bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aiura, a new genus of Campopleginae (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae) from Brazil
Authors: Onody H. C. , Penteado-Dias A. M.
Published: August 2006

Aiura, a new genus of Campopleginae (Hymenoptera; Ichneumonidae) and the species A. miri and A. turu are described from Campos do Jordão, SP, Brazil.
Encontros de aracnólogos do cone sul (1997 - 2003), um investimento de sucesso
Authors: Brescovit Antonio D. , Rheims Cristina Anne , Machado Glauco
Published: August 2006

Neste texto apresentamos um breve histórico dos Encontros de Aracnólogos do Cone Sul (EACS), uma reunião de aracnólogos sul americanos realizada a cada dois anos desde 1997. Os dados foram obtidos a partir dos livros de resumos e mostram a importância dessas reuniões para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa em aracnologia na América do Sul.
Aranhas de solo (Arachnida: Araneae) em diferentes fragmentos florestais no sul da Bahia, Brasil
Authors: Dias Maria de Fátima da Rocha , Brescovit Antonio D. , Menezes Max de
Published: August 2006

A faixa de Mata Atlântica do Sul da Bahia vem sofrendo acelerado processo de fragmentação por ação antrópica, com conseqüente alteração da sua composição faunística. As aranhas constituem um dos grupos predadores dominantes no solo de florestas e sua importância para a estabilidade dos ecossistemas é indiscutível. A pesquisa teve o objetivo de comparar abundância relativa e composição em espécies de aranhas de solo em 6 ambientes florestais: cacaual em cabruca, capoeira, borda e interior de fragmento de mata e borda e interior de mata contínua, localizados nos municípios de Ilhéus e Una. Para cada um dos ambientes analisados existiam um total de seis repetições, totalizando 36 transectos. As aranhas foram amostradas em transectos, em cada um, foram utilizadas 10 armadilhas de queda "pitfall" com diâmetro de abertura 6,0 cm, posicionadas em linha, a cada 15 m. O conservante utilizado foi formol a 4% e o tempo de permanência das armadilhas no campo foi de sete dias. No total, foram realizadas quatro coletas entre outubro de 1999 e setembro de 2000. Foram coletadas 2090 aranhas, das quais apenas 1450 espécimes adultos e estes foram os utilizados nas análises estatísticas. Entre os adultos foi constatada a ocorrência de 98 morfoespécies, pertencentes a 38 gêneros e 30 famílias. As famílias com maior abundância de espécimens foram Salticidae (26,55%), Oonopidae (20,07%) e Pholcidae (7,03%). Em relação à riqueza de morfoespécies, destacaram-se as famílias Salticidae (34,69%), Oonopidae (9,18%), Ctenidae e Corinnidae com (5,1%). Da forma como a pesquisa foi conduzida não foi possível detectar diferenças na composição e abundâncias de aranhas de solo. No entanto, a manutenção dos ambientes considerados é importante para a preservação da araneofauna da região Sul da Bahia, uma vez que eles representam a paisagem local.
Nuevas especies de la familia Mecysmaucheniidae (Araneae) de Chile y Argentina
Authors: Grismado Cristian J. , Ramírez Martín J.
Published: August 2006

Se describen dos nuevas especies de la familia Mecysmaucheniidae: Mecysmauchenius platnicki, sp. nov., de Malleco, Chile y Mecysmauchenioides quetrihue, sp. nov., de Neuquén, Argentina, constituyendo esta última la segunda especie conocida de su género.
Coleta e avaliação do sêmen de catetos (Tayassu tajacu)
Authors: Costa Deiler Sampaio , Paula Tarcízio Antônio Rego de
Published: August 2006

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa testar dois protocolos de eletroejaculação e estudar a motilidade espermática progressiva, vigor, concentração e alterações morfológicas dos espermatozóides de catetos adultos criados em cativeiro. Utilizaram-se seis machos com idade entre 10 e 18 anos. Os animais foram anestesiados com cloridrato de zolazepan e cloridrato de tiletamina e em seguida coletou-se o sêmen com auxílio de um eletroejaculador. O volume médio do ejaculado foi 3,11 + 0,9mL, a motilidade espermática progressiva foi 48,7 ± 31,5%, o vigor, 2,1 + 1,4 e a concentração espermática média, 87,0 + 53,1 x 10(6) sptz/mL. Concluiu-se com esta pesquisa que a utilização de três sessões de 15 estímulos de 12 volts foi suficiente para coleta de sêmen de catetos anestesiados e que os resultados da morfologia espermática da maioria dos catetos trabalhados foram compatíveis com o quadro de degeneração testicular.
A model for the importance of large arborescent palms in the dynamics of seasonally-dry amazonian forests
Authors: Salm Rodolfo , Jalles-Filho Euphly , Schuck-Paim Cynthia
Published: August 2006

In this study we propose a model that represents the importance of large arborescent palms in the dynamics of seasonally-dry Amazonian forests. Specifically, the model is aimed at guiding the investigation of the role of large arborescent palms on forest regeneration and succession. Following disturbance, the high level of luminosity reaching recently formed forest gaps favors the quick proliferation of shade-intolerant lianas that, by casting shade on the crowns of mature forest trees and increasing tree-fall probability, suppress forest succession. Due to their columnar architecture palm trees are, however, not severely affected by vines. As the palms grow, the canopy at the gaps becomes gradually higher and denser, progressively obstructing the passage of light, thus hindering the growth of shade-intolerant lianas and enabling late-successional tree development and forest regeneration. Owing to the long time associated with forest regeneration, the model cannot be tested directly, but aspects of it were examined with field data collected at an Attalea maripa-rich secondary forest patch within a matrix of well-preserved seasonally-dry forest in the Southeastern Amazon. The results indicate that (1) forest disturbance is important for the recruitment of large arborescent palms species, (2) these palms can grow rapidly after an event of disturbance, restoring forest canopy height and density, and (3) secondary forest dominated by palm trees species may be floristically similar to nearby undisturbed forests, supporting the hypothesis that the former has undergone regeneration, as purported in the model.
Sinopse das Lauráceas nos estados de Goiás e Tocantins, Brasil
Authors: Moraes Pedro Luís Rodrigues de
Published: August 2006

Apresenta-se uma sinopse taxonômica das espécies de Lauraceae dos estados de Goiás e Tocantins. As espécies foram identificadas com base na literatura original e nas revisões taxonômicas disponíveis, bem como pelo estudo dos tipos e materiais históricos (ao menos suas imagens) depositados nos herbários B, BR, C, F, HBG, KIEL, L, LE, M, MO, NY, S, U e US. Apresenta-se uma listagem preliminar de 49 espécies pertencentes a 10 gêneros.
Comparative in vitro study of root roughness after instrumentation with ultrasonic and diamond tip sonic scaler
Authors: Ribeiro Fernanda Vieira , Casarin Renato Correa Viana , Nociti Júnior Francisco Humberto , Sallum Enilson Antônio , Sallum Antonio Wilson , Casati Márcio Zaffalon
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the root surface roughness after instrumentation with hand curette and diamond-coated sonic and universal ultrasonic tips. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Forty root surfaces of human teeth were randomly assigned to four treatment groups: control group (without instrumentation), curette instrumentation, ultrasonic instrumentation with universal tip and sonic instrumentation with diamond-coated tip. Each sample was instrumented with fifteen strokes. Before and after instrumentation, surface roughness was measured. In addition, the root surface topography was examined after treatment under the scanning electron microscope. RESULTS: Significant statistical differences (p <0.05) were observed when comparing the control group (0.48±0.07mm) to the treated groups (hand - 1.246±0.279mm, ultrasonic - 1.468±0.177mm and sonic instrumentation - 1.576±0.20mm). The highest roughness was produced by diamond-coated sonic tip and by ultrasonic universal tip (p >0.05). CONCLUSION: The diamond-coated tip with sonic scaler instrumentation and ultrasonic instrumentation produce similar root surface roughness, higher than curette instrumentation.
Fluoridation of the public water supply and prevalence of dental fluorosis in a peripheral district of the municipality of Bauru, SP
Authors: Ramires Irene , Olympio Kelly Polido Kaneshiro , Maria Andréa Gutierrez , Pessan Juliano Pelim , Cardoso Vanessa Eid Silva , Lodi Carolina Simonetti , Buzalaf Marília Afonso Rabelo
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to assess the fluoride concentration in the public water supply and the prevalence of dental fluorosis in schoolchildren between 7 and 15 years old, living in a peripheral district of the municipality of Bauru. MATERIAL AND METHODS: For this, fifty two water samples were collected on three different days of one week. These samples were analyzed for fluoride by means of the ion-sensitive electrode method (Orion 9609) coupled to a potentiometer (Procyon, model 720). In this method, 1.0 mL of TISAB II (Orion) was added to 1.0 mL of the sample. For the epidemiological survey of fluorosis, 52 schoolchildren of both genders, aged between 7 and 15 were assessed, with prior authorization from their caretakers. Only one person examined the children, after supervised toothbrushing and drying with cotton wool rolls. The TF index was used. RESULTS: The fluoride concentrations in the water samples ranged from 0.62 to 1.20 mg/L, with a mean of 0.9 mg/L. The prevalence of dental fluorosis was 33%, with severity ranging from TF1 to TF4 (Kappa of 0.73 and concordance of 83.33%). CONCLUSIONS: The results from the analysis of water samples indicated a fluoride concentration greater than recommended for Bauru. The fluorosis levels found were higher than expected for a peripheral district, in which water is one of the few sources of fluoride.
Comparison of TW2 and TW3 skeletal age differences in a Brazilian population
Authors: Ortega Ana Isabel , Haiter-Neto Francisco , Ambrosano Gláucia Maria Bovi , Bóscolo Frab Norberto , Almeida Solange Maria , Casanova Marcia Spinelli
Published: August 2006

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the differences between the skeletal ages estimated by TW2 and TW3 methods through their RUS and Carpal systems. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A sample of two hundred and forty hand and wrist radiographs of male and female Brazilian children aged 84-199 months was evaluated by five observers. The Dunnet test was performed for statistical analysis. RESULTS: Results showed higher skeletal ages estimated by TW2RUS than TW3RUS and Carpal for both genders. For girls a statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was observed between TW2RUS and TW3RUS over the entire age range. For boys this difference was observed from 108 months onwards. In general RUS skeletal ages were higher than the chronological age and Carpal skeletal ages for both genders. The overestimation of chronological age was smaller for TW3RUS than for TW2RUS, and this last system showed a statistically significant difference regarding chronological age over the entire age range for girls, whereas for boys this difference was seen from 132 months onwards. For girls TW3 RUS and Carpal showed a significant difference regarding chronological age in the oldest age groups; in boys TW3RUS did not show a significant difference regarding chronological age. For Carpal, these results were more variable. CONCLUSION: It seems reasonable to recommend the use of the TW3 system for the studied Brazilian population.
Técnica de oscilações forçadas na análise da resposta broncodilatadora em voluntários sadios e indivíduos portadores de asma brônquica com resposta positiva
Authors: Cavalcanti Juliana Veiga , Lopes Agnaldo José , Jansen José Manoel , Melo Pedro Lopes de
Published: August 2006

OBJETIVO: Analisar, através da técnica de oscilações forçadas, pacientes asmáticos com resposta broncodilatadora positiva pelo laudo espirométrico e comparar esses resultados com os obtidos em indivíduos sadios. MÉTODOS: Foram analisados 53 indivíduos não tabagistas, sendo 24 sadios sem história de doença pulmonar e 29 asmáticos com resposta broncodilatadora positiva segundo o laudo espirométrico. Todos foram submetidos à técnica de oscilações forçadas e a espirometria antes e após vinte minutos da administração de salbutamol spray (300 g). Os parâmetros derivados da técnica de oscilações forçadas foram: resistência total, reatância total, resistência extrapolada para o eixo y, coeficiente angular da reta de resistência e complacência dinâmica. Na espirometria, os parâmetros utilizados foram o volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo e a capacidade vital forçada. RESULTADOS: No grupo controle, a utilização do broncodilatador produziu alteração significativa na resistência extrapolada para o eixo y (p < 0,001), embora o coeficiente angular da reta de resistência e a complacência dinâmica não tenham apresentado diferenças estatisticamente significativas. A análise dos asmáticos mostrou que a diferença entre as medidas pré e pós-broncodilatador foi significativa, tanto para os parâmetros espirométricos quanto para os de técnica de oscilações forçadas. Valores de p < 0,001 foram obtidos em todas as comparações relacionadas aos asmáticos. CONCLUSÃO: As alterações nos parâmetros obtidos a partir da técnica de oscilações forçadas mostraram-se em estreita concordância com a fisiopatologia da resposta broncodilatadora em asmáticos, indicando que a técnica de oscilações forçadas pode ser útil como análise complementar à espirometria nesses pacientes.
Avaliação da qualidade de vida pelo Questionário do Hospital Saint George na Doença Respiratória em portadores de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica: validação de uma nova versão para o Brasil
Authors: Camelier Aquiles , Rosa Fernanda Warken , Salmi Christine , Nascimento Oliver Augusto , Cardoso Fábio , Jardim José Roberto
Published: August 2006

OBEJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a aplicabilidade da versão modificada do Questionário do Hospital Saint George na Doença Respiratória. Esta versão possui adaptação nas respostas de algumas perguntas com duplas negativas, substituindo as respostas "sim" e "não" por "concordo" e "não concordo", com o intuito de facilitar a compreensão destas questões, e o período de recordação de sintomas passando de um ano para três meses. MÉTODOS: Foram avaliados 30 pacientes com diagnóstico de doença pulmonar obstrutiva crônica, estáveis clinicamente. Foram aplicados o Questionário do Hospital Saint George na Doença Respiratória e a sua versão modificada em duas situações, separadas por quinze dias. RESULTADOS: Todos os indivíduos apresentaram alteração da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde. A comparação de médias das pontuações dos domínios dos dois questionários mostrou maior alteração no domínio Sintomas do questionário original em relação a sua versão modificada. Os demais domínios e a pontuação total não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Todos os domínios apresentaram correlações significativas: Sintomas, r = 0,71 (p < 0,001); Atividade, r = 0,75 (p < 0,001); Impacto, r = 0,73 (p < 0,001) e Total r = 0,86 (p <0,001). CONCLUSÃO: A versão do SGRQm possui propriedades de mensuração de qualidade de vida semelhantes à versão original, porém deve-se escolher qual o melhor tempo de recordação de sintomas a ser utilizado na avaliação.
Ioga versus atividade aeróbia: efeitos sobre provas espirométricas e pressão inspiratória máxima
Authors: Godoy Dagoberto Vanoni de , Bringhenti Raquel Longhi , Severa Andréa , Gasperi Ricardo de , Poli Leonardo Vieira
Published: August 2006

OBJETIVO: Esclarecer se, em indivíduos saudáveis, a prática de ioga pode modificar a pressão inspiratória máxima e os índices espirométricos quando comparada com a prática de ginástica aeróbia. MÉTODOS: Ensaio clínico controlado. Foram alocados consecutivamente 31 voluntários hígidos, formando-se dois grupos: um que praticou ginástica aeróbia (n = 15) e outro que praticou ioga (n = 16). Os indivíduos do primeiro grupo serviram como controles e praticaram ginástica aeróbia em duas sessões semanais com duração de 45 a 60 minutos por três meses. Os indivíduos do segundo grupo praticaram posturas selecionadas de ioga em duas sessões semanais com a mesma duração, também por três meses. Capacidade vital forçada, volume expiratório forçado no primeiro segundo e pressão inspiratória máxima foram medidos antes e ao final dos três meses de treinamento. RESULTADOS: Os índices espirométricos não apresentaram alterações significativas. As práticas de ioga ou ginástica aeróbia resultaram em pequenos aumentos da pressão inspiratória máxima, não significativos estatisticamente. Contudo, o delta absoluto da pressão inspiratória máxima (final menos inicial) do grupo que praticou ioga demonstrou uma variação positiva significativa para ambos os sexos em relação ao grupo controle: sexo masculino 19,5 cm H2O versus 2,8 cm H2O (p = 0,05), e sexo feminino 20 cm H(2)0 versus 3,9 cm H2O (p = 0,01), respectivamente. CONCLUSÃO: A pressão inspiratória máxima de indivíduos que praticaram ioga ou ginástica aeróbia não aumentou de maneira estatisticamente significativa após três meses de treinamento. Entretanto, a variação absoluta da pressão inspiratória máxima foi maior entre os praticantes de ioga.
Ressecção de schwannoma mediastinal por cirurgia torácica videoassistida
Authors: Ortigara Leonardo , Rosemberg Nelson , Siqueira Rafael , Neto Francisco
Published: August 2006

Os schwannomas são tumores em sua maioria benignos, derivados das células de Schwann (células da glia pertencentes ao sistema nervoso periférico que ajudam a separar e isolar neurônios de estruturas adjacentes), normalmente localizados em nervos intracranianos, principalmente no VIII par (neuroma acústico). Quando extradurais, sua apresentação mais comum é através de massas tumorais que podem comprimir estruturas adjacentes, tornando-se sintomático, como é o caso dos schwannomas intratorácicos (presentes mais comumente no mediastino posterior). Este trabalho apresenta o relato de caso de um schwannoma tratado por videotoracoscopia e uma revisão literária sobre o assunto.
Prevalence of oral hairy leukoplakia in 120 pediatric patients infected with HIV-1
Authors: Dias Eliane Pedra , Israel Mônica Simões , Silva Junior Arley , Maciel Vanessa Abreu , Gagliardi José Paulo , Oliveira Ricardo Hugo
Published: August 2006

Oral hairy leukoplakia (OHL) is an EBV (Epstein-Barr virus) opportunistic infection found in HIV-infected patients. It is an asymptomatic lesion that has an important prognostic value in AIDS. Differently from what takes place with HIV adult patients, OHL has been described in the literature as having a very small prevalence in pediatric patients. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of OHL in HIV pediatric patients using cytopathology. The sample consisted of 120 patients who were submitted to oral examination and had material scraped from both sides of their tongues. The diagnostic criterion was based on the identification of nuclear alterations. Clinical OHL was identified in two (1.67%) patients. The cytopathology revealed twenty (16.7%) cases of subclinical OHL. Our results show that in pediatric patients the prevalence of OHL may be larger than that described in the literature.
Assessment of enamel demineralization using conventional, digital, and digitized radiography
Authors: Ferreira Rívea Inês , Haiter-Neto Francisco , Tabchoury Cínthia Pereira Machado , Paiva Guilherme Assumpção Neves de , Bóscolo Frab Norberto
Published: August 2006

This experimental research aimed at evaluating the accuracy of enamel demineralization detection using conventional, digital, and digitized radiographs, as well as to compare radiographs and logarithmically contrast-enhanced subtraction images. Enamel subsurface demineralization was induced on one of the approximal surfaces of 49 sound third molars. Standardized radiographs of the teeth were taken prior to and after the demineralization phase with three digital systems - CygnusRay MPS®, DenOptix® and DIGORA® - and InSight® film. Three radiologists interpreted the pairs of conventional, digital, and digitized radiographs in two different occasions. Logarithmically contrast-enhanced subtraction images were examined by a fourth radiologist only once. Radiographic diagnosis was validated by cross-sectional microhardness profiling in the test areas of the approximal surfaces. Accuracy was estimated by Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis. Chi-square test, at a significance level of 5%, was used to compare the areas under the ROC curves (Az) calculated for the different imaging modalities. Concerning the radiographs, the DenOptix® system (Az = 0.91) and conventional radiographs (Az = 0.90) presented the highest accuracy values compared with the other three radiographic modalities. However, logarithmically contrast-enhanced subtraction images (Az = 0.98) were significantly more accurate than conventional, digital, and digitized radiographs (p = 0.0000). It can be concluded that the DenOptix® system and conventional radiographs provide better performance for diagnosing enamel subsurface demineralization. Logarithmic subtraction significantly improves radiographic detection.
Cutting characteristics of dental diamond burs made with CVD technology
Authors: Lima Luciana Monti , Motisuki Cristiane , Santos-Pinto Lourdes dos , Santos-Pinto Ary dos , Corat Evaldo Jose
Published: August 2006

The aim of this study was to determine the cutting ability of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond burs coupled to an ultrasonic dental unit handpiece for minimally invasive cavity preparation. One standard cavity was prepared on the mesial and distal surfaces of 40 extracted human third molars either with cylindrical or with spherical CVD burs. The cutting ability was compared regarding type of substrate (enamel and dentin) and direction of handpiece motion. The morphological characteristics, width and depth of the cavities were analyzed and measured using scanning electron micrographs. Statistical analysis using the Kruskal-Wallis test (p < 0.05) revealed that the width and depth of the cavities were significantly greater when they were prepared on dentin. Wider cavities were prepared when the cylindrical CVD bur was used, and deeper cavities resulted from preparation with the spherical CVD bur. The direction of handpiece motion did not influence the size of the cavities, and the CVD burs produced precise and conservative cutting.
Vernalization responses of field grown jointed goatgrass (Aegilops cylindrica), winter wheat, and spring wheat
Authors: Fandrich Lynn , Mallory-Smith Carol A.
Published: August 2006

Numerous studies have quantified the developmental responses of wheat to vernalization, but its response compared to a weedy relative, jointed goatgrass, remains relatively unknown. Six paired jointed goatgrass collections gathered from Washington and Oregon fields, and winter and spring wheat, were grown in field studies to quantify yield and germination in response to vernalization. Monthly planting dates initiated in October and concluded in March were used to vary the vernalization durations for plants sown at three Oregon locations (Corvallis, Moro, and Pendleton) over two growing seasons. Minimum vernalization requirements to produce reproductive spikes were similar among plants of six jointed goatgrass collections. Jointed goatgrass collections grown at Corvallis required a minimum of 89 and 78 vernalization days (January 17, 2003 and January 22, 2004 sowing, respectively) to produce reproductive spikes, and plants grown at Moro required 60 vernalization days (March 3 and February 23) in both years, and 48 and 44 vernalization days (March 3 and February 24) were required by plants to produce spikes at Pendleton. Jointed goatgrass spikelet and winter wheat seed yield were positively influenced by vernalization days, experiment location, and year. The strength of the interactions among these main effects differed among jointed goatgrass collections and winter wheat. The effects of vernalization on jointed goatgrass yields and seed quality were more pronounced at Pendleton, OR, a location where jointed goatgrass has adapted, compared to Corvallis, OR, where it has not adapted. The minimum vernalization days required to produce germinable seed differed among jointed goatgrass collections, winter and spring wheat. There was not a selection of spring-adapted jointed goatgrass populations in the populations tested. Yet if spring temperatures are cool, minimum conditions for vernalization may be satisfied, and the benefits of planting spring crops to control jointed goatgrass would be reduced.
Glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) confirmed in Georgia
Authors: Culpepper A. Stanley , Grey Timothy L. , Vencill William K. , Kichler Jeremy M. , Webster Theodore M. , Brown Steve M. , York Alan C. , Davis Jerry W. , Hanna Wayne W.
Published: August 2006

A glyphosate-resistant Palmer amaranth biotype was confirmed in central Georgia. In the field, glyphosate applied to 5- to 13-cm-tall Palmer amaranth at three times the normal use rate of 0.84 kg ae ha−1controlled this biotype only 17%. The biotype was controlled 82% by glyphosate at 12 times the normal use rate. In the greenhouse,I50values (rate necessary for 50% inhibition) for visual control and shoot fresh weight, expressed as percentage of the nontreated, were 8 and 6.2 times greater, respectively, with the resistant biotype compared with a known glyphosate-susceptible biotype. Glyphosate absorption and translocation and the number of chromosomes did not differ between biotypes. Shikimate was detected in leaf tissue of the susceptible biotype treated with glyphosate but not in the resistant biotype.
Documentation of landoltia (Landoltia punctata) resistance to diquat
Authors: Koschnick Tyler J. , Haller William T. , Glasgow Les
Published: August 2006

Landoltia was collected and cultured from a canal in Lake County, Florida, where diquat was used repeatedly during the past 20–30 yr for duckweed control. Recent applications of diquat failed to provide adequate control of duckweed, and a new commercial formulation of diquat was suspected. The new formulation was not the cause of reduced efficacy. Static exposures (48 h) to various concentrations of diquat were used to compare the susceptibility of the Lake County landoltia accession to one never exposed to diquat. These static tests indicated that landoltia, from a population with no prior history of herbicide treatment, was extremely susceptible to diquat. The accession from Lake County, FL had developed resistance to diquat, and was also cross resistant to paraquat. The resistance factor was 50 for diquat and 29 for paraquat. The Lake County accession also exhibited reduced ion leakage after diquat exposure under light and dark conditions. This suggests the resistance mechanism to the bipyridylium herbicides in landoltia is independent of photosynthetic electron transport. This research documents the first aquatic plant species that has developed resistance to the bipyridylium herbicides.
Weed diversity and soybean yield with glyphosate management along a north–south transect in the United States
Authors: Scursoni Julio , Forcella Frank , Gunsolus Jeffrey , Owen Michael , Oliver Richard , Smeda Reid , Vidrine Roy
Published: August 2006

There are many concerns about the effects of repeated use of glyphosate in glyphosate-resistant (GR) crops, including two that are seemingly contradictory. These are (1) weed escapes and (2) loss of weed diversity. Weeds that escape glyphosate treatment represent species that likely will become troublesome and difficult to control in the future, and identifying these future problems may allow more effective management. In contrast, complete weed control directly reduces the weed component of agroecosystem biodiversity and may lower other components indirectly (e.g., weed-dependent granivores). During 2001 and 2002 effects of glyphosate and conventional weed control treatments on weed community composition and GR soybean yields were studied. Field studies were conducted along a north–south transect of sites spanning a distance of 1600 km from Minnesota to Louisiana. Low-intensity use (single application yr−1) of glyphosate allowed more escapes and maintained higher weed diversity than high-intensity use (two applications yr−1) of glyphosate, and it was equivalent to or even higher than diversity in non-GR systems. Although the same weeds escaped from low- and high-intensity glyphosate treatments, frequency of escapes was higher with less intensive use. These results suggest that limited use of glyphosate would not have profound effects on weed diversity. In addition, crop yield did not differ between GR and non-GR treatments at high latitudes, but below 40° N latitude, with a longer cropping season, yields with low-intensity glyphosate use decreased by about 2% per degree latitude because of competition from escaped weeds.
Risk of Porphyromonas gingivalis Recolonization During the Early Period of Periodontal Maintenance in Initially Severe Periodontitis Sites
Authors: Fujise Osamu , Miura Mayumi , Hamachi Takafumi , Maeda Katsumasa
Published: August 2006

Background: Porphyromonas gingivalis is considered a critical pathogen of periodontal diseases including recurrent periodontitis. The profound effects of active periodontal treatment (APT) on P. gingivalis elimination were previously demonstrated and revealed that the subsequent P. gingivalis‐free or ‐suppressed status seems to be maintained during early periodontal maintenance (PMT). The aim of the present study was to show the occurrence of microbial recolonization during this early PMT period.

Methods: In total, 128 sites from 11 generalized chronic periodontitis patients and one generalized aggressive periodontitis patient underwent clinical and microbiologic examination at baseline (Exam‐I), after APT (Exam‐II), and in PMT (Exam‐III). Exam‐III was carried out an average of 4.5 ± 3.5 months after Exam‐II. Detection and quantification of putative pathogens were performed using a polymerase chain reaction–based method.

Results: The PMT used was effective in maintaining the clinical conditions improved by APT. However, in microbiological examinations, Exam‐III showed higher detection frequency and levels of P. gingivalis than Exam‐II. This suggests that a P. gingivalis recolonization started in the early PMT period. P. gingivalis‐increased sites then showed significantly more severe signs of periodontitis in Exam‐I than P. gingivalis‐stable sites (bleeding on probing frequency: 76.7% versus 56.5%; suppuration frequency: 41.9% versus 12.9%). On the other hand, in Exam‐II, no significant differences of clinical parameters were noted between P. gingivalis‐increased and ‐stable sites.

Conclusion: Severe periodontitis sites before APT seemed to place them at risk of P. gingivalis recolonization in the early PMT period, and this microbial restoration could be a cause of recurrent periodontitis.
Comparison of Interdental Cleaning Methods: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Jackson Margaret A. , Kellett Margaret , Worthington Helen V. , Clerehugh Valerie
Published: August 2006

Background: Although interdental cleaning is an integral component of home plaque control for periodontally involved patients, limited data exist on the periodontal benefits of commonly used interdental cleaning methods before definitive root surface debridement is undertaken. Therefore, the aim of this study was to compare the effects of a customized interdental brushing technique and a customized flossing technique on clinical periodontal outcomes prior to root surface debridement in chronic periodontitis cases.

Methods: This was a single‐blind, randomized controlled clinical trial. Seventy‐seven patients with chronic periodontitis were measured for plaque, relative interdental papillae level, Eastman interdental bleeding index, probing depths, and bleeding on probing at interdental sites and underwent a 10‐minute hand scaling to remove easily accessible calculus deposits. Before group allocation, patients were advised on toothbrushing and instructed in two customized methods of interdental cleaning involving dental floss and precurved interdental brushes. Materials were supplied after random allocation. Participants were recalled at 6 and 12 weeks for clinical measurements, reinforcement of instructions, and fresh materials.

Results: There were significant reductions from baseline for all indices in both groups (P <0.01). At 6 weeks, the interdental brush group improved more than the floss group in every parameter (P <0.05). By 12 weeks, the changes in plaque, papillae level, and probing depths were significantly greater in the interdental brush group than the floss group (P <0.01).

Conclusion: This trial demonstrated that patients were able to improve clinical periodontal outcomes by interdental cleaning, particularly with interdental brushes, even before thorough root surface debridement was undertaken.
The Influence of Current and Former Smoking on Gingival Bleeding: The Hisayama Study
Authors: Shimazaki Yoshihiro , Saito Toshiyuki , Kiyohara Yutaka , Kato Isao , Kubo Michiaki , Iida Mitsuo , Yamashita Yoshihisa
Published: August 2006

Background: Previous studies have shown that smoking is a risk factor for periodontitis and that it has a suppressive effect on gingival bleeding. This study examined the relationship between smoking, including past smoking, and periodontal conditions, mainly gingival bleeding, in a community‐based health investigation.

Methods: Smoking status was examined in 958 subjects, along with the quantity of tobacco currently or previously smoked (never, former light, former heavy, current light, and current heavy). We analyzed the influence of smoking on probing depth (PD), clinical attachment loss (CAL), and gingival bleeding on probing (BOP).

Results: In multivariate logistic regression analyses, current heavy smokers were at a significantly greater risk for having a higher proportion of teeth with PD ≥4 mm and a higher proportion of teeth with CAL ≥5 mm; however, they had a lower risk for having a high BOP than did those who had never smoked. Moreover, both former light and former heavy smokers had significantly lower risks for high BOP. When the analysis was limited to subjects with PD ≥4 mm, former heavy and current heavy smokers showed a significant suppression of high BOP compared to never smokers.

Conclusion: This study suggests that smoking is significantly associated with PD and CAL and that current and past smoking has a suppressive effect on BOP.
Effect of suckling isotonic or hypertonic solutions of sodium bicarbonate or glucose on abomasal emptying rate in calves
Authors: Sen Ismail , Constable Peter D. , Marshall Tessa S.
Published: August 2006

Objective—To determine and compare the abomasal emptying rates in calves suckling milk replacer or an isotonic or hypertonic solution of NaHCO3 or glucose.

Animals—5 male Holstein-Friesian calves that were < 30 days of age.

Procedures—Calves were fed 2 L of milk replacer or isotonic (300 mOsm/L) or hypertonic (600 mOsm/L) solutions of NaHCO3 or glucose containing acetaminophen (50 mg/kg). Venous blood samples and transabdominal ultrasonographic abomasal dimensions were obtained periodically after feeding, and abomasal luminal pH was continuously monitored by placement of a luminal pH electrode through an abomasal cannula. Abomasal emptying rate was assessed by the time to maximal plasma acetaminophen concentration, ultrasonographic determination of the half-time of abomasal emptying, and the time for luminal pH to return to within 1 pH unit of the preprandial value.

Results—Hypertonic NaHCO3 solution was emptied slower than an isotonic NaHCO3 solution, isotonic glucose solution was emptied slower than an isotonic NaHCO3 solution, and hypertonic glucose solution emptied slower than an isotonic glucose solution.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—An electrolyte solution for oral administration with a high osmolarity and glucose concentration may lead to a slower resuscitation of dehydrated diarrheic calves because such solutions decrease the abomasal emptying rate and therefore the rate of solution delivery to the small intestine. Whether slowing of the abomasal emptying rate in dehydrated diarrheic calves suckling an oral electrolyte solution is clinically important remains to be determined.
Transmission of bovine coronavirus and serologic responses in feedlot calves under field conditions
Authors: Thomas Christopher J. , Hoet Armando E. , Sreevatsan Srinand , Wittum Thomas E. , Briggs Robert E. , Duff Glenn C. , Saif Linda J.
Published: August 2006

Objective—To compare shedding patterns and serologic responses to bovine coronavirus (BCV) in feedlot calves shipped from a single ranch in New Mexico (NM calves) versus calves assembled from local sale barns in Arkansas (AR calves) and to evaluate the role of BCV on disease and performance.

Animals—103 feedlot calves from New Mexico and 100 from Arkansas.

Procedures—Calves were studied from before shipping to 35 days after arrival at the feedlot. Nasal swab specimens, fecal samples, and serum samples were obtained before shipping, at arrival, and periodically thereafter. Bovine coronavirus antigen and antibodies were detected by use of an ELISA.

Results—NM calves had a high geometric mean titer for BCV antibody at arrival (GMT, 1,928); only 2% shed BCV in nasal secretions and 1% in feces. In contrast, AR calves had low antibody titers against BCV at arrival (GMT, 102) and 64% shed BCV in nasal secretions and 65% in feces. Detection of BCV in nasal secretions preceded detection in feces before shipping AR calves, but at arrival, 73% of AR calves were shedding BCV in nasal secretions and feces. Bovine coronavirus infection was significantly associated with respiratory tract disease and decreased growth performance in AR calves.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Replication and shedding of BCV may start in the upper respiratory tract and spread to the gastrointestinal tract. Vaccination of calves against BCV before shipping to feedlots may provide protection against BCV infection and its effects with other pathogens in the induction of respiratory tract disease.
Evaluation of manufacturing variability, diffusion of filling solutions, and long-term maintenance of occlusion in silicone hydraulic occluders
Authors: Sereda Colin W. , Adin Christopher A. , Batich Christopher D. , Archer Linda L. , Goldman Candice G. , Burns Colby G.
Published: August 2006

Objective—To evaluate manufacturing variability, diffusion of filling solutions, and maintenance of occlusion over time in 3 sizes of silicone hydraulic occluders (HOs).

Sample Population—2-, 5-, and 20-mm HOs (HO2, HO5, and HO20, respectively).

Procedures—Manufacturing variability was analyzed by comparing variation in internal luminal areas and filling volumes within each size group. Occluders were filled to 100% occlusion with air (n = 4), saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (4), or sodium hyaluronate (4) and submerged in simulated body fluid. Changes in luminal area and weight were recorded for 133 days to evaluate maintenance of occlusion.

Results—Considerable variability in uninflated luminal area and fill volumes was observed among the 3 sizes of HOs. Loss of occlusion developed in the first 12 hours in all air-filled HOs. Fluid-filled occluders were reliable in maintenance of occlusion after 133 days (99.99% for HO20, 99.59% for HO5, and 90.40% for HO2), although diffusion of saline solution and hyaluronate from all HOs was confirmed by detection of significant decreases in weight over time. There was no significant difference in weight loss between HOs filled with saline solution and HOs filled with sodium hyaluronate.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Saline solution or sodium hyaluronate may be used as a filling solution in the HOs tested. Maintenance of occlusion was best in the larger sizes. Saline solution or sodium hyaluronate should be used in future clinical investigations of HOs. Retrograde filling to remove air should be used when filling HOs with fluid.
Evaluation of intracranial meningioma resection with a surgical aspirator in dogs: 17 cases (1996–2004)
Authors: Greco Justin J. , Aiken Sean A. , Berg Jason M. , Monette Sebastien , Bergman Philip J.
Published: August 2006

Objective—To determine results of intracranial meningioma resection by use of a surgical aspirator and assess prognostic factors associated with intracranial meningiomas in dogs.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—17 dogs.

Procedures—Medical records of dogs that underwent resection of an intracranial meningioma by use of a surgical aspirator were reviewed. Information pertaining to signalment, imaging findings, clinical signs, duration of clinical signs, preoperative treatment, location of the tumor, results of histologic assessment, outcome, and necropsy results was obtained from the medical record. Clients and referring veterinarians were contacted via telephone for information on recurrence of clinical signs and postoperative survival time.

Results—16 dogs were > 7 years of age, and all 17 dogs had seizures before surgery. The most commonly affected breed was the Golden Retriever, represented by 6 of the 17 dogs. Median survival time was 1,254 days. Of the data collected, only histologic subtype of the tumor was prognostic. Analysis of survival times according to histologic tumor subtypes indicated that the order from most brief to longest was as follows: anaplastic, 0 days; fibroblastic, 10 days; psammomatous, > 313 days; meningothelial, > 523 days; and transitional, 1,254 days.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Use of a surgical aspirator to resect intracranial meningiomas in dogs was associated with longer survival times than those achieved with traditional surgery alone or traditional surgery combined with radiation therapy. Dogs with meningothelial, psammomatous, or transitional intracranial meningioma subtypes appeared to have a better prognosis than dogs with other subtypes of meningioma.
Evaluation of factors associated with survival in dogs with untreated nasal carcinomas: 139 cases (1993–2003)
Authors: Rassnick Kenneth M. , Goldkamp Carrie E. , Erb Hollis N. , Scrivani Peter V. , Njaa Bradley L. , Gieger Tracy L. , Turek Michelle M. , McNiel Elizabeth A. , Proulx David R. , Chun Ruthanne , Mauldin Glenna E. , Phillips Brenda S. , Kristal Orna
Published: August 2006

Objective—To evaluate factors associated with survival in dogs with nasal carcinomas that did not receive treatment or received only palliative treatment.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—139 dogs with histologically confirmed nasal carcinomas.

Procedures—Medical records, computed tomography images, and biopsy specimens of nasal carcinomas were reviewed. Only dogs that were not treated with radiation, surgery, chemotherapy, or immunotherapy and that survived ≥ 7 days from the date of diagnosis were included. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate survival time. Factors potentially associated with survival were compared by use of log-rank and Wilcoxon rank sum tests. Multivariable survival analysis was performed by use of the Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Results—Overall median survival time was 95 days (95% confidence interval [CI], 73 to 113 days; range, 7 to 1,114 days). In dogs with epistaxis, the hazard of dying was 2.3 times that of dogs that did not have epistaxis. Median survival time of 107 dogs with epistaxis was 88 days (95% CI, 65 to 106 days) and that of 32 dogs without epistaxis was 224 days (95% CI, 54 to 467 days).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The prognosis of dogs with untreated nasal carcinomas is poor. Treatment strategies to improve outcome should be pursued.
Anisakis spp. in European hake, Merluccius merluccius (L.) from the Atlantic off north-west Africa and the Mediterranean off southern Spain
Authors: Valero Adela , Mar López-Cuello María , Benítez Rocío , Adroher Francisco
Published: August 2006

We studied the parasitization by Anisakis spp. in European hake (Merluccius merluccius) of 40–52 cm from the Atlantic off north-west Africa and the Mediterranean off southern Spain. Infection parameters differed: The fish from the Atlantic showing a prevalence of 87.97% and a mean intensity of 4.69, while, in those from the Mediterranean, these were 41.27% and 1.73, respectively. In both samples the two-third larval stage types were isolated: Anisakis simplex sensu lato and Anisakis larvae type II, with prevalence of 85.71% and 30.83% in fish from the Atlantic and 41.27% and 1.59% for those from the Mediterranean, respectively. In both samples, the prevalence of larvae in viscera was clearly higher than in the muscle tissue. We also observed an increase in parasitization with increasing host length, those ≥ 46 cm having the highest prevalences (94.87% for those from the Atlantic and 58.33% for those from the Mediterranean; p<0.03).
A new species of Cosmocerca (Nematoda, Cosmocercidae) and other helminths from Genyophryne thomsoni (Anura, Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea
Authors: Bursey Charles , Goldberg Stephen , Kraus Fred
Published: August 2006

Cosmocerca tyleri sp. nov. (Ascaridida, Cosmocercidae) from the large intestine of Genyophryne thomsoni (Anura, Microhylidae) is described and illustrated. Cosmocerca tyleri sp. nov. represents the 23rd species assigned to the genus and the 6th from the Australian realm. Of the 5 Australian species previously described, C. tyleri sp. nov. differs from C. limnodynastes and C. novaeguineae in number of plectanes, 4 pairs in C. tyleri, 5 pairs in C. limnodynastes and C. novaeguineae. Cosmocerca australis has 3–4 pairs of plectanes, C. archeyi and C. zugi each have 4 pairs of plectanes; however, in each species the plectanes lie in the fourth quarter of the body and just anterior to the cloaca. In C. tyleri sp. nov. the plectanes lie in the third quarter of the body and there is significant space between the cloaca and the posterior pair of plectanes.
Estimating the influence of increased nitrate loads from wastewater on phosphorus mobility in river sediments
Authors: Gabriel Oliver , Balla Dagmar , Kalettka Thomas , Schilling Christian , Zessner Matthias
Published: August 2006

Research on the sediment‐surface water transition zone in three study site regions, different in hydrological conditions, was conducted to estimate to which extent nitrate in surface water can contribute to riverbed sediment oxidation and thus prevent release of sediment phosphorus to surface water. Consequently, the Dutch Flow Model (DUFLOW) based water quality model “Spreewald” and results from the emission model “Modelling Nutrient Emissions in River Systems” (MONERIS) were used to estimate to which extent wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) could contribute to the NO3– concentration in surface waters if they were operated without denitrification. It is demonstrated that an effective phosphorus retention in sediments by means of surface water NO3– is possible only under specific conditions, i. e. (i) a sufficient supply of surface water to the sediment by advective fluxes, (ii) a sufficient amount of sediment iron to provide phosphorus binding sites in the case of sediment oxidation, (iii) a redox system not leading to a rapid NO3– and FeOOH depletion and to phosphorus release from organic pools by high microbial activities. Model results show that in‐stream denitrification processes counteract a significant increase of NO3– surface water concentrations from WWTPs operated without denitrification during summer, when eutrophication risk through phosphorus is highest. The increase of NO3– surface water concentrations in winter due to decreased denitrification in the surface water is of minor relevance for phosphorus release from sediments.