bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A systematic review of the application of machine learning in the detection and classification of transposable elements
Authors: Orozco-Arias Simon , Isaza Gustavo , Guyot Romain , Tabares-Soto Reinel
Published: December 2019

Background

Transposable elements (TEs) constitute the most common repeated sequences in eukaryotic genomes. Recent studies demonstrated their deep impact on species diversity, adaptation to the environment and diseases. Although there are many conventional bioinformatics algorithms for detecting and classifying TEs, none have achieved reliable results on different types of TEs. Machine learning (ML) techniques can automatically extract hidden patterns and novel information from labeled or non-labeled data and have been applied to solving several scientific problems.

Methodology

We followed the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) process, applying the six stages of the review protocol from it, but added a previous stage, which aims to detect the need for a review. Then search equations were formulated and executed in several literature databases. Relevant publications were scanned and used to extract evidence to answer research questions.

Results

Several ML approaches have already been tested on other bioinformatics problems with promising results, yet there are few algorithms and architectures available in literature focused specifically on TEs, despite representing the majority of the nuclear DNA of many organisms. Only 35 articles were found and categorized as relevant in TE or related fields.

Conclusions

ML is a powerful tool that can be used to address many problems. Although ML techniques have been used widely in other biological tasks, their utilization in TE analyses is still limited. Following the SLR, it was possible to notice that the use of ML for TE analyses (detection and classification) is an open problem, and this new field of research is growing in interest.
EDUCAÇÃO NO SÉCULO XXI: COMO SERÁ?
Authors: Gomes Cândido Alberto
Published: December 2019

Delineia-se um esboço das transformações em curso no século XXI, recorrendo-se às bases teóricas da sociedade de risco, em rede e da modernidade líquida. As mudanças e suas perspectivas ocorrem na ótica da descartabilidade de seres vivos e coisas, em ritmo acelerado de crescimento econômico. Novas ciências comandam alterações biológicas na espécie humana, na indústria de dados eletrônicos, na concentração do poder político e outras. A educação pode desescolarizar-se, amplificando diferenças sociais, utilizando novos métodos e técnicas e estendendo-se ao longo da vida. Em qualquer caso, missão fundamental da educação é reduzir o descompasso entre ciências e tecnologias e a reflexão filosófica, teológica, moral e ética.
AS PESQUISAS SOBRE O PIBID COMO FOCO DE ANÁLISE: AS ABORDAGENS TEÓRICO-METODOLÓGICAS UTILIZADAS.
Authors: Cornelo Camila Santos , Lima Michelle Fernandes , Schneckenberg Marisa
Published: December 2019

O objetivo central deste estudo foi investigar como as pesquisas que discutem o Programa Institucional de Bolsa de Iniciação a Docência – PIBID estão utilizando os referenciais teórico-metodológicos. Buscamos apresentar uma breve contextualização sobre a pesquisa em educação no Brasil, os pressupostos conceituais do Enfoque das Epistemologias da Política Educacaional – EEPE (Tello, 2012), e a proposta de Metapesquisa (Mainardes, 2013), a qual nos amparou teórica e metodologicamente para realizar tal investigação. A pesquisa foi realizada a partir de dissertações de mestrado de sete universidades públicas do Paraná, que tratavam diretamente sobre o PIBID, entre os anos de 2015-2016. A partir de um posicionamento crítico-analítico, consideramos que os trabalhos analisados apresentaram pouca explicitação dos referenciais teóricos e metodológicos.
APRESENTAÇÃO
Authors: Madruga Cunha Cláudia , Seixas Ribeiro Joyce Otânia
Published: December 2019

Apresentação
Ethnopharmacological Survey of Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Human Diseases in the Tivaouane Department, Senegal
Authors: Diatta Kady , Diatta William , Fall Alioune Dior , Dieng Serigne Ibra Mbacké , Mbaye Amadou Ibrahima , Sarr Abdou , Seye Mamadou Bamba
Published: December 2019

Background: In Africa, particularly in Senegal, 70% of the population resort to traditional medicine.

Aim/Objective: The aim of this study is to inventory the plants used to the the treatment of erectile dysfunction, hypertension, diabetes etc because the populations often resort to phytotherapy.

Methods: Fifty traditional practitioners, fifty herbalists and fifty resources persons were conducted to identify the plants used in the management of affections in the Tivaouane department.

Results: Ninety seven plants could be identified and divided into eighty nine genera and forty eight families. Thus, Fabaceae families with 18 species, Euphorbiaceae (8 species), Combretaceae (5 species), Malvaceae (4 species), Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae, Asteraceae, Meliaceae Myrtaceae and Poaceae each with 3 species and  Asclepiadaceae, Liliaceae, Lythraceae, Loganaceae and Menispermaceae each with 2 species; Apocynaceae, Balanitaceae, Bignoniaceae, Capparidaceae, Caricaceae, Casuarinaceae, Celastraceae, Cochlospermaceae, Cucurbitaceae, Hypericaceae, Lamiaceae, Loraceae, Lauraceae, Loranthaceae, Moraceae , Moringaceae, Musaceae  Olacaceae, Polygalaceae, Rhamnaceae, Rosaceae, Rutaceae, Sapindaceae, Sapotaceae, Sphenocleaceae, Sterculiaceae, Tiliaceae, Verbenaceae and Zingiberaceae are represented by a single species. The most used plant for antipyretic herbal medicine is Senna occidentalis with a citation percentage of 31.72%, followed by Khaya senegalensis (17.18%) and Citrus aurantifolia (11.01%). The most used plant for antalgic herbal medicine is Grewia bicolor with a citation percentage of 19.48%, followed by Acacia nilotica (12.21%) and Hibiscus sabdariffa (9.59%). The most used plant for antihypertensive is Zizyphus mauritiana with a citation percentage of 16.83%, followed by Combrethum micranthum (13.37%) and Oxythenantera abyssinica (11.88%). The most used plant for cicatrizing is Acacia nilotica with a citation percentage of 25.71%, followed by Vernonia colorata (12%) and Leptadenia hastata (10.29%). The most used plant for erectile dysfunction is Flueggea virosa with a citation percentage of 24.14%, followed by Zingiber officinale (18.96%) and Cassia sieberiana (12.07%). The leaves (51%) and barks (18%) are the organs used for the medicinal preparations. The decoction (44%) is the most use followed by maceration (29%) and powder (16%).

Conclusion: Further investigations are needed to explore the bioactive compounds of these herbal medicines. In this aspect, many plants are claimed to be effective in the treatment of many affections.
Comparison the Effect of Paracetamol and Ketorolac on Pain Relief after Cesarean Section
Authors: Shakeri Asadollah , Taghizadeh Soosan , Razavi Maryam
Published: December 2019

Introduction: Cesarean section is one of the most common surgical procedures in women. Effective pain control is an important component of post-operative care, as calming the mother increases her ability to take care of herself, reduce nosocomial infections, and hospitalization costs. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of paracetamol and ketorolac on the relief of post-cesarean pain in order to find a drug with minimal complications.

Methods: This study was performed on 140 women admitted to Ali Ibn Abi Talib Hospital due to cesarean section. Patients were divided into two groups of 500 mg paracetamol after cord clamp and 30 mg intravenous ketorolac group. Pain score, need for additional analgesia and visual analogue scale (VAS) were measured and compared in two groups. Data were analyzed using SPSS software.

Results: In this study, mean pain scores at 0, 6, 12 and 24 hours were significantly lower in the ketorolac group than in the paracetamol group. There was no complication in any of the experimental groups in this study. There was no significant difference between the mean time of first request for the additional analgesic of two groups. Frequency of additional analgesic request in the ketorolac group was significantly lower than in the paracetamol group.

Conclusion: Overall, the results of this study showed that the rate of pain reduction after cesarean section with ketorolac was significantly higher than paracetamol.
Evaluation of Soil Quality in Parts of Israel and Nigeria
Authors: Ideriah T. J. K.
Published: December 2019

The levels of physiochemical parameters and some heavy metals in top soil and sediment from parts of Israel and Nigeria were determined using standard methods and Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer by GBC Avanta Version 2.02. The results showed ranges of mean levels of pH 5.78±0.4 – 8.08±0.001 in Israel and 5.3±0.1 – 6.70±0.2 in Nigeria; Organic matter 0.04±0.09% - 13.49±0.03% in Israel and 1.10±0.7% – 2.69±0.9% in Nigeria; Total Nitrogen 0.03±0.01% - 0.96±0.1% in Israel and 0.05±0.7% - 0.14±0.2% in Nigeria; Available Phosphorus 1.40±0.06 ppm – 70.18±0.06 ppm in Israel and 14±0.1 ppm – 64.6±0.2 ppm in Nigeria; Potassium 0.64±0.6 meq/100 g – 5.74±0.02 meq/100 g in Israel and 0.07±0.05 meq/100 g – 0.08±0.04 meq/100 g in Nigeria. The highest C/N ratios were 65.25 and 53.67 in Israel and 13.89 and 12.80 in Nigeria which implies high decomposition and mineralization in Nigeria. The levels of all the heavy metals were below their standard limits. The mean levels of physicochemical parameters of soils from Israel and Nigeria showed significant difference (p<0.05). The soil metal index of the heavy metals ranged from 0.013 – 0.070 in Israel and 0.004 – 0.058 in Nigeria. Cadmium was found to be the heavy metal with highest enrichment factor value of 87.871 in Israel and 5853.66 in Nigeria. The soils from Israel were found to be alkaline while those from Nigeria were acidic, nutrient deficient and need application of land amendment materials.
A Li–Al–O Solid‐State Electrolyte with High Ionic Conductivity and Good Capability to Protect Li Anode
Authors: Xie Meilan , Lin Xing , Huang Zhimei , Li Yuyu , Zhong Yun , Cheng Zexiao , Yuan Lixia , Shen Yue , Lu Xing , Zhai Tianyou , Huang Yunhui
Published: December 2019

Using a solid‐state electrolyte (SSE) to stabilize the Li metal anode is widely considered a promising route to develop next‐generation high energy density lithium batteries. Here, a new polycrystalline aluminate‐based SSE (named Li–Al–O SSE) with good capability is introduced to protect Li metal. The SSE is formed on the Li metal surface via a chemical reaction between LiOH and triethylaluminum (TEAL) with the existence of LiTFSI‐based electrolyte. It is a continuous film that consists of polycrystalline LiAlO2, Li3AlO3, Al2O3, Li2CO3, LiF, and some organic compounds. Such Li–Al–O SSE possesses a room‐temperature ionic conductivity as high as 1.42 × 10−4 S cm−1. Meanwhile, it effectively protects the Li anode from the corrosion of H2O, O2, and organic solvent, and suppresses the growth of Li dendrite. With the protection of the Li–Al–O SSE, the cycle life of Li|Li symmetric cell and Li|O2 cell is substantially elongated, indicating that the SSE exhibits an excellent protective effect under both inert and oxidizing circumstances.
In Situ Formed Fibrin Scaffold with Cyclophosphamide to Synergize with Immune Checkpoint Blockade for Inhibition of Cancer Recurrence after Surgery
Authors: Zhang Lin , Zhou Jinhua , Hu Lvzhong , Han Xiao , Zou Xinwei , Chen Qian , Chen Youguo , Liu Zhuang , Wang Chao
Published: December 2019

Unsatisfied cytoreductive surgery predicts worse clinical outcomes. Previous studies have found that cyclophosphamide (CTX) is a rhythmic immune modulator that can target suppressive regulatory immune cells and meanwhile enhance effector cells. Here, a therapeutic scaffold is engineered based on a fibrin hydrogel to codeliver CTX and anti‐PD‐L1 antibody (aPDL1) for the prevention of cancer recurrence postsurgery. It is demonstrated that the sequential release of CTX and aPDL1 from the fibrin hydrogel can lead to selective depletion of regulatory T cells (Treg) in the residual tumor, which would then synergize the immune checkpoint blockade therapy. The therapeutic benefit is demonstrated in an orthotopic breast tumor and an orthotopic ovarian tumor model after incomplete resection of primary tumors. In this work, the strategy provides a clinically valuable option for preventing cancer recurrence postsurgery.
Peptidic Monodisperse PEG “Comb” as Multifunctional “Add‐On” Module for Imaging‐Traceable and Thermo‐Responsive Theranostics
Authors: Zhu Junfei , Zhang Huaibin , Chen Kexin , Li Yu , Yang Zhigang , Chen Shizhen , Zheng Xing , Zhou Xin , Jiang Zhong‐Xing
Published: December 2019

Monodisperse polyethylene glycols–modified (M‐PEGylated) biomaterials exhibit high structural accuracy, biocompatibility, and fine‐tunable physicochemical properties. To develop “smart” drug delivery systems in a controllable and convenient manner, a peptidic M‐PEG “comb” with fluorinated L‐lysine side chains and a fluorescent N‐terminal is conveniently prepared as a 19F magnetic resonance imaging (19F MRI) and fluorescence dual‐imaging traceable and thermo‐responsive “add‐on” module for liposomal theranostics in cancer therapy. The peptidic M‐PEG “comb” has high biocompatibility, thermo‐responsivity with a sharp lower critical solution temperature, an aggregation‐induced emission fluorescence, and high 19F MRI sensitivity. As a highly branched amphiphile, it self‐assembles and firmly anchors on the doxorubicin‐loaded liposomal nanoparticles, which M‐PEGylates the liposomes and facilitates the thermo‐responsive drug release and drug tracking with dual‐imaging technologies. In a rodent xenograft model of human liver cancer HepG2 cells, the M‐PEGylated liposomes exhibit long in vivo half time, low toxicity, high tumor accumulation, “hot spot” 19F MRI, and therapeutic efficacy. With accurately programmable chemical structure, fine‐tunable physicochemical and biological properties to meet the demands of diagnosis, drug delivery, and therapy, the M‐PEG “comb” is promising as a versatile “add‐on” module for rapid and convenient formulation of various “smart” theranostics.
Efficient Bifacial Passivation with Crosslinked Thioctic Acid for High‐Performance Methylammonium Lead Iodide Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Hui , Liu Tao , Zhou Peng , Li Shuang , Ren Jing , He Hongcai , Wang Jinshu , Wang Ning , Guo Shaojun
Published: December 2019

Defects, inevitably produced within bulk and at perovskite‐transport layer interfaces (PTLIs), are detrimental to power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). It is demonstrated that a crosslinkable organic small molecule thioctic acid (TA), which can simultaneously be chemically anchored to the surface of TiO2 and methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) through coordination effects and then in situ crosslinked to form a robust continuous polymer (Poly(TA)) network after thermal treatment, can be introduced into PSCs as a new bifacial passivation agent for greatly passivating the defects. It is also discovered that Poly(TA) can additionally enhance the charge extraction efficiency and the water‐resisting and light‐resisting abilities of perovskite film. These newly discovered features of Poly(TA) make PSCs herein achieve among the best PCE of 20.4% ever reported for MAPbI3 with negligible hysteresis, along with much enhanced ultraviolet, air, and operational stabilities. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the passivation of MAPbI3 bulk and PTLIs by Poly(TA) occurs through the interaction of functional groups (COOH, CS) in Poly(TA) with under‐coordinated Pb2+ in MAPbI3 and Ti4+ in TiO2, which is supported by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy.
Reproducible Ultrathin Ferroelectric Domain Switching for High‐Performance Neuromorphic Computing
Authors: Li Jiankun , Ge Chen , Du Jianyu , Wang Can , Yang Guozhen , Jin Kuijuan
Published: December 2019

Neuromorphic computing consisting of artificial synapses and neural network algorithms provides a promising approach for overcoming the inherent limitations of current computing architecture. Developments in electronic devices that can accurately mimic the synaptic plasticity of biological synapses, have promoted the research boom of neuromorphic computing. It is reported that robust ferroelectric tunnel junctions can be employed to design high‐performance electronic synapses. These devices show an excellent memristor function with many reproducible states (≈200) through gradual ferroelectric domain switching. Both short‐ and long‐term plasticity can be emulated by finely tuning the applied pulse parameters in the electronic synapse. The analog conductance switching exhibits high linearity and symmetry with small switching variations. A simulated artificial neural network with supervised learning built from these synaptic devices exhibited high classification accuracy (96.4%) for the Mixed National Institute of Standards and Technology (MNIST) handwritten recognition data set.
Compact Assembly and Programmable Integration of Supercapacitors
Authors: Lu Bing , Liu Feng , Sun Guoqiang , Gao Jian , Xu Tong , Xiao Yukun , Shao Changxiang , Jin Xuting , Yang Hongsheng , Zhao Yang , Zhang Zhipan , Jiang Lan , Qu Liangti
Published: December 2019

Microsized supercapacitors (mSCs) with small volume, rapid charge–discharge rate, and ultralong cyclic lifetime are urgently needed to meet the demand of miniaturized portable electronic devices. A versatile self‐shrinkage assembling (SSA) strategy to directly construct the compact mSCs (CmSCs) from hydrogels of reduced graphene oxide is reported. A single CmSC is only 0.0023 cm3 in volume, which is significantly smaller than most reported mSCs in fiber/yarn and planar interdigital forms. It exhibits a high capacitance of up to 68.3 F cm−3 and a superior cycling stability with 98% capacitance retention after 25 000 cycles. Most importantly, the SSA technique enables the CmSC as the building block to realize arbitrary, programmable, and multi‐dimensional integration for adaptable and complicated power systems. By design on mortise and tenon joint connection, autologous integrated 3D interdigital CmSCs are fabricated in a self‐holding‐on manner, which thus dramatically reduces the whole device volume to achieve the high‐performance capacitive behavior. Consequently, the SSA technique offers a universal and versatile approach for large‐scale on‐demand integration of mSCs as flexible and transformable power sources.
High Force Density Textile Electrostatic Clutch
Authors: Hinchet Ronan , Shea Herbert
Published: December 2019

Clutches are key elements for blocking or coupling motion in wearable systems such as soft exoskeletons, haptic clothing, and rehabilitation equipment. Electrostatic clutches (ESclutches) are compact and light, making them particularly well‐suited for wearable applications. They are variable capacitors whose electrodes can slide with respect to each other, with a frictional force between electrodes proportional to the square of the applied voltage. A high force–density textile‐based ESclutch is reported here, generating frictional shear stresses of 21 N cm−2 at only 300 V, a stress level 11 times higher than any other ESclutch, and 88 times better than textile‐based ESclutches. Actuation and release time are inferior to 5 and 15 ms. Power consumption is below 1.2 mW cm−2. To reach such high frictional stresses, a dielectric material with high permittivity is chosen (P(VDF‐TrFE‐CTFE)), a fabrication process that enables highly planar dielectric and conductive films on textile is developed, and an alternating current waveform is optimized to minimize space charge. The ESclutch is thin, highly flexible, and weighs only 30 mg cm−2. The device demonstrated here is designed for wearable applications such as kinesthetic haptic feedback for virtual reality or for soft exoskeletons.
Controlling Organic Room Temperature Phosphorescence through External Heavy‐Atom Effect for White Light Emission and Luminescence Printing
Authors: She Pengfei , Yu Yaxin , Qin Yanyan , Zhang Yingjie , Li Feiyang , Ma Yun , Liu Shujuan , Huang Wei , Zhao Qiang
Published: December 2019

Pure organic materials with tunable room temperature phosphorescence (RTP) have attracted considerable interest because they are promising candidates for a wide range of optoelectronic applications. Herein, a series of organic compounds of (4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)butyl) triphenylphosphonium (CBTP) with different halide anions (CBTP‐Cl, CBTP‐Br, and CBTP‐I) are synthesized. They show emission color changes from blue to orange‐red in the solid state. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the RTP is primarily caused by the external heavy‐atom effect (EHE), which enhances the spin–orbit coupling between the singlet and triplet excited states to facilitate the intersystem crossing rate. Distinct white light emission can be achieved using the controllable RTP by doping a certain ratio of potassium iodide (KI) into a polymer matrix containing CBTP‐Cl. Moreover, luminescent information can be recorded on a paper substrate made from a polymer film containing CBTP‐Cl with KI aqueous solution as the ink. The results suggest that rational control of the EHE of these pure organic materials is promising for different optoelectronic applications, including solid‐state lighting, data recording, and security protection.
Narrow‐Band QD‐Enhanced PIN Metal‐Oxide Heterostructure Phototransistor with the Assistance of Printing Processes
Authors: Liu Xiang , Zhou Wenxing , Tao Yuan , Mao Lei , Chang Jianhua , Hu Hai , Li Chi , Dai Qing
Published: December 2019

Infrared (IR) phototransistors are important building blocks for the true integration of flat‐panel optoelectronic detectors. Although significant progress is made in obtaining an InGaZnO active layer with IR response, the utilization of a high‐performance detector still has many challenges due to low efficiency, high power consumption, and lagging detection speed. Herein, a positive‐intrinsic‐negative (PIN) heterostructure phototransistor directly modulating the charges' transfer barrier with low power consumption (1 nW), high efficiency (EQE > 700%), a 200 Hz detecting bandwidth, and high detectivity (1 × 1011 cm Hz1/2 W−1) at an IR wavelength (1.5 µm in the high‐frequency circumstance) is demonstrated. These excellent sensing properties of the PIN phototransistor, together with its advantages of low power consumption and versatility, make the use of a heterostructure a powerful strategy for the development of on‐chip optoelectronic detectors.
Exploration of High Efficiency AIE‐Active Deep/Near‐Infrared Red Emitters in OLEDs with High‐Radiance
Authors: Wan Qing , Tong Jialin , Zhang Bing , Li Yin , Wang Zhiming , Tang Ben Zhong
Published: December 2019

Limiting by classic donor–acceptor (D–A) strategy based on charge transfer (CT) process dominated emission, the high‐efficiency organic deep/near infrared red (DR/NIR) emitters with desirable photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) and satisfactory excitons utilization efficiencies (EUEs) are still a challenge. Herein, three new DR/NIR luminogens (TNZPPI, TNZtPPI and TNZ2tPPI) based on naphtho[2,3‐c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (NZ) group are synthesized. Their interesting characterization of hybrid excited states containing tuned local excited (LE) and CT components are confirmed, and the effective high‐lying reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) channel might be activated because of their larger T2–T1 energy gap and smaller T4–S2 energy splitting. Thanks for their higher fluorescence quantum yields in film (24–38%), the TNZPs‐based non‐doped devices exhibit bright NIR emission with higher maximum radiance of 21447–36027 mW Sr−1 m−2, whose performance are better than most reported pure organic NIR devices. Enjoying deep analysis of their solvation effect and aggregation‐induced emission (AIE)‐activity, the doped organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs) are fabricated, whose performances are very good with identical National Television System Committee saturated red‐emitting behaviors. The results in TNZPs show that the electronic effect of molecule structure and intermolecular interactions all are relative to their performance, and which is very important for the design high‐efficiency NZ‐based OLED materials.
Disability and migration in urban Australia: The case of Liverpool
Authors: Soldatic Karen , Magee Liam , James Paul , Partoredjo Shuman , Mann Jakki
Published: December 2019

This article presents and analyses population data on the Liverpool area of Greater Western Sydney, identifying trends with significant policy implications. Liverpool city is home to one of the highest concentrations of Australia's recent arrivals, many of whom have refugee backgrounds. From those who arrived under Australia's post‐Second World War resettlement programme to new arrivals, it is also home to a rich diversity of sociocultural and linguistic communities at different stages of settlement. Demographic data show significant relationships between age, country of origin, year of arrival and need for assistance variables, many of which are either qualitatively distinct or quantitatively different from other regions in Sydney, New South Wales and Australia. Building on this analysis, the article further identifies significant policy issues in relation to disability, care and support. While Western Sydney has figured prominently in national and state public‐policy directives, particularly in relation to economic growth, public infrastructure and transport mobility corridors, the analysis presented here illustrates that national policy directives for socioeconomic imperatives, such as the appropriate uptake of the National Disability Insurance Scheme, are critical to facilitate social sustainability, cohesion and equity within the region.
Enantiomorphic Microvortex‐Enabled Supramolecular Sensing of Racemic Amino Acids by Using Achiral Building Blocks
Authors: Li Yike , Liu Chao , Bai Xuan , Tian Fei , Hu Guoqing , Sun Jiashu
Published: December 2019

Chiral analysis of bioactive molecules is of increasing significance in chemical and life sciences. However, the quantitative detection of a racemic mixture of enantiomers is a challenging task, which relies on complicated and time‐consuming multiple steps of chiral derivatization, chiral separation, and spectroscopic measurement. Herein, we show that, without the use of chiral molecules or pretreatment steps, the co‐assembly of amino acids with achiral TPPS4 monomers controlled by enantiomorphic microvortices allows quantitative detection of racemic or enantiomeric amino acids, through analysis of the sign and magnitude of supramolecular chirality in different outlets of a microfluidic platform. A model demonstrates that chiral microvortices can induce an initial chiral bias by bending the sheet structure, resulting in supramolecular self‐assembly of TPPS4 and amino acids of compatible chirality by the self‐sorting. This sensing system may find versatile applications in chiral sensing.
Facile Synthesis of Hierarchical Hollow CoP@C Composites with Superior Performance for Sodium and Potassium Storage
Authors: Liu Qiannan , Hu Zhe , Liang Yaru , Li Lin , Zou Chao , Jin Huile , Wang Shun , Lu Huanming , Gu Qinfen , Chou Shu‐Lei , Liu Yong , Dou Shi‐Xue
Published: December 2019

Hierarchical hollow CoP and carbon composites were obtained through a facile synthetic method, where carbonization and phosphorization of the precursor were completed within one single step. The composites are composed of hollow CoP@C spheres, which are further made up of CoP nanoparticles with a thin outer carbon layer. Electrochemical performances of the prepared CoP@C composites as anodes for sodium and potassium storage were evaluated and compared. In situ TEM, in situ synchrotron XRD, and DFT calculations were conducted to study the structural evolution and the interaction between Na/K and CoP during cycling processes. Benefiting from the synergistic effect of conductive carbon layer and hierarchical hollow structure, the as‐prepared CoP@C composites demonstrate superior sodium and potassium storage capability as anode materials for rechargeable batteries.
Synthesis, characterization, and thermal properties of novel silicon 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylguanidinate derivatives and use as single‐source chemical vapor deposition precursors
Authors: Ma Xiao , Xu Chongying , Mao Zhibiao , Ji Peiyu , Jin Chenggang , Xu Dongsheng , Ding Yuqiang
Published: December 2019

A series of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) precursors have been synthesized by a single‐step reaction of 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylguanidine and a variety of silicon chlorides. The structures of the 1,1,3,3‐tetramethylguanidinate‐based compounds were verified by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, XPS, EI‐MS, and elemental analysis. The thermal stability, transport behavior, and vapor pressures of these compounds were evaluated by simultaneous thermal analyses (STA). These compounds are highly stable and those in liquid form are very volatile. Silicon carbonitride (SiCN) thin films were prepared by using bis (tetramethylguanidine)‐dimethyl‐silane as the precursor in helicon wave plasma chemical vapor deposition (HWP‐CVD). The properties of the films were investigated by SEM, AFM, and XPS. The results showed that the films have good uniformities, low friction coefficient, and high hardness, enabling the films for fabrication of semiconductor devices.
Fabrication and characterization of poly(vinyl alcohol)—Glycerol—Spinel ferrites flexible membranes
Authors: Shaheen Adel , Haija Mohammad A. , Chamakh Mariem , Assayed Ghada A. I. , Banat Fawzi , Ayesh Ahmad I.
Published: December 2019

Polymer membranes of ferrites nanoparticles, glycerol, and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) were fabricated using a solution casting method. Spinel ferrites nanoparticles, CuFe2O4 or ZnFe2O4, and glycerol were used as dopants to control the membranes' electrical conductivity. The morphology, composition, and interaction between PVA and the dopants were investigated byscanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), differentialscanning calorimeter (DSC), and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). Electrical characterization of the membranes was conducted by impedance spectroscopy using frequencies between 1 and 106 Hz and variable temperatures. The results revealed a negative temperature coefficient of the resistance of the membranes. Additionally, membranes with ZnFe2O4 nanoparticles exhibit higher electrical impedance than those with CuFe2O4 nanoparticles. Therefore, electrical conductivity could be controlled using a suitable dopant's composition and concentration. The membranes presented in this study exhibit semiconducting properties, thus, they have potentials to be utilized in multiple applications including the flexible organic‐based device. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48821.
Catalytic Carbonylation and Carboxylation of Organosulfur Compounds via C−S Cleavage
Authors: Nogi Keisuke , Yorimitsu Hideki
Published: December 2019

Transition‐metal‐catalyzed carbonylation with CO gas occupies a privileged position in organic synthesis for the synthesis of carbonyl compounds. Although this attractive and useful chemistry has led many researchers to investigate carbonylative transformations of various organic (pseudo)halides, C−S‐cleaving carbonylation of organosulfur compounds has been fairly limited. Recently, a broad spectrum of C−S‐cleaving transformations has been emerging in the field of cross‐coupling. In light of the importance of carbonyl compounds as well as considerable advancement for employing organosulfur compounds as competent surrogates of (pseudo)halides, carbonylative transformations of C−S bonds should be of high value. This Minireview focuses on catalytic C−S carbonylation of organosulfur compounds with CO or its equivalents. In addition, reductive carboxylation of C−S bonds with CO2 is described.
Crustal torsional oscillations inside the deeper pasta structures
Authors: Sotani Hajime
Published: December 2019

The quasiperiodic oscillations (QPOs) have been discovered in the afterglow of the giant flares observed in the soft‐gamma repeaters. As QPOs are strongly associated with the neutron star oscillations, one could extract the neutron star properties via identification of QPOs as specific neutron star oscillations. In this study, we take into account the torsional oscillations inside the phase composed of cylindrical holes (tubes) and spherical holes (bubbles), which correspond to the inner layer in the neutron star crust. We remark that such oscillations are independent of the oscillations inside the phase composed of spherical and cylindrical nuclei, which correspond to the outer layer. Then, we find that all the observed QPOs can be explained with torsional oscillations excited in either layer, which is consistent with the severe constraint on the slope parameter, L, of nuclear symmetry energy as L ≃ 58 − 73 MeV obtained in our previous study.
The regular dynamics through the finite‐time Lyapunov exponent distributions in 3D Hamiltonian systems
Authors: Taani Ali , Abushattal Ahmad , Mardini Mohammad K.
Published: December 2019

We investigate the application as a technique of the so‐called finite‐time Lyapunov exponent, a scalar value that measures the average, or integrated, separation between trajectories in integrable dynamical systems to quantify the predictability limit of the asymptotic global behavior of old compact star systems (1–10 Gyr), for instance, neutron stars. For this purpose, the Hamiltonian systems with a three‐dimensional self‐gravitating axisymmetric potential are superimposed due to the influence of different birth and kick velocity distributions. We find the behavior of the density distributions P(x) for the finite‐time exponents, which follow a log‐normal distribution (transformed into a Gaussian distribution), with a given mean deviation centered around the global values, at larger Δt. It is shown that simple models of distributions reflect the underlying dynamics. We also analyze the predictability and the deviation vector ω(t), obtained from the distributions, by randomly selecting the initial deviation directions, and consequently the stellar dynamic stability of the periodic orbits, in three‐dimensional (3D) Hamiltonian systems over time. The behavior of the orbits is strongly influenced by the regular nature of the motion.
Anti‐interleukin‐17A and anti‐interleukin‐23 antibodies may be effective against Alzheimer's disease: Role of neutrophils in the pathogenesis
Authors: Katayama Hiroshi
Published: December 2019

Introduction

Despite the remarkable progress achieved in the research on Alzheimer's disease (AD), its exact pathogenesis is not fully understood and effective therapies do not currently exist. In order to find effective therapy for AD, I ranged extensively over the literature and found an important paper by Tiffany and colleagues.

Results and Conclusion

Neuroinflammation has been proposed as a possible cause or driving force of AD. The discovery by Tiffany et al. that amyloid β (Aβ) is a formylpeptide receptor 2 agonist indicated that Aβ is a potent chemoattractant for phagocytic leukocytes. Therefore, in all likelihood Aβ attracts peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, as well as microglia cells in brain parenchyma, and activates them. However, the role of microglia cells and their precursor monocytes in AD pathogenesis remains elusive. Recently, neutrophils were found to be present in areas with Aβ deposits in AD brain and in transgenic AD model mice. Because brain is vulnerable to the effects of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and neutrophils secrete a large amount of ROS, neutrophils look like a driving force of AD. Therefore, a possibility arises that anti‐IL‐17A and anti‐IL‐23 antibodies are effective against AD, because these antibodies can be thought to interfere with neutrophil trafficking from the bone marrow to the blood circulation and thus inhibit neutrophil infiltration into AD brain. Clinical studies using anti‐IL‐17A and anti‐IL‐23 antibodies in patients with AD are required.
Corporate environmental performance, environmental management and firm risk
Authors: Xue Bai , Zhang Zhuang , Li Pingli
Published: December 2019

Using a sample of 1,632 U.K. firm‐year observations from 2002 to 2013, this paper investigates the impact of multidimensional corporate environmental performance (CEP) on firm risk. Considering two dimensions of CEP, namely environmental management performance (EMP) and environmental operational performance (EOP), we find that EMP serves as an effective mechanism in reducing firm risk, and such an effect is mainly driven by the manufacturing sector. Meanwhile, there is no clear association between EOP and firm risk. However, our findings highlight a moderating effect of EOP on the relationship between negative EMP and firm risk. This provides new insights into the value of multidimensional CEP and suggests that the complex relationship between outcome‐ and process‐based environmental performance is important for understanding the real effects of CEP on firm risk. Our results have important implications for managerial decision‐making in strategy and risk management, as well as for policymaking in environmental regulation.
Investigation and circumvention of transfection inhibition by ferric ammonium citrate in serum‐free media for Chinese hamster ovary cells
Authors: Capella Roca Berta , Lao Nga T. , Clynes Martin , Doolan Padraig
Published: December 2019

While reliable transfection methods are essential for Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell line engineering, reduced transfection efficiencies have been observed in several commercially prepared media. In this study, we aimed to assess common media additives that impede efficiency mediated by three chemical transfection agents: liposomal‐based (Lipofectamine 2000), polymer‐based (TransIT‐X2), and lipopolyplex‐based (TransIT‐PRO). An in‐house GFP‐expressing vector and serum‐free medium (BCR‐F12: developed for the purposes of this study) were used to analyze transient transfection efficiencies of three CHO cell lines (CHO‐K1, DG44, DP12). Compared to a selection of commercially available media, BCR‐F12 displayed challenges associated with transfection in vendor‐prepared formulations, with no detection when liposomal‐based methods were used, reduced (<3%) efficiency observed when polymer‐based methods were used and only limited efficiency (25%) with lipopolyplexes. Following a stepwise removal protocol, ferric ammonium citrate (FAC) was identified as the critical factor impeding transfection, with transfection enabled with the liposomal‐ and polymer‐based methods and a 1.3‐ to 7‐fold increased lipopolyplex efficiency observed in all cell lines in FAC‐depleted media (−FAC), although lower viabilities were observed. Subsequent early addition of FAC (0.5–5 hr post‐transfection) revealed 0.5 hr post‐transfection as the optimal time to supplement in order to achieve transfection efficiencies similar to −FAC medium while retaining optimal cellular viabilities. In conclusion, FAC was observed to interfere with DNA transfection acting at early stages in all transfection agents and all cell lines studied, and a practical strategy to circumvent this problem is suggested.
Use of Immobilized Amine Transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis under Flow Conditions for the Synthesis of (S)‐1‐(5‐Fluoropyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐ethanamine
Authors: Semproli Riccardo , Vaccaro Gianmarco , Ferrandi Erica E. , Vanoni Marta , Bavaro Teodora , Marrubini Giorgio , Annunziata Francesca , Conti Paola , Speranza Giovanna , Monti Daniela , Tamborini Lucia , Ubiali Daniela
Published: December 2019

We report on the covalent immobilization of the (S)‐selective amine transaminase from Vibrio fluvialis (Vf‐ATA) and its use in the synthesis of (S)‐1‐(5‐fluoropyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐ethanamine, a key intermediate of the JAK2 kinase inhibitor AZD1480. Immobilized Vf‐ATA on glyoxyl‐agarose (activity recovery: 30 %) was used in a packed‐bed reactor to set‐up a continuous flow biotransformation coupled with a straightforward in‐line purification to circumvent the 2‐step process described in literature for the batch reaction. The newly developed biotransformation was run in a homogeneous system including dimethyl carbonate as a green co‐solvent. Optically pure (S)‐1‐(5‐fluoropyrimidin‐2‐yl)‐ethanamine (ee >99 %) was isolated in 35 % yield.
Selective Hydrogenation of Biomass‐Derived Succinic Acid: Reaction Network and Kinetics
Authors: Heisig Carina , Diedenhoven Jelka , Jensen Christopher , Gehrke Helmut , Turek Thomas
Published: December 2019

The conversion of bio‐based succinic acid (SA) to the value‐added chemicals 1,4‐butanediol (BDO), γ‐butyrolactone (GBL), and tetrahydrofuran (THF) can replace the corresponding petrochemical production routes to achieve a sustainable process. The reaction network for aqueous‐phase catalytic hydrogenation of succinic acid over a supported Re‐Pd catalyst was identified and the reaction kinetics was determined. With the developed kinetic model, the composition of the product mixture regarding the desired products (BDO, GBL, THF) can be described as a function of educt concentration, temperature, and pressure. The maximum BDO yield was achieved at high pressure and low temperature, while low pressure and high temperature favored GBL and THF production.
Improving the Electrochemical Performance of Li2RuO3through Chemical Substitution: A Case Study of (x)LiCoO2‐(1‐x)Li2RuO3Solid Solution (x≤0.4)
Authors: Neelakantaiah Ramesha R. , Dasari Bosu Babu , Ette Pedda Masthanaiah , Ramesha Kannadka
Published: December 2019

The present work reports an enhancement in the electrochemical properties of Li2RuO3by Co+3substitution. We explore the Li1.33‐x/3Ru0.66‐2x/3CoxO2series (in the solid solution notation (x)LiCoO2‐(1‐x)Li2RuO3) forx≤0.4 by partial substitution of Co+3for both Ru+4and Li+in the metal layer; in this way, creation of oxygen non‐stoichiometry is avoided. Powder XRD reveals that an increase in the cobalt content in the series leads to a structural transformation from monoclinic to rhombohedral phase, owing to increased cation disorder in the metal layer. Cyclic voltammetric scans shows clear evidence for decreased oxygen evolution for Co‐substituted samples. Thex=0.3 member delivers an initial discharge capacity of about 232 mAh g−1and, after the 100thcycle, 85 % capacity retention is observed. Furthermore, the rate capability is also significantly improved by Co substitution. Li+removal during the first charge is more than expected by counting on cation oxidation alone, demonstrating the participation of anion redox. Interestingly, thex=0.2 and 0.3 members of the series Li1.33‐x/3Ru0.66‐2x/3CoxO2show better Li reversibility upon long‐term cycling, endorsing the beneficial effect of Co+3in stabilizing the layered structure during electrochemical cycling.
Processing and properties of a low‐fire, high‐thermal‐conductivity alumina with CuTiNb2O8
Authors: Liu Hsuan‐Hao , Jean Jau‐Ho
Published: December 2019

Effects of crystalline CuTiNb2O8 (CTN‐112) addition on densification and physical properties of Al2O3 have been investigated. With 10 vol% CTN‐112 present, the densification temperature of Al2O3 is greatly reduced from >1600 to 1025°C. This is attributed to an interfacial reaction taking place between CTN‐112 and Al2O3, which yields an amorphous Cu‐Ti‐Nb‐rich intergranular glassy film (IGF) before the liquid phase of Cu4TiNb4Ox (CTN‐414) is formed at 1006‐1010°C. The Cu‐Ti‐Nb‐rich IGF provides a faster kinetic route for ions to diffuse, promoting the densification kinetics of Al2O3+CTN‐112 composite. A higher densification with increasing CTN‐112 content at a given sintering temperature is observed; however, the thermal conductivity, dielectric, and mechanical properties of the resulting Al2O3+CTN‐112 composites become worsened. The binary Al2O3+10 vol% CTN‐112 composite densified at 1025°C has a thermal conductivity of 17 Wm−1 K−1, dielectric constant of 11, and product (Q·fr) of quality factor (Q) and resonant frequency (fr) of 7500‐8000 GHz at 11‐12 GHz.
Was den Digitalen Zwilling zum genialen Kompagnon macht
Authors: Bamberg Andreas , Urbas Leon , Bröcker Sönke , Kockmann Norbert , Bortz Michael
Published: December 2019

Im internationalen Wettbewerb kann der Digitale Zwilling für die deutsche Industrie ein entscheidender Wettbewerbsvorteil sein. Dieser Essay adressiert Merkmale eines Digitalen Zwillings aus Anwendersicht und soll Lösungsanbietern helfen, der Produktentwicklung eine kundenorientierte Richtung zu verleihen. Dazu werden die unterschiedlichen Datenmodelle beschrieben, die in den Lebenszyklen von chemischen Prozessen, Anlagen und Produkten eine Rolle spielen. Insbesondere für bestehende (Brownfield‐)Anlagen werden abschließend wesentliche Aspekte des Digitalen Zwillings ausformuliert. Weitere Ausprägungen und Auswirkungen, z. B. auf die Aus‐ und Fortbildung, werden daraus abgeleitet.
Colorectal cancer screening patterns after the American Cancer Society’s recommendation to initiate screening at age 45 years
Authors: Fedewa Stacey A. , Siegel Rebecca L. , Goding Sauer Ann , Bandi Priti , Jemal Ahmedin
Published: December 2019

In May 2018, the American Cancer Society updated its colorectal cancer (CRC) screening guidelines, lowering the age to initiate screening among average‐risk individuals from 50 years to 45 years because of increasing risk in younger generations and a favorable benefit‐to‐harm ratio. Herein, the authors report that past‐year CRC testing among individuals aged 45 to 49 years more than doubled during 2018 in concert with the Society lowering the recommended age for screening.
A Simple and Green Preparation Method of Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanocages for Supercapacitor Application
Authors: Jiang Liang , Yang Shuhan , Song Wenna , Zhao Jianhua , Lu Zhihua , Zhai Qianqian , Wang Jing
Published: December 2019

The exploration of porous carbon materials with excellent electrochemical capacity is urgently needed for the development of the next generation of energy storage devices. Cage‐like carbon nanomaterials have been extensively studied for their excellent capacitive properties, but the current preparation methods for carbon nanocages are generally costly. A simple and green preparation method for nitrogen‐doped carbon nanocages is proposed in this study. In the synthesis process, the growth of the carbon nanocages is realized by using potassium chloride as a hard template, which can be removed by washing with hot water, avoiding the use of corrosive reagents and realizing the reuse of the template by recrystallization. The carbon materials exhibit unique nanocage morphology with macropores, which can provide fast ion diffusion pathways. Meanwhile, nitrogen doping enhances electrolyte ion interactions with carbon surfaces, leading to improved capacitances and rate capabilities. By the synthetical effect of the above characteristics, the specific capacitance reaches 251 F g−1 at 0.1 A g−1 and 201 F g−1 at 10 A g−1. This work introduces a new method for preparing high‐performance carbon electrode materials.