bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Educating Children in Times of Globalisation: Class-specific Child-rearing Practices and the Acquisition of Transnational Cultural Capital
Authors: Carlson Sören , Gerhards Jürgen , Hans Silke
Published: January 2016

Owing to globalisation processes, foreign language skills and familiarity with foreign cultures and institutions, along with similar skills and dispositions which we call ‘transnational cultural capital’, have gained in importance, affecting the positional competition between classes. Drawing on Bourdieu and based on semi-structured interviews with parents of adolescents, some of whom spent a school year abroad, we reconstruct class-specific differences in the acquisition of transnational cultural capital via a school year abroad. We show how, for upper middle class families, this acquisition is embedded in specific child-rearing practices and facilitated by their endowment with different forms of capital. For the same reasons, lower middle class families tend to find the acquisition of transnational cultural capital much more difficult. However, we also identify ways and conditions under which these families can enable their children to embark on a school year abroad.
Youthful Stories of Normality and Difference
Authors: Coleman-Fountain Edmund
Published: January 2016

In recent decades a critical sociology and politics of difference has been at the forefront of the study of normality. Key aims of this are to contest hierarchies of privilege and to question appeals to sameness as the basis for inclusion. Analysing data from two studies carried out in the north east of England (one with disabled youths and one with lesbian and gay youths), this article responds to this work by examining young people’s negotiations of ableist and heteronormative constructions of normality. The article shows how the young people sought to disrupt the privileges of this normality whilst also claiming a sense of ‘likeness’ to others. The article concludes by discussing the need to consider the use of a language of likeness and inclusion in young people’s everyday politics of belonging.
‘At the back of my ear’: A note on Seamus Heaney and Scottish poetry
Authors: Fazzini Marco
Published: January 2016

This article examines some of the key influences on Heaney from Scotland. Some of his friends and companion poets from Scotland, such as Hugh MacDiarmid, Norman MacCaig, Sorley MacLean and George Mackay Brown seem to have suggested to Heaney more than one poetic strategy and linguistic approach. This article identifies some links and connecting lines of influence and cross-fertilization.
Female sexual dysfunction in female genital mutilation
Authors: Elneil Sohier
Published: January 2016

Female genital mutilation (FGM), otherwise known as female genital cutting (FGC), is currently very topical and has become a significant global political issue. The impact of FGM on the lives of women and girls is enormous, as it often affects both their psychology and physical being. Among the complications that are often under-reported and not always acknowledged is female sexual dysfunction (FSD). FSD presents with a complex of symptoms including lack of libido, arousability and orgasm. This often occurs in tandem with chronic urogenital pain and anatomical disruption due to perineal scarring.

To treat FSD in FGM each woman needs specifically directed holistic care, geared to her individual case. This may include psychological support, physiotherapy and, on occasion, reconstructive surgery. In many cases the situation is complicated by symptoms of chronic pelvic pain, which can make treatment increasingly difficult as this issue needs a defined multidisciplinary approach for its effective management in its own right.

The problems suffered by women with FGM are wholly preventable, as the practice need not happen. The current global momentum to address the social, cultural, economic and medical issues of FGM is being supported by communities, governments, non-governmental agencies (NGOs) and healthcare providers. It is only by working together that the practice can be abolished and women and girls may be free from this practice and its associated consequences.
How Camera Changes and Information Introduced Affect the Recognition of Public Service Announcements
Authors: Hendriks Vettehen Paul , Kleemans Mariska
Published: January 2016

This study investigated the impact of formal features on the recognition of televised public service announcements in a real-life setting. Recognition percentages of 193 public service advertisements (PSAs) derived from campaign evaluation studies were related to content analysis data of the ads. Regression analyses showed that formal features of PSAs accounted for 5% to 7% of the variance in PSA recognition. More specifically, the analyses showed that increasing the number of camera changes in PSAs slightly increases PSA recognition if the amount of information introduced by these camera changes is small, but increasing the number of camera changes tends to decrease PSA recognition substantially as the amount of information introduced by these camera changes increases. This finding implies that PSA producers should be reluctant in introducing much new information through fast-paced messages. Moreover, these results indicate that earlier findings observed in controlled, experimental settings do have ecological validity.
Unpacking the Network Processes and Outcomes of Online and Offline Humanitarian Collaboration
Authors: Lai Chih-Hui , She Bing , Ye Xinyue
Published: January 2016

Employing a bona fide network perspective, this study investigates the network processes and outcomes of organizational collaborative networks before and following Typhoon Haiyan, taking into account the influences of network factors, organizational attributes, and environmental exigencies. The analysis from an online survey with relief organizations and those organizations’ Twitter data showed the consistent influence of past relationships on the formation of subsequent relationships after the disaster. In the on-the-ground network, a few highly active organizations stood out and engaging in multiple modes of communication with resource contacts was seen as an adaptive practice that helped organizations to build resource ties after the typhoon. In the online domain, organizations developed post-typhoon networks by means of becoming directly linked to one another and becoming equally resourceful in building their ties. In addition, different forms of resilience were observed as outcomes of collaborative networks. Findings of this study present theoretical and practical implications by unveiling the network dynamics of contemporary humanitarian actions.
How to Improve Attitudes Toward Disliked Groups
Authors: Wojcieszak Magdalena , Kim Nuri
Published: January 2016

We propose a model of how messages about groups one personally dislikes affect individual attitudes. We build upon theories of message persuasion and out-group acceptance to account for evidence type (numerical vs. narrative), facilitating conditions (encouraging empathy vs. objectivity), and the underlying mechanisms (immersion). We test this model in a pretest-posttest experiment, in which a sample of Americans ( N = 601) read counter-attitudinal commentaries below articles presenting either narrative or numerical evidence about illegal immigrants or same-sex couples. Narratives led to greater message acceptance and greater immersion, especially in the empathetic condition. In turn, numerical messages led to self-perceived attitude change in the objective condition. Persuasive effects of narratives in the empathetic, but not the objective, condition were mediated by immersion.
Role-Related Participation in Product Design Teams
Authors: Bonito Joseph A. , Keyton Joann , Ervin Jennifer N.
Published: January 2016

Organizations often delegate decision-making tasks to groups and teams. At issue is the extent to which participation during discussion reflects both individual-level characteristics and emergent (i.e., group-level) processes. Drawing upon Hewes’s socio-egocentric model and team meeting literature, we used a multilevel approach to examine participation in product-design teams across a series of tasks. Findings indicate that participation consists of both intra- and group-level processes. Team members who were talkative initially continued to participate frequently during the later tasks, and, as predicted, project managers also spoke more often than team members in any other role. In addition, group-level trends became stronger over time, as evidenced by behavioral convergence. Discussion addresses implications for a “middle ground” approach to modeling communicative behavior in groups.
Toward a Post-Sex Disclosures Model: Exploring the Associations Among Orgasm, Self-Disclosure, and Relationship Satisfaction
Authors: Denes Amanda
Published: January 2016

This study investigates communication during the post-sex time interval (PSTI) and extends previous work on communication after sexual activity by testing a post-sex disclosures model (PSDM) using structural equation modeling (SEM). Two-hundred six individuals completed surveys after sexual activity regarding their communication behaviors during the PSTI. The results revealed that individuals who orgasmed assessed greater benefits/fewer risks to disclosing after sexual activity, and orgasm was indirectly associated with positive relational disclosures through risk-benefit assessments. However, positive relational disclosures after sexual activity were not predictive of relationship satisfaction. Rather, perceiving greater benefits/fewer risks to disclosing was associated with increased relationship satisfaction, and orgasm was indirectly related to relationship satisfaction through risk-benefit assessments. Together, these findings suggest that fundamental communication and relational processes occur after sexual activity and that assessments of the potential outcomes of post-sex communication have important effects on relationship well-being.
Developing Self-Actualizing and Dutiful Citizens
Authors: Shehata Adam , Ekström Mats , Olsson Tobias
Published: January 2016

One of the major issues facing contemporary democracies is how the rapidly changing media environment influences democratic citizenship. Rather than strengthening or weakening citizenship per se, the present study analyzes whether traditional news and interactive online media encourage different forms of civic and political engagement among adolescents. More specifically, we use three waves of annually gathered panel data to study Swedish adolescents’ development of self-actualizing (AC) and dutiful (DC) citizen qualities. Overall, the analyses lend support for the AC-DC model and suggest that communicative practices matter. While traditional news media use is related to DC qualities—such as institutional participation, political trust, and external efficacy—interactive online media use promotes AC qualities, including both online and offline cause-oriented activism.
How Physicians, Patients, and Observers Compare on the Use of Qualitative and Quantitative Measures of Physician–Patient Communication
Authors: Gordon Howard S. , Street Richard L.
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare several different measures of physician–patient communication. We compared data derived from different measures of three communication behaviors, patient participation, physician information giving, and physician participatory decision-making (PDM) style, from 83 outpatient visits to oncology or thoracic surgery clinics for pulmonary nodules or lung cancer. Communication was measured with rating scales completed by patients and physicians after the consultation and by two different groups of external observers who used rating scales or coded the frequency of communication behaviors, respectively, after listening to an audio recording of the consultation. Measures were compared using Pearson’s correlations. Correlations of patients’ and physicians’ ratings of patient participation ( r = .04) and physician PDM style ( r = .03) were low and not significant ( p > .0083, Bonferroni-adjusted). Correlations of observers’ ratings with patients’ or physicians’ ratings for patient participation and physician PDM style were moderate or low ( r = .15, .27, .07, and .01, respectively) but were not statistically significant ( p > .0083, Bonferroni-adjusted). Correlations between observers’ ratings and frequency measures were .31, .52, and .63 and were statistically significant with p values .005, <.0001, and <.0001, respectively, for PDM style, information giving, and patient participation. Our findings highlight the potential for using observers’ ratings as an alternate measure of communication to more labor intensive frequency measures.
Political conversations on Facebook – the participation of politicians and citizens
Authors: Sørensen Mads P
Published: January 2016

Political conversations are according to theories on deliberative democracy essential to well-functioning democracies. Traditionally, these conversations have taken place in face-to-face settings, for example, in party meetings and town meetings. However, social media such as Facebook and Twitter offer new possibilities for online political conversations between citizens and politicians. This article examines the presence on Facebook and Twitter of Members of the Danish National Parliament, the Folketing, and focusses on a quantitative mapping of the political conversation activities taking place in the threads following Facebook posts from Danish Members of Parliament (MPs). The article shows that, in comparison with previous findings from other countries, Danish MPs have a relatively high degree of engagement in political conversations with citizens on Facebook – and that a large number of citizens follow MPs, read posts from the MPs and discuss politics with them and other citizens via the posts made by the MPs.
Limited interests, resources, voices: power relations in mainstream news coverage of Indigenous policy in Australia
Authors: Mesikämmen Emma
Published: January 2016

Recognising the importance of who gets to speak in constructing knowledges about Indigenous peoples, this article examines power relations regarding mainstream news coverage of the Indigenous policy of Northern Territory Emergency Response (NTER) in Australia. Integrating content and discourse analysis of newspaper and television stories over a 3-year timeframe with interviews with journalists, this article found media coverage of the NTER, commonly known as the Intervention, followed a pattern of decline, with occasional peaks around events that were newsworthy through the lens of conventional news values. Further, analysis of three key discourse moments found ‘official’ discourses, particularly by the government, overpowered those of Indigenous peoples living under the policy. This article demonstrates how particular journalistic practices – news values, ideas of audiences, and use of sources – together with resource limitations and discursive practices of government provided dominant discursive power on the Intervention to government representatives. The article concludes that daily routines of news media and discursive practices of media savvy social actors perceived as ‘official’ or ‘expert’ by media professionals form a ‘vicious cycle’ of two-way dependence which is hard to break for potential sources with less official status, such as representatives of various Indigenous communities.
Searching as learning: A systematization based on literature
Authors: Vakkari Pertti
Published: January 2016

The paper surveys empirical studies on the relations between information searching and learning, and presents some reflections about learning in a search process based on the findings. First, the meaning of the concepts ‘learning’ and ‘searching’ is briefly defined. Learning is conceptualized as changes in one’s knowledge structures. Then it is described more in detail how learning occurs in the search process. The point of departure is to focus on tasks that require the restructuring of knowledge structures and to analyse how gradual stabilization of those structures is related to accessing and interacting with information sources. After that, empirical studies on searching and learning are categorized by identifying independent and dependent variables in those studies. In conclusion, some general remarks on the topic are presented.
Process patterns and conceptual changes in knowledge representations during information seeking and sensemaking: A qualitative user study
Authors: Zhang Pengyi , Soergel Dagobert
Published: January 2016

The construction of knowledge representations during sensemaking resembles meaningful learning in which conceptual changes to knowledge structure take place in various forms. Guided by a cognitive process model of sensemaking expanding prior models with ideas from learning and cognitive psychology, we conducted a qualitative user study of 15 participants with news writing and business analysis tasks to investigate the evolvement of their knowledge structures. We collected and analysed think-aloud protocols along with recorded screen activities, intermediate work products including notes and concept maps, and the final reports. Findings suggested that: (a) the sensemaking process can be viewed as composed of several iterations that fall into nine slightly varied common patterns, which make up the components of sensemaking; (b) conceptual changes fall into three broad classes – accretion, tuning and restructuring; and (c) changes in forms of representation seem to assist in sensemaking. These findings provide insights for system design that assists in sensemaking and intelligent use of information.
Performance of computational cognitive models of web-navigation on real websites
Authors: Karanam Saraschandra , van Oostendorp Herre , Tat Fu Wai
Published: January 2016

Computational cognitive models of web-navigation developed so far have largely been tested only on mock-up websites. In this paper, for the first time, we compare and contrast the performance of two models, CoLiDeS and CoLiDeS+, on two real websites from the domains of technology and health, under two conditions of task difficulty, simple and difficult. We found that CoLiDeS+ predicted more hyperlinks on the correct path and had a higher path completion ratio than CoLiDeS. CoLiDeS+ found the target page more often than CoLiDeS, took more steps to reach the target page and was more ‘disoriented’ than CoLiDeS for difficult tasks. Difficult tasks in general for both models had less task success and lower path completion ratio, predicted less hyperlinks on the correct path, visited pages with lower mean LSA and took more steps to complete compared with simple tasks. Overall, inclusion of context from previously visited pages and implementation of backtracking strategies (which are both part of CoLiDeS+) led to better modelling performance. Suggestions to further improve the performance of these computational cognitive models on real websites are discussed.
Structural Dynamics and Intentional Governance in Strategic Interorganizational Network Evolution: A Multilevel Approach
Authors: Dagnino Giovanni Battista , Levanti Gabriella , Mocciaro Li Destri Arabella
Published: January 2016

This article aims to shed light on the drivers underlying the role and scope of intentional governance of the structural dynamics of whole interorganizational networks. Prior research has distinguished networks that are emergent from networks that are orchestrated. While empirical studies have shown situations in which the role and scope of intentional governance of whole interorganizational networks has changed in time, and there is a growing interest regarding the endogenous drivers of network dynamics, the dimensions that influence intentional governance of network structure dynamics and the way this is carried out remain still to be elucidated. In order to pinpoint these drivers, we leverage the models of network structure dynamics elaborated within studies conducted at the intersection between network research and complexity science to propose a multilevel interpretive framework that clarifies the role and scope of intentional agency at different structural levels of interorganizational networks. Our framework advances a twofold conceptual contribution: on one hand, we tackle the change in the role and scope of intentional governance of network structures in both the early stages and the later stages of network evolution. On the other, we interpret the network of formal ties as resembling the accelerating network model, with the network of informal ties being akin to the scale-free (or truncated scale-free) network model of complex networks theory.
Defeat, Honour and the News: The Case of the Fall of Breda (1625) and the Dutch Republic
Authors: Swart Erik
Published: January 2016

The honour of the polity, closely tied to military success, was of great importance in seventeenth-century European international relations. This article provides an analysis of the importance of the honour of the polity in the early Dutch Republic – the late sixteenth and first half of the seventeenth-century – and the role of military success and failure as crucial matters in this. It also contributes to the debate about the position of the Republic, now no longer seen as an anomaly, in European relations. In existing research scant attention is paid to the role of military glory in this. A military defeat, the loss of Breda in 1625, functions as an analytical tool. Analysing the manner in which this defeat was dealt with enables an assessment of the importance of the Republic’s honour in a ‘national’ and international context.
Peripheries and Contested Regions in Nationalist Imaginations: Irish–German Comparisons, 1850–1930
Authors: Nagle Shane
Published: January 2016

This article is a comparative study of the delineation of national territory by nationalist historians in Germany and Ireland from the mid-nineteenth century to the inter-war period of the twentieth century. The essay examines how the problem of historically contested territories and non-national allegiances was dealt with by these historians, focusing in particular on the Ulster region in the Irish context, and the idea of ‘the German East’, and in particular on the origins of Prussia as an integral part of the ‘German East’. The article, building on recent work that aims at providing a comprehensive ‘mapping’ of nationalist historical traditions throughout Europe, attempts to provide a comparative analysis through a study of two relatively unconnected contexts. This is in order to establish common patterns that cannot be attributed to cause and effect resulting from direct interaction of ‘case A’ and ‘case B’. This comparison argues for the presence of a common pattern of nationalist argument with respect to European contested regions and territory more generally which was underpinned by a particular form of historical narrative.
The effects of methylphenidate on cerebral responses to conflict anticipation and unsigned prediction error in a stop-signal task
Authors: Manza Peter , Hu Sien , Ide Jaime S , Farr Olivia M , Zhang Sheng , Leung Hoi-Chung , Li Chiang-shan R
Published: January 2016

To adapt flexibly to a rapidly changing environment, humans must anticipate conflict and respond to surprising, unexpected events. To this end, the brain estimates upcoming conflict on the basis of prior experience and computes unsigned prediction error (UPE). Although much work implicates catecholamines in cognitive control, little is known about how pharmacological manipulation of catecholamines affects the neural processes underlying conflict anticipation and UPE computation. We addressed this issue by imaging 24 healthy young adults who received a 45 mg oral dose of methylphenidate (MPH) and 62 matched controls who did not receive MPH prior to performing the stop-signal task. We used a Bayesian Dynamic Belief Model to make trial-by-trial estimates of conflict and UPE during task performance. Replicating previous research, the control group showed anticipation-related activation in the presupplementary motor area and deactivation in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex and parahippocampal gyrus, as well as UPE-related activations in the dorsal anterior cingulate, insula, and inferior parietal lobule. In group comparison, MPH increased anticipation activity in the bilateral caudate head and decreased UPE activity in each of the aforementioned regions. These findings highlight distinct effects of catecholamines on the neural mechanisms underlying conflict anticipation and UPE, signals critical to learning and adaptive behavior.
The effects of acute tryptophan depletion on speech and behavioural mimicry in individuals at familial risk for depression
Authors: Hogenelst Koen , Sarampalis Anastasios , Leander N Pontus , Müller Barbara CN , Schoevers Robert A , aan het Rot Marije
Published: January 2016

Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been associated with abnormalities in speech and behavioural mimicry. These abnormalities may contribute to the impairments in interpersonal functioning that are often seen in MDD patients. MDD has also been associated with disturbances in the brain serotonin system, but the extent to which serotonin regulates speech and behavioural mimicry remains unclear. In a randomized, double-blind, crossover study, we induced acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) in individuals with or without a family history of MDD. Five hours afterwards, participants engaged in two behavioural-mimicry experiments in which speech and behaviour were recorded. ATD reduced the time participants waited before speaking, which might indicate increased impulsivity. However, ATD did not significantly alter speech otherwise, nor did it affect mimicry. This suggests that a brief lowering of brain serotonin has limited effects on verbal and non-verbal social behaviour. The null findings may be due to low test sensitivity, but they otherwise suggest that low serotonin has little effect on social interaction quality in never-depressed individuals. It remains possible that recovered MDD patients are more strongly affected.
Uniform distributions of glucose oxidation and oxygen extraction in gray matter of normal human brain: No evidence of regional differences of aerobic glycolysis
Authors: Hyder Fahmeed , Herman Peter , Bailey Christopher J , Møller Arne , Globinsky Ronen , Fulbright Robert K , Rothman Douglas L , Gjedde Albert
Published: January 2016

Regionally variable rates of aerobic glycolysis in brain networks identified by resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (R-fMRI) imply regionally variable adenosine triphosphate (ATP) regeneration. When regional glucose utilization is not matched to oxygen delivery, affected regions have correspondingly variable rates of ATP and lactate production. We tested the extent to which aerobic glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation power R-fMRI networks by measuring quantitative differences between the oxygen to glucose index (OGI) and the oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) as measured by positron emission tomography (PET) in normal human brain (resting awake, eyes closed). Regionally uniform and correlated OEF and OGI estimates prevailed, with network values that matched the gray matter means, regardless of size, location, and origin. The spatial agreement between oxygen delivery (OEF≈0.4) and glucose oxidation (OGI ≈ 5.3) suggests that no specific regions have preferentially high aerobic glycolysis and low oxidative phosphorylation rates, with globally optimal maximum ATP turnover rates (VATP ≈ 9.4 µmol/g/min), in good agreement with 31P and 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy measurements. These results imply that the intrinsic network activity in healthy human brain powers the entire gray matter with ubiquitously high rates of glucose oxidation. Reports of departures from normal brain-wide homogeny of oxygen extraction fraction and oxygen to glucose index may be due to normalization artefacts from relative PET measurements.
The Effect of Color on Automaticity of Aesthetic Judgments
Authors: Mullennix John W. , Varmecky Amy , Chan Chi H. , Korenoski Stephen , Mickey Zach , Polaski-Hoffman Lisa
Published: January 2016

The cognitive processing mode used to process color while making aesthetic judgments was examined. In two experiments, participants rated artistic photographs for preference. Half the participants performed a concurrent memory preload task while rating the photographs to index whether automatic or controlled modes of processing was engaged. Overall, the results showed that preload had little effect on the pattern of ratings for color, black and white, and false color versions of the photographs. The results suggest that color processing during the judgment task was automatic and required few cognitive resources. Furthermore, the results indicate that the dual-mode processing framework can be a useful theoretical tool for examining the cognitive processes that underlie aesthetic experience.
The Curvature Effect
Authors: Palumbo Letizia , Bertamini Marco
Published: January 2016

Empirical work on visual aesthetics has found a strong preference for smooth curvature. The use of different tasks and exposures can clarify whether such a preference reflects immediate visual responses or higher cognitive processes, such as semantic associations. In three experiments, we used abstract irregular shapes and manipulated the contour (polygons vs. smoothed versions of polygons) but matched the stimuli for number of protrusions (vertices or curvature extrema) and number of concavities. In Experiment 1, shapes were presented for 120 ms, and observers produced a two-alternative forced-choice response (like or dislike). In Experiments 2 and 3, we used rating scales measuring liking and attractiveness, respectively, and the stimuli were presented until a response was made. Overall, smooth curved contours were preferred over angular contours, especially with immediate responses (Experiment 1). Moreover, shapes were preferred when they contained a balance between number of vertices and concavities (i.e., a lower proportion of concavities for a large number of vertices). However, a preference for shapes with the highest number of vertices and the least number of concavities occurred in the two-alternative forced-choice task (Experiment 1). In contrast, the reverse combination (i.e., star-like shapes) emerged with rating scales (Experiments 2 and 3). We conclude that the curvature effect is stable across tasks, although it is modulated subtly by some parametric variations (vertices and concavities) related to visual complexity.
Ranking Canonical English Poems
Authors: Dalvean Michael
Published: January 2016

This article extends recent work on the application of computational linguistics to the analysis of poetry. The dataset consisted of 85 canonical English poems and a matched control group of obscure poems. I used Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count to create more than 65 linguistic variables and then used machine learning to develop a classifier designed to distinguish between the canonical (highly anthologized) poems and the obscure (seldom anthologized) poems. The classifier consists of 6 variables and has an accuracy of 69% in distinguishing between canonical and obscure poems. I then ranked the poems using the probability scores of the classifier and found that Blake's A Poison Tree scored highest. I explain the ranking method as being a means of distilling the “literary” appeal from the “popular” appeal of the poems in the sample. Finally, I discuss the implications for the theory of poetry in general.
What’s in a Name? The Effect of an Artist’s Name on Aesthetic Judgments
Authors: Cleeremans Axel , Ginsburgh Victor , Klein Olivier , Noury Abdul
Published: January 2016

Both economists and art historians suggest that the name of the artist is important and belongs with the work. We carried out an experiment to explore the influence that the presence and knowledge of an artist’s name exert on aesthetic judgments. Forty participants (20 students majoring in psychology and 20 in art history) were asked to rank 12 works painted by different artists, some of which bore the name of their actual creators, others not. The results demonstrated that the presence of artists’ names led to higher rankings among psychology majors, but only if they had been attending to the presented names. In contrast, in the case of art students, it was knowledge of the artists that predicted judgments. The results suggest that for people untrained in the visual arts, the presence of a name can function as heuristic cue to denote value.
Dendrogeomorphic reconstruction of snow avalanche regime and triggering weather conditions
Authors: Martin Jean-Philippe , Germain Daniel
Published: January 2016

While dendrogeomorphology has been recognized as a useful tool to identify past avalanche activity, there is only a handful of papers that focus on the assessment of weather or climatic triggers of tree-ring reconstructed avalanche events. This paper compares the potential of logistic regression and classification tree algorithms to highlight weather scenarios responsible for the occurrence of high-magnitude avalanche activity in the Presidential Range of the White Mountains, New Hampshire (USA). Our tree-ring procedure improves the modern GD- It threshold with the implementation of a second criteria based on the Moran index. 450 trees sampled in seven different avalanche paths allowed us to reconstruct 45 avalanches that occurred during 19 different years for the period 1936–2012. The results show that while statistically significant, the logistic regression models are less accurate than classification trees to assess avalanche activity based on annual and monthly weather variables. Moreover, even if snow related covariates are located at the root node of every classification tree model, the addition of temperature and wind predictors increases their robustness. This suggests that high-magnitude avalanches in the Presidential Range not only respond to snow, but also to atmospheric conditions responsible for the creation of weak layers within the snowpack.
Long-term Results After Hyaluronan-based MACT for the Treatment of Cartilage Lesions of the Patellofemoral Joint
Authors: Kon Elizaveta , Filardo Giuseppe , Gobbi Alberto , Berruto Massimo , Andriolo Luca , Ferrua Paolo , Crespiatico Ilaria , Marcacci Maurilio
Published: January 2016

Background:

Cartilage lesions of the patellofemoral joint are a challenging condition. Hyaluronan-based matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte transplantation (MACT) has been shown to offer a significant improvement in the short term but has a tendency to worsen at midterm follow-up.

Hypothesis:

Patients treated with MACT for lesions of the articular surface of the patellofemoral joint will present further clinical worsening at long-term follow-up.

Study Design:

Case series; Level of evidence, 4.

Methods:

Thirty-two patients with full-thickness chondral lesions in the patellofemoral joint were treated with hyaluronan-based MACT and were prospectively evaluated preoperatively and at 2-, 5-, and 10-year follow-up. The mean defect size was 4.45 cm2. There were 20 lesions located on the patella and 8 on the trochlea, and 4 patients had multiple lesions: 3 with patellar and trochlear lesions and 1 with patellar and lateral femoral condyle lesions. Results were evaluated using International Knee Documentation Committee (IKDC) subjective scores, EuroQol visual analog scale (EQ VAS) scores, and Tegner scores. Surgical and clinical failures were documented.

Results:

All scores showed a statistically significant improvement at 2-, 5-, and 10-year follow-up with respect to the preoperative level. No worsening was observed at the last follow-up, and results were stable up to 10 years. The improvement in mean (±SD) outcome scores from preoperatively to 2-, 5-, and 10-year follow-up was as follows: IKDC, from 46.0 ± 19.8 to 77.1 ± 17.4, 72.0 ± 20.4, and 78.6 ± 16.4, respectively; Tegner, from 2.5 ± 1.4 to 4.7 ± 1.8, 4.7 ± 1.6, and 4.4 ± 1.5, respectively; and EQ VAS, from 56.9 ± 18.4 to 81.7 ± 13.2, 79.2 ± 17.9, and 78.9 ± 1.7, respectively. Four patients did not achieve significant clinical improvement, and 1 of these patients required further surgical treatment. All failures were female patients with patellar defects, and 3 of them had degenerative lesions and underwent a previous or combined realignment procedure.

Conclusion:

The clinical results of hyaluronan-based MACT treatment of chondral lesions of the patellofemoral joint do not worsen over time but remain stable and show a low rate of failure at long-term follow-up.
Contributorship and Partial Inclusion
Authors: Bencherki Nicolas , Snack James P.
Published: January 2016

Organizational communication theory and research tends to assume the practices of organizational “members” are relevant to the study of organizational phenomena, without reflecting on how those members were identified in the first place. This issue is particularly relevant to perspectives that view communication as constitutive of organizations because they may take the very object they seek to explain—the organization—as the starting point when identifying pertinent informants. We provide a communicational perspective of organizational membership by starting from communicative events, instead of individuals. Ethnomethodology’s notions of accounts and sanctions are useful in recognizing the interactionally performed nature of membership. We extend ethnomethodology’s intuition by viewing membership—which we reframe as contributorship—as being achieved through the contribution of actions to the organization.
Authority in Absence? Shi‘i Politics of Salvation from the Classical Period to Modern Republicanism
Authors: Rizvi Sajjad
Published: January 2016

Shi‘i Islam is often considered to be political per se because of its emergence historically as a movement with a strong position on authority and legitimacy in governance. This piece demonstrates how the politics of salvation in the tradition tie together one’s loyalty to the divine person of the Imam to one’s final destination, and how that relationship is complicated in the physical absence of the Imam. Such a politics guards against a sacralisation of everyday politics and recognises that sanctity arises from the person of the Imam and not the office of his delegate.
Ideas, implementation and indicators: epistemologies of the post-2015 urban agenda
Authors: Barnett Clive , Parnell Susan
Published: January 2016

The success of the campaign for a dedicated urban Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) reflected a consensus on the importance of “cities” in sustainable development. The relevance accorded to cities in the SDGs is twofold, reflected both in the specific place-based content of the Urban Goal and the more general concern with the multiple scales at which the SDGs will be monitored will be institutionalized. Divergent views of the city and urban processes, suppressed within the Urban Goal, are, however, likely to become more explicit as attention shifts to implementation. Acknowledging the different theoretical traditions used to legitimize the new urban agenda is an overdue task. As this agenda develops post-2015, the adequacy of these forms of urban theory will become more contested around, among other concerns, the possibilities and limits of place-based policy, advocacy and activism; and ways of monitoring and evaluating processes of urban transformation along multiple axes of development.
Experimental investigation of the influence of the inlet duct configuration on the unstable operation of a single-stage centrifugal blower
Authors: Kabalyk Kirill , Kryłłowicz Władysław , Liśkiewicz Grzegorz , Horodko Longin , Magiera Radomir
Published: January 2016

The article is devoted to the experimental investigation of the interactions between the amplitudes and frequencies of surge in a single-stage centrifugal blower and the configuration of its inlet duct. In this work, the term ‘configuration’ implies the combination of the following: the volume of the duct, the presence of the filter inside the duct and the inlet guide vane position. The high-response pressure measurements were performed at three points along the impeller shroud (inlet, middle, outlet) and at a single point downstream the volute outlet and then processed with the use of fast Fourier transform (FFT). The results of the measurements show that the response of the surging system to a change introduced into the duct’s configuration is complex. The closure of the inlet guide vane typically causes a drop in the amplitude and frequency of fluctuating pressure. The introduction of a filter body into the duct most often damps the amplitudes of fluctuations, but leaves the frequencies unaltered. The change of the duct’s volume controls the rate of this damping.
Decomposing the effects of time on the social acceptability of biotechnology using age-period-cohort-country models
Authors: Rousselière Damien , Rousselière Samira
Published: January 2016

The study of European attitudes toward biotechnologies underlines a situation that is relatively contrasting in Europe. However, as different effects of time can influence the social attitudes (a life-cycle effect, a generational effect, and an exogenous temporal effect potentially affecting the entire population), an appropriate methodology should be used. To this end, age-period-cohort-country models have thus been estimated based on Eurobarometer data from 1991 onward. Applied to different data subsets, these models give similar results underlining the importance of the life-cycle effects as well as the heterogeneity of the link between political affiliation and biotechnologies attitudes across the European countries.
Rationalization of contradictory cognitive dichotomies versus democracy demands: Istanbul Gezi Park protests
Authors: Tekinalp Sermin
Published: January 2016

The İstanbul Gezi Park protest (June 2013) was the first multicultural and humorous youth uprising in Turkish history. The protests were begun by a group of environmentalists to protest the uprooting of the Istanbul Taksim Gezi Park trees for the reconstruction of Artillery Barracks. However, these protests turned into a large, leaderless forum that used slogans, humorous graffiti, and music to express suppressed feelings and thoughts regarding human rights and to criticize Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan’s restrictive and uncompromising acts and his disproportionate use of police force. This article provides an identity profile of the protesting youth based on their humorous messages during the protests. However, it primarily concentrates on how Erdogan rationalizes authority and power through contradictory mental cognitions by referring to mythical dichotomies regarding the protesters, himself, and his supporters and, further, how he configures a specific concept of democracy. The research was based on contextual analysis utilizing critical discourse analysis tools. The research derives conclusions regarding the identity of the protesting youth and the type of identity that Erdogan is seeking to enact for the protesters, himself, his supporters, and the country. This article’s contribution lies in its elucidation of the main characteristics of a unique Turkish protest movement, the rhetorical divide between the protesters and the Prime Minister during the protests, and, particularly, how Prime Minister Erdogan rationalized the contradictory cognitive dichotomies to maintain his power, thwart the democratic demands of the protesters, and manipulate his supporters.
The long shadow of occupation: Volunteering in retirement
Authors: Lengfeld Holger , Ordemann Jessica
Published: January 2016

This article examines the extent to which the former occupation of an employee impacts the likelihood that he or she will decide to volunteer upon retirement. Following social production function theory, we assume that beginning with retirement, the status value attached to their former occupation fades. Because volunteering has the character of a collective good, it provides an opportunity to gain social status, offsetting the loss of occupational status. However, the extent of the incentive to volunteer will be distributed unequally across occupations: the higher the former occupational status value, the higher the perceived loss of status after retirement. Thus, a job with high status value increases the incentive to volunteer in retirement. This assumption is tested using data taken from the German Socio-Economic Panel 1992–2013. The gross sample contains 1,631 workers and 589 retirees, 271 of whom transitioned into volunteering during the observation window. Based on Kaplan-Meier failure estimates, complementary log-log hazard models, and conditional effects plots, findings show a positive effect of occupational status on the transition into volunteering. Thus, the loss of high occupational status can be compensated by the social status associated with volunteering. Formal volunteering in retirement follows, albeit to a lesser extent, the logic of the occupational social strata.
Nursing Ethics and the 21st-Century Armed Conflict
Authors: O’Connor Kathleen
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this article is to call attention to the lack of caregiver safety in conflict settings; to bring awareness to nurses and health care professionals of new challenges, specifically the deliberate targeting of health care professionals, that they may encounter in local armed conflict situations; and to address a gap in knowledge about the social and cultural factors surrounding 21st-century armed conflict that directly affect the provision of health care. I argue that these are of interest to transcultural nursing in that violent actors belong to a dangerous subculture, the understanding of which is important to transcultural nursing practice and caregiver safety. The article calls for increased focus on the protection of the nursing workforce and renewed attention on international humanitarian law and the Geneva Conventions that mandate the safety of global health care workers.
Reflections on Native Ethnography by a Nurse Researcher
Authors: Abdulrehman Munib Said
Published: January 2016

There are benefits and challenges associated with conducting research in a familiar setting, especially when the researcher is more an insider than an outsider. The aim of this article is to explore the author’s experience as a native scholar conducting ethnographic research among the Swahili peoples of Lamu, Kenya. This article focuses on methodological issues related to conducting ethnographic research among the author’s own people, including examining the issues of anthropological reflexivity as a native ethnographer and highlighting the author’s experiences embodying multiple identities. Native ethnographers must consider the challenges associated with negotiating multiple roles in the research setting, especially in the presence of sociocultural factors such as gender stratification, complex kinship networks, socioeconomic hierarchies, illiteracy, and poverty. Embracing rather than being confused by the multiple levels of understanding native researchers bring to studies of their communities opens up new avenues of research and possibilities.