bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Public Religions and Civil Society
Authors: R. Wood Matthew
Published: September 2007

Amendments to secularization theory have brought the issue of public religions to the fore in recent years. In particular, the work of Casanova and Beyer has maintained the importance of functional differentiation whilst pointing to the flow of religious discourses across social boundaries. These issues, however, have received little ethnographic attention, such that many of the problems associated with theories of differentiation and globalization have not been engaged in a sustained manner. Research within black majority London Methodist congregations is drawn upon to suggest ways in which these theories can be reconsidered. Three related issues are focused upon: the continued importance of the nation-state (including national stratifications); the importance of a practical approach to religion, such that discourses are understood as ?practical discourses?; and the importance of not privileging religion by reifying it in functional terms. These considerations have ramifications not only for secularization theory, but the general field of the sociological study of religion.
Moving among Those Moved by the Spirit
Authors: Adogame Afe , Chitando Ezra
Published: September 2007

The religious maps of Europe and North America have been profoundly altered by the growing presence of African religious communities in a way that further challenges the secularization thesis. The paper situates the new African religious diaspora within ongoing processes of globalization and transnationalism. We seek to interrogate how religious repertoires in Africa and the diaspora establish continuities with the past as well as engage in self-positioning as part of the processes of African modernity. Drawing from our research experience amongst African Christian communities in Europe and the USA, the paper highlights the methodological challenges of conducting fieldwork amongst African Christians in the diaspora. These include the enduring insider/outsider problem, the politics of advocacy in the case of asylum seekers, and the charged issue of accurate representation of the ?Other?. The paper challenges the tendency to ?explain away? religion and underlines the urgency for a sustained reflection on the interface between sociological theory and fieldwork. We demonstrate, how and to what extent African Christians mobilize the resource of religion to facilitate their mostly tenuous existence in the diaspora, and contend that their experiences provide valuable perspectives into how religious and extra-religious networks and experiences might act as substitutes for socioeconomic security and a bastion for religio-cultural identity.
Religion and the Politics of Spirituality/Sexuality
Authors: K.T. Yip Andrew
Published: September 2007

Drawing upon my research on British LGB Christians and Muslims, and theoretical literature on ?identity?, ?identity politics?, and ?sexual citizenship?, I begin by discussing some advantages and disadvantages of merging the personal and the professional in research. I then argue that in order to understand why some LGB people stay in seemingly homophobic institutional religion, we need to understand the connection between spirituality and sexuality that not only offers ontological security, but also underpins the politics of spirituality/sexuality. This politics is personally and socially transformative. The merger of the counter religious discourse, that this politics underpins, with the secular discourse of human rights and sexual citizenship offers LGB believers cause for optimism. Nonetheless, I also contest the ideological and cultural specificity of contemporary religious and secular LGB identity politics. Highlighting the political, religious, social-cultural, and ethnic issues with which LGB Muslims need to engage, I argue for the broadening of current discourse of identity in general, and LGB identity in particular.
Religious Identities, Social Networks and the Power of Information
Authors: Smith Greg
Published: September 2007

The work of Manuel Castells is perhaps the most comprehensive treatment of contemporary urban society covering urban geography, urban social movements, the power of identity, the rise of the network society and the significance of information technologies at a global level. Other sociologists such as Robertson and Beyer have developed theories of globalization and glocalization with particular reference to religion, while scholars in the disciplines of anthropology and cultural studies have provided useful models for understanding ethnicities and identities. Finally theorists of social capital such as Coleman, Putnam or Bourdieu have produced influential ways of looking at social cohesion and local social networks. This paper will enter into dialogue with each of these major themes in a reflective account of fieldwork practice and findings in the East London Atlas of Faiths project co-ordinated by the author in the late 1990s. Religious organizations and individuals are seen as engaging with the three types of collective identity described by Castells, legitimizing, resistance and project. However, it is with resistance, albeit so implicit that it is better termed support and survival identity, that the majority of religious organizations working with ethnic minorities in East London are concerned. In a globalizing, rapidly changing setting, described by Castells as a "space of flows" resistance is shown by lack of trust of all things official, thus making information gathering particularly difficult. The reflexive analysis of the situation linked with the faith-based transformative ?project identities? that they have espoused raises difficult political and ethical questions for researchers themselves.
Launching studies of Gender and Language in the early 21st Century
Authors: McElhinny Bonnie , Mills Sara
Published: September 2007

In this paper, we briefly consider the history of studies of gender and language, and the institutionalization of these studies. We review debates about whether or not a new journal is necessary, as part of a larger discussion of what the establishment of a journal does for a field of study. We review statistics looking at publication rates of articles on language and gender in 5 key sociolinguistic journals, and argue that these statistics, as well as a range of other arguments, suggest the need for a new journal. We review subjects and features which will be welcome in the journal, the audience for the journal, its relationship with the International Gender and Language Association, and the procedures we have used and will continue to use for the selection of editors and editorial board members. We consider the challenges posed by trying to develop a journal with an international range of contributors, and some of the strategies we propose for addressing those challenges.
Zuiqian ‘deficient mouth’
Authors: Yang Jie
Published: September 2007

This article examines the relationship between language, gender and domestic violence. Contextualizing the study of domestic violence in China, this article focuses its analysis on a metapragmatic discourse on domestic violence – zuiqian ‘deficient mouth’ in a working-class community in Beijing. It argues that the discourse of zuiqian, by blaming women’s mouths and their ‘deviant’ speaking styles, individualizes the serious social problem of domestic violence and downplays the structural force that causes male violence. By fragmenting women and regulating their mouths, the discourse of zuiqian serves as an anatomic mode of power (anatomo-politics) for the state to discipline women and safeguard society. Also, this discourse constitutes a repudiating site (i.e. a site at which subjects are condemned or criticized in order for them to emerge) to construct the kind of subject identified with China’s neoliberal agenda. This study shows that both language and gender can be engaged as either anatomic modes of power or repudiating sites for subjectivity formation in the broader political and economic transformations of the process of globalization. In the context of neoliberalism, the private, the individual and the body have become the bases for political legitimacy.
When and where we enter
Authors: Morgan Marcyliena
Published: September 2007

This article concerns the place of race and social class in establishing norms of usage in the study of language and gender. It argues for descriptions of women’s language that incorporate their multilayered race and class realities. In particular, it argues that notions of ‘normal women’s speech’ are often unmarked regarding race and class. These norms contribute to stereotypes of the speech of black and working class women. It asks the questions: How do we develop a method of analysis that represents social and cultural context, includes most women’s experience and desire, does not favor the western middle class woman, and critiques patriarchy and social class biases? Can we address intersectionality, where race, class, sexuality and gender interrelate for some women and do not act as independent forms of oppression? Is it possible to do language and gender research that does not privilege one group of women?
Do bodies matter?
Authors: Borba Rodrigo , Ostermann Ana Cristina
Published: September 2007

This study investigates Southern Brazilian travestis’ manipulation of gender identity through the manipulation of the Portuguese grammatical gender system. We argue that the embodiment of feminine features onto biologically male bodies enables travestis to wander through various ideologies about masculinity and femininity and incorporate these ideologies in their linguistic construction of identity. Travestis use masculine forms to refer to themselves or other travestis when: (1) producing narratives about the time before their body transformations took place; (2) reporting speech produced by others when talking about travestis; (3) talking about themselves within their family relationships; and, perhaps the most unveiling category, (4) distinguishing themselves from ‘other’ travestis they do not identify with – a face-saving strategy. Thus, the study shows how southern Brazilian travestis use the grammatical gender system in Portuguese as a linguistic resource to manipulate their identity/ies and the identity/ies of the community they belong to.
Unanswered Questions and unquestioned assumptions in the study of language and gender
Authors: Cameron Deborah
Published: September 2007

This article examines the recent rise of a neo-Darwinian discourse on language, sex differences and human evolution in which the idea that females’ verbal skills are superior to males’, and that this difference is ‘hard wired’, has become for many scholars an unquestioned assumption. I argue that this assumption relies on a selective and in some cases very inaccurate reading of the relevant linguistic evidence. At the same time I suggest that language and gender scholars, for both intellectual and political reasons, need to engage directly with the current resurgence of biological essentialism, and that this engagement needs to be with the science as well as the ideology
Putting communities of practice in their place
Authors: Eckert Penelope , McConnell-Ginet Sally
Published: September 2007

The study of language, gender, and sexuality has enthusiastically embraced the concept community of practice. Now the field needs to take the concept further in two directions: (1) The comparative direction examines different but similar kinds of communities of practice to explore generalizations about how practice contributes to the linguistic construction of gender and sexuality; (2) The relational direction locates communities of practice in relation to a world beyond – to other communities of practice, to social networks, to institutions (e.g. schools, churches, prisons), and to more global imagined communities (e.g. nations, women). For each direction, we mention exemplary studies, emphasizing that the construct community of practice does not offer new analytic units or replace other concepts, but provides fresh perspectives on familiar social units and enriches analyses drawing on other analytic concepts. Only an interdisciplinary research community where researchers connect their work can put communities of practice in their proper place.
Is ’woman’ always relevantly gendered?
Authors: Kitzinger Celia
Published: September 2007

The use of categorical person reference terms such as ‘woman’, ‘gentleman’, ‘lady’, etc. (sometimes referred to as ‘membership categorisation devices’) has seemed to offer a solution to the problem of when gender is relevant in talk, since it is widely taken for granted that a speaker who refers to herself (or another) as – for example – a ‘woman’ is showing herself to be oriented to gender, thereby warranting the analyst’s treatment of her as such. Based on conversation analysis of a single recorded interaction, this paper shows that ‘woman’ is not necessarily relevantly gendered for participants, and that – even when it is – it is not only gender, and in fact not most saliently gender, that is always achieved through its use. It suggests that an exclusive preoccupation with the production of the category term ‘woman’ and its associated attributes as the main focus of analysis obscures the actions in which participants are also, or otherwise, engaged.
Social constructionism, postmodernism and feminist sociolinguistics
Authors: Holmes Janet
Published: September 2007

This article argues that it is time to put women back at the centre of language and gender research. Following a discussion of some issues with social constructionist and postmodernist approaches to the analysis of gendered social interaction, a case is made for identifying general (often repressive or constricting) patterns based on analyses using a detailed ethnographic approach. More specifically, the paper outlines the advantages of using a community of practice approach to analysing workplace discourse, providing evidence of the ‘gender order’, the repressive ideology which ensures that deviations from gender norms (by women or men) entail penalties. It is argued that such an approach provides a means of identifying discursive behaviours which penalise women in many workplace contexts on the one hand, while documenting a range of active discursive ways of resisting sexist behaviours on the other.
Language and gender research at the intersection of the global and local
Authors: Besnier Niko
Published: September 2007

While globalization has become a central lens through which social scientists have reframed old questions in the last couple of decades, students of language and gender in their sociocultural context have been slower to do so. Yet global processes are of concern to people’s daily lives in all contemporary societies, as they gender themselves and each other through the intersubjective negotiation of the intersection of the global and the local. This paper illustrates these processes with two examples from Tonga, and proposes that attention to the global can enrich our understanding of both the gendering of everyday life and global processes.
Language and gender in an age of neoliberalism
Authors: Inoue Miyako
Published: September 2007

We live at a time when neoliberalism – market fundamentalism – appears to organize not only global and national political-economies but also ‘non-economic’ spheres, including one’s personal sense of identity, interests, happiness, hopes, and even the subjective value of life and self. And this article examines the significance of neoliberalism for the critical study of language and gender. Central to my discussion is the concept of neoliberal governmentality, a distinctive mode of power, which both constitutes the free subject and shapes the way a free subject acts upon her freedom and works and desires herself into a responsibilized individual. I analyze a case of workplace gender equity programs in a Tokyo corporate office in the early 1990s. I demonstrate how this problematization of a particular modality of linguistic practice was linked to the active ethical and aesthetic relationship to the self, and how this relationship among gender and language mediated by neoliberal governmentality worked as a concrete technique of self-making.
What D/discourse analysis can tell us about neoliberal constructions of (gendered) personhood
Authors: Kingfisher Catherine
Published: September 2007

How do the commonsense claims of Discourse (systems of knowledge production) relate to those of discourses (informal conversations, texts)? Under what conditions does a Discourse become commonsense and how, when, and under what conditions does it lose this status? How can we track changes in gendered D/discourses over time? This paper explores these questions with reference to the neoliberal, gendered constructions of personhood accompanying welfare reforms in Aotearoa/New Zealand in 1991 and 1996, and the changes that have occurred since Aotearoa/New Zealand began, in 1999, to retreat from neoliberalism. An understanding of the place of neoliberal conceptualizations of personhood in the discourse of poor single mothers and welfare providers, and in policy texts five years after the government shift, calls for a D/discourse analysis that is oriented simultaneously to the problematics of commonsense and temporality.
Evaluation of a circumferential femoral head osteophyte as an early indicator of osteoarthritis characteristic of canine hip dysplasia in dogs
Authors: Szabo Stephanie D. , Biery Daryl N. , Lawler Dennis F. , Shofer Frances S. , Powers Michelle Y. , Kealy Richard D. , Smith Gail K.
Published: September 2007

Objective—To determine the relationship between a circumferential femoral head osteophyte (CFHO) and osteoarthritis characteristic of canine hip dysplasia, and to ascertain whether CFHO, like osteoarthritis, varies between diet-restricted and control-fed dogs.

Design—Longitudinal cohort study.

Animals—48 Labrador Retrievers.

Procedures—Dogs were paired by size, sex, and litter and assigned to 1 of 2 equal groups at 2 months of age. The control-fed group was fed ad libitum, and the diet-restricted group was fed 25% less on a pairwise basis of the same diet for life. The dogs' hip joints were radiographed yearly for life. Each radiograph was evaluated for radiographic signs of osteoarthritis characteristic of hip dysplasia and for the presence and severity of a CFHO.

Results—41 of the 48 (85.4%) dogs had a CFHO, which was detected at a median age of 5.4 years, and 33 of those 41 (80.5%) developed radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis. Nineteen (79.2%) dogs in the diet-restricted group and 22 (91.7%) in the control-fed group had a CFHO at a median age of 9 and 3 years, respectively. Of the dogs with a CFHO, 12 (63.2%) in the diet-restricted group and 20 (90.0%) in the control-fed group developed radiographic evidence of osteoarthritis characteristic of hip dysplasia at a median age of 11 and 6.5 years, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated a relationship between the CFHO and subsequent development of radiographic signs of osteoarthritis. If a CFHO is present in Labrador Retrievers, it might be considered an early indicator of osteoarthritis.
Frequency of urinary tract infection in catheterized dogs and comparison of bacterial culture and susceptibility testing results for catheterized and noncatheterized dogs with urinary tract infections
Authors: Bubenik Loretta J. , Hosgood Giselle L. , Waldron Don R. , Snow Lynne A.
Published: September 2007

Objective—To determine frequency of urinary tract infections (UTIs) in catheterized dogs that had intervertebral disk disease (IVDD) or disease other than IVDD and compare bacterial culture and susceptibility testing results for catheterized and noncatheterized dogs with UTIs.

Design—Retrospective cohort study.

Animals—147 catheterized dogs (105 with IVDD and 42 with other diseases) and 99 noncatheterized dogs with UTIs.

Procedures—Medical records were reviewed for signalment, history, clinical problem, duration of urinary tract catheterization, administration of drugs, and urine bacterial culture and susceptibility testing results.

Results—Forty-two percent (44/105) of dogs with IVDD and 55% (23/42) of dogs with other diseases had UTIs; this difference was not significant. For catheterized dogs, the odds of UTI were increased by 20% for each year increase in age, 27% for each day increase in duration of catheterization, and 454% with antimicrobial administration. Escherichia coli and Proteus spp were more frequently isolated from noncatheterized dogs, whereas Enterobacter spp and Staphylococcus spp were more frequently isolated from catheterized dogs. There was no significant difference in frequency of 1, 2, or 3 isolates between groups. Proportions of antimicrobials to which the most frequently isolated bacteria were resistant were not significantly different between groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that urinary tract catheterization is a reasonable alternative for management of dogs with urinary bladder dysfunction, but that duration of catheterization should be minimized and indiscriminate antimicrobial administration to dogs with indwelling urinary catheters should be avoided.
Pharmacokinetics of an extended-release theophylline product in cats
Authors: Guenther-Yenke Christine L. , McKiernan Brendan C. , Papich Mark G. , Powell Elizabeth
Published: September 2007

Objective—To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of a brand of extended-release theophylline tablets and capsules in healthy cats.

Design—Randomized 3-way crossover study.

Animals—6 healthy cats.

Procedures—A single dose of aminophylline (10 mg/kg [4.5 mg/lb], IV), a 100-mg extended-release theophylline tablet, or a 125-mg extended-release theophylline capsule was administered to all cats. Plasma samples were collected via preplaced central catheters throughout a 36-hour period. Plasma samples were frozen until analyzed by use of a fluorescence polarization monoclonal immunoassay.

Results—All cats tolerated drug administration and plasma collection with no adverse effects. Peak concentrations were reached for both orally administered products between 8 and 12 hours after administration. Bioavailability was excellent. Plasma concentrations were within the human therapeutic concentration of 5 to 20 μg/mL.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Daily administration of the brand of theophylline tablets and capsules used in this study at 15 mg/kg (6.8 mg/lb) and 19 mg/kg (8.6 mg/lb), respectively, maintained plasma concentrations within the desired therapeutic range in healthy cats.
Blanket and flank sucking in Doberman Pinschers
Authors: Moon-Fanelli Alice A. , Dodman Nicholas H. , Cottam Nicole
Published: September 2007

Objective—To evaluate blanket and flank sucking and any association with pica in Doberman Pinschers.

Design—Survey and case-control study.

Animals—153 Doberman Pinschers (77 dogs with blanket or flank sucking and 76 unaffected dogs).

Procedures—Owners of Doberman Pinschers with blanket sucking, flank sucking, or both were surveyed regarding the age of onset, triggers, frequency, duration, interruptability, and associated medical and behavioral consequences. A putative association of blanket sucking and flank sucking with pica was examined by comparison of affected dogs with unaffected dogs.

Results—Apart from the difference in the object of oral activity between blanket and flank suckers, age of onset was the only variable that differed between dogs with the 2 conditions. Dogs with blanket or flank sucking had a higher prevalence of pica than the unaffected population.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Blanket and flank sucking are apparently related conditions that can occur with sufficient intensity to cause medical sequelae. These nonnutritive suckling behaviors share similarities with other canine compulsive disorders and are associated with pica. Veterinarians should advise owners that flank and blanket sucking are abnormal, potentially harmful behaviors in dogs. Treatment should be considered for severely affected dogs or when flank or blanket sucking is associated with medical problems.
Evaluation of electroacupuncture treatment for thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease in dogs
Authors: Hayashi Ayne Murata , Matera Julia Maria , de Campos Fonseca Pinto Ana Carolina Brandão
Published: September 2007

Objective—To evaluate use of electroacupuncture combined with standard Western medical treatment versus Western medical treatment alone for treatment of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease in dogs.

Design—Prospective controlled study.

Animals—50 dogs with signs of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease.

Procedures—Dogs were randomly allocated to 1 of 2 treatment groups and classified as having grade 1 to 5 neurologic dysfunction. Dogs in group 1 received electroacupuncture stimulation combined with standard Western medical treatment; those in group 2 received only standard Western medical treatment. A numeric score for neurologic function was evaluated at 4 time points to evaluate effects of treatments.

Results—Time (mean ± SD) to recover ambulation in dogs with grade 3 and 4 dysfunction in group 1 (10.10 ± 6.49 days) was significantly lower than in group 2 (20.83 ± 11.99 days). Success (able to walk without assistance) rate for dogs with grade 3 and 4 dysfunction in group 1 (10/10 dogs) was significantly higher than that of similarly affected dogs in group 2 (6/9 dogs). Dogs without deep pain perception (grade 5 dysfunction) had a success (recovery of pain sensation) rate of 3 of 6 and 1 of 8 in groups 1 and 2, respectively, but the difference was not significant. Overall success rate (all dysfunction grades) for group 1 (23/26; 88.5%) was significantly higher than for group 2 (14/24; 58.3%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Electroacupuncture combined with standard Western medical treatment was effective and resulted in shorter time to recover ambulation and deep pain perception than did use of Western treatment alone in dogs with signs of thoracolumbar intervertebral disk disease.
Spontaneous external biliary fistula in a dog
Authors: Kligman Kara C. , Jehn Carl T. , Davis Kechia M. , Taylor David P. , Conway Julia A.
Published: September 2007

Case Description—A 10-year-old sexually intact female dog was examined because of a static, well-circumscribed subcutaneous mass and associated fistulous draining tract located along the right ventrolateral aspect of the thoracic body wall of 15 months' duration.

Clinical Findings—Results of computed tomography and fistulography confirmed the presence of the fistulous tract. Computed tomography also revealed a focal, hypodense region in the right ventral portion of the liver that was adjacent to but not clearly associated with the fistulous tract.

Treatment and Outcome—Surgical exploration of the tract revealed that it passed into the right hemithorax to the diaphragm; entered the right medial lobe of the liver; and terminated in a well-encapsulated, cystic liver lesion. The right medial liver lobe and all affected tissues were removed. Histologically, the liver lesion consisted of a fibrotic, dilated bile duct. The dilated bile duct and fistula were lined with biliary epithelium. On the basis of these findings, a diagnosis of spontaneous external biliary fistula was made. Five months after surgery, the dog was clinically normal.

Clinical Relevance—To the authors' knowledge, spontaneous external biliary fistula in a dog has not been reported in the veterinary medical literature. Despite the rarity of this condition, it should be considered in a dog with similar clinical findings. Clinical findings and results of appropriate diagnostic imaging procedures may provide valuable information in making this diagnosis and in planning surgical treatment.
Computed tomographic appearance of masticatory myositis in dogs: 7 cases (1999–2006)
Authors: Reiter Alexander M. , Schwarz Tobias
Published: September 2007

Objective—To document computed tomography (CT) features in dogs with masticatory myositis.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—7 dogs with an immunologic diagnosis of masticatory myositis and an absence of clinical abnormalities of any skeletal muscles other than the masticatory muscles.

Procedures—History; clinical, hematologic, biochemical, immunologic, cytologic, and histologic findings; and pre- and postcontrast CT imaging features of masticatory muscles and head and neck lymph nodes were extracted from medical records.

Results—On CT images, changes in size (atrophy or swelling) were common for all masticatory muscles except the digastricus muscles, which were involved only in 1 dog. Pre-contrast attenuation changes, most often hypoattenuation with varied distribution patterns, were seen in masticatory muscles of 4 dogs. Contrast enhancement with a predominantly inhomogeneous distribution pattern was seen in the temporalis, masseter, and pterygoid muscles of all dogs. Head and neck lymph nodes were enlarged in all but 1 dog and had contrast enhancement with predominantly central or homogeneous distribution patterns. Muscle biopsy was performed in 6 dogs, with biopsy specimens obtained from areas that had the most obvious contrast enhancement on CT images. For all 6 dogs, biopsy speci-mens had histologic features indicative of masticatory myositis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that CT may be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of masticatory myositis in dogs, including selection of sites for diagnostic muscle biopsy.
Comparison of the diagnosis and management of unilaterally castrated and cryptorchid horses at a referral hospital: 60 cases (2002–2006)
Authors: Marshall John F. , Moorman Valerie J. , Moll H. David
Published: September 2007

Objective—To determine the incidence of unilaterally castrated horses among horses admitted to the hospital for castration and to compare horses that underwent previous unilateral castration with horses that had cryptorchism.

Design—Retrospective case series.

Animals—16 unilaterally castrated horses and 44 cryptorchid horses.

Procedures—Medical records of horses that were admitted to the veterinary medical teaching hospital for castration, including cryptorchid and unilaterally castrated horses, between January 2002 and December 2006 were reviewed. Medical records of unilaterally castrated horses and cryptorchid horses were examined for age, breed, history, diagnostic procedures, surgical technique of cryptorchidectomy, location of the retained testicle, and cost of surgery.

Results—Of 160 horses admitted for castration, 16 (10%) had undergone previous unilateral castration and 44 (27.5%) had cryptorchidism. Unilaterally castrated horses were significantly older than cryptorchid horses. No significant difference was found in left versus right distribution of testicles. No significant difference was found in abdominal versus inguinal distribution of left-sided testicles. Unilaterally castrated horses had a significantly lower proportion of right inguinal testicles, compared with cryptorchid horses. The cost of diagnosis and management of unilaterally castrated horses was significantly greater than in cryptorchid horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that the distribution of retained testicles is significantly different in unilaterally castrated horses, compared with cryptorchid horses, which may affect the selection of diagnostic and surgical approaches to unilaterally castrated horses.
Critique Beyond Resentment: An Introduction to Peter Sloterdijk’s Jovial Modernity
Authors: Van Tuinen Sjoerd
Published: September 2007

This essay serves as an introduction both to this special issue and to the works of Peter Sloterdijk. It starts out from the opposition between the critical and the affirmative projects in modern philosophy. It is my intent to demonstrate how Sloterdijk displaces this opposition in favor of what I propose to call a “jovial modernity” and a post-Heideggerian philosophy of Gelassenheit or “relief.” After a general outline of the Sphären-project, I discuss the shifts in Sloterdijk’s development of Ernst Jünger’s critical concept of “mobilization” and show how his engagement with critical theory has gradually transformed from an aesthesis of the event, through a Nietzschean “transvaluation of all values” – generosity instead of resentment as motivating force of critique – or “retuning” of Heidegger’s concept of the Lichtung, into a “poetical” and “global” constructivism. This is followed by the unraveling of three layers that have constituted the 1999 scandal following Sloterdijk’s reply to Heidegger’s letter On Humanism: Sloterdijk’s actual text on humanism and Bildung in the age of genetic engineering; the scandal and the mass-medialization of philosophical critique; and the hypermorality of the last, but still all too dominant generation of Frankfurt School theorists. Finally, I draw some political conclusions by opposing another source of inspiration for Sloterdijk’s “joviality,” the Luhmannian theory of complexity, to the bivalent “passion for the real” that, despite all that has happened in the twentieth century, still seems to inform both the realist projects of philosophical critique and the Heideggerian belief in the “Kehre.”
Living Hot, Thinking Coldly: An Interview with Peter Sloterdijk
Authors: Alliez Éric
Published: September 2007

Subsequent to a dialogue concerning the German philosopher Peter Sloterdijk’s Regeln für den Menschenpark (“Rules for the Human Park”), the following interview with Éric Alliez introduces the reader to Sloterdijk’s appreciation of contemporary cultural politics. However, the focal points of the interview are Sloterdijk’s core cultural conception of Nietzschean-inﬂected thought and his own Sphere Theory, his ideas on immunization, notions of ecology, “anthropotechnics,” and the question of Being. As these central themes of Sloterdijk’s current work and the title of this interview indicate, Sloterdijk’s belief in “living hot, thinking coldly” is also considered by Alliez alongside Sloterdijk’s contribution to cultural and political theory.
What Happened in the Twentieth Century? En Route to A Critique of Extremist Reason
Authors: Sloterdijk Peter
Published: September 2007

Peter Sloterdijk first presented the following text as his inaugural lecture for the Chaire Emmanuel Levinas, March 4, 2005 at the University of Strasbourg. To a certain extent, it bears homage to that great thinker of the complex Other. However, other than taking a political stance, Sloterdijk prefers the perspective of a curator who is concerned about conserving the past century’s critical impulse, which today’s consumerism and the collapse of Left-wing traditions tend to render ghostly. In the first two parts of his essay, Sloterdijk argues that if in contemporary diagnoses the twentieth century appears as a time of confusions, this is because it is an “Age of Extremes” (Eric Hobsbawm): an age of revolts against complexities by the critical reference of all actual or objective states of affairs to a basic cause or fundamental factor. The subject of this extremist reason is defined by its vassalage, apostolate, and mediality in relation to a commanding and disinhibiting reality. Its forerunners are champions of “good crime” such as Marquis de Sade and the young Hegelians; its exemplary twentieth-century cases are Lenin and Mao. Alain Badiou is right to note that the memory of their critical projects is rapidly giving way to the uncontested status of today’s global neoliberalist ideology. Yet, Sloterdijk argues, this is not necessarily a bad thing, not even for critical thought. In the third and fourth parts of his essay, his explicit aim is to “translate” Badiou’s thesis that the twentieth century was marked by a “passion for the real” into the context of his own project of spherology. The twentieth century consists primarily of the activation of the real in a passion for technological and economic antigravitation. The result is the slow but unavoidable emancipation of Western civilization from “the dogmatic opportunism of the real as power-of-the-base-from-below” toward “a free-moving position intermediate between the heavy and antigravitational tendencies.” Economically, the ending of scarcity (Entknappung) and, technologically, the exoneration (Entlastung) of the burdens of human life by the intrusion of new motive forces into human propulsive arrangements have led to the death throes (“Agonie”) of the belief in the base/superstructure division and the radicalism or fundamentalism derived from it. If the twentieth century can still inspire us today, this is because its reprogramming of the pitch of existence (Daseinsstimmung) paves the way for a “critique of extremist reason,” a “post-Marxist theory of enrichment,” a “new interpretation of dreams,” and a “general economy” of energy resources based on excess and dissipation.
Interest and Excess of Modern Man’s Radical Mediocrity: Rescaling Sloterdijk’s Grandiose Aesthetic Strategy
Authors: Oosterling Henk
Published: September 2007

In my contribution, I adopt Sloterdijk’s analysis of globalization as the megalomaneous or “hyperpolitical” installing of a total work of art (Gesamtkunstwerk). I rephrase his threefold (energetical, informational, and epistemological) “explicitation” of man’s radical immersion in his own media as “radical mediocrity” and argue that this has become our first nature. But then, what is the political potential of Sloterdijk’s merger of aesthetics with politics as based on the Bataillan principle of excess rather than lack and scarcity? Should we not differentiate between miserabilist and affirmative critique? This distinction is all but self-evident, because every new mediological explicitation eventually reproduces scarcity through forgetfulness. It depends on the critical difference between mediocrity and inter-esse, between plain comfortable life and self-reﬂective radical mediocrity. In the final analysis, the “psychological” surplus of generosity and the substance of creativity consist precisely of this self-reﬂective in-between. Therefore, any feasible critical reflection requires a downscaling of Sloterdijk’s hyperpolitical understanding of being-in in terms of micropolitical art practices. I will concentrate on one possible answer to the critical questions that must be asked: wherein lies the possibility of resistance in Sloterdijk’s recent analyses of capitalism?
‘Unconscious transference’ can be an instance of ‘change blindness’
Authors: Davis Deborah , Loftus Elizabeth F. , Vanous Samuel , Cucciare Michael
Published: September 2007

Three experiments investigated the role of ‘change blindness’ in mistaken eyewitness identifications of innocent bystanders to a simulated crime. Two innocent people appeared briefly in a filmed scene in a supermarket. The ‘continuous innocent’ (CI) walked down the liquor aisle and passed behind a stack of boxes, whereupon the perpetrator emerged and stole a bottle of liquor, thereby resulting in an action sequence promoting the illusion of continuity between perpetrator and innocent. The ‘discontinuous innocent’ (DI) was shown immediately afterward in the produce aisle. Results revealed that: (1) more than half of participants failed to notice the change between the CI and the perpetrator, (2) among those who failed to notice the change, more misidentified the ‘CI’ than the ‘DI’, a pattern that did not hold for those who did notice the change. Participants were less likely to notice the change when they were distracted while watching the video. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of recipient perspective in giving and following wayfinding directions
Authors: Hund Alycia M. , Haney Kimberly H. , Seanor Brian D.
Published: September 2007

We examined how recipient perspective and descriptive features affect direction giving and following during wayfinding. In Experiment 1, participants provided directions from starting locations to destinations for fictional recipients driving through a town (route perspective) or looking at a map of the town (survey perspective). As expected, participants included left‐right and landmarks more frequently when addressing a person driving in the town and cardinal descriptors more frequently when addressing a person looking at a map. In Experiment 2, participants rated the effectiveness of directions. Effective directions contained significantly more left‐right references than did less effective directions. In Experiment 3, participants followed the best‐ and worst‐rated directions. Unexpectedly, they navigated significantly faster when following the worst‐rated directions. In Experiment 4, participants gave wayfinding directions for destinations in a familiar town. Again, direction features depended on recipient perspective, highlighting the dynamic nature of wayfinding processes. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Local hydrodynamics in a dispersed‐stratified liquid–liquid pipe flow
Authors: Conan C. , Masbernat O. , Décarre S. , Liné A.
Published: September 2007

An experimental study is presented of a liquid–liquid dispersed/stratified flow in a horizontal pipe. The flow studied contains a highly concentrated layer of oil drops (light phase) under which flows a continuous layer of aqueous phase (heavy phase). The instant flow structure and hydrodynamics have been characterized in the aqueous phase using Particle Image Velocimetry in a matched refractive index medium. In this article, we focus on momentum transfer in the continuous aqueous layer at the wall, and at the interface, between the aqueous layer and the concentrated layer of oil drops. It is shown that, despite the presence of secondary flows, the velocity profile in the aqueous phase follows the classical logarithmic law near the wall. The shape of the tangential Reynolds stress profile in the aqueous layer is discussed in relation with the flow geometry and the presence of secondary flows. The mean interfacial shear stress is then derived from the macroscopic momentum balance applied in the aqueous layer cross‐section. The local viscous stress contribution below the interface has been identified from the momentum balance equation in the vertical direction and an effective viscosity as a function of the local concentration has been derived. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
Mortality in achondroplasia study: A 42‐year follow‐up
Authors: Wynn Julia , King Terri M. , Gambello Michael J. , Waller D. Kim , Hecht Jacqueline T.
Published: September 2007

Achondroplasia (ACH) is the most common dwarfing condition having a prevalence of 1/25,000 live births. An increase in overall mortality, age specific mortality up to age 34 years and heart disease‐related mortality was first reported in a 1987 study of a large population of ACH individuals. Since this study, concern about premature death, particularly in young adults, has persisted in the ACH population. The present study was undertaken to follow‐up the patterns of mortality in a more contemporaneous ACH population. The vital status of 718 ACH individuals from the original study and 75 new ACH individuals was determined through the search of two computerized mortality database. The results showed that the overall mortality and age‐specific mortality at all ages remained significantly increased. Rates of death were similar across all 42 years of follow‐up suggesting that higher death rates were still occurring in the contemporary ACH population. Accidental, neurological, and heart disease‐related deaths were increased in adults. Heart disease‐related mortality, between ages 25 and 35, was more than 10 times higher than the general population. Overall survival and the average life expectancy for this ACH population were decreased by 10 years. These results demonstrate that despite advances in the knowledge of the natural history of ACH and health care needs of this population, mortality remains significantly increased. The high rate of heart disease related deaths illustrates the need to identify risk factors in the ACH population and develop treatment interventions accordingly. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Summation and quantity judgments of sequentially presented sets by capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella)
Authors: Beran Michael J. , Evans Theodore A. , Leighty Katherine A. , Harris Emily H. , Rice Daniel
Published: September 2007

Capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) were presented with two sets of food items, identical in food type but differing in number. Animals selected one set and were permitted to consume their choice. Set sizes ranged from 1 to 6 items. In experiment 1, each set was uncovered and recovered before a response was made, and the monkeys selected the larger set at high levels. Experiment 2 presented sets that had both visible and nonvisible food items in them at the time of the response, thus requiring the monkeys to sum the total amount of food that was available. The monkeys again selected the larger set with no decrement in performance. Overall, the data indicate that capuchins, like other more extensively studied primate species in this area of research, are responsive to quantitative differences between sets. Capuchins succeed in making these quantity judgments when sets are nonvisible at choice time and when summation of items must be performed, thus demonstrating coordination of quantification skills and memory. Capuchins also inhibit responses to visible food items when those items are only part of an overall smaller quantity of food compared with a completely nonvisible set. Am. J. Primatol. 70:191–194, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Likelihood of seizure remission in an adult population with refractory epilepsy
Authors: Callaghan Brian C. , Anand Kishlay , Hesdorffer Dale , Hauser W. Allen , French Jacqueline A.
Published: September 2007

Objective

We aimed to determine the likelihood of remission and its clinical predictors in adult patients meeting a strict definition of refractory epilepsy. We also wanted to investigate the influence of treatment regimen on remission.

Methods

A total of 246 patients with treatment refractory epilepsy (having at least 1 seizure per month and having not responded positively to at least 2 antiepileptic drugs) were identified in 2000 and followed for 3 years. We used Kaplan–Meier methods to estimate the rate of achieving a 6‐month terminal seizure remission and Cox regression analysis to evaluate clinical predictors for seizure remission.

Results

The estimated 6‐month terminal seizure remission rate was 19% (95% confidence interval, 14–26%) for all cases and 14% (95% confidence interval, 10–21%) when limited to those treated only with medication. Negative predictors for remission included a history of status epilepticus, younger age at intractability, number of failed drug therapies, and presence of mental retardation. No specific drug was significantly associated with remission, and frequently, no clear intervention led to terminal remission.

Interpretation

Fifteen percent (approximately 5% per year) of a drug refractory epilepsy population obtained a 6‐month terminal seizure remission. Our results signify that no matter how many antiepileptic drug therapies have failed, there is always hope of a meaningful seizure remission in this population. Furthermore, we have elucidated four clinical predictors that can aid the epileptologist in prognostication. Ann Neurol 2007