bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
VULNERABILITY AND DANGEROUSNESS
Authors: HOLLANDER JOCELYN A.
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author argues that beliefs about vulnerability and dangerousness are central to conceptions of gender and are constructed and transmitted through conversation. Using data from 13 focus groups, the author demonstrates that ideas about gender and its relationship to vulnerability and danger are pervasive in talk about violence, and that this talk is further marked by ideas about age, race, social class, and sexual identity. These ideas are based, in part, on shared beliefs about human bodies, which reinforce the perceived naturalness (and therefore the invisibility) of these ideas. The article concludes with a discussion of the consequences of these ideas for the daily lives of women and men.
FROM STRUCTURAL SUBORDINATION TO EMPOWERMENT:
Authors: ACOSTA-BELÉN EDNA , BOSE CHRISTINE E.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the condition of women in Third World societies cannot be separated from the colonial experience since the power relationships that were established during the colonial era between Europe and its territories, and between women and men, have not varied significantly and are still recreated through contemporary mechanisms. For example, development projects promoted by Western countries to modernize the Third World have, in the long run, better served their own interests than those of their intended beneficiaries. As a result and contrary to expectations, growth and prosperity still elude the Third World. We also show that during the current international economic crisis, women's unpaid or underpaid labor has become the basis of new development programs and policies and is crucial to the recent phase of capitalist development. We discuss how the structural position and status of women and colonies closely resemble each other and have served as the foundations of the capital accumulation process and the development of industrial nations. The concept of women as a last colony thus becomes a compelling metaphor of liberation and leads us to stress the need for a worldwide process of gender decolonization, entailing the reformulation of power relations between women and men.
THEY ALL WERE PASSING:
Authors: ROGERS MARY F.
Published: March 2007

This article offers both a feminist and an ethnomethodological reanalysis of Harold Garfinkel's report on Agnes, the intersexed person he studied with several colleagues. Both reanalyses yield similar conclusions. Specifically, while it does illuminate the work of accomplishing gender, the report on Agnes simultaneously illustrates how gender operates as a powerful background expectancy among professional as well as “lay” sociologists.
WOMEN IN THE LAW:
Authors: MacCORQUODALE PATRICIA , JENSEN GARY
Published: March 2007

Research on the entry of women into occupational settings confirms the importance of the structural composition of the workplace insofar as women are treated as tokens. This study examines women lawyers in terms of three consequences of tokenism: visibility, polarization, and stereotyping. The results from a survey of lawyers in southern Arizona (N = 112) indicate support for the theory of tokenism. Women are more likely than men to report hearing sexist jokes and remarks, to be referred to by their first names, to be asked whether they are lawyers, and to receive compliments about their appearance rather than their achievements. These results highlight important gender differences in legal careers; it remains to be seen whether changes in women's numerical representation alone will be sufficient for changing the relations between dominants and tokens in legal workplaces.
GENDER, RACE, AND THE DISTRIBUTION OF SOCIAL ASSISTANCE:
Authors: MEYER MADONNA HARRINGTON
Published: March 2007

Class-based theories of the welfare state suggest that welfare states stratify by social class, thus universal benefits are praised for fostering social equality and class solidarity whereas poverty-based benefits are criticized for fostering greater inequality and class conflict. Feminist theorists suggest that, in addition to social class, universal and poverty-based benefits are organized around dimensions of gender and race. I examine these arguments in conjunction with old-age reliance on Medicaid—the poverty-based long-term care system in the United States. Compared to white men, older Blacks, Hispanics, and women of all races have greater long-term care needs and fewer economic resources with which to meet those needs. Even when differences in income, education, age, marital status, and nursing home use are taken into account, gender and race are significantly related to Medicaid use. As Medicaid recipients, Blacks, Hispanics, and women of all races disproportionately face persistent poverty and discrimination. Even when they are not Medicaid beneficiaries, these groups are particularly likely to suffer other consequences of a poverty-based long-term care system related to state variations in coverage, informal care giving, and spousal impoverishment.
INTEGRATING FEMINIST EPISTEMOLOGIES IN UNDERGRADUATE RESEARCH METHODS
Authors: EWICK PATRICIA
Published: March 2007

In the past two decades, feminists and other science critics have challenged the basic premises of positivist social science. These critiques and the alternative epistemologies they underwrite have not been fully addressed, no less integrated, into our undergraduate methodology curriculum. This article examines the peculiar challenges encountered by teachers of research methods in this time of epistemological transition, ambivalence, and skepticism. Relying on Harding's concept of strong objectivity, this article argues that feminist critiques can be fully reconciled with empirical social science and suggests how this might be achieved within the context of the undergraduate curriculum.
MENARCHE AND THE (HETERO)SEXUALIZATION OF THE FEMALE BODY
Authors: LEE JANET
Published: March 2007

Menarche—or a woman's first menstrual period—is a central aspect of body politics. Through explorations of oral and written narratives, I suggest that girls' subjective sense of themselves as maturing women at menarche develops simultaneously with a process of sexualization whereby young women experience themselves as sexualized, and their bodies are produced as sexual objects. While women internalize negative scripts associated with the bleeding female body, they also respond with consciousness and resistance.
THE CHALLENGES AND PROMISES OF CLASS AND RACIAL DIVERSITY IN THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT
Authors: POSTER WINIFRED R.
Published: March 2007

This article demonstrates how class and racial dynamics generate different styles of activism among women's movement organizations. Based on a comparative study of two feminist organizations—one composed of lower-class women of color and another of upper-class white women—it charts the formation of divergent types of gender politics. First, it explores how differences in the class and racial backgrounds of the memberships create distinct organizational needs; second, how these divergent political interests motivate contrasting organizational ideologies, activities, and structures; and finally how they motivate different approaches to the wider women's movement. At the conclusion, implications are drawn for cross-class/race alliances among grassroots women's organizations.
LESBIANS AND DOCTORS
Authors: STEVENS PATRICIA E.
Published: March 2007

A multiracial, socioeconomically diverse sample of 45 lesbians describe power relations in both satisfactory and problematic health care encounters with physicians. Whether doctors act in solidarity or dominate them is pivotal to lesbians' health care experiences. Solidarity means compassionate competence, empowering information exchange, and negotiated action. Domination takes form in the withholding of information, doomsaying, defensive dismissals, sexist comments, body sculpting, reproductive regulation, and bodily transgression.
NEGOTIATING INDEPENDENT MOTHERHOOD
Authors: BLUM LINDA M. , DEUSSEN THERESA
Published: March 2007

The authors examine the experiences and ideals of African American working-class mothers through 20 intensive interviews. They focus on the women's negotiations with racialized norms of motherhood, represented in the assumptions that legal marriage and an exclusively bonded dyadic relationship with one's children are requisite to good mothering. The authors find, as did earlier phenomenological studies, that the mothers draw from distinct ideals of community-based independence to resist each of these assumptions and carve out alternative scripts based on nonmarital relationships with male partners and shared care of children.
GENDER, GENDER IDEOLOGY, AND ANIMAL RIGHTS ADVOCACY
Authors: PEEK CHARLES W. , BELL NANCY J. , DUNHAM CHARLOTTE C.
Published: March 2007

Research on women's preponderance among animal rights advocates explains it exclusively as a product of women's socialization, emphasizing a relational orientation of care and nurturing that extends to animals. The authors propose a more structural explanation: Women's experiences with structural oppression make them more disposed to egalitarian ideology, which creates concern for animal rights. Using data from a 1993 national sample, the authors find that an egalitarian gender ideology is a key difference in women's and men's routes to animal rights advocacy: It differentiates those more likely to endorse animal rights among women but not among men. Neither this ideology nor other variables in the analysis, however, account for women's greater overall support of animal rights in the combined sample. Reasons for this latter finding are explored.
UNDERSTANDING THE INEQUALITY PROBLEMATIC
Authors: ANDERSON CYNTHIA D.
Published: March 2007

Research in the area of inequality has not been accompanied by the development of inclusive theory. Despite a growing knowledge base, we are lacking a comparably strong understanding of how gender, race, and class operate simultaneously. In part because of specialization within the discipline, sociologists' call for the analysis of gender, race, and class is largely rhetorical. Any effort to remedy these limitations requires a return to fundamental assumptions. Especially important in this regard is that researchers explore mechanisms that (re)produce inequalities and then integrate these insights into a more comprehensive and dynamic theoretical frame. To this end, the author develops and offers a theory of inequality processes based on two central claims: embeddedness and social relations. By reconceptualizing gender, race, and class inequality as a set of embedded processes that exist only in relationship to each other, avenues for development in sociological theory, research, and practice become more apparent.
ROZZIE AND HARRIET?
Authors: SULLIVAN MAUREEN
Published: March 2007

In this article the author explores the ways in which lesbian coparents divide household, child care, and paid labor to learn whether, and the degree to which, they adopt egalitarian work and family arrangements. Informed by a brief overview of U.S. gay liberation and family politics, and the theoretical and empirical work on the household division of labor by gender, this qualitative analysis of 34 Northern California families suggests that equitable practices—a pattern of equal sharing—among these lesbian coparents are the norm. Less frequently, the Rozzie and Harriet pattern of primary breadwinner/primary caregiver emerges, apparently in relation to differences in parents' relative income and their desire to offer children a “sense of family.” The experience of this minority of couples reveals a division of labor that mimics modern heterosexual expectations and highlights the powerful negative effect of economic dependency on women who are full-time caregivers.
“EVERYTHING ABOUT US IS FEMINIST”
Authors: THOMAS JAN E.
Published: March 2007

This study explores the role feminist ideology played in long-term structural changes in feminist organizations. The vehicle for this exploration was a comparative case study of 14 feminist women's health centers that were started in the 1970s and were still in existence in the early 1990s. Drawing on interviews and site visits, the author describes the early collectivist structures, highlights some of the crises these organizations faced, and describes three structural ideal types that emerged in the 1990s. The analysis suggests three ideological issues that directed structural change: the importance of maintaining a system for the equitable distribution of power, the importance of growth versus autonomy, and the importance of feminism as an organizational outcome or internal process.
Review of Outcome Measurement Instruments in Alzheimer's Disease Drug Trials: Psychometric Properties of Behavior and Mood Scales
Authors: Perrault Anne , Oremus Mark , Demers Louise , Vida Stephen , Wolfson Christina
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the reliability and validity of eight scales for behavior and mood problems that were identified in a comparative analysis ofAlzheimer's disease (AD) drug trials. The scales are the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale, the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-noncognitive, the Relative's Assessment of Global Symptomatology, the Consortium to Establish a Registry for Alzheimer's Disease-Behavior Rating Scale for Dementia, the Dementia Behavior Disturbance scale, the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, and two scales for depressive symptoms, the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia and the Dementia Mood Assessment Scale. This article also examines methodological limitations in the way the published literature has assessed the psychometric properties of these scales. The aim is to help clinicians and potential trial investigators select appropriate measurement instruments with which to assess behavior and mood problems in AD and to assist AD researchers in the evaluation of the psychometric properties of such scales. (J Geriatr Psychiatry Neurol 2000; 13:181-196).
A Three-Node Shear-Flexible Hybrid-Stress Finite Element for the Analysis of Laminated Composite Plates
Authors: Oral Suha , Kaftanoglu Bilgin
Published: March 2007

A cost-effective, shear-flexible hybrid-stress element is developed for lami nated composite plates based on the Yang-Norris-Stavsky theory. The element is triangular and has vertex nodes only. The nodal variables are three displacements and two indepen dent normal rotations of C° type. The assumed stress field is linear. The assumed displace ment field is based on the anisoparametric interpolations in which the rotations and in- plane displacements are linear and the transverse displacement is quadratic. The element is invariant and non-locking. The results of the numerical studies show that the present el ement converges rapidly and monotonically in all thickness regimes.
Impact Testing of Long Fibre Reinforced Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Jouri W.S. , Shortall J.B.
Published: March 2007

The experimental results for the impact behaviour of glass reinforced reac tion injection moulded Nylon 6 beam specimens are reported. The specimens were sub jected to loads in an instrumented impact rig and a number of empirical relations and observations were obtained that relate the deformation of a specimen to the impact energy, percentage glass reinforcement and temperature. In addition, a number of micro- mechanistic features were observed for the fracture process of the specimens.
Impregnation and Consolidation in Composites Made of GF/PP Powder Impregnated Bundles
Authors: Ye L. , Klinkmuller V. , Friedrich K.
Published: March 2007

A polypropylene (PP) powder impregnated glass fiber (GF) bundle system was selected to investigate the relationships between impregnation mechanisms and pro cessing conditions during consolidation of these materials. Microscopy of cross-sections and density measurements helped to examine the quality of impregnation and consolida tion. Based on microscopic observations and previously developed processing theories, an impregnation model for the qualitative description of the consolidation behavior in lami nates made out of these materials is generated. It can be used to describe variations in void content over the laminate thickness as a function of bundle geometry and combinations of processing variables. The relationships between processing temperature, holding time and applied pressure required to reach full consolidation were evaluated. Results of transverse flexural tests are used to correlate the mechanical properties with the impregnation quality, in particular the void content in the laminates. Finally, the optimum processing window for manufacturing of laminates out of this material is suggested.
Influence of Non-homogeneous Fiber Preform and Mold Shape on Resin Impregnation Characteristics
Authors: Haiqing Gong
Published: March 2007

Resin impregnation through non-homogeneous fiber preforms is analyti cally characterised using Darcy's law in expanding flow domains of various shapes with a uniform velocity profile at the injection gate. Influences of variable preform permeabilities and mold shapes are analysed, which show a good qualitative agreement with existing ex perimental data. This work shows that an uneven distribution of the preform permeability significantly changes the pressure field. In addition, a change of the mold shape results in a non-linear variation of the inlet pressure with impregnation time.
Interpretation of Scaling of Damage and Failure in Fiber Composite Laminates
Authors: Swanson S.R.
Published: March 2007

It is often useful to predict the behavior of large structures from the results of tests on subscale articles. While the scaling of the linear elastic response of fiber com posite structures is at least reasonably well understood, scaling of damage formation and failure is relatively unexplored. Idealized models of failure processes predict various effects of changes in size. Extrapolation of failure results with size thus requires proper interpretation of the failure mechanisms involved. A series of impact tests was recently carried out in which scaling with respect to size was a primary variable. An analysis of the data from these tests indicates a number of important results with respect to the models of failure mechanisms mentioned above. A primary result is that propagation of delamination closely follows the dependence on absolute size predicted by fracture mechanics and energy release rate analyses. Conversely, fiber breakage does not appear to show a dependence on absolute size. The primary thrust of the paper is to assess the implications of the experimental results in terms of the failure models and the effect on scaling of results.
The Effect of Fiber-Matrix Interphase Properties on the Quasi-Static Performance of Thermoplastic Composites
Authors: Chang Y.S. , Lesko J.J. , Case S.W. , Dillard D.A. , Reifsnider K.L.
Published: March 2007

A number of concerns about carbon-fiber adhesion to thermoplastic- matrix systems have been raised. As a result, the effect of the fiber-matrix interphase on the mechanical performance of thermoplastic composites was investigated. The interphase condition was altered by an electrochemical fiber surface treatment and addition of an unreacted epoxy sizing of PAN-based carbon fibers. The AU4, AS4, and AS4CGP fibers were embedded in an amorphous thermoplastic polymer, J2, and formed into laminates. The meso-indentation technique was used to quantify the interfacial quality and indicated only a 22 % increase in interfacial strength over the AU4 fiber composite. The mechanical properties of these composites in the fiber direction were shown to be insensitive to the in terfacial quality as were the transverse and shear moduli. The transverse and shear strengths of AS4/J2 and AS4CGP/J2 composites were increased by more than 50 % when compared to the AU4/J2 composites. Scanning electron microscopy of the failure surfaces showed clean fiber in the AU4/J2 composites, whereas matrix remained on the fiber surface of the AS4/J2 and AS4CGP/J2 composites.
Management and Organizational Communication Measurement
Authors: Greenbaum Howard H. , DeWine Sue , Downs Cal W.
Published: March 2007

This article is a discussion of the Research Instrument Section of McQ. It traces the history of instrumentation within the organizational communication literature and includes a guide for the preparation of manuscripts. While this article reflects an organizational communication perspective, the editors of McQ intend for the Research Instrument Section to become a forum for discussion of instruments related to managerial writing, managerial presentations, interpersonal communication in organizations, organizational communication, or external communication.
Computer Use and Organizational Effectiveness
Authors: Salem Philip J. , Gratz Robert D.
Published: March 2007

We explored the relationship between computer use and computer literacy, communication competence, and organizational effectiveness. Four different types of effectiveness were considered. Increased computer use generally increases computer literacy, with a corresponding gain in organizational effectiveness. Increased use also leads to a decrease in communication competence and a corresponding loss in effectiveness. The relationship between computer use and effectiveness is curvilinear. Managers are devoting increasing attention to computer technology. They may assume that only benefits will accrue from increased computer use without recognizing the organizational costs. The authors contend that adoption of one or more of the newer technologies should be approached in a systematic fashion.
An Analysis of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire
Authors: Scherer Robert F. , Brodzinski James D.
Published: March 2007

In the workplace, coping by the individual is an adaptational process for maintaining interpersonal relationships, solving task-related problems, and ameliorating the emotional consequences of stressful events. In the management literature, coping strategies have been studied in terms of their relationships to job loss, new jobs and adjustment to work, business disasters, and role demands such as burnout. These investigations have varied in type of occupation, organization, and gender considered. This article analyzes an instrument that has been developed for identifying coping strategies used in these situations. A brief overview of coping and communication is presented, followed by an analysis of the Ways of Coping Questionnaire, including reliability and validity information.
The Influence of Communication Structure and Social Support on Job Stress and Burnout
Authors: Ray Eileen Berlin , Miller Katherine I.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship among structural communicative variables and perceptions of social support, stress, and burnout in a sample of elementary school teachers. Specifically, it was hypothesized that participation in decision making, network link strength, and link multiplexity would influence perceptions of supervisory (principal) and co-worker support. These perceptions, and workload, then influence burnout and job satisfaction. The results provide support for a model that (a) suggests a differentiation between relational depth and relational breadth in predicting perceived support, (b) highlights the importance of supportive communication in reducing role ambiguity, and (c) suggests that burnout has distinctive affective and exhaustion dimensions that should be considered in future research.
Speaking of Visions and Visions Being Spoken
Authors: Holladay Sherry J. , Coombs W. Timothy
Published: March 2007

This experiment extends previous research by examining empirically the relationship of message delivery and content to perceptions of leader charisma. A 2 (delivery: weak and strong) × 2 (content: visionary and nonvisionary) design was used to examine how delivery and content affect perceptions of leader charisma. The results indicate that although both delivery and content play a role in the development of perceptions of charisma, the impact of delivery is stronger. The analyses also reveal that the attentive, relaxed, friendly, and dominant style variables are significant predictors of perceptions of leader charisma. The results of this experiment highlight the need to examine the role of communication in charismatic leadership.
Users' Individual Communicative Responses to Intraorganizationally Implemented Innovations and Other Planned Changes
Authors: Lewis Laurie K.
Published: March 2007

Although innovations traditionally have been treated as having consistent effects on whole organizations, previous scholarly literature suggests that users demonstrate important individual differences in responding to change programs. The results of an empirical study of users' communicative responses regarding intraorganizational-implemented innovations and other planned changes are reported here. A list of users' individual communicative responses was empirically developed and analyzed by means of multidimensional scaling to reveal the conceptual structure underlying the responses. The results indicate a threedimensional structure of users' responses. Subsequent analyses confinmed interpretations of the three dimensions of behavior as "positive versus negative," "decided versus undecided," and "self-focused versus other-focused."
Nursing Knowledge for the 21st Century: An International Commitment
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: March 2007

This article sets forth some assumptions about 21st century trends in science, communication systems, and lifestyle patterns. Further, it offers speculations about the relationship of these trends to future health care. Nursing knowledge in light of the assumptions and speculations is addressed and a nursing science curriculum proposed. A complex of centers to replace today's health care system is described in an effort to make explicit the contribution of the professional nurse to the health care of individuals and families in the 21st century. The author calls for an international commitment from nurses of all nations to use extant nursing theories and frameworks, rather than the biomedical model, as guides to research and practice in order to expand the base of nursing knowledge while specifying the uniqueness of the discipline.
The Theory of Goal Attainment in Research and Practice
Authors: King Imogene M.
Published: March 2007

King's conceptual system may be used to build a world community of nurses who respect cultural differences and share the mutual goal of health in each nation. The concepts in this systems framework have been the basis for research and practice and for developing theories such as the theory of goal attainment. This theory includes a human process of interactions that lead to transactions and to goal attainment (outcomes). This process is useful in any nursing situation and in any culture. Knowledge of the concepts of the theory have been applied in practice in the United States, Canada, Sweden, and Japan. An example of implementing theory-based practice in a hospital is discussed.
Evaluation of Nursing Practice: Process and Critique
Authors: Braunstein Mildred S.
Published: March 2007

This article describes the difficulties in conducting clinical trials to evaluate nursing practice models. Suggestions are offered for strengthening the process. A clinical trial of a nursing practice model based on a synthesis of Aristotelian theory with Rogers' science is described. The rationale for decisions regarding the research procedures used is presented. Methodological limitations of the study design and the specifications of the practice model are examined. It is concluded that clear specification of theoretical relationships within a practice model and clear identification of key intervening variables will enable researchers to better connect the treatment with the outcome.
The Christian Right: A Cultivated Collection of Interest Groups
Authors: Lugg Catherine A.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the belief structure and educational agenda of the Christian Right using a case study as a point of departure. In addition, the Christian Right is examined as a cultivated collection of interest groups and the Christian Right's historic membership is discussed. Finally, the article explores the Christian Right's future prospects in the politics of education.
State Educational Reform Since 1983: Appraisal and the Future
Authors: Firestone William A. , Fuhrman Susan H. , Kirst Michael W.
Published: March 2007

More state activity aimed at improving public education took place in the 1980s than ever before. State legislators introduced an unsurpassed number of education-related bills, increased state aid, and examined the findings of hundreds of state-level task forces and commissions. Education initiatives spread quickly from state to state. To shed light on the significance of the reform movement itself, in 1986 the Center for Policy Research in Education (CPRE) began a 5-year study of the implementation and effects of state education reforms in six states chosen for their diverse approaches to reform: Arizona, California, Florida, Georgia, Minnesota, and Pennsylvania. This article pres- ents some of the findings from that research.
The Chicano Educational Experience: A Framework for Effective Schools in Chicano Communities
Authors: Solórzano Daniel G. , Solórzano Ronald W.
Published: March 2007

The underrepresentation of Chicanos at each point in the educational and professional pipeline has resulted in both a talent loss to society and a loss of important role models for the next generation of Chicano students who aspire to educational and professional careers. This article (a) explores the educational conditions and related outcomes of Chicanos from elementary school through college, (b) examines the theoretical models used to explain the low achievement and attainment of Chicanos in elementary and secondary schools, and (c) investigates two precollege intervention models called the Effective Schools and Accelerated Schools programs and adapts them for use with Chicano students. The issues are discussed in light of their policy implications for the education community in general and the Chicano community specifically. The prospects for further research are also discussed.
The Politics of Accountability: Research in Prospect
Authors: Macpherson Reynold J. S. , Cibulka James G. , Monk David H. , Wong Kenneth K.
Published: March 2007

This collection of articles has reported international policy research on how power is being used in education to build and discharge obligations between stakeholders: the politics of accountability. The research reported shows well how the politics of education at site and systemic levels have been helping to reconstruct accountability policies. This concluding article offers afresh angle on the research reported by examining the extent to which the processes of reconstructing accountability policies might yet help improve the quality of politics in education. It finds that the politics of accountability need to be respected and developed as part of policy coherence testing in systems and schools and as central to the process of legitimating practices.
Teacher Professionalism and Teacher Accountability: Toward a more Genuine Teaching Profession
Authors: Urbanski Adam
Published: March 2007

With this issue, Educational Policy begins a Viewpoints section in which, from time to time, short discussion or opinion pieces will appear These will not be research articles but will rather express timely and, sometimes, controversial viewpoints on current issues of educational policy. We hope the Viewpoints section will stimulate discussion and debate. 7he editors invite readers to respond with comments or to present their own viewpoints.
Playing the Paramecium: Science Education from the Stance of the Cultural Studies of Science
Authors: Weinstein Matthew
Published: March 2007

The recently released National Science Education Standards claim that science is a social process, although that axiom is marginalized in the Standards' overall vision of a restructured science education. This article explores how science education might be shaped if that claim and one body of research that supports it, the cultural studies of science, were taken as a basis for science curriculum. Specifically it analyzes the multiple social positions and knowledges that science and science education create as observations and measurements are carried out and categories are created. These positions produce locations in which multiple contesting knowledges or perspectives are produced. The article argues that these multiple knowledges must be made part of the curriculum. In the conclusion, the article analyzes the importance of the cultural studies of science literature to realizing the Standards' dream of "science for all students."
The Pipeline and Student Perceptions of Schooling: Good News and Bad News
Authors: Moses Michele S. , Howe Kenneth R. , Niesz Tricia
Published: March 2007

The math/science pipeline in public schooling is best described as a phenomenon in which, beginning in late middle/junior high school, the number of female students, students with lower socioeconomic status, and students of color in proportion to White male students in advanced math and science progressively shrinks during high school. This article shares the findings from a survey of high school students undertaken to determine the degree to which the nationally recognized pipeline phenomenon exists in five southwestern high schools. Through this study, the authors document a local instance of a national phenomenon. This is especially important in order to address some public school educators' perceptions that the national pipeline phenomenon somehow does not apply to their own schools. Thus, in this article, the authors aim to identify patterns of inequality that might exist in order to create a foundation from which to explore educational inequality more deeply.
An Overview of Forensic Pharmacists Practice
Authors: Anderson Peter D.
Published: March 2007

Forensic pharmacists engage in work relating to litigation, the regulatory process, or the criminal justice system. Forensic pharmacy overlaps with many other forensic fields. Pharmacists hold a variety of positions with local, state, and federal governments. Many pharmacists do freelance work as forensic litigation consultants. A forensic pharmacist can be a valuable resource in legal cases relating to malpractice, adverse drug reactions, drunk and drugged driving, and numerous other types of civil and criminal cases. There are no specific training programs or certifications for forensic pharmacists. However, certification in clinical areas does enhance the status of an expert.
Propylene Glycol Toxicity in a Pediatric Patient: The Dangers of Diluents
Authors: O'Donnell James , Mertl Sue Lyon , Kelly William N.
Published: March 2007

This report will present a case of neonatal propylene glycol poisoning from the use of intravenous lorazepam and also discuss the toxicity of diluents in general. Although used as a diluent in many pharmaceuticals and generally considered safe, propylene glycol can cause serious side effects: hyperosmolality in burn victims due to silver sulfadiazine products containing propylene glycol and in premature babies due to particular multivitamin preparations, irreversible perception deafness, skin irritation, high anion gap acidosis due to elevated lactate levels, and reversible neurological disturbances. Toxicity caused by propylene glycol may be manifested by hyperosmolality, lactic acidosis, hemolysis and hemoglobinuria, skin irritation, deafness, and other neurological disturbances.1 Historically, the toxicity of diluents played an important role in the development of toxicity testing before the release of new drugs. The topic is current, as evidenced by the Important Drug Warning letter recently issued by Glaxo Wellcome, the manufacturer of Agenerase, warning about the toxicities and drug interactions associated with the propylene glycol diluent in the oral solution, as well as by competitive interference with the aldehyde dehydrogenase enzyme pathway. This report and discussion is included in the Forensic Pharmacist issue because the case investigation arose out of retention of one of the authors (O'Donnell) as an expert witness and consultant on behalf of the child/subject of the case report.
Plasma Antipsychotic Drug Concentrations: Practical Clinical Considerations
Authors: Markowitz John S. , Patrick Kennerly S.
Published: March 2007

The practical application of plasma antipsychotic moni toring to achieve dose optimization remains problematic. Despite numerous studies attempting to establish antipsychotic dosing guidelines based on target plasma concentration ranges, a therapeutic window for most neuroleptics remains elusive and drug individualiza tion is still most often empirically determined. Drug concentration testing for all antipsychotics is commercially available, but at present, only haloperidol and clozapine appear to provide clinically useful plasma values. Reasons for obtaining levels include suspected noncompliance, pharmacokinetic drug interactions, toxicity, and cases in which difficulty arises in distinguishing between drug-induced toxicity and underlying pathology. Accordingly, antipsychotic plasma concentration monitoring offers potential to improve therapeutic outcomes only when interpreted carefully in conjunction with the patient's overall clinical status. Copyright © 1996 by W.B. Saunders Company
Comprehensive versus Holistic Care
Authors: Romeo June Hart
Published: March 2007

Persons with chronic disease often experience an involvement of multiple body systems. A comprehensive care approach to patient care is often used with the belief that a health care team will ensure that a patient’s needs will be covered. Instead, this approach is reductionist in practice and leads to fragmentation of care, and the difficult patients often slip through the cracks of the health care system. However, a holistic theory-based approach puts a patient’s perceived needs first and offers care not only for the body but also for the human spirit. Two case studies of patients with chronic disease are reviewed, both of whom began in a comprehensive care model and ended up with holistic care. Suggestions for assisting in the movement of a comprehensive care model toward a holistic model are offered for the practicing nurse.
Grandparent Parents
Authors: Fitzgerald Mary L.
Published: March 2007

There is an increasing prevalence in the United States of intergenerational surrogate parenting. In fact, grandmother-headed households that include grandchildren without their parents are the fastest growing intergenerational surrogate family combination. This article reviews the intergenerational surrogate family phenomenon relative to its impact on the grandmothers’ health and offers resources and implications for nursing.
The Effect of an Educational Intervention on Willingness to Receive Therapeutic Touch
Authors: Lowry Regina C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this quasi-experimental study was to test the effect of an educational intervention on participants’ willingness to receive Therapeutic Touch (TT). A sample of 108 participants was recruited from three area nursing programs and one professional business women’s group. Participants completed questionnaires before and after a 10-minute talk on TT and a 5-minute demonstration of TT. Participants were asked to rank their willingness to experience a TT treatment and to explain the reasons for their rankings. The hypothesis that the intervention would increase participants’willingness to experience TT was supported; there was a significant difference in pre- and postintervention willingness to experience TT.
The Impact of Premature Menopause on Women’s Experience of Self
Authors: Pasquali Elaine Anne
Published: March 2007

Surgically or chemically induced premature menopause may have an impact on women’s sense of self: the physical, psychological, social, and spiritual sense of self. This ethnographic research study explores the major factors that assaulted prematurely menopausal women’s concept of self and the ways in which they attempted to readjust that concept. A unifying domain, evolution of self, and three constitutive themes emerged: change/loss, connectedness/disconnectedness, and transcendence/transformation. A holistic nurse-client relationship that transcends the hospital experience and extends into the community may help prematurely menopausal women to move toward a more synthesized sense of self and a greater degree of self-actualization.
Adult Day Care for the Frail Elderly
Authors: Baumgarten Mona , Lebel Paule , Laprise HÉlÈne , Leclerc Chantal , Quinn Charlene
Published: March 2007

Objectives: To assess outcomes and satisfaction among frail elderly day care clients and their informal caregivers and the impact of adult day care on the cost of health services. Methods:One-hundred eight elderly participants were randomly assigned to the experimental group (immediate admission to an adult day care center) and 104 participants to the control group (3 months on a waiting list). Results:Participants’ and caregivers’ subjective perceptions of the day center’s effects were positive. However, using standard research instruments, there was no evidence of an effect of day center attendance on the client’s anxiety, depression, or functional status; on caregiver burden; or on the cost of health services. Discussion:It is difficult to demonstrate objectively the benefits of programs and interventions that are perceived by clients, caregivers, and staff to have positive effects. In future studies, maintenance of high levels of participation should be incorporated as an explicit program goal.
Clinical Decision Making in the Care of the Aged
Authors: Levkoff Sue , Wetle Terrie
Published: March 2007

This study examines the decision-making process of health care providers working with older patients. Data were obtained through telephone interviews from a random sample of 251 health care providers at three Veterans Administration medical centers. Responding to a hypothetical clinical vignette, the majority of providers chose to give the one remaining bed in an ICU to a younger versus an older patient. Individuals relied on the patient's expected quality of life as well as the medical risk to the patient as important factors in this decision. In another vignette, less than 15% of the sample strongly supported a life-prolonging intervention for an 85-year-old man whose obstructive pulmonary disease had taken a terminal course. Expected quality of life was the most important determinant of the decision not to intubate. Respondents of different professions consistently ranked DNR orders as the decision with which they were most comfortable and termination of life supports as the decision with which they were least comfortable. A discussion of the different medical, social, and institutional factors that influence decision making is provided.
"In Sickness and in Health"
Authors: Vinokur Amiram D. , Vinokur-Kaplan Diane
Published: March 2007

The effects of gender, age, marital satisfaction, and physical impairment on patterns of giving and receiving social support and social undermining (e.g., personal criticism) were examined in two samples totaling 431 older married couples. In the first sample, data were collected from husbands and their wives, half of whom were long-term breast cancer (BC) survivors and half who constituted an a symptomatic, matched control group. The second sample included data from husbands and their wives who had recently been diagnosed to have breast cancer. Wives reported giving more social support to their husbands than they felt they received from them; and they reported giving more support than their husbands reported giving to them. Similarly, husbands reported receiving more social support from their wives than their wives reported receiving from them, except for the group of recently diagnosed BC. Advanced age was correlated with husbands' reports of receiving more social support, and in the two breast cancer groups, of also giving more social support and engaging in less social undermining. It was also found that among the women in the a symptomatic control group, those who were more physically impaired reported both giving and receiving less social support, and this was corroborated by husbands' reports. In contrast, there were no associations between wives' degree of impairment and social support in the two breast cancer groups. The differential effects were hypothesized to result from the husbands' causally attributing their wives' impairment and difficulties to internal characterological factors versus to external ones beyond their control (i.e., the BC disease).
Self-Esteem and Psychological Distress in Later Life
Authors: Krause Neal , Alexander Gwen
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between self-esteem and psychological distress in later life. The majority of researchers who have assessed this relationship assume that greater self-esteem is associated with a reduced risk of distress. However, other investigators propose that this relationship may be more complex and that individuals with extremely high as well as extremely low self-esteem are more likely to experience psychological distress than persons with a more moderate sense of self-worth. Findings from a nationwide survey of older adults tend to support the more complex view. It is further hypothesized that people with extremely high self-esteem are at risk because they tend to be isolated from their social network members. This hypothesis is also supported by the data. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Possible Selves and Health Behaviors in Later Life
Authors: Hooker Karen , Kaus Cheryl R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to determine whether self-regulatory processes were related to health behaviors in a sample of older adults. We hypothesized that individuals with a possible self in the domain of health would be motivated to engage in health-protective behaviors and thus score more highly on a health behaviors inventory. We also predicted that self-regulatory variables rated in relationship to health-related possible selves would explain a significant amount of variance in health behavior scores. Analyses largely supported these predictions and showed that these self-system variables were more predictive of health behaviors than were global health values. There were differential findings for positive health motivations as opposed to disease avoidance motivations. Results are discussed in reference to the literature on health behavior and aging.
Medicare Nursing Home Residents with a Stroke
Authors: Berg Katherine , Mor Vince
Published: March 2007

The objective of this article is to describe the characteristics and outcomes of Medicare patients admitted to nursing homes with a primary diagnosis of stroke. This study used longitudinal clinical information prospectively collected in National Health Corporation (NHC) nursing homes on admission and at discharge or death. In total, 2,345 residents met the following study criteria: age 40 and over, newly admitted from a general hospital to a NHC home under Medicare, and previously living in the community. The outcomes were functional status and discharge disposition within 90 days. By 90-days post admission, 27.4% remained in the nursing home, 22.4% had gone home, 25.7% had been readmitted to a general hospital, 8.7% had entered another facility, and 15.6% of the patients with stroke had died. Residents who went home showed the greatest improvement in functional status in Barthel Index scores, from 35.2 (SD 21.1) to 47 (SD 25.6); 20% were totally dependent and only 34% scored above 60 on the index. Further study is needed to examine the functional outcomes of stroke survivors over the longer term and compare the relative effectiveness of nursing home interventions with other postacute care options.