bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perilaku Sosial Lansia Dalam Basuluak Pada Tarekat Naqsyabandiyah Nagari Pandam Gadang kec. Gunuang Omeh Kab. Lima puluh kota
Authors: Syafitri Meidita
Published: November 2023

The background of this research is because of the social behavior of the elderly when carrying out basuluak activities which are carried out starting 10 days before the Holy Month of Ramadan. The social behavior of the elderly is an actualization of the teachings of the Naqsyabandiyah Order which carry out actions or behaviors that are in accordance with the guidance of Rasulullah SAW.This research is a type of descriptive qualitative research. This study had informants 1 Mursyid, 1 Imam, 2 Khalifah and 3 participants of the Naqsyabandiyah Suluak Congregation Naqsyabandiyah Nagari Pandam Gadang Gunuang Omeh District through data collection techniques in the form of observation, interview and documentation techniques.This study produced data in the form of basuluak activities involving the behavior of the elderly, both individually and socially towards others. Social behavior includes respect for others, helping, social participation, and responsibility. The social behavior of the elderly in basuluak can be seen through joint prayer activities, Tarwih and Witir prayers, Friday prayers, alms, cleaning beds and cleaning mats in the surau where basuluak is. The clothes of the elderly in basuluak are wearing clothes that cover their genitals plus a white head covering that sticks out to their face to protect their eyes from bad eyes. Then the food they eat is food that is not bloody or does not come from animals (chicken, fish, beef, buffalo meat and so on). with the aim that their bodies do not get hot in order to keep their ablutions from being invalidated. Then the elderly in basuluak, sleep with unintentional circumstances and in a state of dhikr to Allah SWT or with reasons because they cannot be detained anymore. Then they worship starting from the obligatory prayers in congregation, the Tarwih and Witr circumcision prayers in congregation, dhikr in sir (in their hearts) and various other rituals of worship. Regarding their social behavior, the elderly in basuluak are focused on their relationship with God, but do not always forget their relationship with others. Their sympathy and concern are still there if someone among their family gets misfortune (death) and after that they have to return to continue the suluak activity again. The behavior of the elderly is always aimed at worshiping Allah alone and practicing the teachings of the Prophet Muhammad. They always forget the world and carry out social behavior that leads to closeness to Allah SWT.
Majelis Ta’lim Nurul Muslimat Sebagai Pembangun SolidaritasPada Perempuan Di Cumateh Jorong V Sungai Jariang Kenagarian Lubuk Basung Kecamatan Lubuk Basung Kabupaten Agam
Authors: Rini Putri Agustia
Published: November 2023

Latar belakang penelitian ini dilakukan yaitu banyaknya masyarakat perempuan yang ada di Cumateh tetapi mereka banyak yang tidak saling kenal mengenal dan kurangnya solidaritas, kemudian dengan adanya kegiatan Majelis Ta’lim maka masyarakat yang tadinya tidak saling kenal mengenal menjadi lebih dekat dan terbangunnya solidaritas. Tujuan dilakukannya penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana Majelis Ta’lim dalam membangun solidaritas perempuan di Cumateh. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu metode kualitatif yaitu metode penelitian yang memiliki tujuan untuk menjabarkan informasi dan menyajikannya apa adanya sesuai dengan fakta yang didapat di lapangan, informasi tersebut diperoleh melalui observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Lokasi penelitian ini berada di Cumateh Jorong V Sungai Jariang Kenagarian Lubuk Basung Kecamatan Lubuk Basung Kabupaten Agam. Dalam penelitian ini yang menjadi informan yaitu Ketua Majelis Ta’lim Nurul Muslimat, Wakil Ketua Majelis Ta’lim Nurul Muslimat, Sekretaris Majelis Ta’lim Nurul Muslimat, dan Anggota Majelis Ta’lim Nurul Muslimat, serta salah satu ustadz yang memberikan pengajian di Majelis Ta’lim Nurul Muslimat. Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam membangun solidaritas masyarakat perempuan di Cumateh yaitu dengan adanya Majelis Ta’lim yang berupa kegiatan wirid mingguan yang diadakan setiap hari Rabu pukul 10.00 WIB sampai memasuki waktu zhuhur, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan shalat zhuhur berjamaah. Adanya pertemuan yang dilakukan setiap minggu tersebut dapat membangun solidaritas antar masyarakat di Cumateh.Di samping wirid mingguan, para jamaah Majelis Ta’lim juga memiliki kegiatan yang juga mendukung dalam membangun solidaritas antar mereka, seperti kegiatan yang dilakukan ketika perayaan Maulid Nabi Muhammad SAW., Isra’ Mi’raj Nabi Muhammad SAW., dan yasinan ketika ada salah satu dari anggota Majelis Ta’lim yang meninggal dunia.
KESABARAN SEBAGAI CARA UTAMA UNTUK MENGATASI TRAUMA MUSIBAH
Authors: Jarudin Jarudin
Published: November 2023

Setiap orang pasti mengalami peristiwa baik dan buruk dalam hidupnya. Setiap orang juga akan menghadapi peristiwa baik dan buruk itu dengan cara berbeda sesuai dengan kapasitasnya masing-masing. Banyak orang menghadapi peristiwa buruk dengan cara yang tidak baik dan bahkan kufur, meskipun agama (Islam) telah menggariskan cara-cara terbaik untuk menghadapinya. Kajian kepustakaan ini menggunakan data sekunder yang diperoleh secara manual dan daring (OJS). Data yang diperoleh kemudian dianalisis dengan teknik analisis isi. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa sudah menjadi sunnatullah (hukum alam) bahwa musibah baik dalam skala kecil maupun skala besar pasti menimpa manusia. Musibah ini menjadi ujian keimanan bagi manusia utamanya bagi umat Islam, apakah mereka semakin beriman karena yakin bahwa musibah itu adalah untuk menguji kualitas keimanannya atau mereka lari dari keimanan dengan menunjukkan sikap-sikap kufur dalam menghadapi musibah. Oleh karena itu, Allah s.w.t menyiapkan perangkat-perangkat lain untuk membantu umat Islam menghadapi musibah di antaranya dengan meningkatkan kesabaran, bertawakkal dan terus membangun rasa syukur atas nikmat yang telah diterima.
تصميم مادة درس اللغة العربية لترقية مهارة الكلام بمعهد الكوثر تنجنج فينانج
Authors: Suja Aidillah , Hantoro Ramandha Rudwi , Amin Irsal , Munir Misbahul
Published: November 2023

The teaching material is an important element in the implementation of the learning process, as it serves as a source of information and a learning medium. Therefore, teachers should present teaching material that can achieve the learning objectives. Teaching material is one of the components in education that needs to be designed as best as possible, as it helps in designing the direction and goals of the learning process. Thus, designing teaching material is the most crucial aspect of the education and learning process. The teaching of Arabic in several schools, especially at the secondary level, is ineffective and inefficient. This is due to the diverse educational backgrounds of students and their lack of knowledge about the Arabic language. Therefore, there is a need for teaching material that can address these issues. One of the steps to tackle these problems is to innovate in education, and one of the ways is to develop teaching material that caters to the needs of students and the learning objectives. Hence, the aim of this research is to develop Arabic language teaching material to enhance students' speaking skills. The research method employed in this study is Design-Based Research (DBR). The results of this research include the development of Arabic language teaching material through three steps: 1) establishing learning objectives, 2) determining the lesson content, and 3) forming assessments. The validation of the developed Arabic language teaching material by experts, teachers, and students is good.
ARABIC LEARNING BASED ON MULTIPLE INTELLIGENCE AT MARKAZ ARABIYA
Authors: Afyuddin Moh Sholeh , Rafidania Rena , Fajriyanur Ivan
Published: November 2023

Learning aims to influence students, which is known by changes in behavior, knowledge, and mastery of certain competencies. Learning in a group cannot be avoided from the individual differences of the students. There are several psychological theories that studied the individual differences of students, including the theory of multiple intelligences. One of the educational institutions that apply the concept of multiple intelligences is Markaz Arabiya for Arabic Language. The concept of multiple intelligences is able to classify individual tendencies, so that it can accommodate the intelligence of students in developing Arabic language skills. The research problem is about how is the learning Arabic based on multiple intelligences at Markaz Arabiya for Arabic Language? This research is a qualitative research with descriptive analysis type and uses observation, interviews, and documentation as data collection techniques. The data analysis uses reduction, presentation, and conclusions. The results and findings of this study state that Arabic language learning based on multiple intellegencies at Markaz Arabiya can be seen in integration with four main learning activities: 1) interviews and observations of new students at the beginning of learning, in order to identify their type of intelligence, 2) planning made by identifying certain types of intelligence that can be applied in learning activities, 3) the learning process that uses various methods and student-centered with the principles of learning by doing, and 4) evaluation through written tests to measure stundets’ knowledge and skills tests to measure the ability to apply their knowledge in certain tasks. Several types of intelligence appear to be integrated in a series of learning processes, such as linguistic intelligence, mathematical logic, spatial, musical, kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalist intelligence. However, among those the several intelligences, linguistic intelligence, mathematical logic, kinesthetic and interpersonal intelligence, are the most dominant intelligences.
المعاني الأساسيّة للأفعال المجردة من الأفعال المزيدة في سورة يٰسۤ
Authors: Setiyadi Alif Cahya , Saniyyah Neda Azzah , Musthofa Aufa Alfian , Liputo Sania Karimah
Published: November 2023

تجريد الهدف الرئيسي من هذا البحث هو(1) فهم المعنى الأساسي من الفعل المزيد في سورة يٰسۤ. (2)  معرفة فوائد من الحرف الزيادة في سورة يٰسۤ. مع وضع هذه الأهداف التي تم تقديمها. لبحث تستخدم الباحثة البحث المكتبي. مصادر البيانات في هذا البحث من آيات القرآن الكريم في سورة يٰسۤ مكتوبة على مخطوطات قسم الدين في جمهورية إندونيسيا عام 2009. المصادر الثانوية، وهي كتب ما يتعلق بالصرف، وكتب الباحث عن أفعال، كذالك الكتب للمناهج. الأسلوب المستخدم هو أسلوب الوثائق. بعد الانتهاء من التحقيق، كانت النتائج على النحو التالي، المعاني الأساسية من أفعال المزيدة في سورة يٰسۤ تتضمن من أفعال المزيدة بحرف و أفعال المزيدة بحرفان كذالك فعل المزيد بثلاثة أحرف. فائدة أفعال المزيدة بحرف منها، التعريض، التعدية، الصيرورة، المبالغة. فائدة أفعال المزيدة بحرفان منها، المبالغة في المعنى والتعدية. فائدة فعل المزيد بثلاثة أحرف هي التَّحَوُّلُ. الكلمات المفتوحة : المعنى الأساسي؛ أفعال مجردة: سورة يٰسۤ: الأفعال المزيدة. AbstractThe main goal of this research is (1) to understand the basic meaning of the verb more in Surat Yasin. (2) to knowing the benefits of the letter increase in Surat Yasinۤ. With these goals presented. For research, the researcher uses literature research. Data sources in this research from the verses of the Noble Qur’an in Surat Yasin written on Al Quran of the Department of Religion in the Republic of Indonesia in 2009. Secondary sources, which are books related to morpholgy, and the book wrote about verbs, as well as books methode. The method used is the document style. After the completion of the researche, the results were as follows, the basic meanings of the actions of of the letter increase in Surat Yasin, which includes the actions of the letter increase  and the verbs of those with two letters, as well as doing more with three letters. The benefit of the actions of which are with a letter, exposure, transgression, process, and exaggeration. The benefit of the actions that are addicted to two letters, including the exaggeration of meaning and transgression. The benefit of doing more in three letters is transforming. From the completed research, future researchers are recommended to search for the grammatical meaning of deeds in Surat Yassin or search for the basic meaning of the act in the other surah of the Qur’an.Keywords: the basic meaning; Abstract verbs: Surat Yasin: more verbs.
Insecticidal Efficiency of Some Pesticides Against Spodoptera Frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Noctuidae: Lepidoptera) Under Laboratory Conditions
Authors: M.S. Bakry Moustafa , A. Gad Mohamed
Published: November 2023

The "fall armyworm," also known as Spodoptera frugiperda, is a maize pest that is native to North America. It invaded Africa in 2019 and caused serious economic damage, forcing the continent's nations to take swift action to protect off this new invading pest. In Egypt, a variety of chemical insecticides were promoted, but farmers quickly and repeatedly reported control failures. Fall armyworm samples were collected from five different maize-growing regions. Five widely available pesticide formulations: emamectin benzoate, chlorantraniliprole, indoxacarb, methomyl, and chlorpyriphos were tested under laboratory conditions against the 2nd and 4th instar larvae. The results demonstrated that S. frugiperda second-instar larvae were more vulnerable to all tested pesticides than fourth-instar larvae. Under laboratory circumstances, the LC50 values for the various substances were 0.090, 0.165, 0.243, 0.908, and 2.55 ppm, respectively. Furthermore, the insecticide emamectin benzoate was more effective than other pesticides. However, chlorpyriphos pesticide was the least harmful insecticide for controlling this bug. To determine how well these treatments perform against this pest, further trials are required.
Pollinator Insect Found in Coconut Tree in Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatera
Authors: Anggraini Erise , Ellisa Riyanti Tia , Irsan Chandra , Hamidson Harman , Sefrilla Marlin , Kurnianingsih Astuti , Hong Lau Wei , Tiran Gunasena Mahesh
Published: November 2023

Insect pollinators are insects that play an important role in maintaining the existence of a plant species through pollination and maintaining the genetic diversity of plants in the population maintaining the existence of a plant species through pollination and maintaining the genetic diversity of plants in the population. Pollinator insects generally come from the Hymenoptera order. The purpose of this study was to determine the types of pollinator insect species that dominate coconut plantations in the Banyuasin area of South Sumatra. Data were collected by field observation using the plant survey method. The survey was conducted through direct observation of coconut plants owned by coconut farmers in the Banyuasin area. Observations were made on coconut plants by observing pollinator insect species that associate with flowers on coconut plants. Insect pollinator species found in coconut plantations in the Banyuasin area include Vespa affilish, Apis mellifera, and Apis dorsata. The most dominant type of pollinator insect found in coconut plantations in the Banyuasin area is Apis dorsata with 201 individuals. So, the results show that the abundance of individuals is high but has a low diversity index.
Length-Based Morphometric Study of the Morphologically Resembling Butterfly Species Within the Genus Graphium (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)
Authors: Azrizal-Wahid Noor , Mohd Noor Nurinatasya , Mamat Noorhidayah , Ain Izzati Mohd Zainudin Nur
Published: November 2023

The genus Graphium within the family Papilionidae comprises several species that exhibit morphological resemblance. Due to this criterion, their identification and discrimination through morphology is notably challenging. Therefore, in this study, we employed a length-based morphometric approach to reveal the ability of the characters to discriminate the five Graphium species that demonstrates the morphological resemblance; Graphium sarpedon, Graphium bathycles, Graphium doson, Graphium eurypylus, and Graphium evemon. The morphometric measurement of the total of 50 specimens was carried out by using seven characters measured from the wing and body regions. Multivariate statistical analyses such as Discriminant Function Analysis (DFA) and Cluster Analysis (CA) were utilized to assess the discriminatory ability of the morphometric data. While comparing between species, all morphometric characters were significantly different (p < 0.05). The results of DFA showed that two out of seven characters utilized have the lowest values of Partial’s Wilks Lambda; body length (1.165), and forewing length (1.183), therefore are suggested as the two most significant characters for the discrimination of the Graphium species. There are great overlapping patterns between the five species when plotting a scatter plot graph except for G. bathycles that formed nearly distinct group. In Cluster Analysis, G. sarpedon tends to be closer to G. evemon by having the lowest value of agglomeration (0.061). Our findings underscore the potential of length-based morphometric analysis as a supporting quantitative tool for resolving taxonomic ambiguities and enhancing species identification particularly within complex genera such as Graphium.
Authors: Hartono Hildazya , Asih Pitri Ratna , Nalinda Rika
Published: November 2023

This research was conducted to determine the effect of physical and chemical treatment on the health quality and viability of Bitter Gourd Seeds. This research was conducted from February to June 2022 at the CV Jogja Horti Lestari Laboratory and the Bantul Pest and Diseases Laboratory. The study was conducted using a single factor Completely Randomized Design (RAL) analysis, which consisted of 9 levels and 3 replications, if the treatment showed a significant effect on the observation results, further testing was carried out using the Honest Significant Difference Test (Tukey) at the 5% level. . The results showed that physical and chemical treatment had an effect on the health quality of seeds, namely physical treatment with hot water soaking at 53 oC for 10 minutes had a significant effect on suppressing the growth of seed-borne pathogens with a growth rate of only 0.75%, but the effect of physical and chemical treatment in viability had no significant effect on germination, growth synchronously, maximum growth potential, and growth speed.
Principais complicações e desfechos cardiovasculares nos pacientes com COVID-19 nas unidades de terapia intensiva
Authors: Cruz Neto José  Joaquim , Viana Jhuan David Rodrigues , Macêdo Nayryce de Almeida Rocha , Beckemkamp Tatiana Teixeira de Castro Carvalho
Published: November 2023

Objetivo: Discutir o atual conhecimento acerca das complicações e desfechos cardiovasculares desencadeados pela COVID-19 na UTI. Métodos: Para a revisão integrativa, utilizou-se a busca avançada de estudos observacionais e intervencionais, quantitativos e qualitativos, nas plataformas PubMed e VHL, com os seguintes Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS) em inglês: “Cardiovascular”, “COVID-19”, “Complications” e “Intensive Care Units”, intercalados pelo operador booleano AND. Os trabalhos de 2019 a 2023, gratuitos e em inglês e/ou português foram incluídos, e aqueles que desviaram da pergunta norteadora, excluídos. Resultados: Dos 180 artigos encontrados, 15 satisfizeram os critérios definidos. Observou-se alta prevalência de eventos tromboembólicos, lesões miocárdicas e vasculares em milhares de pacientes com COVID-19 na UTI, com relação direta entre a alteração de marcadores de doença cardiovascular em COVID-19 e maus prognósticos, além de um “efeito cascata” para novas complicações a cada evento. Considerações finais: Com o exposto impacto cardiovascular da COVID-19 em pacientes de UTI, faz-se necessária a adoção de medidas profiláticas baseadas em evidências, a partir de estudos epidemiológicos para maior esclarecimento das ocorrências desses eventos, seguidos de novas coortes prospectivas e ensaios clínicos, para avaliar continuamente esses indivíduos e as intervenções feitas.
Uso de tecnologias digitais para o monitoramento da experiência e segurança do paciente
Authors: Monteiro Camila Negrão , Souza Carlos Jefferson Santana de , Farias Katia Cilene Lisboa , Santana Luzia Ribeiro , Aragão Ana Nízia da Silva Palheta de , Pereira Andrea Cristiane Pinheiro , Sousa Rairizônia Fernandes , Mendonça Xaene Maria Fernandes Duarte , Santos Valéria Regina Cavalcante dos , Nunes Heliana Helena de Moura
Published: November 2023

Objetivo: Analisar as evidências na literatura sobre as tecnologias digitais usadas para a mensuração da perspectiva do paciente e promoção da segurança do paciente. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa com busca nas bases LILACS, MedLine, BVS, PubMed e SciElo. Com publicações acesso nos idiomas português, inglês e/ou espanhol, no período de 2018 à 2023. Resultados: Este estudo contou com 18 artigos, sendo 16 em língua inglesa, 1 em língua portuguesa e 1 disponível tanto na língua inglesa quanto na língua portuguesa. Considerações finais: Identificou-se neta revisão integrativa, que as tecnologias digitais devem ser amplamente utilizadas no âmbito da saúde, envolvendo a perspectiva do paciente e sua expectativa. Ademais, diante da diversidade de recursos tecnológicos digitais disponíveis, torna-se imprescindível a seleção adequada da tecnologia, seguindo rigorosamente preceitos pedagógicos e científicos para melhores resultados e fortalecimento da cultura de segurança do paciente, a fim de difundir e consolidar a experiência do paciente com um indicador de qualidade do serviço e garantia de um cuidado seguro, proporcionando experiências positivas sobre o serviço recebido.
Osteogenesis imperfecta: Strengthening knowledge of bones and genes
Authors: Phadke Shubha R
Published: November 2023

Twenty-two disorders associated with recurrent fractures and decreased bone density caused by 20 genes are grouped under osteogenesis imperfecta. Identification of causative genes has strengthened the understanding of bone formation and mineralization. The mode of inheritance can be autosomal dominant, recessive, or X-linked. Genetic diagnosis is essential for genetic counseling. The presentation can be from fetal life to adult life, and suspicion in appropriate clinical settings is essential for ordering the investigations. This challenging task of identifying the causative genetic variant of such an etiologically heterogeneous group of disorders is simplified by the high throughput sequencing technique of next-generation sequencing. In this era, each case needs to be diagnosed by DNA-based methods. Genetic counseling and prenatal diagnosis are important parts of management. The evolving novel therapies are likely to be specific to the disease mechanisms and will supplement the current treatment with bisphosphonates and better outcomes are expected in the future.
Subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn with severe hypercalcemia in an infant
Authors: George Arun , Yadav Jaivinder , Dayal Devi
Published: November 2023

A 7-week-old male infant presented with erythematous skin nodules and hypercalcemia. The baby was diagnosed with subcutaneous fat necrosis of the newborn. The baby was managed with analgesics and various calcium-lowering measures.
TRAJETÓRIA INICIAL DA HISTÓRIA NATURAL NAS INSTITUIÇÕES DE FORMAÇÃO DE PROFESSORES NO PARÁ (1870-1890)
Authors: Lima Marcelino Carmo de , Alves José Jerônimo de Alencar
Published: November 2023

A disciplina denominada História Natural foi adotada, pela primeira vez, em uma escola para formação de professores do Pará, em 1873, pelo Curso Normal. Esse acontecimento é significativo para o nosso objetivo que é contribuir para compreender as condições que possibilitaram a inserção inicial da História Natural nas escolas para a formação de professores do Pará. A presente pesquisa inicia em 1870, pela análise das leis e regulamentos propondo a criação da referida escola e finaliza em 1890, quando a História Natural, após ser retirada do plano de ensino, continua ausente. Além das leis e regulamentos governamentais, analisamos os noticiários dos jornais. Neste noticiário, predominam opiniões favoráveis à adoção desta disciplina e à criação do Curso Normal, embora tenha havido, também, resistências. Convém assinalar, ainda, que a presença da História Natural não se reduziu ao contexto escolar. Nesse momento, ela se acentuava no contexto cultural local, destacando-se a presença da instituição destinada, sobretudo, às atividades nesse campo do conhecimento: o Museu Paraense (hoje Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi).
THE CHOLAM MITE
Authors:   Lecture in Entomology,Agricultural College Coimbatore  641 003, M.C CHERIAN
Published: November 2023

Next to paddy (Oryza sativa), cholam (Sorghum) is the most important cereal in the Madras Presidency. It is subject to a variety of pests such as the earhead bug (Calocoris angustatus), the shoot bug (Pundaluoya simplicia), the stem borer (Chilo simplex), the Deccan grasshopper (Colemania sphenarioides) and the mite (Paratetra- nychus indicus). The present paper deals with certain observations made on the life history and remedial measures tried in regard to the last named, namely the cholam mite.
CULTIVATION OF CHILLIES IN GUNTUR DISTRICT.
Authors:   Cotton Assitant, Agricultural Research Station,Guntur, P GOPALARATNAM
Published: November 2023

Chillies, though classified as a minor crop under condiments and spices, form one of the most valuable crops in the Madras Presidency as it is a daily necessity with both the rich and poor alike. The crop with its wide-spread cultivation and the varied uses in an Indian house-hold leads one to think that it is in- digenous, but on the other hand it is an introduced one having its home in South America. It is cultivated as an irrigated crop in the south and as a rain-fed crop in the north of the presidency. Guntur is one of the important chilli centres in the Circars. The present article is mainly confined to the cultivation of the chilli-crop in the Guntur District.
THE PRESENT POSITION OF THE LAC INDUSTRY IN INDIA
Authors:   Agricultural College Coimbatore 641003, C NARASIMHA ACHARYA
Published: November 2023

The lac industry in India has been drawing much attention in recent years, firstly on account of the "boom" which the industry enjoyed in the post-war period, when fabulously high prices prevailed and a great demand for lac existed which exporters were unable to meet, and secondly, on account of the crisis through which the indu- stry has been passing during the last few years, owing to trade depres- sion and low prices. Probably, no other industry in India is in such a disorganised state, in respect of cultivation and production as well as of marketing and industrial utilisation; and this, in spite of the fact that India holds the world monopoly in this important raw material. The object of the present article is to point out the importance of encouraging the utilisation of lac within the country itself, in the manufacture of various lac products, for which more technical skill than large capital is necessary, so that a demand for lac within the country may be created and, coupled with an organisation among exporting agencies for the proper regulation and control of the lac export market, the Indian lac industry may be placed on a stable basis, without having to depend for its outlet wholly on the export-trade, which has resulted in the past in speculation, unhealthy manipulation and violent fluctuations.
AGRICULTURE IN RUSSIA
Authors:   Agriculture in Russia, A MUIR
Published: November 2023

Russia is a country of almost immeasurable agricultural possibilities. Its enormous area covers one-sixth of the earth's surface, and its climate ranges from Arctic Siberia in the North to the almost tropical Caucusus in the South. Between these extremes lie the vast forest regions and the great steppe zone, with its large expanse of fertile black soils, ideally suited for crop production. A further variety of climate and soils is found in the mountainous southern regions-the Crimea, the Caucusus and Turkestan. The revolution in Russia in 1917 brought about an abrupt transition in practi- cally every phase of national activity; in agriculture the complete change over from little more than primitive systems to large scale productions by modern methods presented problems of special difficulty. In order to appreciate the magnitude and the complexity of this task, it is necessary to review very briefly the conditions of work and life on the land prior to the date of the revolution. Russia is a country of almost immeasurable agricultural possibilities. Its enormous area covers one-sixth of the earth's surface, and its climate ranges from Arctic Siberia in the North to the almost tropical Caucusus in the South. Between these extremes lie the vast forest regions and the great steppe zone, with its large expanse of fertile black soils, ideally suited for crop production. A further variety of climate and soils is found in the mountainous southern regions-the Crimea, the Caucusus and Turkestan. The revolution in Russia in 1917 brought about an abrupt transition in practi- cally every phase of national activity; in agriculture the complete change over from little more than primitive systems to large scale productions by modern methods presented problems of special difficulty. In order to appreciate the magnitude and the complexity of this task, it is necessary to review very briefly the conditions of work and life on the land prior to the date of the revolution. Under the primitive conditions obtaining almost up to the time of the revo lution, the two main classes in agriculture were the land-owning class and the peasant. Until 1861, the lot of the peasant in Russia was exactly comparable with that of the bondman under the feudal system in Britain. In that year the peasants gained a certain amount of freedom, but the conditions of life and work changed but slightly. Only to a very small extent was the peasant master of his own destiny. The land-owners in some cases were genuinely interested in the welfare of their small tenants and peasants, but the large majority was interested only in the revenue which could be obtained from the land. The peasant had to do a certain amount of work for his master, and be generally managed to farm a small patch which would keep him and his family during the year. In some places, the village owned or rented a large area, which was divided up among the villagers and run on the three or five-field system. Here, the villagers had to pay the rent for the land either in money or in kind, the landlord taking no interest in agriculture.
A SHORT ACCOUNT OF THE TOUR OF CLASS II STUDENTS OF THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE COIMBATORE.
Authors:   Student Class 2, C BALASUBRAMANIAN
Published: November 2023

The second year students left on the 4th January on a tour to the Ceded Districts, accompanied by Messrs. H Shiva Rao. B. Sc., E. K. Nambiar. L. Ag., and M. Satyanarayana, B. A., B. Sc. Ag. The route chosen being through Bangalore. advantage was taken of a day's stay there to visit the "Indian Institute of Sci- ence" and the "Hebbal School" and the Farm attached to the latter. At the Institute, Dr. Subramaniam, Professor of Bio-Chemistry very kindly explained the methods of disposal of sewage, activiated sludge process and septic tank pro- cess, obtaining at the Institute. At the Hebbal Farm, Dr. V. K. Badami, L. Ag.. Ph. D. showed us round the newly started Serum Institute, the manurial, cultural, varietal and other experiments on paddy and sugarcane conducted on the farm, and the sheep-run where experiments are in progress to improve the quality and quantity of wool produced.
NATIONAL WELL-BEING & AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENTS
Authors:   SuperIntendent Agricultural Research Station Aduthurai, M ANANDAN
Published: November 2023

We have, in common, with the rest of the world, been passing through an unprecedented economic depression for the past two years. Following, as it did, on the heels of post-war years of high prices and apparent prosperity, the effect of the depression seems to have been magnified more than it would have appeared under normal pre-war conditions. No two economists are agreed either as to the real causes for the depression or with regard to its remedy. Some say that it is due to over-production of commodities more than is justified by world demand, some say that its cause is to be traced to reparations and war debts, while others say that it is due to the com- bined effect of world-wide over-mechanisation of the means of pro- duction resulting in unemployment of man and animal labour and the natural increase of world's population. It seems to me that all the above factors either singly or in combination have contributed in varying degrees to the present depression. It is reported that the International Statistical Institute estimates that between the years 1920 and 1928, 125,550,000 had been added to the world's population. The Indian contribution to this increase has been in the neighbour- hood of 25.000.000.
TOMATO OR LOVE APPLE
Authors:   Farm Manager, Central Manager Coimbatore, K.K RAGHAVAN
Published: November 2023

Of all vegetables that have recently come to the forefront, Tomato (Lycopersicum.esculentum) must be given a very prominent place. It is the cheapest ani most easily grown vegetable and a very valuable fruit from a nutritional view point. It contains vitamins A, B and C in plenty and is one of the richest sources, of these. This paper is only an attempt to record in brief outline, some of the observations made and experience gained during the last two years, when the writer was privileged to be in charge of the orchard and vegetable garden in the Central Farm. As the value of vitamins in human and animal nutrition becomes increasingly known this fruit is bound to come to greater prominence. It is both a fruit and a vegetable and since it can be eaten raw, the vitamins contained in it are not lost. The analysis of the fruit as determined by the Govern- ment Agricultural Chemist is interesting.
NEW STRAINS OF PADDY FROM AGRICULTURAL RESEARCH STATION, MARUTERU
Authors:   SuperIntendent Agricultural Research Station Maruter, C.R SREENIVASAN
Published: November 2023

The Maruteru Agricultural Research Station was opened in July 1925, as a breeding station for improving the local paddy varieties of both the Godavary and Kistna deltas. Selection of better yielding strains has been the main line of work, though agronomic investiga- tion has been directed to improve the existing cultural and manurial practices of the tract.
DRY FARMING WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PUDUKOTTAI STATE
Authors:   Agriculture Instructor, Pudukottai State, G DORAISWAMI AYYANGAR
Published: November 2023

Dry forming as at present understood is the system of farming extensive areas of land purely with the aid of rainfall received in a locality. It mainly consists in the attempt to save all the rainfall of one or more seasons, by different agricultural operations for the use of a crop during its period of growth. In foreign countries where rainfall in some places is not more than 12 inches annually, fair crops have thus been realised by cropping the land every other year. Under this system great care is taken to keep the land stirred often, even when there is no crop in the field, the objects being, to maintain the soil in good tilth, to make it ever ready to absorb the rain, dew, etc. to the largest extent possible, and at the same time to prevent the evaporation of soil moisture due to atmospheric changes. This method of cultivation in western countries is termed cultivated fallow i. e., laying lands fallow but in a stirred state.
PROBLEMS OF NUTRITION IN INDIA
Authors:   Pasteur Institute, Coonor, R Col. McCARRISON
Published: November 2023

Throughout the whole of India the staple article of diet of the masses is a cereal grain of one kind or another-wheat, barley, millet, maize, rice-sometimes a mixture of two or more of them. Most of these grains are enten whole; these are not subjected to any milling or refining process before use. The outer layers of the grain and embryo, containing valuable dietary constituents, are thus con- sumed with endosperm. Rice is the single exception to this rule; though within recent years the use of white flour and white brend is spreading in the larger towns and cities. Rice is always subjected to some form of refining process. In country districts, distant from rice mills it is pounded by the villagers in large mortars; a process which removes some, but not all of the external layers. In towns it is milled and polished in the raw state or after par boiling or curing. As is well known these processes reduce its nutritive value to a greater or n lesser degree. Biological tests in this laboratory have shown that these cereals differ in nutritive value; whole wheat being the most, and whole rice the least, nutri- tious. The other cereals occupy an intermediate position between these two extremes. All are deficient in certain food essentials-suitable proteins, calcium. sodium, iron, phosphorus and certain vitamins. These deficiencies are greatest in whole rice; and as rice is always subjected to refining processes, always washed before cooking, and always consumed after prolonged boiling, this cereal is, generally speaking, of much lower nutritive value than any of the others.
AN IMPROVED ALL-METAL SEED-HOPPER
Authors:   SuperIntendent Central Farm Coimbatore, R SWAMI RAO
Published: November 2023

The importance of the seed-drill in cheapening the cost of crop production is very well known. It economises labour in sowing a large area. More uniform distribution of seed is assured than in broadcasting. Inter-cultivation of crops with, bullock power is render- ed possible. Above all, it ensures a better return from the land, which is what is wanted. In the West, seed-drills have been perfected, but their cost is so high that their general use is not a practical proposi- tion in this country at present. Seed drills are-in common use in black cotton soil areas, as the Deccan, Guntur, Nellore, Mysore and other places. Drills must have probably originated in these places on account of the dearth of labour. It may be interesting to note that in places where drill cultivation is in vogue, ryots do not maintain more than one pair of cattle for managing 20 to 40 acres. This fact is enough to prove that the drill is a labour saving implement..
THE CULTIVATION OF CUMIN IN THE PERIAKULAM TALUK.
Authors:   Agricultural Demonstrator Periakulam, S.V RAMACHANDRAN
Published: November 2023

Cumin is a crop cultivated in very few places in this Presidency and Periyakulam in the Madura District is one. Approximately it occupies an area of 300 acres in this Taluk. It is a very delicate crop, requiring much attention and care. It requires a mild climate and is grown during the South West Monsoon season in garden lands under wells. The duration of the crop is two months and it is cultivated het- ween June and August.
THE CASE FOR THE ELECTRO-CHEMICAL FIXATION OF ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN IN INDIA
Authors:   Government Agricultural Chemist,Coimbatore, B VISWANATH
Published: November 2023

The most outstanding recent achievement of science, directly and intimately connected with food production, is the electro-chemical fixation of atmospheric nitrogen. With the aid of electricity it has been possibile to "fix"" atmospheric nitrogen and produce several pro- ducts for fertilising the soil, such as ammonium sulphate, ammonium phosphate, calcium cyanamide and urea. J. 1. Lipman, Director of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station gives in a recent number of the 'Journal of the American Society of Agronomy (March 1932) figures for the world's electro-chemical fixation of nitrogen, as shown in the statement.
AN AGROMYZID FLY PREDACEOUS ON APHIDS
Authors:   Lecture in Entomology,Agricultural Reserch Institute, Coimbatore  641 003, M.C Mr. CHERIAN
Published: November 2023

This short note deals with the life history and habits of a beneficial insect, a fly whose maggots are predaceous on Aphids (sucking insects)-one of the worst pests of cultivated crops. Along with Hover flies (F. Syrphidae). Lady-birds (F. Coccinellidae) and Lacewings (F. Chrysopidae) these fly magpots attack aphids on a large scale and destroy them in numbers. As this insect is one the farmer should be familiar with and protect as far as possible, a short description of its various stages.
GRAM WEIGHT IN RELATION TO POD AND SHOOT WEIGHTS IN BENGAL GRAM
Authors:   Assitant To The Cotton Specialist  Nandyal, S.N VENKATARAMAN , C JAGANNATHA RAO ,   Assitant To The Cotton Specialist  Nandyal
Published: November 2023

In preliminary yield trials of crops the plant breeder has often to handle a large number of types although only a few of these can be carried forward. It is a practical consideration that the methods adopted at such a stage allow examination of as wide a range of material as possible with the minimum of labour and with- out loss of efficiency. Each crop sets its own problem in this connection. In Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum) for instance, the actual determina- tion of the yield requires the stripping and threshing of the pods and will take time and labour when the number of plants is large. Any method which will do away with much of this labour will be an improvement. Towards this end, other more easily determinable characters indicative of yield were investigated. The results of such a study are presented in this paper, from work done at the Nandyal Agricultural Research Station during the year 1932-33.
AGRICULTURAL METEOROLOGICAL PROBLEMS.
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, S AUDINARAYANAN
Published: November 2023

Agricultural meteorology deals with the influences of weather on vegetation, particularly on animal life, vegetable food and textile sup- plies of the nations of the world. That agriculture depends both on the climate and the periodical variations of weather is a well known fact. But the relations are very complicated and there is difficulty in separating the effects of the several factors. So much so, the progress made in applying the data in meteorology to the purposes of agri- culture is not as much as might have been expected. The greatest obstacle to the progress is the great inaccuracy in the data expressing acreage and yield. The meteorologist engaged in the study of weather and crop relations is constantly confronted with the internal evidence of gross inaccuracies and lack of homogenity in acreage and yield values.
A NOTE ON THE OCCURRENCE OF SMALL OUT GROWTHS ON THE CALYX RING OF THE COTTON FLOWER
Authors:   Cotton Assitant , Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, C JAGANATHA RAO
Published: November 2023

The author of this note has observed for the past four seasons (1929-33) some peculiar out-growths or organs on the calyx ring of flowers produced in one of the pure lines of cotton, No. 54, a North- erns' Selection (Gossypium indicum) grown on the Agricultural Rese- arch Station, Nandyal. A fair percentage of flowers produced by this culture were found to have these organs, three in number and about two or three millimeters long when fully developed. Sometimes, only two, also one, either fully developed or in a rudimentary stage have been noticed in the flower.
A SUGARY EXUDATION FROM SORGHUM
Authors:   Cotton Assitant , Agricultural Research Station, Nandyal, T.R Dr. SESHADRI
Published: November 2023

In a variety of sweet sorghum called Tella Jonna commonly grown the Bellary district a sweet fluid is found to exude from the ear- certain plants from the beginning of the flowering season. It frequently collects and dries on the leaves and is the cause of attrac- tion for the large number of ants and other insects that visit the plants. Usually it is found as a sticky semi-solid; in several cases however, crystals are formed. When this secretion takes place the ear-head remains small and undeveloped though in all other respects the plant may look normal.
MODIFIED DRY COMBUSTION METHOD FOR THE DETERMINATION OF ORGANIC CARBON IN SOILS.
Authors:   Chemical Department Andhra University, T.R SESHADARI
Published: November 2023

The estimation of organic matter in the course of a soil study is of fundamental importance since this soil component affects markedly the physical, chemical and biological properties of the soil. Just like clay, it possesses many of the properties of colloids: it modifies greatly the readiness with which mineral plant food is rendered available to the crop and it is the medium in which the micro-organisms in the soil live and perform their functions. The loss-on-ignition method was probably the first to be employed for the estimation of soil organic matter. But this gives very unreliable results especially when the soil contains clay and carbon- ates. As a striking example could be mentioned the analysis of a sample of black soil from Hagari. This gives a loss on ignition (ex- clusive of moisture lost at 100") of about 7%. Out of this there is only 09% of organic matter, the rest of the loss being due to carbonates and combined water. Methods employing sodium hydroxide. ammonia or hydrogen peroxide are probably useful for the estimation of parti- cular parts of organic matter present in the soil and not for the whole of it. (1)
NOTE ON THE CULTIVATION OF PINE APPLE ON THE LOWER PALNI HILLS
Authors:   Agricultural Demonstrator Dindigul, A.M MUTHAYYA NATTAR
Published: November 2023

The cultivation of pine apple, was first introduced on the lower Palni hills about 18 years ago by Mr. Bell, who was working as a coffee expert under Messrs. Stanes & Co., who then managed large estates both on Sirumalai and lower Palni hills. He introduced an Australian variety and it was propagated later on carefully by the Roman Catho lic Missionaries in their estates on the hills. However, the crop was abandoned by them later on, owing to considerable damage done by wild pigs to it. With some difficulty an Indian Planter Mr. P. W. A. Marimuthu Nadar, managed to secure some plants through Mr. Bell in the year 1912-1913, and planted them in his bungalow compound on the hills. He gradually extended the cultivation. Finding this growing successfully he laid out a pine-apple plantation in the year 1920 and made known the availability of fruits by sending them to important markets. To-day there are 10 acres under this crop in his estate, compactly fenced all round by stone walls of 3 to 4 feet height to prevent the entry of wild pigs into this garden.
STUDIES IN CAPSICUM. (I. ANTHESIS, POLLINATION AND FERTILISATION)
Authors:   Cotton Assitant, Agricultural Research Station,Guntur, P GOPALARATNAM
Published: November 2023

Chillies, though broadly classified under condi- ments and spices stand next in importance to the staple food crops in India. The crop in spite of its being an introduced one from South America (Watt. 8.) has established very well in the country and created a special taste for the people at large. The necessity for chillies is all the more felt in the Madras Presidency as it forms one of the daily requirements of both the rich and the poor alike. The value of the crop is enhanced further by the discovery of Quinn, Burtis and Milner (5) of the presence of vitamins A, B and C in the green chillies. Considering the deterioration of the crop to an alarming extent in the Guntur district both in the quantity and quality, work on the improve- ment of this essential crop was taken up at the Agricultural Research Station, Guntur. A definite knowledge as to the anthesis, methods of pollination and the occurrence of cross-fertilisation is necessary for the improvement of any crop. The process of anthesis is a delicate one and it invariably varies with the weather conditions such that the observations recorded at one place might not hold good at another. An accurate information on the above phases facilitates the choice of the methods of improvement to be adopted, the testing of the new varieties as well as the combating of the insect pests and plant diseases by evolving disease-resistant types.