bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Statistical Study of Weatherometer Data on Coating-Grade Asphalts
Authors: Greenfeld SH , Mertens EW , John PWM
Published: March 2009

Twenty-five coating grade roofing asphalts, derived from eleven crude oils and five major producing areas throughout the world, were exposed in replicate to the 51-9C cycle in one twin-arc and two single-arc weatherometers. These asphalts ranged in durability from 22 to 89 cycles at the 50 per cent failure level. The durability of an asphalt measured in the twin-arc weather-ometer averaged 6 per cent less than in the single-arc weatherometers, but the standard deviation was higher and the results were less reliable. Hence, the following results are based on single-arc exposures. The two single-arc machines were statistically equivalent.

Little difference was noted between exposing panels of unfilled asphalts at the same time in equivalent machines and exposing the panels at different times in the same machine. The 10 per cent and 50 per cent failure levels have about the same reproducibility.

The estimates of the standard deviations and confidence limits vary with the number of panels of an asphalt exposed and the number of times or machines in which it is exposed. In general, the machine variations contribute the major portion of the error; hence, it is recommended that single panels be exposed in a number of weatherometers or in one weatherometer a number of times.

The exposure of a single panel on only one occasion is not recommended. Under this condition, at the 95 per cent confidence level the confidence interval of the true durability is 28 per cent at the 10 per cent failure level and 33 per cent at the 50 per cent failure level. As the number of sets of single panels is increased, these limits converge rapidly. Thus, if three sets of single panels are exposed, the 95 per cent confidence range is reduced to 16 per cent at the 10 per cent failure level and 18 per cent at the 50 per cent failure level. When comparing two or more asphalts directly, it is recommended that single panels of each be exposed side by side in at least three machines or in the same machine on at least three occasions.
Low-Noise Cryogenic Preamplifiers
Authors: Elad E
Published: March 2009

Low-noise cryogenic preamplifiers for semiconductor X-ray detectors will be described. The basic structure of field-effect transistor (FET) preamplifier and its major parameters in the context of the X-ray spectrometer will be presented. Operational characteristics of an FET and its noise properties, especially at cryogenic temperatures, will be outlined. Noise frequency response requiring band-pass limitations and their achievement through pulse shaping in the main amplifier will be described. Noise formulation will be presented emphasizing the influence of various parameters and the conflicting requirements of low-noise and high count-rate performance. Various feedback schemes will be described, comparing in particular the noise and count-rate characteristics of the opto-electronic and the resistive feedback configurations. Recent experimental results with silicon and germanium spectrometers will be given and compared with the theoretical limitations. Finally, future possibilities in the development of X-ray energy analyzers will be assessed.
Degradation of Mineral Aggregates
Authors: Minor CE
Published: March 2009

Many rock formations in the State of Washington, particularly Eocene basalts, have undergone so much weathering that the interstitial basaltic glass has been altered to a magnesium-saturated montmorillonite clay. When the altered rock is used in highway construction as base or surfacing material, the secondary clay minerals, which have a great affinity for water, break down into plastic fines which gradually permeate the entire rock mass. This degradation is brought about by the action of water and weathering plus the abrasion of rock-against-rock as the entire mass is flexed under moving loads.

When the plastic fines permeate the base course, the latter loses stability rapidly and pavement failure soon follows. Failure is characterized first by longitudinal cracks in the wheel path followed by “alligatoring” and finally by breaking of the overlying flexible pavement into separate and distinct pieces.

Many of the altered rocks pass all conventional laboratory quality tests. The paper proposes a laboratory test to detect detrimental degradation. The test is simple and rapid. Results on more than 100 aggregate sources indicate a high degree of correlation between the degradation test values and observed service records.

The degradation test consists of abrading a saturated rock sample for 1 hr in a 1-gal jar. After abrasion, the quantity of manufactured fines is measured and the “cleanness value” of the fines determined. The quantity and quality of the manufactured fines form the basis for computation of the “degradation factor.” The degradation factor ranges from 0 to 100 with good materials having high values.
Temper Embrittlement of Low Alloy Steels
Authors: Joshi A , Stein DF
Published: March 2009

In an effort to understand the role various elements play on the temper embrittlement of low alloy steels, chemical analyses of fracture surfaces of nonembrittled and embrittled steels are conducted using Auger electron spectroscopy. The alloying elements, nickel and chromium, and trace elements antimony and tin segregated to grain boundaries during the embrittling treatment. No segregation was detected in nonembrittled steels. An attempt is made to relate the segregation of various elements and the observed embrittlement. The nature and extent of segregation is determined by ion sputtering experiments followed by Auger spectroscopic analysis. The segregation of impurity and alloying elements is examined considering both the Gibbsian and nonequilibrium models for segregation. A model is proposed to explain the observed concentration profiles. The effect of solute segregation on the grain boundary embrittlement is discussed in terms of true surface energy and plastic strain energy criteria.
Underwater Soil Sampling and Testing—A State-of-the-Art Review
Authors: Noorany I
Published: March 2009

The paper reviews the state of the art of underwater sampling and in situ testing. Near surface sampling as well as deep penetration sampling are discussed. In situ testing procedures on the sea floor and their limitations are described.
In-Place Measurement of Deep Sea Soil Shear Strength
Authors: Richards AF , McDonald VJ , Olson RE , Keller GH
Published: March 2009

A vane shear device was developed for in-place measurement of the undrained strength of clays in the marine environment. It was designed to operate at a water depth of 4.6 km (15,000 ft) and to penetrate nearly 3 m (10 ft) below the mudline in steps of about 0.3 m (1 ft). The device contained its own power supply. Data were wire telemetered to the ship for recording and analysis. Experiments in several locations in the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico demonstrated the capability of the apparatus. The shear strength measured in place generally exceeded the strengths measured on soil samples collected from shallow water, where the sedimentation rate was relatively rapid. There was little difference between shear strength measured in place and on cores from the Gulf of Mexico abyssal plain site, where the sedimentation rate was slow.
Correlation of Standard Penetration Test Results with Vibracore Sampler Penetration Rates
Authors: Babcock FM , Miller HJ
Published: March 2009

A correlation between the penetration rates of a vibratory underwater sampling device and blow counts from the conventional standard penetration test and the continuous-drive cone penetration test is described. Although limited test data are available, the correlation shows promise for low blow count underwater soil deposits. A practical example of the correlation is given for a recent construction project in one of the Great Lakes. The need for more data and future research to obtain a more universal correlation are discussed.
Foundation Investigations for Drilling Platforms in Cook Inlet
Authors: Angemeer J
Published: March 2009

In some areas of the world where offshore oil has been found the natural environment is hostile. In Cook Inlet, for example, 15 to 30 ft tides, tidal currents of 6 to 8 knots, and floating ice contribute to the difficult task of exploration and erection of drilling platforms. The importance for detailed foundation design data becomes significant when high loads, 2000 tons per pile vertical and about 100 tons per pile lateral, must be resisted. To perform the foundation investigations in Cook Inlet, large floating and jackup oil field exploration equipment and personnel were employed. Test borings at twelve platform sites were drilled in water at depths of 50 to over 100 ft. Subsurface explorations were accomplished efficiently to depths up to 340 ft below the mudline. The soil profiles were logged to the detail and accuracy generally associated with borings drilled on land, while good soil samples were obtained for the laboratory with a recovery rate of better than 95 percent. The data were completely satisfactory for design and construction of the platforms.
Flexure Fatigue Tests on Asphalt Paving Mixtures
Authors: Kallas BF , Puzinauskas VP
Published: March 2009

A repeated flexure apparatus which has been used for much of the recent research on fatigue behavior of asphalt paving was modified to accommodate 15-in.-long beam specimens with 3-in. instead of 1½-in. widths and depths. Controlled stress flexural fatigue studies were conducted for 10 different paving mixes using the larger cross section specimens in an effort to reduce test variability, and in so doing reduce time and cost for determining the fatigue behavior of a paving mixture. Based on results of the studies and on published work of others, it was found that variability of flexural fatigue tests was reduced when 3-in. instead of 1½-in. width and depth specimens were used. Correlation coefficients ranging from 0.91 to 0.99 were obtained for stress-fracture life and strain-fracture life regression lines when from 6 to 9 specimens with 3-in. widths and depths were tested at 70 F. Flexural fatigue behavior determined for 8 or 9 specimens with 3-in. widths and depths appears to be the same as determined for 2 or more times as many specimens with 1½-in. widths and depths.
Comparative Behavior of Various Pavement Types under Heavy Aircraft Loadings
Authors: Brown DN , Ahlvin RG
Published: March 2009

A comparison between the performance of several types of pavement, composed of unbound and stabilized (lime, cement, asphalt) layers, under full scale accelerated aircraft traffic tests is presented. From results of this comparison, it is concluded that, in general, pavements consisting of stabilized layers are superior to similar pavements consisting of unbound materials and the degree of superiority is a function of quality of materials, stabilizing agent, loading condition, and location of layer within the pavement structure.
The Effect of Specimen Geometry on JIc
Authors: Landes D , Begley JA
Published: March 2009

Rigid-plastic slip line field analysis shows that fully plastic flow fields and hydrostatic stress elevation are greatly influenced by geometry. This argues against a one parameter fracture criterion, such as JIc, which purports to work in the plastic range. Two specimen geometries, a center cracked panel and a bend bar were tested to provide a critical evaluation of the JIc concept. An intermediate strength Ni-Cr-Mo-V rotor steel was used in the investigation. Results show that JIc is a consistent fracture criterion for plane strain behavior for essentially elastic to fully plastic conditions. This work supports the contention that a plastic crack tip singularity is a dominant consideration for crack initiation even in fully plastic bodies.

Bend bars of two thicknesses were tested to show that nearly plane strain behavior can be achieved with conventional geometries as much as an order of magnitude smaller than sizes required for linear elastic plane strain fracture toughness tests. The method used for calculating the J integral for experimental load versus deflection curves is explained in detail.
Ductile Fracture Initiation, Propagation, and Arrest in Cylindrical Vessels
Authors: Maxey WA , Kiefner JF , Eiber RJ , Duffy AR
Published: March 2009

Presented is a discussion of an hypothesized analytical explanation of ductile fracture initiation, propagation, and arrest in cylindrical pressure vessels and piping. The hypothesized analytical treatment is an attempt to predict initiation and arrest conditions for ductile fractures using Charpy V-notch plateau energy as a means of determining the toughness of the material. Data from a number of full-scale experiments on gas transmission pipe, nuclear reactor piping, and other cylindrical vessels are presented and are shown to be in agreement with the hypothesis.
Sharp-Notch Tension Testing of Thick Aluminum Alloy Plate with Cylindrical Specimens
Authors: Kaufman JG
Published: March 2009

Tension tests of notched cylindrical specimens can be used for screening thick aluminum alloy plate, extruded shapes, and forgings for fracture toughness. The influence of certain testing variables, such as method of gripping, specimen diameter and length, notch tip radius, eccentricity, and rate of loading have been studied.
Fracture Toughness of Duplex Structures: Part II — Laminates in the Divider Orientation
Authors: Antolovich SD , Kasi K , Chanani GR
Published: March 2009

Laminates containing 25 percent of tough (unaged) maraging steel plates and 75 percent of brittle (aged) maraging steel plates were prepared by a special diffusion bonding and heat treating technique so that the thickness of the tough constituent was either 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, or 0.08 in. Compact tension fracture toughness specimens were machined so that the laminates were parallel to the sides of the specimens. They were then fractured according to the recommendations of the ASTM and three indices of toughness were measured: KIc, as recommended by the ASTM, Komax based on the maximum load and original crack length and Kimax, based on the maximum load and instantaneous crack length. Four tests were performed at each thickness of the tough constituent; two each at crack lengths of approximately 0.30 and 0.55 in. The plane-strain fracture toughness of the laminates was slightly higher than KIc of the monolithic brittle constituent and was independent of either crack length or the dimensions of the tough constituent. Regardless of the thickness of the tough phase the composite toughness was highest for specimens containing cracks 0.30 in. long when the throughness was measured in terms of Komax or Kimax. The thoughnessas a function of thickness exhibited a relative maximum when the tough phase was 0.04 in. thick and a relative minimum when the tough phase was 0.06 in. thick for both the 0-30 and 0.55-in. crack lengths. The experimental results are in broad agreement with a proposed model for crack extension in the divider orientation.
Grain Boundary Segregation Studies by Activation
Authors: Schultz WW
Published: March 2009

A new technique developed to gain information on the elemental structure of segregation at grain boundaries consists of activating the specimen and electropolishing the fractured surface in small increments. The fracture is along the grain boundaries. The induced activity of the dissolved metal in the etchant gives a quantitative measure of the elements present. The technique should be equally applicable to the study of the diffusion of one element into another or to the study of surface phenomena.

This paper describes the first measurements made of the segreagtion of manganese and chromium into the grain boundaries of the steel used in turbine forgings.
A Radiometric Method for Determination of Magnesium Oxide in Portland Cement
Authors: Howes JE , Brown CT , Sunderman DN , Pobereskin M , Schall P
Published: March 2009

A radiometric method for the determination of magnesium oxide in portland cement has been developed as part of an Atomic Energy Commission research program on the development of radioactive tracer quality-control systems. The portland — cement industry was chosen for study for several reasons, the most important of which is its dependence upon chemical analysis for quality control.
Tracer Methods for Rapid Determination of Uniformity of Mixing
Authors: Main RM
Published: March 2009

Generally, mixing machines can be considered as rather perverse objects in that repeatability is not a fundamental characteristic. In the case of plastics or inverted plastics, where the viscosity of the material may depend upon its position in the mixer, or in cases where the viscosity varies over wide limits during the course of the mix, stagnation points may develop, so the time necessary to produce a desired degree of homogeneity can fluctuate widely from batch to batch. Where rapid tests of the material are not available and where strict limits on homogeneity are demanded, these problems are generally resolved by extending the mixing period, sometimes a factor of four or five times that which may be actually necessary. This solution represents inefficient use of expensive capital equipment and may result in a product that is not completely mixed and therefore must be rejected.
Air Pollution Potential of California Coastal Climate
Authors: Robinson E
Published: March 2009

Climatic aspects of the California Coastal area are reviewed with particular reference to the air pollution potential of the region. It can be shown that weather factors favorable to air pollution occurrences are present all along the California Coast and that in many areas these are not much different from those existing in Los Angeles. Smog in other areas is not as severe because, as yet, the pollutant emissions are less.
The New Beam Furnace at PCA and Some Experience Gained from its Use
Authors: Carlson CC , Tatman PJ
Published: March 2009

The precast concrete industry has in recent years produced a number of new types of structural elements for use in framing and enclosing buildings. Prestressing techniques and high-strength deformed reinforcing steels have enabled engineers to design flexural building members of concrete for spans much greater than could be efficiently accommodated heretofore. Free use of the new constructions, particularly in prestressed designs, is being hampered in cities and other population centers of the country because of the paucity of fire resistance information. The Portland cement industry, through the Portland Cement Association, has established a fire research laboratory in Skokie, Ill., and is conducting fire research programs directed to design needs. The principal features and construction details of the first major testing unit installed, a 40-ft beam furnace, are described. Operational experiences with the furnace and methods used for resolving questions of testing procedure not answered by ASTM methods E 119 are discussed. Some data relating to fire tests of a series of 20-ft prestressed concrete beams are presented to illustrate various approaches for ascertaining the end points or fire resistances of concrete beams.
Testing High-Bond Clay Masonry Assemblages
Authors: Monk CH
Published: March 2009

This paper describes structural testing of brick and tile assemblages bonded with cementitious mortar containing an organic latex that increases the bond tensile strength four times over conventional mortar strengths. The program embraced the following studies: 1. The proposed use of a 4 by 8 by 16-in. prism as opposed to an 8 by 8 by 16-in. prism, so that the 300,000-lb concrete cylinder testing machines may be used for such strength tests. 2. A critical study of diagonal tension and the possible development of a 4 by 16 by 16-in. wallette that can be tested in a universal testing machine to develop a state of pure shear without rotation of the specimen or the necessity of a hold-down force. Large scale tests have been made to study the difference between diagonal tension m shear walls and shear beams. Emphasis is given to knowledge of the state ol stress at the point where critical diagonal tension exists. 3. Column tests to establish the point of critical Euler buckling for thin wall plates. 4. The use of nondestructive vibration techniques to determine the modulus of rigidity and the modulus ol elasticity in directions perpendicular and parallel to the bed joint of the assemblage. Vibration of walls as plates provides an independent check on Poisson's ratio.
Dimensional Chances due to Moisture in Bricks and Brickwork
Authors: Hosking JS , Hueber HV
Published: March 2009

A detailed seven-year study has been made of the moisture expansion of clay products, with special emphasis on bricks and the consequent damage to brickwork. Methods have been developed for measuring the expansion of bricks and brickwork under varying conditions of exposure. These methods are described, and the results are briefly discussed with reference to the influence of various factors on the rates and magnitude of expansion. Finally, the possible causes and kinetics of expansion are considered and estimates made of the likely maximum expansion of brickwork. Results have shown that bricks expand on leaving the kiln, and expansion of brickwork in buildings can reach more than 2 in. per 100 ft.
Effect of Water-Reducing Admixtures and Set-retarding Admixtures as Influenced by Portland Cement Composition
Authors: Polivka M , Klein A
Published: March 2009

Laboratory investigations carried out at the University of California Engineering Materials Laboratory on concretes containing the two most common types of water-reducers and retarders show that their effectiveness is greatly influenced by the composition of the portland cement.

The effects of three lignin type and of one organic acid type water reducers on properties of fresh concretes and compressive strength of concretes made with four different California portland cements is evaluated. In a second program, a second organic acid type water reducer was used in concretes made with some twenty American cements; compressive strengths of concretes containing these various cements are reported.

Also presented are data demonstrating the effect of water reducers and retarders on the early-age heat of hydration of different cements.
The Effect of Water-Reducing Admixtures and Set-Retarding Admixtures on the Properties of Hardened Concrete
Authors: MacPherson DR , Fisciler HC
Published: March 2009

Concrete as an engineering material is judged, in the last analysis, by its properties in the hardened state. It is in this state that the effects of imposed load and environment are controlled by the properties of the concrete.

It is shown that specific water-reducing admixtures and set retarders permit concrete to be made with properties superior to those attainable in untreated concrete. Such enhancement of properties can usually be achieved simultaneously with economy of materials and labor.

In consideration of strength and its parameters, data are given herein to exemplify the fact that certain admixtures, when properly used, are beneficial to the resultant concrete. For example, acceleration of strength development at early ages can be accomplished even under conditions dictating the use of retarders to delay setting time. Not only can this be accomplished without adverse effects, but in some cases economies are possible while maintaining slrength requirements.

With respect to weathering and environmental conditions, as affecting durability, it is shown that admixtures permit improvement of resistance to cyclic freezing and thawing and reductions in volume change and permeability.
Removal Dose for Monitoring Effects of X-Rays and Gamma Rays
Authors: Hickmott RL
Published: March 2009

A radiation effects experiment consists of irradiating a sample and following the radiation-induced changes in some property of the sample. The only purpose of dosimetry is to monitor the radiation effects by providing a reference variable against which to plot these changes.
Disposal of Industrial Radioactive Waste Waters at Hanford
Authors: Schwendiman LC , Brown RE , Honstead JF , Linderoth CE , Pearce DW
Published: March 2009

In the fifteen years since the fission process began generating highly radioactive isotopes in large quantities, many methods have been utilized for radioactive waste disposal. In this same interval greater quantities of radioactive wastes have been generated and disposed to the environment or stored in interim containers at Hanford than at any other atomic installation. This experience will be discussed with the objectives of pointing out the present state of our knowledge and practice, and of indicating probable future trends.
Some Refractory Uranium Compounds Preparation and Properties
Authors: Snyder MJ , Tripler AB
Published: March 2009

In a program on possible new compounds for nuclear fuels, the refractory uranium compounds UC, UC2, UN, UB2, and UBe13 were investigated. Methods of preparing these compounds and techniques for sintering them to densities of 90 per cent or greater are described.

The carbides were prepared by arc-melting stoichiometric mixtures of uranium metal and high-purity carbon. The mononitride was prepared by first forming U2N3 by reaction of powdered uranium metal and nitrogen; the sesquinitride was subsequently converted to the mononitride by heating at a reduced pressure. The diboride was formed by the solid-solid reaction of UH3 and boron powder at 1300 to 1400 C. The beryllide was prepared by heating a mixture of UH3 and beryllium metal (with beryllium in excess) in an argon atmosphere at 1550 C.

Dense specimens for property measurements were fabricated by hydrostatic pressing of fine powders, obtained by crushing and grinding the compounds, and sintering the compacts in vacuum or in argon at temperatures ranging from 1550 C for UBe13 to 1850 for UN.

Thermal expansion was measured for the beryllide and the monocarbide. The mean linear coefficient from 20 to 1000 C was 14.2 × 10-6 per deg Cent for UC and 16.7 × 10 6 per deg Cent for UBe13. The thermal conductivity of the beryllide was found to be appreciably higher than that of uranium dioxide and to approach that of uranium metal.

The rate of reactions of several of the compounds with water vapor, oxygen, and nitrogen at temperatures up to 500 C was investigated. In general, the compounds were most resistant to nitrogen and reacted most rapidly with oxygen. The beryllide was generally the least reactive of the compounds and reacted less rapidly than uranium metal with the three gases. The diboride reacted with oxygen more rapidly than did uranium metal but was more resistant than uranium to water vapor and nitrogen. The dicarbide reacted most rapidly, and its rate of reaction was greater than that of uranium metal with the three gases.
Fabrication and Evaluation of Urania-Alumina Fuel Elements and Boron Carbide Burnable Poison Elements
Authors: Wisnyi LG , Taylor KM
Published: March 2009

Associated with the ever increasing tendency to build nuclear reactors with long-life cores is the development of more stable nuclear fuels. Higher fuel loadings accompanied by a substantial depletion of fissioning atoms imply large changes in core reactivity. Under these conditions adequate continuous control becomes extremely difficult unless additional neutron absorbers are used. However, unlike the control rod poison material, these additional neutron absorbers must be consumed at a rate which can be matched to the depletion of the fuel. The element boron possesses qualities which make it ideal for this application.
Manual on Sensory Testing Methods
Authors: Committee E18
Published: March 2009

Description

Sensory testing is concerned with measuring physical properties by psychological techniques. As part of the field of psychometrics, sensory methods are used for measurements that cannot be made directly by physical or chemical tests.
Electron Fractography
Authors: Beachem CD
Published: March 2009

Description

The Symposium on Electron Fractography was presented during the Seventieth Annual Meeting of the Society held in Boston, Mass., 25—30 June 1967. The symposium was sponsored by Committee E24 on Fracture Testing of Metals. The symposium chairman was C. D. Beachem, Naval Research Laboratory.
ASTM Viscosity Tables for Kinematic Viscosity Conversions and Viscosity Index Calculations
Authors: Committee D-2
Published: March 2009

Description

This publication provides a convenient and compact reference and set of tables for the two most frequently used ASTM viscosity methods, D 2161-66 (1971)—ASTM Standard Method for Conversion of Kinematic Viscosity to Saybolt Universal Viscosity or to Saybolt Furol Viscosity D 2270-64 (1968)—ASTM Standard Methods for Calculating Viscosity These standard methods are jurisdicton of Research and Development Division VII on Flow Properties of ASTM Committee D-2 on Petroleum Products and Lubricants.
Materials Performance and the Deep Sea
Authors: Dubach HW , Freche JC , Dwyer JV , Rinehart FM , Ailor WH , Bejuki WM , Wessel CJ , Hamilton HL , Padan J , Anderson AW
Published: March 2009

Description

The Symposium on Materials Performance and the Deep Sea was presented during the Seventy-first Annual Meeting of the Society held in San Francisco, Calif., 23—29 June 1968. The symposium was sponsored by Committees G01 on Corrosion of Metals and G03 on Deterioration of Nonmetallic Materials in cooperation with the Marine Technology Society, Bay Chapter. H. W. Dubach, U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, served as chairman of this symposium, and J. C. Freche, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, served as co-chairman. J. V. Dwyer, Bechtel Corp., presided at the Session on Nonmetals, and F. M. Rinehart, U.S. Naval Civil Engineering Laboratory, presided at the Session on Metals. Members of the program committee consisted of: W. H. Ailor, Jr., Reynolds Metal Co.; W. M. Bejuki, Bioscience Information Corporation of Biological Abstracts; C. J. Wessel, John I. Thompson Co.; H. L. Hamilton, Ocean City Research Corp.; John Padan, Bureau of Mines; and A. W. Anderson, Washington Science Center.
Microorganic Matter in Water
Authors: Baker RA
Published: March 2009

Description

The Symposium on Microorganic Matter in Water was held during the Seventy-first Annual Meeting of ASTM in San Francisco, Calif., 23—28 June 1968. Committee D19 on Water sponsored the Symposium, and R. A. Baker, Carnegie-Mellon University, presided as chairman.
Bibliography on Low - Cycle Fatigue 1957–1967: Part I Sub-Divided References
Authors: Wundt BM
Published: March 2009

Description

This publication contains references and bibliographic listings for the years1957 through 1967 concentrating on areas of low-cycle fatigue. There are over 800 references in the bibliography
Damage Tolerance in Aircraft Structures
Authors: Rosenfeld MS
Published: March 2009

Description

The Symposium on Damage Tolerance in Aircraft Structures was conducted in two sessions at the Seventy-third Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials, held in Toronto, Ontario, Canada, 21-26 June 1970. The symposium was sponsored by ASTM Committee E09 on Fatigue. M. S. Rosenfeld, of the Naval Air Development Center, served as symposium chairman, with P. C. Paris, Del Research Corp., Hellertown, Pa., and R. J. Hebert, Canadair, Ltd., Montreal, Ontario, presiding as chairmen of the first and second sessions, respectively.
The Theory and Properties of Thermocouple Elements
Authors: Pollock DD
Published: March 2009

Description

In this work, The Theory and Properties of Thermocouple Elements, Professor Pollock has written a singularly useful monograph which should appeal to a wide variety of readers, ranging from the advanced under-graduate or graduate student who is just beginning to get his feet wet in this area to the sophisticated specialist who wants to brush up on his fundamentals. More particularly, the work provides a worthwhile gathering of information of a theoretical nature on metallic thermocouples. Consider only the topics included: here, under one cover, we find the history, thermodynamics, mathematics, quantum mechanics, and physics of thermoelectricity, all neatly compiled and stored for us. A careful perusal of this material is bound to lead to a greater understanding of the behavior of thermoelectric metals in terms of the solid state physics involved.
Introduction to Today's Ultrahigh-Strength Structural Steels
Authors: Hall AM
Published: March 2009

Description

Introduction to today's ultrahigh-strength structural steels. Prepared by A. M. Hall [1971]
Temper Embrittlement of Alloy Steels
Authors: Newhouse DL
Published: March 2009

Description

This volume contains six papers presenting new information about residual elements, their analysis and problems encountered. New techniques for studying embrittlement are also given.
Underwater Soil Sampling, Testing, and Construction Control
Authors: D'Appolonia E
Published: March 2009

Description

This book summarizes techniques for soil sampling and testing in deep water and describes procedures used ton control under water construction. Contains 13 papers including a state-of-the-art review.
Elevated Temperature Static Properties of Wrought Carbon Steel
Authors: Smith GV
Published: March 2009

Description

Prepared by G.V. Smith, this volume gives data and valuable information on such properties as yield, creep, rupture, ductility and effects of residual elements.
Stress Analysis and Growth of Cracks: Proceedings of the 1971 National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics: Part 1
Authors: Corten HT , Gallagher JP
Published: March 2009

Description

The 1971 National Symposium on Fracture Mechanics was held at the University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Ill., 31 August through 2 September 1971. H.T. Corten, Department of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, University of Illinois, presided as general chairman. J.P. Gallagher, Experimental Mechanics Branch, Air Force Flight Dynamics Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, served as arrangements chairman.
Testing for Prediction of Material Performance in Structures and Components
Authors: Shane RS
Published: March 2009

Description

The Symposium on Testing for Prediction of Material Performance in Structures and Components was presented in two parts; Part I was presented in Anaheim, Calif., 21-23 April 1971 and Part II was presented in conjunction with the Seventy-fourth Annual Meeting of the American Society for Testing and Materials held in Atlantic City, N. J., 29 June-1 July. The symposium was sponsored by the ASTM Committee on Simulated Service and Performance Testing in cooperation with the National Materials Advisory Board and Technical Cooperation Program, Panel P-4. R. S. Shane, National Materials Advisory Board, Washington, D. C, served as symposium and program chairman.
Stress Corrosion Cracking of Metals—A State of the Art
Authors: Craig HL
Published: March 2009

Description

The Symposium on Stress Corrosion was presented at the American Society for Metals, Metals Conference held in Detroit, Michigan, 18 October 1971. Subcommittee 6 on Stress Corrosion Cracking and Corrosion Fatigue of the ASTM Committee G01 on Corrosion of Metals sponsored the symposium. H. Lee Craig, Jr., Reynolds Metals, Co., presided as symposium chairman.
Cyclic Stress-Strain Behavior—Analysis, Experimentation, and Failure Prediction
Authors: Coffin LF , Krempl E
Published: March 2009

Description

Fifteen papers treat time-dependent, notch, cumulative effects of cyclic stress-strain. Of significant benefit to designers of nuclear reactors, steam and gas turbines, aircraft and jet structure design.
Status of USA Nuclear Reactor Pressure Vessel Surveillance for Radiation Effects
Authors: Steele LE
Published: March 2009

Description

The objective of this publication is to provide useful information on the surveillance of USA light water reactors. It reports on current programs to assess the degree of radiation-induced change in properties of steels, which make up the primary pressure containtment vessel on all light water reactors.
Corrosion of Metals in Association with Concrete
Authors: Slater JE
Published: March 2009

Description

Investigates the magnitude of problem, including the nature and type of structures affected, and provides historical perspective. Covers the fundamental mechanisms regarding the corrosion of reinforcing in concrete and discusses factors influencing the rate of corrosion.
Towarda Construct Definition of Informed Consent Comprehension
Authors: Buccini Laura D. , Caputi Peter , Iverson Don , Jones Caroline
Published: March 2009

Variation in how informed consent comprehension tests have been developed may be largely due to the absence of a standardized construct definition. Developing a construct definition would provide a standardized framework for determining how an instrument should be constructed, implemented, interpreted, and applied. Therefore, we utilized the Delphi consensus approach with an international expert panel (N= 19) to gather knowledge, opinions and eventually consensus for a construct definition. Expert consensus was achieved after three revision cycles. While acknowledging that there are limitations to this study, it nonetheless should be considered as a step toward standardization of a construct definition of informed consent comprehension.
Ethical Perspectives on Emerging Assistive Technologies: Insights from Focus Groups with Stakeholders in Long-Term Care Facilities
Authors: Dorsten Aimee-Marie , Sifford K. Susan , Bharucha Ashok , Mecca Laurel Person , Wactlar Howard
Published: March 2009

Assistive technologies are relatively novel tools for research and daily care in long-term care (LTC) facilities that are faced with the burgeoning of the older adult population and dwindling staffing resources. The degree to which stakeholders in LTC facilities are receptive to the use of these technologies is poorly understood. Eighteen semi-structured focus groups and one interview were conducted with relevant groups of stakeholders at seven LTC facilities in southwestern Pennsylvania. Common themes identified across all focus groups centered on concerns for privacy, autonomy, cost, and safety associated with implementation of novel technologies. The relative importance of each theme varied by stakeholder group as well as the perceived severity of cognitive and/or physical disability. Our findings suggest that ethical issues are critical to acceptance of novel technologies by their end users, and that stakeholder groups are interdependent and require shared communication about the acceptance of these emerging technologies.
Pediatric Assent for a Study of Antiretroviral Therapy Dosing for Children in Western Kenya: A Case Study in International Research Collaboration
Authors: Vreeman Rachel C. , Nyandiko Winstone M. , Meslin Eric M.
Published: March 2009

Multinational collaborators in health research face particular ethical challenges when conducting studies involving vulnerable populations such as children. We use an example from our first attempt to implement pediatric assent in the context of a longstanding research and clinical partnership between Kenyan and American medical schools to highlight the ethical and procedural issues related to pediatric assent that must be considered for multinational, pediatric studies. We consider relevant domestic, professional, and international guidelines for assent in pediatric research subjects, and we discuss the particular ethical challenges related to pediatric assent in the Kenyan context. Finally, we propose a way forward for approaching pediatric assent within our collaborative research program in Kenya that may apply to other multinational research partnerships.
Federal Interpretation and Enforcement of Protections for Vulnerable Participants in Human Research
Authors: Iltis Ana S. , Wall Anji , Lesandrini Jason , Rangel Erica K. , Chibnall John T.
Published: March 2009

Regulations and policies governing research, codes of ethics, and the research ethics literature reflect the need to provide special protections to vulnerable research participants. Nevertheless, there is disagreement about who is vulnerable and why, what protections are appropriate, and when to disallow research involving vulnerable persons. The Common Rule (CR) governs much of the human research conducted in the United States and the Office for Human Research Protections (OHRP) oversees much of this research. The CR requires special protections for pregnant women, fetuses, neonates, prisoners, and children. Although it also requires that researchers employ “additional safeguards” to protect other vulnerable persons, it does not define vulnerability or identify appropriate “safeguards.” Very little is known about how OHRP interprets the “additional safeguards” requirement. We examined all letters of determination posted on the OHRP website between July 1, 2000 and December 31, 2006 (n = 636) to study the extent to which OHRP addressed, in its audits and investigations, the requirement to protect vulnerable persons. The letters did not reveal guidance on understanding vulnerability, determining whether a study includes vulnerable persons or protecting vulnerable participants. If institutions and investigators are to fulfill the ethical obligation to provide appropriate safeguards when conducting research on vulnerable persons, they must develop and implement mechanisms to identify and address vulnerability.
Creating a Controlled Vocabulary for the Ethics of Human Research: Towards a Biomedical Ethics Ontology
Authors: Koepsell David , Arp Robert , Fostel Jennifer , Smith Barry
Published: March 2009

Ontologies describe reality in specific domains in ways that can bridge various disciplines and languages. They allow easier access and integration of information that is collected by different groups. Ontologies are currently used in the biomedical sciences, geography, and law. A Biomedical Ethics Ontology (BMEO) would benefit members of ethics committees who deal with protocols and consent forms spanning numerous fields of inquiry. There already exists the Ontology for Biomedical Investigations (OBI); the proposed BMEO would interoperate with OBI, creating a powerful information tool. We define a domain ontology and begin to construct a BMEO, focused on the process of evaluating human research protocols. Finally, we show how our BMEO can have practical applications for ethics committees. This paper describes ongoing research and a strategy for its broader continuation and cooperation.
Canadians and Their Pasts: An Exploration in Historical Consciousness
Authors: Conrad Margaret , Létourneau Jocelyn , Northrup David
Published: March 2009

In March 2006 a group of Canadian researchers formally embarked on a collaborative project to explore how ordinary Canadians engage the past in their everyday lives. The Canadians and Their Pasts project was inspired by previous studies undertaken in Europe, the United States, and Australia that used survey data to probe people's historical consciousness. This paper will briefly summarize the findings of the earlier studies, offer preliminary results from the Canadian survey, and, where possible, reflect on similarities and differences in the consumption of the past across national boundaries.
Estudo de materiais calcários usados como corretivo do solo no estado de São Paulo: III - Determinação de Mo, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn e Fe
Authors: Valadares José M. A. S. , Bataglia Ondino C. , Furlani Pedro R.
Published: March 2009

Determinaram-se os teores de Mo, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn e Fe solúveis em solução de HC1 6N, a quente, de 33 amostras de materiais usados como corretivos da acidez do solo no Estado de São Paulo, das quais dezesseis eram de calcários sedimentaress, catorze de calcários metamórficos, uma de calcário magmático e duas de escórias de alto forno. Nas amostras de calcários, os teores médios, mínimos e máximos de Mo, Co, Cu, Zn, Mn e Fe, expressos em ppm, foram respectivamente de 0,9 (0,1-5,0), 4,2 (0-46,9), 11,0 (5,4-42,2), 15,2 (7,5-46,0), 810 (30-1760) e 3905 (159-33.110). Nas duas amostras de escórias analisadas, os resultados obtidos foram: Mo 2,5 e 5,3 ppm; Co 2,6 e 11,4 ppm; Cu 2025 e 7800 ppm; Zn 750 e 1250 ppm; Mn 8100 e 38600 ppm e Fe 4522 e 127150 ppm.
Color plastic bistable nematic display fabricated by imprint and ink‐jet technology
Authors: Rudin John , Kitson Stephen , Geisow Adrian
Published: March 2009

Abstract— Plastic displays require new manufacturing processes and techniques to achieve acceptable cost and performance. A novel additive, low‐temperature atmospheric‐pressure self‐aligned means of fabricating integrated plastic substrates for full‐color LCDs and a bistable LC mode based on microstructure alignment are presented. By using imprinting rather than photolithographic patterning, a scalable, low‐cost manufacturing route is possible. A 2‐in.‐diagonal 128 × 128‐pixel display was made to demonstrate the principles involved, which has retained an image for in excess of 2 years.
Amorphous‐silicon thin‐film transistor on soda‐lime glass
Authors: Yang Ya‐Tang , Park Beom Soo , Won Tae Kyung , Choi Soo Young , White John M.
Published: March 2009

Abstract— Amorphous‐silicon (a‐Si:H) thin‐film transistors (TFTs) on soda‐lime glass were fabricated by using a diffusion barrier and a low‐temperature process at 200°C. The silicon nitride barrier was optimized in terms of diffusion blocking effectiveness, film adhesion, and surface finish. TFTs on soda‐lime glass achieved a saturation mobility 0.47 cm2/V‐sec, threshold voltage of 0 V, an off‐current of 7.7×10−11 A, and a sub‐threshold swing of 1.0 V/dec. From diffusion experiments, a 30,000‐hour lifetime for the TFT device at 80°C was estimated, and the robustness of the silicon nitride barrier against long‐term migration of sodium was demonstrated.
Laser‐induced full body cleavage of flat‐panel‐display glass
Authors: Karube Kojiro , Karube Norio
Published: March 2009

Abstract— Of the two types of thermal‐stress processes for glass, i.e., surface scribing and full body cleavage, the latter is not presently applied in commercial manufacturing due to the technical difficulties, notwithstanding its various advantages. These difficulties, which were pointed out by Kondratenko and were refered to as size effect, consist of a reduced processing speed in a large glass plate and the positional inaccuracy when cleaving close to edges of a glass plate. The result of the investigation aimed to solve these problems, which can pave the way to the commercial application of full body cleavage in the manufacturing of flat‐panel‐display (FPD) devices, is reported.
Low‐cost manufacturing of patterned films with nano‐precision for display applications
Authors: Zhou Zhilian , Rothrock Ginger , Mar Doug , Meng Xiansheng , Henn Robert
Published: March 2009

Abstract— Much attention has been given to methodologies for patterning optical films with nanoscale precision at the scale and economics required by the flat‐panel‐display industry. By using Fluorocur® mold materials, the PRINT® (Pattern Replication in Nonwetting Template) technology enables low‐cost manufacturing of precise microscale and nanoscale features with single‐nanometer precision from virtually any material.