bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Targeting current and future threats: recent methodological trends in environmental antimicrobial resistance research and their relationships to risk assessment
Authors: Burch Tucker R. , Newton Ryan J. , Kimbell Lee K. , LaMartina Emily Lou , O'Malley Kassidy , Thomson San Marie , Marshall Christopher W. , McNamara Patrick J.
Published: July 2022

Recent research on antimicrobial resistance in the environment has emphasized targeted methods. Increased use of non-targeted methods is needed to determine how frequently novel resistance genes arise.
Sesamin inhibits hypoxia-stimulated angiogenesis via the NF-κB p65/HIF-1α/VEGFA signaling pathway in human colorectal cancer
Authors: Huang Yefei , Liu Zixuan , Li Lingling , Jiang Min , Tang Yu , Zhou Li , Li Jing , Chen Yansu
Published: July 2022

This study suggests that sesamin can restrain NF-κB p65 to activate HIF-1α transcription under hypoxic conditions, thereby inhibiting VEGFA expression and effectively suppressing colorectal tumor angiogenesis.
Dietary emulsifier glycerol monodecanoate affects the gut microbiota contributing to regulating lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity and inflammation
Authors: Zhang Junhui , Yu Huilin , Zhong Hao , Wang Qianqian , Tang Jun , Shen Fei , Cai Haiying , Liu Tao , Feng Fengqin , Zhao Minjie
Published: July 2022

GMD showed a strong effect in improving insulin sensitivity and decreasing inflammation. 1600 mg kg−1 GMD increased the abundance of Bifidobacterium, while 150 and 800 mg kg−1 GMD increased the abundance of Lactobacillus and Turicibacter.
Cathode electrolysis for the comprehensive recycling of spent lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Zhao Jingjing , Qu Jiakang , Qu Xin , Gao Shuaibo , Wang Dihua , Yin Huayi
Published: July 2022

Spent lithium-ion battery cathode materials, including Li, Ni, Co, Mn and conductive carbon and PVDF binder, were recycledviaenvironmentally-friendly and low-cost electrolysis.
Benzaldehyde-mediated selective aerobic polyethylene functionalisation with isolated backbone ketones
Authors: Teo Jerald Y. Q. , Yeung Celine W. S. , Tan Tristan T. Y. , Loh Wei Wei , Loh Xian Jun , Lim Jason Y. C.
Published: July 2022

A solvent-free approach for the post-synthetic functionalisation of polyethylene with carbonyl groups exclusively is described using oxygen as the oxidant, with industrially-relevant benzoic acid being the sole organic side product of the reaction.
Electrical response of polymer functionalized ultrafine inorganic particles under frequency conditions: an in situ approach
Authors: Ghosh Sarit K. , Perla Venkata K. , Mallick Kaushik
Published: July 2022

Dielectric and field-dependent polarization response of palladium iodide nanoparticles under both in situ and ex situ condition.
Ambient pressure synthesis of unstable bulk phases of strongly correlated rare-earth nickelates
Authors: Smieszek Nicholas , Li Xinran , Chakrapani Vidhya
Published: July 2022

An ambient pressure synthesis recipe of SmNiO3 for well-defined metal–insulator transitions.
Multinuclear rhodium complexes supported by tetra-tert-butoxy disiloxide ligand: synthesis, structure, and reactivity
Authors: Ishizaka Yusuke , Matsumoto Kazuhiro , Sato Kazuhiko , Choi Jun-Chul
Published: July 2022

The tetra-tert-butoxy disilicate ligand induced an unprecedented bis-dinuclear rhodium complex.
Formic acid dehydrogenation by [Ru(η6-benzene)(L)Cl] catalysts: L = 2-methylquinolin-8-olate and quinolin-8-olate
Authors: Vatsa Aditi , Padhi Sumanta Kumar
Published: July 2022

Two Ru-arene-based catalysts are employed for the dehydrogenation of formic acid. The mechanism has also been interpreted. The catalytic activity of the complexes was also compared with previously reported ruthenium arene complexes using manometry.
A two-dimensional conductive polymer/V2O5 composite with rapid zinc-ion storage kinetics for high-power aqueous zinc-ion batteries
Authors: Wang Bo , Dai Simin , Zhu Zehao , Hu Lin , Su Zhen , Jin Yingzhi , Xiong Liukang , Gao Jiasong , Wan Jun , Li Zaifang , Huang Liang
Published: July 2022

A unique conducting polymer intercalation strategy is developed to optimize the ion/electron transport of V2O5 based aqueous zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs). It presents a new tactic to construct a high-performance and durable ZIB cathode.
Haber-independent, asymmetric synthesis of the marine alkaloid epi-leptosphaerin from a chitin-derived chiral pool synthon
Authors: Neville Jessica C. , Lau Michelle Y. , Söhnel Tilo , Sperry Jonathan
Published: July 2022

A chitin-derived, chiral pool synthon facilitates access to enantiopure, nitrogenous chemical space independent of Haber ammonia.
Diselenide–yne chemistry for selenium-containing linear polymer modification
Authors: Liu Ming , Chen Sisi , Lin Xiaofang , He Hanliang , Gao Jie , Zhai Yonghua , Wu Yan , Zhu Jian , Pan Xiangqiang
Published: July 2022

Selenium-containing brush polymers with diverse functional segments were easily prepared through diselenide–yne chemistry.
Development of a label-free electrochemiluminescence biosensor for the sensitive detection of porcine gelatin using carbon nanostructured materials
Authors: Adhikari Juthi , Rizwan Mohammad , Ahmed Minhaz Uddin
Published: July 2022

A label-free electrochemiluminescence biosensor using carbon nano-horns and nafion nanocomposite-modified carbon nanofiber printed sensor for the detection of porcine gelatin.
Langevin dynamics simulation on optimal conditions for large and stable loops of adsorbed homopolymers on substrates
Authors: Lu Rong-Xing , Zhou Yun , Yang Qing-Hui , Huang Jian-Hua
Published: July 2022

Large and stable loops can be formed by long homopolymers adsorbed on a substrate with moderate attraction at moderate polymer concentrations.
Shape of the outer stellar warp in the Large Magellanic Cloud disk
Authors: Saroon S. , Subramanian S.
Published: July 2022

Warps are vertical distortions of the stellar or gaseous disks of galaxies. One of the proposed scenarios for the formation of warps involves tidal interactions among galaxies. A recent study identified a stellar warp in the outer regions of the south-western (SW) disk of the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC) and suggested that it might have originated due to the tidal interaction between the LMC and the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC). Due to the limited spatial coverage of the data, the authors could not investigate the counterpart of this warp in the north-eastern (NE) region, which is essential to understanding the global shape, nature, and origin of the outer LMC warp. In this work, we study the structure of the LMC disk using data on red clump stars from the Gaia Early Data Release 3 (EDR3), which cover the entire Magellanic system. We detected a warp in the NE outer LMC disk which is deviated from the disk plane in the same direction as that of the SW outer warp, but with a lower amplitude. This suggests that the outer LMC disk has an asymmetric stellar warp, which is likely to be a U-shaped warp. Our result provides an observational constraint to the theoretical models of the Magellanic system aimed at improving the understanding the LMC-SMC interaction history.
A tentative ∼1000 km s−1 offset between the [CII] 158 m and Lyα line emission in a star-forming galaxy at z = 7.2
Authors: Baier-Soto R. , Herrera-Camus R. , Förster Schreiber N. M. , Contursi A. , Genzel R. , Lutz D. , Tacconi L.
Published: July 2022

GN-108036 is a star-forming galaxy at z = 7.21, and one of the most distant known sources in the Northern hemisphere. Based on observations from the NOrthern Extended Millimeter Array (NOEMA), here we report the tentative detection of the [C II] line at ≈4σ significance. The integrated [C II] line emission is spatially offset about ∼4 kpc from the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) emission. The total [C II] luminosity (L[CII] = 2.7 × 108 L⊙) is consistent with the relation between [C II] luminosity and star formation rate (SFR) observed in nearby and high-z star forming galaxies. More interestingly, the [C II] line is blueshifted with respect to the Lyα line by 980 ± 10 km s−1. If confirmed, this corresponds to the largest velocity offset reported to date between the Lyα line and a non-resonant line at z ≳ 6. According to trends observed in other high redshift galaxies, the large Lyα velocity offset in GN-108036 is consistent with its low Lyα equivalent width and high UV absolute magnitude. Based on Lyα radiative transfer models of expanding shells, the large Lyα velocity offset in GN-108036 could be interpreted as the presence of a large column density of hydrogen gas, and/or an outflow with a velocity of vout ∼ ΔvLyα/2 ∼ 500 km s−1. We also report the 3σ detection of a potential galaxy companion located ∼30 kpc east of GN-108036, at a similar systemic velocity, and with no counterpart rest-frame UV emission.
Backtracing the internal rotation history of the β Cep star HD 129929
Authors: Salmon S. J. A. J. , Moyano F. D. , Eggenberger P. , Haemmerlé L. , Buldgen G.
Published: July 2022

Context. HD 129929 is a slowly rotating β Cephei pulsator with a rich spectrum of detected oscillations, including two rotational multiplets. The asteroseismic interpretation revealed the presence of radial differential rotation in this massive star of ∼9.35 M⊙. The stellar core is indeed estimated to spin ∼3.6 times faster than the surface. The surface rotation was consequently derived as v ∼ 2 km s−1. This massive star represents an ideal counterpart to the wealth of space-based photometry results for main-sequence and evolved low-mass stars. Those latter stars have revealed a new, and often unexpected, picture of the angular momentum transport processes acting in stellar interiors.

Aims. We investigate in a new way the constraints on the internal rotation of HD 129929, as a marker of the evolution of the internal rotation during the main sequence of a massive star. We test both hydrodynamic and magnetic instability transport processes of angular momentum.

Methods. We used the best asteroseismic model obtained in an earlier work. We calibrated stellar models including rotation, with different transport processes, to reproduce that reference model. We then looked to determine whether one process is favoured to reproduce the rotation profile of HD 129929, based on the fit of the asteroseismic multiplets.

Results. The impact of the Tayler magnetic instability on the angular momentum transport predicts a ratio of the core-to-surface rotation rate of only 1.6, while the recently revised prescription of this mechanism predicts solid-body rotation. Both are too low in comparison with the asteroseismic inference. The models with only hydrodynamic processes are in good agreement with the asteroseismic measurements. Strikingly, we can also get a constraint on the profile of rotation on the zero age main sequence: likely, the ratio between the core and surface rotation was at least ∼1.7.

Conclusions. Transport of angular momentum by the Tayler magnetic instability is discarded for this star. The models with pure hydrodynamical processes reproduce the asteroseismic constraints. This result is specific to a slow rotator and has to be verified more generally in other massive main-sequence stars. Constraints on the rotation in earlier stages of this star also offer a new opportunity to test the impact of accretion during the pre-main sequence evolution.
Nitrogen fractionation towards a pre-stellar core traces isotope-selective photodissociation
Authors: Spezzano S. , Caselli P. , Sipilä O. , Bizzocchi L.
Published: July 2022

Context. Isotopologue abundance ratios are important to understand the evolution of astrophysical objects and ultimately the origins of a planetary system such as our own. With nitrogen being a fundamental ingredient of pre-biotic material, understanding its chemistry and inheritance is of fundamental importance to understand the formation of the building blocks of life.

Aims. We aim to study the 14N/15N ratio in HCN, HNC, and CN across the prototypical pre-stellar core L1544. This study allows us to test the proposed fractionation mechanisms for nitrogen.

Methods. We present here single-dish observations of the ground state rotational transitions of the 13C and 15N isotopologues of HCN, HNC, and CN with the IRAM 30 m telescope. We analyse their column densities and compute the 14N/15N ratio map across the core for HCN. The 15N fractionation of CN and HNC is computed towards different offsets across L1544.

Results. The 15N-fractionation map of HCN towards a pre-stellar core is presented here for the first time. Our map shows a very clear decrease in the 14N/15N ratio towards the southern edge of L1544, where carbon chain molecules present a peak, strongly suggesting that isotope-selective photodissociation has a strong effect on the fractionation of nitrogen across pre-stellar cores. The 14N/15N ratio in CN measured towards four positions across the core also shows a decrease towards the south-east of the core, while HNC shows the opposite behaviour. We also measured the 12CN/13CN ratio towards four positions across the core.

Conclusions. The uneven illumination of the pre-stellar core L1544 provides clear evidence that 15N fractionation of HCN and CN is enhanced towards the region more exposed to the interstellar radiation field. Isotope-selective photodissociation of N2 is then a crucial process to understand 15N fractionation, as already found in protoplanetary disks. Therefore, the 15N fractionation in pre-stellar material is expected to change depending on the environment within which pre-stellar cores are embedded. The 12CN/13CN ratio also varies across the core, but its variation does not affect our conclusions as to the effect of the environment on the fractionation of nitrogen. Nevertheless, the interplay between the carbon and nitrogen fractionation across the core warrants follow-up studies.
A Comparison of Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time and Activated Coagulation Time for Anticoagulation Monitoring during Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Therapy
Authors: Liu Ying , Yuan Zhiyong , Han Xiaoning , Song Kai , Xing Jinyan
Published: July 2022

Background Unfractionated heparin is used to prevent coagulation activation in patients undergoing extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support. We designed this study to determine the preferable indicator for anticoagulation monitoring.

Methods We conducted a retrospective study and divided the patients into an activated coagulation time (ACT)-target group and an activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT)-target group. The correlations between ACT, aPTT, and the heparin dose were explored.

Results Thirty-six patients were included (19 aPTT-target and 17 ACT-target patients); a total of 555 matched pairs of ACT/aPTT results were obtained. The correlation between the ACT and aPTT measurements was Spearman's Rank Correlation Coefficient (rs) = 0.518 in all 555 pairs. The Bland–Altman plot showed data points outside the displayed range (51.2–127.7), suggesting that the agreement between ACT and aPTT was poor. The aPTT group had fewer heparin dose changes (2.12 ± 0.68 vs. 2.57 ± 0.64, p = 0.05) and a lower cumulative heparin dose (317.6 ± 108.5 vs. 396.3 ± 144.3, p = 0.00) per day than the ACT group. There was no difference in serious bleeding (9 vs. 5; p = 0.171) or embolism events (3 vs. 3; p = 1.0) or in the red blood cell and fresh frozen plasma transfusion volumes between the ACT- and aPTT-target groups. Similarly, there was no significant difference in the ECMO duration (9 [4–15] days vs. 4 [3–14] days; p = 0.124) or length of ICU hospitalization (17 [5–32] days vs. 13 [4–21] days; p = 0.451) between the groups.

Conclusion The correlation between ACT and aPTT and the heparin dose was poor. The aPTT group had fewer daily heparin dose changes and a lower cumulative heparin dose per day than the ACT group, with no more bleeding and thrombotic events. Therefore, we recommend aPTT rather than ACT to adjust heparin dose in the absence of better monitoring indicators.
Heavy Load of Intestinal Fluke in a Four-Year-Old Child with Severe Acute Malnutrition: A Case Report
Authors: Deka Sangeeta , Kalita Deepjyoti , Hazarika Naba Kumar
Published: July 2022

Fasciolopsiasis, a food-borne intestinal parasitosis, occurs focally, and remains a significant public health problem in endemic areas. However, due to the wide spectrum of clinical presentation and unclear diagnosis or even misdiagnosis, it often goes unreported. The correlation between trematode infection and malnutrition is also often debated. We report a case of heavy infection of Fasciolopsis buski in a 4-year-old girl with severe acute malnutrition (SAM). The patient presented with a passage of many adult worms per stool following the consumption of some herbal concoction. A wet mount of the stool revealed ova of Fasciolopsis buski. She was treated successfully with praziquantel and food supplements. It raises the possibility of unidentified cases in this region and necessitates more extensive studies in the targeted population. This will also help raise awareness of fasciolopsiasis among clinicians, especially in vulnerable populations such as malnourished children.
Audiologic Assessment
Authors: Benson Emily A. , Messersmith Jessica J.
Published: July 2022

Prior to the fitting of hearing aids, clinicians and patients must discuss the best treatment options for the physical and audiologic needs of the patients. To be able to confidently make these decisions, the clinician should complete a medical and audiological case history. Additionally, clinicians need accurate results from a comprehensive audiologic evaluation. The evaluation should include the following: pure-tone testing, word recognition testing, speech-in-noise testing, and loudness discomfort level measures. This article will outline the process and procedures for acquiring this information in line with the Audiology Practice Standards Organization (APSO) Guidelines for Adult Hearing Aid Fittings Standards 1 and 4. This article will also discuss how results can affect decision-making during the hearing aid selection and fitting process.
Multimodal light-sensing pixel arrays
Authors: Qu Yurui , Yi Soongyu , Yang Lan , Yu Zongfu
Published: July 2022

Image sensors used in consumer cameras only detect intensity of light. Spectral, angular, and phase information of incident light is largely lost. For conventional applications like photography, the intensity information with three color bands (RGB) is sufficient. However, for advanced sensing applications, such as autonomous vehicles, biomedical imaging, and robotics, extracting more information from the incident light could help machines to make better decisions. It is expected that, in the future, more cameras will be built for machines than for people, which will be further accelerated by the rapid progress in machine learning and artificial intelligence. We envision that these applications will substantially benefit from multimodal measurement of light fields by advanced imaging sensors. In this Perspective, we discuss recent progress in image sensors with multimodal capabilities.
Demonstration of 4.7 kV breakdown voltage in NiO/
β
-Ga2O3 vertical rectifiers
Authors: Li Jian-Sian , Chiang Chao-Ching , Xia Xinyi , Yoo Timothy Jinsoo , Ren Fan , Kim Honggyu , Pearton S. J.
Published: July 2022

Vertical heterojunction NiO/β n-Ga2O/n+ Ga2O3 rectifiers employing NiO layer extension beyond the rectifying contact for edge termination exhibit breakdown voltages (VB) up to 4.7 kV with a power figure-of-merits, VB2/RON of 2 GW·cm−2, where RON is the on-state resistance (11.3 mΩ cm2). Conventional rectifiers fabricated on the same wafers without NiO showed VB values of 840 V and a power figure-of-merit of 0.11 GW cm−2. Optimization of the design of the two-layer NiO doping and thickness and also the extension beyond the rectifying contact by TCAD showed that the peak electric field at the edge of the rectifying contact could be significantly reduced. The leakage current density before breakdown was 144 mA/cm2, the forward current density was 0.8 kA/cm2 at 12 V, and the turn-on voltage was in the range of 2.2–2.4 V compared to 0.8 V without NiO. Transmission electron microscopy showed sharp interfaces between NiO and epitaxial Ga2O3 and a small amount of disorder from the sputtering process.
Sequential and concerted C–C and C–O bond dissociation in the Coulomb explosion of 2-propanol
Authors: Bittner Dror M. , Gope Krishnendu , Livshits Ester , Baer Roi , Strasser Daniel
Published: July 2022

We study the competing mechanisms involved in the Coulomb explosion of 2-propanol CH32CHOH2+ dication, formed by an ultrafast extreme ultraviolet pulse. Over 20 product channels are identified and characterized using 3D coincidence imaging of the ionic fragments. The momentum correlations in the three-body fragmentation channels provide evidence for a dominant sequential mechanism, starting with the cleavage of a C–C bond, ejecting CH3+ and CH3CHOH+ cations, followed by a secondary fragmentation of the hydroxyethyl cation that can be delayed for up to a microsecond after ionization. The C–O bond dissociation channels are less frequent, involving proton transfer and double proton transfer, forming H2O+ and H3O+ products, respectively, and exhibiting mixed sequential and concerted character. These results can be explained by the high potential barrier for the C–O bond dissociation seen in our ab initio quantum chemical calculations. We also observe coincident COH+ + C2Hn+ ions, suggesting exotic structural rearrangements, starting from the Frank–Condon geometry of the neutral 2-propanol system. Remarkably, the relative yield of the H3+ product is suppressed compared with methanol and alkene dications. Ab initio potentials and ground state molecular dynamics simulations show that a rapid and direct C–C bond cleavage dominates the Coulomb explosion process, leaving no time for H2 roaming, which is a necessary precursor to the H3+ formation.
LES-based prediction of technically premixed flame dynamics and comparison with perfectly premixed mode
Authors: Kuhlmann J. , Marragou S. , Boxx I. , Schuller T. , Polifke W.
Published: July 2022

The present study combines Large Eddy Simulation (LES) with System Identification (SI) to determine the Flame Transfer Functions (FTFs) of technically premixed flames that respond to fluctuations of upstream velocity as well as equivalence ratio. Two variants to obtain the corresponding FTFs from numerically determined time series data are reported and compared with the experimental results. The experiment does not measure heat release rate directly but instead the CH* chemiluminescence. This is insufficient for FTF identification of technically premixed flames but can be used for the validation of the simulation. We implemented a CH* post-processor in the simulation and validated with the experiment. After validation, the simulation is used to identify the contributions of velocity and equivalence ratio to the FTF of technically premixed flame dynamics. We propose and compare two approaches for the identification of FTFs. The direct approach via multiple-input single-output system identification requires one simulation with simultaneous excitation of fuel and air inlets and carefully chosen input signals. The second approach reconstructs the FTF decomposition from two separate simulations, one perfectly premixed and one technically premixed, with reduced requirements on signal quality. We compare both approaches and discuss the FTFs of perfectly and technically premixed flames. Overall, the LES/SI approach proved to be flexible and reliable for technically premixed flames.
Photo-electro-striction in halide perovskite semiconductors
Authors: Zhao Zeen , Ding Yecheng , Zhao Xuefeng , Wang Yaojin , Xu Ben , Liu Guanghua , Yuan Guoliang , Liu Jun-Ming
Published: July 2022

MAPbI3, MAPbBr3, and CsPbBr3 are excellent halide perovskite semiconductors with super long carrier diffusion length, long minority carrier lifetime, and large light absorption coefficient. Compared with the small intrinsic electrostriction, photocarriers induce a large photostriction in the surface layer. Furthermore, an electric field can efficiently separate the light excited electron–hole pairs, enhance photocarriers diffusion, and finally increase the crystal expansion, i.e., photo-electro-striction. For each crystal under 30 V/mm and in light with 450 nm wavelength and 840 mW/cm2, the photo-electro-striction is over four times of the pure electrostriction and is larger than the sum of photostriction and electrostriction. Most importantly, MAPbI3 single crystal shows a large photostriction of ∼0.35% and the photo-electro-striction of ∼0.64%. This work proves a very large photo-electro-striction as a result of the strong coupling among photocarriers, electric fields, and crystal lattices, which is important to develop semiconductor devices.
Swept shock wave/boundary layer interaction control based on surface arc plasma
Authors: Yang Hesen , Zong Haohua , Liang Hua , Wu Yun , Zhang Chuanbiao , Kong Yakang , Li Yinghong
Published: July 2022

Swept shock wave/boundary layer interactions occur widely in the internal and external flows of supersonic and hypersonic aircraft, which can seriously affect aircraft stability and engine intake efficiency. Based on the conventional S–A turbulence model, this study investigates surface arc plasma actuation for regulating swept shock wave/boundary layer interactions at Mach 2.95 to explore the ability and the three-dimensional shock wave/boundary layer interactions control method of plasma actuation. First, the flow control effect is explored in terms of indirect control by applying actuation in the upstream boundary layer or in front of the separation line, and in terms of direct control by applying actuation in the separation region. These three methods all achieve clear control effects. Control results show that the first method is more effective in regulating the wall pressure and friction coefficient and can improve the friction and heat transfer of the wall in a wide range of flow direction and cone direction. The second method is more effective in regulating separated shock waves. The third aspect is more effective in regulating the reattachment region. The associated control mechanisms are then refined. The control effects of the first control method depend on the transmission of vortices, those of the second are based on the virtual surface generated by actuation, and those of the third rely on energy injection. Finally, the application scenarios of the different control methods are determined according to the flow control requirements of aircraft and the corresponding control mechanisms. This study provides a reference method for solving more complex three-dimensional shock boundary layer interaction problems.
Electron mediation enhanced magnetocrystalline anisotropy and Curie temperature of FeCl2 monolayer by an electride substrate
Authors: Li Rui , Jiang Jiawei , Bai Haili , Mi Wenbo
Published: July 2022

Two-dimensional magnetic materials offer an ideal platform to study the fundamental research and potential applications in spintronics. However, it is still a challenging issue to raise their magnetic anisotropy energy and Curie temperature. Based on the density functional theory and the Monte Carlo method, we investigate the electron-mediated electronic structures and magnetic properties in a FeCl2/Ca2N heterostructure. It is found that a Ca2N monolayer devotes about 0.46 electrons/f.u. to a FeCl2 monolayer due to the low work function. This provides a high electron doping density of 4.28 × 1014 cm−2 and avoids the disorder effect of the traditional doping methods simultaneously such as the intercalation, adsorption, and substitution. Moreover, the magnetocrystalline anisotropy energy and Curie temperature of the FeCl2/Ca2N heterostructure enhance 66% and 100% compared with the FeCl2 monolayer, respectively. Our findings provide a practical and effective avenue to modulate the magnetic properties of two-dimensional magnetic materials.
PIT POP! Bursting the bubble on home-range bias with fine-scale PIT telemetry
Authors: Allan Hugh , Duncan Richard P. , Unmack Peter , White Duanne , Lintermans Mark
Published: July 2022

Context Improved tracking technologies increase understanding of fish movement, but care is required when comparing studies of different design. Aims We used an approach that allowed fine-scale tracking to compare results from individual-tracking designs to simulated batch-marking designs. Methods Adult Galaxias tantangara (a small freshwater fish) individuals were tagged with 9-mm PIT tags in a small headwater stream and tracked with an accuracy of 1 lineal metre. To evaluate differences between common study designs, data were re-analysed to simulate both batch-marking section size and tracking resolution between 1 and 250 m. Key results Home-range estimates decreased with a smaller section size and tracking resolution. Batch-marking simulations differed in 99% of cases, whereas individual tracking simulations differed in only 17% of comparisons. Comparisons between different methods were rarely statistically equivalent, being so only when section size or resolution was less than 4 m. Implications Importantly, batch-marking studies are often likely to overestimate home-range size, and results from different studies may be comparable only when resolution is very fine or identical, even if the same method was used.
Mammal use of undercrossings is influenced by openness and proximity to riparian corridors
Authors: Jensen Alex J. , Perrine John D. , Schaffner Andrew , Brewster Robert , Giordano Anthony J. , Robertson Morgan , Siepel Nancy
Published: July 2022

Context A central problem in road ecology is the need to minimise roadkill without exacerbating fragmentation. The best current solution to this problem is wildlife-exclusion fencing combined with crossing structures. However, because species vary in their propensity to use crossing structures, optimising their design for a suite of species remains a challenge. Aims We investigated medium- and large-mammal use of undercrossings along Highway 101 in the Central Coast of California. Specifically, we quantified how undercrossing size, surrounding habitat, and the presence of a wildlife-exclusion fence, influenced overall species richness, as well as use by black bear, mule deer, puma, and bobcat. Methods Using wildlife cameras, we documented mammal use at 11 undercrossings in our study area. We calculated the openness index of each undercrossing and remotely measured habitat features, such as percentage tree cover, and distance to nearest stream. We determined the relative importance of these factors on overall species richness, and the activity of focal species, using generalised linear mixed models in an information-theoretic framework. Key results Mesocarnivores used a wider variety of undercrossings, and used them more frequently, than did larger mammals. Species richness and bear activity were greater closer to streams, and there was more bear activity at undercrossings within the wildlife-exclusion fence zone than outside it. Deer activity was strongly and positively related to undercrossing openness. Our puma and bobcat analyses were uninformative, likely because we detected puma too infrequently, and because bobcats showed little variation in use across sites. Conclusions Our results support previous research highlighting natural travel corridors (e.g. riparian areas) as important places for wildlife crossings, both for a diversity of medium–large mammals and a low-density large carnivore. Ungulates may be the most selective taxa in respect to undercrossing use. Implications Large, open undercrossings along natural travel routes accommodate the greatest diversity of medium–large mammal species.
A complete biomimetic iron-sulfur cubane redox series
Authors: Grunwald Liam , Clémancey Martin , Klose Daniel , Dubois Lionel , Gambarelli Serge , Jeschke Gunnar , Wörle Michael , Blondin Geneviève , Mougel Victor
Published: July 2022

Synthetic iron-sulfur cubanes are models for biological cofactors, which are essential to delineate oxidation states in the more complex enzymatic systems. However, a complete series of [Fe
4
S
4
]

n

complexes spanning all redox states accessible by 1-electron transformations of the individual iron atoms (
n
= 0–4+) has never been prepared, deterring the methodical comparison of structure and spectroscopic signature. Here, we demonstrate that the use of a bulky arylthiolate ligand promoting the encapsulation of alkali-metal cations in the vicinity of the cubane enables the synthesis of such a series. Characterization by EPR,
57
Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, UV-visible electronic absorption, variable-temperature X-ray diffraction analysis, and cyclic voltammetry reveals key trends for the geometry of the Fe
4
S
4
core as well as for the Mössbauer isomer shift, which both correlate systematically with oxidation state. Furthermore, we confirm the
S
= 4 electronic ground state of the most reduced member of the series, [Fe
4
S
4
]
0
, and provide electrochemical evidence that it is accessible within 0.82 V from the [Fe
4
S
4
]
2+
state, highlighting its relevance as a mimic of the nitrogenase iron protein cluster.
High-dimensional immune profiling identifies a biomarker to monitor dimethyl fumarate response in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Diebold Martin , Galli Edoardo , Kopf Andreas , Sanderson Nicholas S R , Callegari Ilaria , Benkert Pascal , Gonzalo Núñez Nicolás , Ingelfinger Florian , Herms Stefan , Cichon Sven , Kappos Ludwig , Kuhle Jens , Becher Burkhard , Claassen Manfred , Derfuss Tobias
Published: July 2022

Dimethyl fumarate (DMF) is an immunomodulatory treatment for multiple sclerosis (MS). Despite its wide clinical use, the mechanisms underlying clinical response are not understood. This study aimed to reveal immune markers of therapeutic response to DMF treatment in MS. For this purpose, we prospectively collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from a highly characterized cohort of 44 individuals with MS before and at 12 and 48 wk of DMF treatment. Single cells were profiled using high-dimensional mass cytometry. To capture the heterogeneity of different immune subsets, we adopted a bioinformatic multipanel approach that allowed cell population–cluster assignment of more than 50 different parameters, including lineage and activation markers as well as chemokine receptors and cytokines. Data were further analyzed in a semiunbiased fashion implementing a supervised representation learning approach to capture subtle longitudinal immune changes characteristic for therapy response. With this approach, we identified a population of memory T helper cells expressing high levels of neuroinflammatory cytokines (granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor [GM-CSF], interferon γ [IFNγ]) as well as CXCR3, whose abundance correlated with treatment response. Using spectral flow cytometry, we confirmed these findings in a second cohort of patients. Serum neurofilament light-chain levels confirmed the correlation of this immune cell signature with axonal damage. The identified cell population is expanded in peripheral blood under natalizumab treatment, substantiating a specific role in treatment response. We propose that depletion of GM-CSF–, IFNγ-, and CXCR3-expressing T helper cells is the main mechanism of action of DMF and allows monitoring of treatment response.
Motivational trade-offs and modulation of nociception in bumblebees
Authors: Gibbons Matilda , Versace Elisabetta , Crump Andrew , Baran Bartosz , Chittka Lars
Published: July 2022

Insects are traditionally thought to respond to noxious stimuli in an inflexible manner, without the ability to modulate their behavior according to context. We investigated whether bumblebees’ attraction to high sucrose solution concentrations reduces their avoidance of noxious heat. Bees were given the choice between either unheated or noxiously heated (55 °C) feeders with different sucrose concentrations and marked by different colors. Bees avoided noxious feeders when the unheated feeders contained high sucrose concentrations, but progressively increased feeding from noxious feeders when the sucrose concentration at unheated feeders decreased. This shows a motivational trade-off of nociceptive responses. Bees used learned color cues for their decisions, and thus the trade-off was based on processing in the brain, rather than just peripheral processing. Therefore, bees can use contextual information to modulate nociceptive behavior. This ability is consistent with a capacity for pain experiences in insects.
Communicative anxiety among Korean immigrants in Australia
Authors: Jee Min Jung
Published: July 2022

This study investigated levels of communicative anxiety (CA) among three generations of Korean immigrants (i.e., first, 1.5, and second generation) in Australia. A survey asking about their levels of CA in Korean (i.e., heritage language) and in English (i.e., majority language) was completed by 137 Korean immigrants. Some of the survey respondents participated in the open-ended questions and interviews, which asked about anxiety-arousing situations and coping strategies. Overall, all three generations of Koreans showed very low levels of CA in Korean. Regarding CA in English, the first-generation group showed a moderate level of anxiety whereas the second-generation group showed a very low level of anxiety. The 1.5-generation group revealed relatively low levels, but still ‘some’ degree of CA in both Korean and English. Among many contexts, public speaking provoked the most anxiety, both in Korean and English, and for all three generations. Various linguistic and socio-emotional reasons interplayed, and strategies similar to those used by successful foreign or second language learners were reported.
Three-dimensional photoelectron holography with trichromatic polarization-tailored laser pulses
Authors: Köhnke D , Eickhoff K , Bayer T , Wollenhaupt M
Published: July 2022

We present a three-dimensional (3D) photoelectron wave packet holography scheme based on polarization-tailored trichromatic femtosecond laser pulses for the determination of quantum phases in atomic multiphoton ionization (MPI). Experimentally, we combine supercontinuum polarization pulse shaping with photoelectron tomography for the reconstruction of the 3D photoelectron momentum distribution (PMD). To demonstrate the 3D photoelectron holography scheme, we superimpose a sculptured wave packet encoding a relative continuum phase with a reference wave packet. In particular, we create a sculptured angular momentum superposition wave packet by (2 + 1) resonance-enhanced MPI of potassium atoms using a counter-rotating circularly polarized bichromatic pulse sequence. The sculptured wave packet, consisting of states with different orbital angular momentum quantum numbers, interferes with the reference wave packet generated by direct three-photon ionization with a circularly polarized pulse of the third color. Depending on the circularity of the reference pulse, interference of both wave packets gives rise to 3D photoelectron holograms with c
2 or c
4 rotational symmetry in the laser polarization plane, i.e., in the azimuthal direction. In the polar direction, the azimuthal interference pattern undergoes a phase-shift revealing the relative quantum phase between the p- and f-type continuum partial waves in the sculptured wave packet. We determine the relative continuum phase by fitting the parameters of an analytical model of the hologram to the measured 3D PMD and confirm the result by direct extraction of the continuum phase difference from the polar-angle-dependent azimuthal phase-shift of the photoelectron angular distribution.
Defect data image enhancement method based on all-focus imaging algorithm
Authors: Xie Yun , Zhou Lujing , Zhang Xiaobin , Wu Jinhu , Dou Jiaming
Published: July 2022

When the total focus imaging (TFM) algorithm is oriented to multi-layer media, the energy attenuation of the sound beam in the wedge coupling model results in a decrease in detection energy and imaging reliability. In this paper, a new defect data image enhancement method is proposed to calibrate the full-focus imaging model: the attenuation coefficients of different emission-received acoustic beams in the coupled model were measured by the plexiglass reflection method, and the whole matrix captured data were reconstructed. To enhance the image of defect data, multi-threshold fusion is proposed to eliminate the artifacts in the imaging region, especially the noise artifacts in the near field region. Experimental results show that compared with the traditional full-focus imaging algorithm, the self-built algorithm model proposed in this paper greatly improves the energy attenuation problem at the defect with large deflection angle. Especially in the range of excellent detection results, the energy uniformity of the defect is significantly improved, which has a certain inhibitory effect on the artifacts near the defect. The subsequent artifact elimination work improved the defect characterization ability and image signal-to-noise ratio of fully focused images while the effect of near-field artifact elimination was significant.
Visualization deep learning model for automatic arrhythmias classification
Authors: Jiang Mingfeng , Qiu Yujie , Zhang Wei , Zhang Jucheng , Wang Zhefeng , Ke Wei , Wu Yongquan , Wang Zhikang
Published: July 2022

Objective. With the improvement of living standards, heart disease has become one of the common diseases that threaten human health. Electrocardiography (ECG) is an effective way of diagnosing cardiovascular diseases. With the rapid growth of ECG examinations and the shortage of cardiologists, accurate and automatic arrhythmias classification has become a research hotspot. The main purpose of this paper is to improve accuracy in detecting abnormal ECG patterns. Approach. A hybrid 1D Resnet-GRU method, consisting of the Resnet and gated recurrent unit (GRU) modules, is proposed to implement classification of arrhythmias from 12-lead ECG recordings. In addition, the focal Loss function is used to solve the problem of unbalanced datasets. Based on the proposed 1D Resnet-GRU model, we use class-discriminative visualization to improve interpretability and transparency as an additional step. In this paper, the Grad-CAM++ mechanism has been employed to the trained network model and generate thermal images superimposed on raw signals to explore underlying explanations of various ECG segments. Main results. The experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve a high score of 0.821 (F1-score) in classifying 9 kinds of arrythmias, and Grad-CAM++ not only provides insight into the predictive power of the model, but is also consistent with the diagnostic approach of the arrhythmia classification. Significance. The proposed method can effectively select and integrate ECG features to achieve the goal of end-to-end arrhythmia classification by using 12-lead ECG signals, which can serve a promising and useful way for automatic arrhythmia classification, and can provide an explainable deep leaning model for clinical diagnosis.
On the interactions between three fireballs in low-temperature plasma*
Authors: Irimiciuc Stefan Andrei , Konrad-Soare Claudia Teodora , Dimitriu Dan Gheorghe , Ionita Codrina , Schrittwieser Roman Wolfgang
Published: July 2022

Extensive experimental investigations have been carried out on the interaction between three plasma fireballs in low-temperature plasma. The particle dynamics within the plasma space charge formations and the exchange between them have been investigated. Cold Langmuir probe measurements were taken showing the influence of the fireballs on the background plasma parameters. The current oscillations show specific frequencies for the dynamic states of the fireballs, where periodic expulsion and backflow of ions occur near the surrounding double layer. Interaction maxima or resonance phenomena are revealed at specific distances between the electrodes.
DC-driven positive streamer coronas in airflow
Authors: Martell Benjamin C , Strobel Lee R , Guerra-Garcia Carmen
Published: July 2022

An experimental study of the effect of airflow on positive self-pulsating streamer coronas in a needle-to-plate geometry is presented. The experiments are performed in an open return wind tunnel with winds up to 30 m s−1 orthogonal to the needle. The experimental data is presented in terms of statistical properties of the discharge, inferred from high resolution, large sample-size current waveforms. The key properties of the current pulsations, namely inter-pulse period, peak current, deposited energy, and pulse width are analyzed as a function of wind speed and applied DC voltage. All parameters increase in dispersion with wind speed. The mean of the inter-pulse period decreases with wind speed and the mean pulsation frequency increases. The peak currents and energies per pulsation have a general tendency to decrease in magnitude but also higher-current, higher-energy, streamer bursts are observed. At low wind speeds, streamers preferentially propagate in the downwind direction but, as the wind speed is increased, more streamers can propagate upwind. The measurements are interpreted using an analytical model of charge transport.
Smart hydrogel with rapid self-healing and controlled release attributes for biomedical applications
Authors: Deka Rishikesh , Boruah Plabita , Ali Asadulla Asraf , Dutta Rupjyoti , Gogoi Parikshit , Sarmah Jayanta K
Published: July 2022

A novel shear-thinning cross-linked hydrogel (HG) of polyvinyl alcohol and guar gum has been developed. The HG exhibited a fast self-healing ability within 60 s to bear deformation and possessed excellent stretchability and thermoresponsive properties. The HG was loaded with AgNPs using the in-situ cross-linking method to form the HG composite (HGC). SEM study revealed that the surface of the HG transformed from a dense and non-porous structure to an unordered and porous structure in the HGC suitable for immobilization of the AgNPs. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy deconvolution study confirmed the presence of silver in the HGC. The cumulative release of silver nanoparticles from HGC was investigated and found that about 15% of the loaded Ag is released over five days. Ag release data fitment to various mathematical models specified that the Ag release profile is explained best by the Korsmeyer–Peppas model which revealed that the release of Ag from the HG was mainly administered by diffusion. The diffusion constant was calculated to be 5.1

×

10

−
6

cm2 s−1, indicative of an excellent controlled release system. The synthesized HGC can exhibit antibacterial activity on both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The release mechanism and effective antibacterial activity support the synergic structure-property correlation of the HG and HGC.
Transport measurement of MgB2 wire under the sub-cooled water ice compared to other cooling conditions
Authors: Búran M , Kopera L , Kováč P
Published: July 2022

The standard DC transport measurements of MgB2 composite conductors were done in vacuum, low-pressure helium gas, sub-cooled solid nitrogen and water ice. The effect of these coolants on electro-thermal behaviour was studied at self-field and temperature range from 32 K to 36.5 K. The obtained results show that even small volume of Helium gas enhances the sample thermal stability during the I–V measurement in comparison to those obtained in vacuum. The cooling by solid nitrogen improves the sample stability in contrast to helium gas. The measurements performed inn water ice exhibits an excellent and stable behavior of superconducting wire carrying high transport current below and above the quench as well. Consequently, water ice shows simple, safe, and promising He-free mode of cooling for future superconducting systems.