bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immunological Evidence for the Requirement of Sepiapterin Reductase for Tetrahydrobiopterin Biosynthesis in Brain
Authors: Levine Robert A. , Kapatos Gregory , Kaufman Seymour , Milstien Sheldon
Published: October 2006

Specific antibodies to sepiapterin reductase were used to investigate its involvement in de novo (6R)‐5,6,7,8‐tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) biosynthesis in rat brain. Antisepiapterin reductase (anti‐SR) serum totally inhibited NADPH‐dependent sepiapterin reductase activity in supernatants from discrete rat brain areas and liver. The anti‐SR serum also inhibited the conversion of 7,8‐dihydroneopterin triphosphate to BH4 in rat brain extracts. The inhibition was accompanied by a concentration‐dependent increase in the formation of 6‐lactoyltetrahydropterin (6LPH4), a proposed intermediate in BH4 biosynthesis. In addition, anti‐SR serum was used to characterize the distribution and molecular properties of sepiapterin reductase in rat tissues. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis followed by Western blotting indicated that there was a single polypeptide with the same molecular weight (28,000) as that of the subunit of pure sepiapterin reductase present in all tissues examined except for liver, where an immunoreactive protein of higher molecular weight (30,500) also was detected. Two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis of rat striatum and liver demonstrated that the isoelectric point of sepiapterin reductase from both tissues was 6.16 and that the higher molecular weight immunoreactive material in liver had an isoelectric point of 7.06. Our studies with specific anti‐SR serum confirmed the results of previous studies using chemical inhibitors of sepiapterin reductase, which suggested that sepiapterin reductase activity was essential for BH4 biosynthesis in the CNS and that 6LPH4 could be a precursor of BH4.
Neuroblastoma Differentiation Involves the Expression of Two Isoforms of the α‐Subunit of Go
Authors: Brabet Philippe , Pantaloni Colette , Rodriguez Marc , Martinez Jean , Bockaert Joël , Homburger Vincent
Published: October 2006

The regulation of GTP‐binding proteins (G proteins) was examined during the course of differentiation of neuroblastoma N1E‐115 cells. N1E‐115 cell membranes possess three Bordetella pertussis toxin (PTX) substrates assigned to α‐subunits (Gα) of Go (a G protein of unknown function) and “Gi (a G protein inhibitory to adenylate cyclase)‐like” proteins and one substrate of Vibrio cholerae toxin corresponding to an α‐subunit of Gs (a G protein stimulatory to adenylate cyclase). In undifferentiated cells, only one form of Goα was found, having a pI of 5.8. Goα content increased by approximately twofold from the undifferentiated state to 96 h of cell differentiation. This is mainly due to the appearance of another Goα form having a pI of 5.55. Both Goα isoforms have similar sizes on sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gels, are recognized by polyclonal antibodies to bovine brain Goα, are ADP‐ribosylated by PTX, and are covalently myristylated in whole N1E‐115 cells. In addition, immunofluorescent staining of N1E‐115 cells with Goα antibodies revealed that association of Goα with the plasma membrane appears to coincide with the expression of the most acidic isoform and morphological cell differentiation. In contrast, the levels of both Giα and Gsα did not significantly change, whereas that of the common β‐subunit increased by ∼ 30% over the same period. These results demonstrate specific regulation of the expression of Goα during neuronal differentiation.
PACAP and C2‐ceramide generate different AP‐1 complexes through a MAP‐kinase‐dependent pathway: involvement of c‐Fos in PACAP‐induced Bcl‐2 expression
Authors: Aubert Nicolas , Falluel‐Morel Anthony , Vaudry David , Xifro Xavier , Rodriguez‐Alvarez José , Fisch Cécile , De Jouffrey Stéphane , Lebigot Jean‐François , Fournier Alain , Vaudry Hubert , Gonzalez Bruno J.
Published: October 2006

The neuropeptide pituitary adenylate cyclase‐activating polypeptide (PACAP) inhibits C2‐ceramide‐induced cell death through blockade of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in rat cerebellar granule neurones. However, the gene induction processes and transcription factors involved in the anti‐apoptotic effect of PACAP remain unknown. Here, we show that PACAP and C2‐ceramide activate activator protein‐1 (AP‐1) DNA binding in a dose‐ and time‐dependent manner, but generate different AP‐1 dimers. Thus, PACAP increased the proportion of c‐Fos and Jun D while C2‐ceramide increased c‐Jun and reduced c‐Fos in AP‐1 complexes. In addition, PACAP strongly activated c‐Fos gene expression while C2‐ceramide markedly increased c‐Jun phosphorylation. The effect of PACAP on c‐Fos expression was blocked by the mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated kinase (MEK) inhibitor, U0126, while phosphorylation of c‐Jun induced by C2‐ceramide was abrogated by the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibitor, okadaic acid. Transfection of immature granule cells with c‐Fos siRNA, which strongly reduced basal and PACAP‐stimulated levels of the protein, totally prevented the stimulatory effect of PACAP on Bcl‐2 expression. The present study demonstrates that AP‐1 complexes containing c‐Fos mediate the effect of PACAP on Bcl‐2 gene expression in cerebellar granule neurones. Our data also indicate that different AP‐1 dimers are associated with the pro‐apoptotic effect of C2‐ceramide and the anti‐apoptotic effect of PACAP.
Differential chemokine response of fibroblast subtypes to complement C1q
Authors: Verardi S. , Page R. C. , Ammons W. F. , Bordin S.
Published: October 2006

Background and Objective:  The pathogenesis of periodontitis includes an inappropriate activation of the classical complement cascade (C′) with accumulation of inflammatory C′ products in fluids and tissues. Our hypothesis is that in vivo the C′ product, C1q, may act as a regulatory component of the innate immune response of distinct matrix fibroblasts to the inflammatory environment. This study analyzed the C1q induction of pro‐inflammatory cytokine secretion in fibroblast subtypes derived from distinct periodontal tissues, and identified a mechanism of the cell response.

Material and Methods:  Primary human gingival fibroblast, periodontal ligament fibroblast, and granulation tissue fibroblast cultures were treated for 24 h with C1q. Protein arrays assessed the secretory profile of constitutive and C1q‐inducible pro‐inflammatory cytokines, and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays were used to quantify the kinetics of each inducible cytokine.

Results:  Granulation tissue fibroblast cultures were unresponsive to C1q challenge. In contrast, periodontal ligament fibroblasts responded with a release of monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)‐1, interleukin‐6, interleukin‐8, and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐1β higher than the basal level by 8.2‐, 7.0‐, 3.8‐, and 7.2‐fold, respectively. Human gingival fibroblast cultures increased secretion of these chemokines by 5.2‐, 4.5‐, 3.0‐, and 9.8‐fold, respectively. Inhibitor studies revealed that C1q‐inducible release of chemokines by the human gingival fibroblast and periodontal ligament cultures was contingent upon p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase activity.

Conclusion:  The ability of C1q to stimulate secretion of pro‐inflammatory chemokines depends upon which specific fibroblast subtype is involved. Targeting C1q‐activated intracellular signaling pathways may be an effective means to inhibit the production of chemokines that promote inflammatory cell infiltration into gingival and periodontal ligament tissues.
A Standard Penicillinase Preparation
Authors: Liebmann A. J. , McQuarrie E. B. , Perlstein D.
Published: October 2006

(1) Standardization of penicillinase has been made possible by the method for its assay.

(2) A purified, dried and sterile penicillinase has been found to be a penicillin-inactivator superior to Clarase for the penicillin sterility test.

(3) Preliminary studies show this penicillinase preparation may be used for inactivating penicillin in exudates of body fluids.
Precipitation and Agglutination Tests with the Hemolytic Streptococcus. Titration of "M" and "T" Anti-Bodies in Human Sera
Authors: Thomas Ruth Alida
Published: October 2006

While "M" and "T" antibodies can be demonstrated in low titre in human sera, an almost complete absence of specificity seems to indicate an apparent lack of correlation with current or past streptococcal illness. In the present study, agglutination and precipitation tests on patient's sera, using known "T" and "M" antigens, appear to have little value in determining the antigenic relationship of the streptococci involved in infection. Moreover, no correlation could be shown between the amounts of "M" antibody and of "T" antibody present in the different sera.

It is obvious that further work is needed. With a greater degree of purification of "M" and "T" and the elimination of non-specific substances, it may ultimately be possible to demonstrate the development of significant type-specific antibodies in human sera.
A Rapid Method for the Determination of Iron in Enriched Bread
Authors: Ruegamer William R. , Elvehjem C. A.
Published: October 2006

A modification of the a-a′ bipyridine method which requires no ashing is proposed for the determination of iron in enriched bread.
A Suggested Sterility Test for Penicillin
Authors: Muir Robert D. , Valley George
Published: October 2006

The proposed sterility test for penicillin, which employs cysteine (in the form of its hydrochloride) rather than Clarase, has proven to be satisfactory in our laboratories. The use of cysteine is advantageous because it is a compound of known structure and is readily available at relatively small cost. Suitable samples of Clarase or bacterial penicillinases are not as reproducible and the latter require much time and effort in their preparation. Furthermore, cysteine solutions do not require filtration but may be sterilized by heat in the autoclave.
Penicillin in Iodized Oil for Instillation Into the Lungs
Authors: Romansky Monroe J. , Dugan David J. , Rittman George E.
Published: October 2006

(1) A suspension of calcium penicillin in 40 per cent. iodized oil produces a stable mixture which has been instilled in the lungs of 12 patients without adverse effect and has maintained penicillin in the lung for a minimum of 24 hours, after a single instillation.

(2) The penicillin iodized oil has maintained its potency for 60 days at ice box, room and 37° C. temperatures.
The Activity of Penicillins G and X
in Vitro
Authors: Libby Raymond L. , Holmberg Norma L.
Published: October 2006

The data presented indicate that penicillin X is more effective than penicillin G against a number of different organisms.
An Adjustable Resistance with Linear Response to Air Flow for Respiration Experiments
Authors: Silverman Leslie , Rao M. N.
Published: October 2006

A simple easily adjustable linear response resistance apparatus is described. The resistance unit contains a glass filter cloth, the effective area of which is adjusted by a mercury column.

The resistance of the unit can be adjusted from 0.1 to 1.0 millimeters of water per liter of air flow per minute. The resistance can be easily increased or decreased during the progress of an experiment. The mercury hazard during inspiration was evaluated and not found significant for experiments of one hour.
Metabolism in Diabetic Coma Produced by Alloxan
Authors: Kaplan Nathan O. , Franks Maurice , Friedgood Charles E.
Published: October 2006

Alloxan given parenterally produces in the rat a state of diabetic coma which is analogous to the severe coma of human diabetes. Such animals, moreover, show a rise in plasma inorganic phosphate and blood sugar. They also show in the liver a decrease in glycogen and in the total acid-soluble phosphates. An increase in liver inorganic phosphate occurs with a concurrent fall in adenosine pyrophosphate and other organo-phosphates. Hence the rise in plasma inorganic phosphate during coma is at least partially due to a loss of liver phosphate. It is probable that this rise in plasma inorganic phosphate results from a breakdown of organo-phosphates which result from the depressed oxidations associated with insulin lack. Insulin, when administered in exceptionally large doses, tends to cause improvement in both the clinical and chemical state of comatose rats.
Quinoid Structure and Bacteriostatic Activity
Authors: Fischer E. , Garcés C. , López A.
Published: October 2006

Among various derivatives of tetramethyl-diamino-diphenylmethane only the quinoid-structured dye salts had bacteriostatic activity in our experiments, while the leucoderivatives were inactive.
Rapid Light-Induced Changes in Near Infrared Transmission of Rods in
Bufo marinus
Authors: Harary H. H. , Brown J. E. , Pinto L. H.
Published: October 2006

Rapid transient changes in axial transmission of near infrared light through the outer segments of retinal rods of
Bufo marinus
are induced by illumination. The reasons for these changes are not clear. The changes in optical transmission may be useful in the study of photoreceptor function. However, the study of photoreceptor functions through the use of indicator dyes may be confounded by the intrinsic light-induced changes of optical properties of the photoreceptor cells.
The Presence in Normal Serum of Inhibiting Substances Against
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Buggs C. W. , Bronstein Bernice , Hirshfeld John Winslow , Pilling Matthew A.
Published: October 2006

Sera from 35 normal persons who had received no previous medication were tested for inhibiting substances against
Bacillus subtilis
and
Staphylococcus aureus
. Thirty of the sera (85 per cent) inhibited
Bacillus subtilis
in dilutions varying up to 1:32, but in no instance was
Staphylococcus aureus
inhibited. The data presented would indicate that
Bacillus subtilis
is not a suitable organism for use in the assay of antibiotics in the presence of serum.
The Apparent Antagonism Between Vitamin A and Carotenoids in the Fowl
Authors: Rubin Max , Bird H. R.
Published: October 2006

These experiments show that the pigmentation-suppressing factor in fish-liver oils is vitamin A. Carotene fed at comparable levels does not exert a suppressing effect on pigmentation. Inhibition of pigmentation takes place when there is a sufficiently large bodily store of vitamin A; it is not exclusively an intestinal phenomenon.
Rapid Production of Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis in Rhesus Monkeys by Injection of Brain Tissue With Adjuvants
Authors: Kabat Elvin A. , Wolf Abner , Bezer Ada E.
Published: October 2006

Rapid production in the monkey of a pathological condition resembling acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, marked by demyelination, can be achieved by the use of adjuvants added to rabbit brain emulsions.
β-Adrenergic Receptor Involvement in 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Supersensitivity in Rat Cerebral Cortex
Authors: Sporn Jonathan R. , Harden T, Kendall , Wolfe Barry B. , Molinoff Perry B.
Published: October 2006

The intraventricular administration of 6-hydroxydopamine, a procedure which destroys noradrenergic nerve terminals in the central nervous system, caused an increase in the density of β-adrenergic receptors in rat cerebral cortex, without affecting their affinity for isoproterenol. The results suggest that changes in the density of adrenergic receptors are involved in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced supersensitivity at central noradrenergic synapses.
Depolarization of Alfalfa Root Hair Membrane Potential by
Rhizobium meliloti
Nod Factors
Authors: Ehrhardt David W. , Atkinson E. Morrey , Long Sharon R.
Published: October 2006

Although much is known about the bacterial genetics of early nodulation, little is known about the plant cell response. Alfalfa root hair cells were impaled with intracellular microelectrodes to measure a membrane potential depolarizing activity in
Rhizobium meliloti
cell-free filtrates, a plant response dependent on the bacterial nodulation genes. The depolarization was desensitized by repeated exposure to factors and was not observed in a representative nonlegume. A purified extracellular Nod factor, NodRm-IV(S), caused membrane potential depolarization at nanomolar concentrations. This rapid single-cell assay provides a tool for dissecting the mechanisms of host cell response in early nodulation.
Influence of Cadmium and Other Trace Metals on Human α
1
-Antitrypsin: An in Vitro Study
Authors: Chowdhury Parimal , Louria Donald B.
Published: October 2006

The effect of trace metals on plasma α
1
-antitrypsin was studied in vitro by adding known concentrations of trace metals, either alone or in combination, to plasma. Cadmium was the only trace metal that reduced the concentration of α
1
-antitrypsin and depressed the trypsin inhibitory capacity. No such effects were found with divalent lead, mercury, nickel, iron, and zinc ions. The present study appears to offer a plausible explanation for the emphysema that occurs in industrial workers exposed to cadmium.
Mefloquine (WR 142,490) in the Treatment of Human Malaria
Authors: Trenholme Gordon M. , Williams Roger L. , Desjardins Robert E. , Frischer Henri , Carson Paul E. , Rieckmann Karl H. , Canfield Craig J.
Published: October 2006

Mefloquine hydrochloride, a new 4-quinolinemethanol, was administered as a single oral dose to 47 volunteers infected with malaria. Treatment resulted in rapid clearance of fever and parasitemia. No recrudescence of parasites was observed after treatment of chloroquine-sensitive infections of
Plasmodium falciparum
. More significantly, in nonimmune persons with chloroquine-resistant infections, 1 gram of mefloquine cured 10 of 12 patients and 1.5 grams cured all 8 patients who received this dose of the drug. The marked activity of a single dose of mefloquine against chloroquine-resistant strains of
Plasmodium falciparum
suggests that this agent may be more useful than currently available drugs are for the treatment of drug-resistant malaria.
Influence of Brain and Behavior on the Immune System
Authors: Stein Marvin , Schiavi Raul C. , Camerino Maria
Published: October 2006

It has been shown experimentally that psychosocial processes influence the susceptibility to some infections, to some neoplastic processes, and to some aspects of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses. These psychosocial effects may be related to hypothalamic activity. Reviewing the mechanisms that may be involved in the role of the hypothalamus in immune responses indicates that there is no single mediating factor. Various processes may participate, including the autonomic nervous system and neuroendocrine activity. The research reviewed has been limited primarily to a consideration of the effect of hypothalamic lesions on humoral immune responses. There is some evidence indicating that hypothalamic lesions also modify cell-mediated immune responses. Further research is required to evaluate the effect of the hypothalamus on cell-mediated immunity.
Characterization of a Cell-Lethal Product from the Photooxidation of Tryptophan: Hydrogen Peroxide
Authors: McCormick J. P. , Fischer J. R. , Pachlatko J. P. , Eisenstark A.
Published: October 2006

Near-ultraviolet (300 to 400 nanometers) irradiation of saturated, oxygenated solutions of tryptophan in the absence of added sensitizer gives rise to substances that have various biological effects on isolated cells, including mutagenicity and selective lethality to recombination-deficient bacterial mutants. One of these biologically active products has been identified as H
2
O
2
, on the basis of spectrometric, chromatographic, chemical, and biological properties. Now H
2
O
2
has been shown to account for the biological activities mentioned above.
When Left-Handed Mice Live in Right-Handed Worlds
Authors: Collins Robert L.
Published: October 2006

Many C57BL/6J inbred mice were tested for paw preference. In unbiased worlds, half were left-handed, and females were more strongly lateralized. In biased worlds, approximately 10 percent exhibited lateral preferences inconsistent with the world bias, and males were more strongly lateralized. Influences of world bias appear to be superimposed upon an already laterally dichotomized population. Initial left-right sense, it is posited, arises as an outcome of a seemingly random process.
Evaporative Water Loss in Box Turtles: Effects of Rostral Brainstem and Other Temperatures
Authors: Morgareidge K. R. , Hammel H. T.
Published: October 2006

Box turtles were implanted with thermodes astride the preoptic tissue of the brainstem. The rate of evaporative water loss could be transiently increased by heating the rostral brainstem. Heating tissue in the anterior hypothalamus affected evaporative water loss only at high ambient temperatures. The magnitude of the response was proportional both to the change in hypothalamic temperature and to the ambient temperature with which the turtle was in equilibrium. The major function of a high rate of evaporative water loss in turtles is probably to protect the brain from overheating during thermal stress.
Evidence for Origin of Insect Sex Pheromones: Presence in Food Plants
Authors: Hendry L. B. , Wichmann J. K. , Hindenlang D. M. , Mumma R. O. , Anderson M. E.
Published: October 2006

Compounds identified as sex attractant pheromones in a number of phytophagous insects were found in a variety of host plants. These agents vary in chemical composition in different plant species, which suggests that dietary factors may provide an evolutionary mechanism for diversification of certain insect species. A theoretical framework to explain this phenomenon is postulated on the basis of experiments with the oak leaf roller moth.
Lung Cancer Induced in Hamsters by Low Doses of Alpha Radiation from Polonium-210
Authors: Little John B. , Kennedy Ann R. , McGandy Robert B.
Published: October 2006

Lung cancers have been induced in 9 to 53 percent of hamsters given multiple intratracheal instillations of polonium-210 in amounts yielding lifetime exposures of 15 to 300 rads to the lungs. Cigarette smokers have previously been estimated to receive 20 rads to areas of the bronchial epithelium from deposited polonium-210. This finding thus supports the hypothesis that alpha radiation resulting from the polonium-210 or lead-210 present in cigarette smoke may be a significant causative factor in human lung cancer.
Temperature Dependence of ADH-Induced Water Flow and Intramembranous Particle Aggregates in Toad Bladder
Authors: Kachadorian William A. , Muller Jacqueline , Rudich Stephen W. , DiScala Vincent A.
Published: October 2006

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-induced luminal intramembranous particle aggregates and hormonally stimulated water flow in toad urinary bladder are reduced simultaneously with a reduction in temperature. When water movement is factored by the aggregation response, the apparent activation energy for this process decreases from 12.1 ± 1.6 to 3.0 ± 2.3 kilocalories per mole. The data are consistent with the view that the particle aggregates contain sites for transmembrane water movement and that these sites behave as pores.
Tunable Far-IRLaser Spectroscopy of Jet-Cooled Carbon Clusters: the ν
2
Bending Vibration of C
3
Authors: Schmuttenmaer C. A. , Cohen R. C. , Pugliano N. , Heath J. R. , Cooksy A. L. , Busarow K. L. , Saykally R. J.
Published: October 2006

Seven rovibrational transitions of the (01
1
0) ← (00
0
0) fundamental bending band of C3 have been measured with high precision with the use of a tunable far-infrared laser spectrometer. The C3 molecules were produced by laser vaporization of a graphite rod and cooled in a supersonic expansion. The astrophysically important ν
2
fundamental frequency is determined to be 63.416529(40) cm
-1
. These measurements provide the basis for studies of C3 in the interstellar medium with far-infrared astronomy.
Enteropancreatic Circulation of Digestive Enzymes
Authors: Leibow Charles , Rothman Stephen S.
Published: October 2006

Intact digestive enzymes can be absorbed by the intestine and resecreted by the pancreas. The pancreas, therefore, appears to be able to recycle proteins much as the liver recycles bile salts, although the magnitude of this process remains uncertain.
Synthesis of [6-
3
H]-1α-Hydroxyvitamin D
3
and Its Metabolism in Vivo to [
3
H]-1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D
3
Authors: Holick M. F. , Holick S. A. , Tavela T. , Gallagher B. , Schnoes H. K. , DeLuca H. F.
Published: October 2006

[6-
3
H]-1α-Hydroxyvitamin D
3
was chemically synthesized and its full biological activity and radiochemical purity were demonstrated. With the use of this preparation it has been possible to demonstrate in vivo that in rats the [6-
3
H]-1α-hydroxyvitamin D
3
is converted to [6-
3
H]-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
, the natural hormone. In fact, in the intestine and bone of rats given 32 picomoles of [6-
3
H]-1α-hydroxyvitamin D
3
each day for 6 days, more than 80 percent of the lipid-soluble radioactivity exists as [6-
3
H]-1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
, a finding that suggests that much of the biological effectiveness of 1α-hydroxyvitamin D
3
is due to its conversion to 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D
3
.
New Flow-Through Centrifuge Without Rotating Seals Applied to Plasmapheresis
Authors: Ito Yoichiro , Suaudeau Jacques , Bowman Robert L.
Published: October 2006

The flow-through centrifuge eliminates complications arising from rotating seals. Preliminary studies on plasmapheresis demonstrated negligible platelet injury and no evidence of hemolysis during 12 hours of operation. Thus the system may provide a broad application to cell washing and elutriation, zonal centrifugation, and countercurrent chromatography.
HeLa Cultures Defined
Authors: Nelson-Rees Walter A. , Flandermeyer Robert R.
Published: October 2006

A list is presented of references to all known publications on properties which have served to relate strains of HeLa cells to each other as well as to indict other purported human cell lines as HeLa cell contaminants. Eleven additional cell lines not previously indicted are described. When they exhibit (i) type A (fast) mobility for glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, (ii) phosphoglucomutase type 1 at locus 1 and locus 3, (iii) absence of a Y chromosome by fluorescent staining, and (iv) possession of a complex of trypsin-Giemsa banded marker chromosomes present in known HeLa cells, then cell substrates regardless of designation should be considered de facto strains of HeLa.
Sulfoxide Reduction in Relation to Organophosphorus Insecticide Detoxification
Authors: DeBaun Jack R. , Menn Julius J.
Published: October 2006

Carbophenothion sulfoxide, an oxidative metabolite of carbophenothion, is reduced to carbophenothion in the living rat and by an in vitro system containing rat liver enzyme, reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and flavin adenine dinucleotide phosphate. Reduction of sulfoxides, formed metabolically from certain commercial organophosphorus insecticides, may be important in ameliorating the toxicity of these compounds.
Adrenaline-Forming Enzyme in Brainstem: Elevation in Genetic and Experimental Hypertension
Authors: Saavedra Juan M. , Grobecker Horst , Axelrod Julius
Published: October 2006

The adrenaline-forming enzyme (phenylethanolamine
N
-methyltransferase) was elevated in the A
1
and A
2
regions of the brainstem of 4-week-old spontaneously (genetic) hypertensive rats and in the A
1
region of adult experimentally (deoxycorticosterone acetate and sodium chloride) hypertensive rats. The administration of a phenylethanolamine
N
-methyltransferase inhibitor to experimentally hypertensive animals caused a reduction of the elevated blood pressure to normal values. These results implicate adrenaline-containing neurons in the brainstem in the development of hypertension.
Human Newborns Differentiate Differing Concentrations of Sucrose and Glucose
Authors: Nowlis Geoffrey H. , Kessen William
Published: October 2006

One- to three-day-old infants who sucked to obtain flavored water revealed a precisely graded tongue movement which was sensitive to the gustatory properties of the flavored water. Stronger concentrations of sucrose and glucose elicited movements of greater amplitude than did weaker concentrations; sucrose was effective at lower concentrations than was glucose. These results correspond well with the relative sweetness adults attribute to these solutions in psychophysical studies.
Facial Muscle Patterning to Affective Imagery in Depressed and Nondepressed Subjects
Authors: Schwartz Gary E. , Fair Paul L. , Salt Patricia , Mandel Michel R. , Klerman Gerald L.
Published: October 2006

When subjects imagine happy, sad, and angry situations, different patterns of facial muscle activity are produced which can be measured by electromyography. These subtle, typically covert, facial expression patterns differentiate depressed from nondepressed subjects. Facial electromyography can provide a sensitive, objective index of normal and clinical mood states.
Binocular Vision: Two Possible Central Interactions Between Signals from Two Eyes
Authors: Cohn T. E. , Lasley D. J.
Published: October 2006

Both foveae of light-adapted subjects were stimulated at the same time with monocularly presented lights of increasing or decreasing luminance. Combinations judged just detectable violated predictions of the energy summation and the probability summation hypotheses of binocular interaction. Rather, the results can be explained by independent central neural mechanisms that signal the sum or the difference of stimuli to two eyes.
Antiserum to Somatostatin Prevents Stress-Induced Inhibition of Growth Hormone Secretion in the Rat
Authors: Terry Leon C. , Willoughby John O. , Braseau Paul , Martin Joseph B. , Patel Yogesh
Published: October 2006

Plasma growth hormone levels fall and remain low for several hours after stress in the rat. When antiserums to somatostatin are administered to rats prior to stress, growth hormone secretory pulses are partially restored. The results provide evidence that circulating somatostatin plays a prominent role in stress-induced inhibition of growth hormone secretion in the rat.
Bone Cells in Culture: Morphologic Transformation by Hormones
Authors: Miller Sam S. , Wolf Alice M. , Arnaud Claude D.
Published: October 2006

Hormones and purine nucleosides and nucleotides induced cultured bone cells to transform transiently from a spherical to a stellate shape. Cytochalasin B also induced the transformation. The change was blocked by colchicine and vinblastine, but not by lumicolchicine or cycloheximide. This morphologic transformation may provide a dynamic model of hormone action and bone cell modulation in vitro.
Evolution on the Level of Communities
Authors: Wilson David Sloan
Published: October 2006

According to traditional models, natural selection is largely insensitive to an organism's effect on its community. Effects on the community at large cannot feed back differentially to the organisms that cause them, and, hence, cannot lead to the differential fitness of the organisms. However, if a spatial variation exists in community composition, organisms do differentially feel their own effects on the community, and this leads to a form of evolution on the community level. Without violating the principle of individual selection, the concept of an organism that exists for the "function" it performs in its community may be valid in some cases.
Radiation and the Sex Ratio in Man
Authors: Schull William J. , Neel James V.
Published: October 2006

An analysis of new data concerning the sex of children born to the survivors of the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, together with a reanalysis of the data previously presented by Neel and Schull, reveals significant changes in the sex ratio of these children, changes in the direction to be expected if exposure had resulted in the induction of sex-linked lethal mutations.
Ecological Significance of Red Light Sensitivity in Germination of Tobacco Seed
Authors: Wells Philip V.
Published: October 2006

The light transmission of different soil materials was measured in a Beckman spectrophotometer. The relative energy transmission was greatest at the red end of the spectrum. A seed sensitive to red light will have the capacity to germinate at nearly the maximum depth of penetration by visible light, where the risk of early desiccation is diminished.
Release of Autonomic Mediators in Cardiac Tissue by Suprathreshold Stimulation
Authors: Furchgott Robert F. , de Gubareff Taisija , Grossman Albert
Published: October 2006

Pharmacological evidence is presented supporting the theory that the increase in contractile strength of isolated cardiac muscle under suprathreshold stimulation is due to the release of an adrenergic mediator (norepinephrine). However, release of this material does not account for changes in contractile strength associated with changes in frequency of stimulation at threshold levels.
Rapid Diagnosis of Herpes Simplex Virus Infections with Fluorescent Antibody
Authors: Biegeleisen Joseph Z. , Scott L. Vernon , Lewis Vester
Published: October 2006

A fluorescent microscopy technique is described which may prove useful in differentiating clinically similar lesions into lesions of herpes simplex virus etiology and nonherpetic lesions. Herpes simplex virus was isolated from the specimens which yielded positive fluorescence, and no virus was isolated from the specimens which yielded no fluorescence.
Effect of Synthetic Lysine Vasopressin on Adrenocortical Secretion
Authors: HILTON JAMES G. , SCIAN LOUIS F. , WESTERMANN COENRAAD D. , KRUESI OSCAR R.
Published: October 2006

By means of direct arterial perfusion of the adrenal glands in the dog it has been shown that synthetic lysine vasopressin stimulates the secretion of hydrocortisone. This effect is not mediated via the adenohypophysis or any other organ but is rather the result of direct stimulation of the adrenal cortex by vasopressin itself.
Immunological Specificity
Authors: Talmage David W.
Published: October 2006

The concept of immunological specificity based on a unique combination of natural globulins is an attractive alternative to the classical concept of unique globulin molecules for each possible antigen. Many hitherto separate facets of the antibody response such as antibody diversity, cross-reactions, natural antibodies, increased mitoses in lymphatic tissue, the anamnestic response, and immune tolerance may be related through the general thesis that antibody production is not a unique biological phenomenon but a highly specialized example of certain general cellular processes.
Leukemogenic Activity of Filtrates from Radiation-Induced Lymphoid Tumors of Mice
Authors: Lieberman Miriam , Kaplan Henry S.
Published: October 2006

Cell-free filtrates of x-ray-induced lymphoid tumors of strain C57BL/ Ka mice have elicited, on injection into newborn isologous hosts, a lymphoma incidence of 15 to 19 percent. In control mice of the same subline, the incidence of spontaneous lymphoma is about 1 percent. No leukemogenic activity could be detected in filtrates from thymi harvested at 2 to 32 days following completion of x-ray treatment. Activity was evident at 64 days and was perhaps somewhat greater at 128 days. Serial cell-free passage of filtrates in newborn F
1
hybrid mice resulted in a marked increase in lymphoma incidence (69 percent), coupled with a shortening of the median latency. Supplementary x-irradiation failed to enhance the activity of filtrates after neonatal injection.
Isolation of a Hemolytic Component of Fire Ant Venom
Authors: Adrouny George A. , Derbes Vincent J. , Jung Rodney C.
Published: October 2006

A crystalline hemolytic principle, shown to be a constituent of fire ant venom and having the properties of an amine, was isolated from crude extracts of whole ants. The chromatographic procedure of isolation is described, and a preliminary report is given about some properties of the substance.
Fossil
Canis
from the Tar Pits of La Brea, Peru
Authors: Churcher C. S.
Published: October 2006

New fossil material has been obtained from La Brea, Peru. Included in this material are remains of a large wolflike canid which could not be referred to any living or fossil South American canine genus. Comparison with fossil canids from Rancho La Brea, Calif., shows that it closely resembles
Canis (Aenocyon) dirus
Leidy.
Potentiation of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine by Iproniazid
Authors: Borowitz J. L. , North William C.
Published: October 2006

The effects of pretreatment with iproniazid on the toxicity and cataract-producing ability of epinephrine and norepinephrine were studied. The epinephrine and norepinephrine were administered in such a way that a slow, prolonged rate of absorption was achieved. Under these conditions, the lethality and cataract-producing ability of these amines were shown to be significantly enhanced by the action of iproniazid.
Inhibitor of O-Methylation of Epinephrine and Norepinephrine in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Axelrod Julius , Laroche Marie-Jeanne
Published: October 2006

Pyrogallol inhibits the O-methylation of epinephrine and norepinephrine by catechol-O-methyl transferase in vitro as well as the metabolism of these catecholamines, and the formation of their O-methylated metabolites, in the intact mouse. Since pyrogallol also prolongs the physiological effects of epinephrine, it is suggested that catechol-O-methyl transferase terminates the actions of the catecholamine hormones.
Measurement of Human Heart Rate during Usual Activity
Authors: Rowley Donald A. , Glagov Seymour , Stoner Peter
Published: October 2006

A small, rugged, self-contained cumulative heart-beat counter has a transistorized amplifier, a watch movement made into a counter, and a battery. The counter is activated by each
R
-wave of the electrocardiographic complex obtained from newly designed precordial electrodes. Heart beats can be counted for as long as 24 hours.
Requirement of Bound Calcium for the Action of Surface Chemoreceptors
Authors: Lenhoff Howard M. , Bovaird John
Published: October 2006

The ability of
Hydra
to carry out the feeding reflex in response to reduced glutathione was inhibited by either (i) standing in distilled water, (ii) the presence of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, or (iii) the presence of magnesium ions. These three types of inhibition were reversed instantaneously by the addition of calcium ions.
Hyperphagia and Obesity Following Serotonin Depletion by Intraventricularp-Chlorophenylalanine
Authors: Breisch Stuart T. , Zemlan Frank P. , Hoebel Bartley G.
Published: October 2006

Loss of brain serotonin was associated with overeating and increased body weight. Rats injected withp-chlorophenylalanine intraventricularly began overeating after 3 days and continued to display marked hyperphagia, primarily in the daytime, accompanied by increased body weight for 1 to 2 weeks. The effect was related to drug dose and to the degree and duration of serotonin depletion. Norepinephrine and dopamine levels were not significantly affected. It is concluded thatp-chlorophenylalanine disinhibits feeding, as it does a number of other behaviors, by depleting serotonin. This suggests that hypothalamic lesions or dietary deficiencies which selectively and sufficiently deplete serotonin would lead to overeating.
High-Resolution Density Gradient Sedimentation Analysis
Authors: Britten R. J. , Roberts R. B.
Published: October 2006

The principle of stability for a sample layered in a density-gradient liquid column is discussed, and a method for separating ribonucleoprotein particles by means of sedimentation in the ultracentrifuge is described.
New Synthetic Lures for the Male Melon Fly
Authors: Beroza Morton , Alexander B. H. , Steiner L. F. , Mitchell W. C. , Miyashita Doris H.
Published: October 2006

Several
para
-substituted derivatives of 4-phenyl-2-butanone (I) have proved to be powerful attractants for the male melon fly (
Dacus cucurbitae
). These compounds, unlike anisylacetone, heretofore the best lure, attract even newly emerged flies. The most potent analog is 4-(
p
-acetoxyphenyl)-2-butanone (II), which also strongly attracts
Dacus ochrosiae
males.
Negative Afterimage without Prior Positive Image
Authors: Sperling G.
Published: October 2006

A procedure is described which causes an observer to see a negative afterimage of a visual field without seeing the field itself. This phenomenon is shown to be closely related to ordinary afterimages and to temporal visual masking.
Estrogen-like Activity in Vegetable Oils and Mill By-products
Authors: Booth A. N. , Bickoff E. M. , Kohler G. O.
Published: October 2006

By the immature female mouse bioassay technique, an increased uterine weight was observed when certain vegetable oils were fed or injected. Byproducts from the milling of cereals were also capable of eliciting a uterine response.
Hebbian Depression of Isolated Neuromuscular Synapses in Vitro
Authors: Dan Yang , Poo Mu-ming
Published: October 2006

Modulation of synaptic efficacy may depend on the temporal correlation between pre- and postsynaptic activities. At isolated neuromuscular synapses in culture, repetitive postsynaptic application of acetylcholine pulses alone or in the presence of asynchronous presynaptic activity resulted in immediate and persistent synaptic depression, whereas synchronous pre- and postsynaptic coactivation had no effect. This synaptic depression was a result of a reduction of evoked transmitter release, but induction of the depression requires a rise in postsynaptic cytosolic calcium concentration. Thus, Hebbian modulation operates at isolated peripheral synapses in vitro, and transsynaptic retrograde interaction appears to be an underlying mechanism.
Water Permeability of Bacterial Spores and the Concept of a Contractile Cortex
Authors: Lewis J. C. , Snell N. S. , Burr H. K.
Published: October 2006

Assumption of a water-impermeable coat on bacterial spores is inconsistent with known permeabilities of organic materials. A low water content may arise through compressive contraction of the cortex during spore maturation.
Acrylic Acid, an "Antibiotic" Principle in Phaeocystis Blooms in Antarctic Waters
Authors: Sieburth John McNeill
Published: October 2006

An acidic algal substance has been isolated and characterized as the sodium salt. Synthetic sodium acrylate possesses chemical and antibacterial properties identical with those of the natural product. This observation identifies the algal substance in the stomach contents of euphausids, the diet of pygoscelid penguins, which inhibits the penguin gastrointestinal microflora.
Expression of a Ryanodine Receptor-Ca
2+
Channel that is Regulated by TGF-β
Authors: Giannini Giuseppe , Clementi Emilio , Ceci Roberta , Marziali Giovanna , Sorrentino Vincenzo
Published: October 2006

Ryanodine receptors (RyRs) are intracellular channels that release calcium ions from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) in response to either plasma membrane depolarization (in skeletal muscle) or increases in the concentration of intracellular free Ca
2+
(in the heart). A gene (β4) encoding a ryanodine receptor (similar to, but distinct from, the muscle RyRs) was identified. The β4 gene was expressed in all tissues investigated, with the exception of heart. Treatment of mink lung epithelial cells (Mv1Lu) with transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) induced expression of the β4 gene together with the release of Ca
2+
in response to ryanodine (but not in response to caffeine, the other drug active on muscle RyRs). This ryanodine receptor may be important in the regulation of intracellular Ca
2+
homeostasis.
Effects of Amino Acid Feedings in Schizophrenic Patients Treated with Iproniazid
Authors: Pollin William , Cardon Philippe V. , Kety Seymour S.
Published: October 2006

Large oral doses of individual amino acids were given three or four times daily for periods of 1 week to schizophrenic patients, some of whom were maintained on iproniazid. Marked alterations in behavior in some patients were associated with the administration of
l
-methionine and of
l
-tryptophan.
Effect of Electrostatic Field on Freezing of Supercooled Water and Insects
Authors: Salt R. W.
Published: October 2006

Supercooled water and two species of insects froze at higher temperatures than normally when placed in an electrostatic field. The effect became more certain and occurred earlier as the amount of supercooling was increased. The amount of supercooling in the presence of the electrostatic field was not related to the amount in its absence.
Electroretinogram in Response to X-Ray Stimulation
Authors: Bachofer C. S. , Wittry S. Esperance
Published: October 2006

The retina of the grass frog,
Rana pipiens
, responds to flashes of high-intensity x-rays and produces an electroretinogram indistinguishable in form from the electroretinogram produced in response to light stimulation at low and intermediate intensities. At higher intensities the form changes and, for maximal responses, the electroretinogram in response to x-rays shows a lower amplitude and a longer latent period than that in response to light. The prolonged latent period indicates additional intermediate reactions for the x-ray response.
Occurrence of Titanium, Vanadium, Chromium, and Sulfuric Acid in the Ascidian
Eudistoma ritteri
Authors: Levine Estees P.
Published: October 2006

The body tissues of the colonial ascidian
Eudistoma ritteri
are shown by quantitative spectrographic analysis to contain up to the following amounts of related metals (parts per million of dry weight): titanium, 1512; vanadium, 471; and chromium, 144. Body tissues and tunic fluid show a
p
H of 1.5 due to the presence of sulfuric acid.
Effect of Actinomycin D on Cellular Nucleic Acid Synthesis and Virus Production
Authors: Reich E. , Franklin R. M. , Shatkin A. J. , Tatum E. L.
Published: October 2006

Actinomycin D inhibits the synthesis of ribonucleic acid in L cells and the yield of vaccinia virus containing deoxyribonucleic acid, but it does not inhibit cellular deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis or the multiplication of Mengo virus containing ribonucleic acid. These observations serve to distinguish the replication of viral ribonucleic from ribonucleic acid synthesis which is controlled by viral or cellular deoxyribonucleic acid.
10-Methoxyharmalan, a Potent Serotonin Antagonist Which Affects Conditioned Behavior
Authors: McIsaac William M. , Khairallah Philip A. , Page Irvine H.
Published: October 2006

10-Methoxyharmalan, an alkaloid obtained by the cyclodehydration of melatonin, itself a derivative of serotonin, is a more potent serotonin antagonist than harmaline and is only slightly less active than lysergic acid diethylamide. It has a similar, yet slightly greater, effect on behavior as that of harmaline and is the most potent serotonin derivative, so far tested, that affects the avoidance-escape behavioral reflex.
Eyestalk Movements Induced by Polarized Light in the Ghost Crab,
Ocypode quadrata
Authors: Schöne Hermann , Schöne Hedwig
Published: October 2006

Differential visual sensitivity to vertical and horizontal linear polarization is shown in the light-induced eyestalk deviations of
Ocypode quadrata.
Responses with the
e
-vector vertical averaged about 6° greater than those with e-vector horizontal. This difference approximates the relative eyestalk deviation induced by unpolarized light intensities having a ratio of 3:1.
Effects of Phenylalanine Diet on Brain Serotonin in the Rat
Authors: Yuwiler Arthur , Louttit Richard T.
Published: October 2006

Hooded rats fed diets rich in phenylalanine showed poorer performance on the Hebb-Williams maze than controls, as well as decreased brain serotonin levels. There did not appear to be a causal relationship between these findings, and the findings do not appear to be attributable either to a generalized behavioral defect or to inadequate dietary intake.
Sign of Taxis as a Property of the Genotype
Authors: Hirsch Jerry , Erlenmeyer-Kimling L.
Published: October 2006

Previous studies have assumed
Drosophila
to be negatively geotactic and found this to be the case. New methods of observation now yield a spectrum of geotactic behavior both positive and negative. Two-way selection produces races of animals performing in diametrically opposite fashion to the same stimulus conditions.