bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scaling in Internally Heated Convection: A Unifying Theory
Authors: Wang Qi , Lohse Detlef , Shishkina Olga
Published: December 2020

We offer a unifying theory for turbulent, purely internally heated convection, generalizing the unifying theories of Grossmann and Lohse (2000, https://doi.org/10.1017/S0022112099007545; 2001, https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.86.3316) for Rayleigh‐Bénard turbulence and of Shishkina et al. (2016, https://doi.org/10.1002/2015GL067003) for turbulent horizontal convection, which are both based on the splitting of the kinetic and thermal dissipation rates in respective boundary and bulk contributions. We obtain the mean temperature of the system and the Reynolds number (which are the response parameters) as function of the control parameters, namely the internal thermal driving strength (called, when nondimensionalized, the Rayleigh‐Roberts number) and the Prandtl number. The results of the theory are consistent with our direct numerical simulations of the Boussinesq equations.
Interplay Between Subseasonal Rainfall and Global Predictors in Modulating Interannual to Multidecadal Predictability of the ISMR
Authors: Saha Subodh Kumar , Konwar Mahen , Pokhrel Samir , Hazra Anupam , Chaudhari Hemantkumar S. , Rai Archana
Published: December 2020

Skillful prediction of the Indian Summer Monsoon Rainfall (ISMR) has been a bottleneck problem for more than 100 years. The low seasonal predictability is attributed primarily to the chaotic nature of the subseasonal variability. Here, we show that these subseasonal variabilities rather have significant predictable contributions to the seasonal ISMR, varying on the interannual to multidecadal timescale. The subseasonal modes being the building blocks of the monsoon, their net linear contribution may approximate the predictability limit of the ISMR. It is estimated that an average of about 76% (R ∼ 0.87) of the ISMR variance predictable around the 1960s is decreased to about 64% (R ∼ 0.79) in the recent past four decades. It is suggested that improvements in the simulation of subseasonal, particularly the synoptic variability will be key to further improve the seasonal ISMR forecast skill.
Proton Outflow Associated With Jupiter's Auroral Processes
Authors: Szalay J. R. , Allegrini F. , Bagenal F. , Bolton S. J. , Clark G. , Connerney J. E. P. , Ebert R. W. , Ergun R. E. , Mauk B. , McComas D. J. , Valek P. , Wilson R. J.
Published: December 2020

Field‐aligned proton beams are a systematic and identifiable feature associated with Jupiter's auroral emissions, transporting 3 ± 2 kg s−1 away from Jupiter's ionosphere. This mass loss occurs at all longitudes sampled by Juno around the southern auroral oval, while the northern hemisphere exhibits upward proton beams predominantly on one portion in System III, near the auroral kink region. These beams are associated with upward inverted‐V structures indicative of quasi‐static magnetic field‐aligned parallel potentials. A lack of bidirectionality indicates these proton populations are pitch‐angle and/or energy scattered and incorporated into the magnetospheric charged particle environment. This mechanism is a significant, and potentially dominant, source of protons in Jupiter's middle and outer magnetosphere. If Jupiter's ionosphere is the primary source for protons in the inner magnetosphere, they are likely sourced equatorward of the main emissions and at energies <100 eV.
Sea Ice Properties in High‐Resolution Sea Ice Models
Authors: Zhang Jinlun
Published: December 2020

An Arctic sea ice‐ocean model is run with three uniform horizontal resolutions (6, 4, and 2 km) and identical sea ice and ocean model parameterizations, including an isotropic viscous‐plastic sea ice rheology, a mechanical ice strength parameterization, and an ice ridging parameterization. Driven by the same atmospheric forcing, the three model versions all produce similar spatial patterns and temporal variations of ice thickness and motion fields, resulting in almost identical magnitude and seasonal evolution of total ice volume and mean ice concentration, ice speed, and fractions of ice of various thickness categories over the Arctic Ocean. Increasing model resolution from 6 to 2 km does not significantly improve model performance when compared to NASA IceBridge ice thickness observations. This suggests that the large‐scale sea ice properties of the model are insensitive to varying high resolutions within the multifloe scale (2–10 km), and it may be unnecessary to adjust model parameters constantly with increasingly high resolutions. This is also true with models within the aggregate scale (10–75 km), indicating that model parameters used at coarse resolution may be used at high or multiscale resolution. However, even though the three versions all yield similar mean state of sea ice, they differ in representing anisotropic properties of sea ice. While they produce a basic pattern of major sea ice leads similar to satellite observations, their leads are distributed differently in space and time. Without changing model parameters and sea ice spatiotemporal variability, the 2‐km resolution model tends to capture more leads than the other two models.
Changes in Atlantic Water Circulation Patterns and Volume Transports North of Svalbard Over the Last 12 Years (2008–2020)
Authors: Athanase Marylou , Provost Christine , Artana Camila , Pérez‐Hernández M. Dolores , Sennéchael Nathalie , Bertosio Cécilia , Garric Gilles , Lellouche Jean‐Michel , Prandi Pierre
Published: December 2020

Atlantic Water (AW) enters the Arctic through Fram Strait as the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC). When reaching the south of Yermak Plateau, the WSC splits into the Svalbard, Yermak Pass, and Yermak Branches. Downstream of Yermak Plateau, AW pathways remain unclear and uncertainties persist on how AW branches eventually merge and contribute to the boundary current along the continental slope. We took advantage of the good performance of the 1/12° Mercator Ocean model in the Western Nansen Basin (WNB) to examine the AW circulation and volume transports in the area. The model showed that the circulation changed in 2008–2020. The Yermak Branch (YB) strengthened over the northern Yermak Plateau, feeding the Return YB along the eastern flank of the Plateau. West of Yermak Plateau, the Transpolar Drift likely shifted westward while AW recirculations progressed further north. Downstream of the Yermak Plateau, an offshore current developed above the 3,800 m isobath, fed by waters from the Yermak Plateau tip. East of 18°E, enhanced mesoscale activity from the boundary current injected additional AW basin‐ward, further contributing to the offshore circulation. A recurrent anticyclonic circulation developed in the Sofia Deep, which also occasionally fed the western part of the offshore flow. The intensification of the circulation coincided with an overall warming in the upper WNB (0–1,000 m), consistent with the progression of AW. This regional description of the changing circulation provides a background for the interpretation of upcoming observations.
Spatiotemporal Features of Storm Surge Activity and Its Response to Climate Change in the Southeastern Coastal Area of China in the Past 60 years
Authors: Ji Tao , Li Guosheng , Liu Yangxiaoyue , Liu Rui , Zhu Yunqiang
Published: December 2020

The present study investigates the temporal and spatial variation of storm surge activity at different temporal scales using reconstructed daily maximum storm surge levels in the southeastern coastal area of China for the past 60 years. Considering the surge height and the duration of storm surge, the comprehensive intensity of storm surge is proposed, namely Accumulated Storm Surge Potential Impact. The results show that with the intensification of climate warming, the intensity has increased rapidly, although the overall the frequency and duration of storm surges have not changed significantly. In relation to the spatial distribution of storm surge intensity, storm surge at different time scales (interannual and decadal) was mainly located in the areas of concentration of historical tropical cyclones landing and in subconcentration areas. In terms of climate change response, it is clear that the frequency, duration, and intensity of storm surges have increased significantly since the end of the 1980s. From the perspective of the spatial distribution of the climate tendency rate (it reflects the change trend of regional climatic elements) of storm surge intensity, the areas of increased intensity are mainly located in several concentrated areas where storm surge events occur frequently, while the weakened areas are also other areas where storm surges have rarely occurred. El Niño‐Southern Oscillation events have a certain effect on the frequency, duration, and intensity of storm surge activity, although the effect on intensity is more significant. The impact of the Pacific Decadal Oscillation on the frequency, duration, and intensity of storm surge activity at different phases was also different, with clear regional distribution features for each phase. In this way, we can make targeted preparations for disaster prevention and mitigation, and avoid further socio‐economic losses.
Long‐Term Monitoring of Energetic Protons at the Bottom of Earth’s Radiation Belt
Authors: Yoshioka K. , Miyoshi Y. , Kurita S. , Teramoto M. , Tsuchiya F. , Yamazaki A. , Murakami G. , Kimura T. , Kita H. , Yoshikawa I. , Kasaba Y.
Published: December 2020

The energetic particles in the Earth's radiation belt are known to fluctuate over various timescales. Although observations using satellites have been made for more than 50 years, there are few examples of continuous and long‐term observations at low altitude (<2,000 km) and in low L‐value (L < 2) regions, which are at the bottom of the inner radiation belt. This is because the orbits of satellites that are designed to cover large areas of the magnetosphere are not suitable for long‐term continuous observations at low altitudes. In this study, we focused on data from a space telescope that usually follows a low‐altitude circular orbit. The Hisaki space telescope, launched in 2013, continuously observes the planets from an altitude of ∼1,000 km (L‐value 1–2). By using the noise component counted on the photodetector of Hisaki as a radiation monitor, the flux variation of the high‐energy protons (energy > 30 MeV) in this orbit can be observed. The results show a clear dependence on solar activity. At around L = 2, it is found that the variation in the radiation belt proton flux is controlled by both the flux of the galactic cosmic rays and the neutral density of the thermosphere. The former one is the source process of high‐energy charged particles in the inner radiation belt, and the latter is the loss process due to the Coulomb collision. It is also found that the influence of galactic cosmic ray fluctuations becomes smaller as the L‐value moves closer to 1.
Evaluating the Ubiquity of Thresholds in Rainfall‐Runoff Response Across Contrasting Environments
Authors: Ross Cody A. , Ali Geneviève A. , Spence Christopher , Courchesne François
Published: December 2020

Thresholds in precipitation‐runoff relationships have been observed in numerous studies using scatter plots comparing meteorological factors and hydrologic response metrics. Most thresholds reported in the literature have been identified from relationships between meteorological factors that quantify volumes or depths of water (e.g., total event rainfall) and metrics capturing hydrologic response magnitude (e.g., runoff ratio), with a strong emphasis on hillslopes and catchments in temperate humid environments. Knowledge gaps, however, remain regarding the ubiquity of hydrologic thresholds across different climatic environments and different meteorological factors that affect different response metrics. This study therefore aimed to evaluate relationships for a wide range of meteorological factors and response metrics derived from event‐scale rainfall‐runoff analysis for 21 sites spanning seven contrasting geographic areas. Specifically, meteorological factors quantifying rainfall depth, rainfall intensity, and hydrologic abstractions related to evapotranspiration were considered, along with response metrics that describe response timing and response magnitude, leading to 4,557 relationships being evaluated. While rainfall depth thresholds were observed for most sites, rainfall intensity thresholds were also observed. Additionally, threshold behavior was shown to be sensitive to antecedent conditions over specific durations of time preceding a rainfall‐runoff event. The large number of relationships evaluated in this study allowed for the development of a typology of threshold dynamics and the formulation of hypotheses about dominant hydrological processes. This typology may not only promote standardized threshold descriptions but also make intersite comparisons of nonlinear rainfall‐runoff behavior easier.
Modeling the Transport of Aggregating Nanoparticles in Porous Media
Authors: Katzourakis Vasileios E. , Chrysikopoulos Constantinos V.
Published: December 2020

A novel mathematical model was developed to describe the transport of nanoparticles in water saturated, homogeneous porous media with uniform flow. The model accounts for the simultaneous migration and aggregation of nanoparticles. The nanoparticles are assumed to be found suspended in the aqueous phase or attached reversibly or irreversibly onto the solid matrix. The Derjaguin‐Landau‐Verwey‐Overbeek theory was used to account for possible repulsive interactions between aggregates. Nanoparticle aggregation was represented by the Smoluchowski population balance equation (PBE). Both reaction‐limited aggregation and diffusion‐limited aggregation were considered. Particle‐size dependent dispersivity was accounted for. In order to overcome the substantial difficulties introduced by the PBE, the governing coupled partial differential equations were solved by employing adaptive operator splitting methods, which decoupled the reactive transport and aggregation into distinct physical processes. The results from various model simulations showed that the transport of nanoparticles in porous media is substantially different than the transport of conventional biocolloids. In particular, aggregation was shown to either decrease or increase nanoparticle attachment onto the solid matrix, depending on particle size, and to yield early or late breakthrough, respectively. Finally, useful conclusions were drawn regarding possible erroneous results generated when aggregation, particle‐size dependent dispersivity or nanoparticle surface charges are neglected.
Transport Mechanisms of Motile and Nonmotile Phytophthora cactorum Zoospores in Unsaturated Porous Media
Authors: Yu Yingxue , Elliott Marianne , Chowdhury Indranil , Flury Markus
Published: December 2020

Phytophthora is a genus of plant pathogens that infects vegetables, crops, ornamentals, and trees. Phytophthora diseases in soil are facilitated by the rapid dispersal of zoospores, which come in two different forms, that is, motile biflagellate zoospores and nonmotile encysted zoospores. However, little is known about the mechanisms controlling zoospore dispersal, especially under unsaturated flow and in natural soil. Hence, we investigated the transport and retention of motile and nonmotile P. cactorum zoospores under unsaturated conditions in inert sand, disturbed soil, and undisturbed soil. Transport of carboxylate‐modified polystyrene microspheres in sand was studied to compare the zoospores to abiotic particles. Similar to microspheres, motile and nonmotile zoospores were affected by pore straining, wedging, settling, and fluid drag during transport due to their large size (6–10 μm). Decreased water saturation of porous media reduced accessible pore space, enhancing the retention of zoospores. Nonuniform flow in the undisturbed soil facilitated the transport of zoospores. Derjaguin‐Landau‐Verwey‐Overbeek calculations indicated unfavorable attachment of both motile and nonmotile zoospores to the solid‐water interface, and repulsion from the air‐water interface. Microscopic visualizations showed that motile zoospores bounced off the air‐water interface, and swam randomly around root and soil surfaces without being attached; however, they actively moved toward baits. Motile zoospores showed enhanced transport in porous media relative to nonmotile zoospores, suggesting that the flagella helped zoospores to actively avoid retention sites. The transport of Phytophthora zoospores in natural soil was limited, and natural soil acted as an effective filter confining Phytophthora dispersal in the top soil. However, macropores can be a conduit for the transport of zoospores, especially motile zoospores, to deeper soil layers.
LINC01106 post-transcriptionally regulates ELK3 and HOXD8 to promote bladder cancer progression
Authors: Meng Liwei , Xing Zhaoquan , Guo Zhaoxin , Liu Zhaoxu
Published: December 2020

Bladder cancer (BCa) is a kind of common urogenital malignancy worldwide. Emerging evidence indicated that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the progression of BCa. In this study, we discovered a novel lncRNA LINC01116 whose expression increased with stages in BCa patients and closely related to the survival rate of BCa patients. However, the molecular mechanism dictating the role of LINC01116 in BCa has not been well elucidated so far. In our study, we detected that the expression of LINC01116 was boosted in BCa cells. Moreover, the results of a series of functional assays showed that LINC01116 knockdown suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of BCa cells. Thereafter, GEPIA indicated the closest correlation of LINC01116 with two protein-coding genes, ELK3 and HOXD8. Interestingly, LINC01116 was mainly a cytoplasmic lncRNA in BCa cells, and it could modulate ELK3 and HOXD8 at post-transcriptional level. Mechanically, LINC01116 increased the expression of ELK3 by adsorbing miR-3612, and also stabilized HOXD8 mRNA by binding with DKC1. Rescue experiments further demonstrated that the restraining influence of LINC01116 knockdown on the progression of BCa, was partly rescued by ELK3 promotion, but absolutely reversed by the co-enhancement of ELK3 and HOXD8. More intriguingly, HOXD8 acted as a transcription factor to activate LINC01116 in BCa. In conclusion, HOXD8-enhanced LINC01116 contributes to the progression of BCa via targeting ELK3 and HOXD8, which might provide new targets for treating patients with BCa.
Human iNSC-derived brain organoid model of lysosomal storage disorder in Niemann–Pick disease type C
Authors: Lee Seung-Eun , Shin Nari , Kook Myung Geun , Kong Dasom , Kim Nam Gyo , Choi Soon Won , Kang Kyung-Sun
Published: December 2020

Recent studies on developing three-dimensional (3D) brain organoids from stem cells have allowed the generation of in vitro models of neural disease and have enabled the screening of drugs because these organoids mimic the complexity of neural tissue. Niemann-Pick disease, type C (NPC) is a neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorder caused by mutations in the NPC1 or NPC2. The pathological features underlying NPC are characterized by the abnormal accumulation of cholesterol in acidic compartments, including late endosomes and lysosomes. Due to the inaccessibility of brain tissues from human NPC patients, we developed NPC brain organoids with induced neural stem cells from NPC patient-derived fibroblasts. NPC organoids exhibit significantly reduced size and proliferative ability, which are accompanied by accumulation of cholesterol, impairment in neuronal differentiation, and autophagic flux and dysfunction of lysosomes; therefore, NPC organoids can recapitulate the main phenotypes of NPC patients. Furthermore, these pathological phenotypes observed in NPC organoids were reversed by treatment with valproic acid and HPBCD, which are known to be an effective treatment for several neurodegenerative diseases. Our data present patient-specific phenotypes in 3D organoid-based models of NPC and highlight the application of this model to drug screening in vitro.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: Inhibition of EZH2 enhances the therapeutic effect of 5-FU via PUMA upregulation in colorectal cancer
Authors: Tan Xiao , Zhang Zhongqiang , Liu Ping , Yao Hongliang , Shen Liangfang , Tong Jing-Shan
Published: December 2020

Although the survival rate of patients with cancer have increased due to the use of current chemotherapeutic agents, adverse effects of cancer therapy remain a concern. The reversal of drug resistance, reduction in harmful side effects and accelerated increase in efficiency have often been addressed in the development of combination therapeutics. Tazemetostat (EPZ-6438), a histone methyltransferase EZH2 selective inhibitor, was approved by the FDA for the treatment of advanced epithelioid sarcoma. However, the effect of tazemetostat on colorectal cancer (CRC) and 5-FU sensitivity remains unclear. In this study, the enhancement of tazemetostat on 5-FU sensitivity was examined in CRC cells. Our findings demonstrated that tazemetostat combined with 5-FU exhibits synergistic antitumor function in vitro and in vivo in CRC cells. In addition, tazemetostat promotes PUMA induction through the ROS/ER stress/CHOP axis. PUMA depletion attenuates the antitumor effect of the combination therapy. Therefore, tazemetostat may be a novel treatment to improve the sensitivity of tumors to 5-FU in CRC therapy. In conclusion, the combination of 5-FU and tazemetostat shows high therapeutic possibility with reduced unfavorable effects.
Delta-secretase triggers Alzheimer’s disease pathologies in wild-type hAPP/hMAPT double transgenic mice
Authors: Wu Zhourui , Liu Xia , Cheng Liming , Ye Keqiang
Published: December 2020

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is the most common neurodegenerative disease with multifactorial pathologies including Aβ containing senile plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFT) consisted of aggregated Tau. Most of the AD patients are sporadic and the familial mutation hereditary patients are composed only 1% of all cases. However, the current AD mouse models employ mutated APP, PS1, or even Tau mutant, in order to display a portion of AD pathologies. Delta-secretase (legumain, or asparaginyl endopeptidase, AEP) simultaneously cleaves both APP and Tau and augments Aβ production and Tau hyperphosphorylation and aggregation, contributing to AD pathogenesis. Here we show that δ-secretase is sufficient to promote prominent AD pathologies in wild-type hAPP/hMAPT double transgenic mice. We crossed hAPP l5 mice and hMAPT mice to generate double transgenic mouse model carrying both human wild-type APP and Tau. Compared to the single transgenic parents, these double transgenic mice demonstrated AD-related pathologies in one-year-old hAPP/hMAPT mice. Notably, overexpression of δ-secretase in hAPP/hMAPT double-transgenic mice evidently accelerated enormous senile plaques and NFT, associated with prominent synaptic defects and cognitive deficits. Hence, δ-secretase facilitates AD pathogenesis independent of any patient-derived mutation.
Photo-induced energy transfer relay of N-heterocyclic carbene catalysis: an asymmetric α-fluorination/isomerization cascade
Authors: Jiang Xinhang , Li En , Chen Jiean , Huang Yong
Published: December 2020

The geometric configuration of olefin products is often driven by thermodynamic control in synthesis.
Supersaturation and solvent dependent nucleation of carbamazepine polymorphs during rapid cooling crystallization
Authors: Ouyang Jinbo , Chen Jian , Rosbottom Ian , Chen Wenqian , Guo Mingxia , Heng Jerry Y. Y.
Published: December 2020

The effects of interaction between the solvent and CBZ on solubility and polymorphic nucleation were discussed.
Identification of the preferential CO and SO2adsorption sites within NOTT-401
Authors: Rivera-Almazo Marcos , Díaz-Ramírez Mariana L. , Hernández-Esparza Raymundo , Vargas Rubicelia , Martínez Ana , Martis Vladimir , Sáenz-Cavazos Paola A. , Williams Daryl , Lima Enrique , Ibarra Ilich A. , Garza Jorge
Published: December 2020

DRIFT spectroscopy combined with DFT and QTAIM calculations, revealed the CO preferential adsorption sites within NOTT-401.
Electrochemical degradation of perfluorinated compounds by Ag coated Ti (Ti/Ag) anode: electrode preparation, characterization and application
Authors: Tang Jiawei , Liu Zong , Lu Wenjing , Wang Liangliang , Zhang Chunhui , Su Peidong
Published: December 2020

Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are environmentally persistent, bioaccumulative, and globally distributed pollutants, which exhibit potential toxicity to both humans and ecosystems.
Molecular structure controlled self-assembly of pyridine appended fluorophores: multi-stimuli fluorescence responses and fabricating rewritable/self-erasable fluorescent platforms
Authors: Gayathri Parthasarathy , Pannipara Mehboobali , Al-Sehemi Abdullah G. , Moon Dohyun , Anthony Savarimuthu Philip
Published: December 2020

Pyridine appended structural isomers showed a planar or propeller conformation dependent molecular self-assembly, fluorescent polymorphs, stimuli-responsive fluorescence switching and halochromism.
Spinodal-modulated solid solution delivers a strong and ductile refractory high-entropy alloy
Authors: An Zibing , Mao Shengcheng , Yang Tao , Liu Chain Tsuan , Zhang Bin , Ma Evan , Zhou Hao , Zhang Ze , Wang Lihua , Han Xiaodong
Published: December 2020

A combination of high yield strength (1.1 GPa) and large tensile elongation to failure (28%) is achieved in a HfNbTiV refractory high-entropy alloy by creating modulated nanoscale inhomogeneity in both composition and lattice strain.
Radical generation from electroreduction of aryl and benzyl ammonium salts: synthesis of organoboronates
Authors: Kong Xianqiang , Lin Long , Chen Qianjin , Xu Bo
Published: December 2020

We report a direct electrocatalytic borylation of aryl and benzyl trimethylammonium salts with bis(pinacolato)diboron at room temperature.
Photothermal effect and cytotoxicity of CuS nanoflowers deposited over folic acid conjugated nanographene oxide
Authors: Neelgund Gururaj M. , Oki Aderemi , Bandara Subhani , Carson Laura
Published: December 2020

Herein, we present the rational synthesis of a multimode photothermal agent, NGO–FA–CuS, for the advancement of photothermal therapy of cancer.
Star polymer–TiO2 nanohybrids to effectively modify the surface of PMMA dielectric layers for solution processable OFETs
Authors: Budzalek Katarzyna , Ding Hangjun , Janasz Lukasz , Wypych-Puszkarz Aleksandra , Cetinkaya Onur , Pietrasik Joanna , Kozanecki Marcin , Ulanski Jacek , Matyjaszewski Krzysztof
Published: December 2020

Solution processable dielectric nanomaterials were prepared by the polymer-templated synthesis of hybrid nanoparticles containing TiO2.
Improved anisotropy and piezoelectricity by applying in-plane deformation in monolayer WS2
Authors: Li Ling , Wen Peiting , Yang Yujue , Huo Nengjie , Li Jingbo
Published: December 2020

This study demonstrates a new strategy to engineer monolayer WS2 by applying in-plane deformation for larger anisotropy and superior piezoelectricity.
Uncloaking the invisible killer and developing an antidote to SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Watson Andre
Published: December 2020

It’s something so many in global healthcare expected, even prepared for, yet the sheer scale and complexity of the COVID-19 pandemic has left us awestruck. Lives have been lost, economies have suffered, countries have locked down but, as yet, no cure has been found. We need to find an antidote and we need to do so quickly. One solution may lie in ultra-personalized genetic medicine — in this case, medicine that can be quickly designed to specifically target SARS-CoV-2, the novel virus that causes COVID.
Radio halos in a mass-selected sample of 75 galaxy clusters
Authors: Cuciti V. , Cassano R. , Brunetti G. , Dallacasa D. , van Weeren R. J. , Giacintucci S. , Bonafede A. , de Gasperin F. , Ettori S. , Kale R. , Pratt G. W. , Venturi T.
Published: December 2020

Context. Radio halos are synchrotron diffuse sources at the centre of a fraction of galaxy clusters. The study of large samples of clusters with adequate radio and X-ray data is necessary to investigate the origin of radio halos and their connection with the cluster dynamics and formation history.

Aims. The aim of this paper is to compile a well-selected sample of galaxy clusters with deep radio observations to perform an unbiased statistical study of the properties of radio halos.

Methods. We selected 75 clusters with M ≥ 6 × 1014 M⊙ at z = 0.08 − 0.33 from the Planck Sunyaev-Zel’dovich catalogue. Clusters without suitable radio data were observed with the Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope and/or the Jansky Very Large Array to complete the information about the possible presence of diffuse emission. We used archival Chandra X-ray data to derive information on the clusters’ dynamical states.

Results. This observational campaign led to the detection of several cluster-scale diffuse radio sources and candidates that deserve future follow-up observations. Here we summarise their properties and add information resulting from our new observations. For the clusters where we did not detect any hint of diffuse emission, we derived new upper limits to their diffuse flux.

Conclusions. We have built the largest mass-selected (> 80% complete in mass) sample of galaxy clusters with deep radio observations available to date. The statistical analysis of the sample, which includes the connection between radio halos and cluster mergers, the radio power – mass correlation, and the occurrence of radio halos as a function of the cluster mass, will be presented in Paper II.
An atlas of MUSE observations towards twelve massive lensing clusters
Authors: Richard Johan , Claeyssens Adélaïde , Lagattuta David , Guaita Lucia , Bauer Franz Erik , Pello Roser , Carton David , Bacon Roland , Soucail Geneviève , Lyon Gonzalo Prieto , Kneib Jean-Paul , Mahler Guillaume , Clément Benjamin , Mercier Wilfried , Variu Andrei , Tamone Amélie , Ebeling Harald , Schmidt Kasper B. , Nanayakkara Themiya , Maseda Michael , Weilbacher Peter M. , Bouché Nicolas , Bouwens Rychard J. , Wisotzki Lutz , de la Vieuville Geoffroy , Martinez Johany , Patrício Vera
Published: December 2020

Context. Spectroscopic surveys of massive galaxy clusters reveal the properties of faint background galaxies thanks to the magnification provided by strong gravitational lensing.

Aims. We present a systematic analysis of integral-field-spectroscopy observations of 12 massive clusters, conducted with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE). All data were taken under very good seeing conditions (∼0″​​.6) in effective exposure times between two and 15 h per pointing, for a total of 125 h. Our observations cover a total solid angle of ∼23 arcmin2 in the direction of clusters, many of which were previously studied by the MAssive Clusters Survey, Frontier Fields (FFs), Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space and Cluster Lensing And Supernova survey with Hubble programmes. The achieved emission line detection limit at 5σ for a point source varies between (0.77–1.5) × 10−18 erg s−1 cm−2 at 7000 Å.

Methods. We present our developed strategy to reduce these observational data, detect continuum sources and line emitters in the datacubes, and determine their redshifts. We constructed robust mass models for each cluster to further confirm our redshift measurements using strong-lensing constraints, and identified a total of 312 strongly lensed sources producing 939 multiple images.

Results. The final redshift catalogues contain more than 3300 robust redshifts, of which 40% are for cluster members and ∼30% are for lensed Lyman-α emitters. Fourteen percent of all sources are line emitters that are not seen in the available HST images, even at the depth of the FFs (∼29 AB). We find that the magnification distribution of the lensed sources in the high-magnification regime (μ = 2–25) follows the theoretical expectation of N(z) ∝ μ−2. The quality of this dataset, number of lensed sources, and number of strong-lensing constraints enables detailed studies of the physical properties of both the lensing cluster and the background galaxies. The full data products from this work, including the datacubes, catalogues, extracted spectra, ancillary images, and mass models, are made available to the community.
„Ich sehe es tatsächlich als Zwischenschritt“ – eine qualitative Analyse der Implementierungsbedingungen und -hürden von Stationsäquivalenter Behandlung in Berlin und Brandenburg
Authors: Schwarz Julian , Bechdolf Andreas , Hirschmeier Constance , Hochwarter Stefan , Holthoff-Detto Vjera , Mühlensiepen Felix , Richter Christoph , Rout Sandeep , Weinmann Stefan , Heinze Martin , von Peter Sebastian
Published: December 2020

Ziel Untersucht werden die Bedingungen und Hürden der Einführung von Stationsäquivalenter Behandlung nach § 115d SGB V (StäB).

Methode Qualitative Analyse von Interviews und Fokusgruppen mit Mitarbeitenden (n = 43) an 11 psychiatrischen Kliniken in Berlin/Brandenburg.

Ergebnisse Auf Systemebene wird die Implementierung u. a. durch eine inadäquate Leistungsdefinition, fehlende Vorgaben auf Landesebene, Personalmangel und MDK-Prüfungen erschwert. Dies führt bei Kliniken zu zurückhaltender Umsetzung mit teilweise unzureichender personeller Ausstattung der StäB-Teams. Weitere Barrieren betreffen das Fehlen mobiler Lösungen zur Dokumentation und Teamkommunikation. Auf Ebene der Mitarbeitenden wirken sich ein Mangel an Information und Kooperation sowie unklare Aufgaben und Rollen hinderlich aus.

Schlussfolgerungen Für eine bedürfnisorientierte, flexible und flächendeckende Einführung von StäB sind Nachbesserungen an den Rahmenbedingungen sowie weitere Forschung zur Wirksamkeit und Implementierung notwendig.
EFSUMB 2020 Proposal for a Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound-Adapted Bosniak Cyst Categorization – Position Statement
Authors: Cantisani Vito , Bertolotto Michele , Clevert Dirk-André , Correas Jean-Michel , Drudi Francesco Maria , Fischer Thomas , Gilja Odd Helge , Granata Antonio , Graumann Ole , Harvey Christopher J. , Ignee Andre , Jenssen Christian , Lerchbaumer Markus Herbert , Ragel Matthew , Saftoiu Adrian , Serra Andreas L. , Stock Konrad Friedrich , Webb Jolanta , Sidhu Paul S.
Published: December 2020

The well-established Bosniak renal cyst classification is based on contrast-enhanced computed tomography determining the malignant potential of cystic renal lesions. Ultrasound has not been incorporated into this pathway. However, the development of ultrasound contrast agents coupled with the superior resolution of ultrasound makes it possible to redefine the imaging of cystic renal lesions. In this position statement, an EFSUMB Expert Task Force reviews, analyzes, and describes the accumulated knowledge and limitations and presents the current position on the use of ultrasound contrast agents in the evaluation of cystic renal lesions.
Übersetzung der Standardisierten Terminologie für EEG
bei Intensivstationspatienten der American Clinical Neurophysiological Society:
Version 2012 (Hirsch et al. American Clinical Neurophysiology Society’s
Standardized Critical Care EEG Terminology: 2012 version. J Clin Neurophysiol
2013; 30: 1–27)
Authors: Rémi J. , Noachtar S.
Published: December 2020

2012 erarbeitete eine EEG-Expertengruppe der American Clinical Neurophysiology
Society (ACNS) eine standardisierte Terminologie für EEG Muster, die bei
kritisch kranken Patienten häufig sind. Bis dahin existierte keine
einheitlich akzeptierte Nomenklatur für diese EEG Muster, wie zum
Beispiel periodische Entladungen, fluktuierende rhythmische Muster und
Kombinationen der beiden. Dabei bestand auch kein Konsens welche Muster mit
welchem neuronalen Schaden korrelieren, welche Muster behandelt werden
müssen oder wie aggressiv die Behandlung erfolgen sollte. Um diese
Fragen anzugehen entwickelte diese Gruppe eine standardisierte Terminologie
zunächst für den wissenschaftlichen Einsatz. Ziel war es die
Kommunikation zu erleichtern, indem Begriffe mit klinischer Konnotation
vermieden wurden und um damit multizentrische Forschung zu erleichtern.
Empfehlungen zur Durchführung einer Bronchoskopie in Zeiten der COVID-19-Pandemie: Update 12/2020
Authors: Darwiche K. , Ross B. , Gesierich W. , Petermann C. , Huebner R.-H. , Grah C. , Gompelmann D. , Hetzel J. , Holland A. , Eisenmann S. , Stanzel F. , Kempa A. , Conrad K. , Hagmeyer L. , Eberhardt R.
Published: December 2020

Die Pandemie ausgelöst durch SARS-CoV-19 geht weltweit unverändert mit einer bedeutsamen Morbidität und Mortalität einher, sodass Schutzmaßnahmen zur Verhinderung der Transmission des Virus weiterhin notwendig sind. Mitarbeiter im Gesundheitswesen sind einem höheren Risiko ausgesetzt, und dies gilt insbesondere im Rahmen sog. Aerosol-generierender Verfahren wie der Bronchoskopie. Seit der Veröffentlichung konsentierter Empfehlungen zur Durchführung einer Bronchoskopie unter diesen Bedingungen vor mehr als einem halben Jahr hat sich die Gefahrenlage nicht wesentlich verändert, aber aufgrund des erheblichen Erkenntnisgewinns in der Zwischenzeit war ein Update der Empfehlungen notwendig. Die erneuerten Empfehlungen umfassen u. a. die Verminderung der Aerosolentstehung, den persönlichen Schutz der beteiligten Personen sowie Maßnahmen zur besseren Organisation der Abläufe in der Endoskopie, um eine sichere Durchführung auch in Zeiten von COVID-19 zu gewährleisten.
Electrocatalytic Synthesis of gem-Bisarylthio Enamines and α-Phenylthio Ketones via a Radical Process under Mild Conditions
Authors: Meng Xiu-Jin , Mo Zu-Yu , Pan Yong-Zhou , Cheng Shi-Yan , Li Qian-Yu , Tang Hai-Tao , Pan Ying-Ming
Published: December 2020

The novel method for the synthesis of gem-bisarylthio enamines and α-phenylthio ketones was developed via the coupling of α-substituted vinyl azides with thiols in the presence of tetrabutylammonium iodide (TBAI) as a redox catalyst and electrolyte at room temperature. Electronic properties were crucial in the generated products. This protocol features metal- and oxidant-free materials, broad tolerance of substrates, and mild reaction conditions.
Detection and Characterization of Musculoskeletal Cancer Using Whole-Body Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Isaac Amanda , Lecouvet Frederic , Dalili Danoob , Fayad Laura , Pasoglou Vasiliki , Papakonstantinou Olympia , Ahlawat Shivani , Messiou Christina , Weber Marc-André , Padhani Anwar R.
Published: December 2020

Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (WB-MRI) is gradually being integrated into clinical pathways for the detection, characterization, and staging of malignant tumors including those arising in the musculoskeletal (MSK) system. Although further developments and research are needed, it is now recognized that WB-MRI enables reliable, sensitive, and specific detection and quantification of disease burden, with clinical applications for a variety of disease types and a particular application for skeletal involvement. Advances in imaging techniques now allow the reliable incorporation of WB-MRI into clinical pathways, and guidelines recommending its use are emerging. This review assesses the benefits, clinical applications, limitations, and future capabilities of WB-MRI in the context of other next-generation imaging modalities, as a qualitative and quantitative tool for the detection and characterization of skeletal and soft tissue MSK malignancies.
Interventional Techniques for Bone and Musculoskeletal Soft Tissue Tumors: Current Practices and Future Directions – Part II. Stabilization
Authors: Dalili Danoob , Isaac Amanda , Cazzato Roberto Luigi , Åström Gunnar , Bergh Jonas , Mansour Ramy , Weber Marc-André , Garnon Julien , Gangi Afshin
Published: December 2020

Percutaneous image-guided oncologic interventions have rapidly evolved over the last two decades as an independent strategy or used within a first-, second-, or even third-line strategy in the treatment of musculoskeletal (MSK) tumors. Abundant mostly nonrandomized publications have described the safety, efficacy, and reproducibility of implementing percutaneous therapies both with curative and palliative intent. In this article, we continue to share our experience in bone and MSK soft tissue interventions focusing on stabilization and combined ablation and stabilization. We propose a pathway and explore future directions of image-guided interventional oncology related to skeletal disease. We reflect on the advantages and limitations of each technique and offer guidance and pearls to improve outcomes. Representing patterns from our practices, we demonstrate the role of collaborative working within a multidisciplinary team, ideally within a dedicated tumor treatment center, to deliver patient-specific therapy plans that are value based and favored by patients when given the choice.
Therapy in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Javan Hanna , Dayyani Farshid , Abi-Jaoudeh Nadine
Published: December 2020

Treatment of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is challenging. Several randomized clinical trials are investigating the efficacy of systemic therapy, immunotherapy, and locoregional therapy as monotherapy or combined with other modalities in the treatment of HCC. Systemic therapy is the preferred treatment in advanced disease. To date, multiple first-line and second-line agents received Food and Drug Administration approval. For over a decade, sorafenib was the only first-line agent. In May 2020, combination of atezolizumab and bevacizumab has been approved as a first-line systemic regimen. Lenvatinib is another first-line agent that has multikinase activity. Second-line agents include cabozantinib, regorafenib, ramucirumab, and nivolumab. Adoptive cell transfer therapy is a highly specific immunotherapy that has shown antitumor activity against HCC. Oncolytic viruses are genetically modified viruses that infect cancer cells and induce apoptosis. Locoregional therapies such as transarterial chemoembolization and radioembolization have shown a potential benefit in selected patients with advanced HCC. In this review, we aim to summarize the treatment options available for advanced HCC.
Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Entezari Pouya , Riaz Ahsun
Published: December 2020

Cholangiocarcinoma is the second most common primary malignancy of the liver. This review will focus on the mass-forming intrahepatic type of this disease and discuss the role of medical, surgical, and radiation oncology in managing this difficult disease. A global understanding to the management of intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) can help the interventional radiologist understand the role of locoregional therapies such as ablation, transarterial chemoembolization, and radioembolization in the management of ICC.
Locoregional Therapies for the Treatment of Uveal Melanoma Hepatic Metastases
Authors: Gonsalves Carin F. , Adamo Robert D. , Eschelman David J.
Published: December 2020

Uveal melanoma is the most common primary intraocular malignant tumor in adults. Approximately 50% of patients develop metastatic disease of which greater than 90% of patients develop hepatic metastases. Following the development of liver tumors, overall survival is dismal with hepatic failure being the cause of death in nearly all cases. To prolong survival for patients with metastatic uveal melanoma, controlling the growth of hepatic tumors is essential. This article will discuss imaging surveillance following the diagnosis of primary uveal melanoma; locoregional therapies used to control the growth of hepatic metastases including chemoembolization, immunoembolization, radioembolization, percutaneous hepatic perfusion, and thermal ablation; as well as currently available systemic treatment options for metastatic uveal melanoma.
Tumor-like Lesions of Bone and Soft Tissues and Imaging Tips for Differential Diagnosis
Authors: Örgüç Sebnem , Arkun Remide
Published: December 2020

In the musculoskeletal system, tumor-like lesions may present similar imaging findings as bone and soft tissue tumors and can be defined as tumors on radiologic examinations. Misinterpretation of the imaging findings can lead to inappropriate clinical management of the patient.

There is still some debate regarding the pathophysiology and origin of tumor-like lesions that include congenital, developmental, inflammatory, infectious, metabolic, reactive, posttraumatic, post-therapeutic changes, and some miscellaneous entities causing structural changes. Although tumor-like lesions are historically defined as non-neoplastic lesions, some of them are classified as real neoplasms.

We discuss a spectrum of entities mimicking tumors of bone and soft tissues that include various non-neoplastic diseases and anatomical variants based on imaging findings.
An In vitro Study to Evaluate and Compare the Dimensional Accuracy of Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) by Injection Molding and Conventional Molding Technique
Authors: Gupta Ambika Shrivastava , Awinashe Vaibhav , Palekar Umesh , Gupta Siddharth , Jain Shilpa , Jain Arpit
Published: December 2020

Introduction Poly(methyl methacrylate) is widely used as denture base material due its better physical properties, ease to fabricate, and repair. Despite being the material of choice for the denture fabrication, dentures made from poly(methyl methacrylate) may exhibit dimensional changes due to volumetric shrinkage. This further affects the retention of the denture. Various methods have been used to overcome this problem. One such method is the use of injection molding technique. So, a study was planned to evaluate the efficacy of dentures processed by injection molding technique in reducing the volumetric shrinkage.

Objective To evaluate and compare the dimensional accuracy of poly(methyl methacrylate) resin processed by conventional and injection molding technique.

Materials and Methods A total of 90 samples were made. Half of the samples (45) were fabricated by compression molding and half (45) by injection molding technique. Dimensional change was studied at three equidistant points in posterior region with the help of digitized travelling microscope. Statistical analysis was done using student’s t-test.

Result Dimensional accuracy of injection molded poly(methyl methacrylate) resin was greater than that of compression molded poly(methyl methacrylate).
Plant invasions: the role of biotic interactions
Authors:   Mediterranean Institute of Advanced Studies,CSIC-UIB,E07190 Esporles,Mallorca,Balearic Islands,Spain., Traveset Anna
Published: December 2020

This book contains 23 chapters divided into seven parts. Part I reviews the key hypotheses in invasion ecology that invoke biotic interactions to explain aspects of plant invasion dynamics; and reviews models, theories and hypotheses on how invasion performance and impact of introduced species in recipient ecosystems can be conjectured according to biotic interactions between native and non-native species. Part II deals with positive and negative interactions in the soil. Part III discusses mutualistic interactions that promote plant invasions. Part IV describes antagonistic interactions that hinder plant invasions, while part V presents the consequences of plant invasions for biotic interactions among native species. In part VI, novel techniques and experimental approaches in the study of plant invasions are shown. In the last part, biotic interactions and the management of ecosystems invaded by non-native plants are discussed.