bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bioeconomy in Brazil: Opportunities and guidelines for research and public policy for regional development
Authors: Carbonell Sergio A. M. , Cortez Luis Augusto Barbosa , Madi Luis F. C , Anefalos Lilian C. , Baldassin Junior Ricardo , Leal Rodrigo L. V.
Published: August 2021

The bioeconomy presents an amazing opportunity for developing countries to promote economic and social development. It provides a real possibility for the production, conversion, and environmentally sustainable use of natural resources. Several countries have integrated the bioeconomy into their policy strategies worldwide, encouraged by recent advances and future perspectives in bio‐science and biotechnology, with strong potential to boost economic output. However, making the most of the bioeconomy, and achieving its real benefits, will require new and innovative approaches in science, technology development, and business, and global policies and regulatory frameworks strongly focused on social development and the conservation and preservation of environmental resources. To explore this new scenario, a technological roadmapping exercise was performed during June 2015 and June 2018, involving more than 1500 experts, including researchers, technical experts from the private sector, policymakers, and stakeholders. The main results outline opportunities and technological drivers in research, development, demonstration, and deployment (RDD&D), focusing on regional development for 13 strategic areas of tropical bioeconomy in São Paulo State, Brazil, including the main public policy needs for the development of the bioeconomy. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Effect of amino acid composition of elastin‐like polypeptide nanoparticles on nonspecific protein adsorption, macrophage cell viability and phagocytosis
Authors: Bahniuk Markian S. , Ortega Van A. , Alshememry Abdullah K. , Stafford James L. , Goss Greg G. , Unsworth Larry D.
Published: August 2021

Development of elastin‐like polypeptide (ELP) biomaterials is widespread, but information critical for clinical deployment is limited, with biocompatibility studies focused on a narrow cross‐section of ELP sequences. Macrophages can impair biomaterial systems by degrading or isolating the biomaterial and by activating additional immune functions. Their phagocytic response will reveal early immune biocompatibility of ELP nanoparticles (NPs). This study examines that response, induced by the adsorbed protein corona, as a function of ELP guest amino acid, chain length and NP diameter. The breadth of proteins adsorbed to ELP NPs varied, with valine‐containing ELP NPs adsorbing fewer types of proteins than leucine‐containing constructs. Particle diameter was also a factor, with smaller leucine‐containing ELP NPs adsorbing the broadest range of proteins. Macrophage viability was unaffected by the ELP NPs, and their phagocytic capabilities were unimpeded except when incubated with a 500 nm valine‐containing 40‐mer. This NP significantly decreased the phagocytic capacity of macrophages relative to the control and to a corresponding 500 nm leucine‐containing 40‐mer. NP size and the proportion of opsonin to dysopsonin proteins likely influenced this outcome. These results suggest that certain combinations of ELP sequence and particle size can result in an adsorbed protein corona, which may hinder macrophage function.
The negative association between trait mindfulness and post‐traumatic stress disorder: A 4.5‐year prospective cohort study
Authors: Gibert Lionel , El Hage Wissam , Verdonk Charles , Levy Bernard , Falissard Bruno , Trousselard Marion
Published: August 2021

Objective

Post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a chronic, disabling condition. Our main objective is to investigate the association between trait mindfulness and PTSD over a period of 54 months. The secondary objective is to provide an exhaustive description of PTSD trajectories after the Bataclan attack.

Methods

We designed a prospective cohort study of 133 subjects present in the Bataclan concert hall during the November 2015 terrorist attack in Paris, France. Data were recorded 6, 18, 30, and 54 months after the attack. The primary endpoint was evaluated using the PTSD Check List Scale. Trait mindfulness was measured by the 14‐item Freiburg Mindfulness Inventory.

Results

FMI scores were consistently, significantly, and negatively associated with PCL‐5 scores. Adjusted odds ratios were at 0.81 (6 months), 0.88 (18 months) 0.82 (30 months), and 0.81 (54 months). PTSD prevalence 6 months after the event was 77%; it remained at 41% after 54 months. PTSD status of subjects is fluctuating. Latent class analysis divided the cohort into 3 groups: 21% of subject who remained below PTSD threshold throughout, 30% who remained above throughout, and 49% who steadily reduced their PTSD scores over time.

Conclusion

In our cohort, mindfulness is negatively associated with PTSD. Mindfulness programs are designed to improve global resilience and treat anxiety and mood disorders. Further research is needed to investigate if improving trait mindfulness is possible and beneficial for patients suffering from PTSD.
Tumor immunity is related to 18F‐FDG uptake in thymic epithelial tumor
Authors: Imai Hisao , Kaira Kyoichi , Hashimoto Kosuke , Nitanda Hiroyuki , Taguchi Ryo , Yanagihara Akitoshi , Umesaki Tetsuya , Yamaguchi Ou , Mouri Atsuto , Kawasaki Tomonori , Yasuda Masanori , Kobayashi Kunihiko , Sakaguchi Hirozo , Kuji Ichiei , Kagamu Hiroshi
Published: August 2021

Background

2‐deoxy‐2‐[fluorine‐18] fluoro‐d‐glucose (18F‐FDG) positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG‐PET) is a convenient modality to assess the metabolic activity within tumor cells. However, there is no consensus regarding the relationship between 18F‐FDG uptake and the immune environment in thymic epithelial tumors (TETs). We conducted a clinicopathological study to elucidate the relationship between 18F‐FDG uptake and programmed death ligands 1 and 2 (PD‐L1/PD‐L2) expression in patients with TETs. Methods: A total of 108 patients with histologically confirmed TETs classified as thymomas or thymic carcinomas who underwent surgical resection or biopsy or needle biopsy and 18F‐FDG PET before any treatment between August 2007 and March 2020 were enrolled in this study. Tumor specimens underwent immunohistochemical staining for PD‐L1, PD‐L2, GLUT1, HIF‐1α, VEGFR2, VEGF‐C, and β2 adrenergic receptor. Results: High uptakes of SUVmax, SUVmean, MTV, and TLG were identified in 28 (25.9%), 61 (56.5%), 55 (50.9%), and 55 (50.9%) of 108 patients, respectively. High uptake of SUVmax significantly correlated with PS (performance status) of 1–2, thymic carcinoma, and advanced stage, and SUVmax on 18F‐FDG uptake displayed a close association with PD‐L1 and PD‐L2 expressions, but not with MTV and TLG. Our analysis revealed that SUVmax was identified as being significant relationship for positive PD‐L1/PD‐L2 expression. GLUT1, HIF‐1α, and VEGFR2 were significantly associated with the expression of PD‐L1/PD‐L2 from the biological viewpoint.

Conclusion

18F‐FDG accumulation was closely associated with the expression of PD‐L1/PD‐L2, which, in turn, was correlated with glucose metabolism and hypoxia. PD‐L1/PD‐L2 could affect the glucose metabolism and hypoxia in thymic tumor cells.
Upregulation of circ‐FBL promotes myogenic proliferation in myasthenia gravis by regulation of miR‐133/PAX7
Authors: Lai Xiaoyin , Bi Zhuajin , Yang Xuelian , Hu Rongguo , Wang Lu , Jin Mingming , Li Longxuan , Bu Bitao
Published: August 2021

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is a disease involving neuromuscular transmission that causes fatigue of skeletal muscles and fluctuating weakness. It has been shown that impairment of myogenic differentiation and myofiber maturation may be the underlying cause of MG. In this study, we detected the abnormal expression of circular RNA (circRNA) using next‐generation sequencing in patients with MG. We then investigated the regulatory mechanism and the relationship among circRNA, microRNA, and messenger RNA using quantitative reverse‐transcription polymerase chain reaction, bioinformatics analysis, and luciferase report analysis. The expression of inflammatory cytokines and regulatory T lymphocytes was shown to be increased. Circ‐FBL was significantly increased in MG patients. Bioinformatics and luciferase report analyses confirmed that miR‐133 and PAX7 were the downstream targets of circ‐FBL. Overexpression of circ‐FBL promoted myoblast proliferation by regulation of miR‐133/PAX7. Taken together, our study showed that upregulation of circ‐FBL promoted myogenic proliferation in patients with MG by regulating miR‐133/PAX7.
Two rare cases of bronchus‐associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma successfully treated with rituximab‐bendamustine
Authors: Panitz Nydia , Gerhardt Kristin , Becker Cornelia , Schleife Hendrikje , Bach Enrica , Opitz Sabine , Schaudinn Alexander , Platzbecker Uwe , Kayser Sabine
Published: August 2021

BALT lymphoma is a rare B‐NHL with a favorable prognosis. We here report on two patients with nonspecific symptoms: one showed as major symptom severe thrombocytopenia and the other dyspnea and dry cough, thereby suggesting an inflammatory focus in the lungs. There is no standard of care established yet. Both patients were successfully treated with rituximab and bendamustine. Thus, combined immunochemotherapy should be considered as first‐line therapy as in other MALT lymphomas, if the treatment/eradication of an underlying chronic inflammatory disorder/trigger factor can be excluded.
A rare case of bifocal, extramedullary and hyposecretory relapse of multiple myeloma
Authors: Minarik Jiri , Szotkowski Tomas , Hrbek Jan , Krhovska Petra , Buriankova Eva , Proskova Jitka , Pika Tomas , Bacovsky Jaroslav
Published: August 2021

We present a rare extramedullary, bifocal, and hyposecretory manifestation of relapsed MM that could be mistaken for an infection. We stress the importance of complex evaluation including serum, urine, and bone marrow assessment and whole‐body imaging.
Intrapulmonary lymph nodes masquerading as pleural metastasis
Authors: Matsuda Yasuhiko , Okazaki Akihito , Yachi Tsuyoshi , Shibata Kazuhiko
Published: August 2021

Intrapulmonary lymph nodes (IPLNs) are a frequent finding of computed tomography for lung cancer and can grow without malignant findings. Linear densities extending from the nodules are a characteristic of IPLNs.
CNS tuberculoma in patient with tetralogy of fallot: A case report
Authors: Chamlagain Rajan , Shah Sangam , Rijal Bijay , Dhital Roman , Kandel Bipin , Sharma Paudel Basanta
Published: August 2021

We report this case to focus on the importance of early diagnosis, challenges to reach the diagnosis in a low‐resource setting, and management that may result in a better prognosis of the patients.
Strangulated obturator hernia: Report of two cases
Authors: Kardoun Nizar , Hadrich Zied , Masmoudi Abderrahmen , Harbi Houssem , Boujelben Salah , Mzali Rafik
Published: August 2021

Obturator hernia is a rare condition, which can be life‐threatening if misdiagnosed. We must consider the diagnosis in case of a bowel obstruction especially in elderly women.
Disseminated Nocardia Paucivorans in an immunocompetent patient: A case report and literature review
Authors: Samannodi Mohammed
Published: August 2021

Nocardia paucivorans can cause disseminated infection in immunocompetent hosts in rare occasions. Nocardia paucivorans is usually susceptible to many antibiotics including Trimethoprim/Sulfamethoxazole. Duration of treatment is usually 6–12 months.
Access to Indole‐Fused Benzannulated Medium‐Sized Rings through a Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Cascade Cyclization of Azido‐Alkynes
Authors: Greiner Luca C. , Inuki Shinsuke , Arichi Norihito , Oishi Shinya , Suzuki Rikito , Iwai Tomohiro , Sawamura Masaya , Hashmi A. Stephen K. , Ohno Hiroaki
Published: August 2021

Invited for the cover of this issue is Hiroaki Ohno and co‐workers at Kyoto University, Hokkaido University, and Heidelberg University. The image depicts a golden compass that guides the adventurer's way in an unknown chemical space. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202101824.
Non‐conventional Behavior of a 2,1‐Benzazaphosphole: Heterodiene or Hidden Phosphinidene?
Authors: Kremláček Vít , Kertész Erik , Benkő Zoltán , Erben Milan , Jirásko Robert , Růžička Aleš , Jambor Roman , Dostál Libor
Published: August 2021

Invited for the cover of this issue are Zoltán Benkő, Libor Dostál and co‐workers at the University of Pardubice and the Budapest University of Technology and Economics. The image depicts signs for the two different pathways representing the two differing reaction types which were clearly observed for 2,1‐benzazaphosphole. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202101686.
Highly Sensitive Fluorescent pH Microsensors Based on the Ratiometric Dye Pyranine Immobilized on Silica Microparticles
Authors: Chandra Anil , Prasad Saumya , Iuele Helena , Colella Francesco , Rizzo Riccardo , D'Amone Eliana , Gigli Giuseppe , del Mercato Loretta L.
Published: August 2021

Invited for the cover of this issue are Anil Chandra, Loretta L. del Mercato and co‐workers at the Institute of Nanotechnology of National Research Council and the University of Salento. The image depicts how negatively charged pH‐sensitive pyranine (HPTS) molecules were successfully immobilized on silica microparticles (SMPs) without compromising the molecules′ pH sensitivity. These resulting sensors can be used to measure pH in vitro and in vivo due to the cytocompatibility of HPTS molecules and SMPs. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202101568.
Al2O3 and CuO nanoparticles as promising additives to improve the properties of KCl‐polymer mud: An experimental investigation
Authors: Mahmoud Omar , Mady Ahmed , Dahab Abdel Sattar , Aftab Adnan
Published: August 2021

Drilling fluid technology is one of the most targeted and developed technologies worldwide due to the increasing demand for deeper drilling and more complicated wells. Several studies have shown numerous improvements in the mud characteristics when using nanoparticles (NPs) as additives. This study aims at examining the influence of using aluminium oxide (Al2O3) and copper oxide (CuO) NPs on the characteristics of KCl‐polymer mud, which is mainly used while drilling shaly formations. Two sizes of Al2O3‐NPs (15 and 40 nm) in addition to CuO‐NPs (40 nm) were investigated at different concentrations (0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 1.0 wt.%) using a standard viscometer and API filter press. Zeta potential (ζ‐potential), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX) were used to elaborate the effect of NPs on the properties of NPs‐based KCl‐polymer mud. The results showed higher potential of Al2O3‐NPs and CuO‐NPs to enhance the mud properties when used at small concentrations of 0.3–0.5 wt.%. Furthermore, NPs were found to play a key role in building efficient filter cakes with time during filtration (up to 90 min). Moreover, smoother surface morphologies and less porous structures of filter cakes were observed when using NPs with some agglomeration of CuO‐NPs due to higher density. The Herschel‐Bulkley model was found to provide a better fitting of the rheological data of NPs‐based KCl‐polymer mud than the Bingham plastic model. This approach would be able to virtually overcome any shale issue encountered by proactively plugging nanopores while inhibiting the water absorption in shale formations.
Pattern of placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) expression in human tumors: a tissue microarray study on 12,381 tumors
Authors: Reiswich Viktor , Gorbokon Natalia , Luebke Andreas M , Burandt Eike , Menz Anne , Kluth Martina , Hube‐Magg Claudia , Wittmer Corinna , Weidemann Sören , Fraune Christoph , Möller Katharina , Lebok Patrick , Sauter Guido , Simon Ronald , Uhlig Ria , Wilczak Waldemar , Jacobsen Frank , Minner Sarah , Krech Rainer , Bernreuther Christian , Marx Andreas , Steurer Stefan , Clauditz Till , Krech Till
Published: August 2021

Placental alkaline phosphatase (PLAP) is commonly expressed at high levels in testicular germ cell tumors. PLAP immunohistochemistry (IHC) is thus often used to confirm this diagnosis, especially in cases of putative metastasis. However, other tumors can also express PLAP. To comprehensively determine PLAP expression in normal and tumor tissue, a tissue microarray containing 16,166 samples from 131 different tumor types and subtypes as well as 608 samples from 76 different normal tissue types was analyzed by IHC. Moderate to strong PLAP positivity was found in 27 (21%) of 131 different tumor types including seminoma (96%), embryonal carcinoma (85%), and yolk sac tumors of the testis (56%); endometrioid carcinoma of the endometrium (28%) and the ovary (20%); gastric adenocarcinoma (22%); serous carcinoma (not otherwise specified) of the ovary (17%) and the uterus (11%); adenocarcinoma of the ampulla of Vater (15%); carcinosarcoma of the ovary (11%) and the uterus (8%); esophageal adenocarcinoma (10%); invasive urothelial carcinoma (4%); cholangiocarcinoma (2%); and adenocarcinoma of the lung (1%). Low‐level PLAP immunostaining, often involving only a small fraction of tumor cells, was seen in 21 additional tumor entities. The clinical significance of PLAP expression may vary between tumor types as high PLAP expression was linked to advanced pathological tumor stage (p = 0.0086), nodal metastasis (p = 0.0085), and lymphatic (p = 0.0007) and blood vessel invasion (p = 0.0222) in colorectal cancer, but to low pathological tumor stage in endometrial cancer (p = 0.0043). In conclusion, our data identify several tumor entities that can show PLAP expression at comparable levels to testicular germ cell tumors. These tumor entities need to be considered in cases of PLAP‐positive metastasis. Low‐level PLAP expression can be found in various other tumor entities and should generally not be viewed as a strong argument for germ cell neoplasia.
Change in the neurochemical signature and morphological development of the parvocellular isthmic projection to the avian tectum
Authors: Reyes‐Pinto Rosana , Ferrán José L. , Vega‐Zuniga Tomas , González‐Cabrera Cristian , Luksch Harald , Mpodozis Jorge , Puelles Luis , Marín Gonzalo J.
Published: August 2021

Neurons can change their classical neurotransmitters during ontogeny, sometimes going through stages of dual release. Here, we explored the development of the neurotransmitter identity of neurons of the avian nucleus isthmi parvocellularis (Ipc), whose axon terminals are retinotopically arranged in the optic tectum (TeO) and exert a focal gating effect upon the ascending transmission of retinal inputs. Although cholinergic and glutamatergic markers are both found in Ipc neurons and terminals of adult pigeons and chicks, the mRNA expression of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter, VAChT, is weak or absent. To explore how the Ipc neurotransmitter identity is established during ontogeny, we analyzed the expression of mRNAs coding for cholinergic (ChAT, VAChT, and CHT) and glutamatergic (VGluT2 and VGluT3) markers in chick embryos at different developmental stages. We found that between E12 and E18, Ipc neurons expressed all cholinergic mRNAs and also VGluT2 mRNA; however, from E16 through posthatch stages, VAChT mRNA expression was specifically diminished. Our ex vivo deposits of tracer crystals and intracellular filling experiments revealed that Ipc axons exhibit a mature paintbrush morphology late in development, experiencing marked morphological transformations during the period of presumptive dual vesicular transmitter release. Additionally, although ChAT protein immunoassays increasingly label the growing Ipc axon, this labeling was consistently restricted to sparse portions of the terminal branches. Combined, these results suggest that the synthesis of glutamate and acetylcholine, and their vesicular release, is complexly linked to the developmental processes of branching, growing and remodeling of these unique axons.
End of Life of Biodegradable Plastics: Composting versus Re/Upcycling
Authors: Gioia Claudio , Giacobazzi Greta , Vannini Micaela , Totaro Grazia , Sisti Laura , Colonna Martino , Marchese Paola , Celli Annamaria
Published: August 2021

Nowadays the issues related to the end of life of traditional plastics are very urgent due to the important pollution problems that plastics have caused. Biodegradable plastics can help to try to mitigate these problems, but even bioplastics need much attention to carefully evaluate the different options for plastic waste disposal. In this Minireview, three different end‐of‐life scenarios (composting, recycling, and upcycling) were evaluated in terms of literature review. As a result, the ability of bioplastics to be biodegraded by composting has been related to physical variables and materials characteristics. Hence, it is possible to deduce that the process is mature enough to be a good way to minimize bioplastic waste and valorize it for the production of a fertilizer. Recycling and upcycling options, which could open up many interesting new scenarios for the production of high‐value materials, are less studied. Research in this area can be strongly encouraged.
Donor Bandgap Engineering without Sacrificing the Reduction Ability of Photogenerated Electrons in Crystalline Carbon Nitride
Authors: Zhang Guoqiang , Xu Yangsen , Mi Hongwei , Zhang Peixin , Li Haowen , Lu Yujuan
Published: August 2021

Crystalline carbon nitride (CCN) with a light response up to 700 nm has been seldom reported but is significant for the artificial photocatalysis. In this study, it is proposed that, unlike acceptors, introducing donors can effectively narrow the bandgap without sacrificing the reduction ability of photogenerated electrons, which is more advantageous to photocatalytic reduction reactions. Hence, a series of heptazine‐based K+‐implanted CCN (KCN) with a narrow bandgap (2.87–1.86 eV) are constructed by copolymerization of pyrimidine donors. The optimized photocatalysts can extend the light response to 700 nm and account for approximately 122‐ and 33‐fold enhancements in H2production (λ>500 nm) in comparison to CN and KCN, respectively. The apparent quantum efficiency (AQE) can reach 8.2 % at 500 nm and is comparable to the top‐level CN‐ and CCN‐ based materials. Its photoactive wavelength has significant advantages over previously reported CCN‐based photocatalysts. This method offers a universal donor bandgap engineering strategy towards photocatalytic reduction reactions.
Productivity modifies the effects of fire severity on understory diversity
Authors: Brodie Emily G. , Miller Jesse E.D. , Safford Hugh D.
Published: August 2021

High severity fire may promote or reduce plant understory diversity in forests. However, few empirical studies have tested long‐standing theoretical predictions that productivity may help to explain observed variation in post‐fire plant diversity. Support for the influence of productivity on disturbance‐diversity relationships is found predominantly in experimental grasslands, while tests over large areas with natural disturbance and productivity gradients are few and have yielded inconsistent results. Here, we measured the response of post‐fire understory plant diversity to natural gradients of fire severity and productivity in a large‐scale observational study in California’s subalpine forests. We found that plant species richness increased with increasing fire severity and that this trend was stronger at high productivity. We used plant traits to investigate whether release from competition might contribute to increasing diversity and found that short‐lived and far‐dispersing species benefited more from high severity fire than their long‐lived and near‐dispersing counterparts. For far‐dispersing species only, the benefit from high severity fire was stronger in high productivity plots where unburned species richness was lowest. Our results support theoretical connections between fire severity, productivity and plant communities that are key to predicting the consequences of increasing fire severity and frequency on diversity in the coming decades.
Recent Advances and Applications Toward Emerging Lithium–Sulfur Batteries: Working Principles and Opportunities
Authors: Deng Rongyu , Wang Meng , Yu Huanyu , Luo Shunrui , Li Jinhui , Chu Fulu , Liu Bin , Wu Feixiang
Published: August 2021

Lithium–sulfur (Li‐S) batteries have been considered as promising candidates for large‐scale high energy density devices due to the potentially high energy density, low cost, and more pronounced ecological compatibility. However, the complex Li‐S conversion reactions, unsatisfactory battery performance, and unsafe metallic Li anode restrict the development of Li‐S batteries to achieve commercialization. This review mainly focuses on three aspects which are the remaining challenges, recent advances, and applications in Li‐S batteries. Firstly, this review portrays Li‐S conversion chemistry involving the multi‐step and multi‐electron reaction mechanism, as well as the remaining challenges. Then, the scientific strategies and very recent advances of the cathode, electrolyte, lithium anode, and other constituent parts of Li‐S batteries are detailly summed up, as well as their advantages and limitations. For the sake of promoting the Li‐S batteries practicalization, next section is primarily concerned with problems, the corresponding solutions, and application scenarios of practical pouch cells. Finally, the important findings as guidelines and some future directions as trends for developing emerging Li‐S batteries are briefly summarized.
Two‐year outcomes from the MitrAl ValvE RepaIr Clinical (MAVERIC) trial: a novel percutaneous treatment of functional mitral regurgitation
Authors: Patterson Tiffany , Gregson John , Erglis Andrejs , Joseph Jubin , Rajani Ronak , Wilson Karen , Prendergast Bernard , Worthley Stephen , Hildick‐Smith David , Rafter Tony , Whelan Alan , De Marco Federico , Horrigan Mark , Redwood Simon R.
Published: August 2021

Aims

We report the 2‐year outcomes of the MitrAl ValvE RepaIr Clinical (MAVERIC) trial. Functional mitral regurgitation (FMR) is associated with poor outcomes for which there remains an unmet clinical need. ARTO is a transcatheter annular reduction device for the treatment of FMR and an emerging alternative for patients at high surgical risk. The MAVERIC trial was designed to evaluate the safety and performance of the ARTO system in FMR and heart failure (HF).

Methods and results

MAVERIC is an international multicentre, prospective, single arm study enrolling patients with FMR grade ≥ 2, New York Heart Association (NYHA) class ≥II symptoms despite maximal medical therapy. Patients were excluded if they had significant structural mitral valve abnormality or life expectancy <1 year. The primary outcome measures were a composite safety outcome and efficacy defined as mitral regurgitation (MR) reduction 30 days post‐procedure. Secondary outcome measures included safety, change in MR grade, NYHA class and hospitalization for HF at 2 years. Forty‐five patients were enrolled. The composite safety outcome was met (2/45 adverse events at 30 days) and no device‐related deaths occurred at 2‐year follow‐up. A sustained reduction in MR [grade < 2: 21/31 (68%) vs. 31/31(0%); P < 0.0001], left ventricular end‐diastolic volume index (90.0 ± 30 vs. 106 ± 26 mL/m2; P = 0.004) and anteroposterior diameter (35.5 ± 4.7 vs. 41.4 ± 4.6 mm; P < 0.0001) was seen at 2 years compared to baseline. Progressive symptomatic improvement [NYHA class ≤II: 27/34 (80%) vs. 12/34 (36%); P < 0.0001] and a reduction in HF hospitalizations (19.8% 2 years post vs. 52.3% 2 years prior; P < 0.001) were seen at 2 years compared to baseline.

Conclusions

The ARTO system is a safe and effective treatment for FMR with reductions in left ventricular end‐diastolic volumes sustained to 2 years.
Hyperlipidemia‐induced metabolic changes in regulatory T cells result in altered function
Authors: Hyde Michael , Bagley Jessamyn , Hinds Philip W. , Tsichlis Philip , Iacomini John
Published: August 2021

Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play a critical role in maintaining self‐tolerance and controlling inflammation. However, physiologically relevant conditions that alter Treg function and drive disease pathogenesis are poorly understood and few have been defined. We have previously shown that induction of hyperlipidemia in mice results in changes in Tregs that reduce their function. Here, we set out to examine mechanisms by which hyperlipidemia alters Tregs. Using live‐cell metabolic assays, we observed that induction of hyperlipidemia increases metabolism in Tregs but not conventional T cells. Increased metabolism resulted from preferential activation of the serine/threonine kinase Akt2 (PKB‐β). Expression of a constitutively activated form of Akt2 in CD4 T cells was sufficient to increase glycolysis in Tregs and drive changes in Treg subsets. Induction of hyperlipidemia did not alter Treg metabolism in mice lacking Akt2. Activation of Akt2 was sufficient to drive the production of inflammatory cytokines by Tregs. We suggest that hyperlipidemia alters Treg function through effects on metabolism via Akt2 activation thereby promoting plasticity and decreased function of FoxP3+ T cells.
Evolution of Structural, Thermal, Optical, and Vibrational Properties of Sc2S3, ScCuS2, and BaScCuS3 Semiconductors
Authors: Azarapin Nikita O. , Oreshonkov Aleksandr S. , Razumkova Illaria A. , Aleksandrovsky Aleksandr S. , Maximov Nikolai G. , Leonidov Ivan I. , Shestakov Nikolai P. , Andreev Oleg V.
Published: August 2021

In the present work, we report on the synthesis of Sc2S3, ScCuS2 and BaScCuS3 powders using a method based on oxides sulfidation and modification of their properties. The crystal structures and morphology of samples are verified by XRD and SEM techniques. Thermal stability has been studied by DTA which has revealed that Sc2S3 decomposes to ScS through melting at 1877 K. ScCuS2 and BaScCuS3 melt incongruently at temperatures of 1618 K and 1535 K, respectively. The electronic structure calculations show that the investigated compounds are semiconductors with indirect band gap (Eg). According to the diffuse reflection spectroscopy, Sc2S3, ScCuS2 and BaScCuS3 are wide‐bandgap semiconductors featured the Eg values of 2.53 eV, 2.05 eV and 2.06 eV, respectively. The band gap decreases with the introduction of copper (I) and barium cations into the crystal structure of the compounds. Variation of local structure has been verified by Raman and infrared spectroscopy. The calculated vibrational modes of ScCuS2 correspond to CuS4 and Sc−S layer vibrations, even though ScS6 octahedra‐like structural units can be found in the structure.
Base‐Free Copper‐Catalyzed Azide‐Alkyne Click Cycloadditions (CuAAc) in Natural Deep Eutectic Solvents as Green and Catalytic Reaction Media**
Authors: Giofrè Salvatore Vincenzo , Tiecco Matteo , Ferlazzo Angelo , Romeo Roberto , Ciancaleoni Gianluca , Germani Raimondo , Iannazzo Daniela
Published: August 2021

The click cycloaddition of azides to alkynes affording 1,2,3‐triazoles is a widely used and effective chemical transformation, applied to obtain relevant products in medicine, biology, and materials science. In this work, a set of natural deep eutectic solvents (NADESs) has been investigated in the copper‐catalyzed azide‐alkyne cycloaddition reactions (CuAAc) as green and catalytic reaction media. The use of these innovative solvents has been shown to improve the reaction effectiveness, giving excellent yields. NADESs proved to be “active” in their reducing capabilities in several cases and for the absence of added bases in all the performed reactions: DFT calculations demonstrated in fact the involvement of H‐bonds between DESs and alkynes, as well as stabilization of copper catalytic intermediates. The green experimental conditions, the absence of a base, the low temperatures, the lowering of reagent amounts, and the possibility of recycling of the solvents, outline the great potential of NADESs for CuAAc.
An Efficient Construction of CF3‐Substituted Spirooxindole‐Fused Benzo[a]quinolizidines by a Three‐Component Cyclization
Authors: Hu Yijie , Ye Liufeiyang , Chen Jie , Zhang Hui , Deng Hongmei , Lin Jin‐Hong , Cao Weiguo
Published: August 2021

Benzo[a]quinolizidine is a key subunit in numerous natural products and pharmaceuticals, and therefore its synthesis has received much attention in resent years. Described herein is a convenient three‐component cyclization for the efficient construction of CF3‐substituted spirooxindole‐fused benzo[a]quinolizidines by using CF3‐propiolate as a building block. This attractive protocol may find great synthetic utility since CF3‐containing complex structures were installed by a one‐step cyclization under mild conditions.
Synthesis of Imidazolinium Salts by Pd/C‐Catalyzed Dehydrogenation of Imidazolidines
Authors: Ando Shin , Xiao Bowen , Ishizuka Tadao
Published: August 2021

A method for the synthesis of imidazolinium salts through a catalytic dehydrogenation was developed using Pd/C as a catalyst with ammonium salt as an additive. Optimization of the reaction conditions revealed the existence of a proton source that was necessary to accomplish the reaction. Under the optimal conditions, oxidation‐sensitive components, such as an allyl, a furan, and a thiophene can be introduced into the corresponding imidazolinium salts. In addition to the varied N‐substituents, the presented method can be used to synthesize a series of 2‐substituted imidazolinium salts.
One‐Pot Synthesis of C3‐Alkylated Imidazopyridines from α‐Bromocarbonyls under Photoredox Conditions
Authors: Tong Jinwen , Zhan Yanling , Li Jingyu , Liu Ping , Sun Peipei
Published: August 2021

A convenient strategy is presented for the synthesis of C3‐alkylated imidazopyridines through one pot condensation and alkylation of α‐bromocarbonyl compounds with 2‐aminopyridines. A series of C3‐alkylated imidazopyridines were obtained in moderate to high yields. This strategy was also elaborated to enable the synthesis of zolpidem in short steps, which otherwise require multistep synthesis.
Metal/covalent‐organic frameworks for electrochemical energy storage applications
Authors: Chu Jun , Wang Yanxia , Zhong Faping , Feng Xiangming , Chen Weihua , Ai Xinping , Yang Hanxi , Cao Yuliang
Published: August 2021

Many renewable energy technologies, especially batteries and supercapacitors, require effective electrode materials for energy storage and conversion. For such applications, metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent‐organic frameworks (COFs) have been recently emerged as promising candidates. Their high surface area, organized channel, and multiple functions make them highly versatile and flexible as electrodes, electrolytes, and electrocatalysts in electrochemical energy storage (EES) systems. In addition, many MOFs/COFs‐derived materials tend to possess high conductivity and diverse nanoarchitecture, and can also serve as high‐performance electrodes. In this review, we summarize the extensive potentials of both frameworks and their derivatives in a range of devices, including lithium/sodium ion, lithium‐sulfur, lithium‐oxygen batteries, and supercapacitors. In addition, we discuss the remaining challenges in this area and propose potential solutions for them as well as outline a few possible directions for further development for EES applications.

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Multiobjective optimization of the cooling system of a marine diesel engine
Authors: Zhang Bo , Zhang Ping , Zeng Fanming
Published: August 2021

An intelligent cooling system directly influences the thermal load of high‐temperature components, heat distribution, and fuel economy of a diesel engine. An optimal coolant pump rotational speed map is a key factor in intelligent cooling control strategies. In this study, we designed an experimental variable coolant flow system for a maritime diesel engine. Experiment design and D‐optimal designs were used to optimize the parameters of the diesel engine cooling system. The diesel engine speed, load, and freshwater rotational pump speed were selected as variables. The temperature of the high‐thermal‐load zone of the combustion chamber components, fuel consumption rate, effective power, and peak cylinder pressure were selected as response variables, and the D‐optimal method was used to sample the experimental points. Polynomial response surface models were obtained using a stepwise algorithm. A multiobjective optimization problem was converted into a simple‐objective optimization problem using the ideal point method. A genetic algorithm was used to optimize the single‐objective function globally to obtain the optimal freshwater pump speed map for a diesel engine under all conditions. On average, the optimized cooling system decreased the fuel consumption by 1.901%. Six typical propulsive conditions were selected to confirm the validity of the optimization results. The experimental results indicate that the fuel consumption decreased by 2.35%, the effective power increased by 2.26%, and the power consumption of the water pump decreased by 17.83%. The combination of experiment design and D‐optimal designs offers the advantages of low cost, high efficiency, and high precision in solving multiobjective optimization problems involving strong coupling and nonlinear systems. The results of this research provide data support and a theoretical basis for intelligent cooling control strategies.
Splash detachment of sand particles under varying contact stress field of wind‐driven raindrop impact
Authors: Erpul Günay , Gabriels Donald , Pınar Melis Özge , Sagun Çağlar , Cornelis Wim
Published: August 2021

The effects of wind‐driven rain (WDR) on sand detachment were studied under various raindrop obliquities. Results suggested a significant reduction in compressive stress on sand surfaces for a two‐dimensional experimental set‐up in a wind tunnel. During experiments, sand particles in splash cups were exposed to both wind‐free rain (WFR) and WDR driven by horizontal winds of 6.4, 8.9 and 12.8 m s−1and rainfall intensities of 50, 60, 75 and 90‐mm h−1to assess the sand detachment rate (D, in g m−2 s−1). The effects of sand moisture state (dry and wet) on the detachment of different‐sized particles (0.20–0.50 and 0.50–2.00 mm, respectively) were also tested. Factorial analysis of variance showed that shear and compressive stress components evaluated by horizontal and vertical kinetic energy flux terms (KExand KEy, respectively, in J m−2 s−1) along with their vector sum (KEr, in J m−2 s−1) explained the variation inD. Neither sand size nor sand moisture was statistically significant alone although binary interactions of KEr, KExand KEywith the sand size and three‐way interaction of KEx, sand size and moisture were statistically significant. These results can be explained by size‐dependent variation in sand compressibility and surface friction related to the total stress field developed by a given partition of shear and compressive stresses of wind‐driven oblique raindrops (KEx/KEy). Further analysis of the variation of the unit sand detachment rate (Du = D/KEr = g J−1) with rain inclination (α, in degrees) better revealed the effect of WDR obliquity onDuthat further changed with sand size class and moisture state. Finally, the difference in the resulting stress field differentiable by the oblique raindrop trajectories of the experiment over sand surface significantly affected the non‐cohesive particle detachment rates, to some extent interacted with size‐dependent compressibility and interface shear strength of sand grains.
Homo sapiensorigins and evolution in the Kalahari Basin, southern Africa
Authors: Wilkins Jayne
Published: August 2021

The Kalahari Basin, southern Africa preserves a rich archeological record of human origins and evolution spanning the Early, Middle and Late Pleistocene. Since the 1930s, several stratified and dated archeological sites have been identified and investigated, together with numerous open‐air localities that provide landscape‐scale perspectives. However, next to recent discoveries from nearby coastal regions, the Kalahari Basin has remained peripheral to debates about the origins ofHomo sapiens. Though the interior region of southern Africa is generally considered to be less suitable for hunter‐gatherer occupation than coastal and near‐coastal regions, especially during glacial periods, the archeological record documents human presence in the Kalahari Basin from the Early Pleistocene onwards, and the region is not abandoned during glacial phases. Furthermore, many significant behavioral innovations have an early origin in the Kalahari Basin, which adds support to poly‐centric, pan‐African models for the emergence of our species.
Stability analysis of discrete population balance model for bubble growth and shrinkage
Authors: Li Jiadong , Liao Yixiang , Lucas Dirk , Zhou Ping
Published: August 2021

The stability condition for solving the population balance equation (PBE) involving bubble growth and shrinkage within the Eulerian framework is proposed. The particle flux weighted average Courant number, , which reflects the propagation of particle state of the entire size classes on internal coordinates is first derived. Stability conditions of internal convection for PISO and PIMPLE algorithms are obtained by evaluating a series of tests concerning the constant bubble growth. The proposed stability conditions are then applied to simulate two kinds of laboratory experiments, that is, the bubble growth in stagnant liquid and condensing steam‐water pipe flows. The results show that the stable PBE solutions hold for the cases using either PISO or PIMPLE algorithms combined with the corresponding stability condition. Meanwhile, the conservation of the zeroth and first moments of the number density function can be guaranteed when the stability condition is satisfied. In addition, the effect of heat transfer coefficient correlations is also discussed.
Exogenous ethylene application on postharvest oil palm fruit bunches improves crude palm oil quality
Authors: Chew Chien Lye , Tan Bee Aik , Low Jaime Yoke Sum , Mohd Hakimi Noor Irma Nazashida , Kua Shwu Fun , Lim Chin Ming
Published: August 2021

Quality and food safety are of paramount importance to the palm oil industry. In this work, we investigated the practicability of ethylene gas exogenous application on post‐harvested oil palm fruit bunches to improve the crude palm oil (CPO) quality. The bunches were first exposed to ethylene gas for 24 hr to induce abscission of palm fruits from bunches. The detached fruits were then subjected to heat treatment, mechanical extraction, clarification and drying to produce CPO. Critical quality parameters of CPO produced, that is free fatty acid, deterioration of the bleachability index and triacylglycerol showed improvement with ethylene gas treatment. Contaminant content that is phosphorus, chloride, iron, and copper also showed a reduction in the CPO derived from ethylene‐treated bunches. These findings corresponded with low levels of contaminants such as 3‐monochloropropane‐1,2‐diol esters and glycidyl esters in refined oil. The implementation strategy and practicability of this method is herein proposed and discussed. Ethylene application not only improves the CPO quality, but could potentially enhance the process sustainability of palm oil mills.
Multidecadal biological monitoring and abatement program\ assessing human impacts on aquatic ecosystems within the Oak Ridge Reservation in eastern Tennessee, USA
Authors: Matson Paul G. , Stevenson Louise M. , Griffiths Natalie A. , DeRolph Christopher R. , Jett R. Trent , Fortner Allison M. , Jones Michael W. , Jones Nikki J. , Mathews Teresa J.
Published: August 2021

Human activities can be powerful drivers of ecosystem change within catchments. While most long‐term catchment studies have been conducted at pristine sites, such studies are less common from sites more impacted by human activity. The Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Biological Monitoring and Abatement Program (BMAP) was developed in the mid‐1980s to (1) assess compliance with environmental regulations, (2) identify causes of adverse ecological impacts, (3) provide data for human and ecological risk assessments, and (4) evaluate the effectiveness of remedial actions taken to mitigate the impacts of contaminants in soils, groundwater, and surface water by documenting ecological recovery on the Oak Ridge Reservation (ORR), a federally owned 33 476‐acre site in eastern Tennessee, managed by the US Department of Energy. The ORR is composed of multiple watersheds containing many small to mid‐size streams. BMAP uses an integrated approach for determining stream health; its databases include long‐term seasonal records of contaminant concentrations in water and biota, data from aquatic toxicity testing, and surveys of macroinvertebrate and fish assemblages from impacted and reference streams. These long‐term data provide valuable records of degradation and recovery in catchment ecosystems. Our objective here is to describe our study system and data series in order to increase awareness of the availability of these long‐term data to the catchment science community.
Sustained expression of inflammatory monocytes and activated T cells in COVID‐19 patients and recovered convalescent plasma donors
Authors: Singh Ravinder , Hemati Hamed , Bajpai Meenu , Yadav Pushpa , Maheshwari Ashish , Kumar Suresh , Agrawal Sonal , Sevak Jayesh Kumar , Islam Mojahidul , Mars Jaswinder Singh , Sarin Shiv K , Trehanpati Nirupama
Published: August 2021

Introduction

Intense monocyte activation and infiltration into the target tissues are the main mechanisms of lung injury in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. A reduction in the degree and nature of such cellular responses is expected following recovery. We aimed to investigate the immune responses in moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) patients and recovered patients.

Methods

Moderate COVID‐19 patients (n = 34) at Lok Nayak Hospital, New Delhi, and COVID‐19 recovered patients (n = 15) from the mild disease who were considered for convalescent plasma (COPLA) donation at the Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi and healthy individuals (n = 10), were recruited. We have assessed 21 plasma cytokines using cytokine bead array, performed proteomics on serum proteins, and analyzed immune cells using a detailed multicolor flow cytometry.

Results

A significant increase in inflammatory markers such as macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)1‐α, monocyte chemotactic protein‐1, macrophage migration inhibitory factor, vascular endothelial growth factor‐A, and Leptin was observed in the moderate patients. Nonsurvivors additionally showed increased interleukin (IL)‐6 levels. Consistently, the proteomics analysis showed the signatures of cytokine production and interferon‐γ response, and increased level of acute‐phase protein SAA1 in the serum of COVID‐19 patients. Despite the sustained expression of MIPs, the recovered COPLA donors showed a surge in MCSF and IL‐18 levels. Both the groups had increased CCR2, CX3CR1 positive monocytes, low CD8+ T cells, A proliferation‐inducing ligand, and B‐cell activating factor receptor+ B cells compared with healthy subjects.

Conclusions

Patients who have recovered and considered for COPLA donations still have compromised immunity with sustained expression of inflammatory monocytes and activated T cells.