bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Toward the Creation of a New Order for Nigerian Women: Recent Trends in Politics and Policies
Authors: Afonja Simi
Published: August 2021

Women experience numerous contradictions as they undergo social change. Many have celebrated the autonomy of Nigerian women. Some “got drunk” with the notions of this autonomy. Change created a number of problems that supposed autonomy could not come to grips with. Just a few examples: First, women appeared to contribute more labor to the development process than men, burdening them with physical and time constraints. Second, modernization created new resources and along with them, new kinds of inequalities in access to resources. Specifically, women had much more limited access to resources than men. Consequently, women could not invest resources in the same ways as men.
Struggling in Hard Times: The Zambian Women's Movement
Authors: Keller Bonnie B.
Published: August 2021

The Women's Decade has had a substantial impact in Zambia. Before 1975 there was virtually no discussion about the economic and political situation of the nation's women. Since 1985, however, many of the issues raised during the Decade have been made specific to the Zambian situation by a small national women's movement. Professional women active in the movement have focused on changes in policy making and planning processes to improve women's economic situation, rather than on political mobilization and participation.
Africa in U.S. and Soviet Policy; Change and Opportunity
Authors: Price Robert M.
Published: August 2021

Since the initial meeting of the U.S.-Soviet Symposium on Contemporary Problems of sub-Saharan Africa in 1982 considerable change has occurred in the relationship between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R. in regard to African issues, as well as in the relationship between the American and Soviet specialists on Africa. Apprehension was the quality that infused the initial meeting in November of 1982 of the first-ever formal exchange of views between Soviet and American Africanists. Both American and Soviet participants wondered whether the discussions would be substantive, scholarly, and constructive. Conversly, would their opposite numbers simply repeat official government positions, make debating points rather than engaging in discussion, and adopt an ideological and baiting posture? In other words, “would the Symposium simply turn into another forum for the exchange of “cold war rhetoric?
Reconstructionist Strategies in Mozambique
Authors: Glickman Harvey
Published: August 2021

Ironically, the present security and development crisis in Southern Africa presents an unusual opportunity for early progress toward stability and justice in the region via peaceful parallel action and co-operation between the USA and the USSR. By seizing the opportunity to co-operate in what is now a worst case emergency in Mozambique, the superpowers can lay the groundwork for a security system acceptable to their interests and to those of the Africans as well. Violence and hunger in Mozambique may be the worst in the world. Their basic linkage to the efforts of the present South African regime to de-stabilize the country is unquestionable.
U.S. and Soviet Scholars on Africa
Authors: Bender Gerald J. , Whitaker C.S. , Halisi C.R.D. , Intriligator Michael D. , Lofchie Michael F. , Potter William C. , Sklar Richard L.
Published: August 2021

A week before the Reagan-Gorbachev summit in Washington, a group of American and Soviet scholars met in Moscow to explore how a new spirit of cooperation could be applied in Africa. The challenge was to find ways of transforming the well-established pattern of hostile competition between the two countries in that area of the world into one of collaboration for the mutual benefit of both countries and Africa. The results of the Moscow workshop are highly promising.
Recommendations: Environmental Protection, Particularly Activities to Prevent Further Desertification
Authors: Goncharov Leongard , Whitaker C.S.
Published: August 2021

Another critical problem for Africa, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa is that of desertification. The crisis of desertification in the Sahel and other dryland regions of Africa increases exponentially, that is, its effects are incrementally debilitating. Each year of delay in dealing with this problem in an effective way, using available technology and resources, moves the problem further beyond our capacity to handle it. Furthermore, desertification has many direct and indirect effects on, among others, food production, land use, transport, housing, and weather patterns, further compounding the problem. The scale of the problem is enormous, and neither African governments nor international organizations organizations have mounted an effective response. The problem of desertification in Africa is, however, to a great extent, a tale of opportunities missed. The application of existing technology and resources has encountered obstacles and resistance, while potential resources have failed to materialize.
Recommendations: Nuclear Nonproliferation in Africa
Authors: Potter William C. , Vassiliev Alexei M.
Published: August 2021

The principles embodied in the Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) and the strengthening of the nonproliferation regime internationally, including Africa, would serve international peace and security. Nonproliferation is an area of common interest between the U.S. and the U.S.S.R., in which the two countries have a good record of cooperation.
The Challenge of Democratic Pluralism in Uganda
Authors: Omara-Otunnu Amii
Published: August 2021

The clarion call for democracy that pervades the world scene has given much legitimacy to discourses on democracy in Africa. However, although the debate on democracy has gained momentum and respectability on the African political landscape, its parameters and contents are still not well defined. In Uganda, the assumption of power by Yoweri Museveni, leader of the National Resistance Army (NRA), was hailed by many as holding out a promise for fundamental change in the country. In particular, it was hoped that Museveni and his army would allow for the great majority of Ugandans to exercise their political acumen and legitimate right to shape a democratic destiny for the country.
The Struggle for Relevance in African Studies: An African Student’s Perspective
Authors: Ndegwa Stephen N.
Published: August 2021

The African student studying about Africa in the United States participates in two communities. The first community is the academic one in which studies of Africa are pursued; the second community is the existential one with which the individual identifies outside academe—most often the country of origin or the continent in general. (By existential community I mean the community to which the student has profound personal ties, such as family and friendships, and an enduring commitment.) Each community has its own values, commitments, and immediate agendas. As a member of the academic community, the African student must contribute to theoretical advancement; and, as a privileged member of an existential community, he or she must contribute to the development process.
“Today” in Africa
Authors: Ibelema Minabere , Onwudiwe Ebere
Published: August 2021

Complaints about Africa’s media image have been voiced for years, and for long little seemed to change. Civil wars, famine, squalor and primitivity have continued to dominate the headlines and to paint a grim image of mankind’s ancestral home. The recent media fixation on Somalia is but one in a series of this one-dimensional coverage. In the early 1960s, the anarchy in Katanga (Zaire) dominated the news and defined Africa. In the late 1960s, it was the Nigerian civil war and the consequent misery in “Biafra.” In the 1970s, the real and conjured eccentricities of Uganda’s Idi Amin became the African news. Political conflict in Zimbabwe and South Africa dominated much of the 1980s, until the starvation of Ethiopians eclipsed everything else. Recently, the grim images were of Somalia. While these events warranted the press attention they received, their coverage to the near exclusion of non-crisis modem African life has left a severe knowledge gap and perpetuated a historical image problem.
Who Owns TV Images from Africa?
Authors: Paterson Christopher
Published: August 2021

This essay addresses how recent changes in electronic media may impact upon what the rest of the world sees of Africa on television. Its predictions are disheartening, especially to Africanists and communications scholars who have well documented the longstanding insufficiency of African news coverage. And my conclusions contrast with those of the big television news companies, who, with a “good for business, good for everyone” mentality, like to believe that the new media market and nifty new technologies can only mean more and better coverage of every part of the planet.
Media Coverage of the Angolan Elections
Authors: Windrich Elaine
Published: August 2021

American media coverage of Angola’s first multi-party elections, held on 29-30 September 1992, was based on a number of misconceptions which were derived from an enduring Cold War perspective, a deference to the Bush administration agenda and a conviction that free and fair elections were synonymous with “democracy.”
“Black-on-Black”: Race, Space and News of Africans and African Americans
Authors: Fair Jo Ellen
Published: August 2021

The word “black,” referring to Africans and people of African descent, is essentially a social and political construction, historically articulated and contemporarily invented and reinvented. As a social and political category, the meaning of “black” varies through contestation over the term. Yet, in its dominant use in white American and European culture, “black” refers to a static set of trans-cultural and essentialized racial characteristics. What is “black” is “not white.” As Frantz Fanon reminds us, “For not only must the black man be black; he must be black in relation to the white man.” Thus, “black” in relation to “white” is made different.
Background To Genocide: Rwanda
Authors: Newbury Catharine
Published: August 2021

Readers of Issue know better than to accept the images of tribalism and ancient hatreds propagated in much of the American press during the early days and weeks of the genocide in Rwanda. And the media (or at least some journalists) came around eventually to a recognition that far from mindless tribal violence, this was planned and calculated genocide. Still, in North America it is the deaths and brutality that have most mesmerized public attention; there has been too little discussion of the political, social, and economic context in which the genocide occurred.
Unions and Conflict Management in Nigeria’s Tertiary Institutions
Authors: Jega Attahiru M.
Published: August 2021

The persistent, if not chronic crisis in the Nigerian education sector in general, and in the tertiary institutions in particular, has created the impression that unions are largely responsible for creating, rather than managing or regulating conflicts. Unions and their leaders are perceived as the incorrigible trouble makers, hell-bent on causing mischief and in giving perpetual headaches to the administrators of their respective institutions as well as the government, the funder of these institutions. This negative perception has been nurtured and sustained by the Nigerian State, especially under military rule, and then reinforced by intolerant and insecure administrators who see enmity and confrontation in any voice of dissent or critical appraisal. The most cogent and somewhat recent articulation of this perspective, for example, has been advanced by Mr. Ben Nwabueze, then Secretary for Education who, while addressing a gathering of Vice Chancellors and Pro-Chancellors of Nigerian universities, averred that unionism has done nothing but cause senseless distress in, and destruction of, our tertiary institutions.
African Diaspora Studies: Some International Dimensions
Authors: Harris Joseph E.
Published: August 2021

When I was asked to share some of my reflections on the evolution of African Diaspora studies in the United States, I recalled that a colleague and I mused about the appearance of recent advertisements in scholarly journals for African Diaspora specialists. We also observed that several colleges and universities have courses with African Diaspora in the title. Indeed, Diaspora as a description of the dispersion and settlement of Africans abroad is fairly common in academic parlance today and increasingly so in popular discussions; however, such has not always been the case.
How I Learned African History from Reggae
Authors: Walters Angela
Published: August 2021

I was raised in Northern New Mexico, a white girl in a predominantly Hispanic population. The public education I received in this small Southwestern town was somewhat unusual, as it reflected the cultural diversity within at least our own community. So although I was subjected to the traditional Western canon, and plodded through Shakespeare, the American Revolution, and the diagramming of English sentences, the community made sure that I learned some Spanish and some aspects of Mexican culture as well. In elementary school I made skeletons from colored construction paper and paste to commemorate the Mexican Dia de los Muertes, or Day of the Dead.
A Tribute to Claude Ake
Authors: Mittelman James H.
Published: August 2021

In 1992 vice presidential debate, Ross Perot’s running mate asked, “Who am I? What am I doing here?” Similarly, I wonder why I am speaking here tonight along with a group of highly distinguished Africanists.
Constitutional and Legal Reform in the Postcolony of Kenya
Authors: Ciekawy Diane
Published: August 2021

The central government of Kenya is well known for its use of the legal system, state structures, and the KANU (Kenya African National Union) party apparatus to threaten and thwart those who criticize its undemocratic practices and human rights violations. There are numerous and detailed accounts of attacks on the news media, the denial of permits for opposition public speaking events, the disruption of opposition party meetings, and the arrest and incarceration of reformist political and religious leaders. It is common for the central government to criminalize political activity by charging critics with sedition or holding an illegal meeting, and to use police violence to break up both licensed and unlicensed political events. Government officials and institutions played a major role in inciting and organizing violence in the Rift Valley from 1991 to 1993 that led to the deaths of over 1,500 people. The return to multiparty politics in 1991, after a lapse of 26 years when KANU reigned supreme, has done little to change these practices. Repression of the freedom of assembly, the freedom of association, and the freedom of expression is the modus operandi of the Kenyan nation-state.
Issues in African Academic Language Programming in the U.S.
Authors: Dwyer David J.
Published: August 2021

Support for academic African language programs (ALPs) in the US began at the national level with the National Defense Education Act of 1958 (renamed the Higher Education Act of 1965). The goal of this legislation was to establish a world-wide language and area studies knowledge base that could be called upon in the event of conflict, but in addition it has provided generations of students a wealth of knowledge about the less commonly taught languages (LCTLs) and the communities where they are spoken. Although the Africa region’s share of this support has hovered around 12%, its effect has been substantial. For example, based on a world-wide listing of Africanist linguists, approximately half of these specialists live in Africa, with the remainder being equally divided between the countries of Europe and the US, a remarkable fact given that the US has no colonial legacy in Africa. Title VI of this legislation supports a set of National Resource Centers (NRCs) that promote language and area study of a specific region including Africa.
Development Solutions for Africa: The Need for Policy Reform and Good Governance
Authors: Hope Kempe Ronald
Published: August 2021

With few exceptions, economic development in the African states has generally been elusive and the people in sub-Saharan Africa remain among the poorest in the world. From 1970 to 1990, GDP per capita in sub-Saharan Africa grew in real terms by only US$80 and the region’s aggregate GNP per capita was only US$340 in 1990. In terms of annual percentage change, the region registered a 1.8 percent annual growth from 1970-77, an annual decline of 3.0 percent from 1978-84, and an annual increase of 2.4 percent from 1985-90. However, for the entire period of 1970-90, growth was statistically insignificant. During the period 1980-92 the annual growth rate of GNP per capita in sub-Saharan Africa was recorded as -1.83.
Black Studies, White Studies, and Afrocentrism
Authors: Miller Paul T.
Published: August 2021

It is with the continued advances in the discipline of African American (Black) Studies that this essay comes to life. Recent articles by Bunzel and Grossman take dubious aim at Black Studies, its instructors, and its organizing principles. Grossman is even so obtuse as to use Lefkowitz’s Not Out of Africa, a book with virtually no grounding in reality as it relates to African Studies, to help prove her misguided thoughts. The authors are not concerned with Black Studies so much as they are with the fear of losing the privileged position White studies maintains. They use their articles as a poor attempt to discredit or otherwise slander a discipline that they simply do not understand or even attempt to understand. Articles such as “Tales from the Black Studies Ghetto” and “Black Studies Revisited” are clear evidence of the fear and ignorance Eurocentric thinkers are gripped by when dealing with an Afrocentric paradigm.
Saps and Female Reproductive Health in Kenya
Authors: Kamara Eunice K.
Published: August 2021

Since the 1980s, the world has experienced a number of economic recessions. As would be expected, developing countries have borne the brunt of the resultant economic crisis. It is estimated, for example, that the total debt of the developing world rose from $562 billion in 1982 to $1,020 billion in 1988.’ Many of the developing countries are still on the verge of economic collapse, unable to service accumulated foreign debts. Various measures were taken by the developed world in an attempt to revive the fallen global economy. These measures included the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programmes (SAPs) which aimed at (among other targets) reducing national public expenditures and effecting a shift “from a trade deficit to a trade surplus or at least, a reduction of the size of the trade deficit, at least in part to service the debt.”
African/Africanist Feminist Relations: Restructuring the Agenda/Agency
Authors: Okeke Philomina E.
Published: August 2021

The controversy surrounding African/Africanist feminist relations is neither a recent phenomenon nor one peculiar to this academic constituency. In the few odd years following the Second Wave, black feminists in the West have challenged the programs and direction of both the feminist movement and academia at every turn. In very succinct terms they rejected any alliance with a political project which, however well meaning, excludes them from the forums where women’s oppression(s) should be named and confronted. As hooks (1988) points out in the case of African American women, in so far as the “authorities” who study them constitute themselves and forge along in “the absence of the voices of the individuals whose experiences they seek to address, ...the subject-object dichotomy is maintained and domination is reinforced.”
10.2307/1166544
Authors: Ndarishikanye Barnabé
Published: August 2021

The definition of ethnicity and its application in Burundi represents a key stumbling block in the resolution of the country’s political crisis. Since 1990, successive power holders have elaborated fundamental documents (Charter of National Unity, Constitution, Convention of Government) and created institutions (Government of National Unity, political pluralism, National Reconciliation Commission) with the explicit goal of resolving the question of power sharing between Hutus and Tutsis. In this paper I wish to present the ethnic dilemma that confounds the democratic process, as well as the limits of initiatives undertaken to date.
Homogenised model for the electrical current distribution within a submerged arc furnace for silicon production
Authors: LUCKINS ELLEN K. , OLIVER JAMES M. , PLEASE COLIN P. , SLOMAN BENJAMIN M. , VAN GORDER ROBERT A.
Published: August 2021

Silicon is produced in submerged arc furnaces which are heated by electric currents passing through the furnace. It is important to understand the distribution of heating within the furnace in order to accurately model the silicon production process, yet many existing studies neglect aspects of this current flow. In the present paper, we formulate a model that couples the electrical current to thermal, material flow and chemical processes in the furnace. We then exploit disparate timescales to homogenise the model over the timescale of the alternating current, deriving averaged equations for the slow evolution of the system. Our numerical simulations predict a minimum applied current that is required in order to obtain steady-state solutions of the homogenised model and show that for high enough applied currents, two spatially heterogeneous steady-state solutions exist, with distinct crater sizes. We show that the system evolves to the steady state with a larger crater radius and explain this behaviour in terms of the overall power balance typically found within a furnace. We find that the industrial practice of stoking furnaces increases the overall rate of material consumption in the furnace, thereby improving the efficiency of silicon production.
The language of space and ownership in rural New South Wales in the mid-nineteenth-century: rural workers
Authors: Byrne Paula Jane
Published: August 2021

Language used in depositions in colonial New South Wales shows a mobile non-Aboriginal society of close surveillance, rumour and informing. This derived from the convict system. In response to this there was considerable play with marking and markers, including the widespread use of nicknames and emphasis on personal space. Outside of this was the dreamlike realm of entertainment to be had in public houses, Aboriginal camps and Chinese tents at the diggings. Aboriginal politics was present at all of these places but Aboriginal camps were also places of considerable danger.
What Makes a Mound? Earth-Sourced Materials in Late Iron Age Burial Mounds
Authors: Cannell Rebecca J.S.
Published: August 2021

The interpretation of Late Iron Age burial mounds often focuses exclusively on the discovered contents, the social identity or role of the interred and the economic and political implications that can be extracted. This article considers the mound itself as a basis for archaeological interpretation, and attempts to place substantial late Iron Age burial mounds within the landscape they are made of. Within these burial mounds internal references to time, place and the transformations and imbued associations within the earth-sourced materials are purposeful and significant. This is illustrated via comparable examples from southern Norway, and to add contrast, cases from the Viking Age Isle of Man will be explored. This article will outline why the selected mounds should be seen as closely related to each other in the references they contain, and how the materials used can be seen as a purposeful link to the land itself.
On (co)products of partial combinatory algebras, with an application to pushouts of realizability toposes
Authors: Zoethout Jetze
Published: August 2021

We consider two preorder-enriched categories of ordered partial combinatory algebras: OPCA, where the arrows are functional (i.e., projective) morphisms, and OPCA†, where the arrows are applicative morphisms. We show that OPCA has small products and finite biproducts, and that OPCA† has finite coproducts, all in a suitable 2-categorical sense. On the other hand, OPCA† lacks all nontrivial binary products. We deduce from this that the pushout, over Set, of two nontrivial realizability toposes is never a realizability topos. In contrast, we show that nontrivial subtoposes of realizability toposes are closed under pushouts over Set.
Evaluation of arterial stiffness and central blood pressure by oscillometric method in normotensive offspring of hypertensive parents
Authors: Yildirim Cansu Sivrikaya , Kosger Pelin , Akin Tugcem , Ucar Birsen
Published: August 2021

Children with a family history of hypertension have higher blood pressure and hypertensive pathophysiological changes begin before clinical findings. Here, the presence of arterial stiffness was investigated using central blood pressure measurement and pulse wave analysis in normotensive children with at least one parent with essential hypertension. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory pulse wave analysis monitoring was performed by oscillometric method in a study group of 112 normotensive children of hypertensive parents aged between 7 and 18 comparing with a control group of 101 age- and gender-matched normotensive children of normotensive parents. Pulse wave velocity, central systolic and diastolic blood pressure, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure values were higher in the study group than the control group (p < 0.001, p = 0.002, p = 0.008, p = 0.001, p = 0.005, p = 0.001, p = 0.001, respectively). In all age groups (7–10, 11–14, and 15–18 years), pulse wave velocity was higher in the study group than the control group (p < 0.001). Pulse wave velocity was higher in children whose both parents are hypertensive compared to the children whose only mothers are hypertensive (p = 0.011). Pulse wave velocity values were positively correlated with age, weight, height, and body mass index (p < 0.05). Higher pulse wave velocity, central systolic and diastolic blood pressure values detected in the study group can be considered as early signs of hypertensive vascular changes. Pulse wave analysis can be a reliable, non-invasive, and reproducible method that can allow taking necessary precautions regarding lifestyle to prevent disease and target organ damage by detecting early hypertensive changes in genetically risky children.
Axillary arterial access for balloon dilatation of coarctation of aorta in newborns: a case series
Authors: Vanani Jignesh , Aggarwal Neeraj , Agarwal Mridul , Joshi Reena K. , Joshi Raja
Published: August 2021

Balloon dilatation of coarctation of aorta is a standard of care for the patients presenting with severe left ventricular dysfunction. It can be performed through femoral, carotid, and axillary arterial access. Very few case series were available in the literature through axillary arterial access, despite being its advantage as non-end artery and easily palpable in coarctation of aorta. We present our experience with five cases of neonatal coarctation of aorta with severe left ventricular dysfunction where successful balloon dilatation of coarctation of aorta was performed via axillary approach without adverse events.
Implementing effective salt reduction programs and policies in low- and middle-income countries: learning from retrospective policy analysis in Argentina, Mongolia, South Africa and Vietnam
Authors: Webster Jacqui , Santos Joseph Alvin , Hogendorf Martyna , Trieu Kathy , Rosewarne Emalie , McKenzie Briar , Allemandi Lorena , Enkhtungalag Batsaikhan , Do Ha Thi Phuong , Naidoo Pamela , Farrand Clare , Waqanivalu Temo , Cobb Laura , Buse Kent , Dodd Rebecca
Published: August 2021

Objective:

To understand the factors influencing the implementation of salt reduction interventions in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC).

Design:

Retrospective policy analysis based on desk reviews of existing reports and semi-structured stakeholder interviews in four countries, using Walt and Gilson’s ‘Health Policy Triangle’ to assess the role of context, content, process and actors on the implementation of salt policy.

Setting:

Argentina, Mongolia, South Africa and Vietnam.

Participants:

Representatives from government, non-government, health, research and food industry organisations with the potential to influence salt reduction programmes.

Results:

Global targets and regional consultations were viewed as important drivers of salt reduction interventions in Mongolia and Vietnam in contrast to local research and advocacy, and support from international experts, in Argentina and South Africa. All countries had population-level targets and written strategies with multiple interventions to reduce salt consumption. Engaging industry to reduce salt in foods was a priority in all countries: Mongolia and Vietnam were establishing voluntary programs, while Argentina and South Africa opted for legislation on salt levels in foods. Ministries of Health, the WHO and researchers were identified as critical players in all countries. Lack of funding and technical capacity/support, absence of reliable local data and changes in leadership were identified as barriers to effective implementation. No country had a comprehensive approach to surveillance or regulation for labelling, and mixed views were expressed about the potential benefits of low sodium salts.

Conclusions:

Effective scale-up of salt reduction programs in LMIC requires: (1) reliable local data about the main sources of salt; (2) collaborative multi-sectoral implementation; (3) stronger government leadership and regulatory processes and (4) adequate resources for implementation and monitoring.
Brain Drain and Its Effect on Ethiopia’s Institutions of Higher Learning, 1970s–1990s
Authors: Getahun Solomon A.
Published: August 2021

During the past three decades Ethiopia has been noted for political turmoil, drought, and famine. The country’s 63 million people, the second largest population in Africa, have a per capita income of $110, one-fourth the average for the continent. At all levels, it has the lowest school attendance rate in the world: 30 percent at primary, 13 percent at secondary, and less than 1 percent at the tertiary level. The country’s health sector, too, is in no better condition: health expenditure between 1990 and 1995 was 1.7 percent of GDP. Life expectancy at birth is 49 years. The country also has one of the highest HIV-AIDS infection rates in the world (9.3 per 100 adults).
Africa’s Intrastate Conflicts: Relevance and Limitations of Diplomacy
Authors: Mengisteab Kidane
Published: August 2021

The African continent remains besieged by many conflicts. Since 1970, Africa has seen more than thirty wars which have resulted in more than half of all war-related deaths worldwide and have produced about 9.5 million refugees(The Observer, June 15, 2003). The conflicts have led to genocide in Rwanda and gross violations of human rights, including gruesome mutilations of large numbers of people, in Sierra Leone, Burundi, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Angola, the Sudan, and Uganda. In addition to causing the collapse or near collapse of some states, these conflicts have produced severe economic dislocation and disruption in the provision of public services. Moreover, there are growing indications that they have directly or indirectly exacerbated the spread of HIV/AIDS and other infectious diseases.
African Perspectives on Programs for North American Students in Africa: The Experience of the University of Zimbabwe
Authors: Zinyemba Ranga
Published: August 2021

About three and half months before I left for Zimbabwe, I went to one of those parties where you only know the friend you came with. I ended up talking to a well-traveled guy wearing a striped wool scarf. At some point, I mentioned I was leaving for Zimbabwe in not so very long. This guy looked straight at me, his eyes big with suspicion over the stripes, and asked me exactly what good I thought the trip would do me.

So I told him I was going to study women and literature; I outlined my whole approved proposal. And I told him what a great opportunity it would be. But he was looking more and more disdainful, and I mumbled to a stop.
African Perspectives on Programs for North American Students in Africa: The Experience of the University of Ghana–Legon
Authors: Dolphyne Florence Abena
Published: August 2021

The University of Ghana is the oldest of the five universities in Ghana. The others are Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, the University of Cape Coast, the University College of Education in Winneba, and the University of Development Studies in Tamale. The last two are only three years old and do not as yet have student exchange programs with North American universities. Kwame Nkrumah University and the University of Cape Coast do have student exchange programs with a few North American universities.
Study Abroad in Africa Considered within the New World Economy
Authors: Coffman Jennifer E.
Published: August 2021

In August 1989, I boarded a flight destined for Kenya and the St. Lawrence University (SLU) semester program based there. I would be one of several hundred American students to study abroad in Kenya that year, and one of 25 with the SLU fall semester program. Having declared a major in anthropology with a geographic focus on Africa, I was looking for an educational experience in the world and a way to connect with something beyond what I had read in books and heard in classrooms. I was excited and nervous; at the relatively tender age of 19, I had high expectations and my fair share of naïveté.
Negotiating Host-Student Interactions: Some Thoughts from the Tip of Africa
Authors: McGladdery John , Hudson Christine
Published: August 2021

Maria had been with her homestay family for 10 days when she found out that her host mother and brother were HIV positive. She asked to be moved, and the program directors complied. Another student, on another program, declared his HIV-positive status on his application form. Under American law, AIDS is not a reportable disease, and confidentiality policy obligated the director to place the student without informing his host family of the risk or educating them about precautions. What messages are we sending? Are the lives and legal principles of international students superior to those of the host nationals?
The Southern Gateway to Africa
Authors: Redcliffe Quinton P. , Shackleton Lesley Y.
Published: August 2021

Prior to South Africa’s first democratic elections in 1994, South African tertiary education institutions were relatively isolated from the growing global flow of students around the world. Over the past five years this has changed significantly. For example, between 1996 and 1997 the number of students from the United States spending a semester abroad in South Africa increased by 49 percent to a total of 617 students, making South Africa the most popular destination in Africa. By 1999, the University of Cape Town (UCT) alone, one of 21 universities in South Africa, welcomed 205 semester-study-abroad students, 145 of them from the United States.
Study Abroad and African American College Students at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale
Authors: Dawson Nancy J.
Published: August 2021

For most, it was unthinkable. To others, it was just a dream. Yet for some African American students at Southern Illinois University at Carbondale (SIUC), traveling to Africa is now a reality. It all started in 1997, after I led a group of students to Tanzania. My travels were a part of Operation Crossroads Africa, a 42-year-old program designed to promote an understanding between Africa and the African diaspora through cultural exchanges. As word of my journey to East Africa spread throughout campus, African American students visiting the Black American Studies program asked me some probing questions. Two students who came into my office devoted much time and attention to a picture of some Crossroaders pinned to my bulletin board. “Where’s the Black students?” one said, mumbling under her breath. “Yeah,” the other student said in agreement, “Why don’t you take us? We are the ones that need to learn about Africa!” The students’ observations were indeed true.
Akwaaba! My Welcome to Ghana
Authors: Riggs Alma
Published: August 2021

I first landed on African soil in August 1999, prepared to begin a yearlong master’s program in the Institute of African Studies at the University of Ghana. During my final year as an undergraduate majoring in international affairs at Kennesaw State University in Georgia, I had applied for and was awarded a scholarship from the Rotary International Foundation. Although I had about nine months to prepare myself for my stay in Ghana, the reality of everything I saw and experienced there defied and often surpassed my expectations. The university is in Legon, a short distance north of the capital city of Accra. Accra is an enormous, sprawling city, and I really didn’t expect it to be quite so big. But with a map in hand, it was fairly simple to get from place to place, and people went out of their way to make sure I got to where I was going, if I asked for help. There is a lot of poverty, a lot of children who are on the streets selling odds and ends rather than going to school, and a lot of pollution (air, water, land, noise—you name it). But there is also an enormously warm feeling there, which is somehow indescribable. Friendliness and helpfulness seem to be characteristic, and despite the healthy dose of precaution I tried to maintain, I had the feeling (and I have been told, as well) that Accra is a very safe city.
Influence of time of day on dicamba and glyphosate efficacy
Authors: Kalina Jacob R. , Corkern Chris B. , Shilling Donn G. , Basinger Nicholas T. , Grey Timothy L.
Published: August 2021

Renewed interest in studying auxin herbicides (WSSA Group 4) is increasing as a result of the release of genetically engineered crop varieties that are tolerant to preemergence and postemergence applications of specific formulations of dicamba. Auxin-resistant crops were developed in response to the development of weed species resistant to glyphosate and other herbicides. Research was conducted at multiple field locations in Georgia in 2018 and 2019 to examine weed control when postemergence herbicides were applied to dicamba- and glyphosate-resistant cotton at eight different points in time over a 24-h period. Applications were made at 1 h prior to sunrise all the way up to midnight during the same day to examine the effect of herbicide application timing on broadleaf weed control. Glyphosate, dicamba, and glyphosate plus dicamba were applied at each timing. Visual ratings of weed control were scored at 7, 14, 21, and 28 d after treatment (DAT). Weed control was affected by herbicide application timing. Midnight applications resulted in the lowest levels of control. Sicklepod, pitted morningglory, and prickly sida control was 49%, 38%, and 41%, respectively. Greatest control of all three species (up to 99%) occurred from the noon to 1 h prior to sunset application timings. Orthogonal contrasts of timing of application indicated that weed control was improved with day > night and pre-dawn > midnight.
Vereinheitlichung der Bezeichnungen für Verhaltenssüchte
Authors: Rumpf Hans-Jürgen , Batra Anil , Bischof Anja , Hoch Eva , Lindenberg Katajun , Mann Karl , Montag Christian , Müller Astrid , Müller Kai W. , Rehbein Florian , Stark Rudolf , Wildt Bert te , Thomasius Rainer , Wölfling Klaus , Brand Matthias
Published: August 2021

Zusammenfassung. Fragestellung: Es existiert eine Vielzahl von Begriffen für Verhaltenssüchte, die Mängel in Operationalisierung, Bezug zum Verhalten, Kompatibilität mit internationalen Klassifikationen sowie nicht stigmatisierender Nutzung aufweisen. Daher werden einheitliche Begriffe für Verhaltenssüchte benötigt. Methode: Im Rahmen einer Leitlinie zur Diagnostik und Behandlung Internetbezogener Störungen wurden Lösungen in Form eines Expertenkonsens entwickelt. Ergebnisse: Als Grundlage wurde die Einteilung von Verhaltenssüchten in der 11. Revision der International Classification of Diseases (ICD-11) genutzt. Es wurden die Begriffe Computerspielstörung (CSS) und Glücksspielstörung (GSS) für die beiden in ICD-11 enthaltenen Verhaltenssüchte gewählt sowie drei weitere spezifizierte Verhaltenssüchte vorgeschlagen: Soziale-Netzwerke-Nutzungsstörung (SNS), Shoppingstörung (ShS) und Pornografie-Nutzungsstörung (PNS). Für CSS, GSS und ShS wird weiterhin zwischen vorwiegend online oder vorwiegend offline unterschieden. Als Oberbegriff wird Störungen aufgrund von Verhaltenssüchten vorgeschlagen. Für Störungen aufgrund von Verhaltenssüchten, die sich vorwiegend auf online ausgeübte Verhaltensweisen beziehen, kann alternativ der Oberbegriff Internetnutzungsstörungen verwendet werden. Schlussfolgerung: Die vorgeschlagenen Termini weisen Verbesserungen im Vergleich zu uneindeutigen oder aus anderen Gründen ungünstigen Begriffen dar. Gleichzeitig konnte eine Kompatibilität mit der ICD-11 ermöglicht werden.
Influence of IMF‐By on the Equatorial Ionospheric Plasma Drifts: TIEGCM Simulations
Authors: Hui Debrup , Vichare Geeta
Published: August 2021

The influence of east‐west component of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF‐By) on ionospheric plasma convection over polar region is well established by both observation and modeling studies. However, its influence beyond polar latitudes has rarely been addressed. To understand the effects of IMF‐By at low‐latitudes during geomagnetic storm times, we have designed simulation experiments using Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model. This communication shows that strong IMF‐By and its polarity has effects on the storm‐time ionosphere‐thermosphere dynamics even near equator. It can change zonal electric field, magnitude of morning/evening time pre‐reversal‐enhancements (PRE) and meridional winds. At the storm onset when prompt penetration electric fields prevail, a strong IMF‐By, in general, reduces the vertical plasma drifts over the equator and the largest effects are observed near sunrise and sunset terminators. Later when disturbance dynamo is active, morning PRE appears, and a strongly positive IMF‐By strengthens morning PRE and weakens evening PRE, with respect to zero IMF‐By conditions. A strongly negative IMF‐By just shows the reverse, thus indicates dawn‐dusk asymmetry due to IMF‐By. It is also seen that the meridional winds are oppositely directed during positive and negative IMF‐By conditions. The effects of IMF‐By transition are observed on the evening PRE within 2 h from the transition. The new insights successfully explain the observations from a few earlier available works. However, the presented results should be treated with caution in view of model limitations associated with the empirical patterns of high latitude convection and preliminary scheme of merging high latitude‐low latitude potentials.
Electrostatic Model for Antenna Signal Generation From Dust Impacts
Authors: Shen Mitchell M. , Sternovsky Zoltan , Garzelli Alessandro , Malaspina David M.
Published: August 2021

Dust impacts on spacecraft are commonly detected by antenna instruments as transient voltage perturbations. The signal waveform is generated by the interaction between the impact‐generated plasma cloud and the elements of the antenna–spacecraft system. A general electrostatic model is presented that includes the two key elements of the interaction, namely the charge recollected from the impact plasma by the spacecraft and the fraction electrons and cations that escape to infinity. The clouds of escaping electrons and cations generate induced signals, and their vastly different escape speeds are responsible for the characteristic shape of the waveforms. The induced signals are modeled numerically for the geometry of the system and the location of the impact. The model employs a Maxwell capacitance matrix to keep track of the mutual interaction between the elements of system. A new reduced‐size model spacecraft is constructed for laboratory measurements using the dust accelerator facility. The model spacecraft is equipped with four antennas: two operating in a monopole mode, and one pair configured as a dipole. Submicron‐sized iron dust particles accelerated to >20 km/s are used for test measurements, where the waveforms of each antenna are recorded. The electrostatic model provides a remarkably good fit to the data using only a handful of physical fitting parameters, such as the escape speeds of electrons and cations. The presented general model provides the framework for analyzing antenna waveforms and is applicable for a range of space missions investigating the distribution of dust particles in relevant environments.
Seasonality of Mesoscale Phytoplankton Control in Eastern Fram Strait
Authors: Schourup‐Kristensen Vibe , Wekerle Claudia , Danilov Sergey , Völker Christoph
Published: August 2021

Globally, mesoscale processes create a rich and filamented pattern in biological productivity. Despite of remoteness and a harsh environment, observations likewise show an impact of mesoscale processes on phytoplankton growth in the Arctic. Observations of sufficiently high resolution are, however, difficult to carry out. Large‐scale models are another way to gain knowledge about the system. In the current study, we use a global sea ice‐ocean biogeochemical model, which is eddy resolving in Fram Strait, to show that the mesoscale dynamics has a strong effect on shaping phytoplankton growth. For the year 2009, we demonstrate that the growth season in the West Spitzbergen Current can be divided into two regimes; during Regime I, which takes place in May and June before and during the spring bloom, high chlorophyll concentrations are associated with areas of positive vorticity and a shallow mixed layer, pointing toward light limitation controlling growth. During Regime II, which occurs after the bloom from mid‐July to late August, the highest chlorophyll concentration is found in areas of negative vorticity. Here, upwelling of nutrient‐rich water occurs, through doming isopycnals, acting to raise the nutricline, may also play a role in alleviating nutrient limitation in the surface water. The study suggests that the mesoscale eddy environment locally modulates the seasonal cycle of light and nutrient limitation. Knowledge of the eddy field should be taken into consideration for making conclusions from point‐wise measurements in Fram Strait.
Nature Versus Nurture: Preservation and Destruction of Archean Cratons
Authors: Bedle H. , Cooper C. M. , Frost C. D.
Published: August 2021

The factors that promote stability of Archean cratons are investigated from a combined geodynamic, geological, and geophysical perspective in order to evaluate the relative importance of nature—the initial conditions of a craton—versus nurture—the subsequent tectonic processes that may modify and destabilize cratonic lithosphere. In this review study, we use stability regime diagrams to understand the factors that contribute to the intrinsic strength of a craton: buoyancy, viscosity, and relative integrated yield strength. Cratons formed early in Earth history when thermal conditions enhanced extraction of large melt fractions and early cratonization (cessation of penetrative deformation, magmatism, and metamorphism) promote formation of stable Archean cratonic lithosphere. Subsequent processes that may modify and weaken cratonic lithosphere include subduction and slab rollback, rifting, and mantle plumes—processes that introduce heat, fluids, and partial melts that warm and metasomatize the lithosphere. We examine tomographic models from eight cratons, including four that are thought to be stable and four that have been proposed to be modified or destroyed. Our review suggests that continental lithosphere formed and cratonized prior to the end of the Archean has the potential to withstand subsequent deformation, heat, and metasomatism. Survivability is enhanced when cratons avoid subsequent tectonic processes, particularly subduction. It also depends on the extent and geometry of modification. However, because craton stability decreases as the Earth cools, marginally stable cratons that undergo even modest modification may be set on a path to destruction. Therefore, preservation of Archean cratons depends both on nature and nurture.