bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Situation and person‐centered approaches to promoting leadership behavior in low performance self‐esteem women
Authors: Stake Jayne E.
Published: April 2006

In each of 84 mixed‐sex dyads, a low performance self‐esteem woman was appointed to the role of leader in the dyad's decision‐making task. Situation and person‐centered approaches to promoting the woman's leadership behavior were tested by providing information regarding the women's task‐relevant competence to one, both, or neither dyad member prior to the day of the task. Decision outcome scores and ratings of audio tapes served as measures of dyadic influence. When women were given the leadership information beforehand, they were more leaderlike and their partners were more acquiescent; informing men beforehand had little effect on the interaction, especially when the women had not been informed. Subjects' postdiscussion self‐ratings, partner ratings, and perceived partner ratings suggested subtle forms of male defensiveness and more obvious forms of female discomfort with the leader role.
Children's use of defense mechanisms in reaction to displeasure caused by others
Authors: Cramer Phebe
Published: April 2006

Two groups of children (mean ages = 7–0 and 10–1) were presented with eight video vignettes depicting unpleasant child‐related situations. The child's defensive reaction was evaluated by means of an open‐ended free response and by choice of one of four response alternatives: turning against the object, turning against the self, projection, and reversal. Sex‐ and age‐related differences were predicted, and found in the younger age group: Boys chose turning against the object more often than did girls, who chose reversal more often than did boys.
Toward a further understanding of the intuitive personologist: Some preliminary evidence for the dialectical quality of subjective personality impressions
Authors: Lamiell James T. , Foss Mark A. , Trierweiler Steven J. , Leffel G. Michael
Published: April 2006

Despite significant advances over the past three decades in our understanding of the implicit personality theorist, some important questions remain, particularly as regards the nature of the underlying reasoning process by which subjectively meaningful personality impressions are formulated and expressed. The present article seeks to address this issue, with particular attention being given to the distinction between demonstrative and dialectical reasoning. Preliminary empirical evidence is offered to suggest that, at least under certain conditions, lay persons formulate and express subjective personality impressions on the basis of a reasoning process that is essentially dialectical in nature. Some major implications of this point of view for the study of the intuitive personologist are discussed. The limitations of the evidence presented, and the need for further research are also noted.
Theoretical vs. actuarial analyses of personality ratings, and other rudimentary distinctions
Authors: Lamiell James T. , Trierweiler Steven J. , Foss Mark A.
Published: April 2006

In their respective attempts to identify the “critical flaws” in Lamiell, Foss, Trierweiler, and Leffel's research on the role of dialectical reasoning in intuitive personology, both Conger and Woody (1983; see preceding articles) err by obscuring a crucial distinction between judgments, which are mental phenomena, and ratings, which are behavioral phenomena. By elaborating this distinction in the present article, we explain, among other things, the following: (1) Contrary to Woody's claim, Lamiell et al.'s formal representation of dialectical reasoning via interactive measurement is neither equivalent to nor reducible to Anderson's weighted averaging model of impression formation. (2) Contrary to Conger's claim, Lamiell et al.'s formal representations of demonstrative reasoning in terms of the normal‐curve equivalents of z‐scores did not bias their results against the normative or ipsative models, and in fact presented those models more favorably and in a manner more consistent with the extant empirical literature on rating behavior than does the alternative Conger proposes. (3) The profile dissimilarity analyses reported by Lamiell et al. were entirely adequate for their purposes. It is concluded that Lamiell et al.'s findings stand as billed: preliminary evidence for the dialectical quality of subjective personality impressions.
The adjective generation technique: Consistency of self‐description in psychiatric patients
Authors: Schroeder David J. , Pendleton Mark G.
Published: April 2006

There has been considerable controversy about whether human behavior is consistent across situations and time. Using the adjective generation technique (AGT), Allen and Potkay (1973, 1977a) found that subjects' self‐favorability was quite variable and concluded that this did not support Bem and Allen's (1974) position that the consistency would be greater if idiographic assessment techniques were utilized. Bem (1977) criticized this conclusion, making the points that the AGT is not idiographic and that the favorability value of each day should be considered as a single item in a larger test rather than be considered independently. The present study was designed to address both the consistency of behavior across time and also the controversy regarding the AGT. Eleven psychiatric inpatients completed the AGT for 30 consecutive days. The results indicated that while AGT values are highly variable on a day‐to‐day basis, these values are quite consistent when averaged across even short periods of time. These results are very similar to those reported by Epstein (1979).
Children's reports of the sources of self‐knowledge
Authors: Schoeneman Thomas J. , Tabor Lila E. , Nash David L.
Published: April 2006

Nursery schoolers and first‐ and third‐graders participated in an interview which assessed recall, comprehension, and perceived importance of three sources of self‐knowledge: social feedback, self‐observation, and social comparison. For recall measures, these sources were embedded in stories about a child making a self‐discovery. Recall of all three sources improved with grade level, and feedback was the best remembered self‐validational process. Comprehension was defined as the ability to identify the sources as depicted in line drawings, and it, too, increased with grade level. All three sources were well understood by older children, but preschoolers had difficulty with the concept of social comparison. Ratings of importance, also assessed using line drawings, were independent of grade level. When selecting their own “very best” source of self‐knowledge, children cited self‐observation most frequently. A supplementary sample of preschoolers nominated the best source of self‐knowledge for other children rather than for themselves; under these instructions, feedback from others emerged as the preferred source.
The perception of nonemergency helping situations: Costs, rewards, and the altruistic personality
Authors: Kerber Kenneth W.
Published: April 2006

Individual differences in the perception of nonemergency helping situations were examined using descriptions of five situations in which a person asked for assistance. Four versions of each situation were created so as to differ in the costs (low vs. high) and rewards (low vs. high) associated with helping. One hundred and thirty‐two undergraduates indicated the amount of help they would be willing to provide in each situation and rated the perceived rewards and costs of providing help. Subjects also completed the Marlowe‐Crowne Social Desirability Scale and a measure of altruism taken from the Omnibus Personality Inventory. Controlling for individual differences in approval motivation, willingness to help in the five nonemergency situations was negatively related to the costs for helping and was positively related to the rewards for helping and to personality differences in altruism. In addition, highly altruistic persons viewed the identical situations as more rewarding and less costly than persons low in altruism. Individual differences in willingness to help may reflect variations in situation perception. In this case, the altruistic person would be an individual who consistently evaluates helping situations more favorably in terms of the potential rewards and costs of providing help.
The consistency of presented personality: Additional evidence from aggregation
Authors: Woodruffe Charles
Published: April 2006

The present study investigated people's variability across situations by getting ratings of 66 subjects on 14 bipolar dimensions from at least eight interactants, chosen for their diversity. The intercorrelation of single ratings yielded a mean coefficient of .221. The correlation of single ratings with the aggregate of the other ratings for a dimension resulted in a mean coefficient of .388. The correlation of two sets of aggregated ratings gave a mean coefficient of .550, or .710 with application of the Spearman‐Brown correction. Finally, computation of Cronbach's alpha gave a mean coefficient of .735. The results provide a further demonstration of the coherence that can be revealed by aggregation. Correlations of aggregated ratings on each of the 14 dimensions with extraversion ranged up to .668, and correlations with neuroticism ranged up to .410. The study suggests that there is a dispositionality in the characteristics people display, and that the emphasis on variability (e.g., Mischel, 1968; Mischel & Peake, 1982) should be tempered.
Stress, externality, and depression
Authors: Ganellen Ronald J. , Blaney Paul H.
Published: April 2006

Previous research has found mixed support for the possibility that locus of control moderates the effects of life stress on depression. Two methodological choices may have influenced previous findings: the use of a unidimensional rather than a multidimensional locus of control scale, and reliance on linear statistical methods using median splits. We attempted to correct these choices by using the Levenson IPC scale (1974) and multiple regression analyses in a female undergraduate population (N= 158). The results supported use of a multidimensional scale, since Stress, Internality, and Powerful Others were Found to have main effects on depression whereas Chance interacted with life stress. The question of whether locus of control refers to responsibility for causing an event, i.e., self‐blame, or belief in control over future events, i.e., coping behavior, was discussed.
Cognitive styles as predictors of artistic styles
Authors: Loomis Mary , Saltz Eli
Published: April 2006

It was hypothesized that differences in artistic styles would be associated with differences in cognitive styles. Cognitive styles were defined in terms of Jung's theory of psychological types and assessed by the Singer‐Loomis Inventory of Personality (SLIP). Artistic styles were determined by a cluster analysis of the description profiles of eight well known twentieth‐century artists. The artistic styles of the forty‐five artist‐subjects were established by matching their descriptions of their artistic styles to the descriptions of the art of the artist‐exemplars. Predictions of figurative and nonfigurative sort from extraverted and introverted cognitive styles were significant. Also significant were predictions of rationally arranged art when the cognitive style was rational and spontaneous, or unpredictably arranged art when the cognitive style was irrational.
The questions lay interviewers ask
Authors: Trope Yaacov , Bassok Miriam , Alon Eve
Published: April 2006

Two studies were conducted to determine the kinds of questions people formulate for testing a hypothesis about another's personality. One group of subjects tested the hypothesis that the interviewee was an extrovert; another group tested the hypothesis that the interviewee was an introvert. Still another group was not provided with a hypothesis; instead, this group was asked to discriminate between an extroverted and an introverted interviewee. All subjects were free to formulate any kind of questions they wished. Analysis of the content of the questions performed by independent judges revealed that the great majority of the questions formulated by all of the groups either presented a choice between extroverted and introverted features or were open‐ended. The percentage of questions about features that were consistent with the hypothesis was not significantly greater than the percentage of questions about features that were inconsistent with the hypothesis. Furthermore, in all of the groups there were virtually no biased questions–questions that already assume that the hypothesis is true. Finally, the questions asked by subjects who entertained either the extrovert hypothesis or the introvert hypothesis were as diagnostic (as rated by independent judges) as were the questions asked by subjects whose task was to discriminate between extroverts and introverts. The results were shown to be consistent with the diagnosing strategy but not with the confirmatory strategy of information‐gathering.
Looking, laughing, and smiling in dyads as a function of intimacy motivation and reciprocity
Authors: McAdams Dan P. , Jackson R. Jeffrey , Kirshnit Carol
Published: April 2006

Eighty college students (40 females and 40 males) were administered the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) and interviewed in either a one‐way (interviewer asks questions) or reciprocal (interviewer asks questions and discloses information about him‐ or herself) condition by a same‐sex interviewer. The TATs were scored for intimacy motivation. In this 2 (Female vs. Male) × 2 (High vs. Low Intimacy Motive) × 2 (Reciprocal vs. One‐Way Condition) experiment, intimacy motivation was positively associated with greater levels of laughter, smiling, and eye contact for the entire sample, as hypothesized. Furthermore, women showed significantly higher scores than men on laughter, smiling, and eye contact. Contrary to a second hypothesis, high intimacy motivation combined with reciprocal condition did not yield the highest levels of laughter, smiling, and eye contact. The results extend the construct validation literature for intimacy motivation into the domain of nonverbal behaviors considered to be indicative of positive interpersonal regard in cordial human interactions.
The relation of trait self‐esteem and positive inequity to productivity
Authors: Brockner Joel
Published: April 2006

The present study explored the relation of trait self‐esteem and positive inequity to productivity Subjects worked on proofreading task, and received hourly (rather than piece‐rate) compensation that was either greater than (positive inequity condition) or equal to (equity condition) the amount that they deserved The results showed that individuals of high and medium self‐esteem were more productive (i e, completed more of the task) in the positive inequity condition than in the equity condition Low self‐esteem participants however, were actually less productive (i e, completed less of the task) in the positive inequity than in the equity condition Theoretical implications are discussed
Confidence and aspirations: Self‐esteem and self‐concepts as predictors of students' life goals
Authors: Zuckerman Diana M
Published: April 2006

Research was conducted to assess sex differences in college students' self‐esteem and self‐concepts, and the extent to which students' self‐perceptions predict their life goals Questionnaires that included the Rosenberg Scale, Texas Social Behavior Inventory, self‐concepts, life goals, and demographic and family backgrounds were completed by 804 women from seven colleges and 127 men from two colleges Men and women did not differ significantly in their self‐esteem and interpersonal self‐confidence, but the men rated themselves higher on math/science ability, leadership/public speaking ability, and coping/self‐sufficiency Women's global self‐esteem scores and interpersonal self‐confidence did not predict their life goals, but women's greater self‐confidence in masculine spheres predicted higher educational goals and their ranking of future careers as a more important priority in their lives Men's interpersonal self‐confidence predicted their ranking time for future spouses as a high priority and time for themselves as a lower priority Men's global self‐esteem and leadership/public speaking ability self‐concept predicted preferences for full‐time career involvement when their future children are very young Different demographic variables also predicted men's and women's goals Implications of these sex differences and predictive relationships are discussed
Psychological‐mindedness as “reading between the lines”: Vigilance, locus of control, and sagacious judgment
Authors: Dollinger Stephen J , Greening Leilani , Tylenda Barbara
Published: April 2006

Based on Scheibe's (1979) concept of sagacity, the first purpose of this research was to assess the role of vigilance in a judgment task wherein subjects “read between the lines” of target persons' word associations Second, on the basis of the locus of control and cue expectation literature, we tested the prediction that internals would be more successful judges than would externals only when a vigilant strategy was not emphasized in the task instructions In keeping with the first prediction, judges who used the vigilant strategy of circling what they thought to be clues did significantly better on the judgment task and on a post‐judgment clue awareness task However, the results provided no support for the predicted interaction of instructions and locus of control These null findings emerged in a conceptual replication using a different version of the judgment task and a different form of cue explication In both studies, externals did significantly better than did internals on the clue awareness task Finally, a supplementary study tested whether good‐ and poor‐vigilant judges processed different clues in the judgment task Analyses of the clues circled while making judgments revealed that, relative to poor judges, good judges more often selected the most important clue in the task, and the discrepancy between good and poor judges increased over trials of the task Together with previous studies, the results provide strong support for conceptualizing the judgment task in terms of Scheibe's concept of sagacity.
Shyness‐environment interaction: A view from the shy side through auto‐photography
Authors: Ziller Robert C , Rorer Brett A
Published: April 2006

It is proposed that shyness both induces and is induced by the perception of the environment This study of person‐situation transaction used photographic images taken by shy and less shy subjects in response to the question, “Who are you?” A content analysis of the photographs showed that shy persons were less person‐oriented, more aesthetically oriented, and showed a reduced range of orientations when compared to less shy persons The hierarchy of orientations for shy persons was aesthetic, people, self, and school, whereas for less shy persons it was people, self, aesthetic, and other persons Thus, the difference between shy and less shy persons is in the pattern of orientations rather than in orientations in and of themselves Moreover, one single difference between the groups, such as the lesser orientation toward people, does not justify the interpretation of shyness as a “people phobia”
Some reflections on the two psychologies of love
Authors: McClelland David C.
Published: April 2006

The mainstream view of love is that it is a state that arises from people mutually reinforcing each other or providing benefits to each other Yet careful quantitative analyses of imaginative thought patterns of people in love or in a state of affiliative arousal reveal themes of dialogue, commitment, and harmony rather than of mutual benefits It is suggested that asking people about love leads them to give causal explanations for the state which psychologists have elaborated into the theory that love is a response to having one's needs met Imaginative experiences characteristic of the state of being in love on the other hand may be different because they are primarily right brain mediated and do not share in the causal, instrumental type of reasoning characteristic of left brain conscious thinking Such conceivably right brain mediated experiences in TATs are more closely associated than presumably left brain mediated self‐reports are with such physiological measures as evoked scalp potentials, neurohormone concentrations, and immune functions A vew of love that takes both self‐report (left brain) and fantasy (right brain) measures into account does a better job of predicting affiliative behavior than does a view that relies solely on one or the other of the two types of measures
Idiothetic inquiry and the toil of Sisyphus
Authors: Paunonen Sampo V , Jackson Douglas N
Published: April 2006

In response to the article by Lamiell and Trierweiler (this issue), we examine the stated epistemological origins of idiothetic proposals for theory and research in personality We argue that the justification for those proposals as advanced by Lamiell and his colleagues is wholely insufficient in view of prior research on the consistency of behavior This assertion together with our identification of problems in scaling personality and personality consistencies lead us to conclude that the pursuit of the idiothetic method is both unwarranted and ineffectual
A social relations analysis of nonverbal communication accuracy in married couples
Authors: Sabatelli Ronald M , Buck Ross , Kenny David A
Published: April 2006

This paper presents a reanalysis of a study (Sabatelli, Buck, & Drever, 1982) that related nonverbal communication accuracy in married couples to marital complaints, using the social relations model developed by Kenny and his colleagues The social relations model allows for the analysis of the communication process in a new and more complete way where, for the first time, the relative contributions of sender, receiver, and unique relationship effects to overall nonverbal communication accuracy can be assessed In addition, each of these factors can be related to marital complaints and the patterns of communication within dyads can be examined for the presence of complementarity/similarity and reciprocity/compensation The overwhelming percentage of variance in communication accuracy was accounted for by sender and unique relationship effects while little variance in communication accuracy was accounted for bv receiver effects In addition, no evidence of complementarity/similarity and only weak support for reciprocity/compensation in the communication abilities of wife and husband was found With regard to marital complaints, the most striking result was the negative correlation between wives' sending ability and husbands' complaints, a finding consistent with the previous report In addition, and consistent with the former analysis, the wives' unique abilities to decode their husbands' expressions were found to correlate negatively with the wives' marital complaints
The structuring of identity among midlife women as a function of their degree of involvement in employment
Authors: Hornstein Gail A
Published: April 2006

The place of employment and the diversity of its relations to other roles within the life structure of midlife women were investigated Three groups were compared Group I (n= 44) had a continuous low level of involvement in employment from their early 20s to their early 40s, Group II (n= 20) changed from low to high involvement, and Group III (n= 32) maintained a continuous high level of involvement Retrospective reports regarding subjects' commitment to a number of different roles and feelings during their early 30s and early 40s constituted the data Findings indicated that (1) women in Group I had a positive, confident view of their involvement in the traditional roles of mother, wife, and volunteer, (2) women in Group II, initially quite similar to those in Group I, restructured their role commitments by substituting involvement in employment for more traditional pursuits, and (3) women in Group III successfully integrated involvement in the multiple roles of worker, mother, wife, and volunteer Implications for a more dynamic view of identity, which takes into account significant reorganization of the life structure after adolescence and variability among diverse groups of women, are discussed
Henry Kissinger's implicit theory of personality: A quantitative case study
Authors: Swede Southworth Wells , Tetlock Philip E
Published: April 2006

Rosenberg and Jones' (1972) methodology for extracting personality descriptions from archival materials was adapted to study Henry Kissinger's perceptions of political leaders Content analysis of Kissinger's White House Years yielded 3,759 trait descriptions of 38 salient leaders To discover how Kissinger organized his trait descriptions, the co‐occurrences among the 106 most frequently used trait categories were analyzed by (1) principal components analysis of tetrachoric correlations, (2) cluster analysis of Euclidean distances, and (3) nonmetric multidimensional scaling of profile distances Across all three measures of association and grouping algorithms, five consistent personality themes emerged—“professional anguish,”“ambitious patriotism,”“revolutionary greatness,”“intellectual sophistication,” and “realistic friendship” Scales constructed for the five sets of traits had adequate alpha reliabilities The profiles of the five scales for each leader revealed systematic individual differences in leaders' perceived personalities Cluster analysis of these individual differences identified nine leader types Kissinger, Chou En‐lai and Georges Pompidou were sufficiently distinctive to define separate leader types Other types included the Revolutionary, the Patriot, the Personal Friend, the Professional Friend, the Able Adversary and the Professional Competitor Implications for theory and future research were discussed
Attributional mediators of social inhibition and avoidance
Authors: Leary Mark R , Atherton Susan Crites , Hill Sara , Hur Christine
Published: April 2006

People differ in the degree to which they become inhibited and avoidant when they feel socially anxious This study explored the hypothesis that characterological attributions for one's feelings of nervousness in social settings are related to social inhibition and avoidance In a preliminary study, the dimensions people use to explain their feelings of nervousness and relaxation were determined One hundred and twenty‐five subjects then completed measures of social anxiousness, inhibition, and avoidance, and made attributions for feeling nervous and relaxed in 10 interpersonal scenarios As predicted, attributions of nervousness to characterological factors, such as ability and personality traits, correlated positively with social inhibition and avoidance Unexpectedly, behavioral attributions for nervousness also predicted inhibition and avoidance
Presidential Inflexibility and Veto Behavior: Two Individual‐Situational Interactions
Authors: Simonton Dean Keith
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The suitable personality traits for optimal leadership may depend on the type of leadership, the criterion of leader effectiveness, and various situational constraints This point was illustrated via the specific area of presidential leadership The working relationship between the Chief Executive and Congress, as defined by regular vetoes and vetoes overturned, provided the criterion variables for a congressional time‐series analysis (N= 99) of all 39 American presidents The impact of a single personality attribute, presidential inflexibility, was examined in the context of several variables suggested by past research The relation between inflexibility and willingness to exploit the regular veto varied according to the incumbent's electoral mandate, while the association between inflexibility and the propensity of Congress to override a veto depended on the extent to which the president's party controlled Congress—this last interaction was labeled the Johnson‐Wilson effect In the context of the person‐situation debate, these findings illustrate how certain situations can determine whether, and to what degree, a stable individual attribute will have behavioral manifestations
Fantasy Proneness: Developmental Antecedents
Authors: Rhue Judith W. , Lynn Steven Jay
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Wilson and Barber (1981) identified a “personality type” characterized by an extensive and deep involvement in fantasy that they termed “fantasy prone personalities” This study investigated the developmental antecedents of fantasy proneness as part of a larger research project designed to examine the construct validity of the fantasy prone personality Fantasy prone (n= 21, upper 4% of college population), medium range (n= 20) and nonfantasy prone persons (n= 18, lower 4% of college population) were selected with the Inventory of Childhood Memories and Imaginings (Wilson and Barber, 1981) Subjects completed quantitative pencil and paper measures of early life experiences and participated in individual semi structured interviews Strong support for the construct validity of fantasy proneness and confirmation of previous findings regarding the developmental antecedents of extensive adult fantasy involvement were secured While six fantasy prones reported being severely physically abused during childhood, abuse was not reported in other groups Fantasy prones also reported greater frequency and severity of physical punishment, greater use of fantasy to block the pain of punishment, more thoughts of revenge toward the person who punished them, greater loneliness, and a preference for punishing their own children less severely than did the comparison groups, suggesting compensatory and adaptive functions of fantasy involvements
Predicting Athletic Performance with Self‐ Confidence and Somatic and Cognitive Anxiety as a Function of Motor and Physiological Requirements in Six Sports
Authors: Taylor Jim
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The purpose of the present study is to examine the ability of certain psychological attributes to predict performance in six National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I collegiate sports Eighty‐four athletes from the varsity sports teams of cross country running, alpine and nordic skiing tennis, basketball, and track and field at the University of Colorado completed a questionnaire adapted from Martens (1977, Martens et al 1983) that measured their trait levels of self‐confidence (Bandura, 1977), somatic anxiety and cognitive anxiety (Martens, 1977 Martens et al, 1983) In addition, at three to six competitions during the season, the members of the cross country running and tennis teams filled out a state measure (Martens et al 1983) of the three attributes from one to two hours prior to the competition Following each competition, subjective and objective ratings of performance were obtained, and for all sports coaches' ratings of performance and an overall seasonal team ranking were determined as seasonal performance measures The sports were dichotomized along motor and physiological dimensions Results indicate that all three psychological attributes were significant predictors of performance in both fine motor anaerobic sports and gross motor, aerobic sports Further, clear differences in these relationships emerged as a function of the dichotomization In addition, unexpected sex differences emerged The findings are discussed relative to prior research and their implications for future research
Depressive Attributional Style: The Role of Self‐Esteem
Authors: Tennen Howard , Herzberger Sharon , Nelson Hilary Fisher
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Two studies evaluate the role of self‐esteem in the depressive attributional style In the first study, college students completed four measures of depression, four measures of self‐esteem, and the Attributional Style Questionnaire (ASQ) Regression analyses revealed that across measures, self‐esteem was a better predictor of attributional style for negative events than was depression In study two, psychiatric inpatients completed a measure of self‐esteem, a measure of depression, and the ASQ In this clinical sample, self‐esteem and depression were highly correlated and both predicted ASQ scores But when variation in depth of depression and social desirability were removed statistically from the association between self‐esteem and attributions for negative outcomes, there remained a significant association between self‐esteem and internal, stable, and global attributions for negative outcomes Controlling for the variation in self‐esteem eliminated the relation between depression and depressive attributional style These findings demonstrate the importance of self‐esteem in depressive attributional style in both normal and clinical populations, as well as potential differences in the relations among self‐esteem, depression, and attributional style in clinical versus normal samples
The Relationship of Gender, Gender‐Related Traits, and Achievement Orientation to Achievement Attributions: A Study of Subject‐Selected Accomplishments
Authors: Gaeddert William P.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Female and male college students (N= 251 and 84, respectively) described important accomplishments in their lives and reported attributions for the causes of their success Regression analyses indicated that, as predicted, students' gender explained a small portion of the variance in attributions, and the goals and performance standards of the students' achievement experiences (achievement orientations) accounted for more variance in attributions than did the other predictors Further analyses showed that the domains of students' accomplishments affected their attributions to effort luck, and ability, and that students' achievement goals and performance evaluation standards predicted their attributions to task difficulty, effort, and ability Researchers are urged to explore attributions made concerning self‐selected achievements, and to focus on variables other than sex in their search for the determinants of achievement attributions
Conception of Interpersonal Trait and Action Categories
Authors: Nystedt Lars , Smari Jakob
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Kim and Rosenberg (1980) have found that the evaluative dimension is the only one of three semantic differential factors that is generally present in implicit personality theories at the individual level In the present study it is argued that this might be less true for cognitive elements at levels of abstraction lower than trait terms One group of subjects rated the likelihood of co‐occurrence of trait terms, a second group rated the likelihood of co‐occurrence of verbal descriptions of action categories, and two other groups rated traits and action categories respectively on nine semantic differential scales Co‐occurrence matrices were analyzed at the individual level and ratings of scales from each semantic dimension were projected into the resultant spatial structures The multiple correlation (MR) coefficients for each scale and individual were calculated In line with Kim and Rosenberg's findings the MR's for the evaluative scale were consistently high across individuals for both traits and action categories, whereas for activity and dominance scales they varied greatly There was, however, a significant tendency for evaluation to show greater dominance over the other aspects for traits than for action categories Implications of the study are discussed in terms of individual level of cognitive functioning and the domain specificity of social information processing
From Inferred Personalities Toward Personality in Action
Authors: Fiske Donald W.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Within the diversity of approaches in personality research, paradigms have shifted away from some generalized concept of personality as out there in the “real world” toward personality as perceived and inferred from behavior in various contexts, and even further toward personality as sequences of actions discernible in the moment‐to‐moment flow of behavior Some current approaches minimize such perennial problems in personality research as the fuzziness of broad concepts and the variance associated with contexts and with particular perceivers/observers for whom the words used in common measurement procedures have individualistic meanings An assortment of research programs are discussed to illustrate the trend Particular attention is paid to the small behavioral units in most of these programs Although these investigators circumscribe the domains of behavior they study, their findings and conclusions appear to possess substantial external validity Personality research will progress as this slow shift in paradigms continues
Spontaneous Trait Generation: A New Method for Identifying Self‐Schemas
Authors: Deutsch Francine M. , Kroll Judith F. , Weible Adrienne L. , Letourneau Lynn A. , Goss Rebecca L.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
In three studies subjects spontaneously generated lists of self‐descriptive traits using a new measure of self‐schemas the trait generation task In Study 1 subjects had higher ratings, faster reaction times, and better recall to self‐generated traits than to traits generated by another subject, demonstrating that the trait generation task does identify self‐schemas In Study 2 subjects generated a list of traits characteristic of their self‐ideal They had faster reaction times to self‐ideal traits than to traits generated as part of another subject's self‐ideal, suggesting that traits in the ideal self are also represented as self‐schemas In Study 3 freshman subjects generated self‐descriptive traits early in the academic year and again several months later Comparisons of their reaction times and ratings at the two points in time suggest that during a time of transition self‐knowledge develops from an undifferentiated to a more differentiated form Because the identification of self‐schemas using the trait generation task, unlike standard measures, is not confounded with extremity of self‐rating, it was possible to show that the effects obtained for self‐schemas could not be attributed to self‐perceived extremity in a particular domain
Narcissism and the Use of Personal Pronouns
Authors: Raskin Robert , Shaw Robert
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
In this study we explored the relationship between narcissism and the individual's use of personal pronouns during extemporaneous monologues The subjects, 24 males and 24 females, were asked to talk for approximately 5 minutes on any topic they chose Following the monologues the subjects were administered the Narcissistic Personality Inventory, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire, and the Rotter Internal‐External Locus of Control Scale The monologues were tape‐recorded and later transcribed and analyzed for the subjects' use of personal pronouns As hypothesized, individuals who scored higher on narcissism tended to use more first person singular pronouns and fewer first person plural pronouns Discriminant validity for the relationship between narcissism and first person pronoun usage was exhibited in that narcissism did not show a relationship with subjects' use of second and third person pronouns, nor did the personality variables of extraversion, neuroticism, or locus of control exhibit any relationship with the subjects' personal pronoun usage
Remembering Your Parents: Reflections on the Retrospective Method
Authors: Halverson Charles E
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
In the present paper, I critique the use of the retrospective method when it is used as a proxy for actual longitudinal data on personality development Studies on the constructive nature of memory cast strong doubts about the meaning of retrospective data There are good reasons, both theoretical and empirical, to distrust the accuracy of such recall concerning parenting, whether recalled by parents, children, or siblings Instead of using the method as a shortcut to developmental data, studies examining individual differences in accuracy and distortion and the factors that moderate them may inform us of the various meanings of retrospective data
Cognitive Domains of the Mood System
Authors: Mayer John D. , Mamberg Michelle H. , Volanth Alton J.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
One possible outline of the interrelationship between mood and cognition makes use of a fourfold framework mood‐state introspections yield a report of the mood, mood‐sensitive judgments are influenced by mood, metamood experiences include thoughts about the mood, and mood‐related traits predict the likelihood of being in a mood Three studies were conducted to investigate the relation between mood introspection and mood‐sensitive judgment (e g, mood‐related changes in judgments about “objective” events such as belief in the probability of a nuclear war) These same studies also examined the metamood experiences and mood‐related traits occurring simultaneously with the above moods and judgments Judgment was mood‐sensitive across all studies Factor analysis of the various measures was supportive of the partial independence of the four domains Mood introspection, mood‐sensitive judgment, and mood‐related traits appeared on separate factors Metamood experience was factorially complex and was distributed across factors Interrelations among the domains were described The relevance of the framework for representing personality and psychopathology was discussed, as was the influence of mood on everyday judgments
Desire for Control and the Use of Attribution Processes
Authors: Burger Jerry M. , Hemans Lawton T.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
The hypothesis that people engage in attribution processes to obtain a sense of control was tested In each of three experiments, subjects identified on an individual difference measure as high in a general desire for control (DC) were found to engage in attnbution processes more than subjects low in desire for control In Experiment 1, high‐DC subjects were more likely to utilize attributionally relevant information when describing the cause of a writer's behavior than were low‐DC subjects High‐DC subjects in Experiment 2 were more likely to ask attribution questions about hypothetical events than were low‐DC subjects In Expenment 3, high‐DC subjects gave more attributions for their performance on a test than did low‐DC subjects The findings are interpreted as support for the control motivation explanation for why people engage in attribution processes
Object Relations and Ego Development: Comparison and Correlates In Middle Childhood
Authors: Avery Rachel Robb , Ryan Richard M.
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT
The significance of ego development and object relations for adaptation and adjustment in middle childhood was examined in a study of 92 nine‐ to twelve‐year‐old children Subjects completed the Sentence Completion Test (SCT) and the Blatt Object Relations Scale (BORS) in individual sessions BORS ratings were factor analyzed and a predominant factor of parental nurturance emerged This factor was positively related to children's self‐reported perceptions of parental involvement and autonomy support but was unrelated to the SCT SCT findings revealed an expected pattern for middle childhood with the preponderance of children falling into impulsive, self‐protective, and conformist stages of ego development Both the SCT and BORS were examined in relation to aspects of children's cognitive and social functioning, assessed via teacher ratings, peer sociometrics, self‐evaluations, and academic achievement records Results showed that the SCT was primarily related to cognitive complexity variables, while the object relations measure was associated with both peer and self‐evaluations These nonoverlapping relations with varied child outcomes are discussed both in terms of methodological limitations and theoretical significance
Ideal and Actual Romantic Partners of Women Varying in Dependency and Self‐Criticism
Authors: Zuroff David C. , de Lorimier Sylvie
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The Dependency and Self‐Criticism scales of the Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (Blatt, D'Afflitti, & Quinlan, 1976) were used to assess 66 college women's vulnerabilities to (a) depressive states characterized by feelings of dependency and loneliness and (b) states characterized by self‐criticism and guilt Subjects rated three motivational characteristics of their ideal boyfriends‐their needs for Intimacy, Achievement, and Masculinity Women with high scores on Dependency and average to high levels of Self‐Criticism described their ideal boyfriends as high on need for Intimacy Women with high scores on Self‐Criticism and average to high levels of Dependency described their ideal boyfriends as high on need for Achievement Ideal need for Masculinity was positively related to Self‐Criticism Women's ratings of their actual boyfriends indicated that Self‐Criticism was negatively related to satisfaction, while Dependency was positively related to love These main effects were qualified by interactions of Dependency and Self‐Criticism with measures of the similarity of actual and ideal boyfriends' needs for Achievement and Intimacy The results were discussed in relation to Blatt's (1974, Blatt & Shichman, 1983) description of the interpersonal correlates of Dependency and Self‐Criticism
Social Interactions of Obese and Nonobese Women
Authors: Miller Carol T. , Rothblum Esther D. , Barbour Linda , Brand Pamela A. , Felicio Diane
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT The stigma associated with obesity is likely to limit the opportunities obese women have to develop social skills This hypothesis was tested by having obese (n= 15) and nonobese (n= 22) women converse on the telephone with college students who were unaware of the women's weights Ratings made by judges who listened to the women's contributions to the conversations but who were unaware of their weights showed that obesity was negatively related to judgments about the women's likability, social skills, and physical attractiveness The telephone partners of obese women rated the women and themselves more negatively than did the partners of nonobese women Obese and nonobese women generally did not differ in their evaluations of their own and their telephone partners' behavior, and they also did not differ on a measure of social self‐esteem These findings suggest that there are real differences in the social behavior of obese and nonobese women and that these differences affect the impressions formed by those with whom they interact
Personality Moderating Variables: A Warning about Statistical Artifact and a Comparison of Analytic Techniques
Authors: Bissonnette Victor , Ickes William , Bernstein Ira , Knowles Eric
Published: April 2006

ABSTRACT Personality moderating variables act to qualify the relationship between a personality trait measure and a relevant behavioral criterion. Two data analytic techniques that can be used to test for significant moderating effects are the “median split” (MS) approach and the “moderated multiple regression” (MMR) approach. The goals of the present research were (a) to apply the MS approach to computer‐simulated data in which the moderator and trait extremity are confounded, to determine the extent of artifact, and (b) to compare the performance (Type I and Type II error rates) of the two approaches when applied to confounded and nonconfounded data. It was found that when the MS approach was applied to confounded data in which no real moderating effect existed, this approach produced an alarming rate of apparent, but spurious, moderating effects. When the MMR approach was applied to the same data, the rate of spurious effects was reduced to that expected by chance. When both approaches were applied to simulated data which contained genuine moderating effects, the MMR approach consistently resulted in more correct detections of these effects than the MS approach. We conclude that researchers should always employ the MMR rather than the MS approach when testing for personality moderator variable effects.