bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Renal Metabolome in Obese Mice Treated with Empagliflozin Suggests a Reduction in Cellular Respiration
Authors: Bangarbale Surabhi , Shepard Blythe D. , Bansal Shivani , Jayatilake Meth M. , Kurtz Ryan , Levi Moshe , Ecelbarger Carolyn M.
Published: August 2022

Sodium glucose cotransporter, type 2 inhibitors, such as Empagliflozin, are protective of the kidneys by unclear mechanisms. Our aim was to determine how Empagliflozin affected kidney cortical metabolome and lipidome in mice. Adult male TALLYHO mice (prone to obesity) were treated with a high-milk-fat diet, or this diet containing Empagliflozin (0.01%), for 8 weeks. Targeted and untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics were conducted on kidney cortex by liquid chromatography followed by tandem mass-spectroscopy. Metabolites were statistically analyzed by MetaboAnalyst 5.0, LipidSig (lipid species only) and/or CEU Mass Mediator (untargeted annotation). In general, volcano plotting revealed oppositely skewed patterns for targeted metabolites (primarily hydrophilic) and lipids (hydrophobic) in that polar metabolites showed a larger number of decreased species, while non-polar (lipids) had a greater number of increased species (>20% changed and/or raw p-value < 0.05). The top three pathways regulated by Empagliflozin were urea cycle, spermine/spermidine biosynthesis, and aspartate metabolism, with an amino acid network being highly affected, with 14 of 20 classic amino acids down-regulated. Out of 75 changed polar metabolites, only three were up-regulated, i.e., flavin mononucleotide (FMN), uridine, and ureidosuccinic acid. Both FMN and uridine have been shown to be protective of the kidney. Scrutiny of metabolites of glycolysis/gluconeogenesis/Krebs cycle revealed a 20–45% reduction in several species, including phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP), succinate, and malic acid. In contrast, although overall lipid quantity was not higher, several lipid species were increased by EMPA, including those of the classes, phosphatidic acids, phosphatidylcholines, and carnitines. Overall, these analyses suggest a protection from extensive metabolic load and the corresponding oxidative stress with EMPA in kidney. This may be in response to reduced energy demands of the proximal tubule as a result of inhibition of transport and/or differences in metabolic pools available for metabolism.
The Features of Checkpoint Receptor—Ligand Interaction in Cancer and the Therapeutic Effectiveness of Their Inhibition
Authors: Kuzevanova Anna , Apanovich Natalya , Mansorunov Danzan , Korotaeva Alexandra , Karpukhin Alexander
Published: August 2022

To date, certain problems have been identified in cancer immunotherapy using the inhibition of immune checkpoints (ICs). Despite the excellent effect of cancer therapy in some cases when blocking the PD-L1 (programmed death-ligand 1) ligand and the immune cell receptors PD-1 (programmed cell death protein 1) and CTLA4 (cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4) with antibodies, the proportion of patients responding to such therapy is still far from desirable. This situation has stimulated the exploration of additional receptors and ligands as targets for immunotherapy. In our article, based on the analysis of the available data, the TIM-3 (T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain-3), LAG-3 (lymphocyte-activation gene 3), TIGIT (T-cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domains), VISTA (V-domain Ig suppressor of T-cell activation), and BTLA (B- and T-lymphocyte attenuator) receptors and their ligands are comprehensively considered. Data on the relationship between receptor expression and the clinical characteristics of tumors are presented and are analyzed together with the results of preclinical and clinical studies on the therapeutic efficacy of their blocking. Such a comprehensive analysis makes it possible to assess the prospects of receptors of this series as targets for anticancer therapy. The expression of the LAG-3 receptor shows the most unambiguous relationship with the clinical characteristics of cancer. Its inhibition is the most effective of the analyzed series in terms of the antitumor response. The expression of TIGIT and BTLA correlates well with clinical characteristics and demonstrates antitumor efficacy in preclinical and clinical studies, which indicates their high promise as targets for anticancer therapy. At the same time, the relationship of VISTA and TIM-3 expression with the clinical characteristics of the tumor is contradictory, and the results on the antitumor effectiveness of their inhibition are inconsistent.
Label-Free Microfluidic Impedance Cytometry for Acrosome Integrity Assessment of Boar Spermatozoa
Authors: Kruit Stella A. , de Bruijn Douwe S. , Broekhuijse Marleen L. W. J. , Olthuis Wouter , Segerink Loes I.
Published: August 2022

Microfluidics and lab-on-chip technologies have been used in a wide range of biomedical applications. They are known as versatile, rapid, and low-cost alternatives for expensive equipment and time-intensive processing. The veterinary industry and human fertility clinics could greatly benefit from label-free and standardized methods for semen analysis. We developed a tool to determine the acrosome integrity of spermatozoa using microfluidic impedance cytometry. Spermatozoa from boars were treated with the calcium ionophore A23187 to induce acrosome reaction. The magnitude, phase and opacity of individual treated and non-treated (control) spermatozoa were analyzed and compared to conventional staining for acrosome integrity. The results show that the opacity at 19 MHz over 0.5 MHz is associated with acrosome integrity with a cut-off threshold at 0.86 (sensitivity 98%, specificity 97%). In short, we have demonstrated that acrosome integrity can be determined using opacity, illustrating that microfluidic impedance cytometers have the potential to become a versatile and efficient alternative in semen analysis and for fertility treatments in the veterinary industry and human fertility clinics.
Magnetic Bead Handling Using a Paper-Based Device for Quantitative Point-of-Care Testing
Authors: Arias-Alpízar Kevin , Sánchez-Cano Ana , Prat-Trunas Judit , Sulleiro Elena , Bosch-Nicolau Pau , Salvador Fernando , Oliveira Inés , Molina Israel , Sánchez-Montalvá Adrián , Baldrich Eva
Published: August 2022

Microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) have been extensively proposed as ideal tools for point-of-care (POC) testing with minimal user training and technical requirements. However, most μPADs use dried bioreagents, which complicate production, reduce device reproducibility and stability, and require transport and storage under temperature and humidity-controlled conditions. In this work, we propose a μPAD produced using an affordable craft-cutter and stored at room temperature, which is used to partially automate a single-step colorimetric magneto-immunoassay. As a proof-of-concept, the μPAD has been applied to the quantitative detection of Plasmodium falciparum lactate dehydrogenase (Pf-LDH), a biomarker of malaria infection. In this system, detection is based on a single-step magneto-immunoassay that consists of a single 5-min incubation of the lysed blood sample with immuno-modified magnetic beads (MB), detection antibody, and an enzymatic signal amplifier (Poly-HRP). This mixture is then transferred to a single-piece paper device where, after on-chip MB magnetic concentration and washing, signal generation is achieved by adding a chromogenic enzyme substrate. The colorimetric readout is achieved by the naked eye or using a smartphone camera and free software for image analysis. This μPAD afforded quantitative Pf-LDH detection in <15 min, with a detection limit of 6.25 ng mL−1 when the result was interpreted by the naked eye and 1.4 ng mL−1 when analysed using the smartphone imaging system. Moreover, the study of a battery of clinical samples revealed concentrations of Pf-LDH that correlated with those provided by the reference ELISA and with better sensitivity than a commercial rapid diagnostic test (RDT). These results demonstrate that magneto-immunoassays can be partly automated by employing a μPAD, achieving a level of handling that approaches the requirements of POC testing.
Self-Assembly of Small Organic Molecules into Luminophores for Cancer Theranostic Applications
Authors: Wang Jing , Wang Xueliang , Yang Kai , Hu Sijun , Wang Wanhe
Published: August 2022

Self-assembled biomaterials have been widely explored for real-time fluorescence imaging, imaging-guided surgery, and targeted therapy for tumors, etc. In particular, small molecule-based self-assembly has been established as a reliable strategy for cancer theranostics due to the merits of small-sized molecules, multiple functions, and ease of synthesis and modification. In this review, we first briefly introduce the supramolecular chemistry of small organic molecules in cancer theranostics. Then, we summarize and discuss advanced small molecule-based self-assembly for cancer theranostics based on three types, including peptides, amphiphilic molecules, and aggregation-induced emission luminogens. Finally, we conclude with a perspective on future developments of small molecule-based self-assembled biomaterials integrating diagnosis and therapy for biomedical applications. These applications highlight the opportunities arising from the rational design of small organic molecules with self-assembly properties for precision medicine.
A Comprehensive Neuropsychological Study of Familial Hypercholesterolemia and Its Relationship with Psychosocial Functioning: A Biopsychosocial Approach
Authors: Chan Moon Fai , Ganesh Aishwarya , Mahadevan Sangeetha , Shamli Siham Al , Al-Waili Khalid , Al-Mukhaini Suad , Al-Rasadi Khalid , Al-Adawi Samir
Published: August 2022

BACKGROUND: Over the past few years, there has been an increasing interest in viewing the diagnosis of familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) through the lens of the biopsychosocial model. However, other than a few epidemiological surveys, there is a dearth of studies from emerging economies that have examined FH using the biological, psychological, and socio-environmental facets of the aforementioned model. AIM. The three aims of the current study were as follows: (i) to examine the psychosocial status among patients with genetically confirmed FH, (ii) to compare their intellectual capacity and cognitive outcomes with a reference group, and (iii) to examine the relationship between health literacy and cognitive functioning. METHOD: Consecutive FH patients referred to the lipid clinic at a tertiary care center for an expert opinion were recruited into this study conducted from September 2019 to March 2020. Information regarding psychosocial functioning, health literacy, quality of life, and affective ranges was surveyed. Indices of current reasoning ability and cognition (attention and concentration, memory, and executive functioning) were compared with a socio-demographically-matched reference group. The current hypothesis also explored the impact of FH on health literacy and cognition. RESULT: A total of 70 participants out of 106 (response rate: 66.0%) initially agreed to participate. However, 18 out of 70 dropped out of the study, yielding a final total of 52 FH patients. With 27 (51.9%) males and 25 (48.1%) females, the mean participant age stood at 37.2 years (SD = 9.2), ranging from 21 to 52 years of age. In the psychosocial data, thirty-two percent (n = 17) of them had anxiety (HADS ≥ 8), and twenty-five percent (n = 13) had depressive symptoms (HADS ≥ 8). The performance of the FH patients was significantly impaired compared to the control group on the indices of current reasoning ability and all domains of cognitive functioning. In the univariate analysis conducted to compare cognitive functioning with health literacy status, only indices of attention and concentration emerged as being significant. CONCLUSION: The current study indicates that the FH population is marked with impediments in biopsychosocial functioning, including indices tapping into the integrity of health literacy, quality of life, affective ranges, and higher functioning such as cognition and current reasoning ability when compared with a socio-demographically-matched reference group. The present results support the hypothesis that chronic diseases vis-à-vis the sequelae of coronary artery disease can potentially impede biopsychosocial functioning.
Autoimmune Encephalitis: A Physician’s Guide to the Clinical Spectrum Diagnosis and Management
Authors: Patel Arpan , Meng Yue , Najjar Amanda , Lado Fred , Najjar Souhel
Published: August 2022

The rapidly expanding spectrum of autoimmune encephalitis in the last fifteen years is largely due to ongoing discovery of many neuronal autoantibodies. The diagnosis of autoimmune encephalitis can be challenging due to the wide spectrum of clinical presentations, prevalence of psychiatric features that mimic primary psychiatric illnesses, frequent absence of diagnostic abnormalities on conventional brain MR-imaging, non-specific findings on EEG testing, and the lack of identified IgG class neuronal autoantibodies in blood or CSF in a subgroup of patients. Early recognition and treatment are paramount to improve outcomes and achieve complete recovery from these debilitating, occasionally life threatening, disorders. This review is aimed to provide primary care physicians and hospitalists who, together with neurologist and psychiatrists, are often the first port of call for individuals presenting with new-onset neuropsychiatric symptoms, with up-to-date data and evidence-based approach to the diagnosis and management of individuals with neuropsychiatric disorders of suspected autoimmune origin.
Thermal Insulation Performance and Reliability of the “Structure-Insulation” Integrated Wall Panel (SIW) for Storage Grain Bungalows
Authors: Ding Yonggang , Song Zhanjiong , Chen Kewei , Zhang Xiaohang
Published: August 2022

The traditional brick bungalow is not conducive to long-term grain storage because of its poor thermal insulation. In this paper, a new type of wall element for grain bungalows with both load-carrying and thermal insulation functions, called a “Structure-Insulation” integrated wall panel (SIW), is proposed for improving the grain storage environment. To study the thermal insulation reliability of SIW under multivariable randomness and the availability of different grain storage zones, a finite element model was established based on the test. Then, the failure criterion was established with the heat transfer coefficient as the key point and 1,000,000 sampling calculations were carried out by the Monte Carlo method. The reliability was discussed and sensitivity of random parameters was quantified. The thermal performance test shows that the heat transfer coefficients of the two designed SIW wall panels compared with the traditional brick bungalow wall are reduced by 45.81% and 56.13%, respectively. The thickness of the insulation panel is sensitive mostly to the thermal insulation performance, with a correlation coefficient of 0.877. When the thickness of the insulation panel is 80, 94, and 107 mm, the wall panel can meet the limit requirements of the heat transfer coefficient of the granary enclosure structure of 0.59, 0.53, and 0.46 W/m2·K, with reliability indexes of 3.08, 1.82, and 1.75, respectively. The research results provide an important reference for the design, optimization, and application of SIW wall panels in thermal insulation.
Structural Descriptors of Benzenoid Hydrocarbons: A Mismatch between the Estimates and Parity Effects in Helicenes
Authors: Sabirov Denis Sh. , Ori Ottorino , Tukhbatullina Alina A. , Shepelevich Igor S.
Published: August 2022

Benzenoid hydrocarbons have regular structures, attracting the opportunity to test the structural descriptors of their series. In the present study, we compared information entropy, Wiener indices, topological efficiencies, topological roundness, and symmetries of oligoacenes, phenacenes, and helicenes. We found and discussed the mismatches between the descriptors and the symmetry of benzenoids. Among the studied series, helicenes demonstrate the parity effect when the information entropy and topological roundness form saw-like functions depending on the number of the member, odd or even. According to our quantum chemical calculations, this parity effect has no consequences for such molecular properties as molecular polarizability and frontier molecular orbital energies. Further, we demonstrated that the changes in the structural descriptors upon the chemical reactions of benzenoids could be used for the numerical description of chemical processes. Interestingly, the view of the information entropy reaction profile is similar to the energy profiles of chemical reactions. Herewith, the intermediate chemical compounds have higher information entropy values compared with the initial and final compounds, which reminisce the activation barrier.
Bilirubin-Induced Neurological Damage: Current and Emerging iPSC-Derived Brain Organoid Models
Authors: Pranty Abida Islam , Shumka Sara , Adjaye James
Published: August 2022

Bilirubin-induced neurological damage (BIND) has been a subject of studies for decades, yet the molecular mechanisms at the core of this damage remain largely unknown. Throughout the years, many in vivo chronic bilirubin encephalopathy models, such as the Gunn rat and transgenic mice, have further elucidated the molecular basis of bilirubin neurotoxicity as well as the correlations between high levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) and brain damage. Regardless of being invaluable, these models cannot accurately recapitulate the human brain and liver system; therefore, establishing a physiologically recapitulating in vitro model has become a prerequisite to unveil the breadth of complexities that accompany the detrimental effects of UCB on the liver and developing human brain. Stem-cell-derived 3D brain organoid models offer a promising platform as they bear more resemblance to the human brain system compared to existing models. This review provides an explicit picture of the current state of the art, advancements, and challenges faced by the various models as well as the possibilities of using stem-cell-derived 3D organoids as an efficient tool to be included in research, drug screening, and therapeutic strategies for future clinical applications.
Malachite Green Optical Sensor Based on Electrospun Polyimide Nanofiber
Authors: de Souza Fernando L. A. , Amorim Célia Gomes , Araújo Alberto da Nova , Šatínský Dalibor , Paim Ana Paula Silveira , Montenegro Maria Conceição B. S. M.
Published: August 2022

Malachite green (MG) is a triphenylmethane cationic dye used in aquaculture practice, although it has been banned in several countries. The illegal use by fish producers, however, persists due to its effectiveness, and ready and cheap supply. To prevent indiscriminate applications, strict control measures with simple analytical approaches are therefore necessary. With this purpose, a novel, cheap and simple method applying electrospun polyimide nanofibers was developed and validated for MG control in water by color image analysis. For detection, a simple apparatus and ImageJ® software to treat images captured by common smartphones were used. A detection limit of 0.013 mg/L with a linear analytical response range within the concentration of 0.05 to 0.3 mg/ L of malachite green (MG) with a correlation coefficient of 0.997 and standard deviation (n = 9) varying from 1.01 to 3.92% was achieved with the proposed method. Accuracy was assessed by recovery assays in water samples and percentages of 96.6 to 102.0% were obtained. The method is robust and suitable for the rapid and reliable monitoring of MG in water.
Absence of Gradients and Nernstian Equilibrium Stripping (AGNES): An Electroanalytical Technique for Chemical Speciation: A Tutorial Review
Authors: López-Solis Lucía , Galceran Josep , Puy Jaume , Companys Encarna
Published: August 2022

Free metal ion concentrations of amalgamating elements such as Zn, Cd, In, or Pb can be determined with absence of gradients and Nernstian equilibrium stripping(AGNES) in a variety of matrices, ranging from seawater to wine or dissolving nanoparticles. In this hands-on paper, we review the fundamental concepts and provide the practical steps to implement AGNES, including ready-to-run files for the software controlling the potentiostat, computation spreadsheets, step-by-step laboratory protocols, etc. Two case studies with a free Zn concentration determination are discussed: (i) a synthetic solution with the ligand oxalate and (ii) a natural sample of the Segre river (Catalonia, Spain). Suggestions for the extension of AGNES to other systems are indicated.
Incorporation of Mg2+/Si4+ in ZnGa2O4:Cr3+ to Generate Remarkably Improved Near-Infrared Persistent Luminescence
Authors: Zhang Shimeng , Xiahou Junqing , Sun Xudong , Zhu Qi
Published: August 2022

Near-infrared emitting nano-sized particles of ZnGa2−x(Mg/Si)xO4:Cr3+ (x = 0–0.15, termed as ZGMSO:Cr3+) with persistent luminescence were prepared by sol-gel processing followed by calcination. The samples were tested by XRD, TEM, STEM, SAED, Raman, XPS, UV-Vis-NIR, TL, PLE/PL spectroscopy, and persistent luminescence decay analysis. Equimolar incorporation of Mg2+ and Si4+ ions did not change the spindle structure of ZnGa2O4 seriously. Most Mg2+ ions are more likely to occupy the sites in octahedron, but Si4+ ions are more likely to occupy the sites in tetrahedron in priority. A broader bandgap, up shift of conduction band minimum, and more anti-defects were found at a higher Mg2+/Si4+ doping concentration. ZGMSO:Cr3+ outputs near-infrared emission with a dominated band at 694 nm (2E → 4A2 transition of Cr3+), which can last longer than 48 h after the stoppage of UV irradiation. Mg2+/Si4+ doping contributes to a better near-infrared persistent luminescence, and the strongest and the longest NIR afterglow was observed at x = 0.05, owing to that the x = 0.05 sample has the deepest defects. The synthesized nanoparticles of ZGMSO:Cr3+ not only output intense NIR afterglow but also can be recharged by the red light of LED several times, indicating that they are the potential nano probes for bio imaging in living animals.
Effect of Ultrasonic Impact Strengthening on Surface Properties of 316L Stainless Steel Prepared by Laser Selective Melting
Authors: Chen Hansong , Zhang Zhengye , Zhang Jianmin , Ji Haibin , Meng Zhao , Zhang Han , Meng Xiankai
Published: August 2022

In order to study the effect of ultrasonic impact (UIP) on the microstructure and properties of 316L stainless steel prepared by selective laser melting (SLM), the hardness of the surface layer and depth direction of the sample were tested with a micro hardness tester. Finally, the friction and wear test of the sample was assessed using a friction and wear tester. The electrochemical corrosion test was carried out on the samples before and after the ultrasonic shock using a CHI660E electrochemical workstation. The results show that after the ultrasonic impact on the 316L stainless steel prepared by SLM, the surface produces plastic deformation and work hardening, which improves the hardness of the material surface and enhances the wear resistance of the sample surface. With ultrasound shocks affecting the near surface of the sample, a deformation layer of about 100 μm depth is formed. After the ultrasonic shock treatment, the self -corrosion potential of the sample in the 3.5% NACl solution is slightly higher than the unproofed sample, and the density of the self -corrosion current is also lower than the unproofed sample., indicating that ultrasonic shock can reduce the corrosion rate of the material surface and enhance the abrasion resistance of the sample surface.
Structural Properties of Bacterial Cellulose Film Obtained on a Substrate Containing Sweet Potato Waste
Authors: Betlej Izabela , Rybak Katarzyna , Nowacka Małgorzata , Antczak Andrzej , Borysiak Sławomir , Krochmal-Marczak Barbara , Lipska Karolina , Boruszewski Piotr
Published: August 2022

The paper presents the results of research on the microstructure of bacterial cellulose (BC-SP) obtained on a medium containing sweet potato peel, which was compared to cellulose obtained on a synthetic medium containing sucrose and peptone (BC-N). The properties of cellulose were analyzed using the methods: size exclusion chromatography (SEC), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and computer microtomograph (X-ray micro-CT). BC-SP was characterized by a higher degree of polymerization (5680) and a lower porosity (1.45%) than BC-N (4879, 3.27%). These properties give great opportunities to cellulose for various applications, e.g., the production of paper or pulp. At the same time, for BC-SP, a low value of relative crystallinity was found, which is an important feature from the point of view of the mechanical properties of the polymer. Nevertheless, these studies are important and constitute an important source of knowledge on the possibility of using cheap waste plant materials as potential microbiological substrates for the cultivation of cellulose-synthesizing micro-organisms with specific properties.
In Vivo Effects of Nanotechnologically Synthesized and Characterized Fluoridated Strontium Apatite Nanoparticles in the Surgical Treatment of Endodontic Bone Lesions
Authors: Oztekin Faruk , Gurgenc Turan , Dundar Serkan , Ozercan Ibrahim Hanifi , Eskibaglar Mehmet , Ozcan Erhan Cahit , Bingul Muhammet Bahattin , Habek Osman
Published: August 2022

In this study, fluoridated strontium apatite (SAP) nanoparticles with different mole percentages (5%, 10%, 30%, and 50%) synthesized using a hydrothermal method were used as biomaterials. The in vivo biocompatibility of the synthesized nanoparticles was investigated by embedding them as biomaterials in bone defects created in rat tibiae. Through the hematoxylin-eosin staining method, a histopathological analysis was performed for new bone formation, osteoblast density, and fibrotic tissue formation. Fluorine (F) addition affected the structural and morphological properties of the nanoparticles. With the F doping, the shapes of the nanoparticles changed from nano-rods to almost spherical. The Sr/P ratios, with a stoichiometric value of 1.67, were 1.76, 1.53, 1.54, 1.68, and 1.79 in pure, 5%, 10%, 30%, and 50% F-doped nanoparticles, respectively. The F/Sr ratios of 5%, 10%, 30%, and 50% F-doped nanoparticles were 0.05, 0.13, 0.16, and 0.20, respectively. The highest values in terms of fibrotic tissue formation were obtained in the group containing pure SAP. The best results in terms of new bone formation and osteoblast density in bone defects were observed in the groups with higher F ratios (30% and 50% F-doped). Pure and F-doped strontium apatite nanoparticles showed good results for new bone formation and osteoblast levels compared to the control group. It was observed that an increase in the fluorine ratio resulted in better bone healing. The results showed that pure and F-doped SAP nanoparticles synthesized by a hydrothermal method can be used as biomaterials in orthopedics and dentistry, especially in the surgical treatment of endodontic lesions.
Advances of Combinative Nanocrystal Preparation Technology for Improving the Insoluble Drug Solubility and Bioavailability
Authors: Ran Qiuyan , Wang Mengwei , Kuang Wenjie , Ouyang Jinbo , Han Dandan , Gao Zhenguo , Gong Junbo
Published: August 2022

The low solubility and bioavailability of aqueous insoluble drugs are critical challenges in the field of pharmaceuticals that need to be overcome. Nanocrystal technology, a novel pharmacological route to address the poor aqueous solubility problem of many poorly soluble drugs, has recently demonstrated great potential for industrial applications and developments. This review focuses on today’s preparation technologies, containing top-down, bottom-up, and combinative technology. Among them, the highlighted combinative technology can improve the efficiency of particle size reduction and overcome the shortcomings of a single technology. Then, the characterization methods of nanocrystal production are presented in terms of particle size, morphology, structural state, and surface property. After that, we introduced performance evaluations on the stability, safety, and the in vitro/in vivo dissolution of drug nanocrystals. Finally, the applications and prospects of nanocrystals in drug development are presented. This review may provide some references for the further development and optimization of poorly soluble drug nanocrystals.
Telemedicine in Neurosurgical Trauma during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Single-Center Experience
Authors: Koruga Nenad , Soldo Koruga Anamarija , Rončević Robert , Turk Tajana , Kopačin Vjekoslav , Kretić Domagoj , Rotim Tatjana , Rončević Alen
Published: August 2022

Telemedicine is a rapid tool that reduces the time until treatment for patients, which is especially useful for neurosurgical trauma. The aim of our study was to evaluate the use of telemedicine in neurosurgery during the COVID-19 pandemic compared with the pre-pandemic era. We assessed the utilization of telemedicine at the Department of Neurosurgery at University Hospital Center Osijek in Croatia over a timespan of one year prior to the COVID-19 pandemic and the first year of the pandemic, starting with the date of first lockdown in Croatia. For each time period, the total number of consults and specific clinical inquiries were recorded and adequately grouped as well as comprehensive patient characteristics. There were 336 consults in the pre-pandemic period and 504 in the pandemic period. The number of trauma-related consults during COVID-19 measures was significantly higher than the pre-pandemic era (288 and 138, respectively, p < 0.0001). Neurosurgical trauma patients requiring consults in the pandemic period were significantly older than before the pandemic (64.9 ± 18.5 and 60.6 ± 19.1, respectively, p = 0.03). Significantly, the number of admissions to our center and urgent surgeries did not significantly differ between these periods. Telemedicine is a cost-effective tool in the neurosurgical evaluation of patients, especially for trauma. The COVID-19 pandemic accelerated telemedicine implementation and improved neurosurgical trauma treatments.
Management of Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Chronic Osteomyelitis: Our Experience, Review of the Literature and Role of MRI in Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Scanferla Roberto , Roselli Giuliana , Scoccianti Guido , Bartolini Marco , Muratori Francesco , Campanacci Domenico Andrea
Published: August 2022

Background. The authors describe a series of patients with chronic osteomyelitis associated with squamous cell carcinoma, whilst analyzing its incidence in chronic osteomyelitis, surgical options for treatment and focusing on the role of MRI in differential diagnosis. Methods. The authors reviewed 73 cases of chronic osteomyelitis (CO) treated in their department between 1995 and 2019. Six of these patients (8.2%) had a malignant degeneration in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). All cases with malignancy were evaluated with preoperative gadolinium-enhanced MRI. Results. In this series, the authors observed an incidence rate of 8.2% (6 cases out of 73); all patients were male with a mean age of 63.5 years. The mean time between the occurrence of chronic osteomyelitis and the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma was 36 years (range: 21–66). The treatment consisted of amputation in five patients and limb salvage with vascularized fibula autograft in one case. Conclusions. MRI played a key role in the differential diagnosis between infected and tumoral tissue, and was found to be crucial during follow-up. Amputation is the treatment of choice in extended tumoral involvement of bone and soft tissue.
The Humanised NPY-mRFP RBL Reporter Cell Line Is a Fast and Inexpensive Tool for Detection of Allergen-Specific IgE in Human Sera
Authors: Prakash Prema S. , Barwary Nafal J. S. , Weber Michael H. W. , Wan Daniel , Conejeros Iván , Pereira Moreira Bernardo , Alharbi Waleed S. , van Hellemond Jaap J. , Akinwale Jude , Falcone Franco H.
Published: August 2022

Rat basophilic leukaemia (RBL) cells have been used for decades as a model of high-affinity Immunoglobulin E (IgE) receptor (FcεRI) signalling. Here, we describe the generation and use of huNPY-mRFP, a new humanised fluorescent IgE reporter cell line. Fusion of Neuropeptide Y (NPY) with monomeric red fluorescent protein (mRFP) results in targeting of fluorescence to the granules and its fast release into the supernatant upon IgE-dependent stimulation. Following overnight sensitisation with serum, optimal release of fluorescence upon dose-dependent stimulation with allergen-containing extracts could be measured after 45 min, without cell lysis or addition of any reagents. Five substitutions (D194A, K212A, K216A, K226A, and K230A) were introduced into the FcεRIα cDNA used for transfection, which resulted in the removal of known endoplasmic reticulum retention signals and high surface expression of human FcεRIα* in huNPY-mRFP cells (where * denotes the penta-substituted variant), comparable to the ~500,000 FcεRIα molecules per cell in the RS-ATL8 humanised luciferase reporter, which is a human FcεRIα/FcεRIγ double transfectant. The huNPY-mRFP reporter was used to demonstrate engagement of specific IgE in sera of Echinococcus granulosus-infected individuals by E. granulosus elongation factor EgEF-1β and, to a lesser extent, by EgEF-1δ, which had been previously described as IgE-immunoreactive EgEF-1β/δ.
Gastric Cancer Due to Chronic H. pylori Infection: What We Know and Where We Are Going
Authors: Tempera Patrick Joseph , Michael Mark , Tageldin Omar , Hasak Stephen
Published: August 2022

Helicobacter pylori is an established cause of many gastrointestinal pathologies including peptic ulcer disease, gastritis, and gastric cancer. It is an entity that affects the global population, and its true nature has only been known since the 1980s. Although there is much known about H. pylori including its pathophysiology, detection, and eradication, resistance to current therapy models is common. This is problematic because untreated or inadequately treated H. pylori increases morbidity and mortality related to gastric cancer and peptic ulcer disease among others. In order to improve the treatment and reduce resistance, there is significant ongoing research identifying new detection and eradication methods for H. pylori. This review aims to highlight what has already been established regarding H. pylori’s epidemiology, pathophysiology, detection, and treatment as well as the most current and novel research involving detection and treatment of H. pylori.
Testing Equality of Multiple Population Means under Contaminated Normal Model Using the Density Power Divergence
Authors: Das Jagannath , Beyaztas Beste Hamiye , Mac-Ocloo Maxwell Kwesi , Majumdar Arunabha , Mandal Abhijit
Published: August 2022

This paper considers the problem of comparing several means under the one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) setup. In ANOVA, outliers and heavy-tailed error distribution can seriously hinder the treatment effect, leading to false positive or false negative test results. We propose a robust test of ANOVA using an M-estimator based on the density power divergence. Compared with the existing robust and non-robust approaches, the proposed testing procedure is less affected by data contamination and improves the analysis. The asymptotic properties of the proposed test are derived under some regularity conditions. The finite-sample performance of the proposed test is examined via a series of Monte-Carlo experiments and two empirical data examples—bone marrow transplant dataset and glucose level dataset. The results produced by the proposed testing procedure are favorably compared with the classical ANOVA and robust tests based on Huber’s M-estimator and Tukey’s MM-estimator.
Improved YOLOv5 Based on Hybrid Domain Attention for Small Object Detection in Optical Remote Sensing Images
Authors: Deng Tianmin , Liu Xuhui , Mao Guotao
Published: August 2022

The object detection technology of optical remote sensing images has been widely applied in military investigation, traffic planning, and environmental monitoring, among others. In this paper, a method is proposed for solving the problem of small object detection in optical remote sensing images. In the proposed method, the hybrid domain attention units (HDAUs) of channel and spatial attention mechanisms are combined and employed to improve the feature extraction capability and suppress background noise. In addition, we designed a multiscale dynamic weighted feature fusion network (MDW-Net) to improve adaptive optimization and deep fusion of shallow and deep feature layers. The model is trained and tested on the DIOR dataset, and some ablation and comparative experiments are carried out. The experimental results show that the mAP of the proposed model surpasses that of YOLOv5 by a large margin of +2.3 and has obvious advantages regarding the detection performance for small object categories, such as airplane, ship, and vehicle, which support its application for small target detection in optical remote sensing images.
Smart, Fast, and Low Memory Beam-Steering Antenna Configurations for 5G and Future Wireless Systems
Authors: Pirapaharan Kandasamy , Ajithkumar Nagananthakumaran , Sarujan Konesamoorthy , Fernando Xavier , Hoole Paul R. P.
Published: August 2022

Smart Antennas are important to provide mobility support for many enhanced 5G and future wireless applications and services, such as energy harvesting, virtual reality, Voice over 5G (Vo5G), connected vehicles, Machine-to-Machine Communication (M2M), and Internet of Things (IoT). Smart antenna technology enables us to reduce interference and multipath problems and increase the quality in communication signals. This paper presents a number of nonlinear configurations of dipole arrays for forming a single beam in any desired direction. We propose three, four, six, and eight-element array structures to perform this single beam-steering functionality. The proposed array configurations with multiple axes of symmetry (in the azimuthal plane) decrease the computational repetitions in optimizing respective weight factors for beam-steering. The optimized weight factors are obtained through the Least Mean Square (LMS) method. MATLABTM is used to calculate optimized weight factors as well as to determine the resulting radiation patterns. Since antennas are bidirectional elements, beamforming in one direction means that the antenna will also have high receiving gain in that direction. Performances of differently configured models are compared in terms of their directivity, sidelobe reduction, and computational complexities for beam-steering.
A Deep-Learning Based Method for Analysis of Students’ Attention in Offline Class
Authors: Ling Xufeng , Yang Jie , Liang Jingxin , Zhu Huaizhong , Sun Hui
Published: August 2022

Students’ actual learning engagement in class, which we call learning attention, is a major indicator used to measure learning outcomes. Obtaining and analyzing students’ attention accurately in offline classes is important empirical research that can improve teachers’ teaching methods. This paper proposes a method to obtain and measure students’ attention in class by applying a variety of deep-learning models and initiatively divides a whole class into a series of time durations, which are categorized into four states: lecturing, interaction, practice, and transcription. After video and audio information is taken with Internet of Things (IoT) technology in class, Retinaface and the Vision Transformer (ViT) model is used to detect faces and extract students’ head-pose parameters. Automatic speech recognition (ASR) models are used to divide a class into a series of four states. Combining the class-state sequence and each student’s head-pose parameters, the learning attention of each student can be accurately calculated. Finally, individual and statistical learning attention analyses are conducted that can help teachers to improve their teaching methods. This method shows potential application value and can be deployed in schools and applied in different smart education programs.
The Non-Stationary Heat Transport inside a Shafted Screw Conveyor Filled with Homogeneous Biomass Heated Electrically
Authors: Ledakowicz Stanisław , Piddubniak Olexa
Published: August 2022

The non-stationary heat transfer inside a cylindrical channel of a shafted screw conveyor, electrically heated, and filled with a moving biomass was analyzed. The problem of non-stationary heat transport is encountered in the processes of biomass pyrolysis and food products’ sterilization. To solve the heat conduction equation with initial and boundary conditions, the methods of the expansion of the given and unknown functions into a Fourier series in the angular coordinate, and Fourier and Laplace integral transforms in the axial coordinate and time, respectively, were used. As a result of solving this problem, it is shown that the temperature in the reactor consists of two main terms. The first of them is proportional to time, and the second is a superposition of quasi-monochromatic heat pulses decaying with time. Numerical analysis of the temperature distribution in space and time depending on various specific parameters of the system was carried out. The obtained numerical results were compared with those corresponding to the cases of heat sources in the form of a spiral or a shaftless helical screw.
Minimizing Energy Consumption and Powertrain Cost of Fuel Cell Hybrid Vehicles with Consideration of Different Driving Cycles and SOC Ranges
Authors: Gao Yang , Liu Changhong , Liang Yuan , Hamed Sadegh Kouhestani , Wang Fuwei , Bi Bo
Published: August 2022

Hydrogen consumption is an important performance indicator of fuel cell hybrid vehicles (FCHVs). Previous studies have investigated fuel consumption minimization both under different driving cycles and using various power management strategies. However, different constrains on battery state of charge (SOC) ranges can also affect fuel consumption dramatically. In this study, we develop a power-source sizing model based on the Pontryagin’s Minimum Principle (PMP) to minimize the fuel consumption of FCHVs, considering different driving cycles (i.e., FTP-72 and US06) and SOC ranges (conservative 50–60% and aggressive 20–80%). The different driving cycles and SOC ranges present the real-world circumstances of driving FCHVs to some extent. Fuel consumptions are compared both under different driving cycles and using different SOC ranges. The simulation results show an effective power size map, with outlines of an ineffective sizing zone and an inefficient sizing zone based on vehicle performance requirements (e.g., maximum speed and acceleration) and fuel consumption, respectively. Based on the developed model, an optimal power-source size map can be determined while minimizing both fuel consumption and powertrain cost as well as considering different driving cycles and SOC ranges.
Sedimentary Facies Analysis of the Third Eocene Member of Shahejie Formation in the Bonan Sag of Bohai Bay Basin (China): Implications for Facies Heterogeneities in Sandstone Reservoirs
Authors: Fawad Nadir , Liu Taixun , Fan Daidu , Ahmad Qazi Adnan
Published: August 2022

The middle sub-member (Es3z) within the third member (Es3) of the Eocene Shahejie formation is the main source of the generation and accumulation of hydrocarbons in the lacustrine deltas of Bonan depression. Exploration and research work in different blocks is carried out separately. Types of sedimentary facies, and their vertical and lateral evolution in Es3z are not studied in detail. To fill this knowledge gap, we did a detailed analysis of facies and lithological characteristics through integrative studies of cores, well logs and seismic data. Identification of sedimentary structures and lithology of the reservoir zone from cores are calibrated with high-quality well logs and seismic data. Depositional facies in Es3z reservoirs are identified through analysis of sedimentary structures, grain size, log’s trends and seismic sections. Es3z was deposited in the fan delta front setting where five facies associations are found, among them distributary channels consisting of MCS, CSg, PCSs, MS, RCL, WCS, PBSs, RCS and GBS lithofacies, natural levee containing DFs, and furthermore, sheet sand are associated to CBS and SSM lithofacies. GM, GGM and DGM lithofacies are related to inter-distributary deposits, whereas mouth bars consist of PLS, CS and CFS. Depositional history, flow direction of the sediments, and facies distribution are investigated through detailed facies mapping and cross-section profiling to show that the sediments were sourced from southeast to northwest. We found thicker succession of sedimentary profiles towards north and north-west directions. Belt distributary channel deposits, covering a wide range of areas, act as potential reservoirs along with mouth bar deposits, while mudstones in interdistributary channels act as a good source and seal rocks. The methodology adopted has great potential to explore the reservoirs of fan delta front in lacustrine deltas.
A Review of Thermally Activated Building Systems (TABS) as an Alternative for Improving the Indoor Environment of Buildings
Authors: Villar-Ramos María M. , Hernández-Pérez Iván , Aguilar-Castro Karla M. , Zavala-Guillén Ivett , Macias-Melo Edgar V. , Hernández-López Irving , Serrano-Arellano Juan
Published: August 2022

Among the alternatives for improving the thermal comfort conditions inside buildings are the thermally activated building systems (TABS). They are embedded in different building components to improve the indoor air temperature. In this work, a review and analysis of the state of the art of TABS was carried out to identify their potential to improve thermal comfort conditions and provide energy savings. Furthermore, this study presents the gaps identified in the literature so that researchers can develop future studies on TABS. The articles found were classified and analyzed in four sections, considering their implementation in roofs, walls, floors, and the whole envelope. In addition, aspects related to the configuration of the TABS and the fluid (speed, temperature, and mass flow rate) were analyzed. It was found that when TABS are implemented in roofs, walls, and floors, a reduction in the indoor temperature of a building of up to 14.4 °C can be obtained. Within the limitations of the TABS, the complexity and costs of their implementation compared to the use of air conditioning systems are reported. However, the TABS can provide energy savings of up to 50%.
A New Spoke PM Motor with ECC ASPs to Reduce Flux Density Harmonics
Authors: Xu Gaohong , Tang Tang , Chen Qian , Jia Zexin
Published: August 2022

This paper proposes new eccentric (ECC) auxiliary salient poles (ASPs) applied in spoke permanent-magnet (PM) motors. These ECC ASPs optimize flux density harmonics and further reduce torque pulsation. Then, the optimization procedure is proposed to reveal the relationship between the ECC method and ASP, and optimization steps are reduced. Firstly, the design of the ECC ASPs is based on the stairs, which are equivalent to sinusoidal flux density. Second, the expressions of offset length for maximum air gap, pole arc angle, and thickness ratio are revealed. Through theoretical analysis and the finite element method (FEM), the proposed ECC ASPs can generate low torque pulsation and improve sound and vibration features.