bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic hypothermia and frostbite injury: a preventable source
Authors: Lohana Parkash , Hart Andrew
Published: June 2011

Frostbite injury from cold exposure is not uncommon. The application of ice pack is well known in clinical practice; however, its improper use can pose danger to the patient. We report a case of frostbite injury due to prolonged use of ice packs in a ventilated patient.
Managing Data Quality Risk in Accounting Information Systems
Authors: Bai Xue , Nunez Manuel , Kalagnanam Jayant R.
Published: June 2011

The quality of data contained in accounting information systems has a significant impact on both internal business decision making and external regulatory compliance. Although a considerable body of literature exists on the issue of data quality, there has been little research done at the task level of a business process to develop effective control strategies to mitigate data quality risks. In this paper, we present a methodology for managing the risks associated with the quality of data in accounting information systems. This methodology first models the error evolution process in transactional data flow as a dynamical process; it then finds optimal control policies at the task level to mitigate the data quality-related risks using a Markov decision process model with risk constraints. The proposed Markov decision methodology facilitates the modeling of multiple dimensions of error dependence, captures the correlated impact among control procedures, and identifies an optimal control policy. A revenue realization process of an international production company is used to illustrate this methodology.
Factors Influencing Career Choice of Female Surgical Trainees
Authors: Walsh U , Meyer FJ
Published: June 2011

Increasing numbers of female medical graduates and consistently low levels of female entry into some specialities such as surgery continue to spark debate and have prompted a considerable body of research.
Classical-Type Invasive Lobular Carcinoma With HER2 Overexpression
Authors: Yu Jing , Dabbs David J. , Shuai Yongli , Niemeier Leo A. , Bhargava Rohit
Published: June 2011

The majority of invasive lobular carcinomas (ILCs) express estrogen receptor (ER) and progesterone receptor (PR) but lack ERBB2 (HER2) amplification. HER2 overexpression is traditionally considered to occur in the pleomorphic variant of ILCs. We describe 12 cases of classical-type ILCs with HER2 overexpression in a 3-year period. All tumors displayed the characteristic morphologic features of classical ILC with uniform cells and discohesive growth patterns. The lobular phenotype was confirmed by the absence of E-cadherin staining. Multiple variables regarding clinical, histologic, and hormone receptor characteristics of tumors were evaluated and compared with a set of HER2– classical ILCs. The study identified 2 main pathologic features associated with HER2 overexpression in classical type ILC: histiocytoid morphologic features and absence of PR expression. ER is still expressed in HER2+ classical ILCs, although the level of expression is significantly reduced compared with the HER2– cases. The implications of the findings are discussed.
Pathology Consultation on Drug-Induced Hemolytic Anemia
Authors: Pierce Arand , Nester Theresa
Published: June 2011

Drug-induced immune hemolytic anemia is considered to be rare but is likely underrecognized. The consulting pathologist plays a critical role in integrating serologic findings with the clinical history, as drug-induced antibodies should be distinguished as either drug-dependent or drug-independent for appropriate clinical management. Drug-dependent antibodies (DDABs) are most commonly associated with cefotetan, ceftriaxone, and piperacillin, whereas fludarabine, methyldopa, β-lactamase inhibitors, and platinum-based chemotherapeutics are frequent causes of drug-independent antibodies (DIABs). DDABs usually demonstrate a positive direct antiglobulin test and a negative elution, while DIABs are serologically indistinguishable from warm autoantibodies and are similarly steroid-responsive. Drug cessation is always recommended.
Letter to the Editor on Fougerite
Authors: Christiansen B. C. , Dideriksen K. , Skovbjerg L. L. , Nedel S. , Stipp S. L. S.
Published: June 2011

Fougerite (IMA 2003-057) was accepted by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA) in 2004 as a new mineral to represent the green rust (GR) family. The data on which it was approved, however, are inconsistent. X-ray diffraction patterns from the Fougères soils contain no peaks that could meaningfully be attributed to a GR phase. The sequential dissolution procedure used to identify GR in the soils was not rigorously tested for selectivity. If indeed it is selective, the results indicate the presence of 40–78% Fe in minerals other than GR. Other Fe-bearing phases were not included in the interpretation of the spectroscopy data that were presented. The data are consistent with the presence of Fe-bearing clays and other silicate minerals. In light of the ambiguous and conflicting data, we recommend that the case for fougerite as a mineral be re-evaluated by the IMA.
Simultaneous Intercalation of Two Quaternary Phosphonium Salts Into Montmorillonite
Authors: Ganguly Saheli , Dana Kausik , Mukhopadhyay Tapas Kumar , Ghatak Sankar
Published: June 2011

Intercalation of montmorillonites with a mixture of intercalates has not been studied extensively. The objective of the present investigation was to study the effects of phosphonium-based intercalate mixtures on the properties (organic loading and basal spacing) of montmorillonite. These phosphonium-intercalated montmorillonites are promising candidates as high-temperature stable nanofillers for application in clay polymer nanocomposites.

Two salts with different cationic heads and chain lengths were mixed in varying molar ratios and the mixtures were intercalated into the interlayer space of montmorillonite. Two sets were chosen based on the chain length and the cationic head-group structure of the two intercalated salts (referred to hereafter as set 1 and set 2). The resultant intercalated montmorillonite was characterized by thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. The organic loading of the intercalated montmorillonite increased with the proportion of longer carbon-chain intercalate in the mixture. The intensity of the characteristic XRD peak of each intercalate varied with the mole fraction percent of that intercalate in the solution mixture. No marked synergistic effect of the intercalate mixture on the basal spacing and organic loading properties of the intercalated montmorillonite was observed — the proportional influence of individual components was found to be more prominent.
The Effect of Surface Charge and Wettability on H2O Self Diffusion in Compacted Clays
Authors: Schampera Birgit , Dultz Stefan
Published: June 2011

Organo-clays are of interest in the modification of anion transport properties in engineered barriers. In the present study, surface charge and wettability were assessed for tracking changes in the effective diffusion coefficient (Deff) by the formation or suppression of bound H2O layers on the external surfaces of clays. Bentonite samples modified with three different organic cations in amounts of 0 to 400% of the cation exchange capacity were used. Diffusive transport was determined in H2O→D2O exchange experiments in a newly constructed cell adapted to the attenuated total reflectance (ATR) accessory of a Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer at two different dry bulk densities and various degrees of water saturation.

All organo-clay combinations showed changes in surface charge after the addition of organic cations, from a negative value of 99 mmolc/kg for the original bentonite to a maximum positive value of 230.5 mmolc/kg for hexadecylpyridinium (HDPy)-montmorillonite. The positive charge resulted from adsorption of the organic cation in excess of the CEC. Hydrophobic surface properties with contact angles >90° were obtained for HDPy-montmorillonite samples with monolayers of organic cations on the external surfaces only. Here, where hydrophobicity suppressed the formation of bound H2O layers, the largest Deff o f 2.7×10−10 m2/s was observed in the high dry bulk density range (1.0–1.5 g/cm3) under water-saturated conditions. In the low dry bulk density range (0.6–0.9 g/cm3) this effect was weakened significantly because, with increasing pore size, the effect of bound H2O layers was reduced. In the high dry bulk density range at partial water saturation (40%), diffusive transport was hindered by the small water volume. Previous work found that, in the high dry bulk density range and water-saturated state, Deff was 2.4×10−11 m2/s for the original bentonite. Deff for all hydrophilic organo-clay samples was ⩽2.1×10−11 m2/s, somewhat less than for the hydrophobic sample. In hydrophilic organo-clay samples, retardation factors that retard the value for Deff, up toa magnitude of 0.5, include an increase in dry bulk density and a decrease in water saturation. In the water-saturated state at high dry bulk densities, hydrophobic surface properties suppressing the formation of bound H2O layers can increase Deff by one order of magnitude.
Influence of Sn and Al Heteroatoms on the Synthesis of Ilerite
Authors: Supronowicz Wojciech , Roessner Frank
Published: June 2011

Hydrothermal syntheses of a silicate structure comprising a single tetrahedral layer, known as ilerite, were conducted in the presence of tin (SnCl4·5H2O) as a heteroatom. The main aim of the study was to investigate the influence of the above-mentioned compound on the resulting material, as well as the possibility of isomorphous replacement of Si by Sn atoms. For comparison, unmodified ilerite, ilerite impregnated by SnO2, and ilerite synthesized in the presence of Al (aluminum isopropoxide) were also used. The ilerite structure observed was that of Na-ilerite. Syntheses of samples with various Sn/Si ratios (up to the value of 0.01Sn/4Si) and Al/Si ratios (up to the value of 0.005Al/4Si) resulted in a magadiite structure. Synthesis methods applied to Sn-modified materials were found to be unsuitable for the introduction of tetrahedrally substituted Al. The characterization methods used were X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), and diffuse reflectance infrared fourier transform (DRIFT) spectroscopy. and these indicated the presence of metal oxide species on the surfaces of the crystals, in addition to a small degree of replacement of Si by Sn or Al in the tetrahedral layers.
Structure and function of Tec family kinase Itk
Authors: Qi Qian , Kannan Arun Kumar , August Avery
Published: June 2011

Itk is a member of the Tec family of kinases that is expressed predominantly in T cells. Itk regulates the T cell receptor signaling pathway to modulate T cell development and T helper cell differentiation, particularly Th2 differentiation. Itk is also important for the development and function of iNKT cells. In this review we discuss current progress on our understanding of the structure, activation and signaling pathway of Itk, in addition to inhibitors that have been developed, which target this kinase. We also place in context the function of Itk, available inhibitors and potential use in treating disease.
Cerebrospinal fluid findings in infants with pertussis or parapertussis1)
Authors: Chu Tina T. , Groh Jesse , Cruz Andrea T.
Published: June 2011

Background: Pertussis has been increasing in frequency and can cause protean manifestation in infants, often resulting in extensive laboratory evaluation.

Methods: We examined the prevalence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) anomalies in infants with pertussis and parapertussis over a 5-year period.

Results: In total, 239 of 1489 children (16.1%) had a positive PCR for pertussis or parapertussis. Eighty-three percent were infants; the mean age of the 39 years who received a lumbar puncture (LP) was 43 days. Reasons for performing LP included apnea (62%), toxic appearance (38%), fever (26%), and altered mentation (10%); several had >1 indication for LP. Twenty-four (62%) children had elevated CSF protein. No child had hypoglycorrhachia, bacterial meningitis, bacteremia, or intracranial hemorrhage; one child had a urinary tract infection and five had pneumonia. Seven children had brain imaging performed; one had a subarachnoid hemorrhage and six had normal studies. Elevated age-normalized CSF protein was a common finding in infants with pertussis, potentially due to transfer across a damaged or immature blood-brain barrier. This finding was seen in the absence of concomitant bacterial infections or detectable intracranial anomalies.

Conclusions: While the diagnostic evaluation and clinical management of a toxic-appearing infant should not be limited by a positive pertussis or parapertussis PCR, it is useful for physicians to be cognizant that elevated CSF protein can be seen in association with these infections.
Effect of graded doses of Caesalpinia bonducella seed extract on ovary and uterus in albino rats
Authors: Salunke Kanchan R. , Ahmed R. Nazeer , Marigoudar Shambanagouda R. , Lilaram
Published: June 2011

Histological changes observed under light microscope illustrate follicular degeneration in ovary, vacuolation and mild disorganization of uterus on treatment with graded doses of alcohol seed extract of Caesalpinia bonducella. There was a significant decrease (p≤0.05) in duration of estrous cycle and mean ovarian weight. However, there were no uniform variations in mean uterine weight, serum estradiol and progesterone level. The results suggest that alcohol seed extract of C. bonducella has antiestrogenic property, possibly acting via inhibition of estrogen secretion.
Frequency-Domain Chromatic Dispersion Equalization Using Overlap-Add Methods in Coherent Optical System
Authors: Xu T. , Jacobsen G. , Popov S. , Forzati M. , Mårtensson J. , Mussolin M. , Li J. , Wang K. , Zhang Y. , Friberg A. T.
Published: June 2011

The frequency domain equalizers (FDEs) employing two types of overlap-add zero-padding (OLA-ZP) methods are applied to compensate the chromatic dispersion in a 112-Gbit/s non-return-to-zero polarization division multiplexed quadrature phase shift keying (NRZ-PDM-QPSK) coherent optical transmission system. Simulation results demonstrate that the OLA-ZP methods can achieve the same acceptable performance as the overlapsave method. The required minimum overlap (or zero-padding) in the FDE is derived, and the optimum fast Fourier transform length to minimize the computational complexity is also analyzed.
Minimally Invasive Subnasal Elevation and Antral Membrane Balloon Elevation Along With Bone Augmentation and Implants Placement
Authors: Kfir Efraim , Kfir Vered , Goldstein Moshe , Mazor Ziv , Kaluski Edo
Published: June 2011

Atrophic edentulous anterior maxilla is a challenging site for implant placement and has been successfully treated surgically by anterior maxillary osteoplasty. This procedure is associated with considerable discomfort, morbidity, and cost—and consequently reduced patient acceptance. The efficacy and safety of minimally invasive bone augmentation of the posterior maxilla has not been extended thus far to the anterior subnasal maxilla. We present 2 representative cases in which minimally invasive subnasal floor elevation was performed along with minimally invasive antral membrane balloon elevation. Both segments underwent bone grafting and implant placement during the same sitting. Minimally invasive anterior maxilla bone augmentation appears to be feasible. Designated instruments for alveolar ridge splitting and nasal mucosa elevation are likely to further enhance this initial favorable experience.
Tendências da temática qualidade de vida na produção científica de enfermagem
Authors: Costa Maria Suêuda , Silva Maria Josefina da
Published: June 2011

O presente estudo caracteriza-se como uma pesquisa bibliográfica da temática qualidade de vida, empreendida nas Bases de dados BDENF e LILACS, na Biblioteca virtual da BIREME. Foram pesquisados também nas revistas de enfermagem classificadas como B e C internacional e B nacional pelo QUALIS/CAPES. Os resultados obtidos indicam que a produção de conhecimento acerca da temática em pauta se limita a situações de agravos à saúde especialmente a grupos específicos. A produção ainda está restrita a cursos de pós-graduação o que limita sua circulação entre seus pares.
Aspectos teóricos do pensamento histórico de Quentin Skinner
Authors: Lopes Marcos Antônio
Published: June 2011

Após retratar o surgimento da Escola histórica do pensamento político de Cambridge, o foco da análise é centrado no desenvolvimento de alguns dos pressupostos teóricos elaborados por um de seus mais expressivos cultores: Quentin Skinner. Sem me ocupar com a exposição de "modelos alternativos" de interpretação de textos ou com a análise das críticas dirigidas ao contextualismo linguístico, passo em revista apenas os elementos que compõem o cerne da teoria interpretativa de textos políticos, conforme formulada pelo historiador inglês. Nesse sentido, discuto os pressupostos que o autor, ainda hoje, parece julgar úteis àqueles que se ocupam em perceber, nos clássicos da política, as diferenças e as singularidades que apartam de nós sistemas de crenças e vocabulários normativos de sociedades políticas perdidas em tempos remotos.
Influência da mesa densimétrica na qualidade de sementes de cultivares de tabaco
Authors: Gadotti Gizele Ingrid , Villela Francisco Amaral , Baudet Leopoldo
Published: June 2011

As informações disponíveis sobre beneficiamento de sementes pequenas e, em especial de tabaco, cujas sementes apresentam diferenças acentuadas no peso específico em virtude da desuniformidade de maturação, são reduzidas. Assim sendo, é importante estudar a influência da utilização da mesa densimétrica na qualidade de sementes dessa espécie. O presente trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os atributos fisiológicos e sanitários de sementes de tabaco, beneficiadas em mesa densimétrica. Foram realizados ensaios independentes utilizando sementes de sete cultivares. Inicialmente, as sementes foram limpas em máquinas de ar e a seguir beneficiadas em mesa densimétrica. O eixo terminal de descarga da mesa densimétrica de largura 50 cm foi dividido em quatro partes mais a bica de saída de pedras. Os tratamentos constituíram-se em seis frações obtidas, uma no depósito da alimentação, quatro nas partes alta, intermediária alta, intermediária baixa e baixa e uma na bica de saída de pedras. As sementes de tabaco descarregadas na parte alta da zona de descarga da mesa densimétrica apresentaram qualidade fisiológica significativamente superior às sementes descarregadas nas partes baixas. O descarte das sementes descarregadas na parte baixa da mesa densimétrica contribui para o aprimoramento da qualidade fisiológica de lotes de sementes de tabaco.
Iniciativas de comunicação na interação entre crianças com distúrbios do espectro autístico e suas mães: análise pragmática
Authors: Brito Maria Cláudia , Misquiatti Andréa Regina Nunes
Published: June 2011

OBJETIVOS: investigar as iniciativas de comunicação na interação entre crianças com distúrbios do espectro autístico (DEA) e suas mães, por meio de uma análise pragmática. MÉTODO: cinco crianças com DEA, de ambos os gêneros, idades entre cinco e 12 anos juntamente com suas mães. O grupo controle constou de cinco crianças com desenvolvimento normal, pareadas com as crianças com DEA de acordo com gênero e idade e suas respectivas mães, totalizando 20 participantes. Para a caracterização da amostra foram utilizadas uma Ficha informativa e a Escala de Avaliação de Traços Autísticos. Cada díade foi filmada por 30 minutos durante as interações lúdicas, analisadas a partir do Protocolo de Pragmática. Este instrumento avalia as iniciativas de comunicação, meios e funções comunicativas expressas. Os dados foram tratados estatisticamente (p < 0,05; foram utilizados os testes não-paramétricos de Wilcoxon e de Mann-Whitney). RESULTADOS: foram observadas diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre as iniciativas comunicativas das crianças com DEA e suas mães, quando comparadas ao grupo controle. As díades que envolveram crianças com DEA iniciaram menos a comunicação e utilizaram predominantemente gestos e vocalizações menos interativas. CONCLUSÕES: estes dados possibilitaram descrever aspectos fundamentais para compreensão das manifestações clínicas da população estudada e para a elaboração de programas de intervenção que visem melhorar a qualidade de vida da criança e sua família.
Vocabulário expressivo e consciência fonológica: correlações destas variáveis em crianças com desvio fonológico
Authors: Kaminski Tassiana Isabel , Mota Helena Bolli , Cielo Carla Aparecida
Published: June 2011

OBJETIVO: Investigar a correlação entre o desempenho de crianças com desvio fonológico em vocabulário expressivo e consciência fonológica e analisar a influência da idade. MÉTODOS: Contou-se com amostra de 24 crianças entre 5 e 7 anos, diagnosticadas com desvio fonológico e divididas em três grupos, de acordo com a faixa etária. Os sujeitos realizaram foram avaliados com relação às habilidades de consciência fonológica e vocabulário expressivo. Os dados dos grupos receberam análise estatística para verificar a correlação entre os desempenhos dos dois testes e comparar as variáveis numéricas entre as faixas etárias. RESULTADOS: No grupo de 5 anos, observou-se 18 correlações significativas entre as subtarefas em consciência fonológica e os campos de vocabulário expressivo. Destas, 17 foram positivas e uma negativa. Na idade de 6 anos, verificou-se dez correlações, nove foram positivas e uma negativa. No grupo de 7 anos, 11 correlações foram observadas, das quais seis foram negativas e cinco positivas. Ao analisar as idades, em ambos os testes, maiores escores foram obtidos pelos sujeitos com maior idade. CONCLUSÃO: Houve correlação entre algumas habilidades de consciência fonológica e o vocabulário expressivo dos sujeitos deste estudo, nas diferentes idades. O desempenho em ambas as provas melhorou com o aumento da idade.
The Minster and the Privy: Rereading The Prioress's Tale
Authors: Lavezzo Kathy
Published: June 2011

Introduced at the start of The Prioress's Tale but then dropped as an overt topic, usury nevertheless informs that anti-Semitic text. This essay situates Chaucer's narrative in the complex and contradictory history of medieval lending as a theory and a practice. I stress the architectural ironies of usury in the tale and in medieval English history. The tale demonizes Jewish usurers by associating them with the most abject of built environments, the latrine, and celebrates Christians through their links to the exalted space of the church. But, in a move that reflects the flow of capital throughout Christian society, the tale ultimately undermines the opposition of church and pit. Analyzed not as fixed entities but as contingent, fluid spaces joined through the usurious infrastructure of the tale, the minster and the privy suggest a materialist critique of efforts to conceive of a purely religious space.
Holy War Redux: The Crusades, Futures of the Past, and Strategic Logic in the “Clash” of Religions
Authors: Heng Geraldine
Published: June 2011

[G]reat devastation [was] inflicted on the Iraqi people by the crusader-Zionist alliance.…

—World Islamic Front

[T]here is a Zionist Crusader war on Islam. … I call on mujahedin and their supporters … to prepare for long war against the Crusader plunderers.…

—Osama Bin Laden, “Bin Laden”

This war is fundamentally religious. … the most ferocious, serious, and violent Crusade campaign against Islam ever since the message was revealed to Muhammad.…

—Osama Bin Laden, “West”

[T]his Crusade, this war on terrorism, is gonna take a while.

—George W. Bush

This is no less than a clash of civilizations—the … reaction of an ancient rival against our Judeo-Christian heritage, our secular present, and the worldwide expansion of both.

—Bernard Lewis, “Roots”

In a lead 1990 article for theatlantic monthly, bernard lewis, a well-known historian of islamic studies, conjured the catchphrase “clash of civilizations” to narrate what he saw as fundamental relations of enmity between Islamicate societies and the countries of “the West”—“the West” being shorthand for polities that bear the legacies of Christendom, the Crusades, and the European Enlightenment—since the seventh-century emergence of Islam. Three years later, Samuel Huntington, a well-known political scientist, picked up Lewis's theme and, in an article forForeign Affairs, embroidered it into a theory of global relations to fill what Huntington saw as the political vacuum that had materialized after the cold war's closure (“Clash”). (In 1945–90, the rhetoric of civilizational clash seemed to have been adequately, if temporarily, filled by superpower contests between the United States and the Soviet Union and their allies/surrogates.)
Provincializing the Reformation
Authors: Marcus Leah S.
Published: June 2011

On a recent trip to nicosia, cyprus, i grabbed a city map from my hotel. The venetian walls of the old city formed a perfect circle on the map. But the northern part of Nicosia was blank—not a road named or landmark identified, not even the airport or the Venetian column that marks the center of the circular city—except for the notation “Area under Turkish occupation since 1974.” Of course, Turkey is a secular nation, but the divide between Turkish and European Cyprus is also a divide between majority-Muslim and majority-Christian populations. A member of the European Union since 2004, Cyprus is, like the rest of Europe, haunted by a spectral Islam that it has difficulty acknowledging, let alone assimilating into a broader cosmopolitan identity.
Praise the Web
Authors: Goldberg David Theo
Published: June 2011

Toward the end of his opening lecture in the hermeneutics of the subject (17–19), Michel Foucault draws a distinction between ancient and modern modes of philosophizing. He bases the distinction on differing conceptions of determining the grounds of the true and the false and the subject's access to them. The distinction and shift are well-trodden ground, as we'll see, even if Foucault marks them in characteristically provocative ways. I will argue, though, that with the advent of the World Wide Web the distinction is incomplete, not least in regard to the religious implications of the three modes and their underlying theological considerations. The World Wide Web, in short, signals the emergence of a new way of being and thinking to rival the ancient and the modern, even as it draws on elements of both.
Bergson: The Theme of the Panoramic Vision of the Dying and Juxtaposition
Authors: Poulet Georges
Published: June 2011

Cormac McCarthy's Pulitzer prize–winning novelthe road(2006) addresses the cliché that at the moment of death the endangered individual experiences a “life review” during which his life “flashes before his eyes.” McCarthy's protagonist intuits that “the right dreams for a man in peril were dreams of peril and all else was the call of languor and death” (18). Thus, in the view of McCarthy's unnamed hero, during a crisis one must focus on survival, escape, sustenance, or the successful execution of a plan. However, once all possibilities of survival are exhausted, the dying person will experience either an intense acceleration of cognition due to panic or a slackening of interest due to the acceptance of death. In either of these two scenarios, Henri Bergson posits, all the memories of the individual's lifetime will rush into consciousness. The following essay by Georges Poulet analyzes the development of Bergson's thought on this issue, supplementing Bergson's notions with examples from literature, history, and philosophy.
Design of compact projection lenses using double‐layered diffractive optical elements
Authors: Jia Hongzhi , Wang Donglin
Published: June 2011

Abstract— Based on several special properties of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) such as savings in mass and to freely modulate the wavefront of incident light, a new compact projection lens with double‐layered DOEs is presented. It is comprised of five lenses and has nearly half the weight of its original structure. The modulation transfer function (MTF) value on‐axis is 0.7 at a spatial frequency of 33 lp/mm and more than 0.3 for all off‐axis values, which satisfies the requirement of a color‐filter‐type liquid‐crystal‐on‐silicon (LCoS) 0.59‐in. display with a SVGA resolution. The maximum distortion is 0.46%.
Temporal presentation protocols in stereoscopic displays: Flicker visibility, perceived motion, and perceived depth
Authors: Hoffman David M. , Karasev Vasiliy I. , Banks Martin S.
Published: June 2011

Abstract— Most stereoscopic displays rely on field‐sequential presentation to present different images to the left and right eyes. With sequential presentation, images are delivered to each eye in alternation with dark intervals, and each eye receives its images in counter phase with the other eye. This type of presentation can exacerbate image artifacts including flicker, and the appearance of unsmooth motion. To address the flicker problem, some methods repeat images multiple times before updating to new ones. This greatly reduces flicker visibility, but makes motion appear less smooth. This paper describes an investigation of how different presentation methods affect the visibility of flicker, motion artifacts, and distortions in perceived depth. It begins with an examination of these methods in the spatio‐temporal frequency domain. From this examination, it describes a series of predictions for how presentation rate, object speed, simultaneity of image delivery to the two eyes, and other properties ought to affect flicker, motion artifacts, and depth distortions, and reports a series of experiments that tested these predictions. The results confirmed essentially all of the predictions. The paper concludes with a summary and series of recommendations for the best approach to minimize these undesirable effects.
Motion artifacts observed in 3‐D LCDs that use shutter glasses (SG 3D)
Authors: Hong HyungKi , Lim KyongHo , Kim JaeHong , Park SunHee , Shin HongSeop , Lee DonGyou , Shin Hyunho
Published: June 2011

Abstract— Motion artifacts observed in 3‐D LCDs using shutter glasses (SG 3D) has been investigated. A ghost‐like artifact has been observed for static images due to incomplete image separation between the left and right views. The observed motion artifacts are different for the left and right views. And they occur even for images with zero binocular disparity. In this respect, the phenomena of observed artifacts in 3‐D moving images are differentfrom those of 3‐D static images. 3‐D motion artifacts were analyzed and are related to the moving speed of the images and the amount of binocular disparity.
Transnational Caregiving: Part 1, Caring for Family Relations Across Nations
Authors: Dhar V. Erica
Published: June 2011

This article concerns how globalization and the aging of the world’s population are affecting the already complex issue of intergenerational transnational caregiving. Globalization has caused an increase in workforce mobility with large numbers of individuals seeking employment overseas. This, coupled with increased longevity globally, has resulted in many workers leaving their elderly parents in need of care in their home countries. This has spawned caregiving across national borders, or caring for family relations across nations. Currently in the United States, not enough emphasis is given to family caregiving. Data compiled by AARP and the National Alliance for Caregiving estimate the economic value for this group of family caregivers in 2007 to be $375 billion, accounting for 34–52 million family caregivers per given year. This does not include those families who are transnational caregivers. The seminal work in this emerging field has been done by social anthropologists Loretta Baldassar, Cora Velekoop Baldock, and Raelene Wilding, who have defined the components of transnational caregiving based on an ethnographic study using qualitative data to study nine immigrant communities in Western Australia. Although their research focused on caregiving from a distance, additional work has been added to the discussion by introducing the element of “care drain” and further cultural perspectives. Therefore, this research is an exploratory study on intergenerational transnational caregiving within the context of the changing world and its demographics. Within the context of globalization and global aging, the following questions are addressed: What is the significance of family caregiving? What is a transnational? How has technology changed “transnationalism” today? What are the elements that comprise transnational caregiving? How does culture play a role in transnational caregiving? What are some of the national initiatives undertaken by governments to aid in workforce issues and recognition of caregiving organizations? By exploring these questions, it is hoped that there will be a better understanding of transnational caregiving and its relevance in all societies.
The Patient-Centered Health Home: Transformation to Excellence in Practice
Authors: Sims W Bryan
Published: June 2011

The growing demand for quality health care in America requires transformation from a traditional medical model to a comprehensive, evidence-based, patient-centered model of care. In addition, health care must be cost effective, quality focused, and provides adequate access to all populations in all settings. A practice in southeast Texas endeavored to meet this challenge by intentionally transforming its multispecialty medical practice into a patient-centered health home.

The health home practice model seeks to strengthen the patient–provider relationship through an effective, interactive, coordinated care, and a long-term healing relationship. Transition of practices to the health home model is best facilitated through staff training and with the use of a robust electronic medical record (EMR), auditing software, and a web-based interface to facilitate patient interaction. Established quality measures used as a benchmark to evaluate patient and provider adherence provide transparency that fosters a trusting relationship critical to effective health care. The author offers this view of the leadership role of the doctor of nursing practice (DNP) in the transformation of a multispecialty practice to a patient-centered health home.
Translation of the Doctor of Nursing Practice Into Australian Neurosurgery Nurse Practitioner Candidate Practice
Authors: Scanlon Andrew
Published: June 2011

There is an increasing number of doctor of nursing practice (DNP) degrees available in the United States, enabling its graduates to effect change in their own clinical practice locally and influencing change nationally. This is the aim of such programs, for its graduates to be at the forefront of practice change and endeavor. The question then is how far can a program extend itself before its teachings become irrelevant? Is it outside the state or tristate area, west or east coast of the United States, North America, or beyond? The purpose of this article is to examine how a clinical doctorate taught in the United States is translatable to Australian health care system.
Insurance-Related Barriers to Accessing Dental Care Among African American Adults With Oral Health Symptoms in Harlem, New York City
Authors: Schrimshaw Eric W. , Siegel Karolynn , Wolfson Natalie H. , Mitchell Dennis A. , Kunzel Carol
Published: June 2011

Although ability to pay is associated with dental care utilization, provision of public or private dental insurance has not eliminated dental care disparities between African American and White adults. We examined insurance-related barriers to dental care in interviews with a street-intercept sample of 118 African American adults in Harlem, New York City, with recent oral health symptoms. Although most participants reported having dental insurance (21% private, 50% Medicaid), reported barriers included (1) lack of coverage, (2) insufficient coverage, (3) inability to find a dentist who accepts their insurance, (4) having to wait for coverage to take effect, and (5) perceived poor quality of care for the uninsured or underinsured. These findings provide insights into why disparities persist and suggest strategies to removing these barriers to dental care.
Estimated Deaths Attributable to Social Factors in the United States
Authors: Galea Sandro , Tracy Melissa , Hoggatt Katherine J. , DiMaggio Charles , Karpati Adam
Published: June 2011

Objectives. We estimated the number of deaths attributable to social factors in the United States.

Methods. We conducted a MEDLINE search for all English-language articles published between 1980 and 2007 with estimates of the relation between social factors and adult all-cause mortality. We calculated summary relative risk estimates of mortality, and we obtained and used prevalence estimates for each social factor to calculate the population-attributable fraction for each factor. We then calculated the number of deaths attributable to each social factor in the United States in 2000.

Results. Approximately 245 000 deaths in the United States in 2000 were attributable to low education, 176 000 to racial segregation, 162 000 to low social support, 133 000 to individual-level poverty, 119 000 to income inequality, and 39 000 to area-level poverty.

Conclusions. The estimated number of deaths attributable to social factors in the United States is comparable to the number attributed to pathophysiological and behavioral causes. These findings argue for a broader public health conceptualization of the causes of mortality and an expansive policy approach that considers how social factors can be addressed to improve the health of populations.
The Influence of Social Involvement, Neighborhood Aesthetics, and Community Garden Participation on Fruit and Vegetable Consumption
Authors: Litt Jill S. , Soobader Mah-J. , Turbin Mark S. , Hale James W. , Buchenau Michael , Marshall Julie A.
Published: June 2011

Objectives. We considered the relationship between an urban adult population's fruit and vegetable consumption and several selected social and psychological processes, beneficial aesthetic experiences, and garden participation.

Methods. We conducted a population-based survey representing 436 residents across 58 block groups in Denver, Colorado, from 2006 to 2007. We used multilevel statistical models to evaluate the survey data.

Results. Neighborhood aesthetics, social involvement, and community garden participation were significantly associated with fruit and vegetable intake. Community gardeners consumed fruits and vegetables 5.7 times per day, compared with home gardeners (4.6 times per day) and nongardeners (3.9 times per day). Moreover, 56% of community gardeners met national recommendations to consume fruits and vegetables at least 5 times per day, compared with 37% of home gardeners and 25% of nongardeners.

Conclusions. Our study results shed light on neighborhood processes that affect food-related behaviors and provides insights about the potential of community gardens to affect these behaviors. The qualities intrinsic to community gardens make them a unique intervention that can narrow the divide between people and the places where food is grown and increase local opportunities to eat better.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation and Reliability of Child-Initiated Pretend Play Assessment (ChIPPA)
Authors: Pfeifer Luzia I. , Queiroz Mirella A. , Santos Jair L. F. , Stagnitti Karen E.
Published: June 2011

Background. Play is an indication of a children's development. Purpose. Organize a culturally adapt the Child-Initiated Pretend Play Assessment to Brazilian population.

Method. Translation and cultural adaptation procedures consisted of translation, synthesis, back translation, author's approval, and pretest of the assessment. For the pretest, 14 typically developing children were assessed. Was evaluated the use of play materials, duration of the assessment, and reliability.

Findings. Play materials and duration of the assessment were appropriate for Brazilian children. Analysis of intra-rater reliability showed good agreement ranging from 0.90 to 1.00. Inter-rater reliability showed good to moderate agreement for five items ranging from 0.76 to 0.59. Four items showed chance to poor agreement (rho = −0.13 to 0.50).

Implications. Results of the pretest indicate the Brazilian version of the ChIPPA is potentially useful for Brazilian children. ChIPPA training in Portuguese in Brazil with play observation feedback is recommended to improve inter-rater reliability.
Cluster Analysis of Self-Monitoring Blood Glucose Assessments in Clinical Islet Cell Transplantation for Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Takita Morihito , Matsumoto Shinichi , Noguchi Hirofumi , Shimoda Masayuki , Chujo Daisuke , Itoh Takeshi , Sugimoto Koji , SoRelle Jeffery A. , Onaca Nicholas , Naziruddin Bashoo , Levy Marlon F.
Published: June 2011

OBJECTIVE

Cluster analysis was performed on the results of self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) to discriminate islet graft function after islet cell transplantation (ICT) in patients with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Eleven islet recipients were included in this study. The patients visited our clinic monthly after ICT and provided blood samples for fasting C-peptide (n = 270), which were used to evaluate islet graft function. They also provided their SMBG data through an automatic data collection system. The SMBG data for 3 days immediately before each clinic visit were evaluated using the following assessments: M value, mean amplitude of glycemic excursions, J index, index of glycemic control, average daily risk range, and glycemic risk assessment diabetes equation. The cluster analysis was performed for both SMBG assessments and samples. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to evaluate the clusters of SMBG for assessing islet graft function.

RESULTS

Analysis for SMBG assessments revealed five types of clusters, which showed similar patterns according to functional or dysfunctional islet graft phase. Two clusters, the euglycemia cluster (P < 0.001) and the hypoglycemia cluster (P = 0.001), were significant factors in the logistic model for islet graft function. The SMBG clusters had significant correlations with clinical graft indexes (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Cluster analysis of SMBG data as part of an automated data quality system could allow discrimination of islet graft dysfunction after ICT. This approach should be considered for islet recipients.
On the classical simulation of unimolecular reaction processes
Authors: Pritchard Huw
Published: June 2011

The numerical simulation of the internal motions of a molecule undergoing a unimolecular reaction on an assumed potential energy surface requires the step-by-step solution of a set of simultaneous differential equations. After several thousand time steps, due to differences in the handling of rounding errors in different computing systems, the situation often arises that no two computing machines will give the same result for a given trajectory, even when running the identical algorithm. Such effects are demonstrated for a simple unimolecular isomerisation reaction. In general, it is only when reliance is placed on the integration of a single trajectory, rather than on an ensemble of similar trajectories, that conclusions may be unreliable. Moreover, under certain conditions, small molecules may show signs of chaotic internal motions; conversely, but for a different reason, large molecules may exhibit non-statistical characteristics rather than RRKM behaviour. The rounding error problem, in a slightly different guise, has come to be dubbed the “butterfly effect” in popular culture, and the original proposition is re-examined using 16- and 32-decimal precision arithmetic.
QSAR modeling of anxiolytic activity taking into account the presence of keto- and enol-tautomers by balance of correlations with ideal slopes
Authors: Toropova Alla. , Toropov Andrey , Benfenati Emilio , Gini Giuseppina , Leszczynska Danuta , Leszczynski Jerzy
Published: June 2011

Optimal descriptors calculated with simplified molecular input line entry system (SMILES) have been examined as a tool for prediction of anxiolytic activity. Descriptors calculated with SMILES (a) of keto-isomers; (b) of enol-isomers; and (c) of both keto-isomers together with enol-isomers have been studied. Three approaches have been compared: 1. classic’ training-test’ system 2. balance of correlations and 3. balance of correlations with ideal slopes. The best statistical characteristics for the external validation set took place for optimal descriptors calculated with SMILES of both keto-form and enol-form (i.e., molecular structure was represented in the format: ’sMILES of keto-form. SMILES of enol-form’) by means of balance of correlations with ideal slopes. The predictive potential of this model was checked with three random splits.
Effects of 8-week training on aerobic capacity and swimming performance of boys aged 12 years
Authors: Zarzeczny Ryszard , Kuberski Mariusz , Deska Agnieszka , Zarzeczna Dorota , Rydz Katarzyna , Lewandowska Anna , Bałchanowski Tomasz , Bosiacki Janusz
Published: June 2011

Effects of 8-week training on aerobic capacity and swimming performance of boys aged 12 years

Study aim: To assess the effects of 8-week endurance training in swimming on work capacity of boys aged 12 years.

Material and methods: The following groups of schoolboys aged 12 years were studied: untrained control (UC; n = 14) and those training swimming for two years. The latter ones were subjected to 8-week training in classical style (CS; n = 10) or free style (FS; n = 13). In all boys maximal oxygen uptake (O2max) was determined, and the CS and FS groups were subjected to 6 tests: swimming at 50 and 400 m distances (time recorded) and to 12-min swimming (distance recorded), all by free and classical styles pre- and post-training. From swimming times at 50 and 400 m distances the so-called critical swimming speed (CSS) was computed: CSS = (400 - 50) / (t400 - t50).

Results: No training-induced improvement in O2max was noted in any group. Yet, boys subjected to classical style training significantly (p<0.05) improved their free-style swimming velocity at CSS and at the 400-m distance by about 6%, and their heart rate following the 12-min test in classical style decreased by nearly 16% (p<0.001) compared with the pre-training values.

Conclusions: The 8-week training in given swimming style does not negatively affect the performance in other style than the trained one. This may be of importance in competitive training.
Quality of life and functional fitness of the elderly
Authors: Leś Anna , Gaworska Marta
Published: June 2011

Quality of life and functional fitness of the elderly

Study aim: To assess the perceived life quality and functional fitness of elderly subjects.

Material and methods: Two groups of subjects, aged 70 - 92 years, were studied: residents of a nursing home (Group R; n = 53) and those attending daytime nursing homes (Group D; n = 76). The EuroQol 5D questionnaire, and Romberg's and The Fullerton Functional Fitness tests were applied.

Results: Subjects from Group D perceived their daily functioning and general feeling much higher than those from Group R. Group R seemed more homogenous in that respect than Group D since only in the former all three indices of the quality of life (daily functioning, general feeling and perceived health) were significantly intercorrelated (p<0.05 - 0.001).

Conclusions: Social aid for the elderly ought to be focused on stimulating them to be active instead of giving them a direct assistance only.
Ultrafast Time-Resolved Vibrational Spectroscopy at University of Zurich
Authors: Hamm Peter
Published: June 2011

Vibrational spectroscopy uniquely combines ultrafast time-resolution with chemical selectivity and molecular structure resolution. A list of examples of experiments and applications pursued at University of Zurich highlights the wide-spread applicability of time-resolved vibrational
spectroscopy for molecular sciences.