bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Word and Gesture: On Xuan -school Hermeneutics of the Analects
Authors: Ashmore Robert
Published: May 2005

This is an attempt to assemble the fragmentary remains of xuan-school Analects commentary so as to articulate the broad coherence of a xuan-school style of interpretation of that text. A model of "gestural language" is proposed as a way of seeing the overall thrust of interpretive approaches to this text by commentators from Wang Bi in the mid-third century to Huang Kan in the first half of the sixth. This xuan-school approach to reading the Analects is of considerable interest in its own right, reminding us of the centrality of the notions of sagehood and "timeliness" to hermeneutical thought in this period, as well as anticipating some of the insights obtained by modern-day applications of speech-act theory to the interpretation of thetext. What close attention to these relatively neglected sources conveys, moreover, is a sense of the real importance of the Analects, and of the sage Confucius, to much xuan-school thought. Viewing this historical style of interpretation in its conceptual sophistication and broad coherence may thus also serve as a corrective to persistent assumptions about xuan-school thought as essentially "metaphysical" or "Neo-Daoist" in its basic orientation.
Crisis and Certainty of Knowledge in al-Ghazali (1058-1111) and Descartes (1596-1650)
Authors: Albertini Tamara
Published: May 2005

In his autobiographical account, the Munqidh min al-DalÄl, al-GhazÄlÄ« reflects on his conversion from skepticism to faith. Previous scholarship has interpreted this text as an anticipation of Cartesian positions regarding epistemic certainty. Although the existing similarities between al-GhazÄlÄ« and Descartes are striking, the focus of the present essay lies on the different philosophical aims pursued by the two thinkers. It is thus argued that al-GhazÄlÄ« operates with a broader notion of the Self than Descartes, because it is inclusive of the body. And it is shown that the two philosophers use completely diverging paradigms. While Descartes models his notion of evidence after mathematical certainty, al-GhazÄlÄ« draws his famous 'ilm al-yaqÄ«nÄ« (certain knowledge) from a religious context.
Japanese Shinto: An Interpretation of a Priestly Perspective
Authors: Boyd James W. (James Waldemar) , Williams Ron G
Published: May 2005

This is an interpretation of the experiential/religious meaning of Japanese Shrine Shintō as taught us primarily by the priests at Tsubaki Grand Shrine, Suzuka, Mie Prefecture. As a heuristic device, we suggest lines of comparison between the thought and practice of the Tsubaki priests and two Western thinkers: the Jewish philosopher Martin Buber and the French philosopher Georges Bataille. This in turn allows the construction of three interpretive categories that we believe illuminate both the Shintō worldview and Shintō ritual practice.
Karma, Rebirth, and the Problem of Evil
Authors: Kaufman Whitley R. P
Published: May 2005

The doctrine of karma and rebirth is often praised for its ability to offer a successful solution to the Problem of Evil. This essay evaluates such a claim by considering whether the doctrine can function as a systematic theodicy, as an explanation of all human suffering in terms of wrongs done in either this or past lives. This purported answer to the Problem of Evil must face a series of objections, including the problem of anylackofmemoryofpastlives,the lack of proportionality between wrongdoing and the observed suffering in the world, the problem of infinite regress of explanation, and the problem of compatibility of free will with karmic determinism. These objections, either separately or taken together, provide (it is argued) sufficient reason to doubt whether the doctrine of karma and rebirth can in fact provide a satisfactory theodicy.
Iraqi International Migration: Potentials for the Postwar Period
Authors: Sirkeci İbrahim
Published: May 2005

Iraq, Iraqi, international migration, Turkish, Turkmen, Kurds, Shiite, Sunnis, Arabs,
environment of insecurity, war, ethnic conflict
Estimates and Projections of HIV/AIDS for Yunnan Province, China
Authors: Bignami-Van Assche Simona
Published: May 2005

Existing national projections of HIV/AIDS in China do not account for the heterogeneity of HIV rates and risks across provinces. This paper takes a first step to better understand the contribution of provincial epidemics to the national epidemic by presenting a set of estimates and projections of HIV/AIDS for Yunnan Province from 2000 to 2020. Utilizing a standard modeling approach, HIV seroprevalence data and data from a 2000 census are used to estimate trends of HIV infections and AIDS deaths in Yunnan. These estimates and projections give important insights into the possible evolution of HIV/AIDS across Chinese provinces and nationwide. They cast doubt on the magnitude of the future impact of HIV/AIDS in China as currently suggested by UNAIDS and other international agencies.
Unveiling China's True Population Statistics for the Pre-Modern Era with Official Census Data
Authors: Deng Kent G
Published: May 2005

Opinions have long been divided as to what the actual size of China's population was in the past and how it fluctuated over time. When trying to make sense of pre-modern Chinese population dynamics, most scholars have been forced to resort to crude estimates or mere guesses. More often than not, these estimates/guesses do not agree with each other. The margin of disagreement can be as great as a half of the population. As a result, statistics related to China's pre-modern population situation are marked by confusion and inaccuracies. Even though these estimates/guesses have become increasingly sophisticated over time, they are unsupported by China's own census records. As a consequence, they are untrustworthy. By utilizing China's real-time, adjusted dynastic official censuses to obtain a clearer and more accurate picture of China's pre-modern population dynamics, the present research represents a departure from the typical methodological approach to the subject. Specifically, instead of avoiding the official data, this research tackles head on the seeming inconsistencies in China's official censuses by investigating the institutional reasons for the disparities in the form of different taxation policies implemented by various regimes over the long run. In order to control the influence caused by taxation policies on China's censuses, adjustments, minimal in nature, are made. The result is a consistent set of population data for the entire period of 2 A.D. throughout 1911. This is a breakthrough. A main task of this research is the vigorous testing of the accuracy of China's pre-modern official censuses. The tests strongly indicate that the census-based series are fundamentally sound: institutionally, economically, sociologically and biologically (i.e., in terms of human reproductive parameters). The conclusion is that Chinese official census data are actually more accurate and reliable than all the modern-day estimates or guesses. This research sheds new light on how China's population grew and fluctuated. It also indicates how pre-modern Chinese society functioned, and how its economy performed over time.
Women's Autonomy and Demographic Behaviour
Authors: Drovandi Simona , Salvini Silvana
Published: May 2005

Women's status is a multidimensional concept. A growing body of literature strongly suggests that gender inequality has a significant impact on the demographic transition and on the socio-economic development of countries. The aim of this paper is to investigate the relationships between fertility and women's autonomy in different cultural contexts. Data collected through three surveys conducted in Botswana, South Africa and Rajasthan are analysed. Women, aged 15-49, were interviewed to obtain information about their reproductive life histories and educational and work status. Regression models and causal log-linear models are applied to describe the role of different aspects of women's autonomy on fertility. The results of the analysis carried out show some similarities and also very large differences. In particular, the women of Rajasthan have less autonomy (in terms of women's status) than do the women of Botswana and South Africa.
Integration of Male and Female Reproductive Health Services in Bangladesh with an Emphasis on Increasing Male Participation and Awareness
Authors: Hossain Sharif Md. Ismail , Rob Ubaidur , Khan M. E , Al-Sabir Ahmed , Alam Ahsanul
Published: May 2005

Over the last 30 years, family planning programs in Bangladesh have primarily focused on women. While government policy has been effective in influencing women to accept contraceptive methods, the role of men in family planning has been completely ignored. The aim of this study was to integrate male reproductive health services within the existing female-focused health care delivery system. The study used a quasi-experimental, non-equivalent control group design with eight clinics as intervention sites and four clinics as control sites. Interventions included training for service providers, elevating awareness about reproductive tract infections (RTIs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), and providing RTI and STI health care services. Interventions resulted in a substantial rise of male clients in the experimental clinics. Nearly all male clients came in for treatment of general health problems. Only a small number of male clients requested RTI/STI services from the clinics. Urethral discharge was the most common complaint among males. An unexpected and substantial rise in the number of female clients was observed, most likely due to the synergistic effects of interventions.
Southerners and their Swamps: The View from Middle Georgia
Authors: Meindl Christopher F
Published: May 2005

Given that wetlands have become a major environmental issue in the United States, it is important for people to understand the functions and values provided by wetlands so they are in a position to make informed decisions regarding public policy. This study is an attempt to document people's perceptions of wetlands and to determine if college students (who can be surveyed via the Internet at low cost) are representative of the general population. Although many people have at least a fair understanding of wetlands, it would appear that there is room for improvement because many of those surveyed are not aware of some important wetland benefits. Moreover, the results of this study suggest there are broad similarities of opinion between college students and residents of Baldwin County, Georgia. Finally, it would appear that the potential exists to develop a representative sample of the nation's college students (via the Internet), and that such a sample might be used in conjunction with conventionally obtained survey data to determine relationships between demographic characteristics of respondents and their views of wetland functions, values, and public policy.
Assessing School Assessment: A Case Study of the Geographic Implications of the "A+ Plan" in Jacksonville, Florida
Authors: Dittmer Jason
Published: May 2005

In 1999, Florida instituted a performance-based
school accountability program for K-12 public
schools that tied state funds to a formula heavily
weighted towards standardized test scores. This
paper discusses the educational and political issues
in the debate and then quantitatively compares
the stated goals with the program's actual
award money flows through a combination of
univariate and multivariate measures. This case
study of the elementary schools in Jacksonville,
Florida finds that the new system allocated public
funds with a bias against predominantly African-
American and poor neighborhoods while not necessarily
meeting its own objectives of encouraging
better teaching.
Taxing Issues: Geography, Politics and the 2003 Tax Reform Referendum in Alabama
Authors: Webster Gerald R , Webster Roberta H
Published: May 2005

In 2002, conservative Republican Bob Riley was
elected governor of Alabama on a platform of cutting
spending and freezing taxes. But within
weeks of taking office, Riley proposed a tax reform
package which promised to increase the state's tax
receipts and reduce its tax code's highly regressive
character. The tax reform package was submitted
to the voters in September 2003, and rejected by
more than a two to one margin. This article examines
the electoral politics and geography of Riley's
efforts to reform Alabama's tax system including
the spatial pattern of voting on the reform package.
It finds that Riley's political base of Christian
conservatives was substantially responsible for the
reform package's defeat. Conversely, those counties
providing a majority of their support for the
Governor's effort were nearly all substantially African
American, and had voted for Riley's opponent
in the 2002 gubernatorial election.
Giving Voice to Isaac: The Sacrificial Victim in Kafka's Trial
Authors: Ward Bruce Kinsey
Published: May 2005

One of the most enigmatic characters in modern literature is Joseph K., in Franz Kafka's The Trial. In this essay I undertake to penetrate the enigma of Joseph K. with the help of Ren� Girard's anthropological analysis of the victim mechanism in human culture. I argue that Kafka offers us in The Trial not a parable that is (and is meant to be) utterly mystifying, but a prophetic demystification of the reality of collective persecution within the context of modernity. The particular nature of Joseph K.'s response to his persecution is highlighted by comparison with another victim in modern literature who was well known to Kafka, Dostoevsky's Dmitri Karamazov. The contrast between Joseph K. and Dmitri K. entails a discussion of Kafka's Judaism, its nature and its role in shaping both his response to the Christian art of Dostoevsky, and his own artistic revelation of the modern sacrificial victim.
The Ethics of After: Melvin Jules Bukiet, Holocaust Fiction, and the Reemergence of an Ethical Sense in the Post-Holocaust World
Authors: Martin Michael J. (Michael John)
Published: May 2005

The greater purpose in "The Ethics of After: Melvin Jules Bukiet, Holocaust Fiction, and the Reemergence of an Ethical Sense in the Post-Holocaust World" is to interconnect Melvin Jules Bukiet's current fictional and theoretical discussions with those of late postmodern theory. In doing so, this piece forges a connection between theory and Holocaust literature in an effort to highlight an emerging discussion within Holocaust literature that asks the reader to move beyond the ineffability of the event and work towards a new understanding of what can be gained from Holocaust study in a 21st-century culture. Particularly, the new understanding to be gained is that of an ethical sense that is developing within the fictional and theoretical writings of current crackpot realists.
Putting the "Jewish" Back in "Jewish American Fiction": A Look at Jewish American Fiction from 1977 to 2002 and an Allegorical Reading of Nathan Englander's "The Gilgul of Park Avenue"
Authors: Meyer Adam
Published: May 2005

The Jewish American literary renaissance of the last two decades has been sparked largely by an overt concern with Jewishness on the part of a younger group of writers. These writers confirm sociologist Marcus Lee Hansen's theory of third generation return, the idea that grandsons will want to remember parts of their grandparents' lives that the fathers have wanted to forget, in this case their Jewishness. Such third generation return can be seen in the works of Michael Chabon, Allegra Goodman, Rebecca Goldstein, and Tova Reich, among others, and the phenomenon is depicted allegorically in Nathan Englander's short story "The Gilgul of Park Avenue." The transformation undergone by the main character of Englander's text, Charles Luger, who suddenly realizes that he has been masquerading as a WASP but is really a Jew, can be seen as a representation of the historical trajectory of Jewish American literature itself.
Land, Legacy, and Return: Negotiating a Post-Assimilationist Stance in Allegra Goodman's Kaaterskill Falls
Authors: Socolovsky Maya
Published: May 2005

In this paper I situate Goodman's novel against the Jewish American literary tradition of the earlier part of this century in order to argue that Goodman uses the inheritances of that tradition to formulate a new post-assimilationist stance. Taking into account both the sacred traditions of Judaism and the secular influences through which American Jewry has, in large part, defined itself, I examine how the ideas of legacy, exchange, and return function in the text for both its secular and Orthodox Jewish characters. The paper is divided into three main sections: the first, "Land," looks at how divisions between the sacred and the secular tend to be centered around anxious sites of real estate and development. The second, "Space and place," reads the construction of interiority and exteriority in the text as a way to articulate the difficult process of retaining the spiritual and practical boundaries that have been inherited into the Jewish tradition, while at the same time understanding what it means to traverse those boundaries and enter into a more secular space where traditional legacy becomes exchangeable. The final section, "Return," traces Goodman's ultimate renewal of Jewish American literature as she points her characters back towards religion, community, and/or family and figures their return as evidence of an inheritance that remembers and practices American freedom within the paradigm of Jewish orthodoxy.
Agnon's Kaddish : Mourning for God
Authors: Diamond James Arthur
Published: May 2005

In 1947 S. Y. Agnon responded to the daily bloodshed incurred in defense of the soon-to-be-declared State of Israel with a composition entitled Introduction (Petiha) to the Kaddish: After the Funerals of Those Murdered in the Land of Israel. Under the guise of a seemingly innocuous introduction to a prominently pious text lies a subtext that, in its artful and ironic weaves of the language of tradition, subverts the core kaddish text. Agnon's use of a classic rabbinic literary convention, the petiha, as its structural model is a striking example of his "revolutionary traditionalism." Agnon has reenvisioned a kaddish which straddles both the traditional world of Buczacz and the post-Holocaust embryonic Zionist state with language drawn from the former yet transfigured to meet the tragic dimensions of the latter. A new kaddish emerges out of a hermeneutic that has been identified as "mad midrash."
Il Grido della Stirpe and Mussolini's 1938 Racial Legislation
Authors: Luconi Stefano
Published: May 2005

Many Italian Americans turned a deaf ear to Fascism after the enactment of Italy's 1938 antisemitic measures. Others, however, did not. The latter included Domenico Trombetta, the editor and publisher of the New York City-based Italian-language weekly Il Grido della Stirpe. This article examines the editorial stand of Il Grido della Stirpe on Mussolini's racial legislation. This newspaper not only embraced the Fascist laws against Jews. It also endeavored to exploit the ethnic antipathies between Jews and Italian Americans in New York City to elicit support for the Duce's policies among Italian immigrants and their offspring. Furthermore, Trombetta's weekly showed an ideological commitment to antisemitism that even the Italian Americans who had anti-Jewish feelings usually lacked.
God in Nature or the Lord of the Universe?: The Encounter of Judaism and Science from Hellenistic Times to the Present
Authors: Singer David G
Published: May 2005

Like all vital religious systems, Judaism has had to come to terms with the latest discoveries and advances in science and technology. Three times in the last 2500 years from the birth of a true scientific approach to the universe in the Greek cities on the eastern shore of the Aegean Sea until the present, Judaism has faced a challenge from rational and scientific thought. Hellenistic science and philosophy were deeply alluring to many Jews, and consequently the authors of the Talmud placed biblical law on a new rational base, and even incorporated Greek terms in their writing. In medieval Muslim Spain—the Spain of the three faiths—Jewish thinkers, and especially Moses Maimonides, again sought to integrate Greek rationalism and science with Judaism. The rebirth of scientific thought in western Europe that began about four centuries ago has presented the most serious scientific challenge of all time to traditional Jewish beliefs and religious practices. Though no overall philosophy that would integrate science and Judaism has yet appeared, several Jewish thinkers have already tackled this problem, and Albert Einstein, the greatest scientist of the twentieth century, has laid down the guidelines for such a philosophy.
The Jewish Response during the Holocaust: The Educational Debate in Israel in the 1950s
Authors: Stauber Roni
Published: May 2005

Since the end of World War II, the response of the Jewish population in Europe to the Nazi policy of extermination has constituted a significant element in Jewish, and particularly Israeli, consciousness of the Holocaust. In the 1950s this issue became the focus of a debate among Israeli writers and public figures. An examination of a variety of sources of Israeli public opinion—articles in Israeli daily newspapers, debates in the Knesset (Israeli parliament) and speeches during memorial ceremonies, as well as archival materials—reveals that the positions expressed in the public discourse of that period represented two opposing viewpoints. The first created a moral distinction between those who actively participated in self-defense, especially armed resistance, and those who did not. The second contested the idea of placing armed resistance at the center of Holocaust commemoration, or using it educationally as a value over other patterns of Jewish reaction.
Pardes Revisited Once Again: A Reassessment of the Rabbinic Legend Concerning the Four Who Entered Pardes
Authors: Sweeney Marvin A. (Marvin Alan)
Published: May 2005

This paper reexamines the rabbinic narrative concerning the four who attempted to enter Pardes. Earlier scholarship tends to view the narrative as a warning against the study of mysticism and emphasizes the compositional history of the narrative. Interpreters are divided as to whether the narrative is concerned with the study of Gnosticism, mystical experience, or proper biblical interpretation. This study emphasizes the identities and backgrounds of the four major figures included in the narrative and the function of the scriptural passages associated with each. Based on these considerations it argues that the three earlier figures, Shimon ben Azzai, Shimon ben Zoma, and Elisha ben Abuyah (Ah.er) are presented as antitypes to the ideal Rabbi Akiba, who embodies qualities that each of the others lacks. The narrative therefore presents R. Akiba as the model of the sage who understands his own knowledge (mHag2:1), i.e., the interpreter who is qualified to expound upon texts commonly associated with Jewish mysticism.
"Invisible" Children: The Selection and Integration Strategies of Relief Organizations
Authors: Curio Claudia , Axelrod Toby
Published: May 2005

Through evaluating files maintained by Jewish emigration agencies and British relief organizations that coordinated the Kindertransports and accommodations for children in exile in Great Britain, the author demonstrates that, in striving to accomplish the rescue of as many children as possible and provision of the best possible care for them after their arrival, certain strategic considerations were not abandoned. The Jewish emigration agencies—here the welfare office of the Viennese Jewish Community—wanted to be sure not to endanger an extended refugee program for children by placing children with adjustment problems on the Kindertransports. Therefore children were chosen according to their expected ability to integrate into a new environment.
The Refugee Children's Movement, too, aimed to integrate the children as discreetly as possible into British society. One hoped thereby to prevent an increase in antisemitic and anti-German resentments against refugees.
Kindertransport: History and Memory
Authors: Gopfert Rebekka , Hammel Andrea
Published: May 2005

The author presents an overview of the Kindertransport and examines how this experience is handled in childhood recollections of the Kindertransportees. One reason why the first Kindertransport reunions did not occur until the 1980s might be that the Kindertransportees had to step out of the shadow of the Auschwitz survivors. When asked today about their memories of exile, child refugees show various patterns as to what they remember and how they remember it: i.e., those who stayed in Britain after the war often show a more difficult access to their own biography than those who re-emigrated to the U.S. and Israel.
Class as a Factor in the Social Adaptation of the Kindertransport Kinder
Authors: Kleinman Susan , Moshenska Chana
Published: May 2005

Personal interviews with and written accounts by eight former members of the Kindertransport enable a consideration of the issue of class and religious affiliation when matching Kindertransport children and host families. The authors also investigate issues relating to the reception of the children in Britain such as public antisemitism. They conclude that social class had more bearing on the adaptation of the Kindertransport children than did religion and language.
Bracelet, Hand Towel, Pocket Watch: Objects of the Last Moment in Memory and Narration
Authors: Korte Mona , Axelrod Toby
Published: May 2005

One indicator of increased public awareness of the theme "Kindertransport" is the fact that this event gradually is making its way into literature. Aside from the few fictional accounts (Cynthia Ozick, The Messiah of Stockholm, 1987, and W. G. Sebald, Austerlitz, 2001) there are numerous autobiographical texts about the "Kindertransport." These describe—in the form of keepsakes and clothing—an important landscape of remembrance and relating that contains entire thematic complexes symbolically solidified within it. Objects make a child's experience concrete; they become links to parents and later they support remembrance; with greater distance, such items serve the function of bracketing an experience. As special "transitional objects" (Winnicott) they still have not found their place within the psychology of personal objects.
Child Exiles: A New Research Area?
Authors: Kroger Marianne , Hammel Andrea
Published: May 2005

The author explores the meaning of childhood and adolescence under exile conditions 1933-45 and examines coping mechanisms used to deal with terrifying experiences.
Against the backdrop of exile research, the author asks why it is that it has taken this long for attention to focus on the mostly Jewish "child exiles." She suggests that the lack of attention corresponds in part to the interests of the child exiles, who had learned early in life to remain unobtrusive and adapt to changing circumstances, and who may often have felt shame when comparing their own fate to that of those murdered in the Holocaust.
In addition, the paper examines three novels in which child exiles and their experiences occupy center stage: Irmgard Keun (Kind aller Länder/"Child of all Countries"), Stefanie Zweig (Nirgendwo in Afrika/"Nowhere in Africa") and Lore Segal (Her First American/Ihr erster Amerikaner).
Discourse Genre and Linguistic Mode: Interpreter Influences in Visual and Tactile Interpreted Interaction
Authors: Metzger Melanie , Fleetwood Earl , Collins Steven D
Published: May 2005

This study investigates visual and tactile ASL-English interpreters' influences on interactive discourse through an interactional sociolinguistic analysis of videotaped, interpreted interactions. We examine the participation framework of each of the interactions to determine whether the interpreters' utterances influence the interaction. For example, how do interpreters' code choices align them with the Deaf-sighted, Deaf-Blind, or hearing participants? How do interpreters create footings within their renditions and self-generated nonrenditions? Based on a growing body of research on tactile signed languages and on signed language interpretation of dyadic interaction such as student-teacher meetings, medical interviews, and multi-party genres such as classroom discourse, this study examines ways in which discourse genre and linguistic mode contribute to those interpreter-generated influences.
Iconicity and Productivity in Sign Language Discourse: An Analysis of Three LIS Discourse Registers
Authors: Russo Tommaso
Published: May 2005

In this article the linguistic features of three Italian Sign Language (Lingua Italiana dei Segni, or LIS) registers are analyzed focusing on iconic phenomena. Previous treatments of iconicity and motivation in spoken and signed language are discussed. Iconicity is defined as a regular mapping between expressive form and meaning that can be active in the citation form of signs and/or in discourse. Accordingly two major kinds of iconicity are devised in spoken and signed languages: (1) Frozen Iconicity, which affects citation forms and (2) Dynamic Iconicity, which is active in discourse. Three different kinds of LIS texts (poems, narrative, and conferences) are compared to assess to which degree Frozen Iconicity and different types of Dynamic Iconicity are present in each register. Articulatory features of signs in discourse such as two handedness, one handedness, coarticulation and simultaneous syntax are also examined. Analysis demonstrates differences in the presence of frozen and dynamic iconic features in the three registers: frozen iconic forms prevail in Poems and Dynamic Iconicity is particularly prevalent both in Poems and in Narratives. A comparable presence of coarticulation and simultaneous syntax affects the three different kinds of texts. Conclusions are drawn which point out that iconic features of signs are an important structural resource of SLs that can be enhanced in discourse according to different textual and situational contexts.
A Tribute to Roy J. Stewart: He Helped Make Our Sign Language Immortal
Authors: Gannon Jack R
Published: May 2005

Roy J. Stewart made two very significant contributions to Deaf America. He was a key member of a Gallaudet alumni committee (along with Harley D. Drake, class of 1904, and Frederick H. Hughes, class of 1913) that raised seed money for the construction of the Edward Miner Gallaudet Memorial Library, which was influential in Gallaudet's attaining accreditation in 1957. He also chaired the National Association of the Deaf (NAD) motion picture committee that preserved early American Sign Language on film. Through his and others' efforts, some fifty films were made, featuring "Old Masters of the Sign Language." A few of these films were made as early as 1910, many were filmed in 1913 and they continued to be made into the 1940s. RJ led efforts to have copies made of the master prints and the master prints placed in storage at the Library of Congress. This article pays tribute to his contributions to the Deaf community.
Translating Veditz
Authors: Padden Carol
Published: May 2005

The language George Veditz used in his film, The Preservation of Sign Language, requires translation at several levels in order to fully capture the power of the film. First is the translation from American Sign Language to English, aided in part by the discovery of George Veditz's own written version of the filmed speech. However, the written version does not exactly match the filmed version, which leaves additional translation issues to be resolved. Translating Veditz needs to capture the form of signed oratory in 1913. Some of these differences include lexical change over time, differences in use of fingerspelling, and differences in signed intonation.
Comprehension of Sign Language Interpreting: Deciphering a Complex Task Situation
Authors: Marschark Marc , Sapere Patricia , Convertino Carol , Seewagen Rosemarie , Maltzen Heather
Published: May 2005

Remarkably few studies have examined the outcomes of sign language interpreting. Three experiments reported here examine deaf students� comprehension of interpreting in American Sign Language and English-based signing (transliteration) as a function of their sign language skills and preferences. In Experiments 1 and 2, groups of deaf students varying in their sign language skills viewed either an ASL or English-based interpretation of a nontechnical lecture, followed by either a written comprehension test (Experiment 1) or a signed comprehension test (Experiment 2). Experiment 3 involved a more technical (physics) lecture, separate testing of students with greater ASL or English-based sign skills and preferences, and control of students� prior content knowledge. Results consistently demonstrate that regardless of the deaf students� reported sign language skills and preferences, they were equally competent in comprehending ASL interpreting and English transliteration, but they gained less knowledge from lectures than hearing peers in comparison groups. The results raise questions about how much deaf students actually learn in interpreted classrooms and the link between their communication preferences and learning.
The Subsystem of Numerals in Catalan Sign Language: Description and Examples from a Psycholinguistic Study
Authors: Fuentes Mariana , Tolchinsky Landsmann Liliana
Published: May 2005

Linguistic descriptions of sign languages are essential to support their linguistic status and to preserve the cultural background of the Deaf communities that use and recreate them. We describe the subsystem of cardinal numbers in Catalan Sign Language (LSC) in the variety used in Barcelona. The description includes the parameters of handshape, orientation, location, direction, and movement. We also illustrate, with some results from a psycholinguistic study, how LSC's number features influence the transcoding behavior of deaf children learning the language. Most of the errors the students commit can be explained by overgeneralization of LSC's number-system features.
Parental Hearing Status and Signing among Deaf and Hard of Hearing Students
Authors: Mitchell Ross E , Karchmer Michael A
Published: May 2005

On average, deaf and hard of hearing school-age children who have
deaf or hard of hearing parents differ from those who have hearing-
only parents in their signing experiences at home and school, as well
as in their degree of hearing loss. The findings reported here, based
on an analysis of data from the 2001�2002 Annual Survey of
Deaf and Hard of Hearing Children and Youth, indicate that having
at least one deaf parent is the most powerful indicator of the likelihood
that the student is in a home where signing is used regularly
and in a classroom where signing is a primary mode of communication
used for instruction. Having just one hard of hearing parent (and
no deaf parent) greatly reduces the likelihood that the child is receiving
instruction in sign language or regularly signs at home. Parental
hearing status is also associated with the child�s degree of hearing
loss, however; understanding the relationship between parental
hearing status and signing experiences must thus be tempered by the
fact that the physiological imperative for visual communication is
frequently a result of genetic inheritance.
Cloth and Silver: Pawning and Material Life in Mexico City at the Turn of the Nineteenth Century
Authors: Francois Marie
Published: May 2005

For most residents of Mexico City at the turn of the nineteenth century, daily life was cash poor. Homemakers with servants or without, merchants and artisans, carpenters and domestic servants all turned to pawnshops to finance routine household, business and recreational needs, some on a daily basis. At the end of the colonial period and in the first decades of independent republican rule, residents from the lower and intermediate ranks of the city commonly raised cash by securing loans with possessions as collateral, leaving clothing, tools, and jewels temporarily with pawnbrokers. Based on more than 8,000 transactions culled from pawnshop records from the 1780s to the 1820s, this article argues that pawning material goods served to alleviate economic and other pressures at the household level.

It was mostly women managing households who provided for dependents and/or maintained class and ethnic identities through creative financing strategies that depended on regular use of petty credit mechanisms. Archival documents and literary sources suggest that there were fundamental continuities in this material history of Mexico City from the last decades of the colonial period well into the decades after Independence, which was achieved in 1821. Material goods continued to serve as collateral for small loans throughout the nineteenth century. Pawning was a regular strategy used by many urban residents to negotiate the colonial and post-colonial political economy as well as cultural hierarchies. Petty credit secured by women helped individuals and families steady their precarious foothold on the social ladder of hierarchy. While pawning could allow some to maintain their status or even ascend the ladder, for most people collateral credit cushioned (or simply prolonged) the slip down.
Searching for theOasis in Life: Fashion and the Question of Female Emancipation in Late Nineteenth-Century Argentina
Authors: Root Regina A.
Published: May 2005

One day, a young romance writer who has lost his place to urban expansion in Buenos Aires overhears this intimate conversation coming from another bedroom in an all-women's residence hall. An “invisible houseguest” in Madame Bazan'spensionadofor middle-class women of all ages, Mauricio Ridel works on finishing a happy ending for his latest serialized novel. During the writing process, however, he finds himself distracted by the sounds and rhythms of the house, his focus carried away to the conversations in the house on fashion, family life and female emancipation. Careful not to indicate his presence in any way (for he has agreed to respect the privacy of the women who live there), Ridel listens in to the conversations between female residents from the comfort of his assigned room. Believing themselves removed from male listeners, the female characters of Juana Manuela Gorriti'sOasis en la vida(1888) openly discuss their concerns and desires in the security of enclosed spaces. The dialogic sequence that begins this essay demonstrates the relief that a group of unnamed women experience when removing their uncomfortable clothing. They complain about the weight and needless complexity of their fashions and even flesh out a conspiracy theory concerning a few of those crazy designers. As the women contemplate the changes that tomorrow's fashions will inevitably bring, their soft, sweet voices appear punctuated by the incongruous thud of tossed garments.
The Chilean Movimiento Nacional Socialista, the German-Chilean Community, and the Third Reich, 1932–1939: Myth and Reality
Authors: Klein Marcus
Published: May 2005

The relations between the Chilean Movimiento Nacional Socialista (MNS, or Nacismo) and the German-Chilean community, i.e., Chilean citizens of German origin, as well as the attitude of the former towards the Third Reich are still largely unexplored topics. Despite the growing number of studies on the nacista movement since the late 1980s, which rounded off and partly corrected earlier studies, and thereby substantially increased our knowledge of its ideology, political activities and leader, Jorge González von Marées, they have received little scholarly attention so far. In general, and this reservation applies to earlier as well as more recent publications, authors only briefly refer to the similarities between Chilean Nacismo and German Nazism, and either note the important role German-Chileans played in the organization or state that they were insignificant for its overall development. The only partial exceptions to this rule are Olaf Gaudig and Peter Veit’s as well as Jiirgen Muller’s works, which provide some information about these issues, and especially the relationships between the Chilean fascists and the German-Chileans.
Confronting a Mercantile Elite: Bourbon Reformers and the Merchants of Lima, 1765–1796
Authors: Marks Patricia H.
Published: May 2005

After Spain’s defeat in the Seven Years’ War (1757-1763), when the British had occupied Havana and Manila, a series of territorial, commercial, and tax reforms brought significant change to the viceroyalty of Peru. Their economic effects have been matters for debate ever since. Some historians have emphasized their positive effects. Following promulgation of theReglamento de comercio libreof 1778, the volume and value of European manufactures exported to the Pacific coast of Spanish South America increased. Lima and its port city, Callao, remained important as commercial centers of Spanish South America. But others suggest that the viceregal capital—home to a powerful mercantile elite, the magnates of theconsulado(merchant guild) of Lima—suffered a decline in its economic fortunes, as did the entire viceroyalty. Support for this point of view was widespread in late colonial Peru. In spite of the evidence for growth, a rising chorus of complaint bemoaned the increasing poverty of the viceroyalty in general and Lima in particular. How can we account for this discrepancy?
The Destruction of the San Sabá Apache Mission: A Discussion of the Casualties
Authors: de Terreros Juan M. Romero
Published: May 2005

The Lipan Apache mission on the banks of the San Sabá River was located on the northern boundary of Coahuila, New Spain, in the center of today’s state of Texas. On March 16, 1758, Norteño tribes, allied with the Comanches, attacked and destroyed the mission, demonstrating their hostility to what they saw as the Spaniards’ unjust support of their traditional enemy, the Apaches. The destruction of the mission contributed to the failure of the most far-reaching attempt by the Spanish Crown and the Franciscan Order to settle the Apaches in Texas. The Spanish believed that the mission was the only means to ensure a peaceful settlement of central Texas native tribes and simultaneously to check French illegal arms trade in the northern borderlands. Once the Lipan Apaches were pacified, the reasoning went, definitive settlement of all the Norteño tribes and their allies would follow. These settlements of pacified tribes would also provide the much-desired direct link between Spanish settlements in Texas and those of New Mexico.
“Exclusive Domination” or “Short Term Imperialism”: The Peruvian Response to U.S.-Argentine Rivalry, 1946-1950
Authors: Dorn Glenn J.
Published: May 2005

“Peru lives in a psychological moment of singular confusion,” Argentine Ambassador Hugo Oderigo wrote in 1947, suggesting that “the United States and Argentina are its two great realities. It is attracted to our country by the community of historical origin, lives our reality, and recognizes the greatness” of General Juan Domingo Perón. On the other hand, the hegemonic United States, with its vast wealth and modern industrial order, offered promise for the future. In the years following the Second World War, both Perón and the Harry S. Truman administration forced two Peruvian presidents to choose between what one Lima journalist called “short-term Argentine imperialism” and the “exclusive domination which the Great Democracy of the North today exercises.” Perón's road promised rapid industrialization and liberation from foreign exploitation through statist corporatism and membership in a “southern bloc” of economically-integrated South American states, while Washington stood as the guardian of a new global order based on liberal capitalism and multilateral commerce. This conflict represents an important international aspect of what has heretofore been considered a domestic struggle within Peru from 1945-1949.
From Symbols of the Sacred to Symbols of Subversion to Simply Obscure: Maryknoll Women Religious in Guatemala, 1953 to 1967
Authors: Behrens Susan Fitzpatrick
Published: May 2005

In December of 1980 three women religious and a lay missioner from the United States were brutally raped and murdered by the Salvadoran military. This outrage brought international attention to the violence in El Salvador and led to a temporary halt in US military aid. The sisters were neither the first nor the most violently killed—8,000 people were massacred in 1980 and 45,000 between 1980 and 1984—but their rape and murder, the murder of Archbishop Romero in March of 1980, and that of six Jesuit priests in 1989 were consistently cited as evidence of the sheer brutality and impunity of the Salvadoran military regime. Killing priests and bishops and raping and murdering nuns signified quite simply that “nothing was sacred.”
Civic Foreign Policy: Human Rights, Faith-Based Groups and U.S.-Salvadoran Relations in the 1970S
Authors: Blanke Svenja
Published: May 2005

El Salvador, the smallest but most densely populated country of Central America, experienced one of Latin America's bloodiest civil wars, accompanied by widespread human rights violations. State repression was especially brutal against opposition groups such as peasant associations, unions, students, and religious people. Twenty-five church people were murdered and many religious workers were persecuted, expelled, or tortured. Several U.S. missionaries were among those murdered or expelled victims. Although the number of religious victims is relatively small in comparison to the tens of thousands of people who were killed in the three civil wars of El Salvador, Nicaragua, and Guatemala, the murders of religious personnel had a profound impact on the religious community in Central America, and particularly in El Salvador. This impact also reached religious groups in the United States. Given the traditional alliance between the Catholic Church and the political and economic elites throughout most of Salvadoran history, the murders of religious leaders by government or government-linked forces symbolized a remarkable shift.
Showcasing the ‘Land of Tomorrow’: Mexico and the 1968 Olympics
Authors: Zolov Eric
Published: May 2005

Atourist arriving in Mexico City in the early summer of 1968 would have found the capital awash in color, an air of expectation and optimism everywhere palpable as the country finalized last-minute preparations for the Olympic Games, scheduled to commence that October. Yellow, blue, and pink banners framing a white dove of peace lit up major thoroughfares. Throughout the city, numerous commercial billboards had been replaced with photographs of cultural and physical activity related to the Games; in one corner, was the omnipresent peace dove. Other enormous images laced the skyline: caricatured line drawings of school children, a family portrait, anonymous faces in a crowd. “Everything is Possible in Peace,” the new billboards proclaimed in a multitude of languages—set against a background of hot pink and vibrant yellow. Along a designated “Route of Friendship” that extended across the southern part of the city, large abstract sculptures of brightly painted concrete by artists of international renown could be observed in various stages of completion. The country's official logo for the Games—“MEXICO68”—whose evident Op Art influence was designed to evoke a moving, modernist feel, was omnipresent; so too were the hundreds of youngedecanes(event hostesses), whose uniformed miniskirts and pantsuits were emblazoned with a graphic representation of the logo. The viewer could scarcely have avoided the sensation of a city, a country on the verge of something spectacular.