bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dietary intake of younger and older adolescents in Louisiana and their adherence to national dietary recommendations (806.14)
Authors: Lewis Markita , Walker‐Girior Tanya , Durham Holiday , Lammi‐Keefe Carol
Published: June 2021

During adolescence females undergo physiological changes increasing nutrient needs for development. Previous research has shown that adolescent diet quality decreases with age, failing to meet recommendations set by Dietary Guidelines for Americans 2010 (DGA2010). This increases the risk for nutrient deficiencies which may affect development and increase risks for young women’s reproductive years. The purpose of this study was to identify intake of food groups and nutrients among adolescent females in Louisiana in accordance with DGA 2010 and determine if intake differences existed between younger (12‐13yrs) and older adolescents (14‐17yrs). For our study, 26 females (ages 12‐17yrs) were recruited from the 2013 Louisiana State 4‐H Fashion Camp. Participants were administered the Block Food Screener for Ages 2‐17 Food Frequency Questionnaire. Food group and nutrient data were grouped by age (12‐13 versus 14‐17 yrs) and compared using a One‐Way ANOVA. No significant differences existed in dietary intake between younger and older adolescents. Intake of protein, fruits, and total fat were within DGA 2010 recommendations. However, intake of vegetables, dairy products, whole grains, protein foods, iron, folate and calcium were inadequate in all adolescents. Future studies should assess reasons for suboptimal nutrient intake among adolescent females in Louisiana so that relevant nutrition education programs can be implemented to increase diet quality.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by LSU's Ronald E. McNair Research Scholars program.
Multivitamin/mineral supplement contribution to micronutrient intakes in the United States (806.15)
Authors: Wallace Taylor , Fulgoni Victor , McBurney Michael
Published: June 2021

Multivitamin/mineral supplements are the most common dietary supplements consumed in the United States; however, intake data specific to how multivitamin/mineral supplements use contributes to micronutrient intakes among Americans are absent from the current scientific literature. This analysis aimed to assess contributions of micronutrients to usual intakes derived from multivitamin/mineral supplements and to compare those intakes to the Dietary Reference Intakes for U.S. residents aged 蠅4 y according to National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007‐2010 (n = 16,444). We used the National Cancer Institute method to assess usual intakes of 21 micronutrients. Our results showed that 51% of Americans consumed multivitamin/mineral supplements containing 蠅9 micronutrients. Large portions of the population had total usual intakes (food and multivitamin/mineral supplement use) below the estimated average requirement for vitamins A (35%), C (31%), D (74%), E (67%), calcium (39%), and magnesium (46%). Only 0, 8%, and 33% of the population had total usual intakes of potassium, choline, and vitamin K above the adequate intake when food and multivitamin/mineral use was considered. The percentage of the population with total intakes greater than the tolerable upper intake level was low for all nutrients; excess intakes of zinc were the highest (3.5%) across the population of all the nutrients assessed.

Grant Funding Source: Council for Responsible Nutrition
Differences in n‐3 and n‐6 PUFA biosynthesis in African and European Americans (806.16)
Authors: Chilton Floyd , Howard Timothy , Sergeant Susan , Manichaikul Ani , Rich Stephen , Wilson Bryan , Seeds Michael
Published: June 2021

Levels and ratios of omega‐6 (n‐6) and omega‐3 (n‐3) long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LcPUFAs) impact a wide range of biological activities and human diseases. We have shown marked differences in the synthesis of the n‐6 LcPUFA, arachidonic acid (20:4, n‐6), between African (AfAm) and European (EuAm) ancestry populations in the US. N‐3 LcPUFA biosynthesis is more complex, including up to 4 additional biochemical steps to make docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 22:6, n‐3). Given the critical role of the balance of n‐6 and n‐3 LcPUFAs on biological responses, the objective of the current study was to compare the efficiency of biosynthesis of both n‐6 and n‐3 LcPUFA in AfAm and EuAm subjects. Serum levels of PUFAs were examined in two cohorts, and AfAm contained higher DHA levels in both cohorts (p= 4 x 10‐6 and 1.7 x 10‐9) and higher DHA to precursor n‐3 PUFA ratios (p=1.7x10‐8 and 6.8x10‐20) than EuAm. Analysis of 77 candidate SNPs in the six genes proposed to participate in LcPUFA biosynthesis revealed strong associations between SNPs and biosynthetic capacity in the fatty acid desaturase (FADS1/2) gene cluster in EuAm and weaker associations in the elongase gene, ELOVL2. These data indicate that there are marked differences between AfAm and EuAm in n‐3 LcPUFA biosynthesis and that genetic variants, particularly within the FADS1/2 gene cluster, appear to play a critical role in the regulation of PUFA biosynthesis. These observations raise important questions of whether gene‐PUFA interactions induced by the modern western diet are differentially driving the risk of PUFA‐driven diseases in diverse populations.

Grant Funding Source: NIH‐P50 AT002782
Liquid consumption, but not pesticide exposure, was a determinant of diabetes in migrant and seasonal farmworker women in Michigan (806.2)
Authors: Shin Dayeon , Nieves Violeta , Groth Jodi , Song Won O.
Published: June 2021

The prevalence of diabetes in Migrant and Seasonal Farmworkers (MSFW) is even higher than that in Hispanics in the US. We assessed if consumption of beverages (choices and amount) and training on pesticide (a proxy of pesticide exposure) are associated with the risk of diabetes in MSFW women in MI. Healthy Families=Healthy Babies projects were conducted with 251 women between May‐October, 2012. After incomplete responses were removed, the final sample size included 155 women with a mean age of 28y (7.0, SD). Unadjusted and age‐adjusted logistic regression models were used to examine the association between beverages consumption, pesticide training and the risk of diabetes. Twenty two (14%) MSFW women reported having diabetes. MSFW women who consumed 1‐2 glasses of alcohols/day had higher risk of diabetes (unadjusted odds ratio (OR) 4.7 [95% CI=1.2‐18.3], p=0.03; age‐adjusted OR 5.8 [95% CI=1.4‐24.6], p=0.02). Water, coffee, and milk consumption and training of pesticide were not associated with the risk of diabetes. In conclusion, alcohol consumption was associated with the risk of diabetes in MSFW women. Healthy Families=Healthy Babies projects allowed researchers to study nutritional health and health risks in the hard‐to‐reach MSFW women and underscores the importance of nutrition education in relation to diabetes. Potential longitudinal evaluation of risk factors beyond beverage consumption for the risk of diabetes needs to be explored in future research.

Grant Funding Source: Telamon Corporation/March of Dimes
Environmental influences on cardiovascular risk factors among Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands with type 2 diabetes (806.4)
Authors: Sukhram Shiryn , Shaban Lemia , Huffman Fatma
Published: June 2021

The study examined the associations of serum cotinine (a biomarker of smoke exposure) and serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] with blood pressure and serum lipids in Turkish immigrants with type 2 diabetes (T2D). A total of 110 participants, physician‐diagnosed with T2D, aged 30 years and older were recruited from multiple sources from The Hague, Netherlands in a cross‐sectional design. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured using automated office blood pressure equipment. Serum cotinine levels were measured with a solid‐phase competitive chemiluminescent immunoassay. Serum 25(OH)D was determined by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay. Serum lipids were determined by enzymatic assay and included total cholesterol (CHOL), high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), low‐density lipoprotein (LDL), and triglycerides (TG). Total cholesterol to HDL ratio (CHOL:HDL) and atherosclerosis‐index (AI) were calculated. High cotinine levels (蠅 25 ng/mL) were associated with high CHOL:HDL ratio (B= 0.59, SE= 0.28, P<0.05) and high AI (B= 0.59, SE= 0.28, P<0.05). Low 25(OH)D levels (< 25 nmol/L) were associated with low DBP (B= ‐4.14, SE= 2.00, P<0.05). These findings suggest that serum cotinine and 25(OH)D may be assessed as a standard of care for T2D management in the Turkish immigrant population. Prospective studies of diabetes outcomes are recommended to further verify these findings.
Lasting effects of USDA Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Program on students' health knowledge of and preference for fruit and vegetables (808.13)
Authors: Lin Yi‐Chun , Foland Elizabeth , Caito‐Sipe Alexandra , Fly Alyce
Published: June 2021

The FFVP provides participating elementary schools funding for fruit and vegetables (F&V) to serve outside of regular meal programs. This study examined the lasting influence of FFVP by comparing behaviors and related determinants, including, intake of daily variety of F&V, intention to eat daily recommended amounts of F&V, knowledge of health benefits of eating F&V each day, and attitude toward F&V, between students who had or had not received FFVP during the previous school year. Data were collected from 4th‐6th graders from 3 elementary schools with similar demographic and geographic backgrounds. Schools received grants for 2007‐08 FFVP but students at only 1 school had FFVP during the previous school year. Responses from students in two groups (previous‐FFVP vs new‐FFVP) were collected before the 2007‐08 program began. Logistic regressions were used to examine differences for behaviors, intentions, knowledge and preferences related to F&V. No changes were found for the behavior of eating different kinds of F&V daily or intention to eat recommended amounts of F&V. More Previous‐FFVP students knew that they need to eat F&V daily to be healthy (fruit: 83% vs 69%; vegetables: 77% vs 63%). No changes were found for students’ attitude towards fruit, however; more pre‐FFVP students reported liking vegetables compared to new‐FFVP students (65% vs 56%). FFVP may have lasting effects on some determinants of F&V intake.
What nutrition and physical activity policies and practices are most lacking in early childhood centers within rural communities? (808.20)
Authors: Smith Jaime , Contreras Dawn , Gold Abby , Keim Ann , Oscarson Renee , Peters Paula , Procter Sandy , Remig Valentina , Smathers Carol , Mobley Amy
Published: June 2021

While some researchers have examined nutrition and physical activity policies within early childhood programs, little is known about the needs of rural communities. Early childhood centers serving preschool children located within low‐income rural communities (n=31) from seven states (IN, KS, MI, ND, OH, SD, WI) were assessed to determine current nutrition and physical activity practices and policies. As part of a large scale childhood obesity prevention project, the Community Healthy Living Index previously validated Early Childhood Program Assessment Tool was used to collect data. Descriptive statistical analysis was conducted to identify high priority areas. Weaknesses in nutrition related policies or practices included a lack of: a research based healthy eating curriculum, farm to school initiatives, vegetable variety, whole grains, and limited saturated fat intake within meals, healthy celebration guidelines, policies prohibiting food as a punishment/reward, child mealtime involvement, and referrals to nutrition assistance programs. Programs also had limited structured physical activity opportunities. Overall, programs lacked parental outreach, staff training, and funding/resources to support nutrition and physical activity. These results provide insight into where early childhood programs within low‐income, rural communities may need assistance to help prevent childhood obesity.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by USDA NIFA Childhood Obesity Prevention Grant #2011‐68001‐30100
Developing a nutrition education program for obesity prevention among Mexican children: a pilot study (808.21)
Authors: González Daniela , Contreras Alma , Grijalva María , Portillo Gloria , Ortega María
Published: June 2021

Interventions for preventing obesity require elements of environmental and behavioral change, these are more successful with conceptual models, local context and community‐based. Objective: Develop and test a thematic guide in a focus group to design a nutrition education program based on a public health approach that involves parents, teachers and the school environment. Methodology: Following the Socio‐ecological theory and the precede‐proceed model, we developed and tested a focus group guide to analyze participants perceptions, beliefs and barriers related to behavioral and environmental changes on diet and physical activity in school‐age children. The pilot study included 4 focus groups discussion with 20 school‐age mothers from two public elementary schools in Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico; each focus group session lasted about 60 min and included on average 5 participants. We used the QSR NVivo program for content analysis. Results: Some universal mediators of diet and physical activity behaviors that agree with those universally reported are: food energy density and physical inactivity. Also, context‐based mediators identified were: school meal quality, parents and teachers nutrition knowledge and beliefs, and public security. Conclusion: There are universal and context‐related mediators of obesity that should be acknowledged in an obesity prevention program for school‐age children.
Relation of control in parenting and feeding styles to child overweight and obesity (808.7)
Authors: Hubbs‐Tait Laura , Mobley Amy , Kimble Ashley , Hayes Jenna , Dickin Katherine , Sigman‐Grant Madeleine
Published: June 2021

Study objective was to evaluate relations among control in feeding and parenting styles, child BMIz, and odds of child overweight/obesity. Participants were 144 low‐income mothers (28% Hispanic) and children (71 girls, 73 boys; Mage=4.4 years; 35.4% overweight/obese) from seven states. Inductive (“emphasize reasons for rules”) and punitive (“spank”) control were from Parenting Behavior Questionnaire–Head Start (PBQ‐HS) measure of parenting styles. Child‐centered control and parent‐centered high control were from Caregiver’s Feeding Style Questionnaire (CFSQ). Child continuous BMIz scores were correlated with PBQ inductive, r = ‐.170, p = .04, and CFSQ high control, r = ‐.160, p = .06. With maternal BMI controlled, reduced odds of child overweight/obesity were linked to PBQ inductive control, OR=0.30; 95% CI: 0.12‐0.73, p = .008, and CFSQ high control, OR=0.59; 95% CI: 0.37‐0.96, p = .034. CFSQ authoritative style had greatest PBQ inductive control scores, F(1, 140) = 6.78, p = .01; CFSQ authoritarian style exhibited greatest CFSQ high control scores, F(1, 140) = 5.84, p = .02. Results extend to multiethnic, multistate samples previous findings linking CFSQ parent‐centered high control to lower BMIz scores in a Hispanic sample. Findings also suggest importance of both feeding style high control and parenting style inductive control for preventing child overweight and obesity in low‐income samples.
Health habits of dietary supplement users (809.2)
Authors: MacKay Douglas , Dickinson Annette
Published: June 2021

The purpose of this review is to accumulate and compare the available data on the health habits of dietary supplement users, to provide a sharper insight into the lifestyle choices of this large segment of the American population. A literature review was conducted to identify nutrition survey data that included information on dietary supplements use. Data related to prevalence of use and other lifestyle habits such as smoking, diet, and exercise was extracted and reported. Dietary supplements are used by over one half of American adults, and the evidence suggests that this usage is one component of a larger effort to develop a healthier lifestyle. Numerous surveys document that users of dietary supplements are significantly more likely than nonusers to have somewhat better dietary patterns, exercise regularly, maintain a healthy weight, and avoid tobacco products. While supplement users tend to have better diets than nonusers, their diets have still have some substantial nutrient shortfalls and their supplement use has been shown to improve the adequacy of nutrient intakes. Our literature review of shows that a wide range of positive health habits, including efforts to consume a better diet, are consistently found to be characteristic of dietary supplement users.

Grant Funding Source: Council for Responsible Nutrition
Lactating women consume less than the recommendations for many nutrients (810.1)
Authors: Pratt Nathan , Sherry Christina
Published: June 2021

There is little research focusing on the dietary patterns of lactating women despite their unique nutrient needs. The objective of this study was to determine how dietary patterns of lactating mothers 1‐3 months postpartum compare to recommendations. Dietary intakes of subjects (N=88) were measured using weekly 3‐day food records throughout a 6 week study. Food record data was entered into The Food Processor® (ESHA Research) and each subject’s nutrient intake was compared to individualized recommendations based on subject characteristics. Dietary analysis demonstrated that subjects consumed 50% or less of fruit, vegetable, and dairy intake as recommended by MyPlate. As a result, mean intakes of 15 vitamins and minerals critical for protecting the health of the mother and/or infant development were below the Estimated Average Requirements (EARs) for this life cycle. For some nutrients, such as iodine and vitamins A, D, and E, less than 20% of subjects consumed recommended intakes. Carotenoids and highly unsaturated fatty acids were consumed at low levels by subjects, as well. Overall, we conclude that diet alone may be insufficient to meet the high nutrient demands of lactation in our study population. These results underline the need for further research on the dietary patterns of lactating mothers as well as special consideration of this population for diet education initiatives and interventions.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by Abbott Nutrition
Factors associated with serum n‐3 fatty acids concentration during pregnancy: a longitudinal study in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (810.10)
Authors: Pinto Thatiana , Farias Dayana , Rebelo Fernanda , Lepsch Jaqueline , Vaz Juliana , Eshriqui Ilana , Kac Gilberto
Published: June 2021

Objective: To analyze if social, biochemical and nutritional factors are associated with serum eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids concentration during pregnancy. Methods: Prospective cohort of 187 pregnant women followed at 8‐13th, 22‐26th and 30‐34th weeks’of gestation. The independent variables comprised socio‐economic and demographic status, obstetric history, leptin, insulin resistance, early‐pregnancy Body Mass Index (BMI), dietary and lifestyle parameters. The outcome was the sum of EPA and DHA assayed at each trimester. Analyses were performed with linear mixed‐effect models, adjusted for total energy intake and gestational age. Results: FA increased from 1st to 2nd trimester (β=3.418) and declined from 2nd to 3rd trimester (β=‐0.061). Interpartal interval <48 months (β=‐7.605, p=0.047), age (β=6.820, p=0.037), early‐pregnancy BMI 蠅25 kg/m² (β=11.274, p<0.001), smoking habit (β=‐9.143, p=0.057), total dietary fat intake (β =‐0.641, p=0.063) and being single (β=‐7.522, p=0.043) were associated to serum EPA and DHA. Conclusion: BMI and age were positively associated with EPA+DHA, while being single, smoker and having an interpartal interval <48 months and higher dietary fat intake were associated with lower levels of these FA.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by FAPERJ, CNPq and CAPES
Oatmeal consumption is associated with increased nutrient intake, better diet quality, and lower body mass index in adult participants (19+ y) from the NHANES (2001‐2010) (810.12)
Authors: Fulgoni Victor , Chu YiFang , O’Shea Marianne , Slavin Joanne
Published: June 2021

The association between oatmeal consumption with nutrient intake, dietary quality, and body weight parameters was examined in adults (n=22,823) using data from NHANES (2001‐2010). Consumers (n=1,419) were defined as having any amount of oatmeal during a 24‐hour diet recall. ANOVA (covariate adjusted) were conducted using appropriate sample weights. Diet quality was calculated using the Healthy Eating Index‐2005 (HEI). Energy adjusted protein (87±1.3 v 83±0.3 g/d), dietary fiber (20.5±0.3 v 15.8±0.1 g/d), vitamin A (826±24 v 610±7 RAE µg/d), Ca (1041±20 v 927±6 mg/d), P (1488±16 v 1351±5 mg/d), Mg (361±6 v 289±1 mg/d), Fe (17.0±0.2 v 15.5±0.1 mg/d), and K (2958±34 v 2714±12 mg/d) intake were higher (p<0.01) in consumers than non‐consumers. Total fat (75±0.6 v 83±0.3 g/d), SFA (24.3±0.3 v 27.2±0.1 g/d), cholesterol (239±6 v 290±2 mg/d), and vitamin B12 (4.4±0.1 v 5.5±0.1 µg/d) were lower in consumers. Consumers had higher HEI scores (58.9±0.5 v 50.6±0.2) due to more whole grains (2.7±0.06 v 0.6±0.01 cup eq/d) and less SFA, solid fat (39.0±0.6 v 46.1±0.2 g/d), and added sugars (17.2±0.5 v 19.3±0.2 tsp/d). BMI (27.5±0.3 v 28.5±0.1) and waist circumference (94.9±0.5 v 97.5±0.2 cm) were lower in consumers. Consumers were 25% less likely to be overweight or obese and had a 21% reduced risk of increased waist size. Oatmeal consumption was associated with better nutrient intake, diet quality, and weight parameters in adults.

Grant Funding Source: PepsiCo
Diet quality during pregnancy is not associated with adequate gestational weight gain (810.25)
Authors: Shin Dayeon , Chung Hwan , Song Won O.
Published: June 2021

The gestational weight gain (GWG) guidelines of the Institute of Medicine (IOM) aim to improve birth outcomes while reducing pregnancy complications. The GWG guidelines are set based on the prepregnancy weight status and optimal rate of weight gain at different trimesters of pregnancy. Dietary references intakes (DRIs) of the IOM are also set for each trimester of pregnancy for energy intake and other essential nutrients by age of expecting mothers, but without accounting prepregnancy weights. In this cross‐sectional study, we tested the hypothesis that diet quality during pregnancy is positively associated with attaining adequate GWG at different stages of pregnancy. Diet quality during pregnancy was assessed by the Healthy Eating Index of 2005 (HEI‐2005) from 24‐h recall data of 490 pregnant women (16‐43 y) included in National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003‐2006. Logistic regression models were used to investigate if HEI‐2005 is a determinant of GWG status at different trimesters of pregnancy after controlling for age, trimester of gestation, race/ethnicity, education level, marital status, family poverty income ratio, daily supplement use, physical activity, and prepregnancy BMI. We found that HEI‐2005 scores of diets consumed during pregnancy could not serve as a determinant of adequate GWG. However, inadequate intake of total vegetables (OR 3.8, CI 1.1‐13.2, p=0.03) and oils (OR 2.8, CI 1.2‐6.4, p=0.02) which are components of HEI‐2005 scores was associated with excessive GWG after covariates were controlled. Although adequate GWG was not associated with diet quality as measured by HEI‐2005 during pregnancy in this study, comprehensive prenatal counseling including nutrition is important to reduce adverse birth outcomes.
Correlations between quality of mother‐infant interactions and infant iron levels (810.35)
Authors: Stoyell Sally , Hammons Julie , Canfield Richard , Haas Jere
Published: June 2021

Studies have shown differences in the social‐emotional behavior of infants with iron deficiency (ID) and especially iron deficiency anemia (IDA). Infants with ID are more hesitant and less likely to explore their environments than iron replete infants. ID has also been linked to reduced cognitive function after repletion and into adulthood, yet there is no clinical definition of ID in infants younger than 12 mo. In this study, 4‐7 mo. old infants and their mothers were evaluated with the PROCESS score, which quantifies the quality of the mother‐infant interactions and has been linked to behavior into adolescence. The PROCESS score was also used to develop measures of maternal warmth, caring, and responsiveness, and composure. Infant iron levels were assessed with multiple biomarkers: hemoglobin, serum ferritin, and serum transferrin receptor. Correlations between infant iron levels and the overall quality of the mother‐infant interactions, as well each separate category, were estimated using mixed and logistic regression models. Confounding factors included: maternal education and age, infant age, birth weight, birth order and diet. Infant iron levels were weakly positively correlated with quality of mother‐infant interactions (r2=0.18 and r2=0.02). These results could be important in predicting later behavioral and resulting cognitive problems.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by the USDA/NIFA (Hatch# 2012‐13‐228) and NSF Graduate Research Fellowship (JEH)
Nutrient intakes among the ten most common breakfast food types (810.6)
Authors: Miller Kevin , Vernarelli Jacqueline
Published: June 2021

Prior research on nutrient intakes by breakfast habits often includes ‘Other breakfasts’ which encompass a wide variety of foods. The objective was to assess nutrient intakes among consumers of the ten most common breakfast food types. The USDA Food and Nutrition Database (4.1, 5.0) used to process NHANES dietary data intake was analyzed for mean nutrient intakes. The identified food types included: ready‐to‐eat cereal (RTEC); Egg‐based; Yeast Breads; Pastries; Cooked Cereal; Fruit‐based; Pancakes/Waffles; Meat‐based; Muffins/quick breads; or Other (coffee drinks, juice, or meal‐replacement shakes). In adults (19+ years), the predominant breakfasts were Other, RTEC, and Egg‐based representing 25.5, 21.8, and 17.6%, respectively. Egg‐based breakfasts were associated with higher total energy intakes than RTEC and Other (2233 versus 2030 and 1964 kcal). RTEC and Cooked Cereal consumers had the highest fiber and lowest cholesterol and fat intakes along with Fruit breakfasts. Compared to Egg‐based and Meat‐based breakfasts, RTEC breakfast was associated with greater intakes of vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, B6, B9, B12, C, D and minerals magnesium and iron. Egg‐based and Meat‐based breakfasts were lower in total sugar intakes than RTEC (105 and 107 vs 122g, respectively), but higher in total calories (2232 and 2293 vs 2030 kCal, respectively), protein, total fat, cholesterol, sat fat, MUFA, PUFA and sodium (P<0.05).

Grant Funding Source: Funding by Kellogg Company
Examination of relationships among dietary factors and bone mineral density in adolescents (810.8)
Authors: Bowdon Molly , Phelps Josh , Crook Tina , Gonzales Dana , Hakkak Reza
Published: June 2021

Recent studies have noted a decrease in dairy intake and an increase in soda intake within the adolescent age group. Such studies have indicated trends in adolescent beverage intake may be detrimental to bone health. The purpose of this research was to examine relationships among dietary factors and bone mineral density (BMD) in adolescents using National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009‐2010 data for 1176 participants aged 12‐19 years of age. Adolescent mean dairy intake had a statistically significant positive correlation (small effect size) to mean femur BMD (rs= 0.076, p<0.01). Adolescent mean dairy intake had a statistically significant positive correlation (large effect size) to mean calcium intake (rs= 0.888, p<0.01). There was a statistically significant difference in mean calcium intake between genders, t(1171.26) =5.82, p<0.01, with males having a higher mean intake (942±5.63 mg) than females (650±3.32 mg). There was a statistically significant difference in mean dairy intake between genders, t(1173.71)= 8.92, p<0.01, with males having a higher intake (2.07±0.27 cps) than females (1.42±0.19 cps). The analyses suggest dairy consumption should be encouraged within the adolescent population to promote optimal bone health.
Protein intake is associated with HIV disease progression in HIV‐infected patients (810.9)
Authors: Riedel Pamela , Ramamoorthy Venkataraghavan , Baum Marianna , Greer Pedro , Li Yinghui , Dizon Kimberly , Martinez Sabrina , Luisi Sonya , Nagi Gagandeep , Fleetwood Christina , Stewart Tiffanie , Campa Adriana
Published: June 2021

Background: This longitudinal study examines the effect of protein intake on markers of HIV disease progression.

Methods: In a secondary analysis of data from 267 HIV+ patients on ART over a period of 6 months, we estimated protein intake from 24‐hour recalls and obtained CD4 cell counts and viral load from medical records. Multiple Linear Regressions and Mixed Models were used for over time analyses. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05.

Results: Participants mean age was 49±5 years, 62% were male and 71.3% were African Americans. Mean protein intake was 111±87 g/day (1.8 times the RDA for age and gender), mean CD4 cell count was 516.7±342 cells/μL and viral load 2.5±1.5 log10. Protein intake (g/day) was associated with decreased CD4 cell counts (β=‐0.68, p=0.05) and increased viral loads (β=51.27, p<0.01) over time. This adverse relationship remained significant (β=44.4, p<0.01), after adjusting for age and gender.

Conclusion: The results suggest a detrimental relationship of excessive protein consumption with disease progression over time in HIV‐infected patients on ART.

Grant Funding Source: NIDA
Relation between consumption of food out of home and obesity in university student (811.10)
Authors: Bilici Saniye , Ayhan Büşra , Yılmaz Hande , Nervuz Semra , Uzun Yunus Emre , Sarıbaş Songül
Published: June 2021

Eating habits of students can change because of changing their life style depending on university life. Feeding out of home is very common behavior in university students. This research was carried out among 700 university students (310 males, 390 females) to determine the western style fast foods preferred by students and the relationship between obesity and these preferences between October 2012‐June 2013. The demographic data and nutritional status were obtained by appliying a questionnaire. Anthropometric measurements of Individuals were measured and BMI was calculated. The datas were evaluated by using SPSS 16.0 statistical package program. The mean age of the participants was 20,8 ± 1,8 years. The mean BMI of the participants was 22,1 ± 2,9kg/m². Anthropometric measurements of the students; height was 169.3±8.4 cm, weight was 63.7±12.0 kg, and waist circumferences were 75,8±10,3 cm. The frequency of eating away from home of the university students was for breakfast 4.3 ± 1.5 times a week, for lunch 2.6 ± 1.5 times a week, for dinner 2.2 ± 1.4 times a week. Breakfast was the most common meal consumed away from home. When foods consumed away from home were evaluated, students prefer 22.6% pastry/simit for breakfast, 10.4% hamburger and 10.4% döner/kebap for lunch and 18.6% hamburger and 20.7% döner/kebap for dinner. The mean energy intake was 1907.4 ±526.4 kcal and the percent of energy intake from fat 37.7±8.2%. Statistically significant correlation was found between BMI and cheerful staff in place where food consumed (p=0.039), appearance of food (p=0.024), trying unknown taste (p=0.026). No correlation was found between skipping meal (p=0.880) and snack (p=0.081). But the relationship between consuming unhealthy foods through meals and BMI was statistically significant (p=0.026). With decreasing consuming away from home gaining the habit of healthy nutrition and leaving the wrong nutritional habits in early stages of life are important for the quality and healthy life in the future.
Anti‐obesity effect of bamboo salt on diet‐induced obesity in C57BL/6 mice (811.12)
Authors: Park Kun‐Young , Ju Jae‐Hyun , Song Jia‐Le , Moon Suk‐Hee
Published: June 2021

The aim of current study was to evaluate the anti‐obesity effect of bamboo salt (BS) on diet‐induced obesity in vivo. For this purpose, we induced obesity by feeding mice with high‐fat diet (HFD) except for chow diet group for 8 weeks. And then we devided C57BL/6 mice with various groups on the basis of the treatment (chow diet, high‐fat diet (HFD), HFD + purified salt, HFD + solar salt, HFD + bamboo salt (once‐baked (1×), three time‐baked (3×) and nine time‐baked (9×)) for 8 weeks, and each salt was mixed with HFD to constitute 0.47% or 4%. Afterward, we measured serum lipid profile, weights of liver and epididymal adipose tissue and evaluated expression of obesity‐related factors such as PPAR‐α, CPT‐1 and SREBP‐1c. When 9× BS was added to HFD with 4% concentration, it showed improvement on obesity‐related parameter; it suppressed weight gain, food efficiency ratio, adipokine (leptin) secretion. Also, BS‐9× suppressed expression of hepatic SREBP‐1c and its related factors, while it promoted β‐oxidation‐related hepatic gene expression such as PPAR‐α and CPT‐1. Taken together, this study suggests that addition of BS to feed can reduce gained body weight.
Changes in body weight and markers of health following short‐term vacations (811.14)
Authors: Cooper Jamie , Tokar Theresa
Published: June 2021

Longitudinal studies among U.S. adults show that average weight gain is 1kg per year. Recent studies have shown that short periods of time, such as the holiday season, can account for a significant portion of the average yearly weight gain. Objective: (1) to determine if a 1‐3 week vacation will alter body weight and chronic disease risk factors, and (2) to determine if any changes in weight or chronic disease risk factors persist 6 weeks after the vacation. Methods: Seventy‐three adults (31 males, 42 females; age 34±13.6 years) we went on a vacation lasting 1‐3 weeks were recruited. Baseline measurements (visit 1) within 1 week of vacation included height, weight, body composition, waist and hip circumference, and blood pressure. Subjects also completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire and the Perceived Stress scale. All baseline measurements were repeated within 1 week after the vacation (visit 2) and again 5 weeks after visit 2 (visit 3). Results: There was a significant increase in body weight from visit 1 to visit 2 (76.3±1.9kg to 78.6±2.1kg, p<0.05); however, body weight returned to baseline by visit 3 (76.6±1.8kg). There was a trend for an increase in body fat percentage from visit 1 to visit 2 (25.9±1.0% to 26.4±0.9%, p=0.10) which persisted at visit 3 (26.3±0.8%). No changes in waist or hip circumference or blood pressure were found. Physical activity was highest prior to vacations, trended for a decrease at visit 2 (p=0.09), and had significantly decreased by visit 3 (p=0.02). Finally, perceived stress was highest prior to the vacation but had decreased by visit 3 (p<0.01). Conclusions: Short‐term vacations resulted in significant weight gain (2.3±1.3kg) and decreased physical activity. Body weight returned to baseline levels by 6 weeks post‐vacation. No other changes in health markers were found.
Financial hardship is associated with increased weight gain: what is the role of health behaviors? (811.25)
Authors: Conklin Annalijn , Forouhi Nita , Brunner Eric , Monsivais Pablo
Published: June 2021

Weight status is strongly patterned by socioeconomic status (SES), but financial hardship may also separately influence weight. We aimed to examine the independent associations between financial hardship and 10‐year weight gain, and explore health behaviors as potential mechanisms, in British employees (n=3638). Self‐reported financial hardship (having difficulty paying bills and insufficient money for food/clothing) was assessed four times from 1985 to 1997 and weight measured twice (1985; 1997). During follow‐up, 2520 people gained 蠅5 kg, with a dose‐response to financial hardship in women only. Compared with no history of insufficient money for food/clothing, women reporting cumulative exposure had a 35% greater odds of gaining 蠅5 kg (1.00‐1.82) which increased after SES adjustment (OR 1.40; 1.01‐1.93). Change in smoking or marital status met mediation criteria, but only marital status altered women’s odds of weight gain from cumulative exposure to insufficient money (OR 1.54; 1.11‐2.14) or to difficulty paying bills (OR 1.44; 1.01‐2.06). Financial hardship was significantly independently related to subsequent weight gain in female British employees. One health behavior was a potential mediator but did not attenuate observed associations. Results suggest strategies to tackle obesity must address women’s current economic concerns which may influence weight through more biological pathways.

Grant Funding Source: US National Heart Lung and Blood Institute R01HL036310; US National Institute on Aging R01AG01319
Patterns in achieved energy intake: a mathematical approach to assessing adherence (811.7)
Authors: Marshall Kaitlyn , Bodrato Victoria , Thomas Diana , Williamson Donald , Martin Corby , Bray George , Ryan Donna , Anton Stephen , Sacks Frank
Published: June 2021

The aim of this study is to examine trends and patterns between achieved energy intake and prescribed target intake (i.e., dietary adherence). We applied a validated dynamic model that estimates actual energy intake from input of body weight during weight loss, age, height, gender, and baseline weight. Data were analyzed from the POUNDS LOST study (N=654), which tested the efficacy of four weight loss diets that differed in macronutrient compositions. A Bland Altman analysis of actual achieved energy intake to target prescribed energy intake across all diet groups was conducted for the POUNDS LOST participants during the first six months of the intervention. Energy intake exceeded target energy intake by 233.6 ±324.0 kcal/d (mean + SD), reflecting intake that was 11.8% above target energy intake. Achieved intake positively correlated with target intake (R2=0.43) and baseline energy requirements (R2=0.18). There were no significant relationships between the achieved percent over target with gender, body mass index, or baseline body weight; however, these relationships may be revealed by inputting monthly weights for longer duration than the six months examined here. This preliminary analysis provides insight into improving intervention design tailored to individual baseline characteristics.
Future strategies for the development of functional foods in Japan (813.12)
Authors: Shimizu Makoto
Published: June 2021

Many science‐based functional food products have been developed and approved by the Japanese government as “Food for specified health use (FoSHU)” in the past two decades. However, the functions already approved are limited, and new categories of functional food are being expected by the society. Expected future FoSHU categories may include immune‐modulating food, anti‐fatigue food, skin health‐promoting food, food preventing joint ache, and so on. More studies on the molecular mechanisms for food functions, establishment of biomarkers to assess objective evaluation of food functions, and development of novel technology for functional food processing will be necessary. Social agreement on the evidence‐based functional food ‐ educating consumers how to evaluate and how to accept functional food, is also important. A huge amount of scientific data on functional food substances, in terms of their potential in disease‐prevention and health‐promotion, may be useful for many purposes from now on. Recently, new crops or agricultural products fortified with specific functional substances have been created Japan, and they are expected to supply functional substances to consumers in everyday meal, not via packaged food products.
Use of a phone application to assess food safety practices at farmer’s markets (813.6)
Authors: Vandeputte Elizabeth , Pivarnik Lori , Scheinberg Joshua , Machado Robson , Cutter Catherine , Lofgren Ingrid
Published: June 2021

Traditional use of direct observation (DO) includes written records or audiovisual devices. These overt methods can cause artificial behavior change due to being observed (Hawthorne Effect (HE)) and results can be biased and less valid. A recent tool developed to perform DO is a smartphone application (PA) which allows researchers to collect data without intrusion while decreasing HE bias. A PA can be used to collect food safety behavior data to determine actual practices and which best practices need reinforcement. As consumers want fresh local produce, farmers markets (FM) are more popular and numbers have increased nationally. Using a PA for DO of food safety behaviors at FM can provide an accurate assessment of food safety handling practices by produce vendors. A PA was developed to assess food safety behaviors at FM during the summer of 2013. Assessment questions were developed, reviewed, entered online and uploaded in the PA technology. Twenty‐six produce vendors were observed at 14 FM for a mean of 18.3 ± 5.8 minutes. Six markets had <4 and 8 had 蠅4 vendors. The 5 most observed products were tomatoes, zucchini, cucumbers, peppers, and lettuce. Common observed practices that impact produce food safety included eating, talking on the phone, and touching money and then touching produce. Future research using PA could determine gaps in behaviors that will be used in the development of food safety training for FM vendors.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by URI/AES, Regional Project S‐1056
Effects of a docosahexaenoic acid‐rich algae supplement on insulin sensitivity in healthy, mature horses (814.5)
Authors: Brennan Kristen , Graugnard Daniel , Brewster‐Barnes Tammy , Spry Malinda , Smith Allison , Urschel Kristine
Published: June 2021

In healthy horses, long‐term treatment with glucocorticoids such as dexamethasone (DEX) reduces insulin sensitivity (SI). In healthy humans, a daily dose of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) has an insulin‐sensitizing effect on insulin resistance induced by DEX treatment. We studied the effect of a DHA‐rich algae supplement on SI markers in 8 healthy, mature horses using a balanced, crossover design of two 56‐d treatment periods with a 60‐d washout. In each period, horses were fed a treatment (basal diet (CON), or diet + DHA‐rich algae (152 g/d, Alltech Algae SP1, Alltech Inc.)) for 28 d, after which blood was sampled (pre‐DEX) and 0.04 mg DEX/kg BW/d administered orally; treatment continued for 21 d, then blood was resampled (post‐DEX). The reciprocal of the square root of insulin (RISQI) and the modified insulin‐to‐glucose ratio for ponies (MIGRP) were calculated. Algae had no effect on pre‐DEX glucose or insulin compared with CON. Regardless of treatment, post‐DEX plasma glucose and insulin (P<0.0001) and MIRGP (an estimate of pancreatic β‐cell responsiveness and insulin secretory response) (P<0.001) each increased, whereas RISQI decreased (P<0.001) compared with pre‐DEX values. Algae decreased post‐DEX plasma glucose and insulin (P<0.01) and decreased MIGRP (P=0.02) compared with CON. In summary, in healthy, mature horses, dietary DHA‐rich algae can improve SI during DEX treatment.
Obesity‐prone female Ossabaw pigs are protected against western diet‐induced adipose tissue inflammation and immune cell infiltration (815.2)
Authors: Scroggins Rebecca , Padilla Jaume , Welly Rebecca , Jackson Daniel , Smith Thomas , Vieira‐Potter Victoria , Rector R.
Published: June 2021

Although aggressive research strides have been made to better understand the relationships between adipose tissue (AT) inflammation and metabolic disease, the vast majority of work has been done using rodents. The pig more closely models the human and thus is emerging as an attractive obesity model. Macrophage (Mφ) and T cell infiltration into visceral AT (VAT) is predictive of metabolic dysfunction in rodents, but the relationship between VAT inflammation and metabolic function in the pig is not clear. We investigated how 9 months western diet (WD; high fat, high fructose corn syrup, high cholesterol)‐ feeding post‐weaning affects VAT Mφ and T‐cell infiltration (FACS) and inflammatory gene expression (rtPCR) in young female Ossabaw pigs. Compared to normal chow (CON, n=4), WD‐fed pigs (WD, n=4) were ~3X heavier (100 v. 37 kg, p<0.001), 45% fatter (42 v. 29% body fat, p<0.001), and considered diabetic based on FPG (308±48 v. 121±10 mg/dL, p <0.001) compared to CON. WD also had higher fasting total‐Cholesterol, HDL‐C, LDL‐C, NEFAs and TGs (all p<0.001). Remarkably, despite severe hyperglycemia and larger adipocytes (14980 ± 982 v. 7344±815 µm2, p<0.001), WD did not exhibit VAT Mφ or T cell infiltration, verified by lack of between‐group mRNA differences in ~ 20 inflammatory markers including CD3, CD8, CD68 (all p>0.05). In contrast to other models, young female Ossabaw swine appear to be protected from WD‐induced increases in VAT inflammation.

Grant Funding Source: Supported by University of Missouri Mizzou Advantage (R.S.R.), VA‐CDA‐1299‐02 (salary support to R.S
Effects of glutamate and GABA extracts from sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) on the inflammation related to obesity in high‐fat diet model (815.4)
Authors: Ko Seok‐Chun , Park Hye‐Jin , Lee Bae‐Jin , Park Young‐In , Lee Myoungsook
Published: June 2021

Obesity is associated with the chronic inflammation in adipose tissue characterized by the infiltrated and accumulated macrophages releasing pro‐inflammatory cytokines. In order to investigate the effect of 7% glutamate (ST‐7) and 5% GABA (ST‐5) extracts from sea tangle (Laminaria japonica) on anti‐obese associated with anti‐inflammation, high fat diet‐induced obese (DIO) model were used. The ST‐7 extract was extracted from Sea tangle with hot water and ST‐7 extract was fermented to produce ST‐5 extract using L. brevis BJ20. DIO model based C57BL/6J mice fed high‐fat diet (HF, 60 kcal%) for 10 weeks and ST‐7 and ST‐5 extracts (300 mg/kg, n=8) were administered for 12 weeks after DIO induced. ST‐7 and ST‐5 extracts suppressed secretion of the pro‐inflammatory markers such as TNF‐α and IL‐6 compared to HF group, but IL‐10 level as anti‐inflammation marker was increased in plasma. ST‐7 extract significantly decreased weight of total white adipose tissue, but ST‐5 extract was no change. Moreover, ST‐7 extract markedly suppressed the protein expression of the key adipocytes transcription factors, PPARγ and C/EBPα in adipose tissue, otherwise, ST‐5 extract did not have PPARγ and C/EBPα suppressive effect. These results suggested that ST‐7 and ST‐5 extracts from sea tangle have different effects on animal model of inflammation related to obesity.

Grant Funding Source: This research was supported by Technology Commercialization Support Program (811003032SU000), Minist