bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Research Spotlight: Magnetic island observed at Earth's magnetopause
Authors: Tretkoff Ernie
Published: October 2011

Understanding processes in the Earth's magnetosphere can help scientists understand and predict space weather and its effects on technology such as satellites and communications and navigation systems. Magnetic reconnection, in which magnetic field lines break, rearrange, and rejoin each other, is an important process that converts magnetic field energy into thermal and kinetic energy in the space plasma environment.
Resistance against tumour necrosis factor α apoptosis by the cellular prion protein is cell‐specific for oral, colon and kidney cancer cell lines
Authors: Yap Yeannie Hui‐Yeng , Say Yee‐How
Published: October 2011

Since the discovery of PrPC (cellular prion protein), most studies have focused on its role in neurodegenerative diseases, whereas its function outside the nervous system remains obscure. We investigated the ability of PrPC in resisting TNFα (tumour necrosis factor α) apoptosis in three PrPC‐transiently transfected cancer cell lines, renal adenocarcinoma ACHN, oral squamous cell carcinoma HSC‐2 and colon adenocarcinoma LS174T. PrPC‐expressing ACHN and LS174T cells had higher viabilities compared with the mock‐transfected cells, while the transient overexpression of PrPC had minimal overall effect on HSC‐2 cells due to its high endogenous PrPC expression. Cell cycles were also analysed, with both PrPC expressing ACHN and LS174T cells having a significantly higher proliferative index than mock‐transfected cells. Flow cytometry analysis indicated a G1/S‐phase cell cycle transition in both PrPC‐expressing ACHN and LS174T cells. PrPC resists TNFα apoptosis due to a modest, but statistically significant, cell‐specific cytoprotection compared with mock‐transfected cells.
Simultaneous self-collimation of fundamental and second-harmonic in sonic crystals
Authors: Soliveres E. , Pérez-Arjona I. , Picó R. , Espinosa V. , Sánchez-Morcillo V. J. , Staliunas K.
Published: October 2011

Simultaneous self-collimation of sound beams with different frequencies, corresponding to fundamental wave and to its second harmonic, is proposed theoretically and demonstrated experimentally. The result is obtained when the isofrequency contours for each harmonics, corresponding to different propagation bands, develop flat segments along the same direction. The effect can be utilized for managing (enhancement and control) of nonlinear frequency mixing of narrow sound beams.
Stochastic heating of dust particles in complex plasmas as an energetic instability of a harmonic oscillator with random frequency
Authors: Marmolino Ciro
Published: October 2011

The paper describes the occurrence of stochastic heating of dust particles in dusty plasmas as an energy instability due to the correlations between dust grain charge and electric field fluctuations. The possibility that the mean energy (“temperature”) of dust particles can grow in time has been found both from the self-consistent kinetic description of dusty plasmas taking into account charge fluctuations [U. de Angelis, A. V. Ivlev, V. N. Tsytovich, and G. E. Morfill, Phys. Plasmas 12(5), 052301 (2005)] and from a Fokker-Planck approach to systems with variable charge [A. V. Ivlev, S. K. Zhdanov, B. A. Klumov, and G. E. Morfill, Phys. Plasmas 12(9), 092104 (2005)]. Here, a different derivation is given by using the mathematical techniques of the so called multiplicative stochastic differential equations. Both cases of “fast” and “slow” fluctuations are discussed.
Local well-posedness of Chern-Simons-Higgs system in the Lorentz gauge
Authors: Yuan Jianjun
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we investigate the local well-posedness of the 2+1-dimensional Chern-Simons-Higgs equations in the Lorentz gauge. By exploiting the null structure in the nonlinear terms of the equations, we reprove the low regularity result by Bournaveas [“Low regularity solutions of the Chern-Simons-Higgs equations in the Lorentz gauge,” Electron. J. Differ. Equ. 2009(114), pp. 1–10].
Development of a compact permanent magnet helicon plasma source for ion beam bioengineering
Authors: Kerdtongmee P. , Srinoum D. , Nisoa M.
Published: October 2011

A compact helicon plasma source was developed as a millimeter-sized ion source for ion beam bioengineering. By employing a stacked arrangement of annular-shaped permanent magnets, a uniform axial magnetic flux density up to 2.8 kG was obtained. A cost effective 118 MHz RF generator was built for adjusting forward output power from 0 to 40 W. The load impedance and matching network were then analyzed. A single loop antenna and circuit matching elements were placed on a compact printed circuit board for 50 Ω impedance matching. A plasma density up to 1.1 × 1012 cm−3 in the 10 mm diameter tube under the magnetic flux density was achieved with 35 W applied RF power.
Analytic criteria for shock ignition of fusion reactions in a central hot spot
Authors: Ribeyre X. , Tikhonchuk V. T. , Breil J. , Lafon M. , Le Bel E.
Published: October 2011

Shock ignition is an inertial confinement fusion scheme where the ignition conditions are achieved in two steps. First, the DT shell is compressed at a low implosion velocity creating a central core at a low temperature and a high density. Then, a strong spherical converging shock is launched before the fuel stagnation time. It increases the central pressure and ignites the core. It is shown in this paper that this latter phase can be described analytically by using a self-similar solution to the equations of ideal hydrodynamics. A high and uniformly distributed pressure in the hot spot can be created thus providing favorable conditions for ignition. Analytic ignition criteria are obtained that relate the areal density of the compressed core with the shock velocity. The conclusions of the analytical model are confirmed in full hydrodynamic simulations.
Subwavelength lithography by waveguide mode interference
Authors: Wang Bing , Bian Chew Ah , Teng Jinghua , Si Guangyuan , Danner Aaron J.
Published: October 2011

A subwavelength lithography method is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally through the interference of transverse electric (TE) modes in a metal-dielectric waveguide (MDW). Like surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) on metal surfaces, the TE modes have evanescent waves leaking out of the MDW and are used to do subwavelength patterning but with larger pattern area than SPPs for their low propagation loss. The patterning resolution and depth could be optimized by modifying the thickness of the dielectric layer in the MDW. Two-dimensional subwavelength patterning using TE modes is also proposed with azimuthally polarized light exposure.
Carbon and nitrogen assimilation in deep subseafloor microbial cells
Authors: Morono Yuki , Terada Takeshi , Nishizawa Manabu , Ito Motoo , Hillion François , Takahata Naoto , Sano Yuji , Inagaki Fumio
Published: October 2011

Remarkable numbers of microbial cells have been observed in global shallow to deep subseafloor sediments. Accumulating evidence indicates that deep and ancient sediments harbor living microbial life, where the flux of nutrients and energy are extremely low. However, their physiology and energy requirements remain largely unknown. We used stable isotope tracer incubation and nanometer-scale secondary ion MS to investigate the dynamics of carbon and nitrogen assimilation activities in individual microbial cells from 219-m-deep lower Pleistocene (460,000 y old) sediments from the northwestern Pacific off the Shimokita Peninsula of Japan. Sediment samples were incubated in vitro with
13
C- and/or
15
N-labeled glucose, pyruvate, acetate, bicarbonate, methane, ammonium, and amino acids. Significant incorporation of
13
C and/or
15
N and growth occurred in response to glucose, pyruvate, and amino acids (∼76% of total cells), whereas acetate and bicarbonate were incorporated without fostering growth. Among those substrates, a maximum substrate assimilation rate was observed at 67 × 10
−18
mol/cell per d with bicarbonate. Neither carbon assimilation nor growth was evident in response to methane. The atomic ratios between nitrogen incorporated from ammonium and the total cellular nitrogen consistently exceeded the ratios of carbon, suggesting that subseafloor microbes preferentially require nitrogen assimilation for the recovery in vitro. Our results showed that the most deeply buried subseafloor sedimentary microbes maintain potentials for metabolic activities and that growth is generally limited by energy but not by the availability of C and N compounds.
The origin and evolution of word order
Authors: Gell-Mann Murray , Ruhlen Merritt
Published: October 2011

Recent work in comparative linguistics suggests that all, or almost all, attested human languages may derive from a single earlier language. If that is so, then this language—like nearly all extant languages—most likely had a basic ordering of the subject (S), verb (V), and object (O) in a declarative sentence of the type “the man (S) killed (V) the bear (O).” When one compares the distribution of the existing structural types with the putative phylogenetic tree of human languages, four conclusions may be drawn. (i) The word order in the ancestral language was SOV. (ii) Except for cases of diffusion, the direction of syntactic change, when it occurs, has been for the most part SOV > SVO and, beyond that, SVO > VSO/VOS with a subsequent reversion to SVO occurring occasionally. Reversion to SOV occurs only through diffusion. (iii) Diffusion, although important, is not the dominant process in the evolution of word order. (iv) The two extremely rare word orders (OVS and OSV) derive directly from SOV.
A lipid-anchored SNARE supports membrane fusion
Authors: Xu Hao , Zick Michael , Wickner William T. , Jun Youngsoo
Published: October 2011

Intracellular membrane fusion requires R-SNAREs and Q-SNAREs to assemble into a four-helical parallel coiled-coil, with their hydrophobic anchors spanning the two apposed membranes. Based on the fusion properties of chemically defined SNARE- proteoliposomes, it has been proposed that the assembly of this helical bundle transduces force through the entire bilayer via the transmembrane SNARE anchor domains to drive fusion. However, an R-SNARE, Nyv1p, with a genetically engineered lipid anchor that spans half of the bilayer suffices for the fusion of isolated vacuoles, although this organelle has other R-SNAREs. To demonstrate unequivocally the fusion activity of lipid-anchored Nyv1p, we reconstituted proteoliposomes with purified lipid-anchored Nyv1p as the only protein. When these proteoliposomes were incubated with those bearing cognate Q-SNAREs, there was trans-SNARE complex assembly but, in accord with prior studies of the neuronal SNAREs, little lipid mixing. However, the addition of physiological fusion accessory proteins (HOPS, Sec17p, and Sec18p) allows lipid-anchored Nyv1p to support fusion, suggesting that trans-SNARE complex function is not limited to force transduction across the bilayers through the transmembrane domains.
Probing the nucleoporin FG repeat network defines structural and functional features of the nuclear pore complex
Authors: Stelter Philipp , Kunze Ruth , Fischer Jessica , Hurt Ed
Published: October 2011

Unraveling the organization of the FG repeat meshwork that forms the active transport channel of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is key to understanding the mechanism of nucleocytoplasmic transport. In this paper, we develop a tool to probe the FG repeat network in living cells by modifying FG nucleoporins (Nups) with a binding motif (engineered dynein light chain–interacting domain) that can drag several copies of an interfering protein, Dyn2, into the FG network to plug the pore and stop nucleocytoplasmic transport. Our method allows us to specifically probe FG Nups in vivo, which provides insight into the organization and function of the NPC transport channel.
Settled polynomials over finite fields
Authors: Jones Rafe , Boston Nigel
Published: October 2011

We study the factorization into irreducibles of iterates of a quadratic polynomial

f
f

over a finite field. We call

f
f

settled when the factorization of its

n
n

th iterate for large

n
n

is dominated by “stable” polynomials, namely those that are irreducible under post-composition by any iterate of

f
f

. We prove that stable polynomials may be detected by their action on the critical orbit of

f
f

and that the critical orbit also gives information about the splitting of non-stable polynomials under post-composition by iterates of

f
f

. We then define a Markov process based on the critical orbit of

f
f

and conjecture that its limiting distribution describes the full factorization of large iterates of

f
f

. This conjecture implies that almost all quadratic

f
f

defined over a finite field are settled. We give several types of evidence for our conjecture.
“A Gentleman and an Officer”
Authors: Griffin James B.
Published: October 2011

In 1861, James B. Griffin left Edgefield, South Carolina, and rode off to Virginia to take up duty with the Confederate Army. He was thirty-five years old, a wealthy planter, and the owner of sixty-one slaves when he joined Wade Hampton's elite Legion as a major of cavalry. This book features eighty of Griffin's letters written at the Virginia front, and during later postings on the South Carolina coast, to his wife Leila Burt Griffin. The letters encompass Griffin's entire Civil War service, detailing living conditions and military maneuvers, the jockeying for position among officers, and the different ways in which officers and enlisted men interacted. The letters shed light on the life of a middle officer—a life of extreme military hardship, complicated further by the need for reassurance about personal valor and status common to men of the southern gentry. Griffin describes secret troop movements, such as the Hampton Legion's role in the Peninsula Campaign. Here he relates the march from Manassas to Fredricksburg, the siege of Yorktown and the retreat to Richmond, and the fighting at Eltham's landing and Seven Pines, where Griffin commanded the Legion after Hampton was wounded. Griffin recounts day-to-day issues, from the weather to gossip. Monumental historical events sent Griffin off to war but his heartfelt considerations were about his family, his community, and his own personal pride. Griffin's letters present the Civil War as the ordeal by fire that tested and verified—or modified—Southern upperclass values.
Rise of the Bourgeoisie, Demise of Empire
Authors: Göçek Fatma Müge
Published: October 2011

The book examines the process of Westernization and social change during the 18th and 19th centuries in the Ottoman Empire. Using empirical analysis of archival documents and historical chronicles, the book questions the prevailing scholarly interpretation that Westernization leads to social change. Rather, it argues that social change precedes and contributes to the process of Westernization.
Music Printing in Renaissance Venice
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: October 2011

Venetian music print culture of the mid-sixteenth century is presented here through a study of the Scotto press, one of the foremost dynastic music publishers of the Renaissance. For over a century, the house of Scotto played a pivotal role in the international book trade, publishing in a variety of fields including philosophy, medicine, religion, and music. This book examines the mercantile activities of the firm through both an historical study, which illuminates the wide world of the Venetian music printing industry, and a catalog, which details the music editions brought out by the firm during its most productive period. This book enhances understanding of the socioeconomic and cultural history of Renaissance Venice and helps to preserve our knowledge of a vast musical repertory.
Temptation Revisited
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: October 2011

This chapter extends the accounts of valuing and of agential authority to puzzles about rational willpower in the face of temptation. It explores two approaches, one that focuses on the agential authority of certain policies of action, and one that focuses on the reasonable stability of such policies. In each case, the chapter seeks to understand the implications of the basic features of our temporally extended planning agency for the rationality of certain forms of willpower. It also examines basic issues about the relations between practical reason and the metaphysics of planning agency. Donald Davidson famously emphasized that “incontinence is not essentially a problem in moral philosophy, but a problem in the philosophy of action.” This chapter argues that temptation is primarily a problem about the interaction between instrumental rationality and structures of agency. It considers an approach that appeals more broadly to the roles of evaluative rankings in the psychic economy of our agency.
PLANNING
Authors: Maher Neil M.
Published: October 2011

Chapter Six examines how the popular debate over the very meaning of conservation influenced New Deal planning during the so-called “third New Deal.” It focuses on Franklin Roosevelt's failed attempt, beginning in 1936, to rekindle support for his administration by reorganizing the federal government and creating a Department of Conservation under the Department of the Interior's Harold Ickes. This part of the book argues that the defeat of the conservation department was due less to the weakened power of the Roosevelt administration than to the indefinite status of the conservation movement during the late 1930s. To illustrate this, Chapter Six examines how the national debate over CCC work projects forced Roosevelt to embrace a more holistic, ecological approach to federal planning best exemplified by the National Planning Board, as well as a more cooperative and integrated conservation agenda through programs such as the Tennessee Valley Authority. And while these new notions of “ecological planning” and “total conservation” never became institutionalized in a new Department of Conservation, Chapter Six concludes that the failure of Franklin Roosevelt's reorganization plan forced these two beliefs into the public sphere. The result was a new form of special interest politics expressed in movements such as grassroots environmentalism.
Old English Syntax
Authors: Mitchell Bruce
Published: October 2011

The aim of this work is to chart the whole realm of the syntax of Old English. It adopts the formal descriptive approach and the traditional Latin-based grammar because, as the book states, these remain the most serviceable for the study of Old English syntax. As far as is possible, Old English usage is described and differences between Old and Modern English noted, with special reference to those phenomena which are the seeds of characteristic Modern English idioms. Volume I sets out the general principles of concord in Old English and examines the parts of speech, the elements of the simple sentence and the types of simple and multiple sentences, and the complex sentence (including sections on punctuation, subordination and hypotaxis, correlation and anticipation, and the order and arrangement of clauses). Old English syntax has been much less intensively studied than the syntax of the classical languages. There are many difficulties in the way of making definitive statements They include the absence of native informants and of a knowledge of intonation patterns, limitations in the size and range of the corpus, the difficulty in assigning definite dates and locations to texts, problems of punctuation, and the possibility of later scribal changes. Hence this book does not lay down ‘rules’ but rather offers suggestions, demonstrates – where appropriate – the possibility of different interpretations, summarizes the present state of knowledge about the phenomena discussed, and indicates possible lines of future research.
From Empire to International Commonwealth
Authors: Lavin Deborah
Published: October 2011

Lionel Curtis C. H. once counted among the great and the good, working behind the scenes of international politics and honoured as the ‘pioneer of a great idea’ — international federation as the natural successor to empire. He advocated federation as the way to create a new South Africa after the Boer War; he called for self-government in India in 1912; in 1921 he was instrumental in attempting to pacify the Irish Troubles by treating Eire as if it were a self-governing Commonwealth Dominion. He went on to preach the conversion of the Empire-Commonwealth into a multinational federation, which, in association with the United States, would serve as a model for a united Europe, and even for world government. He founded the Round Table think-tank, the Royal Institute of International Affairs at Chatham House, and the Oxford Society. He lobbied indefatigably for his vision of the Commonwealth as a new world order, to be more effective that the League of Nations in making wars obsolete. In the process, he exasperated nationalists and imperialists alike as a prophet of apparently lost causes. He deserves to be remembered not only for what he achieved but for what he was: the bore who never lost a friend; the optimist who stuck to his belief when all was lost, the third-class scholar who became a Fellow of All Souls; the visionary riding his hobby-horse into the drawing rooms of high political society and yet invited affectionately to return. The remarkable character of the man and the influence he exerted on the history of the Empire and Commonwealth are explored in this biography.
The Origins of Modern Literary Yiddish
Authors: Kerler Dov-Ber
Published: October 2011

This book is a systematic attempt to trace the beginnings of modern literary Yiddish, an issue of great significance in the linguistic, literary, and social history of the Yiddish language. The eighteenth century marked the turning point in the history of literary Yiddish, a period of rapid linguistic assimilation to German and Dutch in the West and, by sharp contrast, the increasing cultural autonomy of Eastern European Jewry. Books printed in the West reflected the impact of New High German and contemporary Western Yiddish. Books published in Eastern Europe, the new centre for Yiddish printing, used Eastern Yiddish both for new works and for new editions of old Yiddish works. The author examines hitherto neglected Yiddish books from the period in order to analyse the linguistic changes manifest in both the transition and shift from old to nascent Modern Literary Yiddish within the broader context of genre and literary traditions and in the framework of Yiddish dialectology, grammar, and sociolinguistics. Many of the grammatical norms of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century literary Yiddish are shown to have their origins in the eighteenth century. The book is a contribution to the study of the crystallization process of literary languages, highlighting in the case of Yiddish the dynamics of emergence in the absence of the usual governmental support.
Beyond Metafiction
Authors: Shepherd David
Published: October 2011

Although metafiction has been the subject of much critical and theoretical writing, this is the first full-length study of its place in Soviet literature. Focusing on metafictional works by Leonid Leonov, Marietta Shaginyan, Konstantin Vaginov, and Veniamin Kaverin, it examines, within a broadly Bakhtinian theoretical framework, the relationship between their self-consciousness and their cultural and political context. The texts are shown to challenge notions about the nature and function of literature fundamental to both Soviet and Anglo-American criticism. In particular, although metafictional strategies may seem designed to confirm assumptions about the aesthetic autonomy of the literary text, their effect is to reveal the shortcomings of such assumptions. The texts discussed take us beyond conventional understandings of metafiction by highlighting the need for a theoretically informed account of the history and reception of Soviet literature in which the inescapability of politics and ideology is no longer acknowledged grudgingly, but is instead celebrated.
Playing with Truth
Authors: Hammond Nicholas
Published: October 2011

Blaise Pascal's Pensées is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest masterpieces of seventeenth-century France, an unfinished work which has both inspired and perplexed readers in succeeding centuries. This is the first book on Pascal to be devoted to his use of key terms depicting the central subject of the Pensées: the human condition. The book explores such fundamental notions as language and order, proceeding with a detailed analysis of the words inconstance, ennui, inquiétude, bonheur, félicité, and justice. Developing and challenging the most recent scholarship about the text, it identifies the crucial notion of play (as exemplified in the term divertissement) which underlies all these words and applies its findings to the notoriously unstable concept of truth. Through the fragmentary nature of the Pensées and the shifting meaning of terms, Pascal is shown to be deliberately engaging the reader in a game to make sense of the text. This study gives an account of many important critical controversies of the day, and offers an insight into the persuasive purpose of the Pensées.
Seductive Forms
Authors: Ballaster Ros
Published: October 2011

Historicist and feminist accounts of the ‘rise of the novel’ have neglected the phenomenon of the professional woman writer in England prior to the advent of the sentimental novel in the 1740s. This book explores the means by which the three leading Tory women novelists of the late 17th and early 18th centuries challenged and reworked both contemporary gender ideologies and generic convention. The seduction plot provided Aphra Behn, Delarivier Manley, and Eliza Haywood with a vehicle for dramatizing their own appropriation of the ‘masculine’ power of fiction-making. Seduction is employed in these fictions as a metaphor for both novelistic production (the seduction of the reader by the writer) and party political machination (the seduction of the public by the politician). The book also explores the debts early prose fiction owed to French 17th-century models of fiction-writing and argues that Behn, Manley, and Haywood succeed in producing a distinctively ‘English’ and female ‘form’ for the amatory novel.
Love's Madness
Authors: Small Helen
Published: October 2011

This book contributes to the interdisciplinary study of insanity. Focusing on the figure of the love-mad woman, the author presents a significant reassessment of the ways in which British medical writers and novelists of the nineteenth century thought about madness, about femininity, and about narrative convention. At the centre of the book are studies of novels by Jane Austen, Sir Walter Scott, Charlotte Brontë, Wilkie Collins, and Charles Dickens, as well as insights into the historical and literary interest of hitherto neglected writings by Charles Maturin, Lady Caroline Lamb, Edward Bulwer-Lytton, and others. Stories about women who go mad when they lose their lovers were extraordinarily popular during the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries, attracting novelists, poets, dramatists, musicians, painters, and sculptors. The representative figure of madness ceased to be the madman in chains and became instead the woman whose insanity was an extension of her female condition. This book traces the fortunes of love-mad women in fiction and in medicine between about 1800 and 1865. In literary terms, these dates demarcate the period between the decline of sentimentalism and the emergence of sensation fiction. In medical terms, they mark out a key stage in the history of insanity, beginning with major reform initiatives and ending with the establishment in 1865 of the Medico-Psychological Association. This study challenges previous assumptions about the relationship between medicine and the novel.
Governing Rural England
Authors: Eastwood David
Published: October 2011

This book provides a new perspective on the process of state formation in modern England. It begins by identifying the complex ideological, cultural, and institutional influences that shaped the political provincialism of later Hanoverian England. In contrast to traditional accounts, which emphasized the ineffective, even oligarchic, character of the administration of rural England, this book demonstrates its effectiveness and capacity to adapt, and uncovers the complex interplay between central and local institutions that lay at the heart of the late Hanoverian polity. By examining key areas of policy (poor law administration, police, crime and punishment) the book explains the ways in which new principles of public administration combined with rapid social change to create a profound crisis in English local government in the second quarter of the 19th century. The resolution of this crisis led to a diminution in the role and power of traditional governing elites in rural England. This complex reconfiguration of authority within the English state had a profound influence on the developing political culture and institutional framework of modern Britain.
Papacy and Law in the Gregorian Revolution
Authors: Cushing Kathleen G.
Published: October 2011

This book explores the role of canon law in the ecclesiastical reform movement of the eleventh century, commonly known as the Gregorian Refom movement. Focusing on the Collectio canonum of Bishop Anselm of Lucca — hitherto largely unexplored in English — it is concerned with the symbiotic relationship between canon law and reform, and seeks to explore the ways in which Anselm’s writing can be seen in the context of the reformer’s need to devise and articulate strategies for the renovation of the Church and Christian society. Its principal contention is that Anselm’s collection cannot be seen merely as a catalogue of canon law, but also functioned to articulate, define, and propagate reformist doctrine in a time of great social and religious upheaval.
Social Security in South Asia
Authors: Osmani S. R.
Published: October 2011

This chapter evaluates the anti-poverty measures in different parts of South Asia. It classifies these measures under the following four headings: security through control over land, security through self-employment, security through wage employment, and security through public provision of basic needs. The chapter explains that the objective is to analyse the experience in these areas so as to learn something about the possibilities and limitations of offering social security through these channels. Furthermore, instead of covering the South Asian region as a whole, it looks at only three countries, namely India, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka.
Responsibility
Authors: Lucas J. R.
Published: October 2011

Responsibility is a key concept in our moral, social, and political thinking, but is not itself properly understood. This book elucidates it in terms of answerability—the obligation to answer the question ‘Why did you do it?’ It develops this account to include negative responsibility—‘Why did you not do something about it?’—and share responsibility, which together yield the rationale of political responsibility. In disentangling these two strands of argument, the book points out potential conflicts between them within our ideal of responsible government. It exposes the flaws in consequentialism generally, and the utilitarian theory of punishment in particular, and argues for the insights of retributive theories but without the vindictiveness. The book devotes separate chapters to rewards, money, and personal relations, outlines the fundamental principles of business and professional ethics, and finally touches on those issues that go beyond responsibility altogether.
Introduction
Authors: Steward Helen
Published: October 2011

This introductory chapter opens with a discussion of the philosophy and mind and the mind-body problem. It argues that philosophers have been surprisingly slow to ask about the distinctions between the categories in terms of which they characterize the mind. It is not, of course, that nobody has ever investigated the differences between events, states, and processes. It is rather that work specifically in philosophy of mind has largely proceeded as though it could simply afford to ignore these discriminations, thinking them perhaps to be too subtle to be of any great moment, or too tightly rooted in linguistic considerations to matter much to metaphysics. But this neglect has been a mistake. Indeed, it is argued that the category of state has been so grossly misunderstood that some theories of mind which are supposed to encompass entities traditionally regarded as falling under the category, e.g. beliefs and desires, cannot so much as be sensibly formulated, once we are clearer about the nature of states. An overview of the subsequent chapters is presented.
Word Order and Time in Biblical Hebrew Narrative
Authors: Goldfajn Tal
Published: October 2011

This book addresses the problem of temporal interpretation within narrative of the biblical Hebrew verb, thus exploring the broader issue of the expression of time in language and the ways in which we can attempt to understand and represent it. The author offers a summary of this controversy, which has been argued over since at least the tenth century, presenting previous scholarly opinions and theories. She argues that one possible way of understanding the fundamental meanings of the Hebrew verbs is by examining the role played in ordering time by the four main verb forms used in biblical Hebrew narrative. Accordingly, emphasis is given to the intersentential use of these forms and the variety of interesting ways in which they establish the order of events.
Mechanistic and Organic Systems of Management
Authors: BURNS TOM , STALKER G. M.
Published: October 2011

This chapter reviews the more general considerations which support the view that effective organization of industrial resources, even when considered in its rational aspects alone, does not approximate to one ideal type of management system, but alters in important respects in conformity with changes in extrinsic factors. These extrinsic factors are all identifiable as different rates of technical or market change. By ‘change’ is meant the appearance of novelties such as new scientific discoveries or technical inventions, and requirements for products of a kind not previously available or demanded.
Why Haldane Went to India: Modern Genetics in Quest of Tradition
Authors: Zimmermann Francis
Published: October 2011

John Burdone Sandersone Haldane has contributed greatly to science as one of the founders of the mathematical theory of genetics. An advocate of Marxist ideas in science, he served as the Weldon Chair of Biometry at University College London before he resigned and moved to India in 1957. Initially, he worked and commenced research at the Indian Statistical Institute and worked for a while at the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research. Soon after that, he was able to found his own Genetics and Biometry Laboratory in Bhubaneswar. This chapter reflects on Haldane’s journey from England to India in his attempts to oppose the scientific paradigm that then dominated biology, and on how such efforts led to the pursuit of further studying the diversity of life. This chapter sets out the then dominant paradigms in science and analyzes them in contexts that reveal certain distorting effects. Also, the chapter describes how these underdeveloped forms of modern knowledge are to be perceived as attempts at reconstructing reality.
Expertise and Innovation
Authors: Fincham Robin , Fleck James , Procter Rob , Scarbrough Harry , Tierney Margaret , Williams Robin
Published: October 2011

The nature of technical expertise has become increasingly important and problematic in the postmodern era as structured hierarchies and production methods are revised. Financial services, one of our most important economic sectors, has also been confronting very high degrees of uncertainty that reflect great institutional and market changes. In this fluid and competitive environment, technological change — in particular the widening scope of information technology (IT) — has become vitally important. This book is about the strategic uses of IT in retail financial services. It is based on the Scottish part of the industry, a highly cohesive sector in its own right, but one with universal linkages to UK and global finance. A set of seven case studies forms the empirical base, while the study also focuses on key strategic projects within these case companies. The purpose is to understand how firms develop a strategic approach to IT. This hinges on the management of expertise — the ability to integrate detailed technological expertise with wider organizational and marketing goals. The book examines a number of themes around this key issue: the process of formation of IT strategy, sectorial influences on the implementation of computer-based systems, and the occupational and career factors that shape IT expertise.
Development, Patriarchy, and Politics: Indian Women in the Political Process, 1947–1992
Authors: Kasturi Leela
Published: October 2011

Although the development of women in India entails, like that of other countries, national development, it is however important to realize that there are significant differences between the problems of women in rural areas with those of the urban areas. Aside from the diverse roles that women assume across community, class, and caste, there is also a need to consider the different personal law systems of the five dominant religions in the country: Muslim, Christian, Hindu, Parsee, and Jew. Also, while development plans avoid taking on issues for women's participation in economic and political affairs for national development, state policies offer different treatment to women of different categories. Through presenting three seminal documents from the period between 1940 to 1992, this chapter attempts to illustrate different dimensions of women's status in the context of the various women's movement that occurred throughout the years.
National Minorities and the European Nation-States System
Authors: Preece Jennifer Jackson
Published: October 2011

The collapse of Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, and the Soviet Union has resulted in a proliferation of discontented national minorities. Thus, the possibility for destabilising ethnic conflict has become acute. National minorities have accordingly emerged as a major focus of international relations in post-Cold War Europe. This book offers an innovative analysis of these developments. Scrutinising them within the historical context of changing practices and evolving norms, it reveals that the European national minority question is nothing new — rather its foundations extend deep into contemporary history. Moreover, the problem is intrinsically derivative of the nation-states system itself, a system which potentially intensifies minority disaffection. Examining these issues against the backdrop of relevant treaties, diplomatic negotiations, and international practices, this book presents an assessment of the fate of national minorities in the European states system.
The Peculiarities of German History
Authors: Blackbourn David , Eley Geoff
Published: October 2011

This book investigates the role of bourgeoisie society and the political developments of the nineteenth century in the peculiarities of German history. Most historians attribute German exceptionalism to the failure or absence of bourgeois revolution in German history and the failure of the bourgeoisie to conquer the pre-industrial traditions of authoritarianism. However, this study finds that there was a bourgeois revolution in Germany, though not the traditional type. This so-called silent bourgeois revolution brought about the emergence and consolidation of the capitalist system based on the sanctity and disposability of private property and on production to meet individual needs through a system of exchange dominated by the market. In this connection, this book proposes a redefinition of the concept of bourgeois revolution to denote a broader pattern of material, institutional, legal, and intellectual changes whose cumulative effect was all the more powerful for coming to be seen as natural.
Introduction
Authors: Blackbourn David , Eley Geoff
Published: October 2011

This introductory chapter explains the coverage of this book, which is about the peculiarities of German history, specifically bourgeois society and politics during the nineteenth century. This book explains the basic assumptions in German historiography and the German historians' views concerning the problems of bourgeois revolution. It evaluates the relation of bourgeoisie with liberalism and democracy and attempts to define the concept of state in Imperial Germany.
Resilience and its narratives
Authors: Bluglass Kerry
Published: October 2011

This chapter examines resilience and its narratives in relation to the palliative care sector. It discusses references to resilience in other fields to show that resilience and strengthening can be fostered, encouraged, and developed. It provides case studies of actual experiences of several children concerning resilience and palliative care and discusses relevant studies from social work and psychology, stress, and trauma.
Introduction
Authors: SIMONS PETER
Published: October 2011

This book provides a connected account of the various kinds of mereology, or formal theory of part, whole, and related concepts, which exist in the literature. It also exposes the philosophical defects of most of this tradition, and suggests why, where, and how it should be put right. The standardly accepted formal theory of part-whole is classical extensional mereology, which is known in two logical guises, the Calculus of Individuals of Henry Leonard and Nelson Goodman, and the Mereology of Stanislaw Leśniewski. Despite the discrepancies between the underlying logics of these two approaches, there is a precise sense in which both say the same things about parts and wholes. The book also considers the mereology of continuants and brings modality and mereology together as they are found in the work of Edmund Husserl at the beginning of the century and later in that of Roderick Chisholm.
Access to Land via Land Rental Markets
Authors: Sadoulet Elisabetii , Murgai Rinku , Janvry Alian De
Published: October 2011

An optimal operational farm size exists that may or may not be in compliance with the current household land endowments when economies of scale are present in production or in imperfect markets that concern the determinants of production. As such, land transfers between less productive to more productive households may be necessary since these may bring about improvements in efficiency. Although land rental markers and land sales both enable such transfers, it is important to note that the rental market is particularly important and more effective for the poor since tenancy plays no small part in any country's agriculture. This chapter looks into how rental contracts compensate for certain market failures that may be experienced by tenants, and that land rental markets also have various effects on welfare.
Global Justice
Authors: Jones Charles
Published: October 2011

What obligations do the world's wealthy people have to ensure that the world's poor achieve a quality of life that is recognisably human? This is the fundamental question of international distributive justice, and surprisingly a question that has been the subject of serious debate only in the past three decades. This book outlines and evaluates the main competing moral perspectives framing these debates, assessing the relative merits of the utilitarian, human rights, and neo-Kantian perspectives before answering the nationalist, patriotic, relativist, and constitutivist challenges to moral universalism. The book defends a form of cosmopolitanism involving a commitment to basic human rights, and provides both a guide to the state of the art in disputes about global justice, and a distinctive defense of the moral case for change in the international system.
6 Gladstone and a Liberal Theory of International Relations
Authors: Ceadel Martin
Published: October 2011

A distinctive feature of the political culture of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Britain was its receptivity to the liberal or idealist approach to international relations, which assumed that the unruly flow of international politics could be canalised into a set of logically impregnable abstract formulae inspired by the doctrines of nineteenth-century liberal democracy. Even as liberalism collapsed as an autonomous force in domestic politics during the 1920s and early 1930s, its optimistic vision of international relations gained broad acceptance. That W. E. Gladstone anticipated this internationalist idealism was asserted as early as the interwar period. Without the Gladstonian legacy of moderate interventionism and faith in the public law of Europe, British Liberalism would have been either more Cobdenite or more defencist in the late nineteenth- and early twentieth-centuries and to that extent less enthusiastic about the League idea.
The Art and Science of Marketing
Authors: Dowling Grahame
Published: October 2011

If an organization has customers, it needs to understand marketing. To achieve the best results from marketing requires a subtle blend of art and science. It can also benefit from recommendations for practice rather than lists of options from which to choose. The art of marketing comes from the doing of marketing — implementing programs to attain and retain customers, and seeing what actually works. This is the province of marketing managers, direct marketers, advertisers, and consultants. The examples of good and bad practice used throughout this book illustrate this approach. The science of marketing comes from research — about markets, customers, competitors, and how effectively various types of marketing programs work. This is the province of academics and market researchers. The science of marketing provides the foundations for good marketing practice. Sometimes this science is ignored in the rush to embrace new ideas and technologies. For example, the long scientific history of the adoption and diffusion of innovations says that the Internet will take a long time to fundamentally change the way large numbers of customers buy their products and services. If more managers and investors had understood this, then many dot. coms would not have become dot. bombs. This book blends art and science to provide insight for marketing managers about how to implement marketing more effectively to both create and capture the value of the offers they make to their target customers. In the process it questions the usefulness of some of the more recent marketing fads.
The Authority of the Church
Authors: Burns Arthur
Published: October 2011

This chapter focuses on a number of important aspects of Church authority. It begins by discussing ways in which it was negotiated and expressed within the massive institutional presence of the Church itself. It examines its expression in relation both to the individual, and to the local community. The chapter concludes by considering the authority of the Church at the national level.
Market Disciplines
Authors: Johnson Paul
Published: October 2011

The Victorian economy was a market economy like no other — bigger, faster, richer, and more encompassing than man had previously seen. The tentacles of the market spread to every town and village, to every shop, to every place of work, binding buyers and sellers in a relationship of mutual exchange. This chapter examines the shifting attitudes towards market efficiency and effectiveness. It looks at a number of dilemmas about the working of their market system that exercised the thoughts of Victorians. What did they say, and what did they do, when the discipline of the market appeared too harsh or too lax, and how, and in whose interests, did they attempt to restrain or redirect this discipline? In three separate sections, the chapter considers cases of market discipline, of market indiscipline, and at ways in which the market itself was disciplined from outside.