bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FURTHER STUDIES ON THE PANCREATIC SECRETION IN THE SKATE
Authors: BABKIN B. P.
Published: April 2011

The parasympathetic drugs (acetyl choline and choline), and sympathetic drug (adrenaline), as well as histamine fail to increase the spontaneous pancreatic secretion in skates. A conclusion is drawn from these experiments that the parasympathetic and sympathetic nervous systems in skates play no part in the regulation of the secretory activity of the pancreatic gland.
THE ACTION OF SOME HORMONES AND HORMONE-LIKE SUBSTANCES ON THE CIRCULATION IN THE SKATE
Authors: MACKAY MARGARET E.
Published: April 2011

Histamine had practically no effect even when administered in very large amounts whereas adrenalin had a marked and long continued pressor action. Like adrenalin the effect of acetyl-choline and pituitrin was similar to that observed in warm-blooded animals but of a comparatively longer duration. Choline in small amounts caused only a slight response whereas in large doses it gave a marked rise in blood pressure. No skin reactions to various forms of injury could be observed in the skate, but both pressor and depressor reflexes were noted following stimulation of the skin and abdominal viscera.
RHYTHMIC SEXUAL MATURITY AND SPAWNING OF CERTAIN BIVALVE MOLLUSKS
Authors: BATTLE HELEN I.
Published: April 2011

From the middle of June to the middle of September the germ cells of Mytilus edulis L. and Macoma baltica L. in Passamaquoddy bay mature during the new-moon spring tides and are spawned throughout the remainder of the lunar tidal cycle. The initiation of spawning may be due to increased temperature since the low water of the neaps occurs about midday when the mud flats are heated by the rays of the sun. Mya arenaria L. shows the same phenomenon to a lesser degree from mid-June through August. Yoldia sapotilla (Gould), a deep-water form, has a bimonthly spawning on the spring tides.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS AND OF CERTAIN DRUGS UPON THE GASTRIC MOTILITY OF ELASMOBRANCH FISHES
Authors: NICHOLLS JOHN V. V.
Published: April 2011

A rise of temperature causes an increase in the rate of the spontaneous contractions of all parts of the stomach. At any one temperature the rate of contraction is different in different parts of the stomach. The parts named in order of decreasing rate are: pylorus, fundic and antral regions of the lesser curvature, fundic region of the greater curvature, antral region of the greater curvature and the cardia.Adrenaline stimulates all parts of the stomach except the antral region where large doses inhibit and minute doses stimulate. Pilocarpine and acetylcholine stimulate all parts. Atropine has no effect on the normal contractions but antagonizes the effect of pilocarpine and acetylcholine.
BIOLOGICAL AND OCEANOGRAPHIC CONDITIONS IN HUDSON BAY. 8. THE COREGONINE FISHES OF HUDSON AND JAMES BAYS
Authors: DYMOND J. R.
Published: April 2011

Specimens of Coregonus clupeaformis, Prosopium quadrilaterale and Leucichthys artedi from Hudson and James bays are quite similar to specimens of the same species from the Great Lakes; Prosopium shows the most divergence.Coregonus does not grow as large in salt water as in fresh water lakes of the same latitude; its rate of growth is more rapid than that of whitefish in lake Nipigon, but slower than in lake Ontario; spawning fish are usually at least seven years old.For the first two or three years Leucichthys grows more slowly, but later more rapidly than in lake Ontario or Saginaw bay, lake Michigan; it also reaches a larger size than is usual in the Great Lakes; sexual maturity is probably not attained until at least the fourth year.
PHILONEMA ONCORHYNCHI NOV. GEN. ET SPEC.
Authors: KUITUNEN-EKBAUM E.
Published: April 2011

A new dracunculoid nematode, occurring in the sockeye salmon, Oncorhynchus nerka, of British Columbia.
THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS AND OF CERTAIN DRUGS UPON THE INTESTINAL MOTILITY OF ELASMOBRANCH FISHES
Authors: Nicholls J. V. V.
Published: April 2011

A rise of temperature increases the rate of the spontaneous contraction of the spiral intestine and valve, rectum and colon. At any one temperature the upper end of the spiral intestine has the same rate of contraction as the lower end, whereas the upper end of the spiral valve has a higher rate than the lower end. The rectum and colon have no rapid rhythm, but give a single spasmodic contraction every half hour or so.Adrenaline, pilocarpine and acetylcholine stimulate all the above parts, though the effect of pilocarpine on the spiral valve is very indefinite. Atropine has no effect on normal contractions, but counteracts the effect of acetylcholine and pilocarpine.
LARVAE OF SOME BRITISH COLUMBIAN HIPPOLYTIDAE
Authors: NEEDLER ALFREDA BERKELEY
Published: April 2011

The paper deals with the first stage larvae of Spirontocaris paludicola, S. tridens, S. herdmani, S. brevirostris and Hippolyte californiensis, hatched out in the laboratory. The larva of Spirontocaris paludicola is described and figured in some detail and the others are dealt with more briefly.
The Life History and Post Embryonic Development of the Copepods, Calanus tonsus Brady and Euchaeta japonica Marukawa
Authors: Campbell Mildred H.
Published: April 2011

Calanus tonsus Brady is an abundant, deep water species in the strait of Georgia. Development is characterized by a distinct metamorphosis and the six nauplius and six copepodid stages are described.

The life cycle extends over one year and breeding occurs in the spring at the surface. The nauplii and early copepodid stages are soon replaced by stage V which dominates the plankton from May to December.

C. tonsus exists as an adult for approximately two months—January and February. Maturity is accompanied by marked degeneration of the mouth parts in both sexes, death following shortly.

The retrograde development appears associated with a change in habits. Stage V stores up reserve food, and the mature females with the disappearance of feeding devices depend upon this accumulated food during the reproductive period.

Euchaeta japonica Marukawa occurs in limited numbers in the deep water of the strait of Georgia. It undergoes a similar metamorphosis to C. tonsus and the twelve stages are described.

There is no definite spawning period but reproduction occurs throughout the year in deep water where development proceeds. Several broods may be produced by one female but the males are believed to die shortly after copulation.

The nauplii differ from those of C. tonsus due to larger size, slight increase in length from stage I to stage VI and retarded development of the appendages.

The conspicuous feature of the copepodid development is the extreme degeneration of the male mouth parts.
Effect of Temperature on the Cell Length and Shape of Bacillus vulgatus
Authors: Hess Ernest
Published: April 2011

B. vulgatus cells, when growing at 37° and 20 °C. on agar-slants showed rapid initial temporary increase in mean length, while at 5° the increase was gradual and prolonged, with formation of very elongated cells.

At 5°, where neither spore formation nor heat destruction of the cells interfered, as occurred at 20° and 37° respectively, maximum opportunity for modification of cell shape was given.

Comparisons with data obtained on the growth rate of B. vulgatus at these temperatures indicate that increase in cell length occurred mainly during periods of low growth rate.
The Secretion of Urea and Chloride by the Elasmobranch Stomach
Authors: MacIntosh F. C.
Published: April 2011

The finding of Babkin, Chaisson and Friedman that destruction of the spinal cord in the skate leads to a continuous secretion of gastric juice is confirmed. During the course of this secretion the chloride content of the gastric juice rises or remains unchanged, while the urea content gradually falls from a value of over 1 per cent to 0.1 per cent or less. There is no corresponding change in the urea or chloride content of the blood.
Investigations of the Herring of Passamaquoddy and Adjacent Regions
Authors: Graham Michael
Published: April 2011

The young herring ("sardine") fishery is seen as partly dependent on extremely local conditions. The fish first appear in the catches when about 12 months old in August. They are generally segregated into shoals of similar length (within an age-group). Certain areas tend to have herring of particular sizes. The "sardine" region is poorly supplied with herring fry rather than well supplied. Turbidity of the water is the only physical factor found possibly rendering the region specially attractive to herring. Euphausiids at the surface are one of the striking features of the heart of the "sardine" region. The principal species of plankton animals (Thysanoessa, Calanus, Sagitta) behave in a manner best explained by diurnal quiescence and nocturnal activity. Large landings of "sardines" in the "sardine" region as compared with other places is partly to be explained as due to especial ease of capture in that region, but it is uncertain whether there is a larger population of fish. It is clear that the proposed dams across the mouths of Passamaquoddy and Cobscook bays would make considerable havoc of the exceptionally rich fishery in their neighbourhood. The fishery inside the dams would almost certainly be reduced to negligible proportions, since it seems dependent on immigration. It cannot be foretold whether the total effect on capture immediately outside the dams would be deleterious or not. There appears little possibility of a wide-spread effect, for example along the coast of Maine, or even seriously at Grand Manan.
Fourth stage larvae of Homarus americanus intermediate in form between normal third and fourth stages.
Authors: Templeman W.
Published: April 2011

Thirteen out of 379 fourth stage lobster larvae reared at St. Andrews were definitely intermediate in form, in length of fourth stage period, and in habit, between the recognized third and fourth stages. They occur usually under unfavourable rearing conditions. The fifth stage produced by moulting of the intermediate fourth stage is intermediate in metamorphosis between normal fourth and fifth stages.
The Nutritive Value of Marine Products: VIII. Proximate Analysis of Canned British Columbia Sockeye and Pink Salmon
Authors: Carter Neal M.
Published: April 2011

The proximate compositions and calculated calorific values of individual and composite samples of canned sockeye (Oncorhynchus nerka) and pink (O. gorbuscha) salmon from fish caught in several localities on the British Columbia coast are compared. The resulting data are also presented in such a way as to allow comparison of the composition and energy content of the various constituents in the can, some of which are frequently discarded in the utilization of canned salmon.

The average percentages of the total oil, protein, salt (sodium chloride)-free minerals, and Calories contributed by the different constituents in the samples were respectively: flesh—(sockeye) 62, (pink) 72; 85, 81; 55, 54; 73, 78; skin—(sockeye) 11.2, (pink) 15.3; 3.6, 4.3; 9.8, 6.7; 7.7, 9.0; free aqueous liquor—(sockeye) 0, (pink) 0; 11, 14; 5, 7; 4, 8; free oil—(oil) 26, 10; (Calories) 15, 4; bone—(salt-free minerals) 30.2, 32.6. Corresponding average percentage compositions of composite samples of entire contents were: water—(sockeye) 68.6, (pink) 71.5; oil—8.82, 6.75; protein—20.2, 19.3; salt-free minerals—1.57, 1.57. The average energy contents were (sockeye) 749, (pink) 644 Calories per pound.

Comparison with published analyses of canned sockeye and pink salmon from Alaska and Washington indicated that more extensive and detailed sampling will be necessary before conclusions can be drawn regarding the comparative compositions and food values of canned British Columbia salmons, and the relation of these values to those of salmon caught to the north and south.
The Influence of Temperature, Salinity, Light and Food Conditions on the Survival and Growth of the Larvae of the Lobster (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Templeman W.
Published: April 2011

At 24 °C. lobster larvae attained the fourth stage [Formula: see text] days after hatching, at 19 °C. in [Formula: see text] days, at 14 °C. in [Formula: see text] days, at 10 °C. in [Formula: see text] days, and at 6.7 °C. in 120 days. Larvae were reared to the fourth stage at all salinities between 18 and 35 per mille, salinities even as low as 21 per mille being only slightly less favourable to survival than the normal 31 per mille. Larvae reared in almost complete darkness had a higher survival rate, moulted to the fourth stage 3 or 4 days earlier, and were significantly larger in the fourth stage than similar larvae reared in the light of a northwest window. Cutting down the supply of plankton food lengthened the stage periods and lessened the chances of survival.
The Measurement of Spoilage in Fish
Authors: Beatty S. A. , Gibbons N. E.
Published: April 2011

The increase in volatile nitrogenous bases in codfish muscle between the pre-rigor period and the first appearance of odour is approximately 6 mg. per 100 grams of tissue, and is due almost entirely to the action of bacteria. It can be used to follow the course of spoilage only if the original value of the fish in question is known, as the range in variation of the original values is as great as the increase to the appearance of odour.

A method for the rapid determination of "trimethylamine" in cod muscle has been devised. Its increase parallels the increase in bacterial population. Odours always appear at approximately the same level of "trimethylamine". The increase resulting from autolysis is negligible. The increase during the development of spoilage is fifteen to twenty times the original value. Spoilage can be followed in fish preserved with borates as well as in untreated fish.
Populations of Herring (Clupea pallasii) in the Coastal Waters of British Columbia
Authors: Tester Albert L.
Published: April 2011

From an analysis and comparison of various counts and measurements made on herring from different localities along the coast it is concluded that intermingling of the stock as a whole is limited and that there exist a number of essentially discrete units or local populations within the waters of the province. The evidence for this conclusion is based on gradations in mean vertebral and keeled scale counts with latitude and on significant and constant differences between herring of different localities in one or more of the following characters: total vertebral count, abdominal vertebral count, sex ratio, rate of growth, head length and length to the insertion of the dorsal fin. Data on these characters are analyzed as completely as feasible in an attempt to interpret all sources of variation.
The Biology of the Zooplankton Population in the Bay of Fundy and Gulf of Maine with Special Reference to Production and Distribution.
Authors: Fish Charles J. , Johnson Martin W.
Published: April 2011

Analyses in the gulf of Maine and bay of Fundy show the zooplankton population to be dominated by a relatively few species of boreal endemic crustaceans. Calanus finmarchicus, the most abundant form, averaged 39.9 per cent by number in the total region during the period, April to September in 1932, and 35.5 per cent for the year in the bay of Fundy. Fluctuations in the volume of zooplankton reflect to a large extent numerical changes in the stock of this species. The vernal rise in 1932 occurred following propagation of Calanus, and the rapid downward trend in June coincided with the critical period of maturation and subsequent mortality of adults after spawning.

Due to differences in the time of spawning in different parts of the region, two, and in some cases three, breeding stocks of boreal plankton animals can usually be distinguished. The distinct spawning periods are continued in subsequent generations that year no matter where distributed.

Productivity was found to be closely correlated with temperature and stability of the water mass, and dispersal with the nontidal circulation in the region. The vernal crop of boreal plankton species appears to be derived largely from adults maturing in the western or outer gulf. With the advance of the season the centre of production moves to the eastern basin. The turbulent New Brunswick-eastern Maine coastal zone as far west as Mount Desert is relatively unproductive, and characterized by small zooplankton volumes.
Egg-laying and Hatching Postures and Habits of the American Lobster (Homarus americanus)
Authors: Templeman W.
Published: April 2011

During egg-laying Homarus americanus rests ventral side upwards on the tips of its chelae and on the first two abdominal segments. The abdomen is curved, forming a pocket with a single opening between the telson and the bases of the fifth pereiopods. While hatching its eggs the animal supports itself on the tips of the walking legs and extends the abdomen upward at an angle of 20° to 45°. The swimmerets are waved violently.
The Relation of Temperature to the Seaward Migration of Young Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka)
Authors: Foerster R. E.
Published: April 2011

The period of seaward migration of young sockeye from Cultus lake each spring is inversely correlated with temperature conditions prevailing during the months immediately preceding. Correlating temperature readings of the outflow stream with date when twenty per cent migration occurred, a statistically significant correlation of −0.85 was obtained for February and March and −0.77 for January to March. Using air temperatures, coefficients of −0.91 for January to March and −0.74 for February and March were found. Commencement of migration coincides with vernal rise in lake temperatures. Under normal conditions, with low winter minimum, there appears to be a threshold migration temperature approximating 4.4 °C. (40°F.) but in seasons when lake temperatures are not depressed to this level a slight rise stimulates migration. Progress of migration is largely influenced by prevailing weather conditions and their effect upon temperature trends. Cessation of migration appears to be related to the setting-up of a "temperature blanket" which inhibits migration from the lake of sockeye still resident therein. These latter, showing small growth during their first year, remain in the lake until the following spring and then are among the first to migrate.
Studies of Fish Spoilage: IV. The Bacterial Reduction of Trimethylamine Oxide
Authors: Watson Dennis W.
Published: April 2011

In fish muscle press juice simulating the surface and the interior of muscle, there is an aerobic environment in the surface layer and an anaerobic environment in the body of the liquid. The Eh potential of the former is about 0.3 volts and of the latter from −0.5 to −0.10 volt.It is found that the bacterial population proliferating at 2 °C. is chiefly Achromobacter, which can be divided into two groups, obligate aerobes and facultative anaerobes. Only the latter group, which is capable of growth in the interior or surface, is responsible for the reduction of trimethylamine oxide with the evolution of trimethylamine. Since the initial total count is made up of a large number of obligate aerobes or non-oxide reducers it is obvious that the total bacterial population cannot be related to trimethylamine production. The appearance of this base therefore may be taken to indicate a bacterial population which is in excess of that responsible for its production.Molecular oxygen at surface exercises a trimethylamine oxide sparing effect. In practice, however, this effect is not significant from the point of view of the freshness test in the sense of Beatty and Gibbons.
Larval Life of the Oyster (Ostrea virginica) in Bideford River
Authors: Medcof J. C.
Published: April 2011

Oysters spawn when ripe, with rising temperatures that may or may not reach 20 °C. and at times not determined by lunar cycles. The growth of the larva to the ultimate size, height 365 μ, at temperatures of 19, 20 and 21 °C., requires 30, 26 and 24 days respectively. The growth curves developed, not sigmoidal in shape, have been used to predict spatfall maxima.
Factors Influencing the Vitamin A and D Potency of Grayfish Liver Oil Squalus sucklii (Girard)
Authors: Pugsley L. I.
Published: April 2011

A study of the variations in yield, colour and vitamin A potency of the liver oil of grayfish, Squalus sucklii (Girard), as influenced by sex, size and time of catching was made. The mean yield (71.5 per cent), colour (3.5 Lovibond units of yellow) and vitamin A potency (3330 blue units per g.) varied with size of the fish; the other factors did not show any significant influence. Three samples of liver oil assayed 4, 6 and 7 international units of vitamin D and the values did not show any relation to the vitamin A potency.
The Nesting and Embryo of Zoarces anguillaris
Authors: White H. C.
Published: April 2011

This North American species, unlike the European (Z. viviparus), is not viviparous, but deposits egg masses in cavities and guards them.
Temporary Migrations of Gulf Stream Water on the Atlantic Seaboard
Authors: Hachey H. B.
Published: April 2011

Analyses of 161 thermograms from vessels on the Boston-Bermuda route illustrate temporary migrations of Gulf Stream water during 1932–1938. A northern limit of Gulf Stream waters, determined by the position of the "cold wall", on this route varies between latitudes 36°41′N. and 40°23′N. Average monthly positions of the northern limit indicate that more southerly positions follow the equinoxes. These mean monthly positions, plotted on a lagging scale, are inversely correlated with average monthly differences in sea level between Bermuda and Charleston, S.C., which inverse correlation indicates that the position of the northern limit is related to current strength, decrease in strength being followed by northerly migrations, and increase by southerly migrations. Hydrographic observations off the Canadian Atlantic coast offer some evidence of the influence of these migrations on the waters of this area.
The Bacterial Reduction of Trimethylamine Oxide to Trimethylamine
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Only three of thirty microorganisms isolated from seven samples of fresh or lightly smoked sea fish muscle in various stages of decomposition reduced trimethylamine oxide to trimethylamine. This reduction is due to an enzyme, which activates trimethylamine oxide rendering it susceptible to reduction by many of the dehydrogenases of the bacterial cell. This enzyme, as it occurs in the intact cell, is apparently completely inhibited by toluene-treatment but not by cyanide. It. has not yet been obtained in cell-free state, and its substrate specificity has not been determined. Putrid fish muscle, with negligible amounts of trimethylamine, has been obtained by inoculating aseptically excised fish muscle with non-trimethylamine forming bacteria.
Feeding of the Herring
Authors: Johnson W. H.
Published: April 2011

When not feeding herring keep close together. If the light is at least as bright as moonlight the parallel non-feeding formation is broken as they dart here and there, pursuing individual food organisms. At low temperatures (about 4 °C.) herring are less active and eat less food.
Resistance of Atlantic Salmon to Sea Water
Authors: Huntsman A. G. , Hoar W. S.
Published: April 2011

As salmon parr, with increase in size, withstand sea water only as much longer as expected by the relation of surface to mass, full ability to endure sea water must develop abruptly on transformation into the smolt.
The Weight-Length Relationship of the Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Hoar William S.
Published: April 2011

Changes in the condition of the Atlantic salmon have been traced throughout the life of the fish. During two periods only does the coefficient of condition—studied through comparisons of the weight-length relationships—deviate widely from a value of one. At the beginning of the river life (on emerging from the gravel), and at the beginning of the sea life (during smolt metamorphosis), the coefficient is lower. For parr and adult salmon the factor varies with the size, age, and sex of the fish, the season of the year and the environment. The last three factors influence the condition of the smolt. For adult salmon, no constant difference is found in the condition of "spring" and "summer" fish, nor between fish which migrated to the sea as two- or three-year smolts. Spawned fish, taken during commercial fishing, are as well conditioned as maiden fish.
The Distribution of Pteropods in the Waters of Eastern Canada and Newfoundland
Authors: Kerswill C. J.
Published: April 2011

Pteropod collections from several expeditions show both Clione limacina and Limacina helicina in the arctic, Hudson bay and strait, southward to cape Sable, and in the gulf of St. Lawrence, with L. helicina generally more abundant except at the south. L. retroversa, absent in northern collections, was more abundant than the other species from Belle Isle strait to cape Sable, increasing in numbers in the gulf of St. Lawrence in summer.
The Comparative Value of Preservatives for Fresh Fillets
Authors: Tarr H. L. A. , Sunderland P. A.
Published: April 2011

The effect of a number of chemical preservatives in inhibiting the bacterial "spoilage" of fresh fillets of certain species of Pacific coast fish has been studied. The preservatives were applied by dissolving them in sodium chloride brines in which the fish were immersed. Chloroform (0.7%) markedly improved the keeping quality of treated fish, while hydrogen peroxide (0.1%) had little effect. Sulphurous acid (0.1% SO2) considerably retarded bacterial "spoilage" but produced an unpleasant flavour. Hydrochloric acid (0.1%) slightly enhanced keeping quality but caused treated fillets to assume an unattractive appearance. Benzoic acid (0.1%) and sodium benzoate (0.1%) were quite effective, the former being slightly more active than the latter. Neither boric acid (0.1%) nor para-hydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester (0.09%) were as efficient preservatives as benzoic acid or sodium benzoate in similar (per cent) concentration. Both sodium nitrite and potassium nitrite in 0.1% concentration caused a much greater inhibition in bacterial "spoilage" of fresh fillets than did sodium benzoate or benzoic acid, and the probable value of nitrites in fish preservation, as well as their influence on the colour of treated products, is discussed. The efficiency of a given preservative in different cases varied greatly, and in certain experiments a compound which normally exerted a favourable effect on keeping quality was without effect. The probable reason for this is discussed.
Specificity of Triamineoxidease
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

The substrate-specificity of a newly described enzyme common to six bacterial species, comprising five different genera, isolated from such widely divergent sources as decomposing fish, well-water and surface taint butter, was investigated. Of the various substrates studied only trialkylamine oxides having the general structure R3 ≡≡ N = 0 were activated with subsequent reduction, the corresponding volatile base being formed in each case. Betaine, choline, acetylcholine, ergothioneine and stachydrine containing an atomic group similar to the above were not activated. The designation "triamineoxidease" is proposed for this enzyme.
Tryptic Enzymes from Certain Commercial Fishes
Authors: Johnston W. W.
Published: April 2011

An examination of fish digestive organs showed that only the pyloric caeca and intestine showed a sufficiently high yield and a sufficiently high activity to make their commercial use feasible. The intestine had approximately one-quarter the activity of the caeca. Mackerel caeca showed the highest activity and yield of any organ in four species of fish examined. No activating effect parallel to that of mammalian enterokinase on trypsinogen was demonstrated. By comparing the hydrolysis products of casein by pyloric caeca, intestinal mucosa, and hog pancreas, evidence was adduced showing that the enzymic constituents of these preparations are similar.
Studies on Salt Fish: IV. Survival of Eberthella typhosa and Escherichia coli on Salt Fish
Authors: Frank M. , Hess E.
Published: April 2011

Eb. typhosa and Es. coli survive on salt fish agar and in salt fish broth at 5 to 6 °C. for periods of three months and more. On salt fish itself survival is reduced, particularly for the former organism. Survival is favoured by low storage temperatures and heavy contamination.
The Action of Nitrites on Bacteria
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Inhibition of the growth of bacteria by sodium nitrite is largely dependent on the pH of the substrate upon which they are cultivated. Thus at pH 6.0, 0.02 per cent of sodium nitrite may entirely inhibit or strongly retard growth, while at pH 7.0 little or no inhibition is in evidence. There is a marked variation in the susceptibility of different bacteria to nitrite, and there appears to be no definite relationship between its effect in retarding growth and in inhibiting aerobic respiration.
Regeneration of the Scales of Atlantic Salmon
Authors: Blair A. A.
Published: April 2011

On removal of scales in the smolt new scales develop in the scale pockets, attaining normal width in 40 days, but not quite normal length even by 59 days. Initial growth is very rapid and without circulus formation, but with decreasing rate circuli are formed with intervening spaces diminishing in width and there is often a check when normal growth commences. Scales near a large area of regeneration show checks corresponding to time of most rapid regeneration. Pairs of small and large regenerating scales occur, each pair apparently developing from the one pocket.
Food of Rainbow, Cutthroat and Brown Trout in the Cowichan River System, B.C.
Authors: Idyll Clarence
Published: April 2011

Stomach contents of 293 rainbow, 160 cutthroat and 113 brown trout were examined and analyzed according to species, size groups (5 cm.) and habitat (river or lake). For rainbows of both river and lake (4 to 50 cm. in length), insects, chiefly Trichoptera and Simuliidae, were predominant in all size groups. Fish constituted a small fraction of the food except in the winter when salmon eggs were available. River cutthroat subsisted chiefly on insects (Trichoptera) up to 15 cm., on insects and fish (Gasterosteus) up to 30 cm., thereafter largely on fish. Lake cutthroat samples did not eat fish in any number until 41 cm. long. Brown trout ate chiefly insects (Trichoptera) up to 45.5 cm., thereafter turning more definitely to a fish (salmonid) diet. The cutthroat were more piscivorous than the brown trout. A definite selection of food by the trout was indicated.
The Action of Nitrites on Bacteria: Further Experiments
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

Growth of the obligate anaerobes Clostridium botulinum and C. sporogenes is inhibited by 0.02 per cent sodium nitrite in fish digest broth at acid pH, inhibition not being accentuated by brief exposure of the cultures to air during the vigorous growth phase. Sodium nitrite inhibits growth of facultative anaerobes in nutrient broth under both strictly and semi-anaerobic conditions. Growth of facultative anaerobes is inhibited by sodium nitrite over a much wider pH range in nutrient broth than in fish digest broth or in a simple synthetic ammonium lactate medium. Sodium nitrite is capable of acting in either bactericidal or bacteriostatic capacity under different conditions, and inhibits growth of the human pathogens Eberthella typhosa and Staphylococcus aureus. The experiments described throw no light on the mechanism by which sodium nitrite, or its decomposition products, inhibit bacterial growth.
Sex, Gonad Development and Seasonal Gonad Changes in Paphia staminea Conrad
Authors: Quayle D. B.
Published: April 2011

In the little-neck clam, Paphia staminea, as occurring in British Columbia waters, the first sign of the gonad was found in individuals slightly over 1 mm. in length. Sex differentiation occurs at lengths of 15 to 30 mm. or in 2nd or 3rd year. Maturity is achieved at 22 to 35 mm. P. staminea is not protandric. Seasonal gonad changes are: by end of October all active spawning over; by December to January tubules of ovary filled with follicle cells; active growth of sex cells reaches peak in March; first spawning in April and by September most clams spawned out. Male spawning cycle parallels that of female, with certain time lag apparent. Some males may remain in spawned-out state during most of winter.
Physical Characteristics and Behaviour of Pink Salmon Fry at McClinton Creek, B.C.
Authors: Pritchard A. L.
Published: April 2011

High temperatures appear to shorten and low temperatures lengthen the incubation period of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) eggs. The fry migrate to sea during spring when the yolk sac is almost completely absorbed. There is no significant difference from year to year in qualitative description or in certain countable physical characters. Migration is usually swift and vigorous. The effect of light is demonstrated by the fact that movement is limited to the hours of darkness and slowed by direct moonlight. Rainfall does not initiate migration but causes fry already in motion to proceed more quickly. Small temperature variations have little effect. Oxygen content and pH of the water vary coincidentally with rainfall.
Racial Characteristics and Migratory Habits in Salmo gairdneri
Authors: Neave Ferris
Published: April 2011

A significant difference exists between the average scale counts of anadromous and non-seagoing Salmo gairdneri of the Cowichan river system, B.C. Differences in scale number and in migratory habit are maintained in hatchery-raised offspring of the two types and are considered to be founded upon inherited characteristics.
Variable Seaward Migration of Salmon
Authors: Huntsman A. G.
Published: April 2011

Salmon (Salmo salar) kelts from hatchery operations, when liberated in rivers and in or near river estuaries, show by the distribution of the recaptured fish an extent of seaward migration that varies from river to river, apparently in relation to the character of the estuary and river influence in the sea. For the very large St. John river (N.B.) they are mainly in the long, deepish estuary and rarely leave the zone of river influence, while for the smallish Margaree river (N.S.), with a short, shallow estuary well emptied by the tide, they are mainly near the coast outside the estuary and commonly wander to distant places in various directions. This distribution may (Margaree) or may not (St. John) correspond with that of virgin fish. The Miramichi (N.B.) with strong river influence and long estuary resembles the St. John, while the Annapolis and Philip rivers (N.S.) with slight river influence are more like the Margaree.For each river and location of liberation, the extent of seaward distribution is found to vary with differences in river discharge during a presumed settling-down period after liberation. Sharp freshets are correlated with more riverward distribution at least for a time. Heavy floods are correlated with a more seaward distribution. Continued low water is correlated with a wide distribution.
Effect of Triaenophorus on Growth of two Fishes
Authors: Miller Richard B.
Published: April 2011

Whitefish parasitized with plerocercoids of Triaenophorus crassus are slightly shorter and considerably lighter than non-parasitized fish of the same age. Heavily parasitized tullibee (Leucichthys sps.) grow slightly more slowly than lightly parasitized fish.Whitefish are more affected by the parasites than tullibee, a fact which favours the argument that Leucichthys sps. are the more natural hosts for T. crassus.
Factors Affecting Deposition of Smoke Constituents on Fish
Authors: Linton E. P. , French H. V.
Published: April 2011

Methods are given for the estimation of acids, phenols, acetone and colour in smoked fish products. The concentration of phenols in commercial smoked fish ranges from 1.0 mg. per 100 g. of fish in smoked sardines to 35 mg. in hard-cured herring.Predrying and low smoke velocities decrease the rate of deposition of smoke constituents on the fish. Although volatile phenols are not directly associated with colour development in smoked fish, the concentration of phenols and depth of colour parallel one another. The smoke constituents are shown to be concentrated in the surface layers of the smoked fish.
Bacteriostatic Action of Hydroxylamine
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

From 0.001 to 0.024% hydroxylamine caused transient or permanent growth inhibition of fish spoilage and certain other bacteria.
Amines in Fish Muscle: I. Colorimetric Determination of Trimethylamine as the Picrate Salt
Authors: Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

A sensitive accurate colorimetric method for trimethylamine determination is presented, based on the extraction with toluene of an alkaline sample containing 0.002 to 0.02 mg. trimethylamine nitrogen, and the formation of the yellow coloured picrate by mixing with a picric acid reagent. The application of the method in fishery products and effects of interfering substances have been investigated.
Factors Affecting Triamineoxidease: I. Inhibition of the Enzyme
Authors: Neilands J. B.
Published: April 2011

Ammonium hydroxide and glycogen have little effect on the formation of trimethylamine from trimethylamine oxide by washed cells of bacteria isolated from fish. Indole, skatole and hydrogen sulphide partially inhibit the enzyme. Partial inhibition can also be effected with cyanide and azide. The necessity in this system of a hydrogen carrier other than the dehydrogenase activating the oxidizable substrate is suggested.
Drying of Heavily Salted Fish
Authors: Linton E. P. , Wood A. L.
Published: April 2011

The experimental drying of cut samples and of whole salt fish under various air conditions shows that the optimum air velocity is 100 to 125 cm. per second, air temperature 26 °C, and relative humidity 45 to 55 per cent. High drying potentials inhibit drying owing to the formation of an impervious salt-protein crust on the surface of the fish.The skin surface of the fish dries about 50 to 75 per cent as fast as the split surface. Under the recommended air conditions medium size salt codfish are dried from 130 per cent to 75 per cent, dry basis, moisture in about 40 hours.
The Mud-Blister Worm, Polydora, in Canadian Oysters
Authors: Medcof J. C.
Published: April 2011

Polydora ciliata causes mud blisters, often inconspicuous, on the shells of oysters (Ostrea virginica) in deep water, in the intertidal zone and in floating trays in many important producing areas but is of industrial importance only in parts of the Bras d'Or lakes, N.S., where salinities are low and the bottom soft. Polydora has no significant effect on the fatness of oysters and is unlikely to create a major industrial problem unless hydrographic conditions change.
The Nutritive Value of Marine Products: XVI. The Biological Value of Fish Flesh Proteins
Authors: Beveridge J. M. R.
Published: April 2011

The biological values of the crude flesh proteins of lingcod, halibut, lemon sole, and white spring salmon have been determined by growth and nitrogen retention methods using young Wistar rats as experimental animals. Additional values obtained by the growth method are reported for herring and red snapper. For comparative purposes, values were also secured on crude beef flesh proteins, egg albumin, and casein. The figures obtained for the flesh proteins from the four types of fish were of the same order of magnitude, and they were higher than those procured for the other protein foods tested. An examination of the gains in weight was carried out by the co-variance method in which the variance of the actual gains, freed from the effects of varying food consumption by regression, was subjected to analysis. This test indicated that the differences in the average weight gains between the rats fed fish flesh and those fed the other protein foods were highly significant. Data on the effect of sex on the determination of biological values are, submitted along with an explanation which helps to resolve conflicting reports on this point.
Sulphur Distribution in Fish Flesh Proteins
Authors: Beveridge J. M. R.
Published: April 2011

The sulphur distributions in the crude flesh proteins of lingcod, halibut, lemon sole, and white spring salmon have been determined. The proteins of the species examined proved to be excellent sources of methionine and the figures obtained for each amino acid agreed closely amongst the different species.
Experiment to Develop sea-run from land-locked Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka kennerlyi)
Authors: Foerster R. E.
Published: April 2011

Kokanee eggs from the Kootenay area were transferred to Cultus lake, hatched, reared to yearling size, marked by removal of both pelvic fins and released to proceed seaward along with the normal sockeye migration from Cultus. No returns of four-year-old adults, the most common age group for the Fraser, were obtained, but the following year 25 five-year-olds were recovered from 34% of the commercial fishery sampled and 17 adults bearing the correct mark were taken at Cultus. Ages could not be determined, therefore some or all of these may have been mismarked four-year-olds. The results indicate that sea-run sockeye can develop from kokanee populations where migration to sea is possible. It is suggested that the size difference between sockeye and kokanee is more likely due to environment than to heredity. Evidence for habit is less clear.
Pike (Esox lucius) from Four Northern Canadian Lakes
Authors: Miller R. B. , Kennedy W. A.
Published: April 2011

Scale samples and length and weight measurements of 281 pike from Great Bear lake, Great Slave lake, lake Athabaska and Lesser Slave lake have been used to calculate the rate of growth. A comparison with the growth rate of pike from Waskesiu lake, Saskatchewan, and lakes in Wisconsin shows that, in general, the rate varies with north latitude. The northern fish live five years longer but never attain as large a size. It is shown that the relationship between length and weight is independent of the rate of growth. Males and females grow at the same rate but females appear to live longer than males.
Relation of Bacterial Counts to Quality of Cod Fillets
Authors: Castell C. H. , Anderson G. W. , Pivnick Hilliard
Published: April 2011

Bacterial counts are valueless as a measure of the degree of spoilage in fresh fillets.There is a very close correlation between the number of psychrophilic gram-negative organisms on fillets and their keeping time in cold storage. This correlation degenerates into a 'general tendency' which cannot always be applied to individual samples, if the counts used include all the organisms growing on plates incubated at 25 °C. Counts made on plates incubated at 37 °C are of no value for estimating the keeping quality of fillets stored at low temperatures.
Chromatographic Analysis of the Unsaponifiable Matter of Marine Animal Oils
Authors: Swain Lyle A.
Published: April 2011

A method of separation of the unsaponifiable matter of marine animal oils has been developed, using the technique of flowing chromatography. Four fractions were obtained by the successive use of light petroleum, methylene chloride, ethyl ether, and methanol with a column of alumina. On the basis of these studies, the hypothesis is proposed that the substances occurring in any one fraction are of similar chemical structure.
Effect of Nitrite on Reduction of Trimethylamine Oxide in Cod Fillets
Authors: Castell C. H.
Published: April 2011

Concentrations of nitrite required to prevent or retard the formation of trimethylamine in cod fillets stored at 3 °C. are much less than those required to inhibit bacterial growth on the fish under the same conditions.This is not the result of the nitrite having a selective inhibitory action on the growth of bacteria that reduce trimethylamine oxide.
Salmon and Eel Movement in Constant Circular Current
Authors: Davidson Viola M.
Published: April 2011

Underyearling salmon in a circular pond of moving water at 20–25 °C. swam during the day and rested on the bottom at night. Before feeding they translocated actively upstream in rapid shallow water and in all directions in slow deep water. During feeding they held position in slow water, but made short excursions to seize food. After feeding, most moved into rapid, shallow water, the largest into the most rapid water.Translocating salmon usually went upstream and swam faster in more rapid water so that the rate of translocation remained constant. The rate of translocation increased with the size of the fish, more than doubling from 3 to 4 cm. in length.While steady illumination caused the salmon to swim up in the water from the bottom, a sudden change in light intensity when they were swimming, as by an object moving against the sky, caused them to swim quickly from shallow to deep water.Eels translocated upstream regularly only in the more rapid water, the swimming rate increasing with current rate. Eels 7 cm. long translocated almost twice as rapidly as salmon 3.5 cm. long. Eels burrowed in the gravel in bright daylight, came out in the evening and translocated rapidly even at night when the salmon were resting.
Bacterial Reduction of Sodium Nitrite and Formation of Trimethylamine in Fish
Authors: Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

Bacteria reduce sodium nitrite in stored cod fillets. Rapid reduction of trimethylamine oxide is inhibited by the nitrite in the concentrations used, up to 700 p.p.m., trimethylamine formation occurring only after the nitrite is reduced to about 50 p.p.m. This results in an increased keeping time in fillets treated with nitrite. The surface pH remains acid until the rapid trimethylamine formation takes place.Nitrate alone, more slowly in the presence of nitrite, is rapidly reduced to nitrite and beyond. The trimethylamine oxide reduction is not affected by the nitrate reduction, the former being usually reduced before the nitrate.
The Occurrence of Sarcotaces in Canada
Authors: Kuitunen-Ekbaum Ph.D. E.
Published: April 2011

A parasitic copepod, encysted in the abdominal cavity and in the muscles of the red snapper, Sebastodes ruberrimus, caught off the Pacific Coast of Canada, has been identified as Sarcotaces arcticus. Each cyst contained one female and one male copepod and had an opening through the skin of the fish by which, no doubt, the nauplius larvae are discharged.
Control of Rancidity in Fish Flesh: III. Carbonyl Enediols as Antioxidants.
Authors: Tarr H. L. A. , Cooke N. E.
Published: April 2011

The cyclic carbonyl enediols, reductic acid and l-ascorbic acid, strongly retarded fat oxidation in frozen minced red spring salmon or herring flesh stored at −10 or −20 °C., the former being more effective than the latter. The acyclic carbonyl enediols and dihydroxymaleic acid with its sodium and ammonium salts and reductone were either ineffective or afforded only slight protection.
Note on the Colorimetric Estimation of Trimethylamine
Authors: Dyer W. J.
Published: April 2011

Using the Dyer picrate method for trimethylamine determination the Evelyn 400 mμ filter is more satisfactory than the 420 filter.
The Maillard Reaction in Fish Products
Authors: Tarr H. L. A.
Published: April 2011

The brown discolouration which occurs on heating (120 °C., 1 hr.) white flesh of fish was found to be due largely to reactions of the Maillard type. Browning did not occur in leached flesh unless compounds containing a free aldehyde group, or a potential free aldehyde group, were added. Addition of amino acids and substances which did not possess a free aldehyde group did not occasion browning in leached flesh. Discolouration was inhibited by bisulphite and hydroxylamine and slightly by acids, but it was not affected by heating in vacuo, by storing whole fish in ice prior to heating or by addition of metal ions.