bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
Authors: Farley SALLY M. G. , Libanati Cesar R. , Mariano-Menez M. Rosario , Tudtud-Hans Leah A. , Schulz Eloy E. , Baylink David J.
Published: February 2010

Since osteoporosis is a disease of diminished bone density, and since osteoporotic fractures occur most commonly in the spine, the ideal therapeutic agent for osteoporosis is one which can increase spinal bone density and thereby reduce the risk for vertebral fractures. In the current study we sought to examine the effect of fluoride therapy on spinal bone density utilizing quantitative computed tomography to measure changes in vertebral trabecular bone density during treatment with fluoride. A group of 61 postmenopausal osteoporotic females, aged 70 ± 9 years, were treated with 34 ± 7 mg elemental fluoride/day (equivalent to 75 ± 15 mg NaF/day) and 1500 mg calcium/day for 19 ± 6 months. Spinal bone density was increased within the first 6 months of fluoride therapy by 42% or 10 ± 13 mg/cm3 (p < 0.001) and continued to increase throughout 2 years of observation. The skeletal response to fluoride therapy was also associated with an early increase in serum alkaline phosphatase activity (p < 0.001), which was related to the increase in spinal bone density (r = .58, p < 0.001). Large interpatient variation was observed in the spinal bone response to fluoride therapy, which was not explained by variations in the pretreatment spinal bone density (r = .04), age of the patient (r = .15), or dose of fluoride (r = .16). Results from these studies demonstrate (1) the therapeutic value of fluoride to increase trabecular bone density lineraly for 2 years in the osteoporotic spine and (2) the clinical value of measuring spinal bone density and/or serum alkaline phosphatase activity as indices of the skeletal response to fluoride.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
Authors: DR. Chavassieux Pascale
Published: February 2010

The effects of fluoride on bone in various animal models are reviewed. In these studies, the doses of fluoride varied from those equivalent to therapeutic doses to toxic doses, and the duration of the treatment was from 15 days to 33 months. No significant modification in serum calcium, phosphorus, and alkaline phosphatase was reported. An increased serum osteocalcin level was noted in ewes. Evidence for hyperparathyroidism was found in some but not all animal models. Studies performed in the rat reported that fluoride had different effects on the periosteal and endosteal bone. An increase in the extent of eroded surfaces was observed in all experimental studies, except one in the mouse. Increases in osteoid parameters and in the number of osteoblasts were noted in mouse, cat, pig, and ewe. Only one study, carried out in dogs, mentioned a decrease in osteoid parameters. Most of the authors reported a mineralization defect due either to a modification in the composition of the bone matrix or to a low calcium intake. The formation period was augmented during fluoride treatment but, at a fluoride dose equivalent to therapeutic doses, this augmentation was mainly due to an increased active formation period. In contrast, at a fivefold greater dose, it was due to an increased inactive formation period. The augmentation of bone volume after fluoride treatment was attributed to an unbalanced coupling between resorption and formation in favor of formation. All these experimental studies support the conclusion that fluoride induces a stimulation of the birthrate of osteoblasts, but at high doses decreases their activity.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
Authors: DR. Bellows C. G. , Heersche J. N. M. , Aubin J. E.
Published: February 2010

The number of discrete, three-dimensional bone nodules formed in vitro from a class of osteoprogenitor cells present in fetal rat calvaria cell populations (RC cells) is linearly related to the number of cells plated, implying that this system functions as a colony assay for the expression of osteoprogenitor cells. To determine the effect of fluoride on the expression of these cells, primary RC cells were grown for periods of up to 21 days in α-MEM (minimal essential medium) containing 5–15% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum (FBS), 50 μg/ml ascorbic acid, 10mM Na ß-glycerophosphate, and NaF at concentrations from 10 μM to 5 mM. The continuous presence of NaF resulted in an increase in the number of bone nodules with maximal response occurring at 500 μM (p < 0.001). A similar response at 500 μM NaF was observed also with regard to alkaline phosphatase activity. NaF levels up to 500 μM did not affect the growth of the mixed RC cell population, however, higher concentrations (1 mM) significantly reduced cell numbers (p < 0.001) suggestive of cytotoxicity. Plating efficiency tests for colony formation in the presence of 0.5 to 2 mM NaF showed that the decreases in nodule formation observed at concentrations above 500 μM correlated with cytotoxicity. NaCl at 1mM had no effect on nodule formation, alkaline phosphatase activity, or cell growth. The results show that NaF stimulates osteoprogenitor cell number in vitro and that the maximal effect occurs at concentrations close to toxic levels.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
Authors: Dr. Grynpas Marc D.
Published: February 2010

Fluoride is known to have biological effects on bone cells as well as physicochemical effects on bone crystals. This review concentrates on the latter. Fluoride increases the stability of the apatite lattice and decreases the solubility of the apatite crystals. In bone mineral, this ion has been shown to affect bone crystal structure by increasing crystallinity and reducing specific surface area. These changes in turn lead to changes in the chemistry of bone mineral. Bone mineral deposition is delayed by fluoride. This ion does not diffuse into bone already formed, but is incorporated during mineralization. Subsequently fluoride tends to accumulate in the most highly mineralized bone. Bone treated with fluoride has been shown to be more resistant to acid dissolution than normal bone, which would explain the reduced rate of resorption of fluoridated bone. The distribution of fluoride in bone is not uniform, but its net effect is to increase bone mineral density probably by an increased packing of bone crystals. Finally, there is a debate as to whether fluoride produces a bone of different quality. Whether these changes in the quality of bone will prove to be helpful or harmful remain to be determined.
Journal of Bone and Mineral Research
Authors: Farley John R. , Tarbaux Nanine , Hall Susan , Baylink David J.
Published: February 2010

Clinically effective (osteogenic) concentrations of fluoride (5–30 μM) also have direct effects on skeletal tissues in vitro, to increase bone formation and osteoblast line cell proliferation. The effect on cell proliferation was specific for bone cells, modulated by systemic skeletal effectors, and dependent on (a) the [Pi] in the medium, (b) the presence of a bone cell mitogen, and (c) mitogen-responsive osteoprogenitor cells. Together, these data indicate that fluoride increases bone formation in vitro by increasing osteoprogenitor cell proliferation and that fluoride increases osteoprogenitor cell proliferation by enhancing the activity of bone cell mitogens.
Raman and infrared spectra of doped La8+xSr2−y(SiO4)6O2+δ compounds compared to the ab initio‐obtained spectroscopic characteristics of fully stoichiometric La8Sr2(SiO4)6O2
Authors: Smirnov M. , Sukhomlinov S. , Mirgorodsky A. , Masson O. , Béchade E. , Colas M. , Merle‐Méjean T. , Julien I. , Thomas P.
Published: February 2010

Vibrational spectroscopy data were used to gain insight into the possible locations of extra oxygen ions introduced into La8+xSr2−y(SiO4)6O2+δ compounds to raise their ionic conductivity. Perturbations observed in the Raman and infrared spectra of these compounds with increasing δ were explained by using the ab initio calculation results for the fully stoichiometric (x = y = δ = 0) lattice. This allowed the inference that the extra oxygen ions are incorporated into LaO tunnel‐like fragments inherent in the studied structures. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Raman spectra of acetonitrile in imidazolium ionic liquids
Authors: Garcia Humberto C. , de Oliveira Luiz F. C. , Nicolau Bruno G. , Ribeiro Mauro C. C.
Published: February 2010

Raman spectra of dilute solutions of acetonitrile in ionic liquids reveal the characteristic features of ionic liquids' polarity. This is accomplished by investigating the Raman bandshape of the ν (CN) band, corresponding to the CN stretching mode of CH3CN, which is a very sensitive probe of the local environment. The amphiphilic nature of the CH3CN molecule allows us to observe the effect of electron pair acceptor and electron pair donor characteristics on ionic liquids. It has been found that the overall polarity of nine different ionic liquids based on 1‐alkyl‐3‐methylimidazolium cations is more dependent on the anion than cation. The observed wavenumber shift of the ν (CN) band of CH3CN in ionic liquids containing alkylsulfate anions agrees with the significant different values previously measured for the dielectric constant of these ionic liquids. The conclusions obtained from the analysis of the ν (CN) band were corroborated by the analysis of the symmetric ν1 (CD3 ) stretching mode of deuterated acetonitrile in different ionic liquids. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Detection of melamine in liquid milk using surface‐enhanced Raman scattering spectroscopy
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Fang , Zou Ming‐Qiang , Qi Xiao‐Hua , Liu Feng , Zhu Xin‐Hua , Zhao Bin‐Han
Published: February 2010

Melamine, a nitrogen‐rich chemical, has recently caused enormous economic losses to the food industry due to the cases of milk products adulterated by melamine. This has led to an urgent need of rapid and reliable methods for detection of melamine in food. In this study, surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy was used to detect melamine in liquid milk. The sample preparation with liquid milk is very easy; it has to be only diluted with double‐distilled water followed by centrifugation. By using a silver colloid, at least a 105‐fold enhancement of the Raman signal was achieved for the measurement of melamine. The limit of detection by this method was 0.01 µg ml−1 for melamine standard samples. Based on the intensity of the Raman vibrational bands normalised to that of the band at 928 cm−1 (CH2), an external standard method was employed for quantitative analysis. The linear regression square (R2) of the curve was 0.9998; the limit of quantitation using this approach was 0.5 µg ml−1 of melamine in liquid milk; the relative standard deviation was ≤10%; and recoveries were from 93 to 109%. The test results for SERS were very precise and as good as those obtained by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry. The method was simple, fast(only needs about 3 min), cost effective, and sensitive for the detection of melamine in liquid milk samples. Therefore, it is more suitable for the field detection of melamine in liquid milk. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Research on coating deterioration process under fully immersing condition by using multi‐parameters
Authors: Zhao X. , Wang J. , Li W. , Hou B.
Published: February 2010

In this paper, a parameter, named as the changing rate of impedance (CRI) derived from electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) data was selected. The deterioration process of organic coating was investigated by analyzing this parameter using neural network toolbox. In addition, four parameters characterizing the coating state were fitted by appropriate equivalent circuits (ECs). Integrating all the results of CRI and the evaluation of fitted parameters, it can be deduced that three stages were presented in the entire coating deterioration process, which separately represented the process of water penetration, corrosion acceleration, and coating deterioration. Furthermore, CRI was proved to be a credible parameter to depict coating state in its entire deterioration process.
Oxidation mechanism of the Inconel 601 alloy at high temperatures
Authors: Buscail H. , Perrier S. , Josse C.
Published: February 2010

The Inconel 601 alloy oxidation was performed in air, in the temperature range 1000–1150 °C, during 90 h. Kinetic results show that the parabolic behavior is always followed in this temperature range. The Arrhenius plot of the kp values shows two different activation energies. Between 1000 and 1050 °C the activation energy is Ea1 = 160 ± 10 kJ/mol. In the 1050–1150 °C temperature range a higher value is calculated Ea2 = 252 ± 20 kJ/mol. The Ea2 value and the X‐ray diffraction (XRD) results and scanning electron microscope (SEM) energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDS) examinations are in accordance with a scale growth mechanism limited by a growing Cr2O3 scale acting as a diffusion barrier. In the 1000–1050 °C temperature range the activation energy is lower and the structural analyses show that the oxide scale is not only composed of Cr2O3. Then, the oxide scale is composed of titanium oxides (TiO2 and Ti2Cr7O17) and chromia mixed together. A doping effect of the chromia scale by titanium can be envisaged. Our results also show the presence of some Mn1.5Cr1.5O4 at the external interface. This external subscale spalls off easily during cooling after the highest temperature oxidation tests. Nevertheless, XRD results and SEM–EDS observations show that the Cr2O3 scale remains very adherent on the substrate and can give a good oxidation protection. This good adherence can be related to the presence of a low amount of aluminum in the Inconel 601 alloy composition.
Evolution of corrosion protection performance of hybrid silica based sol–gel nanocoatings by doping inorganic inhibitor
Authors: Pirhady Tavandashti N. , Sanjabi S. , Shahrabi T.
Published: February 2010

Silica based hybrid sol–gel coatings were developed to protect AA2024 alloy from corrosion. In order to have an active protection, cerium nitrate corrosion inhibitor was introduced into the coating system. The anti‐corrosion properties of the coatings were evaluated by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and potentiodynamic scanning (PDS) methods. The structure of the films was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) after corrosion. The results indicate that the improvement of the protection properties of the films occurred with immersion time. This would imply that cerium ions could reach the defects, hindering the corrosion reactions and thus reduces the corrosion rate.
Corrosion properties of a plastic mould steel with special focus on the processing route
Authors: Hill H. , Huth S. , Weber S. , Theisen W.
Published: February 2010

Applications in plastics processing bear increased requirements for the used materials, especially with respect to their corrosion and wear resistance. For this reason, special powder metallurgical tools steels were developed that fulfil these demands. The common processing route for their production is hot isostatic pressing (HIP) of pre‐alloyed powders which is followed by hot working if semi‐finished parts are to be produced. As an alternative to HIP, super solidus liquid phase sintering (SLPS) permits the consolidation of pre‐alloyed tool steel powders to near net‐shape parts. It can be performed in different sintering atmospheres. In this work, the plastic mould steel X190CrVMo20‐4 was processed by SLPS in vacuum as well as under nitrogen atmosphere. The resulting materials were analysed with respect to their microstructure, tempering behaviour and corrosion resistance in 0.5 molar sulphuric acid in dependence of the heat treatment. As a reference, the HIPed and the HIPed and worked state were also investigated. The results show that different heat treatments alter the ranking of the sintered and the HIPed state with respect to corrosion resistance. As expected, a high tempering for maximum secondary hardness causes a significant loss of corrosion resistance. The experimental findings were supported by thermodynamic calculations based on slight alterations in chemical composition that result from the different manufacturing processes.
Characterization and studies on grafting of ferroelectric liquid crystal onto polybutylacrylate
Authors: Azizi A. , Abdouss M. , Ghaffarian S. R. , Arab Zadeh N.
Published: February 2010

Ferroelectric liquid crystalline (FLC) elastomer as a class of electroactive polymers, exhibiting high strain at very low voltage compared to other materials. This giant eletrostriction exploring new applications for ferroelectric materials and these materials are suitable candidates for designing nanoscale artificial muscles, sensors, actuators, pumps and motors. Due to these properties, considerable attention has been paid to these materials in recent years. In this study, ferroelectric liquid crystalline (FLC) monomer was synthesized in a mini reactor in a four‐step procedure. The synthesized materials were characterized with HNMR and FTIR in each step. Then the monomer in the presence of benzoylperoxide as an initiator and n‐butyl acetate as a solvent was grafted onto polybutylacrylate. Grafting was carried out in different processing conditions and products were characterized with HNMR and DSC. The level of initiator, method of initiator's injection to reactor, reaction time, and reactants concentration were part of parameters that were investigated. The analysis of results shows that the reaction time is an important parameter and appropriate grafting needs a long time. Components concentration illustrated important effect on the level of grafting and final structure of grafted chains.
The interfacial shear strength of Kevlar fiber/epoxy composite measured by the microdroplet test
Authors: Li J. , Caichilan C. L.
Published: February 2010

Epoxy chloropropane (ECP) grafting modification method was used for the surface treatment of Kevlar fiber to improve the interfacial adhesion of the Kevlar fiber reinforced epoxy composite. The surface characteristics of untreated and treated Kevlar fiber were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscope. The interfacial shear strength between epoxy and Kevlar fiber was analyzed by measuring from microdroplet specimens adhered onto a single carbon fiber. Microdroplet specimens exhibited different results of the interfacial strength due to the Kevlar fiber surface treatment. The results showed that a larger shear stress concentration arose along the interface for the surface treated model than for the untreated one.
Evaluation of the friction and wear properties of PTFE composites filled with glass and carbon fiber
Authors: Li J. , Ran Y.
Published: February 2010

The aim of the research article is to study the mechanical and two‐body abrasive wear behaviour of glass/carbon fiber reinforced PTFE composites. The measured wear volume loss increases with increase in abrading distance. The results showed that the highest specific wear rate is for glass fiber reinforced PTFE composite with a value of 8.1×10–6 mm3/Nm and the lowest wear rate is for carbon fabric reinforced vinyl ester composite with a value of 7.2×10–6 mm3/Nm. Mechanical properties were evaluated and obtained values are compared with the wear behaviour. The worn surface features have been examined using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Photomicrographs of the worn surfaces revealed higher percentage of broken glass fiber as compared to carbon fiber.
Measuring bone cell adhesion on implant surfaces using a spinning disc device
Authors: Fritsche A. , Luethen F. , Lembke U. , Finke B. , Zietz C. , Rychly J. , Mittelmeier W. , Bader R.
Published: February 2010

The adhesion behaviour of osteoblastic cells on implant surfaces is a main focus during the development of osteoconductive implant surfaces. Therefore, besides cell spreading and proliferation on surfaces the adhesion strength of cells to the substrate is of high interest. There are different approaches to determine cell adhesion but only few quantitative methods. For this purpose, we have developed an adhesion device based on the spinning disc principle in conjunction with an inverse confocal laser scanning microscope (LSM). Mirror polished disc‐shaped test samples made of titanium‐ (Ti6Al4V) and cobalt‐alloys (Co28Cr6Mo), as well as stainless steel (316L), were seeded with osteoblasts, stained with a fluorescent dye, at defined radial positions and were incubated for 18 h in cell culture medium (DMEM). After incubation the test samples were placed into the adhesion chamber filled with DMEM. By means of a computer controlled motor the test samples were rotated for 3 min. Using the LSM the detachment of the cells at defined radial positions was determined and the cell count was recorded before and after rotation with the help of imaging software. An average shear stress of 47.1 N/m2, 53.2 N/m2 and 49.4 N/m2 was assessed for the mirror polished Ti6Al4V, Co28Cr6Mo and 316L surfaces respectively. The technique is suitable for studying bone cell adhesion strength on orthopaedic implant materials. Future investigations will focus on different bioactive and anti‐infectious implant surfaces, as well as soluble bioactive factors.
New developments in depression, anxiety, compulsiveness, and hallucinations in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Goetz Christopher G.
Published: February 2010

Increasing research efforts are focused on nonmotor aspects of Parkinson's disease (PD). Depression, anxiety, compulsivity (dopamine dysregulation symptoms), and hallucinations/psychosis are among these disorders, and all complicate the management of PD with negative influences on quality of life. There is a strong overlap between depression and apathy and likewise, depression and anxiety can coexist and require careful pharmacologic management. Dopamine dysregulation syndrome is linked to medication use and most clearly associated with dopamine agonists. In contrast, although hallucinations and psychosis do not occur unless patients with PD are treated with dopaminergic drugs, medication doses do not directly relate to this problem. Functional neuroimaging provides an excellent resource for investigating these behaviors as well as their anatomical and neurochemical bases. New treatments are being developed, but there have been very few large‐scale randomized clinical trials to test the relative roles of new or available agents for abating these problematic behaviors. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Evidence in favor of Braak staging of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Dickson Dennis W. , Uchikado Hirotake , Fujishiro Hiroshige , Tsuboi Yoshio
Published: February 2010

Recently, Braak and coworkers proposed a pathologic staging scheme for Parkinson disease (PD). In this staging, scheme substantia nigra pathology occurs at midstage disease, while involvement of anterior olfactory nucleus, medulla, and pontine tegmentum occur earlier. In the last stages, Lewy bodies (LBs) involve cortical areas. The general principles of the proposed staging system have been confirmed in several studies of PD, but it does not appear to fit with all LB disorders. We studied the density and distribution of LBs with α‐synuclein immunohistochemistry in normal elderly with incidental LBs (N = 12); progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) with incidental LBs (N = 18); Lewy body disease (LBD) with minimal or no Alzheimer type pathology (N = 52); LBD with concomitant Alzheimer disease (AD) (N = 84); and cases of AD with amygdala predominant LBs (N = 64). The proportion of cases that fit the PD staging scheme was 67% for incidental LBs; 86% for PSP with LBs; 86% for pure LBD; and 84% for LBD with AD; but only 6% for AD with amygdala predominant LBs. The PD staging scheme is valid, except in the setting of advanced AD. In this situation, LBs may be unrelated to PD and more likely related to factors inherent to AD and the selective vulnerability of the amygdala to both Alzheimer and α‐synuclein pathologies. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Clues to how alpha‐synuclein damages neurons in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Sulzer David
Published: February 2010

Alpha‐synuclein (α‐syn) appears to normally regulate neurotransmitter release, possibly via calcium‐dependent binding and dissociation from lipid domains on secretory vesicles. The pathogenic effects of α‐syn leading to Parkinson's disease (PD) appear to result from alternate toxic effects on lipid membrane. A variety of findings indicate that overexpression of wild‐type α‐syn, pathogenic mutations of α‐syn, and dopamine‐modified‐α‐syn promote toxic interaction between α‐syn oligomers and lipids. These may disrupt transmembrane concentration gradients across secretory vesicles and other organelles and interfere with normal lysosomal or ubiqutin/proteasome mediated protein degradation or mitochondrial function. Additional causes of PD may interfere at other points with normal handling and degradation of α‐syn, providing a variety of entry points to a converging neurodegenerative path underlying the disease. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Basal ganglia physiology and deep brain stimulation
Authors: Lozano Andres M. , Snyder Brian J. , Hamani Clement , Hutchison William D. , Dostrovsky Jonathan O.
Published: February 2010

Despite improvements in anatomic imaging of the basal ganglia, microelectrode recording is still an invaluable tool in locating appropriate targets for neurosurgical intervention. These recording also provide an unparalleled opportunity to study the pathophysiological aspects of diseases. This article reviews the principles of microelectrode recording in functional neurosurgery and discusses the pathologic neurophysiologic findings commonly encountered. It also highlights some of the potential mechanisms of action of both dopaminergic drugs and deep brain stimulation. In addition we review the recent work on pedunculopontine nucleus neurophysiology and trials of deep brain stimulation in that region for gait disturbances in Parkinson's disease. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Gastrointestinal, urological, and sexual dysfunction in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Pfeiffer Ronald F.
Published: February 2010

Recognition has grown regarding the importance of nonmotor dysfunction in the setting of Parkinson's disease. Autonomic involvement, including gastrointestinal, urinary, and sexual dysfunction is frequent and may significantly impair quality of life for affected individuals. Both recognition and attention to appropriate treatment are important for optimum clinical management. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Pain in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Ford Blair
Published: February 2010

Parkinson's disease is characterized primarily as a neurodegenerative disorder that leads to disabling motor and cognitive impairment. PD is less widely appreciated as a disease causing a substantial variety of pain syndromes, although the prevalence of pain in PD is approximately 40%. In a minority of patients, pain is so severe and intractable that it overshadows the motor symptoms of the disorder. In recent years, descriptive surveys of non‐motor symptoms in PD have led to a classification of painful sensations into one or more of several categories: musculoskeletal pain, radicular or neuropathic pain, dystonia‐related pain, akathitic discomfort, and primary, central parkinsonian pain. A framework for diagnosing and treating painful PD is described in this review, together with recent insignts into the neurophysiological mechanisms and substrates of pain in PD. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Parkinson's at risk syndrome: Can Parkinson's disease be predicted?
Authors: Stern Matthew B. , Siderowf Andrew
Published: February 2010

The treatment of Parkinson's disease (PD) has revolved around pharmacologic interventions that primarily treat the cardinal (dopaminergic) manifestations of tremor, rigidity, and bradykinesia; yet, we now know that the pathology of PD is widespread, accounting for more disabling symptoms such as cognitive impairment, autonomic problems, and postural instability. Further, attempts at modifying PD may be hampered as much by the imperfection of therapeutic interventions as by the extent of neuronal damage that exists even in early PD, when most putative neuroprotective agents are tried. Our approach to PD must therefore evolve and include strategies for detecting PD earlier in its course and, eventually, intervening when the disease process is in its nascent stages. Parkinson's associated risk syndrome (PARS) is the term we have coined to describe patients at risk for developing PD. These patients may have genetic risk factors or may have subtle, early non‐motor symptoms including abnormalities in olfaction, gastrointestinal function, cardiac imaging, vision, behavior, and cognition. Changes in neuroimaging modalities can predict the emergence of neurologic signs and symptoms within several years. The PARS study is now underway to determine the feasibility of screening a large cohort of subjects to identify those at highest risk for developing PD. If successful, we will have the tools to identify cohorts for clinical trials of PD prevention or, at the very least, delay of disease onset, and long‐term disability. Further, our concept of PD risk will change the nosology of PD as those now considered “at‐risk” may ultimately be considered to already have the disease. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Enabling functional independence in Parkinson's disease: Update on occupational therapy intervention
Authors: Rao Ashwini K.
Published: February 2010

Motor impairment and functional limitations are known sequelae of Parkinson's disease. Occupational therapy (OT) is recognized as an important adjunct to pharmacological management. This critical review provides an update on the effectiveness of OT. Eight studies were included in the review, three on occupational therapy task‐related training, two on functional training with external cues and three on OT as part of interdisciplinary treatment. Due to lack of level I studies, it is difficult to determine conclusively the effect of OT. However, there is evidence to suggest that treatment produces improvements in motor and quality of life for the duration of therapy. Implications for future studies and practice are discussed. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease
Authors: Bjorklund Tomas , Kordower Jeffrey H.
Published: February 2010

The once fantastic theoretical concept that patients with Parkinson's disease (PD) would receive gene therapy in an attempt to alleviate their symptoms and potentially modify the course of their disease has become a reality. On the basis of positive preclinical data, four different gene therapy approaches are currently in Phase I or Phase II clinical trials. Some approaches are intended to increase levels of endogenous dopamine or enhance the function of the prodrug levodopa. Others are intended to normalize basal ganglia circuitry by reducing the PD‐related overactivity of specific brain structures such as the subthalamic nucleus. Each is intended for symptomatic benefit. Finally, gene delivery of trophic factors that not only augment dopaminergic function but are potentially disease modifying has a strong preclinical database and are also in clinical trials. Each of these approaches is discussed in the present review. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Marder Karen
Published: February 2010

Over the last decade, the importance of cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson's disease (PDD) has been increasingly recognized. Investigators have proposed criteria for PD dementia, and mild cognitive impairment. Risk profiles associated with the development of dementia based on demographic, neurological, neuropsychological, imaging, and genetic investigations have been delineated. The FDA has approved a treatment for PDD, and efforts now are directed toward intervention at earlier stages of cognitive impairment. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Driving difficulties in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Rizzo Matthew , Uc Ergun Y. , Dawson Jeffrey , Anderson Steven , Rodnitzky Robert
Published: February 2010

Safe driving requires the coordination of attention, perception, memory, motor and executive functions (including decision‐making) and self‐awareness. Parkinson's disease and other disorders may impair these abilities. Because age or medical diagnosis alone is often an unreliable criterion for licensure, decisions on fitness to drive should be based on empirical observations of performance. Linkages between cognitive abilities measured by neuropsychological tasks, and driving behavior assessed using driving simulators, and natural and naturalistic observations in instrumented vehicles, can help standardize the assessment of fitness‐to‐drive. By understanding the patterns of driver safety errors that cause crashes, it may be possible to design interventions to reduce these errors and injuries and increase mobility. This includes driver performance monitoring devices, collision alerting and warning systems, road design, and graded licensure strategies. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Role of serotonin neurons in the induction of levodopa‐ and graft‐induced dyskinesias in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Carta Manolo , Carlsson Thomas , Muñoz Ana , Kirik Deniz , Björklund Anders
Published: February 2010

Recent studies in animal models of Parkinson's disease (PD) have provided evidence that dopamine released from spared serotonin afferents can act as a trigger of dyskinetic movements induced by repetitive, low doses of levodopa. Serotonin neurons have the capacity to store and release dopamine synthesized from systemically administered levodopa. However, because of the lack of any autoregulatory feedback control, dopamine released from serotonin terminals results in excessive swings in extracellular dopamine levels after peripheral administration of levodopa. Such “dysregulated” release of levodopa‐derived dopamine is likely to be responsible for the appearance of the abnormal movements in levodopa‐primed animals. This mechanism may also play a role in the development of graft‐induced dyskinesias in patients that receive fetal neuron transplants, possibly due to the inclusion of serotonin neurons in the grafted ventral midbrain tissue, which contribute to maintain dopamine receptors of the denervated striatum in a supersensitive state. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
The role of parkin in familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease
Authors: Dawson Ted M. , Dawson Valina L.
Published: February 2010

Mutations in parkin are the second most common known cause of Parkinson's disease (PD). Parkin is an ubiquitin E3 ligase that monoubiquitinates and polyubiquitinates proteins to regulate a variety of cellular processes. Loss of parkin's E3 ligase activity is thought to play a pathogenic role in both inherited and sporadic PD. Here, we review parkin biology and pathobiology and its role in the pathogenesis of PD. © 2010 Movement Disorder Society
Expression of aquaporin 5 increases proliferation and metastasis potential of lung cancer
Authors: Zhang Ziqiang , Chen Zhihong , Song Yuanlin , Zhang Pinghai , Hu Jie , Bai Chunxue
Published: February 2010

Water channel aquaporin 5 (AQP5) is highly expressed at the apical membrane of alveolar type I epithelial cells and confers high osmotic water permeability. AQP5 is also expressed in lung cancer tissue. Previous studies showed there was an up‐regulation of AQP5 expression in cancer tissue compared to surrounding normal tissue. In addition, expression of AQP5 in lung cancer tissue was associated with poor prognosis. Herein, we tested the role of AQP5 in lung cancer oncogenesis and development. Lung cancer cells with different expression of AQP5 were used to study cell proliferation and migration, two important parameters for tumour cell biology. We found enhanced proliferation and migration potential in cancer cells with high AQP5 expression, while reduced proliferation and metastasis potential in cancer cells with low AQP5 expression. Oncogene analysis showed significantly increased PCNA and c‐myc expression in AQP5 transfected cells. AQP5 transfected cells also showed significant increased MUC5AC mucin expression, which might contribute to the enhanced metastasis potential of lung cancer. AQP5 overexpression resulted in enhanced activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), extracellular receptor kinase (ERK1/2), and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) pathway in cancer cells. Moreover, deletion of AQP5 demonstrated decreased activation of the EGFR/ERK/p38 MAPK pathway in AQP5 knockout mice lungs, while deletion of AQP1 or AQP3 did not exhibit significant changes on activation of the EGFR/ERK/p38 MAPK pathway in lung tissue. In conclusion, our results provide evidence for AQP5‐facilitated lung cancer cell proliferation and migration, possibly through activation of the EGFR/ERK/p38 MAPK signalling pathway, but why AQP5 but not other aquaporin expression affects the EGFR/ERK/p38 MAPK pathway still needs further exploration. Copyright © 2010 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantum criticality and novel phases: Summary and outlook
Authors: Schofield A. J.
Published: February 2010

This conference summary and outlook provides a personal overview of the topics and themes of the August 2009 Dresden meeting on quantum criticality and novel phases. The dichotomy between the local moment and the itinerant views of magnetism is revisited and refreshed in new materials, new probes, and new theoretical ideas. New universality and apparent zero temperature phases of matter move us beyond the old ideas of quantum criticality. This is accompanied by alternative pairing interactions and as yet unidentified phases developing in the vicinity of quantum critical points. In discussing novel order, the magnetic analogs of superconductivity are considered as candidate states for the hidden order that sometimes develops in the vicinity of quantum critical points in metallic systems. These analogs can be thought of as “pairing” in the particle–hole channel and are tabulated. This analogy is used to outline a framework to study the relation between ferromagnetic fluctuations and the propensity of a metal to nematic type phases – which at weak coupling correspond to Pomeranchuk instabilities. This question can be related to the fundamental relations of Fermi liquid theory.
Aryl diazonium salt surface chemistry and ATRP for the preparation of molecularly imprinted polymer grafts on gold substrates
Authors: Gam‐Derouich Sarra , Ngoc Nguyen Minh , Madani Ahmed , Maouche Naima , Lang Philippe , Perruchot Christian , Chehimi Mohamed M.
Published: February 2010

Quercetin‐imprinted poly(vinyl pyridine‐co‐ethylene glycol dimethacrylate) cross‐linked grafts were prepared by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) using aryl modified gold substrates as macroinitiators. The aryl layers were first attached to Au by electrochemical reduction of the diazonium salt BF$_{4}^{-}$, +N2‐C6H4‐CH2CH2‐OH. The resulting Au‐C6H4‐CH2CH2‐OH plates (Au‐OH) were further treated with 2‐bromopropionyl bromide (Br‐C(O)C(CH3)2‐Br) in order to attach ATRP initiator sites to Au‐OH, thus yielding Au‐C6H4‐CH2CH2‐OC(O)C(CH3)2‐Br (Au‐Br). 4‐Vinyl pyridine (4VP, functional monomer) and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA, cross‐linking monomer) were co‐polymerized in acetonitrile at room temperature in the presence of quercetin as a template molecule. Quercetin was then solvent‐extracted to obtain Au‐grafted molecularly imprinted polymer (Au‐MIP). The gold‐grafted nonimprinted polymer film (Au‐NIP) was prepared as a control substrate.

The changes in the surface chemical composition, from the neat Au to Au‐MIP and Au‐NIP, were monitored by XPS and polarization modulation infrared reflection‐absorption spectroscopy (PM‐IRRAS). Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to assess the specificity and selectivity of Au‐MIP to detect quercetin. The detection limit was found to be better than 10−6 mol/l with CV. Using square wave stripping voltammetry (SWSV), the detection limit was found to be as low as 10−9 mol/l. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
XPS investigation of surface changes during thermal aging of Natural Gas Vehicle catalysts: Influence of Rh addition to Pd
Authors: Renème Y. , Dhainaut F. , Trentesaux M. , Ravanbakhsh B. , Granger P. , Dujardin C. , Gengembre L. , De Cola P. L.
Published: February 2010

This study investigates thermal aging induced effects on the surface properties of model and commercial automotive catalysts for Natural Gas Vehicles, by means of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and infrared spectroscopy of chemisorbed CO as a probe molecule for noble metals. Post‐combustion catalysts for this application are essentially composed of palladium containing low amounts of rhodium and additives to improve the oxygen storage properties. The aging procedure involved exposing the catalysts to an oxidizing atmosphere containing air and 10 vol.% H2O at 980 °C for 4 h in order to simulate surface changes which may occur under usual three‐way operating conditions. It was found that sintering processes led to a significant loss of Pd concentration on model and commercial catalysts. Regarding Rh, diffusion processes into alumina also take place, which are partially inhibited on model catalysts when Rh interacts with Pd. Greater stabilization of Rh species is suggested on commercial catalysts in the presence of oxygen storage materials. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical composition of superconducting SmFeAsO doped with fluorine
Authors: Kaciulis S. , Mezzi A. , Ferdeghini C. , Martinelli A. , Tropeano M.
Published: February 2010

Bulk samples of SmFeAsO with and without F doping were prepared by thermal synthesis of the powders. Some samples of obtained oxy‐pnictides were further pressed and sintered at 1300 °C.

The crystalline structure of the samples was investigated by X‐ray powder diffraction. The samples were also characterized by resistivity measurements and SEM‐Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis. The chemical composition (atomic concentration and chemical states of constituent elements) of the samples' surface was analyzed by means of XPS before and after the sample cleaning by Ar ion sputtering. For the analysis of the bulk composition, the samples were scraped by using superfine diamond file and immediately transferred into XPS apparatus. In this way, the in‐depth distribution of fluorine and the contribution of surface oxides were revealed. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Silver nanowires as a result of irradiation or hydrogen reduction of Ag3PW12O40 salt
Authors: Matachowski L. , Socha R. P. , Mucha D. , Zimowska M. , Gurgul J.
Published: February 2010

We report XPS, SEM and XRD investigations of the silver nanowires that are grown at the surface of the neutral silver salt of 12‐tungstophosphoric acid (Ag3PW12O40). Irradiation of the salt with electron or UV beams result in the formation of silver wires in the salt lattice and on the salt surface. The mechanical stress that appears during metallic silver phase formation leads to destruction of the crystal body. The same phenomena were observed after the reduction of Ag3PW12O40 in hydrogen. XRD analysis of the processed salts showed two additional reflexes of 2Θ at 38.12° and 44.28° that originate from the metallic silver phase. SEM analysis showed that the surfaces of the processed salts are covered by bunches of the wires. They show high aspect ratio and rather uniform distribution over the sample. XPS measurements were performed with the fresh and processed silver salts. Hydrogen reduction or irradiation of Ag3PW12O40 leads to significant changes in the main component of Ag 3d line. The quantity of the lattice Ag+ decreases after reduction, from 93 to 30%. Simultaneously, a new component (metallic silver) appears in the spectrum at a binding energy of 368.0 eV. The amount of metallic silver on the surface of the reduced salt approaches 68% of the total silver concentration in the sample. The analysis of P 2p, O 1s and W 4f core excitations showed no qualitative differences after reduction, which means that the Keggin structure of the treated salt remains unchanged. The latter agrees well with XRD results. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differentiation of 18O‐ and 16O‐rich layers in anodic alumina films by glow discharge time‐of‐flight mass spectroscopy
Authors: Molchan I. S. , Thompson G. E. , Skeldon P. , Trigoulet N. , Tempez A. , Chapon P. , Tuccitto N. , Licciardello A.
Published: February 2010

The performance of glow discharge time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry in isotopic differentiation is revealed using the distribution of oxygen isotopes 16O and 18O in barrier‐type anodic alumina films as a focus. Anodic alumina films comprising 18O‐rich layers of controlled thickness were formed by the appropriate combination of anodising of superpure aluminium in electrolytes enriched with 18O isotopes and of natural abundance of 18O isotopes. Analysis of the elemental depth profiles of selected ionic species, i.e. 16O18O, allowed determination of the locations of the 18O‐rich layers and the 18O/16O interface. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Low‐temperature sintered conductive silver patterns obtained by inkjet printing for plastic electronics
Authors: Scandurra Antonino , Francesco Indelli Giuseppe , Graziana Spartà Noemi , Galliano Francesco , Ravesi Sebastiano , Pignataro Salvatore
Published: February 2010

Silver metal patterns onto plastic substrates have been obtained by inkjet printing with commercial ink based on silver nanoscale particles. Morphological characterization by scanning electron microscopy of spin‐coating processed films indicates that a sintering treatment at 250 °C for 30 min is enough to sinterize the silver metal nanoparticles. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of sintered metal films shows that the sinterization is accompanied by a reduction of carbon surface concentration coming from carbon‐containing chemical compounds present in the ink formulation. After sintering at 250 °C for 30 min, the material shows typical electrical resistivity of 4.6 × 10−6 Ωcm (i.e. about three times the value of bulk silver).

Printed test structures show typical resistivity after sintering at 250 °C for 30 min in the range of 5–7 × 10−6 Ωcm. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An approach applying SSM to problem situations of interests conflicts: Interests‐coordination SSM
Authors: Jianmei Yang
Published: February 2010

Checkland's Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) made an epoch‐making contribution to systems research. This paper researches Interests‐coordination SSM (ISSM), an approach of applying SSM to deal with the problem of interests conflict. We think there is a hierarchy of the systems methodologies for problem solving. ISSM is at the level lower than the level of Checkland's SSM in the hierarchy and is specially designed for dealing with the soft problem of interests conflict. The soft problem of interests conflict and the Interest Man assumption are ISSM's theoretical foundation. Therefore this paper first, on the basis of phenomenology, researches the implications of interests conflict, soft problem of interests conflict and Interests Man assumption, then presents the ideas that in the soft problem of interests conflict the man is an Interests Man, the interests of Interests Man include not only egotistic but also altruistic aspects and that the game behaviour is the fundamental behaviour of the Interests Man. Afterwards this paper, studies the practical logic stages of ISSM on the basis of these ideas. The key point of ISSM is how to make the accommodations between conflicting interests via the process of interests coordination and game. At the end a case is introduced in that we successfully used the ISSM to direct the implementation of a Knowledge Management (KM) project in an enterprise of China. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.