bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
One‐Pot Synthesis of α‐Amino Phosphonates from α‐Amino Acids and β‐Amino Alcohols.
Authors: Boto Alicia , Gallardo Juan Antonio , Hernandez Rosendo , Saavedra Carlos Javier
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chain Elongation of Aldoses by Indium‐Mediated Coupling with 3‐Bromopropenyl Esters.
Authors: Palmelund Anders , Madsen Robert
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of (1→6)‐α‐Linked Di‐ and Trisaccharides, Derivatives of 2‐Deoxysugars.
Authors: Wandzik I. , Pastuch‐Gawolek G. , Szeja W.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Direct and Stereoselective Synthesis of β‐D‐Mannosides Using 4,6‐O‐Benzylidene‐Protected Mannosyl Diethyl Phosphite as a Donor.
Authors: Tsuda Toshifumi , Arihara Ryoichi , Sato Shinya , Koshiba Miyuki , Nakamura Seiichi , Hashimoto Shunichi
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Modular Total Synthesis of Lamellarin D (I).
Authors: Pla Daniel , Marchal Antonio , Olsen Christian A. , Albericio Fernando , Alvarez Mercedes
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Bioactive Annuionone from Sunflower Leaves.
Authors: Anjum Tehmina , Bajwa Rukhsana
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Antimicrobial Biflavonoids from the Aerial Parts of Ouratea sulcata.
Authors: Pegnyemb Dieudonne Emmanuel , Mbing Josephine Ngo , Atchade Alex de Theodore , Tih Raphael Ghogomu , Sondengam Beiban Lucas , Blond Alain , Bodo Bernard
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Corallinafuran and Corallinaether, Novel Toxic Compounds from Crustose Coralline Red Algae.
Authors: Kitamura Makoto , Koyama Tomoyuki , Nakano Yoshikatsu , Uemura Daisuke
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Thick Titania Films for Semiconductor Photocatalysis
Authors: Mills Andrew , Hill George , Crow Matthew , Hodgen Stephanie
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
N‐Alkylation Reactions and Indirect Formation of Amino Functionalities in Solid‐Phase Synthesis
Authors: Olsen Christian A. , Franzyk Henrik , Jaroszewski Jerzy W.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
The Asymmetric Suzuki Coupling Route to Axially Chiral Biaryls
Authors: Baudoin Olivier
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses of Oxetanocin A and Related Unusual Nucleosides with Four‐Membered Heterocyclic Sugars as Potential Antiviral Agents
Authors: Ichikawa Eiko , Kato Kuniki
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nucleotides and Nucleic Acids; Oligo‐ and Polynucleotides
Authors: Loakes David
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Syntheses and Stereoselective 1,2‐Addition Reactions of Chiral Stannyl Allenamides
Authors: Berry Craig R. , Hsung Richard P.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
5,6‐Dihydroxyindoles and Indole‐5,6‐diones
Authors: D'Ischia Marco , Napolitano Alessandra , Pezzella Alessandro , Land Edward J. , Ramsden Christopher A. , Riley Patrick A.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recently Developed Organometallic Complexes of Zn, Cu(Zn, Li), Fe, Ru and Less Used Ions: Use in Selective 1,2‐or 1,4‐Additions, Transfer Hydrogenations, Aldol Reactions and Diels—Alder Reactions
Authors: Zhu H. J. , Jiang J. X. , Ren J. , Yan Y. M. , Pittman C. U. Jr.
Published: January 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access the actual ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Effect of Substrate Temperature on the Plasma Polymerization of Poly(methyl methacrylate)
Authors: Casserly T. B. , Gleason K. K.
Published: January 2006

Low‐power, plasma‐enhanced (PE)CVD together with polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) can be used to deposit thin films of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) with minimal loss of functional groups, as shown by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectrometry (RS). Retention of functional groups decreases with increased substrate temperature, corresponding to decreased deposition rates. From XPS data, the calculated percentage loss of functional groups ranges from 0.9 % to 43.4 %, changing as a function of deposition conditions. RS confirms the presence of C=C bonds in the polymer backbone as a result of scission of the ester group from MMA. The thermal properties of PECVD‐produced films from MMA can be tailored by varying the substrate temperature. Onset of thermal decomposition increases with increased substrate temperature by eliminating thermally labile peroxide linkages in the polymer backbone, and by crosslinking that occurs at radical sites generated via scission of functional group bonds. The post‐anneal thicknesses of the remaining polymer is of the order of 4 nm or less, indicating that low‐power PECVD of PMMA is a viable candidate to act as a sacrificial material for air‐gap fabrication.
Atmospheric Pressure CVD of TiSe2 Thin Films on Glass
Authors: Boscher N. D. , Carmalt C. J. , Parkin I. P.
Published: January 2006

Atmospheric pressure (AP) CVD of TiSe2 films on glass substrates was achieved by reaction of di‐tert‐butylselenide and diethyl diselenide with TiCl4 at 250–600 °C. All the films showed a TiSe2 Raman pattern with bands at 133 cm–1 and 198 cm–1. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the TiSe2 films were crystalline with cell constants close to those expected: some preferred orientation was noted at higher deposition temperatures. Energy dispersive analysis by X‐rays (EDAX) gave a Ti:Se ratio close to 1:2 for all the films formed at 550 °C, and a Ti:Se ratio close to 1:1.5 for the film formed at 600 °C. The TiSe2 films produced from diethyl diselenide and TiCl4 had a powdery, purple, matte appearance whilst reaction with di‐tert‐butylselenide formed navy‐blue reflective films at deposition temperatures below 300 °C, and dark‐purple films at deposition temperatures above 350 °C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the films were composed of needle‐like crystals which became longer and thicker with increasing deposition temperature. After 60 days storage in air, Raman spectra of the films produced from diethyl diselenide and TiCl4 revealed the presence of TiO2, whereas no change was noticed in the XRD and Raman spectra of the films produced from di‐tert‐butylselenide and TiCl4.
Asymmetric localization of numb in the chick somite and the influence of myogenic signals
Authors: Holowacz Tamara , Zeng Li , Lassar Andrew B.
Published: January 2006

Whereas Notch signaling is known to play an essential role in the formation of somites, its role during later stages of somite maturation is less well understood. Here, we examine the signals and transcription factors that control the expression of the Notch antagonist, Numb, during somite maturation in the chick embryo. Numb mRNA is present in the epithelial somite and is increased in expression in the forming myotome. Numb protein displays a very specific subcellular localization and dynamic expression during somite maturation. Numb protein is asymmetrically localized in a cortical crescent on the basal side of dividing cells in the dorsomedial lip of the dermomyotome and is subsequently uniformly distributed throughout differentiated myotomal cells. Treatment of somites with either the combination of Wnt‐3a and Shh, or ectodermal signals plus noggin, both of which induce somitic myogenesis, did not significantly affect Numb transcript levels but did lead to a dramatic increase in the levels of Numb protein, which was uniformly distributed throughout the cytoplasm of the resultant myotubes. Forced expression of MyoD in somites similarly induced high levels of Numb protein throughout the cytoplasm, without affecting Numb mRNA levels. We also found that signals that promote somitic myogenesis or forced MyoD expression induced expression of the Notch ligand, Serrate‐2. Our findings suggest that Notch signals are specifically repressed in the myotome and that asymmetric expression of Numb in dividing cells of the dorsomedial lip of the dermomyotome may modulate whether these cells continue to divide or differentiate into myotomal cells. Developmental Dynamics 235:633–645, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
BMP and FGF‐2 regulate neurogenin‐2 expression and the differentiation of sensory neurons and glia
Authors: Ota Mitsunori , Ito Kazuo
Published: January 2006

We have examined the effects of signaling molecules and Notch signaling on the mechanisms regulating neurogenin (ngn) ‐2 expression. This ngn‐2 is a transcription factor that is essential for the specification of early differentiating sensory neurons in the dorsal root ganglia. In the presence of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), anti–ngn‐2‐positive cells appeared in mouse trunk neural crest cell cultures, and they expressed Brn3, indicating that ngn‐2–expressing cells are sensory neurons. These cells did not differentiate after fibroblast growth factor (FGF) ‐2 treatment or after Notch activation. The suppression of ngn‐2 expression by FGF‐2 was recovered by treatment with a Notch signaling inhibitor. Thus, FGF‐2 may prevent ngn‐2 expression through Notch activation. Whereas BMP‐4 inhibited glial differentiation, FGF‐2 promoted gliogenesis by means of Notch activation. Our data suggest that BMP and FGF‐2 act as positive and negative regulators in ngn‐2 expression, respectively, and that these signaling molecules regulate the differentiation of sensory neurons and glia. Developmental Dynamics 235:646–655, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Differential regulation of GDF‐5 and FGF‐2/4 by immobilisation in ovo exposes distinct roles in joint formation
Authors: Kavanagh E. , Church V.L. , Osborne A.C. , Lamb K.J. , Archer C.W. , Francis‐West P.H. , Pitsillides A.A.
Published: January 2006

Members of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family and growth and differentiation factor 5 (GDF‐5) have been implicated in joint specification, but their roles in subsequent cavity formation are not defined. Cavity formation (cavitation) depends upon limb movement in embryonic chicks and factors involved in joint formation are often identified by their expression at the joint‐line. We have sought support for the roles of FGF‐2, FGF‐4, and GDF‐5 in cavitation by defining expression patterns, immunohistochemically, during joint formation and establishing whether these are modified by in ovo immobilisation. We found that FGF‐2 exhibited low level nuclear expression in chondrocytes and fibrocartilage cells close to presumptive joints, but showed significantly higher expression levels in cells at, and directly bordering, the forming joint cavity. This high‐level joint line FGF‐2 expression was selectively diminished in immobilised limbs. In contrast, we show that FGF‐4 does not exhibit differential joint‐line expression and was unaffected by immobilisation. GDF‐5 protein also failed to show joint‐line selective labelling, and although immobilisation induced a cartilaginous fusion across presumptive joints, it did not affect cellular GDF‐5 expression patterns. Examining changes in GDF‐5 expression in response to a direct mechanical strain stimulus in primary embryonic chick articular surface (AS) cells in vitro discloses only small mechanically‐induced reductions in GDF‐5 expression, suggesting that GDF‐5 does not exert a direct positive contribution to the mechano‐dependent joint cavitation process. This notion was supported by retroviral overexpression of UDPGD, a characteristic factor involved in hyaluronan (HA) accumulation at presumptive joint lines, which was also found to produce small decreases in AS cell GDF‐5 expression. These findings support a direct mechano‐dependent role for FGF‐2, but not FGF‐4, in the cavitation process and indicate that GDF‐5 is likely to influence chondrogenesis positively without contributing directly to joint cavity formation. Developmental Dynamics 235:826–834, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
IL‐7Rα expression on CD4+ T lymphocytes decreases with HIV disease progression and inversely correlates with immune activation
Authors: Koesters Sandra A. , Alimonti Judie B. , Wachihi Charles , Matu Lucy , Anzala Omu , Kimani Joshua , Embree Joanne E. , Plummer Francis A. , Fowke Keith R.
Published: January 2006

Many factors can influence the rate of HIV disease progression, including those that maintain T cell homeostasis. One key homeostatic regulator is the IL‐7 receptor (IL‐7R). Previous studies have shown IL‐7R expression levels decrease in HIV infection, but effects on memory subtypes, CD4+ T cells, and cell function have not been explored. The present study examined the expression of the IL‐7Rα chain on naïve and memory T lymphocyte subsets of both HIV‐positive and HIV‐negative individuals from Nairobi, Kenya to assess the role of IL‐7Rα in HIV disease. Expression of IL‐7Rα was significantly reduced in all CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in HIV‐positive individuals. This reduction was further enhanced in those with advanced HIV progression. Expression of IL‐7Rα was inversely correlated to immune activation, and apoptosis, and was positively correlated with CD4 count in both bivariate and multivariate analysis. Expression of IL‐7Rα did not correlate with HIV viral loads, indicating the elevated immune activation seen in HIV‐infected individuals may be impacting expression of IL‐7Rα, independent of viral loads. Signaling via the IL‐7R is essential for T cell homeostasis and maintenance of T cell memory. Reduction of this receptor may contribute to the homeostatic disruption seen in HIV.
Macrophage and T lymphocyte apoptosis during experimental pulmonary tuberculosis: their relationship to mycobacterial virulence
Authors: Ríos‐Barrera Víctor Adolfo , Campos‐Peña Victoria , Aguilar‐León Diana , Lascurain Ledesma Ricardo , Meraz‐Ríos Marco Antonio , Moreno José , Figueroa‐Granados Víctor , Hernández‐Pando Rogelio
Published: January 2006

The kinetics of macrophage and T lymphocyte apoptosis were determined in a well‐characterized mouse model of pulmonary tuberculosis, comparing strains of intermediate (H37Rv) and high virulence (Beijing strain, code 9501000). Both strains induced a high percentage of apoptotic activated macrophages at days 1 and 3 post infection, although this was twofold lower in Beijing‐infected mice. Progressive pneumonia started at day 14 (Beijing) or 21 (H37Rv) post infection. Pneumonic areas contained numerous macrophages with vacuolated cytoplasm (VM). In H37Rv infection few VM were apoptotic (8.7% at day 60), and the percentage was even lower in Beijing infection (1.4% at day 28). A high percentage of VM expressed the anti‐apoptotic molecule Bcl‐2 (H37Rv, 83%; Beijing, 95%). Both strains induced a progressive increase of apoptotic Th1 lymphocytes, peaking at day 60 in H37Rv infection, or 28 in Beijing infection. The peak was twofold higher in the latter. VM had strong FasL immunostaining, and confocal microscopy showed numerous apoptotic Th1 cells closely associated with them, suggesting that VM might induce apoptosis of Th1 cells. These results support the hypothesis that apoptosis of macrophages is associated with protection, while apoptosis of Th1 cells favors disease progression, and is related to the virulence of the mycobacterial strain.
CpG motif‐independent activation of TLR9 upon endosomal translocation of “natural” phosphodiester DNA
Authors: Yasuda Kei , Rutz Mark , Schlatter Beatrix , Metzger Jochen , Luppa Peter B. , Schmitz Frank , Haas Tobias , Heit Antje , Bauer Stefan , Wagner Hermann
Published: January 2006

Endosomally translocated host (self) DNA activates Toll‐like receptor 9 (TLR9), while extracellular self‐DNA does not. This inconsistency reflects poor endosomal DNA translocation but also implies that host DNA contains DNA sequences that function as ligands for TLR9. Herein we report that contrary to phosphorothioate (PS)‐stabilized oligonucleotides (ODN), “natural” phosphodiester (PD) ODN lacking CpG motifs activate TLR9. CpG motif‐independent TLR9 activation of Flt3‐L‐induced dendritic cells (DC) was dependent on enforced endosomal translocation and triggered upregulation of CD40 and CD69 as well as production of IL‐6 and IFN‐α. Binding studies utilizing surface plasmon resonance technology (Biacore) revealed low TLR9 binding to single‐stranded (ss) PD‐ODN lacking CpG motifs. At higher concentrations their TLR9 binding activity compared well with TLR9 binding of canonical ss PD CpG‐ODN. These results imply that both the chemical modification of the DNA backbone as well as the amount of endosomally translocated DNA represent determining factors that allow CpG motif‐independent activation of TLR9 by ss PD‐DNA.
Synthesis, Structure and Reactivity in Styrene Polymerization by Heterocyclic Alkoxy‐ and Thiolatotitanium(IV) Complexes
Authors: Aragón Pedro J. , Carrillo‐Hermosilla Fernando , Villaseñor Elena , Otero Antonio , Antiñolo Antonio , Rodríguez Ana M.
Published: January 2006

The reaction of [Ti(OiPr)4] or [TiCl4(THF)2] with two equivalents of pyridyl alcohols or pyridyl or pyrimidinyl thiols has proven to be a good preparative method to obtain a variety of non‐metallocene diisopropoxo‐ or dichlorotitanium(IV) complexes. The complexes [Ti(X)2{2‐(OCH2)‐6‐R‐(C5H3N)}2] were found to be dynamic at room temperature, with the heterocyclic alkoxy ligand dissociating and recoordinating in a κ2‐N,O chelate fashion, as revealed by a single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of [Ti(OiPr)2{2‐(OCH2)(C5H4N)}2] (1). The dynamic behavior of some of the resulting thiolato complexes was also studied and the single‐crystal X‐ray analysis of [Ti(OiPr)2{2‐S‐4,6‐Me2‐(C4HN2)}2] (5) revealed a κ2‐N,S system for these complexes. These complexes show catalytic activity in the polymerization of styrene upon activation with methylaluminoxane. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Chromophore‐Supported Purification in Parallel Synthesis
Authors: Aumüller Ingo , Lindhorst Thisbe K.
Published: January 2006

The requirement for chromatographic separation and purification of product mixtures of greater or lesser degrees of complexity slows down every synthesis and is especially unfavorable when a series of parallel reactions is carried out in order to produce a library of structurally diverse compounds. To speed up chromatography, we have employed guajazulene derivatives to “dye” the starting material of a given reaction. The blue color of the chromophore‐marked reaction products facilitates visual inspection of the separation process during column chromatography, allowing many columns to be carried out in parallel. In addition to their function as color markers, the employed blue guajazulene derivatives can also be used as protecting groups during the synthesis. We have named this methodology “chromophore‐supported purification” (CSP) and have demonstrated its value in two parallel syntheses: in parallel acylations of the 6‐position of a chromophore‐marked mannoside on the one hand, and in the employment of CSP for workup after parallel 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions between guajazulene‐marked alkynes and sugar azides on the other. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Mechanism of enantioseparation of DL‐pantothenic acid in ligand exchange capillary electrophoresis using a diol–borate system
Authors: Aizawa Sen‐ichi , Yamamoto Atsushi , Kodama Shuji
Published: January 2006

Borate complexes formed in the ternary system at pH 9.2 containing borate, (S)‐3‐amino‐1,2‐propanediol (SAP), and DL‐pantothenic acid (DL‐PTA) were identified by 13C and 11B NMR, and it is confirmed that the binary complexes, [B(OH)2(SAP)], [B(SAP)2]+ [B(OH)2(D‐ or L‐PTA)]2−, and [B(D‐ or L‐PTA)2]3− (including [B(D‐PTA)(L‐PTA)]3−), and the ternary complexes, [B(SAP)(D‐ or L‐PTA)]−, coexist at equilibrium in the ternary system. Thermodynamic experiments by variable‐temperature 11B NMR revealed that the ternary complex, [B(SAP)(D‐PTA)]−, is entropically more stable than [B(SAP)(L‐PTA)]−. Because two geometrical isomers are possible for the respective ternary complexes, semi‐empirical molecular orbital calculations were performed by PM5, PM3, and AM1 methods in order to obtain the optimized structures. It is indicated from the calculated heats of formation and experimentally obtained thermodynamic parameters that the (S)‐isomer is more probable for the respective ternary complexes with D‐ and L‐PTA. In the optimized structure of (S)‐[B(SAP)(D‐PTA)]− in water, the SAP and D‐PTA ligands were oppositely oriented to form a rather linear structure, while the diastereomer, (S)‐[B(SAP)(L‐PTA)]−, had a folded structure. Because such a difference in the solvated structure of the ternary complexes can give a different electrophoretic velocity in CE, the enantioseparation of DL‐PTA in CE is reasonably attributed to a difference in the observed electrophoretic mobility for the equilibrated ternary systems containing the respective ternary complexes.
Recent advances in the analysis of antibiotics by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: García‐Ruiz Carmen , Marina María Luisa
Published: January 2006

In this review, the main aspects related to the separation of different groups of antibiotics by CE as well as the different applications reported in the literature from the beginning 2003 till May 2005 will be provided to the readers. Firstly, the experimental conditions employed to achieve the analysis of antibiotics by CE are given. Then, the main applications performed in the pharmaceutical, clinical, food, and environmental fields have been reviewed making emphasis on sample preparation requirements needed in each case. Finally, the main conclusions and future prospects in this field are presented.
Recent advances in amino acid analysis by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Poinsot Véréna , Lacroix Marlène , Maury Delphine , Chataigne Gabrielle , Feurer Bernard , Couderc François
Published: January 2006

This paper describes a number of articles that have been published on amino acid analysis using CE during the period from June 2003 to May 2005. This review article follows the previous ones of Smith (Electrophoresis 1999, 20, 3078–3083), Prata et al.. (Electrophoresis 2001, 22, 4129–4138), and Poinsot et al.. (Electrophoresis 2003, 24, 4047–4062). Several new developments in amino acid analysis with CE are reported concerning UV detection, LIF, MS, and NMR. In addition, we describe articles concerning clinical and pharmaceutical studies, neuroclinical applications, and agricultural and food analysis.
A framework for CFD analysis of helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight
Authors: Steijl R. , Barakos G. , Badcock K.
Published: January 2006

A framework is described and demonstrated for CFD analysis of helicopter rotors in hover and forward flight. Starting from the Navier–Stokes equations, the paper describes the periodic rotor blade motions required to trim the rotor in forward flight (blade flapping, blade lead‐lag and blade pitching) as well as the required mesh deformation. Throughout, the rotor blades are assumed to be rigid and the rotor to be fully articulated with separate hinges for each blade. The employed method allows for rotors with different numbers of blades and with various rotor hub layouts to be analysed. This method is then combined with a novel grid deformation strategy which preserves the quality of multi‐block structured, body‐fitted grids around the blades. The coupling of the CFD method with a rotor trimming approach is also described and implemented. The complete framework is validated for hovering and forward flying rotors and comparisons are made against available experimental data. Finally, suggestions for further development are put forward. For all cases, results were in good agreement with experiments and rapid convergence has been obtained. Comparisons between the present grid deformation method and transfinite interpolation were made highlighting the advantages of the current approach. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role ofN‐methyl‐D‐asparate receptors in neurogenesis
Authors: Nacher Juan , McEwen Bruce S.
Published: January 2006

The dentate gyrus continues to incorporate granule neurons during adulthood. Among the factors that we know modulate adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus, one of the first studied was the influence of excitatory aminoacids. These neurotransmitters, acting through NMDA receptors, are able to modulate both the proliferation of progenitor cells as well as the rate of neurogenesis in the adult dentate gyrus. However, the mechanisms by which these processes are influenced are not clearly known. Although there is no anatomical evidence of NMDA receptor expression in adult hippocampal progenitor cells or differentiating granule neurons, electrophysiological data and in vitro studies suggest that NMDA receptors may be expressed by certain precursor cells and immature granule neurons. This review summarizes findings on the influence of pharmacological manipulation of NMDA receptors on adult neurogenesis. We also analyze previous studies that have suggested the expression of NMDA receptors in progenitors and immature granule cells and discuss the putative role of these receptors in the regulation of developmental processes such as proliferation, migration, or neurite outgrowth. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Clinical significance of serum Th1‐, Th2‐ and regulatory T cells‐associated cytokines in adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma: High interleukin‐5 and ‐10 levels are significant unfavorable prognostic factors
Authors: Inagaki Atsushi , Ishida Takashi , Ishii Toshihiko , Komatsu Hirokazu , Iida Shinsuke , Ding Jianmin , Yonekura Kentaro , Takeuchi Shogo , Takatsuka Yoshifusa , Utsunomiya Atae , Ueda Ryuzo
Published: January 2006

Patients with adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) are in a severely immunocompromised state. Therefore, it is assumed that ATLL cells either express particular cytokines or induce their expression in host immune cells, disrupting the balanced production of cytokines and causing the host's immune system to break down. We examined the levels of serum cytokines including T helper type 1‐ (Th1‐) associated cytokines [IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and interleukin (IL)‐2], Th2‐associated cytokines (IL‐4, ‐5 and ‐6) and regulatory T cell‐associated cytokines (IL‐10 and TGF‐β1) in 94 ATLL patients, 39 asymptomatic human T‐cell lymphotropic virus type‐1 (HTLV‐1) carriers and 50 healthy adult volunteers, to clarify whether elevated levels of particular cytokines are associated with the prognosis of ATLL patients. On multivariate analysis, high IL‐5 and IL‐10 levels were independent and significant unfavorable prognostic factors among the ATLL patients. The IL‐10 level significantly increased with disease progression at each step from asymptomatic HTLV‐1 carrier to ATLL of the indolent variant (chronic and smoldering subtypes) to ATLL of the aggressive variant (acute and lymphoma subtypes). Furthermore, high IL‐10 was significantly associated with high lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), indicating that the IL‐10 level reflects the tumor burden. The IL‐5 level was not associated with disease progression nor LDH. Among ATLL patients with the aggressive variant, high IL‐5, but not high IL‐10, was an independent and significant unfavorable prognostic factor on multivariate analysis. Measurement of serum IL‐5 and IL‐10 levels is useful for predicting the prognosis and for determining a suitable treatment strategy for ATLL patients. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Regional hypermethylation and global hypomethylation are associated with altered chromatin conformation and histone acetylation in colorectal cancer
Authors: Deng Guoren , Nguyen Anh , Tanaka Hirofumi , Matsuzaki Koji , Bell Ian , Mehta Kshama R. , Terdiman Jonathan P. , Waldman Frederic M. , Kakar Sanjay , Gum James , Crawley Suzanne , Sleisenger Marvin H. , Kim Young S.
Published: January 2006

Regional DNA hypermethylation and global DNA hypomethylation are 2 epigenetic alterations associated with colorectal cancers. However, their correlation with microsatellite instability (MSI) and chromosomal instability (CIN) in colorectal cancer, and their relationship with chromatin conformation and histone modification are not clear. In this study, we analyzed regional and global methylation in 16 cell lines and 64 primary colorectal cancers. We found that MSI and CIN are 2 alternative events in most cell lines and tumors. Furthermore, regional hypermethylation and global hypomethylation are also alternative events in most cases. We also observed a strong correlation between MSI and regional hypermethylation and between CIN and global hypomethylation. We further analyzed chromatin conformation and histone acetylation in cell lines with CIN or MSI. CIN cancers had open chromatin conformation and enriched histone acetylation in repetitive as well as in gene‐specific regions. MSI cancers, on the other hand, had closed chromatin conformation and low levels of histone acetylation. After a MSI cell line was treated with 5‐aza‐2′‐deoxycytidine or trichostatin A, the closed chromatin conformation became open, and histone acetylation was enriched. These observations support our hypothesis that in colorectal cancer, regional hypermethylation and global hypomethylation are associated with altered chromatin conformation and histone acetylation, which might have a causal correlation with MSI and CIN, respectively. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A history of cancer in the husband does not increase the risk of breast cancer
Authors: Negri Eva , Bertuccio Paola , Talamini Renato , Franceschi Silvia , Montella Maurizio , Giacosa Attilio , Pelucchi Claudio , La Vecchia Carlo
Published: January 2006

Spouses share the home environment, and dietary and other lifestyle habits. Furthermore, a cancer diagnosis in the husband is a stressful event for the wife also. Thus, a history of cancer in the husband may be an indicator of breast cancer risk. We investigated the issue in a large Italian multicentric case‐control study on 2,588 women with incident breast cancer and 2,569 female hospital controls, admitted for acute, non neoplastic diseases. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 1.0 (95% confidence interval, CI, 0.7–1.4) for a history of any type of cancer in the husband, 1.0 (95% 0.4–2.7) for stomach, 0.7 (95% 0.2–2.3) for intestinal (chiefly colorectal), 0.9 (95% CI 0.5–1.7) for lung, and 1.3 (95% CI 0.4–4.3) for prostate cancer. The OR was close to unity also when data were analyzed in separate strata of patient's or husband's age, patient's education, or vital status of the husband. This study suggests that women whose husband had a diagnosis of cancer are not at increased risk of breast cancer, although results for individual cancer sites should be interpreted with caution, due to small numbers. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
APE1 genotype and risk of bladder cancer: Evidence for effect modification by smoking
Authors: Terry Paul D. , Umbach David M. , Taylor Jack A.
Published: January 2006

Apurinic/apyrimidinic (AP) sites are common mutagenic and cytotoxic DNA lesions that arise from the loss of normal bases. APE1, the major AP endonuclease of human cells, plays a central role in the repair of AP sites through both its endonuclease and phosphodiesterase activities. A commonAPE1polymorphism, a T→G transversion (Asp 148 Glu), was previously shown to be associated with risk of lung cancer, an association that was modified by cigarette smoking. To explore the association betweenAPE1genotype, smoking and bladder cancer risk, we examined data from an existing case–control study of bladder cancer patients (n= 239) and control individuals (n= 215) recruited from urology clinics at 2 hospitals in North Carolina. Genotype at the polymorphic site was determined using allele‐specific primer extension reactions, followed by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry. We found no overall association betweenAPE1genotype and bladder cancer risk. In stratified analyses, however, a positive association with risk was observed with an increasing number of Glu alleles among never smokers, but not among smokers (p‐value for interaction = 0.005). We can speculate that small allelic differences that are apparent in never smokers are obscured by the large amount of DNA damage found in smokers. Given the lack of established biological mechanisms, and suboptimal numbers of subjects in some exposure categories, our findings should be interpreted cautiously. Published 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
New immunochemical fecal occult blood test with two‐consecutive stool sample testing is a cost‐effective approach for colon cancer screening: Results of a prospective multicenter study in Chinese patients
Authors: Li Shirong , Wang Huahong , Hu Jichun , Li Nan , Liu Yulan , Wu Zitao , Zheng Yue , Wang Honghua , Wu Kai , Ye Hui , Rao Jianyu
Published: January 2006

The purpose of the study is to evaluate a new immunochemical fecal occult blood test method (Hemosure IFOBT), and compare it to the Guaiac‐based chemical method (CFOBT) for colorectal cancer detection. A hypothetical sequential method (SFOBT), in which IFOBT was used only as a confirmatory test for CFOBT, was also evaluated. A total of 324 patients were recruited from 5 major hospitals in Beijing, China. For each patient, 3 consecutive stool samples were collected for simultaneous CFOBT and IFOBT tests, followed by colonoscopic examination. We compared the sensitivity and specificity of the 3 methods (CFOBT, IFOBT and SFOBT) in two settings, with the first 2 consecutive samples versus all 3 samples. Although the sensitivity for the detection of cancer and large (>20 mm) or multiple adenoma was similar for all 3 methods in the three‐sample setting, in the two‐sample setting IFOBT had higher sensitivity than SFOBT for detecting cancer (87.8% vs. 75.5%, respectively, p < 0.05) and large (>20 mm) or multiple adenomas (65.4% vs. 42.3%, respectively, p < 0.05). The IFOBT also had a higher specificity than the CFOBT (89.2% vs. 75.5%, respectively, p < 0.01) in “normal” individuals defined by colonoscopy in the three‐sample setting. Comparing two‐sample setting to the three‐sample setting, both CFOBT and SFOBT showed significant loss of sensitivity for the detection of cancer as well as adenoma, whereas the sensitivity for IFOBT did not change significantly. Overall, IFOBT with two‐sample testing showed compatible sensitivity and specificity to the three‐sample testing, and had a lower relative cost per cancer detected than the three‐sample testing. In conclusion, the new Hemosure IFOBT with two consecutive stool samples appears to be the most cost‐effective approach for colon cancer screening. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Assessing the likelihood of severe side effects in radiotherapy
Authors: Löbrich Markus , Kiefer Jürgen
Published: January 2006

Ionizing radiation is a powerful tool to treat cancer. The curing effect is mainly based on the efficiency of ionizing radiation to kill the cancer cells and it is believed that DNA double‐strand breaks (DSBs) represent the most significant genetic lesion introduced by radiation that causes cell killing. One limitation in radiotherapy is the unavoidable damage delivered to the normal, noncancer cells that can give rise to side effects. The ultimate goal in treatment planning is to maximize cell killing in the tumor by minimizing damage induction in the normal tissue surrounding the tumor. The biological response to the induction of DSBs is largely affected by DSB repair processes and it has, therefore, been a long‐standing goal to determine a patient's DSB repair capacity to “individualize” treatment planning. A recently developed DSB repair assay that allows the assessment of patients' repair capacity under in vivo conditions may provide a new approach to predict individuals' responses to radiotherapy and may be able to contribute to improvements in treatment planning. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Biological stability and osteoconductivity in rabbit tibia of pulsed laser deposited hydroxylapatite coatings
Authors: Peraire C. , Arias J.L. , Bernal D. , Pou J. , León B. , Arañó A. , Roth W.
Published: January 2006

A comparative study of the biological stability and the osteoconductivity of hydroxylapatite (HA) coatings produced by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) and plasma spraying (PS) was conducted. Three different implant groups were used: grit‐blasted titanium rods coated with HA–PLD (2‐μm‐thick), grit‐blasted titanium rods coated with HA–PS (50‐μm‐thick), and uncoated. Implantation took place into the proximal tibia of 12 mature New Zealand White rabbits for 24 weeks. Samples were evaluated using descriptive histology and histomorphometry. While HA–PS implants showed considerable instability and reduction in thickness after 24 weeks, but no statistical difference to the titanium group, the HA–PLD group showed a significant higher amount of bone apposition (Scheffé test, p < 0.05) than the other two groups, without signs of degradation or dissolution. Remarkably, after 6 months, the almost intact thin pulsed laser deposited coating could be observed by electron microscopy in extended areas. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Ultrastructure and functional organization of mouthpart sensory setae of the spiny lobster Panulirus argus: New features of putative mechanoreceptors
Authors: Garm Anders , Høeg Jens T.
Published: January 2006

In comparison with other decapods, the Caribbean spiny lobster Panulirus argus has little diversity in the external morphology of the setae on the mouth apparatus. In mouthpart areas that frequently touch food items only two types of setae can be distinguished: simple setae and cuspidate setae. Simple setae are by far more numerous. The ultrastructural data presented here show that both types of seta are bimodal, in that they both contain mechano‐ and chemosensory cells as indicated by morphological features. The morphological features divide the sensory cells into three types: type 1, which has a mechanosensory appearance; type 2, which has a chemosensory appearance; and type 3, which is believed to be a mechanoreceptor due to desmosomal connections to a scolopale. All three cell types were found in all examined setae. In an earlier study the simple setae were found to contain two types of mechanosensors: bend‐sensitive cells and displacement‐sensitive cells. The morphological arrangement of the outer dendritic segment described in the present study cannot explain this division. Instead, it is suggested that the difference in sensitivity is caused by a differential arrangement of their stretch‐sensitive ion channels. This hypothesis also provides an explanation for the earlier observation that only bend cells respond to changes in osmolarity. J. Morphol. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evaluation of lignans and free and linked hydroxy‐tyrosol and tyrosol in extra virgin olive oil after hydrolysis processes
Authors: Mulinacci Nadia , Giaccherini Catia , Ieri Francesca , Innocenti Marzia , Romani Annalisa , Vincieri Franco F
Published: January 2006

We describe chemical hydrolytic procedures to evaluate the total amount of tyrosol and hydroxy‐tyrosol free and/or linked to secoiridoidic molecules (acid hydrolysis). At the same time a rapid determination of the lignans in complex minor polar compound (MPC) extracts is proposed (alkaline hydrolysis). High‐performance liquid chromatography/diode array detection (HPLC/DAD) and HPLC/MS were applied as reference methods to evaluate the quantitative results from the hydrolysis experiments. The optimized acid hydrolysis procedures were first applied to an oleuropein standard and then to MPC fractions extracted from several commercial extra virgin olive oils. The results confirm the applicability of the method, consisting in the acid hydrolysis of complex mixtures of secoiridoidic derivatives, to determine the antioxidant potential in terms of MPC. These data can contribute to forecasting the potential ageing resistance of an extra virgin olive oil in terms of antioxidant potency. Finally, alkaline hydrolysis allows confirmation and easy determination of the amount of lignans, especially in those MPC fractions which are particularly complex. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Kinetic Behavior of Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization of Dimethacrylates
Authors: Yu Qiang , Zhang Jingzhi , Cheng Minglian , Zhu Shiping
Published: January 2006

Summary: The reaction behavior and kinetics of the atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) of poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylates (PEGDMA) were studied with respect to polymerization rate, vinyl conversion and the development of a crosslinked network. The polymerization rates were much slower than the corresponding conventional free radical polymerizations with the ATRP systems exhibiting milder autoacceleration. The linear relationship of the semi‐logarithmic kinetic plot of ln([M]0/[M]) vs. time did not provide good evidence for any living nature of the system because of the combined effects of diffusion controlled radical deactivation and diffusion controlled monomer propagation. The influence of the spacer length (CH2CH2O)x between the vinyl moieties of the dimethacrylates on the polymerization kinetics was examined. The polymerization rate and final vinyl conversion increased as value of x decreased from 14 to 9 to 4. These increases in rate and conversion were caused by a more rigid network structure with shorter spacer lengths, and thus more restricted diffusion of the catalyst/ligand complexes that impeded the radical deactivation. The effect of temperature on the polymerization rate and final vinyl conversion were also investigated.

Apparent rate constants versus vinyl conversions for the ATRP of PEGDMA with the different spacer lengths at 100 °C.

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Apparent rate constants versus vinyl conversions for the ATRP of PEGDMA with the different spacer lengths at 100 °C.
New Group IV Metallocene Systems Active in the Copolymerization of α‐Olefins and Conjugated Dienes
Authors: Napoli Mariagrazia , Pragliola Stefania , Costabile Chiara , Longo Pasquale
Published: January 2006

Summary: Rac‐[CH2(2,4‐di‐tert‐butyl‐cyclopentadienyl)2]ZrCl2 (1), rac‐[CH2(3‐tert‐butyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroindenyl)2]ZrCl2 (2), rac‐[CH2(3‐isopropyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroindenyl)2]ZrCl2 (3), and rac‐[CH2(3‐methyl‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydroindenyl)2]ZrCl2 (4) were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR analysis. These C2 symmetric ansa‐zirconocenes, activated with methylaluminoxane (MAO), were able to promote copolymerization of ethene and 1,3‐butadiene. The structures of the copolymers are strongly influenced by zirconocene utilized as catalytic precursor. Depending on the reaction conditions polyethenes containing cyclopropane and cyclopentane rings, or 1,1‐ 1,3‐butadiene inserted constitutional units, were obtained.

Structures of the synthesized catalytic precursors.

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Structures of the synthesized catalytic precursors.
Possible mechanisms of the cancer‐preventive activities of green tea
Authors: Yang Chung S. , Sang Shengmin , Lambert Joshua D. , Hou Zhe , Ju Jihyeung , Lu Gang
Published: January 2006

The cancer‐preventive activities of tea and some tea constituents, such as caffeine and (–)‐epigallocatechin‐3‐gallate (EGCG), have been demonstrated in animal models. The mechanisms of action of the tea constituents have been extensively investigated, but the mechanisms for the cancer‐preventive activity of tea are not clearly understood. This chapter discusses some of the reported studies on the green tea polyphenol, EGCG, and the major issues in the interpretation of these data. Among the different activities of EGCG observed in cell culture systems, we need to select the physiologically relevant ones based on the biological importance of the target as well as the effective concentration and whether the reaction can take place in vivo because of the limited bioavailability of EGCG. We also need to distinguish between primary and subsequent events. Possible artifacts should be recognized. The cancer‐preventive mechanisms need to be validated in animal models or human samples.
1H and 13C spectral assignment of 4‐aryl‐1,4,5,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐2,7,7,5‐oxo‐quinolines 3‐substituted derivatives
Authors: Salfrán Esperanza , Suárez Margarita , Molero Dolores , Martínez‐Álvarez Roberto , Verdecia Yamila , Ochoa Estael , Alvarez Amaury , Seoane Carlos , Herrera Antonio , Martín Nazario
Published: January 2006

The 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopic data for 4‐aryl‐1,4,5,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐2,7,7,5‐oxo‐quinoline 3‐substituted derivatives have been fully assigned by the combination of one‐ and two dimensional experiments (DEPT, HMBC, HMQC, COSY, NOE). Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.