bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A model for tidal motion and level in the Tay Estuary
Authors: Gunn D. J. , Yenigun O.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

A new mathematical model has been constructed for tidal motion and level in the Tay Estuary. The model is based upon the two-dimensional vertically integrated equations of motion and gives two-dimensional vector velocities and levels from the rail bridge to the Bar, about 5 km east of Buddon Ness. The extent of the model outside the mouth of the Tay is 3 km north of Buddon Ness and 7 km south. The equations of motion are expressed in the form of central differences in space and solved explicitly in time using the Local Integral Method. The emergence and submergence of drying zones in the estuary are calculated during the tidal cycle. A representation of the hydrodynamic resistance of the road bridge was included in the model.

The boundary conditions for the model were based upon estimates of river flows at the western entrance and tidal levels at the eastern, northern and southern boundaries. Boundary conditions at the eastern end of the model presented considerable complexities because of the presence of an amphidromic system to the south of the Norwegian coast. The final solution adopted was to choose tidal levels along the easterly boundaries to give velocities in the outer estuary that agreed with available tidal atlases of the region.

Velocities and levels at intervals of 250 m for the period of a tide show the prevalent shoaling conditions over the estuary combined during certain periods with conditions of high velocity, giving very difficult approaches to the River Tay.
Monitoring the effects of the disposal at sea of Lothian Region sewage sludge
Authors: Moore D. C. , Davies I. M.
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

Until the late 1970s Edinburgh and the surrounding areas employed a series of relatively short sea outfalls to dispose of sewage to tidal waters. A centralised sewage treatment facility was provided in 1977, with disposal of liquid effluent by long sea outfall. The residual wet solids are dumped at two sites in the North Sea off the Firth of Forth. The sites, one near Bell Rock (56 25N 02 10W) and one ten miles north of St Abb's Head (56 04·5N 02 07·25W) are used on a rotational basis. The macrofauna at both sites shows a normal polychaete-dominated community exhibiting the normal low number/high diversity characteristics of many unimpacted communities in the North Sea. In general, seasonal differences in mean concentrations of lead, copper and zinc in sediments were small and within the limits of statistical variation. The concentrations of mercury and cadmium were mainly low and close to the detection limits of the analytical methods employed. The monitoring data from Bell Rock and St Abb's Head demonstrate that the dumping operation has had little effect on the benthic environment and that the macrobenthos showed no signs of stress due to the addition of sewage sludge.
The seals of the Forth, Scotland
Authors: Harwood J. , Wyile O. Geraldine
Published: May 2019

Synopsis

Although common seals (Phoca vitulina L.) do occur in the Firth of Forth, the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus Fab.) is by far the most abundant species in the area. Some pups are born along the north shore of the outer firth but the vast majority are born on the Isle of May. This colony has increased in size from less than twenty-five pups in 1975 to more than 900 in 1986. Studies using conventional and radio tags indicate that many of the seals at the Isle of May originally came from the colony at the Farne Islands, off the Northumberland coast. Information from the Fame Islands population is used to predict future changes at the Isle of May. If current trends continue, more than 2000 pups could be born each year by the end of the century. However, it seems unlikely that this will occur. Management methods for controlling habitat damage are discussed.
A study to assess the performance of an “X-ray powder diffraction with Rietveld” approach for measuring the crystalline and amorphous components of inhalable dust collected on aerosol sampling filters
Authors: Stacey P.
Published: May 2019

This work was undertaken in preparation for a survey to assess the exposure of carpenters to hazardous dust working in construction. Inhalable dust, in this industry, was expected to contain both crystalline mineral and amorphous phases (wood dust). The Rietveld method was applied to provide a simultaneous multicomponent analysis. To assess its performance, mixtures of aerosolised calcite, gypsum, quartz, kaolinite, and wood dust were collected onto quartz fibre filters (n = 41) using the Button inhalable sampler. Results obtained using Rietveld were compared with loaded mass and those from external standard calibrations. The measured content of a component in 14 samples was used as an internal standard by Rietveld to determine amorphous content (wood). The performance of the Rietveld and external standard methods was similar. The 95% confidence interval for the absolute differences between the two methods was 15%. Only one relative difference of more than 15% had a mass loading >0.5 mg. An approach for assessing the limits of detection with relative intensity ratios was applied and gave comparable values with the usual method using calibration coefficients from the external standard method. Rietveld is therefore a potentially useful multicomponent method for the measurement of dust aerosol to help better understand workers' exposures.
Supply Growth and Dairy Industry Deregulation
Authors: Chang Ching-Cheng , Stefanou Spiro E.
Published: May 2019

Optimal control models of aggregate milk supply and demand behavior are used to describe the optimal phasing of the deregulatory dairy price support in the presence of supply growth. Producers are assumed to face costs of adjustment, and are myopic with respect to price expectations and the adoption of the new quasi-fixed factor augmenting technology.
Allocative Implications of Comparisons Between the Marginal Costs of Point and Nonpoint Source Pollution Abatement
Authors: Shortle James S.
Published: May 2019

This paper examines the possible use of information on the relative marginal costs of point and nonpoint source water pollution abatement to assess the efficiency implications of shifting a greater portion of the burden for water quality protection to nonpoint sources. The inherent uncertainty about the effects of changes in resource allocation for nonpoint pollution abatement on nonpoint pollution loads is recognized in the analysis. This uncertainty is shown to result in significant limitations on the use of marginal cost comparisons even when point and nonpoint pollutants are perfect substitutes.
Supply Response in the Northeastern Fresh Tomato Market
Authors: Lopez Rigoberto A. , Munoz Arnold O.
Published: May 2019

This paper examines the forces that affected the Northeastern fresh tomato supply in the post-WWII period. A simultaneous equation model is developed which incorporates a composite price expectation model, supply response, and factors affecting regional price. Findings reveal that data are consistent with the Rational Expectation Hypothesis. Urban pressure played a major role in shifting supply response while shipments from competing areas had a modest impact on regional production or price. The positive elasticity of producers' revenue with respect to local production highlights the aggregate benefits of increasing yields.
Resource Endowments and Anomalies in International Trade Patterns: A Study of India, Japan and the U.S.A.
Authors: Batabyal Amitrajeet A.
Published: May 2019

The pure theory of international trade, in its most elementary form, is predicated on differences in resource endowments between different countries. It has been argued, most notably by the Swedish economist Bertil Ohlin, that the existence of such inter-country differences in resource endowments explain the comparative cost differences between the factors of production, and hence the prevalence of trade. In the mid 1950's though, W. W. Leontiev's findings with regard to the nature of U.S. trade gave rise to considerable controversy because of the paradoxical nature of the findings. In this paper, the findings of Leontiev are examined and the seemingly anomalous trade patterns of India and Japan are also explored. It will be seen that while the Heckscher-Ohlin Theorem (to be explained) still holds, resource endowments in themselves are never a complete explanation of trade patterns.
A Lawyers’ View of Special Education: Past, Present and Future
Authors: Hayes Robert , Macalpine Susan
Published: May 2019

Richard Nixon was moved to exclaim that: “writing is the toughest thing I have ever done”. We feel similarly daunted at the prospect of writing about the legal system’s miserly treatment of children in need of special schooling. But at least we will be saved in our endeavours from the temptation of the lawyers’ notorious prolixity. For the story is a short and simple one. It will be very difficult to make it long and complicated.

There is no doubt that a great deal has been achieved in special education over the past few years. We can only speak of the Sydney and Melbourne metropolitan areas. But it is probably true to say that in them, most children with disabilities can be reasonably sure of receiving a high quality education in an educational setting which is well provided with resources. But this is because it is currently Government policy in these States to provide disabled children with a place in a mainstream school, where this is feasible.
Instrumental Enrichment: A Strategy for Modifying Cognitive Ability
Authors: Yates Shirley M.
Published: May 2019

In recent years much interest has been expressed about the possibilities of teaching thinking skills to special education populations. Instrumental Enrichment (IE) is a programme designed to achieve significant modification in cognitive abilities in retarded adolescents (Feuerstein, Rand, Hoffman & Miller, 1980). The purpose of this paper is to attempt to review the major concepts and philosophy underlying IE, and consider the available research that has been published by way of evaluation of the programme.
Computer-based Learning Environments for Children with Special Needs
Authors: Williams Anne
Published: May 2019

How can we use computers effectively? This paper, which is intended for teachers already using computers in their classrooms, outlines and discusses three approaches to using and managing microcomputers with children who have special learning needs. The approaches describe computer-based classroom learning environments for children with a range of learning difficulties and are based on classroom work with children at D’Alton Special School, Hobart. Responses from some children working in these environments are also discussed.
WELFARE EFFECTS OF PATENT PROTECTION IN A GROWTH MODEL WITH R&D AND CAPITAL ACCUMULATION
Authors: Yang Yibai
Published: May 2019

This study explores the welfare effects of patent protection in a Romer-type expanding variety model in which R&D and capital accumulation are both engines of growth. It shows that the comparison between the productivity of R&D and that of capital plays an important role in the welfare analysis. When the relative productivity of R&D compared to capital is high (low), social welfare takes an inverted-U shape for (is decreasing in) the strength of patent protection, and the welfare-maximizing degree of patent protection is no greater than (identical to) the growth-maximizing degree. Moreover, the model is calibrated to the US economy and the numerical results support these welfare implications.
Eating frequency and weight status in Portuguese children aged 3–9 years: results from the cross-sectional National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2015–2016
Authors: Vilela Sofia , Correia Daniela , Severo Milton , Oliveira Andreia , Torres Duarte , Lopes Carla ,   and the IAN-AF Consortium
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To evaluate daily eating frequency (main meals and snacks) in relation to weight status in children aged 3–9 years, representative of the Portuguese population.

Design:

Cross-sectional study. Dietary intake was estimated as the mean of two non-consecutive days of food diaries, followed by face-to-face interviews. Weight and height were measured by trained observers. Eating occasions (EO) were defined by the children’s caregiver; an EO was considered separate if the time of consumption was different from other EO and it provided at least 209 kJ (50 kcal). Main meals defined as ‘breakfast’, ‘lunch’ and ‘dinner’ could be selected only once per day. The remaining EO were considered snacks. The association between eating frequency and overweight/obesity was evaluated through logistic regressions weighted for the population distribution.

Setting:

National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey of the Portuguese population, 2015–2016.

Participants:

Portuguese children aged 3–9 years with complete dietary data and anthropometric measurements (n 517).

Results:

Overall, the number of daily EO ranged from 3·5 to 11, and on average children had 5·7 daily EO. After adjustment for child’s sex, age and total energy intake, and considering only plausible energy intake reporters, having < 3 snacks/d was positively associated with being overweight/obese (OR = 1·98; 95 % CI 1·00, 3·90), compared with having ≥ 3 snacks/d.

Conclusions:

Lower daily frequency of EO was associated with increased odds of being overweight or obese in children. A higher eating frequency, maintaining the same energy intake, seems to contribute to a healthy body weight in children.
Development and testing of the FRESH Foods Survey to assess food pantry clients’ dietary behaviours and correlates
Authors: Calloway Eric E , Seligman Hilary K , Boyd Lisa W , Stern Katie L , Rosenmoss Sophie , Yaroch Amy L
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To use cognitive interviewing and pilot testing to develop a survey instrument feasible for administering in the food pantry setting to assess daily intake frequency from several major food groups and dietary correlates (e.g. fruit and vegetable barriers) – the FRESH Foods Survey.

Design:

New and existing survey items were adapted and refined following cognitive interviews. After piloting the survey with food pantry users in the USA, preliminary psychometric and construct validity analyses were performed.

Setting:

Three US food banks and accompanying food pantries in Atlanta, GA, San Diego, CA, and Buffalo, NY.

Participants:

Food pantry clients (n 246), mostly female (68 %), mean age 54·5 (sd 14·7) years.

Results:

Measures of dietary correlates performed well psychometrically: Cronbach’s α range 0·71–0·90, slope (α) parameter range 1·26–6·36, and threshold parameters (β) indicated variability in the ‘difficulty’ of the items. Additionally, all scales had only one eigenvalue above 1·0 (range 2·07–4·71), indicating unidimensionality. Average (median, Q1–Q3) daily intakes (times/d) across six dietary groups were: fruits and vegetables (2·87, 1·87–4·58); junk foods (1·16, 0·58–2·16); fast foods and similar entrées (1·45, 0·58–2·03); whole-grain foods (0·87, 0·58–1·71); sugar-sweetened beverages (0·58, 0·29–1·29); milk and milk alternatives (0·71, 0·29–1·29). Significant correlations between dietary groups and dietary correlates were largely in the directions expected based on the literature, giving initial indication of convergent and discriminant validity.

Conclusions:

The FRESH Foods Survey is efficient, tailored to food pantry populations, can be used to monitor dietary behaviours and may be useful to measure intervention impact.
Television food and beverage marketing to children in Costa Rica: current state and policy implications
Authors: Zamora-Corrales Irina , Jensen Melissa L , Vandevijvere Stefanie , Ramírez-Zea Manuel , Kroker-Lobos María F
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To examine the frequency of television (TV) food and beverage advertisements (F&B ads) to which children (4–11 years) are likely exposed and the nutrient profile of products advertised.

Design:

TV broadcasting between September and November 2016 was recorded (288 h of children’s programming; 288 h of family programming) resulting in 8980 advertisements, of which 1862 were F&B ads. Of those, 1473 could be classified into one of the seventeen food groups, and into permitted/non-permitted according to the WHO-EU nutrient profile model. Persuasive marketing techniques used were also identified.

Setting:

TV programming was recorded for four weekdays and four weekend days, between 06.00 and 00.00 hours (576 total hours), for four channels (two national and two cable), in Costa Rica.

Results:

Mean (sd) number of F&B ads/h was greater in cable than national channels (3·7 (0·4)v. 2·8 (0·4),P< 0·05) and during children’s peak viewing hours (4·4 (0·4)v. 2·9 (0·3)). Of F&B ads classified with WHO-EU nutrient profile model (n1473, 71·1 %), 91·1 % were non-permitted to be marketed to children. Categories most frequently advertised were ready-made/convenience foods (16 %), chocolates/confectionery/desserts (15 %), breakfast cereals (14 %), beverages (15 %), edible ices (9 %) and salty snacks (8 %). Non-permitted F&B ads were more likely to use promotional characters, brand benefit claims, and nutrition and health claims than permitted F&B ads.

Conclusions:

Children watching popular TV channels in Costa Rica are exposed to a high number of unhealthy F&B ads daily. Our findings help justify the need for regulatory actions by national authorities.
National Dietary Guidelines of Greece for children and adolescents: a tool for promoting healthy eating habits
Authors: Kastorini Christina-Maria , Critselis Elena , Zota Dina , Coritsidis Alexandra L , Nagarajan Meera K , Papadimitriou Eleni , Belogianni Katerina , Benetou Vassiliki , Linos Athena ,   on behalf of the Greek National Dietary Guidelines Scientific Team
Published: May 2019

Objective:

Dietary guidelines are an essential policy tool for facilitating optimal dietary patterns and healthy eating behaviours. We report: (i) the methodological approach adopted for developing the National Dietary Guidelines of Greece (NDGGr) for Infants, Children and Adolescents; and (ii) the guidelines for children aged 1–18 years.

Design:

An evidence-based approach was employed to develop food-based recommendations according to the methodologies of the WHO, FAO and European Food Safety Authority. Physical activity recommendations were also compiled. Food education, healthy eating tips and suggestions were also provided.

Setting:

The NDGGr encompass food-based nutritional and physical activity recommendations for promoting healthy dietary patterns and eating behaviours and secondarily to serve as a helpful tool for the prevention of childhood overweight and obesity.

Results:

The NDGGr include food-based recommendations, food education and health promotion messages regarding: (i) fruits; (ii) vegetables; (iii) milk and dairy products; (iv) cereals; (v) red and white meat; (vi) fish and seafood; (vii) eggs; (viii) legumes; (ix) added lipids, olives, and nuts; (x) added sugars and salt; (xi) water and beverages, and (xii) physical activity. A Nutrition Wheel, consisting of the ten most pivotal key messages, was developed to enhance the adoption of optimal dietary patterns and a healthy lifestyle. The NDGGr additionally provide recommendations regarding the optimal frequency and serving sizes of main meals, based on the traditional Greek diet.

Conclusions:

As a policy tool for promoting healthy eating, the NDGGr have been disseminated in public schools across Greece.
Estimating Step Heights from Top-Down SEM Images
Authors: Arat Kerim Tugrul , Bolten Jens , Zonnevylle Aernout Christiaan , Kruit Pieter , Hagen Cornelis Wouter
Published: May 2019

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is one of the most common inspection methods in the semiconductor industry and in research labs. To extract the height of structures using SEM images, various techniques have been used, such as tilting a sample, or modifying the SEM tool with extra sources and/or detectors. However, none of these techniques focused on extraction of height information directly from top-down images. In this work, using Monte Carlo simulations, we studied the relation between step height and the emission of secondary electrons (SEs) resulting from exposure with primary electrons at different energies. It is found that part of the SE signal, when scanning over a step edge, is determined by the step height rather than the geometry of the step edge. We present a way to quantify this, arriving at a method to determine the height of structures from top-down SEM images. The method is demonstrated on three different samples using two different SEM tools, and atomic force microscopy is used to measure the step height of the samples. The results obtained are in qualitative agreement with the results from the Monte Carlo simulations.
Street-Level Practice, Personalisation and Co-Production in Employability: Insights from Local Services with Lone Parents
Authors: Lindsay Colin , Pearson Sarah , Batty Elaine , Cullen Anne Marie , Eadson Will
Published: May 2019

Policymakers in the UK have promised to deliver personalised employability services for vulnerable jobseekers. However, unemployed people often describe their engagement with state-funded services as defined by: the offer of low cost, standardised job search services; and pressure to accept any job, irrespective of quality or appropriateness. This article argues that more progressive, co-produced alternatives are possible. We draw on an evaluation of local, third sector-led services targeting lone parents (LPs) in five local government areas in Scotland. Our research involved more than 100 in-depth interviews with both service providers and LPs. We find that partnership-oriented co-governance mechanisms facilitated collaborative approaches to the management of services and processes of co-production. LPs expressed positive views of the personalised services that were co-produced. We conclude that a commitment to collaboration and co-production may be more effective in promoting personalised services that are responsive to the needs of vulnerable groups.
Magnetospheric Dynamo Driving Large‐scale Birkeland Currents
Authors: Watanabe Masakazu , Tanaka Takashi , Fujita Shigeru
Published: May 2019

Based upon recent global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations, we provide a theoretical foundation for magnetospheric dynamos driving large‐scale field‐aligned current (FAC) systems. In the framework of MHD, the dynamo is a process in which plasma thermal energy is converted to electromagnetic energy. Theoretical analysis using ideal MHD equations indicates the existence of two types of dynamos that allow this energy conversion. One is the expanding slow dynamo associated with flux tube expansion, and the other is the contracting slow dynamo associated with flux tube contraction. The expanding slow is a stationary dynamo without significant magnetic field curvature, with the field intensity gradient playing a central role. In contrast, the contracting slow is a dynamo with finite time variation and finite magnetic field curvature. A supplementary MHD simulation in this study, together with those in the past studies, indicates the existence of a general relation between the main voltage generator (i.e., dynamo) and the main FAC generator (i.e., divergence of FACs) that appears commonly for large‐scale FAC systems.. That is, the dynamo overlaps the FAC generator in a specific spatial configuration and that at the transition between compressible high beta plasma and incompressible low beta plasma. This overlap represents a coupling of slow mode and Alfvén mode disturbances. We performed linear analysis of that special configuration using ideal MHD equations and derived the general expression relating the voltage generator and the FAC generator.
Carbon Monoxide Cycle in the Bohai Sea and the Yellow Sea: Spatial Variability, Sea‐Air Exchange, and Biological Consumption in Autumn
Authors: Zhang Jing , Wang Jing , Zhuang Guang‐Chao , Yang Gui‐Peng
Published: May 2019

As an important trace gas, carbon monoxide (CO) is considered to be mainly released by the ocean into the atmosphere. To further understand the role of the marginal seas for marine CO emission, we investigated sea‐to‐air flux and spatial distribution as well as biological consumption of CO using the Yellow and Bohai Seas as research objects. In the surface water, CO concentrations varied largely between 0.109 and 6.26 nmol/L. Strong vertical and diurnal variabilities were also observed, which could be attributed to the sunlight‐induced photochemical production of CO at different sampling time and depth. The atmospheric CO mixing ratios generally decreased from the coast to the open ocean, possibly due to the influence of anthropogenic activity. Relative to atmospheric CO, the concentrations of CO were mostly supersaturated in the surface water, suggesting that both the Bohai and the Yellow Seas were significant CO source in the atmosphere. Average sea‐to‐air flux of CO was about 1.76 μmol · m‐2 · day‐1, which largely depended on the saturation factor and wind speed. As an important removal pathway, microbial consumption of CO exhibited the first order kinetics. The rapid turnover of CO (3.2−9.6 hr) indicated that microbial metabolism was the major CO consumer in the surface waters that could significantly regulate the emission of CO to the atmosphere. Overall, this study improved our understanding of the biogeochemical CO cycling in marginal seas as well as in coastal regions.
Fault Geometries and Structures Associated With the Rupture Endpoints of the 2008Mw7.9 Wenchuan Earthquake, Eastern Tibet Plateau, China
Authors: Li Chuanyou , Li Xinnan , Wei Zhanyu
Published: May 2019

The 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (Mw7.9) initiated at the southern part of the Yingxiu‐Beichuan fault of the Longmen Shan fault zone, eastern Tibet Plateau. The earthquake rupture propagated northeast for ~300 km, producing dextral‐thrust slip along the fault zone. Numerous studies have documented the characteristics of the rupture zone; however, the exact endpoints and the termination structures at both ends remain poorly constrained. On the northeasternmost rupture section, the aftershock distribution extends ~50 km along strike past the end of the observed surface rupture, suggesting that the rupture may extend northeastward at depth. Our field observations show that the aftershock zone follows a NE‐trending linear trace indicative of an active fault at the surface and confirm that the Qingchuan fault, which is one of the faults of the northeastern Longmen Shan fault zone and is reported to have ruptured during the 2008 earthquake by some studies, did not rupture during the Wenchuan earthquake. Detailed investigations show that the rupture terminated at an area between the Qingchuan and the Bahai‐Yuquanba faults where these two faults bound a 10‐ to 20‐km wide mountain block. To the southwest, the southwesternmost end of the Wenchuan earthquake rupture zone terminated south of Sanjiang, where a NE‐trending 50‐cm high fault scarp marks the endpoint of the surface rupture. Our study suggests that fault step overs at the northeastern and southwestern segments may have acted as a barrier to rupture propagation and thus play an important role in controlling the rupture propagation but were not critical in terminating the rupture, whereas the cross structures and/or stratigraphy (complex or massifs) in the northeastern and southwestern rupture endpoints area appear to have controlled the rupture termination.
Strain Diffusion from the 30 October 2016 Norcia (Central Italy) Earthquake
Authors: Viti Marcello
Published: May 2019

We have modeled the propagation of the perturbation induced by the 30 October 2016 Norcia (Central Italy) earthquake by a two‐dimensional finite element procedure based on strain diffusion in the crust‐mantle system. This approach simulates the excitation of an elastic‐viscous medium by the coseismic slip related to the above seismic event. We have analyzed the temporal evolution of the expected planar strain and strain rate at selected points of the model, located near active fault systems of the Central and Northern Apennines. Moreover, the strain style (i.e., the ratio of the principal axes of the planar strain tensor) computed at each selected point is compared with available tectonic and seismological information concerning the active strain regime. Finally, we discuss the possible influence of postseismic strain perturbation on major fault systems of the Central and Northern Apennines.
Interplanetary Magnetic Field Control of Polar Ionospheric Equivalent Current System Modes
Authors: Shore R. M. , Freeman M. P. , Gjerloev J. W.
Published: May 2019

We analyze the response of different ionospheric equivalent current modes to variations in the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) componentsByandBz. Each mode comprises a fixed spatial pattern whose amplitude varies in time, identified by a month‐by‐month empirical orthogonal function separation of surface measured magnetic field variance. Here we focus on four sets of modes that have been previously identified as DPY, DP2, NBZ, and DP1. We derive the cross‐correlation function of each mode set with either IMFByorBzfor lags ranging from −10 to +600 mins with respect to the IMF state at the bow shock nose. For all four sets of modes, the average correlation can be reproduced by a sum of up to three linear responses to the IMF component, each centered on a different lag. These are interpreted as the statistical ionospheric responses to magnetopause merging (15‐ to 20‐min lag) and magnetotail reconnection (60‐min lag) and to IMF persistence. Of the mode sets, NBZ and DPY are the most predictable from a given IMF component, with DP1 (the substorm component) the least predictable. The proportion of mode variability explained by the IMF increases for the longer lags, thought to indicate conductivity feedbacks from substorms. In summary, we confirm the postulated physical basis of these modes and quantify their multiple reconfiguration timescales.
Inhibition of BRD4 suppresses the malignancy of breast cancer cells via regulation of Snail
Authors: Lu Linlin , Chen Zhuojia , Lin Xinyao , Tian Lin , Su Qiao , An Panpan , Li Wuguo , Wu Yingmin , Du Jun , Shan Hong , Chiang Cheng-Ming , Wang Hongsheng
Published: May 2019

The mechanistic action of bromodomain-containing protein 4 (BRD4) in cancer motility, including epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), remains largely undefined. We found that targeted inhibition of BRD4 reduces migration, invasion, in vivo growth of patient-derived xenograft (PDX), and lung colonization of breast cancer (BC) cells. Inhibition of BRD4 rapidly decreases the expression of Snail, a powerful EMT transcription factor (EMT-TF), via diminishing its protein stability and transcription. Protein kinase D1 (PRKD1) is responsible for BRD4-regulated Snail protein stability by triggering phosphorylation at Ser11 of Snail and then inducing proteasome-mediated degradation. BRD4 inhibition also suppresses the expression of Gli1, a key transductor of Hedgehog (Hh) required to activate the transcription of SNAI1, in BC cells. The GACCACC sequence (−341 to −333) in the SNAI1 promoter is responsible for Gli1-induced transcription of SNAI1. Clinically, BRD4 and Snail levels are increased in lung-metastasized, estrogen receptor-negative (ER-), and progesterone receptor-negative (PR-) breast cancers and correlate with the expression of mesenchymal markers. Collectively, BRD4 can regulate malignancy of breast cancer cells via both transcriptional and post-translational regulation of Snail.
Silver nanoparticles selectively induce human oncogenic γ-herpesvirus-related cancer cell death through reactivating viral lytic replication
Authors: Wan Chunlei , Tai Jiahui , Zhang Jie , Guo Yi , Zhu Qing , Ling Ding , Gu Feng , Gan Jin , Zhu Caixia , Wang Yuyan , Liu Sijin , Wei Fang , Cai Qiliang
Published: May 2019

Silver nanoparticle (nAg), which is one of the most common manufactured nanomaterials, has a wide range of biomedical applications. The human oncogenic γ-herpesviruses, Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) and Epstein–Barr Virus (EBV), are etiologically linked to many malignancies. Currently, there are no efficient or specific treatments for these types of tumors, and most patients die because of resistance to conventional cytotoxic chemotherapy. Despite nAg having antitumor and antiviral activities, its effects on oncogenic herpesvirus-related cancer cells remain largely unknown. Here, we reveal that nAg presents higher cytotoxicity against KSHV- or EBV-latently infected cells via reactivating viral lytic replication, which relies on the induction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and autophagy. Moreover, nAg blocks KSHV primary infection by directly destroying virion particles, as well as effectively inhibits colony formation and moderately represses the growth of KSHV-associated tumors in xenograft mouse model. Taken together, these results demonstrate the therapeutic potential of nAg for use in the antiviral infection and treatment of oncogenic herpesvirus-related cancers.
XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330 synergizes with Bcl-xL inhibitor to induce cancer cell apoptosis by perturbing rRNA processing and Mcl-1 protein synthesis
Authors: Zhu Zhi-Chuan , Liu Ji-Wei , Yang Can , Zhao Miao , Xiong Zhi-Qi
Published: May 2019

XPO1 (exportin1) mediates nuclear export of proteins and RNAs and is frequently overexpressed in cancers. In this study, we show that the orally bioavailable XPO1 inhibitor KPT-330 reduced Mcl-1 protein level, by which it synergized with Bcl-xL inhibitor A-1331852 to induce apoptosis in cancer cells. KPT-330/A-1331852 combination disrupted bindings of Mcl-1 and Bcl-xL to Bax, Bak, and/or Bim, elicited mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization, and triggered apoptosis. KPT-330 generally mitigated mRNA expression and protein synthesis rather than mRNA nuclear export or protein stability of Mcl-1. KPT-330 inhibited mTORC1/4E-BP1 and Mnk1/eIF4E axes, which disrupted the eIF4F translation initiation complex but was dispensable for Mcl-1 reduction and KPT-330/A-1331852 combination-induced apoptosis. Mature rRNAs are integral components of the ribosome that determines protein synthesis ability. KPT-330 impeded nucleolar rRNA processing and reduced total levels of multiple mature rRNAs. Reconstitution of XPO1 by expressing degradation-resistant C528S mutant retained rRNA amount, Mcl-1 expression, and Bcl-xL inhibitor resistance upon KPT-330 treatment. KPT-330/A-1331852 combination suppressed growth and enhanced apoptosis of non-small cell lung cancer xenografts. Therefore, we clarify the reason of apoptosis resistance of cancer cells to XPO1 inhibition and develop a potential strategy for treating solid tumors.
MeHg-induced autophagy via JNK/Vps34 complex pathway promotes autophagosome accumulation and neuronal cell death
Authors: Lin Tianji , Ruan Shijuan , Huang Dingbang , Meng Xiaojing , Li Wenjun , Wang Bin , Zou Fei
Published: May 2019

Methylmercury (MeHg), an environmental toxin, may specifically cause neurological disorders. Recent studies have reported that autophagy can be induced by metals and be involved in metal cytotoxicity. However, the role of autophagy in MeHg-induced neurotoxicity remains unknown. Here, we demonstrate that MeHg induces mTOR-independent autophagy through JNK/Vps34 complex pathway, which further promotes autophagosome accumulation and neuronal cell death. In addition to cell death, MeHg increased LC3-II expression in a concentration- and time-dependent manner in neuronal cells; furthermore, western blot analysis of LC3-II expression under baf A1-treated condition indicates that MeHg activates autophagy induction. However, we found lysosomal degradative function was impaired by MeHg. Under this condition, MeHg-activated autophagy induction would elicit autophagosome accumulation and cell death. Consistent with this inference, the autophagy inhibitor decreased the MeHg-induced autophagosome accumulation and neuronal cells death, whereas the autophagy inducers further augmented MeHg cytotoxicity. Then, the mechanism of autophagy induction is investigated. We show that MeHg-induced autophagy is mTOR-independent. Vacuolar protein sorting 34 (Vps34) complex is critical for mTOR-independent autophagy. MeHg induced the interaction between Beclin1 and Vps34 to form Vps34 complex. Importantly, knockdown of Vps34 inhibited autophagy induction by MeHg. Furthermore, we found that JNK, but not p38 or ERK, promoted the formation of Vps34 complex and autophagy induction. Finally, inhibition of JNK or downregulation of Vps34 decreased autophagosome accumulation and alleviated MeHg-induced neuronal cell death. The present study implies that inhibiting JNK/Vps34 complex autophagy induction pathway may be a novel therapeutic approach for the treatment of MeHg-induced neurotoxicity.
CTL-mediated immunotherapy can suppress SHIV rebound in ART-free macaques
Authors: Fan Jin , Liang Hua , Ji Xiaolin , Wang Shuo , Xue Jing , Li Dan , Peng Hong , Qin Chuan , Yee Cassian , Shao Yiming
Published: May 2019

A major barrier to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) cure is the existence of viral reservoirs that lead to viral rebound following discontinuation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We postulate that enhancing cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTL) targeting conserved envelope (Env) regions can eliminate HIV infected cells in latency. Here, we evaluate the use of adoptively transferred HIV vaccine-induced subtype C Env-specific CTLs in a macaque subtype B simian-human immunodeficiency virus (SHIV) model to determine whether plasma viremia can be controlled after ART interruption. We demonstrate that adoptive cellular therapy (ACT) using autologous Env-specific T cells augmented by therapeutic vaccination can suppress ART-free viral rebound in the SHIV model. Furthermore, phenotypic and functional characterization of adoptively transferred cells in ACT-responsive and nonresponsive animals support a critical role for cross-reactive central memory T cells in viremia control. Our study offers an approach to potentiate immunological suppression of HIV in the absence of antiviral drugs.
Excitatory rubral cells encode the acquisition of novel complex motor tasks
Authors: Rizzi Giorgio , Coban Mustafa , Tan Kelly R.
Published: May 2019

The red nucleus (RN) is required for limb control, specifically fine motor coordination. There is some evidence for a role of the RN in reaching and grasping, mainly from lesion studies, but results so far have been inconsistent. In addition, the role of RN neurons in such learned motor functions at the level of synaptic transmission has been largely neglected. Here, we show that Vglut2-expressing RN neurons undergo plastic events and encode the optimization of fine movements. RN light-ablation severely impairs reaching and grasping functions while sparing general locomotion. We identify a neuronal population co-expressing Vglut2, PV and C1QL2, which specifically undergoes training-dependent plasticity. Selective chemo-genetic inhibition of these neurons perturbs reaching and grasping skills. Our study highlights the role of the Vglut2-positive rubral population in complex fine motor tasks, with its related plasticity representing an important starting point for the investigation of mechanistic substrates of fine motor coordination training.
Author Correction: Bio-inspired nitric-oxide-driven nanomotor
Authors: Wan Mimi , Chen Huan , Wang Qi , Niu Qian , Xu Ping , Yu Yueqi , Zhu Tianyu , Mao Chun , Shen Jian
Published: May 2019

The original version of this Article contained an error in the first sentence of the second paragraph of the ‘Influence of HLA10 nanomotors on the cells (HUVECs and MCF-7)’ section of the Results, which incorrectly read ‘In order to verify the universality of the formation mechanism of HLAn nanomotors proposed in this case, that is, the positively charged amino-enriched organic substances and the negative carboxyl groups in L-arginine combined through weak electrostatic force to form nanoparticles, three amino-enriched organic compounds (chitosan, (Mw. 5–100 million), polylysine (Mw. 3000–4000), heparin/folic acid (FA) (Mw. 5000–10,000)) were chosen to react with L-arginine, and the morphology/movement behavior of the obtained nanoparticles (named as CLA10 nanomotors, PLA10 nanomotors, HFLA10 nanomotors) were investigated (Fig. 7 and Supplementary Movie 7).’ The correct version states ‘chitosan, (Mw. 3000–6000 Da)’ in place of ‘chitosan, (Mw. 5–100 million)’. This has been corrected in both the PDF and HTML versions of the Article.
Publisher Correction: Marine microbial metagenomes sampled across space and time
Authors: Biller Steven J. , Berube Paul M. , Dooley Keven , Williams Madeline , Satinsky Brandon M. , Hackl Thomas , Hogle Shane L. , Coe Allison , Bergauer Kristin , Bouman Heather A. , Browning Thomas J. , Corte Daniele De , Hassler Christel , Hulston Debbie , Jacquot Jeremy E. , Maas Elizabeth W. , Reinthaler Thomas , Sintes Eva , Yokokawa Taichi , Chisholm Sallie W.
Published: May 2019

Due to a typesetting error, 25 rows were omitted from Table 3 in the original version of this Data Descriptor. These missing rows correspond to the following sample names:
Aptasensor for multiplex detection of antibiotics based on FRET strategy combined with aptamer/graphene oxide complex
Authors: Youn Hyungjun , Lee Kwanghyun , Her Jin , Jeon Jinseong , Mok Jihyun , So Jae-in , Shin Sangeon , Ban Changill
Published: May 2019

The development of a multiplexed sensing platform is necessary for highly selective, sensitive, and rapid screening of specific antibiotics. In this study, we designed a novel multiplex aptasensor for antibiotics by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) strategy using DNase I-assisted cyclic enzymatic signal amplification (CESA) method combined with aptamer/graphene oxide complex. The aptamers specific for sulfadimethoxine, kanamycin, and ampicillin were conjugated with Cyanine 3 (Cy3), 6-Carboxyfluorescein (FAM), and Cyanine 5 (Cy5), respectively, and graphene oxide (GO) was adopted to quench the fluorescence of the three different fluorophores with the efficiencies of 94.36%, 93.94%, and 96.97% for Cy3, FAM, and Cy5, respectively. CESA method was used for sensitive detection, resulting in a 2.1-fold increased signal compared to those of unamplified method. The aptasensor rapidly detected antibiotics in solution with limit of detection of 1.997, 2.664, and 2.337 ng/mL for sulfadimethoxine, kanamycin, and ampicillin, respectively. In addition, antibiotics dissolved in milk were efficiently detected with similar sensitivities. Multiplexed detection test proved that the fluorescently modified aptamers could work separately from each other. The results indicate that the aptasensor offers high specificity for each antibiotic and enables simultaneous and multicolor sensing for rapid screening of multiple antibiotics at the same time.
High-throughput targeted gene deletion in the model mushroom Schizophyllum commune using pre-assembled Cas9 ribonucleoproteins
Authors: Jan Vonk Peter , Escobar Natalia , Wösten Han A. B. , Lugones Luis G. , Ohm Robin A.
Published: May 2019

Efficient gene deletion methods are essential for the high-throughput study of gene function. Compared to most ascomycete model systems, gene deletion is more laborious in mushroom-forming basidiomycetes due to the relatively low incidence of homologous recombination (HR) and relatively high incidence of non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ). Here, we describe the use of pre-assembled Cas9-sgRNA ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) to efficiently delete the homeodomain transcription factor gene hom2 in the mushroom-forming basidiomycete Schizophyllum commune by replacing it with a selectable marker. All components (Cas9 protein, sgRNA, and repair template with selectable marker) were supplied to wild type protoplasts by PEG-mediated transformation, abolishing the need to optimize the expression of cas9 and sgRNAs. A Δku80 background further increased the efficiency of gene deletion. A repair template with homology arms of 250 bp was sufficient to efficiently induce homologous recombination. This is the first report of the use of pre-assembled Cas9 RNPs in a mushroom-forming basidiomycete and this approach may also improve the genetic accessibility of non-model species.
Role of the membrane potential in mitochondrial protein unfolding and import
Authors: Sato Takehiro K. , Kawano Shin , Endo Toshiya
Published: May 2019

Newly synthesized mitochondrial precursor proteins have to become unfolded to cross the mitochondrial membranes. This unfolding is achieved primarily by mitochondrial Hsp70 (mtHsp70) for presequence-containing precursor proteins. However, the membrane potential across the inner membrane (ΔΨ) could also contribute to unfolding of short-presequence containing mitochondrial precursor proteins. Here we investigated the role of ΔΨ in mitochondrial protein unfolding and import. We found that the effects of mutations in the presequence on import rates are correlated well with the hydrophobicity or ability to interact with import motor components including mtHsp70, but not with ΔΨ (negative inside). A spontaneously unfolded precursor protein with a short presequence is therefore trapped by motor components including mtHsp70, but not ΔΨ, which could cause global unfolding of the precursor protein. Instead, ΔΨ may contribute the precursor unfolding by holding the presequence at the inner membrane for trapping of the unfolded species by the import motor system.
Author Correction: Influences of scan-position on clinical ultra-high-resolution CT scanning: a preliminary study
Authors: Li Lu , Li HuiMin , Shu JinEr , Pan JiangFeng , Chen XiaoRong , Ying MingLiang , Xu YiBin , Wang Dingjun , Pang Peipei
Published: May 2019

A correction to this article has been published and is linked from the HTML and PDF versions of this paper. The error has not been fixed in the paper.
Complex networks from classical to quantum
Authors: Biamonte Jacob , Faccin Mauro , De Domenico Manlio
Published: May 2019

Recent progress in applying complex network theory to problems in quantum information has resulted in a beneficial cross-over. Complex network methods have successfully been applied to transport and entanglement models while information physics is setting the stage for a theory of complex systems with quantum information-inspired methods. Novel quantum induced effects have been predicted in random graphs—where edges represent entangled links—and quantum computer algorithms have been proposed to offer enhancement for several network problems. Here we review the results at the cutting edge, pinpointing the similarities and the differences found at the intersection of these two fields.
Highly stable polyphenylene ionomer membranes from dichlorobiphenyls
Authors: Shiino Keisuke , Miyake Junpei , Miyatake Kenji
Published: May 2019

We found a practical, cost-effective synthetic strategy for highly stable, proton conductive polyphenylene (SPP-BP) membranes, where easy-to-synthesise compounds such as dichlorobiphenyls and dichlorobenzenesulfonic acid could be used as monomers.
Copper-catalysed, diboron-mediated cis-dideuterated semihydrogenation of alkynes with heavy water
Authors: Han Xiaowei , Hu Jiefeng , Chen Cheng , Yuan Yu , Shi Zhuangzhi
Published: May 2019

Methods to incorporate deuterium atoms into organic molecules are valuable for the pharmaceutical industry.
Kinetically controlled asymmetric synthesis of silicon-stereogenic methoxy silanes using a planar chiral ferrocene backbone
Authors: Barth Eva R. , Krupp Anna , Langenohl Felix , Brieger Lukas , Strohmann Carsten
Published: May 2019

The coordination contacts to the metal lithium allow the desymmetrisation of dimethoxysilanes by substitution with organolithiums under high kinetic stereocontrol.
Lead-free piezoelectric crystals grown by the micro-pulling down technique in the BaTiO3–CaTiO3–BaZrO3 system
Authors: Veber Philippe , Bartosiewicz Karol , Debray Jerome , Alombert-Goget Guillaume , Benamara Omar , Motto-Ros Vincent , Pham Thi Mai , Borta-Boyon Ana , Cabane Hugues , Lebbou Kheirreddine , Levassort Franck , Kamada Kei , Yoshikawa Akira , Maglione Mario
Published: May 2019

Growth of lead-free piezoelectric single crystal fibres in the BaTiO3–CaTiO3–BaZrO3 system by the micro-pulling down technique.