bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A case of nasal chromoblastomycosis causing epistaxis
Authors: Penjor D , Khizuan A K , Chong A W , Wong K T
Published: November 2014

Background:

Chromoblastomycosis is a chronic fungal infection of the skin and subcutaneous tissue that most commonly affects the feet and lower limbs. It is rare for this infection to occur on the face, and it is exceptionally rare for it to involve the nose and sinuses. This paper reports a rare case of nasal chromoblastomycosis in a 50-year-old Malaysian male.

Case report:

The patient, who was a rubber plantation worker in the southern state of Johor, presented to the ENT clinic with a history of epistaxis. He did not recall any history of injury to the nose. Nasal endoscopy showed a pale yellowish lesion at the inferior edge of the left middle turbinate. Histology revealed that this was a case of chromoblastomycosis.

Conclusion:

Chromoblastomycosis of the nasal cavity is very rare and can be mistaken for other granulomatous conditions in the nose. It progresses very slowly over many years. Our patient was managed conservatively, as he was not keen on undergoing surgical intervention. Lesion size remained the same at five months' follow up, with no recurrence of epistaxis.
Urbanisation by subtraction: the afterlife of camps in northern Uganda
Authors: Whyte Susan Reynolds , Babiiha Sulayman , Mukyala Rebecca , Meinert Lotte
Published: November 2014

As peace returns to northern Uganda, a unique arithmetic of development is evident in the former Internally Displaced Persons camps. Small trading centres whose populations multiplied as they became camps now envision futures as Town Boards. Subtraction is necessary: the displaced people and the dead buried in the camps are being returned to their rural villages. Urban planners have produced meticulous drawings that envisage the division of land into plots for development. Donors are making additions in the form of new market buildings and water supplies. Yet this arithmetic must reckon with new problems as time passes. The article is based primarily on fieldwork in Awach, a former IDP camp now slated for status as a Town Board. In analysing material from interviews with landowners, ‘remainders’ who stayed behind after the camp closed, local leaders and officials, we emphasise the paradoxes, tensions and conflicts of this special path to development.
Legacies of a nationwide crackdown in Zimbabwe:Operation Chikorokoza Chaperain gold mining communities
Authors: Spiegel Samuel J.
Published: November 2014

Although conflict in Zimbabwe's diamond mining sector has recently received much international scrutiny, very little research has examined conflict in Zimbabwe's gold mining sector. This article analyses how a nationwide crackdown calledOperation Chikorokoza Chapera(‘No More Illegal Mining’) affected – and ‘disciplined’ – livelihoods in profound ways in both licensed and unlicensed gold mining regions. Drawing on interviews conducted between 2006 and 2013 with artisanal miners in the Insiza, Umzingwani and Kadoma areas as well as miners who crossed the border to Mozambique, the study reveals how a highly politicised crackdown led to uneven consequences. The analysis highlights both structural and physical violence, with more than 25,000 miners and traders arrested between 2006 and 2009 and more than 9,000 still imprisoned in 2013. Situating the crackdown within evolving political and economic interests, the study contributes to an understanding of how simplified discourses on ‘eradicating illegal mining’ mislead and mask power dynamics, while policing activities transform patterns of resource control. The study also emphasises that conceptualisations of the crackdown's legacy should carefully consider the agency of artisanal miners' associations, which, in some cases, have been actively seeking to resist coercive policies and rebuild livelihoods in the aftermath ofOperation Chikorokoza Chapera.
Formalising urban informality: micro-enterprise and the regulation of liquor in Cape Town
Authors: Charman Andrew , Herrick Clare , Petersen Leif
Published: November 2014

In early 2012, South Africa's Western Cape Province enacted new alcohol control legislation amid mounting concern with the costs of alcohol-related harms. This has focused on urban shebeen closure to control the informal, unlicensed trade and the harms it generates through crime, violence and injury. In contrast to policy discourse, this paper contends that rather than existingoutside regulation, the city's shebeeners embrace multiple (self and collective) regulatory strategies to manage the inherent risks of their own informality. Drawing on novel empirical data including a ‘business census’ and interviews with the police and liquor traders across four Cape Town case study sites, the paper adds new depth to contemporary engagements with the appropriate and equitable regulation of the South African informal liquor trade.
Nonlinear ion acoustic excitations in relativistic degenerate, astrophysical electron-positron-ion plasmas – CORRIGENDUM
Authors: Ur-Rahman Ata , Ali S. , Mushtaq A. , Qamar A.
Published: November 2014

A misprint occured in equation 26 in the original article (Ur-Rahman et al. 2013). The correct equation is provided below.

\[
\zeta=\epsilon^{1/2}\left(x-\lambda t\right) \rm{, \ \ }\tau=\epsilon^{3/2}t\rm{.}%
\]

This misprint does not affect the calculations, the figures and the discussion presented in the original article.
Catch-and-release angling as a management tool for freshwater fish conservation in India
Authors: Gupta Nishikant , Nautiyal Prakash , Borgohain Atul , Sivakumar K. , Mathur Vinod B. , Chadwick Michael A.
Published: November 2014

Mahseer are popularly regarded by anglers as the king of freshwater fishes, and are valued across the Himalayan and South-east Asian regions. In India, mahseer are important game fish. Mahseer populations and their habitats face a range of anthropogenic threats, however, including unregulated fishing and habitat fragmentation as a result of hydro-development projects. Catch-and-release angling for mahseer attracts both national and international anglers and could provide information about rivers while generating revenue for regional economies. In this context, we evaluated catch-and-release angling records from rivers that flow within two Indian reserves (the Ramganga and Jia Bharali Rivers in Corbett and Nameri Tiger Reserves, respectively). Golden mahseer Tor putitora in the Ramganga and golden and chocolate mahseer Neolissochilus hexagonolepis in the Jia Bharali were the most frequently caught fish species. Catch data suggested these game fish populations are probably not negatively affected by angling activities. Interviews with stakeholders highlighted support for catch-and-release angling, mainly because of its perceived economic benefits. The data obtained in this research could potentially assist with both fish conservation and the protection of associated aquatic ecosystems.
Facilitating User Involvement in Activation Programmes: When Carers and Clerks Meet Pawns and Queens
Authors: DJUVE ANNE BRITT , KAVLI HANNE C.
Published: November 2014

User involvement has become an explicit goal within social service provision. Even so, the term remains ambiguous, and its implementation troublesome. Implementation theory lists a number of factors influencing bureaucratic behaviour; in this paper we investigate the ‘human factor’. Our ambition is to provide a framework for analysis of user influence in activation programmes that includes the individual characteristics of both service users and service providers. Building on theoretical insights from the literature on activation and agency, we develop a framework that distinguishes between two ideal types of service users: Pawns and Queens, and two types of service providers: care-oriented Carers and rule-oriented Clerks. This framework is then applied to identify key challenges for the interaction between users and caseworkers in two challenging situations: when service users express little or no agency and when they express agency that is incompatible with the overall goals of the programme. We find that Carers show pronounced reluctance to overrule the choices made by service users even when they have conflicting views – and tend to postpone decisions when they interact with Pawns. Clerks tend to overrule the decisions of Queens when they have conflicting views, and to make decisions on behalf of Pawns. The analysis draws on data collected from 126 qualitative interviews with service providers and participants in the Norwegian Introductory Programme for immigrants and a survey of 320 caseworkers.
Appendix: Report on amber beads from Aegean sites
Authors: Werner A. E.
Published: November 2014

The amber beads were examined with a view to determining the origin of the amber—in particular to distinguish between Prussian and Sicilian amber. The samples were compared with specimens of Prussian and Sicilian amber of authenticated origin as controls.

A. Appearance under ultra-violet light

All the samples and the controls showed the same superficial dull-yellow fluorescence except samples 1 and 6, which were darkish brown in colour. When a fresh surface was exposed by removal of the outer brittle crust, all samples showed a greyish-blue fluorescence. Finally, when the samples (with the exception of no. 6) were cut in half, the central areas showed a milky white fluorescence. This area was particularly prominent in the case of the Sicilian sample, in which the greyish-blue fluorescence was confined to a very thin zone.

The phenomena observed in the case both of samples and of the control specimens were so similar that no conclusions could be drawn about the origin of the amber beads.
MODEL-FREE INFERENCE FOR TAIL RISK MEASURES
Authors: Xu Ke-Li
Published: November 2014

Understanding uncertainty in estimating risk measures is important in modern financial risk management. In this paper we consider a nonparametric framework that incorporates auxiliary information available in covariates and propose a family of inferential methods for the value at risk, expected shortfall, and related risk measures. A two-step generalized empirical likelihood test statistic is constructed and is shown to be asymptotically pivotal without requiring variance estimation. We also show its validity when applied to a semiparametric index model. Asymptotic theories are established allowing for serially dependent data. Simulations and an empirical application to Canadian stock return index illustrate the finite sample behavior of the methodologies proposed.
Characterizing nanoparticles with a laboratory diffractometer: from small-angle to total X-ray scattering
Authors: Sommariva Marco , Gateshki Milen , Gertenbach Jan-André , Bolze Joerg , König Uwe , Vasile Bogdan Ştefan , Surdu Vasile-Adrian
Published: November 2014

X-ray diffraction and scattering on a single multipurpose X-ray platform have been used to probe the structure, composition, and thermal behavior of TiO2 nanoparticles ranging in size from 1 to 10 nm. Ambient and non-ambient Bragg diffraction, small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), as well as total scattering and pair-distribution function (PDF) analysis are combined to obtain a comprehensive picture of the samples. At these ultrasmall particle-size dimensions, SAXS and PDF prove powerful in distinguishing the salient features of the materials, in particular the size distribution of the primary particles (SAXS) and the identification of the TiO2 polymorphs (PDF). Structural features determined by X-ray scattering techniques are corroborated by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The elemental make-up of the materials has been measured using X-ray fluorescence spectrometry and energy-dispersive X-ray analysis.
A novel system for the classification of diseased retinal ganglion cells
Authors: TRIBBLE JAMES R. , CROSS STEPHEN D. , SAMSEL PAULINA A. , SENGPIEL FRANK , MORGAN JAMES E.
Published: November 2014

Retinal ganglion cell (RGC) dendritic atrophy is an early feature of many forms of retinal degeneration, providing a challenge to RGC classification. The characterization of these changes is complicated by the possibility that selective labeling of any particular class can confound the estimation of dendritic remodeling. To address this issue we have developed a novel, robust, and quantitative RGC classification based on proximal dendritic features which are resistant to early degeneration. RGCs were labeled through the ballistic delivery of DiO and DiI coated tungsten particles to whole retinal explants of 20 adult Brown Norway rats. RGCs were grouped according to the Sun classification system. A comprehensive set of primary and secondary dendrite features were quantified and a new classification model derived using principal component (PCA) and discriminant analyses, to estimate the likelihood that a cell belonged to any given class. One-hundred and thirty one imaged RGCs were analyzed; according to the Sun classification, 24% (n = 31) were RGCA, 29% (n = 38) RGCB, 32% (n = 42) RGCC, and 15% (n = 20) RGCD. PCA gave a 3 component solution, separating RGCs based on descriptors of soma size and primary dendrite thickness, proximal dendritic field size and dendritic tree asymmetry. The new variables correctly classified 73.3% (n = 74) of RGCs from a training sample and 63.3% (n = 19) from a hold out sample indicating an effective model. Soma and proximal dendritic tree morphological features provide a useful surrogate measurement for the classification of RGCs in disease. While a definitive classification is not possible in every case, the technique provides a useful safeguard against sample bias where the normal criteria for cell classification may not be reliable.
Attribute-based transactions in service oriented computing
Authors: BOCCHI LAURA , TUOSTO EMILIO
Published: November 2014

We present a theory for the design and verification of distributed transactions in dynamically reconfigurable systems. Despite several formal approaches have been proposed to study distributed transactional behaviours, the inter-relations between failure propagation and dynamic system reconfiguration still need investigation. We propose a formal model for transactions in service oriented architectures (SOAs) inspired by the attribute mechanisms of the Java Transaction API. Technically, we model services in ATc (after ‘Attribute-basedTransactionalcalculus’), a CCS-like process calculus where service declarations are decorated with atransactional attribute. Such attribute disciplines, upon service invocation, how the invoked service is executed with respect to the transactional scopes of the invoker. A type system ensures that well-typed ATc systems do not exhibit run-time errors due to misuse of the transactional mechanisms. Finally, we define a testing framework for distributed transactions in SOAs based on ATc and prove that under reasonable conditions some attributes are observationally indistinguishable.
cJoin: Join with communicating transactions
Authors: BRUNI ROBERTO , MELGRATTI HERNÁN , MONTANARI UGO
Published: November 2014

This paper proposes a formal approach to the design and programming of long running transactions (LRTs). We exploit techniques from process calculi to define cJoin, which is an extension of the Join calculus with few well-disciplined primitives for LRT. Transactions in cJoin are intended to describe the transactional interaction of several partners, under the assumption that any partner executing a transaction may communicate only with other transactional partners. In such case, the transactions run by any party are bound to achieve the same outcome (i.e., all succeed or all fail). Hence, a distinguishing feature of cJoin, called dynamic joinability, is that ongoing transactions can be merged to complete their tasks and when this happens either all succeed or all abort. Additionally, cJoin is based on compensations i.e., partial executions of transactions are recovered by executing user-defined programs instead of providing automatic rollback. The expressiveness and generality of cJoin is demonstrated by many examples addressing common programming patterns. The mathematical foundation is accompanied by a prototype language implementation, which is an extension of the JoCaml compiler.
Model checking usage policies
Authors: BARTOLETTI MASSIMO , DEGANO PIERPAOLO , FERRARI GIAN LUIGI , ZUNINO ROBERTO
Published: November 2014

We study usage automata, a formal model for specifying policies on the usage of resources. Usage automata extend finite state automata with some additional features, parameters and guards, that improve their expressivity. We show that usage automata are expressive enough to model policies of real-world applications. We discuss their expressive power, and we prove that the problem of telling whether a computation complies with a usage policy is decidable. The main contribution of this paper is a model checking technique for usage automata. The model is that of usages, i.e. basic processes that describe the possible patterns of resource access and creation. In spite of the model having infinite states, because of recursion and resource creation, we devise a polynomial-time model checking technique for deciding when a usage complies with a usage policy.
Bisimulation proof methods in a path-based specification language for polynomial coalgebras
Authors: ZHOU XIAO-CONG , LI YONG-JI , LI WEN-JUN , QIAO HAI-YAN , SHU ZHONG-MEI
Published: November 2014

What reasoning rules can be used for the deduction of bisimulation formulas in coalgebraic specifications is problematic because those rules used in algebraic specifications possibly cannot be applied to bisimulation formulas. Although some categorical bisimulation proof methods for coalgebras have been proposed, they are not based on specification languages of coalgebras so that they cannot be used as reasoning rules. In this paper, a specification language based on paths of polynomial functors is proposed to specify polynomial coalgebras. Paths of polynomial functors give detailed observations and transitions on the state space of coalgebras so that the techniques used in transition system specifications can be applied to such a path-based language. In particular, because bisimulations can be characterized by paths, the notions of progressions, respectful functions and faithful contexts can be defined based on paths, and then bisimulation up-to proof techniques, including bisimulation up-to bisimilarities and up-to contexts for transition systems can be transformed into reasoning rules in the language. Several examples illustrate how to reason syntactically about bisimulations in the language by using the rules induced by the bisimulation proof techniques.
JNI light: an operational model for the core JNI
Authors: TAN GANG
Published: November 2014

Through foreign function interfaces (FFIs), software components in different programming languages interact with each other in the same address space. Recent years have witnessed a number of systems that analyse FFIs for safety and reliability. However, lack of formal specifications of FFIs hampers progress in this endeavour. We present a formal operational model, Java Native Interface (JNI) light (JNIL), for a subset of a widely used FFI – the Java Native Interface (JNI). JNIL focuses on the core issues when a high-level garbage-collected language interacts with a low-level language. It proposes abstractions for handling a shared heap, cross-language method calls, cross-language exception handling, and garbage collection. JNIL can directly serve as a formal basis for JNI tools and systems. We demonstrate its utility by proving soundness of a system that checks native code in JNI programs for type-unsafe use of JNI functions. The abstractions in JNIL are also useful when modelling other FFIs, such as the Python/C interface and the OCaml/C interface.
Context-preserving XQuery fusion
Authors: KATO H. , HIDAKA S. , HU Z. , NAKANO K. , ISHIHARA Y.
Published: November 2014

This paper solves the known problem of elimination of unnecessary internal element construction as well as variable elimination in XML processing with (a subset of) XQuery without ignoring the issues of document order. The semantics of XQuery is context sensitive and requires preservation of document order. In this paper, we propose, as far as we are aware, the first XQuery fusion that can deal with both the document order and the context of XQuery expressions. More specifically, we carefully design a context representation of XQuery expressions based on the Dewey order encoding, develop a context-preserving XQuery fusion for ordered trees by static emulation of the XML store, and prove that our fusion is correct. Our XQuery fusion has been implemented, and all the examples in this paper have passed through the system.
A liberal type system for functional logic programs
Authors: LÓPEZ-FRAGUAS FRANCISCO JAVIER , MARTIN-MARTIN ENRIQUE , RODRÍGUEZ-HORTALÁ JUAN
Published: November 2014

We propose a new type system for functional logic programming which is more liberal than the classical Damas–Milner usually adopted, but it is also restrictive enough to ensure type soundness. Starting from Damas–Milner typing of expressions, we propose a new notion of well-typed program that adds support for type-indexed functions, a particular form of existential types, opaque higher-order patterns and generic functions – as shown by an extensive collection of examples that illustrate the possibilities of our proposal. In the negative side, the types of functions must be declared, and therefore types are checked but not inferred. Another consequence is that parametricity is lost, although the impact of this flaw is limited as ‘free theorems’ were already compromised in functional logic programming because of non-determinism.
Kolmogorov complexity and the geometry of Brownian motion
Authors: FOUCHÉ WILLEM L.
Published: November 2014

In this paper, we continue the study of the geometry of Brownian motions which are encoded by Kolmogorov–Chaitin random reals (complex oscillations). We unfold Kolmogorov–Chaitin complexity in the context of Brownian motion and specifically to phenomena emerging from the random geometric patterns generated by a Brownian motion.
Completeness and cocompleteness of the categories of basic pairs and concrete spaces
Authors: ISHIHARA HAJIME , KAWAI TATSUJI
Published: November 2014

We show that the category of basic pairs (BP) and the category of concrete spaces (CSpa) are both small-complete and small-cocomplete in the framework of constructive Zermelo–Frankel set theory extended with the set generation axiom. We also show thatCSpais a coreflective subcategory ofBP.
Comparing the Medvedev and Turing degrees of Π01 classes
Authors: KIHARA TAKAYUKI
Published: November 2014

Every co-c.e. closed set (Π01 class) in Cantor space is represented by a co-c.e. tree. Our aim is to clarify the interaction between the Medvedev and Muchnik degrees of co-c.e. closed subsets of Cantor space and the Turing degrees of their co-c.e. representations. Among other results, we present the following theorems: if v and w are different c.e. degrees, then the collection of the Medvedev (Muchnik) degrees of all Π01 classes represented by v and the collection represented by w are also different; the ideals generated from such collections are also different; the collections of the Medvedev and Muchnik degrees of all Π01 classes represented by incomplete co-c.e. sets are upward dense; the collection of all Π01 classes represented by K-trivial sets is Medvedev-bounded by a single Π01 class represented by an incomplete co-c.e. set; and the Π01 classes have neither nontrivial infinite suprema nor infima in the Medvedev lattice.
Preface to the special issue on quantitative information flow
Authors: ANDRÉS MIGUEL E. , PALAMIDESSI CATUSCIA , SMITH GEOFFREY
Published: November 2014

A long-standing and fundamental issue in computer security is to control the flow of information, whether to prevent confidential information from being leaked, or to prevent trusted information from being tainted. While there have been many efforts aimed at preventing improper flows completely (see for example, the survey by Sabelfeld and Myers (2003)), it has long been recognized that perfection is often impossible in practice. A basic example is a login program – whenever it rejects an incorrect password, it unavoidably reveals that the secret password differs from the one that was entered. More subtly, systems may be vulnerable to side channel attacks, because observable characteristics like running time and power consumption may depend, at least partially, on sensitive information.
Partiality and recursion in interactive theorem provers – an overview
Authors: BOVE ANA , KRAUSS ALEXANDER , SOZEAU MATTHIEU
Published: November 2014

The use of interactive theorem provers to establish the correctness of critical parts of a software development or for formalizing mathematics is becoming more common and feasible in practice. However, most mature theorem provers lack a direct treatment of partial and general recursive functions; overcoming this weakness has been the objective of intensive research during the last decades. In this article, we review several techniques that have been proposed in the literature to simplify the formalization of partial and general recursive functions in interactive theorem provers. Moreover, we classify the techniques according to their theoretical basis and their practical use. This uniform presentation of the different techniques facilitates the comparison and highlights their commonalities and differences, as well as their relative advantages and limitations. We focus on theorem provers based on constructive type theory (in particular, Agda and Coq) and higher-order logic (in particular Isabelle/HOL). Other systems and logics are covered to a certain extent, but not exhaustively. In addition to the description of the techniques, we also demonstrate tools which facilitate working with the problematic functions in particular theorem provers.
Global escape in multiparty sessions
Authors: CAPECCHI SARA , GIACHINO ELENA , YOSHIDA NOBUKO
Published: November 2014

This article proposes a global escape mechanism which can handle unexpected or unwanted conditions changing the default execution of distributed communicational flows, preserving compatibility of the multiparty conversations. Our escape is realized by a collection of asynchronous local exceptions which can be thrown at any stage of the communication and to any subsets of participants in a multiparty session. This flexibility enables to model complex exceptions such as criss-crossing global interactions and error handling for distributed cooperating threads. Guided by multiparty session types, our semantics is proven to provide a termination algorithm for global escapes. Our type system guarantees further safety and liveness properties, such as progress within the session and atomicity of escapes with respect to the subset of involved participants.
Linear logic propositions as session types
Authors: CAIRES LUÍS , PFENNING FRANK , TONINHO BERNARDO
Published: November 2014

Throughout the years, several typing disciplines for the π-calculus have been proposed. Arguably, the most widespread of these typing disciplines consists of session types. Session types describe the input/output behaviour of processes and traditionally provide strong guarantees about this behaviour (i.e. deadlock-freedom and fidelity). While these systems exploit a fundamental notion of linearity, the precise connection between linear logic and session types has not been well understood.

This paper proposes a type system for the π-calculus that corresponds to a standard sequent calculus presentation of intuitionistic linear logic, interpreting linear propositions as session types and thus providing a purely logical account of all key features and properties of session types. We show the deep correspondence between linear logic and session types by exhibiting a tight operational correspondence between cut-elimination steps and process reductions. We also discuss an alternative presentation of linear session types based on classical linear logic, and compare our development with other more traditional session type systems.
Fair subtyping for multi-party session types
Authors: PADOVANI LUCA
Published: November 2014

The subtyping relation defined for dyadic session type theories may compromise the liveness of multi-party sessions. In this paper, we define afairsubtyping relation for multi-party session types that preserves liveness, we relate it with the subtyping relation for dyadic session types and provide coinductive, axiomatic and algorithmic characterizations for it.
Relating reasoning methodologies in linear logic and process algebra
Authors: DENG YUXIN , SIMMONS ROBERT J. , CERVESATO ILIANO
Published: November 2014

We show that the proof-theoretic notion of logical preorder coincides with the process-theoretic notion of barbed preorder for a CCS-like process calculus obtained from the formula-as-process interpretation of a fragment of linear logic. The argument makes use of other standard notions in process algebra, namely simulation and labelled transition systems. This result establishes a connection between an approach to reason about process specifications, the barbed preorder, and a method to reason about logic specifications, the logical preorder.
Congenital absence of pericardium: a nomad heart
Authors: Marta Liliana , Ferreira António M. , Santos Katya R.
Published: November 2014

Congenital pericardial absence is a rare cardiac defect. Although most patients are asymptomatic, recognising this condition is clinically important as it can cause serious complications. We report the case of an asymptomatic 33-year-old woman seeking medical attention due to a family history of sudden cardiac death. The investigation led us to the diagnosis of congenital absence of the pericardium. The role of imaging in the diagnosis of this rare cardiac malformation is briefly discussed.
The Gujarat Earthquake (2001) Experience in a Seismically Unprepared
Area: Community Hospital Medical Response
Authors: Roy Nobhojit , Shah Hemant , Patel Vikas , Coughlin R. Richard
Published: November 2014

Background:

At 08:53 hours on 26 January 2001, an earthquake measuring 6.9 on
the Richter scale devastated a large, drought-affected area of
northwestern India, the state of Gujarat. The known number killed by the
earthquake is 20,005, with 166,000 injured, of whom 20,717 were
“seriously” injured. About 370,000 houses were destroyed, and another
922,000 were damaged.

Methods:

A community health worker using the local language interviewed all
of the patients admitted to the Gandhi-Lincoln hospital with an on-site,
oral, real-time, Victim Specific Questionnaire (VSQ).

Results:

The census showed a predominance of women, children, and young
adults, with the average age being 28 years. The majority of the
patients had other family members who were also injured (84%), but most
had not experienced deaths among family members (86%). Most of the
patients (91%) had traveled more than 200 kilometers using their family
cars, pick-ups, trucks, or buses to reach the buffer zone hospitals. The
daily hospital admission rate returned to pre-event levels five days
after the event, and all of the hospital services were restored by nine
days after the quake. Most of the patients (83%) received definitive
treatment in the buffer zone hospitals; 7% were referred to
tertiary-care centers; and 9% took discharge against medical
advice.

The entrapped village folk with their traditional architecture had
lesser injuries and a higher rescue rate than did the semi-urban
townspeople, who were trapped in collapsed concrete masonry buildings
and narrow alleys. However, at the time of crisis, aware townspeople
were able to tap the available health resources better than were the
poor. There was a low incidence of crush injuries. Volunteer doctors
from various backgrounds teamed up to meet the medical crisis.
International relief agencies working through local groups were more
effective. Local relief groups needed to coordinate better. Disaster
tourism by various well-meaning agencies took a toll on the providers.
Many surgeries may have contributed to subsequent morbidity.

Conclusions:

The injury profile was similar to that reported for most other
daytime earthquakes. Buffer zone treatment outcomes were better than
were the field and damaged hospital outcomes.
Bridging the Gap Between Neurocognitive Processing Theory and Performance Validity Assessment among the Cognitively Impaired: A Review and Methodological Approach
Authors: Leighton Angela , Weinborn Michael , Maybery Murray
Published: November 2014

Bigler (2012) and Larrabee (2012) recently addressed the state of the science surrounding performance validity tests (PVTs) in a dialogue highlighting evidence for the valid and increased use of PVTs, but also for unresolved problems. Specifically, Bigler criticized the lack of guidance from neurocognitive processing theory in the PVT literature. For example, individual PVTs have applied the simultaneous forced-choice methodology using a variety of test characteristics (e.g., wordvs. picture stimuli) with known neurocognitive processing implications (e.g., the “picture superiority effect”). However, the influence of such variations on classification accuracy has been inadequately evaluated, particularly among cognitively impaired individuals. The current review places the PVT literature in the context of neurocognitive processing theory, and identifies potential methodological factors to account for the significant variability we identified in classification accuracy across current PVTs. We subsequently evaluated the utility of a well-known cognitive manipulation to provide a Clinical Analogue Methodology (CAM), that is, to alter the PVT performance of healthy individuals to be similar to that of a cognitively impaired group. Initial support was found, suggesting the CAM may be useful alongside other approaches (analogue malingering methodology) for the systematic evaluation of PVTs, particularly the influence of specific neurocognitive processing components on performance. (JINS, 2014,20, 873–886)
The impacts and acceptance of agricultural biotechnology: an introduction to the special issue
Authors: Zilberman David , Wesseler Justus
Published: November 2014

Attitudes towards and acceptance of agricultural biotechnology, which involves inserting genes that carry new traits into existing varieties, has been subject to much debate. This special issue aims to address several gaps in the literature on genetically modified (GM) technology in agriculture. Some of the papers in the issue address the economic and health aspects of genetic modification in agriculture while others examine consumers’ attitudes towards GM products, and the marketing and labeling of GM products.
Late bilinguals see a scan in scannerAND in scandal: dissecting formal overlap from morphological priming in the processing of derived words
Authors: HEYER VERA , CLAHSEN HARALD
Published: November 2014

Masked priming research with late (non-native) bilinguals has reported facilitation effects following morphologically derived prime words (scanner – scan). However, unlike for native speakers, there are suggestions that purely orthographic prime-target overlap (scandal – scan) also produces priming in non-native visual word recognition. Our study directly compares orthographically related and derived prime-target pairs. While native readers showed morphological but not formal overlap priming, the two prime types yielded the same magnitudes of facilitation for non-natives. We argue that early word recognition processes in a non-native language are more influenced by surface-form properties than in one's native language.
Non temporal determinants of bilingual memory capacity: The role of long-term representations and fluency
Authors: CHINCOTTA DINO , UNDERWOOD GEOFFREY
Published: November 2014

Two experiments examine the view that the variation in bilingual short-term memory capacity is determined by differential rates of subvocal rehearsal between the languages. Auditory memory span and articulation time were measured for three bilingual groups who spoke Finnish at home and Swedish at school (FS), and either Finnish (FF) or Swedish (SS) in both the home and the school. The results of Experiment 1 indicate that memory span for words varied in a lawful manner as a function of both articulation time and language dominance for SS and FF. For FS, however, an equivalent memory span between the languages was noted despite a shorter articulation time in Finnish than Swedish. Experiment 2 found that for items with no pre-existing lexical representations (nonwords), articulation time was a more reliable predictor of memory span than language dominance for all three groups. The finding that within-language memory span was greater for short items than long items shows that, ceteris paribus, bilingual short-term memory capacity is sensitive to the effects of word length in both the dominant and non-dominant language. Taken together, these findings moderate the view that bilingual short-term memory capacity is mediated exclusively by subvocal rehearsal and indicate an influential contribution from factors related to language fluency and the strength of lexico-semantic representations.
In Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy of Ionic Conductivity and Reaction Mechanisms in Ultrathin Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Tavabi Amir H. , Arai Shigeo , Muto Shunsuke , Tanji Takayoshi , Dunin-Borkowski Rafal E.
Published: November 2014

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are promising candidates for use in alternative energy technologies. A full understanding of the reaction mechanisms in these dynamic material systems is required to optimize device performance and overcome present limitations. Here, we show that in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) can be used to study redox reactions and ionic conductivity in SOFCs in a gas environment at elevated temperature. We examine model ultrathin half and complete cells in two environmental TEMs using off-axis electron holography and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. Our results from the model cells provide insight into the essential phenomena that are important for the operation of commercial devices. Changes in the activities of dopant cations in the solid electrolyte are detected during oxygen anion conduction, demonstrating the key role of dopants in electrolyte architecture in SOFCs.
COSIMPLICIAL SPACES AND COCYCLES
Authors: Jardine J. F.
Published: November 2014

Standard results from non-abelian cohomology theory specialize to a theory of torsors and stacks for cosimplicial groupoids. The space of global sections of the stack completion of a cosimplicial groupoid $G$ is weakly equivalent to the Bousfield–Kan total complex of $BG$ for all cosimplicial groupoids $G$. The $k$-invariants for the Postnikov tower of a cosimplicial space $X$ are naturally elements of stack cohomology for the stack associated to the fundamental groupoid ${\it\pi}(X)$ of $X$. Cocycle-theoretic ideas and techniques are used throughout the paper.
Bandwidth enhancement of a planar monopole microstrip patch antenna
Authors: Baudha Sudeep , Vishwakarma Dinesh Kumar
Published: November 2014

This paper presents a simple broadband planar monopole microstrip patch antenna with curved slot and partial ground plane. The proposed antenna is designed and fabricated on commercially available FR4 material with εr = 4.3 and 0.025 loss tangent. Bandwidth enhancement has been achieved by introducing a curved slot in the patch and optimizing the gap between the patch and the partial ground plane and the gap between the curved slot and the edge of the patch. Simulated peak gain of the proposed antenna is 4.8 dB. The impedance bandwidth (defined by 10 dB return loss) of the proposed antenna is 109% (2–6.8 GHz), which shows bandwidth enhancement of 26% as compared with simple monopole antenna. The antenna is useful for 2.4/5.2/5.8-GHz WLAN bands, 2.5/3.5/5.5-GHz WiMAX bands, and other wireless communication services. Measured results show good agreement with the simulated results. The proposed antenna details are described and measured/simulated results are elaborated.
A trial proteomics fingerprint analysis of HepaRG cells by FD-LC-MS/MS
Authors: Nakata Katsunori , Ichibangase Tomoko , Saitoh Ryoichi , Ishigai Masaki , Imai Kazuhiro
Published: November 2014

Profile analysis leads to a proteomics fingerprint!
Analysis of steroid hormones in human saliva by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Chen Ching-Hui , Bair Ming-Jong , Hsu Chun-Wei , Chiu Tai-Chia , Hu Cho-Chun
Published: November 2014

The process for the analysis of hormones in saliva.
Method development for the simultaneous analysis of trans,trans-muconic acid, 1,2-dihydroxybenzene, S-phenylmercapturic acid and S-benzylmercapturic acid in human urine by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Fan Ruifang , Wang Dongli , She Jianwen
Published: November 2014

This study reported a method to simultaneously determine trans,trans-muconic acid (t,t-MA), 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (or catechol, abbreviated as 1,2-DB), S-phenylmercapturic acid (S-PMA) and S-benzylmercapturic acid (S-BMA) in human urine.
A novel dispersive micro-solid phase extraction method combined with gas chromatography for analysis of organochlorine pesticides in aqueous samples
Authors: Jiang Xilan , Wu Min , Wu Wenlin , Cheng Jing , Zhou Hongbin , Cheng Min
Published: November 2014

1D-PANIs have good dispersibility and permeability. A plastic dropper acted as both the extraction and preconcentration device. The proposed method is simple, inexpensive and highly efficient.
Colorimetric sensing of copper ions based on the anti-aggregation of unmodified silver nanoparticles in the presence of 1,4-dithiothreitol
Authors: Ye Yingjie , Guo Yi , Yue Yuan , Huang Hanjing , Zhao Longtao , Gao Yumei , Zhang Yongxing
Published: November 2014

A colorimetric method for the fast, sensitive and selective detection of Cu2+ions with silver nanoparticles is proposed based on a specific Cu2+-catalyzed oxidation reaction.
Electrochemical determination of luteolin in Chrysanthemum using multi-walled carbon nanotubes–ionic liquid composite electrode
Authors: Tang Jing , Jin Baokang
Published: November 2014

A multi-walled carbon nanotubes–ionic liquid composite electrode was constructed for the determination of trace-levels of luteolin in Chrysanthemum.
Proton reduction by molecular catalysts in water under demanding atmospheres
Authors: Wakerley David W. , Gross Manuela A. , Reisner Erwin
Published: November 2014

The electrocatalytic proton reduction activity of a Ni bis(diphosphine) and a cobaloxime catalyst has been studied in water in the presence of the gaseous inhibitors O2 and CO.
A cage-based cationic body-centered tetragonal metal–organic framework: single-crystal to single-crystal transformation and selective uptake of organic dyes
Authors: Chen Di-ming , Shi Wei , Cheng Peng
Published: November 2014

A cage-based cationic metal–organic framework shows interesting single-crystal-to-single-crystal transformation upon solvent exchange process and selective uptake of organic dyes.
Signal enhancement of electrochemical biosensors via direct electrochemical oxidation of silver nanoparticle labels coated with zwitterionic polymers
Authors: Geagea R. , Aubert P.-H. , Banet P. , Sanson N.
Published: November 2014

A new electrochemical label has been developed, which is made up of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) coated with a mixture of zwitterionic and biotinylated zwitterionic polymers.
Self-assembled levan nanoparticles for targeted breast cancer imaging
Authors: Kim Sun-Jung , Bae Pan Kee , Chung Bong Hyun
Published: November 2014

We report on the targeted imaging of breast cancer using self-assembled levan nanoparticles.
Control of nanoparticle penetration into biofilms through surface design
Authors: Li Xiaoning , Yeh Yi-Cheun , Giri Karuna , Mout Rubul , Landis Ryan F. , Prakash Y. S. , Rotello Vincent M.
Published: November 2014

Cationic quantum dots effectively penetrate biofilms, providing insight for targeting and imaging applications.
Organic-free synthesis of layer-like FAU-type zeolites
Authors: Inayat A. , Schneider C. , Schwieger W.
Published: November 2014

The presence of simple inorganic salts during zeolite synthesis turned out to be an effective and easy to handle alternative to organic additives to induce the growth of layer-like zeolite morphologies.
Step-wise induction, amplification and inversion of molecular chirality through the coordination of chiral diamines with Zn(ii) bisporphyrin
Authors: Ikbal Sk Asif , Brahma Sanfaori , Rath Sankar Prasad
Published: November 2014

A clear structural rationalization of the origin of chirality transfer from an optically active diamine guest to an achiral Zn(ii) bisporphyrin host in a 1 : 1 and 2 : 3 host–guest supramolecular complex has been demonstrated for the first time. During the process, chirality inversion along with amplification was observed.
The structure of a ferrous heme-nitro species in the binuclear heme a3/CuB center of ba3-cytochrome c oxidase as determined by resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: Loullis Andreas , Noor Mohamed Radzi , Soulimane Tewfik , Pinakoulaki Eftychia
Published: November 2014

We present resonance Raman evidence for the formation of a ferrous heme-nitro species in the binuclear heme/copper center of ba3-oxidase.
Switching intermolecular interactions by confinement in carbon nanotubes
Authors: Chamberlain T. W. , Lebedeva M. A. , Abuajwa W. , Suyetin M. , Lewis W. , Bichoutskaia E. , Schröder M. , Khlobystov A. N.
Published: November 2014

Carbon nanotube encapsulation offers a mechanism to trap kinetically rather than thermodynamically favoured supramolecular arrays.
A Lewis acid activated reaction of Zn with EtI to promote highly enantioselective alkyne additions to aldehydes
Authors: Chen Shan-yong , Liu Winnie , Wu Xuedan , Ying Jun , Yu Xiaoqi , Pu Lin
Published: November 2014

Zn powder and EtI in the presence of (S)-BINOL and Ti(OiPr)4 promote highly enantioselective alkyne addition to aldehydes at rt to generate chiral propargylic alcohols.
Smart pH-responsive upconversion nanoparticles for enhanced tumor cellular internalization and near-infrared light-triggered photodynamic therapy
Authors: Wang Sheng , Zhang Lei , Dong Chunhong , Su Lin , Wang Hanjie , Chang Jin
Published: November 2014

The smart pH-responsive upconversion nanoparticles are promising agents for deep cancer photodynamic therapy applications.
Morphology engineering of high performance binary oxide electrodes
Authors: Chen Kunfeng , Sun Congting , Xue Dongfeng
Published: November 2014

A review of morphology engineering of high performance binary oxide electrode materials for electrochemical energy storage is presented.
Catalysis at the sub-nanoscale: complex CO oxidation chemistry on a few Au atoms
Authors: Nikbin Nima , Austin Natalie , Vlachos Dionisios G. , Stamatakis Michail , Mpourmpakis Giannis
Published: November 2014

Multiscale simulations elucidate the experimentally observed “magic number” CO oxidation catalytic behavior of sub-nanoscale Au clusters.
Copper(ii) coordination polymers: tunable structures and a different activation effect of hydrogen peroxide for the degradation of methyl orange under visible light irradiation
Authors: Liu Lu , Wu Dongqing , Zhao Bei , Han Xiao , Wu Jie , Hou Hongwei , Fan Yaoting
Published: November 2014

By tuning reaction condition of Cu(ii)/btmx system, three Cu(ii) coordination polymers were synthesized. Under visible light, 1–3 display different activation effect of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in degrading methyl orange (MO).
The first tritopic bridging ligand 1,3,5-tris(4-carboxyphenyl)-benzene (H3BTB) functionalized porous polyoxometalate-based metal–organic framework (POMOF): from design, synthesis to electrocatalytic properties
Authors: Dong Bao-Xia , Chen Lu , Zhang Shi-Yang , Ge Jun , Song Liang , Tian Hui , Teng Yun-Lei , Liu Wen-Long
Published: November 2014

A POMOF with substantial catalytic activity towards bromate reduction was isolated through the extension of transition-metal-grafted ε-Keggin by a tripodal ligand H3BTB.