bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methods for Eruption Prediction and Hazard Evaluation at Indonesian Volcanoes
Authors: Iguchi Masato ,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Sakurajima-Yokoyama, Kagoshima 891-1419, Japan, Surono  , Nishimura Takeshi , Hendrasto Muhamad , Rosadi Umar , Ohkura Takahiro , Triastuty Hetty , Basuki Ahmad , Loeqman Agoes , Maryanto Sukir , Ishihara Kazuhiro , Yoshimoto Mitsuhiro , Nakada Setsuya , Hokanishi Natsumi ,   Center for Volcanology and Geological Hazard Mitigation Jl. Diponegoro 57, Bandung 40122, Indonesia,   Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University, Japan,   Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Japan,   Faculty of Science, Brawijaya University, Indonesia,   Graduate School of Science, Hokkaido University, Japan,   Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Japan
Published: April 2016

We report methods, based on geophysical observations and geological surveys, for the prediction of eruptions and the evaluation of the activity of 4 volcanoes in Indonesia. These are Semeru, Guntur, Kelud and Sinabung volcanoes. Minor increases in tilt were detected by borehole tiltmeters prior to eruptions at the Semeru volcano depending on the seismic amplitude of explosion earthquakes. The results show the possibility of prediction of the type and magnitude of eruption and the effectiveness of observation with a high signalto-noise ratio. The establishment of background data is important for evaluating volcanic activity in longterm prediction. Typical distributions of volcanic and local tectonic earthquakes were obtained around the Guntur volcano, where geodetic monitoring by continuous GPS observation is valuable. The cumulative volume of eruptive products is valuable for evaluating the potential for future eruption. The eruptive rate of the Kelud volcano is ca 2×106m3/y (dense rock equivalent), but the volume of the 2007 eruption was only 2×107m3, suggesting a still high potential for eruption. Based on geological surveys and dating, an eruption scenario is proposed for the activity of Mt. Sinabung, where phreatic eruptions occurred in 2010 after a historically long dormancy.
The Influence of Mentawai Tsunami to Public Policy on Tsunami Warning in Indonesia
Authors: Pariatmono  ,   Ministry of Research and Technology (Ristek), Republic of Indonesia, Gedung II BPPT lantai 6, Jalan M. H. Thamrin 8, Jakarta 10340, Indonesia
Published: April 2016

The tsunami on October 25, 2010, in Mentawai is examined in this paper. In particular, since the Indonesia Tsunami Early Warning Systems (InaTEWS) has already been operational, careful examination of its effectiveness are made, followed by suggestions for the development of a public policy, which needs to be adopted by the Government of Indonesia. The investigation started with a detailed explanation of InaTEWS, its components, and its performance indicators. For the Mentawai case, a new management approach concerning the research visa permits was taken, which will be adopted for future events. Several points for improvement are identified, such as developing the warning message contents to include estimate time arrivals and wave height and performing systematic culture components. All the improvements were adopted in the Presidential Instruction to serve as a strong legal basis for a public policy.
Analysis of Disaster Victims’ Decision-Making in the Process of Reconstruction Housing
Authors: Shigekawa Kishie ,   Graduate School of Disaster Research, Fuji Tokoha University, 325 Ohbuchi, Fuji, Shizuoka 417-0081, Japan, Tanaka Satoshi , Takashima Masasuke ,   Social Disaster Research Center, Fuji Tokoha University, 325 Ohbuchi, Fuji, Shizuoka 417-0081, Japan
Published: April 2016

Public support systems for housing reconstruction are an important factor in helping disaster victims put their lives back together, and there are various measures available to them. The affected households use consultation windows at their respective city offices when they would like to learn about available forms of support or to apply for them. However, disaster victims’ recovery process involves not only the public sector entities but also various private sector ones, including construction companies, banks, etc. Unfortunately, the public and private sectors have not shared information, and each does not know what the other offers. Therefore, a centralized support system to help victims by providing proper information on various support systems is desired. This study proposes an effective, centralized consultation system to help disaster victims at each stage of their reconstruction process.
How to Optimize the Urban Recovery After Earthquake Disaster – Preparedness for Recovery from the Next Tokyo Earthquake –
Authors: Nakabayashi Itsuki ,   Graduate School of Political Science and Economics, Meiji University, Kanda surugadai 1-1, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8301, Japan
Published: April 2016

In Japan of recent 16 years, we have experienced three strong earthquake disasters, that are Hanshin-Awaji earthquake (1995) which hit metropolitan area, Niigata-ken Chuetsu earthquake (2004) which hit the aging rural and mountain area, and Eastern Japan Tsunami earthquake(2011) which hit coastal area. We learned from Hanshin-Awaji earthquake the importance of preparedness of urban recovery and reconstruction to optimize the post-disaster recovery and reconstruction from urban earthquake disaster. The author suggested Tokyo Metropolitan Government to prepare the pre-disaster recovery and reconstruction from the next Tokyo Earthquake. We continue to develop and revise the pre-disaster recovery and reconstruction measures and to implement the exercises of the pre-disaster recovery measures of officials and the community-based urban recovery and reconstruction collaborated with residents. Trough these developments of pre-disaster recovery measures and implementation of exercises, the concept of pre-disaster recovery and reconstruction are cleared. It is the important to publish the image and concept of urban reconstruction after disaster before the disaster, which is produced according to damage estimation research. In case of the next Tokyo earthquake, damages of houses are very huge. Approximately 850,000 buildings are collapsed and burned, and 1,600,000 homes are lost. It is important to prepare the reconstruction plan making and reconstruction procedure of projects. And also, it is important to prepare the methodology of individual recovery and reconstruction.
The 2010 Foot-and-Mouth Disease Outbreakin Miyazaki Prefecture
Authors: Akashi Hiroomi ,   Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1 Yayoi, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
Published: April 2016

In April, 2010, Foot-and-mouth disease reoccurred in Miyazaki Prefecture for the first time in 10 years. Compared to the outbreak in 2000 in which no infection among pigs was observed, a total of 292 infected farms were involved in this epidemic, requiring that infected animals – 37,400 cattle, 173,300 pigs, 42 water buffalos, 14 goats, and 8 sheep – be culled and buried. First-time vaccination in Japan was performed to reduce the speed of virus spread. In the end, a total of approximately 87,000 head of vaccinated animals also were slaughtered. The outbreak had continued for 2.5 month, and the ban on animal movements was eased 3 months after the first occurrence.
Bovine Coronavirus Infection: Pathology and Interspecies Transmission
Authors: Kanno Toru ,   Dairy Hygiene Research Division, Hokkaido Research Station, National Institute of Animal Health, 4 Hitsujigaoka, Toyohira, Sapporo, Hokkaido 062-0045, Japan,   United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, 1-1 Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
Published: April 2016

Bovine diarrhea is one of the major diseases that cause major economic damage to farmers. There are many kinds of viral diseases that cause diarrhea in cattle. Among them, bovine coronavirus infection and bovine rotavirus infection are known as diseases that frequently occur throughout the world, and whose incidence and numbers of infected cattle are particularly large. Both viruses cause diarrhea in newborn calves, but bovine coronavirus (BCoV), lead to more economic damage because they also cause a type of diarrhea in adult cattle called winter dysentery (WD) and respiratory disease. However, since it is generally difficult to isolate coronaviruses from cultured cells, and these viruses have huge RNAs of about 30kb, research on coronaviruses, including genomic analysis, have not advanced sufficiently to cope with this problem. Recent reports have suggested that BCoV is able to overcome host range barriers with relative ease and even to transmit to humans. It has thus become necessary to consider their significance as zoonosis, even though much about the ecology of BCoV remains unknown. This paper will outline bovine coronavirus infection and describe BCoV characteristics that have been reported so far.
Survey on the Disaster Preparedness and Business Continuity of Companies in the Great East Japan Earthquake - Improving the Business Value by the Information Sharing and Disclosure of BCPs -
Authors: Hiruma Yoshiki ,   Development Bank of Japan Inc., 1-9-1 Otemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan, Noda Kentaro ,   Japan Economic Research Institute Inc., 2-2-1 Outemachi, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 100-0004, Japan
Published: April 2016

This survey, based on a survey conducted by the Development Bank of Japan (DBJ), examines the effectiveness of existing disaster preparedness and business continuity efforts. In this paper, we want to point out the following points to present approaches for improving business continuity capability. First, it is necessary for businesses to share business continuity planning (BCP) information in-house, to expand this function in the future, and to create a mechanism for sharing information within the supply chain and industry groups. Second, the key is in improving business continuity capability for the three elements of: formulating BCP (soft countermeasures), improving response by sharing strategy and strengthening against earthquakes, and implementing hard countermeasures by developing a backup system. Third, it is important to incorporate elements of BCP into core business undertakings in order to ensure that business continuity efforts go beyond temporary measures alone (sustainable BCP).
Support Systems to Maintain Building Function Continuity in the Event of a Disaster - A Case Study Introducing the Concept of Rate of Awareness of Important Information in the Central Monitoring Room
Authors: Masuda Yukihiro ,   Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibariga-oka, Tempakucho, Toyohashi, 441-8580 Aichi, Japan, Akamatsu Koji
Published: April 2016

In the event of a disaster, it is important to maintain the functions of buildings that will act as a base for operations. Here, we proposed an evaluation method to determine whether maintenance of building functions will be possible in the event of a disaster, and performed a case study on an actual building. Among all the information that is necessary for continued usage of important work space in the event of a disaster, the amount of information that can currently be monitored through central monitoring system is expressed as an index called the rate of awareness.
Inevitability and Choice
Authors: Takiguchi Katsuki ,   Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa 222-0022, Japan
Published: April 2016

Touched off by the Great East Japan Earthquake Disaster, methods of utilizing nuclear power generation are now being discussed in various places in Japan. It is a question of what kind of choice should be made. This paper sets the structure of “power” as a starting point and considers “efficiency” and “risk” and then discusses choice and responsibility.
Effective Flood Control Through Integrated and Collaborative Dam Operation at Three Dams in the Upper Nabari River
Authors: Matsumura Takayoshi ,   Kawakami Dam Construction Office, Japan Water Agency (JWA), 251 Ao, Iga City, Mie 518-0294, Japan, Kamiya Hiroshi , Yoshida Naohiro ,   Musashi Canal Reconstruction Office, Japan Water Agency (JWA), 827 Ooashi, Kounosu-City, Saitama, Japan
Published: April 2016

Heavy rain with Typhoon 18 threatened the Nabari River Basin, Kansai region, with inundation early on the morning of October 8, 2009. The Nabari River is a tributary of the Yodo river basin that contains Osaka and Kyoto and runs through Nabari City, which is a residential zone a commutable distance from Osaka city. In the upper reaches of the Nabari, there are three multipurpose dams – Shorenji Dam, Hinachi Dam, and Murou Dam – that are operated by the Kizugawa Integrated Dam Control and Management Office (KIDCMO), a branch office of the Japan Water Agency (JWA). Since it rained heavily downstream from the three dams, regular operation of the dams complying with given flood control regulations appeared unable to save Nabari City from inundation. The JWA and Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism (MLIT) therefore conducted collaborative operation of the three dams to avoid inundating the city. In this case, flood control operation of the three dams commenced at an early stage before inflow reached defined flood discharge in consideration of the water level of the Nabari River, rainfall conditions, and the capacity of reservoirs. During operation, discharge from dams was changed in a timely manner and appropriately through collaborative operation of the three dams in order to maximize the effectiveness of all flood control capacities of reservoirs based on the latest rainfall forecast technology and runoff analysis. The use of improved rainfall forecast technology and runoff analysis models enabled effective application of flexible operation protocols. It is estimated that this operation has resulted in a 1.5 m decrease in the water level at the Nabari design control point and saved approximately 1,200 households from inundation. Considering recent climate change, it is possible to have extreme rainfall more often. The proof of the adaptability of this flexible operation is quite meaningful not only for flood damage mitigation in the downstream but also for future prospects of flood control by dams.
Approaches for the Restoration of the Environment in Kushiro Wetland Contributing to Flood Risk Control
Authors: Miyafuji Hideyuki ,   Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation and Tourism (MLIT), 2-1-3 Kasumigaseki, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Hirai Yasuyuki , Suzuki Yuichi ,   Civil Engineering Research Institute (CERI), Public Works Research Institute (PWRI), 1-3-1-34 Hiragishi, Toyohira-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan,   Hokkaido Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transportation and Tourism (MLIT), 10-3 Saiwaicho, Kushiro, Hokkaido, Japan
Published: April 2016

The Hokkaido Regional Development Bureau organized the Committee for Conservation of the River Environment in the Kushiro Wetland in 1999. The Committee summarized and released an epoch-making proposal for conservation of the river environment of the Kushiro Wetland in 2001. Governments and other organizations have since conducted measures based on the proposal for restoring and conserving the Kushiro Wetland. In 2011, river restoration in the Kayanuma area, one of the most symbolically important measures, was completed and various monitoring research is being executed. This report discusses specific effects of the project. The Kushiro Wetland has the function of a natural flood control basin and reduces the risk of damage by flooding. Work to restore and conserve the KushiroWetland thus greatly contributes to maintaining the function of flood control. This report also discusses specific contributions to flood control by the Kushiro Wetland.
Study on Vertical Motions by Rocking Responses of Reactor Buildings
Authors: Kikuchi Rikiro ,   Nuclear Asset Management Department, Tokyo Electric Power Company, 1-3 Uchisaiwai-cho, 1-chome, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan, Hijikata Katsuichirou , Koyanagi Takayuki , Mashimo Mitsugu , Tanaka Shinya , Suzuki Atsushi , Mihara Yoshinori ,   Architectural Department, Tokyo Electric Power Services CO., LTD., 3-3-3, Higashiueno 3-Chome, Taito-ku, Tokyo 110-0015, Japan,   Nuclear Power Department, Kajima Corporation, 6-5-11 Akasaka, Minato-ku, Tokyo 107-8348, Japan
Published: April 2016

Earthquake observation records were observed in reactor buildings of Kashiwazaki-Kariwa Nuclear Power Plant Site during the Niigata-ken Chuetsu-oki earthquake in 2007 (NCO). Some studies on the seismic response and simulation analyses were performed to investigate dynamic characteristics of the structures. In particular, it was clarified that the vertical motions of the reactor building of Unit 6 were greater than those of adjacent reactor buildings of Unit 5 and Unit 7. This paper discusses the causes of this by earthquake observation records and simulation analyses of the reactor buildings. In general, seismic response of vertical motions is relatively well-simulated using lumped mass model with stick elements that have vertical stiffness and with the soil spring between the basemat and support ground. However, vertical motions are influenced by rocking motions with horizontal response in some cases. This paper focuses on relationships between the vertical responses and the vertical motions induced by the rocking motions with simulation analyses and observation records during both NCO earthquake and aftershock of NCO. The reasons why the vertical motions of the reactor building of Unit 6 were larger are discussed.
Design Evaluation Method of Steel-Plate Reinforced Concrete Structure Containment Vessel for Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor
Authors: Yamamoto Tomohiko ,   Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA), 4002 Narita, Oarai, Ibaraki 311-1393, Japan, Katoh Atsushi , Chikazawa Yoshitaka , Negishi Kazuo
Published: April 2016

The Japan Sodium-Cooled Fast Reactor (JSFR) adopts the new concept of a containment vessel called a steel-plate-reinforced concrete containment vessel (SCCV). The SCCV is considered to be effective in shortening construction periods by the elimination of rebar work at a site compared with applying a reinforced concrete CV. In addition to this advantage, the SCCV achieves high-quality building structure because steel structural parts are fabricated at a factory prior to site construction. Although the SC structure has been used for buildings at a light-water reactor (LWR), etc., the SC structure has not yet been adopted for the CV. An SFR CV has a lower pressure environment than the LWR CV, although the environmental temperature of the SFR is much higher than that of the LWR in the postulated coolant leakage accident. It is therefore important to investigate its characteristics at high temperature to adopt the SC structure to the JSFR CV because the CV keeps containment functions in accidents to be assumed in design. This paper describes the construction of the design evaluation method from design (construction period shortening) and accident management, experimental, and analytical points of view.
Strong-Motion Records Obtained by an Array Observation System During the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Kamiyama Makoto ,   Department of Environmental Information Engineering, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Yagiyama Kasumicho, Taihaku-ku, Sendai 982-8577, Japan, Matsukawa Tadashi , Anazawa Masahiro
Published: April 2016

Small-Titan, an array system deployed in Sendai City and used for observing strong ground motion succeeded in obtaining strong ground motions at many sites during the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake. Small-Titan installed in 1998 to investigate local site effects on strong ground motions consists of 20 observation sites with different soil conditions and has obtained over 500 records of various kinds of earthquakes since its installation. The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake caused severe damage in Sendai City, including that from a tsunami. One site of the Small-Titan system was also hit by a tsunami. This paper describes the background leading to the success of the records of observation of strong motion by Small-Titan for this earthquake and outlines characteristics of records.
Estimation of S-Wave Velocity Profiles and Site Amplification Around the K-NET Tsukidate Station, Miyagi Prefecture, with Reference to Large PGA During the 2011 off Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, Japan
Authors: Yamanaka Hiroaki ,   Department of Environmental Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 226-8502, Japan, Chimoto Kosuke , Tsuno Seiji , Dhakal Yadab. P. , Amrouche Mohamed , Yamada Nobuyuki , Fukumoto Shun’ichi , Eto Kiminobu ,   Railway Technical Research Institute, 2-8-38 Hikari-cho, Kokubunji-shi, Tokyo 185-8540, Japan,   Fukuoka University of Education, 1-1 Akamabunkyomachi, Munakata City, Fukuoka 811-4192, Japan,   Tokyo Soil Research Co., Ltd., 2-11-16 Higashigaoka, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-0021, Japan
Published: April 2016

In this study we investigated site amplifications in shallow soil around Tsukidate station (MYG004) of KNET in Miyagi prefecture with a seismic intensity of 7 during the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake from aftershock observation and microtremor explorations. We conducted aftershock observations by installing 8 temporary stations. We estimated site amplifications of S-wave from the observed data. We found that the predominant period of amplification at a site near MYG004 was 0.2 seconds. The amplification factor at a site on cut ground with a distance of 20 m from MYG004 was significantly different. Furthermore, the amplifications were also different with changing predominant periods from 0.1 to 0.5 seconds in an area of 1 km from MYG004. Shallow Swave velocity profiles were deduced from microtremor array explorations at the stations. Results indicated that shallow low-velocity layers with a thickness of less than 30 meters are responsible for variation of the amplifications. Predominant periods in calculated 1D amplifications were similar to those observed in the aftershock observations. The observed amplification factor at the site nearMYG004, however, was two times larger than the calculated one, suggesting the inappropriateness of the 1D assumption at the site possibly due to the effects of a cliff near MYG004. We also found from horizontal-vertical ratios of microtremors that the site effects on the cliff were also different at frequency higher than 10 Hz within 30 meters around MYG004. This also suggests lateral variation in the site effects at the high frequency near MYG004.
Strong Motion Records of the 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and its Attenuation Characteristics
Authors: Midorikawa Saburoh ,   Department of Built Environment, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259-G3-3 Nagatsuta, Midori-ku, Yokohama 226-8502, Japan, Miura Hiroyuki , Atsumi Tomohiro
Published: April 2016

Many strong motion records were obtained during the 2011 Off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku earthquake owing to the implementation of dense strong motion observation in Japan. The earthquake provides an opportunity to examine the characteristics of strong ground motion from a gigantic earthquake. Attenuations of peak acceleration and velocity are examined by comparing them to curves from existing attenuation relationships. When the shortest distance from the fault plane of the slip distribution model is used, curves for Mw8.0 to 8.3 give the smallest deviation from data, suggesting the saturation of ground motion intensity at large magnitudes. When the shortest distance from the strong motion generation areas is used, however, the scattering of data becomes smaller and the curve for Mw9.0 fits acceleration data. Results thus change with the definition of distance. This suggests that a consideration of the rupture heterogeneity is important in strong motion prediction for gigantic earthquakes.
Numerical Analysis of Liquefaction in a River Levee on Soft Cohesive Ground
Authors: Uzuoka Ryosuke ,   Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Tokushima, 2-1 Minamijyousanjima-cho, Tokushima 770-8506, Japan, Semba Keita
Published: April 2016

During the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake, liquefaction at the bottom of embankments extensively damaged river levees in the Tohoku and Kanto areas. This study presents preliminary numerical simulation of liquefaction in a river levee on soft cohesive ground along the Eai River during the earthquake. Static analysis reproduced the initial state of stress and moisture in such an embankment before the earthquake. Static analysis showed a decrease in mean effective stress and an increase in water content at the bottom of the embankment due to the settlement of soft cohesive ground. The effect of initial stress and moisture conditions on the seismic responses of the river levee are discussed through dynamic threephase coupled analysis with an initially deformed configuration and moisture distribution. Numerical results showed that stress relaxation in the embankment caused an increase in settlement at the crest of embankment.
Effects of Horizontal Drainage Layer for Seepage Control on Mitigation of Liquefaction of Levee Body
Authors: Takahashi Akihiro ,   Department of Civil Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1-M1-3 Oh-okayama, Meguro, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
Published: April 2016

The 2011 Tohoku Pacific Earthquake of March 11 caused extensive damage due to soil liquefaction, triggering major deformations in and eventual collapse of levees. At the same time, the effectiveness of measures to counter the liquefaction of levee foundations was confirmed in many places. In addition, measures for seepage control, such as cut-offs with steel sheet piles for foundation under-seepage and horizontal drainage layers for seepage through embankments, were effective in mitigating large liquefaction-induced deformation of levees in some places. This paper focuses on the effects of the horizontal drainage layer for seepage control on the mitigation of the liquefaction of levees and reports the results of numerical analysis on a levee that survived the earthquake. Analysis results reveal that effects of the drainage layer on the mitigation of levee deformation were unexpectedly low, while a marked difference was seen at the site. Accepting the limitations of numerical analysis, it can be concluded that (1) the major function of the horizontal drainage layer on liquefaction-induced levee damage was to lower the water table in the levee and (2) drainage did not help much in the dissipation of excess pore water pressure in the levee during an earthquake.
Communicable Diseases After the Disasters: with the Special Reference to the Great East Japan Earthquake
Authors: Iwata Kentaro ,   Division of Infectious Diseases Therapeutics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Hyogo 650-0017, Japan, Ohji Goh , Oka Hideaki , Takayama Yoshihiro , Aoyagi Tetsuji , Gu Yoshiaki , Hatta Masumitsu , Tokuda Koichi , Kaku Mitsuo ,   Department of General Medicine, Kanto Rosai Hospital, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 211-8510, Japan,   Department of Infectious Diseases, Okinawa Chubu Hospital, Uruma, Okinawa 904-2293, Japan,   Department of Infection Control and Laboratory Diagnosis, Tohoku University School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8575, Japan
Published: April 2016

On March 11, 2011, the Great East Japan Earthquake – a massive temblor followed by a gigantic tsunami was associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Among many health problems such as trauma, drowning, and mental illnesses, infectious diseases may place significant burden on survivors of such disasters. Wound infections including tetanus, leptospirosis, legionellosis, rickettsiosis, respiratory infections, and diarrheal illness among other infections had been considered to be associated with earthquake and tsunami. Overall, the impact of infectious diseases after the Great East Japan Earthquake was relatively small, with only sporadic outbreaks observed. The incidence of serious infections such as tetanus, legionellosis, and tsunami lung, was also low, considering the overall impact of the earthquake and tsunamiper se. This review discusses the impact of infectious diseases after the Great East Japan Earthquake, and reviews past disaster-related infections as reference.
Infectious Diseases After Tsunami Aceh (Indonesia) Experience
Authors: Nasronudin  ,   Indonesia-Japan Collaborative Research Center for Emerging and Re-emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Tropical Disease (ITD), Airlangga University, Mulyorejo Surabaya 60115, East Java, Indonesia, Juniastuti  , Oktamia Retno H. , Lusida Maria I. ,   Institute of Tropical Disease (ITD), Airlangga University, Surabaya, Indonesia
Published: April 2016

An earthquake of magnitude 9 on the Richter scale followed by a tsunami devastated large swaths of northern Indonesia within minutes on December 26, 2004. The response to this disaster has been a rapid, national and international co-coordinated effort. Combined teams were multidisciplinary, consisting of health workers such as surgeons, anesthetiststraumatologists, emergency primary care workers, nurses, microbiologists and laboratory technicians, public health physicians, very importantly logisticians, and others. The need for critical clinical care was greatest in the first 1-2 weeks, then it quickly declined. After the initial crisis period, needs quickly changed to reestablishing public health care with an emphasis on Sphere standards such as promoting access to clean water, good sanitation, adequate nutrition and access to health workers for treatment and control of common conditions such as diarrhea, malaria, and respiratory diseases. The introduction of immunization programs for diseases to victims in vulnerable location was also an important public health intervention. No major disease outbreaks occurred following the Aceh tsunami. This was in part because of most of the displaced population settled into many small places/areas with at least rudimentary sanitation. No large camps that would support the rapid spread of disease were built. There were, however, still many diseases with epidemic potential found in tsunami-affected areas. In Aceh, the rate of diarrhea as a disease of immediate concern was 16%. Acute upper respiratory infection and pneumonia as diseases related to over-crowding were found to be 21%, 20% and 3%, respectively. The number of persons with malaria as a disease posing threats in the first month was no greater (4%) than previously, because there was an established-large vector control project. Proper national and international coordination and total health response considering public health, laboratory capacity and medical needs are important lessons to learn for anticipating the possibility of infectious disease outbreaks following the tsunami in Aceh.
The Development of Micromedia Transmitting the Disaster-Related Information Against Torrential Rains and Guerrilla Rains
Authors: Sudo Satomi ,   Global Survey Corporation, 1-20-1 Numakage, Minami-ku, Saitama, Saitama 336-0027, Japan, Urakawa Go , Hayashi Haruo ,   Education Center for Disaster Reduction, University of Hyogo, 1-5-2 Wakinohamakaigandori, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0073, Japan,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute (DPRI), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Published: April 2016

Torrential and guerrilla rains have recently happened frequently and caused damage in Japan. The Japan Meteorological Agency already has an observation system that covers individual administrative boundaries to provide hazard information. It is not possible with this system, however, to determine the risk of such rain coming “right here and now.” The purpose of this research is to develop Micromedia, an information system utilizing GIS and location information that provides all individuals in Japan with realtime disaster information anywhere, anytime using mobile phones (smart phones) and car navigation systems with GPS.
A High-Resolution, Precipitable Water Vapor Monitoring System Using a Dense Network of GNSS Receivers
Authors: Sato Kazutoshi ,   Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere (RISH), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Realini Eugenio , Tsuda Toshitaka , Oigawa Masanori , Iwaki Yuya , Shoji Yoshinori , Seko Hiromu ,   Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan,   Meteorological Research Institute (MRI), Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), 1-1 Nagamine, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0052, Japan
Published: April 2016

This work describes a system aimed at the near realtimemonitoring of precipitable water vapor (PWV) by means of a dense network of Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receivers. These receivers are deployed with a horizontal spacing of 1-2 km around the Uji campus of Kyoto University, Japan. The PWV observed using a standard GPS meteorology technique, i.e., by using all satellites above a low elevation cutoff, is validated against radiosonde and radiometer measurements. The result is a RMS difference of about 2 mm. A more rigorous validation is done by selecting single GPS slant delays as they pass close to the radiosonde or the radiometer measuring directions, and higher accuracy is obtained. This method also makes it possible to preserve short-term fluctuations that are lost in the standard technique due to the averaging of several slant delays. Geostatistical analysis of the PWV observations shows that they are spatially correlated within the area of interest; this confirms that such a dense network can detect inhomogeneous distributions in water vapor. The PWV horizontal resolution is improved by using high-elevation satellites only, with the aim of exploiting at best the future Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), which will continuously provide at least one satellite close to the zenith over Japan.
Radar Echo Population of Air-Mass Thunderstorms and Nowcasting of Thunderstorm-Induced Local Heavy Rainfalls Part II: A Feasibility Study on Nowcasting
Authors: Ishihara Masahito ,   Educational Unit for Adaptation to Extreme Weather Conditions and Resilient Society, Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan
Published: April 2016

Many air-mass thunderstorms were generated in the Tokyo metropolitan area on August 5, 2008, when a severe local rainstorm caused a flash flood in the center of Tokyo. Using three-dimensional radar reflectivity data from the Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), nowcasting was examined concerning the peak time and peak rainfall intensity of thunderstorms. Four qualitative forecastmethods – precipitation cores aloft, time changes in vertically integrated liquid water, time changes in echo-top height, lightning activity – and three quantitative forecast methods using three parameters were adopted in eight thunderstorms related to heavy-rainfall warnings issued by the JMA on August 5, 2008. While there is much worth further examination in the method using precipitation core aloft, the other methods are not in the stage of operational use in order to forecast time and rainfall intensity at the rainfall peak of each thunderstorm.
Application of Electrical Resistivity Imaging for MeasuringWater Content Distribution on Hillslopes
Authors: Yamakawa Yosuke ,   Educational Unit for Adaptation to Extreme Weather Conditions (GCOE-ARS Unit), Center for the Promotion of Interdisciplinary Education and Research (C-PIER), Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Masaoka Naoya , Kosugi Ken’ichirou , Tada Yasuyuki , Mizuyama Takahisa ,   Laboratory of Erosion Control, Department of Forest Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Oiwake-Cho, Kitashiraka, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan,   Laboratory of Hillslope Conservation, Department of Soil and Water Conservation, Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute, 1 Matsunosato, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8687, Japan
Published: April 2016

Electrical resistivity imaging (ERI) as a method for effectively evaluating soil water content distribution on natural hillslopes was validated by combining ERI technique with the invasive measurement of volumetric water content (θ) using a combined penetrometermoisture probe (CPMP) on a hillslope in a head-water catchment underlain by weathered granite porphyry. There was a reasonable correlation (R2= 0.54) between θ and electrical resistivity (ρ). The correlation between (θ and ρ measured on two natural hillslopes in a head-water catchment underlain by weathered granite in our previous studies was also analyzed, and there was some reasonable correlation (R2= 0.33 to 0.53) between θ and ρ within each slope, indicating the potential of ERI for quantitatively evaluating moisture conditions within soil layers of natural hillslopes based on field-scale calibrations with invasive methods. These θ-ρ datasets were roughly consistent with a common fitted functionalmodel (Archie’s equation) (R2= 0.37), indicating the possibility of quantitatively evaluating θ of soil layer on natural hillslopes using ERI without directly measuring θ using any invasive method, although results still showed the importance of combining invasive methods with ERI and obtaining sitespecified θ-ρ correlation models for providing a more accurate spatial distribution of θ within the soil mantle. Inconsistencies between θ and ρ within datasets may be significantly attributable to not only limitations on spatial resolution of ERI technique related to the issue of representative volumes of the technique and inversion analysis to obtain ρ profiles but also the assumption that soil properties and pore-water resistivity of the entire slope are homogeneous. Using a CPMP as invasive method, detecting heterogeneous θ distribution more accurately than ERI technique, together with ERI is one of the most reasonable ways of effectively quantifying soil water content distribution on natural hillslopes.
Reversibility Between “Nature” and “Society” Recognized in Extreme Meteorological Phenomenon: Taking an Example of the Flood Disaster in the Toga River in Kobe City
Authors: Yamori Katsuya ,   Disaster Prevention Research Institute, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji, Kyoto 611-0011, Japan, Ushiyama Motoyuki ,   Disaster Prevention Research Center, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka-Shi, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
Published: April 2016

This paper considers the reversibility between “nature” and “society” recognized in extrememeteorological phenomena, taking an example of the Toga River flood disaster in Kobe City in July 2008. The point is stressed that, in extreme meteorological phenomena, “nature,” representing dangerous space and time, and “society,” representing safe space and time, are easily reversed. For example, in recent years, the number of cases has increased in which citizens experience a sudden rise in a river at recreational facilities with water such as in the case of the Toga River flood disaster. Later, they confessed that they had encountered flood disasters at an unexpected time and place. This suggests that disaster prevention measures to separate “nature,” a rise in a river and flooding, and “society,” the livelihood of citizens in a town, could ironically promote the occurrence of a flood disaster. Previous disaster prevention measures that have attempted to separate “nature” and “society,” spatially by building levees, etc., and also, temporarily by disseminating disaster information, etc., should be reviewed. It is now recommended that new measures be worked out tomake citizens recognize the reversibility of these two elements – “nature” and “society” – and the difficulty of separating these completely. Concretely, this paper discusses the importance of sharing similar flood disaster cases among citizens and the necessity of risk communication of conflicting and dilemmatic situations.
Strong Motion Simulation of the M8.0 August 15, 2007, Pisco Earthquake; Effect of a Multi-Frequency Rupture Process
Authors: Pulido Nelson ,   National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Prevention (NIED), 3-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0006, Japan, Tavera Hernando , Aguilar Zenon , Nakai Shoichi , Yamazaki Fumio ,   Geophysical Institute of Peru (IGP), Calle Badajoz # 169, Mayorazgo IV Etapa, Ate Vitarte, Lima, Peru,   Faculty of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Av. Túpac Amaru N° 1150, Lima 25, Peru,   Department of Urban Environment Systems, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8522, Japan
Published: April 2016

We investigated the broadband frequency (0.05-30 Hz) radiation characteristics of the August 15, 2007, Mw8.0 Pisco, Peru, earthquake by simulating the near-source strong ground motion recordings in Parcona city (PCN) and Lima city (NNA). A source model of this earthquake obtained from long-period teleseismic waveforms and InSar data shows two separate asperities, which is consistent with the observation of two distinct episodes of strong shaking in strong motion recordings. We constructed a source model that reproduces near-source records at low frequency (0.05-0.8 Hz) as well as high frequency (0.8-30 Hz) bands. Our results show that the aforementioned teleseismic source model is appropriate for simulating near-source low frequency ground motion. Our modeling of the PCN record in the broad-frequency band indicates that a very strong high frequency radiation event likely occurred near the hypocenter, which generated a large acceleration peak within the first episode of strong shaking at PCN. Using this “broadband frequency” source model we simulated the strong ground motion at Pisco city and obtained accelerations as large as 700 cm/s2and velocities as high as 90 cm/s, respectively, which may explain the heavy damage occurring in the city.
Estimation of Deep Shear-Wave Velocity Profiles in Lima, Peru, Using Seismometers Arrays
Authors: Calderon Diana ,   Faculty of Civil Engineering, National University of Engineering, Av. Túpac Amaru N°1150, Lima 25, Peru, Aguilar Zenon , Lazares Fernando , Sekiguchi Toru , Nakai Shoichi ,   Department of Urban Environment Systems, Chiba University, 1-33 Yayoi-cho, Inage-ku, Chiba 268-8522, Japan
Published: April 2016

The estimation of the shear-wave velocity profile in Lima, Peru, was originally performed through surface wave observation in microtremor arrays. In the observation of these surface waves, a low signal problem for long periods was identified that resulted in a poorly done correlation between signals recorded by sensors and, consequently, in difficulty obtaining deep velocity profiles with good resolution. As an alternative, surface wave observation from seismic records was proposed. To confirm the feasibility of this methodology, seismometers were installed in an approximately circular configuration on the campus of the National University of Engineering in Lima. The procedures used to carry out analysis are similar to those used when analyzing microtremor arrays, with the exception that only the coda of seismic records is used for analysis. Results show that the dispersion curve obtained from seismometer arrays agree well with dispersion curve obtained from microtremor arrays and are predominant in a large period range. Finally, the estimated profile is verified using the observed H/V spectrum.
An Integrated Simulation of Tsunami Hazard and Human Evacuation in La Punta, Peru
Authors: Mas Erick ,   Laboratory of Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics for Disaster Management, International Research Institute of Disaster Science, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-3, Sendai 980-8579, Japan, Adriano Bruno , Koshimura Shunichi
Published: April 2016

The 2011 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami was a magnitude 9.0 Mw event that destroyed most structural tsunami countermeasures. However, approximately 90% of the estimated population at risk from the tsunami survived due to a rapid evacuation to higher ground or inland. Thus, tsunami evacuation is the most effective measure to reduce casualties. In this paper, we applied a new developed evacuation model integrated with the numerical simulation of tsunami for casualty estimation. This tool is to support decisions in disaster management and disaster prevention education. The model was developed in NetLogo, a multi-agent programming language and modeling environment for simulating complex phenomena. Geographic Information Systems (GIS) datasets are used as spatial input information for road and shelter locations. The TUNAMI model of Tohoku University is used for the integration of tsunami numerical simulation results. In this paper, the study is performed in a tsunami threatened urban area of Callao, Peru, called La Punta. Results show the various contributions of the model to disaster management and scenario analysis. Among the contributions are the casualty estimation in a tsunami risk area and the analysis of the spatial distribution of vertical evacuation shelters.
Experimental Study on Flexural Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Walls
Authors: Sunley Sergio ,   Universidad Centroamericana José Simeón Cañas (UCA), PO 01-168, San Salvador, El Salvador, Centro América, Kusunoki Koichi , Saito Taiki , Zavala Carlos ,   Yokohama National University, 79-5 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa 240-8501, Japan,   Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Toyohashi University of Technology, 1-1 Hibarigaoka, Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 441-8580, Japan,   Faculty of Civil Engineering, CISMID, National University of Engineering (UNI), Av. Tupac Amaru, 1150 Rimac, Lima 25, Peru
Published: April 2016

Design codes prescribe equations for the ultimate state design of RC walls with flange walls as boundary elements. These codes consider part of the length of the flange wall as a width that will effectively resist lateral loads. However, wall damage and the accuracy of the effective width used in the calculations have not been sufficiently discussed. Therefore, a loading test is carried out at Yokohama National University on two 1/3 scale specimens in order to evaluate the strength, damage, energy dissipation, and behavior of RC structural walls in flexure. One specimen without flange walls and one with flange walls are tested. The strength and response of each specimen are described, and the prediction accuracy of the design flexural strengths given by design codes ACI, Eurocode, and AIJ are examined. Experimental strain data are used to describe the behavior of the flange wall in order to understand the mechanism and to confirm the accuracy of the effective width prescribed by the design codes in terms of tension and compression. The result of the experimental study reveals that design prescriptions given by ACI, Eurocode, and AIJ guidelines can conservatively estimate the flexural strength for RC walls without flanges, but they underestimate the flexural strength for flanged walls. This underestimation is due to a lack of knowledge of the mechanism that develops at the flange. It is not possible to determine a specific value for flexural effective width. However, according to the results of calculations, a portion larger than the width proposed by the aforementioned design codes serves to resist the stresses imposed by lateral loads. Therefore, it is confirmed that the flange width is underestimated by the design codes, and it increases with the imposed drift level. The stress distribution at the flange in the out-of-plane direction is found not to be uniform, a fact that is at odds with design assumptions.
2011 Thailand Flood
Authors: Wongsa Sanit ,   Department of Civil Technology Education, Faculty of Industrial Education and Technology, King Mongkut’s University of Technology Thonburi, 126 Pracha Uthit Rd., Bang Mod, Thung Khru, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
Published: April 2016

In 2011, the Thai economy contracted by 9.0 percent, mainly due to severe flooding in Chao Phraya River Basin. Rainfall accumulated from January to October 2011 was approximately 35% higher than in average years. Overall damage from floods amounted to THB 1.44 trillion, making it the world’s fourth costliest disaster. Significant damage included the production chains of the manufacturing sector and logistics systems and reductions in household expenditures, investment, Thailand’s exports, and the number of foreign turists.