bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nuevos Horizontes de la Medicina Interna: Medicina Basada en la Evidencia
Authors: Rivera Mera Marcia Julieth , Naula Carabajo Adriana Gabriela , Veloz Naranjo Cristian David , Burgos Rivera Elsa Cecilia , Guevara Molina Melanye Natusha , Márquez Tumbaco Nathaly Alexandra , Ronquillo Guachamin Daysi Katrina , Godoy Villalva Alissa Stefanie , Ordeñana Chevez Evelyn Solange , Jaramillo Tandazo Mariuxi del Rocío
Published: November 2020

La medicina interna representa una especialidad de mucho valor y responsabilidad social, la misma cumple un importante papel en el progreso de la ciencia y el arte médico; no obstante, en las últimas décadas se ha observado como esta profesión médica y sus sub especialidades han vivido numerosos cambios, los cuales, en su efecto, se deben a la entrada vertiginosa de recursos tecnológicos y la forma en que los médicos han adaptado estos recursos al quehacer profesional. Efectivamente, el especialista de la medicina interna representa un profesional de gran valor en los cuidados de todas aquellas enfermedades de orden crónico, los mismos, fueron como se ha señalado anteriormente, fundadores de las sociedades de sub especialistas de esta rama, creando ramas de cuidado médico como lo son: la Cardiología, Gastroenterología, Hematología, Reumatología, Nefrología, Infectología, Endocrinología, Diabetología, siendo sus discípulos, los que perfeccionaron e impulsaron las más nuevas, como la Medicina Intensiva y la Geriatría. De manera satisfactoria por haber culminado este material informativo, se plantea la importancia que tiene la elaboración del presente libro, a través del mismo se pretende brindar al público lector y especialistas de la medicina en general, una visión variada sobre los aspectos que comprende esta rama médica y algunas de las patologías a las que se enfrentan durante su ejercicio profesional, sobre todo, aquellas que son de mayor incidencia y representan un problema de salud pública, considerando que son los profesionales internistas, los expertos, a quienes recurren los médicos de atención primaria y el resto de las ramas médicas, cuando precisan atender a enfermos complejos cuyo diagnóstico es difícil, o se encuentran afectados por varias enfermedades haciendo que su diagnóstico clínico sea confuso.
Cirugía Bariátrica y Obesidad: Una Evidencia Científica
Authors: Plúa Marcillo William Eduardo , Jarrin Maisincho Karina , Asencio Mejía José Javier , Alcazar Marcillo Leonel Simon , Cordova Cordova Juan Diego , Barberan Astudillo Leticia del Pilar , Santamaria Obando Domenica , Baño Jimenez Guillermo David , Santamaria Villacis Raul Clemente , Anderson Vásquez Hazel Ester
Published: November 2020

La Cirugía Bariátrica, en líneas generales, es considerada una rama de la cirugía destinada a realizar, mediante diversas intervenciones, modificaciones en el aparato digestivo a fin de reducir la capacidad gástrica, asociada o no a la disminución de la absorción de los nutrientes ingeridos. La palabra Bariátrica, deriva de vocablos griegos que significan Medicina o Cirugía del Peso. La cirugía Bariátrica nace en la década de 1950, debido a la observación de una baja de peso significativa que se generaba en pacientes a los cuales se les resecaba intestino delgado en enfermedades malignas y/o vasculares. En ese periodo Varco, realizó un cortocircuito intestinal y se popularizan a partir de allí, la derivación yeyuno cólico (DYC) y posteriormente derivación yeyuno ileal (DYI) o bypass yeyuno-ileal (Y-I), adjudicado el primer reporte de éste a Kremin, Linner y Nel-son. Ambos procedimientos o técnicas fueron abandonados por las altas tasas de complicaciones reportadas. A partir de esa fecha se han descrito una gran cantidad de técnicas quirúrgicas las cuales han sido contribución aportada por un gran numero cirujanos. Algunas intervenciones quirúrgicas han resistido el paso del tiempo, como son la Banda gástrica ajustable (BGA), Gastrectomía en manga, la Derivación Gástrica en Y de Roux (DGYR), técnica que actualmente es una de las cirugías más frecuentes en todo el mundo llamada “estándar dorado” para muchos grupos quirúrgicos y la Derivación biliopancreática con switch (cruce) duodenal.
Manuscript of the Rostov Archbishop Alexy (1543-1548) and Features of the Diocesan Administration in the Russian Church of the Medieval Period
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russian Federation, Usachev Andrei S
Published: November 2020

The article assesses status of the commissioner of the manuscript from the Rogozhskoe collection (Research Division of Manuscripts of the Russian State Library), containing the Pandektai of Nikon of the Black Mountain. The colophon of this manuscript informs that the copyist finished his work on October 23, 1542 and at the time the commissioner of the codex, Alexy, was the Rostov archbishop. However, it’s known that he was enthroned on February 25, 1543. The author expresses his opinion that he must have been elected and named for the Rostov throne soon after the death of his predecessor Dositheos (in August 1542). Alexy’s immediate enthronement his was hindered by the fact that members of the Sobor had departed to their own dioceses. They assembled in Moscow only in early 1543. Drawing on earlier materials, the author shows that in the Russian Church in the 11th -16th centuries there could pass several years between the election and enthronement of bishops. These intervals were especially long in Novgorod, located far from the center of the diocese (Kiev). However, the author believes that the church authorities attempted to elect new bishop as soon as possible after the death or resignation of the previous one, even if his enthronement was to happen later or not at all. The Russian church leaders strove to elect a new bishop as soon as possible to avoid discontent of the congregation, destabilization of the local church governance and economics of bishop’s house. Governance of the diocese by an elected, but not yet enthroned bishop promoted stability. The author is of opinion that the number throne’s “widowhoods” must be less and of shorter duration than is known in historical science.
“That the Price of Bread Be Always in My Hands”: Catherine II and Formation of the Grain Storage System in Russia
Authors:   Orel State University, Orel, Russian Federation, Rogozhina Angelina S.
Published: November 2020

Historically, national food supply for population in time of crop failure and famine came within state interests during the reign of Emperor Peter I. Then, national food supply acquired its status of a separate branch of the government. Under Peter I, a whole set of preventive measures was developed to combat crop failure and famine. However, Peter I’s idea of grain stores remained unrealized. Only after accession of Catherine II the question of creating Russian grain stores system as a main mechanism for dealing with crop failures and famine was re-introduced. Over the entire period of her rule, much legislation was issued aimed at preventing hunger in case of crop failure. Crop failure in Russia always led to a rise of bread prices. To combat this, grain stores were introduced throughout Russia. Catherine II personally drafted the Charter on Bread, which, however, was not implemented. What differed the Charter on Bread from subsequently adopted rules for creating, maintaining, and spending grain supplies, was that the state itself was responsible for their replenishment. It had to enter into contractor's agreement or supply contract and to supply the bread to the store. By the end of her reign, consistent policy of Catherine II to led the creation in Russia of a sustainable food supply mechanism, which continued until 1917. Catherine II’s legislature also improved preventive measures and promoted national and international grain trade.
Attitude to the New Economic Policy in the RCP (B) Party Organizations of the Vyatka Gubernia in 1921-1923: Archival Materials
Authors:   Vyatka state University, Kirov, Russian Federation, Timkin Yuri N.
Published: November 2020

Drawing on archival materials from the State Archive of the Kirov Region and the State Archive of Social and Political History of the Kirov Region, the article analyzes attitudes to the New Economic Policy (NEP) in the party organizations of the RCP (B) of the Vyatka guberina in 1921. The novelty of this work lies in the fact that the author draws on archival documents to investigate the attitude of communists to the decision of the X Congress of the RCP (B) to replace surplus tax by tax in kind (prodnalog) and other measures for the development of the NEP in 1921. It turns out that party workers in position of responsibility and ordinary members of the party, as a rule, understood and perceived the NEP in their own way, reading into it the interests and needs of different social and professional groups. Moreover, there emerged some ideological differences due to different understanding of the political goals of the New Economic Policy. For the first time in local historiography, the author has introduced into scientific use some previously unknown archival facts. The analysis of the archival material allows the author to conclude that the attitude to the NEP of party workers in position of responsibility and of rank-and-file members differed. If the “top” of the party discussed the ideological aspects of the NEP, the “bottom” members, as a rule, were interested in its practical orientation. There was no unanimous support for the NEP not just among the responsible party workers, but also among the rank-and-file members. The author comes to the conclusion that the lack of clear understanding of the nature of the New Economic Policy caused disagreements in the party ranks, which, in absence of the tradition of broad discussion of controversial issues, was fraught with danger of a split. The Military Communism ideology and low literacy (including political one) that prevailed in the party ranks did not promote good understanding of the new party course and its creative application under specific regional conditions. Critics and open opponents of the NEP faced “organizational conclusions.”
Fond of Grigory Leonidovich Lozinsky in the Research Center for East European Studies at the University of Bremen
Authors:   I. N. Ulyanov Ulyanovsk State Pedagogical University, Ulyanovsk, Russian Federation, Klimovich Liudmila V.
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to the description of the fond of Grigory Leonidovich Lozinsky (1889–1942) in the Research Center for Eastern European Studies at the University of Bremen. The author has familiarized herself with the fond and described the documents it stores. The analysis of the historiography indicates that the figure of Grigori Lozinsky and his social and professional activities have been studied insufficiently; there are no works devoted to the description of his archival fond. The author draws attention to the acquisition history of the archive, points out that the materials handed over by Marina Lozinsky–Gross, Grigory Lozinsky’s daughter, in 1994–2008 are unique, as all remaining documents in her personal possession were destroyed during the fire in her home in 2012. The article gives a brief history overview of the archive, which contains a large number of personal provenance sources on the history of the Russian emigration in the 20th century. Documents of personal provenance (correspondence, speeches, memoirs of Elizabeth Miller, G. L. Lozinsky’s sister) enable to reconstruct Lozinsky’s biography, to identify some features and clarify the main characteristics of the documents. The fond consists of five boxes. The first two comprise of documents connected with G. L. Lozinsky’s teaching activity, his participation in the activities of the Pushkin Committee, the Society of Friends of the Russian Book, and the Scientific and Philosophical Society. Three contain his correspondence with colleagues and friends who lived both in emigration and in Soviet Russia. The documents of the fond provide information on other figures of emigration, events and problems that troubled the ?migr? community. Materials of the Russian high school in Paris include programs, lists of students, topics of essays, invitations to concerts and students’ self–made newspapers. The documents on the activity of G. Lozinsky in the Pushkin Committee showcase discussions on the preparation of the anniversary edition of A.S. Pushkin’s works and difficulties G. Lozinsky had to face as a member of the editorial board. The article underscores the importance of introducing new data into scientific use. The sources can be used not only to study an individual destiny in emigration, but also the history of everyday life, problems of adaptation in emigration, and history of the Russo–French relations. The overwhelming majority of Grigory Lozinsky’s documents has not yet been published, nor introduced into scientific use. At present, there are no plans to digitize the documents.
“The Children Lost All Patience with Promises and Wrote a Letter to Comrade STALIN ...”: The Special Note of the Head of the NKVD District Department on Settlement of Children Evacuated from the City of Leningrad in the Kalachinsk District of the Omsk Region
Authors:   Omsk Tank-Automotive Engineering Institute, Omsk State Technical University, Omsk, Russian Federation, Sushko Aleksey V. , Nosova Marina S. ,   Omsk State Technical University, Omsk, Russian Federation
Published: November 2020

The article is a source study of the special note written by the head of the NKVD district department and concerning settlement of children evacuated from the city of Leningrad to the Kalachinsk district of the Omsk region. The special note is a special services top secret document of informational nature. It contains some negative information on poorly organized reception of the evacuated children, which the authorities attempted to gloss over. Text analysis of the special note and comparing its data with information from the minutes of the meetings of the Kalachinsk executive committee allows the authors to study various problems of settlement of children evacuated from besieged Leningrad. The source highlights the role of the NKVD bodies in organizing control over the placement of children evacuated to the Omsk region that has been practically unknown to researchers before. Independently from local district officials, the Chekists observed the evacuated children’s settlement and timely informed the higher party and state leadership of difficulties, shortcomings, and negligence of individual officials in this work. The district and regional party leaders could not ignore the information coming from the NKVD bodies. On Chekists’ urging, it made local officials normalize the living conditions of children from besieged Leningrad. The NKVD officers fought irresponsibility of some of those responsible for management of the evacuated children’s lives. The authors conclude that in circumstances when the country was transformed into a single camp, governed by emergency laws of war, the work of special services to control the placement of children from besieged Leningrad was necessary and productive. The materials of this article may be of interest to researchers studying Russian society in the days of the Great Patriotic War and wartime childhood as a part of the rear daily life, as well as activities of the Soviet special services in relation to government agencies.
The Petrograd Philosophical Society and the “Academia” Publishing House: Materials from A.A. Krolenko’s Archival Fond in the Manuscript Department of the National Library of Russia
Authors:   St. Petersburg Branch of the S.I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, Sinelnikova Elena F. , Sobolev Vladimir S. ,   St. Petersburg Branch of the S.I. Vavilov Institute for the History of Science and Technology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation
Published: November 2020

Drawing on documentary sources from the personal provenance archival fond of the famous publisher and bibliologist A.A. Krolenko (Manuscripts Department of the National Library of Russia) the article clarifies the role of the Petrograd Philosophical Society in the creation and initial activities of the famous publishing house “Academia.” It thus enables to redefine some processes of the Russian scientific and cultural life in the first years of Soviet power. The article draws on the documentary complex of the personal fond of A.A. Kolenko in order to show some important forms, methods, and trends of the publishing activities of the Petrograd Philosophical Society in the early 1920s. Interesting information on the topic is being introduced into the scientific circulation for the first time: concerning the creation of the publishing house, organizing of the bookstore, preparing translations of Plato's works, founding the “Mysl” magazine, etc. The chronological scope of the article is limited to the period of 1921–1923, since it was during these years that the publishing house “Academia” operated within the frameworks of the Petrograd Philosophical Society and under its auspices. The article draws on diverse in their composition and content documents from the A.A. Kolenko’s fond: records management documents, reports, diary entries, photos, memories, letters, etc. Taken together, these archival sources testify to the most serious work done by the Petrograd Philosophical Society to organize the publishing house and ensure its work under the difficult conditions of the initial period of the New Economic Policy. The identified archival documents form a single complex on the history of the remarkable publishing house “Academia,” at the origins of which stood the Petrograd Philosophical Society.
In Search of a Better Life: Paperwork on Reshuffles in Church Institutions in the Second Half of the 18th - Early 20th Century: A Case-Study of the Tobolsk Spiritual Consistory
Authors:   Nizhnevartovsk State University, Nizhnevartovsk, Russian Federation, Spichak Alexandra V.
Published: November 2020

The article studies reasons for moving employees and ministers of ecclesiastical institutions of the Tobolsk diocese in the second half of the 18th – early 20th century and analyses the procedure of the reshuffles. This topic has not been studied yet, it is here disclosed on basis of archival sources that are being introduced into scientific use. The author has studied files of the Tobolsk spiritual consistory stored in the State Archive in the city of Tobolsk. The article reveals content of these cases, examines documents on reshuffles of ministers of church institutions of the Tobolsk diocese. The author determines terms, on which the record keeping procedure depended, identifies its main stages, isolates initiating documents in the files. The most frequent reason for the displacement of church institutions officials and ministers was their inability to support themselves and their families on the salary. When ecclesiastical consistory needed clerical workers, the diocesan authorities preferred to transfer experienced employees from other church institutions, rather than to accept graduates from educational institutions where they were taught nothing of office work. Moreover, most graduates preferred the civil service to the spiritual, so there was a lack of clerical workers, and sometimes freelancer clerks were to be hired. The documents interesting not for dry statement of facts, but for remarks and reflections that are often emotionally colored. The archival documents show that the Russian Orthodox Church took care of all of its servants, even those disabled, in ill health or elderly and found opportunity to find them all a suitable position within their power.
Socio-Political Identity of Youth in the 1920s Epistolary Heritage
Authors:   Omsk State Technical University, Omsk, Russian Federation, Rybakov Roman V.
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to the problem of studying Soviet identity in the 1920s. The object of the research is letters of youth from the fonds of the Russian State Archive of Socio-Political History (RGASPI). Epistolary heritage is an important source for studying daily life of the young generation, their inner world. The content of the letters with their assessments and characteristics of the moment allows scientific understanding of socio-political identity of the young people, their value orientations and moral ideals, and also answer the question of the effectiveness of identification processes in the 1920s. There is great discrepancy in terminology and approaches, when discussing “identity” in modern humanities. The author proceeds from classical understanding of “identity” as awareness of unity, of “identification” as a set of mechanisms and means of consolidation. In the 1920s the authorities used traditional means of printed and oral propaganda to form Soviet identity. Susceptibility of the youth to the official ideology was higher than that of the adult population, which facilitated nurturing of the generation of loyal Bolsheviks supporters united in a single organization, the Komsomol. The found sources confirm that the youth readily assumed the role of the main builder of the socialist society. However, most letters in addition to devotion to the propagated ideals offered some alternative assessments and opinions. The 1920s everyday life was wrought with socio-economic contradictions. According to the author, the subjectively experienced identity often did not coincide with that propagandized officially. Individual identity of the young was built gradually through dialectical interaction of external identification imposed by the authorities and self-identification rising from personal experience. Discrepancy between realities and expectations brought disappointment and resulted in a crisis of the emerging socio-political identity.
“I Am Commanded to Make Peace between the Kyrgyz-Kazakh and the Kalmyk People, so that These Two Peoples May Live in Mutual Concord”: Revisiting the Activities of V. N. Tatishchev as the Head of the Kalmyk Commission: The First Half of the 1740s
Authors:   Astrakhan State University, Astrakhan, Russian Federation, Toropitsyn Ilya V. , Suseeva Danara A. ,   Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University, Elista, Russian Federation, Kundakbayeva Janat B. ,   Kazakhstan National University Al-Farabi, Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan
Published: November 2020

The article is devoted to the peculiarities of administrative and political work carried out by the Russian authorities in the border South-Eastern gubernias to settle differences between the Kalmyks and the Kazakhs in the mid-18th century. In the 1730s, a part of the Kazakh tribes entered into allegiance of Russia, but this did not eliminate all causes of their conflicts with other Russian subjects. The historiography has not paid much attention to relations between the frontier peoples. Published sources do not touch upon this topic; thus, many important facts related to the activities of the Kalmyk Commission (1741–1745) have been overlooked by the scholars. Documents from the National Archive of the Republic of Kalmykia permit to eliminate this gap in the historiography. They may be used in a comprehensive analysis of the Russo-Kalmyk-Kazakh relations in the mid-18th century. The article draws on them to describe measures taken in 1741–42 by the head of the Kalmyk Commission, Astrakhan Governor V.N. Tatishchev in order to promote peace between the Kalmyks and the Kazakhs. His correspondence with the Kazakh khans and starshinas, the governor of the Kalmyk Khanate, the office of the Orenburg Commission and the local administration is analyzed. It is noted that he was forced to tackle the issues of return of prisoners and of stolen livestock and prevention of raids. V.N. Tatishchev’s work for preparation of the Kalmyk-Kazakh peace congress is underscored. The article analyzes the behavior of the Kazakh nobility and concludes that the nobles were unwilling to attend the congress, preferring not to bind themselves with personal obligations. New documents are being introduced into the scientific use, that permit not only to clarify the nature of relations between the Kalmyks and the Kazakhs in the 1740s, but also to give an idea of the principles and mechanisms of diplomatic and administrative work of central and local authorities in promoting peaceful coexistence of different peoples within Russia.
Personnel Composition of the Omsk Regional Finance Department: Source Studies Analysis and Statistics (August 1927)
Authors:   Omsk State Technical University, Historical Archive of the Omsk region, Omsk, Russian Federation, Petin Dmitrii I. , Stelmak Maxim M. ,   Omsk State Technical University, Historical Archive of the Omsk region, Omsk, Russian Federation
Published: November 2020

The article presents an analytical study of the report of the Omsk District Financial Department that contains detailed information on its personnel. The document has been found by the authors in the fonds of the Historical Archive of the Omsk Region. The article is to conduct information survey of social structure, gender, age, educational level, professional qualifications, party affiliation of Soviet financial employers in the 1920s and their participation in the social and political life on the example of the Omsk region. The article discusses factors that could have affected the above mentioned quality characteristics of the Omsk District Finance Department employees. The document has been critically analyzed for accuracy of its data. The proposed interdisciplinary research combines anthropological approach, principle of consistency, statistical and comparative historical methods. This perspective allows us to identify a number of important socio-demographic characteristics of Soviet society in the first post-Revolution and post-Civil-War decade on the example of a large regional government. This publication may be useful (regarding the results of statistical generalizations) in scientific research on the socio-political, financial, economic, military history of the Soviet society; some facts may be of use in gender, historical, biographical, and genealogical research, as well as in studying the history of Soviet provincial daily life of the second half of the 1920s. The analysis of this source with its the high scientific potential has allowed the authors to come to the conclusion about continuity of the early Soviet society and the pre-revolutionary society, about loyal political atmosphere in the institutions employing skilled labor, where representatives of the “ex-” category could find and realize themselves as Soviet employees.
“Do Not Allow Common People ... to Saunter Abroad without Purpose Year on Year”: The Privy Councillor A. I. Temnitsky’s Note on Russian Pilgrims (1910)
Authors:   F.M. Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Omsk, Russian Federation, Shapovalov Mikhail S. , Shevelev Dzmitry L. ,   F.M. Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Omsk, Russian Federation
Published: November 2020

The article introduces a note about Russian pilgrims, written by the privy councillor A. I. Temnitsky on January 26, 1910. The original text is stored in the files of the Imperial Orthodox Palestine Society in the Archive of Foreign Policy of the Russian Empire. Substantial analysis of the source accompanies its publication. The document is being introduced into scientific use for the first time with minor abbreviations that do not affect its style or content. The identity of the note’s author has not been established; it is known that Temnitsky owned land in the Minsk gubernia and lived in Kiev for a time. The article is to characterize this source on the pilgrimage policy of the Russian Empire found in the archival file “Correspondence on transportation of pilgrims and on pilgrims’ daily routine en route to Jerusalem, 1897-1914.” The hypothesis about the crisis of the pilgrimage policy of the Russian Empire on the eve of the First World War has been tested with traditional methods of historical science: comparative, historical, problem-chronological, retrospective. The note of Temnitsky enables to correct the existing ideas on pilgrimage practices of the Orthodox believers from the Western gubernias of the Russian Empire. The document offers a different view on the Russian pilgrimage policy of the early 20th century, undermines the researchers’ arguments that it was the conservative part of that Russian society that supported the activation of pilgrimage activities in Russia. The publishers underscore the value of the suggestion made by Temnitsky: Russia should have its own chapel in the Church of the Holy Sepulcher and extend the activities of the Russian Ecclesiastical Mission to Egypt. The publishers conclude that Temnitsky’s note gives researchers an alternative point of view on the organization of Russian pilgrimages on the eve of the First World War and demonstrates systemic problems in the implementation of the Russian pilgrimage policy that contrast with increased statistics on the entry of Russian subjects in Palestine.
Authenticity and Identity of Electronic Records
Authors:   Russian State University for the Humanities, Moscow, Russian Federation, Surovtseva Nataliya G.
Published: November 2020

One of the key features of an electronic record is its authenticity. Ensuring the authenticity of managerial electronic records at all stages of its life cycle from the moment of its creation to long-term storage allows us to remove obstacles in the development of electronic records management. The authenticity of electronic records has been the subject of research within the frameworks of an international project InterPARES. A record is considered authentic if its author, place, and time of creation are definitely established, as well as its provenance from the said author. To ensure this property of an electronic record, not only authentication and electronic signature at the moment of the record creation are required, but also creation of the so-called “trusted environment” designed to ensure preservation of records metadata by means of controlled managerial procedures. The focus should be on the information system as a whole. This understanding of electronic record authenticity has been entrenched in international standards on information and documentation. In Russian practice, the concept of “authenticity” is used very rarely; when applied to management electronic records, it is used mainly in the sense of identicalness to some source record. Such understanding involves procedures for comparison with reference record, which should remain unchanged. At the same time, within electronic environment in which the functioning of electronic records takes place, it is practically impossible to ensure that file(s) remain unchanged. Given the record’s social nature, we must understand that immutability of an electronic record is a relative concept that concerns preservation of its social function. That is why we must allow only a relative recognition of the identity of electronic records, allowing for possibility of some changes within which the electronic record retains its social functions. The difference between the copies of electronic records within this difference allows us to talk about authentic records.
Specifics of Service in the Archive of the St. Petersburg Office of the State Bank in the Early 20th Century
Authors:   St. Petersburg State University, Saint Petersburg, Russian Federation, Morozan Vladimir V.
Published: November 2020

The article discusses specific features of service in the archive of the deposits department of the St. Petersburg office of the State Bank in the early 20th century. The author reviews labor conditions and wages of archive employees. The documents storage in the deposit department was one of the largest of all such institutions in the extensive network of branches of the St. Petersburg office of the State Bank. Specific operational activities of the deposits department necessitated storing considerable volume of documents in their archive. Servicing a large clientele, who could deposit or withdraw capital at any date, required from archivists much effort no just to safeguard bank documents, but also to issue numerous account statements for various private and state institutions, as well as residents of the capital and its environs, whenever the deposit department employees demanded them. For timely provision of the necessary information on accounts to the bank officials, the archive employees listed information on each client, creating a unique database. Most painstaking was their work on compilation of the so-called “movable alphabet,” index of 1.5 million cards for all clients of the St. Petersburg office (by the end of 1917). Systematization of documents and maintaining of the archive also demanded much effort. Quite often the archive employees lacked time, and thus a significant amount of random unfilled documents accumulated over time. The article discusses ways to overcome these difficult situations, for instance, by outsourcing. The article provides some information on the archive officials, their wages, bank vacation/leave policies. It is noteworthy that in the days of World War I the archive began employing women, most often wives of bookbinders called for military service. The experiment was extremely successful. The State Bank highly appreciated their professional qualities and willingly hired women, when there was a vacancy.
The Bondage Statute of 1815 in Theory and in Practice: The “Search for Liberty” of the 1820s Peasants as Reflected of a Recently Discovered Document
Authors:   G.I. Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Magnitogorsk, Russian Federation, Dorozhkin Andrey G. , Bezrukov Andrey V. ,   G.I. Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University, Magnitogorsk, Russian Federation
Published: November 2020

The relevance of the study is determined by the fact that, on the basis of a newly discovered document from a private archive, an attempt has been made to consider the little-studied topic — the serfs’ “search for liberty” in the 1820s and reaction to it by both local authorities and higher state institutions. Officially, by the law of 1815, peasants were forbidden to seek liberty; they were recognized as serfs, regardless, under which census the landowner had recorded them. In practice, as confirmed by the analyzed document, the serfs’ search for liberty continued; both local and central authorities continued to receive petitions at least until the codification of the imperial legislation in the early 1830s. The analyzed document is a report of the Orenburg gubernia prosecutor Garbovsky addressed to the Minister of Justice of Russia D.I. Lobanov-Rostovsky (1826), which contains a statement of the facts of the case. Alongside with standard language of official correspondence, the document contains some phrases which indicate that there are elements of personal correspondence in it, the correspondent somewhat overstepping the boundaries official letter. The report testifies that peasants of the Buzuluk uezd of the Orenburg gubernia I. Ivanov and F. Petrov demanded to gauge the legality of their continued serfdom, but the Buzuluk uezd court dragged out proceedings. Garbovsky petitions for speedy investigation and there is a resolution, apparently in the Minister’s hand, that the Simbirsk and Kazan gubernia prosecutors should provide materials related to the legal status of the relatives of the “seekers for liberty” that were necessary for the correct solution of the case. The brevity of the document and lack of further correspondence on the issue does not allow any conclusion on how the case was resolved. However, the fact itself of appealing to the minister in connection with the peasants’ “search for liberty,” as well as admission of the petition by the lower authority and by the head of the imperial justice department speaks for itself.
Study of Cultural and Recreational Space and Practices of the Volga Region Citizens during the First World War: Resources of Regional Periodicals
Authors:   Samara State Technical University, Samara, Russian Federation, Semenova E. Yu.
Published: November 2020

The article analyzes the newspaper materials published in the Volga region during the First World War as a source for studying culture and leisure. Emphasis is placed on the use of publications that were not official. It is noted that newspapers were the main type of regional periodicals. With their diversity, it has been revealed that publications on the topic were in promotional content (announcements of the institutions activities, their programs); in special columns on the topic bearing characteristic titles (“Sport,” “Theater and music”); in op-ed and critical articles, which were placed in the local chronicle (reports or reviews of events with their description, including the authors’ personal views); as photo with caption (an announcement of the upcoming event). Depending on publication, the structure and arrangement of materials varied. It is noted that periodicals are available in several databases, including digital ones, and can be used by researchers as a source for comprehensive and systematic study of the topic. According to materials of regional periodicals, during the First World War there was a wide range of leisure and cultural programs in the towns of the Volga region. They were typical for uezd and gubernia centers, but the number of leisure facilities (theaters, cinemas, restaurants, park areas) was larger in the gubernia cities. It is revealed that leisure of citizens included active forms of participation (organization) and passive ones (visits). It is proved that materials of regional periodicals can be used in reconstructing and analyzing the cultural and recreational space of the towns. Reconstruction is possible on the basis of the enumeration of data on cultural institutions and places of leisure. The analysis is based on studying the content of programs, composition of visitors, organizers, prices.
J. V. Stalin's Article “Dizzy with Success” in the Assessment of the Kolkhozes Construction Activists
Authors:   Academician I. G. Petrovsky Bryansk State University, Bryansk, Russian Federation, Bryantsev Michail V.
Published: November 2020

The process of collectivization in the USSR, launched by the Bolsheviks in the late 1920s, revealed another round of confrontation between the authorities and the peasantry. Although situation reports described general outrage, the leadership of the USSR insisted on its chosen course. However, by early 1930, the intensity of anti-kolkhoz struggle became threatening. Under these conditions, Stalin's article “Dizzy with Success” appeared; it had great resonance in the Soviet society. Trying to justify the course of the Central Committee on complete collectivization and dekulakization, Stalin transferred all responsibility to “overzealous” grass-roots workers, the kolkhoz movement activists, which was met with their incomprehension and resentment. The immediate agents of collectivization could not give credence to measures outlined in the article and perceived it as the collapse of collective farm construction. They were even more outraged by the accusation of bungling. Some communists regarded Stalin’s article as counter-revolutionary and corrupting the ranks of the party. Many blamed not only the central authorities, but Stalin personally, accusing him of sliding to the position of the “right” and even of departure from Bolshevism. Learned by experience, they were in no hurry to correct the “excesses of overzealous bureaucracy” in collective farm construction. Sometimes, taking all measures to prevent peasants from knowing the content of the article, they continued to force peasants to join the kolkhozes. The ambivalence of the central leadership position and, above all, that of Stalin was obvious. Opponents of collectivization attributed Stalin’s statements to the Soviet authorities surrendering their position and to the forthcoming end of the Soviet power. A common place for all was expectation of imminent war, which would allow them to deal with the Communists and free themselves from their dominance. They used Stalin’s article as a shield, when opposing local authorities, who still insisted on collectivization and dekulakization.
New Documents on the History and Heritage of Russian America in the Fonds of the State Archive of the Kostroma Region
Authors:   Institute of World History, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation, Petrov Alexander Yu. , Egorova Yuliya S. ,   Vologda State University, Vologda, Russian Federation
Published: November 2020

Presenting new documents to the scholarly society is important for studying the history and heritage of Russian America. The authors pay special attention to the fonds of regional archives, as their unique documents expand our knowledge of already known subjects and elaborate the historical and cultural heritage of Russian America. The State Archive of the Kostroma Region stores papers of local ethnographers, who meticulously collected materials on the history and heritage of the Russian colonial past. These documents have rarely being studied and remain unknown to researchers. The purpose of the article is to study the fonds of the State Archive of the Kostroma Region in order to identify new documents on the history of the Russian colonization of Alaska, as well as documents on the historical and cultural heritage of Russia in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean. The object of the research is document collection deposited in the State Archive of the Kostroma Region. The collection consists of hundreds of documents related to the history of the development of the Far East and Russian America and can provide a basis for preparing scholarly articles on a wide range of issues, such as the history of Russo-Chinese and Russo-Japanese relations, the interaction of the Russians and indigenous peoples of Siberia and Alaska, the transfer of Alaska to the USA, the financial and economic development of the Russian -American company and its joint-stock. Documents from N. N. Selifontov personal provenance fond shed light on the interactions of the Russian-American company with various government agencies during the sale of Alaska to the United States. Of particular value are N. N. Selifontov’s marginalia touching upon certain events in the history of Russian America, as well as his hand-written papers containing his personal opinion on the interaction of the Irkutsk governor-general with the royal court. The corpus of documents from Grigorov collection is vital for studying the early Russian exploration of the Aleutian Islands and Alaska and for preserving the memory of exploration of Alaska in various Russia towns.
Documents on Freemasonry from the Archive of Archimandrite Photius (Spassky)
Authors:   A. I. Herzen Russian State Pedagogical University, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, Kondakov Yuri E.
Published: November 2020

The article introduces into scientific use an analytical note on Freemasonry addressed to Alexander I. In Europe in the 18th – 19th centuries, there was extensive anti-Masonic literature. In Russia, such works were rare. Reputedly, the greatest Russian extirpator of Freemasonry was Archimandrite Photius (Spassky). The ban of Masonic lodges in 1822 is attributed to his influence on Alexander I. Photius was one of the leaders of the social movement of the Russian Orthodox opposition. Among other objects of its criticism were the Masonic lodges. However, a consolidated anti-Masonic action failed to materialize. Now it has been made possible to explain the opposition’s restraint in its attitude to Freemasonry. Four volumes of documents belonging to archimandrite Photius have been found in the Russian State Historical Archive. These are the materials from 1817-1832. The collection includes personal documents of Photius, messages and letters of Metropolitan Seraphim (Glagolevsky), A.A. Arakcheev, A.S. Shishkov, Metropolitan Filaret (Drozdov). Many of these documents were handed over to Emperor Alexander I and influenced his change of heart in the politics. An anonymous note on Freemasonry from the Photius collection is included in the article in its entirety as a rare example of an anti-Masonic message to the Emperor. The note gives a retrospective of the Masonic movement in Russia. It describes what influence the masons of the 18th century had on Freemasonry of the 19th century. Most mentioned Masonic leaders belonged to the “Rosicrucian” system of Freemasonry (Order of the Golden and Pink Cross). The author of the note assured the emperor that there were Rosicrucians in his inner circle. He named Senator I.V. Lopukhin, publisher and translator A.F. Labzin, R.A. Koshelev, and the tsar’s friend, Minister A.N. Golitsyn. Photius’s documents show that criticism of Freemasonry was not the focus of the Russian Orthodox opposition activities. Among the opposition there were people who shared the idea of a worldwide Masonic conspiracy: S.I. Smirnov, M.L. Magnitsky. In Archimandrite In the Photius’s documents references to Freemasonry are very rare. At the time of the opposition’s action in 1824, the issue of Freemasonry was no longer relevant, since Freemasonry was subjected to a government ban in 1822.
Ethnocultural Communities in Archival Films: Vladimir Erofeev’s “Beyond the Arctic Circle”
Authors:   Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russian Federation, Golovnev Ivan A.
Published: November 2020

At the turn of the 1930s, the Soviet film industry produced for the wide screen many educational films about the life of remote regions of the country, allowing the audience to make a virtual journey through the multi-structured multinational Union of the SSR. The article is to introduce Vladimir Erofeev’s archival ethnographic film “Beyond the Arctic Circle” (1927), an assembled film about the “exotic” frontier region of the Far North. The socio-political and cultural-ideological context of the film creation is being analyzed. The author concludes that Vladimir Erofeev’s concept of documental film was radically different from that of Dziga Vertov (poetical Constructionism) or of Mikhail Kalatozov (revolutionary romanticism) or of Nikolai Lebedev (ideology journalism). The method consistently used by Vladimir Erofeev when creating his documentary films involved systematic study of source material and its retranslation in cinema; it thus may be called “anthropological newsreel.” Due to the specifics of silent cinema, the film “Beyond the Arctic Circle” is a kind of visual text consisting of approximately the same number of film images and captions alternating in a narration. The film is built as a sequence of episodes describing the geography and ethnography of distinctive North-Eastern outskirts of the country. In the course of the study it becomes obvious that this film is to the utmost a documental film / chronicle, which distinguishes it from many propaganda films of the Soviet period. The source base of the research is little-known archival film and photo sources, as well as data from the Soviet periodicals and excerpts from the theoretical heritage of the film director Vladimir Erofeev. The method discovered by Vladimir Erofeev, while working on the “Beyond the Arctic Circle” film, amount to combining research and creative approach, and thus his film conveys not just information about the events, but also provides their visual and emotional context, the vital “feeling” of the North. This is a case-study providing historical and anthropological analysis of the Far North image in the Soviet documentary. No wonder that the film “Beyond the Arctic Circle” has broken the framework of purely enlightening narrative and become an outstanding phenomenon in the cinema art and a significant experience of visual anthropology in the Soviet period, as well as a multi-layered historical source that has not lost its relevance for contemporary scientific research.