bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of Internal Auditors in Achieving the Social Responsibility of the Commercial Banks Operating in Jordan: A Field Study
Authors: Al Qadi Faris , Al Haija Mohammed
Published: May 2021

The aim of this study is to identify the role of the internal auditors in achieving the social responsibility of the commercial banks operating in Jordan as a result of its affectivity on the sustainable development of the society. The descriptive statistics were used to describe and respond to the two study samples, the ANOVA test and the T-test were used as well at the significance level (0.05) to examine the hypothesis of the study. This study found out that the internal auditors are doing well in verifying the integrity of commercial practices in Jordan regarding the human rights and business behavior on one hand, and don’t leave a finger with regard to the safety of environmental and social practices on the other hand. One of the important study recommendations is the necessity of urging the internal auditors to play a pivotal role in monitoring commercial banks related to environment and social relationships by holding training courses and programs in addition to conducting further studies on social responsibility and sustainable development.
The Demand for Private Tutoring in Turkey: An Analysis of Private Tutoring Participation and Spending
Authors: Özdere Mustafa
Published: May 2021

This article explores the process, reasons, and determinants of private tutoring as perceived by the high school students in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. This is a survey study and the quantitative data for the study was collected with a questionnaire from 1329 high school students during the spring semester in 2019. According to the findings, almost half of the participants reported having received private tutoring at private teaching institutions in the last year. The most popular subjects for private tutoring were math, science, and Turkish. Exam-focused learning, poor classroom teaching were reported as the most important reasons behind receiving private tutoring. The individuals who referred most of the participants to private tutoring were the parents. Besides, it was determined that as age, grade, father and mother’s education level, level of income, and parents’ belief in the need for education increases, the likelihood of receiving private tutoring increases; as satisfaction level with the school decreases, students are more likely to participate in private tutoring. Also, it was found out that female students spent on private tutoring more than male students. It is concluded that the demand for private tutoring in Turkey is high, and this may be due to the university entrance system based on high-stakes testing.
The Process of Regionalization and Its Effect on Complex Environmental Regimes
Authors: Gordeeva Evgenia
Published: May 2021

I believe that the phenomenon of regionalization that currently gains weight as a characteristic of the international system bears a great potential for increasing the effectiveness of complex international environmental regimes. Constituting a sub-level within the international system, macro-regions create a bridge between the anarchy of the international system and the order of the state, by doing so, allowing for a certain amount of intra-regional cooperation to emerge and facilitating inter-regional coordination. The corresponding fragmentation of complex environmental regimes into sub-regimes consisting of groups of states sharing certain characteristics and interests can be expected to contribute to an increase in their effectiveness.
Optimization on Submanifolds of $\delta$-Lorentzian trans-Sasakian Manifolds with Casorati Curvatures
Authors: Siddiqui Aliya Naaz , Siddiqi Mohd Danish , Shahid Mohammad Hasan
Published: May 2021

The present research article is concerned about a couple of optimal inequalities for submanifolds of $\delta$-Lorentzian trans-Sasakian manifolds endowed with semi-symmetric metric connection (briefly says $SSM$). Some examples of $\delta$-Lorentzian trans-Sasakiam manifolds are also discussed here. This paper ends with some open problems.
PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH PRODUKSI KERAJINAN BAMBU MELALUI DESAIN PRODUK BERBAHAN DASAR ARANG
Authors: Ihsan Muhammad , Fikrani Almira , Sriwarno Andar Bagus
Published: May 2021

Bambu sering digunakan sebagai material pengganti kayu karena karakteristik materialnya yang memiliki kemiripan dalam proses dan pertumbuhannya yang cepat sehingga berkontribusi pada penghematan dan pemulihan hutan dunia. Kegiatan produksi kerajinan bambu menghasilkan limbah yang berupa serat dan potongan kecil. Limbah tersebut biasanya dibuang dan dibakar karena bentuknya yang tidak beraturan dan sulit untuk dimanfaatkan menjadi produk kerajinan. Penelitian ini mencoba mengidentifikasi siklus hidup bambu sebagai material dan mengidentifikasi berbagai cara untuk memanfaatkan limbah produksi bambu. Terdapat berbagai alternatif untuk memanfaatkan limbah bambu; dalam hal ini arang bambu memiliki banyak manfaat yang dapat memperluas alternatif dalam pemanfaatan bambu. Arang bambu merupakan salah satu sumber daya alam sejak zaman dahulu dan saat ini popularitas arang bambu terus meningkat karena manfaatnya untuk pemurnian air dan pembersih udara, kosmetik, dan aplikasi medis, serta dapat memperpanjang umur tangkai bunga yang telah dipotong. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah metode eksperimen dengan data berupa material sederhana dari berbagai workshop. Melalui eksperimen material pada air kotor, diketahui bahwa arang bambu dapat memperpanjang umur tangkai bunga sekaligus dapat membersihkan air. Konsep desain mengenai bagaimana mengemas bubuk arang bambu yang digabungkan dengan teknik tenun dikembangkan bersama perajin sebagai wujud usaha dalam memberikan nilai tambah bagi ekonomi lokal. Arang bambu dan berbagai manfaatnya akan memperpanjang siklus hidup material limbah produksi kerajinan bambu menjadi produk yang ramah lingkungan.Â Â Bamboo has been frequently used as a substitute material for hardwood products due to its sustainable material characteristics: fast growing and lightweight. It thereby contributes to the saving and restoration of the worldâ€™s forest. During the production of bamboo products, its wastes which are in the form of fibres and small fractions are thrown away and burned due its irregular form that makes it hard to reuse. This research attempts to identify the lifecycle of bamboo as a material and to find out various ways to make use of the waste from bamboo production. Considering various alternative ways to utilize bamboo waste, bamboo charcoal has a lot of benefits that could widen of the options of bamboo use. Bamboo charcoal is considered to as a natural resource since ancient times, and it recently gains more popularity as a natural water and air purifier, cosmetics and medical applications, and the life extender of cut flower. Through material experimentation in dirty water, it was found that bamboo charcoal did extend life of cut flowers as well as clean the water. Design concepts of how to package charcoal powder with bamboo weavings were developed with craftsmen, as an additional value for the local economy. Bamboo charcoal and its uses would extend the life of bamboo waste into a product which is environmentally sustainable.
POLA-POLA KOMUNIKASI DALAM KEBUDAYAAN DIGITAL
Authors: Saidi, M.Hum Dr. Acep Iwan , Puspitasari Dyah Gayatri , Alba Siregar Harifa Ali
Published: May 2021

Artikel ini berisi kajian tentang relasi interaksional masyarakat di dunia virtual di Indonesia. Relasi tersebut dipahami telah membentuk sebuah kebudayaan tersediri, yakni kebudayaan di dunia virtual, yang dalam kajian ini disebut sebagai kebudayaan digital. Relasi interaksional yang dimaksud tidak lain adalah cara bagaimana informasi diproduksi, didistribusikan, dan dipertukarkan dalam proses komunikasi. Dengan menggunakan metode netnografiâ€” sebuah metode yang merupakan pengembangan dari etnografi menjadi â€œcyber-etnografiâ€ atau etnografi virtualâ€”ditemukan beberapa pola tentang bagaimana proses komunikasi tersebut berlangsung, antara lain pola komunikasi berbasis â€œtemanâ€, komunikasi tanpa pengirim dan komunikasi berbasis tanda semiosis. Dasar dari semua pola itu adalah tradisi kelisanan yang sejak awal memang telah melekat menjadi semacam â€œDNAâ€ kebudayaan Indonesia. Oleh sebab itu, komunikasi atau interaksi online dalam kebudayaan digital Indonesia tidak pernah menjadikan komunikasi face to face (kopi darat) tersisihkan. Alih-alih demikian, komunikasi dalam dunia online menjadi bagian dari proses menuju pada komunikasi face to face.Â Â This article contains a study of interactional relations of people on the virtual world in Indonesia. The relationship is understood to have formed a particular culture, namely virtual culture, which is referred to as digital culture in this study. The interactional relations are the way in which information is produced, distributed, and exchanged in a communication process. Using netnography method â€”a method developed from ethnography into â€œcyber-ethnographyâ€ or virtual ethnographyâ€”, several patterns about how the communication process takes place were found. The patterns include communication based on â€œfriendsâ€, communication without senders, and communication based on signs of semiosis. The basis of all these patterns is the oral tradition which has been inherited to be the â€œDNAâ€ of Indonesian culture since long time ago. Thus, online communication or interaction in Indonesian digital culture has never made face to face communication (meet up) excluded. Instead, communication in the online world becomes a part of the process towards face to face communication.Â Â
KONSTRUKSI REALITAS SIMBOLIK GENERASI MILENIAL MELALUI TEMA FANTASI SELEBGRAM DI MEDIA SOSIAL
Authors: Mutiaz Intan Rizky
Published: May 2021

Media sosial telah berhasil membangun realitasnya sendiri di dunia maya, berdampingan dengan dunia nyata sebagai akibat adanya komunikasi antara individu dalam memaknai realitas dunia nyata dan diunggah menjadi konten di media sosial. Unggahan selebgram merupakan relasi antara idola dan penggemar yang memperkuat terjadinya konvergensi simbolik dan kesadaran kelompok yang kohesi karena selebgram menjadi influencer bagi generasi milenial. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui konstruksi realitas simbolik dari selebgram sebagai influencer generasi milenial di media sosial melalui tema fantasi yang menimbulkan kesadaran bersama dan realitas simbolik bersama. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah paradigma naratif dengan pengumpulan data interpretatif dan pendekatan analisis melalui Fantasy Theme Analysis (FTA). Objek penelitian ini adalah 3 selebgram yaitu Awkarin, Princess Syahrini, dan Raden Rauf dengan pertimbangan memiliki follower banyak, aktif bermedia sosial, dan fenomenal. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan para selebgram membangun interaksi dengan penggemarnya dengan memanfaatkan tema fantasi untuk menghasilkan kebersamaan, kedekatan, makna, motif, serta perasaan bersama hasil konstruksi realitas simbolik bersama.Â Â Social media has succeeded in building its own reality in cyberspace. It is side by side with the real world as a result of communication between individuals in interpreting real-world reality which is uploaded into â€contentâ€ on the social media. Some uploads from celebrities Instagram are a relationship between idols and their fans which strengthens the occurrence of symbolic convergence and cohesive group awareness, because all of celebrities Instagram become influencers for the millennial generation. The purpose of this study is to discover the construction of symbolic reality from various celebrities Instagram as the influencers of millennial generation on the social media through fantasy themes that raise the shared awareness and shared symbolic reality. The method used in this study was the narrative paradigm with interpretive data collection. It also employed analytical approaches through Fantasy Theme Analysis (FTA). The objects of this study were three celebrities: Awkarin, Princess Syahrini, and Raden Rauf with a consideration of having many followers, active social media, and being phenomenal. The results of this study indicate that celebrities build interaction with their fans by utilizing fantasy themes to produce togetherness, closeness, meaning, motives, and shared feelings as a result of the construction of shared symbolic reality.
POLA SPASIAL HARGA TANAH UNTUK PERENCANAAN STRATEGIS DALAM PERSPEKTIF PEMBANGUNAN BERKELANJUTAN (STUDI KASUS: KOTA BANDUNG, JAWA BARAT, INDONESIA)
Authors: Handayani Alfita Puspa , Deliar Albertus , Abdulharis Rizqi
Published: May 2021

Sustainable development goals are expected to be achieved by 2030. One of the goals of sustainable development is tobuild cities and settlements that are inclusive, safe, and resilient. Bandung as one of the cities with very rapid development growth during the last 10 years has experienced changes in land prices, which are also very fast. Land prices are proven to have a relationship with development in an area. The more complete public facilities, social facilities, and accesses in an area, the higher the price is. This study has determined the spatial pattern of land prices in Bandung using four spatial cluster analysis methods. It is found that the spatial pattern of land prices in Indonesia is clustered. The results of this spatial pattern can be used as the basis for strategic planning for Bandung, especially to serve areas that can still be developed into new development centers supported by environmental planning and sustainable development.
DIGITAL HUMANITIES
Authors: Kurniasih, M.Hum. Dr. Nia
Published: May 2021

The Digital Humanities: A Primer for Students and Scholars is written by Eileen Gardiner and Ronald G. Musto as a resource for undergraduate and postgraduate students working in the field of the digital humanities. Overall, the well-structured book discusses how technological developments have presented scholars and students with new grounds to explore the methodology, pedagogy, and public history aspects of digital history. It tries to respond to such questions as whether the Digital Humanities (DH) is a field of study or a methodology, if it is a social science, a humanistic, or a technological discipline, or  whether it is the study of the interaction between computing and humanities.
MENGUKUR DAN MERANCANG MODEL KETAHANAN ENERGI MELALUI PERUBAHAN PERILAKU KONSUMEN ENERGI TERBARUKAN
Authors: Febriani Nufian S , Avicenna Fitria
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACTThe benefits of renewable energy in Indonesia are not well understood by consumers. This research suggests the useof renewable energy, which is very beneficial for consumers. This research also has implications for policy makers,electricity suppliers, and future researchers. Using two online and offline survey methods, this study can formulate abehavior change model that can help policy makers identify marketing and branding strategies so that they are expectedto succeed in changing consumer behavior and increasing the degree of consumer involvement in renewable energyproducts, for example in forming an energy independent community. Therefore, in addition to strengthening the use ofrenewable energy, other sections such as marketing and further research on consumer behavior must continue to becarried out in order to obtain a whole independent energy system
A BIBLIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF RESEARCH ON BIOCHAR FOR WASTEWATER TREATMENT
Authors: Fitria Laili
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
 This paper investigates global research of highly cited articles on biochar for wastewater treatment using bibliometricanalysis from Scopus database. Based on bibliometric, highly cited articles were published between 2009-2018. We found33 highly cited articles with 6,429 citations from various journals, countries, institutions, and authors. The most activejournal to publish biochar in wastewater treatment is Journal of Hazardous Materials (JHM) from Netherlands. Mostactive authors come from America and China. University of Florida, USA, is the most active institution to research theuse of biochar in wastewater treatment. Then, the common keywords that authors used are biochar and heavy metals. Itshows that biochar is effective to remove heavy metals from wastewater. Also, biochar optimization in production andadsorption is a concern of future research. This is one of the first attempts to understand a stream of research which, overtime, has paved the way for the utilization of biochar as a material for wastewater treatment.
GENRE-BASED DIGITAL STORYTELLING IN THE 21st CENTURY EDUCATION: A STUDENTS’ PERCEPTION
Authors: Sari Nadia Tiara Antik , Adjie Nahrowi , Rajasa Gilang , Madjid Nuur Wachid Abdul
Published: May 2021

ABSTRACT
The present study is aimed at investigating the perception of elementary school pre-service teachers regarding the genrebased digital story telling projects in their General English (GE) class. The benefits and challenges of digital storytelling projects have been studied by many researchers. However, perception of elementary school pre-service teachers of the issue is still rarely investigated. The data were collected from open and closed questionnaire to 47 elementary school pre-service teachers of a public university in West Java, Indonesia. In the second semester, they had a GE class (kelas Mata Kuliah Umum/MKU Bahasa Inggris). They were given two genre-based digital storytelling projects i.e. the digital descriptive and narrative text projects. The findings are further explained in relation to the 4Cs skill in 21st century education. It is found that genre-based digital storytelling projects improve the elementary school pre-service teachers’ communication, collaboration, creative thinking, and creativity skill. The pre-service teachers generally perceived the learning as meaningful, engaging, and enjoyable, supporting digital storytelling as a powerful media in the 21st century education.
AKUISISI DATA MEDIA SOSIAL PEMERINTAH UNTUK MENGANALISIS KETERBUKAAN INFORMASI PENYEBARAN COVID-19
Authors: Najwa Nina Fadilah , Furqon Muhammad Ariful , Sintiya Endah Septa , Puspitaningrum Ari Cahaya
Published: May 2021

The Covid-19 pandemic is spreading rapidly throughout the world, including in Indonesia. Every province in Indonesiahas been using social media to share Covid-19 information. This study aims to see the activeness and openness ofprovincial governments’ social media about Covid-19 information. The steps taken were crawling data on governments’social media, namely Instagram by taking 300 posts. Then, data extraction was carried out to filter data related to Covid19. This study also conducted a comparison or ranking of provinces that have had Covid-19 confirmed cases. The resultsshow that DKI Jakarta Province is the area that has the most Covid-19 confirmed patients. Meanwhile, the most activesocial media is North Sumatra Province. There is an influence on the growth rate of confirmed cases of Covid-19 with theactive provincial government social media. The research contribution has provided the analysis results of data acquisitionand is used as knowledge for government officials to increase the social media activeness of their local government.
KETERLEKATAN INTERNET DALAM AKTIVITAS KESEHARIAN DAN PENDIDIKAN GENERASI MILENIAL
Authors: Setiawan Rizki
Published: May 2021

This article aims to explore the embeddedness bof the millennial generation to the internet in daily activities and educationat the local level. This research uses concurrent mixed methods with a survey and interview strategy simultaneously.The results showed the uniqueness of the Banten millennial generation’s engagement with the internet as follows: (i)informants learned to use the internet more by themselves; (ii) they use internet more for social media; (iii) they stilllike shopping and use conventional modes of transportation; (iv) most of them cannot carry out their daily activitieswithout the internet; (v) daily activities are undertaken without an agenda but have a specific target. Furthermore, inthe interaction between technology and education, it is found: (i) technology is related to information seeking for themillennial generation; (ii) they prefer to find information through browsing; (iii) only a small proportion of them haveexperimental learning attitudes; (iv) the majority of the millennial generation views that the existence of teachers is stillthe main factor in learning.
EVALUASI EYE TRACKING TERHADAP PERSEPSI WARNA DAN GAMBAR PADA PRIMARY DISPLAY PANEL KEMASAN
Authors: Swasty Wirania , Mustikawan Arry , Koesoemadinata Moh. Isa Pramana
Published: May 2021

Home industry food packaging displayed on shelves in stores will compete with products from other brands that areplaced close together. In order to attract consumers’ attention and assist them in the purchasing decision-making process, packaging that has a competitive advantage is needed. This research is limited to the Primary Display Panel (PDP) packaging of home industry banana chips. In previous studies, the research used was quantitative, but this does not reveal the whole story. The data recording process can support “what” the participant looks at but does not reveal “why” they look at it. For this reason, this research is aimed to establish a broader understanding of what participants perceive of the packaging design seen using eye tracking methods and why it happened. This study uses qualitative approach. Thestudy consists of three phases: literature study, eye tracking data recording, and data processing and interviews analyzedusing content analysis. The result is colors and images are perceived to be the same by teenagers and young adults. There is no connection between likes and dislikes for colors/images with colors preference in choosing snack products. The results can be used by producers and packaging designers to create packages that generate consumer purchase interest.
Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy Versus Phonophoresis Therapy for Neck Myofascial Pain Syndrome: A Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Taheri Parisa , Naderi Marzie , Khosravi Saeid
Published: May 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effects of using Extracorporeal Shock Wave Therapy (ECSWT) and phonophoresis therapy on pain and neck disability in patients with neck myofascial pain syndrome (MPS). Methods: Forty eligible patients were randomly divided into two groups of ECSWT (received three sessions of ECSWT, once a week for three weeks) and phonophoresis (received ultrasound using hydrocortisone gel 1% over the trigger point on trapezius muscle, three times a week for three weeks). Patients in both groups received the same stretching exercise program and drug regimen during the intervention. Results: Pain and NDI scores in both groups were significantly improved at the end of the treatment and four weeks later. At the end of the treatment, the pain score was similar between the groups. Four weeks after the treatment, the pain score in the ECSWT group was significantly lower than in the phonophoresis group (P-value = 0.030). The NDI score was not significantly different between the groups at the end of the treatment. However, four weeks after the treatment, the NDI score was significantly lower in the ECSWT group than in the phonophoresis group (P-value=0.032). The trend of changes in the pain and NDI scores was not significantly different between the groups. Conclusions: Both phonophoresis and ECSWT groups effectively decreased pain and neck disability in patients with MPS, with the superiority of ECSWT with a more lasting effect for a month after the end of the treatment.
Common Limitations and Challenges of Dietary Clinical Trials for Translation into Clinical Practices
Authors: Mirmiran Parvin , Bahadoran Zahra , Gaeini Zahra
Published: May 2021

: The progressive development of clinical and public health nutrition has long relied on dietary clinical trials (DCTs), investigating the causal relationship between diet and multiple risk factors of non-communicable and chronic diseases. DCTs are also hallmarks for establishing dietary requirements and promoting overall nutritional health among the population. Despite their critical importance in translation into public health strategies and practices, DCTs have several limitations and challenges for study design, implementation and finding interpretation. The complex nature of nutrition interventions, collinearity between diet components, multi-target effects of the interventions, diverse dietary behaviors, and food culture are the most challenging issues. Furthermore, baseline exposure and dietary status, appropriate control groups, blinding, randomization, and poor adherence undermine the effectiveness of DCTs in translation into practices. Disruptive factors will be minimized if researchers are committed to following good clinical practice (GCP) standards available for common designs of clinical trials. Planning DCTs, however, needs careful considerations for hypothesis generation, study design development, the definition of primary and secondary outcome measures, and target population.
Security in Cyberspace in the Field of International Relations
Authors: Abbasi Mohammad
Published: May 2021

: As cyberspace expands and globalizes, we are experiencing a new layer of threats to governments in the form of cyber threats that have impacted various facets of national security, including social, economic, military, and political security. As a result, in the form of electronic warfare, it has developed a new kind of war and conflict. Therefore, it has impacted international security, necessitating solutions to minimize the harm caused by this form of threat and preserve international security. So, network security has brought to light some of the underlying tensions between international rivalry and cybersecurity cooperation. Thus, the current study employs a descriptive-analytical method to investigate and analyze the role of international organizations, especially the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, in the development of cyberspace security. The hypothesis raised in this study is that since governments are increasingly relying on unilateral policies and resources to ensure cyber protection, international organizations should play an active role in shaping cooperation among their members in the form of approaches focused on international cooperation on cybersecurity and the prevention of cyber threats, as well as the development of a global cybersecurity system.
The Effects of Multiple Drilling Method on Improving the Functional Level and Reduction of Complaints in Patients with Knee Osteochondritis Dissecans
Authors: Fakoor Mohammad , Rashidi Samaneh , Kalantari Masoud
Published: May 2021

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effects of multiple drilling technique on therapeutic outcomes of patients with osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee. Methods: This controlled clinical trial was conducted on 24 patients aged 13 - 45 years with OCD types II and III according to the Dipaola classification and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) assessments. The patients were classified into two groups (n = 12), including multiple drilling and control. Assessments including radiographic examinations, Tegner-Lysholm knee score, knee injury and osteoarthritis outcome score (KOOS), and visual analog scale (VAS) were performed before, three, and six months after treatment (surgery or conservative) for all patients, and the results were compared between the two groups. Results: After three months, Lysholm score was “good” and “fair” in the intervention and control groups, respectively. After six months, this index was “excellent” in the intervention group and “poor” in the control group. The KOOS score was significantly higher, and pain intensity was significantly lower in the intervention group three and six months after follow-up (P < 0.05). The union was obtained in all patients of the intervention group in the last follow-up, and no surgical failure was reported in the patients. Conclusions: Significant improvements in the functional level and pain reduction were observed in patients treated with multiple drilling technique. Our results also showed high rates of union healing with low complication rates using multiple drilling technique.
Facing Disaster During a COVID-19 Outbreak: What Emergency Medicine Experts Should Know?
Authors: Moezzi Meisam , Masoumi Kambiz , Forouzan Arash , Poladzadeh Manda , Rahim Fakher
Published: May 2021

Context: Since December 2019, the new coronavirus (COVID-19) has been identified as one of the significant challenges in the health systems of countries. Recently, the development and equipping of hospitals and medical centers have been considered as a priority, providing a variety of advanced services in the areas of diagnostic, therapeutic, and supportive services to patients. The present review aimed to shed light on the importance and crucial role of knowledge in the field of emergency medicine during the COVID-19 pandemic and to compare the local and international guidelines. Finally, in addition to the workplace and emergency practitioners’ acts, alongside the especial need to frequently disinfect with appropriate antiseptic materials, negative pressure ventilation should also be in the triage and emergency rooms. Besides, personal protection requirements should be sufficiently accessible, and emergency physicians should be trained to use them properly while adhering to safety principles. It is also recommended to use a cap, gown, appropriate mask, shield, and gloves during treatment, diagnostic and supportive measures, and practice frequent hand washing with antiseptic materials like alcohol solutions, as it reduces the risk of infection transmission. Moreover, it is imperative that nurses and physicians working in emergencies follow all safety principles at the end of the shift before entering their homes. Conclusions: Ultimately, the final goal is to reduce the virus transmission through early detection, supportive, diagnostic, and therapeutic actions, and appropriate follow-up.
Clinical Presentation, Management, and Outcomes of Patients with COVID-19 Disease: A Report from a Large Tertiary Hospital in Iran
Authors: Dehghan Bahram , Abeshtan Ahmad , Sarami Abdullah , Saeidimehr Saied , Maraghi Elham , Rahim Fakher
Published: May 2021

Objectives: The aim of the present study was to assess clinical characteristics, management, and in-hospital outcomes of COVID-19 among oil refinery workers in a single referral center. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in a non-COVID single referral center from March to August 2020. At the Naft Grand Hospital, a COVID-19 specimen collection and molecular detection unit was established, and staff were trained how to collect suitable samples (sufficiently deep swabs), store, pack, and transport them. The diagnosis of COVID-19 infection (SARS-CoV-2) was confirmed by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Results: Overall, 500 patients with confirmed COVID-19 infection were included, among whom the most common comorbidities were hypertension (52.2%) and diabetes (45.6%). Moreover, 298 patients (59.6%) had one to three comorbidities; 148 patients (29.6%) had four to six comorbidities, and two patients (0.4%) suffered from seven and more comorbidities. Out of these, 23 patients (4.6%) had cancer, and 206 (41.2%) suffered from other diseases. Most of the patients (390, 78.8%) received Kaletra, and 387 (78.02%) were treated with Azithromycin. Overall, PCR results were positive in 377 (75.4%) patients; computed tomography scan (CT-scan) was positive in 413 (82.6%), and CRP test rendered positive results in 335 patients (67%). Conclusions: Most referred cases were survivors with mild to moderate symptoms, and a few of them were unfortunately non-survivors. This could be due to the appropriate responses to treatment and institutional isolation of people with mild COVID-19 symptoms. Thus, good and evidence-based clinical care combined with intense public health interventions will save the lives of thousands, if not millions, worldwide.
The Nature of Virtue Ethics
Authors: Postell Allison ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2021

In Dependent Rational Animals, Alasdair MacIntyre claims that human beings need the virtues. This attempt to claim that human nature is the source and standard of living well does not fully meet John McDowell’s challenge to those who would claim that human nature is ethically normative. A being with practical reason, McDowell explains, can step back from and judge natural impulses. Why, then, should nature have any normative authority over a practically rational being? While MacIntyre’s descriptions of why human beings need the virtues are largely correct, I contend that his position can be fully vindicated by supplementing his account with an Aristotelian value-laden metaphysics. By exploring why Aristotle maintains that goodness is coextensive with “that for the sake of which” and a being’s nature, it is possible to see why virtues are proper objects of practical reason and why it is normatively better for humans to contribute to communal networks of care.
Theistic Moral Realism, Evolutionary Debunking Arguments, and a Catholic Philosophy of Nature
Authors: Rauschenbach Michael ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2021

Evolutionary debunking arguments, whether defended by Street (2006), Joyce (2006), or others against moral realism, or by Plantinga (1993, 2011) and others against atheism, seek to determine the implications of the still-dominant worldview of naturalism. Examining these arguments is thus a critical component of any defense of a theistic philosophy of nature. Recently, several authors have explored the connection between evolutionary debunking arguments against moral realism (hence: EDAs) and Plantinga’s evolutionary argument against naturalistic atheism (hence: EAAN). Typically, responses in this vein have been critical of EDAs, arguing that they are in some way self-undermining. Different critics have argued that, in the course of defending the EAAN, the theist loses her best response to the probabilistic argument from evil for atheism. Here, I provide the first systematic comparison of all three arguments—EDAs, the EAAN, and the problem of evil—and suggest that the first charge succeeds while the second fails.
Human Rights, Legalism, and the Parodox of Pluralism
Authors: Ingram David ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2021

This article examines the theoretical pathways connecting Benhabib’s thoughts on ethical normativity, human rights, legality, democracy, liberalism, pluralism, and the tragedy of the political. It endorses Benhabib’s dialectical treatment of these paradoxical political tropes but notes a possible unresolved tension in her discussion of the ambiguous moral and legal nature of human rights. I propose a pluralist approach to the moral grounding of legal human rights that might be at odds with Benhabib’s approach.
Non-Constitutive Cosmopsychism
Authors: Petersen Nikolaj Pilgaard ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2021

Due to the difficulties of providing an adequate physicalist solution to the problem of consciousness, recent years have seen explora­tions of different avenues. Among these is the thesis of cosmopsychism, the view that the cosmos as a whole possesses consciousness. However, constitutive cosmopsychism is faced with the difficult problem of de­combination: how to consistently maintain the claim that individual subjects are grounded in one absolute consciousness. This paper sug­gests a solution by outlining a theoretical model of a broadly idealistic and quantitative substance-monistic character. The key idea here is a triadic rather than monistic or dualistic conception of the subject. This conception allows us to affirm that the individual subject exists while simultaneously holding that its substance component is part of the one, undivided substance. This substance is in turn the substantive component of an all-encompassing, absolute subject. Notably, this model avoids the problem of decombination.
Ethical Case Analysis Template: Learning to Develop Ethical Values Through Practice
Authors: Sundararajan Malavika ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: May 2021

Ethical behaviors are taught in business classrooms using multiple methods, among which case studies are a standard method. However, when introduced at the undergraduate level, until students have developed a strong foundation in moral philosophy, a prescriptive case analysis template may help them build constructive mental models towards that foundation. The paper thus proposes a case analysis method template based on critical components identified in the Ethics literature that lead to ethical decision-making that can be used as a tool by teachers in Ethics in Business classrooms. The critical components entail the development of moral awareness by training the students to develop ethical values through practice. Students learn how to identify an ethical dilemma, analyze various stakeholder characteristics, explore ethical principles, and make moral judgments before recommending moral actions in each context. A sample case analysis is also provided for classroom use. The implications and value to educators, students, and managers are discussed.
“I Am in Room 523”
Authors: Burke Kathleen , Bhalloo Shafik ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: May 2021

Initiatives to encourage more women in STEM-related industries have had mixed results. Adding more women to longstanding male-dominated STEM occupations has highlighted issues in workplace culture that are hostile to women. In this case, the CEO of an engineers' professional association, NSE, is accused of making a sexually suggestive remark to two female engineers at the annual convention. One of the women, Claire, lodged a complaint with the board. After reviewing the investigation report, the board voted to ask the CEO to quietly apologize to both women. Claire, in the meantime, posted a negative review of the NSE's handling of her complaint which is getting considerable media attention. The purpose of this case is for students to examine the competing interests NSE faces in promoting the safety of female members, protecting its reputation for advancing the profession and women in engineering and supporting an otherwise “brilliant CEO”.
Too Big to Care
Authors: Shanahan Doreen E. , Baker Jeffrey R. , Rapier Stephen M. , Dodd Nancy Ellen ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: May 2021

Beginning in 2002, Wells Fargo began opening fraudulent accounts for unsuspecting customers. Stakeholders at every level either participated in, ignored, or tolerated the bank’s behavior that defrauded consumers on a massive scale. These unethical and well-documented schemes spanned more than a decade. Using public sources, this case recounts the events and ethical lapses that unfolded over the multiyear investigation of the Wells Fargo fraudulent accounts scandal and illuminates the general systemic failures of corporate culture and governance, public regulation, and market responses to promote ethical business practices. This case provides the opportunity to consider what means for fostering ethical conduct might exist if a corporation can be big enough and rich enough that civil, criminal, regulatory, and market forces cannot deter unethical corporate practices, and if the market does not punish the corporation for a culture that promotes fraud.
Amazon’s Fast Delivery
Authors: Richardson Rickey E. , Gordey Laura , Hall Reggie ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: May 2021

Fast delivery to customers required Amazon fulfillment center employees to meet high daily productivity quotas. In some of the centers, robots and people worked together. The efficiency of the robots and the company’s productivity standards, made it challenging for workers to avoid injury. Candace accepted a position in a center utilizing robots and was injured on the job, just like hundreds of others. Her injuries and lack of workplace accommodations prevented her from meeting productivity quotas and consequently jeopardized her job. She wondered if customers understood the human cost incurred to achieve such fast delivery and if it was ethical to subject employees to such work environments. Students are asked to analyze the situation from various ethical perspectives and offer their opinions to Candace. During their analysis they will learn about ethics, ethical standards, stakeholders, and corporate social responsibility.
Rebuilding an Empire
Authors: Costa Ligia Maura ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: May 2021

From modest beginnings, the conglomerate Odebrecht became one of the most relevant actors of development for Brazil and Latin America. By 2010, the conglomerate was elected the best family business in the world. Annual revenues rose from US$ 24 billion in 2008 to US$ 41.8 billion in 2014. However, by 2015 Odebrecht was in a very different situation, embroiled in a multi-billion-dollar corruption scandal. To illegally secure more than 100 projects, Odebrecht had paid approximately US$ 788 million in bribes across 12 countries. Corruption was not new in Latin America, but so many powerful people facing jail time in the region certainly was. In 2016, Odebrecht agreed to pay a record breaking fine of US$ 2.6 billion for violating the Foreign Corrupt Practice Act. This case describes Odebrecht’s corruption scandal, touching on possible causes, the company’s handling of the criminal allegations, and probable defenses to protect against future setbacks.
Multi-Family Ventures, LLC and the 2008 Financial Crisis
Authors: Morawski Mike , Castleberry Stephen B. ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: May 2021

This true account provides a summary of a firm and its CEO caught up in the housing market frenzy that occurred in the mid to late 2000s. Although confronted with a number of economic, strategic management, human resource, ethical, and legal challenges, the owners make decisions that cause the firm to grow at an exponential rate. The case documents the eventual results of many of those decisions. Readers are challenged to identify ethics issues involved and the business decisions that precipitated those ethical issues. Some issues include working with business partners who have different ethical stances from your own, whistle blowing for illegal actions, the impact of problem employees on ethical and legal issues, and being transparent and honest when informing the board of directors about business conditions. Teaching notes include lessons learned by the CEO. Ways to avoid similar mistakes in the future are provided.
Hiring Ethics
Authors: Villegas Salvador G. , Bockorny Kristi M. ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: May 2021

When hiring for an open position, the branch manager of Intermountain Trust Bancorp was challenged with an ethical dilemma he was not anticipating. An internal applicant challenged the hiring manager's ethical values by insisting that their friendship and other external employment factors be taken into consideration in the hiring decision. This is a classic case of a candidate using undue influence1 to manipulate a colleague and gain employment. In what started as a routine decision, the manager was faced with an unforeseen ethical quagmire. This case describes a real situation that had local impact on the stakeholders of a regional bank, and provides a true example of the types of difficult situations that can affect candidate selection in hiring decisions.
Students’ Reasoning about Dilemmas in Business Ethics
Authors: Stanley Matthew L. , Neck Christopher P. ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: May 2021

Ethics education has become a priority at many business schools. A common pedagogical strategy in business ethics education has been to encourage students to deliberate and reason about cases and dilemmas. However, relatively little is known about how students actually reason, by default, about business ethics cases and dilemmas. In a large-scale study with undergraduate management students, we investigate how students reason about ethical dilemmas in business. Our results suggest that, after making an initial decision in a dilemma, students rarely changed their minds after deliberating over an extensive set of reasons for both sides of the dilemma. Students evaluated reasons in a way that preferentially supported their initial decisions. This post-hoc evaluation of reasons to preferentially support initial decisions also had implications for decision entrenchment: students actually tended to become more confident in the superiority of their initial decisions after deliberating over the reasons for both sides. We discuss the challenges that our findings pose for teaching business ethics.
Armor Holdings Inc.
Authors: Alali Fatima , Romero Silvia ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: May 2021

The U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA) has gained significant popularity in recent years across borders due to the increased investigation and penalties under the law. The following case is a real-life case that highlights the main provisions of the FCPA. Using cases in teaching an auditing or ethics course is much needed to develop students’ professional judgment, critical and analytical thinking skills and communication skills. Presently, there are a few cases that address the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act and its effect on financial reporting and auditor responsibilities about illegal acts. The Armor Holdings case is interesting and information is publicly available regarding the circumstances that describe the bribery act, lack of whistle-blower protection, the tone at the top, and the accounting treatment. In addition, the increase in actions brought by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) under the FCPA since 2010 heightens the relevance of this case and underscores the need for students to learn the skills necessary to ensure compliance with FCPA and related key regulations such as the Sarbanes Oxley and the Dodd Frank Act. Therefore, cases like this one provide a rich tool to navigate topics and enforce students’ learning of client’s illegal actions and their consequences. These skills are invaluable in practice.
Stakeholders Perception and Attitude Based Framework for Developing Responsible Management Education (RME) Programs
Authors: Abdalla Abdalla Khidir , Ben Khudair Saud , El Jelly Abuzar , Mansour Ilham ,   Neilson Journals Publishing
Published: May 2021

Contributing to the efforts to foster business postgraduate students development toward becoming responsible business leaders is the goal of this study by examining the state of responsible management education in business postgraduate programs in Sudan. We examined perceptions and attitudes toward responsible management and its education among postgraduate-level students and constructed a comprehensive framework appropriate for developing responsible management education programs in under-developed countries. This study’s data were gathered via a structured questionnaire answered by 106 postgraduate business students from the largest four Sudanese business schools and facilities. The students were distributed among the management, finance, and marketing fields. The students exhibited affirmative corporate social responsibility (CSR) perceptions and attitudes with a heightened focus on acting ethically and a diminished focus on financial considerations. A key lesson learned from this study is the need for the continued development of CSR and general ethics across business school curriculums in Sudan.