bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Plasma Induced Physicochemical Changes and Reactive Dyeing of Wool Fabrics
Authors: Udakhe J. , Honade S. , Shrivastava N.
Published: October 2015

This study focuses on the effect of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma treatment on physical and chemical properties of wool fabric and its relation to exhaustion of Drimalan Navy Blue FBI reactive dye. AFM analysis of plasma treated wool fabric has shown partial removal of epicuticle and thus reduced scale height. FD spectroscopy has shown improvement in hydrophilicity by many folds after plasma treatment. ATR graphs depict the removal of hydrophobic layer of 18-MEA and introduction of hydrophilic groups like cysteic acid after plasma treatment. Alkali solubility of wool fabric increases with increasing plasma treatment time. Wetting time for plasma treated fabric reduces drastically when compared to untreated wool fabric. It is found that plasma treated fabric takes much lesser time to reach maximum dye exhaustion than untreated fabric. Substantivity of the dye increases significantly after plasma treatment. Colour fastness properties improve with increase in plasma treatment time. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) of spent dyebath liquor is found to reduce with increase in plasma treatment time. Biological oxygen demand (BOD) is found to be higher for plasma treated samples, while ratio of COD/BOD has reduced with increase in the plasma treatment time.
An Ambit Stochastic Approach to Pricing Electricity Forward Contracts: The Case of the German Energy Market
Authors: Di Persio Luca , Perin Isacco
Published: October 2015

We propose an ambit stochastic model to study the electricity forward prices. We provide a detailed analysis of the probabilistic properties of such model, discussing the related martingale conditions and deriving concrete implementation of it for the related underlying spot price. The latter is obtained from the forward model through a limiting argument. Furthermore, we show, also providing a concrete example, that a proper specification of these models is able to effectively forecast prices of forward contracts written on the European Energy Exchange (EEX) AG, or German Energy Exchange, market.
Modal Parameters Estimation of Building Structures from Vibration Test Data Using Observability Measurement
Authors: Hwang Jae-Seung , Kim Hongjin , Cho Bong-Ho
Published: October 2015

The load distribution to each mode of a structure under seismic loading depends on the modal participation factors and mode shapes and thus the exact estimation of modal participation factors and mode shapes is essential to analyze the seismic response of a structure. In this study, an identification procedure for modal participation factors and mode shapes from a vibration test is proposed. The modal participation factors and mode shapes are obtained from the relationship between observability matrices realized from the system identification. Using the observability matrices, it is possible to transform an arbitrarily identified state space model obtained from the experimental data into a state space model which is defined in a domain with physical meaning. Then, the modal participation factor can be estimated based on the transformation matrix between two state space models. The numerical simulation is performed to evaluate the proposed procedure, and the results show that the modal participation factor and mode shapes are estimated from the structural responses accurately. The procedure is also applied to the experimental data obtained from the shaking table test of a three-story shear building model.
Assessment of Lemon Balm (Melissa officinalisL.) Hydrogels: Quality and Bioactivity in Skin Cells
Authors: Ramanauskienė Kristina , Stelmakiene Ada , Majienė Daiva
Published: October 2015

Theaimof the study was to design gels with lemon balm extract, assess their quality, and investigate the effect of rosmarinic acid on skin cells in normal conditions and under oxidative stress.Methods. The quantities of rosmarinic acid (RA) released from gels were evaluated by applying the HPLC technique. HaCaT cell viability was assessed by using the MTT method. ROS generation was measured using DCFH-DA dye. Theresultsshowed that the gelling material affected the release of RA content from gels. Lower and slower RA content release was determined in carbomer-based gels. After 6 hours of biopharmaceutical researchin vitro, at least 4% of RA was released from the gel. The results of the biological studies on HaCaT cells demonstrated that, in the oxidative stress conditions, RA reduced intracellular ROS amounts to 28%; 0.25–0.5 mg/mL of RA increased cell viability by 10–24% and protected cells from the damage caused by H2O2.Conclusions. According to research results, it is appropriate to use a carbomer as the main gelling material, and its concentration should not exceed 1.0%. RA, depending on the concentration, reduces the amount of intracellular ROS and enhances cell viability in human keratinocytes in oxidative stress conditions.
High Thyroglobulin Antibody Levels Increase the Risk of Differentiated Thyroid Carcinoma
Authors: Qin Jing , Yu Zhenqian , Guan Haixia , Shi Liangfeng , Liu Yongping , Zhao Na , Shan Zhongyan , Han Cheng , Li Yushu , Teng Weiping
Published: October 2015

Background. Despite the many studies examining thyroid cancers, the effect of thyroid autoantibodies on differentiated thyroid carcinoma (DTC) remains unclear.Objective. To investigate the association between serologic thyroid autoantibodies (ATAs) and DTC, we retrospectively evaluated data of thyroid nodules obtained from patients who underwent thyroid surgery.Methods. Data of thyroid nodules obtained from 1,638 patients who underwent thyroid surgery were evaluated. Thyroid autoimmunity was assessed by the presence of thyroglobulin (TgAb) or thyroid peroxidase antibodies (TPOAb).Results. Among our study cohort, the prevalence of elevated TgAb (≥40 IU/mL) and TPOAb (≥50 IU/mL) was higher in patients with DTC than those with benign nodules. Patients with DTC and elevated TgAb had a higher prevalence of extrathyroidal invasion. In the multivariate analysis, TgAb ≥ 40 IU/mL was significantly associated with DTC (odds ratio [OR] = 2.10, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.40–3.15) compared with TgAb < 40 IU/mL group, independent of other confounding factors such as decreased age, single nodule, and elevated TSH level. In conclusion, elevated TgAb was associated with DTC.Conclusions. This study revealed that high levels of TgAb may act as an independent prediction factor for DTC, and suggests that patients with high TgAb concentrations may be predisposed to DTC.
Microstructural Characterization of Beryllium Treated Al-Si Alloys
Authors: Ibrahim M. F. , Alkahtani S. A. , Abuhasel Kh. A. , Samuel F. H.
Published: October 2015

The present study was carried out on B356 and B357 alloys using the thermal analysis technique. Metallographic samples prepared from these castings were examined using optical microscopy and FESEM. Results revealed that beryllium causes partial modification of the eutectic Si, similar to that reported for magnesium additions. Addition of 0.8 wt.% Mg reduces the eutectic temperature by ~10°C. During solidification of alloys containing high levels of Fe and Mg, but no Sr, formation of a Be-Fe phase was detected at 611°C, close to that ofα-Al. The Be-Fe phase precipitates in script-like form at or close to theβ-Al5SiFe platelets. A new reaction, composed of fine particles of Si andπ-Fe phase, was observed to occur near the end of solidification in high Mg-, high Fe-, and Be-containing alloys. The amount of this reaction decreased with the addition of Sr. Occasionally, Be-containing phase particles were observed as part of the reaction. Addition of Be has a noticeable effect on decreasing theβ-Al5FeSi platelet length; this effect may be enhanced by addition of Sr. Beryllium addition also results in precipitation of theβ-Al5FeSi phase in nodular form, which lowers its harmful effects on the alloy mechanical properties.
Protective Effects ofTinospora crispaStem Extract on Renal Damage and Hemolysis duringPlasmodium bergheiInfection in Mice
Authors: Nutham Narain , Sakulmettatham Sakuna , Klongthalay Suwit , Chutoam Palatip , Somsak Voravuth
Published: October 2015

Renal damage and hemolysis induced by malaria are associated with mortality in adult patients. It has been speculated that oxidative stress condition induced by malaria infection is involved in its pathology. Thus, we aimed to investigate the protective effects ofTinospora crispastem extract on renal damage and hemolysis duringPlasmodium bergheiinfection.T. crispastem extract was prepared using hot water method and used for oral treatment in mice. Groups of ICR mice were infected with1×107parasitized erythrocytes ofP. bergheiANKA by intraperitoneal injection and given the extracts (500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg) twice a day for 4 consecutive days. To assess renal damage and hemolysis, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, and hematocrit (%Hct) levels were then evaluated, respectively. Malaria infection resulted in renal damage and hemolysis as indicated by increasing of BUN and creatinine and decreasing of %Hct, respectively. However, protective effects on renal damage and hemolysis were observed in infected mice treated with these extracts at doses of 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. In conclusion,T. crispastem extract exerted protective effects on renal damage and hemolysis induced by malaria infection. This plant may work as potential source in the development of variety of herbal formulations for malarial treatment.
The Effects of Tai Chi on Peripheral Somatosensation, Balance, and Fitness in Hispanic Older Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Pilot and Feasibility Study
Authors: Cavegn Elisabeth I. , Riskowski Jody L.
Published: October 2015

Peripheral neuropathy and loss of somatosensation in older adults with type 2 diabetes can increase risk of falls and disability. In nondiabetic older adult population Tai Chi has been shown to enhance balance and fitness through improvements in somatosensation and neuromuscular control, and it is unclear if Tai Chi would elicit similar benefits in older adults with diabetes. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of an 8-week, three-hour-per-week Tai Chi intervention on peripheral somatosensation in older adults with type 2 diabetes. Participants were eight Hispanic older adults with type 2 diabetes who participated in the Tai Chi intervention and a convenience sample of Hispanic older adults as a referent group. Baseline and postintervention assessments included ankle proprioception, foot tactile sense, plantar pressure distribution, balance, and fitness. After intervention, older adults with type 2 diabetes showed significant improvements in ankle proprioception and fitness and decreased plantar pressure in the forefoot, with no statistical effect noted in balance or tactile sensation. Study results suggest that Tai Chi may be beneficial for older adults with diabetes as it improves ankle proprioception; however, study findings need to be confirmed in a larger sample size randomized controlled trial.
Enhancement of Solubility of Lamotrigine by Solid Dispersion and Development of Orally Disintegrating Tablets Using 32 Full Factorial Design
Authors: Singh Jatinderpal , Garg Rajeev , Gupta Ghanshyam Das
Published: October 2015

Present investigation deals with the preparation and evaluation of orally disintegrating tablets (ODTs) of lamotrigine using β-cyclodextrin and PVP-K30 as polymers for the preparation of solid dispersion which help in enhancement of aqueous solubility of this BCS CLASS-II drug and sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and crospovidone as a superdisintegrating agent, to reduce disintegration time. The ODTs were prepared by direct compression method. Nine formulations were developed with different ratios of superdisintegrating agents. All the formulations were evaluated for disintegration time, weight variation, hardness, friability, drug content uniformity, wetting time, and in vitro drug release study. In vitro drug release study was performed using United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) type 2 dissolution test apparatus employing paddle stirrer at 50 rpm using 900 mL of 0.1 N HCl maintained at 37°C ± 0.5°C as the dissolution medium. On the basis of evaluation parameters formulations were prepared using β-CD 1 : 1 solid dispersion. Then 32 full factorial design was applied using SSG and crospovidone in different ratios suggested by using design expert 8.0.7.1 and optimized formulation was prepared using amount of SSG and crospovidone as suggested by the software. The optimized formulation prepared had disintegrating time of 15 s, wetting time of 24 s, and % friability of 0.55.
A High-Density SNP and SSR Consensus Map Reveals Segregation Distortion Regions in Wheat
Authors: Li Chunlian , Bai Guihua , Chao Shiaoman , Wang Zhonghua
Published: October 2015

Segregation distortion is a widespread phenomenon in plant and animal genomes and significantly affects linkage map construction and identification of quantitative trait loci (QTLs). To study segregation distortion in wheat, a high-density consensus map was constructed using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers by merging two genetic maps developed from two recombinant-inbred line (RIL) populations, Ning7840 × Clark and Heyne × Lakin. Chromosome regions with obvious segregation distortion were identified in the map. A total of 3541 SNPs and 145 SSRs were mapped, and the map covered 3258.7 cM in genetic distance with an average interval of 0.88 cM. The number of markers that showed distorted segregation was 490 (18.5%) in the Ning7840 × Clark population and 225 (10.4%) in the Heyne × Lakin population. Most of the distorted markers (630) were mapped in the consensus map, which accounted for 17.1% of mapped markers. The majority of the distorted markers clustered in the segregation distortion regions (SDRs) on chromosomes 1B, 2A, 2B, 3A, 3B, 4B, 5A, 5B, 5D, 6B, 7A, and 7D. All of the markers in a given SDR skewed toward one of the parents, suggesting that gametophytic competition during zygote formation was most likely one of the causes for segregation distortion in the populations.
A Process for Modelling Diffuse Scattering from Disordered Molecular Crystals, Illustrated by Application to Monoclinic 9-Chloro-10-methylanthracene
Authors: Goossens D. J.
Published: October 2015

Diffuse scattering from a crystal contains valuable information about the two-body correlations (related to the nanoscale order) in the material. Despite years of development, the detailed analysis of single crystal diffuse scattering (SCDS) has yet to become part of the everyday toolbox of the structural scientist. Recent decades have seen the pair distribution function approach to diffuse scattering (in fact, total scattering) from powders become a relatively routine tool. However, analysing the detailed, complex, and often highly anisotropic three-dimensional distribution of SCDS remains valuable yet rare because there is no routine method for undertaking the analysis. At present, analysis requires significant investment of time to develop specialist expertise, which means that the analysis of diffuse scattering, which has much to offer, is not incorporated thorough studies of many compounds even though it has the potential to be a very useful adjunct to existing techniques. This article endeavours to outline in some detail how the diffuse scattering from a molecular crystal can be modelled relatively quickly and largely using existing software tools. It is hoped this will provide a template for other studies. To enable this, the entire simulation is included as deposited material.
Cyclic AMP-Responsive Element ModulatorαPolymorphisms Are Potential Genetic Risks for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Authors: Guo Qian , Chen Xuyong , Du Yan , Guo Jianping , Su Yin
Published: October 2015

To investigate whether the cyclic AMP-responsive element modulatorα(CREMα) polymorphisms are novel susceptibility factors for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), four tag SNPs, rs1057108, rs2295415, rs11592925, and rs1148247, were genotyped in 889 SLE cases and 825 healthy controls. Association analyses were performed on whole dataset or clinical/serologic subsets. Association statistics were calculated by age and sex adjusted logistic regression. The G allele frequencies of rs2295415 and rs1057108 were increased in SLE patients, compared with healthy controls (rs2295415: 21.2% versus 17.8%, OR 1.244,P=0.019; rs1057108: 30.8% versus 27.7%, OR 1.165,P=0.049). The haplotype constituted by the two risk alleles “G-G” from rs1057108 and rs2295415 displayed strong association with SLE susceptibility (OR 1.454,P=0.00056). Following stratification by clinical/serologic features, a suggestive association was observed between rs2295415 and anti-Sm antibodies-positive SLE (OR 1.382,P=0.044). Interestingly, a potential protective effect of rs2295415 was observed for SLE patients with renal disorder (OR 0.745,P=0.032). Our data provide first evidence thatCREMαSNPs rs2295415 and rs1057108 maybe novel genetic susceptibility factors for SLE. SNP rs2295415 appears to confer higher risk to develop anti-Sm antibodies-positive SLE and may play a protective role against lupus nephritis.
Vibrotactile Stimulation as an Instructor for Mimicry-Based Physical Exercise
Authors: Lylykangas Jani , Heikkinen Jani , Surakka Veikko , Raisamo Roope , Myllymaa Kalle , Laitinen Arvo
Published: October 2015

The present aim was to investigate functionality of vibrotactile stimulation in mimicry-based behavioral regulation during physical exercise. Vibrotactile stimuli communicated instructions from an instructor to an exerciser to perform lower extremity movements. A wireless prototype was tested first in controlled laboratory conditions (Study 1) and was followed by a user study (Study 2) that was conducted in a group exercise situation for elderly participants with a new version of the system with improved construction and extended functionality. The results of Study 1 showed that vibrotactile instructions were successful in both supplementing and substituting visual knee lift instructions. Vibrotactile stimuli were accurately recognized, and exercise with the device received affirmative ratings. Interestingly, tactile stimulation appeared to stabilize acceleration magnitude of the knee lifts in comparison to visual instructions. In Study 2 it was found that user experience of the system was mainly positive by both the exercisers and their instructors. For example, exercise with vibrotactile instructions was experienced as more motivating than conventional exercise session. Together the results indicate that tactile instructions could increase possibilities for people having difficulties in following visual and auditory instructions to take part in mimicry-based group training. Both studies also revealed development areas that were primarily related to a slight delay in triggering the vibrotactile stimulation.
Study of the Structure, Oxygen-Transporting Functions, and Ionic Composition of Erythrocytes at Vascular Diseases
Authors: Revin Viktor V. , Gromova Natalia V. , Revina Elvira S. , Mel’nikova Natalya A. , Balykova Larisa A. , Solomadin Ilia N. , Tychkov Alexander Yu. , Revina Nadezhda V. , Gromova Oksana Yu. , Anashkina Irina V. , Yakushkin Viktor A.
Published: October 2015

The present paper explores the role of erythrocytes in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. The state of erythrocytes, their ionic composition and structure, and properties of erythrocytes hemoglobin were studied by using laser interference microscopy, Raman scattering spectroscopy, and capillary electrophoresis. In patients suffering from vascular disorders we identified statistically significant changes in the shape of erythrocytes, their ionic composition, and redistribution of hemoglobin throughout cells.
Delusional Disorder over the Reproductive Life Span: The Potential Influence of Menopause on the Clinical Course
Authors: González-Rodríguez Alexandre , Molina-Andreu Oriol , Penadés Rafael , Garriga Marina , Pons Alexandre , Catalán Rosa , Bernardo Miguel
Published: October 2015

Background and Objectives. Recent evidence supports an association between estrogen levels and severity of psychopathology in schizophrenia women. Our main goal was to investigate whether delusional disorder (DD) women with premenopausal onset and those with postmenopausal onset differ in demographic and clinical features.Methods. Psychopathological symptoms were assessed in 80 DD women (DSM-IV-TR), at baseline and after six and 24 months. Scores in the PANSS, PSP for functionality, HRSD 17 items, C-SSRS for suicide, and the SUMD were considered outcome variables. For comparison purposes,t- andχ2-tests were performed and nonparametric tests when necessary. Analysis of Covariance (ANCOVA) was conducted for multivariate comparisons.Results. 57 out of 80 DD women completed the study. When unadjusted, DD with premenopausal onset had a longer DUP, higher educational level, and a tendency toward higher rates of gynaecological disorders. Erotomanic type was most frequent in DD women premenopausal onset, and somatic and jealous types were most frequent in those with postmenopausal onset. After 24 months, DD women with premenopausal onset showed higher depressive symptoms and a tendency toward higher rates of psychotic relapses.Conclusions. Our results support that some aspects of psychopathology and insight may differ according to the onset of DD and the reproductive status.
The Role of Stage at Diagnosis in Colorectal Cancer Black–White Survival Disparities: A Counterfactual Causal Inference Approach
Authors: Valeri Linda , Chen Jarvis T. , Garcia-Albeniz Xabier , Krieger Nancy , VanderWeele Tyler J. , Coull Brent A.
Published: October 2015

Background: To date, a counterfactual framework has not been used to study determinants of social inequalities in cancer. Considering the case of colorectal cancer, for which racial/ethnic differences in stage at diagnosis and survival are well documented, we quantify the extent to which black versus white survival disparities would be reduced had disparities in stage at diagnosis been eliminated in a large patient population.

Methods: We obtained data on colorectal cancer patients (diagnosed between 1992 and 2005 and followed until 2010) from US-SEER (Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results) cancer registries. We employed a counterfactual approach to estimate the mean survival time up to the 60th month since diagnosis for black colorectal cancer patients had black–white disparities in stage at diagnosis been eliminated.

Results: Black patients survive approximately 4.0 [confidence interval (CI), 4.6–3.2] months less than white patients within five years since diagnosis. Had disparities in stage at diagnosis been eliminated, survival disparities decrease to 2.6 (CI, 3.4–1.7) months, an approximately 35% reduction. For patients diagnosed after the age of 65 years, disparities would be halved, while reduction of approximately 30% is estimated for younger patients. Survival disparities would be reduced by approximately 44% for women and approximately 26% for men.

Conclusions: Employing a counterfactual approach and allowing for heterogeneities in black–white disparities across patients' characteristics, we give robust evidence that elimination of disparities in stage at diagnosis contributes to a substantial reduction in survival disparities in colorectal cancer.

Impact: We provide the first evidence in the SEER population that elimination of inequities in stage at diagnosis might lead to larger reductions in survival disparities among elderly and women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 25(1); 83–89. ©2015 AACR.
Triple-Negative versus Non–Triple-Negative Breast Cancers in High-Risk Women: Phenotype Features and Survival from the HIBCRIT-1 MRI-Including Screening Study
Authors: Podo Franca , Santoro Filippo , Di Leo Giovanni , Manoukian Siranoush , de Giacomi Clelia , Corcione Stefano , Cortesi Laura , Carbonaro Luca A. , Trimboli Rubina M. , Cilotti Anna , Preda Lorenzo , Bonanni Bernardo , Pensabene Matilde , Martincich Laura , Savarese Antonella , Contegiacomo Alma , Sardanelli Francesco
Published: October 2015

Purpose: To compare phenotype features and survival of triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) versus non-TNBCs detected during a multimodal annual screening of high-risk women.

Experimental Design: Analysis of data from asymptomatic high-risk women diagnosed with invasive breast cancer during the HIBCRIT-1 study with median 9.7-year follow-up.

Results: Of 501 enrolled women with BRCA1/2 mutation or strong family history (SFH), 44 were diagnosed with invasive breast cancers: 20 BRCA1 (45%), 9 BRCA2 (21%), 15 SFH (34%). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sensitivity (90%) outperformed that of mammography (43%, P < 0.001) and ultrasonography (61%, P = 0.004). The 44 cases (41 screen-detected; 3 BRCA1-associated interval TNBCs) comprised 14 TNBCs (32%) and 30 non-TNBCs (68%), without significant differences for age at diagnosis, menopausal status, prophylactic oophorectomy, or previous breast cancer. Of 14 TNBC patients, 11 (79%) were BRCA1; of the 20 BRCA1 patients, 11 (55%) had TNBC; and of 15 SFH patients, 14 (93%) had non-TNBCs (P = 0.007). Invasive ductal carcinomas (IDC) were 86% for TNBCs versus 43% for non-TNBCs (P = 0.010), G3 IDCs 71% versus 23% (P = 0.006), size 16 ± 5 mm versus 12 ± 6 mm (P = 0.007). TNBC patients had more frequent ipsilateral mastectomy (79% vs. 43% for non-TNBCs, P = 0.050), contralateral prophylactic mastectomy (43% vs. 10%, P = 0.019), and adjuvant chemotherapy (100% vs. 44%, P < 0.001). The 5-year overall survival was 86% ± 9% for TNBCs versus 93% ± 5% (P = 0.946) for non-TNBCs; 5-year disease-free survival was 77% ± 12% versus 76% ± 8% (P = 0.216).

Conclusions: In high-risk women, by combining an MRI-including annual screening with adequate treatment, the usual reported gap in outcome between TNBCs and non-TNBCs could be reduced. Clin Cancer Res; 22(4); 895–904. ©2015 AACR.
Mesothelin-Targeted CARs: Driving T Cells to Solid Tumors
Authors: Morello Aurore , Sadelain Michel , Adusumilli Prasad S.
Published: October 2015

Chimeric antigen receptors (CAR) are synthetic receptors that target T cells to cell-surface antigens and augment T-cell function and persistence. Mesothelin is a cell-surface antigen implicated in tumor invasion, which is highly expressed in mesothelioma and lung, pancreas, breast, ovarian, and other cancers. Its low-level expression in mesothelia, however, commands thoughtful therapeutic interventions. Encouragingly, recent clinical trials evaluating active immunization or immunoconjugates in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma or mesothelioma have shown responses without toxicity. Altogether, these findings and preclinical CAR therapy models using either systemic or regional T-cell delivery argue favorably for mesothelin CAR therapy in multiple solid tumors.

Significance: Recent success obtained with adoptive transfer of CAR T cells targeting CD19 in patients with refractory hematologic malignancies has generated much enthusiasm for T-cell engineering and raises the prospect of implementing similar strategies for solid tumors. Mesothelin is expressed in a wide range and a high percentage of solid tumors, which we review here in detail. Mesothelin CAR therapy has the potential to treat multiple solid malignancies. Cancer Discov; 6(2); 133–46. ©2015 AACR.
Ontogenetic Change in the Regional Distribution of Dehydroepiandrosterone-Synthesizing Enzyme and the Glucocorticoid Receptor in the Brain of the Spiny Mouse (Acomys cahirinus)
Authors: Quinn Tracey A. , Ratnayake Udani , Dickinson Hayley , Castillo-Melendez Margie , Walker David W.
Published: October 2015

The androgen dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has trophic and anti-glucocorticoid actions on brain growth. The adrenal gland of the spiny mouse (Acomys cahirinus) synthesizes DHEA. The aim of this study was to determine whether the brain of this precocial species is also able to produce DHEA de novo during fetal, neonatal and adult life. The expression of P450c17 and cytochrome b5 (Cytb5), the enzyme and accessory protein responsible for the synthesis of DHEA, was determined in fetal, neonatal and adult brains by immunocytochemistry, and P450c17 bioactivity was determined by the conversion of pregnenolone to DHEA. Homogenates of fetal brain produced significantly more DHEA after 48 h in culture (22.46 ± 2.0 ng/mg tissue) than adult brain homogenates (5.04 ± 2.0 ng/mg tissue; p < 0.0001). P450c17 and Cytb5 were co-expressed in fetal neurons but predominantly in oligodendrocytes and white matter tracts in the adult brain. Because DHEA modulates glucocorticoids actions, the expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) was also determined. In the brainstem, medulla, midbrain, and cerebellum, the predominant GR localization changed from neurons in the fetal brain to oligodendrocytes and white matter tracts in the adult brain. The change of expression of P450c17, Cytb5 and GR proteins with cell type, brain region and developmental age indicates that DHEA is an endogenous neurosteroid in this species that may have important trophic and stress-modifying actions during both prenatal and postnatal life.
Neuroprotective Effects of 17β-Estradiol against Thrombin-Induced Apoptosis in Primary Cultured Cortical Neurons
Authors: Bao Lei , Zhou Su , Zhao Hui , Zu Jie , He Qianqian , Ye Xinchun , Cui Guiyun
Published: October 2015

Aims: 17β-estradiol (E2) is a powerful neuroprotective agent in the central nervous system; however, little is known about its effects on intracerebral hemorrhage. This study examined the effects of E2 on thrombin-induced apoptosis in vitro and investigated the potential mechanisms. Methods: Primary cultured cortical neurons were treated with E2 or vehicle and then the cells were exposed to thrombin. Neuronal apoptosis was assessed by flow cytometry. The phosphorylated c-Jun-N-terminal kinase (p-JNK), phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 (p-ERK1/2), B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax) and caspase-3 were assayed by western blot. Results: Consequently, we found that E2 has significantly reduced the apoptosis in thrombin-treated neurons. E2 also exhibited a downregulation in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, caspase-3 and p-JNK. However, E2 had little effect on p-ERK1/2 proteins activation. Conclusion: Taken together, E2 has shown neuroprotective effects on thrombin-induced neuronal apoptosis, and the molecular mechanisms may correlate with the inhibition of the JNK signaling pathway.
Gap Analysis between Perceptions and Expectations of Medical-Surgical Patients in a Public Hospital in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al-Momani Mohammed Mahmoud
Published: October 2015

Objectives: To investigate patients' satisfaction with nursing care by measuring the gap between patients' expectations of care and perceptions of the actual care provided and to identify the areas of nursing care that need improvement. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among patients who were admitted to the Departments of Medicine and Surgery at King Saud Medical City, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. A modified Service Quality (SERVQUAL) instrument was adapted to collect information from a convenience sample of 432 patients from November 25, 2012, to February 3, 2013. The instrument comprised 22 pairs of questions assessing 5 dimensions of the nursing care provided to patients during hospitalizations. The mean patient expectations and perceptions as well as the gap score values for each dimension of nursing service were tested for differences between the mean scores of the sample at a level of significance of 0.05 using a t test. Results: The gap score for all of the 5 dimensions of nursing services were: responsiveness, -1.71; reliability, -1.48; tangibles, -1.36; assurance, -1.26, and empathy, -0.96. Service quality across the dimensions of responsiveness and reliability was statistically significant (p < 0.05). This result indicated that patients were not satisfied with the nursing service quality in relation to all dimensions. Conclusion: Our study showed negative gaps for the 5 nursing service quality dimensions evaluated. This could provide nurses with information about the aspects of nursing care that promote more positive patient outcomes and satisfaction.
Causes of Death Data in the Global Burden of Disease Estimates for Ischemic and Hemorrhagic Stroke
Authors: Truelsen Thomas , Krarup Lars-Henrik , Iversen Helle K. , Mensah George A. , Feigin Valery L. , Sposato Luciano A. , Naghavi Mohsen
Published: October 2015

Background: Stroke mortality estimates in the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study are based on routine mortality statistics and redistribution of ill-defined codes that cannot be a cause of death, the so-called ‘garbage codes' (GCs). This study describes the contribution of these codes to stroke mortality estimates. Methods: All available mortality data were compiled and non-specific cause codes were redistributed based on literature review and statistical methods. Ill-defined codes were redistributed to their specific cause of disease by age, sex, country and year. The reassignment was done based on the International Classification of Diseases and the pathology behind each code by checking multiple causes of death and literature review. Results: Unspecified stroke and primary and secondary hypertension are leading contributing ‘GCs' to stroke mortality estimates for hemorrhagic stroke (HS) and ischemic stroke (IS). There were marked differences in the fraction of death assigned to IS and HS for unspecified stroke and hypertension between GBD regions and between age groups. Conclusions: A large proportion of stroke fatalities are derived from the redistribution of ‘unspecified stroke' and ‘hypertension' with marked regional differences. Future advancements in stroke certification, data collections and statistical analyses may improve the estimation of the global stroke burden.
How rude can Socrates be? A note on Phaedrus 228a5-b6
Authors: Zingano Marco
Published: October 2015

In Phaedrus 228a5-6, Socrates recollects what Phaedrus has just said about his meeting with Lysias. In this passage, 228b5 εἰ μὴ πάνυ τι ἦν μακρός is traditionally read as an independent sentence, saying that Phaedrus is able to learn by heart a discourse unless it is not a bit too long. So read it would make Socrates behave in a rude way, as he gratuitously reminds us that Phaedrus’ ability to retain discourses is pretty limited. But when εἰ μή is governed by a swearing such as 228b4 νὴ τὸν κύνα, it has emphatic force, meaning, in this case, that Lysias’ discourse was in fact a bit too long. When the sentence is read according to this syntactical device, Socrates is not at all rude towards his friend Phaedrus; he is just teasing him and mocking rhetorical techniques in passing.
Cuando el pez torpedo nos pone a pensar Consideraciones sobre un libro reciente de Gail Fine
Authors: Motta Alfonso Correa
Published: October 2015

Fine, Gail. The Possibility of Inquiry: Meno’s Paradox from Socrates to Sextus. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014. ix + 399 p. US $ 85.00 (hb). ISBN 978-0-19-957739-2.
O Balanço do ESQUINA: a Trajetória de um Grupo no Âmbito da Extensão Universitária
Authors: Brêtas Angela , Vieira Andréia Laurita
Published: October 2015

Neste trabalho apresentamos e discutimos as ações do Grupo ESQUINA: Cidade, Lazer e Animação Cultural ao longo de seis anos de existência. Atuando no âmbito da Extensão Universitária, tem como bases teóricas os estudos do lazer, como ferramenta pedagógica a animação cultural e o cinema como ponto de partida para suas intervenções.
Coleta Seletiva, Educação Ambiental e Promoção do Trabalho Decente em Ribeirão Preto (SP): Conquistas, Reveses e Desafios
Authors: Ponzilacqua Márcio Henrique Pereira , Primon Ana Gabriela De Melo , Santos Caroline Pereira dos
Published: October 2015

O artigo reflete conquistas, reveses e desafios do projeto de cultura e extensão universitária da FDRP-USP com eixo na política de resíduos sólidos e no trabalho decente de apoio à Cooperativa de Agentes Ambientais Mãos Dadas, que gerencia os recicláveis de Ribeirão Preto, articulada com cerca de 15 instituições, dentre as quais a USP. O projeto conta com bolsistas cuja atuação engloba a realização de oficinas com os cooperados, objetivando a otimização do trabalho cooperativo e o resgate da autoestima dos cooperados. Participaram de reuniões do Conselho Municipal de Defesa do Meio Ambiente em vista da consolidação de direitos fundamentais desses indivíduos. As ações do projeto consistem em processos dialogados, participativos e de construção coletiva de enfrentamento dos desafios, em perspectiva sociojurídica e ambiental. Houve resistência das instâncias de poder público na oitiva demanda, quer pelos óbices burocráticos apresentados, quer por razões de interesse político-eleitoreiro. As ações realizadas contribuíram para o empoderamento das lideranças da cooperativa. A situação crítica vem se revertendo recentemente graças à rede de solidariedade e pressão que se formou em torno do projeto de cooperativismo. Os participantes realizam diagnóstico contínuo dos desafios e fomentam novos caminhos e soluções socioambientais.
Downregulation of Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2–Related Factor and Associated Antioxidant Genes Contributes to Redox-Sensitive Vascular Dysfunction in Hypertension
Authors: Lopes Rhéure A. , Neves Karla B. , Tostes Rita C. , Montezano Augusto C. , Touyz Rhian M.
Published: October 2015

Oxidative stress is implicated in vascular dysfunction in hypertension. Although mechanisms regulating vascular pro-oxidants are emerging, there is a paucity of information on antioxidant systems, particularly nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor (Nrf2), a master regulator of antioxidants enzymes. We evaluated the vascular regulatory role of Nrf2 in hypertension and examined molecular mechanisms, whereby Nrf2 influences redox signaling in small arteries and vascular smooth muscle cells from Wistar Kyoto (WKY) and stroke-prone spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRSP). Cells were stimulated with angiotensin II in the absence/presence of Nrf2 activators (bardoxolone/L-sulforaphane). Increased vascular reactive oxygen species production (chemiluminescence and amplex red) was associated with reduced Nrf2 activity in arteries (18%) and vascular smooth muscle cells (48%) in SHRSP (
P
<0.05 versus WKY). Expression of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase-1 (64%), catalase (60%), peroxiredoxin 1 (75%), and glutathione peroxidase (54%), was reduced in SHRSP. L-sulforaphane reversed these effects. Angiotensin II increased nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 in vascular smooth muscle cells from WKY (197% versus vehicle), with blunted effects in SHRSP (44% versus vehicle). These responses were associated with increased antioxidant expression (superoxide dismutase-1, 32%; catalase, 42%; thioredoxin, 71%; peroxiredoxin, 1%–90%; quinone oxidoreductase, 84%;
P
<0.05 versus vehicle) and increased activity of superoxide dismutase-1, catalase, and thioredoxin in WKY but not in SHRSP, which exhibited increased Bach1 expression. Nrf2 activators blocked angiotensin II–induced reactive oxygen species generation. Vascular function demonstrated increased contractility (
E
max
WKY 113.4±5.6 versus SHRSP 159.0±8.3) and decreased endothelial-dependent relaxation (
E
max
WKY 88.6±3.1 versus SHRSP 74.6±3.2,
P
<0.05) in SHRSP, effects corrected by L-sulforaphane. Our findings suggest that Nrf2 downregulation contributes to redox-sensitive vascular dysfunction in hypertension.
Incidence of Venous Thromboembolism and Benefits and Risks of Thromboprophylaxis After Cardiac Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Ho Kwok M. , Bham Ebrahim , Pavey Warren
Published: October 2015

Background

Optimal thromboprophylaxis after cardiac surgery is uncertain. This systematic review aimed to define the incidence and risk factors for deep vein thrombosis (
DVT
), fatal and nonfatal pulmonary embolism (
PE
), and assess whether venous thromboembolism (
VTE
) prophylaxis was effective in reducing
VTE
without complications after cardiac surgery.

Methods and Results

Two reviewers independently searched and assessed the quality and outcomes of randomized, controlled trials (
RCT
s) and observational studies on
VTE
after cardiac surgery in the
MEDLINE
,
EMBASE
, and Cochrane controlled trial register (1966 to December 2014). Sixty‐eight studies provided data on
VTE
outcomes or complications related to thromboprophylaxis after cardiac surgery. The majority of the studies were observational studies (n=49), 16 studies were
RCT
s, and 3 were meta‐analyses.
VTE
prophylaxis was associated with a reduced risk of
PE
(relative risk [
RR
], 0.45; 95% confidence interval [
CI
], 0.28–0.72;
P
=0.0008) or symptomatic
VTE
(
RR
, 0.44; 95%
CI
, 0.28–0.71;
P
=0.0006) compared to the control without significant heterogeneity. Median incidence (interquartile range) of symptomatic
DVT
,
PE
, and fatal
PE
were 3.2% (0.6–8.1), 0.6% (0.3–2.9), and 0.3% (0.08–1.7), respectively. Previous history of
VTE
, obesity, left or right ventricular failure, and prolonged bed rest, mechanical ventilation, or use of a central venous catheter were common risk factors for
VTE
. Bleeding or cardiac tamponade requiring reoperation owing to pharmacological
VTE
prophylaxis alone, without systemic anticoagulation, was not observed.

Conclusions

Unless proven otherwise by adequately powered
RCT
s, initiating pharmacological
VTE
prophylaxis as soon as possible after cardiac surgery for patients who have no active bleeding is highly recommended.
Description and phylogeny of a new prostomatid, Metacystis similis nov. spec. (Protista, Ciliophora) from the East China Sea
Authors: ZHANG XIUMEI , JI DAODE , ZHANG QIANQIAN , LI CHENGHUA
Published: October 2015

The living morphology and infraciliature of a new marine prostomatid, Metacystis similis nov. spec., have been observed and investigated. Based on both morphological and molecular biological data, several closely-related and easily confused taxa were compared. The diagnosis for this new taxon: cylindrical marine Metacystis with a slightly blunt anterior end, in vivo 50–70 x 18–23 μm; body not loricate, uniformly cinctured by 16–18 transverse rings of cilia, which are also arranged in 32–36 longitudinal kineties; oral apparatus consisting of one circumoral dikinety and six girdles of densely packed monokinetids; single spherical macronucleus located in the center of the body; caudal region possessing one transparent, protruding hemicycle terminal vacuole. Information concerning the small-subunit rRNA gene sequence of the new species was also provided.
A Case Study of Radar Observations and WRF LES Simulations of the Impact of Ground-Based Glaciogenic Seeding on Orographic Clouds and Precipitation. Part II: AgI Dispersion and Seeding Signals Simulated by WRF
Authors: Xue Lulin , Chu Xia , Rasmussen Roy , Breed Daniel , Geerts Bart
Published: October 2015

Several Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model simulations of natural and seeded clouds have been conducted in non-LES and LES (large-eddy simulation) modes to investigate the seeding impact on wintertime orographic clouds for an actual seeding case on 18 February 2009 in the Medicine Bow Mountains of Wyoming. Part I of this two-part series has shown the capability of WRF LES with 100-m grid spacing to capture the essential environmental conditions by comparing the model results with measurements from a variety of instruments. In this paper, the silver iodide (AgI) dispersion features, the AgI impacts on the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), the microphysics, and the precipitation are examined in detail using the model data, which leads to five main results. 1) The vertical dispersion of AgI particles is more efficient in cloudy conditions than in clear conditions. 2) The wind shear and the buoyancy are both important TKE production mechanisms in the wintertime PBL over complex terrain in cloudy conditions. The buoyancy-induced eddies are more responsible for the AgI vertical dispersion than the shear-induced eddies are. 3) Seeding has insignificant effects on the cloud dynamics. 4) AgI particles released from the ground-based generators affect the cloud within the boundary layer below 1 km AGL through nucleating extra ice crystals, converting liquid water into ice, depleting more vapor, and generating more precipitation on the ground. The AgI nucleation rate is inversely related to the natural ice nucleation rate. 5) The seeding effects on the ground precipitation are confined within narrow areas. The relative seeding effect ranges between 5% and 20% for the simulations with different grid spacing.
Climatology of Polar Lows over the Sea of Japan Using the JRA-55 Reanalysis
Authors: Yanase Wataru , Niino Hiroshi , Watanabe Shun-ichi I. , Hodges Kevin , Zahn Matthias , Spengler Thomas , Gurvich Irina A.
Published: October 2015

Polar lows are intense meso-α-scale cyclones that develop over the oceans poleward of the main baroclinic zone. A number of previous studies have reported polar low formation over the Sea of Japan within the East Asian winter monsoon. To understand the climatology of polar lows over the Sea of Japan, a tracking algorithm for polar lows is applied to the recent JRA-55 reanalysis. The polar low tracking is applied to 36 cold seasons (October–March) from October 1979 to March 2015. The polar lows over the Sea of Japan reach their maximum intensity on the southeastern side of the midline between the Japanese islands and the Asian continent. Consistent with previous case studies, composite analysis demonstrates that the polar low development is associated with the enhanced northerly flow on the western side of a synoptic-scale extratropical cyclone, with the cold trough in the midtroposphere and with increased heat fluxes from the sea surface. Furthermore, the present climatological study has revealed two dominant directions of motion of the polar lows: southward and eastward. Southward-moving polar lows are steered by a strong northerly flow in the lower troposphere, which is enhanced on the western side of synoptic-scale extratropical cyclones, while the eastward-moving polar lows occur within a planetary-scale westerly flow in the midlatitudes. Thus, the direction of polar low motion reflects the difference in planetary- and synoptic-scale conditions.
Parameterization of Langmuir Circulation in the Ocean Mixed Layer Model Using LES and Its Application to the OGCM
Authors: Noh Yign , Ok Hyejin , Lee Eunjeong , Toyoda Takahiro , Hirose Naoki
Published: October 2015

The effect of Langmuir circulation (LC) on vertical mixing is parameterized in the ocean mixed layer model (OMLM), based on the analysis of large-eddy simulation (LES) results. Parameterization of LC effects is carried out in terms of the modifications of the mixing length scale as well as the inclusion of the contribution from the Stokes force in momentum and TKE equations. The performance of the new OMLM is examined by comparing with LES results, together with sensitivity tests for empirical constants used in the parameterization. The new OMLM is then applied to the ocean general circulation model (OGCM) Meteorological Research Institute Community Ocean Model (MRI.COM), and its effect is investigated. The new OMLM helps to correct too shallow mixed layer depths (MLDs) in the high-latitude ocean, which has been a common error in most OGCMs, without making the thermocline in the tropical ocean more diffused. The parameterization of LC effects is found to affect mainly the high-latitude ocean, in which the MLD is shallow in summer and stratification is weak in winter.