bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Access to Transport Services and Participation in Traffic for People with Mental Health Diseases – Challenges to meet the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) to provide an overall inclusive Transportation System
Authors: Hauger Georg , Angelini Alessandra , Nagler Matthias , Rohsner Ulli , Dominko Christian , Schlembach Christopher
Published: September 2019

Engineers and planners are always jointly responsible for the usability of their interventions. In the transport sector, universal design is a planning imperative to ensure that all user groups participate equally in traffic. Usually, only physical impairments are in the foreground. However, there is an ever-increasing group of people with psychological impairments. Mental health diseases, especially phobias, anxiety, and compulsory disorders, are one of the most prevalent diseases in industrial countries – one-year prevalence rates are estimated at 10 up to 15%. Although rules, regulations, policies and action plans have been established to create an overall inclusive transportation system, the needs of people with mental impairments are mostly not considered. At the same time, participation in traffic is important for people with mental impairments to satisfy their daily needs and to reach therapeutic institutions. In addition, social interaction and the mastery of every-day tasks strengthens self-confidence and supports the healing process. Not least for that reason, the UN SDGs have been formulated. By conducting an exploratory study, the behaviour and needs of people with phobias, anxiety and compulsory disorders and the effects on their participation in traffic were explored. The paper shows general aspects concerning the traffic behaviour of people affected in the course of the disease. Furthermore, different forms of mobility barriers for people with phobias, anxiety and compulsory disorders were identified, distinguishing between infrastructural barriers, social barriers and organisational barriers. As a result, several approaches to support the participation in traffic of people with phobias, anxiety and compulsory disorders, based on coping strategies used by the target group, are mentioned. In addition, the paper identifies potential future challenges in context with mobility trends, concerning the accessibility of the transportation system for affected people, as well as further research needs.
Estimations of Radiative Heat Transfers in Enclosures
Authors: Ficker Tomas
Published: September 2019

In large closed spaces of buildings, the heat radiation dominates over the other two transfer mechanisms, i.e. over conduction and convection. This fact may be easily illustrated on the basis of the Stefan-Boltzmann law, Fourier’s law and convective correlations of Nusselt’s number. For this reason, when the computations of heat losses of buildings are performed, the radiative heat transfers running between inner sources of heat and inner surfaces of walls should not be overlooked. This conference contribution is devoted to such problems. In the preceding two conference contributions called “Radiative Heat Transfer in Buildings” and “Radiosity Model and Compensation Theorem”, a general model for radiative heat transfer in inner spaces of buildings has been developed and completed by the compensation theorem. This theorem mirrors the basic property of closed building envelopes stating that the total radiative heat flow in a closed envelope is zero. The present conference contribution thematically continues the preceding two contributions and applies their theoretical results to the case of radiative heat flows established within a living room consisting of 6 different grey interior surfaces. The surfaces mutually differ in temperatures and emissivities. Such an arrangement represents a real room without too much simplification. The corresponding matrix of view factors has 36 elements determined on the basis of formulae and graphs published in the technical literature. The system of 6 equations determines the 6 values of radiosities belonging to 6 interior surfaces. The radiosities represent auxiliary values that facilitate finding the heat fluxes and heat flows associated with each inner surface of the room. The sum of all the obtained positive and negative values of the heat flows has resulted in zero value which documents validity of the compensation theorem also in this complicated enclosure consisting of 6 thermodynamically different surfaces.
Light Clay and Straw Bale-Based Building Technologies
Authors: Drozd Wojciech , Kowalik Marcin , Harasymiuk Jolanta
Published: September 2019

The article deals with issues related to light clay and straw bale in modern housing. It presents the characteristics of clay and straw, as building materials. Attention is paid to the possibility of using these raw materials for building walls in single-family houses. In addition, the paper presents a thermal analysis for this type of walls and the resulting conclusions, which allow for the treatment of straw bale and light clay as a viable alternative to commonly used technologies for erecting buildings. According to the PN-EN ISO 6946: 2008 standard, thermal resistance and heat transfer coefficient were calculated for selected vertical partitions. Other natural building technologies have been omitted.
Green-blue Infrastructure in Multi-storey Residential Area
Authors: Ile Una , Ziemelniece Aija
Published: September 2019

Multi-storey residential areas in Latvia and their living outdoor space built in the 21st century form inadequate conditions in some of the investigated areas in the relation to the modern development trends in context of Scandinavian countries. The present research analysed the blue-green infrastructure by means of the selected criteria which determine the nature of the living outdoor space and its potential for use. The theoretical assumptions of blue-green infrastructure in the context of the Scandinavian countries were examined, and functional design of residential block of flats, use of greenery, water resource potential, socio-economic aspects, environmental accessibility solutions, transport areas and visual aesthetic quality indicators were analysed. The authors compared and analysed 27 living outdoor spaces in the multi-storey residential areas in Rīga, Mārupe, Baloži, Jūrmala and Ozolnieki. The results are obtained from the analysis of the designed matrix for the research purposes on the basis of the previously examined areas in Copenhagen and Roskilde (Denmark), Oslo and Arendal (Norway), Stockholm and Malmö (Sweden) in the time period from 2011 – 2018 and the investigated residential blocks of flats in Rīga, Mārupe, Baloži, Jūrmala and Ozolnieki. The research results characterize not only the diversity of the current situation regarding the blue-green infrastructure, but also the inadequate conditions of outdoor living space in some areas.
Analysis of Displacements and Horizontal Load Capacity of Foundation Piles-Road Acoustical Barriers
Authors: Gaska Piotr , Pekala Agnieszka
Published: September 2019

The main objective of the study is the analysis of horizontal displacements of foundation pile heads used in the design of road barriers, limiting harmful noise emissions. As a part of the work, there were determined extreme values of the horizontal load capacity of piles, extreme values of horizontal displacement of the pile heads and displacement values for forcing horizontal test impacts. The research results, obtained in field tests, show that both horizontal displacement of pile heads from field tests and displacement values obtained as a result of the analytical calculations, according to PN, are considerably smaller than displacements in the extreme state of side load capacity of piles, as well as the permissible value, according to PN (10 mm).
Efficient Improvement of the Visibility of Pedestrians on Junctions in Tempo–30 Zones
Authors: Solowczuk Alicja
Published: September 2019

Tempo–30 zones are used with increasing frequency as a traffic calming measure. They are intended primarily to make the drivers slow down and increase the safety of traffic. In the Tempo–30 zones the drivers must pay particular attention to vulnerable road users (VRU) who can travel across the street at any place. The drivers are warned of the traffic calmed area ahead of them by the specific street and junction geometry and the street furniture, compelling them to reduce the driving speed. One of the most often used design measures used for Tempo–30 junctions is narrowing of the junction legs and extending their corners. Reducing the driving speed increases the driver’s central vision area resulting in quicker and easier spotting of pedestrians about to cross the roadway. Bulb-outs (a.k.a. build-outs) provided at junction corners shorten the pedestrian crossing distance and offer a better view onto the oncoming vehicles. They are usually combined with on-street parking lanes dedicated to local residents. Taking the above facts into account, the author carried out speed measurements on a chosen downtown street located in a Tempo–30 zone. In the survey several speed measuring devices were deployed to automatically measure and record the operating speed and volume of traffic at different test locations at the same time. At least one hundred (100) measurements were taken per measurement site and direction of traffic. During the survey the weather was dry and such was the pavement surface. The results were subjected to statistical analyses. The statistical inference part of research included, inter alia, nonparametric test of independence and median test performed to confirm the null hypothesis H0 that the measurement results do not depend on the measurement site location. The alternative hypothesis H1
– was confirmed in almost all cases, meaning that the vehicle speed actually depends on the measurement site location. The locations of the measurement sites were chosen considering the direction of traffic, bulb-out location and the approach and departure conditions. The measurement data and the statistical test results have confirmed that in Tempo–30 zones bulb-out corners have an actual effect on speed reduction on the approach to the junction, enhancing the driver’s ability to spot any pedestrians about to cross the street. With the bulb-outs in place, the vehicles parked before the junction do not obstruct the pedestrian’s central vision area, thus enhancing their ability to spot any oncoming vehicles.
Effect of Traffic Calming Measures Implemented on the Approach to the Tempo–30 zone on the Degree of Speed Reduction
Authors: Solowczuk Alicja
Published: September 2019

Tempo–30 zones are implemented primarily to calm the traffic by reducing the operating speed to the desired level of 30 km/h. To this end, various traffic calming measures are installed. With the purpose to determine the traffic calming measures that are the most effective in terms of speed reduction speed measurements were conducted on a few chosen Tempo–30 zone approach sections containing various traffic calming measures: traffic circles, raised junctions, speed tables, speed bumps/humps and horizontal deflections on raised junctions. Another factor differentiating the sections chosen for the research was the Tempo–30 zone entry feature, such as a mini roundabout or a simple or signalled junction. The measurements were carried out under free-flow traffic conditions during peak hours. During all the measurements the weather was dry and such was the pavement surface. The 85th percentile speed v85 and the average speed were calculated. For simultaneous measurement on the respective measurement points P1, P2, … Pn SR4 electronic speed and traffic volume measuring systems equipped with automatic recording function were used. The measurement data were analysed and the results show that the obtained operating speeds were below 30 km/h (that is below the maximum permitted speed in Tempo–30 zone) only on a few sections. The most sustained speed reduction effect was obtained on two research sections containing several vertical traffic calming measures, including raised junctions, speed tables or speed bumps/humps. The effectiveness in speed reduction was ascertained for combined use of different traffic calming measures imposing vertical and horizontal deflections of the vehicle paths of travel. However, the most effective arrangement was a series of vertical traffic calming measures provided on the Tempo–30 approach section. Conversely, a mini roundabout, traffic circle or signalised junction at the entry to the Tempo–30 zone had only a minor speed-reducing effect. The same applies to repeated small horizontal deflections on the approaches to raised junctions.
Hygric properties of Cement-Lime Plasters with Incorporated Lightweight Mineral Admixture
Authors: Zemanova Lucie , Pokorny Jaroslav , Pavlikova Milena , Pavlik Zbysek
Published: September 2019

Cement-lime plasters are among the most often applied materials for surface finishing of interior and exterior surfaces of buildings. In order to improve their properties, especially the thermal insulation performance, common silica filler is often replaced with lightweight filler. The main positive effect of the thermal insulating plaster is reflected primarily in winter, preventing freezing of water in the masonry porous structure. In this paper, novel cement-lime plasters with lightweight aggregate are studied. In plasters composition, silica sand was replaced with perlite. The replacement ratio was 25 %, 50 %, 75 %, and 100 % by volume. The effect of the sand substitution on plasters structural characteristics, such as bulk density, matrix density, and total porosity, was tested. As one of the plasters functional properties is to protect the masonry from the water penetration, i.e., from the moisture related damage, and at the same time the moisture from the structure must be efficiently drained, determination of their moisture transport parameters is of the particular importance. In this respect, the water vapour transmission rate in the developed materials was characterized by water vapour permeability, water vapour diffusion coefficient, and water vapour resistance factor. For the description of the liquid moisture transport in the studied plasters, a 1-D vertical water uptake experiment was performed. Based on this experiment, moisture profiles that characterize moisture distribution along the sample length at the specific time of water suction were determined. Using inverse analysis of moisture profiles, the moisture dependent moisture diffusivity was calculated. Since the admixed lightweight filler increased the moisture diffusivity of the developed plasters, their samples were in the second set of tests provided with a hydrophobic coating based on silicone oil. This improvement helped to reduce the moisture diffusivity of plasters to the value of the reference mixture. In summary, presented experimental analysis of hydrophobised lightweight plasters proved their increased porosity and reduced moisture diffusivity, which can improve plasters thermal performance and prolong the durability of both the plasters themselves and the masonry they cover.
South Chile – Extreme Architecture
Authors: Butelski Kazimierz
Published: September 2019

Typhoons, earthquakes, volcanic eruptions on the one hand, and the lack of roads due to the inaccessibility of mountain areas and the extended coastline, combined with the harsh climate of both hot and polar, on the other, make designing and building in Chile an extreme task. It is and always was also hard to design and build in Chile due to the isolation of this country from the rest of the South American continent thanks to the difficulty to overcome the barrier formed by the Andes. Can these unique conditions be used to create a unique architecture that brings new qualities to global heritage? Perhaps all these “threats” are also a significant potential for creation, using beautiful landscapes and pure nature. In the beginning, there was the Word. Architectural culture requires faith and extreme sacrifice. For this reason, the presentation begins with a project to which its architects devoted their lives and decided to become men of the cloth. Buildings devoted to religious worship often exceed the utilitarian dimension of architecture, becoming the determinants of directions that architecture will follow. An example of this heroic expression of architecture is the construction of the Benedictine Church in Les Condes, a suburb of Santiago, in 1962-1964. Can Theatre be a cure allowing people to overcome trauma? The programme of reconstruction of the city of Concepción in Chile after the destruction wrought in 2010 by the tsunami, included not only the restoration of previously existing housing and infrastructural functions, but also the introduction of new cultural function. In 2011, an architectural competition for the design of the Regional Theatre was announced, which was won by three Chilean architects Smiljan Radić, Eduardo Castillo and Gabriela Medrano. The building was put into use in 2018 and is not only a monument of the past, but also a sign of a new beginning (Figure 1). One of Chile’s greatest natural resources is its diverse landscape. Difficult accessibility of many areas, low population density and unfavourable climate are the main factors that have caused large areas of land to remain in their natural state. Along with the development of society and the popularisation of tourism, a need arose to build the right background for exploring these natural values. The history tourism in extreme conditions is not long. In Poland, for example, it dates to 1850, when the first winter expedition to the Valley of Five Ponds in the Tatra Mountains took place. In Chile, the first tourist expedition to Patagonia took place in 1879 and was described in the book by its organiser and participant, Lady Lorance Dixie (Dixie, 1880). These extremely hard natural conditions have created a unique opportunity to create modern architecture in interaction with the natural landscape. We will examine this problem on the example of 5 hotels and 5 ways of interacting with the landscape and study these architectural ideas.
Building Cladding using Liner Trays: Experimental and Numerical Approach
Authors: Georgescu Mircea , Ungureanu Viorel , Gruin Aurelian , Floricel Andra
Published: September 2019

Liner trays are large channel-type thin-walled steel sections with two narrow flanges, two webs and one wide flange, very frequently used in practice both to resist perpendicular uniformly distributed loading from wind and create a diaphragm effect at the level of buildings cladding. Such cladding systems are normally built using a required number of horizontally laid inter-connected adjacent liner trays plus an external skin of sinusoidal or trapezoidal sheeting installed perpendicularly to their direction (with vertical corrugations). This results in a stiff metal cellular system (as outer wall of the building) having its inner space filled with thermo insulating material. When trying to evaluate the resistance of such elements by experiment, the specific constructional details play a major role and create quite complex problems in establishing a correct experimental procedure. Thus an experimental setup made of three joined liner trays is proposed with adequate detailing to match the real situation of such claddings. The investigation on liner trays was conducted by a joint team belonging to The Romanian Academy (Timisoara Branch), The Politehnica University of Timisoara (CEMSIG Laboratory) and The National Institute for Research and Development (INCD-URBAN-INCERC)–Timisoara Division. Aspects related to the experimental setup, test results (in terms of found collapse modes) experimentally and numerically determined resistances are emphasized. A comparison with code based theoretical results and FE simulation is presented and discussed in the final part.
Identity construction of the European medium sized city through the monasticism repercussions in Écija
Authors: Ostos-Prieto F.-Javier , Costa Rosado Ana , Aladro-Prieto Jose-Manuel , Perez-Cano Teresa
Published: September 2019

The monasticism appeared during the dawn of Christianity has made a major contribution to Europe’s culture and identity. The spread of Christian faith throughout the continent was achieved not only through a new morality and religion but also through art and convent architecture. The Middle Ages were the peak of this monastic production. Orders such as Cistercians or Dominicans would appear mainly in France and Italy spreading their rules and ways of life to the whole continent. It is a phenomenon that transcends borders, kingdoms and geographical elements, bringing together many people under the same identity. The flag of the Latin cross waved in the European Middle Ages. However, the reality in southern Iberian Peninsula was different. Al-Andalus stood as a bastion of Islam in Europe long before the appearance of the Ottoman Empire. At the end of the Middle Ages, the Kingdom of Castile began to occupy territories held by the Muslim Kingdom of Granada. The need to Christianise the new conquered lands would call a multitude of monastic orders settled in Europe to focus their attention on the new Kingdom of Seville. The main cities such as Seville, Cordoba, etc. would be the most coveted for the new foundations. Nevertheless, Écija is located in the Guadalquivir river valley in a difficult position on the border with the Kingdom of Granada. In the 14th Century, Écija had close to 10, 000 inhabitants, which, at the time, was a large number. A city which was an attraction point for Christian Communities, which according to their origin, 31% came from Italy, 22% from France, 37% from Spain and 10% from Jerusalem. The study of Écija shows the crossing of continental relationships through monasticism. How could the influence of Christianity manage to cover an entire continent to the most remote place? We could find the keys to understand the urban construction of western monasticism through the main average conventual cities in Andalusia.
LINEAR LIGHTING IN ARCHITECTURAL INTERIOR AND EXTERIOR DESIGN: CURRENT TREND OR A FUTURE?
Authors: Uherek-Bradecka Barbara
Published: September 2019

Contemporary LED technology in lighting industry allows today for almost endless design opportunities in architecture. Since 2000 the LED strip lighting became available on the lighting equipment market and slowly became affordable as the typical light source (bulbs) or linear light source (neon bulbs). Today it is implemented everywhere around the globe in exterior and interior design. Technological solutions are even more portable / easy-fixed and take less space and so linear lighting is not extraordinary or exceptional anymore. Although the linear lighting became very common since ca 10 years it have been used in interior or exterior design before but had some limits due to the technological reasons or have been implemented in another way. Design Lighting typology for interior and exterior design has been presented in the article along with several case studies that have been implemented. Limits and obstacles, advantages and disadvantages of the linear lighting have been discussed. Conclusions might be helpful for architects, interior designers, artists and light industry specialists. The author is a practicing architect with over ten years of experience in architectural and interior design with many implemented projects.
Network Buildings: Definition and Assessment
Authors: Vieira Alexandra R. , Ribeiro Jorge T.
Published: September 2019

The International Congress of Modern Architecture (CIAM), through the Athens Charter of 1933, strongly advocated the creation of open urban spaces as an essential principle of urban planning, referring to open spaces such as the city’s lungs. It is certainly for this reason that several authors choose the green spaces and urban parks of cities as the fundamental open public spaces to integrate in the design of new cities and in the rehabilitation of the oldest or parts of these. However, in the older cities, namely in their older core cities, or in compact cities the physical limitations, to a certain extent, make the existence and creation of this type of urban public space unfeasible. Above all, in these cases, the increase in the attractiveness of the public space should focus on the morphology of buildings, particularly on the ground floor, as it is also defended by several authors. In this context, this paper is dedicated to the definition of a new concept of building - network building (of generalized application to isolated buildings or set of buildings), whose conceptual characteristics have taken into account criteria of polyvalence, flexibility, adaptability, durability, sustainability, permeability and aggregation of functions. The role played by these buildings establishes connections and promotes pedestrian mobility, the interconnection of places of conviviality or daily use of the public space. These buildings also contribute to the diversity of activities of work, leisure, culture and housing, generating vitality of the environment and qualification of the urban areas where they are inserted. In addition to the definition of the new concept, an empirical assessment based on the adaptation of the correspondence analysis to the discriminant analysis is made to classify, in relative terms, 37 buildings of the city of Lisbon of the last 70 years.
Creative Sustainability and its Application in the Design of the Exhibition in Slovak National Museum
Authors: Silaci Ivan , Ebringerova Paulina
Published: September 2019

The Museum of History located in the Bratislava Castle is an important part of the complex of specialised museums of the Slovak National Museum. Its basic mission is to purposefully acquire, preserve, scientifically and professionally process, use and make available the museum collections, documenting the development of society in Slovakia from the Middle Ages until the present. In this context of the museum´s specialisation, it has a nationwide scope. The current character of the exhibition spaces in the Bratislava Castle is based on the context of the building. At the last reconstruction was castle returned to the Baroque period. This reconstruction recognizes the historicity not only of the building but also of the architectural design of the interior. The individual exhibitions, made in the castle´s premises, are adapted to the specific architectural space. The paper presents a case study of the presentation of selected specific piece of artwork in the traditional interior of the Slovak National Museum in the Bratislava Castle. The proposed presentation strategy of artwork provides a comprehensive use of information and communication technologies. These modern presentation possibilities increase the visibility and attendance this type of exhibitions. The use of new technologies and the minimalist installation of the artwork is in sharp contrast to the essence of the exhibition – The St. Ursula vax statue. In addition to the physical presentation of the piece of artwork, emphasis is placed on the presentation of the process of restoration of the statue through the itself story. The applied research, that is presented in this papier is realized through the setup of exhibition. Its aim is to present a piece of art for the general public and professional researcher. Emphasis is focusing on the use of intellectual perception of reality through vision and hearing in conjunction with the presentation of the restoration of the piece of art. By combining the spoken word, story, music and visual background in relation to the architectural space, we verify the possibilities of the exhibition system itself in the context of the sustainability of creative activities in the Slovak National Museum. Thanks to the non-traditional form of exhibitions in the architectural space of the museum, this type of presentation is innovative and unconventional.
Warsaw Modernism – Bohdan Lachert
Authors: Orchowska Anita
Published: September 2019

Bohdan Lachert’s work contributed significantly to the development of modern architectural concepts of the 20th century and his creative identity is connected with the activities at the Faculty of Architecture of the Warsaw University of Technology. He was one of the first students, later a Dean and lecturer, but also a theorist of architecture. His creative work, which was disrupted by the period of World War II, is invariably associated with the trend of modern avant-garde and leads a dialogue with the architecture of modernism. The dialogue is the subject of this article, the dialogue of the new residential architecture of Warsaw, in which Lachert presented his own interpretation of five rules of Le Corbusier’s modern architecture. The two stages of his work, a pre-war period with Józef Szanajca, and the post-war with the reality of socialist realism, create a unity since he remained faithful to the ideas of modernism. More importantly, however, he never changed his mind about the role of architecture as useful and practical, speaking about its utilitarian and artistic role at the same time but he also saw its importance in the constant pursuit of modernity. According to Lachert the understanding of modernity is related to eliminating discrepancies between the requirements of art and technology. Such a view of the role of architecture is illustrated in the examples of buildings as ‘the prototypes of the works of future generations’ of individual houses, the Muranów residential estate- one of the flagship works of the post-war architecture and other residential buildings in Warsaw. Lachert was an extraordinary creator, a predictable creator but at the same time difficult to define. He searched for a distinct expression of modern architecture, he experimented with material and form, which cannot be overlooked. He armed his great works with modernist patterns and expressive style, which became distinct and comprehensible within time in confrontation with spatial reality of his times.
Influence of Social and Political Factors on the Architecture of Wooden Temples in Western Ukraine from the end of the 18-th by the Beginning of the 20-th Century
Authors: Cherkes Bohdan , Diachok Oksana , Kolodrubska Oleksandra
Published: September 2019

The purpose of the scientific work is to highlight the influence of social and political factors on the territory of Western Ukraine, which have changed the architecture of authentic Ukrainian temples and gave it new features. To achieve the goal, empirical theoretical methods of research and generalization were used: natural surveys, comparative analysis, classification and generalization were conducted. The authors surveyed temples built or reconstructed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries in cities and villages on the territory of Western Ukraine.The architectural and artistic level of authentic temples is extremely high, some of the unique Ukrainian wooden churches of the Carpathian region are listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. Researchers have proved that a certain canon has been developed in the architecture of wooden temples for centuries, as well as national features and own building culture. The topic of the research is relevant, because sacral architecture has an exceptional historical, cultural and artistic value, and the relation to architectural monuments is one of the important indicators of the culture of the nation. Scientists prove that even during the absence of Ukrainian statehood, Ukrainian sacral architecture, having undergone a difficult path of development, has managed to revive and preserve national features in architecture that best identify Ukrainians as a nation. The theme of the research remains relevant, since sacral architecture has an exceptional historical, cultural and artistic value, and the relation to architectural monuments is one of the important indicators of the culture of the nation. Historical events in the country and in the world changed the course of the development of the architecture of sacred complexes: on the ethnic Ukrainian territory, which was part of the Austrian and Russian empires, new types of churches of the “Terezian” and “Synodal” style were distributed.
Proposed Methods on Enhancement of Dynamic Response of RC Frames and Soil Structure Interaction
Authors: Abdulaziz Dina , Zidan Ahmed , Ahmed Metwally
Published: September 2019

In this paper, proposed methods on enhancement of a nonlinear behavior of reinforced concrete frames subjected to cyclic load. A fully nonlinear dynamic analysis is adapted using three-dimensional finite element analysis by means of ANSYS 16.0 code. All structural elements such as footings, columns and girder are simulated in the numerical model. The concrete is assumed to be nonlinear and isotropic. In addition, some proposed methods are investigated to enhance the performance of RC frames under cyclic loading such as, cross bracing steel at the connections and at girder region as well as additional bent bars at the ends of girder. The results of analyses are presented in terms of envelope capacity, load-displacement relationship, stresses and cracks distribution. The results indicated that the provision of additional reinforcement increased the ultimate lateral capacity, ductility and introduce an additional mechanism for shear stresses for RC frame under cyclic loading. The best performance is observed when the cross-bracing is used at the top and bottom column connections whereas, the lateral capacity and displacement is increased by 12.9 % and 27.63% respectively of that computed for Control Frame. In case of cross-bracing steel at beam column connections and case of cross-bracing at beam region, the lateral capacity of RC frames is about 1.09 and 1.04 times that of control frame respectively. Furthermore, the dynamic analysis is carried out under considering the foundation soil whereas the Drucker-Prager model is used to define the stress strain behavior of soil. Besides, some significant observations on the performance of RC frames with change of the values of parametric study are presented in this paper.
Freehand compatibility analysis of building structures
Authors: Gregorio Lacort Agustin
Published: September 2019

This paper proposes a sufficiently precise graphic method of obtaining the stresses in certain models with low static hyperstaticity widely found in buildings, so as to facilitate the manual analysis at the early phases of the design. The considered models are certain types formed by flat, one-level porticoes that could serve to cover large surface areas. Their stresses are obtained graphically using the consistent deflection method, considering manual field hypotheses and disregarding torsional stresses. The procedure is a modification of an earlier method (Lacort, 2016) which worked out the deflection graphically based on a graph representing the stiffness matrix. In both cases, making sketches freehand greatly reduces the application time but the operations continue to be highly precise, given that the sketches made on a mesh formed by squares with sides measuring one unit in length, which prevents any major errors from being committed. Moreover, the size of the mesh does not seem to have any great influence on the precision of the results. Based on this work, possible lines of the research are suggested for developing further graphic methods that can be used to analyse other types of the structure accurately.
Water Elements in The Creation of Public Space
Authors: Nowacka-Rejzner Urszula
Published: September 2019

The need to create high-quality sustainable urban structures is widely emphasized. An important place among the elements shaping a sustainable urban space is occupied by natural elements, including water. The importance of water results from its multifaceted impact both on the physical conditions of the city and its beauty. The article draws attention to the role of water elements in shaping public spaces in the areas of European cities. The role of water in the creation of public spaces and the very diverse range of functions fulfilled by it was emphasized in a particular manner. Among the water elements found in urban spaces, the largest group consists of fountains and bells and whistles. Over the centuries, these water elements played a variety of functions: utility, cult, aesthetic and climatic, while being a significant element of the composition. Selected examples presented in the article concern both historical and contemporary use of water in shaping urban squares and green park and garden spaces. Analysing contemporary examples, particular attention was paid to the use of water elements for ecological remodelling, as well as reviving and increasing the attractiveness of revitalized areas in the urban tissue. This interest in water as a material with a wide variety of possibilities, which results from its physical properties, resulted in a variety of functional and spatial solutions. The research and studies conducted for many years by the author regarding the participation of natural elements, including in particular water and greenery, in the shaping of urban structures were the basis for the considerations. The public spaces with water elements analysed in the paper are places with high aesthetic values. They serve recreation, rest, education, promote social bonding, and are often places for organizing various cultural events or historic happenings. Water in these spaces is not only an element of the composition, but also a factor shaping a special microclimate. The potential of water for the creation of urban space is enormous and still not fully utilized, which is confirmed by subsequent realizations, encouraging with artistic and technical solutions, indicating the ever new possibilities of using water.
Short-Term Tuna Fishing Community: The Dwellings in the 30s and 60s
Authors: Batista Nuno , Marcal Goncalves Marta
Published: September 2019

This article describes the dwellings of a short-term tuna fishing community settled in Faro beach, Algarve, Portugal, between the 30s and 60s, that already disappeared. It is related how the change from the reed houses to the wooden sheds took place and how was the day-by-day of fishermen and their families during the tuna fishing season, from March to June. In the course of this research it was discovered that such fishing community took place in Faro beach for long decades, involved a large group of fishermen and their families that lived there, in a structured way. The main results we hope to achieve are the general awareness of this heritage and its dissemination. This research was based on documentary analysis, photographic and bibliographic research but, more importantly, interviews with people involved in this art, that still remains. During the development of this research, limitations were found due to the scarcity of available information and to the advanced age of the people involved, now with around 90 years old. That’s why there’s an urgency to make an adequate registration and disclosure of this heritage. This paper is original because there aren’t many works about this theme under this point of view, taking Faro beach as object of study. As a vernacular heritage, it must be valued, so, publishing such work would influence the society in general, but primarily, the region’s society, to alert them to a value that has been forgotten and, at the same time, clarify the future generations, helping to preserve the collective memory of a professional art that disappeared from the Algarve.
Impact of Differently Prepared Paper Production Waste Sludge (PSw) on Cement Hydration and Physical-Mechanical Properties
Authors: Malaiskiene Jurgita , Baneviciene Vilma , Boris Renata , Kizinievic Olga
Published: September 2019

After analysis of calorimetric tests results of the cement mixtures with PSw prepared at different temperatures and SEM, XRD, physical-mechanical properties results of cement stone hardened for 7 and 28 days, it is determined that PSw can be utilized/used for the preparation of cement mixtures by adding up to 5%. Depending on the environmental working conditions, the preparation of PSw can be selected. To slow down cement hydration processes, it is useful to use only dried PSw, which slows down the hydration of the cement due to the high content of cellulose contained in PSw. To accelerate cement hydration, it is expedient to use PSw which is burned at 700°C. Dried PSw performs an extended induction hydration period and significantly delays the second heat release time. After the addition of 5% dried PSw, the phase III effect time compared to the control sample is 1.8 h, and after 10% addition, it is extended to 4.4 h. After the addition of 5% burnt PSw, the phase III effect time compared to the control sample is hastened to 1.9 h, after inserting 10% – to 2.4 h. The use of PSw saves the environment, reduces the amount of cement in the mixture and improves the properties of cement materials. Using 5% PSw burned at 700°C instead of cement increases the compressive strength of the specimens, and the density as well as ultrasound pulse velocity values are slightly changed compared to the control sample. It is determined that burnt PSw significantly changes mineral composition and structure. It is found that the microstructure of samples without PSw and samples with dried 5% PSw is similar, crystals formed are visible. With a higher (10%) amount of dried PSw, the microstructure of the cement stone differs significantly from the control samples. Larger voids with plenty of etringite are also visible, as well as higher levels of calcite. The microstructure of specimens with burnt PSw is significantly denser. XRD studies show that with a higher amount of PSw burned at 75°C, the main peak intensities of crystallohydrates ettringite and portlandite are lower, while the peak intensities of calcite are higher compared to samples without PSw. By increasing the amount of dried PSw in mixtures and reducing the amount of cement, the peak intensities corresponding to CSH and CASH are lower compared to those of the control samples. Using burnt PSw also reduces the peak intensities of ettringite, portlandite, CSH and belite, but significantly increases peak intensities of calcite and CASH.
The variant of Construction Projects and their Assessment Taking into Account the Impact on the Environment
Authors: Szafranko Elzbieta
Published: September 2019

The construction of various types of buildings and engineering structures invariably interferes, although to different degrees, with the surrounding environment. Every development project is executed in a strictly delineated area and under specific conditions. While planning a construction project, the investor is obligated to analyse several variants of its execution, including an assessment of different effects it may have on the environment. The investor can evaluate the impact on the surrounding ecosystems, in its various manifestations, both during the construction works and after a given building or a structure which has been put to use. Adhering to the latest trends, an assessment of the environmental impact caused by buildings and engineering structures should account for a whole life cycle of an object. Special attention should be paid to the process of obtaining natural resources and manufacturing building materials as well as the time period over which the latter will be used. Not less important for the environment is the moment when a building’s useful life ends, i.e. how it is demolished and how the construction and demolition waste is recycled or disposed of. The author’s studies have demonstrated that assessments of variant solutions made in construction engineering practice are very rarely based on criteria that encompass the whole life cycle of a building. This article presents an analysis of the current situation based on data extracted from reviewed documentation originating from several construction projects.
Interpenetration of the Architectural and Urban Realms in the Work of Architect Marek Budzyński
Authors: Ilmurzynska Krystyna
Published: September 2019

Prof. Marek Budzyński is one of the best renowned contemporary polish architects, well established among the polish architectural critic as “postmodern” and “green”. The aim of this research is a study of the interpenetration of architectural and urban design approaches in Budzyński’s work as its essential element. The research method involved analysis of Budzyński’s creations against the background of the ideas expressed in his theoretical contributions. The results of the research indicate that the architectural design of analysed objects follows the form of adjacent urban space that is essential part of every design idea. In addition, the internal structure of the analysed buildings is shaped analogically to the urban fabric. At the same time shaping the landscape seems to be as important as shaping the urban space in creating the forms of architecture. The references to traditional architecture and urban fabric are also substantial part of the researched design method. The observed features reflect the theoretical contributions formulated by Marek Budzyński. Fundamental concepts of Budzyński’s design ideas are: seeing an architectural creation as the medium of reshaping the timeless continuum of space, and understanding both a city and a building as an organism in which every part should be reconcilable with another as well as with the whole.
Analysis of the spatial structure of the housing estates transformations’ possibilities on a selected example
Authors: Opania Szymon
Published: September 2019

The article is a summary of scientific and research work aimed at determining the possibility of transforming one of the selected so-called large-scale housing estates in Bielsko-Biała in Poland. One of the final work’s effects was the concept of the spatial development of a new housing estate in the area and in the neighborhood of the existing one. The research work was ordered by Cavatina & Partners Company, which in its offer has a rare combination of leading experience in the design and construction of a wide range of real estate. The company’s goal is to create modern facilities and places of daily use for the dynamic needs of people, communities and companies. In its activities, it focuses on the innovative thinking, the latest technology and the sustainable development. The aim of the scientific and research work was to prepare scenarios and explore spatial possibilities in the event of the need to demolish a large complex of multi-family buildings, so-called blocks of flats. The research was based on the assumption that the lifecycle of buildings was completed due to their technical condition. The scenarios presented variant possibilities of shaping the concept of development of the selected area and should serve as a basis for starting social consultations regarding the future development of the above-mentioned area. Scenarios and concepts are to take into account the improvement of housing conditions of the housing estate residents. The development options are to show different possibilities of changes in the area taking into account: 1 – the results of social research on existing housing conditions, 2 – the records of strategic city documents such as the city development strategy, study of conditions and directions of spatial development and local spatial development plan, 3 – the stage options investment. The formation’s history of blocks of flats in Poland dates back to the 1950s. Currently, about 12 million people live in them, which is about 30% of the population of Poland. Hence, all problems related to this type of building are in fact becoming national problems. That is why discussions and questions arise: if the first of them were created more than 60 years ago, should they be demolished due to the technical condition and based on similar decisions? And maybe renewed and revitalized? If they constitute such a significant percentage of urban development and despite negative aesthetic impressions, should they be removed from the spatial structure of cities? The answers to this question often depend on the individual characteristics of the blocks with which their residents and users have to deal with. Even the most accurate answers do not often match individual cases.