bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traumatic Grief and Traumatic Stress in Survivors 12 Years after the Genocide in Rwanda
Authors: Mutabaruka Jean , Séjourné Nathalène , Bui Eric , Birmes Philippe , Chabrol Henri
Published: October 2011

The relationship between exposure to traumatic events and traumatic grief and the role of mediating and moderating variables [peritraumatic distress, post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms and symptoms of depression] were studied in survivors of the genocide of Batutsi in Rwanda in 1994. One hundred and two survivors (70 women, mean age 45 ± 7.53 years) participated in this retrospective study. All of them had lost a member of their family. The severity of traumatic exposure (Comprehensive Trauma Inventory), peritraumatic distress (Peritraumatic Distress Inventory), current PTSD symptoms (PTSD Checklist), depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory) and traumatic grief symptoms (Inventory of Traumatic Grief) was evaluated. A hierarchical multiple regression analysis was then conducted to examine the relative contribution of each variable to the symptoms of traumatic grief. The severity of traumatic exposure was related to traumatic grief symptoms (B = 0.06, R = 0.6, R2 = 0.36 and ß = 0.6, t = 7.54, p = 0.00). The Baron and Kenny procedure (1986) (including three separate regressions), along with the Sobel test, was used to test mediation effects. Peritraumatic distress and PTSD symptoms may be mediating variables between traumatic exposure and traumatic grief. Traumatic grief is a complex but assessable entity, where previous distress and suffering result from both psychological trauma and the loss of a loved one. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Energy Saving in Ultra High Vacuum Systems
Authors: Dalla Bella Luigi
Published: October 2011

In UHV, bakeout is employed to reach very low pressure. We have tested two bakeout systems: resistance and IR lamp heaters and we have realised that with IR Lamps we have energy and time saving.
Plasmamessungen und Schichteigenschaften
Authors: Schlichtherle Stefan , Strauss Georg N. , Pulker Hans K.
Published: October 2011

Für die Herstellung von PVD–Schichten im Dickenbereich von Nanometern bis Mikrometern sind grundsätzlich nur einige wenige Beschichtungstechnologien und deren spezielle, auf Applikation zugeschnittene, Varianten im Einsatz. Basis‐PVD‐Verfahren wie das Gasentladungs‐Zerstäuben, das Ionenplattieren und die Arc‐Ablation werden typisch im DC‐Modus betrieben – in jüngster Zeit aber auch im gepulsten DC‐Moden. Moderne Beschichtungsanlagen mit den Energieversorgungsund Steuerungseinrichtungen ermöglichen eine Vielzahl von Änderungen der Beschichtungsparameter. Solche Änderungen und deren Auswirkungen über das Beschichtungsplasma auf den resultierenden Schichtaufbau während der Schichtformierung am Substrat sind durch Kenntnis aus Messungen der Plasma‐Charakteristika abschätzbar. Ein besseres Verständnis der Quellen‐Charakteristika, der Plasmaparameter und der Schichteigenschaften bei diversen PVD‐Prozessen im kontinuierlichen und gepulsten Modus soll die Prozessfindung und Gestaltung für optimale Beschichtungen unterschiedlichster Teile vereinfachen und abschätzbar machen. Zusätzlich soll durch den Vergleich kontinuierlicher und gepulster Prozessvarianten von Beschichtungstechniken die Modifikationsmöglichkeit bestehender, im Einsatz befindlicher BeschichtungsSysteme für die Herstellung neuer Schichtqualitäten für neue Produkte geprüft werden.
Fragen zu Vakuum‐Molekularpumpen
Authors: Schittko Franz Josef
Published: October 2011

Zu den Versuchen zur Gasreibung im Vakuum haben wir eine MagnetlagerPumpe umgebaut zu einem konzentrischen Zylindersystem. Statt des Schaufelsystems rotierte ein CFK‐Zylinder in einem feststehenden Al‐Zylinder im Abstand von 0,4 und 0,8 mm mit Drehzahlen bis 800 Hz. Der mit anderen Versuchssystemen gefundene lineare Zusammenhang der Reziprokwerte von Viskosität und Gasdruck konnte im untersuchten Vakuum‐Bereich bestätigt werden. Bei Vorversuchen haben wir Pumpeneigenschaften der Apparatur festgestellt. Abhängig von Gasfluss und Druck sind Differenzdrücke als Funktion der Drehzahl bestimmt worden. Das Reibsystem wirkt als Pumpe mit Leitungswiderstand. Dieses System haben wir in Abhängigkeit von der Drehzahl untersucht. Für die Reibungsmessungen haben wir Werte, bei denen der Widerstand den Pumpeffekt kompensierte. Es gibt dann keine Gasströmung durch das System, sondern nur eine Rotation im Innern. Diese Werte liegen auf Kurven mit 2 Ästen und begrenzen das Gebiet, in dem gepumpt wird. Zwischen den beiden Ästen dieser Grenzkurve wird der Betrag der negativen Druckdifferenzen mit Drehzahl größer und fällt dann wieder ab. Der Extremwert entspricht optimalen Pumpeigenschaften. Die Lage des Extremwertes verschiebt sich mit steigendem Gasdruck und Fluss zu niedrigeren Drehzahlen. Die Frage lautet: Welche Effekte bewirken diese Vorgänge? Möglicherweise nutzt die Molekularpumpe von Siegbahn diesen Effekt. Das Gas wird in radialer Richtung nach Innen verdichtet. Die Fördergeschwindigkeit nimmt dabei auf ein Fünftel ab. Bei Holweckpumpen konnte man bei fester Drehzahl ein optimales Saugvermögen in Abhängigkeit vom Druck feststellen. An solchen Stellen gibt es mit Stickstoff als Pumpgas einen deutlichen Fördereffekt für zusätzlichen Wasserstoff und Helium.
Candida Peritonitis: An Update on the Latest Research and Treatments
Authors: Carneiro Herman Anthony , Mavrakis Anastasios , Mylonakis Eleftherios
Published: October 2011

The incidence of Candida peritonitis is increasing and the mortality rate remains high. Candida albicans is the most common yeast causing Candida peritonitis, but a shift to more drug‐resistant non‐albicans strains has been observed. Major risk factors for developing Candida peritonitis include hollow viscus perforation, abdominal and thoracic surgery, surgical drains in situ, intravenous and urinary catheters, total parenteral nutrition, severe sepsis, antibiotic therapy (≥48 h before peritonitis), immunosuppression, diabetes mellitus, and extensive Candida colonization. Polymicrobial peritoneal infections with Candida spp. and enteric bacteria (such as E. coli and B. fragilis) have been associated with higher mortality. Laboratory detection of Candida is still based on histopathological diagnosis and culture‐based methods. Isolated Candida spp. must be treated as a pathogen contributing to peritonitis. Prompt diagnosis, effective antifungal therapy, and skilled surgical management are essential components of treatment. Treatment includes removal of all foreign bodies, such as intravenous and urinary catheters and drains, whereas abscesses usually require surgical or radiological drainage. Antifungal therapy should be chosen based on sensitivity profiles. Fluconazole is still appropriate for most severe community‐acquired or nosocomial infections. Echinocandins are used as first‐line in critically ill patients, those with prior azole exposure, and those with fluconazole‐resistant candidiasis. Peritoneal lavage can be used in combination with other antifungal agents to treat refractory infections. Risk factors must be weighed to decide on prophylaxis (usually with fluconazole) to limit antifungal resistance.
The cetrarioid core group revisited (Lecanorales: Parmeliaceae)
Authors: NELSEN Matthew P. , CHAVEZ Natali , SACKETT-HERMANN Erin , THELL Arne , RANDLANE Tiina , DIVAKAR Pradeep K. , RICO Víctor J. , LUMBSCH H. Thorsten
Published: October 2011

The cetrarioid core group has been the focus of numerous taxonomic and phylogenetic studies in recent years, yet the phylogenetic resolution and support among these clades remains unclear. Here we use four commonly employed loci to estimate if their use increases phylogenetic resolution and support. The present study largely confirms the topologies of previous studies, but with increased support. Approximately half of the genera in the cetrarioid core were not monophyletic.Melanelia sorediellawas clustered withinCetrariella, and the combinationCetrariella sorediella(Lettau) V. J. Rico & A. Thell comb. nov. is made. Additionally, the genusFlavocetrariellawas supported as part ofNephromopsisand is considered to be a synonym of the latter. Finally, a comparison of genetic distances shows that the maximum intrageneric genetic distance encompassed by many cetrarioid genera is lower than that of many other genera inParmeliaceae.
Risk and the fabrication of apolitical, unaccountable military markets: the case of the CIA ‘Killing Program’
Authors: LEANDER ANNA
Published: October 2011

This article argues that risk is central in (re)producing the unaccountable commercial military/security markets that are a normal part of our political reality. The argument is twofold: first it is suggested that risk rationalities and the associated ‘preventive imperative’ has a depoliticising effect – accentuated by the impersonal spread of risk rationalities and the strategies of risk professionals – which lowers the eagerness to seek accountability. However, and second, depoliticisation is significant above all as a serious obstacle to the innovative thinking that is thesine qua nonof effective accountability. The enmeshed, ‘hybrid’, nature of the market places it in the ‘blind spot’ of law and is as such fundamental to the current lack of accountability. Consequently, moving beyond established regulatory frameworks and technical understandings of accountability (that is, politicising the market) is a precondition for more effective accountability. Failing to do so, will leave the current rapid legal innovation impotent while reinforcing impunity as the focus on and confidence in established regulatory frameworks grows. The failure to politicise creates an ‘accountability paradox’ where the pursuit of accountability diminishes it. The article develops this argument with reference to Blackwater's (now Xe) role in the so called CIA ‘Killing Program’.
Combined visual odometry and visual compass for off-road mobile robots localization
Authors: Gonzalez Ramon , Rodriguez Francisco , Guzman Jose Luis , Pradalier Cedric , Siegwart Roland
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we present the work related to the application of a visual odometry approach to estimate the location of mobile robots operating in off-road conditions. The visual odometry approach is based on template matching, which deals with estimating the robot displacement through a matching process between two consecutive images. Standard visual odometry has been improved using visual compass method for orientation estimation. For this purpose, two consumer-grade monocular cameras have been employed. One camera is pointing at the ground under the robot, and the other is looking at the surrounding environment. Comparisons with popular localization approaches, through physical experiments in off-road conditions, have shown the satisfactory behavior of the proposed strategy.
Locally finite minimal non-FC-groups
Authors: Kuzucuoglu Mahmut , Phillips Richard E.
Published: October 2011

We recall that a group G is an FC-group if for every x∈G the set of conjugates {xg|g∈G} is a finite set. Our interest here is with those groups G which are not FC groups while every proper subgroup of G is an FC-group: such groups are called minimal non-FC-groups. Locally finite minimal non-FC-groups with (G ≠ G′ are studied in [1] and the structure of these groups is reasonably well understood. In [2] Belyaev has shown that a perfect, locally finite, minimal non-FC-group is either a simple group or a p-group for some prime p. Here we make use of the results of [5] to refine the result of Belyaev and provide a positive answer to problem 5·1 of [11]; in particular, we prove the following

Theorem. There exists no simple, locally finite, minimal non-FC-group.
Endomorphisms of free groups and their fixed points
Authors: Imrich W. , Turner E. C.
Published: October 2011

Much work recently has been focused on the issue of fixed words for automorphisms of free groups - see [2] and papers referred to there. Bestvina and Handel [1] have announced a powerful structure theorem for automorphisms of free groups that has as a consequence a proof of what has become known, to the amusement of Peter Scott, as the ‘so-called’ Scott Conjecture: if F is a free group of rank n and α:F→F is an automorphism, then Fix (α) = {w∈F|α(w) = w} has rank at most n.
MANIOC CULTIVATION AT CEREN, EL SALVADOR: OCCASIONAL KITCHEN GARDEN PLANT OR STAPLE CROP?
Authors: Sheets Payson , Dixon Christine , Guerra Monica , Blanford Adam
Published: October 2011

Many scholars have thought the Classic period Maya did not cultivate the root crop manioc, while others have suggested it may have been an occasional cultigen in kitchen gardens. For many decades there was no reliable evidence that the ancient Maya cultivated manioc, but in the 1990s manioc pollen from the late Archaic was found in Belize, and somewhat older pollen was found in Tabasco. At about the same time of those discoveries, research within the Ceren village, El Salvador, encountered occasional scattered manioc plants that had grown in mounded ridges in kitchen gardens. These finds adjacent to households indicated manioc was not a staple crop, and vastly inferior to maize and beans in food volume produced. However, 2007 research in an agricultural area 200 m south of the Ceren village encountered intensive formal manioc planting beds. If manioc was widely cultivated in ancient times, its impressive productivity, ease of cultivation even in poor soils, and drought resistance suggest it might have been a staple crop helping to support dense Maya populations in the southeast periphery and elsewhere.
WRITING IN SPACE: GLOTTOGRAPHIC AND SEMASIOGRAPHIC NOTATION AT TEOTIHUACAN
Authors: Colas Pierre Robert
Published: October 2011

The study of writing has in many cases devoted attention to the detection of forms of writing. It has also tended to distinguish these from forms of non-writing by relying on the western notion that true writing must represent language. This study departs from former work and applies an integrational theory of writing to the notational system of Teotihuacan in central Mexico, observing the distinction between glottographic (language-based) and semasiographic (idea-based) writing. The article suggests that scribes at Teotihuacan employed the graphic space of speech scrolls to differentiate consciously between glottographic and semasiographic writing. The analysis behind the study reveals an important difference, too, between the infixes and affixes of speech scrolls, whereby infixes always represented semasiographic writing; in contrast, affixes could consist of both glottographic and semasiographic writing. An integrational theory of writing that focuses on graphic space as a distinguishing feature of different writing systems can show how scribes of ancient Teotihuacan established and followed subtle distinctions within their notational system, in a manner unknown in western writing.
SWIDDEN AGRICULTURE IN THETIERRA FRÍA? EVIDENCE FROM SEDIMENTARY RECORDS IN TLAXCALA
Authors: Borejsza Aleksander , Frederick Charles D. , Lesure Richard G.
Published: October 2011

Swidden agriculture in Mesoamerica is commonly associated with the hot and humid lowlands and with small isolated communities. Charcoal-rich sediments discovered in Tlaxcala, however, suggest that it was practiced in the cold highlands in the Formative and Classic periods. The headwaters of the Xilomantla drainage incised a nine-meter deep channel shortly before 200b.c., in response to increased runoff from slopes degraded by agriculture. It was filled back within a few hundred years with sands and muds containing recurrent laminae of charred plant matter that reflect the annual burning of secondary scrub in fallowed fields. A gully in the La Ladera drainage received high inputs of charcoal from the surroundings of a nearby settlement between ca.a.d.400 and 900. The farming practices inferred from these deposits have no exact ethnographic analog. They inflicted lasting environmental damage, but were upheld for several centuries despite changes in settlement patterns.
THE WEIGHT OF WATER: A NEW LOOK AT PRE-HISPANIC PUUC MAYA WATER RESERVOIRS
Authors: Isendahl Christian
Published: October 2011

In the Maya lowlands ancient water management was multi-componential, diverse across space, and shifted over time. In the seasonally dry Puuc region of the northwestern Yucatan Peninsula, large reservoirs dominated water management during the Late Classic to Early Postclassic periods (a.d.600–1250). Research reported here suggests that reservoirs were central components of Puuc urban settlements and that natural depressions—from which water reservoirs could be made in the Puuc terrain—were key settlement attractors in the region. In particular, new evidence of the pre-Hispanic construction of a berm of monumental proportions along the perimeter of a water reservoir at Xuch—a Late Classic to Early Postclassic Puuc Maya agro-urban settlement in Campeche, Mexico—stresses the political, economic, and symbolic importance of water and water reservoirs in pre-Hispanic Maya communities, previously demonstrated by colleagues working elsewhere in the Maya lowlands. This article discusses the “weight” of water reservoirs in Classic period Puuc Maya landscapes, adds to the literature on water management in other regions of the Maya lowlands, and explores aspects of economy, power, environment, and cosmology in water management systems of the dry regions of the northern Yucatan Peninsula.
EVOLUTION OF THE MESOAMERICAN MOTHER CULTURE
Authors: Neff Hector
Published: October 2011

An ongoing debate about Early Formative cultural elaboration in Mesoamerica is based largely on claims about where innovations originated and when different regions influenced each other. One view is that Gulf lowland populations called “Olmec” by archaeologists made a number of key innovations and that their influence on contemporary societies stimulated the rise of Mesoamerican civilization. Another view is that multiple regions participated equally and all made innovations that became the legacy of later Mesoamerican societies. Additional empirical work will help resolve some of the issues raised by this debate, as Cheetham and Blomster (2010) have recently suggested in this journal. Explicit theory can also help move the discussion forward.
Interpretation of alluvial beds through bed‐elevation distribution moments
Authors: Coleman Stephen E. , Nikora Vladimir I. , Aberle Jochen
Published: October 2011

With equipment advances now enabling the measurement and processing of alluvial‐bed elevation data at high spatial and temporal resolutions, the moments of measured bed‐elevation distributions can be used to characterize riverbed structure. From analyses of a wide range of high‐quality data sets for a range of flows, sediments, and types of bed surface (e.g., armoured gravels, uniform sands, ripples, and dunes), at laboratory and field scales, the standard deviation of bed elevations σ is found to provide a robust integral measure of bed‐roughness height. This approach has the statistical advantage of utilizing all relevant bed‐elevation information, and also removes any potential need to subjectively identify valid individual roughness elements within the measured bed data. In addition to σ defining the vertical roughness scale for a bed surface, the general shape of the bed surface forms or elements can be characterized by the bed‐elevation distribution skewness Sk, with the distribution kurtosis Ku providing a measure of the evenness or intermittency of these elements. Based on the present analyses, a schematic Sk‐Ku plane is presented to aid interpretation of the structure of steady state and developing alluvial bed surfaces from measured bed‐elevation distributions, where various bed surface types (e.g., artificially smoothed beds, armoured gravel beds, planar beds of mobile uniform sediments, ripples, and dunes) can be differentiated based on this diagram. Relatively large values of Ku that can occur for a measured riverbed surface are associated with intermittent bed‐roughness elements, as can arise for supply‐limited dunes or widely distributed pebble clusters or bed forms on an otherwise plane bed.
Adaptive oxide electronics: A review
Authors: Ha Sieu D. , Ramanathan Shriram
Published: October 2011

Novel information processing techniques are being actively explored to overcome fundamental limitations associated with CMOS scaling. A new paradigm of adaptive electronic devices is emerging that may reshape the frontiers of electronics and enable new modalities. Creating systems that can learn and adapt to various inputs has generally been a complex algorithm problem in information science, albeit with wide-ranging and powerful applications from medical diagnosis to control systems. Recent work in oxide electronics suggests that it may be plausible to implement such systems at the device level, thereby drastically increasing computational density and power efficiency and expanding the potential for electronics beyond Boolean computation. Intriguing possibilities of adaptive electronics include fabrication of devices that mimic human brain functionality: the strengthening and weakening of synapses emulated by electrically, magnetically, thermally, or optically tunable properties of materials.In this review, we detail materials and device physics studies on functional metal oxides that may be utilized for adaptive electronics. It has been shown that properties, such as resistivity, polarization, and magnetization, of many oxides can be modified electrically in a non-volatile manner, suggesting that these materials respond to electrical stimulus similarly as a neural synapse. We discuss what device characteristics will likely be relevant for integration into adaptive platforms and then survey a variety of oxides with respect to these properties, such as, but not limited to, TaOx, SrTiO3, and Bi4-xLaxTi3O12. The physical mechanisms in each case are detailed and analyzed within the framework of adaptive electronics. We then review theoretically formulated and current experimentally realized adaptive devices with functional oxides, such as self-programmable logic and neuromorphic circuits. Finally, we speculate on what advances in materials physics and engineering may be needed to realize the full potential of adaptive oxide electronics.
Phase-control in two-dimensional phononic crystals
Authors: Swinteck N. , Bringuier S. , Robillard J.-F. , Vasseur J. O. , Hladky-Hennion A. C. , Runge K. , Deymier P. A.
Published: October 2011

A theoretical model is developed to ascertain the necessary band structure and equi-frequency contour (EFC) features of two-dimensional phononic crystals (PCs) for the realization of phase control between propagating acoustic waves. Two different PCs, a square array of cylindrical polyvinylchloride inclusions in air and a triangular array of cylindrical steel inclusions in methanol, offer band structures and EFCs with highly dissimilar features. We demonstrate that PCs with EFCs showing non-collinear wave and group velocity vectors are ideal systems for controlling the phase between propagating acoustic waves. Finite-difference time-domain simulations are employed to validate theoretical models and demonstrate the control of phase between propagating acoustic waves in PC structures.
Formation, characterization, and dynamics of onion-like carbon structures for electrical energy storage from nanodiamonds using reactive force fields
Authors: Ganesh P. , Kent P. R. C. , Mochalin V.
Published: October 2011

We simulate the experimentally observed graphitization of nanodiamonds into multi-shell onion-like carbon nanostructures, also called carbon onions, at different temperatures, using reactive force fields. The simulations include long-range Coulomb and van der Waals interactions. Our results suggest that long-range interactions play a crucial role in the phase-stability and the graphitization process. Graphitization is both enthalpically and entropically driven and can hence be controlled with temperature. The outer layers of the nanodiamond have a lower kinetic barrier toward graphitization irrespective of the size of the nanodiamond and graphitize within a few-hundred picoseconds, with a large volume increase. The inner core of the nanodiamonds displays a large size-dependent kinetic barrier, and graphitizes much more slowly with abrupt jumps in the internal energy. It eventually graphitizes by releasing pressure and expands once the outer shells have graphitized. The degree of transformation at a particular temperature is thereby determined by a delicate balance between the thermal energy, long-range interactions, and the entropic/enthalpic free energy gained by graphitization. Upon full graphitization, a multi-shell carbon nanostructure appears, with a shell-shell spacing of about ∼3.4 Å for all sizes. The shells are highly defective with predominantly five- and seven-membered rings to curve space. Larger nanodiamonds with a diameter of 4 nm can graphitize into spiral structures with a large (∼29-atom carbon ring) pore opening on the outermost shell. Such a large one-way channel is most attractive for a controlled insertion of molecules/ions such as Li ions, water, or ionic liquids, for increased electrochemical capacitor or battery electrode applications.
A nonlinear Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation in magnetized plasma with q-nonextensive electrons velocity distribution
Authors: Bains A. S. , Tribeche Mouloud , Saini N. S. , Gill T. S.
Published: October 2011

By using the reductive perturbation method (RPM), a nonlinear Zakharov-Kuznetsov (ZK) equation for ion-acoustic solitary waves (IASWs) is derived for a magnetized plasma in which the electrons are nonextensively distributed. The combined effects of electron nonextensivity, strength of magnetic field, and obliqueness on the ion acoustic (IA) solitary profile are analyzed. Three different ranges of the nonextensive q-parameter are considered. It is observed that the system may support both compressive as well as rarefactive solitons. The magnetic field has no effect on the amplitude of solitary waves whereas the obliqueness affects both the amplitude as well as the width of the solitary wave structures.
Influence of deep levels on capacitance-voltage characteristics of AlGaN/GaN heterostructures
Authors: Osvald J.
Published: October 2011

We studied the influence of deep levels in GaN buffer and AlGaN barrier layer on capacitance–voltage characteristics of the AlGaN/GaN structure. Deep level states were assumed to be both donor and acceptor type and were modeled with discrete peak distribution in energy with certain energy distance from the conduction-band minimum for acceptor-type states or valence-band maximum for donor states. For all the cases studied, the presence of the deep levels in the structure influenced mainly the capacitance plateau of the curves and caused the appearance of the capacitance valley. In addition, the deep levels in AlGaN shifted the capacitance curves to more negative voltages, and the deep levels in GaN changed the slope of capacitance decrease after two-dimensional electron-gas depletion.
An infinite swapping approach to the rare-event sampling problem
Authors: Plattner Nuria , Doll J. D. , Dupuis Paul , Wang Hui , Liu Yufei , Gubernatis J. E.
Published: October 2011

We describe a new approach to the rare-event Monte Carlo sampling problem. This technique utilizes a symmetrization strategy to create probability distributions that are more highly connected and, thus, more easily sampled than their original, potentially sparse counterparts. After discussing the formal outline of the approach and devising techniques for its practical implementation, we illustrate the utility of the technique with a series of numerical applications to Lennard-Jones clusters of varying complexity and rare-event character.
Algebraic Bethe ansatz for deformed Gaudin model
Authors: António N. Cirilo , Manojlović N. , Stolin A.
Published: October 2011

The Gaudin model based on the sl2-invariant r-matrix with an extra Jordanian term depending on the spectral parameters is considered. The appropriate creation operators defining the Bethe states of the system are constructed through a recurrence relation. The commutation relations between the generating function t(λ) of the integrals of motion and the creation operators are calculated and therefore the algebraic Bethe ansatz is fully implemented. The energy spectrum as well as the corresponding Bethe equations of the system coincide with the ones of the sl2-invariant Gaudin model. As opposed to the sl2-invariant case, the operator t(λ) and the Gaudin Hamiltonians are not Hermitian. Finally, the inner products and norms of the Bethe states are studied.
Positive exchange bias from magnetization reversal in La1−xPrxCrO3 (x ∼ 0.7–0.85)
Authors: Yoshii Kenji
Published: October 2011

The perovskite chromite La1−xPrxCrO3 shows an unusual positive exchange bias (PEB) and a negative exchange bias (NEB) associated with magnetization reversal, arising from an antiparallel Pr3+-Cr3+ coupling. Below ∼200 K, changing the cooling magnetic field switches the type of EB. A PEB appears in low cooling fields (<3–15 kOe), comparable with the internal magnetic field at the Pr site. The appearance of PEB or NEB depends on the orientation of the Pr3+ moment with respect to the canted Cr3+ component.
Interaction of ComO− (m = 1–3) with water: Anion photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations
Authors: Li Ren-Zhong , Xu Hong-Guang , Cao Guo-Jin , Zhao Yu-Chao , Zheng Wei-Jun
Published: October 2011

We investigated the reactions between cobalt-oxides and water molecules using photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional calculations. It has been confirmed by both experimental observation and theoretical calculations that dihydroxide anions, Com(OH)2− (m = 1–3), were formed when ComO− clusters interact with the first water molecule. Addition of more water molecules produced solvated dihydroxide anions, Com(OH)2(H2O)n− (m = 1–3). Hydrated dihydroxide anions, Com(OH)2(H2O)n−, are more stable than their corresponding hydrated metal-oxide anions, ComO(H2O)n+1−.
Microwave effective permittivity of carbon black filled polymers: Comparison of mixing law and effective medium equation predictions
Authors: El Bouazzaoui S. , Achour M. E. , Brosseau C.
Published: October 2011

Carbon black (CB) filled polymers have become the platform to study a number of interesting properties including percolation mechanisms, localization effects, and multiscale modeling of interface and interphase regions surrounding filler particles. A systematic microwave study of the effective complex permittivity of CB filled diglycidylic ether of bisphenol A based epoxy samples, determined by the impedance bridge (35 GHz) and the cavity perturbation (2.4 and 9.5 GHz) techniques, is reported. A series of composite materials was fabricated by mechanical mixing with three types of CB (Monarch and Sterling) particles differing with their average particle size and surface area. On the basis of the limited experimental evidence presented here, our distinctive features are seen in the data: (i) We found no enhancement of the effective permittivity near the dc percolation threshold; (ii) the calculation of the effective permittivity based on Lichteneker and Rother’s mixing law with constant k close to zero reproduces the measured CB volume fraction dependence of the effective permittivity very well for the series of samples containing Monarch particles, (iii) the data are not well fit with the Bruggeman equation for supercolative samples. This is an indication that a mean field model is not strictly applicable because this simple model assumes a given microstructure for the composite material; and (iv) the two exponent phenomenological percolation equation (TEPPE) can yield good predictive values of the imaginary part of the effective complex permittivity over the range of frequencies and CB volume fractions with non-universal values of the percolation exponents. It is concluded that fitting the experimental data with mixing law and effective medium equation predictions has limited applicability because these models assume a given microstructure for the composite material.
Charge carrier dynamics in phonon-induced fluctuation systems from time-dependent wavepacket diffusion approach
Authors: Zhong Xinxin , Zhao Yi
Published: October 2011

A time-dependent wavepacket diffusion method is proposed to deal with charge transport in organic crystals. The electron-phonon interactions in both site energies and electronic couplings are incorporated by the time-dependent fluctuations which are generated from the corresponding spectral density functions. The numerical demonstrations reveal that the present approach predicts the consistent charge carrier dynamics with the rigorous quantum approaches. In addition, the diffusion coefficients obtained from the Marcus formula are well reproduced at the weak electronic coupling and high temperature limits. It is also found that the charge mobility feature of the crossover from the band-like to the hopping-type cannot be predicted from the fluctuations induced by the linear electron-phonon interactions with an Ohmic spectral density; however, it indeed appears as the electronic coupling fluctuation exponentially depends on the nuclear coordinates. Finally, it should be noted that although the present approach neglects the imaginary fluctuation, it essentially incorporates the coherent motion of the charge carrier and quantum effect of the phonon motion with a broad regime of the fluctuations for symmetric systems. Besides, the approach can easily be applied to systems having thousands of sites, which allows one to investigate charge transport in nanoscale organic crystals.
A new (2+1)-dimensional generalization of the modified Korteweg-deVries equation and its infinitely many symmetries
Authors: Wang Jianyong , Hu Hanwei , Yu Jun
Published: October 2011

Starting from the nonlinear version of bilinear negative Kadomtsev-Petviashvili system, a new (2+1)-dimensional generalization of the modified Korteweg-deVries equation is obtained. For this new system, a set of infinitely many generalized symmetries is found by applying a formal series symmetry approach. And these symmetries constitute a closed infinite-dimensional Lie algebra which is a generalization of w∞ type algebra.
Thermo-electromechanical response of a ferroelectric perovskite from molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Zeng Xiaowei , Cohen R. E.
Published: October 2011

Based on a shell model potential obtained from first principles calculations, we performed molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the electromechanical response of a ferroelectric perovskite under finite temperature and electric field. We characterize the switching paths by which a homogeneous polarization reorientation process would take place in the prototypical ferroelectric PbTiO3. We observe the hysteresis loop and butterfly electric-strain curve and obtain finite temperature piezoelectric coefficients in good agreement with experiments.
Improved interfacial local structural ordering of epitaxial Fe3Si(001) thin films on GaAs(001) by a MgO(001) tunneling barrier
Authors: Makarov S. I. , Krumme B. , Stromberg F. , Weis C. , Keune W. , Wende H.
Published: October 2011

Although the quasi-Heusler compound Fe3Si is a promising candidate for spintronics applications, its combination with the reactive GaAs surface is problematic, since it deteriorates its beneficial attributes due to a large amount of interdiffusion at the Fe3Si/GaAs interface. Here, we show the epitaxial growth of Fe3Si with low evaporation rates on GaAs(001) and report on improved local structural D03 ordering in epitaxial Fe3Si(001) films grown on GaAs(001) by inserting a MgO buffer layer. Conversion-electron Mössbauer spectroscopy with 57Fe3Si tracer layers reveals that the effect of thermally induced interdiffusion at the Fe3Si/GaAs(001) interface is dramatically reduced by inserting a 30 Å MgO tunneling barrier between the film and the substrate. The chemical order of Fe3Si is comparable to that of Fe3Si films which are grown directly on MgO(001) single crystals. It is proposed that this preparation method can be useful to achieve high-efficiency spin-polarized electron currents from ferromagnetic Fe3Si into semiconducting GaAs(001).
Spectroscopy of mechanical dissipation in micro-mechanical membranes
Authors: Jöckel Andreas , Rakher Matthew T. , Korppi Maria , Camerer Stephan , Hunger David , Mader Matthias , Treutlein Philipp
Published: October 2011

We measure the frequency dependence of the mechanical quality factor (Q) of SiN membrane oscillators and observe a resonant variation of Q by more than two orders of magnitude. The frequency of the fundamental mechanical mode is tuned reversibly by up to 40% through local heating with a laser. Several distinct resonances in Q are observed that can be explained by coupling to membrane frame modes. Away from the resonances, the background Q is independent of frequency and temperature in the measured range.
Bordering Diversity and Desire: Using Intellectual Property to Mark Place-Based Products
Authors: Coombe Rosemary J , Aylwin Nicole
Published: October 2011

Marks indicating conditions of origin—geographical indications, appellations and denominations of origin, as well as collective and certification marks—are legal vehicles increasingly common in global commerce. Although it is necessary to explore the legal, political, and economic conditions under which they have become newly popularized as vehicles of global capital accumulation, it is also important to consider ethnographic studies of the work they do in reconfiguring social relationships and their salience in local worlds of meaning. We argue that these marks of distinction have become important means for securing monopoly rents at the same time that they have become means to express identities and desires so as to project alternative assertions of value in commodity circuits that traverse sites of production and consumption. They create new borders around newly valued forms of cultural difference, producing places, and constituting borders of identity, while potentially linking producers and consumers in new relationships of identification.
The Role of Independent Fast-Food Outlets in Obesogenic Environments: A Case Study of East London in the UK
Authors: Bagwell Susan
Published: October 2011

In the battle to curb rising levels of obesity the focus has moved from individual interventions towards addressing factors within the ‘obesogenic environment’. Fast-food outlets are argued to be an increasingly important aspect of this environment and recent UK government policy has suggested that local authorities should use their planning powers to restrict the opening of new fast-food outlets in local neighbourhoods. This policy has a particular impact on the growing number of independent fast-food outlets which characterise deprived inner-city areas. Focusing on a case study of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets and its independent fast-food sector, this paper explores the range of local variables, and in particular the crucial mix of socioeconomic and cultural factors, which have influenced its development. The role played by fast-food outlets in providing local employment and a culturally acceptable social space for the local Muslim community, through the provision of halal food in an alcohol-free environment, is particularly highlighted. In uncovering these particular local sensitivities, the paper aims to contribute to debates regarding the nature of ‘obesogenic environments’ and demonstrate that local level research is essential for enabling better understanding for developing policy interventions.
Arcs in Perceptual Space—Going off at a Tangent
Authors: Roncato Sergio
Published: October 2011

Underestimating the curvature of an arc may result from our tendency to view it as prolonged in the direction of the tangent to its ends. Support is given here for this hypothesis, but evidence is also provided that tangent deviation may alter an arc's circularity along its whole length.
Opponent Colours Induced by Rotating Discs
Authors: Fukuda Haruaki , Ueda Kazuhiro
Published: October 2011

We found a novel visual illusion by using a rotating disc that has some coloured sectors with black arcs. When this disc rotates, illusory colours are seen in the concentric rings that are created by the rotating arcs. The illusory colours are the opponent colours of the sectors that the corresponding arcs are in. Even though we could not differentiate the colours of the individual sectors when the disc rotated quickly the illusory colours that were the opponent colours of the sector colours could be seen. This visual illusion thus suggests that our visual system can process visual stimuli that we cannot perceive as colours.
Long-Term Adaptation Effects of Highly Familiar Faces are Modulated by Adaptation Duration
Authors: Strobach Tilo , Ditye Thomas , Carbon Claus-Christian
Published: October 2011

Adaptation to manipulated versions of face images can induce strong adaptation effects in face perception and the adjustment of memory representations has been suggested to underlie this effect. In previous studies such effects have been observed after short as well as long delays between adaptation and test (5 min and 24 h) and they were evident in face images identical to the adapting stimuli as well as in new images of the same individual and in faces that were not shown during adaptation (factor transferability). By using regression analysis, here we show that adaptation duration modulates the size of the adaptation effect, which was evident after both short and long time delays and across all levels of transferability tested.
Transient Attention Degrades Perceived Apparent Motion
Authors: Yeshurun Yaffa , Hein Elisabeth
Published: October 2011

Transient spatial attention refers to the automatic selection of a location that is driven by the stimulus rather than a voluntary decision. Apparent motion is an illusory motion created by stationary stimuli that are presented successively at different locations. In this study we explored the effects of transient attention on apparent motion. The motion target presentation was preceded by either valid attentional cues that attract attention to the target location in advance (experiments 1–4), neutral cues that do not indicate a location (experiments 1, 3, and 4), or invalid cues that direct attention to a non-target location (experiment 2). Valid attentional cues usually improve performance in various tasks. Here, however, an attentional impairment was found. Observers' ability to discriminate the direction of motion diminished at the cued location. Analogous results were obtained regardless of cue type: singleton cue (experiment 1), central non-informative cue (experiment 2), or abrupt onset cue (experiment 3). Experiment 4 further demonstrated that reversed apparent motion is less likely with attention. This seemingly counterintuitive attentional degradation of perceived apparent motion is consistent with several recent findings, and together they suggest that transient attention facilitates spatial segregation and temporal integration but impairs spatial integration and temporal segregation.
Polyols as biomarkers and bioindicators for 21st century plant breeding
Authors: Merchant Andrew , Richter Andreas A.
Published: October 2011

Characterising changes in the plant metabolome is central to understanding adaptive responses to environmental change. New and improved quantitative and qualitative technologies have enabled the characterisation of plant metabolism at unprecedented scales and precision. New frontiers have therefore emerged for improving our understanding of the adaptability of plant metabolic networks. However, despite these advances, outcomes for ‘in field’ plant management remain largely based on subsets of plant metabolism due to broader scale network complexity. The synthesis and occurrence of polyols offer considerable promise as bioindicators of plant health and biomarkers for use as selective traits for plant improvement. Polyols are polyohydroxy compounds that may be either open chain (acyclic) alditols or cyclic compounds (cyclohexan-hexols), usually termed cyclitols or inositols. Here we highlight the functions of polyols in stress acclimation or amelioration and as sinks for carbon and indicate their potential for the development of integrated measures of plant function using new technologies in 21st century plant breeding.
Improvement of black pepper.
Authors: Krishnamoorthy B. , Parthasarathy V. A.
Published: October 2011

Black pepper (
Piper nigrum
L., Piperaceae) - 'King of spices' - is one of the oldest spices known. It originated in the humid, tropical evergreen forests of Western Ghats of India and is now grown in more than 25 countries, particularly in tropics. Important growing locations are India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Brazil, Thailand, Sri Lanka, Vietnam and China. There are several production constraints faced by farmers seeking to achieve sustainable yield. Global climate change, inadequate water availability, labour scarcity, coupled with biotic stresses such as epidemic diseases and pests, are the important challenges to be addressed by scientists. In addition to these, consumers expect clean and high-quality spices. In this context, the goal of improvement of black pepper should be for bold berries with high quality and research should also be oriented to producing crop with lower levels of pesticide residues, contamination with adulterants and mycotoxins. The genetic resources of this crop in India are a great strength. This germplasm, containing local cultivars, wild forms collected from the area of origin and related species are a wealth to be utilized for crop improvement. Cultivar diversity is one of the principal components of diversity in black pepper and over 100 black pepper cultivars are established in India. The main breeding objectives are high yield, with resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses, coupled with good quality parameters. The paper deals with breeding characteristics of black pepper and effective breeding strategy. Black pepper is a vine, predominantly self-pollinated and commercially cultivated through orthotropic stem cuttings. Conventionally, clonal selection is the main breeding method and historically it was adopted by the British for introducing the crop into their colonial countries, and this practice continued for a long time. Each producing country has its own selections. Research efforts have been focused on hybridization and polyploid breeding and micropropagation. Panniyur 1 is a famous hybrid and it is cultivated in many production centres. Now molecular approaches are used to develop input-responsive varieties with biotic and abiotic resistance for higher yield and quality.
Accelerated lambing. Part 2. Increasing the frequency of pregnancy in sheep.
Authors: Hunter G. L.
Published: October 2011

This presentation has been written for those who may be considering practical intensification of sheep production and need information about its implications, potential and hazards, as well as for those with interests in this field of research. The literature on factors affecting accelerated lambing is reviewed, including seasonal breeding and the photoperiod, the involuting uterus, effects of lactation and the age of lambs at weaning, some effects of nutrition and of the introduction of rams. Systems developed in the USA, Scotland, South Africa and elsewhere are described and evaluated. Finally, the importance for flock managers of the advice of those with access to developments in this area is illustrated. An index is provided.