bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Half‐space contact problem considering strain gradient and surface effects: An analytical approach
Authors: Moradweysi P. , Ansari R. , Gholami R. , Bazdid‐Vahdati M. , Rouhi H.
Published: April 2019

In this article, an analytical approach is proposed for the problem of an elastic half‐space under symmetrically distributed normal force with arbitrary profile including uniform pressure, Boussinesq flat‐ended punch, conical punch and Hertz's spherical punch. The formulation of the work is on the basis of Mindlin's first strain gradient theory with five material length scale parameters. Also, the surface effects are taken into account using the Gurtin‐Murdoch surface elasticity theory. The developed mathematical formulation is general so that it can be simply reduced to different strain gradient‐based theories such as the modified versions of strain gradient and modified couple stress theories (MSGT and MCST), the simplified strain gradient theory (A‐SGT), as well as the classical theory (CT). In the solution procedure, an analytical method is applied using the Fourier and Hankel transforms. In the numerical results, the effects of material length scale parameters and kind of punch on the surface displacements and stresses of the half‐space are analyzed. The surface influences are also comprehensively studied. Moreover, comparisons are made between the predictions of MSGT, MCST, A‐SGT and CT. This work shows that the material length scale parameters of Mindlin's first SGT play important roles in the response of half‐space. Also, the presented results provide a comparison between the intensity of effects of strain gradient parameters and surface parameters.
The determination of real fluid requirements in laparoscopic resection of pheochromocytoma using minimally invasive hemodynamic monitoring: a prospectively designed trial
Authors: Niederle Martin B. , Fleischmann Edith , Kabon Barbara , Niederle Bruno
Published: April 2019

Background

Hemodynamic instability is frequently observed during adrenalectomy for pheochromocytoma (PCC). Guidelines recommend liberal preoperative volume administration. However, it is unclear whether fluid deficiency or vasoplegia causes shifting hemodynamics and whether minimally invasive hemodynamic monitoring with esophageal Doppler (EDM) can help visualize intraoperative changes avoiding volume overload and complications.

Methods

Ten patients with biochemically verified PCC and five patients with hormonally inactive adrenal tumors (HIAT; control group) were treated following a strict protocol. During laparoscopic adrenalectomy, goal-directed fluid therapy was performed using EDM. Hemodynamic and biochemical data were documented. The primary outcome variables were fluid requirement and hemodynamic parameters.

Results

Applying EDM, total intraoperative fluid administration was slightly higher in PCC patients than in patients with HIAT (2100 ± 516 vs. 1550 ± 622 ml,p = 0.097; 12.9 ± 4.8 vs. 8.3 ± 0.7 ml kg−1h−1,p = 0.014). Hemodynamics varied considerably within the PCC group and was associated with type and level of secreted catecholamines. Arterial blood pressure and systemic vascular resistance index reached their minimum in the 10-min period after resection of PCC. Without liberal fluid administration, an increase in cardiac index was observed in both groups comparing baseline measurements to end of surgery. This increase was statistically significant only in PCC patients (PCC: 2.31 vs. 3.15 l min−1m−2,p = 0.005; HIAT: 2.08 vs. 2.56 l min−1m−2,p = 0.225).

Conclusions

As vasoplegia, but not hypovolemia, was documented after tumor resection, there is no evidence that PCC patients profit from liberal fluid administration during laparoscopic adrenalectomy. To avoid volume overload, noninvasive techniques such as EDM should be routinely used to visualize the variable intraoperative course.

Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, Identifier: NCT01425710.
Urbanisation and nest building in birds: a review of threats and opportunities
Authors: James Reynolds S. , Ibáñez-Álamo Juan D. , Sumasgutner Petra , Mainwaring Mark C.
Published: April 2019

The world is urbanising rapidly, and it is predicted that by 2050, 66% of the global human population will be living in urban areas. Urbanisation is characterised by land-use changes such as increased residential housing, business development and transport infrastructure, resulting in habitat loss and fragmentation. Over the past two decades, interest has grown in how urbanisation influences fundamental aspects of avian biology such as life-history strategies, survival, breeding performance, behaviour and individual health. Here, we review current knowledge on how urbanisation influences the nesting biology of birds, which determines important fitness-associated processes such as nest predation and community assembly. We identify three major research areas: (i) nest sites of birds in urban areas, (ii) the composition of their nests, and (iii) how these aspects of their nesting biology influence their persistence (and therefore conservation efforts) in urban areas. We show that birds inhabiting urban areas nest in a wide variety of locations, some beneficial through exploitation of otherwise relatively empty avian ecological niches, but others detrimental when birds breed in ecological traps. We describe urban-associated changes in nesting materials such as plastic and cigarette butts, and discuss several functional hypotheses that propose the adaptive value and potential costs of this new nesting strategy. Urban areas provide a relatively new habitat in which to conserve birds, and we show that nestboxes and other artificial nest sites can be used successfully to conserve some, but not all, bird species. Finally, we identify those subject areas that warrant further research attention in the hope of advancing our understanding of the nesting biology of birds in urban areas.
Long-term efficacy and safety of tenofovir disoproxil fumarate in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B: 5-year results
Authors: Liang Xieer , Gao Zhiliang , Xie Qing , Zhang Jiming , Sheng Jifang , Cheng Jun , Chen Chengwei , Mao Qing , Zhao Wei , Ren Hong , Tan Deming , Niu Junqi , Chen Shijun , Pan Chen , Tang Hong , Wang Hao , Mao Yimin , Jia Jidong , Ning Qin , Xu Min , Wu Shanming , Li Jun , Zhang Xinxin , Zhang Wenyan , Xiong Cui , Hou Jinlin
Published: April 2019

Background and aim

Long-term treatment with tenofovir disoproxil fumarate (TDF) has demonstrated suppression of viral replication outside of China. This study aims to assess efficacy, resistance and safety of TDF for up to 240 weeks in Chinese patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection.

Methods

Patients (HBeAg-positive or HBeAg-negative) who were randomised to receive TDF 300 mg or adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) 10 mg once daily in the 48-week double-blind phase (N = 498) were eligible to enter the open-label TDF phase (TDF–TDF and ADV–TDF groups) for additional 192 weeks.

Results

Overall, 457/512 (89.3%) randomised patients completed 240 weeks of treatment. Virological suppression was achieved in 84.5% and 87.9% in HBeAg-positive patients and 89.6% and 89.5% in HBeAg-negative patients in TDF–TDF and ADV–TDF groups, respectively, at week 240. The majority of patients from both groups had normalized alanine transaminase levels. More patients had HBeAg loss (41.7% vs. 36.4%) and HBeAg seroconversion (32.0% vs. 28.3%) in TDF–TDF than in ADV–TDF group, respectively. Only one HBeAg-positive patient in TDF–TDF group had HBsAg loss at week 240. No evidence of resistance to TDF was observed. The incidence of adverse events was similar in both groups (TDF–TDF, 56.4% vs. ADV–TDF, 51.6%). One patient had serum creatinine elevation ≥ 0.5 mg/dL above baseline, and three patients had confirmed grade 3/4 phosphorus abnormalities (< 2 mg/dL).

Conclusion

In Chinese patients with chronic HBV, long-term treatment with TDF showed sustained viral suppression without development of resistance up to 240 weeks. No new safety concerns were found with TDF in this patient population.

Clinical Trial Registration ClinicalTrial.gov Identifier NCT01300234; GSK Clinical Study Register 114648.
Gravity and Magnetic Survey in Southwestern Part of Cuddapah Basin, India and its Implication for Shallow Crustal Architecture and Mineralization
Authors: Ganguli Shuva Shankha , Singh Satyaveer , Das Niharika , Maurya Deepak , Pal Sanjit Kumar , Rao J. V. Rama
Published: April 2019

Gravity and magnetic surveys were carried out in southwestern part of Cuddapah basin (CB) covering an area of ~3660 km2. Southwestern part of CB gained lot of attention after discovery of second most important uranium province in India. Some non-metallic industrial minerals and base metal occurrence are also reported in the study area. Present study with high spatial resolution gravity-magnetic survey aims to decipher detail basin geometry, nature of sediments, along with possible mineral deposits in SW part of CB. The gravity survey comprising short and long wavelength anomalies brought out sedimentary characteristics and basement architecture underneath the sediments. The long wavelength features of the gravity map shows gneissic basement, which is characterized by both basic and acid magmatic intrusive. Residual gravity anomaly map shows good correspondence with the exposed high density basaltic rock units and also brought out occurrence of concealed high density litho-units, which have significance for mineral prospecting. The magnetic map shows that both sediments and underneath basement are non-magnetic in nature except SW part of the study area, where study suggests occurrence of concealed mafic lensoid body. Euler solutions and combined gravity-magnetic modelling further facilitated for understanding of structural feature and basement geometry. Based on the integrated gravity and magnetic study mineral prospecting zones have been delineated for further detailed study.
Effects of stimulant drug use on the dopaminergic system: A systematic review and meta-analysis of in vivo neuroimaging studies
Authors: Proebstl Lisa , Kamp Felicia , Manz Kirsi , Krause Daniela , Adorjan Kristina , Pogarell Oliver , Koller Gabi , Soyka Michael , Falkai Peter , Kambeitz Joseph
Published: April 2019

Background:

Stimulant drugs can cause persistent changes in the brain. Imaging studies show that these changes are most apparent in dopamine transporter (DAT) or receptor availability within the striatum.

Methods:

This work focuses on influences of stimulant use on dopaminergic function assessed using nuclear-medicine imaging (PET/SPECT). Included are 39 studies on 655 cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine or nicotine users, as well as 690 healthy controls. Metaanalyses were conducted separately for D2/D3 receptors and dopamine transporters of the entire striatum, its subregions caudate and putamen respectively.

Results:

Meta-analyses results regarding nicotine did not show significant effects between smokers and nonsmokers. In cocaine users there was a significant decrease in dopamine receptor availability in all regions. The striatal DAT availability was significantly increased in cocaine users. Methamphetamine users showed a significantly decreased dopamine receptor and transporter density in all regions. Significant results also indicate a lower transporter availability in all regions. Amphetamine users showed reduced DAT availability in the striatum, as well as in the sub regions.

Conclusion:

This meta-analysis provides evidence that there are ongoing changes in the dopaminergic system associated with the use of stimulants. Especially the results of cocaine, methamphetamine and amphetamine use mainly showed a downregulation. In addition, this meta-analysis is the first to include nicotine. This subset of studies showed evidence for a decreased receptor and DAT availability but no significant results were found in the metaanalyses.
Acoustic theory of the many-bladed contra-rotating propeller: analysis of the effects of blade sweep on wake interaction noise
Authors: Kingan M. J. , Parry A. B.
Published: April 2019

An analytical model is presented for the wake interaction tones produced by a contra-rotating propeller. We re-cast the usual far-field radiation formulae as a double integral over a nominal propeller source annulus. Assuming that the number of blades on both propellers is large, we evaluate the integral asymptotically in terms of its leading-order contributions from interior stationary or boundary critical points which represent the specific locations on the propeller annulus that dominate the sound radiation. The asymptotic approach is powerful producing results in the form of one-line algebraic formulae that contain no integrals or special functions yet remain accurate. The asymptotics show that sweep is not necessarily beneficial and can cause the blade design to become critical for particular tones and directions in terms of a continuum of interior points distributed along a line on the propeller source annulus producing a higher-order result and thus an enhanced radiated sound field. The paper also shows how the interior points are completely consistent with the sub- or super-critical gust response of a swept blade. Tones with low and zero azimuthal mode order are treated as special cases and the asymptotics show that, as the mode order reduces, the radiated sound becomes concentrated around the flight axis where even higher-order solutions are possible, including rings and annuli of stationary points around the propeller annulus. Full numerical calculations confirm the accuracy of the asymptotic approach.
The dynamics of an insulating plate over a thermally convecting fluid and its implication for continent movement over convective mantle
Authors: Mao Yadan , Zhong Jin-Qiang , Zhang Jun
Published: April 2019

Continents exert a thermal blanket effect to the mantle underneath by locally accumulating heat and modifying the flow structures, which in turn affects continent motion. This dynamic feedback is studied numerically with a simplified model of an insulating plate over a thermally convecting fluid with infinite Prandtl number at Rayleigh numbers of the order of $10^{6}$. Several plate–fluid coupling modes are revealed as the plate size varies. In particular, small plates show long durations of stagnancy over cold downwellings. Between long stagnancies, bursts of velocity are observed when the plate rides on a single convection cell. As plate size increases, the coupled system transitions to another type of short-lived stagnancy, in which case hot plumes develop underneath. For an even larger plate, a unidirectional moving mode emerges as the plate modifies impeding flow structures it encounters while maintaining a single convection cell underneath. These identified modes are reminiscent of some real cases of continent–mantle coupling. Results show that the capability of a plate to overcome impeding flow structures increases with plate size, Rayleigh number and intensity of internal heating. Compared to cases with a fixed plate, cases with a freely drifting plate are associated with higher Nusselt number and more convection cells within the flow domain.
The geodetic mass balance of Eyjafjallajökull ice cap for 1945–2014: processing guidelines and relation to climate
Authors: BELART JOAQUÍN M. C. , MAGNÚSSON EYJÓLFUR , BERTHIER ETIENNE , PÁLSSON FINNUR , AÐALGEIRSDÓTTIR GUðFINNA , JÓHANNESSON TÓMAS
Published: April 2019

Mass-balance measurements of Icelandic glaciers are sparse through the 20th century. However, the large archive of stereo images available allows estimates of glacier-wide mass balance ($\dot{B}$) in decadal time steps since 1945. Combined with climate records, they provide further insight into glacier–climate relationship. This study presents a workflow to process aerial photographs (1945–1995), spy satellite imagery (1977–1980) and modern satellite stereo images (since 2000) using photogrammetric techniques and robust statistics in a highly automated, open-source pipeline to retrieve seasonally corrected, decadal glacier-wide geodetic mass balances. In our test area, Eyjafjallajökull (S-Iceland, ~70 km2), we obtain a mass balance of$<![CDATA[ $ \dot{\curr B}_{\curr 1945}^{\curr 2014} \curr = -0.27 \pm 0.03\,{\rm \curr m\ w}{\rm. \curr e}{\rm.} {\rm \curr a}^{{\rm \ndash \curr 1}}$, with a maximum and minimum of$\dot{\curr B}_{\curr 1984}^{\curr 1989} \curr = 0.77 \curr \pm 0.19\,{\rm \curr m\ \curr w}{\rm\curr . e}{\rm\curr .} {\rm\curr a}^{{\rm\curr \ndash 1}}$and$\dot{\curr B}_{\curr 1994}^{\curr 1998}\curr = -1.94 \curr \pm 0.34\,{\rm \curr m\ w}{\rm\curr . e}{\rm\curr .} {\rm \curr a}^{{\rm\curr \ndash 1}}$, respectively, attributed to climatic forcing, and$\dot{\curr B}_{\curr 2009}^{\curr 2010} \curr = -3.39{\rm \;} \curr \pm {\rm \;} \curr 0.43\,{\rm \curr m\ w}{\rm\curr . e}{\rm\curr .} {\rm\curr a}^{{\rm\curr \ndash 1}}$, mostly caused by the April 2010 eruption. The reference-surface mass balances correlate with summer temperature and winter precipitation, and linear regression accounts for 80% of the mass-balance variability, yielding a static sensitivity of mass balance to summer temperature and winter precipitation of − 2.1 ± 0.4 m w.e.a–1K–1and 0.5 ± 0.3 m w.e.a–1(10%)–1, respectively. This study serves as a template that can be used to estimate the mass-balance changes and glaciers' response to climate.
Cranial and post-cranial remains and phylogenetic relationships of the Gondwanan meiolaniform turtle Peligrochelys walshae from the Paleocene of Chubut, Argentina
Authors: Sterli Juliana , de la Fuente Marcelo S.
Published: April 2019

Peligrochelys walshae is a meiolaniform turtle originally described based on four specimens represented by cranial remains found in the classic locality of Punta Peligro (Chubut, Argentina) in outcrops of the Salamanca Formation (Danian). Recent field work in the vicinity of Punta Peligro resulted in the discovery of almost 30 new specimens, represented by cranial and postcranial remains that can be assigned to P. walshae. In this contribution, we provide a detailed anatomical description of the new specimens, provide an emended diagnosis for the species, and explore its phylogenetic relationships based on all anatomical data available for the species. The new specimens bring valuable information about the anatomy of the skull and postcranium of P. walshae as well as for meiolaniforms in general. The 3D preservation of the skull bones allows us to provide a 3D reconstruction using novel techniques. The updated phylogenetic analysis confirms that P. walshae is part of the clade Meiolaniformes, which spans from the Early Cretaceous until the Holocene and contains the giant, horned turtles (Meiolaniidae). This phylogenetic analysis reinforces the previous hypothesis that the clade Meiolaniformes is dominated by Gondwanan taxa, but also includes some Laurasian representatives. Alternate phylogenetic positions of taxa included in Meiolaniformes in this analysis were tested using the Templeton test. The lineage leading to Peligrochelys walshae is the only meiolaniform non-meiolaniid lineage to have survived the K-Pg mass extinction; its study provides valuable information to evaluate the effects of the K-Pg extinction in turtles.
Commerce, Coalitions, and Factor Mobility: Evidence from Congressional Votes on Trade Legislation
Authors: HISCOX MICHAEL J.
Published: April 2019

The extent to which political conflict over U.S. trade policy has led to clashes between broad-based class coalitions has varied significantly over time during the past two centuries. I argue that much of this variation can be explained by changes in economywide levels of interindustry factor mobility. Class distinctions between voters are more economically and politically salient when interindustry mobility is high; when mobility is low, industry distinctions become more critical and tend to split apart broader political coalitions. I report evidence indicating large changes in levels of labor and capital mobility over the last two centuries. These changes coincide with significant shifts in the character of American trade politics. Analysis of congressional voting on 30 major pieces of trade legislation between 1824 and 1994 provides evidence of large swings in coalition patterns.
Cooperation of enzymes involved in carbohydrate digestion of Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say)
Authors: Szilágyi E. , Hámori C. , Bíró-Molnár P. , Kandra L. , Remenyik J. , Gyémánt G.
Published: April 2019

Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata, Say) is the main pest of Solanaceae and its survival is mainly dependent on the carbohydrate digestion. Characterizing the gut enzymes may help us with finding effective inhibitors for plant protection. Activity measurements revealed that gut extracts contain α- and β-glucosidase in addition to α-amylase. For larvae, amylase activity was detected only in gut saturated with nutrients.Leptinotarsa decemlineataα-amylase (LDAmy) had optimum pH of 6.0 and was active under 30–40°C temperature measured on a selective α-amylase substrate, 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-4-O-α-D-galactopyranosyl-maltoside. HPLC analysis demonstrated dimer, trimer, and tetramer reducing end amylolytic products from 2-chloro-4-nitrophenyl-maltoheptaoside substrate in similar ratio than that of during porcine pancreatic α-amylase (PPA) catalyzed hydrolysis. The 4,6-O-benzylidene-modified substrate (BzG7PNP) is very stable toward hydrolysis byexo-glycosidases, therefore is very useful to monitor the digestion catalyzed by α-amylases exclusively. Similarly to PPA active site, three glycon and two aglycon binding sites are suggested for LDAmy based on the pattern of early hydrolysis products of BzG7PNP. The observed similarity between LDAmy and PPA raises the possibility of using known inhibitors of mammalian α-amylases to protect the potato plant from attack of Colorado potato beetle.
RECONSIDERING STATE, PARTY, AND SOCIETY IN EARLY REPUBLICAN TURKEY: POLITICS OF PETITIONING
Authors: Akın Yiğit
Published: April 2019

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POLICING THE COUNTRYSIDE: GENDARMES OF THE LATE 19TH-CENTURY OTTOMAN EMPIRE (1876–1908)
Authors: Özbek Nadir
Published: April 2019

This article lays the groundwork for a more systematic history of the Ottoman gendarmerie (jandarma), with special emphasis on the men in the corps and their working conditions. Through this paramilitary police institution, 19th-century Ottoman bureaucrats aimed to extend their authority into the provinces, which at that time could be described as only marginally under Ottoman sovereignty according to contemporary definitions of the term. From the late 18th century on, extending state sovereignty to recognized territorial boundaries emerged as a vital need for most European states as well as the Ottoman Empire. Along with other modern military and civil institutions and modern administrative practices, introducing various types of paramilitary provincial police forces enabled governments in Europe to enhance and extend their authority over territories where it had been limited. The gendarmerie thus emerged in both Europe and the Ottoman Empire as integral to modern state formation and its technologies of government. While acknowledging the Pan-European context of the gendarmerie's emergence and its theoretical ramifications, the present article is concerned more with the Ottoman context within which this police corps was established, evolved, and took on a uniquely Ottoman form.
THE PLACE OF LOCALITY FOR IDENTITY IN THE NATION: MINORITY NARRATIVES OF COSMOPOLITAN ISTANBUL
Authors: Mills Amy
Published: April 2019

A greater understanding of the politics of nationalism and identity must consider the importance of locality. This research, conducted among Muslims and non-Muslim minorities in Istanbul, Turkey, and Tel Aviv, Israel, relies on place narratives of Istanbul during the mid-20th century, when Istanbul was transforming into a predominantly Muslim, “Turkish” city. Place narratives reveal the multiplicity of interpretations of the national past and are thus a powerful resource for examining the cultural politics of identity in the national present. This research contributes to studies of national identity, which have traditionally focused on the top-down role of the state in producing the nation, by examining the processes through which ordinary people make meaning of the state-authored nation. I conclude that place-based relationships can transcend national/minority frameworks for identity, as shared ties to local place create feelings of common belonging among diverse residents
COMPETING NARRATIVES: HISTORIES OF THE WOMEN'S MOVEMENT IN IRAQ, 1910–58
Authors: Efrati Noga
Published: April 2019

The history of the women's movement in Iraq before 1958 has received little attention in contemporary scholarly literature published in English. Moreover, when surveying the brief accounts in secondary sources, one is struck by their inconsistency. Upon closer examination, two historiographical approaches emerge. One primarily follows the development of women's activities sanctioned by the regime, focusing on organizations and activists associated with the Iraqi Women's Union, established in 1945. The second approach traces developments and organizations linked with the underground League for the Defense of Women's Rights, founded in 1952. This essay argues that members of the rival union and league constructed two competing narratives in presenting the history of the women's movement in pre-1958 Iraq. The article unpacks these two different narratives as they were originally articulated by activists in order to piece together a more elaborate portrayal of the evolution of the early Iraqi women's movement. The essay also explores how scholars have reproduced these narratives, arguing that both activists and researchers were active participants in a “war of narratives” that left women's history the unfortunate casualty
LAYARD ENTERPRISE: VICTORIAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND INFORMAL IMPERIALISM IN MESOPOTAMIA
Authors: Malley Shawn
Published: April 2019

Through an analysis of Foreign Office (FO) memoranda dealing with the “recovery” of Assyrian artifacts, I argue that archaeology served important diplomatic and propagandistic functions in the eastern Ottoman Empire in the years leading up to the Crimean War. Dovetailing excavation with imperial issues of defending national honor, securing commercial markets, deploying troops, and even spying, these documents represent an underground genealogy for Austen Henry Layard, the key British agent in the FO's secret plot to transport archaeological trophies to London. This evidence implicitly challenges the romantic narrative of discovery and the paternalistic ideology of Western stewardship so firmly embedded in narrative histories of British Assyriology. Comparing the Victorian experience with a contemporary instance of archaeological propaganda—the playing cards issued by the U.S. Department of Defense to troops stationed in Iraq as part of a 2007 training program in archaeological stewardship—this essay contends that archaeology continues to rationalize Western imperialism in Mesopotamia.
SOUVENIRS OF CONQUEST: ISRAELI OCCUPATIONS AS TOURIST EVENTS
Authors: Stein Rebecca L.
Published: April 2019

This paper studies the intersections between military occupation and tourism in contemporary Israel. Focusing on two key moments of Israeli military engagement—the 1967 war and subsequent Israeli military occupation and the 1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon—the paper considers the ways that mainstream Israeli newspapers represented the conquest and/or incursion to Israeli publics through stories about Israeli tourism, consumption, and pleasure in the occupied territories in question. Drawing on postcolonial scholarship on colonial travel, I argue that these tourism stories can be read as “anticonquest narratives” that obscure the violence of the occupation by recasting it as a leisure opportunity. Both cases have been largely overlooked within the scholarly writing on Israel, and both expand our scholarly accounts of Israeli militarism by considering the quotidian, cultural avenues by which military projects have been enabled and sustained.
Sugar-beet seed advancement to increase establishment and decrease bolting
Authors: Durrant M. J. , Jaggard K. W.
Published: April 2019

Experiments with seed advancement and devernalization identified treatments which both increased rate of emergence and establishment and decreased bolting. Treatment temperature and duration were more critical for devernalization than for improving establishment. Exposing seeds to 15 °C for 6 days (at restricted moisture availability to prevent premature germination) sometimes promoted slight devernalization but sometimes enhanced bolting; 20 °C for 3 days had little effect whereas 20 °C for 6 days was moderately effective. The best treatment for both improving establishment and decreasing bolting was to steep the seed in water for 3 h at 25 °C, dry it to between 115 and 120% of its original air-dry weight, store it for 4 days at 25 °C and then air dry.

Results in 1985 showed that the improvements are insufficient to allow sowing as early as 1 March. Following sowing on 17 March 1986, seed advancement increased establishment for two bulks of seed from 54 to 76% and from 63 to 77% respectively while bolting was decreased from 9·1 to 1·2% and from 5·9 to 0·7%. This suggests that in future it may be possible to recommend that sowing starts about a week earlier than at present.

The results also suggested that only a previous vernalizing experience could be reversed. There was no indication that a devernalizing stimulus could be stored by seeds and used to offset the effects of cold after sowing. However, the best treatment in 1985 would have reversed a much more severe vernalizing stimulus than that likely to be encountered by the seeds while on their mother plant.
God, King, and Subject: On the Development of Composite Political Cultures in the Western Himalaya, circa 1800–1900
Authors: Moran Arik
Published: April 2019

The history of British rule in the Indian Himalaya exemplifies the mutual enforcement of social identities and political cultures in modern South Asia. For the Khas ethnic majority of the Himachal Pradesh–Uttarakhand borderland, the colonial power's differentiation between “secular” and “religious” authorities engendered the division of substantially commensurable groups into “caste Hindu” and “tribal” societies. In demarcating borders along the “natural barrier” between the states, the British had severed a politically potent grassroots theocracy from its underlings, consolidated the fragmentation of the Shimla Hill States, and ultimately encouraged the development of a composite political cultures that complemented Khas traditions with Brahmanical creeds from the plains.
Testing the higher-level phylogenetic classification of Digenea (Platyhelminthes, Trematoda) based on nuclear rDNA sequences before entering the age of the ‘next-generation’ Tree of Life
Authors: Pérez-Ponce de León G. , Hernández-Mena D.I.
Published: April 2019

Digenea Carus, 1863 represent a highly diverse group of parasitic platyhelminths that infect all major vertebrate groups as definitive hosts. Morphology is the cornerstone of digenean systematics, but molecular markers have been instrumental in searching for a stable classification system of the subclass and in establishing more accurate species limits. The first comprehensive molecular phylogenetic tree of Digenea published in 2003 used two nuclear rRNA genes (ssrDNA = 18S rDNA and lsrDNA = 28S rDNA) and was based on 163 taxa representing 77 nominal families, resulting in a widely accepted phylogenetic classification. The genetic library for the 28S rRNA gene has increased steadily over the last 15 years because this marker possesses a strong phylogenetic signal to resolve sister-group relationships among species and to infer phylogenetic relationships at higher levels of the taxonomic hierarchy. Here, we have updated the database of 18S and 28S rRNA genes until December 2017, we have added newly generated 28S rDNA sequences and we have reassessed phylogenetic relationships to test the current higher-level classification of digeneans (at the subordinal and subfamilial levels). The new dataset consisted of 1077 digenean taxa allocated to 106 nominal families for 28S and 419 taxa in 98 families for 18S. Overall, the results were consistent with previous higher-level classification schemes, and most superfamilies and suborders were recovered as monophyletic assemblages. With the advancement of next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies, new phylogenetic hypotheses from complete mitochondrial genomes have been proposed, although their power to resolve deep levels of trees remains controversial. Since data from NGS methods are replacing other widely used markers for phylogenetic analyses, it is timely to reassess the phylogenetic relationships of digeneans with conventional nuclear rRNA genes, and to use the new analysis to test the performance of genomic information gathered from NGS, e.g. mitogenomes, to infer higher-level relationships of this group of parasitic platyhelminths.
RETRACTED – Interspecific interactions between Acanthocephalan species in the intestine of stone loach and minnow
Authors: Bollache L.
Published: April 2019

Interspecific interactions between parasites sharing the same host are often antagonistic; the presence of one species decreases the number of individuals or negatively affects both the distribution and reproduction of the other species. Antagonistic interactions between co-infecting parasites may translate into direct competition or interactive segregation, but elements of both may be present. Potential interactions between two acanthocephalan species, Pomphorhynchus laevis and Acanthocephalus anguillae, were studied in the field in two of their natural fish definitive hosts. There was no evidence for competitive exclusion between P. laevis and A. anguillae. However, a negative interaction was found for the first time in the field between these two species. Based on the analysis of parasite abundance and total biomass using a static regression approach, I found that the abundance and total biomass of parasites was also limited by host characteristics. These results are consistent with previous laboratory studies on competition between P. laevis and A. anguillae.
Future obligations
Authors: FUENTES PABLO
Published: April 2019

This article reflects on a double interpretation of English constructions containing the combined expressionwill have to. As I will show, illocutions involving sentences of the type ‘NPwill have toVP’ can be interpreted as either (i) predicting future enforcing circumstances that trigger a future obligation or (ii) reporting such circumstances as currently in force at speech time. Once I sketch the different semantic elements at play in a Kratzerian framework, I cast doubt on some current views on the so-called modal–tense interaction. As I will show, one way to fully account for the availability of both readings is by assuming a semantic temporal underspecification as to when the triggering circumstances in the conversational background are initially in force. This raises important theoretical caveats for semantic analyses in the field, particularly for those that equate the semantics of the future with prediction. As the article shows, such a widespread assumption can be contended by a dynamic account of obligational ascriptions, according to which their different illocutionary forces can be derived from the contextual change potential of its primitive (and admittedly underspecified) future semantics. Ultimately, the paper voices support for the view that future semantics must not be equated with prediction.
‘Tell Your Story’: a randomized controlled trial of an online intervention to reduce mental health stigma and increase help-seeking in refugee men with posttraumatic stress
Authors: Nickerson Angela , Byrow Yulisha , Pajak Rosanna , McMahon Tadgh , Bryant Richard A. , Christensen Helen , Liddell Belinda J.
Published: April 2019

Background

Refugees report elevated rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), but are relatively unlikely to seek help for their symptoms. Mental health stigma is a key barrier to help-seeking amongst refugees. We evaluated the efficacy of an online intervention in reducing self-stigma and increasing help-seeking in refugee men.

Methods

Participants were 103 refugee men with PTSD symptoms from Arabic, Farsi or Tamil-speaking backgrounds who were randomly assigned to either receive an 11-module online stigma reduction intervention specifically designed for refugees (‘Tell Your Story’, TYS) or to a wait-list control (WLC) group. Participants completed online assessments of self-stigma for PTSD and help-seeking, and help-seeking intentions and behaviors at baseline, post-intervention, and at a 1 month follow-up.

Results

Intent-to-treat analyses indicated that, compared to the WLC, TYS resulted in significantly smaller increases in self-stigma for seeking help from post-treatment to follow-up (d = 0.42, p = 0.008). Further, participants in the TYS conditions showed greater help-seeking behavior from new sources at follow-up (B = 0.69, 95% CI 0.19–1.18, p = 0.007) than those in the WLC. The WLC showed significantly greater increases in help-seeking intentions from post-intervention to follow-up (d = 0.27, p = 0.027), relative to the TYS group.

Conclusions

This is the first investigation of a mental health stigma reduction program specifically designed for refugees. Findings suggest that evidence-based stigma reduction strategies are beneficial in targeting self-stigma related to help-seeking and increasing help-seeking amongst refugees. These results indicate that online interventions focusing on social contact may be a promising avenue for removing barriers to accessing help for mental health symptoms in traumatized refugees.
Hospitality and the ethics of religious diversity
Authors: SCHILBRACK KEVIN
Published: April 2019

As the discipline of philosophy of religion stretches to become a global, cross-cultural discipline, it takes on ethical questions about how one should treat those who participate in religious forms of life one does not share. This article offers a typology of possible ethical positions in a context of religious diversity and argues that the strongest position is one of conditional hospitality. That is, the moral ideal proposed here is one of welcome to the religious other that is conditional on an accurate moral judgement of their practices, beliefs, and institutions.
The lure of incredible certitude
Authors: Manski Charles F.
Published: April 2019

Forthright characterization of scientific uncertainty is important in principle and in practice. Nevertheless, economists and other researchers commonly report findings with incredible certitude, reporting point predictions and estimates. To motivate expression of incredible certitude, economists suggest that researchers respond to incentives that make the practice tempting. This temptation is the ‘lure’ of incredible certitude. I appraise some of the rationales that observers may have in mind when they state that incredible certitude responds to incentives. I conclude that scientific expression of incredible certitude at most has appeal in limited contexts. It should not be a general practice.
Charitable Crowdfunding in China: An Emergent Channel for Setting Policy Agendas?
Authors: Tsai Kellee S. , Wang Qingyan
Published: April 2019

Social media in China has not only become a popular means of communication, but also expanded the interaction between the government and online citizens. Why have some charitable crowdfunding campaigns had agenda-setting influence on public policy, while others have had limited or no impact? Based on an original database of 188 charitable crowdfunding projects currently active on Sina Weibo, we observe that over 80 per cent of long-term campaigns do not have explicit policy aspirations. Among those pursuing policy objectives, however, nearly two-thirds have had either agenda-setting influence or contributed to policy change. Such campaigns complement, rather than challenge existing government priorities. Based on field interviews (listed in Appendix A), case studies of four micro-charities – Free Lunch for Children, Love Save Pneumoconiosis, Support Relief of Rare Diseases, and Water Safety Program of China – are presented to highlight factors that contributed to their variation in public outcomes at the national level. The study suggests that charitable crowdfunding may be viewed as an “input institution” in the context of responsive authoritarianism in China, albeit within closely monitored parameters.
Cardiomyopathy in congenital disorders of glycosylation
Authors: Gehrmann Josef , Sohlbach Kristina , Linnebank Michael , Böhles Hans-Josef , Buderus Stephan , Gerd Kehl Hans , Vogt Johannes , Harms Erik , Marquardt Thorsten
Published: April 2019

Congenital disorders of glycosylation are a group of inherited metabolic multisystem disorders characterized by defects in the glycosylation of proteins and lipids. In most cases, neuromuscular disease is present. The purpose of this study was to characterize the cardiological aspects in this disorder.

From the literature, we identified six children with congenital disorders of glycosylation associated with cardiac disease. We then screened for cardiovascular manifestations 20 patients diagnosed with congenital disorders of glycosylation at our own institution.

Of the 6 patients identified in the literature, 4 had hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, while in the other 2 the cardiac diagnosis was unclear. The mean age at cardiac diagnosis was 5 months, with a range from 34 weeks to 24 months. Of the patients, five had died at a mean age of 3.5 months, with a range from 1.5 to 6 months, with one documented cardiac death. Three of our 20 patients (15%) had coexistent cardiomyopathy, and in three additional patients presenting with cardiomyopathy we made the diagnosis of a congenital disorder of glycosylation. In our cohort, dilated cardiomyopathy was found in two-thirds of the patients, with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy in the other third. The mean age at cardiac diagnosis was 19 months, with a range from 0.5 to 84 months. Of these patients, two died in infancy at a mean age of 4 months, specifically at 1.5 and 7 months, due to cardiac disease, with one dying suddenly. The remaining four patients are alive with minor to severe cardiac dysfunction.

We conclude that congenital disorders of glycosylation have to be considered in the differential diagnosis of children presenting with cardiomyopathy, and that all patients with congenital disorders of glycosylation should be screened for an associated cardiomyopathy. Cardiac involvement contributes significantly to morbidity and mortality, and probably to sudden cardiac death in this disorder.
High Speed Matrix Corrections for Quantitative X-ray Microanalysis Based on Monte Carlo Simulated K-Ratio Intensities
Authors: Donovan John , Pinard Philippe , Demers Hendrix
Published: April 2019

Due to recent advances in modeling the production of characteristic X-rays, Monte Carlo simulation of electron–solid interactions can provide improved quantitative estimates of X-ray intensities for both homogeneous and heterogeneous interaction volumes. In the case of homogeneous materials, these modeled X-ray intensities can predict with excellent accuracy, matrix corrections for arbitrary compositions, arbitrary emission lines, and electron energies. By pre-calculating these Monte Carlo X-ray intensities for pure element standards and a range of compositions of binary systems, we can derive matrix corrections for complex compositions in real-time by parameterizing these k-ratios as the so-called alpha factors. This method allows one to perform Monte Carlo-based bulk matrix corrections in seconds for arbitrary and complex compositions (with two or more elements), by combining these binary alpha factors using the so-called beta expression. We are systematically calculating X-ray intensities for 11 compositions from 1 to 99 wt% for binary pairs of all emitters and absorbers in the periodic table, for the main emission lines (Kα, Kβ, Lα, Lβ, Mα, and Mβ) at beam energies from 5 to 50 keV, using Monte Carlo calculations based on a modified PENELOPE electron-photon transport code, although any other Monte Carlo software could also be utilized. Comparison of k-ratios calculated with the proposed method and experimental k-ratios from the Pouchou and Pichoir database suggest improvements over typical φ(ρz) methods. Additional comparisons with k-ratio measurements from more complex compositions would be ideal, but our testing of the additivity of the beta equation suggests that arbitrary compositions can be handled as well, except in cases of extreme fluorescence or absorption.
No Association between Vitamin D and Acute Respiratory Tract Infections Amongst Elite New Zealand Rugby Players and Rowers
Authors: Scullion Luke , Baker Dane , Healey Phillip , Edwards Antony , Love Thomas , Black Katherine
Published: April 2019

Abstract. Upper respiratory tract infections are the most common infections reported by elite athletes. Low vitamin D status has been associated with an increased risk of upper respiratory tract infections. The aim of this study was to investigate associations between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D), salivary immunoglobulin A (S-IgA) concentrations, and acute respiratory tract infections (colds/flu) (ARI) in elite rowers and rugby players. A total of 53 (23 rugby players, 30 rowers) elite New Zealand athletes volunteered to participate in an interview, and to provide a blood and a saliva sample. Testing occurred twice, 6 months apart. Athletes’ serum 25(OH)D concentrations and s-IgA levels were both significantly higher in summer, 108.9 (CI 102.8, 115.4) nmol/L, than in winter, 86.8 (CI 81.8, 92.1) nmol/L (p < 0.01, p = 0.028). The occurrence of an acute respiratory tract infection did not differ significantly between the time points (p = 0.322). However, ARI duration was significantly longer in winter than in summer (6.9 ± 4.3 days vs 4.8 ± 3.0 days; p = 0.044). There were no significant correlations between athletes’ 25(OH)D levels and their s-IgA levels (p > 0.05) nor with acute respiratory tract infection occurrence (p > 0.05) nor duration (p > 0.05) in summer or winter. These findings suggest there may not be any associations between serum 25(OH)D concentrations and acute respiratory tract infections in this population. However, this null finding may be attributed to the high vitamin D concentrations seen in these athletes.
Das Praxiscurriculum im Studiengang Pflege dual – Das Osnabrücker	Modell: Spagat zwischen Anspruch und Alltag
Authors: Böggemann Marlies , Kühme Benjamin , Schöniger Ute
Published: April 2019

Zusammenfassung. Der generalistisch ausgerichtete Studiengang Pflege an der Hochschule Osnabrück verbindet die Ausbildung zur Gesundheits- und Krankenpflege bzw. Gesundheits- und Kinderkrankenpflege und die Ausbildung der Altenpflege mit dem Bachelor of Science. Im Studienprogramm werden theoretische und praktische Ausbildung sowie Studium gleichberechtigt koordiniert und kooperativ gestaltet. In diesem Verschränkungsmodell (Moers et al. 2012) werden die drei Lernorte Hochschule, Berufsfachschule und Fachpraxis miteinander verknüpft und abgestimmt.