bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Opinion of Germany on the Single Permit Proposal
Authors: Brinkmann Gisbert
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The development of EU measures regarding access to employment and Germany’s general attitude to these measures (reluctance) are described briefly. This article mainly concerns Germany’s objections (and the objections of other Member States) to the proposal by the Commission of the Single Permit Directive, which was changed several times during the negotiations. Germany (together with other Member States) managed to downgrade the Directive, in particular with regard to the equality rights of TCNs. The conclusion describes that there are only a few rules that are mandatory, much is left to national legislation. The conclusion mentions further that there is a gap between the rights of EU citizens and TCNs; it refers briefly to the future transposition of the Directive which will mean amending national law.
The Journey of the Suffering Servant: The Vulnerable Hero, the Feminine Godhead and Spiritual Transformation in Endō Shūsaku’s Deep River
Authors: Kim JinHyok
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This study aims to investigate how the Biblical view of the Suffering Servant transforms a basic pattern of the hero’s journey into a narrative of spiritual growth in modern literature. In this article, especially, I will examine the novel Deep River by the 20th-century Japanese Catholic novelist, Endō Shūsaku, paying special attention to his use of Jungian archetypes. Unlike the beautiful and gracious Holy Mother of Christian belief, the image of Endō’s feminine divinity is what we think as ordinary, depressing, shameful, and even ugly. As the very embodiment of this motherly divine Love, the hero of the novel eventually figures out that his journey should be structured analogously to the narrative of the Suffering Servant. This hero helps people discover the mother-like God and invites them into their own spiritual journey in which they accept the vulnerability, ineffectiveness and helplessness of human existence.
Les rapports soumis par la Tunisie aux organes de traités de droits de l’homme
Authors: Mekki Nidhal
Published: November 2012

Résumé

Les rapports que soumet un État partie aux organes de traités sont l’occasion pour ces derniers d’évaluer la situation des droits de l’homme dans l’État partie concerné, notamment en prenant connaissance des mesures prises pour promouvoir et protéger ces droits. Si elle n’est pas très régulière dans la présentation de ses rapports aux comités, la Tunisie a cependant multiplié les réalisations en matière de droits de l’homme aux plans juridique et institutionnel. Or l’intérêt de l’examen entrepris réside en ce que les organes de traités mesurent très bien l’écart entre les dires de l’État évalué et ses actes, entre les textes et la pratique. Face aux questions précises et directes et aux recommandations insistantes et sans complaisance, la Tunisie affiche une volonté de coopérer. Bien qu’ils ne soient pas des organes juridictionnels, les comités remplissent de manière très satisfaisante leur rôle de promotion et de protection des droits de l’homme.
Les infractions liées aux transplantations d’organes en droit pénal algérien et en droit comparé
Authors: Mamoun Abdelkrim
Published: November 2012

Résumé

Les transplantations d’organes sont soumises à un ensemble de conditions juridiques, établi par divers systèmes juridiques, parmi lesquels se range le droit algérien. Ces conditions concernent la nécessité de respecter les droits de l’individu sur son corps, en particulier son droit à l’intégrité physique et morale lors de toute intervention de transplantation d’organes. Jusqu’à 2009, le législateur algérien n’avait pas pensé à l’incrimination spécifique des auteurs d’actes liés aux transplantations d’organes : en cas de conséquences préjudiciables, il en référait aux dispositions générales du code pénal concernant l’homicide involontaire et les coups et blessures, volontaires et involontaires. Or ces dispositions ne procurent pas une protection suffisante contre les atteintes au corps humain dans le contexte du prélèvement et de la transplantation d’organes. C’est pour cela qu’en février 2009, le législateur algérien a introduit de nouvelles dispositions pénales relatives à ce domaine spécifique d’infractions, parmi lesquelles on relève les prélèvements d’organes sans consentement préalable et le trafic d’organes humains.
Transmission and Transmutation: George Ripley and the Place of English Alchemy in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Rampling Jennifer M.
Published: November 2012

Continental authors and editors often sought to ground alchemical writing within a long-established, coherent and pan-European tradition, appealing to the authority of adepts from different times and places. Greek, Latin and Islamic alchemists met both in person and between the covers of books, in actual, fictional or coincidental encounters: a trope utilised in Michael Maier’s Symbola aureae mensae duodecim nationum (1617). This essay examines how works attributed to an English authority, George Ripley (d. c. 1490), were received in central Europe and incorporated into continental compendia. Placed alongside works by the philosophers of other nations, Ripley’s writings helped affirm the unity and truth of alchemy in defiance of its critics. His continental editors were therefore concerned not only with the provenance of manuscripts and high-quality exemplars, but by a range of other factors, including the desire to suppress controversial material, intervene in contemporary polemics, and defend their art. In the resulting compilations, the vertical axis of alchemy’s long, diachronic tradition may be compared to the horizontal plane of pan-European alchemy.
Antemurale Alchimiae: Patrons, Readers, and Practitioners of Alchemy in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Authors: Prinke Rafał T.
Published: November 2012

Our understanding of the role and development of alchemy in Poland and Lithuania is still in need of further research. However, it is already possible to present a number of interesting cases, starting with medieval scholars and passing through humanist intellectuals to early modern nobles and burghers. Although Michael Sendivogius was certainly the only Polish alchemist of pan-European stature, there were many others either lured by the dream of the Philosophers’ Stone or motivated by their thirst for knowledge. In some cases that interest seems to be related to the revolution in science (ultimately stemming from Copernicus), while in some others—to religious reformation (including Polish Brethren or Socinians). A brief survey of those individuals and circles is presented, along with some initial conclusions about the alternative channels through which alchemy penetrated the Eastern frontiers of Europe (the Armenian connection).
The Latin Editions of Galen's Opera omnia (1490–1625) and Their Prefaces
Authors: Fortuna Stefania
Published: November 2012

Between 1490 to 1625, twenty-two editions of Galen's opera omnia were published in Latin, while only two in Greek. In the Western world Galen's literary production was mostly known through Latin translations, even in the sixteenth century, when Greek medicine was being rediscovered in its original language. The paper discusses the twenty-two Latin editions of Galen's writings and how they evolved. In these editions the number of works increased, especially from 1490 to 1533, while later, from 1576–1577 to 1586, forged commentaries on Hippocrates were added, when Galenic medicine was declining. Moreover, in 1490 Galen's works were printed in medieval translations from Arabic and Greek, while by 1541–1542 most of them had already received new humanist translations. The humanist translations, which started about 1480, depended on Greek manuscripts until 1525, when the Aldine provided the standard Greek text of Galen. Afterwards, the Greek manuscripts were used to correct the Latin, especially in the editions from 1541–1542 to 1565. Therefore the complete Latin editions included most of the philological work on Galen during the sixteenth century, as well as discussions on the authorship of some works, on the order in which they had to be read or printed, and on their selection for medical education.
Giovanni Battista Rasario and the 1562–1563 Edition of Galen. Research, Exchanges and Forgeries
Authors: Savino Christina
Published: November 2012

Giovanni Battista Rasario was a well-known physician and translator of Greek classical texts of the Renaissance. In 1562–1563, he edited Galen's Opera omnia, printed by Valgrisi in Venice. This edition is remarkable because of the order of Galen's works, its new translations and also its forgeries. As the preface indicates, other scholars and physicians collaborated with him on this edition. This essay investigates the philological and historical issues of Rasario's edition through an analysis of its preface as well as the dedication letter. Both are rich sources of information on the work accomplished by Rasario, and also bring to light the hitherto unknown relationship between him and his collaborators.
Mission and the Ephesian Moment of World Christianity: Pilgrimages of Pain and Hope and the Economics of Eating Together
Authors: Katongole Emmanuel
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The historic 1910 Edinburgh missionary conference was a watershed moment for world Christianity as it established a framework for international cooperation in the task of bringing the whole gospel to the whole world.’ That goal has more or less been realized. In fact, with the shift of Christianity’s center of gravity from its traditional heartlands in Europe and the US to the “Global South” of Africa, Asia, and Latin America, the focus of mission must also shift from a preoccupation with ‘transmission’ so as to engage the wider issues of the teleology of missio Dei. Using Andrew Walls’ depiction of the Ephesian Moment, the author explores mission as God’s activity of bringing together diverse social fragments (as bricks of a single building or as parts of the same body) so as to realize what Paul describes as the ‘very height of Christ’s full stature.” In describing the Pilgrimage of Pain and Hope and a visit to an organic farm in Uganda, the author offers “pilgrimage” as an example of mission practice, which reflects and advances this telos. The act of eating together, which pilgrimage fosters, is not only the expression and the test of the Ephesian moment it is the context within which the most pressing theological, pastoral and ecclesiological issues of world Christianity are illumined and engaged.
How Higher Education in the U.S. Can Inform Missions’ Diversification Efforts
Authors: Starcher Richard L.
Published: November 2012

Abstract

Many largely homogenous, North American mission organizations claim they are interested in attracting a more diverse membership. Some have even taken steps toward diversity. However, few have a clear, proven, diversification strategy in mind. This article borrows heavily from the diversity literature on higher education in the United States to uncover effective principles that can inform mission organizations’ diversification efforts. The intended audience is primarily North American mission organizations seeking to diversify their membership. Nevertheless, the principles outlined are potentially transferable to mission organizations in other contexts. The article proposes the following transferable diversification strategy: 1)Revisit organization purposes. 2) Assess organizational readiness. 3) Establish a responsibility structure that sets diversity goals, develops and implements a relational strategy, and manages the resultant diversity. 4)Exercise patient persistence.
Russian Nationalists as Georgian Allies
Authors: Shlapentokh Dmitry
Published: November 2012

The internet discussions focused on the Russo-Georgian War of 7-12 August 2008 provide the insight into the mood of Russian public, including those ethnic Russians, who espouse nationalistic view. Some of them support the idea of Russian imperialism and punishing Georgia as the proxy of the USA. Still, the majority demonstrated quite different approaches. They had no interest in imperial build up and see in empire liability, which prevents ethnic Russians to live well. Putin’s regime was regarded as the manifestation of the imperialism, and these explain—in their view—why the regime was hostile to ethnic Russians. To understand the image of the war, in the minds of many Russians, requires describing several specifics of the present regime, which are quite crucial from their perspective. First, although Putin came to power with a programme to end the abuses of the Yeltsin era, his regime was actually a continuity of Yeltsin’s rule. Its most important socioeconomic element— robber-baron privatisation—was preserved. A few of the most notorious “oligarchs” either pushed for exile or ended their careers in prison, but most of them continued to prosper. The corrupt and hedonistic aspects of the post-Soviet regime continued to be prominent, yet the basic pro-Western orientation of Putin’s foreign policy remained unchallenged. These features of Putin’s regime made it as alien and hostile to many ethnic Russians, especially provincial people, as the Yeltsin’s regime had been. Its anti-Western actions, and especially proclamations, were not taken seriously; indeed, they were understood as limited in scope and practically sham. The hostility to the regime by many disenfranchised ethnic Russians was also increased by its tolerance of ethnic minorities, especially Jews. Despite its slogans, the regime was reluctant to press the most brazen form of Russian nationalism, its emphasis on the racial/biological aspects of Russianness. However, it did not demonstrate just tolerance to Jews, but even a Judeophilism that had been unknown in Russia since the early Soviet era.
The Transmission of Targum Jonathan in the West Initial Results from the Mixed Western Textual Group
Authors: Patmore Hector M.
Published: November 2012

Stemmatological analysis of the text of Targum Samuel reveals six major text families. This paper examines seven related manuscripts belonging to one of these families, which I call the Mixed Western group. I identify and describe two tendencies that appear in the texts of these manuscripts: (1) the amplification of the text by the introduction of conventional readings from elsewhere in the Targum; and, (2) the revision of the text to bring it into closer conformity to the underlying Hebrew text. I conclude with some observations concerning the transmission of the Targum in the West.
The Marginal Notes to the Targum Text of Codex Reuchlinianus No. 3
Authors: Patmore Hector M.
Published: November 2012

The Aramaic notes to Targum Jonathan that stand in the margins of manuscript Reuchlinianus No. 3 (Badische Hof- und Landesbibliothek, Karlsruhe) are of great value for advancing our understanding of the transmission history of Targum Jonathan and are an important source of alternative Targum traditions. Their origins and purpose, however, are unclear. By examining the character and layout of the notes, using 1 Samuel as a sample study, this paper aims to explain the likely format and content of the sources used by the compiler of the marginalia.
Christianized Targums The Usefulness of the Zamora Manuscripts and the Antwerp Polyglot Bible for an Edition of the Targum of the Former Prophets
Authors: van Staalduine-Sulman Eveline
Published: November 2012

There are two versions of the Targum of Samuel with Latin translation that have been written or edited by Christian scholars. The first is present in two manuscripts of Alfonso de Zamora, viz. MSS 7542 (Biblioteca Nacional, Madrid; dated 1533) and M-1, M-2 and M-3 (Biblioteca General Histórica, Universidad de Salamanca; dated 1532–1534). The second is edited in the Antwerp Polyglot Bible (1569–1572). Both the manuscripts and the Polyglot Bible were clearly made for a Christian readership, which is demonstrated in this article. The question arises of whether the Aramaic text in these manuscripts and this edition is suitable for the planned new critical edition of Targum Samuel.
Philosophical and Ethical Issues in Disability
Authors: Blustein Jeffrey
Published: November 2012

What is a disability? What sorts of limitations do persons with disabilities or impairments experience? What is there about having a disability or impairment that makes it disadvantageous for the individuals with it? Are persons with severe cognitive impairments capable of making autonomous decisions? What role should disability play in the construction of theories of justice? Is it ever ethical for parents to seek to create a child with an impairment? This anthology addresses these and other questions and is a valuable addition to a growing interdisciplinary literature exploring issues at the intersection of disability studies, philosophy, and bioethics. Most of the authors are well-known from their previous work in the disability field and have already made significant philosophical contributions to it.
The Spirit and the Bride Revisited: Pentecostalism, Renewal, and the Sense of History
Authors: Coulter Dale M.
Published: November 2012

Early Pentecostalism embraced a historical narrative of restorationism that provided an apologetic for Pentecostal revivals by trumpeting the discontinuity with much of Christian tradition. As a counter to this restorationist historical narrative, I argue that early Pentecostalism transmitted a catholic spirituality, which explains not only how it fostered ecclesial renewal in other Christian traditions, but also offers a narrative of continuity with the history of Christianity. This catholic spirituality can be found in the way early Pentecostals fused together eschatological notions of the church as the bride with bridal mysticism to forge a theology of encounter that also offered an implicit renewal understanding of history. This fusion drew upon an eschatology of divine presence in which to encounter God was to live proleptically in the end. Restorationism, consequently, need not be tied to the narrative of discontinuity given in the latter rain, full gospel, and apostolic faith identity markers.
Changing the Dead to Statues of Stone: The Synthesis of Fossils, Petrifaction, Photography, and the Chemistry of the Gorgonean Arts
Authors: Podgorny Irina
Published: November 2012

Taking the story of Efisio Marini as its starting point, this paper argues that embalming and photography are materially and historically connected due to their chemical nature. Photography and modern embalming both originated in the “chemical complex” of the nineteenth century, i.e., the idea that nature and natural processes could be synthesized in the laboratory. As Ursula Klein and Wolfgang Lefèvre have remarked, eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century chemists experimented with materials, studied the possibilities for improving their production, examined their properties, explored their reactions, and analyzed their composition. Eighteenth-century chemistry, in their words, could be seen as the most authoritative science of materials. Marini’s story relates to this ontology of materials in that it refers to experiments with chemical substances and subsequent changes in their materiality and meaning.
The Embalming Art in the Modern Age: The Mummies of Caroline, Letizia and Joachim-Napoleon Agar as Examples of Funerary Rites in the Napoleonic Empire
Authors: Marinozzi Silvia
Published: November 2012

In the early 1980s a systematic investigation was begun by G. Fornaciari and his staff of a series of mummies from central and southern Italy, and in particular of important Renaissance remains. The study of a substantial number of artificial mummies has shed light on the human embalming techniques connected with the methods and procedures described by medical and non-medical authors in the early modern period. This has made it possible to reconstruct the history of the art of mummification, from the ‘clyster’ techniques to the partial or total evisceration of the corpse, to the intravascular injection of drying and preserving liquors.

In addition to the bodies of Aragonese princes and members of the Neapolitan nobility, interred in the Basilica of San Domenico in Naples are the remains of important French personages dating to the modern age. Among the tombs arranged in two parallel rows to the right of the balcony are four sarcophagi containing the bodies of the wife and three children of Jean Antoine Michel Agar, who served as the Minister of Finance of the Kingdom of Naples from 1809 to 1815. The type of wrapping used for the corpses of the children presents strong analogies to those of ancient Egyptian mummies.
The Hidden Logistics of Longinos’s Novohispanic Cabinet
Authors: Eugenia Constantino María , Lafuente Antonio
Published: November 2012

In eighteenth-century New Spain, the concern of expeditionaries and collectors about avoiding or delaying the deterioration and loss of their animalia collections was not a minor problem but an important issue that involved many and diverse, visible and invisible actors. They all contributed, in one way or another, to the search for the best way of preserving specimens, some of them used by surgeons and others by embalmers of human corpses. The aim of this paper is to show the phases in the life, death and transformation of natural history specimens linked to day-to-day preservation practices, a work that was essential, but extremely demanding and paradoxically unseen.
‘Not in My Backyard’: The Local Planning Process in Australia and its Impact on Minority Places of Worship
Authors: Villaroman Noel G.
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This article analyses the engagement of minority religious groups with the local planning process in Australia as they try to build places of worship. Such groups oftentimes encounter opposition from local residents who are reluctant to share the public sphere with the newly arrived and less known ‘other.’ The public sphere has become a contested terrain between those who desire to preserve the status quo of the built environment and those who desire to affirm their collective identity through new religious structures. The Australian state, acting through local councils, finds itself in the middle of this contest and is tasked to resolve it. This article offers illustrative snapshots of how Australia promotes, respects and protects religious freedom, particularly its aspect concerning the ability of minority religious groups to build their own places of worship. Through case studies, this article assesses, albeit with respect to such cases only, how religious freedom is being concretised in the ‘religious’ physical landscape of Australia—that is its temples, mosques, churches, gurdwaras, mandirs and other minority places of worship.
Opening the Windows on Diplomacy: A Comparison of the Domestic Dimension of Public Diplomacy in Canada and Australia
Authors: Huijgh Ellen , Byrne Caitlin
Published: November 2012

Summary

Public diplomacy’s scholarship and practice are evolving and seeking to adapt to the expanding interests, expectations, connectivity and mobility of the publics that have come to define the field in an organic fashion. The characteristic distinction between international and domestic publics as the key to defining the practice of public diplomacy is increasingly challenged by public audiences that are no longer constrained by such traditional delineations. The attention on the involvement of domestic publics in public diplomacy, or its domestic dimension, has to be understood within this context. This article aims to cast further light on public diplomacy’s domestic dimension, with Canada and Australia — two countries that have much in common — as the launch pads for discussion. The article’s first section investigates the approach and development of public diplomacy’s domestic dimension in both countries and draws out the similarities and differences. The second section identifies the opportunities, challenges and tendencies in its practice as well as the conceptual implications. The article finds that while differences in approach remain, Canada and Australia have more in common than not when it comes to involving domestic audiences in international policy, especially in recent years. Their practice of public diplomacy’s domestic dimension appears to be resilient and adaptive in nature, although it has been subject to fluctuations resulting from changes in the political climate, leadership styles and governmental preferences, and resource availability. Additionally, reconceptualizing public diplomacy with a domestic dimension and constructivist underpinnings opens the window on norms that are taken for granted in diplomacy and offers the potential for a more inclusive view and practice — a better fit for its time.
The Story of Job and the Credibility of God
Authors: Anderson Braden P.
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This essay examines the Book of Job via a narrative critical lens and demonstrates that contemporary treatments of the text portraying Job’s suffering as the central concern and the theophany as either insensitive or irrelevant to Job’s plight neglect the narrative elements at play. Rather, read as a story, the main conflict of the book concerns whether God’s claim regarding Job’s righteousness can be trusted. The main protagonist of the story is God, while the role of the antagonist passes at different points from the Satan to Job’s friends, and finally—but least significantly—to Job himself. The theophany is therefore addressed to each of these parties simultaneously, and primarily back to the Satan. As such, the theophany constitutes not only the climax of the story, but the center of a narrative chiasm wherein challenges resulting from the Satan’s machinations are decisively resolved by God’s self-revelation.
Contributions of Commentaries on the Minor Prophets to the Formation of Distinctive Lutheran and Reformed Confessional Identities
Authors: Pak G. Sujin
Published: November 2012

The essay explores the question of the evidence of distinct Lutheran and Reformed confessional practices of exegesis particularly concerning interpretations of Old Testament prophecy. It begins by outlining differences in Martin Luther and John Calvin’s practices of christological exegesis and vision of sacred history in their interpretations of the Minor Prophets. Next, it traces the evolution of these differences in a set of figures from the next generation of Lutheran and Reformed exegetes in order to discern whether consistent patterns emerge to indicate ways in which biblical interpretation shaped confessional identity. Through a survey of commentaries on the Minor Prophets by a set of next generation Lutherans (Philip Melanchthon, Aegidius Hunnius, Lucas Osiander, and Nicolas Selnecker) and next generation Reformed (David Pareus, Lambert Daneau, Johannes Drusius, and Johannes Piscator) the author provides a picture of how biblical interpretation did indeed play a significant role in the formation and expression of confessional identity in the late sixteenth and early seventeenth centuries.
The Applicability of International Humanitarian Law to the Conflict in Libya
Authors: Mačák Kubo , Zamir Noam
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The purpose of this article is to examine the applicability of international humanitarian law to the 2011 conflict in Libya in its consecutive phases. We argue that the situation in Libya rose to the level of non-international armed conflict between the government forces and insurgents united by the National Transitional Council by the end of February 2011. The military intervention by a multi-state coalition acting under the Security Council mandate since March 2011 occasioned an international armed conflict between Libya and the intervening States. We consider and reject the arguments in favour of conflict convergence caused by the increased collaboration between the rebels and NATO forces. Similarly, we refute the propositions that the Gaddafi government’s gradual loss of power brought about conflict de-internationalisation. Finally, we conclude that both parallel conflicts in Libya terminated at the end of October 2011. The article aspires to shed light on the controversial issues relating to conflict qualification in general and to serve as a basis for the assessment of the scope of responsibility of the actors in the Libyan conflict in particular.
“The Times They Are A-Changing”: Modern and Non-Modern Dynamics in the Emergence of a Secular Italy
Authors: Maccarini Andrea M.
Published: November 2012

Many sociologists and historians have foreseen the secularization of Europe and have pointed to the close relation between this religious trend and ongoing modernization. Among them, Hugh McLeod stands out as a prominent author who has refined that thesis, talking of the ‘end of Christendom.’ By this term he means the end of a society that defines itself as Christian, in the aftermath of the religious crisis of the 1960s.

This article uses the religious situation in Italy as a testing ground for that thesis, and argues that the most significant emergent facts for religious change are currently taking place outside the symbolic range of the conservative-progressive distinction. Building on recent empirical research as well as on the insight of such anti-evolutionistic views of the modernization process as Joas’ theory of the creativity of action and Archer’s approach to social morphogenesis, I sketch a new, provisional picture of religious change in Italy. I thus try to capture the mixing strategies and dynamics through which religious actors are making their way out of ‘Christendom’ and towards some new form of a ‘secular,’ yet not de-Christianized, country.
Geographic spread of Strumigenys silvestrii (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dacetini)
Authors: MacGown Joe A. , Wetterer James K. , Hill JoVonn G.
Published: November 2012

Strumigenys silvestriiis a tiny dacetine ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae: Dacetini), apparently from South America, that has spread to the southern US and the West Indies.Strumigenys silvestriihas recently been found for the first time in the Old World, from the island of Madeira, mainland Portugal, and Macau. Here, we document new distributional records and the geographic spread ofS. silvestrii. We compiled and mapped 67 site records ofS. silvestrii. We documented the earliest knownS. silvestriirecords for 20 geographic areas (countries, major islands, and US states), including four areas for which we found no previously published records: Georgia (US), Grenada, Nevis, and St. Vincent.Strumigenys silvestriiis the only New World dacetine ant that has been recorded in the Old World. The distribution of its closest relatives and of knownS. silvestriispecimen records supports the hypothesis thatS. silvestriiis native to South America. Throughout its New World range (South America, the West Indies, and the southern US), manyS. silvestriirecords are from undisturbed forest habitats (usually indicative of a native species), but are very recent (usually indicative of a newly arrived exotic species).
“Brought to Life by the Idealists, Preserved by Blind Circumstance, Killed by Politicians”: Dilemmas of Nation-Building in Albanian Political Thought, 1920–1928
Authors: Ypi Lea
Published: November 2012

The purpose of this article is to explore the tension between the celebration and critique of the nation in Albanian political thought through an analysis of key texts produced during the critical years 1920–1928. The discussion is placed in the context of a distinctive nation-building project, one which sought to consolidate the Rilindje kombëtare (National Renaissance) whilst also having to critically interrogate it. These intellectual efforts can be understood as an attempt to shift from an ethnic form of nationalism to a political one, seeking to replace or integrate the kin-based categories on which the previous nation-building discourse had relied with an emphasis on civic allegiances based on shared social and political interests. This involved a revised analysis of issues that had been central to the Rilindje narrative, including new arguments on the status of a shared ethos within modern state structures and integrating the question of religious diversity through an analysis of faith in the public sphere. It progressively developed into a collective effort to reinvent more abstract moral categories under which to conceptualize emerging political allegiances, with important repercussions for the way the newly shaped, allegedly liberal, political institutions figured in the nation-building discourse.
The 1927 Soviet War Scare: The Foreign Affairs-Domestic Policy Nexus Revisited
Authors: Hudson Hugh D.
Published: November 2012

The Soviet War Scare of 1927 is usually treated solely within the bounds of Soviet political machinations. This study explores the connection between Bolshevik domestic and foreign policy in the War Scare of 1927 with a focus on the peasants. The peasants in the early years of the NEP were seeking a compromise with the regime, seeing the relations of power following the war, the civil war, and horrendous famine of 1921-1922, not in their favor. The War Scare of 1927 altered how both the peasants and the regime saw one another and the possibility of compromise. The rumors of war were soon coupled with threats of peasants uprising against the communists. By fall 1927, both the local police in their svodki and the central OGPU in its summary reports to the political leadership were describing a mounting confrontational atmosphere among the peasants. Given the heightened anxieties within the leadership regarding the Soviet Union’s ability to defend itself, concern over the reliability of the peasantry and a demand to know more fully about the “political situation in the countryside” had reached a fever pitch. Surveiling the countryside, both the central OGPU and the party leadership concluded, not without some evidence, that a growing number of peasants desired a showdown. The War Scare of 1927 added significantly to the factors that helped set the process of collectivization in motion.
Determinants of Positive Attitudes towards an Authoritarian Regime: The Case of Belarus
Authors: Klymenko Lina , Gherghina Sergiu
Published: November 2012

The political and economic transition of Belarus has particular features among the post-Soviet countries in Eastern Europe. Twenty years after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Belarus is characterized as an authoritarian regime personified in its president. This study identifies sources of citizens’ perceptions of the political regime in Belarus. We argue that the way in which citizens perceive the political regime is primarily determined by economic performance and the communist legacies. The results shed light on attitude formation in authoritarian countries and can represent valid explanations for the stability of such political regimes.
Constrained Democracy: The Consolidation of Democracy in Yugoslav Successor States
Authors: Bieber Florian , Bieber Florian , Ristić Irena
Published: November 2012

The development of democracy in the successor states of Yugoslavia illustrates the whole range of differences among these states: from Slovenia which is considered most advanced and consolidated, over Croatia which is on its way to become a consolidated democratic state, to Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia which are seen as still very fragile zones for democracy to take roots in. While scholars refer to these latter cases as to failed or unconsolidated democracies, this article argues against the common theoretical framework and calls for the use of different theoretical and methodological tools to measure the (un)success of these states. For this purpose this article discusses the main (internal) features and weaknesses of these democracies and points at a number of external factors and internal objective circumstances, which (unintentionally) hinder the process of democratization.
Empire and Solidarity in International Legal Reform
Authors: Webber Jeremy
Published: November 2012

In the last two decades, aid organizations, led by the World Bank, have advanced legal and political reform as a necessary adjunct of international development assistance. This move has been challenged by critics who argue that institutional reform is inextricably tied to economic liberalization, that it is a form of cultural imperialism, and that it tends to displace domestic struggles for democratic self-determination, replacing them with a uniform model of atomized rights.

This paper does not reject those concerns out of hand, but it does argue that they are often exaggerated and liable to undermine a valuable sense of international solidarity. It seeks to redirect the criticisms, confining and targeting them more carefully. It does so first by examining how the institutional reform agenda works in practice, drawing specifically on the experience of legal reform in Vietnam. From that example, it assesses the possibilities, limitations, and constraints of international institutional reform and provides recommendations on how reform might be pursued so as to reinforce, and not abandon, the values of transparency, consistency, popular participation and government responsiveness that animate, at its best, the institutional reform agenda.
Rich Lexical Represe ntations and Conflicting Features
Authors: Hogeweg Lotte
Published: November 2012

This paper argues that interpretations are fine-grained and that, to come to a full understanding of meaning, it is important to find out more about how such detailed interpretations are derived. As a first step towards answering this question it is insightful to look at the interpretation of metaphors. Psycholinguistic experiments have shown that the interpretation of metaphors involves the suppression of irrelevant or incompatible features. These studies could be taken as an indication against the common view that word meanings are underspecified and enriched in a context. In contrast with this underspecification view, this paper suggests a view of the lexicon in which words come with very rich semantic representations. When two representations are combined, a conflict may arise when elements of the representations are incompatible. This paper argues that such a conflict is best analyzed in Optimality Theory. The optimization process of combining rich lexical representations is illustrated with an analysis of the adjective-noun combination stone lion.
On Assertoric and Directive Signals and the Evolution of Dynamic Meaning
Authors: Franke Michael
Published: November 2012

Basic speech-act distinctions apply quasi-universally across languages, but little attention has been paid so far to formally modelling the evolution of these. Even worse so, standard models of language evolution from evolutionary game theory deliver functionally ambiguous meanings: evolved meanings in Lewisean signalling games seem hybrids between assertions and directives. This has been noted by Lewis (1969) already, but has only recently received renewed attention (Huttegger, 2007; Blume and Board, 2011; Zollman, 2011). Contrary to previous modelling attempts this paper argues that a functional distinction in formal models should be based on criteria that linguistic typology uses to distinguish clause types cross-linguistically. The paper then offers two simple models that delineate assertoric and imperative meanings once by semantic denotation and once by pragmatic effect. The latter requires us to go beyond standard modelling techniques: in order to account for the dynamic meaning element of “giving a directive” we need a mechanism of co-evolving meanings and norms.
The Phoneme /o/ in Opoja Albanian: Albanian-Slavic Contact and the Slavic Jers
Authors: Dombrowski Andrew
Published: November 2012

The phoneme /o/ is often present in the Albanian dialect of Opoja in environments where it is absent elsewhere in Albanian. This paper explains /o/ in Opoja by reference to the Slavic substrate present in that area of Kosovo. Language shift from Slavic to Albanian took place in the late 16th and 17th centuries in Opoja, and I argue that during this process, Slavic /o/ was identified with Albanian /ə/. This identification was facilitated by the fact that the Slavic dialect of Opoja lay directly on a major isogloss of a crucial sound change in Slavic: the loss of hyper-short high vowels, also known as the jer shift. To the south of Opoja, the Slavic dialect of Gora has /o/ and /e/ from these hyper-short high vowels (known as jers in the Slavic literature), but to the north, the dialect of Prizren shifted both vowels to /ə/. This allowed Albanian /ə/ to be identified with the Slavic jer reflexes, which were then imposed on Albanian during the process of language shift.
What happened to Pouqueville’s Frenchmen? Ottoman treatment of the French prisoners during the War of the Second Coalition (1798-1802)
Authors: Şakul Kahraman
Published: November 2012

This essay is about the Ottoman treatment of war prisoners at the end of the eighteenth century. It questions the common assumption of Ottoman fanaticism and ignorance of European military norms in the treatment of captives. Pouqueville’s memoirs of captivity played a crucial role in the emergence of this view, but a comparison of his testimony and Ottoman documents shows that there is a discrepancy between the two accounts. While there were many differences in practice, the Ottomans shared a legalistic view of the treatment of war prisoners, based on the concept of reciprocity.
Let whose people go? Subjecthood, sovereignty, liberation, and legalism in eighteenth-century Russo-Ottoman relations
Authors: Smiley Will
Published: November 2012

This article considers the relationship between law, diplomacy, and identity in delineating slavery and freedom in the Black Sea imperial milieu. Examining the release processes for captives which followed each of the many wars between the Ottoman and Russian empires in the eighteenth century, I argue that these matters were increasingly handled according to written and unwritten legal understandings, rather than through ransoms or threats. The two empires agreed that the Ottoman state would set free enslaved Russian subjects, even those in private hands, but also that the Russians would not demand the release of others. This discussion, therefore, offers a window on the legalization of international relations, and on the growing importance of individuals’ relationship with central states. Moreover, these understandings endured, consciously or unconsciously, into the nineteenth century, arguably shaping Russo-Ottoman and Ottoman-European relations on issues of intervention and the slave trade.
Chinese Sources on the 1903–04 British Military Expedition to Tibet
Authors: Yan Hu
Published: November 2012

Chinese sources, especially first-hand materials such as archive collections, field-work reports and Amban Youtai?s diary, have been little considered or consulted in the international debate on issues of modern Tibetan history. Although these Chinese sources would make their studies more balanced, Western scholars who do not understand Chinese characters tend to rely English sources only, with very few of them using Tibetan sources as well. However, just as it has become more and more common in academic circles in China for Chinese scholars to use English or other foreign-language sources in their studies of Tibetan history, so also should Western scholars realise how important the Chinese sources are for studies of Tibetan history, for Tibet has been related to China so closely and for such a long time.
A Woman of Books: Miss C.M. Ridding and the Younghusband-Waddell Collection
Authors: Huett Bruce
Published: November 2012

Daughter of a Victorian clergyman, Caroline Mary Ridding (1862–1941) was one of the few experts who could catalogue the materials that came to the UK in the wake of the Younghusband Mission. In 1911, after completing her work on the part of the collection received by the Cambridge University Library, she was put forward as the curator of the Oriental department of the library. This proposal was rejected with five favourable and six contrary votes but was nonetheless remarkable and shows how the acquisition of competence in rare and emerging subjects such as Oriental studies could open spaces for women at a time in which they were still largely excluded from academia. It also shows how books could make people and shape lives. Having graduated in classics from Girton College, Cambridge, Ridding became a Sanskritist and eventually taught herself Tibetan. After spending a significant amount of unpaid time poring over esoteric Buddhist documents that few people at the time could read, she eventually became a respected member of the Royal Asiatic Society and the first woman to be employed by the Cambridge University Library. This article explores the relationship between the life of this eccentric woman and oriental books and manuscripts, against the background of the rapidly transforming society of the late British Empire and the new aspirations that women had started to develop towards the turn of the century.
Typology and Areality
Authors: Donohue Mark
Published: November 2012

Analysis of typological features has received much attention in recent years. Despite claims that such analysis replicates the families and subgroups of families that are the product of work using the comparative method, there is strong evidence that the geographic distribution of typological features reflects socio-geographically relevant areas, rather than historically related subgroups. Further, different subsets of data can reveal different kinds of contact events, or at least the effects of different kinds of contact.
The Master of the Master: The Twisted Story of an Imperial Master and His Disciple
Authors: Felek Özgen
Published: November 2012

Abstract

The master-disciple relationship requires a mutual recognition and dependency based on mutual passion and devotion, regardless of each member’s social, cultural, political, and ethical background. It is shaped by mystical etiquette as detailed in the Sufi tradition. The relationship between spiritual masters and their disciples has been dealt with at length in many studies, mainly based on the descriptions provided in normative Sufi texts. The present article demonstrates new perspectives in discussing how master-disciple relationships can be more complex than what the Sufi manuals portray. A close reading of the letters from the Ottoman sultan Murād III (r. 982–1003/1574–95) to his spiritual master Şücāʿ Dede provides insight into the struggles of the sultan with the realities of a master-disciple relationship as well as how the dependency is negotiated in real life. By presenting the inner dynamics of such a relationship from a disciple’s perspective, the letters of Murād III vividly exhibit that the master-disciple relationship has not always been as straightforward and pure in actual practice as it is described to be in the theoretical literature.
The Japanese Early-Modern Publishing Market Unveiled: A Survey of Edo-Period Booksellers’ Catalogues
Authors: Moretti Laura
Published: November 2012

Abstract

This article explores an under-researched area of the Japanese early-modern (1603-1867) publishing history, by examining the catalogues calledshojaku mokuroku. First, it analyses the publication history, the editorial process and the contents of these catalogues. By doing so, it offers a new definition ofshojaku mokuroku, it reflects upon the growth and the variety which characterize the production of Kyoto publishers/booksellers and proves to what extent these publishers constituted a self-conscious, self-promoting, business-driven unified body. Second, by considering the order that was given to books inshojaku mokuroku, it explores what this order reveals about the publishing market in early-modern Japan and shows revealing differences with widely-held views on Japanese early-modern literature. Third, it investigates how these catalogues were used in the Edo period across the country and reflects upon what the circulation of these catalogues tell us about the circulation of books outside urban centres.