bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deformation and Fracture of Bone Analogue Biomaterials Having Different Polymer Matrices
Authors: Wang Min , Liu Ya , Au Chun Ling , Lai Pik Ki , Leung Lai Yee , Chua Boon Heng
Published: March 2009

By mimicking the microstructure of human cortical bone, a variety of bioactive particle
reinforced polymer composites have been developed for hard tissue repair. Apart from biological
assessments, these composites must be fully evaluated in terms of their mechanical performance
before they can be used in patients. The bioactive particles in these composites are normally hard
(relative to matrix materials) and brittle bioceramics such as hydroxyapatite (HA), tricalcium
phosphate (TCP), Bioglass, etc. The matrices can be either “biostable” polymers such as high
density polyethylene (HDPE) and polysulfone (PSU) or biodegradable polymers such as
polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) and poly(L-lactide) (PLLA). These polymers on their own possess
different mechanical properties and display different deformation behaviours. With the incorporation
of various amounts of particulate HA, TCP or Bioglass, the bone analogue polymeric composites
exhibit a spectrum of deformation and fracture characteristics. In our systematic studies of HA/HDPE,
Bioglass/HDPE, HA/PSU, HA/PHB, TCP/PHB and a few other bone analogues biomaterials over
the past fifteen years, mechanical tests were conducted under a variety of loading conditions (tension,
compression, bending, torsion, etc.). Comparisons of deformation and fracture behaviours of these
composites were made and presented. The insights that have been gained are important for developing
other bioactive ceramic-polymer composites.
Investigation of Platelet Adhesion Behavior on Si-N-O Films Synthesized by Unbalanced Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Shao Zhen Yi , Yang Ping , Leng Yong Xiang , Zhang Qi , Wan Guo Jiang , Sun Hong , Cai Guang Jun , Huang Nan
Published: March 2009

Si-N-O films have drawn researcher’s much attention recently due to their potential
superiority in blood compatibility of biomaterials. In this paper, Si-N-O films were synthesized on
<100> silicon substrates by pulsed reactive unbalanced magnetron sputtering a single crystal silicon
target with high purity in a mixture atmosphere of Ar and N2. XPS and FTIR results showed the
Si-N-O films synthesized at higher N2 flux could be described to random bonding model (RBM). In
RBM, the Si2p existed in the form of a-Si3N4 and SiNνO4-ν (ν=0,1,2,3,4) components. Platelet
adhesion behavior on Si-N-O films was assessed by platelet adhesion test and Lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH) assay, qualitatively and quantitatively separately. The correlativity of film chemical structure
and blood compatibility was investigated. The results of platelet adhesion and activation showed that
the RBM film with higher N/O ratio exhibited favorable blood compatibility. It was shown that the
Si-N-O film with specific composition and chemical bonding state was superior in blood
compatibility compared to low temperature isotropic carbon (LTIC).
Insertion Behavior of Microneedles for Drug Delivery
Authors: Shek K.T. , Lam David C.C.
Published: March 2009

Drug dosage delivered by drug-coated microneedle is dependent on needle insertion
behavior. The insertion length and gripping force at varied insertion speeds are determined
quantitatively using a precision test frame. The ratio of inserted depth to pressed depth was found
to rise asymptotically to a plateau, but decreased rapidly to zero insertion when the needles are
pressed less than 1000 microns deep for both silicone rubber and porcine skin. No insertion was
observed when the needles are pressed less than 200 microns. The gripping force exerted onto the
inserted needle by the skin decreased by 0.1N per mm of needle diameter and insertion depth. The
short insertion depth and low force suggest that drug delivery using short 300 micron microneedles
would be tenuous. High insertion speeds can help to improve drug delivery, but the improvement is
limited to large needles since the results from this study showed that insertions become speedindependent
when the needle diameter is less than 130 microns.
An Investigation into Dual-Source and Dual-Power Electrospinning of Nanofibrous Membranes for Medical Applications
Authors: Kang Jia Chen , Wang Min , Yuan Xiao Yan
Published: March 2009

Electrospinning of poly(L-lactic acid) (PLLA) and gelatin separately to form nonwoven
PLLA or gelatin nanofibrous membranes was investigated. Factors that could affect the fiber
morphology and fiber diameter were studies for PLLA and gelatin, respectively. The polymer
solution concentration was found to play a dominant role in the formation of defected or nondefected
ultrafine fibers. Using a specially designed experimental setup with separate syringe
pumps for polymer solutions and separate power supplies for high voltages for electrospinning,
PLLA-gelatin bicomponent fibrous membranes were formed with PLLA fibers interweaving with
gelatin fibers. Multicomponent fibrous scaffolds can be very useful for tissue engineering and/or
controlled release applications.
A Study on the Tribological Behavior of Valve Train System by Low Friction Coating
Authors: Seo Joon Ho , Na Byung Chul , Kim Jin Young , Park Seung Uk , Lee Young Min , Kim Hyun Chul , Lee Bong Hyun , Lim Dae Soon
Published: March 2009

The contact in the valve train system is known to be the part subject to significant load in an
automobile engine. For such reason, the wear of the contact accounts for the greatest portion of entire
friction loss of an engine, leading to the occurrence of abnormal wear. In order to reduce the wear in
the valve train, this study first formed a crn layer to increase the bonding force with the base metal
using the pvd coating method and then applied a 2-layer coating that formed the wc/c layer with low
friction/wear resistance characteristics. In addition, it examined the friction characteristics occurring
between the cam and tappet by using the dedicated wear tester and found that the friction torque value
was reduced significantly through comparison testing with the existing part when the crn+wc/c
coating was applied.
Synthesis and Characterization of (C, N)-Alloyed Stainless Steel Coatings by High Energy Ion Assisted Magnetron Sputtering Deposition
Authors: Grigore E. , Ruset C. , Li X.Y. , Dong Han Shan
Published: March 2009

In this paper, (C,N) alloyed austenitic stainless steel coatings (or hybrid S-phase with both
carbon and nitrogen) were produced by a magnetron sputtering deposition process combined with ion
implantation (CMSII). This technique involves a periodical high energy ion bombardment of the
coating during its growth, which has a beneficial effect on the structure and properties of the
deposited coating. The influence of the nitrogen and carbon addition to the deposition atmosphere on
the structure, chemical composition and coating morphology was investigated using Scanning
Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), and Glow Discharge Optical Spectrometry
(GDOS) techniques. Wear tests were carried out and the results were compared with low temperature
plasma nitrided austenitic stainless steel.
Effect of Foreign Metal Doping on the Gas Sensing Behaviors of SnO2-Based Gas Sensor
Authors: Suematsu Kouichi , Honda Takanori , Yuasa Masayoshi , Kida Tetsuya , Shimanoe Kengo , Yamazoe Noboru
Published: March 2009

Recently, we have proposed some theoretical models, power laws and effect of particle
shape and size, for semiconductor gas sensors. The models show that a depletion theory of
semiconductor can be combined with the dynamics of adsorption and/or reactions of gases on the
surface. In the case of SnO2, the relative resistance (R/R0) is proportional to PO
2
n, where n is a
constant value (n=1/2) on oxygen partial pressure. In addition, carrier concentration in SnO2
influences depth of the depletion. In this study, to experimentally reveal such effects, we tried to
control the carrier concentration in SnO2 by foreign doping and examined their electrical resistance
and sensor response. Correlations between doping concentration, crystalline size, and partial
pressures of oxygen and H2 on the electric resistance are discussed to reveal the material design for
semiconductor gas sensors.
Characterization of Intercalation Type Organic/MoO3 Nanohybrids and their VOC Sensing Properties
Authors: Matsubara Ichiro , Itoh Toshio , Shin Woosuck , Izu Noriya , Nishibori Maiko
Published: March 2009

The organic/MoO3 hybrid sensors show a distinct response to aldehyde gases,
formaldehyde and acetaldehyde, by changing the electrical resistance, whereas they show almost no
response to other VOCs. The organic/MoO3 hybrids have a potential for selective VOC detection
because the sensing properties of organic/MoO3 hybrids can be controlled by the kind of interlayer
organic components. In this study, we have carried out the detail characterization of the interlayer of
the organic/MoO3 hybrids as well as the valence of Mo and evaluation of their sensing properties.
Development of a Variable Stiffness and Damping Isolator Using Magnetorheological Fluid Technology
Authors: Li Wei Hua , Zhang Xian Zhou , Wang X.Y.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents the development of a variable stiffness and damping isolator using
magnetorheological (MR) fluid technology. The MR fluid isolator is composed of two variable
volume rubber bladder filled with MR fluid, a pipe and a MR valve connecting them. One of the
bladders supports disturbance force and the MR fluid flows between two bladders because of the
variation of bladder volume due to deformation. The shear stress of the MR fluid in MR valve is
varied by an applied magnetic field, which thereby varies the characteristics of the isolator, such as
its stiffness and damping. A mathematical model of the isolator was derived, and a prototype of the
MR fluid bladder spring was fabricated and its dynamic behavior was measured in vibration force
for a wide range of frequencies under various applied magnetic fields. The parameters of the model
under various magnetic fields were calculated and the bladder dynamic performances were
evaluated. A non-resonant control was employed to minimize the vibration amplitude of the system.
Numerical simulation results indicated that the semiactive control system produced much better
isolation performance than a passive system.
Potentials of Plastic Optical Fibers for Sensor Technology
Authors: Golnabi H. , Kavei M. , Azizi K.
Published: March 2009

Optical fibers, in particular, glass fibers, are mostly used in the field of optical
communication, however in recent years new optical sensors based on the optical fibers have been
reported in literature and produced commercially. Extrinsic and intrinsic character of the fibers have
been implemented in development of such sensing devices. Glass Optical Fibers (GOF) because of
low attenuation are more suitable for the optical communication purposes while Plastic Optical
Fibers are advantageous for the linking purpose and some sensing operations. Considering this point
different (POF) optical fiber sensors have been developed by author to show potential applications
of POFs in sensor technology. New simple devices at the minimum cost are introduced in this study.
Results for light reflection sensing, light leakage sensing, level sensing, and distance gauging are
obtained. Presented systems are mostly in bulk form, however, these devices with good results
show that in principle, these ideas can be implemented in design of small scale devices. It seems to
be a great potential to apply these ideas in order to develop new devices suitable for compact and
integrated applications. In this article some examples are given in which the reported results verify
the concept and applicability of such devices for future sensing technology.
Synthesis of Bi0.5(Na0.7K0.2Li0.1)0.5TiO3 Powders through Molten Salt Method
Authors: He Tian , Lv Qun , Yang Hai Tang , Dai Jin Hui , Liu Tao
Published: March 2009

The Bi0.5(Na0.7K0.2Li0.1)0.5TiO3 powder synthesis through molten salt method was investigated
in the temperature range of 650 ~ 700°C for 2 ~ 4h. The XRD results indicated that the optimal
synthesizing temperature for molten salt method was 700°C, significantly lower than that for
conventional processing route of solid state reaction method, where a calcining temperature of
850°C was needed. The SEM results revealed better crystallization of the powders obtained through
molten salt method, compared with those through the conventional processing route of solid state
reaction method.
The Effect of Calcium Sulfate with Alloplast on the Periodontal Regeneration in One-Wall Intrabony Defect of Beagle Dogs
Authors: Hong Sung Bae , Kim Young Taek , Chai Kyung Joon , Choi Seong Ho , Cho Kyoo Sung , Chai Jung Kiu , Kim Chong Kwan
Published: March 2009

Calcium sulfate used in this study is newly fabricated to overcome its disadvantages;
brittleness, difficult handling properties, rapid resorption and reaction heating. Especially when
calcium sulfate is used in the graft procedure, it is difficult to control the setting time, solubility into
blood and body fluid. To improve the handling properties, Calcium sulfate is mixed with
Carboxylmethylcellulose (CMS). The putty type calcium sulfate used in the present study presented
lower values in cementum formation and new bone formation than the control group. This may be
due to use of poor osteoinductive calcium sulfate alone in the defect, limiting new bone formation.
In addition, complete resorption of calcium sulfate after 8 weeks presents that addition of polymer
failed to delay the resorption rate of calcium sulfate. Rather, it seemed to disturb the natural healing
of the defect when compared with the findings in the control group. But the favorable result of
calcium sulfate is shown when used with alloplast. The material used in the present study was
developed for easier formability and manipulation avoiding scattering or dissolving of the material
with blood or body fluid. However, the results reveal that further studies on effect of calcium
sulfate with various other bone graft materials and ideal ratios in mixing the two should be
determined in the future.However, the results reveal that further studies on effect of calcium sulfate
with various other bone graft materials and ideal ratios in mixing the two should be determined in
the future.
Synthesis, Characterization of Phenethyltrimethoxysilane (PE) Modified Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Silicalite-1 Molecular Sieves and its Transformation into Solid Acid Materials
Authors: Yeong Y.F. , Abdullah A.Z. , Ahmad A.L. , Bhatia S.
Published: March 2009

Organic-inorganic hybrid nanoporous materials with silicalite-1 structure were
synthesized in one step co-condensation technique and subsequent transformed into solid acid
materials. The tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) was used as the primary inorganic silica source with the
phenethyltrimethoxysilane (PE) as an organic modifier. The effect of the PE presence in the initial
synthesis mixture was studied by varying the molar ratio of PE to TEOS in the range of 0.05 to 0.20.
The resulting organic-inorganic hybrid materials were characterized for its crystallinity (X-ray
diffraction, XRD), surface morphology (scanning electron microscopy, SEM) and elemental
composition (elemental analysis). The degree of chemical interactions between the organic and
inorganic phases was determined by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The acid
strength of the organic-inorganic hybrid solid acid materials was also obtained by titration
technique.
Strain Transfer Models for Strain Actuators
Authors: Bahador Sabet Divsholi , Yang Yao Wen , Zhang Lei
Published: March 2009

This paper develops one-dimensional and two-dimensional models for bending, coupled
bending and extension of isotropic beams/plates with induced strain actuators. The adhesive layer
between the actuator and the structure is considered in the Bernoulli-Euler formulation and the results
for various models are compared with the uniform strain model which includes the shear lag effects
with assumption of a finite thickness of adhesive layer. The reduction in actuation as a result of strain
distribution inside the actuator is considered to improve the prediction ability of the existing model
based on the Bernoulli-Euler formulation. The FEM model is also developed to study the strain
transfer in the beam. Finally, an experimental test employing a macro fiber composite (MFC) actuator
is carried out to evaluate the accuracy and limitations of the developed models. The models are in
good agreement with the experimental results.
Novel Magnetostrictive Bimetal Actuator Using Permendur
Authors: Ghodsi Mojtaba , Ueno Toshiba , Higuchi Toshiro
Published: March 2009

In this research permendur (49Fe-49Co-2V) and nickel were used to make a novel
bimetal actuator. The actuator consists of a main body and core with energizing coil. The main body
of actuator is made of annealed permendur with two magnetostrictive bimetal arms. The
magnetostrictive bimetal technique is used to enhance the small displacement of permendur. Static
and dynamic behaviors of the actuator are investigated at both, room temperature (RT) and 77 K.
The actuator magnified the small displacement of permendur strip (1.8 µm) and large displacement
of 9 and 5 µm are achieved at RT and 77 K, respectively when the coil was energized by ± 5 A
current. Additionally, it is found that resonance frequency of actuator is 1240 Hz at 77 K and 1125
Hz at RT. Since the stiffness of actuator increases at 77 K, the displacement of actuator is reduced
33-50% when the coil is energized with different amplitudes at cryogenic environments.
Transport and Magnetic Properties of CrO2-Polymer Magnetic Composites
Authors: Sandu Viorel , Popa Stelian , Plapcianu C. , Sandu Elena , Hurduc N. , Nor I.
Published: March 2009

We report the transport and magnetic properties of sintered CrO2-polymer composites. In
order to improve the elastic properties of the CrO2-based composites, we investigated two types of
styrene-based copolymers: poly(methyl methacrylate)-styrene (9/1 and 5/5) and linear polysiloxaneg-
styrene as well as poly(methyl methacrylate)–butadiene 9/1. The electric transport and
magnetoresistance are consistent with the spin tunneling model at low temperatures but the
contribution of spin independent channels becomes important at high temperature and high fields.
All composites display ferromagnetism at room temperature with saturation at low fields and a
slightly temperature-dependent coercive field for the samples grafted either with butadiene or with
styrene except for CrO2-polysiloxane-g-styrene composite where it exponentially decreases with
increasing temperature.
Study on Semi-Solid Magnesium Alloy Fabricated by Ultrasonic Stirring Method
Authors: Yan Hong , Hu Zhi , Pan Zeng
Published: March 2009

The perfect semi-solid magnesium alloy had been prepared using ultrasonic stirring
method. The effect of technological parameters such as melt temperature, ultrasonic power and
ultrasonic treatment time on the microstructure of semi-solid AZ61 alloy had been investigated. The
results showed that the better refined and well-distributed globular semi-solid magnesium alloy had
been acquired with the increasing of output power of ultrasonic stirring when melt temperature and
ultrasonic treatment time were at a certain range.
Preparation of Silica Nano-Rods by CVD
Authors: Zhu Guang , Zou Xiao Ping , Cheng Jin , Wang Mao Fa , Su Yi
Published: March 2009

The straight silica nano-rods with a diameter of about 200nm and smooth surface were
synthesized by chemical vapor deposition method at 1300°C. The as-synthesized samples were
characterized by means of scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive x-ray, and transmission
electron microscopy. The results show that as-synthesized silica nano-rods have a uniform size,
well-defined shape, and smooth surface. However, the morphologies and microstructures of silica
nano-rods are affected by synthesis conditions, such as the concentration of the SiOx and the the
deposition temperature. On the basis of these experimental results, a possible growth mechanism of
silica nano-rods in this process is proposed.
Effect of Substrate Temperature and Incident Energy for Alloyzation of Co onto Cu(001) Substrate
Authors: Hong Zheng Han , Hwang Shun Fa , Fang Te Hua
Published: March 2009

The mixing situation of Co atoms implanting onto Cu(001) substrate is investigated with
regard to incident energy and substrate temperature by molecular dynamics. The results indicate
that higher substrate temperature and/or incident energy will result in higher intermixing between
the incident atoms and the substrate atoms. Furthermore, the value of the first peak of the radial
distribution function (RDF) becomes lower and wider for the Co-Cu system as the substrate
temperature and/or incident energy are increased.
Distributed Pressure Sensing as Smart Mat Applications with Hetero-Core Fiber Optic Nerve Sensors
Authors: Nishiyama M. , Sasaki H. , Nose S. , Takami K. , Watanabe K.
Published: March 2009

Distributed pressure sensing schemes for human positioning and plantar mapping is
desired to be unconstrained for human activity in their daily life in the form of a floor and mat. On the
other hand, an optical fiber has several advantages such as lightweight, minimal material, and
resistance to corrosion and electromagnetic interference. Additionally, a novel hetero-core optic fiber
nerve sensor is only sensitive to be bending action of the sensor portion and the fiber transmission line
is unaffected to external disturbance as pressure and temperature fluctuation because of its
single-mode stable propagation scheme. Therefore, the hetero-core fiber optic sensor could be
suitable for the distributed pressure sensing in human natural activity and be placed in various sites. In
this paper, we proposed several smart mat applications in the form of a thin mat in the floor for human
positioning and sole pressure mapping mat using the hetero-core optic fiber sensors. We successfully
demonstrated the distributed pressure sensing mat using hetero-core sensors to detect human
positioning with their circumstance and sole pressure mapping.
Fiber Bragg Gratings Array for Structural Health Monitoring
Authors: Chen B.L. , Shin C.S.
Published: March 2009

Impact event monitoring and source location in some critical structures. The current work
evaluated the feasibility and limitation of using fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) for this purpose. Impact
testing carried out on a cold rolled aluminum plate showed that impact event monitoring with the
FBGs is feasible with the current intensity modulation interrogation method. Source location is
successful at part of the impact location but not at the others. This phenomenon is caused by the
complex wave propagation pattern on the plate so that differently oriented FBGs receive the signal
from the same impact at different time.
Bionanocomposites of Grass
Authors: Pandey J.K. , Chu Won Shik , Kim C.S. , Lee Caroline S. , Ahn Sung Hoon
Published: March 2009

Cellulose nano whiskers (CNW) are recently known for their tremendous applicability in
development of eco-friendly material for various applications. Present attempt was aimed to extract
the nano crystals of cellulose from grass of Korea and fabricate the composites with poly (lactic acid)
in presence of compatibilizer after modification. Functional group variation, thermal behavior,
surface morphology, and crystallinity were monitored by FT-IR, TGA, SEM, and XRD respectively.
The water sensitivity measurements were also carried out for study of moisture resistance of
composites. It was found that CNW have lower thermal stability than alkali treated long fiber whereas
the crystalline nature of composites decreased significantly. The effect of modification of whiskers on
the mechanical properties was also discussed in which increase in modulus was observed.
Design of Finish System Using Rotational Magnetic-Assistance in Ultrasonic Electrochemical Finishing of Freeform-Surfaces
Authors: Pa Pai Shan
Published: March 2009

A new finish process that uses a rotational magnetic-assistance with high efficiency to assist
discharging dregs out of the electrodes’ gap during the ultrasonic electrochemical finishing on the
freeform-surfaces is investigated in the current study. The factors affecting the effects of the
magnetic-assistance in ultrasonic electrochemical finishing are primarily discussed. The mainly
experimental parameters are rotational speed of the magnetic-assistance mechanism, magnetic
strength, distance between the two magnets, current density, and frequency and power level of
ultrasonics. A large rotational speed of the magnetic-assistance mechanism produces a better finish.
Providing large magnetic field intensity or using a small distance between the two magnets produces
a larger magnetic force and discharge ability, and a better finish. A higher current density with
magnetic-assistance reduces the finish time and avoids the difficulty of dreg discharge. The rotational
magnetic-assistance during the ultrasonic electrochemical finishing process makes a great
contribution in a short time by making the freeform-surfaces of workpiece smooth and bright.
Study of the Decrease in Adhesion Force between Chloride-Isobutene Rubber and Stainless-Steel by Plasma Treated on the Rubber Surface
Authors: Kim Jong Hyoung , Kousaka Hiroyuki , Umehara Noritsugu , Shimada Mamoru , Hasegawa Mitsuru
Published: March 2009

Adhesion, or the binding of different materials at an interface, is of general interest to many
branches of technology, e.g., micro-electronics, tribology, manufacturing, construction, etc. In
addition, varieties of plasma treatments for the adhesion control of polymers are still extensively
studied by a lot of researchers. However, there is a lack of research that decreases the adhesion force
by using plasma treatment devices. Thus, this paper study to decrease the adhesion force between a
medical rubber, chloride-isobutene-isoprene rubber (CIIR), and stainless-steel SUS440C by using
oxygen plasma treatment. The different adhesion forces were measure after plasma treatment with
various methods. The elastic modulus was increased by oxygen plasma treated to the CIIR specimen.
The results show that the elastic modulus was increased 15% to 28% as the plasma treated to the
CIIR specimen. Experiment results showed that the adhesion force decreased by about 95-99.8% by
using oxygen plasma treatments between CIIR and SUS440C. The different adhesion forces were
explained based on the morphology and Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) FTIR.
Electromagnetic Shielding of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube/Epoxy Nanocomposites
Authors: Yeh Meng Kao , Tai Nyan Hwa , Ling Guo Chian , Huang Chi Yuan
Published: March 2009

In this paper, carbon nanotubes were used as the reinforcements in the polymer composites
for the application of electromagnetic interference, due to their outstanding mechanical and electrical
properties. The multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) synthesized by the chemical vapor
deposition method were used to reinforce the epoxy resin by both mixing and spreading processes.
The effects of the weight percentage and the reinforced form of MWNTs on electromagnetic
interference shielding effectiveness, including the absorbance and the reflectance, were investigated.
From experimental results, the electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of the nanocomposite
specimens is improved with increasing content of MWNTs. The nanocomposites fabricated by the
spreading process have better shielding effectiveness than those made by the mixing process. The
nanocomposites, made by the spreading process with 2 wt% MWNTs, had up to 22.69 dB of
electromagnetic shielding effectiveness. The reflectance percentage of electromagnetic shielding
increases for higher content of MWNTs. The layerwise form of MWNTs in the nanocomposites,
resulting from the spreading process and having a better electromagnetic shielding effectiveness, can
be observed from the morphologies of the tensile failure surfaces of the nanocomposite specimens by
filed emission scanning electron microscopy.
Mathematical Modeling of Thin Multiphysical Structures
Authors: Licht Christian , Weller Thibaut
Published: March 2009

Smart materials, which present significant multiphysical couplings, are now widely used
for the conception of smart structures whose mathematical modelings are here presented in the case
of thin plates or slender rods made of piezoelectric or electromagneto-elastic materials.
Functionally Gradient 3YSZ-IN713LC Composites
Authors: Kuo D.H. , Shiue R.K. , Tseng W.Y. , Shih C.H. , Yeh T.Y. , Wei M.H.
Published: March 2009

Functionally gradient materials (FGMs) composed of 3YSZ and IN713LC were developed
in three different configurations. A linear-mode FGM had its compositions with a monotonic change
in coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE). Negative- and positive-deviated FGMs had their
compositions with lower and higher CTEs, respectively, on the ceramic sides. Fracture behaviors of
these three types of FGMs were evaluated with aids of residual stress analyses. FGMs with a
positive CTE deviation demonstrated the best performance in the experiment. The brittle ceramic
side was under high compressive stress, and high tensile stresses were primarily initiated in the
metal-rich gradient layers.
Vascularized Multi-Functional Materials and Structures
Authors: Bejan Adrian , Lorente Sylvie
Published: March 2009

Here we draw attention to the development of smart materials with embedded
vasculatures that provide multiple functionality: volumetric cooling, self-healing, mechanical
strength, etc. Vascularization is achieved by using tree-shaped (dendritic) and grid-shaped flow
architectures. As length scales become smaller, dendritic vascularization provides dramatically
superior volumetric bathing and transport properties than the use of bundles of parallel
microchannels. Embedded grids of channels provide substantially better volumetric bathing when
the channels have multiple diameters that are selected optimally and put in the right places. Two
novel dendritic architectures are proposed: trees matched canopy to canopy, and trees that alternate
with upside down trees. Both have optimized length scales and layouts. Flow architectures are
derived from principle, in accordance with constructal theory, not by mimicking nature.
Experimental Observation on Domain Front Morphology in NiTi Microtube during Tensile Unloading
Authors: Feng Ping , Sun Qing Ping
Published: March 2009

The experimental results on morphology evolution of macroscopic deformation domain
during stress-induced phase transition under uniaxial tension in superelastic NiTi polycrystalline
microtubes are reported in this paper. It focuses on morphology of the domain front during unloading
process. A series of high-resolution digital photos were taken from the tube surface under equal
incremental elongations. The 3D geometry of the front was quantified by an optical profiler. New
propagation modes of the front such as rotation and crossing were found.
A Study on the Problems with Long-Term Bridge Monitoring Systems, and Suggested Solutions
Authors: Park Ki Tae
Published: March 2009

The first long-term bridge monitoring system in Korea was installed in 1995, and many
bridges have been maintained by long-term monitoring systems. Recently, reliability of data and cost
effectiveness have been increased by advanced sensor technology (fiber optic sensor, RFID, USN etc)
and measuring equipment. In Korea, the large-scale project for the safety network integration for
long-term smart monitoring systems for bridge structures started in 2007, and this is the second year
of the project. In this system, various innovative sensor types are considered. To increase the
effectiveness of this network system, an analysis of the problems with the conventional long-term
bridge monitoring system and solution investigations are needed. The biggest problems are low
durability and data reliability because of noise, and the lack of data applications techniques.
Therefore, in this paper, a brief summary of the projects is presented and the state of bridge
monitoring systems in Korea is investigated, and various problems and solutions for these problems
are briefly suggested.
Effects of EPON on Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Epoxy Resins
Authors: Ku H. , Cardona F. , Rogers D. , Vandenbroucke A.
Published: March 2009

Low cost composite materials are widely used in civil and structural engineering
applications. This project uses EPON to plasticize a commonly used resin, epoxy resin to lower the
cost of the composite and to find out the mechanical and thermal properties of the plasticized epoxy
resin to see if it is suitable for the said applications. Three point bending tests were carried out to
evaluate the flexural properties of the plasticized resins. Differential scanning calorimetry and
dynamic mechanical thermal analysis are used to evaluate the thermal properties of the plasticized
epoxy resin. The study with epoxy and EPON showed that the mechanical properties of the epoxy
composite were lowered but its ability to dissipate energy increased because of its improved thermal
properties. As EPON is much cheaper that epoxy resin, the composite produced is therefore cheaper
and provided the service requirements were not so demanding, it can be used in the said
applications.
Synthesis and Properties of Barium Strontium Titanate Thin Films on Copper Foils
Authors: Fan Yan Hua , Yu Shu Hui , Sun Rong , Li Lei , Du Ru Xu , Yin Yan Sheng , Yao Ying Bang
Published: March 2009

Ba0.7Sr0.3TiO3 thin films with a thickness of 300~900 nm were prepared with sol-gel method
directly on the copper foils. The films have been processed in almost inert atmosphere such that the
oxidation of Cu foil was avoided while allowing the film to crystallize. The crystal structure,
morphology and dielectric properties of the films were measured and analyzed. The effects of
annealing temperatures and film thickness on the electrical properties were discussed.
Effect of N2 Partial Pressure on the Microstructure and Texture of MgO Films Deposited by Rf-Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Chen S.C. , Kuo Po Cheng , Shen Chih Long , Fang Y.H. , Huang K.T. , Lin G.P. , Hong W.H.
Published: March 2009

Intensity of the (200) peak in the X-ray diffraction pattern of the MgO film increases as N2
is added to Ar gas during MgO deposition. The optimum flow rate ratio of N2 to Ar in order to obtain
maximum intensity of the MgO (200) peak is 2 : 5. As introducing N2 gas, no residual nitrogen atoms
are found in the MgO films, which are confirmed by AES and ESCA analysis. On the other hand, the
TEM dark field image shows that the average grain size of MgO film increases with increasing the
flow rate ratio of N2 to Ar. This is due to that the deposition rate of MgO film is decreased with
increasing the flow rate ratio of N2 to Ar.
Novel Surfactant Free and Solid State Polymerization to Dendritic Polyaniline Nanofibers
Authors: Du Xu Sheng , Zhou Cui Feng , Liu Zong Wen , Ringer Simon P. , Mai Yiu Wing
Published: March 2009

A novel solid state and surfactant-free method has been developed for synthesis of
polyaniline superstructure composed of dendritic nanofibers. The good crystallinity of the product is
confirmed by XRD, while FT-IR analyses indicate the formation of highly doped emeraldine salt of
polyaniline product. Microscopic observations show that the product is in the form of polyaniline
dendrites with a less-than-40 nm fiber diameter. The unique growth mechanism of the superstructure
in solid-state reaction has been discussed.
Macroscopic Differential Model for Hysteresis and Butterfly-Shaped Behavior in Ferroelectric Materials
Authors: Wang Lin Xiang , Chen Ying , Zhao Wen Li
Published: March 2009

In the current paper, a macroscopic differential model is constructed on the basis of the
Landau theory of the first order phase transformation. Hysteresis loops and butterfly-shaped
behaviors are modeled as a consequence of polarizations and orientation switchings. A non-convex
free energy function is constructed to characterize different polarization orientations in the
materials. Polarizations and orientation switchings are modeled by formulating the system state
switching from one equilibrium state to another, as differential equations. The hysteresis loops and
butterfly-shaped behaviors are successfully modeled. Comparison of the model results with the
experimental counterpart is also presented.
Microstructure and Properties of Polyimide /Monodispersed Colloidal Silica Hybrid Films Prepared by Sol–Gel Process
Authors: Yu Yang Yen , Chien Wen Chen , Tsai Tsung Wei
Published: March 2009

In this study, the polyimide-silica hybrid thin films, 6FDA-6FpDA-4ABA/SiO2
(FS0-FS50) were prepared from the 12nm colloidal silica and polyimide bearing acid endgroups.
During the preparation, without any additional coupling agents or chelating ligands were used. The
strong interactions between carboxylic acid coordinating with silica were believed to prevent the
macrophase separation. TGA analysis showed that the thermal decomposition temperatures (Td)
incresased with increasing the silica content. UV-VIS spectra showed that the cutoff wavelength of
prepared hybrid films could be tunable through the silica content. The n&k analysis showed that the
refractive index (n) of PS hybrid films were in the range of 1.575-1.479, which could be controlled
by the silica content. The extinction coefficients (k) are almost zero in the wavelength range of
300–900 nm, indicating the prepared hybrid films have an excellent optical transparency in the UV
and visible region. TEM images showed that the particle size of silica in the hybrid thin films could
be effectively controlled. The results of SEM and AFM showed that all the prepared hybrid films
have a good planarity. It demonstrated that the prepared polyimide-silica hybrid thin films have an
excellent film formability and planarity.
Preparation and Patterning of Optical Hybrid Thin Films Based on Photosensitive Polyimide and Monodispersed Colloidal Silica
Authors: Yu Yang Yen , Chien Wen Chen , Lai Chiung Lin
Published: March 2009

In this study, optical hybrid thin films were prepared from photosensitive
poly(4,4-(hexafluoroisopropyl- idenediphthalic anhydride)-co-oxydianiline) (6FDA-ODA)/MDAE
and monodispersed colloidal silica with a coupling agent. It was a combination of the sol–gel
reaction, thermal polymerization and spin coating. The coupling agents were 3-methacryloxypropyl
trimethoxysilane (MPTMS) or (4-vinylphenethyl)trimethoxysilane (VPTMS). The silica content in
the hybrid thin films was varied from 0 to 8.6wt%. The coupling agent and the silica domain were
designed primarily for reducing the volume shrinkage and enhancing the thermal properties,
respectively. The retention of MDAE in the prepared hybrid films is supported by X-ray
photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The silica domain significantly enhanced the thermal properties
of the prepared hybrid films in comparison with parent fluorinated polyimide. The prepared hybrid
materials also exhibited reduced refractive index by increasing the silica content. The results of
SEM showed the prepared photosensitive hybrid materials could obtain lithographical patterns with
a good resolution. These results indicated that the newly prepared photosensitive
polyimide/colloidal silica hybrid thin films had potential applications for optical devices.
Synthesis of Green-Emitting Phosphors by Bicontinuous Cubic Phase Process
Authors: Chien Wen Chen , Yu Yang Yen , Chien Chien Yu
Published: March 2009

In this study, a novel approach for preparation of terbium-doped yttrium oxide phosphors
(Y2O3: Tb) by using the bicontinuous cubic phase (BCP) process was reported. EDS analysis
revealed the homogeneous precipitation occurred in the BCP structure. The experimental results
showed that the prepared precursor powder was yttrium hydroxide with a spherical shape, primary
size 30-50nm, and amorphous structure. High crystallinity phosphors with body-centered cubic
structure were obtained after heat treatment above 700oC for 4h. However, the primary size of
phosphors grew to 100-200nm and the dense agglomerates with a size below 1µm were formed
during the calcination. The photoluminescence analysis showed that the obtained Y2O3: Tb
phosphor had a strong green emitting at 544nm. The strongest emitting intensity occurred at Tb
concentration of 1mol%. This study indicated that the BCP process could be used to prepare the
highly efficient yttrium oxide-based green emitting phosphors.
Effect of Pretreatment on Properties of Coir-Based Green Composite
Authors: Asasutjarit Chanakan , Charoenvai Sarocha , Hirunlabh Jongjit , Khedari Joseph
Published: March 2009

The effects of pretreatment of coir fiber for manufacturing coir-based green composites
have been studied. Composites were prepared using coir fiber treated with varying pretreatment
condition. The process ability conditions and physical, mechanical and thermal characteristics of
these composites were analyzed. The changes in morphological properties with different coir
pretreatment condition were discussed. Surface characterizations of the unpretreated and pretreated
coir fiber were investigated from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) studies. It revealed that
there is an improved adhesion between fiber and matrix in the case of pretreated coir. SEM
investigations confirm that the increase in properties is caused by improved fiber-matrix adhesion.
Effect of Brazing Temperature on the Microstructure and Property of Vacuum Brazed WC-Co and Carbon Steel Joint
Authors: Chiu Liu Ho , Wang Hsin Fu , Huang Chia Pao , Hsu Ching Tsung , Chen Tsung Chi
Published: March 2009

The effect of brazing temperature on the properties of brazed joints between WC-Co hard
alloy and SAE1045 carbon steel using Cu and ASTM C52100 bronze metal as insert fillers were
investigated. A vacuum brazing furnace was employed to conduct the experiment with different sets
of operational parameters (brazing temperature, bonding time and filler) were used. The
experimental result shows that Fe-Co-Cu alloy layer was formed at the WC-Co/Cu filler interface.
With increased brazing temperature and bonding time, the thickness of the Fe-Co-Cu layer
increases. From the shear test, the maximum shear strength is 320±10 MPa for the joint brazed at
1140°C for 15 min using Cu filler. The shear strength of WC-Co/C52100/SAE1045 brazed joints
was better than WC-Co/Cu/SAE1045 brazed joints. The increase of bonding time of
WC-Co/C52100/SAE1045 joints improved the shear strength slightly.
Magnetic and Relaxation Properties of (CO45Fe45Zr10)x(Al2O3)1-x Thin Films
Authors: Kotov L.N. , Efimets Y.Y. , Vlasov V.S. , Petrakov A.P. , Turkov V.K. , Kalinin Y. , Sitnikov A.V.
Published: March 2009

The work is devoted to the research of the magnetic resonance properties of composite
(metal-dielectric) films and revealing their relationship with the nanostructure characteristics and
degree of crystallinity. The FMR line width and resonance position for two series of composite
films have been investigated. First films series has a small metal crystal phase content. The second
one contains metal oxide and amorphous. The results of work shows that oxidation of a metal phase
displaces percolation bound to area of the big metal concentration. Strong changes of FMR
properties of the films are observed below the percolation bound. The significant changes of FМR
properties are connected to nanostructural transformations in the ferromagnetic granules topology
and presence of metal phase oxide.
Couple Stress Model of Steric Stiffening in Nanoporous Solids
Authors: Wang Jun , Ren Yu Xing , Lam David C.C.
Published: March 2009

Porous solids are less stiff than the solid, but its stiffness can be increased if the elastic properties
of the struts within are sterically stiffened. The stiffening behavior cannot be modeled by conventional
strain-based finite element method but can be modeled using couple stress mechanics. In this investigation, a
new finite element modeling approach (FEM) based on strain field similitude is developed. The
conventional displacement field was used to determine the steric rotation gradients and the additional
high-order deformation energy. The mechanics basis underpinning the methodology and the conditions of
applicability were detailed, and the results were benchmarked with analytical solution and experimental data.
Finally, the methodology was applied to a periodic cellular structure to demonstrate the effect of steric
stiffening in nanoporous solids.
Development of Noble Metal Oxide Electrode for Low Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Son Seong Ho , Chung Do Won , Lee Won Sik
Published: March 2009

In the electroplating and water treatment fields, as the demand and expectation on an
electrode with high productivity and high efficiency are getting increased, various electrodes(DSE)
with higher reactivity and durability are being developed. This study is intended to analyze the
characteristics of the produced electrodes and to establish the optimum manufacturing conditions for
electrode being used that we mentioned. For improving the durability, the changes of reactivity and
corrosion resistance are observed as adding Tantalum and/or another components (hereafter stated as
“α”) and surface treatment of substrate(Ti). As a result, increasing the amount of Iridium, the
reactivity of electrode increased, and increasing amount of Tantalum, the durability of electrode
increased. And thus, it is found out that Iridium and Tantalum have the opposite role each on the
electrode’s reactivity and durability. And adding α and surface treatment substrate, an electrode with
excellent reactivity and durability and low oxygen evolution can be manufactured. In the water
treatment field like sterilizing in a swimming pool and power-plant cooling water, the high efficiency
of sodium-hypochlorite generation is surely guaranteed.
Polymer Brush-Stabilized Polyplex for a siRNA Carrier with Long Blood Circulatory Half-Life
Authors: Kano Arihiro , Yamano Takeshi , Choi Sun Won , Maruyama Atsushi
Published: March 2009

Small interfering RNA (siRNA) holds potential as a therapeutic approach to silence targeted
gene of disease, but siRNA has limited stability in vivo. Therefore, delivery system of siRNA is the key to
siRNA therapeutic application. We attempted to develop a delivery system, which enables siRNA to
demonstrate high stability and long blood circulation. We synthesized a series of bottlebrush-type
copolymers (BBCs) possessing polycationic backbone (less than 30 wt%) and abundant water-soluble side
chains (more than 70 wt%) as siRNA carrier. A siRNA complexed with the BBC was resistant to
nuclease and stable in plasma. Especially, the BBC (10 wt% PLL and 90 wt% PEG) having higher
grafting ratio (≈ 90 wt%) of water-soluble side chains showed 100-times enhanced stability of siRNA in
mouse bloodstream in vivo. Surprisingly, even when the BBC and siRNA separately injected into mouse
at 20 min interval, the BBC increased blood half life of the siRNA. These results suggest that the BBC
has higher selectivity in its ionic interaction to siRNA than other anionic substance in blood components.
To our knowledge, this is the first report of siRNA delivery carrier which prolonged blood circulation of
siRNA without resource-consuming preparation process.