bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of single‐ and dual‐tracer pharmacokinetic modeling of dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI data using low, medium, and high molecular weight contrast agents
Authors: Orth Robert C. , Bankson James , Price Roger , Jackson Edward F.
Published: September 2007

Pharmacokinetic parameters corresponding to perfused microvascular volume determined from dynamic contrast‐enhanced (DCE) MRI data were compared to immunohistochemical measures of microvascular density (MVD) and perfused microvascular density. DCE MRI data from human mammary tumors (MDA‐MB‐435) implanted in nude mice using low (Gd‐DTPA, MW ≈0.6 kDa), medium (Gadomer‐17, MWeff ≈35 kDa), and high (PG‐Gd‐DTPA, MW ≈220 kDa) molecular weight contrast agents were analyzed with single‐ and dual‐tracer pharmacokinetic models. MVD values were determined by two manual counting methods, “hot spot” and summed region of interest (SROI). Pharmacokinetic parameters determined using the single‐tracer model (Gd‐DTPA [n = 15] and Gadomer‐17 [n = 13]) did not correlate with MVD measures using either manual counting method. For dual‐tracer studies (Gadomer‐17/Gd‐DTPA [n = 15] and PG‐Gd‐DTPA/Gd‐DTPA [n = 13]), pharmacokinetic parameters demonstrated a statistically significant correlation with MVD determined by the SROI method, but not the “hot spot” method. Ten mice successfully underwent intravital FITC‐labeled lectin perfusion with the hemisphere of highest lectin labeling correlating with pharmacokinetic parameter values in 9 of 10 tumors (single‐tracer Gd‐DTPA [n = 2], single‐tracer Gadomer‐17 [n = 3], and dual‐tracer Gadomer‐17/Gd‐DTPA [n = 5]). This study demonstrates that dual‐tracer DCE MRI studies yield pharmacokinetic parameters that correlate with immunohistochemical measures of MVD. Magn Reson Med 58:705–716, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessment of human brain temperature by 1H MRS during visual stimulation and hypercapnia
Authors: Kauppinen Risto A. , Vidyasagar Rishma , Childs Charmaine , Balanos George M. , Hiltunen Yrjő
Published: September 2007

Brain temperature is determined by the interplay between the cerebral metabolic rate of oxygen (CMRO2) and cerebral blood flow (CBF). In this study, single‐voxel 1H nuclear MRS, with an accuracy of ±0.2°C for temperature determination, was used at 3 T to measure human brain temperature during visual stimulation (which increases both CBF and CMRO2) and hypercapnia (which increases CBF only). Visual stimulation had no detectable effect on brain temperature in the parenchyma showing blood oxygenation level dependent activation. Hypercapnia, leading to an increase in the end tidal CO2 by 8 ± 2 mm Hg above the baseline, caused a short‐lasting decrease in brain temperature of 0.30 ± 0.33°C. These results indicate that increased CBF may be a key factor, bringing about a small decrease in brain temperature during brain activation. However, the increase in CBF is not sufficient to lower brain temperature in the presence of a concomitant increase in endogenous heat production. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Boundary element analysis of three‐dimensional mixed‐mode thermoelastic crack problems using the interaction and energy domain integrals
Authors: Balderrama R. , Cisilino A. P. , Martinez M.
Published: September 2007

A three‐dimensional boundary element method (BEM) implementation of the interaction integral methodology for the numerical analysis of mixed‐mode three‐dimensional thermoelastic crack problems is presented in this paper. The interaction integral is evaluated from a domain representation naturally compatible with the BEM, since stresses, strains, temperatures and derivatives of displacements and temperatures at internal points can be evaluated using the appropriate boundary integral equations. Several examples are analysed and the results compared with those available in the literature to demonstrate the efficiency and accuracy of the implementation to solve straight and curved crack‐front problems. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of social anxiety in volunteering
Authors: Handy Femida , Cnaan Ram A.
Published: September 2007

The volunteer management literature suggests that the most effective means of recruitment is personal asking. However, agencies that apply this method do not report the expected success in volunteer recruitment. Often they face the volunteer recruitment fallacy: those people assumed to be interested in volunteering do not necessarily volunteer. Based on the literature of shyness or social anxiety and on empirical observations, this article suggests that social anxiety often deters volunteering by new recruits. We hypothesize that people with greater levels of social anxiety will be less likely to volunteer. Furthermore, we hypothesize that people with high social anxiety will prefer to give monetary support to worthy causes rather than volunteer their time, and if they do choose to volunteer, they will do so alongside friends. Our hypotheses are supported based on the findings from a large‐scale nonrandom sample in North America. We suggest how to avoid the volunteer recruitment fallacy by creating a personal environment in which high‐social‐anxiety recruits feel safe and accepted. By removing the fear of being negatively judged by strangers as they enter the agency and creating a more personal approach, new recruits may have a higher probability of becoming long‐term and consistent volunteers.
Nonprofit organizations' use of the internet: A content analysis of communication trends on the internet sites of the philanthropy 400
Authors: Waters Richard D.
Published: September 2007

To evaluate the current status of communication and fundraising strategies on the Internet, a stratified random sample of the Chronicle of Philanthropy's Philanthropy 400 was content‐analyzed in mid‐January 2005. Web sites were coded on variables identified in practitioner and scholarly literature on issues of accountability, fundraising practices, and interactive communication strategies. Chi‐square analysis found that the top nonprofit organizations included copies of their annual reports, organizational goals, and mission statements, while second‐tier organizations were more likely to use a sales approach by using e‐commerce technology and terminology to process online donations.
The perils of e‐mail communications in nonprofits
Authors: Seshadri Srivatsa , Carstenson Larry
Published: September 2007

Nonprofits typically operate in a multicultural and global environment. Critical to their success is effective communications by their leaders. But effective communications is a challenge as e‐mail has become the medium of choice for communications among most nonprofit executives. Communicating with their culturally diverse stakeholders using the less personal medium of e‐mails could be jeopardized unless nonprofit executives consciously focus on how recipients might decode their message. By understanding the interactions of the linguistic, cultural, and social processes inherent in the encoding and decoding of communications, they can attenuate misunderstandings. Learning from a series of personal and damaging e‐mails experienced by one of the authors in a global nonprofit organization, the authors underline the need to be culturally sensitive in e‐mail communications in a multicultural organization. This article highlights the challenge faced by leaders and managers of nonprofits to be direct yet polite when not communicating face‐to‐face with their stakeholders.
Value added
Authors: Smith Stephanie L.
Published: September 2007

Strategic Giving: The Art and Science of Philanthropy, by Peter Frumkin. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006. 458 pp., $39.00 cloth.
The search for sustainable communities
Authors: Alessandrini Megan
Published: September 2007

Community Voices: Creating Sustainable Spaces, edited by Sally Paulin. Crawley: University of Western Australia Press, 2006. 256 pp., $35.95 paper.
Finding initial costates in finite‐horizon nonlinear‐quadratic optimal control problems
Authors: Costanza Vicente
Published: September 2007

A procedure for obtaining the initial value of the costate in a regular, finite‐horizon, nonlinear‐quadratic problem is devised in dimension one. The optimal control can then be constructed from the solution to the Hamiltonian equations, integrated on‐line. The initial costate is found by successively solving two first‐order, quasi‐linear, partial differential equations (PDEs), whose independent variables are the time‐horizon duration T and the final‐penalty coefficient S. These PDEs need to be integrated off‐line, the solution rendering not only the initial condition for the costate sought in the particular (T, S)‐situation but also additional information on the boundary values of the whole two‐parameter family of control problems, that can be used for design purposes. Results are tested against exact solutions of the PDEs for linear systems and also compared with numerical solutions of the bilinear‐quadratic problem obtained through a power‐series' expansion approach. Bilinear systems are specially treated in their character of universal approximations of nonlinear systems with bounded controls during finite time‐periods. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Partnering to beckon them home: public‐sector innovation for diaspora foreign investment promotion
Authors: Riddle Liesl , Brinkerhoff Jennifer M. , Nielsen Tjai M.
Published: September 2007

This article examines a little‐studied component of public administration existing in most countries around the world and particularly important for developing countries: national investment promotion agencies (IPAs). Diasporas are an increasingly important and relatively untapped resource for development and many homeland governments view diaspora foreign investment as key to their economic development. In addition to being generally under‐resourced, many IPAs struggle to identify ways to effectively target, cultivate and facilitate diaspora homeland investment (DHI). To accomplish these goals, these public‐sector entities are beginning to identify and leverage key partnerships in the NGO sector. We describe the services IPAs offer and enumerate the challenges they face associated with DHI. Drawing on three illustrations of IPA–NGO partnerships, we develop preliminary tools for identifying and designing partnerships for the purpose of promoting DHI based on their scope, function and degree of formality. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Carbon and secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effects on SN2 methyl transfer reactions
Authors: Dzierzawska Joanna , Jarota Arkadiusz , Karolak Michal , Piotrowski Lukasz , Placek Izabela , Swiderek Katarzyna , Szatkowski Lukasz , Paneth Piotr
Published: September 2007

Carbon and secondary deuterium kinetic isotope effect (KIE) for three types of SN2 methyl transfer reactions have been predicted theoretically at a DFT level in gas phase and in aqueous solution modelled by the PCM continuum solvent model. No correlation between these isotope effects and geometrical features of the corresponding transition states (TSs), force constants of the imaginary frequency or Gibbs free energies of the studied reactions has been found. These findings suggest that comparative analysis of the magnitudes of the studied KIEs should be constrained to interpretation of the TS localization on the reaction coordinate only in a series of very closely related reactions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of Dielectric Barrier Discharge Plasma on the Attachment and Proliferation of Osteoblasts Cultured over Poly(ε‐caprolactone) Scaffolds
Authors: Yildirim Eda D. , Ayan Halim , Vasilets Victor N. , Fridman Alexander , Guceri Selcuk , Sun Wei
Published: September 2007

We report the use of DBD plasma to improve the osteoblast cells adhesion and proliferation on PCL scaffolds. The effects of plasma treatment were characterized by surface energy, surface topography, and surface biocompatibility. The PCL film treated for 5 min showed the highest degree of total surface energy, mouse osteoblast cell proliferation and surface roughness. It is demonstrated that the oxygen plasma treatment not only enhances the hydrophilicity and increases solid surface energy, surface roughness of PCL but also improves the initial attachment and the proliferation of osteoblasts on the PCL substrate.

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Investigation of practices and procedures in the use of therapeutic diathermy: a study from the physiotherapists' health and safety perspective
Authors: Shah Syed Ghulam Sarwar , Farrow Alexandra
Published: September 2007

Background and Purpose. The safe use of therapeutic diathermy requires practices and procedures that ensure compliance to professional guidelines and clinical evidence. Inappropriate use may expose physiotherapists and other people in the vicinity of operating diathermy devices to stray radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, which can be a source of risk and may lead to adverse health effects. The aim of the present study was to investigate practices and procedures for therapeutic diathermy from a health and safety perspective. Method. A cross‐sectional research design was used, this included a postal survey using a self‐administered questionnaire and semi‐structured observational visits to 46 physiotherapy departments in National Health Service (NHS) hospitals located in the south‐east and south‐west of England, including Greater London. Results. Microwave diathermy was not available in the departments surveyed. Pulsed shortwave diathermy was available and was used more commonly than continuous shortwave diathermy. There were metallic objects in treatment cubicles used for pulsed shortwave diathermy and continuous shortwave diathermy. Shortwave diathermy devices created electromagnetic interference with a variety of electrical and medical devices. Physiotherapists reported that they did not stay in the treatment cubicle during the entire period of electrotherapy with pulsed shortwave diathermy or continous shortwave diathermy; pregnant physiotherapists reported that they did not use these devices. Electrotherapy with pulsed shortwave diathermy and continuous shortwave diathermy was not always administered on a wooden couch or chair. Electrotherapy was highest in those departments with the fewest physiotherapists. Conclusions. Departments report good practices and procedures regarding the use of therapeutic diathermy devices. However, field observations of practices and procedures, and the working environment, have identified issues with a potential to create health and safety problems, and these should be addressed. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Case study: Aluminum‐dust explosion
Authors: Ebadat Vahid , Prugh Richard W.
Published: September 2007

An explosion occurred in equipment that was being used to pulverize aluminum‐alloy ingots, to form a powder with small particle size. In this process, air was recycled through a grinder, cyclone product separator, and blower, with a side stream to extract undesired dust to a dust collector. However, the concentration of dust in the circulating air stream was above the minimum explosible concentration in most of the recycle system. Ignition of this dust/air dispersion occurred as a result of an exothermic oxidation of accumulated combustible dust in the return‐air ductwork, accelerated by the relatively high temperature of the circulating air. Because the system was not protected against internal explosion, an access door on the grinder was forcibly ejected, and the door struck a hose on the liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) cylinder on a nearby forklift truck. Escaping LPG vapors—ignited by the dust fireball from the open grinder door—resulted in a flash fire that caused fatal burn injuries to the forklift driver. The primary cause of this incident was failure to adequately manage changes to the process. The causes and lessons learned as a result of this incident are described in detail, together with recommendations for improved practices to avoid similar events. Although they are related to this specific incident, the lessons are especially relevant for preventing combustible‐dust explosions. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog 2008
Glitazones: the evidence from PROactive, DREAM and ADOPT
Authors: Barnett Anthony
Published: September 2007

Professor Barnett describes the results of three major longterm studies of glitazones in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and the advantages these new agents may have over established treatments. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
Today's management of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Walker Paul , Calverley Peter
Published: September 2007

Treatment for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is now focussed on both evidence based therapies and a patient‐centred approach. Our Drug review considers the current approach to recommended management, followed by sources of further information and the Datafile. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd
On the enhancement of the figure of merit in bulk nanocomposites
Authors: Thiagarajan Suraj Joottu , Jovovic Vladimir , Heremans Joseph P.
Published: September 2007

In this paper we make a detailed comparison of the thermoelectric properties of quantum dot superlattices with those of equivalently doped bulk material and show that a major contribution to the enhancement of the figure of merit comes from the increase of the thermoelectric power over that of bulk, in addition to the lattice thermal conductivity reduction in quantum dot superlattices. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
β‐Aminoacrolein: An ab initio, AIM and NBO study
Authors: Jimenez‐Fabian Isaac , F. Jalbout Abraham , Moshfeghi Effat , Raissi Heidar
Published: September 2007

The molecular structure and the intramolecular hydrogen bonding of β‐aminoacrolein and its simple derivatives were investigated at the MP2 and B3LYP levels of theory using the standard 6‐311++G(d, p) basis set. The “atoms in molecules” or AIM theory of Bader which is based on topological properties of the electron density (ρ), was used. Additionally, an analysis of the critical points was performed to study the nature hydrogen bonding in these systems. Natural bond orbital (NBO) analysis was also carried out for to better comprehend the nature of the intramolecular interactions in β‐aminoacrolein and its derivatives. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Localized electron traps on extended molecular surfaces
Authors: Jalbout Abraham F.
Published: September 2007

We have previously alluded to the fact that concentrated charge pockets can form on molecular surfaces that can act to stabilize excess electrons. These charge pockets are formed from systems, which posses a network of hydrogen bonded OH groups on one side of the surface and hydrogen atoms on the opposite side of the molecular surface. In this work, we have increased the size of our recently reported molecular surfaces (Jalbout and Adamowicz, Mol Phys, 2006, 19, 3101) while keeping the number of OH groups constant, to investigate localized charge concentration on extended frameworks. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Density functional computational studies on the glucose and glycine Maillard reaction: Formation of the Amadori rearrangement products
Authors: Jalbout Abraham F. , Roy Amlan K. , Shipar Abul Haider , Ahmed M. Samsuddin
Published: September 2007

Theoretical energy changes of various intermediates leading to the formation of the Amadori rearrangement products (ARPs) under different mechanistic assumptions have been calculated, by using open chain glucose (O‐Glu)/closed chain glucose (A‐Glu and B‐Glu) and glycine (Gly) as a model for the Maillard reaction. Density functional theory (DFT) computations have been applied on the proposed mechanisms under different pH conditions. Thus, the possibility of the formation of different compounds and electronic energy changes for different steps in the proposed mechanisms has been evaluated. B‐Glu has been found to be more efficient than A‐Glu, and A‐Glu has been found more efficient than O‐Glu in the reaction. The reaction under basic condition is the most favorable for the formation of ARPs. Other reaction pathways have been computed and discussed in this work. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
A combined computational and experimental approach for investigating a hydrogen‐bonded supermolecular compound comprising benzimidazole and malonic acid
Authors: Jian Fang‐Fang , Zhao Pu‐Su , Li Yu‐Feng , Wang Xian , Yu Qing
Published: September 2007

A hydrogen‐bonded tetramer supramolecular motif of 2:2 benzimidazole (BIZ) and malonic acid (MLA) has been synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), and X‐ray single crystal diffraction. Thermal stability analyses demonstrate that this supramolecular adduct is a new material and it is not the ordinary superposition of the original monomers. Density function theory (DFT) calculations for the models of dimers, trimers, and tetramer comprising BIZ and MLA have been carried out at B3LYP/6‐31G* and PBE1PBE/6‐31G* levels of theory, respectively. By comparing the calculated results with the experiments (single crystal structure, IR spectra, and thermal analysis) and based on the statistic thermodymnamic calculations, it is concluded that the dimers cannot exist at room temperature and the tetramer can simulate the title supramolecular complex better than the two trimers. Further studies on the model of tetramer indicate that the hydrogen bond of N···HO is stronger than that of O···HN. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
Kinetics of decomposition pathways of an energetic GZT molecule
Authors: Liu Min‐Hsien , Cheng Sou‐Ro , Cheng Ken‐Fa , Chen Cheng
Published: September 2007

This investigation uses the Gaussian 98 program, density functional theory (DFT) B3LYP/6‐31G(d,p), and ab initio MP2/6‐31G(d,p) and HF/6‐31G(d) methods to model energetic diguanidinium 5,5′‐azotetrazolate (GZT) ionic species in order to determine their decomposition mechanisms. GZT was initially cracked into two guanidinium cations (G+) and a 5,5′‐azotetrazolate anion (ZT2−). Three routes—the elimination of a hydronium ion (H+), the elimination of a hydrogen radical (H·), and the elimination of an amine radical (·NH2)—are suggested for the decomposition of the G+ cation, and three routes—single ring opening, double ring opening and NN bond cleavage outside the ring—are proposed for the further decomposition of the ZT2− anion. Fourteen decomposition species were obtained on splitting both the cation and anion. This result reveals the reliability of the aforementioned decomposition mechanisms. The transition state species were also obtained using a two‐structure or three‐structure synchronous transit‐guided quasi‐Newton (STQN) between the Cartesian coordinates of related particles at specific decomposition stages in this research. The corresponding activation energies in all decomposition stages were considered to infer the most feasible pathways of GZT decomposition. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
A molecular orbital explanation for the BN bond shortening in H3BNH3 on going from the gaseous to the solid state
Authors: Mohri Fumihito , Granovsky Alexander A.
Published: September 2007

A simple molecular orbital model has been applied to explanation of the BN bond shortening in H3BNH3 on going from the gaseous to the solid state. In this model, the shortening is attributed to the bond order increase that is caused by the fact that each atom in the crystal experiences different external electrostatic potential to each other and thus the orbital energy level of each atom is changed. To illustrate this model, Effective Fragment Potential (EFP) method has been applied to the system consisting of a H3BNH3 molecule and 30 dipole moments whose magnitudes are determined by Lorentz's local field theory. This EFP computation has brought significant BN bond shortening (1.668 → 1.623 Å), which is about 50% of the actual shortening. The factor of the remaining discrepancy has been analyzed by Morokuma decomposition under EFP and localized orbital analysis. These analyses have revealed that the remaining discrepancy is almost compensated by incorporating the dihydrogen bonds (BH···HN) that are formed by the orbital interaction between the bonding orbital of the BH and the antibonding orbital of the NH. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2008
ExponentialH∞filtering for uncertain discrete‐time switched linear systems with average dwell time: A µ‐dependent approach
Authors: Zhang Lixian , Boukas El‐Kebir , Shi Peng
Published: September 2007

In this paper, the problem of exponentialH∞filter problem for a class of discrete‐time polytopic uncertain switched linear systems with average dwell time switching is investigated. The exponential stability result of the general discrete‐time switched systems using a discontinuous piecewise Lyapunov function approach is first explored. Then, a new µ‐dependentapproach is proposed, which means the analysis or synthesis of the underlying systems is dependent on the increase degree µ of the piecewise Lyapunov function at the switching instants. A mode‐dependent full‐order filter is designed such that the developed filter error system is robustly exponentially stable and achieves an exponentialH∞performance. Sufficient existence conditions for the desired filter are derived and formulated in terms of a set of linear matrix inequalities, and consequently the minimal average dwell time and the corresponding filter are obtained from such conditions for a given system decay degree. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the potential and effectiveness of the developed theoretical results. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rigorous analysis on performance of LEO satellite ground station in urban environment
Authors: Cakaj Shkelzen , Malarić Krešimir
Published: September 2007

Microsatellites in low Earth orbits (LEOs) have been in use for the past two decades. LEO satellites are used for public communication and also for scientific purposes, and the orbits vary with the type of satellites and the primary purposes. LEO scientific satellites have a variety of applications, including Earth surveillance and astronomy applications. These satellites provide opportunities for investigations for which alternative techniques are either difficult or impossible to apply. Thus, it may be expected that such missions will be further developed in the near future especially in fields where similar experiments by purely Earth‐based means are impracticable. Ground stations have to be established in order to communicate with such satellites, and the quality of communication depends on the performance of the satellite ground station, in addition to that of the satellite. Before the implementation of the ground station, analyses related to environmental factors have to be considered, especially in urban areas. Rain effects, the impact of intermodulation products, and contact time duration at low elevation angles are some of the aspects that are considered in this work and which influence the final decisions on the design of the ground station. Measurements on the ground station based on Sun flux density are described, which provide an opportunity to check the performance of the ground station. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Does focus improve operational performance? Lessons from the management of clinical trials
Authors: Huckman Robert S. , Zinner Darren E.
Published: September 2007

For over three decades, the benefits of focus have been touted under the guiding principle that dedicated attention to a small set of linked tasks improves operating performance. Numerous studies have suggested that the performance of a division, plant, or business unit is improved to the extent that it remains focused on a narrow range of activities. Others have found similar benefits associated with focus at the level of the entire firm. A question that has received less attention, however, is whether focus at the divisional level is complementary with, or a substitute for, focus at the firm level. We explore this question by considering the performance of investigative sites in biopharmaceutical clinical trials. First, we establish that firms focusing on a particular task—at either a divisional or firm level—experience higher output and productivity with respect to that task than unfocused firms. After controlling for selection, scale, and learning effects, we find that sites that focus on conducting clinical trials significantly outperform those that mix trial activity with the provision of traditional patient care. Second, we find evidence that focus at the divisional level and firm level are substitutes. That is, organizations characterized by divisional focus alone achieve statistically similar performance to sites that are characterized by both divisional and firm focus. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mining evolutionary dependencies from web‐localization repositories
Authors: Kagdi Huzefa , Maletic Jonathan I.
Published: September 2007

An approach to mining repositories of web‐based user documentation for patterns of evolutionary change in the context of internationalization and localization is presented. Localized web documents that are frequently co‐changed (i.e., an evolutionary dependency) during the natural language translation process are uncovered to support the future evolution of the system. A sequential‐pattern mining technique is used to uncover patterns from version histories. Characteristics of the uncovered patterns such as size, frequency, and occurrence within a single natural language or across multiple languages are discussed. Such patterns help provide an insight into the effort required in retranslation due to a change in the documentation. The approach is validated on the open source K Desktop Environment (KDE) system. KDE maintains documentation for over 50 different natural languages and presents a prime example of the problem. The technique accurately predicts which documents in KDE are retranslated or updated in future versions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How design notations affect the comprehension of Web applications
Authors: Ricca Filippo , Di Penta Massimiliano , Torchiano Marco , Tonella Paolo , Ceccato Mariano
Published: September 2007

Web application design requires the modeling of multiple, separate concerns, such as the navigational structure, the business logic and the data persistence. To this aim, several methodologies have been conceived. One of them, the Web Application Extension (WAE), extends the UML notation by means of stereotypes and tagged values intended to capture Web‐specific concepts (e.g., the navigational structure). Although the WAE methodology is nowadays quite mature and ready for industrial adoption, the question whether it is able to actually facilitate the task of developers and maintainers has still to be empirically investigated. This paper reports and discusses the results from a controlled experiment on the benefits associated with the use of the WAE notation in the execution of comprehension tasks, carried out before maintenance. The WAE notation was compared against the use of pure unified modified language. Results indicate that the use of the WAE notation significantly improves the level of comprehension, although it does not increase the time needed to perform the comprehension task in a significant way. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying similar pages in Web applications using a competitive clustering algorithm
Authors: De Lucia Andrea , Scanniello Giuseppe , Tortora Genoveffa
Published: September 2007

We present an approach based on Winner Takes All (WTA), a competitive clustering algorithm, to support the comprehension of static and dynamic Web applications during Web application reengineering. This approach adopts a process that first computes the distance between Web pages and then identifies and groups similar pages using the considered clustering algorithm. We present an instance of application of the clustering process to identify similar pages at the structural level. The page structure is encoded into a string of HTML tags and then the distance between Web pages at the structural level is computed using the
Levenshtein string edit distance algorithm. A prototype to automate the clustering process has been implemented that can be extended to other instances of the process, such as the identification of groups of similar pages at content level. The approach and the tool have been evaluated in two case studies. The results have shown that the WTA clustering algorithm suggests heuristics to easily identify the best partition of Web pages into clusters among the possible partitions. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The left portal vein as an indicator of watershed in the fetal circulation: development during the second half of pregnancy and a suggested method of evaluation
Authors: Kessler J. , Rasmussen S. , Kiserud T.
Published: September 2007

Objectives

The left portal vein represents a watershed area in the fetal circulation and the change of flow direction is a suggested marker of circulatory compromise. Our aim was to study the left portal vein of uncompromised human pregnancies and establish reference ranges.

Methods

One hundred and sixty low‐risk pregnant women were recruited to a longitudinal study that included four to five Doppler measurements at monthly intervals during the second half of pregnancy.

Results

Based on 554 Doppler recordings we found time‐averaged maximum flow velocities increasing from a mean of 10.6 cm/s to 14.2 cm/s during 21–31 weeks of gestation, remaining stable until 37 weeks and decreasing towards term. Intermittent flow reversal occurred during fetal respiratory movements, and continuous flow reversal was seen in 2/160 fetuses close to delivery.

Conclusions

We propose time‐averaged maximum blood velocity measurement for quantification of the watershed phenomenon in the left portal branch, and have provided reference ranges for single observations and serial measurements. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Three‐dimensional transvaginal sonography in local staging of cervical carcinoma: description of a novel technique and preliminary results
Authors: Ghi T. , Giunchi S. , Kuleva M. , Santini D. , Savelli L. , Formelli G. , Casadio P. , Costa S. , Meriggiola M. C. , Pelusi G.
Published: September 2007

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility of three‐dimensional multiplanar sonography in the local staging of cervical carcinoma.

Methods

Between January 2005 and May 2006, 14 patients with invasive cervical carcinoma underwent transvaginal volume ultrasound examination prior to primary surgery. Parametrial invasion was evaluated in the coronal plane, while both bladder and rectal invasion were evaluated in the sagittal plane. Ultrasound findings were compared with surgical and histological results.

Results

In 12 of the 14 cases, three‐dimensional ultrasound findings were compatible with pathology results. In the remaining two cases, either infiltration of right parametrium or rectal invasion were suspected at ultrasound but not confirmed at pathology.

Conclusions

Despite the small number of patients evaluated, three‐dimensional multiplanar sonography appears to be a promising technique in the local staging of cervical carcinoma. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The area behind the heart in the four‐chamber view and the quest for congenital heart defects
Authors: Berg C. , Georgiadis M. , Geipel A. , Gembruch U.
Published: September 2007

Objective

To evaluate the spectrum of fetal cardiac defects associated with abnormal sonographic findings in the area behind the heart (ABTH) in the four‐chamber view.

Methods

This study included a retrospective review of 393 fetuses with congenital heart defects (CHD) detected in 2003–2005 at our tertiary referral center and a prospective evaluation of 4666 fetal echocardiograms, including 220 cases of CHD, performed between January 2006 and February 2007. The retrospective and prospective groups did not differ significantly with respect to cardiac anomalies or abnormal findings in the ABTH, allowing us to combine the 613 fetuses with CHD investigated over a 50‐month period.

Results

In the study period, 69 fetuses had abnormalities of the ABTH (75% with major CHD). In 28 fetuses, two equally sized vessels ran behind the heart. Of these, 26 had an interrupted inferior vena cava with azygos continuation and two had total anomalous infracardiac pulmonary venous connection. In 41 fetuses, only one vessel was visualized, but the descending thoracic aorta was positioned contralateral to the cardiac apex. Of these, 29 had levocardia with right descending aorta. All of them had a right aortic arch. The remaining 12 had dextrocardia with left descending aorta.

Conclusions

The ABTH in the four‐chamber view is easy to evaluate and offers important diagnostic markers for fetal CHD. Thus, it might enhance the screening performance of the four‐chamber view. Attention must be paid to the number of vessels behind the heart and their laterality. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Vaginal progesterone is associated with a decrease in risk for early preterm birth and improved neonatal outcome in women with a short cervix: a secondary analysis from a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: De Franco E. A. , O'Brien J. M. , Adair C. D. , Lewis D. F. , Hall D. R. , Fusey S. , Soma‐Pillay P. , Porter K. , How H. , Schakis R. , Eller D. , Trivedi Y. , Vanburen G. , Khandelwal M. , Trofatter K. , Vidyadhari D. , Vijayaraghavan J. , Weeks J. , Dattel B. , Newton E. , Chazotte C. , Valenzuela G. , CAlda P. , Bsharat M. , Creasy G. W.
Published: September 2007

Objective

To investigate the efficacy of vaginal progesterone to prevent early preterm birth in women with sonographic evidence of a short cervical length in the midtrimester.

Methods

This was a planned, but modified, secondary analysis of our multinational, multicenter, randomized, placebo‐controlled trial, in which women were randomized between 18 + 0 and 22 + 6 weeks of gestation to receive daily treatment with 90 mg of vaginal progesterone gel or placebo. Cervical length was measured with transvaginal ultrasound at enrollment and at 28 weeks of gestation. Treatment continued until either delivery, 37 weeks of gestation or development of preterm rupture of membranes. Maternal and neonatal outcomes were evaluated for the subset of all randomized women with cervical length < 28 mm at enrollment. The primary outcome was preterm birth at ≤ 32 weeks.

Results

A cervical length < 28 mm was identified in 46 randomized women: 19 of 313 who received progesterone and 27 of 307 who received the placebo. Baseline characteristics of the two groups were similar. In women with a cervical length < 28 mm, the rate of preterm birth at ≤ 32 weeks was significantly lower for those receiving progesterone than it was for those receiving the placebo (0% vs. 29.6%, P = 0.014). With progesterone, there were fewer admissions into the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU; 15.8% vs. 51.9%, P = 0.016) and shorter NICU stays (1.1 vs. 16.5 days, P = 0.013). There was also a trend toward a decreased rate of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (5.3% vs. 29.6%, P = 0.060).

Conclusion

Vaginal progesterone may reduce the rate of early preterm birth and improve neonatal outcome in women with a short sonographic cervical length. Copyright © 2007 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Wind turbine measurement technique—an open laboratory for educational purposes
Authors: Pedersen Knud Ole Helgesen , Hansen Kurt S. , Paulsen Uwe Schmidt , Sørensen Poul
Published: September 2007

As part of the International Master of Science Programme in Wind Energy at the Technical University of Denmark (DTU), a complete interactive wind turbine measurement laboratory (WTMLAB) was developed. A 500kW stall regulated wind turbine was instrumented with sensors for recording (i) turbine operational parameters, (ii) meteorological conditions, (iii) electrical quantities and (iv) mechanical loads. The data acquisition system was PC based, and it was combined with a MySQL® database for data management. The system enabled online access for real‐time recordings, which were used both for demonstration purposes, for individual student exercises and for scientific investigations. The automatic data acquisition system furthermore enabled recording of extreme and fatigue loads together with a long‐term event registration. Long‐term registration of wind turbine loads resulted in a unique database of non‐commercial time series, which would be available for practicing fatigue calculations and extreme load estimation in basic wind turbine courses. Power quality analysis was carried out based on high‐speed‐sampled, three‐phase voltage and current signals. The wide spectrum of sensors enabled a detailed study of the correlation between meteorological, mechanical and electrical quantities. Measurements were recorded with a PC placed at the wind turbine site at Risø. The PC could be remotely controlled from DTU, which gave the students the opportunity to work on an operating wind turbine. The WTMLAB was included in a new course entitled Wind Turbine Measurement Techniques. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A systems biology perspective of wine fermentations
Authors: Pizarro Francisco , Vargas Felipe A , Agosin Eduardo
Published: September 2007

The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an important industrial microorganism. Nowadays, it is being used as a cell factory for the production of pharmaceuticals such as insulin, although this yeast has long been utilized in the bakery to raise dough, and in the production of alcoholic beverages, fermenting the sugars derived from rice, wheat, barley, corn and grape juice. S. cerevisiae has also been extensively used as a model eukaryotic system. In the last decade, genomic techniques have revealed important features of its molecular biology. For example, DNA array technologies are routinely used for determining gene expression levels in cells under different physiological conditions or environmental stimuli. Laboratory strains of S. cerevisiae are different from wine strains. For instance, laboratory yeasts are unable to completely transform all the sugar in the grape must into ethanol under winemaking conditions. In fact, standard culture conditions are usually very different from winemaking conditions, where multiple stresses occur simultaneously and sequentially throughout the fermentation. The response of wine yeasts to these stimuli differs in some aspects from laboratory strains, as suggested by the increasing number of studies in functional genomics being conducted on wine strains. In this paper we review the most recent applications of post‐genomic techniques to understand yeast physiology in the wine industry. We also report recent advances in wine yeast strain improvement and propose a reference framework for integration of genomic information, bioinformatic tools and molecular biology techniques for cellular and metabolic engineering. Finally, we discuss the current state and future perspectives for using ‘modern’ biotechnology in the wine industry. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of extractability of raw and cooked cottonseed flakes
Authors: Kulkarni B. S. , D'Aquin E. L. , Graci A. V.
Published: September 2007

A batch co‐current laboratory method for measuring comparative extraction rates and extraction efficiencies of oleaginous materials in solvent is described. The method, a modification of that by Winward and Shand, was carefully tested with raw and cooked cottonseed flakes of various thicknesses and in various hexane miscella concentrations. It enables measurement of intrinsic extraction rates and extractabilities of materials, unaffected by diffusional effects in the liquid medium, and yields accurate and concordant results even with extracting miscellas of considerably high concentration. It is equally applicable for evaluating and predicting the effect upon extractability of different material preparation operations, particle sizes, moisture contents, temperature, solvents, etc.

The method was used in this investigation to compare the rate and degree of extraction under the specified testing conditions of raw and cooked cotton‐seed flakes of .005‐in., .015‐in., and .025‐in. thicknesses in miscella concentration of 0%, 25% and 50% oil. The results may be summed up as follows:

the extractability of both raw and cooked flakes in each of the miscella concentrations decreases as the flake thickness increases.

the cooked material prepared from the medium and thick flakes extracted at a more rapid rate and to a greater degree in all miscella concentrations than the raw flakes of comparative thicknesses, but the rate and degree of extraction were about equal for the very thin flakes.

the effect of increasing miscella concentration for both the raw and the cooked flakes of medium and thick sizes was to slow down the initial extraction rate; but for the very thin flakes the effect was negligible.

the effect of increasing miscella concentration in extracting the cooked material, regardless of flake thickness, was to increase the degree of extraction. For the raw flakes the effect was to increase the degree of extraction only of the very thin flakes.
Reactions of fatty materials with oxygen. XX. Recent developments in the autoxidation of methyl oleate and other monounsaturated fatty materials
Authors: Swern Daniel , Coleman Joseph E.
Published: September 2007

Some significant developments since 1947 in the autoxidation of methyl oleate and other monounsaturated fatty materials have been reviewed and critically evaluated. Subjects discussed are preparation and characterization of hydroperoxides, and mechanism, kinetics, and secondary products of autoxidation. Major developments in the field have resulted largely from the use of newer instruments (polarograph, infrared spectrophotometer) and separation techniques (urea complexes, molecular distillation, countercurrent distribution).

Direct experimental evidence is now available which demonstrates that a) hydroperoxides are the predominating, but not the exclusive, primary products of autoxidation; b) the hydroperoxides obtained from methyl oleate are mostly, if not entirely,trans; c) substantially all the methyl oleate undergoes single attack in the chain before any significant amount of multiple attack occurs, and d) α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds are among the most important secondary products of autoxidation.
A dye‐dilution method for estimating solids content of plastic fats
Authors: Zobel H. F. , Hellman N. N. , Senti F. R.
Published: September 2007

Solids content of a plastic fat can be estimated by adding a weighed quantity of oil‐soluble dye to a known weight of fat, separating a portion of the dyeoil phase in the ultracentrifuge, and determining the concentration of the dye in the separated oil by absorbance measurements. Since the dye is distributed throughout the oil phase, this yields the amount of oil in the spread; solids represent the difference between the amount of spread taken and the amount of oil determined. Of 37 dyes tested, 1,4‐bis‐methyl aminoanthraquinone and 1,4‐bis‐isopropyl aminoanthraquinone gave satisfactory results for global edible spreads in which solids contents were known from the formulation. The method also was applied to the estimation of solids in butter, margarine, lard, and shortening. Except for lard, results were in good agreement with solids content determined by dilatometric measurements. The measure of true solids which is obtained by this technique, without prior melting of the fat sample, would be valuable in the study of consistency changes arising from diverse processing conditions.

Separation of oil phase from a plastic fat by pressure filtration or by capillary absorption in filter paper was less satisfactory than centrifugation in the dye‐dilution method.