bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A critical investigation of the Oxford tumour marker Cal in the histological diagnosis of breast cancer and pre‐cancer
Authors: SIMPSON H. W. , CANDLISH W. , LIDDLE C. , McGREGOR M. , MUTCH F. , TINKLER B.
Published: April 2007

Cai antibody reacted focally with all of the 20 cancers examined, but also with 12 out of 13 fibroadenomata and with each of 20 normal breasts. These observations indicate that there are severe limitations to the use of Ca1 antibody for defining benign versus malignant processes. Ca1 is most specific in terms of the cytoplasmic staining of tumours versus normal tissues. If a hierarchy of maximal staining is drawn up, cancers and fibroadenomata appear at the top, with normal tissue found in various types of breast in the middle, and non‐neoplastic lesion such as epitheliosis, hyperplasia and apocrine change at the bottom of the hierarchy. There is a growing list of non‐cancerous tissues which show reactivity to Ca1. In July 1983 this list numbered about 15. The designation ‘Ca’ is inappropriate.
Chronic periaortitis and periarteritis
Authors: MITCHINSON M. J.
Published: April 2007

A review of the histology of atherosclerotic aneurysms shows that all are accompanied by adventitial inflammation and fibrosis, usually slight. Severe degrees of this periaortic inflammation are visible macroscopically and give rise to the conditions variously known as inflammatory aneurysm or perianeurysmal retro‐peritoneal fibrosis. The disease appears identical to most cases of idiopathic retro‐peritoneal fibrosis, except that in this condition the aorta is not dilated. Less commonly similar adventitial inflammation and fibrosis are seen around coronary arteries. The appearances suggest that all these forms of inflammation are essentially identical and probably due to hypersensitivity to antigens in the atheromatous plaque.
Scanning electron microscopy of normal, neoplastic and inflamed human bladder
Authors: HERD M. E. , WILLIAMS G.
Published: April 2007

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to compare the topographic fine structure of urothelium from normal, neoplastic and inflamed human bladders. The three groups of patients show different patterns. The normal bladder lining is characterized by regularly arranged large superficial cells with ridged surfaces. By contrast, the surface cells of a transitional cell carcinoma are rounded up and covered with microvilli. In some patients with cystitis or post inflammatory hyperplasia SEM appearances intermediate between normal and neoplastic patterns are encountered. However, except in extremely severe cystitis it is possible on SEM to differentiate between inflamed and neoplastic urothelium. Surface microvilli provide a useful malignant marker for transitional cell carcinoma. However, severe inflammation of the bladder, when diagnosed on cystoscopic examination, can and must be excluded by light microscopy before this marker is considered diagnostic for neoplasia.
Inter‐observer variation between pathologists in the classification of cutaneous malignant melanoma in Western Australia
Authors: HEENAN P.J. , MATZ L.R. , BLACKWELL J.B. , KELSALL G.R.H. , SINGH A. , ten SELDAM R.E.J. , HOLMAN C.D.J.
Published: April 2007

Inter‐observer variation between six pathologists in their application of histological classifications during a survey of cutaneous malignant melanoma was analysed using kappa statistics. The highest levels of adjusted agreement were attained for tumour thickness and the presence of ulceration; intermediate levels were achieved on cross‐sectional profile, level of invasion, histogenetic type, solar elastosis and the presence of an associated benign melanocytic lesion; agreement on other histological features of melanoma tended to be relatively poor. The problems experienced in the interpretation of these classifications are discussed and suggestions for their improvement are offered.
Mucin profiles in the mucosa adjacent to large bowel non‐adenocarcinoma neoplasias
Authors: LAPERTOSA G. , FULCHERI E. , ACQUARONE M. , FILIPE M.I.
Published: April 2007

Morphological features and mucin secretion patterns were investigated in the colonic mucosa adjacent to or overlying mesenchymal or primary epithelial neoplasias, other than adenomas and adenocarcinomas. The material included 15 cases of non‐adenocarcinoma tumours examined during 1978–1981. Increased sialomucins and morphological features similar to those described in the so‐called ‘transitional’ mucosa adjacent to primary colorectal adenocarcinomas were observed in only two cases. In contrast our previous studies have demonstrated ‘transitional’ profiles in 98% of adenocarcinomas.
Adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with glassy‐cell features‐immunohistochemical observations
Authors: ARENDS J.W. , WILLEBRAND D. , GANS H.J. DEKONING , SWAEN G.J.V. , BOSMAN F.T.
Published: April 2007

A case of adenocarcinoma of the endometrium with glassy‐cell features is reported and histochemical and immunohistochemical data are provided together with a review of the relevant literature. The microscopical features of glassy‐cell carcinoma appear to be highly characteristic and diagnostic. The tumour is considered to be a distinctive and poorly differentiated type of adenosquamous carcinoma originating in the cervix or the endometrium. We studied the expression of several differentiating characteristics and detected the presence of secretory component and lysozyme in some tumour cells, whereas keratin and prekeratin were consistently absent. Since in normal uterine mucosa immunoreactivity for lysozyme is restricted to endocervical and isthmic epithelium, the presence of this antigen in the tumour would favour an endocervical or isthmic origin of the tumour cells. Furthermore our results suggest that this peculiar type of tumour is not poorly differentiated and that the assertion that glassy‐cell carcinoma is a variant of adenosquamous carcinoma is open to doubt.
Malignant melanoma of the sympathetic chain: with a consideration of pigmented nerve sheath tumours
Authors: KRAUSZ T. , AZZOPARDI J.G. , PEARSE E.
Published: April 2007

A case of malignant melanoma of the posterior mediastinum, arising from the sympathetic chain is reported. The structural features and the presence of long‐spaced collagen on electron microscopic examination suggest schwannian derivation of the tumour. Similar tumours are reviewed and the histogenesis of pigmented nerve sheath tumours in general is discussed. The term ‘malignant melanotic schwannoma’ is probably the most appropriate for the tumour entity described here.
Malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma in the adult
Authors: AHMED H. A. , POLLOCK D. J.
Published: April 2007

This case of a malignant sacrococcygeal teratoma, usually a tumour of early childhood, presented as a bedsore in the lower end of the nuchal cleft of a 69‐year‐old man and proved to be malignant with a trophoblastic element. The literature of adult sacrococcygeal teratoma is reviewed; we have been able to find only three malignant examples.
Histopathology and ultrastructure of primary adrenocortical nodular dysplasia with Cushing's syndrome
Authors: ISELI BARBARA E. , HEDINGER CHR.E.
Published: April 2007

The characteristic adrenal lesions of five patients with bilateral primary adrenocortical nodular dysplasia and Cushing's syndrome developing in adolescence are presented histopathologically, and in two cases ultrastructurally. Two of the patients were siblings with additional extra‐adrenal lesions such as pigmented spots on the face, myxoid cutaneous tumours and in one case familial cardiac myxoma. The adrenals were small with an uneven surface due to numerous small brown to black pigmented nodules in the inner cortex. The nodules were composed of eosinophilic giant cells filled with lipofuscin granules. The familial cases in addition revealed a pronounced disorganization of the adrenocortical architecture with capsular disruption and infiltration of periadrenal fatty tissue. The early onset of Cushing's syndrome in the second decade, the bilateral involvement of adrenal glands despite ACTH independence and the familial occurrence in combination with other peculiar rare lesions are strongly suggestive of a malformative process of the zona reticularis of the adrenal glands.
Placental and fetal pathology in Coxsackie virus A9 infection: a case report
Authors: BATCUP G. , HOLT P. , HAMBLING M.H. , GERLIS L.M. , GLASS M.R.
Published: April 2007

A 27‐year‐old patient contracted a Coxsackie virus A9 meningitis at 33 weeks gestational age. Two weeks later a macerated female stillborn infant was delivered. The placenta showed a diffuse perivillous fibrin deposition with villous necrosis and inflammatory cell infiltration and yielded Coxsackie virus A9 on culture. Post‐mortem examination of the fetus showed only minimal inflammatory changes in the cardiac connective tissue and the subarachnoid space.
Melanoma precursor lesions and borderline melanomas
Authors: BRIGGS J.C.
Published: April 2007

The histopathological interpretation of melanoma precursor and borderline lesions remains difficult. The natural history of naevi is reviewed and, in the light of this, current views on the histological sub‐types of melanoma, precursor lesions and benign lesions which may mimic melanoma are presented. As the criteria for these lesions are now becoming defined they should be applicable by most histopathologists, even those who may see only occasional cases. Childhood and minimal deviation variants, however, are likely to remain problems even for the expert. Fortunately such lesions are uncommon.
Septa in the appendix: a previously undescribed condition
Authors: DE LA FUENTE A.A.
Published: April 2007

A previously undescribed condition of the appendix, consisting of complete and incomplete septa is reported in 25 cases. The abnormality occurred in persons younger than 30 years. In all cases the lesion was found to be associated with acute appendicitis. Possible factors discussed with respect to aetiology and pathogenesis are: a congenital abnormality similar to intestinal atresia; post‐inflammatory fusion of ulcerated, swollen mucosal folds; ischaemia caused by thrombosed vessels; mucosal folding in the process of expulsion of appendiceal contents.
Endothelium in aneurysmal bone cyst
Authors: AHO H.J. , AHO A.J. , PELLINIEMI LAURI J. , EKFORS T.O. , FOIDART J‐M.
Published: April 2007

The surface of the large cystic spaces and dilated blood vessels in seven cases of aneurysmal bone cysts was studied. The endothelium of the blood vessels was surrounded by a layer of collagen types IV and V, and the endothelial cells contained factor VIII related antigen demonstrated by the peroxidase anti‐peroxidase technique. Some blood vessels were dilated resembling small aneurysmal spaces. The visible surfaces of the aneurysmal spaces were devoid of collagen types IV and V, and of factor VIII related antigen. Ultrastructural analysis of paraffin embedded sections did not show the characteristic fine structural features of endothelium covering the aneurysmal spaces. It is concluded that the large spaces in aneurysmal bone cysts are devoid of basement membranes and endothelial cells. The absence of endothelium may explain the abundance of haemorrhages in these lesions. Immunocytochemical demonstration of endothelial antigen provides a valuable tool for the differential diagnosis between aneurysmal bone cysts and vascular tumours.
Variations in histopathological evaluation of nonneoplastic colonic mucosal abnormalities; assessment and clinical significance
Authors: GIARD R. W. M. , HERMANS J. , RUITER D. J. , HOEDEMAEKER Ph. J.
Published: April 2007

The variation between three pathologists examining histological features seen in non‐neoplastic colonic mucosa from 40 biopsies was analysed. Several procedures to express observer variation were used and compared, with emphasis on kappa statistics. Only five features, the presence of ulceration, villous surface, epithelioid granulomas, severe mucus depletion and crypt abscesses were sufficiently reproducible by the three pairs of pathologists. These findings suggest that other criteria used for the classification of inflammatory bowel disease are potentially unsatisfactory. When results from different studies on biopsies are being compared, influence of observer variation should be identified. Comparison of statistical techniques showed overall variation to be less useful than other statistical procedures. There was little difference between results from kappa statistics and other measures of agreement (overall agreement excluded).
Intestinal metaplasia with argentaffin cells in the uterine cervix
Authors: TROWELL J. E.
Published: April 2007

Three cases showing focal intestinal metaplasia of the endocervical glands are presented. The intestinal‐type epithelium contained absorptive cells, goblet cells and argentaffin cells, and resembled that found in intestinal types of mucinous ovarian tumours. Two of the cases were associated with squamous cell carcinoma‐in‐situ (CIN III), and both of these also showed borderline glandular malignancy.
Mucosal biopsy of vascular ectasia (angiodysplasia) of the large bowel detected during routine colonoscopic examination
Authors: STAMM B. , HEER M. , BÜHLER H. , AMMANN R.
Published: April 2007

Between 1975 and 1983, 9434 colonoscopic examinations were performed at the University Hospital of Zürich. Localized vascular ectasia was detected in 84 patients and there were 48 mucosal biopsies from 46 patients. From the total of 48 biopsies only 24 (50%) showed vascular anomalies. The most frequent lesion encountered was groups of thin‐walled dilated vessels in the lamina propria seen in 21 biopsies from 20 patients. These dilated vessels are not specific but in respect of age (median 69 years), location (predominantly in the caecum and the ascending colon) and frequent multiplicity, they are suggestive of angiodysplasia. Five of the 20 patients suffered from chronic anaemia due to haemorrhages. The three other positive biopsies (from two patients) revealed a tiny haemangioma in the sigmoid colon of a 28‐year‐old woman and a few large, thick‐walled probably malformed vessels in the mucosa of the caecum of a 17‐year‐old boy. Twenty‐four biopsies did not show any histologically significant vascular anomaly. Mucosal biopsy of vascular lesions detected during routine colonoscopic examination will, if positive, most frequently simply confirm the endoscopically diagnosed vascular ectasia and may in rare cases show or alert suspicion to vascular lesions other than angiodysplasia. Definitive morphological diagnosis will however only rarely be achieved by this method of investigation.
Mycosis fungoides in an epidermoid cyst
Authors: SLATER D.N. , MESSENGER A.G. , ROONEY N.
Published: April 2007

A patient with mycosis fungoides is described in whom two excised epidermoid cysts showed mycotic involvement.
Koilocytotic lesions of the cervix: the interrelation of morphometric features, the presence of papillomavirus antigens, and the degree of koilocytosis
Authors: BOON MATHILDE E. , KOK L.P.
Published: April 2007

We studied the interrelation of morphometric features, the presence of human papilloma virus antigens (localized by the immunoperoxidase method), and the degree of koilocytosis in koilocytotic cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. We determined the morphometric features of the cells from the deep, the middle, and the superficial layers of the affected koilocytotic epithelium and in non‐koilocytotic immature metaplasia and squamous cervical epithelium. This approach allows quantification of disturbances of maturation in cervical epithelium. Our quantitative findings support the contention of other authors that human papilloma virus infection is associated with a morphologically distinct lesion, which forms a morphological continuum with neoplasia. It can be argued that, in addition to the degree of koilocytosis, nuclear enlargement and excessive cellular enlargement in the middle layer of the affected epithelium are viral‐related effects. With increasing immaturity of the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia all investigated viral‐related changes are less prominent. These findings suggest that in neoplastic transformation the morphological and antigen expression of human papilloma virus infection is suppressed.
Histological and fine structural features of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas in relation to growth and prognosis: studies in xenografted tumours and clinico‐histopathological correlation in a series of 75 cases
Authors: KLÖPPEL G. , LINGENTHAL G. , VON BÜLOW M. , KERN H.F.
Published: April 2007

Histology and fine structure of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas were assessed with respect to their significance for tumour growth and prognosis. The histological parameters included glandular differentiation, nuclear anaplasia, nuclear size, and mitotic activity (number of mitoses per high power field). Using these criteria three grades of malignancy were distinguished. They correlated well with the growth kinetics of seven human pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas transplanted into nude mice. The tumour doubling time of a G3 carcinoma was about half that of a G1 carcinoma. On electron microscopy the tumour grade was reflected in the degree of functional differentiation of the neoplastic duct cells. In an additional clinicopathological evaluation of 75 patients operated upon for ductal adenocarcinoma of the pancreatic head, a positive relationship was found between grade and duration of symptoms until diagnosis. Moreover, the G1 tumours showed generally a lower stage at the time of surgery than G2 and G3 carcinomas. Finally, the median survival times correlated significantly with the tumour grade. From the various parameters used nuclear grade proved to be the most significant prognostic criterion, since a separate morphometric study revealed a very close correlation between median nuclear size of the tumours and survival time.
Spindle cell carcinoma (pseudosarcoma) of the anus: a light, electron microscopic and immunocytochemical study of a case
Authors: KALOGEROPOULOS N. K. , ANTONAKOPOULOS G. N. , AGAPITOS M. B. , PAPACHARALAMPOUS N. X.
Published: April 2007

We report a case of polypoid spindle cell squamous carcinoma (pseudosarcoma) occurring in the anal canal. Electron microscopic findings and the demonstration of keratin by an immunoperoxidase method, gave clear cut evidence of the epithelial nature of the saicomatoid cells forming this tumour. To our knowledge, this is the first reported case in the literature.
Caroli's disease associated with pancreatic heterotopia and biliary papillomatosis
Authors: PAYAN M. J. , CHOUX R. , SAHEL J. , LAUGIER R. , KENNEDY R. , SASTRE B. , SARLES H.
Published: April 2007

We describe an unusual case of Caroli's disease in which the disease was confined to the left hepatic lobe, was accompanied by biliary papillomatosis and associated with intrahepatic pancreatic heterotopia.
The prevalence, prognostic significance and hormonal content of endocrine cells in gastric cancer
Authors: BONAR S. F. , SWEENEY E. C.
Published: April 2007

Twenty‐six of 100 cases of gastric adenocarcinoma contained argyrophil cells. All these tumours were carcino‐embryonic antigen positive and 13 contained variable amounts of gastro‐enteropancreatic peptides and amines. There was no significant difference in mucin type, extent or incidence of intestinal metaplasia between tumours with and those without endocrine cells. The prognosis for both groups was similarly poor, contrasting with that for carcinoid and atypical carcinoid. Endocrine cell hyperplasia was evident in the adjacent mucosa in some of the cases of endocrine positive tumours. There was no association between achlorhydria and the presence of endocrine cells in the tumours. The origin of the neoplastic endocrine cells remains speculative, occurring either as a mutation of a single stem cell or as a synchronous malignant transformation of two epithelial cell types exposed to a particular carcinogenic factor(s). Adenocarcinomas containing endocrine cells appear to be as biologically aggressive as the usual adenocarcinomas of the stomach and therefore should be treated in a like manner.
Adenolipoma of the thyroid gland
Authors: HJORTH L. , THOMSEN L. B. , NIELSEN V. T.
Published: April 2007

A case of rare fat‐cell‐containing adenoma, an adenolipoma, in the thyroid gland is reported. Previously documented cases are reviewed. Diffuse lipomatosis of the thyroid, amyloid goitre with adipose tissue, and the relationship between lipomatosis and adenolipoma are discussed.
Studies of early invasive and intraepithelial squamous cell carcinomas using an antibody to type IV collagen
Authors: GUSTERSON B.A. , CLINTON S. , GOUGH G.
Published: April 2007

Using a monoclonal antibody that is specific for type IV collagen we have examined examples of actinically damaged skin, intraepithelial carcinomas and squamous cell carcinomas of varying degrees of differentiation for abnormalities in the basement membrane. In examples of intraepithelial carcinoma and the occasional early invasive carcinoma a residual type IV collagen framework is suggestive of tumour regression. Production of type IV collagen by some tumours supports the view that squamous cell carcinomas do not apparently require to destroy this basement membrane component in order to invade or to metastasize.
Melanocyte colonization of adenocarcinoma arising in an ovarian dermoid
Authors: WAXMAN M. , VULETIN J.C. , ROSENBLATT P. , HERZBERG F.P.
Published: April 2007

An adenocarcinoma which arose in a dermoid cyst of the ovary displayed areas of melanocyte colonization and pigmentation. Ultrastructural study revealed the presence of epithelial tumour cells and melanocytes; many tumour cells contained compound melanosomes, but not premelanosomes, suggesting transfer of melanin from melanocytes to tumour cells. Melanocyte colonization of malignant tumours is a curious phenomenon the significance of which remains to be elucidated.
Morphological and immunohistochemical characteristics of T‐cell malignant lymphomas in the west of Scotland
Authors: JACK A.S. , LEE F.D.
Published: April 2007

Sixteen cases of T‐cell malignant lymphoma are described. They represent the experience of a single pathology department in recent years and serve to illustrate several of the reasons why recognition of T‐cell differentiation is important in the classification of lymphomas.
Immunohistology of the human spleen: an inventory of the localization of lymphocyte subpopulations
Authors: VAN KRIEKEN J.H.J.M. , TE VELDE J.
Published: April 2007

The immunohistochemistry of the cell population of the human spleen was studied. As controls, a strictly defined group of five specimens were used. This study stresses the need for the utmost care in this selection procedure. Using enzyme‐ and immuno‐histochemistry the lymphocyte subpopulations were studied as to their localization in the several specific compartments in the red and white pulp. The findings were compared to those in idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, autoimmune haemolytic anaemia and Hodgkin's disease. In the controls a consistent pattern was found. There were specific changes in each of the disease groups consisting mainly of shifts between the compartments.
Aggressive oncocytic neuroendocrine tumour (‘oncocytic paraganglioma’) of the cauda equina
Authors: GAFFNEY E.F. , DOORLY T. , DINN J.J.
Published: April 2007

An oncocytic neuroendocrine tumour (‘oncocytic paraganglioma’) of the cauda equina is reported. The tumour was predominantly intradural, with extension into and destruction of surrounding vertebral bone. The tumour had an organoid pattern, and the tumour cells had abundant non‐argyrophilic eosinophilic cytoplasm. Immunocytochemical stains for neurone‐specific enolase, S‐100 protein, keratin and carcinoembyronic antigen were positive, but stains for glial fibrillary acidic protein were negative. On ultrastructural examination, there were numerous mitochondria and scattered 200 nm dense‐core membrane‐bound granules, that rarely clustered in small aggregates. Intermediate filaments were focally arranged in long compact bundles. The histogenesis of tumours reported as cauda equina paragangliomas is discussed.
Adenoid cystic (cylindromatous) carcinoma of the trachea: an ultrastructural study
Authors: BALÁZS MARTHA
Published: April 2007

Adenoid cystic (cylindromatous) carcinoma of the trachea is a rare tumour. The histological features in previously reported cases have been widely variable; only one previous ultrastructural study has been undertaken. Three cases are reported in the present study and the ultrastructural findings are reviewed. The tumours were composed of two types of cells, mature ductal and immature myoepithelial. The cylindromatous stroma appeared as a fibrillar substance which was also found between the undifferentiated myoepithelial cells and appeared to be a product of these cells.
Sarcoma arising from interdigitating reticulum cells: report of a case, studied with light and electron microscopy, and enzyme‐ and immunohistochemistry
Authors: VAN DEN OORD J. J. , DE WOLF‐PEETERS C. , DE VOS R. , THOMAS J. , DESMET V. J.
Published: April 2007

The morphological, enzyme‐ and immunohistochemical features of a sarcoma arising from interdigitating reticulum cells (IDRC) are presented. These cells are normal constituents of the T‐dependent region of lymphoid organs, and their function is largely unresolved. The immunohistochemical findings in the present case indicate that neoplastic IDRC are morphologically and phenotypically similar to normal IDRC in lymphoid organs. Functionally however, neoplastic IDRC more closely resemble IDRC in the fetal lymph node and in the thymus, where they are thought to play a role in the final differentiation of immature thymocytes into mature peripheral T‐lymphocytes.
Multicentric extra‐abdominal ‘myofibromatosis’ : report of a case with ultrastructural findings
Authors: FLETCHER C. D. M. , STIRLING R. W. , SMITH M. A. , PAMBAKIAN H. , McKEE P. H.
Published: April 2007

A case of multicentric extra‐abdominal fibromatosis, a rare entity, arising in a young female is presented. Three separate lesions developed in the same limb over a period of 11 years, one of which recurred on two occasions. Electron microscopy of the most recent tumour showed a predominance of myofibroblasts. The literature regarding extra‐abdominal fibromatosis is reviewed and discussed. Redesignation of both abdominal and extra‐abdominal fibromatoses as myofibromatoses is suggested.
Gastric signet‐ring cell lymphoma with alpha heavy chains
Authors: TUNGEKAR M. F.
Published: April 2007

Signet‐ring cell lymphomas are rare especially as primary gastric tumours; alpha chain disease of the stomach is also unusual. A case of gastric signet‐ring cell lymphoma with free alpha chains in the gastro‐duodenal juice is reported and its light microscopic, immunohistological and ultrastructural features are described. Although the morphogenesis of signet‐ring cell lymphoma is not clear, the present case showed many of the features of a mucosa‐associated lymphoma. This rare variant of follicle centre cell lymphoma may easily be mistaken for a signet‐ring cell carcinoma. A search for abnormal immunoglobulins should be made in serum, secretions or tissues in future cases of signet‐ring cell lymphoma.
Nodular fibrous proliferation (fibrous pseudotumour) of the tunica vaginalis testis. A light, electron microscopic and immunocytochemical study of a case and review of the literature
Authors: THOMPSON J. E. , VAN DER WALT J. D.
Published: April 2007

A case of nodular fibrous proliferation of the tunica vaginalis testis occurring in a 25‐year‐old male is described. Electron microscopy and immunocytochemical analysis confirm a fibroblastic origin. The histogenesis of the lesion is considered in the light of the findings and a review of the literature. It is concluded that the lesions known variously as ‘fibrous pseudotumour’ and ‘reactive periorchitis’ represent a fibroblastic overgrowth of the genito‐urinary tract in response to trauma or infection. Nodular or diffuse fibrous proliferation of the testicular tunica vaginalis is suggested as a unifying terminology for this group of lesions.
Plexiform tumorlet of the uterus: immunohistological evidence for a smooth muscle origin
Authors: BALATON A. J. , VUONG P. N. , VAURY P. , BAVIERA E. E.
Published: April 2007

A case of plexiform tumorlet of the uterus is reported and studied histologically and by immunohistochemistry. The presence of desmin in the tumour cells demonstrates their smooth muscle origin. These results are compared with other reports in the literature with special emphasis on histogenesis.
Diffuse leiomyomatosis of the oesophagus
Authors: HEALD J. , MOUSSALLI H. , HASLETON P. S.
Published: April 2007

A case of diffuse leiomyomatosis of the oesophagus is described. This condition is rare and has been confused with diffuse leiomyomata in the past. The aetiology is obscure.
Systemic kappa light chain deposition and amyloidosis in multiple myeloma: novel morphological observations
Authors: KIRKPATRICK C.J. , CURRY A. , GALLE J. , MELZNER I.
Published: April 2007

Light and transmission electron microscopic studies as well as immunohistochemical investigations were performed on a case of multiple myeloma in a 40‐year‐old female with systemic kappa light chain deposition. The latter took the form of extensive deposits in the liver, spleen and bone marrow. Amyloid was not found in these deposits, although it was present in the wall of branches of the portal vein. Conversely, amyloid but not light chain deposition was found in the tongue, synovial membrane from the knee and myocardium. The kidney was the only organ to show both amyloid and light chain deposits intimately associated with each other in and around tubules and collecting ducts. Ultrastructurally the light chain deposits were seen to be biphasic, having two granular components of different electron density. In the spleen and bone marrow, but not in the liver, the kappa light chain deposits were surrounded by multinucleated giant cells. This is the first report of light chain deposition disease associated with a foreign body type of giant cell reaction. The morphological variability of organ involvement suggests that the molecular structure and conformation of the deposited light chains are heterogeneous and may reflect a broad spectrum of metabolism of these deposits in various organs.
Malignant hypertension due to a renin‐secreting renal cell carcinoma—an ultrastructural and immunocytochemical study
Authors: LINDOP G.B.M. , LECKIE B. , WINEARLS C.G.
Published: April 2007

This is a case report of a 14‐year‐old girl who presented with malignant hypertension. She had high plasma levels of both active and inactive renin and investigation revealed a renal tumour. The tumour, a renal cell carcinoma, was removed by nephrectomy following which the blood pressure and the plasma renin levels fell to normal. An immunocytochemical study using an antibody to pure human renin showed no detectable renin in the kidney but the tumour contained a population of granular cells which showed strong positive staining for immunoreactive renin. We present the clinical, biochemical, histological, immunocytochemical and ultrastructural features of this case as evidence that this was a renin‐secreting renal cell carcinoma.
Spinal cord compression as the first presentation of lymphoma—a review of 15 cases
Authors: GRANT J.W. , KAECH D. , JONES D.B.
Published: April 2007

Fifteen cases are described in which the first presentation of lymphoma was acute spinal cord compression. Lymphoma was diagnosed in laminectomy biopsy specimens using a combination of conventional histological techniques and immunohistochemistry. The patients were predominantly middle‐aged or elderly men, some of whom were subsequently shown to have disseminated lymphoma. In other cases, however, the disease was apparently localized to the spine. The tumours consisted of 11 B‐cell diffuse follicle centre cell lymphomas, three T‐cell lymphomas and one lymphoblastic lymphoma. Following treatment, generally by laminectomy and radiotherapy, some patients have made good recoveries, especially where the disease was localized in the spine.
Patterns of basement membrane deposition in benign and malignant breast tumours
Authors: WILLEBRAND D. , BOSMAN F.T. , DE GOEIJ A.F.P.M.
Published: April 2007

We have examined epithelial basement membranes in tissue samples of seven normal breasts, 64 benign breast lesions and 63 malignant breast tumours by immunocytochemistry, using polyclonal antisera specific for type IV collagen. In normal breast tissue as well as in all benign tumours a continuous basement membrane was found at the epithelial stromal interface. In benign proliferative lesions, epitheliosis and papillomatosis could be more accurately distinguished with basement membrane staining. This approach also facilitated the differentiation between sclerosing adenosis and tubular carcinoma, since the tubules in sclerosing adenosis are surrounded by a continuous basement membrane whereas in tubular carcinoma basement membranes are almost entirely absent. In radial scar lesions the tubules were always surrounded by intact basement membranes, which underlines the fact that these are benign lesions. In breast carcinoma we could not detect a relationship between histological grade and the extent of basement membrane deposition. However, in different tumour types the basement membrane alterations varied. In infiltrating lobular carcinoma of the alveolar type, fragments of basement membrane were found, whereas in the classic and trabecular type, basement membranes were absent, suggesting that the alveolar type may be an intermediate phase in the progression of lobular carcinoma in situ to infiltrating lobular carcinoma. It is concluded that basement membrane immunocytochemistry, using antibodies to type IV collagen, is useful in the differentiation between benign and malignant breast lesions and in the classification of breast neoplasms.
An immunocytochemical study of T‐cell lymphomas using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies effective in routinely fixed wax embedded tissues
Authors: NORTON A.J. , ISAACSON P.G.
Published: April 2007

Formalin fixed and paraffin wax embedded tissue from 24 cases of T‐cell lymphoma diagnosed using immunocytochemistry on cryostat sections was examined using a panel of eight monoclonal and three polyclonal antisera. The monoclonal antibodies UCHL1 and MT1 proved to be comparable and reliable markers of neoplastic cells in T‐cell lymphomas. The B‐cell specific marker, MB1, strongly stained all cells in two cases of pleomorphic large cell T‐cell lymphoma, large cells in two cases of pleomorphic mixed medium and large cell lymphoma, and isolated clusters of blast cells in four cases of T‐zone and angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy‐like T‐cell lymphoma. The cells stained by MB1 expressed T suppressor/cytotoxic surface markers on frozen section. Epithelial membrane antigen, as detected by a polyclonal anti‐EMA and the monoclonal antibody HMFG2, was expressed in 36% of tumours especially those of monomorphic large cell and pleomorphic large cell phenotype. Single granules or finely dispersed cytoplasmic granularity was seen in four tumours using the anti‐granulocyte reagent Leu M1. Tumour cells in one case stained in a pattern identical to Reed‐Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's disease. Granular alpha‐1‐antitrypsin staining was found in 10 cases of pleomorphic large cell and monomorphic large cell lymphoma. No staining was observed using anti‐lysozyme or the monoclonal macrophage specific marker Mac411. Monomorphic and pleomorphic large cell lymphomas tended to show a common immunophenotype with the majority of cells co‐expressing alpha‐1‐antitrypsin HLA‐DR and epithelial membrane antigen. Scattered large transformed blast cells in cases of angioimmunoblastic lymphadenopathy‐like T‐cell lymphomas and T‐zone lymphomas shared a similar immunophenotype with the large cell lymphomas. Using a panel of monoclonal antibodies effective in paraffin embedded tissue, diagnostically useful staining profiles which correlate with the morphological phenotype can be established in T‐cell lymphomas.
The effect of diffusion on the immunolocalization of antigen
Authors: REID W.A. , BRANCH T. , THOMPSON W.D. , KAY J.
Published: April 2007

Diffusion prior to tissue fixation may result in immunohistochemical localization of antigen at sites in which it does not occur in vivo. The extent and speed with which this may occur have been investigated with several antigens of different molecular weights in tissues which were left unfixed for various lengths of time. There was clear evidence of diffusion when fixation was delayed for as little as 1 h, resulting in focal labelling of cells which did not contain antigen in rapidly fixed tissues. Falsely localized antigen was particularly evident adjacent to sites containing high antigen concentrations and might be expected in areas permeated by antigen‐containing tissue fluid. These findings substantiate the view that diffusion of antigen should be considered as a cause of false positivity in any immunolocalization study.
Feulgen DNA content and mitotic activity in proliferative breast disease. A comparison with ductal carcinoma in situ
Authors: DE POTTER C.R. , PRAET M.M. , SLAVIN R.E. , VERBEECK P. , ROELS H.J.
Published: April 2007

Nuclear Feulgen DNA content was measured by cytophotometry and the number of mitoses per 40 high power fields was determined in hyperplastic and atypical hyperplastic lesions of fibrocystic disease in 18 patients, in ductal carcinoma in situ in 14 patients and in ductal carcinoma in situ associated with infiltrating carcinoma in 11 patients. These parameters were also investigated in the hyperplastic lesions accompanying ductal carcinoma in situ and ductal carcinoma in situ associated with infiltrating carcinoma. The nuclear Feulgen DNA content could not discriminate between atypical hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ. Although differences in the mitotic count between hyperplastic and atypical breast lesions were not statistically significant, there was a statistically significant greater mitotic count in ductal carcinoma in situ alone or associated with infiltrating carcinoma. These findings suggest that the mitotic count is useful for the differential diagnosis between atypical hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ. In addition, hyperplastic lesions associated with ductal carcinoma in situ, with or without infiltrating carcinoma, exhibited a statistically significant higher mitotic count than those in benign fibrocystic disease. Hyperplastic breast lesions exhibiting high mitotic counts may indicate the presence of a neighbouring ductal malignancy and suggest an increased proliferative activity in breast tissue in the neighbourhood of malignancy.
Giant appendicular neurofibroma. A light and immunohistochemical study
Authors: OLSEN B.S.
Published: April 2007

A case of solitary appendicular neurofibromatosis is presented. The neurogenous nature of the lesion was emphasized by the positive reaction for S‐100 protein. Attention is directed towards the morphological differences between neurogenous hyperplasia, which is a reactive common place feature in the elderly, and the present example of neoplastic nerve growth, which produced a gigantic appendix. A review of the literature failed to disclose any previous case unassociated with von Recklinghausen's disease.
The expression of 3‐fucosylated‐N‐acetyl lactosamine carbohydrate determinants in renal tumours
Authors: FLEMING S. , BROWN G.
Published: April 2007

The distribution in renal tumours of 3‐fucosyl‐N‐acetyl lactosamine has been studied by using the monoclonal antibodies AGF 4.36 and AGF 4.48 and immunoperoxidase methods on tissue sections. Seven of 19 nephroblastomas and 12 of 30 renal cell carcinomas contained the epitope. In nephroblastomas the epitope was found on the terminals of type B tubules in six cases and in one case on the type A or neoplastic tubules. In renal carcinoma the antigen was found on the surface of tumour cells. The results suggest that in kidneys bearing nephroblastomas ureteric bud elements may grow into the tumour from the adjacent kidney.
Malignant rhabdoid tumour of soft tissue. An ultrastructural and immunohistological study of a pelvic tumour
Authors: DERVAN P.A. , CAHALANE S.F. , KNEAFSEY P. , MYNES A. , MCALLISTER K.
Published: April 2007

A case of extrarenal malignant rhabdoid sarcoma arising in the pelvic soft tissues of a 12‐year‐old girl is described. By routine light microscopy the tumour resembled, in some areas, an embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma and, in other areas, a neuroblastoma. Electron microscopy revealed characteristic cytoplasmic aggregates of intermediate filaments, often with central clusters of organelle membranes surrounded by these filament. Immunohistochemical stains showed strong cytoplasmic reactivity for vimentin. Staining for cytokeratin, myoglobin, desmin, neurofilaments, neurone specific enolase, S‐100 protein and leucocyte common antigen was negative. A histogenetic origin from primitive mesenchymal cells is favoured. We strongly support the use of electron microscopy for the definitive diagnosis of small round cell undifferentiated sarcomas of childhood.
Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis—how many types?
Authors: POUND S.E. , MACDONALD M.K. , THOMSON D.
Published: April 2007

Fifty‐four biopsies of diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis were subdivided into two groups, diffuse endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis (DEPGN) and mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) according to current morphological criteria. The two groups were then compared by light microscopy, cell counting techniques, electron microscopy, immunofluorescence or immunoperoxidase techniques, and a clinical survey. The results show that DEPGN differs from MPGN in only three points: (1) the former has a greater degree of mesangial proliferation, (2) the former has a less favourable short‐term prognosis and (3) large subepithelial deposits (humps) are much more common in DEPGN than in MGPN (in this series no MPGN cases showed such deposits), while small dark deposits are present in or on the glomerular capillary basement membrane in more cases of MPGN than of DEPGN. It is proposed that biopsies showing diffuse proliferation of mesangial cells should be classified as diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis of a mild, moderate or severe degree, as the current classification has been interpreted as implying separate aetiologies and suggests that these are two distinct disease entities.
Mucinous carcinoma of the rectum
Authors: SASAKI O. , ATKIN W.S. , JASS J.R.
Published: April 2007

We have studied and compared 316 mucinous and 45 signet ring cell carcinomas of the rectum with 413 non‐mucinous carcinomas. Mucinous carcinomas were subdivided according to the amount of mucus which was gauged subjectively as either more or less than 75% of the tumour volume. Five year survivals for non‐mucinous, mucinous (<75%), mucinous (>75%) and signet ring cell carcinoma were 62%, 60%, 53% and 13%. Mucinous carcinomas (<75%) were relatively well differentiated and showed an age distribution identical to their non‐mucinous counterparts, but differed in their strong association with villous adenoma. Mucinous carcinomas (>75%) were less well differentiated and, like signet ring cell carcinomas, occurred in younger patients and showed no special association with villous adenoma. Clinically important and independent predictive variables were found by the method of multivariate regression analysis to be number of lymph node metastases, extent of spread in continuity, character of invasive margin and peritumoural lymphocytic infiltration. After adjustment for these factors, typing of rectal cancer as mucinous, non‐mucinous and signet ring cell gave no additional, clinically useful prognostic information.
Adenomyoepithelioma of the breast with a distinctive type of apocrine adenosis
Authors: EUSEBI V. , CASADEI G.P. , BUSSOLATI G. , AZZOPARDI J.G.
Published: April 2007

A newly recognized type of dimorphic carcinoma of breast, distinct from adenoid cystic carcinoma, is described. It is characterized by a predominantly solid, clear cell myoepithelial proliferation, with centrally situated glandular lumina lined by apocrine cells. All cases arose in association with a distinctive type of atypical apocrine adenosis which has to be distinguished from microglandular adenosis and from tubular carcinoma. The biological behaviour of the tumour remains to be ascertained on the basis of longer follow‐up, but it appears to have only limited malignant potential.
Trichoblastic fibroma: hair germ (trichogenic) tumours revisited
Authors: SLATER D.N.
Published: April 2007

A trichoblastic fibroma is described with special emphasis on the existence of hair germ (trichogenic) tumours. Comparison is made with trichogenic hamartomas such as trichoepithelioma. The differential diagnosis of trichogenic lesions with basal cell carcinoma is also emphasized.
Lectin and mucin histochemistry as an aid to cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis
Authors: FOZARD J.B.J. , DIXON M.F. , AXON A.T.R. , GILES G.R.
Published: April 2007

In a preliminary study, we assessed 10 lectins for the identification of dysplasia in colectomy specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis. Peanut agglutinin (PNA) binding was found in all cases of dysplasia. In the main study the relationship between PNA staining, high iron‐diamine/alcian blue (HID‐AB) histochemistry, and dysplasia was investigated in 115 pre‐operative colonoscopic biopsies and the subsequent resection specimens from patients with ulcerative colitis complicated by carcinoma (n=6) and patients undergoing proctocolectomy for failure of medical management (n=8). Peanut lectin was of no value in the assessment of pre‐malignant changes or cancer risk. However, the HID‐AB stain appears to clarify the interpretation of less severe pre‐malignant changes and may be usefully applied to the interpretation of colonoscopic biopsies for cancer surveillance in ulcerative colitis.
Cytokeratin‐specific monoclonal antibodies are reactive with tumours of smooth muscle derivation. An immunocytochemical and biochemical study using antibodies to intermediate filament cytoskeletal proteins
Authors: NORTON A.J. , THOMAS J.A. , ISAACSON P.G.
Published: April 2007

Formalin fixed and paraffin wax embedded tissue from 13 leiomyosarcomas, three leiomyobiastomas, five leiomyomas and fresh tissue from one leiomyosarcoma and one leiomyoma was studied. Tumours were stained by the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase technique with antibodies to desmin, vimentin, cytokeratins and S‐100 protein. Neoplastic cells in all the cases were positive for desmin and vimentin but were negative for S‐100; antibody CAM 5.2 gave strong reactivity with tumour cells of 12 leiomyosarcomas and all leiomyomas, but failed to stain the leiomyoblastomas; LP34 weakly stained two leiomyosarcomas and one leiomyoblastoma. Immunoblot studies using whole cell extracts of one leiomyosarcoma and one leiomyoma respectively, showed 55–58 kd and 35–38 kd bands reactive with monoclonal antibody CAM 5.2. However, no cytokeratin components were demonstrated when cytoskeletal extracts of the same tissue samples were immunoblotted with CAM 5.2. The implications of these findings for the diagnostic histopathologist are discussed.