bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anthracene‐Based Endoperoxides as Self‐Sensitized Singlet Oxygen Carriers for Hypoxic‐Tumor Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: He Yan‐Qin , Tang Jian‐Hong
Published: November 2024

Singlet oxygen is a crucial reactive oxygen species (ROS) in photodynamic therapy (PDT). However, the hypoxic tumor microenvironment limits the production of cytotoxic singlet oxygen through the light irradiation of PDT photosensitizers (PSs). This restriction poses a major challenge in improving the effectiveness of PDT. To overcome this challenge, researchers have explored the development of singlet oxygen carriers that can capture and release singlet oxygen in physiological conditions. Among these developments, anthracene‐based endoperoxides, initially discovered almost 100 years ago, have shown the ability to generate singlet oxygen controllably under thermal or photo stimuli. Recent advancements have led to the development of a new class of self‐sensitized anthracene‐endoperoxides, with potential applications in enhancing PDT effects for hypoxic tumors. This review discusses the current research progress in utilizing self‐sensitized anthracene‐endoperoxides as singlet oxygen carriers for improved PDT. It covers anthracene‐conjugated small organic molecules, metal–organic complexes, polymeric structures, and other self‐sensitized nano‐structures. The molecular structural designs, mechanisms, and characteristics of these systems will be discussed. This review aims to provide valuable insights for developing high‐performance singlet oxygen carriers for hypoxic‐tumor PDT.
Near‐Infrared Light‐Responsive Cu2MoS4@GelMA Hydrogel with Photothermal Therapy, Antibacterial Effect and Bone Immunomodulation for Accelerating Infection Elimination and Fracture Healing
Authors: Xiu Haonan , Yang Kaili , Dong Li , Lai Haohua , Zhu Zhangyu , Jiang Dongdong , Yan Junwei , Shi Chen , Pan Shaowei , Yin Zhaowei , Yuwen Lihui , Liang Bin
Published: November 2024

Managing fracture infections is a significant challenge in trauma orthopedics, given the limited self‐healing capacity of fractures and the difficulty in eradicating infections. In this study, Cu2MoS4 nanoparticles (CMSs) with are prepared enzyme‐like activity and both pH and near‐infrared (NIR) light responsiveness. These CMSs are combined with methacrylated gelatin (GelMA) to synthesize CMSs hydrogels (CMSs@Gel) with antimicrobial and bone tissue repair‐promoting capabilities. In vitro and in vivo experiments, the CMSs@Gel demonstrated good biocompatibility; peroxidase‐like (POD), oxidase‐like (OXD), and catalase‐like (CAT) activities; excellent photothermal conversion efficiency; and immunomodulatory capacity. Furthermore, the CMSs@Gel exhibited slow degradation, enabling it to exert different pH‐responsive enzyme activities and modulate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the polarization of macrophages throughout the treatment process. Notably, these effects are significantly enhanced under near‐infrared (NIR) light. Additionally, under NIR irradiation, the CMSs@Gel maintained the fracture environment at a mild temperature (40–42 °C), promoting osteogenesis and angiogenesis. In summary, the CMSs@Gel enhances bactericidal activity during fracture infection and effectively promotes fracture healing after infection control, providing long‐term therapeutic effects. This study offers a robust theoretical basis for the staged and long‐term treatment of fracture infections in the future.
Viscoelastic High‐Molecular‐Weight Hyaluronic Acid Hydrogels Support Rapid Glioblastoma Cell Invasion with Leader–Follower Dynamics
Authors: Carvalho Emily M. , Ding Erika A. , Saha Atul , Garcia Diana Cruz , Weldy Anna , Zushin Peter‐James H. , Stahl Andreas , Aghi Manish K. , Kumar Sanjay
Published: November 2024

Hyaluronic acid (HA), the primary component of brain extracellular matrix, is increasingly used to model neuropathological processes, including glioblastoma (GBM) tumor invasion. While elastic hydrogels based on crosslinked low‐molecular‐weight (LMW) HA are widely exploited for this purpose and have proven valuable for discovery and screening, brain tissue is both viscoelastic and rich in high‐MW (HMW) HA, and it remains unclear how these differences influence invasion. To address this question, hydrogels comprised of either HMW (1.5 MDa) or LMW (60 kDa) HA are introduced, characterized, and applied in GBM invasion studies. Unlike LMW HA hydrogels, HMW HA hydrogels relax stresses quickly, to a similar extent as brain tissue, and to a greater extent than many conventional HA‐based scaffolds. GBM cells implanted within HMW HA hydrogels invade much more rapidly than in their LMW HA counterparts and exhibit distinct leader–follower dynamics. Leader cells adopt dendritic morphologies similar to invasive GBM cells observed in vivo. Transcriptomic, pharmacologic, and imaging studies suggest that leader cells exploit hyaluronidase, an enzyme strongly enriched in human GBMs, to prime a path for followers. This study offers new insight into how HA viscoelastic properties drive invasion and argues for the use of highly stress‐relaxing materials to model GBM.
Multiple Defect‐Induced High‐Resolution Near‐Infrared Mechanoluminescent Materials for Non‐Destructive Detection of Blood Glucose and Lipids
Authors: Wu Sheng , Zhou Guangyu , Wu Yafen , Xiong Puxian , Xiao Binli , Zhou Zhiyao , Xiao Yao , Shao Peishan , Wang Shouping , Shao Zhigang , Wang Yinzhen , Wang Feifei
Published: November 2024

Mechanoluminescence (ML) materials, known for their ability to convert mechanical energy into light, are increasingly recognized for their potential applications, such as in intelligent stress sensing, in vivo bioimaging, and stress non‐destructive monitoring. However, the low signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) and narrow‐band emission of single‐defect‐induced ML materials usually limit their biological‐related practical applications. Here, these limitations will be addressed by modulating the microstructure evolution in Y3Ga3MgSiO12:Cr3+ through the [Si4++Mg2+] → [Ga3++Ga3+] chemical substitution strategy. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation reveals the defect types and dynamic charge migration processes. In addition, Y3Ga3MgSiO12: Cr3+ with continuously distributed “shallow‐deep” defects (0.68–1.61 eV) can avoid persistent luminescence (PersL) and bright‐field environment interference. Herein, such high SNR near‐infrared broadband ML emission may provide a reliable way for high‐quality biological non‐destructive sensing and detection. Finally, benefiting from the different absorption of ML signals in glucose/lipid, one may find a novel non‐invasive blood glucose/lipid testing technology in patients.
Ru‐Incorporation‐Induced Phase Transition in Co Nanoparticles for Low‐Concentration Nitric Oxide Electroreduction to Ammonia at Low Potential
Authors: Wang Dongdong , Fan Guilan , Luan Deyan , Guo Yan , Gu Xiaojun , Lou Xiong Wen (David)
Published: November 2024

Electrocatalytic reduction of nitric oxide (NO) to ammonia (NH3) represents a potential solution for improving the disrupted nitrogen cycle balance. Unfortunately, designing efficient electrocatalysts for NO reduction reaction (NORR) remains a notable challenge, especially at low concentrations. Herein, a displacement‐alloying strategy is reported to successfully induce the phase transition of Co nanoparticles supported on carbon nanosheets from face‐centered cubic (fcc) to hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) structure through Ru incorporation. The obtained RuCo alloy with hcp phase structure (hcp‐RuCo) exhibits apparent NORR activity with a record‐high Faraday efficiency of 99.2% and an NH3 yield of 77.76 µg h−1 mgcat−1 at −0.1 V versus reversible hydrogen electrode at a NO concentration of 1 vol %, surpassing Co nanoparticles with fcc phase structure and most reported catalysts. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the excellent NORR activity of hcp‐RuCo can be attributed to the optimized electronic structure of Co site and lowered energy barrier of the potential rate‐determining step through phase transition. Furthermore, the assembled Zn‐NO battery using hcp‐RuCo as the cathode achieves a power density of 2.33 mW cm−2 and an NH3 yield of 45.94 µg h−1 mgcat−1. This work provides a promising research perspective for low‐concentration NO conversion.
A Multi‐Functional Foam with an Integrated Antique Square Pedestal Structure Exhibiting Broadband and Stable Microwave Absorption Performance
Authors: Zheng Wen , Wang Xin , Liu Bo , Yang Chenhui , Zhang Aibo
Published: November 2024

A multifunctional absorbing foam (CIPs‐COP/CNTs/PDMS) is fabricated via a simple template casting method, employing mesoporous carbonyl iron (CIPs) and carbonized orange peel (COP) as absorbing agents, along with flexible PDMS modified by CNTs serving as the matrix material. An elaborate design in the work is that a nano‐micron hierarchical rough structure is constructed via coating CNTs on foam surface, aiming to harvest synergistic effect of hydrophobicity and absorbing performance, where the contact angle is 136.2° and reflection loss (RLmin) reaches −48.2 dB. The absorbing stability and resistance sensitivity are investigated. The results manifest that CIPs‐COP/CNTs/PDMS foam exhibits highly sensitive resistance responses to force, including strength and direction. The foam's RLmin values remain nearly unchanged at ‐46.0 dB after 365 days of exposure to atmosphere, indicating a steady absorption properties. Significantly, to broaden the absorption bandwidth, tri‐layer square pedestal foam is assembled, the integrated structure feature is similar to ancient architecture, achieving RLmin of −52.0 dB and broadband of 12.5 GHz, covering full of Ku and X bands, and part of C band. The CIPs‐COP/CNTs/PDMS foam is expected to become a multi‐function material for outdoor application due to its hydrophobicity, machine‐electricity sensitivity, and stable absorbing properties.
Sensitive‐Tunable 1D Strain Sensor that is Only Sensitive to Axial Deformation
Authors: Zhang Yuxuan , Yang Bowen , Li Ruiran , Shen Xinyu , Wang Huayi , Tang Lixue , Gu Yu
Published: November 2024

Soft strain sensors can accurately monitor the deformation of irregular and dynamic surfaces. However, traditional thin‐film strain sensors are generally not direction‐specific, and the sensor becomes unpredictable when stretched in different directions simultaneously. Here, a soft 1D strain sensor is reported that is only sensitive to axial deformation by rolling up a thin‐film strain sensor based on liquid metals (LM) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer. The sensitivity of the 1D sensor can be regulated by rolling the 2D sensor at different angles. The 1D strain sensors have a large strain measuring range (>100%), high strain resolution (0.5%), fast responsiveness (<40 ms), and high reproducibility (over 2000 cycles), which are expected to adapt to various application scenarios with different sensitivity requirements. In addition, 1D strain sensors with different sensitivities can be braided into a three‐strand braid to provide measurements with three different sensitivities at the same time.
Hydrothermal Conditions Enhance Electrochemical CO2 Reduction Reaction: A Sustainable Path to Efficient Carbon Recycling
Authors: Tomai Takaaki , Guzman‐Urbina Alexander , Sato Takafumi , Iwase Kazuyuki
Published: November 2024

In converting CO2 into useful chemical starting materials, the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) promises to be a major carbon‐utilization strategy, contributing to a carbon‐neutral society. These are proposed using hydrothermal conditions—characterized by high temperature and high pressure—to address the challenges of CO2RR. Technology assessment revealed that the additional energy to create hydrothermal conditions doesnot increase the overall energy demand for chemical production, and the CO2 emissions from methanol production through hydrothermal electrochemical CO2RR can be negative with the photovoltaic electricity and waste heat supply. Moreover, These experimentally demonstrated promising improvements in the CO2RR process using hydrothermal conditions and elucidated the specific roles of temperature and pressure in promoting CO2RR. An increase in the process temperature to 150 °C, improves the CO2 diffusion coefficient in water, resulting in the enhancement of current density and the reduction of activation overpotential for CO2RR. On the other hand, the pressurization by CO2 can prevent the decrease in CO2 solubility under high‐temperature conditions, keeping a high selectivity of CO2RR. These findings indicate a plausible avenue for the efficient recycling of CO2 and its integration into the carbon cycle, marking a significant stride toward a sustainable, zero‐emission society.
Chemical Pressure‐Induced Unconventional Band Convergence Leads to High Thermoelectric Performance in SnTe
Authors: Ming Hongwei , Luo Zhong‐Zhen , Zou Zhigang
Published: November 2024

Band convergence is considered a net benefit to thermoelectric performance as it decouples the density of states effective mass () and carrier mobility (µ) by increasing valley degeneracy. Unlike conventional methods that typically prioritize at the expense of µ, this study theoretically demonstrates an unconventional band convergence strategy to enhance both and µ in SnTe under pressure. Density functional theory calculations reveal that increasing pressure from 0 to 5 GPa moves the Σ‐band of SnTe upward, reducing the energy offset between L‐ and Σ‐band from 0.35 to 0.2 eV while preserving the light band feature of the L‐band. Consequently, a high power factor (PF) of 119.2 µW cm−1 K−2 at 300 K is achieved for p‐type SnTe under 5 GPa. Chemical pressure also induces conduction band convergence, significantly enhancing the PF of n‐type SnTe. Additionally, the interplay between pressure‐induced phonon modes leads to a moderate increase in lattice thermal conductivity of SnTe below 3 GPa, which combined with the significantly enhanced PF, contributes to a large enhancement in ZT. Consequently, predicted ZT values of 2.12 at 650 K and 2.55 at 850 K are obtained for p‐ and n‐type SnTe, respectively, showcasing substantial performance enhancements.
FDM‐Printed CMOS Logic Gates from Flexing Beam Mechanisms for the Control of Soft Robotic Systems
Authors: Kendre Savita Vitthalrao , Aygül Cem , Page Calvin S. , Wang Lehong , Nemitz Markus P.
Published: November 2024

Fluidic control systems target unique applications where conventional electronics fail. However, current fluidic control systems face challenges in accessible fabrication, reproducibility, and modifiable characteristics such as operating pressure and instability count. Herein, fused deposition‐modeled compliant mechanisms with flexing beams and soft linear actuators for fluid switching and the control of soft robotic systems are introduced. A linear actuator switches a compliant mechanism to cut off airflow through off‐the‐shelf tubing. The modular compliant logic devices can be configured as normally open or normally closed switches, as NOT, AND, and OR gates, and as nonvolatile memory elements. Their use is demonstrated in controlling a fluidic stepper motor, a worm‐like robot, and a fluidic display. These fluidic switches are printable using inexpensive desktop 3D printers, can be reliably reproduced in large quantities, and offer a wide range of modifiable parameters, including scalability, adaptability in operating pressure, and the tunability of instability counts for computational and memory functions.
Synthesis, Structure and Properties of Compounds Derived from Kotoite‐related Structures: A2MB2O6 (A=Zn, Ba, Pb; B=Pb, Ba, Zn, Cu)
Authors: Sasmal Shreya , Devarajan Nainamalai , Natarajan Srinivasan
Published: November 2024

A series of compounds with the general formula A2MB2O6 (A=Zn, Ba, Pb; B=Pb, Ba, Zn, Cu) related to the kotoite structure has been prepared employing high‐temperature solid state methods. The substitution of transition elements in place of Zn2+ ions resulted in colored compounds. The optical absorption spectra could be explained based on Tanabe‐Sugano diagram and allowed d‐d transitions. Dielectric studies on Ba2ZnB2O6, (Ba1.5Pb0.5)ZnB2O6, PbZn2B2O6, Pb1.5Zn1.5B2O6, BaZn2B2O6 and Pb2CuB2O6 at room temperature indicate reasonable values at low frequencies, which decrease on increasing frequencies. Magnetic study of synthesized single‐phase compounds BaZnCoB2O6 and Pb2CuB2O6 have been performed. The substitution of Eu3+, Tb3+ and Tm3+ in place of Ba2+ in Ba2ZnB2O6, gives rise to the expected emission of red, green and blue colors. Suitable modifications of the different phosphors in Ba2ZnB2O6, resulted in white‐light emission in Ba2ZnB2O6. The Pb2CuB2O6 compound was found to be a good catalyst in the ipso‐hydroxylation of arylboronic acids.
From Waste to Power: Developing Structural Supercapacitors with Red Mud and Jute Stick
Authors: Nor Zakaria Mohamed , Al‐Qwairi Fatima Omar , Mirghni Abdulmajid A , Al‐Fakih Amin , Ahmad Shamsad , Al‐Osta Mohammed A. , Alzahrani Atif Saeed , Budaiwi Ismail M. , Aziz Md. Abdul
Published: November 2024

Developing effective, cost‐efficient, and eco‐friendly energy storage solutions is crucial for sustainable building structures. Red mud, a waste material, was used as the electrolyte and separator in supercapacitors, alongside activated carbon derived from jute sticks coated on steel mesh electrodes. Tests on RM‐enhanced supercapacitors showed that 20 % by weight of RM was the best amount. This increased the modulus of elasticity by 33 %, the tensile strength by 3 %, and the compressive strength by 10 %. Durability was largely unaffected, with minimal additional water absorption and slight shrinkage variation. The supercapacitor cell had an extended cell potential of 1.5 V and a maximum specific capacitance of 62.3 F g‐1 at 0.4 A g‐1, as shown by electrochemical tests. This improved energy density to 19.5 Wh kg‐1, with a power density of 301.8 W kg‐1 at 0.4 A g‐1 and a maximum power density of 605.8 W kg‐1 at 0.8 A g‐1. The cell retained 77 % of its initial capacitance after 450 continuous GCD cycles, demonstrating notable stability. This stability is due to the solid electrolyte and the synergy between JC and RM, indicating promising advancements for future energy storage devices.
Prescribed‐time distributed optimization for multi‐agent system subject to inequality constraints
Authors: Zhao Xiao‐Wen , Zhou Chen‐An , Liu Zhi‐Wei , Lai Qiang , Ge Ming‐Feng
Published: November 2024

This paper investigates the prescribed‐time distributed optimization control problem of multi‐agent system subject to inequality constraints over directed networks. The log‐barrier penalty function method is utilized to cope with the effects of inequality constraints. First, the relationship between the original problem and the processed unconstrained optimization problem is presented. By means of the zero‐gradient‐sum method and the integral sliding mode technique, the controller is designed such that the state of each agent converges to a vicinity of the optimal solution in a specified time. The interior point theorem ensures that the inequality constraints always hold. Numerical example is provided to verify the effectiveness of the theoretical analysis.
Impact of race and ethnicity on clinical outcomes and recurrence post‐ureteral reconstruction
Authors: Puri Dhruv , Cho Eric , Ahmadieh Kian , Garg Nishant , Delgado Cesar , Cedars Benjamin , Witthaus Michael , Pan Michael , Buckley Jill C.
Published: November 2024

Introduction

Ureteral stricture disease (UTSD) poses significant challenges in reconstructive urology, with recent advances highlighting disparities in healthcare outcomes based on race and ethnicity. This study investigates the impact of race and ethnicity on clinical outcomes following ureteral reconstruction.

Methods

We conducted a single‐centre prospective analysis of 233 patients who underwent ureteral reconstruction for UTSD from 2014 to 2023. Patient demographics, clinical characteristics, surgical details and outcomes were collected. Patients were stratified by race (White vs. non‐White) and ethnicity (Hispanic vs. non‐Hispanic). Statistical analyses included Kruskal–Wallis, Mann–Whitney U tests, ANOVA, Kaplan–Meier analysis and multivariate logistic regression.

Results

Our cohort included 233 patients who underwent ureteroplasty with 108 (46.4%) non‐White patients, and 71 (30.5%) were Hispanic. No significant differences were found in recurrence rates, complications, or stricture‐free survival between racial and ethnic groups. Prior reconstructions were more prevalent among non‐White patients (26.9% vs. 16.0%; p = 0.043). Unadjusted and adjusted regressions showed significant associations between non‐White race (unadjusted β = 0.76, p = 0.008; adjusted β = 0.82, p = 0.008) and Hispanic ethnicity (unadjusted β = 0.70, p = 0.025; adjusted β = 0.79, p = 0.020) with increased stricture lengths.

Conclusion

This study highlights that although recurrence and complication rates do not significantly differ by race or ethnicity, disparities exist in clinical presentations, with non‐White and Hispanic patients presenting with longer stricture lengths and higher body mass index. These findings underscore the need for targeted interventions to address underlying disparities in healthcare delivery and access.
Long live the cat: Ocelot population viability in a planned reintroduced population in Texas, USA
Authors: Martinez Lindsay A. , Lombardi Jason V. , Parker Israel D. , East Forrest , Campbell Tyler A. , Lopez Roel R.
Published: November 2024

Reintroductions are often needed to recover carnivore populations and restore ecological processes. Felids are common subjects of reintroduction efforts, but published population models informing felid reintroduction plans are uncommon, and poor planning has sometimes caused issues in felid reintroduction programs. In the United States, ocelots (Leopardus pardalis pardalis) are classified as endangered, and recovery requires population expansion into historic habitat. A multi‐organization effort is underway to establish a new ocelot population in Texas by releasing ocelots into an area of 478 km2 of suitable habitat in ocelots' historic but now unoccupied range. In this study, we used population viability analyses to compare different ocelot reintroduction strategies for the identified reintroduction area. Based on a potential ocelot breeding program's limitations, we modeled reintroduction using a founding population of no more than six ocelots and no more than four ocelots released per year for no more than 15 subsequent years. Within these limitations, we assessed projected population abundances and extinction risks after 30 years for 20 different reintroduction strategies. We found that long‐term releases are necessary to establish a viable population; under conservative model assumptions, releasing six ocelots in the initial year and then releasing four individuals annually for an additional 10–15 years is necessary for attaining a projected population greater than 36.62 ocelots (baseline) with <6% extinction risk. We also found that ocelot population abundance is about equally sensitive to post‐release mortality and inbreeding depression. This highlights the importance of not only supporting reintroduced ocelots' survival but also managing for high genetic diversity in the reintroduction program. Further, we found that realistic but more liberal assumptions on the carrying capacity of the reintroduction area and the age of first reproduction for ocelots increase projected population abundances (53.95 individuals and 61.26 individuals, respectively), and thus reintroduction success. The model's sensitivity to carrying capacity suggests that long‐term habitat protection and expansion are among the most important management actions to support ocelot reintroduction. Our study establishes the first population viability model for an ocelot reintroduction plan anywhere across the species' wide geographic range, and it reinforces several key considerations for wildlife reintroduction efforts worldwide.
Functional and phylogenetic β diversities and their link with clustering/overdispersion and uniqueness/redundancy
Authors: Pavoine Sandrine , Ricotta Carlo
Published: November 2024

In recent decades, research on biodiversity in community ecology has been marked by the consideration of species' evolutionary histories and functional traits. Among the different spatial levels at which functional or phylogenetic (hereafter FP) diversity can be quantified, the definition of the general concept of between‐community (β) diversity has been given less attention than that of local, within‐community (α) and regional, merged‐community (γ) diversities. Here, we develop a new method for partitioning FP β diversity into elementary components to determine how and why FP β diversity differs from species β diversity, with the latter reflecting only differences in species' abundances between communities. As a reference example, we consider two distinct measures of FP β diversity: Rao's dissimilarity coefficient (Qβ), which expresses the average FP dissimilarity between communities, and its transformation (Eβ), which expresses the effective number of distinct communities. Through analytical partitioning and simulations, we show that Qβ and Eβ are connected differently to typical patterns of community structure. The search for the ecological and evolutionary processes that drive community assembly and the assessment of community resilience and stability have indeed revealed typical community structures: the local clustering of species with similar traits or shared evolutionary histories and the local (α) or regional (γ) presence of functionally or phylogenetically redundant versus unique species. We show that while Qβ and Eβ are both increasing functions of species β diversity and FP γ uniqueness, Qβ increases with FP clustering, while Eβ increases with FP α redundancy. We also show that the component of FP clustering included in Qβ partitioning formula allows the detection of an overall trend of overdispersion or clustering in a dataset without the need to use null models. To facilitate and secure the selection of an index of β diversity for a given study, we call, through our study, for the development of formal and precise definitions for FP β diversity in light of the concepts of clustering versus overdispersion and redundancy versus uniqueness. In particular, we call for further research on when and why FP β diversity should increase with FP clustering.
Trait‐mediated indirect effect involving a chain of learning in agroecosystems
Authors: Uehara Haruka , Yusa Yoichi
Published: November 2024

An increase in predation risk triggers a trait response of prey, which alters the interactions between the prey and other species, ultimately affecting other species in the ecosystem. Such predator‐driven trait‐mediated indirect effects (TMIEs) may have been shaped by long‐term evolutionary processes involving the organisms involved, but learning may also be important, especially in contemporary ecosystems experiencing repeated biological invasions. The apple snail Pomacea canaliculata is an important introduced pest of rice, Oryza sativa. Recently, the carrion crow Corvus corone has been found to prey on this species only in some areas, suggesting that learning is involved in this predation. In addition, apple snails can learn to escape from predators and exhibit predator‐specific responses. Thus, the “chain of learning” by the crow and the snail may shape novel TMIEs in the rice ecosystem. We conducted field and mesocosm experiments to test this hypothesis. In the field experiment, we simulated predation by crows in rice fields and investigated the behavior of apple snails. The snails exhibited escape behaviors in response to the simulated predation, and both the proportion of individuals showing the escape response and the degree of escape response were greater in fields with predation by crows than those without predation. In the mesocosm experiment, apple snails from fields with and without predation by crows were separately introduced into mesocosms simulating rice fields, and the behaviors of the snails and the number of remaining rice plants were recorded for 16 days at three levels of predation risk (daily, every 4 days, or no predation). Both the presence/absence of predation in the collection fields and simulated predation affected the escape responses of the snails. Moreover, damage to rice was more severe in mesocosms containing snails from fields without predation than those containing snails from fields with predation. These results suggest that the “chain of learning” causes TMIEs in agroecosystems.
Spruce up your climate analysis: Dendroclimatology of Picea engelmannii and Picea pungens
Authors: Birch Joseph D. , DeRose R. Justin , Lutz James A.
Published: November 2024

Warming and more variable climates threaten to upend historical tree ranges, climatic sensitivity, and vigor. In western North America, the species Picea engelmannii var. engelmannii Parry ex Engelmann (Engelmann spruce) and Picea pungens Engelmann (Colorado blue spruce) are widespread spruce that act as foundational species in their montane to subalpine habitats. However, there is currently a lack of knowledge on P. pungens climatic responses, and how it differs from P. engelmannii. To address this gap, we assessed the climatic sensitivity and correlates of tree growth in a co‐occurring old‐growth stand of P. engelmannii and P. pungens, at high elevation in southern Utah, USA. We report the putative oldest cross‐dated P. pungens, with 457 rings, and sampled multiple P. pungens >400 years old. Both Picea populations had strongly positive growth responses to May–July precipitation and negative responses to maximum May–July temperature. Notably, October in the previous year had the strongest correlation with growth for both Picea species. Neither population exhibited signs of directional changes in climate–growth responses. Spectral analysis identified peaks associated with El Niño–Southern Oscillation at 3–4 years and quasi‐decadal oscillations (18–20 years) in both species. Cumulatively, our results highlight the growth–climate relationships of two frequently understudied subalpine tree species. In particular, P. pungens may warrant further study across its range and identification of other ancient populations.
Breathing Effect in a Tetrapodal Lanthanide‐Phosphonate Organic Framework
Authors: Mendes Ricardo F. , Almeida Paz Filipe A.
Published: November 2024

The highly flexible organic linker hexamethylenediamine‐N,N,N’,N’‐tetrakis(methylphosphonic acid) (H8htp) was used in the preparation of a new 3D MOF formulated as [La2(SO4)2(H6htp)(H2O)4] ⋅ 2H2O (UAV‐15) by using hydrothermal synthesis. The flexibility of the organic linker posed a serious challenge in the preparation of crystalline materials: for this, the judicious selection of sulfuric acid to act as a mineralizing agent proved to be instrumental, acting in the retardation of the coordination of the phosphonic acid groups, as well as being an integral part the UAV‐15 by coordinating to the metal center. The material is a 3D network having channels filled with crystallization water molecules that can be easily removed by increasing of temperature (120 °C for 24 h), leading to a single‐crystal‐to‐single‐crystal transformation originating [La2(SO4)2(H6htp)(H2O)3] (UAV‐15 d). This transformation maintains the overall topology of UAV‐15 with only a small distortion of the framework. The reversibility of this transformation was studied, with the material reverting naturally to its original structure at ambient conditions for a period of 3 months or, in a faster way, when immersed in water at 120 °C for 24 h.
Developmental Validation of a DIP‐InDel/DIP‐STR System for the Detection of Unbalanced DNA Mixtures
Authors: Zhang Mingming , Zhang Yuxin , Yang Hailing , Yu Huan , Fan Jiajia , Wang Jiaqi , Liu Zidong , Liu Jinding , Ren Jianbo , Zhang Gengqian
Published: November 2024

Extracting “masked” minor donor information from an unbalanced DNA mixture stain is important for the identification of the person of interest. In recent years, a series of compound markers genotyped based on allele‐specific amplifications have been proposed to detect minor contributors of mixed stains. In this study, we selected out 18 DIP‐InDel markers from previous literatures and established a multiplex system encompassing 18 DIP‐InDel markers and 6 DIP‐STR markers in two separate reactions. The allele frequencies were estimated based on 200 samples, and 23 of the 24 DIP‐linked length polymorphic markers had a relatively high probability of informative markers (I value >0.267), which indicated their potential usefulness in the Chinese Han population. Moreover, the multiplex was highly sensitive (requiring >0.025 ng) and specific to human DNA. This system is capable of detecting the minor contributor comprising 1% in unbalanced mixtures of two individuals. The capacity of profiling cell‐free DNA was also analyzed in few cases. At least one paternal allele could be detected in maternal plasma samples with gestation periods ranging from 27 to 40 weeks. To conclude, the DIP‐linked length polymorphic markers may serve as a convenient method for detecting the presence of a minor donor in unbalanced mixtures and show promise for noninvasive prenatal diagnosis.
Diversity of Alternaria‐derived toxins and their toxicodynamic and toxicokinetic characteristics in the food chain
Authors: Hussain Sarfaraz , Abbas Aqleem , Ali Maratab , Jahan Israt , Jabran Muhammad , Ahmed Muhammad Afaq , Ahmed Zienab F. R. , Zhang Xinhua
Published: November 2024

The Alternaria genus comprises more than 250 fungal species among which pathogenic species cause diseases in economically important crops and contaminate food via secreted toxins. Among these host‐specific toxins (HSTs) generally harm specific plants, while certain non‐host‐specific toxins (nHSTs) have significant mutagenic and cytotoxic effects on humans and other vertebrates. Alternaria spp. tend to accumulate mycotoxins in food and food products, causing spoilage in fields during harvesting, postharvest stages, and storage. Changing climatic conditions and large cultivation areas led to a rise in Alternaria mycotoxins, with vegetarians being more frequently exposed. There is limited information on the toxicity incidence, absorption, excretion, and distribution of these mycotoxins in farms and domesticated animals; therefore, further investigation is required. This review covers current studies on the toxic effects of Alternaria mycotoxins, including genotoxicity, teratogenicity, nephrotoxicity, cytotoxicity, DNA damage, carcinogenicity, and immunosuppressive role. The toxicokinetic properties of these mycotoxins were explored, based on both in vitro and in vivo investigations. Combined effects of Alternaria mycotoxins with other mycotoxins in food are not well studied and can vary widely, showing synergistic, additive, or antagonistic interactions based on the specific combinations involved. The data presented here could strengthen risk assessment for Alternaria mycotoxins by emphasizing the need to minimize contact between contaminated and uncontaminated food and establish appropriate measures to ensure food safety.
Application of Pullulan to Induce Disease Resistance Against Diaporthe nobilis in Postharvest Kiwifruit
Authors: Yu Shukun , Li Huanhuan , Han Lihong , Wang Junjie , Tang Xiaofeng , Wei Zhao‐Jun , Liu Yongsheng , Miao Min
Published: November 2024

Kiwifruit stands out as a globally favored fruit owing to its palatable flavor and nutritional benefits. However, it continues to ripen after harvest, and this trait makes it more susceptible to fungal infections. Diaporthe spp. has garnered attention for causing postharvest soft rot in kiwifruit; consequently, effective prevention and treatment strategies for soft rot are crucial for managing postharvest diseases in kiwifruit. We found that pullulan treatment greatly decreased both the incidence of disease and lesion diameter following Diaporthe nobilis inoculation in kiwifruit. Pullulan at the concentrations (1%, 3%, and 5%) markedly reduced the disease incidence of the soft rot in kiwifruit after 3 days of inoculation with D. nobilis by 19.16%, 31.66%, and 48.33%, respectively, and lesion diameter of 5% pullulan treated kiwifruit was 38.1% lower than that of the control 3 days after treatment. Importantly, pullulan treatment maintained and reduced the accumulation of superoxide anion (O2−), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and the peroxidation of membrane lipids; maintained high levels of ascorbic acid (AsA) and glutathione (GSH); and stimulated the buildup of total phenolic. Additionally, pullulan treatment markedly increased the activities of defense‐related enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), phenylalanine ammonialyase (PAL), chitinase (CHI), and β‐1,3 glucanase (GLU). Furthermore, pullulan treatment was found to activate expressions of defense‐related genes. Overall, our data confirm the application of pullulan treatment for controlling postharvest soft rot in kiwifruit, potentially offering a valuable strategy for enhancing the storage stability and shelf life of this economically significant fruit.
Chronotherapy in head and neck cancer: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Abusamak Mohammad , Abu‐Samak Abdel‐Azez , Cai Wenji , Al‐Waeli Haider , Al‐Hamed Faez Saleh , Al‐Tamimi Mohammad , Juweid Malik , Chaurasia Akhilanand , Nicolau Belinda , Tamimi Faleh
Published: November 2024

Optimizing the timing of radiotherapy and chemotherapy tailored to the body's biological clock (i.e., chronotherapy) might improve treatment efficacy and reduce side effects. This systematic review evaluated the effect of chrono‐radiotherapy and chrono‐chemotherapy on treatment efficacy, toxicity and adverse events in head and neck cancer (HNC) patients from prospective and retrospective studies published between the date of database inception until March 2024. The primary outcome measures for chrono‐radiotherapy were treatment efficacy and incidence of grade ≥3 oral mucositis, and the main outcome measures for chrono‐chemotherapy were objective response rate (ORR) and overall toxicity and adverse events. Of 7349 records identified, 22 studies with 3366 patients were included (chrono‐radiotherapy = 9 and chrono‐chemotherapy = 13). HNC patients who underwent chrono‐radiotherapy had 31% less risk of developing severe oral mucositis (grade ≥3) compared to evening radiotherapy (risk ratio: 0.69, 95% CI: 0.53–0.90, p < 0.05). Further, HNC patients who underwent chrono‐chemotherapy using platinum‐based and antimetabolite agents had 73% less risk of lower ORR compared to nontime‐stipulated chemotherapy (risk ratio: 0.27, 95% CI: 0.09–0.84, p < 0.05). In addition, HNC patients who underwent chrono‐chemotherapy had 41% less risk of lower overall toxicity and adverse events in comparison to nontime‐stipulated chemotherapy (risk ratio: 0.59, 95% CI: 0.47–0.72, p < 0.05). In conclusion, chrono‐chemotherapy studies showed evidence of improved treatment efficacy, while in chrono‐radiotherapy it was maintained. Chrono‐radiotherapy and chrono‐chemotherapy studies provide evidence of reduced toxicity and adverse events. However, optimized circadian‐based multicentric clinical studies are needed to support chrono‐radiotherapy and chrono‐chemotherapy in managing HNC.
Globalisation, Financialisation and Endogenous Thresholds for Premature Deindustrialisation
Authors: Özçelik Seda Ekmen , Özmen Erdal , Taşdemir Fatma
Published: November 2024

We investigate the pattern and determinants of premature deindustrialisation (PD) for a large panel of advanced, emerging and developing economies. We consider the impacts of international financial integration (de facto financial globalisation), capital account openness (de jure financial globalisation) and financialisation which are often neglected by the literature along with the conventional determinants of industrialisation. The recent literature often employs conventional fixed‐effects panel data estimation procedures to estimate and test the postulated inverted‐U relationship between manufacturing value‐added share in GDP and real income. We employ non‐parametric kernel regression to identify the pattern between these variables. In addition, this study analyses the determinants of industrialisation not only by employing the generalised method of moments procedure but also the recent methods allowing to estimate endogenous thresholds. In this context, we also examine whether income and globalisation provide endogenous thresholds for the effect of income on the processes of industrialisation and PD for our samples.
Caenorhabditis elegans as a Model for Evaluating the Toxicology of Inorganic Nanoparticles
Authors: Silva Aline Castro , Viçozzi Gabriel Pedroso , Farina Marcelo , Ávila Daiana Silva
Published: November 2024

Inorganic nanoparticles are nanomaterials with a central core composed of inorganic specimens, especially metals, which give them interesting applications but can impact the environment and human health. Their short‐ and long‐term effects are not completely known and to investigate that, alternative models have been successfully used. Among these, the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans has been increasingly applied in nanotoxicology in recent years because of its many features and advantages for toxicological screening. This non‐parasitic nematode may inhabit any environment where organic matter is available; therefore, it is interesting for ecotoxicological assessments. Moreover, this worm has a high genetic homology to humans, making the findings translatable. A notable number of published studies unraveled the level of toxicity of different nanoparticles, including the mechanisms by which their toxicity occurs. This narrative review collects and describes the most relevant toxicological data for inorganic nanoparticles obtained using C. elegans and also supports its application in safety assessments for regulatory purposes.
Thrombin Immobilized Hemocompatible Radiopaque Polyurethane Microspheres for Topical Blood Coagulation
Authors: Naik Sonali S. , Torris Arun , Ghuge Gorakh Hiraman , Karthika V. K. , Joseph Roy , Nair Kiran Sukumaran
Published: November 2024

Over the past decade, there has been growing interest in developing microspheres for embolization procedures. However, the lack of noninvasive monitoring of the embolic agents and the occurrence of reflux phenomenon leading to unintentional occlusions has raised concerns regarding their compatibility/suitability for embolization therapy. Here we report the development of specialty microspheres having intrinsic radiopacity and surface functionality to tackle the existing complications that pave the way for more advanced solutions. To achieve the above goal, an iodinated monomer, termed “IBHV,” capable of imparting radiopacity and functionality, was synthesized and used as a chain extender to make radiopaque polyurethane. Microspheres with a smooth surface and an average diameter of 474 ± 73 μm were fabricated from this polyurethane. The microspheres obtained were noncytotoxic, had a permissible hemolysis rate, and showed better traceability on x‐ray imaging. Subsequent immobilization of thrombin onto microspheres improved their hemostatic effect. This study demonstrated that immobilization of thrombin would lead to microspheres with unique traits of radiopacity and hemostatic properties, which will undoubtedly enhance embolization efficiency.
Taxonomic Identification of Ligustrum foliosum Nakai: A Comprehensive Study of Macro‐ and Micromorphology
Authors: Zaman Wajid , Lee Eun Mi , Park SeonJoo
Published: November 2024

Ligustrum foliosum Nakai, a species endemic to South Korea, is a member of the Oleaceae family. This study provides a comprehensive taxonomic identification of L. foliosum based on its macro‐ and micromorphological characteristics, particularly focusing on the leaf foliar epidermal taxonomy. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to analyze the leaf structures of L. foliosum collected from various populations on Ulleungdo Island, its primary habitat. Macromorphological assessment revealed that L. foliosum exhibits ovate to elliptical leaves with pointed apices, rounded bases, and entire, smooth margins. The leaves measured 3–10 cm in length and 1.5–4 cm in width, with a pinnate venation pattern and prominent secondary veins. The adaxial surface was dark green and glabrous, while the adaxial surface was lighter green and slightly pubescent. Micromorphological analysis using SEM provided detailed insights into the leaf epidermal characteristics. The epidermal cells were polygonal in shape with straight to slightly curved anticlinal walls. Anomocytic stomata that were not surrounded by specialized cells are the predominant type, with a density ranging from 100 to 150/mm2. Epidermal cells measured approximately 10–20 μm in length and 5–10 μm in width, while the stomata typically measured approximately 20–30 μm in length and 10–15 μm in width. Thick‐walled bundle sheath cells were evident around the vascular bundles, with a density of 1–3 bundles/mm. The cuticle was moderately thick, providing protection against desiccation, and trichomes were elongated single cell on the leaf both surface. This study contributes to the understanding of L. foliosum's taxonomic position within the Oleaceae family by providing a detailed description of its macro‐ and micromorphological characteristics. These findings can aid in the identification and conservation of this endemic species, which is crucial for preserving the unique biodiversity of Ulleungdo Island and South Korea.
MRI Tomoelastography to Assess the Combined Status of Vessels Encapsulating Tumor Clusters and Microvascular Invasion in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Zhong Linhui , Long Shichao , Pei Yigang , Liu Wenguang , Chen Juan , Bai Yu , Luo Yijing , Zou Bocheng , Guo Jing , Li Mengsi , Li Wenzheng
Published: November 2024

Background

Integrating vessels encapsulating tumor clusters (VETC) and microvascular invasion (MVI) (VM hereafter) is potentially useful in risk stratification of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, noninvasive assessment methods for VM are lacking.

Purpose

To investigate the diagnostic performance of tomoelastography in assessing the VM status in HCC.

Study Type

Retrospective.

Population

One hundred sixty‐eight patients with surgically confirmed HCC consisting of 115 training and 53 validation cohorts, divided into negative‐VM and positive‐VM groups with mild or severe‐VMs. Of them, 127 patients completed the follow‐up (median: 26.1 months).

Field Strength/Sequence

3D multifrequency tomoelastography with a single‐shot spin‐echo echo‐planar imaging sequence, and liver MRI including T1‐weighted in‐phase and opposed‐phase gradient echo (GRE), T2‐weighted turbo spin echo, diffusion‐weighted imaging and dynamic contrast‐enhanced T1‐weighted GRE sequences at 3.0 T.

Assessment

Shear wave speed (c) and phase angle of the shear modulus (φ) were calculated on tomoelastograms. Imaging features were visually analyzed and clinical features were collected. Conventional models used clinical and imaging features while nomograms combined tomoelastography, clinical and imaging features.

Statistical Tests

Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses, nomogram, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC), DeLong test, Kaplan–Meier analysis and log‐rank test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

Tumor‐to‐liver parenchyma ratio of c (cr) and tumor c were independent risk factors for positive‐VM and severe‐VM, respectively. In validation cohort, the nomograms including cr and tumor c performed significantly better than the conventional models for diagnosing positive‐VM (0.84 [95% CI: 0.72–0.93] vs. 0.77 [95% CI: 0.64–0.88]) and severe‐VM (0.86 [95% CI: 0.68–0.96] vs. 0.75 [95% CI: 0.55–0.89]). Patients with estimated positive‐VM (9.3 months)/severe‐VM (9.2 months) based on nomograms had shorter median recurrence‐free survival than those with estimated negative‐VM (>20.0 months)/mild‐VM (18.0 months) in validation cohort.

Data Conclusion

Tomoelastography based‐nomograms showed good performance for noninvasively assessing VM status in patients with HCC.

Evidence Level

3

Technical Efficacy

Stage 2