bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modification of carbohydrate polymers via grafting of methacrylonitrile onto pregelled starch using potassium monopersulfate/Fe2+ redox pair
Authors: Mostafa KhM , Morsy MS
Published: May 2004

The graft copolymerization of reactive pregelled starch (PGS) with methacrylonitrile (MAN) was performed and the reaction conditions were optimized using potassium monopersulfate (PMPS) in the presence of ferrous ion redox pair as initiator. Emphasis was directed towards increasing the graft formation and decreasing homopolymerization. The grafting parameters were studied with respect to graft yield and graft reaction efficiency percent. In addition, the newly prepared polymethacrylonitrile (polyMAN)‐pregelled starch graft copolymers were applied to cotton textiles to see their suitability as a new sizing agent. Based on the results obtained, appropriate conditions for grafting MAN onto pregelled starch was established and the graft yield was higher under the following conditions: using 0.004 mol l−1 potassium monopersulfate as initiator, 0.005 mol l−1 ferrous ion concentration, 0.003 mol l−1, sulfuric acid, 50 % MAN concentration (based on weight of substrate), material to liquor ratio 1:2.5, reaction time 60 min, and polymerization temperature 40 °C. Finally, fabric samples sized with polyMAN‐pregelled starch graft copolymers acquired higher tensile strength and abrasion resistance than that sized with original pregelled starch, while elongation at break was unaltered. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
Influence of cyclodextrin and its glucose units on polymerization of styrene
Authors: Hu Jie , Li Songjun , Wang Diqiang , Liu Bailing
Published: May 2004

The free radical polymerization of styrene in water in the presence of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) without using surfactants is described. The effect of β‐CD which greatly accelerated the polymerization, was wholly contributed to the formation of host–guest complexes with hydrophobic monomer to increase the monomer solubility in water. Through adding toluene that is similar in structure to monomer styrene to block the formation of β‐CD with styrene monomer, we found that just like free glucose, the glucose units of β‐CD could also accelerate the polymerization. The polymer particles with narrow particle‐size distribution and clear surface were prepared without using any surfactants and solvent mixtures. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
In situ polymerization and characterization of polyamide‐6/silica nanocomposites derived from water glass
Authors: Shen Liang , Du Qiangguo , Wang Haitao , Zhong Wei , Yang Yuliang
Published: May 2004

Polyamide‐6/silica nanocomposites were prepared via an in situ polymerization route using silicic acid as the precursor of silica, which was extracted from water glass. Scanning electron microscopy observations showed that the silica particles were well dispersed in the polyamide‐6 matrix on the nanometer scale, which demonstrated that this method could effectively avoid agglomeration of the inorganic particles. The coupling agent, (γ‐aminopropyl) triethoxysilane, was added to introduce interfacial interactions between the silica and the polymer matrix, which led to an increased graft of polymer on the silica surface and made the material display higher performance. It was found that the incorporation of the inorganic component significantly increased the melt viscosity, tensile strength, Young's modulus, thermal decomposition temperature, glass transition temperature and Vicat softening temperature of the polyamide‐6 resin. The reinforcement of the silica particles was clearly demonstrated. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry
pH‐responsive ampholytic terpolymers of acrylamide, sodium 3‐acrylamido‐3‐methylbutanoate, and (3‐acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride. II. Solution properties
Authors: Fevola Michael J. , Kellum Matthew G. , Hester Roger D. , McCormick Charles L.
Published: May 2004

The solution properties of low‐charge‐density ampholytic terpolymers of acrylamide, sodium 3‐acrylamido‐3‐methylbutanoate, and (3‐acrylamidopropyl)trimethylammonium chloride were studied as functions of the solution pH, ionic strength, and polymer concentration. Terpolymers with low charge densities, large charge asymmetries, or both exhibited excellent solubility in deionized (DI) water, and higher charge density terpolymers were readily dispersible in DI water; however, the higher charge density terpolymer solutions separated into polymer‐rich and polymer‐poor phases upon standing over time. Charge‐balanced terpolymers exhibited antipolyelectrolyte behavior at pH values greater than or equal to the ambient pH (6.5 ± 0.2); the same terpolymers behaved increasingly as cationic polyelectrolytes with decreasing solution pH because of the protonation of the 3‐acrylamido‐3‐methylbutanoate (AMB) repeat units. Unbalanced terpolymers generally exhibited polyelectrolyte behavior, although the effects of intramolecular electrostatic attractions (i.e., polyampholyte effects) on the hydrodynamic volume of the unbalanced terpolymer coils were evident at certain values of the solution pH and salt concentration. The dilute‐solution behavior of the terpolymers correlated well with the behavior predicted by several polyampholyte solution theories. In the semidilute regime, solution viscosities increased with increasing terpolymer charge density, and this indicated a significant enhancement of the solution viscosity by intermolecular electrostatic associations. Upon the addition of NaCl, semidilute‐solution viscosities tended to decrease because of the disruption of the intermolecular electrostatic associations. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 42: 3252–3270, 2004
Structure and mechanical behavior of nylon 6 fibers filled with organic and mineral nanoparticles. II. In situ study of deformation mechanisms
Authors: Ibanes C. , David L. , Seguela R. , Rochas C. , Robert G.
Published: May 2004

This study reports on the in situ characterization of the deformation mechanisms at room temperature of polyamide 6 (PA6) fibers filled with hyperbranched molecules or montmorillonite (MMT) platelets. A small‐angle X‐ray scattering study shows that the stretching and sliding of the microfibrils takes place concomitantly in the first stage of elastic loading of as‐spun and partially drawn fibers. In the second stage of loading, which is basically plastic, sliding turns out to be the main process of deformation, accompanied by a significant reduction in the microfibril radius. Fibers drawn close to their maximum draw ratio only display the deformation process of microfibril stretching. This in situ study also reveals subtle features of the reversible processes of deformation that could not be detected from ex situ experiments reported previously. A thickening of the crystal blocks in the microfibrils takes place under stress and disappears upon unloading, indicating that some reversible strain‐induced molecular ordering occurs in the amorphous layers close to the crystal surface. The tentative mechanical modeling enabled a characterization of the components of the fibers: the stiffness of the microfibrils appears to be insensitive to the presence of the particles that are excluded in the interfibrillar regions. The presence of HB molecules clearly increases the stiffness of the interfibrillar regions owing to a physical crosslinking effect. Moreover, it seems that the stiffness improvement of the drawn MMT‐PA6 fiber lies in a greater capability of chain unfolding in the interfibrillar amorphous region. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 42: 2633–2648, 2004
Neuroendocrine cell differentiation in the CWR22 human prostate cancer xenograft: Association with tumor cell proliferation prior to recurrence
Authors: Huss Wendy J. , Gregory Christopher W. , Smith Gary J.
Published: May 2004

BACKGROUND

Neuroendocrine (NE) cell differentiation is proposed to facilitate prostate cancer (CaP) recurrence following androgen deprivation through secretion by NE cells of growth factors and neuropeptides that support survival and proliferation of CaP cells and vasculature.

METHODS

The effect of androgen deprivation on NE differentiation and tumor cell proliferation in the CWR22 model of human CaP was determined by immunohistochemical analysis of the NE cell marker synaptophysin and the cell proliferation marker Ki67.

RESULTS

A significant increase in the number of NE cells was observed in CWR22 tumors between 28 and 66 days after castration compared to intact mice, that preceded the increase in tumor cell proliferation that began 70 days after androgen deprivation heralding recurrence. There was a significant positive correlation between the number of tumor‐associated NE cells and proliferating CaP cells in tumors from mice after 28–34 days of androgen withdrawal.

CONCLUSION

In the CWR22 model, androgen deprivation induces an increase in tumor‐associated NE cells prior to increased tumor cell proliferation, with NE cells possibly promoting tumor survival and recurrent disease. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Amplification of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 production by prostate cancer cell lines via activation of protease‐activated receptors
Authors: Wilson Susan R. , Gallagher Sandra , Warpeha Kate , Hawthorne Susan J.
Published: May 2004

BACKGROUND

The matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) are a family of proteolytic enzymes involved in facilitating cancer metastasis. Protease‐activated receptors (PARs) have previously been shown to be involved in pathways of MMP upregulation by tumor cells.

METHODS

Two androgen independent prostate cancer cell lines, PC3 and DU‐145, and one androgen dependent prostate cancer line LNCaP, were investigated. PAR expression was detected using RT‐PCR and immunofluorochemistry (IFC) techniques. MMP activity assays were used to quantify the levels of MMP‐2 and ‐9 on all three prostate cell lines after PAR activation.

RESULTS

RT‐PCR and IFC showed the presence of PAR‐1 and PAR‐2 in all cell lines investigated, only LNCaP showed PAR‐3 and PAR‐4 expression. Increased levels of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 activity, up to sevenfold depending on prostate cancer cell line, following PAR activation by specific PAR peptides was shown.

CONCLUSION

Preliminary studies show the activation of PAR‐1 or PAR‐2 produced increased levels of MMP‐2 and MMP‐9 activity in prostate cancer cell lines, indicating their potential role in the metastasis of prostate cancer cells. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Establishment and characterization of a primary androgen‐responsive African‐American prostate cancer cell line, E006AA
Authors: Koochekpour Shahriar , Maresh Grace A. , Katner Adrienne , Parker‐Johnson Kitani , Lee Tae‐Jin , Hebert Francine E. , Kao Yuan S. , Skinner John , Rayford Walter
Published: May 2004

BACKGROUND

Establishment of human prostate cancer cell lines is essential to advance our understanding of complex processes associated with the initiation and progression of the disease. In the present study, we report the establishment of a primary African‐American prostate cancer cell line (E006AA) as well as its associated stromal cells (S006AA).

METHODS

E006AA cell line was established as a spontaneously immortalized cells from a patient with a clinically localized prostate cancer. Extensive characterization of the cells was accomplished using androgen‐dependent growth and sensitivity assays, Western analyses, RT‐PCR/real‐time PCR, cytogenetic analyses, and tumorigenicity in nude mice.

RESULTS

E006AA cell line shows androgen‐dependent growth, expresses PSA and the androgen receptor (AR) with 26 CAG repeats in exon 1 of AR. Cytogenetic analyses revealed a hypertriploid karyotype with additional numerical gains in chromosomes 5, 6, 8, 10, 17, 20, 21 and a marker chromosome of unknown origin as well as structural abnormalities in chromosomes 4, 5, 8, 9, 11–14, 18, and 20. This cell line is not tumorigenic in nude mice. S006AA cell line, isolated from the same tumor specimen, also expresses AR and shows the morphological characteristics of smooth muscle cells of prostatic stroma.

CONCLUSIONS

These cell lines are the first available primary epithelial and stromal cells derived from an African‐American patient with organ‐confined prostate cancer and in conjunction with other established cell lines, could provide an in vitro model system to investigate early transforming events in prostate cancer. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Shift in nucleotide conformational equilibrium contributes to increased rate of catalysis of GpAp versus GpA in barnase
Authors: Giraldo Jesús , De Maria Leonardo , Wodak Shoshana J.
Published: May 2004

The microbial ribonuclease barnase exhibits low catalytic activity toward GpN dinucleotides, where G is guanosine, p is phosphate and N represents any nucleoside. When a phosphate is added to the 3′‐end, as in GpNp, substrate affinity is enhanced by one order of magnitude, and the catalytic rate by two. In order to gain insight into this phenomenon, we analyzed the nucleotide conformations and protein–nucleotide interactions of 4 ns molecular dynamics (MD) trajectories of complexes of barnase with guanylyl(3′‐5′) adenosine (GpA) and guanylyl(3′‐5′) adenosine 3′–monophosphate (GpAp), respectively, in the presence of solvent and counter ions. We found that, in a majority of the bound GpA conformations, the guanine base was firmly bound to the recognition site. The phosphate and adenosine moieties pointed into the solvent, and interactions with key catalytic residues were absent. In contrast, the bound GpAp adopted conformations in which all of the nucleotide portions remained tightly bound to the enzyme and interactions with key catalytic residues were maintained. These observations indicate that, for GpA, a significant proportion of the bound nucleotide adopts non‐productive conformations and that adding the terminal phosphate as in GpAp shifts the equilibrium of the bound conformations towards structures capable of undergoing catalysis. Incorporating this property into the kinetic equations yields an increase in both the apparent rate constant (kcat) and the apparent dissociation constant (KM) for GpAp versus GpA. The increase in KM, caused by the presence of additional non‐productive binding modes for GpA, should however be counterbalanced by the propensity of free GpA to adopt folded conformations in solution, which are unable to bind the enzyme and by the tighter binding of GpAp (Giraldo J, Wodak SJ, Van Belle D. Conformational analysis of GpA and GpAp in aqueous solution by molecular dynamics and statistical methods. J Mol Biol 1998; 283:863–882). Addition of the terminal phosphate is shown to significantly influence the collective motion of the enzyme in a manner that fosters interactions with key catalytic residues, representing a further likely contribution to the catalytic rate enhancement. Proteins 2004;56:261–276. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A simple topological representation of protein structure: Implications for new, fast, and robust structural classification
Authors: Bostick David L. , Shen Min , Vaisman Iosif I.
Published: May 2004

A topological representation of proteins is developed that makes use of two metrics: the Euclidean metric for identifying natural nearest neighboring residues via the Delaunay tessellation in Cartesian space and the distance between residues in sequence space. Using this representation, we introduce a quantitative and computationally inexpensive method for the comparison of protein structural topology. The method ultimately results in a numerical score quantifying the distance between proteins in a heuristically defined topological space. The properties of this scoring scheme are investigated and correlated with the standard Cα distance root‐mean‐square deviation measure of protein similarity calculated by rigid body structural alignment. The topological comparison method is shown to have a characteristic dependence on protein conformational differences and secondary structure. This distinctive behavior is also observed in the comparison of proteins within families of structural relatives. The ability of the comparison method to successfully classify proteins into classes, superfamilies, folds, and families that are consistent with standard classification methods, both automated and human‐driven, is demonstrated. Furthermore, it is shown that the scoring method allows for a fine‐grained classification on the family, protein, and species level that agrees very well with currently established phylogenetic hierarchies. This fine classification is achieved without requiring visual inspection of proteins, sequence analysis, or the use of structural superimposition methods. Implications of the method for a fast, automated, topological hierarchical classification of proteins are discussed. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Predictions of protein flexibility: First‐order measures
Authors: Kovacs Julio A. , Chacón Pablo , Abagyan Ruben
Published: May 2004

The normal modes of a molecule are utilized, in conjunction with classical conformal vector field theory, to define a function that measures the capability of the molecule to deform at each of its residues. An efficient algorithm is presented to calculate the local chain deformability from the set of normal modes of vibration. This is done by considering each mode as an off‐grid sample of a deformation vector field. Predictions of deformability are compared with experimental data in the form of dihedral angle differences between two conformations of ten kinases by using a modified correlation function. Deformability calculations correlate well with experimental results and validate the applicability of this method to protein flexibility predictions. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Accurate prediction of solvent accessibility using neural networks–based regression
Authors: Adamczak Rafał , Porollo Aleksey , Meller Jarosław
Published: May 2004

Accurate prediction of relative solvent accessibilities (RSAs) of amino acid residues in proteins may be used to facilitate protein structure prediction and functional annotation. Toward that goal we developed a novel method for improved prediction of RSAs. Contrary to other machine learning–based methods from the literature, we do not impose a classification problem with arbitrary boundaries between the classes. Instead, we seek a continuous approximation of the real‐value RSA using nonlinear regression, with several feed forward and recurrent neural networks, which are then combined into a consensus predictor. A set of 860 protein structures derived from the PFAM database was used for training, whereas validation of the results was carefully performed on several nonredundant control sets comprising a total of 603 structures derived from new Protein Data Bank structures and had no homology to proteins included in the training. Two classes of alternative predictors were developed for comparison with the regression‐based approach: one based on the standard classification approach and the other based on a semicontinuous approximation with the so‐called thermometer encoding. Furthermore, a weighted approximation, with errors being scaled by the observed levels of variability in RSA for equivalent residues in families of homologous structures, was applied in order to improve the results. The effects of including evolutionary profiles and the growth of sequence databases were assessed. In accord with the observed levels of variability in RSA for different ranges of RSA values, the regression accuracy is higher for buried than for exposed residues, with overall 15.3–15.8% mean absolute errors and correlation coefficients between the predicted and experimental values of 0.64–0.67 on different control sets. The new method outperforms classification‐based algorithms when the real value predictions are projected onto two‐class classification problems with several commonly used thresholds to separate exposed and buried residues. For example, classification accuracy of about 77% is consistently achieved on all control sets with a threshold of 25% RSA. A web server that enables RSA prediction using the new method and provides customizable graphical representation of the results is available at http://sable.cchmc.org. Proteins 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Robust eigenstructure assignment with minimum subspace separation
Authors: Lam James , Tam Hei Ka
Published: May 2004

A computation method for delivering a state feedback controller that assigns closed‐loop eigenstructure with a minimum subspace separation and is robust towards unstructured perturbations is presented. The subspace separation is measured via the difference between two subspace projections, while the eigenstructure robustness is achieved by maximizing an upper bound on the allowable perturbation size such that the closed‐loop system remains stable. By exploiting the Sylvester equation parametrization, the constraint of pole assignment can be satisfied intrinsically and the robust eigenstructure assignment design essentially becomes an unconstrained optimization task. Analytical gradient formulas of the objective functions to be handled are developed. The design approach is demonstrated through numerical examples. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Power dependence, diversification strategy, and performance in keiretsu member firms
Authors: Kim Hicheon , Hoskisson Robert E. , Wan William P.
Published: May 2004

Conceptualizing the keiretsu as a power‐dependence system, we propose that benefits accruing from keiretsu affiliation differ across member firms, depending on their power in (or dependence on) the keiretsu. By integrating power with governance and internal market perspectives on group affiliation, we develop and find general support for the hypotheses that powerful keiretsu member firms are able to place more emphasis on growth in pursuing product and international diversification, whereas less powerful keiretsu member firms are subject to strong monitoring and emphasize profitability. These findings provide support to the study's proposition that power‐dependence relationships in a keiretsu influence member firms' appropriation of group affiliation benefits in pursuing diversification strategies. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A guide to using event study methods in multi‐country settings
Authors: Park Namgyoo K.
Published: May 2004

While the event study method has made significant contributions to strategic management research, most event study research published in management journals has analyzed the financial implications of corporate announcements in a single country. This study discusses solutions to methodological challenges that emerge when applying the event study method to multiple countries. Specifically, this study develops the world market model, illustrating how to simultaneously assess the financial impact of strategic actions in multiple countries. These challenges and solutions are illustrated by an example of a multi‐country event study analyzing 241 international alliance announcements of 23 firms in 16 countries. The findings show that the use of the single country market model in a multi‐country event study is likely to overestimate changes in firm value, demonstrating the need for this world market model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Asymmetric performance: the market share impact of scale and link alliances in the global auto industry
Authors: Dussauge Pierre , Garrette Bernard , Mitchell Will
Published: May 2004

This study investigates how participating in strategic alliances with rivals affects the relative competitive positions of the partner firms. The paper builds on studies that show significant differences in the outcomes of scale and link alliances. The study argues that the more asymmetric outcomes of link alliances translate into greater changes in the relative market shares of the partner firms, due to unbalanced opportunities for inter‐partner learning and learning by doing. We find support for this argument by examining 135 alliances among competing firms in the global automobile industry, from 1966 to 1995. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Cooking Time, Steeping and Lime Concentration on Starch Gelatinization of Corn During Nixtamalization
Authors: Mondragón Magarita , Bello‐Pérez Luis Arturo , Agama‐Acevedo Edith , Betancur‐Ancona David , Peña Juan‐Luis
Published: May 2004

White dent corn was nixtamalized under different conditions to evaluate thermal properties using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), swelling power and solubility. Cooking time was the factor that had the major influence on the behavior of the evaluated parameters as indicated by the analysis of variance. Onset and peak temperatures of gelatinization increased with increasing cooking time while gelatinization enthalpies decreased, indicating that more starch granules were gelatinized. A decrease in the swelling power was also observed at increasing cooking times, but solubility was significantly inhibited only if steeping was allowed. Considering these results, it was assumed that amylose‐lipid complexes are being formed during cooking and reorganized during steeping. X‐ray studies confirmed the presence of amylose‐lipid complexes. Steeping also caused an increment in the peak temperature that seemed to support the hypothesis of recrystallization or annealing occurring during this nixtamalization step. Temperature ranges indicated that in general, lime acted as a factor for structural disorganization.
Development and Testing of Methods to Screen Chickpea Flour for Starch Characteristics
Authors: Meares Cheryl A. , Bogracheva Tatiana Y. , Hill Sandra E. , Hedley Cliff L.
Published: May 2004

Rapid screening methodology has been developed for assessing the chemical composition and the gelatinisation and pasting properties of starch using flour from chickpea seeds. The methodology allows samples to be assessed using a minimal amount of sample and for starch information to be interpreted in the presence of other components present in the flour. The starch content of the flour and the amylose content of the starch was determined by modifying existing kit‐based methods (Megazyme International Ltd). Using the Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), starch gelatinisation characteristics can be assessed based on temperature of gelatinisation (Tp), specific heat capacity (Cpsp ) and half width of transition (½ΔT). Pasting properties could be assessed using the Rapid Visco Analyser (RVA), based on the determination of onset temperature for the RVA profile (T  \displaystyle _o^{RVA}), Tp − T  \displaystyle _o^{RVA} and final viscosity (FV) values. The developed methodology was tested using a range of chickpea samples. No significant variation was found between the samples for starch content or for the proportion of amylose/amylopectin in the various starches. Significant variation was found in the starch properties of two of the samples, while the variation between the remaining samples was very small.
MAGICAL THEATRES: THE MUSIC OF PARAM VIR
Authors: Hughes Bernard
Published: May 2004

Param Vir was born in Delhi in 1952 and has lived and worked in Britain since 1984. His greatest success has been in opera, and the two orchestral works in his catalogue also testify to a remarkable theatrical sensibility. Vir's music embodies and feeds off the contradictions of his life. Although rooted firmly in the modernist aesthetic of Western contemporary music, Vir's Indian background and education have left a mark on his music. His emigration has resulted in alienation from a national identity, leaving him an outsider both in India and Britain. He is contracted to a venerable English publisher – Novello & Co. – but is himself outside the contemporary music establishment and academy. These contradictions are reflected both in Vir's central themes of otherness and self-discovery and his exploration of exotic and colourful instrumental sonorities, which together make him an important and unusual voice in contemporary music.
SYMMETRY AND GOAL-DIRECTED MOTION IN MUSIC BY BÉLA BARTÓK AND GEORGE CRUMB
Authors: Pearsall Edward
Published: May 2004

Two of the most important goals for music composition during the past century were innovation and originality. In reaching for these goals, many composers abandoned tonal protocol, looking instead for new ways to generate coherence in their music. In the absence of traditional voice leading based on tonic/dominant harmony, some composers gravitated toward the use of symmetry. By symmetry I mean the projection of a series of events above and below, or forward and backward from a central axis, with a one-to-one correspondence between events on one side of the axis and those on the other. In this article, I will focus primarily on vertical symmetry in pitch space. Because horizontal symmetry often accompanies vertical symmetry, however, it cannot be set aside altogether. George Crumb's La luna está muerta, muerta… from Night of the Four Moons, for example, contains several symmetrical pitch collections, arranged in the manner of a balanced arch-form. As Ex. 1 illustrates, four pitch sets, comprising a single symmetrical interval series, occur over the course of the composition. The pitch sets in the first half of the composition, moreover, are presented in reverse order – and, hence, upside down – in the second half, transferring symmetry into the linear dimension; the events in the second half of the piece, that is, mirror those in the first half, just as the intervals above the pitch axis mirror those below it in each of the pitch collections.
Letter to the Editor
Authors: Doran Mark
Published: May 2004

I am grateful to Stewart R. Craggs for his kind comments (‘Letters to the Editor’, Tempo 227), and happy to say that I wholeheartedly endorse his other observations – to the extent, in fact, that I hope I may be permitted to amplify one of them.
Singapore, Esplanade Concert Hall: Stucky's ‘Spirit Voices’
Authors: French Gil
Published: May 2004

When Lan Shui, Music Director of the Singapore Symphony, began the 14–15 November 2003 pair of concerts with Joan Tower's first Fanfare for the Uncommon Woman, he specifically had in mind who would follow: Evelyn Glennie, who entered wearing a black lace blouse with solid black breast-plate, black lace cape, and hot, tight, flaming red sequined slacks with a large bare metal cross around her neck. I exclaimed, ‘Now that's the kind of priest I'd like in my church!’
London, St John's Smith Square: David Matthews's ‘A Vision and a Journey’
Authors: Anderson Martin
Published: May 2004

A Vision and a Journey is David Matthews's op. 60 – a neat coincidence, then, that the first performance of its revised version should be part of the celebrations of his sixtieth birthday. The work is part of a series of imposing orchestral scores Matthews has been composing over the past two decades, beginning with In the Dark Time in 1983 and continuing with Chaconne in 1985 and The Music of Dawn two years later; this one followed in 1993, when it was premièred by Yan Pascal Tortelier and the BBC Philharmonic, but it underwent a thoroughgoing revision between March 1996 and March 1997. I asked the composer before the concert what the revisions had entailed: ‘I completely rewrote the whole thing. It's more or less a new work’.
Warwick Arts Centre: Julian Anderson's Symphony
Authors: Conway Paul
Published: May 2004

The demise of the Symphony is frequently announced, yet easily refuted by the quality of contemporary works bearing that title. Many recent examples have been written by British composers – Anthony Powers's Second, James MacMillan's Third, David Matthews's Fifth and Peter Maxwell Davies's Seventh, for example. To this distinguished list must be added Julian Anderson's Symphony. His four previous orchestral works contain sufficient structural ingenuity and intellectual rigour to make the cogency of his new piece no great surprise, yet it also offers some of Anderson's most lyrical as well as intricate writing.
London, Barbican: Masterprize Final
Authors: Anderson Martin
Published: May 2004

There's no doubt that Masterprize, the international composition competition with a mission ‘to bring music lovers and composers closer together’, is a slick and professional operation, with a tremendous outreach. The CD with the six pieces which made it to the final (of some 1,000 entries) was stuck on the front of both Gramophone and Classic FM magazines, with a joint print-run of around 100,000. The ‘gala final’ in the Barbican on 30 October, when the London Symphony Orchestra was conducted by Daniel Harding, was broadcast live on Classic FM (which reaches 6.5 million listeners a week), NPR in the States (16 million) and Radio Latvia (you tell me); and NPR also packaged it for their deferred ‘Symphony Cast’. These are scarcely believable figures for contemporary classical music: Masterprize is plainly doing an enormous amount of good. Another statistic worth celebrating is that 1,300 children were involved in the associated education project, playing the six works up and down the UK. It's just a pity that most of the music that made it through to the final was so dull, a post-Hollywood syrup of feel-good consonance and glittering over-orchestration – slickly wrapped empty boxes.
London, BBC Maida Vale Studios: Justin Connolly's Piano Concerto.
Authors: Conway Paul
Published: May 2004

Many of Justin Connolly's works have been premièred and recorded by Nicholas Hodges, whose musicianship provided the inspiration for Connolly's Piano Concerto (2001–2003). The form and character of the piece are influenced by the ancient idea of the labyrinth, the forces of soloist and orchestra being well suited to the roles of Theseus and the Minotaur, where one protagonist signifies the existence of the other and the distinction between hero and villain is not always apparent. The orchestral forces employed are unexceptional. Brass and percussion are divided into two separate groups to the left and right of the conductor, whilst the first horn player sits apart from his colleagues and is mirrored by a fourth, offstage, horn player.
Munich: ‘Musica Rediviva’
Authors: Robinson J. Bradford
Published: May 2004

At least one institution of Germany's contemporary music scene looks likely to survive the government's current austerity schemes: Munich's Musica Viva series. The second concert of its 2003–4 season, held in Hercules Hall on 7 November, remained true to the great tradition of this venerable series by treating a packed auditorium to two world premières and the first German performance of a ‘modern classic’. Presiding at the rostrum with the Bavarian RSO was Musica Viva's current director Udo Zimmermann, himself a composer of note and an open-minded champion of the pan-European avantgarde. In a talk broadcast in the interval, Zimmermann emphasized the series' new alignment on co-operative ventures with other state broadcasting companies, specifically in France and the Baltic countries. Besides allowing radio orchestras to pool their straitened resources, this tactic also has the highly desirable advantage of giving further hearings to new works after their premières. The size and attentiveness of Zimmermann's audiences suggest that he has found the right tack to steer Musica Viva out of its doldrums of previous decades and through the cost-slashings of the new millennium.
The origins of Lucia di Lammermoor's cadenza
Authors: PUGLIESE ROMANA MARGHERITA
Published: May 2004

This article addresses the long-controversial dating of the cadenza with flute in the mad scene of Donizetti’s Lucia di Lammermoor. New manuscript sources indicate that the famous cadenza dates not from the first half of the nineteenth century, as musicologists had assumed, but from 1889, when it was added to the opera for Nelly Melba’s performances at the Palais Garnier, Paris. The cadenza was most likely composed by Melba’s teacher Mathilde Marchesi to showcase the light voice and virtuosic technique of her student. Once introduced, the cadenza with flute decisively altered the impact and reception of the mad scene. In the first two decades after the opera’s 1835 première, the mad scene had not been particularly popular, perhaps because it contravened contemporary Italian taste for mad scenes featuring docile, virginal heroines. By the fin de siècle, however, the mad scene was regarded as the highlight of the opera, the excesses of the cadenza resonating with the new vogue for violent and hysterical heroines on the operatic stage.
Assassins, Oklahoma! and the ‘shifting fringe of dark around the camp-fire’
Authors: KNAPP RAYMOND
Published: May 2004

Although widely perceived as untraditional and unpatriotic, Sondheim’s 1991 Assassins is neither; it is in fact based securely on themes and strategies developed within the mainstream tradition of the American musical. In both respects, it shows particular affinity to Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Oklahoma!, a relationship that becomes especially evident when considering the latter’s basis in Lynn Riggs’s Green Grow the Lilacs. The author examines related background, dialogue and individual songs from each musical, the latter including ‘Pore Jud’, ‘Lonely Room’ and ‘People Will Say We’re in Love’ from Oklahoma!, and ‘Everybody’s Got the Right’, ‘The Ballad of Booth’, ‘Gun Song’, ‘Unworthy of Your Love’, ‘Another National Anthem’ and the book depository scene from Assassins. Yet Assassins departs from the mainstream in one important respect: by failing to foreground adequately a sympathetic viewpoint (despite the addition of ‘Something Just Broke’), the show seems to place its dominant characters in opposition to the audience, who represent its real protagonist, the American people.
Editorial: the American Century in Europe
Authors: WESSELING H. L.
Published: May 2004

In 1999, the Whitney Museum of American Art had a very successful exhibition called The American Century. Indeed, there were two exhibitions, The American Century, Part I about the first half of the 20th century and Part II dealing with the following 50 years. The presentation was divided up into decades, each of them having its own motto. The one for the 1950s was: ‘America takes command’. This may sound rather martial but the motto is indeed very appropriate, as one could argue that as from then on American leadership also included cultural leadership.

The name of the exhibition, ‘The American Century’, was of course derived from the title of the famous article that Henry Luce, the editor/publisher of journals such as Life and Time, published in Life on 17 February 1941. Luce wanted the Americans to play a major role in the war for freedom and democracy that was in progress at that time and the building of the better world that would have to come after that. In his article Luce insisted that ‘our vision of America as a world power includes a passionate devotion to great American ideals’. The idea of America as a world power and, indeed, as the world power of the future, is, of course, much older than the concept of the 20th century as the American century. Already in 1902, the British liberal journalist and advocate of world peace through arbitration, W.T. Stead published a book with the title The Americanization of the World, or the Trend of the Twentieth Century. According to Stead, the heyday of the British Empire was over and the US was the Empire of the future. The enormous success of America was due to three things: education, production and democracy. Britain's choice was between subjugation or cooperation. Stead even proposed the merger of the two countries. In the following decade, this idea that America was Britain's successor and that the two countries should – and could – form a union because of their intimate familiarity, became popular among British writers.
Public authority in European capitals: a map of governance, an album with symbols
Authors: VAN DER WUSTEN HERMAN
Published: May 2004

This paper deals with the residences of public authority across Europe from the emergence of the state system to the present. It is concerned with the addresses, the buildings, their surroundings and the symbolic significance from the point of view of builders and the public. The building styles have been heavily influenced by the examples of imperial and papal Rome, and a dominant model of a European capital city building has evolved. There are also some systematic differences, particularly for those countries with a dramatic history of constitutional change and for those with a decentralized process of state-building in the early stages of the process. In the second half of the 19th century, and probably again currently, the residences of public authority should be read in conjunction with the positioning of a series of civic institutions. The display of state authority has been increasingly accompanied by the representation of national identity. More recently, however, a touch of cosmopolitanism has been added in many capitals. The reading of these capitals is therefore now more ambiguous. This will probably intensify under the impact of the emerging European multilevel governance system. At the same time, this governance system has become increasingly based in Brussels. For this city to symbolically represent Europe is a very difficult ambition in the context of its multiple capital roles. However, Brussels has a long history of dealing successfully with such urban challenges in spite of major conflicts and drawbacks.
New borderlines for art history
Authors: VAN OS H. W.
Published: May 2004

European Art History steadfastly continues to classify artistic production according to national schools. This system of categorization inevitably leads to defining the national character of a people through its art. This is not to deny that regional differences are important in European art history. However, for the most part, regional differences have little to do with nations as such – if only because these nations were usually created long after the work of art in question, which is being used to assert national characteristics. Far more serious, however, is the fact that by assessing national divergences, the similarities between works of art from different regions of Europe fall into second place. During the past few years, Dutch art historians have become increasingly aware of the importance of the European dimension when studying the art of the Low Countries. But this new research will only produce important results when it goes hand in hand with a fundamental reconsideration of art history and nationalism.
Cultural memory and the role of literature
Authors: LACHMANN RENATE
Published: May 2004

The history of mnemonic concepts encompasses utopian and sceptical views that produce either a hypertrophic memory or denounce any representation as false. Each literary text incorporates or stores other texts, thus mnemonic space unfolds between and within texts. In storing and accumulating cultural data, the literary text in its intertextual dimension functions as part of cultural memory. A fantastic text points to a silenced repressed memory, confronting culture with its oblivion. Yet the fantastic in restoring the displaced and vanished parts of culture is not merely a mnemonic memory: its speculative potential strives for arbitrary creations that erase the accepted mnemonic imagery.
Why do we need fundamental research?
Authors: PETIT JEAN-CLAUDE
Published: May 2004

Research is considered as a major component of innovation and a key to the development of modern societies. However, fundamental research, which essentially aims at improving our understanding of Nature, is often questioned about its specific role. In this paper, arguments of ‘general interests’ in support of fundamental research are presented to contribute to the science-policy debate. Beyond a notable return on investment, now acknowledged by most economists, a number of positive societal impacts of fundamental research can be underlined. Fundamental research helps society as a whole, as well as individual firms, to keep options, possible scenarios and choices open (e.g. in relation with sustainable development), to maintain a good capability for top-level scientific expertise, to develop conditions favourable to scientific and technological breakthroughs, to ensure training at the highest possible level and also to guarantee access to, and free circulation of, the most valuable information. Finally, fundamental research may contribute to a better structural link between science and society.
Recent developments in language origin
Authors: AITCHISON JEAN
Published: May 2004

In the last ten years, researchers have accepted that language is the outcome of normal evolutionary processes. This has led to a flurry of new work, resulting in some important steps forward in our understanding of language origin. This paper outlines the highlights. The location of proto-humans has been confirmed as Africa, and African hominids are more widely scattered than was previously assumed. Some probably moved out of Africa earlier than was once thought likely. Evolutionary theory has also been explored in more depth. The probable date of language origin has moved earlier, and the precursors of language have been examined, resulting in a more sophisticated understanding of symbolic communication. ‘Mirror neurons’ have been proposed as relevant to the neurological underpinnings of mind-reading, which may underlie the ‘naming insight’. A proto-language stage probably preceded full language, and this proto-language may have involved several layers, which are still visible in language today.
Politics of institutional reforms in the water and drainage sector of Pakistan
Authors: DINAR ARIEL , BALAKRISHNAN TRICHUR K. , WAMBIA JOSEPH
Published: May 2004

This paper develops an approach to assess the political risk associated with implementation of institutional reforms in the water sector, while providing insights into the interrelationship of institutional arrangements, power structure, and policy outcome. The analytical approach consists of a two-tier process to assess the institutional feasibility of reform implementation. The first tier is a structured analysis of power distribution among the power groups interested in the outcome of the reform. The second tier is a Delphi process, reflecting the opinions of experts. The approach was applied to the case of the National Drainage Program Project (NDP) in Pakistan, currently in the early stages of implementation. Several hypotheses regarding likely progress were tested, using the feedback provided by a panel of experts in the Delphi process.
An empirical study on effective pollution enforcement in Korea
Authors: KANG SANG MOK , LEE MYUNGHUN
Published: May 2004

It has been recognized that extra incentives for firms' compliance with pollution regulations would be created under state-dependent enforcement as Harrington (1988) has shown theoretically. However, the extent of the overall improvement in compliance is expected to be different according to the pollution control costs and industrial structures of any given country. This paper empirically examines, for the first time, the effectiveness of an imposition of higher fines for repeated violations and state-dependent enforcement in terms of the reduction of violation days, by simulating emitting behavior for 65 sub-industries in the Korean manufacturing industry over the period 1987–1989. State-dependent enforcement was found to be more effective than an imposition of higher non-compliance fines for repeated violations in regard to the number of sub-industries exhibiting persistent non-compliance. However, the number of fully complying sub-industries was found to be slightly higher under an imposition of higher non-compliance fines for repeated violations. In Korea, it would therefore be desirable to discriminate against certain industries with enforcement systems of different intensity based on their abatement cost structures rather than uniformly introducing a state-dependent approach.