bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inter-library book exchange of the Lviv Academic Library in the 1960’s – 1980’s: gains and losses
Authors: Kusyi Lesia
Published: April 2020

The Lviv Branch of the Library of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was established in January 1940. A large number of private, institutional and other book collections, mainly nationalized by the authorities, or abandoned by owners were taken to the institution. Private book collections confiscated by NKVD also were transferred to the Library.
A special department of concentration was set up at the library to preserve, organize, and process these thousands of volumes of literature. Initially, many valuable books from this subdivision was transmitted to the Ukrainian and Union academic institutions, libraries, museums only quantitatively, without any official acts of transfer. At the end of 1963, the transfer of publications from the LFS NLF sector to other institutions began to be formalized by acts, since then it became organized.
The paper covers the process of inter-library book exchange of the Lviv Academic Library between 1960’s and 1980’s, and as a result significant arrays of retrospective editions, in particular Ukrainian studies subjects from doublet collections Shevchenko Scientific Society Library, were transferred to libraries, science museums and other institutions of the former USSR and abroad. Particular attention is paid to the old printed literature.
The research uses methods of analysis and synthesis, combined with a chronological and comparative-analytical methods that are considered to be an important for the presented topic.
Keywords: Vasyl Stefanyk Scientific Library in Lviv, Academy of Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, book exchange, transfer and dispersal of library collections.
Greek Catholic theological seminary in Lviv and Yuriy Glogovsky
Authors: Kupchynska Larysa
Published: April 2020

Taking into account the actual problems of time, the article presents materials related to the history of the architectural complex of the Greek Catholic theological seminary in Lviv. The research is based on the works of famous Ukrainian and Polish scholars, archival documents, maps of Lviv and graphic works of graphic artists of the nineteenth century which are stored primarily in the funds of the Lviv National Scientific Library of Ukraine named after V. Stefanyk. The plans of the side building of the Greek Catholic Seminary in Lviv is introduced in a scientific revolution with rooms for the economist, cook and services, which was prepared by a well-known in Galicia builder of the first half of the nineteenth century — Yuriy Glogovsky in 1826 and 1828. Today they is located in the Central State Historical Archives of Lviv city. The plans best reflects the part of the interior of a seminar house which today has very little information. Being the only known source of this kind, the documents is analyzed in details. The article separately gives the reason for their appearance. In addition, all the premises that underwent reorganization over a period of two years were examined in detail. This made it possible to show the needs of those for whom they were intended, the general direction and nature of the work of the Construction Directorate. It was emphasized that the legacy of Y. Glogovsky is a powerful base for studying the architecture of Lviv in the first half of the nineteenth century, her history.

Keywords: Lviv, Greek Catholic theological seminary, constructor Yuriy Glogovsky, architecture, plans of the seminar house, history.
Promotion on the pages of book science periodicals in Galicia of the 1920-1930s
Authors: Zhevazhenko Iryna
Published: April 2020

The article examines the theoretical principles of promotion as a component of publishing marketing. Much attention is focused on analyzing the concepts of PR, promotion, propaganda and branding as effective methods of promotion in book publishing. The term «publishing promotion» is proposed in the course of the research, as it covers the whole range of promotional activities aimed at promoting both the subjects and the objects of book publishing.

The article shows the main channels of promotion and its place and role in the distribution of the Ukrainian books on the pages of book science periodicals in Galician of the 1920–1930s. Quotations illustrate the basic means of publishing promotion of the period under review (reviews, bibliographic reviews, announcements of book exhibitions and fairs, etc.).

The focus is on the activities of the scientific and cultural educational institutions of the time («Prosvita» Society, NTSh in Lviv, «Ukrainian Society of Bibliophiles in Lviv», etc.), who played a key role in the development of publishing promotion in the 20–30’s of the twentieth century.

Keywords: publishing marketing, promotion, book exhibition, review.
Music publications in Galicia in the 19th — beginning of the 20th centuries: production, advertising, pricing
Authors: Osadtsia Olga
Published: April 2020

The main forms and methods of distribution of music publications in Galicia in the XIX — early XX centuries are scrutinized. The demand for the relevant music production is one of the determining factors in the formation of the musical publishing repertoire, its structure and special features in the process of the existence of music publications in society. It is noted that export-import trade in books has become especially widespread in Galicia; there are facts about the links between publishers and booksellers in Lviv and Warsaw. The basic types of presentation of book advertising of music products, its regional peculiarities, and ways of its placement are considered. Special emphasis is placed on the role of specialized press in the advertising of music products, typical examples of press advertising. The registration bibliographic information as the initial form of music bibliography and the forms of its compilation are distinguished. The emphasis is placed on the importance of thorough critical articles as a separate typological group of bibliographic publications under the conditions of formation of the Ukrainian bibliography, in which the main importance is given to the disclosure of the content and evaluation of the reviewed work. The combination of article genres and reviews on examples of separate publications by Stanislav Lyudkevych and Ivan Franko is traced. Special book-selling and book-publishing catalogs are characterized. While executing the marketing and advertising function, these directories were addressed primarily to foreign consumers and distributors (the so-called commissioners).One way to distribute music is to subscribe through libraries. A significant financial factor in the distribution of any printed matter was the price that depended primarily on the cost of each process associated with its publication.

Keywords: music publications, bookstore, book-trading enterprise, advertising of publications, pricing.
The phaleristic items (1919–1939) which are collected in the Institute of Research of Library’s Art Resources of Vasyl Stefanyk National Scientific Library of Ukraine in Lviv
Authors: Holii Roman
Published: April 2020

The library holds 87 phaleristic awards 1919–1939, from Austria, Great Britain, Canada, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Serbia, Sweden, Ukraine, USA. Among these awards we can conditionally distinguish the following thematic groups: Ukrainian and Ukrainian related awards, foreign phaleristic, international professional congresses. In these groups it is possible to distinguish subgroups representing different individual aspects of social life in Ukraine and in other countries in 1919–1939. Ukrainian and Ukrainian related honors include: Ukrainian-language honors made in Ukraine; honors of the Ukrainian Diaspora; non-Ukrainian-language honors made on Ukrainian lands. Foreign phaleristics are represented by thematic subgroups: state distinctions (Serbian Order of Saint Sava, Polish medals, etc.); non-state public awards; phalleristics of public organizations (the Red Cross, associations of librarians, doctors, electricians, technicians and others); German and Polish phaleristics on the occasion of a plebiscite in Silesia in 1921; monuments of cultural and artistic events; business awards (ASEA, Leica, Germany) and more. Distinctions of international professional congresses concern mainly medical organizations: I General Congress of Slavic Physicians in Warsaw 1927; The 1st, 2nd and 3rd Congresses of the Union of Slavic Dermatologists (in Warsaw in 1929, in Belgorod in 1931 and in Prague in 1934); The Third International Pediatricians Congress, London, 1933; IX International Congress of Dermatologists in Budapest 1935. Available in the library’s collection a memorial award of the International Congress of the World Union of Electricity Producers and Distributors in Paris, 1928 (two variants of decoration with different mounting methods).

Keywords: phaleristics, awards, international professional congresses.
Functioning of Ukrainian Bureau in Washington D. C. (March 1939 – May 1940)
Authors: Kravets Danylo
Published: April 2020

The aim of the Ukrainian Bureau in Washington was propaganda of Ukrainian question among US government and American publicity in general. Functioning of the Bureau is not represented non in Ukrainian neither in foreign historiographies, so that’s why the main goal of presented paper is to investigate its activity. The research is based on personal papers of Ukrainian diaspora representatives (O. Granovskyi, E. Skotzko, E. Onatskyi) and articles from American and Ukrainian newspapers.

The second mass immigration of Ukrainians to the US (1914‒1930s) has often been called the «military» immigration and what it lacked in numbers, it made up in quality. Most immigrants were educated, some with college degrees. The founder of the Ukrainian Bureau Eugene Skotzko was born near Western Ukrainian town of Zoloczhiv and immigrated to the United States in late 1920s after graduating from Lviv Polytechnic University. In New York he began to collaborate with OUN member O. Senyk-Hrabivskyi who gave E. Skotzko task to create informational bureau for propaganda of Ukrainian case. On March 23 1939 the Bureau was founded in Washington D. C. E. Skotzko was an editor of its Informational Bulletins. The Bureau biggest problem was lack of financial support. It was the main reason why it stopped functioning in May 1940.

During 14 months of functioning Ukrainian Bureau in Washington posted dozens of informational bulletins and send it to hundreds of addressees; E. Skotzko, as a director, personally wrote to American governmental institutions and foreign diplomats informing about Ukrainian problem in Europe. Ukrainian Bureau activity is an inspiring example for those who care for informational policy of modern Ukraine.Keywords: Ukrainian small encyclopedia, Yevhen Onatsky, journalism, worldview, Ukrainian state.

Keywords: Ukrainian Bureau in Washington, Eugene Skotzko, public opinion, history of journalism, diaspora.
Self-Access Learning Centers and the Importance of Being Curious
Authors: Birdsell Brian
Published: April 2020

Self-Access Learning Centers (SALCs) have become common at many universities in Japan. They provide a learning space to actively interact with a foreign language. These centers are self-access and thus promote autonomous learning, so one of the challenges they have to overcome is the difficulty of attracting students to voluntarily enter and participate in such a learning environment. This article reports findings from a study, which examined associations between items on a curiosity scale and students’ exploratory behavior to seek out and participate in activities at the SALC. Implications for foreign language education and suggestions for future research are discussed.
Introduction: The Crucial Role of Peer-Learning in Language Learning Spaces
Authors: Thornton Katherine
Published: April 2020

Welcome to the second instalment of the Language Learning Spaces: Self-Access in Action column. While the first instalment examined the process of establishing facilities, this second instalment focuses on the role learners themselves play in the ecology of a self-access centre. When the self-access movement first started, many facilities were labelled Resource Centres and centred around providing physical resources (mainly books and audiovisual materials) for self-directed learning for individuals. In recent years, the rise of the Internet, which provides easy access to learning materials and authentic audio and visual from target language countries has challenged proponents of physical self-access spaces to assert their relevance to learners (Reinders, 2012). These technological advances, in addition to the growing recognition of the social dimension of both language learning and learner autonomy (Murray, 2014), have stimulated a shift from a resource-focused approach to self-access language learning, to one which emphasises the social aspect of learning. In some cases, the term self-access has been rejected altogether, in favour of social learning spaces (Murray, Fujishima & Uzuka, 2014). The previous column in SiSAL documented one such reinvention of a resource-based self-access centre into a social space (Allhouse, 2014).
Implementing a Student Peer-Mentoring Programme for Self-Access Language Learning
Authors: Everhard Carol J.
Published: April 2020

While language advising is nowadays considered an essential element in ensuring the effective use of self-access facilities, not all institutions have a budget which can support such a service. Student peer-mentoring partnerships can provide an alternative, with benefits to be derived by mentors, mentees, teachers and institutions alike. What will be described is an attempt to draw on the power of peer dynamics in a self-access context, out of the classroom, over a three-year period. The participating mentees were drawn from the author’s first year, second semester undergraduate Language Mastery II (LM II) course, who were teamed up with mentors from the third or fourth year, second semester, specialist undergraduate applied linguistics course on Self-Access and Foreign Language Learning.

Bringing together students from the two courses provided younger and less academically literate learners with more personalised care and attention than the teacher/author of both courses could provide in the time available, and was conducive to sharing responsibility for learning, encouraging social autonomy (Benson & Cooker, 2013; Murray, 2014). The sense of cooperation, trust and confidentiality made both sides identify more strongly with the learning community to which they belonged. Learners were encouraged to think ‘out of the box’ in terms of self-access and could flit between the limited resources provided in the ‘walled garden’ of the compact departmental resource centre and the ‘public park’, with the mix of resources and technologies they used in their everyday lives (Reinders, 2012). What was of particular interest was how learners overcame the obstacles and barriers of space, time and even geographical location and created their own unique tailor-made self-access environments and learning pathways.
W117 Performance Information in Construction: 2017 Research Roadmap Report
Authors: Kashiwagi Dean , Gastelum David , Kashiwagi Jacob , Santema Sicco
Published: April 2020

The CIB Working Commission W117, “Performance Measurement in Construction,” is one of the more innovative and productive research-based commissions in CIB. It focuses on the utilization of performance metrics in the delivery of construction services. The home for W117 is the Performance Based Studies Research Group (PBSRG) at Arizona State University (ASU) in Tempe, Arizona, where W117 and ASU-PBSRG hold their annual Best Value Conference. From its start in 2009, W117 was led by Prof. Dean Kashiwagi (ASU), and his group of innovators (Dr. Kenneth Sullivan, Sylvia Romero, John Savicky and Dr. Jacob Kashiwagi) and co-coordinator, Professor Charles Egbu, (Glasgow Caledonian University). In 2016, W117 was joined by Co-Coordinator Prof. Sicco Santema, (University of Technology, Delft, Netherlands) the visionary who led to the proliferation of the W117 technology in the Netherlands.

W117 aims to change construction procurement and stakeholder organizations worldwide through the use of the information-based Best Value Approach (BVA). As such, it differs from most CIB Commissions that are more science driven, while W117 is more concept and impact driven. It has been one of the most successful CIB Commissions in bridging the gap between the construction industry practice and academic research. It has been prolific in publishing and running research tests with industry partners. W117 and PBSRG have published over 300 papers and generated licensed technology (47 licenses from AZTech, the licensing body of ASU for intellectual property rights). It is the most licensed technology from the most innovative university in the U.S. (as rated by U.S. News and World Report (2016).
Professionals’ Impressions Regarding the Saudi Arabian Procurement and Contracts System
Authors: Alofi Ahmed , Kashiwagi Jacob , Kashiwagi Dean
Published: April 2020

Saudi Arabia (SA) has the largest construction market in the Middle East. However, the use of the traditional procurement system in SA has been identified as one of the causes for poor performance in the delivery of construction. The system has been identified as a major risk to the SA government due to consistent increased costs and delays of up to 70% on projects. A survey was conducted with 1396 participants including engineers, buyers, contractors, consultants, academics, and architects. The purpose of the survey was to identify the validity of the recent claims that the procurement system in SA is broken. The participants work in both the private and government sectors. The survey results showed that the procurement system is a major risk to projects, affects construction projects negatively, and is in need of improvement.
A Telephone Facilities Project: Lessons Learned
Authors: Logemann Natasja , Kashiwagi Isaac
Published: April 2020

The Municipality of Eemsmond has been searching for a way to improve their method of delivering Telephone facilities in order to improve program requirements. To achieve this goal, the Best Value Approach was identified as the optimal system. The Best Value Approach was successfully implemented in the contracting and execution phases of a Telephone Facilities project. An expert was found with a quality solution that delivered the project two months earlier than required and below the expected budget. The advantage of the Best Value Approach was that it identified the client satisfaction and outcome as the most important aspect of the project instead of focusing on the specific technical requirements and method used to accomplish it. This paper will review the results of the Telephone Facilities project and the lessons learned in regard to the Best Value philosophy and methodology.
A Survey of the Prevalent Forms of Corruption in the Construction Industry in Botswana
Authors: Legae Oscar , Adeyemi Aderemi
Published: April 2020

The Construction industry is contributing immensely towards social and economic developments around the world. However the industry is susceptible to corrupt practices because it involves substantial capital investments. Every phase of the construction process: planning and design, pre-qualification, tendering, project execution, operation and maintenance is attractive to corruption. The effects of corruption are quite substantial in terms of quality, time and cost of a project. The objective of this study was to identify the most prevalent form of corruption in the Construction industry in Botswana. The study was quantitative and conducted through literature review on the topics related to corruption in the Construction industry followed by questionnaire survey. A total of 81 questionnaires were distributed among the relevant employees of the Directorate of Building and Engineering Services (DBES), Southern District Council (SDC) and contracting organizations. Sixty properly filled questionnaires were returned giving a response rate of 74.07%. Cronbach's Alpha equals 0.939 for the entire questionnaire which indicates an excellent reliability of the entire questionnaire. Rank-order Analysis was performed to examine the professionals’ perceptions of the most prevalent form of corruption in Botswana’s construction industry The results indicate that bribery in form of cash inducement, gifts, favors, and kickbacks rank highest (RII= 0.65) and constitute the most prevalent form of corruption in Botswana’s construction industry.
KINEMATIC-DYNAMIC INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN THE DROP JUMP ON INCLINED PLATFORM AND THE TAKE-OFF IN THE HORIZONTAL ATHLETICS JUMPS
Authors: Miladinov Ognyan , Velin Vladimir
Published: April 2020

The drop jump is a frequently used and widely examined training exercise aimed at the development of one of the most important qualities in sports with speed-strength character – the explosive power. The common options for execution of this exercise suppose the general development of the explosive power of the lower limbs without taking into consideration the kinematics and dynamics related to a certain kind of sport or sports discipline. The main aim of the research is to reveal reliable interdependencies of kinematic and dynamic parameters of movements between the drop jump on an inclined platform and the take-off from the board in the long jump and the triple jump. The research is aimed at modeling the parameters of execution of this exercise so that it can meet the kinematics and dynamics of the take-off in the horizontal athletics jumps. We examined some kinematic and dynamic parameters of movements in the drop jump on an inclined platform with different angle of inclination and made a comparison with the same parameters in the take-off in the competitive events long jump and triple jump. We determined significant differences and conformities between the researched parameters. On the base of the conclusions made we designed a piece of training equipment so that this exercise can be implemented in practice.
FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SPECIALIZED CIRCUIT TRAINING FOR KARATE COMPETITORS
Authors: Alexandrova Albena , Penov Radoslav , Petrov Lubomir , Zaykova Dilyana
Published: April 2020

Successful performance in the Kumite discipline of Karate-do requires well developed aerobic and anaerobic cell-systems for supplying energy. Therefore, more and more often over the recent years, the preparation of martial arts athletes has included intensive interval training sessions following the Tabata method. The objective of this survey was to create a highly-intensive Tabata-based circuit training that is suitable for the functional preparation of Karate competitors and for defining the physiological and the biochemical characteristics of the training load through measuring the heart rate and the concentration of lactate in the peripheral blood. A group of six Karate practitioners, all Kumite competitors, took part in the survey. They performed tree times 10 exercises with Karate-technique elements following the classical Tabata scheme of 20 seconds work with a maximum number of repetitions and 10 seconds of break. The results proved that; 1) The heart rate increased after each circuit and exceeded 180 bpm, and in the break time it went down to 120-140 bpm; 2) The lactate concentration in the blood rose progressively after the first two circuits, and after finishing the last circle an overall decrease was registered regarding this indicator (9.3 ± 3.32 vs 13.4 ± 2.39 vs 11.8 ±1.63 mmol/L, respectively). In conclusion, the intensity of the latter circuit training model is very high because the levels of blood lactate after performing each circuit of the training were higher than the respective concentrations after Kumite competition matches at the same heart rates.
RESEARCH OF SPEED-STRENGTH QUALITIES OF SPECIFIC MUSCLE GROUPS IN ROWERS
Authors: Oronova Daniela , Hristov Oleg , Gospodarski Nikola , Hristov Rumian
Published: April 2020

The power of the stroke in rowing is one of the main factors which determines good sport results. In this relation, increasing of power is а key task during rowers’ muscular and strength training. The main purpose of the current research was to determine speed-strength ability of specific muscle groups of rowers, performing specific strength exercises: bench pull, squat and clean pull. Methods of the experiment include measurement of velocity and power in different load levels using Gym Aware device and its adjoining software Gym Aware Cloud. The received results demonstrate the specific strength and velocity abilities of the muscular groups which are involved in these movements. It was determined that the maximal power of each of them is achieved at a different point in the range of its working velocity. In squat the maximal power is in the range of the highest velocity achieved with small resistance, in bench pull the maximal power is achieved in the middle of the velocity range and in the clean pull it is achieved at a big resistance and at low velocity. These results arise lots of questions for further discussions.
SPEED-STRENGTH RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN ROWING ON ERGOMETER AND CLEAN PULL EXERCISE
Authors: Hristov Oleg
Published: April 2020

Speed-strength qualities are significant for obtaining high power, especially in sports such as rowing. There are few surveys quoted in literature on multi-joint movements with increasing load in the training and competitive range of intensity where the speed-strength qualities are traced. In our research, we aim to make a comparative analysis of speed-strength qualities with increasing load in two multi-joint exercises: rowing on rowing ergometer and the clean pull strength exercise. The research was conducted among rowers (n=7; age - 16.28 ± 1.11 years; weight - 73.12 ± 7.63 kg; height - 186.27 ± 7.20 cm). The test on a rowing ergometer was performed with Concept II Model C, and the data were processed with the system BioRowTech. The data from the strength exercise were recorded and processed with the system GymAwareCloud. Regression equations were worked out for the speed-strength qualities: in clean pull exercise – peak force R2 =0.52 and average force R2 =0.76; in rowing on ergometer – peak force R2 =0.72 and average force R2 =0.56. We found out that in both exercises the mean power reached was almost identical (in rowing = 692.28 W, in clean pull = 609.42 W), but in rowing it is on account of higher velocity and less force.
EFFECT OF HIP ADDUCTORS ON BASKETBALL PLAYERS BALANCE
Authors: Tasheva Rumiana , Mitrev Georgi
Published: April 2020

The functional evaluation of athletes is the sports physiotherapist’s initial opportunity to identify dysfunctions and muscle imbalance. The aim of this study is to investigate the correlation between basketball players’ shortening hip adductors with Patrick’s Test and their balance and coordination with the Shark Skill Test. Methods: We tested 65 healthy active basketball players in Basketball Club “Rilski sportist” – Samokov and the National Bulgarian Basketball Team. The athletes were divided into 2 groups: 22 players in the first Control Group with average 20.9 years and 21 youth players in the second Group with average 15.6 years. They were observed voluntarily in 2016. The 2 tests were applied at least 12 hours after the training. The shortness of hip adductors was assessed with Patrick’s Test and balance and coordination skills - with Shark Skill Test. Results: The results from the Shark Skill Test on the left and on the right lower limb demonstrated statistically significant better time and fewer mistakes among 1G basketball players (average 20.9 years) with shorter left and right adductors than these with normal adductors’ elasticity. In contrast, there were no statistically significant differences among the youth athletes. Conclusion: Summarizing the results, it is clear that the basketball play causes the shortening of the hip adductors of men and teenagers. In this aspect, it is important that the asymmetry of the adductor elasticity in both groups does not lead to statistically significant differences in the duration and mistakes during performance of the Shark skill test. In our opinion, it is necessary to expand the study by applying physiotherapy for the shortened hip adductors and track changes in the implementation of the Shark Skill Test before and after treatment.
EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND LEADERSHIP STYLE AMONG BULGARIAN FOOTBALL COACHES
Authors: Iancheva Tatiana , Prodanov Gancho
Published: April 2020

Examining the place and influence of emotional intelligence in sports context attracts the attention of a number of researchers. Their surveys are done mostly among athletes and more rarely among coaches. In the last years some researchers have begun to study the relation between emotional intelligence and coaches’ leadership style. Authors have found out that emotional intelligence of the coaches was shown to directly predict leadership style and coaching efficacy (Hwang et al., 2013). The aim of the present research is to study the interdependence between Emotional intelligence and Leadership style among Bulgarians football coaches. Methodology: The research was done among 172 football coaches aged between 20 and 56 years, who differ in age, license, age group of their competitors, coaching experience, and sports experience as football players. In order to fulfill the aim of the research we used: 1) Background information, 2) Emotional Intelligence Scale (EIS; Schutte et al., 1998), 3) Revised Leadership Scale for Sport (RLSS; Zhang et al., 1997). Results: The results reveal that the researched coaches possess the greatest skills in managing their own emotions and the smallest – as regards “Perception of emotions”. They most often prefer behavior related to “Training and instruction behavior”, choose more seldom Positive feedback behavior, and prefer to take authoritative decisions. We found significant relations between the subscales of Emotional intelligence and Leadership style. Our results did not wholly confirm the results found in literature about the role of Emotional intelligence as a predictor of “Positive feedback behavior” and “Autocratic behavior”.
Debating Law’s Irrelevance
Authors: Medema Steven G.
Published: April 2020

Ronald Coase’s classic article, The Problem of Social Cost, is widely credited with playing a significant role in the development of the economic analysis of law—one of the most influential new movements in legal scholarship in the last third of the twentieth century. The traditional history here is that this impact came via two routes: one, through the effect of Coase’s article in stimulating economists to analyze issues that had traditionally been the province of legal scholars (that is, Coase as a stimulus for “economics imperialism”); and two, through Coase’s impact on the thinking of Richard Posner, who was moved to examine the efficiency of common law rules in part by his encounter with Coase’s remarks regarding the propensity of judges to make decisions that accorded with economists’ sensibilities. While each of these historical claims is true enough, the lines of scholarship that they reference commenced only in the 1970s. The genesis of the application of Coase’s insights—and, in particular, the negotiation result that came to be known as the “Coase theorem”—to legal issues came in the first half of the 1960s, and significantly, the roots of this work lie in the legal community, rather than the economics community.
Prison, Money, and Drugs
Authors: Zachary Whitley
Published: April 2020

America is currently facing a major crisis with prison overcrowding and operating costs that exceed the annual budget. In the 1980s, the federal government began a “war on drugs” and Congress passed a number of drug statutes that carried mandatory minimum penalties for offenders. Since then, the federal prison population began to grow exponentially and has now reached a practically unsustainable level. The marginal changes made thus far are simply not enough to address the problem.

Since 1984, the federal sentencing system has struggled to efficiently and effectively balance mandatory minimum sentences with the sentencing guidelines. Mandatory minimum sentences should be abolished, and all authority transferred to the Sentencing Commission. The Commission needs to comprehensively reevaluate and reformulate all sentencing guidelines free from the control of the mandatory sentences.

Nevertheless, a complete reform of the sentencing system will take quite some time and more immediate relief is necessary. In the interest of alleviating the strain of the prison population and its costs, the Commission and Congress need to first eliminate the mandatory sentences for drug offenses and begin developing alternatives to incarceration for those whose offenses do not warrant imprisonment or who are in need of treatment.

The Comment discusses the federal sentencing system and how mandatory minimum sentences spurred by the “war on drugs” have created a culture of incarceration that cannot be sustained by prison facilities or budgets. The sentencing system needs comprehensive reform that eradicates mandatory minimums and values treatment as well as punishment.
Efficacy in Emergency Legal Preparedness Underlying the 2014 Ebola Outbreak
Authors: Hodge James G. , Barraza Leila , Weidenaar Kim , Corbett Alicia , Measer Gregory , Agrawal Asha M.
Published: April 2020

From its relative obscurity over the past three decades, Ebola viral disease (“EVD”) emerged as a substantial global biothreat in 2014 and 2015. The current outbreak of varied strains of Ebola, beginning in March 2014 in Guinea, is projected to impact hundreds of thousands of people over months, years, or even indefinitely. As of October 31, 2014, the spread of EVD was concentrated in several Af- rican countries (e.g., Sierra Leone, Liberia, Guinea, and an unrelated outbreak in Democratic Republic of Congo), with limited additional cases in Nigeria, Senegal, and Mali. Over 2,700 people are known to have died from Ebola in fewer than eight months in Liberia alone; the actual death toll may be far higher. At one point, the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (“CDC”) estimated a worst-case scenario of 1.4 million new cases arising largely in already affected countries by early 2015. Reported cases in the affected regions are considerably less than these estimates, but with a fatality rate hovering near 50%, thousands more West Africans may perish before the end of this current outbreak.
The Emperor’s New Clothes
Authors: Schehr Robert
Published: April 2020

United States Supreme Court and jurisprudential rationalizations for the constitutionality, centrality, and finality of plea-bargaining signify intellectual dishonesty, ignorance of human behavior and decision-making, and a statesanctioned threat to personhood and liberty in the United States of America. It is the Author’s purpose to expose the imperious practice of plea-bargaining for what it is—a cynical and intellectually dishonest institutional remedy for an unwieldy judicial system that has knowingly rationalized the practice to facilitate expedient resolution of ever-increasing caseloads. In order to establish plea practice as constitutional, the Supreme Court was forced to employ a jurisprudential discourse that shifted from the due-process language found in criminal law, especially the protections afforded by the Fifth and Sixth Amendments, towards contract law where defendants personifying homo economicus are “free” to negotiate away their rights. Beginning in 1930, and again in 1970, the Supreme Court applied an entirely novel standard to the adjudication of criminal cases, and it rationalized its decision on the need for efficiency. What is at stake is nothing less than the integrity of the Constitution, the Bill of Rights, and whatever still remains of an American sense of personhood under the law. The erosion of our rights that are so intimately associated with freedom due to plea-bargaining is an unprecedented injustice that cannot continue.
Categorical and Vague Claims that Criminal Activity is Afoot
Authors: Dammann Andrew
Published: April 2020

In Illinois v. Wardlow, the Supreme Court announced that mere presence in a high-crime area is a constitutionally significant factor for deciding if there is the necessary reasonable suspicion that criminal activity is afoot in order to justify a stop and frisk. Relying in part on the constitutional significance Wardlow attached to the vague term high-crime area, New York instituted an aggressive stop-and-frisk policy to combat crime and make New York a safer city. New York was sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in Floyd v. City of New York. New York’s appeal was dropped when new mayor Bill de Blasio agreed to the remedies outlined in the Floyd opinion. At the press conference where Mayor de Blasio announced the settlement that dropped the appeal, Police Commissioner William Bratton said, “[W]e will not break the law to enforce the law.” This Article asserts that enforcing the law without breaking it becomes impossibly problematic when the law is as uncertain as it is with high-crime areas.

This Article begins with a critique of the uncertainty created by attaching constitutional significance to high-crime areas without defining or describing what a high-crime area is. The Article urges city councils and other appropriate legislatures to designate which areas are high-crime areas. It argues that such a designation would foreclose the difficult problem of municipal liability that Judge Scheindlin grappled with in Floyd, that legislative designations of high-crime areas square with Fourth Amendment principles, and that legislatures, not executive auxiliaries like police departments, are the proper governmental bodies to make that designation.
Security, Privacy, and Technology Development
Authors: Wagner Abraham R. , Finkelman Paul
Published: April 2020

The evolution of modern communications and information technology sparked a revolution of unprecedented proportions, bringing about an explosion in terms of users and capabilities, as well as increasing demands for both security and privacy. To meet these security demands, new technologies are evolving that can in fact provide a secure and protected environment. At the same time, however, the technology-development path is being increasingly impacted by two other major dynamics: the legal environment and user expectations with respect to privacy. Within the past four years in particular, several major court decisions as well as the official release of documents and illicit “leaks” have drawn enormous attention to what privacy protections must be afforded to various types of data and communications. Users, increasingly aware of intrusions into their data and communications—ranging from intelligence services to hackers and criminals—are demanding greater levels of protection. While technological approaches to greater privacy are possible, they are not costfree— particularly in terms of the computational overhead and other constraints imposed on new systems.
The U.S. Employment of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs)
Authors: Graham David E.
Published: April 2020

Much has been written over the past several years regarding the increased U.S. employment of UAVs as a weapon system against both combatants on a battlefield and terrorists far removed from an active zone of military operations. As an element of this dialogue, there has occurred a growing discussion as to whether, given what some view as the appearance of new threats to national security—existing in the form of al-Qaeda and similar terrorist organizations—there is now a need for enhanced clarity and transparency concerning the legal principles applicable to when, where, and how such systems might be used. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate that, if, in fact, uncertainty exists as to the legal norms to be applied in the employment of UAVs against those who threaten U.S. security interests—it is an uncertainty of a U.S. self-inflicted nature. In truth, the old law, i.e., currently existing codified and customary international legal principles, can quite sufficiently regulate the lawful use of these systems. Any confusion surrounding this subject is, in reality, due to the consistently self-serving and highly questionable manner in which the U.S. government has both interpreted and applied these norms. Before turning to a discussion of the relevant legal issues, however, it would be helpful to briefly examine the basic nomenclature of commonly U.S.-deployed UAVs.
Security and Technology
Authors: Aziz Sahar F.
Published: April 2020

The expansive scope of national security makes it a topic of utmost importance to all Americans. National security law and policy affect nearly every aspect of our lives, our health, our safety, and our dignity. In fact, the topic is so far-reaching that the term “national security” is often exploited for ulterior commercial or political purposes to increase profits, obtain more government funding, and expand government authorities in areas that historically were not related to national security. Indeed, one could reasonably make the claim that we are now in the midst of a national security industrial complex that is self-perpetuating.
Functions of legal habit in modern labor law of Ukraine
Authors: Kuzmenko V.
Published: April 2020

In the article the types of functions of legal custom in modern labor law of Ukraine are analyzed. The content and meaning of each function in the specified context is clarified. The role of the functions of the legal custom in modern labor law of Ukraine is detailed
Doctrinal problems in the legal protection of labor safety in Ukraine
Authors: Cherneha Roman
Published: April 2020

In the article types of doctrinal problems in the field of legal protection of labor protection in Ukraine are analyzed. The list of them, as well as the specifics of the study of gaps and shortcomings in the field of legal protection of labor protection by other scientists have been clarified. The content and significance of each problem are detailed. Suggestions are made to resolve these issues
Advantages and disadvantages of social protection of public service employees
Authors: Gavriluk V.
Published: April 2020

The article deals with the social protection of public service workers. The aim is to find out advantages and disadvantages of modern legal regulation of social protection of public service workers. Revealed that the social protection of public service workers varies depending on the category of such employees and the direction of public service activities. The paper highlighted the need for improved social protection for public service employees by creating common and uniform rules of law on the principles and criteria for providing such protection. Discussed in the article advantages and disadvantages of the current state of social protection of public service workers can be used as the basis of strategy to improve the work of legislative and executive power in Ukraine.
Practical problems of social legislation in the conditions of the european integration of Ukraine and the ways of their solutions
Authors: Malyuga Lesya
Published: April 2020

In the article the shortcomings, gaps and problems of social legislation in the context of Ukraine's European integration are analyzed. The content and significance of each of them are investigated. There are clear ways to solve these problems. The directions of improvement of social legislation in the conditions of European integration of Ukraine are revealed.
The phenomenon of life in the postmodern rights or grants of the surrealism of his legal resocialization: anthropological-legal discourse
Authors: Melnyk Yaroslav
Published: April 2020

The article analyzes the phenomenon of human life in terms of postmodern law. The dependence of crisis asocial factors and temporal facets of human life on the axiological value of life is proved. These factors have been causally linked to the re-socialization of social law from a postmodern point of view. The criteria of the anthropological social nature of the existence of the phenomenon of right and right to life have been clarified. The position of finding the right in the prism of the era of surrealism of law is first substantiated.
System of principles of OSINT functioning in the field of anti-corruption activities in law enforcement authorities
Authors: Sherban V.
Published: April 2020

In the article the specifics of OSINT functioning principles in the field of anti-corruption activities in law enforcement agencies are analyzed. The scientific approaches to the formation of a system of such principles are presented. The author classified the principles of OSINT functioning in the field of anti-corruption activity in law enforcement agencies. The groups of these principles in the respective system are defined. The content and meaning of each is detailed. The role of OSINT functioning principles in the field of anticorruption activities in law enforcement is described. Their interconnections are established, common and distinctive features are identified.
Local self-government system as an institutional basis of local activity at local level
Authors: Kurchin О.
Published: April 2020

The article is devoted to the study of conceptual aspects of determining the system of local self-government as an institutional basis for urban development at the level of functioning of a local society (territorial community). It is argued that attracting European experience is an important area of municipal reform, since the comprehensive implementation of the European vector of Ukraine’s foreign policy requires the creation of an effective public administration system and the intensification of work in this direction by local state executive authorities and local self-government bodies.
Forms, methods and means of protection of the right to compensation of normal damage caused in labor relations
Authors: Gayevy V.
Published: April 2020

The article is devoted to the study of forms, methods and means of protection of the employee's right to compensation for non-pecuniary damage inflicted in labor relations. Particular attention is paid to the analysis of the concepts of "forms", "methods" and "means" of protecting the right to non-pecuniary damage under labor law and their objective expression in practice.
Advantages and disadvantages of the current state of the administrative and legal regulation of tax subsidiaries in Ukraine
Authors: Liskov S.
Published: April 2020

The article deals with the current state of administrative and legal regulation tax service entities in Ukraine. The aim is to analyze the advantages and disadvantages of such regulation. It gives a detailed analysis of legislation and practice of activity of tax service entities in Ukraine. The problems of administrative and legal regulation are investigated and the main way of their solution. The paper gives valuable information about changes in the Ukrainian legislation on the powers, social guarantees and legal responsibility of tax authorities.

Discussed in the article issue can be used as a strategy to improve the administrative and legal regulation of the activities of such state bodies. The article is of great help to legislative and executive power for the development of legal acts.
Tendencies of further legal regulation of labor discipline in Ukraine
Authors: Oliynyk S.
Published: April 2020

In the article the specific prospects of further development of legal regulation of labor discipline in Ukraine are analyzed. The list of tendencies of further development of legal regulation of labor discipline in Ukraine is presented. The essence and content of each of them have been clarified. The characteristics of their relationship are characterized.