bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sonographic Depiction of Microvessel Perfusion
Authors: Fleischer Arthur C. , Niermann Kenneth J. , Donnelly Edwin F. , Yankeelov Thomas E. , Canniff Kathryn M. , Hallahan Dennis E. , Rothenberg Mace E.
Published: January 2017

Objective. To provide an overview of the technical aspects and potential clinical applications of microvessel perfusion as depicted by microbubble‐enhanced sonography. Methods. Sonographic depiction of microvessel perfusion was obtained by microbubble‐enhanced sonography. This technique was used for imaging in vivo murine tumors and was correlated with magnetic resonance and fluorodeoxyglucose autoradiography. Sonographic estimation of microvessel perfusion used parameters derived from time‐activity curves. Results. Preliminary data indicate that accurate and reproducible quantification of microvessel perfusion is possible with the use of microbubble‐enhanced sonography. Conclusions. Microbubble‐enhanced sonography can depict microvessel perfusion. This technique has several potential clinical applications, including assessment of tumor blood flow and changes that occur with treatment.
Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography for Differential Diagnosis of an Inhomogeneous Spleen of Unknown Cause in Patients With Pain in the Left Upper Quadrant
Authors: Görg Christian , Graef Christine , Bert Tillmann
Published: January 2017

Objective. Second‐generation contrast agents have shown spleen‐specific uptake. The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of contrast‐enhanced sonography (CES) to demarcate splenic lesions in patients with pain in the left upper quadrant (LUQ) and an inhomogeneous splenic texture. Methods. From October 2003 to July 2005, 31 consecutive patients with pain in the LUQ and splenic inhomogeneity on B‐mode sonography were studied by CES using a second‐generation contrast agent (SonoVue; Bracco SpA, Milan, Italy). The following data were retrospectively evaluated: extent of enhancement (EE) of the spleen and focal splenic lesions was determined and classified, with the EE of surrounding tissue used as an in vivo reference. Focal splenic lesions were classified after CES as round or wedge shaped, solitary or multiple, and anechoic, hypoechoic, or hyperechoic. Results. The EE of the spleen after CES was anechoic (n = 1), hypoechoic (n = 1), or hyperechoic (n = 29). In 16 of 31 patients, focal lesions were seen after CES. The EE of the lesions was anechoic (n = 11) or hypoechoic (n = 5). Lesions were solitary (n = 6) or multiple (n = 10) and round (n = 5) or wedge shaped (n = 11). Final clinical diagnoses of splenic abnormalities were no specific diagnosis (n = 13), complete autosplenectomy (n = 2), splenic lymphoma (n = 5), and splenic infarction (n = 11). The CES diagnoses were confirmed by computed tomography (n = 21), scintigraphy (n = 2), magnetic resonance imaging (n = 1), and clinical follow‐up (n = 7). Conclusions. In patients with pain in the LUQ and splenic inhomogeneity, CES enables visualization of splenic abnormalities in more than 50% of the patients; in this group, splenic infarction was the most common diagnosis.
Evaluation of Renal Artery Stenosis With Velocity Parameters of Doppler Sonography
Authors: Li Jian-Chu , Wang Lei , Jiang Yu-Xin , Dai Qing , Cai Sheng , Lv Ke , Qi Zhen-Hong
Published: January 2017

Objective. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of velocity parameters for the diagnosis of renal artery stenosis (RAS) with color Doppler sonography and to determine the optimal threshold values for these parameters. Methods. The study group was composed of 187 renal arteries, which were examined by color Doppler sonography and angiography. Four Doppler parameters, including the peak systolic velocities (PSVs) in the renal and interlobar arteries, the renal‐aortic ratio, and the renal‐interlobar ratio (RIR), were measured. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to determine the optimal parameter. The sensitivity, specificity, and negative and positive predictive values at various threshold values were calculated. Results. Doppler sonographic examination was technically successful in 96% of renal arteries (180/187). The RIR was determined to be the best parameter. With threshold values of RIR greater than 5, PSV greater than 150 cm/s in the renal artery, renal‐aortic ratio greater than 2, and PSV less than 25 cm/s in the interlobar artery, the sensitivity values were 88%, 81%, 70%, and 74%, respectively. An RIR greater than 5 and PSV less than 15 cm/s in the interlobar artery provided the optimal combination of parameters, with sensitivity and specificity of 91% and 87%, respectively. Conclusions. The RIR is the best velocity parameter in the detection of RAS (≥50%), and its best cutoff is 5. Valuing influencing factors of PSV in the renal artery will help reduce misdiagnosis. The combination of RIR greater than 5 and PSV less than 15 cm/s in the interlobar artery provides the best diagnostic efficiency of RAS.
A Thai Reference for Normal Fetal Nasal Bone Length at 15 to 23 Weeks' Gestation
Authors: Sutthibenjakul Suchin , Suntharasaj Thitima , Suwanrath Chitkasaem , Kor-anantakul Ounjai , Geater Alan
Published: January 2017

Objective. The purpose of this study was to establish a Thai reference for normal fetal nasal bone length at 15 to 23 weeks' gestation. Methods. The fetal nasal bone was measured by sonography in 295 pregnant women at 15 to 23 weeks' gestation from May to August 2005. One of the first 4 authors performed 3 measurements for each woman when the fetus was in the midsagittal plane and the nasal bone was close to a 45° or 135° angle to the ultrasound beam. All neonates were examined after delivery to confirm an absence of congenital abnormalities. Results. The median nasal bone length increased by gestational age from 3.6 mm at 15 weeks to 7.3 mm at 23 weeks in a linear relationship. The fifth percentile nasal bone lengths were 2.5, 3.04, 3.28, 3.64, 4.21, 4.82, 5.69, and 6.13 mm at 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, and 22 weeks, respectively. The median time for measurement was 5 minutes. Conclusions. The nasal bone length in Thai fetuses at 15 to 23 weeks was found to be on average shorter than that in white and African American fetuses.
Prediction of Large for Gestational Age Birth Weights in Diabetic Mothers Based on Early Third‐Trimester Sonography
Authors: Nelson LaTasha , Wharton Brook , Grobman William A.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of early third‐trimester sonography to predict large for gestational age (LGA) birth weights in women with diabetes mellitus.

Methods

We identified women with nonanomalous singleton gestations and pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus who underwent sonographic examinations between gestational ages of 28 weeks and 32 weeks 6 days and subsequently delivered at 37 weeks or later. Using a cohort study design, we compared data from women with an estimated fetal weight at or above the 75th percentile (exposed group) with data from those with an estimated fetal weight below the 75th percentile (unexposed group). The primary outcome variable was LGA birth weight, defined as a birth weight of greater than 90% for gestational age.

Results

Eighty‐six women met inclusion criteria over a 3‐year period: 40 were in the exposed group, and 46 were in the unexposed group. The mean body mass indices ± SD at delivery were similar for both groups: 35.4 ± 8.2 kg/m2 exposed versus 35.0 ± 8.2 kg/m2 unexposed (P = .80). There was no difference in the number of women with gestational diabetes mellitus: 40% exposed versus 39% unexposed (P = .90). Neonates whose early third‐trimester estimated fetal weight was at or above the 75th percentile were significantly more likely to be LGA at birth compared with neonates whose early third‐trimester estimated fetal weight was below the 75th percentile: 65% exposed versus 15% unexposed (P < .001; odds ratio, 10.3; 95% confidence interval, 3.7–29.1). There was no significant difference in cesarean delivery rates: 60% exposed versus 44% unexposed (P = .13)

Conclusions

Measurements obtained by early third‐trimester sonographic fetal biometry are reasonably predictive of fetal LGA birth weights at term.
Variables Influencing the Accuracy of 2‐Dimensional and Real‐time 3‐Dimensional Echocardiography for Assessment of Small Volumes, Areas, and Distances
Authors: Herberg Ulrike , Brand Manuel , Bernhardt Christine , Trier Hans Georg , Breuer Johannes
Published: January 2017

Objectives

The aim of this study was to assess the validity, accuracy, and reproducibility of real‐time 3‐dimensional (3D) echocardiography for small distances, areas, and volumes.

Methods

Real‐time 3D echocardiography using matrix technology was performed in small calibrated tissue‐mimicking phantoms and compared with 2‐dimensional (2D) echocardiography. In a systematic variation of variables on data acquisition and analysis including different 3D workstations (manual disk summation versus semiautomatic border detection), the relative contributions of sources of errors were determined. The clinical relevance of the in vitro findings was assessed in 5 neonates and infants.

Results

Distance calculation was valid (mean relative error ± SD, −0.15% ± 1.2%). Underestimation of areas and volumes was significant for both 2D and 3D echocardiography (area: 2D, −7.0% ± 2.9%; 3D, −6.0% ± 2.8%; volume: 2D, −13.1% ± 4.5%; 3D, −6.7% ± 2.5%; P < .05). Adjustment of compression and gain on data acquisition (difference of the means: 2D, 11.6%; 3D, 17.9%), gain on postprocessing (3D, 3.4%), and the border detection algorithm on analysis (2D, 4.8%; 3D, 16.6%) had a highly significant effect on volume and area calculations (P < .001). In vivo, compression and gain on acquisition (3D, 19.1%) and the 3D workstation on analysis (3D, 22.2%) had a highly significant impact on left ventricular volumetry (P < .001).

Conclusions

Real‐time 3D echocardiography is a reliable method for calculation of small distances, areas, and volumes comparable with the size of the neonatal and infant heart. Variables influencing boundary identification during image acquisition and analysis have a significant impact on 2D and 3D area and volume calculations. Standardized protocols are mandatory to avoid these sources of error in both clinical practice and research.
Can Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography Detect Bowel Wall Fibrosis in Mixed Inflammatory and Fibrotic Crohn Disease Lesions in an Animal Model?
Authors: Dillman Jonathan R. , Rubin Jonathan M. , Johnson Laura A. , Moons David S. , Higgins Peter D. R.
Published: January 2017

Objectives

To determine whether contrast‐enhanced sonographic quantitative perfusion parameters can detect bowel wall fibrosis in the setting of mixed inflammatory and fibrotic lesions in a Crohn disease animal model.

Methods

This study was approved by the institutional Committee on the Use and Care of Animals. Multiple (range, 1–5) 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid–ethanol enemas were used to create intestinal inflammatory lesions with variable fibrosis in female Lewis rats. Low–mechanical index contrast‐enhanced sonography was performed 3 days after the final enema using a 0.2‐mL bolus of sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles injected through a tail vein. Contrast‐enhanced sonographic data were analyzed with software that converts video data into echo‐power (linearized) data. Colorectal lesions were scored for histopathologic inflammation and fibrosis; bowel wall collagen was quantified by Western blotting. The Spearman correlation was used to assess associations between contrast‐enhanced sonographic quantitative parameters and bowel wall collagen; the Kruskal‐Wallis test was used to compare continuous results between histopathologic groups.

Results

Thirty‐one animals were included in our analysis. Animals were placed into 3 histopathologic cohorts: (1) severe bowel wall inflammation/minimal or no fibrosis (n = 11); (2) severe bowel wall inflammation/moderate fibrosis (n = 9); and (3) severe bowel wall inflammation/severe fibrosis (n = 11). Western blotting showed a significant difference in bowel wall collagen between histopathologic cohorts (P = .0001). There was no correlation between any contrast‐enhanced sonographic quantitative parameter and bowel wall collagen (P > .05). There was no difference between histopathologic cohorts for any contrast‐enhanced sonographic quantitative parameter (P > .05).

Conclusions

Contrast‐enhanced sonographic quantitative perfusion parameters failed to effectively detect bowel wall fibrosis in the setting of superimposed inflammation in a Crohn disease animal model.
A busca de assistência à saúde em serviços de pronto atendimento por mulheres adultas Health care search by adult women in emergency care services
Authors: Bega Aline Gabriela , Peruzzo Hellen Emília , Lopes Ana P Araújo T , Dutra Amanda Carvalho , Decesaro Maria Das Neves , Marcon Sonia Silva
Published: January 2017

Objetivo: Conhecer o comportamento de saúde de mulheres e os motivos para buscar assistência em um pronto atendimento. Método: Estudo descritiva e exploratória, de natureza qualitativa com 18 mulheres atendidas em um pronto atendimento municipal no noroeste do Paraná. Os dados foram coletados em novembro de 2015 por entrevista semiestruturada e submetidos à análise de conteúdo, modalidade temática. Resultados: Foram identificadas duas categorias empíricas: “Comportamentos de mulheres diante de intercorrências na saúde”, mostra que as condutas iniciais das mulheres, em situações de adoecimento, são automedicação e protelamento em procurar serviços de saúde; e “Motivos para procurar o serviço de pronto atendimento”, onde identificou-se que a procura deste nível de atendimento é motivada pela percepção de maior resolutividade, eficácia e agilidade, além de proximidade do lar. Conclusão: É comum às mulheres retardarem a procura por atendimento em virtude das responsabilidades inerentes ao gênero, e quando o fazem, preferem serviços mais resolutivos.Descritores: Serviços de Saúde; Assistência Ambulatorial; Saúde da Mulher.
Aposentadoria por invalidez de trabalhadores da área da saúde de um hospital universitário Disability retirement of workers in the health field at a university hospital
Authors: Martins Júlia Trevisan , Galdino Maria José Quina , Linares Priscilla Ghiraldi , Ribeiro Renata Perfeito , Ueno Larissa Gabrielle Souza , Broboff Maria Cristina Cescato
Published: January 2017

Objetivo: Identificar as causas da aposentadoria por invalidez de trabalhadores da área da saúde de um hospital universitário. Método: Estudo seccional retrospectivo, realizado em 2014, por meio da análise dos registros dos prontuários de saúde dos trabalhadores da área da saúde do hospital universitário de uma universidade pública paranaense que se aposentaram por invalidez, no período de 2000 a 2013. Os dados foram analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial, considerando o nível de significância de 5% (p<0,05). Resultados: Foram concedidas 40 aposentadorias por invalidez. As principais causas da aposentadoria por invalidez foram os transtornos mentais e comportamentais (45,0%), seguidos pelas doenças osteomusculares (25,0%), as doenças do aparelho circulatório (7,5%) e as neoplasias (7,5%). Não ouve associação significativa entre as variáveis estudadas. Conclusão: Os grupos de doenças que levaram a aposentadoria por invalidez são as mais comuns entre a população brasileira e passíveis de prevenção.
Práticas não convencionais em saúde por familiares e vínculos afetivos de pacientes críticos Unconventional health practices by family and affective bonds of critic patients
Authors: Ferreira Jocelly de Araújo , Carneiro Alana Dionízio , De Souza Priscilla Tereza  Lopes , De Lima Nayda Babel Alves
Published: January 2017

Objetivo: averiguar a aplicabilidade das práticas não convencionais na saúde de visitantes com vínculos afetivos e/ou familiares de pacientes críticos. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, quantitativo, realizado nos ambientes de atendimento ao paciente crítico do Hospital Estadual de Emergência e Trauma, na cidade de João Pessoa – Paraíba. A amostra foi composta por 100 familiares. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada e analisados pelo Software Statistical Package for Social Sciences. Aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa, sob o número 328.320.  Resultados: Observou-se aplicabilidade, conhecimento e boa aceitação na utilização de algumas práticas não convencionais, por familiares e por vínculos afetivos de pacientes críticos. Conclusão: As práticas não convencionais proporcionam um cuidado integral ao indivíduo, aos familiares e vínculos afetivos. Os familiares e vínculos afetivos transmitem uma grande confiabilidade destas práticas, reconhecendo-as e integrando-as como componente fundamental para a influência do seu uso. Descritores: Terapias complementares, Cuidados críticos, Ações terapêuticas.
Prevalência da Síndrome de Burnout em profissionais de enfermagem da atenção básica à saúde Prevalence of Burnout Syndrome in nursing professionals of basic health care
Authors: Merces Magno Conceição das , Lopes Rúbia Almeida , Silva Douglas de Souza e , Oliveira Daniela Sousa , Lua Iracema , Mattos Amália Ivine Santana , Júnior Argemiro D'Oliveira
Published: January 2017

Objetivo: Estimar a prevalência da Síndrome de Burnout entre profissionais de enfermagem da Atenção Básica à Saúde de um município do sudoeste baiano. Método: Estudo de corte transversal, realizado com 60 profissionais de enfermagem da Atenção Básica. Utilizou-se um questionário sociodemográfico e laboral e o Maslach Burnout Inventory. Os dados foram tabulados no SPSS, versão 22.0 e analisados segundo estatística descritiva. Resultados: A prevalência de Síndrome de Burnout foi de 58,3% de acordo os critérios de Grunfeld et al., e de 16,7% segundo Ramirez et al.. Encontraram-se altos níveis na dimensão despersonalização (48,3%) e baixa realização profissional (56,6%). A prevalência da Síndrome de Burnout na população estudada foi alta, assim como foi alto o índice de predisposição para desenvolver esta síndrome. Conclusões: O estudo apontou a necessidade de implementação de medidas preventivas e interventivas para garantir um ambiente de trabalho benéfico e promissor de saúde.
Conhecimento de cuidadores acerca de lesões de pele em idosos Knowledge of caregivers about skin injuries in seniors
Authors: Coelho Nathalia Domingues , Faustino Andrea Mathes , Cruz Keila Cristianne Trindade da , Santos Carla Targino Bruno dos
Published: January 2017

Objetivo: Avaliar os conhecimentos de cuidadores quanto a identificação das lesões de pele em idosos e os cuidados que consideram corretos nestas situações. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, com cuidadores de idosos atendidos em hospital universitário do Distrito Federal. Foi utilizado pré e pós-teste, com perguntas sobre tipo, causa e tratamento de lesões de pele comuns em idosos. Resultados: Amostra com 31 cuidadores, 93,5% mulheres, média de idade 45,2 anos, 48,4% filhos dos idosos, 93,5% relataram não possuir curso para ser cuidador. No pré-teste a lesão mais reconhecida foi a dermatite na área de fraldas (48,39%). No pós-teste houve melhora no reconhecimento para todos os itens avaliados com 50% ou mais acertos. Conclusão: Os resultados demonstraram que algumas lesões já eram conhecidas pelos cuidadores por fazerem parte do dia-a-dia do cuidado com o idoso, sendo fáceis de serem reconhecidas, assim a orientação educativa realizada torna-se um método eficaz na identificação de lesões.
Assistência ao pré-natal e as práticas desenvolvidas pela equipe de saúde: revisão integrativa Prenatal care and practices developed by the health team: integrative review
Authors: Nogueira Cintia Mikaelle Cunha de Santiago , Sousa Carla Nadja Santos de , Nóbrega Líbne Lidianne da Rocha e , Sales Linda Katia Oliveira , Morais Fátima Raquel Rosado
Published: January 2017

Objetivo: Apreender as práticas comumente desenvolvidas na estratégia saúde da família durante o pré-natal e quais os profissionais envolvidos nessa dinâmica. Métodos: Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura com abrangência temporal entre os anos de 2001 e 2012, nas bases de dados  SciELO e  no Portal de Periódicos CAPES a partir dos descritores: saúde da mulher, cuidado pré-natal e pessoal de saúde. Resultados: Observou-se que alguns artigos enfatizam o trabalho do enfermeiro em detrimento ao trabalho multidisciplinar o que desvela a dificuldade na integração das práticas em equipe e que o foco da assistência é quase exclusivamente de caráter técnico, sendo demonstrado que os aspectos mais relevantes para a qualidade das ações durante o pré-natal são referentes ao número de consultas, exames e vacinas. Conclusão: É imprescindível que os profissionais de saúde trabalhem na perspectiva da multidisciplinaridade, na qual o cuidado prestado a gestante aconteça de forma integral e complementar.
As diferentes dimensões do cuidado na prática realizada por enfermeiros no âmbito da atenção básica The different dimensions of care in practice held by nurses in primary care
Authors: Ferraccioli Patricia , Acioli Sonia
Published: January 2017

Objetivo: Compreender as práticas desenvolvidas no cuidado realizado por enfermeiros nos Programas Nacionais de Saúde em uma unidade da rede básica de saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro. Métodos: A modalidade de delineamento foi o estudo de caso. O cenário configurou-se em um Centro Municipal de Saúde no município do Rio de Janeiro e os participantes da pesquisa, oito enfermeiros. Os dados foram coletados por meio de observação sistemática e entrevista semi-estruturada e submetidos a análise temática. Resultados: Pôde-se constatar, as seguintes práticas mais frequentes associadas as atividades programáticas, realizadas pelos enfermeiros: a consulta de enfermagem, a prática educativa e a organização do fluxo de entrada. Conclusão: Conhecer as diferentes práticas e o cuidado desenvolvido por enfermeiros, nos diferentes espaços de atuação e de articulação profissional em distintos programas, no âmbito da Atenção Básica, possibilitou compreender a complexidade de elementos e o caráter multifacetário da profissão.
Consumo de álcool entre estudantes de enfermagem Alcohol consumption among nursing students
Authors: Maciel Marjorie Ester Dias , Vargas Divane de
Published: January 2017

Objetivo : Avaliar o consumo de álcool em estudantes de enfermagem em uma instituição privada no interior do Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul. Método :Trata-se de um estudo exploratório descritivo de abordagem quantitativa. Utilizou-se o Teste de identificação do uso de álcool AUDIT- C. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 163 alunos, predominantemente do sexo feminino (65,6%), com idade entre 18 e 46 anos, média de 23,9 anos. Dos participantes 48,5% consumiam em níveis de risco e 19 % uso nocivo. Constatou-se que os estudantes solteiros apresentaram mais chances de consumir bebidas alcoólicas em nível de risco, além disso, quanto mais jovem e em semestres iniciais do curso maiores são chances dos estudantes serem classificados nesse padrão de uso. Não houve diferenças de padrão de consumo entre os sexos. Conclusão: A implantação de estratégias de prevenção para consumo de risco no âmbito universitário torna-se de fundamental importância.
Rede social de apoio a uma criança dependente de tecnologia Social network support for a child dependent of technology
Authors: Souza Emanuelle Marques , Macedo Eliza Cristina , Silva Leila Rangel , Moreira Almerinda
Published: January 2017

Trata-se de um estudo de caso com objetivos de apresentar o histórico de uma criança dependente de tecnologia e identificar a rede social de apoio ao desenvolvimento dessa criança. Os dados coletados foram descritos por meio de fluxogramas na forma de genograma e ecomapa. Observou-se a dificuldade e complexidade da manutenção da vida com qualidade de uma criança que necessita de cuidados em tempo integral. Fazem-se necessários mais estudos sobre a temática uma vez que existe a necessidade de melhoria na assistência prestada a essas crianças, que só será possível por meio de estudos e pesquisas sobre o tema.
Análise da taxa de geração de resíduos de serviços de saúde em um hospital universitário Analysis of the medical waste production rate in a teaching hospital
Authors: Dias Gisele Loise , Sarturi Fernanda , Camponogara Silviamar , De Lima Suzinara Beatriz Soares , Lopes Luis Felipe Dias , Trevisan Clara Maria
Published: January 2017

Objetivo: identificar as taxas de geração de resíduos do serviço de saúde (kg.leito-1.dia-1) para os grupos de resíduos A, B, D (incluindo os recicláveis) e E,  verificar a influência da sazonalidade na geração de resíduos. Metodologia: os dados foram coletados através de pesagens desses resíduos, durante sete dias consecutivos, em quatro semanas, sendo que cada semana contemplou uma estação do ano. Resultados: a taxa de geração de resíduos apresentou os seguintes valores em kg.leito-1.dia-1 para cada grupo: A: 0,831, B: 0,088, D: 2,607, D-Recicláveis: 0,525 e E: 0,102. Através do teste ANOVA nã5o foram encontradas evidências de que haja influência da sazonalidade na geração dos resíduos. Conclusões: hospitais com número de leitos semelhantes apresentam taxas de geração de resíduos diferentes, portanto não foi possível utilizar uma taxa de geração de referência para comparação com outros hospitais. Ainda, o teste ANOVA não indicou que a sazonalidade influencia a geração de resíduos.
Subducted sediment thickness and Mw 9 earthquakes
Authors: Seno Tetsuzo
Published: January 2017

I measure the thickness of subducted sediment (Δss) beneath the décollement in the fore‐arc wedge and show that the average value of Δss over a subduction zone segment (
) is greater than 1.3 km in segments where Mw ≥ 9 earthquakes have occurred and less than 1.2 km in segments without such large earthquakes. In a previous study, I showed that the stress drop (Δσ) of large earthquakes (Mw ≥ 7) averaged over a subduction zone segment (
) is larger in segments where Mw ≥ 9 earthquakes have occurred than in segments without such an event. It has also been shown that
is linearly related to 1 − λ (λ = the pore fluid pressure ratio in the interplate megathrust). In this study, I revise the previous estimates of
and λ and show that there is a positive correlation between
,
, and 1 − λ. I present a model that relates Δss to 1 − λ based on the porous flow of H2O in the subducted sediments, which gives a theoretical basis for the correlation between
and
. The combination of these parameters thus provides a better indicator for identifying segments where Mw ≥ 9 earthquakes may occur. Based on this, I propose that the tectonic environments where such huge events are likely to occur are (1) near collision zones, (2) near subduction of spreading centers, and (3) erosive margins with compressional fore arcs. Near the Japanese islands, SE Hokkaido is prone to such an event, but the Nankai Trough is not.
Direct estimates of friction factors for a mobile rippled bed
Authors: Rodríguez‐Abudo S. , Foster D. L.
Published: January 2017

New friction factor estimates are computed from the total momentum transfer applied to a rippled sediment bed. The total time‐dependent momentum flux is achieved by implementing the double‐averaged horizontal momentum equation on the nearbed flow field collected with PIV. Time‐independent friction factors are obtained by regressing the total momentum flux to the common quadratic stress law given by. The resulting friction factors compare favorably with available analysis techniques including energy dissipation, vertical turbulence intensity, and maximum shear stress, but can be 2‐6 times smaller than estimates determined with the model byMadsen (1994)and the formula ofSwart (1974)using the ripple roughness.
Construction of Tertiary Amides: NiII‐Catalyzed N‐Arylation of Secondary Acyclic Amides (2‐Picolinamides) with Aryl Halides
Authors: Sankar Rathinam , Babu Srinivasarao Arulananda
Published: January 2017

NiII‐catalyzed C−N cross‐coupling reaction of secondary acyclic amides (2‐picolinamides, which were derived from 2‐picolinic acid and amines) and aryl halides for the construction of tertiary amides has been reported. Relatively inexpensive NiCl2 was used as the catalyst for the N‐arylation of various 2‐picolinamides (secondary acyclic amides), in which the 2‐picolinamide unit plausibly served as an internal ligand.
Description of a new species of Hoolock gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) based on integrative taxonomy
Authors: Fan Peng‐Fei , He Kai , Chen Xing , Ortiz Alejandra , Zhang Bin , Zhao Chao , Li Yun‐Qiao , Zhang Hai‐Bo , Kimock Clare , Wang Wen‐Zhi , Groves Colin , Turvey Samuel T. , Roos Christian , Helgen Kristofer M. , Jiang Xue‐Long
Published: January 2017

We describe a species of Hoolock gibbon (Primates: Hylobatidae) that is new to science from eastern Myanmar and southwestern China. The genus of hoolock gibbons comprises two previously described living species, the western (Hoolock hoolock) and eastern hoolock (H. leuconedys) gibbons, geographically isolated by the Chindwin River. We assessed the morphological and genetic characteristics of wild animals and museum specimens, and conducted multi‐disciplinary analyses using mitochondrial genomic sequences, external morphology, and craniodental characters to evaluate the taxonomic status of the hoolock population in China. The results suggest that hoolocks distributed to the east of the Irrawaddy‐Nmai Hka Rivers, which were previously assigned to H. leuconedys, are morphologically and genetically distinct from those to the west of the river, and should be recognized as a new species, the Gaoligong hoolock gibbon or skywalker hoolock gibbon (H. tianxing sp. nov.). We consider that the new species should be categorized as Endangered under IUCN criteria. The discovery of the new species focuses attention on the need for improved conservation of small apes, many of which are in danger of extinction in southern China and Southeast Asia.
Electron Solvation and the Unique Liquid Structure of a Mixed‐Amine Expanded Metal: The Saturated Li–NH3–MeNH2 System
Authors: Seel Andrew G. , Swan Helen , Bowron Daniel T. , Wasse Jonathan C. , Weller Thomas , Edwards Peter P. , Howard Christopher A. , Skipper Neal T.
Published: January 2017

Metal–amine solutions provide a unique arena in which to study electrons in solution, and to tune the electron density from the extremes of electrolytic through to true metallic behavior. The existence and structure of a new class of concentrated metal‐amine liquid, Li–NH3–MeNH2, is presented in which the mixed solvent produces a novel type of electron solvation and delocalization that is fundamentally different from either of the constituent systems. NMR, ESR, and neutron diffraction allow the environment of the solvated electron and liquid structure to be precisely interrogated. Unexpectedly it was found that the solution is truly homogeneous and metallic. Equally surprising was the observation of strong longer‐range order in this mixed solvent system. This is despite the heterogeneity of the cation solvation, and it is concluded that the solvated electron itself acts as a structural template. This is a quite remarkable observation, given that the liquid is metallic.
A Vesicle‐to‐Worm Transition Provides a New High‐Temperature Oil Thickening Mechanism
Authors: Derry Matthew J. , Mykhaylyk Oleksandr O. , Armes Steven P.
Published: January 2017

Diblock copolymer vesicles are prepared via RAFT dispersion polymerization directly in mineral oil. Such vesicles undergo a vesicle‐to‐worm transition on heating to 150 °C, as judged by TEM and SAXS. Variable‐temperature 1H NMR spectroscopy indicates that this transition is the result of surface plasticization of the membrane‐forming block by hot solvent, effectively increasing the volume fraction of the stabilizer block and so reducing the packing parameter for the copolymer chains. The rheological behavior of a 10 % w/w copolymer dispersion in mineral oil is strongly temperature‐dependent: the storage modulus increases by five orders of magnitude on heating above the critical gelation temperature of 135 °C, as the non‐interacting vesicles are converted into weakly interacting worms. SAXS studies indicate that, on average, three worms are formed per vesicle. Such vesicle‐to‐worm transitions offer an interesting new mechanism for the high‐temperature thickening of oils.
Five Rare μ4‐O‐Centered Ln6 Clusters with Single‐Molecule Magnet Behavior for Dy6
Authors: Zhang Haifeng , Liu Rui , Zhang Jin , Li Yahong , Liu Wei , Dong Yaping
Published: January 2017

Five hexanuclear lanthanide clusters of composition [Ln6(μ4‐O)2(HCOO)2L4(HL′)2(dmf)2] [Ln=Dy (1), Er (2), Ho (3), Tb (4), Gd (5); H2L=2‐{[2‐(hydroxymethyl)phenylimino]methyl}‐6‐methoxyphenol; H3L′=3‐{[2‐(hydroxymethyl)phenylimino]methyl}benzene‐1,2‐diol; H3L′ was derived in situ from the H2L ligand] were prepared under solvothermal conditions. The [Ln6] cores of 1–5 possess an unprecedented motif, namely, two tetrahedron Ln4 units sharing an edge and two vertices. The six LnIII ions of 1–5 are connected through two μ4‐O anions. Magnetic susceptibility studies reveal that complex 1 exhibits frequency dependence of the alternating current susceptibility typical of single‐molecule magnets. Complex 1 possesses a relatively large energy barrier of 85 K among all of the reported Dy6 single‐molecule magnets.
Microporous Crystalline γ‐Al2O3 Replicated from Microporous Covalent Triazine Framework and Its Application as Support for Catalytic Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane
Authors: Zhang Miao , Liu Lin , He Teng , Li Zhao , Wu Guotao , Chen Ping
Published: January 2017

Significant progress has been made on the synthesis and application of mesoporous γ‐alumina. To date, little attention has been paid to the synthesis of microporous crystalline alumina. Here, fabrication of microporous crystalline γ‐alumina using a microporous covalent triazine framework (CTF‐1) as a template is described. Microporous crystalline γ‐alumina with a micro‐meso binary pore system was replicated by infiltration of aluminum nitrate into the micropores of the CTF‐1 template through a NH3/water‐vapor‐induced internal hydrolysis method, followed by thermal treatment, and subsequent removal of the CTF‐1 template with a 30 % H2O2 aqueous solution. The obtained crystalline γ‐alumina material exhibits a large surface area (349 m2 g−1) with micropore distribution centered at about 1.27 nm. Ru supported on microporous γ‐Al2O3 can be employed as catalyst for hydrolytic dehydrogenation of ammonia borane, and it exhibits high catalytic activity and good durability. This finding provides a new benchmark for preparing well‐defined crystalline microporous alumina materials by a template method, which can be applied in a wide range of fields.
Scalable Synthesis of Acidic Mesostructured Silica–Carbon Nanocomposite Catalysts by Rotary Evaporation
Authors: Zhong Ruyi , Peng Li , Iacobescu Remus Ion , Pontikes Yiannis , Shu Riyang , Ma Longlong , Sels Bert F.
Published: January 2017

The front cover artwork for Issue 1/2017 is a collaboration between the Centre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis (KU Leuven, Belgium) and Guangzhou Institute of Energy Conversion (China). The image shows a novel practical and scalable synthesis method for ordered mesoporous silica‐carbon nanocomposites. See the Communication itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201600939.
Vibrational Spectrum of an Excited State and Huang–Rhys Factors by Coherent Wave Packets in Time‐Resolved Fluorescence Spectroscopy
Authors: Lee Gyeongjin , Kim Junwoo , Kim So Young , Kim Dong Eon , Joo Taiha
Published: January 2017

Coherent nuclear wave packet motions in an electronic excited state of a molecule are measured directly by time‐resolved spontaneous fluorescence spectroscopy with an unprecedented time resolution by using two‐photon absorption excitation and fluorescence upconversion by noncollinear sum frequency generation. With an estimated time resolution of approximately 25 fs, wave packet motions of vibrational modes up to 1600 cm−1 are recorded for coumarin 153 in ethanol. Two‐color transient absorption at 13 fs time resolution are measured to confirm the result. Vibrational displacements between the ground and excited states and Huang–Rhys factors (HRFs) are calculated by quantum mechanical methods and are compared with the experimental results. HRFs calculated by density functional theory (DFT) and time‐dependent DFT reproduce the experiment adequately. This fluorescence‐based method provides a unique and direct way to obtain the vibrational spectrum of a molecule in an electronic excited state and the HRFs, as well as the dynamics of excited states, and it might provide information on the structure of an excited state through the HRFs.
Environmental and Excitation Power Effects on the Ratiometric Upconversion Luminescence Based Temperature Sensing Using Nanocrystalline NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+
Authors: Hyppänen Iko , Perälä Niina , Arppe Riikka , Schäferling Michael , Soukka Tero
Published: January 2017

The luminescence intensity ratio (LIR) of the green emissions of the near‐infrared excited NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ nanocrystals is a promising method for temperature sensing. Here, the influence of excitation power density, excitation pulse length, excitation wavelength, silica shell, and solvent on the LIR and its temperature response is reported. The primary objective is to study the LIR mechanism and the impact of measurement and environmental parameters on the calibration and precision of the LIR. The LIR value is demonstrated to be unaffected by the excitation intensity in the studied range. This result is essential, considering the application feasibility of the LIR method as temperature sensor, where the effective excitation power density depends on the sample matrix and the distance excitation light travels in the sample. The pulsed excitation, however, results in an increase in the LIR value upon short pulse width. Silanization of bare nanocrystals has no effect on the LIR values, but the local warming of H2O samples under laser exposure results in slightly increased LIR values compared to other solvents; D2O, oleic acid, and dimethyl sulfoxide. The thermal quenching of luminescence lifetimes of Er3+ emission is proved to be too weak for sensing applications.
Modulation of the Polymerization Kinetics of α/β‐Tubulin by Osmolytes and Macromolecular Crowding
Authors: Schummel Paul Hendrik , Gao Mimi , Winter Roland
Published: January 2017

The front cover artwork is provided by the group of Prof. Roland Winter at TU Dortmund University. The image shows the influence of osmolytes on the time course of microtubule formation. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/cphc.201601032.
Solvent‐Adaptive Behavior of Oligospirobifluorenes at the Surface of Quartz Crystal Microbalances—A Conformational Process
Authors: Pyka Isabella , Lubczyk Daniel , Saiju Mandira D. S. , Salbeck Josef , Waldvogel Siegfried R.
Published: January 2017

Oligospirobifluorenes represent promising building blocks for the generation of microporous sensor materials based on their restricted flexibility. The contact with specific solvents leads to a change of the three‐dimensional spirobifluorene structure. The single fluorene moieties unfold to an open structure with an increased volume due to intermolecular interactions with the solvent, detectable by NMR spectroscopy. The induced microporosity was further investigated by affinity comparisons of aromatic analytes with high fundamental frequency quartz crystal microbalances.
Food Effect Studies for Oncology Drug Products
Authors: Parsad S , Ratain MJ
Published: January 2017

Oral antineoplastic agents provide convenience to the patient, but are accompanied by challenges distinct from parenteral cancer treatment. Challenges include a more complex pharmacokinetic profile, with food influencing the absorption of many agents. Standards for evaluating and labeling prandial implications on oral chemotherapy are inconsistent; studies to determine food effects should be conducted early, and potentially often, during drug development with standardization on how rational fasting or fed recommendations are presented in the package insert (PI).
Synthesis of Asymmetrical Organic Carbonates using CO2 as a Feedstock in AgCl/Ionic Liquid System at Ambient Conditions
Authors: Hu Jiayin , Ma Jun , Lu Lu , Qian Qingli , Zhang Zhaofu , Xie Chao , Han Buxing
Published: January 2017

Synthesis of asymmetrical organic carbonates from the renewable and inexpensive CO2 is of great importance but also challenging, especially at ambient conditions. Herein, we found that some metal salt/ionic liquid catalyst systems were highly active for the synthesis of asymmetrical organic carbonates from CO2, propargylic alcohols, and primary alcohols. Especially, the AgCl/1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium acetate ([Bmim][OAc]) system was very efficient for the reactions of a wide range of substrates at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, and the yields of the asymmetrical organic carbonates could approach 100 %. The catalyst system could be reused at least five times without changing its catalytic performance, and could be easily recovered and reused. A detailed study indicated that AgCl and [Bmim][OAc] catalyzed the reactions cooperatively, resulting in unique catalytic performance.
Potential protective effect of lactation against incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Tanase‐Nakao Kanako , Arata Naoko , Kawasaki Maki , Yasuhi Ichiro , Sone Hirohito , Mori Rintaro , Ota Erika
Published: January 2017

Lactation may protect women with previous gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) from developing type 2 diabetes mellitus, but the results of existing studies are inconsistent, ranging from null to beneficial. We aimed to conduct a systematic review to gather available evidence. Databases MEDLINE, CINAHL, PubMed, and EMBASE were searched on December 15, 2015, without restriction of language or publication year. A manual search was also conducted. We included observational studies (cross‐sectional, case‐control, and cohort study) with information on lactation and type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence among women with previous GDM. We excluded case studies without control data. Data synthesis was conducted by random‐effect meta‐analysis. Fourteen reports of 9 studies were included. Overall risk of bias using RoBANS ranged from low to unclear. Longer lactation for more than 4 to 12 weeks postpartum had risk reduction of type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with shorter lactation (OR 0.77, 95% CI 0.01‐55.86; OR 0.56, 95% CI 0.35‐0.89; OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.13‐0.36; type 2 diabetes mellitus evaluation time < 2 y, 2‐5 y, and >5 y, respectively). Exclusive lactation for more than 6 to 9 weeks postpartum also had lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus compared with exclusive formula (OR 0.42, 95% CI 0.22‐0.81). The findings support the evidence that longer and exclusive lactation may be beneficial for type 2 diabetes mellitus prevention in women with previous GDM. However, the evidence relies only on observational studies. Therefore, further studies are required to address the true causal effect.
Liana effects on biomass dynamics strengthen during secondary forest succession
Authors: Lai Hao Ran , Hall Jefferson S. , Turner Benjamin L. , van Breugel Michiel
Published: January 2017

Secondary forests are important carbon sinks, but their biomass dynamics vary markedly within and across landscapes. The biotic and abiotic drivers of this variation are still not well understood. We tested the effects of soil resource availability and competition by lianas on the biomass dynamics of young secondary tropical forests in Panama and assessed the extent to which liana effects were mediated by soil resource availability. Over a five‐year period, growth, mortality, and recruitment of woody plants of ≥1 cm diameter were monitored in 84 plots in 3–30‐year‐old secondary forests across the Agua Salud site in central Panama. Biomass dynamics and the effects of lianas and soil resources were examined using (generalized) linear mixed‐effect models and a model averaging approach. There was strong spatial and temporal variation in liana biomass within and across the plots. The relative biomass of lianas had a strong negative effect on overall tree growth, growth of understory trees decreased with soil fertility and dry season soil water content, and the effect of lianas on tree mortality varied with soil fertility. Tree recruitment was not associated with any of the predictor variables. Our model indicates that tree biomass growth across our landscape was reduced with 22% due to competition with lianas, and that the effect of lianas increased during succession, from 19% after five years to 32% after 30 years. The projected liana‐induced growth reduction after 60 years was 47%, which was consistent with data from a nearby site. Our study shows that the observed liana proliferation across tropical forests may reduce the sequestration and storage of carbon in young secondary forests, with important implications for the carbon balance of tropical forest landscapes and consequently for global climate change. Our study highlights the need to incorporate lianas and soil variables in research on the biomass dynamics of secondary forest across tropical landscapes, and the need for well‐replicated longitudinal studies to cover landscape‐level variability in the relevant abiotic and biotic components.
Carboxamides as N‐Alkylating Reagents of Secondary Amines in Indium‐Catalyzed Reductive Amination with a Hydrosilane
Authors: Ogiwara Yohei , Shimoda Wataru , Ide Keisuke , Nakajima Takumi , Sakai Norio
Published: January 2017

A method for the catalytic reductive N‐alkylation of amines by using secondary amides as the alkyl source was developed. A versatile type of carboxamide functioned as an N‐alkylation reagent in the presence of an indium(III) catalyst and a hydrosilane to provide alkylated tertiary amines efficiently. This amide‐based catalytic N‐alkylation strategy is considered to be a highly useful protocol to access unsymmetrical tertiary amines.
GAT‐1 mediated GABA uptake in rat oligodendrocytes
Authors: Fattorini Giorgia , Melone Marcello , Sánchez‐Gómez María Victoria , Arellano Rogelio O. , Bassi Silvia , Matute Carlos , Conti Fiorenzo
Published: January 2017

Stimulated by the results of a recent paper on the effects of tiagabine, a selective inhibitor of the main GABA transporter GAT‐1, on oligodendrogenesis, we verified the possibility that GAT‐1 may be expressed in oligodendrocytes using immunocytochemical methods and functional assays. Light microscopic analysis of the subcortical white matter of all animals revealed the presence of numerous GAT‐1+ cells of different size (from 3 to 29 µm) and morphology. An electron microscope analysis revealed that, besides fibrous astrocytes and interstitial neurons, GAT‐1 immunoreactivity was present in immature and mature oligodendrocytes. Co‐localization studies between GAT‐1 and markers specific for oligodendrocytes (NG2 and RIP) showed that about 12% of GAT‐1 positive cells in the white matter were immature oligodendrocytes, while about 15% were mature oligodendrocytes.In vitrofunctional assays showed that oligodendrocytes exhibit tiagabine‐sensitive Na+‐dependent GABA uptake. Although relationships between GABA and oligodendrocytes have been known for many years, this is the first demonstration that GAT‐1 is expressed in oligodendrocytes. The present results on the one hand definitely closes the era of “neuronal” and “glial” GABA transporters, on the other they suggest that oligodendrocytes may contribute to pathophysiology of the several diseases in which GAT‐1 have been implicated to date. GLIA 2017;65:514–522