bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fundamental Solutions and Asymptotic Behaviour for the $p$-Laplacian Equation
Authors: Kamin Shoshana , Vázquez Juan Luis
Published: January 2012

We establish the uniqueness of fundamental solutions to the

p

-Laplacian equation

\mathrm {(PLE)} \; u_t = \mathrm {div} (|Du|^{p-2}Du), \; p > 2,

defined for

x \in \mathbb R^N

,

0 < t < T

. We derive from this result the asymptotic behaviour of nonnegative solutions with finite mass, i.e. such that

u(\cdotp, t) \in L^1(\mathbb R^N)

. Our methods also apply to the porous medium equation

\mathrm {(PME)} \; u_t = \Delta (u^m), \; m > 1,

giving new and simpler proofs of known results. We finally introduce yet another method of proving asymptotic results based on the idea of asymptotic radial symmetry. This method can be useful in dealing with more general equations.
Structural and Elastic Properties of Li-Ni Ferrite
Authors: Mazen S. A. , Elmosalami T. A.
Published: January 2012

Li-Nickel ferrites with the chemical formula () have been prepared by the ceramic method. The spinel structure in homogenous state was realized by X-ray diffraction analysis. The lattice parameter has been determined for each composition and found to be nearly constant over the whole range of Ni concentration (= 0.83 nm ± 0.01). The cation distribution for each composition has been suggested. The experimental and theoretical lattice constants were found to be in good agreement with each other confirming the agreeability of the suggested cation distribution. The analysis of IR spectra indicates the presence of splitting in the absorption band due to the presence of small amounts of Fe2+ ions in the ferrite system. The force constants for tetrahedral and octahedral sites have been determined. Young’s modulus (E), rigidity modulus (G), bulk modulus (B), Debye temperature (), and transverse () and longitudinal () wave velocities have been determined. The variation of elastic moduli with composition has been interpreted in terms of binding forces between the atoms of spinal lattice.
Leitstruktur‐orientierte Synthese: eine Alternative für die Synthesechemie
Authors: Nadin Alan , Hattotuwagama Channa , Churcher Ian
Published: January 2012

Zur Herstellung von niedermolekularen Verbindungen für Wirkstoff‐Forschungsprogramme bleibt die pharmazeutische Industrie ausschließlich auf Methoden der Synthesechemie angewiesen. Die Bedeutung der physikochemischen Eigenschaften dieser Verbindungen für die Ermittlung ihres Erfolgs in der Wirkstoffentwicklung ist inzwischen gut bekannt, aber die hier vorgestellten Daten lassen darauf schließen, dass viele Synthesemethoden ungewollt prädisponiert sind, Verbindungen mit schlechteren wirkstoffähnlichen Eigenschaften zu bilden. Diese Tendenz kann Auswirkungen auf die ersten Phasen der Treffer‐ und Leitstruktursuche in der Wirkstoff‐Forschung haben, wenn eine größere Zahl von Verbindungen durch Array‐Verfahren hergestellt wird. Wir beschreiben hier erstmals das Konzept der Leitstruktur‐orientierten Synthese und die Möglichkeit, durch ihre Anwendung das Spektrum und die Qualität von Verbindungen für die Entwicklung neuer Medikamente zu erhöhen.
Rilonacept (Interleukin‐1 Trap) in the prevention of acute gout flares during initiation of urate‐lowering therapy: Results of a phase II randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Schumacher H. Ralph , Sundy John S. , Terkeltaub Robert , Knapp Howard R. , Mellis Scott J. , Stahl Neil , Yancopoulos George D. , Soo Yuhwen , King‐Davis Shirletta , Weinstein Steven P. , Radin Allen R. ,   0619 Study Group
Published: January 2012

Objective

To evaluate the interleukin‐1 inhibitor rilonacept (Interleukin‐1 Trap) for prevention of gout flares occurring in the first few months following initiation of urate‐lowering therapy.

Methods

In this double‐blind study, adult patients with hyperuricemia and gout were randomized to receive rilonacept administered subcutaneously once per week (loading dose 320 mg followed by 160 mg weekly) or placebo, and started on allopurinol (300 mg/day, titrated to serum urate <6 mg/dl). At study visits, physical and laboratory assessments were performed and information on any adverse events was ascertained.

Results

Baseline characteristics were similar between the rilonacept and placebo groups (n = 41 and n = 42, respectively). The mean number of gout flares per patient through week 12 (primary efficacy end point) was markedly lower in the rilonacept group than in the placebo group (0.15 [6 flares] versus 0.79 [33 flares]; P = 0.0011). Fewer flares were observed with rilonacept as early as 4 weeks after initiation of treatment (P = 0.007). The proportion of patients experiencing a flare during the 12 weeks was lower in the rilonacept group than in the placebo group (14.6% versus 45.2%; P = 0.0037). No rebound in the flare rate was observed for 6 weeks after discontinuation of rilonacept or placebo at week 16. Adverse events were similar between groups, and no deaths or serious infectious adverse events were reported; the most common adverse events were infections (14.6% and 26.2% of rilonacept‐ and placebo‐treated patients, respectively) and musculoskeletal disorders (14.6% and 21.4%, respectively). A higher percentage of rilonacept‐treated patients (98%) compared with placebo‐treated patients (79%) completed the primary 12‐week evaluation period (P = 0.015).

Conclusion

The current findings indicate that rilonacept significantly reduces the frequency of gout flares during the initial period of treatment with urate‐lowering therapy, with a favorable safety profile.
Activation of target signal transducers utilizing chimeric receptors with signaling‐molecule binding motifs
Authors: Saka Koichiro , Kawahara Masahiro , Ueda Hiroshi , Nagamune Teruyuki
Published: January 2012

Cellular fates such as proliferation, differentiation, and death are controlled by a variety of cytokine receptors, which are crucial in initiating downstream signaling cascades. To initiate signaling, the cytokine receptor cytoplasmic domain recruits specific signaling molecules with a range of tyrosine‐containing motifs. Thus, we postulate that it is possible to regulate signal transduction artificially by locating the tyrosine motif of interest into the intracellular domain of specific receptors. Construction of such artificial receptors was based on an anti‐fluorescein ScFv/c‐Mpl chimera (S‐Mpl). We selected several known tyrosine motifs from native cytokine receptors that strongly bind to their target molecule, and located them downstream of the Janus kinase (JAK) binding domain of S‐Mpl, which would be necessary for phosphorylation of the receptor. Next, we used retroviral transduction to express chimeric receptors in a murine IL‐3‐dependent pro‐B cell line, Ba/F3, which was stimulated with BSA‐fluorescein. The results indicated that each chimeric receptor preferentially activated the corresponding signaling molecule. We also examined whether the position of the tyrosine motif in the receptor could influence the activation levels of the signal transducer, and found that the chimeric receptors could activate the corresponding signaling molecule even when the tyrosine motif was distant from the JAK binding domain. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1528–1537. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Metabolic engineering of thermophilic Bacillus licheniformis for chiral pure D‐2,3‐butanediol production
Authors: Wang Qingzhao , Chen Tao , Zhao Xueming , Chamu Jauhleene
Published: January 2012

2,3‐Butanediol is an important compound that can be used in many areas, especially as a platform chemical and liquid fuel. But traditional 2,3‐butanediol producing microorganisms, such as Klebsiella pneumonia and K. xoytoca, are pathogens and they can only ferment sugars at 37°C. Here, we reported a newly developed Bacillus licheniformis. A protoplast transformation system was developed and optimized for this organism. With this transformation method, a marker‐less gene deletion protocol was successfully used to knock out the ldh gene of B. licheniformis BL1 and BL3. BL1 was isolated earlier from soil for lactate production and it was further evolved to BL3 for xylose utilization. Combined with pH and aeration control, ldh mutant BL5 and BL8 can efficiently ferment glucose and xylose to D‐(−) 2,3‐butanediol at 50°C, pH 5.0. For glucose and xylose, the specific 2,3‐butanediol productivities are 29.4 and 26.1 mM/h, respectively. The yield is 0.73 mol/mol for BL8 in xylose and 0.9 mol/mol for BL5 and BL8 in glucose. The D‐(−) 2,3‐butanediol optical purity is more than 98%. As far as we know, this is the first reported high temperature butanediol producer to match the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation conditions. Therefore, it has potential to further lower butanediol producing cost with low cost lignocellulosic biomass in the near future. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2012; 109:1610–1621. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LC‐ESI‐MS/MS method for quantification of ambrisentan in plasma and application to rat pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Nirogi Ramakrishna , Kandikere Vishwottam , Komarneni Prashanth , Aleti Raghupathi , Padala NagaSuryaPrakash , Kalaikadhiban Ilayaraja
Published: January 2012

A sensitive high‐performance liquid chromatography–positive ion electrospray tandem mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the quantification of ambrisentan in plasma. The analyte and the internal standard (armodafinil) were extracted from plasma by acetonitrile precipitation and they were separated on a reversed‐phase C18 column with a gradient program. The MS acquisition was performed with multiple reaction monitoring mode using the respective [M + H]+ ions, m/z 379–347 for ambrisentan and m/z 274–167 for the IS. The assay exhibited a linear dynamic range of 1–2000 ng/mL for ambrisentan in plasma. Acceptable precision (<10%) and accuracy (100 ± 8%) were obtained for concentrations over the standard curve range. The method was successfully applied to quantify ambrisentan concentrations in a rodent pharmacokinetic study after a single oral administration of ambrisentan at 2.5 mg/kg to rats. Following oral administration the maximum mean concentration in plasma (Cmax; 1197 ± 179 ng/mL) was achieved at 1.0 ± 0.9 h (Tmax), and the area under the curve (AUC) was 6013 ± 997 ng h/mL. Therefore, development of such a simple and sensitive method in rat plasma should translate into a method for ambrisentan in human plasma for clinical trials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel LC‐MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of tenofovir and lamivudine in human plasma and its application to a pharmacokinetic study
Authors: Matta Murali Krishna , Burugula Laxminarayana , Pilli Nageswara Rao , Inamadugu Jaswanth Kumar , JVLN Seshagiri Rao
Published: January 2012

A new, rapid, sensitive and specific LC‐MS/MS method has been developed and validated for the simultaneous quantification of tenofovir and lamivudine in human plasma using abacavir as an internal standard. An API‐4000 LC‐MS/MS with electrospray ionization was operated in multiple‐reaction monitoring mode for the analysis. The analytes were extracted from plasma by solid‐phase extraction technique using an Oasis HLB cartridge. The reconstituted samples were chromatographed on a Chromolith ROD speed C18 column using a mixture of 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile (90:10 v/v) at a flow‐rate of 1 mL/min. The method was validated as per the FDA guidelines. The calibration curves were found to be linear in the range of 5–600 ng/mL for tenofovir and 25– 4000 ng/mL for lamivudine. The intra‐ and inter‐day precision and accuracy results were well within the acceptable limits. A run time of 2.8 min consumed for each sample made it possible to analyze more samples per day. The proposed assay method was found to be applicable to a pharmacokinetic study in human male volunteers. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and Photophysical Properties of Fullerene–Phthalocyanine–Porphyrin Triads and Pentads
Authors: Enes Roger F. , Cid Juan‐José , Hausmann Anita , Trukhina Olga , Gouloumis Andreas , Vázquez Purificación , Cavaleiro José A. S. , Tomé Augusto C. , Guldi Dirk M. , Torres Tomás
Published: January 2012

The synthesis and photophysical properties of several fullerene–phthalocyanine–porphyrin triads (1–3) and pentads (4–6) are described. The three photoactive moieties were covalently connected in an one‐step synthesis through 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition to C60 of the corresponding azomethine ylides generated in situ by condensation reaction of a substituted N‐porphyrinylmethylglycine derivative and an appropriated formyl phthalocyanine or a diformyl phthalocyanine derivative, respectively. ZnP‐C60‐ZnPc (3), (ZnP)2‐ZnPc‐(C60)2 (6), and (H2P)2‐ZnPc‐(C60)2 (5) give rise upon excitation of their ZnP or H2P components to a sequence of energy and charge‐transfer reactions with, however, fundamentally different outcomes. With (ZnP)2‐ZnPc‐(C60)2 (6) the major pathway is an highly exothermic charge transfer to afford (ZnP)(ZnP.+)‐ZnPc‐(C60.−)(C60). The lower singlet excited state energy of H2P (i.e., ca. 0.2 eV) and likewise its more anodic oxidation (i.e., ca. 0.2 V) renders the direct charge transfer in (H2P)2‐ZnPc‐(C60)2 (5) not competitive. Instead, a transduction of singlet excited state energy prevails to form the ZnPc singlet excited state. This triggers then an intramolecular charge transfer reaction to form exclusively (H2P)2‐ZnPc.+‐(C60.−)(C60). A similar sequence is found for ZnP‐C60‐ZnPc (3).
Anodic Oxidation as Green Alternative for Removing Diethyl Phthalate from Wastewater Using Pb/PbO2and Ti/SnO2Anodes
Authors: Vazquez‐Gomez Lourdes , de Battisti Achille , Ferro Sergio , Cerro Monica , Reyna Silvia , Martínez‐Huitle Carlos A. , Quiroz Marco A.
Published: January 2012

The electrochemical oxidation (EO) of diethyl phthalate (DEP) in aqueous solution was studied at Pb/PbO2and Ti/SnO2anode materials under galvanostatic‐experimental conditions. Results obtained clearly demonstrated that the anode plays a significant role for the optimization of the oxidation process, deciding the mechanisms and by‐products formed. DEP and by‐products of oxidation were also analyzed during various stages of the electrolysis reaction by HPLC and GC/MS techniques. Before the analysis by GC/MS technique, the samples were treated by solid phase microextraction (SPME) in order to concentrate the compounds from the reaction solution and identify all electrolysis intermediates. Current efficiencies (instantaneous current efficiency; ICE and total current efficiency; TCE) achieved during EO experiments were dependent on anode used and current density (20–40 mA cm−2) at 40°C. The results obtained demonstrated that the environmental electrochemical methods can be a feasible alternative for the wastewater treatment containing hazardous phthalates.
Accelerated methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (AMVAC) as neoadjuvant chemotherapy for patients with muscle‐invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder
Authors: Blick Christopher , Hall Peter , Pwint Thinn , Al‐Terkait Faisal , Crew Jeremy , Powles Thomas , Macaulay Valentine , Munro Nicholas , Douglas David , Kilbey Neviana , Protheroe Andrew , Chester John D.
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND:

Meta‐analysis data demonstrate a 5% absolute survival benefit for neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) using cisplatin‐based combination regimens in the radical treatment of muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC). However, there are no randomized, controlled trial data on the optimum regimen. Accelerated methotrexate, vinblastine, doxorubicin, and cisplatin (AMVAC) is a dose‐intense regimen that has the potential to minimize delays to definitive, potentially curative therapy. A retrospective analysis is presented of the efficacy and toxicity of AMVAC as NAC in patients with MIBC and its impact on the patient pathway.

METHODS:

Eighty consecutive patients with MIBC were treated with AMVAC as NAC by 2 UK multidisciplinary uro‐oncology teams. Three or 4 cycles of AMVAC (methotrexate 30 mg/m2, vinblastine 3 mg/m2, doxorubicin 30 mg/m2, and cisplatin 70 mg/m2) were given at 2‐week intervals, with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor support, prior to either radical surgery or radical radiotherapy.

RESULTS:

All planned cycles of chemotherapy were completed, without dose reduction or delay in 84% of patients. All 80 patients subsequently received their planned definitive therapy. Grade 3/4 toxicities were seen in 26% of the 42% of patients for whom toxicity data are available, including 12% grade 3/4 neutropenia. Pathological complete response to AMVAC was seen in 43% of 60 surgical patients. Objective radiological local response was seen in 83% of 57 evaluable patients. Two‐year disease‐free and overall survival were 65% and 77%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS:

AMVAC is safe and appears to be a well‐tolerated and effective NAC regimen for MIBC. It minimizes delays to definitive treatment and produces excellent pathological and radiological response rates. It is an appropriate comparator for future randomized trials. Cancer 2012. © 2012 American Cancer Society.
Site‐specific transgenesis in Xenopus
Authors: Zuber Michael E. , Nihart Heather S. , Zhuo Xinming , Babu Sudha , Knox Barry E.
Published: January 2012

Transgenesis is an essential, powerful tool for investigating gene function and the activities of enhancers, promoters, and transcription factors in the chromatin environment. In Xenopus, current methods generate germ‐line transgenics by random insertion, often resulting in mosaicism, position‐dependent variations in expression, and lab‐to‐lab differences in efficiency. We have developed and tested a Xenopus FLP‐FRT recombinase‐mediated transgenesis (X‐FRMT) method. We demonstrate transgenesis of Xenopus laevis by FLP‐catalyzed recombination of donor plasmid cassettes into F1 tadpoles with host cassette transgenes. X‐FRMT provides a new method for generating transgenic Xenopus. Once Xenopus lines harboring single host cassettes are generated, X‐FRMT should allow for the targeting of transgenes to well‐characterized integration site(s), requiring no more special reagents or training than that already common to most Xenopus labs. genesis 50:325–332, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Hitchhiker's guide to Xenopus genetics
Authors: Abu‐Daya Anita , Khokha Mustafa K. , Zimmerman Lyle B.
Published: January 2012

A decade after the human genome sequence, most vertebrate gene functions remain poorly understood, limiting benefits to human health from rapidly advancing genomic technologies. Systematic in vivo functional analysis is ideally suited to the experimentally accessible Xenopus embryo, which combines embryological accessibility with a broad range of transgenic, biochemical, and gain‐of‐function assays. The diploid X. tropicalis adds loss‐of‐function genetics and enhanced genomics to this repertoire. In the last decade, diverse phenotypes have been recovered from genetic screens, mutations have been cloned, and reverse genetics in the form of TILLING and targeted gene editing have been established. Simple haploid genetics and gynogenesis and the very large number of embryos produced streamline screening and mapping. Improved genomic resources and the revolution in high‐throughput sequencing are transforming mutation cloning and reverse genetic approaches. The combination of loss‐of‐function mutant backgrounds with the diverse array of conventional Xenopus assays offers a uniquely flexible platform for analysis of gene function in vertebrate development. genesis 50:164–175, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From expression cloning to gene modeling: The development of Xenopus gene sequence resources
Authors: Gilchrist Michael J.
Published: January 2012

The Xenopus community has made concerted efforts over the last 10–12 years systematically to improve the available sequence information for this amphibian model organism ideally suited to the study of early development in vertebrates. Here I review progress in the collection of both sequence data and physical clone reagents for protein coding genes. I conclude that we have cDNA sequences for around 50% and full‐length clones for about 35% of the genes in Xenopus tropicalis, and similar numbers but a smaller proportion for Xenopus laevis. In addition, I demonstrate that the gaps in the current genome assembly create problems for the computational elucidation of gene sequences, and suggest some ways to ameliorate the effects of this. genesis 50:143–154, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Quantifying population-level risks using an individual-based model: Sea otters, Harlequin Ducks, and the Exxon Valdez oil spill
Authors: Harwell Mark A , Gentile John H , Parker Keith R
Published: January 2012

Ecological risk assessments need to advance beyond evaluating risks to individuals that are largely based on toxicity studies conducted on a few species under laboratory conditions, to assessing population-level risks to the environment, including considerations of variability and uncertainty. Two individual-based models (IBMs), recently developed to assess current risks to sea otters and seaducks in Prince William Sound more than 2 decades after the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), are used to explore population-level risks. In each case, the models had previously shown that there were essentially no remaining risks to individuals from polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) derived from the EVOS. New sensitivity analyses are reported here in which hypothetical environmental exposures to PAHs were heuristically increased until assimilated doses reached toxicity reference values (TRVs) derived at the no-observed-adverse-effects and lowest-observed-adverse-effects levels (NOAEL and LOAEL, respectively). For the sea otters, this was accomplished by artificially increasing the number of sea otter pits that would intersect remaining patches of subsurface oil residues by orders of magnitude over actual estimated rates. Similarly, in the seaduck assessment, the PAH concentrations in the constituents of diet, sediments, and seawater were increased in proportion to their relative contributions to the assimilated doses by orders of magnitude over measured environmental concentrations, to reach the NOAEL and LOAEL thresholds. The stochastic IBMs simulated millions of individuals. From these outputs, frequency distributions were derived of assimilated doses for populations of 500 000 sea otters or seaducks in each of 7 or 8 classes, respectively. Doses to several selected quantiles were analyzed, ranging from the 1-in-1000th most-exposed individuals (99.9% quantile) to the median-exposed individuals (50% quantile). The resulting families of quantile curves provide the basis for characterizing the environmental thresholds below which no population-level effects could be detected and above which population-level effects would be expected to become manifest. This approach provides risk managers an enhanced understanding of the risks to populations under various conditions and assumptions, whether under hypothetically increased exposure regimes, as demonstrated here, or in situations in which actual exposures are near toxic effects levels. This study shows that individual-based models are especially amenable and appropriate for conducting population-level risk assessments, and that they can readily be used to answer questions about the risks to individuals and populations across a variety of exposure conditions. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2012; 8: 503–522. © 2012 SETAC
Supervisee Development During the Practicum Year
Authors: TRYON GEORGIANA SHICK
Published: January 2012

Examination of the validity of Stoltenberg and Delworth's (1987) Integrated Developmental Model (IDM) of supervision found longitudinal supervisee gains in self‐rated self‐other awareness and independence over the course of an advanced practicum year.
Evaluating DISCOVER's Effectiveness in Enhancing College Students' Social Cognitive Career Development
Authors: Maples Michael R. , Luzzo Darrell Anthony
Published: January 2012

College students (20 women, 14 men) seeking career counseling services at a university career center participated in this exploratory investigation. A 2 (DISCOVER treatment) × 2 (counseling treatment) research design was used to evaluate the individual and combined effects of DISCOVER (ACT, 1998) and counseling on participants' career decision‐making self‐efficacy and career decision‐making attributional style. Findings revealed a significant effect of the use of DISCOVER on participants' career decision‐making self‐efficacy and their sense of control over the career decision‐making process. Results are discussed regarding the implications for career counseling and ideas for further research in this domain.
Catholic Counselor's Book Shelf
Authors: Sullivan Daniel C.
Published: January 2012

PSYCHOLOGY OF EDUCATION: Thomas C. Campanelle

READINGS FOR CATHOLIC COUNSELORS: Brother Philip Harris, O.S.F., and Brother Lawrence Joseph, F.M.S., Editors

SEX GUIDANCE FOR YOUR CHILD: Edited by Helen I. Driver, Ph.D.

TESTING BULLETIN OF THE PAROCHIAL SCHOOLS OF THE ARCHDIOCESE OF DETROIT: California Test Bureau, Monterey, California, 18 pp.
Nontraditionally Trained Women as Mental Health Counselors/Psychotherapists
Authors: Magoon Thomas M. , Golann Stuart E.
Published: January 2012

Among a number of mental health needs is that of additional manpower for providing traditional counseling/psychotherapeutic services. An intramural NIMH pilot training program, conducted by Rioch, aimed at this problem through the training of mature, bright, socially sensitive women who had raised families of their own. The women so trained have been employed in various mental health settings over the past three years. The results of this program have been under continuous study during this three‐year period. Methods of study have included inventories, tapes, and ratings. Considerable weight was given to evaluations by supervisors and by co‐workers in the various agencies. The results indicate these women to be providing quite creditable professional counseling and psychotherapy. The implications for mental health manpower are numerous and are discussed at some length.
Interests and Values of Career and Homemaking Oriented Women
Authors: Wagman Morton
Published: January 2012

This investigation of 132 University of Illinois undergraduate women who indicated that they were planning either for a career or homemaking role had three purposes: (a) to cross‐validate Hoyt and Kennedy's findings of the measured interests of career and homemaking oriented women; (b) to compare the general values of the two groups; and, (c) to discover differentiated patterns of values and interests. Statistically significant results were: career oriented women higher on the Study of Values theoretical, and Strong Vocational Interest Blank lawyer, psychologist, and physician scales; homemaking oriented women higher on the religious, housewife, home economics teacher, and dietician scales. The results support Hoyt and Kennedy's findings. Four distinctive interest‐value patterns were discovered. The results were discussed and precautions for their counseling use were indicated.
A Focus for Public School Guidance Programs: A Model and Proposal
Authors: Shaw Merville C. , Tuel John K.
Published: January 2012

This article represents an attempt to provide an adequate theoretical basis for the development of guidance programs. Three important questions essential to any planning of guidance programs are discussed: (1) scope of responsibility, (2) developmental timing, and (3) focus of guidance activity. A model is proposed in an attempt to conceptualize the relationship between these three important questions of emphasis. The basic problem of the purpose of guidance programs is discussed, and a proposal relevant to the model and the assumed purposes is made. The proposed objective focuses on the environment of the learner, in an effort to prepare him to actively and effectively appropriate and apply new knowledge and skills. The implications that such an objective has for the role of the guidance specialist, as well as for education in general, are discussed.
Commitment
Authors: Crawford Claud C.
Published: January 2012

Recently there has been a re‐emphasis by both educators and counselors of the concept of commitment. Can this concept bear scrutiny or is it only a popular slogan? It is argued that this concept can find meaning only in a moral absolute. The author points out that relativism is itself a moral absolute. If then we take this concept seriously we are faced with certain difficulties. If this concept is valid for education and counseling then we must either re‐examine the issue of religion in the schools or be content with engendering a moral vacuum. It is maintained that the former is the only valid alternative and the author argues for the moral absolute of loving one's neighbor as himself rather than the more prevalent moral absolute of relativism.
Conceptions of Man and the Helping Professions
Authors: McCully C. Harold
Published: January 2012

The helping professions are defined and the argument is advanced that because they are dealing with existential affairs, practitioners must rely more on values than on science. An image of man is proposed and the implications of this image for the work of those in the helping profession indicated.
Some Concomitants of Underachievement at the Elementary School Level
Authors: Teigland John J. , Winkler Ronald C. , Munger Paul F. , Kranzler Gerald D.
Published: January 2012

This study compared a group of fourth‐grade underachieves with a control group in the areas of peer relationships and measured personality variables. The underachievers were identified by predicting their grade‐point average (GPA) from their WISC Verbal Scale IQ score by use of a prediction equation. If the predicted GPA was .8 standard error of estimate above their obtained GPA, the student was identified as an underachiever. This resulted in the identification of 84 male and 34 female underachievers. The results of the investigation indicated that regardless of sex, underachievers are selected less frequently by their peers and have a lower level of personality adjustment.
The Stability of Vocational Interests Within Occupations Over Long Time Spans
Authors: Campbell David P.
Published: January 2012

Counselors and those responsible for the construction and maintenance of vocational interest inventories need to be aware of change in interest patterns over time within occupational groups. That issue is explored here for the SVIB by asking three questions: first, do the SVIB scales developed in the 1930's hold up in cross‐validations today? Answer: yes, they appear to. Second, when various SVIB scales have been revised, have the revised scales differed drastically from the originals? Answer: not much; in a few instances, there has been no change whatsoever. Third, do the people who today hold exactly the same jobs as those held by Strong's criterion groups of the 1930's have the same interest patterns as the original group? Answer: yes, at least in one occupation, i.e., bankers. Further speculation suggests that men with similar interest patterns have sifted into similar occupations throughout recorded history.
Developmental Counseling in the Elementary School
Authors: Dinkmeyer Don
Published: January 2012

Some of the fundamentals basic to a theory and practice of developmental counseling with the elementary school child are set forth. Pertinent child development research is cited that implies the need for developmental counseling with normal children. The value of this counseling in the elementary school setting is in facilitating the total learning process. Unique factors of this counseling, including short‐term service, focus on developmental problems, and the establishment of goals, are described. Principles for working with children in the counseling process are discussed.
Characteristics of High School Girls Choosing Traditional or Pioneer Vocations
Authors: Rezler Agnes C.
Published: January 2012

The characteristics of high school junior and senior girls who wish to be pioneers, i.e., physicians, mathematicians, or natural scientists, were compared with traditionals, i.e., prospective nurses and elementary teachers. Academic aptitude, achievement, interest, and personality measures differentiated pioneers from traditionals. The implications of this study for counseling high school girls is discussed.
Rehabilitation of the Culturally Different: A Model of the Individual in Cultural Change
Authors: Peterson Ronald A.
Published: January 2012

Services of rehabilitation agencies and facilities tend to be structured to the needs of the larger American culture. It is important, however, to reconsider our social service programs in view of the needs of different cultural groups when providing services that will aid these individuals to move across cultural boundaries. An attempt is made in this paper to develop a model of the individual who undergoes such cultural transition. Such a model should help define problems in service programs, assess the value of current service activities, and identify areas for developing new services that will aid the overall process of cultural transition. A model of behavior development is outlined, followed by a formulation of a model of the individual in cultural change.
The High School Dropout Goes to College
Authors: Gibson Robert L. , Higgins Robert , Mitchell Marianne H.
Published: January 2012

662 former secondary school leavers of academic potential were identified for a program designed to give selected dropouts a chance to enter the University of Toledo. Following responses to questionnaires, 94 students were selected for further screening, which resulted in the final selection of 50 candidates. 34 members of the experimental group attended pre‐school workshops in reading, writing, and study habit skills. 31 enrolled as regularly admitted students in academic programs of the university for the academic year. 11 completed their freshman year, although only 4 were making satisfactory academic progress.
The Counselor Who Is: A Critique and a Modest Proposal
Authors: Ofman William
Published: January 2012

In light of the essential nature of counseling as it is reflected in current theory and texts, it is submitted that a discrepancy exists between the idea of the counseling process on the one hand, and the teaching and practice of counseling on the other hand. The absolute necessity for the counselor's having a body of substantive information relating to the discipline of counseling psychology is asserted but the sufficient condition is that the counselor be (or become) the kind of person who can facilitate the therapeutic happening. Two proposals are made. A rationale for the exposure of counselors and aspirants to group‐encounter experiences is given, and possible outcomes suggested. Further, in response to a basic need in our educational structure, the staffing of each large high school with a relatively independent counseling center is recommended. The function and possible ameliorative effects of such centers are described.
Counselors as environmental engineers
Authors: Matheny Kenneth
Published: January 2012

Counselors should engineer extending and corrective experiences for their counselees. If appropriately selected, such experiences can prove a powerful adjunct to the more traditional one‐to‐one counseling relationship. Ways are pointed out in which counselors can use school and community experiences to accomplish guidance goals
Is empathy ear‐to‐ear or face‐to‐face?
Authors: DILLEY JOSIAH , LEE JAMES L. , VERRILL ELEANOR LYNN
Published: January 2012

If counselor and counselee cannot see each other, is the quality of their relationship affected? This study compares the empathy ratings of trained and untrained counselors in three different situations: counseling by telephone, in a confessional‐type arrangement, and face‐to‐face. Although trained counselors scored significantly higher empathic understanding ratings than untrained counselors, there was little difference among the ratings for the three methods used.
An extension of Holland's theory to its unnatural conclusion
Authors: HOLLIFIELD JOHN H.
Published: January 2012

Herein are recorded the events that led to the complete destruction of the United States in the late 1990's, beginning innocently enough in the 1960's with John Holland's Theory of Vocational Choice.
Who killed George Washington?
Authors: BEYMER LAWRENCE
Published: January 2012

The issue of standards for professional practice ranks high among the ethical, moral, and legal concerns of guidance and counseling. We are troubled not only about what these standards shall be but also about the problem of deciding by whom and in what manner they are to be developed and enforced. This article presents one perspective on the dilemma, and suggests steps that might lead to its partial resolution.
Helping women to resolve the home‐career conflict
Authors: FARMER HELEN S.
Published: January 2012

Counselors can no longer dodge the special demands of vocational decision‐making with women by saying either “Sooner or later she will settle down and get married” or “A woman can do anything a man can do.” Counselors and educators can help to clarify the factors involved in the vocational choice process with high school and college girls, particularly where these factors differ from those affecting men. There is no need to wait for a woman to seek counseling in order to expose her to these factors; such clarification should be built into high school and college guidance programs for girls. Society will gain if women choose careers at a level commensurate with their potential.
A university drug education project
Authors: HURST FRANCES W.
Published: January 2012

An innovative drug information and rap program on a Big 10 campus, privately funded for one year, provides elements that may, with variations, be adopted for other campus drug programs. This article proposes a policy and evaluates peer counselors, a library, professional referring, use of films, and services in dorms and in classrooms.
Helping the ex‐addict
Authors: MYERS ALBERT
Published: January 2012

The mass media have given anyone who is remotely interested a general picture of what it is like to be a heroin user. Very few people, however, have any idea of what it is like to try to stop being an addict. Even addicts and ex‐addicts provide a confused and frequently inaccurate picture. This article discusses the types of problems counselors encounter when they deal with those who want to stop using heroin and focuses on those issues about which most people seem unaware.
We are furious (female) but we can shape our own development
Authors: HANSEN L. SUNNY
Published: January 2012

“Society has not been meeting the self‐development needs of women, and little has been done in the schools‐one of the major socialization agents.
Theater as a guidance technique
Authors: WOLPERT WILLIAM
Published: January 2012

Guidance counselors and drama specialists work side by side in many school settings but rarely harness their singular skills in joint efforts toward a mutually compatible educational goal—the elucidation of human interaction. Guidance‐drama activity provides (a) crisp definitions of selected issues; (b) potent modeling from the characters in the play, the students actively engaged in the play, and the students involved in the discussions that follow the play; and (c) a technique for peer‐led discussions on sensitive issues. Here the author gives more precise definition to the technique of guidance‐theater.
I‐Level: a differential counseling system
Authors: GAMBOA ANTHONY M. , KOLTVEIT THOMAS H.
Published: January 2012

This article suggests that the counselor, the client, and the counseling strategies employed must be systematically examined in order to maximize the effectiveness of counseling. The authors introduce the Interpersonal Maturity Level Typology as a vehicle through which this can be accomplished. They describe client and counselor types, present the notion of matching, and recommend differential counseling strategies.
Synergistic man: outcome model for counselors
Authors: ROUSSÈVE RONALD J.
Published: January 2012

In this article the author revisits human nature in order to present it as a basis for guiding the quest for a working model of “optimal man.” The author postulates that our primordial human nature encompasses the possibilities for both good behavior and evil behavior. Accordingly, the perennial challenge facing guidance workers is helping to establish conditions that will actualize positive potentials while defusing the less beneficent ones. Drawing on the insights of Ruth Benedict and Abraham Maslow in their search for an ethical gauge by which to rate personal‐social health, the author proposes “synergistic man” as the desired outcome model for counselors and educators.
A generalist counselor in industry
Authors: BENEDICT DAVID SPEARE
Published: January 2012

The professional counselor can develop a viable function in the industrial setting, but it may not entail the highly specialized role of the traditional model. From the vantage point of an experimental position in a blue‐collar business, such factors as role versatility, geographic mobility, flexibility in methodology, and interdepartmental team building are considered in initiating an unusual program. The first year's results are described and evaluated. The program seeks to bring all corporate resources and personnel to bear on satisfying any kind of human need. The main thesis is that the need of the client should determine the role of the counselor.
Special tasks of commuter students
Authors: SCHUCHMAN HERMAN
Published: January 2012

Commuter students have special adjustment problems that are quite different from those of students in a residential college. Most commuter students come from families who have never before sent a family member to college, and these students must bridge the gap between the family‐ and community‐oriented life they have always known and the university setting in which they now function. Specifically, they must cope with such maturational tasks as dealing with authority, managing impulses, maintaining self‐esteem, and establishing a suitable identity. The author emphasizes that it is the job of counselors to assist these students by providing an understanding of their conflicts, supporting them in their difficulties, and modifying institutional practices where it is deemed necessary.
On hiring counselors: a vita speaks its mind
Authors: PAGE ERIC N.
Published: January 2012

The author of this article suggests that those who hire guidance personnel are not getting enough useful information about job applicants. Data gathered from vitae, transcripts, letters of recommendation, and personal interviews are often inadequate because these devices frequently ignore what should be the most important item: evidence concerning the applicant's actual performance of job‐related tasks. In this article the author offers suggestions for making better use of letters of recommendation and personal interviews.
The center/satellite model: grand strategy for change
Authors: MALCOLM DAVID D.
Published: January 2012

Whatever happened to the federal monies that used to support NDEA and EPDA counseling and guidance institute programs? Starting in 1971, an abrupt change in USOE policy led to the development of a new program, one that was no longer as much of a counseling and guidance program as it was a national and regional grand strategy for institutional and organizational change. In this article the author traces the new program from its origins during the days of the NDEA Institutes, and he also describes its potential as an instrument for change.
Sexuality and birth control: impact of outreach programming
Authors: JOHNSTON CYNTHIA D.
Published: January 2012

If there is a safe place to be on campus, it is the counselor's office. No one except the client knows what is happening, and no one can be criticized for providing help to someone in need—unless, that is, one has a vision that problems are better prevented than solved. Outreach programming attempts to do just that: prevent problems from occurring. In a bold educational effort, Johnston assisted the health center and the counseling center at the University of Maine in cooperatively creating a campuswide sex education program that included seminars, appropriate physical examinations, and personal peer counseling. The program includes an evaluation component that has provided continuous data to be used for program reconstruction.
irrational self‐censure: the problem and its correction
Authors: BERGER EMANUEL M.
Published: January 2012

To a high degree, negative evaluation of the self by counseling clients is seen as being the outcome of various kinds of irrational, unreasonable, or illogical thinking. Counseling practice and logical considerations, both based on an analysis of such thinking, suggest principles and points of view that might be taught to students for the purpose of correcting or avoiding such thinking.
new options for college study
Authors: SCHMITT KARA LYNNE
Published: January 2012

In an effort to meet the changing demands American society is placing on educational institutions, colleges and universities have begun reexamining their educational practices and philosophy. Here the author discusses two alternatives to traditional classroom learning: (a) universities' acceptance of standardized examination results as evidence of learning and (b) “external degree” programs, which involve a reorganization of the higher education system. She discusses one such program in detail. Both of these changes will encourage and enable more people to pursue college degrees; they will also demand new or redefined roles for counselors in and out of the academic community.
Counselor Burnout: Existential Crisis or a Problem for the Profession?
Authors: Warnath Charles F.
Published: January 2012

In our original article on counselor burnout (P&G, December 1976), John Shelton and I suggested that counselor‐education programs created expectations for counseling that could not be realized within agency settings and contributed to counselor frustrations and disillusionment. We pointed out that one reason this problem was not widely discussed was because of the concern of counselors that their colleagues would attribute their open expression of disillusionment to their personal weaknesses. In a reply to the article, David V. Tiedeman (P&G, September 1977) took precisely this position and attributed our motivation for writing the article to our own “mid‐life” crisis. This article broadens the issue to one of a fundamental difference in the ways we tend to locate the origins of problems and what this means for bringing about changes.
Detecting Alcoholism in Clients
Authors: Connors John K.
Published: January 2012

Alcoholism is a primary, progressive, fatal, and treatable disorder. It often goes undetected because of a lack of understanding of how to tell an alcoholic from someone who drinks heavily. This article presents a systematic approach using the most reliable and valid instruments available. The approach will allow a clinician to quickly and accurately diagnose or rule out the presence of alcoholism in a client. Accurate diagnosis will allow proper treatment of this disorder, which affects about 6.7% of all people.
Counseling Adult Males
Authors: COLLISON BROOKE B.
Published: January 2012

This article suggests that counselors must examine their own gender‐role issues, become aware of the body of knowledge about men which is emerging in the literature, examine the implications of that literature on counseling men, and develop an effective approach to counseling men. The author presents a counseling focus on male gender‐role issues similar to a decision model for counseling and explores the use of that focus for both counseling and research with adult males.