bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Stroke and Coronary Artery Disease Are Associated With Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Li Qiongqiong , Wang Cheng , Tang Huidong , Chen Shengdi , Ma Jianfang
Published: July 2018

Background: The relationship between vascular disease and Parkinson’s disease (PD) is controversial. We performed a cross-sectional study to investigate the association of two common vascular diseases (stroke and coronary artery disease [CAD]) with Parkinson’s disease. Methods: We identified 63 and 62 PD cases in two population-based cohorts (Malu rural community and Wuliqiao urban community) and collected information of PD and non-PD by means of questionnaires. Logistic regression analysis was used to investigate the association between stroke, coronary artery disease and PD, after adjusting for age, sex, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, hypercholesterolemia, smoking status, alcohol consumption, tea consumption and body mass index. Results: After adjustment for potential confounders, we found that CAD and stroke were associated with PD in the Malu rural community (CAD: odds ratio [OR]=7.11, 95% confidence intervals [CI]: 3.09-16.40, p<0.001; stroke: OR=6.77, 95% CI: 3.09-14.81, p<0.001) and stroke was associated with PD in the Wuliqiao urban community (OR=2.58, 95% CI: 1.36-4.89, p=0.004), especially in women. In a subgroup analysis of PD with age- and sex-matched controls, the results were similar in the Malu rural community (CAD: OR=12.72, 95% CI: 2.92-55.32, p=0.001; stroke: OR=6.26, 95% CI: 1.83-21.42, p=0.003), whereas in the Wuliqiao urban community the results were different in that CAD (but not stroke) was found to be associated with PD (CAD: OR=2.44, 95% CI: 1.09-5.47, p=0.03; stroke: OR=1.79, 95% CI: 0.77-4.17, p=0.18). Conclusions: Our study suggested that stroke and CAD are associated with PD in two Chinese population-based cohorts, indicating a probable vascular component in the pathogenesis of PD.
Contingencies of Place and Time: The Significance of Wilson v. Marion and Oklahoma Territory in the History of School Segregation
Authors: Doolittle Sara
Published: July 2018

Between 1889 and 1890, John Wilson and his family were among nearly three thousand African American settlers to enter Oklahoma Territory, where Wilson's two daughters first attended an integrated school. The Wilson family was undoubtedly drawn by the educational and economic opportunities that were present in the fluid space—opportunities that did not always exist elsewhere in the country. Yet the territorial legislature sought to narrow those opportunities, which it did by segregating the schools. Wilson and his family did not accept this limitation and fought back through both the courts and active resistance. This article examines that first legal challenge to the segregated school system: Territory ex rel. Wilson v. Marion et al. This case informs not only our understanding of the durability of racism in an actively contested western space but also the forms of African American resistance to the reactivation of racial hierarchy.
Ethnic Formation with Other-Than-Human Beings: Island Shrine Practice in Uganda’s Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Schoenbrun David L.
Published: July 2018

Many studies of ethnic formation find metaphors of descent at the core of largely masculinist discourse about belonging and difference. This study integrates the meaning, affect, and information-sharing prompted with the other-than-human beings – in particular, trees – enlisted during rhythmic assembly at an Island shrine in east Africa’s Inland Sea (Lake Victoria), in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. Fostering ethnic identification there drew on lateral connections that crossed language, region, and standing without creating boundaries. A gendered discourse exceeding the masculine was likely indispensable to this sort of belonging. The beginning of a long period of bellicose state expansionism and the deep history of public healing in the region framed these developments.
Chiragov and Others v. Armenia & Sargsyan v. Azerbaijan (Eur. Ct. H.R.)
Authors: Remezaite Ramute
Published: July 2018

On December 12, 2017, the Grand Chamber of the European Court of Human Rights adopted its judgments on the compensation awarded to the applicants in the two landmark cases of Chiragov and Others v. Armenia and Sargsyan v. Azerbaijan. The Court ruled on the just satisfaction for the pecuniary and nonpecuniary damages incurred by the applicants, following the adoption of the principal judgments of June 16, 2015, on the merits of the cases establishing violations of the rights of families displaced by the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia and Azerbaijan in early 1990s. In these cases, the Court has for the first time dealt with the states' responsibility for violations of rights of hundreds of thousands of individuals forced to flee their homes and leave their property as a result of escalations of the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, which remains unresolved. The Court reserved the issue of just satisfaction for a later stage due to the “exceptional nature” of the cases, i.e., their relation to continuous violations in the context of the unresolved conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh and the surrounding territories.
Ingabire v. Rwanda (Afr. Ct. H.P.R.)
Authors: Jansen Reventlow Yakaré-Oulé (Nani)
Published: July 2018

On November 24, 2017, the African Court on Human and Peoples' Rights (Court) handed down its decision on the merits in the case of Ingabire Victoire Umuhoza v. Rwanda. The case further elucidates the Court's standards on the right to a fair trial and the right to freedom of expression, in particular the latitude that should be given to political speech.
Venue Shopping and Legitimacy: Making Sense of Harper's Immigration Record
Authors: Paquet Mireille , Larios Lindsay
Published: July 2018

Canadian immigration policies went through numerous changes under the Conservative party leadership of Stephen Harper from 2006 to 2015. This article provides an empirical account of immigration policy change during this era and suggests that of state-centred venue shopping can effectively account for the Harper's immigration record. In particular, it documents the ways in which immigration policies have expanded into international and regional venues, opened new venues to non-state actors, further decentralized into subnational venues and reinvested into traditional administrative and executive venues for policy making. The analysis suggests that the redeployment of the state into new and expanding venues aims to demonstrate state capacity and legitimacy as a nodal actor in immigration policy.
Desacralizing Whispers: Counter-Conduct in the Iranian War Theatre
Authors: Moosavi Marjan
Published: July 2018

The commemoration of sacrifice and martyrdom in the Iran–Iraq war led to dissemination of the ‘sacred defence’ culture and its theatre progeny – the Arzeshi genre, which is rooted in Shi’i religious values, Persian culture, and Iranian performance traditions. In response to this, Iranian anti-war theatre practitioners have intervened through a counter-conduct theatricality made up of characters, stories, reasoning, embodied emotions, and scenic languages. A thematic and aesthetic analysis of three stagings of the anti-war play The Whispers Behind the Front Line by the prominent Iranian playwright/director Alirezā Nāderi shows that there has been a shift over two periods of time regarding ‘disguised counter-hegemonic dramaturgy’, alternative characterization, and the ethical engagements of artists with the narrative of war. In this study Marjan Moosavi shows that theatre counter-conducts have shifted since 1995 from a realist aesthetic, reflecting a specific event – the Iran–Iraq war – to a universal, abstract aesthetic practice that sees war as a global phenomenon. Marjan Moosavi is an Iranian-Canadian PhD candidate and instructor at the University of Toronto's Centre for Drama, Theatre, and Performance Studies. She has published articles on Iranian dramaturgy and diasporic theatre in The Routledge Companion to Dramaturgy, TDR, and Critical Stages.
FLAUTAS TRIPLES DE JAINA Y COPÁN. UN ESTUDIO ARQUEOACÚSTICO
Authors: Zalaquett Rock Francisca Amelia , Espino Ortiz Dulce Sugey
Published: July 2018

Los sonidos producidos por los seres humanos, así como los de su medio, son percibidos y codificados por las personas dependiendo de sus experiencias como parte de un grupo cultural; por esta razón, es esencial incorporarlos como un medio de comunicación entre los grupos sociales. En este trabajo presentamos el estudio arqueoacústico de dos flautas triples mayas. La primera proviene de las excavaciones en el sitio arqueológico de Jaina, y la segunda de un entierro en Copan, Honduras (Nakamura 2004). Ambas emiten una gran variedad sonora, la cual puede dar indicios de esta comunicación, tipo de manufactura y preferencias sonoras para el caso de los mayas prehispánicos. Este estudio es totalmente nuevo para el área maya y tiene una gran relevancia para incluir los sonidos como parte sustancial de la comunicación maya.
The Scarier the Better: Maximizing Exposure Therapy Outcomes for Spider Fear
Authors: Norberg Melissa M. , Newins Amie R. , Jiang Yan , Xu Jianqiu , Forcadell Eduard , Alberich Cristina , Deacon Brett J.
Published: July 2018

Background: While exposure therapy effectively reduces anxiety associated with specific phobias, not all individuals respond to treatment and some will experience a return of fear after treatment ceases. Aims: This study aimed to test the potential benefit of increasing the intensity of exposure therapy by adding an extra step that challenged uncontrollability (Step 15: allowing a spider to walk freely over one's body) to the standard fear hierarchy. Method: Fifty-one participants who had a severe fear of spiders completed two 60-min exposure sessions 1 week apart in a context that was either the same or different from the baseline and follow-up assessment context. Participants were categorized into groups based on the last hierarchy step they completed during treatment (Step 14 or fewer, or Step 15). Results: Those who completed Step 15 had greater reductions in fear and beliefs about the probability of harm from baseline to post-treatment than those who completed fewer steps. Although completing Step 15 did not prevent fear from returning after a context change, it allowed people to maintain their ability to tolerate their fear, which earlier steps did not. Despite some fear returning after a context change, individuals who completed Step 15 tended to report greater reductions in fear from baseline to the follow-up assessment than participants who completed 14 or fewer steps. Conclusions: Overall, these results suggest that more intensive exposure that directly challenges harm beliefs may lead to greater changes in fear and fear beliefs than less intensive exposure.
FORWARD GUIDANCE CONTRACTS
Authors: Gersbach Hans , Hahn Volker , Liu Yulin
Published: July 2018

We examine “Forward Guidance Contracts,” which penalize central bankers for choosing high interest rates. We integrate those contracts into the New Keynesian Framework and show that they can be used to overcome a liquidity trap. Moreover, although the government takes only a share of the social benefits into account when it has to decide whether to offer the contract, we demonstrate that for plausible parameter values the government will always find it desirable to offer the contract in a liquidity trap but not in normal times. Finally, we show that the optimal duration of such contracts is typically very short.
The illusory benefit of cognates: Lexical facilitation followed by sublexical interference in a word typing task
Authors: MUSCALU LAURA M. , SMILEY PATRICIA A.
Published: July 2018

Cognate facilitation and cognate interference in word production have been elicited separately, in different paradigms. In our experiment, we created conditions for facilitation and interference to occur sequentially, and identified the levels at which the two processes manifested. Bilinguals translated cognates and noncognates from L2 to L1 and typed the translations. Response-onset latencies were shorter for cognates (cognate-facilitation) but execution latencies were longer, and cross-language orthographic errors were more frequent for cognates than for noncognates (cognate-interference). Facilitation at onset followed by interference during word execution suggests that the language-selection mechanism operated efficiently at the lexical level but inefficiently at the sublexical level. It also suggests that language selection is not an event with irreversible outcome, but selection at one level may not guarantee language-selectivity at subsequent levels. We propose that a model of bilingual language production that specifies multiple language-selection processes at multiple loci of selection can accommodate this phenomenon.
A partial lower jaw of a tetrapod from “Romer's Gap”
Authors: Chen Donglei , Alavi Yasaman , Brazeau Martin D. , Blom Henning , Millward David , Ahlberg Per E.
Published: July 2018

The first half of the Mississippian or Early Carboniferous (Tournaisian to mid- Viséan), an interval of about 20 million years, has become known as “Romer's Gap” because of its poor tetrapod record. Recent discoveries emphasise the differences between pre-“Gap” Devonian tetrapods, unambiguous stem-group members retaining numerous “fish” characters indicative of an at least partially aquatic lifestyle, and post-“Gap” Carboniferous tetrapods, which are far more diverse and include fully terrestrial representatives of the main crown-group lineages. It seems that “Romer's Gap” coincided with the cladogenetic events leading to the origin of the tetrapod crown group. Here, we describe a partial right lower jaw ramus of a tetrapod from the late Tournaisian or early Viséan of Scotland. The large and robust jaw displays a distinctive character combination, including a significant mesial lamina of the strongly sculptured angular, an open sulcus for the mandibular lateral line, a non-ossified narrow Meckelian exposure, a well-defined dorsal longitudinal denticle ridge on the prearticular, and a mesially open adductor fossa. A phylogenetic analysis places this specimen in a trichotomy withCrassigyrinusand baphetids + higher tetrapods in the upper part of the tetrapod stem group, aboveWhatcheeria, Pederpes,Ossinodus,SigourneaandGreererpeton. It represents a small but significant step in the gradual closure of “Romer's Gap”.
What made Stan Wood a great collector?
Authors: Smithson Timothy R. , Rolfe W. D. Ian
Published: July 2018

Stan Wood was an exceptional fossil collector who, over a collecting career of more than 40 years, provided British palaeontology with an abundance and variety of new Carboniferous fossils, the like of which had not been collected since Victorian times. So, what made him a great collector? Here, with the help of Stan's family, his friends and colleagues, we try to provide the answer. There is no single factor that stands out, but a complex mixture of innate and learned behaviours that together produced a unique talent. Although he acquired an Open University degree in geology, Stan was largely self-taught as a collector and, in doing so, became an accomplished and confident field geologist. He was naturally curious, persistent and very observant, with a photographic memory. He was tough, very strong and enjoyed hard physical work. He was congenial, unorthodox and a calculated risk taker. He asked questions, tested ideas and had a healthy disregard for authority. He was systematic, kept detailed records and shared his discoveries. He not only loved collecting fossils but, in the process, discovered in himself the essential qualities of a true scientist.
Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS and Biological Insights Into Cognition: A Response to Hill (2018)
Authors: Lam Max , Trampush Joey W. , Yu Jin , Knowles Emma , Djurovic Srdjan , Melle Ingrid , Sundet Kjetil , Christoforou Andrea , Reinvang Ivar , DeRosse Pamela , Lundervold Astri J. , Steen Vidar M. , Espeseth Thomas , Räikkönen Katri , Widen Elisabeth , Palotie Aarno , Eriksson Johan G. , Giegling Ina , Konte Bettina , Roussos Panos , Giakoumaki Stella , Burdick Katherine E. , Payton Antony , Ollier William , Chiba-Falek Ornit , Attix Deborah K. , Need Anna C. , Cirulli Elizabeth T. , Voineskos Aristotle N. , Stefanis Nikos C. , Avramopoulos Dimitrios , Hatzimanolis Alex , Arking Dan E. , Smyrnis Nikolaos , Bilder Robert M. , Freimer Nelson A. , Cannon Tyrone D. , London Edythe , Poldrack Russell A. , Sabb Fred W. , Congdon Eliza , Conley Emily Drabant , Scult Matthew A. , Dickinson Dwight , Straub Richard E. , Donohoe Gary , Morris Derek , Corvin Aiden , Gill Michael , Hariri Ahmad R. , Weinberger Daniel R. , Pendleton Neil , Bitsios Panos , Rujescu Dan , Lahti Jari , Hellard Stephanie Le , Keller Matthew C. , Andreassen Ole A. , Glahn David C. , Malhotra Anil K. , Lencz Todd
Published: July 2018

Hill (Twin Research and Human Genetics, Vol. 21, 2018, 84–88) presented a critique of our recently published paper in Cell Reports entitled ‘Large-Scale Cognitive GWAS Meta-Analysis Reveals Tissue-Specific Neural Expression and Potential Nootropic Drug Targets’ (Lam et al., Cell Reports, Vol. 21, 2017, 2597–2613). Specifically, Hill offered several interrelated comments suggesting potential problems with our use of a new analytic method called Multi-Trait Analysis of GWAS (MTAG) (Turley et al., Nature Genetics, Vol. 50, 2018, 229–237). In this brief article, we respond to each of these concerns. Using empirical data, we conclude that our MTAG results do not suffer from ‘inflation in the FDR [false discovery rate]’, as suggested by Hill (Twin Research and Human Genetics, Vol. 21, 2018, 84–88), and are not ‘more relevant to the genetic contributions to education than they are to the genetic contributions to intelligence’.
Variable‐Threshold Behavior in Rivers Arising From Hillslope‐Derived Blocks
Authors: Shobe Charles M. , Tucker Gregory E. , Rossi Matthew W.
Published: July 2018

Geomorphologists often rely on simple models of river channel incision for predicting rates of landscape evolution and channel response to perturbations, as well as extracting climatic and tectonic signals from river longitudinal profiles. Recent work has shown that large, hillslope‐derived blocks delivered to rivers may noticeably alter the form and evolution of river profiles from the behavior predicted by the most common models. Here we use a 1‐D model of river reach erosion and hillslope block delivery to explore the conditions under which block delivery strongly influences channel evolution. We use global sensitivity analysis to understand which model parameters most strongly affect the channel longitudinal profile. We explore the effects of blocks on the relationship between erosion rate and channel gradient, and on the erosion rate‐channel steepness exponent ϕ, and find that block effects result in highly variable slope and ϕ over the range of erosion rates and climatic conditions (discharge mean and variability) tested. The influence of blocks on erosion rate‐slope scaling may be approximated by a piecewise model: The erosion threshold imposed by blocks scales linearly with erosion rate when blocks are infrequently mobile and remains constant when blocks are frequently mobile. We explore the implications of this variable‐threshold model for the erosion rate‐channel steepness relationship and find that erosion rate‐dependent thresholds imposed by hillslope‐derived blocks cause significant departures from previous models but may be consistent with existing field data sets. Our work has implications for landscape evolution modeling and the inversion of channel profiles for forcing information.
Faults Geometry and the Role of Fluids in the 2016–2017 Central Italy Seismic Sequence
Authors: Chiarabba C. , De Gori P. , Cattaneo M. , Spallarossa D. , Segou M.
Published: July 2018

The 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence ruptured overlapping normal faults of the Apennines mountain chain, in nine earthquakes with magnitude Mw > 5 within a few months. Here we investigate the structure of the fault system using an extensive aftershock data set, from joint permanent and temporary seismic networks, and 3‐D Vp and Vp/Vs velocity models. We show that mainshocks nucleated on gently west dipping planes that we interpret as inverted steep ramps inherited from the late Pliocene compression. The two large shocks, the 24 August, Mw = 6.0 Amatrice and the 30 October, Mw = 6.5 Norcia occurred on distinct faults reactivated by high pore pressure at the footwall, as indicated by positive Vp/Vs anomalies. The lateral extent of the overpressurized volume includes the fault patch of the Norcia earthquake. The irregular geometry of normal faults together with the reactivated ramps leads to the kinematic complexity observed during the coseismic ruptures and the spatial distribution of aftershocks.
Early to Late Holocene Surface Exposure Ages From Two Marine‐Terminating Outlet Glaciers in Northwest Greenland
Authors: Reusche Melissa M. , Marcott Shaun A. , Ceperley Elizabeth G. , Barth Aaron M. , Brook Edward J. , Mix Alan C. , Caffee Marc W.
Published: July 2018

Terrestrial chronologies from southern Greenland provide a detailed deglacial history of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS). The northern GIS margin history, however, is less established. Here we present surface exposure ages from moraines associated with two large outlet glaciers, Petermann and Humboldt, in the northwestern sector of the GIS. These moraine chronologies indicate a Little Ice Age advance of the ice sheet margin before ~0.3 ka and a possible equivalent advance of similar magnitude prior to ~2.8 ka. An early Holocene moraine at Humboldt Glacier was abandoned by 8.3 ± 1.7 ka and is contemporaneous with other moraines deposited along the entire western GIS margin. This widespread ice margin stability between ~9 and 8 ka indicates that while this margin was influenced by warming atmospheric temperatures during the early Holocene, the warming was likely overprinted with the effect of the abrupt climate cooling at 9.3 and 8.2 ka.
The April 2017 Mw6.5 Botswana Earthquake: An Intraplate Event Triggered by Deep Fluids
Authors: Gardonio B. , Jolivet R. , Calais E. , Leclère H.
Published: July 2018

Large earthquakes in stable continental regions remain puzzling as; unlike at plate boundaries, they do not result from the local buildup of strain driven by plate tectonics. The 2017 Mw6.5, Bostwana normal faulting earthquake occurred in a region devoid from recent tectonic activity and where present‐day deformation is negligible. The depth of the event (29 ± 4 km), in a felsic lower crust where ductile deformation is expected, likely requires a transient pulse of fluids from a deep source to activate brittle faulting. The mainshock was preceded by two foreshock swarm‐like sequences that may be further evidence for fluid movement in a critically loaded fault network. Contrary to plate boundary events, the Mw6.5 Botswana earthquake did not require prior localized stress or strain accumulation. We propose that the crust in stable continental regions, even long after the last tectonic episode, constitutes a reservoir of elastic stress that can be released episodically, for instance, as a result of deep fluid migration.
Impacts of Nearshore Wave‐Current Interaction on Transport and Mixing of Small‐Scale Buoyant Plumes
Authors: Rodriguez Angelica R. , Giddings Sarah N. , Kumar Nirnimesh
Published: July 2018

Small‐scale buoyant outflows have the potential to impact beach contamination, nutrient exchange, productivity, larval recruitment, and carbon chemistry in the nearshore region where surface gravity waves influence momentum and energy transport. This study aims to understand the dynamics leading to the fate and structure of an idealized small‐scale outflow in the presence of surface waves using a fully coupled 3‐D hydrodynamic and spectral wave model. Wave‐current interactions significantly alter plume structure when compared to hydrodynamics‐only simulations. Wave dissipation injected into the water column as a flux of turbulent kinetic energy at the sea surface mixes the plume in the surf zone, while wave‐driven velocities reduce offshore plume propagation and enhance alongshore spreading. A series of simulations varying flow rate and offshore wave height indicate a log linear relationship between the surf zone volume‐integrated freshwater fraction and the ratio of wave to outflow momentum fluxes.
Comparative Saturn‐Versus‐Jupiter Tether Operation
Authors: Sanmartín J. R. , Peláez J. , Carrera‐Calvo I.
Published: July 2018

Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune, among the four Giant Outer planets, have magnetic field B about 20 times weaker than Jupiter. This could suggest, in principle, that planetary capture and operation using tethers, which involve B effects twice, might be much less effective at Saturn, in particular, than at Jupiter. It was recently found, however, that the very high Jovian B itself strongly limits conditions for tether use, maximum captured spacecraft‐to‐tether mass ratio only reaching to about 3.5. Further, it is here shown that planetary parameters and low magnetic field might make tether operation at Saturn more effective than at Jupiter. Operation analysis involves electron plasma density in a limited radial range, about 1–1.5 times Saturn radius, and is weakly requiring as regards density modeling.
Oxygen Ion Reflection at Earthward Propagating Dipolarization Fronts in the Magnetotail
Authors: Zhao S. J. , Fu S. Y. , Sun W. J. , Parks G. K. , Zhou X. Z. , Pu Z. Y. , Zhao D. , Wu T. , Yu F. B. , Zong Q. G.
Published: July 2018

A dipolarization front (DF) is known as the leading edge of an earthward high‐speed flow with a sharp enhancement in the northward magnetic field (Bz). Analysis of an event observed by Cluster shows that the behavior of oxygen ions (O+) around the DF is very different from protons (H+). After the crossing of the DF, the O+ density decreases more gradually than H+. The distance between the density minimum of O+ and the DF layer is ~4 times longer than that of H+, which is close to their gyroradii ratio with the same energy. A flux dropout is observed in the O+ energy spectrum, whose energy dependence indicates that ions with higher energies can reach locations farther tailward of the DF. Similar variations are also seen in studies of 22 events in which a common pattern of ion properties is obtained by performing a superposed epoch analysis. Finally, using backward tracing test‐particle simulations, we reproduce the characteristics of the flux dropout and verify that the time dependence of the dropout is highly correlated with the gyromotion of different energy O+ behind the DF. All these results provide a further understanding of ion dynamics associated with DFs and suggest that the observed O+ ions are reflected within a half gyromotion in the central plasma sheet.
Momentum Flux Spectra of a Mountain Wave Event Over New Zealand
Authors: Bossert Katrina , Fritts David C. , Heale Christopher J. , Eckermann Stephen D. , Plane John M. C. , Snively Jonathan B. , Williams Bifford P. , Reid Iain M. , Murphy Damian J. , Spargo Andrew J. , MacKinnon Andrew D.
Published: July 2018

During the Deep Propagating Gravity Wave Experiment (DEEPWAVE) 13 July 2014 research flight over the South Island of New Zealand, a multiscale spectrum of mountain waves (MWs) was observed. High‐resolution measurements of sodium densities were available from ~70 to 100 km for the duration of this flight. A comprehensive technique is presented for obtaining temperature perturbations, T′, from sodium mixing ratios over a range of altitudes, and these T′ were used to calculate the momentum flux (MF) spectra with respect to horizontal wavelengths, λH, for each flight segment. Spectral analysis revealed MWs with spectral power centered at λH of ~80, 120, and 220 km. The temperature amplitudes of these MWs varied between the four cross‐mountain flight legs occurring between 6:10UT and 9:10UT. The average spectral T′ amplitudes near 80 km in altitude ranged from 7–13 K for the 220 km λH MW and 4–8 K for the smaller λH MWs. These amplitudes decayed significantly up to 90 km, where a critical level for MWs was present. The average MF per unit mass near 80 km in altitude ranged from ~13 to 60 m2/s2 across the varying spectra over the duration of the research flight and decayed to ~0 by 88 km in altitude. These MFs are large compared to zonal means and highlight the importance of MWs in the momentum budget of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at times when they reach these altitudes.
Extratropical Atmospheric Predictability From the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation in Subseasonal Forecast Models
Authors: Garfinkel Chaim I. , Schwartz Chen , Domeisen Daniela I. V. , Son Seok‐Woo , Butler Amy H. , White Ian P.
Published: July 2018

The effect of the Quasi‐Biennial Oscillation (QBO) on the Northern Hemisphere wintertime stratospheric polar vortex is evaluated in five operational subseasonal forecasting models. Of these five models, the three with the best stratospheric resolution all indicate a weakened vortex during the easterly phase of the QBO relative to its westerly phase, consistent with the Holton‐Tan effect. The magnitude of this effect is well captured for initializations in late October and November in the model with the largest ensemble size. While the QBO appears to modulate the extratropical tropospheric circulation in some of the models as well, the importance of a polar stratospheric pathway, through the Holton‐Tan effect, for the tropospheric anomalies is unclear. Overall, knowledge of the QBO can contribute to enhanced predictability, at least in a probabilistic sense, of the Northern Hemisphere winter climate on subseasonal timescales.
Correction: Author Correction: Improving 10-deacetylbaccatin III-10-β-O-acetyltransferase catalytic fitness for Taxol production
Authors: Li Bing-Juan , Wang Hao , Gong Ting , Chen Jing-Jing , Chen Tian-Jiao , Yang Jin-Ling , Zhu Ping
Published: July 2018

Nature Communications 8: Article number: 15544 (2017); Published: 18 May 2017, Updated: 13 July 2018 In the originally published version of this Article, financial support was not fully acknowledged. The PDF and HTML versions of the Article have now been corrected to include support from the National Natural Science Foundation of China grant number 81573325.
Correction: Publisher Correction: Feasibility and coexistence of large ecological communities
Authors: Grilli Jacopo , Adorisio Matteo , Suweis Samir , Barabás György , Banavar Jayanth R. , Allesina Stefano , Maritan Amos
Published: July 2018

Nature Communications 8: Article number: 14389; Published: 24 February 2017; Updated: 13 July 2018 The original HTML version of this Article had an incorrect article number of ‘0’; it should have been ‘14389’. This has now been corrected in the HTML version of the Article. The PDF version was correct from the time of publication.
Effect of gender on the acute effects of whey protein ingestion on energy intake, appetite, gastric emptying and gut hormone responses in healthy young adults
Authors: Giezenaar Caroline , Luscombe-Marsh Natalie D , Hutchison Amy T , Lange Kylie , Hausken Trygve , Jones Karen L , Horowitz Michael , Chapman Ian , Soenen Stijn
Published: July 2018

Background/objectives

Protein supplements, usually drinks rich in whey protein, are used widely for weight loss purposes in overweight adults. Information comparing the effects of whey protein on appetite and energy intake in men and women is limited. The objective was to compare the acute effects of whey-protein intake on energy intake, appetite, gastric emptying and gut hormones in healthy young men and women.

Subjects/methods

Gastric emptying (3D-ultrasonography), blood glucose and plasma insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations (0–180 min), appetite (visual analogue scales), and ad libitum energy intake from a buffet meal (180–210 min) were determined after ingestion of 30 g (120 kcal) or 70 g (280 kcal) whey protein, or a flavoured-water control drink (~2 kcal) in 8 healthy young men (25 ± 2 y, 72 ± 3 kg, 23 ± 1 kg/m2) and 8 women (23 ± 1 y, 64 ± 2 kg, 24 ± 0.4 kg/m2).

Results

There was a protein-load effect on gastric emptying, blood glucose, plasma insulin, glucagon, ghrelin, CCK, GIP and GLP-1 concentrations, and perceptions of hunger, desire to eat and prospective food consumption (P < 0.05). Ad libitum energy intake (average decrease of 206 ± 39 kcal (15 ± 2%) for men and of 46 ± 54 kcal (0 ± 26%) for women for the mean of the intakes after the 30 and 70 g whey-protein loads) and hunger were suppressed more by whey-protein ingestion in men than women (P = 0.046). There was no difference in suppression of energy intake between the 30 and 70 g protein loads (P = 0.75, interaction effectP = 0.19). Consequently, total energy intake (protein drink plus buffet meal) increased more compared to control in women than men (P = 0.010). The drinks emptied more slowly, and plasma glucagon, CCK and GLP-1 increased less after the protein drinks, in women than men (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The acute effects of whey protein ingestion on appetite, energy intake, gastric emptying and gut hormone responses are influenced by gender in healthy young adults.
Inhibition of the miR-192/215–Rab11-FIP2 axis suppresses human gastric cancer progression
Authors: Zhang Xiaojing , Peng Yin , Huang Yong , Deng Shiqi , Feng Xianling , Hou Gangqiang , Lin Huijuan , Wang Jian , Yan Ruibin , Zhao Yanqiu , Fan Xinmin , Meltzer Stephen J. , Li Song , Jin Zhe
Published: July 2018

Less than a century ago, gastric cancer (GC) was the most common cancer throughout the world. Despite advances in surgical, chemotherapeutic, and radiotherapeutic treatment, GC remains the number 3 cancer killer worldwide. This fact highlights the need for better diagnostic biomarkers and more effective therapeutic targets. RAB11-FIP2, a member of the Rab11 family of interacting proteins, exhibits potential tumor suppressor function. However, involvement of RAB11-FIP2 in gastric carcinogenesis is yet to be elucidated. In this study, we demonstrated that RAB11-FIP2 was downregulated in GC tissues and constituted a target of the known onco-miRs, miR-192/215. We also showed that functionally, Rab11-FIP2 regulation by miR-192/215 is involved in GC-related biological activities. Finally, RAB11-FIP2 inhibition by miR-192/215 affected the establishment of cell polarity and tight junction formation in GC cells. In summary, this miR-192/215–Rab11-FIP2 axis appears to represent a new molecular mechanism underlying GC progression, while supplying a promising avenue of further research into diagnosis and therapy of GC.
Transcriptional downregulation of miR-133b by REST promotes prostate cancer metastasis to bone via activating TGF-β signaling
Authors: Huang Shuai , Wa Qingde , Pan Jincheng , Peng Xinsheng , Ren Dong , Li Qiji , Dai Yuhu , Yang Qing , Huang Yan , Zhang Xin , Zhou Wei , Yuan Dan , Cao Jiazheng , Li Yuming , He Peiheng , Tang Yubo
Published: July 2018

High avidity of bone metastasis is an important characteristic in prostate cancer (PCa). Downexpression of miR-133b has been reported to be implicated in the development, progression and recurrence in PCa. However, clinical significance and biological roles of miR-133b in bone metastasis of PCa remain unclear. Here we report that miR-133b is downregulated in PCa tissues and further decreased in bone metastatic PCa tissues. Downexpression of miR-133b positively correlates with advanced clinicopathological characteristics and shorter bone metastasis-free survival in PCa patients. Upregulating miR-133b inhibits invasion, migration in vitro and bone metastasis in vivo in PCa cells. Mechanistically, we find that miR-133b suppresses activity of TGF-β signaling via directly targeting TGF-β receptor I and II, which further inhibits bone metastasis of PCa cells. Our results further reveal that overexpression of REST contributes to miR-133b downexpression via transcriptional repression in PCa tissues. Importantly, silencing miR-133b enhances invasion and migration abilities in vitro and bone metastasis ability in vivo in REST-silenced PCa cells. The clinical correlation of miR-133b with TGFBRI, TGFBRII, REST and TGF-β signaling activity is verified in PCa tissues. Therefore, our results uncover a novel mechanism of miR-133b downexpression that REST transcriptionally inhibits miR-133b expression in PCa cells, and meanwhile support the notion that administration of miR-133b may serve as a rational regimen in the treatment of PCa bone metastasis.
Identification of dynamic undifferentiated cell states within the male germline
Authors: La Hue M. , Mäkelä Juho-Antti , Chan Ai-Leen , Rossello Fernando J. , Nefzger Christian M. , Legrand Julien M. D. , De Seram Mia , Polo Jose M. , Hobbs Robin M.
Published: July 2018

The role of stem cells in tissue maintenance is appreciated and hierarchical models of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation often proposed. Stem cell activity in the male germline is restricted to undifferentiated A-type spermatogonia (Aundiff); however, only a fraction of this population act as stem cells in undisturbed testis and Aundiff hierarchy remains contentious. Through newly developed compound reporter mice, here we define molecular signatures of self-renewing and differentiation-primed adult Aundiff fractions and dissect Aundiff heterogeneity by single-cell analysis. We uncover an unappreciated population within the self-renewing Aundiff fraction marked by expression of embryonic patterning genes and homeodomain transcription factor PDX1. Importantly, we find that PDX1 marks a population with potent stem cell capacity unique to mature, homeostatic testis and demonstrate dynamic interconversion between PDX1+ and PDX1− Aundiff states upon transplant and culture. We conclude that Aundiff exist in a series of dynamic cell states with distinct function and provide evidence that stability of such states is dictated by niche-derived cues.
Synchronized mesenchymal cell polarization and differentiation shape the formation of the murine trachea and esophagus
Authors: Kishimoto Keishi , Tamura Masaru , Nishita Michiru , Minami Yasuhiro , Yamaoka Akira , Abe Takaya , Shigeta Mayo , Morimoto Mitsuru
Published: July 2018

Tube morphogenesis is essential for internal-organ development, yet the mechanisms regulating tube shape remain unknown. Here, we show that different mechanisms regulate the length and diameter of the murine trachea. First, we found that trachea development progresses via sequential elongation and expansion processes. This starts with a synchronized radial polarization of smooth muscle (SM) progenitor cells with inward Golgi-apparatus displacement regulates tube elongation, controlled by mesenchymal Wnt5a-Ror2 signaling. This radial polarization directs SM progenitor cell migration toward the epithelium, and the resulting subepithelial morphogenesis supports tube elongation to the anteroposterior axis. This radial polarization also regulates esophageal elongation. Subsequently, cartilage development helps expand the tube diameter, which drives epithelial-cell reshaping to determine the optimal lumen shape for efficient respiration. These findings suggest a strategy in which straight-organ tubulogenesis is driven by subepithelial cell polarization and ring cartilage development.
Hyperuniformity with no fine tuning in sheared sedimenting suspensions
Authors: Wang Jikai , Schwarz J. M. , Paulsen Joseph D.
Published: July 2018

Particle suspensions, present in many natural and industrial settings, typically contain aggregates or other microstructures that can complicate macroscopic flow behaviors and damage processing equipment. Recent work found that applying uniform periodic shear near a critical transition can reduce fluctuations in the particle concentration across all length scales, leading to a hyperuniform state. However, this strategy for homogenization requires fine tuning of the strain amplitude. Here we show that in a model of sedimenting particles under periodic shear, there is a well-defined regime at low sedimentation speed where hyperuniform scaling automatically occurs. Our simulations and theoretical arguments show that the homogenization extends up to a finite length scale that diverges as the sedimentation speed approaches zero.
Quantifying the spatial spread of dengue in a non-endemic Brazilian metropolis via transmission chain reconstruction
Authors: Guzzetta Giorgio , Marques-Toledo Cecilia A. , Rosà Roberto , Teixeira Mauro , Merler Stefano
Published: July 2018

The ongoing geographical expansion of dengue is inducing an epidemiological transition in many previously transmission-free urban areas, which are now prone to annual epidemics. To analyze the spatiotemporal dynamics of dengue in these settings, we reconstruct transmission chains in Porto Alegre, Brazil, by applying a Bayesian inference model to geo-located dengue cases from 2013 to 2016. We found that transmission clusters expand by linearly increasing their diameter with time, at an average rate of about 600 m month−1. The majority (70.4%, 95% CI: 58.2–79.8%) of individual transmission events occur within a distance of 500 m. Cluster diameter, duration, and epidemic size are proportionally smaller when control interventions were more timely and intense. The results suggest that a large proportion of cases are transmitted via short-distance human movement (<1 km) and a limited contribution of long distance commuting within the city. These results can assist the design of control policies, including insecticide spraying and strategies for active case finding.
High health gain patients with asthma: a cross-sectional study analysing national Scottish data sets
Authors: Mukherjee Mome , Nwaru Bright I. , Soyiri Ireneous , Grant Ian , Sheikh Aziz
Published: July 2018

Studies have shown that a small proportion of patients have particularly high needs and are responsible for disproportionally high disease burden. Estimates suggest that 2–5% of patients are high users of healthcare for their health gain. Such patients in Scotland are referred to as high health gain (HHG) patients. We wanted to investigate if there were HHG individuals with asthma in Scotland. We analysed data from the Scottish Health Survey (2010–11), and primary and National Health Survey (NHS) secondary healthcare and administrative data sets (2011–12). In all, 1,379,690 (26.0%) and 836,135 (15.8%) people reported to have ever had and currently have symptoms suggestive of asthma, respectively; 369,868 (7.0%) people reported current symptomatic clinician-diagnosed asthma. 310,050 (5.6%) people had clinician-reported-diagnosed asthma; there were 289,120 nurse consultations, 215,610 GP consultations, 9235 accident and emergency visits (0.2% people), 8263 ambulance conveyances (0.2% people), 7744 inpatient episodes (0.1% people), 3600 disability allowance claims (0.1% people), 187 intensive care unit (ICU) episodes and 94 deaths from asthma. From our study a maximum of about 9.4% of asthma patients (n = 29,145), which is 0.5% of the Scottish population, and from the National Review of Asthma Deaths’ estimate (10% hospitalised), a minimum of nine people had severe asthma attacks that needed acute hospital attendance/admission. We found that although a high proportion of the Scottish population had symptoms suggestive of asthma and clinician diagnosed asthma, only a small proportion of asthma patients experienced exacerbations that were severe enough to warrant hospital attendance/admission in any given year. Developing risk prediction models to identify these HHG patients has the potential to both improve health outcomes while substantially reducing healthcare expenditure.
A Novel In Vivo Model to Study Impaired Tissue Regeneration Mediated by Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Alvarez Marjorie , Chávez Myra N. , Miranda Miguel , Aedo Geraldine , Allende Miguel L. , Egaña José T.
Published: July 2018

Cigarette smoke is associated with several pathologies including chronic respiratory diseases and cancer. In addition, exposure to cigarette smoke is correlated with impaired wound healing, where a significant decrease in the regenerative capacity of smokers is well documented and broadly considered a negative risk factor after trauma or surgery. So far, some in vitro and in vivo models have been described to study how exposure to cigarette smoke diminishes the regenerative potential in different organisms. However, although useful, many of these models are difficult and expensive to implement and do not allow high-throughput screening approaches. In order to establish a reliable and accessible model, we have evaluated the effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) on zebrafish development and regeneration. In this work, zebrafish embryos and larvae were exposed to low doses of aqueous CSE showing severe developmental abnormalities in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, when adult zebrafish were subjected to caudal fin amputation, we observed a significant decrease in the regenerative capacity of animals exposed to CSE. The effect was exacerbated in male and aged fish compared to female or young organisms. The establishment of a zebrafish model to assess the consequences of cigarette smoke and its effects on animal physiology could provide a new tool to study the underlying mechanisms involved in impaired tissue regeneration, and aid the development of novel approaches to treat complications associated with cigarette smoke toxicity.
Multiple Cold-Water Immersions Attenuate Muscle Damage but not Alter Systemic Inflammation and Muscle Function Recovery: A Parallel Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Siqueira Angelina Freitas , Vieira Amilton , Bottaro Martim , Ferreira-Júnior João Batista , Nóbrega Otávio de Toledo , de Souza Vinícius Carolino , Marqueti Rita de Cássia , Babault Nicolas , Durigan João Luiz Quagliotti
Published: July 2018

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of multiple cold-water immersions (CWIs) on muscle function, markers of muscle damage, systemic inflammation and ECM degradation following exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). Thirty physically active males were randomly assigned to either a control (n = 15) or cold-water immersion (CWI) group (n = 15). The CWI group performed one immersion (10 °C for 20 min) at post-exercise and every 24 h for the following 72 h, while the control group remained in a seated position during these corresponding periods. Muscle strength, vertical jump height, muscle thickness, delayed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS), systemic creatine kinase (CK), C-reactive protein (CRP), inflammatory cytokines and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity were assessed at Pre, Post, 24, 48, 72, 96 and 168 h following EIMD. No significant time × group interaction was obtained for muscle strength, vertical jump height recovery and MMP-2 activity (p > 0.05). At 24 h, muscle thickness from the CWI group returned to baseline and was lower than the control (p = 0.04). DOMS returned to baseline at 168 h for the CWI group (p = 0.109) but not for the control (p = 0.008). At 168 h, CK showed a time-group difference with a greater peak for the control group (p = 0.016). In conclusion, multiple CWIs attenuated muscle damage, but not altered systemic inflammation and muscle function recovery.