bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
From Regional Systems of Innovation to Regions as Innovation Policy Spaces
Authors: Uyarra Elvira , Flanagan Kieron
Published: July 2010

The regional systems of innovation concept is well established in academic and practitioner discourses about innovation and economic development. As with the innovation systems approach more generally, the use of the concept has expanded significantly from its initial analytical purpose and has been extensively used to inform policy making. We identify a number of dangers associated with the use of regional systems of innovation as a normative concept which both overstates and at the same time underemphasises the roles regions play as policy-making and implementation spaces. These issues are explored in the paper with an illustration of the North West region of England.
Second harmonic generating (SHG) nanoprobes for in vivo imaging
Authors: Pantazis Periklis , Maloney James , Wu David , Fraser Scott E.
Published: July 2010

Fluorescence microscopy has profoundly changed cell and molecular biology studies by permitting tagged gene products to be followed as they function and interact. The ability of a fluorescent dye to absorb and emit light of different wavelengths allows it to generate startling contrast that, in the best cases, can permit single molecule detection and tracking. However, in many experimental settings, fluorescent probes fall short of their potential due to dye bleaching, dye signal saturation, and tissue autofluorescence. Here, we demonstrate that second harmonic generating (SHG) nanoprobes can be used for in vivo imaging, circumventing many of the limitations of classical fluorescence probes. Under intense illumination, such as at the focus of a laser-scanning microscope, these SHG nanocrystals convert two photons into one photon of half the wavelength; thus, when imaged by conventional two-photon microscopy, SHG nanoprobes appear to generate a signal with an inverse Stokes shift like a fluorescent dye, but with a narrower emission. Unlike commonly used fluorescent probes, SHG nanoprobes neither bleach nor blink, and the signal they generate does not saturate with increasing illumination intensity. The resulting contrast and detectability of SHG nanoprobes provide unique advantages for molecular imaging of living cells and tissues.
Dynamic antibody responses to the
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
proteome
Authors: Kunnath-Velayudhan Shajo , Salamon Hugh , Wang Hui-Yun , Davidow Amy L. , Molina Douglas M. , Huynh Vu T. , Cirillo Daniela M. , Michel Gerd , Talbot Elizabeth A. , Perkins Mark D. , Felgner Philip L. , Liang Xiaowu , Gennaro Maria L.
Published: July 2010

Considerable effort has been directed toward controlling tuberculosis, which kills almost two million people yearly. High on the research agenda is the discovery of biomarkers of active tuberculosis (TB) for diagnosis and for monitoring treatment outcome. Rational biomarker discovery requires understanding host–pathogen interactions leading to biomarker expression. Here we report a systems immunology approach integrating clinical data and bacterial metabolic and regulatory information with high-throughput detection in human serum of antibodies to the entire
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
proteome. Sera from worldwide TB suspects recognized approximately 10% of the bacterial proteome. This result defines the
M. tuberculosis
immunoproteome, which is rich in membrane-associated and extracellular proteins. Additional analyses revealed that during active tuberculosis (
i
) antibody responses focused on an approximately 0.5% of the proteome enriched for extracellular proteins, (
ii
) relative target preference varied among patients, and (
iii
) responses correlated with bacillary burden. These results indicate that the B cell response tracks the evolution of infection and the pathogen burden and replicative state and suggest functions associated with B cell-rich foci seen in tuberculous lung granulomas. Our integrated proteome-scale approach is applicable to other chronic infections characterized by diverse antibody target recognition.
The revenge of the Caucasus: Chechenization and the dual state in Russia
Authors: Sakwa Richard
Published: July 2010

Post-communist development in Russia has been characterized by the development of a dual state in which the constitutional order is balanced by the consolidation of an arbitrary prerogative state. This horizontal dualism has taken root in Russia's regions; and this is accompanied by the establishment of a form of vertical dualism in relations between the regions and the center. Attempts to overcome this form of segmented regionalism under president Vladimir Putin have been undermined by the development of Chechenization, which represents not only the repudiation of dualism in this republic, but threatens to undermine the precarious balance between the constitutional and prerogative states at the federal level as well. Chechenization has its opponents in Moscow as well and its fate is defined by the struggle between the factions at the center. The process of “separatism without secession” is a highly ambiguous one and reflects broader developments in the Russian state as president Dmitry Medvedev seeks to strengthen the constitutional pillar of the dual state.
Exploring the life-history implications of colour variation in offshore Gulf of Maine cod (Gadus morhua)
Authors: Sherwood Graham D. , Grabowski Jonathan H.
Published: July 2010

Sherwood, G. D., and Grabowski, J. H. 2010. Exploring the life-history implications of colour variation in offshore Gulf of Maine cod (Gadus morhua). – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 67: 1640–1649. The evolution of alternative life-history strategies in fish has largely been overlooked by fisheries managers, although differences in the biology of life-history variants can have important implications for the scale and productivity of fisheries. Cod display strikingly variable colouration in the Gulf of Maine, with red- and olive-coloured cod found in close sympatry. Colour types from Cashes Ledge, a shallow, offshore (∼100 km) feature, are examined to see whether they differ in key life-history traits including diet, depth distribution, growth, and body morphology. Red cod consumed significantly more crabs, lobsters, and demersal fish, whereas olive cod consumed more shrimp. Stable carbon isotope signatures (δ13C) varied significantly among colour types, but are thought to reflect baseline differences in δ13C at Cashes Ledge (potentially useful for residence estimates). Red cod were confined to a small area of shallow water (<20 m) and were significantly smaller at age than olive cod. Body shape was used to classify colour types correctly with 84% accuracy; red cod had shorter snouts, deeper bodies, and more slender tails than olive cod. Collectively, the results suggest that red cod are resident at Cashes Ledge and represent a life-history strategy distinct from olive cod.
Comparative Effects of Probiotics, Prebiotics, and Synbiotics on Growth Factors in the Large Bowel in a Rat Model of Formula‐induced Bowel Inflammation
Authors: Fordjour Lawrence , D'Souza Antoni , Cai Charles , Ahmad Asma , Valencia Gloria , Kumar Dharmendra , Aranda Jacob V , Beharry Kay D
Published: July 2010

Objectives:

Supplementation with probiotics has been shown to prevent gastrointestinal damage possibly through preservation of growth factors. We tested the hypothesis that probiotics, prebiotics, or synbiotics supplementation preserves intestinal insulin‐like growth factors (IGFs) and epidermal growth factors (EGFs) in formula‐fed neonatal rats.

Materials and Methods:

At birth (postnatal day 0 [P0]), neonatal rat pups (n = 18 pups/group) were either maternally fed or hand‐gavaged with formula supplemented with probiotics (Pro‐Fed), prebiotics, or synbiotics from P0 to P3. A formula‐fed control group received formula without supplementation. At P4, large bowel samples were assessed histologically and assayed for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), soluble VEGF receptor‐1, IGF‐I, IGF‐II, and EGF.

Results:

All formula‐fed groups were severely growth suppressed with comparable mortalities. Moderate preservation of bowel integrity was noted in the Pro‐Fed group. In contrast, severe inflammation was seen in all of the other formula groups. This was associated with significant increases in VEGF levels in all of the formula groups (P < 0.05) except the Pre‐Fed group. Similar elevations in soluble VEGF receptor‐1 (P < 0.05), IGF‐I (P < 0.05), and EGF (P < 0.05) were noted, but statistical significance was achieved only in the Pro‐Fed group.

Conclusions:

Induction of IGF‐I and EGF with moderate bowel integrity may represent a protective effect of probiotics against formula‐induced inflammation. These data, taken collectively, suggest that probiotics may provide more beneficial effects on the developing large bowel than prebiotics and synbiotics.
Pathogen-induced rapid evolution in a vertebrate life-history trait
Authors: Ohlberger Jan , Langangen Øystein , Edeline Eric , Olsen Esben Moland , Winfield Ian J. , Fletcher Janice M. , James J. Ben , Stenseth Nils Christian , Vøllestad Leif Asbjørn
Published: July 2010

Anthropogenic factors, including climate warming, are increasing the incidence and prevalence of infectious diseases worldwide. Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic parasites can have severe impacts on host survival, thereby altering the selection regime and inducing evolutionary responses in their hosts. Knowledge about such evolutionary consequences in natural populations is critical to mitigate potential ecological and economic effects. However, studies on pathogen-induced trait changes are scarce and the pace of evolutionary change is largely unknown, particularly in vertebrates. Here, we use a time series from long-term monitoring of perch to estimate temporal trends in the maturation schedule before and after a severe pathogen outbreak. We show that the disease induced a phenotypic change from a previously increasing to a decreasing size at maturation, the most important life-history transition in animals. Evolutionary rates imposed by the pathogen were high and comparable to those reported for populations exposed to intense human harvesting. Pathogens thus represent highly potent drivers of adaptive phenotypic evolution in vertebrates.
Cryptochrome as a Sensor of the Blue/Green Ratio of Natural Radiation in Arabidopsis
Authors: Sellaro Romina , Crepy María , Trupkin Santiago Ariel , Karayekov Elizabeth , Buchovsky Ana Sabrina , Rossi Constanza , Casal Jorge José
Published: July 2010

Green light added to blue light has been proposed to shift cryptochromes from their semireduced active form to the reduced, inactive state. Whether the increased proportion of green light observed under leaf canopies compared to open places reduces cryptochrome-mediated effects remained to be elucidated. Here we report that the length of the hypocotyl of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) seedlings grown under controlled conditions decreased linearly with increasing blue/green ratios of the light within the range of ratios found in natural environments. This effect was stronger under higher irradiances. We developed a model, parameterized on the basis of field experiments including photoreceptor mutants, where hypocotyl growth of seedlings exposed to different natural radiation environments was related to the action and interaction of phytochromes and cryptochromes. Adding the blue/green ratio of the light in the term involving cryptochrome activity improved the goodness of fit of the model, thus supporting a role of the blue/green ratio under natural radiation. The blue/green ratio decreased sharply with increasing shade by green grass leaves to one-half of the values observed in open places. The impact of blue/green ratio on cryptochrome-mediated inhibition of hypocotyl growth was at least as large as that of irradiance. We conclude that cryptochrome is a sensor of blue irradiance and blue/green ratio.
Cytotoxic T cells against herpes simplex virus in Behçet's disease
Authors: HAMZAOUI K , KAHAN A , AYED K , HAMZA M
Published: July 2010

Lymphocytes from 36 patients with Behçet's disease (20 in remission and 16 in active phase) were stimulated in vitro with herpes simplex virus and then tested for their ability to generate cytotoxic T cell responses to the virus. Significant cytotoxic responses were found. CD4+ and CD8+ subpopulations from the patients in remission generated specific cytotoxic activity against autologous target cells. These observations suggested that CD4+ and CD8+ cytotoxic T cells may have an important host response in herpes virus infection in Behçet's disease.
Modulation of murine host-versus-graft disease by anti-CD3 monoclonal antibody
Authors: WISSING M , MARCHANT A , MOSER M , FLAMAND V , LEO O , ABRAMOWICZ D , URBAIN J , GOLDMAN M
Published: July 2010

BALB/c mice made tolerant to A/J alloantigens by neonatal injection of (A/J × BALB/c)FI spleen cells develop a host-versus-graft (HVG) disease due to the activation of donor B cells by a subset of host alloreactive helper T cells. We have investigated the effects of a single neonatal injection of the 145-2C11 anti-mouse CD3 monoclonal antibody (MoAb) on the establishment of allotolerance and on the development of the immunopathological features of HVG disease. First, this treatment did not modify the specific anti-donor cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) unresponsiveness or the persistence of circulating immunoglobulins bearing donor allotype. Second, the hyper IgE, the hyper IgG 1 and the increased expression of Ia antigens on B cells found in untreated HVG mice were not observed after injection of the 145-2C11 MoAb. Likewise, treated mice displayed lower levels of anti-DNA IgG antibodies and less glomerular immune deposits as compared with untreated HVG mice. We conclude that the administration of the anti-CD3 MoAb did not interfere with the induction of allotolerance but exerts a pronounced inhibitory effect on the associated immunopathological syndrome.
Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) expression on gastric epithelium: implication for a role of TREM-1 in Helicobacter pylori infection
Authors: Schmaußer B , Endrich S , Beier D , Moran A P , Burek C J , Rosenwald A , Rieckmann P , Müller-Hermelink H-K , Eck M
Published: July 2010

In Helicobacter pylori gastritis gastric epithelium plays a central role in the innate immunity to H. pylori. However, epithelial receptors interacting with H. pylori have been poorly characterized so far. Recently a new triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (TREM-1) has been identified on human neutrophils and monocytes. On these cells TREM-1 triggers innate immunity by stimulating the secretion of interleukin (IL)-8 and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α and thus amplifies bacterial-induced inflammation. In this study expression and function of TREM-1 in gastric epithelium exposed to H. pylori has been investigated. TREM-1 mRNA and protein were expressed on gastric epithelial cell lines as demonstrated by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR) and fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis. Gastric epithelial TREM-1 expression was up-regulated directly by H. pylori and was independent of epithelial IL-8 induced by H. pylori. Immunohistochemistry and tissue RT–PCR demonstrated significantly stronger TREM-1 expression in H. pylori gastritis compared with the non-inflamed gastric mucosa supporting in vivo that epithelial TREM-1 is up-regulated during H. pylori infection. Stimulation of gastric epithelial TREM-1 receptor resulted in IL-8 up-regulation on mRNA and protein level, as shown by real-time PCR and immunoassay. This is the first study localizing TREM-1 on gastric epithelium. Functional data suggest that TREM-1 expressed on gastric epithelium amplifies inflammation of the underlying gastric mucosa by up-regulation of IL-8.
Dinitrogen and nitrous oxide exchanges from an undrained monolith fen: short‐term responses following nitrate addition
Authors: Roobroeck D. , Butterbach‐Bahl K. , Brüggemann N. , Boeckx P.
Published: July 2010

Gaseous nitrogen exchanges from undrained peat soils and the effect of external nitrate input are poorly understood. This paper reports net N2 and N2O exchanges as well as the short‐term responses to nitrate addition from contrasting tussock and hollow soil habitats in an undrained monolith fen ecosystem located in northeast Poland. Gaseous N exchange rates were quantified by means of a He substitution technique. The net N2 production in hollows (2.53 mg N m−2 hour−1) was significantly higher than in tussocks (1.04 mg N m−2 hour−1). Hollows also constituted a marked N2O sink (−3.04 µg N m−2 hour−1), while tussocks were a source for atmospheric N2O (2.08 µg N m−2 hour−1). Following amendment by NO3−, at a rate similar to atmospheric NO3− deposition (wet + dry), hollows showed a drastic shift to net production of N2O but a non‐significant increase in N2 production. In tussocks only a minor increase of N2 and N2O production was observed after NO3− addition. This study emphasizes the influence of physico‐chemical conditions and biotic resource competition on the rates and responses of microbial denitrification in undrained fen ecosystems. Inferring a simple field‐scale estimation of gaseous N emission suggests that undrained, monolith fen ecosystems constitute substantial sources of N2 (1.79 mg N m−2 hour−1) and considerable sinks for N2O (−0.96 µg N m−2 hour−1). These findings are of importance to further improve greenhouse gas budgeting and assess the impacts of global change on undrained fen ecosystems.
Seasonal Expression of 2 Types of Myosin with Different Thermostability in Silver Carp Muscle (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix)
Authors: Yuan Chunhong , Kaneniwa Masaki , Wang X. , Chen S. , Cheng Y. , Qu Y. , FUKUDA Y. , Konno Kunihiko
Published: July 2010

Myofibrils were prepared from dorsal muscle of silver carp monthly from Jul 2003 to Jun 2004. Myofibrils of silver carp in the summer season were much more stable than those in the winter season as measured by (Ca‐ATPase) thermal inactivation rate (kD) at 0.1 M KCl. The kD of myofibrils measured at 2 M KCl was referred as 1 for myosin without protection by F‐actin. It was proved that myosin itself in summer season fish (summer‐type) was very stable compared with that in winter season fish (winter‐type). Winter‐type myosin easily denatured upon storage in ice. Analysis of the thermal inactivation profiles of myosin monthly prepared demonstrated that myosins in December, January, February, and March were winter‐type, and ones in June, July, August, and September were summer‐type. It was also demonstrated that both winter‐type and summer‐type myosin at different ratios coexisted in the transit season (April, May, October, November), showing the breaking point in the inactivation profile. It was concluded that silver carp expresses 2 types of myosin with different kD seasonally and that the exchange of the expression completed in 2 mo.
Sensitive Monoclonal Antibody‐based Sandwich ELISA for the Detection of Porcine Skeletal Muscle in Meat and Feed Products
Authors: Liu Lihua , Chen Fur‐Chi , Dorsey Jodee L , Hsieh Yun‐Hwa Peggy
Published: July 2010

A monoclonal antibody‐based sandwich enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was developed for the sensitive detection of porcine skeletal muscle in raw and heat‐processed meat and feed products. Heat treatment of meat samples up to 132 °C for 2 h did not affect the assay performance. The assay uses a pair of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs 8F10 and 5H9) specific to skeletal muscle troponin I (TnI). MAb 8F10, reacting to mammalian TnI, is the capture antibody and the biotin‐conjugated MAb 5H9, specific to porcine TnI, the detection antibody. The sandwich ELISA is able to detect 0.05% (w/w) of laboratory‐adulterated pork in chicken, 0.1% (w/w) pork in beef mixtures, 0.05% (w/w) pork meal in soy‐based feed, and 1% commercial meat and bone meal (MBM), containing an unknown amount of pork, in soy‐based feed. This new assay provides a rapid and reliable means to detect the contamination of meat and feed products with trace amounts of porcine muscle tissue to ensure product quality and safety.
Influence of Pre‐drying treatments on Quality and Safety of Sun‐dried Tomatoes. Part II. Effects of Storage on Nutritional and Sensory Quality of Sun‐dried Tomatoes Pretreated with Sulfur, Sodium Metbisulfite, or Salt
Authors: And Guadalupe Latapi , Barrett Diane M.
Published: July 2010

ABSTRACT Pre‐drying treatments have been found to improve the quality of stored sun‐dried tomatoes. Based on previous investigation (Part I), 5 specific pretreatments were chosen for effects on nutritional value, sensory quality, and safety before and after 3 mo of storage (25 °C and 30% to 34% relative humidity). These pretreatments included (1) direct gas sulfuring with 2.3 kg (5 lb) SO2; (2) with 3.6 kg (8 lb) SO2; (3) dipping in 10% salt for 5 min; (4) 8% sodium metabisulfite for 5 min; and (5) 8% sodium metabisulfite and 10% salt for 5 min. The use of SO2 improved color, rehydration ratio, and minimized the loss of ascorbic acid and lycopene. Sodium metabisulfite dipped tomatoes had better rehydration ratio and color than gas sulfured sun‐dried tomatoes. Untrained consumers ranked gas sulfured tomatoes higher than sun‐dried tomatoes produced by dipping in either sodium metabisulfite alone or sodium metabisulfite plus salt.
Demand management: another marketing tool or a way to quality care?
Authors: Mohler M. Jane , Harris John M.
Published: July 2010

Demand management tools are population‐based strategies used to control costs and improve utilization of services by assisting health consumers in maintaining their health and seeking appropriate health care. These tools are increasingly used by health care delivery systems and, in the US, by fiscal intermediaries, such as insurance companies. If these tools are not properly applied, there is a clear possibility that their use may lead a reduction of health care services with no improvement in clinical, humanistic, or economic outcomes. Demand management effectiveness has not been rigorously examined by the medical industry or academia. Before adopting or purchasing demand management technologies, health care systems should examine them carefully to determine how the tools were developed and who they were intended to serve. Once implemented, careful tracking of population outcomes is as necessary with these technologies as with any other technologies that can affect health care.
Investigating and Modelling Pituitary Endocrine Network Function
Authors: Hodson D. J. , Molino F. , Fontanaud P. , Bonnefont X. , Mollard P.
Published: July 2010

Endocrine cells in the mammalian pituitary are arranged into three‐dimensional homotypic networks that wire the gland and act to optimise hormone output by allowing the transmission of information between cell ensembles in a temporally precise manner. Despite this, the structure–function relationships that allow cells belonging to these networks to display coordinated activity remain relatively uncharacterised. This review discusses the recent technological advances that have allowed endocrine cell network structure and function to be probed and the mathematical models that can be used to analyse and present the resulting data. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms that allow endocrine cells to dynamically function as a population to drive hormone release as well as the experimental and theoretical methods that are used to track and model information flow through the network.
Die Schlupfwespen und der Unterwuchs des Waldes
Authors: Györfi J.
Published: July 2010

Das Gesagte kann wie folgt zusammengefaßt werden:

1. Für die Vermehrung der Schlupfwespen ist nicht die Mischung der Holzarten, sondern der Reichtum der Bodenvegetation ausschlaggebend. Nach meinen Untersuchungen haben in einem Walde, dessen Bäume auf ursprünglichem Standort stehen, die Schädlinge der Bodenpflanzen, der Sträucher und der bestandsbildenden Holzarten gemeinsame Parasiten. Die Parasiten jener Pflanzen, welche nicht Ziel der Holzerzeugung sind, spielen im Walde die Rolle eines Parasitenvorrates.

2. Das Vorhandensein der Sträucher, Stauden, Bodenpflanzen bereichert die Lebensgemeinschaft viel mehr und begünstigt die Vermehrung der Schlupfwespen besser als die Mischung der Holzarten.

3. Wo es die Aufforstungs‐ und Pflegearbeiten erlauben, soil im Interesse der Aufrechterhaltung des biozönotischen Gleichgewichtes angestrebt werden, die Pflanzenwelt des Waldes zu bereichern. Nur in dem Maße dürfen die Sträucher und Bodenpflanzen ausgerottet werden, in dem es die Wirtschaftsinteressen verlangen.

4. Auf den Nährpflanzenmangel der Nebenwirte ist es zurückzuführen, daß in den auf nicht entsprechendem Standort gepflanzten gleichaltrigen, reinen Beständen die Insektenschäden viel häufiger sind, als in solchen ungemischten Wäldern, wo die Holzart auf ihrem ursprünglichen Standort stent. Im letzteren Falle treffen wir neben jenen Holzarten, welche das Ziel der Holzerzeugung bilden, auch die Begleitpflanzen derselben an und auf den Begleitpflanzen die Nebenwirte der Parasiten jener Schädlinge, welche auf den Nutzholzarten leben.

5. Schließlich haben für die Aufrechterhaltung des biozönotischen Gleichgewichtes auch die Waldblumen eine wichtige Bedeutung, indem sie den Imagines der Schlupfwespen Nahrung liefern. Für die Vermehrung der Schlupfwespen ist es sehr wichtig, daß inmitten der Wälder oder in der Nähe derselben blühende Wiesen vorhanden sind.
Das Auftreten von Kiefernbuschhornblattwespen in Norddeutschland 1949
Authors: Thalenhorst Walter
Published: July 2010

Im Jahre 1949 (örtlich schon früher) traten in Norddeutschland die Kiefernbuschhornblattwespen Diprion frutetorum F. und D. sertifer bestandsschädigend auf. Vergesellschaftet mit frutetorum fanden sich auch die Arten nemorum F., virens Kl., pini L. und simile Htg. Es kam örtlich zu Kahlfraß, jedoch ohne nachhaltige Folgen. Nur gegen D. frutetorum wurde mit befriedigendem Ergebnis ein Großversuch mit dem Nebelverfahren der Gebr. Borchers A.‐G., Goslar, durchgeführt. Die Massenvermehrung von frutetorum brach, nach Auftreten einer Seuche unter den erwachsenen Larven, unter entscheidender Mitwirkung der Erzwespe Microplectron fuscipennis Zett. im Sommer 1949 zusammen. Auch D. sertifer wurde während der Kokonruhe durch Parasiten dezimiert, ohne daß die Kalamität jedoch dadurch restlos erstickt worden wäre. Eiparasiten traten in beiden Fällen kaum in Erscheinung.
Beobachtungen zum Auftreten der Nonne (Lymantria monacha L.) 1955/56 in den Buchenwäldern Westmazedoniens, Jugoslawien
Authors: Karaman Zora
Published: July 2010

Bei einer Massenvermehrung der Nonne (Lymantria monacba L.) in den Buchenwäldern Westmazedoniens (Jugoslawien) wurden im Jahre 1955 insgesamt

12000 ha Buchenbestande vom Kahlfraß betroffen. Der Befall beschränkte sich auf die Buchenwaldregion in den Höhenlagen zwischen 1200 bis 1600 m.

Das Auftreten der Polyederkrankheit (Wipfelkrankheit der Nonne) führte im Sommer 1956 zum Zusammenbruch der Nonnenkalamität.

In the course of a mass‐propagation of the nun‐moth (Lymantria monacha L.) in the beech‐forests of western Mazedonia (Yugo‐Slavia) 1955 in a total 12 000 ha beech stands were completly defoliated. The attack was restricted in the beech‐forests between altitudes of 1200‐1600 m. The outbreak of a polyhedral‐disease („Wipfelkrankheit” of the nun‐moth) led to a breakdown of the nun‐moth‐calamity in summer 1956.
Neue Braconiden‐Parasiten von schädlichen Insekten (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Fischer Max
Published: July 2010

Es werden ein neues Genus und sieben neue, aus schädlichen Insekten gezogene Arten der Familie Braconidae beschrieben. Die neue Gattung ist Spathioplites nov. gen., die zu den Spathiinae zu stellen und der Plathyspathius‐Gruppe nächst verwandt ist. Die neuen Arten sind Hecabalodes ruguloscolyti n. sp. (Iran), Hecabalodes xylophagi n. sp. (Franz. Äquat. Afrika) (diese beiden in Zusammenhang mit einer Revision der Gattung beschrieben), Spathioplites phreneticus n.sp. (Franz. Äquat. Afrika), Phanerotoma pyrodercis n.sp. (Senegal), Opius coffeae n.sp. (Kongo), Apanteles epinotiae n.sp. (Österreich) und Eubadizon ratzeburgi (Österreich). Die Unterscheidung von nächst verwandten Species wird erörtert.

One new genus and seven new species belonging to the Fam. Braconidae have been described. The new genus, Spathioplites nov. gen., is closely related with the Plathyspathius‐group within the Subfam. Spathiinae. The new species Hecabalodes ruguloscolyti n. sp. (Iran), and Hecabalodes xylphagi n. sp. (French Equat. Africa) have been described. Descriptions of the following five species are given: Spathioplites phreneticus n. sp. (French Equat. Africa), Phanerotoma pyrodercis n. sp. (Senegal), Opius coffeae n. sp. (Congo), Apanteles epinotiae n. sp. (Austria), and Eubadizon ratzeburgi (Austria). Distinguishing features from the closely related species have also been enumerated.
Waxes of the lac insect and their glands
Authors: MAHDIHASSAN S.
Published: July 2010

Ergänzt durch zahlreiche Abbildungen wird die Morphologie der wachserzeugenden Drüsen sowie die Bedeutung der verschiedenen Wachsarten für den Aufbau der Lackschildlauskolonien ausführlich behandelt. Die Untersuchungen wurden an Lakshadia mysorensis, communis, nagoliensis und Metatachardia conchiferata (Lacciferidae, Coccoidea) durchgeführt, denen in Indien wirtschaftliche Bedeutung zukommt.
Zum Vorkommen und zur Bekämpfung des Kleinen Aspenbockes Saperda populnea L. in Schweden
Authors: Brammanis L.
Published: July 2010

Den kleinen Aspenbock trifft man fast in ganz Schweden, überall wo die Aspe vorkommt. In den nördlichsten Teilen des Landes ist das Vorkommen am spärlichsten.

Die Generation ist zweijährig. In den ungeraden Jahren fliegen 90 bis 97% der gesamten Population. Im Norden sind die Flugjahre nicht so scharf abgegrenzt. Ein Weibchen ist imstande, mehr als 136 “Hufeisen” anzulegen. Am meisten werden 7–8 mm dicke Triebe angegriffen.

Das schädliche Auftreten des Bockes ist von wirtschaftlicher Bedeutung hauptsüchlich beim Anbau von Hybridaspenplantagen. Es gelang, die sehr stark bedrohten Plantagen erst nach mehrjähriger systematisch durchgeführter Bespritzung mit Gesarol‐50 von Saperda‐Angriffen zu befreien. Gegen Larven erwies sich das Bepinseln der “Hufeisen” mit Leinöl ohne oder mit Insektizidzusatz als ein sehr erfolgreiches und billiges Bekämpfungsmittel. Die Behandlung verursacht an den Pflanzen keine Beschädigungen, wie das so oft der Fall bei Anwendung von Mineralölen ist.

Ein Versuch wurde gemacht, die in Saperda‐Larven parasitierende Schlupfwespe Ephialtes abbreviatus via Hylobius‐Larven zu züchten, um auf diese Weise Material für biologische Bekämpfungsversuche zu gewinnen.

Saperda populnea is to be found in Sweden wherever aspen is growing. Its incidence is lowest in northern Sweden.

The life‐cycle is bivoltine. In odd years about 90–97 per cent of the population is on the wing. In northern districts there is no such strict cycle. A single female may produce as many as 136 “horseshoes”. Twigs of about 3 inches diameter are preferably attacked. The beetle is of particular economic importance in plantations of hybrid aspens. Only after several years of treatment with Gesarol‐50 was it possibly to clean the plantations from attack. Against the larvae brushing of the “horseshoes” with linseed‐oil – with or without addition of insecticides – has been found to be a succesful and cheap remedy. The hostplants are not injured hereby, as it is often the case when using mineral‐oils.

Finally, a trial was made to breed Ephialtes abbreviates on larvae of Hylobius and by this way to obtain parasite material for biological control tests.
Entomologica in Litteris
Authors: Herfs Adolf
Published: July 2010

Important insect pests – for example, termites, ants grasshoppers, flies, bugs and fleas – are frequently recorded in the classical literature of mankind (Indian myths, Bible, Homer, Dante, Goethe) and have often been subjects of poetry. The damage and epidemics caused by these insects has also been treated by literates all along. Since Linné, insect nomenclature has frequently made use of names of antique legendary persons, and particularly butterflies have been named so.
Untersuchung über die Auslösung der Eiablage bei Syrphus corollae Fabr. (Dipt. Syrphidae)
Authors: Bombosch S.
Published: July 2010

Für eine optimale Eiablage von S. corollae sind Blattläuse und Licht not‐wendig. Unbeantwortet bleibt noch, ob das Licht die Weibchen lediglich in Legestimmung versetzt oder ob es den Tieren die optische Wahrnehmung der Blattläuse ermöglicht. Außer durch Blattläuse selbst werden die Syrphiden‐weibchen durch Honigtau zur Eiablage angeregt. Von den verschiedenen Bestandteilen des Honigtaus kommen einige Zucker als Reizquelle nicht in Betracht. Diese ist vielmehr‐wenigstenszueinem Teil‐in den im Honigtau vorkommenden Ausscheidungen der Siphonen zu suchen. Es bleibt offen, ob bei der Eiablage allein diese Stoffe oder andere im Honigtau oder an den Blattläusen vorkommende reizwirksam sind.

Mit amputierten Tieren konnten wir die Ergebnisse von Dixon (4) bestätigen, daß die Eiablage durch gasförmige Stoffe, die von den Fühlern perzipiert werden, ausgelöst wird. Durch Amputation der Fühler wird die Eiablage nicht restlos unterbunden. Zwar reagieren diese Fliegen nicht mehr auf den Duftreiz, doch legen sie Eier, wenn sie mit Blattläusen in Berührung kommen. In Abwesenheit von Blattläusen verhalten sie sich wie normale Tiere. Neben den Fühlern können also auch die Tarsen und (oder) Mundwerkzeuge die Reize für die Eiablage perzipieren. Über die Beschaffenheit der Reizquellen können noch keine genaueren Angaben gemacht werden. Zu prüfen wird ferner sein, welche Rolle rein taktile Reize spielen und welche Bedeutung der Legeröhre zukommt. Da wir bisher hauptsächlich Einzelreize prüften, wird künftig die Kombination verschiedener Reize besonders beachtet werden müssen.

Studies on egglaying in Syrphus corollae showed that aphids and light are necessary for an optimum oviposition. The Syrphid females were also induced to lay by the presence of honeydew.

The oviposition stimuli were picked up by the antennae and under certain conditions also by the tarsi or mouthparts.
Aktuelle Fragen des Trichogramma‐Einsatzes
Authors: Schütte F.
Published: July 2010

An apparatus ‐ named as “Dosierungs‐Trommel” (dose‐drum) ‐ is described which makes it possible to spout a defined amount of parasitized eggs of Sitotroga cerealella (Oliv.) containing pupae of Trichogramma embryophagum Hartig (var. cacoeciae Marchal) and unparasitized eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (L.) to the crowns of apple trees. The release of Trichogramma from 16 containers fastened to outer branches of apple trees resulted in a slightly higher percentage parasitism of artificially distributed host eggs (Sitotroga cerealella [Oliv.]) on test cards than the release of the same amount from one or four containers in more central positions. Host eggs (A. kuehniella) sprayed to the crown together with pupae of T. embryophagum increased the percentage parasitism by this parasite on test cards. A high dosage of T. embryophagum gave remarkably better results when sprayed upon the leaves than when released from two typs of containers on the trunk. Further confirmation of these results will be needed.
Experimentell‐ökologische Untersuchungen anTrichogramma embryophagumHartig (Chalc./Hym.) sowie am Ei des KiefernspannersBupalus piniariusL. (Geom. Lep.)*
Authors: Kennel‐Heckel Waldtraut
Published: July 2010

In der Arbeit werden Ergebnisse experimentell‐ökologischer Untersuchungen am Ei des Kiefernspanners,Bupalus piniariusL. (Geom. Lepid.) mitgeteilt. Insbesondere wird die Eientwicklung in Abhängigkeit von Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit einer eingehenden Betrachtung unterzogen.

Entsprechende Laborversuche mit dem EiparasitenTrichogramma embryophagumHtg. (Chalc. Hym.) bei seiner Entwicklung im Kiefernspannerei bzw. in dem der Kieferneule,Panolis flammeaSchiff.(Noct. Lepid.), werden dargestellt, die Ergebnisse gedeutet und Folgerungen für die Praxis gezogen.

Die mit der Massenzucht und den Möglichkeiten des Einsatzes zur biologischen Bekämpfung des Eiparasiten zusammenhängenden Fragen werden erörtert.
The male and female first stage lac‐larvae (coccidae)
Authors: Mahdihassan S.
Published: July 2010

Die männlichen und weiblichen Larven von Lackinsekten, z. B. Lakshadia spec. (Lacciferidae, Cocc.), unterscheiden sich durch ihre Gestalt, besonders aber durch die Art ihres Wachstums. Die letzten vier Segmente der männlichen Larve sind leicht gekrümmt und verleihen dadurch der Larve eine fischähnliche Form. Bei der männlichen Larve sind diese Segmente insgesamt länger als die entsprechende hintere Körperregion der weiblichen Larve. Die Körperseiten der weiblichen Larve sind relativ parallel, wodurch die hinteren Körpersegmente breiter erscheinen als die der männlichen Larve. Sobald das Wachstum beginnt, wächst die männliche Larve flach und lang, die weibliche dagegen in die Höhe, senkrecht zur Oberfläche des Zweiges. Die unterschiedliche Richtung des Wachstums ist äußerlich bereits lange vor der ersten Häutung deutlich sichtbar.
Moderne Strömungen in der angewandten Entomologie in Nordamerika
Authors: Franz J. M.
Published: July 2010

Modern trends in applied entomology in North America are depicted according to personal impressions during recent activity of the author in Canada and in the United States. The inclusion of practical research into university work and the importance of entomology in this frame is compared with the present situation in Germany. The existence of large Departments of Entomology on universities and of a powerful Entomological Society of America are indications of the status of this part of science in North America. To find criteria for the present trend in applied research the following three examples are used: 1) the programmes of the three latest laboratories of the Entomology Research Division, Agricultural Research Service, USDA (fundamentals of biological control; metabolism and radiation; selection of resistant plants, nutrition and mass production of insects); 2) recommandations given for research in “Use of Pesticides” by the President's Scientific Advisory Committee; 3) important lectures of outstanding entomologists. The general denominator of these activities in Canada and the United States can be found in a tendency to combine the advantages of all known control methods, to avoid disadvantages, and to develop new and more specific approaches leading to and including autocidal control techniques. The influence of this trend on the development of entomology in Germany is thought to be important.
Reaktion von Insekten auf Magnetfelder, elektrische Felder und atmospherics
Authors: Becker Günther
Published: July 2010

Entflügelte Imagines gewisser Termiten‐Gattungen, besonders von Macrotermes und Odontotermes, richten sich in ihrer Ruhestellung nach dem Magnetfeld der Erde und künstlichen Magnetfeldern. Orientierung nach der Himmelsrichtung, die ebenfalls für eine Magnetotaxis gehalten wird, wurde unter bestimmten Bedingungen auch bei Hylotrupes bajulus L. (Coleopt., Cerambyc), Blatta americana L., Grillen‐ und Heuschrecken‐Arten, Wespen und Bienen festgestellt. Fliegen mehrerer Gattungen landen während des ganzen Tages und bei verschiedenen Lichtbedingungen bevorzugt in annähernd N/S‐ oder O/W‐Richtung. Sie reagieren mit ihrer Landerichtung auf künstliche Magnetfelder. Starke magnetische und elektrische Felder hemmen die Aktivität verschiedener Insekten. Zwischen der Atmungsintensität von Termiten und den atmospherics wurde eine Korrelation gefunden; bei Minima der atmospherics ist die Atmungstätigkeit groß, bei Maxima gering. — Verhaltensweisen und Sinnesphysiologie der Insekten müssen angesichts der Reaktion auf magnetische und elektrische Felder neu bearbeitet werden.

Dealated imagines of some genera of termites, particularly of Macrotermes and Odontotermes, adjust their resting position to the magnetic field of the earth or to artificial magnetic fields. Orientation according to the cardinal points, also considered as a magnetotaxis, was found under certain conditions with Hylotrupes bajulus L. (Coleopt., Cerambyc.), Blatta americana L., species of crickets and grasshoppers, wasps, and bees. Flies of several genera prefer approximately the E/W‐ or N/S‐direction for landing during the whole day and under varying conditions of light. Their landing direction is influenced by artificial magnetic fields. Strong magnetic and electric fields inhibit the activity of various insects. A correlation was found between the intensity of respiration with termites and the atmospherics; with minimum atmospherics the respiration is higher than with maximum atmospherics. — Behaviour and sensory physiology of insects should be restudied with respect to these reactions to magnetic and electric fields.
Die Eiablage der Brachfliege (Phorbia coarctata Fall.) unter Berücksichtigung der Fruchtfolge1
Authors: Buhl C. , Sol R.
Published: July 2010

The numbers of eggs of Wheat Bulb Fly (Phorbia coarctata Fall.), present in fields of swedes, oats, and potatoes were determined. The highest numbers were found under swedes, the lowest under potatoes; oats held an intermediate position.

The first eggs were present at the beginning of July under all crop plants examined. It is assumed, that the oviposition of Wheat Bulb Fly is influenced by plant cover of the soil.
Untersuchungen zur Frage der Holzverwertung als Nahrung bei holzzerstörenden Roßameisen (Camponotus ligniperda Latr. und Camponotus herculeanus L.) unter Berücksichtigung der Cellulase‐Aktivität
Authors: Graf Ingeborg , Hölldobler Bert
Published: July 2010

Mit einer empfindlichen papierchromatographischen Methode wurde nachgewiesen, daß im Darmtrakt von Camponotus ligniperda Latr. und Camponotus herculeanus L. keine Cellulase vorhanden ist. Fütterungsversuche

1 Nach Untersuchungen von Eisner und Happ (1962) können die Camponotus‐Arten aus anatomischen Gründen nur feste Nahrungsteile in den Chylusmagen aufnehmen, die kleiner als 10 μ sind.

By means of a sensitive paper chromatographic method, it was shown that in the alimentary tract of Camponotus ligniperda and Camponotus herculeanus is no cellulase. Feeding experiments and proof of lignin demonstrated also that carpenter ants (Camponotus) do not digest wood.
Versuche zur Bekämpfung des Maiszünslers Pyrausta nubilalis Hb. vom Hubschrauber aus
Authors: Engel H.
Published: July 2010

Der in Südbaden zunehmende Körnermaisbau hat zu Ausfällen durch den Maiszünsler geführt. Der Befall ist in den seit Jahrzehnten Mais anbauenden Gemeinden besonders stark und erreicht beim Badischen Landmais bis zu 100%. Die Bekämpfung des Zünslers erfolgte 1964 vom Hubschrauber aus. Es kamen mehrere Mittel zum Einsatz. Der größte Teil der Fläche wurde mit 2,5 1 Dipterex‐Emulsion je ha behandelt. Die nur einmal durchgeführte Aktion verringerte den Befall und erbrachte den erwarteten Mehrertrag. Die je ha aufgewendeten Kosten von 44,28 DM für die Behandlung und 38,52 DM für die Mittel wurden durch den Mehrertrag gedeckt und erbrachten einen zusätzlichen Reingewinn. Durch eine mehrmalige Wiederholung der Aktion wird eine Ausdünnung der Zünslerpopulation angestrebt.
Zur Kenntnis der Parasiten der Bürsthorn‐Blattwespen der Gattung Arge Schrank (Hymenoptera: Argidae)
Authors: Pschorn‐Walcher Hubert , Kriegl Manfred
Published: July 2010

Es wird ein Überblick über die in den Jahren 1961–1964 aus fünf verschiedenen Arten der Blattwespengattung Arge gezogenen Larvenparasiten gegeben. Insgesamt wurden 8 Parasitenarten (darunter ein Hyperparasit) erhalten, u. z. 3 Ichneumoniden, 1 Braconide, 2 Chalcidier und 2 Tachinen. Die Biologie einiger dieser Parasitenarten wird kurz beschrieben.

Der Parasitenkomplex der Argidae umfaßt (1) Gattungen oder Arten, die ausschließlich auf diese Blattwespengruppe spezialisiert sind und als autochthone, phylogenetisch alte Parasiten der Argidae angesehen werden können, (2) Arten, die entweder selbst — oder zumindest deren nächste Verwandten — sowohl bei Argiden wie bei Nematinen schmarotzen. Die Frage, ob es sich dabei um eine durch ökologische Ähnlichkeiten beider Wirtsgruppen bedingte ”disjunktive Oligophagie„ handelt oder ob dem Wirtsspektrum dieser Parasiten nicht doch eine nähere — als bisher angenommene — phylogenetische Beziehung zwischen den Argiden und Nematinen (speziell zu den Cladiini) zugrunde liegt, muß vorerst offenbleiben.

Collections during the years 1961–1964 of five different species of Arge sawflies have produced eight species of larval parasites, comprising three Ichneumonids (including a hyperparasite), one Braconid, two Chalcids, and two Tachinids. The biology of some of these parasite species is described briefly.

The parasite complex of Argid sawflies comprises (i) some genera and species that occur exclusively with this sawfly family. They can thus be regarded as ”autochthonous„, phylogenetically old parasites of Argid sawflies, (ii) species that either directly, or at least the nearest relatives of which, occur on both Argid and Nematine hosts. This ”disjunetive oligophagy„ of the parasites in question could be due to certain ecological similarities existing in the two host groups, but it could also indicate a closer phylogenetic relationship between Argidae on the one side and Nematinae (especially with the Cladiini) on the other, than has hitherto been assumed.
Zur Kenntnis der Parasitierung der Getreidehalmwespe Cephus pygmaeus L. (Hym., Cephidae) in Mitteleuropa
Authors: Kriegl Manfred
Published: July 2010

In den Jahren 1961 und 1964 wurden im Schweizer Jura, in Südwestdeutsch‐land und in Ostfrankreich insgesamt 9 Proben der Getreidehalmwespe Cephus pygmaeus auf ihre Parasitierung hin untersucht. Das Parasitierungs‐prozent lag zwischen 41,5 und 68,7 %. Insgesamt wurden 7 Arten von Pri‐märparasiten festgestellt, von denen aber nur eine einzige, die Schlupfwespe Collyria calcitrator, häufig war. Die Biologie der einzelnen Parasitenarten wird kurz referiert. Ein Vergleich der eigenen Ergebnisse mit den von an‐deren Autoren in England, Skandinavien und der Sowjetunion erhaltenen beschließt die Arbeit.
Beitrag zur Erforschung des Massenflugs virusübertragender Blattläuse mit Hilfe neuer Fang‐ und Registrierverfahren
Authors: Haine E.
Published: July 2010

Notwendigkeit und Bedeutung der Erforschung der Migrationserscheinungen virusübertragender Insekten (Blattläuse) führten in Bonn dazu, im Rahmen biophysikalischer Untersuchungen quantitativ exakte, kontinuierliche Analysen des Luftplanktons mit Hilfe englischer Suction Traps (12″ Vent‐Axia) unter gleichzeitiger kontinuierlicher Registrierung meteorologischer Faktoren einschließlich der elektrischen Erscheinungen in der Atmosphäre durchzuführen.

Gleichzeitig wurde das individuelle Flugverhalten zahlreicher Aphiden‐arten (mehr als 20) in Windkanälen untersucht.

Unter den an den Massenflügen in Bonn beteiligten Arten (bisher insgesamt 137) werden die vom systematischen, tiergeographischen, ökologischen, virologischen und phytopathologischen Standpunkte bedeutsamsten besonders besprochen und ein Ausblick auf die beteiligten, übrigen Insekten‐ordnungen und ‐familien gegeben.