bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Modelling Simplifications on Nonlinear Seismic Analysis of Integral Bridges Including Dynamic Soil-Structure Interaction
Authors: Dicleli Murat , Erhan Semih
Published: October 2011

In this study, the effect of modelling assumptions and simplifications on the seismic analyses results of integral bridges (IBs) is investigated. For this purpose, five structural models of IBs are built in decreasing levels of complexity starting from a nonlinear structural model including the true behaviour of the foundation and backfill soil and gradually simplifying the model to a level where the effect of backfill and foundation soil is totally excluded. Nonlinear time history analyses of the modelled IBs are then conducted using a set of ground motions with various intensities representing small, medium and large intensity earthquakes. The analyses results are then used to assess the effect of modelling complexity level on the seismic behaviour of IBs. The nonlinear soil-bridge interaction is found to have considerable effects on the seismic behaviour of IBs under medium and large intensity earthquakes.
Integrated Rescue Galleries – an alternative Safety Concept for Road Tunnels
Authors: Kaundinya Ingo , Caspari Wilfried , Vollmann Götz
Published: October 2011

According to the safety requirements of the EC-Directive on "minimum safety requirements for tunnels in the Trans European Road Network" (2004/54/EC) [1], implemented into national law in Germany by the “Guideline for Equipment and Operation of Road Tunnels (RABT)” [2], additional safety measures become mandatory in case of two-way traffic tunnels. Frequently these additional measures demand parallel rescue tunnels, which have to be carried out in addition to the original traffic tunnel. Another possibility, which is currently neither suggested by German guidelines or regulations nor by other international recommendations, could be the excavation of bigger cross- sections with an additional and integrated rescue gallery inside the traffic tunnel.

Investigations of the Federal Highway Research Institute (BASt) have shown that integrated rescue galleries inside the traffic tunnel could be a cost-effective solution compared with the standard solution with a separate, parallel rescue tunnel. In additional investigations, constructional and operational details for a typical tunnel cross section with integrated rescue gallery were examined and evaluated. A cost comparison with the standard solution was carried out, too. These investigations were carried out by an expert group, consisting of a tunnelling consultant firm, a ventilation consultant and a university institute. The project was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Transport, Building and Urban Development (BMVBS) and managed by the BASt. The first practical application of the new solution with integrated rescue gallery at a German road tunnel is planned for 2011.

This paper shows the different concepts of possible solutions for integrated rescue galleries and focuses on constructional aspects and operational safety aspects of the new solution with integrated rescue galleries.
Experimental Investigation on Effect of Corrosion on Reinforcement Strength
Authors: Zhang Kebo , Peng Jianxin , Zhong Zhengqiang
Published: October 2011

Three hundred and sixty-two corroded reinforcement specimens were obtained from the electrochemical accelerated corrosion members and the field bridge members to perform tensile testing. The relationships between the mass corrosion loss, the cross-sectional corrosion loss and yield load, ultimate tensile load, yield strength, ultimate tensile strength are respectively established. The effects of amount of corrosion loss on yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, yield load; and ultimate tensile load of the different type reinforcement are analyzed. The regression analysis on the relationships between reinforcement mass corrosion loss and yield load, ultimate tensile load under natural and accelerated corrosion environments are conducted.
Development of a Bridge Inspection and Management Project
Authors: Akgül Ferhat
Published: October 2011

A research project is undertaken for the combined inspection and management of a pilot group of road bridges in Turkey based on the development of a bridge management system (BMS) for the General Directorate of Highways. The pilot study consists of visual inspections of 200 bridges and detailed inspections of 10 bridges. Visual inspections are planned to be carried out by photogrammetric techniques while detailed inspections will include techniques such as strength determination using probe test systems, ultrasonic testing, reinforcement corrosion detection and measurement. Details of the project are presented herein including budgetary and time schedules. Activities to be completed are presented. The developed system will enable monitoring the safety and maintenance costs of the bridges. The project is conducted by the Department of Engineering Sciences in the Middle East Technical University with the support of a software development firm.
A Study on Integrated Geometry Management and Wireless Control System for the Construction of Concrete Pylon of Cable Stayed Bridges
Authors: Chin Won Jong , Kim Young Jin , Kang Jae Yoon , Choi Eun Suk , Kim Byung Suk
Published: October 2011

A new geometry management system for the erection of the concrete pylon of long span bridges is developed and proposed by improving former systems. The so-called integrated geometry management and wireless control system is an automated system, which controls wirelessly the GPS and tiltmeters installed in the same vertical than that the form system so as to manage the geometry and, enables the field workers to control conveniently and remotely the operation of the hydraulic jacks for the motion of the forms using the acquired data. This study verifies experimentally several types of GPS systems in order to assess their applicability during the erection. In addition, the software for the integrated management is developed, and the design and verification test of the wireless control module is also conducted. This system will be of valuable help for the improvement of the constructability, safety and comfort during construction after the completion of the development and experimental verification of the sensing system and integrated program through future complementary studies.
Steel Bridge SHM in Isfahan: Bridge Over Zayandehrod River
Authors: Gharighoran Alireza , Daneshjoo Farhad
Published: October 2011

Felezi Bridge was built in Esfahan on the Zayandeh-Rood River in 1957. This bridge has five spans and the bridge deck has been installed on four concrete piers in middle and two abutments on both ends. Pursuing the bridge seismic rehabilitation plan of the Esfahan municipality, a comprehensive study of the said bridge was accomplished. Visual inspection and non-destructive tests results indicate some failures including rust, efflorescence, crack, scour, and settlement in some parts of the bridge. Also modeling and computerized analysis of the bridge structure using the recommended methods by the FHWA code specified the weak points of the structure under the gravity load, service load and seismic loads.

Then the final sum-up and assessment of the bridge vulnerability as well as the bridge vibration improvement recommendations were made based on the results of visual inspection, non-destructive tests and the bridge structure analysis.
Pull-out experimental testing on ribbed bars produced in coils
Authors: Bosco Crescentino , Mancini Giuseppe , Tondolo Francesco
Published: October 2011

One of the most important aspects in R/C structures is bond between steel and concrete. It allows the formation of the resistant mechanisms that characterizes the structural behavior of a reinforced concrete element. In the recent years, code specifications reduced the lower limits for the relative rib area (bond index). The previous values were based on a wide experimental campaign. In general the latter should guarantee a good level of bond in all the common situations. Moreover building industry increased the use of rebar straightening by means of bending machines used to straighten and shape straightened rebar in coils for use on construction sites. The straightening produces a damage on the ribs that modifies their geometrical properties, essentially due to the action of the cold rolling line for coils in which the rollers induce a permanent deformation to the bar in order to obtain the final straightening.

In the present work, the experimental results of pull-out tests, carried out according with the RILEM testing method, on ribbed reinforcing bars produced in coils and subsequently mechanically straightened are shown. Three different diameters are considered: 8, 12 and 16 mm. The behaviour in terms of bond strength response is compared to the Code provisions and then discussed.
Correlations Between the Experimental Results of Pseudo-Static Tests with Cyclic Horizontal Load on Concrete/Polystyrene Sandwich Bearing Panels and their analytical counterparts
Authors: Ceccoli Claudio , Trombetti Tomaso , Gasparini Giada , Silvestri Stefano , Ricci Ilaria
Published: October 2011

In recent years, the seismic behaviour of reinforced concrete bearing panels structures has been the object of several research works. This paper presents a summary of the results obtained in a wide experimental/analytical/numerical correlation campaign carried out as a joint effort between the University of Bologna and the EUCENTRE labs in Pavia. This effort was devoted at the assessment of the seismic performances of structures composed of (lightly reinforced) concrete/polystyrene sandwich bearing panels. In this paper: (1) the results of a number of pseudo-static tests with cyclic horizontal load have been briefly recalled; (2) extensive analytical developments have been carried out to evaluate the mechanical characteristics and the seismic behaviour of lightly reinforced concrete panels; (3) numerical results have been obtained with advanced analyses on a sophisticated model of the panel; (4) a comparison between the analytical, the numerical and the experimental results has been performed. The comparison shows a good agreement between the experimental results and their analytical counterparts.
Towards wider use of the accidental load case
Authors: Alexander Stuart
Published: October 2011

It is only in Eurocodes that the concept of designing for specifically defined accidental actions using reduced partial safety factors has appeared in codes of practice outside the UK. This paper considers a range of accidental scenarios including gas explosion, bomb blast, burst water main, flood, roof ponding, car park barriers, horizontal human loads on barriers, snow load, ice accretion, wind load, helicopter hard landing, fire, and local failure. It is concluded that generally the Eurocodes identify accidental design situations successfully, but that both vehicle and human loading on barriers should be more explicitly and better treated, and that roof ponding and ice accretion should also be considered.
The Dynamic Investigation of the Cultural Heritage Buildings in Vilnius City
Authors: Jaras Arūnas , Kliukas Romualdas , Kačianauskas Rimantas
Published: October 2011

In this paper, the experimental investigation of the behaviour of Vilnius Arch-Cathedral Belfry affected by the dynamic loading induced by the operation of a modern bell system is considered.

During the preliminary investigation the significant damage and multicracking in the main masonry walls of the Belfry were observed. They were caused by long–term use of this historical building. In 2002, 6 new bells were installed according to a modern location scheme. It is evident that the bells produce different dynamic effect on this historical building, which has not been investigated yet.

The dynamic investigation was conducted to predict the behaviour of the structure considered. Mass accelerations of Belfry structures were measured during the dynamic investigation. A contribution of dynamic effects was evaluated in terms of response spectra. The results obtained were thoroughly analysed and the appropriate remarks and conclusions were provided.
Approach and methodology in understanding the structural behaviour of historic arch bridges through dynamic monitoring: the case of Rialto bridge in Venice
Authors: Boscato Giosuè , Di Tommaso Angelo , Guerra Francesco , Lazzarini Lorenzo , Mazzucato Alberto , Pizzolato Marco , Russo Salvatore , Sciarretta Francesca , Sperotto Elena
Published: October 2011

Non destructive analysis on the structural behaviour of monuments or historical buildings represents by now the most important way to understand the mechanical performance and the level of decay - both for local and global aspects; this without invading and also as a preliminary approach in view of more adaptive reinforcement/restoration interventions.

In this field, the dynamic identification – especially through the analysis of the environmental effects – is a strategic choice to improve knowledge on the state of conservation. This kind of procedure is generally more suitable for slender structures like towers or bridges, but could be useful in analysing structural parts or in solving local problems of buildings with low slenderness. Indeed this paper focuses on a very interesting case, i.e. the Rialto bridge in Venice. The paper explains the details of the methodological approach, in the frame of a more extensive integrated research that involves the wide Research Group on “Assessment of historical buildings” of the Iuav University, to which the authors of this paper belong.
Vulnerabilty assessment of a concrete bridge through fuzzy logic analysis of visual inspection compared to chemical inspection.
Authors: Piras Maria Valeria , Deias Luisa , Mistretta Fausto
Published: October 2011

In this paper we compare the results of different methodologies of inspections, made on the deck of a concrete bridge located near Cagliari, along the SS 195 road to Capoterra. From a strategic point of view this structure plays a key role ensuring direct connections from Cagliari to different structures related to industrial and local productions and to an important touristic district. Aim of our work is to obtain a real measure of the vulnerability through two procedures and compare them. The first one is based only on visual inspection while the second one realizes a measure in time of the vulnerability through chemical and physical processes focusing on the carbonation depth.

With the first procedure we manipulated the data obtained by visual inspection with fuzzy logic, thus using mathematical and logic functions to transform linguistic assessments, inherently subjective, into a numerical result, thus objective, representing the failure probability. This is derived from visual inspection and it’s then compared to the results obtained through the evaluation of the carbonation process in the concrete beams of the bridge. The goal is to verify the reliability of visual inspection through the comparison of the data obtained with the two different approaches and trace a methodology in order to reduce the number of invasive actions and their cost.
Influence of Bridge Vehicle Interaction on the bridge’s subsystems considering road roughness
Authors: Karaki Ghada
Published: October 2011

The evident advances of computational power of digital computers and their use in structural engineering enable advanced modelling and analysis of structures. Modelling demands compatible representation of the different subsystems and their interaction, such subsystems are the loading, the superstructure, the substructure and the bearings in bridge engineering. Therefore, models of the dynamic interaction between heavy vehicles and highway bridges taking into account the road roughness are of interest. The influence of this interaction (coupling) on the bridge’s subsystems is under study. Such topic is of necessity to the bridge required maintenance and determination of appropriate load models corresponding to the effects of the dynamics of the bridge-vehicle interaction.

This paper describes the bridge-vehicle interaction modeling and its effect on the bridge superstructure and substructure. The study is carried out by the assessment of the dynamic amplification factors calculated from different measures, deflection, strain and stress and the assessment of loading history of the bridge’s piers.
Engineering for Climate Change
Authors: Head Peter
Published: October 2011

In recent decades it has become clear that there can be no viable future for humanity
without a healthy planet. Earth, water and air support the existence of an immensely
complex living system, powered by the sun. We are part of this web of life and within
a few generations we are using up most of the earth’s stored fossil fuel resources.
Their transfer from the earth to the atmosphere is significantly altering its
composition. From our ever expanding urban centres, our tentacles now spread across
the world. Our globalising economic system is destabilising the planet’s life-support
systems-the very systems that support us and the future of our children.
Upgrading of a 70 year old Grandstand
Authors: Koris Kálmán , Bódi István , Almási József
Published: October 2011

The Kerepesi Ügető (racecourse) in Budapest included several reinforced concrete grandstands of different classes for use by the audience. The racecourse was closed in year 2000 and most of ist buildings were demolished except the Class II. Grandstand which was declared as a national monument. Our task was on one hand to perform a complete statical investigation for this Grandstand, on the other hand the methodology of the strengthening and renovation had to be developed. Statical investigations of the Grandstand included in-situ measurements, material tests in the laboratory and finite element analysis of the structure. Results of statical investigation showed that the requirements of the European Standard (EC) are satisfied for most of the controlled cross-sections and structural members, however the load carrying capacity was insufficient in some places therefore strengthening was necessary. Strengthening methods included injection of cracks, integration of new structural elements (anchoring beam, suspending column), application of new concrete shell on some of the columns and application of CFRP (carbon fiber reinforced polymer) sheets on roof beams. The strengthening extended the life-span of this Grandstand by 50 years.
Repair and Strengthening of Reinforced Concrete Slab-Column Connections
Authors: Widianto  , Bayrak Oguzhan , Jirsa James
Published: October 2011

Seven 2/3-scale interior slab-column connections were tested to quantify the effects of earthquake damage, and the efficiency of various rehabilitation techniques on repairing seismic damaged slab- column connections and improving the two-way shear strength of deficient connections. Three alternatives for rehabilitating slab-column connections were experimentally evaluated: (i) installation of steel collars, (ii) installation of external Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers (CFRP) stirrups, and (iii) application of well-anchored CFRP sheets. All three techniques increased the connection strength and improved the residual capacity after punching failure.
BIM and advanced post-tensioning design methods
Authors: Jauhiainen Jyrki
Published: October 2011

The goal of this paper is to describe one process for developing advanced design techniques for post-tensioned concrete structures. The integration between finite element calculation softwares and different 3D modelling softwares has become more and more important in everyday engineering work. The design of the post-tensioned structures has been a well specialized field in construction business. Different 3D and FEM programmes have been developed in order to enhance the effectiveness of design process. Yet, no practical solution for BIM and post-tension design has been presented. The methods and results of BIM; its advantages, problems encountered, solutions and future prospects will be presented in this paper. The author presents observations gathered during this hectic development process.
Increasing Loads on Existing Foundations
Authors: Hertlein Bernard H. , Baker Jr. Clyde N. , Sarabia Fernando
Published: October 2011

As buildings and bridges are rehabilitated, sometimes for uses that were not foreseen by the original designer, there is often a desire to expand the structure, or put the building to some new use that results in additional loads on the existing foundations. The uncertainties involved in assessing existing foundations can be greatly reduced by employing state-of-the-art non-destructive testing (NDT) methods. When used in conjunction with load-tests and computer modelling of soil/structure interaction, these methods can provide the engineer with valuable information concerning the reliability and capacity of the foundations. This paper provides a review of

currently-available methods for assessment of existing foundations, and compares their capabilities. Case histories are presented to illustrate the benefits of the various methodologies.
Building Facility Development – The Renewal of a Car Plant without interfering the Production
Authors: Hertle Robert
Published: October 2011

Future development of production sites in the motor industry require an integrated approach for design and realization of the building construction works as well as co-ordination with the produc- tion process to find on one side a feasible solution for the building construction and to allow on the other side minimized disturbance of the plant production out-put. If the plant is located in the inner districts of a city, the task will be complicated by taking the boundary conditions of the adjacent areas into account. To develop the answer which fits the needs of the plant management best, it is necessary to start the basic design considerations with a survey of the existing building, sufficiently deep to elaborate all necessary information, especially concerning material qualities, geometrical dimensions, actual loading conditions etc. Based on these, the structural concept chosen has to go beyond the usual measures taken in many aspects. For example techniques like incremental launch- ing, well known from bridge construction, soil improvement by jet-grouting, the application of mono-piles for transferring the loads to deeper situated soil-layers or gluing for the application of strengthening elements are used. Another aspect of the design exercise follows from fire-resistance considerations. Modified regulations or/and a changed profile of use may yield to a new assessment of the structural qualities when exposed to fire. This can only be done by adopting modern calcula- tion and design methods. It is worth to mention, that especially for a successful implementation of the soil-improvement-strategies, for the development of innovative connection devices and for the fire-resistance design, a complete coverage of the on-site-work by independent experts, if necessary accompanied with measurements and testing, is fundamental.
The Design of Steel Sections for Combined Axial Load and Bending
Authors: Low Angus
Published: October 2011

The concept of Magnel Space is introduced, and it is used to find the locus of yield forces on a steel section consisting of two flanges and a web. It is shown how the locus can be fitted to a plotted array of moment and force loadcases and the size and position of the flanges and the web can be derived.
Load capacity and deformation behaviour of headed studs used in trapezoidal steel sheetings
Authors: Konrad Matthias , Kuhlmann Ulrike
Published: October 2011

So far design rules for headed studs in trapezoidal sheetings are purely based on experiments and do not take into account any specific failure mode. Recent research results point out the necessity to consider in more depth not only load capacity but also deformation behaviour. Within a currently ongoing project funded by DIBt, these questions are checked with a special view at the position of the stud in the rib and in case of two studs in the rib at the position to each other. The aim of the project is to clarify, if the safety level is sufficient with regard to the ductile behaviour and the load capacity. This paper summarises recent research results and presents the current status of this project.
Changes in Traffic Demand and Influence on the Lifetime of a 45 Year old Bridge
Authors: Wenzel Helmut
Published: October 2011

Risk management based on probabilistic approaches is becoming more and more the current practice. The performance of a probabilistic hazard assessment required knowledge on materials, systems and properties. Our constructed environment is, unlike the automotive or aeronautic sector, characterized by a wide scatter of the real quantities. Monitoring is able to identify the systems in a way that allows reducing the uncertainties considerably. Sorrow system identification is able to reduce the systematic errors to less than 1%. Extensive studies in the past have revealed that particular concrete structures can deviate over 30% from the values as planned by the designer. Fortunately these deviations are mainly in the save direction. This knowledge can help to adjust the assessment of our structures to justified level. In the light of the problem with bridges rated deficient in an extent that is not manageable anymore, this identification could solve part of the problem.

The monitoring campaigns carried out at more than 400 bridges in the past years have shown that over 95% of the bridge stock shows higher capacities than anticipated. The few problems remaining can easily be approached by relevant retrofit measures. It has been demonstrated that the existing budgets for bridge maintenance and retrofit are actually sufficient, in case that the money only has to be spent on those structures absolutely requiring an intervention.
Design and Construction of the William R. Bennett Bridge
Authors: Riley Peggy , Matson Darryl , Jakobsen Svein-Erik , Norum Larsen Per , Pradilla Eduardo , Veng Karsten
Published: October 2011

The William R. Bennett Bridge is a new floating bridge across Okanagan Lake in British Columbia, Canada that will replace an existing aging structure. There are several characteristics that make this project unique. The new bridge has floating and fixed sections with complex structural interaction. The floating section has an elevated deck, which was cast while floating and while the pontoon- string assembly was ongoing, thus requiring constant monitoring and ballasting modifications.

These challenges have been overcome with innovative thinking and close coordination between the design and construction teams that comprise the W. R. Bennett Bridge Group.
Structural Engineering for Gehry’s Curves at Millennium Park, Chicago, USA
Authors: Abdelrazaq Ahmad
Published: October 2011

The Chicago skyline is known for its innovative architecture. Lakefront Millennium Park opened in the summer of 2004 amid widespread anticipation and interest from the general public and architectural enthusiasts. Designed by architect Frank O. Gehry, the Jay Pritzker Pavilion and great lawn provide seating for up to 11,000 people with a celebratory stage area framed by soaring, ribbon-like forms (the “metal elements”). A network of exposed arched steel members create a unique, three-dimensional open-air “trellis” high above the lawn and seating area that distributes sound throughout the entire lawn area, creating a truly modern acoustical environment. The serpentine BP Pedestrian Bridge across Columbus Drive linking Millennium Park to the lakefront represents Mr. Gehry’s first realized bridge design.
New conceptual design for two signature footbridges recently built in Spain
Authors: Jose Arenas Juan , Capellán Guillermo , Merino Emilio
Published: October 2011

Two signature footbridges are introduced. Both built in Spain in 2006 and 2008, designed by Arenas & Asociados and commissioned by the cities of Logroño and Zaragoza, represent different typologies and approaches to footbridge design, first one as a glazed closed and curved spatial steel truss, and the second one as a curved self anchored hanging bridge. They search to reach high quality architectural standards within a limited cost, and good integration in their urban environment.
Transport Infrastructure in Indian Urban Environment
Authors: Roy B. C.
Published: October 2011

The objectives of urban transport infrastructure are to enhance mobility & safety, make public
transport a dominant mode, improve non-motorized traffic and environment. This paper discusses
urban transport characteristics and initiatives in this context in India, with case studies.
Covering Paris’ Ring Road:
Authors: Moussard Michel , Frank Dimitri
Published: October 2011

The 410 metres long cover of Paris Ring Road highway atPorte de Vanvesis part of a national urban planning scheme which represents more particularly a first step, with other similar projects, of a global plan aiming at covering large parts of the Ring Road. This major artery around Paris is perceived as a “border” symbolising a sociologic, economic and cultural fracture between Paris and its suburbs. The objectives of covering it are to reduce the harmful effects of the traffic in this dense urban area and to improve the quality of the environment.

This paper presents the environmental aspect of the project, through the creation of 10,000 m² of parks and the reduction of traffic pollution (particles and gas, noise, visual). It also explains the adaptation of existing structures in this particular area as part of a global project.
The MRO-Tunnel in Munich, Germany
Authors: Wurzer Otto , Scholz Ulrich , Wulf Ralf
Published: October 2011

The construction of the MRO-Tunnel in Munich represents an important infrastructural measure in the eastern part of the state capital of Munich for traffic flow improvement, protection from noise and exhaust pollution as well as for urban development. The main aspects of this paper are the design and the analysis of the MRO-Tunnel. The applied bored pile wall-cover construction method, a top-down method, is of substantial importance to maintain traffic flow and to extensively reduce impairment to adjacent buildings during the construction period.
Experimental Validation of a Numerical Model for the Dynamic Analysis of a Bowstring Arch Railway Bridge
Authors: Ribeiro Diogo , Calçada Rui , Delgado Raimundo
Published: October 2011

This paper focuses on the development and experimental validation of a numerical model for the dynamic analysis of São Lourenço railway bridge under traffic loads. The numerical model involves the modelling of the bridge, the train and their dynamic interaction. The preliminary experimental campaign consisted of an ambient vibration test and a dynamic test under traffic loads. The comparison between numerical and experimental natural frequencies and mode shapes revealed important limitations of the initially developed numerical model. The study of the influence of several parameters in the dynamic properties of the structure enabled to identify the inclusion of the track, the mass of the deck, the modulus of elasticity of the concrete and the vertical stiffness of the supports as key parameters for the numerical model updating. The updated numerical model was used for the simulation of the dynamic response of the bridge under traffic loads and a good agreement between numerical and experimental results was obtained.
Experiencing More GFRP Composite Bridge Decks for Vehicular and Pedestrian Bridges
Authors: Jeung Hong Kee , Woo Lee Sung
Published: October 2011

Recently, the composite deck has emerged as a promising alternative to a concrete deck for bridge structures. This type of deck has many advantages. It utilizes a lightweight and high-strength material, has good resistance against corrosion, and is highly durable. This paper gives a brief description of the developing procedure of two types of composite decks. The first of these uses a tongue-and-groove connection and the second a snap-fit connection. The snap-fit connection significantly lowers the cost and improves the quality of construction compared to conventional construction techniques that use composite decks with tongue-and-groove connections. Recent applications of these types of composite decks are also presented including the world’s largest composite-deck bridge in Korea.
Conceptual Design in the Education of Civil Engineers
Authors: Vogel Thomas , Figi Heinrich
Published: October 2011

Since 2001 ETH Zurich provides a course in the civil engineering curriculum called "Conceptual Design". Initially it was situated in the 5th semester and recommended for students following the structural engineering track only. Since 2006 the course is situated at the beginning of the masters course and compulsory for all students regardless their preferred majors.

One aim of this course is to enhance the competence of civil engineers in a field that can neither be coped with deductive nor inductive reasoning, but where intuition and innovation are major issues. Even if engineers will not achieve the same level in this field as architects, for whom design is a core competence, they should at least get an insight in possible procedures of conceptual design.

Together with traditional lectures and different project works, civil engineers on the master level should become equivalent partners of architects and for infrastructure project even take the lead in the design process.

The authors have been responsible for the course "Conceptual Design" since 2002 and 2003, respectively, and want to share their experience with other technical universities with similar goals.

The paper explains the development and concept of the course, describes the assigned design tasks and experiences with different types and sizes of structures to be designed and shows typical results.

Initiatives of this kind could increase the reputation of civil engineers, not only being number crunchers but also creators of intellectual property and formers of our built environment.
Glass meets new high-strength materials
Authors: Pieplow Kirsten
Published: October 2011

We know how to build with concrete, steel or other traditional building materials. But now the world calls for load-bearing building elements made of glass. These elements shall transcend the field of facades where glass normally is used. Until now only a few projects in this field could have been realised.

In this contribution advisements to optimise glass constructions and experiences from experimental studies shall be presented. It can be determined that an efficient, readjusted geometry in combination with high-strength materials and prestressing is an elegant method to come closer to the aim of creating load-bearing glass structures. Thereby, redundancy, stability problems and the conditions of manufacturing have to be considered, too. First priority is to harness the high compression strength durability of glass which is ten times higher than the compression strength durability of normal concrete.
Failures Resulting from Inadequate Design-Construction Interface
Authors: Duntemann John
Published: October 2011

From a forensic perspective, errors that contribute to failures are almost always obvious after the fact, generally result from human error, and could have been avoided. This observation is particularly true for failures that occur during construction where procedural inadequacies, poor coordination, unauthorized changes from design to as-built conditions and poor inspection can and often do contribute to failures. This paper examines three case studies, and demonstrates the need for better communication between design and construction professionals.
Construction Engineering for Stonecutters Bridge: Concrete Backspans and Steel Deck Heavy Lift
Authors: Morgenthal Guido , Sham Robin
Published: October 2011

Stonecutters Bridge will be the second longest cable-stayed bridge in the world with a main span of 1018m. This paper describes the construction of the concrete backspans and the steel deck around the bridge towers. The construction of the concrete backspans was one of the most difficult aspects in the erection of the bridge. At a height of about 70m a geometrically complex grillage deck, monolithically connected to the piers was to be constructed. The concrete girders are constructed on a unique and purpose-designed falsework system, suited to the contractor’s needs. An 88m long portion of the steel deck to either side of the tower was to be erected on falsework but an alternative Heavy Lift scheme was developed, yielding economical, programme and quality advantages. This paper describes the development of the construction procedures, the design of the temporary works, the construction engineering aspects of adequacy checks and geometry control, and how the challenges of construction were harnessed.
Lateral-Torsional Instability of Box Girder Bridges at Erection
Authors: Thomasson Per-O
Published: October 2011

Open top trapezoidal box sections of steel are widely used as a part of composite bridges. Before the rigidifying effect of the slab has developed, they usually have extremely low torsional rigidity. The collapse of Bridge Y1504 in Sweden 2002 during its construction raised a number of questions concerning the design and erection of box girder bridges. Based on this case, various aspects on the stability and behaviour of box girder bridges during construction will be addressed. Particularly prone to lateral-torsional instability at erection are single span bridges with no warping restraint at the ends. A method for a second order analysis of the lateral-torsional behaviour is presented together with some results.
North Avenue Bridge Reconstruction Over Chicago River
Authors: Aydemir Murat , Hetue Craig , Price Kenneth , Burke Daniel
Published: October 2011

This $21.4 million project involved the removal of an inoperable bascule bridge carrying North Avenue over the Chicago River and constructing a wider, fixed span structure at the same location. The new bridge has a 252-ft main span and two 84-ft back spans. A hybrid structural system was selected for the new structure in order to meet various geometric and clearance constraints, to provide for future utilization of the river banks adjacent to the structure, and to provide for an aesthetic structure. The hybrid structural system consists of a combination of a self-anchored suspension bridge and cable-stayed bridge. The design will serve as a good opportunity to study the behavior of such a unique structural system and provide valuable knowledge for its future applications in long span bridges. The construction of this bridge was completed in December 2007.
The 2007 Ravenel River Bridge Inspection
Authors: Kroely Benoitu
Published: October 2011

The Ravenel Bridge is a 4km cable stayed bridge which opened in July 2005. It connects downtown Charleston, SC to Mount Pleasant, SC. Freyssinet, supplied and installed the 128 parallel strand stay cables supporting the structure. As part of their warranty, Freyssinet is required to perform an inspection of the cable stays.

Standard NBI forms don’t address particular issues associated with cable stay systems. Due to this, Freyssinet provided a specific inspection & maintenance manual as part of their contract with Palmetto Bridge Consortium.

The first warranty inspection was performed in October 2007; Freyssinet contracted with Advitam to computerize the inspection manual with ScanPrint software. The software was then used during the inspection. The software package includes:

Checklists to guide the inspectors in their decision process

Digital drawings of components to inspect,

A library of typical defects which enables accurate and organized descriptions of stays condition,

100% electronic process including automatic reporting with drawings, defects, and photos.

This paper will describe the methodology used to accurately define inspection methods and processes; as well as, the computerized system used to increase the quality of collected data. Finally, the paper will focus on the benefit of electronic inspection manual to efficiently record and manage data.
Reliability Analysis of Concrete Structures Considering Different Hazard Curves for Western and Eastern United States
Authors: Hampshire Santos Sergio
Published: October 2011

In the deterministic design of structures, according to the current standards, the uncertainties inherently present in the evaluation of actions and resistances are accounted for through partial safety factors. This paper discusses the reliability levels obtained in the design of reinforced concrete structures under pure bending, using the safety criteria defined in the ACI 318-05 and in the ASCE/SEI 7-05. The reliability analyses consider the different shapes of the seismic hazard curves, corresponding to the different rates of change of maximum ground accelerations versus corresponding annual probability of occurrence, between locations in Central and Eastern and in the Western United States. Combinations of dead, live and seismic loads are analyzed. It is shown that the design considering the present code provisions leads to a seismic risk that is not uniform throughout the country; very different levels of reliability are obtained for the different locations.
Push-launched Bridges with the Prestressing Cables Deflected after the Launch
Authors: Low Angus
Published: October 2011

The paper proposes a way in which the economy and durability of push-launched prestressed concrete bridges can be improved by fully exploiting the potential of external cables. The cables are stressed initially along the centroid of the section. After the launch the cables are deflected into efficient profiles. This method allows the user of greater span/depth ratios than current practice, and hence the range of applications can be extended.
Innovative Foundation Design at Complex Urban Sites
Authors: Baker Clyde , Walton William
Published: October 2011

Complex urban sites involving the presence of extensive foundations from prior construction may
require innovative foundation design for successful completion of new structures on the same
site. This paper presents the authors’ views on the requirements for innovative foundation design
at such complex urban sites. These requirements include the necessity for the structural engineer
and geotechnical engineer to work as a team from the conceptual stage of the project. Teamwork
involves confidence in each other’s competence and experience.

The requirements include adequate ground investigation, including appropriate in-situ testing, to
make possible reliable prediction of ground response to new building loads. The paper describes
how with confidence in the ability to predict ground deformation response under imposed
loading, it is possible to mix foundation systems for maximum substructure performance at
minimum cost and acceptable risk. The paper describes two case histories that the authors
believe illustrate innovative foundation design and some of the issues involved including two
tower projects in Chicago:

Dearborn Center - reusing existing foundations at higher load levels for a new
structure, and

111 South Wacker - mixing existing belled caissons and rock caissons and a new mat
under the same building with predictable differential settlement.
Stability and Dynamic Analysis of A CFST Arch Bridge With Basket Type
Authors: Peng Guihan , Chen Baochun , Wu Qingxiong
Published: October 2011

This paper examines the stability properties and dynamic performances of the Hechang Bridge, which is the CFST arch bridge in Fujian ,China. The differences of stability and dynamic performance between basket type and parallel type are discussed using three-dimensional finite element models. Furthermore, the influence of inclined angle for basket-type arch rib on stability and dynamic performance is also studied. It can be used for reference of similar bridge in selecting the bridge type, its main structures, static and dynamic analyses preformed.
A significant infrastructure project within the urban environment of Athens: The case of Attica Tollway
Authors: Tyrogianni Helen , Kitsos Dimitris , Halkias Bill
Published: October 2011

Attica Tollway is a successful project and has exceeded forecast expectations of demand. Attica Tollway has been designated by the European Union to be part of the Trans European Network, extending along 65 km, enabling quicker access to areas which, until recently, were either unapproachable or required a great amount of travel time. A road axis connecting the 30 municipalities of the Attica basin and meeting the transportation needs of millions of people, on an annual basis. But the development of Attica Tollway faced significant difficulties mainly because of the pioneer character of the project but also due to the complexity of a project needed to be developed in a highly densed urban area.
Building on water: design projects using aluminium structural elements
Authors: Van Hove Dianne , Soetens Frans
Published: October 2011

In the last decades design initiatives have been taken in The Netherlands regarding building on water. Three design projects, incorporating aluminium as the main structural material, are shown in the paper. The projects include a floating building, a floating road and a connection between building and road. The building and the connection are worked out on designers level, while the road has also been calculated and tested in practice. Aluminium is concluded to be a suitable material for building on water due to its typical material properties.
150 km of U Shape Prestressed Concrete Decks for LRT Viaducts
Authors: Dutoit Daniel , Gauthier Yves , Montens Serge , Vollery Jean-Charles
Published: October 2011

SYSTRA has developed a system of U shape prestressed concrete decks for LRT viaducts.

The many advantages of this system are presented, along with the design concept: system integration and deck design, architectural design, deck computation.

Examples of applications throughout the world are described.
Durability Evaluation of a Carbon Fiber Reinforced Member
Authors: Hojo Tetsuo , Asao Kazutoshi
Published: October 2011

Shinkyo, historical wooden bridge, rebuilt in the same form as the present in 1636, repairing work using carbon fiber material was recently conducted. It is required to evaluate the durability of a carbon fiber reinforcement part from a viewpoint of maintenance management. Environmental condition such as temperature and humidity around member of the wooden bridge was measured for four months to grasp conditions of the construction site. These are used as experimental conditions for a carbon reinforced wooden member, and a constant-temperature-bath test and a heat cycle test were carried out. Using these tested members, bending performance and adhesion characteristics were analyzed. Finally, research on evaluation of the repairing method using carbon fiber reinforcement and the method of applying carbon fiber material is described.
Application of the Pre-stressed Concrete Box-girder with Corrugated Steel Webs in Bridge Engineering in China
Authors: Shuqin Li , Kunning Zhu , Shui Wan
Published: October 2011

The pre-stressed composite box-girder with corrugated steel webs is a new kind structure, which includes corrugated steel webs, external pre-stressed cables and shear connectors that connect the corrugated steel webs and the concrete flange slab. In recent years more and more attention has been given to this kind structure and important achievement has been got in bridge engineering in China. In this paper three pre-stressed composite box-girder bridges with corrugated steel webs in China are introduced. Design experiences about the bridges are summarized, and their construction are discussed.