bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of quercetin on the amiloride–bovine serum albumin interaction using spectroscopic methods, molecular docking and chemometric approaches
Authors: Shinde Mandakini , Kale Kishor , Kumar Keshav , Ottoor Divya
Published: July 2020

The effect of quercetin flavonoid (QUE), on the binding interaction of antihypertensive drug, amiloride (AMI) with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was investigated in this study. Spectroscopic methods such as steady‐state, synchronous, three‐dimensional fluorescence, and circular dichroism spectroscopy were employed to study the interaction. Fluorescence data were analyzed using the Stern–Volmer equation and a static quenching process was found to be involved in the formation of AMI–BSA and QUE–BSA complexes and were in good agreement with the thermodynamic study. The thermodynamic parameters illustrated that the process is spontaneous and enthalpy driven. Hydrophobicity is acting as the primary force in the binding interaction. Fluorescence spectral data were resolved using a multivariate curve resolution‐alternating least squares method (MCR–ALS). Site marker and molecular docking studies confirmed the binding site of AMI on BSA, i.e. site II. The binding distance between amino acid of BSA and AMI was calculated and found to be 2.18 nm which indicated that energy transfer has occurred from an amino acid of BSA to AMI. The binding affinity of AMI to BSA was found to be reduced in the presence of QUE, which may lead to the poor distribution of AMI at the desired site.
Quantitative analysis and pharmacokinetic comparison of multiple bioactive components in rat plasma after oral administration of Qi‐Shen‐Ke‐Li formula and its single‐herb extracts using ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Zhou Hui , He Yang , Zheng Zhong , Liu Zhiqiang , Song Fengrui , Liu Shu
Published: July 2020

Qi‐Shen‐Ke‐Li (QSKL), a traditional Chinese formula prepared from six herbs, has long been used for the treatment of coronary heart disease and chronic heart failure. However, the herbal combination mechanism and underlying material basis of this multi‐herbal formula are not clear. In this study, an ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC–MS/MS) method to simultaneously determine multiple bioactive compounds in QSKL was established and validated. Using the developed method, 18 bioactive components in rat plasma after oral administration of QSKL formula and its single herb extracts were quantified. Based on these results, pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters (T1/2,Tmax,Cmax, AUC0–48h,and AUC0–∞) of the 18 bioactive components were analyzed and compared using PKSlover 2.0 PK software. The experimental data suggested that significant changes in PK profiles were observed between the QSKL formula and its single‐herb extracts. The herbal combination in QSKL significantly influences the system exposure and the PK behaviors of the 18 bioactive components, indicating multicomponent interactions among the herbs. This study provides insight into the herbal combination mechanism and underlying material basis of the QSKL formula.
Are textbook lungs really normal? A cadaveric study on the anatomical and clinical importance of variations in the major lung fissures, and the incomplete right horizontal fissure
Authors: West Charles T. , Slim Naim , Steele Duncan , Chowdhury Alexander , Brassett Cecilia
Published: July 2020

Introduction

The lungs have three main fissures: the right oblique fissure (ROF), right horizontal fissure (RHF), and left oblique fissure (LOF). These can be complete, incomplete or absent; quantifying the degree of completeness of these fissures is novel. Standard textbooks often refer to the fissures as complete, but awareness of variation is essential in thoracic surgery.

Materials and Methods

Fissures in 81 pairs of cadaveric lungs were classified. Oblique fissures were measured from lung hila posteriorly to the lung hila anteriorly; and the RHF measured from the ROF to the anteromedial lung edge. The degree of completeness of fissures was expressed as a percentage of the total projected length were they to be complete. The frequency and location of accessory fissures was noted.

Results

LOF were complete in 66/81 (81.5%), incomplete in 13/81 (16.0%) and absent in 2/81 (2.47%); ROF were complete in 52/81 (64.2%), incomplete in 29/81 (35.8%) and never absent; RHF were more variable, complete in 18/81 (22.2%), incomplete in 54/81 (66.7%) and absent in 9/81 (11.1%). LOF and ROF were on average 97.1% and 91.6% complete, respectively, being deficient posteriorly at the lung hila. The RHF on average 69.4% complete, being deficient anteromedially. There were accessory fissures in 10 left and 19 right lungs.

Conclusions

This study provides a projection of the anatomy thoracic surgeons may encounter at operation, in particular the variable RHF. This knowledge is essential for optimal outcomes in both benign and oncological procedures influenced by the fissures.
Anatomical variations of the circle of Willis and their prevalence, with a focus on the posterior communicating artery: A literature review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Jones Joshua D. , Castanho Pedro , Bazira Peter , Sanders Katherine
Published: July 2020

The circle of Willis is an anastomotic network of arteries surrounding the base of the brain, providing collateral circulation to prevent ischemia. It has, however, long been established that it exhibits considerable anatomical variation when compared to Thomas Willis' originally described circle. This study aimed primarily to determine an accurate prevalence of the variation of the circle of Willis in the general population and the prevalence of common posterior communicating artery variations. Additional aims were to explain why such a wide range of reported variations exist, and whether different types of studies report significantly different prevalence of variation. A comprehensive literature search identified 764 papers. A three‐phase screening process was undertaken, involving a critical analysis of papers, and a total of 33 papers were selected for analysis and literature review. A descriptive statistics test with bootstrap was performed to estimate the average prevalence of variations. The estimated prevalence of general variation, unilateral, and bilateral posterior communicating artery hypoplasia or aplasia was 68.22 ± 14.32%, 19.45 ± 8.63%, and 22.83 ± 14.58%, respectively. Over half of the population exhibit a circle of Willis with some form of variation. To provide a more accurate estimation for the prevalence of variations, a universal classification system needs to be established, collating all the work from high‐quality studies, to provide a comprehensive database of the circle's variations. Knowing the prevalence of variations and how they can impact neurosurgical approaches or patterns of ischemic pathology can be crucial in providing effective patient care.
Long noncoding RNA HCG18 up‐regulates the expression of WIPF1 and YAP/TAZ by inhibiting miR‐141‐3p in gastric cancer
Authors: Liu Yan , Lin Wenji , Dong Yangyang , Li Xinyu , Lin Zhibin , Jia Jing , Zou Wenbing , Pan Yu
Published: July 2020

Background

Accumulating works show that lncRNAs play critical roles in the development of gastric cancer (GC). LncRNA HLA complex group 18 (HCG18) was implicated in the progression of bladder cancer and glioma, but its role in GC is unknown.

Methods

RT‐PCR was used to detect HCG18 and miR‐141‐3p expression in GC specimen. GC cell lines (AGS and MKN‐28) were exploited as cell model. The biological effect of HCG18 on cancer cells was probed by CCK‐8, colony formation, flow cytometry, Transwell and wound‐healing experiments in vitro, and subcutaneous xenotransplanted tumor model and tail vein injection model in vivo. Interaction between HCG18 and miR‐141‐3p was determined by bioinformatics analysis, RT‐PCR, and luciferase reporter experiments. Downstream gene expression of miR‐141‐3p, including Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein interacting protein family member 1 (WIPF1), Yes associated protein 1 (YAP), and tafazzin (TAZ) were detected using Western blot.

Results

HCG18 was markedly up‐regulated in GC specimens, while miR‐141‐3p was markedly down‐regulated. Down‐regulation of HCG18 inhibited viability, migration, and invasion of GC cells, while miR‐141‐3p transfection led to opposite effect. HCG18 could down‐regulate miR‐141‐3p through adsorbing it, and a negative association between HCG18 and miR‐141‐3p was found in GC specimens. HCG18 promoted WIPF1, YAP and TAZ expression, nonetheless, such influence was reversed by co‐transfecting with miR‐141‐3p.

Conclusion

HCG18 was aberrantly up‐regulated in GC tissues, and it indirectly regulated the activity of Hippo signaling through counteracting miR‐141‐3p expression.
Pediatric cancer mortality and survival in the United States, 2001‐2016
Authors: Siegel David A. , Richardson Lisa C. , Henley S. Jane , Wilson Reda J. , Dowling Nicole F. , Weir Hannah K. , Tai Eric W. , Buchanan Lunsford Natasha
Published: July 2020

Background

Although pediatric cancer mortality and survival have improved in the United States over the past 40 years, differences exist by age, race/ethnicity, cancer site, and economic status. To assess progress, this study examined recent mortality and survival data for individuals younger than 20 years.

Methods

Age‐adjusted death rates were calculated with the National Vital Statistics System for 2002‐2016. Annual percent changes (APCs) and average annual percent changes (AAPCs) were calculated with joinpoint regression. Five‐year relative survival was calculated on the basis of National Program of Cancer Registries data for 2001‐2015. Death rates and survival were estimated overall and by sex, 5‐year age group, race/ethnicity, cancer type, and county‐based economic markers.

Results

Death rates decreased during 2002‐2016 (AAPC, –1.5), with steeper declines during 2002‐2009 (APC, –2.6), and then plateaued (APC, –0.4). Leukemia and brain cancer were the most common causes of death from pediatric cancer, and brain cancer surpassed leukemia in 2011. Death rates decreased for leukemia and lymphoma but were unchanged for brain, bone, and soft‐tissue cancers. From 2001‐2007 to 2008‐2015, survival improved from 82.0% to 85.1%. Survival was highest in both periods among females, those aged 15 to 19 years, non‐Hispanic Whites, and those in counties in the top 25% by economic status. Survival improved for leukemias, lymphomas, and brain cancers but plateaued for bone and soft‐tissue cancers.

Conclusions

Although overall death rates have decreased and survival has increased, differences persist by sex, age, race/ethnicity, cancer type, and economic status. Improvements in pediatric cancer outcomes may depend on improving therapies, access to care, and supportive and long‐term care.
Superconducting and Superhard Ice
Authors: Lu Qianqian , Li Jinjin
Published: July 2020

Superconducting and superhard materials are essential for a myriad of scientific, biomedical and industrial applications. The contradiction between covalent bonds in superhard materials and metallic bonds in superconductors makes superconductivity and superhardness in the same material a very interesting and precious effect. Their abilities of zero‐resistance and anti‐pressure stem from the relationship between the crystal structure, chemical composition, and microstructure. The complexity of this interdependence limits researchers to conduct comprehensive experimental investigations, but can be supported by the theoretical calculations. Here, we report a general ab initio computational method to study three ice structures (Pmc21, P21 and C2/m) and predict their phase transitions quantitatively at terapascal pressure. We predict that the ice structure will become a superhard material above 1.3 TPa (corresponding to P21 and C2/m), and turn into a superconductor above 5.0 TPa (corresponding to C2/m) with a critical temperature of 1.782 K. The proposed work benefits the applications of low temperature superconductors in high energy physics and fusion research and provides opportunities to advance the development of superconducting and superhard materials through computation.
Aromaticity and Chemical Bonding of Chalcogen‐Bonded Capsules Featuring Enhanced Magnetic Anisotropy
Authors: Tzeli Demeter , Petsalakis Ioannis D. , Theodorakopoulos Giannoula , Rahman Faiz‐Ur , Ballester Pablo , Rebek Julius , Yu Yang
Published: July 2020

We present a theoretical study of chalcogen bonded container capsules (AX+AX) where X=O, S, Se, and Te, and their encapsulation complexes with n‐C9H20 (n‐C9H20@AX+AX). Both Se and Te encapsulation complexes have significant experimental and computed binding energies, analogous to the hydrogen bonded counterparts, while the S and O capsules and their encapsulation complexes show only weak binding energies, which are attributed to different types of bonding: chalcogen S⋅⋅⋅N bonds for S‐capsules and π–π stacking and weak hydrogen bonds for the O case. All AX+AX and C9H20@AX+AX present unusually high magnetic anisotropies in their interiors. The 1H NMR spectra of the encapsulation complexes display the proton signals of the encapsulated n‐nonane highly upfield shifted, in agreement with the available experimental data for the Se capsule. We found that different factors contribute to the observed magnetic anisotropy of the capsule's interior: for the Te capsule the most important factor is Te's large polarizability; for the O analogue the inductive effects produced by the electronegative nature of the O and N heteroatoms; and for the S and Se capsules, the polarizability of the heteroatoms combines with electric field effects.
Genetic stability and genotype × environment interaction analysis for seed protein content and protein yield of lentil
Authors: Subedi Maya , Khazaei Hamid , Arganosa Gene , Etukudo Emediong , Vandenberg Albert
Published: July 2020

Lentil (Lens culinaris Medik.) seeds are an excellent source of staple dietary protein that can be a viable plant‐based alternative protein source to food processing industries. Understanding of the basis of genotype × environment (G × E) interaction is fundamental knowledge for plant breeding. We explored genetic stability and G × E for seed protein content and protein yield for 34 lentil genotypes using AMMI (additive main effects and multiplicative interaction) and SREG (site regression) models. Genotypes were evaluated under field conditions in five locations at western Canada during 2017–2018. Protein content and protein yield were 21.6–26.9% of seed dry weight and 156.8–1113.0 kg ha−1, respectively, across 10 environments. Environment and G × E had fewer effects on protein content than protein yield. Higher seed protein content was observed in the extra‐small red market class. Based on both models, genotypes IBC 1235, 3923‐9, 3674‐17, IBC 929R, and 4371‐4 with stable protein productivity would be useful genetic resources for the development of protein‐rich varieties in lentil breeding programs. Our results suggest genetic improvement of protein and protein yield together is possible for lentil.
Hybrid performance as related to genomic diversity and population structure in public sorghum inbred lines
Authors: Maulana Frank , Perumal Ramasamy , Tesso Tesfaye
Published: July 2020

The low‐cost next‐generation sequencing technologies provide tremendous opportunities for dissecting complex traits in crop species. The objective of this study was to assess the relationship between genomic diversity, population structure, and hybrid performance in public sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] inbred lines. A total of 279 public sorghum inbred lines (228 R‐lines and 51 B‐lines) developed across more than two decades were studied. The inbreds were genotyped using genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) platform, which generated 282,536 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). After filtering at a ≤5% threshold for minor allele frequency (MAF) and <20% missing data, a total of 66,265 SNPs were returned and used for analysis. Mean polymorphic information content (PIC) was 0.35, and gene diversity across the inbreds was 0.46. The neighbor‐joining tree, principal component, and STRUCTURE analyses clustered the inbreds into three subgroups. One‐hundred and two test‐cross hybrids, 50 between closely related parents and 52 between distantly related parents, were developed and evaluated along with two commercial checks in two environments using three replications. Data were obtained on plant height, maturity, yield, and yield components. Mean performance of hybrids derived from closely related and distantly related parents was compared to determine the value of genomics‐based genetic distance to predict hybrid performance. The results revealed the presence of robust genetic variability and hierarchical genetic structure among inbred parents, but marker‐based genetic distance was not a good predictor of yield performance.
Ion‐acoustic solitary waves in e‐p‐i plasmas with (r, q)‐distributed electrons and kappa‐distributed positrons
Authors: Kouser Shahnaz , Qureshi Muhammad Nouman Sarwar , Shah Khalid Hussain , Shah Hassan Amir
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we have studied the propagation of non‐linear ion‐acoustic waves in a plasma comprising of (r, q)‐distributed electrons and kappa‐distributed positrons. We have investigated the effect of complete electron distribution profile on the propagation of small, as well as arbitrary, amplitude solitons (via pseudopotential technique) by using generalized (r, q) distribution, which exhibits a spiky and flat top nature at low energies and a super‐thermal tail at high energies. Interestingly, for negative values of r, solitons are formed with both polarities, positive (compressive) and negative (rarefactive), separately within a small amplitude limit and exist simultaneously in an arbitrary amplitude limit. We also found that the propagation of solitons has been affected by the change in parameters r, q, positron concentration, and electron to positron temperature ratio. The results presented in this study add to the fundamental understanding of the complete profile of the electron distribution function, high‐ and low‐energy parts, and in the formation of compressive and rarefactive small and finite amplitude solitons in both space and astrophysical plasmas.
Immunophenotyping of Rhesus CMV‐Specific CD8 T‐Cell Populations
Authors: Pomplun Nicholas L. , Vosler Logan , Weisgrau Kim L. , Furlott Jessica , Weiler Andrea M. , Abdelaal Hadia M. , Evans David T. , Watkins David I. , Matano Tetsuro , Skinner Pamela J. , Friedrich Thomas C. , Rakasz Eva G.
Published: July 2020

A vaccine to ameliorate cytomegalovirus (CMV)‐related pathogenicity in transplantation patients is considered a top priority. A therapeutic vaccine must include components that elicit both neutralizing antibodies, and highly effective CD8 T‐cell responses. The most important translational model of vaccine development is the captive‐bred rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) of Indian origin. There is a dearth of information on rhesus cytomegalovirus (rhCMV)‐specific CD8 T cells due to the absence of well‐defined CD8 T‐cell epitopes presented by classical MHC‐I molecules. In the current study, we defined two CD8 T‐cell epitopes restricted by high‐frequency Mamu alleles: the Mamu‐A1*002:01 restricted VY9 (VTTLGMALY aa291‐299) epitope of protein IE‐1, and the Mamu‐A1*008:01 restricted NP8 (NPTDRPIP aa96‐103) epitope of protein phosphoprotein 65‐2. We developed tetramers and determined the level, phenotype, and functional capability of the two epitope‐specific T‐cell populations in circulation and various tissues. We demonstrated the value of these tetramers for in situ tetramer staining. Here, we first provided critical reagents and established a flow cytometric staining strategy to study rhCMV‐specific T‐cell responses in up to 40% of captive‐bred rhesus macaques. © 2020 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Eco‐oncology: Applying ecological principles to understand and manage cancer
Authors: Reynolds Brent A. , Oli Monika W. , Oli Madan K.
Published: July 2020

Cancer is a disease of single cells that expresses itself at the population level. The striking similarities between initiation and growth of tumors and dynamics of biological populations, and between metastasis and ecological invasion and community dynamics suggest that oncology can benefit from an ecological perspective to improve our understanding of cancer biology. Tumors can be viewed as complex, adaptive, and evolving systems as they are spatially and temporally heterogeneous, continually interacting with each other and with the microenvironment and evolving to increase the fitness of the cancer cells. We argue that an eco‐evolutionary perspective is essential to understand cancer biology better. Furthermore, we suggest that ecologically informed therapeutic approaches that combine standard of care treatments with strategies aimed at decreasing the evolutionary potential and fitness of neoplastic cells, such as disrupting cell‐to‐cell communication and cooperation, and preventing successful colonization of distant organs by migrating cancer cells, may be effective in managing cancer as a chronic condition.
Soil origin corresponds with variation in growth of an invasive Centaurea, but not of non‐invasive congeners
Authors: Montesinos Daniel , Callaway Ragan M.
Published: July 2020

Why only a small proportion of exotic species become invasive is an unresolved question. Escape from the negative effects of soil biota in the native range can be important for the success of many invasives, but comparative effects of soil biota on less successful exotic species are poorly understood. Studies of other mechanisms suggest that such comparisons might be fruitful. Seeds of three closely related Centaurea species with overlapping distributions in both their native range of Spain and their nonnative range of California were grown to maturity in pots to obtain an F1 generation of full sibling seeds with reduced maternal effects. Full sibling F1 seeds from both ranges were subsequently grown in pots with inoculations of soil from either the native or nonnative ranges in a fully orthogonal factorial design. We then compared plant biomass among species, regions, and soil sources. Our results indicate that escape from soil pathogens may unleash the highly invasive Centaurea solstitialis, which was suppressed by native Spanish soils but not by soils from California. In contrast, the two non‐invasive Centaurea species grew the same on all soils. These results add unprecedented phylogenetically controlled insight into why some species invade and others do not.
Pr and Mo Co‐Doped SrFeO3–δ as an Efficient Cathode for Pure CO2 Reduction Reaction in a Solid Oxide Electrolysis Cell
Authors: Zhang Kun , Zhao Yiqian , He Wei , Zhao Pengcheng , Zhang Dong , He Teng , Wang Yao , Liu Tong
Published: July 2020

Electroreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) via a solid oxide electrolysis cell, simplified as CO2RR, is now attracting more and more attention because it can effectively utilize greenhouse gas and efficiently convert surplus electrical energy into chemical energy. In this work, a stable cathode material Pr0.4Sr0.6Fe0.875Mo0.125O3–δ (PSFM), which can be transferred to metallic Fe nanoparticles–structured PSFM (Fe@PSFM) cathode through the in situ exsolution method, has been successfully prepared for CO2RR application, and exhibits a considerable electrolysis current density of 0.71 A cm−2 with good stability when operated at 800 °C and 1.5 V. It is demonstrated that a critical applied voltage is needed for initiating the in situ exsolution of metallic Fe nanoparticles, which can effectively accelerate the CO2 adsorption, dissociation ionization, and surface diffusion to three phase boundaries (TPBs) processes. These results indicate that PSFM is a promising cathode candidate for CO2RR application because of its good electrochemical performance and stability. The findings can guide the development of other ceramic nanostructured electrode decorated with in situ exsolved metallic nanoparticles for energy conversion and storage devices.
Metabolic and Hematological Responses to Endotoxin-Induced Inflammation in Chicks Experiencing Embryonic 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzodioxin Exposure
Authors: Amaral-Silva Lara , Tazawa Hiroshi , Bícego Kênia Cardoso , Burggren Warren W.
Published: July 2020

Dioxin exposure during bird embryonic development disrupts immunity as well as mechanisms involved in energy metabolism, potentially affecting negatively acute-phase responses to pathogens. Thus, we hypothesized that embryonic exposure to 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzodioxin (TCDD) changes the metabolism and blood physiology of domestic chicks, affecting their physiological competence for responding to immune challenges. To test this hypothesis, we injected doses of 0, 1.5, and 3 ng TCDD/egg (based on survival experiments) on embryonic day 4 and then measured O2 consumption and CO2 production for metabolic rate, ventilation, and body temperature (TB) in 5-d-old chicks. Then, chicks were injected with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, endotoxin) or saline prior to repeating the physiological measurements. A second chick group exposed to identical TCDD and LPS treatments had blood partial pressure of oxygen, partial pressure of carbon dioxide, pH, bicarbonate concentration, lactate concentration, osmolality, hemoglobin concentration, red blood cell concentration, and hematocrit, as well as TB, analyzed at 1 and 5 h after LPS injection. Metabolism in chicks embryonically exposed to 1.5 and 3 ng TCDD/egg was up to 37% higher, whereas body mass of chicks exposed to 3 ng TCDD/egg was approximately 6% lower. Chicks embryonically exposed to 3 ng TCDD/egg challenged with LPS showed a relative persistent hypometabolism accompanied by elimination of the normal hematological and osmotic responses to LPS. We conclude that embryonic exposure to TCDD affects posthatching metabolism as well as impairs metabolic, hematological, and osmotic responses to LPS. Environ Toxicol Chem 2020;39:2208–2220. © 2020 SETAC
Liver Injury as a Surrogate for Inflammation and Predictor of Outcomes in COVID-19
Authors: Mishra Kajali , Naffouj Sandra , Gorgis Sarah , Ibrahim Hanan , Gill Sonika , Fadel Raef , Chatfield Abigail , Tang Amy , Salgia Reena
Published: July 2020

Respiratory failure is the most common cause of death in patients with corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19). There have been many investigations to determine predictors of bad outcomes in patients with this illness. Liver enzyme elevation has been described in hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19; however, little is known about the significance of liver injury regarding outcomes. We conducted a retrospective chart review of 348 patients admitted with COVID-19 in our quaternary care center. Liver injury on admission was defined based on the laboratory cutoff of aspartate aminotransferase >35 IU/L and/or alanine aminotransferase >52 IU/L. Patients were divided into two cohorts based on the presence or absence of liver injury. These cohorts were compared to assess differences in presentation, complications, and outcomes. The primary outcome was respiratory failure requiring intubation, and the secondary outcome was in-hospital mortality. The presence of new onset liver enzyme elevation on presentation was associated with increased severity of illness, need for mechanical ventilation, and mortality. Presence of liver injury increased the chance of acute hypoxic respiratory failure requiring mechanical ventilation by 1.79 times. The degree and timeline of liver enzyme elevation during hospitalization corresponded with elevations of other inflammatory markers. Conclusion: Liver injury appears to correlate with the inflammatory syndrome caused by COVID-19, with the degree of liver injury corresponding with severity of inflammation. We suggest early and continued monitoring of liver enzymes as they can be useful to identify patients who may need early escalation of care.
The barriers to big data adoption in developing economies
Authors: Alalawneh Ammar A. F. , Alkhatib Saleh F.
Published: July 2020

Big data adoption (BDA) and its barriers, opportunities, and expected benefits are increasingly attracting researchers' and practitioners' attention. For developing economies, BDA has special importance; however, they have struggled to identify the barriers hindering it. This study aims to identify the barriers to BDA in developing economies and their relative importance across sectors to identify sectors' readiness for BDA. Based on a review of the BDA literature, semi‐structured interviews with big data (BD) experts, and a questionnaire‐based survey, five barrier sets, and 19 sub‐barriers were identified. Thereafter, barrier sets for each sector were identified, analyzed, discussed, and compared. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was used to identify the relative importance of these barriers across sectors, while the technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) was used to rank sectors according to their readiness for BDA. This study positions itself as a reference for scholars and practitioners interested in BDA in developing economies.
Feasibility and efficacy of low‐dose pegfilgrastim for CD34+ cell mobilization in lymphoma
Authors: Goto Hideki , Hidaka Daisuke , Yamamoto Satoshi , Hayasaka Koji , Michimata Rie , Kagawa Ikuko , Sunagoya Kana , Iijima Hiroaki , Hayase Eiko , Shiratori Souichi , Okada Kohei , Sugita Junichi , Onozawa Masahiro , Hashimoto Daigo , Kahata Kaoru , Fujimoto Katsuya , Endo Tomoyuki , Shimizu Chikara , Teshima Takanori ,   North Japan Hematology Study Group (NJHSG)
Published: July 2020

Background

Pegfilgrastim has equivalent efficacy to daily granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF) in enhancing neutrophil recovery after chemotherapy, but data on its use for peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) mobilization are limited. We evaluated the safety and efficacy of CD34+ PBSC mobilization by low‐dose (3.6 mg) pegfilgrastim after chemotherapy in patients with malignant lymphoma.

Study Design and Methods

Twenty patients with malignant lymphoma were enrolled in this study. Cytotoxic chemotherapy was started on day 1, and 3.6 mg of pegfilgrastim was subcutaneously administered on day 7. CD34+ cells were counted in the peripheral blood daily from days 11 to 14 using a flow cytometric analysis.

Results

In 19 of the 20 patients (95%), the CD34+ cell counts in the peripheral blood exceeded 10 × 106/L, with a mean value of 20.3 on day 11, 38.0 on day 12, 40.3 on day 13, and 40.1 on day 14. Older age was associated with lower maximum CD34+ cell mobilization. The most frequent adverse events associated with pegfilgrastim were back pain, nausea, appetite loss, and lactate dehydrogenase elevation.

Conclusion

Our data indicated that a single dose of 3.6 mg pegfilgrastim on day 7 after chemotherapy safely and effectively mobilized CD34+ cells.
Optimal parameters in variable‐velocity scanning luminescence lifetime microscopy
Authors: Petrášek Zdeněk , Bolivar Juan M. , Nidetzky Bernd
Published: July 2020

We determine the optimal parameters (scan velocities) for measuring the luminescence lifetime on the microsecond scale using the recently introduced method based on scanning the excitation beam across the sample. Using simulations, we evaluate the standard deviation and bias of the luminescence decay rate determined by scanning with two different velocities. The analysis is performed for Poisson‐ and normal‐distributed signals, representing different types of detection techniques. We also show that a weak uncorrected background induces a bias in the obtained decay rate, and take this effect into account when choosing optimal measurement parameters. For comparison, the analysis is additionally performed for two conventional gating schemes for lifetime measurement. The variable‐velocity scanning method is found to be more robust to the effect of the background signal than the gating schemes.
A retrospective study of adult patients with noncirrhotic hyperammonemia
Authors: Stergachis Andrew B. , Mogensen Kris M. , Khoury Charbel C. , Lin Alexander P. , Peake Roy WA. , Baker Joshua J. , Barkoudah Ebrahim , Sahai Inderneel , Sweetser David A. , Berry Gerard T. , Krier Joel B.
Published: July 2020

Adult‐onset noncirrhotic hyperammonemia (NCH) is poorly understood and has a high morbidity and mortality. To elucidate the etiology and management of NCH, we performed a retrospective analysis of 23 adults (median age 51) with NCH treated between 2014 and 2020 at two academic medical centers. Hyperammonemia was diagnosed in all cases during the evaluation of altered mental status, with 22% presenting with seizures. Peak ammonia levels were >200 μmol/L in 70% of cases. Defects in ammonia metabolism were assessed using urea cycle biochemical testing, germline genetic testing, and testing for urease‐producing infectious agents. Ammonia metabolism defects in these cases appear attributable to four major sources: (a) infection with urease‐producing organism (n = 5); (b) previously undiagnosed inborn errors of metabolism (IEMs) (n = 4); (c) clinical exposures causing acquired urea cycle dysfunction (n = 6); and (d) unexplained acquired urea cycle dysfunction (uaUCD) (n = 8), as evidenced by biochemical signatures of urea cycle dysfunction without a genetic or clinical exposure. Severe protein malnutrition appeared to be a reversible risk factor for uaUCD. Overall, 13% of our cohort died prior to resolution of hyperammonemia, 26% died after hyperammonemia resolution, 57% survived after having reversible neurological changes, and 4% survived with irreversible neurological changes. Renal replacement therapy for ammonia clearance was often utilized for patients with an ammonia level above 250 μmol/L and patients were frequently empirically treated with antibiotics targeting urea‐splitting organisms. Our study demonstrates that acquired urea cycle dysfunction, IEMs and urease‐producing infections are major sources of adult‐onset NCH and highlights successful management strategies for adult‐onset NCH.
Statistical downscaling of daily temperature and precipitation over China using deep learning neural models: Localization and comparison with other methods
Authors: Sun Lei , Lan Yufeng
Published: July 2020

Convolutional neural network (CNN) is an effective tool for extracting interpretable information from big data and has been recently used as a promising approach for statistical downscaling. In this study, CNN models of different configurations are used to downscale daily temperature and precipitation over China with the use of large‐scale atmospheric variables from ECMWF Interim reanalysis (ERI) and high‐resolution gridded observations as predictors and predictands respectively. A 21‐year period from 1979 to 1999 is used for calibration and a relatively warmer period during 2000–2017 is used for validation, which helps to examine the extrapolation capability of models. It is shown that model performance varies among different configurations. For a realistic multi‐site downscaling over whole China, the convolutional process is indispensable and much more spatial features are required to parameterize temperature characteristics than precipitation. As compared with ERI, CNN model shows added value in reproducing geographic distributions of seasonal mean climate and seasonal cycle as well as reducing biases in mean and extreme percentiles for both temperature and precipitation. However, ERI performs better in terms of temporal correlations. Then the model is further compared with Generalized Linear regression Model (GLM) and two quantile mapping based techniques including bias correction and spatial disaggregation (BCSD) and bias correction and climate imprint (BCCI). It is shown that bias correction methods show superior performances to other models in reducing biases and representing temporal correlations especially for precipitation. CNN model achieves better precipitation downscaling performances than GLM. It also achieves good skills in reproducing seasonal cycle of temperature and frequency distributions of daily precipitation, and presents better stabilities between the calibration and validation period. These results indicate that CNN model has good potential for downscaling application over large regions (e.g., continents).
Respiratory Fluctuation of Peak Systolic Velocities in the Carotid Doppler Waveforms of Patients With Obstructive Airway Disease
Authors: Kliewer Mark A. , Dyke William B. , Birch Christopher W. , Bagley Anjuli R.
Published: July 2020

Objectives

To characterize fluctuations in peak systolic velocities (PSVs) in Doppler waveforms of the carotid artery in patients with and without obstructive airway disease and in volunteers subjected to incremental levels of airway resistance in an experimental model.

Methods

The PSV variation in common carotid waveforms was measured in 100 patients who had had a carotid ultrasound examination and no respiratory or carotid disease. This was compared to that of patients who had this study during an admission for acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The PSV variation was correlated with pulmonary function testing. In addition, 14 healthy volunteers were asked to breathe through 5 resistors. Simultaneous recordings were made of Doppler waveforms in the common carotid artery, cardiac activity, and respiration. Peak systolic velocity changes from inspiration to expiration were calculated.

Results

Of the 100 patients without respiratory disease, the magnitude of the PSV variation averaged 6.3 cm/s. Of the 33 patients with COPD, the PSV variation averaged 16.5 cm/s. Nineteen of the 33 patients with COPD had concurrent pulmonary function testing; there was a statistically significant correlation between the PSV variation and forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume indices. For the volunteers, mean velocity changes were 7.1, 6.6, 8.3, 15.1, and 16.1 cm/s for 0.00‐, 2.15‐, 3.27‐, 3.58‐, and 5.77‐cm H2O/L/s levels of breathing resistance, respectively. There was a statistically significant relationship between an increasing airway load and the decline in PSV during inspiration (P = .02).

Conclusions

The PSV variation is greater in patients with increased airway resistance. Similar changes are evident in volunteers breathing into resistors. These findings likely reflect pulsus paradoxus.
On some properties of the Fredholm‐type integral algebraic equations
Authors: Chistyakov Viktor F. , Chistyakova Elena V.
Published: July 2020

In this paper, we study systems of Fredholm integral equations with a singular matrix multiplying the leading part. We address the solvability issues of such systems with separable kernels and, similarly to differential‐algebraic and integral algebraic equations, introduce the notion of index.
An efficient meshless method based on the moving Kriging interpolation for two‐dimensional variable‐order time fractional mobile/immobile advection‐diffusion model
Authors: Habibirad Ali , Hesameddini Esmail , Heydari Mohammad Hossein , Roohi Reza
Published: July 2020

In this work, we introduce an efficient meshless technique for solving the two‐dimensional variable‐order time‐fractional mobile/immobile advection‐diffusion model with Dirichlet boundary conditions. The main advantage of this scheme is to obtain a global approximation for this problem which reduces such problems to a system of algebraic equations. To approximate the first and fractional variable‐order against the time, we use the finite difference relations. The proposed method is based on the moving Kriging (MK) interpolation shape functions. To discretize this model in space variables, we use the MK interpolation. Duo to the fact that the shape functions of MK have Kronecker's delta property, boundary conditions are imposed directly and easily. To illustrate the capability of the proposed technique on regular and irregular domains, several examples are presented in different kinds of domains and with uniform and nonuniform nodes. Also, we use this scheme to simulating anomalous contaminant diffusion in underground reservoirs.
Schwannoma of the tongue: A case report with and review of the literature
Authors: Shibata Mari , Yagihara Kazuhiro , Yagishita Hisao , Ishii Junichi , Kim Yusoon , Ishikawa Ayataka
Published: July 2020

Schwannomas in the oral cavity are relatively rare. We experienced a 28‐year‐old woman with a protruding schwannoma of the sublingual surface. Few of the features of this tumor are specified. It is important to understand the clinicopathological features of tongue schwannoma. So, we reviewed both Japanese and international literature on this tumor. This tumor was more common in younger patients. On their macroscopic image, the tumors were masses with painless and exophytic parts. In addition, the tongue lesion in the movable part of the oral cavity had a longer disease duration and a slightly smaller tongue mass with an average size of 20 mm, as compared with a tongue base tumor with a chief complaint of some dysfunction. The schwannoma should be mentioned as one of the differential diagnosis of the exophytic mass of the tongue.
Achievement goal orientations, learning strategies, and mathematics achievement: A comparison of Chinese Miao and Han students
Authors: Guo Meng , Leung Frederick K. S.
Published: July 2020

This study compared the relationships between the goal orientations, learning strategies, and mathematics achievement of Chinese Miao and Han students. A total of 211 Han and 321 Miao fifth‐ and sixth‐grade students from Qiandongnan participated in the study. The results suggest that, in both samples, mastery orientation positively predicted the use of surface/deep learning strategies and mathematics achievement, and that performance‐approach orientation significantly predicted the use of surface strategies. Ethnic differences were also detected. The positive relationship of the performance‐approach orientation to deep strategies was stronger among the Han than the Miao students. Overall, our findings confirm that goal orientations have an important influence on Chinese students’ strategy use and achievement and that ethnic differences affect the patterns of these relationships. Possible explanations for the results and the practical implications for school practitioners are discussed.
Exploring the Influences of Conductive Graphite on Hydroxylammonium Nitrate (HAN)‐Based Electrically Controlled Solid Propellant
Authors: Bao Lirong , Wang Hui , Zheng Tingting , Chen Suhang , Zhang Wei , Zhang Xiaojun , Huang Yinsheng , Shen Ruiqi , Ye Yinghua
Published: July 2020

The electrically controlled solid propellant (ECSP) has many advantages that are not available with traditional propellants, such as multiple start/stop operations and controllable thrust. In this research, conductive graphite (C) was employed as an additive to hydroxylammonium nitrate (HAN)‐based ECSPs to enhance electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity, and the influences of C on the burning characteristics of ECSPs were investigated by some characterization methods. The addition of 5 % C increases the electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity by 13.2 % and 18.9 %, while reduces the theoretical specific impulse (Isp) and adiabatic flame temperature (Tf) by 7.9 % and 18.4 %. C acting as electric and heat energy transfer media was demonstrated by TG‐DSC. ECSPs containing 1 %, 3 %, and 5 % C reinforce the burning rate by 11.4 %, 25.6 %, 35.9 % and mass loss by 6.9 %, 22.3 %, 47.8 % at 200 V; and enhance the burning rate by 39.2 %, 62.4 %, 104.9 %, and mass loss by 46.7 %, 84.7 %, 200.1 % at 0.6 MPa. This can be explained by the fact that the increase in electrical conductivity promotes the electrochemical decomposition rate of the ionic oxidizer in ECSPs at atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa) and the rise in thermal conductivity promotes the heat transfer to the unburned zone of the propellant under high pressure (0.2 MPa∼0.6 MPa).
Correlation between Critical Behavior and Magnetocaloric Effect near Paramagnetic to Ferromagnetic Phase Transition of Co2TiAl0.75Si0.25 Heusler Alloy
Authors: Datta Subhadeep , Guha Shampa , Panda Shantanu Kumar , Kar Manoranjan
Published: July 2020

Heusler alloys have drawn considerable interest, due to their tunable properties, for technological applications. The literature review reveals that the critical exponents and magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of Co2TiAl0.75Si0.25 quaternary Heusler alloy need to be established. Hence, Co2TiAl0.75Si0.25 alloy is prepared by the arc melting method. Critical exponents of the alloy are obtained by analyzing magnetic isotherms with various techniques, such as Arrot plots, Kouvel–Fisher plots, critical isotherm analysis, and magnetocaloric analysis near the transition temperature. The paramagnetic to ferromagnetic transition temperature is found to be ≈235 2.5 K. The nature of the Arrot plots and the universal curve of the MCE confirm this as a second‐order phase transition. Despite the moderate magnetocaloric values, the large working temperature (≈75 K at 3 T) makes this alloy a potential candidate for a multistage magnetic refrigeration application. The critical exponents obtained from different techniques fall in between the theoretical prediction from the mean field theory, which indicates long‐range ferromagnetic exchange interaction, and the 3D Heisenberg model, implying short‐range interaction. The range of interaction (σ = 1.727) also confirms this. This complex magnetic interaction may arise from the competition between localized and itinerant electron present in the system.
Promoting sustainable development: The impact of differences in cultural values on residents' pro‐environmental behaviors
Authors: Mi Lingyun , Qiao Lijie , Xu Ting , Gan Xiaoli , Yang Hang , Zhao Jingjing , Qiao Yaning , Hou Jiaxin
Published: July 2020

Pro‐Environmental Behavior (PEB) of residents can greatly alleviate the threat of environmental pollution to human living environment and promote sustainable development of the society. Cross‐cultural studies show that there are significant differences in PEB among countries with different cultural backgrounds. Even within the same country or region, individual cultural values are not identical. So, can various individual cultural values impact PEB differently? To answer this question, this paper investigates the mechanism on how cultural value differences affect residents' PEB, based on Hofstede's cultural model. Following an analysis of 475 questionnaires from residents, the results show that Hofstede's five dimensions of cultural value can significantly impact public‐ and/or private‐sphere PEB. Among them, collectivism and long‐term orientation of residents have positive effects on both public‐ and private‐sphere PEB and uncertainty avoidance has a negative impact. Besides, masculinity only affects the public‐sphere PEB, and power distance affects neither private‐ nor public‐sphere PEB. In addition, three social‐demographic characteristics including gender, age, and educational level have a significant moderating effect on the relationship between cultural values and PEB. These findings can provide useful recommendations for policy makers to draft PEB guidelines and incentive policies based on the differences in cultural values of their residents.
Social isolation and loneliness: a hidden killer
Authors: White Alan , Taylor Tim , Cooper Rachel
Published: July 2020

Isolation and loneliness are risk factors for poor health, and are increasingly affecting younger men. GPs can play an important role in recognising and addressing the problems using the tools and services being developed to help tackle the issues.