bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The P600 in Implicit Artificial Grammar Learning
Authors: Silva Susana , Folia Vasiliki , Hagoort Peter , Petersson Karl Magnus
Published: February 2016

The suitability of the artificial grammar learning (AGL) paradigm to capture relevant aspects of the acquisition of linguistic structures has been empirically tested in a number of EEG studies. Some have shown a syntax‐related P600 component, but it has not been ruled out that the AGL P600 effect is a response to surface features (e.g., subsequence familiarity) rather than the underlying syntax structure. Therefore, in this study, we controlled for the surface characteristics of the test sequences (associative chunk strength) and recorded the EEG before (baseline preference classification) and after (preference and grammaticality classification) exposure to a grammar. After exposure, a typical, centroparietal P600 effect was elicited by grammatical violations and not by unfamiliar subsequences, suggesting that the AGL P600 effect signals a response to structural irregularities. Moreover, preference and grammaticality classification showed a qualitatively similar ERP profile, strengthening the idea that the implicit structural mere‐exposure paradigm in combination with preference classification is a suitable alternative to the traditional grammaticality classification test.
Outcomes of dialysis and the transplantation options for patients with diabetic end‐stage renal disease in Korea
Authors: Jeon Hee Jung , Koo Tai Yeon , Han Miyeun , Kim Ha Jin , Jeong Jong Cheol , Park Hyojun , Ha Jongwon , Kim Sung Joo , Ahn Curie , Park Jae Berm , Yang Jaeseok
Published: February 2016

Background

The best therapeutic option for diabetic end‐stage renal disease (DMESRD) has not been established among living donor kidney transplantation (LDKT), deceased donor kidney transplantation (DDKT), simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK), and dialysis.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed the outcomes of DMESRD patients at two Korean centers from February 2000 to December 2011.

Results

Among 674 patients, 295 underwent kidney transplantation (LDKT, 175; DDKT, 72; and SPK, 48), while 379 were still on dialysis. The dialysis group had a higher mortality rate than the transplantation group. From the time after dialysis initiation, LDKT group had a better patient survival rate than DDKT registration group and SPK registration group. From the time after transplantation, LDKT had a better patient survival rate than DDKT; however, there was no significant difference between LDKT and SPK. In SPK, patient survival and kidney or pancreas graft survival rates were not different between types 1 and 2 DMESRD.

Conclusion

LDKT is better than waiting for SPK/DDKT in DMESRD patients, if a living donor is available, and this conclusion may be unique to Korea where waiting time for SPK is long. SPK can be used in non‐obese Asians with type 2 as well as type 1 DMESRD.
The survival benefit of kidney transplantation in the setting of combined peripheral arterial disease and end‐stage renal failure
Authors: Cassuto James , Babu Sateesh , Laskowski Igor
Published: February 2016

Given the deleterious effects of concomitant peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and severe renal disease, a role for aggressive screening and management of PAD in renal failure patients has been suggested. However, limited data exist detailing the impact of PAD on kidney waitlist survival and the potential benefit of transplantation in PAD. Multivariable COX regression and Kaplan–Meier survival models were fit using UNOS data to assess kidney waitlist and post‐transplant five‐yr survival. Compared to PAD−Dial− (no PAD or dialysis) waitlist survival, PAD+Dial− was associated with a 36%, PAD−Dial+ a 95%, and PAD+Dial+ a 190% increased risk of death. A significant survival benefit of kidney transplantation was identified in the PAD population (p < 0.001, HR = 0.440 comparing post‐transplant to waitlist survival). Time to survival benefit (equal mortality between waitlist and post‐transplant population) of kidney transplantation in PAD+ was realized 2.5 times sooner in pre‐emptive transplantation than transplant after dialysis (154 d vs. 381 d), per unadjusted Kaplan–Meier analysis. To our knowledge, this is the first study to demonstrate a survival benefit of kidney transplantation in the setting of PAD. Pre‐emptive transplantation with emphasis on living donation prior to dialysis should be advocated to improve outcomes in this high risk patient population.
Sialolipoma of infancy – a rare benign salivary gland neoplasm and a potential diagnostic pitfall in cytology
Authors: Mitra S. , Sundaram A. , Vasishta R. K. , Dey P.
Published: February 2016

This letter discusses a rare tumour of salivary gland occurring in infancy, its diagnosis, differential diagnosis and prognosis.
Establishment of an endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration service with rapid on‐site evaluation: 2 years experience of a single UK centre
Authors: Thiryayi S. A. , Rana D. N. , Narine N. , Najib M. , Bailey S.
Published: February 2016

Objective

Endobronchial ultrasound (EBUS)‐guided transbronchial fine needle aspiration (TBFNA) is now well established as a minimally invasive, effective investigation which can provide information on both diagnosis and stage of lung cancer and is also useful in the investigation of mediastinal lymphadenopathy of uncertain aetiology. The service can be provided with or without rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE) for specimen triage and provisional diagnosis. We outline our experience from the first 2 years of providing an EBUS service with ROSE, highlighting the practicalities of service provision, pitfalls encountered and lessons learned.

Methods

Aspirates from all EBUS procedures performed during the first 2 years of our service from 16 October 2012 to 15 October 2014 are included. We describe the activities undertaken prior to each EBUS list, the EBUS TBFNA procedure, specimen handling and procedure for ROSE.

Results

A total of 591 aspirates were performed from 352 patients, including 573 (97%) lymph node aspirates, 17 (2.9%) lung mass samples and one aspirate from a retrosternal thyroid cyst (0.1%). There were 498 (84.1%) adequate samples at ROSE, 82 (13.9%) inadequate, one (0.2%) abandoned and 11 (1.9%) where ROSE was not performed. Four hundred and seventy (79.5%) samples showed concordance between the ROSE and final diagnoses. No adequate samples were obtained for 11 patients (3.1%) after final cytological analysis, resulting in a final adequacy rate of 96.9%.

Conclusions

In our experience, ROSE provides a clear advantage in providing a patient‐centred EBUS service by facilitating specimen triage, ensuring adequate sampling and providing a rapid provisional diagnosis, however, there is a learning curve for both the clinicians and cytopathologists involved.
Trouble in paradise: The crime and health outcomes of the Surfers Paradise licensed venue lockout
Authors: de Andrade Dominique , Homel Ross , Townsley Michael
Published: February 2016

Introduction and Aims

The lockout intervention has become embedded in Australian alcohol policy with little scientific evidence of its effectiveness in reducing violence and disorder. This paper reports an evaluation of the Queensland lockout pilot in Surfers Paradise. Patrons could not enter or re‐enter licensed venues after 3 am, while patrons inside at this time could stay until close.

Design and Methods

Using police and ambulance data, time series analyses examined the impact of tourism seasons and the lockout on rates of crime, violence, injury and intoxication. Additional analyses were also conducted to show spatial and temporal changes in crime over time.

Results

Both police and ambulance data showed that the lockout introduction had no statistically significant impact on rates of crime, violence, head and neck injuries, and intoxication over the 2 years following lockout. Hot spot maps indicated limited spatial shift of crime within Surfers Paradise following the lockout introduction, with evidence of a temporary intensification of crime in already established hot spots. We found a moderate statistically significant change in the 24 h distribution of crime after the lockout implementation, suggesting temporal displacement of crime.

Discussion

Results support the small existing body of evidence on lockouts that indicates they are largely ineffective in reducing crime and injuries in entertainment districts.

Conclusion

As multi‐pronged strategies that include a lockout gain in popularity, further investigation should focus on identifying the key drivers of successful interventions such as the Newcastle strategy, to better refine these interventions for replication and evaluation elsewhere. [De Andrade D, Homel R, Townsley M. Trouble in paradise: The crime and health outcomes of the Surfers Paradise licensed venue lockout. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:564–572]
Iran and Political Dynamism in the Arab World: the Case of Yemen
Authors: Zweiri Mahjoob
Published: February 2016

This article examines the role of Iran in Yemen within the context of Arab‐Iranian relations. It also examines the debate on the involvement of Iran in the ongoing political developments in Iraq, Lebanon, and Syria. The article focuses on the Houthi Movement in Yemen, its origin, growth and political expansion. It also investigates its relations with Iran and its allies in the region, and discusses other factors that strengthened its political image in Yemen. The article also provides an early assessment of the implication of the Decisive Storm military led by Saudi Arabia.
The Arab Spring: A Fourth Wave of Democratization?
Authors: Abushouk Ahmed Ibrahim
Published: February 2016

Between 1974 and 1990, over 30 countries in southern Europe, Latin America, some parts of Asia, Eastern Europe, and Africa made transitions to democracy, nearly doubling the number of democratic governments in the world. Samuel Huntington described this global shift as “Democracy's Third Wave” in an article published in 1991, which was later developed in a book titled The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century. In these two works, he discusses the causes, features, and transition processes of the third wave of democracy and examines its prospects for sustainability and possible expansion in a nondemocratic world. He argues that the first and second democratic waves “were followed not merely by some backsliding but major reverse waves during which most regime changes throughout the world were from democracy to authoritarianism” (Huntington, 1991a). He also addresses the causative factors of this reverse wave in some countries, and he claims that the third wave of democratization that swept the world in the 1970s and 1980s might become a dominant feature of Middle Eastern and North African politics in the 1990s. The delay in this prophecy for two decades motivates us to question whether the Arab Spring is part of Huntington's third wave of democratization or a new fourth wave of democratization, or even a false start to democracy, as described by Larry Diamond (). The purpose of this article is to examine the causes, features, and transition processes of the Arab Spring in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen in correlation with Huntington's theorization on the third wave of democratization which, along with other available literature in the field, will be combined in a theoretical framework that will enable us to discuss the abovementioned elements of the Arab Spring through the lens of the third wave of democratization. Special attention is paid to the question of whether the Arab Spring falls into the framework of Huntington's theory, or whether it can be classified as a new fourth wave of democratization in countries that have unfavorable environments for democracy. The first part of this article highlights the causative factors that eased the emergence of the third wave of democratization in different parts of the world. The second part provides a historical overview of the major events of the Arab Spring in Tunisia, Egypt, Libya, and Yemen, while the third and fourth parts analyze the causes, features, and transition processes of the Arab Spring from Huntington's third wave perspective.
The prognostic implication of slug in all tumour patients – a systematic meta‐analysis
Authors: Huang Cheng , Zhang Ping , Zhang Depu , Weng Xisheng
Published: February 2016

Background

E‐cadherin is an invasion suppressor molecule which counteracts tumour metastasis and progression. Slug, one of the crucial transcriptional repressors of E‐cadherin gene, has been widely reported on its prognostic role in patients with carcinoma, but the results are controversial. Thus, it is necessary to conduct a meta‐analysis to draw a convincing conclusion.

Design

PubMed, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched for studies published until August 1st, 2015. Studies using immunohistochemistry (IHC) to detect the protein expression level in tumour tissues were set as protein group, while studies applying real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) to probe mRNA transcriptional level were set as mRNA group. Pooled hazard ratio (HR) and their corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were extracted to evaluate the prognostic role. Funnel plots, Begg's test and Egger's test were used to evaluate the publication bias. Sensitivity and heterogeneity analysis were also conducted.

Results

The pooled HR of 23 studies in the protein group was 1·85 (95% CI: 1·51–2·28, I2 = 55·4%, P = 0·001), including 1·98 ((95% CI: 1·53–2·58, I2 = 55·9%, P = 0·004) for overall survival (OS) and 1·46 (95% CI: 1·18–1·82, I2 = 52·0%, P = 0·012) for progression‐free/ recurrence‐free/ disease‐free/ cancer‐free survival (PFS/RFS/DFS/CFS). The high expression of Slug in the protein group indicated poor prognosis of the tumour patients. However, the pooled HR of 6 studies in the mRNA group was 0·85 (95% CI: 0·48–1·53, I2 = 77·2%, P = 0·001), suggesting no statistical significance. Subgroup analysis was performed to avoid heterogeneity caused by tumour types. Besides, publication bias was not observed in all studies except for the mRNA transcription studies.

Conclusions

The protein expression rather than mRNA transcription of Slug should be considered as a potent biomarker for poor prognosis of tumours, particularly head and neck cancer as well as lung and urinary carcinomas.
DOES A GOOD CENTRAL BANKER MAKE A DIFFERENCE?
Authors: Neuenkirch Matthias , Tillmann Peter
Published: February 2016

The personalities of central bankers moved center stage during the recent financial crisis. Indeed, several central bankers even became “superstars.” In this article, we investigate whether superstar central bankers have an impact on economic performance. We employ school grades given to central bankers by the financial press, defining as superstars those central bankers receiving the top grade. First, we explain the grades in a probit estimation with measures of economic performance, institutional features, and personal characteristics. Second, we employ a matching approach to account for the endogeneity of grading with respect to economic performance. Using entropy balancing, we identify credible counterfactuals for top‐graded central bankers, that is, nonsuperstar central bankers who face similar situations. Comparing the economic performance of both groups, we find that superstars do indeed matter: a top‐graded central banker faces a significantly more favorable output‐inflation tradeoff than his peers. This effect is driven by outstanding central bankers in both advanced and emerging economies and is especially prevalent in the precrisis subsample. (JEL E52, E58)
Fiscal Federalism and Legislative Malapportionment: Causal Evidence from Independent but Related Natural Experiments
Authors: Galiani Sebastian , Torre Iván , Torrens Gustavo
Published: February 2016

We exploit three natural experiments in Argentina in order to study the role of legislative malapportionment on the biased federal tax sharing scheme prevalent in the country. We do not find support to attribute it to legislative malapportionment during periods when democratic governments were in place; nor did we find any evidence that the tax sharing distribution pattern became less biased under centralized military governments. We argue that these results are at least partly attributable to two of Argentina's institutional characteristics: first, the predominance of the executive branch over the legislature (main fiscal decisions are the outcome of a bargaining process among executive authorities); and, second, the lack of any significant difference in the pattern of geographic representation in the executive branch under democratic and autocratic governments. Thus, the observed biases in the distribution of tax revenues among the Argentine provinces are not caused by legislative malapportionment, but are probably the result of a more structural equilibrium that transcends the geographic distribution of legislative representation and even the nature of the political regime. Our findings illustrate the importance of informal institutions and de facto mechanisms to study fiscal federalism in developing countries.
Pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy modifies histamine turnover and H3 receptor function in the human hippocampus and temporal neocortex
Authors: Bañuelos‐Cabrera Ivette , Cuéllar‐Herrera Manola , Velasco Ana Luisa , Velasco Francisco , Alonso‐Vanegas Mario , Carmona Francia , Guevara Rosalinda , Arias‐Montaño José‐Antonio , Rocha Luisa
Published: February 2016

Experiments were designed to evaluate the tissue content of tele‐methylhistamine (t‐MeHA) and histamine as well as H3 receptor (H3Rs) binding and activation of the heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding αi/o proteins (Gαi/o) coupled to these receptors in the hippocampus and temporal neocortex of patients (n = 10) with pharmacoresistant mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (MTLE). Patients with MTLE showed elevated tissue content of t‐MeHA in the hippocampus. Analyses revealed that a younger age at seizure onset was correlated with a higher tissue content of t‐MeHA, lower H3R binding, and lower efficacy of Gαi/o protein activation in the hippocampus. We conclude that the hippocampus shows a reduction in the H3R function associated with enhanced histamine. In contrast, the temporal neocortex displayed a high efficacy of H3Rs Gαi/o protein activation that was associated with low tissue contents of histamine and t‐MeHA. These results indicate an overactivation of H3Rs leading to decreased histamine in the temporal neocortex. However, this situation was lessened in circumstances such as a longer duration of epilepsy or higher seizure frequency. It is concluded that decrease in H3Rs function and enhanced levels of histamine may contribute to the epileptic activity in the hippocampus and temporal neocortex of patients with pharmacoresistant MTLE.
Preresection intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) abnormalities predict seizure‐onset zone and outcome in pediatric epilepsy surgery
Authors: Greiner Hansel M. , Horn Paul S. , Tenney Jeffrey R. , Arya Ravindra , Jain Sejal V. , Holland Katherine D. , Leach James L. , Miles Lili , Rose Douglas F. , Fujiwara Hisako , Mangano Francesco T.
Published: February 2016

Objective

The predictive value of intraoperative electrocorticography (ECoG) in pediatric epilepsy surgery is unknown. In a population of children undergoing ECoG followed typically by invasive extraoperative monitoring (IEM) and resection, we aimed to determine the relationship between frequent ECoG abnormalities and the seizure onset zone and outcome after resection.

Methods

We retrospectively identified 103 children with preresection ECoG of sufficient technical quality. ECoG records were scored based on electrode location and frequency, blinded to the seizure‐onset zone and outcome. Electrographic seizure and spike locations were identified. Locations of seizures and spike populations were then compared to the location of seizure‐onset zone defined by IEM using subdural electrodes and resection margin.

Results

Electrographic seizures were identified in 11 (11%) of 103 patients. A spike population of one or more was noted in 79 (77%) of 103 patients. In 50 (63%) of 79 patients, spike populations correlated with seizure‐onset zone location. The overall surgical outcome was good (ILAE 1 to 3) in 53 (52%) of 101 patients. Outcome was good in seven (78%) of nine patients when electrographic seizure location was resected. The best outcomes were obtained with resection of both the seizure‐onset zone and ECoG abnormalities to include seizures and spike locations (22/33 good outcome, 67%, p = 0.008). There was a significantly better outcome in children with complete resection of ECoG‐identified spike populations (14/26, 62% good outcome) compared to when none were resected (4/14, 29%, p = 0.043).

Significance

Electrographic seizures and frequent spikes are frequently seen on pre‐resection ECoG in children. The brain locations corresponding to these discharges are highly concordant with the seizure‐onset zone; resection of these regions is correlated with good seizure outcome. Further research is needed to design interventions that increase the reliability of ECoG prediction of the epileptogenic zone and obviate the need for IEM.
Integrative structural biology of Tetrahymena telomerase – insights into catalytic mechanism and interaction at telomeres
Authors: Feigon Juli , Chan Henry , Jiang Jiansen
Published: February 2016

Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex that helps maintain telomeres, the physical ends of linear chromosomes. The low cellular levels of telomerase, propensity for telomerase reverse transcriptase and other telomerase proteins to aggregate, and cell cycle regulation of telomerase assembly in most organisms has made it a challenging complex for structural biology. Here we review recent progress in determining the structural basis of Tetrahymena telomerase holoenzyme function and interaction at telomeres from solution NMR, X‐ray crystallography and electron microscopy studies, including the first cryoelectron microscopy structure of a telomerase holoenzyme (Science, 350, 2015, aab4070).
ADAM28 is expressed by epithelial cells in human normal tissues and protects from C1q‐induced cell death
Authors: Miyamae Yuka , Mochizuki Satsuki , Shimoda Masayuki , Ohara Kentaro , Abe Hitoshi , Yamashita Shuji , Kazuno Saiko , Ohtsuka Takashi , Ochiai Hiroki , Kitagawa Yuko , Okada Yasunori
Published: February 2016

ADAM28 (disintegrin and metalloproteinase 28), which was originally reported to be lymphocyte‐specific, is over‐expressed by carcinoma cells and plays a key role in cell proliferation and progression in human lung and breast carcinomas. We studied ADAM28 expression in human normal tissues and examined its biological function. By using antibodies specific to ADAM28, ADAM28 was immunolocalized mainly to epithelial cells in several tissues, including epididymis, bronchus and stomach, whereas lymphocytes in lymph nodes and spleen were negligibly immunostained. RT‐PCR, immunoblotting and ELISA analyses confirmed the expression in these tissues, and low or negligible expression by lymphocytes was found in the lymph node and spleen. C1q was identified as a candidate ADAM28‐binding protein from a human lung cDNA library by yeast two‐hybrid system, and specific binding was demonstrated by binding assays, immunoprecipitation and surface plasmon resonance. C1q treatment of normal bronchial epithelial BEAS‐2B and NHBE cells, both of which showed low‐level expression of ADAM28, caused apoptosis through activation of p38 and caspase‐3, and cell death with autophagy through accumulation of LC3‐II and autophagosomes, respectively. C1q‐induced cell death was attenuated by treatment of the cells with antibodies against the C1q receptor gC1qR/p33 or cC1qR/calreticulin. Treatment of C1q with recombinant ADAM28 prior to addition to culture media reduced C1q‐induced cell death, and knockdown of ADAM28 using siRNAs increased cell death. These data demonstrate that ADAM28 is expressed by epithelial cells of several normal organs, and suggest that ADAM28 plays a role in cell survival by suppression of C1q‐induced cytotoxicity in bronchial epithelial cells.
Thermal resistance inside an interface crack in the functionally graded sandwich structures
Authors: Zhou Y.‐T. , Kim T.‐W.
Published: February 2016

This article proposes a thermal facture model of sandwich structures occupying a functionally graded interlayer with thermal resistance inside the crack region introduced. The crack surfaces are partially thermally insulated with thermally insulated crack and thermally conductive crack as limiting cases. A system of singular integral equations in thermo‐elastic field is reduced and solved numerically by using the collocation methods with higher asymptotic terms in order to improve the convergence and accuracy. For a special case, exact solution is derived to validate the theoretical analysis and numerical computation. Numerical analyses are conducted to reveal the influences of the graded interlayer size, graded parameter and dimensionless thermal resistance on the temperatures along the crack plane and the stress intensity factors.
Contrasting trophic‐cascade effects driven by variation in morphology of the perches used by a larval damselfly
Authors: Zhao Qinghua , Pan YinG , Griffin John N. , Sun Junzhao , Sun Shucun
Published: February 2016

The presence of habitat structures (e.g. caves, ledges, branches) has well‐documented ecological effects. However, it remains largely unknown how variation in the morphology of particular habitat structures affects ecological interactions.

Using an algae–cladoceran grazer–larval damselfly food chain as a model in a series of microcosm experiments, we manipulated food‐chain length and the length (long versus short) and diameter (thick versus thin) of vertically orientated damselfly perches (habitat structure) and examined the density of the grazers and algae. Because the larval damselflies are usually more flexible on thinner perches and have broader foraging domains on longer perches, we predicted that when on long and thin perches they would suppress grazer density more efficiently and hence confer a more positive trophic‐cascade effect on algal growth.

As predicted, larval damselflies occupying long and thin perches most strongly reduced grazer density and increased algal density, illustrating a positive trophic cascade. In all other damselfly treatments, and despite reduced grazer density, algal density declined, showing a negative trophic cascade due to an elevation in grazer foraging efficiency under predation risk. This probably resulted from the increased activity of the grazers and their spatial shift to the lower water column where algal density was higher.

In conclusion, perch morphology affected the direction and strength of the trophic cascade by altering both density‐mediated and behaviour‐mediated indirect interactions. Considering that anthropogenic disturbance is dramatically changing the morphological diversity of habitat structures, we call for more research into the ecological consequences of such physical diversity at community and ecosystem levels.
Limited transferability of stream‐fish distribution models among river catchments: reasons and implications
Authors: Huang Jian , Frimpong Emmanuel A.
Published: February 2016

Spatial transfers of species distribution models (SDMs) are often applied in the study of land use and climate‐change effects, spread of invasive species and conservation planning. However, model transferability and risk of error are rarely evaluated prior to predicting species distribution to different regions. We aim to assess spatial transferability of SDMs for stream fish and to evaluate the effect of model types and habitat heterogeneity on transferability.

We developed SDMs for 21 fish species and made predictions of occurrence of these species among five pairs of river catchments (i.e. model transfers). Forty eight transfers were made for each of three modelling approaches (Lasso‐regularised logistic regression (LLR), boosted regression trees (BRT) and MaxEnt) after incorporating spatial autocorrelation. In addition to internal and external evaluation of discrimination power, we assessed the cross‐catchment consistency of variable selections, fish‐habitat relationships and predicted probabilities of species presences.

Approximately half of 144 spatial transfers of SDMs had moderate to high discrimination power. Discrimination power was low for the rest of the models. Incorporating spatial autocorrelation could not improve discrimination power in the model transfers. Friedman test showed that BRT did not differ significantly from LLR but it outperformed MaxEnt in terms of AUC in the model transfers. BRT and LLR models tended to have high overall accuracy and specificity, whereas MaxEnt tended to have high sensitivity in the model transfers.

The degree of model transferability varied among species, and was asymmetric when reciprocal transfers were made between paired catchments. Ranks of variable importance in BRT models differed among catchments for most species. Temperature, base flow index, altitude and habitat condition index were more often ranked as the most important predictors in the five study river catchments, although the functional forms of their effects on fish presence were sometimes inconsistent between paired catchments.

Compared to published transferability of some terrestrial taxa SDMs, spatial transferability of stream‐fish distribution models was limited, reflecting the natural barriers to dispersal among catchments, and the necessity of evaluating model transferability in conservation applications (e.g. evaluation of climate‐ or landscape‐change effects, invasive species risk assessments and species reintroduction planning). We suggest the following strategies to enhance spatial transferability: (i) match the range and location of the habitat predictors between the model region and prediction region, or alternatively choose a model training region with a large extent and a wide range of environmental gradients; (ii) use presence–absence models such as BRT and LLR and (iii) include habitat features with a sound ecological basis such as temperature and hydrology.
Trade‐offs between savanna woody plant diversity and carbon storage in the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: Pellegrini Adam F.A. , Socolar Jacob B. , Elsen Paul R. , Giam Xingli
Published: February 2016

Incentivizing carbon storage can be a win‐win pathway to conserving biodiversity and mitigating climate change. In savannas, however, the situation is more complex. Promoting carbon storage through woody encroachment may reduce plant diversity of savanna endemics, even as the diversity of encroaching forest species increases. This trade‐off has important implications for the management of biodiversity and carbon in savanna habitats, but has rarely been evaluated empirically. We quantified the nature of carbon‐diversity relationships in the Brazilian Cerrado by analyzing how woody plant species richness changed with carbon storage in 206 sites across the 2.2 million km2 region at two spatial scales. We show that total woody plant species diversity increases with carbon storage, as expected, but that the richness of endemic savanna woody plant species declines with carbon storage both at the local scale, as woody biomass accumulates within plots, and at the landscape scale, as forest replaces savanna. The sharpest trade‐offs between carbon storage and savanna diversity occurred at the early stages of carbon accumulation at the local scale but the final stages of forest encroachment at the landscape scale. Furthermore, the loss of savanna species quickens in the final stages of forest encroachment, and beyond a point, savanna species losses outpace forest species gains with increasing carbon accumulation. Our results suggest that although woody encroachment in savanna ecosystems may provide substantial carbon benefits, it comes at the rapidly accruing cost of woody plant species adapted to the open savanna environment. Moreover, the dependence of carbon‐diversity trade‐offs on the amount of savanna area remaining requires land managers to carefully consider local conditions. Widespread woody encroachment in both Australian and African savannas and grasslands may present similar threats to biodiversity.
The Wanderer as Soldier: Robert Walser'sDer Spaziergang, Switzerland in World War I, and Digression as Occupation
Authors: Kagen Melissa B.
Published: February 2016

This paper reads the concept of walking in Robert Walser'sDer Spaziergangas an aggressive, militant act, analogous to the Swiss armies concurrently marching through the country. Written in Switzerland during World War I, by an author actively serving in the Swiss military,Der Spaziergangis not only pervaded with the wartime allusions that one would expect, but also reimagines everyday activities that take up space as acts of belligerent aggression. First I trace how Walser's narrator anxiously performs his usefulness through walking and show how this conception of usefulness is tied to military activities in which Walser participated. Then I illustrate how this mentality is reflected by the narrator's verbal aggression. Using de Certeau's comparison of the speech act to the act of walking, I argue that the narrator speaks to take up page space in the same way he (and the Swiss military) walk to control physical space.
In vivo tracking of histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation in Xenopus laevis during tail regeneration
Authors: Suzuki Miyuki , Takagi Chiyo , Miura Shinichirou , Sakane Yuto , Suzuki Makoto , Sakuma Tetsushi , Sakamoto Naoaki , Endo Tetsuya , Kamei Yasuhiro , Sato Yuko , Kimura Hiroshi , Yamamoto Takashi , Ueno Naoto , Suzuki Ken‐ichi T.
Published: February 2016

Xenopus laevis tadpoles can completely regenerate their appendages, such as tail and limbs, and therefore provide a unique model to decipher the molecular mechanisms of organ regeneration in vertebrates. Epigenetic modifications are likely to be involved in this remarkable regeneration capacity, but they remain largely unknown. To examine the involvement of histone modification during organ regeneration, we generated transgenic X. laevis ubiquitously expressing a fluorescent modification‐specific intracellular antibody (Mintbody) that is able to track histone H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) in vivo through nuclear enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) fluorescence. In embryos ubiquitously expressing H3K9ac‐Mintbody, robust fluorescence was observed in the nuclei of somites. Interestingly, H3K9ac‐Mintbody signals predominantly accumulated in nuclei of regenerating notochord at 24 h postamputation following activation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, apocynin (APO), an inhibitor of ROS production, attenuated H3K9ac‐Mintbody signals in regenerating notochord. Our results suggest that ROS production is involved in acetylation of H3K9 in regenerating notochord at the onset of tail regeneration. We also show this transgenic Xenopus to be a useful tool to investigate epigenetic modification, not only in organogenesis but also in organ regeneration.
Application of a central composite design to evaluate the influence of colouring agents in lipstick formulation
Authors: Zibetti F. M. , Cardoso A. C. A. , Desmarais G. C. , de Almeida K. B. , do Nascimento L. M. , Rolim L. F. , Rocha M. S. , Duarte N. G. D. , Azevedo P. H. R. A. , Araújo J. L. , Mourão S. C. , Falcão D. Q.
Published: February 2016

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate by central composite design the influence of colouring agents in lipstick colour, expressed by L*, a*, b* parameters (CIELab system) where L* indicates lightness, and a* and b* are the chromaticity coordinates. The a* indicates colour direction from red to green and b* from yellow to blue.

Methods

Lipsticks were formulated as described by (Recent Adv. Prosp. Potent Med. Plants, 2009 and 39). The combined effect of three variables (dye, pigment and opacifier) was evaluated by different formulations in a central composite design. Colour parameters (L*, a*, b*) were analysed by reflectance spectrophotometry. Lipsticks were characterized by visual analyses and melting point.

Results

All formulations were integrate and homogeneous. The pigments and dye do not influence in colour transfer neither in melting point of lipsticks. On the other hand, results indicated that variables studied show influence only in parameter b*, whereas for L* and a* values there was no significant difference (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

It was possible to verify that only the colour parameter b* was influenced by the variation in colouring agent's concentrations in lipstick formulation, leading to the production of the colour ranging between violet and light red. Such results are useful for developing new lipstick formulations to obtain the desired colour in the final product.
Plant‐based active photoprotectants for sunscreens
Authors: Cefali L. C. , Ataide J. A. , Moriel P. , Foglio M. A. , Mazzola P. G.
Published: February 2016

Excessive exposure to the sun's radiation is the major exogenous mediator of skin damage, which accelerates skin ageing and increases the risk of developing skin cancer. Compounds with photoprotectant activity are extremely useful for decreasing the effect of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the skin; however, numerous sun filters, especially organic sunscreens, are allergenic. Therefore, the development of formulations containing plant extracts, which may be potentially safer, is extensively being explored. Plant‐based cosmetics are commonly used to avoid skin ageing because they contain antioxidant agents that minimize free radical activity, and numerous studies have investigated the skin‐protectant effects of related plant species. In addition to their antioxidant properties, plant‐based cosmetics protect the skin against solar radiation because they contain polyphenols such as flavonoids and carotenoids. Therefore, this study aims to present a review of plant species commonly used in sunscreens to protect the skin against damage due to sunlight exposure.
Self‐reported periodontal conditions among Dutch women during pregnancy
Authors: Stelmakh V , Slot DE , van der Weijden GA
Published: February 2016

Background

Women can experience symptoms of gingival inflammation during pregnancy. However, whether clinical signs of gingival inflammation were present already before pregnancy and whether women perceive an alteration in their periodontal health status during pregnancy compared to their periodontal health status before pregnancy remain unclear.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to evaluate the self‐reported periodontal conditions in pregnant Dutch women as perceived before and during pregnancy.

Methods

This cross‐sectional survey was performed by asking women visiting two midwifery practices to complete a structured questionnaire. The data, which considered the women's oral hygiene habits, perceived periodontal health status before and during pregnancy and dental visits, were gathered and analysed. Parametric and nonparametric tests were used when appropriate.

Results

Most of the respondents (mean age: 29.6 years) brushed their teeth twice a day (72.2%), and 62.0% used interdental cleaning devices. Significant differences in periodontal health before and during pregnancy were perceived. No differences with respect to periodontal disease symptoms between the three trimesters during pregnancy were found. The symptom with the greatest increase was bleeding gums. This was followed by symptoms of painful and swollen gums. Of the 61.5% women who disclosed their plans to become pregnant to their dental care practitioner, 53.9% received information regarding the possibility of alterations in oral health status during pregnancy. Because of the perceived alterations in oral health status during pregnancy, approximately 11% of the women scheduled an additional appointment with their dental care professional for advice.

Conclusion

During the pregnancy period, perceived alterations in periodontal health status were reported as compared to the oral health situation before pregnancy. Furthermore, approximately 50% of the women who visited a dental professional and disclosed their (plans) of pregnancy did not receive specific information concerning their periodontal health during pregnancy.
The Revolving Fund Pharmacy Model: backing up the Ministry of Health supply chain in western Kenya
Authors: Manji Imran , Manyara Simon M , Jakait Beatrice , Ogallo William , Hagedorn Isabel C , Lukas Stephanie , Kosgei Eunice J , Pastakia Sonak D
Published: February 2016

Objectives

A pressing challenge in low and middle-income countries (LMIC) is inadequate access to essential medicines, especially for chronic diseases. The Revolving Fund Pharmacy (RFP) model is an initiative to provide high-quality medications consistently to patients, using revenues generated from the sale of medications to sustainably resupply medications. This article describes the utilization of RFPs developed by the Academic Model Providing Access to Healthcare (AMPATH) with the aim of stimulating the implementation of similar models elsewhere to ensure sustainable access to quality and affordable medications in similar LMIC settings.

Methods

The service evaluation of three pilot RFPs started between April 2011 and January 2012 in select government facilities is described. The evaluation assessed cross-sectional availability of essential medicines before and after implementation of the RFPs, number of patient encounters and the impact of community awareness activities.

Findings

Availability of essential medicines in the three pilot RFPs increased from 40%, 36% and <10% to 90%, 94% and 91% respectively. After the first year of operation, the pilot RFPs had a total of 33 714 patient encounters. As of February 2014, almost 3 years after starting up the first RFP, the RFPs had a total of 115 991 patient encounters. In the Eldoret RFP, community awareness activities led to a 51% increase in sales.

Conclusions

With proper oversight and stakeholder involvement, this model is a potential solution to improve availability of essential medicines in LMICs. These pilots exemplify the feasibility of implementing and scaling up this model in other locations.
Differential gene expression of two extreme honey bee (Apis mellifera) colonies showing varroa tolerance and susceptibility
Authors: Jiang S. , Robertson T. , Mostajeran M. , Robertson A. J. , Qiu X.
Published: February 2016

Varroa destructor, an ectoparasitic mite of honey bees (Apis mellifera), is the most serious pest threatening the apiculture industry. In our honey bee breeding programme, two honey bee colonies showing extreme phenotypes for varroa tolerance/resistance (S88) and susceptibility (G4) were identified by natural selection from a large gene pool over a 6‐year period. To investigate potential defence mechanisms for honey bee tolerance to varroa infestation, we employed DNA microarray and real time quantitative (PCR) analyses to identify differentially expressed genes in the tolerant and susceptible colonies at pupa and adult stages. Our results showed that more differentially expressed genes were identified in the tolerant bees than in bees from the susceptible colony, indicating that the tolerant colony showed an increased genetic capacity to respond to varroa mite infestation. In both colonies, there were more differentially expressed genes identified at the pupa stage than at the adult stage, indicating that pupa bees are more responsive to varroa infestation than adult bees. Genes showing differential expression in the colony phenotypes were categorized into several groups based on their molecular functions, such as olfactory signalling, detoxification processes, exoskeleton formation, protein degradation and long‐chain fatty acid metabolism, suggesting that these biological processes play roles in conferring varroa tolerance to naturally selected colonies. Identification of differentially expressed genes between the two colony phenotypes provides potential molecular markers for selecting and breeding varroa‐tolerant honey bees.
Motivation for physical activity and exercise in severe mental illness: A systematic review of intervention studies
Authors: Farholm Anders , Sørensen Marit
Published: February 2016

There has been increasing interest for research on motivation for physical activity (PA) and exercise among individuals with severe mental illness (SMI). The aim of this systematic review is to summarize findings from all intervention studies on PA or exercise that either include empirical data on motivational constructs or apply motivational techniques/theories in their intervention. Systematic searches of seven databases were conducted from database inception to February 2015. Studies were eligible if they: (i) included participants with SMI, (ii) had PA as part of the intervention, and (iii) reported empirical data on motivational constructs related to PA or incorporated motivational techniques/theory in their intervention. Of the 79 studies that met the inclusion criteria only one had motivation for PA as its main outcome. Nine additional interventions reported empirical data on motivational constructs. Altogether these studies yielded mixed results with respect to change in motivational constructs. Only one of those examined the association between motivation and PA, but found none. Sixty‐four studies reported using motivational techniques/theory in their intervention. Motivational interviewing and goal‐setting were the most popular techniques. Due to the exploratory nature of most of these studies, findings from intervention studies do not so far give very clear directions for motivational work with the patients. There is an urgent need for a more systematic theory based approach when developing strategies that target to increase engagement in PA among people with SMI.
A matheuristic for the discrete bilevel problem with multiple objectives at the lower level
Authors: Alekseeva Ekaterina , Kochetov Yury , Talbi El‐Ghazali
Published: February 2016

In this paper, we solve a discrete bilevel problem with multiple objectives at the lower level and constraints at the upper level coupling variables of both levels. In the case of a multiobjective lower level, we deal with a set of Pareto‐efficient solutions rather than a single optimal lower level solution. To calculate the upper level objective function value, we need to select one solution out of a potentially large set of efficient lower level solutions. To avoid the enumeration of the whole set of Pareto solutions, we formulate an auxiliary mixed integer linear programming problem with a large number of constraints. We propose an iterative exact method to solve it. To find a near‐optimal upper level solution, we apply a metaheuristic. The method is tested on the discrete ()‐centroid problem with multiple objectives at the lower level.
Regulating food risk management—a government–manufacturer game facing endogenous consumer demand
Authors: Song Cen , Zhuang Jun
Published: February 2016

In the food industry, manufacturers may add some chemical additives to augment the appearance or taste of food. This may increase the food demand and sales profits, but may also cause health problems to consumers. The government could use a punishment policy to regulate and deter such risky behavior but could also benefit from economic prosperity and tax income based on their revenues. This generates a tradeoff for the government to balance tax income, punishment income, and health risks. Adapting to government regulations, the manufacturers choose the level of chemical additives, which impacts the consumer demand. To our knowledge, no prior work has studied the strategic interactions of regulating the government and the manufacturers, faced with strategic customers. This paper fills this gap by (a) building a government‐manufacturer model and comparing the corresponding decentralized and centralized models; and (b) applying the 2008 Sanlu food contamination data to validate and illustrate the models.