bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Do personality traits influence the stigmatizing attitudes toward people with mental illness? A web-survey among university students
Authors: Fusar-Poli L. , Saitta G. , Mormino M. , Avanzato C. , Signorelli M.S. , Aguglia E.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

People from the general population often tend to believe that psychiatric patients may be incurable, dangerous, and unpredictable. Stigma represents a critical issue which should be defeated. In spite of the interest of research, little is known about the relationship between personality traits and level of stigma toward people with mental illness.

Objectives

To evaluate whether certain personality traits can influence the level of stigma towards mental illness in a population of university students.

Methods

A web-survey was spread on social networks between March and June 2020 through Google Forms. Eligibility criteria for inclusion were:1) Being 18 years of age or older; 2) Attending a degree course in an Italian University; 3) Provide informed consent. Socio-demographic characteristics of the participants were collected. Stigma was measured using the Attribution Questionnaire (AQ-27), personality traits were evaluated through the Big Five Inventory (BFI) and the Mental Health Knowledge Schedule (MAKS-i) investigated the knowledge about mental illness. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 24.0.

Results

We computed a multiple linear regression to calculate potential predictors of stigma, adjusted on the basis of the knowledge of mental illness. Results showed that age and faculty class were not related to stigma. Agreeableness (A) and Openness to experience (O) were associated with less stigmatizing attitudes. Conversely, Neuroticism (N) and Conscientiousness (C) seemed to predict higher levels of stigma.

Conclusions

Our results suggest an interesting relationship between personality traits and stigmatizing attitudes, which deserves to be further studied. They also confirm the importance of implementing appropriate strategies against the stigma of mental illness.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Triple network in adolescents with borderline personality disorder, early traumatic experiences and dissociative symptoms: An eloreta study
Authors: Maggio C. Di , Massullo C. , Imperatori C. , Palazzolo O. , Farina B. , Brinciotti M. , Ferrara M. , Guidetti V. , Terrinoni A.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Triple Network Model (TNM), which considers the dynamic interaction between Default Mode (DMN), Salience (SN), and Central Executive (CEN) networks, explains clinical features in mental disorders from a neurophysiological perspective. Some studies highlight the increased connectivity in TNM in adults with Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD), but little is known about adolescents.

Objectives

The aim of our preliminary study was to investigate TN functional connectivity (FC) in BPD adolescents with a history of traumatic experiences, and its correlation with dissociative symptoms.

Methods

15 BPD adolescents (DSM-5 criteria) with early traumatic experiences were compared to 15 healthy controls, matched for sex and age. Dissociation Questionnaire (DIS-Q) was administered. Eyes-closed resting-state (RS) EEG recordings were performed (19 electrodes; 10- 20 system) and analyzed using Exact Low-Resolution Electromagnetic Tomography software (eLORETA). FC was computed for all frequency bands and 9 Regions of Interest for TNM.

Results

BPD adolescents showed a hyper-connection between CEN and DMN [dorso-lateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC); PCC and left posterior parietal cortex (PPC)] and within the CEN (left and right PPC). The strength of PCC-dlPFC and left-right PPC connections was correlated with dissociative symptoms severity.

Conclusions

FC alterations can already be identified in BPD adolescents, supporting the need for early diagnosis. Normally DMN and CEN show opposite functioning. In our BPD adolescents, the absence of this “anti-correlation” reflects the typical confusion between internal and external mental states, which clarify their difficulties in metacognition or mentalization. Moreover, in dissociative symptoms, two CEN nodes are also involved, not only DMN as previously described.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Post-traumatic stress, anxiety and depression after intensive care unit stay: Findings from a general hospital
Authors: Bhaumik U. , Subramaniyam V. , Kandukuru R.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following intensive care is a relatively new entity. It is triggered due to traumatic experiences in a setting of threat to life due to illness. Prolonged stay in intensive care predisposes to delusional memories related to the stay experience and may increase likelihood of post-traumatic stress.It may also present as anxiety or depression.

Objectives

This study explored the prevalence of post-traumatic symptoms in intensive care, find its correlates and its impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL).

Methods

225 adult patients admitted for at least 1 day in the intensive care unit (ICU) of a general hospital in Bangalore,India were recruited and assessed at 1 week,1 month and 3 months after ICU discharge. Subjects were assessed for ICU related memories, PTSD, anxiety and depression scores and quality of life at and post discharge.

Results

59.6% of the study population had significant post-traumatic stress, including anxiety in 62.35%, depression in 10.58% and mixed anxiety-depression in 27.06%. Delusional memories were found in 31.6%. Presence of delusional memories was found to have significant correlation with post-traumatic stress and had a negative impact on HRQoL.

Conclusions

This study was the first of its kind from Asia. More systematic studies on PTSD following ICU stay and its correlates are required as available evidence lacks homogeneity. Suitable preventive measures should be taken to reduce prevalence of post-traumatic stress in intensive care due to its lasting impact on HRQoL.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Efficacy and safety results from the first pivotal phase 3 randomized controlled trial of mdma-assisted psychotherapy for treatment of severe chronic PTSD
Authors: Van Der Kolk B.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Posttraumatic stress disorder is a prevalent mental health condition with substantial impact on daily functioning that lacks sufficient treatment options. Previous research has led to the designation of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) as a Breakthrough Therapy for treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) when administered as an adjunct to psychotherapy.

Objectives

Here we report the findings of the first randomized, double-blind, Phase 3 trial assessing the efficacy and safety of 3 sessions with a flexible dose of MDMA or placebo administered under direct observation to participants with severe PTSD (n = 100) as an adjunct to inner-directed psychotherapy.

Methods

Change in PTSD symptoms (CAPS-5) and functional impairment (SDS) were assessed by a central, blinded Independent Rater Pool at baseline and following each treatment session. Adverse events (AEs), concomitant medications, suicidal ideation and behavior were tracked throughout the study. Vital signs were measured during experimental sessions. The primary endpoint was 18 weeks post-randomization.

Results

Change in CAPS-5 and SDS, placebo-subtracted Cohen’s d effect size, and a responder analysis will be presented. There were three serious AEs of suicidal ideation or behavior reported. MDMA was well tolerated, with some treatment emergent AEs occurring at greater frequency for the MDMA group during and after experimental sessions.

Conclusions

If MDMA-assisted psychotherapy significantly attenuates PTSD symptomatology and associated functional impairment, these results will form the basis for marketing authorization applications worldwide, including among participants with dissociative subtype of PTSD, depression, history of alcohol and substance use disorders, and adverse childhood experiences.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Pharmacogenetic profiles of young danish individuals with and without severe mental disorders
Authors: Lunenburg C. , Thirstrup J. , Gasse C.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Pharmacogenetics (PGx) studies genetic variance and related differences in drug outcomes. PGx guidelines for psychotropic drugs are available (PGx drugs). By executing PGx testing in a prospective or pre-emptive setting, dose adjustments or even change of treatment type can be applied prior to start of therapy to patients who carry a specific geno- or phenotype (i.e. actionable geno- or phenotypes). By doing so, increased efficacy of therapy or reduced risk of adverse events of treatment can be accomplished. In Denmark, broad implementation of PGx is currently still low.

Objectives

The aim of this study is to classify the PGx profiles of Danish individuals with and without severe mental disorders (SMD), to be used in follow-up studies investigating PGx and drug outcomes.

Methods

This study made use of imputed genotyping data of the Danish iPSYCH sample, which includes 77,639 young individuals born between 1981-2005, with or without a diagnosis of one or more of five selected SMD (i.e. depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, autism, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia). We investigated a panel of 48 genetic variants with known PGx applications (part of the U-PGx consortium, a Horizon2020 funded project on clinical relevant PGx in the EU).

Results

Imputed data contains over 11 million SNPs of 77,639 individuals.

Conclusions

We expect results in the end of 2020.

Disclosure

We thank the iPSYCH consortium, in specific the iPSYCH PI’s (Merete Nordentoft, Anders Børglum, Preben B. Mortensen, Ole Mors, Thomas Werge and David M. Hougaard). The iPSYCH project is funded by the Lundbeck Foundation Denmark and the universities and un
Psychopathological and psychosocial factors influencing physical health of people with mental disorders
Authors: Zinno F. , Palummo C. , Giannelli L. , Pitocco A. , Carello A. , Barone E. , Giallonardo V. , Sampogna G. , Luciano M. , Vecchio V. Del , Fiorillo A.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Severe mental disorders (SMD) are associated with higher morbidity rates and poorer health outcomes compared to the general population. They are more likely to be overweight, to be affected by cardiovascular diseases, and to have higher risk factors for chronic diseases.

Objectives

To assess physical health in a sample of patients with SMD and to investigate which mental health-related factors and other psychosocial outcomes could be considered predictors of poor physical health.

Methods

Patients referring to the psychiatric outpatients unit of the University of Campania “L. Vanvitelli” were recruited, and were assessed through validated assessment instruments exploring psychopathological status, global functioning and stigma. Physical health was assessed with an ad-hoc anthropometric schedule. A blood sample has been collected to assess levels of cholesterol, blood glucose, triglycerides, and blood insulin.

Results

75 patients have been recruited, with a mean age of 45.63±11.84 years. 30% of the sample had a diagnosis of psychosis, 27% of depression and 43% of bipolar disorder. A higher BMI is predicted by higher number of hospitalizations, a reduced score at MANSA (p<.000), and PSP (p<.05), and higher score at ISMI and BPRS (p<.05). A higher cardiovascular risk is predicted by a reduced MANSA score (p<.000), a higher ISMI score and a poorer adherence to pharmacological treatments (p<.05). Higher ISMI score (p<.0001) and number of hospitalizations (p<.05) are predictors of insulin-resistance.

Conclusions

Our study shows that psychosocial domains negatively influence physical health outcome. It is necessary to disseminate an integrated psychosocial intervention in order to improve patients’ physical health.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Hyperbaric oxygenation of autoimmune manifestation in coversational disorders
Authors: Labunskiy D. , Kiryukhina S. , Podsevatkin V. , Govsh E. , Kolmyykov V.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Study of conversion disorders is urgent problem in psychiatry due to high prevalence of hysterical manifestations, both in structure of various mental diseases and in general somatic network: among population it is from 0.5 to 2%.

Objectives

Our aim was to study the effect of complex therapy, combining traditional psychopharmacological drugs and hyperbaric oxygenation, on indicators of acid-base balance of blood, neurotransmitter metabolism, immune and hormonal status in experimental modeling of stress, as well as reduction of psychopathological symptoms in various forms of hysterical disorders.

Methods

Studies were conducted with the participation of 160 patients (145 women and 15 men), average age 33.5 ± 6.1 years, Сontent of adrenaline, norepinephrine, dopamine, serotonin was determined by concentration of prolactin, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (T4 light), cortisol using ELISA. Immune status was assessed according to following indicators: determination of level of immunoglobulins of classes A, M and G by the method of radial immunodiffusion in a gel; study of total complementary activity of blood serum by hemolytic method.

Results

It is necessary to highlight a significant increase in the concentration of Ig G and Ig A, a higher level of large, medium and small circulating immune complexes, which does not exclude the development of autoimmune reactions as a result of a long course of the mental process, which occurs with damage to the own cells of the nervous tissue.

Conclusions

Кevealed changes in the immune and endocrine reactions upon admission, under the influence of HBO treatment indicate involvement of these structures in the pathogenetic mechanisms.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Psychiatric manifestations of anti-NMDAR encephalitis
Authors: Martins D. , Faria R. , Rodrigues S. , Pinho M.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis is an autoimmune disorder characterized by neuropsychiatric symptoms before progressing to seizures, complex movement disorder, autonomic dysfunction and hypoventilation.

Objectives

Presenting a review of the psychiatric manifestations of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.

Methods

Search on Pubmed® and Medscape® databases with the following keywords: “psychiatric”, “anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis” and “anti-NMDAR encephalitis”. We focused on data from systematic reviews and meta-analyzes. The articles were selected by the authors according to their relevance.

Results

Studies show that 77% to 95% of patients with anti-NMDAR encephalitis initially present psychiatric manifestations. Age and sex distribution are young women, and the frequency of cases is lower after 40 years of age. The most common psychiatric symptoms are agitation (59%) and psychotic symptoms (54%). The psychotic symptoms more common are visual (64%), auditory (59%) hallucinations and persecutory delusions (73%). Catatonia is described in 42% of patients. Antipsychotic treatment induces an adverse drug reaction (33%), the neuroleptic malignant syndrome represents 22% of the cases. Delays in distinguishing this disease from a psychiatric disorder can have serious complications, with a mortality of up to 25% in patients receiving limited or delayed immunotherapy.

Conclusions

It’s important to consider anti-NMDAR encephalitis in the differential diagnosis of patients with an acute onset psychosis or unusual psychiatric symptoms. Antipsychotic treatment should be use with caution when suspected or confirmed anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Without appropriate treatment, patients may suffer a protracted course with significant long-term disability or death. A clinical index of suspicion is required to identify patients who would benefit from cerebrospinal fluid testing and immunotherapies.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Creativity and psychopathology – an interdisciplinary view
Authors: Holm-Hadulla R.M.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Since ancient philosophy extraordinary creativity is associated with mental disorders, emotional and cognitive destabilization, and melancholia. We here summarize the results of empirical and narrative studies and analyze most prominent cases of highly creative persons who suffered from depression, bipolar and schizotypic disorders, drug- and alcohol addiction. Hereby, we focus on the interaction of creative processes with “bipolar” personality traits. Finally, we offer an interdisciplinary interpretation of the creative dialectics between order and chaos.

Objectives

An interdisciplinary concept of the relationship between creativity and psychopathology is shown to be essential for reasonable psychopharmacological and psychotherapeutic treatment of creative individuals.

Methods

On the basis of empirical-statistical and biographical studies we offer a comprehensive concept of the interaction between creativity and psychopathology.

Results

The exemplary cases of J. W. v. Goethe and Robert Schumann show a complex interaction of mood swings with creative achievements. Dysthymic and mild depressive phases were associated with creative efforts whereas severe depressive episodes inhibited their creativity. Mild mood swings and “bipolar personality traits” interacted constructively with their creative striving. With respect to the relationship of alcohol- and drug-abuse, we show on behalf of a detailed analysis of the life and work of prominent Pop-Icons that addiction mostly leads to psycho-social disintegration and destruction of creativity.

Conclusions

An interplay between cognitive coherence and incoherence, emotional stability and instability, order and chaos accompanies many creative processes. The interdisciplinary approach shows that psychopathology can motivate creative efforts. However, if expressed severely, mental disorders inhibit or even destroy creativity.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Olanzapine- induced metabolic syndrome pathogenesis: Hypothalamic “leptin resistance” or “pomc resistance”?
Authors: Veneziani F. , Zezza M. , Marakhovskaia A. , Beaulieu J.M.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Olanzapine (OL) represents one of the main chooses for the treatment of psychosis. However, OL increase the risk of metabolic syndrome (MS). Previous literature proposes the “Leptin resistance” as a possible hypothalamic pathogenesis of OL induced MS because of the occurrence of weight gain with increased Leptin blood level.

Objectives

The aim of our study is to investigate in a murine model of full-MS phenotype induced by Olanzapine the hypothalamic gene expression of the pathways involved in Leptin receptor signalling to clarify if a Leptin resistance occurs.

Methods

For the experiment C57BL/6Jfemale mice are used.The OL group (n=15) received pure Olanzapine compounded into chow (54 mg/kg of diet). The vehicle group (n=15)is fed with the same chow without OL. Weight gain is measured every 5 days. After 4 weeks of treatment, mice are sacrificed by rapid cervical dislocation. Blood is collected for Glucose, Insulin and Leptin evaluation. Hypothalamus is dissected and RNA-seq is performed.

Results

The OL group shows a significantweight gain compared to Control (p= 0.02). Likewise blood glucose, Insulin and Leptin levels appear increased (p= 0,0089, p= 0,01, p= 0,0012). From the analysis of RNA-seq hypothalamic differentially expressed genes the anorexigenic POMC pathway downstream to the Leptin Receptor shows a 4-fold increased compared to control.

Conclusions

In our study the “Leptin resistance” involvement in OL induced MS is not confirmed. In fact, although there is an increase in blood Leptin, the expression of Leptin receptor downstream pathways shows a significant increase. This could suggest a possible “POMC resistance” mechanism for OL induced MS.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Effect of add-on cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation (c-TDCS) over pre-supplementary motor area (pre-SMA) in patients with obsessive compulsive disorder: A randomized sham controlled study
Authors: Mukherjee A. , Praharaj S. , Rai S.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Patients with OCD often show unsatisfactory response to first-line treatment, giving rise to a need for novel therapeutic approaches. Recent studies using tDCS for OCD treatment have shown promise.

Objectives

To assess efficacy and safety of add-on c-tDCS over pre-SMA compared to sham stimulation in patients with OCD.

Methods

In this double-blinded study, fourteen patients with OCD were randomized to receive 10 sessions of either active (Cathode over pre-SMA, anode over right deltoid, 2mA, 20 minutes per session, 2 sessions per day, 2 hours apart) or sham tDCS. YBOCS, HAM-D, HAM-A, CGI, Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (WCST), and Stroop Test were administered at baseline, post-tDCS, and 1 month post-tDCS.

Results

Group×time interaction effect for YBOCS scores with Repeated Measures ANOVA was not statistically significant, however, reduction in scores in active group was higher, with large effect size (YBOCS scores: Obsessions-ηp2=.344, Compulsions-ηp2= .384, Total-ηp2=.392) (Fig.1 & 2). At 1 month, 42.9% patients in active group and none in sham group showed response. CGI-S score (p=0.016, ηp2=.531) (Fig. 3) and four parameters of WCST (Perseverative responses:p=0.038, ηp2=.448;Percent perseverative responses:p=0.026, ηp2=.485;Percent perseverative errors:p=0.038, ηp2=.447;Trials to complete first category:p=0.011, ηp2=.563) significantly reduced in active group. No significant difference in change in depressive and anxiety symptoms between groups, or change in Stroop Test performance was noted. Adverse effects included transient headache and tingling sensation.

Conclusions

Cathodal tDCS over pre-SMA may be effective in reduction of obsessions, compulsions, illness severity, and enhancing cognitive flexibility in patients with OCD, with no major adverse effects. Larger studies are required to confirm these findings.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Phase space dynamics of eye-movement deficits in psychiatric patients
Authors: Col S. Dal , Bolzani R. , Benassi M. , Sant’Angelo R. , Raggini R. , Piraccini G.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Eye movement deficits in psychiatric patients have often been investigated with linear models, which fail to fully capture the complex dynamics characterizing eye movements.

Objectives

The present work aims to investigate the deficits in fixational eye movements in psychiatric patients according as non-linear chaotic dynamic.

Methods

We recruited 191 patients (91 males, average age 45 years) diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression and personality disorder. The control sample consisted of 22 healthy subjects (12 males, mean age 41 years). Fixational eye movements were recorded with the Eytribe infrared system and off-line analyzed using Matlab. The dynamics of fixation eye movements were investigated using a phase space graph, which refers to chaotic system analysis. This analysis allows to evaluate how the changes in space during fixation as a function of their speed.

Results

A major difference emerged: psychiatric patients showed larger and faster eye movements gravitating around a single point of density, while control subjects exhibited slower and smaller eye movements with multiple drifts and microtremors.

Conclusions

In conclusion, the dynamics of fixational eye movements in psychiatric patients seemed to be characterized by poorer efficiency in space exploration. These differences could be attributed to a worse coordination between the perceptual and the oculomotor system.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
EFPA Perspective
Authors: Steinebach C.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Psychologically, the question of profession-specific instruments and tools is not trivial. A profession is characterized by specific knowledge. Knowledge is regarded as part of professional competencies: What is done? How is something done? Why is something done? Knowledge and skills are acquired through specific training and continuing education.

Objectives

Professional knowledge is represented in a specific language. In addition, standards and regulations apply to differentiate it from other professions. Different languages and special professional regulations make cooperation more difficult. These obstacles must be overcome.

Methods

Instruments stand for professional identity. Competence-based tools are subject to professional legal regulations (e.g. following standards defined by EuroPsy Certificate of EFPA), ethical guidelines of the profession (professional ethics according to EFPA Meta-Code of Ethics) and external guidelines for professional practice (e.g. national and EU regulations). This ensures patient safety through Europe-wide standards. The investigation of profession-specific profiles and their modification, also under the conditions of the pandemic, becomes important.

Results

Professional instruments are protected by professional political boundaries. Profession-specific profiles are also an invitation to “coopetition”. While differentiation tends to lead to complementary mission fulfillment in practice, openness leads to a “spill-over of skills” in interdisciplinary practice. Alignment of competence profiles and cooperation are encouraged.

Conclusion

The future certainly lies in closer cooperation between the professions. The search for fundamental common ground (consilience), for effective and sustainable interventions (efficiency) and the demand for evidence-based practice (according to common ethical standards) place the well-founded benefit of an instrument for clients above any other interests.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Early screening of autism spectrum disorder in general and pediatric practices, nurseries and early child care centers: Kitcat french study protocol using a two-stage procedure
Authors: Marignier S. , Touil N. , Subtil F. , Jani M. El , Mardirossian S. , Gaillard S. , Kassai B. , Sonie S.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Early screening of children at-risk to develop Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) needs to be improved to propose early interventions. This detection should allow diagnosis of ASD before the age of 3. An early screening performed at the general practitioner of the family should facilitate accessibility to diagnosis and a better collaboration between professionals.

Objectives

Our primary objective is to estimate the positive predictive value of an early detection kit composed of 2 questionnaires (First screening: M-CHAT-R/F™ + CSBS DP™-ITC) and a confirmation of the detection with a phone call by a neuropsychologist. Patients with confirmed positive M-CHAT-R/F™ and/or CSBS DP™-ITC scores are referred to a level 2 team for pre-diagnosis and diagnosis assessment.

Methods

The KitCAT study is a cohort study of 1,700 children aged 16 to 24 months seen in routine care in general or pediatric practices, or in nurseries and child care centers.

Results

Seven hundred and five children have already been enrolled in the study. Twenty nine patients, ie 4.1%, (with a confirmed positive M-CHAT-R/F™ and/or CSBS DP™-ITC scores) were referred to a level 2 team where a pre-diagnosis assessment was conducted by using the following test: ADI-R, ADOS 2, BLR, WPPSI-IV and Vineland II. The diagnosis of ASD (using the same test than the pre-diagnosis) was confirmed for the first two patients aged of 3.

Conclusions

The preliminary results confirm that the use of 2 questionnaires may optimize the reliability of the screening. A thousand children are still needed for the final analysis and further results are expected.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Addiction
Authors: Bramness J.
Published: February 2022

Addiction

what did we learn in 2020? Every year several thousand scientific papers on alcohol, drugs, and nicotine are published. The picking of five papers must obviously be arbitrary and subjective. However, the scientific literature of 2020 cannot be regarded without acknowledging the many papers concerning the COVID-19 pandemic. Some studies on alcohol, drug, and nicotine show a small increase, some a small decrease, but many no change. The addiction consequences of the pandemic and the societal lockdowns may thus be less dramatic than feared. This is true even if many papers reported higher mental distress during the pandemic and there is a close relationship between mental distress and substance use, a relationship that has been further confirmed in studies from the past year. Furthermore, a review concerning the addictive potential of cannabis has further alarmed us of the current liberalization also affecting Europe. A new figure of “1 in 3” cannabis users getting hooked may possibly replace the old “1 in 10”. Furthermore, the year has brought even more solid knowledge of the transition from substance-induced psychosis (SIP) to schizophrenia, teaching psychiatrists in acute psychiatry an important lesson on how to view SIP. As many as 1 in 3 patients with SIP will eventually receive a diagnosis of schizophrenia, making SIP the most powerful risk factor for schizophrenia known. Lastly, the lecture will present a very novel and unexpected finding regarding alcohol elimination, that may change how we treat intoxications with different alcohols.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Distinct alternations of brain functional network dynamics in obsessive-compulsive disorder and schizophrenia
Authors: Luo L. , Yang Y. , Gong Q. , Li F.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are both severe psychiatric disorders. Though these two disorders have distinct typical symptoms, there are partial polygenic overlap and comorbidity between the two disorders. However, few studies have explored the shared and disorder-specific brain function underlying the neural pathophysiology of the two disorders, especially in the aspect of dynamics.

Objectives

To explore the abnormal characteristics of the dynamic functional connectivity (dFC) in OCD and SZ as well as the association between dFC metrics and symptom severity.

Methods

The resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data of 31 patients with OCD, 49 patients with SZ, and 45 healthy controls were analyzed using independent component analysis to obtain independent components (ICs) and assigned them into eight brain networks (Figure 1), then used the sliding-window approach to generate dFC matrices. Using k-means clustering, we obtained three reoccurring dFC states (Figure 2), and state transition metrics were obtained

Results

In a sparsely connected state (state 1), SZ showed both increased fractional time and mean dwell time than controls (P=0.047 and P=0.033) and OCD (P=0.001 and P=0.003). In a state characterized by negative FC between networks (state 2), OCD showed both increased fractional time and mean dwell time than controls (P=0.032 and P=0.013) and SZ (P=0.005 and P=0.003). Moreover, the fractional time of state 2 was positively correlated with anxiety scores in OCD (r=0.535, P=0.021, FDR corrected) (Figure 3).

Conclusions

OCD and SZ patients showed distinct alternations of brain functional dynamics.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Interrelation of visual and olfactory impairments in schizophrenia
Authors: Tumova M. , Karpinskaya V. , Bezgacheva E. , Muslimova L. , Bigday E. , Ivanov M.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

In schizophrenia, there are disorders in all sensory modalities, but the regularities of their occurrence, their pathogenesis and attitude towards cognitive functions are not sufficiently studied.

Objectives

Examine the interrelation between the dysfunctions in different analysers (olfactory and visual) and their dependence on the duration of the disease and the severity of psychotic symptoms and cognitive deficit in schizophrenic patients (F20 according to ICD 10 criteria).

Methods

All subjects were determined the threshold of olfactory sensitivity to n-butanol, the ability to discriminate against odors and the amount of error in comparing the same sections. Cognitive functions were evaluated using the BACS scale.

Results

The inverse correlation between the value of the visual assessment error and the reduction of the threshold of olfactory sensitivity (r=- 0.56; p < 0.05) and the inverse correlation between the value of the visual assessment error and the ability to discriminate smells (0.64; p < 0.05) were revealed. There are no significant correlations between the duration of the disease and sensory disturbances. Olfactory and visual disturbances in schizophrenic patients were connected with cognitive functions ((r=-0,62; p< 0,05 and r=-0,84, p< 0,001 accordingly).

Conclusions

The data confirm that sensory impairments have a common pathogenesis and are closely related to cognitive deficits. Sensory and cognitive deficits in schizophrenia may be the result of top-down regulation failure.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Self - evaluation of social adaptation in patients with schizophrenia and metabolic syndrome
Authors: Khamina V. , Kornetova E. , Kornetov A. , Goncharova A. , Boiko A.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is an often co-occurring condition that occurs during antipsychotic therapy and impairs social functioning

Objectives

We tried to conduct a self - evaluation of social adaptation in patients with schizophrenia and MS

Methods

We examined 150 patients with schizophrenia receiving antipsychotic therapy at the clinics of Mental Health Research Institute. The study was supported by a grant from the Russian Science Foundation 18-15-00011. The IDF criteria were used to diagnose metabolic syndrome. We used «The social adaptation self - evaluation scale» (SASS).

Results

63 patients (42%) had MS and 87 patients (58%) did not. In the subgroup of patients with MS, 59 people (93.65%) had disabilities or were unemployed, in the group without MS - 82 (94.26%) patients. There were no statistically significant differences between the groups (p ≥ 0.05). In the patients with schizophrenia and concomitant MS, the median SSAS scores was 35 [29; 39], which corresponds mainly to a high level of self - evaluation of social adaptation. At the same time, in patients with schizophrenia and without MS, on the contrary, the self - evaluation of social adaptation was 30 [23; 38] points (p = 0.03914). Perhaps this is due to the great attention from relatives and doctors of general somatic practice and the primary medical network in connection with the risk of developing severe somatic pathology.

Conclusions

Patients with MS can give a higher assessment of social adaptation, despite a objectively low social status.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Social cognition as a mediator between cognitive reserve and psychosocial functioning in patients with first episode psychosis
Authors: González-Ortega I. , Alberich-Mesa S. , Echeburúa E. , Bernardo M. , Cabrera B. , Amoretti S. , Lobo A. , Arango C. , Corripio I. , Vieta E. , De La Serna E. , Rodriguez-Jimenez R. , Segarra R. , López-Ilundain J.M. , Sánchez-Torres A. , Cuesta M. , González-Pinto A.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Social cognition has been associated with functional outcome in patients with first episode psychosis (FEP). Social cognition has also been associated with neurocognition and cognitive reserve. Although cognitive reserve, neurocognitive functioning, social cognition, and functional outcome are related, the direction of their associations is not clear.

Objectives

The aim of the study was to analyze the influence of social cognition as a mediator between cognitive reserve and cognitive domains on functioning in FEP both at baseline and at 2 years.

Methods

The sample of the study was composed of 282 FEP patients followed up for 2 years. To analyze whether social cognition mediates the influence of cognitive reserve and cognitive domains on functioning, a path analysis was performed. The statistical significance of any mediation effects was evaluated by bootstrap analysis.

Results

At baseline, as neither cognitive reserve nor the cognitive domains studied were related to functioning, the conditions for mediation were not satisfied. Nevertheless, at 2 years of follow-up, social cognition acted as a mediator between cognitive reserve and functioning. Likewise, social cognition was a mediator between verbal memory and functional outcome. The results of the bootstrap analysis confirmed these significant mediations (95% bootstrapped CI (−10.215 to −0.337) and (−4.731 to −0.605) respectively).

Conclusions

Cognitive reserve and neurocognition are related to functioning, and social cognition mediates in this relationship.

Disclosure

This work was supported by the Carlos III Institute of Health and European Fund for Regional Development (PI08/1213, PI11/ 01977, PI14/01900, PI08/01026, PI11/02831, PI14/01621, PI08/1161, PI16/ 00359, PI16/01164, PI18/00805), the Basque Foundation for He
Lep gene and leptin concentration in serum of schizophrenia patients with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Boiko A. , Pozhidaev I. , Paderina D. , Kornetova E. , Ivanova S.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Schizophrenia is associated with lower life expectancy due to cardiovascular disease. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) occupies an important place among the main problems. Indicators of hormones regulating metabolism may be appealing candidates as biomarkers of metabolic side-effects. Certain role belongs to genetic factors that might be the basis of sensitivity to development of MetS.

Objectives

The aim is to study polymorphisms of leptin gene (LEP) and serum leptin concentration in schizophrenia patients with metabolic syndrome.

Methods

After obtaining informed consent, patients with schizophrenia (ICD-10: F20) were included: 91 patients for biochemical research and 463 patients for genotyping. Patients were divided into two groups: 46 (119) with MetS; 45 (344) without it. Concentration of leptin was measured on an analyzer MAGPIX (Luminex, USA). Determination of 4 polymorphisms (rs2167270, rs3828942, rs10954173, rs4731426) of LEP was performed by PCR. Differences were considered significant at p<0.05.

Results

The leptin concentration is significantly (p<0.001) higher in MetS (13511.5 [7392.5; 28278.75] pg/ml) compared to patients without MetS (6662 [2131.5; 11380] pg/ml). Significant differences were found in the distribution of rs3828942 (GG:GA:AA): 25.9%:44%:30.2% in MetS and 31.2%:52.6%:16.2% without MetS (χ2=10.545, p=0.005). The genotype AA and the allele A have a predisposing effect on the development of MetS (OR1=2.247, C.I:1.248-4.046; OR2=1.475, C.I:1.093-1.991, χ2=6.49, p=0.01).

Conclusions

A number of features are observed in patients with MetS, which impair the functioning of patients. These investigations should aim to optimize the approach to assess the risk of MetS. The study was supported by grants from the RSF 19-75-10012 (genetic research) and 18-15-00011 (determination of leptin concentration)

Disclosure

The study was supported by grants from the Russian Science Foundation №19-75-10012 (genetic research) and №18-15-00011 (determination of leptin concentration)
The differential impact of severe childhood trauma on emotion recognition in males and females with first-episode psychosis
Authors: Penney D. , Pruessner M. , Malla A. , Joober R. , Lepage M.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Childhood trauma increases social functioning deficits, which in turn negatively impact social inclusion in those experiencing first-episode psychosis (FEP). Associations between aberrant higher-order social cognitive processes such as emotion recognition (ER) and trauma severity may be one pathway by which trauma negatively impacts social functioning.

Objectives

Given sex differences identified in the experience of childhood trauma, it is pertinent to evaluate how trauma severity may differentially impact ER in males and females.

Methods

Eighty-three FEP participants (52 males, 31 females) and 69 nonclinical controls (49 males, 20 females) completed the CogState Research Battery. FEP participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire. A sex × group (FEP, controls) ANOVA examined ER differences and was followed by two-way ANCOVAs investigating the effects of sex and childhood trauma severity (none, low, moderate, severe) on ER and global cognition in FEP.

Results

FEP participants had significantly lower ER scores than controls (p = .035). In FEP, a significant interaction emerged between sex and childhood trauma severity (F(3, 72) = 6.382, p = .001), selective to ER, while controlling for age at onset. Simple effects analyses revealed that females in the severe trauma category exhibited superior ER capacity relative to males.

Conclusions

The differential impact of trauma severity on ER in males and females with FEP may be theoretically interpreted as the distinct way that hypervigilance affects the sexes. Early intervention services should refine social cognitive interventions in male and female trauma survivors to facilitate social functioning improvements.

Disclosure

Funding: This study was supported by the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (#68961) to M.L. and A.M. Salary awards include: The Fonds de recherche du Québec - Santé to M.L. and R.J., the James McGill Professorship to M.L., and the Canada Research Cha
Multivitamin, mineral and n-3 pufa supplementation to reduce aggression among chronically admitted psychiatric patients: A randomized clinical trial
Authors: Bles N. De , Ottenheim N. Rius , Geleijnse J. , Van De Rest O. , Bogers J. , Van Den Hout W. , Hemert A. Van , Giltay E.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Aggression and violent incidents are a major concern in psychiatric inpatient care, potentially leading to physical and psychological consequences for both patients and staff. Nutritional supplementation was found to reduce aggressive incidents and rule violations in forensic populations and children with behavioural problems.

Objectives

To assess whether multivitamin, mineral and n-3 PUFA supplementation is effective in reducing the number of aggressive incidents among psychiatric patients who are chronically admitted.

Methods

In a pragmatic, multicentre, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, psychiatric inpatients were randomized to receive either three supplements containing multivitamins, minerals, and n-3 PUFA or placebo. During the intervention period of six months, aggressive incidents were assessed using the Staff Observation Aggression Scale – Revised (SOAS-R). Secondary outcome parameters were the patients’ quality of life and affective symptoms. The trial was registered in the Clinical Trials Register (NCT02498106).

Results

A total of 176 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive supplements (n=87) or placebo (n=89). They were on average 49.3 years old (SD=14.5), and 64.2% were male. Most patients had a psychotic disorder (60.8%). Supplementation versus placebo significantly increased circulating micronutrient levels. The primary outcome of SOAS-R incidents was similar in those assigned to supplements (1.03 incidents per month; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.74-1.37) and placebo (0.90; 95%CI: 0.65-1.19), with a rate ratio of 1.08 (95%CI: 0.67-1.74; p=0.75). Differential effects were neither found in sensitivity analyses on the SOAS-R, nor on secondary outcomes.

Conclusions

Six months of nutritional supplementation did not reduce aggressive incidents among chronically admitted psychiatric inpatients.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Childhood trauma in schizophrenia spectrum disorders and intensity of psychotic symptoms
Authors: Alvarez M.-J. , Foguet-Boreu Q. , García-Eslava J. , Roura-Poch P. , Tasa-Vinyals E. , González-Vázquez A. , Masramon H.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

The relationship between history of childhood trauma (CT) and current schizophrenic symptoms is complex and controversial. Most of the studies report more positive psychotic symptoms (PPS) in psychotic patients who had suffered CT. Findings for negative psychotic symptoms (NPS) are mixed: most authors do not find differences or even find less.

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and describe the types of CT suffered by patients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (SSD), and to analyse the relationship between history of CT and the present-time intensity of PPS and NPS.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional study of 45 adult patients with a SSD. Instruments: Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, short form (CTQ-SF) for measuring CT and Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) to assess the PPS and NPS of psychosis.

Results

77.8% of the patients reported having suffered any kind of CT. By types of trauma: 48.9% reported emotional abuse, 28.9% physical abuse, 40.0% sexual abuse, 55.6% emotional neglect and 46.7% physical neglect. A lineal correlation between CTQ-SF and PANSS+/- scores was performed. Neither total PANSS+ nor any particular PANSS+ items correlate with CTQ scores. A significant inverse lineal association of moderate intensity exists between total PANSS− score and CT intensity (ρ = −0.300, p = 0.045)

Conclusions

In line with previous research, our study has found inverse correlation between NPS and CT. In contrast, no association was found between PPS and CT. Our sample was mostly composed by chronic patients, which might explain the differences with the previous literature.

Disclosure

No significant relationships.
Sleep in adults with autism spectrum disorder and adhd: A meta-analysis
Authors: Ramos-Quiroga J.A.
Published: February 2022

Introduction

Sleep-related problems have been frequently reported in neurodevelopmental disorders, with special emphasis in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disor-der (ADHD).

Objectives

To perform a meta-analysis (PROSPERO’s CRD42019132916) on sleep disturbances in adults with ASD and/or ADHD.

Methods

A total of 1126 studies and 66 references were identified by electronic and manual searches, respectively. Of these, 42 studies were included in the meta-analysis.

Results

showed that both disorders share a similar sleep-impaired profile with higher sleep onset latency, poorer sleep efficiency, greater number of awakenings during sleep, and a general lower self-perceived sleep quality compared with healthy controls. A higher proportion of N1 sleep was found in ASD participants, while a greater Periodic Limb Movements in Sleep is specific in ADHD adults.

Conclusions

Sleep is impaired by several sleep problems and disorders in both ASD and ADHD adults. More research is needed to develop more awareness in mental healthcare, and better treatment of this impairing comorbidity in ASD and ADHD

Disclosure

No significant relationships.