bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The pharmacologic treatment of Dravet syndrome
Authors: Chiron Catherine , Dulac Olivier
Published: April 2011

Dravet syndrome (DS) is one of the most pharmacoresistant epilepsy syndromes. Valproate is used as a first‐line agent to prevent the recurrence of febrile seizures and oral/nasal/rectal benzodiazepine is used for any long‐lasting seizures, but these agents are most often insufficient. Lamotrigine, carbamazepine, and high doses of intravenous phenobarbital should be avoided because they may worsen seizures. Topiramate, levetiracetam, bromide, and the ketogenic diet may provide substantial efficacy as adjunctive therapy/procedure. Stiripentol is the only compound that proved its efficacy in DS through two independent randomized placebo‐controlled trials, when combined with valproate and clobazam. Their dose has to be decreased to minimize the side effects (mostly loss of appetite) resulting from pharmacokinetic interactions of stiripentol powerfully inhibiting cytochromes P450. Stiripentol acts as a γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic agent, mainly via the α3 subunit of GABAA receptors. Stiripentol (Diacomit) was approved as an orphan drug in 2007 in Europe for adjunctive therapy in DS. Up to now, >500 children have been safely treated, and recent experiment in Japan confirmed stiripentol benefit in DS children with comedications other than valproate and clobazam. Because early status epilepticus is likely to negatively impact cognitive outcome, we recommend the introduction of stiripentol as soon as the diagnosis of DS is clinically confirmed. Topiramate and the ketogenic diet are alternatives in pharmacoresistant cases.
Nonpharmacologic treatments of Dravet syndrome: Focus on the ketogenic diet
Authors: Caraballo Roberto Horacio
Published: April 2011

We present an update of our experience with the ketogenic diet (KD) in patients with Dravet syndrome (DS) to evaluate the efficacy and tolerability and our short experience with vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) in the treatment of this syndrome. Between March 1, 1990 and May 31, 2007, 59 patients who met diagnostic criteria for DS were studied in our department. Twenty‐four of them were placed on the KD and were followed up for a minimum of 2 years. Three patients were treated with VNS. Sixteen (66.6%) of 24 patients remained on the diet. Two patients (12.5%) became seizure free, 10 children (62.5%) had a 75–99% decrease in seizures, and the remaining 4 children (25%) had a 50–74% decrease in seizures. Six patients have been off the diet for >2 years; one of them is seizure free, two have sporadic seizures, and three, who abandoned the diet after 3 years of adhering to it, relapsed. As to the efficacy of VNS, two patients had a 50–74% decrease in seizures and in the other seizure frequency remained unchanged. The device was well tolerated in all patients without significant complications. Considering the severity and refractarity of seizures in patients with DS, the fact that 12 of 16 children who remained on the diet had a significant reduction in number of seizures shows that the KD is at present an interesting therapeutic option. VNS may be a good alternative treatment for DS.
The impact of parent advocacy groups, the Internet, and social networking on rare diseases: The IDEA League and IDEA League United Kingdom example
Authors: Black Angela P. , Baker Marie
Published: April 2011

The development of the Internet and subsequent evolution of social networking has significantly changed the effectiveness of patient advocacy groups for rare diseases. The greatest degree of change has occurred at the patient level, with an increased ability of affected individuals to share experiences and support, and to raise public awareness. Other changes have occurred, not only in the way rare diseases are diagnosed, studied, and treated, but also in how they are addressed at the level of legislation and public policy. The International Dravet syndrome Epilepsy Action League (IDEA League) is the leading patient advocacy organization for Dravet syndrome and related genetic ion‐channel epilepsy disorders (hereafter referred to as Dravet syndrome or severe myoclonic epilepsy of infancy, SMEI). The IDEA League’s mission encompasses international support and outreach for patients and families, as well as collaboration with physicians, medical education, health care coordination, and research. The IDEA League is an excellent example of the impact of patient advocacy groups, the Internet, and social networking on the landscape of rare diseases.
Effect of Disinfection and Accelerated Aging on Color Stability of Colorless and Pigmented Facial Silicone
Authors: Pesqueira Aldiéris Alves , Goiato Marcelo Coelho , dos Santos Daniela Micheline , Haddad Marcela Filié , Ribeiro Paula do Prado , Coelho Sinhoreti Mário Alexandre , Sundefeld Maria Lúcia Marçal Mazza
Published: April 2011

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the color stability of a facial silicone with different pigmentations submitted to disinfection and accelerated aging.

Materials and Methods: Sixty replicas were fabricated with the silicone Silastic MDX 4‐4210 and divided into three groups: no pigmentation, pigmentation with makeup powder, and pigmentation with ceramic powder. Half the replicas of each group were submitted to disinfection with Efferdent and the other with neutral soap for 60 days (n = 10). After this period, all replicas were inserted in a chamber for accelerated aging of nonmetallic specimens. The color measurements were carried out initially, after disinfection, and after accelerated aging (252, 504, 1008 hours). Color stability was evaluated through spectrophotometry. The values were submitted to ANOVA and the means to Tukey's test (p < 0.01).

Results: The specimens disinfected with neutral soap exhibited higher ΔE values regardless of the type of pigmentation. The colorless replicas and the specimens pigmented with ceramic exhibited a statistically significant difference between the methods of disinfection in all periods. The specimens pigmented with makeup powder did not demonstrate a statistically significant difference.

Conclusions: The ceramic pigment presented greater color stability regardless of disinfection and period. On the other hand, the makeup pigment exhibited the highest values of chromatic alteration.
Epidemiology and Etiology of Denture Stomatitis
Authors: Gendreau Linda , Loewy Zvi G.
Published: April 2011

Denture stomatitis, a common disorder affecting denture wearers, is characterized as inflammation and erythema of the oral mucosal areas covered by the denture. Despite its commonality, the etiology of denture stomatitis is not completely understood. A search of the literature was conducted in the PubMed electronic database (through November 2009) to identify relevant articles for inclusion in a review updating information on the epidemiology and etiology of denture stomatitis and the potential role of denture materials in this disorder. Epidemiological studies report prevalence of denture stomatitis among denture wearers to range from 15% to over 70%. Studies have been conducted among various population samples, and this appears to influence prevalence rates. In general, where reported, incidence of denture stomatitis is higher among elderly denture users and among women. Etiological factors include poor denture hygiene, continual and nighttime wearing of removable dentures, accumulation of denture plaque, and bacterial and yeast contamination of denture surface. In addition, poor‐fitting dentures can increase mucosal trauma. All of these factors appear to increase the ability of Candida albicans to colonize both the denture and oral mucosal surfaces, where it acts as an opportunistic pathogen. Antifungal treatment can eradicate C. albicans contamination and relieve stomatitis symptoms, but unless dentures are decontaminated and their cleanliness maintained, stomatitis will recur when antifungal therapy is discontinued. New developments related to denture materials are focusing on means to reduce development of adherent biofilms. These may have value in reducing bacterial and yeast colonization, and could lead to reductions in denture stomatitis with appropriate denture hygiene.
Event‐Free Survival Following CRT with Surgically Implanted LV Leads Versus Standard Transvenous Approach
Authors: MILLER AMY L. , KRAMER DANIEL B. , LEWIS ELDRIN F. , KOPLAN BRUCE , EPSTEIN LAURENCE M. , TEDROW USHA
Published: April 2011

Background:
 While surgical epicardial lead placement is performed in a subset of cardiac resynchronization therapy patients, data comparing survival following surgical versus transvenous lead placement are limited. We hypothesized that surgical procedures would be associated with increased mortality risk.

Methods:
 Long‐term event‐free survival was assessed for 480 consecutive patients undergoing surgical (48) or percutaneous (432) left ventricle (LV) lead placement at our institution from January 2000 to September 2008.

Results:
 Baseline clinical and demographic characteristics were similar between groups. While there was no statistically significant difference in overall event‐free survival (P = 0.13), when analysis was restricted to surgical patients with isolated surgical lead placement (n = 28), event‐free survival was significantly lower in surgical patients (P = 0.015). There appeared to be an early risk (first approximately 3 months postimplantation) with surgical lead placement, primarily in LV lead‐only patients. Event rates were significantly higher in LV lead‐only surgical patients than in transvenous patients in the first 3 months (P = 0.006). In proportional hazards analysis comparing isolated surgical LV lead placement to transvenous lead placement, adjusted hazard ratios were 1.8 ([1.1,2.7] P = 0.02) and 1.3 ([1.0,1.7] P = 0.07) for the first 3 months and for the full duration of follow‐up, respectively.

Conclusions:
 Isolated surgical LV lead placement appears to carry a small but significant upfront mortality cost, with risk extending beyond the immediate postoperative period. Long‐term survival is similar, suggesting those surviving beyond this period of early risk derive the same benefit as coronary sinus lead recipients. Further work is needed to identify risk factors associated with early mortality following surgical lead placement. (PACE 2011; 34:490–500)
Risk Assessment of R‐on‐T Event Based on Modeled QT‐RR Relationship
Authors: LIAN JIE , MUESSIG DIRK , LANG VOLKER
Published: April 2011

Background: R‐on‐T event is a well‐known trigger of ventricular tachycardia (VT) and ventricular fibrillation (VF). We propose a method to estimate the risk of R‐on‐T event from the inter‐beat (RR) intervals based on modeled QT‐RR relationship.

Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the Spontaneous Ventricular Tachyarrhythmia Database and the HAWAI Registry, which include a total of 397 RR interval recordings from 116 implantable cardioverter defibrillator patients. For each RR interval time series, QT intervals were estimated from the weighted average of preceding RR intervals using Bazett, Fridericia, and linear formulas. The risk score (RS) of each cycle was calculated to quantify the probability of R‐on‐T event based on the timing of R‐wave relative to the estimated T‐end. We identified 52,440 ectopic beats (EBs) episodes, 280 nonsustained VT (NSVT) episodes, and 352 sustained VT/VF episodes. The RS of episode onset and the prematurity index (PMI) of the initiating beat were compared.

Results: Using different QT‐RR models, R‐on‐T events were respectively detected in 9% EB, 45% NSVT, 69% VT/VF (Bazett); in 6% EB, 41% NSVT, 65% VT/VF (Fridericia); and in 7% EB, 42% NSVT, 66% VT/VF (linear). No R‐on‐T event was found in normal beats. Consistent among three QT‐RR models, the RS of episode onset rises sharply from EB to NSVT and to VT/VF episodes. In contrast, no trend in PMI is found.

Conclusions: The risk of R‐on‐T can be estimated from RR intervals, based on modeled QT‐RR relationship. An episode onset with higher RS has increased risk of developing into NSVT or VT/VF. (PACE 2011; 700–708)
Large Size and High Performance of a Gd–Ba–Cu–O Bulk Superconductor Grown Using New Approaches
Authors: Cheng Ling , Li Tianyu , Yan Shibin , Sun Lijie , Yao Xin , Puzniak Roman
Published: April 2011

In this study, we report new approaches for the fabrication of Gd–Ba–Cu–O (GdBCO) bulk with a large size and promising superconducting properties, applying the cold‐seeding melt‐textured (MT) method. Firstly, NdBCO thin films were used as seeds because of their superheating properties and an additional mini pellet was inserted between the seed and the bulk precursor. This approach allows to reach a higher maximum processing temperature (Tmax) and a wider window for single grain growth, leading to the growth of large‐sized bulk, 56 mm in diameter. Secondly, the use of both air and pure oxygen atmosphere in the growth process of GdBCO bulks indicates that high oxygen partial pressure has little impact on superconducting properties, which, however, effectively facilitates the growth rate. Thus, an oxygen‐rich MT process is promisingly suggested for producing large‐sized GdBCO bulks with insignificant degradation of superconducting properties. Finally, a new Ba‐rich precursor was applied by adding an Sm242 compound. It was deduced that the addition of a substantial amount of Sm242 may enhance the critical current density Jc with an insignificant reduction of Tc.
Large ZnO Mesocrystals of Hexagonal Columnar Morphology Derived from Liquid Crystal Templates
Authors: Li Hui , Zhang Yu , Liu Hongfei , Wang John
Published: April 2011

Large ZnO mesocrystals of hexagonal columnar morphology have been successfully synthesized by using liquid crystals (LCs) of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB, CH3(CH2)15N+(CH3)3Br−) as templates. The LC‐templated growth process is established by monitoring the crystal morphology, phase evolution at various temperature stages for both ZnO building blocks and CTAB templates, where there is a phase transition and interaction between the two involved. In contrast to the well‐studied mesocrystals derived from solutions, we propose a new formation scheme for the large mesocrystals, on the basis of our experimental observations using X‐ray diffraction phase analysis, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy conducted at various stages of mesocrystal growth. The resultant mesocrystals are characterized by a level of mesoporosity and internal surfaces, where there is a large population of oxygen vacancies, as confirmed by their photoluminescence behavior.
Preparation of Oriented Barium Hexaferrite Films by Electrophoretic Deposition
Authors: Ovtar Simona , Lisjak Darja , Drofenik Miha
Published: April 2011

Stable, hard‐magnetic suspensions were prepared from barium hexaferrite (BaHF) particles. The particles were stabilized in 1‐butanol with the adsorption of dodecylbenzene sulphonic acid onto the particles' surfaces. This adsorption was observed in the FTIR spectra and resulted in a high zeta‐potential of 110 mV. The stable suspensions were then used for electrophoretic deposition. The magnetically oriented films with a thickness of 15 μm were prepared after sintering the deposits at different temperatures. The degree of orientation of the BaHF hexagonal plates in the films was examined with electron microscopy, X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and magnetic measurements. Large differences between in‐plane and out‐of‐plane magnetic properties of films were observed. The BaHF films exhibit a very high out‐of‐plane Mr/Ms ratio of 0.88, which confirms the high XRD degree of orientation of 94%.
Low‐Temperature Sintering and Properties of 0.98PZT–0.02SKN Ceramics with LiBiO2 and CuO Addition
Authors: Zhang Wenli , Eitel Richard E.
Published: April 2011

The low‐temperature sintering behavior of Pb(Zr0.53, Ti0.47)O3–Sr(K0.25, Nb0.75)O3 (PZT–SKN) piezoelectric ceramics with LiBiO2 and CuO addition has been investigated. The addition of 6 wt% LiBiO2 or 1 wt% LiBiO2+1 wt% CuO promotes the sinterability of 0.98PZT–0.02SKN ceramics owing to the generation of a liquid phase, resulting in a reduction of sintering temperature by about 300°–350°C. The microstructure, dielectric, and piezoelectric properties of flux‐sintered ceramics were examined and compared with materials conventionally sintered at 1250°C. PZT–SKN ceramics with 1 wt% LiBiO2+1 wt% CuO addition were sintered to high density at 900°C for 1 h. The resulting samples exhibited a high‐field d33 piezoelectric coefficient of 415 pm/V with a Curie temperature Tc of around 351°C, dielectric constant ɛr of 1235, and planar coupling factor kp of 0.54. The reduced sintering temperature and short soaking time, together with the favorable dielectric and piezoelectric properties of the fluxed PZT–SKN ceramics, demonstrate the potential opportunity of integration with low‐temperature cofired ceramic materials and low‐fire electrode materials for the multilayer piezoelectric transducer application.
Evaluations of epithelial sealing and peri‐implant epithelial down‐growth around “step‐type” implants
Authors: Atsuta Ikiru , Ayukawa Yasunori , Ogino Yoichiro , Moriyama Yasuko , Jinno Yohei , Koyano Kiyoshi
Published: April 2011

Objective: Implant designs that can stimulate and integrate with an epithelial wound‐healing process may significantly enhance the efficacy of dental implants. Here, we evaluated the potential of “step‐type” implant systems to improve the sealing between the peri‐implant epithelium (PIE) and the implant surface, and investigated the effect of implant structure on PIE down‐growth.

Materials and methods: Right maxillary first molars were extirpated from rats and implanted with either a straight‐type or a step‐type implant varying in step height and/or width (Ns: 0.8 mm height, 0.1 mm width; Ws: 0.8 mm height, 0.2 mm width; Hs: 0.4 mm height, 0.1 mm width). Maxillae were harvested at various time points over 16 weeks to evaluate laminin‐5 distribution as an indicator of wound healing and PIE formation, horse‐radish peroxidase (HRP) penetration as a measurement of epithelial sealing, and PIE down‐growth formation.

Results: In all implant models, the PIE formed from the oral sulcular epithelium and spread apically along the implant surface. In the Ws group, HRP penetration was detected only in the coronal region of the PIE at 4 weeks, whereas in the straight‐type, it was observed in the apical region and the connective tissue. At 16 weeks, the Ws implants exhibited markedly less PIE down‐growth than the Con, Ns or Hs implants, and were equivalent to that observed in natural teeth.

Conclusion: The step‐type implant system may have the potential for improving epithelial sealing at the tissue–implant interface, as well as reducing apical PIE down‐growth, thus enhancing dental implant efficacy.

To cite this article: Atsuta I, Ayukawa Y, Ogino Y, Moriyama Y, Jinno Y, Koyano K. Evaluations of epithelial sealing and peri‐implant epithelial down‐growth around “step‐type” implants. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012 459–466 doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02163.x
Torque removal evaluation of prosthetic screws after tightening and loosening cycles: an in vitro study
Authors: Cardoso Mayra , Torres Marcelo Ferreira , Lourenço Eduardo José Veras , de Moraes Telles Daniel , Rodrigues Renata Cristina Silveira , Ribeiro Ricardo Faria
Published: April 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the variation in removal torque of implant prosthetic abutment screws after successive tightening and loosening cycles, in addition to evaluating the influence of the hexagon at the abutment base on screw removal torque.

Material and methods: Twenty hexagonal abutments were tightened to 20 regular external hex implants with a titanium alloy screw, with an insertion torque of 32 N cm, measured with a digital torque gauge. The implant/abutment/screw assemblies were divided into two groups: (1) abutments without hexagon at the base and (2) abutments with a hexagon at the base. Each assembly received a provisional restoration and was submitted to mechanical loading cycles. After this, the screws were removed and the removal torque was measured. This sequence was repeated 10 times, then the screw was replaced by a new one, and another cycle was performed. Linear regression analysis was performed.

Results: Removal torque values tended to decrease as the number of insertion/removal cycles increased, for both groups. Comparisons of the slopes and the intercepts between groups showed no statistical difference. There was no significant difference between the mean values of last five cycles and the 11th cycle. Within the limitations of this in vitro study, it was concluded that (1) repeated insertion/removal cycles promoted gradual reduction in removal torque of screws, (2) replacing the screw with a new one after 10 cycles did not increase resistance to loosening, and (3) removal of the hexagon from the abutment base had no effect on the removal torque of the screws.

To cite this article: Cardoso M, Torres MF, Lourenço EJV, de Moraes Telles D, Rodrigues RCS, Ribeiro RF. Torque removal evaluation of prosthetic screws after tightening and loosening cycles: an in vitro study. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012 475–480. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02165.x
Immediate implant placement in molar regions: risk factors for early failure
Authors: Urban Thomas , Kostopoulos Lambros , Wenzel Ann
Published: April 2011

Objectives: To identify risk factors for early failure of immediately placed implants in molar regions associated with three bone regenerative techniques.

Methods: Ninety‐two patients (44 women and 48 men; mean age 50 years, 35 smokers and 57 non‐smokers) in need of a single implant crown to replace a molar were included. After placing the implant, patients were randomized to one of three treatment groups for bone reconstruction of remaining periimplant defects: Autologous bone (AB) chips, Ossix membrane (OM) or a combination of AB chips and OM. The implant was submerged, and after 4 months of healing a re‐entry surgery was made to connect a healing abutment. Implants with a dehiscence on ≥2 sites (mesial/distal/oral/buccal) together with≥50% visible threads, were judged as failures. A series of simple logistic regression analyses were performed to identify risk factors for failure among the following independent variables: sex, jaw, smoking status, plaque, bleeding on probing, fistula, extraction reason, mean initial periimplant defect size, treatment group, implant length, buccal bone dehiscence (BBD), soft‐tissue dehiscence and infection. The identified risk factors entered a multiple logistic regression analysis.

Results: Fifteen implants failed before abutment operation (13 explantations/two non‐osseointegrated). Treatment group had no impact on failure. Risk factors for failure were: Smoking >10 cigarettes/day (odds ratio [OR]=9.29, confidence interval [CI]=1.21–71.16), BBD (OR=11.43, CI=1.34–97.74) and infection (OR=36.7, CI=2.75–489.31).

Conclusions: Implants placed immediately after extraction of a molar were associated with a high risk for failure at abutment operation. There was no difference in failure rate between three bone reconstructive techniques.

To cite this article: Urban T, Kostopoulos L, Wenzel A. Immediate implant placement in molar regions: risk factors for early failure. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012; 220–227.  doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02167.x
A study of effectiveness of midazolam sedation for prevention of myocardial arrhythmias in endosseous implant placement
Authors: Romano Marcelo Munhóes , Soares Mario Sergio , Pastore Carlos Alberto , Tornelli Mauricio José , de Oliveira Guaré Renata , Adde Carlos Alberto
Published: April 2011

Purpose: The study aimed to assess electrocardiographic alterations during oral implant placement surgeries under local anesthesia (lidocaine chlorhydrate with epinephrine), using 15 mg of midazolam as an anxiolytic premedication.

Material and methods: The study randomly selected 20 patients, aged 21–50 years old, requiring bilateral mandibular dental implants. Each patient was assessed using placebo on one side and midazolam on the contralateral side, with random, double‐blinded distribution. The electrocardiogram recorded 12 static leads every 2 min, while D2 derivations were recorded continuously.

Results: No statistically significant differences were observed between the placebo and midazolam when analyzing the morphological behavior of the electrocardiographic wave and the presence of arrhythmias during the experiment. However, under sedation, assessment of the behavior of electrocardiographic parameters during different stages of the procedure revealed statistically significant differences (P<0.05) for heart rate, P‐wave amplitude and duration of the RR and QTc intervals. The arrhythmias detected were considered low risk for patients without systemic alterations and were observed in 53.3% of patients. The most frequently occurring alterations were tachycardia, bradycardia, supraventricular and ventricular extrasystoles and blocked atrial extrasystole, which were similar for both placebo and midazolam, with the greatest incidence during the initial, incision and bone drilling stages.

Conclusion: The use of 15 mg of midazolam made no difference compared with the placebo. The use of 15 mg of midazolam did not show an advantage in the incidence of arrhythmias The anxiolytic premedication does not prevent myocardial arrhythmias in endosseous implant placement. The clinical significance of the arrhythmias may not represent serious risks.

To cite this article: Romano MM, Soares MS, Pastore CA, Tornelli MJ, de Oliveira Guaré R, Adde CA. A study of effectiveness of midazolam sedation for prevention of myocardial arrhythmias in endosseous implant placement. Clin. Oral Impl. Res. 23, 2012 489–495. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐0501.2011.02171.x
To what are woodland birds responding? Inference on relative importance of in‐site habitat variables using several ensemble habitat modelling techniques
Authors: Yen Jian D. L. , Thomson James R. , Vesk Peter A. , Mac Nally Ralph
Published: April 2011

We sought to identify those in‐site habitat characteristics that best predict distributions of woodland birds in the box–ironbark region of central Victoria, Australia. Our focus was on comparing and melding outcomes from several forms of ensemble modelling methods, which account for uncertainty in model structure and allow assessments of variable importance. We used boosted regression trees (BRT), Bayesian additive regression trees (BART) and random forests (RF) to model bird occurrences for 47 species using 43 predictor variables measured at 184 2‐ha sites. The majority of predictor variables were in‐site habitat variables, but vegetation cover in the surrounding landscape (500 m radius) and geographic coordinates were included to account for known effects of habitat fragmentation and of geographic clines. A consensus model also was developed, built from averaged predictions from the three techniques. We subdivided the avifauna into guilds and other categories (e.g. conservation status) to examine whether there were differences among such subdivisions. Based on cross validation, the consensus model and RF performed best, followed by BART and then BRT. Of the in‐site habitat variables, the basal area of red‐ironbark trees and groundstorey characteristics such as fine‐ and coarse‐litter cover and litter depth had greatest influence on bird occurrences. These results can inform on‐site restoration actions (what to restore) and, therefore, complement strategic landscape planning (where and when to restore).
Nitrogen deposition enhances Bromus tectorum invasion: biogeographic differences in growth and competitive ability between China and North America
Authors: He Wei‐Ming , Yu Guo‐Lei , Sun Zhen‐Kai
Published: April 2011

Increased resource supply commonly facilitates invasion by exotic plants, raising concerns over atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition; fast‐growing annual invaders may have exceptional abilities to outperform native perennials in response to N pulses. However, it remains unclear whether this advantage is due to growth differences or to shifts in competitive outcomes, and whether annual invaders are favored by N deposition in their introduced range over native range. We conducted an experiment to compare the growth and competitive ability of Bromus tectorum and its native perennial grasses either at three different N regimes or between China and North America. The soil used in this experiment was from mountain grasslands as a neutral growth medium. The total biomass of three natives from China and North America did not increase along the N deposition gradient. Nitrogen addition enhanced the growth of North American B. tectorum instead of Chinese B. tectorum. Nitrogen addition increased the competitive ability of B. tectorum, but had no effect on that of natives. North American B. tectorum was bigger and had greater competitive ability and root weight ratio than Chinese B. tectorum. In contrast, North American natives were less competitive than Chinese natives. There was a significantly positive correlation between the growth of B. tectorum grown alone and its competitive ability. These findings suggest that N deposition may enhance the B. tectorum invasion through disproportionally increasing the growth and maintaining inherent competitive advantages of North American B. tectorum, further increasing threats to introduced ranges. There were differences in the growth and competitive ability of B. tectorum and natives between China and North America, which explains why B. tectorum is a minor component at home and becomes a successful invader abroad.
The evolution of large‐scale body size clines in Plethodon salamanders: evidence of heat‐balance or species‐specific artifact?
Authors: Adams Dean C. , Church James O.
Published: April 2011

A major goal in macroecology is to determine how body size varies geographically, and explain why such patterns exist. Recently, a grid‐cell assemblage analysis found significant body size trends with latitude and temperature in Plethodon salamanders, and support for the heat‐balance hypothesis as a possible explanation for these trends. Here we demonstrate that the heat‐balance hypothesis is unlikely to have generated this pattern, and that there is no overall body size trend with temperature in Plethodon. Using data from 3155 local Plethodon assemblages, we find no support for body size clines with latitude, and no relationship between body size and temperature. We also found that body size did not covary with elevation, in contrast to what was predicted by heat‐balance. We then examined the various scenarios under which body size clines across grid‐cell assemblages could evolve via heat‐balance, and found that none were tenable in light of the existing data. Instead, a single, widely distributed species was responsible for the pattern across grid‐cell assemblages. Finally, we examined why phylogenetic eigenvector regression does not account for phylogenetic non‐independence among taxa, and should not be used to account for shared evolutionary history in assembly‐level analyses. Assemblage‐level patterns are a useful means of assessing biogeographic trends, and are an important complement to within‐species and cross‐species patterns. However, while the use of grid‐cell assemblage approaches from digital databases is expedient, their results must be examined critically, and whenever possible, compared with data obtained from local species assemblages (particularly for ecological mechanisms that operate at the level of individuals). Finally, our results emphasize the importance of using corroborative data to evaluate alternative hypotheses, so that potential mechanisms that explain bioegeographic patterns are properly assigned.
The drop height determines neuromuscular adaptations and changes in jump performance in stretch‐shortening cycle training
Authors: Taube W. , Leukel C. , Lauber B. , Gollhofer A.
Published: April 2011

There is an ongoing discussion about how to improve jump performance most efficiently with plyometric training. It has been proposed that drop height influences the outcome, although longitudinal studies are missing. Based on cross‐sectional drop jump studies showing height‐dependent Hoffmann (H)‐reflex activities, we hypothesized that the drop height should influence the neuromuscular activity and thus, the training result. Thirty‐three subjects participated as a control or in one of two stretch‐shortening cycle (SSC) interventions. Subjects either trained for 4 weeks doing drop jumps from 30, 50, and 75 cm drop heights (SSC1) or completed the same amount of jumps exclusively from 30 cm (SSC2). During training and testing (from 30, 50, and 75 cm), subjects were instructed to minimize the duration of ground contact and to maximize their rebound height. Rebound heights were significantly augmented after SSC1, but a trend was only observed after SSC2. In contrast, the duration of ground contact increased after SSC1 but decreased after SSC2. The performance index (rebound height/duration of ground contact) improved similarly after SSC1 (+14%) and SSC2 (+14%). Changes in performance were accompanied by neuromuscular adaptations: for SSC1, activity of the soleus increased toward take‐off (between 120 and 170 ms after touchdown), whereas SSC2‐trained subjects showed enhanced activity shortly after ground contact (20–70 ms after touch down). The present study demonstrates a strong link among drop height, neuromuscular adaptation, and performance in SSC training. As the improvement in the performance index was no different after SSC1 or SSC2, the decision whether to apply SSC1 or SSC2 should depend on the specific requirements of the sports discipline.
Retrograde Transport: Two (or More) Roads Diverged in an Endosomal Tree?
Authors: Johannes Ludger , Wunder Christian
Published: April 2011

Some proteins and lipids traffic from the plasma membrane to the trans Golgi network (TGN)/Golgi apparatus and the endoplasmic reticulum, via the retrograde transport route. Endosomes are an obligatory through station. Whether early, recycling and late endosomes all hand off material to the TGN have remained a matter of debate. In this review, we give a short historical overview on how retrograde transport was discovered and explored. We then summarize and critically discuss data that have been put forward in favour of the existence of trafficking interfaces between each of the different endocytic localizations and the TGN. We finally point out some conceptual and technological challenges that will have to be met to establish definite conclusions for each of these scenarios.
Activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain is increased by chronic administration of antidepressants
Authors: Scaini Giselli , Maggi Débora D. , De-Nês Bruna T. , Gonçalves Cinara L. , Ferreira Gabriela K. , Teodorak Brena P. , Bez Gisele D. , Ferreira Gustavo C. , Schuck Patricia F. , Quevedo João , Streck Emilio L.
Published: April 2011

Objective:Depressive disorders, including major depression, are serious and disabling for affected patients. Although the neurobiological understanding of major depressive disorder focuses mainly on the monoamine hypothesis, the exact pathophysiology of depression is not fully understood.

Methods:Animals received daily intra-peritoneal injections of paroxetine (10 mg/kg), nortriptyline (15 mg/kg) or venlafaxine (10 mg/kg) in 1.0 ml/kg volume for 15 days. Twelve hours after the last injection, the rats were killed by decapitation, where the brain was removed and homogenised. The activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes in different brain structures were measured.

Results:We first verified that chronic administration of paroxetine increased complex I activity in prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex. In addition, complex II activity was increased by the same drug in hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex and complex IV activity in prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, chronic administration of nortriptyline increased complex II activity in hippocampus and striatum and complex IV activity in prefrontal cortex, striatum and cerebral cortex. Finally, chronic administration of venlafaxine increased complex II activity in hippocampus, striatum and cerebral cortex and complex IV activity in prefrontal cortex.

Conclusion:On the basis of the present findings, it is tempting to speculate that an increase in brain energy metabolism by the antidepressant paroxetine, nortriptyline and venlafaxine could play a role in the mechanism of action of these drugs. These data corroborate with other studies suggesting that some antidepressants modulate brain energy metabolism.
Perspective taking in Korsakoff's syndrome: the role of executive functioning and task complexity
Authors: Oosterman Joukje M. , de Goede Maartje , Wester Arie J. , van Zandvoort Martine J. E. , Kessels Roy P. C.
Published: April 2011

Oosterman JM, de Goede M, Wester AJ, van Zandvoort MJE, Kessels RPC. Perspective taking in Korsakoff's syndrome: the role of executive functioning and task complexity.

Objective: The ability to make inferences about knowledge, thoughts and feelings of others, i.e. perspective taking, is a key element of social cognition. Clinical observations indicate that Korsakoff patients may have impairments in social cognition, but studies are scarce. Also, executive dysfunction is present in Korsakoff patients, which may hamper perspective taking directly.

Methods: Twenty-three patients with Korsakoff's syndrome and 15 healthy matched controls were examined on a story comprehension task, in which inferences had to be made that either relied on perspective taking or not. The effects of task complexity were taken into account and executive function was assessed using an extensive neuropsychological test battery.

Results: The performance of Korsakoff patients declined with increasing complexity, but the pattern of decline for perspective-taking and non-perspective-taking stories was similar compared to that of the control group. Furthermore, the performance decline with increasing task complexity was directly related to the overall decline in executive functioning.

Conclusion: Executive dysfunction, not deficits in perspective taking per se, appears to underlie difficulties in story comprehension in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome.
Dental age assessment in orthodontic patients with and without skeletal malocclusions
Authors: Celikoglu M , Erdem A , Dane A , Demirci T
Published: April 2011

To cite this article:
 Celikoglu M, Erdem A, Dane A, Demirci T:  Dental age assessment in orthodontic patients with and without skeletal malocclusions  Orthod Craniofac Res 2011;14:58–62

Structured Abstract

Authors –  Celikoglu M, Erdem A, Dane A, Demirci T

Background –  The aim of this report was to investigate the dental development in an orthodontic patient population with and without different sagittal skeletal malocclusions.

Setting and Sample Population –  Department of Orthodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Ataturk University, Turkey.

Material and Methods –  A retrospective study was performed on a sample of panoramic radiographs taken from 525 orthodontic patients (Class II: 186, Class III: 177, Class I: 162) aged between 9.00 and 15.00 years. Dental age (DA) from panoramic radiographs was assessed. Statistical analyses showing the differences between chronological age (CA) and DA were compared by using the one‐way anova, paired, and Student’s t‐tests.

Results –  Both genders were advanced in dental maturity when compared with the reference samples (p = 0.000). The mean difference between CA and DA in orthodontic patients with different skeletal malocclusions was approximately twice the difference in the Class I group. However, the difference between CA and DA was statistically significant for girls in Class III group (p = 0.021).

Conclusion –  The results of this study showed that DA of patients with sagittal skeletal malocclusions was approximately twice more advanced when compared with patients without sagittal skeletal anomaly patterns.
Neonatal polycythaemia: critical review and a consensus statement of the Israeli Neonatology Association
Authors: Mimouni Francis B , Merlob Paul , Dollberg Shaul , Mandel Dror ,   On behalf of the Israeli Neonatal Association
Published: April 2011

The aim of this paper is to critically review neonatal polycythaemia (NP) literature, in terms of definition, diagnosis and management. We reviewed all Medline articles on NP up to December 2009. (i) The textbook definition of NP [venous haematocrit (HCT) > 65%] is empirical and not based on statistical definition, symptoms or complications. (ii) Measurement of viscosity is not better than HCT in predicting complications. (iii) Normovolaemic NP because of increased erythropoiesis may be different from hypervolaemic polycythaemia because of excessive foetal transfusion. (iv) Coexisting hypoglycaemia may worsen long‐term outcome. (v) Four clinical trials (CTs) studied partial exchange transfusion (PET) on outcomes. In all trials, PET was performed after 6 h of life. There is no evidence that PET improves neurodevelopmental outcome of asymptomatic NP, and it might increase the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis. These CTs have inherent design flaws: (a) CNS ‘damage’ may occur before PET. (b) Confounding variables that may affect outcome have not been studied. (vi) If PET is performed, normal saline is the best alternative. (vii) The long‐term effect of PET on symptomatic infants has not been studied.

Conclusion:  Current definition and management of NP are little evidence based, thus the need for a consensus based on expert opinion.
The Human Body and Human Happiness in Aquinas's Summa Theologiae
Authors: Trabbic Joseph G.
Published: April 2011

There appears to be no serious treatment of the positive role played by the body in Aquinas's account of human happiness. This would seem to be a significant gap in the literature given Aquinas's well known insistence on the human person as a body-soul unity. This paper aims at taking a first step in filling-in the gap by considering Aquinas's discussion of the body's part in human happiness in the Secunda Pars of the Summa theologiae. In particular it considers the place of the body in each of the three different forms of happiness that Aquinas talks about there. It is perhaps the role of the body in the third form of happiness – the perfect happiness of the beatific vision – that is most crucial to understand since this is human happiness simpliciter. Although the body has a part to play here too, Aquinas's understanding of it is not without problems.
Use of polymethylmethacrylate as permanent filling agent in the jaw, mouth and face regions – implications for dental practice
Authors: Vargas Karlon F. , Borghetti Ruchielli L. , Moure Sabrina P. , Salum Fernanda Gonçalves , Cherubini Karen , de Figueiredo Maria Antonia Z.
Published: April 2011

doi: 10.1111/j.1741‐2358.2011.00479.x
 
Use of polymethylmethacrylate as permanent filling agent in the jaw, mouth and face regions – implications for dental practice

Objectives:  This article is a review of PMMA focusing on its properties, indications, contra‐indications and adverse effects.

Background:  The search to remain young is a constant attitude among Brazilians. The low cost of filling agents have stimulated its indiscriminate use, especially the bioplasty (non‐incisional method). Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) is the cosmetic filling agent of choice, because of its low cost, easy access and simple application technique. The impact on dentistry and orofacial medicine needs further awareness.

Conclusion:  The article aims to draw the attention of odontology and medical professionals to the product's applicability and its possible complications.
Victorian Thermodynamics and the Novel: Problems and Prospects
Authors: MacDuffie Allen
Published: April 2011

This article discusses the status of thermodynamics in discussions of Victorian literature. It focuses on the relative lack of critical attention paid to this key scientific discourse, and some of the reasons why it promises to be a significant area of future research and debate.
Orientalism Reconsidered: China and the Chinese in Nineteenth‐Century Literature and Victorian Studies
Authors: Fiske Shanyn
Published: April 2011

Until very recently, critical attention to literary relations and aesthetic exchanges between Britain and China in the 19th century has been scant. However with the current shifting of focus in Victorian studies away from canonical, mainstream concerns toward the disenfranchised people and productions that inhabited the vibrant, often carnivalesque, world of popular culture, China has made its way – if not into the floodlights – at least into the well‐lit recesses of literary‐critical consciousness. This essay provides both an overview of China’s pervasive influence on British life and letters in the 19th century as well as an assessment of scholarship in the developing field of Sino‐British studies. Aside from surveying a number of approaches to this relatively new field of inquiry, I suggest that past critical neglect of 19th‐century, Sino‐British literary relations is, in one part, residual from the seemingly dismissive, at times sinophobic, and overwhelmingly negative attitudes of the Victorians toward China and, in another part, to China’s awkward situation within a dominant theoretical framework of Orientalism that largely fails to account for the cultural and historical nuances of its special relations with the West. In offering an overview both of China’s appearance in Victorian literature and of the developing field of Sino‐British studies, this essay aims not only to draw attention to a previously overlooked aspect of Victorian literature and culture but to suggest the vital revisions of critical perspective occasioned by its exploration.
Jacobean and Caroline Masquing Culture: Studies on Early Stuart Entertainments, 1998–2010
Authors: Sillitoe Peter
Published: April 2011

This article overviews literary criticism on the English court masque during the early Stuart period. More specifically, this survey piece analyses a selection of major critical studies that focus attention on to the court masques of James I and Charles I, circa 1603–1641. The article begins in 1998 – the year that witnessed the last major collection of essays on the genre – and then progresses to the present year by way of various journal articles, chapters and monographs.
New Formalism and the Forms of Middle English Literary Texts
Authors: Marshall Helen , Buchanan Peter
Published: April 2011

Recent work in Middle English literature addresses the emerging relationship between formal analysis and book history. This article, emerging from the 2009 Conference on Editorial Problems in Toronto, seeks to clarify the way in which formalist approaches intersect with trends in English literary manuscript studies. How, we ask, can the lively field of book history take new direction through contact with the ‘new formalisms’ articulated in literary studies? More precisely, how does the form of the medieval book produce literary meaning in a distinctive and historicizable manner? We explore critical approaches to the formal features of medieval manuscripts, addressing medieval and modern theories of the book’s form, the relationship between written and oral forms of texts, the dialect of scribes, authorial composition of manuscripts, scribal corrections, the layout and illustration, and the binding of the codex. We suggest that close readings of manuscript form can shed light on aspects of texts obscured by the printing technology and formatting changes of modern editions. Furthermore, we point to new avenues for contextualizing the book within late medieval literary culture.