bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Better Understanding, People, and Policies
Authors: Tonry Michael
Published: November 2023

The United States has adopted criminal justice policies that reflective people should abhor and that informed observers from other Western countries do abhor. An anecdote makes the point. I spoke recently in Noordwijk, the Netherlands, at a European Union meeting on crime prevention. My assignment was to survey current research findings on “what works,” and in doing so I described Swedish educational programs that had successfully and substantially reduced criminal activities of immigrant children. It has been known for a century, popular beliefs to the contrary notwithstanding, that first-generation immigrants tend to have lower crime rates than the resident population, but that second-generation immigrants typically have higher rates than their parents or the resident population. Sweden had accomplished something noteworthy that furthered both crime prevention and social welfare goals.
The Elusive Messenger
Authors: Maas Werner
Published: November 2023

After the discovery of transfer RNAs and their role in protein synthesis, the theoretical framework that Crick was drawing for protein synthesis became more detailed. After forming aminoacyl adenylates, the amino acids were joined to transfer RNAs (adaptors), which in turn delivered them to the messenger RNA in the ribosomes. Lined up on the messenger RNA, the aminoacids were joined to each other to form the protein molecules.
Physicians and Tort Liability
Authors: Morreim E Haavi
Published: November 2023

Although medical malpractice is a somewhat specialized area of tort law, it nevertheless embodies the basic elements of tort. Tort law emerges from the fundamental precept that citizens should comport themselves with a modicum of care in order to avoid unreasonably injuring one another. When someone breaches that duty, and when that breach has caused an injury, the costs should be borne by the one who has carelessly caused the problem, not by the blameless one who was harmed.
Stimulants
Authors: et.al. Rebecca E Ford
Published: November 2023

The increasing use of stimulants in the United States to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has aroused parental concern and compelled both medical professionals and the media to question the safety and efficacy of this type of treatment. Because ADHD is among the most common reasons for seeking mental health services for children, these questions are more pertinent than ever. This chapter will examine the history of stimulant use, the mechanism of action, pharmacokinetics, side effects, and issues related to their clinical use in children and adolescents. More detailed information on clinical applications is provided in Section III.
Antidepressants III: other agents
Authors: Walkup John T , Ritter-Welzant Julia , Kastelic Elizabeth , Joshi Nandita , Frosch Emily
Published: November 2023

The low side effect profile, ease of use, and powerful clinical effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) revolutionized the treatment of depression and anxiety in the 1990s. The success of the SSRIs shifted the focus from noradrenergic to serotonergic mechanisms in these common disorders. As we move into the new millennium, the focus is shifting to antidepressants considered more atypical. These antidepressants have either mixed receptor functioning (noradrenergic, serotonergic, and dopaminergic), selective impact on noradrenergic or dopaminergic function, or impact on neural systems via less conventional mechanisms. The combined noradrenergic and serotonergic reuptake inhibitors (NSRIs) offer advantages over more selective antidepressants. Although not necessarily considered first-line treatments, the NSRIs may be used as first line and may be particularly helpful for more severe depressions (e.g., venlafaxine) or offer a profile of effects that aid in the treatment of specific patients (e.g., the sedative effects of mirtazapine). The NSRIs also offer an improved side effect profile with fewer anticholinergic and antihistaminic effects than tricyclic antidepressants.
Bipolar disorder
Authors: Carlson Gabrielle A
Published: November 2023

The association of periods of excited, volatile behavior and withdrawn, depressed behavior has long been recognized. There is current consensus that uncomplicated, classical manic depression (including episodes of euphoric mania, depression, and normal mood state) occurs in adolescents, but it is relatively uncommon in prepubertal children. However, chronic manic symptoms superimposed on a wide variety of other types of psychopathology appear to be much more common and may be a subtype of mania. The extent to which mood dysregulation in young people is part of a larger bipolar spectrum (Akiskal et al., 2000) is uncertain and under investigation. Increasingly, mood-incongruent psychotic symptoms, briefer hypomania (which people may not identify as abnormal), and dimensions of temperament are considered part of a spectrum of bipolarity. Whether bipolar spectrum is valid in children is unclear and remains controversial: outside the United States, for example, early-onset bipolar disorder is rarely reported. When it is diagnosed, it generally lacks externalizing disorder comorbidity (Thomsen et al., 1992; Reddy et al., 1997; Rasenen et al., 1998; Srinath et al., 1998). One suspects that these countries are restricting their definition of bipolar disorder to that of the classical variety.
Tourette’s syndrome and other tic disorders
Authors: King Robert A , Scahill Lawrence , Lombroso Paul , Leckman James F
Published: November 2023

The fluctuating chronic motor and phonic tics that characterize Tourette’s syndrome (TS) are often a substantial source of distress or impairment and hence the target of therapeutic intervention. In addition to these pathognomonic symptoms, however, many individuals with TS also suffer from various other psychological difficulties, including obsessions, compulsions, impulsivity, attentional difficulties, depression or mood lability, various anxiety symptoms, and a range of neuropsychological deficits (King et al., 1999a). For many individuals, these comorbid difficulties may be a greater source of impairment or distress than the tics per se.
Early-onset schizophrenia
Authors: Remschmidt Helmut , Hebebrand Johannes
Published: November 2023

Schizophrenic psychoses in childhood are important but rare disorders within the spectrum of the psychoses. Since the descriptions of Homburger (1926) and Lutz (1937/38), there is no doubt about the existence of schizophrenic psychoses in childhood. According to Bleuler (1911) and Lutz (1937/38) about 4% of schizophrenic psychoses begin before the 15th year of life, and 0.5% to 1%, before the 10th year. There is a remarkable increase in frequency during adolescence, and with increasing age the symptomatology becomes quite similar to that of adult patients. Accordingly, the classification is much easier during adolescence than during childhood. It is not clear if the criteria of the current classification systems (International Classification of Disease, 10th ed. [ICD-10] and the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disease, 4th ed. [DSM-IV]) are appropriate for schizophrenic disorders in younger children, e.g., below the age of 10 or 12 years. Many of these children suffer from other early developmental, cognitive, and/or emotional disorders, thus complicating an adequate classification within a system that was primarily constructed for the adult type of schizophrenia. It may be that there are two types of childhood and adolescent schizophrenia: one type that can clearly be diagnosed using the prototype of adult symptomatology without remarkable developmental precursors, and another one complicated by an additional and complex developmental disorder that may modify the expression of symptoms in an ageand stage-appropriate way. For practical purposes, the current classification systems can be used, but we should always be aware that they reflect our current knowledge and do not describe clear-cut nosological entities.
Eating disorders
Authors: Halmi Katherine A
Published: November 2023

Eating disorders are best conceptualized as syndromes, which are classified on the basis of the clusters of symptoms they present. The two major and bestdocumented eating disorders, anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN), are best understood with a multidimensional model. In this model these disorders begin with dieting, and behaviors and influences antecedent to the dieting experience propel the symptoms into a full-blown eating disorder. The antecedent conditions consist of biological vulnerability, psychological predisposition, and social influences. As the dieting continues, starvation effects, weight loss, nutritional effects, and psychological changes occur. Both psychological and physiological reinforcements of the maladaptive eating behavior continue a cycle of the core dysfunctional eating behaviors. The numerous treatment approaches for AN and BN reflect studies representing the various categories of this multidimensional model for eating disorders. (Halmi, 1994).
Introduction
Authors: Helmholz R H
Published: November 2023

The amalgam of Roman and canon law now generally known as the ius commune, sometimes also referred to as the utrumque ius, has undoubtedly played a role in the history of England and in the development of Anglo-American law. In fact, it has played several different roles. Before the time of William Blackstone (d. 1780), it was the Roman law rather than the common law that was taught in the English universities. It had a long innings; only in the twenty-first century does the teaching of the civil law stand in some danger of being lost. Moreover, its influence was not simply academic. It was the ius commune that long governed practice in the courts of the church, the Admiralty, the universities, and (to some extent) the courts of equity. Chancery procedure, for example, drew heavily upon it. On that account, it was an important source of English legal practice in its own right.
Multiculturalism and Just Health Care: Taking Pluralism Seriously
Authors: Blustein Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Ours is a culturally diverse society. A major source of this diversity is the influx of foreign-born populations fleeing economic hardship and social deprivation and hoping for a better life and greater opportunities in the United States. Immigration to the United States is not a recent phenomenon, of course. The arrival of ethnic and minority populations from various Asian and Hispanic countries is only the latest in a long history of immigration to America. In past years mainstream American society expected the new arrivals to quickly dis-card their distinctive beliefs, customs, and traditions and join the great “melting pot”; today this assimilationist expectation is increasingly being branded as “culturally in-sensitive.” Not only do we now understand that, as a matter of sociological fact, ethnic and minority groups retain parts of their cultural belief systems while incorporating elements of the broader society, but there is also a growing appreciation of the moral claims of cultural pluralism. The call for assimilation has been replaced or supplemented by a new emphasis on respect for cultural diversity,grounded in the recognition that it is insulting to the members of these cultural groups to neglect or belittle the importance of their cultural identities.
Aggregation and the Moral Relevance of Context in Health-Care Decision Making
Authors: Wasserman David
Published: November 2023

Much of the philosophical literature on “tragic choices”-choices about whom to save with limited resources-presents the dilemma of an individual agent, deciding which victims to rescue when there is not enough time, medicine, or gasoline to rescue all. The agent is a helicopter pilot or emergency room physician; the victims are all strangers, but identifiable ones-the agent can observe their fear and peril even if he does not know their names. In contrast, much of the economic and policy literature on tragic choices concerns decisions made by governments or institutions, at a greater temporal distance, about people who can be identified only by the fates they will suffer-decisions about how much to invest in highway safety, cancer research, or rescue helicopters. In this chapter, I will consider the question of whether these are fundamentally different kinds of choices that ought to be governed by different decision rules or distributional principles. I will focus on the allocation of scarce health-care resources, where the differences between the two kinds of choices described above are generally thought to support different decision rules. Thus, of the institutes included in the National Institute of Health (NIH), fewer than half are devoted to diseases that would generally be regarded as life-threatening. No one seriously suggests that those institutes receive the entire NIH budget until the life-threatening diseases they study are eradicated. At the same time, most people would regard it as acceptable, if not mandatory, for a doctor in a short staffed emergency room (ER) to treat a small number of people who would otherwise die rather than a larger number of people who would otherwise lose an arm or suffer other nonlethal harms.In allocating health-care resources, it clearly seems more acceptable to trade off death against lesser harms when the decision concerns harms that will be incurred in the future by individuals who are not currently identifiable than when it concerns harms that will be incurred in the present and close at hand by identifiable individuals.
Unequal by Design: Health Care, Distributive Justice, and the American Political Process
Authors: Vladeck Bruce C , Fishman Eliot
Published: November 2023

As recent events have so dramatically reminded us, American democracy takes place within a uniquely complex constitutional and legal framework. Every nation, of course, is different, but the United States may be more different than most in the way that a basic framework established more than two centuries ago has evolved, adapted, and been modified while maintaining certain remarkable continuities. At the same time, the United States is the only modern industrial democracy without some form of universal health insurance. Indeed, in most of the United States, citizens have no right or legal guarantee of access to any medical care except evaluation and treatment by hospital emergency departments, if they can somehow contrive to find their way to one. We believe these two phenomena are causally related. That is our basic thesis: that inequities in health care in the United States arise from the fundamental constitutional and political structure of the American political system. That system does not make inequities inevitable, but it certainly makes ameliorating or eliminating them much more difficult than is the case in any other affluent society.
Resources and Rights: Court Decisions in the United Kingdom
Authors: Tur Richard H S
Published: November 2023

This chapter is about the judicial review of resource-allocation decisions by what I shall call “primary institutions.” Such primary institutions include public authorities responsible for health care, for welfare, and for education. Among “some very obvious generalizations-indeed truisms-concerning human nature and the world,” Hartincluded “limited resources.” Primary institutions inevitably encounter this truth, sometimes in heart-rending and tragic circumstances. Understandably, their resource-allocation decisions can cause acute disappointment, and sometimes they are challenged in the courts by way of application for judicial review. This chapter seeks to explore and learn from the styles of reasoning deployed by judges in exercising their review function with respect to resource-allocation decisions of primary institutions. These concerns grow in part out of current debate in Britain not only as to the future, if any, of the welfare state in general and the National Health Service (NHS) in particular, but also as to the legitimacy of judicial review, which appears to some people to lack sufficient, if any, democratic warrant but which has nonetheless become well established as a central feature in the relationship between the citizen and the state in modern Britain. The growth in public law in the last third of the twentieth century is indeed remarkable.2 By the time of this writing it had become a common place that the British welfare state was seriously under resourcedby the national government, which claimed electoral warrant for and curried electoral favor with their low-taxation policies.
Justice for All? The Scandinavian Approach
Authors: Takala Tuija
Published: November 2023

Philosophically speaking, we can identify at least five major theories of justice, each of which can be interpreted in different ways (Gillon, 1986). Many varieties of the concept of justice are also specified in the opening chapters of this book. In this chapter I take justice in health care to mean the national system’s ability to respond equally to the medical needs of the entire population. I argue that, in this sense, the Scandinavian health-care policies meet the requirements of justice, at least in spirit. The strong commitments to solidarity, equity, and universality make these systems just. Empirical studies have shown that even the macroeconomic changes of the 1980s and 1990s did not shake this core ideology of the Nordic welfare states (Kautto et al., 1999; Nordlund, 2000). The financial difficulties encountered did, however, present new challenges to the ability of the Scandinavian health-care systems to meet the requirements of justice. Ideological objections to tax-paid health services are mainly based on neoliberal thinking. In addition, increased emphasis on patient rights-especially the right to choose one’s doctor, treatment, and place of care-has revealed inherent tensions in the model. In this chapter I examine the ideological basis of the Scandinavian health-care systems and outline their struggles to uphold the ideals of solidarity, equity, and universality.
Racial Groups, Distrust, and the Distribution of Health Care
Authors: McGary Howard
Published: November 2023

Philosophers have divided the study of ethics into three branches: descriptive ethics, meta-ethics, and normative ethics. People who do descriptive ethics are interested in providing a correct description of the ethical norms and values in a given society. However, there is no attempt to analyze or evaluate these norms and values. Philosophers doing meta-ethics analyze or explain the meaning of ethical concepts. They analyze words like right, wrong, good, bad, and ought, and they attempt to explain how or if ethics differs from other human endeavors such as art, mathematics, and science. Philosophers who do met ethics attempt to give us insight into the nature of moral reasoning. Philosophers who examine normative ethics attempt to justify principles that can be used to make judgments about what is actually right or wrong, good or bad, and morally obligator y. Applied ethics is located within this branch of ethical inquiry. People studying applied ethics attempt to apply the results of their normative inquiries directly to specific questions in various professions. Or they use a process of reflective equilibrium to go back and forth between their intuitions about what is moral and the accepted standards in the given professions.
Just Expectations: Family Caregivers, Practical Identities, and Social Justice in the Provision of Health Care
Authors: Nelson James Lindemann
Published: November 2023

For some decades now, dampening the explosive growth of health-care costs has been a matter of pressing concern in the United States.While the recent lengthy cycle of economic expansion in this country significantly tempered the rate at which health-care expenditures had been eating up the gross domestic product (GDP), costs in this area remain dynamic, fueled by the wide dissemination of new technologies (Levit et al., 2000; Freudenham, 2000). Not that the health-care industry has put its faith solely in the hope of a permanent economic boom. The dizzying upward spiral of medical costs that characterized the 1980s and early 1990s has been flattened out in important part by a sort of semi voluntary conscription of unpaid healthcare workers, who generally lack any professional training for their tasks. This new “draft” has largely escaped attention because of just who is being pressed into service. Responsibilities have been shifted from professional caregivers working in hospitals and other such sites, to caregiving relatives whose work largely takes place at home. This trend has been coupled with a reduction of home-care benefits available through insurers or public programs (Levine, 1999a).
Responsibility for Health Status
Authors: Stell Lance K
Published: November 2023

The Appellate Court’s frustration was obvious. “Occasionally, a case will challenge the ability of the law and society, to cope effectively and sensitively with fundamental problems of human existence. This is such a case” After the birth of her twins, Brenda Payton’s2 kidneys failed. She received a transplant but lost it, owing to rejection. To survive, she needed regular hemodialysis, a type of medical treatment to which she was entitled by federal law. Brenda proved to be a remarkably difficult patient for which to care. She often missed her appointments or showed up late, drunk. She abused illicit drugs. She regularly failed to keep her weight within the range prescribed by her doctor. She gained as much as 30 pounds between treatments, increasing her risk of heart failure and sudden death. She required hospitalization for emergency dialysis 30 times in 11 months. Brenda picked fights with other patients in the dialysis center, exposed her genitals to them, cursed them. She would interrupt her dialysis-by demanding that the dialysis machine be turned off or by pulling the needles from the shunt in her arm, causing blood to spew. Her repeated outbursts jeopardized the care of other patients. Brenda and they were dialyzed simultaneously by the same machine. If the machine were turned off, they would not receive needed treatment. Brenda demanded so much attention from the nurses that other patients’ dialysis associated complications might not be noticed promptly.
Boston And The Power Of Collaboration
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von
Published: November 2023

In 1971, Bob Haas, a twenty-seven-year-old engineer and classical piano player, moved to a commune in a large broken-down Victorian house in a section of the Boston Dorchester district known as Upham’s Corner. Haas loved the history and vitality of Dorchester—a streetcar-era place where first the Irish and then other ethnic groups had made their home in “Baahston”—and a few years later bought the old house from his roommates.
Olympic Efforts In Boomtown
Authors: Hoffman Alexander Von
Published: November 2023

As the busboys whisked the plates away, the diners pushed aside their desserts and coffees and directed their attention to the speaker’s podium. The conventioneers always enjoyed the food and conviviality of this event at the annual October meeting of the National Association of Industrial and Office Properties—and the 1997 luncheon held in the Hyatt Regency in San Francisco was no exception—but they were curious to hear the man of the hour, the recipient of the association’s real estate Developer of the Year award, Thomas G. Cousins of Atlanta, Georgia.
Norfolk Island, 1840-1844
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: November 2023

Memories, certainly my memories, do not flow evenly; they bounce about in time from scene to scene, and there are great gaps of remembrance. I try to establish sequence, to search for cause and consequence. Sometimes I seem to have made wise decisions, struck sensible postures, but often a wry sadness is all I find. Other times there are patches of clarity. It was clear that my daughter, Mary Ann, believed she was treated unfairly, misused, she said. I had no inkling of this until that Sunday morning at breakfast when she fixed her hostility to my plans sharply in my memory.
Maconochie And Norfolk Island After 1844
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: November 2023

Of those who figure in this story, only Alexander Maconochie, Mary Maconochie, Mary Ann Maconochie, Catherine Maconochie, Edward Hill, Sir George Gipps, Bony, and Burns were ever in fact on Norfolk Island between 1840 and 1844. The Ring was also there, but its membership is unknown. To my knowledge, there was no convict named Patrick Burke on Norfolk Island, nor a Mick Salmon, nor a David Ankers, nor a Staff Sergeant Westwood. There was, however, a piano teacher whose affair with Mary Ann led to her being sent to England.
Contemporary Lessons From Maconochie’s Experiment
Authors: Morris Norval
Published: November 2023

Maconochie’s many writings and the regime he brought to Norfolk Island are replete with ideas relevant to contemporary sentencing, prison, and release practices. He favored indeterminate sentences rather than fixed sentences, he recommended, and in part implemented, a marks system to measure the prisoner’s progress toward release from prison, and he urged a system of graduated release and aftercare of prisoners to resettle them in the community.
Picturing the Riot
Authors: Brophy Alfred L
Published: November 2023

Tulsans took hundreds of photographs of the riot and its aftermath. For us, the photographs preserve in detail the severity and pathos of the riot. But for contemporaries the photographs served other purposes. For whites, the pictures-many of which were made into postcards-served to celebrate the violence. For blacks, who printed and displayed panoramic photographs of the destruction, the photographs served as a reminder of the violence and the courage of the Greenwood community in rebuilding.
The Strange Career of Jim Crow
Authors: Woodward C Vann
Published: November 2023

C. Vann Woodward, who died in 1999 at the age of 91, was America’s most eminent Southern historian, the winner of a Pulitzer Prize for Mary Chestnut’s Civil War and a Bancroft Prize for The Origins of the New South. Now, to honor his long and truly distinguished career, Oxford is pleased to publish this special commemorative edition of Woodward’s most influential work, The Strange Career of Jim Crow. The Strange Career of Jim Crow is one of the great works of Southern history. Indeed, the book actually helped shape that history. Published in 1955, a year after the Supreme Court in Brown v Board of Education ordered schools desegregated, Strange Career was cited so often to counter arguments for segregation that Martin Luther King, Jr. called it “the historical Bible of the civil rights movement.” The book offers a clear and illuminating analysis of the history of Jim Crow laws, presenting evidence that segregation in the South dated only to the 1890s. Woodward convincingly shows that, even under slavery, the two races had not been divided as they were under the Jim Crow laws of the 1890s. In fact, during Reconstruction, there was considerable economic and political mixing of the races. The segregating of the races was a relative newcomer to the region. Hailed as one of the top 100 nonfiction works of the twentieth century, The Strange Career of Jim Crow has sold almost a million copies and remains, in the words of David Herbert Donald, “a landmark in the history of American race relations.”
Hybrid Systems of Management Practices
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G
Published: November 2023

The literature on high performance management practices often mentions the importance of the interactions among “bundles” or “clusters” of practices adopted (Holmstrom and Milgrom, 1994; Milgrom and Roberts 1990; Baker, Gibbs, and Holmstrom 1994; Appelbaum and Batt 1994; Ichniowski et al. 2000), and there is some empirical support for such complementarities. For example, Ichniowski, Shaw, and Prennushi (1997, p. 291) concluded that “groups or clusters of complementary human resource management (HRM) practices have large effects on productivity, while changes in individual work practices have little or no effect on productivity” in their study of 36 steel production lines. Similarly, Hwang and Weil (1997) and Abernathy et al. (1999) found evidence of complementarities among high performance management practices in the U.S. apparel industry.
The Bottom Line
Authors: Doeringer Peter B , Evans-Klock Christine , Terkla David G
Published: November 2023

The previous chapters have shown a widespread commitment among start-up firms to adopt high performance workplace practices and to provide high-quality jobs. However, there is a significant difference between Japanese transplants and domestic start-ups in the frequency of adoption and implementation of these practices. On average, Japanese transplants use more high performance workplace practices than do domestic start-ups and adopt them in a more systematic way. These differences also lead to different preferences for employee characteristics and other aspects of the local environment. In short, both the interviews and the quantitative evidence on management strategies from the case studies point to the likelihood of complementarities among workplace employment practices and a series of other business policies, ranging from quality control and plant location to investment in additional plant and equipment.
Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Due to Mutations in the CD45 Gene
Authors: Chatila Talal A , Heikinheimo Markku
Published: November 2023

The protein tyrosine phosphatase CD45, also known as protein-tyrosine phosphatase, receptor type, C (PTPRC), and leukocyte common antigen (LCA), is a high–molecular weight type I transmembrane protein that is exclusively expressed on all nucleated hematopoietic cells (Tonks et al., 1988; Thomas, 1989; Trowbridge and Thomas, 1994). It is an abundant protein estimated to comprise up to 10% of the cell surface areas of B and T lymphocytes. Despite its abundance and potentially high catalytic capacity, CD45 activity is directed at a limited number of physiologically relevant substrates that include Src and Janus kinases (Jak). CD45 plays a pivotal role in promoting signaling via lymphocyte antigen receptors by regulating the activity of receptor associated Src-type tyrosine kinases (Ashwell and D’Oro, 1999; Thomas, 1999; Thomas and Brown, 1999; Alexander, 2000; Penninger et al., 2001; Hermiston et al., 2002). Its absence is associated with a profound block in signaling via antigen receptors (Pingel and Thomas, 1989; Koretzky et al., 1990; Desai et al., 1994). CD45 also serves to negatively regulate the function of integrin-mediated adhesion and cytokine receptor signaling by dephosphorylating integrin-associated Src kinases (Roach et al., 1997) and cytokine receptor–associated Jak kinases, respectively (Irie-Sasaki et al., 2001).
Periodic Fever Syndromes
Authors: Kastner Daniel L , Brydges Susannah , Hull Keith M
Published: November 2023

The periodic fever syndromes are a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of fever and localized inflammation, most commonly affecting the serosal membranes, joints, and skin (Table 27.1). A significant minority of patients develop systemic deposition of amyloid A protein (AA amyloidosis) as a longer-term consequence of their inflammatory episodes. While at first glance these disorders appear to be similar to the more commonly recognized autoimmune disorders (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus), they differ in several important respects, including the lack of high-titer autoantibodies or antigen-specific T cells, and the predominance of monocytes and neutrophils rather than lymphocytes as effector cells. Hence, the term autoinflammatory disorders has been proposed to describe the periodic fevers and related conditions (McDermott et al., 1999; Galon et al., 2000; Hull et al., 2003).
Clause Structure and X-Second
Authors: Cardinaletti Anna , Roberts Ian
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this essay is to propose a unified analysis of a range of “secondposition” phenomena that have been attested in various languages, and in so doing to motivate a more elaborated theory of Nominative Case assignment. The proposal is that many languages, including a number of Germanic and Romance languages, have a projection that intervenes between Comp and the highest Infl-type projection (which, following Belletti 1990, we take to be AgrP). We refer to this projection as AgrlP, and we refer to the lower, “traditional” AgrP as Agr2P. Thus our claim is that in the languages in question there are two Agr-heads and two projections of Agr. These two Agrs are both “subject” Agrs; in this respect, our proposal is distinct from but not exclusive with Chomsky’s (1989) idea that, in addition to the standard “sub¬ject” Agr, there is also an “object” Agr.
Relationship between Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Carotid Artery Intimal-Medial Thickness
Authors: Davis Patricia H , Dawson Jeffrey D
Published: November 2023

In older adults, measurement of carotid artery intimal-medial thickness (IMT) has gained acceptance as a noninvasive, inexpensive method to assess the extent of atherosclerosis. Several pieces of evidence support the validity of this method. Measurements of carotid IMT with ultrasonography in vivo (Fig. 5.1) correlate well with pathologic measurements (Schulte-Altedorneburg et al., 2001) and are reproducible (Riley et al., 1992). Increased carotid IMT and the rate of change of carotid IMT over time are significantly related to known cardiovascular risk factors (Chambless et al., 2002). Carotid IMT is positively associated with incident myocardial infarction (MI) (Salonen and Salonen, 1993; Bots et al., 1997; Chambless et al., 1997; O’Leary et al., 1999), and stroke (Chambless et al., 2000) and this association persists after adjustment for known cardiovascular risk fac tors. Similarly, increased carotid IMT has been associated with a reduction in the ankle-arm index, a marker of peripheral vascular disease (Bots et al., 1994). The Writing Group II of the American Heart Association Prevention Conference V concluded that measurement of carotid IMT in asymptomatic persons over 45 years of age adds incremental information to traditional risk factor assessment (Greenland et al., 2000). In addition, progression of the atherosclerotic lesion by serial measurements of carotid IMT is used as an end point in clinical trials of therapies to retard the atherosclerotic process (Mukherjee and Yadav, 2002).
The Epidemiology of Childhood Blood Pressure
Authors: Burns Trudy L , Daniels Stephen R
Published: November 2023

In adults, high blood pressure has been associated with cerebrovascular dis ease, myocardial infarction, renal disease, and other cardiovascular end points (MacMahon et al., 1990). In the Framingham Study, blood pressure was positively associated with the annual incidence of coronary heart disease, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, congestive heart failure, and intermittent claudication when subjects were followed over an 18-year period (Kannel, 1975). A 10 mmHg increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP) was associated with a 20% increase in age-adjusted risk of cardiovascular events in the age group 35 to 64 years and a 13% increase in the age group 65 to 94 years (Kannel, 1998). Similar increases in risk were associated with a 10 mmHg increase in diastolic blood pressure (DBP). In the Seven Countries Study, there was a significant association (r= 0.69) between SBP and the 10-year age-standardized rates of coronary death (Keys, 1980). Hypertension is second only to diabetes mellitus as a cause of end-stage renal disease (National High Blood Pressure Education Program, 1996). As many as 1 billion individuals worldwide are estimated to have high blood pressure, which is associated with the highest attributable risk of death throughout the world (World Health Organization, 2002).
Policy and Practice: Changing the Home, School, and Community Environment to Promote Health
Authors: Luepker Russell V , Lytle Leslie A
Published: November 2023

The aim of health promotion is to reduce or prevent health-impairing behaviors. While individual choice and familial and genetic factors play important roles in these behaviors, the physical and social environment is highly influential, as it determines what is available and acceptable. This is most apparent in three of the major health-impairing behaviors: eating patterns, physical activity, and tobacco use. Although each of these factors has important elements of individual choice, these choices are heavily influenced by the surrounding environment of the media, community, family, and peers. The role of the environment is particularly apparent among youth, as lifetime habits are formed and reinforced at this age.
Osmotic Stress and the Brain
Authors: Somjen George G
Published: November 2023

When thinking of biophysical and biochemical processes, we are used to consider the concentrations (or activities) of the ions and other active ingredients dissolved in the water of the cytosol and of the extracellular fluids. Yet water itself has a concentration (and activity), which is in a reciprocal relationship to the sum of the concentrations of all the solutes for which it is the solvent. Osmolarity expresses the activity of water, and it is a key parameter in vital processes.
A Primer of Epileptiform Seizures
Authors: Somjen George G
Published: November 2023

Part II reviews the mechanisms of epileptic fits and the role that ions play in causing them. Chapter 5 presents a brief overview of the salient clinical features of seizures, much of which will be familiar to medically trained readers.
From Gandhi’s Fast through the First Year of Wavell’s Viceroyalty, January 1943–July 1944
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Gandhi had resolved to wait half a year, after his arrest in August 1942, before undertaking a fast in protest against his incarceration. On New Year’s Eve of 1942 he wrote to Linlithgow: “I have given myself six months. The period is drawing to a close, so is my patience. The law of Satyagraha as I know it prescribes a remedy in such moments of trial. [I]t is ‘crucify the flesh by fasting’. That same law forbids its use except as a last resort. I do not want to use it if I can avoid it.
The Interim Government, June–December 1946
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

The cabinet mission’s failure to bridge the gap between India’s National Congress Party and the Muslim League left Wavell and the cabinet no option but to try to patch together a representative political council to work in harness with the viceroy as New Delhi’s interim government. Wavell informed Azad that he had been assured by His Majesty’s Government that it would treat the new interim government of India with the “same close consultation and consideration as a Dominion Government.”1 This meant it would have virtually total freedom to carry out its desired plans, without viceregal interference or inhibition. That same information was conveyed to Jinnah by the viceroy, and on the evening of June 7 Jinnah told Wavell that his League’s council had accepted the cabinet mission’s plan of the previous month.
Indo-Pak War over Kashmir, October 1947–July 1948
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

The most tragic, still unresolved legacy of Partition was the Indo- Pak Wars over Kashmir, the first of which erupted in October 1947. The state of Jammu and Kashmir had a population of some four million people, three-fourths of whom were Muslim. Its autocratic maharaja, Hari Singh, was a Hindu, and he alone was given the option by Mountbatten of deciding to which dominion, India or Pakistan, his state should accede by August 15. Kashmir’s Maharaja, who preferred to keep his state independent, hoping it might become a Switzerland of Asia, signed standstill agreements with both dominions late in August. In October, however, Maharaja Hari Singh’s time to choose between India and Pakistan ran out.
To Rate A Tabula Rasa
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

As prelude to the pure analysis of structured securities in part II, chapter 2 traces the origins of the contemporary credit-analytic framework for structured securities through its evolutionary stages as a special type of corporate rating to a portfolio analysis, and identifies the vestiges of corporate rating concepts still at work.
Liabilities Analysis and Structuring
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

Until now our focus has been mainly to critique the contemporary framework for rating structured securities and propose a replacement framework. In this section, we introduce some basic concepts related to the cash flow modeling of liability structures—the “structure “ of structured finance. We will return to this topic in our concluding remarks. There are two reasons for this book’s emphasis on asset analysis. The first is the priority of complexity. Because bond structures are logical constructs rather than statistical estimates, liability modeling involves the application of simple rules of logic to the distribution of periodic cash collections. It is relatively straightforward. By contrast, faithful replication of asset behavior is less straightforward, and requires the knowledge and use of numerical methods, such as those introduced in part III and demonstrated in chapters 20 through 22.
Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

The greatest discovery in linear algebra may well be the existence of eigenvalues and eigenvectors. In addition to underlying much of numerical and statistical analysis, eigenvectors are particularly critical to the study of the long-run properties of the Markov chain, an extremely versatile tool with wide application to cash flow simulation. As a result, eigenvalue and eigenvector concepts are pivotal to the proper understanding of cash flow modeling in structured finance.
CDOs of ABS
Authors: Raynes Sylvain , Rutledge Ann
Published: November 2023

A comparatively young asset class, the CDO of ABS is widely misunderstood by the market and the rating agencies. Its credit character is different from other types of CDOs and should be handled within a framework attentive to its special properties.
Divisions of Labor
Authors: Robin Corey
Published: November 2023

Looking for repressive weapons to arouse political fear, elites and their collaborators often turn to the state, with its laws and trials, punishments and prisons, but that state is not necessarily the one described by Hobbes and his realist successors or by Montesquieu and his liberal successors. It need not be lawless, centralized, or unified, monopolizing the means of coercion. It can be fragmented by the separation of powers and federalism, and constrained by the rule of law, conforming to the most basic strictures of our constitutional faith. Elites and their collaborators also work through pluralist, autonomous institutions of civil society—schools and churches, private associations and the family, civic groups and political organizations, and the workplace—where they find a sizeable armory of repressive weapons. These weapons are seldom as violent or physically coercive as those possessed by the state, though sometimes they are; one thinks of private organizations like the Ku Klux Klan, or the Mafia threatening workers on the waterfront. But often the weapons are non-violent: firing; blacklisting; denials of promotion and economic opportunity; ostracism; exclusion or expulsion from favored circles of intimates, associates, and friends; and everyday forms of humiliation and degradation. Because the Constitution makes it difficult for the state to wield physical weapons of fear with abandon, elites must turn to these nonviolent weapons of civil society, which are not subject to much constitutional restraint. We best approach the distinction between state and society, then, as a division of labor or joint venture between the public and private sectors: what government officials cannot do well or with efficient ease, private elites do instead, and vice versa.
Constructing a Regulatory Framework That Respects Parental Liberty
Authors: Peters Philip G
Published: November 2023

When a reproductive technology poses a serious risk of harm to future children, the initial regulatory question is whether lawmakers should trust parents and providers to use that technology responsibly or whether lawmakers should, instead, limit the circumstances in which the risky practice is permitted. This chapter explains why lawmakers should start with a presumption that parents will choose responsibly. This presumption is justified both by our tradition of deferring to parents on matters affecting their children and by the ultimate subjectivity of decisions about a decent quality of life. To help parents make these decisions wisely, we should reinforce the laws obliging clinics to give prospective parents all of the information needed to make responsible decisions.
Common Causes of Pain
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

When evaluating a child with knee pain, it is important to separate mechanical problems from problems resulting from infections or inflammation. Most knee pain is initially thought to be the result of an injury. If we do not remember having seen a fall, we assume the child must have twisted it. If your child is complaining of knee pain, here is a list of ques­tions to which you should know the answers before you go to the doctor’s office.
Juvenile Arthritis
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Two important points always must be remembered whenever considering the diagnosis of juvenile arthritis. First, fever and rash should not be present except in children with systemic onset arthritis. If a child with arthritis has fever or a rash, an extensive effort must be made to exclude infectious causes. Fever and rash may be present in Lyme disease, reactive arthritis, and a variety of other diseases that are not juvenile arthritis.
Kawasaki Disease
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Billy was a three-year-old boy who had always been in good health. Ten days before he was sent to my office, his mother noted that he appeared irritable. He had a low-grade fever and the next day he was taken to the pediatrician to be checked for an ear infection. The pediatrician noted that he had conjunctivitis (red, irritated eyes) and gave the mother drops. The pediatrician explained this was probably the result of a viral infection. Over the next two days Billy remained irritable. Although his eyes got better, his fever continued. His mother noted a tender lump under his chin. She brought him back to the pediatrician. The pediatrician diagnosed cervical adenitis (an infection of a lymph gland in the neck area). Billy was started on antibiotics. He developed a rash the next day and the antibiotic was changed because he was possibly allergic. Three days later the mother returned to the pediatrician because Billy was not getting better. He still had fever; the tender lump under his chin was getting larger. Now his lips were dry and beginning to split. His tongue was red and irritated.
Benign Hypermobile Joint Syndrome and Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
Authors: Lehman Thomas J A
Published: November 2023

Benign hypermobile joint syndrome is not really a disease at all. Instead, it is an inherited variation on normal. Children with benign hypermobile joint syndrome are often referred to as double-jointed. Many children have loose joints or joints that pop out easily. The diagnosis of benign hypermobile joint syndrome requires that a child be able to do each of the following.