bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The use of literary dialect in Uncle Tom's Cabin
Authors: Burkette Allison
Published: January 2017

This article explores Stowe's use of dialect in her controversial novel. Though some critics have mentioned the 'colorful language' of Stowe's characters, most debates about Uncle Tom's Cabin have not centered on the dialect representation in the speech of her characters. This article provides an objective analysis of Stowe's use of literary dialect in the speech of three characters (Aunt Chloe, George and Mr Haley) using the methods of quantitative linguistics. The frequency of occurrence of linguistic features and the distribution of non-standard features among Stowe's characters demonstrates that Stowe was, in several respects, remarkably accurate, both linguistically and historically. Stowe's characters' dialects illustrate an interesting period in the history of American dialect formation. Recent studies in African-American Vernacular English (AAVE) and the investigation of its origins have suggested a close relationship between AAVE and Southern White Vernacular English (SWVE) as a result of the sociohistorical context in which AAVE began. This relationship is reflected in the similarities between the speech of Aunt Chloe and Mr Haley and shows Stowe's portrayal of these dialects to be historically accurate. Stowe's linguistic accuracy is evidenced by the fact that each character's use of linguistic features mirrors that of actual speakers, in terms of specific dialect features and their frequency of use, and her distribution of features across social variables matches that found in sociolinguistic research.
Borderline personality disorder and the ethics of risk management: The action/consequence model
Authors: Warrender Dan
Published: January 2017

Patients with borderline personality disorder are frequent users of inpatient mental health units, with inpatient crisis intervention often used based on the risk of suicide. However, this can present an ethical dilemma for nursing and medical staff, with these clinician responses shifting between the moral principles of beneficence and non-maleficence, dependent on the outcomes of the actions of containing or tolerating risk. This article examines the use of crisis intervention through moral duties, intentions and consequences, culminating in an action/consequence model of risk management, used to explore potential outcomes. This model may be useful in measuring adherence and violation of the principles of beneficence and non-maleficence and therefore an aid to clinical decision making.
Ethical leadership outcomes in nursing: A qualitative study
Authors: Barkhordari-Sharifabad Maasoumeh , Ashktorab Tahereh , Atashzadeh-Shoorideh Foroozan
Published: January 2017

Background:

Leadership style adopted by nursing managers is a key element in progress and development of nursing and quality of healthcare services received by the patients. In this regard, the role of ethical leadership is of utmost importance.

Objectives:

The objective of the study was to elaborate on the ethical leadership and its role in professional progress and growth of nurses in the light of work condition in health providing institutes.

Methods:

The study was carried out as a qualitative study following conventional content analysis method. In total, 14 nursing faculty members and nursing managers at different levels were selected through purposive sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were used for data gathering. The data were analyzed using latent content analysis and constant comparison analysis.

Ethical considerations:

This study was conducted in accordance with ethical issues in research with human participants and national rules and regulations related to informed consent and confidentiality. The study was approved by the Committee of Ethics in Research at the Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences in Tehran, Iran, under the code: sbmu.rec.1393.695 on 15 February 2015.

Findings:

Five subcategories were obtained based on the analysis, which constituted two main categories including “all-inclusive satisfaction” and “productivity.” Nursing leaders highlighted the point that their ethical behavior creates “inner satisfaction of the leader,” “employees’ job satisfaction,” and “patients’ satisfaction.” Improvement of productivity was another outcome of ethical behavior of the leaders. This kind of behavior resulted in “providing better services” and “inspiring ethical behavior in the employees.” It has great influence on progress and growth of the nursing profession.

Conclusion:

By creating an ethical climate, ethical leadership leads to positive and effective outcomes—for the patients as well as for the nurses and the leaders—and professional progress and development of the nursing profession. Therefore, an ethical work environment that supports nurses’ progress and development can be developed by paying more attention to moralities in recruitment, teaching ethical values to the leaders, and using a systematic and objective approach to assess morality in the environment.
Ethical difficulties in healthcare: A comparison between physicians and nurses
Authors: Leuter Cinzia , La Cerra Carmen , Calisse Santina , Dosa Danila , Petrucci Cristina , Lancia Loreto
Published: January 2017

Background:

Advances in biomedical sciences, technologies and care practices have resulted in an increase in ethical problems and a resulting growth of difficulties encountered by health workers in their professional activity.

Objective:

The main objective of this study was to analyse knowledge in the ethical field and experience with and the propensity for using ethics consultations by nurses and physicians.

Methods:

Between March and June 2014, a cross-sectional observational study was conducted on a sample of 351 nurses and 128 physicians in four central Italian hospitals. For data collection, a semi-structured questionnaire was used, consisting of 21 items divided into four sections exploring (1) demographic and occupational characteristics, (2) knowledge in the ethics field, (3) experience with ethical issues and (4) the propensity to use ethics consultation.

Ethical considerations:

Research ethics approval was obtained from the Italian Nurses Professional Board.

Results:

The results show that both nurses and physicians are faced with ethically sensitive situations. Nurses were found to have better judgement concerning their own knowledge than physicians, but more physicians were found to have a deeper level of specific training in ethics issues. The propensity to ask for ethics consultations to address ethical issues was found to be significantly associated with the degree to which ethical issues have deepened (and the level of experience acquired in this field).

Conclusion:

The presence of a consulting service that can lead to shared choices may represent, together with basic and continuing education, a valid support for professional growth in the ethical field for both physicians and nurses.
The caring encounter in nursing
Authors: Holopainen Gunilla , Nyström Lisbet , Kasén Anne
Published: January 2017

Background:

The concept ‘encounter’ occurs in caring literature as a synonym for dialogue and relation describing deeper levels of interaction between patient and nurse. In nursing and caring research, the concept ‘caring encounter’ is often used without further reflection on the meaning of the concept. Encounters are, however, continuously taking place in the world of caring, which calls for a clarification of the concept.

Objectives:

This study is an analysis of the concept of caring encounter in nursing from the patients’ and nurses’ point of view.

Method:

Rodgers’ evolutionary view guided the concept analysis within the theoretical perspective of caritative caring.

Data sources:

Peer-reviewed articles in English published between 1990 and 2014 were retrieved from the databases: CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, ScienceDirect (Elsevier), Springer Link, Primo Central (Ex Libris) and Academic Search Premier (EBSCO) using different combinations of encounter, caring and nursing as keywords. In all, 28 articles related to caring encounters were included in the analysis after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Ethical considerations:

This study was conducted according to good scientific practice.

Results:

Four antecedents to the caring encounter are found in the nurse’s way of being: a reflective way of being; openness, sensitivity, empathy and ability to communicate; confidence, courage and professionalism; and showing respect and supporting dignity. The attributes are as follows: being there, uniqueness and mutuality. As a consequence, the caring encounter influences both patient and nurse.

Discussion and conclusion:

The caring encounter is an encounter between two equal persons where one is nurse and the other is patient. They encounter in mutuality, in true presence, and both have allowed themselves to be the person they are. The results clarify the conceptual differences between relationship and caring communion as the mutuality in the caring encounter differs from the dependence on the other pronounced in the relationship.
Capacity and consent: Knowledge and practice of legal and healthcare standards
Authors: Lamont Scott , Stewart Cameron , Chiarella Mary
Published: January 2017

Introduction:

Healthcare practitioners have a legal, ethical and professional obligation to obtain patient consent for all healthcare treatments. There is increasing evidence which suggests dissonance and variation in practice in assessment of decision-making capacity and consent processes.

Aims:

This study explores healthcare practitioners’ knowledge and practices of assessing decision-making capacity and obtaining patient consent to treatment in the acute generalist setting.

Methods:

An exploratory descriptive cross-sectional survey design, using an online questionnaire, method was employed with all professional groups invited via email to participate. Data were collected over 3 months from July to September 2015. Survey content and format was reviewed by the liaison psychiatry team and subsequently contained five sections (demographics, general knowledge and practice, delirium context, legal aspects and education/training). Descriptive, univariate and bivariate analysis of quantitative data and qualitative content analysis of qualitative data were undertaken.

Ethical considerations:

The study was approved by the institutional Human Research and Ethics Committee and informed consent was taken to be provided by participants upon completion and submission of the de-identified survey.

Results:

In total, 86 participants engaged the survey with n = 24, exiting at the first consent question. Almost two-thirds of respondents indicated that all treatments required patient consent. Knowledge of consent and decision-making capacity as legal constructs was deficient. Decision-making capacity was primarily assessed using professional judgement and perceived predominantly as the responsibility of medical and psychology staff. A range of patient psychological and behavioural symptoms were identified as indicators requiring assessment of decision-making capacity. Despite this, many patients with delirium have their decision-making capacity assessed and documented only sometimes. Uncertain knowledge and inconsistent application of legislative frameworks are evident. Many participants were unsure of the legal mechanisms for obtaining substitute consent in patients with impaired decision-making capacity and refusing treatment.

Conclusion:

The legal context of decision-making capacity and consent to treatment appears complex for healthcare practitioners. Professional, ethical and legal standards of care in this context can benefit from structured education programmes and supportive governance processes. An understanding of why ‘duty of care’ is being used as a framework within the context of impaired decision-making capacity is warranted, alongside a review of the context of Duty of Care within health policy, guidance and faculty teaching.
A moral profession: Nurse educators’ selected narratives of care and compassion
Authors: Newham Roger , Terry Louise , Atherley Siobhan , Hahessy Sinead , Babenko-Mould Yolanda , Evans Marilyn , Ferguson Karen , Carr Graham , Cedar SH
Published: January 2017

Background:

Lack of compassion is claimed to result in poor and sometimes harmful nursing care. Developing strategies to encourage compassionate caring behaviours are important because there is evidence to suggest a connection between having a moral orientation such as compassion and resulting caring behaviour in practice.

Objective:

This study aimed to articulate a clearer understanding of compassionate caring via nurse educators’ selection and use of published texts and film.

Methodology:

This study employed discourse analysis.

Participants and research context:

A total of 41 nurse educators working in universities in the United Kingdom (n = 3), Ireland (n = 1) and Canada (n = 1) completed questionnaires on the narratives that shaped their understanding of care and compassion.

Findings:

The desire to understand others and how to care compassionately characterised educators’ choices. Most narratives were examples of kindness and compassion. A total of 17 emphasised the importance of connecting with others as a central component of compassionate caring, 10 identified the burden of caring, 24 identified themes of abandonment and of failure to see the suffering person and 15 narratives showed a discourse of only showing compassion to those ‘deserving’ often understood as the suffering person doing enough to help themselves.

Discussion:

These findings are mostly consistent with work in moral philosophy emphasising the particular or context and perception or vision as well as the necessity of emotions. The narratives themselves are used by nurse educators to help explicate examples of caring and compassion (or its lack).

Conclusion:

To feel cared about people need to feel ‘visible’ as though they matter. Nurses need to be alert to problems that may arise if their ‘moral vision’ is influenced by ideas of desert and how much the patient is doing to help himself or herself.
The concept of America in the Puritan mind
Authors: Csabi Szilvia
Published: January 2017

This article focuses on the conceptualization of America in Puritan prose works. My assumption is that, with the help of a multitextual approach, i.e. the consideration of several prose works from several authors of the Puritan era, such as William Bradford, William Byrd, John Cotton, Edward Johnson, Cotton Mather, Mary Rowlandson, Thomas Shepard, William Stoughton and John Winthrop, we can develop a detailed account of the way Puritans understood their immigration experiences. My analysis is presented within the framework of conceptual metaphor analysis as proposed by Lakoff and Johnson (1980) and Lakoff and Turner (1989), and of conceptual blending analysis as given by Fauconnier and Turner (1998). The two methods complement each other and combine our knowledge of the Puritan concept of America present in various literary texts.
Narrative perspective and the interpretation of characters' motives
Authors: van Peer Willie , Maat Henk Pander
Published: January 2017

This article addresses the question of the effects of narrative perspective on readers. A review of the (mainly social science) literature suggests a number of factors that may affect readers' interpretation of character behaviour while reading stories. An experiment is set up to check whether the manipulation of narrative perspective indeed results in such effects. Although the results are not always unambiguous, in the majority of cases it was found that readers' sympathy for a character in the story (as driven by the internal focalizations of that character) indeed shape their interpretations of characters' actions. For instance, 'legitimate' motives are preferred over 'egoistic' ones for characters the reader is in sympathy with. When a sympathetic character's actions are nevertheless perceived as 'egoistic', they are usually explained by appealing to situational factors, while the 'egoistic' acts of unsympathetic characters are viewed as resulting from dispositional factors. The article closes with a consideration of the effects of perspective, sympathy allocation and motive attribution in the reading act.
The French théorie de l'énonciation and the study of speech and thought presentation
Authors: Marnette Sophie
Published: January 2017

This article considers the implications of the French enunciation theory for the study of speech and thought presentation (S&TP) in literature and endeavours to demonstrate its usefulness and relevance over and above the French context to which it has hitherto been applied. More precisely, it attempts to combine and unify that specific framework with the type of analysis developed by Leech and Short (1981) for English literature. It first offers a brief introduction to enunciation theory, its origins, tenets and main concepts, before presenting the theory of 'split subject' developed by Ducrot, with particular reference to the study of reported discourse. It then describes Maingueneau's application of Ducrot's concepts to the context of literary communication. Finally, it highlights the possible links that exist between the approach of Ducrot and Maingueneau and that of Leech and Short, while also suggesting some personal and original views as to how both approaches could be combined into a harmonious framework.
Goldsmith and the Public Ledger
Authors: Dixon Peter , Mannion David
Published: January 2017

Three essays, first published in 1760 in the Public Ledger, have been attributed to Goldsmith, though on somewhat scanty evidence. A stylometric study of these, based on samples from authentic Goldsmith material and from four control authors, suggests that one piece is very probably his, while the other two are almost certainly not. Inferences are based on the distances between samples from the three essays and the cluster of 20 samples from Goldsmith.
Adverbial function in English verse: the case of thus
Authors: Twose Gareth , McCully C.B.
Published: January 2017

In this article we argue that the use of the word thus in poetry sees a profound and significant expansion in the range and frequency of its uses in the 16th and 17th centuries. Using data compiled by electronic searches, we show that the use of the word reached its apogee in Milton's poetry - and then subsequently declined in the 18th, 19th and 20th centuries. The article explores the links between the use of thus and the epic form in poetry, thereby providing some confirmatory evidence of the relationship between style and function in poetry. It also looks at diachronic, literary factors motivating poetic change.
Situational Contexts of Rural Violence: A Comparison of Male and Female Perpetration
Authors: Rennison Callie Marie , DeKeseredy Walter S.
Published: January 2017

The amount of social scientific knowledge about rural violence pales in comparison with that of urban violence, and even less is known about the situational contexts of rural violence. Using National Crime Victimization Survey data, we explore situational contexts of rural violence in general, as well as compare male- and female-perpetrated violence contexts. Results indicate that the contexts of violence committed by females are characterized by main effects (i.e., no weapons, no injuries across a variety of contexts), while male-perpetrated violence is highly contextual. An important finding emerged from studying contexts associated with male offenders and female victims—in every dominant context with one exception, male perpetrators were engaged in woman abuse. These findings highlight the need for greater attention to rural violence and variation in how this violence is perpetrated.
Crime in Context: Utilizing Risk Terrain Modeling and Conjunctive Analysis of Case Configurations to Explore the Dynamics of Criminogenic Behavior Settings
Authors: Caplan Joel M. , Kennedy Leslie W. , Barnum Jeremy D. , Piza Eric L.
Published: January 2017

Risk terrain modeling (RTM) is a geospatial crime analysis tool designed to diagnose environmental risk factors for crime and identify the places where their spatial influence is collocated to produce vulnerability for illegal behavior. However, the collocation of certain risk factors’ spatial influences may result in more crimes than the collocation of a different set of risk factors’ spatial influences. Absent from existing RTM outputs and methods is a straightforward method to compare these relative interactions and their effects on crime. However, as a multivariate method for the analysis of discrete categorical data, conjunctive analysis of case configurations (CACC) can enable exploration of the interrelationships between risk factors’ spatial influences and their varying effects on crime occurrence. In this study, we incorporate RTM outputs into a CACC to explore the dynamics among certain risk factors’ spatial influences and how they create unique environmental contexts, or behavior settings, for crime at microlevel places. We find that most crime takes place within a few unique behavior settings that cover a small geographic area and, further, that some behavior settings were more influential on crime than others. Moreover, we identified particular environmental risk factors that aggravate the influence of other risk factors. We suggest that by focusing on these microlevel environmental crime contexts, police can more efficiently target their resources and further enhance place-based approaches to policing that fundamentally address environmental features that produce ideal opportunities for crime.
Active feedback control of elastic wave metamaterials
Authors: Wang Yi-Ze , Li Feng-Ming , Wang Yue-Sheng
Published: January 2017

As an important extension of periodic structures and phononic crystals, elastic wave/acoustic metamaterials can show negative effective parameters for special frequency regions. Although the active control method is widely applied to the vibration isolation and elastic wave propagation, little attention has been paid on changing elastic wave/acoustic properties of metamaterials. In this work, a new kind of elastic wave metamaterials combined with the automatic control system is presented. Propagation behaviors of the elastic wave are discussed. To demonstrate the effect of the active feedback control, the stop band properties, tunable negative effective mass and control system stability are considered. The results show that the negative acceleration feedback control can enhance the frequency region that creates the negative effective mass. Moreover, the stability of this periodic structure can be achieved.
Celebrating the Arts With The Noisy Paint Box
Authors: May Brittany Nixon , Miner Amy Baird , Young Terrell A. , Ingalls B. Gerilyn
Published: January 2017

Children’s literature offers many benefits to children, which include developing imagination, building knowledge, enhancing vocabulary, and offering pleasure. As it promotes these areas of development, literature can also serve as a gateway for curriculum integration. Literature can be a particularly powerful tool in executing a dynamic, integrated music lesson. In this article, the authors share how The Noisy Paint Box (2014), written by Barb Rosenstock and illustrated by Mary Grandpré, provides a context for students to explore the four artistic processes identified in the National Arts Standards in a music context: create, perform, respond, and connect. At the same time, the book provides opportunities to introduce students to artistic processes and practices shared by music, visual arts, literature, and dance.
Contact Theory as a Framework for Experiential Activities as Diversity Education: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Seaman Jayson , Beightol Jesse , Shirilla Paul , Crawford Bart
Published: January 2017

Participation in experiential education is said to enhance people's appreciation for diversity. This article reports on a study that found significant changes in participants' attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors following a nonformal diversity education program using adventure-based and community-service activities. Additionally, hypothesized program conditions, as outlined by contact theory, were significantly predictive of outcomes, although majority and minority participants differed on their perceptions of these conditions. These findings suggest that experiential activities may be considered a viable approach to diversity education in nonformal settings, assuming key conditions are met. Implications for practice and directions for future research are discussed.
Investigating the Impact of Mediated Learning Experiences on Cooperative Peer Communication during Group Initiatives
Authors: White Robert , Dinos Sokratis
Published: January 2017

This study investigates how structured Mediated Learning Experiences may improve peer-cooperative communication within problem-solving task exercises. Two groups (n = 22) of Year 8 students (mean age 13 +/− 5 months) were randomly selected to participate in this study. The study began with two one-hour sessions of activity-based problem-solving tasks for the control and experimental groups. These sessions were coded for on and off-task communication. The experimental group then participated in a Mediated Learning Experience (MLE) focusing on building trust, effective communication and pro-social behaviour. Following the MLE, a one-hour problem-solving exercise for the collection of data related to on- and off-task communication was conducted for both the control and experimental groups. Results demonstrate that cooperative group on-task communication can be effectively influenced, both intra-group and inter-group, implying that the success associated with cooperative learning may be enhanced by first teaching students how to cooperate.
Hospital Services for Ill Patients in the Middle-Belt Geopolitical Zone, Nigeria: Patient’s Waiting Time and Level of Satisfaction
Authors: Abdulsalam Ahmed , Khan Hafiz T. A.
Published: January 2017

An important parameter in the assessment of quality health care lies on patient satisfaction. Despite concerted efforts to improve health-care services, patient satisfaction coupled with the quality of hospital care at disposal remain a significant challenge in Nigeria. The purpose of the study was to determine the perception on factors associated with prolonged waiting time and patient satisfaction at the outpatient department of Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida Specialist Hospital in Nigeria. A mixed-method research was utilized. Questionnaire was administered on 95 outpatients, and a focus group discussion (FGD) was held with eight participants. Statistical analysis was utilized to determine the association between dependent and independent variables. Data from FGD were analyzed with NVivo 10. The overall hospital satisfaction was found to be 75.8% among the study population. There was a significant inverse relationship between the level of satisfaction with the doctor and employment status and educational level and a significant direct relationship between the level of satisfaction with the doctor and appointment status and type of visits. The results of FGD show that patients were satisfied with the neatness of the hospital, doctor’s professionalism, and patient–doctor relationship. Dissatisfaction was with extended patient waiting time and the small size infrastructure of the hospital, inefficient handling of patient files by nurse aids, and thoroughness of the physicians. The results showed that majority of the patients were dissatisfied with the waiting time for consultation in the hospital. In other words, consultation time positively correlated with the level of patient satisfaction. To improve the overall patient satisfaction, the waiting time for consultation should be reduced significantly.
Beyond the Membership Decision: How Do Trade Associations Manage Firm Involvement?
Authors: Barnett Michael L.
Published: January 2017

A trade assocation’s effectiveness is more than a matter of attracting and retaining member firms. It must also manage member firm involvement in its activities. Herein, I outline three drivers of firm participation in TA activity – economic self-interest, sociological identity, and meta-organizational management – and call for further research on ways that trade associations can manage firm-level contributions to communal strategy.
Caregiver Asthma in Urban Families
Authors: Everhart Robin S. , Miller Sarah , Leibach Gillian G. , Dahl Alexandra L. , Koinis-Mitchell Daphne
Published: January 2017

Asthma is a significant contributor to missed school days, especially for children living in urban settings. This preliminary study examined the impact of caregiver asthma on school absenteeism in a sample of 102 urban children with asthma from African American, Latino, and non-Latino White backgrounds. Caregivers and children participated in a single research session; 32 caregivers had asthma. Children of caregivers with asthma missed more days of school than children whose caregivers did not have asthma (3.97 vs. 2.43 days, p < .05, Cohen’s d = .40). Other indicators of child asthma morbidity (e.g., hospitalizations) did not differ across caregiver asthma status. Findings highlight that caregiver asthma may be an added risk factor for school absenteeism among children with asthma. For children with a high frequency of asthma-related school absenteeism, school nurses may find it useful to provide educational resources and referrals for caregivers with asthma.
Supporting the Health and Well-Being of Transgender Students
Authors: Cicero Ethan C. , Wesp Linda M.
Published: January 2017

Throughout the United States, there has been a rise in public discourse about transgender people and transgender issues. Much of this attention stems from passed and proposed anti-LGBTQ (lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, queer or questioning) legislation, including “bathroom bills” that would require transgender people to use public facilities corresponding with the sex designated on their birth certificates. With the recent discussion and legislation impacting school-aged children and adolescents, what does this mean for school nurses and how can they care and advocate for their transgender students? In this article, we aim to empower school nurses to join the discussion, advocate for inclusive and equitable school policies, and deliver gender-affirming care to transgender students. We will explain transgender identities; transgender-related stigma, prejudice, discrimination, and health concerns; gender-affirming approaches in caring for transgender youth; and implications for school nurses. School nurses play a key role in creating a space that is welcoming and affirming where transgender students can thrive.
Common Poisons in Singapore – Past and Present
Authors: Chao Tzee Cheng , Lo Danny S T , Bloodworth Bosco Chen
Published: January 2017

A study on past toxicological activities in Singapore enabled us to capture the trends of poisons abused in this country over the last 108 years. Until the early sixties, corrosive alkali and acids, alcohol (poisoning cases), inorganic chemicals, heavy metals and plant alkaloids were the mainstay of poisons principally used. The seventies and eighties saw a swing towards pharmaceuticals. The 1988–89 data gave alcohol (poisoning cases), pharmaceuticals, household items such as detergents, hypochlorite and antiseptic, carbon monoxide, paraquat, malathion, organic solvents (toluene and xylenes) and narcotics as the mainstay of poisons encountered. The last two classes of poisons reflect the continuing problems of glue sniffing and narcotics abuse facing Singapore.
Epilepsy and Criminal Law
Authors: Paul G M , Lange K W
Published: January 2017

Automatic episodes of aggressive or violent behaviour may occur during or after an epileptic fit. Epileptic automatisms are regarded by the law as ‘insane automatisms’. A person who commits a crime during the course of a seizure is therefore legally insane and must be committed to a psychiatric hospital. The law of insanity is inappropriate when applied to epileptic automatisms. A change in the law is therefore necessary to remove epileptic offenders from the legal ambit of insanity, and to save them the threat of detention in a mental hospital as a consequence of their crime.
The Role of Therapeutic Alliance and Fidelity in Predicting Youth Outcomes During Therapeutic Residential Care
Authors: Duppong Hurley Kristin , Lambert Matthew C. , Gross Thomas J. , Thompson Ronald W. , Farmer Elizabeth M. Z.
Published: January 2017

There is a gap in understanding how the treatment fidelity aspects of adherence and quality, along with common process factors such as therapeutic alliance, impact outcomes for youth. Few studies have examined both constructs of implementation and process factors simultaneously in regard to their relationship to client outcomes. This study examined the role of (a) youth ratings of implementation quality for a provider of therapeutic residential care, (b) the records of staff ratios of positive to negative statements to youth as reported for a token economy system, and (c) youth ratings of therapeutic alliance in relation to youth emotional and behavioral functioning at 6 months into therapeutic residential services. The study included data collection activities with 112 youth and staff at intake into residential group care through 6 months into residential services. Both youth ratings of therapeutic alliance and the ratio of positive to negative staff interactions with youth were related to improved youth emotional and behavioral functioning, as reported by staff using the Child Behavior Checklist. These findings suggest that it is important to consider both implementation and common process factors when looking to improve the quality of care for youth in therapeutic residential care.
The Role of Cognitive Discrepancy Between Perception of National Character and Personality in the Functioning and Adaptation of 46 Countries: An Exploratory Study
Authors: David Daniel , Matu Silviu Andrei , David Oana Alexandra , Terracciano Antonio
Published: January 2017

The role of distorted cognitions in human functioning/adaptation is well-established at the individual level. We argue that the discrepancy between perceived national character and the actual national character (i.e., personality traits) is a form of distorted cognition at the group/country level and thus could have a negative impact on the functioning/adaptation of a given country. In this study, we computed this discrepancy score (the perceived national character minus the actual national character) and correlated it to indicators of functioning/adaptation in 46 countries. Results showed that the overestimation of national character (a higher score on the discrepancy measure) is associated with lower life satisfaction, lower autonomy, lower human development, and lower peacefulness at the country level. These results were maintained even after controlling for the effect of economic development, indexed as gross national income. Distorted cognitions related to national character shared by citizens are not only a scientific curiosity, but they might also have more practical implications for the country’s positioning on the global stage. These findings set the ground for a new topic of research investigating the role of such cognitive distortions.
Outcomes of the Distal Metatarsal Dorsiflexion Osteotomy for Advanced Hallux Rigidus
Authors: Cho Byung-Ki , Park Kyoung-Jin , Park Ji-Kang , SooHoo Nelson F.
Published: January 2017

Background:

Hallux rigidus can be treated using several different methods and the best treatment option depends on the severity of degenerative changes of the metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint. However, the ideal operative option for advanced hallux rigidus remains debatable. This prospective study was performed to evaluate the intermediate-term clinical outcomes of distal metatarsal osteotomy used as a joint-preserving method for the treatment of advanced hallux rigidus.

Methods:

Forty-two cases (39 patients) were followed for more than 3 years after distal metatarsal dorsiflexion osteotomy for advanced hallux rigidus of grade III-IV. Clinical evaluations included the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) scores, Foot and Ankle Ability Measure (FAAM) scores, and patient subjective satisfaction scores. Range of motion (ROM) of great toe, complications, reoperation rates, width of the MTP joint space, and times to union were evaluated.

Results:

Mean AOFAS hallux and mean FAAM scores significantly improved from 56.4 and 61.2 points preoperatively to 87.6 and 88.7 points at final follow-up, respectively ( P < .001). Grade III and IV groups had significantly different AOFAS and FAAM scores at final follow-up. Mean dorsiflexion of great toe significantly improved from 14.8° preoperatively to 35.5° at final follow-up ( P < .001). Mean patient satisfaction score at final follow-up was 92.8 points. There were 4 cases (9.5%) of subsequent fusion and 2 cases (4.8%) of transfer metatarsalgia.

Conclusions:

Distal metatarsal dorsiflexion osteotomy using bio-compression screws appears to be an effective operative option for grade III advanced hallux rigidus with viable cartilage on >50% of the first metatarsal articular surface, as it restored joint motion, provided reliable pain relief, and did not require implant removal. However, based on the unsatisfactory clinical results and the high rate of reoperation observed, the authors cannot recommend this operative method for the treatment of end-stage (grade IV) hallux rigidus.

Level of Evidence:

Level IV, prospective case series.
Publications Rates for Podium and Poster Presentations From the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society: 2008-2012
Authors: Williams Benjamin R. , Kunas Grace C. , Deland Jonathan T. , Ellis Scott J.
Published: January 2017

Background:

National orthopaedic meetings are used to disseminate current research through podium and poster abstract presentations. Not all of these abstracts go on to full-text journal publication. The purpose of this study was to determine the publication rates of podium and poster presentations from the American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society (AOFAS) annual meetings between 2008 and 2012.

Methods:

All accepted podium and poster abstracts from the 2008-2012 AOFAS annual meetings were compiled from the AOFAS office, Physician Resource Center website, and hardcopy meeting programs. PubMed and Google Scholar searches were performed for journal publications using key words in the presentation abstracts and authors’ names. Full-text journal publication rates for the presentations were calculated per year, as were the most common journals of publication.

Results:

Overall full-text publication rate was 73.7% for podium presentations and 55.8% for posters. Podium presentations were published in a journal significantly more often than posters ( P < .0001; odds ratio 2.17 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.64-2.86]). The mean time to publication was 1.5 and 1.4 years for podium and poster presentations, respectively ( P = .124). The most common journal for podium and poster publications was Foot & Ankle International.

Conclusion:

Podium abstracts were significantly more likely to be published compared to posters. The AOFAS overall full-text journal publication rate was one of the higher reported rates compared with other national orthopedic society meetings, which have ranged from 34% to 73%.
Vibrational behavior of sandwich plates with functionally graded wavy carbon nanotube-reinforced face sheets resting on Pasternak elastic foundation
Authors: Moradi-Dastjerdi Rasool , Momeni-Khabisi Hamed
Published: January 2017

In this paper, free and forced vibrations, and also resonance and pulse phenomena in sandwich plates with an isotropic core and composite reinforced by wavy carbon nanotube (CNT) face sheets are studied based on a mesh-free method and first order shear deformation theory (FSDT). The sandwich plates are resting on Pasternak elastic foundation and subjected to periodic loads. In the mesh-free analysis, moving least squares (MLS) shape functions are used for approximation of displacement field in the weak form of motion equation and the transformation method is used for imposition of essential boundary conditions. The distributions of CNTs are considered functionally graded (FG) or uniform along the thickness and their mechanical properties are estimated by an extended rule of mixture. Effects of CNT distribution, volume fraction, aspect ratio and waviness, and also effects of Pasternak’s elastic foundation coefficients, sandwich plate thickness, face sheets thickness, plate aspect ratio and time depended force are investigated on the free and forced vibrations, and resonance behavior of the sandwich plates with wavy CNT-reinforced face sheets.
Lamb wave generation using nanosecond laser ablation to detect damage
Authors: Hosoya Naoki , Umino Ryosuke , Kanda Atsushi , Kajiwara Itsuro , Yoshinaga Atsushi
Published: January 2017

This paper proposes a non-contact damage detection method based on Lamb waves generated by laser ablation (LA). Previously, Lamb waves generated by contact-type sensors such as acoustic emission or piezoelectric zirconate titanate devices have been studied to detect damage. Lamb wave generation systems with embedded contact-type excitation devices to objective structures to be inspected may quickly realize large-area damage detection on a huge object such as an aircraft. However, replacing contact-type devices with non-contact devices in Lamb wave generation systems, the systems will have sufficient potential to excite under the specific conditions such as submerged target structures in liquid and high-temperature substances. The LA-generated Lamb waves that have amplitudes several hundred times larger than those generated by conventional laser-thermoelastically generated Lamb waves are of advantage from the viewpoint of the signal-to-noise ratio in the measurements. When the laser fluence reaches 1012–1014 W/m2, which is greater than that for laser-thermoelastic regime, a LA regime is induced. The amplitudes of the LA-generated Lamb waves might be higher than those of the laser-thermoelastically generated Lamb waves; this is within the scope of the assumption. Since the LA process entails a number of nonlinear processes such as melting, vaporization, and sublimation, it is important to confirm that LA could generate a Lamb wave and its mode. In this paper, Lamb waves that contain broadband frequency elements of more than several hundred kHz are generated by non-contact impulse excitation using LA, which is common in vibration tests in the high-frequency range, laser peening, propulsion of micro-aircraft, bolt loosening diagnosis, etc. The present method is evaluated by comparing the measured and calculated propagation phase and group velocities of the Lamb waves. Furthermore, the feasibility of our approach is demonstrated by non-contact damage detection against an aluminum alloy 2024 plate with a crack.
Semi-active damping and energy harvesting using an electromagnetic transducer
Authors: Caruso Giovanni , Galeani Sergio , Menini Laura
Published: January 2017

This article studies a semi-active control strategy applied to a vibration damping and to an energy harvesting problem. In particular, a single-degree-of freedom oscillating device is considered, comprising a mass connected to the ground by means of a spring, a dashpot and an electromagnetic transducer. The latter component yields a damping contribution which can be easily modulated between a minimum and a maximum value. By applying the Pontryagin maximum principle to the vibration damping problem, it is shown that the time optimal control law consists of a switching of the electromechanical damping contribution between the maximum and the minimum values. The same Principle is then applied to the optimization of the energy harvestable by the same structure under periodic excitation. Differently from the case of vibration damping, the solution of the latter problem can contain both regular phases (during which the optimal choice of the modulated damping is either at its maximum or at its minimum value) and singular phases (during which the optimal damping has smooth variations). Interestingly, it is also shown that when the objective is to dissipate rather than to harvest energy from the device, optimal strategies only consist of regular phases. Both the proposed semi-active strategies are shown to outperform corresponding optimized passive classic solutions, used as a benchmark for comparison.
Business Management and Advertising
Authors: Allen Charles L.
Published: January 2017

JOURNALISM teachers at the A.A.S.D.J.-A.A.T.J. conventions at Topeka in December, 1938, approved the suggestion of the Journalism Quarterly editor that a section of the magazine be devoted to digests of studies in business and advertising fields, and to aids to teachers of courses in those fields. The Quarterly here presents the first such section, under the editorship of Professor Charles L. Allen of Medill School of Journalism, Northwestern University.

Professor Allen asks that readers of the Quarterly inform him of sound studies in advertising, business and related fields, and that, when possible, copies of such studies (or digests in case the complete studies are too bulky for convenient handling) be sent to him. He and the Quarterly editorial board solicit suggestions, comments, criticism and, most of all, contributions from all readers.— The Editor.
A Selected Bibliography from British Journals
Authors: Nafziger Ralph O.
Published: January 2017

Relations of press and government, and particularly the plans for forging the Ministry of Information into an effective instrument of national policy, were leading topics of discussion in British newspapermen's journals during this quarter. Despite the outbreak of war, writers in these periodicals were very sensitive during September to the activities of the ministry and severely critical of every evidence of bungling on the part of the new government agency. Complaint was directed particularly against useless suppression of news and against the roster of appointees to the’ ministry which showed that comparatively few newspaper-trained men had been selected. The urgent need for government aid to British news agencies and communication facilities, in an effort to assure widespread dissemination of “news of British origin,” was also emphasised.
An Annotated Bibliography of Journalism Subjects in American Magazines
Authors: Merwin Fred E. , Smith Henry L.
Published: January 2017

The war in Europe continued to dominate the articles relating to press and communications for the current quarter. The defeat of Prance by Germany necessitated an additional recasting of news collection lines. In this country, the Newspaper Guild administrative leaders succeeded in overcoming an ouster movement directed against important national officers at the Memphis convention. Increasing stress was noted on advertising rate structures and linage possibilities. A sharp decline in so-called speculative articles was apparent. F. E. M.
News Notes
Authors: Miller Douglass W.
Published: January 2017

News of the activities of journalism teachers and journalism-teaching institutions, for inclusion in this section, must reach Professor Miller, School of Journalism, Syracuse University, by the first of the month preceding publication (for the December issue, by November 1).
Journalism Teachers Relations with their Colleagues and the Press
Authors: Allen Charles L.
Published: January 2017

The following remarks are an excerpt from the address of Professor Allen, AATJ president, at the convention in New York City December 28, 1940. Other portions of the address will be found in the official minutes.
Business Management and Advertising
Authors: Miller A. Van Court
Published: January 2017

This talk, by the treasurer of the New York Herald Tribune, was presented before the AATJ convention in New York City December 28, 1940.
The Foreign Press
Authors: Nafziger Ralph O.
Published: January 2017

This article is based on a study made by a graduate student in the College of Journalism, Marquette’ University. Father Cinikas is a member of the editorial staff of Draugas, Lithuanian daily newspaper in Chicago.