bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Craniomaxillofacial Trauma: Synopsis of 14,654 Cases with 35,129 Injuries in 15 Years
Authors: Kraft Anna , Abermann Elisabeth , Stigler Robert , Zsifkovits Clemens , Pedross Florian , Kloss Frank , Gassner Robert
Published: November 2011

Craniomaxillofacial (CMF) trauma occurs in isolation or in combination with other serious injuries, including intracranial, spinal, and upper- and lower-body injuries. It is a major cause of expensive treatment and rehabilitation requirements, temporary or lifelong morbidity, and loss of human productivity. The aim of this study was to evaluate patterns of CMF trauma in a large patient sample within a 15-year time frame. Between 1991 and 2005, CMF trauma data were collected from 14,654 patients with 35,129 injuries at the Department of Cranio-Maxillofacial and Oral Surgery in Innsbruck, assessing a plethora of parameters such as injury type and mechanism as well as age and gender distribution over time. Three main groups of CMF trauma were evaluated: facial bone fractures, dentoalveolar trauma, and soft tissue injuries. Statistical comparisons were carried out using a chi-square test. This was followed by a logistic regression analysis to determine the impact of the five main causes for CMF injury. Older people were more prone to soft tissue lesions with a rising risk of 2.1% per year older, showing no significant difference between male and female patients. Younger patients were at higher risk of suffering from dentoalveolar trauma with an increase of 4.4% per year younger. This number was even higher (by 19.6%) for female patients. The risk of sustaining facial bone fractures increased each year by 4.6%. Male patients had a 66.4% times higher risk of suffering from this type of injury. In addition, 2550 patients (17.4%) suffered from 3834 concomitant injuries of other body parts. In summary, we observed changing patterns of CMF trauma over the last 15 years, paralleled by advances in refined treatment and management options for rehabilitation and reconstruction of patients suffering from CMF trauma.
Drought-driven change in wildlife distribution and numbers: a case study of koalas in south west Queensland
Authors: Seabrook Leonie , McAlpine Clive , Baxter Greg , Rhodes Jonathan , Bradley Adrian , Lunney Daniel
Published: November 2011

Context
Global climate change will lead to increased climate variability, including more frequent drought and heatwaves, in many areas of the world. This will affect the distribution and numbers of wildlife populations. In south-west Queensland, anecdotal reports indicated that a low density but significant koala population had been impacted by drought from 2001–2009, in accord with the predicted effects of climate change.

Aims
The study aimed to compare koala distribution and numbers in south-west Queensland in 2009 with pre-drought estimates from 1995–1997.

Methods
Community surveys and faecal pellet surveys were used to assess koala distribution. Population densities were estimated using the Faecal Standing Crop Method. From these densities, koala abundance in 10 habitat units was interpolated across the study region. Bootstrapping was used to estimate standard error. Climate data and land clearing were examined as possible explanations for changes in koala distribution and numbers between the two time periods.

Key results
Although there was only a minor change in distribution, there was an 80% decline in koala numbers across the study region, from a mean population of 59 000 in 1995 to 11 600 in 2009. Most summers between 2002 and 2007 were hotter and drier than average. Vegetation clearance was greatest in the eastern third of the study region, with the majority of clearing being in mixed eucalypt/acacia ecosystems and vegetation on elevated residuals.

Conclusions
Changes in the area of occupancy and numbers of koalas allowed us to conclude that drought significantly reduced koala populations and that they contracted to critical riparian habitats. Land clearing in the eastern part of the region may reduce the ability of koalas to move between habitats.

Implications
The increase in hotter and drier conditions expected with climate change will adversely affect koala populations in south-west Queensland and may be similar in other wildlife species in arid and semiarid regions. The effect of climate change on trailing edge populations may interact with habitat loss and fragmentation to increase extinction risks. Monitoring wildlife population dynamics at the margins of their geographic ranges will help to manage the impacts of climate change.
Interspecies interactions that result inBacillus subtilisforming biofilms are mediated mainly by members of its own genus
Authors: Shank Elizabeth A. , Klepac-Ceraj Vanja , Collado-Torres Leonardo , Powers Gordon E. , Losick Richard , Kolter Roberto
Published: November 2011

Many different systems of bacterial interactions have been described. However, relatively few studies have explored how interactions between different microorganisms might influence bacterial development. To explore such interspecies interactions, we focused onBacillus subtilis, which characteristically develops into matrix-producing cannibals before entering sporulation. We investigated whether organisms from the natural environment ofB. subtilis—the soil—were able to alter the development ofB. subtilis. To test this possibility, we developed a coculture microcolony screen in which we used fluorescent reporters to identify soil bacteria able to induce matrix production inB. subtilis. Most of the bacteria that influence matrix production inB. subtilisare members of the genusBacillus, suggesting that such interactions may be predominantly with close relatives. The interactions we observed were mediated via two different mechanisms. One resulted in increased expression of matrix genes via the activation of a sensor histidine kinase, KinD. The second was kinase independent and conceivably functions by altering the relative subpopulations ofB. subtiliscell types by preferentially killing noncannibals. These two mechanisms were grouped according to the inducing strain's relatedness toB. subtilis. Our results suggest that bacteria preferentially alter their development in response to secreted molecules from closely related bacteria and do so using mechanisms that depend on the phylogenetic relatedness of the interacting bacteria.
Use of Adherence Monitors as Part of a Team Approach to Control Clonal Spread of Multidrug-ResistantAcinetobacter baumanniiin a Research Hospital
Authors: Palmore Tara N. , Michelin Angela V. , Bordner MaryAnn , Odom Robin T. , Stock Frida , Sinaii Ninet , Fedorko Daniel P. , Murray Patrick R. , Henderson David K.
Published: November 2011

Background.

Multidrug-resistantAcinetobacter baumannii(MDRAB) is difficult to treat and eradicate. Several reports describe isolation and environmental cleaning strategies that controlled hospital MDRAB outbreaks. Such interventions were insufficient to interrupt MDRAB transmission in 2 intensive care unit-based outbreaks in our hospital. We describe strategies that were associated with termination of MDRAB outbreaks at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center.

Methods.

In response to MDRAB outbreaks in 2007 and 2009, we implemented multiple interventions, including stakeholder meetings, enhanced isolation precautions, active microbial surveillance, cohorting, and extensive environmental cleaning. We conducted a case-control study to analyze risk factors for acquiring MDRAB. In each outbreak, infection control adherence monitors were placed in MDRAB cohort areas to observe and correct staff infection control behavior.

Results.

Between May 2007 and December 2009, 63 patients acquired nosocomial MDRAB; 57 (90%) acquired 1 or more of 4 outbreak strains. Of 347 environmental cultures, only 2 grew outbreak strains of MDRAB from areas other than MDRAB patient rooms. Adherence monitors recorded 1,330 isolation room entries in 2007, of which 8% required interventions. In 2009, around-the-clock monitors recorded 4,892 staff observations, including 127 (2.6%) instances of nonadherence with precautions, requiring 68 interventions (1.4%). Physicians were responsible for more violations than other staff (58% of hand hygiene violations and 37% of violations relating to gown and glove use). Each outbreak terminated in temporal association with initiation of adherence monitoring.

Conclusions.

Although labor intensive, adherence monitoring may be useful as part of a multifaceted strategy to limit nosocomial transmission of MDRAB.
Burns: Classification and Community Management
Authors: Baker Michelle
Published: November 2011

Every year, 250 000 people experience burns in the UK, 175 000 will attend an emergency department and 13 000 will require admission to hospital. Burns are usually accidents, often due to carelessness or inattention, but they may also be associated with alcohol or drug abuse or related to a pre-existing medical condition. The key role of the GP is to oversee patient care from initial first aid provision to rehabilitation and to be aware of when it is appropriate to refer to secondary care, including specialist burns units.
Rietveld refinements performed on mesoporous ceria layers at grazing incidence
Authors: Simeone David , Baldinozzi Gianguido , Gosset Dominique , Zalczer Gilbert , Bérar Jean-François
Published: November 2011

Seven diffraction patterns were collected on a 100 nm Gd-doped ceria layer deposited on a silicon wafer under asymmetric reflection conditions. As the grazing-incidence angle decreases, large shifts (a few tens of degrees) and broadenings (two degrees below the critical angle) ofhklreflections are apparent in the diffraction patterns. The impact of these aberrations on the positions and profiles of the Bragg peaks is studied in detail in this work. On the basis of this analysis, diffraction patterns collected at different angles of incidence could then be refined using a unique structural model. From these refinements, the evolution of the coherent diffracting domains, the strain and the microstrain can clearly be traced as a function of depth.
Surface structure refinement including anomalous crystal truncation rods
Authors: Vonk Vedran
Published: November 2011

A surface structure refinement procedure is introduced, which uses both anomalous and non-anomalous crystal truncation rod data simultaneously. It is shown how a single structural model can be refined against data sets measured at different wavelengths and how this can greatly reduce correlations between fit parameters. The structure factors are computed taking into account the anomalous dispersion corrections and are scaled to the data, whereby each data set is assigned its own scale factor. The procedure is implemented in the widely used surface diffraction programROD. The structure of a one unit cell thin LaAlO3film on an SrTiO3(001) substrate is refined by making use of a non-anomalous data set and one taken at the LaL1-edge.
Determination of the orientation relationship between austenite and 5M modulated martensite in Ni–Mn–Ga alloys
Authors: Li Zongbin , Zhang Yudong , Esling Claude , Zhao Xiang , Zuo Liang
Published: November 2011

The microstructural and crystallographic characteristics of 5M martensite in an Ni50Mn28Ga22alloy were investigated by electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis. The microstructure of 5M martensite observed at room temperature can be characterized by broad plates with alternately distributed fine lamellae (variants). With the accurate EBSD orientation measurements and by application of monoclinic superstructure information, four twin-related variants in one broad plate were identified. On the basis of the correct orientation data of martensite variants acquired from the EBSD measurements, the more favourable orientation relationship between austenite and 5M martensite was revealed to be the Pitsch relation with (101)A//(1 {\overline 2} \hskip1{\overline 5})5Mand [10 {\overline 1}]A//[{\overline 5} \hskip1 {\overline 5} 1]5Mby detailed crystallographic calculation without residual austenite.
Influence of mealybug (Pseudococcus spp.)‐infested bunches on wine quality in Carmenere and Chardonnay grapes
Authors: Bordeu Edmundo , Troncoso Diego O. , Zaviezo Tania
Published: November 2011

This study evaluated the effects of processing grape with different proportions of mealybug‐infested bunches in wine quality in cultivars Chardonnay and Carménère. No differences in chemical composition of musts were found. Basic chemical composition for white and red wines was similar. In both cultivars total polyphenols decreased as the proportion of infested bunches increased, from 266 to 239 (mg L−1 gallic acid) in Chardonnay and 2124 to 1820 in Carménère. The same trend was observed in Carménère for anthocyanins and tannins, by spectrophotometry and high performance liquid chromatography. Dimethyl amino cinnamaldehyde index in Carménère went from 28.6 in wines 100% healthy bunches to 22.0 for the 100% infested, and tannin galoilation went from 3.85 to 0.74%. Sensory analysis showed that wines with larger proportion of infested grapes were associated with negative descriptors and lower quality. These results show that mealybugs have the potential of negatively impacting wine quality and this deserves further attention.
Synergistic effects of whey protein–polysaccharide complexes on the controlled release of lipid‐soluble and water‐soluble vitamins in W1/O/W2 double emulsion systems
Authors: Li Bin , Jiang Yanfeng , Liu Fei , Chai Zhi , Li Yanxia , Li Yuanyuan , Leng Xiaojing
Published: November 2011

Lipid‐soluble vitamin E (VE) and water‐soluble vitamin B2 (VB2) can be encapsulated together in the same water–oil–water emulsion system. The ability of whey protein isolate (WPI)–polysaccharide complexes to synergistically control the release rates in such a system was investigated. The complexes studied were WPI–low methoxyl pectin (LMP) and WPI–κ‐carrageenan (KCG). The encapsulation efficiency of VE and VB2 of the WPI system is 66% and 64% and increases by about 1.4‐ and 1.2‐fold in the WPI–LMP and WPI–KCG complexes, respectively, which serve as selective non‐pH‐dependent barriers against enzyme attack. These complexes also greatly ameliorate the controlled release rates of both vitamins. The low‐charge LMP, with its multiple protein‐ and oil‐binding abilities, exhibits greater synergistic effects than the high‐charge KCG.
LIVER TUMOURS PRODUCED BY SIX ISOMERIC AMINOAZOTOLUENES
Authors: Crabtree H. G.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.

Six isomeric amino‐azotoluenes have been fed to different groups of rats and mice, to test the influence of slight changes of chemical structure on carcinogenic activity.

Liver damage was produced earlier in mice than rats, but the relative potency of the six isomers was similar for both species. Only two isomers–o: o and o: p‐induced liver tumours in rats and mice, but p: m and m: m were also carcinogenic, in lesser degree, in mice alone.

The sequence of histological changes seen in the liver is described and pictured. In rat livers perilobular necrosis was succeeded by regeneration in the necrotic areas with microscopic hepatoma formation at some of these sites, culminating in malignant hepatoma or, occasionally, cholangioma. In mouse livers no preliminary necrosis occurred, but irregularities in cellular pattern and size of nuclei were followed by microscopic hepatoma or pronounced proliferation of bile ducts, with the final emergence of malignant hepatoma or cholangioma, or both.
A PHASE‐CONTRAST MICROSCOPE WITH VARIABLE AMPLITUDE AND PHASE
Authors: Patne B. O.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.

A phase‐contrast microscope is described in which the properties of polarized light are employed in order to vary the relative amplitudes and phases of the direct and diffracted beams over a wide range. The two beams, which are plane polarized, have their vibration directions rendered orthogonal by passage through a quartz phase plate. Phase differences are introduced by means of a Soleil‐type compensator and a rotating analyser enables the relative amplitudes to be controlled.
A NOTE ON A METHOD FOR THE RAPID FOCUSING OF ULTRA‐VIOLET REFRACTING MICROSCOPES ON LIVING MATERIAL
Authors: Davies H. G. , Wilkins M. H. F.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.

The use of a suitably chosen auxiliary glass lens for focusing a quartz monochromat objective in visible light is described. Focusing is performed with this lens above the objective and on removal the objective is then in focus for one ultraviolet wavelength. The method has been applied to the ultraviolet photomicrography of living tissue culture cells which requires rapid focusing without previous ultraviolet irradiation of the specimen.
A TRIPLE EMBEDDING METHOD, SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR THE PREPARATION OF DECALCIFIED SERIAL SECTIONS OF THE DENTAL TISSUES OF ANIMALS
Authors: Brain Edward B.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.

A technique has been specially devised for the retention of the enamel in the preparation of sections of the dental tissues. The three media used provide the necessary support and protection to the enamel throughout the embedding process.
A BINOCULAR MAGNIFIER FOR THE ELECTRON‐MICROSCOPE, FOR CRITICAL VIEWING AND FOCUSING OF FINEST STRUCTURES (BACTERIOPHAGE OF B. COLI)
Authors: Merling K. B.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.

In order to observe a specimen at high magnifications in the electron‐microscope whilst keeping the instrumental magnification and intensity low, an optical magnifier is used to observe the image on the fluorescent screen. The brightness of the fluorescent screen at various instrumental magnifications and in combination with several optical magnifications is given in a table. A second table shows how the latitude encountered in the electron‐microscope when determining “sharp focus” is compressed by using the optical binocular magnifier at increasing magnifications. When observing finest details at the highest magnifications and taking photographs with the electron‐microscope the findings of the “sharpest focus” with the aid of the binocular magnifier results in the highest resolution becoming both visible and recordable. So far a resolution better than 25° has been obtained.

The combination of the highly efficient zinc‐cadmium‐sulphide screen with the binocular magnifier is applied to the study of bacteriophage of Bacterium coli. A number of photographs show the sharpness obtained with the help of this combination and it is possible to follow the mechanism of bacteriophage action and behaviour in finest detail: the moment of entry of one ‘phage body into the bacterial cell, beginning and end stages in the multiplication of bacteriophage, colony formation, and the reaction of bacterial protoplasm during and after lysis.
A CULTURE CHAMBER FOR THE MICROSCOPICAL STUDY OF LIVING BACTERIA WITH SOME OBSERVATIONS ON THE SPORE‐BEARING AEROBES
Authors: Harris Nora K. , Powell E. O.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.

The culture chamber described consists essentially of a cellophane membrane on the upper surface of which micro‐organisms are grown. Their nutrient medium is supplied to the under surface of the membrane. The organisms can be studied microscopically by vertical illumination.

The gaseous and liquid environment can be changed at will while a single cell or small group is kept under observation. Micromanipulative techniques can be applied.

The use of the chamber is exemplified by experiments with members of the genus Bacillus.
HISTOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES FOE THE ELECTRON MICROSCOPE
Authors: Birbeck M. S. C.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.

A technique for cutting thin sections for the electron microscope is described. Adequate fixation of the tissue is one of the limiting factors. The tissue is fixed in osmium tetroxide, embedded in Ester wax, and sectioned on a Cambridge rocking microtome. The technique has been used to examine various normal rat tissues.
XII.—DEVELOPMENTS IN THE TECHNIQUE OF PARTICLE‐SIZE ANALYSIS BY MICROSCOPICAL EXAMINATION
Authors: Fairs G. Lowrie
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Developments are described in the technique of particle‐size analysis by microscopical examination. The original method, which consisted of matching the particles against a series of calibrated circles on a graticule was applied to the bench microscope. This method is now applied, with considerable reduction in eyestrain, to the projection microscope using a graticule of improved design incorporated in a matte gelatine projection screen. The actual counting operation is carried out on a statistical basis so that the accuracy of the counting can be predetermined and controlled at the same level throughout the size range of any given sample. The question of errors due to the shape of irregular particles is considered and it is concluded that except for extremes of particle shape the shape factor is generally unimportant for particles below 76μ. Preparation of samples for size analysis is discussed, and the use of phase‐contrast illumination and the extension of the size‐analysis technique to the size range covered by the electron microscope is also dealt with.
IV.—THE HYPODERMAL ZONE IN THE TESTA OF CERTAIN LEGUMINOUS SEEDS
Authors: Rowson J. M.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS.

The structure of the hypodermal “pillar”‐cell layer of the testa has been examined in 15 leguminous species and, for each, the diagnostic characters of the testa, as seen in radial section, have been tabulated and figured.

In the following species the “pillar” cells formed a single hypodermal layer: Lotus corniculatus, L. ornithopodioides, L. requienii, L. uliginosus, Dorycnium rectum, Ononis arvensis, Psoralea corylifolia, Ornithopus sativus, and Mucuna urens. No evidence of an intermediate layer of parenchymatous cells lying between the epidermis and the “pillar” cells has been found in these species.

The “pillar” cells form a single hypodermal layer in Voandzeia subterranea and Lotus tetragonolobus.

In Physostigma venenosum 1–3 layers of thick‐walled transition cells lie between the single layer of “pillar” cells and the inner layers of thin‐walled parenchyma. In Tamarindus indica a similar arrangement is found but there are many layers of transition cells which are either cubical or stellate in shape or are much compressed.

Several layers of “pillar” cells form the hypodermal zone in the testa of Anagyris fœtida and of Copaifera salikounda, the cells of the true hypodermal layer being of somewhat greater radial length than are the remaining cells of this zone. In both species the cells below the hypodermal zone are thick‐walled and much compressed dorsiventrally.
IX.—A VECTOR THEORY OF PHASE CONTRAST AND INTERFERENCE CONTRAST
Authors: Barer R.
Published: November 2011

Synopsis

The study of positive phase contrast commenced in the first paper of this series is continued, with special reference to the optimum characteristics of the phase plate. It is shown that, although it is always possible in theory to make a given object detail appear perfectly black, the construction of special phase plates for this purpose is difficult and not necessarily desirable. The behaviour of a number of phase plates designed to fulfil special conditions is compared with that of standard 90° phase plates and it is shown that the differences are slight, especially when the absorption of the phase plate is moderate or high. The effect of absorption in various phase plates is investigated and it is shown that for plates which introduce a phase change of about 75° the maximum contrast is essentially independent of absorption. This suggests a possible method of measuring phase change in the object.
X.—MICROSCOPICAL DETERMINATIONS OF THE THICKNESS OF HISTOLOGICAL SECTIONS
Authors: Brattgård Sven‐Olof
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A theoretical analysis is made of determinations of the thickness of specimens in the microscope, based on Abbe and Berek's formulae. The accuracy of focusing has been stated to amount to one‐fifth of the vertical resolving power. Making full use of the optical system in a Leitz Ortholux microscope, it is calculated to be < ± 0.1μ.

The theoretical calculations are verified experimentally. The standard error of the determination of the thickness in the microscope is found experimentally to amount to ±0.16μ,. With a measured thickness of 5μ, the error is thus ±3.2 p.c.

Definitions are given of the following terms: depth of focus, depth of field, vertical resolving power, depth of vision, and accuracy of focusing.
REMARKS ON THE POINTOLITE AS A LIGHT‐SOURCE IN MICROSCOPY
Authors: Baker John R.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The Pointolite is a good source of intense illumination for microscopy, provided that a sufficiently powerful bull's‐eye is used to ensure that the image of the tungsten ball covers the aperture of the substage condenser. The bull's‐eye should be of as short a focal length as the size of the glass bulb will allow. A new lamp to carry the Pointolite is described. Careful instructions are given for centring, focusing, and aiming the light.
COMFREY (SYMPHYTUM OFFICIN ALE L.) ROOT; ITS ANATOMY AND ITS DETECTION IN ADMIXTURE WITH CHICORY IN DANDELION COFFEE
Authors: Rowson J. M.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The detailed anatomy of the roots of Symphytum officinale L. is described and figured. The diagnostic microscopical characters which may be used to identify these roots when present in the crushed or powdered condition are: large cork cells, irregular in outline, up to 250μ in tangential width; abundant parenchyma of phelloderm, phloem, and xylem, including medullary rays, of sub‐rectangular cells arranged in radial files and containing mucilage, also starch granules both simple and 2‐ to 4‐ compound; xylem vessels solitary or in groups of 2 or 3 (rarely more than 3), with many rows of bordered pits; corrected vessel number per mm.2 is 40‐56‐85; absence of calcium oxalate crystals, laticiferous tissue and lignified elements other than vessels. The diagnostic features which enable the roots of dandelion and of chicory to be distinguished from that of comfrey when in admixture are tabulated. A method for the quantitative examination of dandelion coffee is described. Nine commercial samples of dandelion coffee were found to contain between 50 p.c. and 80 p.c. of roasted dandelion root: each sample contained roasted comfrey root and some also contained roasted chicory root. Such material was not considered to be of the nature, substance, and quality of dandelion coffee, which earlier workers have regarded as composed of pure roasted dandelion root.
THE ORIGIN, IDENTITY AND FUNCTION OF NEUTRAL‐RED BODIES IN LIVING, FIXED, AND FROZEN‐DRIED ACINOUS CELLS OF THE PANCREAS OF THE MOUSE
Authors: Lacy D.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The effect of injecting mice with 1 ml. each of a saturated solution of neutral‐red chloride in Ringer's solution was studied before making an attempt to determine the origin, identity, and function of neutral‐red bodies in acinous cells of the pancreas.

The existence of a neutral‐red “granule” cycle was confirmed. This was partly divided into two main phases: phase I, in which there were a few homogeneously staining granules and phase II, in which there were large numbers of homogeneously staining granules and vacuoles.

The neutral‐red granules seen in phase I of the cycle appeared to correspond with granular lipoidal bodies observed either in cells of the same pancreas or in cells of normal (not coloured with neutral red) organs. The neutral‐red granules and vacuoles seen in phase II of the cycle were shown to correspond with granular and vacuolated lipoidal bodies recognized in cells of the same pancreas. In neither phase I nor phase II of the cycle were neutral‐red vacuoles observed amongst zymogen granules. However, vacuolated lipoidal bodies were seen in this position in cells previously coloured with neutral red or in normal cells. All these results are consistent with the view that neutral red first colours preexisting granular lipoidal bodies and is then responsible for the formation of new lipoidal bodies (granular and vacuolated).

The neutral‐red bodies were observed to originate in contact with mitochondria. They then passed towards the zymogen zone. In both respects they resemble lipoidal bodies of normal cells.

In normal cells lipoidal bodies probably segregate and synthesize substances needed for the formation of zymogen. In cells coloured by neutral red the lipoidal bodies segregate the dye and appear no longer to form zymogen. It would seem that in the latter instance the lipoidal bodies act in a protective capacity and protect the acinous cells from the injurious effects of neutral red. This suggests that under the sustained influence of neutral red, the lipoidal bodies, and therefore the cells, may be deviated from their normal function of synthesizing zymogen.

The observations in normal cells that lipoidal bodies originate from mitochondria and then accumulate on the walls of Golgi canals before completing zymogen synthesis, suggests that the Golgi apparatus makes some contribution to lipoidal bodies that enables them finally to complete this synthesis.
SOME MASTOGLOIA FROM PAKISTAN
Authors: Voigt Manfred
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The following notes describe some new Mastogloia found in the district around Karachi and report on observations made concerning the development of the frustule in that genus during cell division.
PHASE‐CONTRAST AND ELECTRON MICROSCOPE STUDIES ON THE DICTYOSOME AND ACROBLAST (GOLGI BODIES) IN THE MALE GERM CELLS OF THE CRICKET*
Authors: Beams H. W. , Tahmisian T. N. , Devine R. L. , Anderson Everett
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Electron micrographs of the dictyosomes and acroblasts of the male germ cells of the cricket reveal their ultramicroscopic structure to be comparable to that of the Golgi apparatus of vertebrates. They are made up of two components, namely, double membrane lamellæ and vacuoles. These results suggest that the dictyosomes and acroblasts (Golgi material) are real cellular structures, distinct from mitochondria and homologous to the Golgi apparatus in vertebrate cells.
AN ADVANCE IN COLOUR PHOTOMICROGRAPHY OF THE LIVING EYE
Authors: Prince J. H.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A new slit‐lamp microscope camera has been designed with a daylight spectral emission, a non‐stroboscopic flash unit, and a wide aperture lens system that enables photographs to be taken in colour of the transparent tissues of the human cornea, crystalline lens, lens capsule, lens nucleus in section, and with high magnification.
A PROJECTOR FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF FISH‐SCALES
Authors: Hartley W. G.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

This paper describes a low‐power micro‐projector especially designed for routine examination of fish‐scales. A particular feature of this apparatus is the use for proportional measurement of a simple electrical potentiometer system which can be readily applied in similar circumstances irrespective of magnification.
I.—MORPHOLOGICAL VARIANTS IN MAMMALIAN TISSUE FIBRES
Authors: Cruise A. J.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The behaviour of microscopic collagen fibres under pressures applied radially to the bundles has shown that distinct morphological differences exist between them. Four types have been observed and defined by their structural differences and their related optical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Resistance to acid swelling, birefringence, and the elastic and plastic deformation under pressure all vary with the structure, and it is suggested that in these variant types the molecular chains may be in a state of “closer packing.”

The variant types have been observed in a wide range of tissues from many species but there are marked variations between the proportions present in specimens from the same species. There is some evidence that the proportion of variant types is associated with the age of the specimen.

In addition two other fibrous types have been observed, which may be of a keratinous nature but which are always closely associated with normal collagen bundles. These possess jointed or segmented structures which under extreme pressures exhibit complex fibrillar structures which appear to run from one joint to another. The presence of these in otherwise normal tissue suggests that their origin may involve several orders of control over the fibrogenesis to produce the alternating parallel and swollen sections.
II.—BIOMETRY OF HUMAN SPERMATOZOA
Authors: van Duijn C.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A description is given of investigations on size distribution of normal human spermatozoa. The size distribution curves found are not Gaussian but logarithmic, and can accurately be described by the equation:

where N = number of sperm heads with length L, Nmax = number of sperm heads having the most frequently occurring length Lm

e = base of Napierian logarithms

k = a constant.

A similar distribution was found for the length and the breadth of the nucleus.

In addition, empirical formulae for calculating the area of the optical longitudinal section of the sperm head and its volume were derived from model experiments. The area of the section can be calculated with fair accuracy for practical purposes from the equation:

where L = length and Bmax is the breadth at the broadest part. The empirical equation for the volume V is:

where d = thickness. Using this equation, the volume of a sperm head of the most probable dimensions L = 4.4 μ, Bmax = 3.2 μ and d = 2.0 μ is found to be 6.4 μ3 ± 0.4.

Methods for calculating the volume of the middle‐piece, the tail, and the tail‐end are also discussed.

Some estimates of weight, based on measurements with the Baker interference microscope, are given.
V ‐REACTIONS TO IMPLANTATION OF METHYLCHOLANTHRENE SOAKED SILK THREAD INTO KIDNEYS AND ADRENALS OF EXPERIMENTAL ANIMALS
Authors: Hirtzler Raoul
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Silk threads dipped in molten methylcholanthrene were implanted into kidneys of mice, hamsters, and rats, as well as into adrenals of hamsters and rats. One sarcoma and one carcinoma developed in kidneys of mice after a latency of 6 months. It is very likely that the sarcoma originated from the connective tissue which incapsulated the thread, and the carcinoma from the epithelium of the renal pelvis. No tumours were produced in rats and hamsters 6 months after the beginning of the experiment, probably because of a too short observation.

Rats are not suitable for such experiments because of their prominent fibrous reaction, so that tumours, if any could be induced, would very likely be sarcomata. Hamsters react with very slight or no fibrosis, especially in the adrenals, so that there is a possibility of direct contact of the carcinogen and the epithelium. They are therefore suitable for implantation experiments, but the observation should last more than 6 months, or another carcinogen with shorter latency should be chosen.
OBSERVATIONS ON THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE PINEAL EYE*
Authors: Steyn Willem
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The ultrastructure of most of the pineal eye cell types is surveyed, excepting the cell clusters (lens‐bodies) occurring in the lens and sometimes in the lumen. Greatly improved technique and apparatus resulted in interesting and new phase‐contrast observations, especially as regards the occurrence of ganglion cells in the nerve‐fibre layer and on the appearance of the sensory cell appendages. It is found that there are two types of sensory cells in the pineal eye; most of them are cone‐like cells very similar to the lateral eye cone cells. The pineal eye sensory cells have inner and outer segments, the former often having dense particles, mitochondria and oil droplets, and the latter, rod disks. The two segments are connected by a connecting cilium with ciliary filaments. The pineal eye sensory cells are obviously ciliary derivatives, and the possibility is discussed that they may develop from cilia seen to protrude through the microvillous border of the organ's lumen. It is further suggested that the outer segments may be transitory structures, or changeable in appearance.

Structures resembling the two types of synapses described for the lateral eye are reported. The ultrastructure of the nerve‐fibre layer of the pineal eye is described.

The inclusions and structure of the sensory cells and of pigment cells at various levels in the organ are described, and the nature of a coagulate which may represent a secretion or fluid occurring in the lumen is discussed. The fine structure of the pineal eye lens cells is described, and the absence of an inner limiting membrane noted.

The possible functional significance of the above observations is discussed.
STUDIES OF ELASTIN LIPOPROTEIN OF HUMAN AND CHICKEN AORTA
Authors: Saxl H.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The morphology and physical ultrastructure of the lipoprotein component of elastic tissue has been characterized; its synthesis by the interaction of elastin and lipid by van der Waals' forces was observed. Comparative studies of the elastic tissue of chicken and young human aorta have been made.

In vivo studies demonstrate how general lipid metabolism, and morphological and histochemical changes are integrated. The general lipid metabolism and that which occurs in vascular tissue in situ were studied in chickens which received a hypercholesterolæmic diet, and a prophylactic therapy with the enzyme E1*** of the elastase complex and a globulin fraction of the serum. Physiological adaption to the diet was shown, especially by the formation of elastin lipoprotein in the vascular wall, which thereby demonstrates a mode of enzyme action.

Macromolecular reactions have been visualized with the electron microscope in the vascular wall, especially in areas where compression occurs.

The activity of fibroblasts of the internal elastic lamina of the chicken has been observed and the intracellular formation and secretion of sheet elastin with retractile properties is described for the first time; filaments have also been observed.
ELECTRON MICROSCOPE EXAMINATION OF WHOLE FIBROBLASTS
Authors: Little K. , Edwards J. H.
Published: November 2011

The great advantage that the electron microscope has over the light microscope is increased resolution. To obtain the highest resolution it is necessary to cut thin sections. In cells, such as fibroblasts, which do not have a symmetrical structure, observations on such sections can still leave doubts about the configuration of the cell as a whole. It is of interest, therefore, to examine whole cells, in spite of a certain loss of resolution due to the thickness of the specimen. The resolution obtained is still better than that of the light microscope.
INORGANIC MATERIALS ON THE SURFACES OF COARSE VEGETABLE FIBRES
Authors: Chesswas M. , Cowell D. , Kidd F.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

In the manufacture and use of textiles, the movement of one fibre over another is important, and the same is true for the coarser fibrous materials used in brushes. For this reason, a study has been made of the surface characteristics of brushmaking fibres of animal, vegetable, and man‐made origin. The surface structures of animal fibres have been described elsewhere (Kidd, 1957; Wildman, 1954; Apple‐yard, 1960); a brief account of certain features of coarse vegetable fibres is given below.
A NOTE ON THE HISTOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SEA‐COW HIDE
Authors: Sarkar S. K. , Mitra S. K.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The general histological characteristics of a sea‐cow hide is explained and compared to that of an Indian buffalo hide.
24‐HOUR RHYTHM IN THE MITOTIC ACTIVITY OF A GRAFTED MAMMARY CARCINOMA IN FEMALE C3H/Mza MICE ON NORMAL AND INVERTED LIGHTING REGIMENS
Authors: Llanos J. M. Echave , Badran A. F.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The existence of a 24‐hour rhythm in the mitotic activity of histologically‐selected zones of a mammary carcinoma, grafted in female C3H/Mza subjected to a regular illumination schedule (6 a.m. to 6 p.m.) is demonstrated.

Inverting the periodicity of illumination conditions (6 p.m. to 6 a.m.) leads to a shift in the times of maximal and minimal mitotic activity.

On both illumination schedules, the maxima of the mitotic activity are observed during the light period (rest) and the minima during the dark period (activity); this demonstrates that light is the factor responsible for the rhythm with both illumination schedules and excludes the hour of the day as such.

Results of other authors and the possible mechanisms involved in the production of this rhythm are discussed.
THE POSSIBLE SIGNIFICANCE OF SOME DETAILS OF FLAGELLAR BASES IN PLANTS
Authors: Manton I.
Published: November 2011

Since the publication of the elegant work of Gibbons and Grimstone (1960) on flagellar structure in certain colourless flagellates, the microanatomy of flagellar bases in general might have been thought of as known but for the fact that green algae, and their derivatives the land plants, show certain additional features that these authors did not encounter.

These features can be detected, though with difficulty, after methacrylate embedding with or without staining (cf. my own earlier work on a fern spermatozoid and the zoospores of green algae in papers such as Manton, 1959; Hoffman & Manton, 1962), but with the greater clarity made possible by epon embedding and lead staining (e.g. Manton, 1964) they become so spectacular as to arrest the attention. An interpretation is nevertheless not at once self‐evident and, apart from using these details as a convenient means of distinguishing with certainty between the two ends of a detached flagellar base in the special case of the germinating zoospore of Stigeoclonium (Manton, 1964), my own recent comments were limited to noting an apparent phyletic restriction to green algae and their relatives or descendants, as opposed to other types of pigmented flagellated cells known to me.
THE DEMONSTRATION OF SARCOPLASMIC RETICULUM IN BOVINE MUSCLE
Authors: Voyle C. A. , Lawrie R. A.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The fine sarcoplasmic network described by a number of workers, and demonstrated by Veratti using a Golgi‐type reaction, has been studied in several bovine muscles. The similarity in the appearance of this network in the muscles examined is noted, and suggestions made to explain the slight variations encountered. Various features of the reticular pattern are discussed with reference to myofibrillar arrangement within the muscle fibre.
Relation of effective thickness and refractive index to permeability of tissue components in fixed sections
Authors: GOLDSTEIN D. J.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Accurate and reproducible interference microscopy of unstained sections requires (a) the use of a shearing system, preferably with a half‐shade eye‐piece; (b) complete removal of embedding wax from the section; (c) complete replacement of one mounting medium by any successive medium; (d) accurate measurement of the refractive index (RI) of the mounting media at the temperature and wave‐length used for microscopy. The optical path through a specimen mounted in water is consistently lower than expected from measurements in non‐polar fluids—this is attributed to swelling of the tissues in water. Cellulose, glycogen and some mucins have a relatively low RI, and secretory granules and cytoplasmic chromidial substance a relatively high one. The highest RI observed was in calcified cartilage matrix. The “effective thickness” of tissue components, especially certain mucins, is often considerably less than the geometrical thickness of the section. This is attributed to the presence in the tissues of substantial spaces containing mounting medium.

The relation of the RI and the effective thickness of tissue components in sections to their permeability to histological dyes is discussed. It is concluded that both the RI and the effective thickness may be of some value in predicting the ease with which dye particles of a given size can penetrate the tissue.
An electron microscopical examination of Nobert's ten‐band test‐plate
Authors: BRADBURY S. , TURNER G. L'E.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

The need for microscopical test objects at the beginning of the 19th century is discussed. The first series of natural objects to serve as resolution tests was selected by Dr. C. R. Goring c. 1824. Later, diatoms were added as tests, but variations inherent in all natural objects made them unsuitable as universal standards. To meet this requirement, F. A. Nobert, a German optician, made artificial test objects by ruling series of lines on glass plates at definite distances apart. The first of these tests was produced in 1845, and comprised ten bands; the intended separation in the first band being 2·256 μ and in the tenth band 0·564 μ. A specimen of one of these ten‐band test‐plates, now in the possession of the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, has been the subject of an optical and electron microscopical examination. The character of the rulings is described, and it is shown that the band spacing figures given by Nobert are substantially correct for this plate. The measured spacing in the first band is 2·172 μ and in the tenth 0·591 μ.
Isolation of fossil osteocytes
Authors: NEVES R. , TARLO L. B. HALSTEAD
Published: November 2011

During routine maceration of shales for the extraction of fossil spores, a number of unusual structures appeared which were eventually identified as osteocytes from scales belonging to a palaeoniscid, a primitive bony fish. No vertebrate tissues had been expected, since the technique employed destroys virtually all substances with the exception of carbon, chitin and cellulose. It thus appears that certain vertebrate tissues are far more resistant than was generally believed.

The specimen comes from rocks of Upper Carboniferous age (Namurian, Arnsbergian Stage, zone E2b), which outcrops at Hollywood Dingle, near Endon, Staffordshire (Grid ref. SJ.945509), and the palaeoniscid was kindly identified by Mr. H. A. Toombs of the British Museum (Natural History) as Elonichthys semi‐striatus Traquair.
New observations on the role of the erythrocyte in hæmostasis
Authors: FORD BRIAN J.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Classical expositions of the theory of blood coagulation hold that consolidation of the fibrinous reticulum is due to the mechanical enmeshment of erythrocytes within it. Studies of coagulating blood by dark‐ground microscopy have revealed the attachment of submicroscopic threads to the erythrocyte walls at precise loci: it is postulated that the formation of captive cells (penderocytes) leads to haemostatic occlusion and the total retention of erythrocytes within the contracting coagulum. Filmed records of the phenomena provide distinction between true penderocytes, those erythrocytes attached at random, and occasional enmeshed cells.
Studies on British Chytrids
Authors: CANTER HILDA M.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

Entophlyctis molesta Canter, which parasitizes Stylosphœridium stipitatum (Bachm.) Geitler et Gimesi (itself an epiphyte on the blue green alga Gomphosphœria nœgeliana (Unger) Lemm.) in several lakes in the English Lake District is described and illustrated. Its position with regard to E. apiculata (Braun) Fischer is discussed.
An examination of some factors affecting histological preservation in frozen sections of unfixed tissue
Authors: SILCOX A. A. , POULTER L. W. , BITENSKY LUCILLE , CHAYEN J.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

No ice deformity could be detected histologically when rat liver was chilled rapidly to the temperature of solid carbon dioxide and was sectioned with a chilled knife in a cabinet refrigerated to −30°C. Slower chilling produced extra‐cellular ice deformities while elevated temperatures of the cabinet or the knife produced distortion probably due to heating during cutting.
The biomicroscopy of the living frog retina
Authors: VILLERMET G. M. , WEALE R. A.
Published: November 2011

SYNOPSIS

A method is described whereby a part of the living retina of the frog can be studied under the microscope. Its potential value for retinal densitometry and electro‐physiology is discussed.