bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
2395
Authors: White Jamie L. , Hu Jerry C. , Borjesson Dori L. , Athanasiou Kyriacos A.
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Joint injury is a common cause of premature retirement for many equine athletes. Implantation of engineered cartilage offers the potential to increase the success rate of surgical intervention and hasten recovery times. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer a particularly attractive cell source for cartilage engineering. Although bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) have been most extensively characterized for musculoskeletal tissue engineering, studies suggest cord blood MSCs (CB-MSCs) may elicit a more robust chondrogenic phenotype. The objective of this study was to determine superior equine MSC source for cartilage engineering via a self-assembling process (SAP). METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: MSCs derived from bone marrow or cord blood were stimulated to undergo chondrogenesis via 3D culture and then used to generate cartilage via SAP. The resulting neocartilage produced from either BM-MSCs or CB-MSCs was compared by measuring biochemical, mechanical, and histological properties. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We found that while BM-MSCs possessed higher tensile properties and collagen content, CB-MSCs had superior compressive properties and GAG content. Moreover, CB-MSCs had lower alkaline phosphatase activity and higher collagen type II, suggesting a more hyaline cartilage-like phenotype. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: In conclusion, while both BM-MSCs and CB-MSCs were able to form neocartilage, CB-MSCs resulted in tissue more closely resembling native equine articular cartilage, and is therefore the superior MSC source for purposes of cartilage self-assembly.
2420
Authors: Zhang Lillian F. , Rivera-Chavez Fabian , Hiyoshi Hirotaka , Baumler Andreas J.
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Our long-term goal is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms and virulence factors that control the differential presentation of infection with Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella typhi. The objectives of this study are to study the mechanisms that enable S. typhi to trigger a decreased inflammatory response in comparison with S. typhimurium and evade detection by the immune system, leading to the development of asymptomatic chronic carriage of S. typhi. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: A loss of function eptB mutant S. typhimurium strain was generated. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was isolated from wild-type and eptB mutant S. typhimurium and wild-type S. typhi. Binding of LPS to recombinant intelectin was tested by dot blot and enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay (ELISA). C57BL/6 mice were infected with wild-type or eptB mutant S. typhimurium by oral gavage and inflammatory cytokines in the spleen, liver, and Peyer’s patches were measured by qPCR. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: LPS isolated from wild-type S. typhimurium is not bound by intelectin, a protein that has been proposed to function in innate immunity and that is known to be able to bind certain moieties within LPS. Conversely, LPS isolated from eptB mutant S. typhimurium and wild-type S. typhi, which lacks a functional eptB, is bound by intelectin. Mice infected with an eptB mutant S. typhimurium exhibit decreased expression of inflammatory cytokines in the spleen compared to mice infected with the wild type S. typhimurium, suggesting that loss of eptB function allows a nontyphoidal Salmonella serovar to mimic the stealth phenotype of typhoidal serovars. Together, these results suggest that loss of eptB function allows intelectin to bind to and detoxify Salmonella LPS, leading to decreased systemic inflammation during infection. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These results have broad implications for how pathogens such as S. typhimurium induce systemic shock during infection and may also help to explain a mechanism for how S. typhi is able to evade immune detection and enhance dissemination to systemic sites, leading to development of the asymptomatic chronic carrier state. Further investigation of this novel virulence mechanism will mark a decisive step forward in understanding the mechanisms underlying the differential pathogenesis of S. typhimurium-induced gastroenteritis and S. typhi-induced typhoid fever. Additionally, these results contribute to our understanding of the interactions between host and pathogen in affecting disease presentation, which will have wide appeal among researchers interested in microbial pathogenesis and the contribution of host-pathogen interactions to health and disease.
2278
Authors: Ward Alistair N. , Velinder Matt , Miller Chase , Di Sera Tony , Qiao Yi , Viskochil Dave , Marth Gabor
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: The objective of the study was 2-fold; to identify potentially deleterious alleles in a child with Treacher Collins syndrome, and; to demonstrate the value of the iobio analysis platform for intuitively and rapidly analyzing genomic data. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used the iobio suite of web-based applications to analyze quality metrics for the sequencing data and called variants for the proband and his parents. We then visually interrogated variants in genes potentially associated with the syndrome in real-time, using the intuitive gene.iobio application. We sought high impact variants that demonstrated a predicted impact on the protein function, and were simultaneously at low allele frequency in the general human population. Variants were also compared against the ClinVar database of known mutations to identify variants that have already been associated with this, or related syndromes in the literature or clinical studies. Finally, the gene.iobio tool allows users to interrogate the primary sequencing data to ensure that no variants had been missed by the primary variant calling pipeline. This analysis pipeline was performed using intuitive web-based apps in real time, and consequently represents a system that is available to users that traditionally are excluded from these analyses. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The iobio suite was used to rapidly assess data quality and interrogate genetic variants for a child with Treacher Collins syndrome. A compound heterozygote consisting of 2 missense alleles in the TCOF1 gene was identified as a compelling pathogenic allele, necessitating further functional investigation. The study helped validate the use of the intuitive iobio tools in such analyses, strengthening the case for greater involvement of medical professionals in data analysis. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The performed analyses demonstrated that the whole genome sequencing data for the family being studied was of a very high quality, although 1 gene demonstrated a local region of almost zero coverage. This ensured that study conclusions can be presented with confidence. A variant associated with Treacher Collins syndrome 1 in ClinVar was uncovered in the TCOF1 gene, however, given it’s benign rating, this variant was not considered further. The most interesting candidate was a compound heterozygote, consisting of 2 missense mutations, also in the TCOF1 gene. These mutations occurred with allele frequencies of 22% and 8% in the general population, and additional molecular and functional studies are currently being pursued.
2289
Authors: Maron David D. , Blackman Marc , Amdur Richard , Mellman Thomas , Sandberg Kathryn
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Angiotensin type 1 receptor blockers (ARBs) and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) are frequently prescribed for hypertension and associated cardiovascular and renal complications. In animal models, these drugs also reduce anxiety and depression. OBJECTIVE—to determine if Veteran Affairs (VA) clinical pharmacy data indicate a protective effect of ARBs and/or ACEIs for major depression. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Pharmacy records from nationwide VA electronic medical records (EMR) were extracted for patients prescribed ARBs, ACEIs, α-blockers, β-blockers, calcium channel blockers, or diuretics (n=4,081,359). Patients were excluded if: they had not received medications for 6 months with >70% coverage; were diagnosed with substance/alcohol abuse, dementia, psychosis, schizophrenia, or prescribed insulin. The study population was categorized as “ARB/ACEI” (A/A) or “Never ARB/ACEI” (NA/A). Using the Greedy Matching Algorithm, subjects were matched on a 1:1 ratio for sex and race over a 5 year age range resulting in 2 equal groups of n=1,350,236 each. Subjects were older (M=71.6, SD=12) and mostly men (97%). RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In the A/A Versus NA/A, respectively, the incidence of anti-depressant use was greater during (9.9% vs. 8.9%) but was lower after (11.8% vs. 12.2%) the study period. PHQ-2 scores (Mean±SD) were statistically lower, albeit similar, during (0.79±1.56 vs. 0.85±1.63) and after (1.00±1.73 vs. 1.07±1.79) the study period. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These preliminary data suggest that inhibiting angiotensin II action does not provide a protective effect on major depression when compared with other classes of antihypertensive drugs. This study illustrates how “Big Data” may inform the design, or obviate the need, for large-scale randomized-controlled trials.
2296
Authors: Yan Di , Chang Hsin-Wen , Singh Rasnik , Lai Kevin , Lee Kristina , Afifi Ladan , Lu Xueyan , Ucmak Derya , Lynch Susan
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Psoriasis is one of the most common inflammatory diseases of the skin, affecting about 2%–3% of the US population. Despite its high prevalence, its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. The ability of the microbiome to modify host immunity and metabolism suggests that it may contribute to the development of psoriasis and its cardiometabolic comorbidities. This study aims to characterize the psoriatic skin microbiome and understand the functional role that these bacteria may play. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: 16s rRNA sequencing of site-matched skin swabs from 8 psoriasis patients and 8 healthy controls was used to identify bacteria and determine their relative abundance and microbial community diversity in the sample. PICRUSt was used to infer the functional roles of the bacteria from 16s rRNA amplicon data. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Lesional psoriasis skin had lower α diversity (p=0.04), less Actinobacteria (p=0.0001), but higher Firmicutes (p=0.009) compared with controls. At the genus level, lesional skin had more Alloiococcus (p=0.01) and Aerococcus (p=0.01) and demonstrated a trend towards lower Propionibacterium (p=0.08) and higher Gallicola (p=0.09) compared to controls. Interestingly, Alloiococcus (p=0.003) and Gallicola (p=0.04) were also higher in nonlesional skin compared with controls. Furthermore, lesional and nonlesional skin shared an increased abundance of Acinetobacter sp., Staphylococcus pettenkoferi, and Streptococcus sp., relative to controls. Lesional and nonlesional psoriasis skin did not differ significantly in microbiome composition. Predictive functional analysis revealed that both the healthy and psoriatic skin microbiome were enriched with bacteria capable of amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism suggest these functions might have a general role in host-microbe interaction. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: These data reveal intriguing differences in the cutaneous microbiome of psoriatic individuals and healthy controls and suggest that bacterial metabolism may play an important role in host-microbe interaction.
2413
Authors: Jackson Latifa , Shestov Max , Saadatmand Forough , Wright Joseph
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Allostatic load, the chronic stress-induced wear and tear on the body, has a cumulative deleterious effect in individuals over their lifetime. Recent studies have suggested that socio-economic status, psychological determinants, and biomedical health cumulatively contribute to allostatic load in young adults. Although these finding individually suggest that African American children may be particularly susceptible to the effects of allostatic loading due to racially-based discrimination and economic instability, few studies have shown the effect of exposure to violence on the allostatic load carried by young African Americans. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: The Biological and Social Correlates of Drug Use in African American Emerging Adults (BADU) data set is composed of young African Americans (n=557 individuals) living in the Washington, DC area, collected from 2010 to 2012. Study participants were sought equally between males and females (n=283, n=274, respectively). This data set provides a rich source of information on the behavioral, mental, and physical health of African American young adults (18–25 year olds) living in the Washington, DC area. Analysis of 6 biomedical markers were measured in BADU study participants: C-reactive protein, cortisol, Epstein-Barr virus IgG, IgE, IgA, and IgM, known to be markers of immune stress and allostatic load. Naive Bayes was used to identify participant responses that were correlated to elevated stress biomarker levels. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Violence was most closely correlated to elevated EBVVCA IgM and IgE levels. Elevated IgE levels correlated to increased experience of familial violence and sexual abuse; familial drug abuse and depression; violence and community violence. Cortisol is positively correlated to reported emotional state (R=0.072) and perceived individual discrimination (R=0.059). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Allostatic load appears to be high in individuals who self-report exposure to violence. Both perceived mental health and violence were correlated to elevated stress biomarkers. When Epstein-Barr virus viral capsid antigen IgM was compared with violence features characterized in the data set, we found that internalization of environmental stressors were most strongly correlated to elevated allostatic load markers. This work suggests that internalization of experienced violence may be as important as the actual violence experience.
2476
Authors: David Zetumer Samuel , Harris Hobart
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: Historically, logistic regression algorithms (LRAs) have failed to differentiate strangulated small bowel obstructions (SBOs) from nonstrangulated SBOs. Our hypothesis is that a machine learning algorithm (MLA) can differentiate strangulated from simple SBOs better than an LRA can. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We used records of patients presenting with acute SBO and managed with exploratory laparotomy to test and train algorithms. We compared MLA to LRA via area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and cut-off points maximizing sensitivity and specificity. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: With 192 patient records, the AUROC of the MLA was 0.85. At the sensitivity cutoff, the MLA had 100% sensitivity and 55% specificity. At the specificity cutoff, the MLA had 45% sensitivity and 100% specificity. We anticipate improvements as more records are incorporated, and that LRA will underperform MLA across all measures. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: Our MLA represents a significant improvement over past LRAs, and may provide decision assistance to surgeons managing SBO. If this MLA maintains its high sensitivity, it may be used in the future to prevent unnecessary surgeries.
2545
Authors: Bahroos Neil , Rajanna Subhash Kumar Kolar , Brown Stephen B. , Thangaraj Padma , Melnick David , Freeman Angela
Published: May 2018

OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: This research project envisions the integration of Homeless Management Information System (HMIS) and UI Health Cerner electronic medical record (EMR) system with the following goals: (1) enable sharing of data about the status of the housing insecure and homeless. (2) Identify and match patient record accurately. (3) Record housing insecurity or homelessness information with structured data elements in the EMR. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We created a Master Person Index (MPI) of the homeless individuals from HMSI using OpenEMPI software package, which is an open source implementation of an Enterprise Master Patient Index (EMPI). An entity model was generated based on the selective data elements from HMIS database, which were relevant for the patient identity management and healthcare service management. An automated script was implemented to extract data from HMIS and load it into OpenEMPI to build the MPI. Once the MPI is setup, the Emergency Department users were able to perform patient identity matching and confirm housing insecure or homeless status of their patients by querying the index using the web-based tool. We developed structured data elements to record homelessness information, which will allow us to measure the prevalence of this risk among patients. We are also exploring the possibility to integrate the systems the using the IHE PIX/PDQ profile, which provides ways for healthcare applications to query a patient information server for a patient based on user-defined search criteria, and retrieve a patient’s information directly into the application. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: We implemented a MPI of homeless individuals, which would allow the emergency department users to perform patient identity matching of housing insecure or homeless patients, without undue privacy intrusions. We are confident that IHE PIX/PDQ profile is able to support the integration of healthcare and housing and homeless services systems and enable the data sharing in an efficient way. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: The project addressed the gap in the sharing of data about housing insecure or homeless persons between healthcare and housing and social services that will result in improvements in coordination of care, reduce the cycle time from recognition of risk to the referral to housing and services and improve health outcomes and residential stability. Successful completion of this integration project will give us a model that we can scale to many other communities.
Implementing REMIT: What a Legal Analysis Tells about the (Regulatory) Role of ACER
Authors: GODIN Jean-Théodore , POLET Manon , JAMAR DE BOLSÉE Arthur
Published: May 2018

The purpose of this contribution is to analyse the role granted to – or assumed by – the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (“ACER”) in relation to the implementation of Regulation 1227/20111 (“REMIT”), with a specific focus on the electricity market. It ultimately calls for a clarification of the status of ACER in the European energy regulatory framework.
HIV treatment is associated with a twofold higher probability of raised triglycerides: pooled analyses in 21 023 individuals in sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Ekoru K. , Young E. H. , Dillon D. G. , Gurdasani D. , Stehouwer N. , Faurholt-Jepsen D. , Levitt N. S. , Crowther N. J. , Nyirenda M. , Njelekela M. A. , Ramaiya K. , Nyan O. , Adewole O. O. , Anastos K. , Compostella C. , Dave J. A. , Fourie C. M. , Friis H. , Kruger I. M. , Longenecker C. T. , Maher D. P. , Mutimura E. , Ndhlovu C. E. , Praygod G. , Pefura Yone E. W. , Pujades-Rodriguez M. , Range N. , Sani M. U. , Sanusi M. , Schutte A. E. , Sliwa K. , Tien P. C. , Vorster E. H. , Walsh C. , Gareta D. , Mashili F. , Sobngwi E. , Adebamowo C. , Kamali A. , Seeley J. , Smeeth L. , Pillay D. , Motala A. A. , Kaleebu P. , Sandhu M. S.
Published: May 2018

Background

Anti-retroviral therapy (ART) regimes for HIV are associated with raised levels of circulating triglycerides (TGs) in western populations. However, there are limited data on the impact of ART on cardiometabolic risk in sub-Saharan African (SSA) populations.

Methods

Pooled analyses of 14 studies comprising 21 023 individuals, on whom relevant cardiometabolic risk factors (including TG), HIV and ART status were assessed between 2003 and 2014, in SSA. The association between ART and raised TG (>2.3 mmol/L) was analysed using regression models.

Findings

Among 10 615 individuals, ART was associated with a two-fold higher probability of raised TG (RR 2.05, 95% CI 1.51–2.77, I2 = 45.2%). The associations between ART and raised blood pressure, glucose, HbA1c, and other lipids were inconsistent across studies.

Interpretation

Evidence from this study confirms the association of ART with raised TG in SSA populations. Given the possible causal effect of raised TG on cardiovascular disease (CVD), the evidence highlights the need for prospective studies to clarify the impact of long term ART on CVD outcomes in SSA.
Reinforcement Parameter Effect on Properties of Three-Phase Composites
Authors: Pan J. , Bian L. , Gao M. , Liu W. , Zhao Y.
Published: May 2018

In this study, a micromechanics model has been proposed for predicting the effects of particle size and aggregation on elastic properties of nanocomposites, and the interphase between the particle and matrix is also taken into account. Inherent characteristics of nanoparticle, such as small size and high surface area ratio, make nanoparticle in a state of unstable energy and easy to agglomerate in matrix. The analytical expressions for the effective elastic modulus of nanocomposites are derived, which can consider the effect of particle agglomeration. The dispersion state or degree of agglomeration of nanoparticle and the thickness and stiffness of interphase are known to have a significant influence on nanocomposites. The results show that the increase of particle radius and agglomeration volume fractions reduces the elastic stiffness of nanocomposites. Moreover, the composite reinforcement can be improved by increases of interphase thickness and stiffness.
Organizational learning and Gen Y employees’ affective commitment: The mediating role of competency development and moderating role of strategic leadership
Authors: Naim Mohammad F , Lenka Usha
Published: May 2018

The present study is aimed at investigating the impact of strategic leadership on the affective commitment of Gen Y employees working in the Indian IT industry. Also, the link between organizational learning and affective commitment is examined alongwith the effect of competency development in mediating the relationship between them. A primary data were collected from a sample of 356 Gen Y employees (born between 1980 and 2000) from IT industry in Delhi, NCR India. Data analysis was carried out using CFA and an SPSS macro named PROCESS. Findings reveal that organizational learning has a direct influence on the affective commitment of Gen Y employees and competency development mediates the relationship between the two; also strategic leadership positively moderates the linkage of organizational learning and competency development. This study contributes to the literature on strategic leadership, organizational learning, competency development, and affective commitment.
Effects of habitat fragmentation on the genetic diversity and differentiation of Dendrolimus punctatus (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in Thousand Island Lake, China, based on mitochondrial COI gene sequences
Authors: Lv K. , Wang J.-R. , Li T.-Q. , Zhou J. , Gu J.-Q. , Zhou G.-X. , Xu Z.-H.
Published: May 2018

Thousand Island Lake (TIL) is a typical fragmented landscape and an ideal model to study ecological effects of fragmentation. Partial fragments of the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene of 23 island populations of Dendrolimus punctatus in TIL were sequenced, 141 haplotypes being identified. The number of haplotypes increased significantly with the increase in island area and shape index, whereas no significant correlation was detected between three island attributes (area, shape and isolation) and haplotype diversity. However, the correlation with number of haplotypes was no longer significant when the ‘outlier’ island JSD (the largest island) was not included. Additionally, we found no significant relationship between geographic distance and genetic distance. Geographic isolation did not obstruct the gene flow among D. punctatus populations, which might be because of the high dispersal capacity of this pine moth. Fragmentation resulted in the conversion of large and continuous habitats into isolated, small and insular patches, which was the primary effect on the genetic diversity of D. punctatus in TIL. The conclusion to emphasize from our research is that habitat fragmentation reduced the biological genetic diversity to some extent, further demonstrating the importance of habitat continuity in biodiversity protection.
Automated moth flight analysis in the vicinity of artificial light
Authors: Gaydecki P.
Published: May 2018

Instrumentation and software for the automated analysis of insect flight trajectories is described, intended for quantifying the behavioural dynamics of moths in the vicinity of artificial light. For its time, this moth imaging system was relatively advanced and revealed hitherto undocumented insights into moth flight behaviour. The illumination source comprised a 125 W mercury vapour light, operating in the visible and near ultraviolet wavelengths, mounted on top of a mobile telescopic mast at heights of 5 and 7.1 m, depending upon the experiment. Moths were imaged in early September, at night and in field conditions, using a ground level video camera with associated optics including a heated steering mirror, wide angle lens and an electronic image intensifier. Moth flight coordinates were recorded at a rate of 50 images per second (fields) and transferred to a computer using a light pen (the only non-automated operation in the processing sequence). Software extracted ground speed vectors and, by instantaneous subtraction of wind speed data supplied by fast-response anemometers, the airspeed vectors. Accumulated density profiles of the track data revealed that moths spend most of their time at a radius of between 40 and 50 cm from the source, and rarely fly directly above it, from close range. Furthermore, the proportion of insects caught by the trap as a proportion of the number influenced by the light (and within the field of view of the camera) was very low; of 1600 individual tracks recorded over five nights, a total of only 12 were caught. Although trap efficiency is strongly dependent on trap height, time of night, season, moonlight and weather, the data analysis confirmed that moths do not exhibit straightforward positive phototaxis. In general, trajectory patterns become more complex with reduced distance from the illumination, with higher recorded values of speeds and angular velocities. However, these characteristics are further qualified by the direction of travel of the insect; the highest accelerations tended to occur when the insect was at close range, but moving away from the source. Rather than manifesting a simple positive phototaxis, the trajectories were suggestive of disorientation. Based on the data and the complex behavioural response, mathematical models were developed that described ideal density distribution in calm air and light wind speed conditions. The models did not offer a physiological hypothesis regarding the behavioural changes, but rather were tools for quantification and prediction. Since the time that the system was developed, instrumentation, computers and software have advanced considerably, allowing much more to be achieved at a small fraction of the original cost. Nevertheless, the analytical tools remain useful for automated trajectory analysis of airborne insects.
RICHARD HOOKER AS POLITICAL NATURALIST
Authors: KENNEDY SIMON P.
Published: May 2018

Richard Hooker's understanding of political society has engendered significant debate. Does he hold that society is natural, in keeping with his commitment to aspects of Aristotelianism? Or does he believe that society is conventional, leading somehow to a social contractarian conception of society? My contention is that he is a political naturalist, though his naturalism is tempered by his Augustinian theological anthropology. Hooker emphasizes human sin in his account of the nature and purpose of civil government, and gives humankind agency in the establishment of society. But, ultimately, he considers political life to be natural to the human condition. In this way, Hooker navigates avia mediabetween Aristotelian naturalism and conventionalism.
ENCOMPASSING JUDAISM: ELMESSIRI AND THE “ISLAMIC HUMANIST” SELF
Authors: Woltering Robbert A.F.L.
Published: May 2018

Despite the weight of his work and his prominence in Arabic public debate, the Egyptian public intellectual ʿAbd al-Wahhab Elmessiri (1938–2008) has not been the subject of much serious study. In this article, I show that Elmessiri's oeuvre offers a rich and creative perspective on both Judaism and Zionism. Studying Elmessiri from the perspective of identity/alterity studies, I argue that his representation of Judaism qualifies as what Gerd Baumann and André Gingrich call “encompassment by hierarchical subsumption.” The article offers an analysis of the discursive logic behind this image of Judaism and its connection to Elmessiri's anti-Zionist agenda, rejection of anti-Semitism, and critique of Western modernity.
THE PARTY OF GOD: THE ASSOCIATION OF ALGERIAN MUSLIM ʿULAMAʾ IN CONTENTION WITH THE NATIONALIST MOVEMENT AFTER WORLD WAR II
Authors: Watanabe Shoko
Published: May 2018

Scholarship has long held that Islamic reform was a preparatory stage for nationalism in the Muslim world. In challenge to this view, this article shows how in the context of 20th-century Algeria Islamic reformers and nationalists continued to maintain distinct political ideas, visions, and projects. The article examines the internal framework of the Association of Algerian Muslim ʿUlamaʾ, an Islamic reform movement founded in 1931 when Algeria was under French colonial rule, and its interactions with other local movements, especially the Algerian nationalist movement. Through a comparison of the discourse of the Algerian ʿulamaʾ to that of the nationalists, it argues that while both groups claimed to be successors of Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, their understanding of politics (siyāsa) was different. Whereas the ʿulamaʾ associated politics with their own spiritual leadership, the nationalists associated it with institutions. The study situates these distinct visions within the post–World War II historical context, in which the expanding nationalist movement undermined the ʿulamaʾ’s popular appeal.
The State and Its Competitors
Authors: Anderson Lisa
Published: May 2018

For many in the Arab world, the modern European-style state is an awkward device, imposed after the demise of the Ottoman Empire and sustained for the succeeding century by little more than what Stephen Krasner famously called the “organized hypocrisy” of international sovereignty. In fact, the interwar efforts to fasten the institutions of European-style states to the populations of the region introduced several deeply dysfunctional dynamics into modern political life. They established expectations for government that would prove impossible to meet while imposing a system of rule that, far from creating citizens, often reinforced nonstate identities and created deep communal resentment and anger.
Imagining Citizens
Authors: Goldberg Ellis
Published: May 2018

Events since 2011 replaced earlier discussions about authoritarian stability in the Middle East with new ones about the meaning of democracy and the nature of revolution. The experiences and debates of Egyptians in the last six years also raise important questions around citizenship and the nature of political community. Just as there have not always been nation-states, there have not always been feelings of membership, identification, and activity associated with them. Citizenship and political community are frequently discussed in relation to secularism and religion and relative to an argument that the affective claims of Islam are incompatible with the modern presumptively secular state. I argue, however, that the shoring up—or disintegration—of nationalism and citizenship are shaped by the imagination of everyday individuals and state elites.
Legalization and the Legitimation of the Use of Force: Revisiting Kosovo
Authors: Nuñez-Mietz Fernando G.
Published: May 2018

Recent works on the role of argumentation in international politics have enriched our understanding of the discursive construction of international legitimacy. Many scholars have recognized the pervasiveness and privileged status of legal claims. Building on these insights, I advance the proposition that the international legitimacy of the use of force has legalized. Legalization implies that successful (de-)legitimation depends on the strategic use of international law, and that alternative legitimacy discourses (such as morality) have been marginalized and play a negligible role in the construction of legitimacy. Thus, the use of force is legitimate to the extent that it conforms to international law. I test this “legalization thesis” against the “hard” case of NATO's intervention in Kosovo in 1999. By revisiting the arguments used by state representatives, I show that, as expected in a legalized legitimacy system and contrary to what has become common knowledge about this case, legitimacy was gained through, not despite, international law. I analyze NATO's strategy of legitimation in detail and reconstruct it as a set of seven strategic moves, all of them appealing exclusively to the international legal discourse.
Conditions for the onset of the current filamentation instability in the laboratory
Authors: Shukla N. , Vieira J. , Muggli P. , Sarri G. , Fonseca R. , Silva L. O.
Published: May 2018

The current filamentation instability (CFI) is capable of generating strong magnetic fields relevant to the explanation of radiation processes in astrophysical objects and leads to the onset of particle acceleration in collisionless shocks. Probing such extreme scenarios in the laboratory is still an open challenge. In this work, we investigate the possibility of using neutral$e^{-}~e^{+}$beams to explore the CFI with realistic parameters, by performing two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations. We show that CFI can occur unless the rate at which the beam expands due to finite beam emittance is larger than the CFI growth rate and as long as the role of the competing electrostatic two-stream instability (TSI) is negligible. We also show that the longitudinal energy spread, typical of plasma-based accelerated electron–positron fireball beams, plays a minor role in the growth of CFI in these scenarios.
Interventions to accelerate change towards a healthier diet
Authors: Jebb Susan A.
Published: May 2018

Poor diets are a significant contributor to non-communicable diseases and obesity. Despite years of health promotion, change in dietary habits is slow and there is growing recognition of the need to provide greater support to individuals and to complement individual efforts with changes in the food environment to shift the default towards healthier diets. The present paper summarises opportunities for intervention at the individual and population level. It discusses the role of voluntary or mandatory approaches to drive change in the food industry and the need for improved methods to monitor and evaluate progress. It concludes with a call to action from all stakeholders to accelerate change towards a healthier diet.
Heart of Ice: Indigenous Defendants and Colonial Law in the Canadian North-West
Authors: Evans Catherine L.
Published: May 2018

In 1885, in the midst of the North-West Resistance in which Indigenous people took up arms against the colonial Canadian state, three Cree men executed an elderly Cree woman. At their trial for murder, the defendants were found guilty. They avoided execution because colonial authorities became convinced that they believed that their victim was awendigo, a cannibal spirit. Killing awendigowas justified under Cree law and so, argued one judge, the defendants lacked themens reanecessary to sustain a murder conviction. The history of this case shows the limits of colonial legal jurisdiction and sovereignty. Scarce resources, hostile territory and Indigenous resistance hampered the colonial state's efforts to consolidate its legal control over the Canadian frontier. This essay notes the importance of these forces, but also argues that common law jurisprudence itself could impair the ability of the state to hold Indigenous defendants criminally responsible. Colonial officials regularly invoked the idea that Indigenous people adhered to different legal and normative orders in order to illustrate their supposed inferiority. However, this official recognition of the legal pluralism of the North-West could undermine a defendant's responsibility and cut against efforts to assert the exclusive jurisdiction of Canadian criminal law.
Colonial Charters: Possessory or Regulatory?
Authors: Muldoon James
Published: May 2018

Historians have argued that sixteenth and seventeenth century English colonial charters claimed the lands of indigenous people on the basis of their discovery by Europeans. Examination of these charters, however, demonstrates that a charter authorized acquiring land from the indigenous population in a specific region, not seizing indigenous it, and regulating the entry of other potential settlers. Charters also regulated overseas relations among the European nations to reduce or prevent international conflict by recognizing similar claims to monopoly of access to lands claimed by other developing empires. Charters were rooted in a medieval legal tradition that included canon law commentaries that recognized the legitimacy of infidel dominium and papal bulls that sought to regulate fifteenth-century Iberian expansion in the Atlantic. English charters built on this legal tradition and were a stage in the creation of a European legal order for overseas expansion. The fundamental issue was regulation of the sea and sea routes to Asia and to the New World, not the acquisition and possession of indigenous land. The English charters should be understood as elements of the long-running debate about whether access to the sea was open to all or could be closed to outsiders.
Proof-relevant unification: Dependent pattern matching with only the axioms of your type theory
Authors: COCKX JESPER , DEVRIESE DOMINIQUE
Published: May 2018

Dependently typed languages such as Agda, Coq, and Idris use a syntactic first-order unification algorithm to check definitions by dependent pattern matching. However, standard unification algorithms implicitly rely on principles such asuniqueness of identity proofsandinjectivity of type constructors. These principles are inadmissible in many type theories, particularly in the new and promising branch known as homotopy type theory. As a result, programs and proofs in these new theories cannot make use of dependent pattern matching or other techniques relying on unification, and are as a result much harder to write, modify, and understand. This paper proposes a proof-relevant framework for reasoning formally about unification in a dependently typed setting. In this framework, unification rules compute not just a unifier but also a corresponding soundness proof in the form of anequivalencebetween two sets of equations. By rephrasing the standard unification rules in a proof-relevant manner, they are guaranteed to preserve soundness of the theory. In addition, it enables us to safely add new rules that can exploit the dependencies between the types of equations, such as rules for eta-equality of record types and higher dimensional unification rules for solving equations between equality proofs. Using our framework, we implemented a complete overhaul of the unification algorithm used by Agda. As a result, we were able to replace previousad-hocrestrictions with formally verified unification rules, fixing a substantial number of bugs in the process. In the future, we may also want to integrate new principles with pattern matching, for example, the higher inductive types introduced by homotopy type theory. Our framework also provides a solid basis for such extensions to be built on.
Contribution of Family Relatedness to Neurobehavioral Comorbidities in Idiopathic Childhood Epilepsies
Authors: Almane Dace N. , Zhao Qianqian , Rathouz Paul J. , Hanson Melissa , Jackson Daren C. , Hsu David A. , Stafstrom Carl E. , Jones Jana E. , Seidenberg Michael , Koehn Monica , Hermann Bruce P.
Published: May 2018

Objectives:Rates of cognitive, academic and behavioral comorbidities are elevated in children with epilepsy. The contribution of environmental and genetic influences to comorbidity risk is not fully understood. This study investigated children with epilepsy, their unaffected siblings, and controls to determine the presence and extent of risk associated with family relatedness across a range of epilepsy comorbidities.Methods:Participants were 346 children (8–18 years),n=180 with recent-onset epilepsy, their unaffected siblings (n=67), and healthy first-degree cousin controls (n=99). Assessments included: (1) Child Behavior Checklist/6-18 (CBCL), (2) Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function (BRIEF), (3) history of education and academic services, and (4) lifetime attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis. Analyses consisted of linear mixed effect models for continuous variables, and logistic mixed models for binary variables.Results:Differences were detected between the three groups of children across all measures (p<.001). For ADHD, academic problems, and executive dysfunction, children with epilepsy exhibited significantly more problems than unaffected siblings and controls; siblings and controls did not differ statistically significantly from each other. For social competence, children with epilepsy and their unaffected siblings displayed more abnormality compared with controls, with no statistically significant difference between children with epilepsy and unaffected siblings. For behavioral problems, children with epilepsy had more abnormality than siblings and controls, but unaffected siblings also exhibited more abnormalities than controls.Conclusions:The contribution of epilepsy and family relatedness varies across specific neurobehavioral comorbidities. Family relatedness was not significantly associated with rates of ADHD, academic problems and executive dysfunction, but was associated with competence and behavioral problems. (JINS, 2018,24, 1–9)
Word-external properties in a typology of Modern English: a comparison with German
Authors: HAWKINS JOHN A.
Published: May 2018

A large number of grammatical and lexical changes occurred in Middle and Early Modern English leading to the type of language we witness today. Other West Germanic languages were more conservative. This article focuses on some of the major contrasts between Modern English and German and proposes a new unifying generalization for them, going beyond Sapir's (1921) ‘drift’ and the comparative typology of Hawkins (1986, 1995). The contrasts involve a systematic expansion inword-external propertiesin English, whereby individual words carry less syntactic and semantic information in their grammatical and lexical representations and have become more reliant on neighboring words for the assignment of linguistic properties. Defining drift in this way captures more of the observed contrasts and subsumes counterexamples to earlier unifying generalizations. It also has implications for theories of real-time language processing and for the interface between linguistic typology and psycholinguistics.
Democracy in Question? Direct Democracy in the European Union
Authors: Adam Elisenda Casanas , Kagiaros Dimitrios , Tierney Stephen
Published: May 2018

Challenges posed to European integration by exercises of direct democracy at the national or sub-state level – EU response to referendums on internal constitutional matters – Greek, Scottish and Catalan referendum processes – Resilience of state nationalism and the complex pluralisation of identities below the level of the state
Former NASA Chief Scientist Heads National Air and Space Museum
Authors: Showstack Randy
Published: May 2018

Taking the helm just as the museum is poised for a major renovation, new director Ellen Stofan told Eos she looks forward to taking the museum “to the next level” and exciting people about science.
Intense Cross‐Tail Field‐Aligned Currents in the Plasma Sheet at Lunar Distances
Authors: Xu Sixue , Runov Andrei , Artemyev Anton , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Lu Quanming
Published: May 2018

Field‐aligned currents in the Earth's magnetotail, typically observed at the plasma sheet boundary layer, are believed to be driven by transient plasma flows and strong plasma pressure gradients at equatorial footpoints. Magnetotail currents (transverse to the magnetic field), usually observed within the plasma sheet, flow duskward (cross‐tail) and are believed to be diamagnetic. These two current systems, field aligned and transverse, can be easily distinguished because of their differing propagation direction. By statistically analyzing magnetotail current sheet crossings by the two lunar‐orbiting Acceleration, Reconnection, Turbulence and Electrodynamics of Moon's Interaction with the Sun spacecraft (probes), we demonstrate that the duskward magnetotail current in the lunar distance magnetotail (∼55–65RE) can, at times, be predominantly field aligned. In about half the current sheet crossings examined, there is a significant equatorial, unidirectional cross‐tail magnetic field component near the peak cross‐tail current density. Because of the alignment of the magnetic field with the cross‐tail current, a significant part of the total cross‐tail current (∼1 to 10 nA/m2) is field aligned. This magnetic field component contributes significantly to the vertical pressure balance and is therefore important for plasma sheet dynamic stability. The generation mechanism and closure of the resultant field‐aligned current system and its role in the dynamic stability of the current sheet are important to investigate further.
Biological and Behavioral Mechanisms of Identity Pathology Development: An Integrative Review
Authors: Kaufman Erin A. , Crowell Sheila E.
Published: May 2018

Although identity disturbance is a transdiagnostic mental health problem, modern explanatory models for its emergence are limited. To date, the social, developmental, clinical, and neuropsychological literatures exploring identity processes are also largely disconnected. Existing theories have laid the foundation for understanding important components of identity pathology, yet many overlook biological, behavioral, and interactive processes by which these difficulties may emerge. In this integrative review, we explore how broad transdiagnostic vulnerabilities for psychopathology and more specific risky behavioral processes may reciprocally interact and be refined over time into an identity disturbance profile. Our primary purpose is to review behavioral and biosocial theories and derive a testable conceptual framework for how identity disturbance emerges over the course of development. We aim to describe and integrate several disparate lines of theory and research in order to illuminate potential etiological pathways to identity pathology.