bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
34 Swine Breeding Herd Practicum Winternship
Authors: Safranski Timothy J
Published: April 2022

Approximately 70% of Animal Science students at Mizzou enroll without large animal experience, and commercial swine production exposure is very low (1-3%). As such, few consider careers in the swine industry. Winter break is 4 or 5 weeks long, allowing more than enough family time. An opportunity for full-time employment for students for 1-2 weeks over winter break on commercial sow units was arranged for 1 or 2 students each of 2 years. Host farms reported students were ‘shell shocked’ for the first 3 or 4 d, finding the scope of production overwhelming. A more formal program was designed to introduce students to modern swine breeding herd management, combining academic and field training over a period of several months. Eligible students have at least sophomore standing, can demonstrate a sincere interest in learning about careers in commercial pork production, and are able to commute to farms within 2 hr of campus. Cooperating farms provide hands-on experience on a modern commercial sow farm, help arrange housing, and pay students nominally during the winter break portion. Students are interviewed, and those selected to participate (n = up to 6) sign a code of conduct and participation agreement. In the fall semester they attend 8 hours of classroom instruction covering: gilt development; isolation/acclimation and biosecurity; reproductive anatomy/physiology; detection and synchronization of estrus; artificial insemination; pregnancy diagnosis; farrowing room preparation; induction of farrowing; obstetrical intervention; colostrum management; d 1 pig care; feeding and handling sows and piglets; careers. Interspersed on weekends during fall semester are 3 weekend days shadowing/working in pairs on commercial farms within 1.5 hours of campus. This training prepares them for ‘full time employment’ on a breeding farm, and students work for 1 or 2 weeks over the winter break on commercial sow units. Upon completion of the full-time employment phase, students prepare a written summary of their experience, upon which the majority of their grade rests.
33 Nationwide Sheep & Goat Producer Needs Assessment
Authors: Quintana Jaeyln , Froehlich Kelly , Carroll Heidi K
Published: April 2022

Resources for sheep and goat production are limited despite expanded interest and rising numbers of producers in the United States. It is critical for extension professionals, producer organizations, and industry to be attune to producer needs as educational programming is planned and developed. Therefore, a voluntary needs assessment was conducted to identify US producer interests and enhance future extension efforts. The online QuestionPro survey was peer-reviewed by 15 university small ruminant specialists. Closed-ended and open-ended questions were utilized to identify important production topics, preferred program delivery methods, production challenges, and participant demographics. Six hundred and seventy-two respondents completed at least half of the survey. Most respondents raise sheep only (46%) followed by goats only (35%) then both (19%). Seventy percent of respondents describe their operation as providing supplemental household income. Fifty-five percent direct market products. The largest percentage of respondents indicated live animals (82%) and meat (63%) were “very important” economically to their operation. Seventy-one percent of respondents have flocks/herds of less than 100 animals and 49% have less than 10 years of experience raising small ruminants. “Very important” topics were parasite management (65%), breeding stock nutrition (61%), and reproductive management (60%). Overwhelmingly, 43% of respondents prefer virtual programs to be a single event shorter than 45 minutes while 32% expressed willingness to attend an in-person, all-day program with multiple session. For in-person programming, most respondents preferred wintertime (Dec-Feb, 34%), mornings (41%), and Saturdays (20%). Most indicated that email (38%) was the best way to promote upcoming extension resources. The results of this survey highlighted current needs, interests, and preferences for extension programming and resources by sheep and goat producers in the US. These results are important to enhance extension efforts and collectively strengthen the sustainability of the American small ruminant producer.
38 Beyond the Classroom: Community Engaged Learning in Animal Sciences
Authors: Rivera Rocio M , Foley Ann Marie , Strauch Trista
Published: April 2022

“Companion Animals” is a sophomore level elective in the Division of Animal Sciences at the University of Missouri (MU). This class focuses primarily on dogs, cats, and horses. Topics covered include the pet industry, breeds, wellness, management, care, training, zoonotic diseases, evolution and domestication, toxicology, nutrition, reproduction, genetics, human animal interactions, and biomedical research. As this course is designated a biological science course, several non-majors also enroll in the class each year. What makes this course different from other courses taught in the Division is that it is a “service-learning course.” This means that students volunteer 20-35 hours with non-profits and neighborhood organizations, including the local animal shelter and equine therapy services for persons with disabilities. The partnerships are coordinated by the Office of Service Learning at MU. The benefits for the students include 1) development of professional skills and exploration of possible careers, 2) civic engagement, 3) public service leadership, and 4) understanding of diversity, equity and inclusion. Together, the students in the course perform more >850 hours of community service and their engagement creates >$18,500 of positive economic impact in the state of Missouri. Overall, 93% of MU students would recommend their service experience to a friend. Early in the semester, Dr. Rivera, the course coordinator, meets for 15 minutes with each student to learn about the reason they chose their service, invariably the majority answer, “because of the animals.” Also, at the end of the semester Dr. Rivera meets for 15 minutes with each student to learn about their volunteering experience. When asked “what was the best part of the service?” the vast majority of the students respond “the people.” In conclusion, the general life skills, social conscience, and personal growth that the students attain from their service is not attainable in the typical classroom setting.
39 CAFNR Connections: Building Community for Underrepresented Students in Agriculture
Authors: Byrne Addison
Published: April 2022

College of Agriculture Food and Natural Resources (CAFNR) Connections began as a University of Missouri Animal Science upperclassmen’s desire to increase a sense of belonging and inclusion within the CAFNR for students of color in fall 2019. Open to all students across campus, the objective of CAFNR Connections is to provide opportunities for students to gather informally, engage in conversation, and build community. During its short existence, students from Animal Sciences, Natural Resources, Plant Sciences, Hospitality Management, Microbiology, Nursing, Psychology, Biological Sciences, and Spanish have come together in a space to share their personal experiences and grow personally, professionally, and academically. The establishment of a student organization by students for students from underrepresented minority groups, provides a platform for development in interpersonal communication, professional development, and philanthropic activities. The support systems developed within student organizations such as CAFNR Connections provide the necessary scaffolding for student success.
241 Evaluating the Effects of Lactate Adaptation in Cannulated Steers on Fermentation Characteristics in an Ex Vivo Model of Ruminal Acidosis
Authors: Gaffney Bree , McNelis Jenna , Buessing Zachary , Linder Haley , Trennepohl Keela , Shike Daniel W , McCann Joshua C
Published: April 2022

The objective was to determine if lactate adaption in cannulated steers affected fermentation characteristics in an ex vivo model of ruminal acidosis. Eighteen cannulated steers (790 ± 68 kg) were assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: 500 mL of H2O (CON) or 1 mM DL-Lactic acid solution per kg steer BW (LAC). After treatments were dosed prior to feeding for 6 d, rumen fluid was collected for an ex vivo study. Three flasks for each steer contained 7.5 g DM of substrate (70% corn, 15% DDG, and 15% silage) and 160 mL of inoculum with rumen fluid and McDougall’s buffer (4:1 ratio). Sample aliquots (1.7 mL) were collected every 4 h from the flask for 36 h fermentation for later analysis. At 12 h, 90 mM of neutralized DL-Lactic acid was added to each flask to further evaluate lactate utilization over time. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 with a repeated measures analysis. A treatment by hour interaction was not detected (P = 0.19) for pH. However, steers on LAC tended (P = 0.06) to have a greater pH than CON. No treatment by hour interaction or treatment effect was observed (P ≥ 0.44) for molar proportion of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and ammonia. A treatment by hour interaction tended (P = 0.07) to be observed for total VFA; CON was greater than LAC at hour 8, 13, 16, and 20. Control steers had a greater (P = 0.03) in vitro dry matter disappearance compared with LAC (63.6 vs. 54.0%, respectively). Although results indicated that rumen fluid from lactate-adapted steers had a greater pH in an acidosis model, rumen fluid from CON steers had improved IVDMD and total VFA concentrations.
244 Physiological Response of Nursery Pigs Fed Cold-Pressed Canola Cake-Based Diets with Soluble Fiber Source or Feed Additives
Authors: Sellner Courtney , Levesque Crystal L , Hong Jinsu
Published: April 2022

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of soluble fiber source or feed additives on physiological response of nursery pigs fed cold-pressed canola cake (CPCC) based diets. A total of 24 nursery pigs [initial body weight (BW) = 7.29 kg] were housed in 24 metabolic crates and fed 6 diets (4 pigs/diet) in a completely randomized design. The diets were a corn-soybean meal (SBM)-based diet and corn-SBM-CPCC (30%)-based diets without or with barley, acidifier, encapsulated butyric acid, and probiotics. The diets were formulated to meet or exceed NRC (2012) nutrient recommendations for nursery pigs and were fed for 2 weeks. Pig BW and feed intake were measured on day 0 and d 14. On d 14, blood samples were collected for measuring serum concentrations of triiodothyronine (T3) and tetraiodothyronine (T4), then all pigs were euthanized for measuring organ weights and pH of digesta in the gastrointestinal tract. Pigs fed corn-SBM based diet had greater (P < 0.05) gain to feed ratio compared with pigs fed CPCC diet by 24%. Dietary acidifier increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG) of pigs fed CPCC diet by 45.6% and had no difference from that of pigs fed corn-SBM based diet. There were no differences in weight of the thyroid gland, liver, and heart relative to BW. Dietary treatments did not affect serum T3 and T4 concentrations of pigs fed CPCC diets. Dietary barley, acidifier, or butyric acid had no influence on digesta pH of duodenum, jejunum, ileum, cecum, proximal colon, and distal colon in pigs fed CPCC diets. However, dietary probiotics increased (P < 0.05) pH of distal colonic digesta (6.62) compared with pigs fed corn-SBM diet (6.15) and CPCC diet (6.13). Supplementation of acidifier in 30% CPCC diet increased average daily gain of nursery pigs while maintaining normal metabolic organ weights and serum thyroid hormones level.
PSIII-6 Pre- and Postpartum Locomotor Activity in Nutrient Restricted Primiparous Beef Females
Authors: Johnson Remie M , Redifer Colby A , Wichman Lindsey G , Rathert-Williams Abigail R , Meyer Allison M
Published: April 2022

To determine the effects of late gestational nutrient restriction (NR) on pre- and postpartum locomotion, fall-calving Hereford-SimAngus heifers were individually fed 100% (control; CON; n = 11) or 70% (NR; n = 13) of energy and protein requirements for maintenance, pregnancy, and growth from d 160 of gestation to calving. Heifers were housed in 3.7 x 15.8 m pens, and IceQube accelerometers were placed on a hind fetlock on d 265 of gestation to record motion index (MI), standing time (ST), lying time (LT), step count, and lying bout number (LB). Prepartum data were analyzed by day (72 h prepartum), 6-h periods (24 h prepartum), and hour (6 h prepartum). Post-calving data were analyzed by day (7 d postpartum). All analyses had fixed effects of nutritional plane, time period, their interaction, and calving date. In both 72- and 24-h analyses, ST was greater (P ≤ 0.02) in NR compared with CON. Nutritional plane x day affected (P = 0.008) LB within 72 h prepartum, where NR females had an altered pattern across days. In the 6 h prepartum, MI was affected (P = 0.005) by nutritional plane x hour where NR were more variable than CON. Post-calving, standing time tended to be greater (P = 0.06) in NR compared with CON. In the 72-h prepartum analysis, ST increased (P = 0.005) on the final day pre-calving. Step count, MI, and LB increased (P ≤ 0.008) during the last 6 h prepartum. Standing time decreased (P = 0.04) at -1 h prepartum, while LB increased (P < 0.001) at -2 h and again at -1 h prepartum. Step count and MI decreased (P < 0.001) for the first 4 d postpartum, and LB were greatest on d 1 postpartum (P < 0.001). These data suggest late gestational nutrient restriction increases peripartum standing time in beef females.
PSIII-3 Changes in Sow Posture from Weaning to Estrus
Authors: Moest Nicole K , Willard Naomi C , Vande Pol Katherine D , Shull Caleb M , Ellis Michael
Published: April 2022

Sows exhibit changes in behavior as they approach estrus that could aid in identifying the optimum time for insemination. The objective was to monitor changes in posture of sows from weaning to the first day that sows exhibited standing reflex. A cross-sectional survey was carried out using 99 multi-parous sows (in 7 groups) that were monitored over an 11–d period following weaning. At weaning, sows were moved from a farrowing to a breeding facility and were housed in individual stalls. Sows were checked daily for standing reflex from d 4 to 8 post-weaning; 97 sows exhibited standing reflex (80.4% of sows by d 6). Continuous video recordings were collected throughout the study period. Scan sampling was carried out on the videos every 5 min with the posture of each sow recorded (lying, standing, or sitting). The relative frequency of each posture was estimated as a percentage of the total number of observations within each day. Regression analyses were carried out using PROC REG of SAS to determine the rate of change in the frequency of active behavior (standing + sitting) from day of weaning to the first day of standing reflex. Over the study period, the frequency of sows lying, standing, and sitting was 76.5%, 20.0%, and 3.5%, respectively. The frequency of active behaviors increased linearly (P < 0.05) from day of weaning to day of standing reflex (Table 1); slopes ranged from 1.73 to 4.39 %/d depending on the period analyzed. However, there was considerable variation between sows with 9 showing no change in the frequency of active behavior between weaning and standing estrus. These results suggest that changes in posture could potentially be used as a predictor for the start of estrus; however, further research is needed to understand individual sow variations in these postures.
PSIII-8 The Effect of Pre-Breeding Vaccination with Modified-Live Virus or Inactivated Virus Vaccine on Body Condition and Reproductive Performance in Beef Cows
Authors: Ewing Kylie , Neira Lucas T , Chapple Wesley P , Redden Miles D , Shike Daniel W
Published: April 2022

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of modified-live virus or inactivated virus vaccines on beef cow performance characteristics. Modified-live virus vaccines have broader immune system stimulation and longer effective duration than inactivated virus vaccines. The subsequent impact on cow performance, particularly reproduction, in well-managed herds is not well understood. Primiparous and multiparous cows (n = 877), from 3 herds, were stratified by age, body condition score (BCS), and body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments; 1) modified-live virus (MLV, 2-mL of Bovi-Shield GOLD FP 5 L5) and 2) inactivated virus (IV, 5-mL of CattleMaster GOLD FP 5 L5). Single dose vaccine administration occurred 42 d pre-breeding, before initiation of a 7-d CIDR-PG timed artificial insemination (TAI) protocol. Ten days following TAI cows were exposed to herd bulls for 60 d. Pregnancy assessment occurred 30 and 100 d post-breeding by rectal ultrasound. Cow BW and BCS were analyzed using PROC MIXED while reproductive performance variables were analyzed using PROC GLIMMIX of SAS 9.4. There were no differences (P ≥ 0.48) observed in BW or BCS at AI, pregnancy assessment 1, or pregnancy assessment 2 between cows receiving MLV or IV vaccine. No differences (P = 0.55) were observed in TAI pregnancy rate between cows receiving MLV or IV (66 versus 63%, respectively). Overall pregnancy rate did not differ (P = 0.71) between MLV (89%) and IV (90%) vaccines. Additionally, pregnancy loss from pregnancy assessment 1 to pregnancy assessment 2 was not different (P = 0.55) between MLV and IV. In this experiment, pre-breeding vaccine type did not impact cow BW, BCS, or reproductive performance. Overall, these results indicate that either MLV or IV vaccines can be utilized 42 d prior to breeding in beef herds with previous use of modified-live virus vaccines.
PSV-8 Effects of Injectable Vitamin C Immediately Prior to Transit Before Slaughter on Meat Color
Authors: Dornbach Colten W , Harsh Bailey , McCann Joshua C
Published: April 2022

The objective was to evaluate the effects of injectable vitamin C (VC) at transit before slaughter on meat color. The prevalence of dark-cutting beef can be exacerbated by transit and environmental conditions resulting in a less desirable product to consumers. Angus × Simmental steers (n = 48; BW = 670 ± 47 kg) were utilized in a completely randomized design. Steers were stratified by BW within pen and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 treatments: an intramuscular injection of saline immediately prior to transit (CON), or an intramuscular injection of VC (15 g sodium ascorbate) immediately prior to transit (VITC). Blood was collected prior to treatment injection to assess plasma ascorbate status. Following pre-transit treatment injections, steers were transported for approximately 6 h (639 km) and slaughtered at a commercial abattoir. At 24 h postmortem, surface color readings were measured using a HunterLab Miniscan EZ spectrophotometer and marbling scores were evaluated on the left and right longissimus muscle. Data were analyzed using the MIXED and GLIMMIX procedures of SAS 9.4 with fixed effects of treatment, truck, and sire, and random effect of carcass side. Pre-transit plasma ascorbate, body weight, and marbling score were used as covariates. No treatment differences were observed for L* (lightness), a* (redness), and b* (yellowness) values (P > 0.16). Hue angle, saturation index, and prevalence of dark cutters (6% of total carcasses) were not affected by treatment (P > 0.78). Initial plasma ascorbate concentrations did not differ between treatments (P = 0.85) but increased with BW (r = 0.39; P ≤ 0.01). Body weight was correlated (r=0.24 to 0.28; P < 0.02) with HunterLab L*, a*, b*, and saturation index values. Overall, injectable VC administered prior to transit to a harvest facility did not impact meat color of beef steers 24 h postmortem.
PSII-18 Impact of Saccharomyces Cerevisiae Boulardii Supplementation on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Mercado Aileen Joy L , Tran Huyen , Weeden Terry , Rao Murali Raghavendra , Shields Michael , Arentson Roger , de Rodas Brenda
Published: April 2022

Nine hundred newly-weaned pigs (PIC) with average body weight of 6.2 ± 0.1 kg were used in a 43d nursery study to evaluate the effect of a live yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii (Levucell SB Advantage, Elanco; LEV), on growth performance of nursery pigs. Each pen within a pen location-block was assigned to 1 of 3 treatments consisting of: 1) a control diet (CON) containing pharmacological levels of Zn (2,500 and 1,500 ppm in phase 1 and 2, respectively) and Cu (200 ppm for all phases), 2) CON with LEV at 0.1% (phase 1) and 0.05% (phase 2-3), and 3) CON but with 150 ppm Zn (phase 1-3) and 22 ppm Cu (phase 1-3). Feeding program consisted of a 3-phase feed budget (3, 6, 20 kg for phases 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), gain to feed (G:F), and end weight variation (EWV) were all analyzed using MIXED procedure in SAS using RCBD with treatment, pen location-block and initial BW as covariate. Dietary supplementation of nursery diets with LEV in the presence of high Zn and Cu increased final BW (P < 0.05, +1.3 kg), overall ADG (P < 0.05, +8%), and G:F (P< 0.05, +6%) compared with the control diet containing high Zn and Cu. There was no impact on other parameters (ADFI and EWV). Addition of LEV to low Zn and Cu diet supported the same level of performance (ADG, ADFI, G:F) as the control diet. The results of this study demonstrate growth performance enhancement when using Saccharomyces cerevisiae boulardii in nursery diets.
PSII-14 Effect of Hydrolyzed Spray-Dried Bovine Plasma and Spray-Dried Bovine Plasma Sources on Growth Performance of Weanling Pigs
Authors: Espinosa Charmaine D , Campbell Joy , Stein Hans H
Published: April 2022

An experiment was conducted to test the hypothesis that hydrolyzed spray-dried plasma (H-SDBP) perform similar to spray-dried bovine plasma (SDBP) in diets for weanling pigs with respect to growth performance of pigs housed in unsanitary pens. A control diet based on corn, soybean meal, and 9% soy protein concentrate (SPC) was formulated. Four diets containing either SDBP (i.e., 2.5 or 5.0%) or H-SDBP (i.e., 2.8 or 5.6%) that partially or fully replaced SPC were also formulated. A randomized complete block design with 240 weanling pigs (6.52 ± 0.98 kg), 5 diets, 4 pigs per pen, and 12 replicate pens per diet was used. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for the first 14 d, whereas a common phase 2 diet was fed to pigs from d 15 to 42. Data were analyzed using the Mixed Procedure of SAS with diet as the fixed effect and weaning group as the random effect. Linear effects of SDBP and H-SDBP on growth performance were also determined using contrast statements. From d 1 to 14, fully replacing SPC with SDBP or H-SDBP increased (P < 0.05) average daily gain (ADG), gain:feed, and body weight of pigs (Table 1). During this period, linear (P < 0.01) increases in ADG, gain:feed, and body weight of pigs were also observed as dietary concentrations of SDBP increased. When pigs were fed the common diet from d 15 to 42, final body weight of pigs was increased (linear, P < 0.05) as concentration of SDBP or H-SDBP increased in the diet. Overall, ADG of pigs linearly increased (P < 0.05) as dietary concentration of both plasma sources increased. In conclusion, both plasma sources are effective in increasing pig growth performance.
PSIII-20 The Effects of Basic Copper Chloride Sources on Pig Grow-Finish Performance
Authors: Knauer Mark , van de Ligt Chris
Published: April 2022

The objective was to evaluate differences in grow-finish performance between 2 sources of basic copper chloride (BCC), IntelliBond C and another hydroxy chloride mineral (OHTM) BCC in the presence of a control diet. Pigs (n = 1,053) at the NCDA Tidewater Research Station were used. Sows were Landrace × Large White composites mated to Smithfield Premium Genetics’ Duroc boars. At 30.9 kg, gilts and barrows were randomly allocated within sex to one of 117 finishing pens (9 pigs per pen, .69 m2 per pig). Treatments included a control (15 ppm CuSO4), IntelliBond C (150 ppm Cu) and an OHTM Cu (150 ppm Cu). Treatments were fed from weaning to market and finisher entry to market in experiments 1 and 2, respectively. Pigs were individually weighed at d 0, 28, 56 and at market. Housing consisted of fully slatted floors and natural ventilation. Traits included pig weight, ADG, ADFI, Feed:Gain, body weight CV, carcass weight and yield. Experiment, barn location, sex and diet were included in statistical models. Pen was the experimental unit. Both sources of BCC outperformed the control diet, having increased (P < 0.01) ADG from d 0 to market driven by increased (P < 0.05) ADFI. Yet pigs fed IntelliBond C had greater (P = 0.01) ADG from d 0 to market when compared with those fed OHTM. The enhanced growth of IntelliBond C was driven by numerically greater average daily feed intake and improved feed efficiency. The improved gain resulted in a greater (P < 0.05) body weight at marketing and persisted in a greater (P < 0.05) hot carcass weight for basic copper chloride sources compared with CuSO4 and for IntelliBond C compared with OHTM Cu. Results suggest BCC enhances finishing throughput and that performance differences exist between BCC sources.
PSIII-14 Early Introduction of Structural Fiber Improves Growth Performance and Gut Health of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Hu Qiong , Paredes Sandra , Newcomb Mark
Published: April 2022

Structural fiber inclusion in post-weaning piglet feeds has been previously demonstrated to improve growth performance and gut health. The objective of this study was to determine whether a pre-weaning inclusion of structural fiber (STR) would bring added value to piglet performance and gut health and if the potential benefits could be maintained at a later stage. A total of 26 litters, were creep fed either a control or high STR diet (HSTR; 4% oat hulls) for 10 d before weaning. Upon weaning, a total of 240 pigs (body weight: 6.7 ± 0.5 kg, 5 pigs/pen, 12 pens/treatment) of mixed sex, blocked by body weight, were randomly allocated to either a control or HSTR diet for 2 weeks. The experimental treatments were as follows, depending on pre- and post-weaning dietary intervention: control/control; control/HSTR; HSTR/control; and HSTR/HSTR. Oat hulls were added to expense of corn starch to produce the HSTR treatment diet. Diets were adjusted with wheat and soy oil to achieve equal amount crude protein and SID Lysine but had up to 40 kcal net energy difference. Pigs were fed a common diet for the rest of nursery phase. Data were analyzed by general linear model in R. Results indicated pig performance was not different at weaning. Addition of STR in the pre-weaning phase increased average daily gain in the last post-weaning phase (P < 0.05), regardless of the post-weaning diets (Table 1). When HSTR was fed both in the pre and early post-weaning phase, greater fermentation (indicated by numerically greater butyrate and caproate concentration in colon digesta) was observed at 21 d post-weaning. In conclusion, providing HSTR during pre-weaning phase improves performance during later nursery phase and if STR is used both pre- and post-weaning, gut fermentation is affected.
PSIII-18 Effect of Increasing L-Lysine-HCl and Amino Acid Ratios on Performance of Finishing Pigs from 109 to 129 Kg
Authors: Becker Larissa L , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Woodworth Jason C , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: April 2022

A total of 1,789 pigs (PIC; 337×1050; initial BW 108.9 ± 1.14 kg) were used to determine the effects of increasing L-Lys-HCl and AA ratios on performance of late finishing pigs fed corn-soybean meal diets without DDGS. The study used 2 groups of pigs and each study lasted 18 and 27 d, respectively. Pigs were housed in mixed gender pens with 20 to 25 pigs/pen and 19 replications/treatment (10 and 9 replications/group, respectively). Pens of pigs were blocked by BW and randomly allotted to 1 of 4 dietary treatments. Treatment diets were formulated to 0.70% digestible Lys and consisted of low, medium, or high levels of feed-grade AA and moderate or high AA ratios relative to Lys. Low, medium and high feed-grade AA treatments had increased L-Lys-HCl (0.15, 0.30 and 0.39%) replacing soybean meal to achieve CP levels of 13.6, 12.0, and 11.0. Minimum AA:Lys ratios were 53% Ile, 128% Leu, 58% Met&Cys, 66% Thr, 18.5% Trp, 68% Val, and 34% His in Moderate AA ratio diets and 60% Ile, 128% Leu, 60% Met&Cys, 70% Thr, 21.2% Trp, 72% Val, and 33% His for the high AA ratio treatment. Overall, there was a marginally significant increase in ADFI (quadratic, P = 0.097) observed in pigs fed medium feed-grade AA and moderate AA ratios. Treatment diets had no effect on ADG or G:F. At the end of group 2, carcass data was collected with no differences (P > 0.10) observed for HCW, carcass yield, backfat depth, loin depth or percentage lean. In summary, differing levels of feed-grade AA and AA ratios used in this study did not impact growth performance or carcass characteristics of late finishing pigs with the exception of a marginally significant increase in ADFI.
PSIII-19 Effect of Sensory Attractants Before and After Weaning on Nursery Pig Performance
Authors: Wensley Madie R , Tokach Mike D , Goodband Robert D , Gebhardt Jordan T , Woodworth Jason C , DeRouchey Joel M , McKilligan Denny , Upah Nathan
Published: April 2022

Two experiments were conducted using 48 litters and 711 nursery pigs to determine the effect of a powder sensory attractant (Exp. 1; Baby Pig Restart APF; TechMix Global; Stewart, MN) or enrichment cube (Exp. 2; supersized pellets resembling cattle cubes) pre- and post-weaning on feed intake and growth. Treatments were arranged in a 2x2x2 factorial with main effects of pre-weaning treatment (without/with attractant), post-weaning treatment (without/with attractant), and BW category (light/heavy). Pre-weaning treatments were assigned in a RCBD and post-weaning treatments were assigned in a CRD. Litters receiving attractant pre-weaning were provided 90 g/d of powder, divided into 2 feedings, in the pan of rotary creep feeders (Exp. 1) or 100 g of cubes once daily on the floor of farrowing stalls (Exp. 2) for 4-d prior to weaning. After weaning, pens of pigs that received attractant were offered 45 g/d of powder, divided into 2 feedings/d for 2-d (Exp. 1), or 100 g of cubes once daily (Exp. 2) top-dressed on feed in the feeder pan for 3-d post-weaning. In both experiments, pre- and post-weaning attractant had limited effects on the growth performance of pigs after weaning. In Exp. 1, the percentage of pigs that lost weight 3-d post-weaning decreased by approximately 20 percentage points when pigs were provided powder both pre- and post-weaning compared with the other 3 treatment combinations (P = 0.015). No differences were observed for BW category. In Exp. 2, the percentage of pigs that lost weight 7-d post-weaning decreased by 11.7 percentage points when pigs were offered cubes compared with no cubes (P = 0.002). On d 3, more heavyweight pigs lost weight (P = 0.007) than lightweight pigs; however, this effect was diminished by d 7. In summary, sensory attractants reduced the percentage of pigs that lost weight immediately after weaning which may be due to encouraged activity around the feeder.
PSIV-13 Effects of Increasing Dietary Alpha-Linolenic Acid on Nursery Pig Growth Performance and Response to Immune Challenge
Authors: Bromm Jenna J , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M , Gebhardt Jordan T
Published: April 2022

A total of 350 weanling pigs (Line 241 × 600, DNA; initially 5.8 ± 0.1 lb BW) were used in a 41-d study to evaluate growth performance and immune response of nursery pigs fed diets containing increasing levels of O3 Trial Feed, a source of omega-3 fatty acids (alpha-linolenic acid). At weaning, pigs were randomly assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments in a completely randomized design with 5 pigs per pen and 14 replications per treatment. The dietary treatments included increasing percentages of O3 Trial Feed (0, 1, 2, 3, and 4%). Omega-6:3 ratios for the 5 treatments within each phase were: Phase 1 (27.3:1, 11.6:1, 7.4:1, 5.4:1, 4.3:1); Phase 2 (23.0:1, 9.6:1, 6.1:1, 4.5:1, 3.6:1); and Phase 3 (24.4:1, 10.2:1, 6.5:1, 4.8:1, 3.8:1), respectively. On d 25, two pigs per pen were injected with 20 µg of Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) per kg BW and 1 pig per pen was injected with saline to serve as a control. Body temperature was recorded from the 3 pigs per pen prior to the injection (hour 0) and 2, 4, 6, and 12 h after injection. On d 25 a blood sample was collected 4 h post injection from pigs injected with the LPS challenge to determine IL-1β levels in serum. For overall growth performance, there were no differences observed in ADG, ADFI, or G:F (P > 0.05). Temperature increased at 2 h post LPS injection, then decreased as time from the LPS injection increased (main effect of time, P < 0.0001). Dietary treatment did not influence change in body temperature or IL-1β (P > 0.05). In this study, dietary alpha-linolenic acid levels did not influence growth performance or immune response to a LPS challenge.
PSIV-17 The Effect of Live Yeast and Yeast Extracts Included in Lactation Diets on Sow and Litter Performance and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Sow Fecal Escherichia Coli
Authors: Chance Jenna A , DeRouchey Joel M , Amachawadi Raghavendra G , Ishengoma Victor , Nagaraja Tiruvoor , Goodband Robert D , Woodworth Jason C , Tokach Mike D , Kang Qing , Loughmiller Joseph , Hotze Brian
Published: April 2022

Eighty sows (Line 241; DNA Genetics) were used to evaluate the effect of feeding live yeast and yeast extracts to lactating sows on sow and litter performance and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) patterns of sow fecal Escherichia coli. Sows were blocked by farrowing group, BW, and parity on d 110 of gestation and allotted to 1 of 2 dietary treatments. Dietary treatments consisted of a standard lactation diet or a diet that contained yeast-based pre- and probiotics (0.10% Actisaf Sc 47 HR+ and 0.025% SafMannan; Phileo by Lesaffre, Milwaukee, WI). Diets were fed from d 110 of gestation until weaning. A tendency (P = 0.073) was observed for increased feed intake through lactation when sows were fed yeast additives compared with the control (5.65 vs 5.90 kg/d). There was no evidence (P > 0.10) that treatment influenced any other sow or litter performance criteria. Fecal samples were collected from the first farrowing group (27 sows) to determine AMR patterns of E. coli upon entry into the farrowing house and at weaning. Microbroth dilution method was used to determine the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of E. coli isolates to 14 different antimicrobials. An interaction (P = 0.026) of diet × sampling day was observed for cefoxitin where fecal E. coli showed no evidence of treatment differences (P = 0.237) in MIC values at entry, but sows fed the control diet had lower (P = 0.035) MIC values at weaning compared with sows fed yeast additives. There were no diet main effects (P > 0.10) on the AMR of fecal E. coli. There was an increased (P < 0.02) trend towards resistance for 11 of the 14 antimicrobials over time (Table 1). In conclusion, feeding live yeast and yeast extracts tended to increase feed intake during lactation but did not influence sow or litter performance and had minimal impact on AMR of fecal E. coli during lactation.
PSIV-12 Effects of Digestible Lysine Level on Growth Performance of Nursery Pigs
Authors: Cemin Henrique S , Swalla Luke A , Pietig Jamie L , Hansen Sharlie A , Hansen Ernie L
Published: April 2022

An experiment was conducted to determine the optimal standardize ileal digestible (SID) Lys level for growth performance of nursery pigs. A total of 980 pigs (PIC 337 × Camborough; initial BW = 5.4 kg), placed in pens with 28 pigs each, were used in a 42-d trial. There were 5 treatments consisting of 1.15, 1.25, 1.35, 1.45, or 1.55% SID Lys. Experimental diets were fed from d 0 to 21 followed by a common corn-soybean meal-based diet (1.30% SID Lys) from d 21 to 42. Pigs were weighed weekly to calculate ADG, ADFI, and G:F. Data was analyzed with SAS MIXED procedure. From d 0 to 21, increasing the SID Lys level resulted in a linear (P < 0.01) ADG, G:F, and BW improvement. Because of the linear nature of the response, the breakpoint could not be determined. From d 21 to 42, when pigs were fed a common diet, linear (P < 0.05) ADG and G:F responses were observed; pigs previously fed the lower SID Lys levels had improved performance. This compensatory response resulted in no evidence for differences (P > 0.10) in overall (d 0 to 42) ADG and final BW, although there was a linear (P = 0.004) G:F improvement. In conclusion, increasing SID Lys level linearly improved performance; however, pigs fed low SID Lys levels presented compensatory growth and obtained similar performance in the overall nursery period.
PSIV-19 Supplementing Gentamicin Sulfate Through the Water Impacts the Performance Response of Nursery Pigs to Structural Fiber
Authors: Ebarb Sara , May Sabrina B , Frederick Brent
Published: April 2022

Dietary fiber has varying effects on nursery pig performance, which is a period when medications are supplemented to support disease challenges. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of gentamicin sulfate (GS) water medication, dietary structural fiber, and their interaction on growth performance of nursery pigs. In total, 900 weanling pigs (initial body weight = 5.71 ± 0.04 kg) were randomly allotted to a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments (10 pens/treatment, 22 pigs/pen). Dietary treatments consisted of nursery diets with no additional fiber (CON) or nursery diets with 8% wheat middlings (STR) as a source of structural fiber. Phase 1 and 2 diets were fed from day 0-12 and day 12-21, respectively. Water medication treatments consisted of no GS or GS delivered through the drinking water from day 0-7 post-weaning (5 g GS per gallon stock solution at a 1:126 dilution of stock solution to drinking water). Data were analyzed using a general linear model in R. Contrasts tested the main effects of structural fiber, GS supplementation, and their interaction. Phase 1 average daily gain (ADG) and average daily feed intake (ADFI) did not differ, but gain:feed (G:F) was greater (P < 0.05) with GS (Table 1). Interactions (P < 0.05) were observed for day 21 body weight, ADG, and ADFI in phase 2, where additional structural fiber increased performance variables in absence of, but not in conjunction with, GS supplementation. A tendency for an interaction (P < 0.10) was observed for phase 2 G:F, where additional structural fiber increased G:F when no GS was administered but reduced G:F when GS was supplemented. In conclusion, the use of water medication impacted the performance response to dietary structural fiber, as pigs responded beneficially to additional fiber when GS was not administered, potentially due to modifications to the microbiome.
PSIV-16 Phytase Expressed from Schizosaccharomyces Pombe Ameliorates Footpad Lesions in Cage-Reared Broiler Chicks
Authors: Chun Seong Guk , De Dang Xin , Munezero Oliver , Kim Inho
Published: April 2022

Footpad lesion is a problem that plagued the poultry industry, because it occurs in birds that are either reared in the cage or on the floor. Reports from previous studies about amelioration of footpad lesions by feeding phytase to floor-reared broiler chicks via reduction in litter moisture content is inconclusive. Therefore, phytase supplementation may have other potential mechanisms to improve the footpad lesions. The cage-reared broiler chicks were used in this study because they are divided with litter. A total of 234 1-d-old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 3 groups based on the initial body weight (42.22 ± 0.18 g) with 6 replicate cages and 13 birds (mixed sex) per cage. The experimental period was 45 d. Dietary treatments were based on a corn-soybean meal-basal diet and supplemented with 500 and 750 FTU/kg S. pombe-expressed phytase. The unit of phytase (FTU) was defined as the amount of enzyme that catalyzes the release of one micromole phosphate from phytate per minute at 37°C and pH 5.5. Orthogonal contrasts were used to examine the linear and quadratic effects in response to increasing the dietary supplementation of phytase. We found that dietary supplementation of S. pombe-expressed phytase increased (P < 0.05) the apparent ileal calcium and phosphorus digestibility and toe ash in a dose-dependent manner, whereas decreased (P > 0.05) the footpad lesions score. From this, we considered that footpad lesions ameliorated by phytase supplementation were related to the improvement of calcium and phosphorus digestibility and toe ash.
PSV-19 Trace Amounts of Antibiotic Altered Gut Microbial Profiles of Weaned Pigs Experimentally Infected with a Pathogenic Escherichia Coli
Authors: Kim Kwangwook , Jinno Cynthia N , Liu Yanhong
Published: April 2022

Our previous studies demonstrated that trace amounts of antibiotic supplements exacerbated growth performance and systemic inflammation of weaned pigs infected with a pathogenic Escherichia coli (E. coli). The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of in-feed trace amounts of antibiotic on distal colon microbiota of pigs experimentally infected with E. coli F18. Thirty-four weaned pigs (6.88 ± 1.03 kg body weight) were individually and randomly allotted to 1 of 3 dietary treatments (9 to 13 pigs/treatment). The 3 dietary treatments were basal nursery diet (control), and 2 additional diets supplemented with trace amounts (TRA; 0.5 mg/kg) or label-recommended dose (REC; 50 mg/kg) of antibiotic (carbadox), respectively. The experiment lasted 18 d [7 d before and 11 d after the first inoculation (day 0)]. The E. coli F18 inoculum (1010 cfu/3 mL) was orally provided to all pigs for 3 consecutive days. Distal colon digesta samples were collected on d 5 and 11 post-inoculation (PI), and microbial profiles were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing at the V4 hypervariable region. All compositional data were statistically analyzed using R software with QIIME2 plugin. Bray-Curtis PCoA analysis displayed those pigs in both control and TRA groups were separately clustered from REC on d 5 and 11 PI. Pigs in TRA group had a lowest (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Lactobacillaceae whereas REC group tended to have increased (P < 0.10) relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae than other treatments on day 5 PI. On day 11 PI, pigs in REC had reduced (P < 0.05) relative abundance of Prevotellaceae than pigs in CON group. In conclusion, in-feed trace amounts of antibiotic could modify gut microbiota of weaned pigs challenged with E. coli F18.
PSV-7 Effects of Feed Additives Ambitine and Taktik X-Hit on Amino Acid Digestibility in Pigs
Authors: Hoiten Robert , Levesque Crystal L , Samuel Ryan S
Published: April 2022

Improvements in digestion of amino acids (AA) in the small intestine of pigs improve feed efficiency and feed conversion. Non-nutritive feed additives that improve growth performance may affect AA digestibility. Therefore, the objective of the study was to investigate 2 different feed additives in the diets of grower pigs on ileal digestibility of AA. A total of 10 pigs, 5 barrows and 5 gilts, were surgical implanted with ileal cannulas. Each pig was randomly assigned to 1 of 3 dietary treatments, in 3 different collection periods, according to a Latin Square design. Dietary treatments were as follows: 1) Control – standard corn soybean-meal diet; 2) Control plus the addition of Ambitine at 1 kg/tonne; 3) Control plus the addition of TakTik X-Hit at 100 grams/tonne. An indigestible marker of 0.3% titanium was included in each dietary treatment. Each pig was fed the assigned dietary treatment ration at 4% of body weight. Following an adaption of 5 d, ileal digesta was then collected over a 2-d period for 12 hours each collection day. Diets and digesta were analyzed for AA concentrations to determine AA digestibility and basal endogenous losses were measured by feeding a nitrogen free diet. There were no differences (P >0.05) in AID or SID of AA Lys (92%), Thr (89%), Trp (91%), Met (94%) or crude protein (89%) according to feed additive inclusions. These results indicate that the inclusion of the non-nutritive feed additives Ambitine and TakTik X-Hit did not impact AA digestibility.
PSV-6 Effects of Boron Supplementation on Apparent Digestibility and Retention of Nutrients in Growing Pigs
Authors: Chevalier Tyler B , Lindemann Merlin D
Published: April 2022

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of boron (B) supplemented to a corn-soybean meal diet on apparent digestibility and retention of nutrients in growing barrows. A total of 24 barrows (mean initial BW = 61.15 ± 2.45 kg) were allotted to 3 dietary treatments with 8 replicates. Dietary treatments consisted of 0, 5, and 25 mg B/kg diet as sodium tetraborate decahydrate (Na2 B4 O7∙10 H2O; 11.34% B) which were fed from weaning onward. Barrows underwent a 5-7 d adaptation period to the meal allowance and metabolism crate which was followed by a 5-d total fecal and urine collection using the marker to marker method. Barrows were fed at 2.7% of their metabolic BW (2.7 x maintenance ME needs [2.7 × 106 Kcal ME/kg BW0.75]) during the adaptation and collection periods in a gruel form (feed:water, 1:1 wt/vol). Data were analyzed using the Proc GLM procedure of SAS with the individual pig as the experimental unit. Supplemental B did not affect (P > 0.05) energy, lipid, nitrogen, calcium, or phosphorus apparent digestibility and retention. However, there was a linear increase observed in both magnesium absorption (P = 0.01; 0.24, 0.26, and 0.32 g/d, respectively) and digestibility (P = 0.04; 22.35, 23.56, and 28.49 %, respectively) to increasing B supplementation. Absolute retention of magnesium did not differ (P > 0.05; 0.13, 0.14, and 0.17 g/d, respectively). In conclusion, supplementing B at 5 and 25 mg B/kg diet resulted in an increase in magnesium absorption and digestibility with no adverse effects observed on apparent digestibility and retention of other nutrients.
PSV-16 Recent Mycotoxin Contamination Trends in 2021 United States Corn
Authors: Zheng Lan , Gott Paige N , Ramirez Shelby , Hofstetter -Schähs Ursula , Murugesan G Raj
Published: April 2022

Mycotoxins are harmful secondary fungal metabolites detrimental to animal health even at low levels. The study was conducted to compare mycotoxin contamination of initial samples of the 2021 corn crop with previous year trends. Samples were analyzed utilizing the liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for 6 major mycotoxin groups: aflatoxins (Afla), type A trichothecenes (A-Trich), type B trichothecenes (B-Trich), fumonisins (FUM), zearalenone (ZEN), and ochratoxin A (OTA). The 2021 corn crop year data were compared with the prior harvest years using GLIMMIX procedure of SAS with harvest year as fixed effect and sample as the experimental unit. A limited number of samples is available thus far (n = 44) as harvest is still progressing, therefore the risk profile of this crop year is likely to change as the sample pool expands. To date, 100% of the samples evaluated contained at least one mycotoxin, compared with 87% that was observed in 2020. The FUM is the most prevalent mycotoxin group (80% positive in 2021 vs. 49% in 2020) with average contamination level 5,883 ppb, which is significantly (P < 0.05) greater than the 2019 and 2020 harvested corn (3,348 ppb and 2,783 ppb, respectively). Contamination levels in corn for Afla, A-Trich, B-Trich, ZEN, and OTA have remained consistent over the survey period. The percentage of B-Trich and ZEN contaminated samples are numerically decreased in 2021 compared with 2020 (B-Trich: 59% vs. 50%; ZEN: 20% vs. 11%), whereas Alfa contaminated corn has increased numerically (5% vs. 23%). The preliminary results of the 2021 corn crop survey indicate mycotoxin occurrence and contamination levels are similar or greater (FUM) to the prior crop year and will continue to challenge animal health and performance as these ingredients are fed out.