bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experiences of user involvement in mental health research: exploring reflections from a service user researcher using auto-ethnography
Authors: Fox Joanna
Published: September 2020

Purpose

User involvement in research is entering the mainstream of traditional mental health research. In practice, there are diverse ways in which the process of involvement is experienced by mental health service user researchers. This paper aims to explore two diverse experiences of involvement by the researcher.

Design/methodology/approach

Auto-ethnography is the research methodology used in this study; it combines a process of reflective writing and critical analysis which enables the author to explore experiences of being both a service user and academic researcher. Two accounts of the author’s involvement in mental health research are presented: one which builds on a consultation model and the other based on co-production principles.

Findings

Experiences of power-sharing and collaborative decision-making, alongside disempowerment, are discussed, leading to exploration of the theoretical and practical processes for promoting participation of users in research.

Research limitations/implications

The research is limited because it is undertaken by one individual in a local setting, and is therefore is not generalisable; however, it provides useful insights into the diverse processes of involvement that many service users experience.

Practical implications

Recommendations are presented to support the involvement of service users in research, with final remarks offered considering the possible future implementation of this still emerging tradition.

Originality/value

This paper reflects on the experiences of one service user academic involved in research and highlights diverse experiences of both empowering and disempowering involvement, providing recommendations for best practice.
Experiences of and support for the transition to practice of newly graduated occupational therapists undertaking a hospital graduate Program
Authors: Turpin Merrill , Fitzgerald Cate , Copley Jodie , Laracy Sue , Lewis Beverly
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Newly graduated occupational therapists face well‐documented difficulties as they embark on professional practice. Occupational therapy departments need to ensure that new graduates conduct their roles appropriately while developing experience and building clinical and professional skills. This study aimed to explore the experiences of new graduates at a major Australian metropolitan hospital occupational therapy department, the support provided to them and their perceptions of this support.

Methods

The research design was Interpretive Description. Semi‐structured interviews of approximately 60 min were undertaken with seven occupational therapists, their team leader and the Departmental Head. The two research questions were as follows: What were the graduates’ experiences of their first year in practice? What support was provided to graduates and what were their perceptions of this?

Results

New graduates perceived the transition to practice as overwhelming, particularly regarding their caseload responsibility. During the first few months, work tasks took them longer and they felt stressed and anxious. They received a range of support and education, both inter‐professional and discipline specific. Their occupational therapy team leader and clinical senior provided tailored support, guidance and reassurance. Guided questioning facilitated development of new graduates' clinical reasoning and professional skills. Reflection helped them to identify and address learning goals relating to occupational therapy professional competencies. New graduates valued having a consistent caseload and a supportive workplace was highly valued.

Conclusion

New graduates initially feel overwhelmed by being responsible for their decisions. However, they can benefit from tailored supervision and guided questioning to help develop clinical reasoning and professional skills, formal and informal support from experienced occupational therapists and their inter‐professional teams and time to increase skill with their caseload. Engagement in a professional community of practice is important.
The effects of temporal continuities of grasslands on the diversity and species composition of plants
Authors: Inoue Taiki , Yaida Yuki A. , Uehara Yuki , Katsuhara Koki R. , Kawai Jun , Takashima Keiko , Ushimaru Atushi , Kenta Tanaka
Published: September 2020

Seminatural grasslands are ecosystems rich in biodiversity. However, their decline has been reported worldwide, and identification of grasslands with high conservation priority is urgently required. Recently, an increasing number of studies have reported that past vegetation history affects current biological communities. To evaluate whether the temporal continuity of grasslands promotes biodiversity, and thus can be an indicator of conservation priority, we studied vascular plant communities in old (160–1000s years) and new (52–70 years after deforestation) grasslands, as well as in forests, of Sugadaira Highland in central Japan. The number of plant species was highest in old grasslands, followed by new grasslands and forests. This pattern was much clearer in the number of grassland‐dependent native and grassland‐dependent endangered species, indicating the role of old grasslands as refugia for those species. The species composition differed between old and new grasslands. New grasslands had species compositions in between those of old grasslands and forests, suggesting that the plant community in new grasslands retains the influence of past forestation for more than 52 years after deforestation. Eleven indicator species were detected in old grasslands, but none in new grasslands, suggesting the uniqueness of the plant community in old grasslands. We conclude that the temporal continuity of grasslands increases plant diversity and can be an indicator of grasslands with high conservation priority.
Seed germination and plant fitness response of a narrowly endemic, rare winter annual to spatial heterogeneity in microenvironment
Authors: Kaur Jaspreet , Schwilk Dylan , Sharma Jyotsna
Published: September 2020

Environmental heterogeneity affects distributions of plant species, although the effects of fine‐scale heterogeneity on plant demographies are not widely studied. Diminutive winter annuals, especially rare taxa, can be sensitive to spatial variation in microenvironment as a consequence of their small stature above and belowground. To address whether spatial environmental heterogeneity affects demography, germination and fitness of Chorizanthe orcuttiana, an endangered winter annual distributed in distinct easterly and westerly microhabitats within an exceedingly narrow niche in California, we performed multiyear observational and empirical studies. We manipulated after‐ripening environment, soil moisture and ambient light at both aspects, and profiled microclimate, soil physicochemistry and soil microbiomes at all sites. We show that easterly aspects host larger plants in larger populations, and have lower air temperatures combined with higher soil moisture in comparison to the west‐facing sites. Yet, soil physicochemistry and microbiomes were similar across all sites. Manipulations of after‐ripening conditions showed that seeds exposed to low humidity (17%) during dormancy and sown at easterly aspects exhibited the highest germination percentages, whereas seeds incubated in situ and subsequently sown at westerly aspects yielded the lowest germination. Simultaneous manipulations of soil moisture and light showed that at both aspects higher moisture combined with shade led to higher germination, whereas ambient soil moisture combined with shade yielded the lowest germination. Altogether, our studies show that the diminutive, rare winter annual C. orcuttiana exhibits higher germination and plant fitness under cooler soil conditions with higher soil moisture while preferring drier environments during after‐ripening.
Does education reduce gender differentials in labor market participation? A Kenyan perspective
Authors: Mulwa Martin , Gichana Timothy
Published: September 2020

The paper examines the role of education in reducing gender differentials in the Kenyan labor market. Using 2015/16 Kenya Integrated Household Budget Survey, we estimate the logit and multinomial logit model. The paper employs instrumental variable technique to correct for potential endogeneity that arises when analyzing education and labor market outcomes. The results from both models show that being a woman reduces the chances of entering the labor market. We find that education yields positive effects in the labor market. On average, the difference between the marginal effect of education on employment probability between men and women is two percentage points, with the effect being higher for women. In the multinomial logit model, educated women are more likely to be employed in both the public sector and the informal sector, while in the private sector they are less likely to be employed. The implication of these findings is that policies should target education as a tool that can reduce gender differential in the labor market. This should be coupled with affirmative action that gives priority to women and minimizes preference for men in the labor market.
Will working from home become the ‘new normal’ in the public sector?
Authors: Williamson Sue , Colley Linda , Hanna‐Osborne Sally
Published: September 2020

The COVID‐19 pandemic compelled large sections of the workforce out of their workplaces and into their homes to work. Many commentators suggest this has forever changed how and where we work. This article analyses how Australia's biggest employers – state and federal governments – approached the transitions to working from home, and back into regular workplaces. It considers the timing of policy responses to the pandemic as one indicator of resistance to, or acceptance of, widespread working from home. The article also demonstrates previous resistance to working from home for public servants, and questions widespread conjecture that it will become the ‘new normal’.
Risk factors for long‐term cognitive impairment in ICU survivors: A multicenter, prospective cohort study
Authors: Collet Marie O. , Egerod Ingrid , Thomsen Thordis , Wetterslev Jørn , Lange Theis , Ebdrup Bjørn H. , Perner Anders
Published: September 2020

Purpose

To describe the incidence of and risk factors for impaired cognitive function in intensive care unit (ICU) survivors. We hypothesized that age, severity of illness, and days in coma, delirium, mechanical ventilation in the ICU would be associated with impaired cognitive function.

Methods

We included all adults, alive 6 months after acute admission to one of the 24 Danish ICUs participating in the AID‐ICU cohort study. Trained professionals assessed cognitive function in patients’ homes or in outpatient clinics using the Repeatable Battery for the Assessment of Neuropsychological Status (RBANS) 6 months after ICU admission. Potential risk factors for cognitive impairment were analyzed with linear regression models.

Results

In total, 237 ICU patients were alive 6 months after ICU admission and did not meet the exclusion criteria. A total of 106 patients completed the cognitive assessment. The median RBANS global cognitive score was 76 (interquartile range, 62‐91), and 52% had a global cognitive score 1.5 SD below the normative mean and 36% displayed a global cognitive score 2 SD below the normative mean, similar to that of Alzheimer's disease. Higher age was associated with poorer RBANS global cognitive score (estimate −0.35 [95% confidence interval −0.63 to −0.07] per year).

Conclusions

In this multicenter study of adult ICU survivors, cognitive impairment was frequent and severe in those assessed at 6 months. Higher age was a risk factor for cognitive impairment, but events related to the ICU stay were not associated with poorer cognitive performance at 6 months.
Seasonal variation in body size and male mating success within lichen tuft moths Izatha (Lepidoptera: Xyloryctidae)
Authors: Bennik Rebecca M , Hoare Robert J B , Holwell Gregory I
Published: September 2020

Animals with scramble competition mating systems commonly exhibit female‐biased sexual size dimorphism, protandry and biased population sex ratios that reflect the active mate‐searching role of males. This is particularly so in many Lepidoptera, where males are classic scramble competitors. However, it is unclear how these features relate to the actual mating success of males or females over the reproductive season. In this study, patterns of adult flight period variation and mating status of the New Zealand lichen tuft moths Izatha peroneanella (Walker, 1864) and I. churtoni Dugdale, 1988 were determined from three locations. Protandry, male‐biased sex ratios and female‐biased sexual size dimorphism were evident in both species. There was a significant decrease in male and female I. peroneanella and I. churtoni body size over the flight period. Smaller males were more likely to have mated, but this was driven by the fact that they also emerged later in the breeding season, as collection date was the best predictor of mating status for males. Females exhibited higher likelihoods of having mated than males, but this was not influenced by body size. These data on the ecology and mating success of I. peroneanella and I. churtoni allow a better understanding of the mating system of species within this genus where their mating system is likely to be dominated by scramble competition under polygamy.
Human–wildlife conflict in Mhokwe Ward, Mbire District, North‐East Zimbabwe
Authors: Musiwa Aubrey Ruvarashe , Mhlanga Wilson
Published: September 2020

This research investigates the economic and social aspects of human–wildlife conflict (HWC) in Mhokwe, Mbire district, Zimbabwe. Data were collected through key informant interviews and a questionnaire survey. Most households in Mhokwe rely on crop and livestock production, and hence, HWC is an important factor affecting livelihoods. More than 60% of respondents experienced problems with lions (Panthera leo Linnaeus), spotted hyaenas (Crocuta crocuta Erxleben), armoured bush crickets (Acanthoplus speiseri Brancsik) and quelea birds (Quelea quelea Reichenbach). Other problem animals included elephant (Loxodonta africana Blumenbach), vervet monkey (Chlorocebus pygerythrus Cuvier), kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros Pallas), chacma baboon (Papio ursinus Kerr), bushpig (Potamochoerus porcus Linnaeus) and common duiker (Sylvicapra grimmia Linnaeus). Few incidences of conflicts were reported for hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius Linnaeus), side‐striped jackal (Canis adustus Sundevall), porcupine (Hystrix africaeaustralis Peters), nile crocodile (Crocodylus niloticus Laurenti), African wild cat (Felis lybica Forster), African python (Python sebae Gmelin) and guinea fowl (Numida meleagris Linnaeus). Livestock and crop losses were US$45,285 and US$57,541 in 2013 and 2014, respectively. Despite the losses, most respondents had positive attitudes towards wildlife. Construction of strong kraals and implementation of integrated pest management (IPM) can contribute to conflict reduction.
Gestational anaemia and severe acute maternal morbidity: a population‐based study*
Authors: Guignard J. , Deneux‐Tharaux C. , Seco A. , Beucher G. , Kayem G. , Bonnet M.‐P. ,   the EPIMOMS group
Published: September 2020

Anaemia is frequently diagnosed during pregnancy. However, there are few data regarding its incidence, and the association with severe maternal morbidity remains uncertain and potentially biased in high‐resource countries. The purpose of this study was to explore the association between gestational anaemia and severe acute maternal morbidity during and after delivery. We performed a cohort‐nested case‐control analysis from the epidemiology of severe maternal mortality (EPIMOMS) prospective study conducted in six French regions (2012–2013, n = 182,309 deliveries). There were 1669 women with severe acute maternal morbidity during or after delivery, according to a standardised definition obtained by expert consensus. The control group were randomly selected among women without severe morbidity who delivered in the same health centres (n = 3234). We studied the association between gestational anaemia and severe acute maternal morbidity during or after delivery overall, by cause, and by mode of delivery, using multivariable logistic regression and multiple imputation. Gestational anaemia was significantly more frequent in women with severe acute maternal morbidity (25.3%) than in controls (16.3%), p < 0.001, and mostly mild in both groups. After adjustment for confounders, women with gestational anaemia were at increased risk of overall severe acute maternal morbidity during and after delivery (adjusted OR (95%CI) 1.8 (1.5–2.1)). This association was also found for severe postpartum haemorrhage (adjusted OR (95%CI) 1.7 (1.5–2.0)), even after omitting the transfusion criterion (adjusted OR (95%CI) 1.9 (1.6–2.3)), and for severe acute maternal morbidity secondary to causes other than haemorrhage or pregnancy‐related hypertensive disorders (adjusted OR (95%CI) 2.7 (1.9–4.0)). These results highlight the importance of optimising the diagnosis and management of anaemia during pregnancy.
Effect of neurovascular bundle sparing radical cystectomy on post‐operative continence and sexual function: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xiong Xingyu , Qiu Shi , Yi Xianyanling , Jin Kun , Xu Hang , Lei Hanran , Bai Shengjiang , Peng Ge , Yang Lu , Wei Qiang
Published: September 2020

Background

It is unclear whether the neurovascular bundle (NVB) sparing could improve post‐operative urinary continence and potency. Furthermore, concern remains regarding the impact of nerve‐sparing (NS) radical cystectomy (RC) on oncological outcomes.

Objectives

The primary objective of this meta‐analysis was to evaluate whether in men undergoing NS RC could improve post‐operative urinary continence and potency. The secondary objective was to assess whether NS RC could compromise the oncological control.

Materials and methods

A systematic search of the PubMed and Web of Science was performed in February 2020, yielding 1446 unique records. A total of 13 comparative cohort studies were included. Risk of bias in each study was assessed separately by two authors using the Newcastle‐Ottawa Scale (NOS).

Results

Data from 921 participants in 12 studies were synthesized in the present meta‐analysis. Meta‐analysis revealed that NS compared with non–nerve sparing (NNS) results in improved post‐operative potency, daytime continence, and nocturnal continence. RRs were 9.35 (P < .00001) in potency, 1.11 (P = .045) in daytime continence, and 1.33 (P = .002) in nocturnal continence, respectively. Furthermore, no differences were found in the included studies reporting oncological outcomes. RRs were 0.88 (P = .61) in local and/or distant recurrence between two groups. A sensitivity analysis of prospective studies indicated consistent results.

Discussion and conclusion

This meta‐analysis indicates that NS RC can improve post‐operative potency, and daytime and nocturnal urinary continence, without compromising oncological control, compared with NNS RC in men.
Pathogenesis of necrotising enterocolitis: The impact of the altered gut microbiota and antibiotic exposure in preterm infants
Authors: Raba Ali Ahmed , O'Sullivan Anne , Miletin Jan
Published: September 2020

Necrotising enterocolitis (NEC) is a devastating condition with high morbidity and mortality seen predominately in preterm infants. Multiple factors are associated with the pathogenesis of NEC. The widespread use of antibiotics in the neonatal intensive care unit might play a role in the pathogenesis of NEC in preterm infants. This review provides a summary on the intestinal microbiota in preterm infants with a focus on how antibiotic exposure may reduce the biodiversity of the intestinal microbiota and may predispose preterm infants to NEC.

Conclusion

Prolonged antibiotic therapy has been suggested as a risk factor for the development of NEC in preterm infants.
The body region specificity in murine models of muscle regeneration and atrophy
Authors: Yoshioka Kiyoshi , Kitajima Yasuo , Seko Daiki , Tsuchiya Yoshifumi , Ono Yusuke
Published: September 2020

Aim

Skeletal muscles are distributed throughout the body, presenting a variety of sizes, shapes and functions. Here, we examined whether muscle regeneration and atrophy occurred homogeneously throughout the body in mouse models.

Methods

Acute muscle regeneration was induced by a single intramuscular injection of cardiotoxin in adult mice. Chronic muscle regeneration was assessed in mdx mice. Muscle atrophy in different muscles was evaluated by cancer cachexia, ageing and castration mouse models.

Results

We found that, in the cardiotoxin‐injected acute muscle injury model, head muscles slowly regenerated, while limb muscles exhibited a rapid regeneration and even overgrowth. This overgrowth was also observed in limb muscles alone (but not in head muscles) in mdx mice as chronic injury models. We described the body region–specific decline in the muscle mass in muscle atrophy models: cancer cachexia‐induced, aged and castrated mice. The positional identities, including gene expression profiles and hormone sensitivity, were robustly preserved in the ectopically engrafted satellite cell‐derived muscles in the castrated model.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that positional identities in muscles should be considered for the development of efficient regenerative therapies for muscle weakness, such as muscular dystrophy and age‐related sarcopenia.
The prevalence of psychological distress and its association with coping strategies among medical interns in Malaysia: A national‐level cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ismail Munirah , Lee Kun Yun , Sutrisno Tanjung Afandy , Ahmad Jelani Ida Anum , Abdul Latiff Rabiah , Abdul Razak Hashimah , Ahmad Shauki Nor Izzah
Published: September 2020

Introduction

The prevalence of psychological distress is increasing worldwide. Stressful working environments and high expectations in medical practice put doctors at high risk of depression, anxiety, and stress, especially among medical interns. Effective coping strategies may reduce psychological distress in the clinical setting. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of psychological distress and its association with coping strategies among medical interns in Malaysia.

Method

A total of 431 medical interns at 26 Malaysian Ministry of Health hospitals participated in this cross‐sectional study in 2017. Self‐administered questionnaires consisting of sociodemographic characteristics, items from DASS and BRIEF COPE were used. Descriptive analysis was done followed by further analysis with chi‐square and Spearman correlation tests.

Results

The prevalence of stress, anxiety, and depression was 29.7%, 39.9%, and 26.2%, with a significantly higher prevalence among female and younger interns. Three‐quarters of them (73.1%) applied problem‐focused strategies as the main coping mechanism. Emotion‐focused coping strategies showed a significant but weak correlation with anxiety and stress whereas avoidance‐based coping strategies were significantly correlated with depression, anxiety, and stress.

Discussion

Medical internship is a highly grueling period. Besides emphasizing clinical competency, internship training should also impart the practice of healthy coping mechanisms. The vulnerable groups of females and younger interns should be taught positive coping skills so that they are empowered to handle any stressors on their personal and professional lives. Optimum psychological wellbeing of the medical interns can improve the overall work performance and quality of care for patients.
Laparoscopic abdominosacral resection for rectal and anal canal carcinoma with pagetoid spread
Authors: Hondo Nao , Miyagawa Yusuke , Kitazawa Masato , Muranaka Futoshi , Tokumaru Shigeo , Koyama Makoto , Takahata Shugo , Soejima Yuji
Published: September 2020

Introduction

Perianal Paget's disease is associated with adenocarcinoma and can spread to the perianal skin. It often requires extensive resection of the perianal skin and rectum. Many studies have shown the efficacy of laparoscopic abdominoperineal resection for lower rectal cancer. However, extensive resection of the dorsal side of the perineal skin is difficult in the lithotomy position. We report a laparoscopic abdominosacral approach using the jackknife position for perianal Paget's disease.

Materials and Surgical Technique

Surgery was started using the lithotomy position, and total mesorectal excision with central lymphadenectomy was performed laparoscopically. Pelvic floor muscles were divided 2 cm away from the rectum. The sigmoid colon was then divided with a linear stapler, and a terminal colostomy was made. The sacral approach was then followed with the patient placed in a jackknife position. A skin incision was made 1‐2 cm from the negative margin confirmed by preoperative mapping biopsy and resected en‐bloc. We used this approach in two patients with a mean operative time of 483 minutes, including 53.5 minutes for the position change. All tumor margins, including the skin, were cancer‐free, and primary wound closure was possible in both of the cases. Both patients were doing well without any recurrence 10 and 13 months postoperatively.

Conclusion

Laparoscopic abdominosacral resection is safe and effective and facilitates extensive perineal skin resection, especially on the dorsal side, with a less invasive laparoscopic procedure.
Pharmacokinetics of carprofen and firocoxib for medication control in racing greyhounds
Authors: Morris TH , Paine SW , Zahra PW , Li EC , Colgan SA , Karamatic SL
Published: September 2020

Animals used in sport should be treated as required to ensure animal welfare but any such use of medication should also be controlled to ensure integrity. Pharmacokinetic studies on groups of six greyhounds were performed to measure plasma and urine levels of carprofen and firocoxib to inform medication control advice. Using the standard methodology for medication control the Irrelevant Plasma Concentration was determined as 20 and 2 ng/mL for carprofen and firocoxib, respectively. The Irrelevant Urine Concentration was also determined as 0.3 and 2 ng/mL for carprofen and firocoxib, respectively. These Irrelevant Plasma and Urine Concentrations will allow laboratory Screening Limits, Detection Times and Withdrawal Time advice to be determined and publicised by regulators of greyhound racing. The Screening Limits will also inform Recommended Limits of Detection if meat‐containing residues of these medications are fed to greyhounds.
Evaluation of amikacin use and comparison of the models implemented in two Bayesian forecasting software packages to guide dosing
Authors: Ryan Alice C. , Carland Jane E. , McLeay Robert C. , Lau Cindy , Marriott Deborah J.E. , Day Richard O. , Stocker Sophie L.
Published: September 2020

Aims

Bayesian forecasting software can assist in guiding therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM)‐based dose adjustments for amikacin to achieve therapeutic targets. This study aimed to evaluate amikacin prescribing and TDM practices, and to determine the suitability of the amikacin model incorporated into the DoseMeRx® software as a replacement for the previously available software (Abbottbase®).

Methods

Patient demographics, pathology, amikacin dosing history, amikacin concentrations and Abbottbase® predicted TDM targets (area under the curve up to 24 hours, maximum concentration and trough concentration) were collected for adults receiving intravenous amikacin (2012–2017). Concordance with the Australian Therapeutic Guidelines was assessed. Observed and predicted amikacin concentrations were compared to determine the predictive performance (bias and precision) of DoseMeRx®. Amikacin TDM targets were predicted by DoseMeRx® and compared to those predicted by Abbottbase®.

Results

Overall, guideline compliance for 63 courses of amikacin in 47 patients was suboptimal. Doses were often lower than recommended. For therapy >48 h, TDM sample collection timing was commonly discordant with recommendations, therapeutic target attainment low and 34% of dose adjustments inappropriate. DoseMeRx® under‐predicted amikacin concentrations by 0.9 mg/L (95% confidence interval [CI] –1.4 to −0.5) compared with observed concentrations. However, maximum concentration values (n = 19) were unbiased (−1.7 mg/L 95%CI –5.8 to 0.8) and precise (8.6% 95%CI 5.4–18.1). Predicted trough concentration values (n = 7) were, at most, 1 mg/L higher than observed. Amikacin area under the curve values estimated using Abbottbase® (181 mg h/L 95%CI 161–202) and DoseMeRx® (176 mg h/L 95%CI 152–199) were similar (P = .59).

Conclusion

Amikacin dosing and TDM practice was suboptimal compared with guidelines. The model implemented by DoseMeRx® is satisfactory to guide amikacin dosing.
Role of mTOR‐regulated autophagy in spine pruning defects and memory impairments induced by binge‐like ethanol treatment in adolescent mice
Authors: Pascual María , López‐Hidalgo Rosa , Montagud‐Romero Sandra , Ureña‐Peralta Juan R. , Rodríguez‐Arias Marta , Guerri Consuelo
Published: September 2020

Adolescence is a brain maturation developmental period during which remodeling and changes in synaptic plasticity and neural connectivity take place in some brain regions. Different mechanism participates in adolescent brain maturation, including autophagy that plays a role in synaptic development and plasticity. Alcohol is a neurotoxic compound and its abuse in adolescence induces neuroinflammation, synaptic and myelin alterations, neural damage and behavioral impairments. Changes in synaptic plasticity and its regulation by mTOR have also been suggested to play a role in the behavioral dysfunction of binge ethanol drinking in adolescence. Therefore, by considering the critical role of mTOR in both autophagy and synaptic plasticity in the developing brain, the present study aims to evaluate whether binge ethanol treatment in adolescence would induce dysfunctions in synaptic plasticity and cognitive functions and if mTOR inhibition with rapamycin is capable of restoring both effects. Using C57BL/6 adolescent female and male mice (PND30) treated with ethanol (3 g/kg) on two consecutive days at 48‐hour intervals over 2 weeks, we show that binge ethanol treatment alters the density and morphology of dendritic spines, effects that are associated with learning and memory impairments and changes in the levels of both transcription factor CREB phosphorylation and miRNAs. Rapamycin administration (3 mg/kg) prior to ethanol administration restores ethanol‐induced changes in both plasticity and behavior dysfunctions in adolescent mice. These results support the critical role of mTOR/autophagy dysfunctions in the dendritic spines alterations and cognitive alterations induced by binge alcohol in adolescence.
Beyond COVID‐19: Five commentaries on expert knowledge, executive action, and accountability in governance and public administration
Authors: Boin Arjen , Brock Kathy , Craft Jonathan , Halligan John , ‘t Hart Paul , Roy Jeffrey , Tellier Geneviève , Turnbull Lori
Published: September 2020

Several Canadian and international scholars offer commentaries on the implications of the COVID‐19 pandemic for governments and public service institutions, and fruitful directions for public administration research and practice. This first suite of commentaries focuses on the executive branch, variously considering: the challenge for governments to balance demands for accountability and learning while rethinking policy mixes as social solidarity and expert knowledge increasingly get challenged; how the policy‐advisory systems of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and United Kingdom were structured and performed in response to the COVID‐19 crisis; whether there are better ways to suspend the accountability repertoires of Parliamentary systems than the multiparty agreement struck by the minority Liberal government with several opposition parties; comparing the Canadian government’s response to the COVID‐19 pandemic and the Global Financial Crisis and how each has brought the challenge of inequality to the fore; and whether the COVID‐19 pandemic has accelerated or disrupted digital government initiatives, reinforced traditional public administration values or more open government.
The Vestiges of Childhood Interparental Conflict: Adolescent Sensitization to Recent Interparental Conflict
Authors: Davies Patrick T. , Thompson Morgan J. , Martin Meredith J. , Cummings E. Mark
Published: September 2020

This study examined whether childhood interparental conflict moderated the mediational pathway involving adolescent exposure to interparental conflict, their negative emotional reactivity to family conflict, and their psychological problems in a sample of 235 children (Mage = 6 years). Significant moderated‐mediation findings indicated that the mediational path among Wave 4 interparental conflict during adolescence, change in youth negative reactivity (Waves 4–5), and their psychological problems (Waves 4–6) was significant for teens who experienced low, rather than high, levels of childhood interparental conflict (Waves 1–3). Supporting the stress sensitization model, analyses showed that adolescents exposed to high interparental conflict during childhood evidenced greater increases in negative reactivity than their peers when recent parental conflicts were mild.
A systematic review of children’s participation in child protection decision‐making: Tokenistic presence or not?
Authors: Toros Karmen
Published: September 2020

This article examines children's views on and experiences with participation in the child protection system's decision‐making process. The systematic review follows the PRISMA statement and includes 12 peer‐reviewed articles published in academic journals from 2006 to 2017. Findings suggest that children's contact with their worker was limited or non‐existent, which minimised opportunities to express views regarding their situation; child–worker contacts lacked dialogue, information about the process of intervention and trusting relationships, meaning that without a voice, children were not engaged in making decisions. Although data are limited, they suggest little or no dialogue with children by child protection workers. Furthermore, children voiced their experiences of not being informed of or understanding the process or decisions made about their lives.
Comparison of a polyethylene glycol membrane and a collagen membrane for the treatment of bone dehiscence defects at bone level implants—A prospective, randomized, controlled, multicenter clinical trial
Authors: Jung Ronald Ernst , Mihatovic Ilja , Cordaro Luca , Windisch Péter , Friedmann Anton , Blanco Carrion Juan , Sanz Sanchez Ignacio , Hallman Mats , Quirynen Marc , Hammerle Christoph H. F.
Published: September 2020

Objectives

The aim of the present randomized, controlled clinical multicenter trial was to compare a polyethylene glycol (PEG) and a native collagen membrane (BG) for simultaneous guided bone regeneration at bony dehiscence‐type defects around bone level titanium implants.

Material and methods

The study enrolled 117 patients requiring implant treatment in the posterior maxilla or mandible with expected buccal bony dehiscence‐type defects at the placed titanium implants. According to a parallel groups design, defects were filled with a synthetic bone filler and randomly assigned to either PEG or BG membrane. As primary parameter, the relative vertical bone fill was assessed at baseline and at re‐entry after 6 months of healing. As secondary parameters, the marginal bone level (MBL) was assessed radiographically and soft tissue conditions were recorded up to 18 months postloading.

Results

Both groups showed comparable vertical bone fill revealing a relative change in defect height of 59.7% (PEG) and 64.4% (BG). The absolute mean reduction in defect size was 2.5 mm in the PEG group and 3.2 mm in the BG group. Although both groups revealed a statistically significant mean defect reduction (p < .001), a comparison between the two groups did not show statistical significances. The non‐inferiority test with inferiority limit of −5% could not be rejected, based on the 90% confidence interval of the differences of the two means with lower limit −15.4%. After 18 months, an MBL increase of 0.45 ± 0.43 mm in the PEG group and 0.41 ± 0.81 mm in the BG group was detected (p < .001). Soft tissue complications were observed in both groups without showing statistical significance.

Conclusions

Both membranes supported bone regeneration at dehiscence‐type defects and obtained vertical bone fill with a relative change in defect height of 59.7% (PEG) and 64.4% (BG); however, the non‐inferiority of PEG could not be shown.
Formaldehyde 2% is not a useful means of detecting allergy to formaldehyde releasers— results of theESSCAnetwork, 2015‐2018
Authors: Whitehouse Heather , Uter Wolfgang , Geier Johannes , Ballmer‐Weber Barbara , Bauer Andrea , Cooper Susan , Czarnecka‐Operacz Magdalena , Dagmar Simon , Dickel Heinrich , Fortina Anna Belloni , Gallo Rosella , Giménez‐Arnau Ana M. , Johnston Graham A. , Filon Francesca Laresse , Mahler Vera , Pesonen Maria , Rustemeyer Thomas , Schuttelaar Marie L. A. , Valiukevičienė Skaidra , Weisshaar Elke , Werfel Thomas , Wilkinson Mark
Published: September 2020

Background

Studies suggest that patch testing with formaldehyde releasers (FRs) gives significant additional information to formaldehyde 1% aq. and should be considered for addition to the European baseline series (EBS). It is not known if this is also true for formaldehyde 2% aq.

Objectives

To determine the frequency of sensitization to formaldehyde 2% aq. and co‐reactivity with FRs. To establish whether there is justification for including FRs in the EBS.

Materials and Methods

A 4‐year, multi‐center retrospective analysis of patients with positive patch test reactions to formaldehyde 2% aq. and five FRs.

Results

A maximum of 15 067 patients were tested to formaldehyde 2% aq. and at least one FR. The percentage of isolated reactions to FR, without co‐reactivity to, formaldehyde 2% aq. for each FR were: 46.8% for quarternium‐15 1% pet.; 67.4% imidazolidinyl urea 2% pet.; 64% diazolidinyl urea 2% pet.; 83.3% 1,3‐dimethylol‐5, 5‐dimethyl hydantoin (DMDM) hydantoin 2% pet. and 96.3% 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol 0.5% pet. This demonstrates that co‐reactivity varies between FRs and formaldehyde, from being virtually non‐existent in 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol 0.5% pet. (Cohen's kappa: 0, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.02 to 0.02)], to only weak concordance for quaternium‐15 [Cohen's kappa: 0.22, 95%CI 0.16 to 0.28)], where Cohen's kappa value of 1 would indicate full concordance.

Conclusions

Formaldehyde 2% aq. is an inadequate screen for contact allergy to the formaldehyde releasers, which should be considered for inclusion in any series dependant on the frequency of reactions to and relevance of each individual allergen.
Co‐curation and New Museology in Reorganizing the Beit Gallery at the Mutare Museum, Eastern Zimbabwe
Authors: Chipangura Njabulo
Published: September 2020

The Mutare Museum in Eastern Zimbabwe reorganized an ethnographic collection in one of its galleries in 2016. This article will look at the processes by which traditional drums as part of this collection were reconfigured and ascribed new meanings derived from their everyday ritual uses amongst the eastern Shona community. As one of the curators involved in the researching that led to the co‐production of the exhibition I will demonstrate how we utilized new museology and co‐curatorship in integrating multiple perspectives from the community on socio‐cultural uses of traditional drums. The paper will also show connections between the community and the drums which were previously viewed as static and mute objects. Collaborating with the community in reorganizing drums in the Beit galley will be presented in the paper as a strategy embraced in decolonizing the museum practice.
Reversible left ventricular diastolic dysfunction—Overview and clinical implications
Authors: Beladan Carmen C. , Botezatu Simona , Popescu Bogdan A.
Published: September 2020

Strong evidence supports a pathophysiological link between left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) and symptoms in many patients with heart failure, including those with normal LV ejection fraction. Thus, echocardiographic assessment of LV diastolic function is currently recommended when evaluating patients with dyspnea of suspected or known cardiac origin. Beyond the well‐established role in the diagnostic algorithm of heart failure, LVDD is an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in various patient cohorts and in the general population. Moreover, several studies suggested a dynamic link between ventricular relaxation, filling dynamics, and prognosis. Thus, worsening of LVDD emerged as a marker of worse prognosis, whereas its improvement is associated with better outcomes. From this perspective, it is important for clinicians to recognize the potentially reversible causes of LVDD that can be identified and treated with symptomatic and/or prognostic benefits. The purpose of this review is to discuss several clinical conditions associated with reversible LVDD, from possible mechanisms to potential clinical implications.
Effects of cold storage on life‐history traits ofAphidius matricariae
Authors: Rezaei Mehran , Talebi Ali A. , Fathipour Yaghoub , Karimzadeh Javad , Mehrabadi Mohammad , Reddy Gadi V.P.
Published: September 2020

Aphidius matricariaeHaliday (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is a polyphagous solitary endoparasitoid, attacking more than 40 species of aphids. This parasitoid is an important commercial product of many companies that produce biological control agents. Storage at low temperature increases the shelf life of many biocontrol agents, allowing companies to provide a steady and sufficient supply of insects for biocontrol programs. In the current study, the effects of cold storage of 1‐day‐old host mummies withA. matricariaefor various time periods (5, 10, 15, 20, and 30 days) at 5 °C on the parasitoid’s key life‐history traits were investigated. Parameters assessed after storage included adult emergence rate, offspring sex ratio, adult longevity, oviposition period, fecundity, and life‐table parameters (R0, r, λ, T, and DT). Our results showed that the mummies ofA. matricariaecould be stored at 5 °C for 5 days without loss of quality and for 10–15 days with minimal reduction in quality (e.g., some reduction in adult longevity and R0). If parasitoids were stored for >15 days, quality was more strongly affected. In conclusion,A. matricariaepupae could be stored at 5 °C for up to 15 days without significant negative post‐storage effects on fitness of the parasitoid. These results could be used to improve the planning of mass rearing and mass release ofA. matricariaein augmentative biological control programs.
Predation and avoidance behaviour in aphid‐ladybird interactions of native and invasive ladybirds in Europe
Authors: Bertleff Denise , Diekmann Jette , Brand Sophia , Ünlü Ayse Gül , Bucher Roman
Published: September 2020

While detrimental effects of invasive predators on native species are well documented, we often lack a mechanistic understanding of the invasion success. Lack of prey avoidance behaviour can lead to higher consumption rates by invasive predators compared to native predators. This competitive advantage is expected to contribute to the invasion success of non‐native predators.

We compared aphid consumption and cue avoidance behaviour of aphids between four native ladybird species (Coccinella septempunctata, Adalia bipunctata, Propylea quatuordecimpunctata, and Hippodamia variegata) and the invasive Asian ladybird Harmonia axyridis.

The invasive H. axyridis and the native C. septempunctata consumed more aphids than the three smaller native ladybird species. In line with our expectations, aphids avoided leaves bearing cues of most native ladybird species but not of the invasive H. axyridis.

Our results indicate that body size rather than ladybird origin determined aphid predation rates. The lack of aphid avoidance behaviour towards cues of H. axyridis indicates that they were not able to recognise the chemical cues of the invasive predator.

Relatively large body size and the absence of cue avoidance in aphids might benefit the invasive H. axyridis, particularly in comparison to smaller native ladybird species. The absence of avoidance behaviour in aphids might lead to even higher predation rates of H. axyridis under more natural conditions.
Variance in cortical depth across the brain surface: Implications for transcranial stimulation of the brain
Authors: Davis Nick J.
Published: September 2020

The distance between the surface of the scalp and the surface of the grey matter of the brain is a key factor in determining the effective dose of non‐invasive brain stimulation for an individual person. The highly folded nature of the cortical surface means that the depth of a particular brain area is likely to vary between individuals. The question addressed here is: what is the variability of this measure of cortical depth? Ninety‐four anatomical MRI images were taken from the OASIS database. For each image, the minimum distance from each point in the grey matter to the scalp surface was determined. Transforming these estimates into standard space meant that the coefficient of variation could be determined across the sample. The results indicated that depth variability is high across the cortical surface, even when taking sulcal depth into account. This was true even for the primary visual and motor areas, which are often used in setting TMS dosage. The correlation of the depth of these areas and the depth of other brain areas was low. The results suggest that dose setting of TMS based on visual or evoked potentials may offer poor reliability, and that individual brain images should be used when targeting non‐primary brain areas.
Rapid adaptive evolution to drought in a subset of plant traits in a large‐scale climate change experiment
Authors: Metz Johannes , Lampei Christian , Bäumler Laura , Bocherens Hervé , Dittberner Hannes , Henneberg Lorenz , de Meaux Juliette , Tielbörger Katja
Published: September 2020

Rapid evolution of traits and of plasticity may enable adaptation to climate change, yet solid experimental evidence under natural conditions is scarce. Here, we imposed rainfall manipulations (+30%, control, −30%) for 10 years on entire natural plant communities in two Eastern Mediterranean sites. Additional sites along a natural rainfall gradient and selection analyses in a greenhouse assessed whether potential responses were adaptive. In both sites, our annual target species Biscutella didyma consistently evolved earlier phenology and higher reproductive allocation under drought. Multiple arguments suggest that this response was adaptive: it aligned with theory, corresponding trait shifts along the natural rainfall gradient, and selection analyses under differential watering in the greenhouse. However, another seven candidate traits did not evolve, and there was little support for evolution of plasticity. Our results provide compelling evidence for rapid adaptive evolution under climate change. Yet, several non‐evolving traits may indicate potential constraints to full adaptation.