bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An empirical study on Chinese adolescents’ web search behavior
Authors: Wu Dan , Cai Weiping
Published: April 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explore the web search behavior of adolescents from a Chinese secondary school and the factors affecting this behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

– A controlled experiment was conducted to collect data on adolescents’ background and their web search behavior. A total of 48 students were asked to perform three different search tasks on the internet within a limited time, and were then interviewed by researchers.

Findings

– The results revealed three characteristics of Chinese adolescents’ main behavior during the search process: mental set during the search process, poor information search skills, and poor ability to process the search results. In addition, this research found that cognitive style had only minor influence on students’ use of embedded links. However, grade and task type had a significant impact on their search performance and behavior. In general, high school students performed better than middle school students, and adolescents acted differently when completing different tasks.

Originality/value

– This research sheds light on Chinese middle and high school students’ search behavior on the web. It also investigates how cognitive style, grade, and task type influence students’ online search behavior.
Mapping the everyday life information needs of Catholic clergy
Authors: Dankasa Jacob
Published: April 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to describe the pattern of everyday life information needs of a group of people in an area with limited access to information, and to investigate how the major dimensions of the everyday life information seeking (ELIS) model apply to information needs in the contexts of the Catholic clergy.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study applied the concurrent triangulation strategy of mixed-methods research. Data from 15 episodic interviews and surveys of 109 Catholic clergy in Northern Nigeria were collected and analyzed.

Findings

– A map of the everyday life information needs was developed. Three types of everyday life information needs were identified: essential needs; circumstantial needs; and occasional needs. The information needs of these clergy did not fit into the two major dimensions of Savolainen’s ELIS model.

Research limitations/implications

– The study was conducted only with Catholic clergy serving in the Northern Catholic dioceses of Nigeria.

Originality/value

– Although the ELIS model has been applied in several studies, not much attention has been given to comparing how the major dimensions of the model apply to information needs of a group of people in a variety of contexts. This study contributes to the ELIS model by pointing to other contextual situations where seeking orienting and practical information may not be sufficient to account for the everyday life information needs of some types of users.
Transgenic cotton expressing CYP392A4 double‐stranded RNA decreases the reproductive ability of Tetranychus cinnabarinus
Authors: Shen Guang‐Mao , Song Chang‐Gui , Ao Yi‐Qian‐Yun , Xiao Yue‐Hua , Zhang Yong‐Jun , Pan Yu , He Lin
Published: April 2016

As a polyphagous pest, Tetranychus cinnabarinus has the ability to overcome the defense of various hosts, and causes severe losses to various economically important crops. Since the interaction between pest and host plants is a valuable clue to investigate potential ways for pest management, we intend to identify the key genes of T. cinnabarinus for its adaption on cotton, then, with RNA interference (RNAi) and transgenic technology, construct a transgenic cotton strain to interfere with this process, and evaluate the effect of this method on the management of the mites. The difference of gene expression of T. cinnabarinus was analyzed when it was transferred to a new host (from cowpea to cotton) through high‐throughput sequencing, and a number of differentially expressed genes involved in detoxification, digestion and specific processes during the development were classified. From them, a P450 gene CYP392A4 with high abundance and prominent over‐expression on the cotton was selected as a candidate. With transgenic technology, cotton plants expressing double‐stranded RNA of CYP392A4 were constructed. Feeding experiments showed that it can decrease the expression of the target gene, result in the reduction of reproductive ability of the mites, and the population of T. cinnabarinus showed an apparent fitness cost on the transgenic cotton. These results provide a new approach to restrict the development of mite population on the host. It is also a useful attempt to control piercing sucking pests through RNAi and transgenic technology.
How to limit false positives in environmental DNA and metabarcoding?
Authors: Ficetola Gentile Francesco , Taberlet Pierre , Coissac Eric
Published: April 2016

Environmental DNA (eDNA) and metabarcoding are boosting our ability to acquire data on species distribution in a variety of ecosystems. Nevertheless, as most of sampling approaches, eDNA is not perfect. It can fail to detect species that are actually present, and even false positives are possible: a species may be apparently detected in areas where it is actually absent. Controlling false positives remains a main challenge for eDNA analyses: in this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Lahoz‐Monfort et al. () test the performance of multiple statistical modelling approaches to estimate the rate of detection and false positives from eDNA data. Here, we discuss the importance of controlling for false detection from early steps of eDNA analyses (laboratory, bioinformatics), to improve the quality of results and allow an efficient use of the site occupancy‐detection modelling (SODM) framework for limiting false presences in eDNA analysis.
Efficacy and safety of articaine versus lidocaine for irreversible pulpitis treatment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Su Naichuan , Li Chunjie , Wang Hang , Shen Jiefei , Liu Wenjia , Kou Liang
Published: April 2016

The aim was to assess the efficacy and safety of articaine compared with lidocaine for irreversible pulpitis (IP) treatment. Databases were explored electronically and relevant journals as well as the references of the included studies were hand‐searched for randomised clinical trials comparing the efficacy and safety of articaine with lidocaine in treatment of IP. Twenty studies were included, of which eight had low risk of bias, 10 had moderate risk of bias and two had high risk of bias. In comparison with 2% lidocaine with 1:100 000 epinephrine, 4% articaine with 1:100 000 epinephrine showed a higher success rate in anaesthesia of IP at either person (risk ratio (RR) 1.15; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.10 1.20; P < 0.00001) or tooth unit (RR 1.10; 95% CI 1.10 1.19, P < 0.00001), lower VAS scores during injection phase (mean difference (MD) −0.67; 95% CI −1.26 −0.08, P = 0.02) and treatment phase (MD −3.35; 95% CI −3.78 −2.91, P < 0.00001), shorter onset time of pulpal anaesthesia (MD −0.94; 95% CI −1.13 −0.74, P < 0.00001) and lower percentage of patients undergoing adverse events (RR 0.17; 95% CI 0.03 0.92, P = 0.04). Given the efficacy and safety of the two solutions, 4% articaine with 1:100 000 epinephrine was superior to 2% lidocaine with 1:100 000 epinephrine in dental treatments in IP.
Equine Veterinary Journal's antimicrobial stewardship policy
Authors: Jago R. C. , Corletto F. , Wright I. M.
Published: April 2016

See correspondence by Hughes and article by Jago et al.
Size at maturity for grooved Tanner crab (Chionoecetes tanneri) along the U.S. west coast (Washington to California)
Authors: Keller Aimee A. , Buchanan John C. , Steiner Erin , Draper Doug , Chappell Aaron , Frey Peter , Head Melissa A.
Published: April 2016

We conducted a multiyear study to examine interannual variability in the mean size (carapace width, mm), maturity size (mm) and depth (m) for grooved Tanner crab (Chionoecetes tanneri (Rathbun, 1893)) along the U.S. west coast. An additional goal was to provide updated estimates of carapace width (mm) at 50% maturity (W50) for male and female grooved Tanner crab and assess changes over time. Randomly selected samples came from trawl surveys undertaken annually by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center at depths of 55 to 1280 m. We used allometric relationships between carapace width (CW) and either abdominal width (AW) (females) or chela length (CL) (males) to determine functional maturity by sex. We evaluated maturity by fitting logistic regression models to proportion mature grooved Tanner crab. W50 varied significantly between males (125.2 mm) and females (89.1 mm) but interannual differences were slight. The annual mean CW were greater for mature males (139.9–143.4 mm) relative to females (98.8–100.4 mm). The average sizes of immature grooved Tanner crab varied between sexes with males (75.7–84.6 mm) larger than females (66.7–71.9 mm). Size frequency distributions indicated little overlap in the size of mature male and female grooved Tanner crab but considerable overlap between immature grooved Tanner crab. The best model expressing complexity in growth incorporated width, sex and maturity stage. Depth ranged from 195–1254 m with the average depth of a mature grooved Tanner crab (females, 737 m; males, 767 m) significantly shallower than an immature (females, 949 m; males, 918 m) grooved Tanner crab.
Voluntary wheel running reduces voluntary consumption of ethanol in mice: identification of candidate genes through striatal gene expression profiling
Authors: Darlington T. M. , McCarthy R. D. , Cox R. J. , Miyamoto‐Ditmon J. , Gallego X. , Ehringer M. A.
Published: April 2016

Hedonic substitution, where wheel running reduces voluntary ethanol consumption, has been observed in prior studies. Here, we replicate and expand on previous work showing that mice decrease voluntary ethanol consumption and preference when given access to a running wheel. While earlier work has been limited mainly to behavioral studies, here we assess the underlying molecular mechanisms that may account for this interaction. From four groups of female C57BL/6J mice (control, access to two‐bottle choice ethanol, access to a running wheel, and access to both two‐bottle choice ethanol and a running wheel), mRNA‐sequencing of the striatum identified differential gene expression. Many genes in ethanol preference quantitative trait loci were differentially expressed due to running. Furthermore, we conducted Weighted Gene Co‐expression Network Analysis and identified gene networks corresponding to each effect behavioral group. Candidate genes for mediating the behavioral interaction between ethanol consumption and wheel running include multiple potassium channel genes, Oprm1, Prkcg, Stxbp1, Crhr1, Gabra3, Slc6a13, Stx1b, Pomc, Rassf5 and Camta2. After observing an overlap of many genes and functional groups previously identified in studies of initial sensitivity to ethanol, we hypothesized that wheel running may induce a change in sensitivity, thereby affecting ethanol consumption. A behavioral study examining Loss of Righting Reflex to ethanol following exercise trended toward supporting this hypothesis. These data provide a rich resource for future studies that may better characterize the observed transcriptional changes in gene networks in response to ethanol consumption and wheel running.
Algorithm for the treatment of status epilepticus: an Australian perspective
Authors: Jones C. L. , Koios J.
Published: April 2016

Convulsive status epilepticus (SE) is a medical emergency where successful treatment is associated with timely intervention and the use of a protocol has been recommended to provide the highest quality of care. Despite this, there is no nationally available protocol for the treatment of SE in adults in Australia. Treatment is therefore variable and often based on international guidelines or familiarity with certain medications. We have developed an Australian‐based algorithm for the treatment of SE, focusing on simplifying management while delivering the safest possible care. We believe this algorithm is suitable for all health practitioners, regardless of training or experience.
Australasian Society of Infectious Diseases updated guidelines for the management of Clostridium difficile infection in adults and children in Australia and New Zealand
Authors: Trubiano J. A. , Cheng A. C. , Korman T. M. , Roder C. , Campbell A. , May M. L. A. , Blyth C. C. , Ferguson J. K. , Blackmore T. K. , Riley T. V. , Athan E.
Published: April 2016

The incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) continues to rise, whilst treatment remains problematic due to recurrent, refractory and potentially severe nature of disease. The treatment of C. difficile is a challenge for community and hospital‐based clinicians. With the advent of an expanding therapeutic arsenal against C. difficile since the last published Australasian guidelines, an update on CDI treatment recommendations for Australasian clinicians was required. On behalf of the Australasian Society of Infectious Diseases, we present the updated guidelines for the management of CDI in adults and children.
Anabolic androgenic steroids, an easily forgotten cause of polycythaemia and cerebral infarction
Authors: Low M. S. Y. , Vilcassim S. , Fedele P. , Grigoriadis G.
Published: April 2016

Excessive anabolic androgenic steroids (both exogenous and endogenous) are known causes of polycythaemia and ischaemic cardiovascular events. Despite this, they are commonly forgotten in the workup of patients. We report a case of exogenous anabolic androgenic steroid‐induced polycythaemia and stroke and explore possible pitfalls for clinicians.
Great Expectations: The Past, Present and Future of Prediction
Authors: Southorn Graham
Published: April 2016

From ancient oracles to statistical models, Graham Southorn gets to grips with forecasting methods, how they have evolved, and what the future might hold
Statistics, Civil Rights and The US Supreme Court: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Kiefer Daniel , Sacks Jerome , Ylvisaker Donald
Published: April 2016

A sidelining of statistical evidence in civil rights cases has been 30 years in the making. By Daniel Kiefer, Jerome Sacks and Donald Ylvisaker
What are the Chances of War?
Authors: Cirillo Pasquale , Taleb Nassim Nicholas
Published: April 2016

Pasquale Cirillo and Nassim Nicholas Taleb respond to December's “Ask a Statistician” column, explaining more about their work to understand the risk of violent conflicts
Seizures in the paediatric emergency department
Authors: Lawton Ben , Deuble Natalie
Published: April 2016

Seizures are a common presentation to emergency departments. Early intervention improves treatment response. Use of consensus guidelines is highly recommended to decrease drug side effects and reduce intensive care requirements. Benzodiazepines remain the mainstay of first‐line treatment. Choice of drugs for second‐line treatment is expanding and some important studies are currently underway to determine which of these agents has the best safety and effectiveness profile in children.
There are Non‐Causal Explanations of Particular Events
Authors: Pexton Mark
Published: April 2016

A defence of non‐causal explanations of events is presented in cases where explanation is understood as modal explanation. In such cases the source of modal information is crucial. All explanations implicitly use contrast classes, and relative to a particular contrast we can privilege some difference makers over others. Thinking about changes in these privileged “actual” difference makers is then the source of modal information for any given explanandum. If an actual difference maker is non‐causal, then we have a principled definition of a non‐causal explanation of an event regardless of how much causal information is also contained in the explanans. A demarcation of explanation into causal and non‐causal in this way recovers ordinary language about explanation as well as reflecting genuine differences in practice, such as the in‐principle evidential base for any modal claim.
Pseudoacromegaly in congenital generalised lipodystrophy (Berardinelli-Seip syndrome)
Authors: Chakraborty Partha Pratim , Datta Saumik , Mukhopadhyay Satinath , Chowdhury Subhankar
Published: April 2016

Pseudoacromegaly, or acromegaloidism, is characterised by a clinical appearance mimicking acromegaly in the absence of documented hypersomatotropism or past exposure to excess growth hormone. It can develop secondary to a number of congenital and acquired conditions of which severe insulin resistance is an important example. Lipodystrophy syndromes are a group of rare disorders of which autosomal recessive congenital generalised lipodystrophy is the most common type. Patients with this disorder are predisposed to insulin resistance and its associated complications such as diabetes mellitus, hypertriglyceridaemia, fatty liver, polycystic ovaries and acanthosis nigricans. Elevated circulating insulin levels in these patients rarely can give rise to soft tissue and bony overgrowth, with resultant acromegaloidism. We report an adolescent girl presenting with unusual prominence of her hands and feet; a thorough evaluation ultimately revealed a diagnosis of congenital generalised lipodystrophy.
Two-stage endoscopic repair of congenital diaphragmatic hernia
Authors: Hiradfar Mehran , Shojaeian Reza , Gharavi Fard Mohamad
Published: April 2016

Minimally invasive surgery (MIS) in congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) repair has recently been gaining popularity and is the first choice in most departments. Loss of space in an undeveloped abdomen may cause serious problems such as difficult visceral reduction and need for conversion or postoperative complications such as abdominal compartment syndrome. A 4-month-old boy with delayed diagnosis of CDH underwent MIS repair via thoracoscopy, but the abdominal space was not large enough to accept the herniated viscera so a wide transverse fasciotomy was performed via laparoscopy and an iatrogenic ventral hernia induced. The abdomen was distended by pneumoperitoneum, which was retained for 2 days. Finally thoracoscopic CDH repair was completed successfully and the diaphragmatic defect reconstructed by prosthetic patch. Laparoscopic transverse abdominal fasciotomy is suggested as the first step in MIS repair of CDH in an undeveloped abdomen.
Spontaneous extrusion of staghorn renal calculus with nephrocutaneous fistula in a child
Authors: Purkait Bimalesh , Sinha Rahul Janak , Bansal Ankur , Singh Vishwajeet
Published: April 2016

Renal stone disease may present as nephrocutaneous fistula. Spontaneous extrusion of renal stone with nephrocutaneous fistula is rare. Most of the cases have been reported in adults. We present a case of nephrocutaneous fistula with spontaneous extrusion of staghorn renal calculus in a paediatric patient.
Oesophageal rupture masquerading as STEMI
Authors: Skaug Brian , Taylor Kenneth R , Chandrasekaran Somya
Published: April 2016

A 67-year-old man presented to the emergency department, with acute onset of chest pain. Based on ECG changes suggestive of ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), he was taken emergently to the cardiac catheterisation laboratory for coronary angiography. There he was found to have only non-obstructive coronary disease. Subsequent physical examination and review of his chest radiograph revealed subcutaneous emphysema, and CT scan revealed a distal oesophageal rupture and pneumomediastinum. After stabilisation in the intensive care unit (ICU), he was taken to the operating room for thoracotomy, chest tube placement and stenting of his oesophagus. He survived the incident and, after several weeks of ICU stay, recovered to a large extent. His case highlights the importance of considering oesophageal rupture in the differential diagnosis for acute onset of chest pain.
Characterization of rhizosphere and endophytic fungal communities from roots ofStipa purpureain alpine steppe around Qinghai Lake
Authors: Lu Dengxue , Jin Hui , Yang Xiaoyan , Zhang Denghong , Yan Zhiqiang , Li Xiuzhuang , Zhao Yuhui , Han Rongbing , Qin Bo
Published: April 2016

Stipa purpurea is among constructive endemic species in the alpine steppe on the Qinghai–Xizang Plateau. To reveal the fungal community structure and diversity in the rhizosphere and roots of this important grass and to analyze the potential influence of different habitats on the structure of fungal communities, we explored the root endophyte and the directly associated rhizosphere communities of S. purpurea by using internal transcribed spacer rRNA cloning and sequencing methods. We found that the roots of S. purpurea are associated with a diverse consortium of Basidiomycota (59.8%) and Ascomycota (38.5%). Most fungi obtained from rhizosphere soil in S. purpurea have been identified as Ascomycetes, while the high proportion detected in roots were basidiomycetous endophytes. The species richness, diversity, and evenness of fungal assemblages were higher in roots than in the rhizosphere soil. Fungi inhabiting the rhizosphere and roots of S. purpurea are significantly different, and the rhizosphere and endophyte communities are largely independent with little overlap in the dominant phyla or operational taxonomic units. Taken together, these results suggested that a wide variety of fungal communities are associated with the roots and rhizosphere soil of S. purpurea and that the fungal assemblages are strongly influenced by different habitats.
Perceptions of bushfire risk mitigation and biodiversity conservation: a systematic review of fifteen years of research
Authors: Moskwa E.C. , Ahonen I. , Santala V. , Weber D. , Robinson G.M. , Bardsley D.K.
Published: April 2016

Bushfire management systems can potentially undermine conservation policy if people do not value biodiversity conservation or understand what constitutes effective fire management. Our objective for this study was to review recent social research that explores public and practitioner perceptions of risk mitigation and biodiversity values in relation to bushfire management. To do this we undertook a systematic review of bushfire management literature published over a 15-year period from the year 2000 to 2014 to evaluate the current state of knowledge addressing public and practitioner perceptions of the relationship between bushfire risk and biodiversity conservation within a fire management context. A total of 39 articles addressed this issue, suggesting a disconnect between research into perceptions of bushfire risk mitigation and perceptions of biodiversity conservation. An integrated research approach that addresses the social component of the impact of risk mitigation policy and biodiversity conservation strategies is needed.
An EEG-Based Fatigue Detection and Mitigation System
Authors: Huang Kuan-Chih , Huang Teng-Yi , Chuang Chun-Hsiang , King Jung-Tai , Wang Yu-Kai , Lin Chin-Teng , Jung Tzyy-Ping
Published: April 2016

Research has indicated that fatigue is a critical factor in cognitive lapses because it negatively affects an individual’s internal state, which is then manifested physiologically. This study explores neurophysiological changes, measured by electroencephalogram (EEG), due to fatigue. This study further demonstrates the feasibility of an online closed-loop EEG-based fatigue detection and mitigation system that detects physiological change and can thereby prevent fatigue-related cognitive lapses. More importantly, this work compares the efficacy of fatigue detection and mitigation between the EEG-based and a nonEEG-based random method. Twelve healthy subjects participated in a sustained-attention driving experiment. Each participant’s EEG signal was monitored continuously and a warning was delivered in real-time to participants once the EEG signature of fatigue was detected. Study results indicate suppression of the alpha- and theta-power of an occipital component and improved behavioral performance following a warning signal; these findings are in line with those in previous studies. However, study results also showed reduced warning efficacy (i.e. increased response times (RTs) to lane deviations) accompanied by increased alpha-power due to the fluctuation of warnings over time. Furthermore, a comparison of EEG-based and nonEEG-based random approaches clearly demonstrated the necessity of adaptive fatigue-mitigation systems, based on a subject’s cognitive level, to deliver warnings. Analytical results clearly demonstrate and validate the efficacy of this online closed-loop EEG-based fatigue detection and mitigation mechanism to identify cognitive lapses that may lead to catastrophic incidents in countless operational environments.
Nonautonomous solitons in terms of the double Wronskian determinant for a variable-coefficient Gross–Pitaevskii equation in the Bose–Einstein condensate
Authors: Su Chuan-Qi , Gao Yi-Tian , Wang Qi-Min , Yang Jin-Wei , Zuo Da-Wei
Published: April 2016

Under investigation in this paper is a variable-coefficient Gross–Pitaevskii equation which describes the Bose–Einstein condensate. Lax pair, bilinear forms and bilinear Bäcklund transformation for the equation under some integrable conditions are derived. Based on the Lax pair and bilinear forms, double Wronskian solutions are constructed and verified. The [Formula: see text]th-order nonautonomous solitons in terms of the double Wronskian determinant are given. Propagation and interaction for the first- and second-order nonautonomous solitons are discussed from three cases. Amplitudes of the first- and second-order nonautonomous solitons are affected by a real parameter related to the variable coefficients, but independent of the gain-or-loss coefficient [Formula: see text] and linear external potential coefficient [Formula: see text]. For Case 1 [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] leads to the accelerated propagation of nonautonomous solitons. Parabolic-, cubic-, exponential- and cosine-type nonautonomous solitons are exhibited due to the different choices of [Formula: see text]. For Case 2 [Formula: see text], if the real part of the spectral parameter equals 0, stationary soliton can be formed. If we take the harmonic external potential coefficient [Formula: see text] as a positive constant and let the real parts of the two spectral parameters be the same, bound-state-like structures can be formed, but there are only one attractive and two repulsive procedures. For Case 3 [[Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are taken as nonzero constants], head-on interaction, overtaking interaction and bound-state structure can be formed based on the signs of the two spectral parameters.
Multiparty semiquantum secret sharing based on rearranging orders of qubits
Authors: Gao Gan , Wang Yue , Wang Dong
Published: April 2016

Based on the assumption of a perfect qubit, Boyer et al. proposed a novel semiquantum key distribution protocol [Phys. Rev. Lett. 99 (2007) 140501], in which quantum Alice shares a secret key with classical Bob. In this paper, we use Bell states to propose a multiparty semiquantum secret sharing (MSQSS) protocol, in which only the boss is quantum and all agents are classical. Classical agents are restricted to performing measurements in a computational basis and rearranging orders of qubits. Unless all classical agents collaborate, no subset of them can obtain the secret of the quantum boss. Also, we show that this proposed protocol is secure against eavesdropping.
Phase-space analysis for ionization processes in the laser–atom interaction using Gabor transformation
Authors: Shu X. F. , Liu S. B. , Song H. Y.
Published: April 2016

In this paper, the ionization processes during laser–atom interaction are investigated in phase-space using Gabor transformation. Based on the time-dependent Schrödinger equation (TDSE), the depletion of the whole system caused by the mask function is taken into consideration in calculating the plasma density. We obtain the momentum distribution via the Gabor transformation of the escaping portions of the time-dependent wave packet at the detector-like points on the interior boundaries from which the kinetic energies carried by the escaping portions are calculated.
Polarization of extragalactic radio sources: CMB foregrounds and telescope calibration issues
Authors: Massardi Marcella , Galluzzi Vincenzo , Paladino Rosita , Burigana Carlo
Published: April 2016

Radio source observations play important roles in polarimetric cosmological studies. On the one hand, they constitute the main foregrounds for cosmic microwave background (CMB) radiation on scales smaller than 30 arcmin up to 100 GHz, on the other they can be used as targets for validation of products of polarimetric experiments dedicated to cosmology. Furthermore, extragalactic high-redshift sources have been used for cosmic polarization rotation (CPR) investigation. In this paper, we will discuss the support to cosmological studies from ground-based polarimetric observations in the radio and millimetric wavelength bands. Most of the limits to accuracy improvements arise from systematic effects and low calibration quality. We will discuss some details of interferometric calibration procedures and show some of the perspectives that the Atacama large millimeter array (ALMA) could offer for CPR studies.
Quantum spectral dimension in quantum field theory
Authors: Calcagni Gianluca , Modesto Leonardo , Nardelli Giuseppe
Published: April 2016

We reinterpret the spectral dimension of spacetimes as the scaling of an effective self-energy transition amplitude in quantum field theory (QFT), when the system is probed at a given resolution. This picture has four main advantages: (a) it dispenses with the usual interpretation (unsatisfactory in covariant approaches) where, instead of a transition amplitude, one has a probability density solving a nonrelativistic diffusion equation in an abstract diffusion time; (b) it solves the problem of negative probabilities known for higher-order and nonlocal dispersion relations in classical and quantum gravity; (c) it clarifies the concept of quantum spectral dimension as opposed to the classical one. We then consider a class of logarithmic dispersion relations associated with quantum particles and show that the spectral dimension [Formula: see text] of spacetime as felt by these quantum probes can deviate from its classical value, equal to the topological dimension [Formula: see text]. In particular, in the presence of higher momentum powers it changes with the scale, dropping from [Formula: see text] in the infrared (IR) to a value [Formula: see text] in the ultraviolet (UV). We apply this general result to Stelle theory of renormalizable gravity, which attains the universal value [Formula: see text] for any dimension [Formula: see text].
Extended phase space and thermodynamic geometry of topological Born–Infeld-dilaton black holes
Authors: Sheykhi A. , Hajkhalili S.
Published: April 2016

We consider an [Formula: see text]-dimensional topological black holes of Einstein-dilaton gravity in the presence of Born–Infeld nonlinear electrodynamics. We investigate the thermal stability in the grand canonical ensemble and show that depending on the values of the parameters, these types of black holes can experience an instable phase and with changing of the metric parameters, the stability can be influenced. Also, we study the phase transition of these black holes via thermodynamic geometry approach and show that two types of phase transition can be occurred. Finally, we extend thermodynamical space by considering dilaton field as an extensive thermodynamic parameter and check the phase transition points.
Geoparsing and Geosemantics for Social Media
Authors: Middleton Stuart E. , Krivcovs Vadims
Published: April 2016

In recent years, there has been a growing trend to use publicly available social media sources within the field of journalism. Breaking news has tight reporting deadlines, measured in minutes not days, but content must still be checked and rumors verified. As such, journalists are looking at automated content analysis to prefilter large volumes of social media content prior to manual verification. This article describes a real-time social media analytics framework for journalists. We extend our previously published geoparsing approach to improve its scalability and efficiency. We develop and evaluate a novel approach to geosemantic feature extraction, classifying evidence in terms of situatedness, timeliness, confirmation, and validity. Our approach works for new unseen news topics. We report results from four experiments using five Twitter datasets crawled during different English-language news events. One of our datasets is the standard TREC 2012 microblog corpus. Our classification results are promising, with F1 scores varying by class from 0.64 to 0.92 for unseen event types. We lastly report results from two case studies during real-world news stories, showcasing different ways our system can assist journalists filter and cross-check content as they examine the trust and veracity of content and sources.
Misinformation in Online Social Networks
Authors: Zhang Huiling , Alim Md Abdul , Li Xiang , Thai My T. , Nguyen Hien T.
Published: April 2016

Online social networks have become an effective and important social platform for communication, opinions exchange, and information sharing. However, they also make it possible for rapid and wide misinformation diffusion, which may lead to pernicious influences on individuals or society. Hence, it is extremely important and necessary to detect the misinformation propagation by placing monitors.

In this article, we first define a general misinformation-detection problem for the case where the knowledge about misinformation sources is lacking, and show its equivalence to the influence-maximization problem in the reverse graph. Furthermore, considering node vulnerability, we aim to detect the misinformation reaching to a specific user. Therefore, we study a τ-Monitor Placement problem for cases where partial knowledge of misinformation sources is available and prove its #
P
complexity. We formulate a corresponding integer program, tackle exponential constraints, and propose a Minimum Monitor Set Construction (MMSC) algorithm, in which the cut-set
2
has been exploited in the estimation of reachability of node pairs. Moreover, we generalize the problem from a single target to multiple central nodes and propose another algorithm based on a Monte Carlo sampling technique. Extensive experiments on real-world networks show the effectiveness of proposed algorithms with respect to minimizing the number of monitors.
Binding as sets of scopes
Authors: Flatt Matthew
Published: April 2016

Our new macro expander for Racket builds on a novel approach to hygiene. Instead of basing macro expansion on variable renamings that are mediated by expansion history, our new expander tracks binding through a set of scopes that an identifier acquires from both binding forms and macro expansions. The resulting model of macro expansion is simpler and more uniform than one based on renaming, and it is sufficiently compatible with Racket's old expander to be practical.
Is sound gradual typing dead?
Authors: Takikawa Asumu , Feltey Daniel , Greenman Ben , New Max S. , Vitek Jan , Felleisen Matthias
Published: April 2016

Programmers have come to embrace dynamically-typed languages for prototyping and delivering large and complex systems. When it comes to maintaining and evolving these systems, the lack of explicit static typing becomes a bottleneck. In response, researchers have explored the idea of gradually-typed programming languages which allow the incremental addition of type annotations to software written in one of these untyped languages. Some of these new, hybrid languages insert run-time checks at the boundary between typed and untyped code to establish type soundness for the overall system. With sound gradual typing, programmers can rely on the language implementation to provide meaningful error messages when type invariants are violated. While most research on sound gradual typing remains theoretical, the few emerging implementations suffer from performance overheads due to these checks. None of the publications on this topic comes with a comprehensive performance evaluation. Worse, a few report disastrous numbers. In response, this paper proposes a method for evaluating the performance of gradually-typed programming languages. The method hinges on exploring the space of partial conversions from untyped to typed. For each benchmark, the performance of the different versions is reported in a synthetic metric that associates runtime overhead to conversion effort. The paper reports on the results of applying the method to Typed Racket, a mature implementation of sound gradual typing, using a suite of real-world programs of various sizes and complexities. Based on these results the paper concludes that, given the current state of implementation technologies, sound gradual typing faces significant challenges. Conversely, it raises the question of how implementations could reduce the overheads associated with soundness and how tools could be used to steer programmers clear from pathological cases.
A program logic for concurrent objects under fair scheduling
Authors: Liang Hongjin , Feng Xinyu
Published: April 2016

Existing work on verifying concurrent objects is mostly concerned with safety only, e.g., partial correctness or linearizability. Although there has been recent work verifying lock-freedom of non-blocking objects, much less efforts are focused on deadlock-freedom and starvation-freedom, progress properties of blocking objects. These properties are more challenging to verify than lock-freedom because they allow the progress of one thread to depend on the progress of another, assuming fair scheduling. We propose LiLi, a new rely-guarantee style program logic for verifying linearizability and progress together for concurrent objects under fair scheduling. The rely-guarantee style logic unifies thread-modular reasoning about both starvation-freedom and deadlock-freedom in one framework. It also establishes progress-aware abstraction for concurrent objects, which can be applied when verifying safety and liveness of client code. We have successfully applied the logic to verify starvation-freedom or deadlock-freedom of representative algorithms such as ticket locks, queue locks, lock-coupling lists, optimistic lists and lazy lists.
Kleenex: compiling nondeterministic transducers to deterministic streaming transducers
Authors: Grathwohl Bjørn Bugge , Henglein Fritz , Rasmussen Ulrik Terp , Søholm Kristoffer Aalund , Tørholm Sebastian Paaske
Published: April 2016

We present and illustrate Kleenex, a language for expressing general nondeterministic finite transducers, and its novel compilation to streaming string transducers with essentially optimal streaming behavior, worst-case linear-time performance and sustained high throughput. Its underlying theory is based on transducer decomposition into oracle and action machines: the oracle machine performs streaming greedy disambiguation of the input; the action machine performs the output actions. In use cases Kleenex achieves consistently high throughput rates around the 1 Gbps range on stock hardware. It performs well, especially in complex use cases, in comparison to both specialized and related tools such as GNUawk, GNUsed, GNUgrep, RE2, Ragel and regular-expression libraries.
Combining static analysis with probabilistic models to enable market-scale Android inter-component analysis
Authors: Octeau Damien , Jha Somesh , Dering Matthew , McDaniel Patrick , Bartel Alexandre , Li Li , Klein Jacques , Le Traon Yves
Published: April 2016

Static analysis has been successfully used in many areas, from verifying mission-critical software to malware detection. Unfortunately, static analysis often produces false positives, which require significant manual effort to resolve. In this paper, we show how to overlay a probabilistic model, trained using domain knowledge, on top of static analysis results, in order to triage static analysis results. We apply this idea to analyzing mobile applications. Android application components can communicate with each other, both within single applications and between different applications. Unfortunately, techniques to statically infer Inter-Component Communication (ICC) yield many potential inter-component and inter-application links, most of which are false positives. At large scales, scrutinizing all potential links is simply not feasible. We therefore overlay a probabilistic model of ICC on top of static analysis results. Since computing the inter-component links is a prerequisite to inter-component analysis, we introduce a formalism for inferring ICC links based on set constraints. We design an efficient algorithm for performing link resolution. We compute all potential links in a corpus of 11,267 applications in 30 minutes and triage them using our probabilistic approach. We find that over 95.1% of all 636 million potential links are associated with probability values below 0.01 and are thus likely unfeasible links. Thus, it is possible to consider only a small subset of all links without significant loss of information. This work is the first significant step in making static inter-application analysis more tractable, even at large scales.
Principal type inference for GADTs
Authors: Chen Sheng , Erwig Martin
Published: April 2016

We present a new method for GADT type inference that improves the precision of previous approaches. In particular, our approach accepts more type-correct programs than previous approaches when they do not employ type annotations. A side benefit of our approach is that it can detect a wide range of runtime errors that are missed by previous approaches. Our method is based on the idea to represent type refinements in pattern-matching branches by choice types, which facilitate a separation of the typing and reconciliation phases and thus support case expressions. This idea is formalized in a type system, which is both sound and a conservative extension of the classical Hindley-Milner system. We present the results of an empirical evaluation that compares our algorithm with previous approaches.
Predictors of obesity bias among exercise science students
Authors: Langdon Jody , Rukavina Paul , Greenleaf Christy
Published: April 2016

The purpose of the present study was to investigate particular psychosocial predictors of obesity bias in prehealth professionals, which include the internalization of athletic and general body ideals, perceived media pressure and information, and achievement goal orientations. Exercise science undergraduate students ( n = 242) filled out a survey containing questions of demographic characteristics, achievement goals, social-cultural attitudes toward appearance (using Sociocultural Attitudes Towards Appearance Questionnaire-3), and obesity bias measurements (using the antifat attitudes test and fat phobia scale). The results indicated that students were explicitly biased toward overweight and obese individuals, held had high task and ego goals, and had high internalization of an athletic body type ideal, as determined by mean scores being above the median values for each scale. Internalization of the athletic body type predicted obesity bias for fat phobia, weight control blame, and physical/romantic attractiveness. In conclusion, exercise science students may enter programs socialized from society and sport, and, potentially, these psychosocial attitudes and beliefs may have implications to working with future clients, especially for those of the general population and those whose body shape and size are different than themselves.
Analysis of the Driver’s Behavior Characteristics in Low Volume Freeway Interchange
Authors: Wang Ronghua , Hu Jiangbi , Zhang Xiaoqin
Published: April 2016

Drivers’ behavior characteristics cannot be ignored in designing freeway interchange facilities in order to improve traffic safety. This paper conducted a field experiment in Qingyin expressway. Four freeway interchanges from K571+538 to K614+932 with relatively low volume were selected, and 12 qualified drivers, 6 car test drivers and 6 truck test drivers, were driving vehicles according to the driving program. GPS and eye-tracking instrument were employed to record running speed, real-time, running track, fixation point, and so forth. Box-plot graphs and Student’st-test were used to analyze the 12 data sets of driver’s fixation on exit guide signs. Speed-distance curves of effective 11 data sets were plotted to examine the test drivers’ behavior in diverging area and merging area. The results indicated that (1) drivers recognize the exit direction signs in 170 m–180 m advanced distance; (2) the diverging influence area is 1000 m upstream of the diverge point, and the merging influence area is 350 m downstream of the merge point; (3) NO OVERTAKING sign is recommended to be placed at 350 m upstream of the diverge point. The results can provide guidance for the design of freeway interchange facilities and management in order to improve traffic safety.
Monte Carlo Uncertainty Quantification Using Quasi-1D SRM Ballistic Model
Authors: Viganò Davide , Annovazzi Adriano , Maggi Filippo
Published: April 2016

Compactness, reliability, readiness, and construction simplicity of solid rocket motors make them very appealing for commercial launcher missions and embarked systems. Solid propulsion grants high thrust-to-weight ratio, high volumetric specific impulse, and a Technology Readiness Level of 9. However, solid rocket systems are missing any throttling capability at run-time, since pressure-time evolution is defined at the design phase. This lack of mission flexibility makes their missions sensitive to deviations of performance from nominal behavior. For this reason, the reliability of predictions and reproducibility of performances represent a primary goal in this field. This paper presents an analysis of SRM performance uncertainties throughout the implementation of a quasi-1D numerical model of motor internal ballistics based on Shapiro’s equations. The code is coupled with a Monte Carlo algorithm to evaluate statistics and propagation of some peculiar uncertainties from design data to rocker performance parameters. The model has been set for the reproduction of a small-scale rocket motor, discussing a set of parametric investigations on uncertainty propagation across the ballistic model.
Pain Management of Pediatric Musculoskeletal Injury in the Emergency Department: A Systematic Review
Authors: Le May Sylvie , Ali Samina , Khadra Christelle , Drendel Amy L. , Trottier Evelyne D. , Gouin Serge , Poonai Naveen
Published: April 2016

Background. Pain management for children with musculoskeletal injuries is suboptimal and, in the absence of clear evidence-based guidelines, varies significantly.Objective. To systematically review the most effective pain management for children presenting to the emergency department with musculoskeletal injuries.Methods. Electronic databases were searched systematically for randomized controlled trials of pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for children aged 0–18 years, with musculoskeletal injury, in the emergency department. The primary outcome was the risk ratio for successful reduction in pain scores.Results. Of 34 studies reviewed, 8 met inclusion criteria and provided data on 1169 children from 3 to 18 years old. Analgesics used greatly varied, making comparisons difficult. Only two studies compared the same analgesics with similar routes of administration. Two serious adverse events occurred without fatalities. All studies showed similar pain reduction between groups except one study that favoured ibuprofen when compared to acetaminophen.Conclusions. Due to heterogeneity of medications and routes of administration in the articles reviewed, an optimal analgesic cannot be recommended for all pain categories. Larger trials are required for further evaluation of analgesics, especially trials combining a nonopioid with an opioid agent or with a nonpharmacological intervention.