bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The sensor technologies for more efficient cow reproduction systems
Authors: Göncü Serap , Koluman Nazan
Published: January 2021

Good reproduction is key for successful dairy farming. Detection of estrus is the first step in getting a cow pregnant. Inadequate and inaccurate estrus detection is frequently a cause of cows becoming repeat breeders. Sensor technologies are being used to monitor the production and physiological condition of the animals. Increasingly, these innovations are leading to a more efficient performance of dairy cows, in terms of both physiology and profitability. Three types of sensors used in this area; electrochemical sensors, chemoresistive gas sensors chemoresistive sensor. Chemoresistive gas sensors have received impulse great deal of attention because of its many advantages over other sensing technologies. Electrochemical sensors are becoming unpopular as they have a short lifetime, rendering them unacceptable for some applications. Optical sensors show excellent characteristics of sensitivity, selectivity, adequate lifetime, and fast response; however, they have a high cost and large size. A chemoresistive sensor is based on a sensitive material, in bulk or deposited on a suitable support, upon which the molecular recognition process takes place. Classical Taguchi sensors have a sensitive material in the form of sintered porous ceramic body. Planar-type gas sensors are constituted of a sensing thick/thin layer deposited by chemical or physical methods onto a ceramic substrate with interdigited electrodes. Sensing nanomaterials may be quite unstable under thermal conditions due to their high surface energy leading to severe grain growth, which may result in the degradation of the device performances. Under such operations, the mechanical deterioration of electrodes can also lead to performance degradation due to the possible formation of micro-cracks on the electrode structure. Therefore, the development of novel sensors with higher sensitivities is the goal of much recent research efforts. This paper will give an overview of the commercial sensor-based devices that are currently available in market.
Characteristics of artisanal fisheries in the upper reaches of Bonny Estuary, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Authors: Utibe I Daniel , BG Monsi
Published: January 2021

Characteristics of artisanal fisheries in the upper reaches of Bonny Estuary were investigated for a period of six months from December 2014 to June 2015. Data were collected from randomly selected fishermen from five communities, viz., Bodo, Kpor, Bomu, Lewe and Gbe, using interview and open ended structured questionnaire. The research was carried out to ascertain the fish existed in the study area, types of gear, and methods of fishing, preservation and marketing techniques. The mean values of physico-chemical parameters such as temperature, dissolved oxygen (D.O), salinity, pH, turbidity, and biological oxygen demand (BOD) were 30.47±1.34˚C, 8.64±1.24 mg/l, 16.4±5.78 ppt, 7.66±0.76, 117.0±16.9 NTU and 4.94±2.66 mg/l, respectively. A total of 52 fish species belonging to 24 families were identified and the species diversity and their abundance were determined. Tilapia guineensis was the highest in number (190) with 4.0% of abundance, while Sphryraena afra was the least in number (9) with 2.0% of abundance. The dry season (December–February) recorded the number of 2,772 (57.7%) fin fishes, while the wet season (April–June) found 2,028 (42.3%). The mean number of fish caught was highest in station 2 and lowest in station 4. The physico chemical parameters were within the acceptable limits for fish growth in brackish water ecosystem. The study revealed that the gear commonly used by the fishermen include cast nets, drag nets, hook and line, and traps, while the crafts used were mainly dug-out canoe and non-motorised boat. It also revealed that the constraints responsible for the low catch and poor standard of living of the fishermen as observed include high cost of gear materials, poor condition of boat, no access to credit facilities, destruction of nets by engine boat and environmental pollution. In view of the negative impacts that the aforementioned factors have on the fishermen, it is necessary to implement an effective management of the fisheries through proper enforcement and environmental laws and policies to safeguard and conserve the aquatic biota from going into extinction as well as restoring the source of livelihood to the fishermen in the area under investigation.
Product life cycle assessment (LCA) in the environmental engineering and management aspects
Authors: Aluvihara Suresh , Kulathilaka Jagath
Published: January 2021

Environmental pollution is an ever found crux with the industrialized world although able to prevent or minimize the environmental pollution through some proper environmental management system. Product life cycle assessment (LCA) is a method of environmental assessment especially for the future plans, products and projects although it is able to assess only the environmental impacts through the product life cycle assessment (LCA). According to the methodology of the implementation of the product life cycle assessment (LCA), it is possible to continue at different stages of the relevant activities as necessary. The implementation of the assessment is done based on four key steps namely as goal and scope definition, inventory analysis, impact assessment and the interpretation. Under this assessment, basically it is expected to prevent the environmental impacts, mitigate the environmental impacts or find a solution for a future problem that relevant with the activity this is proposed.
Organization of agricultural production unit seen as a family business in mountainous South Kivu in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Jean-Pierre Cirimwami Kashangabuye , Bernard Ramananarivo Sylvain , Augustin Mutabazi Ngaboyeka , JB Muhigwa Bahananga , Espoir Bisimwa B , Romaine Ramananarivo
Published: January 2021

Agricultural extension actors in mountainous South Kivu in eastern DRC have been supporting producer’s increased efforts for decades. The adoption impact is still weak. This study determined and confirms the socio-economic factors for widespread adoption of the bean, cassava, maize and potato intensification technologies in this portion of the country. The qualitative and quantitative data from 360 file Managed were Households in Burhinyi Kabare Kaziba, Luhwinja, and Walungu Chiefdoms. The results of the discriminant factor analysis show that There are factors common to the wide-scale adoption of the use of improved varieties, the use of organic fertilization method, the use of the fertilizer, the fertilization method with GIFS, the use of the tractor thesis oven for crops in mountainous South Kivu.
Zwischen (selbst)bewusster Desintegration und multipler Ausgrenzung
Authors: Hiemer Elisa-Maria
Published: January 2021

Der Artikel zeichnet die jüngsten Debatten über den Stellenwert des Jüdischen innerhalb der jüdischen Gemeinschaft in Polen und Deutschland in drei verschiedenen Diskursbereichen nach: Aufbauend auf einer Skizzierung der Entwicklungsbedingungen jüdischer Kultur nach 1989 soll anhand von Interviews mit Jüdinnen und Juden der sogenannten dritten Generation der Prozess des sich wandelnden jüdischen Selbstverständnisses in beiden Ländern aufgezeigt werden. Diese Haltung wird ergänzt um einen Einblick in die jüdische Publizistik, die in zunehmendem Maße eine breite, nicht mehr auf die Shoah allein fokussierte Perspektive einnimmt. Daran anknüpfend möchte ich literarische Beispiele untersuchen, in denen das Jüdische nicht mehr als Deprivationsmerkmal verstanden wird. Die Autorinnen und Autoren suchen (mit teils fiktionalen Strategien) Wege zu einer Neupositionierung des Jüdischen in der jeweiligen Gesellschaft, womit sie gleichzeitig die vermeintliche Außenseiterposition infrage stellen.
DARD, Olivier & Ana Isabel Sardinha-Desvignes. 2018. Célébrer Salazar en France (1930-1974): Du philosalazarisme au salazarisme français. Bruxelles : Peter Lang (Convergences, vol. 90).
Authors: Almeida Dimitri
Published: January 2021

Compte rendu
„The Fury of Realistic Common Sense“
Authors: Scheurer Maren
Published: January 2021

Anhand der Konstruktion von Joan of Arc in Saint Joan untersucht dieser Artikel, wie George Bernard Shaw die Position einer Außenseiterin nutzt, um seine geschlechtspolitischen und ästhetischen Ziele zu verdeutlichen. Im Vergleich mit älteren Darstellungen der französischen Nationalheldin wird Shaws spezifische Rezeption des Jeanne-d’Arc-Mythos skizziert und dargestellt, wie Shaw Joans geschlechtliche Differenz als Fortsetzung seiner Kritik an Geschlechternormen entwickelt. Aufbauend darauf präsentiert Shaw Joan zudem als mentale Ausnahmefigur, über deren Visionen ein anderer Begriff des Realismus stark gemacht wird, mit dem Shaw sein eigenes schriftstellerisches Wirken identifiziert.
«Para que luego digan...»: de la sintaxis oracional al discurso
Authors: Grande-Alija Francisco-Javier
Published: January 2021

A partir de un corpus de ejemplos de carácter coloquial, se estudia el comportamiento formal y discursivo de la construcción para que luego digan (que + oración). Este análisis se aprovecha para desarrollar una reflexión sobre los procesos que han transformado lo que era una oración subordinada final en un tipo de construcción que se caracteriza por desarrollar ya una función en el discurso, lo cual la aproxima al comportamiento de los marcadores discursivos. Nuestro estudio se apoya en el concepto de insubordinación y en el de construccionalización.
«Resulta que...» De cláusula subordinante a elemento procedimental del discurso
Authors: Pérez-Béjar Víctor
Published: January 2021

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la construcción resulta que + [oración] desde un marco de sintaxis del discurso, una macrosintaxis. El uso actual de la estructura permite comprobar que su sentido conceptual queda diluido y adquiere otro procedimental relacionado con el plano informativo del texto, principalmente, la caracterización de la información introducida como "sorprendente" o "poco esperada": resulta que mis amigos nunca quisieron que me fuera. Resulta que + [oración] no posee el mismo grado de fijación que otros fenómenos del discurso, como los operadores o los marcadores discursivos. Sin embargo, se encuentra dentro del paradigma de otras construcciones sintácticas que desencadenan todo tipo de valores textuales y que no suelen ser atendidas en los estudios de sintaxis tradicional. A través del estudio de la constitución interna de la estructura y su funcionamiento en el discurso pretendemos integrarla dentro de un marco de análisis que dé cuenta del potencial de este tipo de construcciones en la gramática.
Gramaticalización, subjetivización y polifuncionalidad en la creación de operadores discursivos formados sobre la base léxica «(la) verdad»
Authors: Garcés-Gómez María-Pilar
Published: January 2021

El objetivo de esta investigación es explicar la evolución diacrónica de la construcción la verdad (es que) desde su origen como sintagma nominal con un significado conceptual referido a la veracidad de lo dicho o a la realidad de los hechos descritos hasta su reanálisis como operador discursivo con un significado procedimental y la adquisición de valores subjetivos en los que el hablante muestra la calificación del acto de habla o el compromiso con la aseveración, así como valores de contraexpectativa. La hipótesis es que estos cambios se explican por un proceso de gramaticalización por expansión (Traugott 2010a; Traugott/Trousdale 2013), en cuyo origen está un cambio semántico vinculado a un fenómeno de subjetivización mediante el que una construcción va adquiriendo significados que codifican perspectivas y actitudes del hablante (Traugott 2010b). En el análisis, determinamos los mecanismos que originan estos procesos evolutivos, las etapas históricas en las que se han desarrollado, las tradiciones discursivas y los tipos de texto a los que están vinculados; comparamos, además, su evolución con el de las construcciones que tienen esta misma base léxica (en verdad, de verdad, de veras, a la verdad).
De la «macro» a la «microsintaxis»: una aproximación al estudio de la combinación de conjunción y marcador discursivo al final de enunciado
Authors: López-Martín José-Manuel
Published: January 2021

En este estudio vamos a ocuparnos de la combinación de una conjunción y un marcador en posición final de enunciado. Los marcadores que más a menudo aparecen en este contexto son vamos, en fin y es que, que, en la mayoría de los casos, aparecen precedidos de la conjunción adversativa pero. El hecho de que un conector o un operador cierre el enunciado y aparezca coordinado con una predicación previa va más allá de las posibilidades sintácticas que a estas unidades se les ha asignado tradicionalmente y que han consistido en, o bien enlazar enunciados (conectores), o bien modificar una predicación aportando a esta valores modales, enunciativos, informativos o argumentativos (operadores).
Modeling of Two-Dimensional Light Bullets Propagation in an Array of Carbon Nanotubes Taking into Account the Mechanical Tension and Magnetic Field
Authors: Konobeeva Natalia , Skvortsov Dmitry
Published: January 2021

In this paper, we study the influence of acoustic and magnetic fields on the propagation of twodimensional light bullet in an array of carbon nanotubes. The acoustic field is taken into account in the framework of the gauge theory. A magnetic field is applied along the nanotube axis and leads to a change in the electronic spectrum of ?electrons. It is shown, that the pulse stably propagates in the medium, taking into account both of these factors. In this case, the magnetic field and tension slows down the pulse, as well as changes its amplitude.
Use of technologies by nurses in the management of primary health care
Authors: Fernandes Bruno César Gomes , Silva Júnior José Nildo de Barros , Guedes Haline Costa dos Santos , Macedo Diego Bruno Gonçalves , Nogueira Matheus Figueiredo , Barrêto Anne Jaquelyne Roque
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT Objective To analyze the management actions of nurses in Primary Health Care services from the perspective of technologies. Method Descriptive-exploratory study with a quantitative approach, carried out from February to April 2019. Through the snowball technique, the sample consisted of 42 nurses from Primary Health Care, using an electronic tool for data collection. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics techniques. Results 54.8% of nurses use technologies through SISREG and PEC electronic systems, care training related to permanent health education, online and face-to-face courses, in addition to care technologies such as telehealth and telemedicine. Conclusion Management actions focused on technology showed restricted use. Nurses need to empower themselves with these organizational devices, with the aim of improving the provision and quality of care for users.
Experience in a rehabilitation center for mastectomized women at the start of the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Zúñiga-Tapia Rocío , Panobianco Marislei Sanches , Prado Maria Antonieta Spinoso , Henríquez Patricia Cid
Published: January 2021

ABSTRACT Objective Describe the experience lived in an interdisciplinary follow-up care center for mastectomized women at a public university in São Paulo during the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic Method Experience report on the health care provided in the health center for mastectomized women. Results The care was provided three times a week by an interdisciplinary health team. The mentioned areas that cover the women care in the center: Physical, Psychological, Social Support and Health Education. Conclusions The attention by an interdisciplinary team becomes prevalent in the care of mastectomized women, since cancer and its treatment produce various changes in women's lives in the short and long term, so follow-up and support must be biopsychosocial, covering all areas that may be affected, especially during the pandemic.
Measure for Measure and Christian Doctrine of the Atonement
Authors: Battenhouse Roy W.
Published: January 2021

A recent editor of Shakespeare describes Measure for Measure as “strange and puzzling,” “the despair of commentators.” No play, it would seem, has met with estimates more conflicting. Even common sense (in the person of Samuel Johnson) has voiced disapproval; and the insight of Coleridge, which so often probes deeper, has registered here a pained dislike. Complaints against either the play's subject, its plot, its hero, or its heroine have been heard from critics as eminent as Hazlitt, Sir Arthur Quiller-Couch, and Sir Edmund Chambers. In opposition to the disparagers, however, there has appeared within the last century a strain of favorable criticism, lately almost enthusiastic. The rehabilitation may be said to have begun when certain Victorian commentators proclaimed Isabella a sweetly noble heroine, defying Mrs. Lennox's judgment of her as a “mere Vixen.” Yet these same Victorians disapproved the Duke; so that the recent and brilliant apology for the Duke by G. Wilson Knight, comparing the Duke's words and deeds with those of Jesus Christ, has come as a remarkable advance in the reappreciation of the play. At the same time W. W. Lawrence, by his study of medieval custom and analogue, has helped recommend the play's action and enhance its theatrical plausibility. Despite these defenses there are critics who continue to read Measure for Measure as a portrait of disillusionment,‘ negation, and the playwright's supposed cynicism. But two recent Annual Lectures before the British Academy take up boldly the opposite view. C. J. Sisson declares that “Far from being rotten, the play is sound to the core, and profoundly Christian in spirit”; and the late R. W. Chambers acclaims it as embodying a philosophy “more definitely Christian than that of The Tempest.” Appearing the same year as Professor Chambers’ spirited essay is C. J. Reimer's Marburg dissertation, in which we find repeated with emphasis Louis Albrecht's earlier high estimate of the play: it reveals, say these German scholars, the “Hauptzüge der Shakespeareschen Weltanschauung”—namely, a Christian faith not dogmatic or ecclesiastical but Biblical and evangelical. Finally, there has been in recent months a flurry of essays exploring the play's ethical nature. D. A. Traversi calls Measure for Measure “uncompromisingly moral”; F. R. Leavis finds in it a “fineness of ethical and poetic sensibility” which makes it “one of the very greatest of the plays”; and Miss M. C. Bradbrook offers the suggestion to regard it as “something resembling the medieval Morality.” Out of this welter of criticism one truth clearly emerges: that in this instance Shakespeare's work has abundantly justified its teasing title by becoming a “measure” for critics.
Old English Riddle No. 4: Handmill
Authors: von Erhardt-Siebold Erika
Published: January 2021

Ever since 1859, when Dietrich suggested hand-mill among the possible solutions for the present riddle, this answer has been advocated time and again without, however, finding general acceptance. Finally, the latest commentators of the Old English Riddles, while hesitatingly offering handbell or flail as possible solutions, label the riddle “unsolved.” In my opinion hand-mill is the subject of the riddle. The reason that this solution has not appealed to readers seems to lie in the fact that so far the repeated references to a ring or a plurality of rings in the riddle have defied interpretation. I offer the following translation which varies from the accepted one only in a few details, and shall then discuss the famoux crux of the riddle.
“The Shelley Legend”
Authors: Jones Frederick L.
Published: January 2021

Late in 1945 appeared a book entitled The Shelley Legend. It was published by Charles Scribner's Sons, and was written by Professor Robert M. Smith of Lehigh University in collaboration with Mr. Theodore G. Ehrsam, Miss Martha M. Schlegel, and Mr. Louis A. Waters. These authors began their labors in 1943 with apparently no previous experience in Shelley research and in less than two years claim to have discovered not only the real Shelley but also the fact that the patient biographical and critical labors of a long line of predecessors are in the main wrong. They even “venture the opinion that at least fifty per cent of the present attitude toward Shelley still stems from this cult [Lady Shelley's] of worshippers.” (p. 305) Their predecessors include Leigh Hunt, Mary Shelley, Thomas Medwin, T. J. Hogg, T. L. Peacock, E. J. Trelawny, Lady Jane Shelley, Richard Garnett, D. F. MacCarthy, W. M Rossetti, H. Buxton Forman, J. Cordy Jeaffreson, Edward Dowden, Mrs. Julian Marshall, J. A. Symonds, William Sharpe, A. J. Koszul, Mrs. Helen Rossetti Angeli, Walter Peck, André Maurois, Newman I. White, and a host of lesser contributors, many of whom are of the highest intellectual and scholarly attainments. It is claimed that these intelligent people, who have accumulated, tested, and published the greatest quantity of materials on any modern writer, have lacked discernment sufficient to free themselves from a false interpretation of Shelley presented to the world by Mary Shelley and Lady Jane Shelley and have been unable to base their conclusions on the facts in hand. This claim is made in spite of the fact, evident from the book itself, that no authors in question except Richard Garnett, Dowden, and Mrs. Marshall can in any way be shown as coming within the sphere of Lady Shelley's influence, and in spite of the fact that some were positive rebels against any possible influence of Lady Shelley; namely, Peacock, Trelawny, W. M. Rossetti, and J. Cordy Jeaffreson.
Symphonic Imagery in Richard II
Authors: Altick Richard D.
Published: January 2021

Critics on occasion have remarked the peculiar unity of tone which distinguishes Richard II from most of Shakespeare's other plays. Walter Pater wrote that, like a musical composition, it possesses “a certain concentration of all its parts, a simple continuity, an evenness in execution, which are rare in the great dramatist. … It belongs to a small group of plays, where, by happy birth and consistent evolution, dramatic form approaches to something like the unity of a lyrical ballad, a lyric, a song, a single strain of music.” And J. Dover Wilson, in his edition of the play, has observed that “Richard II possesses a unity of tone and feeling greater than that attained in many of his greater plays, a unity found, I think, to the same degree elsewhere only in Twelfth Night, Antony and Cleopatra, and The Tempest.”
The Position of Thomas Dekker in Jacobean Prison Literature
Authors: Shaw Phillip
Published: January 2021

This study is of the position of Thomas Dekker in a literary genre, prison literature, which comprises descriptions in prose works, poems, and plays, of one or more of London's fourteen prisons. The study seeks to establish the canon, chronology, and significance of Dekker's contributions to this literature, and, at the same time, it undertakes to overcome the absence, in literary and social history, of an examination of penal writings published during the reign of James I of England. The genre first flourished in the Jacobean period, and Thomas Dekker was its earliest principal writer. He wrote or collaborated upon about half of the entire output of Jacobean prison works; he composed all of his prison writings, with the possible exception of one, throughout the course of more than twenty years; and he cast the material into the four literary types of which this genre is composed: rogue exposures, dramatic settings, reformatory essays, and “characters.”
Horace's Influence on Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra
Authors: Westbrook Perry D.
Published: January 2021

However closely Shakespeare in writing Antony and Cleopatra may have followed North's Plutarch, he did not find in the biography a ready-made tragic heroine. Though Plutarch's Cleopatra is admittedly vivid and fascinating during her days of prosperity, she falls far below the demands of tragedy when her fortune changes. For the Cleopatra of the last two acts of his play, Shakespeare had to look elsewhere. It is my belief that he found what he wanted in Horace's Cleopatra Ode.
Faust und die Natur
Authors: Jockers Ernst
Published: January 2021

Auch dem oberflächlichen Leser muß es aufgefallen sein, daß Faust an entscheidenden Wendepunkten seines Lebens die Flucht in die Natur ergreift, um in ernster Zwiesprache mit ihr über sich selbst, sein Wollen und Tun klar zu werden. Ist doch die Natur für Faust wie für Goethe selbst ein geheimnisvoll lebendiges Wesen, das er wie ein Liebender in immer neuen Formen umwirbt. Im Gegensatz aber zur menschlichen Geliebten, welche die Schwächen des Mannes nur allzu gern übersieht, ist die Natur eine strenge Göttin, die alle seine Gebrechen schonungslos aufdeckt und jeden Versuch, sich ihrer Wahrheitsforderung zu entziehen, unbarmherzig bestraft. Der Mensch, der bei ihr Rat und Hilfe sucht, muß sich also bewußt sein, daß er eine richterliche Instanz anruft, gegen deren Urteilsspruch es keine irdische Berufung gibt. Die Bereitschaft, sich diesem Urteil zu unterwerfen und sein Leben in dessen Sinn auszurichten, ist dann der Gradmesser seines menschlichen Wertes, seiner reinen Menschlichkeit.
Samuel Rogers: Man of Taste
Authors: Weeks Donald
Published: January 2021

In the memoirs, diaries, journals, and reviews of the first half of the nineteenth century, Samuel Rogers (1763-1855) has an importance which is in sharp contrast to his present obscurity. It is no fault of the modern reader that he cannot remember one of Rogers' poems. Even before Rogers' death, his contemporaries had judged his work as essentially worthless, but they continued to speak with admiration of the “bard, beau, and banker” of St. James's Place. They remembered always the little house which he had made one of the great sights of London, of cultured society in the western world. Here above all was revealed Rogers the man of taste, arbiter elegantiarum, a rôle which he played with a curious combination of modesty, pleasure, and pride. Since his was the first small home to become a great museum, comparable to the Bache Collection today, No. 22 St. James's Place is worth reconstructing in detail and considering as an influence on its time.
Chaucer's Use of the Teseida
Authors: Pratt Robert A.
Published: January 2021

The influence of Italian writers on Chaucer has been described by the use of such general terms as “renaissance,” “humanism,” or “Italian atmosphere,” and also by the enumeration of borrowed passages and the recognition of similarities of plot. Some critics believe that the Italian journeys opened new vistas for Chaucer in literature and life, while others hold that from Italy he derived only certain lines and stories. Consideration of this problem in terms of just one poem, Boccaccio's Teseida, is narrow and inconclusive, but has the advantages of being specific and of permitting an evolutionary—as opposed to a static—point of view; for of all Italian writings except Dante's Commedia, the Teseida served Chaucer the most widely. It formed the basic material out of which he created the Knight's Tale, and was the source of passages in Anelida and Arcite, the Parliament of Fowls, Troilus and Criseyde, the Legend of Good Women, the Franklin's Tale, and possibly the House of Fame.
Belphoebe's Misdeeming of Timias
Authors: Gilbert Allan H.
Published: January 2021

In Le Livre de Lancelot del Lac, and taken over from it into Malory, is a story of how Sir Lancelot by craft is brought to lie with Elayne, thinking she is Queen Guinevere. The Queen, discovering it, thinks her lover has been false to her and with violent words banishes him from her presence. Lancelot swoons, then departs from court and runs about “wylde wood as euer was man” (Book xi, Chap. 3). At last he is bound when asleep and taken to a castle where he is cured.
A History of Fairfax Criticism
Authors: Bell Charles C.
Published: January 2021

Edward Fairfax, Elizabethan poet and translator, is most famous for his version of Tasso's Gerusalemme Liberata. Opinions of this book have varied so greatly that Fairfax critics alone afford an interesting cross-section of English taste. We may see the author admired by his contemporaries for his Italianate richness of description, praised by the seventeenth century for his smoothness and heroics, neglected by the eighteenth for his lack of elegance and rime (i.e., of couplets), revived by the romantics for his touching passages of emotion, and left on the shelf today because, perhaps, we have other things to think about.
Shakespeare's Shrew and Greene's Orlando
Authors: Houk Raymond A.
Published: January 2021

Parallels with Robert Greene's The Historie of Orlando Furioso support the theory that Shakespeare in 1592-93 may have composed some preliminary sketches for a play which he later wrote up as The Taming of the Shrew and which another wrote up as The Taming of a Shrew.
The Imitation of the Ideal: Polemic of a Dying Classicism
Authors: Garrett Helen T.
Published: January 2021

Studies on romanticism are numerous and exhaustive, and yet one problem of this literary upheaval has scarcely been touched by scholars—the conflicting aesthetic theories of the period from 1800-1815. Marsan has given us the history of romanticism's battle; other historians have treated problems of style, rules, and foreign influences; but, as Souriau has pointed out, an important question has been neglected: the classic versus the new liberal theory of imitation in art, a question which strikes at the very core of the classic-romantic dispute.
Manfred's Remorse and Dramatic Tradition
Authors: Evans Bertrand
Published: January 2021

Byron wrote of Manfred that he is “… a kind of magician, who is tormented by a species of remorse, the cause of which is left half unexplained.” It will perhaps be agreed that after much scholarship the cause remains in fact somewhat more than half unexplained, unless all is referred to Byron's anguish over the relationship with Augusta Leigh.

With characteristic impatience the poet repudiated the guesses of his contemporaries as to the sources of Manfred, which, he said, he wrote “for the sake of introducing the Alpine scenery in description.” To Wilson's suggestion in the Edinburgh Magazine that “the origin of this dreadful story” might be found in Marlowe's Faustus, Byron replied that “the conjecturer is out, and knows nothing of the matter.” When Goethe, reviewing the play, stated that “this singular intellectual poet has taken my Faustus to himself,” Byron retorted that he had never read Faust, “for I don't know German; but Matthew Monk Lewis, in 1816, at Coligny, translated most of it, viva voce, and I was naturally much struck with it.” Earlier he had written, “An American who came the other day from Germany told Mr. Hobhouse that Manfred was taken from Goethe's Faust. The devil may take both the Faustuses, German and English,—I have taken neither.” He was receptive only to Jeffrey's suggestion of an Aeschylean influence. Prometheus, he confessed, “has always been so much in my head, that I can easily conceive its influence over all or anything that I have written.”
Proust's Metaphors from the Natural and the Exact Sciences
Authors: Virtanen Reino
Published: January 2021

Goethe with his elective affinities, Stendhal with his cristallisation, are among Marcel Proust's forerunners in the use of scientific analogies in fiction. In our time, D. H. Lawrence has made his readers familiar with electricity as an analogue for the passion of love. But it seems safe to say that no writer has ever made more varied and skillful use of metaphors from science than Proust. This is the more remarkable because A la Recherche du Temps perdu is better known for the allusions to painting and music than for the allusions to science. Admirers like André Maurois, Camille Vettard, and Jean Mouton content themselves with citing a few examples. A study of Proust's analogies from the sciences is interesting for several reasons. There is, for one thing, the question of Proust's scientific culture. Another question is the value of these analogies for clarification of the phenomena described. A third point of interest concerns their artistic value. Do they come up to the ideal of the author who wrote: “Je crois que la métaphore seule peut donner une sorte d'éternité au style … ”? What is the function of these metaphors in the novel conceived as a work of art?
Aesthetic Distance in Madame Bovary
Authors: Bart B. F.
Published: January 2021

AS novelists in nineteenth-century France grew more familiar with their medium through practice in handling it, it became ever more possible for them to conceive of incorporating into it many of the qualities hitherto sought only in poetry or in the theater: the grandeur of the epic, the penetration of comedy, the sublimity of tragedy. The novel, relatively new in comparison with other forms, required the development of new techniques and new understandings which force the critic regretfully to abandon many criteria made comfortable through long use; but some of the basic problems remain and carry over with them some at least of the older canons. An enquiry into the meaning of Madame Bovary may properly raise the familiar question of tragedy or pathos and, although the question is posed in terms foreign to the older forms, the criteria for them may be restated to meet the new issues. One such canon is the matter of “aesthetic distance,” which has recently been defined as “an implicit set of directions concerning the distance from the object at which the reader must stand if he is to see it for what it is.” Studied in this light, Madame Bovary shows constantly shifting distances which lead to a richness and variety prohibited in the shorter compass of most of the older forms but which also proportionately increase the difficulties for the novelist, who must bring unity and meaning into this complex.
Charles Lamb's Contribution to the Theory of Dramatic Illusion
Authors: Barnet Sylvan
Published: January 2021

The concept of “Dramatic Illusion” is never thought of today in conjunction with Charles Lamb. Rather it is chiefly associated with Samuel Taylor Coleridge, for two good reasons. Coleridge's position on this difficult topic is, in the final analysis, a middle of the road one, between the extremes, say, of Castelvetro on the one hand and Dr. Johnson on the other. Second, his formula, “the willing suspension of disbelief,” whether adequate or not, is so effectively put that it has been granted a degree of acceptance which a less vivid phrase might never have received.
Coleridge's Metacriticism
Authors: Creed Howard H.
Published: January 2021

I borrow metacriticism from J. H. Muirhead, who has described Coleridge as combining “a genius for criticism” with “the metacritical craving for a theory of aesthetic.” And I am aware that the framework of critical “modes” into which Coleridge is fitted in the essay that follows is quite an arbitrary one; how arbitrary is readily shown by a glance at a recent anthology of critical writing edited by Mark Schorer, Josephine Miles, and Gordon McKenzie. Coleridge appears there alongside Aristotle as a critic who emphasizes the “form” of poetry rather than its “source” or “end.” I have used the same kind of triple relationship to define “poetry,” although I have called the relationship that of Poet, Poem, and Reader rather than Source, Form, and End. But I have preferred to treat Coleridge as a “romantic” critic who attempts a synthesis of Aristotelian form and Platonic end by placing his critical emphasis on the source of poetry in the poet's creative imagination.
Herder's Letters to Klopstock
Authors: Betteridge H. T.
Published: January 2021

J.M. Lappenberg in his collection of Briefe von und an Klopstock (Brunswick: Westermann, 1867) was able to include thirty-three unpublished letters to Klopstock through the generosity of Meta von Winthem, a descendent of the brother of the poet's second wife. The impression was given that these were all that she could supply, though it is now clear that she had made her selection solely from the letters of the more well-known literary figures. It was not until the 1920's that those interested in Klopstock became aware that other manuscript material was still to be found at this source, and the family was generous in acceding from time to time to specific requests from scholars. However, no general access to the originals was permitted. The full extent of Klopstock's literary remains only recently became apparent when the Hamburg Municipal Library acquired the whole collection by purchase.
The First Draft of Percy's Reliques
Authors: Friedman Albert B.
Published: January 2021

Thomas Percy's Reliques of Ancient English Poetry (1765) was early recognized as a prime mover of the revolution in literary taste that occurred in the later eighteenth century. The compilation had stimulated, according to Jeffrey, the “first revulsion” to the older literature. Wordsworth did not think there was “an able writer in verse of the present day” who would not willingly acknowledge his obligations to the Reliques. It had “absolutely redeemed” English poetry. Of Percy's enormous contribution to ballad scholarship proper, one need hardly quote testimony. It is no wonder, then, that literary scholars have gone to such inordinate pains to unravel the complicated editorial history of this (for its time) ambitious work. Since the publication in 1867-68 of Percy's principal source, the precious Folio MS., almost too much has been written about Percy's textual manipulations. Curiosity has been no less lively as to Percy's criteria for admitting ballads and songs to his collection, the guiding purpose behind his arrangement, and the sources of the scholarly data that went into his able headnotes and essays. Excellent hints on these matters abound in Percy's correspondence with the syndicate of scholars that assisted him during the years he was putting together his ballad book—Edward Lye, Thomas Astle, James Grainger, William Shenstone, Dr. Johnson, Richard Farmer, Thomas Warton, Sir David Dalrymple; and though otherwise undistinguished, these letters have been making their way into print for over a hundred years, until they now constitute a shelf of sober volumes. “Shenstone's billets,” the slips on which Percy's most influential mentor rated the contents of earlier poetical miscellanies, were edited twice in two years; no less than five recent studies have been devoted to the cancels and late alterations in the first edition of the Reliques.
Swift and Dr. Eachard
Authors: Elliott Robert C.
Published: January 2021

Source-hunting notoriously has its perils. The warnings of Harold Williams to Swift scholars are thoroughly salutary. “A Tale of a Tub,” he writes, “offers no great opportunities for the ingenious hunter of source books… .” And of Gulliver's Travels: “The eager search in hidden corners for similarities of phrase or narrative may easily become a mistaken pastime.” The fact remains, however, that when one does encounter similarities of phrase or of theme, or even extensive similarities of tone, one pricks up one's ears.
The Origins of the Medieval Humility Formula
Authors: Schwietering Julius
Published: January 2021

Middle high german poetry, which begins in the last decades of the eleventh century, was in the hands of clerics for nearly a century. Clerics treat religious material in the sense of their priestly office. Some of those who identify themselves add to their name the word “priest.” As they indicate in the prayers with which they begin and end their poems, they stand before God as authors of their poems, together with their audience, in order to honor Him and to instruct their hearers. For who can praise God without knowing Him? “Sed quis te invocat nesciens te?” says Saint Augustine, the great model of medieval piety, at the beginning of his Confessions.
The Cornell Language Program
Authors: Moulton William G.
Published: January 2021

In 1946, modern foreign language instruction in the College of Arts and Sciences, Cornell University, underwent a drastic reorganization. The former departments of German and Romance Languages became departments of German and Romance Literatures; all language teaching as such (together with the teaching of philology and linguistics) was placed in the hands of a new Division of Modern Languages. The new program was quite frankly experimental: it was to be an attempt to adapt to the college situation the wartime experiences in teaching foreign languages to members of the armed forces. A grant to cover initial expenses was generously made by the Rockefeller Foundation. Within five years a faculty committee was to evaluate the new program and to recommend its continuation, revision, or abolishment.
The Chronology of Apollinaire's Alcools
Authors: Breunig LeRoy C.
Published: January 2021

Guillaume Apollinaire's poetry fills the twenty-year interregnum between the end of Symbolism as an organized movement and the birth of Surrealism. The earliest selections in Alcools were composed the year of Mallarmé's death in 1898, and Calligrammes appeared only a few months before Breton and Soupault began their collaboration on Les Champs magnétiques in 1919. The work of perhaps no other poet in France at the turn of the century flows in such a direct current between the two dominant schools of the last seventy-five years. Obviously our appreciation of this period would gain considerably could we but view the poems of Apollinaire in the order in which he created them, proceeding with him from the mellifluous, fin de siècle delicacy of his first published piece, Clair de lune, to the discordant lines of Victoire:

On veut de nouveaux sons de nouveaux sons de nouveaux sonsOn veut des consonnes sans voyellesDes consonnes qui pètent sourdement Imitez le son de la toupieLaissez pétiller un son nasal et continuFaites claquer votre langueServez-vous du bruit sourd de celui qui mange sans civilitéLe raclement aspiré du crachement ferait aussi une belle consonne
Longfellow's “A Lay of Courage”
Authors: Hilen Andrew
Published: January 2021

Some years ago bertram holland flanders discovered in an obscure literary journal called Wheler's Magazine, published in Athens, Georgia, a Longfellow “translation” entitled “A Lay of Courage,” which had not appeared among the poet's collected works. According to its heading the poem had been rendered from the Danish of Ove Mailing, a statesman and historian of some importance but of small reputation as a poet. When Flanders added the translation to Longfellow's bibliography nothing was known of the circumstances of its composition nor had the Danish original been identified. An examination of additional evidence now makes it clear that Longfellow did not translate the poem; that, in fact, he probably did not even consult Mailing's original; and that, actually, he took the product of an earlier translator and, altering it slightly, submitted it to the editor of Wheler's Magazine under his own name.
Steele and the Bishop of St. Asaph's Preface
Authors: Stephens John C.
Published: January 2021

The nonpartisan editorial policy of Addison and Steele's Spectator is well known. “I never espoused any Party with Violence,” Mr. Spectator proclaimed in the first number of the periodical, “and am resolved to observe an exact Neutrality between the Whigs and Tories, unless I shall be forced to declare myself by the Hostilities of either Side.” Although in general the two essayists kept their promise, there is often a noticeably Whiggish cast to their writings; and on one occasion Steele threw neutrality to the winds and involved the Spectator in a bit of party pamphleteering that would have done credit, in substance if not in tone, to the most rabid political hack, Whig or Tory.
A Literary Chestnut: Dryden's “Cousin Swift”
Authors: Johnson Maurice
Published: January 2021

It is hard to think of another brief quotation in English literary history so felicitous as the one attributed to John Dryden: “Cousin Swift, you will never be a poet.” Here in a single sentence the family relationship between two great writers is established; Dryden is placed as an incisive and prophetic judge of literary worth; Swift is dramatically provided with cause for turning away from his disappointing “Pindarics” to the remarkable prose connected with his name; his somewhat over-stressed “life-long” hatred for Dryden is given its impetus. And if Dryden may be considered representative of the end of the seventeenth century and Swift of the beginning of the eighteenth century in English letters, a whole new age of prose is conveniently suggested in the eight words Dryden is supposed to have uttered. Whether or not he really did utter exactly those words—and I am quite certain that he did not—makes no great difference now: it is too late to add qualifying phrases to all the biographies, critical essays, monographs, and literary histories in which Dryden's pronouncement may be read. It has assumed a quality of fictional truth that renders it more convincing and more “true” than demonstrably authentic pronouncements could be. It is like some of the equally quotable adjudications of Samuel Johnson, chestnuts from the same tree, which also seem too suspiciously apropos to have been casually voiced, though they may have been recorded verbatim. Indeed, the eight words under consideration sound much less like Dryden than like Dr. Johnson himself; but that is a matter I will refer to later on in this paper.
The Place of Folklore
Authors: Taylor Archer
Published: January 2021

In the humanities folklore has won for itself only a small place. This is not surprising because it has not been able to free itself completely from the antiquarian and dilettante tradition of collecting curiosities. Proverbs, tales, ballads, customs, or superstitions are thought to be quaint and are recorded and studied for that reason. In the fifteenth century, Italian humanists brought to Germany the idea of an objective description of a country and had imitators who illustrated accounts of Westphalia and Ulm with local proverbs, stories of ghosts and nixes, wedding customs, and other bits of folklore. A little later Johannes Boemus, who ranged more widely in his Omnium gentium mores, leges et ritus (1520), and Sebastian Franck, who limited himself to Germany, proceeded more systematically. Franck saw that a knowledge of customs and manners contributed as much as knowledge of political, legal, or ecclesiastical history to the understanding of a people. Such collections of materials had, however, a somewhat nationalistic tinge and did not amount to much more than contributions to ethnography, history, or geography. A similar subordination of folklore to history and geography is seen in William Camden, Remaines of a greater worke concerning Britaine (1605). The second edition of this book (1614) contained the first alphabetical collection of English proverbs to be printed in England and we can therefore call it an early example of the organized presentation of folklore. The making of records continued and the manner of presenting them improved somewhat, but a systematic study of folklore did not arise. At the end of the seventeenth century scientific work that had been stimulated by the foundation of the Royal Society led John Aubrey to make two valuable collections of folklore and the miscellaneous interests of German and other polymaths included it. Divergent as these activities were, they did not reinforce each other and did not establish folklore as a recognized branch of the humanities.