bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wetting ability of cationic surface‐active agents and their control of oat powdery mildew
Authors: Somers E. , Pring R. J. , Byrde R. J. W.
Published: November 2006

Twelve cationic surface‐active agents, quaternary ammonium and pyridinium salts, of widely different wetting ability were tested as eradicant fungicides against Erysiphe graminis on oats, at both equal wetting power and equal concentration. At equal wetting power there were wide differences in fungitoxicity but, in general, the compounds with the greatest wetting ability were the most effective fungicides. It is suggested that mechanical injury by wetting of oat powdery mildew is not the only determinant of toxicity but that the ability of these compounds to penetrate the fungal conidia is related to their physico‐chemical structure which determines wetting power.
Experiments on the synthesis of the pyrethrins. XIV.—Rethrins and the cyclopentadienone related to 3‐methylcyclopent‐2‐enone
Authors: Elliott M. , Harper S. H. , Kazi M. A.
Published: November 2006

Dimeric 3‐methylcyclopentadienone was obtained by dehydrobromination of 4‐bromo‐3‐methylcyclo‐pentenone and by hydrolysis of 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methylcyclopentenone formate. Four structures for the dimer were possible. Synthesis and spectroscopic evidence showed that the dimer obtained was formed by addition to the unsubstituted double bond, with the methyl group on the norbornene ring in the position more remote from the carbonyl group of the cyclopentenone. Decarbonmonoxylation of the dimer gave 3,5‐dimethylindanone, synthesised for comparison by another route.

Contrary to an earlier report, pyrolysis of 9,10‐dihydro‐9,10(4,5‐3‐methylcyclopent‐2‐enono)anthracene (obtained by alkaline cyclisation of the adduct of anthracene and diacetyl ethylene) gave mainly 3,5‐dimethylindanone and not 3‐methylcyclopentadienone.

Rethrins with no side chain in the alcoholic part of the molecule were synthesised from 4‐bromo‐3‐methylcyclopent‐2‐enone. Allethrolone cyclopropane carboxylate was made for comparison of its insecticidal activity with allethrolone chrysanthemate.
Studies on potassium nutrition of plants. I.—Effects of potassium concentration on growth and mineral composition of vegetable seedlings in sand culture
Authors: Freeman G. G.
Published: November 2006

The effect of potassium concentration in the nutrient medium on growth and mineral composition (N, K, P, Ca, Mg, Na) of red beet, cabbage, lettuce and Italian ryegrass in sand culture was investigated. It was shown that the results and those of some earlier workers can be interpreted as a simple linear relationship by means of the equation: where y is plant weight or leaf potassium content, x is potassium concentration in the nutrient medium and a, b and x0 are constants. Sand‐grown plants contained relatively high concentrations of sodium, which played an important part in the maintenance of cation balance under these conditions. In red beet, cabbage and ryegrass, changes in potassium content were almost completely balanced by corresponding changes in sodium content with relative constancy of calcium and magnesium, whereas in lettuce, calcium and magnesium also functioned in maintaining the balance.
Banana nutrition: A review of principles and practice
Authors: Twyford I. T.
Published: November 2006

Results of gross analyses of single banana plants, fields of plants and bunches of bananas are described, and problems of the determination of fertiliser requirements in the field are discussed. Time and frequency of NPK fertiliser application and the placement of such fertilisers are discussed, together with results of soil and leaf analysis, and deficiency symptoms. Fertiliser practices in banana‐producing countries are reviewed.
Diurnal variation of carbohydrates in cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata)
Authors: Eagles C. F.
Published: November 2006

The diurnal variation of carbohydrate content in the leaf blades and leaf sheaths of cocksfoot grown in a controlled environment has been investigated. Most variation was found in the values for alcohol‐soluble sugars in the leaf blades, while other fractions showed only small variations.
A physico‐chemical study of the proteins from the marula nut (sclerocarya caffra sond.)
Authors: Rijke A. M. , Joubert F. J.
Published: November 2006

Extracted protein from Marula nuts were separated into their components by fractional precipitation with ammonium sulphate and dilution with water. Two major components, constituting about 90% of the total protein, and the defatted meal were analysed for amino acid composition. The pattern of the constituents of the essential amino acids in Marula nuts differed only slightly from that for human milk and for whole hen's egg.
Studies on the north sea cod.IV.—Effects of starvation, 2. Changes in the distribution of muscle protein fractions
Authors: Love R. M. , Robertson I.
Published: November 2006

The measurable depletion of the muscle of cod is preceded by a sharp decrease in the salt‐extractability of the actomyosin. The phenomenon is seen in cod caught in November, which are just beginning to build up the sexual products, and it can apparently be reproduced artificially by depriving cod of food in an aquarium at a time when the gonads are inactive, but then only with well‐fed cod completely restored after spawning. It will not occur twice in the same season if a brief starvation is separated from the next by a period of feeding. Its potential use for identifying the first stages of depletion is discussed.
Resistance to pyrethrins and DDT in a strain of houseflies Musca domestica L. I. The sorption of a synthetic [14C] pyrethrin I
Authors: Fine B. C. , Godin P. J. , Thain E. M. , Marks T. B.
Published: November 2006

A [14C] pyrethrin I mixture, consisting of a mixture of the naturally occurring ester and one of its diastereoisomers, has been synthesised. Penetration of this labelled material in a strain of houseflies that has shown resistance to pyrethroids in the field, has been studied. It has been shown that the resistance of the flies, which also show a high degree of tolerance to DDT, is due in part to reduced penetration of the pyrethrin I.
The isolation and identification of 11‐cyclohexylundecanoic acid from sheep perinephric fat
Authors: Hansen R. P. , Gerson T.
Published: November 2006

Sheep perinephric fat has been found to contain 11‐cyclohexylundecanoic acid to the extent of approximately 0.05% of the total weight of fatty acids.
Properties of starches of some West African yams
Authors: Rašper V. , Coursey D. G.
Published: November 2006

The tuber starches of several species and varieties of yam (Dioscorea) grown as food crops in West Africa were examined. The granule sizes were investigated, and the forms of the starch granules are illustrated in photographs. Amylose contents were also measured, together with ‘pasting temperatures’, viscous properties and gel strength.

The granules of D. rotundata and D. alata were large (10–70 μ) while those of D. esculenta and D. dumetorum were much smaller (1–5 μ). The starch of D. rotundata gave the most viscous solutions, but that of D. alata gave the strongest gel. Pasting temperatures ranged between 76° and 85°.
Endosulfan residues on blackcurrants
Authors: Harrison R. B. , Ruzicka J. H. A. , Tatton J. O'G.
Published: November 2006

Fruit and leaves of blackcurrant bushes, from commercial and trial plots that had been sprayed with endosulfan, were examined for the presence of the two endosulfan isomers and for ‘endosulfan sulphate’. Total residues of these three compounds on commercially grown fruit in England did not exceed 1 ppm. Considerably higher residues were found on fruit which had been deliberately oversprayed.
The mineral composition of apples. V.—The determination of sodium and its distribution in the fruit
Authors: Perring M. A.
Published: November 2006

The determination, with an E.E.L. flame photometer, of sodium in the seeds, pulp, peel and stems of apples is subject to errors owing to the presence of calcium, potassium and magnesium. In the absence of phosphate, values which are too high by as much as 50% may be obtained.

Phosphate is present in the ash of the seeds, pulp and peel of Cox's Orange Pippin apples in amounts sufficient to suppress completely the effect of calcium, but the amount in the ash of the stems is insufficient to do so and errors of about 10% may arise.

The sum of interferences due to potassium and magnesium in the ash of any part of the apple results in positive errors of up to 7%.

Apart from slight variations near the surface, sodium concentrations in median transverse sections of apples rise from the surface of the fruit to a maximum at 5 mm inside and then fall towards the centre. The variations within the outer 3 mm appear to be characteristic of individual apples and unrelated to orchard treatment and time in store.
Persistence of herbicides in soil
Authors: Furmidge C. G. L. , Osgerby J. M.
Published: November 2006

A survey has been made of some of the physical, chemical and biological interactions that influence the persistence and availability of herbicides applied to the soil. The most important physical interaction between herbicides and soil is considered to be sorption of the pesticide to the soil surface. This influences not only the rate of leaching of the herbicide through the soil and its movement in the vapour phase, but also the rate of chemical and microbial decomposition. An attempt has been made to construct a model for the persistence of some hydrolytically sensitive herbicides to enable their persistence in soils to be deduced from hydrolysis rate‐constants and adsorption data.

The formulation used and the method of application of the herbicide to the soil can also have an important influence on its persistence.
Biochemical changes in beef muscle post mortem and the effect of rapid cooling in ice
Authors: Disney J. G. , Follett M. J. , Ratcliff P. W.
Published: November 2006

The biochemical changes resulting from glycolysis and ATP (adenosine‐5′‐triphosphate) degradation were investigated in either the M. semimembranosus or the M. semitendinosus of 7 beef carcasses, during the first 24 hours post mortem. The effects of ice‐cooling were compared with normal air‐cooling at the slaughterhouse.

Lactic acid production and pH fall in the muscle indicated a high turn‐over of ATP in the first hour post mortem. ATP was maintained at a high level, chiefly by the glycolytic pathway, during this first hour, and then declined as the pH continued to fall.

The occurrence and turn‐over of the various degradation products of ATP was recorded.

A loss of water holding capacity and a loss of protein solubility occurred continuously during the 24 hours; the relation between these changes and the observed fall in pH and in ATP levels is discussed.

Ice‐cooling increased the rate of temperature fall, at 4 cm depth in the muscle, by a factor of 1.5. This significantly retarded glycolysis and ATP breakdown, and reduced denaturation of protein and loss of water retention. IMP (inosine‐5′‐monophosphate) could be retained at higher levels in the icecooled muscles.
Non‐volatile organic acids of grasses
Authors: Jones E. C. , Barnes R. J.
Published: November 2006

Non‐volatile organic acids have been determined in S24 ryegrass and S37 cocksfoot harvested on three cutting dates over the period of ear emergence and in eight grasses harvested on two cutting dates. In both S24 ryegrass and S37 cocksfoot the concentrations of shikimic, quinic and total acids decreased with increased age of the plant. Correlation coefficients are given between the concentrations of acids in eight grasses and the ‘preference ranking’ of the grasses estimated in an investigation into the grazing preferences of sheep and cattle, and a regression is given for relating ‘preference ranking’ to the contents of citric and quinic acids.
Effect of optical systems and sample preparation on the visible reflection spectra of pork muscle
Authors: Elliott R. J.
Published: November 2006

The technique for measuring the reflectance spectrum over the visible range of pork muscle, as influenced by optical design and sample preparation, was examined.

Of the three optical systems used to measure light reflectance from muscle, the best resolution of the spectra was achieved with integration spheres.

The influence on the reflection spectra of the following factors was investigated: muscle surface, transparent film, depth of sample, longitudinal and transverse sections of muscle fibres, and the effect of fat. The spectra of samples within the longissimus dorsi muscle was affected by pH, but not by vertebral location.

A thin sample covered with a glass cover slip and with a white rear reflector produced the maximum resolution of muscle pigments.
Measurement of seasonal variation of fructan in the haplocorm of timothy (Phleum pratense, L.)
Authors: Sheard R. W.
Published: November 2006

A simple colorimetric procedure was used for the determination of fructose in decolorised ethanol extracts of non‐polymer fructose and in hot‐water extracts of fructan fructose from lyophilised haplocorms of timothy. Positive errors in estimates of non‐polymer fructose resulted from pigments not being removed and from heat‐drying, whereas negative errors in fructan fructose resulted from oven‐drying. Fructan was located primarily in the haplocorm and stubble of timothy and consisted of 84‐98% of the total fructose in the haplocorm, depending on the time of sampling.
Seed fats of Astelia and Collospermum, family liliaceae
Authors: Morice Isobel M.
Published: November 2006

The seed fats of thirteen species of Astelia and two of the closely related genus Collospermum have been examined. On the basis of their fatty acid composition they fall into two groups, one containing 12‐30% γ‐linolenic (6,9,12‐octadecatrienoic) acid and the other containing no γ‐linolenic acid. The latter group is distinguished from the New Zealand Agavaceae by the presence of traces of C20 and and C22 alkanoic, C16, C20, and C22 alkenoic, C20 alkadienoic and C18 alkatrienoic acids and from the New Zealand Juncaceae by the absence of C12, C14, C15, C17, C19, and C24 alkanoic and C17 and C24 alkenoic acids. The two groups based on chemical constituents do not coincide with the botanical classification suggested by Skottsberg4.
Availability of amino acids in processed plant‐protein foodstuffs
Authors: Szmelcman S. , Guggenheim K.
Published: November 2006

The microbiological availability of 6 essential amino acids in some processed plant protein foodstuffs was assessed with different micro‐organisms after digestion with different proteolytic enzymes (papain, pepsin, trypsin, erepsin) or their combinations. Available lysine was also determined with the dinitrofluoro‐benzene (DNFB) procedure. The amounts of ‘available’ amino acids were compared with those liberated by supposedly complete hydrolysis. More lysine was found ‘available’ with the DNFB method than with Leuconostoc mesenteroides following digestion with pepsin and trypsin. Digestion with papain released less methionine and tryptophan available for Streptococcus zymogenes than did digestion with pepsin. Treatment with trypsin after digestion with pepsin often increased the liberation of amino acids, whereas digestion with erepsin had little or no additional effect. Methionine and tryptophan were assessed by two procedures, but different results were obtained with different protein sources. Continuous digestion‐dialysis did not liberate more lysine, methionine and tryptophan than non‐dialysed digests.
The wax fraction of soils: Separation and determination of some components
Authors: Morrison R. I. , Bick W.
Published: November 2006

Resin‐ and asphalt‐free wax components from a mineral soil and from a peat were separated into free acids, esterified acids and unsaponifiable material. The acids, as methyl esters, were fractionated by column chromatography on magnesium trisilicate to yield n‐alkanoic‐ and hydroxy‐acid fractions. The unsaponifiable material was fractionated on activated alumina, and fractions consisting of n‐alkanes, n‐alkan‐2‐ones (methylalketones) and primary n‐alkanols were obtained. Gas chromatography was used to separate and determine individual components. The n‐alkanoic acid fractions contained members with both odd and even numbers of carbon atoms ranging from C18 to C34 but with the latter predominating (80‐90%). The carbon number of the n‐alkanes and n‐alkane‐2‐ones covered a similar range in which the odd‐numbered members predominated (80‐90%). The primary alcohols had a slightly lower average chain length (C16‐ C30) and 90% consisted of even‐numbered members. These fractions together accounted for 25–30% of the resin‐ and asphalt‐free wax.
Structure and pesticidal activities of derivatives of dinitrophenols III.—Structure and acaricidal activity of certain carbonates of 2‐Alkyl‐5‐methyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenols and related compounds
Authors: Pianka M. , Edwards J. D.
Published: November 2006

The activities of alkyl 2‐alkyl‐5‐methyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenyl carbonates and of related compounds against Tetranychus telarius (greenhouse red spider mite) were examined. The 5‐methyl substituent slightly reduced the toxicity to mites, but not to mammals. The carbonates of 2‐isopropyl‐ and 2‐s‐butyl‐5‐methyl 4,6‐dinitrophenols were more acaricidal than the parent phenols. The increase in chain length of the alkoxyl group in the carbonates caused a decrease in acaricidal activity. In contrast to the branched carbonates of 2‐t‐butyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenol their 5‐methyl‐analogues were as active as the normal homologues. The cyclohexyl and phenyl carbonates of the 5‐methyl‐analogues had better activity than those without the 5‐methyl substituent. The thiolo‐ and dithio‐carbonates were found to be less active than their oxy‐analogues.
Comparative study on decontamination of mixed feeds by radicidation and by pelletisation
Authors: Mossel D. A. A. , van Schothorst M. , Kampelmacher E. H.
Published: November 2006

Feed components contaminated with Salmonella act as vehicles in the transmission of these bacteria to animals and hence to meat and poultry. Sanitary improvements in processing, bagging and storage do not always effectively reduce Salmonella contamination rates and therefore ingredients or mixed feed should be decontaminated at the end of processing.

Enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae was used to assay the decontamination effect of pelletisation of mixed feed. A working temperature over 80° usually reduced the bacterial count by a factor of 105; lower temperatures currently used, reduced it by a factor of 103 only.

In similar dose‐range‐finding tests on decontamination with 60Co gamma rays, about 0.5 Mrad were required for reductions in the counts of the most resistant Enterobacteriaceae by a factor of 105. Survival curves being usually non‐linear, ‘gross effective dose’ had to be used as a parameter. Neither loss of nutritive value nor the occurrence of orally toxic factors was observed when rats were fed for 2 years on a ration containing 35% fishmeal irradiated at 0.8 Mrad.

A combination of improved sanitation, pelletising at the highest possible temperature and, if still required, terminal low‐dose irradiation of the hermetically bagged material seems, therefore, a promising approach to the manufacture of Salmonella‐free feeds.
The search for a veterinary insecticide II.—Carbamates active against sheep blowfly
Authors: Fraser J. , Greenwood D. , Harrison I. R. , Wells W. H.
Published: November 2006

Many aryl N‐methylcarbamates and their N‐acyl derivatives have been prepared and tested against larvae of the sheep blowfly, Lucilia sericata. Mammalian toxicities and persistences on sheep fleece were also determined. The factors which led to the selection of Butacarb (3,5‐di‐t‐butylphenyl N‐methylcarbamate) as a new veterinary insecticide are discussed.
Determination of the tryptophan content of feedingstuffs with particular reference to cereals
Authors: Miller E. L.
Published: November 2006

Three procedures, commonly used for the determination of tryptophan, were found to be unsatisfactory for the assay of cereals. A method using p‐dimethylaminobenzaldehyde was unsatisfactory because cereals dissolved slowly in the sulphuric acid reagent, produced turbid solutions and gave high blank values. Racemisation of L‐tryptophan was found to be incomplete on hydrolysis with barium hydroxide; therefore, microbiological assays are invalidated. Neutralisation of the barium hydroxide with sulphuric acid or carbon dioxide resulted in considerable loss of tryptophan.

A method is described based on hydrolysis with barium hydroxide, precipitation of barium sulphate from an acid solution and colorimetric analysis using p‐dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. The procedure has proved useful for the routine analysis of cereals and other feedingstuffs.
Effects of low sub‐sterilising doses of gamma radiation on carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus in fresh soils
Authors: Cawse P. A.
Published: November 2006

Changes in ammonium‐ and nitrate‐nitrogen have been shown to be a sensitive indication of response of soils to gamma radiation, even to doses as low as 1.5 kilorads, and are superior to measurements of carbon, phosphorus or respiration. The immediate increase in carbon in the soil solution after irradiation was significantly correlated with both subsequent nitrogen mineralisation and soil respiration, and a highly nitrogenous fraction of the soil organic matter was being decomposed.

Nitrification proceeded at a fast rate in all soils after the highest dose of 200 kilorads, probably owing to the absence of effects on the oxidation process in non‐proliferating cells of the nitrifying bacteria rather than to increased proliferation of survivors.
Evaluation of the brabender quadrumat junior experimental flour mill for routine wheat testing
Authors: Meredith P.
Published: November 2006

An automatic laboratory wheat‐flour mill has been tested during four years with a range of New Zealand wheat varieties and qualities. Yields of flour and the usual analyses of the flours have been determined. It is concluded that the flour produced is sufficiently similar to that from an Allis‐Chalmers experimental mill to be suitable for a large‐scale wheat quality testing programme. The only important difference was in mixing tolerance of doughs from the two kinds of flours. Yield of flour from the mills was severely reduced as wear occurred during four years of testing.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies XVII—Purification and properties of sorghum malt α‐amylase
Authors: Botes D. P. , Joubert F. J. , Novellie L.
Published: November 2006

α‐amylase of sorghum malt has been purified by a combination of charcoal and heat treatment, DEAE‐cellulose and calcium phosphate chromatography, and gel filtration, yielding a product with a specific activity of 10,304 units per mg nitrogen. Both in the ultracentrifuge and on electrophoresis the purified α‐amylase revealed a single peak. Results are presented for the molecular weight, sedimentation, diffusion and amino‐acid composition of the purified enzyme. The influence of pH, temperature, and substrate concentration on the enzymic hydrolysis of gelatinised soluble starch has been studied. Examination of the purified α‐amylase on a calcium phosphate column showed that the enzyme is micro‐heterogeneous and it was separated into four sub‐fractions. The physical, chemical and kinetic properties of the sub‐fractions are almost identical.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies XVIII—Purification and properties of sorghum malt β‐amylase
Authors: Botes D. P. , Joubert F. J. , Novellie L.
Published: November 2006

Sorghum malt β‐amylase has been purified by a combination of acid treatment, alcohol fractionation, DEAE‐cellulose and calcium phosphate chromatography, and gel filtration. The purified enzyme was shown to be homogeneous in the ultracentrifuge, on electrophoresis and chromatography and no evidence for more than one active form of the enzyme was found. Results are presented for the molecular weight, sedimentation, diffusion, amino‐acid composition, and kinetic properties of the purified enzyme.
Sugar brews in bread improvement
Authors: Collyer Dorothy M.
Published: November 2006

The use of a partly fermented sugar brew instead of the dough water and compressed yeast improved the specific volume, texture and softness of bread made by a mechanical development process without oxidising improver and intermediate proof.

The improving effect of the brew was due entirely to its residual sugar, ethyl alcohol content and the active state of the yeast, and none of these factors could be omitted without reducing bread quality. Because these factors vary simultaneously in a fermenting brew there was an optimum duration of brew fermentation.

The use of such a brew also reduced the work input requirement during dough mixing and final proof time.
A short review of some biochemical and microbiological aspects of ensilage
Authors: Whittenbury R. , McDonald P. , Bryan‐Jones D. G.
Published: November 2006

The products of the fermentation of soluble carbohydrates, organic acids and amino acids present in grasses have been examined and have been shown to vary depending upon the type of bacteria responsible for the fermentation. The significance of the presence in silage of various volatile fatty acids, amines and neutral fermentation products such as mannitol and acetoin is discussed.
Component acids of Luff a seed oils
Authors: Badami R. C. , Daulatabad C. D.
Published: November 2006

Seed oils of Luffa acutangula and Luffa aegyptiaca were examined for their component acids by reversed‐phase partition column chromatography with the following results: L. acutangula: lauric, 0.5%; Myristic, 0.7%; palmitic, 12.9%; stearic, 7.8%; arachidic, 0.5%; behenic, 1.0%; hexadecenoic, 4.3%; oleic, 22.1%; and linoleic, 50.2%. L. aegyptiaca: lauric, 0.2%; myristic, 1.0%; palmitic, 11.2%; stearic, 9.9%; arachidic 0.8%; behenic, 1.1%; hexadecenoic, 2.9%; oleic, 24.1%; linoleic, 48.3%; and linolenic, 0.5%. Epoxy oleic acid reported to be present in the seed oil of L. acutangula was not detected in the sample investigated.
Effect of bitumen mulching on soil conditions
Authors: Jordan D. , Sampson A. J.
Published: November 2006

The effects of ‘Colas’ bitumen emulsion on soil temperature, soil moisture and the stability of soil structure were determined in temperate and tropical conditions.

At a depth of 5 cm, soil temperature increments of from 2°c in England to 8°c in Trinidad were recorded when the soil was mulched with bitumen. Temperatures under bitumen were shown to be higher than those under mulches of black polyethylene, sand or pine needles, and in unmulched soil. It was also shown that growing crops exerted an increasing shading effect which limited the period of effectiveness of a mulch. When the mulch is applied in bands, these should be at least 15 cm wide for maximum temperature increments to occur.

Soil moisture studies were conducted both in the field and under laboratory/glasshouse conditions. It was found that only comparatively thick mulches on smooth soil surfaces, caused any appreciable reduction in water losses through evaporation.

It was found that the crumb structures of soils treated with very thin bitumen mulches (∼150μ thick) were able to withstand considerably more weathering by rainfall or irrigation than unmulched soil before breakdown of the soil surface structure occurred.
Effect of simulated reclamation treatments on chemical properties and nitrogen mineralising characteristics of saline and alkali soils from West Pakistan
Authors: Sindhu M. A. , Cornfield A. H.
Published: November 2006

Nitrogen mineralisation and nitrification during incubation of alkali, saline‐alkali, highly saline and moderately saline soils were studied in the laboratory before and after simulated reclamation treatment, in which water plus calcium sulphate were used for the two alkali soils and water alone for the two saline soils. The reclamation processes reduced exchangeable sodium and soluble salts to low levels. Mineral nitrogen accumulation during incubation of original and ‘reclaimed’ soils was accounted for entirely as nitrate. The ‘reclaimed’ soils showed a lag phase in mineral nitrogen accumulation. The moderately saline soil was the only one to show increased mineralisable nitrogen, whilst the alkali and saline‐alkali soils, in particular, and the highly saline soil showed reduced mineralisable nitrogen after ‘reclamation’.
Disulphide interchange in cereal proteins
Authors: Redman D. G. , Ewart J. A. D.
Published: November 2006

A method of measuring the extent of disulphide interchange between a model compound, cystamine, and cereal flour proteins has been applied to wheat, steamed wheat, rye, barley and maize. The results indicate that, if the extent of protein‐protein S.S interchange is of the same order as that found in the model reaction, it is several times greater in wheat than the calculated minimum necessary to create a continuous protein network. In the case of rye the extent seems to be sufficient to just comply with this minimum condition. Steamed wheat, barley and maize (none of which can form doughs) fall below the limiting extent of interchange required. It has been assumed that insoluble proteins are precluded from taking part in protein‐protein S.S interchange reactions, and evidence from the literature has been cited to support this.
Phenolase activity in tomato fruit in relation to growth and to various ripening disorders
Authors: Hobson G. E.
Published: November 2006

An efficient method for the extraction of phenolase from tomato fruit is described. It has indicated that phenolase activity increases towards maturity and then decreases somewhat during normal ripening. The red area of fruit which showed a physiological ripening disorder known as ‘blotch’ contained an abnormally high activity while the green areas contained an even higher activity. Tomatoes exhibiting ‘blossom‐end’ rot also contained enhanced activity, especially in the affected region. Levels of phenolase in tomato species other than Lycopersicon esculentum have also been examined. The browning symptoms associated with specific physiological ripening disorders are discussed in relation to phenolase activity and the availability of phenolic substrates.
Fractionation of plant material II.—Amino acid composition of some fractions obtained from the broad bean plant (Vicia faba L.) and chromatographic differentiation of hydroxyproline isomers
Authors: Clarke Eileen M. W. , Ellinger Gabrielle M.
Published: November 2006

The amino acid compositions of three protein fractions obtained from broad bean leaves were estimated by ion exchange chromatography. Hydroxyproline was found present in the TCA‐soluble, non‐diffusible fraction and in the final residue after the further extraction with phenol‐acetic acid‐water (2: 1 : 1, w/v/v), but not in the extract itself. By comparison with the behaviour of four authentic isomers of hydroxyproline, under two standard conditions of chromatographic analysis, the isomer found was trans‐4‐hydroxy‐proline. These results are discussed in relation to other reports of hydroxyproline occurring in plant material.
A new unit for proteolytic activity determined by the modified ayre—Anderson method
Authors: Lee F. A.
Published: November 2006

A unit of activity for proteolytic enzymes assayed by the modified Ayre‐Anderson method has been defined in terms of the initial rate of production of trichloroacetic acid‐soluble nitrogen. For proteinases acting on haemoglobin or gluten substrates, the relationship between activity and enzyme concentration is linear over a wide range, but for assay purposes initial reaction rates should be restricted to 10‐20 mg N/h. For routine work the ‘substrate constant’ for a reaction system can be determined; this permits a single determination after a shorter time interval than required by the standard method, and allows the whole assay to be completed in one working day. The substrate constant must be determined for each set of reaction conditions, for each enzyme and, when a non‐standardised substrate such as gluten is employed, for each batch of substrate. The method appears to be of greatest value for flours possessing normal levels of activity and for more active proteolytic preparations. It is only moderately accurate for flours having low activities.
Studies on the north sea cod. V.—Effects of starvation. 3. Electrophoresis of the muscle myogens
Authors: Robertson I. , Love R. M. , Cowie W. P.
Published: November 2006

Measurements of the contents of water, protein nitrogen and non‐salt‐extractable nitrogen of a group of cod starved in an aquarium showed that at various times profound changes were occurring in the muscle. However, the electrophoretic patterns of water extracts of the muscle did not change, apart from a partial fading of some bands 8 weeks after the beginning of starvation. No bands disappeared or changed their speed of migration, neither did new bands appear during starvation. One significant conclusion is that the identification of species or local races by electrophoresis is unlikely to be invalidated by the nutritional state of the fish.
Effects of dehydration processes on colour and rehydration of fruits
Authors: Lee C. Y. , Salunkhe D. K.
Published: November 2006

The effects of conventional hot‐air dehydration, dehydro‐freezing and freeze‐dehydration on colour and rehydration of apples, apricots, and peaches were investigated. The freeze‐dehydration process minimised colour changes and promoted retention of the original fruit structure. The rehydration rates of freeze‐dehydrated fruits were more rapid than those associated with other dehydration processes studied.
Treatment of meats with ionising radiations. XV.—Irradiation of beef from barley‐fed animals
Authors: Rhodes D. N. , Roberts T. A. , Shepherd H. J.
Published: November 2006

Joints of ‘barley beef’, irradiated at a dose level of 0.4 Mrad., were stored at 2° in plastic packages of differing gas permeabilities. Bacterial growth was reduced by the lack of oxygen and/or the accumulation of carbon dioxide. The irradiated meat remained unspoiled for at least 84 days. The useful shelf‐life of the beef can be extended greatly by irradiation, but the undesirable colour changes resulting from the exclusion of oxygen remains a serious drawback.
Thin‐layer chromatographic determination of polybutene residues in plants
Authors: Briggs C. J. , Challen S. B.
Published: November 2006

An extraction and analysis procedure was developed for the assay of polybutenes which remain on plants treated with polybutene emulsion sprays. Polybutenes were extracted from the plant material using n‐hexane, and were then estimated by a quantitative thin‐layer chromatography technique. A photoelectric densitometer coupled to an integrating logarithmic recorder was used to provide a quantitative value for the integral of area and density of the polybutene spots after location on the chromatogram. A linear relationship was found between the logarithm of the weight of polybutene and the square root of the densitometer reading over the range 5‐50 μg. The experimental error for determinations within this range was found to be approximately 4%. The assay technique was found to have several advantages over gravimetric assay techniques previously described.
Chemical studies on the herring (Clupea harengus). XI.—Quantitative estimation of volatile sulphur compounds produced during the cooking of herring
Authors: McLay R.
Published: November 2006

The volatile sulphur compounds in fresh and canned herring were estimated by a colorimetric method. It was found that there was an overall decrease in volatile sulphur compounds after canning and also that nobbed herring was richer than filleted herring in hydrogen sulphide. The skin produced relatively larger amounts of methyl mercaptan. The reasons for these findings are discussed.
Flour paste viscosities of some Australian wheats
Authors: Moss H. J.
Published: November 2006

Flours milled from sound wheat of the varieties Bencubbin, Bungulla and Spica had substantially lower paste viscosities than did those of other varieties, when heated in the Brabender Viscograph. These differences were far greater than effects which could have been attributed to natural variation in alpha amylase activity. There was a significant positive correlation between protein content and peak viscosity when all flours were compared, and this was also true for each separate series of varietal tests.

Paste viscosity did not appear to be important in governing loaf volume in the wheats examined.
Conservation of fresh and wilted grass in air‐tight metal containers
Authors: Jackson N. , Anderson B. K.
Published: November 2006

Fresh and wilted timothy‐meadow fescue herbage of 19 and 46.6° dry matter content, respectively, was ensiled in rubber‐sealed steel cylinders 5 ft deep and 3 ft in diameter. Mean dry matter losses from all silos were about 6%. All silages were well preserved, the wilted material containing less lactic acid and volatile acids and having a higher pH. The dry matter digestibility coefficients from fresh and wilted grass silages were 71.5 and 70.2%, respectively, and were slightly higher than for the grass before ensilage. Ensilage resulted in a fall in metabolisable energy of the wilted grass. Intake of wilted silage by sheep was higher than that of silage from fresh grass.
Volume‐reduction technique for the X‐ray spectrographic determination of micronutrients in plant tissues
Authors: Theisen A. A. , Pinkerton A.
Published: November 2006

A volume‐reduction technique is described for the X‐ray spectrographic analysis of the micronutrient elements manganese, iron, and zinc in plant tissues. This simple technique is believed to minimise inter‐element effects and utilises dilution by volume instead of by weight, thus avoiding intimate mixing of sample and diluent. The method has particular advantages for the analysis of manganese and iron when they occur in plant tissues in concentrations large enough for inter‐element effects to be serious.
2‐azido‐4‐alkylamino‐6‐alkylamino‐S‐triazines: A new group of herbicidal triazines
Authors: Gabbott P. A. , Barnsley G. E.
Published: November 2006

Phytotoxicity to 7 crop species, and degree of inhibition of the Hill reaction were assessed for several 2‐azido‐4‐alkylamino‐6‐alkylamino‐s‐triazines. Biological activity increased with increased alkylation of the amino groups, with increasing chain length of the alkyl substituents up to 5 to 6 C atoms, and with increased degree of branching of the alkyl chain. For several of the compounds tested there was good agreement between phytotoxicity tests and potency against the Hill reaction. The most active compound was 2‐azido‐4‐ethylamino‐6‐t‐butylamino‐s‐triazine (WL 9385), which was particularly effective in controlling seedling annual grasses when applied post‐emergence.
5α‐androst‐16‐ene‐3‐one:—Compound responsible for taint in boar fat
Authors: Patterson R. L. S.
Published: November 2006

The volatile compounds stripped from boar, hog and gilt fats under conditions of high vacuum and elevated temperature have been subjected to gas chromatographic and olfactory analysis. The compound primarily responsible for the taint of boar fat has been isolated and identified by mass spectrometry as 5α‐androst‐16‐ene‐3‐one. It has an unpleasant odour of perspiration and is detectable in most boars of 200 lb live‐weight and over but not in hogs or gilts.
Effects of liming and various forms of oral copper supplementation on the copper status of grazing sheep
Authors: Macpherson A. , Hemingway R. G.
Published: November 2006

Sheep grazing limed pasture for periods extending to 14 months had consistently lower mean blood copper concentrations than similar sheep on comparable untreated pasture. Liver copper concentrations and total liver copper contents were also significantly lower for the sheep on the limed herbage. Liming did not affect the herbage copper concentration. Herbage copper concentrations of 8‐9 ppm appeared to be insufficient to maintain the blood and liver copper status of sheep grazing limed pasture at adequate levels.

Prolonged oral supplementation providing 70 mg Cu per week as the sulphate, glycinate or EDTA salt increased blood and liver copper concentrations to similar degrees and with no apparent risk of toxicity.
Structures and pesticidal activities of derivatives of dinitrophenols. VIII.—effects of substitution with C5 to C13‐s‐alkyl groups and of esterification on the acaricidal activity of dinitrophenols
Authors: Pianka M. , Edwards J. D.
Published: November 2006

38 methyl‐, 37 ethyl‐ and 19 other alkyl‐carbonates, 37 crotonates, 10 acrylates and 17 other esters, and 15 methyl ethers of 2‐(C5 to C13‐s‐alkyl)‐4,6‐dinitro‐ and 4‐(C4 t4 to C13‐s‐alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenols were synthesised, and their activities against Tetranychus telarius (greenhouse red spider mite) were investigated. 2‐s‐Alkyl‐4,6‐dinitrophenols and esters were more active than their 4‐s‐alkyl‐2,6‐dinitro‐ analogues, acaricidal activity remaining high with the 4,6‐dinitrophenols up to 2‐(C11‐s‐alkyl). Generally compactness of the 2‐s‐alkyl group aided activity. Methyl ethers had very low activity. Esters of 2‐(C3 to C7‐s‐alkyl)‐4,6‐dinitrophenols were more acaricidal than the parent phenols, but the reverse was the case with C8 to C13‐s‐alkyl compounds. Crotonates and other esters were generally less active than methyl carbonates. The methyl carbonates of 2‐(1‐ethylhexyl)‐ and 2‐(1‐propylpentyl)‐4,6‐dinitrophenols were found to be of particular economic interest as acaricides.
Availability of essential amino acids from proteins. II.—food proteins
Authors: Dvořák Z.
Published: November 2006

The availability of leucine from L‐leucinamide hydrochloride, L‐leucyl‐glycyl‐glycine and glycyl‐L‐leucine as substrates for leucine aminopeptidase and glycyl‐leucine dipeptidase was studied with Streptococcus faecalis, S. zymogenes and Lactobacillus arabinosus. The results indicate that these micro‐organisms have their own activity of exopeptidases through which they may utilise amino acids of peptides, released from the proteins by hydrolysis by endopeptidases. The availability of leucine from the proteins of beef muscle, hydrolysed by pepsin, trypsin, pancreatin or papain was also studied. The amount of available leucine found differed according to the enzyme and micro‐organism used. Most efficient were pancreatin and papain. The calculated total amount of leucine present in the proteins studied was not found experimentally by digestion with any of these enzymes. Further hydrolysis by leucine aminopeptidase increased the availability of leucine to 84.6‐100%. By using leucine aminopeptidase simultaneously with prolidase, complete availability with all micro‐organisms was reached. It is suggested that the availability of essential amino acids in the proteins may be determined microbiologically after total enzymic hydrolysis by papain, leucine aminopeptidase and prolidase. By this method the proteins of beef muscle freeze‐dried and stored for 4 years, and those of meat bone meal and blood meal were analyzed.
Removal of limonin from bitter orange juice
Authors: Chandler B. V. , Kefford J. F. , Ziemelis G.
Published: November 2006

Polyamides are shown to be effective adsorbents for removal of the bitter principle, limonin, from pasteurised Washington Navel orange juice. The extent of limonin removal varies with different juices, but sufficient can be removed by one or two treatments to bring the concentration below the organoleptically detectable level. The commercial use of polyamides to prepare non‐bitter juices from Navel oranges is discussed.
Kaffircorn malting and brewing studies XIX.—gibberellic acid and amylase formation in kaffircorn
Authors: Daiber K. H. , Novellie L.
Published: November 2006

Gibberellic acid had little effect on amylase development in normal kaffircorn. Only immature seeds and very large grains produced more amylase when treated with gibberellic acid, but this effect was much smaller than that found with barley. Addition of gibberellic acid to isolated sorghum endosperms failed to stimulate significant amylase formation. Isolated endosperms also failed to produce amylase after normal contact with their embryos for up to 48 hours of germination. Amylase formation in sorghum appears, therefore, to be preponderantly a function of the embryo.
Physico‐chemical aspects of the availability of pesticides in soil. II.—controlled release of pesticides from granular formulations
Authors: Furmidge C. G. L. , Hill A. C. , Osgerby J. M.
Published: November 2006

The extent to which formulation factors control the release of a toxicant from granular formulations, under the leaching action of rain, has been investigated. Using granules prepared by an agglomeration process and containing the herbicide chlorthiamid, the rate of release can be varied by changing the filler base and by the use of different binding agents. By varying the binding agent a considerable degree of control can be exercised over the release of chlorthiamid.

The release of toxicant is partly by direct leaching from the granule and partly by disintegration of the granule in water which renders the toxicant more accessible.

The extent to which the release of other toxicants may be controlled in a similar way has been examined using ‘Bidrin’, fenuron, 2,4‐D, chlorfenvinphos and N‐tritylmorpholine. Toxicant release appeared to be governed by the filler/binding agent combination used in the granule and by the water solubility of the toxicant. Where the toxicant solubility is high, control over release is difficult to achieve but where the solubility is below 2000 ppm, a considerable control is possible.
Effect of reducing sugar (glucose) on the biuret colorimetric reaction
Authors: O'Hara C. E.
Published: November 2006

A highly significant interaction between concentration of free reducing sugar (glucose) and total time of the biuret reaction has been found by following absorbence changes. However, concentrations of up to 12.5 mg glucose/25 ml biuret reagent subjected to a reaction period of 1 1/2 hours caused no interference in absorbence value. Conditions for the specific application of the biuret colorimetric reaction for the determination of wheat flour proteins in the presence of free reducing sugars have been defined.
Chemical changes and losses during the ensilage of wilted grass
Authors: McDonald P. , Henderson A. R. , MacGregor A. W.
Published: November 2006

Two experiments were carried out; in the first, wilted Italian ryegrass at two different dry matter (DM) levels (34% and 47%) was ensiled; in the second, fresh grass (15.9% DM) and similar herbage wilted to 30.3% DM were ensiled. Total edible DM losses from the wilted silages were low and ranged from 6.7 to 10.4%. Changes in individual sugars and organic acids were followed. The residual amounts of sugars in the wilted silages were directly related to the degree of wilting. All silages were well preserved, but little fermentation had occurred in the material wilted to 47 % DM. From a knowledge of the sugars lost and amounts of mannitol and ethanol formed it has been possible to examine quantitatively the main chemical changes during the ensilage of the wilted materials. The results confirm the efficiency with which wilted grass is anaerobically conserved.
Integrity of gluten components labelled with 14c
Authors: Lee J. W.
Published: November 2006

Wheat protein was labelled with 14C by exposing immature wheat ears to uniformly labelled 14C glycine. Labelled gluten proteins were fractionated on carboxymethyl cellulose, and the labelled fractions obtained were mixed with unlabelled and unfractionated protein. Study of the distribution of 14C after electrophoresis on starch gel showed that each protein band examined retained its identity, and there was no evidence of in vitro protein hybridization.