bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Warming Up My Crystal Ball
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In this column, AWWA Executive Director Jack Hoffbuhr discusses two key trends in the drinking water industry that need to be addressed: the changing fabric of society, and a crisis of expectations. He suggests that not only will water utilities have to be economically sound, environmentally responsible, and fully compliant with the regulations, but they will also need to be socially responsible as well, going beyond compliance to service. Several changes in the way utilities are managed are suggested to address these trends in the future.
Benefits and costs of the IESWTR
Authors: Regli Stig , Odom Rosemarie , Cromwell John , Lustic Mike , Blank Valerie
Published: February 2018

This new rule's costs are likely to be outweighed by its benefits, including reduced endemic risk from exposure to Cryptosporidium and improved public health.

Like the Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection By‐products Rule, the Interim Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule (IESWTR) grew out of the negotiated rulemaking the US Environmental Protection Agency convened in 1992–93 under the Federal Advisory Committee Act (FACA). The rulemaking sought to develop a consensus approach to simultaneously addressing potential health risks posed by disinfection by‐products (DBPs) and waterborne pathogens. Even though the process was complicated by (1) the possibility of making inadvertent risk–risk tradeoffs between protection from DBPs and protection from pathogens and (2) uncertainties affecting the assessment of both risks, the regulatory‐negotiations committee was able to devise a well‐balanced, staged approach to regulation. A second FACA committee finalized the approach in 1996–97. This article summarizes the microbial side of the benefit–cost analysis and the explicit uncertainty analysis that was used to inform the stakeholders and the negotiators.
Where's the Off Button?
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In this column, AWWA Executive Director Jack Hoffbuhr offers two tenets to help us regain control of information technology, in particular email ‐ only send email that is needed and wanted, and remember that you are trying to communicate. He sites a recent survey that indicated that about 31 percent of all email received is unsolicited. Also, he points out that communication suffers when people neglect to use proper grammar, punctuation, and spelling when sending email.
Helping operators improve plant performance
Authors: Booth Susan K. , Hagar C.B. , Goss Randy J. , Lippe J. Chris , Schulze Jean A.
Published: February 2018

A process assistance system empowers operators to make decisions and take ownership of the plant during their shifts.

The City of Austin (Texas) Water and Wastewater Utility consistently produces drinking water of the highest standards. But with the development of more and tougher regulations, water treatment has become more complex for operators. Utility managers recognized that although it is necessary to provide advanced computer systems, instrumentation, and traditional operations training, these elements alone are not sufficient to meet the utility's stringent internal optimization goals. Operators also need to be able to recognize and respond promptly to developing process problems. Utility managers realized that operators would benefit from readily available plant‐specific process guidance and envisioned a process assistance system (PAS). Written in Web‐page format, the PAS is designed to help operators interpret data and improve their decision‐making skills. It was developed through in‐depth investigations of operators' actions and treatment decisions during routine and nonroutine operations. The PAS will also be used as a tool for training, performance assessment, and operator accountability.
SDWA Enforcement Provisions, Initiatives, and Outlook
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: February 2018

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) allows civil and, in some cases, criminal enforcement actions to be taken against water suppliers who fail to meet the requirements of drinking water regulations. The 1996 SDWA amendments expanded the scope of existing enforcement provisions, clarified enforcement in nonprimacy states, increased civil penalties, and added an incentive for consolidation.
Influence of NF on distribution system biostability
Authors: Escobar Isabel C. , Randall Andrew A.
Published: February 2018

In a 12‐month study, nanofiltration achieved high percentages of BDOC removal but was less effective in reducing AOC concentrations.

When biodegradable organic matter is not removed during water treatment, bacteria may proliferate in the distribution system. This bacterial growth can deteriorate water quality, accelerate pipe corrosion, and potentially increase the incidence of bacteriological diseases. This project's main objective was to collect and analyze full‐scale system data on long‐term results of nanofiltration (NF) with respect to its effect on bacterial regrowth potential as quantified by assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and biodegradable dissolved organic carbon (BDOC). One of the major observations over the sampling period was that NF had a strong effect on the BDOC concentration of the treated water. In contrast, NF did not reject the major fraction of AOC, which leaves NF's effect on biostability open to question.
Protecting Water Quality in the Distribution System
Authors: Post Dallas J.
Published: February 2018

Even if the water that leaves the treatment plant meets water quality requirements, it can deteriorate in the distribution system. Even if the distribution system is in good shape, there are several ways water quality can be compromised. The two most common are maintenance operations and cross‐connections. But with a little work and planning, their effects on the distribution system can be minimized.
Peer Review and Data Access
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: February 2018

The Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) as amended requires the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) to use “the best available, peer‐reviewed science and supporting studies conducted in accordance with sound and objective practices.” The statute does not, however, specifically define peer review. This article discusses how the USEPA has established peer review guidelines and practices applicable for development of regulations under the SDWA.
Is There Enough?
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In this column, Jack Hoffbuhr, Executive Director of American Water Works Association, discusses how to make the best use of existing water resources on this planet. He points out that current methods of managing water worldwide are not sufficient, that current irrigation practices need to be examined and improved, and that the value of water is directly related to its effective use and that pricing structures need to provide incentive for efficient use of water.
Reusing rinse wastewater at a semiconductor plant
Authors: Shah Ajay R. , Ploeser Jane Heller
Published: February 2018

Two pilot projects for recycling and reusing rinse wastewater pay off by substantially reducing water consumption and costs.

Two pilot rinse wastewater reuse projects were developed as part of a long‐term water conservation program for a Motorola semiconductor manufacturing site in Phoenix, Ariz. The conceptual designs for the projects grew out of a detailed wastewater reuse study that characterized wastewater streams at their generation points. Both treatment techniques were specifically researched, bench‐tested, and adapted to further water conservation efforts while ensuring 100 percent compliance with appropriate effluent regulations and industrial discharge permit conditions. Together, the pilot projects save the city of Phoenix approximately 45 mil gal (17 × 104 m3) of water annually.
Using conservation rate structures
Authors: Jordan Jeffrey L. , Albani Rick
Published: February 2018

A survey of water suppliers using conservation rate structures offers insight into the efficacy of pricing as a conservation incentive.

The authors developed a survey to learn about water providers' experiences using conservation rate structures. The survey included questions about service characteristics, demand levels before and after implementation of conservation rates, rate structures and price levels, billing and revenue, other conservation measures, and the objectives and effectiveness of rates and conservation efforts. Drawing on a number of respondent pools, the authors distributed the survey to 567 utilities and received 89 responses. This article represents a first step in evaluating the effect of conservation rate structures and gives water professionals a closeup look at the use of pricing in utility conservation efforts.
The Probability of Risk
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In this column, AWWA Executive Director Jack Hoffbuhr discusses risks people take in our society and proposes four basic concepts relating to risk assessment: it is the only tool we have to bring some semblance of rational thinking to emotionally charged issues; it is an improving science and that it is far from perfect; lowering the apparent risk in one area may very well increase it in another; and, there is no such thing as “zero risk.”
Negotiating Regulations for Microorganisms and Disinfection By‐products
Authors: Pontius Frederick W.
Published: February 2018

Regulations for microorganisms, disinfectants, and disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have been promulgated by the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). These rules, along with the Information Collection Rule (ICR), were the result of many years of discussions and negotiations with stakeholders. Stakeholder negotiations are currently being conducted to make recommendations regarding additional rules for microbiological contaminants and DBPs. One of these will be the Stage 2 Disinfectants/DBP (D/DBP) Rule. Certain elements and dynamics are necessary to the success of negotiatory rulemaking. Experience with the negotiatory process during the past seven years in the United States is reviewed here for the Microbial/DBP (M/DBP) Rule as a guide for others considering this approach to developing regulations.
Improving Global Water Services
Authors: Bath Vincent
Published: February 2018

Vincent Bath, co‐president of the new International Water Association, outlines plans to improve water and wastewater services for those who have them and to extend services to those who don't.
Fluoride concentrations in drinking water
Authors: Lalumandier James A. , Jones Jackie L.
Published: February 2018

A study was undertaken to determine how closely optimal fluoride concentrations reported by states matched US Public Health Service recommendations.

The US Public Health Service sets optimal fluoride concentrations for community water supplies. The agency's recommendations were used to create a fluoridation map of the United States depicting optimal concentrations. This study determined how closely reported state optimal fluoride concentrations followed those on the map. The most recent fluoridation census statistics were used to determine the reported state optimal fluoride concentration, which represents the level at which community water supplies should be fluoridated according to state policy. In only five states did the reported state optimal fluoride concentrations exactly match those on the fluoridation map. Eleven states reported lower state optimal fluoride concentrations on average; 32 reported higher amounts. As research and debate continue regarding optimal fluoride concentrations in drinking water, it is important that water plant operators stay current on fluoridation issues.
Worker Safety Is as Important as Water Quality
Authors: Fullan Eric
Published: February 2018

This article discusses safety in the utility workplace, covering topics that include: difficulty of compliance with safety regulations; developing partnerships with emergency services; and, finding support from other organizations.
In pursuit of quality
Authors: Crotty Patrick
Published: February 2018

Quality programs can help utilities identify weaknesses, set goals, become more efficient, and gain the credibility they need to stay afloat in a competitive environment.
Multiple benefits of reengineering
Authors: Gritzuk Michael , Janis Wayne S. , Blundon Edward G. , Myers Joe
Published: February 2018

At a major Arizona utility, employee teams tackle an ambitious reengineering process, reaping significant savings and other benefits.

In 1995, the Phoenix, Ariz., Water Services Department embarked on a reengineering process to change its organizational structure, improve work practices, and enhance its technology. The utility transformed the way it runs its business by instituting a changed culture of empowered and responsible employees, self‐directed work teams, employee‐developed work practices, enhanced technology, and a new model for cooperation among employees, union, and management. As a result of the reengineering process, the utility was able to reduce staff without any layoffs (and despite continued growth) and achieve first‐year savings of $3 million.
Bioavailability of Al in alum‐treated drinking water
Authors: Stauber Jennifer L. , Florence T. Mark , Davies Cheryl M. , Adams Merrin S. , Buchanan S. John
Published: February 2018

In healthy people, Al uptake from alum‐treated water is low.

Several epidemiological studies have associated aluminum (Al) in drinking water with the incidence of Alzheimer's disease, despite the fact that water provides a relatively minor proportion of intake compared with other dietary sources. For Al from alum‐treated drinking water to contribute markedly to blood Al, it would have to be much more bioavailable, i.e., more readily taken up from the gut into the bloodstream, than Al from food. The relative bioavailabilities of Al naturally present in food and in alum‐treated drinking water (ATW) were determined using 29 healthy volunteers who drank, during two‐day periods, ATW or pure water, with and without citrate, while on a controlled diet. Only 1–2 percent of the daily intake of Al came from ATW and only 0.3–0.4 percent of the Al in ATW was absorbed by the body—the same percentage as that absorbed from food. It was estimated that drinking 1.6 L/d of ATW containing 140 μg/L Al would contribute only 0.4–1.1 percent of the lifetime body burden of Al.
Estimating the porosity of a full‐scale anthracite filter bed
Authors: Trussell R. Rhodes , Chang Melissa M. , Lang John S. , Hodges Willie E.
Published: February 2018

Typical pilot studies may slightly underestimate clean‐bed head loss in full‐scale filter beds.

The weight of media per unit of filter area cannot be directly measured in a full‐scale filter bed as it can be in a pilot‐scale filter column. Thus the porosity of a full‐scale bed of filter media cannot be readily calculated, and determinations of the porosity in full‐scale filters are rarely reported. In this study the porosity of one full‐scale monomedia filter bed was estimated by comparing the head loss in a full‐scale filter with the head loss in a pilot‐scale filter, when both used the same anthracite media. The full‐scale filter contained uniform anthracite media with an effective size of 1.5 mm loaded to a depth of 6 ft (1.8 m). The gradual termination of the backwash flow produced more consistent porosities in pilot‐scale filter beds. The porosity of the full‐scale filter bed was about 48 percent, somewhat lower than that expected in pilot‐scale columns. Thus, full‐scale designs based on pilot data may underestimate clean‐bed head loss.
Managing the utility of the future
Authors: Harmon Rick
Published: February 2018

Increased competition, globalization, consolidation, privatization, and consumer expectations will drive change in the water industry during the new century.
Forces transforming the water business
Authors: Shorney Frank L.
Published: February 2018

The global economy, burgeoning populations, and rapidly evolving information technologies are changing the way the water industry does business.

To stay competitive in today's business environment, the water profession must adapt to dynamic forces that are transforming societies worldwide. In the area of commerce, local and national borders are vanishing, replaced by a global economy. Populations are booming in undeveloped countries and shrinking elsewhere. The Internet provides instant information to a worldwide audience, all potential consumers of the new e‐commerce. The challenge to the water industry is to adjust to meet these developments by incorporating appropriate technology as it develops, forging better employee–management relationships, and improving customer service and communication.
Detecting leaks in plastic pipes
Authors: Hunaidi Osama , Chu Wing , Wang Alex , Guan Wei
Published: February 2018

Commercial leak‐noise correlators were generally able to locate leaks in plastic pipe, but modifications could increase their effectiveness.

Water utilities commonly use acoustic equipment to locate leaks. Although acoustic equipment is generally considered satisfactory for metallic pipes, its application to plastic pipes could be problematic. This study found that leaks in plastic pipes could be located using acoustic techniques; however, there were several difficulties. Professional leak detection teams using leak noise correlators rarely succeeded in locating leaks because the frequency range selected automatically by correlators (or manually by operators) was usually too high. The frequency content of leak signals from plastic pipes was mostly below 50 Hz. Listening devices were ineffective unless they were used very close to leaks. Acoustic leak detection methods can be made more effective by revising the automatic‐mode algorithms of correlators, using finely tunable noise filters, and measuring leak signals with hydrophones or highly sensitive vibration sensors. Nonacoustic methods such as radar, thermography, and tracer gases, appear promising.
Water and world population growth
Authors: Postel Sandra L.
Published: February 2018

As global population mushrooms, water managers must adopt new strategies to make the most of limited supplies.

Freshwater is renewable but finite. Over the next 50 years, world population growth will reduce the renewable water supply per capita by approximately one third. By 2025, an estimated 3 billion people—38 percent of the projected global population—will live in countries classified as water‐stressed. In many regions, numerous signs that water use is not sustainable are already in evidence in the widespread overpumping of aquifers and excessive depletion of river flows. Meeting the water demands of 8–9 billion people while at the same time protecting the health of the aquatic environment will greatly challenge water professionals. This article makes the case for a new water management paradigm—one that strives to balance water's economic and ecological functions. A key to success is increasing water productivity, i.e., doing more with less water.
Helping people help themselves
Authors: Murphy Maripat
Published: February 2018

Through water‐related projects and other development efforts, Water For People is improving the quality of life in communities worldwide.

In 1991, AWWA established the nonprofit international development organization Water For People (WFP) with the mission of improving lives worldwide through drinking water, sanitation, and hygiene projects. Since then, nearly 400 WFP projects have been completed, benefiting rural and urban communities in 38 developing and transitioning countries. To be eligible, projects must address critical needs, use appropriate technology and local materials, and be sustainable by the community. To facilitate projects and make the most of limited funding and resources, WFP partners with indigenous private institutions, public agencies, and nongovernmental organizations. As WFP enters a new century, the organization is evolving to meet the changing needs of communities and investing more in education, training, and basic skills to help people help themselves.
Comparison of three TOC methodologies
Authors: Kaplan Louis A.
Published: February 2018

Using samples from a variety of US water sources, a study finds that different methodologies for analyzing total organic carbon yield equivalent data.

The Stage 1 Disinfectants/Disinfection By‐products Rule requires analyses of total organic carbon (TOC) in drinking water sources. In this study, water samples from 102 watersheds across North America were used to compare three TOC methodologies. All analyses were performed on filtered samples, eliminating particles and permitting a focus on the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) constituents. High‐temperature combustion yielded significantly lower DOC concentration estimates than methods based on either wet chemical oxidation (9 percent difference) or ultraviolet‐promoted oxidation (10.5 percent difference). All three methodologies gave similar concentration estimates (no significant differences) after correction for a pH‐dependent loss of nonvolatile DOC during the external sparging of samples to remove inorganic carbon. The author concludes that current TOC technologies are capable of providing accurate and equivalent estimates of DOC concentrations; nonetheless, he contends that appropriate dissolved and particulate performance standards for TOC analyses would constitute an important tool for analysts in the drinking water industry.
Committee Report: Disinfection at large and medium‐size systems
Authors:   AWWA Water Quality Division Disinfection Systems Committee
Published: February 2018

Most of the systems surveyed reported plans for process changes to address new regulations, treatment optimization, increased capacity, equipment upgrades, and safety.

As a followup to its surveys of 1979 and 1989, the Disinfection Systems Committee conducted a survey in 1998 of disinfection practices at large and medium (i.e., those serving 10,000 or more people) systems using both surface water and groundwater supplies. Chlorine, either as gas or hypochlorite, remained the predominant choice for primary disinfection. Moderate increases were seen in the use of alternative forms of chlorine such as chloramines, chlorine dioxide, and ozone. Based on the results of this survey, large and medium systems appear well‐prepared to meet the new Stage 1 disinfection by‐product requirements, and many appear to be capable of meeting the proposed Stage 2 requirements if they are implemented in their current form. These systems also appear to be meeting existing Surface Water Treatment Rule (SWTR) and pending Interim Enhanced SWTR turbidity and disinfection C X T requirements. But, based on data submitted by only about half of the respondents, almost 10 percent may have to further enhance treatment to meet Stage 1 total organic carbon removal requirements.
Endocrine‐disrupting chemicals in a source water
Authors: Roefer Peggy , Snyder Shane , Zegers Ronald E. , Rexing David J. , Fronk John L.
Published: February 2018

New detection methods have increased awareness of chemicals with the potential to interfere with the normal function of the endocrine system.

As a result of new and more sensitive methods for detecting chemicals and the development of scientific methods that better determine their biological effects, unregulated contaminants that were previously undetected by water professionals have become of interest to the public and the press. A source water issue that has taken a high profile in Las Vegas, Nev., relates to chemicals with the potential to act as endocrine disruptors. Las Vegas is one of the first large urbanized areas in the United States where studies have been conducted to determine the presence of these chemicals in the drinking water supply. This article discusses the potential health effects, detection methods, and regulatory considerations of these chemicals.
Membrane filtration as posttreatment
Authors: States Stanley , Scheuring Michele , Evans Rulison , Buzza Eric , Movahed Ben , Gigliotti Thomas , Casson Leonard
Published: February 2018

To preserve the parklike appearance of an open finished water reservoir and meet a state mandate for increased protection of stored finished water, the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority investigated postreservoir treatment options.

Faced with a state mandate to cover a 125‐mil‐gal‐ (0.4 × 106–m3‐) capacity finished water reservoir and with public opposition to using a floating cover, the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority explored the possibility of postreservoir treatment options. The regulatory agency indicated that any acceptable posttreatment must ensure 4‐log reduction of viruses, 3‐log reduction of Giardia, and 2‐log reduction of Cryptosporidium. The authority studied ozonation and membrane filtration for this application. Ozone inactivation trials resulted in a 1.0‐ to 1.2‐log inactivation of Cryptosporidium oocysts at bench scale and 0.1‐ to 0.5‐log inactivation at pilot scale. Membrane filter challenge studies demonstrated a 5‐log removal of Giardia cysts and 6‐log removal of Cryptosporidium oocysts. Based on the results of pilot testing and additional considerations, the authority is constructing a 20‐mgd (0.07 × 106–m3/d) microfiltration plant to treat water leaving the finished water reservoir.
Waterscape
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In his column, AWWA Executive Director Jack Hoffbuhr offers a customer's view of a water utility in the form of a letter he writes to his water utility manager. He expresses his appreciation for the clean and safe drinking water that the utility provides for him and supports the upcoming 4 percent hike in water rates. He critiques the Consumer Confidence Reports as being a dry regurgitation of facts and a pedantic description of potential health issues, and urges the utilities to be more creative in their reporting. He suggests using the Internet as a communication tool, mentions taste and odor problems with his water, and likes being offered lots of choices concerning his water supply.
Chlorination 101: Practical Makes Perfect
Authors: Gilnack Jerry
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the author's experience teaching the small water system operator's course in upstate New York. Running systems that serve mobile home parks, apartments, and small subdivisions, these operators wanted hassle‐free operations. They also wanted practical solutions that worked with a minimum of time, fuss, and steps. Trial and error were normal practices. One class session was devoted to solving everyday problems as simply as possible. Students were asked to present a recurring problem. Most of the problems dealt with chlorination. Three case studies and the solutions suggested by class discussion demonstrate the range of these problems.
AOP/biofilm processes for DOX precursors
Authors: Speitel Gerald E. , Symons James M. , Mialaret Julie M. , Wanielista Marlo Marie E.
Published: February 2018

Ozone–hydrogen peroxide did not enhance performance, but ultraviolet–hydrogen peroxide performed comparably to ozone, and it is a much simpler process.

Batch and continuous‐flow, bench‐scale experiments were performed to assess the performance of two advanced oxidation processes in combination with subsequent biodegradation for the removal of total organic carbon (TOC) and disinfection byproduct (DBP) precursors, as characterized by dissolved organic halogen formation potential (DOXFP). Ozone–hydrogen peroxide (O3–H2O2) and ultraviolet–hydrogen peroxide (UV–H2O2) were studied over a range of oxidation conditions for their ability to promote TOC and DOXFP removal in a subsequent biodegradation step. For the two waters studied, from Lake Austin and Lake Houston in Texas, the addition of H2O2 did not enhance performance after biodegradation relative to O3 alone, indicating that O3–H2O2 oxidation is not worthwhile in waters of this type, i.e., those with low specific UV absorbance. UV–H2O2–biodegradation performed comparably to O3–biodegradation, which suggests it is an alternative technology that may be worth considering for DBP precursor removal, especially for utilities that are interested in avoiding the operational complexities of ozonation.
Water suppliers assess new rulemaking agreement
Authors: Scharfenaker Mark A.
Published: February 2018

This column discusses a new federal rulemaking agreement that has set the stage for deploying improved techniques for finding and inactivating chlorine‐resistant Cryptosporidium oocysts and for ensuring delivery of tap water that complies systemwide with disinfection byproduct (DBP) standards. The two‐stage microbial/disinfection byproduct regulatory initiative embodies an unprecedented collaborative and concerted effort by water suppliers, regulators, researchers, and public health and environmental interest groups to tackle the task of simultaneously reducing risks from newfound chlorine‐resistant pathogens and the harmful byproducts of widely used and trusted chlorine disinfection.
Facilitating change
Authors: Willis Robert F.
Published: February 2018

In this column, Robert Willis, AWWA's new president, talks with Journal editor Marcia Lacey about his long‐term involvement with the water profession, the life of an officer, and his agenda for his year in office.
Continuous Partnering Helps Ensure Project Success
Authors: Smith Anne , Culp Gordon
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses the term partnering, defined as a systematic approach to overall project management that promotes a positive working environment among project participants. Before a project begins, the key parties to the project are assembled and asked to form an agreement that establishes goals and a process for resolving conflict. An initial workshop begins the partnership process. Participants include the owner, project managers, the construction manager, the general contractor, key subcontractors, the designer, and any regulatory agencies. Over the course of two days, the role of each participant is explained, different behavioral styles are discussed, potential problems are identified, a dispute resolution process is established, an implementation plan that includes periodic reviewing is developed, and a partnering agreement that incorporates all of these elements is drawn up and signed by all participants.
Who Are You Going to Hire?
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In his column, AWWA Executive Director Jack Hoffbuhr stresses the importance of education for the future workforce and how companies are reporting difficulties in finding qualified applicants. Studies show that workforce participation, earnings, health care coverage, and employment stability all rise with increasing educational levels. People with a strong educational background are also more adept at using sophisticated technology and are better able to adapt to change. They also give back more to their communities through increased civic participation and volunteer activities.
Small Systems Get Help in Many Ways
Authors: Miller Ellen G.
Published: February 2018

This article provides a listing of different programs that the American Water Works Association offers to help small water systems: the Small Systems Helpdesk column in the Journal AWWA; the Small Systems Helpline, a component of the Small Utility Network (SUN); the capacity development program; the Annual Conference; and, low annual conference fees.
USING NEURAL NETWORKS to predict peak Cryptosporidium concentrations
Authors: Brion Gail Montgomery , Neelakantan T.R. , Lingireddy Srinivasa
Published: February 2018

Neural network modeling was used to examine the relationships between multiple interrelated water quality and quantity parameters at the intake to a water treatment facility located on the Delaware River. The relationships were used to train a neural network model to predict peak concentrations of Cryptosporidium oocysts at the intake of a New Jersey water treatment facility. Input parameters to the model were selected based on their correlation with oocyst concentrations and stepwise evaluation of neural network training. The final trained neural network model predicted two conditions of input Cryptosporidium concentrations—background and above background (assigned as 1 and 0, respectively)—from eight other water quality parameters. Clostridium perfringens concentrations were the most significant input parameter in predicting the final model's performance. Turbidity was the least significant parameter. Furthermore, a site‐specific, linear relationship between the numbers of full oocysts and the total number of oocysts recovered by the Information Collection Rule method at this water treatment plant intake was noted (full oocysts = 0.595 X total oocysts, R2 = 0.9011).
Water Business Tops Environmental Sector
Authors: Parmelee Mary A.
Published: February 2018

Topics covered in this column include the selection of the American Water Works Company as the leader of the top 10 most profitable US companies in the environmental service industry, and the 2001 Construction Industry Forecast report, published by CIT Equipment Financing, that considers water and sewer construction the best potential for business growth for “nonbuilders” such as contractors at work in underground construction or site development.
Endocrine disruptors and the Water Industry
Authors: Trussell R. Rhodes
Published: February 2018

This paper discusses the endocrine system, which regulates the development, growth, reproduction, and behavior of an organism. Concern has grown about synthetic chemicals interfering with or disrupting the normal operation of this system because certain chemicals can mimic the hormones that serve as the messengers regulating the endocrine system. A three‐step approach by the water supply community to address this issue is recommended: consolidate scientific data about the issue; evaluate its effect on specific water quality; and, communicate these findings to the public.
Brass Corrosion and The LCR Monitoring Program
Authors: Kimbrough David Eugene
Published: February 2018

Testing conducted at water utilities in California in the late 1990s concluded that the Lead and Copper Rule (LCR) may have incorrectly identified the main sources of lead and copper in tap water as well as which sources are “high risk.” According to the findings of this study, brass corrosion appears to be the main source of both lead and copper in current monitoring samples. This paper provides one method for identifying the source of corrosion byproducts in consumers' tap water.
Nonpoint Sources in the lower Missouri River
Authors: Criss Robert E. , Lee Davisson M. , Kopp James W.
Published: February 2018

Dynamic variations in the chemical and isotopic character of the lower Missouri River can be explained primarily in terms of the relative contribution of lower basin waters in the river, which can be computed from gauging station data to vary from < 5 to 86%. The endmember representing the lower basin component has an average electrical conductivity of 261 μS, a pH of 7.8, an alkalinity of 111 mg/L, sulfate (SO4) of < 5 mg/L, total organic carbon (TOC) of 5.9 mg/L, and a δ18O value of ‐6.1, mostly similar to shallow meteoric groundwaters in Missouri. The endmember representing the upper basin has an average electrical conductivity of 814 μS, a pH of 8.2, an alkalinity of 191 mg/L, SO4 of 216 mg/L, TOC of 3.0 mg/L, and a δ18O value of ‐11.6. The normalized volumetric contributions facilitate geographic delineation of nonpoint source pollutants such as TOC and offer new ways to predict water quality and estimate annual loads.
discussion of “USING Surrogates to Improve Plant Performance”
Authors: Gale Paul
Published: February 2018

In the March 2000 Journal, Eva Nieminski et al concluded that there was no “ideal” surrogate for predicting the occurrence of protozoan pathogens in treated water. This discussion focuses on one factor that may contribute to this problem, which is the spatial heterogeneity of the surrogate and/or protozoan pathogen in the treated water.
Operator Certification: A New Era for Small Water Systems
Authors: Saxena Jeeta L.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the US Environmental Protection Agency's certification and renewal requirements, specifically looking at how the states are working toward compliance.
Changing the American landscape
Authors: Wasowski Andy
Published: February 2018

Andy Wasowski, a freelance writer and photographer specializing in gardening and landscaping issues, talked with Journal editor Marcia Lacey about the native plant movement that is revolutionizing the American landscape. Water conservation is the force behind the trend for using drought‐tolerant native plants as well as those exotics that are noninvasive and well‐adapted to the landscaping needs of a particular area.
Impact of Climate Changes on Water Resources Serious
Authors: Parmelee Mary A.
Published: February 2018

This column discusses a report prepared by the Pacific Institute for the US Department of the Interior that concludes that climate changes in the next 100 years may have serious implications for water resources in the United States. It describes how the buildup of heat‐trapping greenhouse gases in the atmosphere over the past century, primarily from fossil fuel combustion, has substantially contributed to a temperature increase of about 2/3 degree C in the US. Climate models project that temperatures could increase another 3‐6 degrees C by 2100. Examples are given of how this increase could affect our water resources.
The dark ages
Authors: Stovall Lyndon B.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses the importance of long‐term planning in the drinking water industry so that the industry stays focused on its primary mission. It points out that what we do today will ultimately have profound effects on life at the end of this century.
LEADERSHIP Challenges in a Changing Industry
Authors: Bishop Walter J.
Published: February 2018

Leadership in a changing environment requires vision, flexibility, adaptability, and strategic planning. Skills for negotiating, collaborating, and building trusting relationships are critical. A manager must develop the skills to predict the effects of internal and external influences, envision the organization's future, and take the appropriate risks to move before the outcome of the action is predictable or certain. Unfortunately, it appears that the mentoring and the skill‐building necessary to develop our leaders have not been made a priority in many of our organizations' training programs. Also published in “Excellence in Action: Water Utility Management in the 21st Century”, published in 2001 by the American Water Works Association, order number 20495.
CHANGE MUST BECOME A WAY OF LIFE FOR THE WATER INDUSTRY
Authors: Hunt James W.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses issues that the water industry will be dealing with in the future such as the writing and promulgation of regulations, redundant systems, technology and the problems it presents, the ending of the era of “silent service,” tools for handling whatever change brings, and changing an organization's culture.
AWWA MUST RECOGNIZE 21st Century Trends and Continue to Evolve
Authors: Rolan Terry
Published: February 2018

This article discusses how, if the American Water Works Association is to continue to be successful in the future, it must first recognize the trends that it faces as a result of a changing membership, and work to attract students and encourage them to pursue a career in the water field. It discusses several topics that include: how the global market is opening up; meeting the water needs of a growing world population; improving the competitiveness of the North American water industry; and, improving our volunteer organization.
Water leakage and sustainable supply—TRUTH OR CONSEQUENCES?
Authors: Brothers Kenneth J.
Published: February 2018

This article discusses how US water systems, particularly those in the older, eastern areas of North America, are deteriorating, resulting in substantial water losses between the source of supply and the customer's tap. Water loss and leakage has required many utilities to rigorously review system input, metered and unmetered water, authorized and unauthorized use, and the scientific calculation of unavoidable real water losses. It states that a systematic, calculated, and nondiscretionary approach to transmission and distribution system water accountability is necessary in North America.
IS ALL chlorine dioxide CREATED EQUAL?
Authors: Gordon Gilbert
Published: February 2018

Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is an alternative oxidant to chlorine for the treatment of drinking water. ClO2 must be produced on site by the oxidation of chlorite ion or the reduction of chlorate ion. Each generation technology ultimately produces ClO2; however, the final product (composition and purity) can be very different. Discussions on ClO2 purity have typically focused on chlorine. Other potential impurities include chlorite ion, chlorate ion, acid, hydrogen peroxide, and in some cases perchlorate ion. Experimental data are presented to show similarities and potential differences in product composition.
Monthly Reports: What They Say About Your Work and the Water You Deliver
Authors: Gilnack Gerald
Published: February 2018

This column discusses the importance of submitting reports on time, making sure the reports contain the proper information, and that they are neatly prepared. Problems should be clearly noted. It is important to make a good impression on regulators with these monthly reports.
trend beat
Authors: Parmelee Mary A.
Published: February 2018

This column describes how several water districts in San Diego County came together and developed standard procedures and specifications that streamlined their operations, provided economies of scale, and benefitted their customers. This standardization means that contractors doing business with several of the districts need only master one plan of operations, and that design engineers will find specifications to be the same across district boundaries.
Pilot‐testing WITH THE END IN MIND
Authors: Ford Russell , Carlson Mark , Bellamy William D.
Published: February 2018

This article explores how to determine the most effective treatment processes for upgrading a water treatment plant and provides a method that takes into account the issues that are involved in the process such as: water quality as well as financial information; water treatment process knowledge; operational and environmental concerns; and, regulatory compliance. This method was developed in an effort to streamline treatability testing programs, which according to the authors can be used at bench and pilot scale to fill in data gaps that are needed to come to an upgrade decision. The method is also flexible enough to accommodate changes in regulations or other factors related to an upgrade.
OPTIMIZING a water master plan
Authors: Frey Jeffery , McCuller Ron , Henke Jennifer , Spackman Rob , Murphy Laurence J.
Published: February 2018

This study discusses genetic algorithm (GA) optimization, a powerful, practical tool that would assist utilities facing hard decisions about how to meet future growth. GA optimization can be used to identify a range of feasible, low‐cost solutions that satisfy specific design and performance criteria. GA analysis fits into the standard distribution system modeling and alternatives evaluation approach and offers the added benefit of minimizing a project's life‐cycle costs. This study describes a case study from Grand Prairie, Texas, that demonstrates how one city used GA optimization to identify the best overall water system expansion plan to meet future needs. GA optimization considered such variables as location and size of new pipes and storage; settings of pumps and flow control and pressure‐reducing valves; possible elimination of existing control valves, tanks, and pump stations; and, the choice of supply rates from different water source connections. The model optimized not only planned capital improvements (new pipes, tanks, pumps, and valves) but also operational set points and schedules for regulating valves and pumping operations. GA optimization regularly achieves capital cost savings of 20‐30%.
The Infrastructure Issue
Authors: Hoffbuhr Jack W.
Published: February 2018

In his column, AWWA Executive Director Jack Hoffbuhr discusses infrastructure needs for the 21st century and provides estimates from both the Water Infrastructure Network (WIN) and the US Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) that indicate significantly increasing costs for drinking water infrastructure. The WIN report estimates that in the next 20 years drinking water systems will have to invest about $300 billion more than their current level of spending to keep up with both compliance and infrastructure replacement needs. The USEPA released a separate needs estimate based on a survey of large water systems that suggests that drinking water systems will need an additional $150 billion in the next 20‐year period.
The Power Puzzle
Authors: Angers Jim
Published: February 2018

This article discusses contingency plans that utilities should have in place for delivering water in the event of a power failure or rolling blackout. One solution is a backup generator, which offers immediate relief as well as the possibility of long‐term savings on power costs through use of an interruptible service agreement where the water utility runs on generator power during high‐demand periods and in return receives a rate reduction on its normal energy costs (a practice sometimes referred to as load‐shedding). Efficiency of operating equipment presents an opportunity for conservation, where a motor could be replaced by a smaller size that would be more energy‐efficient. Also, hydroelectric power, solar energy, and wind energy are discussed as options for some utilities.
UV disinfection costs FOR INACTIVATING Cryptosporidium
Authors: Cotton Christine A. , Owen Douglas M. , Cline Gary C. , Brodeur Timothy P.
Published: February 2018

Recent findings that Cryptosporidium inactivation occurs at technically and economically feasible ultraviolet (UV) doses have generated a wellspring of interest in UV disinfection for drinking water. Many utilities are considering UV disinfection as a means to meet future regulatory requirements at their existing facilities. Most utilities evaluating UV disinfection will be retrofitting existing treatment plants. In this article, capital, operations and maintenance, and total annualized costs were estimated for retrofitting existing facilities with UV disinfection after the filters and before the clearwell. Cost estimates were developed for a UV dose of 40 mJ/cm2, which would ensure at least 2‐log inactivation of Cryptosporidium, based on current research, and for a range of flows and filtered water qualities. The cost estimates presented indicate that UV disinfection is a relatively inexpensive method to achieve a high level of Cryptosporidium inactivation. As expected, annualized costs increased as system size decreased, although the costs were lower than those of other technologies providing similar levels of Cryptosporidium removal/inactivation.
IRON PIPE corrosion IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS
Authors: McNeill Laurie S. , Edwards Marc
Published: February 2018

This literature review summarizes the results of 100 years of corrosion studies, citing information from almost 300 peer‐reviewed articles to provide the water industry with an updated understanding of factors that influence the complex process of iron pipe corrosion. These factors include water quality and composition, disinfectant residuals, pipe age, scale formation, temperature, flow conditions, biological activity, and corrosion inhibitors. The authors review the reported role of these factors and highlight discrepancies in the literature. The article also discusses corrosion indexes that are intended to help control corrosion. In particular, it reiterates conclusions of prior studies regarding the Langelier index. Although this index continues to be widely used, it does not provide an effective means of controlling iron corrosion. Finally, a review of potential implications of existing and upcoming regulations, including the Lead and Copper Rule, the Disinfectants/Disinfection Byproducts Rule, and the Enhanced Surface Water Treatment Rule, for iron corrosion is also presented.