bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Cognitive Organization of the North American City: Empirical Evidence
Authors: Cox K R , McCarthy J J , Nartowicz F
Published: October 2006

In the literature on cognitive maps, studies of the cognitive representations of specific areas are common. Much less adequately represented are mental maps of general applicability to a diversity of specific areas. In an attempt to adduce such general rules of the cognitive organization of space, two case studies of the North American city are discussed. The first involves student expectations of land-use geography and reveals strong senses of residential segregation and the clustering of commercial land use. The second examines the social geography of the city, constructed on the basis of expectations of the social and neighborhood characteristics of four housing groups: central-city renter, central-city owner, suburban renter, and suburban owner. Although the general rules revealed are reasonable, the contribution of the central-city apartment dweller to metropolitan social geography is seen as quite exceptional.
A Growth Process for Zipf's and Yule's City-Size Laws
Authors: Dacey M F
Published: October 2006

The Zipf rank–size law and the Yule probability law are both used to describe city populations. Though these laws are usually treated as identical, they describe city populations in different ways. These differences are first resolved, and the Zipf law is expressed in terms of the Yule law. Then urban growth is formulated by a probabilistic model as a pure birth process that generates city populations asymptotically obeying the Yule probability law. This model has similarities with the derivation by Yule of the law named after him and with the urban-growth model described in a well-known paper by Simon.
The Effects of Minimum Wages on the Distribution of Changes in Regional Employment in the United States
Authors: Mixon J W , Uri N D
Published: October 2006

This study investigates the manner in which increases in the minimum wage have altered the distribution of employment and the sensitivity to short-run changes of employment among states in the United States. Further, by focusing on the distribution of employment and on how that distribution changes over the seasonal cycle, estimates of some aspects of the impact of the minimum wage that have not heretofore been analyzed have been developed. The evidence indicates that increases in the minimum wage over the period 1947–1976 have had a significant impact on employment patterns. Minimum-wage legislation has had the effect of decreasing the share of projected employment and increasing vulnerability to cyclical changes in employment for the group of workers most marginal to the work force—low-wage employees.
The Individual, the Community, and the Authority in the Planning Process
Authors: Brotchie J F
Published: October 2006

This paper discusses a rational basis for urban decisionmaking including the role of individual freedom of choice. It identifies the differing objectives of the various parties involved (the individual, the community, and the authority) and the resulting different choices of those parties. If the problem is specified in such a way that the authority is indifferent to the options offered, the objectives of the remaining parties, the individuals and the community, are more closely aligned and conflicts in choices between the parties are reduced. Subject to this condition of the indifference of the authority, contours of equal cost to the community are identified in the decision-parameter space. A two-level decision process is then feasible, in which choices between points along a contour, that is, between options of equal community cost, may be offered to individuals acting independently, but decisions to move between contours, that is, to change community cost, must be made by the community as a whole. Decisions made at the individual level also provide feedback for use at the community level.

It is recognized that in this decision process the individual decisionmakers are not a homogeneous group, and the effects of this diversity on perceived utility values and on choices is also examined. This diversity must in fact be matched by diversity in the solutions supplied, if the needs of all individuals are to be met.

The mechanism for matching diverse supply to diverse demand is freedom of choice. The losses incurred when this freedom is restricted, for example, by restricting diversity, are formulated.

Community objectives may be blurred by the diversity of individual preferences, by the inability to define or measure these preferences, and by the facts that they are many, that they interact, and that the weightings on them are not known. A technique which seeks the perceived optimal plan in the light of these blurred objectives is presented.

All these various concepts are considered in relationship to public participation in planning.
A Note on the Treatment of Flows across System Boundaries in Spatial-Interaction Models
Authors: Masser I
Published: October 2006

Some problems that must be resolved by the analyst in connection with the treatment of flows across system boundaries to and from external zones are discussed in this paper. These problems make it necessary to make modifications to the conventional formulations both of the doubly and of the singly constrained members of the family of spatial-interaction models. None of the possible modifications wholly satisfies theoretical requirements in terms of the doubly constrained model, and the advantages and limitations of various approaches can only be assessed in an operational situation. For this reason some of the findings from a study of the Amersfoort region are presented which help to throw light on this problem.
Invariant-Distributional Regularities and the Markov Property in Urban Models: An Extension of Schinnar's Result
Authors: Batty M
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a formal derivation of the condition identified by Schinnar (1978) in which the prediction of nonbasic employment in models of the Garin–Lowry type can be independent of the spatial distribution of basic employment. The distributional invariance which determines this result is also a feature of the series-expansion form of model, which is characterised by the Markov property. It is shown that, in the limit, the invariant distribution is equivalent to the steady state of a finite Markov chain, and convergence to this limit is then traced by use of the spectral decomposition of the distribution. This leads to a new interpretation of the model based on spatially dependent and independent components, and statistics are suggested which measure the degree of invariance in any application. Finally these ideas are given substance by recomputing Schinnar's (1978) example in terms of its spectral decomposition, and this leads to several suggestions for future research which are drawn together in the conclusion.
A Multiobjective Model for Regional Planning of Health Facilities
Authors: Dökmeci V F
Published: October 2006

Presented herein is a multiobjective planning model for a regional health-facility system. The system consists of a regional center, intermediate and local hospitals, and health centers. This planning model is based on the maximization of the system effectiveness. A step-by-step planning procedure which includes all interactions among facility levels is applied. First, by means of an iterative algorithm, the sizes and locations are obtained for each chosen number of facilities. Next the optimal system is determined by evaluating alternative systems according to their effectiveness, in terms of cost and utilization criteria. A numerical example is given to illustrate the computational procedure.
Risk Capital, Equal Opportunity, and Urban Issues
Authors: Harrison M L
Published: October 2006

Hypotheses are put forward about the operating principles of major private-sector institutions, and the consequences of their policies in urban areas are illustrated by a discussion of the building societies. Some specific points are noted from studies of building society activity in Leeds. It is then argued that there may be a potential conflict between principles of equal opportunity now being accorded increasing recognition by governments and the principles by which risk capital is managed in the mixed economy. The ways in which governments come to terms with this conflict may be important for urban change, urban politics, and patterns of relative welfare in cities.
Hysteresis and Catastrophe Theory: Empirical Identification in Transportation Modelling
Authors: Blase J H
Published: October 2006

Recently two a priori approaches have suggested that modal-split and associated economic-demand functions may not exhibit mathematically continuous properties. This paper presents the results of some empirical findings which support the essential conclusions of these theories. In particular it is estimated that the effect of petrol price changes on weekend traffic levels in London depends nonlinearly on the size of the change, its direction, and on previous petrol price changes, owing to a strong habit effect. On average there is a habit threshold approximately equivalent to a sevenpence change in the price of petrol (1974 prices). Some policy implications of this empirical relationship are explored.
Crowding and Human Behavior: A Guide for Urban Planners
Authors: Rusbult Caryl E
Published: October 2006

Research concerned with the effects of population density on humans is inconsistent in demonstrating aversive effects of high density. The concept of ‘crowding’ is discussed in an attempt to develop a suitable definition. Crowding is said to result from physical density, a necessary antecedent condition, and a number of personal and social factors. Characteristics of the physical environment, social environment, task environment, and individual are explored in order to delineate the determinants of crowding, and the effects of density and crowding on human behavior are discussed. Several theories of crowding are critically examined, and the superiority of the interference model is argued. The interference model is translated into principles aimed at providing planners with concrete intervention strategies for dealing with the problem of overcrowding.
Search and the Choice of Shopping Centre: Two Models of Variability in Destination Selection
Authors: Hay A M , Johnston R J
Published: October 2006

There is abundant empirical evidence that shoppers allocate their custom for the same goods to a number of centres. Such apparently suboptimal behaviour may be a rational response to either or both of the costs of search and variations in the utility offered by the destinations. Two models of such behaviour are presented and are evaluated alongside data oh spatiotemporal price variations. The results have implications for the calibration of shopping models and for other research areas.
Ecological Studies and Political Decisions
Authors: O'Riordan T
Published: October 2006

Resource management is a process of striking a balance between improving the well-being of people and causing undesirable environmental change. Politicians are responsible for making the appropriate decisions, but they are increasingly influenced by the advice of professionals, especially planners, ecologists, and administrators (budgeting officials, legal experts, personnel managers).

This paper looks at the resource-management process as it operates in the Norfolk Broads region of England. It illustrates how different parties involved in using and managing the area disagree about what precisely are the causes of environmental deterioration and thus about suitable courses of action. Within this context the trained ecologist may find it difficult to maintain a stance of detached objectivity. The author recommends that ecologists become more familiar with the wider social and institutional aspects of resource management and that they play a more active role in informing people of the consequences of various courses of action.
Public Attitudes to General Practitioner Services: A Reflection of an Inverse Care Law in Intraurban Primary Medical Care?
Authors: Phillips D R
Published: October 2006

The idea of an ‘inverse law of care’ affecting the provision of medical services and operating both spatially and socially is discussed. The paper reports a survey undertaken of attitudes to certain facets of general practitioner services to investigate whether differential attitudes exist between socially and spatially distinct subgroups of the population and considers whether these could be related to variations in service provision and organisation. Results from this empirical—behavioural survey suggest that the social class of respondents does influence attitudes to the journey for medical care and to certain administrative procedures encountered during the receipt of care but that the physician's ‘affective behaviour’ is generally favourably viewed by respondents regardless of their social status. The implications of these findings for the planning of intraurban primary medical care and its utilisation by the public are developed.
Understanding Urban Models versus Understanding Cities
Authors: Sayer R A
Published: October 2006

The relationship between theory and practice in regional science is examined in terms of the use of urban modelling as a ‘policy science’ in the service of planning. It is argued that through this relationship, the theoretical deficiencies of models are reinforced by deficiencies in the way planning institutions are able to define practical problems for the ‘policy scientist’ to solve.
A Methodology for Using Models for Planning Purposes
Authors: Openshaw S
Published: October 2006

In recent years considerable efforts have been made to develop models of urban and regional systems but very little practical advice has been produced to help planners use these models in the most appropriate fashion. The paper describes a statistical methodology for using models in planning exercises which takes into account their imperfections and the need for an explicit link with policy objectives. It also provides a new approach to investigating the empirical behaviour of models of applied significance.
The Economics of Environmental Law Enforcement or Has the Prosecution of Polluters Led to Cleaner Rivers in England and Wales?
Authors: Storey D J
Published: October 2006

Improvements in the quality of the waterways of England and Wales are often argued to be attributable to the cooperation between Authorities and dischargers, and that such cooperation could be jeopardized if prosecution of dischargers became more frequent. This paper, by using an economic model of law enforcement, tests whether there is any evidence of an association between enforcement policies and changes in water quality. It demonstrates the difficulty of examining problems of enforcement in isolation and then outlines a new procedure, both for allocating and for enforcing consents, designed to improve economic efficiency whilst maintaining traditional British cooperation.
Integrated Regional Energy Analysis for the Island of Gotland, Sweden
Authors: Zucchetto J , Jansson Ann-Marie
Published: October 2006

This paper presents a methodology which emphasizes the use of energy and energy concepts for threading together the activities of economic and ecological systems into a common regional framework. A number of quantitative highlights are presented which resulted from a rather large regional-systems study of the island of Gotland, Sweden. In particular, energy and economic flows are quantified for a number of activities including industrial sectors, forestry, agriculture, and fisheries. An important aim of the study was to make explicit the coupling between the renewable energy flows in the natural ecosystems and the fuels and electricity flows in the economic system. To this end analyses were made of the Baltic ecosystem, the Gotland coastal system, the forest system, and the agriculture and other terrestrial ecosystems. Some estimate is made of the potential for renewable energy technologies on the island as well as of the work which is currently expended by renewable energies through natural processes.
Parameter Stability in Cross-Sectional Models of Ethnic Shopping Behaviour
Authors: Hubbard R
Published: October 2006

Various research projects in the past have attempted to determine the extent to which individual patterns of consumer spatial behaviour may be considered to be invariant or quasi-invariant. Most notable in this regard have been those studies adopting a format of revealed space preference. However, there are difficulties associated with the use of this approach. The present endeavour offers an alternative set of analytical procedures which, although incapable of ascertaining whether spatial behaviour is invariant or otherwise, afford the researcher the opportunity to assess the degree of statistical similarity existing among observed patterns of interaction displayed by assorted groups of consumers. In this respect the present contribution may be viewed as complementing the technique of revealed space preference. The tools employed were developed by econometricians interested in testing the stability of sets of coefficients generated by different regression equations. Evidence of stability among regression parameters connected with shopping models suggests that many of the intricate problems of spatial consumer behaviour may possibly be simplified to more manageable proportions. An empirical investigation of the utility of these econometric methodologies was made in an examination of the significance of a number of selected factors on the spatial allocation of grocery expenditures by four ethnically diverse groups of consumers in Kingston, Jamaica. The substantive results concerning the determinants of ethnic budget behaviour are discussed, together with the processes involved in reducing the initial complexity of the shopping problem under scrutiny.
Estimates of Fixed Costs and the Sizes of Market Areas in the United States
Authors: Greenhut M L , Hwang M-J
Published: October 2006

This paper extends Löschian theory towards the end of claiming its applicability to heterogeneous space economies as well as to the homogeneous space economy. It then tests the theory by examining the relationships between fixed costs and market-area sizes. The result is an empirical demonstration that the level of fixed costs in the United States is so low that market areas too large to be approximated by the optimal hexagonal market-area shape are not likely to be associated with competition in free-enterprise countries. It is in fact indicated that competitive firms sell over comparatively small market areas. The related conclusion follows that there is nothing in market-area studies (empirical or theoretical) that would imply inefficiency or failure to maximize consumer wants.
Images du centre-ville et méthodes d'analyse factorielle: Le cas de Mulhouse
Authors: Woessner R , Bailly A
Published: October 2006

Au travers de son expérience quotidienne, le citadin se forge des images mentales de son environnement. Dégager les régularités dans ces représentations afin de mieux comprendre les comportements des habitants de la ville de Mulhouse, France, tel est l'objectif de cet article. Les données obtenues par enquêtes directes, cartes mentales, et comparaisons entre des photographies de paysages urbains sont traitées par deux méthodes d'analyse factorielle, en composante principale et des correspondances. Ces deux méthodes fournissent des résultats variés et complémentaires: Ainsi est mise en valeur l'importance du sexe, de l'âge, et de divers facteurs sociologiques dans l'image du centre. L'apport de l'analyse empirique traditionnelle, en particulier pour l'interprétation des cartes mentales, complète les résultats de l'analyse factorielle et permet de nuancer le contexte spatial.
Philosophical Bases of the Critique of Urban Modelling: A Reply to Wilson
Authors: Sayer R A
Published: October 2006

This paper combines a discussion of some of the philosophical bases of the critique of regional science with a reply to Wilson's review of my monograph “A Critique of Urban Modelling”. After some preliminary comments on the method of the review, philosophical issues concerning the treatment of causation, explanation, and theory in positivism and the particular problems of positivist approaches in the study of society are discussed, and connections are made to more substantive criticisms of urban modelling.
Urban Growth Analysis in Postwar Japan: Fact Findings on the Distribution of Urban Population
Authors: Sakashita N
Published: October 2006

This paper is an excerpt from a book written by three authors, Sakashita, Asano, and Irie (1979), in which a multidimensional analysis of the urban growth in postwar Japan has been made. After a brief introduction, an analysis that involves the use of several kinds of Hoover indices for the set of all Japanese cities over the period 1955–1975 is made, with a view to demonstrating the strong tendency of the population to concentrate in the metropolitan area. Application of the theoretical lognormal and Pareto distributions is then discussed. The paper closes with a theoretical consideration that coordinates the observations presented.
An Economic Analysis of Interregional Commodity Flows
Authors: Ihara T
Published: October 2006

This paper analyzes interregional commodity flows in order to clarify the characteristics of trade structures for the regional economy in Japan. Two types of analytical model are indicated according to two different objectives. One is to characterize the role of each industrial sector, the other is to take into account the relative connectivity of the interregional relationships under study. Even these simple models provide some useful information for regional development and planning, as demonstrated in this paper by using data from the 1970 interregional input—output table.
Environmental Quality and Economic Development
Authors: Shapiro P , Miyao T , Smith T R
Published: October 2006

Economic growth invariably leads to environmental degradation. But in this paper it is shown that economic development may be necessary before a country will adopt a policy of environmental protection. Within the context of an optimal-policy model, this proposition is proved and an optimal policy is derived. It is shown that knowledge of preferences for environmental quality is necessary for such a policy of environmental protection. It is then shown how such preferences can be estimated from market demand. The estimation is carried out with select consumption data.
Dynamics of Rural—Urban Migration in a Developing Economy
Authors: Miyao T , Shapiro P
Published: October 2006

This paper introduces agglomeration economies into the Harris—Todaro model of rural—urban migration in a developing economy. With the assumption of agglomeration economies in the urban sector, our model is able to explain the dynamic process of migration, starting from a ‘rural-economy’ equilibrium and moving towards an ‘urban-economy’ equilibrium. It is shown that higher expectations about urban wages and employment, beyond a certain limit, will give rise to a sudden change in the dynamic property of the economy, causing it to move from a ‘rural’ equilibrium to an ‘urban’ equilibrium.
‘Difficult-to-Let’, ‘Difficult-to-Live-in’, and Sometimes ‘Difficult-to-Get-out-of’: An Essay on the Provision of Council Housing, with Special Reference to Killingworth
Authors: Taylor P J
Published: October 2006

We are presently facing a new phenomenon on the British urban scene—public housing only a decade or so old is being vacated and demolished. Such estates are ‘difficult-to-let’ from a management perspective but are more simply ‘difficult-to-live-in’ from a tenant perspective. For some tenants, transfer procedures mean that they are also ‘difficult-to-get-out-of’ estates. The problem is illustrated by means of Killingworth council housing. It is concluded that present management procedures cannot cater for the differential demand generated by the present variety in council housing. This leads to consideration of the total council sector—easy-to-let as well as difficult-to-let estates—and a socially just allocation and transfer procedure is derived.
The Evaluation of Urban Neighbourhoods 1: Perception
Authors: Hourihan K
Published: October 2006

Studies of residential location have shown that intraurban migrants usually confine their search for a house to areas which they consider suitable and of which they have strong images. Multidimensional scaling was used to examine neighbourhood perception among a sample of residents in Dublin, Ireland. The social status of the neighbourhoods was the most important characteristic perceived, and this was closely related to objective indices of socioeconomic status. The familiarity and housing style of the areas were also considered. There was a high degree of consensus in the perception of these attributes, and individual differences in the importance attached to them were only tenuously related to the characteristics of the respondents. The use of the perceived attributes for the formation of preferences is examined in a second paper.
The Evaluation of Urban Neighbourhoods 2: Preference
Authors: Hourihan K
Published: October 2006

The relationship between Dubliners' preferences for a sample of residential neighbourhoods and their perception of three characteristics was examined by means of Carroll's preference-mapping hierarchy. Both unconstrained and constrained preferences are described by vector models but there are marked differences between the two. The unconstrained preferences are strongly related to perceptions of social status, but constrained preferences are far more variable and reflect the subjects' assessments of the suitability of the places for themselves. However, the preferences are only tenuously related to the subjects' own personal characteristics.
Tests of Stochastic Models of Timing in Mobility Histories: Comparison of Information Derived from Different Observation Plans
Authors: Ginsberg R B
Published: October 2006

The fundamental assumption about the timing of moves in Markov, semi-Markov, and other renewal-theoretic models of residential mobility—that the intervals between moves are statistically independent—is tested using residence histories of Norwegian men, 1965–1971. The evidence strongly supports the assumption. It is shown that, given basic model parameters, predictions of duration-of-residence distributions are quite accurate; and, conversely, duration-of-residence data can be used in conjunction with the independence assumption to estimate model parameters. The implication of these findings for the design of mobility studies is discussed, and a question raised as to the necessity of gathering detailed histories.
Australian Manufacturing in Recession: A Review of the Spatial Implications
Authors: Linge G J R
Published: October 2006

This paper traces the internal and external pressures on Australian manufacturing which have developed during the 1960s and 1970s and considers the problems these pose for a nation whose industrial structure has been based on high levels of protection. The spatial changes in the distribution of manufacturing employment are examined with special emphasis on the period since mid-1974. Finally an attempt is made to consider future spatial changes and their implications if the level of protection is lowered and technological change continues.
The Spatial Impact of Fiscal Changes in Britain: Regional Policy in Reverse?
Authors: Johnston R J
Published: October 2006

Estimates are presented, for regions and for counties, of spatial variations in the impact of the fiscal changes announced in the June 1979 budget of Britain's new Conservative government.
A Measure-Theoretic Approach to Urban Fields with Applications to Origin-Constrained Travel
Authors: Ballou D P , Pipkin J S
Published: October 2006

Mathematical formulations of urban structure usually invoke either a strictly continuous or a strictly discrete account of spatial distributions. The arbitrary nature of this dichotomy is illustrated by urban retail and commercial activity, which can be usefully represented as a mixture of discrete and continuous components. This paper exploits concepts from general measure theory to extend the notion of an urban field. The resulting formulation yields discrete and continuous models as special cases. The abstract-field model is interpreted for the case of urban commercial structure, and is applied to develop a generalized extension of the origin-constrained interaction model. The descriptive utility of the formulation is then demonstrated in the case of commercial arterials in Albany, New York.
Modeling the Dynamics of a System of Metropolitan Areas: A Demoeconomic Approach
Authors: Gordon P , Ledent J
Published: October 2006

This paper proposes a complete dynamic model of a system of metropolitan areas interacting through economic and demographic links, namely trade and migration respectively. It not only considers interregional effects (through an interregional input–output submodel) but also intraregional effects (through a set of Garin–Lowry submodels). In addition it allows the simultaneous determination of migration rates, labor-force-participation rates, and unemployment rates. Suggestive of the demoeconomic approach, this model also reveals the methodological difficulties that such an approach implies.
Congressional-Incumbent Reelection Success and Federal-Outlays Distribution: A Test of the Electoral-Connection Hypothesis
Authors: Archer J C
Published: October 2006

Practitioners and observers of political behavior commonly suppose that the geographical distribution of governmentally generated benefits is an electorally salient issue. This paper examines relationships between the geographical patterns of US Federal outlays and popular voting for incumbent US Representatives as a means of testing the hypothesis that incumbent Representatives enhance their reelection prospects by ‘bringing home the bacon’ to their districts.
Patterns of Building Society and Local Authority Mortgage Lending in the 1970s
Authors: Bassett K A , Short J R
Published: October 2006

This paper summarises the broad patterns of mortgage lending in Britain in the 1970s as a background to a case study of mortgage lending in Bristol. Building society lending is compared over time and is contrasted with the pattern of local authority mortgage lending. The results of the Support Lending Scheme are also discussed. Finally the whole issue of finance for homeownership, with particular reference to the inner city, is evaluated in a discussion of present policy trends and future policy alternatives.
An Application of Economic Interaction Models to the Analysis of Spatial Effects of Economic Integration
Authors: Bröcker J
Published: October 2006

Classical partial-equilibrium analysis of integration in a spaceless world is extended by introducing the spatial dimension into the model. It is argued, however, that this model, owing to its unrealistic homogeneity assumptions, generates an extremely rigid response by the endogenous variables to tariff reductions.

Therefore two approaches are discussed for introducing heterogeneity into the model: A deterministic utility-maximization approach and a probabilistic choice approach. Both approaches lead to a substitution of the transportation model, which is embedded in the homogeneous model, by a trade-distribution model of the gravity type. In the framework of this model, regional shadow prices are derived which play the same role as the shadow prices of the transportation model and can be used for measuring the impact of economic integration on regional access to input and output markets. Finally a family of elastically constrained gravity models is considered, which are derived by linking price-elastic supply and demand with the trade-distribution model. These models can be empirically applied for calculating simultaneously the effects of tariff reductions on regional supply and demand as well as on interregional trade.
Transport Studies and the Quality of Life
Authors: Allsop R E
Published: October 2006

A definition of transport studies is offered with the claim that the purpose of this field of study is to obtain understanding that can be used to help to improve the economic, social, and physical conditions of people's lives to the extent that these are affected by the transport system and its use. A number of examples of this process in action in the fields of transport planning, operation, and safety are described and discussed, emphasising how the achievement of improvements depends upon understanding not only what changes are likely to be beneficial but also how people will respond to attempts to bring about these changes. The examples are concerned with injury to occupants of colliding vehicles, accidents associated with driving after drinking alcohol, the competition between activities and movement for space in congested urban areas, and the operation of a main radial route into a city centre. In conclusion, current attempts to assess the wide range of effects that transport changes can have upon the quality of life are related to the writings of Jeremy Bentham, whose thinking contributed strongly to the foundation of University College London 150 years ago.
Energy, Agriculture, and Water: A Multiobjective Programming Analysis of the Operations of the Aswân High Dam
Authors: Guariso G , Haynes K E , Whittington D , Younis M
Published: October 2006

A multiobjective programming analysis of the operations of the Aswân High Dam is developed using an historical sequence (1871–1976) of monthly inflows as inputs to a simulation process. The trade-offs between hydroelectric energy generation, agricultural water needs, and environmental degradation from river scouring are examined. Production of short-term (three to four months) peak hydropower output is also evaluated.
Transitivity and United States Migration Streams: A Comment
Authors: Slater P B
Published: October 2006

The conclusion of Smith and Clayton (1978) that United States migration streams contain ‘significant’ numbers of intransitivities—thus undermining the applicability to migration of spatial-interaction models—is contraindicated. Fewer intransitivities than could be expected under a null hypothesis of randomness are found in the solution of a linear assignment problem. The solution consists of a single entry from each row and column of a generalized tournament model of 1965–1970 interstate migration. Three cycles are formed by the entries. Three is less than 4–519, the amount expected in a random assignment. Under the constraint that the entries ( fij) selected are greater than 0·5, indicative that more people move from i to j than from j to i, five intransitivities—still an insignificant number—are found. However, a highly significant number, fourteen, of intransitivities are found if the migration flows themselves—not a generalized tournament model of them—are studied.
Some Thoughts on the Effects on Australian Urban Transport of Structural Economic Change
Authors: Ogden K W
Published: October 2006

This paper briefly reviews the existing Australian situation in respect of urban person and freight transport. It identifies those aspects likely to be sensitive to structural economic change and related changes. The extent of such sensitivity is discussed using such empirical evidence as is available. In particular the paper examines the possible effects on urban transport of such factors as changes in the demographic structure, changes in energy, institutional and political change, and technological change, as well as structural economic change.
Urban Labour Productivity and Regional Development Strategies
Authors: Wang L H , Wong S L
Published: October 2006

This paper, using the manufacturing industry of Peninsular Malaysia as a case study, reveals that the common assertion of a positive relationship between labour productivity and urban size may have exceptions, particularly in developing economies. Attempts are made to explain such a discrepancy and to examine the problem of regional development strategies and spatial underdevelopment in a Third World context. It is argued that a more careful approach to the conceptualization of spatial structure and processes is needed if it is to contribute to the formation of a regional development theory from which appropriate regional development strategies can be derived.
Multistate Demographic Accounts: Measurement and Estimation Procedures
Authors: Rees P H
Published: October 2006

Accounting frameworks developed in the field of economics are applied to the problem of measuring changes-in-state of populations. Examples of accounts in the educational sector, in the job market, and in a regional system are described. Proper estimation of multistate demographic accounts involves attention to data sources, much initial estimation of variables, construction of a model to estimate missing items, and use of the possible constraints on the accounts matrix. These steps in accounts estimation are illustrated for a set of accounts for British regions for 1970–1976. Data are assembled for a base period, 1970–1971. Alternative methods of constructing accounts are tested by running the estimation model in projective mode for 1971–1976. One method is selected and used to complete the set of accounts.
Regional Multiobjective Planning of Water Supply and the Disposal of Residuals with Due Regard to Intraregional Population Distribution
Authors: Kitabatake Y , Miyazaki T , Takahashi M
Published: October 2006

In development regions, the management of environmental quality and the regional planning of water supply and the disposal of residuals are closely related to the form of intraregional population distribution. In this paper a hierarchical programming model is presented of the optimum intraregional population distribution in relation to environmental quality and the economic cost of water supply and the disposal of residuals. The model is applied to the specific case of a suburban region of the Tōkyō Metropolitan Region. The results show that the higher-order objective of environmental quality regulates the spatial allocation of disposal-of-residuals activities, and the lower-order objective of economic cost determines the form of intraregional population distribution.
Evaluating the Effects of Transportation—Land-Use Policies on Housing Values and Household Welfare
Authors: Anas A
Published: October 2006

In a previous article published in this journal (Anas, 1979a), a simulation model developed by the author was used to examine the impact of transit investment on property values in an urban transportation corridor that had a completely centralized employment distribution. The present paper examines the effect of rail-transit investment in the context of various scenarios which deal with urban employment decentralization, housing distribution, transportation pricing, and income composition. From these simulations it appears that under a variety of assumptions regarding urban change the taxation of short-run differential changes in property values caused by transit investment can raise only a small portion of the cost of typical transit investments. The distinctive feature of the simulation model is that it is consistent with the discrete-choice theory of travel demand currently used in transportation planning and travel-demand prediction. But whereas the state of the art in transportation planning ignores the simultaneity of transportation changes and price changes in the housing market, the model developed here is a first attempt to deal with these effects by incorporating discrete-choice theory into a Walrasian market-equilibration procedure. In addition to being a theoretical alternative to the classical bid-rent model, still made use of by urban economists, the new approach is computationally efficient and suitable for large-scale simulation.
The Application of Cluster Analysis to Entrepreneurial Perception of Regional Economic Environments
Authors: Barr B M , Waters N M , Fairbairn K J
Published: October 2006

This paper evaluates nine elements, comprised of 233 entrepreneurs' locational attitudes in two Canadian metropolitan centers, for evidence that perception of the same region differs according to metropolitan location, and that locational images are related to specific types of manufacturing activity. Hierarchical cluster analysis is used to group attitudes that entrepreneurs hold toward their regional economic environments into patterns of similarity, and to provide visual and quantitative evidence for the level at which various firms enter a group, and the number of alternative groupings which are undertaken before any two firms comprise the same group. The paper concludes that a single ‘regional economic milieu’ does not exist for all entrepreneurs inhabiting the same regional location, that entrepreneurs' attitudes differ between and within the region's two metropolitan centers, and that decisionmakers perceive regional location opportunities as individuals, according to their personal needs and those of their firm (but not of their industry).
A Methodological Note on the Use of Regression Equations for the Purpose of Simulating Change in Urban Location Patterns
Authors: Evans Alan W
Published: October 2006

Econometric models are often used to simulate the effects of changes in an economy by altering the value(s) of some independent variable(s). It is shown in this paper that although this technique is usual in the study of nonspatial economies, the same methods used in urban spatial modelling may merely result in predictions which are due more to the properties of regression than to those of the urban economy. Work done by Kain and by Granfield in which they attempt to simulate racial desegregation is used to exemplify the argument.
Simulating the Structure of a Regional Economy
Authors: Harrigan F J , McGilvray J W , McNicoll I H
Published: October 2006

This paper assesses the feasibility of constructing a regional input/output table where only national input/output tables and limited regional data exist. A number of alternative simulation models are developed and applied to the UK table to obtain estimated Scottish tables. These simulated tables are then compared with the actual Scottish table by a variety of methods. The results of the present study are compared with those of previous works in this field. Finally, the effects of introducing more survey-based information into the simulation methods are analysed.
Paratransit: A Commentary
Authors: Rimmer P J
Published: October 2006

‘Paratransit’ has triumphed over rival terms to describe the nebulous mass of transport organisations, technologies, and services that lie somewhere between conventional and personal transit in price and quality. Stripped of some of their previous advanced technological excesses, professional and spontaneous paratransit services are now perceived as the linchpin of unconventional wisdom which also involves trimming conventional transit to more densely populated corridors and improving the management of private cars. Promising near-term improvements at an acceptable cost, paratransit, with its emphasis on appropriate organisation and appropriate technology, heralds a return to a freer play of market forces in advanced capitalist countries (the ingredient of a new conservatism?). As such, paratransit has captured the imagination and, more importantly, the financial support of many local, national, and supranational organisations. The original task of reviewing the Economic Research Centre's (1979) Paratransit, which reflects this widespread interest, was transformed into a commentary to accommodate more recent material. This commentary contrasts paratransit services in advanced capitalist countries and the Third World before reflecting on a possible reciprocal transfer of organisations and technology.
Industrial Decline, Regional Policy and the Urban—Rural Manufacturing Shift in the United Kingdom
Authors: Keeble D E
Published: October 2006

The paper reports results of Theil entropy index, shift-share, and regression analyses of county variations in the change of manufacturing employment in the United Kingdom between 1971 and 1976. The research identified a very marked and consistent urban–rural shift in the relative distribution of manufacturing employment during this period, associated primarily with nonstructural influences. Regression tests of specific hypotheses derived from previous work, concerning the possible impact of government regional policy incentives, residential space preferences, and female labour availability (the ‘restructuring hypothesis’), failed to add significantly to the statistical explanation achieved. The paper concludes with a brief discussion of possible implications for UK regional policy in the 1980s.
Simulation and Analysis of Structural Properties of Human Settlement Systems by Means of Entropy Maximising Models
Authors: Popkov Yu S
Published: October 2006

A method of constructing a functional–spatial model of human settlement systems is proposed, which is based on the representation of the behaviour of residents in the use of facilities which differ in a functional sense. The functional–spatial model is a two-level system. At the microlevel, random links are incorporated between the elements of the system, and at the macrolevel, deterministic links are incorporated between the subsystems. To construct the macrolevel an entropy maximisation approach is used. Most attention is paid to the structural analysis of the macrolevel which is constructed as a system with a stochastic hierarchy structure. Characterisations of stochastic hierarchy are introduced and the methodology of their use in the creation of the functional–spatial model is explained. Possible applications of the model in the analysis of urban spatial structure are explored.
A Study of the Importance of Generalized Attributes in Shopping Choice Behaviour
Authors: McCarthy P S
Published: October 2006

The research reported in this paper focuses upon the qualitative characteristics associated with a traveler's shopping activity, and examines the role which these factors have in determining destination choice behaviour. By exploiting factor analytic methods to generate a set of qualitative or generalized attribute indices, interest is centred not only upon the significance of these indices, but also upon the components of each index. With data obtained from a San Francisco Bay Area Travel Survey, multinomial logit analysis is employed to estimate the model. Moreover, to identify the differential influence of generalized attributes, the model is separately estimated for suburban and central city subsamples and, in the latter case, a simultaneous destination–mode choice model is developed. The results demonstrate that generalized attributes derived from attitudinal information are significant inputs into an individual's choice of shopping area. In addition, policies which focus upon the time, safety, and parking availability components vis-à-vis comfort aspects of the shopping excursion will be more effective in obtaining desired changes in the existing pattern of travel.
Will Sayer's ‘Prescription’ for an Adequate Planning Theory Improve Planning Potency? A Comment
Authors: Sungaila Helen
Published: October 2006

This paper proposes that the crux of “the impotence of planning” problem, which Sayer has addressed in his recent paper “Understanding urban models versus understanding cities”, lies not in theory (as Sayer suggests), but in philosophy. It urges all those interested in the development of planning theory and practice, in whatever sphere, to move right outside the nineteenth century, positivistic research tradition, which has hitherto dominated their intellectual efforts, and draw support for their attempts to advance planning on both the theoretical and practical fronts from an intellectual milieu which is more characteristic of our own times, namely, that of existentialism.