bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High doses of recombinant mannan‐binding lectin inhibit the binding of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus with cells expressing DC‐SIGN
Authors: Yu Lei , Shang Shiqiang , Tao Ran , Wang Caiyun , Zhang Li , Peng Hao , Chen Yinghu
Published: May 2017

The pandemic influenza A (H1N1)pdm09 virus continues to be a threat to human health. Low doses of mannan‐binding lectin (MBL) (<1 μg/mL) were shown not to protect against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 infection. However, the effect of high doses of MBL has not been investigated. Dendritic cell‐specific intercellular adhesion molecule‐3 grabbing non‐integrin (DC‐SIGN) has been proposed as an alternative receptor for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. In this study, we examined the expression of DC‐SIGN on DCs as well as on acute monocytic leukemia cell line, THP‐1. High doses of recombinant or human MBL inhibited binding of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 to both these cell types in the presence of complement derived from bovine serum. Further, anti‐DC‐SIGN monoclonal antibody inhibited binding of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 to both DC‐SIGN‐expressing DCs and THP‐1 cells. This study demonstrates that high doses of MBL can inhibit binding of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus to DC‐SIGN‐expressing cells in the presence of complement. Our results suggest that DC‐SIGN may be an alternative receptor for influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus.
‘Maybe you will remember’: interpretation and life course reflexivity
Authors: Gambold Liesl L
Published: May 2017

This paper examines the relationship of the fieldworker, self‐proclaimed venerate ‘insider/outsider’, to their shifting role as researcher and traveller on the life course. Ethnographic fieldwork is a transitory research method, reliant on a gaze shifting from the breadth of the field site to the depth of individual human experience. The researcher is the conduit and the instrument of data collection but has not been adequately understood as a transforming agent in the process. Reflexivity is required to understand how the researcher's experiences and shifting position on the life course converge with fieldwork processes and data. Inspired by a phenomenological life course perspective I use data from fieldwork in Russia, Mexico and southern Europe to throw light on the emergent effects of life course shifts on the fieldworker's positionality and interpretation of research experiences and field notes. Researcher and textual reflexivity can result in a more vibrant recognition of the messiness of the human fieldwork experience and the resulting epistemological potential.
Engaged witnessing: Researching with the more‐than‐human
Authors: Bell Sarah J. , Instone Lesley , Mee Kathleen J.
Published: May 2017

Despite increased recognition of the need to explore the ways in which non‐humans are entangled with the social world, the practicalities of how to use research methods to engage with non‐human actors are often overlooked. This paper explores methodologies for researching with and writing about the non‐human and contributes to literature focusing on the co‐fabricated nature of research. Drawing on empirical research conducted in Ku‐ring‐gai Chase National Park, Australia, we develop the concept of engaged witnessing as a way of attending to the performative and creative nature of encounters with non‐humans. We argue that learning to witness and be affected by surroundings and non‐human actors in order to glimpse the web of human and non‐human performances enlivens research engagements with non‐human actors. We show how this “learning” can occur, firstly through following the movements and impacts of animals and secondly through practising the Indigenous concept of Dadirri with trees, in order to research with the more‐than‐human.
Clinicopathological analysis of primary splenic diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Shimono Joji , Miyoshi Hiroaki , Kiyasu Junichi , Sato Kensaku , Kamimura Tomohiko , Eto Tetsuya , Miyagishima Takuto , Nagafuji Koji , Teshima Takanori , Ohshima Koichi
Published: May 2017

Splenic infiltration is often seen in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). However, primary splenic DLBCL is rare and studies on its clinicopathological features are limited. We assessed 66 cases of primary splenic DLBCL and 309 control DLBCL, not otherwise specified. Hepatitis C virus antibody prevalence, B symptoms, poor performance status and CD5 positivity differed significantly between the primary splenic DLBCL and control DLBCL groups. Primary splenic DLBCL cases were classified histopathologically into two groups [white pulp pattern (n = 46), red pulp pattern (n = 20)]. Survival analysis showed no difference in overall survival between the primary splenic DLBCL and the control group, but the former had a more favourable progression‐free survival. In the examination of primary splenic DLBCL, the white pulp pattern was statistically associated with a lower performance status (2–4), and a lower CD5 positivity than the red pulp pattern. In the survival analysis, the red pulp pattern demonstrated poorer overall survival. Multivariate analysis of overall survival in primary splenic DLBCL cases identified CD5 positivity as an indicator of poor prognosis. Classifying primary splenic DLBCL into white and red pulp patterns was useful in terms of clinicopathological features and overall survival.
A sizeable effect? Municipal council size and the cost of local government in Canada
Authors: Meloche Jean‐Philippe , Kilfoil Patrick
Published: May 2017

This article examines the relationship between council size and municipal expenditures in Quebec's largest municipalities. Two claims commonly found in the literature are tested: the professionalization and the law of 1/n hypotheses. Using cross‐sectional data, the professionalization hypothesis is confirmed: each elected official costs more in a smaller council. As for the law of 1/n, the effect of council size on total government expenditures is not significant. These results refute the cost saving argument for smaller councils and suggest that other aspects, such as quality of democratic life and efficiency in decision‐making, may be more relevant to the debate.
Exploration of peripapillary vessel density in highly myopic eyes with peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation and its relationship with ocular parameters using optical coherence tomography angiography
Authors: Chen Qiuying , He Jiangnan , Hua Yihong , Fan Ying
Published: May 2017

Importance

Identifying changes of peripapillary vessel density in highly myopic eyes with peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation by optical coherence tomography angiography.

Background

To investigate peripapillary vessel density and its relationship with other ocular parameters in highly myopic eyes with peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation.

Design

Hospital‐based, cross‐sectional study.

Participants

Thirty‐five highly myopic eyes with peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation, 46 highly myopic eyes without peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation and 36 normal eyes were included in this study.

Methods

All participants underwent optical coherence tomography angiography to image the retinal vasculature in the peripapillary areas, including the radial peripapillary capillaries and optic nerve head layer. Correlations between vessel density and ocular metrics were analysed.

Main Outcome Measures

Peripapillary vessel density.

Results

In highly myopic eyes, vessel density was significantly lower in eyes with peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation than in those without in peripapillary (P = 0.014, P = 0.037), inferotemporal (P < 0.001, P < 0.001) and superotemporal (P = 0.014, P = 0.009) areas. In the radial peripapillary capillaries layer, vessel density was negatively correlated with peripapillary atrophy area (P = 0.012) and myopic maculopathy (P = 0.002), and in the optic nerve head layer, it was negatively associated with a diagnosis of peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation (P = 0.012) and myopic maculopathy (P < 0.001). In addition, it was positively correlated with retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in both layers (P < 0.001).

Conclusions and Relevance

Highly myopic eyes with peripapillary intrachoroidal cavitation had lower peripapillary vessel densities, especially in the temporal area, than those without.
The ethnic distribution of sessile serrated polyps in the United States is inversely associated with Helicobacter pylori prevalence
Authors: Sonnenberg A. , Turner K. O. , Genta R. M.
Published: May 2017

Aim

Little is known about the epidemiology of sessile serrated polyps (SSP). Our study aimed to investigate the influence of Helicobacter pylori gastritis and patient demographic characteristics (age, gender, ethnicity) on the prevalence of SSP using a large national database of patients undergoing bi‐directional endoscopy.

Method

De‐identified patient data were extracted from the Miraca Life Sciences electronic database of histopathological reports. Using multivariate logistic regression analysis, the influence of H. pylori gastritis and demographic characteristics on the occurrence of SSP were expressed as odds ratios (OR) with their 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

The total study population comprised 228 506 subjects, of whom 28 890 carried a diagnosis of H. pylori gastritis and 11 285 SSP. Age (OR 4.35, 95% CI: 3.82–4.96), female gender (0.92, 0.88–0.95) and H. pylori gastritis (0.94, 0.88–0.99) exerted the strongest influence on the occurrence of SSP. In comparison with the population comprising Caucasians and African Americans, SSP were less common among subjects of Hispanic (0.67, 0.62–0.73), East Asian (0.59, 0.50–0.69), Indian (0.43, 0.27–0.64) or Middle Eastern descent (0.61, 0.41–0.87). All these ethnic subgroups were also characterized by a higher prevalence of H. pylori than the comparison group. A low prevalence of H. pylori was significantly associated with a high prevalence of SSP (R2 = 0.82, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The prevalence of SSP within the United States is characterized by a marked ethnic variation. The inverse correlation between the prevalence of H. pylori and SSP suggests that gastric infection with H. pylori may be partly responsible for the observed ethnic distribution of SSP.
Australian urban Indigenous smokers' perspectives on nicotine products and tobacco harm reduction
Authors: Yuke Kym , Ford Pauline , Foley Wendy , Mutch Allyson , Fitzgerald Lisa , Gartner Coral
Published: May 2017

Introduction and Aims

Indigenous Australians experience a significant gap in life expectancy compared with non‐Indigenous Australians. Indigenous communities have high‐smoking prevalence and low engagement with cessation therapies. This qualitative research, conducted in an urban Australian Indigenous community, explored smokers' views on smoking, quitting and engagement with current nicotine replacement therapies. Opinions on acceptability of tobacco harm reduction were sought. We explored the acceptability of novel nicotine products, that is, new or unfamiliar products, including non‐therapeutic options, such as e‐cigarettes.

Design and Methods

Focus groups and individual interviews with adult Indigenous daily smokers (n = 27) were used. Current and novel nicotine products were displayed and demonstrated. Discussions were audio‐recorded, transcribed and analysed thematically.

Results

Participants expressed interest in trying existing and novel nicotine products. Short‐to‐medium term use of nicotine replacement therapy for quitting was generally acceptable; views on long‐term use were mixed. Interest in use of tobacco substitutes depended on their perceived effectiveness, providing a ‘kick’ and ‘relieving stress’. Desirable qualities for tobacco substitutes were identified with gender differences and product preferences noted. The unpleasant taste of existing products is a barrier to both short‐term and long‐term use.

Discussion

We found substantial interest in trying some existing and novel nicotine products, mostly for short‐term use. A number of attributes were identified that would make nicotine products potentially acceptable as a long‐term substitute.

Conclusions

Some participants were interested in long‐term substitution if acceptable products were available. Improvements in current products and access to novel products are needed if tobacco harm reduction is to be acceptable. [Yuke K, Ford P, Foley W, Mutch A, Fitzgerald L, Gartner C. Australian urban Indigenous smokers' perspectives on nicotine products and tobacco harm reduction. Drug Alcohol Rev 2018;37:87–96]
Fasiglifam for glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes: A phase III, placebo‐controlled study
Authors: Marcinak John , Cao Charles , Lee Douglas , Ye Zhan
Published: May 2017

Aim

To investigate the effect of fasiglifam on glycaemic control in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Methods

In total, 421 people with T2DM and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ≥7.0% and ≤10.5% who had received only diet and exercise treatment for ≥12 weeks prior to screening were randomized to receive fasiglifam 25 or 50 mg or placebo. The primary efficacy endpoint was change from baseline in HbA1c at week 24.

Results

The mean participant age was 53.5 years, mean baseline body mass index 32.3 kg/m2, and mean baseline HbA1c level 8.05%. Least squares mean changes in HbA1c from baseline to week 24 were: −0.93% (fasiglifam 50 mg), −0.65% (fasiglifam 25 mg) and −0.17% (placebo). Treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAEs) occurred in 53.3%, 48.2% and 39.9% of participants receiving fasiglifam 25 mg, fasiglifam 50 mg, and placebo, respectively. Three participants in each group experienced a serious adverse event (AE). Nine participants had alanine aminotransferase (ALT) elevations >3× upper limit of normal: 5 (3.6%) in the fasiglifam 25‐mg group, 4 (2.8%) in the fasiglifam 50‐mg group, and none in the placebo group.

Conclusions

The data indicate that fasiglifam effectively reduced HbA1c from baseline for 24 weeks in participants with T2DM. The incidence of TEAEs was higher in the fasiglifam groups; however, the incidence of serious AEs was low overall and similar between groups. ALT elevations were observed only in the fasiglifam groups, which contributed to the decision to terminate the fasiglifam programme after completion of the present study.
The Impact of House Prices on Consumption in the UK: a New Perspective
Authors: Burrows Vivien
Published: May 2017

This paper proposes an alternative approach to the question of how house prices influence household consumption by focusing on their impact on mortgage equity withdrawal and household saving. Household‐level data are used to derive a measure of expected and unexpected changes in house prices; these are then incorporated into a recursive bivariate probit model of the decision to withdraw housing equity and save. The results suggest that households respond to changes in their housing wealth primarily by increasing their mortgage borrowing, rather than by decreasing their savings, although this is mainly for younger households. However, while changes in housing wealth do not have a direct impact on household saving, they do have an important indirect impact, since they increase the likelihood that the household will withdraw equity, which in turn has a negative impact on household saving.
Real Effect of Bank Efficiency: Evidence from Disaggregated Manufacturing Sectors
Authors: Mirzaei Ali , Moore Tomoe
Published: May 2017

In this paper, we investigate the real effect of bank efficiency for the growth and market structure of 23 manufacturing sectors in a two‐dimensional panel framework. We use the cost and profit efficiency scores that are estimated based on the stochastic frontier model for 5850 banks. The robust finding is that industries that rely heavily on external finance grow faster and are enhanced by the creation of new enterprises in countries with efficient banking systems. Further evidence, however, reveals that the efficiency effect is mainly derived from the cost side during the financial crisis period.
The confidence of undergraduate dental students when carrying out prosthodontic treatment and their perception of the quality of prosthodontic education
Authors: Puryer J. , Woods K. , Terry J. , Sandy J. , Ireland A. J.
Published: May 2017

Introduction

Despite the falling number of edentulous patients within the UK, there is still a large demand for the provision of removable prostheses. On qualification, dentists should have the knowledge and skills to provide these prostheses, but previous studies have shown that final‐year dental undergraduate confidence in treating denture patients is lacking.

Aim

To explore undergraduate dental student confidence whilst carrying out prosthodontic treatment, and to explore their perceptions of the quality of their prosthodontic education.

Method

An anonymous questionnaire was distributed to all (n=203) dental undergraduates in Years 3 to 5 at the University of Bristol. The questionnaire utilised a range of data collection methods including confidence interval ranked responses and qualitative measures. The data were analysed using SPSS.

Results

The response rate was 51%. Undergraduate perception of confidence increased throughout the years of study (P<.001). There was also an increase in the number of partial and complete denture cases treated as students progressed through the course (P<.001). Overall, students were satisfied with their prosthodontic teaching, although students thought that too much time was allocated to laboratory teaching, and that increasing their clinical experience would be most beneficial in increasing their confidence levels.

Conclusion

Student confidence in carrying out prosthetic treatment increased as students progressed through the course, and confidence levels would be increased further with increased clinical experience.
The effect of acute exercise on blood concentrations of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in healthy adults: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Dinoff Adam , Herrmann Nathan , Swardfager Walter , Lanctôt Krista L.
Published: May 2017

It has been hypothesized that one mechanism through which physical activity provides benefits to cognition and mood is via increasing brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) concentrations. Some studies have reported immediate benefits to mood and various cognitive domains after a single session of exercise. This meta‐analysis sought to determine the effect of a single exercise session on concentrations of BDNF in peripheral blood, in order to evaluate the potential role of BDNF in mediating the beneficial effects of exercise on brain health. MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO, SPORTDiscus, Rehabilitation & Sports Medicine Source, and CINAHL databases were searched for original, peer‐reviewed reports of peripheral blood BDNF concentrations before and after acute exercise interventions. Risk of bias within studies was assessed using standardized criteria. Standardized mean differences (SMDs) were generated from random effects models. Risk of publication bias was assessed using a funnel plot and Egger's test. Potential sources of heterogeneity were explored in subgroup analyses. In 55 studies that met inclusion criteria, concentrations of peripheral blood BDNF were higher after exercise (SMD = 0.59, 95% CI: 0.46–0.72, P < 0.001). In meta‐regression analysis, greater duration of exercise was associated with greater increases in BDNF. Subgroup analyses revealed an effect in males but not in females, and a greater BDNF increase in plasma than serum. Acute exercise increased BDNF concentrations in the peripheral blood of healthy adults. This effect was influenced by exercise duration and may be different across genders.
Pro‐survival redox signalling in progesterone‐mediated retinal neuroprotection
Authors: Ruiz Lopez Ana M. , Roche Sarah L. , Wyse Jackson Alice C. , Moloney Jennifer N. , Byrne Ashleigh M. , Cotter Thomas G.
Published: May 2017

Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of hereditary retinal diseases, characterised by photoreceptor cell loss. Despite a substantial understanding of the mechanisms leading to cell death, an effective therapeutic strategy is sought. Our laboratory has previously demonstrated the neuroprotective properties of Norgestrel, a progesterone analogue, in the degenerating retina, mediated in part by the neurotrophic factor basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). In other retinal studies, we have also presented a pro‐survival role for reactive oxygen species (ROS), downstream of bFGF. Thus, we hypothesized that Norgestrel utilises bFGF‐driven ROS production to promote photoreceptor survival. Using the 661W photoreceptor‐like cell line, we now show that Norgestrel, working through progesterone receptor membrane complex 1 (PGRMC1); generates an early burst of pro‐survival bFGF‐induced ROS. Using the rd10 mouse model of RP, we confirm that Norgestrel induces a similar early pro‐survival increase in retinal ROS. Norgestrel‐driven protection in the rd10 retina was attenuated in the presence of antioxidants. This study therefore presents an essential role for ROS signalling in Norgestrel‐mediated neuroprotection in vitro and demonstrates that Norgestrel employs a similar pro‐survival mechanism in the degenerating retina.
Fracture mechanical characterization of the initiation and growth of interior fatigue cracks
Authors: Stanzl‐Tschegg S. E.
Published: May 2017

The formation and growth of interior fatigue cracks have been studied thoroughly during the last decades, due to the high practical importance of accurate predictions about the fatigue lives of structures and machine components. This is of special interest in the VHCF regime, for which the ultrasonic fatigue method is especially useful. Fracture mechanical values and lifetimes can be measured at constant and variable amplitudes.Endurance limits and ΔKthresholds can also be determined very quickly (e.g. 1010cycles within a few days). Three different materials were studied. For chromium steel, internal crack formation and a fracture mechanical analysis of its growth were carried out. For a specially manufactured Mg alloy, microstructural features leading to interior cracks were analysed. Finally, for polycrystalline high‐purity copper, the conditions for interior‐crack formation and growth were determined. The utilization of FE‐SEM microscopy assisted in interpreting the prevailing mechanisms responsible for endurance limits, lifetimes and fatigue‐crack growth thresholds.
What is a settler‐colonial city?
Authors: Hugill David
Published: May 2017

What is a “settler‐colonial city” and how does it differ from other forms of imperial urban spatial organization? This article seeks to answer these questions by attempting to urbanize recent insights in settler‐colonial theory. It begins by considering well‐established theorizations of the “colonial city”—particularly those developed by geographers and urbanists in the 1970s and 1980s—in order to assess their suitability for analyses of contemporary settler‐colonial milieu. Building on this discussion, the paper asks if and how the insights of settler‐colonial theory offer new opportunities to renovate earlier theorizations in ways that are more explicitly relevant to making sense of the urban process in North America and other societies where colonists have “come to stay” and no formal process of decolonization has unfolded.
Constructing Italian ryegrass yield prediction model based on climatic data by locations in South Korea
Authors: Peng Jinglun , Kim Moonju , Kim Youngju , Jo Muhwan , Kim Byongwan , Sung Kyungil , Lv Shenjin
Published: May 2017

A yield prediction model for Italian ryegrass (IRG) was constructed based on climatic data by locations in South Korea using a general linear model. The sample size of the final dataset was 312 during 25 years. The forage crop and climatic data were collected from the reports of two national research projects on forage crops and Korean meteorological administration, respectively. Five optimal climatic variables were selected through the stepwise multiple regression analysis with dry matter yield (DMY) as the response variable. Subsequently, three climatic variables were selected after considering the interpretability of the five variables. The three selected climatic variables were spring accumulated temperature, mean temperature in January and spring rainfall days. Then, the yield prediction model was constructed based on these three climatic variables using general linear model with the cultivated locations as dummy variables. The model constructed in this research could explain 73.6% of variation in DMY of IRG. The goodness‐of‐fit of the model was tested through residual diagnostics and 10‐fold cross‐validation. For climatic variables, the high partial eta squared value of spring accumulated temperature and spring rainfall may reflect the growth characteristics that spring is the main growing period for IRG and IRG has strong waterlogging tolerance and weak drought tolerance. The results may also support the possibility to sow IRG in the subsequent spring if autumnal seeding was missed in South Korea.
An improved basis for characterizing the suitability of fly ash as a cement replacement agent
Authors: Oey Tandré , Timmons Jason , Stutzman Paul , Bullard Jeffrey W. , Balonis Magdalena , Bauchy Mathieu , Sant Gaurav
Published: May 2017

Fly ash is a critical material for partial replacement of ordinary portland cement (OPC) in the binder fraction of a concrete mixture. However, significant compositional variability currently limits fly ash use. For example, the performance ofOPC‐fly ash blends cannot be estimated a priori using current characterization standards (eg,ASTMC618). In this study, fly ashes spanning a wide compositional range are characterized in terms of glassy and crystalline phases using a combination of X‐ray fluorescence (XRF), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy with X‐ray energy‐dispersive spectroscopy (SEM‐EDS) techniques. The compositional data are distilled to a unitless parameter, the network ratio (Nr), which represents the network behavior of atoms that form alkali/alkaline earth‐aluminosilicate glasses that make up fly ashes.Nris correlated with known composition‐dependent features, including the glass transition temperature and amorphousXRDpeak (“hump”) position. Analysis of heat release data and compressive strengths are used to evaluate the impact of fly ash compositions on reaction kinetics and on the engineering properties of cement‐fly ash blends. It is shown that fly ashes hosting glasses with a high network ratio (ie, having a less stable glass structure) are more reactive than others.
Development of brannerite glass‐ceramics for the immobilization of actinide‐rich radioactive wastes
Authors: Zhang Yingjie , Kong Linggen , Karatchevtseva Inna , Aughterson Robert D. , Gregg Daniel J. , Triani Gerry
Published: May 2017

Brannerite‐based glass‐ceramics have been developed as potential waste forms for the immobilization of actinide‐rich radioactive wastes. For the first time, the formation of brannerite phases in glass has been demonstrated using uranium (U) and plutonium (Pu) with additions of gadolinium and hafnium as neutron absorbers. Both XRD and SEM‐EDS confirm that brannerite is the dominating phase with compositions close to Y0.5U0.5Ti2O6, Gd0.2Pu0.3U0.5Ti2O6, and Gd0.1Hf0.1Pu0.2U0.6Ti2O6 internally crystallized in the glass. TEM SAED and Raman spectroscopy reveal the typical structure and vibration modes for brannerite. In addition, the presence of U5+ species as designed in the formulations has been confirmed by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. More importantly, the U and Pu were partitioned exclusively in the ceramic phases with no detectable actinide in the glass.
Blood pressure control and cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes: The German T2Target registry
Authors: Mengden Thomas , Ligges Uwe , Mielke Johanna , Bramlage Peter , Korzinek Andrea , Sehnert Walter
Published: May 2017

Blood pressure control in patients with type 2 diabetes and hypertension is poor. It is unclear how effectively general practitioners assess and treat such patients. T2Target included hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who had undergone ambulatory blood pressure monitoring within the past 3 months. Recordings were analyzed by the general practitioner and an independent center and the conclusions were compared. Nighttime hypertension was reported less frequently by the general practitioner in comparison with central assessment (43.9% vs 77.9%, P<.001), as were masked (4.0% vs 13.1%, P<.001) and isolated office (4.4% vs 8.8%, P<.001) hypertension. A total of 13.9% of patients were deemed to have controlled blood pressure (ambulatory blood pressure monitoring). For the 784 patients with uncontrolled blood pressure, 40.7% underwent no change to their antihypertensive treatment. Cardiovascular risk was underestimated, with 11.1% deemed to be at very high risk, in contrast to the 97.0% of patients by central assessment. In conclusion, blood pressure control in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus is poor and not accurately assessed by office‐based general practitioners, despite the use of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.
Real‐life glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes treated with insulin therapy: A prospective, longitudinal cohort study (Diabetes Distress and Care Registry at Tenri [DDCRT 9])
Authors: Fujita Naotaka , Yamamoto Yosuke , Hayashino Yasuaki , Kuwata Hirohito , Okamura Shintaro , Iburi Tadao , Furuya Miyuki , Kitatani Masako , Yamazaki Shin , Ishii Hitoshi , Tsujii Satoru , Inagaki Nobuya , Fukuhara Shunichi ,   the Diabetes Distress and Care Registry at Tenri Study Group
Published: May 2017

Aims/Introduction

We investigated the association between four insulin regimens, and increase in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and insulin dose in a real‐life clinical setting because there are no data about them among insulin regimens.

Materials and Methods

Participants included 757 patients with type 2 diabetes having been treated with insulin therapy for more than 1 year. The four insulin regimens were regimen 1 (long‐acting insulin, once daily), regimen 2 (biphasic insulin, twice daily), regimen 3 (biphasic insulin, three times daily) and regimen 4 (basal–bolus therapy). Main outcomes were increases in HbA1c levels >0.5% and increases in daily insulin units after 1 year. We carried out multivariable analyses to examine differences in glycemic control and insulin dose with adjustment for possible confounders.

Results

Mean HbA1c level and duration of insulin therapy were 7.8% and 11.3 years, respectively. HbA1c levels increased by >0.5% at follow up in 22.8, 24.9, 20.7, and 29.3% of participants using regimen 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, with no significant differences between groups. Daily insulin doses increased in 62.3, 68.8, 65.3 and 38.6% of patients, respectively (P < 0.001). Multivariable regression analysis showed that patients who received regimen 4 had significantly lower odds of requiring future insulin dose increases than those who had received regimen 2 (adjusted odds ratio 0.24, 95% confidence interval 0.14–0.41; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Many patients receiving insulin therapy showed increases in HbA1c levels and insulin doses 1 year later. The smallest increase in insulin dose was observed in the basal–bolus therapy group compared with other regimens.
Liver of the fish Gymnotus inaequilabiatus and nematode larvae infection: Histochemical features and expression of proliferative cell nuclear antigen
Authors: Dezfuli B Sayyaf , Manera M , DePasquale J A , Pironi F , Giari L
Published: May 2017

Histopathological lesions due to third‐larval stage of nematode Brevimulticaecum sp. within the liver of a subpopulation of 31 Gymnotus inaequilabiatus from the Pantanal Region (Brazil) were studied with histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. In 93.5% of fish, livers harboured nematode larvae and the intensity of infection ranged from 8 to 293. In livers with highest number of larvae, the hepatic tissue was occupied primarily by the nematodes. Each larva was encircled by focal inflammatory granulomatous reaction. Within the thickness of the granuloma, three concentric layers were recognized: an inner layer of densely packed epithelioid cells, a middle layer of mast cells (MCs) entrapped in a thin fibroblast‐connective mesh and an outer layer of fibrous connective tissue with fibroblasts. Epithelioid cells and fibroblasts within the thickness of the granuloma wall were positive for proliferative cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Moreover, several hepatocytes in infected liver were immunoreactive to PCNA. Occurrence of rodlet cells and MCs in parenchyma, in close proximity to the encysted nematode larvae and near the blood vessel of infected liver, was observed. Macrophage aggregates (MAs) were numerous within the granulomas and scattered in parenchyma of the infected liver. High quantity of haemosiderin was encountered in MAs and hepatocytes of infected liver.
Accommodating interruptions: A grounded theory of young people with asthma
Authors: Hughes Mary , Savage Eileen , Andrews Tom
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

The aim of this study was to develop an explanatory theory on the lives of young people with asthma, issues affecting them and the impact of asthma on their day‐to‐day lives.

Background

Accommodating Interruptions is a theory that explains young people's concerns about living with asthma. Although national and international asthma management guidelines exist, it is accepted that the symptom control of asthma among the young people population is poor.

Design

This study was undertaken using Classic Grounded Theory.

Methods

Data were collected through in‐depth interviews and clinic consultations with young people aged 11–16 years who had asthma for over 1 year. Data were also collected from participant diaries. Constant comparative analysis, theoretical coding and memo writing were used to develop the substantive theory.

Results

The theory explains how young people resolve their main concern of being restricted by Accommodating Interruptions in their lives. They do this by assimilating behaviours in balance finding, moderating influence, fitting in and assuming control minimising the effects of asthma on their everyday lives.

Conclusion

The theory of Accommodating Interruptions explains young people's asthma management behaviours in a new way. It allows us to understand how and why young people behave the way they do because they want to participate and be included in everyday activities, events and relationships. The theory adds to the body of knowledge on how young people with asthma live their day‐to‐day lives and it challenges some existing viewpoints in the literature regarding their behaviours.

Relevance to clinical practice

The findings have implications for developing services to support young people in a more meaningful way as they accommodate the interruptions associated with asthma in their lives.
Impact of a webcast on nurses' delivery of tobacco dependence treatment
Authors: Sarna Linda , Bialous Stella A , Wells Marjorie , Brook Jenny
Published: May 2017

Aims and objectives

To evaluate an educational programme about nurses' role in tobacco dependence treatment, and its webcast component, on the long‐term impact of increasing the frequency of nurses' self‐reported changes in practice related to delivery of smoking cessation interventions.

Background

Healthcare professionals' knowledge about evidence‐based tobacco dependence treatment using the 5As framework (Ask about tobacco use, Advise users to quit, Assess willingness to quit, Assist in making a quit plan and Arrange for follow‐up, including referral to a quitline) is essential to increase smoking cessation rates in the United States.

Design

A 6‐month pre–post design.

Methods

A convenience sample of nurses (N = 283) from Kentucky and Louisiana was provided access to the webcast and printed toolkit. Responses from those who completed an online survey at baseline, and at 3 or 6 months postimplementation of the educational programme were included in an analysis of changes in the consistent (always/usually) delivery of the 5As plus referral to the quitline.

Results

After 3 months, the intervention had a significant impact on increasing nurses' reports of consistently providing the 5As to patients who smoked, which was largely sustained at 6 months. Nurses who viewed the webcast were three times more likely to refer smokers to a quitline at 3 months; and four times more likely at 6 months than those who did not.

Conclusions

An online educational programme, plus printed toolkit about tobacco dependence treatment increased nurses' delivery of smoking cessation interventions over time. This study provided preliminary evidence that including a webcast in a nurse‐targeted educational programme could significantly increase the proportion of nurses who referred smokers to a quitline beyond the benefit of access to printed materials and web‐based resources.

Relevance to clinical practice

Distance learning is a feasible mechanism for enhancing nurses' involvement in tobacco dependence treatment and promoting evidence‐based clinical practice.
Contemporary transcatheter aortic valve replacement with third‐generation balloon‐expandable versus self‐expanding devices
Authors: Rogers Toby , Steinvil Arie , Buchanan Kyle , Alraies M. Chadi , Koifman Edward , Gai Jiaxiang , Torguson Rebecca , Okubagzi Petros , Ben‐Dor Itsik , Pichard Augusto , Satler Lowell , Waksman Ron
Published: May 2017

Objectives

To evaluate balloon‐expandable and self‐expanding third‐generation transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) devices according to patient selection criteria and outcomes.

Background

Two competing third‐generation TAVR technologies are currently commercially available in the US. There are no published head‐to‐head comparisons of the relative performance of these two devices.

Methods

257 consecutive patients undergoing TAVR with a third‐generation balloon‐expandable (Edwards Sapien 3) or self‐expanding device (Medtronic CoreValve Evolut R) at a single US medical center were included. Choice of TAVR device was at the discretion of the multidisciplinary Heart Team. Baseline clinical characteristics, echocardiographic and CT imaging, procedural and 30‐day outcomes were prospectively collected.

Results

74 patients received a self‐expanding valve (SEV) and 183 received a balloon‐expandable valve (BEV). Patients selected for SEV were more frequently women, with lower body surface area and smaller calcified iliofemoral arteries. Three SEV patients required implantation of a second valve to successfully treat paravalvular leak. Only one BEV patient had moderate paravalvular regurgitation. There was no difference in the rate of stroke, major vascular complication or bleeding. Permanent pacemaker implantation rate was significantly higher with SEV (12.7% vs 4.7%, P = 0.49) and hospital length of stay was longer (8.3% vs 6.5%, P = 0.043), but 30‐day mortality was comparable (1.4% vs 1.6%, P = 1.00).

Conclusions

Short‐term outcomes were equivalent between the two technologies. Clinically significant paravalvular regurgitation was rare. SEV were more frequently selected in women and patients with challenging transfemoral access, but were associated with higher permanent pacemaker implantation rate and longer hospital length of stay.
Credit and Systemic Risks in the Financial Services Sector: Evidence From the 2008 Global Crisis
Authors: Bégin Jean‐François , Boudreault Mathieu , Doljanu Delia Alexandra , Gauthier Geneviève
Published: May 2017

We develop a portfolio credit risk model that includes firm‐specific Markov‐switching regimes as well as individual stochastic and endogenous recovery rates. Using weekly credit default swap premiums for 35 financial firms, we analyze the credit risk of each of these companies and their statistical linkages, putting emphasis on the 2005–2012 period. Moreover, we study the systemic risk affecting both the banking and insurance subsectors.
Impact of hyperlipidaemia on intermediary metabolism, faecal microbial metabolites and urinary characteristics of lipoprotein lipase deficient vs. normal cats
Authors: Paßlack N. , Zentek J. , Larsen J. A. , Westropp J. L. , Fascetti A. J.
Published: May 2017

Findings in humans and rats indicate that hyperlipidaemia may be associated with enhanced endogenous oxalate (Ox) synthesis, which may be relevant for calcium oxalate (CaOx) urolith formation. Moreover, changes in lipid metabolism are proposed to negatively affect gut microbiota. This study aimed to investigate those potential interactions in hyperlipidaemic cats. Therefore, 10 normal control cats and seven lipoprotein lipase (LPL)‐deficient cats were fed a low‐fat diet for seven weeks. During the last week of the study, cats were housed in metabolic cages to collect urine and faeces. Blood was taken on the last day of the study. The LPL‐deficient cats had significantly higher serum triglyceride concentrations than normal cats, while lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity was not different. Urinary relative supersaturation with CaOx, urinary Ox, calcium, and citrate excretions, and urine pH did not differ between groups. Lower faecal acetic, propionic and total short‐chain fatty acid concentrations were observed in the LPL‐deficient cats. In conclusion, hyperlipidaemia does not appear to be a specific risk factor for CaOx urolith formation in cats. In contrast to results in rats, hyperlipidaemia was not accompanied by elevated serum LDH activity. As LDH can synthesise Ox from glycolate or other precursors, this might be one possible explanation for the similar urinary parameters in the LPL‐deficient and normal cats. Non‐diet‐induced hyperlipidaemia was not associated with marked changes in faecal microbial metabolites, suggesting no differences in the composition of the intestinal microbiota.
No effect of targeted memory reactivation during slow‐wave sleep on emotional recognition memory
Authors: Ashton Jennifer E. , Cairney Scott A. , Gaskell M. Gareth
Published: May 2017

Recent work has suggested that the benefits of sleep for memory consolidation are enhanced for highly salient (versus non‐salient) memories. Using a technique known as targeted memory reactivation, it is possible to selectively strengthen newly learned memories by re‐exposing the sleeping brain to auditory cues. The aim of the current study was to examine whether emotionally salient memories are also more responsive to targeted memory reactivation in slow‐wave sleep than neutral memories. In an initial training phase, participants memorised emotionally negative and neutral pictures, which were each paired with a semantically related sound. Recognition for the pictures was assessed before and after a 90‐min nap opportunity, during which half the sounds were re‐presented during slow‐wave sleep (as assessed via online polysomnographic sleep monitoring). We observed no effect of targeted memory reactivation on the recognition of emotionally negative or neutral memories. Our results highlight the importance of the memory paradigm used to assess targeted memory reactivation, and suggest that the robust and durable nature of recognition memory may make it an insensitive measure of behavioural targeted memory reactivation benefits. To fully assess the impacts of targeted memory reactivation on emotional memory processing in sleep, future studies should adopt experimental paradigms that maximise the salience of emotional stimuli while also providing a sensitive index of memory accuracy.
Discrimination of a nerve fiber that is the origin of a cauda equina tumor using acetylcholinesterase staining
Authors: Kamei Naosuke , Tanaka Nobuhiro , Arihiro Koji , Nakanishi Kazuyoshi , Kotaka Shinji , Adachi Nobuo , Ochi Mitsuo
Published: May 2017

Spinal nerve sheath tumors are well known to typically originate from dorsal sensory nerve roots. However, it is difficult to anatomically identify the origin in the case of cauda equina tumors. In this study, we aimed to ascertain whether a cauda equina nerve root removed with a nerve sheath tumor was a motor nerve using acetylcholinesterase (AchE) staining. Nerve rootlet sections removed with tumors were stained for AchE using the AchE Rapid Staining Kit. Additionally, we performed intraoperative motor‐evoked potential (MEP) monitoring following either transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) or electrical stimulation of nerve rootlets. The muscular strength of the lower extremities was assessed bilaterally before and after surgery using manual muscle testing. An AchE‐positive motor nerve rootlet that was the origin of a cauda equina tumor was observed in one of the 12 patients. In this patient, a MEP in the right quadriceps evoked by electrical stimulation of this rootlet was detected. TES‐MEP showed a 30% decrease in the amplitude in the right quadriceps evoked after tumor resection with this nerve rootlet. However, the motor strength in both lower extremities did not change after surgery. AchE staining and intraoperative MEP monitoring could detect the motor nerve rootlet that was the origin of a cauda equina tumor. Nerve sheath tumors originating from the motor nerve might be rare even in cauda equina.
Markdown Budgets for Retail Buyers: Help or Hindrance?
Authors: Şen Alper , Talebian Masoud
Published: May 2017

For many retailers, markdown decisions are taken by retail buyers whose compensation is based on sales revenue so their objective is to maximize it through the season. This implies that the buyers' objectives are not perfectly aligned with the overall profitability the firm. Many retailers set markdown budgets prior to the season to control margin erosion and increase profitability. Markdown budget constrains the buyers on the amount of discounts that they can apply on a given inventory of merchandise and sets a limit on the dollar value of markdowns for the season. While markdown budgets may be useful in preventing excessive discounts, they can have a detrimental effect on the buyers' ability to respond to poor market and remove distressed inventory. We investigate the effectiveness of this practice in aligning the incentives of buyers with that of the firm, and provide guidance on how these budgets should be established ahead of time. We consider a firm with a fixed inventory of a seasonable item, and a single chance to mark the price down. The retailer knows only the demand distribution at the beginning of the season, but the market information is revealed during the season to the buyer. We first characterize the buyer's markdown policy and understand the circumstances under which this can be different from the retailer's markdown policy. We use our model to determine the optimal markdown budget and quantify its effectiveness considering different factors such as the level of demand uncertainty, initial markup, and market's responsiveness to markdowns.