bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aircraft Microphysical Documentation from Cloud Base to Anvils of Hailstorm Feeder Clouds in Argentina
Authors: Rosenfeld Daniel , Woodley William L. , Krauss Terrence W. , Makitov Viktor
Published: October 2006

Documentation during January and February 2000 of the structure of severe convective storms in Mendoza, Argentina, with a cloud-physics jet aircraft penetrating the major feeder clouds from cloud base to the −45°C isotherm level is reported. Complementary radar, satellite, and radiosonde measurements are incorporated into the study. The main research goal was the description of the microphysical evolution of the convective feeders of the hailstorms from cloud base to the anvil in an attempt to gain insights into the microphysical evolution of the clouds that are associated with the high frequency of large hail in the region. The aircraft penetrated preferentially the tops of young growing elements, which were typically the major feeders to severe hailstorms, producing hail that is large (>3 cm) in size. Cloud bases typically were at 6°–14°C, with typical base updrafts of 4–7 m s−1. The cloud updrafts increased with height, exceeding 25 m s−1 at heights ≥7 km and, on occasion, 40 m s−1 at heights >8 km. Thermal buoyancies of 5°–8°C were measured in the convective towers at heights of 8–10 km. The vertical wind shear was weak below 6 km but increased strongly above that level as the west winds cleared the Andes barrier, which averages 6.1 km to the west of Mendoza. The clouds had very little coalescence and contained no detectable precipitation-sized particles >100 μm at temperatures >−15°C. Nearly adiabatic cloud water with most cloud water still not converted into precipitation-sized hydrometeors (>100 μm in diameter) was found in cloud filaments within the strongest updrafts up to the level of homogeneous freezing, reaching 4 g m−3 at −38°C in one cloud before vanishing abruptly at colder temperatures. Graupel >1 mm appeared at the tops of growing new towers at temperatures <−27°C, in agreement with radar first-echo heights of about 8 km.
Retribution and Organic Unities
Authors: Clark Michael
Published: October 2006

G.E. Moore argued that his principle of organic unities, according to which the value of a whole is to be distinguished from the value of the sum of its parts, is consistent with a retributivist view of punishment: both crime and punishment are intrinsic evils but the combination of the crime with the punishment of its perpetrator is less bad in itself than the crime unpunished. Moore’s principle excludes any form of retributivism that regards the punishment of a guilty person as an intrinsic good. Jonathan Dancy offers a different account of such unities on which, pace Moore, value does not necessarily stay the same from one context to another. This alternative account is defended, but still seems to create difficulties for various forms of retributivism.
Regulation of A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin Repeats-1 Expression in Human Endometrial Stromal Cells by Gonadal Steroids Involves Progestins, Androgens, and Estrogens
Authors: Wen Jiadi , Zhu Hua , Murakami Shuko , Leung Peter C. K. , MacCalman Colin D.
Published: October 2006

Context: Gonadal steroids are key regulators of the extracellular matrix remodeling events that occur in the human endometrium during each menstrual cycle. The spatiotemporal expression of A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase with ThromboSpondin repeats (ADAMTS)-1 in human endometrial stroma in vivo suggests that this novel metalloproteinase may contribute to this tightly regulated developmental process.

Objective: The objective of the study was to determine whether progesterone (P4), 17β-estradiol (E2), or the nonaromatizable androgen dihydrotestosterone (DHT), alone or in combination, is capable of regulating ADAMTS-1 mRNA and protein levels in human endometrial stromal cells in a concentration- and time-dependent manner.

Design: A real-time quantitative PCR strategy and Western blotting were used to examine ADAMTS-1 mRNA and protein expression levels in primary cultures of human endometrial stromal cells.

Results: P4 and DHT but not E2 increased the levels of the ADAMTS-1 mRNA transcript and protein species (110 kDa) present in endometrial stromal cells in vitro in a concentration- and time-dependent manner. A combination of P4 and DHT resulted in an additional increase in stromal ADAMTS-1 expression, whereas E2 attenuated the regulatory effects of P4 and DHT in a concentration-dependent manner. The antisteroidal compounds, mifepristone (RU486) and hydroxyflutamide, were also found to inhibit specifically the P4- and DHT-mediated increase in ADAMTS-1 mRNA and protein expression levels in these primary cell cultures in a concentration-dependent manner, respectively.

Conclusions: These studies demonstrate that progestins, androgens, and estrogens, alone and in combination, have distinct regulatory effects on ADAMTS-1 mRNA and protein expression levels in human endometrial stromal cells in vitro.
Some effects of formaldehyde on the upper respiratory tract
Authors: Ballenger John J.
Published: October 2006

Being highly soluble in water gaseous formaldehyde (HCHO) is virtually completely removed by the nose during nasal respiration so that nasal disease may follow. This report is a review of pertinent information that is known about the effect of formaldehyde on the nose both in animals and humans. It is evident from the literature that rats develop nasal carcinoma at ambient levels of HCHO occasionally encountered by humans and it is hoped that this report will elucidate the possible threat HCHO presents to humans.
Starvation Induces cAMP Response Element-Binding Protein-Dependent Gene Expression through Octopamine–GqSignaling inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Suo Satoshi , Kimura Yoshishige , Van Tol Hubert H. M.
Published: October 2006

The nervous system plays a critical role in adaptation to a new environment. InCaenorhabditis elegans, reduced access to food requires both changes in behavior as well as metabolic adaptation for survival, which is postulated to involve the bioamine octopamine. The transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is generally activated by G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) that activate Gαsand is known to play an important role in long-term changes, including synaptic plasticity. We show that, inC. elegans, the CREB ortholog CRH-1 (CREB homolog family member 1) activatesin vivoa cAMP response element–green fluorescent protein fusion reporter in a subset of neurons during starvation. This starvation response is mediated by octopamine via the GPCR SER-3 (serotonin/octopamine receptor family member 3) and is fully dependent on the subsequent activation of the Gαq ortholog EGL-30 (egg-laying defective family member 30). The signaling cascade is only partially dependent on the phospholipase Cβ (EGL-8) and is negatively regulated by Gαo[GOA-1 (G-protein, O, α subunit family member 1)] and calcium/calmodulin-dependent kinase [UNC-43 (uncoordinated family member 43)]. Nonstarved animals in a liquid environment mediate a similar response that is octopamine independent. The results show that the endogenous octopamine system inC. elegansis activated by starvation and that different environmental stimuli can activate CREB through Gαq.
Impaired Volume Regulation is the Mechanism of Excitotoxic Sensitization to Complement
Authors: Loo Li Shen , McNamara James O.
Published: October 2006

Previous work demonstrated that a brief, sublethal excitotoxic insult strikingly increased the sensitivity of cortical neurons to the cytotoxic effects of the terminal pathway of complement, a process termed “excitotoxic sensitization.” Here, we sought to elucidate the cellular mechanism of excitotoxic sensitization in embryonic rat cortical neuronsin vitro. Excitotoxic sensitization did not increase membrane attack complex deposition on cortical neurons and produced only a small reduction of membrane attack complex removal, because of a selective decrease of endocytic elimination. Membrane attack complexes and other osmotic stressors, namely hypotonic stress and glutamate, induced transient swelling of cortical neurons, followed by return to normal volume despite persistence of the stressor, a homeostatic response termed regulatory volume decrease (RVD). A minimal excitotoxic insult impaired this homeostatic response and sensitized neurons to cytotoxic effects of diverse osmotic stressors. Structurally distinct membrane-impermeable osmolytes, dextran and polyethylene glycol, prevented excitotoxic sensitization to diverse osmotic stressors including membrane attack complexes. Paraquat, a reactive oxygen species generator, alone was sufficient to impair RVD, and MnTBAP [Mn(III)tetrakis(4-benzoic acid)porphyrin chloride], a reactive oxygen species scavenger, prevented excitotoxin-mediated impairment of RVD. Together, these findings demonstrate that impairment of RVD is the mechanism of excitotoxic sensitization, that reactive oxygen species alone are sufficient to impair RVD, and that reactive oxygen species are necessary for excitotoxic sensitization-mediated impairment of RVD.
On the Stability and Viability of Co-operatives: The Kibbutz as an Example
Authors: Keren Michael , Levhari David , Byalsky Michael
Published: October 2006

Co-operatives seem to be less stable than capitalist firms: although many are formed, few stay alive as co-operatives. Our paper inquires into the stability of co-operatives using the kibbutz as an example. The results of the analysis may carry over to many other types of co-operatives, in spite of the idiosyncrasies of each. The kibbutz is modelled as a co-operative club to account for the public consumption provided by the community. This leads to increasing returns, but taking account of Holmström's team effect on members' incentives to exert themselves, we obtain conditions under which an internal effort optimiser may exist. The resulting model enables us to examine the stability of the co-operative club. For the kibbutz, the analysis shows that the size of the set of potential members preferring co-operative life has shrunk over time.
Incipient yielding behavior during indentation for gold thin films before and after annealing
Authors: Miller David C. , Talmage Mellisa J. , Gall Ken
Published: October 2006

We studied the deformation mechanisms and mechanics during indentation of polycrystalline gold thin films at depths below 100 nm. The measured material hardness decreased from 2.1 ± 0.1 to 1.7 ± 0.1 GPa after annealing for 4 h at 177 °C. Upon closer inspection, the hardness trends in the gold thin films were discovered to vary according to the indentation depth. At nanometer depths, the material hardness was quantified using multiple parameters, some of which were independent of the area calibration for the tip. The annealed specimen was very “hard” at low indentation depths, relatively soft at moderate indentation depths, and finally harder until the grain-size limit was reached. The as-deposited specimen demonstrated a relatively continuous harness trend as function of indentation depth, exhibiting monotonic convergence to Hall–Petch limited behavior. Discrete displacement jump events (excursions or “pop-ins”) were frequently observed for the annealed specimen but not for the as-deposited specimen. Variation in hardness, excursion activity, and displacement during the hold at maximum load was observed according to the applied loading, which was parametrically varied at constant strain rates. Hardness results are explained in terms of the population and evolution of defects present within the specimens. The population of point defects is also influential, and critical thermal fluctuations, as well as the thermally activated process of diffusion, are believed to influence hardness at the specimen’s free surface and further into its volume. After converging to a monotonic trend (proper tip engagement), the modulus of the gold was measured to be 106.0 ± 12.9 and 101.3 ± 6.0 GPa for the respective Au/Cr/Si specimens. These values exceeded predictions from the aggregate polycrystalline material theory, a representation used to estimate results for anisotropic single crystals. Exaggerated modulus measurements are explained as the result of the contribution of modulus mismatch with the substrate, pileup at the indentor tip, residual stress in the films, and crystallographic anisotropy of the gold.
Effect of ordered structure and domain boundary on low-loss Ba[Mg1/3(Nbx/4Ta(4−x)/4)2/3]O3microwave dielectric ceramics
Authors: Lin Chen-Fu , Lu Horng-Hwa , Chang Tien-I , Huang Jow-Lay
Published: October 2006

The microstructure of Ba[Mg1/3(NbxTa(4−x)/4)2/3]O3ceramics (x= 1, 2, 3, and 4) was investigated. Ordered structure and domain boundary were observed by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The disordered structure of 0.41 nm lattice modulation and the 1:2 ordering structure of 0.71 nm lattice modulation in the [111] direction are both formed in Ba[Mg1/3(NbxTa(4−x)/4)2/3]O3ceramics. Except for the incoherent interface between disordered and 1:2 ordering domain, the coherent interface between two 1:2 ordering domains can also be observed in the Ba[Mg1/3(NbxTa(4−x)/4)2/3]O3ceramics. In the Ba[Mg1/3(Nb1/4Ta3/4)2/3]O3ceramic, the formation of an extra ordering structure (lattice modulation of 1.24 nm in the [111] direction) on the antiphase domain boundary with proper Nb substitution contributes to lower dielectric loss due to the stabilization of the domain boundary.
Synthesis of ultrasmooth nanostructured diamond films by microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition using a He/H2/CH4/N2gas mixture
Authors: Chowdhury S. , Hillman Damon A. , Catledge Shane A. , Konovalov Valery V. , Vohra Yogesh K.
Published: October 2006

Ultrasmooth nanostructured diamond (USND) films were synthesized on Ti–6Al–4V medical grade substrates by adding helium in H2/CH4/N2plasma and changing the N2/CH4gas flow from 0 to 0.6. We were able to deposit diamond films as smooth as 6 nm (root-mean-square), as measured by an atomic force microscopy (AFM) scan area of 2 μm2. Grain size was 4–5 nm at 71% He in (H2+ He) and N2/CH4gas flow ratio of 0.4 without deteriorating the hardness (∼50–60 GPa). The characterization of the films was performed with AFM, scanning electron microscopy, x-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, and nanoindentation techniques. XRD and Raman results showed the nanocrystalline nature of the diamond films. The plasma species during deposition were monitored by optical emission spectroscopy. With increasing N2/CH4feedgas ratio (CH4was fixed) in He/H2/CH4/N2plasma, a substantial increase of CN radical (normalized by Balmer Hαline) was observed along with a drop in surface roughness up to a critical N2/CH4ratio of 0.4. The CN radical concentration in the plasma was thus correlated to the formation of ultrasmooth nanostructured diamond films.
Nutritive Quality of Four Perennial Grasses as Affected by Species, Cultivar, Maturity, and Plant Tissue
Authors: Karn J. F. , Berdahl J. D. , Frank A. B.
Published: October 2006

Improved perennial grasses provide ranchers with high‐quality forage for grazing and hay. However, in the Northern Great Plains of the USA, nutritive quality information is limited on both established and new cultivars. This study compares the nutritive quality of established and more recently released cultivars of crested wheatgrass [Agropyron desertorum (Fisch. ex Link) Schultes] (CWG), intermediate wheatgrass [Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth and Dewey] (IWG), western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Love] (WWG), and smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss.) (SBG); evaluates the effect of plant maturity on tissue quality; compares nutritive quality differences among species; and evaluates nutritive quality relationships. Smooth bromegrass leaf tissue had the highest (P < 0.05) in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) and lowest neutral detergent fiber (NDF), but IWG and WWG had higher stem IVDMD. Few quality differences were detected between cultivars within a species, but ‘Rosana’ WWG had higher (P < 0.10) stem and whole plant IVDMD than the more recently released ‘Rodan’. Leaf percentage differed significantly (P < 0.05) among species, with WWG (49.8%) having the highest, and CWG (21.2%) the lowest. Correlation coefficients between quality measurements suggest that if grass leaf tissue were selected for higher IVDMD, leaves should also have higher crude protein (CP) and lower NDF. This relationship was best illustrated with WWG for all three tissue types. The apparent lower quality of Rodan WWG compared with the older cultivar, Rosana, should caution plant breeders to monitor forage quality to ensure that selection for improved agronomic traits does not compromise nutritive quality.
Temperature Influence on Potato Leaf and Branch Distribution and on Canopy Photosynthetic Rate
Authors: Fleisher David H. , Timlin Dennis J. , Reddy Vangimalla R.
Published: October 2006

Mature potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Kennebec) canopies are composed of leaves originating from main‐ and axillary‐stem branches. Canopy leaf distribution and its corresponding contribution to whole‐canopy photosynthetic rates have not been quantified. An experiment using SPAR (Soil–Plant–Atmosphere–Research) chambers maintained at 16‐h day/night thermoperiods of 14/10, 17/12, 20/15, 23/18, 28/23, and 34/29°C was conducted. Mature canopies were divided into three horizontal layers of equal depth. Canopies were defoliated at each layer, from the ground upward, on successive days. Response curves for photosynthetic rate vs. irradiance were obtained after each defoliation. Leaf area within each layer followed a quadratic relationship with temperature. The largest areas were between 16.6 and 22.1°C. Main‐stem leaves accounted for >50% of the total leaf area at temperatures <22°C, while the proportion of axillary‐stem leaf area in each layer increased with temperature. Canopy maximum gross photosynthetic rates, AMAX, before harvest ranged from 9.5 to 34.8 μmol CO2 m−2 s−1 (production‐area basis) and were higher at 14/10, 17/12, and 20/15°C temperatures than at 23/18, 28/23, and 34/29°C. These values were largely related to the quantity of leaf area in each chamber. The value of AMAX and canopy light use efficiency declined as successive canopy layers were removed, primarily due to decreases in canopy light interception. These results indicate that the relative proportion of main‐ or axillary‐stem leaves are not as important for potato canopy modeling considerations as is the need to simulate the correct quantity of leaf area.
A Multidecadal Trend of Earlier Corn Planting in the Central USA
Authors: Kucharik Christopher J.
Published: October 2006

The scientific literature suggests that a trend toward earlier corn (Zea mays L.) planting has taken place over the past several decades and is largely attributed to improving technology. To substantiate this idea, analysis of two datasets were performed: (i) U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) weekly crop progress data from 1979 to 2005 were analyzed to quantify trends in the date that 10, 25, 50, and 75% of corn planting had been completed across 12 Corn Belt states; (ii) National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) daily climate data were studied to understand whether springtime warming was a major contributor to any observed planting date trends. Statistical analysis suggested that the initiation of corn planting (10% planted) at the state level has become earlier (P < 0.05) by 0.3 to 0.8 d yr−1, with a regional, weighted average of 0.48 d yr−1 earlier (P < 0.0001). The regional average planting date trends were −0.45, −0.39, and −0.37 d yr−1 for the 25, 50, and 75% planted thresholds, respectively, and all were significant (P < 0.05). Consequently, the initiation of corn planting is now averaging approximately 2 wk earlier relative to the early 1980s. Continued development of genotypes that are tolerant of suboptimal temperatures, planting equipment improvements, and adoption of time‐saving management practices like conservation tillage are the more likely contributors to earlier planting rather than wide‐ranging springtime warming. However, it is unrealistic to expect that this long‐term trend will continue indefinitely because early planting will ultimately be limited by frozen soils.
Solitary waves on thin falling films in the very low forcing frequency limit
Authors: Mudunuri Ramesh Raju , Balakotaiah Vemuri
Published: October 2006

A new family of traveling waves on falling films obtained in the limit of zero pulsing frequency is presented and analyzed. A new two‐mode model that can describe the dynamics of waves for Weber numbers greater than unity is derived and validated. The speed (Ce) and peak height (hmax) relation for solitary waves is predicted to be linear by the model and its predictions are in excellent agreement with experimental data. Weakly nonlinear analysis of the new wave family, using the new two‐mode model, showed that the speed to peak height relation of these solitary waves is linear with slope $\sqrt{3}$, which is in close agreement with experimental results. Furthermore, the local bifurcation analysis shows that the relation Ce − 3 = $\sqrt{3}$(hmax − 1) is independent of the angle of the inclination as well as fluid properties and flow rate. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2006
Multiple myeloma presented as acute interstitial nephritis and rheumatoid arthritis‐like polyarthritis
Authors: Ardalan Mohammad Reza , Shoja Mohammadali Mohajel
Published: October 2006

Acute interstitial nephritis and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) or RA‐like polyarthritis are among the very rare paraneoplastic manifestations of multiple myeloma (MM). A 47‐year‐old man with acute renal failure due to interstitial nephritis was admitted to our university hospital and successfully treated with corticosteroid. He later developed a symmetric distal polyarthritis with morning stiffness mimicking RA. On follow‐up, the patient had a rise in serum creatinine, hypercalcemia, anemia, and a monoclonal spike (Bence Jones protein) on the urine protein electrophoresis. Bone marrow biopsy demonstrated a diffuse neoplastic plasma cell infiltration. Diagnosis of MM was made and the patient received chemotherapy. After four‐course chemotherapy, the patient's articular manifestations resolved, urine monoclonal spike disappeared, and serum creatinine returned to a near normal level. We hypothesize that in this case, immunologic hypersensitivity reactions to the light‐chain molecules or other tumoral antigens deposited within the kidney or joint spaces, in the context of MM cytokine milieu may have resulted in this unusual presentation. Ultimately, clinicians and pathologists should consider MM in the differential diagnosis of the acute interstitial nephritis and RA‐like polyarthritis. Am. J. Hematol., 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Recurrent pancreatitis in mitochondrial cytopathy
Authors: Debray François‐Guillaume , Drouin Eric , Herzog Denise , Lortie Anne , Lambert Marie , Garel Laurent , Mitchell Grant. A. , Michaud Jacques L.
Published: October 2006

Diabetes mellitus and exocrine insufficiency are the commonest pancreatic manifestations of mitochondrial diseases. In contrast, pancreatitis has rarely been described in mitochondrial syndromes. We report on a patient with Kearns‐Sayre syndrome and recurrent episodes of acute pancreatitis for which no explanation could be found other than the associated mitochondrial dysfunction. Interestingly, pharmacological disruption of mitochondrial metabolism in various models as well as in patients can cause pancreatitis, further supporting this association. A diagnosis of pancreatitis should be considered in any patients with mitochondrial disease and recurrent abdominal pain. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Head circumference and height in autism: A study by the collaborative program of excellence in autism
Authors: Lainhart Janet E. , Bigler Erin D. , Bocian Maureen , Coon Hilary , Dinh Elena , Dawson Geraldine , Deutsch Curtis K. , Dunn Michelle , Estes Annette , Tager‐Flusberg Helen , Folstein Susan , Hepburn Susan , Hyman Susan , McMahon William , Minshew Nancy , Munson Jeff , Osann Kathy , Ozonoff Sally , Rodier Patricia , Rogers Sally , Sigman Marian , Spence M. Anne , Stodgell Christopher J. , Volkmar Fred
Published: October 2006

Data from 10 sites of the NICHD/NIDCD Collaborative Programs of Excellence in Autism were combined to study the distribution of head circumference and relationship to demographic and clinical variables. Three hundred thirty‐eight probands with autism‐spectrum disorder (ASD) including 208 probands with autism were studied along with 147 parents, 149 siblings, and typically developing controls. ASDs were diagnosed, and head circumference and clinical variables measured in a standardized manner across all sites. All subjects with autism met ADI‐R, ADOS‐G, DSM‐IV, and ICD‐10 criteria. The results show the distribution of standardized head circumference in autism is normal in shape, and the mean, variance, and rate of macrocephaly but not microcephaly are increased. Head circumference tends to be large relative to height in autism. No site, gender, age, SES, verbal, or non‐verbal IQ effects were present in the autism sample. In addition to autism itself, standardized height and average parental head circumference were the most important factors predicting head circumference in individuals with autism. Mean standardized head circumference and rates of macrocephaly were similar in probands with autism and their parents. Increased head circumference was associated with a higher (more severe) ADI‐R social algorithm score. Macrocephaly is associated with delayed onset of language. Although mean head circumference and rates of macrocephaly are increased in autism, a high degree of variability is present, underscoring the complex clinical heterogeneity of the disorder. The wide distribution of head circumference in autism has major implications for genetic, neuroimaging, and other neurobiological research. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Management of severe ischaemia of the leg
Authors: Bradbury A W
Published: October 2006

Prevention is better than cure
Elektrische Lichtquellen: Chemie in Lampen
Authors: Born Matthias , Jüstel Thomas
Published: October 2006

Elektrische Lichtquellen sind heute in unserem täglichen Leben in vielfältigen Anwendungen allgegenwärtig. Die Haupttriebkräfte für die Einführung neuer und verbesserter Produkte sind die stetig wachsenden Anforderungen an die Effizienz, die Lichtqualität, die Lebensdauer und die Miniaturisierung. Derzeit erobern neue Festkörperlichtquellen bestehende sowie neue Anwendungsgebiete. Der Aufsatz gibt einen Überblick über elektrische Lichtquellen und die damit verbundenen chemischen Aspekte. Ein Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Erforschung und Entwicklung der verwendeten Materialien, einschließlich Transport‐ und Korrosionsphänomenen, die der Schlüssel für Hochleistungslampen sind.
Nervenzellen mit Nanodraht verkabelt
Authors: Groß Michael
Published: October 2006

Seit einigen Jahren ist es möglich, lebende Nervenzellen mit elektronischen Kontakten zu verbinden. Auf diese Weise könnten Mensch und Computer im Prinzip direkt kommunizieren, ohne Tastatur und Bildschirm. Doch der endgültigen Verschmelzung von Mensch und Maschine steht bisher noch der Umstand im Weg, dass die elektronischen Anschlüsse relativ grobschlächtig sind im Vergleich mit den natürlichen Verbindungen von Nervenzellen, den Synapsen.
Einblick in die Polarität und Verwendung als chirales Lösungsmittel
Authors: Feil Sylvia
Published: October 2006

Ionische Flüssigkeiten (ionic liquids, ILs) sind Salze, deren Schmelztemperaturen unter 100 °C liegen. Sie enthalten ausschließlich Ionen. Ihre besonderen Eigenschaften ergeben sich durch eine geeignete Kombination von anorganische Anionen mit organischen Kationen. In der organischen Synthese sind sie ein unkonventionelles Lösungsmittel, das in der Übergangsmetallkatalyse eingesetzt wird. Galt es bislang als chirales Lösungsmittel nicht als effizient, übertrug jetzt eine gezielt funktionalisierte IL ihre stereochemische Information auf das Reaktionsprodukt. Die Frage, wie stark Wasser mit ILs wechselwirkt, führte zu einer einfachen Methode zum Abschätzen ihrer Polarität.
Was hat Thunfisch mit Kohlenmonoxid zu tun?
Authors: Sohnius Eva‐Maria
Published: October 2006

Thunfisch in Top‐Qualität zählt zu den teuersten Lebensmitteln auf dem Weltmarkt und erfreut sich in Form von Sushi, Filets und Steaks in Europa zunehmender Beliebtheit. Gute Preise erzielen Fische mit hohem Fettgehalt und intensiv roter Farbe. Der Verbraucher verbindet die rote Farbe mit Frische.
Passivating protein coatings for implantable glucose sensors: Evaluation of protein retention
Authors: Geelhood Steven J. , Horbett Thomas A. , Ward W. Kenneth , Wood Michael D. , Quinn Matthew J.
Published: October 2006

The long‐term function of implantable biosensors is limited by the foreign‐body reaction (FBR). Since the acute phase of the FBR involves macrophage attachment mediated by adsorbed fibrinogen, preadsorption, and retention of other proteins might reduce the FBR. The retention of preadsorbed albumin, hemoglobin, von Willebrand's factor, and high‐molecular‐weight kininogen was therefore measured after exposure to plasma. The retention of preadsorbed proteins after incubation with monocyte cultures and implantation in rats was also measured. Fibrinogen adsorption from plasma to the preadsorbed surfaces was also measured. Hemoglobin adsorption was higher than that for other proteins, and it also had the greatest retention after exposure to blood plasma. When surfaces preadsorbed with hemoglobin were incubated with monocytes, more of the hemoglobin was displaced than that after incubation in plasma, while still more hemoglobin was displaced when the surfaces were implanted in vivo. Protein preadsorption on polystyrene greatly reduced fibrinogen adsorption. However, polyurethane surfaces used for glucose sensors had low fibrinogen adsorption compared with polystyrene, and this low level was not further reduced by preadsorption with other proteins. Preadsorbed proteins on polymers appear to be removed by passive exchange and/or displacement by plasma proteins and by proteases released by monocytes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Effects of adenovirus‐expressing IL‐10 in alleviating airway inflammation in asthma
Authors: Fu Chi‐Ling , Chuang Ya‐Hui , Chau Lee‐Young , Chiang Bor‐Luen
Published: October 2006

Background

Allergic asthma strongly correlates with airway inflammation caused by cytokines secreted by allergen‐specific type‐2 T helper (Th2) cells, but the immunologic regulation of cell function is yet to be acquired. Further, IL‐10 has been found to exert both antiinflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. This study aimed to elucidate the therapeutic effects of IL‐10 administration via adenovirus‐mediated gene delivery on airway inflammation in the ovalbumin (OVA)‐induced murine model of asthma.

Methods

BALB/c mice were sensitized by intraperitoneal injections with OVA and challenged by nebulized OVA. The sensitized mice were given an intratracheal delivery of adenoviral vector expressing the murine IL‐10 gene (AdIL‐10), or mock adenoviral vector 4 days before the inhalation challenge of the OVA. Inflammatory parameters, such as the development of airway hyper‐responsiveness (AHR), bronchial lavage fluid eosinophils, and chemokines were assayed.

Results

Intratracheal administration of AdIL‐10 could efficiently inhibit antigen‐induced AHR and significantly decrease the number of eosinophils and neutrophils in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of OVA‐sensitized and challenged mice during the effector phase.

Conclusions

Our data showed that the intratracheal transfer of the IL‐10 gene could affect the recruitment of inflammatory cells during the challenge phase in a way that would result in the inhibition of airway inflammation. These findings suggest that the development of an immunoregulatory strategy based on IL‐10 might shed light on more effective treatment. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time‐resolved investigation of the ν1 ro‐vibrational Raman band of H2CO with fs‐CARS
Authors: Walser A. M. , Beaud P. , Radi P. P. , Tulej M. , Gerber T. , Knopp G.
Published: October 2006

The technique of femtosecond time‐resolved coherent anti‐Stokes scattering (fs‐CARS) is used to investigate the strongly perturbed ν1 ro‐vibrational Raman band of formaldehyde (H2CO). The time‐dependent signal is simulated using a ‘Watson‐’Hamiltonian in A‐type reduction and Raman theory for asymmetric rotors. The results are compared with the experimental data. The fs‐CARS method measures the evolution of the polarization in a molecular ensemble via superposition of many states and is sensitive to spectral irregularities or line shifts of the involved transitions. ‘Coriolis’ interactions play a major role in the analysis of the ν1 band of formaldehyde. We successfully simulate the fs‐CARS transient signal from the ν1 band of formaldehyde including a model for multiple ‘Coriolis’ interactions, without the necessity of describing the complete interaction between all the vibrational levels. ‘Coriolis’ coupling coefficients and energy shifts are derived from the experiment by a least‐square fit. The results are discussed and compared to literature values. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Loss of essential oil of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) due to drying
Authors: Arabhosseini Akbar , Padhye Sudhakar , van Beek Teris A , van Boxtel Anton JB , Huisman Willem , Posthumus Maarten A , Müller Joachim
Published: October 2006

The effect of hot air‐drying on the essential oil constituents and yield in French and Russian tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L.) leaves was studied. The tarragon leaves were dried at air temperatures ranging from 40 to 90 °C. The drying stopped when the moisture content of the samples reached 10% or for some of the treatments reached 7, 20 and 30%. The essential oil of the fresh and dried leaves was isolated by hydrodistillation and analysed by capillary gas chromatography and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. The decrease of oil during the drying process was highest at 60 °C drying temperature. For French tarragon the decrease in the amount of oil was significantly lower at 90 °C. The effect of the relative humidity of the drying air at each temperature was not significant. The main compounds were estragole in French tarragon (69%) and sabinene in Russian tarragon (40%). The drying process changed the relative percentage of the constituents in the oil; for instance, the relative percentages of estragole decreased and sabinene increased in French tarragon. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Antigone Remembers: Dramaturgical Analysis and Oedipus Tyrannos
Authors: ROKEM FREDDIE
Published: October 2006

Dramaturgical analysis brings together theoretical issues of hermeneutics, text analysis and performance theory with practical, creative work in the theatre. It is a complex, heterogeneous activity connecting research and practice and is designed to reflect on, as well as to develop and enhance, creative work in the theatre. The aim of dramaturgical analysis, as it is examined here, is to open up new dimensions for productions of classical texts, by trying to illuminate these texts from new and innovative perspectives and laying the basis for integrative scenic images that can later be developed for the actual stage interpretation of this text. This article addresses some of the issues concerning dramaturgical analysis by examining the process that led up to a production of Sophocles' Oedipus Tyrannos where the author worked with the Swedish director Leif Stinnerbom, the artistic director of the small and highly respected Västanå Theatre located in the Swedish province of Värmland. The Oedipus Tyrannos production analysed here was performed at the Odense municipal theatre in Denmark in 1999, where Stinnerbom was invited as a guest director.
Spatial distribution and frequency of lightning activity and lightning flash density maps for Australia
Authors: Kuleshov Yuriy , Mackerras David , Darveniza Mat
Published: October 2006

The spatial distribution and frequency of lightning activity in Australia have been analyzed using lightning data obtained by ground‐based lightning detection instruments denoted CIGRE‐500 and CGR3 and by NASA satellite‐based instruments denoted OTD and LIS. The geographical distribution of lightning incidence is described by a map of total lightning flash density, Nt (i.e., cloud‐to‐ground and intracloud flashes). A high level of lightning activity, Nt > 10 km−2yr−1, is observed in the northern parts of Australia, and a decrease in total flash density occurs southward to Nt < 5 km−2yr−1 in the central and southern parts of Australia. The peak lightning occurrence is in the northwestern part of the Australian continent with Nt values up to about 35 km−2yr−1 centered around 16°S 126°E. A reduction in Nt by a factor of about 10 for a change in latitude from 10°S to 40°S was found, which is in agreement with the earlier studies. The data from all the sources were used to estimate the cloud flash‐to‐ground flash ratio, Z, which at the studied localities was found to be in a range of values from 0.75 to 7.7. We concluded that for the range of latitude over Australia the most representative value of Z is about 2 ± 30%, and it is relatively independent of latitude. We used this to develop a map of average annual lightning ground flash density, Ng, the first for Australia. Ng varies from over 6 km−2yr−1 in the northern parts of Australia to about 1 km−2yr−1 and below in the southern parts.
Application of a dual deposition mode model to evaluate transport of Escherichia coli D21 in porous media
Authors: Tufenkji Nathalie
Published: October 2006

Controlled laboratory‐scale column deposition experiments were conducted using a well‐characterized mutant of the Escherichia coli (E. coli) K12 strain to obtain insight into the mechanisms that give rise to the observed deviation from classical colloid filtration theory (CFT). Both the suspended effluent bacteria concentration and the spatial distribution of retained bacteria were systematically measured over a wide range of solution conditions using columns packed with spherical glass beads. Calculations of Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek (DLVO) interaction energies based on measured cell zeta potentials indicated that the bacteria should experience considerable repulsive interaction forces when approaching the glass bead surface. In spite of these predictions, bacterial adhesion was observed even at the lowest solution ionic strength investigated (3 mM) and increased with solution salt concentration. Comparison of these results with measurements obtained using model colloidal particles (polystyrene latex microspheres) and a different microbe (Cryptosporidium parvum) suggested that another non‐DLVO‐type interaction may be contributing to the observed deposition behavior. Furthermore, predictions based on a discrete dual deposition mode (DDM) model disagreed with measured fractions of released cells. Taken together, the experimental and modeling results suggest that the deposition behavior of bacteria in saturated porous media is influenced by additional interaction mechanism(s) or factors not considered in classical DLVO theory, such as local charge heterogeneities of the cell membrane and surface biomolecule‐specific interactions.
Strong capping inversion over the Tokyo metropolitan area associated with airborne Asian dust
Authors: Tsunematsu Nobumitsu , Sakai Tetsu , Nagai Tomohiro
Published: October 2006

Lidar measurements in the Tokyo metropolitan area showed that the optical thickness of airborne Asian dust rapidly increased on the morning of April 28, 2005, owing to the arrival of a thick Asian dust layer (ADL), which settled on the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Radiosonde measurements showed that atmospheric temperature in the lower troposphere increased considerably after the arrival of the ADL to the extent that the increment rate reached 12 K/day. Strong capping inversion (CI) was thus formed between the ADL and the PBL with the maximum rate of 0.1 K/m. It was mainly caused by the appearance of a deep isentropic layer that well corresponded to the ADL, indicating that the Asian dust‐laden heated and well‐mixed air layer led to the temperature increment and consequently induced the CI. The CI inhibited the PBL evolution and caused a higher aerosol concentration in the PBL in the metropolitan area.
Photodissociation dynamics of CBr4 at 267nm by means of ion velocity imaging
Authors: Greene Jamila R. , Francisco Joseph S. , Xu Dadong , Huang Jianhua , Jackson William M.
Published: October 2006

The photodissociation dynamics of CBr4 at 267nm has been studied using time of flight (TOF) mass spectrometry and ion velocity imaging techniques. The photochemical products are detected with resonance enhanced multiphoton ionization (REMPI) as well as single-photon vacuum ultraviolet ionization at 118nm. REMPI at 266.65 and 266.71nm was used to detect the ground Br(P3∕22) and spin-orbit excited Br(P1∕22) atoms, respectively. The translational energy and angular distributions are consistent with direct dissociation from an excited triplet state and indirect dissociation from high vibrational levels on the singlet ground state surface. Br2+ ions are also observed in the TOF spectra with a focused 267nm laser. The counter fragment, CBr2+, is observed when this photolysis laser is unfocused, and photons at 118nm are used to ionize the radical products. The translational energy distributions of the CBr2+ and Br2+ products can be momentum matched, which indicates that molecular Br2 elimination is one of the primary dissociation channels.
Two-dimensional time resolved measurements of the electron temperature in MST
Authors: Franz P. , Bonomo F. , Marrelli L. , Martin P. , Piovesan P. , Spizzo G. , Chapman B. E. , Craig D. , Den Hartog D. J. , Goetz J. A. , O’Connell R. , Prager S. C. , Reyfman M. , Sarff J. S.
Published: October 2006

Two-dimensional (2D) time resolved images of the electron temperature profile in the core of the MST reversed field pinch plasma are presented. The measurements have been obtained with a soft x-ray (SXR) tomographic diagnostic comprised of four cameras, each with a multichannel photodiode array, viewing the plasma at different poloidal angles, with a total of 74 channels. The 2D electron temperature profile is estimated by simultaneously measuring the SXR emissivity through different beryllium foils, using the standard double-filter technique. With these methods, fast temperature variation in the core of the plasma (up to 100kHz) can be analyzed.
Observation of internal coherent mode structure using heavy ion beam probe
Authors: Ohshima Shinsuke , Fujisawa Akihide , Shimizu Akihiro , Nakano Haruhisa
Published: October 2006

A heavy ion beam probe (HIBP) can be used to investigate various mode structures. When a mode is distinct from the background turbulence, the spatial structure of the mode is easily determined by the fluctuation amplitude profile. On the other hand, even if the amplitude is too low to distinguish the mode from the background turbulence, the coherence between HIBP and magnetic probe signals is often sufficient to separate the coherent mode activity from the background. In the latter case, the mode profile can be inferred from the coherence. This article presents two methods for deducing the internal spatial mode structure using a HIBP in the compact helical system—a plasma toroidal confinement device.
Infrared spectroscopy of large ammonia clusters as a function of size
Authors: Steinbach Christof , Buck Udo , Beu Titus A.
Published: October 2006

We have measured the vibrational spectra of large ammonia (NH3)n clusters by photofragment spectroscopy in the spectral range from 3150to3450cm−1 for the average sizes ⟨n⟩=29, 80, 212, 447, and 989 and by depletion spectroscopy for ⟨n⟩=8. The spectra are dominated by peaks around 3385cm−1 which are attributed to the asymmetric ν3 NH-stretch mode. Two further peaks between 3200 and 3260cm−1 have about equal intensity for ⟨n⟩=8 and 29, but only about 0.40 of the intensity of the ν3 peak for the larger sizes. The spectra for the smallest and largest size agree with those obtained by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy in slit jet expansion and collision cells, respectively. By accompanying calculation we demonstrate that the energetic order of the spectral features originating from the bending overtone 2ν4 and the symmetric NH-stretch ν1 in the range from 3150to3450cm−1 is changed between n=10 and 100, while the asymmetric NH-stretch ν3 only exhibits a moderate redshift. The reason is the coupling of the ground state modes to the overtones.
Low half-wave voltage and high electro-optic effect in hybrid polymer/sol-gel waveguide modulators
Authors: Enami Y. , DeRose C. T. , Loychik C. , Mathine D. , Norwood R. A. , Luo J. , Jen A. K.-Y. , Peyghambarian N.
Published: October 2006

The authors report on hybrid electro-optic (EO) polymer–sol-gel modulators with low half-wave voltage (Vπ) and low insertion loss. Larger EO coefficient r33 results from the high poling field achieved when EO polymer is sandwiched between sol-gel cladding layers. The reduced interelectrode distance (d) resulting from the elimination of the sol-gel core layer in the active region further reduces Vπ. Straight channel phase modulators operate with Vπ=4.2V at 1550nm using a reduced d of 11.5μm, which corresponds to an r33 of 78pm∕V, among the highest r33 reported. The authors also examine a Mach-Zehnder modulator with Vπ=3.9V using a conventional d of 15μm.
Kinetics of the chlorination of azobenzene and comparison with azoxybenzene
Authors: Ahmed KA , Hanhela PJ , Hassan M , Miller J , Paul DB
Published: October 2006

The activating effect of
the phenylazo substituent in electrophilic substitution has been examined. The
rates and partial rate factors for chlorination of azobenzene with molecular
chlorine and protonated chlorine acetate have been determined relative to benzene.
Whereas the chlorine acetate reaction proceeds readily (relative rate 4900)
there is virtually no activation to chlorination by molecular chlorine.
Complexes between azobenzene and bromine were, however, isolated and chatacterized.
Their formation implies that during molecular halogenation reactions the
electrophile is essentially unavailable. The relative chlorination rates for
azobenzene and azoxybenzene have also been established: the phenylazo group is
more activating towards protonated chlorine acetate whereas azoxybenzene (which
does not complex with halogens) is the more reactive with molecular chlorine.
The chlorination results confirm the versatility of the phenylazo group which
is the first substituent for which kinetic data have been obtained quantifying
activation of aromatic electrophilic, radical and nucleophilic substitution.
Some reactions of 2-ethenyl-4,4-Ethylenedioxy-1-methylcyclohex-1-ene prepared by pyrolysis of 5,5-Ethylenedioxy-7a-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-inden-1(7aH)-one
Authors: Brown RFC , Burge GL , Collins DJ
Published: October 2006

Flash vacuum pyrolysis of
5,5-ethylenedioxy-7a-methyl-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-2H-inden-1(7aH)-one (2) at 630�
gave a good yield of 2-ethenyl-4,4-ethylenedioxy-1-methylcyclohex-1-ene (6),
but at 740� p-cresol was the major product. The diene acetal (6) was also obtained
by pyrolysis of 5,5-ethylene- dioxy-lβ-hydroxy-7a-methyl-1,2,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-4H-indene-1α-carbonitrile (3) at 600�. Pyrolytic reactions of
7a-methyl-2,3,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-indene-1,5(6H)-dione (1),
5,5-ethylenedithio-7a- methyl-2,3,5,6,7,7a-hexahydro-1H-inden-1-one (7) and of
1,1-ethylenedioxy-3,5,5-trimethylcyclohex- 3-ene (8) are also described. Mild
hydrolysis of the diene acetal (6) afforded
3-ethenyl-4-methylcyclohex-3-en-1-one (9) which upon brief treatment with dry
hydrogen chloride in chloroform at 0� gave, after preparative thin-layer
chromatography, a low yield of pure 3-ethenyl-4-methylcyclohex-2-en-1-one (11).
The diene acetal (6) failed to undergo Diels-Alder reactions, even at high
pressures with Lewis acid catalysts, and it reacted anomalously with two
molecules of 4-phenyl-1,2,4-triazoline-3,5-dione; the isomeric diene acetal
1-ethenyl-3,3-ethylenedioxy-6-methylcyclohex-1-ene (18) gave the expected
Diels-Alder adduct with this reagent.