bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi-objective optimization of typhoon inundation forecast models for water-level gauging network by integration of ARMAX with a Genetic Algorithm
Authors: Ouyang Huei-Tau
Published: February 2016

Abstract. The forecasting of inundation levels during typhoons requires that multiple objectives be taken into account, including the forecasting capacity with regard to variations in water level throughout the entire weather event, the accuracy that can be attained in forecasting peak water levels and the time at which peak water levels are likely to occur. This paper proposed a means of forecasting inundation levels in real-time using monitoring data from a water-level gauging network. ARMAX was used to construct water-level forecast models for each gauging station using input variables including cumulative rainfall and water level data from other gauging stations in the network. Analysis of the correlation between cumulative rainfall and water level data makes it possible to obtain an approximation as to the cumulative duration of rainfall and time lags associated with each gauging station. Analyses on water levels as well as on cumulative rainfall enable the identification of associate sites pertained to each gauging station that share high correlations with regard to water level and low mutual information with regard to cumulative rainfall. Water level data from associate sites is used as a second input variable for the water-level forecast model of the target site. Three indices were considered in the selection of an optimal model: the coefficient of efficiency (CE), error in the stage of peak water level (ESP), and relative time shift (RTS). We used a multi-objective genetic algorithm to derive an optimal Pareto set of models capable of performing well in the three objectives. A case study was conducted on the Xinnan area of Yilan County, Taiwan in which optimal water-level forecast models were established for each of the four water-level gauging stations in the area. Test results demonstrate that the model best able to satisfy PE exhibited significant time shift, whereas the models best able to satisfy CE and RTS provide accurate forecasts of inundations when variations in water level are less extreme.
Multifractal behaviour of the soil water content of a vineyard in NW Spain during two growing seasons
Authors: Mirás-Avalos J. M. , Trigo-Córdoba E. , da Silva-Dias R. , Varela-Vila I. , García-Tomillo A.
Published: February 2016

Abstract. Soil processes are characterized by a great degree of heterogeneity, which may be assessed by scaling properties. The aims of the current study were to describe the dynamics of soil water content at three depths in a vineyard under rain-fed and irrigation conditions and to assess the multifractality of these time data series. Frequency domain reflectometry (FDR) sensors were used for automatically monitoring soil water content in a vineyard located in Leiro (Ourense, NW Spain). Data were registered at 30-minute intervals at three depths (20, 40 and 60 cm) between 14th June and 26th August 2011 and 2012. Two treatments were considered: rain-fed and irrigation to 50 % crop evapotranspiration. Soil water content data series obeyed power laws and tended to behave as multifractals. Values for entropy (D1) and correlation (D2) dimensions were lower in the series from the irrigation treatment. The Hölder exponent of order zero (α0) was similar between treatments; however, the widths of the singularity spectra, f(α), were greater under irrigation conditions. Multifractality indices slightly decreased with depth. These results suggest that singularity and Rényi spectra were useful for characterizing the time variability of soil water content, distinguishing patterns among series registered under rain-fed and irrigation treatments.
The Influence of Social Network Structure on the Farmer Group Participation in Indonesia
Authors: Raya Alia Bihrajihant
Published: February 2016

The development of farmer groups in Indonesia is being stagnant because of the function of farmer group could not afford the needs of farmer group members. Participation of members is crucial to be assessed in order to promote the development of farmer group. To increase the participation of members, the social network structure between members and leaders should be taken into consideration. In this paper, the function of local institution leaders together with the function of farmer group leaders are measured in the social network structure. Through the graph of social network, it found that members will access information easily through the routine meeting in the local institution (neighborhood association) while the farmer group leaders are functioning as a legitimate of farmer group agenda. This paper suggests that the relationship between member and leader on the social network structure influences the member participation in the farmer group.
Sadistic Sexual Offenses in Criminal Cases of Iran and France
Authors: Mousavi Seyedmohammad , Jafarzadi Yousef , Khatami Shamsollah , Babaei Arash
Published: February 2016

Crimes, especially crimes of sexual violence is a problem in every society, in the midst of violent crimes, especially rape, beatings and even death for sex by the psychological impact on creating a sense of insecurity in society the dignity and respect most influential crime is. Sadistic crimes, including cases of sexual violence in the country's laws, particularly the law of France and Iran have been severely. Sexual harassment and sexual violence in France has a mild to severe penalties that depend on the type of crime and its dissemination. So that kind of punishment in relation to crimes of sexual violence are synthetic and financial penalties and even imprisonment is involved. The laws of the country also showed that sexual violence to it that French law has the details of the punishment, has not been raised, but sexual violence in the form of psychological violence by criminal penalties and imprisonment are required. The laws of the country, violence against women and children in two after payment of blood money or the lives of members and in case of immoral nature of the punishment of flogging and death will follow.
Home Variables as Predictor of Students’ Achievements in Social Studies in Junior Secondary Schools in Osun State, Nigeria
Authors: Adeyemi Babatunde Adeniyi
Published: February 2016

The study investigated the relationship between home variables and students’ achievement in Social Studies. This is with a view of enhancing students’ better performance in Social Studies. The study employed the survey research design. The population consisted of the Junior Secondary School Students in Osun State. Stratified sampling technique was employed in selecting 500 students in five purposively selected local governments in Osun State. Two instruments titled “Home Variables Questionnaire” (HVQ) and “Social Studies Achievement Test” (SSAT) were constructed by the researcher to elicit information from the subjects. The two instruments yielded 0.71 and 0.84 respectively using Cronbach alpha. Seven out of the nine variables were found to be significant predictors of students’ achievement in Social Studies; (Sex β = 1.98; t = 4.93; p<0.05, age β=-1.16, t=-3.42; p<0.05, ethnic group β=0.51; t=-6.95; p<0.05, religion β=-2.86, t=-6.95; <0.05 parent living pattern β=-2.66; t=-2.92 p<0.05, number of fathers’ wives β=5.25; t=4.21; p<0.05, mother’s position among wives β=-3.39; t=-4.718; p<0.05) whereas the two other variables were not predictors of students’ achievement (mother’s no of children β=0.19; t=1.78; p>0.05, and position in the family β=0.01, t=0.010, p>0.05). Also, there was significant difference in male and female students’ achievement in Social Studies (t=9.991, p <0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant relationship between home facilities and students’ achievement in Social Students (r=0.180; p<0.05) whereas there was no significant relationship between birth order and students’ achievement (r=0.050, p>0.05). The study recommended among others that government should provide schools with adequate infrastructures and facilities that will enhance effective learning environment.
Analysis of the Formation Process of Modernization in Contemporary Iran and Its Effects on Globalization
Authors: Yousef Ahmadi Ghasemabad Sofla
Published: February 2016

Certainly, modernity is one of the characteristics of the present age and we live in the era of modernity. Hence, modernity is the spirit of the new era. This was due to philosophical and intellectual evolution of the West which could put aside mentally worn out tissues and follow the new path. More than a century from modernization life passes in Iran and after the Constitutional Revolution grew and accelerated. In the meantime, Iran could influence from the western scientific and technical, economic, political evolutions and on the basis of its capacity achieves great developments and evolutions. West evolutions were created directly or indirectly by intellectual and philosophical evolutions of West after the Renaissance that it will be remembered modernity. This element in West civilization was endogenous. Hence, development of modernization and subsequently globalization are serious products of modernity which have been developed in the world and their shadow is heavy on the human head. So that escaping of them is impossible.
Exploitation of databases in polar research - Data evaluation and outputs
Authors: Kvíderová Jana , Elster Josef , Iliev Ivan
Published: February 2016

The increasing number of observations and floristic sample analyses provided by the Centre for Polar Ecology, Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Czech Republic (CPE), led to development of the sample database (SampleDTB). At present, the Sample DTB contains records on total of 318 samples from 135 sites. Total of 254 taxa at level of genera or species were observed. For database functionality tests, two datasets were selected. The first one consisted of samples collected by ALGO groups in frame of Polar Ecology course organized by the CPE in 2011-2014 (ALGO dataset). The second one consisted of samples collected in Bulgaria in 2013 (BG dataset). The ALGO dataset contains records on total of 188 samples from 94 sites. Total of 216 taxa (genera or species) were observed. The majority of habitats sampled were streams and the most frequently sampled communities were layer-forming communities like periphyton, epilithon and biofilms. The most dominant classes observed in ALGO dataset were diatoms and cyanobacteria. The unconstrained canonical analysisrevealed that the environment type significantly affected the taxonomical composition observed. In the BG dataset, 16 samples from 4 sites were recorded. Total of 40 taxa (genera or species) were observed. Majority of habitats sampled included streams and shallow pools and the communities sampled were restricted to periphyton, epiphyton and epilithon. Similarly to ALGO dataset, the most dominant classes in BG dataset were Cyanophyceae and diatoms. Due to low number of samples, no multivariate analysis was performed in the BG dataset. These exports and further analyses proved functionality of the SampleDTB database.
Electronic Payments of Small Amounts
Authors: Pedersen Torben Pryds
Published: February 2016

This note considers the application of electronic cash to transactions in which many small amounts must be paid to the same payee and in which it is not possible to just pay the total amount afterwards. The most notable example of such a transaction is payment for phone calls. If currently published electronic cash systems are used and a full payment protocol is executed for each of the small amounts, the overall complexity of the system will be prohibitively large (time, storage and communication). This note describes how such payments can be handled in a wide class of payment systems. The solution is very easy to adapt as it only influences the payment and deposit transactions involving such payments. Furthermore, making and verifying each small payment requires very little computation and communication, and the total complexity of both transactions is comparable to that of a payment of a fixed amount.
Modelling and Analysis of Distributed Program Execution in BETA Using Coloured Petri Nets
Authors: Jørgensen Jens Bæk , Mortensen Kjeld Høyer
Published: February 2016

Recently, abstractions supporting distributed program execution in the object-oriented language BETA have been designed. A BETA object on one computer may invoke a remote object, i.e., an object hosted by another computer. In this project, the formalism of Coloured Petri Nets (CP-nets or CPN) is used to describe and analyse the protocol for remote object invocation. In the first place, we build a model in order to describe, understand, and improve the protocol. Remote object invocation in BETA is modelled on the level of threads (lightweight processes) with emphasis on the competition for access to critical regions and shared resources. Secondly, the model is analysed. It is formally proved that it has a set of desirable properties, e.g., absence of dead markings.

Topics: Systemdesign and verfication using nets; higher-level nets models; computer tools for nets; experience with using nets, case studies; application of nets to protocols.
Position Papers from The 7th Workshop for PhD Students in Object-Oriented Systems
Authors: Gerhardt Frank , Wohlrab Lutz , Ernst Erik
Published: February 2016

DAIMI-PB 526 contains the position papers accepted at The 7th Workshop for PhD Students in Object-Oriented Systems, which took place June 9-10, 1997, in Jyväskylä, Finland, in connection with the ECOOP'97 conference. There were 36 participants, and many areas of research were represented since the technical topics covered were derived from the research interests of the participants. Hence, the report can be used to obtain an overview of the work being done by young researchers in the area of object orientation right now.
 The individual papers can be found at http://www.daimi.au.dk/~eernst/ws97/papers.html
Elements of a Theory of Design Artefacts: a contribution to critical systems development research. PhD Thesis.
Authors: Bertelsen Olav
Published: February 2016

The thesis emphasises material mediation in design, use and research by introducing the concept of design artefacts as a unifying perspective.
 This concept is based on a dialectical materialist approach comprising activity theory as a general perspective (mainly Engestrøm), and specifically the notion of primary, secondary and tertiary artefacts (Wartofsky). This background is complemented with the notion of boundary objects (Star), as mediators in boundary zones.
 Systems development is understood as a zone where heterogeneous praxes meet to change a given praxis through the construction and introduction of new (computer) artefacts; this zone is mediated by design artefacts, which make different sense to the various praxes (boundary objects).
 Four main themes are addressed by the thesis: Firstly, the notion of design artefacts as an integrating perspective on systems development research and praxis, is introduced and developed. Secondly, a uniform notion of development tying use and design together, is discussed in relation to designing for development in use, and in relation to the notion of design as the transformation of artefacts. Thirdly, a pragmatic philosophy of science based on the understanding of theories as design artefacts, is proposed. Fourthly, the issue of innovation and creativity, together with the role of the individual is programmatically pointed to.
Mediating Technical Platforms to Support the Development of Shared Work Practices
Authors: Bødker Susanne
Published: February 2016

This paper discusses two examples of how shared technical support platforms are adapted and developed in organizations. One is support for object oriented design and programming, the other, production of documents in an office. These two cases represent longitudinal studies of the use, the adaptation and the development of these platforms. This development involved active mediation of platform coordinators who were users of the shared environment, at the same time as they possessed, and developed further, skills and procedures to undertake its continued development. The paper applies a developmental perspective in that its concern is how the technical platform and the work practices surrounding it, are developing over time, and how the technical and organizational conditions have been in support of or a hindrance to this development.
Designing Emotions for Activity Selection
Authors: Canamero Dolores
Published: February 2016

This paper advocates a ``bottom-up'' philosophy for the design of emotional systems for autonomous agents that is guided by functional concerns, and considers the particular case of designing emotions as mechanisms for action selection. The concrete realization of these ideas implies that the design process must start with an analysis of the requirements that the features of the environment, the characteristics of the action-selection task, and the agent architecture impose on the emotional system. This is particularly important if we see emotions as mechanisms that aim at modifying or maintaining the relation of the agent with its (external and internal) environment (rather than modifying the environment itself) in order to preserve the agent's goals. Emotions can then be selected and designed according to the roles they play with respect to this relation.
Second Workshop on Modelling of Objects, Components and Agents
Authors: Moldt Daniel
Published: February 2016

This report contains the proceedings of the workshop Modelling of Objects, Components, and Agents (MOCA'02), August 26-27, 2002.The workshop is organized by the 'Coloured Petri Net' Group at the University of Aarhus, Denmark and the 'Theoretical Foundations of Computer Science' Group at the University of Hamburg, Germany. The homepage of the workshop is: http://www.daimi.au.dk/CPnets/workshop02/
Les grossesses chez les adolescentes autochtones au Canada
Authors: Joncas Jo-Anni , Roy Bernard
Published: February 2016

Cet article dresse un portrait des recherches concernant les grossesses chez les adolescentes autochtones au Canada. Les statistiques indiquent que la prévalence des grossesses précoces est particulièrement marquée chez ces peuples. Une recension des écrits a été effectuée dans trois grandes bases de données. Dans un premier temps, les auteurs présentent l’état de la situation en explorant la problématique et les facteurs de risque relevés dans les écrits recensés. Même si les grossesses à l’adolescence peuvent être une expérience positive, les recherches montrent qu’elles ont généralement des effets négatifs à long terme sur le bien-être de la mère, de l’enfant et de la communauté. Différents facteurs de risque ont été documentés, comme la pauvreté, la précocité des activités sexuelles et la consommation de drogue et d’alcool. Dans un deuxième temps, les auteurs présentent trois approches explicatives qui ont été dégagées de ces écrits : l’approche culturelle, l’approche centrée sur l’accès aux services de santé et l’approche sociohistorique.
Une compagnie minière canadienne au Mexique
Authors: Beaucage Pierre
Published: February 2016

Au Mexique comme dans le reste de l’Amérique latine, les territoires autochtones sont présentement convoités par des entreprises extractives et hydroélectriques. Sur le terrain, les anthropologues se retrouvent engagés dans des débats intenses concernant ces projets. Une nouvelle forme d’ethnographie s’ébauche où l’on pose au chercheur autant de questions qu’il en adresse lui-même aux membres des communautés locales.
Observation of electric potential in organic thin-film transistor by bias-applied hard X-ray photoemission spectroscopy
Authors: Watanabe Takeshi , Tada Keisuke , Yasuno Satoshi , Oji Hiroshi , Yoshimoto Noriyuki , Hirosawa Ichiro
Published: February 2016

The effect of gate voltage on electric potential in a pentacene (PEN) layer was studied by hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy under a bias voltage. It was observed that applying a negative gate voltage substantially increases the width of a C 1s peak. This suggested that injected and accumulated carriers in an organic thin film transistor channel modified the potential depth profile in PEN. It was also observed that the C 1s kinetic energy tends to increase monotonically with threshold voltage.
Design and experimental demonstration of low-power CMOS magnetic cell manipulation platform using charge recycling technique
Authors: Niitsu Kiichi , Yoshida Kohei , Nakazato Kazuo
Published: February 2016

We present the world’s first charge-recycling-based low-power technique of complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor (CMOS) magnetic cell manipulation. CMOS magnetic cell manipulation associated with magnetic beads is a promissing tool for on-chip biomedical-analysis applications such as drug screening because CMOS can integrate control electronics and electro-chemical sensors. However, the conventional CMOS cell manipulation requires considerable power consumption. In this work, by concatenating multiple unit circuits and recycling electric charge among them, power consumption is reduced by a factor of the number of the concatenated unit circuits (1/N). For verifying the effectiveness, test chip was fabricated in a 0.6-µm CMOS. The chip successfully manipulates magnetic microbeads with achieving 49% power reduction (from 51 to 26.2 mW). Even considering the additional serial resistance of the concatenated inductors, nearly theoretical power reduction effect can be confirmed.
Unravelling potential virulence factor candidates inXanthomonas citri. subsp.citriby secretome analysis
Authors: Ferreira Rafael M. , Moreira Leandro M. , Ferro Jesus A. , Soares Marcia R.R. , Laia Marcelo L. , Varani Alessandro M. , de Oliveira Julio C.F. , Ferro Maria Ines T.
Published: February 2016

Citrus canker is a major disease affecting citrus production in Brazil. It’s mainly caused byXanthomonas citrisubsp.citristrain 306 pathotype A (Xac). We analysed the differential expression of proteins secreted by wild typeXacand an asymptomatic mutant forhrpB4(ΔhrpB4) grown in Nutrient Broth (NB) and a medium mimicking growth conditions in the plant (XAM1). This allowed the identification of 55 secreted proteins, of which 37 were secreted by both strains when cultured in XAM1. In this secreted protein repertoire, the following stand out: Virk, Polyphosphate-selective porin, Cellulase, Endoglucanase, Histone-like protein, Ribosomal proteins, five hypothetical proteins expressed only in the wild type strain, Lytic murein transglycosylase, Lipoprotein, Leucyl-tRNA synthetase, Co-chaperonin, Toluene tolerance, C-type cytochrome biogenesis membrane protein, Aminopeptidase and two hypothetical proteins expressed only in the ΔhrpB4mutant. Furthermore, Peptidoglycan-associated outer membrane protein, Regulator of pathogenicity factor, Outer membrane proteins, Endopolygalacturonase, Chorismate mutase, Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase and seven hypothetical proteins were detected in both strains, suggesting that there was no relationship with the secretion mediated by the type III secretory system, which is not functional in the mutant strain. Also worth mentioning is the Elongation factor Tu (EF-Tu), expressed only the wild type strain, and Type IV pilus assembly protein, Flagellin (FliC) and Flagellar hook-associated protein, identified in the wild-type strain secretome when grown only in NB. Noteworthy, that FliC, EF-Tu are classically characterized as PAMPs (Pathogen-associated molecular patterns), responsible for a PAMP-triggered immunity response. Therefore, our results highlight proteins potentially involved with the virulence. Overall, we conclude that the use of secretome data is a valuable approach that may bring more knowledge of the biology of this important plant pathogen, which ultimately can lead to the establishment of new strategies to combat citrus canker.
Attribution of extreme weather and climate events overestimated by unreliable climate simulations
Authors: Bellprat Omar , Doblas‐Reyes Francisco
Published: February 2016

Event attribution aims to estimate the role of an external driver after the occurrence of an extreme weather and climate event by comparing the probability that the event occurs in two counterfactual worlds. These probabilities are typically computed using ensembles of climate simulations whose simulated probabilities are known to be imperfect. The implications of using imperfect models in this context are largely unknown, limited by the number of observed extreme events in the past to conduct a robust evaluation. Using an idealized framework, this model limitation is studied by generating large number of simulations with variable reliability in simulated probability. The framework illustrates that unreliable climate simulations are prone to overestimate the attributable risk to climate change. Climate model ensembles tend to be overconfident in their representation of the climate variability which leads to systematic increase in the attributable risk to an extreme event. Our results suggest that event attribution approaches comprising of a single climate model would benefit from ensemble calibration in order to account for model inadequacies similarly as operational forecasting systems.
Influences of shear in the ion parallel drift velocity and of inhomogeneous perpendicular electric field on generation of oblique ion acoustic waves
Authors: Ilyasov Askar , Chernyshov Alexander , Mogilevsky Mikhail , Golovchanskaya Irina , Kozelov Boris
Published: February 2016

It is well known that the broadband electrostatic turbulence observed in the topside auroral ionosphere can be identified with electrostatic ion cyclotron and/or oblique ion acoustic waves. Under certain conditions generation of the ion cyclotron modes is inhibited, so that the oblique ion acoustic waves become the prevailing part of the broadband noise. While generation of ion cyclotron waves by the inhomogeneous distribution of energy density (IEDD) instability has been actively studied in recent years, much less attention was paid to the excitation of ion acoustic waves by means of the IEDD instability. In this work, influence of shear in the ion parallel drift velocities and of inhomogeneous perpendicular electric field on generation of nonlocal oblique ion acoustic mode is studied. It is demonstrated that the shear of the ion parallel drift velocities can generate ion acoustic waves. It is shown that this mechanism of instability development provides broadband spectrum in the frequency range around 0.1 of ion gyrofrequency, and thus, this instability can be invoked to explain the observed broadband electrostatic turbulence in the auroral region. Effect of the main background plasma parameters on excitation of oblique ion acoustic waves is analyzed.
Observation of > 5 wt % zinc at the Kimberley outcrop, Gale crater, Mars
Authors: Lasue J. , Clegg S. M. , Forni O. , Cousin A. , Wiens R. C. , Lanza N. , Mangold N. , Le Deit L. , Gasnault O. , Maurice S. , Berger J. A. , Stack K. , Blaney D. , Fabre C. , Goetz W. , Johnson J. , Le Mouélic S. , Nachon M. , Payré V. , Rapin W. , Sumner D. Y.
Published: February 2016

Zinc‐enriched targets have been detected at the Kimberley formation, Gale crater, Mars, using the Chemistry Camera (ChemCam) instrument. The Zn content is analyzed with a univariate calibration based on the 481.2 nm emission line. The limit of quantification for ZnO is 3 wt % (at 95% confidence level) and 1 wt % (at 68% confidence level). The limit of detection is shown to be around 0.5 wt %. As of sol 950, 12 targets on Mars present high ZnO content ranging from 1.0 wt % to 8.4 wt % (Yarrada, sol 628). Those Zn‐enriched targets are almost entirely located at the Dillinger member of the Kimberley formation, where high Mn and alkali contents were also detected, probably in different phases. Zn enrichment does not depend on the textures of the rocks (coarse‐grained sandstones, pebbly conglomerates, and resistant fins). The lack of sulfur enhancement suggests that Zn is not present in the sphalerite phase. Zn appears somewhat correlated with Na2O and the ChemCam hydration index, suggesting that it could be in an amorphous clay phase (such as sauconite). On Earth, such an enrichment would be consistent with a supergene alteration of a sphalerite gossan cap in a primary siliciclastic bedrock or a possible hypogene nonsulfide zinc deposition where Zn, Fe, Mn would have been transported in a reduced sulfur‐poor fluid and precipitated rapidly in the form of oxides.
Limits on the morphogenetic role of rain splash transport in hillslope evolution
Authors: Dunne Thomas , Malmon Daniel V. , Dunne Kieran B. J.
Published: February 2016

An experimentally parameterized equation for rain splash transport was generalized in order to compute annual sediment transport rates for a range of climates. The resulting equation was then used to examine the conditions under which rain splash transport can play a significant morphogenetic role in water‐eroded landscapes. Rain splash can generate convex hillslopes on short, steep hillslopes such as the margins of gullies in unconsolidated sediments. However, comparison of predicted profiles with long, convex hillslopes in postorogenic landscapes indicates that rain splash cannot transport sufficient quantities of sediment to produce the observed convex hillslope profiles. Rates of biogenic transport estimated from the literature also appear to be insufficient. Sheetwash transport appears to be the only process capable of molding these extensive convex hillslope profiles despite the common assumption that it generates exclusively concave forms.
Where glaciers meet water: Subaqueous melt and its relevance to glaciers in various settings
Authors: Truffer Martin , Motyka Roman J.
Published: February 2016

Glacier change is ubiquitous, but the fastest and largest magnitude changes occur in glaciers that terminate in water. This includes the most rapidly retreating glaciers, and also several advancing ones, often in similar regional climate settings. Furthermore, water‐terminating glaciers show a large range in morphology, particularly when ice flow into ocean water is compared to that into freshwater lakes. All water‐terminating glaciers share the ability to lose significant volume of ice at the front, either through mechanical calving or direct melt from the water in contact. Here we present a review of the subaqueous melt process. We discuss the relevant physics and show how different physical settings can lead to different glacial responses. We find that subaqueous melt can be an important trigger for glacier change. It can explain many of the morphological differences, such as the existence or absence of floating tongues. Subaqueous melting is influenced by glacial runoff, which is largely a function of atmospheric conditions. This shows a tight connection between atmosphere, oceans and lakes, and glaciers. Subaqueous melt rates, even if shown to be large, should always be discussed in the context of ice supply to the glacier front to assess its overall relevance. We find that melt is often relevant to explain seasonal evolution, can be instrumental in shifting a glacier into a different dynamical regime, and often forms a large part of a glacier's mass loss. On the other hand, in some cases, melt is a small component of mass loss and does not significantly affect glacier response.
Scandium in the open ocean: A comparison with other group 3 trivalent metals
Authors: Parker C. E. , Brown M. T. , Bruland K. W.
Published: February 2016

Little is known about the distribution of scandium (Sc) in the open ocean. Since the 1970s there has been only one published depth profile of dissolved Sc. The work presented here reports depth profiles of dissolved Sc from GEOTRACES cruises in the North Atlantic, North Pacific, and South Pacific. This work also compares the reactivity of Sc with its trivalent periodic table groupmates in Group IIIB, yttrium (Y) and lanthanum (La), and Group IIIA, aluminum (Al) and gallium (Ga). Yttrium and La are classic nutrient‐type metals that increase in concentration in aging deep water; Al and Ga are classic scavenged‐type metals that do the opposite. Results indicate that Sc is a hybrid‐type metal with an inferred residence time on the order of 1000 years, and that Sc's inorganic speciation and reactivity are similar to Fe's and have the potential to give insights into the nonnutrient side of oceanic Fe cycling.
How does mass loading impact local versus global control on dayside reconnection?
Authors: Zhang B. , Brambles O. J. , Wiltberger M. , Lotko W. , Ouellette J. E. , Lyon J. G.
Published: February 2016

This paper investigates the effects of magnetospheric mass loading on the control of dayside magnetic reconnection using global magnetospheric simulations. The study iys motivated by a recent debate on whether the integrated dayside magnetic reconnection rate is solely controlled by local processes (local‐control theory) or global merging processes (global‐control theory). The local‐control theory suggests that the integrated dayside reconnection rate is controlled by the local plasma parameters. The global‐control theory argues that the integrated rate is determined by the net force acting on the flow in the magnetosheath rather than the local microphysics. Controlled numerical simulations using idealized ionospheric outflow specifications suggest a possible mixed‐control theory, that is, (1) a small amount of mass loading at the dayside magnetopause only redistributes local reconnection rate without a significant change in the integrated reconnection rate and (2) a large amount of mass loading reduces both local reconnection rates and the integrated reconnection rate on the dayside. The transition between global‐control‐ and local‐control‐dominated regimes depends on (but not limited to) the source region, the amount, the location, and the spatial extension of the mass loading at the dayside magnetopause.
Provenance of dust to Antarctica: A lead isotopic perspective
Authors: Gili Stefania , Gaiero Diego M. , Goldstein Steven L. , Chemale Jr Farid , Koester Edinei , Jweda Jason , Vallelonga Paul , Kaplan Michael R.
Published: February 2016

Antarctic ice preserves an ~800 kyr record of dust activity in the Southern Hemisphere. Major efforts have been dedicated to elucidate the origin of this material in order to gain greater insight into the atmospheric dust cycle. On the basis of Pb isotopes in Antarctic dust samples and potential sources, this contribution demonstrates for the first time that Patagonia is the main contributor of dust to Antarctica during interglacial periods as well as glacials, although the potential importance of Tierra del Fuego remains unclear because of its geochemical similarities to Patagonia. An important new finding is that the Puna‐Altiplano sector of the continent is a second important dust source to eastern Antarctica during both glacials and interglacials, being more prominent during interglacials. The data indicate South America is the primary dust source to Antarctica during both glacials and interglacials.
Ferromagnetic Nanorods in Applications to Control of the In‐Plane Anisotropy of Composite Films and for In Situ Characterization of the Film Rheology
Authors: Gu Yu , Kornev Konstantin G.
Published: February 2016

Ferromagnetic nanorods play important roles as active fillers in multifunctional composite films. Many composite films used as inductors and antennae, as recording media, or electromagnetic (EM) filters and polarizers, require the nanorod alignment in a certain direction. The strategy for the in‐plane alignment of nanorods has not been established yet. Since the composite assumes a multistep processing when the material rheological properties change in time, in situ characterization of the film is required. Magnetic rotational spectroscopy (MRS) with ferromagnetic nanorods offers flexibility and accuracy providing desired spatial and temporal resolution in characterization of submicron thick films. Herein, recent progress in understanding of the basic physical principles is presented guiding the nanorod alignment in thin films by external magnetic field and characterization of these films by MRS.
Nanoporous Graphene Enriched with Fe/Co‐N Active Sites as a Promising Oxygen Reduction Electrocatalyst for Anion Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Palaniselvam Thangavelu , Kashyap Varchaswal , Bhange Siddeswar N. , Baek Jong‐Beom , Kurungot Sreekumar
Published: February 2016

Here, a simple but efficient way is demonstrated for the preparation of nanoporous graphene enriched with Fe/Co–nitrogen‐doped active sites (Fe/Co‐NpGr) as a potential electrocatalyst for the electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) applications. Once graphene is converted into porous graphene (pGr) by a controlled oxidative etching process, pGr can be converted into a potential electrocatalyst for ORR by utilizing the created edge sites of pGr for doping nitrogen and subsequently to utilize the doped nitrogens to build Fe/Co coordinated centers (Fe/Co‐NpGr). The structural information elucidated using both XPS and TOF‐SIMS study indicates the presence of coordination of the M–N (M = Fe and Co)‐doped carbon active sites. Creation of this bimetallic coordination assisted by the nitrogen locked at the pore openings is found to be helping the system to substantially reduce the overpotential for ORR. A 30 mV difference in the overpotential (η) with respect to the standard Pt/C catalyst and high retention in half wave potential after 10 000 cycles in ORR can be attained. A single cell of an anion exchange membrane fuel cell (AEMFC) by using Fe/Co‐NpGr as the cathode delivers a maximum power density of ≈35 mWcm−2 compared to 60 mWcm−2 displayed by the Pt‐based system.
Metal–Insulator–Semiconductor Coaxial Microfibers Based on Self‐Organization of Organic Semiconductor:Polymer Blend for Weavable, Fibriform Organic Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Kim Hae Min , Kang Hyun Wook , Hwang Do Kyung , Lim Ho Sun , Ju Byeong‐Kwon , Lim Jung Ah
Published: February 2016

With the increasing importance of electronic textiles as an ideal platform for wearable electronic devices, requirements for the development of functional electronic fibers with multilayered structures are increasing. In this paper, metal–polymer insulator–organic semiconductor (MIS) coaxial microfibers using the self‐organization of organic semiconductor:insulating polymer blends for weavable, fibriform organic field‐effect transistors (FETs) are demonstrated. A holistic process for MIS coaxial microfiber fabrication, including surface modification of gold microfiber thin‐film coating on the microfiber using a die‐coating system, and the self‐organization of organic semiconductor–insulator polymer blend is presented. Vertical phase‐separation of the organic semiconductor:insulating polymer blend film wrapping the metal microfibers provides a coaxial bilayer structure of gate dielectric (inside) and organic semiconductor (outside) with intimate interfacial contact. It is determined that the fibriform FETs based on MIS coaxial microfiber exhibit good charge carrier mobilities that approach the values of typical devices with planar substrate. It additionally exhibits electrical property uniformity over the entire fiber surface and improved bending durability. Fibriform organic FET embedded in a textile is demonstrated by weaving MIS coaxial microfibers with cotton and conducting threads, which verifies the feasibility of MIS coaxial microfiber for use in electronic textile applications.
De novo 14q24.2q24.3 microdeletion including IFT43 is associated with intellectual disability, skeletal anomalies, cardiac anomalies, and myopia
Authors: Stokman Marijn F. , Oud Machteld M. , van Binsbergen Ellen , Slaats Gisela G. , Nicolaou Nayia , Renkema Kirsten Y. , Nijman Isaac J. , Roepman Ronald , Giles Rachel H. , Arts Heleen H. , Knoers Nine V. A. M. , van Haelst Mieke M.
Published: February 2016

We report an 11‐year‐old girl with mild intellectual disability, skeletal anomalies, congenital heart defect, myopia, and facial dysmorphisms including an extra incisor, cup‐shaped ears, and a preauricular skin tag. Array comparative genomic hybridization analysis identified a de novo 4.5‐Mb microdeletion on chromosome 14q24.2q24.3. The deleted region and phenotype partially overlap with previously reported patients. Here, we provide an overview of the literature on 14q24 microdeletions and further delineate the associated phenotype. We performed exome sequencing to examine other causes for the phenotype and queried genes present in the 14q24.2q24.3 microdeletion that are associated with recessive disease for variants in the non‐deleted allele. The deleted region contains 65 protein‐coding genes, including the ciliary gene IFT43. Although Sanger and exome sequencing did not identify variants in the second IFT43 allele or in other IFT complex A‐protein‐encoding genes, immunocytochemistry showed increased accumulation of IFT‐B proteins at the ciliary tip in patient‐derived fibroblasts compared to control cells, demonstrating defective retrograde ciliary transport. This could suggest a ciliary defect in the pathogenesis of this disorder. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Powerful Method for the Direct Arylation of Furans at a Sterically Congested C−H Bond
Authors: Nishikata Takashi , Yamane Yu , Yamaguchi Yousui , Ishikawa Shingo
Published: February 2016

The direct arylation of furans at a sterically congested C−H bond are accomplished. Although there are many methods for catalytic C−H arylation, direct C−H arylation at bulky reaction sites is one of the most problematic issues in this area. In this study, we found that a PdCl2‐1,2‐bis(dicyclohexylphosphino)ethane (dcype) or PCy3 and silver salt system enables arylations at a sterically congested C−H bonds to produce “highly congested” and “very congested” triarylfurans.
Four five‐parametric and five four‐parametric independent confluent Heun potentials for the stationary Klein‐Gordon equation
Authors: Tarloyan A.S. , Ishkhanyan T.A. , Ishkhanyan A.M.
Published: February 2016

We present in total fifteen potentials for which the stationary Klein‐Gordon equation is solvable in terms of the confluent Heun functions. Because of the symmetry of the confluent Heun equation with respect to the transposition of its regular singularities, only nine of the potentials are independent. Four of these independent potentials are five‐parametric. One of them possesses a four‐parametric ordinary hypergeometric sub‐potential, another one possesses a four‐parametric confluent hypergeometric sub‐potential, and one potential possesses four‐parametric sub‐potentials of both hypergeometric types. The fourth five‐parametric potential has a three‐parametric confluent hypergeometric sub‐potential, which is, however, only conditionally integrable. The remaining five independent Heun potentials are four‐parametric and have solutions only in terms of irreducible confluent Heun functions.

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3D‐Biodruck von Gewebe‐ und Organmodellen
Authors: Pati Falguni , Gantelius Jesper , Svahn Helene Andersson
Published: February 2016

Gewebe‐ oder Organmodelle können als nützliche In‐vitro‐Plattformen systematische und quantitative Untersuchungen von Wirkstoffen und Chemikalien erleichtern. Oberstes Ziel bei ihrer Entwicklung ist die Nachbildung der wichtigen physiologischen Funktionen, was üblicherweise komplexe Kultursysteme erforderlich macht. Biodrucktechniken bieten interessante Perspektiven für den Aufbau von Gewebe‐ und Organmodellen, da sie eine reproduzierbare, automatisierte Produktion komplexer lebender Gewebe ermöglichen. Auf diese Weise erhaltene Modelle haben Potenzial für das Screening neuer Verbindungen oder für die Vorhersage von Toxizitäten, da in ihnen die räumliche und chemische Komplexität von nativen Geweben oder Organen nachgebildet werden kann. Hier zeigen wir, wie Gewebe‐ und Organmodelle durch 3D‐Biodruck in vitro hergestellt werden können, wie sich ihre Vergleichbarkeit mit dem nativen Gewebe charakterisieren lässt, und wie sie bei der Auswahl von Leitstrukturen, bei Toxizitätstests und als Krankheits‐ oder Tumormodelle von Nutzen sein können.
Nanoscale Distribution of Sulfonic Acid Groups Determines Structure and Binding of Water in Nafion Membranes
Authors: Ling Xiao , Bonn Mischa , Parekh Sapun H. , Domke Katrin F.
Published: February 2016

The connection between the nanoscale structure of two chemically equivalent, yet morphologically distinct Nafion fuel‐cell membranes and their macroscopic chemical properties is demonstrated. Quantification of the chemical interactions between water and Nafion reveals that extruded membranes have smaller water channels with a reduced sulfonic acid head group density compared to dispersion‐cast membranes. As a result, a disproportionally large amount of non‐bulk water molecules exists in extruded membranes, which also exhibit larger proton conductivity and larger water mobility compared to cast membranes. The differences in the physicochemical properties of the membranes, that is, the chemical constitution of the water channels and the local water structure, and the accompanying differences in macroscopic water and proton transport suggest that the chemistry of nanoscale channels is an important, yet largely overlooked parameter that influences the functionality of fuel‐cell membranes.
Improved molecular weight control in ring‐opening metathesis polymerization reactions in organic and aqueous media using N‐heterocyclic carbene–ruthenium arene/alkyne catalyst systems
Authors: Öztürk Bengi Özgün , Şehitoğlu Solmaz Karabulut
Published: February 2016

A binary catalytic system, RuCl2(N‐heterocyclic carbene)(p‐cymene)/alkyne, was developed for improved molecular weight control in ring‐opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reactions of norbornene derivatives in organic and aqueous media. Monometallic ruthenium arene compounds were activated using aryl and aliphatic terminal alkynes to form highly active metathesis species. The effects of alkyne structure and concentration on the overall catalytic activity were systematically investigated. The catalytic activity of the metathesis active species can be tuned by varying alkyne substituents. Also, the initiation rate of the ROMP reaction can be tuned by increasing the alkyne‐to‐Ru ratio. ROMP polymers with a wide range of molecular weights (91–832 kDa) were isolated in organic media, whereas polymers with a molecular weight range of 110–280 kDa with average particle sizes of 150–250 nm were isolated in aqueous media. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of poly (ether‐block‐amide) mixed matrix membranes incorporated by nanoporous ZSM‐5 particles for CO2/CH4 separation
Authors: Hosseinzadeh Beiragh Hosna , Omidkhah Mohammadreza , Abedini Reza , Khosravi Tayebeh , Pakseresht Saeed
Published: February 2016

In this work, poly (ether‐block‐amide) (Pebax MH 1657) mixed matrix membranes (MMMs) were prepared using nanoporous ZSM‐5 as a filler. The fabricated membranes were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimeter (DSC) analysis, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Effects of zeoilte loading (5, 10 and 15 wt. %), and feed pressure (1, 3 and 5 bar) on CO2/CH4 separation of MMMs were investigated using constant volume/variable pressure system. SEM analysis represents a proper morphology along with proper dispersion of ZSM‐5 particles within the polymer matrix. TGA analysis demonstrated that the thermal degradation temperature (Td) of MMMs increased by increasing the ZSM‐5 loading. The obtained experimental results showed that both permeability and CO2/CH4 selectivity enhanced by addition of zeolite compared to neat Pebax. At low concentration of zeolite (5 wt. %), the CO2 permeability increased significantly from 122.4 Barrer to 217.9 Barrer at pressure of 1 bar. MMM that incorporated by 15 wt. % of zeolite showed the best CO2/CH4 selectivity of 33.9 at pressure of 1 bar. The CO2 permeability of MMM with 5 wt. % ZSM‐5 enhanced from 217.9 to 292.4 Barrer with increase in feed pressure from 1 to 5 bar. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.