bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Improved accuracy when screening for human growth disorders by likelihood ratios
Authors: van Buuren Stef
Published: August 2007

The standard deviation score (SDS) is a powerful tool for screening for growth‐related problems. However, referral rules of the type ‘if SDS(Y)<d, then refer’ (for some constant d) are not optimal for answering the question: ‘Does this child with measurement Y belong to the reference or to the diseased population?’. If the growth standard for the diseased population is known, then the likelihood ratio (LR) and the log‐likelihood ratio (LLR) can be calculated for individual measurements. Rules of the type ‘if LLR(Y)<e, then refer’ are uniformly the most powerful test for any constant e, implying that their receiver operating characteristic curves are above those for all other possible tests based on Y. As an empirical demonstration, both types of rules are applied to longitudinal growth data comparing a group with diagnosed Turner syndrome and a reference group from birth to 10 years of age. Conforming with theory, the LR rules were found to be superior to the SDS rules in terms of sensitivity and specificity. We conclude that the LR is the natural measure for two‐group studies that can be easily calculated for individual measurements. The LR is firmly
rooted within both statistical and decision theory and can be used to estimate the absolute probability of disease. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bi2WO6 Nano‐ and Microstructures: Shape Control and Associated Visible‐Light‐Driven Photocatalytic Activities
Authors: Zhang Lisha , Wang Wenzhong , Zhou Lin , Xu Haolan
Published: August 2007

The shape‐controlled synthesis of nano‐ and microstructured materials has opened up new possibilities to improve their physical and chemical properties. In this work, new types of Bi2WO6 with complex morphologies, namely, flowerlike, tyre‐ and helixlike, and platelike shapes, have been controllably synthesized by a facile hydrothermal process. The benefits of the present work also stem from the first report on the transformation of Bi2WO6 from three‐dimensional (3D) flowerlike superstructures to 2D platelike structures, and on the formation of tyre‐ and helixlike Bi2WO6 superstructures. UV/Vis absorption spectra show that the optical properties of Bi2WO6 samples are relevant to their size and shape. More importantly, the photocatalytic activities of Bi2WO6 nano‐ and microstructures are strongly dependent on their shape, size, and structure for the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) under visible‐light irradiation. The reasons for the differences in the photocatalytic activities of these Bi2WO6 nano‐ and microstructures are further investigated.
Specific Integrin Labeling in Living Cells Using Functionalized Nanocrystals
Authors: Lieleg Oliver , López‐García Mónica , Semmrich Christine , Auernheimer Jörg , Kessler Horst , Bausch Andreas R.
Published: August 2007

We present an integrin labeling method using functionalized quantum dots (QDs). Cyclic Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) peptides and a biotin–streptavidin linkage are used to specifically couple individual QDs to integrins of living cells. The spacer distance between the RGD sequence and the QD surface is a crucial parameter to ensure specific binding to individual αvβ3 integrins of osteoblast cells. Despite blinking, the position of single QDs is tracked with nanometer precision and localized diffusive behavior is observed. We show that blinking events do not prevent the acquisition of quantitative parameters from the QD trajectories.
Syphilis: delayed diagnosis in a 45‐year‐old man
Authors: Babu C.S. , Higgins S.P.
Published: August 2007

The authors present the case of a 45‐year‐old man who initially presented to his GP with a single genital ulcer. A few weeks later, while awaiting a biopsy of this ulcer, he developed jaundice, necessitating admission to hospital. Four months and numerous investigations later, a diagnosis of syphilis was finally made. This case emphasises the need to increase awareness of syphilis among all healthcare professionals. Copyright © 2007 Wiley Interface Ltd.
Hydrocarbons of dogfish and cod livers and herring oil
Authors: Gershbein Leon L. , Singh Eric J.
Published: August 2007

Dogfish and cod liver oils and the oil from the whole herring were saponified and the hydrocarbons concentrated by chromatography of the unsaponifiable portion over alumina followed by silica gel treatment of the resulting fractions. Temperature programmed gas chromatography employing a 3% SE‐30 packing was applied to the analysis of hydrocarbons of C14 to C32.5. The paraffins comprised two or more groups. Dogfish liver oil gave rise to 7.62% unsaponifiables and pristane, other saturated types, squalene and an additional group, high in unsaturated components, were 193, 325, 308 and 200 mg% in this portion or 15.7, 24.8, 23.5 and 15.3 mg%, respectively, in the oil. Cod liver oil yielded 1.0% unsaponifiables of which the above hydrocarbons in the order stated amounted to 0.30%, 1.15%, 3.29% and 2.27% or 3.0, 11.5, 32.9 and 22.7 mg% in the liver oil. The unsaponifiable material of herring oil (1.35%) was prominent in paraffinic hydrocarbons, the levels of the above specified components being 16.34%, 3.51%, 0.99% and 1.41% as stated or 221, 47.4, 13.4 and 19.1 mg% in the oil. The sterol and alcoholic contents were ascertained for the three marine oils and the glyceryl ether levels found to be highest for dogfish liver oil.
Osteoporosis, falls and exercise
Authors: Meléndez-Ortega Agustín
Published: August 2007

Osteoporosis, a manifestation of bone atrophy that leads to great susceptibility to fractures, is a very important public health problem today because of its great morbidity, mortality and important economic repercussions. It is a problem that will tend to become more serious with the increase in the number of elderly persons. Bone mass is gained during adolescence, reaches a plateau during the third decade and remains stable until approximately age 50, after which a progressively gradual loss is observed. There is no real cure for osteoporosis, but a series of strategies can be used to reduce bone loss and improve bone mass. Osteoporosis has been considered a disease that accompanies the process of ageing; however, this fatalistic attitude should be discarded, as it is possible to correct and decrease the risk factors. Intervention strategies are based on three pillars: nutrition, physical activity and pharmacological agents. Physical activities and exercise programmes are important because they not only can counter the loss of bone mass but also improve neuromuscular capacity, maintaining and increasing strength and muscle mass, which can help to avoid falls and reduce their impact and consequences. The general principles that apply to any exercise programme also apply to preventing bone mass loss. They also can be applied to persons with osteoporosis. However, to understand the peculiarities of these programmes, the propensity for suffering fractures of these former groups should be kept in mind. Special care should be taken to avoid falls and injuries. Weight-bearing exercise and resistance training are recommended for the prevention programmes. Other activities such as tai-chi, dancing, gymnastic or callisthenic exercises can help to improve balance, gait and muscle coordination and diminish the risk of falling. These programmes should be complemented with postural education and a series of safety precautions.
A Practical Guide to the Isolation, Analysis and Identification of Conjugated Linoleic Acid
Authors: Christie William W. , Dobson Gary , Adlof Richard O.
Published: August 2007

Natural and synthetic conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) are reputed to have therapeutic properties that are specific to particular geometrical and positional isomers. Analysis of these has presented unique problems that have brought forward distinctive solutions, especially the use of gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and silver‐ion high‐performance liquid chromatography. In the analysis of CLA present at low levels in tissue samples, it is sometimes necessary to use concentration methods. In this review, the most useful and practical methods for the isolation and analysis of CLA isomers in tissues and in commercial CLA preparations are described.
Identification of Novel α‐Methoxylated Phospholipid Fatty Acids in the Caribbean Sponge Erylus goffrilleri
Authors: Carballeira Néstor M. , Oyola Delise , Vicente Jan , Rodriguez Abimael D.
Published: August 2007

The phospholipid fatty acid composition of the Caribbean sponge Erylus goffrilleri is described for the first time. A total of 70 fatty acids with chain lengths between 13 and 29 carbons were identified in the sponge. Methyl‐branched fatty acids predominated in E. goffrilleri suggesting the presence of a considerable number of bacterial symbionts. The novel fatty acids (5Z,9Z)‐2‐methoxy‐5,9‐hexadecadienoic acid, (5Z,9Z)‐2‐methoxy‐5,9‐octadecadienoic acid, (5Z,9Z)‐2‐methoxy‐5,9‐nonadecadienoic acid, and (5Z,9Z)‐2‐methoxy‐5,9‐eicosadienoic acid are described for the first time in the literature. In addition, the iso‐methyl‐branched fatty acids (9Z)‐2‐methoxy‐15‐methyl‐9‐hexadecenoic acid and (5Z,9Z)‐2‐methoxy‐15‐methyl‐5,9‐hexadecadienoic acid, also identified in E. goffrilleri, were identified for the first time in nature. Based on the identified metabolites it is proposed that the unprecedented biosynthetic sequence: i‐17:1Δ9 → 2‐OMe‐i‐17:1Δ9 → 2‐OMe‐i‐17:2Δ5,9 might be responsible for the biosynthesis of the novel iso‐α‐methoxylated fatty acids in E. goffrilleri.
Human umbilical cord‐derived cells can often serve as feeder cells to maintain primate embryonic stem cells in a state capable of producing hematopoietic cells
Authors: Hiroyama Takashi , Sudo Kazuhiro , Aoki Naoko , Miharada Kenichi , Danjo Inaho , Fujioka Tsuyoshi , Nagasawa Toshiro , Nakamura Yukio
Published: August 2007

Clinical application of human embryonic stem (ES) cells will require the establishment of methods for their culture, either in the presence or absence of human‐derived feeder cells. We have tested the ability of non‐immortalized cultured cells derived from human umbilical cord (HUC cells) to support ES cell culture. A primate ES cell line that had been established and maintained with mouse embryonic fibroblasts was cultured on HUC cells for >3 months (HUC‐maintained ES cells). These cells retained their expression of alkaline phosphatase, SSEA‐4, Oct‐3/4, and to a lesser extent Nanog, but did not express Rex‐1. Nevertheless, HUC‐maintained ES cells could produce ectoderm‐, mesoderm‐ and endoderm‐derived cells in teratomata that they formed in immunodeficient mice. We show that HUC‐maintained ES cells could give rise to hematopoietic cells, although this ability of HUC cells varied among HUC cell populations derived from different neonates. HUC cells are promising as human material with which to maintain ES cells in a state that retains their ability to produce mature cells, including hematopoietic cells.
Human mesenchymal stem cells isolated from the umbilical cord
Authors: Qiao Chun , Xu Wenrong , Zhu Wei , Hu Jiabo , Qian Hui , Yin Qing , Jiang Runqiu , Yan Yongmin , Mao Fei , Yang Huan , Wang Xingzhong , Chen Yongchang
Published: August 2007

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known as a population of multi‐potential cells able to proliferate and differentiate into multiple mesodermal tissues including bone, cartilage, muscle, ligament, tendon, fat and stroma. In this study human MSCs were successfully isolated from the umbilical cords. The research characteristics of these cells, e.g., morphologic appearance, surface antigens, growth curve, cytogenetic features, cell cycle, differentiation potential and gene expression were investigated. After 2 weeks of incubation, fibroblast‐like cells appeared to be dominant. During the second passage the cells presented a homogeneous population of spindle fibroblast‐like cells. After more than 4 months (approximately 26 passages), the cells continued to retain their characteristics. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that CD29, CD44, CD95, CD105 and HLA‐I were expressed on the cell surface, but there was no expression of hematopoietic lineage markers, such as CD34, CD38, CD71 and HLA‐DR. Chromosomal analysis showed the cells kept a normal karyotype. The cell cycle at the third passage showed the percentage of G0/G1, G2/M and S phase were 88.86%, 5.69% and 5.45%, respectively. The assays in vitro demonstrated the cells exhibited multi‐potential differentiation into osteogenic and adipogenic cells. Both BMI‐1 and nucleostemin genes, expressed in adult MSCs from bone marrow, were also expressed in umbilical cord MSCs. Here we show that umbilical cords may be a novel alternative source of human MSCs for experimental and clinical applications.
Biochemical study of idebenone effect on mitochondrial metabolism of yeast
Authors: Chapela Sebastián P. , Burgos Hilda I. , Salazar Ana I. , Nievas Inés , Kriguer Norberto , Stella Carlos A.
Published: August 2007

The aim of this work was to study the effect of the drug idebenone on the growth of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and its respiratory‐deficient mutant (rho0). We took this yeast as a model system of the interaction of the drug with mammalian cells. The effect of idebenone was evaluated in rich and minimal media. In the S288c strain, idebenone exerted a growth inhibitory effect in concentrations higher than 50 μM in media containing a carbon source consumed at mitochondrial level. In conditions of low oxygen supply, idebenone allows yeast to keep a cellular yielding comparable with conditions of normal oxygen supply. Also, the presence of idebenone in the growth media increased by 50% the fluorescence signal of rhodamine 123, indicating a higher mitochondrial membrane potential. The results could explain the effect of idebenone in the treatment of diseases in which oxygen deficiency alters the energetic metabolism of the cell.
The oxindole/imidazole derivative C16 reduces in vivo brain PKR activation
Authors: Ingrand Sabrina , Barrier Laurence , Lafay-Chebassier Claire , Fauconneau Bernard , Page Guylène , Hugon Jacques
Published: August 2007

Inhibition of double‐stranded RNA‐dependent protein kinase (PKR) represents an interesting strategy for neuroprotection. However, inhibiting this kinase which triggers the apoptotic process could favour in counterpart cell proliferation and tumorigenesis. Here, we use an in vivo model of 7‐day‐old rat displaying a high activation of brain PKR to investigate the effects of a new PKR inhibitor identified as an oxindole/imidazole derivative (C16). We show for the first time that acute systemic injection of C16 specifically inhibits the apoptotic PKR/eIF2α signaling pathway without stimulating the proliferative mTOR/p70S6K signaling mechanism.
Hyperglycemic condition disturbs the proliferation and cell death of neural progenitors in mouse embryonic spinal cord
Authors: Gao Qing , Gao Ying‐Mao
Published: August 2007

Spina bifida, which results from failure of fusion in the spinal region of neural tube, is among the most common birth defects associated with diabetic pregnancy. However, the mechanism underlying maternal diabetes‐induced congenital malformations including spina bifida is not fully understood. It was hypothesized that hyperglycemic conditions affect the proliferation and apoptosis of neural progenitor cells in the developing spinal neural tube, leading to abnormal neurodevelopment. In the present study, biological processes such as proliferation and apoptosis were investigated in the neuroepithelial cells of the developing spinal neural tube of embryos from diabetic mice, and in embryonic spinal neural tube derived neural progenitor cell cultures exposed to high glucose in vitro. Maternal diabetes caused decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis of the neuroepithelial cells in the developing spinal cord of embryos from diabetic mouse. Decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis were also found in neural progenitor cells exposed to high glucose. In addition, high glucose‐induced apoptosis in neural progenitor cells was associated with activation of caspase‐3. Thus, high glucose disturbs both proliferation and cell death of neural progenitors in the developing spinal neural tube. This could provide a cellular mechanism by which maternal hyperglycemia induces spina bifida in embryos from diabetic pregnancy.
Role of maternal corticosterone in the development and maturation of the aminoacidergic systems of the rat brain
Authors: Leret Maria Luisa , Lecumberri Mar , Garcia‐Montojo Marta , González José Carlos
Published: August 2007

Previous studies have suggested an important role for maternal glucocorticoids in the development of the aminoacidergic systems of the rat brain. This study examines the effect of metyrapone (2‐methyl‐1,2‐di‐3‐pyridyl‐1‐propanone), i.p.‐administered to gestating mothers, on the maturation of the aminoacidergic systems of their offsprings' brains. γ‐Aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glutamate concentrations were determined in male and female offspring at postnatal days (PN) 23 and 90 in four brain areas: the hippocampus, hypothalamus, striatum and cortex. The activity of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), the most important enzyme in the synthesis of GABA, was also analysed. The results show that a reduction in maternal corticosterone during gestation leads to a reduced GABAergic content in all brain areas studied at PN23; permanent organizational changes occurred in the cortex, striatum and hypothalamus. Maternal metyrapone treatment also affected the development of the glutamatergic systems, females being more affected than males at both PN23 and PN90 particularly in the hypothalamus and cortex. The metyrapone treatment produced no changes in GAD activity at PN23, but induced an important increase in this activity at PN90.
The impact of power and relationship commitment on the integration between manufacturers and customers in a supply chain
Authors: Zhao Xiande , Huo Baofeng , Flynn Barbara B. , Yeung Jeff Hoi Yan
Published: August 2007

Supply chain integration (SCI) has received increasing attention from scholars and practitioners in recent years. However, our knowledge of what influences SCI is still very limited. Although marketing and management researchers have investigated power and relationship commitment issues between organizations, few have examined their impact on SCI. This paper extends the power–relationship commitment theory established in Western marketing literature and links it with SCI in China, through examining the relationship between power, relationship commitment and the integration between manufacturers and their customers. We propose and empirically test a model using data collected from 617 manufacturing companies in China. The results show that different types of customer power impact manufacturers’ relationship commitment in different ways. Expert power, referent power and reward power are important in improving manufacturers’ normative relationship commitment, while reward power and coercive power enhance instrumental relationship commitment. We also found that normative relationship commitment had a greater impact on customer integration than instrumental relationship commitment. These findings are interpreted in light of national culture differences between China and the U.S. in terms of power distance and collectivism, which provide a new perspective on SCI.
Somatosensory processes subserving perception and action
Authors: Dijkerman H. Chris , de Haan Edward H. F.
Published: August 2007

The functions of the somatosensory system are multiple. We use tactile input to localize and experience the various qualities of touch, and proprioceptive information to determine the position of different parts of the body with respect to each other, which provides fundamental information for action. Further, tactile exploration of the characteristics of external objects can result in conscious perceptual experience and stimulus or object recognition. Neuroanatomical studies suggest parallel processing as well as serial processing within the cerebral somatosensory system that reflect these separate functions, with one processing stream terminating in the posterior parietal cortex (PPC), and the other terminating in the insula. We suggest that, analogously to the organisation of the visual system, somatosensory processing for the guidance of action can be dissociated from the processing that leads to perception and memory. In addition, we find a second division between tactile information processing about external targets in service of object recognition and tactile information processing related to the body itself. We suggest the posterior parietal cortex subserves both perception and action, whereas the insula principally subserves perceptual recognition and learning.
How many representations of the body?
Authors: de Vignemont Frédérique
Published: August 2007

Based on functional differences, Dijkerman & de Haan (D&dH) emphasize the duality of somatosensory processing, and therefore of body representations. But how many body representations do we really have? And what kind of criterion can we use to distinguish them? I review here the empirical and conceptual difficulties in drawing such distinctions, and the way to progress.
Where are somatosensory representations stored and reactivated?
Authors: Fiehler Katja , Engel Annerose , Rösler Frank
Published: August 2007

The studies cited by Dijkerman & de Haan (D&dH) stress the distinction between perception and action within the somatosensory system but provide little information about memory functions. Recent findings by our group and by others show that the dorsal stream is also activated during short-term memory maintenance and long-term memory retrieval of haptic information. These data complement and extend the proposed model.
Skin stimulation, objects of perception, and the blind
Authors: Hughes Barry
Published: August 2007

The model developed in the target article is not as comprehensive as might be desired on two counts: (1) in that how the transition from proximal stimulation at the skin gives rise to the perception of external objects is taken for granted; and (2) in that another population of participants, the blind, constitute an important group from which we can understand somatosensory processing and neural plasticity.
A call to arms: Somatosensory perception and action
Authors: Leisman Gerry , Melillo Robert
Published: August 2007

Somatosensory processing for action guidance can be dissociated from perception and memory processing. The dorsal system has a global bias and the ventral system has a local processing bias. Autistics illustrate the point, showing a bias for part over wholes. Lateralized differences have also been noted in these modalities. The multi-modal dysfunction observed may suggest more an issue of interhemispheric communication.
The perception-action interaction comes first
Authors: Marin Ludovic , Lagarde Julien
Published: August 2007

Dijkerman & de Haan (D&dH) study perception and action as two independent processes. However, in all daily activities the processes are completely intertwined, so it is difficult to separate one from the other. Humans perceive in order to move and also move in order to perceive. Understanding first how perception and action are coordinated, leads us then to determine how each component works independently.
Central role of somatosensory processes in sexual arousal as identified by neuroimaging techniques
Authors: Mouras Harold
Published: August 2007

Research on the neural correlates of sexual arousal is a growing field of research in affective neuroscience. A new approach studying the correlation between the hemodynamic cerebral response and autonomic genital response has enabled distinct brain areas to be identified according to their role in inducing penile erection, on the one hand, and in representing penile sensation, on the other.
Divisions within the posterior parietal cortex help touch meet vision
Authors: Reed Catherine L.
Published: August 2007

The parietal cortex is divided into two major functional regions: the anterior parietal cortex that includes primary somatosensory cortex, and the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) that includes the rest of the parietal lobe. The PPC contains multiple representations of space. In Dijkerman & de Haan's (D&dH's) model, higher spatial representations are separate from PPC functions. This model should be developed further so that the functions of the somatosensory system are integrated with specific functions within the PPC and higher spatial representations. Through this further specification of the model, one can make better predictions regarding functional interactions between somatosensory and visual systems.
The multiple relations between vision and touch: Neonatal behavioral evidence and adult neuroimaging data
Authors: Streri Arlette , Sann Coralie
Published: August 2007

Neonatal behavioral data support the argument that multiple relations exist between vision and touch. Looking at an object triggers the motion of a neonate's arm and hand towards it. A textured surface that is seen can be recognized tactilely, but not a volumetric shaped object in cross-modal transfer tasks. These data are supported by adult neuroimaging data.
Body image and body schema: The shared representation of body image and the role of dynamic body schema in perspective and imitation
Authors: Tessari Alessia , Borghi Anna M.
Published: August 2007

Our commentary addresses two issues that are not developed enough in the target article. First, the model does not clearly address the distinction among external objects, external body parts, and internal bodies. Second, the authors could have discussed further the role of body schema with regard to its dynamic character, and its role in perspective and in imitation.
A hemispheric asymmetry in somatosensory processing
Authors: Vallar Giuseppe
Published: August 2007

The model presented in the target article includes feature processing and higher representations. I argue, based on neuropsychological evidence, that spatial representations are also involved in perceptual awareness of somatosensory events. Second, there is an asymmetry, with a right-hemisphere–based bilateral representation of the body. Third, the specific aspect of bodily awareness concerning motor function monitoring involves a network that includes the premotor cortex.
Somatosensory processing subserving perception and action: Dissociations, interactions, and integration
Authors: Dijkerman H. Chris , de Haan Edward H. F.
Published: August 2007

The commentaries have raised important points regarding different aspects of our model. Some have queried the nature of the proposed dissociations, whereas others have requested and provided further details regarding aspects we had glossed over. Here we suggest that our approach to identify major processing streams based on the processing goal does not preclude interactions between them. We further specify details regarding body representations, haptic object recognition, and crossmodal processing, but are also aware that several features of the model require further filling in.
Sensitive, stimulating caregiving predicts cognitive and behavioral resilience in neurodevelopmentally at-risk infants
Authors: Jaffee Sara R.
Published: August 2007

Although neurodevelopmental impairment is a risk factor for poor cognitive and behavioral outcomes, associations between early and later functioning are only moderate in magnitude, and it is likely that other factors intervene to modify this trajectory. The current study tested the hypothesis that sensitive, stimulating caregiving would promote positive behavioral and cognitive outcomes among children who were at risk based on the results of a neurodevelopmental screener and a temperament inventory. The sample comprised 1,720 infants and toddlers from the National Survey of Child and Adolescent Well-Being, a longitudinal study of children who were involved with child welfare services. Children were first assessed between 3 and 24 months of age and subsequently 18 months later. Children who experienced improvements in the amount of sensitive, stimulating caregiving they received had positive cognitive and behavioral outcomes 18 months later, despite early levels of neurodevelopmental risk. The association between changes in caregiving quality and changes in children's functioning was stronger for children who were removed from the care of their biological parents before the follow-up assessment than for children who remained in the care of biological parents, suggesting a causal role for caregiving quality on children's outcomes.
Vagal tone as a resilience factor in children with prenatal cocaine exposure
Authors: Sheinkopf Stephen J. , Lagasse Linda L. , Lester Barry M. , Liu Jing , Seifer Ronald , Bauer Charles R. , Shankaran Seetha , Bada Henrietta , Das Abhik
Published: August 2007

Studies have investigated the potential effects of prenatal cocaine exposure (CE) on children's development. However, few studies have examined predictors of resilient outcomes in this population. We examined vagal tone (VT) as a resilience factor in prenatal CE. Utilizing data from the Maternal Lifestyle Study, a cumulative risk index was derived for children with and without prenatal CE. Presence of CE and other prenatal drugs was summed with postnatal risks in infancy to yield a 15-item risk index. Preschool cognitive outcomes, problem behaviors, and adaptive behaviors were measured. VT was assessed during an infant exam at 1 month and toy exploration at 36 months. We included children with complete physiologic data (217 CE, 333 non-CE). Children were classified as having consistently high, consistently low, or fluctuating VT at 1 and 36 months. Children were also classified as high versus low risk. High-risk children had lower IQ scores, more problem behaviors, and lower ratings of adaptive behaviors than low-risk children. A significant risk by VT–stability interaction indicated that for high-risk children, those with stable low VT had higher ratings of adaptive behaviors at 36 months. This is consistent with theory linking reduced VT during tasks to adaptive regulation and indicates that such regulatory functioning may serve as a protective factor in prenatal CE.
Familial and temperamental predictors of resilience in children at risk for conduct disorder and depression
Authors: Shannon Katherine E. , Beauchaine Theodore P. , Brenner Sharon L. , Neuhaus Emily , Gatzke-Kopp Lisa
Published: August 2007

In this study, we evaluated predictors of resilience among 8- to 12-year-old children recruited from primarily low socioeconomic status neighborhoods, 117 of whom suffered from clinical levels of conduct problems and/or depression, and 63 of whom suffered from no significant symptoms. Tests of interactions were conducted between (a) paternal antisocial behavior and maternal depression and (b) several physiological indices of child temperament and emotionality in predicting (c) children's conduct problems and depression. Both internalizing and externalizing outcomes among children were associated specifically with maternal melancholic depression, and not with nonmelancholic depression. In addition, low levels of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) among children conferred significant risk for depression, regardless of maternal melancholia, whereas high RSA offered partial protection. Furthermore, high levels of maternal melancholia conferred significant risk for child depression, regardless of paternal antisocial behavior, whereas low levels of maternal melancholia offered partial protection. Finally, low levels of electrodermal responding (EDR) conferred significant risk for conduct problems, regardless of paternal antisocial behavior, whereas high EDR offered partial protection. None of the identified protective factors offered complete immunity from psychopathology. These findings underscore the complexity of resilience and resilience-related processes, and suggest several potential avenues for future longitudinal research.
Psychobiological mechanisms of resilience: Relevance to prevention and treatment of stress-related psychopathology
Authors: Haglund M. E. M. , Nestadt P. S. , Cooper N. S. , Southwick S. M. , Charney D. S.
Published: August 2007

Resilience refers to the ability to successfully adapt to stressors, maintaining psychological well-being in the face of adversity. Recent years have seen a great deal of research into the neurobiological and psychological factors and mechanisms that characterize resilient individuals. This article draws from that research to outline some of the most important contributors to resilience. The authors hope that by contributing to a growing understanding of the genetic, developmental, neurobiological, and psychological underpinnings of resilience, researchers and clinicians in the field will move closer toward the goal of identifying and treating individuals at risk for developing posttraumatic psychopathology.
Resilience in developing systems: Progress and promise as the fourth wave rises
Authors: Masten Ann S.
Published: August 2007

Perspectives based on the first three waves of resilience research are discussed with the goal of informing the fourth wave of work, which is characterized by a focus on multilevel analysis and the dynamics of adaptation and change. Resilience is defined as a broad systems construct, referring to the capacity of dynamic systems to withstand or recover from significant disturbances. As the systems perspective on resilience builds strength and technologies of measuring and analyzing multiple levels of functioning and their interactions improve, it is becoming feasible to study gene–environment interactions, the development of adaptive systems and their role in resilience, and to conduct experiments to foster resilience or reprogram the fundamental adaptive systems that protect development in the context of adversity. Hot spots for future research to study and integrate multiple levels of analysis are delineated on the basis of evidence gleaned from the first waves of resilience research.
Maximizing resilience through diverse levels of inquiry: Prevailing paradigms, possibilities, and priorities for the future
Authors: Luthar Suniya S. , Brown Pamela J.
Published: August 2007

The study of resilience has two core characteristics: it is fundamentally applied in nature, seeking to use scientific knowledge to maximize well-being among those at risk, and it draws on expertise from diverse scientific disciplines. Recent advances in biological processes have confirmed the profound deleterious effects of harsh caregiving environments, thereby underscoring the importance of early interventions. What remains to be established at this time is the degree to which insights on particular biological processes (e.g., involving specific brain regions, genes, or hormones) will be applied in the near future to achieve substantial reductions in mental health disparities. Aside from biology, resilience developmental researchers would do well to draw upon relevant evidence from other behavioral sciences as well, notably anthropology as well as family, counseling, and social psychology. Scientists working with adults and with children must remain vigilant to the advances and missteps in each others' work, always ensuring caution in conveying messages about the “innateness” of resilience or its prevalence across different subgroups. Our future research agenda must prioritize reducing abuse and neglect in close relationships; deriving the “critical ingredients” in effective interventions and going to scale with these; working collaboratively to refine theory on the construct; and responsibly, proactively disseminating what we have learned about the nature, limits, and antecedents of resilient adaptation across diverse at-risk groups.
Intravenous nicorandil preserves endothelial junctions by decreasing endothelin-1 via activation of ATP-sensitive K+ channel
Authors: Zhao  , Yang  , Zhang  , Pei  , Sun  , Zhai  , Gao
Published: August 2007

Background: It has been verified that nicorandil can attenuate myocardial no-reflow. However, the effects of nicorandil on endothelial junctions and Endothelin-1 (ET-1) are unknown. Methods: 40 mini-swines randomized into 5 study groups: 8 in control, 8 nicorandil pretreatment, 8 in glibenclamide (KATP channel blocker)-treated, 8 in nicorandil and glibenclamide-pretreated and 8 in sham-operated. Acute myocardial infarction and reperfusion model was created with three-hour occlusion of the left anterior descending coronary artery followed by one-hour reperfusion. Results: In control group, plasma ET-1 significantly increased, ET-1 or VE-cadherin level in the reflow and no-reflow myocardium was significantly higher or lower than that in normal myocardium. Compared with the control group, nicorandil significantly decreased plasma ET-1 and myocardial tissue ET-1, maintained VE-cadherin level. However, glibenclamide abrogated the protective effect of nicorandil. Conclusions: The beneficial effect of nicorandil on endothelial junctions could be due to its effect on ET-1 via the activation of KATP channel.
Cerebrovascular response time to a breath-holding challenge
Authors: Gahn  , Hallmeyer-Elgner  , Becker  , Barrett  , Ackermann
Published: August 2007

Background: To evaluate the timecourse of cerebrovascular reserve response to breath-holding. Patients and methods: Using simultaneous bilateral transcranial Doppler (TCD) recordings from the MCA during a breath-holding challenge, we measured the time interval between baseline and peak blood flow velocity values in 25 patients with critical unilateral internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis (> 85% lumen diameter reduction), in 9 patients with a non-critical (70–85%) ICA-stenosis and in 27 normal controls. Results: Normal controls and patients with non-critical stenosis reached peak MCA velocities on both sides almost simultaneously. For the patients with critical stenosis the peak response time ipsilateral to the stenosis was delayed 2.40 ± 3.43 sec compared to the opposite side. This delay resolved after carotid endarterectomy. Conclusions: In response to a breath-holding challenge unilateral critical ICA stenosis is associated with a significant ipsilateral prolongation of the rise time from baseline to peak MCA velocity.
Immediate CEA for symptomatic carotid disease preferably performed under local anaesthesia is safe
Authors: Aleksic  , Rueger  , Sobesky  , Heckenkamp  , Brunkwall
Published: August 2007

Background: Previous general reservations against carotid endarterectomy (CEA) early after stroke, which were primarily based on concerns of postoperative intracerebral hemorrhage, are resolved. Moreover, a delay of surgery is proofed to be associated with a risk of recurrent cerebral ischemia. However, the complication rate of CEA seems to increase with less time interval to the onset of symptoms. The main purpose of this study was to assess the safety of very early CEA. Patients and methods: Patients having a symptomatic high-grade (> 70%) internal carotid artery (ICA) stenosis were referred by neurologists for CEA within different timeframes, so that they were later differentiated depending on whether surgery was performed within 2 days (immediate CEA = iCEA) or 2 weeks (urgent CEA = uCEA) after neurological deficits have occurred primarily. The perioperative complication rate in these groups was than evaluated and compared. Results : From January 2000 until August 2006 130 consecutive patients (median age 68 years, range: 42–90; 66% male, 34% female) presenting with an ipsilateral TIA (n = 80), stroke (n = 50) underwent iCEA (n = 40) or uCEA (n = 90). Demographic and clinical characteristics were equally distributed between treatment groups. Mostly (121/130), CEA was performed under local anaesthesia with selective shunt use which became necessary in 26%. Besides postoperative hemorrhage (n = 4), cardiac complications (n = 2) and temporary cranial nerve lesions (n = 2), new perioperative neurological deficits occurred in total in 8 patients of which 6 were temporary. The other 2 patients developed strokes of which one patient died. Therefore, the combined stroke- and mortality rate was 1.5% (2/130) for the whole study population. With regard to the timing of surgery, a single incident was observed after iCEA (1/40) which also was the only intracerebral hemorrhage. Conclusions: It seems that patients with a symptomatic high-grade ICA stenosis can undergo CEA particularly under local anaesthesia as soon as possible without anticipating an increased complication rate.
Female patients with atherosclerotic lesions of the lower limbs. Not all are alike
Authors: Heuberger  , Diehm  , Husmann  , Kalka  , Baumgartner
Published: August 2007

Background: Data on female patients with atherosclerotic peripheral arterial disease (PAD) are scarce, and limited primarily to the elderly population with multilevel disease. In this longitudinal observational study we compare female patients below 60 years of age with isolated lesions at the aortic bifurcation or focal superficial femoral artery disease. Patients and methods: Analysis is based on consecutive series of 43 female patients with PAD limited to the aortoiliac bifurcation (n = 28, group I) or an isolated femoral segment at the adductor channel (n = 15, group II) seen in a tertiary referral center between 1998 and 2000. The first assessment provided baseline data, with follow up data obtained at this study. Traditional risk factors, carotid artery disease and clinical outcome (mortality, cardiovascular events, vascular re-intervention rate, PAD progression) were evaluated over an interval of 5 (2 to 8) years. Results: Female patients with aortic disease [group I] were younger (51.8 ± 7.7 vs. 56.7 ± 7.6 years in group II; p = 0.048), presented a more masculine phenotype, and smoked significantly more often (82% vs. 40%; p = 0.007). Arterial hypertension and diabetes mellitus were more common in group II, though it missed statistical significance (p = 0.068 and p = 0.085). Cardiovascular and limb outcome were comparable in both groups of female patients, while carotid artery disease was more severe in group I (i.e., carotid plaques in 71 vs. 53%). Conclusion: Our data support previous findings that cigarette smoking is a stronger risk factor for aortic disease as compared to femoral disease in younger female patients, with the strongest effect of smoking on a localized region of the aortic bifurcation.
Primary extraanatomical revascularization for groin infections in drug addicts
Authors: Matoussevitch  , Aleksic  , Gawenda  , Brunkwall
Published: August 2007

Background: Arterial groin infections in drug addicts are associated with a risk of amputation and are potentially lethal. Primary revascularization with an obturator bypass represents a potential alternative to local revision and arterial ligation alone. We report our experience with this approach. Patients and methods: From January 1999 until December 2005 twelve drug addicts were treated due to arterial infections in the groin. In eight patients (seven men, one woman, 31 years old on average), the defect in the artery could not be repaired and ligation of the femoral vessels led to critical ischemia. Therefore, an iliaco-popliteal bypass via the foramen obturatorium was implanted either primarily or secondarily. In three patients a cryopreserved homologous vein was used, five patients received alloplastic grafts. Results: Four of eight obturator bypasses were implanted primarily. In the other four patients the initial treatment was limited to local debridement and artery ligation and an obturator bypass was implanted at a later date. Two grafts occluded within the first 30 days. Thereof, one was successful thrombectomized. The other patient had no critical ischemia and he refused further surgery. Three more grafts occluded at 74, 90 and 103 days after surgery. No patient demonstrated signs of graft infection and all groin incisions healed uneventfully. A lower limb amputation became necessary in one patient even though the reconstruction was patent due to embolisation of mycotic material. All patients remained drug dependent throughout the follow-up time which was 3 months on average and ranged from one to 40 months. Conclusions: The patency of obturator bypasses was 75% at one month. This appears low, especially if one considers the youthful age of the patients and the absence of arterial occlusive disease. Nevertheless, the amputation rate also remained low. Therefore, we feel that this technique may contribute to limb salvage in groin infections in drug addicts.
Submassive pulmonary embolism and muscular calf vein thrombosis after complicated hip fracture
Authors: Schommer  , Nussbaumer
Published: August 2007

The clinical relevance of distal deep vein thrombosis is discussed controversly. A 26-year-old man presented with dyspnea on exertion and pleuritic pain since the day before. Five weeks ago, he sustained multiple fractures at an accident – among others a complicated hip fracture needing screw fixation. He stopped the antithrombotic prophylaxis three days before admission. Our examinations showed calf muscle vein thrombosis and submassive bilateral pulmonary embolism. Due to our own clinical experiences, we support an anticoagulation treatment with compression therapy for isolated calf muscle vein thrombosis in patients with coexisting risk factors for venous thromboembolism.
Intermittent claudication caused by a hip joint ganglion
Authors: Stanek  , Ouhrabkova  , Hejdova  , Zubkovsky  , Ott  , Kvasnicka  , Janousek
Published: August 2007

A case report of a patient with unusual compressive syndrome is reported herein. A 27-year-old woman was referred to our hospital due to intermittent claudication in the left thigh and calf which gradually developed over the last five months. Angiography showed an atypical short occlusion of the external iliac artery. Only surgical revision made an exact diagnosis. The formation compressing the artery was a ganglion that originated from the hip joint and adhered to the artery. Resection of the ganglion was carried out. The adjacent segment of the artery was removed and replaced by end-to-end venous graft using vena saphena magna. From the operation until present (30 months) the patient remains symptom-free. To our knowledge a hip joint ganglion compressing the artery and causing symptoms of peripheral arterial disease has not been previously reported in medical literature.
Misleading findings of subclavian artery and vein transection
Authors: Kotsis  , Moulakakis  , Pavlidis  , Boudouris  , Pomoni  , Georgakis
Published: August 2007

Trauma involving the subclavian and axillary arteries is relatively infrequent. However, it can result in devastating functional disability of the upper limb due to significant and permanent associated neurologic deficits. Uncertainty exists in relation to certain aspects of therapeutical management of patients with trauma of the upper limb. Although decision pathway and algorithms have been proposed by several authors, the indications for surgery remain uncertain and not established. Two main points seem to be the most important determinants of the therapeutical strategy; first the viability of the limb and second the accurate determination of the vascular and nerve damage. We present a patient with a traumatic disruption of the subclavian artery and vein and concomitant brachial plexus injury following a road traffic accident. We highlight the role of accurate diagnosis to avoid life and limb-threatening complications from missed diagnosis. Also we review the recent literature emphasizing the therapeutical strategy and the role of conventional surgical repair and endovascular treatment.