bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A unique octameric structure of Axe2, an intracellular acetyl-xylooligosaccharide esterase fromGeobacillus stearothermophilus
Authors: Lansky Shifra , Alalouf Onit , Solomon Hodaya Vered , Alhassid Anat , Govada Lata , Chayen Naomi E. , Belrhali Hassan , Shoham Yuval , Shoham Gil
Published: January 2014

Geobacillus stearothermophilusT6 is a thermophilic, Gram-positive soil bacterium that possesses an extensive and highly regulated hemicellulolytic system, allowing the bacterium to efficiently degrade high-molecular-weight polysaccharides such as xylan, arabinan and galactan. As part of the xylan-degradation system, the bacterium uses a number of side-chain-cleaving enzymes, one of which is Axe2, a 219-amino-acid intracellular serine acetylxylan esterase that removes acetyl side groups from xylooligosaccharides. Bioinformatic analyses suggest that Axe2 belongs to the lipase GDSL family and represents a new family of carbohydrate esterases. In the current study, the detailed three-dimensional structure of Axe2 is reported, as determined by X-ray crystallography. The structure of the selenomethionine derivative Axe2-Se was initially determined by single-wavelength anomalous diffraction techniques at 1.70 Å resolution and was used for the structure determination of wild-type Axe2 (Axe2-WT) and the catalytic mutant Axe2-S15A at 1.85 and 1.90 Å resolution, respectively. These structures demonstrate that the three-dimensional structure of the Axe2 monomer generally corresponds to the SGNH hydrolase fold, consisting of five central parallel β-sheets flanked by two layers of helices (eight α-helices and five 310-helices). The catalytic triad residues, Ser15, His194 and Asp191, are lined up along a substrate channel situated on the concave surface of the monomer. Interestingly, the Axe2 monomers are assembled as a `doughnut-shaped' homo-octamer, presenting a unique quaternary structure built of two staggered tetrameric rings. The eight active sites are organized in four closely situated pairs, which face the relatively wide internal cavity. The biological relevance of this octameric structure is supported by independent results obtained from gel-filtration, TEM and SAXS experiments. These data and their comparison to the structural data of related hydrolases are used for a more general discussion focusing on the structure–function relationships of enzymes of this category.
A tetranuclear organotin compound consisting of a core of three fused Sn2O2rings
Authors: Wang Hui , Liu Wen-Mo , Zhang Jun , Wu Jie-Ying , Tian Yu-Peng
Published: January 2014

The crystal structure of the tetranuclear organotin compound 1,1,3,3,5,5,7,7-octabutyl-7-((E)-2-cyano-3-{9-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]-9H-carbazol-3-yl}prop-2-enoyloxy)-4,8-dimethyl-2,4,6,8-tetroxa-1,3,5,7-tetrastannatricyclo[4.2.0.02,5]oct-3-yl (E)-2-cyano-3-{9-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]-9H-carbazol-3-yl}prop-2-enoate, [Sn4(C4H9)8(C21H19N2O4)2(CH3O)2(μ3-O)2], consists of a core of three fused Sn2O2rings. The central ring consists of two Sn atoms each coordinated by twon-butyl chains, two μ3-bridging O atoms and one μ2-bridging methanolate O atom. The peripheral Sn2O2rings consist of one of the central ring Sn atoms, and an Sn coordinated by one μ3-bridging O atom, one μ2-bridging methanolate O atom, twon-butyl chains and the carboxylate O atom of a (E)-2-cyano-3-{9-[2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethyl]-9H-carbazol-3-yl}prop-2-enoate ligand (L). Despite an apparent centrosymmetric nature, the complex does not crystallize about an inversion centre. The structure packs with π–π interactions between carbazole moieties on adjacent molecules.
A Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PR reductively dechlorinates both 1,1,1‐trichloroethane and chloroform
Authors: Ding Chang , Zhao Siyan , He Jianzhong
Published: January 2014

1,1,1‐Trichloroethane (TCA) and chloroform are two notorious groundwater pollutants. Here we report the isolation and characterization of Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PR that rapidly dechlorinates both compounds. In pyruvate‐amended medium, strain PR reductively dechlorinates ∼ 1.0 mM TCA completely to monochloroethane within 15 days. Under the same conditions, strain PR dechlorinates ∼ 1.2 mM chloroform to predominantly dichloromethane (∼ 1.14 mM) and trace amount of monochloromethane (∼ 0.06 mM) within 10 days. Strain PR shares 96.7% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with its closest relative – Desulfitobacterium metallireducens strain 853‐15; however, it distinguishes itself from known Desulfitobacterium strains by its inability of utilizing several of their commonly shared substrates such as lactate, thiosulfate and sulfite. A reductive dehalogenase gene (ctrA) in strain PR was identified to be responsible for dechlorination of both TCA and chloroform, showing a maximum expression level of 5.95 ∼ 6.25 copies of transcripts cell‐1. CtrA shares 94% amino acid sequence identity with CfrA in Dehalobacter sp. strain CF50 and DcrA in Dehalobacter sp. strain DCA. Interestingly, strain PR could tolerate high aqueous concentrations (up to 0.45 mM) of trichloroethene, another groundwater pollutant that often coexists with TCA/chloroform. As the first chloroform‐respiring and the second TCA‐respiring isolate that has been identified, Desulfitobacterium sp. strain PR may prove useful in remediation of halogenated alkanes with trihalomethyl (‐CX3) groups.
Microscale sulfur cycling in the phototrophic pink berry consortia of the Sippewissett Salt Marsh
Authors: Wilbanks Elizabeth G. , Jaekel Ulrike , Salman Verena , Humphrey Parris T. , Eisen Jonathan A. , Facciotti Marc T. , Buckley Daniel H. , Zinder Stephen H. , Druschel Gregory K. , Fike David A. , Orphan Victoria J.
Published: January 2014

Microbial metabolism is the engine that drives global biogeochemical cycles, yet many key transformations are carried out by microbial consortia over short spatiotemporal scales that elude detection by traditional analytical approaches. We investigate syntrophic sulfur cycling in the ‘pink berry’ consortia of the Sippewissett Salt Marsh through an integrative study at the microbial scale. The pink berries are macroscopic, photosynthetic microbial aggregates composed primarily of two closely associated species: sulfide‐oxidizing purple sulfur bacteria (PB‐PSB1) and sulfate‐reducing bacteria (PB‐SRB1). Using metagenomic sequencing and 34S‐enriched sulfate stable isotope probing coupled with nanoSIMS, we demonstrate interspecies transfer of reduced sulfur metabolites from PB‐SRB1 to PB‐PSB1. The pink berries catalyse net sulfide oxidation and maintain internal sulfide concentrations of 0–500 μm. Sulfide within the berries, captured on silver wires and analysed using secondary ion mass spectrometer, increased in abundance towards the berry interior, while δ34S‐sulfide decreased from 6‰ to −31‰ from the exterior to interior of the berry. These values correspond to sulfate–sulfide isotopic fractionations (15–53‰) consistent with either sulfate reduction or a mixture of reductive and oxidative metabolisms. Together this combined metagenomic and high‐resolution isotopic analysis demonstrates active sulfur cycling at the microscale within well‐structured macroscopic consortia consisting of sulfide‐oxidizing anoxygenic phototrophs and sulfate‐reducing bacteria.
Genetics and regulation of bacterial alginate production
Authors: Hay Iain D. , Wang Yajie , Moradali Mohammed F. , Rehman Zahid U. , Rehm Bernd H. A.
Published: January 2014

A vast range of extracellular polysaccharides are produced by bacteria in order to adapt to and thrive in diverse environmental niches. Many of these polymers have attracted great attention due to their implication in biofilm formation, capsule formation, virulence, or for their potential medical and industrial uses. One important exopolysaccharide, alginate, is produced by various Pseudomonas spp. and Azotobacter vinelandii. Alginate is of particular interest due to its role in the pathogenesis of Pseudomonas aeruginosa lung infection in cystic fibrosis patients. Here, we will discuss the genetic organization and distribution of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of this significant polymer. The complex regulatory networks involved in the production of bacterial alginate will be reviewed, including transcriptional, posttranscriptional and posttranslational forms of regulation.
Australia and resources in the Asian century
Authors: Garnaut Ross
Published: January 2014

The Australian Government's White Paper ‘Australia in the Asian Century’ is the first large‐scale official look in the twenty‐first century at economic change in Asia and how it affects Australian opportunities and challenges. This paper comments on the analysis embodied in and the objectives defined by the White Paper, especially as it relates to Australian resources. This paper generally endorses the aspirations of the White Paper and notes that their achievement is going to require efforts and changes beyond those that are currently contemplated. It comments briefly on six things: the development context of twenty‐first century Asian growth; growth and structural change in Asia and Australia's terms of trade; macroeconomic management of a resource‐intensive Australian economy; restoring productivity growth; excellence in education; and linking Australia to Asian opportunity.
Visual Sociology in the Classroom: Using Imagery to Teach the Politics of Globalization
Authors: Earnest David C. , Fish Jennifer N.
Published: January 2014

How do students ‘see’ globalization? How do they understand visual representations of its political, social and ethical dimensions? This article discusses the use of visual materials as a tool for teaching globalization theory. Images convey specific values and beliefs, frame understandings of global problems, provide access to distant locales and offer a form of resistance. Such media allow students to consider how images may reproduce inherently politicized articulation, and to gain a better understanding of models of and concepts related to globalization. The article discusses a specific exercise, learning outcomes and pedagogical barriers to students' understanding of visual representation of space and place. It provides both specific images related to globalization and student analyses which illustrate how visual analyses may facilitate integration, synthesis and retention of otherwise abstract theories and concepts.
High levels of uric acid in systemic lupus erythematosus is associated with pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Kim Ki‐Jo , Baek In‐Woon , Park Yune‐Jung , Yoon Chong‐Hyeon , Kim Wan‐Uk , Cho Chul‐Soo
Published: January 2014

Aim

To estimate the point prevalence of pulmonary hypertension (PH) and determine the associated factors for PH in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE).

Methods

A prospective cross‐sectional study of 114 patients with SLE was conducted in a single tertiary center. Transthoracic echocardiography was performed to estimate the pulmonary arterial pressures. PH was defined as resting systolic pulmonary artery pressure (sPAP) ≥ 40 mmHg, in the absence of left heart disease.

Results

PH was identified in nine patients (7.9%) who had few cardiopulmonary symptoms. SLE patients with PH had higher SLE disease activity index score. In particular, serum uric acid (UA) was significantly higher in patients with PH than in those without PH. In multivariate analysis, UA remained significant for the presence of PH. Moreover, serum UA level correlated significantly with plasma NT‐pro‐B‐type natriuretic peptide level as well as sPAP. At the cutoff level of 6.5 mg/dL, serum UA had reasonable accuracy for predicting the presence of PH in SLE patients (sensitivity 66.7% and specificity 96.2%).

Conclusion

A significant number of SLE patients in rheumatology practice have undiagnosed PH with few discernible symptoms. Serum UA level may be useful as a surrogate marker for screening of PH in patients with SLE.
Mucosal Correlates of Protection in HIV‐1‐Exposed Sero‐negative Persons
Authors: Shen Ruizhong , Smith Phillip D.
Published: January 2014

Resistance to HIV‐1 infection in HIV‐1‐exposed sero‐negative (HESN) persons offers a promising opportunity to identify mechanisms of ‘natural’ protection. Unique features of the mucosa in particular may contribute to this protection. Here, we highlight several key issues pertaining to the mucosal correlates of protection in HESN persons, including humoral immune responses, mechanisms of mucosal HIV‐1 neutralization, immune cell activation, and role of the microbiota in mucosal responses. We also discuss mucosal model systems that can be used to investigate the mechanisms of resistance in HESN subjects. A clear understanding of the mucosal correlates of protection against HIV‐1 in HESN persons will provide critical new insights for the development of effective vaccine and microbicide strategies for the prevention of HIV‐1 transmission.
Ultrasonographic fetal soft markers in a low‐risk population: prevalence, association with trisomies and invasive tests
Authors: Åhman Annika , Axelsson Ove , Maras Gordan , Rubertsson Christine , Sarkadi Anna , Lindgren Peter
Published: January 2014

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of soft markers identified at second trimester ultrasound in a low‐risk population and the association of these markers with trisomies and invasive testing.

Design

Prospective observational study.

Setting

Swedish University Hospital.

Population

All women with fetuses examined by ultrasound at 15+0–22+0 weeks gestation between July 2008 and March 2011.

Methods

Cases with soft markers were compared with non‐cases with regard to trisomies and invasive testing.

Main outcome measures

Prevalence of soft markers, likelihood ratio for trisomies and risk ratio for invasive tests after detection of soft markers.

Results

Second trimester ultrasound was performed on 10 710 fetuses. Markers were detected in 5.9% of fetuses. 5.1% were isolated, 0.7% were multiple and 0.1% were combined with an anomaly. Presence of markers showed a positive likelihood ratio for Down syndrome, but the association (likelihood ratio = 7.1) was only statistically significant for the combined category of any marker (isolated, multiple or combined with anomaly). The risk ratio for invasive testing after the second trimester ultrasound was 24.0 in pregnancies with isolated soft markers compared with those without markers.

Conclusion

In a low‐risk population, soft markers were found in 5.9% of fetuses at second trimester ultrasound. The likelihood ratio for Down syndrome was significant only for any marker (isolated, multiple or combined with anomaly). The presence of soft markers increased the incidence of invasive procedures substantially. Soft markers should be noted when information on second trimester ultrasound is formulated, and all units performing fetal ultrasound examinations should have established routines concerning information management when soft markers are identified.
Visual acuity thresholds associated with activity limitations in the elderly. The Pathologies Oculaires Liées à l'Age study
Authors: Daien Vincent , Peres Karine , Villain Max , Colvez Alain , Carriere Isabelle , Delcourt Cécile
Published: January 2014

Purpose

Activity limitations, which induce loss of autonomy in the elderly, are a major public health problem. We investigated the associations between objectively determined visual impairments and activity limitations and assessed the visual acuity thresholds associated with these restrictions.

Methods

The study sample consisted of 1887 people aged 63 years and over from a population‐based cohort. Moderate to severe visual impairment was defined as presenting visual acuity lower than 20/70, according to the World Health Organization (WHO) definition. In addition, we studied mild visual impairment, defined as visual acuity [20/70–20/40]. Multivariate logistic regressions were used to estimate the associations between vision and instrumental activities of daily living (IADL) limitations. Using receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) curves, we identified visual acuity thresholds that maximized the Youden index ([sensitivity + specificity]−1) for predicting IADL limitations.

Results

After adjustment for potential confounders, moderate to severe visual impairment and mild visual impairment were strongly associated with IADL limitations (odds ratio [OR] = 3.49; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.93, 6.32 and OR = 1.77; 95% CI = 1.07, 2.91, respectively). Visual acuity was a strong predictor of IADL limitations, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.72 (95% CI = 0.68, 0.76). The best discrimination between subjects with or without IADL limitations (global, physical and cognitive) was obtained for visual acuities around 20/40–20/50.

Conclusion

This study confirms major increased risk for IADL limitations in subjects with moderate to severe visual impairment. In addition, it suggests that milder visual impairments (in particular below 20/40) may also be related to an increased risk for IADL limitations and should be considered for early medical intervention, before the decline of the subject autonomy.
Neonatal stroke: a review of the current evidence on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapeutic options
Authors: van der Aa NE , Benders MJNL , Groenendaal F , de Vries LS
Published: January 2014

Neonatal stroke, including perinatal arterial ischaemic stroke and cerebral sinovenous thrombosis, remains a serious problem in the neonate. This article reviews the current evidence on epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics and therapeutic options.

Conclusion

Although our understanding of the underlying mechanisms and possible risk factors has improved, little progress has been made towards therapeutic options. Considering the high incidence of neurological sequelae, the need for therapeutic options is high and should be the focus of future research.
Review article: linaclotide for the management of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation
Authors: Layer P. , Stanghellini V.
Published: January 2014

Background

Irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS‐C) represents a significant burden to patients and healthcare systems due to its prevalence and lack of successful symptomatic resolution with established treatment options. Linaclotide 290 μg has recently been approved by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) for moderate‐to‐severe IBS‐C and by the US Food and Drug Administration for IBS‐C (290 μg dose) and for chronic constipation (145 μg dose).

Aim

To summarise data leading to the approval of linaclotide for IBS‐C, with focus on EMA‐pre‐specified outcome measures.

Methods

Literature search of a peer‐review database (PubMed) and review of congress abstracts on linaclotide preclinical and clinical trial data in IBS‐C.

Results

Preclinical studies suggest that the guanylate cyclase C agonist (GCCA) linaclotide acts through elevation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) levels, leading to accelerated gastrointestinal (GI) transit through increased fluid secretion and reduced visceral hypersensitivity. Clinical trial data demonstrate that linaclotide improves abdominal symptoms (pain, bloating) and bowel symptoms (constipation) compared with placebo in patients with IBS‐C. The most frequent side effect, diarrhoea, results from the therapeutic action of linaclotide. Linaclotide acts locally in the GI tract with minimal systemic exposure, resulting in low oral bioavailability and thus a low risk of relevant systemic adverse effects.

Conclusion

Linaclotide, a first‐in‐class GCCA, is a promising new drug with a novel, dual mechanism of action that, unlike more well‐established agents, can relieve the abdominal pain, bloating and constipation associated with IBS‐C and has a low propensity for systemic side effects.
Cortical thickness differences between bipolar depression and major depressive disorder
Authors: Lan Martin J , Chhetry Binod Thapa , Oquendo Maria A , Sublette M Elizabeth , Sullivan Gregory , Mann J John , Parsey Ramin V
Published: January 2014

Objectives

Bipolar disorder (BD) is a psychiatric disorder with high morbidity and mortality that cannot be distinguished from major depressive disorder (MDD) until the first manic episode. A biomarker able to differentiate BD and MDD could help clinicians avoid risks of treating BD with antidepressants without mood stabilizers.

Methods

Cortical thickness differences were assessed using magnetic resonance imaging in BD depressed patients (n = 18), MDD depressed patients (n = 56), and healthy volunteers (HVs) (n = 54). A general linear model identified clusters of cortical thickness difference between diagnostic groups.

Results

Compared to the HV group, the BD group had decreased cortical thickness in six regions, after controlling for age and sex, located within the frontal and parietal lobes, and the posterior cingulate cortex. Mean cortical thickness changes in clusters ranged from 7.6 to 9.6% (cluster‐wise p‐values from 1.0 e‐4 to 0.037). When compared to MDD, three clusters of lower cortical thickness in BD were identified that overlapped with clusters that differentiated the BD and HV groups. Mean cortical thickness changes in the clusters ranged from 7.5 to 8.2% (cluster‐wise p‐values from 1.0 e‐4 to 0.023). The difference in cortical thickness was more pronounced when the subgroup of subjects with bipolar I disorder (BD‐I) was compared to the MDD group.

Conclusions

Cortical thickness patterns were distinct between BD and MDD. These results are a step toward developing an imaging test to differentiate the two disorders.
Metformin induces PGC‐1α expression and selectively affects hepatic PGC‐1α functions
Authors: Aatsinki Sanna‐Mari , Buler Marcin , Salomäki Henriikka , Koulu Markku , Pavek Petr , Hakkola Jukka
Published: January 2014

Background and Purpose

The objective of this study was to determine how the AMPK activating antidiabetic drug metformin affects the major activator of hepatic gluconeogenesis, PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC‐1α) and liver functions regulated by PGC‐1α.

Experimental Approach

Mouse and human primary hepatocytes and mice in vivo were treated with metformin. Adenoviral overexpression, siRNA and reporter gene constructs were used for mechanistic studies.

Key Results

Metformin increased PGC‐1α mRNA and protein expression in mouse primary hepatocytes. 5‐Aminoimidazole‐4‐carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) (another AMPK activator) had the opposite effect. Metformin also increased PGC‐1α in human primary hepatocytes; this effect of metformin was abolished by AMPK inhibitor compound C and sirtuin 1 siRNA. AMPK overexpression by AMPK‐Ad also increased PGC‐1α. Whereas metformin increased PGC‐1α, it down‐regulated gluconeogenic genes phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK) and glucose‐6‐phosphatase (G6Pase). Furthermore, metformin attenuated the increase in PEPCK and G6Pase mRNAs induced by PGC‐1α overexpression, but did not affect PGC‐1α‐mediated induction of mitochondrial genes. Metformin down‐regulated several key transcription factors that mediate the effect of PGC‐1α on gluconeogenic genes including Krüppel‐like factor 15, forkhead box protein O1 and hepatocyte NF 4α, whereas it increased nuclear respiratory factor 1, which is involved in PGC‐1α‐mediated regulation of mitochondrial proteins.

Conclusions and Implications

Down‐regulation of PGC‐1α is not necessary for suppression of gluconeogenic genes by metformin. Importantly, metformin selectively affects hepatic PGC‐1α‐mediated gene regulation and prevents activation of gluconeogenesis, but does not influence its regulation of mitochondrial genes. These results identify selective modulation of hepatic PGC‐1α functions as a novel mechanism involved in the therapeutic action of metformin.
Butterfly Community Composition Across a Successional Gradient in a Human‐disturbed Afro‐tropical Rain Forest
Authors: Nyafwono Margaret , Valtonen Anu , Nyeko Philip , Roininen Heikki
Published: January 2014

Knowledge of the recovery of insect communities after forest disturbance in tropical Africa is very limited. Here, fruit‐feeding butterflies in a tropical rain forest at Kibale National Park, Uganda, were used as a model system to uncover how, and how fast, insect communities recover after forest disturbance. We trapped butterflies monthly along a successional gradient for one year. Traps were placed in intact primary forest compartments, heavily logged forest compartments with and without arboricide treatment approximately 43 years ago, and in conifer‐clearcut compartments, ranging from 9 to 19 years of age. The species richness, total abundance, diversity, dominance, and similarity of the community composition of butterflies in the eight compartments were compared with uni‐ and multivariate statistics. A total of 16,728 individuals representing 88 species were trapped during the study. Butterfly species richness, abundance, and diversity did not show an increasing trend along the successional gradient but species richness and abundance peaked at intermediate stages. There was monthly variation in species richness, abundance, diversity and composition. Butterfly community structure differed significantly among the eight successional stages and only a marginal directional change along the successional gradient emerged. The greatest number of indicator species and intact forest interior specialists were found in one of the primary forests. Our results show that forest disturbance has a long‐term impact on the recovery of butterfly species composition, emphasizing the value of intact primary forests for butterfly conservation.
Phyllosphere Bacteria Improve Animal Contribution to Plant Nutrition
Authors: Gonçalves Ana Z. , Hoffmann Fernando L. , Mercier Helenice , Mazzafera Paulo , Romero Gustavo Q.
Published: January 2014

Many plant species have evolved special adaptations for acquiring nitrogen in nutrient‐poor soils. In Brazilian savannas, the bromeliad Bromelia balansae (Bromeliaceae) is inhabited by mutualistic spiders (Psecas chapoda, Salticidae), which provide nutrients to the plant through their debris (feces, prey carcasses). In this study, we tested if bacteria present on the B. balansae phyllosphere improves plant nutrition and growth by mineralizing complex organic N compounds from spider debris that accumulate on the phyllosphere into simple compounds that may be absorbed easily by leaves. We conducted a greenhouse experiment by manipulating bacteria abundance on the bromeliad phyllosphere using antibiotics. Using isotopic mixed model equations, we demonstrated that debris from spiders contributed 10.7 ± 1.9 percent (mean ± standard error) of the N in bromeliads that had their bacterial abundance reduced. In contrast, spider feces contributed 27.1 ± 4.4 percent of bromeliad N in the presence of the entire bacterial assemblage. These bromeliads accumulated 57 percent more soluble protein and grew 13 percent more than bromeliads that were grown under reduced bacterial density. These results highlight the importance of mineralizing bacteria on phyllosphere as a mechanism of N uptake by bromeliads.
Associations between perceived needs for dental treatment, oral health‐related quality of life and oral diseases in school‐aged Thai children
Authors: Krisdapong Sudaduang , Prasertsom Piyada , Rattanarangsima Khanit , Sheiham Aubrey
Published: January 2014

Objectives

To assess perceived needs for dental treatment (PNDT), oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) and oral diseases in a Thai school‐aged national representative sample. In addition, relationships between PNDT and various aspects of OHRQoL, different levels of oral diseases as well as sociodemographic characteristics were assessed.

Methods

Study sample was a subsample of Sixth Thailand National Oral Health Survey. Data were collected on 1063 12‐year‐olds and 811 15‐year‐olds through oral examinations, interviews on PNDT and OHRQoL, using Child‐Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (Child‐OIDP) or Oral Impacts on Daily Performances (OIDP) indices and questionnaires containing questions on sociodemographic information.

Results

Prevalence rates of PNDT were 60.4% in 12‐year‐olds and 67.6% in 15‐year‐olds. PNDT were highly associated with OHRQoL with significant odds ratios that increased incrementally by the intensity of oral impacts. Oral impacts on eating, emotional stability and smiling and those attributed specifically to dental caries, periodontal diseases, malocclusion and tooth discolouration were associated with PNDT. The chances of having PNDT increased by number of untreated decayed teeth. Periodontal disease was associated with PNDT only when occurring to a great extent. Boys and children in some regional rural areas were less likely than girls and those living in Bangkok to have PNDT.

Conclusions

Perceived needs for dental treatment were common and highly associated with levels of oral impacts, specifically impacts on eating, emotional stability and smiling performances. PNDT were also related to number of untreated decayed teeth, a great extent of periodontal disease, sex and geographical region.
Tooth brushing frequency and use of fluoride lozenges in children from 1.5 to 5 years of age: a longitudinal study
Authors: Wigen Tove I. , Wang Nina J.
Published: January 2014

Objectives

The purpose of the analyses was to study development, stability and changes in oral health behaviour – tooth brushing frequency, use of fluoride lozenges and fluoridated toothpaste in children from 1.5 to 5 years of age – and to study associations between oral health behaviour and family characteristics.

Methods

This study was based on data from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study conducted by the Norwegian Institute of Public Health and data from the Public Dental Services. A total of 771 children were followed from 1.5 to 5 years of age. Questionnaires regarding oral health behaviour in children were completed by the parents three times during preschool age.

Results

More than half of the children (52%) had their teeth brushed twice daily at 1.5 years of age, increasing to 61% at 3 years and 76% at 5 years of age. At 1.5 years of age, 37% of the children used fluoride lozenges daily, increasing to 74% at 3 years and 75% at 5 years of age. The majority of the children who had started brushing twice daily and used fluoride lozenges daily at 1.5 years of age continued these behaviours until the age of 5 years. At 1.5 years of age, children who brushed twice daily were more likely to use fluoride lozenges daily than children who brushed less frequently (P = 0.03). Multiple logistic regression showed that the probability of a child having its teeth brushed twice daily continuously during preschool age was higher when both parents were of western origin [odds ratios (OR) 4.0, confidence intervals (CI) 1.3–11.9] than when one or both parents were of non‐western origin. Children with one older sibling brushed more frequently (OR 1.4, CI 1.0–1.9) and used fluoride lozenges more often (OR 1.6, CI 1.1–2.2) during preschool age than children without older siblings.

Conclusions

Oral health behaviour established in early life was stable during preschool age. The results indicate that tooth brushing frequency and use of fluoride lozenges were not in accordance with the present recommendations based on the scientific literature. The teeth of Norwegian preschoolers were brushed less frequently than recommended, and more children than recommended were using fluoride lozenges.
Metabolic aspects of different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome: Iranian PCOS Prevalence Study
Authors: Hosseinpanah Farhad , Barzin Maryam , Keihani Sorena , Ramezani Tehrani Fahimeh , Azizi Fereidoun
Published: January 2014

Objective

To compare insulin resistance (IR) and metabolic characteristics of different phenotypes of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and healthy controls in a representative sample of reproductive‐aged Iranian women.

Design

Cross‐sectional community‐based study.

Patients

Of 915 participants, 136 met Rotterdam criteria for PCOS and were divided in four subgroups: ovulatory dysfunction with polycystic ovaries (Anovu + PCO), hyperandrogenism with PCO (HA + PCO), hyperandrogenism with ovulatory dysfunction (HA + Anovu) and full Rotterdam (HA + Anovu + PCO). Also 423 subjects served as normal controls, and the rest of participants were analysed as isolated HA, Anovu or PCO subgroups.

Measurements

Anthropometric measures, biochemical parameters and IR were compared between different groups. IR was defined using the homeostatic model assessment‐IR (HOMA‐IR).

Results

Overall prevalence of IR in PCOS and normal women were 26·5% and 23·9%, respectively (P = 0·03). After age and BMI adjustment, there was no difference regarding metabolic characteristics between different PCOS phenotypes. Also metabolic characteristics, fasting insulin and HOMA‐IR were comparable in PCOS subjects with hyperandrogenism and the nonhyperandrogenic phenotype (Anovu + PCO). In regression analysis, only overweight and obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2) had an independent association with IR (OR: 2·49, CI: 1·06–5·82, P = 0·03).

Conclusions

In a representative sample of an Iranian PCOS population, there is no significant difference between different PCOS phenotypes or between PCOS women and normal subjects regarding their metabolic characteristics. These findings suggest that overall metabolic screening may not always be required for all women diagnosed with PCOS. Larger‐scale population‐based studies are needed to further assess these issues.
Differential associations of testosterone, dihydrotestosterone and oestradiol with physical, metabolic and health‐related factors in community‐dwelling men aged 17–97 years from the Busselton Health Survey
Authors: Yeap Bu B. , Knuiman Matthew W. , Divitini Mark L. , Handelsman David J. , Beilby John P. , Beilin Jonathan , McQuillan Brendan , Hung Joseph
Published: January 2014

Objectives

Lower testosterone (T) levels are associated with poorer health outcomes in older men, but associations in younger or middle‐aged men are uncertain, and data for dihydrotestosterone (DHT) and oestradiol (E2) are limited. We assessed the associations of circulating T, DHT and E2 with physical and health‐related factors in a cohort comprising men aged 17–97 years.

Participants and methods

Serum from 2143 community‐dwelling men from the 1994/95 Busselton Health Survey was assayed for T, DHT and E2 using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Men receiving hormonal therapy or reporting the use of testosterone, or with prostate cancer or orchidectomy were excluded.

Results

Of the men, 43% had never smoked, 6·1% had diabetes and 16·8% cardiovascular disease (CVD). Mean (±SD) age was 50·3 ± 17·0 years. Total T was moderately correlated with DHT (r = 0·56), E2 (r = 0·35) and sex hormone‐binding globulin (r = 0·53). In age‐, smoking‐, body mass index (BMI)‐ and sex hormone‐binding globulin (SHBG)‐adjusted analyses, T was inversely associated with metabolic syndrome score, while DHT and E2 were not associated. In multivariable models, higher total T was associated with lower age, BMI and C‐reactive protein, and with higher creatinine and haemoglobin, independently of SHBG. Higher DHT was associated with lower age, BMI and glucose level, and higher creatinine and haemoglobin. E2 was positively associated with age, BMI and haemoglobin.

Conclusions

In men spanning younger, middle and older ages, circulating androgens are more related to age and metabolic factors than CVD or chronic disease. Further investigation is required to clarify whether androgens and oestrogens have contrasting roles as risk predictors for CVD.
Dose‐sparing and safety‐enhancing effects of an IGF‐I‐based dosing regimen in short children treated with growth hormone in a 2‐year randomized controlled trial: therapeutic and pharmacoeconomic considerations
Authors: Cohen Pinchas , Weng Wayne , Rogol Alan D. , Rosenfeld Ron G. , Kappelgaard Anne‐Marie , Germak John
Published: January 2014

Context and objective

Titrating the dosage of growth hormone (GH) to serum levels of insulin‐like growth factor‐I (IGF‐I) is a feasible treatment strategy in children with GH deficiency (GHD) and idiopathic short stature (ISS). The objective was to assess the dose‐sparing effect and theoretical safety of IGF‐I‐based GH therapy.

Design, setting and patients

This was a post hoc analysis of a previously described 2‐year, multicenter, open‐label, randomized, outpatient, controlled clinical trial in 172 prepubertal short children [age 7·5 ± 2·4 years; height standard deviation score (HSDS) −2·64 ± 0·61] classified by baseline peak GH levels as GHD (<7 ng/ml) or ISS (≥7 ng/ml).

Intervention

Conventional weight‐based dosing of GH (0·04 mg/kg/day) (n = 34) or GH dosing titrated to an IGF‐I target of 0 SDS (IGF0T; n = 70) or an IGF‐I target of +2 SDS (IGF2T; n = 68).

Main Outcome Measures

Change in HSDS per GH mg/kg/day dose (∆HSDS/GH dose ratio) and proportion of IGF‐I levels above +2 SDS at the end of 2 years.

Results

GH dosing titrated to an IGF‐I target of 0 SDS was the most dose‐sparing treatment regimen for GHD or ISS children (mean±SE ∆HSDS/GH dose ratios 48·1 ± 4·4 and 32·5 ± 2·8, respectively) compared with conventional dosing (30·3 ± 6·6 and 21·3 ± 3·5, respectively; P = 0·02, P = 0·005) and IGF2T (32·7 ± 4·8 and 16·3 ± 2·8, respectively; P = 0·02, P < 0·0001). IGF0T also resulted in the fewest IGF‐I excursions above +2 SDS (6·8% vs 30·0% for conventional dosing; P < 0·01).

Conclusions

IGF‐I‐based GH dosing, targeted to age‐ and gender‐adjusted means, may offer a more dose‐sparing and potentially safer mode of therapy than traditional weight‐based dosing.
Vitamin D as a Potential Therapy in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Gianforcaro Alexandro , Hamadeh Mazen J.
Published: January 2014

Vitamin D has been demonstrated to influence multiple aspects of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) pathology. Both human and rodent central nervous systems express the vitamin D receptor (VDR) and/or its enzymatic machinery needed to fully activate the hormone. Clinical research suggests that vitamin D treatment can improve compromised human muscular ability and increase muscle size, supported by loss of motor function and muscle mass in animals following VDR knockout, as well as increased muscle protein synthesis and ATP production following vitamin D supplementation. Vitamin D has also been shown to reduce the expression of biomarkers associated with oxidative stress and inflammation in patients with multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, congestive heart failure, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease; diseases that share common pathophysiologies with ALS. Furthermore, vitamin D treatment greatly attenuates hypoxic brain damage in vivo and reduces neuronal lethality of glutamate insult in vitro; a hallmark trait of ALS glutamate excitotoxicity. We have recently shown that high‐dose vitamin D3 supplementation improved, whereas vitamin D3 restriction worsened, functional capacity in the G93A mouse model of ALS. In sum, evidence demonstrates that vitamin D, unlike the antiglutamatergic agent Riluzole, affects multiple aspects of ALS pathophysiology and could provide a greater cumulative effect.
Immediate outcome, long‐term function and quality of life after extended colectomy with ileorectal or ileosigmoid anastomosis
Authors: Duclos J. , Lefevre J. H. , Lefrançois M. , Lupinacci R. , Shields C. , Chafai N. , Tiret E. , Parc Y.
Published: January 2014

Aim

Total/subtotal colectomy with ileorectal (IRA) or ileosigmoid (ISA) anastomosis is associated with various reported rates of morbidity, function and quality of life. Our object was to determine these end‐points in a series of patients undergoing these operations in our institution.

Method

All patients who underwent IRA or ISA between 1994 and 2009 were retrospectively reviewed.

Results

A total of 320 patients (female 49%) with a median age of 54.2 (16.8–90.6) years underwent 338 IRA or ISA (in 18 patients the anastomosis was done twice) for inflammatory bowel disease (n = 96), polyposis (n = 95) and colorectal cancer (n = 97). Mortality and morbidity rates were 1.2% (n = 4) and 19.5% (n = 66) and 47 surgical complications (13.9%) occurred, including 26 (7.7%) cases of anastomotic leakage, leading to 23 re‐operations. After a median follow‐up of 49 (0–196) months, 262 patients still had a functioning anastomosis; 45 patients had died and 13 had a proctectomy. Information on function was obtained in 51.4% (133/259) of the cohort after a median follow‐up of 77 (10–196) months. The mean (± standard deviation) rates of 24 h and nocturnal defaecation were 3.6 ± 2.4 and 0.5 ± 0.9. A disturbance of faecal or flatus continence occurred in 20% and 21% of patients. There was no case of faecal incontinence to solid stool. The mean SF‐36 Physical and Mental Health Summary Scales were 46.3 ± 9.3 and 51.9 ± 9.3. Multivariate analysis showed that IRA and inflammatory bowel disease were both independently associated with poorer long‐term function.

Conclusion

Colectomy with IRA or ISA is safe with low postoperative morbidity and mortality. The employment of IRA and inflammatory bowel disease appear to be independent negative factors on function in multivariate analysis.
Natural Versus National Boundaries: the Importance of Considering Biogeographical Patterns in Forest Conservation Policy
Authors: Gustafsson Lena , Felton Adam , Felton Annika M. , Brunet Jörg , Caruso Alexandro , Hjältén Joakim , Lindbladh Matts , Ranius Thomas , Roberge Jean‐Michel , Weslien Jan
Published: January 2014

Applying biogeographical insights to the regulation of production forestry and the determination of forest reserve strategies is expected to increase the effectiveness of biodiversity conservation actions. Here, we assess the extent to which such applications take place. By using Sweden as a case study, we demonstrate fundamental differences among biogeographical regions in natural patterns and processes, past land‐use, and anthropogenic impacts that need to be better incorporated into strategic conservation planning and decisions. Furthermore, assessment of specific forestry regulations and biogeographical variation in a number of other countries/provinces embracing boreal and temperate biomes also indicate that natural boundaries are insufficiently considered in forest management policies. We suggest that a substantial potential exists to better align conservation priorities with biogeographical characteristics. To illustrate the application of such an approach, we present a decision support model on how forest conservation policies that rest on natural boundaries and ecological processes can be developed.
Which alcohol control strategies do young people think are effective?
Authors: de Visser Richard O. , Hart Angie , Abraham Charles , Memon Anjum , Graber Rebecca , Scanlon Tom
Published: January 2014

Introduction and Aims

The aims of this study were to examine young people's belief in the effectiveness of various alcohol control strategies and to identify demographic, attitudinal and behavioural correlates of perceived effectiveness.

Design and Methods

An online questionnaire hosted on a secure server was completed by 1418 men and women aged 16–21 years living inSouth‐EastEngland. It assessed the perceived effectiveness of various alcohol control strategies. Key correlates included sensation seeking, impulsivity, conscientiousness, alcohol outcome expectancies, drink refusal self‐efficacy, perceived peer alcohol use andAlcoholUseDisordersIdentificationTest scores.

Results

The most effective strategies were perceived to be enforcing responsible service legislation, strictly monitoring late‐night licensed premises and teaching alcohol refusal skills. Greater belief in the effectiveness of alcohol control strategies was expressed by older participants, those who consumed less alcohol and those who expected more negative outcomes from alcohol consumption.

Discussion and Conclusions

The data suggest that in order to increase the perceived effectiveness of alcohol control strategies, we may need to address young people's beliefs about the negative outcomes of alcohol use. Strategies that young people believe are effective may be easier to implement, but this does not imply that unpopular but effective strategies should not be tried.[de Visser RO, Hart A, Abraham C, Memon A, Graber R, Scanlon T. Which alcohol control strategies do young people think are effective?Drug Alcohol Rev2014;33:144–151]
Outcome evaluation of the opioid agonist maintenance treatment in Iran
Authors: Esmaeili Hamid‐Reza , Ziaddinni Hassan , Nikravesh Mohammad‐Rafee , Baneshi Mohammad‐Reza , Nakhaee Nouzar
Published: January 2014

Introduction and Aims

Methadone maintenance treatment and buprenorphine maintenance treatment are the two main therapeutic options considered for opioid replacement therapy. This study was conducted to examine the effectiveness of methadone maintenance treatment and buprenorphine maintenance treatment in Iran under usual clinical conditions.

Design and Methods

In this outcome research, 311 patients consented to participate in the study (77.8% response rate). The Opioid Treatment Index, General Health Questionnaire and WHOQOL‐BREF questionnaire were used to assess the effectiveness of the therapeutic programs. Drop‐out rate was calculated after two and six months of treatment.

Results

Mean dose of methadone was in an acceptable range; however, doses for buprenorphine maintenance treatment patients seemed low. The rates of attrition after two and six months of treatment were 24.2% and 44.0% in the methadone maintenance treatment group and 41.3% and 65.4% in the buprenorphine maintenance treatment group, respectively (P < 0.001). Drug use, HIV risk‐taking behaviour, and mental and physical health improved in both groups at six months of treatment, while quality of life improved only in the methadone maintenance treatment group.

Discussion and Conclusions

The retention seen in the buprenorphine group may in part be related to the low buprenorphine doses used. As a whole, the positive results provide support to continuation of maintenance programs. [Esmaeili H‐R, Ziaddinni H, Nikravesh M‐R, Baneshi M‐R, Nakhaee N. Outcome evaluation of the opioid agonist maintenance treatment in Iran. Drug Alcohol Rev 2014;33:186–193]
School readiness of children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Gehrmann Frances E , Coleman Andrea , Weir Kelly A , Ware Robert S , Boyd Roslyn N
Published: January 2014

Aim

To examine school readiness in preschool‐age children with cerebral palsy (CP) on three of five domains compared with reported norms of children with typical development (CTD).

Method

A representative population of 151 preschool‐age children with CP (87 males, 64 females; 131 [87%] with spasticity, 17 [11%] dyskinesia, 3 [4%] hypotonia) were assessed at 48 or 60 months corrected age. Children were functioning in the following Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels: I, 74 (49%); II, 17 (11%); III, 14 (9%); IV, 26 (17%); V, 20 (13%). Children's motor performance, self‐care, and social function were assessed using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI) and communication using the Communication and Symbolic Behaviour Scales Developmental Profile (CSBS‐DP). Results were compared with a reference sample of CTD (PEDI CTD n=412; CSBS‐DP CTD n=790). Linear regression was used to compare these data by functional severity.

Results

Children with CP had significantly lower PEDI scores in all domains than CTD. Self‐care scores ranged from 0.5 to more than 4SD below CTD, motor performance was 2 to >4SD below CTD, and social function between 0.5 and >4SD below CTD. Fifty‐five per cent of children demonstrated significantly delayed communication skills. Non‐ambulant children displayed significantly lower scores than ambulant children.

Interpretation

Preschool‐age children with CP perform significantly below their peers in three of five key readiness‐to‐learn skill areas including mobility, self‐care, social function, and communication abilities. Broader emphasis needs to be placed on multimodal screening and intervention to prepare children with CP for school entry.