bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cognitive frequency hopping based on interference prediction
Authors: Geirhofer Stefan , Sun John Z. , Tong Lang , Sadler Brian M.
Published: October 2009

Wireless services in the unlicensed bands are proliferating but frequently face high interference from other devices due to a lack of coordination among heterogeneous technologies. In this paper we study how cognitive radio concepts enable systems to sense and predict interference patterns and adapt their spectrum access accordingly. This leads to a new cognitive coexistence paradigm, in which cognitive radio implicitly coordinates the spectrum access of heterogeneous systems. Within this framework, we investigate coexistence with a set of parallel WLAN bands: based on predicting WLAN activity, the cognitive radio dynamically hops between the bands to avoid collisions and reduce interference. The development of a real-time test bed is presented, and used to corroborate theoretical results and model assumptions. Numerical results show a good fit between theory and experiment and demonstrate that sensing and prediction can mitigate interference effectively.
Mitigating primary user emulation attacks in dynamic spectrum access networks using hypothesis testing
Authors: Jin Z. , Anand S. , Subbalakshmi K. P.
Published: October 2009

We present a Neyman-Pearson composite hypothesis test (NPCHT) and a Wald's sequential probability ratio test (WSPRT) to detect primary user emulation attacks (PUEA) in cognitive radio networks. Most approaches in the literature on PUEA assume the presence of underlying sensor networks for localization of the malicious nodes. There are no analytical studies available in the literature to study PUEA in the presence of multiple malicious users in fading wireless environments. We present an NPCHT and WSPRT based analysis to detect PUEA in fading wireless channels in the presence of multiple randomly located malicious users. We show that there is a range of network radii in which PUEA are most successful. Results also show that for the same desired threshold on the probability of missing the primary, WSPRT can achieve a probability of successful PUEA 50% less than that obtained by NPCHT.
Examining computers & society 1970--2008
Authors: Oldham Joseph D.
Published: October 2009

This paper is a review of 39 years of SIGCAS publications in Computers and Society, the newsletter of ACM SIGCAS. The publication is archived in the ACM Digital Library [12]. I set out to examine SIGCAS through its publications.
A Threat Analysis of RFID Passports
Authors: Waldo Jim , Ramos Alan , Scott Weina , Scott William , Lloyd Doug , O'Leary Katherine
Published: October 2009

It’s a beautiful day when your plane touches down at the airport. After a long vacation, you feel rejuvenated, refreshed, and relaxed. When you get home, everything is how you left it. Everything, that is, but a pile of envelopes on the floor that jammed the door as you tried to swing it open. You notice a blinking light on your answering machine and realize you’ve missed dozens of messages. As you click on the machine and pick up the envelopes, you find that most of the messages and letters are from debt collectors. Most of the envelopes are stamped "urgent," and as you sift through the pile you can hear the messages from angry creditors demanding that you call them immediately. Reading the bank statements, you suddenly realize that someone has been charging large amounts of money to an account in your name from a credit card company you’ve never heard of. You’ve lost thousands of dollars, and suddenly you aren’t feeling quite so relaxed anymore.
The money of invention
Authors: Gompers Paul A. , Lerner Josh
Published: October 2009

Ninety percent of new entrepreneurial businesses that don't attract venture capital fail within three years.
Review of 'On the Internet: Thinking in Action,' by Hubert Dreyfus, Routledge Press, 2001
Authors: Tripathi Arun Kumar
Published: October 2009

Life and learning on the Net through the eyes of a philosopher.
Is your software process staying with you?
Authors: Tadwalkar Sunil
Published: October 2009

It takes a village to build a process-oriented culture within an organization.
XML, web services and the changing face of distributed computing
Authors: Coyle Frank P.
Published: October 2009

A new kind of network offers a world of possibilities for moving data and building application architectures centered around common Internet protocols.
Where the algorithm meets the electronics
Authors: Ubiquity staff
Published: October 2009

Prabhakar Raghavan on building a secure foundation for information retrieval.
View from Bangladesh
Authors: Saadi Mir Lutful Kabir
Published: October 2009

How communications technology will bridge the Divide
Complexity in the interface Age
Authors: Ubiquity staff
Published: October 2009

Do you control technology or does it control you? Jeremy J. Shapiro talks about the power struggle in machine/human relationships and what it means today to be information-technology literate. Shapiro is a faculty member in the Human and Organization Development Program at the Fielding Graduate Institute.
Optimizing bandwidth
Authors: Fox Geoffrey , Pallickara Shrideep
Published: October 2009

An approach to high performance distributed Web brokering.
Intel's inside track
Authors: Ubiquity staff
Published: October 2009

Annabelle Gawer on the surprising sources of leadership in interdependent environments.
Beyond numbers
Authors: Ubiquity staff
Published: October 2009

Martha Amram on the current economics of technology investment.
The new computing
Authors: Ubiquity staff
Published: October 2009

Ben Shneiderman on how designers can help people succeed.
Digital promises
Authors: Tripathi Arun Kumar
Published: October 2009

The prospect of living our lives online may not be so attractive after all
The perils of the extrapolated technologist, or, the advantages of a contrarian career investment strategy
Authors: Andersen Espen
Published: October 2009

Contrary to what you think, now is the time to study IT. Just make sure you are interested in the content of the field rather than its future trappings.
Internet access for African countries
Authors: de Heer-Menlah Fred Kofi
Published: October 2009

Exploring the factors that hinder and help the development of Internet access in Africa
Communications policy and information technology
Authors: Cranor Lorrie Faith , Greenstein Shane
Published: October 2009

Policy analysis involves tempering enthusiasm with a sobering dose of reality.
Demographic profiling
Authors: Hudson John
Published: October 2009

Hands-on adoption of a multi-agent production planning technology in the manufacturing industry.
Squeeze it in or spread it out?
Authors: Duley Rick
Published: October 2009

The conundrum of content and context
Teaching the history of computer science
Authors: Rothwell Trevis J.
Published: October 2009

Students who are truly interested in computer science would enjoy learning about those programmers who went before them, and how they overcame their difficulties.
The rise of the intelligent enterprise
Authors: Delic Kemal A. , Dayal Umeshwar
Published: October 2009

Mother Nature knows best -- How engineered organizations of the future will resemble natural-born systems.
Is E-learning really the future or a risk?
Authors: Shoniregun Charles A. , Gray Sarah-Jane
Published: October 2009

Can e-learning investment decisions be justifiable with the rate in which technology evolves?
A designing life
Authors: Ubiquity staff
Published: October 2009

A speech-recognition software expert explains the difference between good design and ambiguity, how good designs go bad, and why everyone is a designer.
Bringing technology to market
Authors: Ubiquity staff
Published: October 2009

Henry Chesbrough on open innovation, erosion factors, and multiple paths to market
The aeffability of knowledge management
Authors: Downes Stephen
Published: October 2009

The Aeffability of Knowledge Management [1] The challenge of knowledge management, and hence of online learning, is to make it work with the complexity and richness of actual human communication.
Cellular number portability
Authors: Robinson Kenneth G.
Published: October 2009

The FCC ruling on number portability may have little effect on an already competitive market.
A whole new worldview
Authors: Ubiquity staff
Published: October 2009

Anthropologist Christopher Kelty on programmers, networks and information technology
Ethical and social aspects of biotechnology Ethical and social aspects of biotechnology
Authors: Irrgang Bernhard
Published: October 2009

The globalisation of biotechnology brings not only new economic prospects but also new risks. The development of international bio-safety guidelines is essential.
The development of a case study methodology in the information technology (IT) field
Authors: Lubbe Sam
Published: October 2009

An important step any researcher should take is establishing a framework in which to conduct the research.
Transient software fault tolerance through recovery
Authors: Saha Goutam Kumar
Published: October 2009

A low-cost and effective solution for developing transient fault tolerant application software based on a single-version program
The trouble with out-of-the-box thinking
Authors: Ubiquity staff
Published: October 2009

Andrew Hargadon on continuity and its critical role in the innovation process
An Interview with David Ticoll
Authors: Ubiquity staff
Published: October 2009

Author David Ticoll tells how smart companies gain the trust of stakeholders by sharing important information.
An Interview with Benjamin Kuipers
Authors: Ubiquity staff
Published: October 2009

Benjamin Kuipers on using commonsense reasoning to make useful conclusions, or, finding gold nuggets in a pan of sand.
The death of the art of writing
Authors: Ming Victor Tiong Kung
Published: October 2009

When it comes to writing, the next generation is all thumbs.
An Interview with David Nagel
Authors: Denning Peter
Published: October 2009

David Nagel, CEO of PalmSource, talks about his work at NASA, Apple and AT&T, and gives examples of success and failure in human factors design.
An Interview with Peter Denning
Authors: staff Ubiquity
Published: October 2009

Peter Denning talks about transforming practice in a community, cognitive blindness and finding dead cows
Your (un)reasonable expectations for privacy
Authors: Salveggio Eric
Published: October 2009

While law enforcement adapts to the challenges of the electronic era, expectations of privacy diminish
Adherence to Antihypertensive Medications and Cardiovascular Morbidity Among Newly Diagnosed Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Mazzaglia Giampiero , Ambrosioni Ettore , Alacqua Marianna , Filippi Alessandro , Sessa Emiliano , Immordino Vincenzo , Borghi Claudio , Brignoli Ovidio , Caputi Achille P. , Cricelli Claudio , Mantovani Lorenzo G.
Published: October 2009

Background—

Nonadherence to antihypertensive treatment is a common problem in cardiovascular prevention and may influence prognosis. We explored predictors of adherence to antihypertensive treatment and the association of adherence with acute cardiovascular events.

Methods and Results—

Using data obtained from 400 Italian primary care physicians providing information to the Health Search/Thales Database, we selected 18 806 newly diagnosed hypertensive patients ≥35 years of age during the years 2000 to 2001. Subjects included were newly treated for hypertension and initially free of cardiovascular diseases. Patient adherence was subdivided a priori into 3 categories—high (proportion of days covered, ≥80%), intermediate (proportion of days covered, 40% to 79%), and low (proportion of days covered, ≤40%)—and compared with the long-term occurrence of acute cardiovascular events through the use of multivariable models adjusted for demographic factors, comorbidities, and concomitant drug use. At baseline (ie, 6 months after index diagnosis), 8.1%, 40.5%, and 51.4% of patients were classified as having high, intermediate, and low adherence levels, respectively. Multiple drug treatment (odds ratio, 1.62; 95% CI, 1.43 to 1.83), dyslipidemia (odds ratio, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.24 to 1.87), diabetes mellitus (odds ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.71), obesity (odds ratio, 1.50; 95% CI, 1.26 to 1.78), and antihypertensive combination therapy (odds ratio, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.15 to 1.45) were significantly (
P
<0.001) associated with high adherence to antihypertensive treatment. Compared with their low-adherence counterparts, only high adherers reported a significantly decreased risk of acute cardiovascular events (hazard ratio, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.40 to 0.96;
P
=0.032).

Conclusions—

The long-term reduction of acute cardiovascular events associated with high adherence to antihypertensive treatment underscores its importance in assessments of the beneficial effects of evidence-based therapies in the population. An effort focused on early antihypertensive treatment initiation and adherence is likely to provide major benefits.
Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome
Authors: Alberti K.G.M.M. , Eckel Robert H. , Grundy Scott M. , Zimmet Paul Z. , Cleeman James I. , Donato Karen A. , Fruchart Jean-Charles , James W. Philip T. , Loria Catherine M. , Smith Sidney C.
Published: October 2009

A cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus, which occur together more often than by chance alone, have become known as the metabolic syndrome. The risk factors include raised blood pressure, dyslipidemia (raised triglycerides and lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol), raised fasting glucose, and central obesity. Various diagnostic criteria have been proposed by different organizations over the past decade. Most recently, these have come from the International Diabetes Federation and the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. The main difference concerns the measure for central obesity, with this being an obligatory component in the International Diabetes Federation definition, lower than in the American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute criteria, and ethnic specific. The present article represents the outcome of a meeting between several major organizations in an attempt to unify criteria. It was agreed that there should not be an obligatory component, but that waist measurement would continue to be a useful preliminary screening tool. Three abnormal findings out of 5 would qualify a person for the metabolic syndrome. A single set of cut points would be used for all components except waist circumference, for which further work is required. In the interim, national or regional cut points for waist circumference can be used.
Renal Proximal Tubular Reabsorption Is Reduced In Adult Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Panico Carolina , Luo Zaiming , Damiano Sara , Artigiano Francesca , Gill Pritmohinder , Welch William J.
Published: October 2009

Proximal tubule reabsorption is regulated by systemic and intrinsic mechanisms, including locally produced autocoids. Superoxide, produced by NADPH oxidase enhances NaCl transport in the loop of Henle and the collecting duct, but its role in the proximal tubule is unclear. We measured proximal tubule fluid reabsorption (J
v
) in WKY rats and compared that with J
v
in the spontaneously hypertensive rat (SHR), a model of enhanced renal superoxide generation. Rats were treated with the NADPH oxidase inhibitor apocynin (Apo) or with small interfering RNA for p22
phox
, which is the critical subunit of NADPH oxidase. J
v
was lower in SHR compared with Wistar-Kyoto rats (WKY; WKY: 2.3±0.3 vs SHR: 1.1±0.2 nL/min per millimeter; n=9 to 11;
P
<0.001). Apo and small interfering RNA to p22
phox
normalized J
v
in SHRs but had no effect in WKY rats. J
v
was reduced in proximal tubules perfused with S-1611, a highly selective inhibitor of the Na
+
/H
+
exchanger 3, the major Na
+
uptake pathway in the proximal tubule, in WKY rats but not in SHRs. Pretreatment with Apo restored an effect of S-1611 to reduce J
v
in the SHRs (SHR+Apo: 2.9±0.4 vs SHR+Apo+S-1611: 1.0±0.3 nL/min per millimeter;
P
<0.001). However, because expression of the Na
+
/H
+
exchanger 3 was similar between SHR and WKY rats, this suggests that superoxide affects Na
+
/H
+
exchanger 3 activity. Direct microperfusion of Tempol or Apo into the proximal tubule also restored J
v
in SHRs. In conclusion, superoxide generated by NADPH oxidase inhibits proximal tubule fluid reabsorption in SHRs. This finding implies that proximal tubule fluid reabsorption is regulated by redox balance, which may have profound effects on ion and fluid homeostasis in the hypertensive kidney.
Mediterranean-Style Diet Effect on the Structural Properties of the Erythrocyte Cell Membrane of Hypertensive Patients
Authors: Barceló Francisca , Perona Javier S. , Prades Jesús , Funari Sérgio S. , Gomez-Gracia Enrique , Conde Manuel , Estruch Ramon , Ruiz-Gutiérrez Valentina
Published: October 2009

A currently ongoing randomized trial has revealed that the Mediterranean diet, rich in virgin olive oil or nuts, reduces systolic blood pressure in high-risk cardiovascular patients. Here, we present a structural substudy to assess the effect of a Mediterranean-style diet supplemented with nuts or virgin olive oil on erythrocyte membrane properties in 36 hypertensive participants after 1 year of intervention. Erythrocyte membrane lipid composition, structural properties of reconstituted erythrocyte membranes, and serum concentrations of inflammatory markers are reported. After the intervention, the membrane cholesterol content decreased, whereas that of phospholipids increased in all of the dietary groups; the diminishing cholesterol:phospholipid ratio could be associated with an increase in the membrane fluidity. Moreover, reconstituted membranes from the nuts and virgin olive oil groups showed a higher propensity to form a nonlamellar inverted hexagonal phase structure that was related to an increase in phosphatidylethanolamine lipid class. These data suggest that the Mediterranean-style diet affects the lipid metabolism that is altered in hypertensive patients, influencing the structural membrane properties. The erythrocyte membrane modulation described provides insight in the structural bases underlying the beneficial effect of a Mediterranean-style diet in hypertensive subjects.
Relationship of Carotid Distensibility and Thoracic Aorta Calcification
Authors: Blaha Michael J. , Budoff Matthew J. , Rivera Juan J. , Katz Ronit , O'Leary Daniel H. , Polak Joseph F. , Takasu Junichiro , Blumenthal Roger S. , Nasir Khurram
Published: October 2009

Stiffening of the central elastic arteries is one of the earliest detectable manifestations of adverse change within the vessel wall. Although an association between carotid artery stiffness and adverse events has been demonstrated, little is known about the relationship between stiffness and atherosclerosis. Even less is known about the impact of age, sex, and race on this association. To elucidate this question, we used baseline data from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (2000–2002). Carotid artery distensibility coefficient was calculated after visualization of the instantaneous waveform of the common carotid diameter using a high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. Thoracic aorta calcification was identified using noncontrast cardiac computed tomography. We found a strong association between decreasing distensibility coefficient (increasing carotid stiffness) and increasing thoracic aorta calcification, as well as a graded increase in the thoracic aorta calcification score (
P
<0.001). After controlling for age, sex, race, and traditional and emerging cardiovascular risk factors, individuals in the stiffest quartile had a prevalence ratio of 1.52 (95% CI: 1.15 to 2.00) for thoracic aorta calcification compared with the least stiff quartile. In exploratory analysis, carotid stiffness was more highly correlated with calcification of the aorta than calcification of the coronary arteries (ρ=0.32 versus 0.22;
P
<0.001 for comparison). In conclusion, there is a strong independent association between carotid stiffness and thoracic aorta calcification. Carotid stiffness is more highly correlated with calcification of the aorta, a central elastic artery, than calcification of the coronary arteries. The prognostic significance of these findings requires longitudinal follow-up of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis cohort.
Genetic Silencing of Nox2 and Nox4 Reveals Differential Roles of These NADPH Oxidase Homologues in the Vasopressor and Dipsogenic Effects of Brain Angiotensin II
Authors: Peterson Jeffrey R. , Burmeister Melissa A. , Tian Xin , Zhou Yi , Guruju Mallikarjuna R. , Stupinski John A. , Sharma Ram V. , Davisson Robin L.
Published: October 2009

The renin-angiotensin system exerts a tremendous influence over fluid balance and arterial pressure. Angiotensin II (Ang-II), the effector peptide of the renin-angiotensin system, acts in the central nervous system to regulate neurohumoral outflow and thirst. Dysregulation of Ang-II signaling in the central nervous system is implicated in cardiovascular diseases; however, the mechanisms remain poorly understood. Recently we established that NADPH oxidase (Nox)–derived superoxide acting in the forebrain subfornical organ is critical in the physiological responses to central Ang-II. In addition, we have found that Nox2 and Nox4 are the most abundantly expressed Nox homologues within Ang-II–sensitive sites in the forebrain. To dissect out the functional importance and unique roles of these Nox enzymes in the pressor and dipsogenic effects of central Ang-II, we developed adenoviral vectors expressing small interfering RNA to selectively silence Nox2 or Nox4 expression in the subfornical organ. Our results demonstrate that both Nox2 and Nox4 are required for the full vasopressor effects of brain Ang-II but that only Nox2 is coupled to the Ang-II–induced water intake response. These studies establish the importance of both Nox2- and Nox4-containing NADPH oxidases in the actions of Ang-II in the central nervous system and are the first to reveal differential involvement of these Nox enzymes in the various physiological effects of central Ang-II.
Early Progression of the Autonomic Dysfunction Observed in Pediatric Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Lucini Daniela , Zuccotti Gianvincenzo , Malacarne Mara , Scaramuzza Andrea , Riboni Sara , Palombo Carlo , Pagani Massimo
Published: October 2009

To focus on early cardiac and vascular autonomic dysfunction that might complicate type 1 diabetes mellitus in children, we planned an observational, cross-sectional study in a population of 93 young patients, under insulin treatment, subdivided in 2 age subgroups (children: 11.5±0.4 years; adolescents: 19.3±0.2 years). Time and frequency domain analysis of RR interval and systolic arterial pressure variability provided quantitative indices of the sympatho-vagal balance regulating the heart period, of the gain of cardiac baroreflex, and of the sympathetic vasomotor control. Sixty-eight children of comparable age served as a reference group. At rest, systolic arterial pressure and the power of its low-frequency component were greater in patients than in controls, particularly in children (14.0±2.3 versus 3.1±0.3 mm Hg
2
). Moreover, baroreflex gain was significantly reduced in both subgroups of patients. Standing induced similar changes in the autonomic profiles of controls and patients. A repeat study after 1 year showed a progression in low-frequency oscillations of arterial pressure and a shift toward low frequency in RR variability. Data in young patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus show a significant increase in arterial pressure, a reduced gain of the baroreflex regulation of the heart period, and an increase of the low-frequency component of systolic arterial pressure variability, suggestive of simultaneous impairment of vagal cardiac control and increases of sympathetic vasomotor regulation. A repeat study after 1 year shows a further increase of sympathetic cardiac and vascular modulation, suggesting early progression of the autonomic dysfunction.
Kimbanguism Going Astray
Authors: Balz Heinrich
Published: October 2009

The doctrinal controversy within the Kimbanguist Church, Église de Jésus-Christ sur la Terre par son Envoyé Spécial Simon Kimbangu, reached a new climax in July 2008: Moderate teaching on the person of Simon Kimbangu on the one hand and on the divine Trinity on the other, which had been the church's official doctrine since 2005, was solemnly revoked by an assembly in Nkamba, D.R. Congo and by the church's leader, the Chef spirituel, to be replaced more or less directly by the common popular Kimbanguist belief: Simon Kimbangu is God, the Holy Spirit incarnate. But the theologians who had formulated the former moderate teaching do not accept this new turn in the Kimbanguist Church's doctrine. The article gives the arguments and strategies of both sides and reflects on the possible future development of the Kimbanguist Church.
White Brothers–Black Strangers: Dutch Calvinist Churches and Apartheid in South-Africa
Authors: Meijers Erica
Published: October 2009

After apartheid was abolished in 1994, fierce discussions within the Dutch churches on the theme of apartheid were quickly forgotten. However, we could still learn from this important chapter of church history. Erica Meijers argues that the debates during the 1970s and 1980s have their roots in the changes which the churches underwent in the 1950s and 1960s. Apartheid confronted protestant churches with their own images of black and white, their role in the colonial area and their view of the role of the church in society. All this led to a decreasing solidarity with the Afrikaners and a growing focus on black reality in South Africa. White brothers became strangers and black strangers became allies. This is in essence the transformation of attitude which both the Netherlands Reformed Church and the Reformed Churches in the Netherlands underwent between 1948 and 1972.
Miracle and Machine: The Two Sources of Religion and Science in Derrida's "Faith and Knowledge"
Authors: Naas Michael
Published: October 2009

This essay attempts to lay out the three principal theses of Jacques Derrida's 1994–1995 "Faith and Knowledge," Derrida's most sustained but also most challenging work on the nature of religion and the relationship between religion and science. After demonstrating through these three theses that religion and science not only share a common source—or have a common genesis—but are in what Derrida calls an autoimmune relationship to one another, the essay puts these theses to the test by reading a brief passage near the middle of the essay where Derrida recounts the genesis of "Faith and Knowledge" itself. Derrida's seemingly anecdotal recounting of this genesis is thus shown to reflect the three theses of "Faith and Knowledge," the way in which, in a word, the breath of creation, or the miracle of religion, is always doubled, supplemented, and thus contaminated by the machine of science and tele-technology.
What Comes after Christianity? Jean-Luc Nancy's Deconstruction of Christianity
Authors: Schrijvers Joeri
Published: October 2009

This article aims to be a confrontation with Nancy's 'deconstruction of Christianity.' Its arguments are instructed by Derrida's thesis in his On Touching—Jean-Luc Nancy, in which he speaks of the 'destructive effects' of Nancy's own thinking. One such effect is, according to Derrida, Nancy's complicity with some form of metaphysical thinking. The conclusion of this article therefore aims to expound on just what sort of metaphysics returns in Nancy's work and proposes a more viable—and phenomenological—option with regard to the question of what is to be done with the relics of the Christian tradition through forging an opening towards Levinas' and Merleau-Ponty's philosophies.
Alberico Gentili on Diplomacy
Authors: Langhorne Richard
Published: October 2009

Alberico Gentili was a significant academic lawyer of the late sixteenth and early seventeenth century. He was an Italian religious refugee who fled to England and became professor of law at Oxford. Among his works are three books on diplomacy dating from 1585. These have never attracted the same degree of interest as his other works and this article discusses both why this has been so and indicates ways in which they are worthy of more attention — particularly that they are peculiarly accurate representatives of the contemporary discussion of diplomacy and that there are two real and original contributions that Gentili made. One concerns the rights and privileges of resident ambassadors and the other rests on his clearly expressed conviction that diplomacy could know no bounds set by religion or culture. In both these opinions he was ahead of his time.
'The Summit is Dead. Long Live the European Council': Britain and the Question of Regular Leaders' Meetings in the European Community, 1973-1975
Authors: Young John
Published: October 2009

In analysing British policy towards the creation of the European Council from 1973-1975, this article will argue that British leaders were supporters of the idea of regular summits regardless of party affiliation and that policy on this issue suggests that, in this area at least, British policy was consistent and positive about European Community membership. In so doing, the article will also show how the British government wrestled with the idea of how to make leaders-level meetings work most effectively — in terms of frequency, organization and atmosphere — as a means of doing business in an international organization. The result was the creation of a system of serial summits that helped the Community to escape the economic doldrums of the 1970s.
India's Diaspora Diplomacy
Authors: Rana Kishan
Published: October 2009

Countries are increasingly conscious that their diaspora is a powerful asset in their pursuit of external objectives. Several factors have contributed. Everywhere the diplomatic process is more open than before; foreign ministries routinely network with a wide array of official and non-state partners. Thanks to rising migration, and growth in foreign employment opportunities, many countries have expanding overseas communities. A number of small and medium-sized countries find that such communities are even larger than the home population. We also observe that in many states, these groups, whether they have taken up the citizenship of the country of residence or whether they remain citizens of their home countries, find it easier than in the past to participate actively in social, economic and political activities in their adopted homes. Finally, the example of Israel — that is, the support that it mobilizes from the global Jewish community — resonates with many countries that would like to develop their own links with their overseas communities, as feasible.
A New Daily Pressure Dataset for Australia and Its Application to the Assessment of Changes in Synoptic Patterns during the Last Century
Authors: Alexander Lisa V. , Uotila Petteri , Nicholls Neville , Lynch Amanda
Published: October 2009

A high-quality daily dataset of in situ mean sea level pressure was collated for Australia for the period from 1907 to 2006. This dataset was used to assess changes in daily synoptic pressure patterns over Australia in winter using the method of self-organizing maps (SOMs). Twenty patterns derived from the in situ pressure observations were mapped to patterns derived from ERA-40 data to create daily synoptic pressure fields for the past century. Changes in the frequencies of these patterns were analyzed. The patterns that have been decreasing in frequency were generally those most strongly linked to variations in the southern annular mode (SAM) index, while patterns that have increased in frequency were more strongly correlated with variations in the positive phase of El Niño–Southern Oscillation. In general, there has been a reduction in the rain-bearing systems affecting southern Australia since the beginning of the twentieth century. Over the past century, reductions in the frequencies of synoptic patterns with a marked trough to the south of the country were shown to be linked to significant reductions in severe storms in southeast Australia and decreases in rainfall at four major Australian cities: Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide, and Perth. Of these, Perth showed the most sustained decline in both the mean and extremes of rainfall linked to changes in the large-scale weather systems affecting Australia over the past century. The results suggest a century-long decline in the frequency of low pressure systems reaching southern Australia, consistent with the southward movement of Southern Hemisphere storm tracks. While most of these trends were not significant, associated changes in rainfall and storminess appear to have had significant impacts in the region.
Climate Response at the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum to Greenhouse Gas Forcing—A Model Study with CCSM3
Authors: Winguth A. , Shellito C. , Shields C. , Winguth C.
Published: October 2009

The Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum (PETM; 55 Ma) is of particular interest since it is regarded as a suitable analog to future climate change. In this study, the PETM climate is investigated using the Community Climate System Model (CCSM3) with atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 4×, 8×, and 16× the preindustrial value.

Simulated climate change from 4× to 8× atmospheric CO2 concentration, possibly corresponding to an environmental precursor of the PETM event, leads to a warming of the North Atlantic Ocean Intermediate-Water masses, thus lowering the critical depth for methane hydrate destabilization by ∼500 m. A further increase from 8× to 16×CO2, analogous to a possible massive methane hydrate release, results in global oceanic warming and stratification. The increase in the radiative surface warming, especially at high latitudes, is partially offset by a decrease in the ocean heat transport due to a reduced overturning circulation. Surface temperature values simulated in the 16×CO2 PETM run represent the closest match to surface temperature reconstructions from proxies for this period.

Simulated PETM precipitation, characterized by a slight northward shift of the intertropical convergence zone, increases at higher CO2 concentrations, especially for the northern midlatitudes as well as the high latitudes in both hemispheres. Data-inferred precipitation values and gradients for North America and Spain, for instance, are in good agreement with the 16×CO2 simulation. Increasing atmospheric CO2 concentrations might also have favored the release of terrestrial methane through warmer and wetter conditions over land, thus reinforcing the greenhouse gas concentration increase.
The Southeast Pacific Warm Band and Double ITCZ
Authors: Masunaga Hirohiko , L’Ecuyer Tristan S.
Published: October 2009

The east Pacific double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ) in austral fall is investigated with particular focus on the growing processes of its Southern Hemisphere branch. Satellite measurements from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) are analyzed to derive 8-yr climatology from 2000 to 2007. The earliest sign of the south ITCZ emerges in sea surface temperature (SST) by January, followed by the gradual development of surface convergence and water vapor. The shallow cumulus population starts growing to form the south ITCZ in February, a month earlier than vigorous deep convection is organized into the south ITCZ. The key factors that give rise to the initial SST enhancement or the southeast Pacific warm band are diagnosed by simple experiments. The experiments are designed to calculate SST, making use of an ocean mixed layer “model” forced by surface heat fluxes, all of which are derived from satellite observations. It is found that the shortwave flux absorbed into the ocean mixed layer is the primary driver of the southeast Pacific warm band. The warm band does not develop in boreal fall because the shortwave flux is seasonally so small that it is overwhelmed by other negative fluxes, including the latent heat and longwave fluxes. Clouds offset the net radiative flux by 10–15 W m−2, which is large enough for the warm band to develop in boreal fall if it were not for clouds reflecting shortwave radiation. Interannual variability of the double ITCZ is also discussed in brief.
Measurements of Aerodynamic Roughness, Bowen Ratio, and Atmospheric Surface Layer Height by Eddy Covariance and Tethersonde Systems Simultaneously over a Heterogeneous Rice Paddy
Authors: Tsai Jeng-Lin , Tsuang Ben-Jei , Lu Po-Sheng , Chang Ken-Hui , Yao Ming-Hwi , Shen Yuan
Published: October 2009

The aerodynamic roughness, Bowen ratio, and friction velocity were measured over a rice paddy using tethersonde and eddy covariance (EC) systems. In addition, the height ranges of the atmospheric inertial sublayer (ISL) were derived using the tethersonde data. Comparison of the friction velocity, latent and sensible heat fluxes, and Bowen ratio estimated from these systems show their correlation coefficients to be >0.7. This difference between the observational systems can be associated with their respective footprint areas. The aerodynamic roughness was observed to be about 0.03 m for wind blowing from a paddy-dominated area (PDA) and about 0.37 m from a rice paddy interspersed with buildings (PIB) based on the ISL profile. Results are close to the effective roughness length model of Mason, having the same shear stresses at the blending height. In contrast, both the geometric mean model of Taylor and the arithmetic mean model of Tsai and Tsuang underestimate the effective roughness over the PIB. During daylight hours, the height range of the ISL ranged from a few meters to 25 m above ground level (AGL) for wind blowing from the PDA and 14–42 m for wind blowing from the PIB.
A Two-Gyre Ocean Model Based on Similarity Solutions
Authors: Sirven Jérôme , Février Sabine , Herbaut Christophe
Published: October 2009

An ocean model based on similarity solutions derived from the thermocline equations is defined, and its properties are studied in a stationary case. This model only applies to cases that show small departures from zonality. It is continuously stratified, has open boundaries (in particular it extends indefinitely westward), and does not represent boundary currents. The zonal gradient of density is prescribed constant at the northern and southern boundaries, the density along the eastern coast is prescribed at the surface and bottom, and a zonal (null) Ekman pumping is applied at the surface (bottom). The mean state obtained with this simple model shows a quite realistic thermocline pattern. In particular, two gyres are represented, which improves the results obtained from the previous models based on similarity solutions. Waters of nearly constant density are found in the first 600 m in the subpolar gyre, and the northward “tilt of the thermocline” is also reproduced. In this model, the vertical diffusion coefficient governs the detailed structure of the thermocline. However, the role of the horizontal diffusion coefficient is crucial as it allows mass exchanges between the gyres and has a strong impact on the meridional and vertical velocities, which in turn affect the thickness of the thermocline. Eventually, the results suggest that, as soon as the classical integral constraints exerting on the potential vorticity fluxes are taken into account, a (detailed) representation of the boundary currents is not needed to model the gross features of the thermocline in the open ocean.
An Open Ocean Trial of Controlled Upwelling Using Wave Pump Technology
Authors: White Angelicque , Björkman Karin , Grabowski Eric , Letelier Ricardo , Poulos Steve , Watkins Blake , Karl David
Published: October 2009

In 1976, John D. Isaacs proposed to use wave energy to invert the density structure of the ocean and pump deep, nutrient-rich water into the sunlit surface layers. The basic principle is simple: a length of tubing attached to a surface buoy at the top, and a one-way valve at the bottom can be extended below the euphotic zone to act as a conduit for deep water. The vertical motion of the ocean forces the attached valve to open on the downslope of a wave and close on the upslope, thus generating upward movement of deep water to the surface ocean. Although Isaacs’s wave-powered pump has taken many forms, from energy production to aquaculture to the more recent suggestion that artificial upwelling could be used to stimulate primary productivity and carbon sequestration, the simple engineering concept remains the same. In June 2008, the authors tested a commercially available wave pump (Atmocean) north of Oahu, Hawaii, to assess the logistics of at-sea deployment and the durability of the equipment under open ocean conditions. This test was done as part of an experiment designed to evaluate a recently published hypothesis that upwelling of water containing excess phosphate (P) relative to nitrogen (N) compared to the canonical “Redfield” molar ratio of 16N:1P would generate a two-phased phytoplankton bloom. The end result of this field experiment was rapid delivery (<2 h for a 300-m transit) of deep water to the surface ocean followed by catastrophic failure of pump materials under the dynamic stresses of the oceanic environment. Wave-driven upwelling of cold water was documented for a period of ∼17 h, with a volumetric upwelling rate of ∼45 m3 h−1 and an estimated total input of 765 m3 of nutrient-enriched deep water. The authors discuss the deployment of a 300-m wave pump, the strategy to sample a biogeochemical response, the engineering challenges faced, and the implications of these results for future experiments aimed at stimulating the growth of phytoplankton.
Effects of Vertical Wind Shear on Tropical Cyclone Precipitation
Authors: Wingo Matthew T. , Cecil Daniel J.
Published: October 2009

The response of the precipitation field for tropical cyclones in relation to the surrounding environmental vertical wind shear has been investigated using ∼20 000 snapshots of passive-microwave satellite rain rates. Composites of mean rain rates, 95th percentile rain rates, and rain coverage were constructed to compare how the spatial distribution of the precipitation was organized under varying environmental shear. Results indicated that precipitation is displaced downshear and to the left (right for Southern Hemisphere) of the shear vector. The amplitude of this displacement increases with stronger shear. The majority of the asymmetry found in the mean rain rates is accounted for by the asymmetry in the occurrence of heavy rain. Although rain is common in all quadrants of the sheared tropical cyclones, heavy rain (≥8 mm h−1 at the ∼25-km scale) is comparatively rare in the upshear-right quadrant. It is shown that the effect that shear has on the rain field is nearly instantaneous. Strong westerly shear formed slightly more asymmetric patterns than strong easterly shear.
Organizational Ethics and Teachers’ Intent to Leave: An Integrative Approach
Authors: Shapira-Lishchinsky Orly , Rosenblatt Zehava
Published: October 2009

Purpose: The present study focuses on developing a conceptual framework that explores the relationships between teachers’ intent to leave and a spectrum of ethics perceptions. The authors argue that these relationships are mediated by organizational commitment (affective and normative). Research Design: Organizational ethics was measured by teachers’ perceptions of ethical climate (caring and formal), organizational justice (distributive and procedural), and tendency to misbehave. Participants were 1,016 schoolteachers from 35 schools affiliated with a secondary-level school network in Israel. Findings: Results of a multilevel analysis reveal direct relationships between intent to leave and dimensions of all three ethical constructs. The mediation effect of affective and normative commitment was full for caring climate and partial for procedural justice and tendency to misbehave. Conclusions: The contribution of this study is the integrative approach to organizational ethics as predicting teachers’ intent to leave, an approach rarely taken in previous research. The results may have implications for educational policies that focus on improving ethical perceptions while containing teachers’ voluntary turnover.
Identifying the Role of Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Components in Understanding Residents’ Attitudes toward Place Marketing
Authors: Kwon Jeamok , Vogt Christine A.
Published: October 2009

This study examines attitudes and opinions of local residents regarding place marketing and identifies the role of cognitive, affective, and behavioral components in residents’ positive or negative attitudes toward place marketing. The conceptual model is developed based on attitude, reasoned action, and social exchange theories. Data are collected across several destination areas at different levels of tourism development to test Doxey’s Irridex model. Results show an adequate role of the cognitive, affective, and behavioral components on positive or negative attitude formation in place marketing. Personal benefit from tourism is relevant for moderating the relationship between the three components and attitudes toward place marketing. Results imply residents from the least developed tourism county are more optimistic about increasing the local tourism economic growth as they are in the beginning stage of tourism development compared with the moderately and most developed counties, where some residents openly express a strong dislike of tourists.
Socioeconomic Differentials Between HIV Caregivers and Noncaregivers: Is There a Selection Effect? A Case of Older People Living in Nairobi City Slums
Authors: Chepngeno-Langat Gloria , Falkingham Jane , Madise Nyovani J. , Evandrou Maria
Published: October 2009

This article seeks to investigate the association between caregiving to someone with an HIV-related illness and the socioeconomic status of the caregiver using a population-based survey of 1,587 older people living in Nairobi slums. Findings indicate significant differences in living arrangements, wealth, income, and expenditure between HIV caregivers and noncaregivers. HIV caregivers lived in larger households and were also more likely to live in households with a large number of children younger than the age of 15 years. Whereas a high proportion of HIV caregivers were ranked highly in terms of wealth status, differences in per capita income and expenditure were not significant when household size and other confounders were accounted for. The financial costs associated with caring for someone with a chronic illness and the reliance on family members with financial ability for material support, a common feature of African extended family systems, may account for the relative economic advantage of HIV caregivers.
Time-course Study of the Immunotoxic Effects of the Anticancer Drug Chlorambucil in the Rat
Authors: Pearse Gail , Pietersma Anne , Cunliffe Jo , Foster John R. , Turton John , Derbyshire Nicola , Randall Kevin J.
Published: October 2009

In 2005, the International conference on harmonization (ICH) recommended that all new human pharmaceuticals be tested for unintended immunomodulatory potential via a tiered approach. Included in this approach is a semiquantitative description of changes in the separate compartments of lymphoid tissue (also called enhanced histopathology). Chlorambucil was administered to Hanover Wistar rats at regular time points, followed by a treatment-free (recovery) period. Groups of treated and control animals were sacrificed regularly during both the treatment and recovery periods. Selected tissues were removed, weighed fresh and fixed in formalin, processed, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. Blood samples and bone marrow smears were also obtained. With the use of enhanced histopathology, a description of the changes in lymphoid tissues and bone marrow was used as a means of assessing the susceptibility, and recovery, of the different lymphoid cell populations over time. A correlation with organ weights, flow cytometry data, and bone marrow cytology was achieved. The administration of chlorambucil in the Hanover Wistar rat provided a useful tool to examine the rate and sequence of changes in the lymphoid organs and bone marrow during treatment with, and the recovery from the effects of, a potent immunosuppressive agent.