bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two‐Phase Exhumation of the Santa Rosa Mountains: Low‐ and High‐Angle Normal Faulting During Initiation and Evolution of the Southern San Andreas Fault System
Authors: Mason Cody C. , Spotila James A. , Axen Gary , Dorsey Rebecca J. , Luther Amy , Stockli Daniel F.
Published: October 2017

Low‐angle detachment fault systems are important elements of oblique‐divergent plate boundaries, yet the role detachment faulting plays in the development of such boundaries is poorly understood. The West Salton Detachment Fault (WSDF) is a major low‐angle normal fault that formed coeval with localization of the Pacific‐North America plate boundary in the northern Salton Trough, CA. Apatite U‐Th/He thermochronometry (AHe; n = 29 samples) and thermal history modeling of samples from the Santa Rosa Mountains (SRM) reveal that initial exhumation along the WSDF began at circa 8 Ma, exhuming footwall material from depths of >2 to 3 km. An uplifted fossil (Miocene) helium partial retention zone is present in the eastern SRM, while a deeper crustal section has been exhumed along the Pleistocene high‐angle Santa Rosa Fault (SFR) to much higher elevations in the southwest SRM. Detachment‐related vertical exhumation rates in the SRM were ~0.15–0.36 km/Myr, with maximum fault slip rates of ~1.2–3.0 km/Myr. Miocene AHe isochrons across the SRM are consistent with northeast crustal tilting of the SRM block and suggest that the post‐WSDF vertical exhumation rate along the SRF was ~1.3 km/Myr. The timing of extension initiation in the Salton Trough suggests that clockwise rotation of relative plate motions that began at 8 Ma is associated with initiation of the southern San Andreas system. Pleistocene regional tectonic reorganization was contemporaneous with an abrupt transition from low‐ to high‐angle faulting and indicates that local fault geometry may at times exert a fundamental control on rock uplift rates along strike‐slip fault systems.
Cenozoic Shift From Compression to Strike‐Slip Stress Regime in the High Andes at 30°S, During the Shallowing of the Slab: Implications for the El Indio/Tambo Mineral District
Authors: Giambiagi Laura , Álvarez Patricia Pamela , Creixell Christian , Mardonez Diego , Murillo Ismael , Velásquez Ricardo , Lossada Ana , Suriano Julieta , Mescua José , Barrionuevo Matías
Published: October 2017

In the High Andes of central Chile, above the flat‐slab segment, analysis of more than 1,000 fault slip data from Miocene outcrops provides evidence for a change of the regional tectonic regime from compressional to strike slip. This shift in tectonic regime occurred during the waning stages of arc volcanism between 14 and 11 Ma, as a result of the shallowing of the Nazca plate, in conjunction with the migration of deformation to the Precordillera. During the early to middle Miocene, a compressive regime with horizontal σ1 axis (N86°E) was responsible for reverse slip along NNE to N‐striking faults. During the late Miocene, a shift to strike‐slip tectonics took place due to an increase in the absolute magnitude of the vertical stress component as the crust thickened and the gravitational potential energy increase. We argue that instead of the previously accepted highly compressional setting in the arc region during the slab flattening, the change to a strike‐slip regime was the main control on mineralization. Mineralization was controlled by the promotion of fluid expulsion from the magma chambers along active, subvertical strike‐slip fault systems with a high slip tendency, and focusing of fluids in localized areas undergoing extension. Under this strike‐slip regime, the El Indio, Tambo, and La Despensa fault systems formed as dextral strike‐slip systems. The tips and jogsites along these faults experienced local extensional stress fields, forming the El Indio and Tambo mineral districts.
Linking Late Cretaceous to Eocene Tectonostratigraphy of the San Jacinto Fold Belt of NW Colombia With Caribbean Plateau Collision and Flat Subduction
Authors: Mora J. Alejandro , Oncken Onno , Le Breton Eline , Ibánez‐Mejia Mauricio , Faccenna Claudio , Veloza Gabriel , Vélez Vickye , de Freitas Mario , Mesa Andrés
Published: October 2017

Collision with and subduction of an oceanic plateau is a rare and transient process that usually leaves an indirect imprint only. Through a tectonostratigraphic analysis of pre‐Oligocene sequences in the San Jacinto fold belt of northern Colombia, we show the Late Cretaceous to Eocene tectonic evolution of northwestern South America upon collision and ongoing subduction with the Caribbean Plate. We linked the deposition of four fore‐arc basin sequences to specific collision/subduction stages and related their bounding unconformities to major tectonic episodes. The Upper Cretaceous Cansona sequence was deposited in a marine fore‐arc setting in which the Caribbean Plate was being subducted beneath northwestern South America, producing contemporaneous magmatism in the present‐day Lower Magdalena Valley basin. Coeval strike‐slip faulting by the Romeral wrench fault system accommodated right‐lateral displacement due to oblique convergence. In latest Cretaceous times, the Caribbean Plateau collided with South America marking a change to more terrestrially influenced marine environments characteristic of the upper Paleocene to lower Eocene San Cayetano sequence, also deposited in a fore‐arc setting with an active volcanic arc. A lower to middle Eocene angular unconformity at the top of the San Cayetano sequence, the termination of the activity of the Romeral Fault System, and the cessation of arc magmatism are interpreted to indicate the onset of low‐angle subduction of the thick and buoyant Caribbean Plateau beneath South America, which occurred between 56 and 43 Ma. Flat subduction of the plateau has continued to the present and would be the main cause of amagmatic post‐Eocene deposition.
Bed Surface Adjustments to Spatially Variable Flow in Low Relative Submergence Regimes
Authors: Monsalve A. , Yager E. M.
Published: October 2017

In mountainous rivers, large relatively immobile grains partly control the local and reach‐averaged flow hydraulics and sediment fluxes. When the flow depth is similar to the size of these grains (low relative submergence), heterogeneous flow structures and plunging flow cause spatial distributions of bed surface elevations, textures, and sedimentation rates. To explore how the bed surface responds to these flow variations we conducted a set of experiments in which we varied the relative submergence of staggered hemispheres (simulated large boulders) between runs. All experiments had the same average sediment transport capacity, upstream sediment supply, and initial bed thickness and grain size distribution. We combined our laboratory measurements with a 3‐D flow model to obtain the detailed flow structure around the hemispheres. The local bed shear stress field displayed substantial variability and controlled the bed load transport rates and direction in which sediment moved. The divergence in bed shear stress caused by the hemispheres promoted size‐selective bed load deposition, which formed patches of coarse sediment upstream of the hemisphere. Sediment deposition caused a decrease in local bed shear stress, which combined with the coarser grain size, enhanced the stability of this patch. The region downstream of the hemispheres was largely controlled by a recirculation zone and had little to no change in grain size, bed elevation, and bed shear stress. The formation, development, and stability of sediment patches in mountain streams is controlled by the bed shear stress divergence and magnitude and direction of the local bed shear stress field.
The Gas‐Absorption/Chemical‐Reaction Method for Measuring Air‐Water Interfacial Area in Natural Porous Media
Authors: Lyu Ying , Brusseau Mark L. , El Ouni Asma , Araujo Juliana B. , Su Xiaosi
Published: October 2017

The gas‐absorption/chemical‐reaction (GACR) method used in chemical engineering to quantify gas‐liquid interfacial area in reactor systems is adapted for the first time to measure the effective air‐water interfacial area of natural porous media. Experiments were conducted with the GACR method, and two standard methods (X‐ray microtomographic imaging and interfacial partitioning tracer tests) for comparison, using model glass beads and a natural sand. The results of a series of experiments conducted under identical conditions demonstrated that the GACR method exhibited excellent repeatability for measurement of interfacial area (Aia). Coefficients of variation for Aia were 3.5% for the glass beads and 11% for the sand. Extrapolated maximum interfacial areas (Am) obtained with the GACR method were statistically identical to independent measures of the specific solid surface areas of the media. For example, the Am for the glass beads is 29 (±1) cm−1, compared to 32 (±3), 30 (±2), and 31 (±2) cm−1 determined from geometric calculation, N2/BET measurement, and microtomographic measurement, respectively. This indicates that the method produced accurate measures of interfacial area. Interfacial areas determined with the GACR method were similar to those obtained with the standard methods. For example, Aias of 47 and 44 cm−1 were measured with the GACR and XMT methods, respectively, for the sand at a water saturation of 0.57. The results of the study indicate that the GACR method is a viable alternative for measuring air‐water interfacial areas. The method is relatively quick, inexpensive, and requires no specialized instrumentation compared to the standard methods.
Pseudoclefts and Other Specificational Copular Sentences
Authors: den Dikken Marcel
Published: October 2017

This is a survey chapter on specificational copular sentences, including specificational pseudoclefts. Section 1 will address the typology of copular sentences in some detail, laying out the various types of copular constructions identified in the literature and highlighting their properties and differences. Section 2 will repeat the typological exercise of section 1 with specific reference to a subtype of copular sentence referred to as the pseudocleft construction. Sections 3 and 4 will subsequently home in on specificational copular sentences (pseudocleft and non‐cleft alike) and discuss their characteristics. Sections 5 and 6 address questions arising specifically in the context of specificational pseudoclefts and discusses the various analyses proposed for these constructions in the literature. Finally, section 7 discusses semi‐clefts (constructions that superficially resemble pseudoclefts but lack awh‐operator) and their relationship with pseudoclefts.
Reconstruction, Binding, and Scope
Authors: Sportiche Dominique
Published: October 2017

There are mismatches found in movement constructions between surface syntactic structures and associated semantic interpretations, suggesting a failure of incremental compositionality: some moved phrases appear to behave interpretively as if they had not moved. The extent of this phenomenon, called
reconstruction
, is presented, and its treatments discussed in connection with the interpretive properties of binding and scope. We document that reconstruction effects are found in all types of phrasal movement with respect to both binding principles and principles of scope computation. We also document and discuss asymmetries with respect to reconstruction between pied‐piped complements and pied‐piped adjuncts, on the one hand, and between argument movement and predicate movement, on the other.
Affectedness
Authors: Anderson Mona
Published: October 2017

Affectedness is a factor in many different syntactic constructions: NP preposing, middles, datives of possession, depictive predicates, floating numeral quantifiers, thebaconstruction, null objects, secondary resultative predicates. The effects are claimed in many different languages. In “destruction of the city” the logical object of the noun is affected and can appear as the possessive, but in “knowledge of history” it cannot. One mechanism for describing the effect is making affectedness a semantic primitive which constrains the subcategorization frames. Another system uses features. Another makes affectedness a constraint on possible theta‐grids. In another there is a thematic hierarchy which dictates that the affected patient will be the external argument. This connection between the semantic notion of affectedness and the closeness of the connection between the complement and the head is the most salient feature of the different approaches. Experimental work adds weight to the idea that affectedness is a semantic primitive.
Quantifier Scope Ambiguities
Authors: Kiss Katalin É. , Pafel Jürgen
Published: October 2017

Sentences containing quantifiers are often ambiguous, as quantificational DPs interact with one another, and withwh‐phrases, negation, and adverbials. This kind of ambiguity is an ambiguity with respect to the scope of the quantifiers. However, sentences containing several quantifiers or operators are not always scope ambiguous: compare, for example, the ambiguousSome of us always showed upwith the unequivocalAlways, some of us showed up. Thus, the scope of quantifiers is not essentially free; there is a complex pattern of ambiguous and unequivocal sentences containing quantifiers and operators. An adequate analysis of scope ambiguities should be able to predict this complex pattern in a principled way, which should encompass a sensible view of the interface between syntax and semantics. According to the dominant view in generative grammar, scope relations can be deduced from the c‐command relations on Logical Form, where quantifiers are assigned scope by quantifier raising. Variants of and alternatives to this dominant view have been proposed, for some partly motivated by the scope facts in languages other than English (in particular, Mandarin Chinese and Hungarian have been taken into consideration), and for some partly motivated by a more thorough look at the (English) data and/or by modification or substitution of the basic framework. It became apparent that quantifier scope relations crucially depend on certain properties of the quantifiers, whose exact nature is not yet settled, however. The interplay of these properties seems to determine the complex pattern of ambiguous and unequivocal sentences containing quantifiers and operators. The challenge is to uncover the nature of these scope‐relevant properties and account for their interplay within a general conception of the interface between syntax and semantics.
Modal Auxiliaries
Authors: Barbiers Sjef , van Dooren Annemarie
Published: October 2017

In many languages modal auxiliaries such as Englishcan,must,may,need,will,ought,wantare ambiguous between two types of interpretations: epistemic and root interpretations. In the epistemic interpretation the modal expresses how likely it is that a proposition is true (for example, necessarily, possibly, probably true) while in the root interpretations the modal expresses the obligatoriness, permissibility, desirability, or possibility of a state or event. A central question in much syntactic research on modal auxiliaries has been whether this systematic semantic ambiguity corresponds to a syntactic distinction. A commonly accepted answer has been that in epistemic interpretations the modal verb is a monadic predicate while in root interpretations it is a dyadic predicate, typically a relation between a subject and an infinitival verb. This distinction between monadic and dyadic modal predicates has been modeled syntactically in various ways: (i) in terms of lexical argument structure, that is, as the distinction between raising and control verbs; (ii) in terms of different base positions in the array of functional heads making up the clausal spine, with epistemic modals being higher than root modals; (iii) in terms of a higher syntactic position for epistemically interpreted modals after raising at the level of semantic interpretation (LF raising); (iv) in terms of the nature of the complement of the modal. This chapter evaluates these proposals, drawing on data from, among others, English, Dutch, Icelandic, German, and Catalan and taking into account cross‐linguistic differences in the modal systems. One important conclusion is that the alleged correspondence between the epistemic/root distinction and the raising/control distinction is too simple, as there are sentences with root interpretations but a raising syntax. The chapter ends with a list of questions for future research.
Left Dislocation
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis
Published: October 2017

This chapter offers an overview of the three main types of left dislocation – contrastive left dislocation, clitic left dislocation, and hanging topic left dislocation – across languages. While they all involve a phrasal element appearing in the left periphery of the clause, which is resumed by some element within the clause, they differ with respect to a number of properties, for example the nature of the resumptive element and the position of the resumptive element, as well as with respect to the nature of the element that can undergo left dislocation. The chapter then addresses the question as to whether or not these types of left dislocation involve movement or base‐generation of the dislocated element. Finally, the chapter briefly discusses cases of left dislocation in the noun phrase, pointing at similarities between clausal and nominal left dislocation.
Bridge Phenomena
Authors: Erteschik‐Shir Nomi
Published: October 2017

The term “bridge” characterizes a matrix clauses in which extraction out of its complement or other subordinate clause is licensed. Examples include extraction out ofthat‐complements of manner‐of‐speaking verbs, picture‐noun phrases, and relative clauses. The properties of bridge phenomena are outlined showing that they are gradient‐ and context‐dependent. These properties are shown to argue against a syntactic analysis of islandhood in general and bridge phenomena in particular. Instead an account in terms of information structure is proposed, arguing that only such an account can explain the gradient‐ and context‐dependent data involved in bridge phenomena.
Grammatical and Light Verbs
Authors: Mohanan Tara
Published: October 2017

Over the decades, syntacticians have found lexical items that refuse to fit neatly into the division between grammatical morphemes (pronouns, conjunctions, and determiners) and lexical morphemes (nouns, adjectives, and verbs). Among these is a special class of grammatical verbs (other than auxiliaries, modals, and verbal clitics), namely,light verbs, perhaps more appropriately termedsemi‐lexical verbs(Corver and van Riemsdijk 2001). This entry outlines what distinguishes light verbs from other grammatical verbs, and from full verbs, and discusses research questions that light verbs raise. Light verbs combine with a host to form alight verb construction, a syntactically monoclausal complex predicate, which calls for distinguishing it from compound verb, composite predicate, serial verb, and control constructions. Light verbs have full counterparts, and can contribute to the valency and semantic substance of the clause, but they differ from them in not carrying their full predicative burden. The issues we explore are: what are the systematic cross‐linguistically recurrent relations between a light verb and its full counterpart? If we view a light verb and its host as forming a complex predicate, how do they jointly determine the semantic structure and syntactic valency of the construction? What special patterns of phenomena are found in the light verb construction with nominal, adjectival, and verbal hosts? What are the cross‐linguistically recurrent patterns observed in light verb constructions that serve as passives, causatives, applicatives, resultatives, and so on? What are the theoretical concepts, structural patterns, and assumptions – as distinct from the formalisms that articulate particular theories or frameworks – needed for capturing the patterns observed in light verb constructions? These questions are illustrated with case studies from different languages, pointing to possible directions and tentative conclusions without always arriving at definitive answers.
Partitive Constructions
Authors: Tănase‐Dogaru Mihaela
Published: October 2017

This chapter treats partitive constructions and the relation between the genitive and the partitive from a crosslinguistic perspective, showing that in Universal Grammar the partitive and the pseudopartitive are values of the genitive case. Partitive constructions fall into two categories, that is, partitives proper (1) and pseudopartitives (2):
Extraction from ComplexNPsand Detachment
Authors: Bošković Željko
Published: October 2017

This chapter overviews a number of issues regarding extraction out of complex NPs, starting with the traditional ban on extraction out of complex NPs (i.e. NPs modified by clauses), referred to as the Complex NP Constraint. The chapter also discusses cross‐linguistic variation regarding extraction of NP‐adjuncts and extraction of nominal complements. While languages differ with respect to such extraction when the relevant NP functions as a verbal complement, such extraction is uniformly ruled out when the relevant NP functions as a nominal complement. What these cases have in common with the Complex NP Constraint configuration (i.e. the case where the noun takes a clausal complement) is that they all involve extraction out of a nominal complement. They can then be unified with the Complex NP Constraint under a larger generalization where extraction is disallowed out of nominal complements, regardless of their categorial status. In other words, NP is an island for elements that its head does not theta‐mark, which can be captured in a phasal framework in a contextual approach to phases where the phasal status of NP is sensitive to the syntactic configuration in which it occurs as well as its theta‐relations. In addition to extraction out of complex NPs, the chapter discusses several cases where “parts” of a complex NP may not be base‐generated together.
Internally Headed Relative Clauses
Authors: Hiraiwa Ken
Published: October 2017

Languages show a restricted number of relativization strategies. Depending on the linear position in which a relativized head noun appears, relative clauses (RCs) are classified intoprenominal/right‐headed,postnominal/left‐headed, andin‐situRCs. This classification is further refined depending on the structural position of a relativized head noun: whether it is syntacticallyexternalto the relative clause CP orinternalto it. The latter type are called internally headed RCs (IHRCs). Thus, there can be logically three types of IHRCs:in‐situIHRCs,left‐headedIHRCs, andright‐headedIHRCs.

IHRCs are observed in a relatively small number of languages of the world, but are by no means typologically rare. They are indeed found in geographically diverse areas, across genetically unrelated languages.

An important goal from the perspective of generative grammar is to investigate the structures of IHRCs and to reveal universals and parameters that make IHRCs available in some languages but not in others. In search of them, various linguists have proposed typological generalizations that are claimed to hold of IHRCs universally, such as a word‐order generalization and awh‐in‐situgeneralization. However, each generalization faces limits and exceptions. This chapter examines what the studies on IHRCs have discovered so far over the years and carefully considers what universals should be extracted from them and what should be taken as parameterized. It will focus on two sides of syntax of IHRCs: the internal syntax and the external syntax. A language with an IHRC must have a syntactic mechanism available that allows a relativized head to remain internal to a relative clause but to be linked as an argument of an element external to the relative clause. The chapter will also discuss syntactic subtypes of IHRCs from a cross‐linguistic perspective.
Case, Primarily in Japanese
Authors: Inoue Kazuko , Koizumi Masatoshi
Published: October 2017

Research on case has a long history covering a variety of surface phenomena involving morphology, syntax, and semantics. Researchers in the generative tradition have increasingly focused on the role of case in determining the distribution of noun phrases in various constructions found in typologically diverse languages. This chapter contains reviews of major generative works on case during the past 50 years with special reference to Japanese. We first review how research on the Japanese case system developed within the frameworks of Standard Theory and Extended Standard Theory with their basic tenet of structural determination of case. It is shown that during this period of transformational pursuits, most of the facts relevant to morphological case in Japanese were discovered, and these facts have been used as crucial data and recast over and over again in new frameworks as theoretical changes evolved. We then bring up a paradigm shift that occurred during the 1980s within the framework of Government and Binding Theory, later called the Principles and Parameters Approach. In this period a notion of “abstract Case” was introduced, playing an important role in motivating a certain type of movement, and in regulating alternations between overt and covert subjects in infinitive clauses. Crucially using this notion, typologically different languages were studied extensively from the point of view of Universal Grammar. Finally we turn to ongoing debates in the Minimalist Program such as (i) to what extent morphological case and abstract Case are (or are not) related to each other, (ii) whether case and agreement are both manifestations of the same Agree relation, (iii) whether not only Move but also Merge are derived for case theoretic reasons in some languages, and so on.
Adjective Order within Noun Phrases
Authors: Valois Daniel
Published: October 2017

One of the main difficulties concerning adjective placement is the establishment of clear semantic or syntactic criteria to account for their positioning within the noun phrase (DP) – both with respect to each other and relative to the noun they modify – in a variety of syntactically and morphologically different languages.

Hetzron provided a first attempt at drawing general cross‐linguistic observations by looking at several languages of different types. His conclusion was that, based on a certain number of semantic criteria, there is some kind of universal ordering of adjectives, with a few exceptions that are either language‐specific or contextually motivated. As our knowledge of the syntactic representation of DPs improved over the years, analyses of adjective placement became more detailed and complex, and various authors proposed increasingly fine‐grained accounts (e.g. via N‐movement) of the relationship between their position in the DP and their meaning.

Recent analyses develop a more detailed and principled account of the mapping between meaning and surface position, as well as a better understanding of the syntactic origin of adjectives. Bouchard addressed a number of problems with the original N‐movement analysis, while at the same time attempting to subsume the issue of adjective placement under more general considerations regarding cognition and language processing.

The goal of this chapter is to present a brief overview of adjective ordering analyses in their historical context and present in detail the most current and influential views on the topic. For this reason, the focus will be mainly on Romance (Italian and French) and Germanic (English) languages, the two language types most studied in this respect.
Preposition Stranding
Authors: Law Paul
Published: October 2017

This chapter surveys the phenomena of preposition stranding primarily in Romance and Germanic languages, reviewing the literature on the phenomenon spanning more than 40 years of research since the late 1960s. It discusses the insights and problems of three major theories of preposition stranding: (i) the reanalysis account, according to which preposition stranding results from the verb and the preposition being reanalyzed as one morphological unit; (ii) government‐theoretic accounts, according to which preposition stranding is permitted only if complements to verbs and prepositions are governed in the same way; and (iii) the D‐to‐P incorporation theory, in which prepositions may be stranded if D is not incorporated into P. Some languages in the Slavic, Turkic, Sinitic, Altaic, and Austronesian language families are briefly considered in the light of their not having D and not allowing preposition stranding.
Psychological Verbs and Psychological Adjectives
Authors: Rozwadowska Bożena
Published: October 2017

Psychological verbs and psychological adjectives (often referred to aspsych predicates) describe emotions and mental states. They can also be defined as predicates that take Experiencer as one of their arguments. Cross‐linguistically, psych predicates systematically exhibit peculiar properties. Psychological verbs are subdivided into three major subclasses: Subject Experiencer (SE) verbs, Object Experiencer (OE) verbs, and Dative Experiencer (DE) verbs. Their argument structure is problematic for linking problems in view of UTAH (Uniformity of Theta Assignment Hypothesis) or similar mapping generalizations. Apart from that, in various languages psychological verbs exhibit clusters of characteristic syntactic properties that clearly set them apart from prototypical transitive agentive predicates. Importantly, psychological verbs are multiply ambiguous between stative, eventive (causative), and agentive readings. The peculiar psych properties obtain only on the stative and, arguably, eventive (causative) readings. On the agentive reading, they behave like transitive action verbs. To account for the “psych phenomenon,” various approaches appeared in the literature, especially with regard to OE verbs, since it is this subclass where the psych behavior is particularly conspicuous. The early classic syntactic approach attributes the properties of both psychological OE verbs and psychological adjectives to unaccusative syntax. In contrast, on the locative approach, their syntactic properties are attributed to Experiencers viewed as locations. Alternatively, a variety of lexical thematic accounts relate their properties to thematic role types (or clusters of thematic features), postulate thematic hierarchies to capture mapping generalizations, and formulate various thematic restrictions to account for the (in)compatibility of psych verbs and psych adjectives with various syntactic constructions. Recent event‐structure approaches, in turn, explain the polysemy and variable behavior of psych predicates to differences in event types and event participants rather than specific roles. Research on nominalizations provides important evidence for the nature of the psych phenomenon.
Existential Sentences and ExpletiveThere
Authors: Moro Andrea
Published: October 2017

One of the basic premises of the theory of syntax is that clause structures can be minimally identified as containing a verb phrase that plays the role of predicate and a noun phrase that plays the role of subject. Copular sentences – that is, sentences that contain the verbto beor its (verbal) equivalent across languages – depart from this pattern: they provide a special case study where the noun phrase that co‐occurs with the verb phrase plays the role of predicate. This anomaly reveals crucial and otherwise hidden properties of the clause structure. This chapter deals with the empirical identification of two symmetrical varieties of copular sentences – namely canonical versus inverse sentences – and along with it explores many peculiar properties, such as binding theoretical effects, backward reflexivisation, pseudo‐extraction, the predicative role ofpro, and the dramatic role of these sentences in triggering the pro‐drop parameter.
VP‐Ellipsis
Authors: van Craenenbroeck Jeroen
Published: October 2017

VP‐ellipsis (VPE) refers to the phenomenon whereby the main predicate of the clause – typically in combination with its internal arguments – is missing. VPE has drawn the interest of generative syntacticians from the very early days onward and continues to be a thriving subfield of the theoretical literature on ellipsis to this day. This SynCom Case highlights the most important theoretical questions and accompanying data surrounding VPE. It approaches the phenomenon from four different angles: the presence or absence of unpronounced syntactic structure inside the ellipsis site, the si ze of the ellipsis site, the recoverability requirement on the ellipsis process, and the licensing environments of VPE. While the early decades focused mostly on “standard” cases of VPE in English finite clauses, recent years have seen an influx of new data from a wide range of languages and language varieties other than standard English. The introduction of these new facts has in many cases led to a reconsideration of earlier theoretical approaches to VPE and has raised several new puzzles and open questions.
A Systematic Analysis of the Substrate Scope of (S)‐ and (R)‐Selective Amine Transaminases
Authors: Calvelage Sten , Dörr Mark , Höhne Matthias , Bornscheuer Uwe T.
Published: October 2017

Amine transaminases (ATAs) have emerged as an important group of biocatalysts for the synthesis of optically pure amines over the past few decades. In the same way, the amount of available data for ATA‐catalyzed reactions has increased significantly, forming the basis for a deeper understanding of this versatile group of enzymes. These data provide a high potential for relevant information if they can be structured and analyzed appropriately, especially for the identification of suitable ATAs for a certain reaction of interest. Following this intention, we started to collect reaction data from the literature for five (S)‐selective and seven (R)‐selective ATAs, focusing on conversion and enantiomeric excess values as important indicators for activity and selectivity. This resulted in a data collection of almost 500 ATA‐catalyzed reactions subdivided into four distinctive substrate classes. Our comparative analysis using a data processing system based on function point analysis created a ranking of the most suitable ATAs for each substrate class, which is illustrated by graphics enabling the quick identification of matching enzymes and substrate combinations. This is accompanied by detailed information from the collected literature to serve as further guidance to choose the most suitable ATA for a reaction of interest. In addition, the presented categorization algorithm is provided in form of a free accessible R script that allows a simple reproduction of analysis results as well as its application to further types of enantioselective biocatalysts.

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Organocatalyzed Enantioselective Aldol and Henry Reactions Starting from Benzylic Alcohols
Authors: Alegre‐Requena Juan V. , Marqués‐López Eugenia , Herrera Raquel P.
Published: October 2017

Pioneering aldol and Henry reactions starting from benzylic‐type alcohols are described. The aldol reaction has been successfully performed following a one‐pot strategy starting from alcohols, while the Henry reaction has been carried out following a sequential protocol for the first time. In both processes, enantiomerically enriched products were obtained with good yields and high enantioselectivities. We have also demonstrated that in reactions sensitive to small amounts of acid the use of alcohols instead of aldehydes could be a good solution for improving the results of these reactions.

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Alkaline Fuel Cells with Novel Gortex‐Based Electrodes are Powered Remarkably Efficiently by Methane Containing 5% Hydrogen
Authors: Wagner Klaudia , Tiwari Prerna , Swiegers Gerhard F. , Wallace Gordon G.
Published: October 2017

Numerous electric and gas utilities are actively pursuing “power‐to‐gas” technology, which involves using unwanted, excess renewable energy to manufacture hydrogen gas (H2) that is then injected into the existing natural gas pipeline network in 5–10% by volume. This work reports an alkaline fuel cell that has the potential to harness such gas mixtures for downstream generation of electric power. The fuel cell, which employs novel Gortex‐based electrodes layered with Pd/Pt catalysts, generates electricity remarkably efficiently when fuelled with methane (CH4) containing 5% hydrogen. Methane constitutes the major component of natural gas. The fuel cell has been studied over a range of hydrogen to methane ratios using Tafel plots and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. These show that, in terms of fundamental operation, there is, astonishingly, almost no difference between using pure hydrogen and 5% hydrogen in methane, as the fuel. The Gortex electrodes and alkaline electrolyte are clearly able to utilize the dilute hydrogen as a fuel with remarkable efficiency. The methane acts as an inert carrier gas and is not consumed.
Gut Microbiota Perturbations in Reactive Arthritis and Postinfectious Spondyloarthritis
Authors: Manasson Julia , Shen Nan , Garcia Ferrer Helga R. , Ubeda Carles , Iraheta Isa , Heguy Adriana , Von Feldt Joan M. , Espinoza Luis R. , Garcia Kutzbach Abraham , Segal Leopoldo N. , Ogdie Alexis , Clemente Jose C. , Scher Jose U.
Published: October 2017

Objective

Reactive arthritis (ReA) is an inflammatory disorder occurring several weeks after gastrointestinal or genitourinary tract infections. HLA–B27 positivity is considered a risk factor, although it is not necessarily predictive of disease incidence. Among nongenetic factors, the intestinal microbiome may play a role in disease susceptibility. The objective of this study was to characterize the gut microbiota and host gene interactions in ReA and postinfectious spondyloarthritis.

Methods

Adult subjects with peripheral spondyloarthritis and control subjects with preceding infections who did not develop arthritis were prospectively recruited from a geographic region with a high prevalence of ReA. Clinical variables, HLA status, and 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing of intestinal microbiota were analyzed.

Results

Subjects with ReA showed no significant differences from controls in gut bacterial richness or diversity. However, there was a significantly higher abundance of Erwinia and Pseudomonas and an increased prevalence of typical enteropathogens associated with ReA. Subjects with ultrasound evidence of enthesitis were enriched in Campylobacter, while subjects with uveitis and radiographic sacroiliitis were enriched in Erwinia and unclassified Ruminococcaceae, respectively; both were enriched in Dialister. Host genetics, particularly HLA–A24, were associated with differences in gut microbiota diversity irrespective of disease status. We identified several co‐occurring taxa that were also predictive of HLA–A24 status.

Conclusion

This is the first culture‐independent study characterizing the gut microbial community in postinfectious arthritis. Although bacterial factors correlated with disease presence and clinical features of ReA, host genetics also appeared to be a major independent driver of intestinal community composition. Understanding of these gut microbiota–host genetic relationships may further clarify the pathogenesis of postinfectious spondyloarthritides.
CHO‐Omics Review: The Impact of Current and Emerging Technologies on Chinese Hamster Ovary Based Bioproduction
Authors: Stolfa Gino , Smonskey Matthew T. , Boniface Ryan , Hachmann Anna‐Barbara , Gulde Paul , Joshi Atul D. , Pierce Anson P. , Jacobia Scott J. , Campbell Andrew
Published: October 2017

CHO cells are the most prevalent platform for modern bio‐therapeutic production. Currently, there are several CHO cell lines used in bioproduction with distinct characteristics and unique genotypes and phenotypes. These differences limit advances in productivity and quality that can be achieved by the most common approaches to bioprocess optimization and cell line engineering. Incorporating omics‐based approaches into current bioproduction processes will complement traditional methodologies to maximize gains from CHO engineering and bioprocess improvements. In order to highlight the utility of omics technologies in CHO bioproduction, the authors discuss current applications as well as limitations of genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, lipidomics, fluxomics, glycomics, and multi‐omics approaches and the potential they hold for the future of bioproduction. Multiple omics approaches are currently being used to improve CHO bioprocesses; however, the application of these technologies is still limited. As more CHO‐omic datasets become available and integrated into systems models, the authors expect significant gains in product yield and quality. While individual omics technologies provide incremental improvements in bioproduction, the authors will likely see the most significant gains by applying multi‐omics and systems biology approaches to individual CHO cell lines.
Severe thyrotoxicosis in an infant revealing familial nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism with a novel (C672W) stimulating thyrotropin receptor germline mutation
Authors: Oliver‐Petit Isabelle , Savagner Frédérique , Grunenwald Solange , Vialon Magaly , Edouard Thomas , Caron Philippe
Published: October 2017

Key Clinical Message

We describe severe thyrotoxicosis in young members of a family with nonautoimmune hyperthyroidism caused by a C672W germline mutation in exon 10 of TSHR gene. In this family, lack of genotype‐phenotype correlation and anticipation across generations could be linked to an increased iodine intake as recently observed in France.
How often is patent foramen ovale an innocent bystander?
Authors: Versaci Francesco , Vizzari Giampiero , Sergi Domenico , Andò Giuseppe , Trivisonno Antonio , Romeo Francesco
Published: October 2017

Key Clinical Message

Patent foramen ovale (PFO) is a risk factor for cryptogenetic stroke; its closure should be considered in selected patients. It is not always clear whether symptoms (presyncope, paresthesia) apparently due to paradoxical embolism are related with other cardiovascular disorders such as arrhythmias. Flecainide administration for post‐PFO‐closure supraventricular arrhythmias can unmask a latent undiagnosed Brugada syndrome.
Thermodynamic Analysis of α‐Pinene and Limonene Allylic Oxidation over a FePcCl16‐NH2‐SiO2 Catalyst
Authors: Becerra Jaime-Andrés , Villa Aída-Luz
Published: October 2017

From oxidation over a FePcCl16‐NH2‐SiO2 catalyst and tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) as oxidant, verbenone, α‐pinene epoxide, and verbenol were obtained from α‐pinene while carvone, limonene 1,2‐epoxide and carveol were produced from limonene. TBHP decomposes into O2, tert‐butanol, and di‐tert‐butyl peroxide (DTBP). With the aim to perform a batch‐reactor conceptual design, α‐pinene and limonene oxidation was thermodynamically analyzed. Standard enthalpy and entropy of formation, liquid heat capacity, enthalpy of reaction and vaporization, and Gibbs free energy were determined by group contribution methods using Aspen Plus® simulation. Although the results depend on the method, it was found that α‐pinene and limonene oxidations were exothermic and spontaneous at the selected reaction temperature. However, TBHP decomposition into O2, tert‐butanol, and DTBP was an endothermic reaction.
Rational Design of Branched Au–Fe3O4 Janus Nanoparticles for Simultaneous Trimodal Imaging and Photothermal Therapy of Cancer Cells
Authors: Chen Xiangjun , Li Guilan , Han Qinghe , Li Xiliang , Li Lu , Wang Tingting , Wang Chungang
Published: October 2017

We report a facile and simple hydrogen reduction method to fabricate PEGylated branched gold (Au)–iron oxide (Fe3O4) Janus nanoparticles (JNPs). Note that the hydrogen induces the formation of Fe3O4 during the synthesis process. Due to the strong absorption in the near‐infrared range, branched Au–Fe3O4 JNPs showed a significant photothermal effect with a 40 % calculated photothermal transduction efficiency under a laser irradiation of 808 nm in vitro. Owing to their excellent optical and magnetic properties, branched Au–Fe3O4 JNPs were demonstrated to be advantageous agents for triple‐modal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)/photoacoustic imaging (PAI)/computed tomography (CT) in vitro. Therefore, the synthetic approach could be extended to prepare Au–metallic oxide JNPs for specific applications.
Recent Developments of All‐Solid‐State Lithium Secondary Batteries with Sulfide Inorganic Electrolytes
Authors: Xu Ruochen , Zhang Shengzhao , Wang Xiuli , Xia Yan , Xia Xinhui , Wu Jianbo , Gu Changdong , Tu Jiangping
Published: October 2017

Due to the increasing demand of security and energy density, all‐solid‐state lithium ion batteries have become the promising next‐generation energy storage devices to replace the traditional liquid batteries with flammable organic electrolytes. In this Minireview, we focus on the recent developments of sulfide inorganic electrolytes for all‐solid‐state batteries. The challenges of assembling bulk‐type all‐solid‐state batteries for industrialization are discussed, including low ionic conductivity of the present sulfide electrolytes, high interfacial resistance and poor compatibility between electrolytes and electrodes. Many efforts have been focused on the solutions for these issues. Although some progresses have been achieved, it is still far away from practical application. The perspectives for future research on all‐solid‐state lithium ion batteries are presented.
Internal Targeting and External Control: Phototriggered Targeting in Nanomedicine
Authors: Arrue Lily , Ratjen Lars
Published: October 2017

The photochemical control of structure and reactivity bears great potential for chemistry, biology, and life sciences. A key feature of photochemistry is the spatiotemporal control over secondary events. Well‐established applications of photochemistry in medicine are photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photopharmacology (PP). However, although both are highly localizable through the application of light, they lack cell‐ and tissue‐specificity. The combination of nanomaterial‐based drug delivery and targeting has the potential to overcome limitations for many established therapy concepts. Even more privileged seems the merger of nanomedicine and cell‐specific targeting (internal targeting) controlled by light (external control), as it can potentially be applied to many different areas of medicine and pharmaceutical research, including the aforementioned PDT and PP. In this review a survey of the interface of photochemistry, medicine and targeted drug delivery is given, especially focusing on phototriggered targeting in nanomedicine.