bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase of Trypanosomatids: Characterization, Target Validation, and Drug Discovery
Authors: Gupta Shreedhara , Igoillo-Esteve Mariana , Michels Paul A. M. , Cordeiro Artur T.
Published: April 2011

In trypanosomatids, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), the first enzyme of the pentosephosphate pathway, is essential for the defense of the parasite against oxidative stress. Trypanosoma brucei, Trypanosoma cruzi, and Leishmania mexicana G6PDHs have been characterized. The parasites' G6PDHs contain a unique 37 amino acid long N-terminal extension that in T. cruzi seems to regulate the enzyme activity in a redox-state-dependent manner. T. brucei and T. cruzi G6PDHs, but not their Leishmania spp. counterpart, are inhibited, in an uncompetitive way, by steroids such as dehydroepiandrosterone and derivatives. The Trypanosoma enzymes are more susceptible to inhibition by these compounds than the human G6PDH. The steroids also effectively kill cultured trypanosomes but not Leishmania and are presently considered as promising leads for the development of new parasite-selective chemotherapeutic agents.
AIDS Cholangiopathy in an Asymptomatic, Previously Undiagnosed Late-Stage HIV-Positive Patient from Kenya
Authors: Gao Yiming , Chin Kathryn , Mishriki Yehia Y.
Published: April 2011

AIDS-associated cholangiopathy is a form of biliary tract inflammation with stricture formation seen in AIDS patients who are severely immunosuppressed. It is no longer common in countries in which HAART therapy is widely employed but is still seen in underdeveloped countries. The majority of patients are symptomatic at the time of presentation. Herein, we describe a seventy-four-year-old woman who presented with unilateral leg swelling after a prolonged airplane flight. She was otherwise entirely asymptomatic. Routine laboratory testing was notable for a hypochromic microcytic anemia, slight leukopenia, and mild hypoalbuminemia. Liver enzymes were all elevated. Deep venous thrombosis was confirmed, and a CT scan of the chest disclosed no pulmonary emboli. However, the visualized portion of the abdomen showed dilatation of the common bile and pancreatic ducts. This was confirmed on ultrasonography and MRCP, and no obstructive lesions were noted. An ERCP revealed a dilated common bile duct without filling defects or strictures. A balloon occlusion cholangiogram showed strictures and beading of the intrahepatic ducts. Shortly thereafter, serology for HIV returned positive along with a depressed CD4 cell count, and the patient was diagnosed with AIDS-associated cholangiography.
Short-Term Effects of Screening for Cardiovascular Risk in the Deaf Community: A Pilot Study
Authors: Patel J. V. , Gill P. S. , Chackathayil J. , Ojukwu H. , Stemman P. , Sheldon L. , Meelu S. , Lane D. A. , Tracey I. , Lip G. Y. H. , Hughes E. A.
Published: April 2011

There is limited information on the risk of cardiovascular disease amongst the Deaf community. Given that the access of Deaf people to mainstream health promotion is likely to be hindered by language barriers, we were interested to assess the short-term impact of cardiovascular health promotion within this group. Using a pilot study we investigated changes in cardiovascular risk factors amongst Deaf people identified to be at high cardiovascular risk, who received standard health promotion by a medical team specializing in cardiovascular health promotion. The short-term impact of cardiovascular health promotion in this group did not reduce estimates of cardiovascular risk. The reasons for this are likely to relate to the design and delivery of health promotion to Deaf people, which deserves further study.
Singular Features of Trypanosomatids' Phosphotransferases Involved in Cell Energy Management
Authors: Pereira Claudio A. , Bouvier León A. , Cámara María de los Milagros , Miranda Mariana R.
Published: April 2011

Trypanosomatids are responsible for economically important veterinary affections and severe human diseases. In Africa,Trypanosoma bruceicauses sleeping sickness or African trypanosomiasis, while in America,Trypanosoma cruziis the etiological agent of Chagas disease. These parasites have complex life cycles which involve a wide variety of environments with very different compositions, physicochemical properties, and availability of metabolites. As the environment changes there is a need to maintain the nucleoside homeostasis, requiring a quick and regulated response. Most of the enzymes required for energy management are phosphotransferases. These enzymes present a nitrogenous group or a phosphate as acceptors, and the most clear examples are arginine kinase, nucleoside diphosphate kinase, and adenylate kinase.TrypanosomaandLeishmaniahave the largest number of phosphotransferase isoforms ever found in a single cell; some of them are absent in mammals, suggesting that these enzymes are required in many cellular compartments associated to different biological processes. The presence of such number of phosphotransferases support the hypothesis of the existence of an intracellular enzymatic phosphotransfer network that communicates the spatially separated intracellular ATP consumption and production processes. All these unique features make phosphotransferases a promising start point for rational drug design for the treatment of human trypanosomiasis.
Endovascular Treatment for Pseudoaneurysms after Surgical Correction of Aortic Coarctation
Authors: Rabellino M. , Zander T. , González G. , Baldi S. , Cheves H. , Estigarribia A. , Llorens R. , Carreira J. M. , Maynar M.
Published: April 2011

Late complications after surgical repair of aortic coarctation are not uncommon. Among these complications pseudoaneurysms are the most frequent complications, occurring between 3 and 38%. Reoperation in these patients is associated with high morbidity and mortality. In the last decade, endovascular techniques emerged as an alternative to conventional surgery with excellent results. We report the case of two patients who presented with pseudoaneurysms after surgical correction for aortic coarctation, which were treated by endovascular means.
Recurrent Syncope in a Cancer Patient: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Sharma Jyoti , Dougherty Anne H.
Published: April 2011

A 59-year-old male with invasive squamous cell carcinoma of the left preauricular region, treated with several chemotherapy regimens and radiation therapy, was admitted for recurrent syncopal episodes. He was found to be suffering from neurocardiogenic reflex-mediated syncope secondary to mechanical compression of the carotid baroreceptors and glossopharyngeal nerve by the tumor. We discuss the pathophysiology of this case and the available treatment options.
Expression of lumican and fibromodulin following interleukin-1 beta stimulation of disc cells of the human temporomandibular joint
Authors: Kiga N. , Tojyo I. , Matsumoto T. , Hiraishi Y. , Shinohara Y. , Makino S. , Fujita S.
Published: April 2011

Small leucine-rich repeat proteoglycans (SLRP) are present in the extracellular matrix of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc. Lumican and fibromodulin, classified as class 2 SLRPs, play important roles in TMJ assembly, proliferation and inflammation. Degenerative change in the TMJ disc gives rise to the process of internal derangement (ID). In this study, we immunohistochemically examined the expression of lumican and fibromodulin in nine human TMJ specimens and examined the gene expression of both proteoglycans in cultured human TMJ disc cells under interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 β)-stimulated conditions. An articular disc cell line was established by collagenase treatment of a TMJ disc. The subcultured cells were then incubated for 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 or 48 h under both normal and IL-1 β (1 ng/mL) conditions. The gene expression of lumican and fibromodulin was examined using the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and real-time RT-PCR. We demonstrated that the expression of lumican significantly differs from that of fibromodulin in the deformed disc and that IL-1 β induces a significant increase in lumican mRNA, but not in fibromodulin mRNA, after 24~48 h culture compared to cells cultured in the absence of IL-1 β (P<0.05). These results indicate that lumican and fibromodulin display different behaviors and that lumican may promote regeneration of the TMJ after degeneration and deformation induced by IL-1 β.
Serum YKL-40 Levels in Patients with Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Yilmaz Ozkan , Kemik Ozgur , Kemik Ahu , Sumer Aziz , Dülger A. Cumhur , Hasirci Ismail , Almali Nejat , Purisa Sevim , Kotan Qetin
Published: April 2011

Aims and Background

YKL-40 is a glycoprotein secreted by macrophages, neutrophils and malignant tumor cells. YKL-40 is expressed and secreted by several types of tumors. The aim of this study examined the clinical usefulness of YKL-40 for detection in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).

Methods

Using ELISA kits, we measured the concentration of YKL-40 in serum from 100 patients with ESCC and compared this concentration with healthy population.

Results

We found significantly higher serum levels of YKL-40 in patients with ESCC compared to the healthy population ( P < 0.0001).

Conclusions

These results suggested that regarding serum YKL-40 as a tumor marker could be benefical in the early clinical diagnosis.
Optimization of the Multishift QR Algorithm with Coprocessors for Non-Hermitian Eigenvalue Problems
Authors: Miyata Takafumi , Yamamoto Yusaku , Uneyama Takashi , Nakamura Yoshimasa , Zhang Shao-Liang
Published: April 2011

The multishift QR algorithm is efficient for computing all the eigenvalues of a dense, large-scale, non-Hermitian matrix. The major part of this algorithm can be performed by matrix-matrix multiplications and is therefore suitable for modern processors with hierarchical memory. A variant of this algorithm was recently proposed which can execute more computational parts by matrix-matrix multiplications. The algorithm is especially appropriate for recent coprocessors which contain many processor-elements such as the CSX600. However, the performance of the algorithm highly depends on the setting of parameters such as the numbers of shifts and divisions in the algorithm. Optimal settings are different depending on the matrix size and computational environments. In this paper, we construct a performance model to predict a setting of parameters which minimizes the execution time of the algorithm. Experimental results with the CSX600 coprocessor show that our model can be used to find the optimal setting.
Impact of model grid spacing on regional- and urban- scale air quality predictions of organic aerosol
Authors: Stroud C. A. , Makar P. A. , Moran M. D. , Gong W. , Gong S. , Zhang J. , Hayden K. , Mihele C. , Brook J. R. , Abbatt J. P. D. , Slowik J. G.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. Regional-scale chemical transport model predictions of urban organic aerosol to date tend to be biased low relative to observations, a limitation with important implications for applying such models to human exposure health studies. We used a nested version of Environment Canada's AURAMS model (42- to- 15- to- 2.5-km nested grid spacing) to predict organic aerosol concentrations for a temporal and spatial domain corresponding to the Border Air Quality and Meteorology Study (BAQS-Met), an air-quality field study that took place in the southern Great Lakes region in the summer of 2007. The use of three different horizontal grid spacings allowed the influence of this parameter to be examined. A domain-wide average for the 2.5-km domain and a matching 15-km subdomain yielded very similar organic aerosol averages (4.8 vs. 4.3 μg m−3, respectively). On regional scales, secondary organic aerosol dominated the organic aerosol composition and was adequately resolved by the 15-km model simulation. However, the shape of the organic aerosol concentration histogram for the Windsor urban station improved for the 2.5-km simulation relative to those from the 42- and 15-km simulations. The model histograms for the Bear Creek and Harrow rural stations were also improved in the high concentration "tail" region. As well the highest-resolution model results captured the midday 4 July organic-aerosol plume at Bear Creek with very good temporal correlation. These results suggest that accurate simulation of urban and large industrial plumes in the Great Lakes region requires the use of a high-resolution model in order to represent urban primary organic aerosol emissions, urban VOC emissions, and the secondary organic aerosol production rates properly. The positive feedback between the secondary organic aerosol production rate and existing organic mass concentration is also represented more accurately with the highest-resolution model. Not being able to capture these finer-scale features may partly explain the consistent negative bias reported in the literature when urban-scale organic aerosol evaluations are made using coarser-scale chemical transport models.
Global distribution of sea salt aerosols: new constraints from in situ and remote sensing observations
Authors: Jaeglé L. , Quinn P. K. , Bates T. S. , Alexander B. , Lin J.-T.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. We combine in situ measurements of sea salt aerosols (SS) from open ocean cruises and ground-based stations together with aerosol optical depth (AOD) observations from MODIS and AERONET, and the GEOS-Chem global chemical transport model to provide new constraints on SS emissions over the world's oceans. We find that the GEOS-Chem model using the Gong (2003) source function overestimates cruise observations of coarse mode SS mass concentrations by factors of 2–3 at high wind speeds over the cold waters of the Southern, North Pacific and North Atlantic Oceans. Furthermore, the model systematically underestimates SS over the warm tropical waters of the Central Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. This pattern is confirmed by SS measurements from a global network of 15 island and coastal stations. The model discrepancy at high wind speeds (>6 m s −1) has a clear dependence on sea surface temperature (SST). We use the cruise observations to derive an empirical SS source function depending on both wind speed and SST. Implementing this new source function in GEOS-Chem results in improved agreement with in situ observations, with a decrease in the model bias from +64% to +33% for the cruises and from +32% to −5% for the ground-based sites. We also show that the wind speed-SST source function significantly improves agreement with MODIS and AERONET AOD, and provides an explanation for the high AOD observed over the tropical oceans. With the wind speed-SST formulation, global SS emissions show a small decrease from 5200 Mg yr−1 to 4600 Mg yr−1, while the SS burden decreases from 9.1 to 8.5 mg m−2. The spatial distribution of SS, however, is greatly affected, with the SS burden increasing by 50% in the tropics and decreasing by 40% at mid- and high-latitudes. Our results imply a stronger than expected halogen source from SS in the tropical marine boundary layer. They also imply stronger radiative forcing of SS in the tropics and a larger response of SS emissions to climate change than previously thought.
Dependence of the single-scattering properties of small ice crystals on idealized shape models
Authors: Um J. , McFarquhar G. M.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. The projections of small ice crystals (with maximum dimension <50 μm) appear quasi-circular when imaged by probes on aircraft flying through cloud. Therefore, idealized models constructed to calculate their single-scattering properties have included quasi-spherical models such as Chebyshev particles, Gaussian random spheres, and droxtals. Recently, an ice analogue grown from sodium fluorosilicate solution on a glass substrate, with several columns emanating from a common center of mass, was shown to be quasi-circular when imaged by state-of-the-art cloud probes. In this study, a new idealized model, called the budding Bucky ball (3B) that resembles the shape of the small ice analogue is developed. The corresponding single-scattering properties (scattering phase function P11 and asymmetry parameter g) are computed by a ray-tracing code. Compared with previously used models, 3B scatters less light in the forward and more light in the lateral and backward directions. The Chebyshev particles and Gaussian random spheres show smooth and featureless P11, whereas droxtals and 3Bs, which have a faceted structure, show several peaks in P11 associated with angles of minimum deviation. Overall, the difference in the forward (lateral; backward) scattering between models are up to 22% (994%; 132%), 20% (510%; 101%), and 16% (146%; 156%) for small ice crystals with respective area ratios of 0.85, 0.77, and 0.69. The g for different models varies by up to 25%, 23%, and 19% for particles with area ratios of 0.85, 0.77, and 0.69, respectively. Because the single-scattering properties of small ice crystals depend both on the choice of the idealized model and the area ratios used to characterize the small ice crystals, higher resolution observations of small ice crystals or direct observations of their single-scattering properties are required.
Multi-scale modeling study of the source contributions to near-surface ozone and sulfur oxides levels over California during the ARCTAS-CARB period
Authors: Huang M. , Carmichael G. R. , Spak S. N. , Adhikary B. , Kulkarni S. , Cheng Y. , Wei C. , Tang Y. , D'Allura A. , Wennberg P. O. , Huey G. L. , Dibb J. E. , Jimenez J. L. , Cubison M. J. , Weinheimer A. J. , Kaduwela A. , Cai C. , Wong M. , Bradley Pierce R. , Al-Saadi J. A. , Streets D. G. , Zhang Q.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. Chronic high surface ozone (O3) levels and the increasing sulfur oxides (SOx = SO2+SO4) ambient concentrations over South Coast (SC) and other areas of California (CA) are affected by both local emissions and long-range transport. In this paper, multi-scale tracer, full-chemistry and adjoint simulations using the STEM atmospheric chemistry model are conducted to assess the contribution of local emission sourcesto SC O3 and to evaluate the impacts of transported sulfur and local emissions on the SC sulfur budgetduring the ARCTAS-CARB experiment period in 2008. Sensitivity simulations quantify contributions of biogenic and fire emissions to SC O3 levels. California biogenic and fire emissions contribute 3–4 ppb to near-surface O3 over SC, with larger contributions to other regions in CA. During a long-range transport event from Asia starting from 22 June, high SOx levels (up to ~0.7 ppb of SO2 and ~1.3 ppb of SO4) is observed above ~6 km, but they did not affect CA surface air quality. The elevated SOx observed at 1–4 km is estimated to enhance surface SOx over SC by ~0.25 ppb (upper limit) on ~24 June. The near-surface SOx levels over SC during the flight week are attributed mostly to local emissions. Two anthropogenic SOx emission inventories (EIs) from the California Air Resources Board (CARB) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) are compared and applied in 60 km and 12 km chemical transport simulations, and the results are compared withobservations. The CARB EI shows improvements over the National Emission Inventory (NEI) by EPA, but generally underestimates surface SC SOx by about a factor of two. Adjoint sensitivity analysis indicated that SO2 levels at 00:00 UTC (17:00 local time) at six SC surface sites were influenced by previous day maritime emissions over the ocean, the terrestrial emissions over nearby urban areas, and by transported SO2 from the north through both terrestrial and maritime areas. Overall maritime emissions contribute 10–70% of SO2 and 20–60% fine SO4 on-shore and over the most terrestrial areas, with contributions decreasing with in-land distance from the coast. Maritime emissions also modify the photochemical environment, shifting O3 production over coastal SC to more VOC-limited conditions. These suggest an important role for shipping emission controls in reducing fine particle and O3 concentrations in SC.
Study on long-term aerosol distribution over the land of East China using MODIS data
Authors: He Q. , Li C. , Geng F. , Lei Y. , Li Y. , Tie X. , Yin Q.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. East China is among the fastest developing and most populous area in Asia, where atmospheric aerosol loading is high due to heavy urban and industrial emission. These aerosols may have significant impact on regional climate and environment. In this report, MODIS level 2 aerosol products (2000–2007) were used to study aerosol spatial and temporal distributions, as well as their variations with local meteorological conditions over East China. By combining Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and aerosol Fine Mode Fraction (FMF), we found that the urban/industrial aerosol and dust are two dominant species over northern part, whereas continental, marine and mixed aerosols dominate the southern part of East China, except for Poyang Lake Plain. Both annual mean AOD and area with high AOD increased from 2000 to 2007, with the largest increase seen in Yangtze River Delta region (YRD). In summer, AOD in East China reached the maximum of about 0.8 in YRD, dominated by fine mode particles. The minimum AOD occurred in winter with mostly coarse mode particles. The higher AOD in spring is attributed to coarse particles. Local aerosol properties were analyzed in three typical zones: the northern dry zone (I), the central urban/industrial zone (II) and the southern natural background zone (III). Monthly mean AODs in zone I and II were above 0.5 throughout the entire year, with the maximum AOD in June. High FMFs in this period indicated heavy urban and industrial pollutions. Monthly mean AODs and FMFs in zone III reached maximum of 0.51 in April and September (up to 90.7%) respectively. High AOD in spring in zone III appears mostly due to the long-range dust transport from the North. In fact, dust particles contributed 50–80% to aerosol loading in zone I and II, but only 20% in zone III. The effect of meteorological conditions such as temperature, relative humidity (RH) and wind on aerosol loadings over East China were also investigated.
The calcium-dust relationship in high-resolution data from Dome C, Antarctica
Authors: Lambert F. , Bigler M. , Steffensen J. P. , Hutterli M. , Fischer H.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. Ice core data from Antarctica provide detailed insights into the characteristics of past climate, atmospheric circulation, as well as changes in the aerosol load of the atmosphere. We present high-resolution records of soluble calcium (Ca2+), non-sea-salt soluble calcium (nssCa2+), and insoluble mineral aerosol dust from the East Antarctic Plateau at a depth resolution of 1 cm, spanning the past 800 000 yr. The comparison shows that the ratio of ionic proxies such as CaCa2+ (or nssCa2+) to particulate dust aerosol is variable in time. Accordingly, the insoluble dust record is representative of large and small atmospheric particulate dust load changes and better suited to quantify the aerosol effect on the radiation balance in the past. In contrast soluble dust proxies such as Ca2+ and nssCa2+ will underestimate this effect but may be better suited to quantify the deposition of chemically active Ca2+ or other soluble dust derived nutrients into the Southern Ocean. The correlation between nssCa2+ and particulate dust is time dependent with high correlations during glacial and low correlation during interglacial times. The low correlation during warm times may be partly caused by changes in the soluble calcium content of dust particles, possibly due to a more acidic atmosphere during interglacials. The ratio of nssCa2+ to dust is dependent on the dust concentration itself. A simple mixing of two dust end members for glacial and interglacial conditions with nssCa2+ to dust ratios of 0.045 and approximately 0.3, respectively, can explain the overall temporal change in the nssCa2+ to dust ratio over time.
Water harvest- and storage- location assessment model using GIS and remote sensing
Authors: Weerasinghe H. , Schneider U. A. , Löw A.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. This study describes a globally applicable method to determine the local suitability to implement water supply management strategies within the context of a river catchment. We apply this method, and develop a spatial analysis model named Geographic Water Management Potential (GWAMP). We retrieve input data from global data repositories and rescale these data to 1km spatial resolution to obtain a set of manageable input data. Potential runoff is calculated as an intermediate input using the Soil Conservation Service Curve Number (SCS-CN) equation. Multi Criteria Evaluation techniques are used to determine the suitability levels and relative importance of input parameters for water supply management. Accordingly, the model identifies, potential water harvesting- and storage sites for on-farm water storage, regional dams, and soil moisture conservation. We apply the model to two case-study locations, the Sao-Francisco and Nile catchments, which differ in their geographic and climatic conditions. The model results are validated against existing data on hydrologic networks, reservoir capacities and runoff. On average, GWAMP predictions of sites with high rain water storage suitability correlate well (83%) with the locations of existing regional dams and farm tanks. According to the results from testing and validation of the GWAMP we point out that the GWAMP can be used identify potential sites for rain water harvesting and storage technologies in a given catchment.
Applying sequential Monte Carlo methods into a distributed hydrologic model: lagged particle filtering approach with regularization
Authors: Noh S. J. , Tachikawa Y. , Shiiba M. , Kim S.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. Applications of data assimilation techniques have been widely used to improve hydrologic prediction. Among various data assimilation techniques, sequential Monte Carlo (SMC) methods, known as "particle filters", provide the capability to handle non-linear and non-Gaussian state-space models. In this paper, we propose an improved particle filtering approach to consider different response time of internal state variables in a hydrologic model. The proposed method adopts a lagged filtering approach to aggregate model response until uncertainty of each hydrologic process is propagated. The regularization with an additional move step based on Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) is also implemented to preserve sample diversity under the lagged filtering approach. A distributed hydrologic model, WEP is implemented for the sequential data assimilation through the updating of state variables. Particle filtering is parallelized and implemented in the multi-core computing environment via open message passing interface (MPI). We compare performance results of particle filters in terms of model efficiency, predictive QQ plots and particle diversity. The improvement of model efficiency and the preservation of particle diversity are found in the lagged regularized particle filter.
Permafrost degradation risk zone assessment using simulation models
Authors: Daanen R. P. , Ingeman-Nielsen T. , Marchenko S. S. , Romanovsky V. E. , Foged N. , Stendel M. , Christensen J. H. , Hornbech Svensen K.
Published: April 2011

Abstract. Climate change is detrimental to permafrost and related processes, from hydrological and ecological to societal. We present the current and future state of permafrost in Greenland as modeled numerically with the GIPL model driven by HIRHAM climate projections till 2075. In this paper we developed the Permafrost Thaw Potential (PTP). This is the potential active layer increase due to climate warming and surface alterations. PTP was used in a simple risk assessment procedure usefull for engineerings. Climate warming will result in wide-spread permafrost warming and degradation. Construction on sedimentary deposits with permafrost should be avoided south of latitude 67.
Impacted Autograft and Cementless Components in Acetabular Revision: A Retrospective Series
Authors: Lai Zhen , Shi Shi-Yuan , Fei Jun , Wei Wei
Published: April 2011

Objective

A retrospective review of the short- to medium-term results of acetabular revision using impacted autograft combined with cementless acetabular components is reported. Methods; Twenty-five cases with aseptic acetabular loosening and associated bone defects were revised using impacted autograft and a cementless acetabular component.

Results

Twenty-five patients were followed for a minimum of 4 years. Mean follow-up was 5.5years (range 4.0–8.0 years). Radiographs showed that good incorporation of autograft occurred in all cases. Mean Harris hip score improved from 36.0 points (range 20.0 to 50.0) pre-operatively to 85.7 points (range 50.0 to 91.0) at latest follow-up. Outcome was Excellent in 8 cases, Good in 13 cases and Fair in 4 cases. No cases required further revision.

Conclusion

The use of impacted autograft in combination with cementless components for acetabular revision can achieve good short- to medium-term result in patients with acetabular bone deficiency.
Antimicrobial Active Clothes Display No Adverse Effects on the Ecological Balance of the Healthy Human Skin Microflora
Authors: Hoefer Dirk , Hammer Timo R.
Published: April 2011

The progressive public use of antimicrobial clothes has raised issues concerning skin health. A placebo-controlled side-to-side study was run with antimicrobial clothes versus fabrics of similar structure but minus the antimicrobial activity, to evaluate possible adverse effects on the healthy skin microflora. Sixty volunteers were enrolled. Each participant received a set of form-fitting T-shirts constructed in 2 halves: an antibacterial half, displaying activities of 3–5 log-step reductions due to silver-finishes or silver-loaded fibres and a nonantibacterial control side. The microflora of the scapular skin was analyzed weekly for opportunistic and pathogenic microorganisms over six weeks. The antibacterial halves did not disturb the microflora in number or composition, whereas a silver-containing deodorant displayed a short-term disturbance. Furthermore, parameters of skin morphology and function (TEWL, pH, moisture) did not show any significant shifts. In summary, antimicrobial clothes did not show adverse effects on the ecological balance of the healthy skin microflora.
Homopolynuclear TlI and Heteropolynuclear AuI–TlI Complexes with Organodiselone Ligands: Activation of Luminescence by Intermetallic Interactions
Authors: Arca Massimiliano , Aroz Teresa , Concepción Gimeno M. , Kulcsar Monika , Laguna Antonio , Lasanta Tania , Lippolis Vito , López‐de‐Luzuriaga José M. , Monge Miguel , Olmos M. Elena
Published: April 2011

The organodiselone ligands 1,1‐bis(3‐methyl‐4‐imidazolin‐2‐selone)methane (L1) and 1,2‐bis(3‐methyl‐4‐imidazolin‐2‐selone)ethane (L2) have been used for the synthesis of homopolynuclear TlI [{Tl(L)}PF6]n·(mMeCN)n [L = L1, m = 1 (1); L = L2, m = 0 (2)] and discrete heteropolynuclear [Tl{Au(C6Cl5)2}(L)] [L = L1 (3), L2 (4)] complexes. The crystal structures of complexes 1 and 3 have been determined through X‐ray diffraction studies. Complex 1 consists of alternating thallium(I) centres and bidentate Se‐donor ligands that result in polymeric chains. The crystal structure of 3 is formed by [Tl(L1)]+ cations and [Au(C6Cl5)2]– anions joined together by an unsupported Au···Tl interaction. Compounds 3 and 4 are luminescent in the solid state at room temperature and at 77 K with lifetimes in the nanosecond range. DFT and time‐dependent (TD)‐DFT calculations have been carried out on different model systems including the free ligand L1, a representative model of complex 1 and a model system of complex 3. The character of the frontier molecular orbitals and the TD‐DFT prediction of the absorption spectra are used to explain the origin of the luminescence of complexes 3 and 4 as an admixture of metal–metal (Au–Tl)‐to‐ligand charge transfer (MMLCT) and intraligand (IL) transitions as observed experimentally.
Replacing fossil oil with fresh oil – with what and for what?
Authors: Carlsson Anders S. , Yilmaz Jenny Lindberg , Green Allan G. , Stymne Sten , Hofvander Per
Published: April 2011

Industrial chemicals and materials are currently derived mainly from fossil‐based raw materials, which are declining in availability, increasing in price and are a major source of undesirable greenhouse gas emissions. Plant oils have the potential to provide functionally equivalent, renewable and environmentally friendly replacements for these finite fossil‐based raw materials, provided that their composition can be matched to end‐use requirements, and that they can be produced on sufficient scale to meet current and growing industrial demands. Replacement of 40% of the fossil oil used in the chemical industry with renewable plant oils, whilst ensuring that growing demand for food oils is also met, will require a trebling of global plant oil production from current levels of around 139 MT to over 400 MT annually. Realisation of this potential will rely on application of plant biotechnology to (i) tailor plant oils to have high purity (preferably >90%) of single desirable fatty acids, (ii) introduce unusual fatty acids that have specialty end‐use functionalities and (iii) increase plant oil production capacity by increased oil content in current oil crops, and conversion of other high biomass crops into oil accumulating crops. This review outlines recent progress and future challenges in each of these areas.

Practical applications: The research reviewed in this paper aims to develop metabolic engineering technologies to radically increase the yield and alter the fatty acid composition of plant oils and enable the development of new and more productive oil crops that can serve as renewable sources of industrial feedstocks currently provided by non‐renewable and polluting fossil‐based resources. As a result of recent and anticipated research developments we can expect to see significant enhancements in quality and productivity of oil crops over the coming decades. This should generate the technologies needed to support increasing plant oil production into the future, hopefully of sufficient magnitude to provide a major supply of renewable plant oils for the industrial economy without encroaching on the higher priority demand for food oils. Achievement of this goal will make a significant contribution to moving to a sustainable carbon‐neutral industrial society with lower emissions of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere and reduced environmental impact as a result.
New animal models of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Dehay Benjamin , Bezard Erwan
Published: April 2011

Background:

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder mainly characterized by the loss of dopaminergic neurons from the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence, in the affected brain regions, of protein inclusions named Lewy Bodies. Despite the fact that numerous mutations causing hereditary forms of Parkinson's disease have been identified in the last decade, current transgenic animal models do not adequately reproduce cardinal features of the human disease. Altogether, the animal models derived of human mutations indicate that the nigrostriatal degenerative process results from the combination of several mechanisms that implicate mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, and protein degradation impairment.

Methods and Results:

We performed a literature search between 2008 and 2010.

Discussion:

The absence of adequate in vivo experimental models of Parkinson's disease has severe repercussions for therapeutic intervention success for this incurable neurodegenerative disorder. The present nonexhaustive review looks at invertebrate and mammalian models of Parkinson's disease generated in the last three years. © 2011 Movement Disorder Society
Discontinuous Galerkin method based on peridynamic theory for linear elasticity
Authors: Aksoy H. G. , Şenocak E.
Published: April 2011

Modeling of discontinuities (shock waves, crack surfaces, etc.) in solid mechanics is one of the major research areas in modeling the mechanical behavior of materials. Among the numerical methods, the discontinuous Galerkin method (DGM) poses some advantages in solving these problems. In this study, a novel formulation for DGM is derived for elastostatics based on the peridynamic theory. Derivation of the proposed formulation is presented. Numerical analyses are performed for different problems, and the numerical results are compared to that of the known exact solutions of the problems. The proposed weak formulation is stable and coercive. Peridynamic discontinuous Galerkin formulation is found to be robust and successful in modeling elastostatic problems. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Integral partitioning approach to robust stabilization for uncertain distributed time‐delay systems
Authors: Feng Zhiguang , Lam James
Published: April 2011

In this paper, the problems of robust delay‐dependent stability analysis and stabilization are investigated for distributed delay systems with linear fractional uncertainties. By introducing an integral partitioning technique, a new form of Lyapunov functional is constructed and improved distributed delay‐dependent stability conditions are established in terms of linear matrix inequalities. Based on the criterion, a design algorithm for a state‐feedback controller is proposed. Following similar lines, we extend these results to uncertain distributed delay systems. The results developed in this paper can tolerate larger allowable delay than existing ones in the literature, which is illustrated by several examples. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verlust des Sensibilitäts- und Schmerzempfindens
Authors: Kurth I.
Published: April 2011

Die Weiterleitung von Informationen des Körpers über Berührung, Druck, Dehnung, Scherung, Hitze oder Kälte erfolgt durch sensorische Nervenzellen. Bei überschwelliger Reizstärke resultiert ein akuter Schmerz als Warnsignal für den Organismus. Eine Degeneration von Nervenzellen, die an der Signalvermittlung beteiligt sind, ist das wesentliche Kennzeichen der hereditären sensorischen und autonomen Neuropathien (HSAN) und zeigt die zentrale Bedeutung des sensorischen Nervensystems für die Protektion des Körpers. Der Sensibilitätsverlust bei HSAN-Patienten führt zum Auftreten von Ulzerationen an Händen und Füßen sowie lokalen Knochentzündungen und erfordert im fortgeschrittenen Krankheitsverlauf Amputationen. Bei einigen Formen der Erkrankung ist der Sensibilitätsverlust bereits angeboren, was bei betroffenen Kindern zu Selbstverstümmelungen führt. Eine Degeneration autonomer sowie motorischer Nervenfasern kann den Krankheitsverlauf begleiten. Die HSAN wird aufgrund ihrer klinischen Verlaufsformen in 5 Gruppen unterteilt. Bislang sind Mutationen in 9 Genen als ursächlich beschrieben worden. Dieser Übersichtsartikel soll Einblicke in die Klinik, Genetik und Pathophysiologie dieser Erkrankungen geben.
Square Laplacian perturbed by inverse fourth-power potential. I Self-adjointness (real case)
Authors: Okazawa Noboru , Tamura Hiroshi , Yokota Tomomi
Published: April 2011

The self-adjointness of Δ2 + κ|x|−4 (κ>κ0 = κ0(N)) in L2(ℝN) is established as an application of the perturbation theorem in terms of Re(Au, Bεu), u ∈ D(A), for two non-negative self-adjoint operators A, B in a Hilbert space, where the family {Bε}ε>0 is the Yosida approximation of B. A key to the proof lies in a new inequality for the functions ν ∈ L2(ℝN) with |x|2Δν ∈ L2(ℝN) derived by using two real parameters.
Maternal Welders: Women's Sexuality and Propaganda on the Home Front During World War II
Authors: Honey Maureen
Published: April 2011

The cover of the may 29, 1943,Saturday Evening Postdepicts our most famous image of Rosie the Riveter, a name that came to symbolize women's crossover into male-dominated industrial work during World War II (Figure 1). Norman Rockwell positioned his Rosie resting during her lunch break, calmly eating a bologna sandwich while stomping on a copy ofMein Kampfwith author's name, Adolf Hitler, and Nazi swastika visible under the title. It was an image meant to reassure the American public that women would get the job done on America's home front and help defeat the Axis powers. It is also an image worth examining today for it captures some of the contradictions that continue to vex us concerning the war's multifaceted representations of women and work, portrayals that contained and excluded even as they widened public perceptions of what women could do. For one thing, Rockwell's Rosie is notably “unfeminine” in that her muscular arms are unadorned with jewelry, she wears a double-banded leather watch, she has on comfortable loafers to match her denim overalls, and her ruddy complexion seems the product of exertion, not makeup. Furthermore, she is indifferent to our gaze; rather her proud stare announces absorption in a more compelling subject, symbolized by the American flag that forms the backdrop for her portrait.
Locating the Global South: Faulkner and Wright in Postwar Asia
Authors: Stecopoulos Harilaos
Published: April 2011

Of all the disturbing scenes to appear inThe Ugly American(1958), William J. Lederer and Eugene Burdick's fictional account of U.S. foreign policy in Asia, none is more unnerving than the depiction of two French Foreign Legionnaires — one African American, one Vietnamese — returning from an ill-fated attempt to scout the Communist Vietnamese position:

Davis was leading Apache. From fifty yards they could see that there was a gout of blood on Davis's cheek. At twenty-five yards they could see the mangled remains of his left eye, hanging in a cluster of tiny glistening cords and muscles…. “They caught us, Major,” Davis said. “There has to be a first time for everything and this time they caught us.” …Davis reached over and pulled Apache's hand away from his throat. Squarely in the center of his throat there was a twisted hole. Far back in the hole the muscles and cords of his neck glistened. (130–31)

The anti-Communist bonding of the African-American Davis and the Vietnamese “Apache” — the only such interracial union depicted inThe Ugly American— ends with the physical mutilation and symbolic castration of each man, one denuded of his voice, the other of his eye. In part, the horrific results of Apache and Davis's capture reveal the Communists' brutal refusal to allow locals to ally themselves with foreigners of any color. As Davis puts it, “They left my right eye so that we could find our way back and show ourselves as a lesson to others” (131).
Harriet Stowe's Filthy Story: Lord Byron Set Afloat
Authors: Ashton Jean Willoughby
Published: April 2011

In the September, 1869, issue of theAtlantic Monthly, Harriet Beecher Stowe published an article in which she claimed that Lord Byron, the poet, had committed incest with his half-sister. These charges had been made before and are generally accepted by Byron biographers today, but the publication of such a claim in a respectable literary journal in 1869 touched an exposed nerve of American consciousness. For weeks, Harriet Stowe was attacked in newspapers throughout the country as a liar and a fool who had sought money and notoriety by pandering to obscene and depraved tastes. The article was termed “startling in accusation, barren in proof, inaccurate in dates, infelicitous in style.” The author's literary reputation plummeted, and theAtlantic Monthlylost more than a third of its subscribers in a single year. The moral sensibilities of thousands of Americans had been outraged; this violation of a taboo unleashed resentments, which had apparently been smoldering since the end of the Civil War, against Stowe, the Beecher family, and the liberal causes with which both were identified.
The Rabbit Man: The Art of Harrison Cady
Authors: Phelps Donald
Published: April 2011

A minor-key tragedy of American artists, it seems to me, is that which visits, at times, the most proteanly dexterous, the most joyously volatile—those who find themselves somehow diverted, or discouraged, or lulled into some particular cove or inlet of their art, with which their audiences often identify them, exclusively, forevermore. Such becalming, I think, befell one of American art's trimmest and most adroitly navigated vessels: the talent of Harrison Cady, who, for close to five decades, until his death on December 10, 1970, was crowned by generations of readers with the floppy ears and pink-nosed countenance—beaming or winsomely staring—of Peter Rabbit; who, to triply seal the charm, was the transatlantic conversion, sea-changed but recognizable, of Beatrix Potter's cabbage-pillaging picaro—a suburban cousin of the more footloose and dreamily sententious Peter of Thornton W. Burgess' Mother Nature volumes. This third Peter, Cady's whimsical avatar, was, of course, the Peter Rabbit of the New York Tribune's (later, the Herald Tribune's) Sunday comic pages, from August 15, 1920, until July 25, 1948: a tenure that seemed, indeed, to harden even as the initial comic brio and adventurous friskiness drained way into the kind of inane, half-desultory mechanics which can nevertheless delight small children (as shrewdly economical as sparrows in finding their pleasures) but which, for Cady admirers, was the rather saddening sunset streak lingering from his early career's lusty radiance. It was a career, not of the most copiously imaginative, the most originally perceptive or charm-laden of artists, but that of a richly articulate and jovially inventive artist, the kind who, as he needs the oxygen he breathes, needs to circulate and traffic in the widest of worlds possible because his converse with such a world, the tapestry of his daily notations, is the content of his art, and its savour.
Popeye and the American Dream
Authors: Gowans Alan
Published: April 2011

It was alfred frankenstein, I believe, who first observed that the characteristic subjects of painters like William Sidney Mount and George Caleb Bingham were visual counterparts of that “American Adam in Eden” theme, which many historians of literature had identified as “the central myth in the American novel since 1830”. Man unspoiled, in a new relationship to nature, is their common concern. As David W. Noble has written in The Eternal Adam and the New World Garden:

The American novelist then, beginning with James Fenimore Cooper, cannot write within the traditional conventions of his European contemporaries. He is precluded by his nation's romantic self-image from being an analyst of social and individual comedy or tragedy. Our novelist must be a metaphysician and theologian. He must always begin with the question: is it possible that Americans are exempt from the human condition? Is it possible that men in the new world have escaped from the need to live within community, within a framework of institutions and traditions—have escaped even from the need to live within a mortal body, or a soul that is divided against itself? Can nature indeed redeem man, heal his spiritual division, and lift him above the constraints of social class?
Commentary on the Essays by Roland A. Delattre and Carroll Smith-Rosenberg
Authors: Turner Victor
Published: April 2011

Although I am neither an Americanist nor an American I am a comparative symbologist, interested in processual as well as structural aspects of ritual, myth, and symbol. The two essays that precede abound in general theoretical statements, and I wish to address myself briefly to the issues raised by each author that have the widest comparative implications. Each essay is rich in ideas and data, and I regret that space permits only a condensed treatment.