bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of biodiversity‐conservation marketing
Authors: Ryan Jillian , Mellish Sarah , Dorrian Jillian , Winefield Tony , Litchfield Carla
Published: July 2019

Conservation marketing holds potential as a means to engage audiences with biodiversity conservation and help to address the human dimensions of biodiversity loss. Empirical evaluations of conservation marketing indicatives are growing, so we reviewed the literature on this research to inform future directions in the field. We used a systematic search strategy to identify studies that evaluated the effects of conservation marketing interventions (techniques and campaigns) on psychosocial outcomes, categorized as cognitive, affective, or behavioral. Six academic databases (Business Source Complete, Communication & Mass Media Complete, Greenfile, Proquest, Scopus, and Web of Science Core Collections), 3 gray‐literature databases (BASE, Zenodo, and Google Scholar), and 2 websites (Rare and WildAid) were searched. Articles were subjected to critical appraisal to assess their methodological quality, and data were extracted from each article and analyzed using narrative synthesis. Altogether 28 studies from 26 articles were included in the review. Twenty‐five studies were conducted from 2014 through 2016. Methodological quality of most studies was weak (n = 16, 57%) (moderate quality n = 8, 29%; high quality n = 4, 14%). The proportion of studies that evaluated a conservation‐marketing technique (e.g., variants of texts, images, or videos) versus a campaign (e.g., community‐based campaigns targeting locally relevant issues, such as unsustainable palm oil agriculture, light pollution, or wood fuel fire use) was relatively balanced. Although many studies reported statistically significant results in the intended direction, the utility of findings was limited by persistent methodological limitations, such as a lack of a comparator group, use of non‐validated assessment tools, and a focus on self‐reported data and subjective outcomes. Conservation marketing is clearly a nascent field of scientific enquiry that warrants further, high‐quality research investigations.
An ambient intelligence approach for learning in smart robotic environments
Authors: Bacciu Davide , Di Rocco Maurizio , Dragone Mauro , Gallicchio Claudio , Micheli Alessio , Saffiotti Alessandro
Published: July 2019

Smart robotic environments combine traditional (ambient) sensing devices and mobile robots. This combination extends the type of applications that can be considered, reduces their complexity, and enhances the individual values of the devices involved by enabling new services that cannot be performed by a single device. To reduce the amount of preparation and preprogramming required for their deployment in real‐world applications, it is important to make these systems self‐adapting. The solution presented in this paper is based upon a type of compositional adaptation where (possibly multiple) plans of actions are created through planning and involve the activation of pre‐existing capabilities. All the devices in the smart environment participate in a pervasive learning infrastructure, which is exploited to recognize which plans of actions are most suited to the current situation. The system is evaluated in experiments run in a real domestic environment, showing its ability to proactively and smoothly adapt to subtle changes in the environment and in the habits and preferences of their user(s), in presence of appropriately defined performance measuring functions.
Glycaemic target attainment in people with Type 2 diabetes treated with insulin glargine/lixisenatide fixed‐ratio combination: a post hoc analysis of the LixiLan‐O and LixiLan‐L trials
Authors: Davidson J. A. , Desouza C. , Fonseca V. , Frias J. P. , Van Gaal L. , Giorgino F. , Chao J. , Dex T. A. , Roberts M. , Saremi A. , Leiter L. A.
Published: July 2019

Aims

Both fasting (FPG) and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) contribute to HbA1c levels. We investigated the relationship between achievement of American Diabetes Association (ADA) and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) recommended FPG and/or PPG targets and glycaemic efficacy outcomes in two trials.

Methods

In this post hoc analysis, data from participants with Type 2 diabetes in the phase 3 LixiLan‐O (NCT 02058147) and LixiLan‐L (NCT 02058160) trials were evaluated to compare the relationship between achievement of society‐recommended FPG and/or PPG targets and efficacy (HbA1c change, HbA1c goal attainment, weight change) and safety outcomes in the treatment groups.

Results

Across treatment arms, iGlarLixi achieved the highest proportion of participants meeting both ADA‐ and AACE‐recommended FPG and PPG targets at study end in both trials. A higher proportion of participants in the iGlarLixi (fixed‐ratio combination of insulin glargine and lixisenatide) vs. insulin glargine alone or lixisenatide alone treatment arms achieved HbA1c goals (P < 0.001 for overall comparisons), irrespective of ADA‐ or AACE‐defined targets. Hypoglycaemia rates [any, documented symptomatic (plasma glucose ≤ 3.9 mmol/l), and clinically important (plasma glucose < 3.0 mmol/l)] were low across all groups. Participants treated with iGlarLixi tended to show weight loss or less weight gain compared with participants receiving insulin glargine alone. No differences were observed in average daily basal insulin dose at week 30 between the two treatment arms or across the different FPG and PPG target groups.

Conclusion

Insulin glargine and lixisenatide as a fixed‐ratio combination resulted in more participants reaching both FPG and PPG targets, leading to better HbA1c target attainment.
Implementing simple algorithms to improve glucose and lipid management in people with diabetes and acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Lan N. S. R. , Fegan P. G. , Rankin J. M. , Bell D. A. , Watts G. F. , Yeap B. B.
Published: July 2019

Aim

Diabetes mellitus is associated with increased risk of adverse outcomes following acute coronary syndrome. Translating evidence‐based recommendations into practice is necessary to improve outcomes. We evaluated whether implementing algorithms to guide inpatient care improved glycaemic control, and increased use of sodium–glucose co‐transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and lipid‐lowering medication in a tertiary cardiac unit.

Method

A 3‐month audit (phase 1) was conducted to evaluate hyperglycaemia and dyslipidaemia management, and medication prescriptions. Consecutive people with diabetes admitted for acute coronary syndrome were prospectively identified. Target blood glucose level was defined as 5–10 mmol/l. A multidisciplinary committee designed and implemented decision‐support algorithms plus education. A 3‐month post‐implementation audit (phase 2) was conducted.

Results

There were 104 people in phase 1 and 101 in phase 2, with similar characteristics [HbA1c 64 ± 20 mmol/mol vs. 61 ± 21 mmol/mol (8.0 ± 1.8% vs. 7.8 ± 1.9%]. Post implementation, the incidence of blood glucose levels > 10 mmol/l was lower [phase 1: 46.4% vs. phase 2: 31.8%, rate ratio (RR) = 0.77, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.60–0.98; P = 0.031], without a difference in blood glucose levels < 5mmol/l (phase 1: 4.9% vs. phase 2: 4.5%, RR = 1.20, 95% CI 0.70–2.08; P = 0.506). SGLT2 inhibitor prescriptions increased significantly (baseline to discharge: 12.5% to 15.4% vs. 7.9% to 24.8%; P = 0.007) but high‐intensity statin prescriptions did not (baseline to discharge: 35.6% to 72.1% vs. 40.6% to 85.1%; P = 0.074). Prescription rates of non‐statin lipid‐lowering medications were not significantly increased.

Conclusions

Implementing decision‐support algorithms was associated with improved inpatient glycaemic control and increased use of cardioprotective therapies at discharge in people with diabetes and acute coronary syndrome.
Glucagon‐like peptide‐2 mobilizes lipids from the intestine by a systemic nitric oxide‐independent mechanism
Authors: Xiao Changting , Stahel Priska , Morgantini Cecilia , Nahmias Avital , Dash Satya , Lewis Gary F.
Published: July 2019

Aim

To test the hypothesis that gut hormone glucagon‐like peptide‐2 (GLP‐2) mobilizes intestinal triglyceride (TG) stores and stimulates chylomicron secretion by a nitric oxide (NO)‐dependent mechanism in humans.

Methods

In a randomized, single‐blind, cross‐over study, 10 healthy male volunteers ingested a high‐fat formula followed, 7 hours later, by one of three treatments: NO synthase inhibitor L‐NG‐monomethyl arginine acetate (L‐NMMA) + GLP‐2 analogue teduglutide, normal saline + teduglutide, or L‐NMMA + placebo. TG in plasma and lipoprotein fractions were measured, along with measurement of blood flow in superior mesenteric and coeliac arteries using Doppler ultrasound in six participants.

Results

Teduglutide rapidly increased mesenteric blood flow and TG concentrations in plasma, in TG‐rich lipoproteins, and most robustly in chylomicrons. L‐NMMA significantly attenuated teduglutide‐induced enhancement of mesenteric blood flow but not TG mobilization and chylomicron secretion.

Conclusions

GLP‐2 mobilization of TG stores and stimulation of chylomicron secretion from the small intestine appears to be independent of systemic NO in humans.
Durability of glycaemic control with dapagliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, compared with saxagliptin, a DPP4 inhibitor, in patients with inadequately controlled type 2 diabetes
Authors: Bailey Clifford J. , Del Prato Stefano , Wei Cheryl , Reyner Daniel , Saraiva Gabriela
Published: July 2019

Dapagliflozin is associated with greater reductions in HbA1c and weight than saxagliptin in management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The present post hoc analyses compared the durability of these effects over short‐ and long‐term follow‐up in patients with T2DM who were inadequately controlled with metformin (≥1500 mg/day) and who were receiving either dapagliflozin (10 mg/day) or saxagliptin (5 mg/day). Failure of glycaemiccontrol was assessed using the slope of the change in HbA1c from baseline‐over‐time regression line (coefficient of failure [CoF]). CoF was compared directly (dapagliflozin vs saxagliptin) over the short term (NCT01606007, 24 weeks) and indirectly (placebo‐adjusted) over the long term (NCT00528879 and NCT00121667, 102 weeks). A low CoF value indicated greater durability. CoF was lower for dapagliflozin versus saxagliptin over 18–24 weeks (−1.38%/year; 95% CI, −2.41 to −0.35; P = .009) and 20–102 weeks (−0.37%/year; 95% CI, −0.73 to −0.02; P = .04). Fewer dapagliflozin‐treated patients versus saxagliptin‐treated patients required rescue medication or discontinued the study because of failure to achieve glycaemic control at 24 weeks (3.4% vs 9.4%; P = .0191). In patients with T2DM who were inadequately controlled with metformin, dapagliflozin was associated with greater durability of glycaemic control than saxagliptin over 18–24 and 20–102 weeks.
Glycaemic variability: The under‐recognized therapeutic target in type 1 diabetes care
Authors: Wilmot Emma G. , Choudhary Pratik , Leelarathna Lalantha , Baxter Mike
Published: July 2019

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) remains one of the most challenging long‐term conditions to manage. Despite robust evidence to demonstrate that near normoglycaemia minimizes, but does not completely eliminate, the risk of complications, its achievement has proved almost impossible in a real‐world setting. HbA1c to date has been used as the gold standard marker of glucose control and has been shown to reflect directly the risk of diabetes complications. However, it has been recognized that HbA1c is a crude marker of glucose control. Continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) provides the ability to measure and observe inter‐ and intraday glycaemic variability (GV), a more meaningful measure of glycaemic control, more relevant to daily living for those with T1DM. This paper reviews the relationship between GV and hypoglycaemia, and micro‐ and macrovascular complications. It also explores the impact on GV of CGM, insulin pumps, closed‐loop technologies, and newer insulins and adjunctive therapies. Looking to the future, there is an argument that GV should become a key determinant of therapeutic success. Further studies are required to investigate the pathological and psychological benefits of reducing GV.
Effect of once‐weekly dulaglutide versus insulin glargine in people with type 2 diabetes and different baseline glycaemic patterns: A post hoc analysis of the AWARD‐2 clinical trial
Authors: Giorgino Francesco , Yu Maria , Haupt Axel , Milicevic Zvonko , García‐Pérez Luis‐Emilio
Published: July 2019

The long‐acting glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist dulaglutide acts by stimulating insulin secretion and reducing glucagon levels in a glucose‐dependent manner both in the fasting and postprandial states, resulting in reductions of both fasting glucose (FG) and postprandial glucose (PPG). In contrast, the main mechanism of action of basal insulin is to reduce elevated FG by inhibiting hepatic glucose production. The aim of the present post hoc analysis of the phase 3 AWARD‐2 trial was to investigate whether specific baseline glycaemic patterns respond differentially to dulaglutide compared to insulin glargine (glargine). We categorized participants into four subgroups based on prespecified glucose thresholds and their baseline FG and daily 2‐hour mean PPG: low FG/low PPG; low FG/high PPG; high FG/low PPG; and high FG/high PPG. Changes in glycaemic measures in response to treatment with dulaglutide or glargine were evaluated in each subgroup. At 52 weeks, significant reductions from baseline in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) were observed in all subgroups with dulaglutide 1.5 mg and with glargine (all P < .05), except in patients with low FG/low PPG who received glargine. Greater HbA1c reductions were observed with dulaglutide 1.5 mg compared to glargine in all subgroups (all P ≤ .05), except in the low FG/high PPG subgroup.
Interspecific plant functional variation prevails over intraspecific variation in driving spider beta diversity
Authors: Gusmão Paulo H. P. , Sena Pedro H. A. , Bernabé Tiago N. , Ouchi‐Melo Lilian S. , Gonçalves‐Souza Thiago
Published: July 2019

1. Non‐trophic interactions between plants and animals can affect community structure and species trait composition. However, it is unclear how changes in intra‐ and interspecific morphological traits of plant species affect non‐trophic interactions at a metacommunity scale. Additionally, whether plant evolutionary history determines taxonomic and functional diversity of plant‐dwelling predators is an open question.

2. To address these gaps, this study used a published dataset with spiders dwelling exclusively on bromeliads to investigate if: (i) intra‐ and interspecific variability in host plant morphological traits affects spider taxonomic and functional diversity; and (ii) bromeliad trait evolution determines present‐day patterns of spider trait diversity.

3. Spider and bromeliad traits were measured, and a new statistical framework was used to quantify the response of spider beta diversity to intra‐ and interspecific variation in bromeliad traits. In addition, bromeliad traits were decomposed across its phylogenetic tree to check whether the current variation in morphological traits of bromeliads is a result of either ancestral or recent diversification.

4. Bromeliad intraspecific variation did not affect spiders, but leaf length variation between bromeliad species had a positive effect on spider functional beta diversity. Interestingly, the most ancestral split between two subfamilies explained most of the variation in bromeliad species, which suggests that spider functional diversity could represent an outcome of bromeliad evolutionary history.

5. Overall, the results of this study suggest that interactions between plants and organisms that do not feed directly on their tissues could be shaped by plant evolutionary history, which in turn suggests that non‐trophic interactions can be maintained over time.
Effect of endomorphin‐2 on orofacial pain induced by orthodontic tooth movement in rats
Authors: Liu Sixin , Liu Lu , Jiang Yanlu , Zhou Jing , Hu Huimin , Wu Zhouqiang , Long Hu , Lai Wenli
Published: July 2019

Endomorphin‐2 demonstrates potent antinociceptive effects in various pain models. The objectives of the present study were to explore the role of endomorphin‐2 in the modulation of orofacial pain induced by orthodontic tooth movement in rats. An orthodontic pain model was established in male Sprague‐Dawley rats by ligating coiled springs to mimic orthodontic force (40 g). On days 0, 1, 3, 5, 7, and 14 following orthodontic tooth movement, bite force was recorded as a surrogate measure of orthodontic pain. Ipsilateral trigeminal ganglia, trigeminal nucleus caudalis, and periodontal tissues were harvested for immunostaining. Endomorphin‐2, endomorphin‐2 + naloxone (a non‐selective opioid receptor antagonist), naloxone, and saline were injected into trigeminal ganglia and periodontal tissues to explore the role of endomorphin‐2 on orthodontic pain. The results showed that following orthodontic tooth movement, endomorphin‐2 expression levels in trigeminal ganglia were elevated on days 1, 3, 5, and 7. Orthodontic pain levels were increased on days 1, 3, and 5. The administration of endomorphin‐2 into both trigeminal ganglia and periodontal tissues alleviated orthodontic pain. Moreover, the effects of endomorphin‐2 could be blocked by naloxone completely in trigeminal ganglia but only partially in periodontal tissues. Therefore, endomorphin‐2 plays an important role in the modulation of orthodontic pain both centrally and peripherally, probably through different pathways.
MiR‐424 prevents astrogliosis after cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in elderly mice by enhancing repressive H3K27me3 via NFIA/DNMT1 signaling
Authors: Zhao Haiping , Li Guangwen , Wang Rongliang , Tao Zhen , Zhang Sijia , Li Fangfang , Han Ziping , Li Lingzhi , Liu Ping , Luo Yumin
Published: July 2019

Global DNA and histone methylation patterns in astrocytes following ischemia are influenced by age; however, it is unknown whether aberrant methylation can induce reactive astrogliosis after ischemic stroke in elderly rodents. Here we showed that phosphorylated signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) level increased along with that of the astrogliosis marker glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) on days 1, 3, and 14 post‐reperfusion in 9‐month‐old male mice with middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO). Methylation of the STAT3 binding site in the GFAP gene promoter was increased in these mice on days 3 and 14 postreperfusion. The repressive modification histone 3 lysine 27 trimethylation (H3K27me3) was decreased, whereas the permissive modification histone 3 lysine 4 trimethylation was increased in GFAP‐positive cells in the ipsilateral cortex. Furthermore, DNA methyltransferase 1 (DNMT1) expression in astrocytes was upregulated in the ischemic brain. In primary astrocyte cultures, the microRNA miR‐424 was found to target nuclear factor IA (NFIA); miR‐424 agomir increased DNMT1 and H3K27me3 levels in U87 cells subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation and induced cell cycle arrest in primary astrocytes while suppressing reactive astrocytosis, thereby preserving the structure of neurons and their axons in MCAO mice. These results demonstrate that miR‐424 prevents astrogliosis following cerebral ischemia/reperfusion in elderly mice by enhancing H3K27me3 via NFIA/DNMT1 signaling.
Expert opinion on the status and stressors of brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis, in Ontario
Authors: Haxton Tim , Ball Helen , Armstrong Kim
Published: July 2019

Ontario supports a vast fisheries resource with an abundance of lakes, rivers and streams. A landscape approach to management informed by a broad‐scale monitoring programme has been initiated to assess the status of fisheries within lakes. However, not all species are assessed by this programme, and there is no provincial monitoring of species inhabiting rivers and streams. As such, changes in the status of a species such as brook trout, Salvelinus fontinalis (Mitchill), could be entirely missed. Brook trout is a highly valued and sought after species by anglers within the province, but there are concerns the species is declining. Given the paucity of broad, empirical data, the status and trends of brook trout across the province have been based on expert opinion at multiple local scales. In 2016, a online questionnaire was sent to brook trout experts to determine status, stressors, management approaches and assess risks (magnitude and probability) to lake and river/stream populations in different geographic areas of Ontario. A Bayesian network was used to analyse responses and develop a risk assessment based on expert opinion for brook trout at multiple scales within the province.
Critical Disability Studies: Looking Back and Forward
Authors: Fine Michelle
Published: July 2019

This epilogue is written in three voices. I reflect back, in conversation with Adrienne Asch, on the history of critical disability studies in psychology; then I thank Kathleen R. Bogart and Dana S. Dunn as I review the magnificent set of articles in the volume centering the construct ableism, and finally I write to the next generation of dis/crit scholars on how we might democratize, decolonize, and curate psychological inquiries on ableism and in solidarity with disability justice. Drafted as a love letter to the late Adrienne Asch, the essay considers where we have come, and where we have yet to go, as a field that takes seriously and takes to task the role that professional psychology has played in constructing, and segregating, disabled persons. The essay ends with ethical and epistemological musings about our obligation to animate a radically engaged, intersectional, critical, participatory, and provocative assemblage of research that is at once anti‐ableist and crafted toward disability justice.
Clinical characteristics and outcome of dogs with presumed primary renal lymphoma
Authors: Taylor A. , Finotello R. , Vilar‐Saavedra P. , Couto C. G. , Benigni L. , Lara‐Garcia A.
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To characterise the presentation, clinicopathologic data and outcome of 29 dogs with presumed primary renal lymphoma.

Materials and Methods

Retrospective analysis of medical records of dogs with suspected primary renal lymphoma from 11 institutions.

Results

All dogs were substage b, and lethargy and gastrointestinal signs were common presenting complaints, as were azotaemia (n=25; 86%) and erythrocytosis (n=15; 51%) on biochemical testing. Ultrasonography typically revealed bilateral renal lesions (n=23; 79%), renomegaly (n=22; 76%) and abdominal lymphadenopathy (n=14; 48%). Chemotherapy was the only treatment in 23 dogs, of which 11 responded, all considered partial responses. For all dogs the median progression‐free survival and median overall survival times were 10 days (range: 1 to 126) and 12 days (range: 1 to 212), respectively, and for dogs that responded to chemotherapy 41 days (range: 10 to 126) and 47 days (range: 10 to 212), respectively.

Clinical Significance

Primary renal lymphoma in dogs appears to be associated with a poor prognosis and short‐lived response to chemotherapy.
Signal coordination before, during and after stomatal closure in response to drought stress
Authors: Huber Annika E. , Melcher Peter J. , Piñeros Miguel A. , Setter Tim L. , Bauerle Taryn L.
Published: July 2019

Signal coordination in response to changes in water availability remains unclear, as does the role of embolism events in signaling drought stress.

Sunflowers were exposed to two drought treatments of varying intensity while simultaneously monitoring changes in stomatal conductance, acoustic emissions (AE), turgor pressure, surface‐level electrical potential, organ‐level water potential and leaf abscisic acid (ABA) concentration. Leaf, stem and root xylem vulnerability to embolism were measured with the single vessel injection technique.

In both drought treatments, it was found that AE events and turgor changes preceded the onset of stomatal closure, whereas electrical surface potentials shifted concurrently with stomatal closure. Leaf‐level ABA concentration did not change until after stomata were closed. Roots and petioles were equally vulnerable to drought stress based on the single vessel injection technique. However, anatomical analysis of the xylem indicated that the increased AE events were not a result of xylem embolism formation. Additionally, roots and stems never reached a xylem pressure threshold that would initiate runaway embolism throughout the entire experiment.

It is concluded that stomatal closure was not embolism‐driven, but, rather, that onset of stomatal closure was most closely correlated with the hydraulic signal from changes in leaf turgor.
The changing landscape of the philosophy of medicine
Authors: Delehanty Megan
Published: July 2019

The philosophy of medicine is an area that has experienced significant growth and change in the last decade or so. While usually thought to be distinct from bioethics, the philosophy of medicine addresses a wide range of questions having to do with epistemology, metaphysics, and values. In this survey, I use the concept of the reference class to draw connections between a number of questions of longstanding and of more recent concern in the philosophy of medicine. By focusing on the way in which the reference class plays a role in questions and approaches that sometimes seem to be at odds with one another, I hope to illustrate the ways in which these oppositions are less complete than they might at first appear, and to show how the connections between different problems are being redrawn.
Contrastivism and non‐contrastivism in scientific explanation
Authors: Shan Yafeng
Published: July 2019

The nature of scientific explanation is controversial. Some maintain that all scientific explanations have to be contrastive in nature (contrastivism). However, others argue that no scientific explanation is genuinely contrastive (non‐contrastivism). In addition, a compatibilist view has been recently devloped. It is argued that the debate between contrastivism and non‐contrastivism is merely a linguistic dispute rather than a genuine disagreement on the nature of scientific explanation. Scientific explanations are both contrastive and non‐contrastive in some sense (compatibilism). This paper examines the debate between contrastivism and non‐contrastivism in scientific explanation. It begins with a critical review of the arguments for contrastivism, for non‐contrastivism, and for compatibilism and concludes with some remarks on the prospect of the issue.
Influence of green light at night on Juvenile hormone in the oriental armyworm Mythimna separata (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Kim Kil‐Nam , Sin Un‐Chol , Jo Yun‐Chol , Huang Zhi‐Juan , Hassan Ali , Huang Qiu‐Ying , Lei Chao‐Liang
Published: July 2019

The oriental armyworm Mythimna separata is an agricultural insect pest in Eastern Asia. Mythimna separata moths have a high phototactic response to green (520 nm) light. The biological characteristics of insects living under light of a specific wavelength at night can change and, accordingly, Juvenile hormone (JH) levels may be influenced by this light. The present study evaluates changes in the total JH levels at different developmental stages (larvae, pupae and adults) of M. separata reared under green light with different exposure periods at night (or dark period). The results show that, when the exposure time per day of the green light at night is extended, the JH levels in the final‐instar larvae (22 days) and older age pupae (8 days) are significantly reduced, and the JH levels in earlier age pupae (4 days) and adults (3, 6 and 9 days) are significantly increased, compared with groups not exposed to green light. Additionally, the JH level of male moths significantly differs from that of the female moths. We suggest that the JH level of M. separata insects could be regulated by the green light at night (or dark period). The findings of the present study will help to explain the relationship between the light environment and biological characteristics in nocturnal moths.
Risks of preterm birth among non‐Hispanic black and non‐Hispanic white women: Effect modification by maternal age
Authors: Keiser Amaris M. , Salinas Yasmmyn D. , DeWan Andrew T. , Hawley Nicola L. , Donohue Pamela K. , Strobino Donna M.
Published: July 2019

Background

Preterm birth (PTB) disproportionately affects African American compared with Caucasian women, although reasons for this disparity remain unclear. Some suggest that a differential effect of maternal age by race/ethnicity, especially at older maternal ages, may explain disparities.

Objective

To determine whether the relationship between maternal age and preterm birth varies by race/ethnicity among primiparae non‐Hispanic blacks (NHB) and non‐Hispanic whites (NHW).

Methods

A cross‐sectional study of 367 081 singleton liveborn first births to NHB and NHW women in California from 2008 to 2012 was conducted. Rate ratios (RR) were estimated for PTB and its subtypes—spontaneous and clinician‐initiated—after adjusting for confounders through Poisson regression. Universal age/race reference groups (NHW, 25‐29 years) and race‐specific reference groups (NHW or NHB, 25‐29 years) were used for comparisons.

Results

Among all women, RR of PTB was highest at the extremes of age (<15 and ≥40 years). Among NHBs, the risk of PTB was higher than among NHWs at all maternal ages (adjusted RR of PTB 1.38‐2.93 vs 0.98‐2.38). However, using race‐specific reference groups, the risk of PTB for NHB women (RR 0.91‐1.88) vs NHW women (RR 0.98‐2.39) was nearly identical at all maternal ages, with overlapping confidence intervals. Analyses did not demonstrate substantial divergence of risk with advancing maternal age. PTB, spontaneous PTB, and clinician‐initiated PTB demonstrated similar risk patterns at younger but not older maternal ages, where risk of clinician‐initiated PTB increased sharply for all women.

Conclusions

Primiparae NHBs demonstrated increased risk of PTB, spontaneous PTB, and clinician‐initiated PTB compared with NHWs at all maternal ages. However, RRs using race‐specific reference groups converged across maternal ages, indicating a similar independent effect of maternal age on PTB by race/ethnicity. A differential effect of maternal age does not appear to explain disparities in preterm birth by race/ethnicity.
Does Good Performance Reduce Bad Behavior? Antecedents of Ethnic Employment Discrimination in Public Organizations
Authors: Guul Thorbjørn Sejr , Villadsen Anders R. , Wulff Jesper N.
Published: July 2019

Equal treatment is a key feature of modern bureaucracy. However, several studies have shown that public organizations discriminate against ethnic and racial minorities to different degrees. Which organizational features explain differences in discrimination is largely unknown. This article proposes that organizational performance relates to an organization's likelihood of engaging in employment discrimination and argues that poor‐performing organizations tend to be less open to new ideas and that decision makers in such organizations are more prone to stereotyping behavior. The study combines a field experiment in which applications were sent to real job vacancies in 71 Danish public schools with administrative data on the schools. Bayesian analyses show that minority applicants generally faced discrimination but that they experienced a higher callback rate from better‐performing schools than from poorer‐performing schools. Implications for practice and research are discussed.
Rule‐takers, rule‐makers, or rule‐promoters? Turkey and Mexico's role as rising middle powers in global economic governance
Authors: Aydin Umut
Published: July 2019

Rising middle powers play increasingly active international roles, yet so far we lack systematic analyses of their aspirations and impact on global economic governance. This paper addresses this gap. I argue that the role that rising middle powers assume in global economic governance depends on the degree of alignment of their regulatory preferences with those of established powers, and on the strength of their regulatory institutions. If their preferences are aligned and they develop high regulatory capacity in an issue area, they will aspire to promote existing global rules in their own region. They will engage in regional rule‐promotion because of growing economic ties to their region, and also because their regulatory agencies are socialized into these rules within transgovernmental networks. I explore these arguments empirically through case studies of two rising middle powers, Turkey and Mexico, in the global governance of competition law and policy.
Reform of the UK Financial Policy Committee
Authors: Duncan Alfred , Nolan Charles
Published: July 2019

We argue that: The FPC should have a wider remit; a much broader membership (covering many specialisms); should be wholly independent of Government and outside the Bank of England; its aim should be to comment publicly and authoritatively on any possible areas of risk to financial stability while itself controlling few, if any, levers of policy. The rationale for these conclusions is that: Macroprudential/financial risks come from many sources; many of these sources are structural and outside of the Bank’s regulatory purview/competence; in a sense, the Bank gets to mark its own homework as regards issues such as the SMR, resolution, appropriateness of capital, effectiveness of ring‐fencing etc.; many aspects of macroprudential actions have distributional implications, and hence, politicians, not the Bank or any other body, should take and justify, or not, these decisions.
Cumulative spatial impact layers: A novel multivariate spatio‐temporal analytical summarization tool
Authors: Romeo Lucy , Nelson Jake , Wingo Patrick , Bauer Jennifer , Justman Devin , Rose Kelly
Published: July 2019

Scientific inquiry often requires analysis of multiple spatio‐temporal datasets, ranging in type and size, using complex multi‐step processes demanding an understanding of GIS theory and software. Cumulative spatial impact layers (CSIL) is a GIS‐based tool that summarizes spatio‐temporal datasets based on overlapping features and attributes. Leveraging a recursive quadtree method, and applying multiple additive frameworks, the CSIL tool allows users to analyze raster and vector datasets by calculating data, record, or attribute density. Providing an efficient and robust method for summarizing disparate, multi‐format, multi‐source geospatial data, CSIL addresses the need for a new integration approach and resulting geospatial product. The built‐in flexibility of the CSIL tool allows users to answer a range of spatially driven questions. Example applications are provided in this article to illustrate the versatility and variety of uses for this CSIL tool and method. Use cases include addressing regulatory decision‐making needs, economic modeling, and resource management. Performance reviews for each use case are also presented, demonstrating how CSIL provides a more efficient and robust approach to assess a range of multivariate spatial data for a variety of uses.
Polarization switching kinetics of the ferroelectric Al-doped HfO2 thin films prepared by atomic layer deposition with different ozone doses
Authors: Yoon So-Jung , Na So-Yeong , Moon Seung-Eon , Yoon Sung-Min
Published: July 2019

Ferroelectric switching kinetics of the Al-doped HfO2 (Al:HfO2) thin films prepared by the atomic layer deposition process were investigated by varying the dose time of oxygen precursor (O3). When the O3 dose time was reduced to 3 s, the Al:HfO2 films exhibited an enhanced remnant polarization (2Pr) of 10.2 μC/cm2 due to the suppression of the monoclinic phase and the increase in the ratio of oxygen vacancy. Double-pulse switching and the Kolmogorov–Avrami–Ishibashi model were used to obtain detailed quantitative information on the switching kinetics of the Al:HfO2 films. The estimated values of switching time and activation energy showed the strong dependence of O3 dose. This suggests that the O3 dose condition can be a key control parameter to modulate the ferroelectric polarization switching dynamics of the Al:HfO2 thin films.
Floquet topological acoustic resonators and acoustic Thouless pumping
Authors: Long Yang , Ren Jie
Published: July 2019

Constructing the topological states can serve as a promising approach for robust acoustic wave transports and manipulations. Here, the authors develop a scheme to realize acoustic topological states and adiabatic Thouless pumping in acoustic Floquet resonator systems. The directional acoustic wave can be robustly manipulated and pumped adiabatically from one side to the opposite side due to the non-trivial topological nature. The physical mechanism behind these phenomena can be understood by effective one-dimensional Aubry−André−Harper Hamiltonian, with an additional synthetic dimension originating from Floquet spatially periodic modulation. This Aubry−André−Harper acoustic resonator system can be regarded as a projection from a two-dimensional topological Hofstadter model for the integer quantum Hall effect. The authors' scheme provides a promising method for synthesizing acoustic topological states for efficient acoustic wave manipulations. Introducing the topological mechanism to the control wave will become an alternative method besides the conventional effective acoustic parameter methods.
Acoustic rat-race coupler and its applications in non-reciprocal systems
Authors: Zangeneh-Nejad Farzad , Fleury Romain
Published: July 2019

Waveguide hybrid junctions, such as Magic-T and rat-race couplers, have been of great interest in microwave technology not only for their applications in power monitoring, but also for design and synthesis of various non-reciprocal devices including electromagnetic circulators and isolators. Here, an acoustic rat-race coupler is designed and demonstrated for the first time, working on the basis of constructive and destructive interferences between the clockwise and counterclockwise of a ring resonator. It is then shown how the sound isolation provided by such a coupler enables the realization of an acoustic four-port circulator, a device which has not been reported as yet. Many other promising acoustic devices comprising power combiners, power dividers, mixers, and modulators can be envisioned to be implemented based on the proposed rat-race coupler.
Asymmetric scattering of flexural waves in a parity-time symmetric metamaterial beam
Authors: Wu Qian , Chen Yangyang , Huang Guoliang
Published: July 2019

Non-Hermitian parity-time (PT) symmetric systems that possess real eigenvalues have been intensively investigated in quantum mechanics and rapidly extended to optics and acoustics demonstrating a lot of unconventional wave phenomena. Here, a PT symmetric metamaterial beam is designed based on shunted piezoelectric patches and asymmetric wave scattering in the form of flexural waves is demonstrated through analytical and numerical approaches. The gain and loss components in the PT symmetric beam are realized by the introduction of negative and positive resistances into the external shunting circuits, respectively. Effective medium theory and transfer matrix method are employed to determine the effective material parameters and scattering properties of the PT symmetric metamaterial beam. Unidirectional reflectionlessness has been demonstrated analytically and numerically, together with illustrations of the PT phase transition and exceptional points. The tunability of exceptional points is studied by changing the spacing between piezoelectric patches and shunting circuit parameters. The design explores complex material parameters of the beam structure, and could open unique ways to asymmetric wave control, enhanced sensing, amplification, and localization of flexural waves.
Reward associations do not explain transitive inference performance in monkeys
Authors: Jensen Greg , Alkan Yelda , Ferrera Vincent P. , Terrace Herbert S.
Published: July 2019

Monkeys learn the ordering of a set of items even when that means choosing items that are, on average, worth smaller rewards.
Structural basis and mechanism for metallochaperone-assisted assembly of the Cu
A
center in cytochrome oxidase
Authors: Canonica Fabia , Klose Daniel , Ledermann Raphael , Sauer Maximilian M. , Abicht Helge K. , Quade Nick , Gossert Alvar D. , Chesnov Serge , Fischer Hans-Martin , Jeschke Gunnar , Hennecke Hauke , Glockshuber Rudi
Published: July 2019

We demonstrate how two copper atoms are brought together to build a metal center in an essential enzyme for cellular respiration.
β-Catenin/Tcf7l2–dependent transcriptional regulation of GLUT1 gene expression by Zic family proteins in colon cancer
Authors: Zhao Zibo , Wang Lu , Bartom Elizabeth , Marshall Stacy , Rendleman Emily , Ryan Caila , Shilati Anthony , Savas Jeffrey , Chandel Navdeep , Shilatifard Ali
Published: July 2019

Zic family proteins regulate GLUT1 gene expression in a β-catenin/Tcf7l2–dependent manner in colorectal cancer cells.
Complete Genome and Plasmid Sequences of Seven Isolates of Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica Harboring the
mcr-1
Gene Obtained from Food in China
Authors: Hu Yujie , Nguyen Scott V. , Liu Chang , Wang Wei , Dong Yinping , Fanning Séamus , Li Fengqin
Published: July 2019

Seven
Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
isolates were identified as carrying the
mcr-1
gene, by using a real-time fluorescence quantitative PCR method, from a total of 2,558 isolates which were cultured from various food origins in China between 2011 and 2016. Few complete genomes of
Salmonella
strains harboring the
mcr-1
gene have been reported to date, so we report here the complete genome and plasmid sequences of all of these isolates to provide useful references for understanding the prevalence of foodborne
Salmonella enterica
subsp.
enterica
isolates carrying
mcr-1
.
Draft Genome Sequences of Two Thermophilic Moorella sp. Strains, Isolated from an Acidic Hot Spring in Japan
Authors: Fukuyama Yuto , Tanimura Ayumi , Inoue Masao , Omae Kimiho , Yoshida Takashi , Sako Yoshihiko
Published: July 2019

The thermophilic
Moorella
sp. strains E308F and E306M were isolated from an acidic hot spring in Japan. Here, we report the draft genome sequences of E308F (3.06 Mbp; G+C content, 54.0%) and E306M (2.99 Mbp; G+C content, 54.4%), to advance the genomic information available on the genus
Moorella
.
Complete Genome Sequence of Halophilic Deep-Sea Bacterium Halomonas axialensis Strain Althf1
Authors: Tsurumaki Megumi , Deno Senka , Galipon Josephine , Arakawa Kazuharu
Published: July 2019

Halomonas axialensis
is a halophilic bacterial species discovered near a deep-sea hydrothermal vent. Here, we report the first single closed genome sequence of the original strain,
Halomonas axialensis
strain Althf1. The genome was assembled by Nanopore sequencing and consisted of a single chromosome of 3.6 Mbp with 56.8% G+C content.
Complete Genome Sequences of Two Severe Fever with Thrombocytopenia Syndrome Virus Strains Isolated from a Human and a Dog in the Republic Of Korea
Authors: Lee Sook-Young , Kang Jun-Gu , Jeong Hye-Sung , Kim Won-Meong , Son Ki-Dong , Kim Ji Soo , Oh Sung-Suk , Cho Yoon-Kyoung , Jheong Weon-Hwa , Chae Joon-Seok
Published: July 2019

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) is tick-borne and causes this disease (SFTS) in humans. We determined the complete genome sequences of two SFTSV strains isolated from serum from a human with SFTS and a dog with asymptomatic infection using reverse transcription and rapid amplification of cDNA ends PCR.
Identification, classification, and interpretation of boninites from Anthropocene to Eoarchean using Si-Mg-Ti systematics
Authors: Pearce Julian A. , Reagan Mark K.
Published: July 2019

Boninites are rare, high-Si, high-Mg, low-Ti lavas that have considerable tectonic significance, especially for recognizing and interpreting episodes of subduction initiation in the geologic record. Formal identification and classification of boninites may be carried out using MgO-SiO2 and MgO-TiO2 diagrams to find compositions that satisfy modified International Union of Geological Sciences (IUGS) criteria of Si8 > 52 and Ti8 < 0.5, where Si8 and Ti8 refer to concentrations of the oxides at 8 wt% MgO. However, screening of highly metasomatized rocks and accurate classification require precautions, including normalization to a 100% volatile-free basis. The MgO-SiO2 diagram can also be used for subdivision into low-Si boninites (Si8 < 57) and high-Si boninites (Si8 > 57). Satisfying one but not both of the boninite criteria are rocks with Si8 > 52 but Ti8 ≥ 0.5 (siliceous high-magnesium basalts) and rocks with Si8 ≤ 52 but Ti8 < 0.5 (low-Ti basalts). We tested the classification methodologies using ∼100 low-Ti lava suites dating from the present-day back to the Eoarchean. We conclude that, of those classifying as “boninite series,” Izu-Bonin-Mariana arc–type subduction initiation terranes provide the dominant setting only back as far as ca. 2 Ga, which marks the maximum age of extensive clinopyroxene-undersaturated melting and eruption of high-Si boninites. From 2 to 3 Ga, most boninites formed in intraplate settings by melting of refertilized, depleted cratonic roots. Prior to 3 Ga, hot, depleted mantle plumes provided the main boninite sources. Nonetheless, arc-basin boninites, though rare, do extend back to 3.8 Ga, and, together with the inherited subduction component in intracratonic boninites, they provide evidence for some form of subduction during the Archean.