bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Publishers and librarians in Central and Eastern Europe – love or hatred?
Authors: Jelušić Srećko
Published: March 2005

Purpose

To provide an overview and propose solutions in improving scholarly publishing and document supply in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) in connection with copyright acts and library practice.

Design/methodology/approach

Current (national) libraries’ practices are analysed, especially with regard tp improving access to documents through ICT. A broad overview of intellectual property protection is given. Scholarly publishing in CEE is analysed retrospectively with a particular emphasis on current obstacles to better communication and distribution of scholarly work published in CEE.

Findings

Findings are related to the digital environment and social changes in contemporary Europe. Lack of highly skilled personnel within the document production and access chain is stressed as the major problem. Along this, language barriers, lack of cooperation among non‐fiction writers, universities, publishers and libraries strongly affect efficient document supply to students and scholars in CEE.

Research limitations/implications

Access to comparable statistical data on books and journal publishing and use would add to the possibility reach of more precise findings and conclusions.

Practical implications

Universities, publishers, non‐fiction writers and libraries could use the findings as a proposal for rethinking and remodelling of their activities with regard to document supply to readers in the digital environment in CEE.

Originality/value

The paper argues for an urgent need for efficient cooperation within scholarly publishing in CEE.
Resource sharing in Australia: evaluation of national initiatives and recent developments
Authors: Missingham Roxanne , Moreno Margarita
Published: March 2005

Purpose

This paper aims to summarise the changing pattern of Australian interlibrary loans and document delivery, the achievements of the consultative mechanisms (National Resource Sharing Working Group and National Research Sharing Policy Committees) and issues identified for further action.

Design/methodology/approach

Looks at the different aspects of resource sharing.

Findings

The major themes identified for future action are the need for increased resource discovery (through the NBD), acquisition of collections (particularly with library closures), capability building (training and manuals), information on performance and an urgent need to review the ILRS Code to improve speed of delivery and intelligibility of service levels.

Originality/value

From the user perspective, the ILL/DD system in the early twenty‐first century is complex and fragmented. The challenge for the Australian library sector is to build on the good infrastructure and systems developed through the NRSWG and NRSPC over the past six years and to develop new models which provide easy transparent modes of access to library collections across the nation.
Bar‐system representation for topology optimization using genetic algorithms
Authors: Wang S.Y. , Tai K.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

This paper proposes a bar‐system graph representation for structural topology optimization using a genetic algorithm (GA).

Design/methodology/approach

Based on graph theory, a graph is first used to represent a skeletal structure consisting of joining paths in the design domain, each of which is represented by a chain subgraph with finite number of vertices. Based on the edges of this graph, a bar‐system representation is proposed to define all the bars and the resulting topology is obtained by mapping each bar with its corresponding thickness to the design domain which is discretized into a regular mesh. The design variables are thus reduced to the spatial distribution of the vertices and the thickness of each bar. This method combines the advantages of both continuum and ground structure optimization methods.

Findings

The overall procedure is applied to classical structural topology optimization problems and its good performance is illustrated in the numerical examples.

Originality/value

It is suggested that the present representation method is both physically meaningful and computationally effective in the framework of topological optimum design using GAs.
Theoretical and numerical analysis of large‐scale heat transfer problems with temperature‐dependent pore‐fluid densities
Authors: Zhao Chongbin , Hobbs B.E. , Ord A. , Lin Ge , Mühlhaus H.B.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

In many scientific and engineering fields, large‐scale heat transfer problems with temperature‐dependent pore‐fluid densities are commonly encountered. For example, heat transfer from the mantle into the upper crust of the Earth is a typical problem of them. The main purpose of this paper is to develop and present a new combined methodology to solve large‐scale heat transfer problems with temperature‐dependent pore‐fluid densities in the lithosphere and crust scales.

Design/methodology/approach

The theoretical approach is used to determine the thickness and the related thermal boundary conditions of the continental crust on the lithospheric scale, so that some important information can be provided accurately for establishing a numerical model of the crustal scale. The numerical approach is then used to simulate the detailed structures and complicated geometries of the continental crust on the crustal scale. The main advantage in using the proposed combination method of the theoretical and numerical approaches is that if the thermal distribution in the crust is of the primary interest, the use of a reasonable numerical model on the crustal scale can result in a significant reduction in computer efforts.

Findings

From the ore body formation and mineralization points of view, the present analytical and numerical solutions have demonstrated that the conductive‐and‐advective lithosphere with variable pore‐fluid density is the most favorite lithosphere because it may result in the thinnest lithosphere so that the temperature at the near surface of the crust can be hot enough to generate the shallow ore deposits there. The upward throughflow (i.e. mantle mass flux) can have a significant effect on the thermal structure within the lithosphere. In addition, the emplacement of hot materials from the mantle may further reduce the thickness of the lithosphere.

Originality/value

The present analytical solutions can be used to: validate numerical methods for solving large‐scale heat transfer problems; provide correct thermal boundary conditions for numerically solving ore body formation and mineralization problems on the crustal scale; and investigate the fundamental issues related to thermal distributions within the lithosphere. The proposed finite element analysis can be effectively used to consider the geometrical and material complexities of large‐scale heat transfer problems with temperature‐dependent fluid densities.
An overview of digital printing for advanced interconnect applications
Authors: Sutter Thomas
Published: March 2005

Purpose

To review the concept of digital imaging for PCB manufacturing, with a specific focus on ink‐jet printing technologies.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper has been written to provide a review of digital imaging in the PCB industry. The application of ink‐jet printing in PCB manufacturing and the basic technology behind ink‐jet printing is described.

Findings

Ink‐jet printing in PCB manufacturing is a new technology, whose benefits and liabilities are still being determined. Although the concept of digital imaging fits a need in the industry for better control over registration, there are still many issues to be addressed for the technology to become widely adopted.

Originality/value

The value of the paper lies in educating the industry in the concepts of ink‐jet printing and the potential benefits it can deliver towards yield improvement and reduced costs in an ever‐more demanding and price sensitive market.
Environmental and economic implications of a shift to halogen‐free printed wiring boards
Authors: Gunnar Bergendahl Carl , Lichtenvort Kerstin , Johansson Glenn , Zackrisson Mats , Nyyssönen Jonna
Published: March 2005

Purpose

To present the outcome from one case study in the EU project grEEEn (Cost Management System for greening Electrical and Electronic Equipment). The study addressed the material shift in printed wiring boards (PWBs), from the traditional FR4 material containing halogenated flame retardants to halogen‐free FR4 materials.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper presents by way of introduction the grEEEn method. From the product, process and scenario modelling the results from the analysis of cost, environmental profile and legal compliance are presented and discussed.

Findings

It was found that the shift to the halogen‐free material leads to a slight increase in environmental burden. However, the shift to a halogen‐free material could mean that toxic substances are eliminated or reduced resulting in an overall improvement of the environmental performance. The shift causes an increase in cost ranging between nearly zero and 10 ∈ per PWB panel.

Originality/value

The paper presents results from the first study on the shift from FR4 material containing halogenated flame retardants to halogen‐free FR4 materials and comprises an analysis of the economic, environmental and legislative implications.
Where are we and where are we going?
Authors: Littler Dale , Tynan Caroline
Published: March 2005

Purpose

The paper strives to assess the current status of research in marketing.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper examines statistics showing the current position of market area studies. The paper also looks at the range of supply and demand factors affecting the quality and volume of research in marketing.

Findings

The paper argues that there is a range of extrinsic factors that affect in some way how research in marketing is undertaken, how it is perceived more widely and the form of its output. Research in marketing also has its own internal drivers that reflect in particular the current position of its knowledge base, and the manner in which those engaged in research perceive research potential. Finally, on the basis of the analysis the paper suggests some practical means of enhancing research in marketing.

Originality/value

This is important in identifying areas of concern that can be addressed in order to enhance the status of marketing.
The rise and fall of the Latin Square in marketing:a cautionary tale
Authors: Hamlin Robert P.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

This paper aims to illustrate the strengths and weaknesses of experimental design and development in academic marketing since 1950.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper does so by taking one experimental design, Latin Square, and describing its history and development within academic marketing in detail.

Findings

The Latin Square is a powerful experimental technique that first rose to prominence in agriculture in the 1920s and has remained a key tool in this discipline ever since. The technique was introduced into marketing in 1953, and enjoyed a period of great influence and popularity until 1973, when it abruptly disappeared from the publications of the discipline. Careful investigation of the research record of this period revealed that its demise was due to increasingly poor application method that led to compromised results, combined with an erroneous assignation of superior capabilities to full and fractional factorials that occurred at approximately the same time.

Practical implications

Two major implications arise from these findings. First, the discipline has incorrectly retired a tool that is still unmatched in some key research situations. Second, the errors that led to the technique's demise led to the rise of other techniques that do not have the capabilities that many researchers appear to think they have.

Originality/value

This is the first longitudinal historical case study of a single research technique that has appeared in print in a major journal, and it reveals aspects of the discipline's approach to science that could not have been illustrated in any other way.
From Vienna to California: a journey across disciplines
Authors: Franchi Stefano , Güzeldere Güven , Minch Erich
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Seeks to promote an understanding of a multidisciplinary approach to artificial intelligence and the humanities.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper is based on an interview with Heinz von Foerster.

Findings

Describes von Foerster's personal and intellectual journey which made him a transdisciplinary scientist and the founder and director of the Biological Computer Laboratory.

Originality/value

Provides a better understanding in how the complexity of scientific practice should be reflected in an open and flexible attitude towards the objects of enquiry.
Artificial neural nets and BCL
Authors: Andrew Alex M.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Attention is drawn to a principle of “significance feedback” in neural nets that was devised in the encouraging ambience of the Biological Computer Laboratory and is arguably fundamental to much of the subsequent practical application of artificial neural nets.

Design/methodology/approach

The background against which the innovation was made is reviewed, as well as subsequent developments. It is emphasised that Heinz von Foerster and BCL made important contributions prior to their focus on second‐order cybernetics.

Findings

The version of “significance feedback” denoted by “backpropagation of error” has found numerous applications, but in a restricted field, and the relevance to biology is uncertain.

Practical implications

Ways in which the principle might be extended are discussed, including attention to structural changes in networks, and extension of the field of application to include conceptual processing.

Originality/value

The original work was 40 years ago, but indications are given of questions that are still unanswered and avenues yet to be explored, some of them indicated by reference to intelligence as “fractal”.
Constructive memory
Authors: Riegler Alexander
Published: March 2005

Purpose

From the radical constructivist point of view the mainstream conception of memory as an encoding‐storage‐retrieval device is considered questionable. The paper aims at an alternative perspective on memory and its interaction with cognition.

Design/methodology/approach

The argumentation is based on various experimental data such as cognitive problem‐solving, change blindness, and childhood amnesia. Theoretical insights of the radical constructivist epistemology developed by Heinz von Foerster and others contribute as well.

Findings

Describing memory as storage‐retrieval device separated from cognition is rejected. Rather, memory is the expression of a static snapshot of otherwise dynamical cognitive processes. As an embodied network of constructive components, the evolutionary evolved cognition‐memory compound is not geared toward reproducing “true” facts. Rather, its goal is to produce structure that maintains coherence with the rest of the network.

Research limitations/implications

Memory research should not judge recognition in terms of “correct” or “false” but rather reassess its performance in terms of the super‐ordinate cognitive faculty.

Practical implications

The results imply that the role of memory should be reconsidered both in memory research as well as in practical areas such as psychotherapy and law.

Originality/value

The new characterization of memory rejects the narrow computational theory of mind. It provides a better account for memory distortion phenomena such as false recognition, intrusion, and confabulation.
A snapshot or a painting? Metaphors, myths, misuses and misunderstandings of marketing research information by journalists and other people who should know better
Authors: Rotfeld Herbert Jack
Published: March 2005

Purpose

In US political reporting, the top story has become the public opinion polls that purport to state the voters’ evaluations of potential candidates, current office holders or the impact of current events. Many politicians, in turn, often develop their campaign positions in response to the polls. This discussion aims to address how year after year, despite increasing spending by news organizations to predict election results, the polls are repeatedly unable to predict election outcomes. Excuses are made, while the misuse and misunderstanding of marketing research spreads to other types of public organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

Points out the contradictions between public opinion polling predictions of election results and actual events, with explanations of the usually unstated qualitative limitations to survey data.

Findings

Qualitative research bias could have a greater impact on outcomes than statistical margins of error, although it is only the latter that is reported or discussed by the news media.

Practical implications

This abuse and misuse of marketing research lowers the credibility of all marketing research, and the people in marketing research, should speak out. The pollsters want to keep their methods as having a mystical value as they sell their research information to the public and other data users. At worst, this is a misleading selling of marketing insight to the public and research experts should start to speak out, encouraging journalists to report more properly the reality of public opinion polls.

Originality/value

The popular metaphor of public opinion polls has been to call them a “snapshot” of public views. This offers a more realistic metaphor of survey data, an impressionistic painting that is influenced by numerous researchers or respondent biases that cannot be controlled.
Major influence factors in children's consumer socialization
Authors: Dotson Michael J. , Hyatt Eva M.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to first provide an overview of children's spending power, media exposure, and identification with brand names in the usa along with an updated overview of the major findings in the consumer socialization literature, and to then provide an empirical explanation of how the consumer socialization process works with today's children.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on a survey administered to 663 children, a factor analysis was performed on items designed to measure young people's attitudes toward, and interaction with, the various consumer socialization agents and marketplace factors, including shopping and media usage behavior.

Findings

Five major consumer socialization influence factors emerged: irrational social influence, importance of television, familial influence, shopping importance, and brand importance; and were used as dependent variables in subsequent analyses looking at the effects of a number of independent variables. Results indicate that the relative impacts of the various consumer socialization influence factors do vary according to the child's gender, age, amount of spending money available, amount of television viewing, and how he/she spends time after school.

Originality/value

These results are important to practitioners because they show that the traditional consumer socialization models may apply differently to children with different demographics and lifestyle characteristics.
Direct selling as the next channel
Authors: Duffy Dennis L.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

The paper aims to describe the application of direct selling, the process of selling a consumer product or service from one person to another, in an environment that is not a permanent retail location.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper explores the application of direct selling from the perspective of companies that have built their business around direct selling and those who are evolving into direct selling. The paper focuses the examination on three companies participating in the direct selling category: The Longaberger Company, The Pampered Chef and The Tupperware Corporation.

Findings

The paper finds that direct selling is an increasingly important component of the marketing mix for many traditional, successful companies and presents some keys to success.

Originality/value

Successful direct selling companies in the future will help to maximize growth and optimize customer loyalty at all levels.
A framework for the utilization of information technology in higher education admission department
Authors: McClea Michael , Yen David C.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Through an examination of the admission department at Miami University of Ohio and their use of information technology, a generalized framework for the use of information technology in university admissions is proposed.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper was developed to start an introduction to the admission process and the role of information technology in the process. The basis for the case study was then developed by introducing Miami University and the background of its admission department regarding the implementation of information technology at the University. In addition, the information system development and evolution were examined, displayed, and evaluated while also analyzing the specific parts of the system, allowing for the basis of a proposed framework. Finally, the proposed general framework for the use of information technology in the higher education admission process was analyzed and constructed.

Findings

It was found that provision of a system that offers the department the best opportunity for success in communicating with prospects, applicants, acceptances, and confirmations is necessary.

Research limitations/implications

Statistical analysis and models, marketing concepts, and numerous other techniques may be added to this framework to enhance the entire system.

Practical implications

The framework sets the stage and proffers a basic structure that is capable of adapting to the specific environs of each unique admission department while continuously providing enhanced information. The ideal goal is to improve the strategies and goals of the university while simultaneously improving the processes within the admission department. To obtain even a slight improvement should justify the implementation of this framework but, utilized correctly and with effective support, this system should offer endless opportunities.

Originality/value

Through a case study of the admission department at Miami University, a framework for utilizing information technology within a higher education admission department offers an examination of the application of information technology to generate improved quality.
A comparison of local management of regeneration in England and Greece
Authors: Chondroleou Georgia , Elcock Howard , Liddle Joyce , Oikonomopoulos Ioannis
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Explores comparisons between the English and Greek local government systems, in the hope of offering some fresh insights into the regeneration and management of local areas.

Design/methodology/approach

Discusses the issue of local political leadership at a time when changes in local political management arrangements are taking place in many European countries.

Findings

The English and Greek experiments with developing local self‐government provide some reassurance and some causes for concern but, above all, they demonstrate that in, unitary states, Ministers and Civil Servants at the centre find withdrawing from interference in local affairs a very hard exercise in self‐denial.

Originality/value

Illustrates the problems facing two centralised countries struggling with varying but limited success to cope with various public management issues raised by local devolution and decentralisation.
Reflecting on the processes of a local evaluation
Authors: Diamond John
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Seeks to draw together a number of separate but, arguably, inter‐related themes which are present for those involved in “sense making” within and across public and third sector agencies or organisations.

Design/methodology/approach

Uses a case study approach of one community‐based network in South London to explore the ways in which action learning can facilitate self‐reflection and open up the processes of partnership to a wider audience.

Findings

The particular challenge for any evaluator is to identify the ways in which definitions and meanings are shared or contested by participants. These can be “heard” through the different narratives which are constructed by those engaged in the evaluation process.

Originality/value

Attempts to identify what the critical questions were for those involved and provides a commentary on the experience.
Pilot project results of an integrated security management system
Authors: Milliman John , Grosskopf John , Paez Ozzie , Ayen William
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Aims to report the key results and learnings of a pilot test of an ISO‐based integrated management systems approach to security, environmental, health, and safely (SEH&S) at one industry site in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach

First, the rationale for and brief overview of a five‐step integrated SEH&S management systems approach is presented. Second, a descriptive reporting of the process, results, and implications of the initial steps of the integrated SEH&S approach at a water and sanitation district in the USA is provided.

Findings

Provides a description of the process of how an integrated SEH&S approach is implemented and reports results such as the following. First, the major vulnerabilities and risks associated with the water district's major infrastructure assets are assessed. Second, the various risks are evaluated, prioritized, and ranked in terms of their security and environmental, health and safety (EH&S) aspects. Third, recommendations are offered to mitigate major vulnerabilities. Finally, an overall assessment of the applicability of the integrated SEH&S approach to security and risk management is presented.

Research limitations/implications

The study was conducted in one organization and involved only the first portion of the proposed integrated SEH&S management system approach.

Originality/value

This manuscript should inform executives and managers of the SEH&S functions concerning how their organizations can use the newly proposed integrated approach to address both security and overall organizational risks in a more comprehensive and cost‐effective manner.
“Gripped by fear”
Authors: Coppola Damon P.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the roots of public fear and often‐distorted reality of risk, and proposes methods by which emergency management agencies can successfully manage fear, should a terror‐based event occur within their jurisdiction.

Design/methodology/approach

The October 2002 sniper crisis in Washington, DC is used to identify the processes by which public fear is generated, maintained, and managed.

Findings

In the USA's post‐9/11 era of terror‐awareness, extreme actions of groups like Al Qaeda are no longer necessary to spark detrimental anxiety‐based social reactions. The two snipers who placed the nation's capital under siege for three weeks with one rifle and a box of bullets confirmed this fact. Washington, DC's duct tape and plastic panic buying spree, spurred by a Terrorism Threat Index increase, illustrated how the mere hint of a future event can induce irrational behavior.

Practical implications

Clearly, the emergency management community can no longer simply blame the media for such strong public sentiment. Controlling public fear is a public safety responsibility but fear management must be supported by the Federal government to be effective. There exists a rapidly‐growing need for agencies to adopt formal fear management capabilities staffed by appropriately‐trained, dedicated officials. In many cases of terrorism, fear is the greatest emergency that must be managed, and irresponsible or inadequate attempts to do so can actually increase public risk. This paper proposes methods by which emergency management agencies can successfully manage fear, should a terror‐based event occur within their jurisdiction.

Originality/value

This paper will assist emergency managers, administrators at the city, county, and national levels, and others involved in planning for the management of fear during emergencies that can occur in the aftermath of terror‐based events.
A novel approach for regenerating a private key using password, fingerprint and smart card
Authors: Ahmed Fawad , Siyal M.Y.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

To devise a biometric‐based mechanism for enhancing security of private keys used in cryptographic applications.

Design/methodology/approach

To enhance security of a private key, we propose a scheme that regenerates a user's private key by taking a genuine user's password, fingerprint and a valid smart card. Our scheme uses features extracted from fingerprint along with public key cryptography, cryptographic hash functions and Shamir secret sharing scheme in a novel way to achieve our desired objectives.

Findings

Despite changes in the fingerprint pattern each time it is presented, our scheme is sufficiently robust to regenerate a constant private key. As compared to conventional methods of storing a private key merely by password‐based encryption, our scheme offers more security as it requires a genuine user's password, fingerprint and a valid smart card. Key lengths up to 1024‐bit or even higher can be regenerated making the scheme compatible with the current security requirements of public key cryptosystems.

Research limitations/implications

Minutia points used for image alignment can be incorporated in the key regeneration algorithm for stronger user authentication. In this case, some alternative technique will be required for image alignment.

Practical implications

The robustness of our scheme depicts its use in practical systems where there are variations in fingerprint patterns because of sensor noise and alignment issues.

Originality/value

In this paper, we have demonstrated a novel idea of regenerating the private key of a user by using fingerprint, password and a smart card. The basic aim is to provide more security to key storage as compared to traditional methods that uses password‐based encryption for secure storage of private keys.
Higher education leadership roles in knowledge processing
Authors: Martin Jeffery S. , Marion Russell
Published: March 2005

Purpose

To examine the critical roles of leadership in higher education and to define how such roles enable an environment that embraces the demands of a knowledge‐based organization.

Design/methodology/approach

Through interviews with executive leadership in several higher education institutions, the ontology of knowledge management was established and the methods by which knowledge gaps were resolved were explored. The question of how leadership behaviors, policies, and programs enable or inhibit knowledge‐processing activities was analyzed.

Findings

Leadership influence in six key areas emerged as significant in the study: environment manager, network manager, policy manager, crisis manager, knowledge gap manager, and future leader preparation. The authors confirmed that the leader has tremendous control over the knowledge‐processing environment and the role of leadership has broader influence than the resolution of knowledge gaps.

Originality/value

By understanding leadership roles in knowledge management, organizations and their leaders can enhance the learning capacity of the organization.
Know ways in knowledge management
Authors: Blackman Deborah A. , Henderson Steven
Published: March 2005

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is partly to complete Earl's framework, but more importantly to seek out the limits of what can be known and what cannot be known by each of the schools in his taxonomy, by addressing the absent epistemological foundation of what is being managed in his seven schools of knowledge management.

Design/methodology/approach

For each of the seven schools, the paper explores three related issues: the role of knowledge management systems in mediating between individual knowers and the community that needs to know; the context of Earl's knowledge management schools in terms of their focus on process and problems; and the consequences of the processes for identifying and validating knowledge.

Findings

Earl's framework survives this examination of its knowledge basis, suggesting that it is more robust, and captures more differences, than originally claimed. However, revelations about what can and cannot be known in each school suggest that knowledge management cannot be “done” until users and designers have greater sensitivity to the epistemological plasticity of what they purport to manage.

Originality/value

The paper's value lies in the re‐direction of knowledge management it suggests – a re‐direction away from technical solutions and towards examination of the epistemological and philosophical problems which are the chief reason for the continuing disappointment with knowledge management in many quarters.
Doing knowledge management
Authors: Firestone Joseph M. , McElroy Mark W.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

Knowledge management (KM) as a field has been characterized by great confusion about its conceptual foundations and scope, much to the detriment of assessments of its impact and track record. The purpose of this paper is to contribute toward defining the scope of KM and ending the confusion, by presenting a conceptual framework and set of criteria for evaluating whether claimed KM interventions are bona fide instances of it or are interventions of another sort.

Design/methodology/approach

Methods used include conceptual evaluation and critique of a variety of types of “KM interventions” and presentation of a detailed analysis of an unambiguous case (The Partners HealthCare case) where KM has been successful.

Findings

The critical analysis indicates that the use of tools and methods associated with KM does not imply that interventions using them are KM interventions, and most “KM projects” are probably interventions of other types. The analysis also illustrates a pattern of intervention that can serve as the basis of a long‐term systematic strategy for implementing KM.

Originality/value

This is the first detailed examination of whether KM is really being done by those who claim to be doing it. It should be of value to all those who think about the scope of organizational learning and KM, and who care about unbiased assessments of its performance.
Police perceptions of social capital and sense of responsibility
Authors: Jackson Arrick L. , Wade John E.
Published: March 2005

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between social capital and police sense of responsibility and their impact on proactive policing.

Design/methodology/approach

Data were obtained from surveys of 353 police officers from a mid‐Western police agency. Structural equation modeling was employed to examine the relationship between social capital and proactive policing and the mediating impact of police sense of responsibility for explaining proactive policing.

Findings

Social capital demonstrates a significant relationship with both sense of responsibility and proactive policing. However, findings suggest that the amount of crime within the community has the most significant impact on police sense of responsibility and their subsequent proactive behavior. Further, social capital is only moderately mediated by sense of responsibility in explaining proactive policing.

Research limitations/implications

The research limitations of this study include: results may be skewed toward reflecting the perceptions of younger officers; this study is a cross‐sectional study, therefore, no data are provided in this study to indicate whether police opinions and behavior might change if their job assignments were different; and the scales utilized in this study may not be exhaustive.

Originality/value

Many explanations have been advanced to account for police proactive behavior. Social capital is the least developed concept in this regard. The mediating role that officers' sense of responsibility has in the relationship between social capital and proactive policing is assessed.
Confidence in the police between America and Japan
Authors: Cao Liqun , Stack Steven
Published: March 2005

Purpose

To re‐test the hypothesis that that the public in Japan have a higher confidence in the police than their counterparts in the USA.

Design/methodology/approach

Data from the national representative samples were analyzed to compare the levels of confidence in the police between the USA and Japan. The new analysis addressed four methodological limitations found in the previous study.

Findings

With more updated data and more appropriate method, the results confirmed the previous study that the US public have a significantly higher confidence in the police than the Japanese public.

Originality/value

Many qualitative studies have found or argued that the public in Japan have higher confidence in their police than their counterparts in the USA. Only one quantitative analysis has found the opposite. One safeguard against overgeneralization in social science is through replication of the inquiry. The duplication of the previous research findings is important because a strong scientific conclusion is based on the one that examines the theoretically deduced hypothesis at one of the indefinitely large number of times and places that it could be tested, and because duplication is critical in social sciences based on cross‐sectional surveys which are time‐dependent and time‐sensitive.
The thinking eye
Authors: Surette Ray
Published: March 2005

Purpose

To discuss and review the shift to computer enhanced self‐monitoring CCTV surveillance systems of public spaces and the social implications of this shift.

Design/methodology/approach

A review of the research and evaluation literature concerning CCTV surveillance systems culling out the history of public space CCTV systems and the concerns associated with first and second generation CCTV surveillance.

Findings

The main difference between first and second generation surveillance is the change from a “dumb camera” that needs a human eye to evaluate its images to a computer‐linked camera system that evaluates its own video images. Second generation systems reduce the human factor in surveillance and address some of the basic concerns associated with first generation surveillance systems such as data swamping, boredom, voyeurism, and profiling. Their enhanced capabilities, though, raise new concerns, particularly the expansion of surveillance and its intrusiveness.

Research limitations/implications

Additional research is needed to assess CCTV surveillance on a set of social dynamics such as informal guardianship activities by citizens.

Practical implications

The adoption of computer‐enhanced CCTV surveillance systems should not be an automatic response to a public space security problem and their deployment should not be decided simply on the technology's availability or cost.

Originality/value

This paper provides a concise overview of the concerns associated with first generation CCTV surveillance and how the evolution of computer‐enhanced CCTV surveillance systems will alter and add to these concerns. For researchers it details research questions that need to be addressed. For practitioners and government officials considering the use of public space CCTV surveillance it provides a set of issues that should be considered prior to system adoption or deployment.
Reducing burglary by crackdown and consolidation
Authors: Millie Andrew
Published: March 2005

Purpose

To assess whether a programme of “crackdown and consolidation” could lead to measurable and sustainable reductions in domestic burglary.

Design/methodology/approach

In 1998 the Home Office reducing burglary initiative was launched in England and Wales. Phase I comprised 63 projects; the evaluation of one such project based on crackdown and consolidation is considered here. The aim was to crack down on known burglary recidivists, and then consolidate any gains by engaging the local community and implementing various prevention measures. The article considers the background to the project, the history of the method and how it was applied in this instance. The plausibility of the view that this action led to reductions in offending is examined.

Findings

The project did not follow its original plan of a continuous cycle of crackdown and consolidation. However, the approach undoubtedly has the potential to work, although in this instance the consolidation served only to prolong the impact of the initial crackdown, rather than offer a sustainable solution.

Practical implications

There are financial and staffing implications of adopting a cycle of crackdown and consolidation. There also needs to be neighbourhood buy‐in – especially for the crackdown element – and early warning of changes in the burglary trend.

Originality/value

Whilst the concept of crackdown and consolidation has existed for some years, published accounts of it are limited. This article goes some way towards filling that gap by providing an evaluation of the method within an operational police setting.
Value concepts, value information and cycles on the real estate market
Authors: Lind Hans
Published: March 2005

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is discuss value concepts that can be a complement to current market value, and discuss whether information about these value types can reduce the risk of bubbles.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is primarily a critical comment on concepts and arguments put forward in a recent article.

Findings

The main theses in the article are: that there is no “market view” in a market as there always are entrepreneurs who assess the situation differently, and only the future can show who is right; that the valuer should not pretend to be an expert of the future development of a market, as no one can be an expert about the future; and that if any information can reduce the risk of bubbles it is information about past patterns in the market. More such information might reduce the risk of “irrational exuberance” in a market.

Practical implications

The practical implication is that more historical information could be useful in a property valuation.

Originaity/value

The value of the paper – for researchers, valuers and valuation clients – is that it questions some concepts often used, and points to a way to make valuation reports more useful
Towards multi‐factor models of decision making and risk
Authors: Nwogugu Michael
Published: March 2005

Purpose

To: evaluate Prospect Theory and Cumulative Prospect Theory as functional models of decision making and risk within various contexts; compare and analyze risk models and decision‐making models; evaluate models of stock risk developed by Robert Engle and related models; establish whether the models are related and have the same foundations; relate risk, decision making and options theory; and develop the foundations for a new model of decision making and risk named “belief systems”.

Design/methodology/approach

Critiques existing academic work in different contexts. Analyzes the shortcomings of various measures of risk, and group decision making, which was not addressed in developing Prospect Theory and Cumulative Prospect Theory. Develops the characteristics of a mew model for decision making and risk named “belief systems”, and then differentiates it from belief networks.

Findings

Decision making is a multi‐factor, multi‐dimensional process that often requires the processing of information, and thus, it is inaccurate to impose rigid models in decision making; the existing metrics for quantifying risk are inadequate; Prospect Theory and Cumulative Prospect Theory were developed using questionable methods and data, and are impractical; the analysis of probabilistic insurance and most of the theories and “effects” developed by Kahneman and Tversky's articles are invalid and impractical; Prospect Theory, Cumulative Prospect Theory, Expected Utility Theory, and market‐risk models are conceptually the same and do not account for many facets of risk and decision making; risk and decision making are better quantified and modeled using a mix of situation‐specific dynamic, quantitative and qualitative factors; belief systems can better account for the multi‐dimensional characteristics of risk and decision making.

Research limitations/implications

Areas for further research include: development of dynamic market‐risk models that incorporate asset‐market psychology, liquidity, market size, frequency of trading, knowledge differences among market participants, and trading rules in each market; and further development of concepts in belief systems.

Practical implications

Decision making and risk assessment are multi‐criteria processes that typically require some processing of information, and thus cannot be defined accurately by rigid quantitative models; Prospect Theory and Cumulative Prospect Theory are abstract, rigid, and are not practical models for decision making; and existing market‐risk models are inaccurate, and thus the international financial system may be compromised.

Originality/value

The issues discussed are relevant to government regulators, central banks, judges, risk managers, executives, derivatives regulators, stock exchange regulators, legislators, psychologists, boards of directors, finance professionals, management science/operations research professionals, health‐care‐informatics professionals, scientists, engineers, and people in any situation that requires decision making and risk assessment.
An under‐active or over‐active internal world?
Authors: Driver Christine
Published: March 2005

Abstract:  This paper explores the dynamics brought into analytic work when there is a symmetric fusion between psyche and soma within the patient. It will consider how such a fusion may emerge from reverberations between physical constitution and a lack of maternal attunement, containment and reflective function. I will describe the work with a patient, Jane, who was diagnosed with Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME) during the course of her analysis. The dynamic of her physical symptoms within the analytic work, and the impact of her internal affects and internal ‘objects’ within the transference and countertransference, indicated a difficulty in finding an homeostatic balance resulting in overactivity and underactivity at both somatic and psychological levels.

Using the clinical work with Jane this paper will also examine the interrelationship between mother‐infant attachment, an inadequate internalized maternal reflective function, affect dysregulation, unconscious fusion, the lack of psyche‐soma differentiation and the impact of the latter in relation to internal regulation systems, or lack of, in patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (CFS) and Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (ME). I will draw on similar work carried out by Holland (1997), Simpson (1997) and Simpson et al. (1997). The paper will also employ the concept of the reflective function (Fonagy 2001; Knox 2003), and consider Matte‐Blanco's (1999) concepts of generalization and unconscious symmetry in relation to the patient's internal world. I go on to consider how analysis provides a point outside the ‘fusion’ that can enable the ‘deadlock’ to be broken.
The influence of complexes on implicit learning
Authors: Shin Yong‐Wook , Lee Joong‐Sun , Han Oh‐Su , Rhi Bou‐Yong
Published: March 2005

Abstract:  A century ago, Jung looked into the unconscious through complexes by using word association tests. Jung wrote, ‘modern psychology with its investigation of complexes has opened up a psychic taboo area riddled with hopes and fears’, and complexes remain an unexplored taboo area of research. In the present study, we have investigated the influence of complexes on unconscious cognitive processing, in particular on implicit learning. We have found that complexes shown to disturb conscious cognitive processing in fact enhanced the attention of the subjects and their performance on an implicit learning task. These results suggest that complexes are not just abstractions, but have various actual influences on both conscious and unconscious processing.