bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiomyolipoma and Malignant PEComa: Discussion of Two Rare Adrenal Tumors
Authors: Kwazneski II Douglas , Merrill Megan , Young Jessica , Sell Harry
Published: February 2016

Angiomyolipoma and PEComa are rare tumors descending from perivascular epithelial cells (PECs), with distinctive IHC, morphological, and ultrastructural features. The kidney is the most frequent site of origin, but not the only one; however, adrenal gland angiomyolipomas are extremely rare. We describe two cases being found in the adrenal glands. Given the paucity of literature on the subject, more information on this disease is necessary for diagnosis and treatment. Here, we describe two complete case reports, from presentation to treatment and follow-up, along with imaging and microscopic pathology samples, and provide a comprehensive review as to the history and current literature available regarding these extremely rare tumors.
Extracting Target Detection Knowledge Based on Spatiotemporal Information in Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Wang Tian , Peng Zhen , Wang Cheng , Cai Yiqiao , Chen Yonghong , Tian Hui , Liang Junbin , Zhong Bineng
Published: February 2016

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have been deployed for many applications of target detection, such as intrusion detection and wildlife protection. In these applications, the first step is to detect whether the target is present or not. However, most of the existing work uses the “simple disk model” as signal model, which may not capture the sensing environment. In this work, we utilize a more realistic signal model to describe sensing process of sensors. On the other hand, the “majority rule” is widely used to make the final decision, which may not obtain the true judgment. To this end, we utilize a more realistic signal model and also use a probabilistic decision model to make the final decision. Moreover, we propose a probabilistic detection algorithm in which all sensors' local measurement values are fully used. This algorithm does not need any artificial threshold compared with traditional algorithms. It makes the most of spatiotemporal information to obtain the final decision. For the spatial perspective, sensors are distributed in different locations cooperating with each other. Meanwhile, for the temporal perspective, multiround subdecisions are fused. The effectiveness of the proposed method is validated by extensive simulation results, which show high detection probabilities and low false alarm probabilities.
A Semisupervised Cascade Classification Algorithm
Authors: Karlos Stamatis , Fazakis Nikos , Kotsiantis Sotiris , Sgarbas Kyriakos
Published: February 2016

Classification is one of the most important tasks of data mining techniques, which have been adopted by several modern applications. The shortage of enough labeled data in the majority of these applications has shifted the interest towards using semisupervised methods. Under such schemes, the use of collected unlabeled data combined with a clearly smaller set of labeled examples leads to similar or even better classification accuracy against supervised algorithms, which use labeled examples exclusively during the training phase. A novel approach for increasing semisupervised classification using Cascade Classifier technique is presented in this paper. The main characteristic of Cascade Classifier strategy is the use of a base classifier for increasing the feature space by adding either the predicted class or the probability class distribution of the initial data. The classifier of the second level is supplied with the new dataset and extracts the decision for each instance. In this work, a self-trained NB∇C4.5 classifier algorithm is presented, which combines the characteristics of Naive Bayes as a base classifier and the speed of C4.5 for final classification. We performed an in-depth comparison with other well-known semisupervised classification methods on standard benchmark datasets and we finally reached to the point that the presented technique has better accuracy in most cases.
Increased Understanding of Stem Cell Behavior in Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Disorders by Use of Noninvasive Cell Imaging
Authors: Holvoet Bryan , De Waele Liesbeth , Quattrocelli Mattia , Gheysens Olivier , Sampaolesi Maurillio , Verfaillie Catherine M. , Deroose Christophe M.
Published: February 2016

Numerous neurodegenerative and neuromuscular disorders are associated with cell‐specific depletion in the human body. This imbalance in tissue homeostasis is in healthy individuals repaired by the presence of endogenous stem cells that can replace the lost cell type. However, in most disorders, a genetic origin or limited presence or exhaustion of stem cells impairs correct cell replacement. During the last 30 years, methods to readily isolate and expand stem cells have been developed and this resulted in a major change in the regenerative medicine field as it generates sufficient amount of cells for human transplantation applications. Furthermore, stem cells have been shown to release cytokines with beneficial effects for several diseases. At present however, clinical stem cell transplantations studies are struggling to demonstrate clinical efficacy despite promising preclinical results. Therefore, to allow stem cell therapy to achieve its full potential, more insight in their in vivo behavior has to be achieved. Different methods to noninvasively monitor these cells have been developed and are discussed. In some cases, stem cell monitoring even reached the clinical setting. We anticipate that by further exploring these imaging possibilities and unraveling their in vivo behavior further improvement in stem cell transplantations will be achieved.
Purin-6-One Derivatives as Phosphodiesterase-2 Inhibitors
Authors: Yuan Wei , Zhao Xin-Yun , Chen Xi , Zhan Chang-Guo
Published: February 2016

A series of purin-6-one derivatives were synthesized, and theirin vitroinhibitory activity against phosphodiesterase-2 (PDE2) was evaluated by using a fluorescence polarization assay. Three compounds, that are,2j,2p, and2q, showed significant inhibitory activity against PDE2 with IC50values of 1.73, 0.18, and 3.43 μM, respectively. Structure-activity relationship (SAR) analysis was performed to explore the relationship between the chemical structures of these compounds and their inhibitory activity. Compounds2j,2p, and2qwere further selected for molecular docking study. The docking results suggested that these ligands bind with hydrophobic pockets of the catalytic active site of PDE2, where a Tyr655 residue was found to be important in binding with compound2p, the most potent inhibitor identified in this study. Our present study provides useful information for the future design of novel PDE2 inhibitors.
Cumulative Impact of HIV and Multiple Concurrent Human Papillomavirus Infections on the Risk of Cervical Dysplasia
Authors: Adler David H. , Wallace Melissa , Bennie Thola , Abar Beau , Meiring Tracy L. , Williamson Anna-Lise , Bekker Linda-Gail
Published: February 2016

Infection with HIV is known to increase the risk of cervical cancer. In addition, evidence suggests that concurrent infection with multiple human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes increases the risk of cervical dysplasia more than infection with a single HPV genotype. However, the impact of the combination of HIV coinfection and presence of multiple concurrent HPV infections on the risk of cervical dysplasia is uncertain. We compared the results of HPV testing and Pap smears between HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected young women to assess the cumulative impact of these two conditions. We found that both HIV and the presence of multiple concurrent HPV infections are associated with increased risk of associated Pap smear abnormality and that the impact of these two risk factors may be additive.
False Negative Cell-Free DNA Screening Result in a Newborn with Trisomy 13
Authors: Cao Yang , Hoppman Nicole L. , Kerr Sarah E. , Sattler Christopher A. , Borowski Kristi S. , Wick Myra J. , Highsmith W. Edward , Aypar Umut
Published: February 2016

Background.Noninvasive prenatal screening (NIPS) is revolutionizing prenatal screening as a result of its increased sensitivity, specificity. NIPS analyzes cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) circulating in maternal plasma to detect fetal chromosome abnormalities. However, cffDNA originates from apoptotic placental trophoblast; therefore cffDNA is not always representative of the fetus. Although the published data for NIPS testing states that the current technique ensures high sensitivity and specificity for aneuploidy detection, false positives are possible due to isolated placental mosaicism, vanishing twin or cotwin demise, and maternal chromosome abnormalities or malignancy.Results.We report a case of false negative cell-free DNA (cfDNA) screening due to fetoplacental mosaicism. An infant male with negative cfDNA screening result was born with multiple congenital abnormalities. Postnatal chromosome and FISH studies on a blood specimen revealed trisomy 13 in 20/20 metaphases and 100% interphase nuclei, respectively. FISH analysis on tissues collected after delivery revealed extraembryonic mosaicism.Conclusions.Extraembryonic tissue mosaicism is likely responsible for the false negative cfDNA screening result. This case illustrates that a negative result does not rule out the possibility of a fetus affected with a trisomy, as cffDNA is derived from the placenta and therefore may not accurately represent the fetal genetic information.
Preliminary Comparative Analysis of Phenological Varieties of Quercus robur by ISSR-Markers
Authors: Chokheli Vasiliy , Kozlovsky Boris , Sereda Mikhail , Lysenko Vladimir , Fesenko Igor , Varduny Tatiana , Kapralova Olga , Bondarenko Elena
Published: February 2016

Quercus robur L. is a valuable wood species having long ontogeny and promising to create long-living artificial plantings of recreational and ameliorative purposes in the steppes zone of Russia and other countries. In this work we have performed the genotyping of varieties of Quercus robur L. obtained from collection of Botanical Garden of Southern Federal University using intersimple sequence repeat (ISSR) molecular markers. The most polymorphic ISSR-marker (GA) 8YC was found in the collection. The polymorphic DNA markers identified in the present study can be used for the future breeding works to obtain valuable genotypes of Quercus genus. In addition we have performed DNA fingerprinting of the prospective sample of the variety Q. robur var. tardiflora Czern.
Preparation of TiO2/Activated Carbon Composites for Photocatalytic Degradation of RhB under UV Light Irradiation
Authors: Xing Baolin , Shi Changliang , Zhang Chuanxiang , Yi Guiyun , Chen Lunjian , Guo Hui , Huang Guangxu , Cao Jianliang
Published: February 2016

Photocatalysts comprising nanosized TiO2particles on activated carbon (AC) were prepared by a sol-gel method. The TiO2/AC composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, nitrogen adsorption, scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). Their photocatalytic activities were studied through the degradation of Rhodamine B (RhB) in photocatalytic reactor at room temperature under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation and the effect of loading cycles of TiO2on the structural properties and photocatalytic activity of TiO2/AC composites was also investigated. The results indicate that the anatase TiO2particles with a crystal size of 10–20 nm can be deposited homogeneously on the AC surface under calcination at 500°C. The loading cycle plays an important role in controlling the loading amount of TiO2and morphological structure and photocatalytic activity of TiO2/AC composites. The porosity parameters of these composite photocatalysts such as specific surface area and total pore volume decrease whereas the loading amount of TiO2increases. The TiO2/AC composite synthesized at 2 loading cycles exhibits a high photocatalytic activity in terms of the loading amount of TiO2and as high as 93.2% removal rate for RhB from the 400 mL solution at initial concentration of 2 × 10−5 mol/L under UV light irradiation.
Multimodal EEG Recordings, Psychometrics and Behavioural Analysis
Authors: Boeijinga Peter H.
Published: February 2016

High spatial and temporal resolution measurements of neuronal activity are preferably combined. In an overview on how this approach can take shape, multimodal electroencephalography (EEG) is treated in 2 main parts: by experiments without a task and in the experimentally cued working brain. It concentrates first on the alpha rhythm properties and next on data-driven search for patterns such as the default mode network. The high-resolution volumic distributions of neuronal metabolic indices result in distributed cortical regions and possibly relate to numerous nuclei, observable in a non-invasive manner in the central nervous system of humans. The second part deals with paradigms in which nowadays assessment of target-related networks can align level-dependent blood oxygenation, electrical responses and behaviour, taking the temporal resolution advantages of event-related potentials. Evidence-based electrical propagation in serial tasks during performance is now to a large extent attributed to interconnected pathways, particularly chronometry-dependent ones, throughout a chain including a dorsal stream, next ventral cortical areas taking the flow of information towards inferior temporal domains. The influence of aging is documented, and results of the first multimodal studies in neuropharmacology are consistent. Finally a scope on implementation of advanced clinical applications and personalized marker strategies in neuropsychiatry is indicated.
Effects of Round Window Opening Size and Moisturized Electrodes on Intracochlear Pressure Related to the Insertion of a Cochlear Implant Electrode
Authors: Todt Ingo , Ernst Arneborg , Mittmann Philipp
Published: February 2016

Intracochlear pressure changes during the cochlear implant insertion are assumed to be an important contributor to hearing preservation. The aim was to observe intracochlear pressure changes by different round window opening sizes and different hydrophilic electrode conditions. The experiments were performed in a cochlear model with a micropressure sensor in the helicotrema area. Different artificial round window membrane and different moisturized electrode conditions were compared. A punctured round window causes a significantly higher and an indirect moisturized electrode condition a significantly lower intracochlear pressure change. The degree of round window opening and the hydrophilic character of an electrode during insertion affect the intracochlear pressure significantly in a model.
Vesicoureteral Reflux and Renal Scarring Risk in Children after the First Febrile Urinary Tract Infection
Authors: Yılmaz Songül , Özçakar Z. Birsin , Kurt Şükür Eda Didem , Bulum Burcu , Kavaz Aslı , Elhan Atilla H. , Yalçınkaya Fatoş
Published: February 2016

Background/Aims: There are many controversies regarding the best approach for evaluating children after their first febrile urinary tract infection (UTI). The aim of this study was to define the clinical, laboratory, and radiological features of patients with their first febrile UTI and to investigate the factors that might predict the presence of vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) and renal scarring. Methods: The files of patients who were followed due to their first febrile UTI between 2008 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed (n = 300). Patients were divided into groups based on their age, the resistance state of microorganisms, the presence of VUR, and scarring on Tc99m dimercaptosuccinic acid scintigraphy. The chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test were used for analysis. Results: The median age at the first febrile UTI was 11 months and girls constituted 77% of the patient population. VUR and renal scarring were detected in 30.9 and 19.4% of the patients, respectively. C-reactive protein levels and the presence of renal scarring were significantly higher in patients with VUR (p < 0.05). Abnormal ultrasonography findings, VUR and recurrent UTIs were significantly higher in patients with renal scars (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, we did not detect any factor that might predict the presence of VUR and renal scarring. Conclusion: A majority of children had their first febrile UTI at a young age. Although we could not find any factor that might predict the VUR and scar risk in patients with their first febrile UTI, an abnormal renal scan at 6 months after infection was closely related with the presence of VUR and recurrent UTIs.
Gait Performance and Use of Mental Imagery as a Measure of Disease Progression in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Iancu Ferfoglia Ruxandra , Heritier Barras Anne-Chantal , Pollak Pierre , Janssens Jean-Paul , Pradat Pierre-Francois , Allali Gilles
Published: February 2016

Objective: Gait and balance are key determinants of disease status in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). This study aims at testing the relationship between the imagery of gait and disability in patients with ALS. Methods: Twenty-five consecutive patients (63.8 ± 2.4 years; 52% female) performed the timed up and go (TUG) test and a validated imagined version of the TUG between March 2011 and May 2012. The revised ALS functional rating score (ALSFRS-R) was assessed simultaneously. Results: The mean duration of TUG (16.7 ± 2.2 s) was significantly longer than imagined TUG (iTUG; 10.5 ± 1.4 s, p < 0.001). The TUG (R2 = 0.40, p = 0.001) and the iTUG (R2 = 0.30, p = 0.007) were significantly associated with results of the ALSFRS-R score (37.0 ± 7.3) as well as with muscle strength in arms (TUG R2 = 0.42, p < 0.001, iTUG R2 = 0.38, p = 0.001) and legs (TUG R2 = 0.47, p < 0.001, iTUG R2 = 0.46, p < 0.001). TUG and iTUG increased with age (TUG R2 = 0.18, p = 0.04, iTUG R2 = 0.12, p = 0.05). Conclusion: ALS patients performed the imagined gait faster than the real gait. Both TUG and iTUG correlated with disability measured by the ALSFRS-R score and by muscle strength. These inexpensive and easy clinical tests represent promising tools in clinical practice to study gait in ALS.
Osmoregulation during Long-Term Fasting in Lungfish and Elephant Seal: Old and New Lessons for the Nephrologist
Authors: Rossier Bernard C.
Published: February 2016

Vertebrates control the osmolality of their extra- and intra-cellular compartments despite large variations in salt and water intake. Aldosterone-dependent sodium reabsorption and vasopressin-dependent water transport in the distal nephron and collecting duct play a critical role in the final control of sodium and water balance. Long-term fasting (no eating, no drinking) represents an osmotic challenge for survival. Evolution has found very different solutions to meet this challenge. To illustrate this point, I will discuss osmoregulation of a mammal (elephant seal pup) and of a fish (lungfish) that are able to survive long-term fasting for months or even years. Homer W. Smith taught us how informative comparative anatomy and physiology of the kidney could help physiologists and nephrologists to better understand how the kidney works. In recent years, comparative genomics, transcriptomics and proteomics across the tree of life have led to the emergence of a new discipline, evolutionary medicine. In the near future, physiologists and nephrologists will benefit from this new field of investigation, thanks to its potential for the identification of novel drug targets and therapies.
A new and critically endangered species of Turraea (Meliaceae) endemic to the island of Mauritius
Authors: BAIDER CLAUDIA , FLORENS F. B. VINCENT
Published: February 2016

Turraea dargentiana (Meliaceae), a new endemic species from Mauritius, is described, its ecology and conservation are discussed, and a revised key to the Mascarenes species of Turraea is provided. Turraea dargentiana is the smallest and the only species of the genus known to display cryptic dioecy in the Mascarenes, and also the only one possessing adult leaves that are often irregularly lobed in their distal half. The species appears restricted to the understory of relatively well-preserved native vegetation remnants in a few wet mountain tops and ridges. Given this restricted distribution, a small total population size and the encroachment of invasive alien plants, which are causing continued degradation of the species’ habitat, the species should be considered as Critically Threatened according to the Red List Categories and Criteria of the International Union for the Conservation of Nature.
Impatiens guiqingensis (Balsaminaceae), a new species from Gansu, China
Authors: GUO HUI , ZHANG CAI-FEI , ZHANG LIN-JING , YU SHENG-XIANG
Published: February 2016

Impatiens guiqingensis S. X. Yu (Balsaminaceae), a new species from Gansu Province, China, is described and illustrated. The new species is superficially similar to I. dicentra in having 1–2 flowered racemose inflorescences, lateral sepals with dentate margin, top of lower and upper petals of lateral united petals with bristle appendages, but differs from the latter by yellow flower, lower sepal without spur and dorsal petal with unapparent crest. Moreover, the occurrence of the new species is also different from the related one.
Larval morphology of the Western Balkans endemic caddisflies Drusus krusniki Malicky 1981, D. vernonensis Malicky 1989, and D. vespertinus
Marinković-Gospodnetić 1976 (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae, Drusinae)
Authors: WARINGER JOHANN , PREVIŠIĆ ANA , KUĆINIĆ MLADEN , GRAF WOLFRAM , VITECEK SIMON , KERESZTES LUJZA , BÁLINT MIKLÓS , PAULS STEFFEN U.
Published: February 2016

Drusinae (Trichoptera, Limnephilidae) are highland caddisflies inhabiting high-gradient, turbulent running water and spring habitats. They are disjunctly distributed over the Eurasian mountain ranges, and the majority of species are endemic to particular mountain areas. The most diverse of three main groups of the Drusinae, the grazer clade, consists of species in which larvae feed on epilithic biofilm and algae. In this paper we describe three previously unknown grazer-clade Drusinae larvae: Drusus krusniki Malicky 1981 (endemic to the Dinaric Western Balkans), D. vernonensis Malicky 1989 (endemic to the Hellenic Western Balkans), and D. vespertinus Marinković-Gospodnetić 1976 (endemic to the Dinaric Western Balkans). The larvae of these species have toothless mandibles typical of the Drusinae grazer clade. Larvae and adults were unambiguously associated using molecular genetic data, i.e., the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I gene fragment (mtCOI3-P). Morphological characteristics of the larvae are described and the diagnostic features enabling species-level identification are illustrated. We further discuss the ecology and distribution of the three Western Balkan endemic species.
A study of the genus Aphelocheirus (Hemiptera: Nepomorpha: Aphelocheiridae) from northern Vietnam, with descriptions of three new species
Authors: TRAN A.D. , NGUYEN X.Q.
Published: February 2016

Three new species, Aphelocheirus (s.str.) apicalis sp.n., A. (s.str.) flavinotatus sp.n., and A. (s.str.) sapa, sp.n. are described from northern Vietnam. Aphelocheirus (s.str.) lahu Polhemus & Polhemus, 1988 is reported from Vietnam for the first time. Additional distribution records of A. (s.str.) gularis Horváth, 1918 and A. (s.str.) inops Horváth, 1918 are provided.
Hermeneutyka i teoria intertekstualności jako metodologia badań modernizmu w poezji serbskiej drugiej połowy XX w. na przykładzie cyklu „Deset soneta nerođenoj kćeri" Ivana V. Lalicia
Authors: Maszkiewicz Magdalena
Published: February 2016

Hermeneutics and the theory of intertextuality as a method of researching modernism in Serbian poetry of the second half of the 20th century on the example of poetic cycle Deset soneta nerođenoj kćeri by Ivan V. LalićThe aim of this paper is to show that hermeneutics and the theory of intertextuality provide useful tools for the research in post-war Serbian modernism in poetry. The argumentation takes two steps. Firstly, the use of these methods is being legitimized in the context of general characteristics of the literature under consideration. Secondly, the functioning of such tools is presented in the example of a particular text, which in this case is Deset sonata nerođenoj kćeri ['Ten Sonnets for The Unborn Daughter'], a poetic cycle by Ivan V. Lalić. The kind of poetry researched in this paper is strongly influenced by the ideas of T. S. Eliot who said that an original literary work is the result of the author’s awareness of his place in tradition. For this reason such poetry contains numerous cultural and literary references which are an inevitable context of its interpretation. A hermeneutic and intertextual approach helps to expose such references and make them part of the process of understanding the poetry in question. Hermeneutyka i teoria intertekstualności jako metodologia badań modernizmu w poezji serbskiej drugiej połowy XX w. na przykładzie cyklu Deset soneta nerođenoj kćeri Ivana V. LaliciaZadaniem pracy jest wykazanie, że hermeneutyka i teoria intertekstualności dostarczają narzędzi do badania poezji powojennego modernizmu serbskiego. Argumentacja opiera się na uzasadnieniu użycia tych metod najpierw w świetle ogólnej charakterystyki omawianej twórczości, a następnie na podstawie ich funkcjonowania w interpretacji konkretnego tekstu będącego jej typowym przykładem (cykl Ivana V. Lalicia Deset soneta nerođenoj kćeri). Poezja będąca przedmiotem zainteresowania tej pracy pozostaje pod silnym wpływem poglądów Thomasa S. Eliota, według którego oryginalna twórczość powinna wynikać ze zrozumienia przez autora swojego miejsca w tradycji. To powód występowania w omawianych utworach licznych nawiązań kulturowych i literackich, które stanowią kontekst niezbędny do interpretacji tej twórczości. Podejście hermeneutyczne i metody teorii intertekstualności pozwalają te elementy wydobyć i uwzględnić w rozumieniu sensu tekstu.
Культ икон в православной традиции восточных славян: обряды, обычаи и традиции в прошлом и сегодня
Authors: Kozieł Joanna Ewa
Published: February 2016

Cult of the icons in the East Slavs culture – customs, rituals and religious practices in the past and todayThis article discusses the phenomenon of cult of icons in the East Slavic’s culture. The Slavic culture is ingrained in the orthodox tradition. This fact is reflected in a strong impact of religion on the life of society: customs, rituals and art. The icons are one of the most important elements of Orthodoxy Church and for that reason they are close associated with Russian culture. Despite prolonged atheisation, the Slavic culture is ingrained in the orthodox tradition and cult of the icons. It is noticeable not only in Russian churches, but also in ordinary life of believers. Majority of homes of Orthodox Christian have special space: "beautiful" corner with icons. Moreover, role of the icons emphasize in language: there is a lot of idiom and phrases connected with icons. Kult ikon w kulturze wschodniosłowiańskiej – obrzędy, tradycje i praktyki religijne w przeszłości i dziśNiniejsza praca koncentruje się wokół zagadnienia kultu ikon w kulturze wschodniosłowiańskiej, która od wieków zakorzeniona w tradycji prawosławnej. Znajduje to odzwierciedlenie w silnym wpływie religii na życie społeczne: obyczaje, tradycje czy sztukę. Nieodłącznym elementem prawosławia są zaś ikony i dlatego stały się one jedną z ważniejszych części kultury rosyjskiej. Widać to nie tylko w przestrzeni świątyni, ale również w życiu codziennym wiernych. Świadczy o tym m.in. praktyka wydzielania specjalnego miejsca dla kultu ikony tzw. „krasnogo ugła”. Ponadto, rolę ikon oddaje również język rosyjski, w którym istnieje wiele frazeologizmów związanych z ikonami.
Powieść historyczna pod czujnym okiem cenzora – analiza tekstów
Authors: Deleixhe Thibault
Published: February 2016

The historic novel under the vigilance of the censor – analysis of textsThis article focuses on the relation that Jacek Bochenski’s historical novel entitled The poet Naso published in 1969 presents towards the concept of censorship. In the article the author aims at proving that the understanding of censorship by Bochenski is similar to the observations of the Hungarian essayist Mikos Haraszti. Tracking the allegoric references scattered through the novel, the author of the article reconstructs Bochenski’s reflection about this internalized censorship and checks its convergence with Haraszti’s remarks. From this exercise emerges a definition of the role of the artist that seems to be inherited from the romantic period: an artist as a person that subordinates himself unconditionally to art, and not to the temporal power. The author of the article then interrogates the respect which Bochenski has been showing to his definition in his literary work. It appears that the writer has been prone to make bigger concessions in order to soften the reception of his book by the censors than he advises his writing colleagues. However, the literary strategies deployed by Bochenski operate on two levels: creating an overall ambiguity about the guilt of its main protagonist, they tend to soften its reception by the censorship; while at the same time, rendering this overall atmosphere of ambiguity, they give a literary form to the spectral character of the guilt of the artist, who – as in Ovidius’ case – is permanently accountable for what he has not yet done in the building of communism. Powieść historyczna pod czujnym okiem cenzora – analiza tekstówArtykuł poświęcony jest  powieści historycznej Jacka Bocheńskiego pt. Nazo poeta z roku 1969 i jego rozumieniu pojęcia cenzury uwewnętrznionej. Autor artkułu udowadnia, że ujęcie problemu cenzury przez Bocheńskiego jest zbliżone do konstatacji węgierskiego eseisty Miklósa Harasztiego. Tropiąc alegoryczne odniesienia do cenzury rozproszone w tej powieści, autor artykułu odtwarza refleksję Bocheńskiego i sprawdza jej zbieżność z uwagami Harasztiego. Z rekonstrukcji wyłania się, zapożyczona z okresu romantyzmu, definicja artysty jako osoby bezwarunkowo podporządkowanej sztuce, a nie władzy. Autor artykułu testuje czy Bocheński pozostaje wierny tej definicji we własnej twórczości i uwypukla skłonność pisarza do ustępstw mających na celu złagodzenie odbioru jego dzieła przez cenzurę. Są to ustępstwa większe od tych, które zdaje się zalecać swoim kolegom po fachu. Strategie literackie, które stosuje Bocheński, działają jednak na dwóch płaszczyznach. Tworząc niejednoznaczność winy głównego bohatera powieści, łagodzą jej odbiór przez cenzurę, a jednocześnie – kreując tę niejednoznaczność – pozwalają na literackie przedstawienie widmowego charakteru winy artysty, który jest zawsze odpowiedzialny – tak jak Owidiusz – za to, czego jeszcze nie zrobił. W tym wypadku czego nie zrobił dla budowy komunizmu.
Polskojęzyczne choronimy w „Zebraniu Krolestw, Prowincyi, Miast stołecznych, Rzek y Gor” (1746) Józefa Uszaka Kulikowskiego
Authors: Jakubczyk Marcin
Published: February 2016

Polish choronymes in Collection of Kingdoms, Provinces, Capitals, Rivers and Mountains by Józef Uszak Kulikowski (1746)This paper presents the alphabetic Latin-Polish-French dictionary of geographical names entitled Zebranie Krolestw, Prowincyi, Miast stołecznych, Rzek y Gor (Collection of Kingdoms, Provinces, Capitals, Rivers and Mountains), written by Józef Uszak Kulikowski (1746). On the one hand, the onomasticon of Kulikowski continues the type of former vocabularies defining proper names in descriptive forms, but on the other hand, in a certain way, it is in line with the latest trends in the 18th century Western lexicography, incorporating to dictionaries additions in the form of collections of geographical names.The analysis of proper names contained in the Collection has been carried out on the sample of 40 Polish choronymes relating to regions of France. It turned out that Kulikowski used many names already existing in Polish (mostly from the 16th and 17th century). In turn, the adaptation of these names which were absent in Polish and which the author of the Collection attempted to integrate into the system of his native language can be considered quite successful. In this context it is worth to mention such choronymes as Bretanija, Gujenija, Niwernija, Perigordyja, Bigor. Polskojęzyczne choronimy w Zebraniu Krolestw, Prowincyi, Miast stołecznych, Rzek y Gor (1746) Józefa Uszaka KulikowskiegoW artykule omówiono alfabetyczny łacińsko-polsko-francuski słownik geograficznych nazw własnych pt. Zebranie Krolestw, Prowincyi, Miast stołecznych, Rzek y Gor Józefa Uszaka Kulikowskiego (1746). Z jednej strony, onomastykon Kulikowskiego kontynuuje typ dawnych słowników określających nazwy własne w formie deskrypcji, ale z drugiej – w pewien sposób wpisuje się w najnowsze tendencje w XVIII-wiecznej zachodniej leksykografii, polegające na dołączaniu do słowników dodatków w postaci zbiorów geograficznych nazw własnych.Analiza zamieszczonych w Zebraniu nazw własnych została przeprowadzona na przykładzie 40 polskojęzycznych choronimów odnoszących się do regionów Francji i wykazała, że Józef Uszak Kulikowski wykorzystał wiele nazw już w polszczyźnie istniejących (głównie od XVI i XVII w.). Adaptację tych nazw, których wówczas w języku polskim jeszcze nie było, a z którymi zetknął się autor Zebrania Krolestw i które spróbował włączyć do systemu rodzimego języka, należy uznać za dość udaną. Warto w tym kontekście wymienić chociażby takie choronimy jak np. Bretanija, Gujenija, Niwernija, Perigordyja, Bigor.
Czy "wihajster" jest nazwą artefaktu? Szkic leksykologiczny
Authors: Żurowski Sebastian
Published: February 2016

Is wihajster a name for an artifact? A lexicological studyThe basic focal points of this article are the features of the word wihajster – both those inter- (grammar and semantics) and extralinguistic (etymology, orthography, pragmatics). Moreover, the article mentions other expressions characteristic of regional varieties of Polish which share some similar semantic features. The presented semantic interpretation implies that, generally, wihajster is a semantically marked synonym for narzędzie ‘tool,’ some of the examples, however, show that there are speakers who attribute to it an even broader scope of reference. The examples that illustrate the analysis have mostly been derived from fiction. Their analysis shows that referring to wihajster as a "post-war neologism" is not justified. The word undoubtedly appeared in Polish before World War II, and most probably even back in the 19th century. It is equally unreliable from the academic point of view to call wihajster a Germanism – unless we are prepared to abandon defining the latter as a loan word from German. All in all, the word does indeed imitate in sound the German phrase wie heisst er?, yet this linguistic unit did not evolve within German and thus is not an external loan. It can only be considered an internal loan from local dialects into general Polish. Czy wihajster jest nazwą artefaktu? Szkic leksykologicznyPodstawowym przedmiotem zainteresowania w artykule są cechy wewnątrz- (gramatyka i semantyka) i zewnątrzjęzykowe (etymologia, ortografia, pragmatyka) wyrażenia wihajster. Ponadto wspomniane są inne wyrażenia odmian (głównie regionalnych) języka polskiego, które mają podobne cechy semantyczne. Zapro­ponowana interpretacja semantyczna zakłada, że są to nacechowane synonimy narzędzia, choć część przykładów pokazuje, że użytkownicy języka przypisują im czasem jeszcze szerszy zakres odniesienia. Wykorzystywane do ilustracji toku wywodu przykłady pochodzą przede wszystkim z literatury pięknej. Ich ana­liza pokazuje, że częste w literaturze przedmiotu określanie wihajstra mianem „powojennego neologizmu” jest nieuprawnione – wyrażenie to pojawiło się w języku polskim na pewno przed II wojną światową, a prawdopodobnie jeszcze w XIX wieku. Równie nierzetelne naukowo jest nazywanie wihajstra germanizmem – chyba że germanizm zostanie zdefiniowany nie jako zapożyczenie z języka niemieckiego. Wihajster w istocie jest bowiem wyrażeniem naśladują­cym brzmienie niemieckiej frazy wie heisst er?, ale jednostka ta nie powstała na gruncie języka niemieckiego i nie jest zapożyczeniem zewnętrznym. Można ją traktować jedynie jako zapożyczenie wewnętrzne z gwar do języka ogólnego.
К этимологии некоторых древнерусских летописных топонимов XII‒XVI вв.
Authors: Ююкин [IUiukin] Максим [Maksim] Анатольевич [Anatol'evich]
Published: February 2016

Towards an etymology of some old-Russian chronicle toponyms (12th–16th century)In this article, new etymologies are proposed for several Old Russian chronicle toponyms: Vĭlěna: Slav. *vĭl- 'surge'; Vŭrgolŭ: the onomatopoeic stem vŭrg-, richly represented in Russian dialects; Losna: *lŭskĭnŭ(jĭ) 'shining'; Neščerda: the prefix Ne- + the frequent Baltic toponymical stem skerd-; Tunegŭ: *touk-n-'fertile' + the suffix -eg-; and others. Na temat etymologii niektórych toponimów z latopisów staroruskich XII–XVIw.Artykuł proponuje nowe etymologie kilku toponimów ze staroruskich letopisów, m.in. Vĭlěna od starosł. *vĭl- 'kipiel'; Vŭrgolŭ od onomatopeicznego rdzenia vŭrg-, często spotykany w gwarach rosyjskich; Losna od *lŭskĭnŭ(jĭ) 'lśniący'; Neščerda od przedrostka Ne- i rozpowszechniony bałtycki rdzeń toponimiczny skerd-; Tunegŭ od *touk-n-'żyzny'.
Interferencje składniowe w gwarach wyspowych (na przykładzie rosyjskiej gwary staroobrzędowców z regionu suwalsko-augustowskiego i polskiej gwary mieszkańców Wierszyny na Syberii)
Authors: Paśko-Koneczniak Dorota Angelika
Published: February 2016

Syntactic interferences in isolated dialects (on the basis of the Russian dialect of the Suwałki–Augustów region Old Believers and the Polish dialect of the inhabitants of Vershina in Siberia)The aim of the article is to discuss Polish syntactic interferences in the Russian dialect used by the Old Believers and, by analogy, Russian interferences in the Polish dialect of the inhabitants of Vershina. The dialects of the Old Believers living in the Suwałki-Augustów region and the inhabitants of Vershina are island dialects and are subject to the interferences caused by the languages surrounding them, especially on lexical and syntactic levels. In both dialects, in the case of syntactic interferences, we can observe loan translations of many structures, for instance, changes in terms of government, the ways of expressing age, structures with such cardinal numbers as one, two, three and four, the ways of expressing nominal predicates and the temporal relation signifying frequency and repeatability. Such structures do not contribute towards enriching the lexicon of the dialects with new lexemes, yet they indicate the dynamics of changes in them. Interferencje składniowe w gwarach wyspowych (na przykładzie rosyjskiej gwary staroobrzędowców z regionu suwalsko-augustowskiego i polskiej gwary mieszkańców Wierszyny na Syberii)Celem niniejszego artykułu jest zaprezentowanie polskich interferencji składnio­wych w rosyjskiej gwarze staroobrzędowców i analogicznych rosyjskich interferencji w polskiej gwarze wierszynian. Rosyjska gwara staroobrzędowców z regionu suwal­sko-augustowskiego i polska gwara mieszkańców Wierszyny na Syberii są gwarami wyspowymi i podlegają interferencji ze strony języków otoczenia szczególnie na poziomie leksykalnym i składniowym. W gwarach staroobrzędowców i mieszkańców Wierszyny w przypadku interferencji składniowych możemy zauważyć kalkowanie wielu struktur, np. zmiany w zakresie związku rządu, wyrażanie wieku, konstrukcje z liczebnikami głównymi "dwa", "trzy" i "cztery", wyrażanie orzeczenia imiennego, wyrażanie relacji czasowej oznaczającej częstotliwość i powtarzalność. Konstrukcje te nie przyczyniają się do wzbogacenia zasobu leksykalnego gwar o nowe leksemy, ale wskazują na dynamikę zmian w badanych gwarach.
Języki zachodniosłowiańskie wobec pożyczek angielskich w ostatnim dwudziestoleciu – gramatyka, leksyka, pragmatyka, uwarunkowania społeczno-kulturowe
Authors: Smółkowa Teresa
Published: February 2016

West Slavic languages and English loanwords in the last two decades – an overview of grammar, lexicon, pragmatics and the socio-cultural contexThe recent decades, as is generally acknowledged, have been a period of profound changes in Central and Eastern Europe. These changes are reflected in the lexicon. Nominative needs have caused a remarkable vocabulary growth, with loanwords constituting a numerous and still growing group. The main research goal of the authors of the monograph project introduced in this article is to look into the influence of the English language upon West Slavic languages. The effect of Anglicisms on the phonetic, morphological and lexical subsystems will be subject to an in-depth examination. Of particular importance will be the adaptative processes affecting these loanwords in Czech, Polish and Slovak. The authors will also take into account the prag­matic aspect of borrowings as well as their functioning in the social and cultural context. This contrastive approach will make it possible to indicate similarities and differences in the process of assimilating English borrowings into West Slavic languages. Języki zachodniosłowiańskie wobec pożyczek angielskich w ostatnim dwudziestoleciu – gramatyka, leksyka, pragmatyka, uwarunkowania społeczno-kulturoweArtykuł jest poświęcony omówieniu planowanej monografii na temat nowszych i najnowszych pożyczek angielskich w językach: czeskim, polskim i słowackim. Ostatnie dziesięciolecia były, jak wiadomo, okresem zasadniczych zmian w Europie środkowo-wschodniej. Zmiany te odzwierciedla leksyka. Potrzeby nominatywne spowodowały ilościowy wzrost słownictwa, w którym odrębną grupę – liczną i ciągle rosnącą – stanowią pożyczki. Zasadniczym celem badaw­ czym autorów monografii jest odpowiedź na pytanie, jaki jest wpływ języka angielskiego na języki zachodniosłowiańskie. Przedmiotem szczegółowych rozważań będzie oddziaływanie anglicyzmów na podsystemy fonetyczny, morfologiczny, leksykalny. Za ważne uznaje się zwłaszcza prześledzenie pro­cesów adaptacyjnych tych pożyczek w języku czeskim, polskim i słowackim. Autorzy uwzględnią także aspekt pragmatyczny zapożyczeń oraz ich funkcjonowanie w kontekście społecznym i kulturowym. Ujęcie konfrontatywne umożliwi wskazanie podobieństw lub różnic w procesie przyswajania przez języki zachodniosłowiańskie pożyczek angielskich.
Drugie posłowie historyka do "Resztek Słowian na południowym wybrzeżu Morza Bałtyckiego" Aleksandra Hilferdinga
Authors: Szultka Zygmunt
Published: February 2016

A historian's second afterword to Resztki Słowian na południowym wybrzeżu Morza Bałtyckiego by Alexander HilferdingThe purpose of the Second Afterword is to emphasise that current interpretations of Resztki Słowian by linguists are exceptionally uncritical and, consequently, one-sided. I do not find Alexander Hilferding's account useless, but I believe that, as any other subjective report, it requires a critical approach. It should be emphasized that it was prepared in a very short time, and its Russian author cannot be considered a reliable researcher. Therefore, its scientific usefulness is limited. It has already been argued that the book was written with the help of Florian Ceynowa; however, I intend to prove a new proposition. In my opinion, the aforementioned assistance was much more significant than has been assumed by recent linguistic research, a fact Hilferding did not always properly point out. Moreover, the actual scope of help on the part of Ceynowa in relation to the Kashubian language of the eastern part of Koszalin district was far greater than it has been acknowledged by linguists, who fail to take into account the fact that Ceynowa had been studying it since the early 1840s, and in 1845 he conducted his own independent linguistic research in Słupsk county. Drugie posłowie historyka do Resztek Słowian na południowym wybrzeżu Morza Bałtyckiego Aleksandra HilferdingaNiniejsze Drugie posłowie stawia sobie za cel wykazanie, że interpretacje Resztek Słowian podejmowane obecnie przez językoznawców charakteryzują się wyjątkową bezkrytycznością, a co za tym idzie – jednostronnością. Nie uznaję dzieła Aleksandra Hilferdinga za bezużyteczne, twierdzę jednak, że - jak do każdej subiektywnej relacji - należy do niego podchodzić krytycznie. Nie wolno zapominać, że praca postawała szybko, a jej rosyjskiego autora nie można uznać za wzbudzającego zaufanie badacza. Naukowa przydatność Resztek jest zatem ograniczona. Pisano już o tym, że dzieło powstało z pomocą Floriana Ceynowy; tu próbuję jednak dowieść nowego twierdzenia. Uważam, że owa pomoc odegrała rolę o wiele ważniejszą, niż zakłada się we współczesnej literaturze językoznawczej i niż gotów był przyznać sam Hilferding. Znacznie większy, aniżeli zakładają językoznawcy, był też rzeczywisty wkład Ceynowy, jeśli chodzi o opisanie języka wschodniej części Koszalińskiego, który zgłębiał on od początku lat 40. XIX wieku, obok samodziel­nych badań językoznawczych podjętych przezeń w roku 1845 w powiecie słupskim.
Dynamical Consistency of Reanalysis Datasets in the Extratropical Stratosphere
Authors: Martineau Patrick , Son Seok-Woo , Taguchi Masakazu
Published: February 2016

Reanalysis data provide a good estimate of global atmospheric temperature and wind fields. However, the available reanalysis datasets reveal nonnegligible discrepancies in their mean state and temporal variability. In this study, the quality of eight reanalysis datasets is evaluated by examining their dynamical consistency in the extratropical stratosphere. The dynamical consistency is quantified by computing the residual of the zonal-mean momentum equation. The residual is generally small in the lower stratosphere, especially at and below 30 hPa, but increases significantly aloft in both hemispheres poleward of 45°, where the effect of parameterized gravity wave drag becomes important. However, at most levels, a large difference in the residual is found among the datasets. This interdata difference is mainly caused by an uncertainty in the Coriolis torque. The non-quasigeostrophic terms, such as those associated with the vertical motion, also play a nonnegligible role when the polar vortex accelerates or decelerates.

The latest reanalysis datasets exhibit smaller residuals than their earlier counterparts. For example, ERA-Interim is dynamically more consistent than ERA-40. This improvement over the generations is largely attributed to a better representation of the Coriolis torque. This is not likely achieved by the increase in satellite data observations over the past few decades. In fact, the dynamical consistency is only weakly sensitive to the analysis period. Instead, model-specific factors, such as data assimilation technique, model resolution, and physics, likely play a crucial role in improving the dynamical consistency.