bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Participatory sorghum varietal evaluation and selection in Pakistan
Authors: Chughtai S. , Fateh J. , Munawwar M. , Hussain M.
Published: April 2007

A number of improved pipeline varieties of sorghum including PARC SS-1, PARC SS-2 and PARC Ss-15 were planted in various agro-ecological zones of Pakistan for 2 years (2004 and 2005). The participatory Mother-Baby Trial methodology was used for the first time in Pakistan for varietal evaluation and selection. Six varieties of sorghum were evaluated along with the local checks. In general, the pipeline varieties developed at the National Agricultural Research Centre had a yield advantage of 15 to 20% over the local checks and other improved varieties included in the trial. The farmers were involved in the varietal selection process. These varieties were selected by the farmers on the basis of maturity, higher yield, resistance to leaf blight and red rot diseases, drought tolerance, and the dual (grain cum fodder) nature of the varieties. Based on the evaluation and selection, these varieties are being released for general cultivation in various ecologies. The results from participatory trials on various agronomic aspects are presented and discussed in this paper.
Controlled Layer‐by‐Layer Formation of Ultrathin Oxide Films on Silver Island Films for Surface‐Enhanced Raman Scattering Measurement
Authors: Mahurin Shannon M. , Bao Lili , Dai Sheng
Published: March 2007

Methods for the controlled deposition of ultrathin metal oxide layers onto silver island films for surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) measurements are reported. Two related deposition techniques are explored for thin film growth: a surface sol‐gel method and atomic layer deposition. Both methods exhibit excellent control of the deposited film thickness to atomic level precision while conformally coating the complex structures found in silver island films. Coating of metal oxide films onto silver substrates provides a method for monitoring the distance dependence of SERS enhancements and offers a platform for exploring adsorption and interaction of analytes on dielectric surfaces. Analysis of the distance dependence of the Raman signal with increasing film thickness yields estimated silver particle sizes that are in agreement with microscopy, which is consistent with the layer‐by‐layer growth mechanism of uniform metal oxide films on the silver substrate. These methods can be easily extended to grow a variety of laminar or mixed metal oxide films for the exploration of interfacial phenomena.
Evaluation of Two Commercially Available Pressure Chambers to Induce Triploidy in Saugeyes
Authors: Abiado Mary Ann G , Penn Michael , Dabrowski Konrad , Stafford James
Published: April 2007

The production of sterile, triploid saugeyes (female walleye Sander vitreus × male sauger S. canadensis) for aquaculture and recreational fisheries depends on the availability of a technique for large-scale induction of triploidy with more than 50% survival of hatched embryos. This study aims to provide preliminary data and observations on the use of a 2.7-L-capacity electric pressure chamber (TRC Hydraulics, Dieppe, New Brunswick, Canada) for producing triploid saugeyes for stocking into Ohio waters. Small-scale experiments tested the effects of a 4-min initiation followed by 5–16 min at 9,000 psi (lb/in2; 6.89 psi = 1 kPa) on the induction of triploidy and survival of saugeye embryos produced using the TRC chamber and a manually operated 1-L pressure chamber (Aquacenter, Leland, Mississippi). There were no differences in survival to the eyed egg stage of pressure-shocked saugeye embryos (4.9–18.2%) produced using the two pressure chambers for each set of parameters tested. Survival in the control group ranged from 56.1% to 64.9%. All the pressure shock parameters produced 100% triploid saugeyes when the TRC pressure chamber was used. Triploidy ranged from 80% to 96.7% when the 1-L pressure chamber was used. We conducted large-scale experiments on May 31-April 4, 2003, and pressure-shocked 4.2 L of eggs, with sample volumes ranging from 100 to 450 mL per trial (one run) using the 2.7-L hydraulic pressure chamber at 9,000 psi (initiation time, 4 min; duration, 12 min). A large-scale batch of untreated controls (690 mL) also was produced on April 4, 2003. Both pressure-shocked and control groups were transported in plastic bags to the Hebron State Fish Hatchery for incubation at 13.2 ± 3.6°C. A total of 89.1% (n = 46) of the fish from the pressure-shocked groups were triploids and 100% (n = 40) of the fish from the controls were diploids based on flow cytometry of the hatched embryos. Survival rates for pressure-shocked and control embryos were 22.4% and 54%, respectively. The hatched embryos from each group were stocked into fertilized ponds and reared for 27–36 d. Survival of saugeyes in the two ponds with pressure-shocked fish (76.4 ± 1.75% [mean ± SD]) was 19.9% higher than that of saugeyes in 38 other Ohio Division of Wildlife (ODW) ponds (56.5 ± 19.1%). The pressure-shocked saugeye juveniles were 97.9% triploids (n = 48), whereas the ODW control saugeye juveniles were 100% diploids (n = 24) based on flow cytometry. Less than 0.1% of the Ohio State University control saugeyes stocked in ponds survived. Pressure-shocked saugeyes were smaller and shorter than control saugeyes. The condition factors of pressure-shocked saugeyes did not differ from those of ODW control saugeyes. The use of the electric hydraulic pressure chamber for mass production of triploid saugeyes shows promise for improving survival rates.
Enriched Artemia and Probiotic Diets Improve Survival of Colorado River Cutthroat Trout Larvae and Fry
Authors: Arndt Ronney E , Wagner Eric J
Published: April 2007

In a sequence of two tests, probiotics were tested for their ability to enhance the survival of larvae and fry of the Colorado River cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii pleuriticus. For the first test (12 d), first-feeding fish were fed Artemia franciscana that had been enriched with Lactobacillus bacteria, a commercial probiotic formula, or Selco (an emulsion containing omega-3 fatty acids and essential fatty acids combined with phytoplankton). Two control treatments—an Artemia control group fed nauplii that had not been enriched and a commercial feed control group that was fed a commercial swim-up feed formulation—were also included. There were no significant differences between treatments with respect to survival, although the swim-up feed controls had 82% survival over 12 d, compared with an average of 93% for the other treatments. Swim-up control fish grew significantly better than fish in the Lactobacillus-fed treatment. As a continuation of the study (second test), growth and survival between the swim-up control fish and the Lactobacillus-fed treatment were compared over 71 d. The swim-up control fish were fed a commercial diet for the duration, the particle size increasing with fish growth. The Lactobacillus-fed fish were offered the same-sized diet as the control except that it was top-dressed with lactobacilli. Survival was improved for fry fed the Lactobacillus diet compared with fish fed the unmodified commercial formulation. Feed conversion ratios were also significantly better for fry fed the Lactobacillus diet. Artemia and probiotics appear to be useful methods for improving the survival of Colorado River cutthroat trout larvae and fry.
Effects of Road Decommissioning on Stream Habitat Characteristics in the South Fork Flathead River, Montana
Authors: McCaffery Magnus , Switalski T. Adam , Eby Lisa
Published: April 2007

Previous studies have demonstrated the negative effects of roads on stream characteristics important for fish survival; however, few have examined whether decommissioning reverses these adverse impacts. We examined the relationships between the percentage of fine sediment in stream substrate and roads and looked at whether decommissioning had measurable effects on stream habitat in the Flathead National Forest, Montana. We conducted habitat surveys and substrate coring in 12 streams encompassing three watershed treatment types: (1) roadless areas, (2) areas with roads in use, and (3) areas with decommissioned roads. Significant positive correlations were found between the percentage of fine sediment in substrate and various measures of road impact (road density, roads in use, and number of stream crossings). Watersheds with roads in use had higher percentages of fine sediment than those without roads and those with decommissioned roads. Watersheds with high levels of vegetative regrowth on decommissioned roadbeds had a lower percentage of fines in stream sediment. Decommissioning efforts that enhance regrowth may improve stream habitat, although significant effects of these manipulations are difficult to detect through spatial comparisons. Future studies using either before‐after or before‐after‐control designs to evaluate the effects of decommissioning practices on fish and wildlife habitat and populations are needed.
Expression of molecular equivalent of hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis in adult retinal pigment epithelium
Authors: Zmijewski Michal A , Sharma Rajesh K , Slominski Andrzej T
Published: March 2007

We have investigated expression of molecular elements of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis in the human retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) cells. The presence of corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF); urocortins I, II and III; CRF receptor type 1 (CRFR1); POMC and prohormone convertases 1 and 2 (PC1 and PC2) mRNAs were shown by RT-PCR; the protein products were detected by ELISA, western blot or immunocytochemical methods in an ARPE-19 cell line derived from an adult human donor. CRFR2 was below the level of detectability. The CRFR1 was functional as evidenced by CRF stimulation of cAMP and inositol triphosphate production as well as by ligand induction of transcriptional activity of inducible cis-elements cAMP responsive element (CRE), activator protein 1 responsive element (AP-1) and POMC promoter) in ARPE-19 using luciferase reporter assay. Immunoreactivities representative of CRF, pre-urocortin, CRFR1 receptor and ACTH were also detected in mouse retina by in situ immunocytochemistry. Finally, using RT-PCR, we detected expression of genes encoding four key enzymes participating in steroids synthesis (CYP11A1, CYP11B1, CYP17 and CYP21A2) and showed transformation of progesterone into cortisol-immunoreactivity in cultured ARPE-19 cells. Therefore, we suggest that ocular tissue expresses CRF-driven signalling system that follows organisational structure of the HPA axis.
THE EFFECTS OF UNDERGARMENT TYPE ON THE URINARY CONTINENCE OF TODDLERS
Authors: Simon Jennifer L. , Thompson Rachel H.
Published: April 2007

There is a growing trend toward later toilet training of typically developing children. This trend is a problem for caregivers and professionals who work with young children, because it is associated with a number of costs and health risks in child‐care settings. Results of a recent study (Tarbox, Williams, & Friman, 2004) suggest that wearing underwear may facilitate the development of toileting skills. Based on these findings, we examined the effects of wearing disposable diapers, disposable pull‐on training pants, and underwear on urinary continence of 5 typically developing toddlers in a child‐care setting. Underwear decreased incontinence and increased continent urinations for 2 of the 5 participants, produced no improvement in 2 participants, and when combined with increased fluid intake and longer sitting periods, produced some favorable trends for the 5th participant.
REFINING THE EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS OF ACADEMIC SKILLS DEFICITS: PART II. USE OF BRIEF EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS TO EVALUATE READING FLUENCY TREATMENTS
Authors: Daly Edward J. , Bonfiglio Christine M. , Mattson Tara , Persampieri Michael , Foreman‐Yates Kristin
Published: April 2007

The technology of brief experimental analysis is just beginning to be used for identification of effective treatments for individual students who experience difficulty with oral reading fluency. In this study, the effect of a reading fluency treatment package was examined on easy and hard passages, and generalization was assessed on passages with high content overlap. The results suggest that the treatment package increased reading fluency for all 3 students. Effects were moderated by difficulty level for all 3 students. Results are discussed in terms of future refinements to the procedures, validation of the methods, and potential applications in clinical and school settings.
ACTIVE PROMPTING TO DECREASE CELL PHONE USE AND INCREASE SEAT BELT USE WHILE DRIVING
Authors: Clayton Michael , Helms Bridgett , Simpson Cathy
Published: April 2007

Automobile crashes are the leading cause of death for those aged 3 to 33, with 43,005 (118 per day) Americans killed in 2002 alone. Seat belt use reduces the risk of serious injury in an accident, and refraining from using a cell phone while driving reduces the risk of an accident. Cell phone use while driving increases accident rates, and leads to 2,600 U.S. fatalities each year. An active prompting procedure was employed to increase seat belt use and decrease cell phone use among drivers exiting a university parking lot. A multiple baseline with reversal design was used to evaluate the presentation of two signs: “Please Hang Up, I Care” and “Please Buckle Up, I Care.” The proportion of drivers who complied with the seat belt prompt was high and in line with previous research. The proportion of drivers who hung up their cell phones in response to the prompt was about equal to that of the seat belt prompt. A procedure that reduces cell phone use among automobile drivers is a significant contribution to the behavioral safety literature.
EXPERIMENTAL ANALYSIS AND TREATMENT OF MULTIPLY CONTROLLED PROBLEM BEHAVIOR: A SYSTEMATIC REPLICATION AND EXTENSION
Authors: Borrero Carrie S. W. , Vollmer Timothy R.
Published: April 2007

We evaluated interventions designed to reduce multiply controlled problem behavior exhibited by a young boy with developmental disabilities, using a multiple baseline design. Each intervention was designed to address a specific social function of problem behavior. Results showed that the separate interventions were useful in reducing problem behavior, and terminal schedules were reached by way of schedule thinning (attention condition) and delays to reinforcement (tangible and escape conditions).
The Contribution of Interleukin‐13 and ‐15 to the Cytokine Network Within Normal and Diseased Gingiva
Authors: Johnson Roger B. , Serio Francis G.
Published: April 2007

Background: There are no comparisons of concentrations of interleukin (IL)‐13 and ‐1‐ and gingival sulcular depth within healthy or inflamed gingiva. Study of non‐oral inflammations indicated that IL‐15 has similar functions to IL‐2, and IL‐13 has similar functions to IL‐4 and ‐10. Thus, IL‐13 and ‐15 likely have a function in gingival inflammation.

Methods: We compared the concentrations of IL‐13 and ‐1‐ within healthy or inflamed human gingiva to gingival sulcular depth and the concentration of various T‐helper 1 and T‐helper 2 cytokines in a group of Hispanic subjects. Gingival papillae were grouped by the depth of the adjacent gingival sulcus: ≤3 mm (normal); 3 to 6 mm and >6 mm (diseased). The gingival concentrations of IL‐2, ‐4, ‐6, ‐10, ‐13, and ‐15 and interferon (IFN)‐γ were assessed by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay.

Results: IL‐2, ‐4, ‐6, ‐10, and ‐13 and IFN‐γ concentrations were higher within gingiva adjacent to 3 to 6 mm diseased compared to normal; IL‐1‐ concentrations were significantly greater within normal gingiva than within diseased gingiva (P <0.001). Within gingiva adjacent to >6 mm sulci, IL‐6 concentrations were significantly higher than in normal gingiva, and the concentrations of the other cytokines were similar to those in normal gingiva. Gingival IL‐6 concentration correlated significantly with the adjacent gingival sulcular depth, whereas the IL‐15 concentration correlated inversely with the adjacent gingival sulcular depth (P <0.001).

Conclusions: IL‐13, ‐4, and ‐10 had a similar concentration pattern within normal and diseased tissue; however, the concentration pattern of IL‐1‐ was not similar to IL‐2. Relatively low IL‐15 concentrations within diseased gingiva suggest that IL‐15 might have anti‐inflammatory properties.
The Evolution of Buccal Gingival Recessions in a Student Population: A 5‐Year Follow‐Up
Authors: Daprile Giuseppe , Gatto Maria Rosaria , Checchi Luigi
Published: April 2007

Background: Data from cross‐sectional studies revealed that gingival recession commonly occurred in subjects with a good standard of oral hygiene, but very little has been reported about longitudinal changes in the presence and extent of gingival recession in a similar sample of the population. The aim of this study was to follow up on the evolution of gingival recession at buccal tooth surfaces in a student population attending the fifth year at Bologna University Dental School who had been examined in a study 5 years earlier.

Methods: The clinical examination involved assessment of the number of buccal surfaces with plaque and buccal gingival recession. Information about toothbrushing habits (brushing technique and frequency and toothbrush bristle stiffness) was collected in an interview.

Results: The number of subjects with at least one recession and the total number of recessions had increased significantly. Comparing data from the baseline and the present study, no significant differences were observed for toothbrush type and frequency of toothbrushing, whereas the use of correct brushing techniques increased to 87% of the subjects.

Conclusion: The percentage of affected sites increased with the level of oral hygiene education, and this increase developed despite a reduction in the frequency of dangerous toothbrushing habits.
Evaluation of the Benefits of Using a Power Toothbrush During the Initial Phase of Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Gugerli Patrick , Secci Graziella , Mombelli Andrea
Published: April 2007

Background: Studies evaluating the efficacy of oral hygiene procedures typically focus on prevention or maintenance after periodontal therapy. Little is known about the specific benefit of a power toothbrush during therapy. The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy of power toothbrushing compared to manual toothbrushing in patients undergoing the initial phase of periodontal therapy.

Methods: This was an examiner‐masked, randomized, two‐arm parallel study involving 70 adults (range, 23 to 81 years) with untreated periodontitis. After an initial supragingival debridement, subjects were assigned to toothbrushing with a manual (group M) or power (group P) toothbrush. Subjects returned for evaluation after 7, 14, and 28 days.

Results: At day 28, the mean plaque index (PI) was significantly lower for subjects in group P than for those in group M (P = 0.006). The mean number of sites with PI >1 at days 14 and 28 and the mean number of sites with bleeding on probing at days 14 and 28 also were significantly lower in these subjects (P = 0.018 and P = 0.005, respectively, and P = 0.017 and P = 0.034, respectively). Differences in the mean gingival index, the number of sites with a gingival index >1, mean recession, mean probing depth, and the number of pockets >4 mm were not significant.

Conclusion: Subjects using a power toothbrush during initial treatment reduced supragingival plaque to lower levels and showed significantly less bleeding on probing than subjects using a manual brush.
Extracellular ATP and ATPγS Suppress the Proliferation of Human Periodontal Ligament Cells by Different Mechanisms
Authors: Kawase Tomoyuki , Okuda Kazuhiro , Yoshie Hiromasa
Published: April 2007

Background: Periodontitis, similar to many other known inflammatory diseases, is thought to increase adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels in extracellular spaces. Extracellular ATP acts on specific receptors to modulate the proliferation of various cell types. Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) contains high levels of ectonucleotidase activity capable of degrading ATP. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of ATP on the proliferation of human periodontal ligament (PDL) cells and how these effects are altered by ectonucleotidases.

Methods: PDL cells were derived from healthy young volunteers. ATP content and DNA synthesis were quantified by a bioluminescence and an enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. CD39 and p21WAF1/cip1 expression was analyzed by Western blot. Apoptosis was evaluated by caspase‐3/7 activity, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT)–mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end‐labeling (TUNEL) activity, annexin‐V–binding, and DNA fragmentation.

Results: CD39 and ectonucleotidase‐like activity were found in PDL cells and serum, respectively. Because less CD39 is expressed in freshly plated cells, both exogenous ATP and ATPγS, a slowly hydrolysable analog, inhibited cell proliferation under low serum conditions. ATP upregulated p21WAF1/cip1, an inhibitor of cell‐cycle progression, whereas ATPγS induced caspase‐dependent apoptosis. Either upregulation of CD39 or added serum rescued cells from the cytostatic actions of exogenous ATP.

Conclusions: In PDL cells expressing low CD39 levels, both ATP and ATPγS inhibited proliferation but by different mechanisms. ATP‐induced growth arrest suggests that periodontal tissue regeneration is often suppressed at the site of injury. Furthermore, added ectonucleotidases protected PDL cells from ATP's cytostatic actions, suggesting that ectonucleotidase‐rich PRP augments the regenerative actions of its constituent growth factors by protecting against exogenous ATP at clinical sites.
Low‐ and High‐Yield Cigarette Smoke Inhalation Potentiates Bone Loss During Ligature‐Induced Periodontitis
Authors: Nogueira‐Filho Getúlio da R. , Rosa Bruno Trevisan , César‐Neto João B. , Tunes Roberto S. , Tunes Urbino da R.
Published: April 2007

Background:It is well recognized that cigarette consumption is a strong risk factor for periodontitis. Tobacco companies have developed a cigarette with low levels of toxic compounds; however, its effect on periodontium has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to verify the impact of smoke produced by low‐ and high‐yield cigarettes on bone loss resulting from ligature‐induced periodontitis.

Methods:A total of 36 male Wistar rats were used in the study. A ligature was placed around one of the mandibular first molars (ligated teeth) of each animal, and they were assigned randomly to one of three groups: group 1: control (N = 10), group 2: 30 days’ inhalation of smoke produced by high‐yield cigarettes (N = 13), and group 3: 30 days’ inhalation of smoke produced by low‐yield cigarettes (N = 13). The animals were sacrificed 30 days after ligature placement, and the specimens were processed for decalcified sections.

Results:Intergroup analysis of unligated teeth (without periodontal disease) did not show a significant difference regarding periodontal ligament area (2.40 ± 0.5 mm2, 2.72 ± 0.7 mm2, and 2.61 ± 0.4 mm2for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively;P>0.05). Conversely, significant differences were noted in ligated teeth (with periodontitis); bone loss was directly proportional to the level of toxic compounds in the cigarettes (5.74 ± 0.5 mm2, 7.40 ± 0.50 mm2, and 6.51 ± 0.50 mm2for groups 1, 2, and 3, respectively;P<0.05).

Conclusion:Low‐ and high‐yield cigarettes potentiated bone loss during experimental periodontitis in a directly proportional fashion.
Expression of the Receptor of Advanced Glycation End Products in the Gingival Tissue of Smokers With Generalized Periodontal Disease and After Nornicotine Induction in Primary Gingival Epithelial Cells
Authors: Katz Joseph , Yoon Thomas Y.H. , Mao Song , Lamont Richard J. , Caudle Robert M.
Published: April 2007

Background: The association between smoking and periodontal disease is well established; however, the mechanism by which smoking augments the destruction of periodontal tissue is not clear. We hypothesize that smoking is related to an increased expression of receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) in gingival tissues of smokers.

Methods: Gingival biopsies from five smokers and five age‐ and gender‐matched non‐smokers were examined. In addition, gingival epithelial cells (GECs) were reacted with 1 μM nornicotine for 4, 16, 24, and 48 hours for mRNA for RAGE and an additional 72 hours for protein expression. RAGE mRNA was amplified by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR), and expression of RAGE at the protein level in GECs was studied with Western blots.

Results: In the gingival biopsies from all 10 subjects, RT‐PCR with RAGE‐specific primers produced a band of the predicted size. For all pairs, the smoker biopsies expressed a greater level of RAGE compared to the matched non‐smokers. When viewed as groups, analysis of the band intensity indicated that RAGE mRNA in smokers was ∼1.4‐fold of the expression in non‐smokers (Wilcoxon test; P = 0.031). In GECs treated with nornicotine, there was a time‐dependent increase in RAGE expression up to two‐fold at 48 hours. RAGE protein levels initially were reduced but increased to 1.4‐fold after 48 hours.

Conclusion: The ability of nornicotine to elevate RAGE expression in GECs, along with increased RAGE expression in inflamed gingival tissue from smokers, indicates that RAGE may be associated with periodontal disease linked to smoking.
Social Inequalities in Perinatal Mortality in Belo Horizonte, Brazil: The Role of Hospital Care
Authors: Lansky Sônia , França Elisabeth , Kawachi Ichiro
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We examined the contribution of hospital type and quality of care to perinatal mortality rates in the city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil.

Methods. We used a cohort study of all births (40953) and perinatal deaths (826) in Belo Horizonte in1999. After adjusting for maternal education and birthweight, we compared mortality rates according to hospital category—defined by a hospital’s relation to the national Universal Public Health System (SUS)—and quality of care. We used the Wigglesworth Classification to examine perinatal deaths.

Results. After we controlled for birthweight and maternal education, the highest perinatal death rates were observed in private and philanthropic SUS-contracted hospitals (relative to private, non-SUS-contracted hospitals). Hospital quality was also directly associated with perinatal death rates. Mortality rates were especially high for normal-birthweight babies born in private SUS-contracted hospitals. Intrapartum asphyxia was the leading cause of preventable death.

Conclusions. In a class-segregated health care system, such as Brazil’s, disparities in quality of care between SUS-contracted and non-SUS-contracted hospitals contribute to the unacceptably high rates of perinatal mortality.
Predictors of Low-Intent and High-Intent Suicide Attempts in Rural China
Authors: Conner Kenneth R. , Phillips Michael R. , Meldrum Sean C.
Published: March 2007

Objectives. Acts of suicide are heterogeneous with respect to level of intent. Data on correlates of intent are overwhelmingly from Western samples. We sought to identify correlates of low-intent and high-intent suicide attempts in China.

Methods. We compared 277 adult case patients who presented to the emergency department in a rural hospital because of attempted suicide to 277 community control individuals, pair-matched for age, gender, and location of residence. Attempted suicides were stratified into 3 levels of suicide intent: low, intermediate, and high. Paired logistic regression analyses were used to analyze the data.

Results. High-intent acts of suicide were associated with major depression, chronic stress, and a relative or associate who had a history of suicidal behavior. These correlates were not associated with low-intent acts of suicide.

Conclusions. High-intent acts of suicide in China are the culmination of longstanding difficulties or symptoms including depression, chronic stress, and previous exposure to suicidal behavior. Prevention of high-intent acts of suicide should include a focus on these domains.
Husbands’ Involvement in Housework and Women’s Psychosocial Health: Findings From a Population-Based Study in Lebanon
Authors: Khawaja Marwan , Habib Rima R.
Published: March 2007

Objectives. We examined the association between husbands’ involvement in housework and the psychosocial health of their wives using data on married couples living in poor neighborhoods in Beirut, Lebanon.

Methods. Data were derived from a cross-sectional survey of 2797 households; 1652 married couples and their families were included in the analysis. An index of husbands’ relative involvement in housework was constructed from 25 items focusing on division of housework activities. Logistic regression was used to assess associations between husbands’ involvement in housework and wives’ self-rated mental health status, marital dissatisfaction, and unhappiness.

Results. Husbands’ involvement in housework was negatively associated with wives’ psychological distress, marital dissatisfaction, and overall unhappiness after adjustment for relevant risk factors. In comparison with wives whose husbands were highly involved in housework, wives whose husbands were minimally involved were 1.60 times more likely to be distressed, 2.96 times more likely to be uncomfortable with their husbands, and 2.69 times more likely to be unhappy.

Conclusions. Our results showed a significant association between husbands’ involvement in housework and their wives’ psychosocial health.
Water management in the Bronze Age: Greece and Anatolia
Authors: Showleh T.
Published: March 2007

While the water management systems of Minoan Crete are legendary, water management on the Greek mainland in the Mycenaean period also shows a high degree of technological sophistication. Projects considered in this paper include the draining of the Kopais Lake, generally agreed to be one of the greatest engineering achievements of early antiquity; the cistern at Mycenae with its corbelled access tunnel cut deep into the bedrock of the citadel; the twin springs at Tiryns, with their underground passageways approached through the massive ‘cyclopean’ walls; and the North Fountain on the Mycenaean Acropolis of Athens. These Mycenaean systems are compared with the remarkable underground water supply system at Troy uncovered by the recent excavations led by Manfred Korfmann, a structure which may date to the beginning of the 3rd millennium and which appears to be invoked among the deities of Wilusa (Troy) in the early-13th century treaty between Muwattalli II of Hatti and Alaksandu of Wilusa (and which may be a precursor of the famous Persian qanats).
Lavatories in Ancient Greece
Authors: Antoniou G.P.
Published: March 2007

Lavatories can be classified as a characteristic factor of living standard and economic prosperity. Many remains of ancient lavatories have been found in Greece. Some of them are dated even in the Minoan era. Many references about them have been recorded in numerous ancient Greek scripts. Despite that many related archaeological finds are dated in a wide chronological range, the typical mature ancient Greek lavatory was probably formed in the Hellenistic period, which was a period of a great evolution of the ancient Greek water technology. Lavatories are found not only in private houses but also in many public buildings and sanctuaries. The features of the typical ancient lavatory are the bench type seats with the keyhole shaped defecation openings and the ditch underneath them, which is associated with both water supply or flushing conduit and sewer. The lavatory was usually situated in the area of the building most convenient for water supply and sewerage. Later, the mature lavatory's layout was spread out all around the Roman Empire, acquiring more or less monumental appearance.
Irrigation, groundwater exploitation and cult of water in the rural settlements of Sabina, Central Italy, in Roman times
Authors: Di Leo A. , Tallini M.
Published: March 2007

Archaeological surveys conducted in Sabina, about 50 km away from Rome, intended to reconstruct the ancient agricultural and pastoral landscape. They identified interesting remains of roman small family farms at Montenero Sabino and Mompeo (province of Rieti), villages located near Via Salaria (the “salt way”) and the Farfa stream, a tributary of the Tiber River, which in ancient times, both were the main trade routes of central Italy, linking Rome to the Apennines and to the Adriatic coast. There a network of underground channels and tanks, fictile water pipes and pools, at times connected to one another, was found. Many of them are still used today, given the low population growth and the lack of modern industrial development of this area and to its isolation, in spite of its proximity to Rome. Moreover the study area holds a votive stone dedicated to the Sabine-Roman goddess of water Vacuna, a multiform Sabine and Central-Italic goddess with many characteristics and functions, known also as Minerva-Bellona-Victoria, Feronia, Caerere, or as Angerona-Angitia. It was related to an agricultural-pastoral shrine for the cult of water whose anthropological relevance still survives in yearly livestock fairs and in the local worship of the Holy Mary of parturients.
The road not taken: how traditional excreta and greywater management may point the way to a sustainable future
Authors: Bracken P. , Wachtler A. , Panesar A.R. , Lange J.
Published: March 2007

This paper argues that modern, end-of-pipe sanitation systems are not the pinnacle of centuries of wastewater technology development, and may actually prove to be a technological dead-end: expensive to build, operate and maintain, and out of step with traditional wastewater management philosophy. A brief examination of a series of excreta and wastewater management systems from around the world and throughout history clearly shows that viewing faeces, urine and grey water as a worthless waste to be disposed of is only a modern concept, which ignores the realities of limited resource availability, and the obvious benefits to be had from closed-loop systems – as was clearly recognised in the past. While currently, expensive, technically complicated end-of-pipe sanitation systems dominate, several modern systems have been developed specifically to ensure an efficient resource recovery and reuse. Reconsidering and researching historical approaches to wastewater management and applying modern technologies to improve their functionality may contribute to the solution of many of today's sanitation and environmental problems.
Treatment of Osteoporosis
Authors: Šimić Petra , Giljević Zlatko , Šimunić Velimir , Vukičević Slobodan , Koršić Mirko
Published: April 2007

Liječenje Osteoporoze

Osteoporoza je jedna od najčešćih metaboličkih bolesti i zahvaća 8 % do 10 % stanovništva. Budući da je prijelom najteža posljedica osteoporoze, vrlo je važno otkriti bolesnike koji imaju rizik nastanka prijeloma, dati im farmakološku terapiju i savjetovati im promjenu načina života. Nekoliko je lijekova pokazalo sposobnost smanjenja broja prijeloma kralježnice i/ili perifernog skeleta u bolesnika s osteoporozom. Antiresorptivni su lijekovi temelj terapije, ali su i anabolički lijekovi odnedavno proširili mogućnosti liječenja. Antiresorptivni lijekovi, estrogeni, selektivni modulatori estrogenskih receptora, bisfosfonati i kalcitonin, djeluju tako da smanjuju koštanu pregradnju. Paratireoidni hormon potiče novo stvaranje kosti popravljajući arhitekturu i gustoću kosti. Stroncijev ranelat smanjuje rizik osteoporotičnih prijeloma djelujući na oboje - smanjenje razgradnje i povećanje izgradnje kosti. Druga potencijalna liječenja osteoporoze također su opisana u ovome članku.
Going online: Uploading learning to the virtual classroom
Authors: Grosjean Garnet , Sork Thomas J.
Published: March 2007

This chapter discusses two case studies where face‐to‐face courses were converted into online courses.
Mentoring as holistic online instruction
Authors: Burgess Kimberly R.
Published: March 2007

This chapter focuses on the role of online educators as mentors and addresses the potential impact of a mentoring relationship on the development and persistence of adult learners in the online medium.
The online discussion board
Authors: Levine S. Joseph
Published: March 2007

Discussion boards have the unique capacity to support higher‐order constructivist learning and the development of a learning community, This chapter provides ten conditions that support the effective use of an online discussion.
Distribution and abundance of patas monkeys (Erythrocebus patas) in Laikipia, Kenya, 1979–2004
Authors: Isbell Lynne A. , Chism Janice
Published: March 2007

Patas monkeys may be especially vulnerable to local extinction because they live in relatively small, female‐philopatric groups at low densities and are strongly polygynous. We assessed a patas monkey population in Kenya's 9,700 km2 Laikipia District over 25 years, using data collected in 1979–1981 and 1992–2004. The data were based on intensive observations of three study groups, “on the ground” counts, and surveys of Laikipia residents. In 1979–1981, a minimum of 415 patas monkeys lived in 14–15 groups. By 2000, the best estimate suggested 310–445 patas monkeys living in 13–17 groups over a greater surveyed area, suggesting that patas monkeys in Laikipia may have undergone a slight decline in numbers over time. Their distribution, however, was similar over time. The relative stability of this population has likely been the result of beneficial co‐existence with large‐scale cattle ranching. Outside Laikipia, substantial habitat alteration from rising human populations has coincided with the near disappearance of patas monkeys where they were previously more numerous. The small population in Laikipia, probably the largest remaining in Kenya, may therefore be critical to the continued existence of patas monkeys in that country and may be dependent on maintenance of large‐scale ranches. Such land use provides patas monkeys with water and broad expanses of Acacia drepanolobium woodlands, the habitat to which patas are restricted in Laikipia. Am. J. Primatol. 69:1223–1235, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Porphyrin Dimers Fused with a Benzene Unit
Authors: Uno Hidemitsu , Nakamoto Ken‐ichi , Kuroki Kenji , Fujimoto Akiko , Ono Noboru
Published: March 2007

Bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene‐connected pyrrolo‐porphyrins have been prepared by an inverse‐type [3+1] porphyrin synthesis of a bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene‐fused dipyrrole with a tripyrrane dicarbaldehyde. Another [3+1] porphyrin synthesis of pyrrole‐connected porphyrins with the same or other tripyrrane dicarbaldehydes gave bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene‐bridged diporphyrins, the central metals and/or peripheral substituents of which were different. Thermal decomposition of the bicyclo[2.2.2]octadiene skeleton to a benzene moiety gave π‐system‐fused porphyrin dimers in a highly pure form.
Solid‐State Hosts by the Template Polymerization of Columnar Liquid Crystals: Locked Supramolecular Architectures around Chiral 2‐Amino Alcohols
Authors: Amano Sayaka , Ishida Yasuhiro , Saigo Kazuhiko
Published: March 2007

The cross‐linking of multicomponent liquid crystals could be applied to the synthesis of nanometer‐sized porous materials with a well‐defined structure. In this work we demonstrate the template polymerization of columnar liquid crystals composed of the salts of a carboxylic acid and enantiopure 2‐amino alcohols, and the application of one of them as a solid‐state host. The salts of 3,4,5‐tris(11‐acryloyloxyundecyloxy)benzoic acid with (S)‐2‐amino‐1‐propanol and with (1R,2S)‐norephedrine showed hexagonal and rectangular columnar liquid‐crystalline structures, respectively. The successful application of γ‐ray‐induced polymerization to the cross‐linking of the liquid‐crystalline salts, which was more advantageous than photoinduced polymerization from the standpoint of the retention of the original structural order in the gram‐scale preparation of the polymers with a homogeneous columnar structure. The cross‐linked polymer thus obtained from the gallic acid derivative and (1R,2S)‐norephedrine was applicable as a heterogeneous host to capture amines from a guest solution through acid–amine interactions. When (1R,2S)‐norephedrine was replaced with other amines through the guest‐exchange reaction, a “template effect” was observed; the size and shape of the guests were determining factors for the efficiency of the guest exchange. The guest adsorption was found to proceed in an enantioselective manner when racemic 2‐amino alcohols were used as guests, especially in the cases of substrates possessing a bulky substituent at the C1‐position. The guest preference was again elucidated by the template effect, although the enantioselection mode was switched depending on the presence of a C2 substituent.
Design and Generation of Extended Zeolitic Metal–Organic Frameworks (ZMOFs): Synthesis and Crystal Structures of Zinc(II) Imidazolate Polymers with Zeolitic Topologies
Authors: Tian Yun‐Qi , Zhao Yu‐Ming , Chen Zhen‐Xia , Zhang Guang‐Ning , Weng Lin‐Hong , Zhao Dong‐Yuan
Published: March 2007

Attempts to create metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) with zeolitic topologies, metal (zinc(II) and cobalt(II)) imidazolates have repeatedly been used as the metal–organic motifs of inorganic silicate analogues. By modulating the synthetic strategy based on the solvothermal and liquid diffusion method, seven further MOFs (including at least three zeolitic MOFs) of zinc(II) imidazolates, [Zn(im)2⋅x G] (G=guest molecule, x=0.2–1) 1 a–7 a, have been successfully synthesized. Of these, 1 a–3 a are isostructural with the previously reported cobalt analogues 1 b–3 b, respectively, while 4 a–7 a are new members of the metal imidazolate MOF family. Complex 4 a exhibits a structure related to silicate CaAl2Si2O8 of CrB4 topology, but with a higher network symmetry; complex 5 a has a structure with zeolitic DFT topology that was discovered in zeolite‐related materials of DAF‐2, UCSB‐3, and UCSB‐3GaGe; complex 6 a demonstrates an unprecedented zeolite‐like topology with one dimensional channels with 10‐rings; and 7 a displays a structure of natural zeolite GIS (gismondine) topology. All of these polymorphous MOFs were created only by using certain solvents as structure‐directing agents (SDAs). Further extensive metal–organic frameworks with zeolitic topologies can be envisaged if other solvents were to be used.
From Dioxin to Drug Lead—The Development of 2,3,7,8‐Tetrachlorophenothiazine
Authors: Fried Kristian W. , Schneider Christopher M. , Schramm Karl‐Werner , Datta Apurba , Chahbane Naima , Corsten Claudia , Powell Douglas R. , Lenoir Dieter , Kettrup Antonius , Terranova Paul , Georg Gunda I. , Rozman Karl K.
Published: March 2007

Polychlorinated dibenzo‐p‐dioxins are persistent environmental pollutants. The most potent congener, 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD), causes a wasting syndrome and is a potent carcinogen and immunosuppressant in the rat at high doses. However, low doses cause opposite effects to some of those observed at higher doses, resulting in chemoprevention, stimulation of the immune system, and longevity in experimental animals. The new TCDD analogue, 2,3,7,8‐tetrachlorophenothiazine (TCPT), was developed to take advantage of the low‐dose effects of dioxins that have potential application as therapeutics. Its development marked a deviation from the traditional scope of phenothiazine drug design by deriving biological effects from aryl substituents. TCPT was synthesized in three steps. The key ring‐closing step was performed utilizing a Buchwald‐Hartwig amination to provide TCPT in 37 % yield. Its potency to induce CYP1A1 activity over 24 h was 370 times lower than that of TCDD in vitro. The elimination half‐life of the parent compound in serum was 5.4 h in the rat and 2.7 h in the guinea pig, compared to 11 and 30 days, respectively, for TCDD. These initial findings clearly differentiate TCPT from TCDD and provide the basis for further studies of its potential as a drug lead.
Localization of CiCBR in the invertebrate chordate Ciona intestinalis: Evidence of an ancient role for cannabinoid receptors as axonal regulators of neuronal signalling
Authors: Egertová Michaela , Elphick Maurice R.
Published: March 2007

CiCBR is a G‐protein‐coupled receptor in the sea‐squirt Ciona intestinalis and the first ortholog of vertebrate CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors to be identified in an invertebrate (Elphick et al. [2003] Gene 302:95–101). Here we have used Western blotting and immunocytochemistry to examine expression of CiCBR in adult Ciona, employing novel antibodies to the C‐terminal tail of CiCBR. Consistent with the expected mass for CiCBR, a ∼47‐kDa band was detected in Ciona membranes, and immunocytochemical analysis of serial sections of Ciona revealed intense immunoreactivity in the cerebral ganglion localised in a dense meshwork of fibers in the neuropile. Accordingly, Western blot analysis of neural complex homogenates revealed the presence of a ∼47‐kDa band. CiCBR immunoreactivity was also observed in axons exiting the ganglion in the anterior and posterior nerves, and analysis of whole‐mount preparations revealed that these axons project over the interior surface of the oral and atrial siphons. Isolated CiCBR‐immunoreactive axons not associated with the anterior and posterior nerves were observed projecting through the cortical layer of the cerebral ganglion. Central and peripheral CiCBR‐immunoreactive fibers were studded with intensely stained varicosities, indicative of a role for CiCBR in regulation of axonal release of neurotransmitters, neuromodulators, or neurohormones. Collectively, our data suggest that the well‐established role that the CB1 receptor has as an axonal regulator of neurotransmitter release in mammals may have originated with ancestral‐type cannabinoid receptors in invertebrate chordates before the emergence of CB1‐ and CB2‐type receptors in vertebrates. J. Comp. Neurol. 502:660–672, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Magnetic Properties of Two Manganese(II) Polymers Bearing Ferrocenecarboxylato Ligands
Authors: Chen Zilu , Ma Yunsheng , Liang Fupei , Zhou Zhaohui
Published: March 2007

Reactions of Mn(ClO4)2·6H2O with FcCO2Na [Fc = (η5‐C5H4)Fe(η5‐C5H5)] in methanol solution gave [Mn3(FcCO2)6(CH3OH)4]n (1), and, in the presence of 4,4′‐bipyridine (4,4′‐bpy), [Mn3(FcCO2)6(H2O)2(4,4′‐bpy)]n (2). Both complexes have the similar chains with a sequence of –Mn–(μ2‐COO)n–Mn–(μ2‐COO)–Mn–(μ2‐COO)–Mn–(μ2‐COO)n–Mn– (n = 4 and 2 for complex 1 and 2, respectively), which are constructed alternatively from mononuclear [MnII] units and dinuclear [Mn2(FcCO2)4] units by μ2‐ferrocenecarboxylato‐O,O′ bridging. The two MnII ions in the dinuclear [Mn2(FcCO2)4] units of complex 1 are connected by four ferrocenecarboxylato ligands to form a swastika‐like shaped skeleton, which is rare in metallocenecarboxylato complexes. However, the two MnII ions in the dinuclear [Mn2(FcCO2)4] units of complex 2 are bridged only by two carboxylato ligands, and the other two ferrocenecarboxylato ligands in this unit bind in a chelating mode. The chains in complex 2 are further interconnected by the coordinated 4,4′‐bipyridine molecules to form two‐dimensional coordination sheets. Magnetic susceptibility measurements revealed a weak antiferromagnetic coupling for both complexes. A model Heisenberg chain comprising classical spins coupled through alternating exchange interactions J1–J1–J2 (AF1–AF1–AF2) is proposed to describe the magnetic behavior. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2007)