bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Memoir of the Life and Episcopate of George Augustus Selwyn, D.D.
Authors: Tucker H. W.
Published: November 2012

This two-volume biography of George Augustus Selwyn (1809–78), the first Anglican bishop of New Zealand, after whom Selwyn College, Cambridge, was later named, was published in 1879. Selwyn was ordained in 1834 and served as curate at Windsor; in 1840, when New Zealand was declared an independent British colony, he was chosen as first bishop of the newly established diocese. The declared aim was to develop an Anglican organisation for the growing European settlement, while resisting too much state control, and by 1857 Selwyn had drafted a constitution for the Church of New Zealand which led eventually to disestablishment. A staunch defender of indigenous rights, he travelled widely throughout New Zealand and the Pacific islands, and subsequently played a leading role in the first Lambeth Conference. In Volume 2, H. W. Tucker describes Selwyn's later ministry, the effect of the Maori Wars, and his final years as bishop of Lichfield.
Words of the World
Authors: Ogilvie Sarah
Published: November 2012

Most people think of the Oxford English Dictionary (OED) as a distinctly British product. Begun in England 150 years ago, it took more than 60 years to complete and, when it was finally finished in 1928, the British prime minister heralded it as a 'national treasure'. It maintained this image throughout the twentieth century, and in 2006 the English public voted it an 'Icon of England', alongside Marmite, Buckingham Palace and the bowler hat. However, this book shows that the dictionary is not as 'British' as we all thought. The linguist and lexicographer, Sarah Ogilvie, combines her insider knowledge and experience with impeccable research to show that the OED is in fact an international product in both its content and its making. She examines the policies and practices of the various editors, applies qualitative and quantitative analysis, and finds new OED archival materials in the form of letters, reports and proofs. She demonstrates that the OED, in its use of readers from all over the world and its coverage of World English, is in fact a global text.
Prolegomena to Ethics
Authors: Green T. H.
Published: November 2012

T. H. Green (1836–82) was a leading member of the British Idealist movement, which adopted the continental philosophy of Hegel and Kant while rejecting utilitarianism. As well as being a prominent philosopher, Green was an influential educational reformer and an active member of the Liberal party. Green's writings can be placed into three categories: religion, philosophy and politics. This work was the most complete statement of Green's philosophy, although it remained unfinished at his death (though parts had been published in the philosophical review Mind in 1882). Edited by A. C. Bradley, a former student and brother of Green's fellow Idealist F. H. Bradley, the book, which contains four parts (on metaphysics, the will, the moral ideal and progress, and the application of moral philosophy to the guidance of conduct), was published posthumously in 1883. Like other Idealists, Green criticised empiricism for creating an unnecessary dualism between thought and the real.
The Southern Districts of New Zealand
Authors: Shortland Edward
Published: November 2012

The physician and ethnographer Edward Shortland (1812–93) first travelled to New Zealand in 1841, a year after the Treaty of Waitangi. He became private secretary to Governor William Hobson, and quickly learned the Maori language. First published in 1851, this book describes Shortland's experiences on the east coast of New Zealand's South Island while conducting a census of the local Maori settlements in 1843. It documents South Island Maori myths, traditions and everyday life, and includes genealogical tables and a short word-list of the local dialect. It also describes a French Company agent at Akaroa reporting the successful introduction of French vines, the Scottish settlement at Dunedin, and the productivity of several whaling stations. Shortland reminds prospective settlers of the importance of understanding the 'ideas and prejudices' of the Maori, whose many qualities including 'natural bravery and love of freedom' guarantee them continuing 'political weight in their own country'.
Psychology of the Moral Self
Authors: Bosanquet Bernard
Published: November 2012

After more than ten years teaching ancient Greek history and philosophy at University College, Oxford, the British philosopher and political theorist Bernard Bosanquet (1848–1923) resigned from his post to spend more time writing. He was particularly interested in contemporary social theory, including the social ramifications of the growing field of psychology, and this book, published in 1897, is a collection of his lectures on this topic. The ten lectures explore many aspects of psychology and its relationship to larger philosophical and ethical issues. Bosanquet poses the question whether psychology takes a subjective point of view, while other sciences take an objective one. He discusses classic psychological themes such as the ego, the soul, self-consciousness, emotion and feeling, and individual volition. Bosanquet's observations in these concise essays offer the perspective of a leading nineteenth-century thinker on this growing and influential field of scientific and social inquiry.
The English Utilitarians
Authors: Stephen Leslie
Published: November 2012

Leslie Stephen (1832–1904), author, literary critic, social commentator and the first editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, published his two-volume History of English Thought in the Eighteenth Century (also reissued in this series) in 1876. This led him to further investigation and study of utilitarianism, whose proponents believed that human action should be guided by the principle of ensuring the happiness of the greatest number of people. While working on many other projects, especially the Dictionary, and haunted by domestic tragedy in the sudden death of his second wife in 1895, Stephen struggled for two decades with this undertaking, calling it the 'utilitarian bog': the long-awaited three-volume work was finally published in 1900. Volume 1 gives the social and political context of the rise of utilitarianism and examines its leading theorist, Jeremy Bentham (1748–1832).
North America
Authors: Trollope Anthony
Published: November 2012

Anthony Trollope (1815–82) was a prolific English Victorian writer, famous for work such as the 'Chronicles of Barsetshire', and his satirical masterpiece The Way We Live Now. He wrote forty-seven novels as well as several travel books and numerous short stories. After a poor and unhappy childhood, he spent much of his life working for the General Post Office, travelling extensively to carry out postal surveys and writing in his spare time. He became a senior civil servant in the organisation and was responsible for the introduction of pillar boxes to Britain. Published in 1862, this two-volume work is Trollope's first-hand account of North American culture during the American Civil War. Volume 1 focuses on Canada and the northern United States, in particular Boston, New England and New York. It also discusses women's rights and American education and religion.
The Official Report of the Recent Arctic Expedition
Authors: Nares George S.
Published: November 2012

In 1875, Sir George Strong Nares (1831–1915) set out for the Arctic in command of the ships Alert and Discovery, hoping to reach the North Pole and find the rumoured Open Polar Sea that surrounded it. The Official Report, published in 1876, recounts his fifteenth-month journey in lively and often harrowing detail, describing freezing temperatures, frostbite and scurvy, vast, uncharted landscapes and treacherous, ice-choked waterways. It records the progress of the British Arctic Expedition with the scrupulous detail of a ship's log, providing valuable insights into the logistical complexities and human costs of Polar exploration. 'We had arrived on the shore of the Arctic Ocean finding it exactly the opposite of an Open Polar Sea', Nares notes ruefully. A two-volume popular account of the voyage, published in 1878, is also reissued in this series.
A Thousand Days in the Arctic
Authors: Jackson Frederick G. , McClintock Francis Leopold
Published: November 2012

In 1897, the triumphant return of the Jackson–Harmsworth Arctic expedition revived widespread enthusiasm for Polar exploration. Within days of the expedition's arrival in London, newspapers ranging from the Boy's Own Paper to the Graphic were full of articles relating to the endeavours and findings of this intrepid undertaking. The demand for information did not abate and, in 1899, this two-volume account by Frederick G. Jackson (1860–1938) of his travels in Franz Josef Land was published to wide acclaim. Hailed by The Morning Post as 'a record of solid achievement accomplished by dint of steady perseverance in the face of hardship and difficulty', Jackson's journal describes a forbidding terrain of ice and snow. Illustrated by maps and numerous anthropological and zoological images, Volume 1 opens with the voyage north and goes on to recount the team's accommodation - a wooden hut named 'Elmwood' - bear-hunts, and arduous but inspirational journeys by sledge.
The Politics of Authoritarian Rule
Authors: Svolik Milan W.
Published: November 2012

What drives politics in dictatorships? Milan W. Svolik argues authoritarian regimes must resolve two fundamental conflicts. Dictators face threats from the masses over which they rule - the problem of authoritarian control. Secondly from the elites with whom dictators rule - the problem of authoritarian power-sharing. Using the tools of game theory, Svolik explains why some dictators establish personal autocracy and stay in power for decades; why elsewhere leadership changes are regular and institutionalized, as in contemporary China; why some dictatorships are ruled by soldiers, as Uganda was under Idi Amin; why many authoritarian regimes, such as PRI-era Mexico, maintain regime-sanctioned political parties; and why a country's authoritarian past casts a long shadow over its prospects for democracy, as the unfolding events of the Arab Spring reveal. Svolik complements these and other historical case studies with the statistical analysis on institutions, leaders and ruling coalitions across dictatorships from 1946 to 2008.
Crime and Punishment in Early Modern Russia
Authors: Kollmann Nancy
Published: November 2012

This is a magisterial account of the day-to-day practice of Russian criminal justice in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries. Nancy Kollmann contrasts Russian written law with its pragmatic application by local judges, arguing that this combination of formal law and legal institutions with informal, flexible practice contributed to the country's social and political stability. She also places Russian developments in the broader context of early modern European state-building strategies of governance and legal practice. She compares Russia's rituals of execution to the 'spectacles of suffering' of contemporary European capital punishment and uncovers the dramatic ways in which even the tsar himself, complying with Moscow's ideologies of legitimacy, bent to the moral economy of the crowd in moments of uprising. Throughout, the book assesses how criminal legal practice used violence strategically, administering horrific punishments in some cases and in others accommodating with local communities and popular concepts of justice.
The Virtuous Citizen
Authors: Soutphommasane Tim
Published: November 2012

What does it mean to be a citizen in a multicultural society? And what role must patriotism play in defining our relationship with our country and fellow citizens? In The Virtuous Citizen Tim Soutphommasane answers these questions with a critical defence of liberal nationalism. Considering a range of contemporary political debates from Europe, North America and Australia, over issues including multiculturalism, national history, civic education and immigration, Soutphommasane argues that a love of country should be valued alongside tolerance, mutual respect and public reasonableness as a civic virtue. A liberal form of patriotism, grounded in national identity, is, if anything, essential for political stability in a diverse society. This book is required reading not only for political theorists and philosophers but also for researchers and professionals in political science, sociology, history and public policy.
Comprehensive Care for Complex Patients
Authors: Frankel Steven A. , Bourgeois James A. , Erdberg Philip
Published: November 2012

'Complex patients' are a sizeable population who generally require disproportionate attention for their management and respond poorly to treatment. Their systemic medical, psychiatric and personal needs have a tendency to drain or exceed the capabilities of those who treat them whilst overutilizing health care resources. As this patient population grows, we move ever closer to a crisis in health care delivery. This volume presents an innovative team-based approach for assessing and managing diagnostically complex and management intensive patients. The physician-led 'Medical-Psychiatric Coordinating Physician (MPCP)' model not only improves patient treatment, but also provides for the containment of costs by reducing redundancy and curbing excess in the use of services. Other benefits include improved diagnostic accuracy and decision making, as well as better communication among physicians and allied health professionals. This book is essential reading for psychiatrists, primary care physicians, and physicians, directors and administrators working in multidisciplinary specialty clinics.
Electoral Systems and Political Context
Authors: Moser Robert G. , Scheiner Ethan
Published: November 2012

Electoral Systems and Political Context illustrates how political and social context conditions the effects of electoral rules. The book examines electoral behavior and outcomes in countries that use 'mixed-member' electoral systems – where voters cast one ballot for a party list under proportional representation (PR) and one for a candidate in a single member district (SMD). Based on comparisons of outcomes under the two different rules used in mixed-member systems, the book highlights how electoral systems' effects – especially strategic voting, the number of parties and women's representation – tend to be different in new democracies from what one usually sees in established democracies. Moreover, electoral systems such as SMDs are usually presumed to constrain the number of parties irrespective of the level of social diversity, but this book demonstrates that social diversity frequently shapes party fragmentation even under such restrictive rules.
Piecewise isometries, uniform distribution and 3log 2−π2/8
Authors: CHEUNG YITWAH , GOETZ AREK , QUAS ANTHONY
Published: November 2012

We use analytic tools to study a simple family of piecewise isometries of the plane parameterized by an angle. In previous work, we showed the existence of large numbers of periodic points, each surrounded by a ‘periodic island’. We also proved conservativity of the systems as infinite measure-preserving transformations. In experiments it is observed that the periodic islands fill up a large part of the phase space and it has been asked whether the periodic islands form a set of full measure. In this paper we study the periodic islands around an important family of periodic orbits and demonstrate that for all angle parameters that are irrational multiples of π, the islands have asymptotic density in the plane of 3log 2−π2/8≈0.846.
Human trafficking and migration control policy: vicious or virtuous cycle?
Authors: Avdan Nazli
Published: November 2012

This paper examines the relationship between states’ migration control policies and human trafficking in origin, transit and destination states. Using cross-sectional data on states’ visa policies for 192 states and indicators for human trafficking from the Global Patterns report by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, the paper analyses feedback mechanisms between policies and trafficking. The empirical evidence suggests that, contrary to the pessimistic predictions of policy scholarship, the feedback is characterised by a virtuous mechanism. Firstly, the results show that, in line with expectations of security studies, states tighten visa policies in response to trafficking threats. Origin and transit states face a greater number of restrictions on travel. Similarly, destination states of trafficking impose tighter controls. Secondly, visa restrictions against origin and transit countries mitigate trafficking from and through these states. Finally, the paper demonstrates that the vicious effect whereby stricter policies exacerbate trafficking pertains mostly to destination states’ visa policies and to visas imposed at borders.
Early magnitude and potential damage zone estimates for the great Mw 9 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake
Authors: Colombelli Simona , Zollo Aldo , Festa Gaetano , Kanamori Hiroo
Published: November 2012

The Mw 9.0, 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake has re‐opened the discussion among the scientific community about the effectiveness of earthquake early warning for large events. A well‐known problem with real‐time procedures is the parameter saturation, which may lead to magnitude underestimation for large earthquakes. Here we measure the initial peak ground displacement and the predominant period by progressively expanding the time window and distance range, to provide consistent magnitude estimates (M = 8.4) and a rapid prediction of the potential damage area. This information would have been available 35 s after the first P‐wave detection and could have been refined in the successive 20 s using data from more distant stations. We show the suitability of the existing regression relationships between early warning parameters and magnitude, provided that an appropriate P‐wave time window is used for parameter estimation. We interpret the magnitude under‐estimation as a combined effect of high‐pass filtering and frequency dependence of the main radiating source during the rupture process.
A two‐fluid model of the bifurcated current sheet
Authors: Janaki M. S. , Dasgupta Brahmananda , Yoon Peter H.
Published: November 2012

Recent satellite observations show that current sheets in the space plasma environment are often characterized by bifurcated structures. The majority of the available models of the bifurcated current sheet in the literature are based upon equilibrium Vlasov‐Maxwell kinetic theory. While in principle, kinetic models are more fundamental, investigations based on fluid theory can sometimes be advantageous. For instance, because of its inherent simplicity, fluid models of the current sheet can be used in the detailed nonlocal or global analysis of fluid stability. The present paper puts forth a two‐fluid model of the bifurcated current sheet on the basis of the pseudo‐potential method. According to the present model, double peaked current sheet is characterized by a transverse non‐uniform flow and a profile of plasma density that has a plateau in the region between the current peaks. Further, the plasma pressure tensor associated with such a bifurcated current sheet is shown to be anisotropic and non‐gyrotropic.
Inferring dynamics from the wavenumber spectra of an eddying global ocean model with embedded tides
Authors: Richman James G. , Arbic Brian K. , Shriver Jay F. , Metzger E. Joseph , Wallcraft Alan J.
Published: November 2012

The slopes of the wavenumber spectra of sea surface height (SSH) and kinetic energy (KE) have been used to infer “interior” or surface quasi‐geostrophic (QG or SQG) dynamics of the ocean. However, inspection of spectral slopes for altimeter SSH in the mesoscale band of 70 to 250 km shows much flatter slopes than the QG or SQG predictions over most of the ocean. Comparison of altimeter wavenumber spectra with spectra from an eddy resolving global ocean circulation model (the HYbrid Coordinate Ocean Model, HYCOM, at 1/12.5° equatorial resolution), which has embedded tides, suggests that the flatter slopes of the altimeter SSH may arise from three possible sources: (1) presence of strong internal tides, (2) shift of the inertial sub‐range to smaller scales and (3) altimeter noise. Artificially adding noise to the model tends to flatten the spectra for low KE regions. Near internal tide generating regions, spectral slopes in the presence of internal waves are much flatter than QG or SQG predictions. Separating the variability into high and low frequency (around periods of 2 days), then a different pattern emerges with a flat high‐frequency wavenumber spectrum and a steeper low‐frequency wavenumber spectrum. For low mesoscale KE, the inertial sub‐range, defined by the nearly flat enstrophy band, moves to smaller scales and the mesoscale band of 70 to 250 km no longer represents the inertial sub‐range. The model wavenumber spectra are consistent with QG and SQG theory when internal waves and inertial sub‐range shifts are taken into consideration.
Determining diurnal variations of land surface emissivity from geostationary satellites
Authors: Li Zhenglong , Li Jun , Li Yue , Zhang Yong , Schmit Timothy J. , Zhou Lihang , Goldberg Mitchell D. , Menzel W. Paul
Published: November 2012

Infrared (IR) land surface emissivity (LSE) with a high temporal and spatial resolution is very important for deriving other products using IR radiance measurements as well as assimilating IR radiances in numerical weather prediction (NWP) models over land. Retrieved from various satellite instruments, many LSE databases are available for operational and research use. Most are updated only monthly; assuming emissivity does not change within the month. However, laboratory measurements have shown that emissivity increases by 1.7% to 16% when soil moisture content becomes higher, especially in sandy soils in the 8.2–9.2 μm range. And a clearly defined wave‐like diurnal pattern of decreasing surface soil moisture during the day and recovery (or increased soil moisture) at night was observed. Therefore, it is expected that LSE possesses a diurnal wave‐pattern variation with low values during day time and high values during nighttime. The physically based GOES‐R ABI LSE algorithm uniquely exploits the geostationary satellites' high temporal resolution. The algorithm was developed and applied to the radiance measurements from the Spinning Enhanced Visible and InfraRed Imager (SEVIRI) on the Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) Meteosat‐8/9. The results over the Sahara Desert show that 8.7μm emissivity has a significant diurnal wave‐pattern variation, with high values during nighttime and low values during day time. 10.8μm emissivity also shows a similar diurnal variation, but with a smaller amplitude compared to 8.7 μm. 12.0 μm emissivity has an even weaker diurnal variation, and an opposite pattern as 8.7 and 10.8 μm. Evidence is provided to demonstrate that the SEVIRI LSE diurnal wave‐pattern variations are real, not artifacts from the retrieval algorithm. The impacts of diurnal variations of errors in GFS forecast (temperature and moisture profiles) and in land surface temperature (LST) are analyzed; they are found to be minor compared to the LSE diurnal variations shown by SEVIRI.
Hydrologic response to multimodel climate output using a physically based model of groundwater/surface water interactions
Authors: Sulis M. , Paniconi C. , Marrocu M. , Huard D. , Chaumont D.
Published: November 2012

General circulation models (GCMs) are the primary instruments for obtaining projections of future global climate change. Outputs from GCMs, aided by dynamical and/or statistical downscaling techniques, have long been used to simulate changes in regional climate systems over wide spatiotemporal scales. Numerous studies have acknowledged the disagreements between the various GCMs and between the different downscaling methods designed to compensate for the mismatch between climate model output and the spatial scale at which hydrological models are applied. Very little is known, however, about the importance of these differences once they have been input or assimilated by a nonlinear hydrological model. This issue is investigated here at the catchment scale using a process‐based model of integrated surface and subsurface hydrologic response driven by outputs from 12 members of a multimodel climate ensemble. The data set consists of daily values of precipitation and min/max temperatures obtained by combining four regional climate models and five GCMs. The regional scenarios were downscaled using a quantile scaling bias‐correction technique. The hydrologic response was simulated for the 690 km2des Anglais catchment in southwestern Quebec, Canada. The results show that different hydrological components (river discharge, aquifer recharge, and soil moisture storage) respond differently to precipitation and temperature anomalies in the multimodel climate output, with greater variability for annual discharge compared to recharge and soil moisture storage. We also find that runoff generation and extreme event‐driven peak hydrograph flows are highly sensitive to any uncertainty in climate data. Finally, the results show the significant impact of changing sequences of rainy days on groundwater recharge fluxes and the influence of longer dry spells in modifying soil moisture spatial variability.
Clinical and Pathological Effects of the Polyopisthocotylean Monogenean, Gamacallum macroura in White Bass
Authors: Clarke Elsburgh O. , Harms Craig A. , Law J. McHugh , Flowers James R. , Williams Valerie N. , Ring Brad D. , McGinty Andrew S. , Hopper Michael , Sullivan Craig V.
Published: November 2012

An aquaculture research facility experienced high mortality rates in white bass Morone chrysops associated with a monogenean infestation of the gills, but not in striped bass Morone saxatilis in the same facility. All mortalities had pale gills. Monogeneans, identified as Gamacallum macroura (MacCallum and MacCallum 1913) Unnithan 1971, were found on the gills. Pale-gilled and healthy white bass were selected with no particular attention to condition for venipuncture and euthanasia for postmortem examination, including parasite counts from gills. The median packed cell volume (PCV) of fish with gill pallor was 12.5% (range 9–37%) while PVC of fish with more normal color was 30% (27–33%). Association between the PCV and gill pallor score was statistically significant, as was the association between PCV and the number of monogeneans found on the gills of each fish. Median estimated white blood cell count of fish with gill pallor, at 12.05 × 103/μL (range 3.8–24.7), was significantly lower than of apparently healthy fish: 24.7 × 103/μL (17.3–31.5). Histopathology of the gill arches of pale-gilled fish revealed multifocal moderate to severe branchitis, focal areas of dilated hyperplastic lamellae occluded by fibrin, and monogeneans attached to the lamellae. Fish that were apparently healthy had grossly similar histologic lesions, but at lower frequency and severity.

Received May 27, 2011; accepted July 12, 2012
Psychological interventions for carers of people with dementia: A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative evidence
Authors: Elvish Ruth , Lever Sammi-Jo , Johnstone Jodie , Cawley Rosanne , Keady John
Published: November 2012

Rationale: Carers of people with dementia experience significant levels of stress in their everyday role. The National Dementia Strategy in England identifies the key role that carers play in supporting people with dementia living at home, often to the detriment of their social, emotional and physical health. Aims: To add to the substantive knowledge‐base by combining search criteria used by Pinquart and Sörensen (2006) and Gallagher‐Thompson and Coon (2007) to update the literature on psychological interventions for carers of people with dementia published between 2005 and 2011. Method: Following the study inclusion criteria, comprehensive searches were conducted using the electronic databases Medline, PsycINFO, ERIC, and PubMed. Twenty studies were identified, graded and synthesised into the reported systematic review with both quantitative and qualitative studies included to maximise practice application. Results: Consistent with previous findings, three categories of psychological intervention were identified: (i) psychoeducational‐skill building (n=8); (ii) psychotherapy‐counselling (n=1); (iii) multicomponent (n=6). Our review also identified a fourth intervention category, (iv) technology‐based (n=5). The majority of studies in the updated review examine the constructs of depression, burden, social support and well‐being. The development of focused interventions for carers, whether individually tailored interventions or group interventions around a common issue, was significant for developing practice. Future studies across all categories should continue to embed supervision arrangements within their psychological intervention protocols.
A statistically predictive model for future monsoon failure in India
Authors: Schewe Jacob , Levermann Anders
Published: November 2012

Indian monsoon rainfall is vital for a large share of the world’s population. Both reliably projecting India’s future precipitation and unraveling abrupt cessations of monsoon rainfall found in paleorecords require improved understanding of its stability properties. While details of monsoon circulations and the associated rainfall are complex, full-season failure is dominated by large-scale positive feedbacks within the region. Here we find that in a comprehensive climate model, monsoon failure is possible but very rare under pre-industrial conditions, while under future warming it becomes much more frequent. We identify the fundamental intraseasonal feedbacks that are responsible for monsoon failure in the climate model, relate these to observational data, and build a statistically predictive model for such failure. This model provides a simple dynamical explanation for future changes in the frequency distribution of seasonal mean all-Indian rainfall. Forced only by global mean temperature and the strength of the Pacific Walker circulation in spring, it reproduces the trend as well as the multidecadal variability in the mean and skewness of the distribution, as found in the climate model. The approach offers an alternative perspective on large-scale monsoon variability as the result of internal instabilities modulated by pre-seasonal ambient climate conditions.
Characterization of smooth Schubert varieties in rational homogeneous manifolds of Picard number 1
Authors: Hong Jaehyun , Mok Ngaiming
Published: November 2012

In a series of works one of the authors has developed with J.-M. Hwang a geometric theory of uniruled projective manifolds basing on the study of varieties of minimal rational tangents, and the geometric theory has especially been applied to rational homogeneous manifolds of Picard number 1. In Mok [Astérisque 322, pp. 151–205] and Hong-Mok [J. Diff. Geom. 86 (2010), pp. 539–567] the authors have started the study of uniruled projective subvarieties, and a method was developed for characterizing certain subvarieties of rational homogeneous manifolds. The method relies on non-equidimensional Cartan-Fubini extension and a notion of parallel transport of varieties of minimal rational tangents.

In the current article we apply the notion of parallel transport to a characterization of smooth Schubert varieties of rational homogeneous manifolds of Picard number 1. Given a pair

(
S
,

S
0

)

(S, S_0)

consisting of a rational homogeneous manifold

S
S

of Picard number 1 and a smooth Schubert variety

S
0

S_0

of

S
S

, where no restrictions are placed on

S
0

S_0

when

S
=
G

/

P

S = G/P

is associated to a long root (while necessarily some cases have to be excluded when

S
S

is associated to a short root), we prove that any subvariety of

S
S

having the same homology class as

S
0

S_0

must be

g

S
0

gS_0

for some

g
∈
Aut
(
S
)

g \in \text {Aut}(S)

.

We reduce the problem first of all to a characterization of local deformations

S
t

S_t

of

S
0

S_0

as a subvariety of

S
S

. By Kodaira stability,

S
t

S_t

is uniruled by minimal rational curves of

S
S

lying on

S
t

S_t

. We establish a biholomorphism between

S
t

S_t

and

S
0

S_0

which extends to a global automorphism by reconstructing

S
t

S_t

by means of a repeated use of parallel transport of varieties of minimal rational tangents along minimal rational curves issuing from a general base point. Our method is applicable also to the case of singular Schubert varieties provided that there exists a minimal rational curve on the smooth locus of the variety.
Oceans of opportunity or rough seas? What does the future hold for developments in European marine policy?
Authors: Potts Tavis , O'Higgins Tim , Hastings Emily
Published: November 2012

The management of European seas is undergoing a process of major reform. In the past, oceans and coastal policy has traditionally evolved in a fragmented and uncoordinated manner, developed by different sector-based agencies and arms of government with competing aims and objectives. Recently, the call for integrated and ecosystem-based approaches has driven the conceptualization of a new approach. At the scale of Europe through the Integrated Maritime Policy and Marine Strategy Framework Directive and in national jurisdictions such as the Marine and Coastal Access Act in the United Kingdom, ecosystem-based planning is becoming the norm. There are major challenges to this process and this paper explores, in particular, the opportunities inherent in building truly integrated approaches that cross different sectors of activity, integrate across scales, incorporate public involvement and build a sense of oceans citizenship.
Challenges for implementing the Marine Strategy Framework Directive in a climate of macroecological change
Authors: McQuatters-Gollop Abigail
Published: November 2012

Unprecedented basin-scale ecological changes are occurring in our seas. As temperature and carbon dioxide concentrations increase, the extent of sea ice is decreasing, stratification and nutrient regimes are changing and pH is decreasing. These unparalleled changes present new challenges for managing our seas, as we are only just beginning to understand the ecological manifestations of these climate alterations. The Marine Strategy Framework Directive requires all European Member States to achieve good environmental status (GES) in their seas by 2020; this means management towards GES will take place against a background of climate-driven macroecological change. Each Member State must set environmental targets to achieve GES; however, in order to do so, an understanding of large-scale ecological change in the marine ecosystem is necessary. Much of our knowledge of macroecological change in the North Atlantic is a result of research using data gathered by the Continuous Plankton Recorder (CPR) survey, a near-surface plankton monitoring programme that has been sampling in the North Atlantic since 1931. CPR data indicate that North Atlantic and North Sea plankton dynamics are responding to both climate and human-induced changes, presenting challenges to the development of pelagic targets for achievement of GES in European Seas. Thus, the continuation of long-term ecological time series such as the CPR survey is crucial for informing and supporting the sustainable management of European seas through policy mechanisms.
Analysis of the plant growth‐promoting properties encoded by the genome of the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas putida BIRD‐1
Authors: Roca Amalia , Pizarro‐Tobías Paloma , Udaondo Zulema , Fernández Matilde , Matilla Miguel A. , Molina‐Henares M. Antonia , Molina Lázaro , Segura Ana , Duque Estrella , Ramos Juan‐Luis
Published: November 2012

Pseudomonas putida BIRD‐1 is a plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium whose genome size is 5.7 Mbp. It adheres to plant roots and colonizes the rhizosphere to high cell densities even in soils with low moisture. This property is linked to its ability to synthesize trehalose, since a mutant deficient in the synthesis of trehalose exhibited less tolerance to desiccation than the parental strain. The genome of BIRD‐1 encodes a wide range of proteins that help it to deal with reactive oxygen stress generated in the plant rhizosphere. BIRD‐1 plant growth‐promoting rhizobacteria properties derive from its ability to enhance phosphorous and iron solubilization and to produce phytohormones. BIRD‐1 is capable of solubilizing insoluble inorganic phosphate forms through acid production. The genome of BIRD‐1 encodes at least five phosphatases related to phosphorous solubilization, one of them being a phytase that facilitates the utilization of phytic acid, the main storage form of phosphorous in plants. Pyoverdine is the siderophore produced by this strain, a mutant that in the FvpD siderophore synthase failed to grow on medium without supplementary iron, but the mutant was as competitive as the parental strain in soils because it captures the siderophores produced by other microbes. BIRD‐1 overproduces indole‐3‐acetic acid through convergent pathways.
Fatal Accidental Hydrogen Sulfide Poisoning: A Domestic Case
Authors: Sastre Caroline , Baillif‐Couniou Valérie , Kintz Pascal , Cirimele Vincent , Bartoli Christophe , Christia‐Lotter Marie‐Amandine , Piercecchi‐Marti Marie‐Dominique , Leonetti Georges , Pelissier‐Alicot Anne‐Laure
Published: November 2012

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) poisonings are classically reported in occupational settings. We describe an unusual domestic case of fatal acute poisoning by H2S inhalation. A mother and her infant daughter were found dead in the kitchen of their home. The emergency medical team described a strong smell of rotten eggs, suggesting acute H2S poisoning. Autopsies revealed only multiorgan congestion. H2S was measured in blood and lung tissue samples by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Body fluids were negative, but H2S was found in the lungs of both the mother and the child at concentrations of 1.46 and 1.92 mg/kg, respectively, concentrations described in the literature as potentially lethal. Expert surveys of the premises suggested a complex mechanism involving both defective maintenance of the pipes and drains of the building and faulty assembly of the sink siphon, which led to stagnation of waste water and formation of a pocket of H2S.
Rib Butterfly Fractures as a Possible Indicator of Blast Trauma
Authors: Christensen Angi M. , Smith Victoria A.
Published: November 2012

Forensic anthropologists have become increasingly involved in the interpretation of skeletal trauma caused by exploding ordnance. This study examines the cause and significance of butterfly fractures observed in a recent study investigating skeletal blast trauma by Christensen et al. Fractured ribs resulting from blast events carried out in the original study were re‐examined revealing that rib butterfly fractures with the tensile indicator on the visceral surface were present in 100% of viable pig specimens. Additionally, manual fracture testing was performed on 46 pig ribs to simulate the bending force believed to have been sustained in the original blast events. Fracture testing resulted in 93% of specimens presenting butterfly fractures with the tensile indicator on the visceral surface. This fracture pattern differs significantly from that normally observed in association with other types of trauma events and may aid forensic anthropologists and other investigators in the identification and interpretation of blast events.
Preservation of Hepatocyte Nuclear Factor‐4α Contributes to the Beneficial Effect of Dietary Medium Chain Triglyceride on Alcohol‐Induced Hepatic Lipid Dyshomeostasis in Rats
Authors: Li Qiong , Zhong Wei , Qiu Yunping , Kang Xinqin , Sun Xiuhua , Tan Xiaobing , Zhao Yantao , Sun Xinguo , Jia Wei , Zhou Zhanxiang
Published: November 2012

Background

Alcohol consumption is a major cause of fatty liver, and dietary saturated fats have been shown to protect against alcoholic fatty liver. This study investigated the mechanisms of how dietary saturated fat may modulate alcohol‐induced hepatic lipid dyshomeostasis.

Methods

Male Sprague Dawley rats were pair‐fed with 3 isocaloric liquid diets, control, alcohol, and medium chain triglyceride (MCT)/alcohol, respectively, for 8 weeks. The control and alcohol diets were based on the Lieber–DeCarli liquid diet formula with 30% total calories derived from corn oil (rich in unsaturated long chain fatty acids). The corn oil was replaced by MCT, which consists of exclusive saturated fatty acids, in the MCT/alcohol diet. HepG2 cell culture was conducted to test the effects of unsaturated fatty acids on hepatocyte nuclear factor‐4α (HNF4α) and the role of HNF4α in regulating hepatocyte lipid homeostasis.

Results

Alcohol feeding caused significant lipid accumulation, which was attenuated by dietary MCT. The major effect of alcohol on hepatic gene expression is the up‐regulation of CYP4A1, CD36, and GPAT3, and down‐regulation of apolipoprotein B (ApoB). Dietary MCT further up‐regulated CYP4A1 gene, normalized ApoB gene, and up‐regulated MTTP and SCD1 genes. The protein level of HNF4α, a master transcription factor of the liver, was reduced by alcohol feeding, which was normalized by dietary MCT. Fatty acid profiling demonstrated that alcohol feeding dramatically increased hepatic unsaturated long chain fatty acyl species, particularly linoleic acid and oleic acid, which was attenuated by dietary MCT. Dietary MCT attenuated alcohol‐reduced serum triglyceride level and modulated the fatty acid composition of the serum triglycerides. Cell culture study demonstrated polyunsaturated linoleic acid rather than monounsaturated oleic acid inactivated HNF4α in HepG2 cells. Knockdown of HNF4α caused lipid accumulation in HepG2 cells due to dysregulation of very low density lipoprotein secretion.

Conclusions

Results suggest that dietary MCT prevents alcohol‐induced hepatic lipid accumulation, at least partially, through reducing hepatic polyunsaturated long chain fatty acids and preserving HNF4α.
Prenatal antidepressant exposure and behavioral problems in early childhood – a cohort study
Authors: Pedersen L. H. , Henriksen T. B. , Bech B. H. , Licht R. W. , Kjaer D. , Olsen J.
Published: November 2012

Objective

To estimate a potential association between in utero exposure to antidepressants and behavioral problems in childhood.

Method

Information on exposures was obtained from the Danish National Birth Cohort. We studied the children of 127 mothers who had used antidepressants during pregnancy and compared these to 98 children of mothers with a prenatal depression with no use of antidepressants during pregnancy and 723 children of mothers with no prenatal depression and no use of antidepressant during pregnancy (unexposed). Behavioral problems were assessed at 4 or 5 years of age by the parent‐reported Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ).

Results

Prenatal antidepressant exposure was not associated with abnormal SDQ scores compared with prenatal exposure to untreated prenatal depression or to no exposure. Untreated prenatal depression was associated with abnormal SDQ scores in the subscales of conduct [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.3 (95% CI, 1.2–4.5)] and prosocial problems [aOR 3.0 (95% CI, 1.2–7.8)] compared with unexposed children. Total SDQ score was higher in children of mothers with untreated prenatal depression. These associations attenuated after adjusting for postnatal maternal psychiatric disease.

Conclusion

Prenatal antidepressant exposure was not associated with behavioral or emotional problems in early childhood.
Load transfer in tilted implants with varying cantilever lengths in an all‐on‐four situation
Authors: Malhotra AO , Padmanabhan TV , Mohamed K , Natarajan S , Elavia U
Published: November 2012

Background:  The aim of this study was to evaluate if tilting of the distal implant at different angulations (30° and 40°) with different cantilever lengths (4 mm and 12 mm) affects the stress and strain distribution in an ‘all‐on‐four’ situation.

Methods:  A completely edentulous mandible was modelled with four tapered implants placed within the interforaminal region to receive an all acrylic fixed prosthesis. The two posterior implants were tilted at an angle of 30° and 40°. The prosthesis cantilever was given two different variables of 4 mm and 12 mm. For all models, the equivalent von Mises stress and strain was analysed using three‐dimensional finite element analysis.

Results:  Statistical significance (p < 0.05) was seen when a comparison was made for the stress developed on the implant and cortical bone between the 30° and 40° distally tilted posterior implants in both situations. No significance was seen in the trabecular bone and on the strain developed in these situations.

Conclusions:  The study shows that increasing the tilt of the distal implants does not increase the stress significantly. It also shows that the architecture of the mandible plays a major role during treatment planning of a completely edentulous patient.
Phosphodiesterase‐4 inhibition improves corticosteroid insensitivity in pulmonary endothelial cells under oxidative stress
Authors: Ortiz J. L. , Milara J. , Lluch J. , De Diego A. , Sanz C. , Cortijo J.
Published: November 2012

Background

Several clinical studies have shown that smoking in asthmatics and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients is closely associated with corticosteroid refractoriness. In this work, we have analyzed glucocorticoid insensitivity in human pulmonary artery endothelial cells (HPAECs) under cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure as well as the possible additive effects of the combination therapy with a phosphodiesterase (PDE)‐4 inhibitor.

Methods

Interleukin (IL)‐8 was measured in cell supernatants by ELISA. Histone deacetylase (HDAC), histone acetylase (HAT), and intracellular cAMP levels were measured by colorimetric assays and enzyme immunoassay, respectively. PDE4 isotypes and glucocorticoid receptor (GR)‐α and β expression were measured by real‐time RT‐PCR.

Results

The PDE4 inhibitor rolipram dose dependently inhibited the IL‐8 secretion induced by CSE 5%. In contrast, dexamethasone 1 μM did not show inhibitory effect on IL‐8 secretion. Combination of subeffective rolipram concentrations at 10 nM increased the inhibitory effect of dexamethasone to ~45% of inhibition. Cigarette smoke extract 5% inhibited HDAC activity and increased HAT activity generating glucocorticoid insensitivity. Rolipram did not modify the HDAC activity, however partially inhibited the increase in HAT activity at 1 μM. PDE4 isotypes were up‐regulated by CSE 5% with the consequent cAMP down‐regulation. Dexamethasone reduced all PDE4 isotypes expression and showed additive effects with rolipram enhancing cAMP levels. Furthermore, rolipram enhanced GR‐α expression and inhibited the increase in GR‐β induced by CSE.

Conclusions

Combination of rolipram and dexamethasone shows additive properties in HPAECs under glucocorticoid insensitive conditions. These results may be of potential value in future anti‐inflammatory therapies using combination of PDE4 inhibitors and glucocorticoids.