bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Morphologic variation inManicina areolata(Cnidaria, Scleractinia) from the Pleistocene of South Florida
Authors: Sorauf James E. , Harries Peter J.
Published: May 2010

Environmental variability exerts a substantial control on massive, free-living, colonial corals such asManicina areolata, influencing their shape and size as well as other characters, such as base morphology and colline complexity in meandroid forms. This species is well adapted for life in shallow, wave-swept waters due to its self-righting capabilities. Two different ecophenotypes ofM. areolata, as defined by overall shape and base morphology, are present in two approximately coeval Pleistocene localities (PBA Quarry and Holey Land Canal) in southern Florida. These differences reflect adaptation to two depositional settings. Corallum size, shape, and oral complexity allow clear differentiation between these two environments. Greater corallum size, as primarily manifested by significantly greater height, tends to accompany increased grain size. The basal area and weight per cm2of the coralla appear to be primary limiting factors inM. areolata's growth by controlling the coral's ability to self-right after overturning or causing sinking into less cohesive substrates. Complexity of confluent corallites increases with increasing size and colony volume. Thus, complexity of valley and colline patterns on the oral surface increases as a function of base area, so that collines developed on smaller, soft-substrate-inhabiting colonies are characteristically less complex than are those of larger, higher colonies. These complexities and variation in shape are apparently related to environmental conditions, predominantly substrate, water depth, and physical energy, resulting in recognizable ecophenotypes.
Out of the Black Box: Expansion of a Theory-Based Intervention to Self-Manage the Uncertainty Associated With Active Surveillance (AS) for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Kazer Meredith Wallace , Bailey Donald E. , Whittemore Robin
Published: May 2010

Active surveillance (AS) (sometimes referred to as watchful waiting) is an alternative approach to managing low-risk forms of prostate cancer. This management approach allows men to avoid expensive prostate cancer treatments and their well-documented adverse events of erectile dysfunction and incontinence. However, AS is associated with illness uncertainty and reduced quality of life (QOL; Wallace, 2003). An uncertainty management intervention (UMI) was developed by Mishel et al. (2002) to manage uncertainty in women treated for breast cancer and men treated for prostate cancer. However, the UMI was not developed for men undergoing AS for prostate cancer and has not been adequately tested in this population. This article reports on the expansion of a theory-based intervention to manage the uncertainty associated with AS for prostate cancer. Intervention Theory (Sidani & Braden, 1998) is discussed as a framework for revising the UMI intervention for men undergoing AS for prostate cancer (UMI-AS). The article concludes with plans for testing of the expanded intervention and implications for the extended theory.
Orchardgrass Ley for Improved Manure Management in Wisconsin: I. Forage Yield, Environmental Impact, and Production Costs
Authors: Hedtcke Janet L. , Posner Joshua L. , Hall John A. , Walgenbach Richard P. , Baldock Jon O.
Published: May 2010

Spreading dairy manure in climatic zones with a short growing season that are dominated by full season crops such as corn (Zea mays L.) and alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is a challenge. However, replacing these with a grass ley (GL) does open several windows for manure spreading. The effects of such a strategy were examined in a 3‐yr, 2 by 2 factorial trial comparing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and corn silage (CS) with either manure or fertilizer at two locations in Wisconsin. In the fourth year a test crop of CS was grown following both crops. During the first 3 yr, the manured corn plots out‐produced the manured grass plots (16.0 vs. 8.6 Mg DM ha−1 yr−1) but in the fourth year the corn following the orchardgrass ley system was more productive than when following corn (20.7 vs. 14.9 Mg DM ha−1). Soil test phosphorus (STP) values climbed 2 to 4 mg kg−1 yr−1 and soil test potassium (STK) 14 to 20 mg kg−1 yr−1 under the manured systems. Variable costs per metric ton of forage dry matter (DM) were significantly higher in the manured GL compared to manured continuous CS system ($67 vs. $43 Mg−1). This can be considered a worst case scenario due to the frequent manuring in the ley system. Also, it is difficult to include the managerial and economic advantages of having adequate summer manure spreading locations. Thus, including a GL may be an ecologically and economically sound strategy where summer manure spreading is required.
Effects of Soil and Topographic Properties on Spatial Variability of Corn Grain Ethanol Yield
Authors: Hao Xinmei , Thelen Kurt , Gao Juan
Published: May 2010

To maximize biofuel production requires understanding relationships of soil properties and topography with variation of biofuel production within fields. The objective of this study was to determine the potential impacts of terrain attributes and soil properties on the variation of corn (Zea mays L.) grain ethanol yield at different locations within a corn–soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] rotation field located in southwest Michigan. Ethanol yield at 33 geo‐referenced points in the field was obtained for the rotational corn years of 2006 and 2008. In both years, ethanol yield was significantly negatively correlated with elevation and positively correlated with soil total C, N, and organic C probably due to nutrient availability associated with these variables. Partial least square regression (PLSR) analyses were conducted between the ethanol yield and five combinations of terrain attributes, soil properties, and three‐degree polynomial of spatial coordinates, and number of factors for each analysis was selected based on leave‐one‐out cross validation. Two factors from PLSR analyses on the combination of terrain and soil properties explained about 46 and 44% of the ethanol yield variation for 2006 and 2008, respectively. Combining a three‐degree polynomial of spatial coordinates with soil and terrain attributes improved the R2 only from 0.46 to 0.50 for 2006 ethanol yield, while improved the R2 from 0.44 to 0.70 in 2008. The overall result indicates that soil and topographic properties explained most of the spatial variation in ethanol yield in the relatively dryer year of 2006, while only a small fraction of spatial variation was explained in 2008.
Crop Management Effects on Crop Residue Production and Changes in Soil Organic Carbon in the Central Great Plains
Authors: Benjamin Joseph G. , Halvorson Ardell D. , Nielsen David Christopher , Mikha Maysoon M.
Published: May 2010

Crop biomass has been proposed as a source stock for bioethanol production. Levels of crop residue removal must be determined to prevent degradation of soil physical and chemical properties resulting from soil organic carbon (SOC) loss. Carbon inputs from crop residues and an estimate of inputs from roots and rhizodeposition (Creturn) were calculated and compared with changes in SOC after seven cropping seasons at Akron, CO. Tillage treatments included a chisel plow (CP) and a no‐till (NT) treatment. A crop rotation alternating grasses and broadleaf crops was compared with continuous corn (Zea mays L.). Irrigation treatments included water application to meet evapotranspiration demand or application only during the reproductive stage of each crop. Total Creturn varied from 25 Mg ha−1 for the delayed irrigation, crop rotation plots to 63 Mg ha−1 for the fully irrigated, continuous corn plots. The change in SOC in the surface 30 cm of soil varied from −0.8 Mg SOC ha−1 for the rotation plots to a gain of 2.8 Mg ha−1 for the continuous corn plots after 7 yr. Correlating crop residue input with change in SOC showed that about 4.6 Mg ha−1 yr−1 Creturn is needed to maintain SOC levels for NT cropping systems and an average of 7.4 Mg ha−1 yr−1 Creturn is needed to maintain SOC levels under chisel tillage. Continuous corn was the only system that consistently provided sufficient crop residue to maintain SOC levels. Residue removal for off‐farm use should consider only amounts that can be harvested without decreasing SOC levels.
Using Active Canopy Sensors to Quantify Corn Nitrogen Stress and Nitrogen Application Rate
Authors: Barker Daniel W. , Sawyer John E.
Published: May 2010

In‐season corn (Zea mays L.) N sensing with active canopy sensors can provide input variables that direct variable rate N fertilizer applications. The objectives of this study were to assess corn N stress at the V10 to V12 growth stages, establish canopy indices that relate to optimum N application, and provide N rate algorithms for use in applying variable rate N fertilizer. Corn was sensed with the GreenSeeker Green 506 (GS‐506) and Crop Circle ACS‐210 (CC‐210) active canopy sensors. Sensing was conducted in N rate trials over 3 yr encompassing 62 site‐years across Iowa. The relationship between sensor indices and differential from economic optimum nitrogen rate (dEONR) was evaluated by fitting quadratic‐plateau (QP) regression models between sensor values and dEONR. Sensing corn at the V10 to V12 stages resulted in statistically significant QP models relating sensor indices to corn N response. Relative canopy index models had greater adjR2 values than others, resulting in better representation between canopy index values and dEONR. These were the relative simple ratio index (rSRI), relative green difference vegetative index (rGDVI), and relative modified simple ratio index (rMSRI) for the GS‐506 sensor, and relative green normalized difference vegetative index (rGNDVI), rSRI, rMSRI, and rGDVI for the CC‐210 sensor. Variability in sensor prescribed N rate was greatest at slight N deficiencies (0–50 kg N ha−1 deficit dEONR). Several indices relating to canopy biomass (rGNDVI) or canopy chlorophyll (rSRI, rMSRI, or rGDVI) can be used as an N rate algorithm for applying N fertilizer in‐season.
Authentication of JPEG Images Based on Genetic Algorithms
Authors: Edupuganti Venkata Gopal , Shih Frank Y.
Published: May 2010

This paper presents an efficient authentication method for JPEG images based on Genetic Algorithms (GA). The current authentication methods for JPEG images require the receivers to know the quantization table beforehand in order to authenticate the images. Moreover, the quantization tables used in the JPEG compression are different for different quality factors, thus increasing the burden on the receivers to maintain several quantization tables. We propose a novel GA-based method which possesses three advantages. First, the computation at the receiver end is simplified. Second, it is no more required for the receivers to maintain quantization tables. Third, the method is resistant against Vector Quantization (VQ) and Copy-Paste (CP) attacks by generating the authentication information which is unique with respect to each block and each image. Furthermore, we develop a two- level detection strategy to reduce the false acceptance ratio of invalid blocks. Experimental results show that the proposed GA-based method can successfully authenticate JPEG images under variant attacks.
A Case of Chronic Infectious Arthritis of the Temporomandibular Joint Associated with Osteomyelitis without Malocclusion
Authors: Kito Shinji , Hirashima Souichi , Yoshioka Izumi , Habu Manabu , Kodama Masaaki , Kokuryo Shinya , Oda Masafumi , Tanaka Tatsurou , Wakasugi-Sato Nao , Matsumoto-Takeda Shinobu , Seta Yuji , Tominaga Kazuhiro , Morimoto Yasuhiro
Published: May 2010

Infectious arthritis of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) is rare, and previous reports have identified malocclusion resulting from condylar deformity and displacement of the condyle as one of the clinical characteristics of the disease. Here we report the case of a 33-year-old man with chronic infectious arthritis of the TMJ without malocclusion associated with osteomyelitis of the right mandible. Based on radiological findings of more prominent inflammation at the TMJ than in other regions and on the observed efficacy of antibiotic administration, we made a diagnosis of suppurative arthritis of the TMJ. Based on our empirical experience, including the present case, we speculate that refusal to cooperate with medical care may be a factor in the development of infectious arthritis of the TMJ.
Socio-Demographic Determinants of Condom Use Among Sexually Active Young Adults in Rural KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
Authors: Chimbindi Natsayi Z , McGrath Nuala , Herbst Kobus , San Tint Khin , Newell Marie-Louise
Published: May 2010

Aim:

To investigate patterns, levels and socio-demographic determinants of condom use and consistency of use among young adults aged 15-24 years.

Background:

Condoms are known to prevent HIV infection. However, HIV prevalence and incidence remain high.

Methods:

This study was conducted in the Africa Centre Demographic Surveillance Area (ACDSA) in rural KwaZulu-Natal. Analysis focused on resident young adults aged 15-24 years in 2005. In univariable and multivariable analyses, determinants of condom use and consistency of use among 15-24 year olds were estimated using data collected in 2005. ‘Ever’ condom use was defined as the proportion who reported having used a condom; consistent use among those ever using as “always” using condoms with most recent partner in the last year.

Results:

3,914 participants aged 15-24 years reported ever having sex, of whom 52% reported condom use. Adjusting for age, sex, number of partners, residence of partner, partner age difference, type of partner and socio-economic status (SES), having an older partner decreased likelihood (aOR=0.69, p<0.01), while belonging to a household in a higher SES increased likelihood of ever using condoms (aOR=1.82, p<0.01). Being female (aOR=0.61 p<0.01) and having a regular partner (aOR=0.65 p<0.01) were independently associated with low consistent condom use.

Conclusions:

In this rural South African setting, condom use remains low, especially among females and with an older partner, situations commonly associated with increased HIV acquisition. Targeted supportive interventions to increase condom use need to be developed if HIV prevention programmes are to be successful.
e-PROPAINOR: A Web-Server for Fast Prediction of Cα Structure & Likely
Functional Sites of a Protein Sequence
Authors: Joshi Rajani R. , Jyothish N. T.
Published: May 2010

e-PROPAINOR (www.math.iitb.ac.in/epropainor/) is a web-server based on extension of PROPAINOR for prediction
and computational function elucidation of 3-D structure of proteins. It predicts the Cα structure of a given protein
sequence. Computational efficiency and reliability are key features of its software. Moreover, it also gives an estimate of
the RMSD of the predicted structure. For the structures predicted with estimated RMSD of the order ≤ 5Å, it predicts
likely sites of five major types of protein functions.
The Picture Superiority Effect in Conceptual Implicit Memory: A Conceptual Distinctiveness Hypothesis
Authors: Hamilton Maryellen , Geraci Lisa
Published: May 2010

According to leading theories, the picture superiority effect is driven by conceptual processing, yet this effect has been difficult to obtain using conceptual implicit memory tests. We hypothesized that the picture superiority effect results from conceptual processing of a picture’s distinctive features rather than a picture’s semantic features. To test this hypothesis, we used 2 conceptual implicit general knowledge tests; one cued conceptually distinctive features (e.g., "What animal has large eyes?") and the other cued semantic features (e.g., "What animal is the figurehead of Tootsie Roll?"). Results showed a picture superiority effect only on the conceptual test using distinctive cues, supporting our hypothesis that this effect is mediated by conceptual processing of a picture’s distinctive features.
Variables Influencing Memory over Long Periods of Time for Recently Learned Face: Name Pairs
Authors: Groninger Lowell
Published: May 2010

The ability to match faces with corresponding names was studied under various conditions involving encoding and retrieval. Twenty photographs of undergraduates were randomly paired with 20 common names. Experiment 1 presented the photographs for 10 s each, followed by either presentation of the names alone with the instruction to write face characteristics from memory or presentation of the photographs again with instructions to write from memory the names and anything unusual about the names themselves. Later retrieval was best for the former condition and was interpreted as showing that names could prime image representations of faces. Experiment 2 was a partial replication of Experiment 1 with retrieval measured over 7 weeks. These results showed that memories for face-name matches lasted several weeks. Also, consistent with Experiment 1, the number of reported initial face characteristics was highly predictive of matches between faces and names. These studies show the importance for later retrieval of forming and maintaining vivid images of faces even when the faces have no outstanding characteristics.
The Simultaneous Learning Effect: Why Does Simultaneous Task Learning Improve Retention?
Authors: Burns Daniel J. , Ladd Mara V.
Published: May 2010

Despite the prevalence of encoding variables that have been shown to influence the rate of learning, very few affect the rate of forgetting of verbal material. However, when a list of words is learned simultaneously with other lists, the rate of forgetting is markedly lower than that of single-task learning. Although the magnitude of this simultaneous learning effect is large compared with typical list learning effects, it has received little empirical attention. Experiments 1 and 2 tested the hypothesis that the simultaneous learning effect is the result of a differential contribution of short-term memory during encoding. The results showed that the advantage for simultaneous task learning was obtained even under conditions that minimized the potential effects of short-term memory. Experiment 3 revealed that the simultaneous learning effect was larger when the specific items learned simultaneously were the same on each learning trial than when they were different. This finding supported a cuing explanation of the effect: The items from the other lists act as retrieval cues during delayed recall.
Trait Dissociation and Commission Errors in Memory Reports of Emotional Events
Authors: Merckelbach Harald , Zeles Gwen , van Bergen Saskia , Giesbrecht Timo
Published: May 2010

In 2 studies we examined whether trait dissociation is related to spontaneous commission errors (reports of events that did not occur) in free recall of emotional events. We also explored whether the functional locus of the dissociation-commission link is related to repeated retrieval or shallow encoding. In Experiment 1 participants were exposed to a staged incident and were repeatedly asked to add more information to their written accounts of the event. Dissociation levels were related to commission errors, indicating that people who report many dissociative experiences tend to make more commission errors. However, it was not the case that the overall increase in commission errors over successive retrieval attempts was typical for high dissociative participants. In Experiment 2 participants saw a video fragment of a severe car accident. During the video, half the participants performed a dual task, and the other half did not. Participants performing the dual task made more commission errors than controls, but this effect was not more pronounced in those with high trait dissociation scores. These studies show that there is a link between dissociation and spontaneous commission errors in memory reports of emotional events, but the functional locus of this link remains unclear.
The Effect of Exemplar Activation on Mental Representations of the Ingroup: The Moderating Role of Relative Ingroup Size
Authors: Coats Susan , Bayer Elisha-Rose , Worthen James B.
Published: May 2010

The current research explores the effects of exemplars on the stereotype representation of one’s ingroup. Previous research demonstrated that exposure to an ingroup exemplar affects the stereotype one holds of one’s ingroup (Coats & Smith, 1999). The primary purpose of the present study was to examine whether this effect is moderated by relative ingroup size. Participants were placed into either a minority or majority group situation and exposed to 1 of 2 dissimilar exemplars of their ingroup. Later, they rated their ingroup. Ratings of the ingroup differed between exemplar conditions in unexpected ways, indicating that the exemplar affected participants’ stereotype of their ingroup. Furthermore, exemplars had a stronger effect on participants in the minority group than those in the majority group. Finally, relative ingroup size and, to a marginal extent, exemplars were found to affect ratings of ingroup variability.
History of Psychology: Johns Hopkins’s First Professorship in Philosophy: A Critical Pivot Point in the History of American Psychology
Authors: Fuchs Alfred H. , Evans Rand B. , Green Christopher D.
Published: May 2010

The first professorship in philosophy at Johns Hopkins University was contested in the early 1880s by two of the most prominent and influential scholars in America: Charles Sanders Peirce and George Sylvester Morris. A third figure also vied for the position, although he was much less well known at the time: Granville Stanley Hall. Through a series of unexpected circumstances, Hall ultimately won the professorship and then used it to leverage an extraordinary career that included his opening the first American research laboratory in psychology, establishing the "American Journal of Psychology," becoming president of Clark University, founding the American Psychological Association, and profoundly affecting the character of developmental psychology in America.
Memory Search following Valid and Invalid Abrupt-Onset Cues
Authors: Homa Donald , Newton Craig , Terry Donovan , Schafer Scott , Richter Ken
Published: May 2010

The impact of abrupt-onset cues on memory search was investigated, where the abrupt-onset cue was a valid (Experiment 1), random (Experiment 2), or irrelevant (Experiment 3) predictor of the location containing the test probe. In Experiment 4, the abrupt-onset cue either preceded or followed the test probe. Sternberg-like functions were obtained in Experiments 1 and 2, with the effects of the abrupt-onset cue localized primarily in the intercept rather than the slope. Experiment 3 demonstrated that a spatially separated and irrelevant abrupt-onset cue increased latency even when all memory probes occurred at the fixation point. In Experiment 4, the robust impact of an abrupt-onset cue vanished, regardless of stimulus onset asynchrony, when it followed the target. We concluded that abrupt-onset cues captured attention regardless of their predictability, manifested as a delaying of search. However, once attention was captured by the target, a subsequent abrupt-onset stimulus had no effect. These results were discussed in terms of diffuse attention and contingent capture models of attention.
History of Psychology: Recurring Errors among Recent History of Psychology Textbooks
Authors: Fuchs Alfred H. , Evans Rand B. , Thomas Roger K.
Published: May 2010

Five recurring errors in history of psychology textbooks are discussed. One involves an identical misquotation. The remaining examples involve factual and interpretational errors that more than one and usually several textbook authors made. In at least 2 cases some facts were fabricated, namely, so-called facts associated with Pavlov’s mugging and Descartes’s reasons for choosing the pineal gland as the locus for mind-body interaction. A fourth example involves Broca’s so-called discovery of the speech center, and the fifth example involves misinterpretations of Lloyd Morgan’s intentions regarding his famous canon. When an error involves misinterpretation and thus misrepresentation, I will show why the misinterpretation is untenable.
Perceptions of Self and Other in the Prisoner’s Dilemma: Outcome Bias and Evidential Reasoning
Authors: Krueger Joachim I. , Acevedo Melissa
Published: May 2010

In the prisoner’s dilemma, self-interest clashes with collective interest. The way players resolve this conflict affects how others view them. Cooperators are seen as more moral than defectors, and, when there is no information about the other player’s choice, cooperators and defectors are seen as equally competent. However, players who are defected against are seen as less competent, especially if they themselves cooperated (Experiments 1 and 2). Similarly, cooperators see themselves as more moral, but not as less competent, than defectors do (Experiments 3). Independent of concerns about reputation and self-image maintenance, evidential reasoning contributes to cooperative behavior. Players who project their own attitudes onto others are more likely to cooperate (Experiments 3). Compared with classic game theory, a theory of reputational concerns and evidential reasoning is better equipped to explain empirical patterns of choice behavior in social dilemmas.
Young and Older Adults’ Strategies in Complex Arithmetic
Authors: Lemaire Patrick , Arnaud Laurence
Published: May 2010

Young and older adults solved complex addition problems such as 49 + 56. Verbal protocols, solution times, and percentage errors documented strategy repertoire and strategy selection in young and older participants and age-related differences in complex arithmetic performance. Both young and older adults used a set of 9 strategies to solve complex addition problems, although many older adults used a smaller strategy repertoire. The data also showed age-related differences in strategy execution and strategy selection. We discuss general implications of the present data to further our understanding of complex arithmetic and the role of strategic variations during aging.
Importance of Life Domains in Different Cultural Groups
Authors: Elizur Dov , Kantor Jeffrey , Yaniv Eyal , Sagie Abraham
Published: May 2010

This study assessed the role of individualism and collectivism in the shaping of personal values of Canadians, Israelis, and Palestinians. Based on Sagie and Elizur’s (1996) multifaceted approach, we distinguished personal values that are individual centered (i.e., associated with one’s home, family, or work) from collective-centered values (i.e., associated with the religion, sports, or politics). The magnitude of the difference between both value types differs according to cultural orientation. As compared with Palestinians, we predicted that Canadians and Israelis would rank individual-centered values higher and collective-centered values lower. Data obtained from samples of Palestinians, Israelis, and Canadians supported this hypothesis.
Calling All Codes: Interactive Effects of Semantics, Phonology, and Orthography Produce Dissociations in a Repetition Blindness Paradigm
Authors: Stolz Jennifer A. , Neely James H.
Published: May 2010

We used the repetition blindness (RB) paradigm to examine the roles of semantics, phonology, and orthography on report from rapidly presented 5-item word lists. Semantic primes in positions 1 and 3 in the list preceded homographic homophones, homographic heterophones, and heterographic homophones as critical targets in positions 2 and 4. All codes (i.e., semantic, phonologic, and orthographic) were repeated, or meaning changed while only phonology, only orthography, or both were repeated for the critical targets. Using a scoring procedure that considered order of report, we assessed facilitation for report of the first instance of the repeated target (a novel aspect of our procedure) and RB for report of the second instance of the repeated target. Except when accompanied by a change in orthography, a change in meaning reduced RB relative to when all codes were repeated. Facilitation in the report of the first instance of the repeated item occurred only if meaning changed and phonology was repeated (independent of whether orthography changed). Finally, recall was worse for the meaning change nonrepeated control lists (which instantiated 3 unrelated meanings in the list, including the last unrelated item) than for the no-meaning change control lists (which instantiated 2 unrelated meanings). We discuss the relevance of these findings for extant accounts of repetition blindness.
Color Change as a Causal Agent Revisited
Authors: Young Michael E. , Falmier Olga
Published: May 2010

Michotte (1946/1963, p. 235) concluded that color "has no bearing whatever on the question of qualitative causality." Surprisingly, this claim has received little empirical investigation in the 60 years since its publication. In 2 experiments, 2 balls struck a cylinder and changed color (either continuously or in a stepped progression) for 2 s. After the 2-s interval, the cylinder disgorged a purple substance. Participants chose which of the 2 balls was most likely to have caused the disgorging effect. An object that changed color was favored as the cause much more often than one that did not, and participants generally preferred an object that reached its terminal color immediately before the effect over objects that reached their terminal colors earlier. When participants performed a causal ratings task, color change produced moderate judgments of causation, with little response differentiation as a function of color dynamics.
Remembering Others: Using Life Scripts to Access Positive but Not Negative Information
Authors: White Hedy , Coppola Harmony A. , Multunas Nichole K.
Published: May 2010

The current research extended to memories of others the life script theory of abstract, idealized mental representations of transitional experiences. Recent and earlier high school graduates rated positive and negative characteristics of popular, average, and unpopular girls from their schools. "Average" girls were rated as higher than average on possessing positive characteristics. Recent but not earlier graduates distinguished between popularity conditions on negative characteristics (negative information is not included in life scripts). For positive characteristics, earlier graduates remembered unpopular girls less favorably (perhaps using stereotypical scripts) than recent graduates remembered them (having greater access to episodic memories of individual girls). A smaller graduation time difference in the same direction resulted for average and popular girls.
Reduction and Elimination of Format Effects on Recall
Authors: Goolkasian Paula , Foos Paul W. , Krusemark Daniel C.
Published: May 2010

Two experiments investigated whether the recall advantage of pictures and spoken words over printed words in working memory (Foos & Goolkasian, 2005; Goolkasian & Foos, 2002) could be reduced by manipulating letter case and sequential versus simultaneous presentation. Participants were required to remember 3 or 6 items presented in varied presentation formats while verifying the accuracy of a sentence. Presenting words in alternating uppercase and lowercase improved recall, and presenting words simultaneously rather than successively removed the effect of presentation format. The findings suggest that when forcing participants to pay attention to printed words you can make them more memorable and thereby diminish or remove any disadvantage in the recall of printed words in comparison with pictures and spoken words.
Are Theories to Be Evaluated in Isolation or Relative to Alternatives? An Abductive View
Authors: Capaldi E. J. , Proctor Robert W.
Published: May 2010

Although it is distinct from induction and deduction, abduction is often mistaken for them. The initial stage of abduction, or novel hypothesis abduction, has 2 components. The first concerns providing novel hypotheses that explain the pattern of data; the second suggests that the novel hypothesis should be accepted to the extent that it is the best available hypothesis. The second component is known as inference to the best explanation. Others have shown how novel hypothesis abduction provides an important type of reasoning for generating novel hypotheses. Our concern is with evaluating already formed abductions to determine which is best, using inference to the best explanation in connection with theories. We call this competing theories abduction. Competing theories abduction suggests that theories should be evaluated in relation to other theories rather than in isolation, as suggested by some philosophers and psychologists. In psychology this is demonstrated in connection with 2 widely accepted forms of relativism: the logical possibilities view and unique standards relativism.
An Ancient Maya Dock and Dam at Blue Creek, Rio Hondo, Belize
Authors: Barrett Jason W. , Guderjan Thomas H.
Published: May 2010

A precolumbian Maya dock and dam complex was located on the Río Hondo in northwestern Belize near the site of Blue Creek. Survey and excavation showed a range of activities to be associated with the complex, including lithic raw material procurement and manufacture. The discovery also underscores Blue Creek’s role in long-distance commercial exchange involving lowland riverine systems. Large quantities of exotic commodities, including jadeite from the Motagua River valley in Guatemala and stone tools from the industrial manufacturing site of Colhá, Belize, have been recovered from Preclassic and Classic period deposits at Blue Creek, and the site is posited as a vital point of transshipment responsible for the filtering of peripheral resources into the central lowlands. The Blue Creek dock and dam provides a rare glimpse of Maya riverine architecture and offers tangible evidence of infrastructural supports associated with maritime commerce.
Cavity Protection or Cosmetic Perfection? Innovation and Marketing of Toothpaste Brands in the United States and Western Europe, 1955–1985
Authors: Miskell Peter
Published: May 2010

This article examines how the marketing and advertising of toothpaste brands evolved in the twentieth century, particularly from the 1950s to the 1980s. During these decades, the promotional strategies employed by leading toothpaste manufacturers were at odds with general developments in consumer product marketing. As branding strategies were being revolutionized by the discovery of a “Pepsi Generation,” the toothpaste market was itself being transformed by a technical innovation that was to have far-reaching consequences for the marketing of leading brands.
Enforcing Business Contracts in South America: The United Fruit Company and Colombian Banana Planters in the Twentieth Century
Authors: Bucheli Marcelo
Published: May 2010

In the first half of the twentieth century, the United Fruit Company, based in Boston, Massachusetts, created an impressive network that produced bananas in Colombia for distribution to the U.S. market. The company grew its own fruit but relied as well on local entrepreneurs. United Fruit imposed draconian contracts on the growers, forcing them to trade on terms that were very favorable to the company. These practices set the standards for other exporters operating in the country, even those based in Colombia.
The Organization of Industrial Research as a Network Activity: Agricultural Research at Philips in the 1930s
Authors: Boersma F. Kees
Published: May 2010

Business historians have shown the importance of industrial research in the process of innovation. Most have focused on the industrial research departments themselves. Less attention has been paid to the position of these departments within research networks outside the firm. This article explores the story of networking at the Dutch company Philips & Co. during the interwar period. Gilles Hoist, director of Philips's Research Department at the time, became involved in an agricultural research network that comprised growers, university scientists, and the Dutch government. These networks were essential for Philips's success and provided an opportunity for the company's researchers to keep in touch with scientific circles.
Planting a Seed: The Nineteenth-Century Horticultural Boom in America
Authors: Lyon-Jenness Cheryl
Published: May 2010

Between 1850 and 1880, enthusiasm for horticulture swept the nation, particularly the Upper Midwest. Nursery owners and seed traders welcomed the escalating demand for trees and flowers but soon faced consumer complaints about their questionable business practices. Customer dissatisfaction had many sources, ranging from unethical entrepreneurs to faltering industry infrastructure and underhanded dealing. The nurserymen and seed dealers worked diligently to overcome these criticisms, sharing information to improve industry methods and attempting to deflect responsibility for fraudulent practice onto disreputable competitors or inexperienced customers. The conflicts between commercial horticulturists and their broadening customer base reflected tensions within America's rapidly expanding consumer culture and suggested that traditional restraints on industry practice based on personal ties and shared values would no longer suffice when dealing with a newly diversified and seemingly intractable clientele.
Counterpoint to Reform: Gilbert H. Montague and the Business of Regulation
Authors: Wells Wyatt
Published: May 2010

During a career that stretched from the Progressive Era through the 1950s, Gilbert H. Montague served businesses as a lawyer and lobbyist, managing relations between companies and the government. In this capacity he had a significant impact on the evolution of regulation, particularly antitrust law. Just as important, his career provides valuable insight into the activities and attitudes of the class made up of corporate lawyers and lobbyists, which constituted an important part of the system of regulated capitalism that emerged in the United States during the first half of the twentieth century.
Introduction: The Ambiguities of Risk in the Early Republic
Authors: Matson Cathy
Published: May 2010

In the half-century following the American Revolution, journalists and promoters of economic activities wrote paeans to the independence movement, celebrating its release of economic energies and anticipating that it would enable citizens to improve, produce, and consume more and thus sustain their virtuous republican character as a people. Writers predicted that imminent prosperity would result in the construction of mills, forges, and retail networks throughout the hinterlands; they envisioned boldly experimental internal improvements and expanding commerce under the independent auspices of the newly formed states and locales. Liberated Americans could look forward to blending certain kinds of regulatory protections and government encouragements, such as they had experienced under the rule of the empire, and to the aggressive pursuit of economic opportunities: creating new kinds of taxation and currency systems, expanding commerce to foreign ports, extending agriculture to the limits of available technologies and capital, and testing modest manufactures. For two generations following the Revolution, until at least the panic of 1819, many optimists were confirmed in their expectations of a bright future for the new nation's economy, and they embraced the risks involved in mobilizing tremendous amounts of human energy and capital because they believed that economic development would resolve foreign nations' doubts about the new republic and obliterate the crushing debts and dislocations of the revolutionary war.
Vertical Restraints in the Spanish Steel Industry and Their Effects on Competition, 1906–1936
Authors: Ruiz José-Ignacio Martínez
Published: May 2010

Unlike U.S. and British steel firms, Spanish steel manufacturers did not integrate their operations with wholesalers and retailers or distribute their output through the market. Instead, from 1928 onward, Spanish steel firms imposed various forms of vertical restraints on wholesalers, including exclusive dealing, stock quotas, and resale price maintenance. These restrictions prevented the iron and steel wholesalers, who banded together to form a cartel in 1910, from establishing their own pricing policies. In addition, the restrictions limited competition in the industry. After 1928, when the independent steel firms found it impossible to distribute their products through the main iron wholesalers, they had no choice but to join the Spanish steel cartel.
Introduction
Authors: McCusker John J.
Published: May 2010

This special issue of the Business History Review has as its theme the business of trade in the Atlantic World of the eighteenth century. It has as its purpose to highlight the rich and diverse work that is being accomplished by business historians, including people like the four authors—Kenneth Morgan, Silvia Marzagalli, Linda Salvucci, and Thomas Truxes—whose essays constitute the substance of this issue. The articles have a common focus but reveal very different aspects of their shared theme in delightfully instructive ways. While both sides of the Atlantic Ocean are represented and the northern and southern regions are discussed, and while France and Spain and their colonies receive nearly as much play as Great Britain and its colonies (and one-time colonies), almost by the very nature of trade, the stories told are more about links and connections than they are about the limitations imposed by national and imperial boundaries. My contribution, as editor—an otherwise unknown tract written in the 1780s by a minor but influential British civil servant, Thomas Irving, and edited and newly presented here—implicitly argues the case put forth by the other contributors: it was the limitless bounds of eighteenth-century business that defined the Atlantic World.
The Fall and Rise of the Norwegian IT Industry in the Global Age, 1970–2005
Authors: Sogner Knut
Published: May 2010

Although Norway's information-technology (IT) industry has never been an international success, it has been a critical factor in the country's economy over the past thirty years. Several IT companies came close to reaching a global scale, but escalating costs finally prevented them from doing so. In addition, the IT firms became sidetracked by the domestic sales opportunities that accompanied the expansion of the Norwegian oil sector, as they chose to design specialized products for national markets instead of targeting the international market-place. Although their decision resulted in organizational continuity, the firms themselves have experienced turbulence, bankruptcy, and change, making the development of the sector a messy and problematic affair.
From Products to Services: The Software Industry in the Internet Era
Authors: Campbell-Kelly Martin , Garcia-Swartz Daniel D.
Published: May 2010

The computer-services and software industry used to be conveniently divided into three main sectors: mass-market software vendors, enterprise software vendors, and computer services. The three sectors were distinct, because personal computers, corporate mainframes, and online computer networks operated in relative isolation. The arrival of the Internet effectively connected everything, facilitating the entry of mass-market vendors into enterprise software and of both mass-market and enterprise software vendors into computer services. As the turbulence of the first decade of the Internet era subsides, a gradual transition from traditional software products to “Web services” is taking place.
Toolkit Composition and Assemblage Variability: The Implications of Nogahabara I, Northern Alaska
Authors: Odess Daniel , Rasic Jeffrey T.
Published: May 2010

Nogahabara I is a late Pleistocene age archaeological site located in interior northwestern Alaska. In contrast to most archaeological assemblages left by mobile hunter-gatherers, which consist largely of manufacturing debris and a few worn or broken tools, the site contains 267 largely whole, useful tools, which we interpret as a lost or abandoned toolkit. As a snapshot of the tools carried by an individual or small group during an archaeological instant, the toolkit offers insights into specific technological behaviors and general processes that influence the formation of lithic assemblages. The toolkit exhibits a surprisingly wide range of tool forms and production technologies. It also shows direct archaeological evidence of transport and episodic use and maintenance of tools and cores. This evidence suggests intensive toolstone conservation that would have reduced the frequency with which toolkit depletion would have forced people to re-provision. One implication of these behaviors is that lithic assemblages left scattered across the landscape should be highly variable. Another is that there are profound differences between systemic toolkits and the archaeological assemblages from which they are derived.
Classic Maya Temples, Politics, and the Voice of the People
Authors: Lucero Lisa J.
Published: May 2010

Temples provide sanctuary, a home for the gods, a place to worship, a stage for ceremonies, a depository for offerings, and a place to redistribute goods. Finally, temples provide an arena for political competition. The role of Maya temples, however, is not so clear. Inscriptions, when present, detail who built some temples, but not if nonroyals built them, if they were built for specific gods, and why the Maya built so many. The presence of several temples in any given center might indicate that various groups built them and that they served as arenas to compete for status, prestige, and power. If this were the case, then people may have had a choice at which temple to worship and support. To explore the politics of temple construction, I compare temple size, location, construction patterns, and ritual deposits at temples at the secondary center of Yalbac, Central Belize. Preliminary results from temple looters' trenches have exciting implications regarding temple histories in the southern Maya Lowlands during the Late Classic period (ca. A.D. 550-850).
The Economies and Conveniences of Modern-Day Living: Frozen Foods and Mass Marketing, 1945–1965
Authors: Hamilton Shane
Published: May 2010

American frozen foods were originally considered a luxury product; the industry did not develop a mass market until the late 1940s. Only a few years after achieving mass-market sales, however, frozen-food producers tried to segment the market in order to increase profits. This change was partly the result of internal factors, such as technological developments and interfirm competition. The new marketing strategy also hinged on industry executives' shifting conception of the ideal consumer. Frozen-food marketers of the early 1950s envisioned themselves as providing the good life at a low cost to “average” Americans. When profits slowed in the late 1950s, they designed a variety of new products for groups according to their race, age, and class.
A “Friend and Advisor”: External Auditing and Confidence in Germany's Credit Cooperatives, 1889–1914
Authors: Guinnane Timothy W.
Published: May 2010

An economic enterprise faces two, related, problems: effectively managing its activities and communicating to outsiders that it is, in fact, well run. The credit cooperative movement that grew up in Germany in the second half of the nineteenth century had to wrestle with both. These cooperatives thrived, in part, because they adopted strategies first to obtain and then to harness the information they needed about the communities in which they were located, giving them an advantage over other lenders. Particularly effective was the tactic of using local people as managers, which helped to cement their ties with the community. Yet because few, if any, locals had banking experience and most were not even familiar with basic accounting methods, the managers created internal management problems, intensifying outside suspicion of the cooperatives as banking enterprises. The methods the cooperatives developed to overcome these problems drew on a combination of local initiative and regional assistance that was typical of the movement as a whole. The movement's ability to train its own talent suggests that it had a broader impact than has been captured by statistics on its membership or financial assets.