bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
IgG subclass antibodies to Porphyromonas gingivalis in patients with destructive periodontal disease
Authors: Wilton J. M. A. , Hurst T. J. , Austin A. K.
Published: December 2005

Abstract We have estimated by ELISA the levels of IgG subclass antibodies against P. gingivalis strain W83 whole cells in 35 cases of adult periodontitis and 35 age, sex. ethnic origin and plaque index‐matched healthy controls. The mean levels of IgG1 (P<0.0003) and IgG2 (p<0.0416) were significantly elevated in the cases. Many sera had no detectable IgG4 antibodies but by categorising IgG4 responses into high, low and absent, this subclass was more often present (p 0.002) in the cases. Analysis of the paired differences between cases and controls showed that only IgG1(p 0.0005) and IgG4 (p< 0.003) levels were significantly greater in the cases. The data support the role of P. gingivalis as a key pathogen in adult periodontitis and high levels of IgG4 antibodies might possibly provide a marker of patients with active disease.
Neurogenic inflammation and the oral mucosa
Authors: Györfi A. , Fazekas Á. , Rosivall L.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. Since the rôle of neurogenic inflammation in various pathological conditions is well‐established, we presume that it also has great importance in the development of several inflammatory processes in the oral mucosa. In the course of experimentally‐induced neurogenic inflammation of the oral mucosa in rats, vasodilation and plasma extravasation occur in the area supplied by unmyelinated capsaicin‐sensitive fibres. Upon activating these fibres in the oral mucosa, mediators such as histamine, substance P (SP) and calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) are released from the peripheral terminals of afferent nerves causing characteristic symptoms of neurogenic inflammation. By histochemical techniques, SP‐ and CGRP‐immunoreactive fibres have occurred in the area of the rat oral mucosa stimulated mostly in the free and attached gingiva around the molar teeth in the lower jaw. Capsaicin pretreatment performed neonatally or at adult age causes a loss of SP‐immunoreactive fibres and prevents the vaso‐dilatory responses, as well as the increase in vascular permeability elicited by the antidromic stimulation of the inferior alveolar nerve. As the transection of inferior alveolar nerve decreased the extravasation of Evans blue on the ipsilateal side and did not affect the capsaicin‐induced enhancement in blood flow, we suggest that the two symptoms of the inflammation, i.e., the increased vascular permeability and decreased vascular resistance, should be produced by different mechanisms. The results of all the morphological and functional studies seem to confirm the possibility that there is an important neurogenic component of the inflammatory alterations caused by different mechanical and chemical stimuli in the oral mucosa.
Probing pocket depth at mobile/nonmobile teeth
Authors: Neiderud Anne‐Marie , Ericsson Ingvar , Lindhe Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract. The aim of the present investigation was to study the influence of an increased tooth mobility on the resistance offered by the periodontal tissues to probing. 6 beagle dogs were used. At the start of the experiment, the animals had clean teeth and normal gingival and periodontal conditions. In each dog, a device was installed in the lower left jaw quadrant to expose the third premolar (P3) to jiggling forces which would enhance the mobility of this “test” tooth. The contralateral tooth served as the non‐jiggled control. During the 3 months of experimentation, the teeth of the dogs were cleaned on a regular basis.

Clinical examinations including tooth mobility measurements were performed on days 0 and 90. After the examination on Day 90, a probe was inserted in the buccal “pocket” of the mesial root of 3P and P3. The probe was retained with composite. Biopsies including the test or control tooth with adjacent buccal periodontal tissues were harvested, fixed and decalcified. Each biopsy was divided in one mesial and one distal portion (root). The distal portion was embedded in Epon, sectioned and stained in PAS and toluidine blue, while the mesial portion, following probe removal was embedded in paraffin, sectioned and stained in hematoxylin‐eosin. The sections were exposed to histometric and morphometric measurements. The findings demonstrated that tissue alterations which occur at mobile teeth may reduce the resistance offered by the periodontal tissues to clinical probing. Such alterations include (i) reduced height of the alveolar bone, (ii) reduced amount of collagen, and increased vascularity in the enlarged supracrestal connective tissue.
Periodontal changes by HIV serostatus in a cohort of homosexual and bisexual men
Authors: Barr C. , Lopez M. R. , Rua‐Dobles A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract. These data represent 20 months of follow‐up on 114 homo/bisexual men. Periodontal changes were analyzed in relation to HIV‐1 serostatus, immune status, age and plaque. Gingival index (GI), plaque index (PI), and relative attachment levels recorded by the computerized Florida disk probe were performed every 4 months. A threshold of ≥3.0 mm of relative attachment loss (RAL) was selected as a significant longitudinal change. RAL≥3 mm occurred 6.16 times (95% CI = 1.95, 19.40) more frequently among subjects with T4 counts < 200 compared to subjects with counts of 200 or more. Among older subjects (age > 35 years), the incidence (33%) of RAL ≥ 3 mm was significantly higher (p= 0.004) in more immunosuppressed subjects (T4 < 200) compared to the incidence (5%) in less immunosuppressed subjects (T4≥200); this association was not significant in younger subjects less than 35 years old (p= 0.55). In 78 subjects present at all follow‐up visits, averaged GI increased and were significantly higher in the seropositive subjects compared to seronegative subjects, but, GI was not related to T4 cell counts within the seropositive group. Separate linear regression of GI by PI by HIV serostatus revealed a significantly higher slope in the seropositive group compared to the seronegative group (p= 0.04), suggesting greater sensitivity to plaque in the seropositive group. Conclusion: immunosuppression, especially in combination with older age, may be a risk factor for attachment loss, and HIV seropositivity, independent of T4 cell counts, may be a risk factor for gingival inflammation.
A longitudinal study on insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus and periodontal disease
Authors: Seppälä B. , Seppälä M. , Ainamo J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract In the present two‐year longitudinal investigation, the progression of periodontal disease was assessed after 1 year from the baseline examination in 38 dentate subjects and after 2 years in 22 dentate subjects with a mean duration of 18 years of insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus. The diabetics, aged 35 to 56 years at baseline, were under medical treatment at the outpatient clinic of the III Department of Medicine, University Central Hospital of Helsinki and at 2 diabetic clinics of the Helsinki Health Centre. Based upon their long‐term medical records, 26 subjects were at baseline identified as having poorly controlled insulin‐dependent diabetes (PIDD) with a mean blood glucose level of 12.5 mmol/1 and a mean glycosylated hemoglobin (HBA1) level of 10.1%. 12 subjects were classified as having controlled insulin‐dependent diabetes (CIDD) with a mean blood glucose level of 6.7 mmol/1 and a mean HBA, level of 9.2% at baseline. For each individual, recordings were made at baseline and after 1 and 2 years from the baseline for the plaque index, gingival index, pocket depth, loss of attachment, bleeding after probing, gingival recession, and radiographic loss of alveolar bone. At baseline and 2 years after the baseline examination, the PIDD subjects had similar plaque conditions as the CIDD subjects. At baseline and after 1 and 2 years from baseline the PIDD subjects had more gingivitis and bleeding after probing (P<0.05, χtest) than the CIDD subjects. Both at baseline and at the 1‐year and 2‐year examinations, the long‐term PIDD subjects had lost more tooth attachment and approximal bone than the corresponding CIDD subjects (P<0.01, χ‐test). At all 3 examinations, the PIDD subjects also exhibited more gingival recession than the CIDD subjects (P<0.05, χ‐test).
Comparison between mechanical cleaning and an antimicrobial rinse for the treatment and prevention of interdental gingivitis
Authors: Caton Jack G. , Blieden Timothy M. , Lowenguth Roxanne A. , Frantz Bryan J. , Wagener Charles J. , Doblin Jeffrey M. , Stein Sidney H. , Proskin Howard M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study compared the efficacy of an antimicrobial mouthrinse (0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate) plus toothbrushing (mouthrinse group), mechanical interdental cleaning plus toothbrushing (mechanical group), and toothbrushing alone (control group), at reducing and preventing interdental gingival inflammation. 92 male subjects were examined for interdental inflammation using the Eastman interdental bleeding index at baseline, then monthly for 3 months after using one of the above oral hygiene regimens. The mechanical cleaning group had significant reductions in bleeding sites compared to baseline at 1 month (56.90% versus 13.17%) that persisted throughout the study (2 months = 6.65%, 3 months=5.70%). The other regimens showed no significant bleeding reduction at any time point in the study. The mechanical interdental cleaning group showed improvement over baseline at 1 month with the full benefit apparent after 2 months. The effect of location in the mouth on bleeding reduction was also assessed. The % of posterior sites which bled was always higher than anterior sites. Analysis of maxillary versus mandibular, and buccal versus lingual sites showed no significant differences. Additional observations of the data demonstrated that sites which bled at baseline were more likely to stop bleeding in the mechanical cleaning group. Also, sites which did not bleed at baseline were unlikely to bleed subsequently when mechanical cleaning was used. Neither of these observations were true for the other cleaning regimens. These data show that only mechanical interdental plaque removal combined with toothbrushing is effective at reducing or preventing interdental inflammation. This underscores the importance of instituting mechanical interdental cleaning to eliminate interdental inflammation.
Effects of a streptococcal lipoteichoic acid on complement activation in vitro
Authors: Monefeldt Kari , Tollefsen Tore
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study describes activation of serum complement by lipoteichoic acid (LTA) from Streptococcus mutans OMZ 176, while in solution. Serum from 16 healthy students was taken. Test samples were incubated with increasing doses (1–5,000 μg/ml) of LTA or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from Escherichia coli 0111:B4 for 1 h at 37°C; then assayed for degradation of C3, C4 or factor B by crossed immunoelectrophoresis. Each preparation caused a significant (p<0.05) dose‐dependent conversion of C3. The response curves obtained were not statistically different. LPS was a stronger activator of the alternative pathway than LTA, as judged from analysis of C3 degradation in the presence of Mg2+/EGTA, and from their effects on factor B cleavage. LTA caused, however, pronounced alterations in the shape of C4 precipitations in the gels. Functional (hemolytic) assays showed that, when tested at 200 μg/ml, LTA and LPS triggered significant (p<0.05) consumptions of both classical and alternative pathway proteins. LPS was a significantly (p<0.05) stronger activator than LTA. Apparently, the C3 degradation found for this LTA involved the alternative pathway to a small extent; thus some other mechanism of fluid‐phase C3 cleavage seemed also to be operative.
Ultrastructure of plaque associated with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes used for guided tissue regeneration
Authors: Grevstad Hans J. , Leknes Knut N.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the study was to examine the Ultrastructure of plaque contaminating polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membranes used for guided periodontal tissue regeneration. 8 patients treated with Gore‐Tex® membranes received daily antibiotics (650 mg × 2 Femepen®) and rinsed with 10 ml 0.2% chlorhexidine during a healing period of 30 days. Following retrieval, the membranes were processed for electron microscopy. External aspects of 12 portions from 4 partially exposed membranes were selected for detailed ultrastructural examination. The plaque‐membrane interface was characterized by the presence of fibrin or discontinuous accumulation of intermicrobial matrix. Adjacent plaque‐free areas of membrane surface exhibited no detectable electron‐dense material. 3 structurally different groups of bacterial aggregations were observed on the strips: (i) dense layers of gram‐positive cocci and rods dominated the external aspect of the open microstructure portion; (ii) cocci, rods and filamentous microorganisms embedded in fibrin filled the spaces of the open microstructure; (iii) a loosely arranged mixed microbiota consisting of gram‐positive cocci and rods as well as of gram‐negative microorganisms and spirochetes were present on the occlusive portion. Areas with morphologically intact bacteria alternated with areas with empty bacterial cell walls. One specimen also displayed degenerated Candida‐like blastospores. This study shows that oral micro‐organisms may colonize and extensively invade the open microstructure of PTFE material and that adhesion of plaque to the membrane surface is mediated either by fibrin or a discontinuous layer of intermicrobial matrix.
A 6‐month home usage trial of a 1 % chlorhexidine toothpaste
Authors: Maynard J. H. , Jenkins S. M. , Moran J. , Addy M. , Newcombe R. G. , Wade W. G.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The effects of 1% chlorhexidine and 1% chlorhexidine/fluoride dentifrices on supragingival plaque flora were investigated in a 6‐month home‐usage study. 146 subjects were studied from whom plaque around 6 teeth was collected at baseline, 6 weeks and 24 weeks. Total anaerobic counts were reduced at 6 and 24 weeks in both active groups compared to control. No differences were seen in any other bacterial parameters. There was a significant decrease in the susceptibility to chlorhexidine of bacteria recovered from the subjects on the active treatments compared to control but, since the magnitude of effect was less than one dilution, this was not thought to be of any clinical significance.
Changes of facial gingival dimensions in children
Authors: Andlin‐Sobocki Anna
Published: December 2005

Abstract Facial gingival surfaces of maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth were monitored to evaluate changes of the width of the keratinized and attached gingiva. 96 children 6 to 12 years of age were examined 2 × with an interval of 2 years. Measurements included dental plaque, gingival inflammation, probing depth, and width of keratinized and attached gingiva. In addition, study models were used to determine the facial/lingual position of the teeth. The results of this report, evaluating well‐aligned teeth only, showed that during the 2‐year observation period, increases in widths of the facial keratinized and attached gingiva took place. Increases occurred for the various teeth regions examined, and for deciduous as well as permanent teeth. During transition from the deciduous to the permanent dentition, patterns of change were variable. The increase of gingival widths was greatest for sites with the smallest baseline width of attached gingiva, and smallest for sites with the greatest baseline width. It was concluded that in well‐aligned teeth, a conservative, monitoring approach prior to a corrective, surgical intervention seems prudent in children of this age with a minimal zone or absence of attached gingiva.
Gingival fluid IL‐1 and IL‐6 levels in refractory periodontitis
Authors: Reinhardt Richard A. , Masada Marvin P. , Kaldahl Wayne B. , DuBois Linda M. , Kornman Kenneth S. , Choi Jeom‐Il , Kalkwarf Kenneth L. , Allison Anthony C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Selected gingival bacteria and cytokine profiles associated with patients who did not respond to conventional periodontal therapy (refractory) were evaluated. 10 subjects with a high incidence of post‐active treatment clinical attachment loss (>2% sites/year lost ≥ 3 mm) were compared to 10 age‐, race‐, and supragingival plaque‐matched patients with low post‐treatment clinical attachment loss (<0.5% sites/year) relative to the following parameters at 2 sites/patient with the deepest probing depths: (1) presence of 3 selected periodontal pathogens (Actinobacillus antinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Eikenella corrodens) in subgingival plaque as determined by selective culturing, and (2) gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) levels of 3 cytokines associated with bone resorption (IL‐1 alpha, IL‐1 beta, IL‐6) as determined by two‐site ELISA. Results indicated no significant differences in any clinical measurement (except incidence of clinical attachment loss), in the presence of any bacterial pathogen, or in GCF cytokine levels between refractory subject sites versus stable subject sites. However, when sites producing the greatest total GCF cytokine/patient were compared, sites from refractory patients produced significantly more IL‐6 (30.1 ± 4.0 versus 15.4 ± 2.8 nM, p<0.01). The subgingival presence of each of the 3 bacterial pathogens was associated with elevated GCF IL‐1 concentrations. These data suggest that gingival IL‐1 and IL‐6 production is different in response to local and systemic factors associated with periodontitis, and that IL‐6 may play a role in the identification and mechanisms of refractory periodontitis.
Improved maintenance of plaque control by electrical toothbrushing in periodontitis patients with low compliance
Authors: Hellstadius K. , Åsman B. , Gustafsson A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Patients showing low compliance with oral hygiene were selected from a population of patients referred for specialist treatment of periodontitis. The patients selected did not show an acceptable plaque control in spite of a prolonged training period. Plaque around 40% of the tooth surfaces, documented over a period of 4 to 40 months of frequent information and instructions, was found in 10 patients around the age of 40 years with a marked overrepresentation of men. Substitution of the ordinary toothbrush with an electrical toothbrush using the same working principles, resulted in a decreased plaque score of approximately 10% maintained over a considerable time period (12–36 months). A common complaint among the patients was that the oral hygiene procedures were time‐consuming and cumbersome. They considered the electrical toothbrush as simple and time saving. Even if these possibilities were not investigated, merely the patients' positive attitude may have made the efforts of tooth cleaning including the proximal cleaning more tolerable, thus improving the compliance. Contributing to the improved compliance might also have been the electrical toothbrush per se. The cleaning technique allows the patient to concentrate on aiming the bristles at the gingival sulcus, while the brush makes the movements. In conclusion, it should be worthwhile recommending an electrical toothbrush with simple working technique to low compliant periodontitis patients restricting the recalls to twice a year.
Comparability and discriminating power of 4 plaque quantifications
Authors: Ainamo J. , Etemadzadeh H. , Kallio P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study was designed for analysis of the discriminating power of 4 different quantifications of supragingival plaque: (1) plaque wet weight (PWW); (2) the plaque index (PII); (3) the PLQ index measuring the coronal extension of plaque; (4) the area % of stained plaque. Different quantities of plaque were produced by adding chlorhexidine acetate (CHX), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), or sucrose to experimental chewing gums. Total mean scores of 12 subjects in each of 3 test groups revealed that chewing of CHX gum resulted in the lowest plaque scores with all 4 quantifications and that the highest scores were recorded for the PWW or PII of the sucrose gum users. Chewing of the H2O2 gum produced as much plaque as the sucrose gum when evaluated according to the PLQ index and exceeded the sucrose gum scores when evaluated according to the area % index. The PWW discriminated best between low, medium and high plaque scores after chewing of both CHX, H2O2 and sucrose gums. PII scores 1 and 3 remained stable whereas the frequency of PII score 0 strongly decreased and that of score 2 strongly increased when going from gums producing low (CHX) and medium (H2O2) to large (sucrose) amounts of plaque. The PLQ index discriminated well between low and medium but poorly between medium and large amounts of plaque. The area % index functioned well when subjects with low (CHX) and medium (H2O2) plaque scores were subgrouped into those with <30%, 30–70% or > 70% of their tooth surfaces covered with stained plaque. After use of the sucrose gum, none of the 12 subjects exhibited area % scores in excess of 70%. Calculation of correlation coefficients between the 4 plaque quantifications revealed a strong correlation between PWW and PII, PWW and PLQ, and PII and PLQ recordings, whereas no significant correlation was found between PWW and area % recordings. It was concluded that the choice of a plaque quantification method is important for meaningful evaluation of clinical trials.
Calculus removal from multirooted teeth with and without surgical access
Authors: Parashis A. O. , Anagnou‐Vareltzides A. , Demetriou N.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of furcation entrance width on the efficacy of calculus removal from furcation areas as well as to compare this efficacy between external and furcation surfaces after closed root planing, open root planing and use of a rotary diamond for the furcation area. 30 first and second lower molars scheduled for extraction with a calculus index 2 and a degree II or III furcation involvement were divided into 3 groups: 10 molars were scaled and root planed using a closed approach; 10 molars were scaled and root planed using an open approach; 10 molars were scaled and root planed with an open approach and rotary diamond was used for removal of deposits in the furcation area. After extraction, the width of the furcation entrance was measured buccally and lingually 2 mm apical from the bifurcation and furcations were categorized as wide (width >2.4 mm) or narrow (width <2.4 mm). The teeth were assessed in a stereomicroscope and the % of residual calculus on external and furcation surfaces was calculated. The width of the furcation entrance influenced the efficacy in root planing in the open group (p=0.0015). The use of rotary diamond was the most effective method for removing calculus both for narrow and wide furcations. The effectiveness of open root planing in the mesial root was related to the width of the furcation entrance where the % of residual calculus was significantly higher for narrow furcations (p= 0.008). Comparison between external and furcation surfaces showed that the mean values of residual calculus in the closed and open groups were lower for the external than for the furcation surfaces, but the difference was statistically significant only for the closed group (p= 0.013). When open root planing was combined with the use of rotary diamond in the furcation areas, a smaller amount of residual calculus was observed for the furcation than for the external surfaces.
Prevention of transmission of resistant bacteria between periodontal sites during subgingival application of antibiotics
Authors: Preus Hans R. , Lassen Jorgen , Aass Anne M. , Christersson Lars A.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study was designed to investigate whether antibiotic resistant micro‐organisms are able to contaminate and survive on syringe tips used for subgingival deposition of antibiotics, and to test simple and effective means of disinfecting the syringe tip between applications. In the first part of the study, syringe tips used for application of Minocycline subgingival formula in 20 adult periodontitis patients were cultured for bacteria resistant to this drug before and after disinfecting them with ethanol. The results showed that 80% of the unwashed syringes were culture positive for minocycline resistant bacteria, whereas only 1 ethanol washed syringe tip was contaminated. In part II of the study, after dispensing minocycline periodontal formula in 20 patients, 10 of the syringe tips were washed with ethanol while 10 were left untreated. All syringes were stored in a refrigerator for 8 days, where after the tips were sampled for resistant bacteria. 20% of the unwashed tips were contaminated after 8 days incubation at 4°C. None of the ethanol washed syringe tips were culture positive. We conclude that syringe tips may be contaminated with antibiotic resistant bacteria after dispensing the antibiotic in periodontal pockets. The transmission of these bacteria to other periodontal sites may be avoided by disinfecting the syringe tip with ethanol between applications. We have also shown that antibiotic resistant bacteria may survive on the syringe tip following 8 days storage in a refrigerator, suggesting that syringes used for subgingival deposition of an antibiotic should not be stored for reuse.
The role of supragingival plaque in the control of progressive periodontal disease
Authors: Corbet E. F. , Davies W. I. R.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Levels of supragingival plaque and calculus have been related to progressive periodontal disease, and control of supragingival plaque in conjunction with professional tooth cleaning subgingivally forms the basis for the management of progressive periodontal disease. However, the contribution towards the management of progressive periodontal disease brought about by supragingival plaque control alone is not clear. There are studies which address, directly or indirectly, the contribution of supragingival plaque control alone towards the management of progressive periodontal disease. The effects of supragingival plaque control alone have been evaluated clinically, histologically and microbiologically, and taken together, the evaluations suggest that these effects may not be as marked as when professional subgingival tooth cleaning is also performed. These studies, however, given the patterns of periodontal disease found in adults in many communities, can form the basis for advocating high individual levels of supragingival plaque control as a community measure in the management of periodontal disease. Further long‐term investigations into this approach may be warranted.
The effect of oral irrigation with a magnetic water treatment device on plaque and calculus
Authors: Watt Dan L. , Rosenfelder Cecelia , Sutton Clifton D.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Calculus formation on tooth surfaces is analogous to the formation of lime and scale deposits in plumbing. Magnetic water devices have been shown to significantly reduce scale deposits in industry; therefore an oral irrigator with a magnetic water device may have a similar effect on calculus. To test this hypothesis, a double‐blind clinical study was established using 64 irrigators, 30 of which had their magnetic devices removed. 54 patients with heavy supragingival calculus were given irrigators at random after prophylaxis. Instructions were given to irrigate twice a day, particularly the lower 6 anterior teeth. The patients were also told not to floss these 6 teeth which were to be the study teeth. They were examined after 3 months and measurements were taken of the accretions adhering to the study teeth. No attempt was made to determine whether the adhering material was hard or soft so it must be assumed that at least some of the measured material was also plaque. The measurements of the group using an irrigator with a magnetic device showed a 44% greater reduction in calculus volume (p<0.0005) and a 42% greater reduction in area (p<0.0001) over the group using an unmagnetized irrigator. There appears to be a statistically significant difference in supragingival accretion volumes between conventional irrigation and using an irrigator with a magnetic water treatment device.
Dentin demineralization
Authors: Sterrett J. D. , Bankey T. , Murphy H. J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Preliminary work has shown that the rate of dentin demineralization increases with increasing concentrations of citric acid. This rate subsequently diminishes at much higher concentrations. The purpose of this study was to more precisely identify the citric acid concentration which produces peak dentin demineralization and to determine if this demineralization process is time dependent. Flat dentin surfaces were prepared on the buccal and lingual sides of 15 bovine molars. 8 depressions were made in each dentin surface using a #8 round bur in a high‐speed handpiece with air‐water coolant. Various concentrations of citric acid solutions (weight per cent) were prepared, e.g., 0%, 50%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 65% and their respective pH's recorded. 3 microliters of each citric acid solution were placed in individual depressions on the dentin surfaces and left undisturbed for 1, 2 or 3 min. Cotton pellets were used to soak up the citric acid solution, along with any dissolved calcium, and were subsequently placed in 10 ml of 18 MeΩ water. The parts per million calcium found in each water sample were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Peak dentin demineralization for 1‐, 2‐ and 3‐min application times occurred at 30% (pH = 1.55), 25% (pH=1.62) and 25% (pH=1.62) citric acid concentrations/(pH), respectively. Dentin demineralization was found to be time‐dependent for all citric acid solution concentrations. The clinical significance of these findings is discussed.
T‐cell lymphoma associated with periodontal disease and HIV infection
Authors: Palmer Guy D. , Morgan Peter R. , Challacombe Stephen J.
Published: December 2005

Abstract A case is described of gingival non‐Hodgkins lymphoma presenting in a site previously diagnosed as HIV‐periodontitis. The lymphoma presented along with other signs of HIV infection and AIDS, which taken together were compatible with increased immunosuppression and reactivation of Epstein‐Barr virus. The implications of these findings are discussed, and it is suggested that areas of gingiva which show rapid localised recession, associated with HIV seropositivity, should be monitored closely and considered for biopsy if abnormal signs are detected.
Treatment of periodontal furcation defects
Authors: Fuentes Paul , Garrett Steve , Nilvéus Rolf , Egelberg Jan
Published: December 2005

Abstract A total of 27 mandibular, buccal class II furcation defects were treated in 16 subjects using a coronally positioned flap procedure, with or without citric acid conditioning of the root surfaces. The effect of the therapies was evaluated from a series of soft and hard tissue measurements. Mean improvements were slightly greater for acid treated than for non‐acid treated defects. However, none of the mean differences reached statistical significance, indicating that citric acid conditioning may not be a necessary part of the regenerative, coronally positioned flap procedure in mandibular furcations.
A skin window study of neutrophil migration in subjects with localized juvenile periodontitis
Authors: Palmer Guy D. , Watts Trevor L. P. , Addison Ian E.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This study investigated the effect of a chemoattractant, N‐formylmethionyi‐leucyl‐phenylalanine (FMLP), upon skin window migration of neutrophils into filters in 5 patients with a history of localized juvenile periodontitis (LJP) and 8 controls. On 2 occasions, each subject had 2 superficial skin abrasions made on the inner aspect of the forearm. Initial periodontal treatment was carried out on the disease group between the visits. On one skin window filters were placed that were soaked in physiological saline, and on the other filters soaked with FMLP. Leading fronts and cell densities were measured in each filter. At visit 1, LJP subjects had significantly lower leading fronts and cell densities. At visit 2, the differences were insignificant. The leading fronts for the LJP group were significantly improved on the second visit. No difference was observed between saline and FMLP. The findings of this study indicate that neutrophil migration is reduced in LJP patients where treatment is not involved, and that FMLP has no effect on neutrophil migration from the skin windows under the conditions of this study.
A comparative study of electric toothbrushes for the effectiveness of plaque removal in relation to toothbrushing duration
Authors: Van der Weijden G. A. , Timmerman M. F. , Nijboer A. , Lie M. A. , Van der Velden U.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to test the plaque‐removing efficacy of 4 different toothbrushes in relation to duration of toothbrushing. The brushes studied were a manual toothbrush (M), a conventional electric toothbrush – the Blend‐a‐Dent® (BPC), the Interplak® (IP) and the Braun Plak Control® (BPC). For this study, 20 subjects were selected. The study was divided into 5 experiments which differed only in respect to the brushing time. The available time in experiment 1 through 5 was 7.5, 15, 30, 45, 90 s per quadrant respectively. Prior to each experiment, all subjects were asked to abstain from oral hygiene procedures for at least 24 h. The efficacy of toothbrushing in each experiment was studied while one investigator (MAL) brushed the teeth of the subjects. In each subject, all 4 brushes were tested. Each brush was assigned to a quadrant in a random order. No toothpaste was used throughout this study. The amount of dental plaque was evaluated before and after brushing by means of the Silness & Löe plaque index at 6 sites around each tooth investigated. The results show an increase in efficacy for all brushes varying from 7.5 s per quadrant to 90 s per quadrant (mean plaque reduction in terms of percentage 7.5 s‐90 s: M =40%‐75%, BL = 45%‐82%, BPC = 51%‐94%. IP=64%‐92%). The IP removed significantly more plaque than the other 3 after 7.5 s of brushing. From 15 s through 90 s, the IP and BPC were equally effective. Both were, at all times, significantly more effective than the M and BL. This difference was mainly caused by a greater plaque removal from the interproximal areas, since brushing for 30 s or more with all 4 brushes removed about 90% of the plaque from the vestibular and lingual surfaces. Evaluation of the efficacy in relation to brushing time showed for all brushes that the greater part of the effect is reached after 30 s of brushing per quadrant. The brushing time appears to be an important variable in the evaluation of plaque removing effectiveness since the efficacy increases with time and differs per toothbrush.
Platelet‐derived growth factor and dexamethasone combined with a collagen matrix induce regeneration of the periodontium in monkeys
Authors: Rutherford R. Bruce , Ryan Maria E. , Kennedy James E. , Tucker Marjorie M. , Charette Marc F.
Published: December 2005

Abstract Platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) and the glucocorticoid dexamethasone combined with a collagen carrier matrix (CM) induced regeneration of the periodontium in monkeys. Regeneration was stringently defined as (1) new cementum, (2 new supra‐crestal bone extending coronally from the residual alveolar interdental septum and (3) functionally‐oriented periodontal ligament fibers attaching new cementum to new bone. A single application of PDGF/dexamethasone/CM or CM was placed in debrided lesions of experimental periodontitis displaying 3–5 mm of attachment loss associated with horizontal and angular bony defects. Regeneration, judged histologically by these criteria and quantified by computer assisted histomorphometry after 4 weeks, was present only in PDGF/dexamethasone/CM treated lesions and not in those treated with CM or debridement alone. PDGF/dexamethasone/CM induced 5‐fold more new cementum and ligament, and 7‐fold more supra‐crestal bone than control treatments. The presence of substantial amounts of regenerated periodontium including increased height of the alveolar bone: fill of vertically resorbed interdental alveolar septa in PDGF/dexamelhasone/CM treated lesions suggests that this combination may provide a new therapeutic agent for the regeneration of lesions of pertodontitis associated with horizontal as well as angular bony defects.
The effect of systemic ibuprofen on gingival inflammation in humans
Authors: Ali T. B. Taiyeb , Waite I. M.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This clinical trial investigated the influence of short‐term ibuprofen therapy on the early phase of the treatment of adult chronic periodontitis. The subjects were 17 patients in good general health referred for specialist periodontal treatment, having moderate chronic adult periodontitis. A series of assessments were made every 2 weeks over an 8‐week period, including evaluations of oral hygiene, gingival inflammation and probing pocket depths. All participants received oral hygiene instruction, and following baseline examinations, had half the dentition, chosen at random, treated by scaling and root planing. The patients were randomly distributed into 2 groups, a test group receiving a 14‐day course of 800 mg ibuprofen daily, in 4 divided doses, and a control group who did not receive any drug regime. At the 2‐week assessment following the drug regime, significantly greater reduction in gingival bleeding, colour and pocketing was detected in the test compared with the control group. The beneficial effects were less evident thereafter. Although clinical application of the regime used in this study would not be justified by these results, further research into anti‐inflammatory agents as an adjunct in the treatment of periodontal diseases could be considered, in the light of the beneficial effect on gingivitis in the early phase of periodontal treatment reported.
Periodontal health of the population in eastern Germany (former GDR)
Authors: Mengel Reiner , Koch Hendryk , Pfeifer Claudia , Florès‐de‐Jacoby Lavinia
Published: December 2005

Abstract The periodontal status of 1688 inhabitants of eastern Germany (former GDR) was investigated between July 1991 and March 1992, using the CPITN. The results show that only 1.4% of those examined have a healthy periodontal apparatus, whereas 40.1% had some signs of severe periodontitis (CPITN 4). This implies a very high therapy requirement in all age‐groups, with 93.1% of 15‐ to 19‐year‐olds in need of periodontal treatment (CPITN 1+2+3+4). A comparison between educational qualifications and frequency of brushing or routine dental checks reveals a better level of prophylaxis in the more educated classes. As expected, the CPITN code with good oral hygiene and regular dental checks was significantly lower than with poor oral hygiene and infrequent dental checks. The high prevalence of periodontal disease lends urgency to the development of an extensive prevention concept introduced in childhood.
One‐year trial of the effect of rinsing with an amine fluoride‐stannous‐fluoride‐containing mouthwash on gingival index scores and salivary microbial counts in lymphoma patients receiving cytostatic drugs
Authors: Laine Pekka , Meurman Jukka H. , Murtomaa Heikki , Lindqvist Christian , Torkko Heini , Pyrhönen Seppo , Teerenhovi Lasse
Published: December 2005

Abstract This double‐blind study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of twice‐daily use of a mouthwash containing 0.025% of fluoride as amine fluoride‐stannous fluoride (AmF + SnF) or 0.05% of fluoride as sodium fluoride (NaF) on visible plaque index (VPI) and gingival bleeding index (GBI) and on some salivary micro‐organisms in patients suffering from non‐Hodgkin or Hodgkin lymphomas. 79 patients were allocated at random to the two mouthwash groups. Mouthwashing began at the start of cancer chemotherapy. Results relating to 45 patients who completed a 1‐year rinsing protocol showed a significant decrease in VPI and GBI in the AmF + SnF group. An increase was found in the NaF group. Mean values for stimulated salivary secretion rates and buffering capacities mostly did not differ significantly from baseline values during the study. In both groups, mutans streptococci counts decreased significantly after the study began and remained low in the AmF + SnF group. No corresponding effect was seen in relation to lactobacilli and yeast counts. In the NaF group, Lactobacilli counts increased significantly over a year. Significantly more patients reported adverse or unpleasant effects in the AmF + SnF group (52%) than in the NaF group (6%), although both solutions had the same colour and taste. However, all patients continued with rinsing.
Efficacy of meclofenamate sodium (Meclomen®) in the treatment of rapidly progressive periodontitis
Authors: Reddy M. S. , Palcanis K. G. , Barnett M. L. , Haigh S. , Charles C. H. , Jeffcoat M. K.
Published: December 2005

Abstract This 6‐month, double‐blind, controlled clinical trial determined the efficacy of the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug, meclofenamate sodium (Meclomen®), as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in the treatment of rapidly progressive periodontitis (RPP). 22 subjects (7 male. 15 female) aged 36.5±7.88 years with RPP and disease‐active sites as determined by pretreatment bone scan had standardized radiographs at baseline and 6 months, and clinical measurements at baseline, 3 and 6 months. Following full‐mouth scaling and root planing, subjects were randomly assigned to either a placebo, 50 or 100 mg meclofenamate sodium bid group. Bone change over the 6‐month period as assessed by subtraction radiography was the primary efficacy determinant. Specialized software was used to isolate the lesion from the subtraction image and to measure bone change along the root surface. ANOVA using the subject as the unit of analysis revealed a significant dose response (P<0.001) with the placebo group having a mean bone loss of 0.42±0.06 mm and the low and high dose groups having mean bone gains of 0.07±0.05 and 0.20±0.07 mm, respectively. These findings indicate that meclofenamate sodium may be a useful adjunct in the treatment of rapidly progressive periodontitis.
A rapid and simple method for counting crevicular polymorphonuclear leucocytes
Authors: Andersen Elene , Cimasoni Giorgio
Published: December 2005

Abstract The Techniques presently available for counting crevicular polymorphonuclear leucocytes (CPMNs) require special equipment and are only semiquantitative. The present new and simple method is based on the property that Durapore strips have to harvest a maximum number of crevicular cells and to release them when shaken in a suitable buffer. Durapore strips were inserted into periodontal crevices or pockets, shaken in PBS and the liberated PMNs counted in a Neubauer chamber. The validity of the method was ascertained in 5 experiments. First it was shown that 90% of the harvested cells were released from Durapore strips after being shaken in buffer. Second, decreasing numbers of CPMNs were found when performing sequential samplings. Third, when counting CPMNs before and after therapy, a significant decrease in the number of cells was found. Fourth, we could confirm that sites with bleeding on probing did contain a much higher number of CPMNs as compared to nonbleeding sites. Finally, our counting technique confirmed that deeper pockets contain a significantly higher number of CPMNs.
Application of the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN) in a group of 45–54‐year‐old German factory workers
Authors: Hohlfeld M. , Bernimoulin J.‐P.
Published: December 2005

Abstract The purpose of the present study was to assess the periodontal status of 45–54‐year‐old patients and to evaluate their treatment needs. Probing depths, bleeding on probing and retentional elements (calculus and overhanging restorations) were determined according to the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). Additionally, loss of attachment was measured, Results indicated that none of the subjects had a completely healthy periodontium; only 14.7% presented with single sextants which were healthy or needed only improved oral hygiene. Slightly less than half (46.1%) of the subjects were classified as treatment need (TN) category 2 and the remainder (53.9%) as TN3. Of the subjects classed as TN category 3, 14% had the requisite code 4 in one sextant, 18.2% in 2 sextants. 21.7% in half or more of the sextants and 4.2% in all sextants. With a mean of 5.55 sextants per patient. 0.2 sextants per person were scored as code 0 or 1, 1.33 sextants as code 2, 2.79 sextants as code 3 and 1.24 sextants as code 4. The mean loss of attachment was 3.8 mm. Anterior teeth showed less loss of attachment than posterior teeth and buccal and lingual surfaces showed less loss of attachment than mesial and distal surfaces. The data indicate that although this group of 45–54‐year‐old subjects had high CPITN scores in total TN categories, the codes for complex Treatment Needs (TN3) were recorded only in localized areas.
Elevated opsonic activity for Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis in serum from patients with a history of destructive periodontal disease
Authors: Wilton J. M. A. , Hurst T. J. , Sterne J. A. C.
Published: December 2005

Abstract We have measured the opsonic capacity of serum for the phagocytosis of Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis by polymorphonuclear leucocytes (PMN) in 35 patients with a history of destructive periodontitis and 35 matched control subjects. The serum from cases, tested at concentrations of 8% and 0.8% opsonised P. gingivalis for phagocytosis by PMN to a level significantly greater than controls (P < 0.0001 and < 0.01 respectively). IgG antibody levels to P. gingivalis whole cells estimated by ELISA were also significantly higher in the cases [P < 0.0001). The IgG antibody levels correlated significantly with the opsonic capacity of the serum tested at 8% concentration in controls (r= 0.371, P= 0.03) but not in cases (r= 0.235, p= 0.17); in 0.8 % serum, the opsonic capacity of the cases and controls were not significantly correlated. Elevated opsonisation by serum was a significant predictor that a subject was a case rather than a control, even after allowing for the effect of elevated IgG antibody in the cases. The data suggest that an elevated capacity of serum to opsonise P. gingivalis is a distinctive feature in patients with past destructive periodontal disease.