bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE MECHANISM OF FISCAL POLICY
Authors: Fedoryshyna Lidiia
Published: June 2020

The purpose of this article is to study fiscal policy, which is one of the methods of regulating the country's macroeconomic policy. Theoretical approaches of scientists to the definition of the term "fiscal policy" are investigated. The contents and principles of the functioning of the mechanism of fiscal policy are disclosed. Method. Theoretical approaches to the definition of mechanisms and discrete components of the fiscal policy of the state and its criteria characteristics have been developed. The research has been based on the use of a systematic approach to the consideration of fiscal phenomena, on the fundamental principles of economic theory, systems theory, theory of finance, theory of taxes, etc. Results. It is observed that the budget deficit and the national debt are closely linked: the increase in the budget deficit leads to an increase in the national debt. But the absolute magnitude of the budget deficit, and therefore of the public debt, does not provide enough information for economic analysis. It is necessary to know what processes the budget deficit is serving, what changes in the reproduction cycle it reflects. It is also very important to measure changes in public debt in relation to changes in GDP. In addition, the tax burden is increasing as a result of these changes. Value/originality. It is determined that along with the expected changes in the methodology of calculation and procedure of tax payment, taxpayers are also concerned about the question of changing the tariff grid by the total amount of taxes due in absolute terms and in relation to the volume and resultant indicators of production activity (revenue, profit). An innovative tariff policy has been proposed and opportunities for using non-traditional agricultural insurance products have been revealed. Recommendations to improve the fiscal policy of the state have been made. The conceptual platform for harmonizing the mechanism of fiscal policy regarding economic entities is substantiated.
DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL INSURANCE SYSTEM
Authors: Aleskerova Yuliia
Published: June 2020

The purpose of the work is to substantiate theoretical and methodological principles and practical recommendations for defining the main landmarks, priority directions and the dominant components of the development of the agricultural insurance system. Agricultural insurance is an effective instrument for its financial support and ensuring the continuity of expanded reproduction, which promotes stabilization of production, ensuring the financial stability of agricultural producers and, thus, generates conditions for achieving the desired standard of living, food security of the state and the welfare of the population. The objectives of the study are: to consider genesis of views on the essence and role of the agricultural insurance system; to analyze the current contour of the agricultural insurance system; to substantiate the priority directions of development of the system of agricultural insurance. Method. The methodological basis of the study is the general economic method of ascending from abstract to concrete, theoretical achievements of domestic and world financial science, conceptual provisions of modern insurance theories. The research is based on the use of a systemic approach to the consideration of financial phenomena, on the fundamental positions of economic theory, system theory, theory of finance, insurance management, etc. Results. The concept of the development of the agricultural insurance system and its main implementation vectors determine the purpose, defining tasks is a more specific form of decision-making, requiring the elaboration of certain strategic measures. In this case these are to outline the criteria for evaluating the purpose, to determine the high-quality and quantitative characteristics of these criteria. High-quality characteristics are understood as a landmark and quantitative as a task. Value/originality. Improved theoretical and methodological approaches to the definition of the essence and structure of the agricultural insurance mechanism have allowed to propose conceptual provisions for the harmonization of the mechanism of agricultural insurance, this will allow to take into account the inquiries, interests and financial opportunities of agricultural producers comprehensively in order to minimize adverse effects of agricultural risks depending on the intensity and level of their manifestation, on the basis of which a bunch of effective measures is developed, which allows to ensure the leveling of threats and the dynamism and flexibility of the system, which will facilitate the provision of insurance protection of agricultural produces and increase of export potential of agriculture.
Mid to long term results of surgical fixation of mid-shaft clavicle fractures
Authors: KAMACI Saygın , ÖZDEMİR Erdi , GÜLCÜ Anıl , COLOSİMO Angelo
Published: June 2020

Aim: The aim of the study is to represent surgical and functional outcomes of plate fixation of mid-shaft clavicle fractures (MCF) via anatomical locking plate, in a large patient population including highly active patients. Methods: We retrospectively evaluated 94 patients surgically treated for MCF between May 1st 2011 and October 30th 2017. Patients with minimum one-year of follow-up were included to the study. The mean follow-up was 42 ± 27.7 months (12 to 83) months. All patients were followed up until radiological and clinical healing was achieved. All fractures were classified according to the OTA classification. Medical charts were retrospectively reviewed for demographic data, cause of injury, time to surgery, athletic activity, operative complications, radiographic and functional healing time. Constant score was applied to patients at final follow-up to evaluate functional outcomes. Results: The mean age at the time of injury was 31.4±15.4 (11 to 74) years. Ninety-one clavicles (96.8%) demonstrated radiologic and functional healing in a mean of 62 ± 33 days. The mean Constant score at the final follow-up was 91 ± 6.6 (76 to 100). The major underlying cause was sports related injuries (n=53, 56.3%) followed by motorcycle accidents (n=17,18.0%) and low falls (n=12, 12.7%). Forty-three patients (45.7%) were involved in regular athletic activity at least 3 times weekly. The overall complication rate was 19.1% (n=18). The most common complication was implant irritation in 11 patients (11.7%), 6 of which underwent implant removal surgery. The overall non-union rate was 3.2% (n=3). Conclusion: Operative treatment of displaced mid-shaft clavicle fractures with precontoured locking plate provides high union rates and satisfactory mid to long-term functional outcomes. However, one should consider the significant, potentially serious operative complications.
Anxiety, protective behaviors and related factors during the COVID-19 outbreak: A cross-sectional study
Authors: KURU Tacettin , UYMAZ Pelin
Published: June 2020

Aim: This study aims to determine the anxiety, personal protective behaviors, and related factors in Turkish society during the COVID-19 pandemic.Patients and Methods: The sample consisted of 617 volunteer participants aged 18 to 75, living in the community and literate. Research approval, purpose, and questions were delivered to individuals in an online environment using a link and forms were collected by asking the participants to send back the completed questionnaires to the online environment. A COVID-19 data form and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI-State) were used to collect the data.Results: The study evaluated data from the 617 participants: 59.48% (n = 367) of the study participants were female and 40.52% (n = 250) were male. We found increased anxiety levels in the participants, with high levels of anxiety in 30.79% (n = 190). The main personal protective behavior was “washing hands frequently” (84.76%). Personal distance and mask usage rates were low (8.6% and 5.02%, respectively). We found higher anxiety levels in men (p = 0.008), people with chronic diseases (p = 0.003), the elderly (p<0.001) and those with lower education levels (p<0.001). We found higher levels of anxiety in those showing avoidance behaviors.Conclusions: The results of our study show that psychological consequences should be considered in addition to the physical outcomes of the COVID-19 outbreak and that some subgroups have a higher risk of anxiety. People who require professional support should be identified and psychological support should be planned.
Workshop and Mentoring of Product Preservation and Marketing For Food and Beverage SMEs in Gresik Regency
Authors: Widari Nyoman Sri , Badriyah Badriyah , Kunhadi Dedy Kunhadi
Published: June 2020

Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) have an important role in the economy of a country, including in Indonesia. Although SMEs have contributed to economic growth, in their development there have been various problems. The problem faced by SMEs in Gresik Regency is that they do not understand the use of preservatives food and beverage that are safe for health and limited market access. In solving the problems faced by these SMEs, the community service team transferred knowledge and technology through workshops and mentoring. Workshop material includes methods of processing and preserving food, types of natural preservatives, and ways to promote, market, and sell products through online marketing media (e-commerce). While mentoring was carried out after the workshop was completed. With the completion of community service activities, it is expected that SMEs can increase product durability and product quality by using natural preservatives that are safe for health, and SMEs are able to run and manage e-commerce applications that have been developed.
Increased Production and Marketing of Crackers Through Process Improvements in SR Crackers Home Industries in Wonosari Jember
Authors: Umilasari Reni , Nurhalimah Nurhalimah , Rahman Miftahur
Published: June 2020

Along with the increase in culinary business units offering various types of food in Jember Regency, theconsumption of crackers has also increased. This is because the habits of the Indonesian people, especially in JemberRegency, make crackers as one of the complementary foods on every menu that should not be missed when dining. With the Community Partnership Program activity organized by the PKM Muhammadiyah University Jember team and the SR Crackers Home Industry Partner (IRT) SR has an impact on increasing the income of workers, making crackers faster and varied and reducing unemployment, especially Wonosari villagers can be recruited as workers if increased production capacity. The final target to be achieved is the establishment of a cracker production business unit with appropriate technology, namely with a cracker printing machine, and marketing management with the help of information technology such as market places and social media.
The The Socialization of Yam Noodles Making Without Food Preservatives At The Health Pioneer In Nganjuk District
Authors: Prayitno Sutrisno Adi , Agustini Maria , Wulandari Ully
Published: June 2020

The training and community service activities about the Unborax healthy food were carried out at Nganjuk District Training Center, which was attended by the pioneer of health. The objective of the program is to introduce the health pioneers of Nganjuk district about the importance of healthy food and dangers from the use of food additives such as borax and formaldehydewhich is often circulated freely, to motivate people be able to make their own food without using harmful food additives. The making of Unborax noodles introduced to the community with yam fortification is also used to motivate people to love the local food that is functional value. The method used is a social mentality approach and provides guidance and direct participatory practice of direct participative to the target of the health pioneer in Nganjuk that can be delivered to the community in each village. This training and counseling program is conducted by providing education that provides knowledge about local food, recommended food additives and prohibited by the government. Then continue to practice making wet noodles fortification from yam. Hopefully the community is more conscious with healthy food and local resources. In addition, it can also be processed in the form of other products ready to consume. The achievement gained after the training in making wet noodle without borax is all participants are able to understand the importance of healthy food without any preservatives prohibited. In addition, this training is able to awaken the community initiative to serve healthy food it self and sell it so that it can increase the income in the family.

Key words: yam, wet noodles, fortification, healthy food, borax and formalin.
Increased Marketing of Instant Ginger Production by Using Social Media and Improved Packaging Design in Harjomulyo Village, Silo District, Jember Regency
Authors: Umilasari Reni
Published: June 2020

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) is a rhizome plant that is very popular as a spice and medicinal ingredient. The use of ginger itself varies depending on culture. While in Indonesia, ginger roots and rhizomes are widely used for treatment. Starting from crushed, made into tea, until smeared for healing then the use of ginger root is very thick in the community environment. Seeing how popular and the various benefits that exist in the ginger plant make masangka in Harjomulyo Village, Silo District, Jember Regency, especially the women of the Al-Hasan Muslimatan Group held an instant ginger powder production activity. This is because Harjomulyo Village is a very strategic plantation area for ginger cultivation so that this plant is quite abundant in the Harjomulyo Village area. The problem that arises that is the marketing of instant ginger production has not been effective. This is due to the absence of special media as a means of promotion / marketing. Until now marketing techniques have only been carried out manually by word of mouth so that not many people know that abundant ginger plants in Harjomulyo Village are produced to become instant ginger ready to drink or as a mixture of drinks or other food ingredients. Therefore there is a need for training and assistance related to production and marketing activities in the hope that it can improve the packaging design to be more attractive so that it has a high selling value; use social media as a new means of marketing instant ginger products for women from the Al-Hasan Muslimatan Group Harjomulyo Village; using Instagram as a marketing tool; as well as using the Android-based "Follower Chief" application to automate marketing using Instagram social media.
ESTADO E INDÚSTRIA AUTOMOBILÍSTICA NO BRASIL: ANÁLISE DAS POLÍTICAS INOVAR-AUTO E ROTA 2030
Authors: Claro Junior José Augusto , Santos Leandro Bruno
Published: June 2020

A relação entre a indústria automobilística e o Estado é marcada por diversas particularidades, apresentando uma trajetória histórica de iniciativas colaborativas e relações conflitivas. O foco deste artigo recai sobre as políticas industriais indutoras direcionadas ao setor automobilístico, sobretudo as mais recentes, como o programa Inovar-Auto e a Rota 2030. Os procedimentos metodológicos abrangeram levantamento bibliográfico, levantamento de dados secundários em bancos de dados (ANFAVEA, FENABRAVE, RAIS) e informações em revistas especializadas, sistematização e análise dos dados. O Inovar-Auto e o Rota 2030 favorecem as empresas com diversos benefícios, porém, o retorno do ramo automobilístico aos benefícios fiscais é pouco demonstrativo, apresentando números relacionados ao emprego, à produção e à exportação aquém do esperado.
O PAPEL DO PRONAF NA DINÂMICA GEOECONÔMICA DOS AGRONEGÓCIOS DO OESTE CATARINENSE
Authors: Von Dentz Eduardo , Costa Pierre Alves
Published: June 2020

No período 2003-2014 o papel das políticas públicas foi fundamental para alavancar diferentes setores sociais e econômicos no Brasil. No campo dos agronegócios, o Pronaf se mostrou a mais eficiente e importante política pública de crédito subsidiado da agricultura de pequena escala da história do Brasil. A partir do Pronaf, os pequenos agricultores puderam acessar recursos indispensáveis para o desenvolvimento das atividades produtivas ligadas a agropecuária. Neste sentido, a região Oeste catarinense, recorte espacial desse artigo, foi uma das mais beneficiadas pelo Pronaf, haja vista que se trata de uma região caracterizada, desde a sua ocupação, por uma agricultura de pequena escala. O objetivo do presente artigo é desvendar o papel do Pronaf no progresso técnico e na dinâmica geoeconômica dos agronegócios da região Oeste catarinense. Para alcançar esse objetivo, metodologicamente, usou-se de três passos: 1) levantamento bibliográfico, 2) levantamento de dados e 3) organização e análise dos dados relacionando-os com a bibliografia levantada.
ENTREVISTA COM FÁBIO BETIOLI CONTEL - "FINANÇAS NO MUNDO CONTEMPORÂNEO"
Authors: Entre-Lugar Revista
Published: June 2020

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İSLÂM HUKUKU SİSTEMATİĞİNE DAİR BİR İNCELEME (KİTÂBU’N-NİKÂH ÖRNEĞİ)
Authors: KARADAĞ Bekir
Published: June 2020

Bu makale, İslâm hukukunun özgünlüğünü gösteren hususiyetlerden biri olan sistematiğini incelemektedir. Bu konuda farklı tasniflerin bulunduğu nikâh konusu örnek olarak seçilmiştir. Klasik İslâm hukuku eserlerinde nikâh konusu, bazen temel ibadetlerden sonra, cihad ve alışveriş konularından önce yer alırken bazen de temel ibadetler ve cihad konularından sonra fakat alışveriş konularından önce ele alınmıştır. Buna karşın bazen de alışverişle ilgili bütün konulardan sonra yer almıştır. Ayrıca temel ibadetler, cihad, alışverişle ilgili temel konular ve nikâh şeklinde bir tasnifin bulunduğu da gözden kaçmamaktadır. Bu farklı tasniflerin benimsenmesi, mezhep düzeyinde olduğu gibi fakihlerin kişisel tercihlerinden kaynaklanan bireysel düzeyde de olabilmektedir. Nikâh konusunun klasik fıkıh eserlerinde birbirinden faklı yerlerde zikredilmesinin birçok etkeni bulunmaktadır. Bunların en önemlisi nikâhın ibadet yönünün bulunmasıyla ilgilidir. Bundan başka sosyal hayattaki ihtiyaçlar, sistemsel sebepler ve ilk fıkıh eserlerin etkisi gibi amiller de oldukça etkili olmuştur. Nikâh konusunun İslâm hukuku eserlerinde farklı yerlerde zikredilmesi, bu ilim dalının özgünlüğüne bir zeval getirmemekte aksine özgünlüğünü pekiştirmektedir. Zira İslâm hukukçularının farklı tasnifler benimsemeleri, başka hukuk sistemlerinden etkilenmesi bir yana birbirlerinden bile çok az etkilendiklerini göstermektedir.
İMAM-I ŞÂFİÎ’NİN DİVANINDA BİR SÖZ SANATI OLARAK TEŞBİH-İ ZIMNÎ
Authors: ARSLAN Adnan
Published: June 2020

Arap dili ilimlerinden olan beyân ilminin temel konuları arasında yer alan “teşbih”, tüm çeşitleri ile maksadı en güzel bir şekilde ifade etmek için bir bakıma “sunum estetiği” sunan çekici bir anlatım üslubudur. Teşbih kendi içinde; mürsel, müekked, mücmel, mufassal vs. kısımlara ayrılmaktadır. Benzetilen ve benzeyenin zikredilip zikredilmemesi gibi hususlar, teşbih konusunun esasta bir, yöntemde muhtelif dallarının ortaya çıkmasına neden olmuştur. Bu teşbih yöntemlerinden birisi de zımnî/kapalı teşbih olarak karşımıza çıkmaktadır. Teşbih unsurlarından müşebbeh, müşebbehün bih ve vechü’ş-şebeh’in hiç birisi zikredilmeden yapılan bu teşbih yöntemi, adından da anlaşıldığı gibi telmih yoluyla varlığını hissettirmekte ve kendisini gizlemektedir. Muhatabı etki gücünü çoğu zaman gizem ve sıra dışılıktan alan edebî dil açısından böyle bir teşbih türü özellikle şairler tarafından değer görmüştür. İslam ilim geleneği içerisinde tartışmasız en büyük isimlerden birisi de İmam-ı Şâfiî olarak bilinen Ebû Abdillâh Muhammed b. İdrîs b. Abbâs eş-Şâfiî’dir. Usulcü oluşunun yanı sıra şairliği ile de tanınan Muhammed b. İdrîs’in şiirleri dilden dile korunarak aktarılmış ve divan halinde basılmıştır. Bir şair olarak İmam-ı Şafiî’nin divanında dikkat çekecek yoğunlukta zımnî/kapalı teşbih türüne rastlanılmaktadır. Bu makale şairin divanını “kapalı teşbih” açısından inceleyecektir.
HALK EGEMENLİĞİ KAVRAMININ TÜRK DİNÎ DÜŞÜNCESİNE GİRİŞİ ÜZERİNE SOSYOLOJİK BİR ARAŞTIRMA
Authors: AYAZ Orhan
Published: June 2020

Avrupa’da din savaşlarının neden olduğu kargaşaya tepki olarak ortaya çıkan doğal hukuk teorilerine göre insanlar doğarken, birbirleri üzerinde herhangi bir hâkimiyet/efendilik iddia edecek şekilde bir ayrıcalıkla doğmazlar. Bu hukuk teorileri Avrupa’da hâkimiyetin, bir kişinin keyfi iradesi yerine eşit şekilde özgür olan insanların rızasına dayanması gerektiği düşüncesini güçlendirmiş ve toplumun daha geniş kesimlerini seferber ederek Batı dünyasının siyasi hayatında radikal değişikliklere neden olmuştur. Batı’da yaşanan bu dönüşümün etkisiyle 19. yüzyılda halk egemenliği kavramı, Osmanlı Devleti’nin siyasi hayatına da girmiştir. Türkiye’de modern dönemle birlikte din-toplum ve din-siyaset ilişkilerinin neye benzediğinin tarihsel sosyolojik tespiti hem bugünün hem de geleceğin neye benzediği/benzeyeceği hakkında bize fikir vermesi açısından önemlidir. Dinî düşünürler, halk egemenliğini dinî terimlerle dinîleştirip halkı seferber etmek istemiştir. Türk dinî düşüncesi, halkı gerçekten kendi kendisinin efendisi yapmak gibi modern ahlaki bir düzeni amaçlamamıştır. Dinî düşünce, halkı kullanarak devleti kurtarmayı hedeflediği için halk egemenliği kavramına da araçsal bakmıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmamızda modern halk egemenliğinin, Türk dinî düşüncesine girişi ele alınacaktır. Çalışmamız nitel bir yaklaşımla, birer bilgi ifadesi olan halk egemenliği, meşrutiyet, cumhuriyet ve demokrasi kavramlarına ilişkin, dönemin dinî düşüncesini temsil ettiğini düşündüğümüz kişilerin yazdıkları metinler üzerinde, bu kavramların yorumlanmasından ibaret olacaktır.
İMÂM ŞÂFİÎ’NİN (Ö. 204/820) TASAVVUFÎ YAKLAŞIMLARI
Authors: AKDAĞ Eyyup
Published: June 2020

En yaygın mezheplerden biri olan Şâfi‘î mezhebinin kurucusu İmâm Şâfi‘î, İslâm ilim tarihinin en önemli ve en etkili şahıslarından birisidir. Erken yaşta ilim tahsiline başlayan ve gençlik yıllarında zâhirî ilimde zirveye yükselen İmâm Şâfi‘î Kureyş kabilesine mensuptur. Hicrî ikinci asrın müceddidliğine layık görülen İmâm Şâfi‘î fıkhî görüşleriyle geniş bir Müslüman topluluğunun teveccühünü kazanmıştır. O zahirî ilminin yanı sıra manevî ilminin yüksekliğiyle de temeyyüz etmiştir. Süfyân b. ‘Uyeyne ve Fudayl b. ‘Iyad gibi tasavvufun öncü ve kurucu şahsiyetlerine mülaki olan ve onların manevî neşvelerine vâris olan İmâm Şâfi‘î Kur’an ve sünnet bütünlüğüne dayalı bir anlayışı benimsemiştir. İmâm Şâfi‘î hakkında yapılan araştırmalarda, onun manevî yaşantısına yeterince temas edilmediği daha ziyade fıkıh, hadis, kelâm ve edebiyat gibi bazı ilim dallarındaki görüş ve düşünceleri ön plana çıkarıldığı görülmektedir. Bu araştırma ise bu alanların dışında İmâm Şâfi‘î’nin tasavvufî yaklaşımlarına dair bir kısım hususları ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. İmâm Şâfi‘î sûfî şahsiyetlerin üzerinde durduğu zühd, vera‘, ibadete düşkünlük, cömertlik, ma‘rifetullah, muhabbetullah ve âhireti tercih etme gibi vasıflara fazlasıyla sahip evliyâullahın en gözde isimlerinden birisidir. O, ilme dayanmayan, dinin özünü yansıtmayan, hikmetten uzak şeklî ve yanlış tasavvuf anlayışlarını şiddetli bir şekilde eleştirmiştir. Onun din ve tasavvuf anlayışının temelinde ilim ve ibadet birlikteliği vardır. Tasavvufî manada hâl ve makamlara ait hususlarda ilk söz söyleyenlerden kabul edilen İmâm Şâfi‘î fütüvvet anlayışını benimsemiş, helâl lokmaya ve güzel ahlâka özel önem vermiştir.
SEYYİD KUTUB’UN KELÂM ELEŞTİRİSİ
Authors: ŞİMŞEK Yusuf
Published: June 2020

İslâm dünyasının
yirminci yüzyılda öne çıkan âlimlerinden Seyyid Kutub, yaşadığı dönemde başta
Mısır olmak üzere İslâm dünyasının genelinde büyük bir etkiye sahip olmuştur.
Seyyid Kutub, hemen her konuda fikir sahibi olmasının yanı sıra bu fikirleriyle
hareket eden öncü bir şahsiyettir. Özelde İslâm dünyasının, genelde dünya
düzeninin bu çağdaki problemleriyle ilgilenen bir fikir adamıdır. Bu çalışmada
ise Seyyid Kutub’un düşüncelerinden İslâmi ilimler arasında yer alan kelâm
ilmine yaklaşımı ve bu ilim dalına dair eleştirileri incelenmektedir. Çalışmada
onun fikirlerinde önemli bir etkiye sahip olan hayatı, özet olarak ele
alınmaktadır. Bununla beraber tarihsel süreçte kelâm ilmine yönelik eleştiriler
belli bir sistematik içinde incelenmiştir. Zira onun eleştirileri büyük ölçüde
kendisinde önce kelâma yöneltilmiş eleştirilere dayanmaktadır. Daha sonra ise
Seyyid Kutub’un kelâm ilmine ve kelâmın ortaya çıkış sebeplerine ilişkin görüşlerine
yer verilmiştir. Seyyid Kutub’un kelâm eleştirisi kısmında ise öncelikle onun
kelâma yönelik metodik eleştirisi incelenmekte, sonrasında da bu ilim dalının
muhtevasına yönelik eleştirileri üzerinde durulmuştur. Bu çalışmanın temel
amacı, Seyyid Kutub’un kelâma yönelik eleştirilerini ve bu eleştirilerin kelâm
eleştirileri geleneğindeki yerini ortaya koymakdır.
Blending the vernacular and esoteric
Authors: Koski Kaarina
Published: June 2020

Finnish spiritualist and theosophical journals of 1905–20 brought esoteric teachings and vernacular belief traditions into dialogue with each other. Theosophical journals, in particular, released interpretations of Finnish mythology and the national epic the Kalevala, connecting them with the Ancient Wisdom. Both spiritualist and theosophical journals published belief narratives, which ranged from traditional migratory legends taking place in rural environments to the personal histories of urban residents. In mainstream thinking of the modern era, belief traditions were valuable only as vanishing traces of the nation’s past. In esoteric journals, they proved the existence of a spiritual reality. The narratives could be published as such, but traditional interpretations, especially those involving Christian morals, could be revised and replaced with explicit esoteric interpretations.
Interpretations of Emanuel Swedenborg’s image of the afterlife in the novel Oneiron by Laura Lindstedt
Authors: Mahlamäki Tiina , Mansikka Tomas
Published: June 2020

This article discusses the relationship between Western esotericism and literature. As an example of a secular author who uses and benefits from esoteric texts, ideas and thoughts as resources in creating a literary artwork, the article analyses Laura Lindstedt’s novel Oneiron. A Fantasy About the Seconds After Death (2015). It contextualises the novel within the frames of Western esotericism and literature, focusing on Emanuel Swedenborg’s impact on discourses of the afterlife in literature. Laura Lindstedt’s postmodern novel indicates various ways that esoteric ideas, themes, and texts can work as resources for authors of fiction in twenty-first century Finland. Since the late eighteenth century Swedenborg’s influence has been evident in literature and among artists, especially in providing resources for other-worldly imagery. Oneiron proves that the ideas of Swedenborg are still part of the memory of Western culture and literature.
Experiencing the limits
Authors: Magrinyà Carles
Published: June 2020

The meaning of the cave is ancestral. It is a transitional space that functions as a threshold between the real, the mystical, and the imaginary. Experiences in caves are highly important in the history of religions and literature, and have been adopted transculturally by mystics, esoteric organizations, alchemical treatises, and many literary forms, such as the Greek novel, Dante’s Commedia, and chivalric romances. In my paper, I will first give an interdisciplinary overview of representations of this space in different traditions and literary works up to the Renaissance. I will then focus on how Miguel de Cervantes’s Don Quixote updates these representations, and study how the visions and experiences of the knight in a cave are crucial in his recovery from insanity.
Ethical encounters in the archives
Authors: Leskelä-Kärki Maarit
Published: June 2020

This article discusses archival sources and biographical history in the context of the history of modern esotericism. Presenting a case study and archival material of a Finnish writer Aarni Kouta (1884-1924) the article asks, what are the ethical challenges of studying individuals and their intimate sources in the context of esotericism. The starting point is in the forgotten figures of esoteric history, and thus the article reflects how our understanding of history and more precisely on the history of esotericism changes when we look at those whose history has not been presented before. I will argue that we need to be much more sensitive to the differences in the past when doing interpretations concerning individuals, and we have to be ethically aware of our position as interpreters. This means careful working with historical source materials, but also sensitivity to both the long traditions of esotericism and to the multiple contexts of particular historical moments.
Mysticism and esotericism as contested taxonomical categories
Authors: Hammer Olav
Published: June 2020

Esotericism and mysticism are two notoriously elusive concepts. Both are based on referential corpora of works that are so internally diverse as to defy any simple characterization. A definition of mysticism needs to encompass a range of empirical cases that include medieval Christian visionaries, Sufis, and Hindu gurus such as Ramakrishna. Similarly, the term esotericism denotes the work of individuals as diverse as Paracelsus, Swedenborg, and Carl Gustav Jung. Unsurprisingly, in a recent encyclopedia article (Nelstrop 2016) mysticism has been characterized as a ‘taxonomical black hole’, while esotericism has been described by a leading scholar on that topic, Wouter J. Hanegraaff (2005, 2012), as a waste-basket category for a range of currents that have little else in common than having been rejected by mainstream theologians and by rationalists from the Enlightenment to our own time. This article argues that the terms are not only laden with significant definitional problems, but that applying them to any particular phenomenon has little, if any, theoretical added value. Instead, this article advocates a higher-level taxonomy that sees the elements of both sets as examples of a more general category: religious phenomena which are supported by charismatic authority.
IJTIHAD DAN PROBLEMATIKA KEKINIAN
Authors: Ruslan Muhammad
Published: June 2020

Abstract: The study of Islamic law and various global challenges requires a solutive method of ijtihad to solve contemporary issues today. In addition, social dynamics relating to the development of information technology and the spread of culture are in need of ijitihad in Islamic law. Yusuf Al-Qardawi has done a lot of contemporary ijithad as stated in this paper and how it could be addressed by Muslims in any part of the world, including Indonesia. The double movement theory of Fazlul Rahman has also taken part in giving an offer as a renewal of Islamic law over contextual legal issues without denying the basis of the primary sources of Islamic law, namely the Qur'an and Sunnah. The ijtihad method takes place through the historical criticism of norms at primary sources based on space and time and socio-cultural background. All this aims to capture the universality of the holy message contained in the primary sources. The value of universality is in the form of humanity, freedom (al-hurriyah), justice (al-adalah), and equality (al-musawah). This is relevant in the context of contemporary space and time especially in keeping up with the information industry era. This paper asserts the flexibility of the law based on sharia to provide solutions to the any emerging problems. Therefore, the teaching of legal methodology not only teaches the so-called ushul al-fiqh but also teaches the concepts that are relevant to the current social political situation and conditions.Keywords: Ijtihad, current issues, Islamic law
PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER PERSPEKTIF ABDULLAH NASHIH ULWAN (Tinjauan Kitab Tarbiyatul Aulad Fil Islam dan Relevansinya dengan Pendidikan Nasional)
Authors: Syarifuddin Nur , Fauzi M.
Published: June 2020

Abstract: It is in need of a right concept that is in accordance with the level of child development, more specifically the concept that is able to shape the child into a Muslim person. The concept of character education in the frame of religious values a purposeful step that can be used as a form of response in facing the challenges of the times. In order to realize a generation that has a strong character, faith and Islam, it is necessary to instill personality values to children. Therefore we need the concept of character education in children. Based on Abdullah Nashih Ulwan's perspective described in this research, it could be concluded that the most influential concept of character education is education by example, education through habituation, education through advice, education through attention and education through punishment.Keywords: Character Education, National Education, Abdullah Nasih Ulwan
SEX TANPA NIKAH: Dilema Hukum Positif dan Moralitas Bangsa
Authors: Fageh Achmad
Published: June 2020

Abstract: Efforts to bring together the synergity of positive legal products and the value of morality of the nation as the wisdom of local cultures to-Indonesiaan needs the seriousness of various parties. Specifically, the provisions of the law governing adultery that truly reflect the aspirations and values that live in the community and are moral mirroring, are indispensable to the attention of many other aspects that Need to also note. While awaiting its realization, the author considers it to be no longer the time when all parties excuse that the freedom and privacy of a person in the sex field is ' closed ' to the law, so that the criminal law stops at the front door of the room. Therefore, maintaining the notion of adultery according to the PENAL code (which is now in force), is the same by validating the sofsion of the values of goodness that live in society. Do we have to be flashed and want to keep that detrimental ' privacy '? Do we still have to ' endure ' by skipping.The formulation of TP fornication in the RUU KUHP has a wider scope than arranged in the KUHP. This is reflected in article 417 and article 419 RUU KUHP, which arranges about the deed of intercourse with a person who is not a husband or his or his/her "collect Kebo" act. Controversy appear as the Delik fornication arranged in both of the article is a complaints delics (still equal to the Delik fornication in article 284 KUHP). The fornication act is not changed to a common delics that can be reported by anyone who knows the deeds. From the subject side, the right to complain has been expanded in a RUU KUHP, which can be complained by a husband, wife, parent, or child.Keywords: Free sec, positive law, national morality
KOMPETENSI PEDAGOGIK GURU DALAM MENUMBUHKAN MOTIVASI BELAJAR PESERTA DIDIK
Authors: Aslamiyah Siti Suwaibatul , Manan Abdul
Published: June 2020

Abstract: Teachers play a major role in developing education, especially those that are organized formally in schools. Teacher's work products become a symbol of the progress of civilization. This means that teacher professionalism is the basis of educational progress. They are professional educators with the main task of educating, teaching, guiding, directing, training, and  evaluating students in any formal education. In carrying out these main tasks, teachers are required to have expertises in their field. The main task will be effective if the teacher has competencies (pedagogic competence, personality competence, professional competence, and social competence). These competencies must be implemented in the learning process (instructional) in which the student component is a very important factor. In the learning process students are expected to be able to receive messages or learning materials from their teachers. To be able to receive learning materials from teachers, one of which is the need for motivation that could be fostered by professional teachers who have pedagogic competence.Keywords: Pedagogic competence, learning, motivation
Simulation-Based Learning in Higher Education: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chernikova Olga , Heitzmann Nicole , Stadler Matthias , Holzberger Doris , Seidel Tina , Fischer Frank
Published: June 2020

Simulation-based learning offers a wide range of opportunities to practice complex skills in higher education and to implement different types of scaffolding to facilitate effective learning. This meta-analysis includes 145 empirical studies and investigates the effectiveness of different scaffolding types and technology in simulation-based learning environments to facilitate complex skills. The simulations had a large positive overall effect: g = 0.85, SE = 0.08; CIs [0.69, 1.02]. Technology use and scaffolding had positive effects on learning. Learners with high prior knowledge benefited more from reflection phases; learners with low prior knowledge learned better when supported by examples. Findings were robust across different higher education domains (e.g., medical and teacher education, management). We conclude that (1) simulations are among the most effective means to facilitate learning of complex skills across domains and (2) different scaffolding types can facilitate simulation-based learning during different phases of the development of knowledge and skills.
Chronic Eccentric Cycling Training Improves Walking Economy in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Schifino Albino G. , Leong Chee-Hoi
Published: June 2020

Background: Low muscular strength is associated with decline in ambulatory function. Progressive strength training has been demonstrated to improve physical functional outcomes. Because eccentric exercise is a potent stimulus for increasing muscle size, strength, and power, it has the potential to serve as a time-effective intervention to improve ambulatory function at a lower metabolic cost compared with traditional strength training. We examined the effect of a 6-week eccentric cycling training intervention on walking economy in healthy individuals.

Methods: Eleven healthy individuals (age = 24 ± 3 years; body weight = 71 ± 9 kg; height = 1.7 ± 0.1 m) trained on an eccentric ergometer for 6 weeks (3×/week; 10–30 min; 54%–66% of maximum heart rate). The metabolic cost of walking was assessed 1 week prior to and 1 week following eccentric cycling training. Cost of walking was determined as the net energy cost (J·kg−1·s−1), divided by walking speed (m·s−1) during steady-state walking at 5 walking speeds (0.7, 1.11, 1.39, 1.67, and 1.9 m·s−1)

Results: Posttraining cost of walking was significantly improved across all 5 walking speeds (0.7, 1.11, 1.39, 1.67, and 1.9 m·s−1; all P < 0.01) following eccentric cycling training.

Conclusion: These results demonstrate that 6 weeks of chronic eccentric cycling training was effective in improving walking economy and can be safely administered and tolerated by healthy individuals. Enhancing ambulatory function through eccentric cycling ergometry would be beneficial for both athletic and mobility-limited populations.
Evaluation of Community Exercise Classes for Cardiovascular Diseases
Authors: Moghaddas Diana , Snodgrass Suzanne , Young Jodi L. , Callister Robin
Published: June 2020

Background: Community-based exercise classes have the potential to sustain the benefits of cardiac rehabilitation for the prevention of future cardiovascular events. Such classes can be designed to address this need; however, whether such classes meet these objectives is rarely evaluated.

Methods: Facility managers, instructors, and class participants completed questionnaires. Two assessors observed exercise classes called “Heartmoves.” A maximum of 10 participants per class wore heart rate (HR) monitors. Mean and highest HR as percentage of age-predicted maximum were recorded for class components. At the end of classes, participants completed a 10-point rating of perceived exertion (RPE) scale. Data were compared with international guidelines for community exercise classes for individuals with cardiovascular disease (CVD).

Results: Twelve classes were observed with 82 participants. All classes included guideline-recommended components of warm-up, cooldown, strength, and aerobic conditioning; 58% of classes (n = 7) incorporated strength and aerobic conditioning in a circuit. Class participants exercised at low to moderate intensities as indicated by mean ± SD: HR (warm-up 55% ± 11% age-predicted maximum HR; cooldown 52 ± 11; strength 59 ± 11; aerobic conditioning 58 ± 12); and overall RPE (6 ± 2). Class participants' mean age was 70 ± 8 years; 27% (n = 24) were referred by health professionals; 73% (n = 61) attended for fitness; 61% (n = 50) had CVD risk factors; and 21% (n = 17) reported diagnosed CVD.

Conclusion: Community exercise classes for individuals with CVD, specifically those aligned with Heartmoves, may comply with international guidelines, although few class participants have diagnosed CVD.
Best Practice Approach for Interstitial Lung Disease in the Rehabilitation Setting
Authors: Dowman Leona M. , May Anthony K.
Published: June 2020

Interstitial lung disease (ILD) is a disabling group of chronic lung conditions comprising over 200 different disease entities that are typically associated with interstitial inflammation and fibrosis. People with ILD almost invariably experience dyspnea, fatigue, anxiety, depression, cough, poor health-related quality of life, and reduced exercise tolerance. Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a comprehensive intervention that includes exercise training as a core and essential component and that aims to improve exercise tolerance and exertional symptoms in people with chronic lung disease. PR is a cornerstone of care for people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, where its role and benefits have been well defined. PR offers increasing promise as an equally effective therapy for people with ILD. This review discusses the evidence of PR for ILD, outlines the current exercise training approach for people with ILD, and discusses important areas for future research.
Publicidad de contenidos y su relación con el engagement de publicaciones en Facebook de tiendas de videojuegos de Quito durante el primer semestre de 2018
Authors: Castillo-Díaz Alejandro Javier , Vinueza Suárez Jonathan Marcelo
Published: June 2020

En el presente estudio se analizó el engagement de las 30 tiendas de videojuegos de Quito que poseen una página en Facebook y que realizaron al menos una publicación en esta red social durante el primer semestre de 2018.  El objetivo fue comprobar si la utilización de publicidad de contenidos influyó en esta métrica. Para ello, se clasificó a las tiendas en dos grupos, 17 que realizaron publicidad de contenidos entre Enero y Junio de 2018 y 13 que no lo hicieron.  Se realizó una observación de cada fanpage para determinar datos como el número de seguidores de las tiendas, las interacciones de cada una de sus publicaciones y finalmente su engagement. Se demostró que la utilización de publicidad de contenidos de las tiendas del primer grupo, influyeron en los niveles de engagement con respecto a las tiendas del segundo grupo. Por lo tanto, se visualiza la importancia de incorporar a comunicadores visuales expertos en la generación de publicaciones de valor para medios sociales en esta industria de entretenimiento.
La contracultura beat: un puente entre la música negra y el rock
Authors: Stornaiolo-Pimentel Alfredo
Published: June 2020

La milenaria cultura africana y las ilógicas formas sociales de la contracultura beat le confirieron un marco de autenticidad, identidad y rebeldía a la mayor expresión de música popular del siglo pasado: el rock. La cultura africana había llegado a América en los mismos barcos de esclavos, en forma de espíritus divinos que dieron a luz a los blues a fines del siglo diecinueve en el sur de los Estados Unidos. Un par de décadas después de los blues aparecía el jazz como una magnífica expresión cultural aceptada por todos, y a mediados del siglo veinte el rock and roll. La generación beat de Kerouac, Ginsberg y Burroughs influyó también en el movimiento contracultural de la época. La cultura (¿contracultura?) beat fue un puente entre la música negra y el rock and roll. Estos rebeldes poetas amaban el jazz y escribían contra el establishment. Hay vínculos entre esta contracultura cincuentera y la música rock en la rebeldía juvenil de los sesenta.
Música Popular y Contracultura: Jaime Guevara el cantor de contrabando
Authors: Campos-Serrano Jorge
Published: June 2020

El presente artículo está consagrado a uno de los personajes de la escena musical ecuatoriana el cantautor  Jaime “Chamo” Guevara, que  se ha convertido prácticamente en una especie de símbolo, de ícono, de faro de la cultura ecuatoriana y evidentemente de la contracultura, representante por excelencia de la trova urbana, su popularidad se debe a sus canciones muy particulares, que abarcan géneros musicales como el rock, el blues, el country, llegando prácticamente a abordar también el universo musical de la música folclórica, entre otras. No podemos olvidar de hablar sobre su posición de artista comprometido   y activista, a través de sus posicionamientos político-culturales y sobre todo su actitud como activo defensor de los derechos humanos, abiertamente declarado en contra de todo tipo de violencia, y lo más trascendente en su ponencia estético-musical es su constante crítica al poder dominante, al poder de turno, con sus fuertes dosis de humor terriblemente urticantes.
Comunicación líquida en el pensamiento de Zygmunt Bauman: el espacio y el tiempo para la construcción de sentido
Authors: Mönckeberg Margarita , Atarama Rojas Tomás
Published: June 2020

La investigación aborda el concepto de liquidez propuesto por Zygmunt Bauman y lo aplica al campo de la comunicación para encontrar las características que definen una comunicación líquida en la cultura contemporánea. Así, se destacan los conceptos de espacio y de tiempo como ejes claves para entender el paso a la modernidad líquida.  Finalmente, se plantea que a través de la revalorización del espacio y el tiempo y de la comunicación como ritual se aporta significado al mensaje y se enriquece la comunicación y a los partícipes en ella, en orden a promover un sentido de comunidad.
السلوك الصحي والاتجاهات نحو الصحة
Authors: Rudwan Samer Jamil
Published: June 2020

هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل السلوك الصحي والاتجاهات الصحية للطّلاب من منظور عبر ثقافي بهدف إيجاد فروق عبر ثقافية بين عينةِ سوريةِ وألمانيةِ.استخدم في الدراسة استبيان السلوك الصحي ، (Steptoe, 1991) الذي يقيس مظاهر معينة من السلوك الصحي والاتجاهات نحوه. اشتملت عينة الدراسة على 300 مفحوص كان بينهم 201 أنثى (67%) و 99 ذكر (33%). استخدم التحليل الإحصائي للنتائج طريقة الإحصاء الوصفي والاستدلالي وتضمن الإحصاء الاستدلالي اختبار الفروق بين المتوسطات بين الذكور والإناث باستخدام الإحصائي "ت". أما حساب الارتباط والفروق بين السلوك والاتجاهات فقد تم حسابها بوساطة اختبار كاي مربع CHI2.أظهرت الدّراسةُ وجودَ بعض الخصائص المميزة للعينةِ السّوريةِ، بعضها منم للصحة مثل تناول الفاكهة والنوم عدد كاف من الساعات وتنظيف الأسنان و أخرى غير صحية مثل غيابِ الزياراتِ الدوريةِ إِلى الطّبيب وفحص الصدر.
القلق الاجتماعي
Authors: Rudwan Samer Jamil
Published: June 2020

شهدت السنوات العشرين الأخيرة تزايداً ملحوظاً في دراسات القلق الاجتماعي نتيجة ازدياد شيوع هذه الظاهرة. وتتضمن السمة الأساسية للقلق الاجتماعي Social anxiety الخوف المزمن من مواقف مختلفة يشعر فيها الشخص بأنه محط الأنظار والخوف من القيام بشيء ما مخجل أو فاضح. ومن أعراض القلق الاجتماعي الخوف من الحديث أمام الجمهور ومن مراقبة الناس للشخص أثناء ممارسة بعض النشاطات هدفت هذه الدراسة إلى إعداد مقياس للقلق الاجتماعي وفحص البنية العاملية له واختبار صدقه وثباته. اشتملت عينة الدراسة على 437 مفحوصاً من طلاب وطالبات جامعة دمشق. واعتمد الباحث في إعداد المقياس على اختبارين من اللغة الألمانية لقياس القلق الاجتماعي، اختار منهما بنوداً تشتمل على المكونات المعرفية والانفعالية والسلوكية للقلق الاجتماعي بالإضافة إلى مجموعة من البنود التي تمت صياغتها استناداً للوصف الإكلينيكي للصورة المرضية للقلق الاجتماعي.قاد التحليل العاملي إلى إيجاد خمسة عوامل جذرها الكامن أكثر من 1 تتضمن 29 بنداً بتشبع للبند مقداره 0,40 فما فوق، وإلى استخراج معاملات ثبات مقبولة للمقياس وتحديد انتشار ظاهرة القلق الاجتماعي في عينة الدراسة واستخراج معايير مبدئية له.