bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Conformationally Locked Inositols: From Aromatics to Annulated Cyclitols
Authors: Mehta Goverdhan , Senaiar Ramesh S. , Bera Mrinal K.
Published: May 2003

A new family of ring‐annulated inositols with “locked” conformations has been designed to deliver a range of these biologically important entities in “unnatural conformations” while retaining their “natural configurations”. The simple “tool” of trans ring fusion has been used to “lock” the conformation of the annulated inositols. Short, simple syntheses of a range of these novel cyclitols have been achieved from readily available aromatic precursors such as tetralin and indane. Along the way, annulated C2‐symmetric cyclohexadiene‐trans‐diol (trans‐CHD) derivatives have been prepared for the first time and serve as the pivotal building blocks for generating the oxy‐functionalization pattern of inositols. The presence of chemo‐differentiated hydroxyl groups in our novel inositols is expected to facilitate the installation of phosphate diversity to harness the biological potential of these entities.
ThioformaldehydeS‐Methylide and ThioacetoneS‐Methylide: An Ab Initio MO Study of Structure and Cycloaddition Reactivity
Authors: Sustmann Reiner , Sicking Willi , Huisgen Rolf
Published: May 2003

The mechanisms of cycloaddition of thioformaldehydeS‐methylide and thioacetoneS‐methylide, as models for an alkyl‐substituted ylide, to thioformaldehyde and thioacetone, as well as to ethene as a model for a CC double bond have been studied by ab initio calculations. Restricted and unrestricted B3LYP/6–31G* calculations were performed for the geometries of ground states, transition structures, and intermediates. Although basis sets with more polarization functions were tested, the 6–31G* basis set was applied throughout. Single‐point CASPT2 calculations are reported for analysis of the unsubstituted system. The stabilities of structures with high biradical character seem to be overestimated by DFT methods in comparison to CASPT2. The general trends of the results are independent of the level of theory. Thioformaldehyde adds to thioformaldehydeS‐methylide without activation energy, and the activation energies for two‐step biradical pathways to 1,3‐dithiolane are low.C,Sbiradicals are more stable thanC,Cbiradicals. The two‐step cycloaddition is not competitive with the concerted cycloaddition. Methyl substitution in the 1,3‐dipole and the dipolarophile does not change the mechanistic relationships. TSs for the concerted formation of the regioisomeric cycloadducts of thioacetoneSmethylide and thioacetone were located. Concerted addition remains the preferred reaction. The reactivity of the CS double bond is high relative to that of the CC double bond.
Structure–Nucleophilicity Relationships for Enamines
Authors: Kempf Bernhard , Hampel Nathalie , Ofial Armin R. , Mayr Herbert
Published: May 2003

The kinetics of the reactions of benzhydryl cations with 22 enamines, three pyrroles, and three indoles were investigated photometrically in dichloromethane. The nucleophilicity parameters N and slope parameters s of these electron‐rich π‐systems were derived from equation log k (20 °C)=s(E+N) and compared with the nucleophilicities of other π‐systems (silyl enol ethers, silyl ketene acetals) and carbanions. It is shown that the nucleophilic reactivities of enamines cover more than ten orders of magnitude, comparable to enol ethers on the low reactivity end and to carbanions on the high reactivity end. Since the products of Nattack are thermodynamically less stable than the reactants, the observed rate constants refer to the formation of the carbon carbon bonds. In some cases, equilibrium constants for the formation of iminium ions were measured, which allow one to determine the intrinsic rate constants of these reactions.
Unusual Coupling Reactions of Aldehydes and Alkynes: A Novel Preparation of Substituted Phthalic Acid Derivatives by Automated Synthesis
Authors: Jacobi von Wangelin Axel , Neumann Helfried , Gördes Dirk , Klaus Stefan , Jiao Haijun , Spannenberg Anke , Krüger Thomas , Wendler Christian , Thurow Kerstin , Stoll Norbert , Beller Matthias
Published: May 2003

Based upon a highly versatile multicomponent methodology, a new one‐pot synthesis of substituted phthalic acid derivatives from α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes was developed. The reaction involves the intermediacy of an acetamidodiene species which undergoes Diels–Alder addition to diethyl acetylenedicarboxylate. The resultant acetamidocyclohexadiene is subject to elimination of acetamide under the reaction conditions to give rise to substituted diethyl phthalates in good yields. This domino condensation–cycloaddition–elimination sequence has been applied to a variety of α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes. Furthermore, we demonstrated the exploitation of parallelized and automated synthesis technology for the rapid screening of reaction conditions and compositions. Detailed studies revealed the catalytic role of the employed acetamide and the occurrence of a stereoselective 1,4‐syn elimination pathway under standard conditions.
Direct Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reactions of Malonates and β‐Keto Esters
Authors: Marigo Mauro , Kjærsgaard Anne , Juhl Karsten , Gathergood Nicholas , Jørgensen Karl Anker
Published: May 2003

The first catalytic asymmetric direct Mannich reaction of malonates and β‐keto esters has been developed. Malonates react with an activated N‐tosyl‐α‐imino ester catalyzed by chiral tert‐butyl‐bisoxazoline/Cu(OTf)2 to give the Mannich adducts in high yields and with up to 96 % ee. These reactions create a chiral quaternary carbon center and it is demonstrated that this new direct Mannich reactions provides for example a new synthetic procedure for the formation of optically active β‐carboxylic ester α‐amino acid derivatives. A series of different β‐keto esters with various ester substituents has been screened as substrates for the catalytic asymmetric direct Mannich reaction and it was found that the best results in terms of yield, diastereo‐ and enantioselectivity were obtained when tert‐butyl esters of β‐keto esters were used as the substrate. The reaction of different β‐keto tert‐butyl esters with the N‐tosyl‐α‐imino ester gave the Mannich adducts in high yields, diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to 95 % ee) in the presence of chiral tert‐butyl‐bisoxazoline/Cu(OTf)2 as the catalyst. To expand the synthetic utility of this direct Mannich reaction a diastereoselective decarboxylation reaction was developed for the Mannich adducts leading to a new synthetic approach to attractive optically active β‐keto α‐amino acid derivatives. Based on the stereochemical outcome of the reactions, various approaches of the N‐tosyl‐α‐imino ester to the chiral bisoxazoline/CuII‐substrate intermediate are discussed.
A World Beyond Hydrogen Bonds?—Chalcogen–Chalcogen Interactions Yielding Tubular Structures
Authors: Gleiter Rolf , Werz Daniel B. , Rausch Bernhard J.
Published: May 2003

It is shown that tubular structures arise in the solid state through close chalcogen–chalcogen (X⋅⋅⋅X) contacts. As examples a variety of cyclic systems containing sulfur and selenium centers is presented. Common to all of them are close contacts between the chalcogen centers of neighboring stacks giving rise to a zigzag or ladder‐type arrangement. In the case of cyclic systems of ring size 24–33 the resulting tubes are able to include hydrocarbons as guest molecules. For 2,7‐ditelluraocta‐3,5‐diyne (17) the close contacts between the tellurium centers of the acyclic C2 symmetric building blocks generate a helical arrangement in which n‐hexane was included. The favored X⋅⋅⋅X contacts can be traced back to np(X)–σ*(XC) interactions.
Formation of Two Isomeric closo‐[(η5‐C5H5)FePC2B8H10] Phosphadicarbaborane Analogues of Ferrocene via Isolable η1‐Bonded Complexes of the [7‐{(η5‐C5H5)Fe(CO)2}‐(η1‐nido‐PC2B8H10)] Type
Authors: Štíbr Bohumil , Holub Josef , Bakardjiev Mario , Pavlík Ivan , Tok Oleg L. , Císařová Ivana , Wrackmeyer Bernd , Herberhold Max
Published: May 2003

The reaction of nido‐[7,8,9‐PC2B8H11] (1) with [{CpFe(CO)2}2] (Cp=η5‐C5H5−) in benzene (reflux, 3 days) gave an η1‐bonded complex [7‐Fp‐(η1‐nido‐7,8,9,‐PC2B8H10)] (2; Fp=CpFe(CO)2; yield 38 %). A similar reaction at elevated temperatures (xylene, reflux 24 h) gave the isomeric complex [7‐Fp‐(η1‐nido‐7,9,10‐PC2B8H10)] (3; yield 28 %) together with the fully sandwiched complexes [1‐Cp‐closo‐1,2,4,5‐FePC2B8H10] 4 a (yield 30 %) and [1‐Cp‐closo‐1,2,4,8‐FePC2B8H10] 4 b (yield 5 %). Compounds 2 and 3 are isolable intermediates along the full η5‐complexation pathway of the phosphadicarbaborane cage; their heating (xylene, reflux, 24 h) leads finally to the isolation of compounds 4 a (yields 46 and 52 %, respectively) and 4 b (yields 4 and 5 %, respectively). Moreover, compound 3 is isolated as a side product from the heating of 2 (yield 10 %). The structure of compound 4 a was determined by an Xray structural analysis and the constitution of all compounds is consistent with the results of mass spectrometry and IR spectroscopy. Multinuclear (1H, 11B, 31P, and 13C), two‐dimensional [11B–11B]‐COSY, and 1H{11B(selective)} magnetic resonance measurements led to complete assignments of all resonances and are in excellent agreement with the structures proposed.
A comparison of cognitive and behavioral symptoms between Mexican and American eating disorder patients
Authors: Caballero Alejandro R. , Sunday Suzanne R. , Halmi Katherine A.
Published: May 2003

Objective

Mexican and U.S. patients with anorexia nervosa or bulimia (complete and partial syndromes) were compared on severity and types of preoccupations and rituals related to eating disorders and the motivation to change.

Method

One hundred seventy‐four patients who met DSM‐IV criteria for anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, or ED‐NOS participated. Eighty‐seven subjects entered treatment at the Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría “Ramón de la Fuente” in Mexico City and were matched with 87 patients treated at the New York Presbyterian Hospital. Patients were interviewed with the Yale‐Brown‐Cornell Eating Disorder Scale (YBC‐EDS) (English or Spanish version).

Results

All YBC‐EDS scores were higher for the Mexican group, which also had a greater number of current preoccupations and rituals. U.S. and Mexican patients were quite similar in their endorsement of current preoccupations, but the Mexican group was more likely to have rituals in all checklist categories, and the rituals were more egosyntonic. More U.S. patients had received previous treatment for their eating disorder. A negative correlation was obtained between the amount of previous treatment and motivation to change the preoccupations and rituals (higher scores indicating lower motivation).

Discussion

Cultural factors may influence characteristics of eating disorders. The previous treatment experiences of the U.S. patients seemed to positively influence their motivation for further treatment. © by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 136–141, 2003.
A test of the continuity perspective across bulimic and binge eating pathology
Authors: Fitzgibbon Marian L. , Sánchez‐Johnsen Lisa A.P. , Martinovich Zoran
Published: May 2003

Objective

This article examines the continuity/discontinuity perspective of eating pathology among 375 women seeking treatment.

Methods

Participants were categorized into five separate groups: obese nonbingers, subthreshold binge eating disorder (BED), BED, subthreshold bulimics, and bulimics. We tested whether differences in core eating pathology (drive for thinness, body dissatisfaction, current body image, body image ideal) and psychiatric symptoms (depression, interoceptive awareness) differentiated the groups quantitatively (supporting the continuity perspective) or qualitatively (supporting the discontinuity perspective).

Results

Our results, overall, supported the continuity perspective of eating pathology. A discriminant function analysis using the eating pathology and psychiatric symptom variables as predictor variables found that one primary factor differentiated the five groups on both core eating pathology and psychiatric variables.

Discussion

The implications of testing this model within a treatment‐seeking sample are discussed. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 83–97, 2003.
Anger and core beliefs in the eating disorders
Authors: Waller Glenn , Babbs Michelle , Milligan Rhonda , Meyer Caroline , Ohanian Vartouhi , Leung Newman
Published: May 2003

Objective

The link between emotion and eating pathology has long been established, but relatively little is known about the role of anger, partly because the existing literature has tended to concentrate on anger as a unitary construct. Nor is there any understanding of the cognitive factors that drive this affect in the eating disorders. This study had two aims: to determine levels of different facets of anger across eating disorder diagnoses and behaviors; and to investigate whether facets of anger are related to the individual's negative core beliefs.

Method

The sample consisted of 140 women who met DSM‐IV criteria for eating disorders, and 50 female control participants (university undergraduates). The women completed self‐report questionnaires of anger levels and unhealthy core beliefs, and the presence of bulimic behaviors was recorded at assessment.

Results

The eating‐disordered women had higher levels of state anger and anger suppression, particularly if the diagnosis included bulimic symptoms. Different aspects of anger were associated with specific bulimic behaviors. Unhealthy core beliefs were associated with higher levels of trait anger in both groups but with anger suppression in the clinical women only.

Discussion

Suggestions are made regarding ways in which state anger and anger suppression might be understood and treated in women with eating disorders. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 118–124, 2003.
The effects of restraint, gender, and body mass index on the accuracy of self‐reported weight
Authors: Shapiro Jennifer R. , Anderson Drew A.
Published: May 2003

Objective

Previous research has shown that women, restrained eaters, and overweight/obese individuals have a tendency to underreport their weight. This study investigated gender, dietary restraint, and BMI to determine which is the best predictor of errors in self‐reported weight.

Method

A total of 241 college students completed questionnaires pertaining to height and weight and then were weighed in the laboratory.

Results

Although overall students were fairly accurate in reporting their weight, restraint status was the best predictor of weight underestimation.

Discussion

These results suggest that restrained eaters, regardless of gender or BMI, have a tendency to underestimate their weight. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 177–180, 2003.
Adverse effects of social pressure to be thin on young women: An experimental investigation of the effects of “fat talk”
Authors: Stice Eric , Maxfield Jennifer , Wells Tony
Published: May 2003

Objective

Experiments have found that pressure to be thin from the media promotes body dissatisfaction and negative affect, but the effects of social pressure to be thin have not been examined experimentally. Thus, this study tested whether social pressure to be thin fosters body dissatisfaction and negative affect.

Method

Young women (N = 120) were randomly assigned to a condition wherein an ultra‐thin confederate complained about how fat she felt and voiced intentions to lose weight or a control condition wherein she discussed a neutral topic.

Results

Exposure to social pressure to be thin resulted in increased body dissatisfaction but not negative affect. The effects were not moderated by initial thin‐ideal internalization, body dissatisfaction, or social support.

Discussion

Results support the assertion that peer pressure to be thin promotes body dissatisfaction but suggest that this factor may not contribute to negative affect. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 108–117, 2003.
Sociotropy and bulimic symptoms in clinical and nonclinical samples
Authors: Hayaki Jumi , Friedman Michael A. , Whisman Mark A. , Delinsky Sherrie S. , Brownell Kelly D.
Published: May 2003

Objective

The purpose of this study is to examine the relation between sociotropy and bulimic symptoms. Studies of interpersonal functioning among individuals with bulimia nervosa consistently reveal issues of social dependency, need for approval, and fear of rejection. These themes are conceptually related to sociotropy, a cognitive‐personality factor that has been implicated in the development and maintenance of depression. Individuals high in sociotropy are keenly invested in attaining others' approval and avoiding social rejection.

Methods

The relationship between sociotropy and bulimic symptoms was examined in two samples of women: undergraduate women and community women seeking treatment at a private eating disorder facility.

Results

In both samples, sociotropy was significantly associated with bulimic symptoms beyond the shared relation with depressed mood.

Discussion

Findings are discussed in terms of the maintenance and treatment of bulimia nervosa. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 172–176, 2003.
The relationship among binge severity, personality psychopathology, and body mass index
Authors: Picot Angela K. , Lilenfeld Lisa R.R.
Published: May 2003

Objective

To determine the relationship among binge severity, personality psychopathology, and body mass index (BMI) among individuals with binge eating disorder (BED).

Method

Participants were 50 individuals from the community who responded to advertisements for a medication treatment study of compulsive overeating and met BED criteria. Participants completed the Eating Disorder Examination and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV Personality Disorders.

Results

Binge eating severity was significantly and positively correlated with BMI and personality disorder symptomatology. The frequency of binge eating episodes, but not binge size, was associated with greater levels of personality psychopathology. BMI and personality psychopathology were unrelated. Twelve percent of the participants met full criteria for avoidant personality disorder (APD) and 10% met full criteria for obsessive‐compulsive personality disorder (OCPD).

Discussion

Findings suggest that eating pathology, rather than weight, is related to personality psychopathology. APD and OCPD traits may be of particular relevance when considering treatment interventions for individuals with BED. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 98–107, 2003.
Body size estimation: Testing a new mirror‐based assessment method
Authors: Farrell Clare , Shafran Roz , Fairburn Christopher G.
Published: May 2003

Objective

The aim of the current study was to compare a new ecologically valid method of body size estimation with an existing, commonly used method.

Method

The new method uses a “mirror‐sized” image and measures perception rather than memory of body size. Fifty‐five healthy women participated in the study.

Results

Body size estimations with the new method were significantly larger than with the existing method (p < .001). This difference was specific to body size and was not seen for estimation of neutral images.

Discussion

The results of the study show that different body size estimations are made with the new more ecologically valid method compared with the existing method. This finding has important implications for research into the factors influencing the perception of body size. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 162–171, 2003.
The bitter truth: Sensitivity to saccharin's bitterness predicts overactivity in highly arousable female dieters
Authors: Craig Melynda L. , Hollis Karen L. , Dess Nancy K.
Published: May 2003

Objective

The interaction between taste sensitivity and emotionality in rats provides a provocative view of hyperactivity. Rats that have been bred selectively for their reactivity to saccharin exhibit characteristic emotionality. When placed on restrictive diets, these rats exhibit excessive activity levels, relative to rats that are not sensitive to saccharin. Because humans who are highly arousable (i.e., reactive to environmental stimuli) also exhibit an increase in sensitivity to saccharin's bitterness, the current study evaluated whether women who are highly arousable, currently dieting, and sensitive to saccharin's bitterness engage in excessive exercise.

Method

Participants completed a questionnaire packet, which assessed emotionality, eating patterns, and exercise patterns. On another occasion, they completed a body contour drawings handout, and their weight and height were measured. They also rated saccharin's bitterness and sweetness following a stressful event.

Results and Discussion

As hypothesized, sensitivity to saccharin's bitterness predicted overactivity in highly arousable female dieters, which reveals the multidimensionality of activity anorexia. © 2003 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Eat Disord 34: 71–82, 2003.
Construction of high‐dimensional neural networks by linear connections of matrices
Authors: Kobayashi Masaki , Muramatsu Jun , Yamazaki Haruaki
Published: May 2003

High‐dimensional neural networks, such as complex neural networks and three‐dimensional neural networks, have been proposed. They are capable of learning high‐dimensional motions, which cannot be done by real‐valued neural networks. In this paper, high‐dimensional neurons are defined as vectors, and certain high‐dimensional neural networks, such as complex neural networks, quaternary neural networks, and three‐dimensional exterior neural networks, are unified in terms of a vector representation. It is shown that all of these types have the common feature of alternating matrices. The inverse quaternion neural network has the ability to learn rotations. In addition, it is shown that the proposed model cannot represent all rotations in neural networks that are higher than three‐dimensional, and that the inverse quaternary neural network has a partial ability to learn rotations. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 38–45, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10072
The FDTD(2, 4) method for highly accurate acoustic analysis in three‐dimensional space
Authors: Sendo Yuuki , Kudo Hironori , Kashiwa Tatsuya , Ohtani Tadao
Published: May 2003

Recently, simulation has become important in the field of acoustics. As an acoustic simulation method, the FDTD (Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain) method has been proposed. However, when this method is applied to a large‐scale propagation analysis such as indoor acoustic propagation, the phase error cannot be neglected and causes a problem in the analysis. Therefore, a highly accurate method of analysis that can reduce the phase error is strongly desired. In the present paper, a three‐dimensional FDTD(2, 4) method with second‐ and fourth‐order accuracy in time and space is formulated as a highly accurate method of analysis. Also, the numerical dispersion and stability condition, which are important for understanding the characteristics of the method, are derived. It is demonstrated that the present method provides much greater accuracy than the FDTD method. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 30–37, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10076
High‐speed finite element computation in 3D acoustical analysis of vocal tract
Authors: Sasaki Koji , Miki Nobuhiro , Matsuzaki Hiroki , Miyanaga Yoshikazu
Published: May 2003

This paper discusses computational techniques and the way to provide the boundary conditions in order to derive the transfer function of the vocal tract by a three‐dimensional finite element analysis of vocal tract acoustic analysis in a short time. With regard to computational techniques, a solution of the simultaneous equations by successive use of iterative solution, taking the solution at a certain frequency as the initial value, and the use of the finite difference method in part of the analysis domain, are discussed. With regard to the method of providing the boundary condition, the boundary condition at the lip radiating section is discussed. By combining the techniques proposed in this paper, the derivation of the vocal tract transfer function can be accelerated by a factor of as much as 14. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 21–29, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10091
Extracting relational constraints among objects with haptic vision in support of automatic construction of a virtual space simulator
Authors: Yamaoka Masaru , Yamasaki Kayoko , Tanaka Hiromi T.
Published: May 2003

The virtual reality technique has been widely applied to various problems, as a human interface technique emphasizing vision. Recently, practical use of tactile/force feedback device realizing the haptic (tactile) interface has been considered, recognizing the importance of tactile sensation. Consequently, the authors have proposed a “touch and see” haptic vision/active vision‐tactile idea, aiming at the automatic construction of a virtual space simulator faithful to the real world from the observed image, by using the haptic interface [6–8]. Aiming at the automatic construction of the virtual object manipulation simulator faithful to the real world based on haptic vision, this paper proposes a method of automatic extraction of the 2D constraints among objects on the horizontal plane. A method is also proposed to describe the mutual constraints among objects in the 3D space, based on the hierarchical structure of the extracted 2D mutual constraints. It is verified from the results of experiments using the haptic vision system that the horizontal support relation among rigid objects is extracted faithfully to the real world. It is also verified that the system is useful in realizing virtual object manipulations which are faithful to the real world, by using extracted mutual constraint among objects as an input to a virtual space simulator with a haptic interface. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 75–85, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.10130
Notes on a construction of error correcting codes
Authors: Hada Toru , Kasahara Masao
Published: May 2003

This paper proposes a new construction method for error correcting codes and its decoding method. The code proposed in this paper (code KI) maps the symbol of error correcting codes over a certain finite field onto another class of error correcting codes. In this sense, the code can be interpreted as a generalization of the conventional error correcting codes. The proposed codes have the following features. (1) The codes are fundamentally suitable for unequal error protection (UEP) codes. (2) Maximum likelihood decoding can be used efficiently in part. (3) There exists a coding parameter enabling improvement of performance in comparison to the conventional codes in the region of small SN ratios. In this paper, the principle of the proposed codes, encoding method, decoding method, and performance are discussed. Further, it is shown that the proposed codes provide a chance to discuss the problems of efficiency enhancement, synchronization characteristics, and unequal error correcting characteristics from a new point of view. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn Pt 3, 86(11): 65–74, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecjc.1155
Conditions for regional public–private partnerships for sustainable development — Swedish perspectives
Authors: von Malmborg Fredrik
Published: May 2003

Based on a study of public–private collaboration in partnerships for integrated environmental management and business development in two Swedish regions, this paper aims to elucidate the conditions for collaboration on sustainability issues amongst different local and regional actors. From interviews with local and regional public administration officers and with CEOs of several SMEs, it was found that public–private collaboration related to sustainable development does exist and takes place in many different ways. In common, however, local or regional authorities initiate them all, indicating an asymmetric interest in public–private partnerships. In relation to the interest asymmetry, which could also be seen as an expression of asymmetric power–dependence relations between SMEs and public authorities, with SMEs as the stronger part, a limited knowledge among SMEs about their role in larger contexts and different understandings of sustainable development among the regional actors, the major obstacle for public–private collaboration seems to be the limited confidence in local and regional authorities among SMEs. In all, there seems to be a need for further discussion in the regions and local communities on views of and potential ways towards sustainable development, which also includes the articulation of the roles of different actors. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
Can policy learning really improve implementation? Evidence from Irish responses to the Water Framework Directive
Authors: Flynn Brendan , Kröger Laura
Published: May 2003

This paper examines whether policy learning can improve implementation. Our question is whether such policy learning can plausibly be encouraged from the ‘top down’ and what constraints such a strategy might face. We examine how the relatively weak Irish environmental policy regime has coped with features of the recent Water Framework Directive (2000), that encouraged policy learning. We find these have already produced some policy learning, through greater formal and informal local and national networking. However, signs of policy learning through participation appear weak and too early to discern. Moreover, policy learning through participation appears limited due to the pattern of interest group power. Finally, we see little evidence of change in values, beliefs and preferences, which are confirmed here as slow to change. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. and ERP Environment
On‐column polymer‐imbedded graphite inlet electrode for capillary electrophoresis coupled on‐line with flow injection analysis in a poly(dimethylsiloxane) interface
Authors: Samskog Jenny , Bergström Sara K. , Jönsson Mats , Klett Oliver , Wetterhall Magnus , Markides Karin E.
Published: May 2003

A method for coupling an electrophoretic driven separation to a liquid flow, using conventional fused‐silica capillaries and a soft polymeric interface is presented. A novel design of the electrode providing high voltage to the electrophoretic separation was also developed. The electrode consisted of a conductive polyimide/graphite imbedded coating immobilized onto the capillary electrophoresis (CE) column inlet. This integrated electrode gave the same separation performance as a commonly used platinum electrode. The on‐column electrode also showed good electrochemical stability in chronoamperometric experiments. In addition, with this electrode design, the electrode position relative to the inlet end of the CE column will always be constant and well defined. The on‐line flow injection analysis (FIA)‐CE system was used with electrospray ionization (ESI)‐time of flight (TOF)‐mass spectrometry detection. The preparation of the PDMS (poly(dimethylsiloxane)) interface for FIA‐CE is described in detail and used for initial tests of the on‐column polymer‐imbedded graphite inlet electrode. In this interface, a pressure‐driven liquid flow, a make up CE electrolyte and a CE column inlet meet in a two‐level cross (95 μm ID) in the PDMS structure, enabling independent flow characterization.
Cycling gradient capillary electrophoresis: A low‐cost tool for high‐throughput analysis of genetic variations
Authors: Minarik Marek , Minarikova Lucie , Bjørheim Jens , Ekstrøm Per Olaf
Published: May 2003

In the present work, we introduce a new type of DNA variation detection. This method represents a transfer of melting gel technique onto multicapillary electrophoresis DNA sequencing instrument with further improvements to achieve maximum sample throughput while maintaining a high performance. The main improvement comes from application of cycling (revolving) temporal temperature gradient in place of a single‐sweep gradient, commonly used in similar gel‐based techniques. This improvement enables utilization of multiple‐injection technique, in which multiple samples are injected into the same capillary (or sets of capillaries) separated by predefined time intervals of partial electrophoresis. The periodic oscillation of the temperature results in identical separation conditions of all samples injected in such series. Using this novel approach, we demonstrate a dramatic increase in separation throughput by turning a standard commercial 96‐capillary array instrument into a semicontinuous flow mutation detection system capable to screen over 15 000 samples in 24 h of operation on a single 96‐capillary commercial instrument. This represents a 10‐fold increase in sample throughput over the current comparable technology.
Investigation of the mechanism of pH‐mediated stacking of anions for the analysis of physiological samples by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Arnett Stacy D. , Lunte Craig E.
Published: May 2003

Capillary electrophoresis has been widely used for the analysis of physiological samples such as plasma and microdialysate. However, sample destacking can occur during the analysis of these high‐ionic strength samples, resulting in poor separation efficiency and reduced sensitivity. A technique termed pH‐mediated stacking of anions (base stacking) has previously been developed to analyze microdialysate samples and achieve on‐line preconcentration of analytes by following sample injection with an injection of sodium hydroxide. In this work, the mechanism of base stacking was investigated. Peak efficiency was shown to be a function of background electrolyte and sample ionic strength. Analytes representing several classes of compounds with a wide range of mobilities were used to study the effects of multiple parameters on sample stacking. The length of hydroxide injection required for stacking was shown to be dependent on analyte mobility and the type of amine background electrolyte used. Combinations of electrokinetic and hydrodynamic injections of sample and hydroxide were examined and it was concluded that although stacking could be achieved with several injection modes, electrokinetic injection of both sample and hydroxide was most effective for sample stacking. The mechanism of pH‐mediated stacking for each of these modes is presented.
A simple, rapid, and sensitive method for analysis of SYPRO Red labeled sodium dodecyl sulfate‐protein complexes by capillary electrophoresis with laser‐induced fluorescence
Authors: Chiu Tai‐Chia , Lin Yang‐Wei , Huang Chih‐Ching , Chrambach Andreas , Chang Huan‐Tsung
Published: May 2003

We describe a segmental filling method for the analysis of SYPRO Red labeled sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS)‐proteins (SRSPs) by capillary electrophoresis‐laser induced fluorescence (CE‐LIF) with electroosmotic counterflow of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). It is shown that SDS and salt play a crucial role in determining the fluorescence intensity of the SRSP. Although the fluorimetric measurements reveal that the SRSPs fluoresce strongly in Tris‐borate (TB) buffer containing 0.1% SDS and high concentrations of NaCl (100 mM), these conditions are not appropriate to CE in view of Joule heating. To overcome that impediment, we applied a plug of 0.1% SDS (1/5 to 1/3 of the injection volume) prior to injection of samples (0.64 μL) prepared in TB buffer containing 50 mM NaCl and SYPRO Red. When using a background electrolyte of 0.6% PEO in TB buffer containing NaCl, electroosmotic counterflow of the analytes allows one to concentrate large sample volumes (up to 1/3 of effective capillary length) in 21 min, with detection of 0.35 and 0.10 nM for bovine serum albumin and casein, respectively. With a linear dynamic range from 10 nM to 5 μM, this method provides the capability of determining the concentration of casein in cow's milk as 0.45 ± 0.03 mM (n = 5).
Chiral analysis of amphetamine‐type stimulants using reversed‐polarity capillary electrophoresis/positive ion electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Iwata Yuko T. , Kanamori Tatsuyuki , Ohmae Yoshihito , Tsujikawa Kenji , Inoue Hiroyuki , Kishi Tohru
Published: May 2003

Reversed‐polarity (RP) capillary electrophoresis/positive ion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (CE‐ESI+ MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) were utilized for simultaneous chiral separation of nine amphetamine‐type stimulants (ATS) (dl‐norephedrine, dl‐norpseudoephedrine, dl‐ephedrine, dl‐pseudoephedrine, dl‐amphetamine, dl‐methamphetamine, dl‐methylenedioxyamphetamine, dl‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine, and dl‐methylenedioxyethylamphetamine). Using highly sulfated γ‐cyclodextrin (SU(XIII)‐γ‐CD) as a chiral selector, the nine ATS were completely separated within 50 min. The migrated ATS‐CD complex was dissociated at the ESI interface, and only ATS molecules went into the MS detector so that all 18 individual enantiomers were identified by their mass spectra. The detection limit of MS/MS was 10 times more sensitive than those for single MS. Seized d‐methamphetamine hydrochloride samples dissolved at high concentration (20 mg/mL) were analyzed. Impurities originating in the precursor such as l‐ephedrine and d‐pseudoephedrine were detected and identified by tandem mass spectra.
Application of extended distinct element method with lattice model to collapse analysis of RC bridges
Authors: Sun Limin , Zhou Cen , Qin Dong , Fan Lichu
Published: May 2003

This paper proposes a simple lattice model for collapse analysis of RC bridges subjected to earthquakes by using the extended distinct element method (EDEM). In the model, a concrete element consists of lumped masses connected to one another by springs, and a reinforcement bar is represented by a discrete model or an integrated model. The proposed lattice model is simple but its parameters are reasonably defined. It has fewer element nodes and connecting springs, which will be of benefit by shortening the CPU time. The processes to determine the initial stiffness of concrete and steel springs, the parameters of the constitutive model and the fracture criteria for springs are described. A re‐contact spring model is also proposed to simulate the re‐contact of the concrete after fracture of springs; and a general grid searching method is used to decrease the CPU time for judging re‐contact after fracture. The lattice model is assessed by numerical simulations and experiments. As an application, a damaged single‐column pier subjected to the Kobe Earthquake in 1995 is analysed by EDEM with the proposed model. The simulation results indicate that the proposed model predicts well qualitatively the collapse process of RC bridges. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic response predictions of multi‐span steel bridges through pushover analysis
Authors: Zheng Yi , Usami Tsutomu , Ge Hanbin
Published: May 2003

In the new trend of seismic design methodology, the static pushover analysis is recommended for simple or regular structures whilst the time‐history analysis is recommended for complex structures. To this end, the applicable range of the pushover analysis has to be clarified. This study aims at investigating the applicability of pushover analysis to multi‐span continuous bridge systems with thin‐walled steel piers. The focus is concentrated on the response demand predictions in longitudinal or transverse directions. The pushover analysis procedure for such structures is firstly summarized and then parametric studies are carried out on bridges with different types of superstructure‐pier bearing connections. The considered parameters, such as piers' stiffness distribution and pier–0.5ptdeck stiffness ratio, are varied to cover both regular and irregular structures. Finally, the relation of the applicability of pushover analysis to different structural formats is demonstrated and a criterion based on the higher modal contribution is proposed to quantitatively specify the applicable range. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of yielding metallic and friction dampers for optimal seismic performance
Authors: Moreschi L. M. , Singh M. P.
Published: May 2003

This paper deals with the optimal design of yielding metallic dampers and friction dampers together as they both have similar design characteristics and parameters. Ample tests and analytical studies have confirmed the effectiveness of these energy dissipation devices for seismic response control and protection of building structures. Since these devices are strongly non‐linear with several parameters controlling their behaviour, their current design procedures are usually cumbersome and not optimal. In this paper, a methodology is presented to determine the optimal design parameters for the devices installed at different locations in a building for a desired performance objective. For a yielding metallic damper, the design parameters of interest are the device yield level, device stiffness, and brace stiffness. For a friction device, the parameters are the slip load level and brace stiffness. Since the devices and the structures installed with these devices behave in a highly non‐linearly manner, and thus must be evaluated by a step‐by‐step time history approach, the genetic algorithm is used to obtain the globally optimal solution. This optimal search approach allows an unusual flexibility in the choice of performance objectives. For demonstration purposes, several sets of numerical examples of optimal damper designs with different performance objectives are presented. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of 3′‐1,2,4‐triazolo‐ and 3′‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoliminothymidines
Authors: Al‐Soud Yaseen A. , Al‐Masoudi Najim A.
Published: May 2003

New 5′‐acetyl‐3′‐1,3,4‐thiadiazoliminothymidines 11, 14 were prepared, via spontaneous rearrangments, by cycloaddition of 5′‐acetyl‐3′‐deoxy‐3′‐isothiocyanatothymidine 9 with 1‐aza‐2‐azoniaallene hexachloantimonates. Similary, 3′‐cyano analogue 19 was reacted with the same cumulenes to furnish 3′‐1,2,4‐triazolo‐thymidines 22, 24, and 26. Deblocking of the acylated products afforded the free nucleosides. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:298–303, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10146
Cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to substituted vinylphosphonates
Authors: Ye Yong , Xu Guo‐Yan , Zheng Yu , Liu Lun‐Zu
Published: May 2003

Cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to substituted vinylphosphonates was performed. A series of 4,5‐dihydroisoxazoles containing phosphonyl group were synthesized under very mild condition in excellent regiospecificity. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:309–311, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10149
Convenient synthesis of optically active α‐hydroxyphosphinic acids
Authors: Cai Juexiao , Zhou Zhenghong , Zhao Guofeng , Tang Chuchi
Published: May 2003

The reaction of O‐menthyl phenylphosphonite 1 with aromatic aldehydes in the presence of Me3SiCl provided the O‐menthyl α‐hydroxyphosphinates 2. Acidic hydrolysis of 2 gave the corresponding α‐hydroxyphosphinic acids 3. The (+)‐enantiomer of 3a and 3b, adduct of benzaldehyde and 4‐methylbenzaldehyde respectively, were obtained via multiple recrystallization. The absolute configuration of (+)‐3a was determined as S by X‐ray crystallography. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:312–315, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10150
Reactivity of a 1,3,2‐diazaphosphinine toward propargyl‐phosphine derivatives and activated alkenes
Authors: Maigrot Nicole , Melaimi Mohand , Ricard Louis , Le Floch Pascal
Published: May 2003

2,5‐Diphenylphosphole and diphenylphosphino derivatives 2, 3 of 1‐phenylpropargyl were prepared by reacting the corresponding diphenylphosphinolithium and 2,5‐diphospholyl lithium salts with (3‐bromo‐prop‐1‐ynyl)‐benzene in THF at low temperature. Sulfurization of these propargyl derivatives was then carried out with elemental sulfur in toluene at 90°C to yield the corresponding phosphole 8 and phosphino 9 derivatives. Reaction of 3,5‐di‐tert‐butyl‐1,3,2‐diazaphosphinine 1 with the free phosphole derivative led to a mixture of diazaphosphinines 4 and 5 that were converted to the corresponding phosphinines 6 and 7 upon treatment with trimethylsilylacetylene in excess. Reaction of 1 with 1‐phenylpropargyl derivatives of diphenylphosphine 8 and phosphole 9 afforded 7,8‐dihydro‐1‐phospha‐2,6‐diazabarrelenes 10 and 11 having an exocyclic double bond. Formation of these compounds results from a (1,3)‐shift of a hydrogen atom from the methylene carbon atom to the bridge of the barrelene moiety. Depending on the nature of the phosphine group, the sulfur atom can also be displaced to the P atom of the barrelene moiety. The X‐ray structure of the phosphole derivative 10 was recorded. Three 6,7‐dihydro‐1‐phospha‐2,6‐diazabarrelenes bearing two (16) or one ester (17a,b), or one cyano group (18a,b) on the bridge were also synthesized through the reaction of 1 with ethyl acrylate, dimethyl fumarate, and acrylonitrile. The X‐ray structure of the cyano derivative 18a is also presented. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:326–333, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10152
Reactivity of pyridazin‐3(2H) thiones
Authors: Kandile N. G. , Zaky H. T. , Mohamed M. I. , Hamad Elgazwy Abdel‐Sattar S.
Published: May 2003

4,6‐Disubstituted pyridazin‐3(2H) thiones 3a–f were prepared by thiation of 4,6‐disubstituted pyridazin‐3(2H)‐one 1a–f either with thiourea or phosphorus pentasulphide. The reactivity of 3a‐f towards nucleophilic and electrophilic species under different conditions was studied successively. The structure of the products was confirmed by NMR and mass spectral data. Mechanisms for their formation are also proposed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:334–341, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10157
3‐Methylthio‐pyrano[4,3‐c]pyrazol‐4(2H)‐ones from 3‐(bis‐methylthio)methylene‐2H‐pyran‐2,4‐diones and hydrazines
Authors: Li Yu‐Xin , Wang You‐Ming , Yang Xiao‐Ping , Wang Su‐Hua , Li Zheng‐Ming
Published: May 2003

A useful synthesis of 3‐methylthio‐6‐methyl‐pyrano[4,3‐c]pyrazol‐4(2H)‐ones via 3‐(bis‐methylthio)methylene‐5,6‐dihydro‐6‐alkyl(aryl)‐2H‐pyran‐2,4‐dione with hydrazine as well as methyl and phenyl hydrazines is described and the mechanism of the formation is discussed. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:342–344, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10158
Facile synthesis of 2‐alkylthio‐5‐phenylmethylene‐4H‐imidazol‐4‐ones
Authors: Sun Yong , Ding Ming‐Wu
Published: May 2003

2‐Alkylthio‐5‐phenylmethylidene‐4H‐imidazol‐4‐ones 4 were synthesized by S‐alkylation of 2‐thioxo‐3‐alkyl(aryl)‐4‐imidazolidinones 3, which were obtained via cyclization of isothiocyanates 2 with aliphatic(aromatic) primary amines. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:348–351, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10160
Synthesis of N‐aryl S‐alkylthiocarbamates
Authors: Koketsu Mamoru , Kobayashi Chikashi , Ishihara Hideharu
Published: May 2003

Several N‐aryl S‐alkylthiocarbamates were synthesized by reactions of isocyanates with LiAlHSH and then with alkyl halides. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 14:374–378, 2003; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/hc.10163