bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeting Multicultural Purchase and Consumption Segments in the Leather Handbag Market: Product Development and Merchandising Implications
Authors: Lee Jinhwa , Harp Shelley S. , Horridge Patricia E. , Russ Randall R.
Published: April 2003

The purpose of this study was to segment a nationwide sample of the Korean American (n = 115) and White American (n = 139) leather handbag market for business wear. Data were collected using survey methods and analyzed using classification decision trees. Results indicated four purchase criteria (brand, handbags in wardrobe, country of origin, and organizational features) and six consumption patterns (quantity versus usage, quantity versus quality, color versus style, function versus fashion, quantity versus price, and durable versus versatile) segmented the two consumer groups. Segment characteristics indicated handbag purchase criteria of Korean Americans included brand and country of origin, whereas their handbag consumption patterns included quantity, quality, price, and a combination of durability and versatility. For White Americans, the handbag purchase criterion was organizational features, and consumption patterns included usage, color and style, quality, and durability and versatility. Implications suggest opportunities for product development and merchandise assortment planning.
Out of Russia: Two Narratives and a Conversation
Authors: Richardson Laurel , Lockridge Ernest
Published: April 2003

In 1998 and 2000, Laurel Richardson, a sociologist/ethnographer, and Ernest Lockridge, novelist, traveled to Russia. In “Out of Russia,” each of them writes independently about their experiences, making sense of them through cultural, social, literary, and autobiographical lenses. Then, after reading each other’s papers, they have a conversation, which is transcribed and edited. The conversation focuses on the relationship between cultural critique, writing methods and techniques, the power of the unconscious, and thinking about writing (and reading) as a kind of sacramental activity, a process through which the writer/reader connects to the self and others.
Narrative Research: A Comparison of Two Restorying Data Analysis Approaches
Authors: Ollerenshaw Jo Anne , Creswell John W.
Published: April 2003

People telling stories about their life experiences has rapidly gained legitimacy in educational research. This article presents seven elements of narrative research that represent the aspects of a narrative study and the criteria that might be used to assess the quality of a narrative project. The article focuses on one phase in narrative data analysis: ”restorying” or “retelling.” By highlighting restorying narrative, researchers can see how an illustrative data set, a science story told by fourth graders about their experiences in their elementary classroom, was applied to two analysis approaches. A comparison of the two narrative approaches, problem-solution and three-dimensional space, shows several common features and distinctions. As narrative researchers decide which approach to use, they might consider whether the story they wish to report is a broader wholistic sketch of the three-dimensional approach or a narrower linear structure of the problem-solution approach.
The Social Ethics of Agnes Heller
Authors: Christians Clifford G.
Published: April 2003

Heller’s trilogy developing a theory of social ethics is grounded in the decisive question of how good persons are possible. She disavows an abstract ethics of rules, so she does not build an ethical system but observes the lives of good persons. She focuses on healthy everyday lives rather than constructing an essentialist human nature. The key issue in social ethics is dynamic justice with three dimensions: (a) optimal possibility for developing natural capacities to the maximum, (b) active involvement as a citizen, and (c) emotional intensity in close personal attachments. She refuses to discount the rational and radical and contributes a fresh understanding of emancipatory praxis to social justice.
Of Hope and Faith and Love: Rhetorical Coherence in Cornel West’s Politics of Convergence
Authors: McPhail Mark Lawrence
Published: April 2003

In Race Matters, Cornel West argued that a politics of convergence will be at the center of any significant social transformation of race relations in America and that such a politics must be grounded in a “love ethic.” West’s analyses of race relations reveal a qualitative approach to inquiry that emphasizes the moral foundations and implications of knowledge and establishes a space for critical inquiry that focuses on issues of difference, identity, and democracy. This article explicates the epistemological assumptions and rhetorical implications of West’s “politics of convergence” to suggest that it offers an enhanced understanding of race, freedom, and community in America.
Arts-Based Inquiry in QI: Seven Years From Crisis to Guerrilla Warfare
Authors: Finley Susan
Published: April 2003

This commentary reconsiders emerging standards for evaluation of the field of practice of qualitative inquiry and arts-based approaches. Specifically, this is a review of the dialogue around issues of standards that has continued through the first seven volumes of Qualitative Inquiry ( QI), from March 1995 through June 2001, and is inclusive of this special issue of QI devoted to arts-based inquiry. What has emerged in QI is an action-oriented worldview among qualitative researchers who value inquiry for its usefulness within the community where it originates. In this way, QI has contributed greatly to the construction of still emerging practices within a newly formed tradition of participatory, critical action research based on an ethics of human relationships. Arts-based inquiry is one aspect of this emerging tradition.
The University After 9/11
Authors: Tierney William G.
Published: April 2003

In this article, the author discusses the changes that have taken place on campus since September 11th.
Are Physical Assaults by Wives and Girlfriends a Major Social Problem?
Authors: Saunders Daniel G.
Published: April 2003

Research that shows approximately equal rates of dating and domestic violence by men and women has been used to challenge the priority given to services for abused women. This article reviews the scientific evidence for gender equality in rates of lethal and nonlethal intimate partner violence. Among the problems noted in studies showing gender equality are the ways in which questions about violence are framed, exclusion of items about sexual abuse and stalking, and exclusion of separated couples. Studies without these problems show much higher rates of violence by men. Furthermore, the physical and psychological consequences of victimization are consistently more severe for women.
Understanding the Context of Dual Arrest With Directions for Future Research
Authors: Hirschel David , Buzawa Eve
Published: April 2003

Arrest rates for intimate partner violence have increased dramatically since the implementation of preferred and mandatory arrest policies. Of concern has been the increase in the percentage of cases in which both parties in an incident have been arrested. This article examines the current research on dual arrests and the deficiencies of that research, argues that dual arrest should not be examined in a vacuum but should be placed in a broader context taking into account both the full range of police options and comparisons of police action in intimate partner violence cases to the responses to other domestic and nondomestic incidents, and outlines an agenda for future research.
But, Gertrude, I Beg to Differ, a Hit Is Not a Hit Is Not a Hit
Authors: Osthoff Sue
Published: April 2003

Not everyone who uses violence against his or her intimate partner is a batterer. It is essential to conduct a full, contextualized analysis of any violent relationship to determine if there is battering in the relationship and, if so, who is the batterer. This information is extremely important in the formulation of helpful and just responses to ongoing victims of battering who have been arrested for assaulting their partners.
The Intimate Partner Violence Strategies Index
Authors: Goodman Lisa , Dutton Mary Ann , Weinfurt Kevin , Cook Sarah
Published: April 2003

Although research has documented the myriad ways that victims of IPV struggle to keep themselves safe, little research has gone the next step to investigate patterns in women’s use of strategies, the factors that influence choice of strategies, or which strategies are most effective. One obstacle to conducting such research is the absence of an instrument to measure the nature and extent of battered women’s strategic responses to violence across specific domains of strategies. This article describes the development of such an instrument, the Intimate Partner Violence Strategies Index, in the context of a longitudinal study of battered women’s experience over time.
Help-Seeking Behavior Among Abused Immigrant Women
Authors: Bui Hoan N.
Published: April 2003

The present study examines help-seeking behavior among abused Vietnamese American women to understand factors associated with their decisions to seek help. Using a qualitative method and data obtained from in-depth interviews with 34 abused Vietnamese American women selected from four different Vietnamese communities in the United States (Orange County, CA; Houston, TX; Boston, MA; and Lansing, MI) and 11 Vietnamese Americans who had contacts with Vietnamese American victims of domestic violence through their jobs, the study found that abused Vietnamese American women have sought help from their personal networks, the criminal justice system, and various victim service agencies. Data analyses suggest that the decisions of Vietnamese American women to reach out are complex and diverse and are shaped by various structural, cultural, and organizational factors. Acculturation on the part of abused women as well as victim services can facilitate the women’s efforts to seek help outside their personal networks.
The Physical and Psychosocial Health of Bedouin Arab Women of the Negev Area of Israel
Authors: Cwikel Julie , Lev-Wiesel Rachel , Al-Krenawi Alean
Published: April 2003

This study examined the self-reported health status of Bedouin Arab women in relation to two salient features of current Bedouin Arab social mores: the emphasis on maintaining a high rate of fertility and the social acceptance of domestic violence. A quota sample of 202 Bedouin Arab women ranging in age from 22 to 75 were personally interviewed. Fortyeight percent of the women reported a lifetime exposure to physical violence, and 30% reported domestic violence that was associated with symptoms of poor mental health status and gynecological problems. Domestic violence was associated with a large number of children, and there is some indication that the level of domestic violence decreases during pregnancy.
The Impact of Family and Friends’ Reactions on the Well-Being of Women With Abusive Partners
Authors: Goodkind Jessica R. , Gillum Tameka L. , Bybee Deborah I. , Sullivan Cris M.
Published: April 2003

This study examined the degree to which battered women talked with family and friends about abuse they were experiencing and how family and friends responded. Participants were 137 women who had recently experienced domestic violence and were exiting a shelter. Most women confided in family and friends about the abuse. Family and friends’ reactions depended on contextual factors, including the woman’s relationship with her assailant, number of separations, number of children, and whether family and friends were threatened. Family and friends’ negative reactions and offers of tangible support were significantly related to women’s well-being, although positive emotional support was not.
A Therapeutic Jurisprudence Approach to the Trial Process in Domestic Violence Felony Trials
Authors: Hartley Carolyn Copps
Published: April 2003

This article presents a therapeutic jurisprudence approach to the prosecution of domestic violence–related felony trials. After demonstrating how the current trial process has antitherapeutic effects on victims, the article sets forth a series of recommendations for prosecutors in using a client-centered model during the trial process. These recommendations include the following: anticipating defenses in domestic violence cases, having positive pre-trial interactions with victims to empower them through the process, using pretrial motions to limit negative victim character evidence and introduce evidence about the defendant’s prior abuse, and the importance of allowing victims to contextualize the violence in their testimony during trial.
A Log-Linear Analysis of Variables Associated With Self-Mutilation Behaviors of Women With Histories of Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Turell Susan C. , Armsworth Mary W.
Published: April 2003

This study was an exploratory analysis of variables differentiating child sexual abuse (CSA) survivors who self-mutilate from those who do not. Women with histories of CSA ( N = 84) were placed into two groups based on the presence or absence of self-mutilating behavior. A log-linear logit analysis was conducted to compare participants on several psychological, demographic, family-of-origin, and abuse-related variables. The model that best fit the data indicated that self-mutilators were more likely to have experienced physical or physiological abuse in their families of origin and have a history of eating disorders and currently were more depressed and dissociated.
Buddy, Can You Spare A Dime?
Authors: Lee Barrett A. , Farrell Chad R.
Published: April 2003

The authors use data from two national surveys to shed light on panhandling among homeless people and the public’s responses to it. A comparison of homeless panhandlers and nonpanhandlers shows the former group to be more isolated, troubled, and disadvantaged than the latter. Although only a minority of all homeless say that they panhandle, a majority of domiciled individuals report being panhandled, and most give at least occasionally. Such encounters have mixed but limited effects on the public’s attitudes and behaviors. Overall, results challenge the notion that panhandling constitutes an especially threatening feature of urban life. The wisdom of anti-panhandling ordinances is discussed in light of this conclusion.
Sprawl In The 1990s
Authors: Lopez Russ , Hynes H. Patricia
Published: April 2003

Although sprawl is a growing national debate, there have been few efforts to measure or monitor changes in degree of sprawl over time. By using a methodology that employs census data, this sprawl index allows computation of levels of sprawl and examination of temporal and geographic changes. The results show that sprawl has increased over the past decade in many metropolitan areas. There are important geographic variations in sprawl, implying that it is neither inevitable nor universal.
Interaction between a Screw Dislocation and a Three-Phase Circular Inhomogeneity with Imperfect Interface
Authors: Sudak L. J.
Published: April 2003

Analytical expressions are obtained for the elastic stress fields due to the presence an exterior screw dislocation interacting with a three-phase circular inhomogeneity. In addition, the force on the dislocation is also derived. The bonding at the inhomogeneity—interphase interface is considered to be imperfect with the assumption that the interface imperfections are constant. On the remaining boundary, that being the interphase—matrix interface, the bonding is assumed to be perfect.

The equilibrium position of the dislocation is discussed in detail for various imperfect interface conditions, interphase layer thicknesses and material property combinations. The results demonstrate that the relative thickness of the interphase layer, the influence of the imperfect bonding condition and the material property combinations are manifested by their effects on the equilibrium position and subsequent stability of the dislocation.
Truss Modular Beams with Deformation Energy Depending on Higher Displacement Gradients
Authors: Alibert Jean-Jacques , Seppecher Pierre , Dell’Isola Francesco
Published: April 2003

Until now, no third gradient theory has been proposed to describe the homogenized energy associated with a microscopic structure. In this paper, we prove that this is possible using pantographic-type structures. Their deformation energies involve combinations of nodal displacements having the form of second-order or third-order finite differences. We establish the Γ-convergence of these energies to second and third gradient functionals. Some mechanical examples are provided so as to illustrate the special features of these homogenized models.
Some Exact Mathematical Solutions for Granular Stock Piles and Granular Flow in Hoppers
Authors: Cox Grant M. , Hill James M.
Published: April 2003

The flow of granular materials in the presence of gravity in hoppers and the storage of granular materials as a stock pile occur in many industrial situations. The governing ordinary differential equations for two-dimensional wedges and three-dimensional cones are highly nonlinear and there are no known general solutions, apart from that we have given for a special angle of internal friction. Here, we give the overall picture relating to those special cases which give rise to analytical solutions for the two problems of granular flow through hoppers and the stress distributions at the base of stock piles. These equations are fundamental to granular mechanics and previously only some special isolated exact solutions have been known. We list here a number of new exact analytical solutions applying for the two special cases of β= ±1, noting that β= sin φ where φ is the angle of internal friction. The case β= −1 corresponds to a non-physical material, but there are materials such as silica and alumina cake which do indeed exhibit large angles of internal friction and the case β= 1 is by no means unrealistic. However, all the solutions presented are meaningful mathematical solutions of the governing equations and constitute the only known general solutions of these important equations. For certain cases, a full independent numerical solution has been obtained and shown to coincide with the appropriate exact analytical solution.
A Collaborative Teaching and Learning Experience in Moscow
Authors: Wallen Andrea J. , Cammuso Barbara S. , Resick Lenore K. , Godjikian Connie F.
Published: April 2003

Russian nurse leaders are reaching out to the international nursing community for ways to modernize Russian nursing practice. As a part of this process, United States nurses are being invited to participate in collaborative relationships with Russian nursing educators. The identified collaborative process needs to be culturally sensitive to meet the needs of the inviting nurses. Nursing collaboration involves the mutual sharing of knowledge about nursing related issues concerning health and health care systems with other nurses. International nursing collaboration is complex because sharing takes place in a multi-cultural context. The purpose of this article is to describe how the process of international nursing collaboration evolved among members of three educational institutions and one professional nursing organization. The evolution of the international team’s collaborative experience is discussed including the initial preparation, the actual implementation, and evaluation. This article concludes with recommendations for future international nursing collaborative projects.
Teaching Community Health Nursing in the Developing World
Authors: Cunningham Leah Vota
Published: April 2003

The importance of providing nursing students with clinical experiences that enhance their worldview has been recognized in the literature and by nursing organizations. With the increasing diversity of cultures and populations in the world, there is widespread agreement of the need for nurses to have knowledge of global health care systems and nursing care delivery in other countries and to become more culturally competent practitioners. This article will describe an under-graduate senior community health clinical practicum in urban Managua, Nicaragua. Through their workin the health clinics, homes, and community of their assigned families, the students in this transcultural practicum experience the challenges of living and working in a developing country with a challenging health care system, extreme poverty, and limited resources. Not surprisingly, the pretrip perceptions of the students were altered during this life-changing experience.
A Theory of Endurance of Rural Nicaraguan Men
Authors: Ross Carl A.
Published: April 2003

This article will discuss the model of endurance that emerged from data collected during field-workin rural Nicaragua. How rural Nicaraguan men maintain a stable line of endurance to maintain or attain health and well-being will be discussed. The key concepts that make up the model of endurance will be introduced. The interconnectedness of these concepts and the comprehensiveness of the model will be explained. A cultural case study will be presented to illustrate how the theory and model of endurance is operationalized. The information provided in this article can be used as a model for community and home health nurses who workin rural settings.
Transcultural Nursing Implications of Taiwanese Temporary Residents in the United States
Authors: Liang Hwey-Fang , Zoucha Rick
Published: April 2003

The major focus of this article will be a discussion of the transcultural nursing implications of the care practices of caregivers of children who are Taiwanese temporary residents in the United States. In the multicultural and transcultural environment found in the United States, it is imperative that nurses and other health care professionals understand the care practices of people of different cultures. Included in the mix of different cultures are those who are living in the country temporarily. People who are transient may adhere to traditional health beliefs and practice and at the same time embrace the cultural life ways and beliefs of the host country.
Ethical Decision Making Regarding a Common Home Care Issue: Homebound Status
Authors: O’Rourke Marilyn Grace
Published: April 2003

Medicare’s homebound regulation continues to present ethical dilemmas for clinicians faced with the limitations it imposes for clients in need of health care services. This article applies ethical theory and the principles of veracity, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, autonomy, and fidelity to the issue. A variety of strategies home care agencies can use to address ethicalissues are discussed. The use of an ethicaldecision-making modelto assist clinicians in reaching appropriate decisions is described and applied to a case study. The importance of addressing deficits in the home care system, as opposed to manipulation of the regulation to meet individual patient need, is recommended.
Creating Partnerships between Academia and Home Health Care and Hospice Agencies through Continuing Education Programs
Authors: Long Carol O.
Published: April 2003

The delivery of home health and hospice care continues to grow and expand, outpacing both acute and long-term care services. Nurses working in these settings require case management and problem-solving skills that meet the care needs of the homebound, vulnerable elderly. This article describes a service-oriented research and educational project between the College of Nursing at Arizona State University and seven home health care agencies and hospices to provide an educational format, using CD-ROM technology, for nurses who care for the elderly in the community. Not only were the CD-ROMs viewed as an effective means in which to deliver educational information, but this continuing education project also promoted collaboration and partnerships between academia and the communitybased agencies.
Results of the 2001 National Home Health Social Worker Survey: Did Social work Practice Change under PPS?
Authors: Malinowski Rose
Published: April 2003

Home health care socialwork is a vitalcompo nent of interdisciplinary home care services delivered in the United States today. Home health socialworkers provide expert assessment, inter vention, and consultation services to individual patients and to home health agencies at many different levels. The results of the 2001 National Survey of the American Network of Home Health Care SocialWorkers reinforce the need for professionalsocialworkers to deliver high-quality patient care. Under the Prospective Payment System, the home health social work role has expanded to include increased intake and predischarge activities, increased office consultation activities, and participation in ethical forums. The findings of the survey support the continued use of highly trained home health socialworkers.
Empowering the Pain Patient to Make Treatment Decisions
Authors: Weiner Kathryn A.
Published: April 2003

There appears to be no single pill, potion, or therapy that provides a cure for chronic pain. This is because pain is a complex mélange of emotions, culture, experience, spirit, and sensation. To effectively palliate pain, pain patients must be empowered to be an active and viable part of treatment decisions. As health care professionals, there are many things that can be done to facilitate this empowerment. Some key elements for pain patient empowerment include (a) multidisciplinary pain management, (b) education and information, (c) active patient participation in treatment decisions, (d) being respectful of patient hope and will to live, (e) understanding the need for human connections, and (f) compassion.
Early Detection Measures for Cancer in Family Caregivers of Minority Women: An Educational Program
Authors: Youssef Fatma A. , Kawar Lina Najib
Published: April 2003

Family caregiving is an essential part of our health care system. Family caregivers are often neglected. Because the majority of caregivers are women, special attention should be given to these women. Caregiving women require education and guidance to support them not only in caregiving roles but also in taking care of their health. The purpose of this article is to educate family caregivers about early detection and screening measures for two common forms of cancer among minority women. Specifically, this article presents an educational program that serves as guidelines for home care nurses to educate family caregivers to practice early detection for both breast and cervical cancer. It is agreed that to design an effective educational program for family caregivers, home health nurses have to take into consideration the various barriers to breast cancer screening, including personal, sociodemographic, and external barriers.
Assisting Older Clients With Pain Management in the Home
Authors: Herr Keela A. , Kwekkeboom Kristine L.
Published: April 2003

Older home health clients experience significant pain from a variety of age-related conditions. It is important for home health nurses to be knowledgeable about strategies for assessing and managing pain that are adapted to the unique needs of the older patient. A thorough pain assessment gathers key information guiding treatment decisions and follow-up evaluation of intervention effectiveness. Nonpharmacologic interventions, including comfort measures, cutaneous stimulation techniques, and cognitive-behavioral strategies, may help to relieve mild pain when used alone and moderate to severe pain when used in addition to analgesic medications. Assessment and treatment strategies can be tailored to meet the needs of the older clients, taking into account the clients’ cognitive ability and caregivers’ willingness to participate. Home health nurses, in their limited contact time, can educate both older clients and family caregivers in actively managing pain through frequent pain assessment and the use of nonpharmacologic interventions.
Ebenezer Howard And The Marriage Of Town And Country
Authors: Clark Brett
Published: April 2003

Ebenezer Howard advocated the construction of garden cities to reduce the alienation of human society from nature. The social world was to be reorganized and integrated into the surrounding environment to ensure sustainable interactions. In Garden Cities of To-morrow, Howard provided an outline of a garden city that promised a clean environment, free from air and water pollution, and an abundance of parks and open spaces. Social production was organized for local demands with the goal of creating self-sustaining communities, thus reducing the need for long-distance trade. Howard insisted that the long-term sustainability of garden cities was founded on abiding by the law of restitution, where all wastes were recycled back to the soil to ensure the continued productive potential of the land. In this, Howard's garden cities dissolved the divide between town and country and provided a model for an ecologically sustainable society.
Epa, Collaborative Rule Making, and the Small Communities Outreach Project For Environmental Issues
Authors: Collins Kimberly J. , Jacobson Kevin M. , Morris John C. , Reed Christine M. , Rosenbloom Deborah
Published: April 2003

In an era of increased attention paid to the impact of federal regulation on citizens and small business entities, the Small Communities Outreach Project for Environmental Issues (SCOPe) is a collaborative attempt between the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the National Association of Schools of Public Affairs and Administration to facilitate communication between small communities and local government officials and EPA. The authors report on the activities of SCOPe designed to elicit comment on EPA’s proposed groundwater rule. They contend that SCOPe is an effective model of communication between EPA and small community officials and is particularly adept at capturing the “state of the world” of small communities through qualitative data. Finally, the authors analyze the activities of SCOPe in terms of its utility in the federal rule-making process.
Impact of A-76 Competitions on Facilities-Related Maintenance and Repair Costs
Authors: Gallay David
Published: April 2003

This study examined the impact of public-private competitions on the costs of providing maintenance and repair services for administrative buildings at 104 Army installations from 1989 to 1999. The study’s purpose was to determine whether the Army achievedstatistically significant cost savings through competition. The study is significant because it challenges the Army’s policy of allowing its in-house workforce to compete with private contractors to provide commercial-type services as a means of reducing the costs of providing those services, instead of merely outsourcing its work andterminating the employment of the in-house workforce. The study found that the impact of competition depended on the category of the winner of the competition. Contracting out ledto significant cost efficiencies, whereas keeping the work in-house did not. Consequently, the Army policy of allowing the in-house workforce to compete for its work has been only partially effective in achieving intended cost savings.
A Geographic Information Systems–Guided Cost-Effectiveness Analysis For Waterborne Asbestos Remediation
Authors: Sementelli Arthur , McDonald Darrel , Gardner William
Published: April 2003

Many local governments must simultaneously (a) maintain acceptable levels of service, (b) replace potentially hazardous materials used in infrastructure construction, and (c) finance expanded services. Geographic information systems (GIS) can help agencies prioritize and develop cost-effective responses to maintain quality municipal services. Its effective use requires cooperation among city departments to integrate and develop layers of infrastructure information for specific locations. This study demonstrates how a GIS application can help determine a course of action for the remediation of asbestos pipe in Nacogdoches, Texas. This research evaluated a study area inside the city limits representing an economic cross-section of the community. The authors employed a cost-effectiveness analysis using data from a GIS database, direct market costs, and other costs extracted from the literature. The results offer a framework for effective decision making, giving cities an advantage when approaching such problems and minimizing civil liability.
Implications Of Using Enterprise Funds To Account For Public Works Services
Authors: Bunch Beverly S. , Ducker Robert R.
Published: April 2003

City governments often use enterprise funds to account for public works services that are financed through user charges. This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of enterprise funds and then presents a case study of the city of San Antonio’s experiences. The case study addresses factors that have influenced decisions regarding whether to use enterprise funds for particular services. It also examines the implications of using enterprise funds as opposed to alternative structures and identifies concerns that government officials and others have raised about the use of enterprise funds. The article concludes with a discussion of how the Governmental Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 34 will decrease the distinction between financial reporting for enterprise funds and the general fund.
Administrative Control and Inmate Homicide
Authors: Reisig Michael D.
Published: April 2003

Although recently found to explain forceful inmate collective action (e.g., riots), it remains unclear whether the administrative control model accounts for other forms of prison violence. Using a sample of 298 American, adult, higher custody state prisons, this study assessed the association between administrative control and inmate-on-inmate homicide. The results show that prisons experiencing conflict between the administration and frontline staff and facilities with higher proportions of the inmate population involved with prohibited groups (e.g., gangs) are significantly more likely to report homicides than facilities where official authority is exercised successfully.
Dissemination of an Efficacious Antenatal Smoking Cessation Program in Public Hospitals in Australia: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Lowe John B. , Balanda Kevin P. , Stanton Warren R. , Mar Chris Del , O’Connor Vivienne
Published: April 2003

This study investigated the impact of a behaviorally based intervention designed to increase the number of hospitals that routinely provide effective smoking cessation programs for pregnant women. In Queensland, Australia, 70 publicly funded hospitals were matched on numbers of births and maternal socioeconomic status and randomly allocated to an awareness-only intervention group or a behaviorally based intervention group. Success was defined as the routine offer of an evidence-based smoking cessation program to at least 80% of the pregnant clients who smoke. At 1 month, 65% of the behaviorally based intervention hospitals agreed to provide materials about smoking cessation programs for their antenatal patients, compared with 3% of the awarenessonly hospitals. After 1 year, 43% of the intervention hospitals still provided the material, compared with 9% of the awareness-only hospitals. These findings showthat a brief intervention to hospitals can encourage antenatal staff to provide smoking cessation materials to pregnant women.
Intervention Programs for Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Diseases
Authors: Brady Teresa J. , Kruger Judy , Helmick Charles G. , Callahan Leigh F. , Boutaugh Michele L.
Published: April 2003

Disability reduction or prevention programs for people with arthritis and other rheumatic conditions reduce long-term pain and disability but reach only a fraction of their target audience. Few public health professionals are aware of these programs or their benefits. The objective of this study is to review and describe packaged (ready-to-use) arthritis self-management education and exercise/physical activity programs that have had at least preliminary evaluation. Nine intervention programs (five self-management education programs, and four exercise/physical activity programs met study criteria). Several of the packaged arthritis interventions reviewed help people with arthritis and other rheumatic conditions maximize their abilities and reduce pain, functional limitations, and other arthritis-related problems. Other packaged interventions show promise in reducing pain, disability, and depression and in increasing self-care behaviors, but they need to be evaluated more extensively.
State Legislators’ Beliefs About Legislation That Restricts Youth Access to Tobacco Products
Authors: Gottlieb Nell H. , Goldstein Adam O. , Flynn Brian S. , Cohen Joanna E. , Bauman Karl E. , Solomon Laura J. , Munger Michael C. , Dana Greg S. , McMorris Laura E.
Published: April 2003

Better understanding of the cognitive framework for decision making among legislators is important for advocacy of health-promoting legislation. In 1994, the authors surveyed state legislators from North Carolina, Texas, and Vermont concerning their beliefs and intentions related to voting for a hypothetical measure to enforce legislation preventing the sale of tobacco to minors, using scales based on the theory of planned behavior. Attitude (importance), subjective norm (whether most people important to you would say you should or should not vote for the law), perceived behavioral control (ability to cast one’s vote for the law), and home state were independently and significantly related to intention to vote for the law’s enforcement. The results, including descriptive data concerning individual beliefs, suggest specific public health strategies to increase legislative support for passing legislation to restrict youth tobacco sales and, more generally, a framework for studying policy making and advocacy.
Tax Evasion and Tax Progressivity
Authors: Goerke Laszlo
Published: April 2003

In a pure tax evasion framework in which the monetary penalty is a function of the evaded tax, more progressive income taxes will reduce tax evasion if income has to be declared. However, if tax payments have to be declared, higher tax progressivity will have no effects. Thus, the relationship between tax evasion and tax progressivity depends on whether income or taxes have to be divulged to tax authorities. If the fine is a function of undeclared income, higher tax progressivity will always raise evasion.
Applying Item Response Theory to Multisource Performance Ratings: What are the Consequences of Violating the Independent Observations Assumption?
Authors: Craig S. Bartholomew , Kaiser Robert B.
Published: April 2003

Multisource performance ratings involve multiple raters of a common target, thus violating the statistical assumption of independent observations. This study investigated the consequences of that violation on item response theory–based analyses of ratings in two domains of managerial performance. Using a differential item functioning framework, the authors found no significant differences in item parameters attributable to the violation. This finding suggests that item response theory can be applied to multisource ratings without discarding data in order to meet the independence assumption.
A Review of Cross-Cultural Methodologies for Organizational Research: A Best- Practices Approach
Authors: Schaffer Bryan S. , Riordan Christine M.
Published: April 2003

Cross-cultural studies that use self-report instruments can present researchers with a variety of challenges. This article reviews the organizational research literature between the years of 1995 and 2001 to identify common practices prevalent in this type of research. Key methodological issues are examined within the context of a three-stage framework: (a) the development of the research question, (b) the alignment of the research contexts, and (c) the validation of the research instruments. This examination serves as a basis for the identification of best-practice recommendations for cross-cultural researchers.
Optimal Pricing of New Subscriber Services under Interdependent Adoption Processes
Authors: Mesak Hani I. , Darrat Ali F.
Published: April 2003

This article develops and optimizes dynamic diffusion systems for new subscriber consumer services. Each proposed system is composed of two differential equations, one for the retailer adoption process and another for the consumer adoption process that incorporates price. Several of such systems are optimized using optimal control methods. Presence of interaction is found to significantly influence the qualitative characterization of pricing policies of new subscriber services. Furthermore, even when interaction is not present, the derived characterization of optimal pricing policies proved to be very different from those reported in the literature for new consumer durables.
Economic Service Quotas
Authors: Schultz Carl R.
Published: April 2003

Consider the problem of establishing a service quota that sets the maximum number of items, entities, or people that should be scheduled for service during a particular period. Service is performed by a multiserver system using a first-come, first-serve discipline. If the number of customers seeking service is less than or equal to the quota, then they are all scheduled for service; otherwise, the quota is serviced, and remaining customers are delayed. Some delayed customers may leave the system before receiving service. Determination of an economic service quota requires the trade-off of possible overtime cost of scheduling too many customers for service in the period and the postponement cost of scheduling too few. A Markov chain analysis is used to develop a distribution for the number of customers postponed. Simulation is needed to estimate the expected total overtime given a fixed number of parallel servers. This method permits the estimation of the expected total cost of using the service quota policy and finding the optimal quota. A numerical example is provided.
Exploring Service Sabotage
Authors: Harris Lloyd C. , Ogbonna Emmanuel
Published: April 2003

The attitudes and behaviors of frontline, customer-contact service providers are a significant factor in customers’ perceptions and interpretations of service encounters. To date, research into service quality and customer satisfaction has overlooked evidence that suggests that such employees intentionally act in a variety of deviant, counterproductive ways. The aims of this study are first to explore, describe, and classify such behaviors and second to model the antecedents and consequences of such actions. Existing studies and field interviews are used to forward the notion of “service sabotage”, denoting organizational member behaviors that are intentionally designed negatively to affect service. Data reveal that more than 90% of all informants accept that service sabotage is an everyday occurrence in their organization. A typology of service sabotage behaviors is forwarded and a range of antecedents and consequences proposed. The article concludes with a series of implications.
Service Provision through Public-Private Partnerships
Authors: Hill Ronald Paul
Published: April 2003

This research examines a service delivery system for homeless youths that was created by a public-private partnership between the business community, nonprofit service providers, and governmental entities. The article opens with a brief introduction to homelessness, a review of the literature on the material lives of the poor, and a discussion of public-private alliances. A description of the ethnographic method employed in this study follows, with a concentration on the locally appropriate roles assumed by the researcher. The results examine the genesis of this public-private initiative and the development of the service delivery model, its implementation, and its first systemwide review. The final section closes with lessons learned from this particular alliance that may have implications for the development of other public-private partnerships.
Service Advertising
Authors: Boshoff Christo
Published: April 2003

Against the background of the challenge service marketers face in influencing the risk perceptions of potential services buyers, this study attempts to assess the impact three independent variables can have on potential service buyers’risk perceptions, namely, providing general service information, providing price information, and providing a service guarantee in a printed advertisement. The empirical study was of an experimental nature and used a 3 3 2 factorial design to assess the impact of different mock advertisements on risk perceptions. The empirical results indicate that all three of the independent variables (providing general service information, providing price information, and providing a service guarantee) in any combination (the two-way interactions) exert a significant influence on risk perceptions. Another important finding is that a conditional service guarantee has a significant impact on risk perceptions but that an unconditional service guarantee does not significantly decrease risk perceptions beyond what a conditional guarantee does.
Relationships between Service Providers and Their Impact on Customers
Authors: Gittell Jody Hoffer
Published: April 2003

Relationships between service providers and customers are important for achieving high levels of customer satisfaction and loyalty, service management scholars have shown. Building from existing theories, the author proposes that relationships between service providers are another important contributor to customer outcomes. When service processes are highly interdependent, uncertain, and time constrained, relationships between service providers are integral to the process of coordination and therefore are an important contributor to customer outcomes. In a study of postsurgical care in nine hospitals, the author finds that strong provider-provider relationships directly increase customer satisfaction and loyalty because the overall service experience is more effectively coordinated. Second, strong provider-provider relationships help service providers to develop more effective relationships with their customers, which further increases customer satisfaction and loyalty. Managers should therefore select, train, and reward service providers in a way that supports the formation of strong working relationships between them.
The Impact of Performance, Cost, and Competitive Considerations on the Relationship between Satisfaction and Repurchase Intent in Business Markets
Authors: Kumar Piyush
Published: April 2003

In this article, the author develops and tests a component-based, reference-dependent model of business customers’ intent to repurchase from one of their existing supplier firms. In the model, the author proposes that customers’repurchase intent depends not only on their satisfaction with a supplier on the appropriate performance criteria but also on competitive and cost considerations. The author finds that customers weight their satisfaction with the relevant performance criteria differently when they form their overall satisfaction judgments than when they consider the supplier for a repeat purchase. Furthermore, customers’ repurchase intent is reference dependent in that it incorporates their evaluation of the focal supplier’s performance and life-cycle cost relative to that of a referent competing supplier with whom they have had a concurrent or past experience.