bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
How to Treat Lupus with Physical Measures
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

Let’s look at physical measures first. We have a fair amount of control over these management techniques, and to some extent, controlling the environment represents a commonsense approach. The physical or environmental factors we are going to discuss include the effect of sunlight, diet, exercise, heat, rest in the treatment of fatigue, and the impact of weather.
You Can Help Conquer Lupus
Authors: Wallace Daniel J
Published: November 2023

When confronted with a diagnosis of lupus, most patients are initially frightened about the prognosis. Often, their first reaction is to ask what they did wrong. Coping with the diagnosis of lupus can be a difficult proposition. So many aspects of the disease must be dealt with that can at times seem overwhelming. Studies have shown that over half of lupus patients express a broad range of feelings including stress, anger, depression, fear, guilt, and pain. Conquering these concerns is so complicated that in the early 1990’s the Arthritis Foundation (with the cooperation of the Lupus Foundation of America) supports what is called SLESH, or the Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Self-Help course, which consists of seven weekly two-and-a-half-hour sessions addressing these issues. Other lupus support organizations have developed similar programs, updated and modified the original programs.
Introduction
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance
Published: November 2023

From the viewpoint of an untutored bystander, the choral director’s art constitutes a director in place before a group of singers, baton in hand (or not), leading the coordinated singing effort of the chorus. End of story? Clearly not. The director’s art is far more complex. It requires skills in the intellectual, physical, and social arenas. It entails expertise in matters musical, historical, linguistic, and vocal. Further knowledge in the areas of leadership, performance psychology, and the mental processes that enhance rehearsal and performance add immeasurably to the director’s success.
Breath Management
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance
Published: November 2023

Contrary to some prevalent beliefs, singing is not just speaking on pitch. The requirements of breath for singing exceed those for speaking. Problems of pitch, tone quality, legato, onset, melisma, extreme ranges, and dynamics are each helped in varying amounts by good breath management. Choral singers generally have no resource for improving their breathing skills other than the director’s teaching during rehearsals. Given training by the director, they can achieve a technique that delivers a longer breath, a more stable vibrato, better pitch, improved legato, and the capacity to blend even at varied dynamic levels.
The Individual Singer
Authors: Emmons Shirlee , Chase Constance
Published: November 2023

For much of the twentieth century it was believed that nothing could halt the vocal deterioration caused by growing older. The latest research on the aging voice now mirrors the research on health and aging. It states that proper vocal health habits can stave off the effects of aging. Older singers who wish to retain their skills as long as possible should also assiduously follow informed principles of nutrition and exercise. The research also notes that many older singers habitually sing only at rehearsals and performances. To restore and retain their vocal fitness, it is essential that they vocalize or sing a bit every day. Just fifteen minutes every day is the prescription. The old adage applies to singers, too: use it or lose it. As otolaryngologist Daniel Boone states: “the older professional voice user keeps a surprisingly stable vocal pattern when compared to the voice of an untrained age peer.”
What Do We Know and Not Know about Diet and Enamel Structure?
Authors: Teaford Mark F
Published: November 2023

Teeth are the most common elements in the human fossil record—largely because they’re the most resilient structures in the body. For the most part, they are made of inorganic materials, and they tend to remain intact well after death, unless they are subject to post mortem abrasion or erosion. Thus, it’s no surprise that they’ve provided many clues about the evolution of human diet. However, when you consider the range of “diets” currently sold through the mass media, and when you look at the intricate complexities of nonhuman primate diets in the wild, it becomes all too obvious that “diet” is an incredibly complicated topic. So if we’re ever going to have any hope of documenting the origins and evolution of human diet, we will have to use every available piece of evidence—each with its strengths and weaknesses. The focus of this chapter will be on dental enamel, specifically, its thickness and microstructure. What Do We Know about Dental Enamel?
Modeling the Significance of Paleoenvironmental Context for Early Hominin Diets
Authors: Sept Jeanne
Published: November 2023

From a dietary perspective, did it matter which habitats early hominins lived in? We certainly assume it did, given our understanding of basic principles of evolutionary ecology, but to what extent can we demonstrate this? Hypotheses about early hominin diet have been central to our interpretations of human evolution since Robinson focused attention on dietary niches (Robinson, 1954, 1963) and challenged the field to develop ecological models of human ancestry. As described elsewhere in this volume, paleoanthropologists have made significant progress in recovering and interpreting different types of empirical data that can guide reconstructions of both ancient environments and hominin dietary adaptations. Yet, as richer and more detailed paleoecological data accumulate, the theoretical challenges also grow as we seek to compare more varied types of evidence with different sampling scales, taphonomic histories and interpretive frameworks. This chapter reviews the role of modeling in developing our understanding of early hominin diet and subsistence behavior. It evaluates how combining data from paleoenvironments and contemporary analogs allows us to model both the ecological constraints on early hominin subsistence behavior and feeding opportunities—the variety, abundance, and distribution of foods hominins would have encountered in different ancient habitats. In particular, models of ancient “edible landscapes” can provide a critical framework for evaluating the archaeological and paleontological evidence for early hominin diets and help refine hypotheses about protohuman subsistence strategies to guide future research.
Muscle Relaxation, Differential Relaxation Breathing Retraining
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

This chapter will describe breathing retraining and relaxation training. Not everyone will need this in therapy. If you are using the SIT program, it will be helpful to you. If you do not need or already know about this topic, you may skip to the next section. Most of us realize that our breathing affects the way that we feel. For example, when we are upset, people may tell us to take a deep breath and calm down. However, taking a deep breath often does not help. Instead, in order to calm down, one needs to take a normal breath and exhale slowly.
Reliving the Trauma Memory in Imagination
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

In your first session of imaginal exposure, you are going to spend most of the session reliving the memory of your assault in your imagination. It is difficult to understand and make sense of traumatic experiences. When you think about the rape or are reminded of it, you may experience extreme anxiety and other negative feelings such as shame or anger. The assault was a very frightening and distressing experience, so you tend to push away or avoid the painful memories. You may tell yourself, ‘Don’t think about it; time heals all wounds’ or, ‘I just have to forget about it.’ Other people often advise you to use these same tactics. Also, your friends, family, and partner may feel uncomfortable hearing about the assault, and this may influence you not to talk about it. But, as you have already discovered, no matter how hard you try to push away thoughts about the assault, the experience comes back to haunt you through nightmares, flashbacks, phobias, and distressing thoughts and feelings. These symptoms signal us that your assault is still “unfinished business.” In this treatment the goal is to help you process the memories connected with the assault by having you remember them for an extended period of time. Staying with these memories, rather than running away from them, will help decrease the anxiety and fear that are associated with them. It is quite natural to want to avoid painful experiences such as memories, feelings, and situations that remind you of the assault. However, as we already discussed, the more you avoid dealing with the memories, the more they disturb your life. Some of the following examples may help you understand why you need to process the traumatic memories rather than avoiding them.
Role-play, Assertive Behavior, and Covert Modeling
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

A technique called role-play will help you learn new behaviors and words to use in situations that make you anxious. Have you ever had the experience of role-playing before? Role-playing is like a dress rehearsal. This technique is based on the principle that practicing what you want to say before you enter a stressful situation helps to decrease your anxiety and gives you a higher chance of obtaining your goal. If you are in therapy, your therapist can role play with you in session. Here is how it works. Some role-plays will deal with how to be more assertive. Assertiveness is saying what you need to say in an effective way. One important point is that being assertive is not the same as being aggressive. Think about assertiveness as the happy medium between being passive and being aggressive. If a person is passive all the time and lets people walk all over her, she may become angry and explode over minor incidents. This is n’t a helpful way to act with family, friends, or coworkers. On the other hand, if a person is aggressive with someone, she may initially get what she wants, but in the long run people may start avoiding her. Let’s talk about the difference between aggressive, nonassertive, and assertive behaviors.
Putting the Techniques Together: Common Problems and Complications
Authors: Rothbaum Barbara Olasov , Foa Edna B
Published: November 2023

At the end of Session 8, it is time to check your progress in treatment and to evaluate whether or not you need more sessions. At this time, your therapist may have asked you to complete some of the questionnaires and interviews again. If so, please use this information in evaluating your progress in the program. You may remember rating your PTSD symptoms previously in Chapter 5. We would like for you to re-assess your PTSD symptoms at this point. Below is a description of the PTSD symptoms. Please rate each symptom that you are currently experiencing on a 0-3 scale.
A System of Invention
Authors: Lesch John E
Published: November 2023

In 1939, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Gerhard Domagk, a medical researcher employed by the German fine chemicals company I.G. Farbenindustrie. Domagk was cited for his “recognition of the antibacterial activity of Prontosil,” by that time recognized as the first of a new class of antibacterial agents, the sulfa drugs. Domagk’s first findings related to Prontosil were dated 1932, and the first publication, 1935. In fact, the research program from which Prontosil emerged had been initiated in 1926. And the successful result of that program depended heavily on Domagk’s close collaboration with two of the company’s chemists, Fritz Mietzsch and Joseph Klarer, whose roles the Nobel award passed over in silence.
Pathways of Recognition
Authors: Lesch John E
Published: November 2023

Most histories of medicine correctly credit the first sulfa drugs, Prontosil and sulfanilamide, with initiation of a revolution in therapeutics. Some also say or imply that the transformation was sudden and irresistible, that the new medicines were so clearly superior to existing treatments that they immediately marked off the past of medical practice from its future. That such was not the case is indicated by the German experience described in chapters 4 and 5. Even in the land of its birth, Prontosil was not an instant success. Physicians rendered skeptical by failures of earlier chemotherapies for bacterial infections gave Prontosil a positive, but cautious and critical, reception, and sales of the compound did not reach their full potential until three years after its introduction. Outside of Germany, too, in France, Britain, and the United States, Prontosil and sulfanilamide became “miracle drugs” only through a process that extended over more than two years after the introduction of Prontosil. The process involved a complex interaction of laboratory and clinical investigations, physician use, and scientific, medical, and popular representations. Its end points were roughly Gerhard Domagk’s first publication in February 1935, and the Paris International Exposition and American Medical Association Atlantic City meeting in 1937.
Learning One’s First Language
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

When we say that someone has learned a language, what has happened to that person? What has that individual done and what has been done to him or her? What has been learned and at what point can we say that the process is complete? What part do imitation and practice play in the learning process and what is the contribution of the environment? What is the importance of intelligence in language learning? Is there an age at which it is easier to learn a language and, if so, what is that age? Is there a difference between learning one’s first language and learning a second one? Why does anyone learn a language? Questions such as these are critical for anyone interested in language development. In the first place it is obvious that children do not create language totally anew nor do they learn language like a parrot by memorizing complete utterances, though in the early stages they may do a little of both. More often children’s early utterances bear a clear relationship to utterances in the adult language while differing enough to show that they are not straightforward imitations, as can be seen in the following examples:
The Act of Communicating
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

The first thing the child has to discover is that it is possible to communicate with other beings. Children usually find this out fairly quickly when their cries produce some kind of response. Mothers and other caregivers also often set up small communicative routines, such as peek-a-boo, in which the child learns to respond to certain cues. Children also soon learn to recognize not only faces but also facial expressions and to associate these expressions with different moods. It has also been suggested that the early routine of feeding sets a pattern of turn-taking long before the infant is capable of any kind of conversational exchange. Mothers are often anxious to encourage any response from the infant that can be interpreted as intentional communication. The following is an exchange between a mother and a three-month-old girl:
Learning About Words and Their Structure
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

Learning to perceive and produce the sounds (phonemes) of a language is one of the fundamental tasks in becoming a fluent speaker but it is only a means to an end. The sounds themselves are meaningless. Children have to realize that some of the noises made by adults refer to various aspects of the world in which the children find themselves. They have to notice that certain combinations of sounds occur repeatedly and that the adults seem to attach some significance to these combinations, for example, Daddy, milk, down, no. At first the child probably only has the vaguest glimmerings as to the significance these noises have for adults. It is also difficult for an adult to guess at what significance the child attaches to the utterance. One father was pleased that his daughter seemed to understand the question Where is the baby? by turning and looking at herself in the mirror, but she did exactly the same when he asked Where is daddy? We are back to the problem of the dog and its name.
Still More Syntax
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

Syntax is what governs the relationship between the structural units (noun phrases, verb phrases, and so on) in an utterance. Languages differ in the ways in which they signal these relationships. In some languages there are many morphemes which indicate the relationships. In English, which in its modern form has few such morphemes, word order is of vital importance. In the utterance The boy next door loves the girl across the street the subject of the verb loves is the boy next door and the object of the verb is the girl across the street (in this case the beloved object). These relationships are signaled by the order of the words (or rather of the phrases made up by the words). From these relationships we can tell that it is the boy who loves and the girl who is loved. The girl across the street loves the boy next door is a quite different utterance and may, alas, not be true even when the first utterance is. The order subject-verb-object (SVO) is the basic order of these syntactic units in English. Almost half the languages in the world (including European languages such as French, Russian, and Hungarian) share this basic word order. Slightly more of the world’s languages (such as Japanese and Turkish) have the basic order SOV with the verb at the end. A very much smaller number (including Irish, Welsh, and Hebrew) have the verb first, VSO. The other three ordering possibilities are found, but rarely. In every language there are also complex rules for the order of constituents in particular constructions and in some of these the basic word order is changed.
Register
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

It is easy to underestimate how great an achievement learning to speak a language actually is. As we have seen in earlier chapters, human languages are wondrously complex and delicately balanced systems, and it is remarkable that we succeed so well in this task, literally without knowing what we are doing. It is also easy to overestimate what has been achieved. When traveling in a foreign country, we may ask someone, Do you speak English? What we really want to know is whether that individual will be able to understand what I want and also be able to tell me so that I can also understand the answer. This is very different from “speaking English” if by that we imply knowing the totality of the English language. Strictly speaking, nobody “speaks English” (or any other language). Instead we know and use that part of the language which is necessary and useful for our activities and interests. In addition to using a form of the language (regional and social dialect) that connects us to a particular section of the community, we also learn the kinds of language necessary for our work and play. The term used for the latter kind of language differences is register.
Languages of the World
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

It is rather frustrating that there is no accepted figure on the number of languages in the world. Partly this is because there is no linguistic way of distinguishing between a language and a dialect. Certainly, there is no direct correlation between language and nation. There are about 170 nation-states and about six thousand languages, but 95 percent of the world’s population makes use of a total of fewer than one hundred languages. It follows from this that some languages have a very small number of speakers. In Papua New Guinea, for example, there are about 850 languages in a population of 3.3 million, which is one reason why Tok Pisin has become widespread as a lingua franca (see chapter 32). In the central northwest Amazon region there are twenty languages in a population that has been estimated at from five thousand to ten thousand. It is not only the number of languages that is surprising; the variety of means they use is also remarkable. At the same time, all human languages have a number of characteristics in common and Chomsky has raised the question of linguistic universals. As was described in chapter 11, he has argued that the ability of any normal child to learn any human language merely by exposure to it leads to two conclusions. One is that children must be born with a special ability to learn language, the Language Acquisition Device (LAD). The second point is that all human languages must be similar to the extent that they can be learned by any child. These universal characteristics are what Chomsky has labeled Universal Grammar (UG).
Pidgins and Creoles
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

Some of the most fascinating questions are probably unanswerable. One is about the origin of human language. With the exception of a small but vocal group, most people in Britain and the United States believe in the notion of evolution, even if the details are far from clear. The emergence of human language as an efficient system of vocal communication, however, presents a challenge to evolutionary theory, since there is a fundamental problem in even imagining how the kinds of calls primates use could have developed into human language. The problem lies in the segmental nature of language and particularly the segments known as phonemes. Since phonemes are meaningless in themselves, it is hard to see how they could have developed out of a system in which individual calls had separate meanings. Another problem in trying to understand the evolution of language is the lack of fossil evidence. Unfortunately, bone structure is not the most important aspect of the vocal tract and the softer parts of the body do not survive as fossils. Attempts have been made to extrapolate the size of the vocal tract from skull fossils in order to determine when human beings first began to use language. Even if successful (and they have been challenged), these efforts would still not provide any explanation of how language evolved.
Envoi: Confessio Amantis
Authors: Macaulay Ronald
Published: November 2023

In a short book such as this it is impossible to do more than give a slight idea of the pleasures that looking at language can provide. For most of my life I have enjoyed people using language well. Growing up in Scotland probably helped, though I was not aware of how much at that time. As a rebellious adolescent, resistant to any school pressures, I nevertheless on my own initiative worked my way through War and Peace, Anna Karenina, much of Dickens, and all of Scott’s Waverley novels, in addition to a great deal of rubbish that I have no desire to recall. Reading was then and has remained a source of great pleasure. At school I had attempted to learn French and German (in addition to compulsory Latin) in the hope of one day becoming a foreign correspondent on a national newspaper. My ineptitude (or that of my teachers) led me to abandon this ambition, but at the University of St. Andrews I enjoyed the required exposure to Old English so much that I specialized in English language, mainly Old and Middle English, and even made a feeble endeavor to master Old Norse. Mediocre success at this task left me with limited options when I graduated. On learning about a job teaching English as a foreign language at the British Institute in Lisbon, I decided that this was what I had always wanted to do. I soon found out that my studies at university had in no way fitted me to teach English. What I knew was useless; what I did not know was essential.
The Early and Mid-Renaissance Periods I500-I580
Authors: Spring Matthew
Published: November 2023

Bewaile with me all ye that have profcst Of musicke tharte by touche of coarde or winde: Laye downe your lutes and let your gitterns rest, Phillips is dead whose like you can not find Of musicke much exceadying all the rest, Muses therfore of force nm, must you wrest. Your pleasant notes into another sound, The stringe is broke, the lute is dispossest, The hand is cold, the bodye in the ground. The lmuing lute lamenteth now therfore, Phillips her frende that can her touche no more.
The Caroline and Commonwealth Periods (1625-1660)
Authors: Spring Matthew
Published: November 2023

Here is a fellow who comes into A’nrland with an ill meen and thrcdbarc cloaths, and there presently sets up a Court of Judicature, arraigning both Musick, Instruments, and Musicians, for not being a la mode de France; the twelve ranks of strings oth’ Lute, the double neck, the lessons, the method of playing, and almost the hands too, for not being manry about the ,nists like his: he belies great masters; and teaches hut his mrn imperfections: And if his fingers be so weak they can scarce crawle o’re a Lute, then to play gently and softly is the mode, and douceme11t is the word: and if so gouty and child-blained as he rakes the strings worse than if they grated on by a ragged staff: then first and Galfiard is the word, and strong and lusty is the mode agen; and if you like not his play, he tells ye at least, that he has the only new method of Paris, and that he teaches a rm;ir and 11011 pareille, and for his lessons (which he has rakt out of Gaullier’s dunghill, or collected from the privy-house of Dufant) he keeps them as precious reliques, giving such out for nc,v as ,vere made before the lvignon or the Pope’s coming there
A Quartet of Five (Dave Brubeck)
Authors: Giddins Gary
Published: November 2023

No postwar jazz musician has cultivated his audience like Dave Brubeck. His success has Pavlovian dimensions. The simultaneous release of Double Live from the USA and UK (Telarc), a lively two-CD set drawn from 1995 and 1998 concerts, and the long-delayed reissue of The Dave Brubeck Quartet at Carnegie Hall (Columbia/Legacy), a two-CD set recorded in 1963, suggests that time, which he has calibrated and deconstructed for five decades, may have stopped for him, his music, and his audience. As soon as he leaps into the clanging 9/4 head of “Blue Rondo a la Turk” or the “Take Five” vamp, he elicits a bellowing roar rarely heard at concerts anymore. The response is less feverish now, the stomps and whistles replaced by falsetto whoos, but these are still true believers. Brubeck has called the audience the fifth member of his quartet. Before intermission at the 1963 concert, he thanks it for “helping us along.” In a time of rampant jazz politesse, the bursts of applause when a solo peaks and elated cries when it finishes are intoxicating.
Boom! (Louis Armstrong)
Authors: Giddins Gary
Published: November 2023

Amid the crush of CD releases timed to accompany Louis Armstrong’s centennial celebration, a two-year event that acknowledges his avowed birth date in 1900 as well as his true one in 1901, a remarkable curio has glided in under the radar of many fans. It’s an appendage to a collection of 1950s records by Lotte Lenya, the Viennese-born singer and actress whose own centennial in 2000 was strangely neglected. Lotte Lenya Sings Kurt Weill / The American Theater Songs includes her robust duet with Armstrong on “Mack the Knife,” an uncommon but hardly unknown performance. The curio is a funny eight-and-a-half minute rehearsal tape that allows us to be flies on the wall as Armstrong teaches her to syncopate. The excerpt begins with a complete run-through of the song, which is persuasive until the very end, when Lenya is supposed to sing, “Now that Mackie’s [quarter note rest for rhythmic accent] back in town.” She ignores the rest and drags out the last three words for a mile and a half. Armstrong good-naturedly explains to her the jazzy cadence, growling a “boom” to indicate the rest. She laughs and tells him, “That’s easy for you.” Taking charge, Armstrong informs the producer that there is no need to re-record more than a closing insert, and encourages Lenya (“That’s it,” “There you go”) until she gets it almost right. The irony is delicious: Armstrong coolly coaching Lenya, a near-legendary figure in her own right, on a song her late husband had conceived expressly for her—and she displaying not one iota of prima donna resentment as he spots her take after take. Also amusing is the precise and unchanging pitch with which he repeatedly cues the “boom.” The episode reminds us how alien jazz rhythms could be as recently as midcentury. Today, few 10-year-olds would have any difficulty mastering that rest. Thanks largely to Armstrong, we live in a syncopated world.
The Crucial Decision
Authors: Rarick Ethan
Published: November 2023

From the jumping-off point at Independence to the crossing of the Continental Divide, the path for all westward travelers was identical. Everyone needed to reach the easy transit through the Rockies, so everyone traveled up the Platte and the Sweetwater, like ships aiming for a strait before reaching the open ocean. But west of the mountains, no similar geographical narrows constricted the traffic. Depending on their intended destination and their personal preferences, emigrants were now free to follow different routes. It was the first time they made a real decision about their course, and for the Donner Party, no choice would ultimately prove more important nor rest on a shakier foundation.
A Broken Promise
Authors: Rarick Ethan
Published: November 2023

From the beginning of the relief effort, the rescuers marching into the mountains carried along motives as varied as their own lives. Some men strove to save their families. Some worked to fulfill a vow to old traveling companions. Some volunteered to save utter strangers. Some asked about the pay.
Alive Yet
Authors: Rarick Ethan
Published: November 2023

On a cold night, the mountains can be as quiet as a graveyard. Unless the wind kicks up, there is nothing to hear but the voices of your comrades and the crackling of the campfire. Selim Woodworth and his men, however, turned their ears to something else—other voices, farther off. He sent emissaries to investigate and found the little party that had walked away from Starved Camp: James Reed and two of his children, William McCutchan, Hiram Miller, and the others. By chance, the two parties had almost literally stumbled into one another.
A Beautiful Country
Authors: Rarick Ethan
Published: November 2023

The warmth of spring seeped through the rich riverbed land of the Napa Valley as surely as the cold had penetrated the huts at Truckee Lake. Barely two months after her rescue, Virginia Reed’s mind was already turning to gentler matters.
The Meaning of Slave Tales
Authors: Levine Lawrence W
Published: November 2023

For the historian interested in slave culture, the use of folk tales parallels that of songs and folk beliefs. Although few black tales were collected until the decades following the Civil War, their distribution was so widespread throughout the South, their content so similar, and their style and function so uniform that it is evident they were not a sudden postemancipation creation. “All over the South the stories of Br’er Rabbit are told,” Octave Thanet reported in 1892. “Everywhere not only ideas and plots are repeated, but the very words often are the same; one gets a new vision of the power of oral tradition.” The variations in patterns of mobility, educational and vocational opportunities, cultural expression, and life styles brought about by emancipation produced inevitable changes in black folklore, and they will be examined in later chapters. Still, throughout the remainder of the nineteenth century-and well into the twentieth- the large body of slave tales remained a vital and central core of Afro American expression.
The Rise of Secular Song
Authors: Levine Lawrence W
Published: November 2023

If during slavery it was the secular songs that were occasional and the religious songs that represented the ethos of the black folk, in freedom the situation began to reverse itself. Secular song became increasingly important in black folk culture in the decades following freedom. Negroes were thrust into the larger world, and their response to their experience was couched more and more in explicitly worldly terms. The sacred world was not shattered immediately and decisively for all Negroes in the period after the Civil War; it continued, with different degrees of intensity and pervasiveness, to inform the consciousness and world view of large numbers of blacks both North and South. But never again was it to occupy the central position of the antebellum years. The aesthetics and forms of Afro-American slave folk culture remained fundamentally important throughout the years of freedom, but their content was reshaped by the experiences of the new existence and the new imperatives.
Life
Authors: Millington Barry
Published: November 2023

One of the key figures in the history of opera, Wilhelm Richard Wagner was largely responsible for altering its orientation in the 19th century. His programme of artistic reform, though not executed to the last detail, accelerated the trend towards organically conceived, through-composed structures, as well as influencing the development of the orchestra, of a new breed of singer, and of various aspects of theatrical practice. Born in Leipzig on 22 May 1813, he died on 13 February 1883 in Venice.
Tannhäuser
Authors: Millington Barry
Published: November 2023

Wagner worked out a detailed prose draft (28 June 6 July 1842) at Aussig (now Ústí nad Labem) in the Bohemian mountains, and versified it the following spring. After making a number of preliminary sketches for the musical setting, Wagner made his ‘fragmentary complete draft’ (so called because it survives only in fragmentary form, albeit now largely reconstructed) and a continuous complete draft, the two evolving side by side between the summer or autumn of 1843 and December 1844. The overture was completed on 11 January 1845 and the full score on 13 April. As late as the continuous complete draft, there is evidence of Wagner’s conception in terms of traditional numbers, despite his suppression of such designations in the autograph score. The uncomprehending response of the audience at the first performance on 19 October 1845 was largely due to the inability of Tichatschek, in the leading role, to grasp the principle of melos towards which Wagner was progressing.
Bayreuth
Authors: Millington Barry
Published: November 2023

The town of Bayreuth in Bavaria, southern Germany, is internationally famous as the site of Richard Wagner’s Festspielhaus. Dating back to 1231, and in the 17th and 18th centuries the seat of an independent margravate, the town is now the capital of the district of Upper Franconia and since 1975 has had a university. As well as the Festspielhaus it possesses two theatres in which opera is performed, the Markgräfliches Opernhaus and the modern Stadthalle.
“Faction in Civil War is Unmitigated Treason”
Authors: Weber Jennifer L
Published: November 2023

MAinstream democrats had made a terrible mistake in ceding such control to the peace wing at the convention. The Copperheads, who were so strong at the end of August, turned into a political millstone for McClellan and the rest of the party. By allowing the peace wing to write the party platform and install Pendleton as McClellan’s running mate, the party gave the Republicans the chance to tar them as disloyal, an opening the Republicans capitalized on again and again. No matter how hard Democrats tried, they could not rid themselves of what the Republicans repeatedly referred to as “the smell of treason on their garments.” The man at the top of the ticket further stymied the Democrats’ attempts to regain traction. McClellan absented himself from the political game, cloistering himself instead in his New Jersey home. He refused almost all public appearances and often declined to meet important politicians in private, preferring to correspond with them instead. Tainted and leaderless, the Democrats hit the shoals in the October elections and the rocks in November. McClellan suffered a humiliating defeat at the hands of a man he had once ridiculed as “the original gorrilla,” losing even the soldier vote he presumably had locked up. The soldiers, it turned out, wanted to see the war through to its conclusion.
Further Thoughts on the Fine Tuning of Sensory Gating
Authors: Freedman Robert
Published: November 2023

As we can conclude from the previous chapter, it would be advantageous to be able to regulate sensory gating. Sometimes we want purposely to increase the inhibition to help us make the best possible judgments about what is going on around us, and sometimes it would be better to decrease the inhibition, to help us be alert or vigilant to any possibility.

The brain uses an additional set of neurotransmitters to regulate the glutamate–GABA interaction: acetylcholine, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, opioids, and cannabanoids, to name a few. You may have recognized that the word cannabanoid is related to cannabis or marijuana.
Talking with a Person Who Has Schizophrenia
Authors: Freedman Robert
Published: November 2023

My son, Aaron, a student, was in nursing school and had a 1-week rotation on a psychiatry service. A man with schizophrenia had been admitted. He had been living in his automobile for 10 years and had not been treated during that time. On Monday he refused to talk to Aaron, which precipitated a call to me for advice. I told Aaron to bring a deck of cards the next day and no money. On Tuesday, they played gin rummy all afternoon. Aaron called to tell me what had happened and explained that he had to obtain the patient’s history and fill out a questionnaire on his nursing care needs.
A Final Piece of Neurobiology–and a Final Thought
Authors: Freedman Robert
Published: November 2023

The aim of this book is to provide an introduction to biological research on schizophrenia, to see how it informs us about the experience of having schizophrenia and more broadly to see how it informs us about how our brains work. We understand now that schizophrenia is indeed a collection of small biological changes, any one of which might not be disastrous but whose combination leaves open the possibility of psychosis. When that possibility opens, it causes a change in one’s view of the world that is not easily challenged, either by the person who has the illness or by others who wish to help.
Bearings On Place, Circumstance, And Performance
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle
Published: November 2023

My first days back in Centrafrique already posed a challenge. Arriving in Bangui, the capital, my main task was to obtain a research permit-a process that can be prolonged by a tangle of bureaucratic obstacles. The permit would prove to local authorities that I had permission to work among BaAka and would discourage police from delaying me at road blocks. I climbed a steep dirt road leading to the Ministry of Scientific Research. Next door, a woman was hanging colorful laundry in her yard. As I passed, her chickens fluttered at my feet, then settled to peck in front of the Ministry offices. Many of the contacts I had made the preceding summer had since moved on; there was a new High Commissioner of Scientific Research who had no record of my previous visit. But after relatively few daily appointments with the High Commissioner and his secretary; I had my permit in hand.

Hotels in Bangui cater to a tiny international clientele and are expensive, so I gratefully accepted the hospitality of the U.S. Embassy charge d’affaires, whom I had met a year earlier. He and his family had remained in the country somewhat longer than most diplomats; Bangui is considered by the State Department to be a “hardship post,” and two years of service is all that is expected. Their walled-in mansion (counted as compensation for “hardship”) was flanked on one side by the wide and coursing river Oubangui, and across the road by Ngaragba prison, from which inmates sometimes called out for food. For a few days I shared a swimming-pool-and-servants lifestyle enjoyed by diplomats and expatriate business people, but the cool luxury that isolates them from the surrounding African city made me uneasy. Unlike the diplomats, most people in Bangui value an intense community life, a social wealth that can thrive without running water or electricity. I was eager to get myself and my backpacks down to Bagandou and out to Justin’s small farm at the threshold of the deep forest.
Women’S Dances Dingboku And Elamba The Politics Of Gender
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle
Published: November 2023

Ongoing, informal negotiation and disputed expectations are part of BaAka social dynamics and are highlighted in performance, as in the Mabo initiation events described in chapter 6. Marina Roseman, an ethnomusicologist who works with a rainforest population in Malaysia, has a working definition of egalitarian social systems. They are “those in which the labor or obedience of one adult cannot be coerced by another adult. Members retain the prerogative of withdrawing from untenable relationships or coercive commands” (Roseman 1984:413, cites Fried, Collier, and Rosaldo).1 An “egalitarian” sensibility in this sense makes for a cultural climate of constant negotiation (see Dumont 1986; see also Turnbull 1961; Moise 1992). And, in the context of BaAka women’s dances, gendered wills intensify the social fray.

During the eboka of the preceding chapter the women’s dances did not materialize, but at other large dance events this season, those who wanted to perform Dingboku and Elamba often did prevail.2 On occasion, each party proceeded simultaneously with its own agenda: in one instance, at a dance in a temporary BaAka camp outside Bagandou, a visiting ginda of Ndambo who had come from the Congo began to lead a men’s version of Dingboku, sometimes called So, rare in Bagandou but current both in Mopoutou and westward in Bayanga. The women were already dancing Dingboku, however, and the result was cacophony, as each group ignored the other’s claim BaAka women take Dingboku into the road in Bagandou village. In the foreground are bilo pedestrians. The large house in the background belongs to Justin’s uncle, then the mayor of Bagandou.
The “Matter Of God”
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle
Published: November 2023

Some BaAka encountered Christian missionization for the first time during 1988 and 1989. The most concentrated episode I witnessed began in late 1988, when American evangelists from the Grace Brethren Church started a campaign to “plant churches” among BaAka of the Bagandou region. This was my first significant encounter with missionaries, too, and I was not sure how to react. I tried my best to keep an open mind, believing that most missionaries have good intentions and do some positive things (see, for example, Boursier 1991). Besides, I knew of many instances where missionized peoples reinterpret the lore of the missionaries, resulting in a spirited resistance to the “colonization of consciousness” (Comaroff and Comaroff 1989). But as the complexity of the local situation became more evident, my outlook, too, became more troubled.

By November 1988, many Bagandou BaAka had already been living near the village for several weeks, and bilo were discouraging them from holding dances on weekdays. They wanted BaAka for daily labor, as when Djongi’s milo interrupted our weekday Elamba (chapter 5). As a routine of life near the village set in, BaAka increasingly limited their beboka to Sundays. Most BaAka do not know the order of the days of the Christian week and ask villagers what day it is if they want to know, but some mornings in camp there were brief debates as to the day-”yesterday was Tuesday, so today must be Saturday.” Normally; BaAka track time in terms of nature’s cycles: the sun’s positions during the day; the phases of the moon, and the seasons-dry, rainy; forest nuts, honey, corn, caterpillar (esepho, mbwa, mondonge, mbaso, bombombo, congo). But concepts of time and routine altered as this season near the village wore on.1
Continuations Managing Missionaries And Modernity
Authors: Kisliuk Michelle
Published: November 2023

This final chapter is intended not to conclude but to sharpen a focus on process and change. As both a reprise and an extension of issues within the book, here I describe comparative travel and follow-up research trips between May 1989 and September 1995, which took some unforeseen turns.

During my final months of research in 1989, I journeyed west toward Nola and Bayanga. I was eager to meet BaAka from this region, who call themselves BaAka Bambenjele, because as far away as Bagandou these BaAka have something of a reputation as exceptional dancers and singers.1 As I expected from hearsay in Bagandou, though, around the large town of Nola, Centrafrican Baptists had been active with the pygmies for years. I stayed in Nola for a few days with a local Peace Corps worker named Susan. On Sunday, Susan’s neighbor Jean-Pierre-the pastor I’d interviewed the previous day (described in chapter 8)-took us to a service among BaAka who live along the road outside town. This Baptist service did not have the ad hoc leeway of the service at Dzanga; the pastor led the prayers, mostly in Sango, and these BaAka-much more familiar with Sango and long exposed to missionaries-followed obediently. Nevertheless, I found the musical aspects intriguing. Like the Grace Brethren, the Baptists have been in Centrafrique since the early 1920s, but like many other Christian sects, their hymns in Sango have been “Africanized;’ with syncopated phrasing and parallel harmonies in intervals of thirds, fourths, and fifths, accompanied by lively but unvarying drum rhythms that emphasize one central downbeat. Most striking, though, is that BaAka here have been Christians long enough to have developed at least one hymn in their own language, and I was startled to hear them sing it in overlapping, pygmy fashion (CD 2:11). Unlike the other hymns, this one had words buried within layers of interlaced phrases, with harmonies in seconds and vowel sounds of “oh”s and “eh”s (though without the trademark “eeya”s). Although the form of this song was not as dynamic as most BaAka singing, it carried an unmistakably BaAka sensibility. This was the first time I’d seen BaAka reconfigure Christian material into their own style.
From Song to Stage
Authors: Steven Suskin
Published: November 2023

Almost two hundred pages later, we find ourselves back with the same questions. What, precisely, does the orchestrator do? And what does he do that the composer doesn’t?
War and Social Organization: From Nomadic Bands to Modern States
Authors: Fry Douglas P
Published: November 2023

In the midst of World War II, Quincy Wright published a magnum opus called The Study of War. The two-volume work, totaling well over a thousand pages, draws on information from fields as diverse as psychology, sociology, anthropology, history, and political science, as well as Wright’s own discipline, international law. In considering anthropological data, Wright and his team of assistants used a large cross-cultural, worldwide sample.Wright was able to rate the vast majority of the societies, 590 in all, regarding warfare.2 Thirty societies (5 percent of the total) were found to lack warfare, The literature revealed no evidence of warfare, no military organization, and no special weapons.
Returning to the Evidence: Life in the Band
Authors: Fry Douglas P
Published: November 2023

A dispute [among the Mhuti] may he stopped simply by making life intolerable for the disputants by miming them and throwing them into ridicule. If these measures Jail and the dispute persists, the hunting automatically suffers, and if no reconciliation is effected, the hand splits, either forming two subsections or remaining as a single hand, with the splinter section joining another band, at least temporarily.