bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutrition Support in Adult Patients Receiving Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Bear Danielle E. , Smith Elizabeth , Barrett Nicholas A.
Published: October 2018

The use of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) for both severe respiratory and cardiac failure is increasing. Because these patients are some of the sickest in the intensive care unit, a multidisciplinary approach to their treatment, including appropriate nutrition therapy, is warranted. Currently, limited data exist on the optimal timing, type, and amount of nutrition to be provided. This review focuses on describing the current nutrition practices in patients receiving ECMO, details research that is currently being undertaken, and lists important research questions that require exploration in this field. Observational data suggest that early enteral nutrition is safe and that although nutrition targets can be met, underfeeding is still common. Until further research is available, these patients should be fed according to guidelines for the general critically unwell population.
Children’s description of pain through drawings and dialogs: A concept analysis
Authors: Ebrahimpour Fatemeh , Pashaeypoor Shahzad , Salisu Waliu Jawula , Cheraghi Mohammad Ali , Sadat Hosseini Akram Sadat
Published: October 2018

Aim

To present a concept analysis of pain in children's drawings and dialogs.

Introduction

The complexity and subjectivity of the concept of pain in children remain ambiguous. As a result, children are exposed to inappropriate diagnosis and inadequate treatment. Children can describe or draw their painful experiences. Analysing the concept of pain based on children's experiences can help identify, assess and properly manage and treat pain in children.

Design

Concept analysis.

Methods

Walker and Avant's framework for concept analysis was used in this current study.

Results

Major aspects of pain revealed in this concept analysis are affected by children's different concerns about pain. The description of pain in children with chronic diseases or chronic pain is completely different from that in healthy children. Children perceive pain to be internal, external and emotional. Pain in children is associated with poor psychological and emotional conditions, which add new features and aspects to the concept of pain. Children's descriptions and drawings of pain indicate different concepts of pain in their minds. From the perspective of children, pain has an identity that is formed based on reality.

Conclusion

When developing pain evaluation tools, it is necessary to address the characteristics of pain. In the case of chronic pain, emotional effects of pain on children's psyche need extra attention. Child‐based pain management guidelines can then be formulated with the results of relevant concept analyses. Pain assessment is a major part of pain management in children. By considering the characteristics of the concept of pain, the efficiency and usefulness of developed tools can be enhanced to create advancement in paediatric pain management.
How I approach expressing condolences and longitudinal remembering to a family after the death of a child
Authors: Weaver Meaghann S. , Lichtenthal Wendy G. , Larson Kara , Wiener Lori
Published: October 2018

Bereaved families fear their child being forgotten by those who knew their loved child, including their child's oncology team. Thoughtfully timed, family‐centric condolences shared by pediatric oncology team members have the potential to extend our compassion and kindness toward a family during the darkness of grief. Well‐intended medical teams sometimes feel “at a loss” in terms of what to say to a grieving family and how or when to say it. This paper provides a tangible overview of written or verbal condolence communication in a format that can be personalized to the provider and the patient's family.
Psychosocial well‐being of long‐term survivors of pediatric head–neck rhabdomyosarcoma
Authors: Vaarwerk Bas , Schoot Reineke A. , Maurice‐Stam Heleen , Slater Olga , Hartley Benjamin , Saeed Peerooz , Gajdosova Eva , van den Brekel Michiel W. , Balm Alfons J.M. , Hol Marinka L.F. , van Jaarsveld Stefanie , Kremer Leontien C.M. , Ronckers Cecile M. , Mandeville Henry C. , Pieters Bradley R. , Gaze Mark N. , Davila Fajardo Raquel , Strackee Simon D. , Dunaway David , Smeele Ludi E. , Chisholm Julia C. , Caron Huib N. , Grootenhuis Martha A. , Merks Johannes H. M.
Published: October 2018

Background

Head and neck rhabdomyosarcoma (HNRMS) survivors are at risk to develop adverse events (AEs). The impact of these AEs on psychosocial well‐being is unclear. We aimed to assess psychosocial well‐being of HNRMS survivors and examine whether psychosocial outcomes were associated with burden of therapy.

Procedure

Sixty‐five HNRMS survivors (median follow‐up: 11.5 years), treated in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom between 1990 and 2010 and alive ≥2 years after treatment visited the outpatient multidisciplinary follow‐up clinic once, in which AEs were scored based on a predefined list according to the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events. Survivors were asked to complete questionnaires on health‐related quality of life (HRQoL; PedsQL and YQOL‐FD), self‐perception (KIDSCREEN), and satisfaction with appearances (SWA). HRQoL and self‐perception scores were compared with reference values, and the correlation between physician‐assessed AEs and psychosocial well‐being was assessed.

Results

HNRMS survivors showed significantly lower scores on PedsQL school/work domain (P ≤ 0.01, P = 0.02, respectively), YQOL‐FD domains negative self‐image and positive consequences (P ≤ 0.01, P = 0.04, respectively) compared with norm data; scores on negative consequences domain were significantly higher (P = 0.03). Over 50% of survivors negatively rated their appearances on three or more items. Burden of AEs was not associated with generic HRQoL and self‐perception scores, but was associated with disease‐specific QoL (YQOL‐FD).

Conclusion

In general, HRQoL in HNRMS survivors was comparable to reference groups; however, survivors did report disease‐specific consequences. We therefore recommend including specific questionnaires related to difficulties with facial appearance in a systematic monitoring program to determine the necessity for tailored care.
Effect of cellulose nanocrystals on performance of polyethersulfone nanocomposite membranes using electrospinning technique
Authors: Ashori Alireza , Rafieyan Fatemeh , Kian Farzad , Jonoobi Mehdi , Rezaei Tavabe Kamran
Published: October 2018

In this study, effects of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) as variable nano additive on the morphology and performance of polyethersulfone (PES) membranes were investigated. PES/CNC nanocomposite membranes were prepared using electrospinning technique. Various contents (0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt%) of the CNCs were employed to prepare PES/CNC membranes. The effects of CNCs on the membrane morphology and performance were monitored by fabrication of a control membrane without CNCs. The membranes were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, pure water flux (PWF), and surface hydrophilicity (by contact angle), bacteria removal and Brunauer‐Emmet‐Teller. In general, it was found that addition of CNCs led to smooth fibers with many interconnected voids and significant higher hydrophilicity, as well as higher PWF. Surface analysis of the membranes demonstrated that mean of the fibers diameters of the prepared membranes with CNCs in the PES solution are smaller compared with those of the membrane prepared with no CNCs. In addition, the diameter of fibers considerably influence pore size and the ability of membranes for PWF. PES/CNC0.5 membrane had the highest PWF of 2125 L/m2 h among the studied membranes. The contact angle measurements revealed that the hydrophilicity of PES/CNC membranes enhanced by increasing the CNC content. PWF of pure PES was 136 L/m2 h. Whereas with the addition of 0.1, 0.5, and 1.0 wt% CNCs content, the PWF increased to 148, 235, and 210 L/m2 h, respectively, indicating that the addition of CNCs can be a useful way to improve water flux. The synthesized membranes were used for the removal of bacteria, Escherichia coli, from the waste water. Bacterial removing efficiency reached to 62% by adding 0.5 wt% CNC into the PES. Finally, this study provides valuable insight into the preparation of high‐performance PES/CNC nanocomposite membranes. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E835–E841, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Improvement of adhesion of kevlar fabrics to epoxy by surface modification with acetic anhydride in supercritical carbon dioxide
Authors: Haijuan Kong , Hui Sun , Jin Chai , Haiquan Ding , Xiaoma Ding , Mengmeng Qiao , Muhuo Yu , Youfeng Zhang
Published: October 2018

The effect of supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) treatment with acetic anhydride (AA) for Kevlar fabric on the interfacial adhesion and mechanical properties of Kevlar fabric/epoxy composites was investigated. ScCO2 treatment with AA remarkably affects the interfacial adhesion, thus improving mechanical properties. The effects of treating time on the surface modification and mechanical properties of composites were studied. Results demonstrated that the optimal condition is 100°C at 10 MPa for 60 min, as shown by the tensile strength and shear strength of the ScCO2‐treated composites being 21.3 and 47.9% higher than those of the untreated ones, respectively. The mechanical properties demonstrated that ScCO2 treatment provides an efficient and environmentally safe method for surface modification to improve interfacial interaction between the treated fiber and matrix with ScCO2 treatment. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:E920–E927, 2019. © 2018 Society of Plastics Engineers
Chemical stiffening of constructs between polymeric microparticles based on a hyaluronic acid derivative and mesenchymal stem cells: rheological and in vitro viability studies
Authors: Palumbo Fabio S , Agnello Stefano , Fiorica Calogero , Pitarresi Giovanna , Giammona Gaetano
Published: October 2018

Our research group has recently developed microparticles of a hyaluronic acid derivative used for bottom‐up growth of microparticles/human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). In this work, we investigated a strategy to increase the stiffening of aggregated constructs between microparticles and hMSCs. In particular, we applied a Michael‐type crosslinking procedure between microparticles to allow a chemically driven and cell‐compatible stiffening of constructs. Two batches of microparticles were functionalized with thiol and maleimide groups, respectively, and were then mixed to allow chemical crosslinking. The adhesion of hMSCs was controlled through addition of the adhesive peptide cyclo(‐Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐D‐Phe‐Cys) (cyRGDC). Rheological measurements performed in this study showed that the chemical stiffening strategy allows the G′ modulus of bottom‐up growing constructs to be increased, while viability tests suggest that the chemical procedure did not negatively affect cell viability compared with constructs obtained without chemical crosslinking. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Characteristics of Micro‐Size Light‐Emitting Diode for Illumination and Visible Light Communication
Authors: Huang Huamao , Wu Haocheng , Huang Cheng , Chen Zeliang , Wang Chao , Yang Zhuobo , Wang Hong
Published: October 2018

The white light‐emitting diode (LED) modules, in which the GaN‐based blue‐LED chip with 4 × 4 arrayed pixels are packaged with chip‐on‐board technique and welded on a print circuit board, are fabricated for both illumination and visible light communication (VLC). The effects of the mesa size on the characteristic features are explored. It shows that the pixels with small size can sustain high saturated current density. Under the saturated current density, the highest luminous flux of 278.4 lm can be obtained by using the largest pixel of 160 µm‐diameter, or the highest 3‐dB modulation bandwidth of 127.3 MHz can be obtained by using the smallest pixels of 60 µm‐diameter. In case the white‐LED module works for a long time, the injected current density should be far away from the saturated current density. On condition that the 3‐dB modulation bandwidth of 100 MHz is required, the white‐LED module with 100 µm‐diameter pixels is proposed and the luminous flux can reach 164.8 lm. Subsequently, the electrode size is optimized to get higher luminous flux. By enlarging the p‐electrode, the white‐LED module with 120 µm‐diameter pixels can achieve the luminous flux of 235.2 lm while the 3‐dB modulation bandwidth holds 100 MHz.
Germanium Quantum Dot Grätzel‐Type Solar Cell
Authors: Cardoso Jonathan , Marom Sarita , Mayer Justin , Modi Ritika , Podestà Alessandro , Xie Xiaobin , van Huis Marijn A. , Di Vece Marcel
Published: October 2018

Solar cells fabricated from sustainable quantum dot materials are currently not commercially available, but ongoing research provides a steady increase in efficiency and stability of laboratory devices. In this work, the first germanium quantum dot solar cell made with a gas aggregation nanoparticle source is presented. UV–vis spectroscopy reveals quantum confinement, and the spectral response of the germanium quantum dot Grätzel‐type solar cell confirms the presence of large and small band gap optical absorption due to a mix of particle sizes. Some of the particles are small enough to have substantial quantum confinement while others are so large that they have bulk‐like properties. The efficiency of the germanium quantum dot solar cells is very low but could reach 1% if the formation of germanium oxide layers is avoided in future experiments. This first quantum dot solar cell made with a gas aggregation nanoparticle source demonstrates, as a proof of concept, the technological potential for research and applications combining the fields of photovoltaics and gas aggregation nanoparticle sources.
Simulation of the Growth Kinetics in Group IV Compound Semiconductors
Authors: La Magna Antonino , Alberti Alessandra , Barbagiovanni Erik , Bongiorno Corrado , Cascio Michele , Deretzis Ioannis , La Via Francesco , Smecca Emanuele
Published: October 2018

A stochastic simulation method designed to study at an atomic resolution the growth kinetics of compounds characterized by the sp3‐type bonding symmetry is presented. Formalization and implementation details are discussed for the particular case of the 3C‐SiC material. A key feature of this numerical tool is the ability to simulate the evolution of both point‐like and extended defects, whereas atom kinetics depend critically on process‐related parameters. In particular, the simulations can describe the surface state of the crystal and the generation/evolution of defects as a function of the initial substrate condition and the calibration of the simulation parameters. Quantitative predictions of the microstructural evolution of the studied systems can be readily compared with the structural characterization of actual processed samples is demonstrated.
Protein dynamics revealed by hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry: Correlation between experiments and simulation
Authors: Huang Liwen , So Pui‐Kin , Yao Zhong‐Ping
Published: October 2018

Hydrogen deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (HDX‐MS) is a powerful technique for studying protein dynamics, which is an important factor governing protein functions. However, the process of hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) of proteins is highly complex and the underlying mechanism has not yet been fully elucidated. Meanwhile, molecular dynamics (MD) simulation is a computational technique that can be used to elucidate HDX behaviour on proteins and facilitate interpretation of HDX‐MS data. This article aims to summarize the current understandings on the mechanism of HDX and its correlation with MD simulation, to discuss the recent developments in the techniques of HDX‐MS and MD simulation and to extend the perspectives of these two techniques in protein dynamics study.
Design, Synthesis and 3D‐QSAR of New Quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one Derivatives Containing a Hydrazide Moiety as Potential Fungicides
Authors: Wang Xiaobin , Wang Mengqi , Yan Jinghua , Chen Min , Wang An , Mei Yudong , Si Weijie , Yang Chunlong
Published: October 2018

A series of quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives containing a hydrazide moiety were designed, synthesized and characterized in detail via FT‐IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and HRMS spectra. The antifungal activities against Rhizoctonia solani (Rs) and Fusarium graminearum (Fg) were evaluated in vitro. The bioassay results indicated that most of the title compounds exhibited significant antifungal activities against Rs and Fg. Strikingly, the EC50 values of some title compounds against Rs are obviously superior to that of the positive control carbendazim. Based on the antifungal bioassay results against Rs, the comparative molecular filed analysis (CoMFA) and comparative molecular similarity index analysis (CoMSIA) models were generated to investigate the structure‐activity relationship of title compounds against Rs. The analytical results indicated that these two models exhibited good predictive accuracies and could provide significant structural insights for the design of bioactive quinazolin‐4(3H)‐one derivatives containing a hydrazide moiety.
Glycination: A Simple Strategy to Enhance the Cycling Performance of Perylene Dianhydride for Secondary Li–Ion Battery Applications
Authors: Medabalmi Veerababu , Ramanujam Kothandaraman
Published: October 2018

Perylene‐based organic frameworks have received much attention in organic Li‐ion batteries (OLIBs) regime by virtue of their extended conjugation, flexibility and structural robustness. However, attaining stable cyclability is a major challenge due to their solubility issues and gradual decomposition. Herein, we report a simple strategy for realizing long‐term cyclability by the introduction of glycine group into perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (PTCDA). The resultant compound N,N′‐bis(glycinyl)perylene diimide (H2PDI) exhibited outstanding cyclability and retained 64% of theoretical capacity even after 2000 cycles with almost 100% coulombic efficiency. To the best of our knowledge, this is the best cycling performance of perylene based materials reported for OLIBs till date.
Controllable in‐situ Synthesis of Cu–Cu2O Heterostructures with Enhanced Visible‐light Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Ma Bo , Kong Chuncai , Lv Jian , Zhang Weixin , Guo Jian , Zhang Xiaojing , Yang Zhimao , Yang Sen
Published: October 2018

The activity of heterogeneous catalysis depends on charge transfer from catalyst surface to adsorbed molecules. Thus the influence of nanoparticle‐loaded heterostructures and core‐shell heterostructures on photocatalytic performance is significant to be demonstrated. In this work, Cu–Cu2O heterostructures were controllably synthesized by in‐situ reduction of Cu nanoparticles from octahedral Cu2O crystals and forming nanoparticle‐loaded heterostructures (partial coverage I and partial coverage II) and the core‐shell heterostructure (full coverage) by controlling the reaction time. The results indicate that optimal size and quantity of the loaded nanoparticles are required to attain the desirable performance by effectively separating and transferring photo‐excited carriers.
Directing Block Copolymer Self‐Assembly on Patterned Substrates
Authors: Gunkel Ilja
Published: October 2018

Self‐assembling block copolymer films provide access to a variety of different nanostructured patterns in one, two, and three dimensions. However, in the absence of any templating, these nanostructures suffer from defects, often limiting utility. Directed block copolymer self‐assembly uses patterned substrates that effectively suppress defect formation and allow the creation of desired patterns. The two main directed self‐assembly techniques, chemoepitaxy and graphoepitaxy, employ chemically and topographically patterned substrates, respectively, to direct the block copolymer assembly in thin films. Their successful application in generating defect‐free patterns in films of block copolymers exhibiting particular morphologies is summarized in this concept article. The possible role of directed self‐assembly in extending nanostructured patterning from two to three dimensions is also discussed.
Trustworthiness requirement‐oriented software process modeling
Authors: Zhang Xuan , Wang Xu , Kang YanNi
Published: October 2018

Trustworthy software is delivered by enacting trustworthy software processes. The purpose of this paper is to propose an approach to modeling trustworthiness requirement‐oriented software processes. First, based on the aspect‐oriented modeling techniques, separation of concerns is used to separate the crosscutting activities and the core activities according to the different trustworthiness requirements and functional requirements. A goal‐oriented modeling and reasoning method for trustworthiness requirements to find the crosscutting activities that satisfy multiple trustworthiness requirements is presented. Then, base processes are modeled for functional requirements. The crosscutting activities for trustworthiness requirements are decomposed into processes or tasks and encapsulated in aspects that are woven into the base processes. In the weaving procedure, correct weaving methods between multiple aspects and between aspects and base processes are designed. Errors or mistakes of aspect‐oriented process modeling are prevented. Finally, trustworthy third‐party certification authority software is studied systematically in a case study, and performance evaluations are conducted to show the cost and effect of the approach.
Personalized Anchor Charts: Bridging Small‐Group Work to Independence
Authors: Bacchioni Shelby , Kurstedt Rosanne L.
Published: October 2018

If you were to walk into this second‐grade classroom during reading workshop, you would notice students reading books specific to their reading level and interest. You would also notice students using different tools to support their reading development. One of the teacher's goals is to help students become independent readers who are able to sustain their reading with fewer and fewer supports. With the assistance of a university‐based literacy coach, the teacher used personalized anchor charts to enhance student engagement and ownership during independent reading. In this article, the authors discuss the teacher's process to bridge students’ independence, from small‐group guided practice to independent reading, with personalized anchor charts. The authors also provide readers with insights into how to implement such work in their own classrooms.
Six Tips for Using Culturally Relevant Texts in Diverse Classrooms
Authors: Kibler Kristin , Chapman Lindsey A.
Published: October 2018

The use of culturally relevant texts can support students’ reading development, foster a love of reading, help students form positive identities, and broaden their social consciousness. Well‐matched culturally relevant texts have particular promise in increasingly diverse classrooms. Drawing on the academic literature and their experience as teachers and literacy coaches, the authors present six tips for the effective use of culturally relevant texts. Tips and suggestions for practice focus on teachers examining their positionality, creating a safe learning environment, learning about their students’ backgrounds, selecting texts that are culturally relevant, creating transformative reading experiences, and extending beyond the text.
Impact of ethnicity on adverse perinatal outcome in women with chronic hypertension: a cohort study
Authors: Webster L. M. , Bramham K. , Seed P. T. , Homsy M. , Widdows K. , Webb A. J. , Nelson‐Piercy C. , Magee L. , Thilaganathan B. , Myers J. E. , Chappell L. C.
Published: October 2018

Objective

To assess the impact of maternal ethnicity on the risk of adverse perinatal outcome in pregnant women with chronic hypertension.

Methods

Demographic and delivery data were collated of women with chronic hypertension and singleton pregnancy who delivered at one of three UK obstetric units between 2000 and 2014. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to calculate risk ratios (RR), according to ethnic group, for adverse perinatal outcome, adjusted for other maternal characteristics including age, parity, body mass index, smoking status, deprivation index and year of delivery. The impact of maternal ethnicity on birth‐weight centile calculation was investigated by comparing the birth‐weight centile chart customized for ethnicity (Gestation Related Optimal Weight; GROW) with a birth‐weight centile calculator that does not adjust for that factor (INTERGROWTH‐21st).

Results

The study cohort included 4481 pregnancies (4045 women) with chronic hypertension. Women of white ethnicity accounted for 47% (n = 2122) of the cohort and 36% (n = 1601) were of black, 8.5% (n = 379) of Asian and 8.5% (n = 379) of other ethnicity. The overall incidence of stillbirth was 1.6%, that of preterm birth < 37 weeks was 16% and that of fetal growth restriction (birth weight < 3rd centile) was 11%. Black women, compared with white women, had the highest risk for all adverse perinatal outcomes, with stillbirth occurring in 3.1% vs 0.6% of pregnancies (adjusted RR (aRR), 5.56 (95% CI, 2.79–11.09)), preterm birth < 37 weeks in 21% vs 11% (aRR, 1.70 (95% CI, 1.43–2.01)) and birth weight < 3rd centile in 15% vs 7.4% (aRR, 2.07 (95% CI, 1.71–2.51)). Asian women, compared with white women, were also at increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome, with stillbirth occurring in 1.6% vs 0.6% (aRR, 3.03 (95% CI, 1.11–8.28)), preterm birth < 37 weeks in 20% vs 11% (aRR, 1.82 (95% CI, 1.41–2.35)) and birth weight < 3rd centile in 12% vs 7.4% (aRR, 1.69 (95% CI, 1.24–2.30)). The sensitivity and specificity for prediction of infants requiring neonatal unit admission were 40% and 93%, respectively, for those with birth weight < 3rd centile according to GROW charts, compared with 16% and 96%, respectively, for those with birth weight < 3rd centile according to INTERGROWTH‐21st charts.

Conclusions

Black ethnicity, compared with white, is associated with the greatest risk of adverse perinatal outcome in women with chronic hypertension, even after adjusting for other maternal characteristics. Women of Asian ethnicity are also at increased risk, but to a lesser extent. Copyright © 2018 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Choanal atresia and stenosis: Development and diseases of the nasal cavity
Authors: Kurosaka Hiroshi
Published: October 2018

Proper craniofacial development in vertebrates depends on growth and fusion of the facial processes during embryogenesis. Failure of any step in this process could lead to craniofacial anomalies such as facial clefting, which has been well studied with regard to its molecular etiology and cellular pathogenesis. Nasal cavity invagination is also a critical event in proper craniofacial development, and is required for the formation of a functional nasal cavity and airway. The nasal cavity must connect the nasopharynx with the primitive choanae to complete an airway from the nostril to the nasopharynx. In contrast to orofacial clefts, defects in nasal cavity and airway formation, such as choanal atresia (CA), in which the connection between the nasal airway and nasopharynx is physically blocked, have largely been understudied. This is also true for a narrowed connection between the nasal cavity and the nasopharynx, which is known as choanal stenosis (CS). CA occurs in approximately 1 in 5,000 live births, and can present in isolation but typically arises as part of a syndrome. Despite the fact that CA and CS usually require immediate intervention, and substantially affect the quality of life of affected individuals, the etiology and pathogenesis of CA and CS have remained elusive. In this review I focus on the process of nasal cavity development with respect to forming a functional airway and discuss the cellular behavior and molecular networks governing this process. Additionally, the etiology of human CA is discussed using examples of disorders which involve CA or CS.

This article is categorized under:

Signaling Pathways > Cell Fate Signaling

Comparative Development and Evolution > Model Systems

Birth Defects > Craniofacial and Nervous System Anomalies
Quantum spectral curve and structure constants in $$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$ SYM: cusps in the ladder limit
Authors: Cavaglià Andrea , Gromov Nikolay , Levkovich-Maslyuk Fedor
Published: October 2018

Abstract

We find a massive simplification in the non-perturbative expression for the structure constant of Wilson lines with 3 cusps when expressed in terms of the key Quantum Spectral Curve quantities, namely Q-functions. Our calculation is done for the configuration of 3 cusps lying in the same plane with arbitrary angles in the ladders limit. This provides strong evidence that the Quantum Spectral Curve is not only a highly efficient tool for finding the anomalous dimensions but also encodes correlation functions with all wrapping corrections taken into account to all orders in the ‘t Hooft coupling. We also show how to study the insertions of scalars coupled to the Wilson lines and extend our results for the spectrum and the structure constants to this case. We discuss an OPE expansion of two cusps in terms of these states. Our results give additional support to the Separation of Variables strategy in solving the planar

$$ \mathcal{N}=4 $$

N
=
4

SYM theory.
Stereotactic Ablative Radiotherapy (SABR/SBRT) for Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Rhieu Byung-Han , Narang Amol K. , Meyer Jeffrey
Published: October 2018

Purpose of Review

Liver-directed SABR (stereotactic ablative body radiotherapy) is emerging as an effective local therapy option for HCC (hepatocellular carcinoma). This review summarizes recent clinical progresses and proposes future directions.

Recent Findings

SABR is an effective and safe, non-invasive local therapy option for HCC in the primary and salvage treatment settings, as well as a bridge to liver transplantation in selected patients. Randomized trials comparing SABR with other locoregional modalities are currently ongoing.

Research efforts are being made toward better predicting normal tissue toxicity and tumor radiosensitivity for a tailored maximal safe treatment in HCC SABR. More recently, potential synergy with immunotherapies is of increasing interest in HCC.
Longevity and Lifespan Variation by Educational Attainment in Spain: 1960–2015
Authors: Permanyer Iñaki , Spijker Jeroen , Blanes Amand , Renteria Elisenda
Published: October 2018

For a long time, studies of socioeconomic gradients in health have limited their attention to between-group comparisons. Yet, ignoring the differences that might exist within groups and focusing on group-specific life expectancy levels and trends alone, one might arrive at overly simplistic conclusions. Using data from the Spanish Encuesta Sociodemográfica and recently released mortality files by the Spanish Statistical Office (INE), this is the first study to simultaneously document (1) the gradient in life expectancy by educational attainment groups, and (2) the inequality in age-at-death distributions within and across those groups for the period between 1960 and 2015 in Spain. Our findings suggest that life expectancy has been increasing for all education groups but particularly among the highly educated. We observe diverging trends in life expectancy, with the differences between the low- and highly educated becoming increasingly large, particularly among men. Concomitantly with increasing disparities across groups, length-of-life inequality has decreased for the population as a whole and for most education groups, and the contribution of the between-group component of inequality to overall inequality has been extremely small. Even if between-group inequality has increased over time, its contribution has been too small to have sizable effects on overall inequality. In addition, our results suggest that education expansion and declining within-group variability might have been the main drivers of overall lifespan inequality reductions. Nevertheless, the diverging trends in longevity and lifespan inequality across education groups represent an important phenomenon whose underlying causes and potential implications should be investigated in detail.
Industry type and environmental policy: Industry characteristics shape the potential for policymaking success in energy and the environment
Authors: Kelsey Nina
Published: October 2018

When can complex multi-round environmental policymaking like that seen in climate be successful? An emerging branch of literature examines how sequencing matters to success and under what circumstances path dependent dynamics can lead to increasingly stringent climate and environmental policy. Here, I propose an industry typology that divides industry into four categories based on their relationship and likely response to early regulatory policy moves. I use a series of case studies that compare the application of this typology across issue areas internationally, looking comparatively at ozone and climate change policymaking; and subnationally across U.S. states in the climate change issue area. Using these case studies, I show how this model for understanding different mixes of industry type can help us understand and predict the likelihood of policy-industry feedback that leads to increasing environmental and renewable energy policy success over time, both at the international level and comparatively across national and sub-national jurisdictions.
Ceramics, clays and classification in Cyrenaica
Authors: Swift Keith
Published: October 2018

This paper provides an interpretative framework and classification for the macro- and microscopic identification and provenancing of ancient Greek and Roman ceramic fabrics from Cyrenaica and the wider North African littoral based on ceramic petrology and the kinds of clay sources available for ancient pottery production.
The Roman circus and southwestern city quarter of Carthage: first results of a new international research project
Authors: Bockmann Ralf , Romdhane Hamden Ben , Schön Frerich , Ortega Iván Fumadó , Cespa Stefano , Telmini Boutheina Maraoui , Sghaier Yamen , Röring Nicole , Jerray Elyssa , Töpfer Hanni , Broisch Manuela
Published: October 2018

The paper presents first results of a joint German–Tunisian research project in Carthage, Tunisia. Archaeological fieldwork has been undertaken (preceded by a geophysical survey) in the southwestern quarter of the ancient city to study the architecture, chronology and urban context of the circus. The area has, unlike the rest of Carthage, not been targeted by excavations of the late nineteenth/early twentieth centuries and, also unlike the rest of Carthage, is mostly not overbuilt, although under pressure from neighbouring communities. The area is the last one allowing a large-scale diachronic urban study in which the circus and its impact on the quarter is in the centre. From our first results, we can date the beginning of the construction of the circus to the late first century AD, with interventions in the early third century and usage continuing into the sixth. We were able to define the extension of the northern cavea and to study the western part of the spina and identify the meta at this point. Information has been obtained on early Roman, pre-circus use of the area as well as data on the Punic phases. Sixth- and seventh-century levels are also well preserved.
Notes from Libya
Authors: Bennett Paul
Published: October 2018

‘Notes from Libya’ is a new regular feature of Libyan Studies following the reports of the Society's Head of Mission. These reports were previously concerned with the organisation of fieldwork and administrative matters connected to obtaining permissions, visas and so on, and were recorded in the minutes of the Council meetings. However, they have recently taken on a new form, outlining the alarming developments in Libya, largely focusing on its heritage but also on the political and economic situation, which impacts on the management of Libya's ancient monuments and artefacts. The importance and historical interest of these reports now, however, merits a wider audience and a more formal record, so these accounts are now published in Libyan Studies.
Chair's note: opening access to our resources and our research
Authors: Atkinson David
Published: October 2018

This second annual note on the Society's activities outlines how we have responded to the ongoing crisis in Libya and our connected inability to work in the region by developing our research activities and facilities in the UK. Our most advanced initiative is our project to catalogue the Society's archive and makes its contents available online. Similarly, we are exploring how we might promote our library and encourage greater awareness and use of this unique resource. Finally, we are providing an increasing range of our books and field reports in Open Access formats via our website. All of this aims to make our distinctive resources more easily available to members, and to wider research communities in the UK and overseas.
The colonial ethnological line: Timor and the racial geography of the Malay Archipelago
Authors: Roque Ricardo
Published: October 2018

This article examines the connected histories of racial science and colonial geography in Island Southeast Asia. By focusing on the island of Timor, it explores colonial boundaries as modes of arranging racial classifications, and racial typologies as forms of articulating political geography. Portuguese physical anthropologist António Mendes Correia's work on the ethnology of East Timor is examined as expressive of these productive connections. Correia's classificatory work ingeniously blended political geography and racial taxonomy. Between 1916 and 1945, mainly based on data from the Portuguese enclave of Oecussi and Ambeno, he claimed a distinct Malayan racial type for the whole colony of ‘Portuguese Timor’. Over the years he developed an anthropogeographical theory that simultaneously aimed to reclassify East Timor and to revise the racial cartography of the Malay Archipelago, including Wallace's famous ethnological line.
Mixed messages: Racial science and local identity in Bali and Lombok, 1938–39
Authors: Sysling Fenneke
Published: October 2018

This article explores how the islands of Bali and Lombok were racialised through the work of Dutch racial scientist J.P. Kleiweg de Zwaan in the 1930s. An examination of both Kleiweg's published works and his local practices draws attention to the fact that racialisation occurred at different moments of anthropological work, producing different outcomes. The article concludes that anthropologists communicated different versions of racial ideas to international academics and to local communities. The Bali-Aga and Sasak, who were measured, described and photographed by anthropologists, appropriated racial categories which they found meaningful.
Consumer and host body size effects on the removal of trematode cercariae by ambient communities
Authors: Welsh Jennifer E. , Hempel Anke , Markovic Mirjana , van der Meer Jaap , Thieltges David W.
Published: October 2018

Parasite transmission can be altered via the removal of parasites by the ambient communities in which parasite–host interactions take place. However, the mechanisms driving parasite removal remain poorly understood. Using marine trematode cercariae as a model system, we investigated the effects of consumer and host body size on parasite removal rates. Laboratory experiments revealed that consumer or host body size significantly affected cercarial removal rates in crabs, oysters and cockles but not in shrimps. In general, cercarial removal rates increased with consumer (crabs and oysters) and host (cockles) body size. For the filter feeding oysters and cockles, the effects probably relate to their feeding activity which is known to correlate with bivalve size. Low infection levels found in cockle hosts suggest that parasite removal by hosts also leads to significant mortality of infective stages. The size effects of crab and shrimp predators on cercarial removal rates were more complex and did not show an expected size match-mismatch between predators and their cercarial prey, suggesting that parasite removal rates in predators are species-specific. We conclude that to have a comprehensive understanding of parasite removal by ambient communities, more research into the various mechanisms of cercarial removal is required.
Hexokinase as a versatile molecular genetic marker for Microsporidia
Authors: Tokarev Yuri S. , Timofeev Sergei A. , Malysh Julia M. , Tsarev Alexander A. , Ignatieva Anastasia N. , Tomilova Oksana G. , Dolgikh Vyacheslav V.
Published: October 2018

Hexokinase (HK) is a core glycolytic enzyme of Microsporidia which regulates host cell metabolic processes. The goal of the present study was to test for the utility of HK for molecular phylogenetics, species identification and molecular detection of microsporidia in infected insects. HK sequence-based reconstructions were essentially similar to those based upon largest subunit RNA polymerase (RPB1) gene sequences, as well as previously published rRNA gene and genome-based trees. Comparing HK sequences allowed clear differentiation of closely related taxa, such asNosema bombycisandNosema pyrausta. InNosema ceranae,unique SNPs were found for an isolate from wild colonies of the Burzyan dark honey bee as compared with the isolates from domesticated European honey bee. Similarly, inEncephalitozoon cuniculi, HK was as effective as RPB1 for discrimination of isolates belonging to different ITS genotypes. Amplification using species-specific primers flanking short fragments at the 3′-end of HK gene showed the presence of infection in insect tissues infected withN. pyrausta, Nosema ceranaeandParanosema (Antonospora) locustae. For the latter parasite species, HK expression was also demonstrated at early stages of infection using total mRNA extracts of locust larvae. These results indicate the suitability of HK as a novel tool for molecular genetic studies of Microsporidia.
Longitudinal outcomes of patients with pseudodementia: a systematic review
Authors: Connors Michael H. , Quinto Lena , Brodaty Henry
Published: October 2018

Depression and a number of other psychiatric conditions can impair cognition and give the appearance of neurodegenerative disease. Collectively, this group of disorders is known as ‘pseudodementia’ and are important to identify given their potential reversibility with treatment. Despite considerable interest historically, the longitudinal outcomes of patients with pseudodementia remain unclear. We conducted a systematic review of longitudinal studies of pseudodementia. Bibliographic databases were searched using a wide range of search terms. Two reviewers independently assessed papers for inclusion, rated study quality, and extracted data. The search identified 18 studies with follow-up varying from several weeks to 18 years. Overall, 284 patients were studied, including 238 patients with depression, 18 with conversion disorder, 14 with psychosis, and 11 with bipolar disorder. Irrespective of diagnosis, 33% developed irreversible dementia at follow-up, 53% no longer met criteria for dementia, and 15% were lost to follow-up. Considerable variability was identified, with younger age at baseline, but not follow-up duration, associated with better outcomes. ECT and pharmacological interventions were also reported to be beneficial, though findings were limited by the poor quality of the studies. Overall, the findings suggest that pseudodementia may confer an increased risk of irreversible dementia in older patients. The findings also indicate, however, that a significant proportion improve, while many remain burdened with their psychiatric condition, independent of organic dementia. The findings support the clinical value of the construct and the need for its re-examination in light of developments in neuroimaging, genomics, other investigative tools, and trial methodology.
Catalan and Spanish in an independent Catalonia: Linguistic authority and officiality
Authors: Atkinson David
Published: October 2018

Pro-independence parties won a narrow majority of parliamentary seats in the December 2017 elections in Catalonia. Should Catalonia at some point become independent from Spain, the respective status of Catalan and Spanish is a major issue about which there is significant divergence of opinion, not least within the independence movement in Catalonia. This article approaches the question of language officiality in a hypothetically independent Catalonia through the theoretical lens of linguistic authority, particularly the concepts of anonymity and authenticity. The data, an on-line discussion thread following an interview with a Catalan language activist, reveal a striking diversity of language ideological positions on both the nature of linguistic authority in Catalonia as things stand, as well as how such authority should be constructed and managed in the event of independence, particularly as regards questions of officiality. (Catalonia, linguistic authority, language ideologies, officiality)*
The top 100 Chinese loanwords in English today
Authors: Zhong Ai
Published: October 2018

On February 17, 2018, the China International Publishing Group (CIPG), an organization under the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) Central Committee, released a report on the most recognized Chinese words in the English-speaking world. The data for ‘A report on the awareness of Chinese discourse overseas’ (中国话语海外认知度调研报告) were obtained from two resources, i.e. (1) a number of articles selected from 50 mainstream media, and (2) questionnaires distributed in eight English-speaking countries, including the US, the UK, Australia, the Philippines, South Africa, Canada, Singapore, and India. It should be noted that the report only investigates the usage and understanding of Chinese words in their Pinyin forms (China Foreign Languages Publishing Administration, 2018).
Informants’ ratings of activity level in infancy predict ADHD symptoms and diagnoses in childhood
Authors: Meeuwsen Mirjam , Perra Oliver , van Goozen Stephanie H.M. , Hay Dale F.
Published: October 2018

We tested the hypothesis that high activity levels in infancy would predict self-regulatory problems and later symptoms of attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in a longitudinal study of British families (N = 321). Infants’ activity levels were assessed at 6 months, using 3 informants’ reports from the Infant Behavior Questionnaire (IBQ) and ActiGraphs during baseline, attention, and restraint tasks. At a mean of 33 months, the children were assessed on self-regulatory tasks; at a mean of 36 months, 3 informants reported symptoms of ADHD. At a mean of 7.0 years, the children were assessed on executive function tasks; 3 informants reported on the child's symptoms of ADHD; and diagnoses of disorder were obtained using the Preschool Age Psychiatric Assessment. Informants’ reports of high activity levels at 6 months predicted ADHD symptoms in early childhood and diagnoses of ADHD with clinical impairment at age 7. The IBQ activity scale was also associated with the children's later performance on self-regulation tasks in early and middle childhood. Activity level in infancy reflects normal variation and is not a sign of psychopathology; however, these findings suggest that further study of the correlates of high activity level in infancy may help identify those children most at risk for disorder.