bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reproduction , Spawning and Development of the Starfish Patiriella exigua (Lamarck) (Asteroidea : Asterinidae) and Some Comparisons with P. calcar (Lamarck)
Authors: Lawson-Kerr C , Anderson DT
Published: November 2005

P. exigua adults are mature throughout the year. The species can breed in any month of the year, though spawning is most active in the late winter and spring. P. calcar has a definite breeding season in the late spring and summer. P. exigua lays an egg mass through oral gonopores. The 400-�m eggs develop directly, through a yolky brachiolaria stage to a juvenile star, before leaving the egg mass at 22-23 days. P. calcar, with eggs of similar size laid through oral gonopores, has a planktonic lecithotrophic larva. The development of P. exigua is compared with that of other yolky asteroid embryos. Modes of development in the genus Patiriella are discussed.
Locomotor Activity in the Western Rock Lobster, Panulirus longipes cygnus
Authors: Morgan GR
Published: November 2005

Daily locomotor activity rhythms in individual P. longipes cygnus were shown to be of a non- crepuscular nature with peak activity occurring immediately after the onset of darkness. Mean activity of animals in an intermoult stage increased with increasing temperature between 17 and 25�C but then declined, whilst for animals in a premoult stage there was no significant trend with temperature, activity rates remaining at a low level. Individual variation of response of intermoult animals also increased with temperature and is suggested as a contributing factor to high daily variation in commercial catch rates during months of high water temperature.
Analytical Acceptability of Trace Metal Levels Found in Oceanic Waters Around Australia
Authors: de Forest A , Pettis RW , Fabris G
Published: November 2005

Vertical profiles of trace metal levels in the water column for 16 oceanographic stations around Tasmania were determined using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) at a mercury-coated graphite electrode (MCGE), a rotating disc glassy carbon electrode (RDGCE) and atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). Cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc were determined by ASV, and iron and nickel were determined by AAS. Variation occurred between MCGE and RDGCE results in the samples analysed for cadmium, copper, lead, and zinc. Statistical analyses of the concentrations found indicated that variations were more likely to be due to procedural blank fluctuations than to change in concentration with depth. For the AAS analyses of nickel, some variation in concentration with depth was apparent after consideration of procedural blanks. However, this variation follows a random scatter pattern.
A Modified Geometric Method of Hydrochemical Investigations
Authors: Toomer PB , Johnson WD
Published: November 2005

A description is given of a geometric method which presents information about changes in both relative and absolute concentrations of ions in natural waters with changes in a further variable, such as distance or time, on a single rectilinear diagram. This method of presenting hydrochemical data has proved useful in interpreting stream profiles and is illustrated with data obtained in a recent (1976) survey of the Capertee River (N.S.W.).
A Biological Investigation of an Organically Polluted Urban Stream in Victoria
Authors: Campbell IC
Published: November 2005

The macrofauna of Dandenong Creek, an organically polluted urban stream in Victoria, was studied. It was difficult to separate effects due to pollution from those due to other forms of interference. No true indicator species were found, but seven groups of common animals could be arranged in order of increasing pollution tolerance. Some of the difficulties of using biological systems for stream monitoring are discussed.
Spawning and Early Development of the River Blackfish, Gadopsis marmoratus Richardson (Gadopsiformes : Gadopsidae), in the McKenzie River, Victoria
Authors: Jackson PD
Published: November 2005

Spawning and development of the river blackfish G. marmoratus were investigated at the McKenzie River in the Grampians, western Victoria. Eggs are deposited inside hollow logs. Removal of logs during some 'river improvement' schemes may have a deleterious effect on spawning. Some preliminary observations on the early development of the river blackfish are described. The species is tentatively classified as belonging to Balon's 'Speleophils' reproductive guild of fishes.
Sea Snakes of the Eastern Gulf of Carpentaria
Authors: Redfield JA , Holmes JC , Holmes RD
Published: November 2005

Sea snakes from the eastern Gulf of Carpentaria were regularly sampled from April to December 1976. Thirteen species of snakes were represented among the 341 individuals collected. Over 61 % of these were of one species, Lapemis hardwickii, and none of the other 12 species represented more than 10% of the catch. There were several major differences between our sample and earlier studies in the Gulf and none of these differences could be accounted for. We speculate that earlier studies may have been due to biased samples or to real changes in sea snake distribution and abundance patterns caused by fishing.
Biological Control Agents of Sewage Bacteria in Marine Habitats
Authors: Roper MM , Marshall KC
Published: November 2005

The introduction of Escherichia coli into natural seawater results in a direct response from the
natural microbial parasites and predators, which increase in number and rapidly destroy the alien
coliform bacteria. In a predictable successional sequence, the decline in numbers of E. coli was
followed by a reduction in the parasite and predator populations resulting from the absence of
suitable host organisms and from predation by larger protozoa.
E. coli numbers declined more rapidly in seawater taken from near a sewage outlet, because the
parasites and predators were enriched by the constant availability of host organisms. A slower
rate of decline of E. coli numbers in seawater samples taken further from the outlet was attributed
to lower initial populations of parasites and predators. Two common marine predators of E. coli,
a fruiting myxobacter (Polyangium) and a small amoeba (Vexillifera), have been characterized.
Recent Foraminifera of an Estuarine Environment in Broken Bay, New South Wales
Authors: Albani AD
Published: November 2005

The foraminiferal fauna of Broken Bay, a complex estuary along the east coast of Australia, has been analysed. All the species found (181) have been identified and the individuals counted. From these data biotopes have been determined and their geographical extent briefly analysed in relation to the sediment distribution and the hydrological parameters. A large and varied benthonic population exists predominantly in the section of the estuary not subject to large salinity changes. Taxonomic notes on 56 species, out of 168 forming the benthonic population, are also included; two species, Haplophragmoides australensis and Cribrononion sydneyensis, are described as new taxa. An additional five species and one subspecies are recorded for the first time from Australian waters.
Area of Distribution, Movements, Age Composition and Mortality Rates of the Australian Salmon Population in Tasmania, Victoria and New South Wales
Authors: Stanley CA
Published: November 2005

Two subspecies of the Australian salmon, a perciform fish, occur in eastern Australian waters. The western subspecies, Arripis trutta esper (Whitley), is found only in Tasmania and Victoria. In Tasmanian waters fish do not occur above an age of 2+ years. In Victoria about 300 000 fish (180 tonnes) of an age range from of to 5+ years are caught annually. The younger age groups are found in sheltered areas, and the older age groups along the open coastline, especially in western Victoria. Returns of tags from fish thought to be of the western subspecies indicate that movement towards Western Australia takes place via western Victoria and South Australia, rather than by a direct seawards movement. For the eastern subspecies, Arripis trutta marginata (Cuvier & Valenciennes), young fish from 0+ to 2+ years are found predominantly in Tasmania and Victoria, and older fish from 4+ years in New South Wales. Recaptures of tagged fish indicate that there is a continual movement at all stages of the life cycle from Tasmania to Victoria and then to New South Wales. Fish within New South Wales also show evidence of a movement southwards, which probably occurs only once, to the eastern Bass Strait area. Fish older than 5+ years move increasingly northwards in New South Wales waters. For the eastern subspecies estimates of M, the instantaneous annual natural mortality coefficient, range from 0.5 to 1.0, and estimates of F, the instantaneous annual fishing mortality coefficient, range from 0.3 to 0.7. It is suggested that in the present eastern subspecies fishery greater yields should result from increasing the fishing pressure up to about twice the present value.
A Quantitative Survey of the Macrobenthos of Western Port, Victoria
Authors: Coleman N , Cuff W , Drummond M , Kudenov JD
Published: November 2005

The results of the first bay-wide quantitative survey of the invertebrate macrobenthos of Westeln Port, Victoria (145� E., 38�S.) are presented. Three 0.1-m² samples were taken with a Smith- McIntyre grab at each of 41 randomly selected sampling stations, and the results were used to provide both bay-wide and regional estimates of population distribution and abundance. More than 19 600 individuals were collected, and 572 species identified. The fauna is dominated by polychaetes, crustaceans and molluscs which provided respectively 54.1, 31.7 and 6.6% of the individuals collected and 35.7,47.7 and 10.3 % of the species identified. Comparison of faunal affinity between stations showed two major faunal assemblages whose distributions are linked with sediment type. These assemblages are a 'clean medium sand' assemblage distributed in the deeper (> 5.5 rn) sublittoral channel areas, and a 'fine sand and mud' assemblage distributed over the tidal flats and in shallow (< 5.5 m) sublittoral areas. Species characteristic of the 'clean medium sand' assemblage are the polychaetes Scoloplos spp. 1-4, Rhodine sp. and Travisia sp. ; the bivalves Neotrigonia margaritacea, Notocallista diemenensis, Solen vaginoides and Venericardia bimaculata; and the crustaceans Halicarcinus rostratus, Ampelisca sp., Cheirighotis megacheles, Leptanthura diemenensis and Paranchialina angusta. Characteristic of the 'fine sand and mud' assemblage are the polychaetes Amaeana sp. and Mediomastus sp.; the bivalves Tellina deltoidalis, T. mariae and Katelysia rhytiphora; and the decapod crustaceans Pontophilus intermedius, Macrobrachium intermedium, Halicarcinus ovatus and Litocheira bispinosa. A third, minor assemblage was also recognized. This contains the stations nearest to Hastings, the largest centre of urban and industrial development in the bay. The fauna at these stations is impoverished in species and low in species diversity. Both affinity analyses and survey statistical analyses were applied to the data. The advantages and limitations of each are discussed.
A Reappraisal of the Tides in Spencer Gulf, South Australia
Authors: Easton AK
Published: November 2005

The tides in Spencer Gulf are remarkable in two major aspects. One is the large amplitude of the S2 constituent and the other is the change in tidal character over the length of the gulf. This anomalous behaviour of the tides has led to much confusion and, even in recent papers, the mechanism has been misunderstood. Here the basic nature of the tidal system is described and the importance of tides in the circulation and flushing of the gulf is stressed.
Observations on the Fish Fauna below Tallowa Dam (Shoalhaven River, New South Wales) during River Flow Stoppages
Authors: Bishop KA , Bell JD
Published: November 2005

Some observations on the consequences of construction work at Tallowa Dam (Shoalhaven River, New South Wales) on the fish fauna below the dam are described. In total 17 species of freshwater fish were collected on four occasions between 29 November and 22 December 1976 when water flow was terminated for short periods below the dam wall. Large numbers of individuals belonging to several fish species died on each occasion, including 312 Australian grayling, Prototroctes maraena (an 'endangered' species), on 29 November. It is suggested that water resources authorities should give careful consideration to the ecological effects of constructing and maintaining impound- ments on downstream fish communities.
Imputs and Outputs of Water and Phosphorus from Four Victorian Catchments
Authors: Campbell IC
Published: November 2005

Inputs from precipitation and outputs of water and phosphorus were estimated for four catchments: one forested, two agricultural and one urban. Three showed net annual gains of phosphorus ranging from 6.0 to 10.8 kg/km² over 12 months, and only the urban catchment displayed a net annual loss (9.8 kg/km²). Results are compared with some from the Northern Hemisphere.
Age, Spawning Time, and Fecundity of Australian Herring (Arripis georgianus C. & V.) (Pisces : Arripidae) from the Waters around Rottnest Island, Western Australia
Authors: Lenanton RCJ
Published: November 2005

Scales and ovarian material were examined from Australian herring taken from the amateur line fishery in waters off Rottnest Island, W.A., over the period 28 March to 23 June 1973. The age-length distributions of a number of samples of both males and females are presented. Those fish sampled were predominantly 3+ years old. Resting or undeveloped ova were translucent and less than 0.1 mm in diameter. Developing ova were opaque and greater than 0.1 mm in diameter. Mature or ripe ova were translucent, slightly elliptical, unpigmented with a central oil globule, and were between 0.6 and 1.1 mm in diameter. Spawning was deduced to have occurred during early June. Most fish taken during the 1973 amateur fishery were in an immediate prespawning condition. Only one of the 516 females examined had ovaries containing ripe ova. The equation F = 298 L1.924 describes the relationship between estimated fecundity (F) and fish length (L).
Food and Feeding Habits of Lethrinus chrysostomus Richardson (Pisces : Perciformes) and Other Lethrinids on the Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Walker MH
Published: November 2005

Gut contents were examined in 299 sweetlip emperor L. chrysostomus from the Great Barrier Reef, near Townsville, Qld. Occurrence and points (bulk) methods of analysis were used. Both methods showed that the major dietary items were crustaceans, echinoderms and molluscs, crabs and sea urchins being the most important. Examination of other lethrinids quantitatively and qualitatively suggested that lethrinid species are carnivorous bottom feeders quite selective and individualistic in their diet.
Feeding Ecology of Three Sympatric Species of Leatherjackets (Pisces : Monacanthidae) from a Posidonia Seagrass Habitat in New South Wales
Authors: Bell JD , Burchmore JJ , Pollard DA
Published: November 2005

Three species of leatherjackets, Monacanthus chinensis, Meuschenia freycineti and Meuschenia trachylepis, averaged 34% of the total biomass and 27% of the total numbers of fishes in a Posidonia australis seagrass habitat near Sydney. Monacanthus chinensis was dominant, comprising 22% of the total biomass and 18% of the total numbers in this fish community. All three species were omnivorous, consuming considerable amounts of seagrass and algae as well as animal material. However, only the encrusting fauna and epiphytic algae of the seagrass appeared to be actually digested. Other foods of all three species included hydroids, molluscs, crustaceans and polychaetes. Meuschenia freycineti consumed the largest quantities (65%) of seagrass, Monacanthus chinensis consumed the largest amount (40%) and greatest variety of animal foods, and Meuschenia trachylepis took the smallest quantity (12%) and number of animal foods and the greatest amount (55 %) of algae. All three species were found to be highly dependent on the encrusting fauna, epi- phytic algae and other epifauna and infauna of this seagrass habitat, and the importance of preserving Posidonia beds is therefore stressed.
A Further New Species of Paragalaxias Scott (Salmoniformes : Galaxiidae) from Tasmania with a Revised Key to the Species
Authors: McDowall RM , Fulton W
Published: November 2005

A fourth species of Paragalaxias Scott, P. julianus, sp. nov., is described from lakes in the upper reaches of the River Ouse drainage system, on the high central plateau of Tasmania. A revised key to the species is given.
Morphological and Biochemical Systematics of Australian Freashwater and Estuarine Percichthyid Fishes
Authors: MacDonald CM
Published: November 2005

The taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of six Australian species of the family Percichthyidae
have been investigated using data obtained from comparative morphological examination of preserved specimens and from electrophoretic detection of variation in proteins extracted from liver
tissue.
Members of the genera Maccullochella, Plectroplites, Macquaria and Percalates form a group of
generalized percoid species that have presumably colonized Australian fresh waters from marine
origins. On morphological grounds the group is here considered to belong in the basal percoid
family Percichthyidae rather than in the specialized family Serranidae to which it has been previously assigned. Some doubt remains, however, as to the affinities of the genus Maccullochella.
Evidence from morphological studies, and from electrophoretic analysis of protein variation at
19 genetic loci, indicates that Maccullochella differs extensively from the other genera and that the
two subgroups so formed represent separate invasions of fresh waters by already distinct marine
ancestors. The Australian genera Plectroplites, Macquaria and Percalates form a closely related
monophyletic group which can be assigned to a single genus. The oldest available name for such
a genus is Macquavia Cuvier and Valenciennes, 1830.
Morphological and electrophoretic evidence supports the distinction of two species of Maccullochella, but no significant variation was detected between Percalates specimens initially identified as either P. colonorum or P. novemaculeatus.
Opening of Bivalve Shells by the Mud Crab Scylla serrata Forskål
Authors: Williams MJ
Published: November 2005

Food handling by the mud crab S. serrata is described. Each of the dimorphic chelae of S. serrata performs specific functions in the opening of shells of the mussel Trichomya hirsuta.
A Preliminary Observation on the Littoral Rock Fauna of Hartz Lake and Hartz Creek, Southern Tasmania, with Notes on the Water Chemistry of some Neighbouring Lakes
Authors: Knott B , Suter PJ , Richardson AMM
Published: November 2005

The temperature of the surface waters of Hartz Lake varied between 2.6 and 25� C during the 12-month period of the study. The waters of the Hartz lakes are oligotrophic but due to their enrichment with Na+ they are not typical of water from other areas of dolerite in their cationic proportions. The rock fauna of the lake and creek were sampled four times in 1974. The rock fauna is dominated by crustaceans if the actively swimming Anaspides tasmaniae is included. The fauna of the creek is richer in number of animals and species than that of the lake. It is dominated by insects. The dominance by crustaceans of the rock fauna of this lake contrasts with the insect-dominated rock faunas reported in other Tasmanian and European lakes, and may represent the situation in Tasmanian highland lakes where trout have not been introduced.
Benthic Invertebrate Fauna and Feeding Relationships of Brown Trout, Salmo trutta Linnaeus, and River Blackfish, Gadopsis marmoratus Richardson, in the Aberfeldy River, Victoria
Authors: Jackson PD
Published: November 2005

The benthic invertebrate fauna and the stomachs of brown trout and river blackfish in a section of the Aberfeldy River, Victoria, were sampled regularly from October 1971 to November 1972. The ranges of food organisms utilized by the two species were very similar as were the proportions of the different food categories. Kendall rank correlation coefficients indicated that the diets of the two fishes were similar on all but the July sampling date. Due to apparent differences in habitat prefer- ences this similarity in diets may be regarded as giving rise to indirect competition.
Aspects of the biology of the Australian Grayling Prototroctes maraena Günther (Pisces : Prototroctidae)
Authors: Bishop KA , Bell JD
Published: November 2005

The Australian grayling, P. maraena, is generally regarded as Australia's most endangered freshwater fish species. A sample of 312 specimens from the Shoalhaven River, N.S.W., provided data on various aspects of its biology. The sample showed a bimodal length frequency distribution of 1 + and 2+ fish aged by otoliths. Grayling appear to suffer severe mortality, possibly as a result of spawning at age 2. The spawning season in the Shoalhaven River was from early February to early March and available data suggest that grayling are anadromous. P. maraena is a microphagic omnivore, and stomachs sampled contained principally cladocerans, algae and small insects. The need for further research to elucidate the grayling's habitat requirements and to determine effective conservation measures is stressed.
Heavy Metals in Sediments from the Central New South Wales Coastal Region
Authors: de Forest A , Murphy SP , Pettis RW
Published: November 2005

Coastal marine sediments were collected from 20 oceanographic stations along the central New South Wales coastal region in September 1975. Chemical and physical properties of the sediments were determined to establish analytical methods suitable for use in environmental assessment studies. Statistical analyses of the data indicated that this region is typical of an unpolluted continental shelf region, in which the sea bed is mainly composed of sand with some silt.
Population Ecology of the Intertidal Anemone Actinia tenebrosa I. Pedal Locomotion and Intraspecific Aggression
Authors: Ottaway JR
Published: November 2005

Some 80 adult and over 250 juvenile A. tenebrosa, the total natural population on 2.5 m² of a stable rock substratum, were tracked for up to 738 days. In this period 24% of adults and 10% of juveniles moved > 250 mm, Some adults and many juveniles showed no discernible locomotion at all, although most juveniles survived less than 20 days. Large, directed movements of up to 1.6 m were sometimes associated with such external factors as impact injuries from moving rocks or logs, physical shocks, repeated desiccation, interference from molluscs, or wounding from intraspecific aggression. Acrorhagi are the nematocyst-bearing structures, present in most A. tenebrosa larger than about 10 mm column diameter, which are used in intraspecific conflicts. Some 44 % of adults were involved in fights with other adults over the 2 years of observations. None of those fights was fatal. Contact of two adult A. tenebrosa did not always result in an aggressive conflict, but after intraspecific aggression, in both field and laboratory situations, the wounded anemone moved directly away from the site of wounding.
Distribution of Thecosomatous Pteropods off the Central Coast of Western Australia
Authors: Wells FE
Published: November 2005

A series of surface plankton tows was made along eight transects in the Indian Ocean off the central coast of Western Australia during June 1976. The transects were spaced 1� 30' apart latitudinally from 24� 30'S. to 35� 00'S. and stretched from the coast westward to 105� E. Fifteen species and subspecies of the cosomatous pteropods were collected during the survey. The mean total the cosome density was 5.61 per 10³ m³ of water filtered. Four species (Cavolinia inflexa, Clio pyramidata, Cuvierina columnella and Styliola subula) together constituted 87.3 % of all the cosomes collected.
The results of this survey are placed into the general context of our knowledge of the zooplankton off Western Australia.
Size Distributions and Growth of the Fan-shell Pinna bicolor Gmelin (Mollusca : Eulamellibranchia) in South Australia
Authors: Butler AJ , Brewster FJ
Published: November 2005

Fourteen random samples of Pinna bicolor were collected over a period of 31 months from 6 m depth in Gulf St Vincent off Edithburgh, South Australia. The length-frequency distributions suggest that: P. bicolor larvae settle in spring but with variable success; growth of newly settled young is rapid over summer; by age 1 year their modal shell length is about 20 cm; by age 2 it is about 26 cm; they may survive substantially longer than 3 years so that a length-class of mode c. 35 cm is always present and is composed of several age-classes not necessarily equally represented. These suggestions are corroborated by limited data on adductor muscle scars, the development of epibiota on the shells, and the growth and survival of tagged animals over 9 months.
Acute Toxicity of Copper, Cadmium and Zinc to Three Species of Marine Copepod
Authors: Arnott GH , Ahsanullah M
Published: November 2005

Acute toxicity tests were carried out with three metals on the marine copepods Scutellidium sp., Paracalanus parvus and Acartia simplex. The resulting 24-h LC50 values showed that copper was the most toxic metal, with cadmium more toxic than zinc for two of the three species. Scutellidium sp. was more sensitive than P. parvus and A. simplex to all metals, LC50 values being 0.18, 0.66 and 1.09 mg/l for copper, cadmium and zinc respectively. No consistent trend in relative sensitivity was apparent for the other two species. The results were in general agreement with those for other marine copepods given by other workers. Some experimental problems in conducting toxicity tests with copepods are indicated. Application of the present LC50 data to existing water quality criteria produced unrealistic 'safe' concentrations in the case of copper. Such a finding illustrates the arbitrary nature of application factors and questions the usefulness of acute toxicity tests as the major tool for environmental protection.
Spectral Distribution of Photosynthetically Active Radiation in some South-eastern Australian Waters
Authors: Kirk JTO
Published: November 2005

The results are presented of a study of the spectral distribution of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in some inland, and one coastal, waters in south-eastern Australia, carried out with a submersible spectroradiometer. There is particularly rapid attenuation with depth of blue light in the 400-500-nm waveband, due to the yellow substances ('gilvin', 'gelbstoff') in the waters. Attenuation in the red region, due to absorption by water itself, is clearly evident but is generally much less steep than that in the blue. Within the rather shallow euphotic zone typical of these waters the available PAR is impoverished in blue light but still contains plenty of red (630-700-nm) light. At greater depths, in waters of moderate turbidity, a spectral distribution strongly peaked at about 580 nm, with a shoulder at about 630 nm, is obtained. Although the contribution of phytoplankton can be significant, in general in these turbid inland waters suspended soil particles contribute more to vertical light attenuation. This is partly due to the increased pathlength of the photons caused by scattering, but direct absorption of light, especially in the blue region, by the particulate inanimate 'tripton' is suggested by the data. Turbidity and dis- solved colour of the water tend to increase together: in particularly turbid, yellow waters the spectral distribution of PAR is shifted to longer wavelengths and in an extreme case consisted of quite a sharp peak at 700 nm. In the clear, comparatively colourIess coastal-estuarine waters of Batemans Bay (N.S.W.), blue light was attenuated less steeply than red light, so that the underwater spectral distribution, although peaked at about 570 nm, was (at 4 m) still quite rich in blue as well as red light.
Acoustic Target Strengths of Some Penaeid Prawns
Authors: Sofoulis NG , Penrose JD , Cartledge DR , Fallon GR
Published: November 2005

Equipment has been developed to facilitate measurement of the acoustic target strengths of single penaeid prawns arranged at various orientations to the insonifying beam direction. The dorsal plane target strengths of several species of penaeid prawns in the length range 16�2 cm and for frequencies in the range 50-1200 kHz are described by:

Ts=-44.4-2.52 × 10-3f

for the maximum target strength values observed, and

Ts = -51.2-1.68 × 10-3f

for values of target strength averaged over the dorsal plane. Ts values are in dB ref. 1 m and f, the insonifying frequency, is in kHz.
Target strength values averaged over the central �40� of the dorsal plane were essentially constant with frequency, at a value of approximately - 47 dB ref. 1 m.
For the target lengths and sound frequencies used the amplitude of the backscattered pressure signal varies rapidly with changes in target orientation and an ensemble of such amplitudes, measured at 200 kHz in the dorsal plane, is shown to be distributed approximately according to the Rayleigh distribution function.
Water Exchange in Peel Inlet, Western Australia
Authors: Beer T , Black R
Published: November 2005

A series of drogued floats was released at the entrance to Peel Inlet and the limit of their penetration into the inlet was found to be 1.75 � 0.15 km. We show that this compares favourably with a model based on the upstream propagation of a frictionless tide and use this model to discuss the exchange of the inlet waters due to barometric variations.
Seasonal Migration Patterns of Postlarval and Juvenile Banana Prawns, Penaeus merguiensis de Man, in the Major Rivers of the Gulf of Carpentaria, Australia
Authors: Staples DJ
Published: November 2005

Samples of juvenile P. merguiensis taken from 20 major rivers around the Gulf of Carpentaria from 1970 to 1973 showed that the Gulf could be divided into four major areas, each characterized by its own seasonal pattern of postlarval immigration and emigration of juveniles. The main nursery areas for the Gulf, however, are the rivers along the east and south-east coasts (Cape Keerweer to Mornington Island) and the majority of prawns migrate from these rivers during the north-west monsoon period (November to February); the main recruitment into the commercial fishery, there- fore, occurs during a relatively confined period each year. Additional sampling in 1976-77 showed that although there have been recent changes in the temporal distribution of adult prawns as a result of increased fishing pressure, no major change in the temporal pattern of postlarval immigration has resulted. An hypothesis is presented in which the observed geographical differences in the seasonal migration patterns are explained with reference to a basic pattern involving two generations of P. merguiensis each year.
Corals and coral Communities of Lord Howe Island.
Authors: Veron JEN , Done TJ
Published: November 2005

Fifty-seven species of 33 genera of hermatypic Scleractinia are found at Lord Howe Island, the southernmost coral reef of the Pacific. All except two undescribed species are known from the Great Barrier Reef. The families Fungiidae, Merulinidae, Caryophyllidae and Oculinidae are absent from the island and the Mussidae are represented by two genera only. Coral communities are mapped from survey data and aerial photography. Lagoon and reef communities defined using a polythetic agglomerative procedure are shown to have an ordered distribution relative to their hydrodynamic regime. These communities differ substantially from their tropical equivalents due to growth form deviations of dominant species and depauperate species composition. Available surface circulation and temperature data suggest existing coral communities are the result of a balance between periodic denudation by cold, subantarctic currents and recolonization by larvae from tropical currents. Low temperatures per se appear to have llttle effect on coral growth but may affect growth form responses to light regimes.
New Rotifera from the River Murray, South-eastern Australia, with a Review of the Australian Species of Brachionus and Keratella
Authors: Koste W
Published: November 2005

Brachionus keikoa, sp. nov., Keratella shieli, sp. nov. (family Brachionidae Bartos, 1959), and Filinia pejleri var. grandis, var. nov. (family Filiniidae Bartos, 1959), from the River Murray at Mannum, South Australia, and Lecane ungulata var. australiensis, var. nov. (family Lecanidae Bartos, 1959), from waters associated with the Goulburn River at Alexandra, Victoria, are described and figured. B. keikoa has affinities with the angularis-caudatus species group, differing in the location of the foot-opening, the site of the lateral antennae, and in the morphology of the lorica surface. K. shieli is closely related to the quadrata species group, differing in the morphology of the caudal plate and lorica facets. L. (s.str.) ungulata var. australiensis differs from the type in the form of the anterior lorica border and in larger size. F. pejleri var. grandis has the greatest measurements in length of body and bristles of all described forms so far known from other continents. Figures of some 10 species of Brachionus and of eight species of Keratella are presented for comparative purposes.
Taxonomy and Aspects of the Life History of Australian Beachworms (Polychaeta : Onuphidae)
Authors: Paxton H
Published: November 2005

Australian beachworms, recognized by specialists as one species Onuphis teres (Ehlers 1868), and by fishermen as a number of forms, were studied to determine whether more than one species was involved. Monthly sampling at a study site (Narrabeen, New South Wales) and collections from
other localities were undertaken to study the morphology of beachworms, electrophoretic mobility
of glucosephosphate isomerase and aspects of their life history.
Three forms of beachworms-slimy, stumpy and kingworm-occur at the study site. Stumpies
were found to be young kingworms, while slimy represents a separate species. The two species
belong to Americonuphis Orensanz, 1974; the name is preoccupied and is replaced with Australonuphis.
The holotype of A. teres is a kingworm and the closely related slimy is described as A.
Parateres, sp. nov.
Four other forms of beachworms were collected from northern New South Wales and Queensland:
stripey, giant, wiry and white-headed wiry. These forms are referred to Onuphis. Stripey and giant
are morphologically distinct and are described as O. taeniata, sp. nov., and O. gygis, sp. nov.,
respectively. Wiry and white-headed wiry belong to a polymorphic species described as O, mariahirsuta, sp. nov.
Inland (Non-estuarine) Halocline Formation in a Western Australian River
Authors: Morrissy NM
Published: November 2005

Summer halocline formation was found in a not only non-tidal, but also torrential (winter wet season) middle reach of the Murray River, Western Australia. This phenomenon stems from the reversed longitudinal salinity profile of the river. After saline flow (> 5000 mg/l) from inland agricultural catchments ceased in January, low flows from adjacent perennial freshwater tributaries (< 200 mg/l) overrode the residual saline water in pools; a highly stable halocline and pycnocline at 3.5-4.0 m, formed by the entrainment process, remained through the dry season to April. The interface in one of the long (0.6 km), deep (8.7 m) pools was described by monthly temperature, oxygen, salinity, light transmission (quantum meter) and derived density profiles; reflectance attained a maximum at the interface with the dark saline bottom layer. The copepod Sulcanus conflictus occurred near the surface in January but it was absent later when the upper layers had been diluted below 4000 mg/l, the species' lower tolerance limit. The crayfish Cherax tenuimanus was unaffected but obviously confined to the 42 % of the pool bed above the anoxic zone.
Ecological Observations on Cerithium moniliferum Kiener (Gastropoda : Cerithiidae) and its Trematode Parasites at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef
Authors: Cannon LRG
Published: November 2005

The distribution, abundance, growth and reproduction of a population of tropical intertidal gastropods, Cerithium moniliferum, at Heron Island, Great Barrier Reef, were examined and related to the incidence of parasitism by 11 digenean trematodes. The snails were patchily distributed on exposed beachrock, and showed little seasonally related change in abundance, but numbers and shell morphs were correlated with sand movements. Snails bred mainly in spring, had a thickened lip to the body whorl at this time and grew mainly from summer through winter, migrating to higher more exposed levels as they grew. There were no seasonal patterns of incidence with any or all trematodes, five of which were moderately common, though rarely did incidence exceed 20% of the population. Parasitism was more common in larger snails with thick lips and eroded shells found at the higher levels of the beachrock. Parasitism presumably steadily increases with age and size, but once infected, snails stop growing. Parasitized snails are castrated and presumably live for about 2-3 years by which time infection rates exceed 50%.
Clinal Variation in Electrophoretic and Morphological Characters between Two Nominal Species of the Genus Pseudomugil (Pisces : Atheriniformes : Pseudomugilidae)
Authors: Hadfield AJ , Ivantsoff V , Johnson PG
Published: November 2005

Electrophoretic and morphological comparisons were made between 14 populations representing the major part of the known range of the nominal fish species, Pseudomugil signifer Kner and Pseudomugil signatus (Gunther), described from the fresh and brackish waters of eastern Australia. Analysis by principal components was used to assess the morphological data. .Clinal variation revealed in 10 morphological characters and at two enzyme loci was found to bridge most of the previously described differences between species. The type material of P. signatus afinis from the Low Isles, Queensland, was re-examined and did not appear to differ morphologically from the coastal species. It is therefore suggested that the populations studied represent a single species Pseudomugil signifer Kner.
Ecology of Botany Bay. II. Aspects of the Feeding Ecology of the Fanbellied Leatherjacket, Monacanthus chinensis (Pisces : Monacanthidae), in Pisidonia australis Seagrass Beds in Quibray Bay, Botany Bay, New South Wales
Authors: Conacher MJ , Lanzing WJR , Larkum AWD
Published: November 2005

The fanbellied leatherjacket, M. chinensis, was found to ingest fresh seagrass as a major part of its diet. Other important food items were gammarid amphipods, carid shrimps and several species of epiphytic algae. All food items were of seagrass bed origin. Microscopic examination of gut contents suggested that seagrass and algae did not appear to be digested by the fish, but 14C-labelling of the plants showed that significant amounts of the labile carbon compounds were removed and assimilated during digestion. The fanbellied leatherjacket was found to feed in the seagrass beds during the day, probably relying on eyesight for detecting food. Variations in tide height did not seem to affect their feeding pattern. The amounts of seagrass, algae, amphipods and shrimps removed by M. chinensis in Quibray Bay were calculated and compared with the availability of each of these foods. Grazing by M. chinensis had little effect on seagrass and algae production rates and standing crops, but probably had a significant influence on carid shrimp and amphipod populations.
Observations on the Food of Macquarie Perch, Macquaria australasica (Pisces : Percichthyidae), in Victoria
Authors: Cadwallader PL , Eden AK
Published: November 2005

The basic food of 204 Macquarie perch taken from Hughes Creek, the Seven Creeks River System (tributaries of the Goulburn River), and the Mitta Mitta River, Victoria, consisted of Coleoptera, Diptera (particularly Chironomidae), Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera. Secondary food comprised Crustacea, Hemiptera, Odonata and Mollusca; other items were considered incidental. Items of terrestrial origin formed an insignificant part of the diet. Large numbers (up to 1530) of food organisms were frequently found in the stomachs and many different food types were usually present in any one stomach. Large fish (SL range 115-287 mm) fed on a greater diversity of food types than small fish (SL range 46-65 mm). Laboratory observations indicate that Macquarie perch ingest food by a sucking action.
Body Proportions in Limnetic and Littoral Calanoid Copepods
Authors: Timms BV
Published: November 2005

Pond and littoral species of Hemiboeckella, Boeckella, Diaptomus and Calamoecia have stouter bodies and shorter antennules compared with limnetic species.
Tidal Modifications and Associated Circulation in a Platform Reef Lagoon
Authors: Ludington CA
Published: November 2005

Comparison of tidal records from One Tree Island and Heron Island, Southern Great Barrier Reef, shows that ponding of water inside the reef crest at One Tree Reef holds the lagoon water level near Mean Water Level for 5-6 h of each tide. The lagoon is therefore isolated from the surrounding ocean for half of each tidal cycle. The level of the tide with respect to the reef crest determines the impact of energy inputs on lagoon circulation. Details of the lagoon tidal curve are described and the implications for lagoon circulation, flushing and sedimentation are discussed.
Seasonal Variations of Phytoplankton Production in an Estuary in Relation to Coastal Water Movements
Authors: Scott BD
Published: November 2005

Primary production and phytoplankton biomass in Port Hacking, an estuary 24 km south of Sydney, were measured at 2-4 day intervals for one year. Primary production was measured by in situ 14C uptake, and phytoplankton biomass by 14C uptake at constant irradiance and in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence. Measurements of solar irradiance and light attenuation by the water column were also obtained. Nutrient concentrations were measured both in the estuary and in the coastal waters adjacent to Port Hacking. The short-term variations of phytoplankton biomass were found to be due to both estuarine hydrological events resulting in the release of regenerated nutrients, and to coastal hydrological events, where slope water intrusions enriched the coastal waters and were introduced into the estuarine basins by tidal exchange. The annual variation of primary production in Port Hacking was related to the annual variation of solar irradiance. A minor part of the annual variation appeared to be due to temperature, but the nature of this relationship was uncertain.
Development of the Larval Stages of the Blue Swimming Crab Portunus pelagicus L. (Portunidae : Decapoda : Crustacea)
Authors: Shinkarenko L
Published: November 2005

The four zoeal stages and megalopa of P. pelagicus were reared in culture and are described. Each appendage or structure is described showing the changes that occur during the zoeal phase. P. pelagicus larvae have similar types and location of setae as the larvae of P. spinicarpus. The positions of the chromatophores in the zoeal stages are described. The megalopa has the same types of setae as the zoea with the addition of two types of modified serrate setae. The zoea has no gastric mill and the capture and mechanical breakdown of the prey is the function of the mouthparts: the labrum, mandibles, maxillules and maxillae; and the serrated setae in the curve of the telson. The mouthparts of the megalopa are composed of the same appendages as in the zoea with the incorporation of the first, second and third maxillipeds. There are discrepancies between the descriptions in the present study and that of Prasad and Tampi (1953) whose second and third zoea and megalopa were obtained from the plankton. P. pelagicus larvae are compared with those of Scylla serrata to see if they could be distinguished, morphologically.
Concentrations of Arsenic, Selenium and Ten Heavy Metals in School Shark, Galeorhinus australis (Macleay), and Gummy Shark, Mustelus antarcticus Günther, from South-eastern Australian Waters
Authors: Glover JW
Published: November 2005

The maximum concentrations of arsenic, cadmium, copper, manganese, selenium and zinc in the edible flesh of G. australis and M. antarcticus were found to be 30, 0.08, 0.6, 0.6, 0.8 and 4.8 �g/g, wet weight respectively. The concentrations of cobalt, chromium, lead, molybdenum and nickel were below the limits of detection, namely 0.3,0.5,0.1,0.2 and 0.2 �g/g, wet weight respectively, of the methods used. Samples for analysis were taken from one male and one female shark of each species caught in six areas in south-eastern Australian waters and wherever possible the concentrations of the elements were correlated with the sharks' species, sex and site of capture.
Effects of Change in Catchability on Sampling of Juvenile and Adolescent Banana Prawns, Penaeus merguiensis de Man
Authors: Staples DJ , Vance DJ
Published: November 2005

To provide the information necessary for optimizing sampling strategies, the effects of tidal, diurnal, lunar and seasonal cycles on the catchability of juvenile and adolescent banana prawns, P. merguiensis, were examined in the Norman River and in the inshore coastal zone of the Gulf of Carpentaria. A major part of the large variability in catches in both environments was attributable to marked tidal periodicity in catchability. In the river, large catches of juvenile P. merguiensis were taken only at or near the time of low water during both the neap and spring tide periods. Smaller prawns (< 12 mm carapace length) tended to be even more restricted to the time of low water than were larger prawns. This phase shift in catchability of larger prawns was particularly evident in the offshore sampling where large catches of adolescent prawns were made only at high water. Both the number and size of prawns caught also varied considerably with water depth. The reasons for the marked differences in catchability throughout a tidal cycle are not clear, but it is obvious that sampling can be restricted in time, thus providing much more consistent data with a minimum of effort.
Comparison of the Salinity Range Tolerated by Teredinids (Mollusca: Teredinidae) under Controlled Conditions with that Observed in an Estuary in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Rayner SM
Published: November 2005

Population fluctuations seen in teredinid species settling in estuarine waters at Marshall Lagoon, Papua New Guinea, over a 3-year period were correlated with the salinlty fluctuations to which they had been subjected. From these calculations the salinity range in which the 10 most common species settled was determined. Aquaria studies were designed to test salinity tolerance ranges of these teredinids under controlled conditions by observing the effect of different salinities on the growth and survival of juveniles. Several teredinids grew in salinities in the aquarium which were outside the range in which they were found in the estuary, and early larval development to the umbo stage in two larviparous species occurred in salinities lower than that in which adults were found in the field. From these observations it would appear that salinity tolerances of adults, and possibly presettlement larvae, are not the most important factors limiting teredinid distribution in an estuary.
Chemical Compositon of ferromanganese Nodules from the Southern Ocean.
Authors: Pettis RW , de Forest A
Published: November 2005

Ferromanganese nodules from the Southern Ocean, south-west of Cape Leeuwin, W.A., were chemically analysed for the elements Al, Ag, Ba, Co, Cu, Cr, Cd, Ca, Fe, K, Mo, Ni, Pb, Mg, Mn, Sr, Ti, V and Zn. Preliminary attempts were made to compare the analyses with nodules from other fields in the South Pacific, Atlantic and Indian Oceans.
Effect of Pinnotheres hickmani on Neutral Red Clearance by Mytilus edulis
Authors: Pregenzer Jr C
Published: November 2005

The effect of P. hickmani on the pumping rate of M. edulis was investigated. The crab significantly reduces the pumping rate at the 90% probability level. Pumping rates obtained are consistent with those reported in the literature where neutral red was used as the medium to be cleared.