bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adaptive continuous‐space informative path planning for online environmental monitoring
Authors: Hitz Gregory , Galceran Enric , Garneau Marie‐Ève , Pomerleau François , Siegwart Roland
Published: May 2017

Autonomous mobile robots are increasingly employed to take measurements for environmental monitoring, but planning informative, measurement‐rich paths through large three‐dimensional environments is still challenging. Designing such paths, known as the informative path planning (IPP) problem, has been shown to be NP‐hard. Existing algorithms focus on providing guarantees on suboptimal solutions, but do not scale well to large problems. In this paper, we introduce a novel IPP algorithm that uses an evolutionary strategy to optimize a parameterized path in continuous space, which is subject to various constraints regarding path budgets and motion capabilities of an autonomous mobile robot. Moreover, we introduce a replanning scheme to adapt the planned paths according to the measurements taken in situ during data collection. When compared to two state‐of‐the‐art solutions, our method provides competitive results at significantly lower computation times and memory requirements. The proposed replanning scheme enables to build models with up to 25% lower uncertainty within an initially unknown area of interest. Besides presenting theoretical results, we tailored the proposed algorithms for data collection using an autonomous surface vessel for an ecological study, during which the method was validated through three field deployments on Lake Zurich, Switzerland. Spatiotemporal variations are shown over a period of three months and in an area of 350 m × 350 m × 13 m. Whereas our theoretical solution can be applied to multiple applications, our field results specifically highlight the effectiveness of our planner for monitoring toxic microorganisms in a pre‐alpine lake, and for identifying hot‐spots within their distribution.
Strategy Instruction Shifts Teacher and Student Interactions During Text‐Based Discussions
Authors: Boardman Alison G. , Boelé Amy L. , Klingner Janette K.
Published: May 2017

This study examined how teacher and student interactions were influenced by a multistrategy reading model, Collaborative Strategic Reading (CSR), where students learn to apply before‐, during‐, and after‐reading strategies in small cooperative learning groups. Five middle school English language arts teachers and their students (N = 184) participated as part of a two‐year efficacy trial ofCSR. Discourse analysis was used to compare the differences in teacher–student talk when the teacher and the text remained the same across typical instruction andCSRlessons. Results indicated that strategy‐based collaborative practices offered opportunities for discourse patterns that were not observed in typical lessons. Overall, a higher proportion of talk inCSRlessons focused on discussing the text when compared with lessons withoutCSR. Features of student–teacher interactions during strategy‐based instruction included more student and teacher academic talk turns, a higher ratio of student talk to teacher talk, longer sequences of student–student exploratory talk, less teacher talk focused on giving information, and the use of reading strategies to facilitate discussion about text content. Findings suggest that strategy instruction models can increase the dialogic nature of classrooms by resituating the location of knowledge as distributed among students, with talk and strategies as tools to improve comprehension.
Co‐N‐C Catalysts Synthesized viaPyrolyzing the Ionic Liquids Solution Dissolved with Casein and Cobalt Porphyrin for Ethylbenzene Oxidation
Authors: Yang Congqiang , Jie Shanshan , Zhu Runliang , Zhang Naidong , Wang Jiqian , Liu Zhigang
Published: May 2017

In order to enhance the dispersion of active centers and decrease the size of metal particles, cobalt‐coordinated N‐doped carbon (Co‐N−C)with small particle size (3∼8 nm) were synthesized via pyrolyzing a special homogenous solution, namely the mixture of casein and cobalt porphyrin dissolved in 1‐butyl‐3‐methyllimidazolium chloride ionic liquid. And the catalysts have been characterized by N2 adsorption‐desorption isotherm, XRD, TEM, XPS and so on. The asprepared Co‐N−C exhibiteda remarkable catalytic performance (conversion of ethylbenzene reached 35.3 %) with molecular oxygen as oxidant under solvent‐free conditions.Moreover, the best Co‐N−C showed superior cycling stability over 5 cycles. Those may be attributed to the well‐dispersed acitve sites with small particle size and powerful Co−N bond which effectively prevents metal particles from aggregation.
Hydrodeoxygenation of Phenols to Form Cyclohexanes Catalyzed by Pt/H‐beta in Ester Solvents under Mild Conditions
Authors: Ohta Hidetoshi , Kong Weihu , Yamamoto Kentaro , Hayashi Minoru
Published: May 2017

We have previously reported hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of phenols to form cyclohexanes at 110 °C under ambient H2 pressure by using Pt/H‐ZSM‐5 catalyst and octane as a solvent; however, the low solubility of some phenols in octane is a major problem for expanding the scope of this reaction. Herein, we report that Pt/H‐beta catalyzes the HDO using ester solvents which dissolve a wide range of phenols. The difference in HDO performance between the catalyst systems, Pt/H‐beta in esters and Pt/H‐ZSM‐5 in octane, was also investigated. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that HDO of a phenol proceeds at 85 °C by Pt/H‐beta in an ester solvent.
[3+2] Cycloaddition of 3‐Diazooxindole with Arynes for the Synthesis of Spiro[indazole‐3,3′‐indolin]‐2′‐ones
Authors: Subba Reddy Basi V. , Gopi Reddy Raveendra Reddy , Reddy Thummaluru Veera , Sridhar Balasubramanian
Published: May 2017

An intermolecular cycloaddition between 3‐diazooxindoles and arynes generated in situ from 2‐(trimethylsilyl)phenyltrifluoromethanesulfonate in the presence of 2.5 mol% cesium fluoride has been achieved to produce a novel series of spiro[indazole‐3,3′‐indolin]‐2′‐one derivatives in good yields under mild experimental conditions. It is an elegant strategy for the quick construction of a highly rigid spirocyclic compounds in a single step.
Multiscale Modulation of Nanocrystalline Cellulose Hydrogel via Nanocarbon Hybridization for 3D Neuronal Bilayer Formation
Authors: Kim Dongyoon , Park Subeom , Jo Insu , Kim Seong‐Min , Kang Dong Hee , Cho Sung‐Pyo , Park Jong Bo , Hong Byung Hee , Yoon Myung‐Han
Published: May 2017

Bacterial biopolymers have drawn much attention owing to their unconventional three‐dimensional structures and interesting functions, which are closely integrated with bacterial physiology. The nongenetic modulation of bacterial (Acetobacter xylinum) cellulose synthesis via nanocarbon hybridization, and its application to the emulation of layered neuronal tissue, is reported. The controlled dispersion of graphene oxide (GO) nanoflakes into bacterial cellulose (BC) culture media not only induces structural changes within a crystalline cellulose nanofibril, but also modulates their 3D collective association, leading to substantial reduction in Young's modulus (≈50%) and clear definition of water–hydrogel interfaces. Furthermore, real‐time investigation of 3D neuronal networks constructed in this GO‐incorporated BC hydrogel with broken chiral nematic ordering revealed the vertical locomotion of growth cones, the accelerated neurite outgrowth (≈100 µm per day) with reduced backward travel length, and the efficient formation of synaptic connectivity with distinct axonal bifurcation abundancy at the ≈750 µm outgrowth from a cell body. In comparison with the pristine BC, GO‐BC supports the formation of well‐defined neuronal bilayer networks with flattened interfacial profiles and vertical axonal outgrowth, apparently emulating the neuronal development in vivo. We envisioned that our findings may contribute to various applications of engineered BC hydrogel to fundamental neurobiology studies and neural engineering.
Morphology and Structure Engineering in Nanofiber Reactor: Tubular Hierarchical Integrated Networks Composed of Dual Phase Octahedral CoMn2O4/Carbon Nanofibers for Water Oxidation
Authors: Zhu Han , Yu Danni , Zhang Songge , Chen Jiawei , Wu Wenbo , Wan Meng , Wang Lina , Zhang Ming , Du Mingliang
Published: May 2017

1D hollow nanostructures combine the advantages of enhanced surface‐to‐volume ratio, short transport lengths, and efficient 1D electron transport, which can provide more design ideas for the preparation of highly active oxygen evolution (OER) electrocatalysts. A unique architecture of dual‐phase octahedral CoMn2O4/carbon hollow nanofibers has been prepared via a two‐step heat‐treatment process including preoxidation treatment and Ostwald ripening process. The hollow and porous structures provide interior void spaces, large exposed surfaces, and high contact areas between the nanofibers and electrolyte and the morphology can be engineered by adjusting the heating conditions. Due to the intimate electrical and chemical coupling between the oxide nanocrystals and integrated carbon, the dual‐phase octahedral CoMn2O4/carbon hollow nanofibers exhibit excellent OER activity with overpotentials of 337 mV at current density of 10 mA cm−2 and Tafel slope of 82 mV dec−1. This approach will lead to the new perception of design issue for the nanoarchitecture with fine morphology, structures, and excellent electrocatalytic activity.
Frizzled7 Antibody‐Functionalized Nanoshells Enable Multivalent Binding for Wnt Signaling Inhibition in Triple Negative Breast Cancer Cells
Authors: Riley Rachel S. , Day Emily S.
Published: May 2017

Antibodies that antagonize cell signaling pathways specific to their targeted receptor are invaluable tools to study and treat malignancies, but their utility is limited by high production costs and treatment dosages. Researchers have shown that antibodies conjugated to nanoparticles display increased affinity for their target relative to freely delivered antibodies due to multivalency, and this study investigates how this multivalency can enable antibody–nanoparticle conjugates to inhibit oncogenic cell signaling more effectively than freely delivered antibodies. This effect was evaluated using triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells that are characterized by hyperactive Wnt signaling mediated through overexpressed Frizzled7 (FZD7) transmembrane receptors. Through analysis of the expression of β‐catenin and Axin2, two downstream targets in the Wnt pathway, the results demonstrate that FZD7 antibody–nanoshell conjugates (FZD7‐NS) are drastically more effective at inhibiting Wnt signaling in TNBC cells than freely delivered FZD7 antibodies. Additionally, cells treated with FZD7‐NS, but not cells treated with freely delivered FZD7 antibodies, have decreased viability, indicating the therapeutic potential of this technology. The results demonstrate that antibody‐functionalized nanoparticles can exploit multivalency for improved signal cascade interference over free antibodies, and this may ultimately permit lower antibody dosages to be administered to study signaling pathways or to manage diseases.
Sodium Peroxide Dihydrate or Sodium Superoxide: The Importance of the Cell Configuration for Sodium–Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Bi Xuanxuan , Wang Rongyue , Ma Lu , Zhang Dongzhou , Amine Khalil , Lu Jun
Published: May 2017

In sodium–oxygen (Na–O2) batteries, multiple discharge products have been observed by different research groups. Given the fact that different materials, gas supplies, and cell configurations are used by different groups, it is a great challenge to draw a clear conclusion on the formation of the different products. Here, two different cell setups are used to investigate the cell chemistries of Na–O2 batteries. With the same materials and gas supplies, a peroxide‐based product is observed in a glass chamber cell and a superoxide‐based product is observed in a stainless‐steel cell. Ex situ high‐energy X‐ray diffraction (HEXRD) and Raman spectroscopy are performed to investigate the structure and composition of the product. In addition, in situ XRD is used to investigate the structure evolution of the peroxide‐based product. The findings highlight the importance of the cell design and emphasize the critical environment of the formation of the discharge products of Na–O2 batteries.
Large‐scale preparation of jute‐fiber‐reinforced starch‐based composites with high mechanical strength and optimized biodegradability
Authors: Wang Peilei , Chen Fangping , Zhang He , Meng Wei , Sun Yuhan , Liu Changsheng
Published: May 2017

To prepare biodegradable composites suitable for short‐life applications, large‐scale production of thermoplastic starch (TPS)‐based composites reinforced with jute fiber (JF) was performed in a twin‐screw extruder. The effect of JF content on the properties of starch‐based composites was investigated. The results showed the tensile strength of the composites increased sharply with the increase of JF content. The reinforcement effectiveness of JF in the composites improved with the decrease of relative humidity (RH). Due to the synergy of the similarity in chemical structure and the uniform dispersion of JF in the starch matrix induced by the strong shear mixing, good interfacial adhesion was observed between the starch matrix and the fibers. When the content of JF increased to 15 wt%, the crystallinity and the thermal stability of the composites obviously improved. The results also indicated that the stiffness of the composites increased, while the water absorption reduced with the increase of the JF content. The addition of JF increased the degradation period of the composites due to the slower degradation rate of JF as compared to pure TPS. JF‐reinforced starch‐based composites with high mechanical strength and optimized biodegradability will serve as competitive eco‐friendly “green” materials for various applications.
Text Structure Strategies for Improving Expository Reading Comprehension
Authors: Roehling Julia V. , Hebert Michael , Nelson J. Ron , Bohaty Janet J.
Published: May 2017

Comprehending expository reading material is a challenge for many students. Research has shown that students’ expository reading comprehension can improve with the help of text structure instruction. The purpose of this article is to present teachers with a framework for effectively implementing text structure instruction in their classrooms. Within this framework, the authors suggest four possible learning objectives for text structure instruction. They then describe instructional strategies related to each objective and ways to assess whether the objectives were met. Finally, the authors discuss some issues to consider when choosing expository reading material for students and present text structure unit plans for grades 2 and 5 as examples of how teachers might construct a unit.
Factors associated with Indigenous youths' abstinence from drinking
Authors: Sittner Kelley J.
Published: May 2017

The proportion of youth who abstain from alcohol use decreases during adolescence but little attention has focused on factors associated with abstinence. No research has examined this question for Indigenous youth, many of whom live in communities experiencing high rates of alcohol‐related health problems. Using data from a longitudinal study of Indigenous youth (n = 649, ages 10–17 years) in the U.S. and Canada, the current study investigates factors associated promoting or decreasing abstaining from alcohol use. Results from generalized linear growth models demonstrate that abstinence declines significantly during adolescence. In concurrent models, caretaker monitoring and school adjustment increased the odds of abstaining, and frequency of smoking cigarettes and number of best friends who drink decreased the odds. In lagged analysis, only school adjustment, smoking, and peer drinking remained significant. Time‐stable characteristics moderated several time‐varying associations. This study has important implications for programs aimed at encouraging alcohol abstinence.
The God Relationship
Authors: Moser Paul K.
Published: May 2017

In this book, Paul Moser proposes a new approach to inquiry about God, including a new discipline of the ethics for inquiry about God. It is an ethics for human attitudes and relationships as well as actions in inquiry, and it includes human responsibility for seeking evidence that involves a moral priority for humans. Such ethics includes an ongoing test, a trial, for human receptivity to goodness, including morally good relationships, as a priority in human inquiry and life. Moser also defends an approach to the evidence for God that makes sense of the elusiveness and occasional absence of God in human experience. His book will be of interest to those interested in inquiry about God, with special relevance to scholars and advanced students in religious studies, philosophy, theology, and Biblical studies.
Scorecard Diplomacy
Authors: Kelley Judith G.
Published: May 2017

What can the international community do when countries would rather ignore a thorny problem? Scorecard Diplomacy shows that, despite lacking traditional force, public grades are potent symbols that can evoke countries' concerns about their reputations and motivate them to address the problem. The book develops an unconventional but careful argument about the growing phenomenon of such ratings and rankings. It supports this by examining the United States' foreign policy on human trafficking using a global survey of NGOs, case studies, thousands of diplomatic cables, media stories, 90 interviews worldwide, and other documents. All of this is gathered together in a format that walks the reader through the mechanisms of scorecard diplomacy, including an assessment of the outcomes. Scorecard Diplomacy speaks both to those keen to understand the pros and cons of US policy on human trafficking and to those interested in the central question of influence in international relations. The book's companion website can be found at www.scorecarddiplomacy.org.
The Origins of Behavioural Public Policy
Authors: Oliver Adam
Published: May 2017

The use of behavioural science to inform policy is one of the main developments in the social sciences over the last several decades. In this book, Adam Oliver offers an accessible introduction to the development of behavioural public policy, examining how behavioural economics might be used to inform the design of a broad spectrum of policy frameworks, from nudges, to bans on certain individual behaviours, to the regulation of the commercial sector. He also considers how behavioural economics can explain and predict phenomena as a challenge to economists' assumptions around how people perceive time, utility and money. The book offers an intellectual foundation for all those concerned with behavioural public policy, from academics, undergraduate and postgraduate students with a diverse range of disciplinary perspectives, such as economics, political science, sociology and anthropology, to policy makers and practitioners working directly with behavioural public policy in their everyday working lives.
Forging the Kingdom
Authors: Green Judith
Published: May 2017

Between the imperial coronation of Edgar in 973 and the death of Henry II in 1189, English society was transformed. This lively and wide-ranging study explores social and political change in England across this period, and examines the reasons for such developments, as well as the many continuities. By putting the events of 1066 firmly in the middle of her account, Judith Green casts new light on the significance of the Norman Conquest. She analyses the changing ways that kings, lords and churchmen exercised power, especially through the building of massive stone cathedrals and numerous castles, and highlights the importance of London as the capital city. The book also explores themes such as changes in warfare, the decline of slavery and the integration of the North and South West, as well as concepts such as state, nationalism and patriarchy.
Social Determinants of Traumatic Brain Injury in the North American Indigenous Population: A Review
Authors: Zeiler Kaitlin J. , Zeiler Frederick A.
Published: May 2017

Objective:Given the difficult to navigate literature on social determinants in Indigenous traumatic brain injury (TBI) we wished to identify all available literature on the social determinants of health linked to TBI in the North American Indigenous populations.Methods:We performed a systematically conducted review. We searched MEDLINE, BIOSIS, EMBASE, Global Health, SCOPUS, and Cochrane Library from inception to January 2016. A two-step review process of the search results was performed, applying defined inclusion/exclusion criteria. The final group of articles had the data extracted and summarized.Results:Ten manuscripts were identified to discuss some social determinant linked to TBI in the North American Indigenous populations. Two studies were focused on Canadian populations, with the remaining 8 studies focused on populations within the United States. Six social health determinants were identified within the studies, including: Rural location (Physical Environment) in seven studies, Male gender in five studies and Female gender in one study (in the setting of interpersonal violence) (Gender), Substance use in four studies and failure to utilize personal protective equipment in one study (Personal Health Practices and Coping Skills), Interpersonal Violence in one study (Social Environment), availability of rehabilitation services in one study (Health Services), and lack of family and friend presence during meetings with healthcare professionals in one study (Social Support Network).Conclusions:To date, little literature is available on the social determinants that impact TBI in the North American Indigenous population. Further research is warranted to better determine the incidence and social determinants associated.
Politics does not stop at the ‘nuclear edge’: neoclassical realism and the making of China’s military doctrine
Authors: Rosa Paolo , Foradori Paolo
Published: May 2017

The article tries to explain why China, after having launched a crash programme in the mid-1950s to develop a nuclear deterrent, did not formulate a clear operational doctrine with respect to the targeting and employment of atomic weapons until the mid-1980s. Propositions derived from neoclassical realism are used to shed some light on this puzzling aspect of China’s nuclear doctrine. The general hypothesis of the study is that, international predicaments notwithstanding, China’s domestic politics prevented the possibility of articulating a clear and detailed nuclear doctrine during the period following the first nuclear test, when such a doctrine was more necessary.
Studying Electroosmosis of Viscoplastic Casson Fluid Using Lattice-Poisson-Boltzmann Method
Authors: Derakhshan S. , Rezaee M. , Sarrafha H.
Published: May 2017

A numerical investigation of an electroosmotic flow through a microchannel is presented. Lattice Poisson-Boltzmann method was utilized to determine the effective geometrical and electrokinetic parameters in a microfluidic system. The non-Newtonian fluid model is assumed to be viscoplastic which is suitable for modeling biologic structures. These types of fluids are shown to have a yield stress which affects the velocity profile significantly. Unlike Casson fluid constitutive properties, electrokinetic parameters are shown not to be effective on the yielded region in the microchannel. The influence of flow and viscokinetic parameters on yield height, plug-flow velocity and mass flow rate was studied and discussed.
Translating innovative practices into organizational knowledge in the public sector: A case study
Authors: Ferguson Stuart , Blackman Deborah
Published: May 2017

Previous research suggests that innovation is heavily informed by strategic management theories and that there is little engagement with practice-based approaches. A case study of a public sector organization identified as doing something innovative is presented. Four main themes emerged. Two themes, the ‘importance of a mandate’ and the ‘development of trust’, had their foundations in traditional management practices. The others, ‘capacity to challenge the norms’ and ‘boundary spanning’, emerged from practice. It is suggested that a managerial approach that developed a supportive setting for innovation enabled the development of practices whereby innovation was effectively recognized, nurtured and sustained.
Gender and Negative Emotion During Narratives About Romantic Conflict: Links to Conflict Strategies
Authors: Feiring Candice , Milaniak Izabela , Simon Valerie A. , Clisura Lesley
Published: May 2017

Adaptation to the reconstructed past is central to understanding negative emotion and its management, but research is scarce on negative emotion in romantic conflict narratives. Addressing this gap, we studied negative emotion in romantic conflict narratives as a function of gender and associations with self-reports of conflict strategies. In 145 emerging adults (54% women) from the United States, we assessed angry and sad emotion words and vocal pitch (an index of emotional arousal) during romantic conflict narratives, and self-rated anger and sadness immediately following these narratives. Results showed that self-rated anger and sadness were higher for women than men, but the use of angry and sad words and pitch did not differ by gender. For men, pitch and sad words were related to reports of less problem solving and aggression. For women, negative emotion ratings were related to less problem solving and more withdrawal. Our findings suggest that reflecting back on past romantic conflicts is a task that involves the regulation of negative emotions and that such emotions are related to conflict approaches.
Validation of the semi-structured Psychotic Depression Assessment Scale (PDAS) interview
Authors: Köse Çinar Rugül , Dinesen Østergaard Søren
Published: May 2017

Objective

Recently, a semi-structured interview dedicated to aid rating on the Psychotic Depression Assessment Scale (PDAS) was developed. Here, we aimed to validate PDAS ratings collected via this semi-structured interview.

Methods

A total of 50 patients with psychotic depression – 34 with unipolar psychotic depression and 16 with bipolar psychotic depression – were recruited for the study. The following aspects of validity were investigated: clinical validity, psychometric validity (scalability), and responsiveness.

Results

The PDAS ratings were clinically valid (Spearman’s coefficient of correlation between PDAS total scores and Clinical Global Impressions scale – severity of illness ratings=0.66, p<0.001), scalable (Loevinger’s coefficient of heterogeneity at endpoint=0.45), and responsive (no participants met the criterion for remission on the PDAS (total score <8) at baseline – at endpoint 74% (95% CI: 60–85) of the participants met this criterion).

Conclusions

The semi-structured PDAS interview provides valid ratings of the severity of psychotic depression.
Nongovernmental Organizations and International Law
Authors: Charnovitz Steve
Published: May 2017

Nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have exerted a profound influence on the scope and dictates of international law. NGOs have fostered treaties, promoted the creation of new international organizations (IOs), and lobbied in national capitals to gain consent to stronger international rules. A decade ago, Antonio Donini, writing about the United Nations, declared that “the Temple of States would be a rather dull place without nongovernmental organisations.” His observation was apt and is suggestive of a more general thesis: had NGOs never existed, international law would have a less vital role in human progress.
Physical state of meal affects gastric emptying, cholecystokinin release and satiety
Authors: Santangelo A. , Peracchi M. , Conte D. , Fraquelli M. , Porrini M.
Published: May 2017

To verify the influence of food consistency on satiety mechanisms we evaluated the effects of the same meal in solid–liquid (SM) and homogenized (HM) form on satiety sensation, gastric emptying rate and plasma cholecystokinin (CCK) concentration. Eight healthy men, aged 21-28 (mean 24·5) years were given two meals (cooked vegetables 250 g, cheese 35 g, croutons 50 g and olive oil 25 g, total energy 2573 kJ, with water 300 ml) differing only in physical state: SM and HM. The subjects consumed the meals in randomized order on non-consecutive days. The sensations of fullness, satiety and desire to eat were evaluated by means of a questionnaire, gastric emptying was assessed by ultrasonographic measurement of antral area, and plasma CCK concentration was measured by radioimmunoassay. The vegetable-rich meal was significantly more satiating (P< 0·05) when in the HM form than when eaten in a SM state. Furthermore, the overall gastric emptying time was significantly slowed (255 (sem11) min after HMv.214 (sem12) min after SM;P< 0·05) and CCK peak occurred later (94 (sem12) min after HMv.62 (sem11) min after SM; NS) when the food was consumed in the HM form. Independently of the type of meal, antral area was significantly related to fullness sensations (r20·46,P= 0·004). These results demonstrate that meal consistency is an important physical food characteristic which influences both gastric emptying rate and satiety sensation. Moreover, the relationship observed between antral area and fullness sensation confirms that antral distension plays a part in the regulation of eating behaviour.
Iodine intake and iodine deficiency in vegans as assessed by the duplicate-portion technique and urinary iodine excretion
Authors: Lightowler Helen J. , Davies G. Jill
Published: May 2017

I intake and I deficiency were investigated in thirty vegans (eleven males and nineteen females) consuming their habitual diet. I intake was estimated using the chemical analysis of 4 d weighed duplicate diet collections. The probability of I-deficiency disorders (IDD) was judged from the measurement of urinary I excretion in 24 h urine specimens during the 4 d. There was wide variation in I intake. Mean I intake in males was lower than the reference nutrient intake (RNI; Department of Health, 1991) and mean intake in females was above the RNI, although 36% males and 63% females had I intakes below the lower RNI. Mean I intake in subjects who consumed seaweed (n 3) was in excess of the RNI, and approached the provisional maximum tolerable daily intake (World Health Organization/Food and Agriculture Organization Joint Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1989). The probability of IDD in the group investigated was moderate to severe: three of five subgroups were classified as moderate and two subgroups were classified as severe IDD possibility. The findings highlight that vegans are an ‘at risk’ group for I deficiency. The I status of vegans and the subclinical effects of low I intakes and infrequent high I intakes on thyroid function in this group should be further studied. Our work has also raised the question of adequate I intakes in groups where cow's milk is not consumed, and has exposed a need for more research in this area.
Comparison of absorption of nutrients and secretion of water between oligomeric and polymeric enteral diets in pigs
Authors: Ehrlein Hansjörg , Haas-Deppe Benedikt
Published: May 2017

In patients who require enteric tube-feeding the osmolality of the formulas is assumed to play an important role. There is the dilemma that osmolality increases as the digestibility of formulas is enhanced by means of degradation of the nutrients. Hitherto there have been no reports of whether there are differences in nutrient absorption and water fluxes between iso-osmotic polymeric and hyperosmotic oligomeric diets. We therefore investigated absorption of nutrients and net fluxes of water during perfusion of a 1·5 m jejunal segment with oligomeric, polymeric and commercial oligopeptide diets either in the absence of pancreatic juice or with concomitant infusion of pancreatic enzymes. In the absence of pancreatic juice the absorption rates of the polymeric diet and the commercial oligopeptide diets reached 58·0 and 84·5 % respectively of that of a completely-hydrolysed hyperosmotic oligomeric diet. The concomitant infusion of pancreatic enzymes with the polymeric and oligopeptide diets significantly increased the absorption rates of nutrients and energy. The highest absorption rate of energy occurred with the commercial formula Survimed® (Fresenius, Bad Homburg, Germany), probably due to an optimal composition of the macronutrients. The increase in absorption due to the degradation of nutrients by pancreatic enzymes was associated with an increase in net water secretion and flow-rate, reaching similar values to those with the hyperosmotic oligomeric diet. It may be concluded that iso-osmotic oligopeptide formulas require further pancreatic hydrolysis for optimum absorption. In patients with normal pancreatic secretion, oligopeptide formulas have no advantage over polymeric diets. In patients with reduced pancreatic secretion, either completely-hydrolysed hyperosmotic oligomeric diets or polymeric diets supplemented with pancreatic enzymes are appropriate.
Are the advantages of the Mediterranean diet transferable to other populations? A cohort study in Melbourne, Australia
Authors: Kouris-Blazos Antigone , Gnardellis Charalambos , Wahlqvist Mark L. , Trichopoulos Dimitrios , Lukito Widjaja , Trichopoulou Antonia
Published: May 2017

A prospective cohort study, involving 141 Anglo-Celts and 189 Greek-Australians of both sexes aged 70 years or more, was undertaken in Melbourne, Australia. The objective was to evaluate whether adherence to the principles of the Mediterranean diet affects survival of elderly people in developed non-Mediterranean countries. Diet was assessed using an extensive validated questionnaire on food intake. A one unit increase in a diet score, devised a priori on the basis of eight key features of the traditional common diet in the Mediterranean region, was associated with a 17 % reduction in overall mortality (two-tailed P value 0·07). Mortality reduction with increasing diet score was at least as evident among Anglo-Celts as among Greek-Australians. We conclude that a diet that adheres to the principles of the traditional Mediterranean diet is associated with longer survival among Australians of either Greek or Anglo-Celtic origin.
Why verbless sentences in Standard Arabic are verbless
Authors: Al-Balushi Rashid
Published: May 2017

This article aims to account for why verbless sentences in Standard Arabic lack a copular verb. In contrast to previous accounts which attribute the absence of the copula to some defect of present tense, I claim that a verbless sentence does not take a copula because its nominais do not need structural Case. The proposed analysis argues that structural Case is licensed by a “Verbal Case” feature on the relevant Case-checking heads, and assumes the Visibility Condition. The present analysis is based on a unique interaction between tense and word order, and on the observation that verbless sentences are finite clauses composed of a topic and a predicate, as well as on the observation that they do not involve licensing of structural Case.
Anticipation labiale et perception visuelle
Authors: Roy Johanna-Pascale
Published: May 2017

The main aim of this article is to describe the visual perception process of anticipatory rounding gestures in [iC(CCCC)y] sequences by considering the characteristics that contribute to their production (articulatory configurations, temporal data, and kinematic events). Productions of two French speakers were analyzed to obtain the data needed to interpret the results of a perception test composed of truncated visual sequences using thegatingparadigm. The results indicate that the perceptually effective portion of the gesture usually begins when a significant velocity peak is observed. In contrast, if the sequence has no prominent velocity peak, the rounded vowel can be recognized only when the labial configurations are closer to the articulatory target. The results can be interpreted on the basis of general models for movement perception, in this caserepresentational momentum.
The Psychedelic Mystical Experience in the Human Encounter with Death
Authors: Pahnke Walter N.
Published: May 2017

This Spring I received a long distance telephone call from Dean Samuel Miller, who invited me to give this year's Ingersoll Lecture on human immortality. Three days later, Dean Miller was dead. When I heard the sad news, I, as many of you no doubt, began to think about the way he had influenced me, especially during my theological training here at Harvard Divinity School. One of my most vivid memories was a point which he emphasized in his class on Religion and Literature. Sam Miller felt strongly that in our modern 20th century two of the most profound and important experiences of human life are becoming more and more insulated from everyday existence. These two experiences, birth and death, have the potential for affecting the character and quality of the rest of life. But in each instance, they are falling victim to modern technological efficiency and adding to the process of dehumanization rather than counteracting it.
Response to the Ingersoll Lecture by a Physician
Authors: Beecher Henry K.
Published: May 2017

Dr. Pahnke's field of interest, just described, is of very great importance. I can say this even though he and I might have some differences as to methodology. Questions must be asked in terms in which they can be answered. Thus Dr. Pahnke has sketched for us a new and promising approach to problems in an old field, and I am with him all the way in this interest.
(When) Do Antipoverty Programs Reduce Violence? India's Rural Employment Guarantee and Maoist Conflict
Authors: Dasgupta Aditya , Gawande Kishore , Kapur Devesh
Published: May 2017

Theory and extensive evidence connect poverty and underdevelopment to civil conflict yet evidence on the impact of development programs on violence is surprisingly mixed. To break this impasse, we exploit a within-country policy experiment to examine the conditions under which antipoverty programs reduce violence. The roll-out of India's National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme caused a large long-run reduction in Maoist conflict violence, as measured with an original data set based on local-language press sources. These pacifying effects were not uniform, however, but overwhelmingly concentrated in districts with sufficient pre-existing local state capacity to implement the program effectively. The results demonstrate the potential for anti-poverty programs to mitigate violent civil conflict by improving livelihoods, but also highlight the crucial role of state capacity in shaping these effects.
The Ghana Trades Union Congress and the Politics of International Labor Alliances, 1957–1971
Authors: Sackeyfio-Lenoch Naaborko
Published: May 2017

This article explores the motives of Ghana’s Trades Union Congress in securing development assistance during the era of decolonization and early independence. African interests and agency in these complex processes of negotiation have not been sufficiently untangled to highlight the decisions that African trade unionists made as they aligned with, and fostered, international networks and alliances to meet particular development goals. By highlighting the perspectives and actions of Ghana’s trade union officials, the article demonstrates what Africans sought to achieve through connections to international trade union organizations. The Ghana case illustrates the ways in which African trade unionists actively engaged in the variable and competing politics and policies of local, regional, and global trade unionism in order to strengthen their union apparatus and meet shifting needs.
Investment–Cash Flow Sensitivity: Fact or Fiction?
Authors: Ağca Şenay , Mozumdar Abon
Published: May 2017

We examine whether internal funds matter for investment when the measurement error inqis addressed. By carefully employing methodologies that tackle the measurement error inq, we show that cash flow is a significant determinant of investment. We also find that an analyst-forecast-basedqmeasure is not superior to a stock-market-basedqmeasure. We further propose an approach that uses two alternative proxies ofqas instruments for addressing measurement error. Our evidence indicates that instrumental-variables-type generalized method of moments estimators yield empirically well-specified models.
Choroidal thickness evaluation in paediatric patients with adenotonsillar hypertrophy
Authors: Yenigun A , Elbay A , Hafiz A M , Ozturan O
Published: May 2017

Objective:

To investigate choroidal thickness using enhanced-depth imaging optical coherence tomography in paediatric patients with adenotonsillar hypertrophy, with comparison to healthy children, three months after adenotonsillectomy.

Methods:

The patients were assigned to three groups: an adenotonsillar hypertrophy group, an adenotonsillectomy group and a healthy control group. In all groups, subfoveal, temporal and nasal choroidal thickness measurements were taken.

Results:

In the subfoveal, temporal and nasal regions, choroidal tissue was found to be significantly thinner in adenotonsillar hypertrophy children than healthy children (p = 0.012, p = 0.027 and p = 0.020). The subfoveal and temporal choroidal thickness measurements of adenotonsillar hypertrophy group cases were significantly decreased compared to those in the adenotonsillectomy group (p = 0.038 and p = 0.048).

Conclusion:

There was a significant association between decreased choroidal thickness and adenotonsillar hypertrophy. Adenotonsillar hypertrophy may play an important role in decreased choroidal thickness.
The causative–instrumental syncretism
Authors: JERRO KYLE
Published: May 2017

Causative and applicative morphemes have been central in work on the morphosyntax of argument structure. However, several genetically unrelated languages use a single, syncretic form for both functions, which complicates the traditional view that a causative adds a new subject and an applicative adds a new object. In this paper, I propose an analysis of a morphological syncretism found in the Bantu language Kinyarwanda where the morphological causative and instrumental applicative are both realized by the morpheme –ish. I argue for Kinyarwanda that both causation and the introduction of an instrument are analyzable as two outgrowths of the same semantic notion of introducing a new link into the causal chain described by the verb. The different causative and instrumental readings derive from underspecification of the position of the new link in the causal chain, although its placement is restricted via general constraints on possible event types as well as constraints on verb meaning and argument realization. This analysis provides an explanation for the presence of the causative–instrumental syncretism as well as provides insight into the interface between verb meaning and valency-changing morphology.
A Systematic Approach for Collision Risk Analysis based on AIS Data
Authors: Zhang Weibin , Kopca Cole , Tang Jinjun , Ma Dongfang , Wang Yinhai
Published: May 2017

Ship collision risk is an important aspect of ship navigation safety. A systematic method to assess collision risk by monitoring parameter states continually is necessary and has proven effective. Another important factor in risk assessment is ship size, but the effect of the size of ship pairs has not been considered properly in many previous studies. This research utilises a systematic perspective to study collision risk of near-misses in ship-ship encounters. This fills a secondary research gap where previous risk assessments only investigated near-misses from the perspective of a single vessel. Following this proposed approach, ship pair encounter states can be continually tracked. Ultimately, a method of improved Vessel Collision Risk Operator (VCRO) to merge risk assessments of both ships is proposed through integration of near-miss collision risks in a systematic way, which overcomes the disadvantages of prior VCROs that only consider the maximum value, from which it is difficult to track and judge the risk trend. Utilising a case study, the effectiveness of the proposed method is validated through analysis of ship encounters, with ships of different sizes in the Baltic Sea.
Determining the Coordinates of Control Points in Hydrographic Surveying by the Precise Point Positioning Method
Authors: Akpınar Burak , Aykut Nedim Onur
Published: May 2017

After Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) were first used in the field of hydrography in 1980, developments in hydrographic surveying accelerated. Survey precision in hydrography has been improved for both horizontal and vertical positioning and seafloor acoustic measurement by means of these new developments. Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS), Real Time Kinematic (RTK) and Network RTK (NRTK) techniques are the satellite-based positioning techniques that are commonly used in shallow water surveys and shoreline measurements. In line with these developments, the newer Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has been introduced. Combining precise satellite positions and clocks with dual-frequency GNSS data, PPP can provide position solutions from the centimetre to decimetre level. In this study, the coordinates of control points were determined by using the Post-Process PPP (PP-PPP) technique. Seven test points, which are the points of the Continuously Operating Reference Station - Turkey (CORS-TR) network, are selected near the shorelines within Turkey. The 24-hour data was split from one to six hours by one hour periods. Automatic Point Positioning Service (APPS) was selected to process the data. The poisoning error of the test points were given and compared with International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) S44 hydrographic survey standards.
Externalizing behavior severity in youths with callous–unemotional traits corresponds to patterns of amygdala activity and connectivity during judgments of causing fear
Authors: Cardinale Elise M. , Breeden Andrew L. , Robertson Emily L. , Lozier Leah M. , Vanmeter John W. , Marsh Abigail A.
Published: May 2017

Callous–unemotional (CU) traits characterize a subgroup of youths with conduct problems who exhibit low empathy, fearlessness, and elevated externalizing behaviors. The current study examines the role of aberrant amygdala activity and functional connectivity during a socioemotional judgment task in youths with CU traits, and links these deficits to externalizing behaviors. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to compare neural responses in 18 healthy youths and 30 youths with conduct problems and varying levels of CU traits as they evaluated the acceptability of causing another person to experience each of several emotions, including fear. Neuroimaging analyses examined blood oxygenation level dependent responses and task-dependent functional connectivity. High-CU youths exhibited left amygdala hypoactivation relative to healthy controls and low-CU youths primarily during evaluations of causing others fear. CU traits moderated the relationship between externalizing behavior and both amygdala activity and patterns of functional connectivity. The present data suggest that CU youths' aberrant amygdala activity and connectivity affect how they make judgments about the acceptability of causing others emotional distress, and that these aberrations represent risk factors for externalizing behaviors like rule breaking and aggression. These findings suggest that reducing externalizing behaviors in high-CU youths may require interventions that influence affective sensitivity.