bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Social Organisation of a Population of Sumatran Orang-Utans
Authors: Singleton Ian , van Schaik Carel P.
Published: April 2003

Female orang-utans in a Sumatran swamp forest live in large, but stable, and widely overlapping home ranges. They preferentially associate with some of their female neighbours, possibly relatives, to form socially distinct clusters that also experience reproductive synchrony. Sexually mature males range more widely than females, but among them the dominant adult male has a relatively more limited range. His ranging and that of the subadult males reflect the local abundance of sexually attractive females. The other adult males tend to avoid these concentrations and focus on areas away from the dominant male. Females show philopatric tendencies. Male-biased sex ratios at birth give way to heavily female-biased sex ratios among adults. This suggests a net loss of males as they mature, due either to excess male mortality (e.g. by male mating competition), excess male dispersal from the population or a combination of both. We conclude that the orang-utan social organisation is best described as a loose community, showing neither spatial nor social exclusivity, consisting of one or more female clusters and the adult male they all prefer as mate.
An Overview of the Barbary Macaque, Macaca sylvanus, Vocal Repertoire
Authors: Fischer Julia , Hammerschmidt Kurt
Published: April 2003

This study provides an overview of the vocalizations of Barbary macaques, Macaca sylvanus. Spectrographic displays of calls are presented along with photographs of the accompanying facial gestures. We give a general description of the contexts in which the different calls are uttered, with special regard to the age and sex of the caller. The vocal repertoire of Barbary macaques mainly consists of screams, shrill barks, geckers, low-frequency pants and grunts, with gradation occurring within and between call types. The spectrograms document that typically, Barbary macaques produce series of several consecutive calls. The influence of habitat, social structure and phylogenetic descent on the morphology of the repertoire and call diversity are discussed in comparison to other species.
A Case of Hypopharyngeal Leiomyosarcoma
Authors: Watanabe Akihito , Kawabori Shinichi , Yoshizaki Tomoki , Taniguchi Masanobu
Published: April 2003

Squamous cell carcinoma is the most common malignant neoplasm in the hypopharynx. Other types of malignant neoplasm are rare. Leiomyosarcomas are commonly found in the alimentary tract and the uterus. Only 6 cases of hypopharyngeal leiomyosarcoma have been reported in the past. We report here the seventh case of this rare tumor, which arose from the piriform sinus in a 69-year-old man. The tumor was completely resected, and the pharynx and larynx were reconstructed. The patient remains free of recurrence 25 months postoperatively.
Red Cell Mass, Spleen Size and Plasma Erythropoietin in Polycythaemia vera and Apparent Polycythaemia
Authors: Johansson Peter , Safai-Kutti Soodabeh , Lindstedt Göran , Suurküla Madis , Kutti Jack
Published: April 2003

Most frequently, an elevated packed cell volume (PCV) value arouses the suspicion of a polycythaemic state. The aim of the present work was to assess a few readily available variables which could help the clinician to differentiate between polycythaemia vera (PV) and apparent polycythaemia (AP). During a 5-year period, 31 consecutive newly diagnosed patients with PV were identified, and during a 4-year period 38 consecutive subjects were considered to be afflicted with AP. In each subject: (i) the red cell mass (RCM) and plasma volume were measured, (ii) the spleen size was assessed using γ-camera imaging, and (iii) the plasma erythropoietin (EPO) concentration was determined. The diagnosis of PV was based upon recently proposed criteria. By definition, all PV patients had absolute erythrocytosis, i.e. the RCM was greater than 25% above the mean normal predicted value for the individual. There was no statistical difference between the plasma volumes for PV and AP patients. However, the mean measured/predicted plasma volume for subjects with AP was significantly lower than the mean for PV. The means for spleen scan areas (posterior and left lateral projections) for AP patients were identical to the mean reference values for our laboratory. As compared to AP, in PV the spleen scan areas were significantly increased, and the lateral spleen scan area was significantly larger than the posterior area. It was also shown that, in contrast to AP, both spleen scan areas were significantly larger in male than in female PV patients. All PV patients had plasma EPO concentrations below the lower reference limit, and in 68% of the patients undetectable EPO concentrations were present. Most AP patients (84%) had EPO values within the reference range; 8% had slightly subnormal, but not undetectable, plasma EPO levels.
Enhanced Functional Performance Characteristics of a New Polysulfone Membrane for High-Flux Hemodialysis
Authors: Klingel Reinhard , Ahrenholz Peter , Schwarting Andreas , Röckel Arnold
Published: April 2003

Elimination of uremic solutes with molecular weights up to 60 kD, without significant loss of albumin is an important therapeutic goal to optimize outcomes in chronic hemodialysis patients. To characterize a newly developed polysulfone dialyzer (APS-650) a comparative analysis was performed with a highly advanced polysulfone dialyzer (F-60S) including 22 stable chronic hemodialysis patients. Diffusive clearances were determined, and albumin loss was calculated. The elimination profile of uremic solutes up to 32.0 kD was assessed in vivo by sieving coefficients, clearances, and reduction ratios of β2-microglobulin (11.8 kD), myoglobin (17.2 kD), prolactin (23.0 kD), and α1-microglobulin (32.0 kD). Hemocompatibility was tested in serial measurements of total white blood cell count, platelet count, C3a, and neutrophil elastase. No significant albumin loss was detected. Significantly higher sieving coefficients, clearances, and reduction ratios for proteins with molecular weight up to 32.0 kD were demonstrated with the newly developed polysulfone membrane. Both polysulfone membranes were equal concerning hemocompatibility parameters. The APS-650 dialyzer allowed optimized hemodialysis treatment with respect to clearance of medium-sized uraemic solutes by high-flux dialysis.
Management of Hyperglycemia and Diabetes in an Outpatient Cardiology Practice
Authors: Jabbour Samer , Bedell Susanna E. , Alharethi Rami , Goldberg Robert
Published: April 2003

There is inadequate information about how well cardiologists manage overt or latent diabetes. We reviewed charts of patients who died in an academic outpatient cardiology practice in the period from January 1995 to December 1997 in order to determine the prevalence of hyperglycemia and diabetes, as well as whether their management had been according to the established guidelines. We found that of 128 decedents (mean age 78 years), 22 had had recognized diabetes and 27 undiagnosed hyperglycemia. Evaluation and management of glycemia in either group had not adhered to guidelines, despite the presence of concomitant cardiovascular disease. This was true for assessment of long-term glycemic control or end organ damage, prescription of proper diet, and/or management of other cardiovascular complications. These findings indicate the need for more involvement by cardiologists in the care of patients with overt or latent diabetes beyond the steps taken against their established cardiovascular disease.
Lymphomatoid Papulosis: A Localized Form with Acral Pustular Involvement
Authors: Deroo-Berger M.C. , Skowron F. , Ronger S. , Balme B. , Berard F. , Causeret A.S. , Perrot H. , Thomas L.
Published: April 2003

We report a localized form of lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP) presenting as pustular papules of the hands. The histopathology revealed a moderate inflammatory infiltrate composed of atypical pleomorphic large lymphocytes with atypical mitosis and large nuclei. Epidermotropism could be observed. These atypical cells expressed CD4 and CD30. Laboratory examinations and bone marrow explorations remained negative. The clinical presentation of this case of LyP is unusual. Only histopathological features allowed to diagnose LyP. The knowledge that LyP may be associated with neoplasia or lymphoma underlines the need for a long-term follow-up of these patients.
Pituitary Luteinizing Hormone Microheterogeneity in the Afternoon of Proestrus in Rats: Some New Insights
Authors: De Biasi Sara N. , Pérez Gabriela T. , Apfelbaum Liliana I. , Apfelbaum Marta E.
Published: April 2003

Objective: The aim of the present report was to determine the possible modifications in rat pituitary LH isoforms induced by the spontaneous increase in GnRH at the time of the preovulatory gonadotropin surge. Design: The changes in the quantitative pattern and relative proportions of pituitary LH isoforms in rats on the afternoon of proestrus [INT-P(PM)] were evaluated by comparison with other stages of the estrous cycle (diestrus-1, diestrus-2 and estrus) and ovariectomized (7 and 30 days earlier) animals killed in the morning and in the afternoon of the corresponding day. Methods: The chromatofocusing technique (pH gradient 11.00–7.00) was used to analyze the different molecular species of intrapituitary LH. Results: Pituitary LH from diestrus-1 animals, considered as a baseline pattern in the cycling rat, eluted as 11 isoforms distributed in pH 9.62–8.82, with greater percentages in pH 9.50–9.01. Except for INT-P(PM) pituitaries, there were no major differences in the pattern of LH heterogeneity in the pituitaries of rats from various stages of the cycle. In contrast, significant changes in the charge distribution and relative abundance of LH isoforms were found in the pituitaries from INT-P(PM) rats. INT-P(PM) pituitaries resolved in 16 LH isoforms with a significant shift to less alkaline pIs (pH 9.62–8.11), the more abundant being focused within pH 9.00–8.51. Conversely, a shift to more basic isoforms resulted after ovariectomy, leading to the accumulation of less mature isoforms in the gonadotrope. Conclusions: Presumably, the use of animals on INT-P(PM), at the time of the preovulatory LH surge, made it possible to discriminate such changes in LH isoform distribution. That GnRH, released in association with the rising phase of the LH surge, induces these changes in pituitary LH polymorphism appears to be the most likely possibility. In a previous study we demonstrated that GnRH stimulated galactose incorporation into LH in vitro. In the case of pituitaries from INT-P(PM) rats, the shift toward less alkaline isoforms could potentially result from sialylation of increased terminal galactose.
Cardiac Effects of Low-Dose Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Growth Hormone-Deficient Adults
Authors: Bjerregård Sneppen Simone , Steensgaard-Hansen Frank , Feldt-Rasmussen Ulla
Published: April 2003

Objective: To characterise the effect of long-term low-dose growth hormone (GH) treatment on cardiac anatomy and function. Methods: 20 patients with multiple pituitary hormone deficiencies, including severe acquired GH deficiency (GHD), were randomly assigned to GH or placebo (P) for 18 months. Echocardiographic measurements were performed at baseline and after 6, 12 and 18 months. Results: At baseline, 8 of 20 patients had diastolic dysfunction (6 severe and 2 borderline), while only 1 had systolic dysfunction. None of the investigated parameters of diastolic or systolic function changed during treatment. Conclusion: In adult onset GHD, diastolic dysfunction was present in 40% of the patients. None of the investigated values were different after 18 months of GH compared to placebo.
A New Indicator Cell Line to Monitor Human Foamy Virus Infection and Stability in vitro
Authors: Li Zhi , Yang Ping , Liu Hui , Li Wen-xin
Published: April 2003

In order to determine the human foamy virus (HFV) infection in vitro conveniently, we developed a baby hamster kidney cell (BHK)-21-derived indicator cell line (BHK-HFVLTR-EGFP) containing a plasmid that encodes the enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) driven by the HFV long terminal repeat promoter. The viral trans-activator Bel-1 protein can induce EGFP expression, so the HFV titer could be determined by counting the corresponding EGFP-positive cells. This foamy-virus-activated EGFP expression (FAE) assay was about 50 times more sensitive than the traditional focus plaque assay by end-point dilution. Additionally, the results of the FAE assay can be obtained rapidly within 2 days, whereas the determination of focus developing needs 2 weeks. Moreover, a linear relationship was found between the fluorescence intensity and the titer of inoculated HFV. In brief, the FAE assay is a rapid, easy, sensitive and quantitative method for monitoring and investigating HFV infection. Using the indicator cell line BHK-HFVLTR-EGFP, we examined the effects of repeated freeze-and-thaw cycles and temperature on HFV stability by the FAE assay. Such information about HFV infection and stability would be valuable for HFV applications.
Induction of Apoptosis in Rabbit Kidney Cell under High-Level Expression of Bovine Herpesvirus 1 Us ORF8 Product
Authors: Nakamichi Kazuo , Matsumoto Yasunobu , Tohya Yukinobu , Otsuka Haruki
Published: April 2003

Objective: The open reading frame 8 (ORF8) within the short unique (Us) region of the bovine herpesvirus 1 (BHV-1) genome was predicted to encode a protein with homology to Us9 protein of other alphaherpesviruses. The aim of this study is to identify the protein encoded by the Us ORF8 and to examine the effect of its expression in mammalian cells. Methods: A polyclonal antiserum was raised against Us ORF8 protein expressed in Escherichia coli. A recombinant baculoviurs designated as Ac/CA8 was created by integrating Us ORF8 under the control of the mammalian CAG promoter into the baculovirus genome. Us ORF8 protein was expressed in rabbit kidney (RK13) cells transduced by Ac/CA8. Results: The antiserum reacted specifically with 27-and 32-kD polypeptides from the BHV-1-infected and Ac/CA8-transduced RK13 cells. High-level expression of Us ORF8 protein in RK13 cells transduced by Ac/CA8 led to a distinct cytopathic effect and a reduction in cell viability; the onset of apoptotic cell death was induced as judged by DNA laddering and chromatin condensation analyses. Conclusions: These data represent the identification of BHV-1 Us ORF8 protein, which directly induces apoptosis in RK13 cells.
Kirschner Wires Caused Unexpected Complications of Femoral Neck Fracture
Authors: Khallaf F.G.M. , Al-Akkd M.T. , Al-Kussary I.M. , Al-Mi Kami A.
Published: April 2003

Objective: To report a unique complication of the surgical treatment of femoral neck fractures. Clinical Presentation and Intervention: A young adult presented with lower abdominal pain and bleeding per rectum caused by rectal transfixion by Kirschner wires (K wires). The wires were used to fix a fracture on the neck of the femur during the Iraqi occupation of Kuwait. A plain X-ray showed an old united fracture of the neck of the left femur with coxa magna, mild coxa vara and mild secondary osteoarthritis of the left hip joint. Limited barium enema disclosed transfixion of the rectum by two radiopaque K wires in the pelvis with rectal track formation around them. The complication necessitated a laparotomy and a major dissection to remove the K wires. Conclusion: The K wire provided an immediate solution during a difficult period. However, since it is not normally used for this purpose, it caused subsequent complications that were resolved by laparotomy and a major dissection.
Oral Findings in Alagille Syndrome
Authors: Al-Mutawa Sabeeha , Mathews Bapsy , Salako Nathanael
Published: April 2003

Objective: To highlight the role of dental practitioners in the management of children with liver diseases. Clinical Presentation: A 13-year-old girl with Alagille syndrome presented with oral manifestation of end-stage liver disease that needed liver transplant. The dentition showed hypoplastic lesions and severe discoloration. The gingiva was inflamed and edematous due to poor oral hygiene and possibly to the medication the child was placed on to reduce graft rejection. Conclusion: Dental considerations should be incorporated in the overall management of children with liver disease and transplant. Consultation with a dental practitioner should be sought before, during and after treatment of such cases.
Choice of Graft Material at Primary CABG Influences Cardiac Death and Reintervention Rates
Authors: Christenson J.T. , Vala D. , Faidutti B. , Kalangos A.
Published: April 2003

Objectives: To evaluate long-term survival and need for reintervention (redo CABG or percutaneous coronary artery transluminal angioplasty, PTCA) as a result of graft materials employed at the primary coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG). Subjects and Methods: 2,327 patients who underwent primary CABG between 1980 and 1990 were followed with regard to survival and reintervention requirements for a period of 10 years. There were three groups of patients. In group 1, CABG was performed between 1980 and 1982 using veins only. Group 2 subjects had CABG done from 1983 to 1985 using veins and internal thoracic artery (ITA). Those in group 3 received two ITAs (double ITA) from 1985 to 1990. Redo CABG and PTCS were performed as needed. Results: The 10-year cumulative survival figures for the groups were 92.8 % (group 1), 94.8% (group 2) and 95.4% (group 3). The difference between the groups was statistically significant (p < 0.001). Cardiac event-free survival was 74.4% (group 1), 83.5% (group 2) and 92.6% (group 3), with p < 0.0001. Myocardial infarction occurred more frequently in group 1 (4.7%) than in groups 2 or 3 (2.2 and 1.3%, respectively). The redo rates for CABG were 13.6% (group 1), 8.1% (group 2), and 1.3% (group 3). The corresponding PTCA rates for the three groups were 7.1, 3.7 and 1.6%, respectively (p < 0.0001). Conclusions: Double ITA, compared with single ITA and/or vein grafts, was the optimal graft material at the time of primary CABG because it had the lowest reintervention rate. It also did not increase postoperative morbidity.
Crescentic Glomerulonephritis in a Patient with Heterozygous Fabry’s Disease
Authors: Shimazu Kanako , Tomiyoshi Yoshiyuki , Aoki Shigehisa , Sakemi Takanobu , Sugihara Hajime
Published: April 2003

A 58-year-old woman who suffered from a heterozygous Fabry’s disease and immune complex crescentic glomerulonephritis (GN) is reviewed. The diagnosis was made on the basis of the pathologic findings and peripheral leukocyte α-galactosidase activity. Light microscopy revealed a vacuolization of epithelial cells and electron microscopy showed myelin figures in the cytoplasm of visceral epithelial cells typical of Fabry’s disease at the first renal biopsy. During the following 4 months she developed progressive renal failure and a second renal biopsy disclosed the formation of cellular crescents in 7 of 11 glomeruli observed. A rare case of combined Fabry’s disease and crescentic glomerulonephritis is discussed.
Saethre-Chotzen Syndrome Presenting with Incomplete Renal Fanconi Syndrome
Authors: Oktenli Cagatay , Saglam Mutlu , Zafer Emre , Gül Davut
Published: April 2003

Here we report on a patient with findings of acrocephaly, craniosynostosis, low frontal hairline, ptosis of eyelids, deviated nasal septum, broad great toes, moderate hallux valgus, bilateral symmetrical complete soft tissue syndactyly of toes 2 and 3, and partial soft tissue syndactyly of toes 4 and 5 consistent with the diagnosis of Saethre-Chotzen syndrome. Additionally, the patient had some unusual findings as part of generalized dysfunction of the renal tubules including hypophosphatemia with renal phosphate wasting, normocalcemic hypercalciuria, hypomagnesemia with renal magnesium wasting, low-molecular-weight proteinuria, decreased serum PTH levels, osteopenia, and nephrolithiasis. In the light of these findings, the diagnosis of incomplete renal Fanconi syndrome was made. In conclusion, on the basis of the present findings, it is difficult to say whether renal tubular dysfunction are somehow connected to the Saethre-Chotzen syndrome or not. Therefore, we consider that this is probably just a coincident. However, further studies may show the connection between renal tubular dysfunction and Saethre-Chotzen syndrome.
Apoptosis and Myofibroblast Expression in Human Glomerular Disease: A Possible Link with Transforming Growth Factor-Beta-1
Authors: Goumenos Dimitrios S. , Tsamandas Athanassios C. , El Nahas A. Meguid , Thomas Graham , Tsakas Sotiris , Sotsiou Florentia , Bonikos Dionysis S. , Vlachojannis John G.
Published: April 2003

Background/Aims: The pathophysiological pathways involved in the pathogenesis and evolution of renal fibrosis, have not been fully elucidated. Transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-β1) is involved in the development of renal scarring. Apoptosis is responsible for intrinsic cell deletion observed in end-stage kidney disease. Myofibroblasts are involved in the development of renal fibrosis. This study investigates whether there is a potential relationship between apoptosis, myofibroblast infiltration and TGF-β1 expression in the kidney of patients with glomerulonephritis (GN). Methods: Forty patients with various types of GN were included in the study. Myofibroblasts and TGF-β1 positive cells were detected in kidney biopsies by immunohistochemistry, while apoptotic cells were detected by the in situ end labelling of fragmented DNA. Results: Myofibroblasts were identified in the glomeruli of some patients with severe mesangioproliferative GN and glomerulosclerosis but a more intensive myofibroblast expression was found in the renal interstitium. TGF-β1 was expressed in the cytoplasm of tubular epithelial cells, in the renal interstitium and in the glomeruli of patients with GN. Apoptotic cells were mainly detected in the tubules and interstitium and were present in areas with intense myofibroblast infiltration. Positive correlations were observed between the intensity of myofibroblast expression in the interstitium and apoptosis in the tubulointerstitial area (r = 0.521, p < 0.01) as well as TGF-β1 expression (r = 0.462, p < 0.05) and degree of renal impairment (r = 0.430, p < 0.05). Conclusions: These observations suggest that myofibroblast infiltration and apoptosis along with TGF-β1 expression are associated with the development of interstitial fibrosis in patients with glomerular disease.
Colchicine Suppresses Osteopontin Expression and Inflammatory Cell Infiltration in Chronic Cyclosporine Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Li Can , Yang Chul Woo , Ahn Hee Jong , Kim Wan Young , Park Cheol Whee , Park Joo Hyun , Cha Jung Ho , Kim Jin , Kim Yong Soo , Bang Byung Kee
Published: April 2003

Background: Colchicine (Col) is beneficial to renal injury because of its anti-inflammatory effect, but its mechanism has yet to be elucidated. The present study was designed to evaluate the inhibitory effects of colchicine on osteopontin (OPN) expression and the macrophage accumulation in chronic cyclosporine (CsA) nephrotoxicity in rats. Methods: Male adult Sprague-Dawley rats on a low salt diet (LSD, 0.05% sodium) were treated daily with Col (30 µg/kg), CsA (15 mg/kg), and both CsA and colchicine or vehicle (olive oil 1 ml/kg) for 4 weeks. The effects of colchicine on chronic CsA nephrotoxicity were evaluated by examining renal function, histopathology, and ED-1 positive cells. The expressions of OPN mRNA and protein were estimated respectively by Northern blot and immunohistochemistry. Results: Compared with vehicle-treated rats, CsA-treated rats showed an increase in serum creatinine, a decline in creatinine clearance rate, and tubulointerstitial fibrosis (all p < 0.01). Concomitant administration of colchicine reversed all of the above parameters (all p < 0.01). Of note, the upregulated expression of osteopontin mRNA and protein seen in CsA-treated rats was significantly decreased after colchicine treatment. Furthermore, the expression of osteopontin mRNA was strongly correlated with the number of ED-1 positive cells (r = 0.712, p < 0.001) and the tubulointerstitial fibrosis score (r = 0.586, p = 0.007). Conclusion: Colchicine is capable of abrogating the upregulation of chemotactic OPN expression and macrophage influx, and this is associated with improved renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis in chronic CsA nephrotoxicity.
Enhanced Dendroaspis Natriuretic Peptide Immunoreactivity in Experimental Ureteral Obstruction
Authors: Kim Soo Wan , Lee Jong Un , Kim Sung Zoo , Choi Ki Chul , Kim Nam Ho , Cho Kyung Woo
Published: April 2003

Whether the postobstructive diuresis can in part be related to an altered regulation of Dendroaspis natriuretic peptide (DNP) was investigated. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were bilaterally obstructed of their ureters. Control group was with sham ureteral obstruction. Forty-eight h later, tissue levels of DNP immunoreactivity were determined in the plasma, heart, and kidneys. Urine samples were collected in some rats under anesthesia. The plasma DNP immunoreactivity was significantly increased by 45% in the experimental group. The tissue levels of DNP immunoreactivity in the atrium, ventricle, or kidneys did not significantly differ between the experimental and control groups. The urinary flow and sodium excretion rate were 3- to 4-fold increased in the experimental group. The urinary DNP excretion was also increased in the experimental group, which was positively correlated with the urinary volume and sodium excretion. The urinary excretion of cGMP was 2- to 3-fold increased in the experimental group. These results indicate that an enhanced DNP activity may in part be causally related to the postobstructive diuresis.
Effective Antibiotic Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus-Associated Glomerulonephritis
Authors: Nagaba Yasushi , Hiki Yoshiyuki , Aoyama Togo , Sano Takashi , Matsuo Takatoshi , Shimizu Takeshi , Tateno Sumio , Sakamoto Hisato , Kamata Kouju , Shigematsu Hidekazu , Higashihara Masaaki , Kobayashi Yutaka
Published: April 2003

Background: A new type of glomerulonephritis following a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infection has been reported. The purpose of this study is to elucidate the clinicopathological features and the responsiveness to treatment of the disease. Methods: We studied the treatment of 8 patients with glomerulonephritis related to MRSA infection. We observed the eight cases and analyzed clinical features, laboratory findings and histopathological data. Results: On admission, all patients had no renal abnormalities. One to four months after suffering from MRSA infection, severe proteinuria and hematuria developed. Renal biopsy specimens revealed moderate to severe mesangial proliferative glomerulonephritis with various degrees of crescent formation. Immunofluorescence studies showed IgA and C3. Antibiotic therapy was performed in six cases, resulting in successfully reducing the proteinuria in parallel with the decreased activity of MRSA infection in five cases. The other 2 cases received corticosteroid treatment after complete cessation of MRSA infection, but they had a relapse of MRSA infection and later died from sepsis. Conclusions: These results suggested that MRSA-associated glomerulonephritis might respond to antibiotic treatment in most cases. This also indicated that special care must be taken in the application of steroid therapy for the glomerulonephritis with crescents, even though the MRSA infection has gone into an inactive state.
De Novo C1q Nephropathy in the Renal Allograft of a Kidney Pancreas Transplant Recipient: BK Virus-Induced Nephropathy?
Authors: Isaac Jorge , Shihab Fuad S.
Published: April 2003

C1q nephropathy is a distinct entity characterized by extensive and dominant C1q mesangial deposition with associated steroid resistant proteinuria in the absence of systemic lupus erythematosus. Several morphological patterns ranging from very subtle glomerular alterations to focal/segmental glomerulosclerosis and mesangial proliferative changes have been described. Interstitial nephritis secondary to BK polyomavirus is a recently recognized complication in kidney transplant recipients. It may be associated with a tubulitis-like picture, mimicking sometimes acute tubular rejection. We report the case of a kidney pancreas transplant recipient who developed de novo C1q nephropathy, in the setting of BK polyomaviral interstitial nephritis. He presented with renal allograft dysfunction and a kidney biopsy was performed. It was interpreted as acute cellular rejection. C1q deposits were detected by immunofluorescence studies and electron microscopy. The patient did not respond clinically to appropriate anti-rejection treatment and a second renal biopsy was performed. The possibility of an interstitial nephritis secondary to BK polyomavirus mimicking rejection was suggested. Special immunohistochemical and blood/urine PCR studies for BK virus were performed, confirming the diagnosis of BK virus tubulonterstitial nephritis with a persistent, probable BK virus induced C1q nephropathy.
Fibronectin Splice Variants – Prognostic Markers for the Stage of Renal Interstitial Fibrosis in the Rat
Authors: Eismann Ulrike , Sommer Manfred , Kosmehl Hartwig , Appenroth Dorothea , Fleck Christian , Stein Günter
Published: April 2003

Background/Aims: Renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) is the main cause for progressive renal failure, but its pathogenic factors are not well known. In animal models of renal fibrogenesisdone thus far an increase of total fibronectin (FN) mRNA has been proved. Recent studies have pointed to a key role of the splice variant EIIIA+-FN and EIIIB+-FN for the development of organ fibrosis. However, a broader knowledge of the distribution of these different FN mRNA isoforms is still lacking. Our aim was to study the particular expression of the EIIIA+-FN and EIIIB+-FN during the process of fibrogenesis in two rat models and to evaluate the FN isoforms as diagnostic/prognostic marker for the stage of interstitial damage in rat kidneys. Methods: Kidneys of unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) and control rats were removed in intervals of 5, 14 or 21 days after surgery. For the investigation of kidney damage due to uranyl nitrate (UN), rats obtained a single i.p. dose of 5 mg/kg body weight UN and were killed 2, 10 and 20 weeks thereafter. The quantitative RT-PCR method was used to estimate the total FN, EIIIA+-FN and EIIIB+-FN transcription rate. Results: In the UUO model, a significant augmentation of both isoforms was obtained in the kidneys in the first 5-day interval, which was more pronounced at the 21-day interval. In the UN-treated kidneys there appeared only a continuous increase of EIIIA+-FN and the splice variant EIIIB+-FN failed to show a shift in these animals as compared to the controls. Conclusion: Both animal models generated fibrogenic damages of the tubulointerstitium, whereas only the UUO resulted in progressive fibrosis. Absence of EIIIB+-FN seems to enhance the progression of fibrogenesis.
Late-Onset Cytomegalovirus-Associated Interstitial Nephritis in a Kidney Transplant
Authors: Trimarchi H. , Jordan R. , Iotti A. , Forrester M. , Iotti R. , Freixas E. , Martínez J. , Schropp J. , Pereyra H. , Efrón E.
Published: April 2003

Cytomegalovirus is the most important viral infection in kidney transplants, but rarely affects the allograft after the sixth month posttransplantation. We present a patient who developed renal failure eighteen months posttransplant; a kidney biopsy showed cytomegalovirus inclusions, acute tubular necrosis and mild interstitial nephritis. After intravenous ganciclovir, renal function transiently improved. Cytomegalovirus pp65 antigen was weekly reported as negative. One month later another biopsy was performed due to renal failure. The findings were consistent with tubular atrophy and severe interstitial nephritis. No cytomegalovirus cellular inclusions were found on histology, including immunohistochemical and polymerase chain reaction studies; pp65 antigen studies were persistently negative. Despite an attempt to recover renal function with steroid therapy, the patient restarted hemodialysis 20 months posttransplantation. This report suggests that cytomegalovirus should be considered as a late cause of kidney failure even in the absence of infection-related symptoms. The irreversible allograft damage can be caused despite the successful eradication of the virus with intravenous ganciclovir.
Epstein-Barr Virus-Associated Acute Interstitial Nephritis: Infection or Immunologic Phenomenon?
Authors: Cataudella J.A. , Young I.D. , Iliescu E.A.
Published: April 2003

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) DNA in renal tissue in acute interstitial nephritis (IN) has not been previously reported. An 18-year-old male presented with a sore throat, fever, cervical lymphadenopathy, and oliguric renal failure. The rapid slide test for heterophile antibodies associated with infectious mononucleosis was positive, and a renal biopsy showed an acute interstitial nephritis. A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay identified EBV DNA in the renal biopsy. In situ hybridization (ISH) for EBV RNA and immunohistochemistry for latent membrane protein 1 of EBV were negative. Hemodialysis and prednisone 60 mg PO OD were administered and the s-creatinine dropped from 1,224 to 75 µmol/l over 9 days. The identification of EBV DNA in the kidney raises the possibility that direct infection plays a role in acute IN associated with EBV.
Effect of Oral Adsorbent (AST-120) on Renal Function, Acquired Renal Cysts and Aortic Calcification in Rats with Adriamycin Nephropathy
Authors: Ishikawa Isao , Araya Mitsuru , Hayama Tomoyuki , Sugano Mikio , Yamato Hideyuki , Ise Michihito
Published: April 2003

Aims: The effect of oral adsorbent, AST-120, on the experimental renal disease induced by adriamycin, uninephrectomy and high protein diet proposed as a model of acquired cystic disease of the kidney was investigated. Methods: 3 mg of adriamycin was injected into the tail vein of rats and 4 weeks later right-side nephrectomy was performed, 2 weeks thereafter 26 rats with urinary protein excretion between 100 and 358 mg/day were selected from 60 rats. Two groups, 13 rats in each group, namely the AST-120-treated group and control group, both of which had equal renal damage before the administration of AST-120 or placebo. AST-120 (0.4 g/100 g BW/day) was administered for 19 weeks. Results: Serum creatinine and BUN in the AST-120-treated group were significantly lower (serum creatinine: 3.3 ± 2.1 vs. 7.1 ± 2.7 mg/dl, p < 0.003) and creatinine clearance was higher (0.62 ± 0.49 vs. 0.29 ± 0.30 ml/min, p < 0.05) at the final examination than in the control group. Survival rate which was examined using another set of 9 rats was higher in AST-120-treated rats than in AST-120-untreated rats. Serum indoxyl sulfate was significantly lower at all times after using AST-120 in the AST-120-treated group than in contrast to the control group. Histological examination revealed less severe interstitial and cystic changes in the AST-120-treated group. This suggests that AST-120 can prevent or retard the development of acquired renal cystic disease in this model. Aortic calcification tended to be less severe in the AST-120-treated group because of less serum Ca × P products. Conclusion: The AST-120-treated group significantly decreased serum creatinine and increased creatinine clearance with less severe renal cystic changes in this model during the later weeks of administration of AST-120 or at death, accompanied with the tendency of less severe aortic calcification.
Is Subungual Melanoma Related to Trauma?
Authors: Möhrle M. , Häfner H.M.
Published: April 2003

Subungual melanomas represent approximately 20% in dark-skinned and oriental populations compared to about 2% of cutaneous melanomas in white populations. UV exposure seems to be an important risk factor for cutaneous melanoma. However, UV radiation is unlikely to penetrate the nail plate. Another pathogenetic factor of subungual melanoma will be discussed. 406 subungual melanomas of the hands (n = 240) and feet (n = 166) of 74 patients from the melanoma registry of the Department of Dermatology, University of Tübingen, and of 332 patients from the literature were evaluated. The hypothesis of a uniform distribution of the occurrence of subungual melanoma on the fingers and toes had to be rejected (p < 0.001 using the χ2;4,0.95 test).There was a considerable predominance of subungual melanoma localized on the thumb (58% of all fingers) and the hallux (86% of all toes). Many patients report direct trauma related to the onset of subungual melanoma. This might be explained by coincidence, increased attention to a dark area under the nail, traumatic bleeding of a subclinical subungual melanoma or mutation of melanocytes during trauma-induced proliferation. Squamous cell carcinoma is known to occur in sites of chronic trauma. Trauma could be an etiologic factor in subungual melanoma as well.
Allergic Contact Dermatitis from Cosmetics
Authors: Kohl L. , Blondeel A. , Song M.
Published: April 2003

Background: Cosmetics have been used since the oldest known civilisations, and nowadays almost everybody resorts to beauty products. Objective: Considering the increasing incidence of contact dermatitis, the aim of the study is to determine the impact of allergy to cosmetics. Methods: From January 1998 to December 1999, 819 patients were subjected to epicutaneous tests for suspicion of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The results were analysed retrospectively in the total population and in that of children under 16: the interest has been focused on cosmetics. Results: 297 patients (36.3%) with ACD to 1 or more cosmetic ingredients have been detected. 34 (48.6%) out of 70 children patch tested showed an ACD: cosmetics represented the first cause. Conclusion: For two decades, the incidence of ACD has been rising; two main reasons can be put forward: a rising product consumption and a more exhaustive allergen research in patch testing.
Bowen’s Disease of the Nail
Authors: Ongenae Katia , van de Kerckhove Marianne , Naeyaert Jean-Marie
Published: April 2003

We present a case of Bowen’s disease of the nail bed in a 60-year-old male. This case should remind us to biopsy any chronic lesion of the nail in order to reduce the delay in diagnosis. Indeed Bowen’s disease of the nail unit often presents as a clinically misleading ‘benign’ lesion. Early diagnosis is important as this precancerous lesion appears to have a more aggressive behavior when it affects the nail unit. Bowen’s disease of the nail is therefore considered as a squamous cell carcinoma, and both entities are grouped under the term ‘epidermoid carcinoma’. Surgical excision is the first treatment option for those tumors without bone involvement. Our patient was treated with Mohs’ micrographic surgery which is considered the ideal surgical treatment as it ensures a complete eradication of the tumor in over 90% of the cases but also maximally preserves normal tissue and function. This case illustrates the challenge of Mohs’ surgery on the nail unit due to its particular anatomy and histology.
Kupffer Cell Targeting by Intraportal Injection of the HVJ Cationic Liposome
Authors: Yoshida M. , Yamamoto N. , Uehara T. , Terao R. , Nitta T. , Harada N. , Hatano E. , Iimuro Y. , Yamaoka Y.
Published: April 2003

The aim of this study was to target Kupffer cells (KCs) selectively and efficiently by the intraportal injection of fusigenic cationic liposomes with hemagglutinating virus of Japan components (HVJ cationic liposomes). Phosphorothioate FITC-oligodeoxynucleotides (FITC-ODNs) encapsulated in either HVJ cationic liposomes, HVJ anionic liposomes or conventional cationic liposomes without HVJ were transferred to the rat. FITC-ODNs in HVJ cationic liposomes administered via portal vein were selectively transfected to KCs for up to 24 h with no apparent cytotoxicity at higher transfection efficiency than FITC-ODNs in conventional cationic liposomes without HVJ administered via portal vein or tail vein. On the other hand, FITC-ODNs in HVJ anionic liposomes were observed mainly in hepatocytes, not KCs. This new method will be useful for the modulation of KCs activity in both basic research and clinical applications.
Telemetric Small Intestinal Motility Recording in Awake Rats
Authors: Meile T. , Zittel T.T.
Published: April 2003

Introduction: Ideally, gastrointestinal motility recording should be done in freely moving, stress-free animals. However, no such method is currently available for rats. Methods: Two NiCr electrodes were sutured to the jejunum and connected to an implantable electromyographic (EMG) transmitter in rats. EMG signals were radio-transmitted to a receiver placed at the bottom of the rats’ home cages. Results: Fasting and postprandial jejunal EMG signals could be detected by telemetry. Phase III contractions of the MMC were easy to identify visually and occurred at a rate of about 4.8 per hour. Feeding disrupted the phasic contraction pattern 15 min after the start of food intake and lasted for 2 h. The motility index (MI, area under the curve) was calculated and increased postprandially. Conclusion: Telemetric transmission of rat gastrointestinal EMG signals is feasible and results are comparable to those given in the literature.
Geburtshilfliche Sonographie
Authors: Strauss Alexander , Müller-Egloff Susanne , Heer Ivo Markus
Published: April 2003

Hintergrund: Wie jede diagnostische Fortentwicklung in der Medizin weckte auch die Einführung der hochauflösenden geburtshilflichen Sonographie rasch positive Erwartungen. Derart rascher Fortschritt beschwört allerdings besonders in der Geburtshilfe auch eine Anspruchshaltung herauf. Fragestellung: Es stellt sich die Frage, ob und in welcher Weise die geburtshilfliche Sonographie Einfluss auf den Schwangerschaftsausgang von Mutter und/oder Kind hat, und wie ein effektives Ultraschallüberwachungskonzept beschaffen sein sollte. Material und Methodik: Die zum Teil uneinheitliche internationale Datenlage soll zu den massgeblichen Fragen der sonographischen Pränataldiagnostik analysiert werden. Ergebnisse und Schlussfolgerung: Der Nutzen vorgeburtlichen Ultraschalls in der Schwangerschaftsüberwachung lässt sich unter Berücksichtigung der medizinischen aber auch der ökonomischen Argumente eindeutig belegen. Die Auswirkungen von gesetzlichen Regularien und/oder von Empfehlungen einzelner Fachgesellschaften lassen den forensischen Hintergrund, vor dem vorgeburtliche Diagnostik heutzutage erfolgt, deutlich werden.
Variability of Leptin Values Measured from Different Sample Matrices
Authors: Gröschl Michael , Wagner Roland , Dörr Helmut G. , Blum Werner , Rascher Wolfgang , Dötsch Jörg
Published: April 2003

Leptin concentrations are usually determined in serum or EDTA-treated plasma. Our aim was to evaluate the precision and accuracy of leptin measurement from serum and various kinds of plasma. Blood samples were collected from healthy volunteers and divided into aliquots of serum and plasma with administration of K2-EDTA, citrate, fluoride and lithium-heparinate, respectively. Leptin concentrations were measured by a specific radioimmunoassay. There were clear differences between the leptin values from the different matrices. The coefficient of variation (CV) was highest in serum samples (CV: 11.9 %) and very low in K2-EDTA-treated plasma samples (CV: 5.3%). Leptin measurements from serum yielded significantly lower results than the respective K2-EDTA-treated plasma samples (p < 0.05). The measurement in Li-heparinate-treated plasma revealed similar results to that in K2-EDTA-treated plasma. The lowest CV was determined in fluoride-treated plasma (5.2%). A higher CV was determined in citrate-treated plasma (5.8%) and the values were about 25% lower than in the respective K2-EDTA-treated plasma samples (p < 0.0001). Lower leptin measurements in citrate-treated plasma may partially, but not in total, be a consequence of dilution by anticoagulating additives. Because of the low CV K2-EDTA- and Li-heparinate-treated plasma samples appear most reliable for the measurement of leptin. The usage of these sample matrices is therefore recommended.
Advanced Imaging of the Macrostructure and Microstructure of Bone
Authors: Genant Harry K. , Gordon Christopher , Jiang Yebin , Link Thomas M. , Hans Didier , Majumdar Sharmila , Lang Thomas F.
Published: April 2003

Noninvasive and/or nondestructive techniques are capable of providing more macro- or microstructural information about bone than standard bone densitometry. Although the latter provides important information about osteoporotic fracture risk, numerous studies indicate that bone strength is only partially explained by bone mineral density. Quantitative assessment of macro- and microstructural features may improve our ability to estimate bone strength. The methods available for quantitatively assessing macrostructure include (besides conventional radiographs) quantitative computed tomography (QCT) and volumetric quantitative computed tomography (vQCT). Methods for assessing microstructure of trabecular bone noninvasively and/or nondestructively include high-resolution computed tomography (hrCT), micro-computed tomography (µCT), high-resolution magnetic resonance (hrMR), and micromagnetic resonance (µMR). vQCT, hrCT and hrMR are generally applicable in vivo; µCT and µMR are principally applicable in vitro. Although considerable progress has been made in the noninvasive and/or nondestructive imaging of the macro- and microstructure of bone, considerable challenges and dilemmas remain. From a technical perspective, the balance between spatial resolution versus sampling size, or between signal-to-noise versus radiation dose or acquisition time, needs further consideration, as do the trade-offs between the complexity and expense of equipment and the availability and accessibility of the methods. The relative merits of in vitro imaging and its ultrahigh resolution but invasiveness versus those of in vivo imaging and its modest resolution but noninvasiveness also deserve careful attention. From a clinical perspective, the challenges for bone imaging include balancing the relative advantages of simple bone densitometry against the more complex architectural features of bone or, similarly, the deeper research requirements against the broader clinical needs. The considerable potential biological differences between the peripheral appendicular skeleton and the central axial skeleton have to be addressed further. Finally, the relative merits of these sophisticated imaging techniques have to be weighed with respect to their applications as diagnostic procedures requiring high accuracy or reliability on one hand and their monitoring applications requiring high precision or reproducibility on the other.
Growth Hormone and Osteoporosis: An Overview of Endocrinological and Pharmacological Insights from the Utah Paradigm of Skeletal Physiology
Authors: Frost Harold M.
Published: April 2003

Multidisciplinary advances in skeletal physiology offer a new paradigm for the effects of growth hormone (GH) and other agents on bone and osteoporosis. The still-evolving Utah paradigm of skeletal physiology supplements earlier ideas with later discovered roles of the skeleton’s tissue-level ‘nephron equivalents’ and muscle strength in skeletal development, physiology and disorders. This article summarizes how these factors could influence the effects of GH on bone strength and bone ‘mass’, and the use of GH in the treatment of osteoporoses. Although the cellular and molecular biological mechanisms involved remain obscure, the associated cascades of cellular, genetic and biochemical processes and molecules should offer many opportunities to find or design agents that have medically useful effects on bone and muscle without giving rise to unwanted side-effects.