bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On Romans, Batavians and giants: the quest for the true origin of architecture in the Dutch Republic
Authors: Ottenheym Konrad
Published: May 2019

In 1631 the Dutch painter and architect Salomon de Bray wrote that it was a common mistake to regard the move towards a more classical architecture as fashionably modern. Instead, he argued, it was actually the revival the true and eldest manner of building in the Low Countries. The notion that the Low Countries had once been part of the Roman Empire helped inspire scholarly architects to introduce classical models into contemporary architecture. This essay investigates this tendency by asking how and why the Roman past became such an important topic during this period, despite a lack of remaining Roman buildings, and which alternative heroic pasts were available to account for the origins of architecture. Various historical descriptions of Netherlandish towns include references to local ancient history and Roman remains. Some of these antiquities were authentically Roman, even to modern archaeological scholarship (like Brittenburg), while others were certainly not. Antiquarian and archaeological interest focused on the era of the Batavians, a Germanic tribe living in what later became Holland who were politically independent from Rome, as well as on an even older local past, traced in were thought to be the material remains of an ancient tribe of giants.
The role of ancient remains in the Sarmatian culture of early modern Poland
Authors: Arciszewska Barbara
Published: May 2019

Visible material remnants of ancient cultures were, for a variety of historical reasons, not particularly abundant in the territories of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1569-1795). The past monuments of these lands were not hewn in stone and marble but in timber, leaving behind no impressive structures to provoke the interest of subsequent generations. The dearth of material evidence did not, however, prevent generations of Polish historians and antiquarians from assigning Greco-Roman identities to local monuments. They were keen to offer tangible proof of the past glory of the land inhabited by the alleged descendants of the Sarmatians. In this paper, some of these monuments are explored, especially the Mounds of Krakus and Wanda near Cracow as well as an alleged tomb of Ovid in Vohlyna. The narratives fabricated around them as a part of the ideology of Sarmatism, a class discourse, which constructed an identity for the Polish nobility as the descendants of the ancient tribe of Sarmatians, are also examined.
What not to collect? Post-connoisseurial dystopia and the profusion of things
Authors: Macdonald Sharon , Morgan Jennie
Published: May 2019

A key – some might even say _the _key – curatorial role is to decide what to collect. What, that is, should be preserved for the future? In this essay, we present ethnographic research with curators of contemporary everyday life. As we show, these curators struggle with a profusion of things, stories and information that could potentially be collected. Moreover, they widely report the struggle to be intensifying. Exploring their perceptions and what these mean in practice in their work, we argue that while neo-liberal and especially austerity politics has an important role in intensifying their sense of anxiety, their experience cannot be reduced to this. On the contrary, their intimation of dystopia is as much a function of other – in some ways utopian – aspirations and politics, as well as of a relativisation of value. These all contribute to transforming the nature of curatorship more widely.
The times of the curator
Authors: Clifford James
Published: May 2019

The museum is an inventive, globally and locally translated form, no longer anchored to its modern origins in Europe. Contemporary curatorial work, in these excessive times of decolonisation and globalisation, by engaging with discrepant temporalities—not resisting, or homogenising, their inescapable friction—has the potential to open up common-sense, ‘given’ histories. It does so under serious constraints—a push and pull of material forces and ideological legacies it cannot evade. This chapter explores the ‘times’ of the curator, both in terms of these times we live in, in which curatorial theory and practice seems to be ever-present, and a sense of the curator’s task as enmeshed in multiple, overlapping, sometimes conflicting times. It is concerned primarily with the later, the discrepant temporalities, or perhaps that should be ‘histories’, or even ‘futures’, that are integral to the task of the curator today. In contrast to the history of museum curating, curatorial work in recent years has been transformed by the re-emergence of indigenous cultures in former settler colonies which suggest the de-centering of the west. Drawing on research in the USA, Canada and the Pacific Islands, and analysing several diverse case studies and examples, the chapter explores examples of ‘indigenous curating’, that is to say, working with things and relations in transforming times. In doing so, it contributes to a world-wide debate, which this book is part of, about museums and the future of curatorship.
Swings and roundabouts: pluralism and the politics of change in Canada’s national museums
Authors: Phillips Ruth B.
Published: May 2019

If you are standing on the shores of the Ottawa River looking at the Canadian Museum of History, the national library and archives and other national repositories of Aboriginal heritage, you might well despair at the comprehensive losses of curatorial expertise, programs of research, and will to work collaboratively with Aboriginal people which befell these institutions under the government of Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Looking harder, however, neither the shifting political ideologies nor the era of financial constraint that began with the global financial crisis of 2008 seems to have thrown processes of decolonisation and pluralist representation that began to take root in Canada during the 1990s into reverse. Two exhibition projects that unfolded during that same period provide evidence of that the changes in historical consciousness of settler-indigenous relationships and the acceptance of cultural pluralism have provided a counterweight to the intentions of a right wing government to restore old historical narratives. This chapter discusses them as evidence of this deep and, seemingly, irreversible shift in Canadian public’s expectation s of museum representation. The first involves plans for the new exhibition of Canadian history being developed for the 150th anniversary of Canadian confederation in 2017, specifically a fishing boat named the Nisga’a Girl which was presented by a west coast First Nation to mark the successful resolution of its land claim. The second is the Sakahan exhibition of global indigenous art shown in 2013 at the National Gallery of Canada and which marked a notable departure from its past scope. While utopia has by no means been achieved, neither, surprisingly, was dystopia realised during the years of conservative reaction.
Joining the club: a Tongan ‘akau in New England
Authors: Gaskell Ivan
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines the place of Oceanic clubs in New England collections. During the nineteenth century, they occupied an equivocal position in the New England mental repertory as indices of savage sophistication, and as souvenirs of colonial childhood or travel. Focusing on a Tongan ‘akau tau in the collection of the Chatham Historical Society on Cape Cod, Massachusetts, this chapter traces what can be known of its history as a highly regarded prestige gift item among New Englanders from the middle of the nineteenth century until its entry into the museum. As a thing that an early owner could alienate legitimately, its presence in Chatham is not unethical, yet it nonetheless imposes stewardship responsibilities—consultation with the originating community—that such a small institution is poorly placed to meet. This requires understanding and patience rather than disapprobation.
ćəsnaɁəm, the City before the City: exhibiting pre-Indigenous belonging in Vancouver
Authors: Tapsell Paul
Published: May 2019

ćəsnaɁəm, the city before the city is a boundary-breaking exhibition that has successfully challenged the museum world to revisit who is the curator and who is the audience. This chapter provides an indigenous-framed insight into kin accountability as (re)presented to the museum world from the local tribal/aboriginal community perspective of Musqueam. The exhibition was simultaneously displayed in three venues of the Vancouver city region, each providing multiple perspectives of the original inhabitants of a village named c̓əsnaʔəm more than 5000 years old. While the central city venue at the Museum of Vancouver was high-tech and pitched to an international museum visitor, the Museum of Anthropology exhibit was uniquely ephemeral, transient and aimed at shifting preconceived perceptions of what it means to be a modern aboriginal raised in a city established on thousands of years of unbroken occupation. The most challenging of the three exhibits was to be found in the Musqueam village Culture Centre. In this instance the art and treasures were displayed in a manner that required elders to provide interpretation and the audience is their own. Three exhibits, three boundary breaking contact zones, one people, Musqueam.
The figure of the kaitiaki: learning from Māori curatorship past and present
Authors: McCarthy Conal , Hakiwai Arapata , Schorch Philipp
Published: May 2019

This volume argues that curatorship may be ‘recalled’ and remade through collaborative relationships with communities leading to experiments in curatorial theory and practice. What can museums of ethnography in the Americas and Europe learn from the experience of nations where distinctive forms of Indigenous museology are emerging and reshaping the conventions of curatorial practice? In addressing this question, the current chapter draws on research by the authors, including interviews with Māori curators, museum professionals, academics, and community leaders throughout Aotearoa New Zealand, exploring connections with the wider Pacific and the world. In doing so, it focuses on the ‘figure of the kaitiaki’, the Māori ‘guardian’, as a particular local development of the ‘figure of the curator’. It concludes that museums across the world can learn from Pacific experriments and become active agents in shaping cultural revival and future potentialities on a global scale.
Agency and authority: the politics of co-collecting
Authors: Mallon Sean
Published: May 2019

At the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa, there are two positions dedicated to curating Pacific Cultures. Since 2002, the curators have been of Pacific Islands descent. One of our ongoing challenges is how to represent Pacific societies and cultures, which are increasingly transnational and indeed global, in our exhibitions and collections. We are conscientiously developing co-curating and co-collecting strategies in our approach to this milieu. However, there is actually a long history of Pacific communities in New Zealand engaging the museum in curating, collecting and exhibiting processes. In this chapter, I share some examples, highlighting how Pacific communities have exercised their agency and authority, influencing their representation in the National Museum. I describe our curatorial responses and examine what was at stake in these interactions, and what tensions and politics were and remain at play.
He alo ā he alo / kanohi ki te kanohi / face-to-face: curatorial bodies, encounters and relations
Authors: Kahanu Noelle M.K.Y. , Nepia Moana , Schorch Philipp
Published: May 2019

Throughout the Pacific, interpersonal encounters are characterized by a deep level of physical intimacy and engagement - from the honi/hongi, the face-to-face greeting, to the ha‘a/haka wero, acts of challenge that also serve as a celebratory acknowledgement of ancestral presences. In these physical exchanges, relationships are built, tended, and tested through an embodied confirmation of values, practices, and ethics. For museums holding Pacific collections, the importance of relationships, and their physicality, persists. The increasing acknowledgment of, and interaction with, communities of origin, whose works reside in museums throughout the world, is thereby not a new practice but the current stage of a continuum of relations that have ebbed and flowed over centuries. This chapter involves the interdisciplinary work of three scholars whose research, interests and collaborations coalesce around concepts of indigenous curatorial practice. Kahanu focusses on Bishop Museum’s E Kū Ana Ka Paia exhibition (2010), which featured important Hawaiian temple images loaned from the British Museum and the Peabody Essex Museum, as well as the Nā Hulu Ali‘i exhibition which gathered Hawaiian featherwork from around the world (2015/2016). She highlights how the Hawaiian practice of he alo a he alo in cross-cultural contexts facilitated these exhibitions, thereby ultimately enabling extensive community engagement. Nepia discusses two recent programs at the University of Hawai‘i, ARTspeak and the Binding and Looping: Transfer of Presence in Contemporary Pacific Art exhibition, as a means of examining how Pacific Island artists articulate contemporary creative practice, particularly as it relates to physical and bodily encounters. Schorch concludes the volume with a coda which historicises Curatopia and its underpinning relations and engagements He Alo A He Alo / Kanohi Ki Te Kanohi / Face to Face.
Curating time
Authors: Wedde Ian
Published: May 2019

Many of the chapters in this book engage with issues of time and temporality, either explicitly or indirectly. The linear or progressive time implied by the neologism ‘curatopia’ can and should be productively critiqued, not least in terms that recognise the infolded and paradoxical nature of the present—or ‘presence’—in everyday life. What we understand phenomenologically, through immediate perception, may return later to haunt us and the objects around us as a folding-over of time. The curator deciding what to collect for the future, how to interpret it in the present, and what it meant in its originary past, is also curating time—an intractable but dynamic project.
‘The problem of leisure/what to do for pleasure’: women and leisure time in A City Girl (1887) and In Darkest London (1891)
Authors: Cubitt Eliza
Published: May 2019

This chapter places the leisure pursuits of female characters in Harkness’s fiction in a broader context of gendered cultural anxieties about working-class leisure activities in the late nineteenth century. Focusing on two of Harkness’s novels, A City Girl and In Darkest London, it argues that, for working women in Harkness’s fiction, leisure may be difficult to access and often becomes another form of work. Comparing Harkness’s characters to women in other contemporary texts such as Liza of Lambeth, it shows how leisure pursuits often reflect and reproduce social dangers and structures of oppression for unmarried working-class women.
Socialism, suffering, and religious mystery: Margaret Harkness and Olive Schreiner
Authors: Eyre Angharad
Published: May 2019

In 1880s London, Margaret Harkness and Olive Schreiner were both engaged in the socialist movement. An admirer of Schreiner, Harkness dedicated a socialist allegory to her in the late 1880s. However, in In Darkest London, Harkness uses allegorical forms less as propaganda tools and more, as Schreiner did, to evoke a sense of religious mystery. Mysterious, allegorical elements create a liminal space within Harkness’s otherwise realist novel, in which can exist the hope of a better future. This chapter sheds light on Harkness’s work through tracing her participation in the religious socialist aesthetic developed by Olive Schreiner. In situating Harkness in the context of 1880s and 1890s socialism and theology, the chapter argues that Harkness’s work was part of a literary discourse that contributed to the development of early twentieth- century Christianity and social work.
Gunslinging justice
Authors: Joyce Justin A.
Published: May 2019

Gunslinging justice explores American Westerns in a variety of media alongside the historical development of the American legal system to argue that Western shootouts are less overtly “anti-law” than has been previously assumed. While the genre’s climactic shootouts may look like a putatively masculine opposition to the codified and mediated American legal system, this gun violence is actually enshrined in the development of American laws regulating self-defense and gun possession. The climactic gun violence and stylized revenge drama of seminal Western texts then, seeks not to oppose "the law," but rather to expand its scope. The book’s interdisciplinary approach, which seeks to historicize and contextualize the iconographic tropes of the genre and its associated discourses across varied cultural and social forms, breaks from psychoanalytic perspectives which have long dominated studies of film and legal discourse and occluded historical contingencies integral to the work cultural forms do in the world. From nineteenth century texts like Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans (1826) and Reconstruction era dime novels, through early twentieth century works like The Virginian, to classic Westerns and more recent films like Unforgiven (1992), this book looks to the intersections between American law and various media that have enabled a cultural, social, and political acceptance of defensive gun violence that is still with us today.
Introduction: the warp, woof, and weave of American gun violence
Authors: Joyce Justin A.
Published: May 2019

This introductory chapter lays down the theoretical framework for the forgoing analyses, taking many cues from legal studies, U.S. Supreme Court cases and Foucauldian theory. In the world of the Western, the procedural focus of American law gets in the way of justice. The genre embraces justice by gun violence rather than by trial, and has therefore often been read as ‘anti-law’. From the early dime novel fascination with such outlaws and renegades as Billy the Kid and Jesse James, through depictions of lynching in Owen Wister’s 1902 novel, The Virginian, and the film The Ox-Bow Incident (1943), to the guns-blazing heroics of films such as Rio Bravo (1959), High Noon (1952), and Shane (1953), through the darker critiques of The Gunfighter (1950), The Wild Bunch (1969), and Unforgiven (1992), to the postmodern pastiche of Django Unchained (2012), the Western has nourished a vision of social organisation and a means for delivering justice that operates outside the official parameters of American law, relying on a gunslinging hero to uphold order. This chapter argues, in fact, that this opposition is progressively undone in the genre’s formulaic shootouts. The cherished antipathy between ‘the law’ and the Western’s ‘law of the gun’ is, in short, unfounded.
‘A kind of wild justice’: revenge and constitutional commentary in the Western
Authors: Joyce Justin A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter engages with interdisciplinary scholarship on legal systems and revenge in order to argue that the Western, like other genres which seek to provide justifications for violence, has informed and been influenced by paradigmatic shifts in the American legal system. A fuller investigation into the style of the gunslinger's vengeance, this chapter argues, suggests a rather different relationship between cultural products and legal apparatuses than that suggested by critics who portray the Western revenger as a reactionary figure. The Western gunslinger is presented here instead as a progressive figure by reading the cultural work of the Western genre as a rhetorical thinking through of a set of interconnected conflicts and inconsistencies in American legal paradigms related to justifiable homicide and gun possession.
No retreat: American self-defense doctrine
Authors: Joyce Justin A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter outlines shifts in the American legal system related to justifiable gun violence. A crucial juridical shift, the transition wrought by American self-defense doctrine from the English requirement to "retreat to the wall" to the American freedom to “stand one's ground” and repel force with force is covered here.
The guns that ‘won the Western’: firearm iconography in Western literature and film
Authors: Joyce Justin A.
Published: May 2019

This chapter traces the changing iconography of guns within an array of literary texts from the nineteenth century and cinematic texts of the twentieth century. This chapter outlines the shifting emphases within the Western; for though the gun has always been important to the Western, the genre’s representations of gun violence have varied through its history. This chapter argues that the Western's changing iconographic emphases, from aim to speed, codes violence morally upright and justifiable at different moments within the genre’s long history.
Introduction: Medieval and medievalist practice
Authors: Prendergast Thomas A. , Trigg Stephanie
Published: May 2019

Scholars of the medieval past are often drawn to a kernel of historical truth that might guarantee the truth of their inquiries, but medievalist scholarly and cultural practice reveals the impossibility of this secure knowledge. Affective responses to the past continue to structure our understanding of historicity and temporality; just as the strange familiarity of the Middle Ages in the present is a form of “uncanny” knowledge and feeling. Medievalism is a social and cultural practice, not a secure epistemological category. Indeed, as a practice, medievalism constantly troubles the apparently simple alterity of the Middle Ages, leading to intellectual and affective discontent from both medieval scholars and medievalist practitioners.
‘Free gift’ or ‘infiltration’?: Negotiating the Fulbright Agreement
Authors: Garner Alice , Kirkby Diane
Published: May 2019

The Australian Fulbright program began in a period of deepening Cold War tensions. US suspicions of the Australian Labor Party government and Australian negotiators’ suspicions of US cultural diplomacy shaped the negotiations which began as early as 1946. The Australians sought more equality of representation in the administration of the program of educational exchange than the US was initially prepared to allow. After a protracted period of discussions and much delay the Australian Agreement was signed into existence in 1949 with equal representation and better terms than other countries had achieved.
‘Bright scientific moles’ v. ‘goodwill ambassador extroverts’: Choosing a Fulbright scholar
Authors: Garner Alice , Kirkby Diane
Published: May 2019

Tensions between Australia and the US over administration of the Fulbright program soon became apparent in contests over which researchers should be given awards. The US retained control over the decisions within the Board of Foreign Scholarships in Washington and on occasion exerted pressure about the kind of scholars that were wanted. Australian selection committees tended to favour scientists, the US wanted to send humanities and social science scholars as more appropriate interpreters of culture. From these discussions we can see what US cultural diplomacy looked like and what influences were brought to bear.
‘Meeting [our] domestic Communism problem’: Cold War governance and the public university
Authors: Garner Alice , Kirkby Diane
Published: May 2019

During the Cold War the Fulbright program was considered an effective arm of US ‘soft power’ and cultural diplomacy. The US saw Australia as strategically valuable in the Asia-Pacific region of the world and under the Menzies Liberal Party government, Australia shared the US military and defence agenda. How could the Fulbright program maintain its independence from government interference in the powerful force of Cold War geopolitics? Australia’s Fulbright Board held strongly to the importance of independence and the role of academics to ensure that.
‘Just because one is a woman’: Forging careers and changing the gender landscape
Authors: Garner Alice , Kirkby Diane
Published: May 2019

Women were recipients of awards under the Fulbright program from the first year of its existence in Australia. They were keen to take advantage of the opportunity for educational exchange and in doing so they changed the gender dynamics of universities. The Fulbright program supported fields in Australia where more women were employed and that were not yet disciplines taught in the universities. Women academics were participants in creating new fields, and reorienting Australian higher education from its British orientation. They encountered discrimination within the administration of the program and it took a long time for women to be appointed to the Board of the Fulbright program, and until 1990 for the first woman to become its Chair. From then on women increased their proportion of the awards being made.
From ‘White Australia’ to ‘the race question in America’: Confronting racial diversity
Authors: Garner Alice , Kirkby Diane
Published: May 2019

How did the Fulbright program evolve in relation to the challenge of racial diversity? For the first several decades of the Fulbright program Australia had a mass immigration program and a White Australia policy of racial exclusion. This influenced the fields of research in which Fulbright awards were made. Aboriginal Australians were the objects of research by visiting American scholars but did not themselves begin to win awards until the 1970s. In the mid-1960s many of those who were leading the call for change in immigration laws were Fulbright scholars. Australians travelling to the US on educational exchange observed racial segregation and some became politically active and influenced movements on behalf of Aboriginal people. The first recipient of the Distinguished Visitor Award under the Fulbright program was African-American historian John Hope Franklin. A special category of award for Aboriginal Australians was initiated in 1992.
‘In the climate of continuing financial restraint’: Finding a sustainable future in the neo-liberal university
Authors: Garner Alice , Kirkby Diane
Published: May 2019

The impact of neo-liberalism on the university sector had profound consequences for the Fulbright program’s ability to support academic research. Binationalism had meant the Australian Fulbright program was well-funded by the Australian government even as the US government reduced its contribution in the late 1960s-70s. From the 1980s further cutbacks meant the program had to turn towards private sector and corporate funding for support, involve the alumni and to introduce targeted scholarships. This raised dilemmas about autonomy and freedom from interference that had plagued the Fulbright program throughout its history.
Introduction
Authors: Hickey Helen M. , McKendry Anne , Raine Melissa
Published: May 2019

This chapter surveys current research, methodologies and debates in Chaucer criticism and medievalism studies as they appear in this volume, and discusses their relationship with the scholarship of Stephanie Trigg.
First encounter: ‘snail-horn perception’ in Chaucer’s Troilus and Criseyde
Authors: Robertson Elizabeth
Published: May 2019

Elizabeth Robertson brings together Keats’s ‘snail-horn perception’ with medieval theory of the senses, especially optics, and medieval theology, to analyse the first tenuous encounters between Troilus and Criseyde. During their sensually-charged optical exchanges, both physiological and psychological processes are at work to create great emotional force in the text and impact on the text’s readers.
Chaucerian rhyme-breaking
Authors: Evans Ruth
Published: May 2019

Ruth Evans explores the under-recognised but striking use of rhyme-breaking in Chaucer’s poetry, present in the Canterbury Tales, the Book of the Duchess, the Legend of Good Women and Troilus and Criseyde. Evans draws upon a recent resurgence of critical interest in the politics of form to argue that Chaucerian rhyme-breaking warrants closer attention not only for its ironic effect, but also for its potential to illuminate Chaucer’s position within the multilingual context of late-medieval England.
Chaucer as Catholic child in nineteenth-century English reception
Authors: Lynch Andrew
Published: May 2019

Andrew Lynch recuperates an overlooked aspect of Chaucerian reception in the nineteenth century: Chaucer’s Catholicism. By the nineteenth century, to be Catholic meant to be un-English, even unpatriotic. Lynch reviews the different strategies employed by literary critics to dilute the idea of Chaucer as a Catholic believer. Chaucer’s Catholicism was subjected to processes of infantilisation in order to promote his status as the father of English poetry.
Solvent form
Authors: Pappas-Kelley Jared
Published: May 2019

Chapter three examines the notion of solvent form in more detail, in which art—while attempting to make secure or fixed—simultaneously undoes and destroys through its inception. This is examined through narratives such as Sarah Winchester obsessively building the Winchester Mansion in San Jose, California, or similarly as an object that Scheherazade attempts to hew with her stories in One Thousand and One Nights—seen here as a method for forestalling a verdict and extending her moments against foreclosure, maintaining their permeability. Within this context, works such as Jeremy Blake’s Winchester Trilogy, Urs Fischer’s untitled melting wax sculptures from the Venice Biennale, Louise Bourgeois’s Couple II, examples from contemporary art, and ideas from Agnes Martin’s writings are applied in order to understand these solvent operations within art.
The thing that is not a thing
Authors: Pappas-Kelley Jared
Published: May 2019

Chapter four introduces the example of the Momart warehouse fire, in which large amounts of art—including high profile Young British Art—was destroyed when a thief apparently broke into an adjoining space and set the complex on fire. Works such as Tracey Emin’s Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 1963–1995 (lost in the fire) are examined, as well as accounts of the public backlash and media attention surrounding this event. In addition, the implications of Jake and Dinos Chapman’s exact remake of Emin's piece as The Same Only Better are considered, along with the event's legacy and the expectation that these works of art will endure.
From the ruins of heaven on earth
Authors: Lin Jenny
Published: May 2019

Chapter One examines pastiche in the shopping mall and cultural heritage site Xintiandi, before discussing the site’s buried modern art histories marred by cross-cultural conflicts. Xintiandi physically surrounds China’s first communist meeting site of 1921, today memorialized as a museum. The complex was designed with reference to the vernacular homes of its formerly foreign occupied French Concession setting, and is officially celebrated for its “East-meets-West” and “Old-meets-New” architecture, even while the construction demolished most of the site’s existing homes and dislocated thousands of working class residents. This chapter analyzes how Xintiandi’s seemingly benign East-meets-West façades mask collusions between the Chinese Communist Party’s autocratic state power and capitalist development, while romanticizing Shanghai’s modern cosmopolitan legacy. The chapter analyzes examples of Xintiandi’s repressed cultural histories, including the revolutionary art and design experiments of Pang Xunqin, founder of the 1930s avant-garde collective, The Storm Society, leftist writings and art promoted by Lu Xun, and the major Cultural Revolution Era debate sparked by Michelangelo Antonioni’s 1972 documentary, Chung Kuo Cina. The chapter argues that the official admonishment of Shanghai-based cultural projects by Pang and Antonioni speak to collisions between Shanghai’s semi-colonial past, Maoist socialism, and Cultural Revolution Era totalitarianism that still resonate in Shanghai today.
Shanghai’s art in fashion
Authors: Lin Jenny
Published: May 2019

Chapter Two considers how Shanghai Tang, a Hong Kong-founded fashion brand, exploits Shanghai’s imagined cosmopolitan legacy towards the building of a multinational luxury brand. The author considers the rising political tensions between Hong Kong and Shanghai, as Hong Kong was handed over from British to mainland Chinese rule in 1997. The chapter discusses a 1997 Shanghai Tang advertisement featuring Chinese actress Gong Li, addressing how the image signals the return of class-based society, while sanitizing mainland China’s immediate socialist past. This chapter also examines the powerful influence of Shanghai Tang’s founder, art collector Sir David Tang, on the international dissemination of contemporary Chinese art, exploring key Shanghainese painters promoted by Tang, including Yu Youhan, Wang Ziwei and Ding Yi. Referencing these artists’ connections to Shanghai Tang, and also the French fashion brand, Christian Dior, the chapter theorizes the rise of a contemporary Chinese art/fashion system. The final section focuses on Shanghai-based sculptor Liu Jianhua, who has been supported by both Tang and Christian Dior, and the artist’s subversion of mainland China’s presumed role as “the factory of the world” through his ceramic-based practice.
From Shanghai to New York by way of conclusion
Authors: Lin Jenny
Published: May 2019

The conclusion considers the continued, widespread proliferation of the staid East-meets-West trope through a critique of the Metropolitan Museum of Art’s 2015 exhibition, “China: Through the Looking Glass.” Ruminating on the afterlives of East-meets-West exoticizations, the conclusion synthesizes the preceding ones by analyzing the exhibition’s loaded cross-cultural hybrids of art-fashion-celebrity culture and Sino-US corporate sponsorship. The chapter argues that “China: Through the Looking Glass” might have countered the critique that the exhibition did not adequately present contemporary Chinese culture by including some of the art and design projects presented throughout the book, summarizing the vital issues these projects raise.
HiCEnterprise: Identifying long range chromosomal contacts in HiC data
Authors: Kranas Hanna , Tuszyńska Irina , Wilczynski Bartek
Published: May 2019

Computational analysis of chromosomal capture data is currently gaining popularity with the rapid advance in experimental techniques providing access to growing body of data. An important problem in this area is the identification of long-range contacts be- tween distinct chromatin regions. Such loops were shown to exist at different scales, either mediating interactions between enhancers and promoters or providing much longer interactions between functionally interacting distant chromosome domains. A proper statistical analysis is crucial for accurate identification of such interactions from experi- mental data. We present HiCEnterprise, a software tool for identification of long-range chromatin contacts. It implements three different sta- tistical tests for identification of significant contacts at different scales as well as necessary functions for input, output and visualization of chromosome contact matrices.
Early-generated interneurons regulate neuronal circuit formation during early postnatal development
Authors: Wang Chang-Zheng , Ma Jian , Xu Ye-Qian , Jiang Shao-Na , Chen Tian-Qi , Yuan Zu-Liang , Mao Xiao-Yi , Zhang Shu-Qing , Liu Lin-Yun , Fu Yinghui , Yu Yong-Chun
Published: May 2019

A small subset of interneurons that are generated earliest as pioneer neurons are the first cohort of neurons that enter the neocortex. However, it remains largely unclear whether these early-generated interneurons (EGIns) predominantly regulate neocortical circuit formation. Using inducible genetic fate mapping to selectively label EGIns and pseudo-random interneurons (pRIns), we found that EGIns exhibited more mature electrophysiological and morphological properties and higher synaptic connectivity than pRIns in the somatosensory cortex at early postnatal stages. In addition, when stimulating one cell, the proportion of EGIns that influence spontaneous network synchronization is significantly higher than that of pRIns. Importantly, toxin-mediated ablation of EGIns after birth significantly reduce spontaneous network synchronization and decrease inhibitory synaptic formation during the first postnatal week. These results suggest that EGIns can shape developing networks and may contribute to the reﬁnement of neuronal connectivity before the establishment of the adult neuronal circuit.
InAlN-based LEDs emitting in the near-UV region
Authors: Pampili Pietro , Zubialevich Vitaly Z. , Maaskant Pleun , Akhter Mahbub , Corbett Brian , Parbrook Peter J.
Published: May 2019

Fully functional InAlN-based ultraviolet LEDs emitting at 340–350 nm were demonstrated for the first time; detailed electrical and optical characterization is presented and discussed. Results from the measurements at pulsed conditions are in agreement with the attribution of the dominant electroluminescence peak to near-band-edge emission. The composition of the AlGaN barriers was chosen to give the same internal polarization field as that of the InAlN wells. A simulation study of this polarization-matched heterostructure shows a significant increase in the electron-hole overlap integral if compared with a standard AlGaN/AlGaN active region having the same level of carrier confinement. Limitations and problems of these preliminary devices are also presented, and possible future work aimed at increasing their efficiency is discussed.
The Formation of the Composers’ Union, 1932–41
Authors: Tomoff Kiril
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the formation of the Composers' Union. The Composers' Union formed gradually, from the advent of creative unions in 1932 to the foundation of the all-USSR Organizational Committee of the Union of Soviet Composers in 1939 and to the expanded reach of the all-USSR Composers' Union beyond the cultural capitals just before the Second World War. Though it was always subject to outside ideological monitoring, the Composers' Union became a bureaucratic institution juridically distinct from both government oversight committees and the Communist Party. Thus, the bureaucracy that most closely touched the lives of composers and musicologists was formed primarily according to the demands of Composers' Union leaders, all of whom were, by the beginning of the war, professional composers and musicologists.
Muzfond, Royalties, and Popularity
Authors: Tomoff Kiril
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the basic system of material support available to composers and musicologists. During the Stalin period, a two-part institutional system provided most composers and musicologists with their fundamental material support apart from what they earned in jobs at research institutes and conservatories or as consultants for performance ensembles and government institutions. The two components of the system were the financial institution controlled by the Composers' Union leadership, Muzfond, and the royalties and copyright administration. Despite repeated findings of malfeasance and fiscal indiscipline, the Muzfond system was never substantially reformed. Leaving it alone ensured that the Composers' Union leadership would exercise its practical discretion in determining hierarchies of basic support. Meanwhile, the Copyright Administration provided basic material support to composers who had pieces performed, and it also became the focus of prolonged attacks. The extraordinarily high royalties that a very few composers earned were tainted by a sense of illegitimacy.
Beyond the Affluent Society
Authors: Huret Romain D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the challenge of the myth of an affluent society in the 1950s and early 1960s. Social experts transformed a technical and statistical knowledge into a political project that reintegrated poor people into the American society. Their crusade reinvigorates the old belief in the Western World of putting an end to poverty.
Conclusion
Authors: Huret Romain D.
Published: May 2019

In 1963, Swedish economist and public intellectual Gunnar Myrdal published his book Challenge to Affluence. His landmark 1944 book, An American Dilemma, had already pointed out the gap between apparent abundance and the bitter reality of life for millions of African Americans. Almost twenty years later, his views contradicted the dominant trend by refusing to focus on only the “culture of poverty.” Instead, he emphasized the rise of what he was the first to identify as an “underclass of unemployed and, gradually, unemployable persons and families” that was the seemingly inevitable result of structural and technological problems inherent in modern society....
Introduction
Authors: Fudge Erica
Published: May 2019

This chapter uses one will, that of the yeoman Robert Jacobb, to explore how wills work in this period; what they omit; who writes them (and who does not); how they distribute the property of the testator. Central here is the presence and absence of animals, and what impact that has on how these documents might offer a way of glimpsing life with livestock in the period.
German Tourism in Occupied France, 1940–1944
Authors: Gordon Bertram M.
Published: May 2019

For German Occupation personnel France became a place to exercise the tourism imaginary that had developed over the preceding generations in Germany as elsewhere. The Deutsche Wegleiter, a bi-weekly guide, offered tourism tips for German soldiers. Hitler set the tone with his tour of Paris, where he was famously photographed standing before the Eiffel Tower. The army organized tours for tens of thousands of German personnel. Sex tourism and gastronomic tourism featured prominently, with selected brothels and elite restaurants made available to German personnel. Tourist images of France may have inadvertently spared France the kind of “polonization” that occurred elsewhere during the war. The touristic iconicity of Paris may have helped spare it the fate of Warsaw during the war.
Labor Networks
Authors: McGreevey Robert C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores how many in the Puerto Rican working class sought to become recognized as full citizens of the United States in order to win labor protections. Labor leaders on the mainland and island such as Samuel Gompers and Santiago Iglesias adopted long-distance strategies to develop a labor movement on the island despite holding different aims. Iglesias allied with the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in order to protect the nascent labor movement in Puerto Rico from repressive island elites. Gompers, meanwhile, sought to improve the labor practices on the island in an attempt to stem the migration of impoverished “foreign” workers to the mainland who would compete with the native-born.
“Working People Going North”
Authors: McGreevey Robert C.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores how Puerto Rican efforts to gain full citizenship began to bear fruit after 1917. Citizenship reinforced the legal loophole allowing Puerto Ricans to freely enter the mainland that had been first opened by national status. Citizenship made Puerto Rican migrants broadly eligible for employment in the United States, a change in the substantive rights of Puerto Ricans in the mainland. U.S. citizenship, then, laid the legal groundwork for what would become one of the largest-scale migrations of the twentieth century as Puerto Ricans eventually became the second-largest Latino group (after Mexicans) living in the continental United States.
Avifaunal Overview
Authors: Buckley P. A.
Published: May 2019

The avifauna of the study area is described and quantified, beginning with historical coverage since 1872. The Van Cortlandt Park cumulative and breeding avifaunas are dissected and contrasted with those of Central and Prospect Parks. Study area breeding species are treated quantitatively, followed by winter species, and migration phenomena; features and conclusions are amplified in 39 tables. The chapter concludes with extended discussion of past and current avian resource problems, particularly in Van Cortlandt Park and what park management is doing about them, with specific recommendations for needed research and management actions.
Tasted
Authors: Starks Tricia
Published: May 2019

Tobacconists advertised exotic blends created by imperial expansion to urban sophisticates urging them to choose certain brands as evidence of their cultivated palate. Preying upon a desire for mobility in a static society and creating visions of a world where people of all classes could ingest luxury, advertisers exploited users’ hopes for higher status, material prosperity, or social comfort. The rapid urbanization of the late nineteenth century created an ever larger audience for their messages. Literary examples and social pressures placed smoking in the center of identity creation and liberal values, making the habit attractive to women and children who saw the habit as a gateway to civic participation, maturity, and the modern world.
Contextual Rationality
Authors: Klingler-Vidra Robyn
Published: May 2019

Chapter Two advances the book’s contextual rationality framework, which builds upon three bodies of scholarship: diffusion, economic rationality and comparative capitalism. It conceptualizes the norms that are fundamental to the study, and develops how and why the norms impact the design of efforts in the VC policy area. Based upon the conceptualization of how norm affect the learning process, the chapter develops the analytical narratives of Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore, articulating expectations around what transformations materialize in each state. Together, the cases cover a neoliberal to statist range of norms within East Asia.
Hong Kong
Authors: Klingler-Vidra Robyn
Published: May 2019

Chapter Four investigates Hong Kong’s adaptation of the Silicon Valley VC policy anchor. It finds that Hong Kong’s Innovation and Technology Commission institutionalized their learning of the Silicon Valley model by hiring managers experienced in Silicon Valley to design and oversee their VC policies. Knowing the importance of the right legal environment for its VC industry, attention was given to ensuring that Hong Kong’s legal fund structure was made available for VC managers to use. Initially, the Nightwatch-man State policymakers offered a low, horizontal capital gains tax rate in a manner consistent with the Silicon Valley anchor. But, feeling the “limits of laissez-faire” in competing against Singapore as a hub for VC activity, Hong Kong policymakers hired private VC managers to invest public money earmarked for VC investments. Also going beyond what they learned from the Silicon Valley model, policymakers offered tax exemptions for Hong Kong-based, offshore domiciled VC managers.
Analyzing Sources of Adaptation
Authors: Klingler-Vidra Robyn
Published: May 2019

Chapter Seven analyzes the findings of the empirical investigations of Hong Kong, Taiwan and Singapore. The critical finding is that domestically-rooted norms are central to states’ distinct learning processes, and therefore norms are the glue that binds the domestic context with international diffusion, and rationality with constructivism. The impact of norms was found to be so strong that, counter to diffusion literature’s hypothesis about specific models leading to greater degrees of convergence, even when policymakers learned about a highly-specific VC policy item, they systematically initiated further studying and conceptualized how a different path – that better fit with their logics of appropriateness – could lead them to the same outcome. The chapter discusses why the three norms investigated – (1) interventionist orientation, (2) private sector financing and (3) local versus international firm preferences – shaped VC policy choices the way that they did in each case.