bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Police officers’ attitudes about drug enforcement in Thailand
Authors: Cheurprakobkit Sutham , Kuntee Pornchai , Denq Furjen
Published: July 2002

Examines the attitudes of Thai police regarding drug enforcement in the following areas: drug laws, prosecutors and judges. Assesses the accuracy of officers’ knowledge of drug laws. Explores the effects of 16 independent variables, derived from personal background, institutional support and drug offense information, on officers’ attitudes and knowledge. Using data collected from a survey of 672 Thai police officers, employs ordinary least squares (OLS) regression to examine the aggregate effect of independent variables on officers’ attitudes about drug enforcement and to identify the most significant independent variables. Finds that the officers have positive attitudes regarding drug enforcement but are not knowledgeable about the drug laws, and that several institutional variables have a positive significant influence on these attitudes.
Factoring policing models
Authors: Jiao Allan Y.
Published: July 2002

Aims to understand whether there is any linkage between theoretical models and realistic perceptions of policing. Presents the results of a survey in which both police officers and community members were sampled to rate police activities and organizational principles that represent police professionalism, community policing, problem‐oriented policing, and the security orientation. The data were collected in the Rutgers community in Newark, New Jersey, USA, through a survey questionnaire, and analyzed through factor analytical models to see whether different police activities and organizational principles clustered under different factors. Suggests that the result prompted some rethinking about the policing models factored in this study. Discusses how they relate to each other conceptually and how they should be utilized operationally in the context of the research setting. Suggests further studies of policing models using factor analyses.
Challenges of policing democracies: a world perspective
Authors: Das Dilip K.
Published: July 2002

The Second International Police Executive Symposium (Oñati, May, 1995) was organized on the theme of “Challenges of policing democracies: a world perspective.” It was attended by police leaders, academics and justice professionals from 13 countries. Among them there were six emerging democracies, four established democracies, and three mixed democracies. The objectives of the symposium were established as follows: (1) to appreciate at first hand what the police in emerging democracies regarded as challenges in operating in the newly democratic political environment (the established democracies and the mixed democracies were invited to present their contemporary experiences of the “Challenges of policing democracies”); (2) to explore the similarities and the differences of the challenges, if any, from one category of democratic societies to another; and (3) to discuss the responses and the remedies adopted by various countries at different levels of democratic achievement.
Reforming police management: the introduction of a Police Board in Victoria
Authors: Palmer Darren
Published: July 2002

Describes how, in the 1970s and 1980s the issues of formal political accountability and police powers dominated debates about policing. However, as programs designed to “reinvent government” have developed, police, like other public sector agencies, are increasingly subject to the practices of “new managerialism”. One technique used to promote change to the practices of managing the Victorian Police Force was the introduction of the Police Board in 1992. While formally limited from considering operational matters, the research program of the Police Board already indicates the possibilities of significant changes to police work practices. Examines the context within which the Police Board. Provides an outline of the research program of the Police Board. Argues that the Police Board and its research program are suggestive of the need to infuse debates about police practices and police accountability with analysis of managerialism
An evaluation of Operation Roundup
Authors: Vogel Ronald E. , Torres Sam
Published: July 2002

This article presents research findings on Operation Roundup, a project initiated by the Santa Ana Police Department in Santa Ana, California. The covert police operation was designed to curtail gang activity in a specific neighborhood by securing indictments and arresting 130 violent gang members belonging to the notorious Sixth Street gang. A purposive sample of community members, selected from the neighborhood where the gang members operated, were surveyed before and after the intervention about their fear of crime and perceptions regarding the effectiveness of local law enforcement. The results revealed a decrease in perceptions related to the fear of crime but little change in attitudes toward the police. However, the covert police operation successfully eliminated the Sixth Street gang and their criminal activities from the neighborhood.
Traumatic experiences and post‐traumatic stress disorder in the New Zealand police
Authors: Stephens Christine , Miller Ian
Published: July 2002

Police duties place many officers at risk of traumatic stress and subsequent development of symptoms of post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). A survey of 527 New Zealand Police officers was carried out to investigate the prevalence of PTSD and its relationship with traumatic experiences, both on and off the job. The results showed that the prevalence of PTSD in the New Zealand Police is comparable with that in other civilian populations who have experienced trauma. The number of reported traumatic events was positively correlated with the intensity of PTSD symptoms. Traumatic events experienced while on duty as a police officer were more strongly correlated with PTSD, and chronic experience of the same type of event predicted higher PTSD scores. The results are discussed in terms of implications for police organizations whose members are at risk of multiple traumatic experiences.
Arming the campus cops: a descriptive and multivariate assessment of support
Authors: Hummer Don , Austin Thomas L. , Bumphus Vic W.
Published: July 2002

The general characteristics of crimes occurring on American college and university campuses have changed, reflecting a much greater frequency and variety of criminal activities. Therefore, many campus police departments are considering alternative mechanisms aimed at crime control and diminishing the fear levels of constituents. While most municipal police agencies routinely arm themselves, traditionally, armed police forces have been uncharacteristic of campus law enforcement, especially at smaller, rural and suburban schools. The present research assesses campus constituency support and rationale for arming the police force at one university. Constituent status, gender, fear of crime, outcome of contact with an officer, and political ideology are among the variables discussed in relation to this contemporary issue.
The rhetoric and reality of community policing in small and medium‐sized cities and towns
Authors: Cardarelli Albert P. , McDevitt Jack , Baum Katrina
Published: July 2002

Although community policing is still in its formative stages in the USA, much of the research has been directed to programmes being implemented in large cities where high levels of crime and fear are part of the social fabric. Research on community policing in small cities and towns is still in the preliminary stage. To meet this challenge, the present paper reviews data from a survey of 82 police departments in cities and towns having less than 200,000 inhabitants. Emphasis is directed to the kinds of community policing strategies employed by the departments and the opportunities for community residents to participate in the decision‐making processes relating to community policing. Data reveal that the transition of police departments from a traditional reactive philosophy to one of community policing is an evolving process. Structured strategies that provide resident input into community policing are likely to occur as the programmes evolve over time, and generally follow changes in police deployment and the establishment of working relation‐ships with community agencies, both public and private.
Mounted police forces: a comparative history
Authors: Roth Mitchel
Published: July 2002

This paper is a historical survey of the mounted police tradition. The earliest historical references to mounted police can be traced to King Charles’Articles of War,published in 1629. The British model of mounted policing was introduced to its colonies during the heyday of the British Empire in the nineteenth century. During this era mounted forces were utilized in Africa, the Middle East, India, Canada, and the Pacific colonies, where the tradition flourished until the age of the automobile. In addition to the British model, a ranging tradition of policing developed in Texas with the Texas Rangers. It was most influential on its neighbours in Arizona, New Mexico, and Mexico. An early example of specialized policing, mounted forces have seen a revival in recent years, albeit in an urban setting rather than a colonial or frontier environment.
The under‐recording of crime by police in China: a case study
Authors: Yu Olivia , Zhang Lening
Published: July 2002

Studies suggest that official crime statistics are more than a measure of criminal activity. Generated by police, crime figures also reflect the behavior and concerns of police. Our case study renders evidence to this argument. A national survey of the crime recording by police was conducted in China in the late 1980s and early 1990s. The results reveal significant under‐representation of crime in the police‐produced statistics and clearly identify the police as the source of errors. Our study presents the survey and examines the findings. We explore systemic and social factors that affect the underpresentation problem and assess possible impact of the findings on the police’s action in crime recording.
The reliability of the behavioral‐personnel assessment device (B‐PAD) in selecting police recruits
Authors: Doerner William G. , Nowell Terry M.
Published: July 2002

A recent entry into the police selection tools market has been the behavioral‐personnel assessment device (B‐PAD). Applicants view videotaped scenarios and are instructed to respond as if they were the officer handling the situation. Participant responses are preserved on tape for subsequent review by panels of three raters. Given the instrument’s limited reliability checks to date and literature that questions the reliability of the oral board process, the present study examines whether B‐PAD ratings are influenced by the demographic backgrounds of raters and ratees. The data were based on 113 subjects exposed to eight scenarios graded by panels of three judges. The results indicate that B‐PAD scores are independent of rater race and sex, as well as ratee race and sex. While the B‐PAD appears to be reliable and free from bias, the study cautions that a need for an independent validity check still remains.
Applied home care research
Authors: Young Wendy , Coyte Peter C.
Published: July 2002

Posits that Canadian home care services compete with hospitals and other community and public health agencies for scarce financial resources but as yet regional authorities are not responsible for paying physicians. Investigates all the various facets of home care services and concludes that by using joint ventures, there may be the possibility of making informed decisions for the Canadian healthcare system.
Hip fracture as a complication of hospitalization
Authors: Tepp Jaan , Voitk Andrus
Published: July 2002

This work seeks to assess the possible contribution of hospitalization to hip fractures sustained in an acute care hospital and to determine the need for hospital care for these patients at the time of the fracture. Between 1988 and 1997 there was an average of 399 falls and four in‐hospital hip fractures per year. For 14 percent, no predisposing factors for falling were noted, 38 percent of the fractures occurred within the first three days and 47 percent during the first week of hospitalization. Original admission did not seem warranted for 10 percent and 48 percent no longer required inpatient care at the time of the fracture. Most fractures occur early during hospitalization; some patients seem to have no predisposing factors for falling and about one‐half may not require hospitalization at the time, all implicating hospitalization as a causative factor.
Hospital choices in times of cutback: the role of organizational culture
Authors: Rondeau Kent V. , Wagar Terry H.
Published: July 2002

Organizational scholars and practitioners alike have long recognized the role of corporate culture in shaping the strategic and operational choices that organizations pursue. It is the responsibility of those who plan for change to select approaches that are compatible with the enduring elements of the organization’s dominant culture. A large sample of Canadian hospitals were surveyed to assess how organizational culture impacts the choices that organizations make in managing fiscal cutbacks. Results suggest that approaches and strategies used by Canadian hospitals in managing the change are variably influenced by CEO perceptions of the prevailing corporate culture.
Credit mapping: validating work based training using action learning outcomes
Authors: Wills Julian
Published: July 2002

In contrast to predominantly academic approaches to learning, action learning based qualifications emphasise learning centered upon the workplace. By facilitating a process by which workplace learning is conceptualized and placed in an academic context, action learning based qualifications are well suited to provide a link between academic knowledge of core managerial disciplines and the context within which such skills are demonstrated. This paper outlines a credit mapping approach developed by the IMC Association which enables workplace and professional development courses to form the basis of certificated awards at the Action Learning Certificate in Management Studies (Action Learning CMS) level. The strength of the approach is that it addresses the demand for adaptive and responsive adult educational provision which is not restricted by the site of learning or the age or circumstances of the student. An important caveat is that the rules and guidance by which credit can be accumulated and transferred are vitally important in order to facilitate understanding of the process, coherent patterns of study for students and to safeguard academic standards. The process of credit mapping and validating workplace learning has the potential to improve access to higher postgraduate awards and add value to both the consumer and supplier of workplace training courses.
Strategizing at work: practitioner perspectives on doctoral set working
Authors: Bowerman Jennifer
Published: July 2002

Provides a learner perspective on the processes and values attributed to learning at work. Relating to the challenges of senior managerial work and the possibilities for effecting improvements via the process of researching, exploring and writing a practitioner doctorate. The opportunities for “strategizing at work” are related to the author’s experiences of global doctoral set study.
Skill retention and relearning – a proposed cyclical model
Authors: Ginzburg S. , Dar‐El E.M.
Published: July 2002

Some of the conventions regarding relearning of complex tasks (requiring both psychomotor and procedural skills) are well known, especially as relating to retention curves. Still lacking, however, is information which better clarifies the relationship between relearning and skill retention. The purpose of this study was to examine this relationship while identifying the parameter affecting the duration between training intervals, in order to maintain a high level of performance. Two additional aspects were examined in this study: actual differences in the measure of decrease in the operator’s level for various task dimensions and the implication for integrating a simulator in the refresher training program. This study conducted a controlled field experiment in a military electronic warfare unit, examining refresher training of reserve soldiers operating a complex electronic system. Examination of the study’s hypotheses and analysis of the experiment’s results indicated a cyclical behavioral model of the retention curve and the relearning aspects involved (training intervals, “warming up” phenomenon, model boundaries etc.). This result necessitates the inclusion of the retention curve within the framework of the instruction task analysis (especially with training programs which include refresher training). It should be noted that the study’s conclusions are valid not merely for military tasks, but are also valid for implementation in complex civilian tasks.
Partnership and workplace learning in the UK: pioneering work at British Telecommunications plc
Authors: Stoney Christopher
Published: July 2002

Explores British Telecommunication plc’s (BT) partnership with the Communication Workers Union (CWU) and examines its significance for the development of a degree level programme of workplace learning. The BSc in Computer Science is now being delivered part‐time to 500 BT employees, none of whom have previous experience of post‐secondary education. In particular, the role of the union in establishing the course is examined, along with the programme’s philosophy and aims, its content, funding and efficacy. The case study incorporates semi‐structured interviews with BT managers, CWU representatives, academics responsible for designing and delivering the course and a round‐table discussion with BT employees currently taking the degree course. By pulling these views and experiences together the paper is able to assess this programme of formal workplace learning and identify issues, strengths and weaknesses that should be of interest to those politicians, managers, HR professionals and union representatives currently interested in the future of workplace learning.
Problem solving
Authors: Knippen Jay T. , Green Thad B.
Published: July 2002

Asserts that problem solving is an essential skill for managers. Considers when managers should apply problem‐solving techniques and details the stages involved in the effective resolution of problems.
Performance shock
Authors: Lazo Michael , Kirk James
Published: July 2002

The need to improve performance and productivity causes conflict when a blind typist comes under scrutiny. Although not intentionally singled out, she felt threatened. This is a sensitive issue that needs to be handled with tact and professionalism. Because of the personalities involved, there is no easy solution to this case, a characteristic that makes “performance shock” a valuable learning tool.
Workplace learning: the 5‐S way
Authors: Ho Samuel K.M.
Published: July 2002

The rationale behind the 5‐S practice is that organization, neatness, cleanliness, standardization and discipline at the workplace are basic requirements for producing high quality products and services, with little or no waste, while maintaining high levels of productivity. It has been recognized that Japanese factories and service organizations are clean and orderly. The same is true for good quality Western firms. Aims to review the 5‐S technique and explore the reasons why it has been widely used in Japan as the foundation towards TQM in both the manufacturing and services industries. Also discusses the implementation of the 5‐S using a proprietary 5‐S Audit Worksheet, followed by an implementation plan based on the author’s experience.
Recognizing and responding to alcohol abuse in the armed forces ‐ a case study
Authors: Younis Talib , Getty Martin
Published: July 2002

The theme of the work is the personal experience in the Royal Navy of an individual with severe alcohol problems. Based on material supplied to the authors, the piece is essentially a case of “Peter”, a former naval rating. Describes his pre‐Navy alcoholic career, his later heavy drinking aboard ship and on shore, and his eventual departure from the Navy. Shows how, in a culture of heavy drinking ‐ some of it hallowed by tradition ‐ the alcoholic can go unnoticed and unstopped; indeed, cultural pressures may even be exerted on him or her to increase consumption of alcohol. It notes that “Peter’s” drinking was apparently only ever tackled at a disciplinary level, never at a therapeutic/counselling one. Controversially, “Peter” contends that his former employer was (and remains) effectively indifferent to alcohol abuse among its workforce. Looks at some of the reasons for a heavy drinking culture, at how it impacts on vulnerable individuals and why it might be difficult to change at an organizational level.
Building a socially responsive drug testing programme
Authors: Wayne Rockmore B. , Zimmerer Thomas W. , Jones Foard F.
Published: July 2002

States that management faces a dilemma when it rightly desires to create and maintain a drug‐free work environment. Addresses the need to test employees to ensure a safe and productive workplace while ensuring that the testing procedures are neither demeaning to employees or viewed as an invasion of privacy. Recommends the establishment of a five‐step process. States that asking and answering the right questions before setting policy in this sensitive human resources area is essential. The framework presented is designed to assist management in planning for the development of a drug testing programme, responsive to the needs of the organization and its employees.
Fostering total excellence in business education: assessment perspectives and learning issues
Authors: Loh Lawrence , Yong Yeong Wee , Hou Wee Chow , Leong Chong Chee , Ngin Phyllisis
Published: July 2002

States that quality assurance has, of late, been positioned as a cornerstone for continued viability and success in universities ‐ and with increasing pressure from funding agencies, employers and students it is even more crucial to have visible quality systems in place. Provides insights on the overall TQM strategy at the Graduate School of Business and the Faculty of Business Administration, National University of Singapore. Presents an overview of thinking and efforts currently initiated in the quest of quality, especially regarding assessment. Particularly addresses institutional quality and performance in key assessment areas. Also highlights learning implications in relation to the assessment initiative.
Relating strategy, structure and performance
Authors: Teare Richard E. , Costa Jorge , Eccles Gavin
Published: July 2002

Considers the inter‐linking business relationships between aspects of strategy formulation, implementation and performance as they relate to the hospitality industry. The “relating strategy” theme is developed and elaborated by reviewing approaches to strategy and external analysis, structure and performance. Includes case examples from Forte Hotels, Granada Group plc, Hilton International, Holiday Inn Worldwide and Hyatt International Corporation.
Action learning: business applications in North America
Authors: Parkes David
Published: July 2002

Reviews many of the published studies of the application of action‐learning strategies to management and executive development in North American organizations. Concludes that there are few meaningful examples of action learning that have been analysed for their organizational or developmental effects. Examples that are published seem to assess action learning more for its team‐building applications, with little attention being paid to using this process to facilitate individual or organizational learning.
Using electronic networks in management and executive learning
Authors: Miesing Paul
Published: July 2002

This paper describes how a required MBA course used Lotus Notes and the Internet to provide an enriched learning experience. The class simulated a consulting firm that sent teams on five virtual projects and assignments: “Virtual business China” examined potential Internet business opportunities in China; “ABB” was a conventional case used to develop and apply an organizational effectiveness audit template but all discussions occurred through groupware; “Global Electronics Corp.” was an Internet‐based case; “The forum” was in‐basket exercise that provided students with an experience in managing the social, political, and ethical dimensions of business; “Industry analysis” was a conventional group project that examined the information technology industry. Conclusions are drawn from experiences with this approach.
Multiculturalism in collegiate management education
Authors: Henninger Edward
Published: July 2002

Notes that one common response by management textbook writers and publishers to the need for multiculturalism in collegiate management education is to add chapters to standard management textbooks. Argues that management educators can better prepare students to communicate and work with diverse employees and customers by creating learning experiences that challenge how students make sense of events around them. To integrate cultural diversity means transforming the instructional focus to include information literacy assignments to allow students to appreciate and understand fully the multitude of interpretations of diversity, and the manifestation of such issues in the workplace. Feels that any diversity‐related information assignments should provide a basis for co‐operation and group work among the students, integrate both written and oral outcomes, and respect differing ways of learning and achieving. What is relevant is how diversity‐related information is processed and integrated by management students to solve problems and enhance understanding.
Teaching leadership as a non‐positional phenomenon
Authors: Washbush John B.
Published: July 2002

Proposes that leadership is effective influence, is not authority‐position dependent, can be taught and learned in non‐positional settings and is vital to developing managerial potential. Proposes 11 criteria for implementing a non‐positional leadership instructional process. Provides a summary of an initial offering of such a course, emphasizing proactive self‐assessment, which argues for the validity and appropriateness of these concepts. Data are presented which suggest that the psychological make‐ups and predispositions of students should be considered in designing and implementing courses employing the concept of non‐positional leadership.
Spirituality in management education
Authors: Boozer Robert W.
Published: July 2002

This paper suggests themes and specific questions that may be used as a foundation for discussion about the role of spirituality in management education. The discussion should both explore basic questions such as “What is workplace spirituality?” and examine current educational practices and the emerging literature about workplace spirituality which provides a framework for pedagogy.
Global trends in executive development
Authors: Cairns Heather
Published: July 2002

As corporations respond to international pressures, exemplified by global “megatrends”, certain trends are emerging concerning the way that corporations use executive development to develop their key assests to respond to the external pressures. This article articulates and describes these trends based on discussions with over 200 companies concerning executive development over the last 18 months. These trends are: (1) processes to align executive development to the business objectives; (2) the parallel development of individuals and learning organisations; (3) the development of critical individual competencies; (4) the creation of a select but comprehensive menu of development options; (5) the development of global partnerships, networks and alliances; (6) the creation of competitive advantage through learning. These trends indicate a focus on developing organisational and individual capabilities aligned to the business objectives in order to create competitive advantage. This focus is not new, but the deliberate attempt to combine these six trends indicates a new awareness of how to achieve competitive advantage through learning. This paper examines each of these trends in executive development and explores implications for the future.
The power of story in organisations
Authors: Collison Charlene , Mackenzie Alexander
Published: July 2002

Asked to name the most powerful communication tools, few business people would be likely to list storytelling amongst them. That, however, may be changing, as organisations are re‐awakening to the potential of one of the oldest forms known to man of passing on knowledge. In the UK, organisations ranging from large retailing firms to government agencies are finding that working with story is a highly effective way to facilitate internal and external communication, develop teams and leadership skills, and to engage the attention of clients and customers.
Learning action learning
Authors: Koo L.C.
Published: July 2002

This paper outlines the action learning approach in adult education. To begin, it cites some definitions of action learning and describes the characteristics of this andragogical model through contrasting the common barriers and the benefits. The concept of questioning insight is dealt with in the learning equation. The social aspects of learning from each other in a set environment have been emphasized. With the advent of new technology, the future of action learning is highly promising to the learners, their employers, the education providers and the society. Some useful Web sites are included for those who want to approach learning more about the action learning approach.
The lessons ofwork:toward an understanding of the implications of the workplace for adult learning and development
Authors: Karakowsky Leonard , McBey Kenneth
Published: July 2002

Little research attention has addressed the notion of the organization as a facilitator or inhibitor of adult learning or personal growth and development. This theory paper attempts to identify individual‐level and organizational‐level factors that can influence the potential for learning and development in the workplace. Along with the presentation of a theoretical framework, a number of research propositions are generated with the aim of encouraging management scholars and practitioners to more fully consider the impact of the workplace on adult learning and development.
Knowledge organisation for a new millennium: principles and processes
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: July 2002

All Web sites can be viewed as portals through which users have access to other parts of the Internet, but those Web sites whose primary objective is to guide users through the Internet, such as those of the search engines, shopping bots and other bots, and subject gateways, have a particular responsibility for facilitating the communication process. Those who take responsibility for supporting access to information in electronic environments must support all three stages in the organisation of knowledge, including selection, organisation, and the often neglected de‐selection. To be successful and to encourage users to identify with specific portals, and exhibit some loyalty as a member of the portal’s community, portals need to formulate a clear mission, and define some of the parameters of the community they are in the process of creating. Any processes or tools associated with the organisation of knowledge need to be appropriate to the needs of this community.
Knowledge management(s)
Authors: Despres Charles , Chauvel Daniele
Published: July 2002

This article reviews developments in the field of applied knowledge management dating from 1990 and argues that a fragmented mosaic of programs and problematics currently exists, at various levels of incompatibility. Using a software product, we map the information space around applied knowledge management as an illustration of this basic fact. We then describe a research program that extends this logic and develop a model on four dimensions that appears to order the various programs, practices and processes in this divergent field. Implications for managers of knowledge management initiatives are discussed, and avenues for future research suggested.
Knowledge management in the professions: lessons learned from Norwegian law firms
Authors: Gottschalk Petter
Published: July 2002

Knowledge management is an increasingly important source of competitive advantage for organizations. Knowledge embedded in the organization’s business processes and employees’ skills provide the firm with unique capabilities to deliver customers with a product or service. Law firms represent an industry which seems well suited for knowledge management investigation. They are knowledge intensive, and use of advanced technology may transform these organizations in the future. To examine knowledge management in Norwegian law firms, a study that involves two phases of data collection and analysis was designed. The first phase was an initial field study of the leading law firm in Norway. The second phase will be a survey of Norwegian law firms. The conducted semi‐structured interviews in the initial field study document a strong belief in the potential benefits from knowledge management. Future research will investigate law firms’ competitive advantage, value of intangible assets, profitability and capabilities from knowledge management.
How does knowledge transform as it is transferred? Speculations on the possibility of a cognitive theory of knowledgescapes
Authors: Shariq Syed Z.
Published: July 2002

Sketches an interdisciplinary framework for advancing the conceptual understanding of the knowledge transfer process. Uses its central tenet that the knowledge transfer process is ultimately a human‐to‐human process and since this process is inherently interactive and dynamic, the knowledge, in essence, transforms while or during the very process of its transfer. Argues that there is a need for a more robust representation of human cognition situated in the broader context of dynamic interactions taking place during the transfer or exchange of knowledge. Proposes that by incorporating and explaining human interaction with the external symbolic storage (ESS) of knowledge and scaffolding to include institutional knowledge, a theory of cognitive knowledgescapes can be built. The implications of a such a theory for knowledge transfer, exchange and uses in the networks of regions, institutions, organizations and technology are examined and topics for carrying out further research are suggested.
A Web‐lab to enhance social science infrastructure: experiments, simulations and archiving
Authors: Willer David , Rutström Lisa , Karr Linda B. , Corra Mamadi , Girard Dudley
Published: July 2002

Reports on a project to create a new infrastructure for experimental economics and sociology by connecting cutting edge research to Web‐based software development. The project will build and maintain an active Web site of highly flexible modular architecture for theoretically‐driven experimentation. The Web site, itself a laboratory, fundamentally advances experimental study, automatically records and archives data, and maintains electronic journals. To increase the integrity and effectiveness of social science knowledge acquisition, the Web site will support replications while creating large and systematic databases. The Web‐lab’s goal is to change social science investigation by allowing experiments to be run using subjects from large and diverse populations. The Web‐lab will democratize experimental research; a local laboratory will need no more than a few computers with access to the Web. Using designs at the Web‐lab, extensive laboratory components will be developed for mainstream graduate and undergraduate social science courses.
The growth of Canadian knowledge networks
Authors: Clark Howard C.
Published: July 2002

Canada’s unique experience with formal knowledge networks over the last 20 years has brought together research and business partners in highly managed organizations. Describes the characteristics of these formal knowledge networks and indicates their success to date.
Knowledge as a transformation agent
Authors: Klaila Davis
Published: July 2002

Why is it so difficult to make change happen? Many companies fail because they do not have the right internal structure and mindset to succeed. The author illustrates how to manage change effectively by examining how product‐based companies must transform to launch true service‐driven ventures. Using three case studies, he documents common pitfalls and barriers, then outlines the steps necessary for developing a well‐conceived service strategy. He introduces “business logics” as a key for identifying characteristics that define business types and the performance measures that support their success. The author then explains how a knowledge‐driven business model identifies the critical behaviors, competencies, market conditions, finances and other resources needed to make change happen. He advises organizations to test their strategies using simulations to ensure employees are prepared to internalize behavior and culture changes.
The corporate strategic‐operational divide and TQM
Authors: Leonard Denis , McAdam Rodney
Published: July 2002

Aims principally to identify the main issues relating to the strategic impact and application of total quality management (TQM). Uses a grounded theory inductive research methodology involving 19 case study organisations. In this approach, the deep rich data gained through the dialogue and story telling, is critical to the research study findings. Therefore, the findings are presented largely in the form of transcript quotes and coding analysis. Furthermore, the grounded theory approach enables simple constructs to be created and developed throughout the research discourse. The findings indicate that largely bureaucratic approaches to TQM and strategy exist without proper integration of employee and customer feedback. TQM mainly impacted the strategy process at the objective setting level, forming a strategic‐operational divide, reflecting a tactical emphasis for TQM deployment. Thus, there is a need for TQM to be considered from a philosophical level rather than simply as an operational tool. A considerable gap was found to exist between organisational rhetoric, in relation to strategy and TQM, in comparison to organisational practice.
The values of strategic deployment
Authors: DeFeo Joseph A. , Janssen Alexander
Published: July 2002

This fourth and final article in a series on strategic deployment will review the values and obstacles in preparing an organization to be a leading competitor in its chosen markets. Thoroughly integrating the process into the operating culture of an organization is absolutely essential to success.
Developing skills in strategic transformation
Authors: Stockport Gary J.
Published: July 2002

This article considers strategic transformation and how organisations can learn to become better at strategically transforming themselves over time. Two case studies are considered, Marks & Spencer and Intel, and these provide two contrasting examples of how organisations can either be reactive or proactive in managing strategic transformation. The article argues that in order for strategic transformation to become an art it must become part of the unconscious competence mindset of the organisation. A number of questions/statements are developed which help managers to fine‐tune their strategic transformation skills and these are interlinked and combine to form a strategic transformation framework. Thus, the article intends to be of practical use to managers.
Success and failure of 50 innovation projects in Dutch companies
Authors: Cozijnsen Anton J. , Vrakking Willem J. , van IJzerloo Mariska
Published: July 2002

Continued innovation of products, services, technology and the organization itself, is one way to keep a business on its feet during these turbulent times. The importance of innovation – the process during which leap‐changes are effected – is generally recognized. However, in practice, the successful conclusion of a total innovation project is by no means matter‐of‐course. Many innovations end in failure. Research in the USA raises the questions of how successful Dutch companies and their managers are in terms of innovation. How many innovation projects succeed, how many fail? This study searches for an answer to this question. The logical next question then is, what are the differences between innovation projects that succeed and those that fail? In short, what are the factors that lead to success, and which factors lead to failure in the projects examined?
R&D and marketing integration in NPD in the pharmaceutical industry
Authors: Rafiq Mohammed , Saxon Tim
Published: July 2002

Reports exploratory research focusing on this neglected area based on semi‐structured interviews with R&D and marketing managers of major international pharmaceutical companies. Major findings include the fact that few of the responding companies integrate marketing and R&D in the formulation of product development strategy which is a considerable source of resentment between the marketing and R&D functions. Also, whilst the move from functional specialisation to cross‐functional therapeutic teams is effective in focusing NPD activity and delivering projects on time, they ignore innovative opportunities that are not directly related to the project. External specialist companies are an increasingly important source of innovation and the ability to manage them effectively is essential for maintaining competitive advantage in the pharmaceutical industry.
Assessing the validity of new product development techniques in Spanish firms
Authors: Manuel Bañegil Palacios Tomás , Miranda González Francisco Javier
Published: July 2002

Recent articles in the business press and academic literature affirm that one of the primary means for achieving competitive advantage through product development is by accelerating the development process. A wide range of advanced technologies and techniques have become available to accelerate the design, engineering and manufacture of new products. However, much attention has been focused on new product development techniques but little empirical research has been conducted to validate these techniques. In this exploratory study, we try to identify those techniques that are more useful to accelerating the product development process. Our findings, based on data from 54 Spanish firms, suggest that some available techniques are not effective in achieving this goal of reducing the time to market. Implications for researchers and managers are discussed.
TQM and business innovation
Authors: Martínez Lorente Angel R. , Dewhurst Frank , Dale Barrie G.
Published: July 2002

Business innovation, that is, the adaptation of management systems to the changing conditions of the environment, is a key factor for organisations if they wish to survive and grow. Total quality management (TQM) has demonstrated its potential to be a successful way for organisations to elimintate costs, improve productivity and gain a competitive edge in the marketplace. However, are TQM and business innovation compatible? The advantages and disadvantages to TQM as a means of developing and facilitating business innovations are discussed in this paper. It is argued that TQM does not hinder business innovation and some of its dimensions can assist an organsation to be more innovative. The compatibility of reengineering, which is a form of business innovation, with TQM is also considered in the paper, along with the effects of TQM on the successful implementation of information technologies.
Career route preferences of design engineers: an empirical research
Authors: Petroni Alberto
Published: July 2002

Based on a preliminary field research of career development systems for technical professionals, combined with a survey of 442 design engineers in the food processing and packaging machinery industries, the aim of this paper is to investigate the correlation between demographic variables, career values, success orientation and career route preferences. The purpose of this study is to add elements of discussion to the long‐lasting debate about the evaluation of alternative modes of career development for technical professionals.
The manufacturing strategy formation process in small and medium‐sized enterprises
Authors: Barnes David
Published: July 2002

Reports findings from an empirical investigation into the process of operations strategy formation in six small manufacturing companies in the UK. A two‐stage methodology was used, with three companies being studied in‐depth and three as supplementary cases. The top‐down strategic planning mode, which dominates the manufacturing strategy literature, was found to be inadequate as a depiction of manufacturing strategy formation in SMEs in practice. Manufacturing strategy formation was shown to be a complex process involving a combination of deliberate and emergent actions and decisions, influenced by organisational culture, politics and powerful individuals. Emergent actions and decisions within manufacturing always played a part in manufacturing strategy formation. Manufacturing strategy formation could be more deliberate if greater use was made of business planning and by the identification of a set of explicit objectives for manufacturing. Manufacturing strategy formation could be less emergent if political behaviour could be reduced. Other factors that seemed to be influential included the interpretative processes of managers, the role of a corporate parent and the level of management education.
Requisite conditions for team empowerment
Authors: Swenson David X.
Published: July 2002

Macro change drivers like global competition, information and technology innovations, and demographic shifts have required organizations to rethink their structures and processes. In particular, the flattening and downsizing of organizations has led to the empowerment of teams in an attempt to increase flexibility, adaptability, customer responsiveness, and productiveness. While transition to teams has been a widely adopted strategy, there are many examples of team failures that eventually undermine empowerment. It is argued in this article that the formation of teams requires the presence of certain external and internal conditions. The external requisites include support and direction, such as congruence with strategy, top management support, clear goals and parameters, and effective selection of employees. The internal requisites include an emphasis on preparation and training of employees through initial team building and ongoing team development, and encouragement of a continual reflective learning cycle. Without the internal processes for team learning, even an initially successful team may defeat itself and become unproductive, thereby discouraging further support for team empowerment initiatives.
The wisdom of being lost
Authors: Stockton William
Published: July 2002

Bill Stockton of Mobius, Inc. in Minneapolis, Minnesota is an OD practitioners dealing with large scale organization change and related issues of strategic importance to the organization. In this article, he takes us on a learning journey, allowing us to understand the importance of being lost before we can truly find our way.
Turning toward growth: part III
Authors: Smith W James
Published: July 2002

The following is the last segment in a number of thoughts by W. James Smith regarding “turning toward growth”. These thoughts are particularly insightful for organizations moving toward revitalization and strength in their markets.
Empowerment, using skills and competence management
Authors: Houtzagers Gijs
Published: July 2002

Nowadays in order to contribute to the competitive strength of the organization empowerment is seen as a useful tool. But the organization must know what it wants to empower. Therefore it must be able to map the desired skills and competence levels for the workforce and to compare these with the actual situation. This article gives an overview of how to set up skills and competence management.