bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intersectionality, Vulnerability, and Punitiveness
Authors: Varona Gema
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with the consequences of transforming an analytical concept into a criminal legal one. The concept of intersectionality is one of the axes of the 2022 legislative reform to protect women against sexual violence in Spain. The Spanish juridification of this concept derives from the activism of some institutional feminist perspectives. Paradoxically, criticism of this juridification comes from both patriarchal ideologies and legal scholars concerned with the rights of the accused, these technicalities being also ideological. In practice, instead of protecting and doing justice to all women victims, political manipulation and some legal approaches around the notion of intersectionality might bring the application of more aggravating circumstances without considering victims’ diverse and dynamic interests. This trend toward punitiveness hides women and other minorities’ search for equality as a common good for all and converts it into a mere rhetorical issue of alleged vulnerability while favoring real experiences of intersectional oppression.
The Politics of Poetics
Authors: Salem Joseph
Published: November 2023

This two-part chapter introduces Boulez’s new writings on electronics, chance, and open form as a reflection of other changes in his experiments as a composer. Despite their progressive tone, his writings tacitly define clear boundaries of his experimentalism. In part one, aspects of a museum-culture conservatism that plagued his writings during this period appear in tension with his ongoing experiments with composition. In effect, his writings reveal ongoing conflicts between a static conception of the aesthetics of serialism and a much freer application of serial processes in his own compositions. In part two, these tensions help contextualize Boulez’s ill-fated obligations at the Darmstadt summer music courses and Cage’s corresponding rise to prominence at the festival (as a replacement for Boulez) in 1958.
Nationalization and Incumbency
Authors: Carson Jamie L , Sievert Joel , Williamson Ryan D
Published: November 2023

This chapter analyzes the incumbency advantage from 1840 to 2020. There is no shortage of existing work on this phenomenon, especially in the modern era, but this chapter offers new insights considering greater levels of nationalization in recent decades. Despite high nationalization, incumbents appear to be advantaged by their positions in office; however, the size of that advantage fluctuates depending on the level of nationalization at a given point in history. When races are more localized affairs, such as throughout the middle part of the 20th century, the incumbency advantage was much greater. That effect wanes as nationalization increases, but it does not completely go away regardless of the electoral rules or norms in place at the time. Therefore, the chapter concludes that incumbents have always enjoyed some electoral advantages, but the magnitude of that advantage fluctuates in predictable ways over time with changes in both institutional and political conditions.
Nationalization and Candidate Evaluations
Authors: Carson Jamie L , Sievert Joel , Williamson Ryan D
Published: November 2023

This chapter employs a unique survey experiment to evaluate how voters respond to the greater levels of nationalization in recent years. Partisan endorsements serve as a strong cue for voters’ ideological placement and favorability toward candidates. In short, voters increasingly align their views of candidates with their views of other political actors and are not necessarily evaluating candidates on their own merits. This provides a behavioral explanation for the rise in nationalization, comparable to that of the high nationalization witnessed under the party ballot and other institutional factors throughout most of the 19th century. This finding is especially noteworthy given the obvious similarities in nationalization across the two eras despite the distinct institutional differences.
A Higher Education
Authors: Dynner Glenn
Published: November 2023

As an independent Polish state emerged out of the rubble of World War I, its new leaders strove to “Polonize” the country’s Jewish population by means of mandatory public primary schooling. At the same time, they tolerated novel Hebraist/Zionist and Yiddishist/Socialist school systems founded by impassioned Jewish secularists. Hasidic leaders considered all such schools to be dangerously assimilatory and responded by embarking on ambitious pedagogical projects of their own. Notwithstanding widespread wartime destruction, formidable secularist Jewish competition, and a worldwide economic depression, they constructed enormous networks of primary schools (heders), Bais Yaakov schools for girls and women, and yeshivas—several of which would rank among the most prestigious in the world. Their institutionalization of Torah education, which often occurred in alliance with non-Hasidic traditionalists, was buttressed by zealous sermons, international philanthropical networks, and steady influxes of pious Jewish refugees from the Soviet Union, Austria, and Germany. Polish Hasidism was forever transformed.
Physical Pogroms and Spiritual Pogroms
Authors: Dynner Glenn
Published: November 2023

The years following the death of Marshal Józef Piłsudski on May 12, 1935, saw a spike in violent picketing and physical assaults against Jews, their customers, and the police who tried to protect them. Some assaults grew into lethal pogroms. Hasidim were choice targets of violence on account of their recognizable appearance. Their responses were varied and included physical self-defense. But most Hasidic leaders appeared even more concerned about a looming “spiritual pogrom”: legislative assaults on kosher slaughtering (shehita). Hasidic protests against pogroms and anti-shehita legislation, especially under the auspices of Aguda, seemed to help curtail those threats. Other forms of protest were more symbolic, such as public prayer, sermons, and the construction of new yeshivas in pogromized towns. By 1939, Hasidic leaders began to appear more amenable to emigration from Poland.
The Afterlife of Bach's Organ Works
Authors: Stinson Russell
Published: November 2023

This book explores the profound impact made on posterity by the organ music of J. S. Bach. It concerns a diverse group of musicians and non-musicians alike who in one way or another championed these compositions. The first chapter begins like a review-essay on two recent monographs on Bach, and then centers on a fascinating but neglected source, housed today in an American archive, that sheds light on how the nineteenth-century organist Wilhelm Rust conceived his orchestration of the Fantasy in G Minor, BWV 542/1, which he conducted in 1881 at Bach’s own church in Leipzig. Chapter 2 deals with three other nineteenth-century musicians, namely, Friedrich Rochlitz, Carl Ferdinand Becker, and Hermann Schellenberg, and their reviews of editions of organ works by Bach. All three critics voiced negative as well as positive thoughts about the music. The subject matter of Chapter 3 is the autobiography of the nineteenth-century organist Karl Gottlieb Freudenberg, which includes lively anecdotes about how Mendelssohn, Liszt, and even Beethoven responded to Bach’s oeuvre. Chapter 4 considers three blockbuster films from the late twentieth century, namely, The Godfather, The Silence of the Lambs, and Schindler’s List, in which Bach’s music is brilliantly appropriated. The fifth and final chapter consists of ten case studies in the reception of Bach’s organ music from the nineteenth century to the present. Special attention is paid to issues of performance practice, musical style, and the art of transcription.
Studies and Discoveries
Authors: Stinson Russell
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins with a critique of books by Christoph Wolff and David Yearsley, and then focuses on Wilhelm Rust’s personal copy of an edition of Bach’s organ works. Rust was one of Bach’s successors in Leipzig in the late nineteenth century, and in this source he composed his own pedal line for the Prelude in D Minor, BWV 539/1, and made a multitude of markings within the Fantasy in G Minor, BWV 542/1, that connect to his orchestration of the movement. Rust conducted his orchestration at Bach’s church on Palm Sunday 1881, despite protests from the congregation. None other than Johannes Brahms had recommended Rust for his position there. Brahms is known to have meticulously studied the fantasy, and he heard two performances in his lifetime of Johann Joseph Abert’s orchestration of the fantasy’s “partner,” the Fugue in G Minor, BWV 542/2.
Bach Goes to Hollywood
Authors: Stinson Russell
Published: November 2023

This chapter explores the psychological and political implications of Bach’s music in three films from the late twentieth century: Francis Ford Coppola’s The Godfather, Jonathan Demme’s The Silence of the Lambs, and Steven Spielberg’s Schindler’s List. Coppola samples two organ works by Bach (BWV 532 and 582) in the climactic baptism scene of his epic, thereby, in the words of film scholar Royal Brown, “linking megalomanical villains to their godlike aspirations.” In Demme’s production, the evil but cerebral protagonist Hannibal Lecter derives his inspiration from Bach’s Goldberg Variations, a magnum opus for the harpsichord and one of the composer’s most complex creations. In a haunting scene from Schindler’s List, where Nazi SS troops are about the business of liquidating the Jewish ghetto in Krakow, the already palpable sense of horror is enhanced by an impromptu performance, given by a Nazi officer, of the prelude to Bach’s A-minor English Suite for harpsichord.
Farmed Out
Authors: Brock Clare R.
Published: November 2023

Farmed Out uses US agricultural policy as a vehicle to understand how the rapidly polarizing political environment has altered the role of interest groups in Washington, D.C. Often understudied, agricultural policy impacts the livelihood of millions, the success of thousands of companies, the implementation (or lack thereof) of nationwide conservation efforts, and the diet, health, and pocketbooks of hundreds of millions. This book argues that polarization has given interest groups greater influence over policy content. Ironically, that same polarization regularly frustrates the capacity of groups to push Washington forward on policy change in a timely fashion, especially in the case of low-salience legislation where bipartisan collaboration matters most. Additionally, congressional capacity for research and fact-finding is at a historical low. In response to the changing political climate, the book asks: How have interest groups, who still seek influence, modified their strategies in response to this newly polarized and information-sparse political climate; and what implications does this have for interest groups’ influence on policy? Farmed Out answers these questions by looking at lobbying in the agricultural sector across two decades to discover changing patterns. The book demonstrates how party polarization expands and alters the role that interest groups play in policy construction and the negotiation process. It illustrates that interest groups have adapted their strategies and, consequently, that some have become even more powerful in their influence. Farmed Out points to the importance of behind-the-scenes coalition building in the policy process and how these often-unnoticed processes shape public policy for better or worse.
Relativism
Authors: Kagan Shelly
Published: November 2023

A common thought is that there is no uniquely correct moral code. Rather, morality is relative to particular societies. The precise nature of moral relativism is explained, and possible arguments for relativism are examined. One relevant issue is the extent to which moral codes differ from society to society at the level of basic moral principles. A second is whether such disagreements, even if they exist, would show that there are different moral principles that are binding or valid for different societies, rather than showing only that different societies have different beliefs about morality.
Knowledge
Authors: Kagan Shelly
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that moral intuitions can provide inputs to moral theorizing in much the same way that empirical observations can provide inputs to empirical theorizing. In both cases, things appear to us a certain way, and such appearances provide defeasible justification for the corresponding beliefs. Arguments against giving intuitions epistemic weight are examined, and different ways of explaining the reliability of moral intuition are laid out, including the possibility that evolution has shaped us to have largely reliable moral intuitions.
Reductionism
Authors: Kagan Shelly
Published: November 2023

If positing moral facts strikes us as metaphysically or scientifically problematic, it is presumably because we are troubled by the very idea of there being basic moral properties. Thus, an important part of the appeal of reductionism lies in the thought that this problem disappears if we can reduce moral properties to nonmoral ones—and in particular, to nonnormative ones. But the open question argument purports to show that all such reductions must fail, and some antireductionists argue that we can simply see that moral properties could not conceivably reduce to nonnormative ones. This chapter examines these two antireductionist arguments. It also asks whether reasons can be reduced to the nonnormative via an appeal to the idea of an ideal reasoner.
The Party Leads Everything
Authors: Tsang Steve , Cheung Olivia
Published: November 2023

Xi Thought requires the Chinese Communist Party to strengthen its role as the vanguard of China which “leads everything.” It considers the Party’s organizational laxity and the pluralization of thinking in China as impediments. To reverse the former, Xi reinvigorates the system of central leading small groups, merges party departments, subsumes state organs under the Party, and strengthens party-building at nonparty organizations. These measures have not only bolstered the Party’s leadership authority, but also contributed to the replacement of over two decades of collective leadership by Xi’s strongman rule. This is the most significant change Xi has made to the consultative Leninist system he inherited. To standardize thinking in China, Xi cracks down on Western or liberal political ideas. He appeals to ancient Chinese history and nationalism to make the people of China believe that socialism with Chinese characteristics is rooted in Chinese civilization.
Building a Moderately Well-Off Society Comprehensively
Authors: Tsang Steve , Cheung Olivia
Published: November 2023

Xi Thought brands “building a moderately well-off society comprehensively” to be the First Centenary Goal, a milestone for “the China Dream” of “national rejuvenation.” To achieve the goal, Xi officially “eliminated” absolute poverty in rural China in time for the centenary of the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 2021. The antipoverty campaign (2015–20), which featured dispatching upper-level cadres to poor villages, party-organized relocation and employment for the poor, reinvigoration of the Maoist dossier system, mobilization of extensive public participation, and forceful Sinicization of the Uyghurs, show how Xi “upgraded” the Party’s de facto social contract with the Chinese people. It promises to enhance the Party’s effectiveness in meeting public demands or expectations, in exchange for the people to actively defend regime security and accept more intrusive control. It also reinvigorates the mass line to reassure the public that the Party is delivering its side of the bargain.
Conclusion
Authors: Tsang Steve , Cheung Olivia
Published: November 2023

Xi uses his Thought to set China’s present policies and future direction of travel. Although Xi Thought is still evolving, its core tenets are by now well established. Xi intends it to be on par with if not higher than Mao Zedong Thought, but it is nowhere as fully developed and its truly Marxist contents are thin. By reinvigorating Leninism, doubling down on Sino-centrism, and replacing collective leadership by his strongman rule, Xi has not only bolstered the consultative Leninist system he inherited but also changed how it works substantially. Xi Thought boils down to creating “one country, one people, one ideology, one party, and one leader” and making China great again. Although Xi Thought is not always implemented faithfully, it has already changed China with significant implications for the world. In Xi Thought there is only one way that China is allowed to follow, the Xi way.
Learn
Authors: Washington Anne L.
Published: November 2023

The fifth and final stage in the prediction supply chain is learning from the aggregated data processed through optimized algorithms. Data-driven predictions are the result of a continuous cycle of finding digital sources, designing models, identifying patterns, designing for efficiency, and eventually generating insights. Insights represent new knowledge. The central question in this step is to think about who has the privilege to learn from aggregate data. This chapter draws attention to the connection between what is collected and what is learned. A logic of aggregation introduces three metaphors—autopsy, warden, and butler—to describe the relationship between the original data subjects and the new knowledge recipients. This chapter explains why some populations, but not others, benefit from what data science offers.
Conclusion
Authors: Washington Anne L.
Published: November 2023

The unfathomable opportunities of the prediction supply chain need not be constrained by the demands of a few organizations. Procedural fairness, rule of law, justice, autonomy, or beneficence could be held with equal reverence as political, technical, or financial interests. With creative deviance, outliers rebuff limiting top-down speculations and instead rely on bottom-up data analytics. Liberation and transformation are equally as possible as domination and devastation. The conclusion looks to the past to reflect on data science’s potential. The history of the book shows that dissemination of knowledge can prevail despite commercial incentives to contain it. The freedom to learn, as practiced by librarians, offers lessons on rebalancing the power and information asymmetry. The final chapter argues that data analytics necessitates a broader approach to intellectual freedom. Communities that control their own digital representations illustrate the possibility of resistance and renewal through data science done differently.
Feeling Their Pain
Authors: McDonald Jared
Published: November 2023

The 2020 presidential election in the United States marked, for many, a return to “compassionate politics.” Joe Biden had run on a platform of empathy, emphasizing his personal history as a means of connecting with everyone from American workers who had lost jobs to military families who had lost loved ones. Although perceptions of candidate compassion are broadly understood to influence voter choice, less understood is the question of how candidates convince voters they truly “care about people like them.” In Feeling Their Pain: Why Voters Want Leaders Who Care, Jared McDonald provides a framework for understanding why voters view some politicians as more compassionate than others. McDonald shows that perceptions of compassion in candidates for public office are based on the number and intensity of commonalities that bind citizens to political leaders. Commonalities can come in many forms, such as a shared experience (“I’ve been through what you’ve been through”), a shared emotion (“I feel the way you feel”), or a shared identity (“I am who you are”). Compassion is conceptualized through the lens of self-interest. Compassion may be universal, such as when candidates convey empathy to all individuals who are struggling. Or compassion may be exclusionary, such as when candidates express a preference for some groups over others. Thus, the way campaigns choose to wield compassion in their messaging strategies has important implications not only for election outcomes but also for American political polarization as well.
The Dark Side of Compassion
Authors: McDonald Jared
Published: November 2023

Chapter 5 considers the potential for campaign mudslinging to undermine perceptions of compassion, demonstrating two important findings. First, character attacks effectively undermine evaluations of compassion. Second, although character attacks negatively impact evaluations of candidate compassion, the subjects of smear campaigns have tools at their disposal to combat these attacks. Perceptions of compassion are not formed in a vacuum. Instead, they are shaped by considering the various alternatives. A politician may be perceived as relatively more compassionate if their political opponent is viewed as especially uncaring or disingenuous. Using an experiment administered during the 2016 presidential campaign, the chapter shows that the commonly used attack on Hillary Clinton—that her undisclosed speeches to Wall Street banks made her untrustworthy—was effective at harming perceptions of Clinton’s compassion. Yet those attacks on Hillary Clinton were less effective when the attack was provided simultaneously with negative information about her opponent, Donald Trump.
Compassion and Its Value for Politics
Authors: McDonald Jared
Published: November 2023

This book concludes with a discussion about what political compassion means in the broader context of democratic theory. Conventional wisdom views the American public as helplessly polarized and ill-equipped to make democratic decisions. Political compassion is not a panacea but represents a meaningful step forward. The book shows that opposing partisans (who are the most skeptical of campaign promises) are the best targets for empathetic appeals. If Democrats and Republicans can reach across the aisle, not by making token attempts at moderating issue stances, but instead by appealing to the humanity of those predisposed to be skeptical, there are better prospects for raising the bar of political discourse in this country. And despite the negative implications of this research for women seeking elected office, the chapter notes that there exists critical work remaining on organizational efforts to break down the barriers women face when entering the political arena.
Touring the West 3
Authors: Abel Richard
Published: November 2023

In the early and mid-1910s, longer travel films encouraged movie audiences to tour wildlands not only in Africa but also in the American West. Particularly notable was conservationist Edward A. Salisbury’s Wild Animal Life in America (1915), the result of three years of travel from Alaska to the Mexican border. Initially produced for universities and colleges, this feature-length film was acclaimed when shown in major movie theaters, sometimes with Salisbury as a lecturer. Overall, the film celebrated the “romance” of roaming the West to find unusual animals and birds. But a surviving fragment, “Hunting Wild Geese for Market,” strongly criticized the threatened extermination of American wildlife, which shortly thereafter led to a federal Game Bird Law.
Afterword: Looking Backward to Look Ahead
Authors: Abel Richard
Published: November 2023

The Afterword sketches several pathways for pursuing further research on early American cinema, framed by the concept of settler colonialism. The first pathway analyzes genres other than the western, especially comedies. Another would explore westerns and travel films into the 1920s. A third would seek evidence of the actual exhibition and reception of westerns. An additional option could involve exploring relations between westerns and similar stories in other cultural forms. A fifth pathway might investigate the construction of white supremacy in westerns through a linkage between African Americans and Indigenous peoples, both of which had to move onto lands west of the Mississippi.
Conclusion
Authors: Hauge Jostein
Published: November 2023

This chapter is the book’s conclusion chapter. In the chapter, I summarize the main arguments of the book through the perspective of a ‘factory in the future’ and address some key questions. Will industrialization and factory-based production keep remaking and reshaping the world? Will automation technologies make human work in factories completely redundant? Where will future factories be located, which factories will produce what, and who are the winners and losers in the age of globalized production? Can industrialization, growth, and factory-based production be compatible with ecological sustainability? I also highlight additional megatrends that the book did not cover in great detail: the rise of China and other megatrends related to digitalization. Finally, seeing that I both endorse and criticize capitalism throughout the book, I end the book with a discussion about the dynamics of capitalism.
Historical and linguistic backgrounds
Authors: Millar Robert McColl
Published: November 2023

This chapter, unusually for a history of Scots, begins its discussion by considering the Indo-European languages and their development. Discussion of the manner in which we analyse the separation of the proto-languages is given before the history and relationships between the Germanic languages are analysed. The formation of Old English is treated: were the dialects of that language already present when their speakers came to Britain or was there a relatively uniform Old English formed after settlement, with dialect diversification taking place afterwards? Focus then turns to the languages previously spoken in Scotland before the arrival of Anglian settlers. These include the P-Celtic languages, Pictish and British, and the Q-Celtic Gaelic. Scotland was not a linguistic tabula rasa.
‘Rise’
Authors: Millar Robert McColl
Published: November 2023

This chapter begins by discussing the establishment of the Bernician dialect in what is now south-eastern Scotland, as well as further west, due to the Northumbrian ‘golden age’. Economic and political change in Scotland beyond led to the movement of a considerable number of people into Scotland; many of these came from northern England and spoke a somewhat different dialect from that used in Scotland. The product of this koineization of the two varieties was Inglis, which, from the fourteenth century onwards, became the primary language of the kingdom of Scotland, leading to its use in a range of both official and literary contexts.
Scots in decline? The Modern Age
Authors: Millar Robert McColl
Published: November 2023

Due to changes in politics, culture, and economics of Scotland, Scots was replaced by English as the primary written medium in the country during the course of the seventeenth century. Almost all Scots who did not have Gaelic as their primary medium remained Scots speakers well into the eighteenth century, however. As part, to a considerable extent, of the Enlightenment experiment, the urban upper middle classes, and their imitators among the urban lower middle classes, began to abandon their native vernacular for Standard English. This change was broadcast to their imitators in other parts of Scotland but was never complete. Scottish Standard English comes into being during this period. Changes in agricultural practice and technological developments at this time led to the urbanization and industrialization of a large part of the country’s population. From early on in the nineteenth century, however, language attitudes developed among the middle classes which celebrated rural dialects while stressing the ‘slovenly’ nature of the urban. These prejudices continue to be held and have fed into education policy for the country. Increasing number of middle-class Scots abandoned their native variety in favour of English. To a considerable extent Scots became a class-based dialect. The chapter concludes with a discussion of language policy in the wake of devolution. Discussion of the plantation of Scots speakers in Ulster in the seventeenth century and later language use in those regions is also given.
Historical phonology of Scots
Authors: Millar Robert McColl
Published: November 2023

This chapter considers the historical phonology of the Scots language as a system, relating it to specific and thoroughgoing changes, such as the Great Vowel Shit and the Scottish Vowel Length Rule. The concept of lexical sets is introduced and comparisons are made between the sets for (Scottish) Standard English, Received Pronunciation and Scots (the latter being taken in a broad sense, despite the very real distinctions between the different dialects. The advantages (and disadvantages) of both the Aitken and Johnson-Millar analyses are discussed, the compromise being a method which employs Johnson-Millar while cross-referencing to Aitken. Vowels are discussed according to lexical sets, while the rather less complex situation of the Scots consonants is described in a purely diachronic manner.
Historical morphosyntax of Scots
Authors: Millar Robert McColl
Published: November 2023

This chapter is intended to provide an analysis of the morphosyntactic nature of Scots across time. From the beginning, however, awareness that more research is needed to give a full sense of all phenomena. At the same time, discussion of the many similarities and marked dissimilarities between English and Scots in relation to this field is ongoing. Recent changes, such as the spread of second person plural youse, are considered sociolinguistically. The ‘hiatus’ in the use of written Scots from the middle of the seventeenth to the middle of the eighteenth centuries is brought into focus in relation to the Middle Scots use of plural-marked adjectives and the means of demonstrating verb–subject concord.
Security Detention
Authors: McGregor Lorna
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the adequacy and effectiveness of international law on security detention during public emergencies, international and non-international armed conflicts, and ‘ordinary’ times. It argues that in all four contexts, the international law on the substantive necessity and proportionality of detention is significantly underdeveloped with supranational bodies focusing more on states’ adherence to treatment standards in detention and the availability and effectiveness of procedural safeguards. While not suggesting that the interpretation of the necessity and proportionality of security detention should be the same in all four areas, it identifies common questions which require fuller articulation in both international human rights and humanitarian law, such as the nature of the security risk capable of justifying security detention; the methodologies that states rely on to predict risk, including through algorithmic risk assessments; consideration of less invasive means within the necessity and proportionality test; and the international legal standards attaching to the necessity and proportionality of certain alternatives to detention, such as assigned residence and control orders.
Getting volatility right
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp
Published: November 2023

The electoral volatility index is a workhorse in studies of party system change, yet volatility scores for individual elections vary widely across existing data sets. This chapter shows how candidate data can improve the calculation of the index. Most traditional approaches to volatility require that electoral slates (i.e. electoral formations in one election) are linked to a single successor or predecessor and entering and exiting parties are strictly defined. However, slates with partial novelty or significant links to more than one successor or predecessor are very common. Building on the concepts and measures introduced in the previous chapters, this chapter presents a novel approach to electoral volatility that fully accounts for these issues. The proposed split-by-congruence index allows for an orderly linkage of slates to multiple predecessors or successors, distinguishes genuinely novel parties from seemingly novel ones, and accounts for party change reflected in high candidate turnover among continuing parties. The case studies of individual elections demonstrate how the new volatility index provides reliable measures based on a set of clearly defined and standardized rules. The index is tested with an analysis of the effect of economic growth that confirms the presence of an effect that has been reported for other regions but has, so far, been elusive in Central and Eastern Europe.
Conclusion
Authors: Sikk Allan , Köker Philipp
Published: November 2023

This chapter summarizes the main findings and contributions of the book. It also discusses the implications of the ‘genetic’ approach for the notions of new and continuing parties, for measures of party system stability such as electoral volatility, and for the study of party and party system institutionalization. Given the rising levels of party instability across the democratic world, researchers should acknowledge and engage with the complexity of party novelty and continuity to embrace the ‘soggy world’ of contemporary party politics fully. The final section highlights the potential for applying the approach proposed in this book to other regions of the world and for using ‘big but thin’ data more extensively in party research and beyond.
Democracy, Elections, and Electoral Geography in Zambia
Authors: Wahman Michael
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the case of Zambia. It mainly focuses on the origin and effect of electoral institutions, the general cleavage structure, and the emergence of the geographically polarized electoral system. The chapter discusses how regional politics and territoriality have characterized Zambian campaigns since independence and how such dynamics may shape the use of violence during campaigns. Empirically, the chapter uses constituency-level presidential election data since the introduction of multipartyism in the early 1990s. The chapter corrects two common misunderstandings about electoral competition in Zambia. First, clustering of vote choice solely reflects co-ethnic voting. Second, national majorities are primarily won by winning swing-districts in a handful of nonaligned areas.
Individual-Level Fear, Electoral Geography, and Political Participation in Zambia
Authors: Wahman Michael
Published: November 2023

The chapter studies individual-level variations in fear of election violence in Zambia. It concentrates on two particular questions. First, are Zambians living in competitive or noncompetitive constituencies more fearful of violence? Second, what electoral activities are associated with most fear among Zambian voters? Building on the electoral geography theory of election violence, I show that minority voters living in rival parties’ strongholds are particularly fearful of violence, and while fear of election violence in Zambia is high, this fear is not particularly associated with the act of voting. Instead, voters are much more fearful of activities such as attending rallies, discussing politics in public, or wearing party regalia. Such activities do not directly affect election outcomes, but voters’ reluctance to engage in such activities severely affect local electoral environments.
Extending the Argument
Authors: Wahman Michael
Published: November 2023

The chapter introduces further evidence to suggest the plausibility of the argument beyond the book’s main cases. First, it will offer descriptive statistics on the relationship between national and local- level competition and aggregate levels of election violence across the continent. It shows that geographically polarized electoral systems, on average, have higher levels of election violence than more subnationally competitive electoral systems. Second, the chapter uses secondary accounts of electoral geography and patterns of election violence in two further cases, Kenya and Zimbabwe, to illustrate how election violence has been used as a territorial tool in these two additional cases. Lastly, the chapter summarizes and contrasts the two main cases, Malawi and Zambia, with the two reference cases, Kenya and Zimbabwe.
Structural Chemistry of Alkali and Alkaline-Earth Metals
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the following topics: survey of the alkali metals, structure and bonding in inorganic alkali metal compounds, structure and bonding in organic alkali metal compounds, alkalides and electrides, survey of the alkaline-earth metals, structure of compounds of alkaline-earth metals, organometallic compounds of Group 2 elements, alkali and alkaline-earth metal complexes with inverse crown structures, as well as alkaline-earth metal hydrides.
Structural Chemistry of Group 13 Elements
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the following topics: survey of the Group 13 elements, elemental boron, borides, and the boron-boron multiple bond.
Structural Chemistry of Group 17 and Group 18 Elements
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the topics for chemistry of Group 17 and Group 18 elements, polyhalogen ions, interhalogen compounds and ions, charge-transfer complexes of halogens, halogen oxides and oxo compounds, halogen bonding, halogen-halogen interaction, non-covalent interactions, aerogen bonding, and directional bonding interactions.
Structural Chemistry of Rare-Earth and Actinide Elements
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the topics for chemistry of rare-earth metals, structure of oxides and halides of rare-earth elements, coordination geometry of rare-earth cations, organometallic compounds of rare-earth elements, structural chemistry of actinide compounds, new types of metal-ligand δ and φ, bonding in actinide complexes.
Metal-Metal Bonds and Transition-Metal Clusters
Authors: Chung Wai Mak Thomas , Cheung Yu-San , Zhou Gong-Du , Wang Ying-Xia
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers the topics for bond valence and bond number of transition-metal clusters, dinuclear complexes containing metal-metal bonds, clusters with more than two transition metal atoms, so-bond valence and iso-structural series, metal-metal interactions, comproportionation reactions, disproportationation reactions.
The Form of Book I Chapter 5, “On the Son of God”
Authors: Kerr Jason A.
Published: November 2023

Debate about the authorship of De Doctrina Christiana has often involved the question of when Milton departed from the Trinitarian views expressed earlier in his career. This chapter argues that his anti-trinitarianism emerged in the course of work on the treatise, prompted by his usual method of reading scripture alongside Wolleb and Ames and aided by a particular Latin rendering of Psalm 2:7 that emphasizes divine decree. This theological shift coincides with a generic one in which a rhetorical argumentative structure reduces the earlier Ramist structure of I.5 to a vestige, signaling a radical departure from the treatise’s stated methodology.
Conclusion
Authors: Kerr Jason A.
Published: November 2023

Why read De Doctrina Christiana if it does not straightforwardly gloss Paradise Lost? This question bears on what it means to read literature theologically, and it invites attention to the literary and creative dimensions of theological writing as such; that is, theological writings, as writing, engage in representation and do not merely record theological views. In this sense, De Doctrina Christiana is worth reading precisely because it unsettles Paradise Lost by revealing a Milton whose theological views were not settled and whose theological thinking resists easy assimilation into whatever larger picture of his life, work, and thought one might wish to assemble.
Institutional Centralization/Decentralization in International Regime Complexes
Authors: Daßler Benjamin
Published: November 2023

This introductory chapter presents the phenomenon of institutional topologies and motivates the book’s underlying research questions. It points to the conceptual and theoretical gaps in the literature on regime complexity and lays out the importance of structured comparisons of institutional topologies across issue areas. How can we grasp and explain the diverse evolution of structures among international institutions governing the same issue area? The chapter clarifies how the book contributes to the literatures on regime complexity, institutional competition, and contested multilateralism by proposing a new lens to examine international regime complexes from a comparative perspective. It provides a summary overview of the main arguments advanced in the book and discusses the methodological approach of the study. Finally, it sketches the outline of the book, briefly summarizing the content of the subsequent chapters.
Theorizing Institutional Topologies in International Regime Complexes
Authors: Daßler Benjamin
Published: November 2023

This theory chapter draws on economic, and rational-institutionalist arguments to develop the book’s core arguments for the emergence of strongly varying inter—institutional structures across issue areas of global governance. Complementing and refining theories of policy area competition and intra-institutional change, this chapter suggests that there are three policy-specific conditions that exert a long-term effect on institutionalization processes in regime complexes: The (non-) excludability of institutional benefits, network effects, and barriers to entry. Building on these indicators of institutional competition, the chapter argues that, depending on their individual configuration in relation to specific policy issues, they exert long-term centrifugal or centripetal effects on institutional topologies.
Diminishing Barriers to Entry and the Gradual Decentralization of Institutional Topologies in the Energy Regime Complex
Authors: Daßler Benjamin
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a longitudinal analysis of the institutional topology underlying the energy governance regime complex. It shows how barriers to entry institutionalized forms of cooperation in the issue area have been successively reduced over the last decades. While at the beginning of the 1990s, institutionalized forms of cooperation on the issue of energy governance were an exclusive option for a small group of powerful states, the chapter demonstrates that over time, the liberalization of the energy market following the end of the Cold War, the potential to exploit new energy forms in many regions, and the exponential rise of the availability of renewable energy technologies incentivized several new states to create energy governance institutions. As the longitudinal analyses of the institutional networks underlying the energy governance complex reveal, it has, over time, indeed become more decentralized and contested, particularly at the expense of the International Energy Agency (IEA).
Introduction
Authors: Stennett Tom
Published: November 2023

This chapter introduces the pennames of Portuguese painter and poet António Quadros, who published poetry and prose in Mozambique under the names João Pedro Grabato Dias, Frey Ioannes Garabatus, and Mutimati Barnabé João. The author frames his analysis of Quadros’s engagement with the question of Mozambican authorship with an interrogation of the theories of Roland Barthes and Michel Foucault. He makes the case for studying authorship and readership, in the Mozambican context, as indissociable questions. The author sets out the key features of Quadros’s literary production and situates his use of pennames in the context of colonial censorship. Identify some of the key difficulties with approaching Quadros’s cryptic and inaccessible texts.
The Idiosyncratic Anti-colonial Poetics of João Pedro Grabato Dias’s A Arca (1971)
Authors: Stennett Tom
Published: November 2023

Chapter 4 analyses the cryptic anti-colonial ode A Arca (1971), in which António Quadros’s penname João Pedro Grabato Dias raises questions over the role and function of writers in contexts of collective political struggle. In the ode, published under colonial rule in Mozambique, Grabato Dias rewrites the story of Noah’s flood and imagines what would have happened had Noah managed to persuade God, using duplicitous flattery, to spare the whole of creation. Grabato Dias’s idiosyncratic, pacifist anti-colonial politics stand as a counterpoint to the militarized political stance of the Mozambican nationalist party, Frelimo, and to the party’s position on the role of literature in the anti-colonial struggle. The author interrogates Grabato Dias’s proposal of a pacifist revolutionary politics using Frantz Fanon’s defence of anti-colonial violence.
Western Mediterranean attitudes
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

General attitudes to sodomy in these societies are hard to judge. Fierce disapproval coexisted with some apparent tolerance. The idea that this sin could blight a whole community, thereby provoking divine judgement, persisted. Attitudes to sodomy also interacted with assumptions about social hierarchy, though the modern idea that the desire for boys as well as women was dictated by a simple principle of domination is dubious. Cultural evidence suggests that the desire for good-looking boys was essentially an extension of the desire for women. One factor which may have helped to normalize male–male sodomy was the practice, widespread in Italy, of men sodomizing women. A common popular belief held that since physical pleasure was a natural phenomenon, the sexual acts that caused it could not be ‘against nature’. This fortified a reaction against official religious norms which could extend to the blasphemy that Jesus himself was a sodomite.
Northern Europe: broad patterns
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Historians have assumed that the pattern of age-differentiated male–male sex found in the Mediterranean region existed equally in Northern Europe; this has blinded them to major differences between the two regions. The quantitative evidence, drawn from trial statistics, differs by an order of magnitude; this is very evident in England, where judicial records are abundant and well studied. To maintain the assumption that the underlying sexual behaviour was the same, some historians have sought to explain the relative lack of Northern trials, but their claims that some special factors were unique to North or South are unconvincing. Torture, used in Southern Europe, was also applied in most of the North; the death penalty was common to both; so was a degree of reluctance to generate publicity. Significantly, sodomy cases greatly outnumbered bestiality cases in most of Southern Europe, while the opposite was true in most of the North.
Northern Europe: forms of sexual behaviour
Authors: Malcolm Noel
Published: November 2023

Male–male sexual behaviour in Northern Europe differed qualitatively, as well as quantitatively, from that in the South. Sex between adult men may have occurred in at least half of the known cases; some men had sex with both men and boys; and some who did favour younger partners happily chose men above the Mediterranean threshold age. Some men took the active and passive roles. Mutual masturbation was commonly undertaken as a self-sufficient sexual act, not as a prelude to, or substitute for, sodomy. Sexual approaches often involved reaching for the other man’s genitals; this suggests a psychology of shared masculinity (and hoped-for shared sexual excitement) very different from the Mediterranean pattern. There is some evidence of group sex between adults. Male prostitution is attested, but only thinly. Claims by modern historians that there were male brothels in 17th-century London are baseless.