bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Crystal structure ofcatena-poly[bis(formato-κO)bis[μ2-1,1′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(1H-imidazole)-κ2N3:N3′]cobalt(II)]
Authors: Xu Guo-Wang , Wang Ye-Nan , Xia Hong-Xu , Wang Zhong-Long
Published: August 2015

A red block-shaped crystal of the title compound, [Co(HCOO)2(C12H10N4)2]n, was obtained by the reaction of cobalt(II) nitrate hexahydrate, formic acid and 1,1′-(1,4-phenylene)bis(1H-imidazole) (bib) molecules. The asymmetric unit consists of one CoIIcation, one formate ligand and two halves of a bib ligand. The central CoIIcation, located on an inversion centre, is coordinated by two carboxylate O atoms and four N atoms from bib ligands, completing an octahedral coordination geometry. The CoIIcentres are bridged by bib ligands, giving a two-dimensional net. Topologically, taking the CoIIatoms as nodes and the bib ligands as linkers, the two-dimensional structure can be simplified as a typicalsql/Shubnikov tetragonal plane network. The structure features C—H...O hydrogen-bonding interactions between formate and bib ligands, resulting in a three-dimensional supramolecular network.
Crystal structure of 2-phenylethanaminium 3-carboxyprop-2-enoate
Authors: Sowmya N. Swarna , Sampathkrishnan S. , Akilan R. , Chakkaravarthi G. , Kumar R. Mohan
Published: August 2015

The title molecular salt, C8H12N+·C4H3O4−, crystallized with two independent cations and anions in the asymmetric unit. The ethanaminium side chains of the cations exhibitanticonformations [C—C—C—N torsion angles = 176.5 (3) and −179.4 (3)°]. In the crystal, N—H...O and C—H...O hydrogen bonds connect adjacent anions and cations, and , O—H...O hydrogen bonds connect adjacent anions, generating sheets parallel to (001).
Crystal structure of 2,2′-bis[(2-chlorobenzyl)oxy]-1,1′-binaphthalene
Authors: Raja Rajamani , Jayanthi Mani , Rajakumar Perumal , SubbiahPandi A.
Published: August 2015

In the title binaphthyl compound, C34H24Cl2O2, the dihedral angle between the two naphthyl ring systems (r.m.s. deviations = 0.016 and 0.035 Å) is 76.33 (8)°. The chlorophenyl rings make dihedral angles of 58.15 (12) and 76.21 (13)° with the naphthyl ring to which they are linked. The dihedral angle between the planes of the two chlorophenyl rings is 27.66 (16)°. In the crystal, C—H...O hydrogen bonds link molecules into chains propagating along [1-10]. The chains are linked by C—H...π interactions, forming a three-dimensional framework.
Crystal structure of 6,6,12,12-tetrachlorotricyclo[8.2.0.04,7]dodecane-5,11-dione
Authors: Turan Akın Esra , Hökelek Tuncer
Published: August 2015

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, C12H12Cl4O2, contains two crystallographically independent molecules with almost identical conformations (r.m.s. overlay fit for the non-hydrogen atoms = 0.059 Å). In each molecule, the central eight-membered ring has a distorted boat configuration, and two non-planar four-membered rings are fused on either side of the eight-membered ring. A weak C—H...O hydrogen bond links the two independent molecules. In the crystal, weak C—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into a two-dimensional network parallel to (001).
Developing a model for building resilience to climate risks for cultural heritage
Authors: O'Brien Geoff , O'Keefe Phil , Jayawickrama Janaka , Jigyasu Rohit
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to propose a model for developing climate adaptation strategies to reduce climate risk for cultural heritage. Cultural heritage has an important role in human well-being. This paper posits that cultural heritage requires an approach that recognises the uniqueness of cultural heritage. The paper draws from the United Nations International Strategy for Disaster Reduction (UNISDR) Making My City Resilient campaign and the Heart of the City Partnership in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK, and proposes a Cultural Heritage Adaptation Forum. The role of the forum is to develop adaptation strategies in a sustainable development context. This is an original attempt to link cultural heritage to climate risk.

Design/methodology/approach

– The paper draws from two initiatives and uses good practice established from the disaster management and climate communities and proposes a Cultural Heritage Adaptation Forum that can be used to formulate adaptation interventions for cultural heritage. The approach builds on active participation in a global overview of cultural heritage and climate risk led by UNISDR together with personal experience of implementing such strategies in Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.

Findings

– The paper finds that a model can be developed that incorporates good practice from the climate and disaster management communities.

Practical implications

– The paper presents a model that can be used by those stakeholders that have an interest in protecting cultural heritage form climate driven hazards.

Social implications

– Cultural heritage has a value for all and protecting it from climate driven hazards can impact human well-being

Originality/value

– The paper brings together concepts from different academic and practitioner communities. The concept outlined in the paper will be of interest to all those interested in protecting cultural heritage for climate driven hazards.
Influence of Facebook brand-page posts on online engagement
Authors: Luarn Pin , Lin Yu-Fan , Chiu Yu-Ping
Published: August 2015

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine how various characteristics of brand posts influence online engagement on Facebook brand pages.

Design/methodology/approach

– The data used for this study were obtained from the posts of ten popular official brand pages. For the selected period between March 1 and May 1, 2014, a total of 1,030 posts were obtained and manually processed on September 1, 2014. To assign post categories to the posts created by page administrators, the authors performed manual coding, following the coding development strategy.

Findings

– The results demonstrated that the media and content type of posts exert a significant effect on user online engagement. This study used liking, commenting and sharing behavior as a measure of users’ online engagement to specify the new phenomena.

Originality/value

– The findings are relevant for the theory of information dissemination and provide valuable and directly applicable implications for the social media marketing of companies.
Politics of Practical and Academic Knowledge: A Q‐Method Analysis of Gauging Community Disaster Resilience
Authors: Huggins Thomas J. , Peace Robin , Hill Stephen R. , Johnston David M. , Muñiz Alicia Cuevas
Published: August 2015

This research analysed strong opinions, held by emergency management practitioners and researchers, about developing a regional framework of community resilience indicators. A group of practitioners and another group, of researchers, were planning an International Centre of Excellence, focused on community disaster resilience in Wellington, New Zealand. Five participants from each of the researcher and practitioner groups volunteered to better identify opinion factors among these groups, using Q‐methodology. One perspective supporting complicated analysis to inform strategic decisions was particular to the researcher group. Practitioners shared an opposition to insular, top‐down decision making. Both groups perceived a need to evaluate opportunities for improving post‐disaster outcomes. These perspectives helped develop the International Centre of Excellence and inform comparable approaches to community disaster resilience.
Patient Preferences for Features of Health Care Delivery Systems: A Discrete Choice Experiment
Authors: Mühlbacher Axel C. , Bethge Susanne , Reed Shelby D. , Schulman Kevin A.
Published: August 2015

Objective

To estimate the relative importance of organizational‐, procedural‐, and interpersonal‐level features of health care delivery systems from the patient perspective.

Data Sources/Study Setting

We designed four discrete choice experiments (DCEs) to measure patient preferences for 21 health system attributes. Participants were recruited through the online patient portal of a large health system. We analyzed theDCEdata using random effects logit models.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

DCEs were performed in which respondents were provided with descriptions of alternative scenarios and asked to indicate which scenario they prefer. Respondents were randomly assigned to one of the three possible health scenarios (current health, new lung cancer diagnosis, or diabetes) and asked to complete 15 choice tasks. Each choice task included an annual out‐of‐pocket cost attribute.

Principal Findings

A total of 3,900 respondents completed the survey. The out‐of‐pocket cost attribute was considered the most important across the four differentDCEs. Following the cost attribute, trust and respect, multidisciplinary care, and shared decision making were judged as most important. The relative importance of out‐of‐pocket cost was consistently lower in the hypothetical context of a new lung cancer diagnosis compared with diabetes or the patient's current health.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates the complexity of patient decision making processes regarding features of health care delivery systems. Our findings suggest the importance of these features may change as a function of an individual's medical conditions.
Gender Determination of Adult Individuals by Three‐Dimensional Modeling of Canines
Authors: Tardivo Delphine , Sastre Julien , Catherine Jean‐Hugues , Leonetti Georges , Adalian Pascal , Foti Bruno
Published: August 2015

Gender determination is a fundamental issue in forensic anthropology. Many techniques based on bone and dental remains have been proposed. It is not always possible to implement the techniques using bones, but teeth are often perfectly preserved. It has been demonstrated that the canine has the greatest sexual dimorphism, and the aim of this work was to provide an easy and accurate dental technique for determining the gender in the absence of other skeletal elements. The sample was composed of 210 CT scans with four healthy canines. The 840 canines were modeled using MIMICS® 10.01 software. The total volume of each tooth was determined. Seven mathematical models were determined by binary logistic regressions and ranked in order of relative performance. The seven proposed predictive models thus performed (0.910 ≤ AUC ≤ 0.938), with overall rates of correct predictions between 82.38 and 85.24%. The 4‐canine model is the most powerful for predicting the gender.
Death from Nitrous Oxide
Authors: Bäckström Björn , Johansson Bengt , Eriksson Anders
Published: August 2015

Nitrous oxide is an inflammable gas that gives no smell or taste. It has a history of abuse as long as its clinical use, and deaths, although rare, have been reported. We describe two cases of accidental deaths related to voluntary inhalation of nitrous oxide, both found dead with a gas mask covering the face. In an attempt to find an explanation to why the victims did not react properly to oncoming hypoxia, we performed experiments where a test person was allowed to breath in a closed system, with or without nitrous oxide added. Vital signs and gas concentrations as well as subjective symptoms were recorded. The experiments indicated that the explanation to the fact that neither of the descendents had reacted to oncoming hypoxia and hypercapnia was due to the inhalation of nitrous oxide. This study raises the question whether nitrous oxide really should be easily, commercially available.
Efficacy of sugammadex in rocuronium‐induced or antibiotic‐induced anaphylaxis. A case–control study
Authors: Platt P. R. , Clarke R. C. , Johnson G. H. , Sadleir P. H. M.
Published: August 2015

We report 13 cases of presumed rocuronium‐induced anaphylaxis in which sugammadex was administered with the intention of reversing the immunological reaction. Of these 13 cases, eight (62%) were later confirmed to be type‐1 hypersensitivity reactions to rocuronium, three (23%) were triggered by an antibiotic and two (15%) were non‐immunologically mediated. Response to treatment was scored by the treating anaesthetist, and compared with haemodynamic and inotrope measurements from the resuscitation and anaesthetic records. Haemodynamic improvement was seen in only six (46%) cases, three of which were associated with a non‐rocuronium trigger. Of the three cases in which the treating anaesthetist thought that sugammadex had been beneficial, one was not caused by rocuronium, one had no improvement in blood pressure and one required 8.5 times as much adrenaline in boluses after, compared with the period before, sugammadex administration. These data suggest that sugammadex does not modify the clinical course of a suspected hypersensitivity reaction.
Current evidence on whether perinatal risk factors influence coeliac disease is circumstantial
Authors: Mårild Karl , Ludvigsson Jonas F. , Størdal Ketil
Published: August 2015

Coeliac disease is triggered by an interplay of environmental and genetic factors and is one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases in children, occurring in about 1% of Europeans. Over the last few decades, there has been a growing interest in the role of the perinatal environment in coeliac disease and this review discusses the growing body of literature on coeliac disease and perinatal risk factors.

Conclusion

There is still only circumstantial evidence that the perinatal environment influences coeliac disease development. Large‐scale cohort studies and emerging scientific concepts, such as epigenetics, may help us establish the role of these environmental factors.
Origins and development of mirroring mechanisms: A neuroconstructivist framework
Authors: Quadrelli Ermanno , Turati Chiara
Published: August 2015

The current review examines models developed to answer questions about the origins and early developmental processes determining the emergence of mirroring mechanisms and considers the debate about the role of the motor system in action understanding. Strengths and points of criticism deriving from existing alternative positions are illustrated. Particular emphasis is put on the neuroconstructivist framework with the aim of evaluating whether the hypotheses driven by this approach are in line with the available evidence. Within the neuroconstructivist framework, a novel model is proposed in which the direct‐matching and action reconstruction viewpoints on action understanding processes can be integrated by assuming a developmental perspective. It is suggested that mirroring mechanisms are shaped by a domain‐relevant narrowing process driven by sensorimotor experience and that action understanding can take advantage of both top‐down and bottom‐up processes, in a multilevel and dynamic fashion.
Aberrant splicing of genes involved in haemoglobin synthesis and impaired terminal erythroid maturation inSF3B1mutated refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts
Authors: Conte Simona , Katayama Shintaro , Vesterlund Liselotte , Karimi Mohsen , Dimitriou Marios , Jansson Monika , Mortera‐Blanco Teresa , Unneberg Per , Papaemmanuil Elli , Sander Birgitta , Skoog Tiina , Campbell Peter , Walfridsson Julian , Kere Juha , Hellström‐Lindberg Eva
Published: August 2015

Refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS) is distinguished by hyperplastic inefficient erythropoiesis, aberrant mitochondrial ferritin accumulation and anaemia. Heterozygous mutations in the spliceosome geneSF3B1are found in a majority ofRARScases. To explore the link betweenSF3B1mutations and anaemia, we studied mutatedRARS CD34+marrow cells with regard to transcriptome sequencing, splice patterns and mutational allele burden during erythroid differentiation. Transcriptome profiling during early erythroid differentiation revealed a marked up‐regulation of genes involved in haemoglobin synthesis and in the oxidative phosphorylation process, and down‐regulation of mitochondrialABCtransporters compared to normal bone marrow. Moreover, mis‐splicing of genes involved in transcription regulation, particularly haemoglobin synthesis, was confirmed, indicating a compromised haemoglobinization duringRARSerythropoiesis. In order to define the phase during which erythroid maturation ofSF3B1mutated cells is most affected, we assessed allele burden during erythroid differentiationin vitroandin vivoand found thatSF3B1mutated erythroblasts showed stable expansion until late erythroblast stage but that terminal maturation to reticulocytes was significantly reduced. In conclusion,SF3B1mutatedRARSprogenitors display impaired splicing with potential downstream consequences for genes of key importance for haemoglobin synthesis and terminal erythroid differentiation.
Learning class‐specific descriptors for deformable shapes using localized spectral convolutional networks
Authors: Boscaini D. , Masci J. , Melzi S. , Bronstein M. M. , Castellani U. , Vandergheynst P.
Published: August 2015

In this paper, we propose a generalization of convolutional neural networks (CNN) to non‐Euclidean domains for the analysis of deformable shapes. Our construction is based on localized frequency analysis (a generalization of the windowed Fourier transform to manifolds) that is used to extract the local behavior of some dense intrinsic descriptor, roughly acting as an analogy to patches in images. The resulting local frequency representations are then passed through a bank of filters whose coefficient are determined by a learning procedure minimizing a task‐specific cost. Our approach generalizes several previous methods such as HKS, WKS, spectral CNN, and GPS embeddings. Experimental results show that the proposed approach allows learning class‐specific shape descriptors significantly outperforming recent state‐of‐the‐art methods on standard benchmarks.
Example Based Repetitive Structure Synthesis
Authors: Roveri Riccardo , Öztireli A. Cengiz , Martin Sebastian , Solenthaler Barbara , Gross Markus
Published: August 2015

We present an example based geometry synthesis approach for generating general repetitive structures. Our model is based on a meshless representation, unifying and extending previous synthesis methods. Structures in the example and output are converted into a functional representation, where the functions are defined by point locations and attributes. We then formulate synthesis as a minimization problem where patches from the output function are matched to those of the example. As compared to existing repetitive structure synthesis methods, the new algorithm offers several advantages. It handles general discrete and continuous structures, and their mixtures in the same framework. The smooth formulation leads to employing robust optimization procedures in the algorithm. Equipped with an accurate patch similarity measure and dedicated sampling control, the algorithm preserves local structures accurately, regardless of the initial distribution of output points. It can also progressively synthesize output structures in given subspaces, allowing users to interactively control and guide the synthesis in real‐time. We present various results for continuous/discrete structures and their mixtures, residing on curves, submanifolds, volumes, and general subspaces, some of which are generated interactively.
Acceptance rate of long‐acting injection after short information: a survey in patients with first‐ and multiple‐episode psychoses and their caregivers
Authors: Yeo Seong‐Uk , Park Jong‐Il , Jang Jin‐Mahn , Kang Nam‐In , Cui Yin , Kim Min‐Gul , Kim Hyun‐Min , Jung Ae‐Ja , Chung Young‐Chul
Published: August 2015

Aim

The aim of this study was to investigate the acceptance rates of long‐acting injection (LAI) in patients with first‐ and multiple‐episode psychoses before and after providing concise information about LAI to the patients and their caregivers. Additionally, predictors of choosing LAI and the reasons for reluctance to accept LAI were also evaluated.

Methods

The survey included the questionnaire about participants' demographic characteristics, prior knowledge about LAI, attitude towards the importance of medication or psychotherapy and acceptance for LAI – treatment. The acceptance rate for LAI was re‐evaluated after providing short information about current LAI or to the hypothetical questions like if there are a 3‐ms lasting injection or the cost of injection is cheap.

Result

This study included 161 patients and 113 caregivers who completed a cross‐sectional survey. Following exposure to LAI information, acceptance rates for this method of treatment did not change in all groups. However, acceptance rates increased significantly when asked if the cost of LAI was cheaper than the current oral medication and the effect of LAI lasted for 3 months. Significant predictors of acceptance of LAI in patients with first‐episode psychosis were prior knowledge about LAI, attitudes towards the importance of medication and discomfort due to medication side‐effects.

Conclusion

The present study demonstrated that a substantial portion of patients with first‐ and multiple‐episode psychoses and their caregivers prefer LAI over their current oral medication. The acceptance of LAI was not increased by providing succinct information concerning this method of treatment.
Duration of untreated psychosis and acute remission of negative symptoms in a South American first‐episode psychosis cohort
Authors: González‐Valderrama Alfonso , Castañeda Carmen Paz , Mena Cristián , Undurraga Juan , Mondaca Pilar , Yañez Matías , Bedregal Paula , Nachar Ruben
Published: August 2015

Aim

To determine the association between duration of untreated psychosis (DUP) and symptoms remission in a hospitalized first‐episode psychosis cohort.

Methods

Inpatients with a first‐episode non‐affective psychosis were recruited. Subjects were divided into two groups of long and short DUP using a 3‐month cut‐off point, and this was related to remission at 10 weeks of treatment. Multivariate analyses were performed.

Results

Fifty‐five inpatients were included. There were no differences in remission rates of positive symptoms. Up to 76.5% of the patients with a short DUP (<3 months) achieved remission of negative symptoms versus 31.6% in the DUP ≥ 3 months group (P = 0.003). After controlling for relevant factors, patients with a shorter DUP were still three times more likely to achieve negative symptoms remission (HR: 3.04, 95% CI 1.2–7.5).

Conclusions

DUP is a prognostic factor that should be considered at an early stage to identify a ‘high risk’ subgroup of persistent negative symptoms.
The antimicrobial effect of chlorhexidine varnish on mutans streptococci in patients with fixed orthodontic appliances: a systematic review of clinical efficacy
Authors: Tang X , Sensat ML , Stoltenberg JL
Published: August 2015

Objective

To conduct a systematic review aimed to determine the antimicrobial efficacy of chlorhexidine varnishes (CHX‐V) on mutans streptococci (MS) in patients during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.

Materials and Methods

A systematic computerized database search was conducted using Ovid MEDLINE, Scopus and EMBASE up to September 2014. A Google search was also conducted to further identify articles that met the eligibility criteria. Clinical trials which used CHX‐V alone as the intervention to investigate the antimicrobial effect of the varnish in subjects undergoing orthodontic treatment were included. Outcome measures included MS level reduction and/or decreased caries incidence from baseline data.

Results

Nineteen articles were identified for full‐text reading; eleven articles met the criteria for inclusion in this review. Type and concentration of CHX‐V, bacterial sampling method, application frequency, sampling schedule, risk of bias and study outcomes are presented.

Conclusion

A limited number of studies with low risk of bias were available to address the antimicrobial efficacy of CHX‐V on MS in patients during orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances. Therefore, while the majority of studies found CHX‐V to be an effective antimicrobial against MS at an interval of 3–4 weeks, the strength of the recommendation is weak. Longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether this antimicrobial effect will contribute to clinically significant caries reduction in patients undergoing orthodontic treatment with fixed appliances.
Role of adrenal vein sampling in primary aldosteronism: the Monash Health experience
Authors: Teng J. , Hutchinson M. E. , Doery J. C. G. , Choy K. W. , Chong W. , Fuller P. J. , Yang J.
Published: August 2015

Background

Adrenal vein sampling (AVS) is useful for distinguishing unilateral versus bilateral hypersecretion in primary aldosteronism (PA), but is technically challenging. Furthermore, the use of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)‐stimulation in AVS is controversial. We implemented a Monash Health‐specific AVS protocol in 2010.

Aim

The audit aimed to: (i) examine the impact of a dedicated protocol on success rates of AVS at a tertiary referral centre; (ii) evaluate the impact of AVS on sub‐typing of PA; and (iii) assess the utility of ACTH stimulation in AVS.

Methods

AVS was performed on patients with PA confirmed by positive saline suppression testing (aldosterone level >140 pmol/L post‐saline infusion), with sequential sampling of adrenal and peripheral veins, pre‐ and post‐ACTH infusion. Patients with unilateral aldosterone‐producing adenoma diagnosed on successful AVS were referred for adrenalectomy.

Results

Between 2010 and 2014 inclusive, a total of 28 AVS procedures was performed, with complete pre‐ and post‐ACTH data for 19 procedures. Bilateral successful cannulation rates improved post‐implementation of our protocol (61% vs 41%). Of the patients, 32% had discordant imaging and AVS results: four patients with unilateral adenomas did not lateralise on AVS and were managed medically; four patients with bilateral or no adenomas on imaging, lateralised on AVS and had surgery. Overall, use of ACTH did not increase successful cannulation and tended to mask lateralisation.

Conclusion

AVS is crucial in subtype classification of PA and should be performed by a dedicated radiologist with a standardised protocol. AVS outcomes were not improved with the use of ACTH stimulation.
Mortality of People with Intellectual Disabilities in England: A Comparison of Data from Existing Sources
Authors: Heslop Pauline , Glover Gyles
Published: August 2015

Background

At present, there is limited statistical information about mortality of people with intellectual disabilities inEngland. This study explores the data that are currently available.

Materials and methods

Four recent sources of data about mortality of people with intellectual disabilities inEngland are reviewed: theConfidentialInquiry intoPrematureDeaths ofPeople with intellectual disabilities (CIPOLD); the 2013JointHealth andSocialCareIntellectualDisabilitySelf‐assessmentExercise; local registers of people with intellectual disability; and analysis ofCause ofDeath certificates.

Results

Available data confirm that people with intellectual disability have a shorter lifespan and increased risk of early death when compared with the general population. The standardized mortality rate for people with intellectual disabilities is approximately twice that of the general population inEngland, with little indication of any reduction in this over time.

Conclusions

Comprehensive data about mortality of people with intellectual disabilities that take account of the age and sex distribution of the population are currently lacking inEngland. Existing data suggest persistent inequalities between people with intellectual disabilities and the general population. There is an urgent need for better monitoring mechanisms and actions to address these.
Detection of a novel stem cell probably involved in normal turnover of the lung airway epithelium
Authors: Ortega‐Martínez Marta , Rodríguez‐Flores Laura E. , de‐la‐Garza‐González Carlos , Ancer‐Rodríguez Jesús , Jaramillo‐Rangel Gilberto
Published: August 2015

Regeneration of the lung airway epithelium after injury has been extensively studied. In contrast, analysis of its turnover in healthy adulthood has received little attention. In the classical view, this epithelium is maintained in the steady‐state by the infrequent proliferation of basal or Clara cells. The intermediate filament protein nestin was initially identified as a marker for neural stem cells, but its expression has also been detected in other stem cells. Lungs from CD1 mice at the age of 2, 6, 12, 18 or 24 months were fixed in neutral‐buffered formalin and paraffin‐embedded. Nestin expression was examined by an immunohistochemical peroxidase‐based method. Nestin‐positive cells were detected in perivascular areas and in connective tissue that were in close proximity of the airway epithelium. Also, nestin‐positive cells were found among the cells lining the airway epithelium. These findings suggest that nestin‐positive stem cells circulate in the bloodstream, transmigrate through blood vessels and localize in the lung airway epithelium to participate in its turnover. We previously reported the existence of similar cells able to differentiate into lung chondrocytes. Thus, the stem cell reported here might be a bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cell (BMDMSC) able to generate several types of lung tissues. In conclusion, our findings indicate that there exist a BMDMSC in healthy adulthood that participates in the turnover of the lung airway epithelium. These findings may improve our knowledge about the lung stem cell biology and also provide novel approaches to therapy for devastating pulmonary diseases.
Self‐consistent method for quantifying indium content from X‐ray spectra of thick compound semiconductor specimens in a transmission electron microscope
Authors: WALTHER T. , WANG X.
Published: August 2015

Based on Monte Carlo simulations of X‐ray generation by fast electrons we calculate curves of effective sensitivity factors for analytical transmission electron microscopy based energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy including absorption and fluorescence effects, as a function of Ga K/L ratio for different indium and gallium containing compound semiconductors. For the case of InGaN alloy thin films we show that experimental spectra can thus be quantified without the need to measure specimen thickness or density, yielding self‐consistent values for quantification with Ga K and Ga L lines. The effect of uncertainties in the detector efficiency are also shown to be reduced.
A critical review: early life nutrition and prenatal programming for adult disease
Authors: Carolan‐Olah Mary , Duarte‐Gardea Maria , Lechuga Julia
Published: August 2015

Aim and objective

To present the evidence in relation to early life nutrition and foetal programming for adult disease.

Background

Epigenetics is a new and growing area of study investigating the impact of the intrauterine environment on the lifelong health of individuals.

Design

Discursive paper.

Method

Searches were conducted in a range of electronic health databases. Hand searches located additional articles for review. Maternal search terms included: pregnancy; nutrition; diet; obesity; over nutrition; under nutrition. Offspring related search terms included: macrosomia; intrauterine growth restriction; epigenetics; foetal programming; childhood obesity; adolescent obesity; adolescent type 2 diabetes.

Discussion

Results indicate that foetal programming for adult disease occurs in response to particular insults during vulnerable developmental periods. Four main areas of foetal exposure were identified in this review: (1) under nutrition; (2) over nutrition; (3) gestational diabetes mellitus; and (4) infant catch‐up growth. Numerous studies also described the trans‐generational nature of foetal programming.

Conclusions

Overall, foetal exposure to excess or insufficient nutrition during vulnerable developmental periods appears to result in a lifelong predisposition to obesity and adult disease, such as type 2 diabetes and cardiac disease. For the infant who has been undernourished during early life, a predisposition to renal disease also occurs.

Relevance to clinical practice

Pregnancy is a time when women are engaged in health systems and are receptive to health messages. These factors suggest that pregnancy may be an optimal time for dietary education and intervention. There is a particular need for education on healthy diet and for interventions which aim to limit over consumption of calories.
Social integration and dialect divergence in coastal Palestine
Authors: Cotter William M. , Horesh Uri
Published: August 2015

The history of Palestine has caused communities to be displaced and relocated, entailing that speech communities have been dismantled and created anew. The coastal cities of Jaffa and Gaza exemplify this reality. This study analyzes speakers from Jaffa, some of whom remained there and others residing in Gaza as refugees. Through an examination of three variables, (ʕ), (AH), and (Q), we shed light on the effects of dialect contact while highlighting the link between dialect contact and identity formation and maintenance. All three variables are found to be in varied states of change as a result of contact with other varieties of Arabic, as well as with Modern Hebrew. We conclude that (Q), through its high social salience, works to create and maintain a sense of community identity for Jaffan refugees in Gaza at a time when the speech of the larger Jaffa community is undergoing substantial linguistic change.
Are all GMOs the same? Consumer acceptance of cisgenic rice in India
Authors: Shew Aaron M. , Nalley Lawton L. , Danforth Diana M. , Dixon Bruce L. , Nayga Rodolfo M. , Delwaide Anne‐Cecile , Valent Barbara
Published: August 2015

India has more than 215 million food‐insecure people, many of whom are farmers. Genetically modified (GM) crops have the potential to alleviate this problem by increasing food supplies and strengthening farmer livelihoods. For this to occur, two factors are critical: (i) a change in the regulatory status of GM crops, and (ii) consumer acceptance of GM foods. There are generally two classifications of GM crops based on how they are bred: cisgenically bred, containing only DNA sequences from sexually compatible organisms; and transgenically bred, including DNA sequences from sexually incompatible organisms. Consumers may view cisgenic foods as more natural than those produced via transgenesis, thus influencing consumer acceptance. This premise was the catalyst for our study—would Indian consumers accept cisgenically bred rice and if so, how would they value cisgenics compared to conventionally bred rice, GM‐labelled rice and ‘no fungicide’ rice? In this willingness‐to‐pay study, respondents did not view cisgenic and GM rice differently. However, participants were willing‐to‐pay a premium for any aforementioned rice with a ‘no fungicide’ attribute, which cisgenics and GM could provide. Although not significantly different (P = 0.16), 76% and 73% of respondents stated a willingness‐to‐consume GM and cisgenic foods, respectively.
Designing and Implementing Cross‐Sector Collaborations: NeededandChallenging
Authors: Bryson John M. , Crosby Barbara C. , Stone Melissa Middleton
Published: August 2015

Theoretical and empirical work on collaboration has proliferated in the last decade. The authors’ 2006 article on designing and implementing cross‐sector collaborations was a part of, and helped stimulate, this growth. This article reviews the authors’ and others’ important theoretical frameworks from the last decade, along with key empirical results. Research indicates how complicated and challenging collaboration can be, even though it may be needed now more than ever. The article concludes with a summary of areas in which scholarship offers reasonably settled conclusions and an extensive list of recommendations for future research. The authors favor research that takes a dynamic, multilevel systems view and makes use of both quantitative and qualitative methods, especially using longitudinal comparative case studies.
Partial Differential Equation-Based Multivariable Control Input Optimization for Laser-Aided Powder Deposition Processes
Authors: Cao Xiaoqing , Ayalew Beshah
Published: August 2015

This paper deals with the systematic optimization method for multiple input variables (laser irradiation power and scanning speed) in a class of laser-aided powder deposition (LAPD) processes. These processes are normally described by a coupled system of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs). To begin with, a desired solid–liquid (S/L) interface geometry is first approximated from a few practical process target parameters that define the desired process properties. Then, the control problem is formulated as one of seeking the optimal combination of process inputs that achieves close tracking of the desired S/L interface in quasi-steady state. The paper details the derivation of the adjoint-based solution for this PDE-constrained multivariable control input optimization problem. The effectiveness of the proposed method is illustrated via a case study on a laser cladding process.
The Ultrahigh Efficiency Gas Turbine Engine With Stator Internal
Combustion
Authors: Schobeiri Meinhard T. , Ghoreyshi Seyed M.
Published: August 2015

The current article introduces a physics-based revolutionary technology that enables energy efficiency and environmental compatibility goals of future generation aircraft and power generation gas turbines (GTs). An ultrahigh efficiency GT technology (UHEGT) is developed, where the combustion process is no longer contained in isolation between the compressor and turbine, rather distributed in three stages and integrated within the first three high pressure (HP) turbine stator rows. The proposed distributed combustion results in high thermal efficiencies, which cannot be achieved by conventional GT engines. Particular fundamental issues of aerothermodynamic design, combustion, and heat transfer are addressed in this study along with comprehensive computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. The aerothermodynamic study shows that the UHEGT-concept improves the thermal efficiency of GTs 5–7% above the current most advanced high efficiency GT engines, such as Alstom GT24. Multiple configurations are designed and simulated numerically to achieve the optimum configuration for UHEGT. CFD simulations include combustion process in conjunction with a rotating turbine row. Temperature and velocity distributions are investigated as well as power generation, pressure losses, and NOx emissions. Results show that the configuration in which fuel is injected into the domain through cylindrical tubes provides the best combustion process and the most uniform temperature distribution at the rotor inlet.
Dual Drive Booster for a Two-Spool Turbofan: Performance Effects and Mechanical Feasibility
Authors: Speak Trevor H. , Sellick Robert J. , Kloos Vadim , Jeschke Peter
Published: August 2015

A novel two-spool turbofan engine configuration is described which uses a booster powered by both the low an high pressure spools. Design and off-design performance analysis shows the operating characteristics of the configuration, and a mechanical feasibility study of the gearbox is presented. The trends toward ever higher engine overall pressure ratio and bypass ratio have resulted in a combination of higher pressure ratio and lower blade speed in the booster compressor of conventional two-spool turbofans. This combination gives rise to many stages in the booster and/or lower booster efficiency and also a higher degree of off-design mismatch between the core compressors. The current paper describes an engine architecture which aims to alleviate both these issues by powering the booster compressor from both low and high pressure spools through an epicyclic gear system. We have called this engine architecture the dual drive booster. The concept gives the engine designer greater flexibility to optimize component performance and work split, resulting in the potential for lower cruise specific fuel consumption and higher hot-day takeoff thrust capability than current engine configurations. The gear system is described along with the mathematical derivation of the booster rotational speed in terms of LP- and HP-spool speeds. Both the design point and off-design performance modeling have been conducted and comparison is made between a conventional turbofan and a turbofan fitted with the dual drive booster. The results show a significant enhancement in takeoff thrust due to the better speed match of the booster. The paper also describes the results of a preliminary study into the design and mechanical feasibility of the engine architecture and gear system. The presented concept is an alternative to the conventional turbofan and should be considered during the conceptual design of future aircraft engines.
Overview of geometrical room acoustic modeling techniques
Authors: Savioja Lauri , Svensson U. Peter
Published: August 2015

Computerized room acoustics modeling has been practiced for almost 50 years up to date. These modeling techniques play an important role in room acoustic design nowadays, often including auralization, but can also help in the construction of virtual environments for such applications as computer games, cognitive research, and training. This overview describes the main principles, landmarks in the development, and state-of-the-art for techniques that are based on geometrical acoustics principles. A focus is given to their capabilities to model the different aspects of sound propagation: specular vs diffuse reflections, and diffraction.
Modeling and estimating acoustic transfer functions of external ears with or without headphones
Authors: Deng Huiqun , Yang Jun
Published: August 2015

The acoustic transfer functions of external ears with or without headphones affect the features of perceived sounds and vary considerably with listeners and headphones. A method for estimating the frequency responses of external-ear transfer functions from the sound at the entrance of a blocked ear canal (or from the input of a headphone) to the sound at the eardrum for different listeners and headphones is developed based on an acoustic signal model of external ears. The model allows for applying realistic data about individual external ears and headphones and is advantageous over current standard ear simulators with fixed structures limited to simulating average ear canals and eardrum impedances below 10 kHz. Given different eardrum impedances, ear canal shapes, lengths, and headphones, the frequency responses of external-ear transfer functions are estimated and presented. In addition, a method of determining the Norton equivalent volume velocity or Thevenien equivalent sound pressure sources of a headphone from sound pressure signals in an acoustic tube is presented. These methods are validated via direct measurements and expected to have applications in headphone sound reproduction, headphone and hearing aid design, and audiometric and psychoacoustic measurements to produce desired sounds at the eardrums of different listeners.
In situ calibration of the sound strength parameter G
Authors: Katz Brian F. G.
Published: August 2015

The room acoustic parameter “strength of sound G” is a measure of room amplification relative to a 10 m free-field reference. Due to this reference requirement, G is often considered excessively difficult to measure. Standards require reference measurements using reverberation or anechoic chambers. While possible for well-equipped laboratories, this is impractical for most practitioners. Considering the entire measurement chain, stability of amplifier and converter gains must be identical between on-site and calibration measurements, which cannot always be assured. An in situ calibration method is proposed, taking advantage of the full hall dataset. Results show significant advantages compared to previous methods.
Identification of Restriction Factors by Human Genome-Wide RNA Interference Screening of Viral Host Range Mutants Exemplified by Discovery of SAMD9 and WDR6 as Inhibitors of the Vaccinia Virus K1L
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C7L
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Mutant
Authors: Sivan Gilad , Ormanoglu Pinar , Buehler Eugen C. , Martin Scott E. , Moss Bernard
Published: August 2015

RNA interference (RNAi) screens intended to identify host factors that restrict virus replication may fail if the virus already counteracts host defense mechanisms. To overcome this limitation, we are investigating the use of viral host range mutants that exhibit impaired replication in nonpermissive cells. A vaccinia virus (VACV) mutant with a deletion of both the C7L and K1L genes, K1L
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C7L
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, which abrogates replication in human cells at a step prior to late gene expression, was chosen for this strategy. We carried out a human genome-wide small interfering RNA (siRNA) screen in HeLa cells infected with a VACV K1L
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C7L
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mutant that expresses the green fluorescent protein regulated by a late promoter. This positive-selection screen had remarkably low background levels and resulted in the identification of a few cellular genes, notably SAMD9 and WDR6, from approximately 20,000 tested that dramatically enhanced green fluorescent protein expression. Replication of the mutant virus was enabled by multiple siRNAs to SAMD9 or WDR6. Moreover, SAMD9 and WDR6 clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 knockout HeLa cell lines were permissive for replication of the K1L
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C7L
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mutant, in agreement with the siRNA data. Expression of exogenous SAMD9 or interferon regulatory factor 1 restricted replication of the K1L
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C7L
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mutant in the SAMD9
−/−
cells. Independent interactions of SAMD9 with the K1 and C7 proteins were suggested by immunoprecipitation. Knockout of WDR6 did not reduce the levels of SAMD9 and interactions of WDR6 with SAMD9, C7, and K1 proteins were not detected, suggesting that these restriction factors act independently but possibly in the same innate defense pathway.

IMPORTANCE
The coevolution of microbial pathogens with cells has led to an arms race in which the invader and host continuously struggle to gain the advantage. For this reason, traditional siRNA screens may fail to uncover important immune mechanisms if the pathogens have already developed effective responses. However, host-restricted viral mutants have lost one or more defense genes needed for their replication in nonpermissive cells. By screening human genome libraries of short RNAs that inhibit the expression of individual host genes in nonpermissive cells, we identified SAMD9 and WDR6 as major restriction factors that prevented replication of a vaccinia virus mutant and suggest that host range screening can be generally useful for the investigation of host-pathogen interactions.
A comparison of PGC-1α mRNA and protein expression in response to 1-week endurance training on alternate days or 4 consecutive days
Authors: Huang Li-Ping , Yao Min , Wang Ya-Li , Davie Allan , Zhou Shi
Published: August 2015

To understand the molecular mechanisms of adaptation to different training protocols, this study compared the effects of 4 sessions of 90 min treadmill exercise on alternate days or consecutive days in 1 week on messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein expression of proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator 1-α in rat gastrocnemius muscle. The mRNA significantly increased by 25.8-fold after alternate-day and 10.1-fold after consecutive-day training, while the protein showed no significant cumulative effect, 1.5–1.7-fold above baseline, in the 2 protocols.
Renormalized multicanonical sampling
Authors: Yevick David
Published: August 2015

For a homogeneous system divisible into identical, weakly interacting subsystems, the multicanonical procedure can be accelerated if it is first applied to determine the density of states for a single subsystem. This result is then employed to approximate the state density of a subsystem with twice the size that forms the starting point of a new multicanonical iteration. Since this compound subsystem interacts less on average with its environment, iterating this sequence of steps rapidly generates the state density of the full system.