bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multicriteria decision analysis for safety and economic achievement using PROMETHEE: A case study
Authors: Ramzan Naveed , Naveed Shahid , Feroze Nadeem , Witt Werner
Published: May 2008

Process safety and cost are major considerations during the design of process plant and its projected operation. It involves critical decision making for the best choice. A cost‐benefit analysis is usually carried out to facilitate this activity. However the final decision rest with the engineer. In this article, a systematic procedure based on multiobjective decision analysis PROMETHEE (Preference Ranking Organization Method of Enrichment Evaluation) has been demonstrated for its usefulness through the case study of a distillation column unit. This decision analysis includes: (1) generation of alternatives for safe design, (2) analysis of alternatives based on extended HAZOP methodology for hazard identification and alternatives generation, (3) the economic module for carrying out both fixed and operating cost estimates and extended cost calculations e.g. risk cost. Aspen Plus™ was used to develop the computer model. The dynamic simulation of the process was carried out in Aspen Dynamics™ followed by the economic analysis module developed in visual basic. It has been demonstrated through the case study that significant cost savings can be achieved through prevention of incidents, injuries, loss of production, operational failures, and reduced maintenance costs. © 2008 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2008
Seasonal biology and management of the maple shoot borer, Proteoteras aesculana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), in production nurseries
Authors: Seagraves Bonny L , Haynes Kenneth F , Redmond Carl T , Tittle Stephanie , Potter Daniel A
Published: May 2008

BACKGROUND: Proteoteras aesculana (Riley), a caterpillar that causes tip dieback and kills the central leader of maples, is an important nursery pest. The authors sought to develop a pheromone lure, use it to clarify the pest's seasonal biology, determine when and where infestations originate and extend the management window.

RESULTS: Gas chromatography, electroantennographic detection and trapping showed that (Z)‐dodec‐8‐en‐1‐ol (Z8‐12:OH) is the major sex pheromone component. Flight began in March, peaking in early spring. Larvae developed during April and May, giving rise to moths active in late May and June. No additional larvae were found in maples following that flight. Sporadic moth captures occurred into November, suggesting that adults overwinter. Three parasitoid species, all new host records, were documented. A different tortricid, Episimus tyrius Heinrich, caused leaf‐tying damage in late summer. Maples shipped from Oregon were free of shoot borers, refuting speculation that larvae overwinter in buds. One bifenthrin spray applied from just before bud break at onset of moth flight to just after peak flight when shoots had two pairs of leaves reduced infestation by 96–100%.

CONCLUSION: Maples are infested soon after planting in Kentucky nurseries via eggs laid in early spring. The temporal window for preventive control is broader than previously thought. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
Prediction of agrochemical residue data on fruit using an informatic system (PARDIS model)
Authors: Calliera Maura , Balderacchi Matteo , Capri Ettore , Trevisan Marco
Published: May 2008

A ‘step‐by‐step’ method was used to develop a simplified procedure for calculating pesticide residue levels on fruit at harvest by considering the application of the compound and the relevant routes of loss. The model is applicable to cases where the most important exposure route is by direct spray to the canopy of the crop and where uptake into the plant by the roots can be disregarded. The exposure dose is calculated by considering the proportion of total crop cover represented by the fruits. The loss processes considered are photodegradation, uptake, volatilization and washoff.

The outputs of the model were compared with measured residues of pesticides on pear. Analysis of the model fit demonstrates that the model predicted the measured data with a good level of accuracy for four of seven investigated pesticides. The predicted/observed quotients are close to 1, as is the modelling efficiency, and there are no great differences between the predicted and observed values. Taking into account the extreme simplicity of the model and the complexity of the environmental processes considered, these results encourage further research into the modelling of residue behaviour in food commodities.

The objectives of this work were to produce a tool to predict pesticide residues in products of plant origin, to complement monitoring of pesticide levels and to be useful in evaluating the effect of government policies on food safety. All predicted values were below the maximum levels fixed for pesticide residues in pear, as amended in Council Directives 86/362/EEC and 90/642/EEC. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry
EWMA control chart limits for first‐ and second‐order autoregressive processes
Authors: Vermaat M. B. , Does R. J. M. M. , Bisgaard S.
Published: May 2008

Today's manufacturing environment has changed since the time when control chart methods were originally introduced. Sequentially observed data are much more common. Serial correlation can seriously affect the performance of the traditional control charts. In this article we derive explicit easy‐to‐use expressions of the variance of an EWMA statistic when the process observations are autoregressive of order 1 or 2. These variances can be used to modify the control limits of the corresponding EWMA control charts. The resulting control charts have the advantage that the data are plotted on the original scale making the charts easier to interpret for practitioners than charts based on residuals. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sensitive determination of bromine and iodine in aqueous and biological samples by electrothermal vaporization inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using tetramethylammonium hydroxide as a chemical modifier
Authors: Kataoka Hiroko , Tanaka Sachiko , Konishi Chie , Okamoto Yasuaki , Fujiwara Terufumi , Ito Kazuaki
Published: May 2008

A procedure for the simultaneous determination of bromine and iodine by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) mass spectrometry was investigated. In order to prevent the decrease in the ionization efficiencies of bromine and iodine atoms caused by the introduction of water mist, electrothermal vaporization was used for sample introduction into the ICP mass spectrometer. To prevent loss of analytes during the drying process, a small amount of tetramethylammonium hydroxide solution was placed as a chemical modifier into the tungsten boat furnace. After evaporation of the solvent, the analytes instantly vaporized and were then introduced into the ICP ion source to detect the 79Br+, 81Br+, and 127I+ ions. By using this system, detection limits of 0.77 pg and 0.086 pg were achieved for bromine and iodine, respectively. These values correspond to 8.1 pg mL−1 and 0.91 pg mL−1 of the aqueous bromide and iodide ion concentrations, respectively, for a sampling volume of 95 µL. The relative standard deviations for eight replicate measurements were 2.2% and 2.8% for 20 pg of bromine and 2 pg of iodine, respectively. Approximately 25 batches were vaporizable per hour. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of various certified reference materials and practical situations as biological and aqueous samples. There is further potential for the simultaneous determination of fluorine and chlorine. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Runabout
Authors: Grothoff Christian
Published: May 2008

This paper presents a variation of the visitor pattern which allows programmers to write visitor‐like code in a concise way. The Runabout is a library extension that adds a limited form of multi‐dispatch to Java. While the Runabout is not as expressive as a general multiple dispatching facility, the Runabout can be significantly faster than existing implementations of multiple dispatch for Java, such as MultiJava. Unlike MultiJava, the Runabout does not require changes to the syntax and the compiler. This paper illustrates how to use the Runabout, details its implementation and provides benchmarks comparing its performance with other approaches. Furthermore, the effect of an automatic static program transformation tool that translates bytecode using the Runabout to equivalent bytecode is evaluated. The tool uses double dispatch and runtime‐type checks to achieve the same semantics that the Runabout has. The performance comparisons on large benchmarks that make extensive use of multiple dispatch show that using the Runabout does not result in a significant loss of performance for realistic applications and that, depending on the application and platform, small performance gains are also possible. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improving access to genitourinary medicine clinics
Authors: Mohanty Kailash
Published: May 2008

Improving access to genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics has been a key government priority to help reduce the ever‐increasing numbers of patients with sexually transmitted infections and HIV. The author explains how patient access was dramatically improved following changes to service provision at the GUM clinic at the Darlington Memorial Hospital. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
Management of venous thrombosis in pregnancy
Authors: Nelson Scott M. , Greer Ian A.
Published: May 2008

The management of venous thromboembolism in pregnancy is challenging, as many diagnostic tests are less accurate in pregnant than in non‐pregnant patients, and some of the radiological procedures are potentially hazardous to the fetus. In addition, anticoagulant treatment with coumarins can cause embryopathy. The authors recommend strategies for women at risk of deep venous thrombosis or pulmonary thromboembolism during pregnancy and outline appropriate investigations and treatment. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
Prostate cancer: epidemiology and risk factors
Authors: Farmer Richard
Published: May 2008

Over the past ten years, the incidence of prostate cancer has risen; however, mortality rates have changed little. In spite of extensive investigation, few risk factors have been identified, the main ones being age, family history, race and diet. The prognosis of prostate cancer is relatively good and, particularly because it is a disease of the elderly, it is likely that many more men die with prostate cancer than from the disease. Copyright © 2008 Wiley Interface Ltd
Adaptive subcarrier allocation and bit loading for voice/data transmission in multiuser OFDM systems
Authors: Zhang Hua , Bi Guoan , Zhang Liren
Published: May 2008

A new algorithm of adaptive subcarrier allocation and bit loading (A‐SABL) is proposed for simultaneous voice and data transmission in multiuser OFDM systems. The algorithm takes advantage of the frequency diversity and the voice/data transmission requirements to dynamically assign the number of subcarriers and bits/per symbol on each subcarrier for each user in a single cell. Due to the strict delay requirement of voice service, the subcarriers with low channel gains are assigned for voice transmission with a small number of bits per symbol to guarantee its required bit‐error‐rate (BER) and transmission rate. Based on the remaining subcarriers with high channel gains and the transmission power, the throughput of data transmission is then maximized by loading as many bits as possible on each subcarrier to achieve the required transmission bit rate and BER. Theoretical analysis and simulation on the proposed algorithm show that a better performance is obtained than previously reported schemes. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thoughts about death and perceived health status in elderly patients with heart failure
Authors: Strömberg Anna , Jaarsma Tiny
Published: May 2008

Aim

To explore thoughts about death and perceived health status in elderly patients with heart failure during a 6month period after a deterioration needing hospitalisation.

Methods

A descriptive, mixed methods design was used. Health was measured with EuroQol‐5D, thoughts about death with multiple choice and open questions. A total of 145 patients with New York Heart Association class II–IV heart failure, mean age 70 years, 70% males, were included.

Results

During deterioration, 16% of the patients were afraid of dying and 4% had this fear very often. Fear of death did not change significantly during the 6 months after deterioration. Both during deterioration (r=0.26, P<0.01) and 6months later (r=0.40, P<0.001), fear of death and anxiety/depression were correlated. Content analysis of the open question produced 5 categories: (1) Death as a natural part of life; (2) Death as a relief from symptoms and disability (3) Death as fearful (4) Arrangements for time after death (5) A wish for an extended life.

Conclusion

Elderly patients with heart failure had a lot of thoughts about death. Higher levels of anxiety/depression were correlated to fear of death. Many expressed death as a natural relief from suffering, others were afraid of pain, loss of independence and dignity.
Differential activation of spinal cord glial cells in murine models of neuropathic and cancer pain
Authors: Hald Andreas , Nedergaard Signe , Hansen Rikke R. , Ding Ming , Heegaard Anne‐Marie
Published: May 2008

Activation of spinal cord microglia and astrocytes is a common phenomenon in nerve injury pain models and is thought to exacerbate pain perception. Following a nerve injury, a transient increase in the presence of microglia takes place while the increased numbers of astrocytes stay elevated for an extended period of time. It has been proposed that activated microglia are crucial for the development of neuropathic pain and that they lead to activation of astrocytes which then play a role in maintaining the long term pathological pain sensation. In the present report, we examined the time course of spinal cord glial activation in three different murine pain models to investigate if microglial activation is a general prerequisite for astrocyte activation in pain models. We found that two different types of cancer induced pain resulted in severe spinal astrogliosis without activation of microglia. In contrast, sciatic nerve injury led to a transient activation of microglia and sustained astrogliosis. These results show that development of hypersensitivity and astrocyte activation in pain models can take place independent of microglial activation.
Long‐term depression of spinal nociception and pain in man: Influence of varying stimulation parameters
Authors: Jung Kerstin , Rottmann Silke , Ellrich Jens
Published: May 2008

Electrical low‐frequency stimulation (LFS) of spinal afferents induces long‐term depression (LTD) of nociceptive processing in rodents. LTD and its parameters in man are largely unknown. This study addresses the hypothesis that LTD of spinal nociception and pain in man depends on LFS frequency (0.5, 1, 2Hz), number of electrical pulses (300, 600, 1200), intensity (relating to pain thresholdIP: 1×IP, 2×IP, 4×IP), and on LFS repetition. One hundred and twenty electrophysiological and psychophysical experiments were performed in 29 healthy volunteers. Painful electrical test stimulation (0.125Hz) and conditioning LFS were applied to right hand dorsum by a concentric electrode. Somatosensory evoked cortical potentials (SEP) were recorded and volunteers rated stimulus intensity. LFS with 0.5, 1, and 2Hz induced significant reduction of SEP and pain ratings as compared to Control group. Effect on SEP amplitude after 1Hz LFS preponderated that of 2Hz stimulation. LTD of SEP and pain perception was induced by noxious LFS with 300–1200 pulses. SEP suppression augmented with increasing number of pulses. LFS with intensities 2×IPand 4×IPevoked sustained depression of SEP and pain perception in comparison to Control and 1×IPLFS. Established LTD after single LFS was amplified by an additional second LFS. Hence this study provides electrophysiological and psychophysical evidence for LTD of spinal nociceptive processing and pain perception in man and indicates appropriate LFS parameters 1Hz, 1200 pulses and 4×IPfor future studies on human LTD.
Uncoupling the MgATP‐induced inhibition and aggregation of Escherichia coli phosphofructokinase‐2 by C‐terminal mutations
Authors: Baez Mauricio , Merino Felipe , Astorga Guadalupe , Babul Jorge
Published: May 2008

Binding of MgATP to an allosteric site of Escherichia coli phosphofructokinase‐2 (Pfk‐2) provoked inhibition and a dimer–tetramer (D–T) conversion of the enzyme. Successive deletions of up to 10 residues and point mutations at the C‐terminal end led to mutants with elevated K
Mapp values for MgATP which failed to show the D–T conversion, but were still inhibited by the nucleotide. Y306 was required for the quaternary packing involved in the D–T conversion and the next residue, L307, was crucial for the ternary packing necessary for the catalytic MgATP‐binding site. These results show that the D–T conversion could be uncoupled from the conformational changes that lead to the MgATP‐induced allosteric inhibition.
The other War on Terror revealed: global governmentality and the Financial Action Task Force’s campaign against terrorist financing
Authors: HENG YEE-KUANG , McDONAGH KEN
Published: May 2008

Despite initial fanfare surrounding its launch in the White House Rose Garden, the War on Terrorist Finances (WOTF) has thus far languished as a sideshow, in the shadows of military campaigns against terrorism in Afghanistan and Iraq. This neglect is unfortunate, for the WOTF reflects the other multilateral cooperative dimension of the US-led ‘war on terror’, quite contrary to conventional sweeping accusations of American unilateralism. Yet the existing academic literature has been confined mostly to niche specialist journals dedicated to technical, legalistic and financial regulatory aspects of the WOTF. Using the Financial Action Task Force (FATF) as a case study, this article seeks to steer discussions on the WOTF onto a broader theoretical IR perspective. Building upon emerging academic works that extend Foucauldian ideas of governmentality to the global level, we examine the interwoven overlapping national, regional and global regulatory practices emerging against terrorist financing, and the implications for notions of government, regulation and sovereignty.
Popular music policy making and the Instrumental Policy Behaviour Process
Authors: Breen Marcus
Published: May 2008

Popular music policy making incorporates the art and rationality of ‘governmentality’. In doing so it seeks to move beyond benign policy making efforts and some of the prevailing approaches to cultural policy studies – primarily arts policy – to apply interventionary strategies into the space dominated by global recording companies. Major recording companies and the business-as-usual approach of Return on Investment dominates local and national popular music through the macro-level perspective of global trade regimes, thereby avoiding the micro-level activities needed by citizens locally. Critical approaches to the potential loss of localised music production in the face of globalisation are drawn from the heterodox, interdisciplinary schools of institutional economics which, in this case, uses instrumentalism to create a model that insists on research-based popular music making policies that respond to citizen needs. Using examples from the Australian experience, the Instrumental Policy Behaviour Process (IPBP) is proposed as a model for generating localised, resource-allocating approaches to popular music policy making.
Policy and performance in the Caribbean
Authors: Harewood Susan
Published: May 2008

This article examines the intersections of music policy and citizenship in the Caribbean island of Barbados. The article focuses on the development of music policy from the late 1970s to the early 2000s. It is argued that it is possible to trace efforts made by Barbadian state managers to shape citizenship. However, these efforts at defining an ideal Barbadian citizen should not be understood exclusively in national terms. In fact, the article demonstrates that the ways in which national identities in Barbados are constituted through calypso and soca performances have their roots in global shifts in development policies. Therefore the article integrates a three-tiered focus. It considers national policy decisions, international policy decisions, and finally it examines the ways in which decisions taken at these levels shape and are shaped by what takes place within the calypso/soca music industry and within calypso/soca performance.
Abortion, Potential, and Value
Authors: WILLIAMS REGINALD
Published: May 2008

This article challenges an important argument in the abortion debate, according to which at least early abortions are acceptable because they do not terminate the actual existence of something of moral significance (i.e., a ‘person’), but rather prevent a potentially significant entity from becoming actual, which happens whenever one uses contraceptives. This article argues that insofar as we see something as morally significant or valuable, we tend to think it wrong to deliberately terminate its actual existence and to deliberately prevent a corresponding potential entity from becoming actual, a principle I call the ‘Inverse Proportional Value Principle’. After defending this principle and showing it to oppose the idea that abortion is acceptable since it simply prevents the existence of something of moral worth or value, I show this principle to sanction some abortions, given that the entity which stands to result from a pregnancy is sufficiently lacking in value.
Consequentialism and the Autonomy of the Deontic
Authors: ALM DAVID
Published: May 2008

I distinguish between two forms of consequentialism: reductionist and anti-reductionist. Reductionist consequentialism holds that the deontic properties of rightness and wrongness are identical with the axiological properties of optimality and suboptimality, respectively. Anti-reductionist consequentialism denies this identification, hence accepting what I call theautonomy of the deontic. In this article I ignore reductionist consequentialism. Instead I argue that anti-reductionist consequentialism is deeply problematic or even incoherent. Simply put, the main point is that the criterion of rightness of any ethical theory that respects the autonomy of the deontic must entail that an object that meets that criterion is an action, and anti-reductionist consequentialism does not meet that requirement (while certain competing theories arguably do).
Pourcommencer, il faut arrêter de décoder: plaidoyer pour une linguistique sans métaphysique
Authors: FRATH PIERRE
Published: May 2008

Dans cet article, l'auteur aborde des questions de fond sur la notion de codage et de décodage, si naturelle en linguistique. Il entend montrer qu'elle ne permet pas d'atteindre la langue car elle est fondamentalement métaphysique, le plus souvent à l'insu de ceux qui l'utilisent. Il illustre son propos par une étude du verbecommenceren contexte, dans un corpus électronique. L'explication en langue doit se faire à partir de l'observation des faits et sa généralisation en termes de ressemblances et de différences, et non grâce à la formulation de codes à l'existence chimérique.
More on (distinctive!) vowel length in historical French
Authors: GESS RANDALL
Published: May 2008

While rejecting a claim for the disappearance of distinctive vowel length in historical French as ‘counterfactual’ (Picard, 2004: 3), Picard's own arguments in support of the existence of vowel length do not rise to the level of fact. Picard fails to differentiate between derived versus underlying (hence distinctive) features. Further, his assumptions regarding vowel length from the Middle French period on are ill founded. Regarding the truly minor vocalic contrasts that do exist in Canadian French mid and low vowels, Picard makes several unmotivated assumptions and unsupported assertions that preclude consideration of other, plausible scenarios for their existence. Minor vocalic contrasts such as these, with little to no functional load, can be modeled in phonological grammars without an unnecessary proliferation of phonological categories.
Le SN démonstratif cette fois (-ci/-là)
Authors: THEISSEN ANNE
Published: May 2008

L'objectif de ce travail est de mettre en relief les particularités du syntagme démonstratif cette fois (-ci/-là) vis-à-vis des SN démonstratifs standard. Nous montrerons, dans nos deux premières parties, que le statut nominal spécial du N fois engage pour cette fois (-ci/-là), non seulement un fonctionnement syntaxique particulier, mais aussi deux contraintes référentielles: l'une exigeant que l'on récupère le type d'occurrence verbale pertinent, l'autre nécessitant une pluralité d'occurrences. Dans une troisième et dernière partie, nous aborderons les conséquences informationnelles qui découlent de son statut de symbole indexical.
Les constructions préverbales du français et du néerlandais: typologie et grammaticalisation
Authors: VAN GOETHEM KRISTEL
Published: May 2008

Dans notre étude, nous présenterons en premier lieu une typologie des verbes français et néerlandais introduits par un préverbe de forme prépositionnelle. Cette typologie comporte quatre grandes classes de constructions préverbales: les constructions relationnelles où le préverbe est toujours proche de son pendant prépositionnel ou postpositionnel (p.ex. survoler une île), les constructions adverbiales prédicatives où le préverbe (néerlandais) est issu d'un adverbe prédicatif (p.ex. zijn geld opdoen/son argent sur-faire/ ‘dépenser son argent’), les constructions préfixales où le préverbe se comporte comme un vrai préfixe (p.ex. surestimer les capacités de quelqu'un) et les constructions lexicalisées. Dans un deuxième temps, nous montrerons que les constructions préverbales distinguées peuvent être situées sur une échelle de grammaticalisation.
Contemplation of head and neck intensity-modulated radiotherapy
Authors: Rose T.A.
Published: May 2008

Intensity-modulated radiootherapy (IMRT) is being rapidly embraced as a radiotherapy technique in many cancer centres across the world. This paper aims to highlight the reported problems associated with the use of IMRT for the treatment of head and neck cancer. Specific areas of concern that are mentioned are the identification of tumour volumes, reproducibility of treatment, issues of tumour resistance and tumour recurrence. Radiotherapy departments are advised to make haste slowly when considering the implementation of this technique.
An appraisal of radiation therapy techniques for adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy in gastric cancer
Authors: Wydmanski J , Mohanti BK
Published: May 2008

In last few years, adjuvant post-operative radiotherapy and occasionally preoperative irradiation combined with chemotherapy are considered as effective practices to improve disease control and survival in gastric cancer. Yet, chemoradiotherapy result in severe toxicities and radiotherapy practice is a significant contributor. For a recommended median dose of 45 Gy to the treatment volume of stomach and surrounding lymphnode regions, considerable doses are likely to be delivered to liver, kidneys and spinal cord. Few literatures and texts state about the radiotherapy techniques, with recent emphasis on conformal (3-D CRT) or intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). However, these facilities are not uniformly available in most developing countries where stomach cancer is common. This is a report on practical aspects of radiotherapy techniques and planning which can be utilised as per available settings of a radiotherapy department.
The scholarly radiation therapist. Part two: developing an academic practice—the Princess Margaret Hospital experience
Authors: Bolderston Amanda , Harnett Nicole , Palmer Cathryne , Wenz Julie , Catton Pamela
Published: May 2008

Part two of this two-part series presents the results of a departmental initiative implemented in 2003 at a large urban cancer centre, Princess Margaret Hospital (PMH) in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. This new model for radiation therapists was called Advanced Integrated Practice (AIP) and was developed, in part, to encourage and promote scholarship within radiation therapy. The AIP model incorporated integrated clinical specialty roles designed to blend exemplary clinical practice with focused academic activities. This paper discusses an evaluation of the AIP model undertaken to obtain a formal measure of how the model had evolved, how the radiation therapists and other stakeholders were responding to the new model, whether the initial outcomes were realized and to create plans for further development of the design. The evaluation utilized a mixture of traditional qualitative research methodologies such as focus groups, quantitative surveys and a variety of other available measurable outcomes. Outcomes from the model included increased opportunities for diverse roles that incorporated an element of academic practice and augmented career choice and scope for radiation therapists. In addition, academic output and research work also increased within the department. Lessons learned from the implementation and evaluation of the model are shared, and the authors offer some suggestions to increase scholarly activity within the profession.
The scholarly radiation therapist. Part one: charting the territory
Authors: Harnett Nicole , Palmer Cathryne , Bolderston Amanda , Wenz Julie , Catton Pamela
Published: May 2008

As radiation therapy practice evolves with advancing treatment and planning technologies, merging of imaging modalities, changing working models and the advancement to higher education, radiation therapists are frequently finding themselves on the frontline of translating new knowledge into practice. To a large degree, this growing involvement in self-directed original research, with associated dissemination of completed results, has led to an increasing number of therapists being encouraged to pursue an academic path in addition to a clinical career. In Canada, radiation therapists are being appointed as faculty to university departments for the first time. It is heartening that such opportunities are increasing; therapists are able to play a profound role in developing an evidence-based professional body of knowledge while at the same time being recognised for scholarly endeavours. However, despite these many positive steps, barriers and challenges to the development of a scholarly culture for radiation therapists still exist. Part one of this two-part series explores the history of the profession and the subsequent development of a scholarly culture.
Structural architecture of the central Apennines: Interpretation of the CROP 11 seismic profile from the Adriatic coast to the orographic divide
Authors: Patacca Etta , Scandone Paolo , Di Luzio Emiliano , Cavinato Gian Paolo , Parotto Maurizio
Published: May 2008

We present an interpretation of the eastern half portion of the CROP 11 line, a deep reflection seismic profile 265 km long that cuts across the central Apennines from the Tyrrhenian coast to the Adriatic coast. In the study area the line cuts across a pile of thrust sheets that underwent tectonic transport between the Messinian and the Pleistocene. In its easternmost part, the line runs through the Plio‐Pleistocene deposits of the Adriatic foredeep. In the foreland region the CROP 11 line integrates previous information on the crustal structure derived from petroleum exploration and from deep seismic sounding refraction experiments. In particular, the CROP 11 line confirms the existence of a very thick sedimentary sequence underlying the Mesozoic‐Tertiary carbonates of the Apulia Platform interpreted as the Paleozoic‐Triassic sedimentary cover of a pre‐Cambrian crystalline basement. In the mountain chain, where the base thrust of the orogenic wedge reaches a depth of about 25 km, this sedimentary sequence appears to be the deepest geological unit incorporated in the thrust system. This interpretation of the CROP 11 profile suggests an unusual thin‐skin tectonic style implying the detachment from the original basement and the incorporation in the post‐Tortonian tectonic wedge of a very thick Paleozoic‐Triassic sedimentary sequence possibly affected by low‐grade metamorphism in the lower part. Other new suggestions from the CROP 11 seismic data concern the origin of the Fucino basin, one of the most remarkable Plio‐Pleistocene intramontane basins. The normal faults bordering this structural depression, as other important normal faults present in the central Apennines (e.g., the Caramanico fault system in the Majella region), seem to have been controlled by gravitational‐collapse processes driven by uplift during crustal shortening rather than by a generalized extension subsequent to the Apennine compression, as usually reported in the geological literature. If this interpretation is correct, the strong seismic activity in correspondence to the Apennine watershed may be related to the very recent increase in the structural relief caused by an out‐of‐sequence propagation of the active thrusts.
Lithospheric dismemberment and magmatic processes of the Great Basin–Colorado Plateau transition, Utah, implied from magnetotellurics
Authors: Wannamaker Philip E. , Hasterok Derrick P. , Johnston Jeffery M. , Stodt John A. , Hall Darrell B. , Sodergren Timothy L. , Pellerin Louise , Maris Virginie , Doerner William M. , Groenewold Kim A. , Unsworth Martyn J.
Published: May 2008

To illuminate rifting processes across the Transition Zone between the extensional Great Basin and stable Colorado Plateau interior, we collected an east‐west profile of 117 wideband and 30 long‐period magnetotelluric (MT) soundings along latitude 38.5°N from southeastern Nevada across Utah to the Colorado border. Regularized two‐dimensional inversion shows a strong lower crustal conductor below the Great Basin and its Transition Zone in the 15–35 km depth range interpreted as reflecting modern basaltic underplating, hybridization, and hydrothermal fluid release. This structure explains most of the geomagnetic variation anomaly in the region first measured in the late 1960s. Hence, the Transition Zone, while historically included with the Colorado Plateau physiographically, possesses a deep thermal regime and tectonic activity like that of the Great Basin. The deep crustal conductor is consistent with a rheological profile of a brittle upper crust over a weak lower crust, in turn on a stronger upper mantle (jelly sandwich model). Under the incipiently faulted Transition Zone, the conductor implies a vertically nonuniform mode of extension resembling early stages of continental margin formation. Colorado Plateau lithosphere begins sharply below the western boundary of Capitol Reef National Park as a resistive keel in the deep crust and upper mantle, with only a thin and weak Moho‐level crustal conductor near 45 km depth. Several narrow, steep conductors connect conductive lower crust with major surface faulting, some including modern geothermal systems, and in the context of other Great Basin MT surveying suggest connections between deep magma‐sourced fluids and the upper crustal meteoric regime. The MT data also suggest anisotropically interconnected melt over a broad zone in the upper mantle of the eastern Great Basin which has supplied magma to the lower crust, consistent with extensional mantle melting models and local shear wave splitting observations. We support a hypothesis that the Transition Zone location and geometry ultimately reflect the middle Proterozoic suturing between the stronger Yavapai lithosphere to the east and the somewhat weaker Mojave terrane to the west. We conclude that strength heterogeneity is the primary control on locus of deformation across the Transition Zone, with modulating force components.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of the magnetosphere during geospace storms: Mutual information analysis
Authors: Chen J. , Sharma A. S. , Edwards J. W. , Shao X. , Kamide Y.
Published: May 2008

The magnetospheric response to strong driving by the solar wind has spatial variations, and corresponding data are essential for the understanding of the spatiotemporal dynamics. A database of ISEE3 and IMP8 spacecraft and ground‐based magnetometer data from high‐latitude stations (Kamide et al., 1998) is used to study the magnetospheric response to solar wind variables during geospace storms. This high‐resolution database for the 6‐month period January–June 1979 is used to compute the mutual information functions representing the correlations inherent in the system. A key feature of the mutual information function is its ability to yield the linear as well as nonlinear correlations and such functions are needed to characterize the inherently nonlinear magnetospheric dynamics. The minimum window length required for computing these functions is about 6 h, and this choice also avoids the diurnal variability. Another window length of 24 h is used to analyze the dynamics on longer timescales. The spreads in the average mutual information of the spatially distributed magnetometers show strong correlations with the convective electric field and dynamic pressure of the solar wind. This correlation is not seen in the linear correlation functions. The mutual information functions show an expansion of the disturbed region starting from the midnight region. From the space weather perspective these functions provide the correlations among the different regions, which are critical elements enabling forecasts of regional, rather than global, conditions.
A model of turbulence in magnetized plasmas: Implications for the dissipation range in the solar wind
Authors: Howes G. G. , Cowley S. C. , Dorland W. , Hammett G. W. , Quataert E. , Schekochihin A. A.
Published: May 2008

This paper studies the turbulent cascade of magnetic energy in weakly collisional magnetized plasmas. A cascade model is presented, based on the assumptions of local nonlinear energy transfer in wave number space, critical balance between linear propagation and nonlinear interaction times, and the applicability of linear dissipation rates for the nonlinearly turbulent plasma. The model follows the nonlinear cascade of energy from the driving scale in the MHD regime, through the transition at the ion Larmor radius into the kinetic Alfvén wave regime, in which the turbulence is dissipated by kinetic processes. The turbulent fluctuations remain at frequencies below the ion cyclotron frequency due to the strong anisotropy of the turbulent fluctuations, k∥ ≪ k⊥ (implied by critical balance). In this limit, the turbulence is optimally described by gyrokinetics; it is shown that the gyrokinetic approximation is well satisfied for typical slow solar wind parameters. Wave phase velocity measurements are consistent with a kinetic Alfvén wave cascade and not the onset of ion cyclotron damping. The conditions under which the gyrokinetic cascade reaches the ion cyclotron frequency are established. Cascade model solutions imply that collisionless damping provides a natural explanation for the observed range of spectral indices in the dissipation range of the solar wind. The dissipation range spectrum is predicted to be an exponential fall off; the power‐law behavior apparent in observations may be an artifact of limited instrumental sensitivity. The cascade model is motivated by a program of gyrokinetic simulations of turbulence and particle heating in the solar wind.
Ion distribution functions in cylindrically symmetric electric fields in the auroral ionosphere: The collision‐free case in a uniformly charged configuration
Authors: Ma John Z. G. , St.‐Maurice J.‐P.
Published: May 2008

The aurora often breaks down into elongated filaments that are aligned with the geomagnetic field. It is natural to infer from this that when important structures are found in the electrostatic fields they, too, will follow a cylindrical geometry. With ionospheric applications in mind, we have therefore studied the response of the ion distribution function and its transport properties to the sudden introduction of an electric field which increases linearly with radial distance. In this first study we have considered collision‐free conditions. We have solved the attendant Boltzmann equation by tracking the ions back in time, thereby using the temporal link between the initial position and velocity of an ion and its position and velocity at an arbitrary time and place. We have obtained a complete analytical solution for the ion trajectories and the ion distribution function, in addition to the transport properties, for all values of time and space. We have found that individual ions gyrate in phase at a frequency other than the conventional gyrofrequency while the associated velocity distribution pulsates at a non‐steady rate. Nevertheless, for an initially uniform Maxwellian velocity distribution, the distribution remains Maxwellian for all times, although the drift, density and temperature of that distribution keep changing with time (while staying independent of position). The valuable physical insights gained from the present results will make it feasible to obtain the ion distribution function under more complicated electric field patterns as well as in collisional situations.
Observations of a switch‐off shock in interplanetary space
Authors: Feng H. Q. , Lin C. C. , Chao J. K. , Wu D. J. , Lyu L. H. , Lee L. C.
Published: May 2008

An interplanetary slow shock event was observed by Voyager 1 on 1 November 1980. The structure is identified to be a switch‐off shock which is a special type of slow shocks by fitting the Rankine‐Hugoniot relations. The shock has the following properties: (1) Observed parameters meet the R‐H relations well. (2) Number density increases from the upstream region to the downstream region. On the contrary, total magnetic field strength decreases. (3) The slow‐mode Mach number is greater than unity in the preshock state and less than unity in the postshock state. (4) The normal Alfvén‐Mach number is almost equal to 1 in the preshock state; the tangential component of the downstream magnetic field is “turned off,” leaving only a minor quantity along the shock normal.
Latest Olduvai short‐lived reversal episodes recorded in Chinese loess
Authors: Yang Tianshui , Hyodo Masayuki , Yang Zhenyu , Ding Lin , Li Huidi , Fu Jianli , Wang Shubing , Wang Hongwei , Mishima Toshiaki
Published: May 2008

A duplicate high‐resolution magnetic record was obtained from two parallel loess sections separated by about 300 m near Baoji city, southern Chinese Loess Plateau. This reveals at least eight short‐lived reversed polarity episodes in the uppermost part of the Olduvai normal polarity subchronozone. Rock magnetic experiments and anisotropy of low‐field magnetic susceptibility confirm that the multiple occurrence of short‐lived reversals is not due to rock‐magnetic and/or sedimentary causes. Assuming a constant accumulation rate within the Olduvai subchron, the short episode zone was estimated to span about 24–30 ka and 24–31 ka for the two sections, respectively. The duration of each short episode ranges from about 0.3 ka to 2.1 ka. The present results together with previous worldwide observations show that the occurrence of numerous short reversals is peculiar to the latest Olduvai subchron. The geodynamo may have been in an anomalous state at that time.
Seismicity and active faulting of the Kanab‐Fredonia area of the southern Colorado Plateau
Authors: Brumbaugh David S.
Published: May 2008

Detailed study of the historic seismicity of the Kanab‐Fredonia area adds information to the location of the Colorado Plateau tectonic boundary in this area and to the nature of contemporary seismicity and faulting on this part of the Colorado Plateau. Historic seismicity over 45 years (1959–2004) defines a band of activity which extends through Fredonia, Arizona and into southern Utah around Kanab. The area is dominated by north trending high‐angle normal faults. The spatial distribution of epicenters consists of clusters associated with the West Kaibab, Big Springs, and Toroweap‐Sevier faults indicating that these faults may be active. Four focal mechanism solutions show Basin‐Range style high‐angle normal faulting on north to north‐northwest trending surfaces that are parallel to subparallel in most cases to mapped Quaternary faults. This suggests a present east‐west extension occurring on the southern Colorado Plateau for the Kanab‐Fredonia area and an expansion of the adjacent Basin‐Range province eastward into the plateau as far as the West Kaibab/Big Springs faults. The West Kaibab/Big Springs faults are proposed to be the tectonic boundary of the southern Colorado Plateau in this area since they mark the limit of significant seismic activity that is combined with Basin‐Range type faulting.
Evaluation of AMSR‐E snow depth product over East Antarctic sea ice using in situ measurements and aerial photography
Authors: Worby Anthony P. , Markus Thorsten , Steer Adam D. , Lytle Victoria I. , Massom Robert A.
Published: May 2008

The Antarctic Remote Ice Sensing Experiment (ARISE) was conducted in the East Antarctic sea ice zone during September–October 2003. A key objective of this program was the acquisition of in situ measurements suitable for evaluating the EOS Aqua Advanced Microwave Scanning Radiometer (AMSR‐E) snow depth product. A strategy is presented for comparing snow thickness measurements over spatial scales ranging from point measurements to satellite pixels. In situ measurements of snow thickness were taken across eight Lagrangian grid cells defined and tracked using an array of drifting buoys. These data are coupled with ice‐type analyses from digital aerial photographs to calculate area‐averaged snow thicknesses that are compared with the AMSR‐E derived snow thickness product. The results show considerable underestimates of the AMSR‐E snow depths for rough sea ice by a factor of 2.3. We investigate the impact of underlying sea ice roughness on snow depth retrievals and conclude that in situ measurements of snow thickness underrepresent snow depth over rough ice, which is then not adequately accounted for in the development of the algorithm coefficients.
Sea ice concentration and motion assimilation in a sea ice−ocean model
Authors: Stark John D. , Ridley Jeff , Martin Matthew , Hines Adrian
Published: May 2008

A sea ice concentration and motion assimilation scheme has been developed using the Met Office Forecasting Ocean Assimilation Model (FOAM). FOAM has been upgraded to include a more realistic sea ice rheology and a sea ice thickness distribution. The sea ice data assimilation scheme uses Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSMI) and QuikSCAT satellite observations to provide ice concentration and motion. A number of 1‐year test integrations have been undertaken, and the resulting sea ice analysis has been examined in detail. The assimilation is able to significantly reduce the model sea ice concentration error and is able to address the model biases. Owing to the faster response times of the elastic‐viscous‐plastic (EVP) sea ice rheology in the model compared to the viscous‐plastic used in previous studies, a novel approach to sea ice motion assimilation using increments to the ice stress has been developed. The sea ice motion assimilation scheme is able to reduce the model sea ice velocity errors by approximately 50% when compared to independent data. Ice velocity assimilation was found to have little impact on the ice concentration, and ice concentration assimilation is found to have little impact on ice velocities. This implies that ice concentrations are primarily thermodynamically controlled and ice velocities are primarily dynamically driven. During the summer, model biases and poor‐quality observations impair the performance of the assimilation.