bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Unanswered Health Disparity: Tuberculosis Among Correctional Inmates, 1993 Through 2003
Authors: MacNeil Jessica R. , Lobato Mark N. , Moore Marisa
Published: September 2005

Objectives: We sought to describe disparities and trends in tuberculosis (TB) risk factors and treatment outcomes between correctional inmate and noninmate populations.

Methods: We analyzed data reported to the national TB surveillance system from 1993 through 2003. We compared characteristics between inmate and non-inmate men aged 15–64 years.

Results: Of the 210976 total US TB cases, 3.8% (7820) were reported from correctional systems. Federal and state prison case rates were 29.4 and 24.2 cases per 100000 inmates, respectively, which were considerably higher than those in the noninmate population (6.7 per 100000 people). Inmates with TB were more likely to have at least 1 TB risk factor compared with noninmates (60.1% vs 42.0%, respectively) and to receive directly observed therapy (65.0% vs 41.0%, respectively); however, they were less likely to complete treatment (76.8% vs 89.4%, respectively). Among inmates, 58.9% completed treatment within 12 months compared with 73.2% of noninmates.

Conclusions: Tuberculosis case rates in prison systems remain higher than in the general population. Inmates with TB are less likely than noninmates to complete treatment.
Get Connected: An HIV Prevention Case Management Program for Men and Women Leaving California Prisons
Authors: Myers Janet , Zack Barry , Kramer Katie , Gardner Mick , Rucobo Gonzalo , Costa-Taylor Stacy
Published: September 2005

Individuals leaving prison face challenges to establishing healthy lives in the community, including opportunities to engage in behavior that puts them at risk for HIV transmission. HIV prevention case management (PCM) can facilitate linkages to services, which in turn can help remove barriers to healthy behavior.

As part of a federally funded demonstration project, the community-based organization Centerforce provided 5 months of PCM to individuals leaving 3 state prisons in California. Program effects were measured by assessing changes in risk behavior, access to services, reincarnation, and program completion. Although response rates preclude definitive conclusions, HIV risk behavior did decrease. Regardless of race, age, or gender, those receiving comprehensive health services were significantly more likely to complete the program. PCM appears to facilitate healthy behavior for individuals leaving prison.
A Missed Opportunity: Hepatitis C Screening of Prisoners
Authors: Macalino Grace E. , Dhawan Darpun , Rich Josiah D.
Published: September 2005

In 2003, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued recommendations to screen all inmates with a history of injection drug use or other risk factors for hepatitis C. We compared self-reported risk factors for hepatitis C with serostatus from inmates in the Rhode Island Department of Corrections. Of the male inmates who were hepatitis C positive, 66% did not report injection drug use. Risk-based testing underestimates the hepatitis C virus (HCV) prevalence in correctional settings and limits the opportunity to diagnose and prevent hepatitis C infection.
Preventive Care for Women in Prison: A Qualitative Community Health Assessment of the Papanicolaou Test and Follow-Up Treatment at a California State Women’s Prison
Authors: Magee Catherine G. , Hult Jen R. , Turalba Ruby , McMillan Shelby
Published: September 2005

Growing evidence indicates that women in prison are particularly vulnerable to many negative health outcomes, including cervical cancer. The Papanicolaou (Pap) test is an effective tool to screen for this disease. To determine what is and is not working with the Pap test and follow-up treatment, we performed qualitative interviews with women prisoners and key informants at a California state women’s prison. Our assessment revealed that the process of administering Pap tests at this institution was not meeting the health care needs of the women interviewed.

Women reported having negative experiences during the test and with their health care providers. Additionally the prison’s culture and infrastructure create obstacles that hinder prisoners from receiving quality care and providers from delivering that care. In response, women prisoners use self-and community advocacy to meet their health care needs and cope with these challenges.
Detecting Mental Disorder in Juvenile Detainees: Who Receives Services
Authors: Teplin Linda A. , Abram Karen M. , McClelland Gary M. , Washburn Jason J. , Pikus Ann K.
Published: September 2005

Objectives. We determined whether or not juvenile detainees with major mental disorders received treatment, and the variables that predicted who received services.

Methods. Our sample was 1829 randomly selected juvenile detainees taking part in the Northwestern Juvenile Project. To determine need for mental health services, independent interviewers administered the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children and rated functional impairment using the Child Global Assessment Scale. Records on service provision were obtained from the juvenile justice and public health systems.

Results. Among detainees who had major mental disorders and associated functional impairments, 15.4% received treatment in the detention center and 8.1% received treatment in the community by the time of case disposition or 6 months, whichever came first. Significantly more girls than boys were detected and treated. Receiving treatment was predicted by clinical variables (having a major mental disorder or reported treatment history or suicidal behavior) and demographic variables.

Conclusions. The challenge to public health is to provide accessible, innovative, and effective treatments to juvenile detainees, a population that is often beyond the reach of traditional services.
Stress induced by the Mio-Pliocene Alpine collision in northern France
Authors: Rocher Muriel , Cushing Marc , Lemeille Francis , Baize Stéphane
Published: September 2005

In most rocks, tectonic stress induces crystalline deformation, such as mechanical twinning. The inverse analysis of calcite twinning allows reconstruction of both directions and values of the paleostress field. The Etchecopar inverse method using calcite twinning has been improved in this paper, lowering the uncertainties on the calculated stress values. Calcite was sampled in the foreland of the western Alps, along a SE-NW section from the Jura Mountains to the Isle of Wight. The calcite twinning inversion has identified the successive Cenozoic tectonic events, named “Pyrenean” compression, “Oligocene” extension and “Alpine” compression.

The distribution of the Mio-Pliocene Alpine orogenic stress was specified. This stress field varies in terms of stress regime, directions and values. The horizontal principal stress trends E-W in southern France, WNW in the centre, and NW in the North, which can be attributed to the Alpine indenter phenomenon. The tectonic stress regime roughly corresponds to a pure compression in the Jura and rapidly evolves to the NW to a strike-slip state of stress, then beyond the Paris basin’s centre to a perpendicular extension. Unlike the Pyrenean or Appalachian foreland stress, the Alpine differential stress does not significantly decrease from the Jura front to the far field (30 to 25 MPa). Moreover, stress values vary from one area to another, low in the Burgundy high, fractured and uprising during this tectonic event, and high in Paris basin centre, poorly fractured and subsiding during this event. Three possible explanations are proposed : variation in crust thickness, crustal buckling during the Mio-Pliocene, and pre-existing fractures.
Mechanical control of a lithological alternation on normal fault morphology, growth and reactivation
Authors: Soliva Roger , Benedicto Antonio , Vergély Pierre , Rives Thierry
Published: September 2005

This paper presents an analysis of the control of lithological variation on normal fault morphology, growth and reactivation. We study a normal fault population contained within an inter-bedded sequence of marly-limestones and clay rich layers. The analysis of cross sectional and bedding plane exposure of faults reveals that the plastic clay layers act as barriers to vertical fault propagation. Only the long vertically restricted normal faults (i.e. confined between two clay layers) are later reactivated and show extensional-shear mode of deformation. The likelihood of reactivation of the faults was probably favoured by the small plastic strength of the clay rich layers. We discuss the extensional-shear mode in terms of structural context, reactivation and rock rigidity.

Displacement profile analysis of only isolated non-reactivated faults allows us to distinguish the faults mechanically influenced by the rheological discontinuities from those that are contained within the same lithological unit. Using both cross-sectional observations and displacement-length data of the fault population we estimate the average aspect ratio (length/height ~ 2) of the faults contained within the same lithological unit. A 3-D displacement-length scaling law that integrates post yield fracture mechanics (PYFM) and the principal fault dimensions (length and height) reveals the importance of the low rigidity of the marly-limestone on the displacement of the faults contained into a same lithological unit. A comparison of our displacement-length data with those compiled from the literature suggests that the displacement-length variability is strongly related to the rock mechanical properties and contrasts in layered rocks.

The bulk of our analysis, based on field observations and theory, shows that: (i) fault shape, (ii) fault ability to be reactivated, (iii) shear mode, and (iv) displacement-length values are strongly sensitive to the lithological contrasts, and are therefore dependent on the fault dimension relative to the thicknesses of the sedimentary bodies. Therefore, regardless the variety of fault initiation processes, our analysis confirms that both fault morphology and fault growth are not self similar in heterogeneous layered rocks from centimetre to kilometre scale.
Isotope records in submarine speleothems from the Adriatic coast, Croatia
Authors: Surić Maša , Horvatinčić Nada , Suckow Axel , Juračić Mladen , Barešić Jadranka
Published: September 2005

Isotope studies, using 14C dating, δ13C and δ18O measurements, were performed at eight speleothems taken from three submerged caves situated along the eastern Adriatic coast, Croatia. The speleothems were taken from 17 m to 38.5 m depth below mean sea level. The samples consist of four stalagmites and four stalactites in position of growth, covered with marine biogenic overgrowth, and the length of speleothems ranges from ~80 mm to ~190 mm.

The youngest (surface) and the oldest (base) layers of speleothems were radiocarbon dated and the 14C ages range from 21,600 cal B.P. to 37,000 yr B.P. During that period the global sea level was more than 40 m below the recent one, so presently submerged objects were under the subaerial conditions necessary for speleothem deposition. 14C ages of the youngest layer range from 21,600 to 32,200 cal B.P. for different submerged speleothems. This indicates the time when the speleothem growth ceased, most probably due to flooding of the cave with either fresh or brackish water. Speleothem growth during the Last Glacial Maximum (30–19 kyr ago) and different time of growth cessation for the different speleothem samples suggest that climate change was not the reason for cessation of deposition.

Samples for δ13C and δ18O measurements were taken from six submerged speleothems with sampling distances of ca. 5–10 mm from the surface to the base of speleothems. Most of the δ13C values are in the range from −10.5‰ to −8.5‰, with few exceptions to −6‰. These values are typical for Dinaric karst, and very different values for marine biogenic overgrowth indicate that no isotopic exchange took place during the submerged period. δ18O values range from −6.7‰ to −4.1‰. A weak correlation between δ13C and δ18O values indicates possible kinetic isotope fractionation during the calcite precipitation. If the δ18O record is interpreted as climatic signal, it suggests similar climatic conditions for the late Pleistocene and the Holocene, especially no significant differences in temperature and/or moisture transport.
Sr isotopic tracing in a lagoonal system : example of surficial carbonate sediments in the Nador lagoon (northeastern Morocco)
Authors: Mahjoubi Rachida , Kamel Saïd , Noack Yves , Michard Annie , Nahon Daniel , Carruesco Christian
Published: September 2005

The Nador lagoon is the largest one in Morocco and along the Mediterranean. It is located on the northeastern coast near the Rif chain (North Morocco), and it is surrounded by volcanic and sedimentary rocks of various lithofacies. The watershed has an area of about 2200 km2 and is drained by a dense river network. The lagoon dimension is of 115 km2 (25 x 7.5 km) with a depth not exceeding 8 m. The island barrier is 25 km in length and 350 m in average width.

The carbonate fraction is the dominant component of the present-day sedimentation in the Nador lagoon. It represents 13 to 48 % of total sediments. Its distribution within the lagoon reflects the nature of marine and continental watershed.

The carbonate fraction is composed, in decreasing order of importance, of calcite, magnesium calcite, dolomite and aragonite. The Sr isotopic signatures of lagoonal carbonates sediments show that they are dominated by marine biogenic sediments deposited, and by chemical precipitation. In addition, other carbonates of external origin and less radiogenic Sr isotopic are also present, coming from aerosols and ancient carbonates and transported by streams and rivers. From northwest to southeast, the Sr concentration of these lagoon carbonates increases, showing a slow renewal of waters in the southeastern zone because of its remoteness from communication with sea.
Seed Yield, Oil, and Fatty Acids of Cuphea in the Northwestern Corn Belt
Authors: Forcella Frank , Gesch Russ W. , Isbell Terry A.
Published: September 2005

Cuphea is a potential new crop for temperate regions. It produces and stores in its seeds medium chain length fatty acids, which currently are derived commercially from seeds of tropical palms. The growth and yield potential of ‘PSR23’ (Cuphea viscosissima Jacq. × C. lanceolata W.T. Aiton) cuphea was known for west central Minnesota but not elsewhere. To better understand the range of latitudes in which PSR23 is adapted, planting date experiments were established at seven research farms along a transect from southwestern Iowa to northwestern Minnesota (41–49° N latitude) in 2002 and 2003. Seed yields, seed oil contents, and fatty acid profiles were determined. In the absence of drought, cuphea grew well vegetatively at most sites, but seed yields tended to be higher in Minnesota than in Iowa. Irrigation did not enhance seed yields greatly in Iowa. Low yields due to delayed planting (mid May to mid June) were apparent only when water was limited. Oil content of seeds ranged from 28 to 33% and may have been associated inversely with air temperatures during seed‐fill. The principal fatty acid was capric acid, which ranged from 67 to 73% of total oil and was always highest in the colder, northern‐most sites. PSR23 appears to have better potential as an industrial oilseed crop at higher than lower latitudes because of enhanced yields and capric acid levels.
Cultivar and Environmental Effects on Freezing Tolerance of Narrow‐Leaf Plantain
Authors: Skinner R. Howard
Published: September 2005

Improved cultivars of narrow leaf plantain (Plantago lanceolata L.) have received increasing attention as possible pasture species for the northeastern USA because of their productivity during drought and high nutritive value. However, the cultivars currently available do not have sufficient freezing tolerance to survive northeastern U.S. winters. This experiment examined the relationship between shoot growth rate and root:shoot partitioning during cold‐hardening and the freezing tolerance of ‘Lancelot’ and ‘Tonic’ plantain compared with ‘PG700’, an experimental line collected from the eastern USA. I hypothesized that PG700 would exhibit reduced shoot structural growth and increased carbohydrate storage in roots during cold‐hardening, resulting in increased freezing tolerance and survival. In growth chamber experiments, seedlings were cold hardened for 21 d and then frozen at −12°C for 3 h. Survival was evaluated after a 21‐d recovery period. The experiment was conducted twice. Survival was greatest for PG700 (58%), followed by Lancelot (33%) and Tonic (18%) (P < 0.01). When combined across cultivars, survival was 59% in Trial 1 compared with 11% in Trial 2 (P < 0.01). None of the measured parameters including overall root and shoot growth or relative partitioning between roots and shoots were related to cultivar differences in freezing tolerance. Reduced survival in Trial 2 was accompanied by high nitrogen uptake and vigorous shoot relative to root growth during the cold‐hardening period. Thus, reduced shoot growth was accompanied by increased freezing tolerance when differences in survival were induced by environmental effects but was not related to genetic differences in survival.
Physiological Limitations to Photosynthetic Carbon Assimilation in Cotton under Water Stress
Authors: Ennahli Said , Earl Hugh J.
Published: September 2005

Water stress may reduce leaf net photosynthetic carbon assimilation (AN) through both stomatal effects, which reduce the leaf internal CO2 concentration (Ci), and nonstomatal effects, which result in reduced AN at a given level of Ci However, the leaf gas exchange techniques used to calculate Ci are susceptible to important artifacts when applied to water‐stressed leaves, making such Ci estimates unreliable. As an alternative to Ci, the CO2 concentration in the chloroplast (CC) can be calculated from simultaneous measurements of AN from gas exchange measurements, and the thylakoid electron flux from chlorophyll fluorometry. This permits diffusional effects (stomatal plus mesophyll limitations to CO2 diffusion) to be differentiated from chloroplast‐level effects. We used this method to investigate physiological restrictions to photosynthesis in leaves of water stressed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) plants in a series of greenhouse experiments. A null‐balance lysimeter was used to slowly induce four distinct levels of water stress. Combined leaf gas exchange/chlorophyll fluorescence measurements differentiated the treatments more effectively than gas exchange measurements alone. All treatments reduced CC, but only the two most severe stress treatments significantly increased nondiffusional restrictions, detectable as a reduction in the slope of AN on CC In a second experiment, recovery of leaf photosynthesis was determined 24 and 48 h after relief of a severe stress by rewatering. Recovery of the AN/CC relationship was substantial but incomplete after 24 h and did not recover further by 48 h after rewatering, indicating lasting chloroplast‐level injury as a result of the stress. Similar experiments should be conducted under field conditions to determine if water stress results in irreversible chloroplast‐level injury in field‐grown cotton.
Expanding the Pool of PCR‐Based Markers for Oat
Authors: Jannink J.-L. , Gardner S. W.
Published: September 2005

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)–based markers are generally more rapid and less expensive to assay than hybridization‐based markers (e.g., restriction fragment length polymorphisms [RFLP]), making them useful for breeding applications, but few of such markers are available for oat (Avena sativa L.). Approaches to develop new markers cheaply include using primer pairs designed for other species or using publicly available sequence information. In this study we report on the design of 32 markers using publicly available oat sequence data and on the map locations of 20 loci from 16 markers on the oat ‘Ogle’ × ‘TAM O‐301’ population.
On The Role Of Context In The Development Of Learner Language
Authors: Howard Martin
Published: September 2005

Based on an expansive study of Irish university learners of French, this paper aims to illuminate the specificity of the role played by ‘learning context’ on the learners’ language development. Following discussion of the concept of ‘learning context’ in language learning, the paper compares the language development of classroom instructed learners in Ireland and ‘study abroad’ learners who are also instructed learners, but who have resided in France thanks to an international exchange programme. Given the differences in the type of intercultural encounter which each learning context permits, the paper collates results of a study which attempts to capture how such encounters might transform the learners’ language use on a particular aspect of their linguistic repertoire in French, namely the expression of past time reference. Whilst the results detail the highly beneficial effect of the study abroad context on the learners’language development, they none the less point to a number of similarities in the past time systems of both the study abroad learners and the instructed learners. The results are discussed in relation to previous findings and areas for future research.
The Nativeness Factor
Authors: Lasagabaster David
Published: September 2005

A small number of studies have been pubished which examine the native speaker teacher (NST) versus non-native speaker teacher (NNST) debate. However, almost all of them are concerned with teachers’ opinions, whereas this paper considers the question from the point of view of the student, a perspective largely ignored so far.

The data for this study were compiled from the completed questionnaires of 76 undergraduate university students who agreed to take part. Special attention was paid to two independent variables: (1) students’ specialisation and (2) whether the student had been taught by an NST. Them participants were asked if they preferred a native or non-native teacher/lecturer with regard to the following: language skills, grammar, vocabulary, pronunciation, learning strategies, culture and civilization, attitudes and assessment. Within these areas, students were asked about their preferences concerning primary, secondary and tertiary education.

The results showed a clear preference for the NST, although the most voted option was that of the team-teaching approach (an NST and an NNST working together). Nevertheless, the independent variables (specialisation and previous learning experience of an NST) did not exert a significant effect. The results seem to suggest the need for further discussion of the issues surrounding the NST/NNST debate.
Japanese EFL Learners' Sensitivity To Configurational Distinction In English Relative Clause Comprehension
Authors: Ito Akihiro
Published: September 2005

A variety of studies have reported that the order of Noun Phrase Accessibility Hierarchy can be a valid predictor of difficulty of relative clauses, but it is unclear whether the difficulty of relative clauses should be attributed to the grammatical function of noun phrases (grammatical relation) or to configurational differences in the relative clause structure. A few articles have reported that learners of English are more sensitive to configurational distinctions than grammatical relation distinctions in relative clause production. However, not much research on this issue has been conducted. The results of a grammaticality judgment test conducted with 77 Japanese learners of English point toward a stronger sensitivity to configuration than to grammatical relation, favoring the configurational account.
Review of Hyland, Ken (2002) Teaching And Researching Writing
Authors: Pauwels Paul
Published: September 2005

This work appears in the Applied Linguistics in Action Series, edited by Christopher Candlin and David Hall. So far, the series includes six Teaching and Researching titles – apart from Writing, there are books on Reading, Lexicography, Translation, Motivation and Autonomy in Language Learning – and aims to introduce readers to the research in the field and to “provide [them] with the tools they need to carry out their own practice related research” (o.c.: viii). This aim is mirrored in the overall structure of the books, which work their way through four stages: an analysis of the field, a survey of the different types of research, a number of research suggestions and an introduction to research resources.
Thoracic Lavage for Traumatic Hemothorax
Authors: Beyer Carl A. , McLauchlan Nathaniel R. , Cannon Jeremy W.
Published: February 2024

This Surgical Innovation discusses thoracic lavage for traumatic hemothorax.
Mapping the Discharge Process After Surgery
Authors: Graham Laura A. , Illarmo Samantha , Gray Caroline P. , Harris Alex H. S. , Wagner Todd H. , Hawn Mary T. , Iannuzzi James C. , Wren Sherry M.
Published: February 2024

Importance

Care transition models are structured approaches used to ensure the smooth transfer of patients between health care settings or levels of care, but none currently are tailored to the surgical patient. Tailoring care transition models to the unique needs of surgical patients may lead to significant improvements in surgical outcomes and reduced care fragmentation. The first step to developing surgical care transition models is to understand the surgical discharge process.

Objective

To map the surgical discharge process in a sample of US hospitals and identify key components and potential challenges specific to a patient’s discharge after surgery.

Design, Setting, and Participants

This qualitative study followed a cognitive task analysis framework conducted between January 1, 2022, and April 1, 2023, in Veterans Health Administration (VHA) hospitals. Observations (n = 16) of discharge from inpatient care after a surgical procedure were conducted in 2 separate VHA surgical units. Interviews (n = 13) were conducted among VHA health care professionals nationwide.

Exposure

Postoperative hospital discharge.

Main Outcomes and Measures

Data were coded according to the principles of thematic analysis, and a swim lane process map was developed to represent the study findings.

Results

At the hospitals in this study, the discharge process observed for a surgical patient involved multidisciplinary coordination across the surgery team, nursing team, case managers, dieticians, social services, occupational and physical therapy, and pharmacy. Important components for a surgical discharge that were not incorporated in the current care transition models included wound care education and supplies; pain control; approvals for nonhome postdischarge locations; and follow-up plans for wounds, ostomies, tubes, and drains at discharge. Potential challenges to the surgical discharge process included social situations (eg, home environment and caregiver availability), team communication issues, and postdischarge care coordination.

Conclusions and Relevance

These findings suggest that current and ongoing studies of discharge care transitions for a patient after surgery should consider pain control; wounds, ostomies, tubes, and drains; and the impact of challenging social situations and interdisciplinary team coordination on discharge success.
Enhancing Axisymmetric Compression Testing: Modeling and Addressing Flow Curve Errors
Authors: Khoddam Shahin
Published: February 2024

Axisymmetric compression testing (ACT) stands as a pivotal experimental technique, widely embraced for its capacity to identify the plastic flow attributes inherent to diverse materials. However, the accuracy of the flow curve obtained from ACT can be significantly affected by errors introduced by the inevitable barrelling and foldover, which can lead to erroneous interpretation of deformation phenomena. The existing analytical and numerical solutions for estimating effective stress in ACT are first reviewed. A new closed‐form solution that is insensitive to friction and foldover is then presented. The solution is based on a multilayer model of the sample geometry, which considers the instantaneous barrelling of the sample. The multilayer solution is validated against a reference numerical solution and shows good agreement, even after a significant foldover. The results indicate that the proposed framework can significantly improve the accuracy of material flow characterization. This can be of significant value in the fields of material processing, manufacturing, and materials science.
A Miniaturized Device for Ultrafast On‐Demand Drug Release Based on a Gigahertz Ultrasonic Resonator
Authors: Zhou Yangchao , Jeong Moonkwang , Zhang Meng , Duan Xuexin , Qiu Tian
Published: February 2024

On‐demand controlled drug delivery is essential for the treatment of a wide range of chronic diseases. As the drug is released at the time when required, its efficacy is boosted and the side effects are minimized. However, so far, drug delivery devices often rely on the passive diffusion process for a sustained release, which is slow and uncontrollable. Herein, a miniaturized microfluidic device for wirelessly controlled ultrafast active drug delivery is presented, driven by an oscillating solid–liquid interface. The oscillation generates acoustic streaming in the drug reservoir, which opens an elastic valve to deliver the drug. High‐speed microscopy reveals the fast response of the valve on the order of 1 ms, which is more than three orders of magnitude faster than the start‐of‐the‐art. The amount of the released drug exhibits a linear relationship with the working time and the electric power applied to the ultrasonic resonator. The trigger of the release is wirelessly controlled via a magnetic field, and the system shows stable output in a continuous experiment for two weeks. The integrated system shows great promise as a long‐term controlled drug delivery implant for chronic diseases.
2D MXene Ti3C2 Coupled with 1D Co3O4 Nanowires on Carbon Cloth for Efficient Chlorine Evolution Activity
Authors: Li Bin , Duan Yuhao , Wei Liuxu , Cai Chenyu , Zhu Jiawei , Mi Junbao , Li Hengyu , Pang Xiujiang , Wang Lei
Published: February 2024

Chlorine evolution reaction (CER) is a key anode reaction in chlor‐alkali electrolysis. Although non‐precious metals have been widely used as CER catalysts, their low catalytic activity has been a major constraint on their development. Herein, 1D Co3O4 coupled with 2D Ti3C2 MXene on carbon cloth for highly efficient CER is reported by constructing two different heterojunctions (1D Co3O4 tip to 2D Ti3C2 face and 1D face to 2D face) through electronic coupling and strong interfacial interaction. The decreased electron density around O atoms in Co─O and Ti─O at two heterojunctions is more conducive to the adsorption of Cl−, thereby reducing the free energy of the reaction and jointly promoting CER. Consequently, the MXene@Co3O4/CC (carbon cloth) exhibits a low overpotential of 86 mV at 10 mA cm−1, low tafel slope of 47.9 mV dec−1, which is superior to commercial DSA and other non‐precious metal materials. This work provides new insights into the rational design of multiple heterojunctions, which leads to a new path for non‐precious metal catalysts in CER.
Dichroic Engineering from Invisible to Full Colors Using Plasmonics
Authors: Han Jang‐Hwan , Kim Juhwan , Kim Gyurin , Jo Yong‐Ryun , Kim Doeun , Kim Hyun Min , Lee Sang‐Yun , Jeong Hyeon‐Ho
Published: February 2024

Plasmonic nanoparticles serve as nonfading pigments for vibrant outdoor glasses and smart windows, offering vivid colors under sunlight with exceptional spatial resolution. However, simultaneously achieving the desired plasmonic coloration in both reflection and transmission with a full‐color gamut remains a formidable challenge, especially when using a single fabrication method. Here, a facile physical triple co‐deposition method to construct scalable plasmonic superstructures, optimal for dichroic color engineering is demonstrated. A key feature of such all‐in‐one plasmonic superstructures lies in extensive color performance in transmission and reflection modes, spanning from transparent invisibility to vivid full colors across the wavelength range of over 600 nm. This exceptional coloration fidelity stems from their 3D‐stacked nanocomposite where plasmonic nanoparticles incorporate a random but uniform distribution within a glass matrix. Wafer‐scale rich and dynamic color images useful for colorful data storage and steganography, as demonstrated through layer‐by‐layer color painting with combinatorial plasmonic superstructures are shown.
Bimodal Block Molecule with Ether‐Type and Hydroxyl‐Type Oxygen Stabilizes Zn Anode in Super‐Dilute Electrolyte
Authors: Shi Zena , Li Minggang , Fu Xianwei , Zhang Yan , Jiao Shilong , Zhao Yong
Published: February 2024

Diluted electrolyte promises a further decrease of the battery cost for intrinsically safe aqueous zinc ion batteries (ZIBs). However, the parasitic side reactions between abundant water molecules and Zn metal induce serious dendrite growth and anode corrosion, leading to the rapid failure of the ZIBs. In this work, a conceptual design of a bimodal block molecule that features double types of oxygen into polyethylene glycol is proposed, which serves as an effective bifunctional mixing agent (MA) in the super‐dilute electrolyte (≈0.23 m). The ether‐type oxygen can effectively modulate the solvation structure of the Zn2+ and break the hydrogen bond network of the electrolyte, thereby inhibiting the H2 production reaction. Furthermore, the terminal hydroxyl‐type oxygen shows preferential adsorption on the Zn metal (101) plane, guiding the oriented growth of Zn (002) facets parallel to the Zn metal surface and inhibiting the dendrite growth. Consequently, the Zn||Zn symmetrical cells show highly stable reversibility (1400 h at 1 mA cm−2), and the Zn||V2O5 full cells show exceptional cycling stability for 1500 cycles at 1 A g−1, with a high capacity retention rate of 82%. This work provides an insightful design of super‐dilute electrolytes for the stable operation of metal electrodes in aqueous batteries.
Potentiating Immunogenic Cell Death in Cold Tumor with Functional Living Materials of FeAu‐Methylene Blue Composites
Authors: Wang Tingya , Wang Yihan , Liu Tengfei , Yu Fangfang , Liu Liu , Xiong Hongjie , Xu Wenwen , Fan Xin , Liu Xiaohui , Jiang Hui , Zhang Haijun , Wang Xuemei
Published: February 2024

Low immunogenicity, absence of tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes and immunosuppressive microenvironment of immune cold tumors are the main bottlenecks leading to unfavorable prognosis. Here, an integrated tumor bioimaging and multimodal therapeutic strategy is developed, which converts immune cold into hot by modulating oxidative stress levels, enhancing photo‐killing efficacy, inducing immunogenic cell death and inhibiting the immune checkpoint. On that occasion, the unique tumor microenvironment can be harnessed to biosynthesize in situ self‐assembly iron complexes and fluorescent gold nanoclusters from metal ions Fe(II) and Au(III) for active targeting and real‐time visualization of the tumors, simultaneously regulating reactive oxygen species levels within tumors via peroxidase‐like activity. Furthermore, methylene blue (MB)‐mediated photodynamic therapy promotes the release of damage‐associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), which acts as in situ tumor vaccine and further induces dendritic cells maturation, augments the infiltration of antitumor T cells and significantly impedes the primary tumor growth and proliferation. More strikingly, by synergizing with the programmed cell death receptor‐1 (PD‐1) checkpoint inhibitor, the immunosuppressive microenvironment is remodeled and the survival time of model mice is prolonged. In summary, this paradigm utilizes the tumor‐specific microenvironment to boost robust and durable systemic antitumor immunity, providing a novel opportunity for precision cancer theranostics.
Skin‐Mountable Functional Electronic Materials for Bio‐Integrated Devices
Authors: Oh Jin Young , Lee Yeongjun , Lee Tae‐Woo
Published: February 2024

Skin‐mountable electronic materials are being intensively evaluated for use in bio‐integrated devices that can mutually interact with the human body. Over the past decade, functional electronic materials inspired by the skin are developed with new functionalities to address the limitations of traditional electronic materials for bio‐integrated devices. Herein, the recent progress in skin‐mountable functional electronic materials for skin‐like electronics is introduced with a focus on five perspectives that entail essential functionalities: stretchability, self‐healing ability, biocompatibility, breathability, and biodegradability. All functionalities are advanced with each strategy through rational material designs. The skin‐mountable functional materials enable the fabrication of bio‐integrated electronic devices, which can lead to new paradigms of electronics combining with the human body.
Ionic Conduction‐Based Polycrystalline Oxide Gamma Ray Detection – Radiation‐Ionic Effects
Authors: Defferriere Thomas , Helal Ahmed Sami , Li Ju , Rupp Jennifer L. M. , Tuller Harry L.
Published: February 2024

Newly discovered opto‐ionic effects in metal oxides provide unique opportunities for functional ceramic applications. The authors generalize the recently demonstrated grain boundary opto‐ionic effect observed in solid electrolyte thin films under ultraviolet (UV) irradiation to a radiation‐ionic effect that can be applied to bulk materials and used for gamma‐rays (γ‐rays) detection. Near room temperature, lightly doped Gd‐doped CeO2, a polycrystalline ion conducting ceramic, exhibits a resistance ratio change ≈103 and reversible response in ionic current when exposed to 60Co γ‐ray (1.1 and 1.3 MeV). This is attributed to the steady state passivation of space charge barriers at grain boundaries, that act as virtual electrodes, capturing radiation‐induced electrons, in turn lowering space charge barrier heights, and thereby exclusively modulating the ionic carrier flow within the ceramic electrolytes. Such behavior allows significant electrical response under low fields, that is, < 2 V cm−1, paving the way to inexpensive, sensitive, low‐power, and miniaturizable solid‐state devices, uniquely suited for operating in harsh (high temperature, pressure, and corrosive) environments. This discovery presents opportunities for portable and/or scalable radiation detectors benefiting geothermal drilling, small modular reactors, nuclear security, and waste management.
Multimaterial Volumetric Printing of Silica‐Based Glasses
Authors: Barbera Lorenzo , Madrid‐Wolff Jorge , Emma Roberto , Masania Kunal , Boniface Antoine , Loterie Damien , Delrot Paul , Moser Christophe , Studart André R.
Published: February 2024

Silicate glasses have played a major role as structural and functional materials in human civilization since ancient Egypt. Despite their widespread use and importance in modern society, silica glasses with complex geometries are only fabricated in automated processes using 3D printing. Here, the volumetric printing of silica‐based glasses with tunable multimaterial and microstructural control is reported. Volumetric printing enables complex shaping of photo‐reactive resins in a few seconds using illumination techniques analogous to those employed for medical imaging. Particle‐filled and phase‐separating resins are used as photo‐reactive feedstock that is quickly printed in 3D and subsequently converted into silica glasses through conventional heat treatment. Using rheology and imaging techniques, it is shown that the design of the resin is crucial to print complex geometries with high shape fidelity. The capabilities of the printing platform are demonstrated by fabricating a silica‐based filtration device combining dense and porous glass with tunable compositions in a unique 3D structure.
Distribution‐Agnostic Deep Learning Enables Accurate Single‐Cell Data Recovery and Transcriptional Regulation Interpretation
Authors: Su Yanchi , Yu Zhuohan , Yang Yuning , Wong Ka‐Chun , Li Xiangtao
Published: February 2024

Single‐cell RNA sequencing (scRNA‐seq) is a robust method for studying gene expression at the single‐cell level, but accurately quantifying genetic material is often hindered by limited mRNA capture, resulting in many missing expression values. Existing imputation methods rely on strict data assumptions, limiting their broader application, and lack reliable supervision, leading to biased signal recovery. To address these challenges, authors developed Bis, a distribution‐agnostic deep learning model for accurately recovering missing sing‐cell gene expression from multiple platforms. Bis is an optimal transport‐based autoencoder model that can capture the intricate distribution of scRNA‐seq data while addressing the characteristic sparsity by regularizing the cellular embedding space. Additionally, they propose a module using bulk RNA‐seq data to guide reconstruction and ensure expression consistency. Experimental results show Bis outperforms other models across simulated and real datasets, showcasing superiority in various downstream analyses including batch effect removal, clustering, differential expression analysis, and trajectory inference. Moreover, Bis successfully restores gene expression levels in rare cell subsets in a tumor‐matched peripheral blood dataset, revealing developmental characteristics of cytokine‐induced natural killer cells within a head and neck squamous cell carcinoma microenvironment.
Large‐Scale Proteome Profiling Identifies Biomarkers Associated with Suspected Neurosyphilis Diagnosis
Authors: Li Jun , Ma Jie , Liu MingJuan , Li Mansheng , Zhang Ming , Yin Wenhao , Wu Mengyin , Li Xiao , Zhang Qiyu , Zhang Hanlin , Zheng Heyi , Mao Chenhui , Sun Jian , Wang Wenze , Lyu Wei , Yue Xueping , Weng Wenjia , Li Juan , Chen Fengxin , Zhu Yunping , Leng Ling
Published: February 2024

Neurosyphilis (NS) is a central nervous system (CNS) infection caused by Treponema pallidum (T. pallidum). NS can occur at any stage of syphilis and manifests as a broad spectrum of clinical symptoms. Often referred to as “the great imitator,” NS can be easily overlooked or misdiagnosed due to the absence of standard diagnostic tests, potentially leading to severe and irreversible organ dysfunction. In this study, proteomic and machine learning model techniques are used to characterize 223 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples to identify diagnostic markers of NS and provide insights into the underlying mechanisms of the associated inflammatory responses. Three biomarkers (SEMA7A, SERPINA3, and ITIH4) are validated as contributors to NS diagnosis through multicenter verification of an additional 115 CSF samples. We anticipate that the identified biomarkers will become effective tools for assisting in diagnosis of NS. Our insights into NS pathogenesis in brain tissue may inform therapeutic strategies and drug discoveries for NS patients.
RECQL4 Inhibits Radiation‐Induced Tumor Immune Awakening via Suppressing the cGAS‐STING Pathway in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Hong Weifeng , Zhang Yang , Wang Siwei , Li Zongjuan , Zheng Danxue , Hsu Shujung , Zhou Jian , Fan Jia , Chen Zhesheng , Xia Xiaojun , Zeng Zhaochong , Gao Qiang , Yu Min , Du Shisuo
Published: February 2024

Many patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) respond poorly to radiotherapy despite remarkable advances in treatment. A deeper insight into the mechanism of sensitivity of HCC to this therapy is urgently required. It is demonstrated that RECQL4 is upregulated in the malignant cells of patients with HCC. Elevated RECQL4 levels reduce the sensitivity of HCC to radiotherapy by repairing radiation‐induced double‐stranded DNA (dsDNA) fragments. Mechanistically, the inhibitory effect of RECQL4 on radiotherapy is due to the reduced recruitment of dendritic cells and CD8+ T cells in the tumor microenvironment (TME). RECQL4 disrupts the radiation‐induced transformation of the TME into a tumoricidal niche by inhibiting the cGAS‐STING pathway in dendritic cells. Knocking out STING in dendritic cells can block the impact of RECQL4 on HCC radiosensitivity. Notably, high RECQL4 expressions in HCC is significantly associated with poor prognosis in multiple independent cohorts. In conclusion, this study highlights how HCC‐derived RECQL4 disrupts cGAS‐STING pathway activation in dendritic cells through DNA repair, thus reducing the radiosensitivity of HCC. These findings provide new perspectives on the clinical treatment of HCC.
Advances in Atherosclerosis Theranostics Harnessing Iron Oxide‐Based Nanoparticles
Authors: Wang Shi , He Hongliang , Mao Yu , Zhang Yu , Gu Ning
Published: February 2024

Atherosclerosis, a multifaceted chronic inflammatory disease, has a profound impact on cardiovascular health. However, the critical limitations of atherosclerosis management include the delayed detection of advanced stages, the intricate assessment of plaque stability, and the absence of efficacious therapeutic strategies. Nanotheranostic based on nanotechnology offers a novel paradigm for addressing these challenges by amalgamating advanced imaging capabilities with targeted therapeutic interventions. Meanwhile, iron oxide nanoparticles have emerged as compelling candidates for theranostic applications in atherosclerosis due to their magnetic resonance imaging capability and biosafety. This review delineates the current state and prospects of iron oxide nanoparticle‐based nanotheranostics in the realm of atherosclerosis, including pivotal aspects of atherosclerosis development, the pertinent targeting strategies involved in disease pathogenesis, and the diagnostic and therapeutic roles of iron oxide nanoparticles. Furthermore, this review provides a comprehensive overview of theranostic nanomedicine approaches employing iron oxide nanoparticles, encompassing chemical therapy, physical stimulation therapy, and biological therapy. Finally, this review proposes and discusses the challenges and prospects associated with translating these innovative strategies into clinically viable anti‐atherosclerosis interventions. In conclusion, this review offers new insights into the future of atherosclerosis theranostic, showcasing the remarkable potential of iron oxide‐based nanoparticles as versatile tools in the battle against atherosclerosis.
Development and Application of the CRISPR‐dcas13d‐eIF4G Translational Regulatory System to Inhibit Ferroptosis in Calcium Oxalate Crystal‐Induced Kidney Injury
Authors: He Ziqi , Song Chao , Li Sheng , Dong Caitao , Liao Wenbiao , Xiong Yunhe , Yang Sixing , Liu Yuchen
Published: February 2024

The CRISPR‐Cas system, initially for DNA‐level gene editing and transcription regulation, has expanded to RNA targeting with the Cas13d family, notably the RfxCas13d. This advancement allows for mRNA targeting with high specificity, particularly after catalytic inactivation, broadening the exploration of translation regulation. This study introduces a CRISPR‐dCas13d‐eIF4G fusion module, combining dCas13d with the eIF4G translation regulatory element, enhancing target mRNA translation levels. This module, using specially designed sgRNAs, selectively boosts protein translation in targeted tissue cells without altering transcription, leading to notable protein expression upregulation. This system is applied to a kidney stone disease model, focusing on ferroptosis‐linked GPX4 gene regulation. By targeting GPX4 with sgRNAs, its protein expression is upregulated in human renal cells and mouse kidney tissue, countering ferroptosis and resisting calcium oxalate‐induced cell damage, hence mitigating stone formation. This study evidences the CRISPR‐dCas13d‐eIF4G system's efficacy in eukaryotic cells, presenting a novel protein translation research approach and potential kidney stone disease treatment advancements.