bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reading against the Grain: Examining the Status of the Categories of Class and Tradition in the Scholarship of British Cultural Studies in Light of Contemporary Popular Culture and Literature
Authors: McCarthy Cameron , Logue Jennifer
Published: May 2009

This article addresses the turbulent relationship that British cultural studies scholars have with the concepts of ‘class' and ‘tradition’ and the problematic status of these key terms within the cultural studies literature. The authors maintain, in part, that these concepts have been deployed within a center–periphery thesis and a field-bound ethnographic framework by cultural studies scholars pursuing a sub-cultural studies approach. Within this framework, ‘Britishness' has been the silent organizing principle defining metropolitan working-class traditions and forms of cultural resistance. British cultural studies proponents have therefore pursued the study of class and culture as a localized, nation-bound set of interests. This has placed cultural studies in tension with post-colonial subjectivities. The authors write against the grain of the textual production of the working class within cultural studies scholarship, insisting that recent films and literary works offer a more complex story of class identities in the age of globalization and transnationalism.
The King of the Damned: Reading Lynching as Leisure
Authors: Mowatt Rasul
Published: May 2009

The racial domination that is showcased in the spectacle of lynching leads to an intersection of discourse, critique, and reflection on identity. Utilizing visual methodologies along with a critical theory focus, the documented history in photographic images and textual accounts provides a window to human leisure behavior as it is situated in a setting through displays of power. Tortured black bodies are situated in a reversed position of authority with those in power that have condemned them through a Foucault perspective, and the role of the ‘king’ or figure of authority that places judgment withi these leisure festivals of racial violence. The discussion of lynchings as violent acts of leisure in various settings creates a vehicle for the field of leisure studies to contribute to dialogues on meaning(s) of place and the significance of race, more specifically.
Grade Inflation at a North American College of Veterinary Medicine: 1985–2006
Authors: Rush Bonnie R. , Elmore Ronnie G. , Sanderson Michael W.
Published: May 2009

Grade inflation, an upward shift in student grade-point averages without a similar rise in achievement, is considered pervasive by most experts in post-secondary education in the United States. Grade-point averages (GPAs) at US universities have increased by roughly 0.15 points per decade since the 1960s, with a 0.6-point increase since 1967. In medical education, grade inflation has been documented and is particularly evident in the clinical setting. The purpose of this study was to evaluate grade inflation over a 22-year period in a college of veterinary medicine. Academic records from 2,060 students who graduated from the College of Veterinary Medicine at Kansas State University between 1985 and 2006 were evaluated, including cumulative GPAs earned during pre-clinical professional coursework, during clinical rotations, and at graduation. Grade inflation was documented at a rate of approximately 0.2 points per decade at this college of veterinary medicine. The difference in mean final GPA between the minimum (1986) and maximum (2003) years of graduation was 0.47 points. Grade inflation was similar for didactic coursework (years 1–3) and clinical rotations (final year). Demographic shifts, student qualifications, and tuition do not appear to have contributed to grade inflation over time. A change in academic standards and student evaluation of teaching may have contributed to relaxed grading standards, and technology in the classroom may have led to higher (earned) grades as a result of improved student learning.
An Innovative Approach to Post-graduate Education in Veterinary Public Health
Authors: Toribio Jenny-Ann L.M.L. , Forsyth Hannah , Laxton Ruth , Whittington Richard J.
Published: May 2009

The past decade has seen a substantially increased need for animal health professionals who have advanced education in areas that impact on veterinary public health (VPH). The University of Sydney has made a significant contribution to the international capacity for training in this field by developing an online, distance program in Veterinary Public Health Management. This paper describes the distinctive characteristics of this program, which combines technical material in a range of units that influence VPH with leadership and project management. It then describes the educational model developed for delivery of its course material, including the four modalities that are structured to support engaged learning by busy animal health professionals who are working full-time (self-led, facilitator-led, peer-led, and assessment-led instructional approaches). Finally, having reflected on the efficacy of this model for post-graduate training in VPH, we discuss the progress of the program since its inception in 2002, reflecting on the challenges it has encountered and defining the factors that are critical to the success of this program.
The Challenge of Integrating Ecosystem Health throughout a Veterinary Curriculum
Authors: Stephen Craig
Published: May 2009

This paper focuses on the question, “How can concepts of ecosystem health be made widely applicable to the diverse interests of veterinary students?” To date, most effort has focused on promoting the training of veterinarians to take an active role in the field of ecosystem health. Less attention has been placed on how ecosystem health can be made useful and valuable to the full spectrum of students, from those intending to pursue careers in ecosystem health to those seeking employment in private clinical practice. The lack of standard curricula and expectations for ecosystem health courses makes it impossible to assess how educational experiences can be combined to deliver and assess the best course. In this paper, teaching goals and teaching techniques are suggested for institutions that are seeking to weave ecosystem health throughout their curricula. Rather than dogmatically defining ecosystem health, this paper outlines potential goals and attitudes for undergraduate veterinary education that can be extracted from the conceptual foundations of ecosystem health, health promotion, and population health. The participatory nature of ecosystem health argues in favor of teaching methods that are experiential, exploitative of stories, and inclusive of a diverse group of teachers and role models.
A Case-Based Learning Approach for Teaching Undergraduate Veterinary Students about Dairy Herd Health Consultancy Issues
Authors: Malher Xavier , Bareille Nathalie , Noordhuizen Jos P.T.M. , Seegers Henri
Published: May 2009

A case-based learning (CBL) format was implemented at the Veterinary School of Nantes, France, for veterinary students in their last year of the curriculum who had chosen to track toward a farm animal career. The focus of the CBL format was learning about dairy herd health consultancy. The goal was to emphasize teamwork among students, introduce professional communications and advisory relationships with clients, and work within the technical and economic limitations of participating farms. These farms volunteered to participate and had identified a problem. The learning objectives included gaining basic knowledge of herd-level diseases and the methods to control these within herds. The program focused on health audits of dairy farms performed by teams of four to five students, culminating in submission of a herd health management action plan specific for the farm visited by each team. The CBL program was comprised of defined learning objectives for each team. The learning process was supervised, from orientation through to validation, by a panel of experts from within the veterinary school and from local industry. Teams submitted written reports that listed recommendations and an action plan for implementation. This report was defended by each team in front of the farmers, their professional partners, and the panel of supervisors. Assessment of the program by students, participating farms, and industry professionals was positive.
Veterinarians in Biomedical Research: Building National Capacity
Authors: Buss Daryl D. , Atchison Michael L. , Corps Kara N. , Falkowski Lauren B. , Fox James G. , Hendricks Joan C. , Mexas Angela M. , Rosol Thomas J. , Stromberg Bert E.
Published: May 2009

This Executive Summary provides the conclusions from the presentations and discussions at the conference Veterinarians in Biomedical Research—Building National Capacity, a meeting coordinated by the AAVMC and held at the National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, August 1–4, 2007.
The Need for Veterinarians in Biomedical Research
Authors: Rosol Thomas J. , Moore Rustin M. , Saville William J.A. , Oglesbee Michael J. , Rush Laura J. , Mathes Lawrence E. , Lairmore Michael D.
Published: May 2009

The number of veterinarians in the United States is inadequate to meet societal needs in biomedical research and public health. Areas of greatest need include translational medical research, veterinary pathology, laboratory-animal medicine, emerging infectious diseases, public health, academic medicine, and production-animal medicine. Veterinarians have unique skill sets that enable them to serve as leaders or members of interdisciplinary research teams involved in basic science and biomedical research with applications to animal or human health. There are too few graduate veterinarians to serve broad national needs in private practice; academia; local, state, and federal government agencies; and private industry. There are no easy solutions to the problem of increasing the number of veterinarians in biomedical research. Progress will require creativity, modification of priorities, broad-based communication, support from faculty and professional organizations, effective mentoring, education in research and alternative careers as part of the veterinary professional curriculum, and recognition of the value of research experience among professional schools’ admissions committees. New resources should be identified to improve communication and education, professional and graduate student programs in biomedical research, and support to junior faculty. These actions are necessary for the profession to sustain its viability as an integral part of biomedical research.
Factors That Attract Veterinarians to or Discourage Them from Research Careers: A Program Director's Perspective
Authors: Atchison Michael L.
Published: May 2009

There is a nationwide shortage of veterinarian-scientists in the United States. Barriers to recruiting veterinary students into research careers need to be identified, and mechanisms devised to reduce these barriers. Barriers to attracting veterinary students into research careers include ignorance of available research careers and of the training opportunities. Once admitted, students in research training programs often feel isolated, fitting into neither the veterinary environment nor the research environment. To address the above issues, it is necessary to advertise and educate the public about opportunities for veterinarian-scientists. Schools need to develop high-quality training programs that are well structured but retain appropriate flexibility. Sufficient resources are needed to operate these programs so that students do not graduate with significant debt. A community of veterinarian-scientists needs to be developed so that students do not feel isolated but, rather, are part of a large community of like-minded individuals. Because of the complexities of programs that train veterinarian-scientists, it is necessary to provide extensive advising and for faculty to develop a proactive, servant-leadership attitude. Finally, students must be made aware of career options after graduation.
Perspectives on Curriculum Needs in Laboratory-Animal Medicine
Authors: Turner Patricia V. , Colby Lesley A. , Gaertner Diane J. , Vandewoude Sue , Vasbinder Mary Ann
Published: May 2009

Both the United States and Canada have projected shortages of qualified laboratory-animal veterinarians within the next 10 years. This gap is occurring because of retirement, increased regulatory requirements for research animal oversight, and insufficient numbers of veterinarians entering this field. One of the primary means of increasing student interest in nontraditional practice areas, such as laboratory animal medicine, is to ensure that they have appropriate exposure to the topic during their basic clinical training. We outline a recommended curriculum for laboratory animal medicine for North American veterinary medical colleges, which provides strategies for integrating comparative medicine material into the curriculum, incorporates flexibility for a range of delivery methods, and suggests potential resources that may be used to develop this material.
Zionism and Post-Holocaust Christian Theology: A Jewish Perspective
Authors: Braverman Mark
Published: May 2009

Analysis of the Israel–Palestine conflict tends to focus on politics and history. But other forces are at work, related to beliefs and feelings deeply embedded in Judeo-Christian tradition. The revisionist Christian theology that emerged following the Nazi Holocaust attempted to correct the legacy of Christian anti-Semitism. In the process it has fostered an unquestioning support of the State of Israel that undermines efforts to achieve peace in the region. The conflict in Christian thought between a commitment to universal justice and the granting to Jews a superior right to historic Palestine permeates the current discourse and is evidenced in the work of even the most politically progressive thinkers. The article reviews the work of four contemporary Christian theologians and discusses the implications of this issue for interfaith dialogue, the political process, and the achievement of peace in the Holy Land.
Vieillissement et psychiatrie, aperçus théorico-cliniques
Authors: Dedieu-Anglade Gérard
Published: May 2009

Résumé Quelques réflexions sur ce qu’il est bon d’avoir présent à l’esprit lorsque l’on s’occupe de personnes âgées vieillissantes et déprimées. Observations cliniques centrées sur les réaménagements « économiques » imposés au psychisme par le vieillissement.
Autisme et utilité du contre-transfert
Authors: Levet Gilbert
Published: May 2009

Résumé Il arrive que dans les instants intenses qui suivent la naissance d’un enfant, un élément de la réalité vienne faire énigme pour la jeune mère. Face à cette énigme, la mère parfois se met en retrait : elle reste fonctionnelle, opérante mais absente à l’attente du bébé. Ce bébé n’a alors d’autre recours pour survivre que de s’identifier à l’absence maternelle : il devient l’absence, signant là une des formes de l’autisme. L’analyse du contre-transfert chez le thérapeute, lui-même face à l’absence de l’enfant comme en miroir de l’enfant face à l’absence maternelle, permet de comprendre les processus à l’œuvre.
Clinique, structure et discours : de l'empirique au formalisable en psychanalyse
Authors: Askofaré Sidi , Gaspard Jean-Luc , Macary-Garipuy Pascale , Sauret Marie-Jean
Published: May 2009

Résumé L’enseignement de Lacan reposait au départ sur un axiome – «  l’inconscient est structuré comme un langage  » – et un programme : la formalisation de la psychanalyse. Cette entreprise le conduit dans un premier temps à une formalisation des lois du langage. En un second temps, Lacan définira la psychanalyse comme une praxis, un lien social fondé sur le langage, un discours . Même envisagée sous cet angle, sa formalisation reste nécessaire parce que solidaire de la «  doctrine du mathème  », dans une visée de transmission intégrale.
Le Temps dans la Bible et dans la cure psychanlytique
Authors: de la Perrière Nancy
Published: May 2009

Résumé À partir de deux courts passages du Livre de la Genèse dans la Bible, il s’agit d’une tentative de rapprochement entre le temps dans la Bible et certains éléments du temps de la cure psychanalytique. Sont ainsi évoqués le premier récit de la Création, à savoir Genèse 1 et Quohelet (ou L’Écclésiaste).
Les chemins de la sorcellerie
Authors: Brodeur Claude
Published: May 2009

Résumé Une analyse de quelques récits de sorcellerie recueillis auprès d’une population d’Afrique. On constate que les fantasmes inconscients qui alimentent ces récits sont identiques à ceux que nous rencontrons dans notre pratique de la psychanalyse : comme pour Sigmund Freud, on est dans un rapport constant du prendre et du rejeter, et comme pour Melanie Klein, il y a constamment passage d’une bonne mère à une mauvaise mère. On parlait autrefois de la phase orale de l’évolution de la libido.
Conflictualité et violences au cœur de la transmission
Authors: Robin Didier
Published: May 2009

Résumé Le rituel du repas familial concentre un grand nombre des coordonnées de la transmission transgénérationnelle. C’est un moment où se croisent l’inscription des différences symboliques des genres et des générations, l’affectivité des liens et les contraintes culturelles inhérentes à la domestication des pulsions. Une conflictualité fondamentale s’y retrouve mise en actes ; conflictualité dégagée par Hegel et conceptualisée par Pierre Legendre sous le terme de « permutation symbolique des places ». Les apports de Ferenczi ou de Lacan en permettent une compréhension fine, et on la retrouvera inscrite depuis longtemps dans la dimension fondamentalement transgénérationnelle du mythe d’Œdipe. Un cas clinique nous donnera l’occasion d’en préciser les mécanismes et les enjeux. L’importance actuelle des troubles de l’humeur et de leurs symptomatologies compensatoires semblent trouver alors une possibilité d’explication.
Le lien sexuel, l'inconscient en couple
Authors: Assoun Paul-Laurent
Published: May 2009

Comment dégager la vérité et la portée du lien sexuel en son envers inconscient ? Cela suppose d’en mesurer la dimension pulsionnelle, jusqu’en ce point de départage de la jouissance sexuelle et du lien d’amour. Cela mène à une spectroscopie du désir au sein du couple à l’épreuve de la « conjugalisation ». L’examen de ce que l’on nomme « vieux couple » – expression qui fait allusion, bien plus qu’à l’âge, à une érosion du désir – permet de dégager a contrario la vérité paradoxale à laquelle la psychanalyse confronte : c’est que le désir, en sa dimension physique, intervient comme l’élément providentiellement séparateur, qui permet la redécouverte et la réexpérimentation de l’altérité – rencontre entre le réel du corps et le « faire-un » qui soutient le fantasme amoureux.
Y a-t-il une condition masculine ?
Authors: Hazan Marie
Published: May 2009

Dans cet article, les notions de condition, d’identité et de crise masculines sont interrogées dans les rapports entre les sexes depuis les changements des années 1970, en prenant l’exemple du Québec : il y coexiste en effet des idées contradictoires, entre discours politique et psychanalytique, concernant l’égalité entre les hommes et les femmes et la question incontournable de la différence des sexes. Ce questionnement, au plus près des changements actuels, pose le problème d’une recherche identitaire masculine actuelle, dans la découverte, la souffrance et la révolte.
Les représentations de la famille chez les femmes iraniennes en couple mixte/non mixte
Authors: Galland Nazanine
Published: May 2009

L’objet de cet article est de montrer les représentations sociales de la famille iranienne ainsi que leurs transformations à la suite de changements culturels. À partir des entretiens menés avec des femmes iraniennes en couple mixte ou non mixte, j’ai mis en évidence les spécificités culturelles de la famille et les transformations qu’engendra l’immigration. La comparaison des discours des femmes en couple mixte et de celles en couple non mixte permet de mettre en valeur les différents niveaux de changements, selon leur importance.
Pour un examen de la situation contemporaine des consultations « interculturelles » en France
Authors: Douville Olivier
Published: May 2009

L'auteur envisage un panorama des critères qu'ont adoptés différentes consultations qui se réclament de l’« interculturel ». Il le fait en tenant compte des bases théoriques de ces consultations et en envisageant de façon critique leur rapport aux diverses théories ethnopsychanalytiques de la personne, du symptôme et de l'identité. Aborder un migrant comme un porte-parole de sa culture est une attitude ambiguë dont il convient de faire la critique pour différentes raisons. 1. Au plan épistémologique les divers modèles issus de l'école « culture et personnalité » ont très vite évacué le référent freudien au profit d'une pensée du développement et de l'apprentissage. La conséquence en fut un accent porté sur les notions de moi et d'idéal du moi au détriment d'une analyse de l'instance du surmoi, laquelle est l'opérateur épistémologique du dialogue entre la psychanalyse freudienne et l'anthropologie, ce depuis Totem et tabou et surtout Le malaise dans la culture. 2. De plus, les sujets que nous recevons sont des sujets en devenir, les ruptures de l'histoire, les violences du politique dont ils sont victimes nous interdisent de les considérer comme des sujets uniquement construits par un modèle culturel « traditionnel ». Aussi les débats qui sont en grande polémique souvent entre différentes stratégies de consultations renvoient à des engagements théoriques et politiques qui ne se valent pas.
Pour une histoire par en bas de la santé au travail
Authors: Vincent Julien
Published: May 2009

Résumé La question de la « santé au travail » ne date pas d’hier. Elle fait aujourd’hui l’objet de nombreux travaux historiques qui permettent de revisiter l’histoire de l’État, de la médecine, mais aussi d’introduire des questionnements nouveaux comme la prévention des risques, les rapports de genre ou l’impact des pollutions industrielles. Selon Jean-Claude Devinck un tel renouvellement ne doit pas dissimuler l’essentiel : la place du mouvement ouvrier reste profondément méconnue dans cette histoire. Trop souvent décrits comme les spectateurs passifs de débats entre experts, les ouvrièr-e-s furent en réalité les principaux acteurs d’une lutte systématiquement occultée jusqu’à nos jours. En matière d’histoire de la santé au travail, la problématique de la « lutte des classes » n’a jamais été aussi actuelle.
Les relations entre santé et travail du point de vue de la psychodynamique du travail
Authors: Gernet Isabelle
Published: May 2009

Résumé Si le nombre des situations professionnelles qui ont des répercussions sur la santé de ceux et celles qui travaillent est en constante augmentation, peut-on pour autant réduire le travail à ses effets délétères pour la santé mentale comme pour la santé du corps ? L’auteure analyse d’un point de vue psychodynamique le rapport entre le travail et la santé.
Enjeux et incertitudes de la politique européenne en santé au travail
Authors: Vogel Laurent
Published: May 2009

Résumé Les enjeux généraux de la santé au travail sont multiples. Ils convergent vers une question centrale : quel contrôle social et public sur les systèmes de production ? Jusqu’à quel point l’initiative privée accordée aux détenteurs de capitaux peut-elle mettre en danger la santé humaine ? Cette question est apparue avec la révolution industrielle. Elle a été relancée à travers de nombreuses mobilisations sociales. Elle a souvent reçu des réponses étriquées, se présentant sous l’apparence de la neutralité technique qui en ont dilué le contenu. Cet article consacré aux politiques de l’Union européenne en santé au travail présente un bilan synthétique de dispositifs complexes et souvent contradictoires dans lequel les choix politiques sont rarement assumés et doivent être décryptés derrière l’épais jargon des eurocrates.
La négociation diplomatique au risque de la transparence : rôles et figures du secret envers des tiers
Authors: Colson Aurélien
Published: May 2009

Résumé Cet article analyse le mouvement historique et politique qui, dans la négociation diplomatique, a modifié le statut du secret vis-à-vis de tiers. Institution incontestée depuis la Renaissance, le secret de la négociation – de son processus comme de son résultat – fut ébranlé à partir des Lumières par le principe de publicité, puis par l’ambition wilsonienne d’une diplomatie nouvelle. A l’époque contemporaine, une injonction de transparence expose de façon croissante les processus de négociation eux-mêmes. Prenant acte de cette évolution qui modifie l’insertion de la négociation dans son contexte au sens de Strauss, l’article étudie ensuite les justifications et les risques respectifs du secret et de la transparence envers des tiers. Un dilemme apparaît, ni le secret ni la transparence ne pouvant totalement exclure l’autre terme de la stratégie du négociateur : autant le secret vis-à-vis de tiers favorise l’efficacité du processus de négociation, autant la transparence renforce la légitimité du résultat négocié, et inversement.
Economic Provisions in Peace Agreements and Sustainable Peacebuilding
Authors: Wennmann Achim
Published: May 2009

Résumé Cet article explore les liens entre les dispositions économiques des accords de paix et la construction de la paix. Le raisonnement de cet article est que la gestion de la construction de paix doit bouger en amont dans un processus de paix plutôt que de faire une construction de paix plus supportable. Basée sur l’analyse de six études de cas – Soudan (Nord-Sud), Guatemala, Népal, Liberia, RDC et Angola, cet article montre que si des parties sont prêtes à parler à propos des dispositions économiques, il y a plus de valeur ajoutée de les inclure dans les accords de paix. Ils encouragent, de manière prévisible, les opportunités économiques et la vision d’une nouvelle société après les conflits armés. Cependant, l’inclusion des dispositions économiques doit être posée dans un contexte de processus de paix entier. Si parler de dispositions économiques compromet un processus de paix entier, il semble malavisé d’insister sur leur inclusion. Dans ces circonstances, les dispositions économiques peuvent être incluses dans une étape plus ancienne en suivant une négociation par étape.
La protection des attentes légitimes de l'investisseur dans l'arbitrage international
Authors: Cazala Julien
Published: May 2009

Le contentieux arbitral international relatif aux investissements consacre dans les sentences les plus récentes une place considérable à la protection des attentes légitimes de l’investisseur. La présentation par les arbitres de ces attentes, de leurs relations avec les apparences, les représentations, les croyances légitimes, etc., et pour tout dire le fondement du caractère obligatoire de la protection de celles-ci est très peu développé dans les sentences. Il est plus fait appel à un sentiment ou à un idéal d’équité qu’à une véritable construction juridique. C’est sans doute ce qui rend si particulièrement perméable aux circonstances particulières de chaque espèce le traitement de ces attentes légitimes. C’est à partir d’une trentaine de sentences arbitrales rendues depuis une dizaine d’années que nous présentons ce standard en plein essor et essayons d’analyser son fondement et sa pertinence – parfois discutable – ainsi que les conséquences que cette reconnaissance entraîne pour les investisseurs et pour les États.
Formes de mobilisation collective des musulmans en France et en Europe
Authors: Fregosi Franck
Published: May 2009

Résumé Les musulmans de l’Union européenne sont porteurs de visions distinctes voire divergentes de l’islam. Leurs postures vis-à-vis de la lettre de la religion épousent toutes les nuances, de l’observance religieuse la plus stricte à la distanciation par rapport à toute pratique rituelle. Alors que certains jeunes musulmans, au nom d’une théologie de l’engagement citoyen, agissent politiquement, nombreux sont aussi ceux qui ne font pas de la référence à l’islam comme foi l’unique prisme à partir duquel ils interprètent la réalité quotidienne et agissent dans la société. Pas plus que le vécu islamique ne se résume à une existence religio-centrée, les musulmans ne se mobilisent qu’en fonction d’objectifs exclusivement religieux.
Going Ultra: How We Can Increase the Length Scales Studied in Small‐Angle Neutron Scattering
Authors: Sharp Melissa A. , Pranzas P. Klaus , Schreyer Andreas
Published: May 2009

Small‐angle neutron scattering (SANS) has over the years proved to be a popular technique to investigate a variety of problems in materials science, since the length scales probed by this technique (1–100 nm) are ideal for many systems. However, there are a number of problems where the length scale of interest is larger. In order to study such systems it is possible to combine SANS with ultra‐small‐angle neutron scattering (USANS). This allows the study of structures from a few nanometers up to 50 µm. Here it is shown how the combination of SANS and USANS has allowed for a wider range of problems within materials science and polymer science to be solved.
Ligand‐Driven Wavelength‐Tunable and Ultra‐Broadband Infrared Luminescence in Single‐Ion‐Doped Transparent Hybrid Materials
Authors: Zhou Shifeng , Jiang Nan , Wu Botao , Hao Jianhua , Qiu Jianrong
Published: May 2009

Here, tuning of the optical properties of emission centers by tailoring the ligand fields is investigated. Experimentally, it is demonstrated that Ni2+ can act as a single emission species in multiple octahedral local environments. Nanocrystal‐embedded hybrid materials are employed as hosts in order to take advantage of their convenience in local environment design for practical applications. Novel composite gain materials with high transparence are successfully made, and show interesting wavelength‐tunable and ultra‐broadband infrared luminescence covering the whole near‐infrared region from 1 100 to 1 800 nm. The infrared luminescence peak positions can be finely tuned from 1 300 to 1 450 and to 1 570 nm, with the largest full width at half maximum being about 400 nm and covering the telecommunication bands at 1 200–1 500 nm. According to the results of characterization, the unusual luminescence, interestingly, originates from Ni2+ in nanocrystals and the doping efficiency of Ni2+ is surprisingly high. The results demonstrate that the method presented may be an effective way to fabricate multifunctional light sources with various fundamental multifunctional applications from efficient broadband optical amplifiers to bio‐imaging.
In vivo pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen after patch application in the Mexican hairless pig
Authors: Horie Masafumi , Sekiya Ichiro , Nakamura Tomomasa , Tanaka Hozumi , Maekawa Kotaro , Nakanishi Masaru , Muneta Takeshi , Kobayashi Eiji
Published: May 2009

To evaluate the pharmacokinetics of topical drugs, in vitro permeation studies are performed using sacrificed pig skin or human tissues resected at surgery; however, these methods have their limitations in in vivo pharmacokinetics. This study examined the usefulness of Mexican hairless pigs for in vivo pharmacokinetic study, especially the drug concentration in the tissues. A ketoprofen patch was applied on the back of Mexican hairless pigs for 24 h, followed by sequential collection of blood specimens from 0 to 36 h (n=3). Also, the skin, subcutaneous fat, fascia and muscle from the center of the site of application were excised at 12 h after the application (n=4). Ketoprofen was first detected in the plasma at 8 h, the concentration increasing up to 24 h; the plasma concentration began to decrease after the removal of the ketoprofen patch. Ketoprofen concentrations in the tissues decreased with increasing depth of the tissues, but the values in the deep muscles, being the lowest among the tissues examined, were still higher than those in the plasma. While the data of drug concentration in human tissue are difficult to test, the Mexican hairless pig model appears to be attractive for in vivo pharmacokinetic studies of topically applied ketoprofen. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissecting membrane protein architecture: An annotation of structural complexity
Authors: Arce Jaime , Sturgis James N. , Duneau Jean‐Pierre
Published: May 2009

α‐Helical membrane proteins exist in an anisotropic environment which strongly influences their folding, stability, and architecture, which is far more complex than a simple bundle of transmembrane helices, notably due to helix deformations, prosthetic groups and extramembrane structures. However, the role and the distribution of such heterogeneity in the supra molecular organization of membrane proteins remains poorly investigated. Using a nonredundant subset of α‐helical membrane proteins, we have annotated and analyze the statistics of several types of new elements such as incomplete helices, intramembrane loops, helical extensions of helical transmembrane domains, extracellular loops, and helices lying parallel to the membrane surface. The relevance of the annotation scheme was studied using residue composition, statistics, physical chemistry, and symmetry of their distribution in relation to the immediate membrane environment. Calculation of hydrophobicity using different scales show that different structural elements appear to have affinities coherent with their position in the membrane. Examination of the annotation scheme suggests that there is considerable information content in the amino acid compositions of the different elements suggesting that it might be useful for structural prediction. More importantly, the proposed annotation will help to decipher the complex hierarchy of interactions involved in membrane protein architecture. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 91: 815–829, 2009.

This article was originally published online as an accepted preprint. The “Published Online” date corresponds to the preprint version. You can request a copy of the preprint by emailing the Biopolymers editorial office at biopolymers@wiley.com
A Quantitative Comparison of Wild‐Type and Gatekeeper Mutant Cdk2 for Chemical Genetic Studies with ATP Analogues
Authors: Elphick Lucy M. , Lee Sarah E. , Child Emma S. , Prasad Aarathi , Pignocchi Cristina , Thibaudeau Sébastien , Anderson Alexandra A. , Bonnac Laurent , Gouverneur Véronique , Mann David J.
Published: May 2009

Mutant kinase kinetics: Protein kinases with enlarged ATP binding sites are increasingly being used as tools to probe the functioning signal transduction cascades. Using human cyclin‐dependent kinase 2 as a model system, we demonstrate that enlargement of the ATP binding site does not substantially alter either the catalysis kinetics nor substrate or phosphorylation site selection.

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Chemical genetic studies with enlarged ATP binding sites and unnatural ATP analogues have been applied to protein kinases for characterisation and substrate identification. Although this system is becoming widely used, there are limited data available about the kinetic profile of the modified system. Here we describe a detailed comparison of the wild‐type cdk2 and the mutant gatekeeper kinase to assess the relative efficiencies of these kinases with ATP and unnatural ATP analogues. Our data demonstrate that mutation of the kinase alters neither the substrate specificity nor the phosphorylation site specificity. We find comparable KM/Vmax values for mutant cdk2 and wild‐type kinase. Furthermore, F80G cdk2 is efficiently able to compensate for a defective cdk in a biological setting.
Design of a Genetic Algorithm for the Simulated Evolution of a Library of Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation Catalysts
Authors: Vriamont Nicolas , Govaerts Bernadette , Grenouillet Pierre , de Bellefon Claude , Riant Olivier
Published: May 2009

Breeding new catalysts: A library of 1980 catalysts was designed for asymmetric hydrogen transfer to acetophenone. The library was submitted to evaluation and further simulated evolution experiments, based on a genetic algorithm (see scheme). We demonstrated that it was easily possible to get 5–6 of the ten best catalysts, while investigating only 10% of the library.

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A library of catalysts was designed for asymmetric‐hydrogen transfer to acetophenone. At first, the whole library was submitted to evaluation using high‐throughput experiments (HTE). The catalysts were listed in ascending order, with respect to their performance, and best catalysts were identified. In the second step, various simulated evolution experiments, based on a genetic algorithm, were applied to this library. A small part of the library, called the mother generation (G0), thus evolved from generation to generation. The goal was to use our collection of HTE data to adjust the parameters of the genetic algorithm, in order to obtain a maximum of the best catalysts within a minimal number of generations. It was namely found that simulated evolution's results depended on the selection of G0 and that a random G0 should be preferred. We also demonstrated that it was possible to get 5 to 6 of the ten best catalysts while investigating only 10 % of the library. Moreover, we developed a double algorithm making this result still achievable if the evolution started with one of the worst G0.
Porous Co3O4 Nanosheets with Extraordinarily High Discharge Capacity for Lithium Batteries
Authors: Zhan Fangming , Geng Baoyou , Guo Yijun
Published: May 2009

Cobalt and battery charge: Porous Co3O4 with a hexagonal sheetlike structure has been synthesized through precursor Co(OH)2 hexagonal nanosheets (see figure). The as‐prepared nanosheets exhibit excellent Li‐battery performance with a good cycle life and high capacity (1450 mAh g−1).

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In this work, we report the simple solid‐state formation of porous Co3O4 with a hexagonal sheetlike structure. The synthesis is based on controlled thermal oxidative decomposition and recrystallization of precursor Co(OH)2 hexagonal nanosheets. After thermal treatment, the hexagonal sheetlike morphology can be completely preserved, despite the fact that there is a volume contraction accompanying the process: Co(OH)2→Co3O4. Because of the intrinsic crystal contraction, a highly porous structure of the product is simultaneously created. Importantly, when evaluated as electrode materials for lithium‐ion batteries, the as‐prepared porous Co3O4 nanosheets exhibit superior Li‐battery performance with good cycle life and high capacity (1450 mAh g−1) due to their porous sheetlike structure and small size. As far as we know, the performance of the Co3O4‐based anode materials for lithium batteries presented here is the best up to now. Considering the improved performance and cost‐effective synthesis, the as‐prepared porous Co3O4 nanosheets might be suitable as anode electrodes for next‐generation lithium‐ion batteries.
Guest Binding Drives Reversible Atropisomerism in Cavitand Hosts
Authors: Nguyen Thanh V. , Sinclair David J. , Willis Anthony C. , Sherburn Michael S.
Published: May 2009

Guest‐love‐ometer: The equilibrium inside–outside atropisomeric ratio of ortho‐substituted phenyl cavitands shows a strong solvent dependence. The competition between the ortho‐substituent and the solvent guest for the bowl cavity leads to a sensitive system for the measurement of relative guest binding affinities.

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Azido and Diazarinyl Analogues of Bis‐Tyrphostin as Asymmetrical Inhibitors of Dynamin GTPase
Authors: Odell Luke R. , Chau Ngoc , Mariana Anna , Graham Mark E. , Robinson Phillip J. , McCluskey Adam
Published: May 2009

Probing the dynamin binding site: Bis‐tyrphostin (1, Bis‐T), is a potent inhibitor of the phospholipid‐stimulated GTPase activity of dynamin I. Analogues of Bis‐T have significant potential as a biological probes for the dissection of endocytic pathways. Bis‐T‐derived compounds were synthesised and evaluated for their ability to inhibit the GTPase activity of dynamin I. Two analogues (23 and 24) represent the first asymmetrically substituted Bis‐T analogues to retain dynamin inhibition.

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Two azidobenzyl amide (4 and 23) and one 3‐trifluoromethyl‐3H‐diazirin‐3‐ylphenyl (24) analogues of bis‐tyrphostin (1, Bis‐T) were synthesised as potential photoaffinity labels for the elucidation of the binding site of compound 1 in dynamin I. Of the two azidobenzyl amide analogues (4 and 23), the terminally substituted 23 retained dynamin I GTPase inhibition (IC50=6.4±2.8 μM) whilst 4, which was substituted on the central carbon of the amide linker, displayed no activity. Analogue 24 also retained inhibitory activity (IC50=36±9 μM). Photoaffinity labelling experiments did not unequivocally elucidate the binding pocket of compound 1. However, compounds 23 and 24 represent the first asymmetrically substituted Bis‐T analogues to retain dynamin inhibitory activity, providing a new direction for analogue synthesis.
Modelling brain deformations for computer‐integrated neurosurgery
Authors: Miller K. , Wittek A. , Joldes G. , Horton A. , Dutta‐Roy T. , Berger J. , Morriss L.
Published: May 2009

In this review paper we discuss Intelligent Systems for Medicine Laboratory's contributions to mathematical and numerical modelling of brain deformation behaviour for neurosurgical simulation and brain image registration. These processes can be reasonably described in purely mechanical terms, such as displacements, strains and stresses and therefore can be analysed using established methods of continuum mechanics. We advocate the use of fully non‐linear theory of continuum mechanics. We discuss in some detail modelling geometry, boundary conditions, loading and material properties. We consider numerical problems such as the use of hexahedral and mixed hexahedral–tetrahedral meshes as well as meshless spatial discretization schemes. We advocate the use of total Lagrangian formulation of both finite element and meshless methods together with explicit time‐stepping procedures. We support our recommendations and conclusions with two examples: computation of the reaction force acting on a biopsy needle, and computation of the brain shift for image registration. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gold fluorescent annexin A5 as a novel apoptosis detection tool
Authors: Kurschus Florian C. , Pal Prajna Paramita , Bäumler Petra , Jenne Dieter E. , Wiltschi Birgit , Budisa Nediljko
Published: May 2009

We describe a golden fluorescent apoptosis detection tool, which we generated by a fusion of golden fluorescent protein (GdFP) with human annexin A5 (anxA5). GdFP was obtained by replacement of tryptophan at position 66 with 4‐aminotryptophan in the chromophore of enhanced cyan fluorescent protein. The GdFP‐anxA5 construct combines highly desirable features originating from both fusion partners. These include (i) strong binding to membrane phosphatidylserine patches of apoptotic cells in the presence of Ca2+ which is brought about by anxA5, (ii) the stable and homogeneous monomeric state, (iii) as well as the red‐shifted fluorescence maximum at 574 nm originating from GdFP. We found that GdFP‐anxA5 is equally well applicable for apoptosis studies as a routinely used fluorescein 5′‐isothiocyanate‐annexin A5 conjugate. Golden fluorescent annexin A5 represents a new, stable, and homogeneous red‐shifted optical probe for the efficient detection of apoptosis by fluorescence microscopy or by flow cytometry. © 2009 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Cytotoxic Titanium(IV) Complexes: Renaissance (Eur. J. Inorg. Chem. 15/2009)
Authors: Tshuva Edit Y. , Ashenhurst James A.
Published: May 2009

The cover picture The cover picture shows the cytotoxic activity of diamine bis(phenolato) bis(isopropoxo) TiIV complexes, which is strongly dependent on ligand features and on incubation time and period of water exposure, as represented metaphorically by the hourglass. Particularly slow hydrolysis of the isopropoxo groups enables cell insertion of an active species, while upon water addition in the absence of cells, a highly stable phenolato‐bound trinuclear cluster is formed, which is inactive. The results obtained thus far with this new family of cytotoxic TiIV compounds in the context of the current knowledge of the activity and operation mode of established TiIV cytotoxic complexes is described in the Microreview by E. Y. Tshuva and J. A. Ashenhurst on p. 2203 ff.
A Sandwich‐Type Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of BCR/ABL Fusion Gene Using Locked Nucleic Acids on Gold Electrode
Authors: Wang Kun , Chen Jinghua , Chen Jing , Liu Ailin , Li Guangwen , Luo Hongbin , Lin Xinhua , Chen Yuanzhong
Published: May 2009

In this study, a sandwich‐type electrochemical enzyme‐based LNA‐modified DNA biosensor was developed to detect relative gene in chronic Myelogenous Leukemia first. This biosensor is based on a ‘sandwich’ detection strategy, which involves a pair of probes (a capture probe immobilized at the electrode surface and a reporter probe labeled biotin as an affinity tag for avidin‐HRP) modified LNA. Since biotin can be connected with avidin‐HRP, this biosensor offers an enzymatically amplified electrochemical current signal for the detection of target DNA. This new pattern exhibits high sensitivity and selectivity, and this biosensor has been used for an assay of PCR real sample with satisfactory result.
The Preliminary Studies of Electrochemical Behavior of Paracetamol and Its Metabolites on Glassy Carbon Electrode by Voltammetric Methods
Authors: Baranowska Irena , Koper Marta
Published: May 2009

The new, rapid and sensitive method for the determination of paracetamol (PAR) and its glucuronide (PG) and sulfate (PS) metabolites is proposed. The electrochemical properties of the compounds were examined by cyclic voltammetry (CV) on glassy carbon electrode (GCE). All measurements were carried out in Britton–Robinson buffers (BR) with different pH values over the pH range 1.81–7.24. The preliminary research indicated that PAR could be determined simultaneously with one of its metabolites. The linearity of calibration curves was obtained for concentrations between 1.65×10−5 and 1.65×10−4 M for PAR, 1.53×10−5 and 1.53×10−4 M for PG and 2.17×10−5 and 1.52×10−4 M for PS.
Structure specific analysis of the hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Das Sandhitsu R. , Mechanic‐Hamilton Dawn , Korczykowski Marc , Pluta John , Glynn Simon , Avants Brian B. , Detre John A. , Yushkevich Paul A.
Published: May 2009

The hippocampus is a major structure of interest affected by temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Region of interest (ROI)‐based analysis has traditionally been used to study hippocampal involvement in TLE, although spatial variation of structural and functional pathology have been known to exist within the ROI. In this article, structure‐specific analysis (Yushkevich et al. (2007) Neuroimage 35:1516–1530) is applied to the study of both structure and function in TLE patients. This methodology takes into account information about the spatial correspondence of voxels within ROIs on left and right sides of the same subject as well as between subjects. Hippocampal thickness is studied as a measure of structural integrity, and functional activation in a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment in which subjects performed a memory encoding task is studied as a measure of functional integrity. Pronounced disease‐related decrease in thickness is found in posterior and anterior hippocampus. A region in the body also shows increased thickness in patients' healthy hippocampi compared with controls. Functional activation in diseased hippocampi is reduced in the body region compared to controls, whereas a region in the tail showing greater right‐lateralized activation in controls also shows greater activation in healthy hippocampi compared with the diseased side in patients. Summary measurements generated by integrating quantities of interest over the entire hippocampus can also be used, as is done in conventional ROI analysis. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.