bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CXC Chemokine Receptor 4 is Essential for Maintenance of Renal cell Carcinoma-Initiating Cells and Predicts Metastasis
Authors: Gassenmaier Maximilian , Chen Dong , Buchner Alexander , Henkel Lynette , Schiemann Matthias , Mack Brigitte , Schendel Dolores J. , Zimmermann Wolfgang , Pohla Heike
Published: April 2013

In many solid tumors, cancer stem cells (CSC) represent a population with tumor-initiating, self-renewal, and differentiation potential, which can be identified by surface protein markers. No generally applicable markers are yet known for renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Two RCC cell lines (RCC-26, RCC-53) were found to differ widely in their capacity to form spheres in vitro and to establish tumors in mice, potentially reflecting differences in CSC content. A subpopulation expressing the CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) was present only in the more tumorigenic cell line RCC-53. When grown as spheres, most of the RCC-53 cells were CXCR4-positive, expressed stem cell-associated transcription factor genes at elevated levels, and were more resistant toward the tyrosine kinase inhibitors sunitinib, sorafenib, and pazopanib. Sorted CXCR4-positive cells exhibited greater capacity for sphere formation and tumor growth-inducing potential in vivo than CXCR4-negative cells. Significantly, higher CXCR4 mRNA levels in primary RCC tumors from patients with localized but not disseminated disease predicted shorter survival. Downregulation of CXCR4 expression by small interfering RNA (siRNA) or pharmacological inhibition by AMD3100 compromised tumor sphere formation, viability of CXCR4-positive cells, and increased their responsiveness toward tyrosine kinase inhibitors. In conclusion, CXCR4 identifies a subpopulation of tumor-initiating cells in RCC cell lines and plays a role in their maintenance. The relative insensitivity of such cells to tyrosine kinase inhibitors might contribute to the development of therapy resistance in RCC patients. Future therapies therefore could combine blockade of the CXCR4 signaling pathway with standard therapies for more effective treatments of metastatic RCC.
Using shape and size to quantify variation in footprints for individual identification: Case study with white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum)
Authors: Law Peter R. , Jewell Zoe , Alibhai Sky
Published: April 2013

For those vertebrate species that create sufficiently complex footprints, identifying individuals from their footprints promises to be a noninvasive technique of great potential for wildlife studies and conservation, but with statistical challenges. Various approaches to employing footprints for identification appear in the literature, but doubt often remains as to the information contained in the footprints and therefore of the reliability of the procedures. For footprints represented by landmarks, we propose using pre‐assigned measures of shape and size of configurations of landmarks to quantify the variation in footprints amongst individuals relative to the variation in each individual's footprints. Our method provides a relatively simple means of assessing when footprints (represented by landmarks) from individuals of a population will be useful for identifying individuals, independent of any particular identification algorithm, and is also a tool for exploring footprint landmark data to aid development of discrimination routines. We illustrate the method using footprints collected from a population of white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum) at Otjiwa Game Ranch, Namibia, during late 1999. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Testing automated howling devices in a wintertime wolf survey
Authors: Brennan Angela , Cross Paul C. , Ausband David E. , Barbknecht Andrea , Creel Scott
Published: April 2013

Previous tests of the automated acoustic device, referred to as a howlbox, effectively identified the presence of wolves (Canis lupus) during the summer, near rendezvous sites. Howlboxes are self‐contained devices that broadcast simulated wolf howls and record howls made in response, and are of interest in remote locations to document the presence of dispersing wolves and new wolf packs. It is unclear whether the howlbox can also detect wolves during the winter when wolves are more mobile. We tested the howlbox's ability to detect wolves in an area with approximately 3 wolves/100 km2 and overlapping pack territories in western Wyoming, USA, during January–May 2011. Howlboxes detected wolves in only 1.1% (n = 185, 95% CI = 0.1–3.8%) of the surveys, but we recorded wolf tracks within 50 m of howlboxes 14.8% (n = 54, 95% CI = 6.6–27.1%) of the time. Though howlboxes seldom recorded wolf howls, our findings suggest the possibility that howlboxes may attract wolves in areas with overlapping pack territories during the winter. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Using DNA to test the utility of pellet‐group counts as an index of deer counts
Authors: Brinkman Todd J. , Person David K. , Smith Winston , Chapin F. Stuart , McCoy Karin , Leonawicz Matthew , Hundertmark Kris J.
Published: April 2013

Despite widespread use of fecal pellet‐group counts as an index of ungulate density, techniques used to convert pellet‐group numbers to ungulate numbers rarely are based on counts of known individuals, seldom evaluated across spatial and temporal scales, and precision is infrequently quantified. Using DNA from fecal pellets to identify individual deer, we evaluated the relationship between pellet‐group count and count of Sitka black‐tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus sitkensis) during a 3‐year study (2006–2008) in 3 watersheds in southeast Alaska, USA. We surveyed 141,054 m2 of transect, counted 10,569 pellet groups, and identified 737 unique deer. We used a multilevel mixed‐effects generalized linear model to analyze expected deer count as a function of pellet‐group count. Pellet‐group count was a significant predictor of DNA‐based index of deer count, but that relationship varied by transect, watershed, and year, indicating that extrapolation of a single linear relationship across space and time was not possible. More importantly, most of the variation in our models was residual and unexplained. Assuming that our DNA‐based results were a more accurate and precise metric of true deer count, we do not support the use of pellet‐group count to index deer count in southeast Alaska unless confounding factors are accounted for at fine spatial (e.g., habitat patch) scales. Because of the difficulty in routinely evaluating the influence of confounding variables in remote and unmanaged landscapes, we suggest that wildlife programs in these environments consider alternatives, such as DNA‐based methods, for monitoring trends in ungulate populations. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Harvest and crippling rates of mourning doves in Missouri
Authors: Schulz John H. , Bonnot Thomas W. , Millspaugh Joshua J. , Mong Tony W.
Published: April 2013

Mourning dove (Zenaida macroura) harvest management requires an assessment of birds shot and not recovered (hereafter, “crippled doves”) to fully determine harvest mortality. However, estimating crippling rates is challenging. We estimated mourning dove harvest mortality, which included crippling rates, on a public hunting area in Missouri, USA, by monitoring radiomarked doves. We also compared crippling rates of radiomarked doves with hunter‐reported estimates of crippling. During 2005–2008, we estimated annual harvest mortality between 23% and 30% on the area. Crippling rates ranged from 18% to 50% of harvest mortality in radiomarked doves. In comparison, hunter‐reported crippling rates during 2005–2011 (14–18%) were, on average, 30% lower but more consistent than estimates from radiomarked doves. During 2005–2008, harvest mortality of radiomarked doves was 27%, with one‐quarter of this mortality coming from crippled doves. Our empirical results confirm previous reports that crippling is a sizeable component of dove harvest. The potential bias in hunter‐reported crippling rates could result in overharvest if not considered. Therefore, future harvest management decisions should not overlook the potential impacts of crippling on populations, especially on locally managed public hunting areas. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Estimating Boone and Crockett scores for white‐tailed deer from simple antler measurements
Authors: Strickland Bronson K. , Jones Phillip D. , Demarais Stephen , Dacus Chad M. , Dillard Jocephus R. , Jacobson Harry
Published: April 2013

Antler characteristics are a measure of phenotypic quality and are used by wildlife managers and hunters to assess herd characteristics of white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). A single metric for antler quality would benefit scientists, wildlife managers, and the hunting public by providing a common gauge. Total antler volume or mass may be the most accurate measure of antler development, but is not practical to obtain from most hunter‐harvested animals. The most accepted single measure of antler size is Boone & Crockett (B&C) score. We confirmed the efficacy of gross B&C scores as a predictor of antler mass (g) using antler measurements from 159 captive deer from the Mississippi State University Rusty Dawkins Memorial Deer Unit taken during 1986–1997. Gross B&C score explained 78% of variation in antler mass and was the best 1‐variable predictive model. However, calculation of gross B&C score may require ≥11 measurements for most harvested adult males. To test the possibility of deriving a simple model to predict gross B&C score from a reduced number of measurements, we used data from 3,532 deer in the Mississippi Magnolia Records Program to examine regression models using inside spread, number of antler points, basal circumference, and main beam length as explanatory variables, because these are the most common antler measurements recorded by wildlife managers. A simple model using total number of points ≥2.5 cm and length of main beams explained 77% of variability in gross B&C scores. This model should enable hunters to provide accurate information to biologists regarding antler development in adult age classes, and its relative simplicity may encourage use. © 2013 The Wildlife Society.
Crystallography under External Electric Field
Authors: Gorfman Semen , Schmidt Oleg , Tsirelson Vladimir , Ziolkowski Michael , Pietsch Ullrich
Published: April 2013

Structural response of crystals to an applied external perturbation is important as a key for understanding microscopic origin of physical properties. Experimental investigation of structural response is a great challenge for modern structure analysis. We demonstrate how advanced X‐ray diffraction techniques facilitate probing tiny (10–4Å) distortions of bond lengths under a permanent electric field. We also discuss details of the experimental procedure essential for reaching such precision. We ask whether the experiment can be used to evaluate chemical bonds in crystals by their sensitivity to an external electric field and discuss if the bond deformations can be predicted using the bond‐valence model or the Bader's theory of atoms in molecules and crystals. Finally, we describe the new time‐resolved studies of a structural response to a dynamical switch of applied electric field. These results give access to the time‐lining of piezoelectric effect on a microsecond time scale.
High-yield production of the VP1 structural protein epitope from serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus in Escherichia coli
Authors: Jung Joon-Goo , Lee Yong Jae , Velmurugan Natarajan , Ko Young-Joon , Lee Hyang-Sim , Jeong Ki Jun
Published: April 2013

For effective control of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), the development of rapid diagnostic systems and vaccines are required against its etiological agent, FMD virus (FMDV). To accomplish this, efficient large-scale expression of the FMDV VP1 protein, with high solubility, needs to be optimized. We attempted to produce high levels of a serotype O FMDV VP1 epitope in Escherichia coli. We identified the subtype-independent serotype O FMDV VP1 epitope sequence and used it to construct a glutathione S-transferase (GST) fusion protein. For efficient production of the FMDV VP1 epitope fused to GST (VP1e–GST), four E. coli strains and three temperatures were examined. The conditions yielding the greatest level of VP1e–GST with highest solubility were achieved with E. coli BL21(DE3) at 25 °C. For high-level production, fed-batch cultures were conducted in 5-l bioreactors. When cells were induced at a high density and complex feeding solutions were supplied, approximately 11 g of VP1e–GST was obtained from a 2.9-l culture. Following purification, the VP1 epitope was used to immunize rabbits, and we confirmed that it induced an immune response.
Ettore Majorana et la philosophie
Authors: Alunni Charles
Published: April 2013

Il s’agit d’affronter la « figure » d’Ettore Majorana et d’en proposer un premier « profil philosophique ». La question des « fictions » apparaît alors centrale chez Majorana. On établit ensuite la dimension surrationaliste et européenne de ses affinités électives avec Giovanni Gentile Junior. Les deux oeuvres sont restituées dans le cadre d’un mathématisme constructif et inductif (Gaston Bachelard, puis Robert Blanché) qui s’oppose au géométrisme classique (Emile Meyerson) et au pythagorisme spiritualiste (Arthur Eddington).
Ethnic Minorities, Race, and Inequality in China: A New Perspective on Racial Dynamics
Authors: Myers Samuel L. , Xiaoyan Gao , Cruz Britt Cecconi
Published: April 2013

An Introduction to the volume. Special Edition: Review of Black Political Economy. December, 2012. The Political Economy of Race and Ethnicity in China.
Validating the Customer Satisfaction Survey (CSS) Scale in the Australian Fast Food Industry
Authors: Phau Ian , Ferguson Graham
Published: April 2013

The aim of this study is twofold and is conducted in two separate studies. The first study validated the Customer Satisfaction Survey (CSS) Scale in the fast food industry with an Australian sample. Nicholls et al. (1998) developed the CSS as a way to assess key service elements. The authors tested it in multiple service industries and Gilbert et al. (2004) tested it across cultures. Both sets of authors argued that the tool was universal irrespective of service industry or culture. Similar to previous findings, this current study found that personal service and service setting are key dimensions of satisfaction. However Australian consumers also assess whether service providers are delivering on their promises as part of assessing satisfaction. The second study compared CSS responses collected immediately following the service encounter to those collected after a temporal delay. After a delay customers used more items to assess each dimension but assessed satisfaction on similar dimensions. Managerial implications are discussed together with future directions.
Violence as Identity: Christians and Muslims in Hungary in the Medieval and Early Modern Period
Authors: Berend Nora
Published: April 2013

Wrote Miklós Zrínyi (Nikola Zrinski) in the mid seventeenth century about those who died fighting against the Ottomans. The poet, who himself was engaged in both politics and war, defined Hungarian identity as Christian and premised on warfare unto death against Muslims.
The Vienna Hofburg between 1835 and 1918—A Residence in the Conflicting Fields of Art, Politics, and Representation
Authors: Telesko Werner , Kurdiovsky Richard , Sachsenhofer Dagmar
Published: April 2013

In the nineteenth century, the imperial palace in Vienna had become the epicenter of political decision making in the Danube monarchy. The fact that the Hofburg served as the emperor's family home and at the same time as the unchallenged centerpiece of politics and administration lent its function a duality that was mirrored in the title of the town where the palace was located. Officially, Vienna was theHaupt- und Residenzstadt, that is, the empire's capital and the monarch's official residence. In this former role, Vienna was second to none. Vienna was the seat of offices and ministries, the meeting place of parliamentary deputies in theReichsrat, and the place where the governors who represented the sovereign in the respective Crownlands had their headquarters in theStatthalterei.It was not until Budapest became the capital of the Kingdom of Hungary in the Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 that Vienna had to share its rank with another city. In their role as the monarch's official residence, both Vienna's and the Hofburg's traditions went back to the Middle Ages. There had been no interruptions even when in the Baroque period the monarchs had built other residences elsewhere in what today is Vienna, among them theFavoritapalace on the Wieden (today'sTheresianum), theFavoritapalace in theAugartenpark, and Schönbrunn palace. At all times the Hofburg had been the place where the Habsburg family and the sovereign lived during the winter half-year, and furthermore, it remained the setting of the most eminent ceremonies that formed the rituals of the Habsburg sovereign (Corpus Christi procession,Anniversarium militareceremonies in commemoration of the dead, and others). No other Habsburg palace would ever challenge the Hofburg's priority in terms of rank.
Austro-German Liberalism and the Coming of the 1867 Compromise: “Politics Again in Flux”
Authors: Kwan Jonathan
Published: April 2013

On 7 October 1866, Adolf Pratobevera—a prominent liberal politician and former Justice Minister—wrote in his diary that “politics [is] again in flux, whether this is a blessing? God knows.” Pratobevera was writing just three months after the battle of Königgrätz/Hradec Králové in a period of immense instability and uncertainty for the Habsburg monarchy. Following Austria's military defeat at Königgrätz, the traditional supports of the system—the emperor, the army, and the bureaucracy—were in a weakened state and this dramatically opened the range of possibilities in politics. Indeed, the defeat threw the whole political system into question, a situation that sharply exposed the fault lines and internal political workings of the monarchy. In the period from Königgrätz on 3 July 1866 to the ministerial meeting on 1 February 1867 (when the emperor definitively decided on the dualist structure), all political parties and movements had the opportunity to define their program, to seek possible allies, and to argue their particular vision of the monarchy's political structure.
Power, Partisanship, and the Grid of Democratic Politics: 1907 as the Pivot Point of Modern Austrian History
Authors: Boyer John W.
Published: April 2013

This essay deals with a relatively little studied event in modern Austrian history but one that had powerful ramifications over the course of the next fifty years of Austrian history in the twentieth century.
Epicurus' dying wishes
Authors: Warren James
Published: April 2013

It is now a recognised phenomenon in the study of ancient philosophy – especially of the Hellenistic period – that the various philosophical schools disseminated or fabricated stories about the life of their chosen founder which were supposed to embody the theories – especially the ethical theories – to which that school subscribed. This may be termed ‘biodoxography’: the presentation and manipulation of purportedly biographical anecdotes in order to illustrate a particular philosophical stance. This biodoxography could be used for various and sometimes conflicting ends. While a particular philosophical school might attempt to publicise and embody in the image of its founder what it thought was an attractive model for living, opponents of that school were encouraged by this very biodoxographical practice to scrutinise the details of a chosen figure-head's conduct in order to produce possible conflicts with the proposed doctrine. The greater the emphasis laid on the founder's life as a model and paradigm of a particular philosophy, the greater the profit in finding some contradiction between his behaviour and the doctrine of the school.
Achilles' last stand: Institutionalising dissent in Homer'sIliad
Authors: Barker Elton
Published: April 2013

Debate in theIliad– what form it takes, what significance that might have, whether or not it even exists – has been a matter of some controversy. One approach has been to examine debate in terms of a formal social context and to extrapolate from this some kind of political or – according to other accounts – pre-political community that theIliadpreserves. Scholars have, however come up with very different ideas about how to describe that society, how to interpret that depiction, or whether such attempts are even fruitful. An alternative approach focuses on the form of the speeches and analyses them as the production of thesis and antithesis: in these terms the cut-and-thrust of debate is understood as a form of proto-rhetorical theory.

All this seems far removed from debate as it is represented in the narrative, which is the subject of this paper. I begin with four preliminary propositions. Previous approaches have tended to homogenise different scenes of debate, with little regard to differences in structure or context.
The Old Stoa on the Truth-Value of Oaths
Authors: Evans J. D. G.
Published: April 2013

Recent works on Stoic logic report that among complete λεκτά only a sub-class was regarded as capable of being true or false: by contrast with statements (ἀξιώματα), such other sentences as questions, orders and oaths do not bear a truth-value. But the situation is a good deal more complicated than that, at least in the case of oaths, which I propose to examine.

In characterising all such utterances as ‘sentences’ I do not wish to beg questions which will be discussed below. Surface grammar, with its distinctions of indicative, imperative, interrogative and optative, can mislead us as to the real force of an utterance. In the case of oaths there seems to be no preferred form of expression; and it is a matter for deeper philosophical probing to determine their true relation to other speech-acts.
Tibulliana
Authors: Lee Guy
Published: April 2013

I. I. 37–40 adsitis, diui, neu uos e paupere mensadona nec e puris spernite fictilibus.fictilia antiquus primum sibi fecit agrestispocula, de facili composuitque luto.

The comma after pocula in line 40 is the accepted punctuation. But fictilibus in line 38 is a noun and the same word immediately repeated in a different case must naturally be taken by any reader as a noun too. Therefore comma after agrestis; the pentameter is then a line like 1. 3. 38 effusum uentis praebueratque sinum (for such displacement of -que see Platnauer, Latin elegiac verse, p. 91). The movement of thought is from generic fictilia to specific pocula. For this compare 2. 1. 59–60

rure puer uerno primum de flore coronamfecit et antiquis imposuit Laribus.
Subject, topic, given and salient: sentence-beginnings in Latin
Authors: Jones F.
Published: April 2013

This paper summarises the results of an investigation into sentence-beginnings made as part of an attempt to find an approach to word order which would be effective in revealing linguistic continuity as well as coping with the complexity of facts. Its point of origin is the intuition that for a native speaker the process of understanding what is said or written ought to be, at least within reasonable limits, both continuous and in some way in keeping with the order in which the utterance or text is presented.

Utterances are linear and temporal, and the ear passes what it receives to the brain in a sequential order that matches the auditory stimulus itself, a fact reflected in the way we write and read; it would be anomalous (though by no means impossible within certian limitations) if the brain were toprocessthe incoming material in some other order. It is therefore worth considering the order in which discourse elements are represented.
Horace,Satires1.5 an inconsequential journey
Authors: Gowers Emily
Published: April 2013

‘If I were to waste your time with a long conversation (si longo sermone morer tua tempora), I would be damaging the public interest.’ So Horace begins hisEpistletoAugustus, typically selling himself short. He does not pause for breath for 270 lines. Equivocations like this about the sound of his own voice had been a particular characteristic of Horace's earlier books of ‘Conversations’, theSatiresorSermones, a teasing mixture of seemingly directionless rambling and forceful short cuts. Nowhere is this mixture more evident than in the fifth satire of the first book, a short story which apologises for being a long one, where Horace compensates his readers for a long haul with an ending that must leave them feeling short-changed.
Adversaries and authorities
Authors: Lloyd Geoffrey
Published: April 2013

The strategic aim of the set of studies I have embarked on in collaboration with the sinologist Nathan Sivin is to examine Greek and Chinese philosophy and science afresh. Limiting our main inquiries to the period down to about A.D. 300, when Christianity came to be a major factor in the Graeco-Roman world and Buddhism began to be an important influence in China, we aim to ask questions concerning the differences in the ways in which philosophy and science were done in ancient Greece and China, why there should have been such differences, and what the philosophy and science done owed to the social, political and institutional background of the circumstances in which they were produced. It is high time that historians of Greek and Chinese science stopped treating their subjects principally as happy hunting grounds for point-scoring, chalking up anticipations of modern science, and especially priority claims as to who did what first. For they could clearly not have been a preoccupation of the ancients themselves.
The “six parts of tragedy” in Aristotle's poetics: Compositional Process and Processive Chronology
Authors: Silk M.S.
Published: April 2013

All students of the Poetics can see that Aristotle's theory of tragedy sometimes resembles a handbook on dramatic composition. The scope of this ‘resemblance’, however, is rarely acknowledged in modern times. ‘Aristotle's approach to tragedy’, writes Stephen Halliwell, is ‘au fond, a system of theoretical premises and reasoning.’ This, from the author of the most comprehensive, and most significant, discussion of the Poetics in recent years, sounds authoritative. It is none the less misleading.
How to win girlfriends and influence them: amicitia in Roman love elegy
Authors: Gibson R. K.
Published: April 2013

It is often said that amicitia, so prominent in the love poetry of Catullus, plays a negligible role in the elegies of Propertius, Tibullus and Ovid: the elegists avoid the vocabulary of amicitia and prefer to describe the relationships with their beloveds in terms of militia and seruitium amoris. In this paper, however, I shall show that this is mistaken. While the elegists do not use the vocabulary of amicitia systematically, they clearly do continue to appeal to its protocols and moral code – Ovid above all. It will be seen that Catullus and the elegists share the use of the ideology of amicitia to pressurize their beloveds to accept or make a return on the benefacta which they as lovers bestow.
Modernism, economics, and the ancient economy
Authors: Meikle Scott
Published: April 2013

Modernism, as a phenomenon in the study of the ancient world, has shown miraculous powers of recuperation from repeated and apparently fatal blows, and the appearance in 1992 of Edward Cohen's book Athenian economy and society: a banking perspective is a reminder of the fact. Modernism's apparent capacity to postpone terminal decline obviously has something to do with the subject of economics, but the connections are unclear.

It might be imagined that modernism began with the first appearance of economics as an independent science in the eighteenth century. But in fact the classical political economists did not seek to universalize political economy backwards in time to cover the whole of human history in the way that today's modernists try to universalize economics. Adam Smith distinguished four stages in the development of mankind from the ‘rude’ to the ‘civilized’ state. He was perfectly aware that what he called ‘the stage of commerce’ was historically recent, that earlier forms of society had been quite different in character, and that the new science of political economy described only the operations of the last stage, that of commerce.
Catullus 64 and theArgonauticaof Apollonius Rhodius: allusion and exemplarity
Authors: Clare R. J.
Published: April 2013

The sixty-fourth poem of Catullus, a work which has in times past been dismissed as contrived, is now appreciated precisely because it iscarefullycontrived. The majority of modern scholarship seems willing, implicitly or explicitly, to look upon the poem's intricacies and apparent contradictions as constituting part of its attraction, acknowledging that artifice does not necessarily preclude art.

The complexities of poem 64 are contingent to a large degree upon its interaction with earlier poetic models. Structural devices of narrative are borrowed from a variety of sources; themes and scenes are delineated so as to reveal their full meaning through reader awareness of other works; literary allusions pervade the text. Perhaps the most salient intertextual feature of Catullus' epyllion is its interaction with previous literary treatments of the myth of Jason and Medea. In this regard, it has long been recognised that a poem of central importance for the reading of Catullus 64 is theArgonauticaof Apollonius Rhodius, and this present exploration of allusion in poem 64 will concentrate on the intertextual connections between 64 and its Hellenistic epic predecessor.
P. Petrie 1.1–2: Euripides, Antiope (fr. 223 (Nauck) Kannicht, XLVIII Kambitsis)
Authors: Diggle James
Published: April 2013

Here is a text which incorporates all the readings and supplements which I explain below and some which I do not.
Parua figura poli: Ovid's Vestalia (Fasti 6.249–468) and the Phaenomena of Aratus
Authors: Gee Emma
Published: April 2013

arte Syracosia suspensus in aere clausostat globus, immensi parua figura poli (Ovid, Fasti 6.277–8)

‘The astronomy in the Fasti is indebted to Aratus, as was presumably Ovid's own Phaenomena’. The relationship between the astronomical material in Ovid's Fasti and the astronomical poem by Aratus of Soli, composed under the auspices of Antigonus Gonatas in about 278 B.C., is indisputable; but the nature of this relationship has not been explored. Such an exploration may add a new layer of meaning to Ovid's poem, as an entity which responds not only to aetiological models but also to ‘scientific’ didactic models.
Instrumentals, datives, locatives and ablatives: the -ϕι case form in Mycenaean and Homer
Authors: Thompson Rupert
Published: April 2013

§1. The Homeric case form in -ϕι corresponds to the Indo-European instrumental plural morph *-bhi(s)2which roughly corresponds to the senses of the English prepositionwith, expressing both the instrument of verbal action (‘He killed Dr Black with the lead piping’) and the notion of comitativity (‘He was with Col. Mustard’): yet Homeric -ϕι seemingly stands as a generic oblique case marker in all numbers. Except for literary dialects in which it may be regarded as an epic feature, it was unparalleled in Greek until the decipherment of Linear B demonstrated that Mycenaean knew a case form spelled -pi, which may be taken as standing for /-phi/ (the Linear B script making no distinction between the voiced, voiceless and aspirated stops), functioning probably only as a plural, and in declensions other than the thematic. While -ϕι and -pihave a certain degree of overlap in their function and formations, the Homeric and Mycenaean forms also show significant differences; this paper examines and attempts to explain those differences.
Longinus,on Sublimity
Authors: Heath Malcolm
Published: April 2013

Until the beginning of the nineteenth century the treatiseOn sublimitywas universally attributed to the third-century critic, rhetorician and philosopher Cassius Longinus. Weiske's edition, first issued in 1809, marked a turning-point in the trend of scholarly opinion, and Longinus' claim to authorship is now generally rejected, often summarily. A variety of alternative attributions have been canvassed; most commonly the work is assigned to an anonymous author of the first century A.D. But a minority of scholars have resisted the consensus and defended Longinus' claim to authorship. This paper will argue that they were right to do so.

To avoid ambiguity, I shall follow Russell in using the symbol ‘L’ as a non-committal way of designating the author ofOn sublimity; by ‘Longinus’ I shall always mean Cassius Longinus. So the question before us is whether L is Longinus. I begin by explaining why manuscript evidence (§2) and stylistic comparison with the fragments of Longinus (§3) fail to resolve the question. I then try to find a place for the composition of the treatise within Longinus' career (§4). This leads to a consideration of the final chapter, widely regarded as inconsistent with a third-century date; I shall argue that there is no inconsistency (§5). If so, the way lies open to a reassessment of the case in favour of Longinus' claim.
The Poet of Chester
Authors: Clackson James , Meissner Torsten
Published: April 2013

In February 1968, a red sandstone altar bearing a Greek inscription (Figure) was discovered in Chester on the English–Welsh border. It records a dedication by a doctor to a number of deities. The inscription has now been published or discussed at least six times but it would seem that essential points in its interpretation have so far been missed.

The text as it appears on the inscription is, for the most part, well visible and its reading uncontroversial:

It is evident that the inscription is incomplete and one or more lines may be missing. The dating of the inscription is uncertain but it is commonly thought to date from the end of the second century A.D.
ThePolitiques de l'amitié: Derrida's Greeks and a national politics of classical scholarship
Authors: Leonard Miriam
Published: April 2013

[L]es travaux considérés partagent, entre autre choses, ce que faute de mieux j'appellerai un ‘rapport’ à la ‘chose grecque’, qu‘à cet égard certains d'entre ‘nous’ puissent dire ‘nous’, ‘nous et les Grecs’ […] Il doit bien y avoir des raisons, je veux dires descausesde toute sorte (et non seulement dans l'ordre du discours philosophique, aussi dans ce qu'on appelle – et je me sers à dessein de ces mots conventionnels – la société, l'histoire, la politique, la macro- et la micro- économie des passions et des désirs), pour rendre compte de ce fait: à tel moment, dans un pays donné, un certain nombre de philosophes qui appartiennent à peu près à la même génération, à des institutions très voisines, en gros à la même, et qui publient à peu près en même temps, disent des choses quise ressemblent.

(Jacques Derrida ‘Nous Autres Grecs’)
A masculine island in Lucan
Authors: Trevaskis J. R.
Published: April 2013

The description of Brundisium, Lucan, II, 610–27, concludes:

hoc fuga nautarum, cum totas Hadria viresmovit et in nubes abiere Ceraunia cumquespumoso Calaber perfunditur aequore Sason.

Sason appears to be the small island just north of the Ceraunian headland off the west coast of Macedonia, modern Sasena (cf. Strab. vi, iii, 5, p. 281; Polyb. v, 110; Plin. H.N. III, 152; Ptol. III, 12 ad fin.), and it is taken in that sense by those editors who notice it. The description would fit such an island in a storm very well.

Two questions arise: (1) Why is the island called Calabrian? (2) Why is the epithet masculine?

(1) It would hardly seem reasonable to call an island ‘Calabrian’ in a geographical sense unless it were off Calabria. Lucan may have thought the island to lie farther out in the straits than it does (cf. Strab. loc. cit. μέση πως): ancient maps may well have so represented it (cf. Ptol.), certainly if medieval maps can be taken as a guide. His description might then be by hypallage for spumosus Calabro…(pace Palmer., Graec. Antiq. Descr. I, 33, ‘procul dubio quod Calabri olim incoluerant primi’).
(i) Solon, fr. 8 (Diehl), ll. 5–6. (ii) Thucydides, I, 11, 1
Authors: Cook R. M.
Published: April 2013

‘Υμέων δ’ εἷς μὲν ἕκαστος ἀλώπεκος ἴχνεσι βαίνει,σύμασιν δ' ὑμῑν χαῦνος ἔνεστι νόος.Plut., Sol. 30, 2 Diod. ix, 20, 3. Diog. Laert. I, 52.6 κοῦφος Diod., Diog.

There seems to me to be a strong antithesis between the two lines; individually the Athenians are as clever as foxes, collectively they are fools. If so, both the logical and the syntactical balance would be improved by emending χαῦνος to χηνός. But there are two difficulties. First, the corruption would have to be very early, since apparently the standard Hellenistic text read χαῦνος. Secondly, I have found no ancient reference to the folly of the goose except for an entry (which I cannot locate) in Dindorf's Thesaurus, s.v. χήν- ‘Apud Plutarch, vero χηνὸς ἀφρονέστερος, proverb., quoniam stolidum prae multis aliis est hoc animal.’
Problems in Thucydides VI and VII
Authors: Dover K. J.
Published: April 2013

(a) vi, 6, 2. τὴν γενομένην ἐπὶ Λάχητος καὶ τοῦ προτέρου πολέμου Λεοντίνων οἱ Έγεοταῖοι ξυμμαχίαν ἀναμιμνῄσκοντες τοὺς Άθυηναίους ἐδέοντο σφίσι ναῦς πέμψαντας ἐπαμῦναι.

Does Λεοντίνων belong in sense with πολέμου or with ξυμμαχίαν? Elsewhere, πόλεμος with the genitive means ‘war against…’ or ‘war conducted by…’, from the standpoint of the opposing party. The campaign of 427, from the point of view of either Segesta or Athens, was a war about Leontini, but not πόλεμος Λεοντίνων. On the other hand, Λεοντίνων ξυμμαχία is straightforward Thucydidean Greek for ‘alliance with Leontini’. Moreover, the war referred to is adequately defined not only as ἐπὶ Λάχητος but also as τοῦ προτέρου, and additional specification is otiose. The resulting expression τὴν γενομένην ἐπὶ Λάχητος…Λεοντίνων…ξυμμαχίαν is comparable in structure with VIII, 2, 1 τὴν ἐκ τῆς Σικελίας τῶν Άθηναίων μεγάλην κακοπραγίαν.
Epeius, carpenter and athlete
Authors: Howland R.L.
Published: April 2013

In the Odyssey Epeius is twice mentioned by Odysseus as the maker of the wooden horse—and Odysseus should know—so I hope it is not unreasonable to call Epeius a carpenter. In the Iliad this aspect of his talents is not mentioned; he appears as a competitor in two of the events in the funeral games of Patroclus, and there is no other mention of him in Homer. It is in his capacity as athlete that I want to talk about him today.

In the first place he appears as the central figure in a short but dramatic and amusing incident, the boxing match. Leaf says that he seems to be the representative of brute strength, and more recently Fernand Robert has called him a ‘brute ridicule’ and made other, and similar, disparaging remarks about him, even going so far as to say that the event in which he takes part is an ‘épreuve méprisée’. This seems to me not only to be unfair to Epeius but also to indicate a misunderstanding of what Homer tells us. First, there is no evidence of any contempt for boxing.
The Problem of Classical Ionia
Authors: Cook J. M.
Published: April 2013

The sixth century B.C. was a brilliant age in Ionia. Milesian academic research and Samian opportunism set the bounds for intellectual and mechanical progress, the Chians made money and the Phocaeans sailed the seven seas. The surviving fragments of Ionic sculpture and architecture, the massive relics of the biggest-ever temples, and engineering feats like those of Polycrates in the town of Samos still demonstrate the scale on which the Ionic achievement was conceived. But when the archaeologist turns his attention to the fifth century in Ionia he seeks in vain for comparable creations. Sculpture has virtually disappeared, while painting seems to have come to an end with the Clazomenian sarcophagi and the schools of vase decoration that were associated with them. There are no new city layouts rivalling that of Samos; and only one small temple at Miletus stands out as a meagre creation of this century. The minor arts also were virtually at an end; and—whether in excavation or in surface reconnaissance—the archaeologist discovers scarcely any recognizable testimony of Ionic culture, or even of habitation, on the sites of the Ionic cities in this epoch. In material civilization the fifth century seems to have been the Dark Age of Ionia.
The Slave and Freedman ‘Cursus’ in the Imperial Administration
Authors: Weaver P. R. C.
Published: April 2013

The word cursus may seem to be keeping strange company with slaves and freedmen. It does not refer here to the cursus publicus, but to the system of promotion in the sub-equestrian regions of the Imperial administration. Cursus implies movement, advancement, promotion. No bureaucracy can function efficiently without order and opportunity in its lower as well as its higher ranks. If a cursus did not exist it would have been necessary to invent one. It is necessary to affirm this of the lower ranks of the Roman bureaucracy in the early empire precisely because it has so often been denied or ignored. The impression gained from reading many works on the Imperial administration is that of fervid equestrian movement from post to post and province to province at the top, with a static substratum of Imperial slaves and freedmen providing stability and continuity below. Such an account is to some extent true. But that it is not true enough is largely the fault of the evidence.
The Berezan Lead Letter
Authors: Chadwick John
Published: April 2013

Private letters written on lead sheets in antiquity are rare, but not unknown; the publication of a new example found on the island of Berezan near Olbia in the Black Sea is remarkable as offering an early specimen of the Ionic dialect. Its Russian editor admitted that all its problems had not been solved, and the present article is an attempt to improve the readings and offer some suggestions for a better interpretation.

The document is completely preserved and legible without difficulty; it was found rolled up with the address written on the reverse. As Vinogradov suggests, it seems likely that it never reached its addressee. Vinogradov puts its date as the second half of the sixth century B.C. Dr L. H. Jeffery has kindly confirmed that on grounds of letter-forms the date would appear to be not far from 500 B.C.
An Aristarchean maxim?
Authors: Lee Guy
Published: April 2013

We owe to Mr N. G. Wilson – C.R. XXI (1971), 172 – the demonstration of an analogy between the maxim Ὅμηρον ἐξ Ὁμἠρου σαφηνίӡειν and Agathon's remark, as reported in Aelian's Varia Historia 14. 13, λέληθας σεαυτὸν τὸν Ἀγάθωνα ἐκ τοῦ Ἀγάθωνος ἀφανίӡων. Mr Wilson goes on to argue that the maxim post-dates the remark. I shall here argue the converse.

Consider the two following forms of words:

A. Ἀγάθωνα ἐξ Ἀγάθωνος ἀφανίӡειν.

B. Ὅμηρον ἐξ Ὁμήρου σαφηνίӡειν.

We are agreed that they are related, for their structure is almost identical, viz. proper name in accusative, same preposition with proper name in genitive, two verbs differing only by two letters (in speech the difference would be even less – … ς ἀφανίӡειν and σαφηνίӡειν). This particular relationship is such as to exclude the possibility of a common source, for there is no other quadrisyllabic verb plausibly available to rhyme with either of these, and no other name that could plausibly replace either the greatest Greek poet or the greatest Greek tragedian after the classic Three. One of these two forms is primary, the other secondary. But which is which ?
Diodorus Cronus and Hellenistic Philosophy
Authors: Sedley David
Published: April 2013

During the last four decades historians of ancient logic have become increasingly aware of the importance of Diodorus Cronus and his pupil Philo as pioneers of the propositional logic which came to flourish in the Stoa. Their direct influence has so far been recognised in two main areas of Hellenistic controversy – the validity-criteria for conditional propositions, and the definition of the modal terms ‘possible’ and ‘necessary’. But some broader questions have not been satisfactorily answered. What were Diodorus' own philosophical allegiances and antecedents? What is his place in the history of Greek philosophy? How far-reaching was his influence on the post-Aristotelian philosophers?

There was little chance of tackling these questions confidently until 1972, when Klaus Döring published for the first time the collected fragments of Diodorus, in his important volume Die Megariker. Meagre though they are, these fragments confirm my suspicion that Diodorus' philosophical background has not been fully explored, and also that his influence on the three emerging Hellenistic schools – the Stoics, Epicureans, and Sceptics – was far wider than has hitherto been recognised. There has been much discussion as to which earlier philosophers played the most decisive part in shaping Hellenistic philosophy, and the respective claims of the Platonists and of Aristotle have never lacked expert advocacy. In all this, the claims of so obscure a figure as Diodorus have been underrated.
Two unpublished letters of Housman
Authors: Godman Peter
Published: April 2013

The St. Andrews University Library manuscript 36326, containing correspondence addressed to W. M. Lindsay, chiefly on the subjects of Latin palaeography and textual criticism, preserves two communications from Housman, previously unpublished. The first (no. 202, ii) was written in 1901 in the form of a postcard, the second is a letter of 1903 (202, i). I present them as an addendum to The letters of A. E. Housman, ed. H. Maas (London, 1971) and his ‘Additions and Corrections to The letters of A.E. Housman’, Housman Society Journal 2 (1975) 33-5.
Problems of textual criticism and interpretation in Lucan's De Bello Civili
Authors: Håkanson Lennart
Published: April 2013

As is well known, the first edition of Lucan's De bello civili that offered a critical apparatus in the modern sense of the word was Carl Hosius' edition, first published in 1892, then revised and reprinted twice, the last time in 1913. It is the editions of Hosius and Bourgery-Ponchont that give us the fullest information about MSS readings. The most important edition of Lucan in this century, that published by Housman in 1926, contains, on the other hand, only a selection of readings taken over from Hosius. In his preface as well as in his apparatus Housman is eager on any occasion to demonstrate the unreliability of the codex Montepessulanus, M, the favourite of his predecessor Hosius, and a scholar who has recently re-examined an essential part of the tradition of Lucan says about him: ‘The slighting of M and the MSS in general was Housman's peculiar contribution to the study of the transmission of Lucan's text. Rather than attempt to understand the nature of the evidence, he preferred to ignore it. It would be relevant to ask an editor with such an attitude why he bothers to provide an apparatus criticus.’ These hard words come from Harold C. Gotoff, who in 1971 published the monograph The transmission of the text of Lucan in the ninth century. Gotoff's book will certainly give valuable help to a future editor of Lucan as far as the composition of the critical apparatus is concerned, but not at all, I think, to the same degree when it comes to the constitution of the text. This may perhaps sound somewhat peculiar, but I will try to make clear what I mean.