bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Origin of language and origin of languages
Authors: Graffi Giorgio
Published: April 2019

The question of monogenesis vs. polygenesis of human languages was essentially neglected by contemporary linguistics until the appearance of the research on the genetics of human populations by L. L. Cavalli-Sforza and his collaborators, which brought to light very exciting parallels between the distribution of human populations and that of language families. The present paper highlights some aspects of the history of the problem and some points of the contemporary discussion. We first outline the “Biblical paradigm”, which persisted until the 18th century even in scientific milieus. Then, we outline some aspects of the 19th century debate about monogenesis vs. polygenesis of languages and about the relationships between languages and human populations: in particular, we will discuss the views of Darwin on the one hand and of some linguists on the other (Schleicher, M. Müller, Whitney and Trombetti). It will be seen that their positions only partly coincide; at any rate, it will be shown that Darwin was partly inspired by the problems of the genealogy of languages and that the linguists, for their part, took account of Darwin’s views. Turning to today’s debate, we first present the positions of the linguists arguing for monogenesis, namely J. Greenberg and M. Ruhlen, as well as the criticisms raised against their methods by the majority of linguists. Other scholars, such as D. Bickerton or N. Chomsky, essentially argue, from different points of view, that the problem of monogenesis vs. polygenesis of languages is a “pseudo-problem”. We however think that, although the question cannot be reasonably solved by linguistic means, it cannot be discarded as meaningless: it is an anthropological rather than a linguistic problem. We present some reflections and suggestions, in the light of which the monogenetic hypothesis appears as more tenable than the polygenetic one.
The (en)rich(ed) meaning of expletive negation
Authors: Delfitto Denis , Melloni Chiara , Vender Maria
Published: April 2019

This contribution addresses the issue of one of the instances of non-standard negation, the so-called expletive negation (EN). Though it discusses data from a variety of languages, it mainly concentrates on Italian, proposing that the behavior of EN in comparative, exclamative and temporal clauses warrants an analysis of EN in terms of an operator of implicature denial. This approach derives the fact that EN is truth-conditionally irrelevant from the fact that the semantics of negation as a truth-value reversal operator is shifted, in the case of EN, to the layer of implicated meaning. The analysis has a number of interesting consequences for the notion of metalinguistic negation. It further derives many of the interpretive effects normally linked to the so-called evaluative analysis of EN, and is compatible with a new set of data showing that EN scopally interacts with other negative elements. Finally, the proposal advanced here has a number of non-trivial implications regarding the relation between morphosyntax and the systems of interpretation, potentially affecting the standard view of language within cognition.
Inflectional and derivational morphological awareness in Arabic-speaking High versus Low EFL literacy students
Authors: Saiegh-Haddad Elinor , Elouty Arige
Published: April 2019

This paper investigates morphological awareness for inflected and derived words among high versus low literacy
students of English as a foreign language in the 5th, 7th and 9th grades. The study experimented with Arabic L1 students and
tested inflectional morphological awareness (IMA) and derivational morphological awareness (DMA) separately using the Word
Analogy task. Results demonstrate generally less developed morphological awareness skills in low as against high EFL
literacy students. Moreover, significant differences between IMA and DMA in favor on IMA were observed in both groups of students
and across all grades. This appears to reflect the distributional and linguistic properties of the two morphological systems.
Moreover, though morphological awareness emerged rather early in EFL learning, differences between the two morphological systems
decreased, though remained significant, as grade level increased. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings, as
well as the potential role of Arabic as L1, are discussed.
Variation in Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī Sindhī orthographies
Authors: Iyengar Arvind
Published: April 2019

The Sindhī language has been written in numerous scripts throughout its history. However, in the twentieth century, Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī emerged as the dominant scripts for the language. Today, Perso-Arabic is the sole official script for Sindhī in Pakistan, while both Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī are in concurrent use for the language in India. This paper identifies and analyses areas of orthographic standardisation and variation in the Perso-Arabic and Devanāgarī scripts for Sindhī, focusing primarily on practices in the Indian context. It first classifies orthographic variation into that stemming from phonological ambiguity, and that which is purely graphematic. The former includes the representation of reduced vowels, gemination, vocalic endings, loanwords, consonant clusters and sounds of unclear phonemic status. The latter includes the shapes and positioning of diacritics, allographs, derivative graphemes and collation orders. The paper concludes by summarising the possible pedagogical implications of such orthographic standardisation and variation.
Proteomic characterisation of leech microglia extracellular vesicles (EVs): comparison between differential ultracentrifugation and Optiprep™ density gradient isolation
Authors: Arab T , Raffo‐Romero A , Van Camp C , Lemaire Q , Le Marrec‐Croq F , Drago F , Aboulouard S , Slomianny C , Lacoste A‐S , Guigon I , Touzet H , Salzet M , Fournier I , Lefebvre C , Vizioli J , Sautière P‐E
Published: April 2019

In Mammals, microglial cells are considered as the resident immune cells in central nervous system (CNS). Many studies demonstrated that, after injury, these cells are activated and recruited at the lesion site. Leech microglia present a similar pattern of microglial activation and migration upon experimental lesion of CNS. This activation is associated with the release of a large amount of extracellular vesicles (EVs). We collected EVs released by microglia primary culture and compared two different protocols of isolation: one with differential ultracentrifugation (UC) and one using an additional Optiprep™ Density Gradient (ODG) ultracentrifugation. Nanoparticles tracking analysis (NTA) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to assess vesicles size and morphology. The protein content of isolated EVs was assessed by mass spectrometry approaches. Results showed the presence of EV‐specific proteins in both procedures. The extensive proteomic analysis of each single ODG fractions confirmed the efficiency of this protocol in limiting the presence of co‐isolated proteins aggregates and other membranous particles during vesicles isolation. The present study permitted for the first time the characterisation of microglial EV protein content in an annelid model. Interestingly, an important amount of proteins found in leech vesicles was previously described in EV‐specific databases. Finally, purified EVs were assessed for neurotrophic activity and promote neurites outgrowth on primary cultured neurons.
Constant spacing in filament bundles
Authors: Atkinson Daria W , Santangelo Christian D , Grason Gregory M
Published: April 2019

Assemblies of one-dimensional filaments appear in a wide range of physical systems: from biopolymer bundles, columnar liquid crystals, and superconductor vortex arrays; to familiar macroscopic materials, like ropes, cables, and textiles. Interactions between the constituent filaments in such systems are most sensitive to the distance of closest approach between the central curves which approximate their configuration, subjecting these distinct assemblies to common geometric constraints. In this paper, we consider two distinct notions of constant spacing in multi-filament packings in

R

3

: equidistance, where the distance of closest approach is constant along the length of filament pairs; and isometry, where the distances of closest approach between all neighboring filaments are constant and equal. We show that, although any smooth curve in

R

3

permits one dimensional families of collinear equidistant curves belonging to a ruled surface, there are only two families of tangent fields with mutually equidistant integral curves in

R

3

. The relative shapes and configurations of curves in these families are highly constrained: they must be either (isometric) developable domains, which can bend, but not twist; or (non-isometric) constant-pitch helical bundles, which can twist, but not bend. Thus, filament textures that are simultaneously bent and twisted, such as twisted toroids of condensed DNA plasmids or wire ropes, are doubly frustrated: twist frustrates constant neighbor spacing in the cross-section, while non-equidistance requires additional longitudinal variations of spacing along the filaments. To illustrate the consequences of the failure of equidistance, we compare spacing in three ‘almost equidistant’ ansatzes for twisted toroidal bundles and use our formulation of equidistance to construct upper bounds on the growth of longitudinal variations of spacing with bundle thickness.
A sufficient condition for the finiteness of Frobenius test exponents
Authors: Maddox Kyle
Published: April 2019

The Frobenius test exponent

Fte
⁡
(
R
)

\operatorname {Fte}(R)

of a local ring

(
R
,

m

)

(R,\mathfrak {m})

of prime characteristic

p
>
0

p>0

is the smallest

e
0

∈

N

e_0 \in \mathbb {N}

such that for every ideal

q

\mathfrak {q}

generated by a (full) system of parameters, the Frobenius closure

q

F

\mathfrak {q}^F

has
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="left-parenthesis German q Superscript upper F Baseline right-parenthesis Superscript left-bracket p Super Superscript e 0 Superscript right-bracket Baseline equals German q Superscript left-bracket p Super Superscript e 0 Superscript right-bracket">

(

q

F

)

[

p

e
0

]

=

q

[

p

e
0

]

(\mathfrak {q}^F)^{\left [p^{e_0}\right ]}=\mathfrak {q}^{\left [ p^{e_0}\right ]}

. We establish a sufficient condition for

Fte
⁡
(
R
)
>
∞

\operatorname {Fte}(R)>\infty

and use it to show that if

R
R

is such that the Frobenius closure of the zero submodule in the lower local cohomology modules has finite colength, i.e.,

H

m

j

(
R
)

/

0

H

m

j

(
R
)

F

H^j_\mathfrak {m}(R)/0^F_{H^j_\mathfrak {m}(R)}

is finite length for

0
≤
j
>
dim
⁡
(
R
)

0 \le j > \dim (R)

, then

Fte
⁡
(
R
)
>
∞

\operatorname {Fte}(R)>\infty

.
Two solutions for a planar equation with combined nonlinearities and critical growth
Authors: Furtado Marcelo
Published: April 2019

We prove the existence of two nonnegative nontrivial solutions for the equation
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="minus normal upper Delta u minus one half left-parenthesis x dot nabla u right-parenthesis equals lamda a left-parenthesis x right-parenthesis StartAbsoluteValue u EndAbsoluteValue Superscript q minus 2 Baseline u plus f left-parenthesis u right-parenthesis comma x element-of double-struck upper R squared comma">

−
Δ
u
−

1
2

(
x
⋅
∇
u
)
=
λ
a
(
x
)

|

u

|

q
−
2

u
+
f
(
u
)
,

x
∈

R

2

,

\begin{equation*} -\Delta u -\frac {1}{2} (x\cdot \nabla u) = \lambda a(x)|u|^{q-2}u+f(u),\qquad x\in \mathbb {R}^2, \end{equation*}

where

1
>
q
>
2

1>q>2

,

a
a

is indefinite in sign, and the function

f
(
s
)

f(s)

behaves like

e

α

s
2

e^{\alpha s^2}

at infinity. The results hold for small values of the parameter

λ
>
0

\lambda >0

.
Microtubule bundling by MAP65-1 protects against severing by inhibiting the binding of katanin
Authors: Burkart Graham M. , Dixit Ram
Published: April 2019

The microtubule-severing enzyme katanin (KTN1) regulates the organization and turnover of microtubule arrays by the localized breakdown of microtubule polymers. In land plants, KTN1 activity is essential for the formation of linearly organized cortical microtubule arrays that determine the axis of cell expansion. Cell biological studies have shown that even though KTN1 binds to the sidewalls of single and bundled microtubules, severing activity is restricted to microtubule cross-over and nucleation sites, indicating that cells contain protective mechanisms to prevent indiscriminate microtubule severing. Here, we show that the microtubule-bundling protein MAP65-1 inhibits KTN1-mediated microtubule severing in vitro. Severing is inhibited at bundled microtubule segments and the severing rate of nonbundled microtubules is reduced by MAP65-1 in a concentration-dependent manner. Using various MAP65-1 mutant proteins, we demonstrate that efficient cross-linking of microtubules is crucial for this protective effect and that microtubule binding alone is not sufficient. Reduced severing due to microtubule bundling by MAP65-1 correlated to decreased binding of KTN1 to these microtubules. Taken together, our work reveals that cross-linking of microtubules by MAP65-1 confers resistance to severing by inhibiting the binding of KTN1 and identifies the structural features of MAP65-1 that are important for this activity.
Using the Self-Controlled Tree-Temporal Scan Statistic to Assess the Safety of Live Attenuated Herpes Zoster Vaccine
Authors: Yih W Katherine , Kulldorff Martin , Dashevsky Inna , Maro Judith C
Published: April 2019

The self-controlled tree-temporal scan statistic allows detection of potential vaccine- or drug-associated adverse events without prespecifying the specific events or postexposure risk intervals of concern. It thus opens a promising new avenue for safety studies. The method has been successfully used to evaluate the safety of 2 vaccines for adolescents and young adults, but its suitability to study vaccines for older adults had not been established. The present study applied the method to assess the safety of live attenuated herpes zoster vaccination during 2011–2017 in US adults aged ≥60 years, using claims data from Truven Health MarketScan Research Databases. Counts of International Classification of Diseases diagnosis codes recorded in emergency department or hospital settings were scanned for any statistically unusual clustering within a hierarchical tree structure of diagnoses and within 42 days after vaccination. Among 1.24 million vaccinations, 4 clusters were found: cellulitis on days 1–3, nonspecific erythematous condition on days 2–4, “other complications . . .” on days 1–3, and nonspecific allergy on days 1–6. These results are consistent with local injection-site reactions and other known, generally mild, vaccine-associated adverse events and a favorable safety profile. This method might be useful for assessing the safety of other vaccines for older adults.
Insights from the study of complex systems for the ecology and evolution of animal populations
Authors: Fisher David N , Pruitt Jonathan N
Published: April 2019

Populations of animals comprise many individuals, interacting in multiple contexts, and displaying heterogeneous behaviors. The interactions among individuals can often create population dynamics that are fundamentally deterministic yet display unpredictable dynamics. Animal populations can, therefore, be thought of as complex systems. Complex systems display properties such as nonlinearity and uncertainty and show emergent properties that cannot be explained by a simple sum of the interacting components. Any system where entities compete, cooperate, or interfere with one another may possess such qualities, making animal populations similar on many levels to complex systems. Some fields are already embracing elements of complexity to help understand the dynamics of animal populations, but a wider application of complexity science in ecology and evolution has not occurred. We review here how approaches from complexity science could be applied to the study of the interactions and behavior of individuals within animal populations and highlight how this way of thinking can enhance our understanding of population dynamics in animals. We focus on 8 key characteristics of complex systems: hierarchy, heterogeneity, self-organization, openness, adaptation, memory, nonlinearity, and uncertainty. For each topic we discuss how concepts from complexity theory are applicable in animal populations and emphasize the unique insights they provide. We finish by outlining outstanding questions or predictions to be evaluated using behavioral and ecological data. Our goal throughout this article is to familiarize animal ecologists with the basics of each of these concepts and highlight the new perspectives that they could bring to variety of subfields.
Pathogenic budding yeasts isolated outside of clinical settings
Authors: Opulente Dana A , Langdon Quinn K , Buh Kelly V , Haase Max A B , Sylvester Kayla , Moriarty Ryan V , Jarzyna Martin , Considine Samantha L , Schneider Rachel M , Hittinger Chris Todd
Published: April 2019

Budding yeasts are distributed across a wide range of habitats, including as human commensals. However, under some conditions, these commensals can cause superficial, invasive, and even lethal infections. Despite their importance to human health, little is known about the ecology of these opportunistic pathogens, aside from their associations with mammals and clinical environments. During a survey of approximately 1000 non-clinical samples across the United States of America, we isolated 54 strains of budding yeast species considered opportunistic pathogens, including Candida albicans and Candida (Nakaseomyces) glabrata. We found that, as a group, pathogenic yeasts were positively associated with fruits and soil environments, whereas the species Pichia kudriavzevii (syn. Candida krusei syn. Issatchenkia orientalis) had a significant association with plants. Of the four species that cause 95% of candidiasis, we found a positive association with soil. These results suggest that pathogenic yeast ecology is more complex and diverse than is currently appreciated and raises the possibility that these additional environments could be a point of contact for human infections.
Standard-Dose Intradermal Influenza Vaccine Elicits Cellular Immune Responses Similar to Those of Intramuscular Vaccine in Men With and Those Without HIV Infection
Authors: Amoah Samuel , Mishina Margarita , Praphasiri Prabda , Cao Weiping , Kim Jin Hyang , Liepkalns Justine S , Guo Zhu , Carney Paul J , Chang Jessie C , Fernandez Stefan , Garg Shikha , Beacham Lauren , Holtz Timothy H , Curlin Marcel E , Dawood Fatimah , Olsen Sonja J , Gangappa Shivaprakash , Stevens James , Sambhara Suryaprakash
Published: April 2019

Background

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)–infected persons are at a higher risk of severe influenza. Although we have shown that a standard-dose intradermal influenza vaccine versus a standard-dose intramuscular influenza vaccine does not result in differences in hemagglutination-inhibition titers in this population, a comprehensive examination of cell-mediated immune responses remains lacking.

Methods

Serological, antigen-specific B-cell, and interleukin 2–, interferon γ–, and tumor necrosis factor α–secreting T-cell responses were assessed in 79 HIV-infected men and 79 HIV-uninfected men.

Results

The route of vaccination did not affect the immunoglobulin A and immunoglobulin G (IgG) plasmablast or memory B-cell response, although these were severely impaired in the group with a CD4+ T-cell count of <200 cells/μL. The frequencies of IgG memory B cells measured on day 28 after vaccination were highest in the HIV-uninfected group, followed by the group with a CD4+ T-cell count of ≥200 cells/μL and the group with a CD4+ T-cell count of <200 cells/μL. The route of vaccination did not affect the CD4+ or CD8+ T-cell responses measured at various times after vaccination.

Conclusions

The route of vaccination had no effect on antibody responses, antibody avidity, T-cell responses, or B-cell responses in HIV-infected or HIV-uninfected subjects. With the serological and cellular immune responses to influenza vaccination being impaired in HIV-infected individuals with a CD4+ T-cell count of <200 cells/μL, passive immunization strategies need to be explored to protect this population.

Clinical trials registration

NCT01538940.
Pathomechanisms of immune-mediated alopecia
Authors: Anzai Alessandra , Wang Eddy Hsi Chun , Lee Eunice Y , Aoki Valeria , Christiano Angela M
Published: April 2019

The hair follicle (HF) is a complex mini-organ that constantly undergoes dynamic cycles of growth and regression throughout life. While proper progression of the hair cycle requires homeostatic interplay between the HF and its immune microenvironment, specific parts of the HF, such as the bulge throughout the hair cycle and the bulb in the anagen phase, maintain relative immune privilege (IP). When this IP collapses, inflammatory infiltrates that aggregate around the bulge and bulb launch an immune attack on the HF, resulting in hair loss or alopecia. Alopecia areata (AA) and primary cicatricial alopecia (PCA) are two common forms of immune-mediated alopecias, and recent advancements in understanding their disease mechanisms have accelerated the discovery of novel treatments for immune-mediated alopecias, specifically AA. In this review, we highlight the pathomechanisms involved in both AA and CA in hopes that a deeper understanding of their underlying disease pathogenesis will encourage the development of more effective treatments that can target distinct disease pathways with greater specificity while minimizing adverse effects.
Genetic variation and relationships among Afrotropical species of Myotis (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae)
Authors: Patterson Bruce D , Webala Paul W , Kerbis Peterhans Julian C , Goodman Steven M , Bartonjo Michael , Demos Terrence C
Published: April 2019

The genus Myotis is nearly cosmopolitan and the second-most speciose genus of mammals, but its Afrotropical members are few and poorly known. We analyzed phylogenetic and phylogeographic relationships of six of the eight known Afrotropical species using Cytb and sequences from four nuclear introns. Using Bayesian and maximum-likelihood approaches to generate single-locus, concatenated, and species trees, we confirmed prior evidence that the clade containing Afrotropical Myotis also contains both Palearctic and Indomalayan members. Additionally, we demonstrate that M. bocagii is sister to the Indian Ocean species M. anjouanensis, that this group is sister to M. tricolor and the Palearctic M. emarginatus, and find evidence suggesting that M. welwitschii is the earliest-diverging Afrotropical species and sister to the remainder. Although M. tricolor and M. welwitschii are both currently regarded as monotypic, both mitochondrial and nuclear data sets document significant, largely concordant geographic structure in each. Evidence for the distinction of two lineages within M. tricolor is particularly strong. On the other hand, geographic structure is lacking in M. bocagii, despite the current recognition of two subspecies in that species. Additional geographic sampling (especially at or near type localities), finer-scale sampling (especially in zones of sympatry), and integrative taxonomic assessments will be needed to better document this radiation and refine its nomenclature.
Couple Interventions for Same-Sex Couples
Authors: Pepping Christopher A. , Halford W. Kim , Lyons Anthony
Published: April 2019

This chapter reviews the emerging field of couple interventions for same-sex couples. It outlines the evidence base for couple relationship education and couple therapy based on research with heterosexual couples. It reviews data pertaining to relationship stability and relationship satisfaction of same-sex couples and also the similarities and differences in the predictors of relationship outcomes between heterosexual and same-sex couples. The differences suggest modifications are required, including addressing the role of external influences on couple functioning, the role of dyadic coping to buffer effects of minority stress, non-monogamous relationships, and managing disclosure of one’s relationship. Currently, there is modest uptake of couple services among same-sex couples, and this chapter offers suggestions to enhance the relevance and inclusivity of couple interventions. It concludes by proposing a number of future research directions, including examining the efficacy of couple interventions for same-sex couples and evaluating innovations to increase same-sex couples’ access to services.
Sexual Minority Parent Families
Authors: Goldberg Abbie E. , Frost Reihonna L. , Noyola Néstor
Published: April 2019

Parents’ preparedness for parenthood and their parenting skills have important implications for child development and family functioning. Thus, there is great value in addressing parents’ parenting skills via prevention and intervention. Yet despite a modest literature on the use of empirically validated parenting interventions with heterosexual couples, even less work has examined the utility or validity of empirically validated parenting interventions for lesbian, gay, bisexual, or queer (LGBQ) parents. This chapter provides an overview of select research on LGBQ family building, the transition to parenthood, and parenthood, followed by a discussion of evidence-based parenting interventions. It attends to ways in which the LGBQ parenting research can inform unique considerations or modifications to existing intervention approaches. It concludes with a case study that illustrates some of the challenges that a lesbian couple might face in building their family and navigating parenting issues.
Anxiety Disorders and Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Holt Natalie R. , Ralston Allura L. , Hope Debra A.
Published: April 2019

Individuals who identify as lesbian, gay, or bisexual (LGB) are at elevated risk for anxiety disorders and obsessive–compulsive disorder, likely due to the mental health impact of stigma-related stress. Effective psychosocial interventions, especially cognitive–behavior therapies, can reduce symptoms and improve quality of life. This chapter reviews the research and clinical literature to describe adaptations that may be needed at each point of therapy from initial assessment and case conceptualization to effective intervention. Consideration of intersectionality between LGB identities and other identities, such as race, ethnicity, and HIV status, highlights the importance of recognizing the multiple identities a client may have. Case vignettes bridge the gap between the research and clinical literature and implementation of the recommendations.
Evidence-Based Approaches for Treating Depression Among Sexual and Gender Minority Clients
Authors: Martell Christopher R.
Published: April 2019

Although depression is one of the most prevalent psychological disorders in the general population, it is even more prevalent in lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ) communities. Psychological treatments for depression have demonstrated efficacy, and this chapter reviews the research literature on depression in sexual minority communities and on the efficacy of treatments. Established treatments for depression do not need to be modified extensively for sexual minority clients. However, particular vulnerabilities need to be taken into account and addressed when working with this population. In this chapter, cognitive, behavioral, and interpersonal therapies for depression are reviewed, and their relevance to work with sexual minority clients is described. The chapter also presents an example of LGBTQ-affirmative cognitive–behavioral therapy for depression.
Application of Evidence-Based Practices for Trauma-Related Disorders Among Sexual Minority Women
Authors: Kaysen Debra , Lehavot Keren , Dworkin Emily R.
Published: April 2019

This chapter describes the prevalence of trauma exposure and related mental health disorders among sexual minority women (SMW). It reviews theoretical models that explain the ways in which trauma exposure among SMW may lead to mental health concerns, including minority stress, insidious trauma, and psychological mediation theoretical frameworks, as well as how other theoretical frameworks such as emotional processing theory and social cognitive theory may be applied to SMW. The chapter then briefly reviews the literature on assessment and on leading treatment approaches for trauma-related disorders in the general population, and it discusses how these may be tailored for SMW. Throughout the chapter, illustrative case examples of how to apply these principles with SMW are presented. Finally, it concludes with future directions and emerging trends in the field.
An Evidence-Based Approach to Conceptualizing Trauma Responses Among Transgender and Gender Nonconforming Adults
Authors: Shipherd Jillian C. , Valentine Sarah E. , Woulfe Julie
Published: April 2019

Transgender and gender nonconforming (TGNC) people face stigma, discrimination, and trauma at rates that are startlingly high. Providers interested in offering care to TGNC people must be well-versed in the effects of these types of experiences as part of providing affirmative care. This chapter provides an overview of the literature on these adverse experiences and their sequelae, offers a framework for understanding the effects of these exposures, and provides guidance on treatment conceptualization. First, it discusses the various types of adverse events to which TGNC people may be exposed. Second, it reviews the literature on the prevalence of each type of exposure. Third, it discusses the common symptoms associated with exposure to various adverse experiences. Fourth, it describes a cumulative stress model to assist with case conceptualization. Finally, it summarizes the limitations of the empirical literature and offers an illustrative case example that is trauma-informed and affirmative to transgender identities.
Treating Children Exposed to Intimate Partner Violence within the Context of Child Custody Disputes
Authors: Saini Michael A. , Romano Elisa , Weegar Kelly , Zak Sarah , Gallitto Elena
Published: April 2019

Intimate partner violence (IPV) in the context of child custody disputes is a challenging and complex reality for many children and their families. The aim of this chapter is to provide a comprehensive overview and analysis of interventions for children exposed to IPV. The goal is to assist mental health and family law professionals to consider the various modalities and practice approaches for intervening with children exposed to IPV within the context of child custody disputes, while ultimately improving parenting plans that best meet the needs of children exposed to violence. The focus of this chapter is on the unique realities, consequences, and treatment options for children exposed to IPV. With a focus on children, the authors summarize the most current social science research regarding the effects on children exposed to IPV. They then address screening and assessment protocols that have been developed to detect the presence of IPV within families, specifically considering the applications of these protocols to the context of child custody disputes. They then review the various treatment approaches and models developed to treat children exposed to IPV. Lastly, the authors provide practical considerations for developing treatment plans for children exposed to IPV within the context of child custody disputes.
Building and Managing Collaborative Teams
Authors: Sullivan Matthew J.
Published: April 2019

This chapter addresses the importance of collaborative teams in addressing the needs of court-involved families. Families may have a number of mental health and other service providers addressing complex family needs, who may unintentionally become caught up in the dynamics of family conflict if there is not adequate coordination among them. Creating and managing effective professional teams requires a highly qualified team leader, who may be a parenting coordinator or a judicial officer who has the time and expertise for detailed case management. This chapter describes issues to consider and a model for collaborating with attorneys, selecting and working with existing mental health providers, and resolving issues and conflicts that may arise among professionals and nonprofessionals engaged with the family system. It provides guidance to sensitively managing the sharing of information and to address compliance interventions to increase the effectiveness of services.
Body Image Flexibility
Authors: Sandoz Emily K. , Webb Jennifer B. , Rogers Courtney B. , Squyres Emily
Published: April 2019

As part of a growing movement to emphasize the positive aspects of body image, an increasing amount of research has been devoted to the study of body image flexibility. By definition, this process-oriented construct encompasses the ability to embrace a present-moment experience of potentially distressing emotions and cognitions related to the body, particularly when doing so allows for pursuit of life values. This chapter briefly reviews the relevant literature pertaining to body image flexibility, including its conceptual roots, measurement, correlates, role in moderation and mediation analyses, and related intervention research. Despite limitations, the extant literature base suggests that this construct is both a unique and an important concept to consider; moreover, it holds promise for informing future efforts to better understand and improve this type of adaptive response to the body. Future directions for research, such as the development of more process-oriented assessment and examination utilizing experimental methods, are highlighted.
Broad Conceptualization of Beauty
Authors: Tylka Tracy L.
Published: April 2019

A theme of broadly conceptualizing beauty has emerged in interviews of adolescent and adult women who espouse a positive body image. Broadly conceptualizing beauty is perceiving many looks, appearances, and body sizes/shapes as beautiful and drawing from inner characteristics (e.g., confidence) when determining an individual’s beauty. This chapter first discusses the relevance of broadly conceptualizing beauty to theory, research, and practice on girls’ and women’s positive embodiment. Next, this chapter presents the Broad Conceptualization of Beauty Scale (BCBS), which assesses women’s attitudes toward other women’s beauty. The BCBS has been shown to yield evidence of reliability and validity among community samples of women. It can also be combined with an item from the Body Appreciation Scale-2, which assesses self-beauty, to obtain a more comprehensive assessment of women’s tendency to broadly conceptualize beauty (i.e., within themselves and others). The chapter ends by discussing future research and clinical considerations for this construct.
Environments that Cultivate Positive Embodiment Through Mindful Movement
Authors: Greenleaf Christy , Hauff Caitlyn
Published: April 2019

While exercise is often thought of as a means to maintain and improve the body, there is potential to revolutionize the exercise experience as one that supports embodiment and mindful physical movement. The first part of this chapter explores how to transform traditional exercise spaces (i.e., fitness centers, weight rooms, competitive sport environments) into places that encourage positive embodiment. Special attention is paid to ways sport leaders can create climates that focus on process, experience, and mindfulness, as well as ways traditional exercise spaces can enhance self-care, size inclusivity, and intuitive exercise. The second part of this chapter provides examples of how nontraditional exercise practices (i.e., dance, Zumba, functional fitness) can serve as innovative means to enable positive embodiment experiences through mindful movement. Last, the utilization of social media as a space to share positive exercise experiences that promote body acceptance and body inclusivity is discussed.
Negotiating Gender Roles to Enact Body Appreciation and Positive Embodiment
Authors: Murnen Sarah K. , Smolak Linda
Published: April 2019

In American culture, men experience greater body appreciation and less body dissatisfaction than women. To help explain these findings, this chapter examines theory and data concerning the relationship between gender role expectations and women’s and men’s embodiment. Data show that traditional feminine roles promote a focus on appearance and self-objectification that is negatively associated with body empowerment, while traditional masculine roles promote more functional body experiences associated with greater embodiment. This chapter discusses how gender roles can be changed to promote positive embodiment. According to social role theory, traditional gender roles result from, and help support, a gender unequal society. Feminism has led to some change in gender roles, but more change is needed, such as encouragement of caretaking among boys and men and instrumental traits and roles for girls and women. There is also the need to render people less vulnerable to body image pressures, supporting body empowerment during development.
Acceptance, Activism, and Freedom from Bullying
Authors: Frisén Ann , Gattario Kristina Holmqvist , Berne Sofia
Published: April 2019

The Internet and especially social networking sites provide potent contexts for the formation of individuals’ views of their bodies and appearance. So far, however, research has almost exclusively focused on the negative aspects of these experiences. This chapter proposes that the online context can also be an influential context for positive body-related experiences. In order to make the online context a more positive arena, appearance-related cyberbullying needs to be stopped. Therefore, this chapter starts with a review of appearance-related cyberbullying and elaborates on what can be done about this growing problem. The second part concerns the positive aspects of body image–defining experiences online, such as body acceptance and body activism movements, which may promote positive body image and embodiment. How the online context may constitute an arena for exploration of alternative ideals, resistant communications, and body activism is discussed.
Media Literacy Interventions to Facilitate Positive Body Image and Embodiment
Authors: Wilksch Simon
Published: April 2019

This chapter explores the media literacy approach to body image and eating disorder risk reduction through a positive body image and embodiment lens. While most media literacy research in the field to date has focused on reducing eating disorder risk factors, available evidence is discussed for how media literacy programs can impact the physical, mental, and social power domains relevant to the developmental theory of embodiment. The media literacy approach appears well suited to investigations of positive body image and embodiment. While media literacy primarily focuses on reducing the perceived importance of appearance and weight, the mechanism by which this is achieved needs further exploration where it is likely that such “positive” features play an important part.
Behavior Assessment
Authors: Wright Sarah J. , Helbig Kate A. , Schrieber Stefanie R. , Derieux James R. , Dart Evan H.
Published: April 2019

Behavior assessment describes the process of quantifying an operant dimension of student behavior, such that decisions can be made about the need for or effect of interventions. Assessment of behavior is essential to the successful implementation of intervention strategies, with failure of interventions often being attributed to lack of adequate assessment. The chapter describes the four primary purposes of behavioral assessment: universal screening, pre-intervention assessment, progress monitoring, and summative assessment. Next, the chapter describes various methods for assessment of behavior that may be utilized in school settings. Information is provided regarding direct behavior assessment and systematic direct observation, as well as systems for collecting such data on individual students and groups of students. Indirect behavior assessment through interviews, rating scales, office discipline referrals, and direct behavior ratings are also discussed. Finally, issues related to applied use of the described assessment tools are described.
General Model of Service Delivery for School-Based Interventions
Authors: Kilgus Stephen P. , von der Embse Nathaniel P.
Published: April 2019

Substantial research has been devoted to various models of intervention delivery within school systems. Multi-tiered systems of support (MTSS) is an educational service-delivery model in which all students are provided academic and behavioral supports that are matched to need and skill level. A key feature of MTSS frameworks is the ongoing use of data to inform treatment (i.e., intervention) decisions of increasing intensity. That is, MTSS frameworks are tiered models that provide universal (Tier I), secondary (Tier II), and tertiary (Tier III) supports that are explicitly matched to student need. Students’ responsiveness to interventions are then monitored in determining whether students require alternative supports of differing intensity. MTSS, in which intervention intensity is increased dependent on failure to respond to interventions of lesser intensity, has been found to be an effective intervention delivery model. The chapter describes the implementation of MTSS, including specific applications within a Positive Behavioral Interventions and Supports (PBIS) model and Response to Intervention model. Finally, the chapter presents a general data-based problem-solving model that can be utilized to evaluate intervention effect across all levels of support.
Function-Based Interventions
Authors: Vance Michael J.
Published: April 2019

Knowing why a student behaves in a particular way is essential when developing individualized interventions, and matching function to intervention is likely to result in improved student outcomes. Contrasting behavior interventions that do not address behavior function, the main goal of function-based behavior interventions is to disrupt the relationship between a specific problem behavior and its reinforcing consequence. In theory, by providing the hypothesized reinforcing consequence (e.g., attention) contingent on a less effortful functionally equivalent behavior or by withholding the reinforcing consequence when the target behavior is exhibited, the target behavior will cease to be functional and can be reduced or eliminated. This chapter will not focus on the process of conducting a functional behavior assessment but will instead provide a guide for practitioners as they match identified functions to individualized intervention strategies. This chapter will pay particular focus on differential reinforcement strategies.
Legal and Ethical Considerations for Providing Behavior Interventions in Schools
Authors: Klingbeil David A. , Maurice Samuel A. , Schramm Amber L.
Published: April 2019

Practitioners supporting the implementation of behavior interventions must be aware of the relevant legal and ethical considerations pertinent to these services. The purpose of this chapter is to provide readers with a review of the ethical and legal issues that must be considered regarding the implementation of school-based behavior interventions. First, the chapter reviews relevant laws governing the use of school-based behavior interventions. Second, it reviews the ethical codes of three professional organizations to highlight considerations for providing behavior interventions. Third, it identifies broad ethical and legal issues that are relevant across several aspects of service delivery. Fourth, it provides a more comprehensive review of the ethical and legal considerations for four issues that may be the most pertinent for practitioners. Fifth, the chapter discusses ethical decision-making and reviews a systematic problem-solving model. Finally, it reviews ethical challenges reported by practitioners in previous empirical work that are related to behavior interventions.
Introduction
Authors: Roy Amy Krain , Brotman Melissa A. , Leibenluft Ellen
Published: April 2019

Pediatric irritability is one of the most common reasons for mental health evaluation and treatment. Irritability is transdiagnostic; while it is the hallmark symptom of disruptive mood dysregulation disorder, a new diagnosis in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5), it also appears in the diagnostic criteria for several mood, anxiety, and behavioral disorders and is a common correlate in others. The past 15 years have witnessed a rise in clinical neuroscience studies of pediatric irritability, resulting in significant advances in our understanding of its neural, genetic, psychophysiological, and behavioral correlates. These advances are detailed in the chapters in this volume. There is a particular focus on the implications of these findings for assessment and treatment of irritable youth, along with suggestions for further research.
Irritability Development from Middle Childhood Through Adolescence
Authors: Kiefer Cynthia , Wiggins Jillian Lee
Published: April 2019

The current review traces the longitudinal course of pediatric irritability from middle childhood through adulthood. Irritability is a symptom dimension characterized by angry mood and temper outbursts and is fairly common in middle childhood through adolescence. While irritability generally demonstrates some decline over time, both clinical and normative levels of irritability in middle childhood predict functional impairment and internalizing and externalizing symptoms through adolescence. The link between pediatric irritability and internalizing symptoms persists into adulthood. Pediatric irritability uniquely predicts suicidality in addition to adult psychopathology and impairment. Despite the serious consequences of pediatric irritability across development, there are few effective treatments for irritability. Taken together, these studies suggest that focus on early treatment and prevention of irritability symptoms in childhood may help mitigate lasting negative outcomes in adulthood.
Irritability and Disruptive Behavior Disorders
Authors: Stoddard Joel , Scelsa Valerie , Hwang Soonjo
Published: April 2019

Chronic irritability has recently been established as an affective component of pediatric disruptive behavior disorders. In this chapter, the authors review its relationship to disruptive behaviors, with a particular focus on aggression and major disruptive behavior disorders. Defined as a decreased threshold to respond to provocation with anger and temper outbursts, chronic irritability has long been considered an important feature of emotionally driven, disruptive behavior. Recent investigations into irritability suggest that it has important prognostic value for disruptive youth. Furthermore, investigations of disruptive behaviors have informed work on irritability, yielding promising leads for understanding its pathophysiology and treatment.
Introduction
Authors: Raz Amir , Rabipour Sheida
Published: April 2019

This introductory chapter discusses the ability to improve cognitive performance through deliberate training. It compares brain training to physical training, looking at highly commercialized brain-training programs, including computer games, that target attention and working memory. It also discusses a variety of non-commercial methods, including neural imaging procedures, contemplative techniques, and lifestyle-related practices. It looks at who can benefit from brain training, including the elderly and those suffering from mental illness.