bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perturbações do sono em adultos/ idosos hospitalizados
Authors: Martins Rosa , Correia Ana Marisa , Andrade Ana , Campos Sofia
Published: November 2019

Contexto: O sono é um bem precioso e indispensável a um bom equilíbrio. O processo de envelhecimento ocasiona perturbações que se refletem tanto na quantidade como na qualidade do sono, sendo estas alterações agravadas em situações de hospitalização. Objetivos: Avaliar perturbações do sono dos utentes adultos/idosos internados e analisar relação com variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e fadiga crónica. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo e correlacional, do tipo quantitativo. Para o efeito foi aplicado um formulário a 60 utentes, internados, que incluía variáveis sociodemográficas, uma Escala de Fadiga Crónica e o Índice de Qualidade do Sono de Pittsburg (IQSP). Resultados: A amostra é maioritariamente constituída por utentes do sexo masculino, casados, com 75 anos e analfabetos. Realizam programa de reabilitação diariamente entre 16 a 30 minutos e apenas algumas vezes se sentem aptos para o concretizar. A maioria (55,00%) sente-se mais ativo no período da tarde, dorme em media 6,8 horas, acorda muitas vezes e mais cedo do que o pretendido. A fadiga crónica está presente na grande maioria dos inquiridos, sentindo estes que precisam de dormir mais do que normal ente dormem. Conclusões: A maioria dos participantes (96,70%) apresenta perturbações de sono no internamento, sendo estas mais graves nos utentes com índices mais elevados de fadiga crónica, com mais idade, nas mulheres e nos viúvos.
Monitorização da qualidade em saúde: estudo da satisfação dos utentes
Authors: Martins Rosa , Frutuoso Cecília
Published: November 2019

Enquadramento: A satisfação dos utentes com as instituições de saúde apresenta-se na atualidade como um indicador fundamental na determinação dos aspetos a melhorar e a aperfeiçoar de forma prioritária ou seja na implementação de parâmetros contributivos para a qualidade dos serviços prestados. Por essas razões torna-se imperioso o conhecimento dos níveis e determinantes da satisfação dos utilizadores com vista à excelência dos cuidados. Objetivos: Avaliar a satisfação dos utentes de um Centro de Saúde da região Centro de Portugal e verificar associações existentes entre esta satisfação e algumas variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e psicossociais. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo não experimental, transversal, descritivo correlacional, de caráter quantitativo, que envolveu 303 utentes do Centro de Saúde. Para o efeito foi utilizado um questionário que contém variáveis sociodemográficas, clínicas e psicossociais e ainda a escala “EUROPEP” para avaliar o grau de satisfação Resultados: Constatámos que a satisfação global da amostra é elevada uma vez que oscila entre um valor mínimo de 63 e um máximo de 275, correspondendo-lhe uma média de 218,92. Verificámos ainda que a dimensão com maiores níveis de satisfação (85.6%) dizem respeito à relação/comunicação, e inversamente os utentes estão mais insatisfeitos com a organização do serviço. Os utentes com maiores rendimentos mensais e que percecionam maiores benefícios nos programas de reabilitação são também aqueles que se apresentam mais satisfeitos. Conclusão: O nosso estudo reforça o paradigma de que a satisfação dos utentes com os cuidados prestados tem um caráter abrangente e multidimensional, depende de fatores também variáveis no tempo, no espaço e nas populações, tratando-se portanto de um processo dinâmico e subjetivo em constante construção
Gestão da indisciplina na dinâmica e organização escolar: estudo de alguns dos seus determinantes
Authors: Santos Fernando Videira dos , Albuquerque Carlos
Published: November 2019

Enquadramento: A indisciplina escolar, como problemática emergente, que nos últimos anos tem vindo a ganhar relevo na comunidade educativa, tem desencadeado um conjunto de reações e múltiplas preocupações nos mais variados quadrantes da Sociedade Portuguesa. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve como objetivo geral explorar as relações existentes entre determinantes de contexto sociodemográfico, familiar e religioso e a indisciplina escolar percepcionada pelos alunos. Material e Método: Recorrendo a um estudo de natureza quantitativa, do tipo transversal com características descritivo-correlacionais, inquirimos 772 alunos adolescentes portugueses, na sua maioria do género feminino (52,1%), com idades compreendidas entre os 12 e os 17 anos (M=13,33; Dp=1.042), residentes em meio rural (51,2%), pertencentes à classe socioeconómica III – Classe Média (48,4%) e que frequentam o terceiro ciclo do ensino básico público. O protocolo de pesquisa incluiu instrumentos de medida aferidos e validados para a população portuguesa e a Escala de Indisciplina Escolar Percepcionada por Alunos (EIEPA), cujas propriedades psicométricas certificam a sua qualidade (Alfa de Cronbach = 0,960; Alfa de Cronbach teste re-teste = 0,911). Resultados: As variáveis sociodemográficas (idade, sexo e local de residência) revelaram um efeito estatisticamente significativo sobre a Indisciplina Escolar Percepcionada pelos Alunos. Também se constatou a existência de associações estatisticamente significativas entre as variáveis de contexto religioso (grau de crença na religião e grau de praticante) e todos os factores da escala EIEPA. No que respeita ao estudo do efeito da existência de conversas com o encarregado de educação sobre a forma como o estudante de comporta na escola, o mesmo permitiu inferir que este efeito assume significância estatística sobre todos os factores da Indisciplina Escolar Percecionada por Alunos. Conclusão: As inferências resultantes desta investigação convidam-nos à reflexão sobre a importância da criação e monitorização de programas de ação no domínio da prevenção ou de contingência para uma efetiva redução dos comportamentos indisciplinados perpetrados por Alunos no seio da Escola. Fica claro que esta tarefa, sendo urgente, tem de ser articulada entre toda a comunidade educativa, com envolvimento direto dos pais/encarregados de educação, bem como de outros protagonistas no sentido de se desenvolverem estratégias de intervenção dirigidas às reais necessidades dos adolescentes
A heurística da disponibilidade e a identificação do ciclo económico: uma análise baseada nos dados de confiança dos consumidores em Portugal
Authors: Bernardes Luís
Published: November 2019

A Heurística da Disponibilidade, originalmente designada por Daniel Kahneman e Amos Tversky, descreve o fenómeno comportamental segundo o qual os indivíduos antecipam a frequência de um evento com base na facilidade com que se conseguem lembrar de exemplos desse evento. Este estudo analisa de que forma este “efeito disponibilidade” pode ajudar a identificar e a antecipar o ciclo económico, utilizando como medida desse efeito a diferença das respostas dos consumidores portugueses às questões sobre a “evolução da situação financeira do agregado familiar” e a “evolução da situação económica do país” constantes dos inquéritos mensais de confiança. O estudo conclui que o “efeito disponibilidade” aumenta a robustez da correlação contemporânea entre os indicadores de confiança e o crescimento económico, em parte porque mitiga as limitações decorrentes do chamado “efeito referência”, segundo o qual o nível de confiança dos indivíduos é influenciado, a cada momento, por um “ponto de referência”, nem sempre constante. O estudo conclui, ainda, que o “efeito disponibilidade” apresenta uma elevada correlação desfasada com a atividade económica, podendo contribuir para reforçar o papel dos índices de confiança como indicadores avançados do ciclo económico. Um argumento possível para este resultado é que o “efeito disponibilidade” capta simultaneamente o volume de informação existente sobre o ciclo económico e a previsível resposta dos indivíduos a essa informação.
The Organ Distribution, Characterization and Modification of Acetylcholinesterase Activity in Adult African Grasshopper: Zonocerus sp Linn.
Authors: Fajemisin E. A. , Bamidele O. S. , Ogunsola S. O. , Aiyenuro E. A.
Published: November 2019

Aim: To determine the organ distribution and characterization of acetylcholinesterase in the adult African variegated grasshoppers – Zonocerus variegatus and Zonocerus elegans. (Zonocerus Sp. Linn)

Place and Duration of the Study: The insect model: African variegated grasshoppers are gotten from the Open green fields at the Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria, and research was carried out between March and June, 2016 in the Enzymology laboratory, Biochemistry department, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria.

Methodology: Twenty (20) adults variegated grasshoppers were taken from the Open field in the University community, and taken to the Biology department for Identification. After identification, the specimen was weighed, freeze, dissected into fractions (Head, Thorax and Abdomen) and then homogenized to get the crude protein extract. The crude enzyme extract is further purified using the Ion-exchange chromatography with column bed packed with DEAE – Sephadex A50. The protein content of the purified AChE was determined using the Lowry method while the Acetylcholinesterase activity was determined by the Ellman’s assay procedures. The characterization of AChE was tested by modifying agent such as N-Bromo Succinamide (NBS) which confirms the presence of key aromatic proteins involve in catalysis at the active site of the enzyme.

Results: The protein concentration according to their fractions: Head (35.7%), Thorax (29.2%), and Abdomen (35.1%). The AChE activity according to their fractions: Head (38.6%), Thorax (23.7%), and Abdomen (37.7%). The specific activity which relates the AChE activity to protein content is given: Head (28.8%), Thorax (40.4%), and Abdomen (30.8%). From the Organ distribution and AChE activity, it was observed that the Head Fractions has the Highest protein content, and Enzyme activity. Comparatively, there are slight differences in the Enzyme activity of the Head and Abdominal fractions which represents the two peaks in the AChE chart. As well, the thorax has the highest specific activity. The modification by the chemical agent NBS shows a drastic decrease (about 50%) in Enzyme activity and characterize enzyme active site with aromatic proteins especially tryptophan residues.

Conclusion: Research findings shows the dominance of AChE protein in the Head region, hence high enzyme activity (useful for nervous coordination) as well as presence of tryptophan residues at the enzyme active site. The importance of research is useful in enzymology, neuroscience and public health.
Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm Presenting as Complete Heart Block - A Rare Presentation
Authors: Singh Gurkirat , Bodkhe Mahesh , Gupta Aditya , Bansal Narender Omprakash
Published: November 2019

The dissection of the sinus of Valsalva aneurysm into the interventricular septum leading to complete heart block is a rare complication with only few cases reported in the literature. We report a case of young farm laborer, who presented with multiple episodes of syncope. Upon clinical evaluation, we found third-degree atrioventricular block due the rupture of right sinus of Valsalva into the interventricular septum.
Risk Assessment of the Active Plant Protection Product Ingredient MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid): AOEL and ADI Determination
Authors: Nilsen Asbjørn Magne , Dirven Hubert , Lyche Jan Ludvig , Låg Marit , Borgå Katrine , Eklo Ole Martin , Grung Merete , Sverdrup Line Emilie , Källqvist Torsten
Published: November 2019

MCPA (4-chloro-2-methylphenoxyacetic acid) is the active ingredient in several registered herbicides. VKM concluded in 2006 that the effects observed in experiments with dogs were of little relevance to humans, and an AOEL value of 0.036 mg/kg bw/day was proposed, based on renal effects in a 90-day study in rats. The manufacturer is of the opinion that AOEL should be set to 0.11 mg/kg bw/day, and ADI to 0.05 mg/kg bw/day, based on the view that since a 90-day and 2-year study in rats were conducted in the same lab using the same rat strain, it is reasonable to eliminate effects which are not reproduced in both sets of data. The Norwegian Food Safety Authority has therefore requested VKM’s Panel for Plant Protection Products for an opinion on the determination of NOAEL values based on the 90-day and 2-year studies in rats, and consider if it is acceptable to use the manufacturer's approach for an overall consideration of the submitted studies. The Panel has discussed the findings in the two rat studies and concluded that it is not considered acceptable that individual studies separated by several years, in this case studies performed in 1985 and 1988, are taken together and data not reproduced in both sets eliminated. The Panel is still of the opinion that both AOEL and ADI for MCPA should be set to 0.036 mg/kg bw/day based on a NOAEL of 3.6 mg/kg bw/day (50 ppm) from assessment of the renal effects in the 90-day study in rats. The manufacturer has also requested a reconsideration of the present values for dermal absorption which was set by the Norwegian Food Safety Authority during the administrative review of the product MCPA 750 Liquid in 2013. VKM’s Panel on Plant Protection Products supports the conclusion of the Norwegian Food Safety Authority concerning the determination of values for dermal absorption of MCPA. This includes the consideration of remaining substance in skin after washing as part of the absorbed dose in the in vitro studies, and the use of the same experimental time period in the in vitro and in vivo experiments as a basis for the so-called “Triple-pack-approach” for determination of human dermal absorption.
Occupational co-exposure to biomechanical factors and neurotoxic chemicals in a representative sample of French employees
Authors: Bertin Mélanie , Nguyen Thi-Hai-Yen , Bonvallot Nathalie , Bodin Julie , Roquelaure Yves
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Musculoskeletal disorders, mainly carpal tunnel syndrome, represent a leading cause of compensation claims of workers worldwide. Despite this, and the fact that occupational exposures to biomechanical factors and neurotoxic chemicals have been individually associated with peripheral nerve damage, the prevalence of occupational co-exposure to biomechanical factors and neurotoxic chemicals has rarely been explored. Therefore, our aim was to assess the prevalence of occupational co-exposure to biomechanical factors and neurotoxic chemicals in a national representative sample of the French working population.

Methods

The study was based on the French representative cross-sectional survey SUMER 2010. A total of 47 983 employees who had worked in their current job for at least one year were included. Occupational exposure to biomechanical factors and neurotoxic chemicals within the previous week of work were assessed using a questionnaire during face-to-face interviews with occupational physicians.

Results

Approximately 5% of male employees and 1% of female employees were co-exposed to biomechanical factors and neurotoxic chemicals. This prevalence was up to 10% among male blue-collar workers and 13%, 8%, and 6%, respectively, among male employees in the construction, agriculture, and industry sectors. Male employees under 30 years old, in apprenticeships, and working in small companies were more co-exposed to biomechanical factors and neurotoxic chemicals than their counterparts.

Conclusions

Occupational co-exposure to biomechanical factors and neurotoxic chemicals was observed in a significant proportion of French male employees, suggesting that further studies are required to investigate its potential adverse effects on peripheral neuropathies.
Low‐Refractive Index Layers in Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes via Electrospray Deposition for Enhanced Outcoupling Efficiencies
Authors: Umbach Thorsten Erich , Röllgen Stefan , Schneider Stefan , Klesper Heike , Umbach Anne Manuela , Meerholz Klaus
Published: November 2019

Organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) still suffer from limited outcoupling efficiencies. Herein, a novel technology for the enhancement of the outcoupling efficiency of OLED devices is presented. By means of electrospray deposition (ESD), the active hole‐transport layer (HTL) is modified to have a reduced effective refractive index due to its porosity. A green‐emitting stack is tailored to demonstrate this effect, whereas additional haze effects are to be prevented. The introduction of a low‐index HTL results in a more efficient light extraction by a factor of 1.05 showing excellent agreement between experiment and simulation.
Improved Thermal Conductivity and Ablation Resistance of Microdiamond‐Modified C/C Composites after Diamond Graphitization
Authors: Chen Lei , Yang Xin , Fang Cunqian , Shi Anhong , Liu Ruirui , Huang Qizhong
Published: November 2019

C/C composites with diamond addition are prepared, and a 1600 °C heat treatment is conducted to investigate the effects of diamond graphitization on the ablation resistance and thermal conductivity of the composites. With diamond content increasing, a higher degree of stress graphitization occurs to the surrounding pyrolytic carbon (PyC) due to the enhanced stress accumulation in the diamond stacking region during graphitization process. After heat treatment at 1600 °C, the single diamond/PyC interface is substituted by complex diamond/graphite and graphite/PyC interfaces which results in a more compact structure and enhanced interface strength. Benefiting from the optimized interface microstructure and reduced closed pores after diamond graphitization, higher thermal conductivities are achieved for C/C–diamond composites. The ablation performance of the composites is improved due to the better oxidation resistance of diamond particles, increased compactness of diamond stacking region, and optimized thermal properties of the composites.
Multiscale Additive Manufacturing of Metal Microstructures
Authors: Ercolano Giorgio , Zambelli Tomaso , van Nisselroy Cathelijn , Momotenko Dmitry , Vörös János , Merle Thibaut , Koelmans Wabe W.
Published: November 2019

It is shown herein that the electrochemical metal printing system based on hollow atomic force microscope (AFM) cantilevers for the local delivery of precursor species is capable of covering additive manufacturing at different length scales, from submicrometer to submillimeter, within the same printed object by dynamically adjusting printing parameters while keeping the same nozzle diameter. The interplay among the lateral voxel dimensions, nozzle aperture, and pressure is rationalized, while keeping other deposition parameters fixed. An accurate control of the voxel area over two orders of magnitude is achieved by modulation of the applied pressure including on‐the‐fly tailoring of the individual voxel size during printing with the same nozzle. Capabilities of this printing method are highlighted by fabrication of a helix of four copper wires in a layer‐by‐layer manner, whereby each wire is printed with a different diameter. A significant throughput increase is thus obtained by the careful adjustment of voxel dimensions for different features within the same object, allowing a higher fabrication speed for larger structures, while keeping a high enough spatial resolution for their delicate parts.
A Comparative Study on Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Ti‐43/46Al–5Nb–0.1B Alloys Modified by Mo
Authors: Yang Yong , Fang Hongze , Chen Ruirun , Su Yanqing , Ding Hongsheng , Guo Jingjie
Published: November 2019

To improve mechanical properties of TiAl–Nb alloys and obtain effects of Al content on microstructure, Ti‐43/46Al–5Nb–0.1B–xMo alloys are prepared. Phase constitution, macro‐/microstructure volution, and mechanical properties of them are investigated systematically and compared in detail. Results show that the lamellar colony size refines, B2 phase increases and Al‐segregation in interdendritic regions aggravates with the increase in Mo content. The increased B2 phase is attributed to the increased Mo segregated at the grain boundaries during β/α transformation, and the aggravated Al‐segregation is attributed to the increased Al rejected into the interdendritic areas during L/β solidification. Compressive results show that the strength and strain increase about 150 MPa and 6% when the Mo content increases to 0.8 at% for Ti‐43Al–5Nb–0.1B–xMo alloys; they increase about 343 MPa and 4% when Mo content increases to 1.2 at% for Ti‐46Al–5Nb–0.1B–xMo alloys. Both the strength and strain decrease when Mo content further increases. The grain refinement strengthening and solid solution strengthening caused by Mo are contributed to the improved strength and strain. However, excessive B2 phase and severe Al‐segregation deteriorate the mechanical properties of the alloys, which act as the cracking sources.
Dynamic In‐Plane Compression of Asymmetric Metal Corrugated Sandwich Columns
Authors: Zhang Jianxun , Yuan Hui , Qin Qinghua , Ye Yang , Wang Tiejun
Published: November 2019

Dynamic in‐plane compression of asymmetric metal corrugated sandwich columns is conducted analytically and numerically. The initial collapse modes of the asymmetric sandwich columns are observed and identified, i.e., elastic face wrinkling, plastic face wrinkling, macro plastic buckling, and macro elastic buckling. The collapse mechanism maps are conducted for asymmetric metal corrugated sandwich columns under the dynamic in‐plane compression. The analytical collapse mechanism map captures numerical results compressed at velocity V = 1 m s−1 reasonably. It is shown that velocity has a significant effect on the deformation mode of asymmetric metal corrugated sandwich columns under the dynamic in‐plane compression. The ratio of the thickness of top and bottom face sheets has the effect on the dominant deformation modes of the metal corrugated sandwich columns to some extent and has an insignificant effect on the collapse loads of metal corrugated sandwich columns.
Calciothermic Synthesis of Very Fine, Hydrogenated Ti and Ti–Nb Powder for Biomedical Applications
Authors: Lindemann Inge , Gebel Bernhard , Pilz Stefan , Uhlemann Margitta , Gebert Annett
Published: November 2019

Due to their excellent biocompatibility, titanium and titanium–niobium alloys are especially interesting for biomedical applications. With regard to favorable near‐net shape production, Ti powder synthesis is the key hurdle. Extensive research has been in progress for alternative synthesis methods since decades. Herein, an efficient alternative method to the conventional powder production process to prepare spherical powders with very small sizes (<45 μm) for high‐strength materials is shown. Very fine, hydrogenated Ti and Ti–Nb alloy powders are stable in air and are synthesized by calciothermic reduction in hydrogen. The herein presented reduction using CaH2 starts directly from the oxides instead of chlorides. Correlations of size and morphology of the as‐synthesized TiH2 and (Ti,Nb)H2 powders with the precursors (TiO2, Nb2O5, and CaH2) are illustrated and are used to tailor the desired powders.
The Systematic Refinement for the Phase Change and Conversion Reactions Arising from the Lithiation of Magnetite Nanocrystals
Authors: Lininger Christianna N. , Bruck Andrea M. , Lutz Diana M. , Housel Lisa M. , Takeuchi Kenneth J. , Takeuchi Esther S. , Huq Ashfia , Marschilok Amy C. , West Alan C.
Published: November 2019

Nanostructured materials can exhibit phase change behavior that deviates from the macroscopic phase behavior. This is exemplified by the ambiguity for the equilibrium phases driving the first open‐circuit voltage (OCV) plateau for the lithiation of Fe3O4 nanocrystals. Adding complexity, the relaxed state for LixFe3O4 is observed to be a function of electrochemical discharge rate. The phases occurring on the first OCV plateau for the lithiation of Fe3O4 nanocrystals have been investigated with density functional theory (DFT) through the evaluation of stable, or hypothesized metastable, reaction pathways. Hypotheses are evaluated through the systematic combined refinement with X‐ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), X‐ray diffraction (XRD) measurements, neutron‐diffraction measurements, and the measured OCV on samples lithiated to x = 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 in LixFe3O4. In contrast to the Li–Fe–O bulk phase thermodynamic pathway, Fe0 is not observed as a product on the first OCV plateau for 10–45 nm nanocrystals. The phase most consistent with the systematic refinement is LiFe3O4, showing Li+Fe cation disorder. The observed equilibrium concentration for conversion to Fe0 occurs at x = 4.0. These definitive phase identifications rely heavily on the systematic combined refinement approach, which is broadly applicable to other nano‐ and mesoscaled systems that have suffered from difficult or crystallite‐size‐dependent phase identification.
Bioinspired Mineral–Organic Bone Adhesives for Stable Fracture Fixation and Accelerated Bone Regeneration
Authors: Bai Shumeng , Zhang Xueliang , Lv Xueli , Zhang Mengya , Huang Xiaowei , Shi Yu , Lu Chunhua , Song Jibin , Yang Huanghao
Published: November 2019

The use of hydrogel‐based bone adhesives has the potential to revolutionize the clinical treatment of bone repairs. However, severe deficiencies remain in current products, including cytotoxicity concerns, inappropriate mechanical strength, and poor fixation performance in wet biological environments. Inspired by the unique roles of glue molecules in the robust mechanical strength and fracture resistance of bone, a design strategy is proposed using novel mineral–organic bone adhesives for strong water‐resistant fixation and guided bone tissue regeneration. The system leveraged tannic acid (TA) as a phenolic glue molecule to spontaneously co‐assemble with silk fibroin (SF) and hydroxyapatite (HA) in order to fabricate the inorganic–organic hybrid hydrogel (named SF@TA@HA). The combination of the strong affinity between SF and TA along with sacrificial coordination bonds between TA and HA significantly improves the toughness and adhesion strength of the hydrogel by increasing the amount of energy dissipation at the nanoscale. This in turn facilitated adequate and stable fixation of bone fracture in wet biological environments. Furthermore, SF@TA@HA promotes the regeneration of bone defects at an early stage in vivo. This work presents a type of bioinspired bone adhesive that is able to provide stable fracture fixation and accelerated bone regeneration during the bone remodeling process.
Touch‐Interactive Flexible Sustainable Energy Harvester and Self‐Powered Smart Card
Authors: Ferreira Guilherme , Goswami Sumita , Nandy Suman , Pereira Luis , Martins Rodrigo , Fortunato Elvira
Published: November 2019

Sustainable and safe energy sources combined with cost effectiveness are major goals for society when considering the current scenario of mass production of portable and Internet of Things (IoT) devices along with the huge amount of inevitable e‐waste. The conceptual design of a self‐powered “eco‐energy” smart card based on paper promotes green and clean energy, which will bring the zero e‐waste challenge one step closer to fruition. A commercial raw filter paper is modified through a fast in situ functionalization method, resulting in a conductive cellulose fiber/polyaniline composite, which is then applied as an energy harvester based on a mechano‐responsive charge transfer mechanism through a metal/conducting polymer interface. Different electrodes are studied to optimize charge transfer based on contact energy level differences. The highest power density and current density obtained from such a paper‐based “eco‐energy” smart card device are 1.75 W m−2 and 33.5 mA m−2 respectively. This self‐powered smart energy card is also able to light up several commercial light‐emitting diodes, power on electronic devices, and charge capacitors.
Dendritic Effects of Injectable Biodegradable Thermogels on Pharmacotherapy of Inflammatory Glaucoma‐Associated Degradation of Extracellular Matrix
Authors: Nguyen Duc Dung , Luo Li‐Jyuan , Lai Jui‐Yang
Published: November 2019

The development of advanced drug delivery systems with extensively sustained release and multiple functions is highly imperative for effective attenuation of the degradation of ocular extracellular matrix that is associated with inflammatory glaucoma. Here, the generation of amine‐terminated polyamidoamine dendrimers in an injectable biodegradable thermogel is demonstrated to be important for achieving prolonged drug release profiles and potent anti‐inflammatory effects. Among various generations (Gx, x = 0, 1, 3, 5), third‐generation G3 is proved as the most effective material for optimizing the synergistic effects of gelatin and poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) and generating a thermogel with the highest biodegradation resistance, the best drug encapsulation/extended‐release performance, and the best ability to reduce the elevated expression of inflammatory molecules. A pharmacotherapy based on intracameral injection of thermogels coloaded with pilocarpine and ascorbic acid results in effective alleviation of progressive glaucoma owing to the anti‐inflammatory activity and long‐acting drug release (above a therapeutic level of 10 µg mL−1 over 80 days) of thermogels, which simultaneously suppress inflammation and stimulate regeneration of stromal collagen and retinal laminin. These findings on the dendritic effects of rationally designed injectable biomaterials with potent anti‐inflammatory effects and controlled drug release demonstrate great promise of their use for pharmacological treatment of progressive glaucoma.
Photodynamic Therapy Combined with Antihypoxic Signaling and CpG Adjuvant as an In Situ Tumor Vaccine Based on Metal–Organic Framework Nanoparticles to Boost Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Cai Zhixiong , Xin Fuli , Wei Zuwu , Wu Ming , Lin Xinyi , Du Xiaofan , Chen Geng , Zhang Da , Zhang Zhenxi , Liu Xiaolong , Yao Cuiping
Published: November 2019

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) usually aggravates tumor hypoxia, which promotes the survival and metastasis of residue cancer cells; furthermore, although PDT‐induced immunogenic death of cancer cells can induce host antitumor responses, such responses are generally weak and not enough to eliminate the residue cancer cells. Here, metal–organic framework (MOF)‐based nanoparticles to combine PDT, antihypoxic signaling, and CpG adjuvant as an in situ tumor vaccine to boost host anticancer responses after PDT are designed. The MOF‐based nanoparticles are self‐assembled from H2TCPP and zirconium ions with hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) signaling inhibitor (ACF) and immunologic adjuvant (CpG) loading, and hyaluronic acid (HA) coating on the surface. The final nanoparticles (PCN‐ACF‐CpG@HA) can specifically target cancer cells overexpressing CD44 receptor though HA; the aggravated hypoxic survival signaling after PDT can be blocked by ACF to inhibit the HIF‐1α induced survival and metastasis. With the help of CpG adjuvant, the tumor associated antigens generated from PDT‐based cancer cell destruction can initiate strong antitumor immune responses to eliminate residue cancer cells. Taken together, a novel in situ immunostimulatory strategy is designed to synergistically enhance therapeutic effects of PDT by activating host antitumor immune‐responses both in vitro and in vivo, which may have great potential for clinical translation in future.
Supramolecular Nanofibers for Encapsulation and In Situ Differentiation of Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Zhao Hao , Xu Jingwen , Peng Ke , Fu Xuancheng , Zhang Endong , Lv Fengting , Liu Libing , Zhang Na , Wang Yilin , Wang Shu , Gu Qi
Published: November 2019

Design and fabrication of fibrous materials by natural biological macromolecules in light of biomimetics to achieve spatially cellular arrangements are highly desirable in tissue engineering. Herein, chromatin‐inspired supramolecular fibers formed through the interfacial polyelectrolyte complexation (IPC) process by DNA and histone proteins for encapsulation and in situ differentiation of murine brain‐derived neural stem cells (NSCs) are reported. High cell viability of encapsulated NSCs demonstrates the excellent biocompatibility of fibers as 3D scaffolds. Moreover, a cell‐adhesive peptide (K6‐PEG‐RGD) is introduced into fibers by electrostatic interaction to improve NSCs encapsulation efficiency and prevent them from migrating out of fibers for enhanced spatially cellular arrangement. In situ differentiation of NSCs into oligodendrocytes within fibers is revealed by immunocytochemical staining assay. Due to the robust abilities to encapsulate and in situ differentiate NSCs, these chromatin‐inspired supramolecular fibers show great potential in neural system‐related tissue.
In Vitro Human Liver Model of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis by Coculturing Hepatocytes, Endothelial Cells, and Kupffer Cells
Authors: Suurmond Ceri‐Anne E. , Lasli Soufian , van den Dolder Floor W. , Ung Aly , Kim Han‐Jun , Bandaru Praveen , Lee KangJu , Cho Hyun‐Jong , Ahadian Samad , Ashammakhi Nureddin , Dokmeci Mehmet R. , Lee Junmin , Khademhosseini Ali
Published: November 2019

The liver has a complex and unique microenvironment with multiple cell–cell interactions and internal vascular networks. Although nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease with multiple phases, no proper model could fully recapitulate the in vivo microenvironment to understand NAFLD progression. Here, an in vitro human liver model of NAFLD by coculturing human hepatocytes, umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), and Kupffer cells (KCs) into spheroids is presented. Analysis of indirect cross‐talk using conditioned media between steatotic spheroids—composed of hepatocellular carcinoma‐derived cells (HepG2) and HUVECs—and mouse KCs reveals that the latter can be activated showing increased cell area, elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and proinflammatory cytokines. Spheroids incorporating human KCs (HKCs) can also be induced into steatotic stage by supplementing fat. Steatotic spheroids with/without HKCs show different levels of steatotic stages through lipid accumulation and ROS production. Steatotic spheroids made from an immortalized hepatic progenitor cell line (HepaRG) compared to those made from HepG2 cells display similar trends of functionality, but elevated levels of proinflammatory cytokines, and improved reversibility of steatosis. The in vitro human liver system proposed makes strides in developing a model to mimic and monitor the progression of NAFLD.
On the Self‐Repair of WS2/a‐C Tribocoating
Authors: Cao Huatang , Wen Feng , De Hosson Jeff Th. M. , Pei Yutao
Published: November 2019

This study investigates the self‐healing capacity of a WS2/amorphous carbon (a‐C) tribocoating. It is found that prenotches up to 45 µm wide in the WS2/a‐C coating surface can be completely healed under the stimulus of sliding operations. The in situ tribotest of 100, 500, 2000, and 6000 laps confirms a dynamic filling of tribofilms that patch the voids and prenotched damages. The stabilized coefficient of friction (CoF) remains at an ultralow value down to 0.02, independent of the prenotched damage at the top of coating. The sites of notched damage in fact act as lubricant reservoirs to accumulate the otherwise “wasted” debris, which are restored as a superlubricant by the sliding operation. High resolution transmission electron microscopy reveals that WS2 (002) nanoplatelets in the healed notch are parallel to the top coating surface but conformal to the coating/notch interface. The patchy tribofilm holds excellent promise for the self‐repair of damages in the field of tribology.
Conducting LaVO3/SrTiO3 Interface: Is Cationic Stoichiometry Mandatory?
Authors: Tomar Ruchi , Varma Rahul Mahavir , Kumar Nand , Sarma D. D. , Maryenko Denis , Chakraverty Suvankar
Published: November 2019

The origin of the conductivity at the interface of two insulating perovskite oxides is a matter of intensive studies. The conductivity generated at the interface of insulating LaVO3 (LVO) and SrTiO3 (STO) is explained in terms of polar catastrophe. Here, the authors grown LVO films on (001) TiO2‐terminated STO substrate employing pulsed laser deposition technique and demonstrate a transition from conducting to insulating interface by changing the La‐stoichiometry by only 1%, whereby such transition takes place for La‐deficient films. The effect of cation (non)stoichiometry of LVO film on both carrier density and mobility is studied and compared with previously reported LaAlO3–STO interface. This observation suggests a revisit to the explanation of possible origin of such conductivity beyond the polar catastrophe scenario and can be instrumental in search for novel conducting interfaces.
Effect of Electrolyte Additives on the LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 Surface Film Formation with Lithium and Graphite Negative Electrodes
Authors: Hekmatfar Maral , Hasa Ivana , Eghbal Ramtin , Carvalho Diogo V. , Moretti Arianna , Passerini Stefano
Published: November 2019

The effect of various electrolyte additives (fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC), vinylene carbonate (VC), and propane sultone (PS)) on the performance of LiNi0.5Mn0.3Co0.2O2 (NMC532) electrodes in combination with lithium (half‐cell) and graphite (full‐cell) negative electrodes, is herein reported. The cathode/electrolyte interface (CEI) layer formed on the NMC532 electrode cycled up to 4.5 V versus Li+/Li is investigated by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. This allows correlating the electrochemical performance of the electrodes to the CEI chemical composition, thickness, and morphology. All the investigated electrolyte additives exhibit beneficial effects in half‐ and full‐cell systems, confirming the effective passivation layer formation protecting the electrolyte from further decomposition at high voltages. It is found that the thickness of the CEI layer forming on the NMC532 electrodes in half‐ and full‐cell configuration is different. VC and PS are found to be the best additives to enhance the performance mainly due to their positive contribution to the CEI formation. The solid/electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed on the graphite electrode is also investigated and compared to the CEI layer formed on the cathode. The detection of typical SEI reduction products on the positive electrode surface confirms the occurrence of cross‐talking between the two electrodes.
Selective Degradation of End‐of‐Life Poly(lactide) via Alkali‐Metal‐Halide Catalysis
Authors: Alberti Christoph , Damps Nicole , Meißner Roderich R. R. , Hofmann Melanie , Rijono Desiree , Enthaler Stephan
Published: November 2019

The recycling of poly(lactide) (PLA) is studied. Using methanol and alkali‐metal‐halides as catalyst, PLA is degraded to produce methyl lactate, which is a suitable chemical for the regeneration of PLA. An excellent degree of degradation (conversions: >99%, yields: >99%) is achieved in less than 20 min utilizing microwave heating. Remarkably, PLA goods are successfully converted into methyl lactate.
Controllable and Stable Quantized Conductance States in a Pt/HfOx/ITO Memristor
Authors: Xue Wuhong , Li Yi , Liu Gang , Wang Zhuorui , Xiao Wen , Jiang Kemin , Zhong Zhicheng , Gao Shuang , Ding Jun , Miao Xiangshui , Xu Xiao‐Hong , Li Run‐Wei
Published: November 2019

Quantum‐level manipulation of atomic configuration offers a excellent platform for the construction of exotic nanostructures that exhibit unusual solid‐state physics and electronic properties. One particular example is the memristor, in which the elaborate evolution of atomic point contact via local ionic processes and consequent stepwise device conductance quantization enable bottom‐up design of in‐memory computing with greatly increased data storage density and more efficient multi‐value logic algorithm. In‐depth understanding on the physics of atomic reconfiguration is achieved through comprehensive consideration of the thermodynamics and kinetics of nanoionics in memristors, based on which a general protocol of constructing atomic point contact structure with desired quantized conductance is established. Through energy‐driven single‐atom level oxygen manipulation in the reset process of a Pt/HfOx/ITO structure, up to 32 consecutive quantized conductance states with an interval of half conductance quantum that can be sustained for over 7000 s and tuned 500 times are demonstrated for the first time, not only allowing the physical implementation of ternary logic‐in‐memory functions, but also providing a universal methodology for building next‐generation quantum electronic devices.
Applying Educational Theory and Best Practices to Solve Common Challenges of Simulation‐based Procedural Training in Emergency Medicine
Authors: Cassara Michael , Schertzer Kimberly , Falk Michael J. , Wong Ambrose H. , Hock Sara M. , Bentley Suzanne , Paetow Glenn , Conlon Lauren W. , Hughes Patrick G. , McKenna Ryan T. , Hrdy Michael , Lei Charles , Kulkarni Miriam , Smith Colleen M. , Young Amanda , Romo Ernesto , Smith Michael D. , Hernandez Jessica , Strother Christopher G. , Frallicciardi Alise , Nadir Nur‐Ain
Published: November 2019

Objectives

Procedural competency is an essential prerequisite for the independent practice of emergency medicine. Multiple studies demonstrate that simulation‐based procedural training (SBPT) is an effective method for acquiring and maintaining procedural competency and preferred over traditional paradigms (“see one, do one, teach one”). Although newer paradigms informing SBPT have emerged, educators often face circumstances that challenge and undermine their implementation. The goal of this paper is to identify and report on best practices and theory‐supported solutions to some of these challenges as derived using a process of expert consensus building and reviews of the existing literature on SBPT.

Methods

The Society for Academic Emergency Medicine (SAEM) Simulation Academy SBPT Workgroup convened approximately 8 months prior to the 2019 SAEM Annual Meeting to perform a review of the literature and participate in a consensus‐building process to identify solutions (in the form of best practices and educational theory) to these challenges faced by educators engaging in SBPT.

Results and Analysis

Thirteen distinct educational challenges to SBPT emerged from the expert group’s primary literature reviews and consensus‐building processes. Three domains emerged upon further analysis of the 13 challenges: learner, educator, and curriculum. Six challenges within the “learner” domain were selected for comprehensive discussion in this paper, as they were deemed representative of the most common and most significant threats to ideal SBPT. Each of the six challenges aligns with one of the following themes: 1) maximizing active learning, 2) maintaining learner engagement, 3) embracing learner diversity, 4) optimizing cognitive load, 5) promoting mindfulness and reflection, and 6) emphasizing deliberate practice for mastery learning. Over 20 “special treatments” for mitigating the impact of the 13 challenges were derived from the secondary literature search and consensus‐building process prior to and during the preconference workshop; 11 of these that best address the six learner‐centered challenges are explored, including implications for educators involved in SBPT.

Conclusions/Implications for Educators

We propose multiple consensus‐generated solutions (in the form of best practices and applied educational theory) that we believe are suitable and well aligned to overcome commonly encountered learner‐centered challenges and threats to optimal SBPT.
Drinking water improvements and rates of urinary and gastrointestinal infections in Galápagos, Ecuador: Assessing household and community factors
Authors: Houck Kelly M. , Terán Enrique , Ochoa Juan , Zapata Gyssell N. , Gomez Ana M. , Parra Rafael , Dvorquez Denise , Stewart Jill R. , Bentley Margaret E. , Thompson Amanda L.
Published: November 2019

Objectives

The Galápagos provides an important setting to investigate the health impacts of a new drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in a limited resource environment. We examine how household perceptions and practices affect the relationship between water quality and infections before and after DWTP.

Methods

Ethnographic data and self‐reported infections were collected from 121 mothers and 168 children ages 2 to 10 from Isla San Cristóbal. Household tap water samples were tested for levels of fecal contamination. Community level infection rates were estimated using discharge records from the Ministry of Public Health. The effects of the new DWTP and fecal contamination levels on infections were tested using logistic and Poisson models.

Results

Perceptions of water quality and household practices influenced exposures to contaminated tap water. We found minimal change in drinking water sources with 85% of mothers sampled before the DWTP and 83% sampled after using bottled water, while >85% from the pooled sample used tap water for cooking and hygiene practices. The DWTP opening was associated with lower odds of fecal contamination in tap water, reported urinary infections, and community level rates of urinary and gastrointestinal infections. The household practice of recently washing the cistern contributed to higher contamination levels after the DWTP opened.

Conclusions

To ensure access to clean water, public health works need to consider how household perceptions and practices influence tap water use and quality, in addition to infrastructure improvements. Exposures to contaminated tap water contribute to the burden of infectious disease in environments with inadequate water infrastructure.
C−H⋅⋅⋅O Hydrogen‐Bond‐Assisted Carboxylate⋅⋅⋅Carboxylate Interactions in a Prevented Decarboxylation of N‐Acetate Isonicotinamide Betaine
Authors: Huang Jing‐Ting , Hsu Ching‐I , Wen Hsin‐Yi , Wang Yu‐Chieh , Shu Youn‐Yuen , Lee Kwang‐Ming
Published: November 2019

Two acetic acid functionalized isonicotinamide (or 4‐carbamoyl‐1‐(carboxymethyl) pyridin‐1‐ium) salts with Br− and BPh4− anions have been prepared. The hydrophilic Br− and hydrophobic BPh4− anions result in two salts having different solubilities in water and acetone. Further recrystallizations of Br− and BPh4− salts from protic H2O/THF and aprotic acetone/ether solvents gave single crystals of a non‐decarboxylated zwitterion (a isonicotiamide betaine) and a decarboxylated isonicotiamides salt at room temperature respectively. A carboxylate−carboxylate dimer motif was observed in the zwitterion crystal structure. Theoretical calculations by using the PBE1PBE method at the cc‐pVDZ level indicate the carboxylate−carboxylate dimer motif was stabilized by the C−H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonding assisted carbonyl⋅⋅⋅carbonyl interaction.
DNAzyme‐Mediated Genetically Encoded Sensors for Ratiometric Imaging of Metal Ions in Living Cells
Authors: Xiong Mengyi , Yang Zhenglin , Lake Ryan J. , Li Junjie , Hong Shanni , Fan Huanhuan , Zhang Xiao‐Bing , Lu Yi
Published: November 2019

Genetically encoded fluorescent proteins (FPs) have been used for metal ion detection. However, their applications are restricted to a limited number of metal ions owing to the lack of available metal‐binding proteins or peptides that can be fused to FPs and the difficulty in transforming the binding of metal ions into a change of fluorescent signal. We report herein the use of Mg2+‐specific 10–23 or Zn2+‐specific 8–17 RNA‐cleaving DNAzymes to regulate the expression of FPs as a new class of ratiometric fluorescent sensors for metal ions. Specifically, we demonstrate the use of DNAzymes to suppress the expression of Clover2, a variant of the green FP (GFP), by cleaving the mRNA of Clover2, while the expression of Ruby2, a mutant of the red FP (RFP), is not affected. The Mg2+ or Zn2+ in HeLa cells can be detected using both confocal imaging and flow cytometry. Since a wide variety of metal‐specific DNAzymes can be obtained, this method can likely be applied to imaging many other metal ions, expanding the range of the current genetically encoded fluorescent protein‐based sensors.