicer Michael W.
Published: May 2004

This article discusses how Aristotle’s thought on rhetoric can help public administrators deal with situations that involve conflicting and irreconcilable values. We argue that Aristotelian rhetoric can be helpful to public administrators in dealing with value conflicts, because it promotes a greater self-consciousness among administrators about their own values, encourages them to seek ways of accommodating their values to the values of others, discourages any sense of finality in resolving value conflicts, and requires that administrators take account of the concrete specifics of particular practical situations in dealing with value conflicts.
Chicagoland
Authors: Keating Ann Durkin
Published: May 2004

This article looks at the origins of 233 settlements established in the Chicago region by 1900, now suburbs or city neighborhoods. Four basic kinds of settlements were found in nineteenth-century Chicagoland: fortyone percent began as farm centers, thirty percent as industrial towns, fifteen percent as residential railroad suburbs, and thirteen percent as recreational/institutional centers. The Chicago metropolitan area is characterized by these basic settlement types—which change over time—as well as by interrelationships between settlements and settlers living within these different landscapes.
The Makings of a Fine Prosperity
Authors: Adamson Michael R.
Published: May 2004

This article considers the qualitative growth strategy that newspaper editor Thomas M. Storke promoted for the city of Santa Barbara, California,duringthe mid-twentiethcentury. It focuses on the role that his newspaper—the Santa Barbara News Press—played in “selling” to the community a federal water project that enabled Storke’s developmentvision for Santa Barbara to be realized. In elaboratingthis example of successful nonquantitative growth promotion, the article argues that boosterism is more complex than historians of the U.S. West have generally described it. Scholars should not necessarily consider towns and small cities that grew moderately or not at all during this period as cases of failed quantitative growth. Furthermore, their study may inform our understanding of how and why urban leaders have pursued multifaceted growth strategies more recently.
Race, Gender, and Labor in 1960s Memphis: “I am a Man” and the Meaning of Freedom
Authors: Green Laurie B.
Published: May 2004

“I AM A MAN,” the 1968 Memphis sanitation strike slogan, has become emblematic of African Americans’ quest for equality during the civil rights movement; however, its complex meanings in the 1960s have rarely been analyzed. The sanitation strike emerged amidst a groundswell of agitation among the urban South’s most marginal black workers—both men and women—confined through racist practices to service and laborer jobs. Emerging largely after the 1964 Civil Rights Act, this labor-civil rights militancy indicates that “freedom” to these workers, was not resolved by that legislation’s equal rights guarantees, but extended to complex, gendered issues of power and identity framed by the urban South’s proximity to the“plantation.”
Navigating Ethno-Racial Currents
Authors: Arredondo Gabriela F.
Published: May 2004

This article focuses on Mexican experiences of ethnic and race relations in interwar Chicago. Mexican contact with European immigrant groups and blacks was critical in the formation of Mexican ethno-racial understandings of themselves and their place in the ethno-racial orders of Chicago. The article moves through several sites in the daily lives of Mexican men and women in which they experienced racializing incidents. Each provides a critical thread in the evolving tapestry of Mexican racial positioning. Much of the interaction was expressed in male-male conflicts suggesting that this seemingly gender-neutral process and the increasingly pejorative meanings assigned to “being Mexican” in Chicago played out in gendered-male terms. Taken together, these factors prove that ethno-racial dynamics in Chicago were much more complex than previously suggested. They underscore the simplistic inadequacies of a black-white dichotomy while also clarifying the power these tropes held in shaping Mexican circumstances and opportunities during this period in the history of the Windy City.
The Neighborhood Politics of Class in a Working-Class Suburb of Los Angeles, 1920-1940
Authors: Nicolaides Becky M.
Published: May 2004

In interwar Los Angeles, the politics of the neighborhood took on immense importance in the lives of white, working-class families. A close study of South Gate, a blue-collar suburb in southern Los Angeles, reveals that home ownership became central to the political identity of local residents. In these years, the peculiar nature of working-class suburbia lent a highly class-sensitive spin to that identity; working-class homeowners were fiercely concerned with protecting the modest economic security that home ownership gave them, particularly in the precarious years before the welfare state. South Gate’s native-born, white residents embraced the tenets of “plain folk Americanism,” which valued self-help, hard work, and individualism. Accordingly, they drew on sweat equity to build their own homes and grow food on their property, as a means of achieving some independence from cash wages. When local merchants sought to raise taxes, to finance their broader goal of developing the suburb’s infrastructure as a means of stimulating local business, working-class families mobilized politically to resist. Local politics became a series of battles between South Gate’s merchants and working-class residents, focused on taxation and development. These struggles reveal how workers ascribed their own class-based meanings to home ownership, and how they asserted their class interests in the arena of neighborhood politics.
Rethinking Workplace Culture
Authors: Orenic Liesl Miller
Published: May 2004

Using oral histories as well as corporate and union records, this article examines fleet service clerks’ construction of a workplace culture based on their ability to control their idle time as much as the work process. These workers who loaded and unloaded aircraft valued the ability to “get along” over brute strength and socialized new hires to value and protect downtime. While the airlines encouraged corporate loyalty and customer service, fleet service clerks used strikes and slowdowns—often in view of waiting passengers—in their struggle to uphold union contracts and also informally recognized downtime.
Popular Organizing for Public Services
Authors: Jiménez Christina M.
Published: May 2004

Contrary to dominant historical narratives of state-controlled modernization projects in Mexico, this article argues that urban residents from a range of social classes also played a central role in the expansion of modern urban infrastructure in Morelia, Michoacán from 1880 to 1930. Based on letters and collective petitions sent to local authorities by city residents, this article demonstrates how urbanites held the municipal and state governments accountable to their professed priorities of development, liberalism, public health, and modernity. Drawing on shared interests and neighborhood identities, residents came together across social class lines to initiate, organize, finance, and build piped sewers and to demand that local government properly maintain city streets. Thus private, neighborhood-based initiatives played an important role in the modernization of urban infrastructure. This popular investment in the city further contributed to the articulation of urban identities and popular claims to the modern city.
By the People, for the People
Authors: Purdy Sean
Published: May 2004

This article analyzes tenant political organizing in Canada’s first and largest housing project, Toronto’s Regent Park, in the 1960s and 1970s, detailing the course of tenant organizing on the questions of project maintenance, the rental scale, and tenant management. Tenants organized around economic and political issues as well as for recognition and dignity in the face of social exclusion. Stigmatization of Regent Park has obscured the extent to which its tenants have resisted, rejected, and organized against dominant ideologies and the oppressive practices of state housing authorities. The author locates tenant struggles within the larger oppositional climate of the era and situates successes and failures in the context of shifting government policies and internal obstacles to sustained tenant organization. The struggles of public housing tenants to confront the rigid structures and policies of project management and propose their own alternatives are highlighted.
Far from the Treaty Ports
Authors: Zanasi Margherita
Published: May 2004

This article explores how constructions of national identity took the Chinese discourse on industrialization in the 1930s beyond mere economics. During this period, Chinese intellectuals’ attempt to define China’s identity and its position among the world powers led to the creation of two competing tropes. On one hand, the treaty ports came to represent a China integrated in the world and pursuing a Western-style path toward modernization. The rural village, on the other hand, came to be perceived as the locus of a pristine Chinese identity, uncontaminated by foreign imperialism. It was in this context that the prominent economist Fang Xianting—the focus here—came to devise a model for village-based industrialization that aimed at projecting China to the forefront of modernity while preserving what he believed to be its intrinsic rural nature.
Warlord, Social Welfare and Philanthropy
Authors: Lin Alfred H. Y.
Published: May 2004

This study highlights the administration of social welfare and philanthropy in Guangzhou in the 1930s. It aims to elucidate three important points about state-society relationships under warlordism. First, a warlord could not afford to ignore the needs of society, for satisfying such needs (or at least making attempts to satisfy such needs) was vital to the credibility and survival of his regime. Second, a warlord would have little problem funding social welfare projects, for he always had recourse to extrabudgetary sources of revenue to finance desired undertakings. And third, the administration of social welfare and philanthropy by a warlord was an integral part of his drive toward total control of state and society. Indeed, care and control made up the two sides of a warlord’s strategy of governance: care laid the foundation of stable rule, whereas control served as the means to safeguard this foundation.
Refashioning Festivals in Republican Guangzhou
Authors: Wah Poon Shuk
Published: May 2004

Influenced by the concept of evolution, the Republican regime branded popular religious beliefs and practices as “superstition,” believing that the eradication of “superstition” was crucial to the making of modern citizens. Government policies not only affected the development of popular religion but also reshaped the relationship between the state and the common people. Tracing the changes of the Double Seven Festival and the Ghost Festival in Republican Guangzhou, this article aims to show the complexities of the contestations between the state and the common people in actual religious settings, particularly the interaction between official culture and traditional festivals. It argues that although new national symbols successfully found their way into common people’s religious lives, helping to give a nationalistic outlook to traditional festivals, underneath the expansion of an official culture, a rich variety of local traditions persisted. By appropriating official symbols, the common people refashioned and preserved their religious traditions.
Early Acquisition of Verb Grammar and Lexical Development: Evidence from Periphrastic Constructions in French and Austrian German
Authors: Bassano Dominique , Laaha Sabine , Maillochon Isabelle , Dressler Wolfgang U.
Published: May 2004

This paper takes a functionalist approach to the acquisition of verb morphology in French and Austrian German. The development of periphrastic constructions using auxiliaries and modal verbs (compound past, modal constructions and analytic future) was examined in two French and two Austrian children’s spontaneous speech samples from the onset of production until 3;0. Crosslinguistic comparisons showed both similarities and differences in the development of periphrastic constructions (e.g., compound past was the first structure to emerge in French but not in Austrian German, analytic future was the last in both languages), suggesting an interplay between general cognitive and language-specific factors. In the four children, developmental analyses showed precursors, such as bare infinitives and past participles and preverbal fillers, which denote a gradual and continuous acquisition process. They also showed temporal relations between grammaticization and lexical production of verbs, which is an argument for the ‘critical lexical mass’ hypothesis and for interdependencies between lexical and grammatical developments. These analyses support a constructivist and interactive view of language acquisition.
What Toddlers Talk About
Authors: Hart Betty
Published: May 2004

The size of the noun vocabulary children learn is influenced by what the children talk about with their caregivers when they are toddlers. For quartiles based on root noun vocabulary size, longitudinal data for 40 children (13ñ36 months old) were analysed using the MacArthur Communicative Development Inventory (CDI) to standardize the vocabulary of topics examined and a 100-utterance sample each month to equate the children for rate of talking. Analysis showed similar trends across the quartiles in the topic categories the children talked about, major increases in use of nouns different from those on the CDI, and diversity (different nouns per noun used) increasing as vocabulary increased. Richness differed across the quartiles, and the richness in nouns of the children’s utterances was associated not with diversity but with the richness in nouns of their parents’ utterances. An important aspect of the size of the noun vocabulary children learn may be the extent to which the children are matching not only the nouns but the richness in nouns of the utterances their caregivers address to them.
Children‘s Mediational Teaching Style as a Function of Intervention for Cross-Age Peer-Mediation
Authors: Shamir Adina , Tzuriel David
Published: May 2004

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of a programme providing cross-age peer-mediation on mediation teaching style of mediators and learners in a learning situation. A second objective was to investigate the effects of the mediators‘ and learners‘ cognitive level on different criteria of mediation.

The sample was composed of 89 third graders (mediators) and 89 .rst graders (learners) coming from three third grade classes and three .rst grade classes in a primary school. The third graders were assigned to experimental ( n= 43) and control ( n= 46) groups. Each pair of mediator and learner was matched in a counterbalanced design (2 × 2) according to their cognitive level (high versus low), based on their score on the Raven‘s Matrices. The experimental third graders received the Peer-Mediation for Young Children (PMYC), which is a training programme based on the theoretical approaches of Vygotsky and Feuerstein. The control children received a general preparation for peer assisted learning. Following the PMYC, all children participated in a peer-mediation condition, which was videotaped for 25 minutes and subsequently analysed by the Observation of Mediation Instrument.

The findings showed that the experimental children received signi.cantly higher mediation scores than the control children. Mediators‘ cognitive level was not related to the level of mediation. However, the learners‘ cognitive level was found to effect mediation for meaning of the mediator: requestfor meaning from learners and givingof meaning from mediator were higher in interactions of mediators with learners of low cognitive level. The .ndings are discussed with reference to Feuerstein‘s and Vygotsky‘s theories.
School Psychologists
Authors: Farrell Peter
Published: May 2004

Inclusion is now a key part of the development of education policy and practice around the world. However, there is continued uncertainty about the de.nition of inclusion and about how to implement the policy, and some remain to be convinced about the direction that it is taking. Inevitably school psychologists are at the heart of this debate, as, through their work with children, parents, schools and local authorities, they can have a major role in shaping policy and practice. This article begins with a discussion of current de. nitions of inclusion. It then analyses the role of research and considers some key .ndings. It ends with a review of some of the different ways in which school psychologists can support inclusive developments in their everyday work.
Changing Roles for Educational Psychologists within Inclusive Education in South Africa
Authors: Engelbrecht Petra
Published: May 2004

Reform in education in a democratic South Africa has inspired commitment to a single, inclusive education system for all. The challenges related to the changing nature of education in South Africa and the relationship of these challenges to the past, and particularly to the legacy of apartheid, have forced educational psychologists to reconsider their roles in order to respond to the needs of their clients. Contextual demands have required a shift from the traditional child-de.cit, medical model towards an ecological and multi-systems paradigm, suggesting a wider scope of analysis and action. This article focuses on the response of educational psychology within support services and how this opportunity to change the face of the profession can be used in a creative and constructive way.
School Violence in Israel
Authors: Zeira Anat , Astor Ron Avi , Benbenishty Rami
Published: May 2004

Most research on school violence focuses on the experiences of the students rather than on the perceptions of the educational staff. As part of the first national survey on school violence in Israel, this study examines the perceptions of homeroom teachers on violence in their schools. Self-administered anonymous questionnaires were answered by 1521 teachers from 232 schools. This sample, derived from schools throughout Israel, represents all the sectors in public education in Israel, including primary, junior high and high schools from the Jewish religious, Jewish secular and Arab sectors. Our findings indicate that many teachers in Israel are exposed to a considerable amount of verbal and physical violence. Even so, most of them think that violence is not a big problem at their school and, consequently, report feeling safe within school grounds. Teachers also report on a lack of training in dealing with violence. There are slight but clear differences between teachers in different school levels and cultural groups.
Gender Differences in the Self-Concept of Preadolescent Children
Authors: Hergovich Andreas , Sirsch Ulrike , Felinger Martin
Published: May 2004

The aim of this study was to examine gender differences in academic and non-academic self-concept. Childrens’ self-perceptions were compared with the perceptions held by others (parents and teachers). The SDQ1 was presented to 428 children. Parents and teachers completed an adapted form. Results show that boys exhibited a higher self-concept than girls in almost all areas. Mothers, fathers and also teachers, gave the abilities of the boys in mathematics a higher rating, whereas mothers and teachers rated the verbal abilities of the girls somewhat higher. By using regression analyses, the hypothesis was confirmed that the general self-concept of girls is heavily dependent on the judgements of teachers and parents, but this was not found to be the case with boys.
Relationships Between Tattling, Likeability, and Social Classification
Authors: Friman Patrick C. , Woods Douglas W. , Freeman Kurt A. , Gilman Rich , Short Mary , McGrath Ann M. , Handwerk Michael L.
Published: May 2004

Little research has been published on tattling, even less on its social impact, and we found none directly investigating tattling by adolescents. This study assessed the extent to which tattling, as perceived by peers and caregivers of adolescents in a residential care program, was associated with various dimensions of social status and other behavioral correlates. Eighty-eight adolescent participants rated their housemates on likeability, perceived rates of tattling, and other behavioral descriptors. In addition, caretakers also rated each youth in terms of perceived tattling. On the basis of likeability ratings, participants were classified into one of five categories: popular, average, controversial, neglected, and rejected. Results showed a significant negative correlation between likeability and perceived tattling rates. In addition, youth classified as socially rejected were more likely to be perceived by both their peers and care providers as engaging in high rates of tattling.
The Validity of the ADHD Section of the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children
Authors: McGrath Ann M. , Handwerk Michael L. , Armstrong Kevin J. , Lucas Cristopher P. , Friman Patrick C.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to assess the concurrent criterion validity of the attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) portion of the National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children–IV (NIMHDISC-IV). Fifty-seven adolescent participants were divided into three groups on the basis of whether participants met criteria for ADHD on caretaker and adolescent responses on the DISC: (a) 18 participants for whom both the caretakers and adolescents endorsed ADHD, (b) 17 participants for whom the caretakers but not the youth endorsed ADHD, and (c) a clinical control group with no ADHD diagnosis ( n = 22). These three groups were compared across parent, teacher, and adolescent checklists; clinician diagnosis; and three objective measures of behavior (continuous performance task, actigraphy monitoring, and a structured observation). Findings lend partial support to the concurrent criterion validity of the ADHD section of DISC.
Supporting High School Students to Engage in Recreational Activities with Peers
Authors: Hughes Carolyn , Fowler Stephanie E. , Copeland Susan R. , Agran Martin , Wehmeyer Michael L. , Church-Pupke Penny P.
Published: May 2004

The authors investigated the effects of an intervention package to support five high school students with extensive support-needs to initiate and engage in recreational activities with general-education peers in their physical education classes. The intervention components were (a) assessing participants’ recreational activity goals, (b) teaching self-prompting using a picture book, (c) programming common stimuli, and (d) asking participants to assess daily performance and evaluate daily goal achievement. The intervention was associated with increases in participants’ initiation of and engagement in recreational activities with general-education peers, as well as increases in ratings of quality of interaction. In addition, participants typically assessed with accuracy their performance of recreational activities and whether they had achieved their recreational goals. Findings are discussed with respect to future research and practice.
The Use of a Positive Procedure to Increase Engagement On-Task and Decrease Challenging Behavior
Authors: Beare Paul L. , Severson Susan , Brandt Patricia
Published: May 2004

The exhibition of stereotypic and self-injurious behavior (SIB) combined with a lack of work engagement makes it very difficult to place a person with severe disabilities in an integrated work environment. The purpose of this research was to examine use of a positive procedure to increase engagementon-task and reduce self-injurious slapping and stereotypicclo the smanipulation by a 46-year-old man with severe disabilities. A single-subject research design was used to examine the effects of the combined DRA-DRO (differential reinforcement of alternative behavior-differential reinforcement of other behavior) procedure in fostering more appropriate behavior. Following 30 years of institutionalization, the man was successfully integrated into community-based employment.
The Functional Profiles of School Refusal Behavior
Authors: Kearney Christopher A. , Albano Anne Marie
Published: May 2004

School refusal behavior is a common problem seen by mental health professionals and by educators but little consensus is available as to its classification, assessment, and treatment. This study assessed 143 youth with primary school refusal behavior and their parents to examine diagnoses that are most commonly associated with proposed functions of school refusal behavior. As expected, results indicated that great heterogeneity in diagnoses marks this population. In general, anxiety-related diagnoses were associated more with negatively reinforced school refusal behavior; separation anxiety disorder was associated more with attention-seeking behavior; and oppositional defiant disorder and conduct disorder were associated more with pursuit of tangible reinforcement outside of school. These results are discussed within the context of classification, assessment, and treatment of this population.
Statistical Comparison of Four Effect Sizes for Single-Subject Designs
Authors: Campbell Jonathan M.
Published: May 2004

Controversy exists regarding appropriate methods for summarizing treatment outcomes for single-subject designs. Nonregression- and regression-based methods have been proposed to summarize the efficacy of single-subject interventions with proponents of both methods arguing for the superiority of their respective approaches. To compare findings for different single-subject effect sizes, 117 articles that targeted the reduction of problematic behaviors in 181 individuals diagnosed with autism were examined. Four effect sizes were calculated for each article: mean baseline reduction (MBLR), percentage of nonoverlapping data (PND), percentage of zero data (PZD), and one regression-based d statistic. Although each effect size indicated that behavioral treatment was effective, moderating variables were detected by the PZD effect size only. Pearson product-moment correlations indicated that effect sizes differed in statistical relationships to one another. In the present review, the regression-based d effect size did not improve the understanding of single-subject treatment outcomes when compared to nonregression effect sizes.
Using Simplified Regulated Breathing with an Adolescent Stutterer
Authors: Freeman Kurt A. , Friman Patrick C.
Published: May 2004

Simplified regulated breathing (SRB) has been demonstrated to reduce or eliminate stuttering in children. However, much of the current research has evaluated the intervention with school-aged children within educational contexts. In the current case report, we extended the application of SRB by evaluating its effectiveness in treating stuttering displayed by a 15-year-old resident of a large midwestern residential facility. Further, we evaluated the impact across different assessment conditions. Results showed that SRB resulted in decreased stuttering for the participant, although differential effectiveness across conditions was noted. These results are discussed in terms of the generality of SRB across client populations and clinical settings, as well as the value of addressing contextual variables when treating stuttering.
Self-Monitoring as an Intervention to Decrease Swimmers’ Stroke Counts
Authors: Polaha Jodi , Allen Keith , Studley Benjamin
Published: May 2004

Self-monitoring of stroke count by swimmers is a common coaching strategy, it is but one that has little data to support it. Although research has demonstrated that self-monitoring can motivate behavior change, little research has focused on whether self-monitoring can enhance skill development. The purpose of the present set of studies was to examine the effects of selfmonitoring on the improvement of a specific swimming skill (i.e., stroke count). Eight adult fitness swimmers and three college-level competitive swimmers participated in Study 1. In an A-B-A design, swimmers were observed to reduce stroke counts by about one stroke per lap when instructed to self-monitor and to verbally report strokes. In Study 2, swimmers self-monitored and visually reported strokes on a dry-erase board. A greater improvement was observed in five out of six swimmers. Across studies, stroke counts generally returned to baseline levels when self-monitoring was ended, and improvements during both self-monitoring phases were the greatest in the weakest swimmers. Limitations of the research, mechanisms of change, and implications for coaches are discussed.
Intervening to Decrease Alcohol Abuse at University Parties
Authors: Fournier Angela K. , Ehrhart Ian J. , Glindemann Kent E. , Geller E. Scott
Published: May 2004

This quasi-experimental field study assessed whether an incentive/reward intervention can change the drinking behavior and the subsequent levels of intoxication among college students attending fraternity parties. A total of 356 blood alcohol concentration (BAC) assessments, using hand-held breathalyzers, were obtained at two baseline and at two intervention parties at the same fraternity house. At the intervention parties, the students were informed they could win a cash prize if their BAC was below .05, and they were given nomograms to aid in monitoring their levels of intoxication. Mean BAC and the percentage of partiers with intoxication levels above .05 were significantly lower at the two intervention parties. More than twice as many partygoers were legally intoxicated (i.e., BAC > .08) at the two baseline parties than at the two intervention parties, indicating a clinically significant impact of the incentive/reward intervention. Greek-life students, in particular, were significantly less intoxicated at intervention parties, compared to baseline parties ( p < .001).
Comment on the Status of Systematic Desensitization
Authors: McGlynn F. Dudley , Smitherman Todd A. , Gothard Kelly D.
Published: May 2004

Articles about systematic desensitization that appeared in mainstream behavior therapy journals between the years 1970 and 2002 were counted. Graphic displays of the data point to a sudden and lasting decline of interest in systematic desensitization among academics and researchers. A questionnaire concerning clinical use of orthodox systematic desensitization was mailed to 310 selected providers. Returns from 171 of those providers show that use of systematic desensitization has declined but continues to be fairly widespread. The decline of interest in systematic desensitization is explained; arguments are offered that revitalized interest would be beneficial but is not likely to occur.
Coexisting Child Neglect and Drug Abuse in Young Mothers
Authors: Donohue Brad
Published: May 2004

Although perpetrators of child neglect often abuse illicit substances, treatment outcome evaluations in drug-abusing young mothers who have been found to neglect their children are conspicuously absent. Problem-solving interventions and family-based therapies that include skill acquisition components have demonstrated effectiveness in substance-abusing adolescents and child-neglecting mothers. The purpose of this article is (a) to review studies that have examined the relationship of drug abuse and child neglect, (b) to review clinical treatments that appear to be effective in both perpetrators of child neglect and drug-abusing adolescents, and (c) to integrate empirically validated drug abuse and child neglect interventions for use in adolescent mothers who have been found to abuse drugs and neglect their children.
Assessing the Psychosocial and Academic Needs of Latino Youth to Inform the Development of School-Based Programs
Authors: Acosta Olga M. , Weist Mark D. , Lopez Fernando A. , Shafer Micheal E. , Pizarro L. Josefina
Published: May 2004

A survey was made of the leaders in the Latino community from four East coast cities on the mental health, academic, and behavioral needs of Latino youth, services available to them, and recommendations to better address their needs. Of the 112 Latino leaders recruited, 46 responded to the survey, expressing their views that Latino youth experience significant stress in the United States, present behavioral and academic adjustment problems, and generally have difficulty accessing appropriate services and resources. Programs for these youth were presented as limited in number and lacking in cultural sensitivity. Community leaders endorsed the development of comprehensive and culturally sensitive programs for Latino youth in schools that address their psychosocial and academic needs.