bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Die straatruimte in Liefs nie op straat nie van John Miles
Authors: Alberts J. C.
Published: May 2013

Dit titel van hierdie bundel, Liefs nie op straat nie, is reeds op die enge nuimtelikheid wat daar bestaan. Die meeste gebeure in die bundel vind juis ook in die straat of in die dorp of stad plaas. Die straat as ruimte kan nooit vcrmy word nie.
Geintegreerde model vir literêre ontleding toegepas pp ‘Droogte’ (Leon Strydom)
Authors: Kuschke G.
Published: May 2013

Hierdie kort en samevatlende uiteensetting beoog om die teoretiese agtergrond van die praktiese ontleding van die gedig ‘Droogte’ van Leon Strydom in breë trekke aan te dui. In verband met die probleem hoe ’n gedig in al sy literêre moontlikhede ontsluit kan word, word gepostuleer dat die geïntegreerde model wat gebaseer is op die sisteem van die modaliteiteleer van Herman Dooyeweerd, suksesvol en doeltreffend in die praktiese analise van poësie gebruik kan word; dat ’n kunswerk op grond van hierdie model in sy geheel ontsluit kan word en dat die etos van die kunswerk volgens hierdie model bepaal kan word.
Metateks ('n Vakfilosofiese vergelyking van twee analises van ‘Droogte’ van Leon Strydom)
Authors: Swanepoel J.
Published: May 2013

In hierdie artikel sal twee analises van Leon Strydom se gedig “Droogte” uit ’n vakfilosofiese hoek met mekaar vergelyk word. Die analises is uitgevoer deur dr. G.F.T. Kuschke en prof. Ina Grähe, albei opgeleide literatore, maar wetenskaplikes wal die literatuur uit verskillende denkraamwerke benader.
Kommentaar op J. Swanepoel: Metateks
Authors: Gräbe I.
Published: May 2013

Dit gebeur ie elke dag dat ‘n mens se literêr-kritiese analise van ‘n kreatiewe teks, wat al klaar as metateks ‘n interpretasie van ‘n generatiewe teks verteenwoordig, self krities bekyk word in wat die skrywer spitsvondig ‘n “Metateks” noem nie.
Regional and current problems in South Africa and their impact on literature with remarks on the evaluation of the Afrikaans Novel
Authors: Van der Elst J.
Published: May 2013

My paper centres round a specific situation and its impact on literature in South Africa with special reference to the modern novel in the Afrikaans language and the literary evaluation of the novel. This does not mean that I exclude references to the other genres, poetry and dram a and to literatures in other languages within the South African context. Many of you might know but to clarify I would like to point out that I refer to Afrikaans as the Germanic language originating from the 17th century Dutch mother tongue of approximately 3 ½ million South Africans.
Dualisme as struktuurelement in Opwaaiende Zomerjurken - Oek de Jong
Authors: Bisschoff A-M
Published: May 2013

Opwaaiende Zomerjurken het in September 1979 vir die eerste keer verskyn. Die roman blyk van die begin af gewild te wees, want hierna volg die herdrukke mekaar vining op. Sedert die boek se verskyning in 1979 tot Februarie 1982 beleef Opwaaiende Zomerjurken 25 herdrukke. Volgens Van Oudvorst (1981: 3) is 100 000 eksemplare binne die bestek van 'n jaar verkoop.
Poetry and Ethos: toward an ontic understanding
Authors: Kuschke G.
Published: May 2013

This brief interpretative study endeavours to explicate and illustrate a normative method of poetic analysis. By means of this integrated structural system, the reader has an authoritative standard at his disposal. While the reader is completely free to apply these directives subjectively, the objective, religiously-founded philosophical basis keeps the danger of pure inspirational analysis at bay.
Kinderpoësie: ’n poging tot definisie
Authors: Liebenberg E.
Published: May 2013

Vir die doel van hierdie artikel word gekonsentreer op poësie wat in die belangstellingsveld van die kind sal val vandat hy die skool betree tussen sy vyfde en sesde jaar tot en met die einde van die grootkindfase aan die einde van sy laerskoolloopbaan op die ouderdom twaalf of dertien jaar. Dit is bykans onmoontlik om kinderpoësie in gebruikerskompartemente in te deal omdat ’n geslaagde kindergedig byval by jonk en oud sal vind.
Philla en Gouelokkies: Intertekstualiteit in Boom Bomer Boomste
Authors: Wybenga G.
Published: May 2013

Die taalkundige Ferdinand de Saussure se opvatting oor die ontstaan van betekenis word veral deur die Post-Strukturaliste op die literatuur van toepassing gemaak. Betekenis ontstaan nie op grond van ’n teksinterne struktuur nie, maar op grond van die verhouding wat dié teks met ander tekste aangaan: “De betekenis van de tekst is het resultaat van verschil én overeenkomste met andere teksten”, (Van Boheemen, 1981:122). Die begrip ‘teks’ word in die ruimste sin van die woord opgeneem. Vergelyk Roland Barthes se vyf kodes wat buite die geskrewe teks om ook in die maatskaplike ruimte bestaan. Die buitetekstuele werklikheid is self 'n soort teks wat saamgestei is uit dié vyf kodes, 'n netwerk waardeur ’n literêre teks beweeg en “in passing becomes a text” (Barthes, aangehaal deur Jefferson, 1982:102).
Kinderlektuur en biblioterapie
Authors: Lohann C.
Published: May 2013

Daar is baie mense, en onder hulle selfs opvoeders, letterkundiges en bibliotekarisse, wat kinderlektuur sien as ’n blote middel vir die kind om die tyd mee te verdryf of om te gebruik vir die genot wat 'n storie gewoonlik bied. In die akademiese wêreld is dit eweneens niks vreemds dat die mening soms bestaan dat die kinderlektuur 'n terrein is wat darem nie werklik geskik is vir ernstige studie of navorsing nie. By die moderne universiteit is dit dikwels vir studente ’n verleentfieid om kinderlektuur te bestudeer, omdat hulle die spot van maats moet verduur as hulle hul met kinderstories ophou. In al hierdie gevalle is die uitgangspunt min of meer die volgende: Watter intelligente en regdenkende mens, wat akademies en intellektueel al 'n bepaalde vlak bereik het, sou verkies om hom met hierdie beuselagtige, eenvoudlge dinge van die kind op te hou as hy in staat is om veel belangriker en ingewikkelder terreine te bestudeer?
Die gebruik van dedicare en dedicator deur Tertullianus
Authors: Nelson M.
Published: May 2013

Die aanleiding tot hierdie studie was 'n opmerking van Waszink (1947: 277). In sy kommentaar op die De Anima van Tertullianus sê hy oor An. 19.7 dat Tertullianus dedicans gebruik as 'n sinoniem vir initians en voeg daarby dat hy warskynlik die eerste outeur is wat die werkwoord dedicare in hierdie betekenis gebruik.
Vervanging toegepas op 'n gedig uit ('Yk') van Breytenbach
Authors: Lombard M.
Published: May 2013

Die procédé van vervanging kan in Breytenbach se resente bundel, ('Yk') met ewe veel sukses as in sy vroeëre poësie aangewend word om sy eiesoortige en dikwels "duistere" manier van kommunikasie meer toeganklik te maak en om die verskillende betekenislae van die gedig te ontgin.
Deug en ondeug by Hieronymus
Authors: Van der Walt A. G.P.
Published: May 2013

Dit is bekend dat Hieronymus tydens sy tweede verblyf in Rome (382 tot 385) ’n aantal vroulike studente onderrig het in die uitlê van die Bybel an in die eise van die asketiese lewe. Na sy vertrek uit Rome in 385 het hy deur middel van briefwisseling in voeling met hierdie vroue gebly en sy onderrig op dié wyse voortgesit. Hy het ook vanuit Bethlehem korrespondensie met ’n aantal mans gevoer aan wie hy in breë trekke dieselfde riglyne vir die Christelike lewe gegee het.
Die Romeinse nastrewing van onsterflikheid deur middel van memoria
Authors: Fouché D. R.
Published: May 2013

Benewens die omvangryke en nasionale manifestasies van die oorspronklike onsterflikheidsgedagte in die Romeinse gemeenskap, vind ons by die Romein op kleiner skaal in groepe of indiwidueel ’n strewe na onsterflikheid langs die weg van memoria. Soos aangetoon sal word, verskil die pogings van die verskillende groepe radikaal van mekaar, hoewel die strewe en einddoel dieselfde bly, naamlik om deur die daarstelling van memoria op die gebied van woord of daad onsterflikheid te bekom.
Lactantius: ’n Verkenning van ’n vroeg-Christelike denker se lewens- wêreldbeskoulike denke
Authors: Simpson H. W.
Published: May 2013

Lactantius is teen omstreeks 250 n.c. in Africa Proconsularis gebore, en het die gebruiklike klassieke opvoeding by sy leermeester Arnobius, wie se werke “belangriker is weens die informasie oor die heidense godsdiens as oor die Christelike standpunt wat daarin gestel is” (Coetzee, 1954:135), ontvang. Hoewel “Laktanz in seinen erhaltenen Schriften mit autobiographischer Angaben ausserordentlich zurückhaltend” (Gerhardt 1924:1) is, kan uit Hieronymus se De viris illustribus 80 en sy Chron. ab Abr. 2333 (317 n.C.) afgelei word dat hy uitmuntende gawes gehad het.
‘A man’s scenery is other men ...’ Athol Fugard’s latest plays
Authors: Combrink A.
Published: May 2013

In this article an attempt is made to indicate that a subtle yet significant shift has occurred in Fugard’s work, a shift that manifests itself in the four latest plays. The plays represent, in the opinion of some critics, a movement away from the overtly political plays of the foregoing period, a movement interpreted on the one hand as a weakness and on the other hand as an intensification, a move towards a more symbolic mode. The plays are examined against this background and it is concluded that there is indeed a movement towards a more symbolic preoccupation, but a movement which at the same time involves a more markedly didactic intention, a preoccupation with "lessons".
Intertekstualiteit en die Bose in Kroniek van Perdepoort (Anna M. Louw)
Authors: Linde E. , Steenberg D. H.
Published: May 2013

In Anna M. Louw’s novel Kroniek van Perdepoort the primal conflict between good and evil is an important constituent element. Well-known authors in world literature have been fascinated by this problem, and it is an enriching experience to bring together allusions and to investigate points of contact with authors such as Feodor Dostoyevsky, Thomas Mann. William Faulkner and Patrick White. In Kroniek van Perdepoort there is a meeting between Klaas Kamer and the devil. Similarities between this meeting and similar meetings in Dr Faustus (Thomas Mann) and The Brothers Karamazov (Dostoyevsky) are pointed out.Subsequently the portrayal of sin in Kroniek van Perdepoort is compared with Faulkner’s novels The Sound and the Fury and Absalom, Absalom!, in which a similar theme is represented.Patrick White is also an author of religious literature to whom Anna M. Louw is attracted by her own admission. His novels. The solid Mandala and Riders in the Chariot are studied, and similarities with Kroniek van Perdepoort indicated.
Koerant en Konteks in Opperman se Poësie
Authors: Potgleter S.
Published: May 2013

Opperman does not only use his personal and cultural experiences to distil them Into poetry, but also uses news reports appearing in the daily press and which reflect everyday life around him. These news reports are used by Opperman as an intertextual framework on which to weave his own worl< of art. In this article the author traces how Opperman reworks journalistic prose through allusion, transposition and editing to become poetry It is also indicated that an intergame takes place between the news report and the socio-cultural topicality The perspective of the poem is shaped in the construction of the conflict situation touched upon by the press report, but which in the poem is woven in perspectivistically in both the composition of the poem and the figurative conception both of which then grow towards a culminating conclusion. In "Klara Majola" from Engel uit die klip, for example, the whole of the events builds up towards an identification with Klara Majola, so that her deed in the final two lines rises above the perspective with great dynamic force.
Twee Bybelse Verhale van Abraham H. De Vries
Authors: Van der Merwe P.
Published: May 2013

Abraham de Vries is not so much known as the author of Biblical stories, but two stories can be pointed out very clearly as belonging to this category. These stories are "Skoenmaker diepe water" from Volmoed se gasie and "Die verdeling van die kind” from Vliegoog.The first story, "Skoenmaker diepe water”, refers to Matthew 14:22 - 32 in which Jesus walks on water. In this story the fairy tale given appears at the first level, and the religious motif on the second level. The main character, Vel Binneman, is clearly depicted in the story as being the true believer. “Die verdeling van die kind” also has a Biblical background, and then Herod's infanticide in Bethlehem of which we read in Matthew 2:16 as well as the crucifixion of Christ. In the story It is not only the Biblical motif that is dealt with, but there is a strong Palestinian and New Testament aura. "Die verdeling van die kind” can, with the data at our disposal, be interpreted as a new crucifixion, and the story in fact does become an illustration of God’s redeeming grace.
Ein Literarisches Kuckucksei: Der Essay
Authors: Potgieter J. D.C.
Published: May 2013

Due to mainly a lack of sufficient research - especially previous to Montaigne (1533-1592) and Bacon (1561-1626), the apparent innovators of the literary form of the Essay - quite a few misconceptions regarding this literary genre still prevail.Not only is the Essay as such often confused with the essay qua “Aufsatz” , but also because of its typical characteristics of “playing” with fact(s) in the literary arena, the literary Essay is blindly branded as a "mixed-genre", a label which is also attributed to its mosaic-like form. Contrary to the general trend, this study concerns the Essay as an “independent" Hterary prose-genre, with its own characteristics.
Sisteemtendense in die Afrikaanse literatuur: ’n bestekopname van 1983
Authors: Galloway F.
Published: May 2013

A survey of the Afrikaans literary scene of 1983 might one day prove to be a survey of this literary system on the eve of a “new dispensation”. From the ranks of the Afrikaans literary establishment there was a resounding “Yes” to the 1983 referendum which effectively compartmented ‘culture’ to ‘own affairs'. In this time of political change and adjustment the role of the Afrikaans intellectual and writer within the South African community has once again become an urgent point of debate. From literary texts themselves, from established journals and ‘little magazines' there are clear indications that a reflection on ideology keeps recurring. There are also voices on the periphery of the literary system which demand attention - young black poets and dramatists have for some years been involved in enacting and reciting their Afrikaans works on the Cape Flats and in townships on the Rand. Looking back at the Afrikaans literary scene of 1983, and its relationship with the socio-political context, one is left with two main impressions. On the one hand the literary establishment has confirmed its faith in reform under the leadership of the National Party. On the other hand there are developments in extra-parliamentary politics and within the literary system itself which threatens the equilibrium. Which of these trends will be the decisive factor with regard to the literary dispensation must be awaited.
Drie kortverhale van Maarten’t Hart - literêr-esteties en lewensbeskoulik bekyk II
Authors: Rossouw M.
Published: May 2013

The autobiographical manner of presentation of Maarten ’t Hart’s stories has the consequence that the narrative distance is particularly small - so that the effect on the reader is greater, and he is strongly addressed by the message of each story. This gives rise to the fact that the relevant stories can be evaluated not only on the basis of the literary aesthetic qualities, but also on the basis of lifeview. The three stories, “De zaterdagvliegers”, “Ouderlingenbezoek” and “De witte nacht” consistently reveal a sustained line of emotional tension, and style and structural means are well applied to support the thematic concerns. In “De witte nacht” especially an exceptional measure of textural density is obtained and the story reveals a close coherence. In the ethical sense the existential sense of life which is revealed by the stories as well as the one-sided characterisation of the representatives of the Christian faith is obtrusive. These two characteristics of his work reveal a particular awareness of the spirit of the time in which 't Hart is caught and explains to some extent why he is one of the most widely-read Dutch authors since 1945.
The inescapable bond with a predetermined heritage: a phenomenon illustrated by representative characters from three Athol Fugard plays
Authors: Angove C.
Published: May 2013

This article has been gleaned from an MA dissertation on Fugard’s portrayal of the Afrikaner. In determining which characters in the English-dominated Fugard plays can safely be categorized as Afrikaners, one is confronted with the dilemma of the Coloured Afrikaner, who shares the language and culture of the Afrikaner, yet is excluded from any real sense of Afrikaner identity. In this article the White and Coloured Afrikaner characters in three Fugard plays are analysed and discussed in accordance with their perception of their bondage to their cultura. I try to illustrate how each character’s decisions and interpersonal relationships are, to a large extent, the result of the witting or unwitting adherence to a cultural identity. The characters discussed are: Morris, the Coloured brother in The Blood Knof; Frieda and Errol in Statements after an Arrest under the Immorality Act; and Piet, Gladys and Steve in A Lesson from Aloes. “Man is bound to space and time ... a fact that one should never overemphasize or underestimate.” - (J.H. Coetzee)
La défense de l’identité provençaie dans I’oeuvre de Frédéric Mistral (premieré partie)
Authors: Pach R.
Published: May 2013

The Provençaie poet Frédéric Mistral (1830-1914) is remembered for his attempt at revitalizing the Provençal language. He was one of the main founders of the literary academy named Félibrige, and was awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1904. Although his poetical works have been extensively studied, the political inspiration which pervades a great part of his writings has not so far received the attention it deserves. This article shows how profoundly Mistral was influenced by the ideal of independence and liberty which was a distinctive feature of the European XIXth century, and how his patriotic enthusiasm is reflected in his poetry.
Die direktief as dramatiese taaihandeling in Krismis van Map Jacobs
Authors: Prins M. J.
Published: May 2013

In this article a close look is taken at the nature and function of the directive as speech act in Adam Small’s drama Krismis van Map Jacobs. It is found that the characters are continuously trying to weaken the non-binding illocutionary force of the request and the question in an effort to strengthen their binding force so as to give them the perlocution of commands. In order to achieve this, the characters resort to the following strategies: Repetition, the use of ‘versterkers’ (‘emphasizers’), of the vocative, of the ‘vraagstelling’ (‘question statement’), of the ‘appêlvraag’ ('appeal question’), asking each other to promise, by pleading, by shouting, by commanding even their loved ones, by commanding in the name of God, by being sarcastic, by omitting ‘please’ and by manipulation of the tone (as indicated by the use of punctuation marks). Although this does not always have a positive result, it does sometimes result in passages of excellent drama.
An unusual encounter between Man and Death in the Middle Ages as portrayed in Der Ackermann aus Boehmen
Authors: Thiel G.
Published: May 2013

This article tries to establish the uniqueness of the relationship between man and Death in Der Ackermann aus Boehmen. This is achieved by comparing Der Ackermann to disputes between man and Death of a similar kind and by resorting to possible sources for the depiction of the figure of Death. While Death’s right to kill is in the end confirmed by God, man nevertheless has made inroads into Death’s universal and indiscriminatory powers by emotional and intellectual accusations as well as physical threats. This was facilitated by personifying Death to such an extent that Death was brought close to the level of man rather than remaining a pseudo-transcendental power.
Morality and the politics of Shakespeare’s Macbeth
Authors: Lickindorf E.
Published: May 2013

When morality is defined in terms of moral theology, and politics in the pragmatic terms of gaining and retaining power, the two concepts as they are developed in Shakespeare’s Macbeth are not mutually incompatible but mutually interdependent. This article seeks to establish the moral elements of pragmatic kingship in the play.
The form and function of space in the Jonah narrative in Prudentius Cathemerinon 7.81-175
Authors: Barkhuizen J. H. , Mans M. J.
Published: May 2013

In hierdie artikel word ’n analise gemaak van die struktuur en funksie van narratiewe ruimte in die Jona-verhaal sees vertel deur Prudentius (Cathemerinon 1). Hierdie verhaal is gekies omdat dit by uitstek ruimte-georiënteerd is. Die analise is gebaseer op ’n verwerking van die teorie van G. Zoran, wat narratiewe ruimte op tekstuele en plot-vlak ondersoek, Ruimte op tekstuele vlak verwys na die topografiese aard van ruimte, dit wil sê van objekte en plekke, asook die beginsel van die teks-perspektief van sodanige objekte en plekke. Die topografiese aard van ruimte behels weer aspekte soos horisontale en vertikale opposisies, kwaliteitstrukture en ontologiese beginsels. Ruimte op die plot-vlak verwys na sinchroniese en diachroniese relasies. Eersgenoemde het te doen met die beginsel van beweging en rus, terwyl laasgenoemde te doen het met bepaalde rigtinge en intensies op die plot-vlak.
’n Bespreking van enkele aspekte in Pieter Fourie se Ek, Anna van Wyk
Authors: Mouton M.
Published: May 2013

In the following discussion of Pieter Fourie’s Ek, Anna van Wyk the play’s orientation towards performance is examined. A reader can read a play in (at least) two ways,a reading where (s)he tries to get to know the fictional world; anda reading where (s)he, as an implicit spectator, tries to read the play against the background of its intended performance. Two aspects in Ek, Anna van Wyk (namely the play with this world’s fictionality and the presentation of the dramatis personae) are studied by using these two reading strategies.
Helmut Eisendie: zur Verteidigung eines Sprachterroristen
Authors: Potgieter P. D.C.
Published: May 2013

The predominating question emerging from the oeuvre of the controversial Austrian author Helmut Eisendle concerns the stand he adopts as a literary artist. Because Eisendie is relatively unknown, the aims of this article are to introduce him to South African readers as well as to stimulate interest in his works which have often been subjected to harsh and somewhat prejudiced criticism. For the above-mentioned reasons the basic characteristics of Eisendle's literary oeuvre (up to 1981) are briefly discussed, with special attention being paid to the essay “Rosenquarz und Hirnmechanismen” (1972) as a basis for the discussion of his essay anthology Der Narr auf dem Hiigel (1981), the reason being that Eisendle’s essaying language in 1972 - apart from the more serious atmosphere - is hardly any different from that in 1981 when he undermines, through the guise of a fool, the seemingly unassailable stance of realism. The hypothesis that Eisendle’s literary engagement is based on the concept of playing (“Spielen”) with language seems once more confirmed by his creation of a literary fool. The image of the fool openly presents Eisendle’s tongue-in-cheek attitude while he is sabotaging scientific facts and conventions - an aspect which is often overlooked by especially his harsher critics.
Ekstratekstuele relasies van 'spieël' in die poësie van Breyten Breytenbach
Authors: Ferreira J.
Published: May 2013

Extra-textual relations in the poetry of Breyten Breytenbach are regarded as having the same importance as intra-textual relations. Focusing on extra-textual relations, references to “mirror” show non-literary extra-textual relations to the “mirror mind” of Buddhism. This relation is constituted by literary extra-textual relations between four analysed poems. All other references to “mirror” in the oeuvre are listed for comparison in this framework. The Buddhist principle of unity underlying this poetry becomes a textual strategy. The reader is guided towards a reading process in which no single poem is to be considered as a bearer of the full meaning. Interrelated with all other poems in the oeuvre, each single poem is only an aspect, a flowing image, in the “mirror mind” of this poetry.
The diamond novels of Luderitz: fact or fiction?
Authors: Thiel G.
Published: May 2013

Hierdie artikel ondersoek drie prosawerke wat gedurende die opwindende tydperk van 1908-1914 oor die lewe op die diamantvelde van Suidwes-Afrika, spesifiek in die omgewing van Luderitz, geskryf is. Aangesien die skrywers van hierdie werke kragtige ondersteuners van die Duitse kolonialisme was, wou hulle met hulle literêre werke die kolonisasie van Suidwes-Afrika aanmoedig. Daarom het hulle - soos hierdie artikel aantoon - kwistig historiese gegewens in die fiktiewe tekste geintegreer om sodoende ’n outentieke agtergrond te skep, Hulle ploeg egter vir die sentimente met die kalwers van die Duitse triviale vervolgverhale wat destyds reeds in die kolonie beskikbaar was. Hierdie eienaardige kombinasie lei tot negatiewe assosiasies met die destydse kolonie Suidwes-Afrika en ondermyn sodoende die doelwitte van die skrywers. Waar die skrywers die probleme van die kolonisasie van die inheemse bevolking aanraak of wys op die moeilikhede wat die Duitsers met die aanpassing by die eensame leefwyse in Suidwes-Afrika ondervind, styg hulle bo die vlak van gewone triviale literatuur uit. Ongeag die eksotiese besonderhede, gesien vanuit ’n Europese perspektief, beskryf die tekste 'n onherbergsame landstreek en die helde en heldinne swig óf voor die moeilikhede en versoekings van die lewe in die diamantwêreld, óf hulle keer terug Duitsland toe om daar ’n gelukkiger toekoms tegemoet te gaan.
Die Afrikaanse en Nederlandse verkleiningsisteme - 'n vergelyking in metries-fonologiese kader
Authors: Wissing D. P.
Published: May 2013

A comparison of certain aspects of the Afrikaans and Dutch morphological systems may throw some light on the legitimacy and force of competing phonological theories. Trommelen (1982) makes an interesting and very forceful claim within the context of a non-linear metrical-phonolocial (MP-) framework by regarding as irrelevant the role played by factors such as vowel length, type of final consonants and especially accent - which are usually considered as important elements in the (linear) transformational-generative (TG) description of diminutive formation. She is of the opinion that, instead of the abovementioned elements, only the rhyme structure of the final syllable has any relevance. This claim, which has been formulated on the ground of Dutch data, is tested in the present article by referring to diminutive formation in Afrikaans. The plural in Afrikaans is used for purposes of independent evidence. The intuition of Afrikaans speakers is tested by means of a questionnaire. The extent of success achieved by the MP- and the TG-approaches is compared by referring to the results of this present investigation. It is concluded that the MP-claim does not hold fast.
Cytomorphology of Boerhaave's syndrome: A critical value in cytology
Authors: Khalbuss Walid E. , Hooda Shveta , Auger Manon
Published: May 2013

Spontaneous esophageal perforation into the pleural cavity (Boerhaave's syndrome) is a rare life-threatening condition, which requires early diagnosis and urgent management. The diagnosis of such critical condition in many cases is delayed because of atypical clinical presentation, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Cytological examination of pleural fluid can provide early, fast and accurate diagnosis of such critical condition and help in better and early management of this disease. We describe a case of an 81-year-old female with esophageal perforation who presented with a left sided pleural effusion. The correct diagnosis was established in this case by observing gastrointestinal-like fluid characteristics of the thoracic drainage upon cytological and chemical analyses and the rupture was confirmed by esophagography. The cytological examination of pleural fluid revealed benign reactive squamous cells, fungal organisms, bacterial colonies, and vegetable material consistent with a ruptured esophagus. Cytological examination of pleural fluid is a rapid and accurate technique that can help in establishing the diagnosis of this challenging entity and guide initiation proper management of this unusual entity.
The Effect of Trauma Cue Exposure on Cocaine Cravings among Cocaine Dependent Inpatients with and without Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Exploring the Mediating Role of Negative Affect and Discrete Negative Emotional States
Authors: Tull Matthew T. , Kiel Elizabeth J. , McDermott Michael J. , Gratz Kim L.
Published: May 2013

This study examined the effect of personalized trauma cue exposure (relative to neutral cue exposure) on cocaine cravings within a sample of trauma-exposed cocaine dependent patients with and without current PTSD. We also examined the extent to which negative affect (as well as the discrete negative emotional states of anxiety, anger, and shame/guilt) in response to the trauma cue accounted for these cocaine cravings. Sixty cocaine dependent patients in residential substance use treatment (50% with PTSD) were exposed to a personalized trauma and neutral script on separate days. Self-reported cocaine cravings and emotional response prior to and following each script were assessed. PTSD was associated with increased cocaine cravings following a personalized trauma (but not a neutral) script, and, for men specifically, the experience of self-conscious emotions (shame and guilt) to the trauma script mediated the relationship between PTSD and cocaine cravings following trauma script exposure. Treatment implications are discussed.
Positive Emotion Regulation and Psychopathology: A Transdiagnostic Cultural Neuroscience Approach
Authors: Hechtman Lisa A. , Raila Hannah , Chiao Joan Y. , Gruber June
Published: May 2013

There is burgeoning interest in the study of positive emotion regulation and psychopathology. Given the significant public health costs and the tremendous variance in national prevalence rates associated with many disorders of positive emotion, it is critical to reach an understanding of how cultural factors, along with biological factors, mutually influence positive emotion regulation. Progress in this domain has been relatively unexplored, however, underscoring the need for an integrative review and empirical roadmap for investigating the cultural neuroscientific contributions to positive emotion disturbance for both affective and clinical science domains. The present paper thus provides a multidisciplinary, cultural neuroscience approach to better understand positive emotion regulation and psychopathology. We conclude with a future roadmap for researchers aimed at harnessing positive emotion and alleviating the burden of mental illness cross-culturally.
Motivational Mechanisms Underlying the Approach Bias to Cigarettes
Authors: Watson P. , de Wit S. , Cousijn J. , Hommel B. , Wiers R.W.
Published: May 2013

Approach Avoidance tasks measure approach bias, a behavioral tendency to be faster at approaching rather than avoiding drug cues. Approach bias has been measured in a number of different drug-using populations and there is evidence to suggest that approach bias measurements correlate with drug use. Little is known, however, about the motivational mechanisms underlying the approach bias. In the current study we assessed whether the approach bias to cigarettes was immediately sensitive to changes in the incentive value of smoking. We examined the change from baseline in a participant group, after half the group had been given the opportunity to smoke. Specifically, we examined whether the approach bias has the characteristics of a cue-elicited behavior or is flexibly modulated by current desire. Results showed that while the baseline approach-bias score in deprived cigarette smokers correlated with craving, smoking a cigarette led to reduced craving but an increased approach bias score. We discuss a possible account of these findings in terms of an ideomotor outcome-response priming mechanism.
Continuous monitoring of summer surface water vapor isotopic composition above the Greenland Ice Sheet
Authors: Steen-Larsen H. C. , Johnsen S. J. , Masson-Delmotte V. , Stenni B. , Risi C. , Sodemann H. , Balslev-Clausen D. , Blunier T. , Dahl-Jensen D. , Ellehøj M. D. , Falourd S. , Grindsted A. , Gkinis V. , Jouzel J. , Popp T. , Sheldon S. , Simonsen S. B. , Sjolte J. , Steffensen J. P. , Sperlich P. , Sveinbjörnsdóttir A. E. , Vinther B. M. , White J. W. C.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. We present here surface water vapor isotopic measurements conducted from June to August 2010 at the NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Drilling Project) camp, NW Greenland (77.45° N, 51.05° W, 2484 m a.s.l.). Measurements were conducted at 9 different heights from 0.1 m to 13.5 m above the snow surface using two different types of cavity-enhanced near-infrared absorption spectroscopy analyzers. For each instrument specific protocols were developed for calibration and drift corrections. The inter-comparison of corrected results from different instruments reveals excellent reproducibility, stability, and precision with a standard deviations of ~ 0.23‰ for δ18O and ~ 1.4‰ for δD. Diurnal and intraseasonal variations show strong relationships between changes in local surface humidity and water vapor isotopic composition, and with local and synoptic weather conditions. This variability probably results from the interplay between local moisture fluxes, linked with firn–air exchanges, boundary layer dynamics, and large-scale moisture advection. Particularly remarkable are several episodes characterized by high (> 40‰) surface water vapor deuterium excess. Air mass back-trajectory calculations from atmospheric analyses and water tagging in the LMDZiso (Laboratory of Meteorology Dynamics Zoom-isotopic) atmospheric model reveal that these events are associated with predominant Arctic air mass origin. The analysis suggests that high deuterium excess levels are a result of strong kinetic fractionation during evaporation at the sea-ice margin.
Carbon isotopic evidence for microbial control of carbon supply to Orca Basin at the seawater–brine interface
Authors: Shah S. R. , Joye S. B. , Brandes J. A. , McNichol A. P.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Orca Basin, an intraslope basin on the Texas-Louisiana continental slope, hosts a hypersaline, anoxic brine in its lowermost 200 m in which limited microbial activity has been reported. This brine contains a large reservoir of reduced and aged carbon, and appears to be stable at decadal time scales: concentrations and isotopic composition of dissolved inorganic (DIC) and organic carbon (DOC) are similar to measurements made in the 1970s. Both DIC and DOC are more "aged" within the brine pool than in overlying water, and the isotopic contrast between brine carbon and seawater carbon is much greater for DIC than DOC. While the stable carbon isotopic composition of brine DIC points towards a combination of methane and organic carbon remineralization as its source, radiocarbon and box model results point to the brine interface as the major source region for DIC, allowing for only limited oxidation of methane diffusing upwards from sediments. This conclusion is consistent with previous studies that identify the seawater–brine interface as the focus of microbial activity associated with Orca Basin brine. Isotopic similarities between DIC and DOC suggest a different relationship between these two carbon reservoirs than is typically observed in deep ocean basins. Radiocarbon values implicate the seawater–brine interface region as the likely source region for DOC to the brine as well as DIC.
Winter greenhouse gas fluxes (CO2, CH4 and N2O) from a subalpine grassland
Authors: Merbold L. , Steinlin C. , Hagedorn F.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Although greenhouse gas emissions during winter contribute significantly to annual balances, their quantification is still highly uncertain in snow-covered ecosystems. Here, carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were measured at a subalpine managed grassland in Switzerland using concentration gradients within the snowpack (CO2, CH4, N2O) and the eddy covariance method (CO2) during the winter 2010/2011. Our objectives were (1) to identify the temporal and spatial variation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) and their drivers, and (2) to estimate the GHG budget of the site during this specific season (1 December–31 March, 121 days). Mean winter fluxes (December–March) based on the gradient method were 0.77 ± 0.54 μmol m−2 s−1 for CO2 (1.19 ± 1.05 μmol m−2 s−1 measured by eddy covariance), −0.14 ± 0.09 nmol m−2 s−1 for CH4 and 0.23 ± 0.23 nmol m−2 s−1 for N2O, respectively. In comparison with the CO2 fluxes measured by eddy covariance, the gradient technique underestimated the effluxes by 50%. While CO2 and CH4 fluxes decreased with the progressing winter season, N2O fluxes did not follow a seasonal pattern. The major variables correlating with the fluxes of CO2 and CH4 were soil temperature and snow water equivalent, which is based on snow height and snow density. N2O fluxes were only explained poorly by any of the measured environmental variables. Spatial variability across the valley floor was smallest for CO2 and largest for N2O. During the winter season 2010/2011, greenhouse gas fluxes ranged between 550 ± 540 g CO2 m−2 estimated by the eddy covariance approach and 543 ± 247 g CO2 m−2, −0.4 ± 0.01 g CH4 m−2 and 0.11 ± 0.1 g N2O m−2 derived by the gradient technique. Total seasonal greenhouse gas emissions from the grassland were between 574 ± 276 and 581 ± 569 g CO2 eq. m−2, with N2O contributing 5% to the overall budget and CH4 reducing the budget by 0.1%. Cumulative budgets of CO2 were smaller than emissions reported for other subalpine meadows in the Swiss Alps and the Rocky Mountains. Further investigations on the GHG exchange of grasslands in winter are needed in order to (1) deepen our currently limited knowledge on the environmental drivers of each GHG, (2) to thoroughly constrain annual balances, and (3) to project possible changes in GHG flux magnitude with expected shorter and warmer winter periods.
Benthic fluxes of dissolved organic nitrogen in the Lower St. Lawrence Estuary and implications for selective organic matter degradation
Authors: Alkhatib M. , del Giorgio P. A. , Gelinas Y. , Lehmann M. F.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. The distribution of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and carbon (DOC) in sediment pore waters was determined at nine locations along the St. Lawrence Estuary and in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. The study area is characterized by gradients in the sedimentary particulate organic matter (POM) reactivity, bottom water oxygen concentrations, as well as benthic respiration rates. Based on pore water profiles we estimated the benthic diffusive fluxes of DON and DOC. Our results show that DON fluxed out of the sediments at significant rates (110 to 430 μmol m−2 d−1). DON fluxes were positively correlated with sedimentary POM reactivity and sediment oxygen exposure time (OET), suggesting direct links between POM quality, aerobic remineralization and the release of DON to the water column. DON fluxes were on the order of 30% to 64% of the total benthic inorganic fixed N loss due to denitrification, and often exceeded the diffusive nitrate fluxes into the sediments. Hence they represented a large fraction of the total benthic N exchange. This result is particularly important in light of the fact that DON fluxes are usually not accounted for in estuarine and coastal zone nutrient budgets. The ratio of the DON to nitrate flux increased from 0.6 in the Lower Estuary to 1.5 in the Gulf. In contrast to DON, DOC fluxes did not show any significant spatial variation along the Laurentian Channel (LC) between the Estuary and the Gulf (2100 ± 100μmol m−2 d−1), suggesting that production and consumption of labile DOC components proceed at similar rates, irrespective of the overall benthic characteristics and the reactivity of POM. As a consequence, the molar C/N ratio of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in pore water and the overlying bottom water varied significantly along the transect, with lowest C/N in the Lower Estuary (5–6) and highest C/N (> 10) in the Gulf. We observed large differences between the C/N of pore water DOM with respect to POM, and the degree of the C– versus –N element partitioning seems to be linked to POM reactivity and/or redox conditions in the sediment pore waters. Our results thus highlight the variable effects selective OM degradation and preservation can have on bulk sedimentary C/N ratios, decoupling the primary source C/N signatures from those in sedimentary archives. Our study further underscores that the role of estuarine sediments as efficient sinks of bioavailable nitrogen is strongly influenced by the release of DON during early diagenetic reactions, and that DON fluxes from continental margin sediments represent an important internal source of N to the ocean.
A new Himalayan ice core CH4 record: possible hints on the preindustrial latitudinal gradient
Authors: Hou S. , Chappellaz J. , Raynaud D. , Masson-Delmotte V. , Jouzel J. , Bousquet P. , Hauglustaine D.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Two ice cores recovered from the Himalayan East Rongbuk (ER) Glacier on the northeast saddle of Mt. Qomolangma (Everest) (28° 01' N, 86° 58' E, 6518 m a.s.l.) give access to a tentative record of past Himalayan atmospheric mixing ratio of CH4 spanning the past 1200 yr. The major part of the record is affected by artefacts probably due to in-situ production. After selecting what may represent the true atmospheric mixing ratio, an average of 749 ± 25 ppbv of CH4 is estimated for the late preindustrial Holocene, which is ~ 36 ± 17 (~ 73 ± 18) ppbv higher than the atmospheric levels recorded respectively in Greenland and Antarctic ice cores. A comparison of these new data with model simulations of the CH4 latitudinal gradient suggests either that the models do not get a correct balance between high and low latitude CH4 sources, or that the filtered CH4 profile from the ER cores remains infected by small artefacts.
High-resolution glacial and deglacial record of atmospheric methane by continuous-flow and laser spectrometer analysis along the NEEM ice core
Authors: Chappellaz J. , Stowasser C. , Blunier T. , Baslev-Clausen D. , Brook E.J. , Dallmayr R. , Faïn X. , Lee J.E. , Mitchell L.E. , Pascual O. , Romanini D. , Rosen J. , Schüpbach S.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. The Greenland NEEM (North Greenland Eemian Ice Drilling) operation in 2010 provided the first opportunity to combine trace-gas measurements by laser spectroscopic instruments and continuous-flow analysis along a freshly drilled ice core in a field based setting. We present the resulting atmospheric methane (CH4) record covering the time period from 107.7 to 9.5 ka b2k (thousand years before 2000 AD). Companion discrete CH4 measurements are required to transfer the laser spectroscopic data from a relative to an absolute scale. However, even on a relative scale, the high-resolution CH4 dataset significantly improves our knowledge of past atmospheric methane concentration changes. New significant sub-millennial-scale features appear during interstadials and stadials, generally associated with similar changes in water isotopic ratios of the ice, a proxy for local temperature. In addition to the mid-point of Dansgaard/Oeschger (D/O) CH4 transitions usually used for cross-dating, sharp definition of the start and end of these events brings precise depth markers (with ±20 cm uncertainty) for further cross-dating with other ice core or paleo records, e.g. speleothems. The method also provides an estimate of CH4 rates of change. The onsets of D/O events in the methane signal show a more rapid rate of change than their endings. The rate of CH4 increase associated with the onsets of D/O events progressively declines from 1.7 to 0.6 ppbv yr−1 in the course of Marine Isotope Stage 3. The largest observed rate of increase takes place at the onset of D/O event #21 and reaches 2.5 ppbv yr−1.
Reducing cloud obscuration of MODIS snow cover area products by combining spatio-temporal techniques with a probability of snow approach
Authors: López-Burgos V. , Gupta H. V. , Clark M.
Published: May 2013

Abstract. Satellite remote sensing can be used to investigate spatially distributed hydrological states for use in modeling, assessment, and management. However, in the visual wavelengths, cloud cover can often obscure significant portions of the images. This study develops a rule-based, multistep method for removing clouds from MODIS snow cover area (SCA) images. The methods used include combining images from more than one satellite, time interpolation, spatial interpolation, and estimation of the probability of snow occurrence based on topographic information. Applied over the upper Salt River basin in Arizona, the method reduced the degree of cloud obscuration by 93.8%, while maintaining a similar degree of image accuracy to that of the original images.
Contaminants at Arctic formerly used defense sites
Authors: Scrudato R. J. , Chiarenzelli J. R. , Miller P. K. , Alexander C. R. , Arnason J. , Zamzow K. , Zweifel K. , Gologergen J. , Kava J. , Waghiyi V. , Carpenter D. O.
Published: May 2013

This study was conducted in order to determine if the source of contaminants at formerly used defense sites (FUDS) in Alaska were deposited as a result of military occupancy or from long-distance transport. This determination largely influences whether remediation will occur, and, if so, to what extent. For this reason, plant samples (rinsed and unrinsed) and sediment cores were collected at military and remote sites on St. Lawrence Island (SLI) and Norton Sound, Alaska during the summers of 2002, 2006, and 2007 and analyzed for persistent organic pollutants. On St. Lawrence Island sediment core samples were collected at the Northeast Cape FUDS, also a traditional fishing/hunting camp, and were sectioned and analyzed for concentrations of Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners, Mirex, Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDE), Hexachlorobenzene (HCB), Mercury and Cesium-137 (137Cs). Differences in the total concentrations and distributions of PCB congeners, Mirex, DDE and Mercury in sediment cores and in plants collected from the two SLI and three Norton Sound mainland formerly used defense sites indicate the majority of the contaminants found can be temporally related to releases during military occupancy and subsequent redistribution of contaminants. Contaminants in plant samples at the SLI sites are elevated relative to the two remote sites located on St. Lawrence Island and the three mainland Norton Sound FUDS at Elim, Unalakleet, and Wales. The concentrations, lateral and vertical distribution of the total PCBs, and congener-specific differences in sediments and plants readily differentiate locally derived from globally transported contaminants. The relative contaminant concentrations in sediment cores and between rinsed and unrinsed plants collected from the NEC FUDS indicate contaminants were remobilized and redistributed during recent site remediation activities.