bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reliability Reporting Across Studies Using the Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory
Authors: Vassar Matt , Hale William
Published: April 2008

Empirical research on anger and hostility has pervaded the academic literature for more than 50 years. Accurate measurement of anger/hostility and subsequent interpretation of results requires that the instruments yield strong psychometric properties. For consistent measurement, reliability estimates must be calculated with each administration, because changes in sample characteristics may alter the scale's ability to generate reliable scores. Therefore, the present study was designed to address reliability reporting practices for a widely used anger assessment, the Buss Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI). Of the 250 published articles reviewed, 11.2% calculated and presented reliability estimates for the data at hand, 6.8% cited estimates from a previous study, and 77.1% made no mention of score reliability. Mean alpha estimates of scores for BDHI subscales generally fell below acceptable standards. Additionally, no detectable pattern was found between reporting practices and publication year or journal prestige. Areas for future research are also discussed.
Middle Eastern Adolescents' Perpetration of School Violence Against Peers and Teachers
Authors: Khoury-Kassabri Mona , Astor Ron Avi , Benbenishty Rami
Published: April 2008

The current study presents the prevalence of students' reports of perpetration of violence toward peers and teachers among 16,604 7th- through 11th-grade Jewish and Arab students in Israel and examines the individual and school contextual factors that explain students' violence. The study explores how students' reports of violence are influenced by individual factors (gender, age, perception of school climate and intervention) and school contextual factors (cultural affiliation, SES of students' families, school and class size, school climate, intervention). Almost one third of all students reported at least one form of perpetration toward peers, and one in five reported perpetration against teachers. Compared to the school climate characteristics, school organizational factors, and cultural affiliation, students' SES has the highest contribution to explained variance in reports of violence toward others. The discussion highlights the need to allocate more resources to schools in low-SES contexts to protect low-SES students from school violence.
Sex-Symmetric Effects of Coercive Behaviors on Mental Health?
Authors: Próspero Moisés
Published: April 2008

The present study tested a section of the model of coercion in intimate partner violence (IPV) by investigating the relationships among coercion, IPV and mental health symptoms. The study's sample consisted of 573 culturally diverse university students (age M = 21.4) who completed a survey that measured past IPV victimization, coercive behaviors, and mental health symptoms. Structural equation modeling analyses revealed that coercion was a stronger predictor of adverse mental health symptoms than was IPV victimization. In addition, the study found that the adverse effect of coercive behaviors on mental health symptoms was stronger among female victims of IPV than among male IPV victims. The results have implications for theory building, future research, and mental health professionals who work with female and male victims of IPV.
Childhood and Adolescent Animal Cruelty Methods and Their Possible Link to Adult Violent Crimes
Authors: Hensley Christopher , Tallichet Suzanne E.
Published: April 2008

Few researchers have investigated the potentially predictive power of childhood and adolescent animal cruelty methods as they are associated with subsequent interpersonal violence in adulthood. Based on a sample of 261 inmates at medium- and maximum-security prisons in a southern state, the present study examines the relationship between several retrospectively reported animal cruelty methods (drowned, hit or kicked, shot, choked, burned, and had sex) and violent criminal acts committed against humans (assault, rape, and murder). More than half of the sample reported they had shot animals, and almost half had either kicked or hit them. About one in five said they had choked animals, and about one in seven said they had either drowned, burned, or had sex with them. Regression analyses revealed that drowning and having sex with an animal was predictive of later interpersonal violence as adults.
Linking Violent Thinking
Authors: Polaschek Devon L. L. , Calvert Susan W. , Gannon Theresa A.
Published: April 2008

Violent offenders often articulate offense-supportive cognitions during rehabilitation, yet these statements have received little theoretical attention, and intervention approaches have targeted each type of statement individually, as if they were unrelated. An implicit theory approach to cognitions has proved fruitful for research and intervention. The authors apply it to violent offenders. The first study presents a grounded theory investigation of offense-supportive cognition in prisoners attending an intensive rehabilitation program for violent offenders. Analysis of offense transcripts enabled the identification of several implicit theories. These results were refined with a second sample and trialed in the rehabilitation program. Findings suggest that several implicit theories held by violent offenders are linked to each other through the widespread normalization of violence. Few offenders experienced their violent behavior as abnormal, or completely outside of their control, once initiated. The authors make suggestions for enhancing the empirical status of this research domain, particularly through experimental investigations.
Violence Between Therapy-Seeking Veterans and Their Partners
Authors: Teten Andra L. , Sherman Michelle D. , Han Xiaotong
Published: April 2008

Among male veterans and their female partners seeking therapy for relationship issues, three violence profiles were identified based on self-reports of physical violence: nonviolent, in which neither partner reported perpetrating physical violence (44%); one-sided violent, in which one partner reported perpetrating violence (30%); and mutually violent, in which both partners reported perpetrating physical violence (26%). Profiles were distinguished based on the veteran's psychiatric diagnosis, woman's age, and both partners' reports of the frequency and severity of violence. Men and women in mutually violent couples reported more verbal and physical aggression than did men or women in any other group. The three groups reported comparable rates of sexual aggression. Appraisals of marital satisfaction and intimacy were not different based on violence profile. No gender differences emerged in the self-reports of frequency and severity of verbal, physical, and sexual aggression.
Religious Activities of Inpatients and Their Family Visitors in Taiwan
Authors: Tzeng Huey-Ming , Yin Chang-Yi
Published: April 2008

Purpose: The purpose was to investigate the contributing factors of practicing religious activities (prayer and attending religious services) that help in overcoming the health problems that had led to the current hospitalization. These activities may be a proxy measure for religious coping with health problems. Design: An exploratory survey study was used. Methods: A convenience sample was determined. Data were collected in 2005 in the inpatient wards of a Taiwanese hospital ( n = 1,031 patients and family visitors). Binary logistic regression analyses were used. Findings: Of the participants, 75% offered prayer to their god(s) for help and 57.4% attended a church/temple service. Being a patient and having a longer hospital stay contributed to the increased probability of offering prayer and attending religious services. Conclusions: Prayer and religious service attendance were practiced by the majority of those hospitalized patients and their family. Enriching our understanding of the religious needs of the patients and their family should be continued.
Developing a health promoting university initiative within the context of inter-sectoral action for sustainable public health: reflections from the University of Central Lancashire
Authors: Dooris Mark , Martin Eileen
Published: April 2008

During the past few years, a number of universities have sought to apply the settings-based approach to health promotion within the context of higher education. The University of Central Lancashire became one of the first universities in Europe to establish a strategic Health Promoting University initiative when it appointed a Coordinator in 1995. With the overall aims of integrating within the organisation an understanding of and commitment to holistic health and to developing its health promoting potential, the initiative has developed its work programme across a breadth of health-related issues. Operating within the broader context of inter-sectoral working, the Health Promoting University has sought to maximise integrative and synergistic action for sustainable public health.

The first paper presented will briefly outline the context of higher education in the UK, before providing an overview of the health promoting university approach, using the University of Central Lancashire's initiative as a case study and describing some of the key processes involved in moving from idea to implementation.

The second paper that follows will discuss the theoretical basis for the health promoting university initiative, describe its work programme in more detail and critically discuss the key opportunities and challenges faced, both within the organisation and in the context of inter-sectoral working. It will go on to outline the work of the newly established Settings Development Unit and explore its potential to support collaborative working and contribute to sustainable public health.
Une Promotion de la santé pragmatique dans un monde globalisé : la génération montante commente Bangkok
Authors: Corbin J. Hope
Published: April 2008

Ce commentaire a été demandé à Hope Corbin par l'UIPES afin de partager son expérience personnelle en tant que rapporteur et participante à la 6e Conférence mondiale de l'OMS sur la Promotion de la Santé, qui s'est tenue à Bangkok, en Thaïlande, en août 2005. Sa contribution permet d'illustrer la façon dont l'UIPES s'est engagée pour poursuivre la discussion sur la Charte de Bangkok et les améliorations possibles à lui apporter, à travers sa revue électronique `the Reviews of Health Promotion and Education Online' qui a fourni aux membres de l'UIPES un forum leur permettant de partager leurs réflexions et leurs points de vue dans la série : Ottawa 1986 — Vancouver 2007 : doit-on réviser la Charte d'Ottawa ? Cette série sera prolongée jusqu'à la prochaine conférence mondiale de l'UIPES à Vancouver, où les questions soulevées par les différentes déclarations des conférences mondiales de l'OMS, notamment celle d'Ottawa en 1986, seront au cœur du programmes (voir en anglais http://www.iuhpeconference.org/). Nous attendons donc qu'un débat animé ait lieu et se prolonge jusque là, et nous invitons tous les membres de l'UIPES à soumettre leurs propres contributions sur le sujet, pour les examiner et les diffuser sur RHPEO !
Health programmes for school employees: improving quality of life, health and productivity
Authors: Kolbe Lloyd J. , Tirozzi Gerald N. , Marx Eva , Bobbitt-Cooke Mary , Riedel Sara , Jones Jack , Schmoyer Michael
Published: April 2008

School health programmes in the 21 century could include eight components: 1) health services; 2) health education; 3) healthy physical and psychosocial environments; 4) psychological, counselling, and social services; 5) physical education and other physical activities; 6) healthy food services; and 7) integrated efforts of schools, families, and communities to improve the health of school students and employees. The eighth component of modern school health programmes, health programmes for school employees, is the focus of this article. Health programmes for school employees could be designed to increase the recruitment, retention, and productivity of school employees by partially focusing each of the preceding seven components of the school health programme on improving the health and quality of life of school employees as well as students. Thus, efforts to improve the quality of life, health, and productivity of school employees may be distinct from, but integrated with, efforts to improve the quality of life, health, and education of students.

School employee health programmes can improve employee: 1) recruitment; 2) morale; 3) retention; and 4) productivity. They can reduce employee: 5) risk behaviours (e.g., physical inactivity); 6) risk factors (e.g., stress, obesity, high blood pressure); (7) illnesses; 8) work-related injuries; 9) absentee days; 10) worker compensation and disability claims; and 11) health care and health insurance costs. Further, if we hope to improve our schools' performance and raise student achievement levels, developing effective school employee health programmes can increase the likelihood that employees will: 12) serve as healthy role models for students; 13) implement effective school health programmes for students; and 14) present a positive image of the school to the community.

If we are to improve the quality of life, health, and productivity of school employees in the 21st Century: school administrators, employees, and policymakers must be informed about the need and the means to do so; school employee health programmes must become part of the culture of education and the expectation of educators; and colleges that prepare school administrators and other school employees must provide the pre-service and in-service training, research, development, and leadership to make it happen.

This article outlines ten actions that can be taken by school districts to build or improve school employee health programmes, and a list of websites that provides more detailed information about such programmes.
Challenges in teacher for school health education and promotion
Authors: Smith Becky J. , Potts-Datema William , Nolte Ann E.
Published: April 2008

The health education and promotion profession is facing a series of teacher preparation challenges related to the delivery of quality school health education/promotion programmes. The challenges occurring in the United States are also present in a variety of other regions as the education structure attempts to ensure that students receive a sound preparation in health education and promotion during their school experience.

The challenges can be categorised into the following areas:

• Quality and quantity of professional preparation for teachers during their preservice university training;

• Need for in-service of teachers already in the K-1 2 workforce (in the USA grades K -12 are broadly equivalent to ages five to 17 years);

• University faculty workforce professional development needs;

• Research to provide baseline data for future standards development.

Because there is a direct connection between community and school and parents and teachers at the K-1 2 level of education, the demand for highly skilled teachers and professional development is playing out at that level much more rapidly than at the university level. The relative isolation of some university faculty and programmes has developed an interesting situation in which many administrators and master teachers at the K-12 level of education have a better grasp and understanding of new teaching and learning strategies and tools than professors at the university level. This has happened at the same time when there is also a shortage of university professors entering school health education/promotion teacher education. This confluence of realities may predicate the need for a radical change in university based teacher preparation in health education/promotion.

The overwhelming challenge for many countries including the United States remains the large number of teachers in the current workforce who must be provided professional development experiences.

Currently both the National Health Education Standards for K-1 students and teacher preparation standards in health education reflect best practice theory only. There is no national data to support the standards. During the next ten years it is imperative that nationwide data be collected, compiled and analysed on actual learning outcomes for both K-12 students and health education teacher candidates. This will allow the next set of standards at both of the above-mentioned levels to reflect the knowledge and skills that have been actually attained and demonstrated. It will also be a basis for creating revisions and expansions in such a way that national standards can be an actual measure by which student performance can be judged.

It is hoped that the rising tide of both national and international interest in having an increasingly health literate population will inspire members of the profession to be creative in the development of educational approaches, strategic partnerships, and funding to put strong systems of teacher preparation in place for the future.
The European Network of Health Promoting schools - from to Kyrgyzstan
Authors: Bamekow Rasmussen Vivian
Published: April 2008

The European Network of Health Promoting Schools (ENHPS) is a practical example of a health promotion activity that has successfully incorporated the energies of three major European agencies in the joint pursuit of their goals in school health promotion. As explained in the editorial, the network had its conceptual origins in the 1980's. However, since 1991 the initiative has been a tripartite activity, launched by the European Commission (EC), the Council of Europe (CE) and the World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (WHO/EURO) (Barnekow et al. 1999). Starting with only seven countries, the network has enlarged over the years and now has a membership of 43 countries. This article outlines the criteria and principles developed by the network to establish national HPS programmes in Europe. The coordinators of these programmes throughout Europe, taking the the diversity in culture and setting into consideration, have mapped the different models of HPS programmes in their countries and through the EVA project have developed a series of guidelines to monitor progress. All agree that a key element of success is to work together with the school community, parents and young people themselves as well as with health and education ministries, but their different experiences have also allowed them to identify a number of constraints and challenges.
Physical activity measurement- a primer for health promotion
Authors: Bauman Adrian , Phongsavan Philayrath , Schoeppe Stephanie , Owen Neville
Published: April 2008

As the importance of physical activity is recognised in health promotion, the task of measuring it becomes a central research and practice challenge. Measurement of physical activity is important to policy makers interested in population surveillance, as well as to practitioners interested in programme evaluation and research. This review outlines 'best practice' in physical activity measurement, and provides an inventory of established physical activity and related measures for use in health promotion programme evaluation, research and surveillance at the national and local level.
Coalitions and networks: facilitating global physical activity promotion
Authors: Mahecha Matsudo Sandra , Matsudo Victor Rodrigues
Published: April 2008

This article aims to synthesise the experience of coalitions and networks working for physical activity promotion. By introducing the concept of partnerships, especially within the Brazilian context, the authors outline the factors that comprise a successful partnership, describing key elements, such as, financing, membership and methods of empowerment. Agita Sao Paulo, the Physical Activity Network of the Americas-RAFA-PANA and Agita Mundo are used as examples. The article shows that local, national and global programmes, partnerships and networks at all levels are essential to guarantee the success of physical activity promotion as a public health strategy.
Muévete Bogotá: promoting physical activity with a network of partner companies
Authors: Gámez Rocio , Parra Diana , Pratt Michael , Schmid Thomas L.
Published: April 2008

In 1998 the mayor's office and the District Institute for Sports and Recreation created Muevete Bogota, a physical activity and health promotion programme for the capital city of Colombia. Muevete means to move or to be active, and this campaign to promote physical activity was designed to improve the health and quality of life of the citizens of Bogota through regular physical activity. The programme is based on the 1995 recommendations on physical activity of the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the American College of Sports Medicine (Pate el al., 1995), and was developed in close consultation with the Agita Sao Paulo programme in Brazil (Matsudo el al., 2003). Muevete Bogota couples a mass media campaign with programmes targeted to change physical activity behaviour. The interventions, which are conducted at work sites, schools, health care centers and in community settings rely on partnerships created among professionals in areas of education and health, business officials and personnel, and community members, to deliver the programmes in each of these settings and populations.

Like many developing countries, Colombia suffers from a growing epidemic of chronic diseases. In 1993 35.7% of total mortality in the city of Bogota was due to chronic diseases (Espinosa, 1993). In 2002 cardiovascular diseases accounted for 40.3% of mortality among the population aged 60 years or older and 26.8% for persons 45 to 59 years of age. (Cardona, 2002)

Bogota has implemented extensive physical and social environmental changes over the last decade, which has increased opportunities for physical activity, but sedentary lifestyle continues to be a significant public health problem in the city. Programmes such as Muevete Bogota that educate and motivate the population to become more physically active appear to be needed to complement the underlying environmental and policy changes. Muevete Bogota provides an example of successful implementation of a comprehensive multi-sectoral approach to physical activity promotion in a large metropolitan area. This model may be used as an exemplary effort elsewhere in Latin America and in urban areas in developing countries around the world.
Muévete de la actividad física a través de una red de empresas amigas
Authors: Gámez Rocío , Parra Diana , Pratt Michael , Schmid Thomas L.
Published: April 2008

n: En 1998, la Alcaldía Mayor de Bogotá a través del Instituto Distrital para la Recreación y el Deporte (IDRD), diseñó Muévete Bogotá, un programa de actividad física y salud para la capital de Colombia. Muévete se refiere a moverse o ser activo. Esta campaña de promoción de actividad física fue diseñada para mejorar la salud y la calidad de vida de los ciudadanos de Bogotá a través de la practica regular de actividad física. Muévete Bogotá esta basado en las recomendaciones de los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades de Estados Unidos, y el Colegio Americano de Medicina Deportiva, publicadas en 1996 (Pate el al., 1995). El programa fue desarrollado con la asesoría permanente del programa Agita Sao Paulo de Brasil (Matsudo el al., 2003). Muévete Bogotá comprende una campaña de comunicación masiva con programas de cambio comportamental hacia la adopción de actividad física. Las intervenciones son llevadas a cabo en sitios de trabajo, escuelas, centros de salud y sectores de la comunidad y se basan en las alianzas creadas con los miembros de estos sectores para instaurar programas en cada uno de estos ámbitos y poblaciones.

Como muchos otros países en vía de desarrollo, Colombia esta experimentando un incremento en la epidemia de enfermedades crónicas. En 1993, la tasa de mortalidad en Bogotá, debida a enfermedades cardiovasculares era del 35.7% (Espinoza, 1993). Para el 2002 las enfermedades cardiovasculares representaban el 40.3% de la mortalidad para la población mayor de 60 años y el 26.8% para las personas de 45 a 59 años (Cardona, 2002.) A pesar de que Bogotá ha experimentado importantes cambios en su infraestructura física y social durante la última década, que han incrementado posiblemente oportunidades para la actividad física, el sedentarismo continúa siendo un gran problema de salud pública.

Programas como Muévete Bogotá que eduquen y motiven a las personas a ser mas activas físicamente, son necesarios para complementar los cambios ambientales y políticos de base. La ciudad de Bogotá y la campaña Múevete Bogotá brindan un ejemplo de la implementación exitosa de un abordaje multi-sectorial comprensivo para la promoción de la actividad física en un área metropolitana extensa, que puede ser útil para guiar los esfuerzos de promoción en salud en Latinoamérica y en áreas urbanas de países en vía de desarrollo al rededor del mundo.
Network of healthy communities of Rio de Janeiro — Brazil
Authors: Becker Daniel , Edmundo Katia B. , Guimarães Wanda , Vasconcelos Maria S. , Bonatto Daniella , Nunes Nilza R. , Baptista Ana Paula
Published: April 2008

Poor communities in Rio de Janeiro, which are known as favelas, suffer from various problems related to poor housing, poverty, unemployment, violence and organized crime, and lack of access to basic services, such as health care and education. In order to tackle these determinants, and inspired by WHO's international Healthy Communities/Cities movement, the Network of Healthy Communities of Rio de Janeiro was formed in 2004. The Network is coordinated by the Center for Health Promotion (CEDAPS) and now includes more than 100 community groups and organizations in the state of Rio de Janeiro. Their aim is to promote health, community development and equity through community empowerment, participation, capacity building and advocacy. The paper describes the work that has been done since the Network's inception and the challenges which they face to reach their goals in the context of a country like Brazil. The Network represents an important landmark of how poor populations can organize themselves in a collective, participatory and constructive way to influence public policy and strive for better conditions of life in disadvantaged settings, like the favelas. ( Promotion & Education, 2007, (2): pp 101-102)
Global Equity Gauge Alliance
Authors: Ntuli Antoinette
Published: April 2008

The lack of attention to equity in health, health care and determinants of health is a burden to the attainment of good health in many countries. With this underlying problem as a basis, a series of meetings took place between 1999 and 2000, culminating in the creation the Global Equity Gauge Alliance (GEGA). GEGA is an international network of groups in developing countries, mainly Asia, Africa and Latin America, which develop projects designed to confront and mitigate inequities in health, know as Equity Gauges. Equity Gauges aim to contribute towards the sustained decline in inequities in both the broad sociopolitical determinants of health, as well as inequities in the health system. Their approach is based on three broad spheres of action, known as “pillars”: 1) measurement and monitoring, 2) advocacy, and 3) community empowerment. Through a series of examples from local or national level gauges, this paper showcases their work promoting the interaction between research and evidence-based policy formulation and implementation, and the interaction between the community and policy makers. ( Promotion & Education, 2007, (2): pp 107-108)
Réduire les inégalités sociales de santé : santé publique, santé communautaire ou promotion de la santé ?
Authors: Ridde V.
Published: April 2008

Si le Consortium sur la « community health promotion » suggère une définition de ce nouveau concept pour qualifier des pratiques sanitaires, nous nous interrogerons, dans cet article, sur la pertinence de son introduction, alors même que personne n'arrive encore véritablement à délimiter les trois processus habituellement rencontrés : santé publique, santé communautaire, promotion de la santé. A partir d'une recension des écrits et d'une analyse des pratiques, nous suggérons de différencier ces trois formes de pratique selon leur processus et leur finalité. La santé publique et la santé communautaire visent le même objectif, soit l'amélioration de la santé des populations. Pour l'atteinte de cet objectif, la santé publique a recours à un processus technocratique tandis que la santé communautaire use d'un processus participatif. La promotion de la santé cherche, quant à elle, plutôt à réduire les inégalités sociales de santé en employant un processus d' empowerment. Cependant, il ne s'agit encore que d'une définition théorique car dans la pratique, les acteurs de promotion de la santé oublient encore trop souvent cet objectif. Trois arguments devraient inciter ces promoteurs de santé à devenir enfin les chantres de la lutte contre les inégalités sociales de santé. Les deux premiers arguments reposent sur l'inefficacité des approches caractérisant la santé publique et la santé communautaire, centrées sur le système de santé et l'éducation à la santé, incapables de réduire les inégalités sociales de santé. Le troisième argument en faveur de la promotion de la santé est de nature politique puisque nous ne disposons pas encore de preuves suffisantes de son efficacité compte tenu du caractère récent des travaux à cet effet. Les responsables des actions de promotion de la santé doivent planifier pour lutter contre les inégalités sociales de santé et se doter des moyens pour en évaluer l'efficacité. (P romotion & Education, 2007, (2) : pp. 111-114)
Du témoignage au plaidoyer : l'expérience d'une ONG humanitaire
Authors: Ancian Julie
Published: April 2008

Médecins du Monde (MdM) est une ONG humanitaire internationale qui agit partout dans le monde pour favoriser l'accès aux soins des populations vulnérables qui en sont exclues. MdM s'est fixé comme mandat « soigner et témoigner », afin de dénoncer les atteintes flagrantes dont sont victimes les populations auprès desquelles l'association travaille. A partir de ce besoin d'agir pour améliorer la situation des populations, l'ONG cherche à aller plus loin en développant progressivement des actions de plaidoyer en partenariat avec d'autres organisations. Cette étude de cas montre le différent succès de deux mobilisations, avec l'exemple des campagnes « Banque mondiale : la santé mise à prix ! » lancée fin 2003 et « Personnels de santé au Sud : pénurie mortelle » en 2006.
Le Réseau québécois des Villes et Villages en santé : un mouvement fort confronté à de nouveaux défis
Authors: Simard Paule
Published: April 2008

Au service de ses membres depuis vingt ans, le Réseau québécois des Villes et Villages en santé fait actuellement face à plusieurs défis. L'organisation des territoires locaux de même que les multiples responsabilités qui leurs sont dévolues sont actuellement en mutation. Le RQVVS, par sa capacité à mobiliser les municipalités, est extrêmement bien placé pour diffuser, encourager et appuyer ses membres à non seulement arrimer les différentes démarches gouvernementales, mais pour les inciter à le faire de concert avec d'autres partenaires institutionnels (éducation, santé, socio-économiques, etc.) ou communautaires. Il doit cependant repenser son soutien direct à ses membres tout en poursuivant ses activités de diffusion d'informations et de réseautage. ( Promotion & Education, 2007, (2) : pp 121-122)
El Parque Saludable: una experiencia de prevención y promoción de la salud a nivel comunitario en un barrio marginal de la selva del Perú
Authors: Peñaherrera Sánchez Edwin , Palomino Wilson
Published: April 2008

n: El parque saludable es una experiencia comunitaria desarrollada desde los enfoques de la prevención comunitaria y la promoción de la salud. Se basó en el establecimiento de alianzas estratégicas con actores sociales locales incluidos líderes comunitarios, agrupaciones de jóvenes y adolescentes, funcionarios de instituciones públicas (ministerio de salud, educación, policía nacional) e instituciones privadas (empresas de la zona, comerciantes, ONG). La estrategia implementada involucró activamente a la comunidad en todo el ciclo del proyecto desde la elaboración del diagnóstico participativo, hasta el diseño mismo de la intervención. Los actores comunitarios fueron responsables directos de la ejecución, seguimiento, acciones de abogacía para conseguir apoyos específicos a favor del proyecto, así como la rendición financiera a la Cooperación Técnica Belga, entidad responsable de la asignación de los fondos. La ejecución del proyecto permitió recuperar el parque que estaba en manos de consumidores de drogas y pandilleros. Se logró elaborar de manera concertada un reglamento de normas de convivencia y un plan de desarrollo para la comunidad, lo que permitió no solo planificar y distribuir responsabilidades de cuidado y mantenimiento del parque entre los vecinos, sino que les permitió coordinar con autoridades locales en busca de mayores servicios y oportunidades al desarrollo. ( Promotion & Education, 2007, (2): pp 129-131)
Lessons learned from the application of a participatory evaluation methodology to Healthy Municipalities, Cities and Communities initiatives in selected countries of the Americas
Authors: Rice Marilyn , Franceschini Maria Cristina
Published: April 2008

Health promotion has made significant strides in the past few decades in the Americas. Creating a healthy and supportive setting, also known as the settings approach, continues to be one of the most widely used health promotion strategies. Interest in evaluating the effectiveness of these strategies has been increasing greatly in the past few years. Participatory evaluation holds great promise for helping to generate this evidence and promote understanding of the factors that affect, positively or negatively, the advances of health promotion in the Region. During 2004-2006, a Participatory Evaluation methodology was introduced into several countries in the Americas through formal trainings conducted by the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) in collaboration with country partners. This article summarizes the main lessons learned from the application of the participatory evaluation methodology in various countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. Factors affecting the evaluation of the initiatives were identified at multiple levels (individual, community, organizational, political, economic, etc.). Specific issues that were addressed included the political context, turnover of personnel in key institutions, concerns related to the effectiveness of participatory processes, and the existence of strong and sustained leadership at the country level. These factors are intertwined and affect each other in very complex ways, a fact that was reflected in the municipalities' experiences with participatory evaluation. Challenges included the ability to secure resources for the evaluation, the time needed to conclude the process, and working in an intersectoral manner. However, participating municipalities reported that the process of implementing a participatory evaluation and working with various stakeholders had an empowering effect: communities and stakeholders were more willing and interested in participating in health promotion initiatives in a sustained manner; alliances and intersectoral collaboration were strengthened; communication channels were opened; and municipalities were stimulated to review their planning and implementation processes in order to more appropriately incorporate health promotion principles. The article concludes with recommendations to improve the planning and implementation process of participatory evaluation efforts. ( Promotion & Education, 2007, (2): pp 68-73)
Shehjar Khoj
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Alok
Published: April 2008

Turmoil and conflict whether social or political in nature, affects every constituent of the society. No social fabric is strong enough to resist the undercurrents and dissatisfaction manifested violently or otherwise. The conflict in Kashmir is one such phenomenon. Realizing the need for effective health interventions in Kashmir, the Voluntary Health Association of India (VHAI) started Shehjar Khoj project in 1999. The project, among other, aims at promoting social justice and equity in the provision of health services and improvement of the health status for all, with emphasis on the less privileged. The project currently operates in four districts and has implemented numerous interventions, which involved training, motivating and encouraging active participation of the community, including village opinion makers and health workers. Understanding people's cultural and ideological beliefs has been a critical factor in enabling the development of locally-suited programmes, and therefore the project's success. ( Promotion & Education, 2007, (2): pp 76-77)
The Graniators support group program
Authors: Sullivan Emily , Blignault Ilse , Shirley Duncan Aunt , Pulver Lisa Jackson
Published: April 2008

Aboriginal grandmothers (grannies) in many communities throughout Australia are considered the backbone of the social structure. This is the case for the Murri Granies in a town in regional eastern Australia. Many of these women are also their grandchildren's primary caregivers and disciplinarians, and sometimes this role is detrimental to their own care and well-being. As a response to this stress, the local Aboriginal Medical Service (AMS), which includes a comprehensive primary health care facility, began promoting the program `Relax to the Max' to the Grannies as part of the holistic care they offer. Since these humble beginnings some three years ago, the group has grown to become the Graniators support group. In addition to their initial work of supporting each other, the group extended their field of action to the entire community to address social issues, particularly those around youth and children. To complement and strengthen their initiative, the Graniators partnered with other organizations in the community including the police, the municipal council, the state government's department of housing, the local primary school and a special youth service group. The program's evaluation has proved to be extremely positive in providing others in the community a clear and positive formula for driving change at a grass roots level. ( Promotion & Education, 2007, (2): pp 80-81)
Promoting health and happiness in the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Scannavino Caetano , Anastácio Rui
Published: April 2008

With the motto “Health, happiness of the body. Happiness, health of the soul”, the Health & Happiness Project (PSA) works to promote integrated and sustainable community development in parts of the Brazilian Amazon. PSA grew out of local workers' personal experience in collaborating with communities and the need for sustainable actions for their future development. PSA was established as a not-for-profit organization in 1987. It started off by implementing strategies that would increase the health status of the population, which was identified as the biggest challenge, to then extend to other areas of development. Education, training and community participation were key elements of the project's actions, which included basic sanitation, reproductive health and child health, technical assistance in agricultural practices and youth empowerment through communications, among others. Once the health structure was established, the work moved on to new priorities related to education, economic production, protection of the environment and community management in the medium and long terms. The project's success has helped to institutionalize the practices and today it reaches a total of approximately 5,000 families distributed across 150 rural communities in the mid- and low-Amazon region. ( Promotion & Education, 2007, (2): pp 85-87)
Community health promotion in Pakistan: a policy development perspective
Authors: Ronis K.A. , Nishtar S.
Published: April 2008

Pakistan was one of the initial signatories to the Alma-Ata Declaration in 1978; however, it was not until 2004 that the first policy dedicated solely to public health and health promotion was launched. The National Action Plan for Prevention and Control of Non-communicable Diseases and Health Promotion in Pakistan has gained a prominent place on the nation's health agenda competing for resources with traditional health policies that focus on treatment, cure and evolving technology. From a health promotion perspective the action plan was unique in that it focused on the community setting through two major behavioral communication change initiatives — one through the media and the other by integrating non-communicable disease prevention into the work plan of the Lady Health Workers.

The development phase of this inaugural public health/health promotion policy follows closely the pathway of the Australian Policy Cycle and celebrates a comprehensive consultation process. Its strength comes from the tripartite partnership between the Government, the World Health Organization and a Non-Government Organization, Heartfile who lent impetus to the creation of the initiative. This public-private partnership greatly facilitated the process of policy development and continues to support research, implementation and evaluation. This paper endeavors to analyze the development of the National Action Plan with a focus on community health promotion. ( Promotion & Education, 2007, (2): pp 98-99)
Global issues and challenges beyond Ottawa: the way forward
Authors: Scriven Angela , Speller Viv
Published: April 2008

This article links 10 regional field reports to the statement Shaping the future of health promotion: Priorities for action, which are both outcomes of the global IUHPE and CCHPR project, Renewing our Commitment to the Ottawa Charter: The Way Forward. The Shaping the future statement has emerged from the regional field reports and will act as the driving force behind the future articulation of health promotion policy at an international level. Connections are made between the key areas of the regional field reports, which include health promotion policy, health-promoting services, health promotion funding and availability of resources, community participation in health, research and information, and the recommendations made in the Shaping the future of health promotion: Priorities for action statement. The coverage includes putting healthy policies in to practice; strengthening structures and processes for health promotion; moving towards knowledge based practice; building a competent health promotion workforce and empowering communities. There are a number of significant issues arising across all the regional field reports that have been drawn on to make the recommendations in the statement. For example, the political environment has strongly influenced the evolution of health promotion. There is a clear message from the reports that political will is essential and that political advocacy needs to continue to ensure that policy goals represent the principles of Ottawa in an appropriate manner. Examples drawn from the reports demonstrate the many and varied challenges for health promotion in addressing 21st century global health determinants. There is also a clear indication that the principles established in Ottawa, and developed in subsequent WHO declarations and charters, have been embedded in the framework of health promotion practice. Shaping the future articulates the key message from the regional field reports, and therefore ensures that the lessons learnt from implementing Ottawa over the past two decades are harnessed and will shape health promotion in the future. ( Promotion & Education, 2007, XIV (4): pp 194-198)
Health promotion activities in China from the Ottawa Charter to the Bangkok Charter: revolution to evolution
Authors: Lee Albert , Hua Fu  , Ji Chenyi
Published: April 2008

China has the world's largest population. In the past, the public health system in mainland China has been strongly influenced by the former Soviet Union. Hong Kong and Macao, the Special Administrative Regions (SAR), have been under colonial administration adopting a laisser-faire approach to health policy. Over the most recent decades, mainland China and the two SARs have adopted the Ottawa Charter principles and re-orientated the healthcare systems towards greater community participation, built a healthy environment in different settings and developed capacity in health promotion. Positive results have resulted from efforts to move towards a bottom-up approach to health promotion, using the overarching framework of Healthy Settings. Adequate resources will be needed to build up the infrastructure for sustainable development of health promotion initiatives. This report is selective, rather than comprehensive and will highlight specific health promotion activities in different parts of China, reflecting how the approach to health promotion has evolved since Ottawa. An analysis will be made of the potentials of these initiatives to take forward the spirit of the Ottawa Charter in paving the way for the Bangkok Charter. ( Promotion & Education, 2007, XIV (4): pp 219-223)
Developing effective policy and practice for health promotion in Scotland
Authors: Wimbush Erica , Young Ian , Robertson Graham
Published: April 2008

Scotland has recently embarked on a new phase of policy and infrastructure development for improving population health and reducing health inequalities that broadly conforms to the Ottawa Charter and WHO's strategic framework for the prevention and control of non-communicable diseases. The new phase is characterised by an integrated, cross-government approach to improving health with strengthened political and Scottish Executive leadership and investment since devolution. A comprehensive policy framework for improving young people's health and reducing inequalities has been developed across education, health, environment and social justice. It builds on an earlier phase of relative stability and continuity in the health promotion infrastructure with policy focused on CVD and cancer prevention and tackling the behavioural risk factors (smoking, alcohol, diet, physical activity) as well as sexual health and mental health and wellbeing. These national strategies are currently being implemented across Scotland. They combine promotion, prevention, treatment and protection goals and target both population-level and high-risk groups. Crosscutting government objectives and headline targets for addressing poverty, disadvantage and health inequalities now supplement the NHS health improvement targets on smoking, alcohol, physical activity, teenage pregnancy and child immunization. Within the health service, prevention efforts are largely concerned with primary care development (anticipatory care) and health system reform to maximize their impact on reducing health inequalities. Efforts to tackle the social determinants of health and reduce inequalities in health outcomes are beginning to be connected and mainstreamed across local government with Community Planning Partnerships as the main vehicle. National level mechanisms for integrated funding, planning and performance reporting to deliver shared priority outcomes have yet to be developed. The development of health improvement strategies has been founded upon a rich source of population health data to monitor changes and improvements, epidemiological studies and evaluation work. The key issues have been to find ways of intervening to accelerate the rate of improvement and to stem the growing health inequalities. A further challenge is to ensure that the lessons from reviews and evaluations of past programmes and strategies are not lost, but help to guide improvements in the complex delivery system and to inform future policy direction. Within the health service, prevention efforts are largely concerned with primary care development and health system reform. Efforts to reduce inequalities in health outcomes are beginning to be connected and mainstreamed across local government. ( Promotion & Education, 2007, XIV (4): pp 228-232)