bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MHD stability and disruptions in the SPARC tokamak
Authors: Sweeney R. , Creely A. J. , Doody J. , Fülöp T. , Garnier D. T. , Granetz R. , Greenwald M. , Hesslow L. , Irby J. , Izzo V. A. , La Haye R. J. , Logan N. C. , Montes K. , Paz-Soldan C. , Rea C. , Tinguely R. A. , Vallhagen O. , Zhu J.
Published: September 2020

SPARC is being designed to operate with a normalized beta of

$\beta _N=1.0$

, a normalized density of

$n_G=0.37$

and a safety factor of

$q_{95}\approx 3.4$

, providing a comfortable margin to their respective disruption limits. Further, a low beta poloidal

$\beta _p=0.19$

at the safety factor

$q=2$

surface reduces the drive for neoclassical tearing modes, which together with a frozen-in classically stable current profile might allow access to a robustly tearing-free operating space. Although the inherent stability is expected to reduce the frequency of disruptions, the disruption loading is comparable to and in some cases higher than that of ITER. The machine is being designed to withstand the predicted unmitigated axisymmetric halo current forces up to 50 MN and similarly large loads from eddy currents forced to flow poloidally in the vacuum vessel. Runaway electron (RE) simulations using GO+CODE show high flattop-to-RE current conversions in the absence of seed losses, although NIMROD modelling predicts losses of

${\sim }80$

 %; self-consistent modelling is ongoing. A passive RE mitigation coil designed to drive stochastic RE losses is being considered and COMSOL modelling predicts peak normalized fields at the plasma of order

$10^{-2}$

that rises linearly with a change in the plasma current. Massive material injection is planned to reduce the disruption loading. A data-driven approach to predict an oncoming disruption and trigger mitigation is discussed.
Increase in prevalence of current mental disorders in the context of COVID-19: analysis of repeated nationwide cross-sectional surveys
Authors: Winkler P. , Formanek T. , Mlada K. , Kagstrom A. , Mohrova Z. , Mohr P. , Csemy L.
Published: September 2020

Aims

The United Nations warned of COVID-19-related mental health crisis; however, it is unknown whether there is an increase in the prevalence of mental disorders as existing studies lack a reliable baseline analysis or they did not use a diagnostic measure. We aimed to analyse trends in the prevalence of mental disorders prior to and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Methods

We analysed data from repeated cross-sectional surveys on a representative sample of non-institutionalised Czech adults (18+ years) from both November 2017 (n = 3306; 54% females) and May 2020 (n = 3021; 52% females). We used Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview (MINI) as the main screening instrument. We calculated descriptive statistics and compared the prevalence of current mood and anxiety disorders, suicide risk and alcohol-related disorders at baseline and right after the first peak of COVID-19 when related lockdown was still in place in CZ. In addition, using logistic regression, we assessed the association between COVID-19-related worries and the presence of mental disorders.

Results

The prevalence of those experiencing symptoms of at least one current mental disorder rose from a baseline of 20.02 (95% CI = 18.64; 21.39) in 2017 to 29.63 (95% CI = 27.9; 31.37) in 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic. The prevalence of both major depressive disorder (3.96, 95% CI = 3.28; 4.62 v. 11.77, 95% CI = 10.56; 12.99); and suicide risk (3.88, 95% CI = 3.21; 4.52 v. 11.88, 95% CI = 10.64; 13.07) tripled and current anxiety disorders almost doubled (7.79, 95% CI = 6.87; 8.7 v. 12.84, 95% CI = 11.6; 14.05). The prevalence of alcohol use disorders in 2020 was approximately the same as in 2017 (10.84, 95% CI = 9.78; 11.89 v. 9.88, 95% CI = 8.74; 10.98); however, there was a significant increase in weekly binge drinking behaviours (4.07% v. 6.39%). Strong worries about both, health or economic consequences of COVID-19, were associated with an increased odds of having a mental disorder (1.63, 95% CI = 1.4; 1.89 and 1.42, 95% CI = 1.23; 1.63 respectively).

Conclusions

This study provides evidence matching concerns that COVID-19-related mental health problems pose a major threat to populations, particularly considering the barriers in service provision posed during lockdown. This finding emphasises an urgent need to scale up mental health promotion and prevention globally.
Can Reservoir Regulation Along the Yellow River Be a Sustainable Way to Save a Sinking Delta?
Authors: Wu Xiao , Bi Naishuang , Syvitski Jaia , Saito Yoshiki , Xu Jingping , Nittrouer Jeffrey A. , Bianchi Thomas S. , Yang Zuosheng , Wang Houjie
Published: September 2020

Today's deltas are impacted negatively by (1) accelerated subsidence (e.g., from ground fluid extraction), (2) global eustatic sea level rise, and (3) decreased sediment supply, which increasingly starves these landforms of sediment necessary to sustain their footprint. This growing vulnerability threatens many megacities that have developed due to the rich resources offered by deltas and therefore urgently calls for efforts to maintain sustainability. The Yellow River of China is classic example of such a landform under threat and which requires human intervention to maintain its resilience. Since 2002, the Yellow River Conservancy Commission has enacted an annual water and sediment regulation scheme (WSRS) by coordinated operation of three large reservoirs in the mainstream. Here we evaluate the efficiency and sustainability of this man‐made experiment on delta evolution. The impulsive delivery of muds and sands, within ~20 day intervals (averaged duration of the WSRS), did indeed move the present Yellow River delta from a destructive phase to an accretion phase. With continuous scouring, however, the downstream riverbed erosion efficiency has decreased, due to coarsening of surface bed material sediment. Concomitantly, sediment delivery has decreased, resulting in the present delta once again entering an erosive (destructive) phase, since 2014. From a perspective of delta restoration, the WSRS on the Yellow River is effective but potentially unsustainable. Restoring delta resilience necessitates an enhanced, coordinated effort, relying upon new sciences advances, rather than simply assuming channel scour will address the sediment deficit of the delta.
How River Capture Affects the Evolution of Aquatic Organisms
Authors: Shultz David
Published: September 2020

River basins are dynamic environments that are always changing and reorganizing under geologic forces. New research investigates how this shape shifting influences aquatic speciation and extinction.
Lovenduski Receives 2019 Ocean Sciences Early Career Award
Authors:   AGU
Published: September 2020

Nicole S. Lovenduski received the 2019 Ocean Sciences Early Career Award at AGU's Fall Meeting 2019, held 9–13 December in San Francisco, Calif. The award recognizes “significant contributions to” and “future promise within the ocean sciences.”
Reappraisal of the Climate Impacts of Ozone‐Depleting Substances
Authors: Morgenstern Olaf , O'Connor Fiona M. , Johnson Ben T. , Zeng Guang , Mulcahy Jane P. , Williams Jonny , Teixeira João , Michou Martine , Nabat Pierre , Horowitz Larry W. , Naik Vaishali , Sentman Lori T. , Deushi Makoto , Bauer Susanne E. , Tsigaridis Kostas , Shindell Drew T. , Kinnison Douglas E.
Published: September 2020

We assess the effective radiative forcing due to ozone‐depleting substances using models participating in the Aerosols and Chemistry and Radiative Forcing Model Intercomparison Projects (AerChemMIP, RFMIP). A large intermodel spread in this globally averaged quantity necessitates an “emergent constraint” approach whereby we link the radiative forcing to ozone declines measured and simulated during 1979–2000, excluding two volcanically perturbed periods. During this period, ozone‐depleting substances were increasing, and several merged satellite‐based climatologies document the ensuing decline of total‐column ozone. Using these analyses, we find an effective radiative forcing of −0.05 to 0.13 W m−2. Our best estimate (0.04 W m−2) is on the edge of the “likely” range given by the Fifth Assessment Report of IPCC of 0.03 to 0.33 W m−2 but is in better agreement with two other literature results.
Tropospheric Forcing of the 2019 Antarctic Sudden Stratospheric Warming
Authors: Shen Xiaocen , Wang Lin , Osprey Scott
Published: September 2020

The strongest and most persistent upward propagation of zonal wavenumber 1 (WN1) Rossby waves from the troposphere on record led to the rare Antarctic sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) in September 2019. The dynamical contribution from instantaneous anomalous WN1 and its linear interference with the climatological WN1 contributed equally to the event. The unprecedented WN1 planetary wave behavior is further attributed to a long‐lived midlatitude circumpolar Rossby wave train in the troposphere that was sustained by anomalous convection, first over the subtropical Pacific Ocean east of Australia and then over the eastern South Pacific. Besides the tropospheric wave forcing, the phase of the quasi‐biennial oscillation in the upper stratosphere also facilitated the weakening of polar vortex. Moreover, this SSW strongly influenced the tropospheric circulation via the Southern annular mode, favoring conditions linked to the 2019 bushfires in eastern Australia.
Impact of Dust Shortwave Absorbability on the East Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Wang Zheng , Bi Lei , Jia Xiaojing , Yi Bingqi , Lin Xiubin , Zhang Feng
Published: September 2020

Dust shortwave absorbability suffers from significant uncertainties. We investigated the radiative effects of dust aerosols from the circum‐Tibet region using four shortwave absorbability schemes and examined their impacts on the East Asian summer monsoon by using the Community Earth System Model (CESM). We adopted superspheroidal models to compute dust aerosol optical properties and found that more absorptive particles have larger asymmetry factor and lower single‐scattering albedo. Meiyu precipitation, as a part of the East Asian summer monsoon, is weakened by dust aerosols, particularly for the convective precipitation. The mechanism is that dust aerosols transported mainly from the Gobi desert radiatively heat the lower atmosphere to the north of the Meiyu rainband and decrease the meridional temperature gradient, leading to the weakening of the midtropospheric westerly jet over the Meiyu rainband, which is important for convection. More absorptive dust aerosols with a stronger radiative heating effect inhibit more convective Meiyu precipitation.
Enabling Smart Dynamical Downscaling of Extreme Precipitation Events With Machine Learning
Authors: Shi Xiaoming
Published: September 2020

The projection of extreme convective precipitation by global climate models (GCM) exhibits significant uncertainty due to coarse resolutions. Direct dynamical downscaling (DDD) of regional climate at kilometer‐scale resolutions provides valuable insight into extreme precipitation changes, but its computational expense is formidable. Here we document the effectiveness of machine learning to enable smart dynamical downscaling (SDD), which selects a small subset of GCM data to conduct downscaling. Trained with data for three subtropical/tropical regions, convolutional neural networks (CNNs) retained 92% to 98% of extreme precipitation events (rain intensity higher than the 99th percentile) while filtering out 88% to 95% of circulation data. When applied to reanalysis data sets differing from training data, the CNNs' skill in retaining extremes decreases modestly in subtropical regions but sharply in the deep tropics. Nonetheless, one of the CNNs can still retain 62% of all extreme events in the deep tropical region in the worst case.
Production and Fate of the South Atlantic Subtropical Underwater
Authors: Liu Hao , Qu Tangdong
Published: September 2020

The South Atlantic Subtropical Underwater (STUW) was identified from Argo floats between 2001 and 2019. Expressed as a vertical salinity maximum at the subsurface, the STUW spreads over the western subtropical and tropical South Atlantic. The mean salinity, conservative temperature, and potential density of the STUW are 36.66 ± 0.43 g/kg, 22.62 ± 2.27°C, and 25.14 ± 0.49 kg/m3, respectively. Based on the criteria derived from the STUW properties described above and the results from the Estimating the Circulation and Climate of the Ocean (ECCO) model, the production and fate of the STUW are calculated. The annual mean subduction rate is 3.26 Sv, and effective subduction occurs from September to November. Approximately 73% (2.38 Sv) of the subducted STUW is transported toward the tropical Atlantic, and 23% (0.75 Sv) of the subducted STUW is dissipated near the STUW formation region; 99% of the subducted STUW particles are dissipated within 2 years. Water particles can enter/exit the STUW along the advection route of the STUW. A total of 3.92 Sv of the STUW volume dissipates within the tropical region between 1.5°S and 1°N, implying that STUW contributes to 98% of the total transport of the subtropical cell. This analysis tracks the South Atlantic STUW from formation to dissipation and highlights the importance of the STUW in governing the subtropical cell.
G3BP1 interacts with YWHAZ to regulate chemoresistance and predict adjuvant chemotherapy benefit in gastric cancer
Authors: Zhao Junjie , Fu Xuhong , Chen Hao , Min Lingqiang , Sun Jie , Yin Jingyi , Guo Jianping , Li Haojie , Tang Zhaoqing , Ruan Yuanyuan , Wang Xuefei , Sun Yihong , Huang Liyu
Published: September 2020

BACKGROUND

A large proportion of gastric cancer patients are susceptible to chemoresistance, while the underlying mechanism remains obscure. Stress granules (SGs) play a self-defence role for tumour cells in inhibiting chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. As an SG assembly effector, G3BP1 (Ras-GTPase-activating protein SH3 domain-binding protein) has been reported to be overexpressed in gastric cancer; thus, here we aim to explore its potent roles in gastric cancer chemoresistance.

METHODS

Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to compare survival rates in gastric cancer patients with different G3BP1 expression. The influence of G3BP1 on gastric cancer cell chemoresistance and apoptosis were evaluated by in vitro and in vivo approaches. The interaction between G3BP1 and YWHAZ was assessed by immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation and immunofluorescence.

RESULTS

G3BP1 was associated with the poor outcome of gastric cancer patients who received adjuvant chemotherapy.G3BP1knockdown significantly increased the sensitivity of gastric cancer cells to chemotherapy drugs. Mechanically, cell apoptosis and pro-apoptotic-associated molecules were significantly elevated uponG3BP1depletion. Gene co-expression network analyses identified YWHAZ as the critical interlayer of G3BP1; as a result, G3BP1 interacted with YWHAZ to sequester Bax into the cytoplasm. Clinically, G3BP1highYWHAZhighgastric cancer patients displayed the worst outcome compared with other patients after chemotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

The expression of G3BP1 and YWHAZ could predict the adjuvant chemotherapy benefit in gastric cancer patients.
Bromodomain inhibitors a decade later: a promise unfulfilled?
Authors: Mita Monica M. , Mita Alain C.
Published: September 2020

Over the last decade, bromodomain inhibitors have emerged as a promising class of anticancer drugs. However, the clinical progress of these agents has faced significant obstacles, which precluded their regulatory approval. This editorial will review the challenges and opportunities associated with the development of bromodomain inhibitors.
Mutual regulation between OGT and XIAP to control colon cancer cell growth and invasion
Authors: Seo Hyeon Gyu , Kim Han Byeol , Yoon Ji Young , Kweon Tae Hyun , Park Yun Soo , Kang Jingu , Jung Jinwoo , Son SeongJin , Yi Eugene C. , Lee Tae Ho , Yang Won Ho , Cho Jin Won
Published: September 2020

O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT) is an enzyme that catalyzes the O-GlcNAc modification of nucleocytoplasmic proteins and is highly expressed in many types of cancer. However, the mechanism regulating its expression in cancer cells is not well understood. This study shows that OGT is a substrate of the E3 ubiquitin ligase X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) which plays an important role in cancer pathogenesis. Although LSD2 histone demethylase has already been reported as an E3 ubiquitin ligase in lung cancer cells, we identified XIAP as the main E3 ubiquitin ligase in colon cancer cells. Interestingly, OGT catalyzes the O-GlcNAc modification of XIAP at serine 406 and this modification is required for the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity of XIAP toward specifically OGT. Moreover, O-GlcNAcylation of XIAP suppresses colon cancer cell growth and invasion by promoting the proteasomal degradation of OGT. Therefore, our findings regarding the reciprocal regulation of OGT and XIAP provide a novel molecular mechanism for controlling cancer growth and invasion regulated by OGT and O-GlcNAc modification.
Effect of emergence time on growth and fecundity of Rapistrum rugosum and Brassica tournefortii in the northern region of Australia
Authors: Mobli Ahmadreza , Manalil Sudheesh , Khan Asad Muhammad , Jha Prashant , Chauhan Bhagirath Singh
Published: September 2020

Weeds from Brassicaceae family are a major threat in many crops including canola, chickpea, cotton and wheat. Rapistrum rugosum (L) All. and Brassica tournefortii Gouan. are two troublesome weeds in the northern region of Australia. In order to examine their phenology of these weeds, a pot study was conducted in 2018 at the Research Farm of the University of Queensland, Gatton campus with two populations sourced from high (Gatton) and medium (St George) rainfall areas of the northern grain region of Australia. Planting was carried out monthly from April to September, and the growth, flowering and seed production were evaluated. Maximum growth and seed production were observed in weeds planted in April, compared to other planting dates. Biomass of R. rugosum and B. tournefortii was reduced by 85% and 78%, respectively, as a result of the delay in planting from April to July. R. rugosum and B. tournefortii produced more than 13,000 and 3500 seeds plant−1, respectively, when planted in April and seed production was reduced by > 84% and > 76% when planted in July. No significant differences were observed between populations of both weeds for plant height, number of leaves and biomass, however, the medium rainfall population of R. rugosum produced more seeds than the high rainfall population when planted in April. The results of this study suggest that, although R. rugosum and B. tournefortii were able to emerge in a wider time frame, the growth and seed production were greatest when both weeds were planted in April and there was concomitant reduction in growth attributes when planted in the subsequent months, indicating that management of these weeds early in the cropping season is a prerequisite to population reduction and the mitigation of crop yield losses.
Pigeon nidopallium caudolaterale, entopallium, and mesopallium ventrolaterale neural responses during categorisation of Monet and Picasso paintings
Authors: Anderson Catrona , Parra Renelyn S. , Chapman Hayley , Steinemer Alina , Porter Blake , Colombo Michael
Published: September 2020

Pigeons can successfully discriminate between sets of Picasso and Monet paintings. We recorded from three pallial brain areas: the nidopallium caudolaterale (NCL), an analogue of mammalian prefrontal cortex; the entopallium (ENTO), an intermediary visual area similar to primate extrastriate cortex; and the mesopallium ventrolaterale (MVL), a higher-order visual area similar to primate higher-order extrastriate cortex, while pigeons performed an S+/S− Picasso versus Monet discrimination task. In NCL, we found that activity reflected reward-driven categorisation, with a strong left-hemisphere dominance. In ENTO, we found that activity reflected stimulus-driven categorisation, also with a strong left-hemisphere dominance. Finally, in MVL, we found that activity reflected stimulus-driven categorisation, but no hemispheric differences were apparent. We argue that while NCL and ENTO primarily use reward and stimulus information, respectively, to discriminate Picasso and Monet paintings, both areas are also capable of integrating the other type of information during categorisation. We also argue that MVL functions similarly to ENTO in that it uses stimulus information to discriminate paintings, although not in an identical way. The current study adds some preliminary evidence to previous literature which emphasises visual lateralisation during discrimination learning in pigeons.
Elk population dynamics when carrying capacities vary within and among herds
Authors: Koetke Lisa J. , Duarte Adam , Weckerly Floyd W.
Published: September 2020

Population and land management relies on understanding population regulation and growth, which may be impacted by variation in population growth parameters within and among populations. We explored the interactions between variation in carrying capacity (K), intrinsic population growth rate (r), and strength of density dependence (β) within and among elk (Cervus elaphus) herds in a small part of the geographic range of the species. We also estimated stochastic fluctuations in abundance around K for each herd. We fit linear Ricker growth models using Bayesian statistics to seven time series of elk population survey data. Our results indicate that K and β varied among herds, and that r and β varied temporally within herds. We also found that herds with smaller K had less stochastic fluctuation in abundances around K, but higher temporal variation in β within herds. Population regulation and the rate of return to the equilibrium abundance is often understood in terms of β, but ecological populations are dynamic systems, and temporal variation in population growth parameters may also influence regulation. Population models which accommodate variation both within and among herds in population growth parameters are necessary, even in mild climates, to fully understand population dynamics and manage populations.
Observation of morphological abnormalities in silkworm pupae after feeding 137CsCl-supplemented diet to evaluate the effects of low dose-rate exposure
Authors: Tanaka Sota , Kinouchi Tadatoshi , Fujii Tsuguru , Imanaka Tetsuji , Takahashi Tomoyuki , Fukutani Satoshi , Maki Daisuke , Nohtomi Akihiro , Takahashi Sentaro
Published: September 2020

Since the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident, morphological abnormalities in lepidopteran insects, such as shrinkage and/or aberration of wings, have been reported. Butterflies experimentally exposed to radiocesium also show such abnormalities. However, because of a lack of data on absorbed dose and dose–effect relationship, it is unclear whether these abnormalities are caused directly by radiation. We conducted a low dose-rate exposure experiment in silkworms reared from egg to fully developed larvae on a 137CsCl-supplemented artificial diet and estimated the absorbed dose to evaluate morphological abnormalities in pupal wings. We used 137CsCl at 1.3 × 103 Bq/g fresh weight to simulate 137Cs contamination around the FDNPP. Absorbed doses were estimated using a glass rod dosimeter and Monte Carlo particle transport simulation code PHITS. Average external absorbed doses were approximately 0.24 (on diet) and 0.016 mGy/day (near diet); the average internal absorbed dose was approximately 0.82 mGy/day. Pupal wing structure is sensitive to radiation exposure. However, no significant differences were observed in the wing-to-whole body ratio of pupae between the 137CsCl-exposure and control groups. These results suggest that silkworms are insensitive to low dose-rate exposure due to chronic ingestion of high 137Cs at a high concentration.
Full-field flicker evoked changes in parafoveal retinal blood flow
Authors: Warner Raymond L. , de Castro Alberto , Sawides Lucie , Gast Tom , Sapoznik Kaitlyn , Luo Ting , Burns Stephen A.
Published: September 2020

When retinal activity is increased by exposure to dynamic visual stimuli, blood vessels dilate and the flow of blood within vessels increases to meet the oxygen and glucose demands of the neurons. This relationship is termed ‘neurovascular coupling’ and it is critical for regulating control of the human retinal vasculature. In this study, we used a recently developed technique based on a dual-beam adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscope to measure changes in red blood cell velocities, vessel diameter, and flow in interconnected small parafoveal retinal vessels (< 50 µm) of nine healthy participants. A full-field flicker stimulus was presented onto the retina to induce a vascular response to neural activity. Flicker stimulation increased blood velocity, vessel diameter, and therefore flow in arterioles, capillaries, and venules in all nine subjects. ANOVA and post hoc t-test showed significant increases in velocity and flow in arterioles and venules. These measurements indicate that the mechanism of neurovascular coupling systematically affects the vascular response in small retinal vessels in order to maintain hemodynamic regulation in the retina when exposed to visual stimulation, in our case flicker. Our findings may provide insight into future investigations on the impairments of neurovascular coupling from vascular diseases such as diabetic mellitus.
Reduced-port totally robotic distal subtotal gastrectomy for gastric cancer: 100 consecutive cases in comparison with conventional robotic and laparoscopic distal subtotal gastrectomy
Authors: Seo Won Jun , Son Taeil , Shin Hyejung , Choi Seohee , Roh Chul Kyu , Cho Minah , Kim Hyoung-Il , Hyung Woo Jin
Published: September 2020

By overcoming technical difficulties with limited access faced when performing reduced-port surgery for gastric cancer, reduced-port totally robotic gastrectomy (RPRDG) could be a safe alternative to conventional minimally invasive gastrectomy. An initial 100 consecutive cases of RPRDG for gastric cancer were performed from February 2016 to September 2018. Short-term outcomes for RPRDG with those for 261 conventional laparoscopic (CLDG) and for 241 robotic procedures (CRDG) over the same period were compared. Learning curve analysis for RPRDG was conducted to determine whether this procedure could be readily performed despite fewer access. During the first 100 cases of RPRDG, no surgeries were converted to open or laparoscopic surgery, and no additional ports were required. RPRDG showed longer operation time than CLDG (188.4 min vs. 166.2 min, p < 0.001) and similar operation time with CRDG (183.1 min, p = 0.315). The blood loss was 35.4 ml for RPRDG, 85.2 ml for CLDG (p < 0.001), and 41.2 ml for CRDG (p = 0.33). The numbers of retrieved lymph nodes were 50.5 for RPRDG, 43.9 for CLDG (p = 0.003), and 55.0 for CRDG (p = 0.055). Postoperative maximum C-reactive protein levels were 96.8 mg/L for RPRDG, 87.8 mg/L for CLDG (p = 0.454), and 81.9 mg/L for CRDG (p = 0.027). Learning curve analysis indicated that the overall operation time of RPRDG stabilized at 180 min after 21 cases. The incidence of major postoperative complications did not differ among groups. RPRDG for gastric cancer is a feasible and safe alternative to conventional minimally invasive surgery. Notwithstanding, this procedure failed to reduce postoperative inflammatory responses.
LSPR-mediated improved upconversion emission on randomly distributed gold nanoparticles array
Authors: Tiwari S. P. , Kumar A. , Kumar K. , Singh M. R. , Bharti G. P. , Khare Alika , Swart H. C. , Verma S. K.
Published: September 2020

The Au thin film was fabricated on silica glass substrate (a) and UCNPs were fabricated over (a) to get the plasmonic resonance (image b) with the coupling of metal. The UC emission enhancement after confinement of metal and NPs were simulated (c).
Harnessing bubble behaviors for developing new analytical strategies
Authors: An Shizhong , Ranaweera Ruchiranga , Luo Long
Published: September 2020

Gas bubbles are easily accessible and offer many unique characteristic properties of a gas/liquid two-phase system for developing new analytical methods.
Chemical sensors for selective and quantitative heparin sensing
Authors: Fan Liangfei , Jia Dongmin , Zhang Weihua , Ding Yubin
Published: September 2020

In this review article, chemical sensors for selective and quantitative heparin sensing are discussed with detailed examples.
Synthesis and biological study of the phomopsolide and phomopsolidone natural products
Authors: Aljahdali Alhanouf Z. , Foster Kathryn A. , O'Doherty George A.
Published: September 2020

A review of the discovery, synthesis and medicinal chemistry of the phomopsolide and phomopsolidone classes of regioisomeric polyketides is presented.
Stress-resilient electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries: strategies and mechanisms
Authors: Xu Lei , Liu Wei , Hu Yubing , Luo Langli
Published: September 2020

Stress-resilient materials lays the foundation of utilizing next-generation high-capacity electrodes by employing structural and chemical strategies from particle to electrode level to accommodate chemomechanical coupling effects.
0D–2D heterostructures as nanocatalysts for self-oscillating reactions: an investigation into chemical kinetics
Authors: Kumar D. Jaya Prasanna , Reddy K. Reshma , Dayal Pratyush
Published: September 2020

Ceria-decorated graphene nanocomposites as an efficient catalyst for the oscillatory Belousov–Zhabotinsky reaction.
Ether functionalisation, ion conformation and the optimisation of macroscopic properties in ionic liquids
Authors: Philippi Frederik , Rauber Daniel , Kuttich Björn , Kraus Tobias , Kay Christopher W. M. , Hempelmann Rolf , Hunt Patricia A. , Welton Tom
Published: September 2020

The dynamics and liquid structures of ionic liquids are significantly influenced by the preferred geometries and the flexibilities of both cations and anions.
Unsaturated binuclear homoleptic nickel carbonyl anions Ni2(CO)n−(n= 4–6) featuring double three-center two-electron Ni–C–Ni bonds
Authors: Liu Zhiling , Bai Yan , Li Ya , He Jing , Lin Qingyang , Xie Hua , Tang Zichao
Published: September 2020

The two nickel atoms in the Ni2(CO)n−(n= 4–6) complexes are joined by two bridging carbonyl ligandsviathe sharing three-center two-electron Ni–C–Ni bond in turn to achieve the (16,16), (16,18), and eventually the favored (18,18) configurations.
Metal clusters synthesized in helium droplets: structure and dynamics from experiment and theory
Authors: Ernst Wolfgang E. , Hauser Andreas W.
Published: September 2020

In this Perspective we present the state of the art of creating mixed metal clusters in the superfluid droplet environment and their investigation through a successful interplay between experimental characterization and theoretical modelling.
A novel amalgamation of deep eutectic solvents and crowders as biocompatible solvent media for enhanced structural and thermal stability of bovine serum albumin
Authors: Bhakuni Kavya , Yadav Niketa , Venkatesu Pannuru
Published: September 2020

This study unravels the effect of a novel solvent medium designed by amalgamation of macromolecular crowders and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) on bovine serum albumin (BSA).
Isocyanide 2.0
Authors: Patil Pravin , Ahmadian-Moghaddam Maryam , Dömling Alexander
Published: September 2020

Isocyanides are important chemicals, with limited availability, thus reducing their general use. Our highly improved isocyanide synthesis performed on mole to μ-mole scale, individually or in a 96-well parallel fashion enables unprecedented exploration of novel chemistries.
Natural products in agarwood andAquilariaplants: chemistry, biological activities and biosynthesis
Authors: Li Wei , Chen Hui-Qin , Wang Hao , Mei Wen-Li , Dai Hao-Fu
Published: September 2020

This review provides a comprehensive summary of the research progress on natural products from agarwood andAquilariatrees, including chemistry, biological activities and biosynthesis.
Use of non‐uniform RIS and parasitic strips to improve antenna CP performance
Authors: Zheng Qi , Guo Chenjiang , Ding Jun , Vandenbosch Guy A.E.
Published: September 2020

The effect of using a non‐uniform reactive impedance surface (RIS) on the circular polarisation performance of a planar antenna is investigated. It is shown that a very wide axial ratio (AR) bandwidth can be obtained, especially when the RIS is combined with parasitic strips. This result is only possible, thanks to the fact that the RIS is non‐uniform. The technique is demonstrated by designing, building, and measuring a prototype. The simulated impedance bandwidth is 43.6% (4.3–6.7GHz), and the simulated 3 dB AR bandwidth is 37.2% (4.6–6.7GHz). The gain variation over the 3 dB AR bandwidth is 3–5.9 dBi. The experimental results are in good agreement with the simulations, validating the new concept.
Data‐driven design of fault diagnosis for three‐phase PWM rectifier using random forests technique with transient synthetic features
Authors: Kou Lei , Liu Chuang , Cai Guo‐wei , Zhou Jia‐ning , Yuan Quan‐de
Published: September 2020

A three‐phase pulse‐width modulation (PWM) rectifier can usually maintain operation when open‐circuit faults occur in insulated‐gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs), which will lead the system to be unstable and unsafe. Aiming at this problem, based on random forests with transient synthetic features, a data‐driven online fault diagnosis method is proposed to locate the open‐circuit faults of IGBTs timely and effectively in this study. Firstly, by analysing the open‐circuit fault features of IGBTs in the three‐phase PWM rectifier, it is found that the occurrence of the fault features is related to the fault location and time, and the fault features do not always appear immediately with the occurrence of the fault. Secondly, different data‐driven fault diagnosis methods are compared and evaluated, the performance of random forests algorithm is better than that of support vector machine or artificial neural networks. Meanwhile, the accuracy of fault diagnosis classifier trained by transient synthetic features is higher than that trained by original features. Also, the random forests fault diagnosis classifier trained by multiplicative features is the best with fault diagnosis accuracy can reach 98.32%. Finally, the online fault diagnosis experiments are carried out and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method, which can accurately locate the open‐circuit faults in IGBTs while ensuring system safety.
Design of robust self‐tuning regulator adaptive controller on single‐phase full‐bridge inverter
Authors: Ghamari Seyyed Morteza , Mollaee Hasan , Khavari Fatemeh
Published: September 2020

This paper depicts a self‐tuning adaptive control method along with a novel robust procedure to system identification which is applied to a single‐phase full‐bridge Inverter with LC filter by Pulse Width Modulation (PWM). Moreover, an LC filter is designed to decrease the disturbing harmonics produced by PWM which, the stability of the filter can be noted as an important issue. On the other hand, a dynamic change of the inverter can lead to instability issues in which the proposed approach can overcome this problem and perform with a great response. Due to the parametric uncertainty on a full‐bridge inverter and other disturbing factors, a digital adaptive controller is proposed which is performed by minimum degree pole placement (MDPP) technique combined with Improved Exponential Regressive Least identification (IERLS) algorithm. To prevent the undesired influences of high variance noises and disturbance on the performance of the identification approach, a robust identification algorithm is introduced which is capable of keeping the parametric estimation process in a desired range. Additionally, to deal with the variations of supply DC voltage, a proportional‐integral‐derivative (PID) controller is designed. Finally, the experimental and simulation results are performed by Matlab‐Simulink to show the validation of the work.
An interesting case of the formation and evolution of a barred galaxy in the cosmological context
Authors: Łokas Ewa L.
Published: September 2020

Elongated, bar-like galaxies without a significant disk component, with little rotation support and no gas, often form as a result of tidal interactions with a galaxy cluster, as was recently demonstrated using the IllustrisTNG-100 simulation. Galaxies that exhibit similar properties are, however, also found to be infalling into the cluster for the first time. We use the same simulation to study in detail the history of such a galaxy over cosmic time in order to determine its origin. The bar appears to be triggered at t = 6.8 Gyr by the combined effect of the last significant merger with a subhalo and the first passage of another dwarf satellite, both ten times less massive than the galaxy. The satellites deposit all their gas in the galaxy, contributing to its third and last star-formation episode, which perturbs the disk and may also contribute to the formation of the bar. The galaxy then starts to lose its gas and dark matter due to its passage near a group of more massive galaxies. The strongest interaction involves a galaxy 22 times more massive, leaving the barred galaxy with no gas and half of its maximum dark matter mass. During this time, the bar grows steadily, seemingly unaffected by the interactions, although they may have aided its growth by stripping the gas. The studied galaxy, together with two other similar objects briefly discussed in this Letter, suggest the existence of a new class of early-type barred galaxies and thereby demonstrate the importance of interactions in galaxy formation and evolution.
Fehler bei der motorischen Neurografie
Authors: Baum Petra
Published: September 2020

Die motorische Neurografie ist neben der sensiblen Neurografie und der
Elektromyografie eine wichtige Methode in der Abklärung von
neuromuskulären Erkrankungen. Gut abgeleitete, reproduzierbare Potenziale
sind die Voraussetzung für die richtige Befundung und Interpretation im
Kontext mit dem klinisch neurologischen Befund. Häufige Fehler kommen sowohl
bei der Stimulation als auch bei der Ableitung über innervierten Muskeln und
durch fehlenden oder fehlerhaften Einsatz der Erdelektrode vor. Weitere Fehler
können bei der Bezeichnung und Messung der Potenziale auftreten. In dem
Beitrag werden wichtige Fehler erklärt und die Ursachenbehebung
besprochen.
Was kommt nach dem traditionellen EEG?
Authors: Hermann Hinrichs
Published: September 2020

Die stürmische Entwicklung im Bereich Elektronik und Computertechnik sowie
die Digitalisierung geht auch an der Neurophysiologie nicht vorbei und
ermöglicht für das EEG neue Anwendungsfelder und Analyseverfahren.
Das aktuelle Heft stellt dazu exemplarisch einige Ansätze vor, die die
enorme Aufweitung der EEG-Nutzung sowohl für unmittelbare klinische
Anwendungen als auch für das Verständnis der Hirnfunktion
demonstrieren.
Happiness-Manager führen anders
Authors: Hantl-Merget Judith
Published: September 2020

Was genau ist eigentlich die Aufgabe eines guten Managers? Ist es die Organisation oder das Führen von Mitarbeitern? „Beides“, ist sich unsere Autorin sicher. Warum wir uns im Alltag dennoch meist mit dem Lösen von Problemen rumschlagen und wie wir unseren Leadership-Aufgaben gerecht werden können, hier einige Impulse.
Kahnbeinpseudarthrose: computerassistierte virtuelle Planung der Rekonstruktion
Authors: Nagy Ladislav
Published: September 2020

Die eigentümliche Form des Kahnbeins ist eine Herausforderung für unser räumliches Vorstellungsvermögen. Deshalb bietet gerade bei der Rekonstruktion von Kahnbeinpseudarthrosen die Computer-Unterstützung unvergleichliche Vorteile: Sie ermöglicht die Erstellung eines echten 3-dimensionalen interaktiven Modells aus CTs, das manipuliert, bearbeitet und bei Bedarf sogar physisch gedruckt werden kann. Der Vergleich mit dem gesunden Kahnbein der Gegenseite analysiert die exakte Fehlstellung und erlaubt damit die Planung einer präzis-anatomischen Wiederherstellung der Kahnbeinform. Schließlich erleichtern computergenerierte patientenspezifischen Instrumente intraoperativ die genaue Umsetzung der Planung. Dieses Vorgehen ermöglicht es, das Kahnbein wesentlich exakter als zuvor wiederherzustellen und damit auch zuverlässiger die gestörte Handgelenkskinematik zu normalisieren. Unterdessen haben wir diese Technik bei der Rekonstruktion von über 50 fehlgestellten Kahnbeinpseudarthrosen erfolgreich angewandt.
3D-Bildgebung in der Analyse von Frakturen und Pseudarthrosen des Kahnbeins
Authors: Schmidle Gernot , Kastenberger Tobias Johannes , Kaiser Peter , Stock Kerstin , Benedikt Stefan , Arora Rohit
Published: September 2020

Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist es, eine Übersicht über die Möglichkeiten der 3D-Bildgebung bei der Analyse von Frakturen und Pseudarthrosen des Kahnbeins zu geben und anhand von Fallbeispielen und der Literatur zu diskutieren.
Kahnbeinpseudarthrose: Erfahrungen aus mehr als 280 Rekonstruktionen mit einem vaskularisierten Knochenblock aus der medialen Femurkondyle
Authors: Kalb Karlheinz , Pillukat Thomas , Jonke Bärbel , Schmidt Annelie , van Schoonhoven Jörg , Prommersberger Karl-Josef
Published: September 2020

Hintergrund/Ziel Vaskularisierte Transplantate von der medialen Femurkondyle werden in unserer Klinik seit 2008 in großem Umfang zur Sanierung komplexer Skaphoidpseudarthrosen eingesetzt. Ziel der Arbeit ist eine Bilanz der Ergebnisse.

Patienten und Methoden Bis Ende 2019 wurde bei 287 Patienten eine Skaphoidrekonstruktion unter Verwendung eines mikrovaskulär angeschlossenen Knochentransplantates, 158-mal mit einem kortikospongiösen und 129-mal mit osteochondralen Transplantat von der medialen Femurkondyle, durchgeführt. 28 von insgesamt 42 Patienten mit kortikospongiöser Rekonstruktion aus dem Zeitraum von September 2008 bis Dezember 2010 konnten durchschnittlich 6,1 Jahre postoperativ und 44 von insgesamt 76 Patienten mit osteochondralem Ersatz des proximalen Kahnbeinpoles aus den Jahren 2011 bis 2016 konnten durchschnittlich 44 Monate postoperativ nachuntersucht werden. Neben klinischen Parametern und Röntgenaufnahmen wurde der DASH-Score und der modifizierte Mayo-Wrist-Score (MMWS) erhoben. Zusätzlich werden relevante Erfahrungen der Autoren aus dem gesamten Zeitraum – notwendigerweise ohne Quantifizierung – berichtet.

Ergebnisse Bei den kortikospongiösen Rekonstruktionen betrug die knöcherne Ausheilungsrate 69 %, bei 9,5 % erfolgten Rettungseingriffen. Der DASH-Score lag bei den 28 Patienten im Mittel bei 11, der MMWS bei 83 Punkten. Für Streckung/Beugung wurden durchschnittlich 86° und für die Kraft 89 % der unverletzten Gegenseite gemessen. Beim osteochondralen Polersatz betrug die vollständige knöcherne Ausheilungsrate 80 %, die partielle 5 %; bei 11 % war eine Rettungsoperation erforderlich. Der DASH-Score lag im Mittel bei 15, der MMWS bei 80 Punkten. Für Streckung/Beugung wurden im Mittel 90° und für die Kraft 81 % der Gegenseite gemessen. Neben eingriffsspezifischen Komplikationen wie Stielossifikationen erwies sich die Wiederherstellung der Form des Skaphoids und der karpalen Stabilität in Abhängigkeit von der Komplexität des Ausgangsbefundes als Kernproblem. Eine Klärung der Ursachen der persistierenden Pseudarthrosen war nicht möglich.

Schlussfolgerung Großartigen Möglichkeiten stehen relevante Risiken in Abhängigkeit von der Komplexität des Ausgangsbefundes gegenüber. Eine umfassende Aufklärung ist zwingend, so dass geeignete Patienten sich mit realistischen Erwartungen für diesen Eingriff entscheiden können.
Prospektiver Vergleich der Genauigkeit der Messung des fetalen Hämoglobins mittels Blutgasanalyse mit dem Goldstandard bei früh- und reifgeborenen Neugeborenen
Authors: Wittenmeier Eva , Lesmeister Linda , Schmidtmann Irene , Lotz Johannes , Dette Frank , Mildenberger Eva
Published: September 2020

Einleitung In der Neonatologie kann es für verschiedene Fragestellungen von Bedeutung sein, den Anteil des fetalen Hämoglobins (HbF) am Gesamt-Hämoglobin zu kennen. Blutgasanalysegeräte (BGA-Geräte) bieten die Bestimmung des Anteils des HbF an, es ist jedoch nicht bekannt, wie valide diese Messungen sind. In dieser Studie wurde die Genauigkeit der Bestimmung des HbF durch das BGA-Gerät der Fa. Radiometer untersucht.

Material und Methode Bei früh- und reifgeborenen Neugeborenen wurde der Anteil des HbF sowohl durch das BGA-Gerät (HbFgas) als auch den Labor-Goldstandard (HbFlab) bestimmt. Die Übereinstimmung wurde mithilfe der Bland Altman-Methode und der Berechnung der Wurzel aus dem quadratischen Fehler (RMSE) untersucht.

Ergebnisse Bei 23 früh- und reifgeborenen Neugeborenen (medianes Körpergewicht 2190g, Minimum–Maximum 967–3800 g, medianes postmenstruelles Alter 36+1 Wochen, Minimum–Maximum 29+6–43+2 Wochen) wurden 35 Messungen des HbF mit beiden Methoden durchgeführt. Der Mittelwert der Differenzen (bias, HbFgas-HbFlab) betrug 9,3%, der Übereinstimmungsbereich bewegte sich zwischen 1 bis 17,6%. Der RMSE war 10,2%. 45,7% der HbFgas-Messungen wichen mehr als 10% vom Goldstandard ab. Es zeigte sich kein relevanter Einfluss von Lebensalter, Körpertemperatur und Sauerstoffsättigung auf den bias (p= 0,132; p= 0,194; p= 0,970). Der bias nimmt mit höherem HbFlab tendenziell zu (Pearson-Korrelation r=0,426; p= 0,011).

Schlussfolgerung Die Messung des HbF in früh-und reifgeborenen Neugeborenen mittels BGA-Gerät überschätzte den Anteil des HbF am Gesamt-Hämoglobin. Die Übereinstimmung mit dem Goldstandard war unzureichend. Der Einsatz eines BGA-Gerätes zur Messung des HbF-Anteils kann für die klinische und wissenschaftliche Entscheidungsfindung in diesem Patientenkollektiv daher nicht empfohlen werden.
Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Osteoarthritis
Authors: Burge Alissa J. , Jawetz Shari T.
Published: September 2020

Osteoarthritis (OA) is one of the most common causes of disability throughout the world. Current therapeutic strategies are aimed at preventing the development and delaying the progression of OA, as well as repairing or replacing worn articular surfaces, because the regeneration of lost hyaline articular cartilage is not currently a clinically feasible option. Imaging is useful in formulating treatment strategies in patients at risk for OA, allowing assessment of risk factors, the degree of preexisting tissue damage, and posttreatment monitoring. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), in particular, provides in-depth evaluation of these patients, with optimal clinical sequencing allowing sensitive assessment of chondral signal and morphology, and the addition of advanced MRI techniques facilitating comprehensive evaluation of joint health, with increased sensitivity for changes in articular cartilage and surrounding joint tissues.
Quantitative Musculoskeletal Ultrasound
Authors: Gitto Salvatore , Messina Carmelo , Vitale Nicoló , Albano Domenico , Sconfienza Luca Maria
Published: September 2020

Ultrasound (US) imaging plays a crucial role in the assessment of musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders. Several quantitative tools are offered by US systems and add information to conventional US imaging. This article reviews the quantitative US imaging tools currently available in MSK radiology, specifically focusing on the evaluation of elasticity with shear-wave elastography, perfusion with contrast-enhanced US and noncontrast superb microvascular imaging, and bone and muscle mass with quantitative US methods. Some of them are well established and already of clinical value, such as elasticity and contrast-enhanced perfusion assessment in muscles and tendons. MSK radiologists should be aware of the potential of quantitative US tools and take advantage of their use in everyday practice, both for clinical and research purposes.