bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Integrasi Relawan Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi dalam Sistem Pendidikan Tinggi
Authors: Cahyana Rinda
Published: August 2019

Pembangunan masyarakat informasi dalam area geografis tertentu diwujudkan dengan melibatkan sumber daya manusia yang mampu mengubah kondisi masyarakat secara berkelanjutan dari buta menjadi melek dan cerdas digital. Mobilisasi sumber daya manusia dapat dilakukan di perguruan tinggi. Perubahan kondisi masyarakat dapat diusahakan melalui aktivitas pengajaran, penelitian, dan pengabdian kepada masyarakat. Artikel ini mendiskusikan pendekatan integrasi relawan TIK dalam sistem pendidikan tinggi dalam bentuk kegiatan intra dan ekstra kurikuler. Keterbatasan program, fasilitas, perangkat, sumber daya manusia, dan dana membuka kesempatan bagi organisasi relawan TIK eksternal kampus untuk bermitra dengan perguruan tinggi dalam melaksanakan program Relawan TIK Abdi Masyarakat. Pintu kerjasama terbuka dan berkelanjutan selama organisasi tersebut mampu untuk terus menyediakan keluaran program kerjasama sesuai standar nasional pendidikan tinggi dan tidak bisa diupayakan sendiri oleh perguruan tinggi.

Keywords: Relawan, Teknologi, Pengabdian, Pendidikan Tinggi
The Peculiar Volatile Composition of CO-dominated Comet C/2016 R2 (PanSTARRS)
Authors: McKay Adam J. , DiSanti Michael A. , Kelley Michael S. P. , Knight Matthew M. , Womack Maria , Wierzchos Kacper , Pinto Olga Harrington , Bonev Boncho , Villanueva Geronimo L. , Russo Neil Dello , Cochran Anita L. , Biver Nicolas , Bauer James , Vervack, Jr. Ronald J. , Gibb Erika , Roth Nathan , Kawakita Hideyo
Published: August 2019

Comet C/2016 R2 (PanSTARRS) has a peculiar volatile composition, with CO being the dominant volatile, as opposed to H2O, and one of the largest N2/CO ratios ever observed in a comet. Using observations obtained with the Spitzer Space Telescope, NASA’s Infrared Telescope Facility, the 3.5 m Astrophysical Research Consortium telescope at Apache Point Observatory, the Discovery Channel Telescope at Lowell Observatory, and the Arizona Radio Observatory 10 m Submillimeter Telescope, we quantified the abundances of 12 different species in the coma of R2 PanSTARRS: CO, CO2, H2O, CH4, C2H6, HCN, CH3OH, H2CO, OCS, C2H2, NH3, and N2. We confirm the high abundances of CO and N2 and heavy depletions of H2O, HCN, CH3OH, and H2CO compared to CO reported by previous studies. We provide the first measurements (or most sensitive measurements/constraints) on H2O, CO2, CH4, C2H6, OCS, C2H2, and NH3, all of which are depleted relative to CO by at least 1–2 orders of magnitude compared to values commonly observed in comets. The observed species also show strong enhancements relative to H2O, and, even when compared to other species like CH4 or CH3OH, most species show deviations from typical comets by at least a factor of 2–3. The only mixing ratios found to be close to typical are CH3OH/CO2 and CH3OH/CH4. The CO2/CO ratio is within a factor of 2 of those observed for C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) and C/2006 W3 (Christensen) at a similar heliocentric distance, though it is at least an order of magnitude lower than many other comets observed with AKARI. While R2 PanSTARRS was located at a heliocentric distance of 2.8 au at the time of our observations in 2018 January/February, we argue, using sublimation models and comparison to other comets observed at similar heliocentric distance, that this alone cannot account for the peculiar observed composition of this comet and therefore must reflect its intrinsic composition. We discuss possible implications for this clear outlier in compositional studies of comets obtained to date and encourage future dynamical and chemical modeling in order to better understand what the composition of R2 PanSTARRS tells us about the early solar system.
A Giant Green Pea Identified in the Spectroscopy of Spatially Extended [O iii] Sources
Authors: Yuma Suraphong , Ouchi Masami , Fujimoto Seiji , Kojima Takashi , Sugahara Yuma
Published: August 2019

We present the results of the deep Subaru/FOCAS and Keck/MOSFIRE spectroscopy for four spatially extended [O iii] λλ4959, 5007 sources, dubbed [O iii] blobs, at z = 0.6–0.8 that are originally pinpointed by large-area Subaru imaging surveys. The line diagnostics of the rest-frame optical lines suggests that only one [O iii] blob, OIIIB-3, presents an active galactic nucleus (AGN) signature, indicating that hot gas of the rest of the [O iii] blobs is heated by star formation. One of such star-forming [O iii] blobs, OIIIB-4, at z = 0.838 has an [O iii] equivalent width of 845 ± 27 Å and an [O iii]-to-[O ii] λλ3726, 3729 ratio of [O iii]/[O ii] = 6.5 ± 2.7, which are as high as those of typical Green Peas. The spatially resolved spectrum of OIIIB-4 shows [O iii]/[O ii] = 5–10 over 14 kpc in the entire large [O iii] extended regions of OIIIB-4, unlike the known Green Peas, whose strong [O iii] emission region is compact. Moreover, OIIIB-4 presents no high-ionization emission lines, unlike Green Beans, which have extended [O iii] emission with a type 2 AGN. OIIIB-4 is thus a giant Green Pea, which is a low stellar mass (7 × 107

) galaxy with a very high specific star formation rate (sSFR = 2 × 102 Gyr−1), a high-ionization parameter (q
ion ∼ 3 × 108 cm s−1), and a low metallicity similar to those of Green Peas. Neither an AGN light echo nor a fast radiative shock likely takes place owing to the line diagnostics for spatially resolved components of OIIIB-4 and no detections of He ii
λ4686 or [Ne v] λλ3346, 3426 lines that are fast radiative shock signatures. There is a possibility that the spatially extended [O iii] emission of OIIIB-4 is originated from outflowing gas produced by the intense star formation in a density-bounded ionization state.
A new species of Amentotaxus (Taxaceae) from China, Vietnam, and Laos
Authors: Gao Lian-Ming , Tan Shao-Lin , Zhang Gui-Liang , Thomas Philip
Published: August 2019

A new species Amentotaxus hekouensis L.M. Gao is described as new to science from Hekou, Yunnan of China, Lao Cai of Vietnam and Xiang Khouang of Laos. The new species is similar to A. argotaenia (Hance) Pilg. in linear or linear-lanceolate leaves, stomatal bands white and microsporophylls 6–8, each with 4–6 pollen sacs, but differs from the latter by its larger leaf size with 8–12.5 cm × 0.9–1.4 cm (vs. 2–11 cm × 0.5–1.1 cm in A. argotaenia), long acuminate leaf apex (vs. rounded to sharply triangular in A. argotaenia), stomatal bands with 25–30 rows (vs. 15–25 rows in A. argotaenia), stomatal bands equal to or slightly narrower than marginal bands (vs. narrower than marginal bands in A. argotaenia); pollen-cone racemes borne 1–2 (vs. 2–4 (10) in A. argotaenia), cones in 12–16 pairs (vs. ca. 12 pairs in A. argotaenia). Its distinctive nature has also been confirmed through DNA barcoding analysis of this genus. The new species is provisionally assessed as endangered (EN) due to its restricted distribution, small population size and the prevalence of habitat destruction within its range.
Primula dongchuanensis (Primulaceae), a new species from northern Yunnan, China
Authors: Wu Zhi-Kun , Zhao Fu-Wei , Chen Jia-Hui , Huang Yuan
Published: August 2019

Primula dongchuanensis Z.K.Wu & Yuan Huang, a new species of Primulaceae from Dongchuan of northern Yunnan, China, is described and illustrated. Both morphological and molecular evidence support P. dongchuanensis as a member of the sect. Proliferae. It is similar to P. aurantiaca W.W.Smith & Forrest, but is distinguished by having unique raceme inflorescences. Its distribution, phenology and conservation status are also provided.
A retrospective investigation of the impact of ‘eventing phase (dressage, show-jumping and cross-country)’ on pre-competition anxiety and self-confidence
Authors: McGinn S. , Alcock D. , Cameron L.J.
Published: August 2019

Working in the discipline of eventing (the triathlon of equestrian sport), the present study aims to extend current literature on the use of psychological skills within equestrian sports, by understanding and identifying differences in levels of self-confidence and competitive anxiety. Each eventing phase (dressage, show-jumping and cross-country) was considered and its impact on anxiety and self-confidence analysed. Level of competition was considered a covariate and its effect on specific eventing phases and any associated influence on anxiety and self-confidence within eventing phase was analysed. An experimental, 3×3 factorial, within-subjects design was used. 57 participants (52 female and 5 male; 18 professional, 36 amateur and 3 undefined) completed the Revised Competitive Sport Anxiety Inventory 2 (CSAI-2R), a 17-item questionnaire measuring anxiety and self-confidence. Descriptive statistics identified the show-jumping phase had the largest impact on rider somatic anxiety (SA) and cognitive anxiety (CA). The cross-country phase had the highest self-confidence mean score. Spearman’s rank correlations showed both SA and CA were debilitative for all competition levels. Both SA and CA were found to be more debilitating in the show-jumping phase when self-confidence was low. MANCOVA analysis showed that eventing phase had significant effect on anxiety and self-confidence when controlling for level of competition. Dependent on the eventing phase riders are competing in, they experience different levels of arousal and self-confidence. When SA and CA are a debilitative source of anxiety, this could result in rider muscle tension which is not conducive to effective horse-rider communication. Coaches or sports psychologists should consider how to help riders manage their anxiety levels in relation to the competition phase, with the intention of enhancing self-confidence and enabling facilitative SA and CA in preparation for eventing performance.
Relative aerobic and anaerobic energy contribution in race fit endurance and Thoroughbred racehorses during strenuous exercise
Authors: Léguillette R. , Greco-Otto P. , Sides R. , Bond S.L. , El Alami S. , Bayly W.
Published: August 2019

The objective was to compare fit Arabian endurance and Thoroughbred racehorses’ responses to a maximal intensity standardised incremental treadmill test (MaxSIT) with respect to: (1) their relative aerobic contributions during maximal exercise; and (2) selected physiological parameters related to performance. Six high-level endurance Arabians and six race-ready Thoroughbreds performed a MaxSIT starting at 8 m/s and increasing by 1 m/s increments 60 s until maximum oxygen consumption (V̇O2max) was reached. Heart rate (HR), blood lactate concentration (BLac), haematocrit (Hct), minute ventilation (V̇E) and oxygen consumption (V̇O2) were measured. V̇O2max, the speeds at which the HR were 200 and 160 bpm, respectively (V200, V160), the speed at which the BLac reached 4 mmol/l (VLa4) and lactate at HR200(BLa200) were calculated. The relative aerobic energy input was determined using ΔBLacPeak-Restingincrease as previously described. Data were expressed as median with interquartile range and analysed with a Wilcoxon rank sum test (P<0.05). Endurance horses had greater V̇O2max(202.5 ml/(kg.min) (190.3-211) vs 152.7 ml/(kg.min) (140.5-158.3);P<0.001) and had a greater aerobic energy contribution to total exercise effort (89.9% (87.0-96) vs 82.8% (81.1-84.1);P=0.009) than Thoroughbreds. Endurance horses reached HR>200 bpm on the treadmill, but had a lower HRmax(210 bpm (205-217) vs 226 bpm (219-228);P=0.008), BLa200(3.8 mmol/l (2.7-5.5) vs 4.8 mmol/l (3.6-5.2);P<0.001) and Hctmax(56.4% (54.9-57.5) vs 61.5% (59-64);P=0.002). Endurance horses median VLa4 was 11.6 m/s (11.0-13.0); V200=11.9 m/s (10.9-12.3) and V160=8.5 m/s (7.2-8.6). Because of the HR and speed characteristics of modern endurance races, we proposed BLa200as a new calculated parameter with which to assess endurance horses. Trained endurance horses accumulate less lactate, have a greater V̇O2maxand relative aerobic contribution to their energy requirements at maximal intensity exercise despite a lower blood haematocrit.
Standardisation of quantitative resource conversion studies with black soldier fly larvae
Authors: Bosch G. , Oonincx D.G.A.B. , Jordan H.R. , Zhang J. , van Loon J.J.A. , van Huis A. , Tomberlin J.K.
Published: August 2019

Using larvae of the black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens; BSF) to convert low-value residual organic resources into high-value products like protein-rich animal feed ingredients and biofuel while managing organic waste has developed into a global industry. Considering the associated exponential increase in publications dealing with diet conversion efficiency by BSF larvae, it is timely to suggest procedures to arrive at an improved harmonization and reproducibility among studies. This means establishing protocols for describing the basic experiment design, fly colony origin, rearing procedures, reference and experimental feeding substrates, and sampling preparations including microbiota and chemical analyses. Such standardised protocols are instrumental to allow conversion efficiencies to be calculated. Some of these parameters are relatively easy to describe such as giving the origin and rearing conditions, while others are more challenging (e.g. description of microbe community). In this article we discuss and propose such procedures with the aim to arrive at standardisation of how future resource conversion studies with BSF larvae are conducted and how results are communicated.
Factors Related to Dementia Worry: Comparing Middle-Aged and Older Adults in South Korea
Authors: Ryu So Im , Park Yeon-Hwan
Published: August 2019

As the number of individuals with dementia and exposure to dementia increases, worrying about dementia may threaten individuals' health and lifestyle. This cross-sectional study compared dementia worry and related factors between middle-aged and older adults in South Korea. A self-reported descriptive survey or face-to-face interview was conducted with 154 middle-aged adults (mean age = 55.8 years; 64.3% women) and 51 older adults (mean age = 71.3 years; 52.9% women) in South Korea. Older adults were more worried about dementia than middle-aged adults. For middle-aged adults, compared to their counterparts, being a female, having less than a high school education, and having lower family function was associated with more dementia worry. Contrastingly, for older adults, having more diseases, having lower family function, and being economically dependent was associated with more dementia worry. Health care providers should consider individuals' age and family function to develop a program that addresses dementia worry in Asian cultures. [
Research in Gerontological Nursing, 12
(6), 299–310.]
Acesso à habitação por todos e para todos? Paradigmas e paradoxos da actualidade portuguesa
Authors: Viegas Sílvia Leiria
Published: August 2019

O artigo versa sobre o acesso à habitação condigna em Portugal na contemporaneidade, por populações de médios e poucos recursos, de diferentes origens culturais e/ou étnicas, tendo em conta a transformação da sociedade urbana em curso. Viso sistematizar paradigmas habitacionais dominantes e seus impactes excludentes, a par de resistências locais, e, ao mesmo tempo, reconhecer os paradoxos de inclusão-exclusão inerentes aos ensaios governamentais na forja, socioespaciais e habitacionais. Para o efeito, recorro ao pensamento estruturante de autores teóricos como Foucault, Žižek, Lefebvre e Harvey, e às suas ideias-chave de governamentalidade, tolerância multicultural e direito à cidade. Concluo apontando as contradições do sistema neoliberal dominante conformando, simultaneamente, exclusão e esperança.
Sharing Economy and Applications
Authors: Pinarbasi Fatih
Published: August 2019

Sharing economy has emerged as influential economic model in the last decades. A considerable literature has grown up around the sub-themes of sharing economy including business-related, system-related, and other context-related studies. Examining a general phenomenon in a limited scope is a strategy for specific perspective and conclusions. Therefore, examining sharing economy phenomenon in a business and marketing perspective can be useful for business related viewpoint. The study is composed of three parts and begins with a theorotical review of conceptual background. It will then go on to three level structures for this study, including consumer level, business and brand level, and system levels. The remaining part includes context-based studies about level structure. After reviewing topics in contexts, there are presented selected studies about related contexts. The study aims to research sharing economy in a general view and review business- and marketing-related topics and studies.
Competences of Startups as Entities Operating in Network Structures
Authors: Jędrzejczyk Waldemar
Published: August 2019

The chapter indicates the most important changes in the organizations caused by technological progress. The development of the network business model, according to which both very large and very small organizations are starting to function, have been emphasized. The main attention has been focused on startup entities due to their specific character and more and more dynamic development. Firstly, the issues well recognized in science, enabling the creation of a picture of both startups and their ecosystems, have been presented. Then the considerations have been narrowed down to the issue of the startup competences. The basic/key startup competences in organizational and individual dimension, which are the contribution to the startup market success, have been defined. It was based on literature analysis and primary research results. The empirical part concerns Polish startups. The main goal of this chapter is to define the key competences of a startup that will allow to distinguish it from other entities in the searching for an investor or business partner process.
An Approach to Solve Fuzzy Knapsack Problem in Investment and Business Model
Authors: Singh Vishnu Pratap
Published: August 2019

In this chapter, the author studies the knapsack problem with fuzzy weights for single and bi-objective function. The knapsack problem has been widely used in the investment and business model. In real-world decision-making situations, the existence of fuzziness of the weights and the profit is a common requirement. To overcome this difficulty, these weights and profit can be considered as a triangular fuzzy number. Thus, a fuzzy knapsack problem is introduced. The author introduces the possibility index which gives the possibility of choosing the items with fuzzy weights for knapsack with crisp capacity. The possibility index gives an idea to choose the solution according to the decision maker's choice. The dynamic programming approach using multi-stage decision making has been given for the different type of decision makers to find the solution. An investment problem in an imprecise environment has been defined as a fuzzy knapsack problem and the solution procedure is given to demonstrate the methodology.
Circularity in Portugal
Authors: Pego Ana Cristina
Published: August 2019

The use of renewable energy and recycling products is one of the main achievements of organizations. The circular economy (CE) is a new concept which evolves out of a new management assumption in organizations based on recycling, reuse, and repurposing of products. The circular economy provides a framework for facing challenges and a guide for rethinking and redesigning the future. This chapter analyzes the Portuguese market for circular economy organizations based on discussion of the CE conceptual model. The circular economy is expected to contribute positively by introducing new methodologies for the production of raw materials, with new production processes and giving value to eco products. The challenge for Portuguese organizations is to create management “vectors” which promote networking innovation, labor, capital, and eco products. Overall, the conceptual model presented gives importance to Portuguese business decision making for sustainable consumption, which provides advancements in business for the green supply chain.
Knowledge of Language
Authors: Kilroe Patricia A.
Published: August 2019

Human beings learn to speak or sign the language or languages they are exposed to as children. To have acquired the language(s) of one's speech community is to have acquired both linguistic and communicative competence. Linguistic competence results from internalizing the knowledge of the basic elements of language (sounds, words, sentences) and the rules for combining these elements into units that enable users to express linguistic meaning. Communicative competence results when learners have acquired knowledge of the appropriate social conventions involved in interpersonal communication. Effective language teaching is enhanced through an understanding of both the structural and social aspects of linguistic communication as well as how these aspects challenge students in the process of second language acquisition.
Morphemes
Authors: Ashcraft Nikki
Published: August 2019

This chapter introduces basic concepts in the field of morphology. In the first section, a morpheme is defined as the smallest unit of meaning in a language. In the second section, morphemes are divided into free and bound types, with bound morphemes further classified as either affixes (prefixes, infixes, suffixes, or circumfixes) or bound roots. This section additionally distinguishes between the role of function words and content words in a sentence. The third section outlines the nine word classes in English: nouns, pronouns, adjectives, determiners, verbs, adverbs, prepositions, conjunctions, and interjections. The final section of the chapter explains the implications of this information for teaching vocabulary, grammar, and language skills. The chapter concludes with questions for discussion and some practice exercises.
Phrase and Sentence Structure
Authors: Williams Howard A.
Published: August 2019

This chapter surveys the basics of the syntax of main clauses, with special attention to English. Readers are guided through the process of doing syntactic analysis with the aid of syntactic trees that model the properties of linearity, hierarchy, and recursion that characterize the syntax of human languages. The model used is a somewhat simplified version of X-bar syntax, which is currently the best-known and best-tested model of phrase structure within the subfield of syntax and which combines the virtues of simplicity, breadth, and predictive power. There is a section on the theory of grammatical relations and its relationship to phrase structure theory, as well as a section providing an overview of basic world constituent orders.
Syntax Rules and (Un)Grammaticality
Authors: Waldmann Christian , Sullivan Kirk P. H.
Published: August 2019

This chapter deals with syntax rules and grammaticality judgments in the teaching and learning of English as a second and foreign language for linguistically diverse learners. Grammaticality judgment tasks are used in linguistic research to probe speakers' implicit knowledge about the syntactic rules of language. This chapter discusses grammaticality judgment tasks in educational contexts and proposes a method for teaching syntactic rules of English based on the grammaticality judgments of second and foreign language learners of English. The chapter also attempts to raise grammatical consciousness for teaching of English as a second or foreign language as well as illustrating how various media can be used to design and present grammaticality judgment tasks to support language learning and learner engagement, participation, and motivation.
Understanding Language in Context
Authors: Krulatz Anna
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on the key concepts in the study of pragmatics, including pragmatic competence, different types of meaning (abstract meaning, contextual meaning, and force of an utterance), the cooperative principle and four conversational maxims, as well as politeness and the concept of face (positive and negative). The chapter gives some examples of cross-cultural differences in pragmatic norms to justify the importance of teaching pragmatics in a language classroom, touching briefly on the development of pragmatic skills in a second or foreign language. It then explores different approaches to pragmatics instruction, including raising awareness about pragmatic norms in the target language through deductive and inductive tasks, presenting grammatical structures jointly with their pragmatic functions, and integrating pragmatics with content-based instruction.
Discourse Analysis
Authors: Lwin Soe Marlar
Published: August 2019

This chapter introduces discourse analysis as a sub-discipline of linguistics. Relevant concepts from pragmatics, another closely-related sub-discipline, are also discussed within the context of discourse analysis. The chapter begins by explaining the relationship between pragmatics and discourse analysis, and key terms such as “text” and “discourse.” It then examines the distinctions between linguistic and non-linguistic contexts, and situational and sociocultural contexts. To help readers understand the importance of culture in using language to make meanings, the introduced concepts are illustrated with sample authentic texts as well as examples from English and a few other languages. Placing discourse at the core of language teaching and learning, the chapter recommends a discourse-based approach to help ELLs develop not only communicative competence but also intercultural communicative competence. The chapter provides ESOL teachers with knowledge of discourse analysis and the implications of this knowledge for teaching culturally and linguistically diverse learners of English.
Articulatory Phonetics
Authors: Erdogan Nabat , Wei Michael
Published: August 2019

The main focus of this chapter is to present the articulatory description of English consonants and provide practical guidance on how to teach the consonant phonemes to ELLs. The chapter starts with the introduction of phonetics as a subfield of linguistics. The concepts such as phonemes, contrastive versus non-contrastive sounds, the branches of phonetics that study different aspects of human speech sounds, and two different types of phonemes—consonants and vowels—are introduced in this section. Next, the reader is familiarized with the International Phonetic Alphabet, which is a system of phonetic transcription. The chapter further presents the description of the vocal tract and explores the classification of English consonants according to their place and manner of articulation, and voicing. Some implications from the introduced phonetics theory for teaching phonics, phonemic awareness, and spelling to young ELLs, and pronunciation to adult English learners, as well as a set of recommendations for effective phonetics instruction for ELLs are discussed to conclude the chapter.
Articulatory Phonetics
Authors: Ivanova Sofia Alexandrovna , Hasko Victoria
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on the articulatory phonetics of English vowels; thus, it identifies descriptive parameters for vowel articulation in English, differentiates monophthongs and diphthongs, classifies the vowels of American English using these parameters, and addresses vowel reduction in American English. The theoretical material is followed by a pedagogical consideration of how the specifics of the articulatory characteristics of English vowels can be addressed in the classroom to facilitate comprehension and production of English vowels by English language learners. Supplementary materials are suggested for readers offering sample activities that could be used by language practitioners in ESL classrooms for this goal, as well as for exploring other dialects of English, including specific regional dialects falling under the umbrella of General American English, the variety addressed in this chapter.
English Sounds in Context
Authors: Wiltshire Caroline
Published: August 2019

The chapter takes the reader from the concrete phonetic descriptions of sounds, found in Chapters 11 and 12, to the use of these sounds in English. As in every language, sounds are influenced by their context. A large part of phonological description of a language is an effort to describe how the “same” sound is pronounced differently in different contexts, both phonetic and morphological. The chapter provides the phonemes of English, which are the distinctive units of sound, and examples of how they vary in context. It also illustrates the variation of English morphemes in context, by providing examples of allomorphy. Some implications of variation in context for teaching English are discussed.
The Rules of Phonology
Authors: Li Charles X.
Published: August 2019

This chapter focuses on formulating North American English (NAE) phonological rules and discussing their pedagogical implications. It begins with a brief account of NAE phonology as a rule-governed system and then outlines feature-based phonology as a theoretical framework in which phonological rules operate. The chapter further defines an inventory of distinctive features for characterizing the NAE phonological system. After discussing rule components and matrix underspecification, the chapter presents phonological rules subsumed under seven categories: deletion, epenthesis, metathesis, reduction, assimilation, dissimilation, and morphophonology. Most rules are couched in three expressions—prose, semi-formal, formal—to meet different needs of readers. Pedagogical implications of phonological rules, discussed in the last section, are explicated in the framework of language transfer and universal grammar. The same section also emphasizes the importance of balancing linguistic analysis and classroom practice.
The Role of Passive Evil in Perpetuating Downward Academic Mobbing
Authors: McDonald Theodore W. , Begic Sandina , Landrum R. Eric
Published: August 2019

Downward academic mobbing occurs when unethical administrators initiate a pattern of bullying, intimidation, and the commission of personal and career damage on undeserving faculty members (most often principled, tenured professors who question their decisions or call attention to unethical behavior such as policy violations and lack of academic due process). Once these unethical administrators succeed in framing a faculty victim as a target (often through innuendo, factual distortions, or outright lies), the victim's colleagues—many of whom have known and benefited from the victim for years—either fail to support the victim (a problem known as passive evil) or begin actively participating in the persecution themselves (often in pursuit of personal gain). The purpose of this chapter is to focus on the first instance (i.e., passive evil), and to discuss how passive evildoers' failure to stand up for victims of downward academic mobbing effectively encourages future acts of persecution—including against the passive evildoers themselves.
Narcissistic and Sociopathic Leadership and the World of Higher Education
Authors: Ross David B. , Sasso Melissa T. , Matteson Cortney E. , Matteson Rande W.
Published: August 2019

This chapter was designed to explore mobbing and bullying within higher education. This chapter per the researchers revealed the theoretical framework, the schema of people making versus bullying and mobbing, as well as differentiating between bullying and mobbing. Moreover, an array of examples of types of dark leadership and toxicity was provided. Furthermore, the researchers felt it was imperative to include the organizational culture applied to bullying and mobbing, in addition to the emphasis of counterproductive behavior. Also, the physiological and psychological impact on individuals under that leadership was provided as well as bullying and mobbing case studies. Preventative measures of bullying and mobbing within all levels was discussed and included a solution such as the TSTL survey created by Dr. David B. Ross. Lastly, a conclusion was provided.
Sins of a Syndicate
Authors: McDonald Denise M.
Published: August 2019

This chapter presents a fictitious and satirical story, which explores how individuals and groups of privilege in a university structure exert their power (through intimidation and other oppressive actions) on targeted individuals who are perceived as challenging or disruptive to the power group's existing control.  The story is presented as an allegory of the 1920-1940's mafia.
In the Midst of the Maelstrom
Authors: Crawford Caroline M.
Published: August 2019

Academic mobbing's impact upon the target and the target's professional world can throw one's world off kilter to the point that the target has difficulty maintaining a semblance of psychological and cognitive balance. This story is one target's approach towards maintaining a semblance of balance within the midst of the horrors of academic mobbing and bullying attacks. This target's ethical compass and balance are maintained through the support and guidance of outstanding colleagues, yet in more personal moments the target's sense of psychological equilibrium and emotional stability are drawn from the lifetime accumulation of quotations, lyrics, and poems that articulate one's ethical compass and steadfast psychological center.
Audit Committee Effectiveness, Audit Quality, and Internal Control Information Disclosures
Authors: Agyei-Mensah Ben Kwame , Agyemang Otuo Serebour , Ansong Abraham
Published: August 2019

This chapter examined the linkages between audit committees' effectiveness, audit quality, and internal control information disclosure. Empirical evidence on the effect of audit committee effectiveness and audit quality on internal control information disclosure is scanty. Using a 210 firm-year sample of firms listed on the Ghana Stock Exchange for the period 2013-2017, the chapter tried to fill the research gap. After controlling for board size, proportion of independent directors, and leverage, the results from univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that effective audit committee and audit firm size play complimentary and substitution roles in ensuring internal control information disclosure. Board size and proportion of independent directors were also found to influence the disclosure of quality voluntary information.
Effects of People's IPO on the Russian Financial Market and Corporate Governance Praxis
Authors: Shevchenko Dmitry , Njoroge Parmenas Kimani
Published: August 2019

People's IPO is a project that aims at distribution shares of state-owned entities to members of the public. Three Russian state-owned enterprises, VTB, SBERBANK, and ROSNEFT, conducted People's IPO between 2006 and 2007. The aim of these IPOs was to offer the general public an opportunity to own shares in state-owned enterprises. Such an investment opportunity would give ordinary citizens a stake in Russia's biggest state enterprises. Authors investigated the success or otherwise of these IPOs in distributing shares of government enterprises to ordinary citizens and gave recommendations on possible ways of improving public participation in People's IPOs. The aim of this chapter is to propose People's IPO as one of the ways of ensuring proper wealth distribution and eradicating injustice in the financial system. Authors recommend adoption of offer prices that friendly to small investors, creation of credit lines that would avail funds for investing in the IPOs. Companies going public should also adherer to the world's best to ensure growth in shareholders wealth.
Equilibrium in Corporate Governance
Authors: Marcos Sonia , Castrillo Luis A.
Published: August 2019

Corporate governance systems around the world are shaped by legal traditions, but the most important determinant of their effectiveness is law enforcement. Developing countries tend to have weak institutional structures and contracting environments. In this context, markets are inefficient and ownership concentration becomes the main corporate governance mechanism in order to protect property rights. How can developing countries design an optimal corporate governance system in their poor business environments? Corporate governance mechanisms are interdependent, and each country needs to search for a set of mechanisms in equilibrium—that is, an optimal combination of control and incentives—that solves its own agency problems. But another problem in developing countries is the lack of public enforcement. Just as internal mechanisms may substitute for ineffective external mechanisms, private initiatives may reinforce weak public enforcement.
Cash Holdings and Corporate Governance
Authors: Akben-Selcuk Elif , Sener Pinar
Published: August 2019

This chapter investigates the empirical factors affecting corporate cash holdings with special emphasis on corporate governance variables for a sample of Turkish-listed nonfinancial firms over the period 2006 to 2010. The findings reveal a significant non-linear relation between family ownership and cash holdings. In addition, while board structure does not significantly affect the level of cash holdings, tunneling increases cash reserves of firms. Furthermore, the results indicate that cash flow, leverage, other liquid assets that can be used as cash substitutes, the degree of tangibility of assets, and firm size are important in determining cash holdings among Turkish companies.
Corporate Governance and Performance
Authors: Çelik Şaban , Güleç Tuna Can
Published: August 2019

The purpose of the present study is to evaluate the current state of the linkage between corporate governance and performance. Corporate governance is by far the most important subject that should be studied due to its role and significance. Accordingly, there is intensive literature on corporate governance and its possible impact on performance. By conducting a systematic literature review, the authors provide the results of frequently used variables that supposed to reflect the character of corporate governance on firm performance. The study covers the findings of empirical papers that analyze the impact of “board size,” “percentage of independent directors,” “CEO duality,” “ownership concentration,” “audit committee and auditor reputation,” “board meetings,” and “firm size.” The examination of the reviewed studies indicates that there is a need to explain the competing findings observed among firms, markets, and countries by developing a theoretical explanation.
The Promotion of Partnership Value Through Employee Share Ownership and Customer Share Ownership
Authors: Elouadi Sara
Published: August 2019

This chapter proposes an enriched analysis of value creation seeking to integrate all the stakeholders. To this end, they suggest two practices that counterbalance the power of shareholders and managers by allowing other stakeholders to exercise political and financial power. They are interested in employee share ownership and customer shareholding. In fact, the property grants customers and employees the superior status of the shareholder in order to enjoy a higher power likely to limit the attempts of managerial entrenchment and shareholder supremacy.
Artificial Intelligence for Extended Software Robots, Applications, Algorithms, and Simulators
Authors: Rajendran Gayathri , Vijayasundaram Uma
Published: August 2019

Robotics has become a rapidly emerging branch of science, addressing the needs of humankind by way of advanced technique, like artificial intelligence (AI). This chapter gives detailed explanation about the background knowledge required in implementing the software robots. This chapter has an in-depth explanation about different types of software robots with respect to different applications. This chapter would also highlight some of the important contributions made in this field. Path planning algorithms are required for performing robot navigation efficiently. This chapter discusses several robot path planning algorithms which help in utilizing the domain knowledge, avoiding the possible obstacles, and successfully accomplishing the tasks in lesser computational time. This chapter would also provide a case study on robot navigation data and explain the significant of machine learning algorithms in decision making. This chapter would also discuss some of the potential simulators used in implementing software robots.
Disrupting Agriculture
Authors: El-Gayar Omar F. , Ofori Martinson Q.
Published: August 2019

The United Nations (UN) Food and Agriculture (FAO) estimates that farmers will need to produce about 70% more food by 2050. To accommodate the growing demand, the agricultural industry has grown from labor-intensive to smart agriculture, or Agriculture 4.0, which includes farm equipment that are enhanced using autonomous unmanned decision systems (robotics), big data, and artificial intelligence. In this chapter, the authors conduct a systematic review focusing on big data and artificial intelligence in agriculture. To further guide the literature review process and organize the findings, they devise a framework based on extant literature. The framework is aimed to capture key aspects of agricultural processes, supporting supply chain, key stakeholders with a particular emphasis on the potential, drivers, and challenges of big data and artificial intelligence. They discuss how this new paradigm may be shaped differently depending on context, namely developed and developing countries.
The Intersection of Data Analytics and Data-Driven Innovation
Authors: Tanque Marcus , Foxwell Harry J.
Published: August 2019

This chapter discusses businesses, key technology implementations, case studies, limitations, and trends. It also presents recommendations to improve data analysis, data-driven innovation, and big data project implementation. Small-to-large-scale project inefficiencies present unique challenges to both public and private sector institutions and their management. Data analytics management, data-driven innovation, and related project initiatives have grown in scope, scale, and frequency. This evolution is due to continued technological advances in analytical methods and computing technologies. Most public and private sector organizations do not deliver on project benefits and results. Many organizational and managerial practices emphasize these technical limitations. Specialized human and technical resources are essential for an organization's effective project completion. Functional and practical areas affecting analytics domain and ability requirements, stakeholder expectations, solution infrastructure choices, legal and ethical concerns will also be discussed in this chapter.
A Multiple-Choice Test for the Ages
Authors: Jones James R. , Telinhos Annabelle , Hughes James Michael , Patel Shamit Y.
Published: August 2019

After decades of research into “generations,” there is still widespread disagreement whether 1) the concept of generations is legitimate, 2) the “correct” composition of the various generations, 3) whether predictions about consistent belief systems and/or behavior by members of generations are valid. With organizational viability being dependent on maintaining successful cultures, the selection process is a critical piece of the equation. And with the presence of multiple generations in U.S. workplaces, many in positions that carry hiring authority, it is important to ascertain whether there are patterns of predictable decision-making based on an individual's generational location. In this chapter, the authors outline a study that utilized logit regression analysis techniques to determine 1) to what extent individuals identify with common generational labels and 2) to what degree survey respondents differ, both by generation and sub-groups within those generations, in their patterns of selection of hypothetical job applicants.
High Performance Teams in a Multigenerational Workforce
Authors: Montaudon-Tomas Cynthia M. , Pinto-López Ingrid N. , Montaudon-Tomas Ivonne M. , Muñoz-Ortiz Marisol
Published: August 2019

This chapter presents an example of high-performance teams in a multigenerational workforce in academia. Special attention is given to the new ways of working that have led to an increase in work by projects which is supported on teamwork and high performance teams. In the workplace, diversity is the new normal. High performance teams (HPTs) are a good example of how to tap on the generational intelligence of mixed age workgroups. In recent years, the trend of working in projects has increased. In the description of the practical case, the way in which teams were developed as part of the strategic planning of a Mexican business school is shown. Analyses were conducted to determine whether the performance perception of the team had a positive correlation with its productivity evaluation and if the team's rating of the value of multigenerational work could be connected to its productivity and/or the performance perception of the team members.
Personality Traits in Millennial Career Choice
Authors: Cruz Barba Evangelina
Published: August 2019

The career choice includes factors such as personality, family, and social environment. This chapter analyzes the manner in which Millennial students choose a profession in International Business and Tourism at the University of Guadalajara, Mexico through the analysis of their personality traits. Using factor analysis and statistical independence, a Chi-square test with a sample of 419 students, the authors found that the factor structure that best fits the data was personal skills, attitudes, and academic skills. These factors provide characteristics of the type of entrepreneurial personality according to Holland's theory. The personality differences between these two professions are three: the “willingness to serve,” which is emphasized for the tourism profession instead of for the international business profession; “mathematical and language skills”; and “economic retribution” that have a greater weight for the business profession than for the tourism profession.
The Millennial Label
Authors: Urick Michael J.
Published: August 2019

Previous research on aged-based stereotypes in the workforce has often focused on stereotypes held regarding older workers. However, the nature of stereotypes of younger employees and the labels that help reinforce negative perceptions have not been fully explored. The author addresses this gap through a qualitative analysis of two samples: a group of young professionals relatively new to the workforce and a group of more mature professionals with a breadth of experience. This chapter explores three areas: (1) the labels “Millennial,” “Generation Y,” and “Young Professional” refer to younger employees in often negative ways; (2) these labels reinforce stereotypes which can help perpetuate stereotype threat, decreased performance, a negative organizational culture, and a breakdown in interactions and learning among other negative outcomes; and (3) employees can spend a significant amount of time and energy focusing on these labels to minimize their negative impacts.
A Cross-Cultural Review of Workplace Deviance Research
Authors: Gökoğlu Selcen Kılıçaslan , Öztürk Engin Bağış
Published: August 2019

In the last two decades, workplace deviance becomes one of the most important topics to understand negative behaviors at work. However, many of the studies that examine deviance take a universal perspective and undermine cross-cultural differences. To address this gap, this chapter focuses on cross-cultural differences and its relationship with deviant workplace behaviors. The authors claim that cross-cultural differences can play an important role as an antecedent and/or moderator variable in influencing deviant behaviors. In order to discuss these effects, they first summarize recent developments in individualism-collectivism, tightness-looseness, and honor cultures. Based on their interpretations, target-oriented deviance might be highly contextualized in collectivist cultures, form of deviance and contents of deviance could be different from honor to dignity cultures. In addition, deviant behaviors as responses to specific events might differ whether a person belongs in a tight culture or not. The implications of our arguments and future research directions are discussed.