bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
tert-Butyl Hypochlorite: A Reagent for the Synthesis of Chlorinated Oxindole and Indole Derivatives
Authors: Liu Chun-Yan , Chen Xia , Liu Hai-Long , Wang Nan , Zhou Xiao-Yu
Published: December 2024

tert-Butyl hypochlorite was employed as a versatile reagent for chlorooxidation of indoles, chlorination of 2-oxindoles, and decarboxylative chlorination of the indole-2-carboxylic acids. Four types of products including 2-chloro-3-oxindoles, 2,2-dichloro-3-oxindoles, 3,3-dichloro-2-oxindoles, and 2,3-dichloroindoles could be selectively obtained in moderate to excellent yields by switching the substrates. Various synthetically useful functional groups, such as halogen atoms, cyano, nitro, and methoxycarbonyl groups, remain intact during the reactions. Notable features of the approach include the universality of the starting materials, the mild reaction conditions, and the experimental simplicity.
Investigation of Spectroscopic Parameters and Trap Parameters of Eu3+-Activated Y2SiO5 Phosphors for Display and Dosimetry Applications
Authors: Verma Neeraj , Michalska-Domańska Marta , Dubey Vikas , Ram Tirath , Kaur Jagjeet , Dubey Neha , Aman Shireen , Manners Ovica , Saji Janita
Published: December 2024

Using the solid-state reaction technique, varied Y2SiO5 phosphors activated by europium (Eu3+) ions at varied concentrations were made at calcination temperatures of 1000 °C and 1250 °C during sintering in an air environment. The XRD technique identified the monoclinic structure, and the FTIR technique was used to analyze the generated phosphors. Photoluminescence emission and excitation patterns were measured using varying concentrations of Eu3+ ions. The optimal strength was observed at a 2.0 mol% concentration. Emission peaks were detected at 582 nm and 589 nm for the 5D0→7F1 transition and at 601 nm, 613 nm, and 632 nm for the 5D0→7F2 transition under 263 nm excitation. Because Eu3+ is naturally bright, these emission peaks show how ions change from one excited state to another. This makes them useful for making phosphors that emit red light for use in optoelectronics and flexible displays. Based on the computed (1931 CIE) chromaticity coordinates for the photoluminescence emission spectra, it was determined that the produced phosphor may be used in light-emitting diodes. The TL glow curve was examined for various doping ion concentrations and durations of UV exposure levels, revealing a broad peak at 183 °C. Using computerized glow curve deconvolution (CGCD), we calculated the kinetic parameters.
Sustainable Conversion of Corncob Biomass Waste into High Performance Carbon Materials for Detection of VOCs at Room Temperature
Authors: Magagula Lindokuhle P. , Masemola Clinton M. , Motaung Tshwafo E. , Moloto Nosipho , Linganiso-Dziike Ella C.
Published: December 2024

The demand for reliable, cost-effective, room temperature gas sensors with high sensitivity, selectivity, and short response times is rising, particularly for environmental monitoring, biomedicine, and agriculture. In this study, corncob waste-derived activated carbon (ACC) was combined with CuO nanoparticles and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to fabricate ACC/PVA/CuO composites with CuO loadings of 5, 10, and 15 wt.%. The CuO nanoparticles (average size: 21.79 ± 9.88 nm) were successfully incorporated into the ACC matrix, as confirmed by TEM, XRD, and N2 adsorption–desorption analyses. Increasing CuO content reduced the specific surface area due to pore blockage but enhanced the composites’ ethanol sensing performance. The ACC/PVA/CuO (15 wt.%) sensor exhibited the highest response and fastest recovery times (125 s and 130 s, respectively, at 100 ppm ethanol), outperforming other composites and pristine ACC. This improvement was attributed to surface defects and increased active sites promoting vapor adsorption and diffusion. These results demonstrate the potential of ACC/PVA/CuO as an effective ethanol sensor at room temperature.
Mixed Culture of Yeast and Lactic Acid Bacteria for Low-Temperature Fermentation of Wheat Dough
Authors: Liszkowska Wiktoria , Motyl Ilona , Pielech-Przybylska Katarzyna , Dziekońska-Kubczak Urszula , Berłowska Joanna
Published: December 2024

There is growing interest in low-temperature food processing. In the baking industry, low-temperature fermentation improves the production of natural aroma compounds, which have a positive impact on the sensory profile of the final product. The aim of this study was to develop a yeast–lactic acid bacteria starter culture that effectively ferments wheat dough at a temperature of 15 °C. The microorganisms were selected based on their enzymatic activity and ability to grow at low temperature. The fermentation activity of the yeast and mixed cultures was assessed enzymatically. The biosynthesis of volatile organic compounds was quantified using the HS-GC-MS technique. Samples fermented by S. cerevisiae D3 were characterized by the highest concentration of volatile organic compounds, especially esters. The addition of lactic acid bacteria increased not only the biosynthesis of volatile organic compounds but also the productivity of carbon dioxide during dough fermentation. Based on both dough expansion and the profile of volatile organic compounds, a mixed culture of S. cerevisiae D3 and L. brevis B46 was selected as the most effective starter for low-temperature fermentation.
Stereoselective Conversions of Carbohydrate Anomeric Hydroxyl Group in Basic and Neutral Conditions
Authors: Khaleri Monika , Li Qingjiang
Published: December 2024

The rapidly growing glycoscience has boosted the research on the synthesis of glycans and their conjugates, which are centered on the stereoselective formation of glycosidic bonds. Compared to the mainstream acid-promoted glycosylation method that undergoes the SN1 type mechanism, the basic/neutral conditions give better stereo control via the SN2 mechanism. Anomeric hydroxyl group transformation, whether to form glycosidic bonds directly or to install a leaving group for later glycosylation, is key to carbohydrate synthesis, and the strategies in the stereo control of these reactions under basic/neutral conditions are summarized in this review. Different stereo control strategies that are applicable to protected or unprotected hemiacetals are discussed, and case-by-case studies of literature reports in the past two decades are included. In addition to surveying literature reports, this review aims at providing insights into the strategic considerations in the development of a stereoselective method for the formation of glycosidic bonds.
Chemical Conservation of Paper-Based Cultural Heritage
Authors: Yan Yueer , Tang Yi , Yang Yuliang
Published: December 2024

Paper-based cultural heritages, represented by ancient books, archives, calligraphy, and paintings, recorded the development of human civilization [...]
Atomistic Study on the Mechanical Properties of HOP–Graphene Under Variable Strain, Temperature, and Defect Conditions
Authors: Peng Qing , Li Jiale , Cai Xintian , Chen Gen , Huang Zeyu , Zheng Lihang , Li Hongyang , Chen Xiao-Jia , Hu Zhongwei
Published: December 2024

HOP–graphene is a graphene structural derivative consisting of 5-, 6-, and 8-membered carbon rings with distinctive electrical properties. This paper presents a systematic investigation of the effects of varying sizes, strain rates, temperatures, and defects on the mechanical properties of HOP–graphene, utilizing molecular dynamics simulations. The results revealed that Young’s modulus of HOP–graphene in the armchair direction is 21.5% higher than that in the zigzag direction, indicating that it exhibits greater rigidity in the former direction. The reliability of the tensile simulations was contingent upon the size and strain rate. An increase in temperature from 100 K to 900 K resulted in a decrease in Young’s modulus by 7.8% and 2.9% for stretching along the armchair and zigzag directions, respectively. An increase in the concentration of introduced void defects from 0% to 3% resulted in a decrease in Young’s modulus by 24.7% and 23.1% for stretching along the armchair and zigzag directions, respectively. An increase in the length of rectangular crack defects from 0 nm to 4 nm resulted in a decrease in Young’s modulus for stretching along the armchair and zigzag directions by 6.7% and 5.7%, respectively. Similarly, an increase in the diameter of the circular hole defect from 0 nm to 4 nm resulted in a decrease in Young’s modulus along both the armchair and zigzag directions, with a corresponding reduction of 11.0% and 10.4%, respectively. At the late stage of tensile fracture along the zigzag direction, HOP–graphene undergoes a transformation to an amorphous state under tensile stress. Our results might contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the mechanical properties of HOP–graphene under different test conditions, helping to land it in potential practical applications.
Patterning Planar, Flexible Li-S Battery Full Cells on Laser-Induced Graphene Traces
Authors: Lau Irene , Campbell Adam I. O. , Ghosh Debasis , Pope Michael A.
Published: December 2024

Laser conversion of commercial polymers to laser-induced graphene (LIG) using inexpensive and accessible CO2 lasers has enabled the rapid prototyping of promising electronic and electrochemical devices. Frequently used to pattern interdigitated supercapacitors, few approaches have been developed to pattern batteries—in particular, full cells. Herein, we report an LIG-based approach to a planar, interdigitated Li-S battery. We show that sulfur can be deposited by selective nucleation and growth on the LIG cathode fingers in a supersaturated sulfur solution. Melt imbibition then leads to loadings as high as 3.9 mg/cm2 and 75 wt% sulfur. Lithium metal anodes are electrodeposited onto the LIG anode fingers by a silver-seeded, pulse-reverse-pulse method that enables loadings up to 10.5 mAh/cm2 to be deposited without short-circuiting the interdigitated structure. The resulting binder/separator-free flexible battery achieves a capacity of over 1 mAh/cm2 and an energy density of 200 mWh/cm3. Unfortunately, due to the use of near stoichiometric lithium, the cycle-life is sensitive to lithium degradation. While future work will be necessary to make this a practical, flexible battery, the interdigitated structure is well-suited to future operando and ex situ studies of Li-S and related battery chemistries.
New Insights on Iron-Trimesate MOFs for Inorganic As(III) and As(V) Adsorption from Aqueous Media
Authors: Azri Afef , Amar Marwa Ben , Walha Khaled , Fontàs Clàudia , Conde-González José Elías , Salvadó Victoria , Peña-Méndez Eladia M.
Published: December 2024

Arsenic contamination of water endangers the health of millions of people worldwide, affecting certain countries and regions with especial severity. Interest in the use of Fe-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) to remove inorganic arsenic species has increased due to their stability and adsorptive properties. In this study, the performance of a synthesized Nano-{Fe-BTC} MOF, containing iron oxide octahedral chains connected by trimesic acid linkers, in adsorbing As(III) and As(V) species was investigated and compared with commercial Basolite®F300 MOF. Despite their similarities in composition, they exhibit distinct structural characteristics in their porosity, pore size, and surface areas, which affected the adsorption processes. The kinetic data of the adsorption of As(III) and As(V) by both Fe-MOFs fitted the pseudo second-order model well, with the kinetic constant being higher for Basolite®F300 given its higher porosity. Intraparticle diffusion was, in both cases, the rate controlling step with the contribution of film diffusion in the adsorption processes, which achieved equilibrium after 1 h. The maximum adsorption capacity for As(V), 41.66 mg g−1, was obtained with Basolite®F300 at the 6.5–10 pH range, whereas Nano-{Fe-BTC} showed a different behaviour as maximum adsorption (14.99 mg g−1) was obtained at pH 2. However, both adsorbents exhibited the same performance for As(III) adsorption, which is not adsorbed at pH < 9. The Langmuir adsorption isotherm model fitted well for As(III) and As(V) adsorption by Nano-{Fe-BTC} and As(III) by Basolite®F300, whereas the Freundlich model fitted best for As(V) given its superior structural properties.
Spray-Flame Synthesis (SFS) and Characterization of Li1.3Al0.3−xYxTi1.7(PO4)3 [LA(Y)TP] Solid Electrolytes
Authors: Ali Md Yusuf , Orthner Hans , Wiggers Hartmut
Published: December 2024

Solid-state electrolytes for lithium-ion batteries, which enable a significant increase in storage capacity, are at the forefront of alternative energy storage systems due to their attractive properties such as wide electrochemical stability window, relatively superior contact stability against Li metal, inherently dendrite inhibition, and a wide range of temperature functionality. NASICON-type solid electrolytes are an exciting candidate within ceramic electrolytes due to their high ionic conductivity and low moisture sensitivity, making them a prime candidate for pure oxidic and hybrid ceramic-in-polymer composite electrolytes. Here, we report on producing pure and Y-doped Lithium Aluminum Titanium Phosphate (LATP) nanoparticles by spray-flame synthesis. The as-synthesized samples consist of an amorphous component and anatase-TiO2 crystalline particles. Brief annealing at 750–1000 °C for one hour was sufficient to achieve the desired phase while maintaining the material’s sub-micrometer scale. Rietveld analysis of X-Ray diffraction data demonstrated that the crystal volume increases with Y doping. At the same time, with high Y incorporation, a segregation of the YPO4 phase was observed in addition to the desired LATP phase. Another impurity phase, LiTiOPO4, was observed besides YPO4 and, with higher calcination temperature (1000 °C), the phase fraction for both impurities also increased. The ionic conductivity increased with Y incorporation from 0.1 mS/cm at room temperature in the undoped sample to 0.84 mS/cm in the case of LAY0.1TP, which makes these materials—especially considering the comparatively low sintering temperature—highly interesting for applications in the field of solid-state batteries.
Reliable Atom Probe Tomography of Cu Nanoparticles Through Tailored Encapsulation by an Electrodeposited Film
Authors: Çiçek Aydan , Knabl Florian , Schiester Maximilian , Waldl Helene , Rafailović Lidija D. , Tkadletz Michael , Mitterer Christian
Published: December 2024

Nanoparticles are essential for energy storage, catalysis, and medical applications, emphasizing their accurate chemical characterization. However, atom probe tomography (APT) of nanoparticles sandwiched at the interface between an encapsulating film and a substrate poses difficulties. Poor adhesion at the film-substrate interface can cause specimen fracture during APT, while impurities may introduce additional peaks in the mass spectra. We demonstrate preparing APT specimens with strong adhesion between nanoparticles and film/substrate matrices for successful analysis. Copper nanoparticles were encapsulated at the interface between nickel film and cobalt substrate using electrodeposition. Cobalt and nickel were chosen to match their evaporation fields with copper, minimizing peak overlaps and aiding nanoparticle localization. Copper nanoparticles were deposited via magnetron sputter inert gas condensation with varying deposition times to yield suitable surface coverages, followed by encapsulation with the nickel film. In-plane and cross-plane APT specimens were prepared by femtosecond laser ablation and focused ion beam milling. Longer deposition times resulted in agglomerated nanoparticles as well as pores and voids, causing poor adhesion and specimen failure. In contrast, shorter deposition times provided sufficient surface coverage, ensuring strong adhesion and reducing void formation. This study emphasizes controlled surface coverage for reliable APT analysis, offering insights into nanoparticle chemistry.
Growth of MoS2 Nanosheets on Brush-Shaped PI–ZnO Hybrid Nanofibers and Study of the Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Chang Zhenjun , Liao Zhengzheng , Han Jie , Liu Qiang , Sun Xiaoling
Published: December 2024

The design and preparation of advanced hybrid nanofibers with controllable microstructures will be interesting because of their potential high-efficiency applications in the environmental and energy domains. In this paper, a simple and efficient strategy was developed for preparing hybrid nanofibers of zinc oxide–molybdenum disulfide (ZnO–MoS2) grown on polyimide (PI) nanofibers by combining electrospinning, a high-pressure hydrothermal process, and in situ growth. Unlike simple composite nanoparticles, the structure is shown in PI–ZnO to be like the skeleton of a tree for the growth of MoS2 “leaves” as macro-materials with controlled microstructures. The surface morphology, structure, composition, and photocatalytic properties of these structures were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and UV–vis spectroscopy. The ultra high-volume fraction of MoS2 can be grown on the brush-shaped PI–ZnO. Decorating ZnO with nanosheets of MoS2 (a transition metal dichalcogenide with a relatively narrow band gap) is a promising way to increase the photocatalytic activity of ZnO. The hybrid nanofibers exhibited high photocatalytic properties, which decomposed about 92% of the methylene blue in 90 min under visible light irradiation. The combination of MoS2 and ZnO with more abundant surface-active sites significantly increases the spectral absorption range, promotes the separation and migration of carriers, and improves the photocatalytic characteristics.
Controlling the Crystallinity and Morphology of Bismuth Selenide via Electrochemical Exfoliation for Tailored Reverse Saturable Absorption and Optical Limiting
Authors: Yan Hao , Li Bingxue , Pan Junjie , Fang Xuan , Yu Yongji , Wang Dengkui , Fang Dan , Zhan Yanyan , Wang Xiaohua , Li Jinhua , Ma Xiaohui , Jin Guangyong
Published: December 2024

As an emerging two-dimensional (2D) Group-VA material, bismuth selenide (Bi2Se3) exhibits favorable electrical and optical properties. Here, three distinct morphologies of Bi2Se3 were obtained from bulk Bi2Se3 through electrochemical intercalation exfoliation. And the morphologies of these nanostructures can be tuned by adjusting solvent polarity during exfoliation. Then, the nonlinear optical and absorption characteristics of the Bi2Se3 samples with different morphologies were investigated using open-aperture Z-scan technology. The results reveal that the particle structure of Bi2Se3 exhibits stronger reverse saturable absorption (RSA) than the sheet-like structure. This is attributed to the higher degree of oxidation and greater number of localized defect states in the particle structure than in the sheet-like structure. Electrons in these defect states can be excited to higher energy levels, thereby triggering excited-state and two-photon absorption, which strengthen RSA. Finally, with increasing the RSA, the optical limiting threshold of 2D Bi2Se3 can also be increased. This work expands the potential applications of 2D Bi2Se3 materials in the field of broadband nonlinear photonics.
Simulation of Arc Discharge in an Argon/Methane Mixture, Taking into Account the Evaporation of Anode Material in Problems Related to the Synthesis of Functional Nanostructures
Authors: Saifutdinov Almaz , Timerkaev Boris
Published: December 2024

In this work, within the framework of a self-consistent model of arc discharge, a simulation of plasma parameters in a mixture of argon and methane was carried out, taking into account the evaporation of the electrode material in the case of a refractory and non-refractory cathode. It is shown that in the case of a refractory tungsten cathode, almost the same methane conversion rate is observed, leading to similar values in the density of the main methane conversion products (C, C2, H) at different values of the discharge current density. However, with an increase in the current density, the evaporation rate of copper atoms from the anode increases, and a jump in the I–V characteristic is observed, caused by a change in the plasma-forming ion. This is due to the lower ionization energy of copper atoms compared to argon atoms. In this mode, an increase in metal–carbon nanoparticles is expected. It is shown that, in the case of a cathode made of non-refractory copper, the discharge characteristics and the component composition of the plasma depend on the field enhancement factor near the cathode surface. It is demonstrated that increasing the field enhancement factor leads to more efficient thermal field emission, lowering the cathode’s surface temperature and the gas temperature in the discharge gap. This leads to the fact that, in the arc discharge mode with a cathode made of non-refractory copper, the dominant types of particles from which the synthesis of a nanostructure can begin are, in descending order, copper atoms (Cu), carbon clusters (C2), and carbon atoms (C).
Nutritional and Microbiota-Based Approaches in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis: From Prevention to Treatment
Authors: Cuffaro Francesca , Lamminpää Ingrid , Niccolai Elena , Amedei Amedeo
Published: December 2024

Metabolic alterations, including hypermetabolism, lipid imbalances, and glucose dysregulation, are pivotal contributors to the onset and progression of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These changes exacerbate systemic energy deficits, heighten oxidative stress, and fuel neuroinflammation. Simultaneously, gastrointestinal dysfunction and gut microbiota (GM) dysbiosis intensify disease pathology by driving immune dysregulation, compromising the intestinal barrier, and altering gut–brain axis (GBA) signaling, and lastly advancing neurodegeneration. Therapeutic and preventive strategies focused on nutrition offer promising opportunities to address these interconnected pathophysiological mechanisms. Diets enriched with antioxidants, omega-3 fatty acids, and anti-inflammatory compounds—such as the Mediterranean diet—have shown potential in reducing oxidative stress and systemic inflammation. Additionally, microbiota-targeted approaches, including probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, are emerging as innovative tools to restore microbial balance, strengthen gut integrity, and optimize GBA function. This review highlights the critical need for personalized strategies integrating immunonutrition and microbiota modulation to slow ALS progression, improve quality of life, and develop preventive measures for neurodegenerative and neuroinflammatory diseases. Future research should prioritize comprehensive dietary and microbiota-based interventions to uncover their therapeutic potential and establish evidence-based guidelines for managing ALS and related disorders.
Depression and Accelerated Aging: The Eveningness Chronotype and Low Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet Are Associated with Depressive Symptoms in Older Subjects
Authors: Sorlí José V. , de la Cámara Edurne , Fernández-Carrión Rebeca , Asensio Eva M. , Portolés Olga , Ortega-Azorín Carolina , Pérez-Fidalgo Alejandro , Villamil Laura V. , Fitó Montserrat , Barragán Rocío , Coltell Oscar , Corella Dolores
Published: December 2024

Background and objectives: Depression often results in premature aging, which increases the risk of other chronic diseases, but very few studies have analyzed the association between epigenetic biomarkers of aging and depressive symptoms. Similarly, limited research has examined the joint effects of adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MedDiet) and chronotype on depressive symptoms, accounting for sex differences. Therefore, these are the objectives of our investigation in a Mediterranean population at high cardiovascular risk. Methods: We analyzed 465 older subjects (aged 55–75) with metabolic syndrome and assessed depressive symptoms by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). MedDiet adherence was measured with the 17-item MedDiet score, and chronotype with the Morningness–Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ). Blood DNA methylation was analyzed, and epigenomic biomarkers of age acceleration were determined. We focused on the Dunedin Pace of Aging Computed from the Epigenome (DunedinPACE). We fitted multivariable models with interaction terms. Results: Prevalence of depression was statistically higher in women (p < 0.001). MedDiet adherence was strongly and inversely associated with depressive symptoms in the whole population (p < 0.01), while the MEQ score was inversely associated (p < 0.05). In the joint analysis, both MedDiet adherence and chronotype remained statistically associated with the BDI-II score (p < 0.05), showing additive effects. No interaction effects were observed. In women, a higher score in depressive symptoms was significantly associated with faster age acceleration (measured with the DunedinPACE biomarker). This association remained significant even after adjustment for MedDiet adherence and chronotype. Conclusions: In older subjects with metabolic syndrome, the eveningness chronotype was associated with greater depressive symptoms, but a higher adherence to the MedDiet could potentially counteract the chronotype risk with additive effects. Women showed stronger associations, and importantly, we reported for the first time in this population that depressive symptoms were associated with accelerated aging.
Effects of Maca (Lepidium meyenii Walp.) on Physical Performance in Animals and Humans: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Huerta Ojeda Álvaro , Rodríguez Rojas Javiera , Cancino-López Jorge , Barahona-Fuentes Guillermo , Pavez Leonardo , Yeomans-Cabrera María-Mercedes , Jorquera-Aguilera Carlos
Published: December 2024

Background: Lepidium meyenii Walp. (LmW), known as maca, has been shown to increase physical performance. However, the effect size (ES) of LmW on the different manifestations of physical performance has not yet been described. Objectives: To examine and qualitatively describe the studies published up to 2024 that employed LmW supplementation to increase physical performance in animal and human experimentation. In addition, the ES associated with the different interventions was calculated. Methods: The research followed PRISMA® guidelines for systematic reviews and meta-analyses, using Web of Science, Scopus, SPORTDiscus, PubMed, and MEDLINE databases until 2024. Randomized controlled studies with a pre- and post-test design, conducted both in vitro and in vivo in animals and humans, were included. Methodological quality assessment was performed using the CAMARADES tool for animal studies and the Newcastle Ottawa Scale for human studies. The main variables were the forced swimming test (FST), the rota-rod test (RRT), the grip strength test (GST), blood lactic acid (BLA), and lactic acid (LA). The analysis was conducted with a pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) through Hedges’ g test (95% CI). Results: Twenty-one studies were included in the systematic review and sixteen in the meta-analysis. They revealed a large effect for all outcomes (SMD: FST = 2.26, RRT = 6.26, GST = 5.23, LA = −1.01, and BLA = −1.70). Conclusions: The phytochemical compounds of LmW, mainly macamides, increase physical performance, showing a greater effect at higher doses (dose–response effect).
Effects of Betaine and Polydextrose on Intestinal Microbiota and Liver Ergothioneine in a High-Fat Diet-Fed Mouse Model and a Human Colonic Simulation Model
Authors: Saarinen Markku T. , Forssten Sofia D. , Evans Kara , Airaksinen Kaisa , Telving Rasmus , Hornshøj Bettina Høj , Jensen Henrik Max , Jokkala Jenna , Hanhineva Kati , Tiihonen Kirsti
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Ergothioneine (EGT) is an effective antioxidant that animals cannot produce and has an important anti-inflammatory role in cell protection, which can help lower the risk of various diseases. In this study, we investigated the potential role of gut microbiota in the production of EGT, which was found to increase in the mouse liver after dietary supplementation with betaine (BET) or polydextrose (PDX). Methods: The effects of BET and PDX on the gut microbiota and tissue EGT content were investigated using a diet-induced obese mouse model and simulated fermentation in the human colon. Male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 8 weeks to induce obesity and related metabolic disorders, and for the last 4 weeks of this study, the mice continued on the same diet, supplemented with BET, PDX, or their combination. The potential function of BET and PDX in microbial EGT production was further studied in an in vitro human colon model. Results: The quantity of Bifidobacterium spp. and Bacteroidota were significantly higher in the feces of mice on diets supplemented with PDX or BET + PDX, and Enterobacteriaceae levels were significantly higher in PDX-supplemented mice than in HFD-fed mice. Untargeted metabolomic analysis of the liver revealed a significant increase in EGT in mice fed HFDs with BET or BET + PDX. Microbial analysis from samples collected from the human in vitro model showed significant changes in Neglecta timonensis, Blautia faecis, Lachnospiracea incertae sedis, Faecalibacillus, and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia species, along with an increase in microbial metabolites, namely, acetic, propionic and butyric acids, and a decrease in 2-methylbutyric acid. Conclusions: Although PDX and BET or their combination affected microbial composition and metabolites in the human colon simulation model, the model used was not able to detect a significant change in microbiota-based EGT production and, therefore, could not explain the increase in EGT in the liver of betaine-fed mice.
Association Between Blood Urea Nitrogen/Albumin and the Incidence as Well as Progression of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Liang Yongqi , Zhou Rui , Jin Chenxi , Liang Jingjing , Wang Xiaoyan , Fan Weidong , Wu Xianbo , Zou Mengchen
Published: December 2024

Background: An increased risk of multiple secondary diseases has been observed in individuals with diabetes, which contributes to the growing economic burden. Few studies have established the connection of blood urea nitrogen/albumin (BAR) with diabetes, and its link to subsequent diabetic complications and mortality remains unclear. We aimed to explore the association of BAR with the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and its dynamic progression. Methods: A total of 20,039 prediabetic participants aged 40–70, without diabetes or related events at baseline, were selected from the UK Biobank. We used a multistate regression model to assess the relationships between BAR and the trajectories of T2DM progression—from pre-T2DM to T2DM, complications, and ultimately mortality. Akaike information criterion (AIC), area under the curve (AUC), and C-statistic analyses were performed to compare the diagnostic performance of BAR with that of HbA1c for assessing T2DM progressions risk. Results: Over a mean 13-year follow-up, 5621 incident T2DM cases were identified, and among them, 1295 developed diabetes macrovascular complications, 574 developed diabetes microvascular complications, and 1264 died. BAR was significantly associated with the increased risk of T2DM (HR: 1.05, 95% CI: 1.02, 1.09), subsequent macrovascular complications (HR: 1.18, 95% CI: 1.12, 1.25), microvascular complications (HR 1.18, 95% CI: 1.08, 1.28), and further death (HR 1.18, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.39). The ability of BAR (AUC: 0.938, C-statistic: 0.739, p < 0.001) to predict diabetes progression was inferior to that of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (AUC: 0.949, C-statistic: 0.809, p < 0.001). Conclusions: Although BAR is significantly positively correlated with the risk of progression at different stages of diabetes, its predictive performance is inferior to that of HbA1c and comparable to that of BUN and albumin. BAR does not demonstrate sufficient clinical significance in predicting diabetes progression, highlighting the need for further investigation.
Impacts of Copper Deficiency on Oxidative Stress and Immune Function in Mouse Spleen
Authors: Li Xiaocong , Zeng Xin , Yang Wanqin , Ren Peng , Zhai Hengxiao , Yin Heng
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Copper is an essential trace element crucial for enzyme synthesis and metabolism. Adequate copper levels are beneficial for maintaining the normal immune function of the spleen. Copper deficiency disrupts the metabolic processes within the spleen and impairs its immune function. This research examines the impact of copper deficiency on the spleen and the potential recovery following copper supplementation. Methods: Weaned mice underwent a 4-week copper-deficient diet, succeeded by 1-week of copper repletion via intraperitoneal copper sulfate injection. Histological examination was used to assess pathological changes in the spleen. Biochemical assays were performed to measure oxidative stress levels in the spleen. ELISA, qPCR, and Western blot were employed to examine alterations in inflammatory markers, immune indicators, and oxidative regulatory factors across various levels. Results: Copper deficiency caused histological damage to the spleen, altered the expression of oxidative stress regulatory pathways (Nrf2, Keap1, and HO-1), and affected the expression of key inflammatory enzymes (iNOS, COX2) and transcription factor NF-κB, leading to oxidative damage. This was reflected by decreased levels of SOD, GSH, and T-AOC, along with increased levels of CAT and MDA. The levels of inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 were notably increased. Copper supplementation significantly improved these changes. Conclusions: Copper deficiency leads to spleen tissue damage in mice, affecting the Nrf2 regulatory pathway and inducing oxidative damage. Subsequent copper supplementation with copper sulfate effectively ameliorates the damage caused by copper deficiency.
Knowledge and Consumption Patterns of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Among the Central Balkan Population—A Prospective Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Hitl Maja , Kladar Nebojša , Banović Fuentes Jelena , Bijelić Katarina , Đermanović Mirjana , Torović Ljilja
Published: December 2024

Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3-FAs) represent a group of essential nutrients, but modern diets often do not allow for a balanced ratio between the intakes of ω-6-FA and ω-3-FA, which is vital for health. ω-3-FA can be found primarily in algae and fish, while the intake of ω-3-FA dietary supplements can be seen as an efficient way of providing nutrients important for many physiological functions. Background/Objectives: The aim of this research was to investigate the use of ω-3-FA-rich food and supplements, as well as the knowledge and attitudes on these nutrients among residents of the central Balkans—the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Srpska. Methods: The research was performed as a prospective, cross-section, online survey. Results: A total of 895 responses were collected, with relatively high usage of ω-3-FA supplements (34.2%). It was found that the respondents use these supplements due to inadequate dietary intake, but also in therapy or prevention of certain diseases and conditions. Users take the supplements on a regular basis, although for short periods of time. The respondents reported the dietary intake of food rich in ω-3-FA. It was found that more than half of parents give these supplements to their children, with similar purposes, although more frequently and for longer periods of time. The use of ω-3-FA via supplements in pregnant and breastfeeding women is also present. Conclusions: The residents of the investigated territory seem to have an awareness of the importance of ω-3-FA use, with its consumption being registered in both the general population and specific subpopulations. Future steps would include further promotion and education on the given topic.
Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders and Childhood Obesity: The Role of Diet and Its Impact on Microbiota
Authors: Calcaterra Valeria , Cena Hellas , Loperfido Federica , Porri Debora , Basilico Sara , Gazzola Cassandra , Ricciardi Rizzo Cecilia , Conti Maria Vittoria , Luppino Giovanni , Wasniewska Malgorzata Gabriela , Zuccotti Gianvincenzo
Published: December 2024

Introduction Emerging evidence suggests an association between obesity and Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders (FGIDs). Childhood obesity and FGIDs share many common features, such as high prevalence in the pediatric population, risk factors related to diet and lifestyle, gut microbiota impairments, and psychological distress. This narrative review aims to summarize the main evidence regarding FGIDs in childhood obesity, with a specific focus on the role of diet and its impact on the microbiota. Additionally, the review highlights potential common-ground solutions for preventing and managing both obesity and FGIDs. Methods A comprehensive PubMed search was conducted. Keywords used included terms related to children and adolescents, obesity, functional gastrointestinal disorders, and microbiota. Results The review emphasizes the importance of holistic, multidisciplinary approaches to managing symptoms. In addition to nutrition education, physical activity, and medical care, complementary strategies such as psychological interventions and personalized dietary modifications (e.g., low-FODMAP and fiber-enriched diets) are critical. Given the interplay between gut microbiota alterations, obesity, and FGIDs, microbiota modulation through probiotics, prebiotics, and integrative support shows significant promise. However, the variability in current evidence underlines the need for robust longitudinal studies to develop standardized protocols and maximize treatment efficacy. Conclusions Bridging gaps in knowledge and practice with an integrated, evidence-based framework could improve patient outcomes and deepen understanding of the complex relationship between metabolic and gastrointestinal health in children and adolescents.
High-Fat Diet, Epigenetics, and Atherosclerosis: A Narrative Review
Authors: Rai Vikrant
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease developing and progressing in the presence of risk factors including hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and chronic inflammation, among others. Atherosclerosis commonly precipitates as ischemic events, transient ischemic attacks, and myocardial infarction. Saturated fatty acids are risk factors; however, their association with epigenetics in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis is not clearly understood. The preclinical and clinical trials associating atherosclerosis with epigenetics are scarcely documented, and most of the studies reported the use of drugs inhibiting methylation and histone modification to improve atherosclerosis. This narrative review aims to discuss various aspects and the association between a high-fat diet, epigenetic reprogramming, and atherosclerosis. Methods: A literature search with the keywords high-fat diet, epigenetics, and atherosclerosis, alone or in combination, was conducted to search for articles in the English language. Duplicate articles were removed, and articles related to the subject of this review article were included in this review. Results: A review of the literature suggests that a high-fat diet with saturated fatty acids is a risk factor for atherosclerosis, but this association is multifactorial, and epigenetics play a critical role. However, the connecting link and the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms are not clearly understood yet and warrant more research. Conclusions: A high-fat diet rich in saturated fatty acids is a risk factor for atherosclerosis involving epigenetic reprogramming and altered gene expression. The existing preclinical and clinical trials support the role of epigenetics and reversing it using drugs to attenuate atherosclerosis, but definitive evidence warrants larger clinical trials. Further, a high-fat diet in pregnant mothers can manifest as cardiovascular disease in offspring; caution must be taken in pregnant mothers for their diet and nutrients.
The Effect of Protein Supplementation and Playing Time on Recovery Kinetics During a Congested Basketball Schedule
Authors: Pantazis Dimitrios , Avloniti Alexandra , Dimitrios Draganidis , Stampoulis Theodoros , Protopapa Maria , Kokkotis Christos , Balampanos Dimitrios , Arsenis Sotirios , Poulios Athanasios , Papanikolaou Konstantinos , Laschou Vassiliki C. , Tsimeas Panagiotis , Vitkas Georgios , Papaspanos Nikolaos , Zaras Nikolaos , Gioftsidou Asimenia , Malliou Paraskevi , Michalopoulou Maria , Jamurtas Athanasios Z. , Fatouros Ioannis G. , Athanasios Chatzinikolaou
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Despite being widely promoted, protein supplementation’s overall effectiveness during demanding basketball schedules remains unclear. This study investigated whether increased protein intake can accelerate recovery of muscle function during a 6-day congested basketball microcycle consisting of three consecutive games while accounting for the impact of playing time. Methods: In a randomized, two-trial, cross-over, double-blind repeated measures design, eighteen male basketball players were assigned to a high (High PT) or a moderate (Mod PT) playing time group and participated in two trials, receiving daily either milk protein (PRO trial) or an isoenergetic amount of carbohydrates. Each trial included three consecutive games (days 1–3) and a 72 h recovery period following Game 3 (days 4–6), during which players participated in low-load practice sessions. Isometric and isokinetic peak torque of knee extensors and flexors in the dominant limb, serum creatine kinase (CK) concentration, and erythrocyte glutathione (GSH) levels were assessed prior to each game and practice session. Results: CK increased (p < 0.01) on game days in both groups but recovered earlier in Mod PT compared to High PT. Both eccentric and concentric peak torque was impaired (p < 0.01) up to 24–48 h post-G3 in a velocity-dependent manner. Eccentric peak torque of knee flexors at 60°/s declined to a greater extent in High PT compared to Mod PT (p < 0.01). Protein supplementation resulted in higher erythrocyte GSH concentration at pre-G2 (p < 0.05) and pre-G3 (p < 0.05) compared to placebo in both groups but did not affect any of the study outcomes. Conclusions: Increased protein intake during a congested basketball schedule increases erythrocyte GSH concentration but does not accelerate recovery of muscle function.
Association of Mucin-Degrading Gut Microbiota and Dietary Patterns with Colonic Transit Time in Constipation: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Wu Xuangao , Yang Hee-Jong , Ryu Myeong-Seon , Jung Su-Jin , Ha Kwangsu , Jeong Do-Yeon , Park Sunmin
Published: December 2024

Background: The relationship between gut microbiota composition, lifestyles, and colonic transit time (CTT) remains poorly understood. This study investigated associations among gut microbiota profiles, diet, lifestyles, and CTT in individuals with subjective constipation. Methods: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from our randomized clinical trial, examining gut microbiota composition, CTT, and dietary intake in baseline and final assessments of 94 participants with subjective constipation. Participants were categorized into normal-transit (<36 h) and slow-transit (≥36 h) groups based on CTT at baseline. Gut microbiota composition was measured using 16S rRNA sequencing, and dietary patterns were assessed through semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaires. Enterotype analysis, machine learning approaches, and metabolic modeling were employed to investigate microbiota–diet interactions. The constipated participants primarily belonged to Lachnospiraceae (ET-L). Results: The slow-transit group showed higher alpha diversity than the normal-transit group. Butyricicoccus faecihominis was abundant in the normal-transit group, while Neglectibacter timonensis, Intestinimonas massiliensis, and Intestinibacter bartlettii were abundant in the slow-transit group, which also had a higher abundance of mucin-degrading bacteria. Metabolic modeling predicted increased N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc), a mucin-derived metabolite, in the slow-transit group. Network analysis identified two microbial co-abundance groups (CAG3 and CAG9) significantly associated with transit time and dietary patterns. Six mucin-degrading species showed differential correlations with GlcNAc and a plant-based diet, particularly, including rice, bread, fruits and vegetables, and fermented beans. In conclusion, an increased abundance of mucin-degrading bacteria and their predicted metabolic products were associated with delayed CTT. Conclusion: These findings suggest dietary modulation of these bacterial populations as a potential therapeutic strategy for constipation. Moreover, our results reveal a potential immunometabolic mechanism where mucin-degrading bacteria and their metabolic interactions may influence intestinal transit, mucosal barrier function, and immune response.
Predictive Value of a Gastric Microbiota Dysbiosis Test for Stratifying Cancer Risk in Atrophic Gastritis Patients
Authors: Zaramella Alice , Arcidiacono Diletta , Duci Miriam , Benna Clara , Pucciarelli Salvatore , Fantin Alberto , Rosato Antonio , De Re Valli , Cannizzaro Renato , Fassan Matteo , Realdon Stefano
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Gastric cancer (GC) incidence remains high worldwide, and the survival rate is poor. GC develops from atrophic gastritis (AG), associated with Helicobacter pylori (Hp) infection, passing through intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia steps. Since Hp eradication does not exclude GC development, further investigations are needed. New data suggest the possible role of unexplored gastric microbiota beyond Hp in the progression from AG to GC. Aimed to develop a score that could be used in clinical practice to stratify GC progression risk, here was investigate gastric microbiota in AG Hp-negative patients with or without high-grade dysplasia (HGD) or GC. Methods: Consecutive patients undergoing upper endoscopy within an endoscopic follow-up for AG were considered. The antrum and corpus biopsies were used to assess the microbiota composition along the disease progression by sequencing the 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Statistical differences between HGD/GC and AG patients were included in a multivariate analysis. Results: HGD/GC patients had a higher percentage of Bacillus in the antrum and a low abundance of Rhizobiales, Weeksellaceae and Veillonella in the corpus. These data were used to calculate a multiparametric score (Resident Gastric Microbiota Dysbiosis Test, RGM-DT) to predict the risk of progression toward HGD/GC. The performance of RGM-DT in discriminating patients with HGD/GC showed a specificity of 88.9%. Conclusions: The microbiome-based risk prediction model for GC could clarify the role of gastric microbiota as a cancer risk biomarker to be used in clinical practice. The proposed test might be used to personalize follow-up program thanks to a better cancer risk stratification.