bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recognizing the Degree of Human Attention Using EEG Signals from Mobile Sensors
Authors: Liu Ning-Han , Chiang Cheng-Yu , Chu Hsuan-Chin
Published: August 2013

During the learning process, whether students remain attentive throughout instruction generally influences their learning efficacy. If teachers can instantly identify whether students are attentive they can be suitably reminded to remain focused, thereby improving their learning effects. Traditional teaching methods generally require that teachers observe students’ expressions to determine whether they are attentively learning. However, this method is often inaccurate and increases the burden on teachers. With the development of electroencephalography (EEG) detection tools, mobile brainwave sensors have become mature and affordable equipment. Therefore, in this study, whether students are attentive or inattentive during instruction is determined by observing their EEG signals. Because distinguishing between attentiveness and inattentiveness is challenging, two scenarios were developed for this study to measure the subjects’ EEG signals when attentive and inattentive. After collecting EEG data using mobile sensors, various common features were extracted from the raw data. A support vector machine (SVM) classifier was used to calculate and analyze these features to identify the combination of features that best indicates whether students are attentive. Based on the experiment results, the method proposed in this study provides a classification accuracy of up to 76.82%. The study results can be used as a reference for learning system designs in the future.
A Subcarrier-Pair Based Resource Allocation Scheme Using Proportional Fairness for Cooperative OFDM-Based Cognitive Radio Networks
Authors: Ma Yongtao , Zhou Liuji , Liu Kaihua
Published: August 2013

The paper presents a joint subcarrier-pair based resource allocation algorithm in order to improve the efficiency and fairness of cooperative multiuser orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (MU-OFDM) cognitive radio (CR) systems. A communication model where one source node communicates with one destination node assisted by one half-duplex decode-and-forward (DF) relay is considered in the paper. An interference-limited environment is considered, with the constraint of transmitted sum-power over all channels and aggregate average interference towards multiple primary users (PUs). The proposed resource allocation algorithm is capable of maximizing both the system transmission efficiency and fairness among secondary users (SUs). Besides, the proposed algorithm can also keep the interference introduced to the PU bands below a threshold. A proportional fairness constraint is used to assure that each SU can achieve a required data rate, with quality of service guarantees. Moreover, we extend the analysis to the scenario where each cooperative SU has no channel state information (CSI) about non-adjacent links. We analyzed the throughput and fairness tradeoff in CR system. A detailed analysis of the performance of the proposed algorithm is presented with the simulation results.
Pump as Turbine (PAT) Design in Water Distribution Network by System Effectiveness
Authors: Carravetta Armando , Del Giudice Giuseppe , Fecarotta Oreste , Ramos Helena
Published: August 2013

Water distribution networks face several problems related to leakages, where the pressure control strategy is a common practice for water loss management. Small-scale hydropower schemes, where pumps as turbines replace pressure reducing valves, can be considered an interesting technical solution, which ensures both economic convenience and system flexibility. Due to the water networks’ variable operating conditions, a new methodology to model the effectiveness of pumps as turbines was developed based on the efficiency and the mechanical reliability of the hydropower device and the flexibility of the plant. System effectiveness is proposed as the objective function in the optimization procedure and applied to a real system, enabling one to emphasize that the hydraulic regulation mode of the plant is better than the electric regulation mode for American Petroleum Industry (API) manufacturing standards of pumps.
Genetic screenings, health standardization and potential illness: The biopolitical challenges of the future in Juli Zeh’s Corpus Delicti and in Gattaca
Authors: Schönfellner Sabine
Published: August 2013

Le film GATTACA (1997) et le roman Corpus Delicti (2009) décrivent des sociétés futuristes au xxie siècle. Tous deux débattent des discours actuels sur la santé, la maladie et la normalisation en construisant des scénarios singuliers : dans GATTACA, les citoyens sont séparés en deux groupes dépendant de leur statut génétique ; dans le roman Corpus Delicti, la santé est la valeur la plus importante et les citoyens doivent toujours aspirer à l’amélioration de l’être humain. Bien qu’elles développent des scénarios différents, ces deux narrations traitent du même thème, la « maladie potentielle ». Cet article se concentre sur l’analyse des définitions de la biopolitique dans ces œuvres pour finalement montrer les problèmes liés à ce concept, qui pourraient se poser dans notre avenir.
Flamme d’amour
Authors: Fleury Marie-Eve
Published: August 2013

Cet article porte sur l’amour absolu, entre deux êtres humains chez Bachmann ou entre une âme croyante et son Dieu chez saint Jean de la Croix, et sur les limites – imposées aux êtres humains par des autorités religieuses, juridiques ou sociales afin de les maintenir dans le calme sommeil de l’ignorance – qui le rendent impossible. Considéré comme un acte de révolte contre ces limites, cet amour est symbolisé par le feu et la nuit obscure, qui évoquent aussi la souffrance résultant de l’inassouvissement d’un désir impossible. Mise à part la mort, qui est le seul moyen radical par lequel nous pouvons, pour ainsi dire, échapper aux contraintes de ce monde, l’art permet de franchir certaines frontières, de toucher une grandeur proche de l’universalité et de l’éternité, comme en témoignent les images employées aussi bien par saint Jean de la Croix que par Bachmann pour parler de l’amour, de la souffrance et du miracle.
‘Not such an empty space’:Cinematic Ecocriticism and the Performative Landscape in Damon Galgut’s Fiction
Authors: Deggan Mark
Published: August 2013

Gernot Böhme analyse les aspects esthétique et écologique des atmosphères. À partir de ce travail, l’article explore les « manœuvres » esthétiques par lesquelles les espaces naturels sont utilisés afin d’exprimer la symbiose entre les humains et la terre. En attirant l’attention sur les sites atmosphériques, en tant qu’arènes performatives, l’étude met en évidence le potentiel communicatif des représentations de paysages dans leur teneur affective et morale. L’article analyse les romans de Damon Galgut ainsi que les films sud-africains de Marion Hänsel en construisant un nouvel archétype interdisciplinaire autour de la conscience humaine de l’environnement. Les connections entre ces deux formes de media sont explorées dans le but de créer un nouveau discours scénographique des paysages. Pour conclure, l’article analyse le rendez-vous des personnages fictifs avec les environnements pour souligner un processus insuffisamment analysé de la signification esthétique.
Zionism and Viennese modernity Aestheticism in Theodor Herzl’s Zionist novel Altneuland
Authors: Hoffmann Christina
Published: August 2013

Theodor Herzl est surtout réputé pour avoir ravivé le sionisme à la fin du 19ème siècle. Cependant ses activités politiques font partie de son identité d’auteur. L’article traite de la carrière de Herzl en lien avec l’esthétisme de la modernité, et propose un tour d’horizon de la culture « fin de siècle » viennoise en s’appuyant sur Hermann Bahr et le groupe des poètes ‘Jung-Wien’. Après un bref aperçu des critères factuels autant que fictifs du livre Der Judenstaat (L’État des Juifs, 1894), l’article analyse le roman utopique de Herzl, Altneuland (Terre ancienne. Terre nouvelle, 1902), dans lequel on trouve des marques distinctives de l’époque, notamment de la modernité viennoise.
Revolution as technē: place, space, and ecotage in the American radical novel
Authors: Aitchison David
Published: August 2013

Dans cet article, les méthodes philosophiques et narratologiques sont entremêlées afin d’examiner comment le roman radical, suite à l’émergence du mouvement écologiste moderne et de “l’American Indian Movement”, envisage le lieu, l’espace et l’habitat en tant que sites de et pour la lutte politique. L’article compare Almanac of the Dead de Leslie Marmon Silko et The Monkey Wrench Gang de Edward Abbey afin d’explorer comment “le roman Red Power” et “le roman ecotage” — dans leurs visions de la lutte pour les terres, les droits, et les frontières — dévoilent les cadres conceptuels par lesquels nous connaissons et trop souvent mettons en danger le monde. L’analyse met en corrélation le scène-acte ratio de Kenneth Burke (qui montre comment une scène donne lieu à des motifs et des logiques particuliers) et la théorie de la techné de Martin Heidegger (qui souligne que la technologie moderne, bien qu’elle arraisonne le monde et nous oblige à le percevoir comme une simple réserve de ressources, est vulnérable à l’intervention de la sphère de l’art) afin d’étudier comment le roman radical nous apprend à résister aux visions dangereuses, en particulier celles imposées sur les territoires par les appareils technologiques de l’expansion vers l’ouest. Est en jeu ce que nous appelons une imagination technique : un aspect de ce que Lawrence Buell nomme « l’imagination de l’environnement », qui fait appel aux cadres narratifs afin de re-décrire des scènes de la dégradation en tant que sites de possibilité radicale. La tâche, en définitive, est de retrouver un sens du lieu au-delà de l’instrumentalité et un sens de l’action au-delà de l’exploitation.
Do Waves Have Memories?
Authors: Gaffric Gwennaël
Published: August 2013

Syaman Rapongan夏曼．藍波安, né en 1957 sur l’île des Orchidées (Pongso no Tao en langue tao, Lanyu en chinois), est un écrivain qui revendique son appartenance au groupe aborigène des Tao. Auteur de nombreux essais, romans et légendes, son œuvre est souvent considérée par le champ littéraire à Taiwan comme un canon de la « littérature aborigène » (原住民文學 yuanzhumin wenxue).Baptisé par la critique d’ « écrivain de l ‘océan » (海洋作家 haiyang zuojia), ses écrits sont ainsi marqués par des thèmes récurrents la vie quotidienne des Tao et leurs pratiques sociales et religieuses, dans lesquelles l’océan tient effectivement une place majeure. Ses considérations littéraires sont autant de réflexions sur les rapports ethniques et/ou politiques entretenus entre la population Han de Taiwan et les Tao, mais aussi entre les Tao et d’autres peuples austronésiens du Pacifique. Le monde « naturel » et les problèmes environnementaux se retrouvent par ailleurs souvent au centre de ses textes.Cet article s’attardera précisément sur l’appropriation de la thématique environnementale dans l’écriture de Syaman Rapongan, principalement dans ses recueils d’essais Sentiments profonds par une mer froide (冷海情深 Lenghai Qingshen, 1997) La mémoire des vagues (海浪的記憶 Hailang de jiyi, 2002) et Le visage du navigateur (航海家的臉 Hanghai jia de lian, 2007). Cette interrogation nous amènera à effectuer une analyse sur le primitivisme et l’(éco)-cosmopolitisme auquel fait appel Rapongan dans son écriture, et la manière dont il traite de questions telles que la surpêche ou le stockage des déchets nucléaires sur l’île des Orchidée, qu’il considère comme des dégradations tout aussi environnementales que culturelles/cosmologiques.À la lumière, des théories écocritiques et de la justice environnementale, mon ambition sera de mettre en relief les interconnections entre problématiques humaines et environnementales dans les écrits océaniques de Syaman Rapongan et de comprendre comme son écriture du paysage passé d’un appel à une restauration écologique localisée à une approche pus cosmopolite, initiant ainsi un processus de déterritorialisation. Dans cette étude, j’essaierai enfin de mettre en perspective l’approche de Rapongan avec celle d’autres auteurs des « archipels », dans leur recherche d’un modèle alternatif d’habiter le monde.
A Study on Project-Based Learning in a Boat Design and Building University Course
Authors: Dzan Wei-Yuan , Chung Chih-Chao , Lou Shi-Jer , Tsai Huei-Yin
Published: August 2013

The main purpose of this study was to develop interdisciplinary project-based learning and investigate the process and effectiveness of project-based learning involving undergraduate students in the Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering in a college in Taiwan. The theme of this research project was “boat design and building.” This study used the revised PIPER (PIPER; Preparation / Implementation / Presentation / Evaluation / Revision) model to design the project activities and integrated the learning of the following three courses: “Operation and application of 3D boat mold design software,” “Boat building,” and “Boat parts design and building practices.” In teaching and research, the students carried out via the learning by doing and experimental courses, the final completion of the boat design and construction. This study selected a total of 97 students as the subjects and conducted text analysis, a questionnaire survey to collect data. The research results showed that project-based learning in combination with hands-on learning could guide students in completing the design and building of a real boat. This learning method provided students with brand-new experiences, enabled them to experience the pleasure of boat design, and effectively elicited a positive attitude toward boat-building engineering and learning effectiveness. Moreover, this study proposed suggestions for the project process that could inform future interdisciplinary project-based learning in colleges.
An Automatic Mechanism to Recognize and Generate Emotional MIDI Sound Arts Based on Affective Computing Techniques
Authors: Lin Hao-Chiang Koong , Sun Cong Jie , Su Bei Ni , Lin Zu An
Published: August 2013

All kinds of arts have the chance to be represented in digital forms, and one of them is the sound art, including ballads by word of mouth, classical music, religious music, popular music and emerging computer music. Recently, affective computing has drowned a lot of attention in the academic field, and it has two parts: physiology and psychology. Through a variety of sensing devices, the authors can get behaviors which are represented by feelings and emotions. Therefore, the authors may not only identify but also understand human emotions. This work focuses on exploring and producing the MAX/MSP computer program which can generate the emotional music automatically. It can also recognize the emotion identified when users play MIDI instruments and create visual effects. The authors hope to achieve two major goals: (1) Producing the performance of art combined with dynamic vision and auditory tune. (2) Making computers understand human emotions and interact with music by affective computing. The results of this study are as follows:(1) The authors design a corresponding mechanism of music tone and human emotion recognition. (2) The authors develop a combination of affective computing and the auto music generator. (3) The authors design a music system which can be used with MIDI instrument and also be incorporated with other music effects to add the Musicality. (4) The authors Assess and complete the emotion discrimination mechanism of how mood music can feedback accurately. The authors make computers simulate (even have) human emotion, and obtain relevant basis for more accurate sound feedback. The authors use System Usability Scale to analyze and discuss about the usability of the system. Also, the average score of each item is obviously higher than the simple score (four points) for the overall response and the performance of music when we use “auto mood music generator”. There are average performance which is more than five points in each part of Interaction and Satisfaction Scale. Subjects are willing to accept this interactive work, so it proves that the work has the usability and the potential which the authors can keep developing on.
The Interactive Relation between Religious TV Programs and People in Turkey
Authors: Bicer Ramazan
Published: August 2013

The aim of the topic is to deal with role of television on the lifestyle of people and their cultural and religious understanding. TV programs will be shown to change according to lifestyle, education and cultural understanding. Nevertheless, television has a great importance on the lifestyle of people. The religious understanding is a part of the lifestyle. Many Turks shape their cultural and religious understanding by watching television. The authors will deal with cultural and religious understanding from a socio-cultural perspective, exemplifying this by two Turkish television programs called 'Ekmek Teknesi' (Means of Livelihood) and 'Sir Kapisi’ (Door to Secret). The authors aim to examine the dimensions of these soap operas in the context of religious education, cultural and theological perspectives.
The Application Exploration of Cloud Computing in Information Technology Teaching
Authors: Jing Sun
Published: August 2013

With the development of the times, the information technology course in primary and middle school is making more and more progress in reform. Currently, the integration of information technology with curriculum has the effect can’t be neglected in the field of education. Similarly, cloud computing is also appear in the field of vision of people, and constantly affects people's way of life, work and study. Apply it to the primary and middle school information technology course teaching, Take advantage of cloud computing such as free, low hardware requirements, All kinds of online application service update timely, which can make new breakthroughs in information technology curriculum, promote the training of students' information literacy and acquisition.
Risk Factors of Breast Cancer in Indian Context
Authors: Bandita Biswa , Mohanty Dipti , Pradhan S. K. , Rath S. N. , Sahu Madhusmita , Joshi Ashish
Published: August 2013

The upward trend in breast cancer globally and in India has become a matter of great concern. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy among women globally. The objective of the authors’ study was to explore the various risk factors of breast cancer in among women in an Indian context. A search was performed using the search engine Pubmed during years 2005-2011 using key words risk factor and breast cancer and India. They searched criteria found 16 final analyzable articles. Results of the review showed high mortality due to late stage breast cancer diagnosis as women usually present at an advanced stage. The results showed that the predominant reason was because of lack of awareness about the risk factors of breast cancer and non-existence of breast cancer screening programs. Financial and social reasons were other factors that resulted in delay in seeking advice for this problem resulting in its delayed diagnosis. Educational awareness might be an effective tool for modifying lifestyles and thereby reducing breast cancer risks.
Using Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) Tags to Store Medical Information Needed by First Responders
Authors: Hart Chris , Hawrylak Peter J.
Published: August 2013

In the event of an accident or emergency, a victim’s medical information such as blood type, prescribed drugs, and other pertinent medical history is critical to Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) so that the correct treatment can be provided to the victim as quickly as possible. Victims of car accidents, heart attacks, etc., are not always able to answer simple but crucial medical questions. Treatment time is critical in an emergency situation and the EMT must quickly obtain correct medical information to provide treatment until the victim is stabilized or admitted to the hospital. With an unconscious patient, the EMT must perform a number of tests to obtain these details. A Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tag encoded with this information could provide this information quickly and correctly, while saving the time and expense of the tests to answer these questions. The ability of the RFID tag to communicate through objects can minimize the movement of the victim to obtain the necessary information. This paper presents a standardized format for encoding (storing) this information in the RFID tag for use in the United States. The use of data compression techniques are explored to maximize the amount of information able to be stored in the RFID tag. Privacy and security issues with this application are discussed and a potential solution is presented.
Rhetorics, Simulations and Games
Authors: Ferri Gabriele
Published: August 2013

Oiligarchy (Pedercini (Molleindustria), 2008) and Phone Story (Pedercini (Molleindustria) & Yes Lab, 2011) are two apparently simple games that integrate game-based and simulational components in a wider rhetorical discourse. It is reductive to consider these satires as simple “gamified” pieces: their use of simulations as well as ludic elements is functional to a political rhetoric that cannot be reduced to mindless escapism. Oiligarchy is a piece raising awareness on the dependency of Western societies on oil. It simulates oil-extraction using mathematical models to describe the decline of production rates; it also employs game mechanics to confute the player's initial assumptions and to propose a persuasive message. Phone Story is a playable satire of Apple advertising, simulating the “identity correction” genre adopted by political activists. This piece also features ludic mechanics to create a complex discourse enhancing its satirical effectiveness. These examples show the potentialities of an overlapping between simulation, playful elements and rhetorical persuasion - suggesting their mutual compatibility and stressing the need for further research in this area.
Gamification, Serious Games, Ludic Simulation, and other Contentious Categories
Authors: Dubbels Brock
Published: August 2013

This paper provides a conceptual framework for gamification, ludic simulations, and serious games. Central to this framework is the spectrum of design that differentiates work and play. Work and play help define software in purpose as games, productivity software, and entertainment. These categories are informed through cognitive feature analysis of narrative and game play structure. Both can be analyzed to determine the degree of work or play in an activity, as well as issues that influence sustained engagement, which is essential for avoiding game abandonment. To demonstrate the framework for the design and analysis of gamification, ludic simulations, and serious games, several case studies are presented with feature analysis to substantiate the categories.
Analysis of the Realistic Resolution with Angle of Arrival for Indoor Positioning
Authors: Van Nieuwenhuyse A. , De Strycker L. , Stevens N. , Goemaere J.-P. , Nauwelaers B.
Published: August 2013

The increasing importance of localizing objects in indoor environments is the motivation for much research on localization algorithms. This paper focuses on the maximum achievable resolution for Angle of Arrival as a means to position objects inside rooms using equipment within the field of wireless sensor networks, thus dealing with restricted resources. A clear view on beamforming using antenna arrays is represented and is proven to be useful in Angle of Arrival measurements. A detailed overview of a dedicated algorithm, leads the authors to draw conclusions concerning the resolution. A reference value is defined, which allows the authors to calculate the realistic resolution for all room dimensions. In order to verify these theoretical outcomes with practical results, the development of a quadrature demodulation based antenna array architecture, operating at 2.4 GHz, is presented. The latter is based on a study of different phase shifting technologies.
Role of stereotactic biopsy in histological diagnosis of multiple brain lesions
Authors: Meshkini Ali , Shahzadi Sohrab , Alikhah Hossein , Naghavi-Behzad Mohammad
Published: August 2013

Background and Aim : The current advances in diagnostic and therapeutic modalities and increasing in survival of patients with systemic diseases and immunosuppressive cases have caused to increasing frequency and variety of Central Nervous System neuropathologic processes indicating the necessary need for accurate localization of space-occupying lesions by cytology and histology. This study was aimed to evaluate the usefulness and safety of stereotactic biopsy in histological diagnosis of such lesions. Materials and Methods: Of 2081 patients underwent stereotactic biopsy of brain lesions using Riechert-Mundinger system, 158 had multifocal brain lesions, and were enrolled. Results: The ages of studied cases were ranged from 2 years to 75 years (Mean age: 41.3 year), 114 were male and 44 were females. Incidence of histopathologic diagnosis of multifocal brain lesions included Astrocytoma grade II (41.3%), Astrocytoma grade I (12.9%), glioblastoma multiform (11.1%), Astrocytoma grade III (10.2%), malignant lymphoma (10.2%), metastasis (4.6%), pilocytic Astrocytoma (2.7%), abscess (2.7%), craniopharyngioma (1.8%) vascular malformations (0.9%), and tuberculosis (0.9%). Mortality due to operation is none. Conclusions : Histopathologic diagnosis of multiple brain lesions is necessary for decision of appropriate management and stereotactic biopsy of brain lesion is a useful and safe method for histological diagnosis.
Circulating HER2 Extracellular Domain: A Specific and Quantitative Biomarker of Prognostic Value in all Breast Cancer Patients?
Authors: Carney Walter P. , Bernhardt Dirk , Jasani Bharat
Published: August 2013

The HER2 oncoprotein has emerged as an essential biomarker in the treatment of breast cancer patients. Once the primary breast cancer is removed, there is an increasing need to detect breast cancer recurrence as early as possible with the hope that earlier intervention with new anti-HER2 therapies will improve quality of life and increase overall survival. Numerous publications have shown that increasing blood levels of circulating HER2 is an early indicator of progression, particularly in HER2-positive patients and that the rise and fall parallels the clinical course of disease and independent of therapy. Many studies show that the HER2 status of the primary tumor may not fully and accurately reflect the HER2 status of recurrent cancer. Thus, elevated serum HER2 levels may be an early signal of the emergence of a HER2-positive metastatic tumor and therefore alert the physician to re-assess HER2 status using a tissue test.
Update on Optimal Management of Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Rassi Fuad El , Arellano Martha
Published: August 2013

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) represents a malignant accumulation of immature myeloid cells in the marrow, presenting with impaired hematopoiesis and its attendant complications, including bleeding, infection, and organ infiltration. Chromosomal abnormalities remain the most powerful predictors of AML prognosis and help to identify a subgroup with favorable prognosis. However, the majority of AML patients who are not in the favorable category succumb to the disease. Therefore, better efforts to identify those patients who may benefit from more aggressive and investigational therapeutic approaches are needed. Newer molecular markers aim at better characterizing the large group of intermediate-risk patients and to identify newer targets for therapy. A group that has seen little improvement over the years is the older AML group, usually defined as age ≥ 60. Efforts to develop less intensive but equally efficacious therapy for this vulnerable population are underway.
Un anneau commutatif associé à un design symétrique
Authors: Grari A.
Published: August 2013

Dans plusieurs articles, A. R. Prince développe une représentation d’un plan projectif fini par un anneau commutatif unitaire dont les propriétés algébriques dépendent de la structure géométrique du plan. Dans un autre article, il étend cette représentation aux designs symétriques. Cependant D.-S. Yin fait remarquer que la multiplication définie dans ce cas ne peut être associative que si le design est un plan projectif. Dans cet article on mènera une étude de cette représentation dans le cas des designs symétriques. On y montrera comment on peut faire associer un anneau commutatif unitaire à tout design symétrique; on y précisera certaines de ses propriétés, en particulier, celles qui relèvent de son invariance. On caractérisera aussi les géométries projectives finies de dimension supérieure moyennant cette représentation.
Left-orderable Fundamental Group and Dehn Surgery on the Knot 52
Authors: Hakamata Ryoto , Teragaito Masakazu
Published: August 2013

We show that the manifold resulting from r-surgery on the knot 52, which is the two-bridge knot corresponding to the rational number 3/7, has a left-orderable fundamental group if the slope r satisfies 0 ≤ r ≤ 4.
A comparison of visual‐ and stereo‐video based fish community assessment methods in tropical and temperate marine waters of Western Australia
Authors: Holmes Thomas H. , Wilson Shaun K. , Travers Michael J. , Langlois Timothy J. , Evans Richard D. , Moore Glenn I. , Douglas Ryan A. , Shedrawi George , Harvey Euan S. , Hickey Kate
Published: August 2013

Robust assessments of abundance and diversity are essential components of research programs aimed at detecting changes in marine fish assemblages through space and time. This study examined the comparability of Underwater Visual Census (UVC), and Diver Operated stereo‐Video (Stereo‐DOV) datasets collected across a wide latitudinal range (15°) on coral reefs and temperate rocky shores. There were some differences between methods with regards to both species richness and abundance, with UVC consistently recording higher measures of species richness. Differences were most pronounced at tropical locations where these measures were high. Differences in the characteristics of fish assemblages were primarily driven by UVC differentiating between scarid and pomacentrid species and detecting more cryptic species. When examined at higher taxonomic or functional levels however, there was greater comparability between the assemblages recorded by each method, particularly in temperate locations. The UVC method also recorded higher abundances of species targeted by fishers in tropical/sub‐tropical locations, and subsequently obtained a much higher proportion of length measurements for these species. Data collected using stereo‐DOV took 2–3 times longer to obtain than with UVC due to extensive post‐processing time required by the stereo‐DOV method. This study shows that data collected by the two methods are most comparable in temperate locations, or when examined at higher taxonomic/functional levels. Comparisons should however be more cautious in higher diversity locations, or when assessing at finer taxonomic resolution. When assessing the suitability of either method, availability of time, funding, and relevant expertise should be primary considerations.
The effects of spatial and temporal variability at the sediment surface on aquatic eddy correlation flux measurements
Authors: Rheuban Jennie E. , Berg Peter
Published: August 2013

The eddy correlation technique has become a widely used approach to measure ecosystem scale fluxes in aquatic benthic environments; however, there are few theoretical studies designed to guide deployment planning, the characterization of flux variability, or how to correctly interpret measured fluxes. Here, a three‐dimensional numerical model for the turbulent transport and mixing in the near‐bottom water was used to examine how well variations in vertical flux due to heterogeneities in the benthic community are integrated in eddy correlation measurements. The results showed that an appropriate choice of measuring height above the sediment surface is crucial to obtain an accurate average of the vertical flux from heterogeneous benthic communities. Through regression analysis of modeling results, a set of simple analytical expressions were derived for this threshold measuring height as a function of two parameters: heterogeneity patch size and sediment surface roughness. The same model was also used to examine the time lag between when a change in vertical flux occurs at the sediment surface and when it reaches the measuring point. The results showed that this response time varies by several orders of magnitude depending on flow velocity, sediment surface roughness, and measuring height. Simple analytical expressions were also derived for the response time. Overall, the findings indicate that both the spatial variability in benthic communities and the response to temporal changes are important factors that should be considered in planning eddy correlation measurements and interpreting eddy correlation fluxes.
Behavioral Indicators of Emotional Avoidance and Subsequent Worry in Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Depression
Authors: Cooper Samuel E. , Miranda Regina , Mennin Douglas S.
Published: August 2013

Empirically-supported theories posit that individuals with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) experience uncomfortable affective states and distress in response to perceived emotionally-laden contexts (e.g., interpersonal situations), and are motivated to avoid emotional content through worry. Although we have extensive self-report and physiological evidence for the role of emotional avoidance and subsequent worry in GAD, behavioral evidence is lacking. In the current study, we investigated behavioral avoidance of emotion and subsequent worry in GAD, as well as in depression. Participants viewed either an anxious or neutral video and then viewed slides consisting of mutilation images, followed by a worry assessment. We recorded facial expressivity during the slide-viewing task. We used diminished facial expressivity and disengagement from the slide-viewing task as indices of behavioral avoidance. Our findings provide preliminary support for the assertion that emotional avoidance demonstrates an exacerbating role in worry and that this relationship might be particularly pronounced in GAD.
Semi-empirical parameterization of size-dependent atmospheric nanoparticle growth in continental environments
Authors: Häkkinen S. A. K. , Manninen H. E. , Yli-Juuti T. , Merikanto J. , Kajos M. K. , Nieminen T. , D'Andrea S. D. , Asmi A. , Pierce J. R. , Kulmala M. , Riipinen I.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The capability to accurately yet efficiently represent atmospheric nanoparticle growth by biogenic and anthropogenic secondary organics is a challenge for current atmospheric large-scale models. It is, however, crucial to predict nanoparticle growth accurately in order to reliably estimate the atmospheric cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentrations. In this work we introduce a simple semi-empirical parameterization for sub-20 nm particle growth that distributes secondary organics to the nanoparticles according to their size and is therefore able to reproduce particle growth observed in the atmosphere. The parameterization includes particle growth by sulfuric acid, secondary organics from monoterpene oxidation (SORGMT) and an additional condensable vapor of non-monoterpene organics ("background"). The performance of the proposed parameterization was investigated using ambient data on particle growth rates in three diameter ranges (1.5–3 nm, 3–7 nm and 7–20 nm). The growth rate data were acquired from particle/air ion number size distribution measurements at six continental sites over Europe. The longest time series of 7 yr (2003–2009) was obtained from a boreal forest site in Hyytiälä, Finland, while about one year of data (2008–2009) was used for the other stations. The extensive ambient measurements made it possible to test how well the parameterization captures the seasonal cycle observed in sub-20 nm particle growth and to determine the weighing factors for distributing the SORGMT for different sized particles as well as the background mass flux (concentration). Besides the monoterpene oxidation products, background organics with a concentration comparable to SORGMT, around 6 × 107 cm−3 (consistent with an additional global SOA yield of 100 Tg yr−1) was needed to reproduce the observed nanoparticle growth. Simulations with global models suggest that the "background" could be linked to secondary biogenic organics that are formed in the presence of anthropogenic pollution.
Feasibility and difficulties on China new air quality standard compliance: PRD case of PM2.5 and ozone from 2010 to 2025
Authors: Liu H. , Wang X. M. , Pang J. M. , He K. B.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Improving the air quality in China is a long and arduous task. Although China has made very aggressive plan on pollutants control, the difficulties to achieve the new air quality goals are still significant. In north, PM2.5 and PM10 are still far beyond the standards. In south, O3 goal is much challenged. A lot of cities are making their city implementation plan (CIP) for new air quality goals. In this study, a southern city, Guangzhou, is selected to analyze the feasibility and difficulties on new air quality standard compliance, as well as the CIP evaluation. A comprehensive study of air quality status in Guangzhou and surrounding area is conducted based on 22 sites monitoring data of O3, PM2.5 and PM10. The monthly non-attainment rates for O3 vary in 7–25% from May to November. The city average PM2.5 concentration is 41 μg m–3 in Guangzhou in 2010, which needs to be reduced by at least 15% to achieve the target of 35 μg m–3. The PM2.5 high violate months are from November to March. Guangzhou CIP was then evaluated with PM2.5 and O3 placed in a core position. The emission amount of NOx, PM10, PM2.5 and VOC in 2025 would be controlled to 600, 420, 200 and 860 thousand tons respectively. Analysis of air quality using the MM5-STEM model suggests that the long-term control measures would achieve the PM2.5 and PM10 goals successfully by 2025. The PM2.5 annual average concentration would be reduced to 20.8 μg m–3 in 2025. The O3 non-attainment rate would increase from 7.1% in 2010 to 12.9% in 2025 and become the most primary atmospheric environmental problem. Guangzhou needs very strong control on VOCs to reduce its ozone. The VOC / NOx reduction ratio should reach at least 2 : 1 (in California, it is about 3 : 1), instead of the current plan of 0.7 : 1. The evaporative emissions control from vehicle non-tailpipe emission and solvent usage should be enhanced and regional ozone transport must be taken into account.
Regularisation model study for the least-squares retrieval of aerosol extinction time series from UV/VIS MAX-DOAS observations for a ground layer profile parameterisation
Authors: Hartl A. , Wenig M. O.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The retrieval of tropospheric aerosol extinctions from MAX-DOAS observations of O4 using a small number of three or four extinction profile parameters suitable for boundary layer reconstruction is investigated with respect to the following questions. First, to what extent does this nominally over-constrained pure least-squares problem for the inversion of the radiative transfer equation require regularisation and how should parameters of the regularisation be chosen? Second, how can a lack of information in the under-constrained case be best compensated by using the information contained in a sequence of observations and by explicitly including intensities into the fit? The forward model parameterises the optical properties of the boundary layer aerosol by its extinction profile, single-scattering albedo and a Henyey–Greenstein phase function. Forward calculations are carried out online, i.e. without look-up tables. The retrieval uses a Tikhonov regularisation combined with an approximate L-curve criterion and empirical a priori information from the retrieval sequence based on previous valid solutions. The consistency of the approach is demonstrated in selected model case studies assuming a polluted urban scenario and westward viewing direction of the instrument. It is shown that a dynamic choice of the regularisation parameter is crucial for high aerosol load and large diurnal variations. The quality of the retrieval can be improved significantly if the retrieval sequence and thus the a priori is chosen according to the information content of the measurement series. Additional intensities improve the solution for all solar angles if suitably weighted. This flexible retrieval algorithm allows for reconstruction of aerosol profiles in the boundary layer for a wide range of viewing directions and extinctions. It can thus be applied to observational geometries scanning the sky in two angular dimensions and to retrieve further aerosol optical parameters in the boundary layer.
A fiber-coupled laser hygrometer for airborne total water measurement
Authors: Dorsi S. W. , Kalnajs L. E. , Toohey D. W. , Avallone L. M.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The second-generation University of Colorado closed-path tunable-diode laser hygrometer (CLH-2) is an instrument for the airborne in situ measurement of total water content – the sum of vapor-, liquid- and ice-phase water – in clouds. This compact instrument has been flown on the NSF/NCAR Gulfstream-V aircraft in an underwing canister. It operates autonomously and uses fiber-coupled optics to eliminate the need for a supply of dry compressed gas. In operation, sample air is ingested into a forward-facing sub-isokinetic inlet; this sampling configuration results in particle concentrations that are enhanced relative to ambient and conveys greater instrument sensitivity to condensed water particles. Heaters within the inlet vaporize the ingested water particles, and the resulting augmented water vapor mixing ratio is measured by absorption of near-infrared light in a single-pass optical cell. The condensed water content is then determined by subtracting the ambient water vapor concentration from the total and by accounting for the inertial enhancement of particles into the sampling inlet. The CLH-2 is calibrated in the laboratory over a range of pressures and water vapor mixing ratios; the uncertainty in CLH-2 condensed water retrievals is estimated to be 14.3% to 16.1% (1-σ). A vapor-only laboratory intercomparison with the first-generation University of Colorado closed-path tunable-diode laser hygrometer (CLH) shows agreement within the 2-σ uncertainty bounds of both instruments.
Dispersion of low frequency plasma waves upstream of the quasi-perpendicular terrestrial bow shock
Authors: Dimmock A. P. , Balikhin M. A. , Walker S. N. , Pope S. A.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Low frequency waves in the foot of a supercritical quasi-perpendicular shock front have been observed since the very early in situ observations of the terrestrial bow shock (Guha et al., 1972). The great attention that has been devoted to these type of waves since the first observations is explained by the key role attributed to them in the processes of energy redistribution in the shock front by various theoretical models. In some models, these waves play the role of the intermediator between the ions and electrons. It is assumed that they are generated by plasma instability that exist due to the counter-streaming flows of incident and reflected ions. In the second type of models, these waves result from the evolution of the shock front itself in the quasi-periodic process of steepening and overturning of the magnetic ramp. However, the range of the observed frequencies in the spacecraft frame are not enough to distinguish the origin of the observed waves. It also requires the determination of the wave vectors and the plasma frame frequencies. Multipoint measurements within the wave coherence length are needed for an ambiguous determination of the wave vectors. In the main multi-point missions such as ISEE, AMPTE, Cluster and THEMIS, the spacecraft separation is too large for such a wave vector determination and therefore only very few case studies are published (mainly for AMPTE UKS AMPTE IRM pair). Here we present the observations of upstream low frequency waves by the Cluster spacecraft which took place on 19 February 2002. The spacecraft separation during the crossing of the bow shock was small enough to determine the wave vectors and allowed the identification of the plasma wave dispersion relation for the observed waves. Presented results are compared with whistler wave dispersion and it is shown that contrary to previous studies based on the AMPTE data, the phase velocity in the shock frame is directed downstream. The consequences of this finding for both types of models that were developed to explain the generation of these waves are discussed.
Impact of western Siberia heat wave 2012 on greenhouse gases and trace metal concentration in thaw lakes of discontinuous permafrost zone
Authors: Pokrovsky O. S. , Shirokova L. S. , Kirpotin S. N. , Kulizhsky S. P. , Vorobiev S. N.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. During the anomalously hot summer in 2012, surface air temperatures in Western Siberia were 5 to 15 °C higher than those observed during the previous period of > 30 yr. This unusual climate phenomenon provided an opportunity to examine the effects of short-term natural heating of water in thermokarst ponds and lakes in discontinuous permafrost zones and compare these observations to previous field results obtained when the temperature was normal during the summer of 2010 in the same region. In 2012, thermokarst bodies of water shrank significantly, water levels dropped approximately 50 cm in large lakes and small (< 10–100 m2) ponds, and shallow soil depressions disappeared. Based on samples from ~ 40 bodies of water collected previously and in 2012, first-order features of changes in chemical composition in response to increased water temperatures (from 14.1 ± 2.2 to 23.8 ± 2.3 °C in 2010 and 2012, respectively) were established. In these thermokarst bodies of water that covered a full range of surface areas, the average conductivity and pH were almost unchanged, whereas dissolved organic carbon (DOC), Cl- and SO42- concentrations were higher by a factor of ~ 2 during summer 2012 compared to periods with normal temperatures. Similarly, most divalent metals and insoluble trivalent and tetravalent elements were more concentrated by a factor of 1.7–2.4 in the summer of 2012 than normal periods. The average concentrations of dissolved CO2 and CH4 during the hot summer of 2012 increased by factors of 1.4 and 4.9, respectively. For most of the trace elements bound to colloids, the degree of colloidal binding decreased by a factor of 1.44 ± 0.33 (for an average of 40 elements) during the hot summer of 2012 compared to normal periods. Increases in CO2 and CH4 concentrations with the decreasing size of the body of water were well-pronounced during the hot summer of 2012. The concentrations of CO2 and CH4 rose by factors of 5 and 150, respectively, in small (≤ 102 m2) compared to large (≥ 104 m2) thermokarst (thaw) lakes. Taken together, these trends suggest that, for a conservative scenario of lake size distribution, lake water warming at high latitudes will produce (1) a significant increase in methane emission capacity from thaw lake surfaces; (2) decreased molecular sizes of trace element complexes and potential bioavailability of metal micronutrients in water columns; and (3) relatively conservative responses by CO2, DOC and trace element concentrations.