bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Adequacy of Observing Systems in Monitoring the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation and North Atlantic Climate
Authors: Zhang S. , Rosati A. , Delworth T.
Published: May 2010

The Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) has an important influence on climate, and yet adequate observations of this circulation are lacking. Here, the authors assess the adequacy of past and current widely deployed routine observing systems for monitoring the AMOC and associated North Atlantic climate. To do so, this study draws on two independent simulations of the twentieth century using an Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Fourth Assessment Report (AR4) coupled climate model. One simulation is treated as “truth” and is sampled according to the observing system being evaluated. The authors then assimilate these synthetic “observations” into the second simulation within a fully coupled system that instantaneously exchanges information among all coupled components and produces a nearly balanced and coherent estimate for global climate states including the North Atlantic climate system. The degree to which the assimilation recovers the truth is an assessment of the adequacy of the observing system being evaluated. As the coupled system responds to the constraint of the atmosphere or ocean, the assessment of the recovery for climate quantities such as Labrador Sea Water (LSW) and the North Atlantic Oscillation increases the understanding of the factors that determine AMOC variability. For example, the low-frequency sea surface forcings provided by the atmospheric and sea surface temperature observations are found to excite a LSW variation that governs the long-time-scale variability of the AMOC. When the most complete modern observing system, consisting of atmospheric winds and temperature, is used along with Argo ocean temperature and salinity down to 2000 m, a skill estimate of AMOC reconstruction is 90% (out of 100% maximum). Similarly encouraging results hold for other quantities, such as the LSW. The past XBT observing system, in which deep-ocean temperature and salinity were not available, has a lesser ability to recover the truth AMOC (the skill is reduced to 52%). While these results raise concerns about the ability to properly characterize past variations of the AMOC, they also hold promise for future monitoring of the AMOC and for initializing prediction models.
Dynamics of Downwelling in an Eddy-Resolving Convective Basin
Authors: Spall Michael A.
Published: May 2010

The mean downwelling in an eddy-resolving model of a convective basin is concentrated near the boundary where eddies are shed from the cyclonic boundary current into the interior. It is suggested that the buoyancy-forced downwelling in the Labrador Sea and the Lofoten Basin is similarly concentrated in analogous eddy formation regions along their eastern boundaries. Use of a transformed Eulerian mean depiction of the density transport reveals the central role eddy fluxes play in maintaining the adiabatic nature of the flow in a nonperiodic region where heat is lost from the boundary current. The vorticity balance in the downwelling region is primarily between stretching of planetary vorticity and eddy flux divergence of relative vorticity, although a narrow viscous boundary layer is ultimately important in closing the regional vorticity budget. This overall balance is similar in some ways to the diffusive–viscous balance represented in previous boundary layer theories, and suggests that the downwelling in convective basins may be properly represented in low-resolution climate models if eddy flux parameterizations are adiabatic, identify localized regions of eddy formations, and allow density to be transported far from the region of eddy formations.
An Inflated Ensemble Filter for Ocean Data Assimilation with a Biased Coupled GCM
Authors: Zhang S. , Rosati A.
Published: May 2010

A “biased twin” experiment using two coupled general circulation models (CGCMs) that are biased with respect to each other is used to study the impact of deep ocean bias on ensemble ocean data assimilation. The “observations” drawn from one CGCM based on the Argo network are assimilated into the other. Traditional ensemble filtering can successfully recover the upper-ocean temperature and salinity of the target model but it usually fails to converge in the deep ocean where the model bias is large compared to the ocean’s intrinsic variability. The inconsistency between the well-constrained upper ocean and poorly constrained deep ocean generates spurious assimilation currents. An adaptively inflated ensemble filter is designed to enhance the consistency of upper- and deep-ocean adjustments, based on “climatological” standard deviations being adaptively updated by observations. The new algorithm reduces deep-ocean errors greatly, in particular, reducing current errors up to 70% and vertical motion errors up to 50%. Specifically, the tropical circulation is greatly improved with a better representation of the undercurrent, upwelling, and Western Boundary Current systems. The structure of the subtropical gyre is also substantially improved. Consequently, the new algorithm leads to better estimates of important global hydrographic features such as global overturning and pycnocline depth. Based on these improved estimates, decadal trends of basin-scale heat content and salinity as well as the seasonal–interannual variability of the tropical ocean are constructed coherently. Interestingly, the Indian Ocean (especially the north Indian Ocean), which is associated with stronger atmospheric feedbacks, is the most sensitive basin to the covariance formulation used in the assimilation. Also, while reconstruction of the local thermohaline structure plays a leading-order role in estimating the decadal trend of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), more accurate estimates of the AMOC variability require coupled assimilation to produce coherently improved external forcings as well as internal heat and salt transport.
Assessing Advances in the Assimilation of Radar Data and Other Mesoscale Observations within a Collaborative Forecasting–Research Environment
Authors: Kain John S. , Xue Ming , Coniglio Michael C. , Weiss Steven J. , Kong Fanyou , Jensen Tara L. , Brown Barbara G. , Gao Jidong , Brewster Keith , Thomas Kevin W. , Wang Yunheng , Schwartz Craig S. , Levit Jason J.
Published: May 2010

The impacts of assimilating radar data and other mesoscale observations in real-time, convection-allowing model forecasts were evaluated during the spring seasons of 2008 and 2009 as part of the Hazardous Weather Test Bed Spring Experiment activities. In tests of a prototype continental U.S.-scale forecast system, focusing primarily on regions with active deep convection at the initial time, assimilation of these observations had a positive impact. Daily interrogation of output by teams of modelers, forecasters, and verification experts provided additional insights into the value-added characteristics of the unique assimilation forecasts. This evaluation revealed that the positive effects of the assimilation were greatest during the first 3–6 h of each forecast, appeared to be most pronounced with larger convective systems, and may have been related to a phase lag that sometimes developed when the convective-scale information was not assimilated. These preliminary results are currently being evaluated further using advanced objective verification techniques.
Dynamic Modeling and Control of a Current New Horizontal Type Cross-Lapper Machine
Authors: Kuo Chung-Feng Jeffrey , Tu Hung-Min , Liu Chi-Huo
Published: May 2010

A non-woven cross-lapper machine uses the pulley block structure to pull the pulley bracket, which folds out the required web thickness and width of the non-woven products by the reciprocating motion of the pulleys. The system needs to move back and forth at a stable constant speed, and be able to stop at the precise position of the re-entry point when reciprocating. This paper deals with the modeling and control of the current new horizontal type cross-lapper machine. The Lagrange’s equation is applied to derive the non-linear dynamic equation of the system. In the controller design, this study first obtains the transfer function of the high-order linearization system. Then, the approximation criterion is used to obtain the corresponding low-order system transfer function, so that the analysis and design effort is reduced. Both the realizable proportional and integral control, and pole-placement design through state feedback, are applied for the control system design. The performances of the designed controllers are verified through computer simulation.
Are Barriers to Physical Activity Similar for Adults With and Without Abnormal Glucose Metabolism?
Authors: Hume Clare , Dunstan David , Salmon Jo , Healy Genevieve , Andrianopoulos Nick , Owen Neville
Published: May 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to examine perceived barriers to physical activity among adults with and without abnormal glucose metabolism (AGM), and whether barriers varied according to physical activity status.

Methods

The 1999 to 2000 Australian Diabetes, Obesity, and Lifestyle Study (AusDiab) was a population-based cross-sectional study among adults aged ≥25 years. AGM was identified through an oral glucose tolerance test. The previous week’s physical activity and individual, social, and environmental barriers to physical activity were self-reported. Logistic regression analyses examined differences in barriers to physical activity between those with and without AGM, and for those with and without AGM who did and did not meet the minimum recommendation of 150 minutes/week of moderate-to-vigorous intensity physical activity.

Results

Of the 7088 participants (47.5 ± 12.7 years; 46% male), 18.5% had AGM. Approximately 47.5% of those with AGM met the physical activity recommendation, compared to 54.7% of those without AGM (P < .001). Key barriers to physical activity included lack of time, other priorities, and being tired. Following adjustment for sociodemographic and behavioral factors, there were few differences in barriers to physical activity between those with and without AGM, even after stratifying according to physical activity.

Conclusions

Adults with AGM report similar barriers to physical activity, as do those without AGM. Programs for those with AGM can therefore focus on the known generic adult-reported barriers to physical activity.
Effects of Parent-based Video Home Training in children with developmental language delay
Authors: van Balkom Hans , Verhoeven Ludo , van Weerdenburg Marjolijn , Stoep Judith
Published: May 2010

An efficacy study of an indirect or Parent-based intervention programme involving Video Home Training (PVHT) was conducted with a focus on parental strategies to (re-)establish coherence in conversations between young children with Developmental Language Delay (DLD) and their parents or caregivers. In order to assess the efficacy of the PVHT programme, linguistic and conversational coherence outcomes were compared to those for a Direct Child language Intervention (DCI) programme. A randomized controlled group design with follow-up measures was used: there were 11 children with their parents in the PVHT group and 11 children with their parents in the DCI group. Compared to the DCI programme the PVHT programme showed significant short-term and long-term effects on mean length of utterance, grammar, language comprehension and conversational coherence at post-treatment and follow-up. The results are discussed in light of previous studies, VHT and the PVHT-focus on parental training of strategies to create conversational coherence.
Argumentative writing in pre-adolescents: The role of verbal reasoning
Authors: Nippold Marilyn A. , Ward-Lonergan Jeannene M.
Published: May 2010

Argumentative writing is a challenging communication task that calls upon sophisticated cognitive and linguistic abilities. Pre-adolescents ( n = 80; mean age = 11;10; range = 10;6—13:5) were asked to write an argumentative essay on the controversial topic of training animals to perform in circuses. Additionally, they were asked to solve a set of verbal reasoning problems. Children whose essays reflected a more flexible attitude toward the controversy (Conditional subgroup) outperformed their peers whose attitude was more rigid (Absolute subgroup) on all key measures: Verbal Analogical Reasoning, Total Number of Reasons, and Mean Length of Utterance in Words. Implications for instruction and intervention with pre-adolescents are discussed.
Dynamic assessment of children with language impairments: A pilot study
Authors: Hasson Natalie , Botting Nicola
Published: May 2010

This article describes the construction of a procedure for dynamic assessment of the expressive grammar of children already identified with language impairments. Few instruments exist for the dynamic assessment of language, and those that have been developed have been largely used to successfully differentiate language impaired from culturally different or typically developing populations. The emphasis in this study was on eliciting clinically useful information that may be used to inform intervention for children with specific language impairment (SLI). The method was piloted on three children with specific language impairments.The test—train—retest format made use of standardized administration of the CELF-3 (UK) before and after a designated training protocol. The training procedure required the children to formulate sentences from randomly presented words, assisted by mediation from the assessor. Results showed that the task used was valuable and appropriate for use as a dynamic measure, and elicited differentiated amounts of change in the children in response to the mediated training phase. Pre-test—post-test results were inconclusive, however, and the frameworks for summarizing information could benefit from revision.
Entertainment, communication or academic use? A survey of Internet cafe users in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Syeda Hina Batool  , Mahmood Khalid
Published: May 2010

Internet cafes are the most popular public access Internet points in Pakistan. People go there to fulfill their entertainment, communication and academic needs. This study is an attempt to highlight the characteristics of Internet cafe users in the Pakistani context. A total of 242 users at 49 Internet cafes in the city of Lahore were selected through the snowball sampling method and asked to complete a questionnaire covering: profile of Internet cafe users on various demographic variables; frequency of use of Internet cafes; users’ preferences to choose Internet cafes; purposes for which people use Internet cafes; and problems of cafe users. Users’ profiles show that the cafes were mainly occupied by male users. Students were the most regular users who came mostly for entertainment, chat and email facilities. The respondents mentioned problems of low service quality, poor environment and lack of privacy at Internet cafes.
Indigenous medicinal knowledge of the San people: the case of Farm Six, Northern Namibia
Authors: Dan Vicky , Mchombu Kingo , Mosimane Alfons
Published: May 2010

The San are among the most marginalized people in Namibia. The San have often relied on indigenous knowledge for survival, particularly since access to resources has proved to be difficult. This study explores the use of indigenous knowledge by a particular San community living on Farm Six, located in the Mangetti West area north of Tsumeb. In particular, the study focuses on the use of indigenous knowledge with regard to traditional medicine. Apart from considerations of the commercial and legal issues concerning the exploitation of the devil’s claw and hoodia plant, little has been published about the medicinal properties of San remedies. The findings indicate that the community relies on indigenous knowledge as their main means of treating most illnesses. While the community believes traditional remedies are effective in treating several conditions, they have also turned to herbal treatments because of a lack of access to modern health care: the nearest clinic is over 50 km away, transport is scarce, and a Ministry of Health and Social Services outreach team has not visited the camp for over 2 years. However, it was impossible to establish the medical efficacy of most of these remedies as their properties and effects have not been studied in detail.
Rehabilitation in practice: Managing neurogenic bowel dysfunction
Authors: Emmanuel Anton
Published: May 2010

This series of articles for rehabilitation in practice aims to cover a knowledge element of the rehabilitation medicine curriculum. Nevertheless they are intended to be of interest to a multidisciplinary audience. The competency addressed in this article is ‘The trainee consistently demonstrates a knowledge of the pathophysiology of various specific impairments including bowel dysfunction’ and ‘management approaches for specific impairments including bowel dysfunction’.
Juvenile Delinquency and Adolescent Fatherhood
Authors: Khurana Atika , Gavazzi Stephen M.
Published: May 2010

This study examined ecological risk factors associated with teen paternity in a sample of 2,931 male adolescents coming to the attention of juvenile courts across five midwestern counties. In contrast to previous studies documenting significantly higher rates of teen paternity among African American youth, we found that the European American court-involved youth in our sample were as likely to be teen fathers as their African American counterparts. However, an in-depth examination of the social ecologies of these court-involved youth revealed significant racial differences (regardless of the paternity status), with African American males reporting more prior offenses, delinquent peer associations, traumatic pasts, risky sexual behaviors, and educational risks as compared to European American youth, who reported greater involvement in substance use. Furthermore, logistic regression analyses revealed that after controlling for age and racial background, youth who reported greater exposure to trauma and prior offenses had significantly greater odds of having fathered a child. Surprisingly, youth who were teen fathers reported lower rates of behavioral problems as compared to their nonfathering peers. Given the cross-sectional nature of our data, interpretation of this result is limited. Overall, our findings underscore the need for developing a comprehensive understanding of the ecological risk and protective factors present in the lives of teen fathers coming in contact with the juvenile justice system, as an essential first step in designing effective and relevant intervention programs and services for this at-risk population.
Tourism that Empowers?
Authors: Ruiz-Ballesteros Esteban , Hernández-Ramírez Macarena
Published: May 2010

Turismo comunitario is a type of community-based tourism that focuses on achieving certain key objectives, such as ensuring that communities have control over tourist activity. This article analyses whether or not this mode of tourism really does strengthen and empower communities. Market, commodification, objectification and appropriation are the key concepts in the analysis. The communities of Tunibamba and Agua Blanca in Ecuador provide the ethnographic context for our reflections. This article looks at the way in which communities create their tourism products, how they are linked to these products and how they market them, how these processes fit in with everyday community life and the extent to which they transform it. Observations about the agency of communities in the tourism business and the dual process of appropriation-commodification of their products — through the objectification of culture and environment — reveal that turismo comunitario could potentially empower and strengthen communities, while at the same time helping to deepen our understanding of tourism in indigenous contexts.
A Combined and Uneven Development Approach to the European Neolithic
Authors: Steel David
Published: May 2010

■ The split in Marxism between stagism and combined and uneven development is reviewed through examination of the writings of Karl Kautsky and Leon Trotsky. Based on the premise that strict stagism is a flawed Marxism, the theory of the Neolithic of the Marxist archaeologist V.G. Childe is scrutinized and redeveloped. It is argued that the resulting theory provides a better starting point for analyzing the Neolithic period than do currently popular approaches.
From Beveridge to Turner: Laissez-faire to neoliberalism
Authors: Grady Jo
Published: May 2010

Current attacks on pensions can be seen as part of the neoliberal project to undermine welfare provision; but this paper argues that such attacks are nothing new. A historical comparison shows that many of the commonly held assumptions and arguments against pension provision are mistaken, and in some cases, highly misleading, with discourses or ideologies first touted in the 1940s being reused in the present period. This paper identifies those arguments that were misleading or false in the past, thus allowing us to see through them in their current forms.
Who were ‘the people’? Classes and movements in East Germany, 1989
Authors: Dale Gareth
Published: May 2010

There is no shortage of literature on the East German revolution of 1989, but class analyses have been few and far between. In this paper, I survey a number of interpretations of the class composition of the 1989 movements—namely, that they comprised ‘the people’ or the intelligentsia—and find them wanting. I also subject Linda Fuller’s thesis on the non-participation of the working class to detailed examination. Against Fuller, I show that workers were involved en masse, and that although the decisive part they played was on the streets, this movement synergised with upheaval in workplaces, too.
Capitalism, modernity and the nation state: A critique of Hannes Lacher
Authors: Burns Tony
Published: May 2010

This article is a critique of the views of Hannes Lacher, and in particular those expounded in his Beyond Globalization: Capitalism, Territoriality and the International Relations of Modernity (2006), which was intended as a contribution to the historical materialist approach to international relations. Three core issues are addressed: namely (1) Lacher’s understanding of historical materialism; (2) his understanding of the connection between capitalism and the nation state; and (3) his view of the relationship between the capitalism and ‘modernity’. In all three cases, I argue that Lacher’s views differ significantly from those of Marx and Marxism.
Abstract labour: Against its nature and on its time
Authors: Bonefeld Werner
Published: May 2010

Recent debates on abstract labour have highlighted Marx’s ambivalent conception of this important term. This article criticises current physiological definitions of the term, and against the background of earlier debates in Capital & Class, develops abstract labour as a specifically capitalist form of labour which entails a specific conception of social labour time—a time made abstract. The political implications of these rival accounts are formidable.
Chitosan Membrane with Surface-bonded Growth Factor in Guided Tissue Regeneration Applications
Authors: Chang Chih-Hao , Tsao Ching-Ting , Chang Ken-Yu , Wang Jaw-Ling , Young Tai-Horng , Han Jin-Lin , Hsieh Kuo-Huang
Published: May 2010

The potential of surface covalently bonded rhBMP-2 biodegradable chitosan membrane was examined for guided tissue regeneration (GTR) applications. A chitosan surface-bonded rhBMP-2 membrane was produced via amide bond formation between chitosan and rhBMP-2 using EDC/NHS as the catalyst. The chitosan surface-bonded rhBMP-2 membrane retained more than 70% of the initial rhBMP-2 after 4 weeks of incubation, whereas the chitosan surface-adsorbed rhBMP-2 membrane retained only 30%. The surface-bonded rhBMP-2 did not denature, but expressed sustained biological activity, such as osteoblast cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. X-ray images and histology of an in vivo segmental bone defect rabbit model showed that the chitosan surface-bonded rhBMP-2 membrane induced new bone formation. The chitosan surface-bonded rhBMP-2 membrane has the potential as a bioactive material for GTR.
The NRF2 gene variant, -653G/A, is associated with nephritis in childhood-onset systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Córdova EJ , Velázquez-Cruz R. , Centeno F. , Baca V. , Orozco L.
Published: May 2010

Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease associated with oxidative stress and characterized by chronic inflammation. Kidney malfunction, an aggressive characteristic of this disease, is not present in all affected individuals. The Nrf2-Keap1 pathway is important in protecting against oxidative stress and inflammation. Mouse models and genome-wide scans have suggested NRF2 (Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2) as a candidate gene for susceptibility to SLE. We therefore investigated whether NRF2 polymorphisms are associated with childhood-onset SLE in a Mexican Mestizo population. Two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped by TaqMan® assays in 362 patients with childhood-onset SLE and 379 controls. We found no significant association between susceptibility to SLE and NRF2 polymorphisms. However, after population stratification by gender, the heterozygous genotype of the -653G/A SNP was significantly associated with nephritis in females only [OR = 1.81, CI (1.04—3.12), p = 0.032]. This association was stronger in females affected with severe nephritis [classes IV—VI; OR = 2.16, CI (1.12—4.15), p = 0.019]. Our results suggest that NRF2 is not associated with susceptibility to childhood-onset SLE, but it could confer a risk for developing kidney malfunction in SLE-affected individuals.
Making electricity networks “visible”: Industry actor representations of “publics” and public engagement in infrastructure planning
Authors: Cotton Matthew , Devine-Wright Patrick
Published: May 2010

This interview study with UK electricity distribution and transmission network operators (DNO and TNO) and the regulator Ofgem, examines how key industry actors conceptualise “publics,” “stakeholders” and “customers” and how these conceptualisations subsequently inform their engagement practices with these heterogeneous groups. The results show that regulatory changes to the structure of distribution networks have encouraged greater levels of “stakeholder” involvement. However, DNO regional monopoly powers and the regulatory environment serve to conflate network actors’ representations of “the public” with “customers,” and also “hides” DNO roles in a manner that precludes direct citizen engagement. TNO respondents employ public exhibitions in transmission line siting, although at a stage “downstream” in the decision-making process whereby citizens have little decisional influence. We conclude that network operators adopt the rhetoric of deliberative engagement whilst lacking a clear rationale and effective means to incorporate citizen perspectives in long-term network development or specific infrastructure siting proposals.
Olanzapine for Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Licup Nerissa , Baumrucker Steven
Published: May 2010

Nausea and vomiting are often encountered in palliative care patients. Multiple medications are available to provide relief. However, several drug combinations are usually used to treat emesis. Current research has identified several receptors that trigger nausea and vomiting, hence the difficulty of using only 1 medication to provide relief. Olanzapine is a drug approved for treatment of schizophrenia and mania. It blocks multiple neurotransmitters dopaminergic, serotonergic, adrenergic (α1), histaminergic, and muscarinic receptors. Most of these receptors are also involved in causing emesis. Studies have shown that olanzapine could be used to treat nausea and vomiting with promising results.
Fifty Reasons to Love Your Palliative Care Pharmacist
Authors: Walker Kathryn A. , Scarpaci Laura , McPherson Mary Lynn
Published: May 2010

Pharmacists have much to offer in caring for patients with an advanced illness. To celebrate the role of pharmacists in palliative care, we wanted to share 50 excellent reasons to love your pharmacist. This list was compiled by 3 pharmacists specializing in end-of-life care spanning from inpatient palliative care to home-based hospice. Our goal is to increase awareness among other hospice and palliative care practitioners by recognizing the skills pharmacists contribute in caring for patients at the end of life. We divided the list into categories: provision of pharmaceuticals, optimizing medication regimens, education and drug information, patient safety, and administration/formulary management.
Public Schools, Public Housing: The Education of Children Living in Public Housing
Authors: Schwartz Amy Ellen , McCabe Brian J. , Gould Ellen Ingrid , Chellman Colin C.
Published: May 2010

In the United States, public housing developments are predominantly located in neighborhoods with low median incomes, high rates of poverty and disproportionate concentrations of minorities. While research consistently shows that public housing developments are located in economically and socially disadvantaged neighborhoods, we know little about the characteristics of the schools serving students living in public housing. In this paper, we examine the characteristics of elementary and middle schools attended by students living in public housing developments in New York City. Using the proportion of public housing students attending each elementary and middle school as our weight, we calculate the weighted average of school characteristics to describe the typical school attended by students living in public housing. We then compare these characteristics to those of the typical school attended by other students throughout the city in an effort to assess whether students living in public housing attend systematically different schools than other students. We find no large differences between the resources of the schools attended by students living in public housing and the schools attended by their peers living elsewhere in the city; however, we find significant differences in student characteristics and performance on standardized exams. These school differences, however, fail to fully explain the performance disparities amongst students. Our results point to a need for more nuanced analyses of the policies and practices in schools, as well as the outside-of-school factors that shape educational success, to identify and address the needs of students in public housing.
Odd couples or perfect matches? On the development of management knowledge packaged in the form of labels
Authors: Örtenblad Anders
Published: May 2010

The aim of this article is to explore the different directions that the development of the management knowledge field could take and to suggest a reasonable direction for its further development. In particular, management knowledge, packaged in the form of labels consisting of more than one word (e.g. knowledge management, learning organization, and organizational learning), is addressed. Three approaches to the development of the field are discussed: (1) the fragmentary approach, (2) the wholeness approach, and (3) the interpretive approach. It is concluded that, to ensure sound development of the field, there must be a continuous trialectic between all three approaches. It is also suggested that management researchers take insights from paradox theory in their studies of management concepts and thus explore the paradoxical tensions that these concepts might possess, instead of dismissing them for being contradictory.
Truth and Reconciliation Commissions: Problems in Transitional Justice and the Reconstruction of Identity
Authors: Avruch Kevin
Published: May 2010

This article considers some of the main features of so-called truth and reconciliation commissions, their history and structure and their characteristic concerns with respect to their central dilemmas, including: how they grapple with notions of truth, justice, liability, reconciliation, apology and forgiveness, and how they address the need to support the “reconstruction” of selves and identities in the wake of massive trauma and collective violence. A particular concern is with how such commissions or related tribunals engender what can be called a “one-to-many” dynamic, in which they try to effect social reconciliation while focusing attention, via testimony and story-telling, on the traumas and suffering of individual victims.
Communal Violence and Child Psychosocial Well-being: Qualitative Findings from Poso, Indonesia
Authors: Tol Wietse A. , Reis Ria , Susanty Dessy , de Jong Joop T.V.M.
Published: May 2010

This exploratory study examined the health care system in relation to communal violence-related psychosocial wellbeing in Poso, Indonesia, as preparation for conducting a cluster randomized trial of a psychosocial intervention. We employed focus groups with children ( N = 9), parents ( N = 11), and teachers ( N = 8), as well as semi-structured interviews with families affected by communal violence ( N = 42), and key informants ( N = 33). An interrelated set of problems was found that included poverty, an indigenized trauma construct, morally inappropriate behavior, inter-religious tensions, and somatic problems. Participants emphasized social-ecological interactions between concerns at different systemic levels, although problems were mainly addressed through informal care by families. The programmatic and research implications of these findings are discussed.
Reviews: Developing Culturally Sensitive Dementia Caregiver Interventions: Are We There Yet?
Authors: Napoles Anna M. , Chadiha Letha , Eversley Rani , Moreno-John Gina
Published: May 2010

Despite evidence of ethnic differences in family caregivers’ experiences, the extent to which caregiver interventions are culturally tailored to address these differences is unknown. A systematic review of literature published from 1980 to 2009 identified: differences in caregiving experiences of African American, Latino, and Chinese American caregivers; psychosocial support interventions in these groups; and cultural tailoring of interventions. Ethnic differences in caregiving occurred at multiple levels (intrapersonal, interpersonal, environmental) and in multiple domains (psychosocial health, life satisfaction, caregiving appraisals, spirituality, coping, self-efficacy, physical functioning, social support, filial responsibility, familism, views toward elders, use of formal services and health care). Only 18 of 47 intervention articles reported outcomes by caregiver ethnicity. Only 11 reported cultural tailoring; 8 were from the Resources for Enhancing Alzheimer’s Caregiver Health (REACH) initiative. Cultural tailoring addressed familism, language, literacy, protecting elders, and logistical barriers. Results suggest that more caregiver intervention studies evaluating systematically the benefits of cultural tailoring are needed.
Optimizing Army Medical Department Officer Accessions
Authors: McMurry Pat , Fulton Larry , Brooks Matthew , Rogers Jody
Published: May 2010

In support of the United States Army Medical Department Personnel Proponency Directorate (APPD), the authors developed a set of math programming models that optimize accessions (hires) for each of the 89 unique active duty officer specialties (e.g., neurosurgeons, aeromedical evacuation pilots, surgical nurses) within six separate corps (e.g., Nurse Corps, Medical Corps, Medical Specialist Corps) encompassing approximately 15,000 Army Medical Department officers. The significance of this set of programming models is that the models provide a decision support mechanism for determining how many officers of each grade to recruit and hire for each specialty. The Medical Specialist Corps model is explicated in this study.
Strategies for Identifying Students in Need of School-Based Asthma Services
Authors: Langenfeld Nancy A. , Mast Dana Keener , Rasberry Catherine N. , Cheung Karen , Luna Pamela , Buckley Rebekah , Merkle Sarah , Huhman Marian , Robin Leah
Published: May 2010

Charlotte-Mecklenburg Schools (CMS), with assistance from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), conducted an evaluation of the CMS Asthma Program. Data were collected during the 2007-2008 school year through surveys of students with asthma (n = 286), interviews with school nurses (n = 11), and reviews of administrative records that included service provision and nurse ratings of the need for asthma services (based on a set of clinical indicators and symptom frequencies) for each student with asthma. Ninety percent of high-need students, 75.8% of medium-need students, 45.3% of low-need students, and 21.4% of nonrated students were enrolled in student-level services. Given the large number of students without a nurse rating for need, asthma management difficulties (AMD; a set of questions completed by all students on the student survey) were examined as a proxy indicator of need for student-level services. When looking only at need based on AMD, 46.0% of high-need students, 48.0% of medium-need students, and 35.2% of low-need students were enrolled in any student-level service. A Pearson χ2 revealed that nurse ratings of need and need based on AMD were not significantly related (χ2 = 4.1888, df = 4, P = .381); of students with nurse ratings for need, more were classified as medium and high need based on AMD than were rated medium and high need by school nurses. This suggests that many students were experiencing AMD but not coming to the attention of school nurses. Among students with asthma, additional resources and systematic procedures are needed to identify those who need student-level services, particularly for students who do not otherwise present with symptoms to the school nurse.
On the diffusion behaviour of Os in the binary Ni–Os system
Authors: Youssef Y. M. , Lee P. D. , Mills K. C. , Reed R. C.
Published: May 2010

The diffusion of Os in Ni is characterised by measuring interdiffusion coefficients in the binary Ni–Os system, in the temperature range 1200–1350°C. The results are compared with data for Ni–Re. Theoretical calculations indicate that Os should display a diffusion coefficient comparable with Re, among the lowest displayed by elements from the d-block transition elements. The authors’ experimental findings confirm these predictions, and suggest that alloying with Os is likely to improve the high temperature properties of the nickel-based superalloys.
The galactocerebrosidase enzyme contributes to the maintenance of a functional hematopoietic stem cell niche
Authors: Visigalli Ilaria , Ungari Silvia , Martino Sabata , Park Hyejung , Cesani Martina , Gentner Bernhard , Sergi Sergi Lucia , Orlacchio Aldo , Naldini Luigi , Biffi Alessandra
Published: May 2010

The balance between survival and death in many cell types is regulated by small changes in the intracellular content of bioactive sphingolipids. Enzymes that either produce or degrade these sphingolipids control this equilibrium. The findings here described indicate that the lysosomal galactocerebrosidase (GALC) enzyme, defective in globoid cell leukodystrophy, is involved in the maintenance of a functional hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell (HSPC) niche by contributing to the control of the intracellular content of key sphingolipids. Indeed, we show that both insufficient and supraphysiologic GALC activity—by inherited genetic deficiency or forced gene expression in patients' cells and in the disease model—induce alterations of the intracellular content of the bioactive GALC downstream products ceramide and sphingosine, and thus affect HSPC survival and function and the functionality of the stem cell niche. Therefore, GALC and, possibly, other enzymes for the maintenance of niche functionality and health tightly control the concentration of these sphingolipids within HSPCs.
GMI-1070, a novel pan-selectin antagonist, reverses acute vascular occlusions in sickle cell mice
Authors: Chang Jungshan , Patton John T. , Sarkar Arun , Ernst Beat , Magnani John L. , Frenette Paul S.
Published: May 2010

Leukocyte adhesion in the microvasculature influences blood rheology and plays a key role in vaso-occlusive manifestations of sickle cell disease. Notably, polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) can capture circulating sickle red blood cells (sRBCs) in inflamed venules, leading to critical reduction in blood flow and vaso-occlusion. Recent studies have suggested that E-selectin expression by endothelial cells plays a key role by sending activating signals that lead to the activation of Mac-1 at the leading edge of PMNs, thereby allowing RBC capture. Thus, the inhibition of E-selectin may represent a valuable target in this disease. Here, we have tested the biologic properties of a novel synthetic pan-selectin inhibitor, GMI-1070, with in vitro assays and in a humanized model of sickle cell vaso-occlusion analyzed by intravital microscopy. We have found that GMI-1070 predominantly inhibited E-selectin–mediated adhesion and dramatically inhibited sRBC-leukocyte interactions, leading to improved microcirculatory blood flow and improved survival. These results suggest that GMI-1070 may represent a valuable novel therapeutic intervention for acute sickle cell crises that should be further evaluated in a clinical trial.
Immune monitoring with iTAg MHC Tetramers for prediction of recurrent or persistent cytomegalovirus infection or disease in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients: a prospective multicenter study
Authors: Gratama Jan W. , Boeckh Michael , Nakamura Ryotaro , Cornelissen Jan J. , Brooimans Rik A. , Zaia John A. , Forman Stephen J. , Gaal Karl , Bray Kurtis R. , Gasior Gail H. , Boyce Christopher S. , Sullivan Linda A. , Southwick Paula C.
Published: May 2010

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients despite the introduction of posttransplantation viral monitoring and preemptive antiviral therapy. We evaluated the use of HLA class I tetramers in monitoring CMV-specific T-cell recovery to predict patients at risk for CMV-related complications. This prospective multicenter clinical trial obtained nearly 1400 tetramer/allele results in more than 800 biweekly blood samples from 83 patients monitored for 1 year after transplantation. Major HLA types were included (A*0101, A*0201, B*0702, B*0801, B*3501). iTAg MHC Tetramers (Beckman Coulter) were used to enumerate CMV-specific CD8+ T cells by flow cytometry using a single-platform absolute counting method. Assay variability was 8% or less and results were available within 3 hours. Delayed recovery of CMV-specific T cells (< 7 cells/μL in all blood samples during the first 65 days after transplantation) was found to be a significant risk factor for CMV-related complications; these patients were more likely to develop recurrent or persistent CMV infection (relative risk 2.6, CI 1.2-5.8, P = .01) than patients showing rapid recovery, which was associated with protection from CMV-related complications (P = .004). CMV tetramer–based immune monitoring, in conjunction with virologic monitoring, can be an important new tool to assess risk of CMV-related complications and to guide preemptive therapeutic choices.
Signal transduction mechanisms involved in S100A4-induced activation of the transcription factor NF-κB
Authors: Grotterød Ida , Mælandsmo Gunhild M , Boye Kjetil
Published: May 2010

Background

The metastasis-promoting protein S100A4 activates the transcription factor NF-κB through the classical NF-κB activation pathway. The upstream signal transduction mechanisms leading to increased NF-κB activity are, however, incompletely characterized.

Methods

The human osteosarcoma cell line II-11b was stimulated with recombinant S100A4 in the presence or absence of inhibitors of common signal transduction pathways, and NF-κB activity was examined using a luciferase-based reporter assay and phosphorylation of IκBα. mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time RT-PCR, protein expression was examined by Western blotting and IKK activity was measured using an in vitro kinase assay. The role of upstream kinases and the cell surface receptor RAGE was investigated by overexpression of dominant negative proteins and by siRNA transfection.

Results

The Ser/Thr kinase inhibitors H-7 and staurosporine inhibited S100A4-induced IκBα phosphorylation and subsequent NF-κB activation. The protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor genistein and the phospholipase C inhibitor compound 48/80 had a partial inhibitory effect on IκBα phosphorylation, whereas inhibitors of protein kinase C, G-protein coupled receptors and PI 3-kinases had no effect on the level of phosphorylation. Interestingly, S100A4 treatment induced activating phosphorylations of IKKα/β, but neither H-7 nor staurosporine was able to significantly inhibit IKK activation. Dominant negative MEKK1 or NIK did not inhibit S100A4-induced NF-κB activity, and S100A4 stimulation did not influence AKT phosphorylation. Furthermore, diminished expression of the putative S100 protein receptor RAGE did not affect the observed phosphorylation of IκBα.

Conclusions

S100A4 activates NF-κB by inducing phosphorylation of IKKα/β, leading to increased IκBα phosphorylation. The Ser/Thr kinase inhibitors H-7 and staurosporine attenuated S100A4-induced NF-κB activation and inhibited IKK-mediated phosphorylation of IκBα. S100A4-induced NF-κB activation was independent of the putative S100 protein receptor RAGE and the Ser/Thr kinases MEKK1, NIK and AKT. These findings lead to increased understanding of S100A4 signaling, which may contribute to the identification of novel targets for anti-metastatic therapy.