bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTERPROFESSIONAL COLLABORATION FOR PERSON-CENTERED CARE
Authors: Ghebrehiwet Tesfamicael
Published: August 2020

Interprofessional collaboration (IPC) occurs when health workers with varying educational preparation and skills work together to deliver quality health services – as no single health professional can have all the required knowledge and skills. Governments and health policy makers are always looking for better ways of delivering care and IPC offers a smart solution to do this. Interprofessional education (IPE), an related concept, is a prerequisite in preparing a “collaborative practice-ready” health workforce that is better prepared to respond to local health needs. In interprofessional education, health workers, at some point during their training, learn together in order to work together.
SUMMARY REPORT OF THE SYMPOSIUM ON PERSON CENTERED MEDICINE AT THE WORLD MEDICAL ASSOCIATION ETHICS CONFERENCE IN REYKJAVIK 2018
Authors: Appleyard Jim
Published: August 2020

With medical care being increasingly driven by management systems founded on cost containment, cost efficiency, and cost efficacy, doctors are becoming burnt out especially in the United States within the complexities of an insurance-based system and in the United Kingdom by narrowly based directed government policies. Doctors are increasingly unable to fulfill their ethical obligations to their patients and are becoming “disconnected” from their work environment.
Modelling and forecasting unbiased extreme value volatility estimator: A study based on exchange rates with economic significance analysis
Authors: Kumar Dilip
Published: August 2020

This study proposes the use of an alternate approach to generate more accurate forecasts of an unbiased AddRS estimator. The study also devises and implements trading strategies based on the volatility forecasts to highlight its economic significance. The findings indicate that the proposed framework provides more accurate forecasts of daily volatility in comparison to returns based and range based alternative volatility models. The findings based on economic significance analysis indicate that the risk averse investor can earn substantial gain by using the volatility forecasts of the proposed framework than by using the volatility forecasts of the alternative models.
Social Media and Sentiment Analysis of Nifty 50 Index
Authors: Rani Neelam , Akshay Akshay , Shakir Md Bilal
Published: August 2020

Now-a-days, micro blogging social media platforms such as twitter, foursquare, ello etc. are used extensively by a diverse range of users to express their explicit opinions about a diverse range of topics on the internet.
This paper aims to collect this freely available data using web scraping techniques and analyse it to assess the general sentiment prevailing in the market regarding the Nifty 50 index. Opinions are collected explicitly from twitter using the twitter application program interface (APl). A total of 154,398 tweets were collected and analysed to calculate the proportion of positive sentiment in the markets between Jan. 1, 2016 and Dec. 31, 2017. For assessing the sentiment of a given sentence, SentiWordNet, a lexical resource for opinion mining, was used. The average sentiment for all the tweets is calculated to assess the general sentiment prevailing in the market about the Nifty 50 index on a particular day.
To understand the relationship between both the variables, linear regression analysis is performed, whereby, natural log of Nifty 50 index has been taken as the dependent variable and 10 days Moving Average (10MA) of proportion of positive sentiments as the independent variable. Based on the regression analysis, the coefficient of regression was obtained as -0.602 and its p-value was obtained as 0.00, indicating that there is a significant relationship between the 10MA of proportion of positive sentiments and natural log of Nifty 50 index. As the p-value of the regression is significant, it gives us a scope to do further analysis on the collected data. If significant, traders can have an additional tool in their technical analysis kit.
Event Based Sentiment Analysis on Futures Trading
Authors: Yadav Ritu , Kumar Ashwani , Kumar A. Vinay
Published: August 2020

Market expectations as well as perception of the investment risks and returns are dependent on information arrivals. News arrival forms the basis for market sentiment, which in turn forms the basis for trading positions. Research in sentiment analysis focuses on quantifying the impact that news has on prevailing market sentiment.

However, it is not news but events that impact the market sentiment; and the news is one of the modes to disseminate information about the events. Sentiment analysis must distinguish the events from news and events should be used as the predicting construct for market sentiments. This paper proposes an event-based sentiment analysis model that entails event identification, event-based training data creation, and event representation algorithms.

A comparative analysis of news-based and event-based sentiment analysis is done on high-frequency futures trades, using the real-time news as the source of market information. The proposed event-based sentiment analysis performed better than the traditional news-based sentiment analysis when evaluated using both the statistical metrics and simulated trading. This paper presents pivotal research in the direction of event-based sentiment analysis models and its implication on algorithmic trading.
The SEC vs. the Dow Jones: A Profitable Betting Strategy in NCAA Football
Authors: Moore Evan , Francisco James
Published: August 2020

This article tests the efficient market hypothesis (EMH) and the profitability of a simple betting strategy in National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) college football. We examine all games that have a point spread, from September 2003 through January 2015, for inter-conference matches involving a Power Five/Automatic Qualifying (P5/AQ) team against a Football Championship Subdivision (FCS) opponent. We further investigate one conference using these matches from 2016 through 2018 seasons. The betting strategy evidence suggests it is nonrandom and profitable to bet against the Southeastern Conference (SEC), despite its perceived status as the nation’s top conference.
Comentários a “Martírio e Redenção” de Antonio Candido
Authors: Meneses Adélia Bezerra de
Published: August 2020

Comento aqui, sucintamente,  “Martírio e Redenção”,  este texto comovente de Antonio Candido, encontrado datilografado, “assinado” à máquina de escrever, e com a data escrita manualmente, no seu talhe inconfundível: abril 2001.
O gênero canção nos livros didáticos de literatura e língua portuguesa
Authors: Rocha Sílvio Rodrigo de Moura
Published: August 2020

Este artigo se insere na discussão sobre o ensino de língua e literatura, tendo em vista que visa a discutir o papel do gênero canção na sala de aula e analisar coleções didáticas disponíveis no mercado contemporâneo brasileiro. Ademais, e a partir disso, ensaiamos propor percursos possíveis com a canção em situações de ensino-aprendizagem, sobretudo no ensino médio. Nosso objetivo alinha-se, pois, tanto às diretrizes e às pesquisas que hoje balizam o ensino de língua portuguesa e literatura, considerando-se o enfoque no ensino a partir dos gêneros textuais e da formatação estética dos textos, quanto a um lugar sociocultural que a canção ocupa em nosso país, sendo um gênero importante para a formação da identidade nacional.
L’enseignement de la littérature et de la langue dans les manuels de FLE des classes d’examens en Algérie
Authors: Benabbes Souad , Rachid Chibane
Published: August 2020

Cette étude s’inscrit dans la lignée des travaux appréhendant la question de l’enseignement du FLE au moyen des textes littéraires en vue d’améliorer les compétences langagières et interculturelles des apprenants algériens inscrits dans des classes d’examen. Même si personne ne doutait de l’importance de la littérature dans l’apprentissage des langues étant un réservoir de connaissances linguistiques et culturelles, elle occupe aujourd’hui une place restreinte avec l’avènement de l’approche communicative. Cette dernière accorde tout son intérêt aux documents authentiques et privilégie des actes langagiers dans des situations communicatives réelles. Ceci dit, notre contribution examine l’usage et l’enjeu des textes littéraires dans les manuels destinés à l’enseignement de la langue française dans des classes d’examens en Algérie et répondra à la problématique suivante : les textes littéraires intégrés dans les manuels de FLE permettent-ils d’améliorer les compétences communicatives et linguistiques des élèves des classes d’examens ?
Um olhar para a autonomia de alunos quando desenvolvem atividades de modelagem matemática
Authors: Martin Ronalti Walaci Santiago , Vertuan Rodolfo Eduardo
Published: August 2020

Neste trabalho, apresentamos parte de um projeto de pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, que visou investigar quais aspectos de autonomia podem ser identificados quando os alunos desenvolvem uma atividade de Modelagem Matemática. Este é parte de uma pesquisa maior, apoiada pelo Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico – CNPq, intitulada “Da passagem do quinto para o sexto ano do Ensino Fundamental: uma investigação acerca da cultura escolar, dos processos de ensino e aprendizagem e das concepções docentes e discentes”, cujos dados foram coletados junto a escolas de uma cidade do oeste do Paraná. Para o tratamento dos dados, utilizamos a Análise de Conteúdo de Bardin. No contexto de uma atividade sobre a quantidade de tijolos para construir a sala de aula, identificamos os aspectos de autonomia denominados iniciativa, a capacidade de planejar as próprias ações e realizá-las e, também, a capacidade construir alternativas para a resolução de um problema.
O sistema métrico decimal no Instituto Lauro Sodré (1899)
Authors: Corrêa Patrícia de Campos , Santos José Arimatéa Gouveia dos
Published: August 2020

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar a difusão do sistema métrico decimal no Instituto Lauro Sodré, criado em 1899, em Belém do Pará. Para isso, analisaremos os discursos dos governantes, o currículo e os espaços destinados ao ensino profissional de órfãos e pobres. Consideraremos currículo como artefato social e histórico em conformidade com Tomaz Tadeu da Silva (2013). A pesquisa mostrou que o Instituto foi criado sob os discursos de ensino profissional baseados nas ciências, como conhecimento aplicado à produção material. Na instituição, o sistema métrico decimal foi difundido por meio do currículo do ensino primário e do profissional, como conteúdo na cadeira Aritmética. O Instituto se diferenciava de outras escolas da Instrução Pública por apresentar espaços específicos para a aplicação do sistema métrico, como: museu agrícola industrial, laboratório de química, campos de experiências e oficinas como alfaiate, carpinteiro, serralheiro. Fez parte do cientificismo, da modernidade  introduzida no Pará e coexistiu com outros sistemas de medidas utilizados pelos locais.
Canções matemáticas: a apreensão do objeto matemático
Authors: Caldas Sidcley Dalmo Teixeira , Silva Adelmo Carvalho da
Published: August 2020

Este trabalho tem como objetivo geral apresentar o andamento e os “achados” da minha pesquisa de Doutorado, realizada junto ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação – PPGE da Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, cujo objetivo geral é analisar como as canções matemáticas possibilitam o processo de apreensão de objetos matemáticos na escola. Meu interesse pela temática é por ter vivenciado práticas educativas similares, bem como por achar importante analisar como essa estratégia didática contribui no processo de apreensão do objeto matemático, enquanto um tipo de registro de representação semiótica. De abordagem qualitativa, a pesquisa é uma etnopesquisa-formação, na qual serão utilizadas entrevistas semiestruturadas e grupos dialógico-cancionais para a coleta de informações. Serão abordados os teóricos que já dão suporte à investigação, dos quais destacamos Macedo (2004;2012), Garnica (2014), Duval (2009; 2011; 2013a; 2013b), Caldas (2013; 2016a; 2016b) e Tatit (2004; 2008; 2016). Os achados ainda se concentram nos suportes literários, haja vista que o contato com os sujeitos ainda está por acontecer.
Instrumentos Matemáticos do Tratado Tectonicon: uma possibilidade de trabalho em sala de aula
Authors: Castillo Ana Rebeca Miranda , Santos Ângela Maria dos
Published: August 2020

Neste trabalho discorremos sobre os conhecimentos matemáticos incorporados e mobilizados no uso do esquadro geométrico e bastão de carpinteiro, instrumentos de medida abordados no tratado A Boke Named Tectonicon, escrito e publicado por Leonard Digges (1520-1559). Temos como objetivos: a partir dos procedimentos descritos pelo autor, identificar e analisar os conhecimentos matemáticos abordados no tratado e descrever uma possibilidade de uso da História da Matemática em sala de aula. Como abordagem metodológica, articulamos três dimensões de análise, a saber: historiográfica, contextual e epistemológica. Verificamos como eram utilizados os instrumentos para determinar o nivelamento de um objeto em relação ao observador, o cálculo da altura desse objeto e o cálculo de pequenas distâncias. Os resultados deste trabalho mostraram que esses instrumentos abordados em Tectonicon, incorporam conhecimentos e mostram a relação entre osaber e o fazer de uma época além de, apontar possibilidades de trabalho com conteúdo matemático da educação básica.
Die Corona-Krise als Ursache häuslicher Gewalt?
Authors: Riebel Marius
Published: August 2020

Aktuell ist auf Grund des Ausbruches der SARS-CoV-2-Pandemie in den Medien vermehrt von dem Problem der häuslichen Gewalt zu lesen. Dem Autor ist aufgefallen, dass die Berichterstattung und der gesellschaftliche Diskurs zum Thema dazu neigen, das Phänomen in Gänze mit einem konzentrierten Beisammensein von Partner*innen und sozialer Isolation von Familien in Folge der erlassenen Kontaktbeschränkungen zu erklären. Außerdem wird häufig mit Bildern von schlagenden oder auf andere Art physische Gewalt anwendenden Personen gearbeitet. Diese Darstellungen verkürzen die Problematik und werden der Komplexität des Auftretens und der Ursachen häuslicher Gewalt nicht gerecht. Diese Arbeit möchte daher zunächst einen Beitrag zur Aufklärung leisten und beschäftigt sich im ersten Schritt ganz allgemein mit dem Phänomen der häuslichen Gewalt, indem das tatsächliche Auftreten und die Ursachen beleuchtet werden. Aufbauend auf diesen Grundlagen wird untersucht, inwiefern die Corona-Krise häusliche Gewalt beeinflusst. Die Ergebnisse werden schließlich mit aktuellen (inter-)nationalen Fallzahlen abgeglichen und etwaige Unterschiede zu erklären versucht.
Pain Testing in Endometriosis for the Clinician
Authors: Jarrell John
Published: August 2020

Clinical pain testing has been used to ascertain the pathophysiology of many clinical conditions, but its use in the management of endometriosis has been limited. Although the testing can require the use of complex testing in the laboratory, this chapter is directed to look at a test for allodynia that can be applied in the clinic. The test for cutaneous allodynia is validated, does not require sophisticated tools, and is readily accepted by woman. The presence of allodynia in certain gynecological presentations can indicate the woman’s pain system has become sensitized. Uses of the test in clinical encounters with women suffering from endometriosis and possible uses in future are presented.
Current and Future Management Strategies of Type A Aortic Dissection
Authors: Khan Imran , Joshi Prashant , W. Pick Adrian , A. Smith Julian
Published: August 2020

Type A Aortic dissection is a life-threatening emergency. It has varied clinical presentation from acute severe chest pain radiating to the back, collapse due to aortic rupture or pericardial tamponade or features of myocardial infarction, end organ or limb ischemia. The outcome is determined by the extent of the dissection, timing of presentation, comorbid factors, prompt diagnosis, adequate cerebral protection strategies, and skilled post-operative intensive care. Good immediate and mid-term results have been obtained with standard surgical techniques of aortic root, ascending aorta +/− hemi arch replacement. Endovascular techniques can be used as a hybrid procedure to provide more durable long term results.
Airway Management Outside the Operating Room
Authors: Moideen Shakeel
Published: August 2020

An anesthesiologist is an expert at airway management in the clinical environment. He or she has mastered knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the normal and potentially abnormal airway. The environment of the operating room (OR) has been considered to be their most familiar area of work, where they feel most confident. Airway management outside this area is known to put patients at an increased risk of complications. This chapter addresses the important facets of this indispensable skill when used outside the operating room, taking into consideration both anesthesiologists and non-anesthesiologists as operators. Since the intensive care unit (ICU) is a similar environment to the OR, a separate chapter has been written for airway management in the ICU. Therefore, this chapter will concentrate on other areas outside the OR. It will not address resuscitation scenarios.
Probiotic Bacteria in Microbiome against Allergy
Authors: Allahyari Fard Najaf , Mazhary Zakie , Javanshir Nahid
Published: August 2020

According to the World Allergy Organization (WAO), approximately 20% of the global population suffers from allergies. As per ongoing investigations, their pervasiveness is expanding comprehensively. Allergic diseases are significant because of the high prevalence and constant increase in their costs and adverse effects on human life. Probiotics are proposed as an intervention for the prevention and treatment of allergic diseases. Various mechanisms are considered for the anti-allergic effects of probiotic properties, like detecting related molecular patterns, including DNA motifs or lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of the bacteria, through interaction with host immune systems by Toll-like receptors. In this chapter, the microbiome, allergy, and the role of immunomodulatory probiotics against allergy are discussed.
Strategies to Repair Spinal Cord Injuries: Single Vs. Combined Treatments
Authors: Buzoianu-Anguiano Vinnitsa , Jiménez Estrada Ismael
Published: August 2020

Several experimental strategies have been developed in past years for the repair of damages evoked in axons, myelin, and motor functions by spinal cord injuries. This chapter briefly reviews some of such strategies. On the one hand, it examines individual procedures, such as: tissue or cell transplants (i.e. evolving cells of the olfactory glia or mesenchymal cells), implants of biomaterials (fibrine and chitosan), application of enzymes (chondroitinase and ChABC), growth factors (brain-derived neurotrophic factor, BDNF; neurotrophin-3, NT-3; or glial-derived neurotrophic factor, GDNF), and drugs (myocyclines or riluzole) among others, that induce different recovery degrees in axonal regeneration, myelination, and motor performance in experimental animals. On the other hand, it also examines the recent strategy of combining some of the previous experimental procedures to potentialize the positive effects evoked by each one in experimentally spinal cord lesioned animals and explores the possible use of this strategy in future preclinical research for the treatment of spinal cord lesions.
Incidence of Insufficient Physical Activity Among Adults and Its Relationship with the Human Development Index: A Global Study
Authors: Momenabadi Victoria , Goodarzi Elham , Seraji Maryam , Naghibzadeh-Tahami Ahmad , Beiranvand Reza , Nejadsadeghi Elham , Zahmatkeshan Maryam , Moayed Leili , Khazaei Zaher
Published: August 2020

Background: Insufficient physical activity, particularly in low- and middle-income countries, plays an important role in the spread of non-communicable diseases. Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the incidence of insufficient physical activity and its relationship with the human development index (HDI) in the world. Methods: This is an ecological study, and the study data, including the human development index and the incidence of insufficient physical activity, were extracted from the World Bank’s database. The descriptive analysis included mean and standard deviation. The inferential analysis consisted of two-way correlation and ANOVA at a significance level of less than 0.05. The analyses were performed using Stata-14 software. Results: The highest incidence of insufficient physical activity in both sexes (39.26 [37.42, 40.95]) was found in the Americas, especially in high-income regions. There was a significant positive correlation between the incidence of insufficient physical inactivity and HDI in the world (r = 0.446, P < 0.0001). This correlation was also significant in Asia and Africa (P < 0.05). The results showed a positive correlation between components of HDI (i.e., gross national income per 1000 capita, mean years of schooling, life expectancy at birth, and expected years of schooling) and insufficient activity (P < 0.0001). The results of ANOVA also exhibited a significant relationship between the mean prevalence of physical inactivity and the level of development (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Given the significant correlation between the incidence of insufficient physical inactivity and HDI, understanding this correlation and its components, especially in low- and middle-income countries can alleviate the impact of physical inactivity epidemics in the future, thereby contributing to the effective global prevention of non-communicable diseases.
La mise en oeuvre du principe de consentement et ses contextes
Authors: Leydet Dominique
Published: August 2020

L’objectif de l’article est de montrer comment les modalités de mise en oeuvre du principe de « consentement préalable, libre et éclairé » (CPLE) dépendent de la réalisation de certaines conditions d’arrière-plan, notamment de ce que le cadre réglementaire étatique favorise la capacité des nations autochtones d’agir en tant que partenaires à plein titre de leur développement. Là où leurs droits et compétences sur les territoires sont pleinement reconnus, la conception « juridictionnelle  » du CPLE permet au mieux la concrétisation des droits des peuples autochtones à l’autodétermination et au développement. Mais là où cette condition n’est pas satisfaite, le CPLE doit être pensé de façon à aménager pour les communautés concernées un espace autonome de formation de la volonté et de prise de décision dans un processus de négociation qui reste asymétrique. Dans un tel contexte non idéal, il devient essentiel d’intégrer un droit autochtone de dire « non » à l’intérieur du processus de négociation.
Les protocoles de consultation autochtones au Canada
Authors: Leclair Jean , Papillon Martin , Forget Hubert
Published: August 2020

Les peuples autochtones au Canada cherchent à développer des outils leur permettant de mieux affirmer leurs droits et d’exercer un certain contrôle sur les processus consultatifs auxquels ils sont assujettis dans le cadre des projets de développement du territoire. Cette affirmation passe notamment par l’adoption de protocoles unilatéraux. Cet article analyse vingt-deux de ces protocoles afin d’en saisir les fondements et les finalités juridiques et politiques et souligne leur nature relationnelle, malgré leur caractère unilatéral. Ils visent en effet à combler le vide entre le droit coutumier autochtone et le droit étatique et international en matière de consultation et de consentement préalable, libre et éclairé, et permettent en ce sens de donner à ces protocoles une portée concrète.
D’un régime de consultation à l’exercice du droit au consentement préalable
Authors: Lopez Toro Viviana
Published: August 2020

La Colombie, qui a érigé le droit à la consultation en droit fondamental, est perçue comme un modèle en ce qui concerne la mise en oeuvre de la Convention 169 de l’OIT. La consultation y est fortement institutionnalisée, grâce notamment aux mobilisations autochtones et aux décisions de la Cour constitutionnelle colombienne. Si le « modèle colombien » de consultation crée un véritable espace de participation pour les peuples autochtones, il n’en demeure pas moins fortement contesté. Les consultations servent en effet surtout à légitimer les décisions gouvernementales, dans la plupart des cas, plutôt qu’à protéger les droits des peuples autochtones. Cette forte institutionnalisation a aussi comme effet paradoxal de restreindre et d’encadrer la portée du droit au consentement, de plus en plus mis de l’avant par les peuples autochtones face aux limites des procédures consultatives. En ce sens, la résistance au passage d’un modèle consultatif à un modèle reposant sur le droit au consentement reste importante en Colombie.
Born to Parse
Authors: Lightfoot David W.
Published: August 2020

An argument that children are born to assign structures to their ambient language, yielding a view of language variation not based on parameters defined at UG.

In this book, David Lightfoot argues that just as some birds are born to chirp, humans are born to parse—predisposed to assign linguistic structures to their ambient external language. This approach to language acquisition makes two contributions to the development of Minimalist thinking. First, it minimizes grammatical theory, dispensing with three major entities: parameters; an evaluation metric for the selection of grammars; and any independent parsing mechanism. Instead, Lightfoot argues, children parse their ambient external language using their internal language. Universal Grammar is “open,” consistent with what children learn through parsing with their internal language system. Second, this understanding of language acquisition yields a new view of variable properties in language—properties that occur only in certain languages. Under the open UG vision, very specific language particularities arise in response to new parses. Both external and internal languages play crucial, interacting roles: unstructured, amorphous external language is parsed and an internal language system results.

Lightfoot explores case studies that show such innovative parses of external language in the history of English: development of modal verbs, loss of verb movement, and nineteenth-century changes in the syntax of the verb to be. He then discusses how children learn through parsing; the role of parsing at the syntactic structure's interface with the externalization system and logical form; language change; and variable properties seen through the lens of an open UG.

The open access edition of this book was made possible by generous funding from Arcadia – a charitable fund of Lisbet Rausing and Peter Baldwin.
Transformation of a temporal speech cue to a spatial neural code in human auditory cortex
Authors: Fox Neal P , Leonard Matthew , Sjerps Matthias J , Chang Edward F
Published: August 2020

In speech, listeners extract continuously-varying spectrotemporal cues from the acoustic signal to perceive discrete phonetic categories. Spectral cues are spatially encoded in the amplitude of responses in phonetically-tuned neural populations in auditory cortex. It remains unknown whether similar neurophysiological mechanisms encode temporal cues like voice-onset time (VOT), which distinguishes sounds like /b/ and/p/. We used direct brain recordings in humans to investigate the neural encoding of temporal speech cues with a VOT continuum from /ba/ to /pa/. We found that distinct neural populations respond preferentially to VOTs from one phonetic category, and are also sensitive to sub-phonetic VOT differences within a population’s preferred category. In a simple neural network model, simulated populations tuned to detect either temporal gaps or coincidences between spectral cues captured encoding patterns observed in real neural data. These results demonstrate that a spatial/amplitude neural code underlies the cortical representation of both spectral and temporal speech cues.
Ageing compromises mouse thymus function and remodels epithelial cell differentiation
Authors: Baran-Gale Jeanette , Morgan Michael D , Maio Stefano , Dhalla Fatima , Calvo-Asensio Irene , Deadman Mary E , Handel Adam E , Maynard Ashley , Chen Steven , Green Foad , Sit Rene V , Neff Norma F , Darmanis Spyros , Tan Weilun , May Andy P , Marioni John C , Ponting Chris P , Holländer Georg A
Published: August 2020

Ageing is characterised by cellular senescence, leading to imbalanced tissue maintenance, cell death and compromised organ function. This is first observed in the thymus, the primary lymphoid organ that generates and selects T cells. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underpinning these ageing processes remain unclear. Here, we show that mouse ageing leads to less efficient T cell selection, decreased self-antigen representation and increased T cell receptor repertoire diversity. Using a combination of single-cell RNA-seq and lineage-tracing, we find that progenitor cells are the principal targets of ageing, whereas the function of individual mature thymic epithelial cells is compromised only modestly. Specifically, an early-life precursor cell population, retained in the mouse cortex postnatally, is virtually extinguished at puberty. Concomitantly, a medullary precursor cell quiesces, thereby impairing maintenance of the medullary epithelium. Thus, ageing disrupts thymic progenitor differentiation and impairs the core immunological functions of the thymus.
Investigating pleiotropic effects of statins on ischemic heart disease in the UK Biobank using Mendelian randomisation
Authors: Schooling CM , Zhao JV , Au Yeung SL , Leung GM
Published: August 2020

We examined whether specifically statins, of the major lipid modifiers (statins, proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors and ezetimibe) have pleiotropic effects on ischemic heart disease (IHD) via testosterone in men or women. As a validation, we similarly assessed whether a drug that unexpectedly likely increases IHD also operates via testosterone. Using previously published genetic instruments we conducted a sex-specific univariable and multivariable Mendelian randomization study in the UK Biobank, including 179918 men with 25410 IHD cases and 212080 women with 12511 IHD cases. Of these three lipid modifiers, only genetically mimicking the effects of statins in men affected testosterone, which partly mediated effects on IHD. Correspondingly, genetically mimicking effects of anakinra on testosterone and IHD presented a reverse pattern to that for statins. These insights may facilitate the development of new interventions for cardiovascular diseases as well as highlighting the importance of sex-specific explanations, investigations, prevention and treatment.
Transfer of three species of Cayratia Juss., to Causonis Raf.(Vitaceae)
Authors: Jackes Betsy R.
Published: August 2020

Phylogenetic studies have shown that Cayratia Juss is not monophyletic. Cayratia s.str. is now confined to those species with a U-shaped endosperm rather than a T-shaped endosperm. The latter are now in three genera Causonis Raf., Pseudocayratia J. Wen, L.M. Lu & Z.D. Chen, together with an undescribed African genus. As a result, new combinations are required for three species occurring in Australia: Causonis clematidea (F. Muell.) Jackes, C. eurynema (B.L.Burtt) Jackes and C. maritima (Jackes) Jackes. Cayratia japonica (Thunb.) Gagnep., and Cayratia trifolia (L.) Domin, have been transferred to Causonis, as Causonis japonica (Thunb.) Raf., and Causonis trifolia (L.) Mabb. & J. Wen.
Additional species in the Indigofera haplophylla group (Fabaceae: Faboideae)
Authors: Wilson Peter G
Published: August 2020

Two additional species in the Indigofera haplophylla are described. Indigofera brennanii Peter G. Wilson, is a recently discovered taxon that occurs on Groote Eylandt and in Limmen National Park on the adjacent mainland. Indigofera fimbriolata Peter G. Wilson is a geographically isolated species that occurs in Bulleringa National Park, Queensland; it was formerly included in I. rupicola. Although both taxa are found in national parks, their conservation status has not been assessed.
The Most Important Agricultural Products that Sudan Exports and the Mechanisms to Develop
Authors: Ibrahim Adil Hassan , Purnomo Eko Priyo , Malawani Ajree D.
Published: August 2020

This study is dealing with the most essential agricultural products that Sudan exports them abroad and looks for the mechanisms of developing and improving for those products. The purpose of this paper is to find out the agricultural products that Sudan should depend on them as alternative export goods (instead of petrol which has gone with South Sudan after the separation), also this research aims to discover the mechanisms that used in increasing and expanding the production of those products. This paper is depending on the literature review and uses descriptive approach in order to describe the most substantial agricultural products that Sudan exports as alternative goods. The paper selected this method, because it is suitable. Data and information of this work have been gathered from different sources such as books, journals, newspapers, websites, government reports and other documents that are relevant to the title. The findings of this study are: the results indicates that, more than 65% of the population of Sudan depend on the cultivation, also, it shows that oil seed such as sesame seed, Cotton and Gum Arabic are the most substantial farming products that supply Sudan with hard currency, after the secession of South Sudan which was very rich part of Sudan with petrol. In addition to that, the paper has come out with the mechanisms that will be used in improving and increasing those products, these tools are; implementation of genetic engineering system in the areas of agriculture in Sudan, application of cultivation without tillage system and choosing the suitable time of agriculture. Cultivation development is one of the sustainable development goals, which targeting the increasing of productivity in rural areas, countryside is suffering from the lack of fresh water and the negative effects of climate change. Agriculture in Sudan, particularly Darfur and Kordofan regions is seasonable system that depend on the rain in autumn specifically the growing of millets, sorghum, oil crops for instance sesame seeds and water-melon. In Sudan, 80 percent of nonpatrol exports are from the agriculture and its derivations, therefore it contributes in narrowing the gap of unemployment.
Assessment of Oral Hygiene Knowledge and Practice among Secondary School Students in Owerri Municipal Area, Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Okoronkwo Samuel Chinonyerem , Ibe Sally N. O. , Okorie Peter Chidiebere , Ugochukwu Bright , Nwachukwu Chikanma , Amuneke Chidinma L.
Published: August 2020

Aim: The aim of this study were to assess the oral hygiene knowledge and practice among secondary school students in Owerri Municipal Area, Imo State, Nigeria.

Study Design: This study employed a descriptive survey design.

Place and Duration of Study: This study were carried out in Secondary Schools in Owerri Municipality, Imo State, Nigeria within September 2014 and June 2015. 

Methodology: Data were collected using structural pretested questionnaire administered to 500 randomly selected consenting respondents (students) with 251 female and 249 male students. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using SPSS version 20. The hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance and data generated were subjected to percentage findings presented by the use of tables.

Results: The results affirmed that 84% of the respondents had oral hygiene knowledge, 78% were of the opinion that major source of oral hygiene knowledge were parents/guardians, and 20% of the respondents acquiring information through their school teachers. It was noted that 44% of the respondents had good oral hygiene practices in Secondary School in Owerri Municipal Area, Imo State, Nigeria. The result of the statistical analyses shows that there was a significant relationship (342.624; P = .001) between the age of the students and the knowledge of oral hygiene, there was significant relationship (337.910; P = .001) between major source of oral hygiene information and the knowledge of oral hygiene and there was a significant relationship (390.988; P = .001) between major source of oral hygiene information and the practice of oral hygiene. The study therefore provided information on oral hygiene knowledge and practice in secondary school in Owerri Municipal Area, Imo State, Nigeria.

Conclusion: It can be recommended to Students/Parents/Government and School Teachers to embrace the idea that oral diseases can be prevented or mitigated by individual action of daily brushing and other oral hygiene related practices to pervert the negative oral health consequences.
Estimation of Genetic Diversity in Rice (Oryza sativa L.) CMS Lines for High out Crossing Potential and Quality Traits
Authors: Krishna Kasanaboina , Mohan Y. Chandra , Shankar V. Gouri , Rani Ch. V. Durga , Krishna L.
Published: August 2020

In the present study genetic diversity among 40 rice genotypes was evaluated using Mahalanobis D2 statistic based on morphological markers. Based on cluster analysis, the germplasms were grouped into 4 clusters of which Cluster I comprising of 23 genotypes was the largest group followed by the cluster II comprising of 15 genotypes, the clusters III and IV were represented by single genotype indicating high degree of heterogeneity among the genotypes. Maximum intra cluster distance observed in cluster II is (146.8) followed by cluster I (112.9) indicating the existence of variability among the genotypes within these clusters. The highest inter-cluster distance was observed between cluster IV and III (606.5), While the lowest was noticed between cluster II and III (222.9), describing that the genotypes included in these clusters were closely related. The kernel length, kernel length after cooking, kernel breadth, gel consistency, days to 50% flowering and plant height together contributed 90.1% towards total divergence. Therefore, these characters should be given importance during hybridization and selection of segregating populations. The genotypes falling in different clusters with the high mean for grain yield and other component characters can be utilized for the hybridization programme to obtain elite segregants.
Ageing Population and Economic Growth: Evidence from Malaysia
Authors: Taasim Shairilizwan
Published: August 2020

This main purpose of this article investigated the impact of ageing population on economic growth in Malaysia. Annual time series data for 27-year duration (1990-2017) was used and the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) was applied. This study will focuses on addressing role of ageing population in Malaysia by context that failed to receive much attention especially in employment sector. By using Romer [1] endogenous theory, the cointegration result revealed that exists a long run relationship exists between ageing population in Malaysia government development expenditure in education and economic growth. Our analysis recommends further investment in government expenditure in education sector to achieving higher human capital capability as a towards high income country and ageing phenomena.
Neural Responses to a Putative Set‐shifting Task in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Dirks Bryce , Romero Celia , Voorhies Willa , Kupis Lauren , Nomi Jason S. , Dajani Dina R. , Odriozola Paola , Burrows Catherine A. , Beaumont Amy L. , Cardona Sandra M. , Parlade Meaghan V. , Alessandri Michael , Britton Jennifer C. , Uddin Lucina Q.
Published: August 2020

While much progress has been made toward understanding the neurobiology of social and communication deficits associated with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), less is known regarding the neurobiological basis of restricted and repetitive behaviors (RRBs) central to the ASD diagnosis. Symptom severity for RRBs in ASD is associated with cognitive inflexibility. Thus, understanding the neural mechanisms underlying cognitive inflexibility in ASD is critical for tailoring therapies to treat this understudied yet pervasive symptom. Here we used a set‐shifting paradigm adopted from the developmental cognitive neuroscience literature involving flexible switching between stimulus categories to examine task performance and neural responses in children with ASD. Behaviorally, we found little evidence for group differences in performance on the set‐shifting task. Compared with typically developing children, children with ASD exhibited greater activation of the parahippocampal gyrus during performance on trials requiring switching. These findings suggest that children with ASD may need to recruit memory‐based neural systems to a greater degree when learning to flexibly associate stimuli with responses.

Lay Summary

Children with autism often struggle to behave in a flexible way when faced with unexpected challenges. We examined brain responses during a task thought to involve flexible thinking and found that compared with typically developing children, those with autism relied more on brain areas involved in learning and memory to complete the task. This study helps us to understand what types of cognitive tasks are best suited for exploring the neural basis of cognitive flexibility in children with autism. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1501–1515. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Transparent Electrodes for Energy Storage Devices
Authors: Wang Libin , Hu Xianluo
Published: August 2020

Transparent energy‐storage devices have aroused interest because of the ever‐increasing demands of transparent electronics. Transparent energy‐storage electrodes (TESEs) are indispensable for emerging cutting‐edge products and have thus attracted remarkable attention in the past decade. This minireview begins by introducing the basic evaluation metrics for TESEs. Then, recent progress of various types of TESEs such as carbonaceous materials, polymers, MXenes, and other conductive substrates‐based TESEs is outlined. In order to provide some inspiration and guidelines, we focus on summarizing the presently proposed strategies towards high‐performance TESEs together with the applications of transparent supercapacitors. At the end of this minireview, we discuss the outlook and perspectives towards the development of transparent energy‐storage devices.
Psychosis in German prisoners: Comparison of the clinical appearance of psychotic disorder of an imprisoned population with a not detained community group
Authors: Meinert Philipp , Behr Joachim , Gauger Ulrich , Krebs Julia , Konrad Norbert , Opitz‐Welke Annette
Published: August 2020

Surveys confirm risk factors for the incarceration of patients with psychosis including homelessness and comorbidity. There is also agreement that severe psychosis can lead to violence. Data describing prisoners with psychosis in Germany are scarce. We aimed to compare patients with psychosis in a prison hospital and patients with psychosis in a community hospital. Demographic data were collected, as well as comorbidity in the form of substance dependence and a psychiatric assessment using the German version of the 18‐item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). In the prison hospital group more patients were homeless (17 versus 2%) and non‐German (36 versus 4%). There were also more patients with substance dependence or abuse in the prison hospital group. The total scores of BPRS and PANSS were lower in the prison hospital group (BPRS, 43.8 versus 51.2; PANSS, 71.5 versus 83.7). We assume that social disintegration for mentally disturbed offenders prior to incarceration hindered effective treatment. To avoid further social disintegration and possible further deterioration of mental health status of released offenders, which may lead to reoffending after imprisonment, discharge management after release from prison should be improved.
Generation of small groups with rich behaviors from natural language interface
Authors: Chen Chien‐Yuan , Wong Sai‐Keung , Liu Wen‐Yun
Published: August 2020

In this article, we develop a system with a natural language interface to generate animation of small groups in environments with ambient crowds. Our system takes simple sentences of English as input and these sentences are parsed to obtain information about character attributes, behaviors, and locations for constructing situation nodes. These situation nodes form an animation graph for producing an animation of small groups. The interface assists in interactively managing and editing the animation graph. We demonstrate the effectiveness of the system in some examples. The user study results indicate that the proposed system is user‐friendly and flexible in producing animation of small groups in various scenes.
Bismuth‐Decorated Silicon Photocathodes for CO2‐to‐Formate Solar‐Driven Conversion
Authors: Fu Dong , Tourneur Jeoffrey , Fabre Bruno , Loget Gabriel , Lou Yaoyin , Geneste Florence , Ababou‐Girard Soraya , Mériadec Cristelle
Published: August 2020

The integration of metal‐based catalysts onto semiconducting electrodes provides a real benefit for the CO2 electrochemical conversion because it allows the electrochemical process to be activated by photogenerated electrons. In that context, we report here that silicon photocathodes modified with electrodeposited Bi nanostructures are highly active for the photoelectrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to formate. Through the consumed electrical charge and the electrodeposition time, it is possible to finely control both the structure and the density of the deposited catalyst. The optimal photocathode was prepared by using a 5 s electrodeposition time and exhibited the highest photocurrent density (−24.1 mA cm−2) with partial formate photocurrent density jformate=−17.4 mA cm−2 at −1.03 V vs Reversible Hydrogen Electrode (RHE), i. e. a 0.84 V overpotential for CO2 to formate conversion in CO2‐saturated 0.5 M KHCO3 solution. Such values highlight the excellent photoelectrocatalytic activity of our photocathodes.
CheKiPEUQ Intro 1: Bayesian Parameter Estimation Considering Uncertainty or Error from both Experiments and Theory**
Authors: Savara Aditya , Walker Eric A.
Published: August 2020

A common goal is extraction of physico‐chemical parameter values such as pre‐exponentials and activation energies from experiment. Ever increasing knowledge from experiments and computations is enabling semi‐quantitative prior predictions of such values. When prior knowledge of physically realistic ranges is available, a method named Bayesian parameter estimation (BPE) enables more physically realistic parameter estimation relative to unsophisticated fitting by seeking the most probable value when considering together the uncertainties from prior knowledge, experimental data, and approximations in the model. An impediment to widespread use of BPE is a lack of understanding, training, and user‐friendly software. Along with this invited publication, a general software package for BPE is being released that is user‐friendly and that does not require understanding of the math behind the methodology. Two previously unpublished catalysis science examples are provided along with considerations and guidelines for successful application of BPE. Following this work, BPE can become more widespread to enable extraction of physically meaningful parameter values.