bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Digestion of Spruce Budworm Larvae and Pupae in the Olive-backed Thrush, Hylochichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi)
Authors: Mook L. J. , Marshall H. G. W.
Published: December 2009

To use gizzard analysis quantitatively, in the assessment of bird predation on insect populations, information is needed on the time that identifiable remains of the prey can be found in the gizzard and on the rate at which these remains disappear. The digestion rate, measured by the disappearance of mandibles or cremasters, has been studied for larvae and pupae of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), when eaten by the olive-backed thrush, Hylocichla ustulata swainsoni (Tschudi).
The Seasonal Size Increase of Bumblebee Workers (Hymenoptera: Bombus)
Authors: Knee W. J. , Medler J. T.
Published: December 2009

Six field colonies and four laboratory colonies of bumblebees were used in a marking experiment during the summer of 1964 in Wisconsin to study the seasonal size increase of the workers. Mean sizes of weekly age groups differed significantly. The workers gradually increased in size in healthy colonies. In colonies disrupted by parasitism or transfer from the field to the laboratory, consecutive age groups of workers were- significantly smaller. After a period of adjustment, the colonies transferred from the field to the laboratory resumed the normal pattern of worker size increase.
Some Species of Geomyza From China and Japan (Diptera: Opomyzidae)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

Geomyza nubilipuncta n. sp. and G. envirata n. sp. are described from Japan and China respectively. The wing and terminalia of G. advena Frey, from Japan, are figured. A key to the three species is presented.
Differences in Anatis mali Auct. and Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake to Changes in the Quality and Quantity of the Larval Food (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Smith B. C.
Published: December 2009

Capacity to adjust to variable resources of food is a useful criterion for assessing the regulatory influence of predators on the population of prey. Anatis mali Auct. was better adapted than Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake to tolerate a shortage of food. When the food supply was increased, survival and adult weight increased in both species – adult weight to a much greater extent in A. mali than in C. maculata, and developmental time decreased in A. mali, but was unchanged in C. maculata. C. maculata was better able to withstand regularly occurring periods of intermittent feeding than a shortage near the end of its development.

The conversion ratio of third-instar A. mali larvae and the growth rate of C. maculata larvae were higher when individuals were fed on Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.) than on Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch). Between the minimum food requirement and the maximum quantity eaten, the conversion ratio of A. mali decreased whereas that of C. maculata remained constant except at the highest quantities of food where the rate of intake increased and the ratio decreased. Relative food intake rate is an accurate criterion for comparing stages and species of predators that are fed on various foods.
Dissimilarity of Heptachlor-resistance in Life-stages of the Turnip Maggot, Hylemya floralis (Fall.) (Diptera: Anthomycidae)
Authors: Stewart W. W. A. , McKinlay K. S.
Published: December 2009

Laboratory tests of heptachlor-resistance in larvae and adults from treated and untreated farm populations of Hylemya floralis (Fall.) showed that only larvae were developing resistance. Therefore it is suggested that all life-stages of insect pests should be tested to determine which stage soonest reflects the highest level of resistance. This stage could be used to detect levels of resistance in the field and to permit alteration of control programs, to prevent development of complete resistance and the consequent loss of crop.

Third-instar larvae from the farm where all cruciferous crops had been treated with heptachlor annually, from 1952 to 1961, were resistant to 80 times greater concentrations of heptachlor than those from the untreated farm. From 1962 to 1964 the level of resistance remained constant in third-instar larvae from the untreated farm but it decreased fivefold in those from the treated farm. This decreased resistance is attributed to dilution of the population by non-resistant H. floralis from adjoining crops untreated during this period.
Transmission of Clover Phyllody Virus by the Leafhopper, Paraphlepsius irroratus (Say)
Authors: Chiykowski L. N.
Published: December 2009

Clover phyllody virus was transmitted from ladino clover to ladino clover by Paraphlepsius irroratus (Say). The preinfective period of the insect following acquisition of the virus was between 21 and 28 days. Nineteen of 25 plants fed on by leafhoppers that had completed their preinfective period became infected.
Studies on Avian Predators of Dendroctonus brevicomis LeConte (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) With Special Reference to Picidae
Authors: Otvos Imre S.
Published: December 2009

Four species of woodpeckers (family Picidae) are definitely known to be predaceous on the western pine beetle in the Central Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. These are: Dendrocopus villosus, Dendrocopus pubescens, Dendrocopus albolarvatus and Dryocopus pileatus. The red-shafter flicker (Colaptes cafer, Picidae), creepers (Certhiidae), nuthatches (Sittidae), and flycatchers (Tyrannidae) are thought to be predators on the western pine beetle.

Predation by woodpeckers reduced the western pine beetle population by (a) actual consumption of 31.8% in two generations studied, and (b) by increasing parasite densities in the order of 3.85 factor. The increase in parasite density was believed to have been caused by bark removal to a near uniform thickness enabling a higher parasitism by those parasites with short ovipositors, such as Cecidostiba and Roptrocerus spp.

One adverse effect of woodpecker predation was a reduction or a depression of insect predation. Highly mobile insect predators may have been driven away by woodpecker activity, actually consumed, or both.

Bark flakes, chipped or pried off by the woodpeckers during their feeding activity, contained but few insects and it is doubtful that these could survive on the ground and reach the adult stage.
The Symptoms and Histopathology of Poisoning by Maneb inOncopeltus fasciatus(Dallas),
Authors: McMullen R. D.
Published: December 2009

Maneb (manganous ethylene bisdithiocarhamate) applied topically toOncopeltus fasciatusnymphs causes death after 7 to 10 days. The gross symptoms of intoxication, histopathology and effect on oxygen consumption are described. Activities such as feeding and walking are slightly reduced after 24 hours and completely inhibited after 3 to 4 days. The tissues most severely affected by the treatment are the secretory cells of the mid-gut epithelium and the cells of the Malpighian tubules. These at first show extreme vacuolization, reduction of the size of cell nuclei and finally cytolysis. Oxygen consumption in vivo is reduced by the treatment.
Parasite Studies in Two Residual Spruce Budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.)) Outbreaks in Quebec
Authors: Blais J. R.
Published: December 2009

Parasite studies were carried out in two residual spruce budworm outbreaks in Quebec. Investigations were conducted during the last three years of the outbreak in the Lower St. Lawrence region and during the last year of the one in the Saguenay region. In the Lower St. Lawrence region decline of the insect population was initiated through aerial application of DDT over a period of three years, while in the Saguenay region the unfavourable condition of the forest stands apparently kept budworm numbers below peak outbreak levels. The incidence of mortality through the action of parasites was very high during the last year of both of these outbreaks and probably contributed to bringing about their collapse. Meteorus trachynotus Vier. has repeatedly been recovered in abundance during the last year of a number of budworm outbreaks and it was amongst the important parasites recovered in both outbreaks under discussion. Other species, however, that were abundant in one or the other of these two outbreaks had not been recovered in numbers before. The parasite complex and the relative abundance of each parasite species during budworm outbreaks is fairly constant at the time of peak host populations, but it is now apparent that they vary considerably at the time of outbreak collapse. Variations in the presence and relative abundance of alternate hosts probably account for this situation.
Ecology of Species of Bombus Latr. (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in Southern Alberta. III. Subgenus Cullumanobombus Vogt
Authors: Hobbs G. A.
Published: December 2009

The subgenus Cullumanobombus is represented by Bombus rufocinctus in the Nearctic region. In southern Alberta, its distribution is confined to the wooded areas. There, it is adaptable in its nest-selecting habits, and establishes nests mostly in June. It made 11.2 ± 1.4 cells in the first brood. In each cell, one egg was laid in the first brood, 4.2 ± 1.2 eggs in the second and third, and 8.2 ± 3.9 in the fourth and later broods.

Queens required about 22 days to rear workers. The second and third broods were usually workers and the fourth and later broods usually males or queens. The workers in a colony varied little in size. The dominant color pattern was B. rufocinctus s. str. This species is a prolific producer of wax.

The queens mated in the morning and hibernated in the afternoon, about an inch deep in the soil.

Many queens invaded other nests of the same species. The natural enemies were the three species of Psithyrus indigenous to the area, the big-headed fly, Physocephala texana, and ants.
The Brown Mite, Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson (Acarina: Tetranychidae), on Apple in Nova Scotia.: I. Influence of Intratree Distribution on the Selection of Sampling Units. II. Differences in Habits and Seasonal Trends in Orchards With Bivoltine and Trivoltine Populations. III. Distribution of Diapause Eggs. IV. Hatching of Diapause Eggs
Authors: Herbert H. J.
Published: December 2009

In Nova Scotia one leaf cluster with an adjoining 1 inch of twig taken from the inside of each of 10 apple trees replicated four times is an adequate sample unit to measure the density of the brown mite.

The brown mite has one generation with a partial second in some orchards and one with a partial second and partial third in others. The first generation adults in the bivoltine and trivoltine populations lay summer eggs on the leaves and twigs, and diapause eggs on tin twigs. The second generation adults in the bivoltine populations lay only diapause eggs; in the trivoltine populations they lay both summer and diapause eggs. The adults of the third generation lay only diapause eggs.

The brown mite is found on both the leaves and woody parts of the tree. In orchards with bivoltine populations the proportion of mites on leaves reached a peak of 80% by mid-July, but thereafter gradually decreased to 10% by the end of August. However, in orchards with trivoltine populations the proportion of mites on leaves reached a peak of 80 to 90% by mid-July, remained constant until mid-August, and thereafter decreased to approximately 40% by the end of August.

The number of diapause eggs laid by adults of each generation in both the bivoltine and trivoltine populations varies widely. The eggs are deposited on the trunk as well as on the branches, with the heaviest deposition in the central area of the tree. The diapause eggs laid by adults of the first generation are the last to hatch and those laid by the third generation are the first to hatch the following spring.

The factors responsible for the differences in the number of generations and in the number of diapause eggs laid are unknown.
Rearing Root Maggots, Chiefly Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) (Diptera: Anthomyiidae) for Bioassay
Authors: Read D. C.
Published: December 2009

Details of a method of mass rearing eggs and larvae of the cabbage root maggot, Hylemya brassicae (Bouché) for bioassay and of continuous propagation of all stages of the pest are described. The technique was equally suitable for rearing the onion maggot H. antiqua (Meig.), the seed corn maggot H. calicruraliturata (Rond.) and the carrot rust fly, Psila rosa (L.). Under the conditions described, 2000-2500 eggs or first-instar larvae of H. brassicae were obtained from 50-60 female flies in 24 hours, or 1000-1200 mature larvae or pupae were reared from eggs produced by 25 female flies in approximately 20 days.
Effects of Prey Abundance on the Development of the Spider Agelenopsis potteri (Blackwall) (Araneae: Agelenidae)
Authors: Turnbull A. L.
Published: December 2009

Agelenopsis potteri (Blackwall) spiders that were reared from egg to adult on live prey (Aedes aegypti L.) supplied at different daily rates varied in the rate that they were able to capture prey, grow, and attain maturity. Mortality varied inversely with feeding rates, but some spiders matured at each feeding rate. All spiders matured in seven stages regardless of the rate of feeding. Both sexes were mature following the sixth moult. The rate of prey capture declined sharply in the adults. Males matured about four days sooner than females. A straight-line relationship exists between the rate at which prey were captured and the dry weights of the adult spiders. A straight-line relationship was also found between the numbers of prey captured per day and the daily development of the spider.
The Life History of a Web-spinning Sawfly of Spruce, Cephalcia fascipennis (Cresson) (Hymenoptera: Pamphiliidae)
Authors: Eidt D. C.
Published: December 2009

The larvae of Cephalcia fascipennis (Cress.) feed on spruce and occasionally severely damage ornamental trees or hedges. The life history is described.
The Trefoil Sawfly, Atomacera debilis Say (Hymenoptera: Argidae), in Ontario
Authors: Lindquist O. H. , Trinnell J. R.
Published: December 2009

The trefoil sawfly, Atomacera debilis Say, is reported for the first time from Canada. The larvae are redescribed to illustrate their unusual morphological characters. The known distribution in North America and biological information on the species are presented.
Additions to the List of Carabid Beetles (Coleoptera: Carabidae) from Agricultural Lands near Belleville, Ontario
Authors: Rivard I.
Published: December 2009

Nineteen species of carabid beetles are added to the list of those found in agricultural lands near Belleville in 1959–62, and eight previously determined to genus only are herein identified to species. Notiophilus intermedins Lth. is reported from Ontario for the first time, and a second record is made of Bembidion obtusum Ser., a European species doubtfully established in North America.
The Influence of Soil Moisture and Soil Type on the Oviposition Behaviour
of the Migratory Grasshopper, Melanoplus sanguinipes
(Fabricius)
Authors: Edwards Roy L. , Epp Henry T.
Published: December 2009

Three different soils – sand, loam and clay – at each of three moisture
levels – saturated, intermediate, and dry – were offered to female
Melanoplus sanguinipes as oviposition sites.
When given a free choice the females preferred moist sand to all other
oviposition sites and avoided soil that was completely dry. When no moist
soil was available, coarse dry soil was preferred to fine dry soil, but the
oviposition rate was reduced. The females would probe and dig at random into
any of the soil offered but would withhold their eggs temporarily if the
subsurface soil was not moist. Soil water pH appeared to have very little
influence on the females' acceptance of an oviposition site as egg pods were
deposited in soils with a range of pH from 3.0 to 11.6. It is suggested that
although the absence of moisture in the soil may affect the distribution of
egg-pods in the microhabitat and may reduce the rate of egg-pod production
slightly, the temperature prevailing during the oviposition period is
perhaps a more important factor in determining the number of egg-pods
deposited.
North American Species in Group IX ofIpsDe Geer (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Hopping G. R.
Published: December 2009

Group IX of North AmericanIpscontainsI.grandicollis(Eichhoff),I.confusus(Leconte),I.montanus(Eichhoff),I.cribricollis(Eichhoff) andI.leconteiSwaine.I.chagnoniSwaine is made a synonym ofI.grandicollis(Eichhoff).Ipsof Group IX differ from otherIpsby having five spines on each side of the elytral declivity. Species are described and a key is given. They breed in various species ofPinusand most of them occur south of the boreal forest.
Paper Chromatography to Detect Predation on Mites
Authors: Putman W. L.
Published: December 2009

Predators that have fed on Panonychus ulmi
(Koch) and Bryobia arborea Morgan and Anderson
can be distinguished by the orange and reddish carotenoid biochromes derived
from the prey. Predation on the two species of mites cannot be clearly
separated. The predators are squashed on filter paper and the pigments
separated by circular chromatography in a mixture of one part of zylene to
four parts of white kerosene. The mite pigments are considerably altered
during digestion in the predators. The method does not reveal the number of
mites consumed by a predator, owing to differences in the pigment content of
the various stages of the prey and in the time the pigments are retained in
the predators.
Sex-limited Polymorphisms in Microevolution
Authors: Sheppard P. M.
Published: December 2009

Theoretical objections to the hypothesis that polymorphisms are evolved
as an adaptation by populations are discussed and upheld. Genetic data do
not support the assumption that potency balance systems controlling
polymorphisms are widespread in the Lepidoptera and are responsible for the
prevalence of polymorphisms sex-limited to the female. It is pointed out
that such polymorphisms are commoner in butterflies than in moths and that
this requires an ecological, not a purely genetical, explanation. It is
suggested that the presence of two potency balance systems in the genus
Choristoneura could have resulted from an
interchange of genetic material between the X-chromosome and an autosome
during the evolution of the group.
A Synoptic List of the Parasites of Scolytidae (Coleoptera) in North America North of Mexico
Authors: Bushing Richard W.
Published: December 2009

A resumé of the North American literature concerned with hymenopterous parasites of bark beetles is presented. Morphology, seasonal history, host-tree selection, hyperparasitism, importation and colonization and their influence upon control of the host are briefly discussed.

Parasites of a given host or hosts of a known parasite can easily be found in two different lists. Parasites are listed below in an alphabetical list of bark beetle species. Hosts, including some species other than bark beetles, are listed under a separate list of parasite families and genera. Host-parasite associations in each list are supported by a numerical reference to the literature cited.
A Fly of the Archaic Family Nymphomyiidae (Diptera) from North America
Authors: Ide F. P.
Published: December 2009

The paper describes a new species and genus of fly, Archidipteron walkeri (Nymphomyiidae: Diptera), found in samples seined by screens from the Molus river, New Brunswick, after spraying of the watershed with DDT in oil.

The species is compared with Nymphomyia alba, Tokunaga, of Japan and the affinities of the family discussed. It was concluded that these insects are only distantly related to other Diptera and are probably best considered as belonging in the Archidiptera, a suborder of the Diptera, as proposed by Rohdendorf.

The ecological position of the insects is discussed but definite conclusions are not drawn pending more information on life cycle, particularly of the, as yet unknown, larval stages.
Outbreaks of Camnula pellucida (Scudder), (Orthoptera: Acrididae), in Relation to Native Grasslands and Cereal Crops in Saskatchewan
Authors: Riegert P. W. , Pickford R. , Putnam L. G.
Published: December 2009

Observations on the occurrence of Camnula pellucida (Scudder) on native grasslands in Saskatchewan indicated that such areas did not support large populations of this species except on the margins where these were adjacent to cereal crops. This supports the view that large-scale infestations arise when both a food habitat (cereals) and an oviposition habitat (short grass) are readily available to the insects.
The Life History and Habits of Chrysomela crotchi Brown (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) in Northwestern Ontario
Authors: Smereka E. P.
Published: December 2009

The life history of Chrysomela crotchi, a univoltine species commonly found on trembling aspen, was studied in northwestern Ontario from 1959 to 1962. The most striking feature of its life history was the longevity of adults, which were capable of overwintering two successive years. Overwintered adults became active and began feeding in late May, and oviposition occurred from early June to late July. The incubation period was approximately 10 days and the three larval instars required approximately one month for development to the adult stage.

Females laid more eggs during their second season and the highest number laid was 326. The number of eggs in an egg mass averaged 37.6, and the average interval between the deposition of egg masses was 4 days. Males and females mated more than once, but only one mating was necessary for a female to produce viable eggs throughout the season. Males were capable of fertilizing more than one female and remained potent for more than one season.

Parasitism was low, and only two species of larval parasites were reared. Several predator species were observed preying on the immature stages. Predation and overwintering mortality appeared to be the most important control factors.
Effects of Air Ions on Duration and Rate of Sustained Flight of the Blowfly, Phoenicia sericata Meigen
Authors: Maw M. G.
Published: December 2009

That insect flight is influenced by air ions was shown when blowflies, Phoenicia sericata Meigen, were exposed to air ions at ion currents of about 3.4 × 10−11 amp. Positive ions resulted in longer, faster flights than did normal laboratory air, and there were steep increases and decreases in speed. Negative ions resulted in relatively fast, steady flight that usually lasted longer than in positively ionized or in laboratory air. After exposure to positive ions, exposure to alternating polarities resulted in a steady net increase in flight speed but exposure to alternating polarities after exposure to negative ions had no effect on flight.
A Synthetic Diet for the Spruce Budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: McMorran Arlene
Published: December 2009

The spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), was reared on a synthetic diet. Comparison of two successive laboratory generations reared on synthetic diet and on frozen balsam fir buds showed that diet-fed insects had a higher survival, developed faster, were heavier, mated more successfully, and were more fecund.
Mermithids (Nematoda: Mermithidae) Parasitic in Blackflies (Insecta: Simuliidae): I. Taxonomy and Bionomics of Gastromermis boophthorae sp. n.
Authors: Welch H. E. , Rubzov I. A.
Published: December 2009

Abstract>

Gastromermis boophthorae is distinguished from related species by its longer spicule, its characteristic lateral cord, numerous and small cells in the head region, and longer proximal reflex of the vagina. This species is divided into six varieties that are based mainly on differences occurring in the free-living postparasitic stages. It is recognized that the term “variety” is seldom used in nematology and is unprotected nomenclatorially, but its use here seems justified to designate infraspecific populations that appear at present to be sympatric and anatomically discontinuous, and that can only be recognized as immature nematodes. Six species of blackflies were found to be hosts and infection is reported from May until August in the Leningrad region. Percent infection ranged from 1 to 10 but reached 100% in one sample. Synchronization of host and parasite development is probably important in determining incidence of parasitism.
Sequential Sampling for White Grubs
Authors: Ives W. G. H. , Warren G. L.
Published: December 2009

Abstract>

The results of sampling to determine the vertical distribution of white grubs in the soil and the frequency distribution of grubs per 1-square-foot sample unit are presented. It was found that the optimum sampling period is during June and July, when most of the grubs are in the upper foot of soil. The negative binomial distribution with a k value of 1.5936 fitted most of the data well and was used to devise two sequential sampling methods: one for classifying white grub populations as light, moderate or severe; the other for pre-planting surveys to determine whether or not control measures are required.
The Use of Cloud Patterns to Outline Areas with Different Climates during Population Studies
Authors: Wellington W. G.
Published: December 2009

Abstract>

In all but the flattest terrain, differences in relief produce recurrent and consistent patterns of cloudiness during turbulent or convective weather. The basic patterns consist of fixed patches or lines of low clouds that persist in an otherwise clear sky. But their outlines may even appear in the higher layers of cloud that cross the region during the passage of larger weather systems. Consequently, the areas beneath them experience predictably higher frequencies of cloudiness and rainfall than the terrain outside their borders. Thus their outlines can be used to draw boundaries that separate areas with different climates.

The information above can be used to develop a system of direct observations of changes in local weather that can be applied in several ways during studies of natural populations. Visual methods of observing the weather are always simpler than methods that involve instruments. Where population phenomena are concerned, they also may be more meaningful; and they leave more time free for biological observations. Instruments are essential, however, in any investigation of the properties or requirements of individuals; e.g., in physiological or behavioral studies.
Effects of Low Levels of the Nutrient Content of a Food and of Nutrient Imbalance on the Feeding and the Nutrition of a Phytophagous Larva,Celerio euphorbiae(Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Sphingidae)
Authors: House H. L.
Published: December 2009

The present work demonstrates how important food quality is to an insect. When the dietary inadequacy in an artificial food was dilution of its nutrient content to 85, 70 and 50%, respectively, fifth-instarCelerio euphorbiae(Linnaeus) ate progressively more food but they gained no more body weight on one diet than on another. The rate of food intake depended on nutrient concentration. On all nutrient levels the larvae were about 20% efficient in converting the foodstuff into body material and the body content of protein did not differ significantly.

When the dietary inadequacy was immoderate proportions of several nutrients, the effects were not so clearly marked; nevertheless, the rate of food intake of the larvae could explain their body weight. The tendency seemed to be for the larvae to eat less and to gain less weight on the imbalanced diet than on an adequate diet. Moreover, conversion of foodstuff into body material did not seem as efficient on the imbalanced diet as on the control.

The ecological significance of food quality suggested by the first example is that the destructiveness of phytophagous insects, for example, may depend in part on the degree of succulence and corresponding nutrient concentration of food plant tissues; and by the second example, that perhaps nutritional imbalances may play a part in controlling the potential destructiveness of insect populations.
Sperm Transfer and Utilization by the Arrhenotokous WaspDahlbominus fuscipennis(Zett.) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae)
Authors: Wilkes A.
Published: December 2009

Abstract>

The internal reproductive organs of both sexes are described with regard to their functions during mating and the transfer, storage and use of sperm during oviposition. Although generally hymenopteran in structure they differ in some details from species previously described. The sperm storage organ and glands in the oviducts are more precisely defined and an account given of a structure which regulates the number of sperm entering the sperm bundle prior to its transfer to the female.

During copulation thread-like sperm with helical heads are deposited in bundles of 300 in a funnel-like extension of the oviducts produced by a single contraction of the ovaries. Sperm move along the duct to the sperm capsule largely by their own motility. Sperm remain active in the capsule with their heads toward the opening where they are prevented from escaping by a U-shaped loop in the duct. The loop straightens when ova pass through the oviducts, allowing sperm to descend one at a time. Although the precise mechanism by which the storage organ releases sperm is not fully understood, it is unlikely that discontinuity in the release of sperm is the regulating mechanism involved in the production of haploid males in this species.
A Review of the Genus Udamopyga Hall (Diptera: Sarcophagidae)
Authors: Dodge H. Rodney
Published: December 2009

Udamopyga boniato, new species (Cuba) and U. batemani, new species (Mexico) are described and U. niagarana (Parker) refigured. A revision of Lopes’ (1940) key is presented to include them.
Life History of Choristoneura lambertiana subretiniana Obraztsov (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Attacking Lodgepole Pine
Authors: Stark R. W. , Borden J. H.
Published: December 2009

The life history of a tortricid cone moth Choristoneura lambertiana subretiniana Obraztsov in California is described. The larvae feed primarily on staminatc flowers and cones of lodgepole pine although some needle- and tip-mining occurs. The only other recorded host is ponderosa pine.

Eggs are deposited in late July to early August; first-instar larvae migrate from the needles to protected locations on the branches and spin hibernacula. The larvae overwinter predominantly as second-instar larvae in the hibernaculum. They emerge from the hibernacula in April, and mature in four to six weeks. There are six larval instars. The pupal period lasts approximately two weeks; adult emergence begins in mid-July and extends through the end of August.
The Pine Needle Miner, Exoteleia pinifoliella (Chamb.) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae), in Quebec
Authors: Finnegan R. J.
Published: December 2009

In recent years the pine needle miner, Exoteleia pinifoliella (Chamb.), has occurred in large numbers in jack pine plantations in southern Quebec. The female lays its eggs in late June and early July, and larvae, after moulting to the fourth instar, overwinter in the second needle mined. The following spring the larvae continue mining the needles in which they overwintered, moult for a fourth time, and attack a third needle, wherein they pupate. A description of all stages is given, and the habits and controlling factors of the insect are discussed.
Biotypes of Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) in Relation to Alfalfa Clones
Authors: Cartier J. J. , Isaak A. , Painter R. H. , Sorensen E. L.
Published: December 2009

Ten alfalfa clones, Medicago sativa L., were tested at 60°, 70° and 80° F. in Kansas and Quebec for resistance to pea aphid biotypes, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), originating in the respective areas.

The resistance of the clones at the three temperatures varied differentially at the two locations. One clone was resistant at all temperatures to aphids of both locations. Results indicated that biotype C61-86 of the pea aphid at St. Jean, Quebec, is biologically different from the population of the same species in Kansas. Results also suggest the possibility of finding or combining clones so that varieties of alfalfa resistant to pea aphids over broad geographic areas and environmental conditions can be secured.
Growth and Development of Coccinellid Larvae on Dry Foods (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae)
Authors: Smith B. C.
Published: December 2009

Ten species of predatory coccinellids representing seven genera were reared from the first-instar larva to the adult stage on dry powdered aphids. Dry pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harr.), and corn aphids, Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch), were both superior to bean aphids, Aphis fabae Scop., for growing coccinellid larvae. Though Anatis mali Auct. grew equally well on A. pisum and R. maidis, the larvae generally lived longer when starved after feeding on R. maidis. Dry aphids were as good as living aphids for growing A. mali and Coleomegilla maculata lengi Timberlake. C. maculata grew as well in darkness as in light, and an aphid–pollen mixture was superior to either component alone. Three generations of C. maculata were reared on a yeast diet and this diet is the most promising food for use to supplement natural foods in the field. An arrangement of coccinellid species on the basis of their food specificity does not correspond to the current phylogenetic arrangement, as the taxonomically primitive tribe Coccinellini contains both generalized and selective feeders.
Individual Rearing of the Larvae of Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffroy) (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae)
Authors: Henson W. R.
Published: December 2009

A technique for rearing Neodiprion sertifer (Geoff.) in individual isolation from egg to adult is described. Larvae so reared under optimal conditions experience mortality only slightly greater than that sustained by larvae growing in the normal feeding aggregations. The comparative capacity of the isolated larvae to withstand even slight departures from optimal conditions of food, temperature and humidity is low. These observations together with data on the responses of isolated and normal larvae to physical factors are discussed in their ecological context.
A New Species of Pristiphora from Brazil (Tenthredinidae: Hymenoptera)
Authors: Wong Horne R. , Benson Robert B.
Published: December 2009

A new species of Pristiphora from Brazil is described and compared with the only other known species of this genus from South America. The phylogenetic relationship to other species in the genus is discussed.
Hypopleural Organs of the Woodwasp Larva Tremex columba (L.) Containing the Fungus Daedalea unicolor Bull. ex Fries
Authors: Stillwell M. A.
Published: December 2009

Parkin (1942) reported the occurrence of pired epidermal structures containing fungal strands on the larvae of Sirex gigas (L.) and S. cyaneus (F.). He described the structures as “concealed in the deep fold between the first and second abdominal segments, and formed by local modifications of the cuticle and hypodermis on the posterior sides of the hypopleural folds of the first abdominal segments”. He referred to them as “hypopleural organs”.
Tagging the Oriental Fruit Moth, Grapholitha molesta (Busck) with Radioactive Phosphorus for Flight and Dispersal Studies
Authors: Dustan G. G.
Published: December 2009

Large numbers of Oriental fruit moth adults were successfully tagged (500 or more counts per minute) by holding them for 24–48 hr. in cages provided with cotton wicks moistened with a water-solution of P32 at 20 microcuries per millilitre. The addition of sugar to the tagging solution did not increase its effectiveness. Approximately 80% of the total radioactivity of the tagged moths was internal due to ingested liquid and the remainder was on the surface of their bodies; 73% of the total was in and on the abdomen. The loss in radioactivity of tagged moths in 1–6 days was 2.2–4.7 times greater than the theoretical loss due to isotope decay alone. The highest rate of loss occurred during the first day, probably through excretion before the P32 was absorbed from the digestive tract. Egg laying contributed to loss of radioactivity. Though water and liquid bait removed some P32 from tagged moths this did not result in appreciable contamination of other moths trapped in the liquids.

Attempts to tag large numbers of moths (400–1000 per cage) for release and recovery experiments were only partially successful as the radioactivities attained by individual moths varied widely at different times and from cage to cage, even under the same environmental conditions. This appeared to be partly due to differences in the feeding behaviour of different batches of moths and it may have been influenced by the conditions under which they were reared.
The Influence of Spray Programs on the Fauna of Apple Orchards in Nova Scotia. XIV.: Supplement to II. Oystershell Scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.)
Authors: Pickett A. D.
Published: December 2009

This study confirms an earlier finding that the oystershell scale, Lepidosaphes ulmi (L.) is normally controlled in Nova Scotia apple orchards by the aphelinid Aphytis mytilaspidis Le B. and the predacious mite Hemisarcoptes malus (Shimer). The effectiveness of the former may be limited in colder areas by low winter temperatures, and both species are detrimentally affected by some spray chemicals. The evidence presented indicates that either A. mytilaspidis, or H. malus, or the two of them together, may operate as key-factors in regulating the density of oystershell scale populations.
A New Species Belonging to the divergens Group of the Genus Euxoa Hbn. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Hardwick D. F.
Published: December 2009

The divergens group of the genus Euxoa Hbn. is defined, and a new species, Euxoa sinelinea, is described from Goose Bay, Newfoundland, and from Smoky Falls and Black Sturgeon Lake in north-central Ontario.
Note on the Effects of Temperature and Piperonyl Butoxide on the Toxicity of Carbaryl to Adult Grasshoppers
Authors: McKinlay K. S.
Published: December 2009

Tests on adults of the migratory grasshopper, Melanoplus bilituratus (Wlk.), showed carbaryl (1-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) to have a very marked negative temperature coefficient of toxicity. This was believed to be due to a rapid increase in the rate of detoxification at higher temperatures. The marked synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide, believed to act by blocking the detoxification process, appeared to confirm this.
Predation of Grasshopper Eggs by Ground Squirrels
Authors: Pickford R.
Published: December 2009

A heavily infested egg-bed ofCamnula pellucida(Scudder) was severely damaged by the predatory action ofCitellus tridecemlineatus tridecemlineatus(Mitchill). This infestation, consisting of an estimated 800 eggs per square foot, was reduced by more than 90%. About half the damage occurred during the autumn after oviposition and half during the following spring prior to hatching.
An Insect Emergence Trap for Quantitative Studies in Shallow Ponds
Authors: Corbet Philip S.
Published: December 2009

An insect emergence trap for quantitative studies in shallow ponds is described and figured. Details of its operation are given.
A New Species of Sphecomyia from British Columbia (Diptera: Syrphidae)
Authors: Vockeroth J. R.
Published: December 2009

Both sexes of a new species of Sphecomyia from central British Columbia are described. The species is compared with S. pattonii Will. and S. dyari Shan., its closest known relatives.
Biology of Apoidea Taken in Trap Nests in Northwestern Ontario (Hymenoptera)
Authors: Fye R. E.
Published: December 2009

Osmia atriventris Cr. and Megachile relativa Cr. are the most abundant bees accepting trap nests in the Black Sturgeon Lake area of Ontario. Hylaeus ellipticus (Kby.), H. verticalis verticalis (Cr.), Hoplitis albifrons albifrons (Kby.), and H. cylindrica (Cr.) are common while Hylaeus basalis (Sm.), Osmia proxima Cr., M. inermis Prov., and M. gemula Cr. are comparatively rare. All except Osmia atriventris are univoltine and overwinter as prepupae. O. atriventris is both univoltine and biennial. The major flight and nesting period for all bees is during July although M. relativa is active throughout August. Hylaeus spp. construct nests of silken membranous, secreted materials; Hoplitis spp. utilize macerated plant materials and pebbles to divide their nests; Osmia spp. partition their nests with macerated green plant material; and Megachile spp. line and plug their nests in typical leafcutter fashion. All bees provision their nests with pollen moistened with varying amounts of nectar. The sexes are probably almost equally divided in all species. Major parasites are Gasteruption assectator assectator (L.) for Hylaeus spp.; Chelynia subemarginata (Cr.) for Hoplitis spp.; Sapyga sp., for Osmia atriventris; and Coelioxys modesta Sm., and C. lucrosa for Megachile relativa. Melittobia chalybii Ashm. destroyed a few cells occasionally.
Temperature and Moisture Gradient Equipment
Authors: Graham W. M. , Onyearu A. K. , Waterhouse F. L.
Published: December 2009

The construction of a temperature gradient area based upon a heat exchange grid is described. The main feature of the gradient apparatus is that it provides a flexible, yet temporally stable and evenly sloped gradient, which can be maintained in replicated troughs for many months with minimum attention. The control of the R.H. gradient in troughs containing a food medium is also discussed. Data relating to the life histories of Tribolium examined in the gradient is offered to exemplify the type of results obtainable.
The Development of Neodiprion swainei Middleton (Hymenoptera: Diprionidae) in the Province of Quebec
Authors: Tripp H. A.
Published: December 2009

The seasonal development of N. swainei was recorded in northwestern Quebec for six consecutive years from 1956 to 1961. Larvae normally spun cocoons during September when temperatures were usually below the optimum for survival. An earlier and more favourable spinning period depended principally upon an early adult emergence which, in turn, was governed by prevailing temperatures, the degree of shading of the humus, the presence of encapsulated tachinid parasites, the prior period spent in prolonged diapause, and the geographic origin of the specimens. It was concluded that early emergence of adults followed by rapid development of the immature stages for successive years are prerequisites for epidemics of N. swainei in northwestern Quebec, and are unlikely in very dense jackpine stands.
Revision of the Genus Aquanirmus (Mallophaga: Philopteridae), Parasitic on Grebes (Podicipidae)
Authors: Edwards Robert L.
Published: December 2009

The mallophagan genus Aquanirmus, parasitic on grebes (Podicipidae), is revised. Four new species and one new subspecies are described: emersoni ex Podiceps grisegena, occidentalis ex Aechmophorus occidentalis, podilymbus ex Podilymbus podiceps, bucomfishi ex Podiceps auritus, and bahli chamberlini ex Poliocephalus dominicus. The geographic and host distributions of the parasites are discussed. It is pointed out that geography plays an important role in the distribution of the species of Aquanirmus.
A Method for Shipping Adult Parasites of the Siricidae
Authors: Cameron E. Alan
Published: December 2009

A lightweight, economical container used for long-distance shipment of adult Hymenopterous parasites of the Siricidae, and their hosts, is described. Survival of 94.8 per cent of insects in transit is reported.
Some Factors that Reduce the Reproductive Rate of Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) at High Adult Population Densities
Authors: Wylie H. G.
Published: December 2009

Reproductive rate of the parasite Nasonia vitripennis (Walk.) on pupae of the housefly, Musca domestica L., measured by the number of mature progeny produced per female in 18 hours, decreased with increasing parasite:host ratios. This decrease resulted partly because each female laid fewer eggs, and partly because of increased larval mortality caused by superparasitism. The average number of eggs laid per female was reduced because the parasites wasted relatively more time drilling into unsuitable (i.e. parasitized and previously drilled) hosts on which they subsequently laid few or no eggs; and because the females interfered more with each other while ovipositing. Incidence of superparasitism was greater at higher parasite:host ratios because, in spite of increased interference among the females, there were more simultaneous attacks by two or more females on each fly pupa.
Mating and Oviposition of the Pale Western Cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), in the Laboratory
Authors: Jacobson L. A.
Published: December 2009

In the laboratory 90.7% of both sexes of moths of the pale western cutworm, Agrotis orthogonia Morrison, emerged from pupae between noon and midnight; almost half emerged between 2 and 4 p.m. Mating, evidenced by spermatophores in the bursa copulatrix, occurred almost always at night, within 3 days of emergence, and at temperatures between 5 and 35 °C. Most females mated only once. Multiple matings, with a maximum of 3 times, occurred in less than 20% of females. Males mated with a maximum of three females. Eggs developed during the pupal stage and were ready for fertilization when the moths emerged. Oviposition began on the first or second day after mating, peaked soon after, and continued until just prior to death of females. Maximum oviposition by one female was 564 eggs, with means from 90 to 342. Oviposition occurred at all temperatures from 5 to 35 °C. with an optimum between 10 and 25 °C. More eggs were laid in the dark or in subdued light than in continuous bright light. Females when unfed could oviposit but when fed water or sugar solutions they laid more eggs. Longevity varied directly with feeding and inversely with temperature. Mean longevity of moths fed honey solution in the laboratory was 12 days for both sexes. A diurnal rhythm of oviposition occurred with distinct peaks; 80% or more of the eggs were laid between noon and early evening. Rhythm of oviposition was apparently initiated by light and could be reversed by reciprocal light regimens but was maintained in continuous dark or light. The maximum distance flown on a flight mill was 14.7 miles for males and 3.5 miles for females. Speed varied from less than 1 to almost 3 m.p.h.
The Effects of Gamma Radiation on the Biology and Behavior of Adult Ips confusus (LeConte) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)
Authors: Wood D. L. , Stark R. W.
Published: December 2009

Sterilization of male and female Ips confusus (Coleoptera: Scolytidae) exposed to gamma radiation (Co60) as newly emerged adults was almost complete at levels exceeding 7500 r and 10,000 r, respectively. Mating behavior of males as expressed by sperm transfer was unaffected by dosages up to 60,000 r. The capacity of beetles of either sex to establish galleries was not affected significantly below this dosage, but female gallery pattern was altered above 15,000 r. Longevity was reduced at levels greater than 5000 r. LD50 for males occurred at 11.5 days at 7500 r and 29 days in the controls. Mortality of progeny resulting from males irradiated at substerilization levels was higher than in the controls. The dosage to achieve significant population reduction with minimum effect on longevity and other biological activity is estimated to lie between 6000 and 7500 r.

These studies indicate that this sterilization technique may have promise in the control of bark beetles. The necessity for rearing large numbers on artificial media could be circumvented by mass trapping utilizing their natural sex attractant and by mass rearing in cut host material in the laboratory.