bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Laboratory and field investigations in granular soils to correlate relative density, relative compaction and grain size
Authors: Mujtaba H , Farooq K , Sivakugan N , Das B M
Published: July 2020

An attempt has been made to correlate relative density and relative compaction based on laboratory and field test data. In this investigation, 185 sandy soil samples were tested in the laboratory. The experimental investigations include classification tests, maximum and minimum density tests, and standard and modified Proctor and in-situ density tests. The values of the dry unit weight of these samples obtained by performing different tests fall between 14.7 kN/m3 and 20.8 kN/m3. Based on these results, linear and multivariate regression analyses were carried out to (a) relate relative compaction and relative density, (b) relate maximum (emax) and minimum void ratios (emin), and (c) express emax and emin in terms of median grain size (D50) and uniformity coefficient (Cu). Experimental and predicted values varied ± 5%, with a 95% confidence interval for the relation between relative compaction and relative density, and for other relations the variation was ± 10%. The proposed equations were validated using a new data set which had not been used for the development of the correlations. Proposed equations were also compared with equations presented by various other researchers. Validation of the proposed equations suggests that these equations may be used for future prediction of the respective variables.
Warrants for roundabouts and other traffic control devices
Authors: Sampson J D
Published: July 2020

There are many warrants for traffic signals, but no definitive warrant for roundabouts. Some references (e.g. TRB 2000) give guidelines, and refer to the capacities of roundabouts and TWSC (two-way stop control), but capacities address the upper limit of the control device, not the lower values which would justify, or warrant, a change in control. Other references refer to the need for a roundabout warrant but do not develop one. One paper by Sampson and Meijer (1999) discussed potential warrants, but no recommendation was made. In this paper the role of roundabouts and mini-circles in filling the large gap between where stop control is no longer ideal, and where traffic signals are required, is examined. It is found that there are many considerations in addition to volume or delay that need to be taken into account when deciding on whether to implement roundabout type control, but as a rule of thumb, if the average queue at a stop control exceeds two (2Q) during the peak hour, roundabouts will improve the traffic flow, and if the queue totals around ten or more (10Q), then the roundabout is likely to have reached its capacity.
Fixing cell pellets v1
Authors: Goodwin Verity , Souster Emily , Garnett Mathew , Behan Fiona , Beaver Charlotte , Ansari Rizwan , Jackson Adam
Published: July 2020

This protocol is designed to outline the process of fixing cell pellets in 1.5ml tubes. It has been developed within the Cellular Generation and Phenotyping Group at the Wellcome Sanger Institute. Process diagram:
Marco filosófico del compromiso organizacional: discusión del modelo de Allen & Meyer, y propuesta de un nuevo modelo de estudio
Authors: Ávila Vila Santiago , Pascual Faura Marcelo
Published: July 2020

El objetivo de este trabajo se centra en la discusión y propuesta de un nuevo modelo de estudio del Compromiso Organizacional, ya que una investigación tan fragmentada como la actual, derivada de la diversidad de modelos que se han sucedido desde los inicios de su estudio (Becker, 1960), ha generado una gran confusión. Confusión, que ha sido alimentada también por los especialistas en análisis factorial, al centrarse en exceso en la interpretación matemática de sus resultados y olvidar la naturaleza misma de la medida. Circunstancias que justifican: a) el desarrollo de un marco filosófico del Compromiso Organizacional, que le dé soporte desde una doble perspectiva: la del trabajador, y la de la organización en función del estilo de liderazgo con que se emplea su dirección; b) la discusión, en base al marco referido, de la propuesta tridimensional de Allen y Meyer (1990), ya que como ha quedado suficientemente demostrado en diversas investigaciones (Bergman, 2006; Cohen, 2003; Jong-Wook, Price, & Mueller, 1997; Solinger, Van Olffen, y Roe, 2008), no todas sus dimensiones miden este tipo de compromiso; c) la concreción de la propuesta misma, basada en la investigación empírica realizada a tal fin, de un nuevo modelo de estudio que sirva de guía a la parte empírica de las investigaciones futuras. El presente trabajo, propone un nuevo modelo de Compromiso Organizacional, que lo define como un constructo de una sola dimensión de carácter afectivo, que viene moderada por la concepción ética del trabajador.
Identificación y análisis de los h-classics de las universidades públicas andaluzas en la categoría Economics del Journal Citation Reports (JCR).
Authors: Cascón Katchadourian Jesús
Published: July 2020

Los artículos altamente citados muestran una perspectiva de aquellos documentos que, históricamente, han atraído un gran interés por parte de una comunidad investigadora y que se podrían considerar como la base del campo de investigación. En el año 2014 se desarrolló un nuevo enfoque para identificar estos artículos altamente citados que se llama H-Classics. Se basa en el índice H y refleja tanto a las características propias de la disciplina de investigación correspondiente como su evolución. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar y analizar los H-Classics de los artículos publicados por investigadores de las universidades públicas andaluzas, dentro de la categoría Economics del Journal Citation Reports. La metodología utilizada es el análisis bibliométrico a través de la técnica del H-Classics con la cual se extraen los principales indicadores de rendimiento. Este análisis proporciona unos resultados que nos dan una visión útil sobre el desarrollo de este campo de investigación, revelando aquellos actores científicos que han realizado la mayor contribución a su desarrollo: autores, revistas, áreas de conocimiento relacionadas, países, universidades andaluzas, universidades nacionales y extranjeras. Se concluye el artículo con las limitaciones de este y los principales hallazgos encontrados.
Yoga and Psychotherapy: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Slède Lisa , Pomerantz Rachel
Published: July 2020

Yoga is an ancient discipline focusing on the union of the mind and body. In recent years, Yoga has generated much interest within the scientific community regarding its physiological and psychological benefits,including its power as a healing modality. To date, studies of variable quality have been conducted examining Yoga as a treatment for mental disorders, including mood disorders, anxiety disorders, drug addiction, mental retardation, pain management, and body image. While these studies as a whole suggest that Yoga may be a promising treatment, much work remains to be done before drawing any valid, scientific conclusions. Specifically,more and better-designed studies need to be conducted in order to conclusively demonstrate Yoga's usefulness as a treatment for certain mental disorders. In order to add to the existing knowledge base, future studies will need to more clearly define Yoga and develop better controls for variables such as cultural expectations and personal motivation. Ultimately, a second generation of studies might point to the different types of populations who would most benefit from Yoga versus more conventional treatments. It is hoped that this review will point the way for future studies and encourage researchers to continue exploring the possibilities of this promising treatment for psychological disorders.
A Lesson in Teaching
Authors: Moreau Heather
Published: July 2020

Each student presents a unique challenge to a Yoga teacher. By approaching our students as individuals—taking the time to get to know them, understanding their physical and psychological needs, and acknowledging what they hope to gain from the practice—we can meet the challenge of communicating Yoga in a meaningful and accessible way. Ultimately, each of our students will offer us the opportunity to redefine our own interpretations of the practice and dig a little deeper for new ways of doing things. This article recalls my own such experience teaching a seventy-three year-old Yoga student recovering from a severe left-hemispheric stroke and learning to cope with"right hemiplegia."
Correcting Movement Imbalances with Yoga Therpay
Authors: Janisse Marie
Published: July 2020

Yoga teachers and therapists recognize the need for correct postural alignment. The quality of movement is equally important. When a person moves incorrectly, joints deviate from their centers of rotation. Mechanical stress occurs with repeated incorrect movement and results in degeneration of the joint and eventual pain from repetitive stress. Yoga therapists and teachers influence the movement patterns of their students by their choice of âsanas. By identifying an incorrect pattern of movement,a Yoga therapist can be more specific in the selection of âsanas to alleviate pain and to help students avoid pain in the future. This article offers an introduction to the principles of movement balancing and a classification of movement patterns in the low back to demonstrate the practical application of movement balancing in Yoga therapy.
Yoga and Insurance Billing: Receiving Reimbursement from Workers' Compensation and Auto Insurance Providers
Authors: Jacobson Dea
Published: July 2020

As criteria are developed and qualifications established for Yoga teachers and therapists, insurance reimbursement emerges as one of the more complex issues being addressed in the Yoga community.

In sharing my success with insurance reimbursement,which comes mostly with workers' compensation and auto injury clients, my intentions are twofold: to encourage therapeutic Yoga as an accepted healing modality among the uninitiated, and to inspire patience in the Yoga community as we continue the debates and negotiations that come with building acceptance in the healing/medical community.
The Life Experiences of People with Multiple Sclerosis Who Practice Yoga: A Qualitative Case Study
Authors: Franklin Ada-Reva
Published: July 2020

Purpose: To examine the lives and experiences of people with Multiple Sclerosis (MS) who practice Yoga. If Yoga practitioners who have MS share their experiences,a deeper understanding of their lives and how Yoga affects those lives may be gained.

Study Design: Using case-study research methods,two women were interviewed to gain an understanding of their experiences of practicing Yoga and having MS. The theoretical framework for this study is based on Dorothea Orem's Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory.

Findings: The findings showed that participants had affirming life philosophies, strong motivators, an ongoing development of body awareness, and the ability to think and act outside the norm.

Conclusions: This information could impact the development of meaningful client-driven information. Future research should include larger and more diverse populations, quantitative study, and in-depth qualitative evaluation.
Yoga Breathing Techniques (YBTs) in Exercise Induced Asthma: A Pilot Study
Authors: Vedanthan P. , Raghuram N.
Published: July 2020

Yoga Breathing Techniques (YBTs) have been claimed to be beneficial in patients with asthma during acute bronchospasm. This study was undertaken to verify this claim under controlled conditions using objective data. Six adult asthmatics (4 female, 2 male) in the age range of 23 to 48 years (mean age 34 years) volunteered to participate in this study. All the volunteers were taught YBT by a senior Yoga instructor over 2 sessions and were instructed to practice these sessions daily with the help of a prerecorded guiding tape over a period of 2 weeks. Subjects acted as their own controls. During the "control day," their baseline vital signs were measured, including pulse rate (PR), blood pressure (BP), peak flow measurements(PEFR), and spirometry (PFT). They all then underwent exercise testing by climbing up and down 14 steps indoors with controlled temperature and humidity. Serial PFT, BP, and PR were measured and recorded at 1 minute, 7 minutes, and 15 minutes post exercise. On the"control day," subjects sat on a chair resting after exercise. They were treated by bronchodilator aerosol if their PFT dropped 30% or more from their baseline values or if they complained of increasing difficulty in breathing during that period. On the "Yoga day," subjects underwent similar baseline studies as well as exercise testing as outlined above, and all the subjects were requested to perform the YBT immediately after they had completed their exercise test. A drop of 20% in FEV1 (one of the PFT parameters measured) was considered as being consistent with exercise induced bronchospasm (EIB).

Three out of 6 subjects on the "control day" needed bronchodilator nebulizer treatments to relieve their EIB,whereas only 1 out of 6 subjects on the "Yoga day"needed a nebulizer treatment. The average time for the PFT to return to baseline from the post-exercise drop was shorter (18 mins. vs. 24 mins.) on the "Yoga day"compared to the "control day." Five out of 6 subjects subjectively felt better after the YBT compared to none on the "control day."

Conclusion: Yoga Breathing techniques can be useful in relieving mild attacks of asthma.
The Synergy of Yoga and Hypnosis in Pain Treatment: A Case of Chronic Headaches
Authors: Galle Susana
Published: July 2020

Yoga and hypnosis energize traditional Western psychotherapy by promoting a state of consciousness that opens up both inner exploration and self-directed change. "Insight" meets with new courses of action,once the body system and its subtle energy channels are realigned. A case study of a woman suffering from chronic headaches shows the effectiveness of these methods for attaining pain relief while embarking on a path of personal growth.
Take a Breath, Break The Silence: The Effects of Yogic Breathing and Testimony About Battering on Feelings of Self-Efficacy in Battered Women
Authors: Franzblau Susan , Smith Michelle , Echevarria Sonia , Van Cantfort Thomas
Published: July 2020

Abuse in an intimate relationship is a common and devastating problem worldwide. This study explores the effects of testifying about one's abuse and learning Yogic breathing (prânâyâma) techniques on self-efficacy. Forty women, self-identified as abused within the last two years by an intimate partner, were randomly assigned to either tell the story of their abuse (testimony), participate in Yogic breathing exercises, participate in a combined testimony/Yogic breathing condition, or participate as waiting controls. Analyses showed that the combination of testimony and Yogic breathing was associated with the greatest improvement in self-efficacy scores. Implications of these findings for interventions and therapy for abused women are discussed.
Prânâyâma Can Be Practiced Safely
Authors: Sharma Vijai
Published: July 2020

Recent reports in the medical literature suggest that some vigorous Yoga breathing practices (prânâyâma) may pose health risks. This article addresses the issue of safety in prânâyâma by reviewing traditional cautions and recommendations from Yoga texts such as the Yoga Sûtras and Hatha Yoga Pradipikâ, and by describing the prerequisites for beginning a prânâyâma practice. Prerequisites include the ability to establish a normal breathing pattern with efficient use of the diaphragm, the ability to consciously control the process of breathing without strain or undue tension, learning basic prânâyâma techniques before advanced techniques, and preparation of the body through Yoga postures. Finally, safety precautions are described for practicing more vigorous prânâyâma techniques
INVITED ARTICLE: The Search for Regulatory Recognition of Yoga Therapy: Legal and Policy Issues
Authors: Cohen Michael
Published: July 2020

As Yoga therapy emerges as a specialized area within the Yoga teaching community, it is important to define Yoga therapy in ways that make regulatory as well as professional sense. This article provides a preliminary roadmap, suggesting title licensure as one way to differentiate Yoga therapy. The article also suggests the importance of crafting a definition of professional practice that carves out a legally defined scope of practice. This scope of practice should be both consistent with Yoga therapists' education, training,and skills, and not intrude on legal definitions of the practice of medicine or other health professions.
Power in Hatha Yoga Communities and Classes:Understanding Exclusion and Creating Space for Diverse Cultures
Authors: Childress Traci Michelle
Published: July 2020

Power is an important dynamic in the Yoga community that influences who has access to the knowledge of Yoga and how that knowledge is shared. To create an ethic of inclusion in Yoga communities, we must consider the many ways in which people experience Hatha Yoga—especially the experiences of individuals who come from cultural backgrounds other than our own. Because it is difficult to see the ways in which cultures—our own and those of others—are seen, experienced, and responded to, it is easy to imagine that the reason that Yoga classes in the United States tend to be homogeneous is based on some inherent natural truth at work. To create space for diverse cultures in Yoga communities, we must recognize that (1) Both teachers and students bring knowledge and culture with them to the relationship, and that (2) Teachers (and institutions) should be held accountable to their perspectives, biases, and opinions about their own and others' cultural backgrounds. To create a diverse community, there must be an understanding of the human-ness of both the teacher and student, and of the inherent relationship that influences the learning process.
Yoga for People in Pain
Authors: Pearson Neil
Published: July 2020

Chronic pain is a common and important problem, but many healthcare practitioners, even those in pain management settings, do not have a clear understanding of modern pain science. Misconceptions about pain can be a major roadblock to effective interventions, including Yoga therapy. This paper introduces the latest conceptual understanding of how the nervous system experiences pain, and then addresses the limitations and inaccuracies of common beliefs about pain. The paper then applies this new understanding of pain to Yoga therapy for people in persistent pain. Research on Yoga for chronic pain is reviewed, and general guidelines for teaching Yoga to people with pain are offered. Modern science does not support a highly prescriptive approach to âsana or Yoga practice for those with chronic pain. However, a holistic, individualized approach to Yoga therapy is an effective strategy for helping people with chronic pain.
Ayurvedic Yoga Therapy: An Overview with Case Study
Authors: Halpern Marc
Published: July 2020

Ayurvedic Yoga therapy is the application of the eight limbs of Yoga to the healing process. The Ayurvedic paradigm is based on three fundamental concepts: (1) The nature of the patient must be known. (2) The nature of the imbalance or disease must be known. (3) The nature of the remedy must be known. Ayurvedic Yoga therapy is unique in the field of Yoga therapy in that it uses the traditional language and knowledge of Vedic healing to describe and determine the process of healing. This article describes how the eight limbs of Yoga may be applied to healing according to the Ayurvedic paradigm. A case study of low back pain to demonstrate how these general principles may be applied to an individual.
A Survey of Musculoskeletal Injury among Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga Practitioners
Authors: Mikkonen Jani , Pedersen Palle , McCarthy Peter William
Published: July 2020

Context: Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga is a popular and physically demanding Yoga style. Although there is growing concern about the potential risk of injury from Yoga practice, there has been no research to date on the relationship between this form of Yoga and musculoskeletal injuries.

Objectives: The first objective of this survey was to determine the proportion of Ashtanga Vinyasa practitioners who are injured and the injury rate per 1,000 hours of practice. The secondary objective was to determine the location, type, and outcome of musculoskeletal injuries.

Design: Data was collected via a survey questionnaire from two Yoga centers in Helsinki, Finland and one Yoga center in Tampere, Finland in 2005. All Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga practitioners at these centers (estimated total of 300) were invited to complete the survey, whether or not they had suffered from injuries.

Setting: Certified and authorized Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga teachers teach at these centers, and they all follow the Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga method as authorized by the Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga Research Institute (Director Sri K Pattabhi Jois).

Participants: Practitioners (approximate total N = 300) from three different Finnish Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga centers were invited to complete the questionnaires. Of these, 110 (37%) completed surveys were received.

Main outcome measurements: Primary outcome measurements were the number of injured practitioners and injury rate per 1,000 hours of practice. Secondary outcome measurements were the location, type, and outcome of injuries.

Results: Of the 110 practitioners surveyed, 68 (62%) reported having had at least one injury lasting longer than one month, and some practitioners reported more than one injury. A total of 107 musculoskeletal injuries were reported. The rate of new practice-related injuries was 1.18 injuries per 1,000 hours of practice. If recurrence of pre-existing injury and non-specific low back pain of unknown origin were included, the injury rate became 1.45 injuries per 1,000 hours of practice. Injuries related to the practice of Yoga were most common in the lower extremities, especially in the hamstrings or knees. None of the practitioners reported suffering permanent impairment from their injuries; however, this may be a consequence of the sampling procedure (see Limitations of the sample and survey, below).

Conclusions: Musculoskeletal injuries generally occur during activity, and Ashtanga Vinyasa Yoga is no exception. 62% of survey participants had suffered one or more musculoskeletal injuries that lasted in excess of one month. The three most common injury locations were hamstring, knee, and low back. Implications for Yoga teachers and practitioners are discussed.
Touching the Oneness: What to Do When Nothing Else Works
Authors: Devi Nischala Joy
Published: July 2020

The following article is a lightly edited transcript of a talk given by Nischala Joy Devi at the 2008 Symposium on Yoga Therapy and Research (SYTAR) held in Los Angeles, CA, March 6-9, 2008. Nischala Joy Devi is a masterful and compassionate teacher and healer. She was a monastic student of Yogiraj Sri Swami Satchidananda and spent over 18 years receiving his direct guidance and teachings. During her time as a monk, she began to blend Western medicine with Yoga and meditation. She helped develop the Yoga portion of the Dean Ornish Program for Reversing Heart Disease, and now leads Yoga of the Heart trainings for Yoga teachers and therapists. She is the author of The Healing Path of Yoga and The Secret Power of Yoga. The transcribed talk was part of a series of case presentations entitled "This is What I Do as a Yoga Therapist."
Using Integrative Yoga Therapeutics in the Treatment of Comorbid Anxiety and Depression
Authors: Forbes Bo , Akturk Ceylan , Cummer-Nacco Clementine , Gaither Pam , Gotz James , Harper Alice , Hartsell Katherine
Published: July 2020

This article describes the symptoms, causes, and treatments for anxiety, depression, and comorbid anxiety and depression. It provides strategies for addressing the hyper-arousal or hypo-arousal of the nervous system that is commonly associated with anxiety and depression. It explores research and theory on Yoga's potential for addressing comorbid anxiety and depression, and also discusses the specific approach of the Center for Integrative Yoga Therapeutics, a Yoga therapy center in Boston that specializes in the treatment of Yoga therapy for anxiety, depression, chronic pain disorders, and physical issues such as spinal anomalies or injuries. The described Yoga therapy approach includes a combination of prânâyâma (breathing practices) and Restorative Yoga, a practice of prone or supine postures that is designed to facilitate the relaxation response.
The Psychophysiology of Respiration: Eastern and Western Perspectives
Authors: Miller Richard
Published: July 2020

The role that breathing and respiratory behavior plays in psychophysiological functioning has only recently begun to be recognized by Western researchers and clinicians as an important factor governing and influencing health and disease processes. Until fairly recently, respiration was regarded as merely a nuisance variable during scientific research, often not even regarded as important enough to be controlled for. However, with the growing interest in the psychophysiology of stress, an increasing number of investigators have begun to run their attention to the study of breathing and how it influences physiological functioning.
Defining Yoga Therapy: A Call to Action
Authors: Kraftsow Gary
Published: July 2020

Congratulations to everyone at IAYT and IJYT who make the journal happen and who have shepherded it along these past twenty years, making it such a valuable resource to our emerging profession of Yoga therapy. The work of IAYT and the service IJYT provides illustrate the kind of inclusive, collaborative, reaching-across-lineages spirit that our profession needs as it engages in the important dialogue necessary to shape how Yoga therapy moves forward into modern Western healthcare, not only in this generation, but for many generations to come.
Table of Contents & Editorials
Authors: McGonigal Kelly
Published: July 2020

Welcome to the twentieth anniversary issue of the Journal. This issue celebrates the history and future of Yoga therapy and our association, alongside the kind of practical, educational, and thought-provoking articles that have been this publication's mission since 1990.

As I found myself wondering what I could put on this page, I recalled a speaker who opened her talk by asking the elders in the room for permission to speak. "You each have earned the right to speak first," she told them.

In this spirit, I would like to use this editor's column to revisit some of the wise words shared by previous Journal editors and authors. I searched the archives for glimpses of our past that address, in some way, the question we find ourselves still asking after twenty years: "What is Yoga therapy?"
Yoga and Managed Care: A Cautionary Tale
Authors: Forbes Bo
Published: July 2020

As IAYT takes mindful steps toward Yoga therapy accreditation, it does so amidst a new healthcare climate in the West. Just a decade ago, most healthcare providers viewed Yoga as recreation or exercise rather than education or treatment. Now, many physicians, nurses, psychologists, social workers, and other healthcare professionals regard Yoga with open curiosity, if not respect. Some even practice Yoga themselves, or recommend group classes and private sessions to their patients and clients.
Development of the Beliefs About Yoga Scale
Authors: Sohl Stephanie , Schnur Julie , Daly Leslie , Suslov Kathryn , Montgomery Guy
Published: July 2020

Beliefs about yoga may influence participation in yoga and outcomes of yoga interventions. There is currently no scale appropriate for assessing these beliefs in the general U.S. population. This study took the first steps in developing and validating a Beliefs About Yoga Scale (BAYS) to assess beliefs about yoga that may influence people's engagement in yoga interventions. Items were generated based on previously published research about perceptions of yoga and reviewed by experts within the psychology and yoga communities. 426 adult participants were recruited from an urban medical center to respond to these items. The mean age was 40.7 (SD = 13.5) years. Participants completed the BAYS and seven additional indicators of criterion-related validity. The BAYS demonstrated internal consistency (11 items; α = 0.76) and three factors emerged: expected health benefits, expected discomfort, and expected social norms. The factor structure was confirmed: x2 (41, n = 213) = 72.06, p < .001; RMSEA =.06, p = .23. Criterion-related validity was supported by positive associations of the BAYS with past experiences and future intentions related to yoga. This initial analysis of the BAYS demonstrated that it is an adequately reliable and valid measure of beliefs about yoga with a three-factor structure. However, the scale may need to be modified based on the population to which it is applied.
A Protocol and Pilot Study for Managing Fibromyalgia with Yoga and Meditation
Authors: Hennard Janet
Published: July 2020

Fibromyalgia is a chronic syndrome characterized by widespread pain, sleep disturbance, stiffness, fatigue,headache, and mood disorders. Recent research has resulted in an improved understanding of fibromyalgia and its possible causes. This article highlights some of the current research, discusses a strategy for using yoga and meditation as a therapy for fibromyalgia sufferers, and presents the results of a preliminary 8-week study using yoga and meditation to help manage fibromyalgia symptoms. The study of 11 participants found significant improvement in the overall health status of the participants and in symptoms of stiffness, anxiety, and depression. Significant improvements were also seen in the reported number of days "felt good" and number of days "missed work" because of fibromyalgia. Nonsignificant improvements were seen in measures of pain, fatigue, and how one felt in the morning. Effect sizes were medium to large for most tested areas. This study supports the benefits of yoga and meditation for individuals with fibromyalgia and encourages further research to explore their use as standard therapies for fibromyalgia.
Thoughts on Legal and Ethical Concepts on the Professional Development of Ayurveda in the U.S.
Authors: Werner Wynn
Published: July 2020

The following is a transcript of a talk given by Wynn Werner, who is a board member of the National Ayurvedic Medical Association (NAMA) and member of the NAMA standards committee, at the NAMA conference in April 2010. In this talk, Werner discusses the legal and licensing challenges facing Ayurvedic practitioners in the United States. IAYT finds the work of NAMA on the issue of professional development to be both educational and thought-provoking for our own field's parallel process. We present this transcript to contribute to the conversation within the yoga therapy community.
Yoga in the Schools: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Serwacki Michelle , Cook-Cottone Catherine
Published: July 2020

Objective: The objective of this research was to examine the evidence for delivering yoga-based interventions in schools. Methods: An electronic literature search was conducted to identify peer-reviewed, published studies in which yoga and a meditative component (breathing practices or meditation) were taught to youths in a school setting. Pilot studies, single cohort, quasi-experimental, and randomized clinical trials were considered. Research: quality was evaluated and summarized. Results: Twelve published studies were identified. Samples for which yoga was implemented as an intervention included youths with autism, intellectual disability, learning disability, and emotional disturbance, as well as typically developing youths. Conclusion: Although effects of participating in school-based yoga programs appeared to be beneficial for the most part, methodological limitations, including lack of randomization, small samples, limited detail regarding the intervention, and statistical ambiguities curtailed the ability to provide definitive conclusions or recommendations. Findings speak to the need for greater methodological rigor and an increased understanding of the mechanisms of success for school-based yoga interventions.
Gentle Hatha Yoga and Reduction of Fibromyalgia-Related Symptoms: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Rudrud Lisa
Published: July 2020

Objectives and Methods: This study examined whether gentle Hatha yoga reduced fibromyalgia-related symptoms for a convenience sample of 10 participants ranging in age from 39 to 64 years who received yoga instruction 2 times per week for 8 weeks. Methods: Respondents completed the Fibromyalgia Impact Questionnaire 1 time per week and provided weekly journal reports regarding their health status. Pre- and post-intervention manual tender point evaluations were also conducted. Results: Findings provide evidence of association between participating in gentle Hatha yoga classes and reduced fibromyalgia - related symptoms. Conclusions: Additional randomized controlled trials with larger sample sizes and greater empirical rigor are needed to more fully understand this relationship.
Building Bridges for Yoga Therapy Research: The Aetna, Inc., Mind-Body Pilot Study on Chronic and High Stress
Authors: Kusnick Catherine , Kraftsow Gary , Hilliker Mary
Published: July 2020

In 2009, Aetna, Inc., invited Gary Kraftsow and the American Viniyoga Institute (AVI) to contribute to a research study on modulating stress. This partnership represented the first formal recognition of the potential role of yoga therapy in modern healthcare by an insurance company. This project exemplified the power and value of a collaboration in which yoga therapists made the ancient yoga teachings relevant to healthcare research. We must under-stand our own ancient traditions, learn the language of Western medicine, and recognize opportunities to build bridges to medical disciplines, academic partners, insurers, funders, and policy makers.
Psychological Well-Being, Health Behaviors, and Weight Loss Among Participants in a Residential, Kripalu Yoga-Based Weight Loss Program
Authors: Braun Tosca , Park Crystal , Conboy Lisa Ann
Published: July 2020

The increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in humans is a growing public health concern in the United States. Concomitants include poor health behaviors and reduced psychological well-being. Preliminary evidence suggests yoga and treatment paradigms incorporating mindfulness, self-compassion (SC), acceptance, non-dieting, and intuitive eating may improve these ancillary correlates, which may promote long-term weight loss. Methods: We explored the impact of a 5-day residential weight loss program, which was multifaceted and based on Kripalu yoga, on health behaviors, weight loss, and psychological well-being in overweight/obese individuals. Thirty-seven overweight/obese program participants (age 32-65, BMI<25) completed validated mind-fulness, SC, lifestyle behavior, and mood questionnaires at baseline, post-program, and 3-month follow-up and reported their weight 1 year after program completion. Results: Significant improvements in nutrition behaviors, SC, mindfulness, stress management, and spiritual growth were observed immediately post-program (n = 31, 84% retention), with medium to large effect sizes. At 3-month follow-up (n = 18, 49% retention), most changes persisted. Physical activity and mood disturbance had improved significantly post-program but failed to reach significance at 3-month follow-up. Self-report weight loss at 1 year (n = 19, 51% retention) was significant. Conclusion: These findings suggest a Kripalu yoga-based, residential weight loss program may foster psychological well-being, improved nutrition behaviors, and weight loss. Given the exploratory nature of this investigation, more rigorous work in this area is warranted.
Effects of a 4-month Ananda Yoga Program on Physical and Mental Health Outcomes for Persons With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Salgado Bryan Coleman , Jones Maitri , Ilgun Suzanne , McCord Gyandev , Loper-Powers Mangala , van Houten Peter
Published: July 2020

Objectives: Yoga has been found to be effective for addressing problems with strength, flexibility, balance, gait, anxiety, depression, and concentration. Varying degrees of these problems occur in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). This study examined the effects of a comprehensive, 4-month yoga program on strength, mobility, balance, respiratory function, and quality of life for individuals with MS. Methods: Twenty four individuals with MS participated in an intensive Ananda Yoga training followed by 17 weeks of home practice. Results: Significant improvements in functional strength, balance, and peak expiratory flow and a trend toward improvements in mental health and quality of life outcomes were detected following the intervention. Conclusions: The results of this exploratory study suggest that yoga can have a positive impact on physical functioning and quality of life for persons with mild to moderate MS.
Scientific Svadhyaya: Developing Guidelines for Yoga Therapy Research and Practice
Authors: Noggle Jessica
Published: July 2020

The field of yoga research is growing rapidly. This swift expansion presents an opportunity to improve the strength and quality of scientific evidence (Hagins & Khalsa, 2012). To that end, it is important to consider how scientific evidence informs clinical decision making and to engage in a process of self-inquiry, or scientific svadhyaya.
Discrepancies Between Perceptions of Real and Ideal Yoga Teachers and Their Relationship to Emotional Well-Being
Authors: Park Crystal , Riley Kristen , Besedin Elena , Stewart V. Michelle
Published: July 2020

Objectives: Although more individuals are adopting yoga into their lives, little research has examined practitioners’ expectations and experiences of their yoga instructor's behavior. Discrepancies between real and ideal behaviors of yoga instructors may lead to unsatisfactory experiences and decrease the potential impact of yoga practice. This study investigated differences between yoga practitioners' real and ideal perceptions of their yoga teacher's behavior and the relationship between discrepant beliefs and students’ symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress. Methods: The Perceptions of Yoga Teacher Questionnaire (PYTQ), a recently developed survey of student attitudes regarding yoga teachers’ behavior, was administered in a national online survey of yoga students and teachers. Greater discrepancy between real and idea yoga teacher behavior was anticipated to be positively associated with practitioners’ symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress.
Capturing What Matters: Measurement Theory in Yoga Research
Authors: Bonura Kimberlee Bethany
Published: July 2020

Research starts with an idea. The idea leads to a review of the empirical literature to understand existing philosophical and theoretical models and reported results related to that topic. The idea is then refined to identify a novel question based on theory and previous investigations. A study is born. An idea or a question is not sufficient in and of itself. Studies are multifaceted, complex undertakings that require a diverse skill set, as illustrated in the Perspectives in this issue of the journal. One of the most important parts of this process is the understanding of measurement theory.
The Benefits of Yoga for Adults With Type 2 Diabetes: A Review of the Evidence and Call for a Collaborative, Integrated Research Initiative
Authors: de G.R. Hansen Elizabeth , Innes Kim
Published: July 2020

Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is a global public health crisis. Research suggests that yoga holds promise for T2DM management. This article summarizes evidence regarding the efficacy of yoga for T2DM management and encourages the development of an integrated research agenda and a collaborative work group to test it. We present a brief overview of the global rise in T2DM and its consequences and costs, review the evidence regarding the potential benefits of yoga for T2DM management, outline limitations in the literature, discuss possible mechanisms underlying the effects of yoga on T2DM, and suggest how a collaborative, multinational effort by yoga therapist and research communities might contribute to research and inform clinical practice. Yoga protocols that serve T2DM patients and a research framework for creating an evidence base to support the use of yoga for T2DM management are clearly needed.
Implementing Yoga Therapy Adapted for Older Veterans Who Are Cancer Survivors
Authors: King Katherine , Gosian Jeffrey , Doherty Kelly , Chapman Jnani , Chapman Jnani , Walsh Christina , Pokaski Azar Jill , Pokaski Azar Jill , Danhauer Suzanne , Moye Jennifer
Published: July 2020

Objectives: This goal of this paper is to describe the reach, application, and effectiveness of an 8-week yoga therapy protocol with older cancer survivors within a Veterans Health Administration setting. Methods: To document the reach of this intervention, recruitment efforts, attendance, and practice rates were tracked. To explore the application of the protocol to this population, physical therapy preassessment and observations by the yoga therapist were recorded to ascertain necessary pose modifications. Effectiveness was measured through pre- and post-course structured interviews, tracking self-reported symptoms of combat-related posttraumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, fatigue, insomnia, and pain. Results: Regarding reach, 15% of eligible veterans (n = 14) enrolled, participated in 3–16 classes (M±SD = 11.64±3.39), and practiced at home for 0–56 days (M±SD = 26.36±17.87). Participants were primarily Caucasian (n = 13), male (n = 13), ranged in age from 55 to 78 years (M±SD = 65.64±5.15), and had multiple medical problems. During application, substantial individualized modifications to the yoga therapy protocol were necessary. Effectiveness of the intervention was mixed. During post-course interviews, participants reported a variety of qualitative benefits. Notably, the majority of participants reported that breathing and relaxation techniques were the most useful to learn. Group comparisons of mean pre- and post-course scores on standardized measures showed no significant differences. Conclusions: A minority of older veterans express an interest in yoga, but those who do have high rates of class attendance and home practice. Careful physical pre-assessment and attentive therapists are required to undertake the adaptations required by participants with multiple comorbidities. The effectiveness of yoga in this setting requires additional study.
A Process Evaluation of the Art of Yoga Project Mentor Program for Incarcerated Teenage Girls
Authors: Harris Danielle Arlanda , Malone Stephanie
Published: July 2020

Returning to the community upon release from custody is a difficult process to navigate, and there are scant resources available to juvenile female offenders, in particular. Comprehensive wraparound aftercare and mentor services are a central component of successful community reentry, and the well-established unique characteristics of juvenile girls make it necessary to create programs catered specifically to them. The present study employed a case study design to describe and evaluate the Art of Yoga Project's Mentor Program. Eight girls and their mentors were followed for a period of 12 months after the girls' release from custody. Preliminary results from qualitative content analysis suggest that the program was valuable for the girls who participated.
Interest In Yoga Among Fibromyalgia Patients: An International Internet Survey
Authors: Firestone Kari , Carson James , Mist Scott , Carson Kimberly , Jones Kim
Published: July 2020

Studies in circumscribed clinical settings have reported the adoption of yoga by many fibromyalgia (FM) patients. However, it is unclear from existing studies which types of yoga practices FM patients are typically engaging in and the extent to which they experience yoga as helpful or not. The purpose of this study was to survey FM patients in many different regions to inquire about their engagement in various yoga practices, the perceived benefits, and the obstacles to further practice. A 13-question Internet survey of persons self-identified as FM patients was conducted among subscribers to 2 electronic newsletters on the topic of FM. Respondents (N = 2543) replied from all 50 U.S. states and also from Canada, Australia, and the United Kingdom, and from more than two dozen other countries. On average, respondents were 57 years of age and 96% were female, with an average time since diagnosis of 13 years. Of these respondents, 79.8% had considered trying yoga and 57.8% had attended 1 yoga class. The respondents' classes typically focused almost exclusively on yoga poses, with minimal training in meditation, breathing techniques, or other practices. The most commonly cited benefits were reduced stiffness, relaxation, and better balance. The most frequently cited obstacles were concerns about the poses being too physically demanding and fear that the poses would cause too much pain. These findings confirm strong interest in yoga across a geographically diverse range of FM patients. However, concerns about yoga-induced pain and yoga poses being too difficult are common reasons that FM patients do not engage in yoga exercises. This study supports the need for yoga programs tailored for FM patients to include modification of poses to minimize aggravating movements and substantive training in meditation and other yoga-based coping methods to minimize pain-related fear.
Self-Reported Morningness-Eveningness Related To Positive Affect-Change Associated With A Single Session Of Hatha Yoga
Authors: Reed Justy
Published: July 2020

Objectives: To examine positive affect (PA) responses to a single hatha yoga session compared to a lecture control class and to investigate a potential association between selfreported morningness-eveningness and yoga - related PA change. Method: Participants (Mean age = 28.50 years) in the yoga group (n = 45) and control group (n = 25) completed the revised Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ) before yoga and lecture (pre) and the Visual Analogue Mood Scale (VAMS) as a measure of PA before and after yoga and lecture (post). Results: Pre-to-post PA change was greater in the yoga group compared to the control (p < 0.001). Analysis of the yoga group VAMS scores revealed a significant rMEQ type (morning, neither, evening) by time (pre to post) interaction (p = 0.03), with greater PA change in evening types compared to morning types (p = 0.01). Conclusions: The results show that a single hatha yoga session improves self-reported PA more than a lecture control and suggest a relationship between self-reported morningness-eveningness and PA responses to hatha yoga. The findings may help yoga practitioners, instructors, and researchers better understand the psychological benefits of yoga. Researchers should consider conducting long-term studies on the association between self-reported morningness- eveningness and affective responses to yoga practice.