bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing the Development of Preschoolers' Mathematical Patterning
Authors: Papic Marina M. , Mulligan Joanne T. , Mitchelmore Michael C.
Published: September 2017

The development of patterning strategies during the year prior to formal schooling was studied in 53 children from 2 similar preschools. One preschool implemented a 6-month intervention focusing on repeating and spatial patterns. An interview-based Early Mathematical Patterning Assessment (EMPA) was developed and administered pre- and postintervention, and again following the 1st year of formal schooling. The intervention group outperformed the comparison group across a wide range of patterning tasks at the post- and follow-up assessments. Children from the intervention group demonstrated greater understanding of unit of repeat and spatial structuring, and most were also able to extend and explain growing patterns 1 year later. In contrast, most of the comparison group treated repeating patterns as alternating items and rarely recognized simple geometrical patterns. The findings indicate a fundamental link between patterning and multiplicative reasoning through the development of composite units.
Cell type boundaries organize plant development
Authors: Caggiano Monica Pia , Yu Xiulian , Bhatia Neha , Larsson André , Ram Hasthi , Ohno Carolyn K , Sappl Pia , Meyerowitz Elliot M , Jönsson Henrik , Heisler Marcus G
Published: September 2017

In plants the dorsoventral boundary of leaves defines an axis of symmetry through the centre of the organ separating the top (dorsal) and bottom (ventral) tissues. Although the positioning of this boundary is critical for leaf morphogenesis, how the boundary is established and how it influences development remains unclear. Using live-imaging and perturbation experiments we show that leaf orientation, morphology and position are pre-patterned by HD-ZIPIII and KAN gene expression in the shoot, leading to a model in which dorsoventral genes coordinate to regulate plant development by localizing auxin response between their expression domains. However we also find that auxin levels feedback on dorsoventral patterning by spatially organizing HD-ZIPIII and KAN expression in the shoot periphery. By demonstrating that the regulation of these genes by auxin also governs their response to wounds, our results also provide a parsimonious explanation for the influence of wounds on leaf dorsoventrality.
Molecular conservation of marsupial and eutherian placentation and lactation
Authors: Guernsey Michael W , Chuong Edward B , Cornelis Guillaume , Renfree Marilyn B , Baker Julie C
Published: September 2017

Eutherians are often mistakenly termed ‘placental mammals’, but marsupials also have a placenta to mediate early embryonic development. Lactation is necessary for both infant and fetal development in eutherians and marsupials, although marsupials have a far more complex milk repertoire that facilitates morphogenesis of developmentally immature young. In this study, we demonstrate that the anatomically simple tammar placenta expresses a dynamic molecular program that is reminiscent of eutherian placentation, including both fetal and maternal signals. Further, we provide evidence that genes facilitating fetal development and nutrient transport display convergent co-option by placental and mammary gland cell types to optimize offspring success.
A druggable secretory protein maturase of Toxoplasma essential for invasion and egress
Authors: Dogga Sunil Kumar , Mukherjee Budhaditya , Jacot Damien , Kockmann Tobias , Molino Luca , Hammoudi Pierre-Mehdi , Hartkoorn Ruben C , Hehl Adrian B , Soldati-Favre Dominique
Published: September 2017

Micronemes and rhoptries are specialized secretory organelles that deploy their contents at the apical tip of apicomplexan parasites in a regulated manner. The secretory proteins participate in motility, invasion, and egress and are subjected to proteolytic maturation prior to organellar storage and discharge. Here we establish that Toxoplasma gondii aspartyl protease 3 (ASP3) resides in the endosomal-like compartment and is crucially associated to rhoptry discharge during invasion and to host cell plasma membrane lysis during egress. A comparison of the N-terminome, by terminal amine isotopic labelling of substrates between wild type and ASP3 depleted parasites identified microneme and rhoptry proteins as repertoire of ASP3 substrates. The role of ASP3 as a maturase for previously described and newly identified secretory proteins is confirmed in vivo and in vitro. An antimalarial compound based on a hydroxyethylamine scaffold interrupts the lytic cycle of T. gondii at submicromolar concentration by targeting ASP3.
Cell differentiation defines acute and chronic infection cell types in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: García-Betancur Juan-Carlos , Goñi-Moreno Angel , Horger Thomas , Schott Melanie , Sharan Malvika , Eikmeier Julian , Wohlmuth Barbara , Zernecke Alma , Ohlsen Knut , Kuttler Christina , Lopez Daniel
Published: September 2017

A central question to biology is how pathogenic bacteria initiate acute or chronic infections. Here we describe a genetic program for cell-fate decision in the opportunistic human pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, which generates the phenotypic bifurcation of the cells into two genetically identical but different cell types during the course of an infection. Whereas one cell type promotes the formation of biofilms that contribute to chronic infections, the second type is planktonic and produces the toxins that contribute to acute bacteremia. We identified a bimodal switch in the agr quorum sensing system that antagonistically regulates the differentiation of these two physiologically distinct cell types. We found that extracellular signals affect the behavior of the agr bimodal switch and modify the size of the specialized subpopulations in specific colonization niches. For instance, magnesium-enriched colonization niches causes magnesium binding to S. aureusteichoic acids and increases bacterial cell wall rigidity. This signal triggers a genetic program that ultimately downregulates the agr bimodal switch. Colonization niches with different magnesium concentrations influence the bimodal system activity, which defines a distinct ratio between these subpopulations; this in turn leads to distinct infection outcomes in vitro and in an in vivo murine infection model. Cell differentiation generates physiological heterogeneity in clonal bacterial infections and helps to determine the distinct infection types.
LARP4 mRNA codon-tRNA match contributes to LARP4 activity for ribosomal protein mRNA poly(A) tail length protection
Authors: Mattijssen Sandy , Arimbasseri Aneeshkumar G , Iben James R , Gaidamakov Sergei , Lee Joowon , Hafner Markus , Maraia Richard J
Published: September 2017

Messenger RNA function is controlled by the 3' poly(A) tail (PAT) and poly(A)-binding protein (PABP). La-related protein-4 (LARP4) binds poly(A) and PABP. LARP4 mRNA contains a translation-dependent, coding region determinant (CRD) of instability that limits its expression. Although the CRD comprises <10% of LARP4 codons, the mRNA levels vary >20 fold with synonymous CRD substitutions that accommodate tRNA dynamics. Separately, overexpression of the most limiting tRNA increases LARP4 levels and reveals its functional activity, net lengthening of the PATs of heterologous mRNAs with concomitant stabilization, including ribosomal protein (RP) mRNAs. Genetic deletion of cellular LARP4 decreases PAT length and RPmRNA stability. This LARP4 activity requires its PABP-interaction domain and the RNA-binding module which we show is sensitive to poly(A) 3'-termini, consistent with protection from deadenylation. The results indicate that LARP4 is a posttranscriptional regulator of ribosomal protein production in mammalian cells and suggest that this activity can be controlled by tRNA levels.
Crucial role for T cell-intrinsic IL-18R-MyD88 signaling in cognate immune response to intracellular parasite infection
Authors: Oliveira Ana-Carolina , Gomes-Neto João Francisco , Barbosa Carlos-Henrique Dantas , Granato Alessandra , Reis Bernardo S , Santos Bruno Maia , Fucs Rita , Canto Fábio B , Nakaya Helder I , Nóbrega Alberto , Bellio Maria
Published: September 2017

MyD88 is the main adaptor molecule for TLR and IL-1R family members. Here, we demonstrated that T-cell intrinsic MyD88 signaling is required for proliferation, protection from apoptosis and expression of activation/memory genes during infection with the intracellular parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, as evidenced by transcriptome and cytometry analyses in mixed bone-marrow (BM) chimeras. The lack of direct IL-18R signaling in T cells, but not of IL-1R, phenocopied the absence of the MyD88 pathway, indicating that IL-18R is a critical MyD88-upstream pathway involved in the establishment of the Th1 response against an in vivo infection, a presently controvert subject. Accordingly, Il18r1−/− mice display lower levels of Th1 cells and are highly susceptible to infection, but can be rescued from mortality by the adoptive transfer of WT CD4+ T cells. Our findings establish the T-cell intrinsic IL-18R/MyD88 pathway as a crucial element for induction of cognate Th1 responses against an important human pathogen.
What is a placental mammal anyway?
Authors: Abbot Patrick , Capra John A
Published: September 2017

Many developmental functions in marsupials and eutherian mammals are accomplished by different tissues, but similar genes.
Instrumental Analysis of the English Stops Produced by Arabic Speakers of English
Authors: Abdelaal Noureldin Mohamed
Published: September 2017

This study reports the findings of a research that was conducted on ten (10) Arab students, who were enrolled in a master of English applied linguistics program at Universiti Putra Malaysia. The research aimed at instrumentally analyzing the English stops produced by Arab learners, in terms of voice onset time (VOT); identifying the effect of their mother tongue on producing the English stops; and the extent Arabic speakers of English differentiate in terms of pronunciation between minimal pairs. The findings of the study showed that some of the subjects’ VOT values were similar to native speakers of English. It was also found that the subjects could differentiate in terms of aspiration or voicing between /p/ and /b/, which refutes the assumption that Arab learners have a problem in producing the /p/ sound with appropriate aspiration. However, they did not show significant difference in pronunciation between the /t/ and /d/ or between the /k/ and /g/. Moreover, there is a kind of limited effect of the L1 on producing some stops (e.g. /t/ and /g/). However, for the /b/ sound, it cannot be inferred that there is interference from the mother tongue because its VOT value is almost the same in English and Arabic. This research suggests that teachers need to enhance Arab learners’ pronunciation of some minimal pairs such as /t/ and /d/ or /k/ and /g/.
The Drivers of Entrepreneurial Intention: The Role of Social Capital and Overconfidence
Authors: Cheng Lin Ju , Liao Chun Chieh
Published: September 2017

This study integrated the theory of social capital and cognitive bias to investigate the formation of entrepreneurial intentions. Among many kinds of biases, we took overconfidence biases that have been studied widely and relevant to entrepreneurship into consideration. Moreover, this study proposed that social capital of entrepreneurs matter for overconfidence biases, and investigated whether the relationship between social capital and entrepreneurial intention is mediated by overconfidence. Furthermore, following Seibert et al. (2001), this study conceptualized social capital into two components: (1) access to information and resources, and (2) career sponsorship. Using university students in Taiwan as our research sample, we collected 346 samples, and adopted the SEM technique to test the hypotheses. The empirical results indicated that social capital in terms of information and resource accessibility can encourage young people to consider entrepreneurship as a career, while social capital in terms of career sponsorship can inspire entrepreneurial intention mediated only by overconfidence.

Keywords: Social Capital, Cognitive Bias, Overconfidence, Entrepreneurial Intention

To cite this document: Lin-Ju Cheng and Chun-Chieh Liao, "The Drivers of Entrepreneurial Intention: The Role of Social Capital and Overconfidence", Contemporary Management Research, Vol.13, No.2, pp. 143-162, 2017.

Permanent link to this document:
http://dx.doi.org/10.7903/cmr.17589
Mechanistic Drivers of Reemergence of Anthropogenic Carbon in the Equatorial Pacific
Authors: Zhai Ping , Rodgers Keith B. , Griffies Stephen M. , Slater Richard D. , Iudicone Daniele , Sarmiento Jorge L. , Resplandy Laure
Published: September 2017

Relatively rapid reemergence of anthropogenic carbon (Cant) in the Equatorial Pacific is of potential importance for its impact on the carbonate buffering capacity of surface seawater and thereby impeding the ocean's ability to further absorb Cant from the atmosphere. We explore the mechanisms sustaining Cant reemergence (upwelling) from the thermocline to surface layers by applying water mass transformation diagnostics to a global ocean/sea ice/biogeochemistry model. We find that the upwelling rate of Cant (0.4 PgC yr−1) from the thermocline to the surface layer is almost twice as large as air‐sea Cant fluxes (0.203 PgC yr−1). The upwelling of Cant from the thermocline to the surface layer can be understood as a two‐step process: The first being due to diapycnal diffusive transformation fluxes and the second due to surface buoyancy fluxes. We also find that this reemergence of Cant decreases dramatically during the 1982/1983 and 1997/1998 El Niño events.
Characterization of a Double Mesospheric Bore Over Europe
Authors: Smith Steven M. , Stober Gunter , Jacobi Christoph , Chau Jorge L. , Gerding Michael , Mlynczak Martin G. , Russell James M. , Baumgardner Jeffrey L. , Mendillo Michael , Lazzarin Monica , Umbriaco Gabriel
Published: September 2017

Observations of a pair of mesospheric bore disturbances that propagated through the nighttime mesosphere over Europe are presented. The observations were made at the Padua Observatory, Asiago (45.9°N, 11.5°E), by the Boston University all‐sky imager on 11 March 2013. The bores appeared over the northwest horizon, approximately 30 min apart, and propagated toward the southeast. Using additional satellite and radar data, we present evidence indicating the bores originated in the mesosphere from a single, larger‐scale mesospheric disturbance propagating through the mesopause region. Furthermore, the large‐scale mesospheric disturbance appeared to be associated with an intense weather disturbance that moved southeastward over the United Kingdom and western Europe during 10 and 11 March.
The First Use of Coordinated Ionospheric Radio and Optical Observations Over Italy: Convergence of High‐and Low‐Latitude Storm‐Induced Effects
Authors: Cesaroni C. , Alfonsi L. , Pezzopane M. , Martinis C. , Baumgardner J. , Wroten J. , Mendillo M. , Musicò E. , Lazzarin M. , Umbriaco G.
Published: September 2017

Ionospheric storm effects at midlatitudes were analyzed using different ground‐based instruments distributed in Italy during the 13–15 November 2012 geomagnetic storm. These included an all‐sky imager (ASI) in Asiago (45.8°N, 11.5°E), a network of dual‐frequeny Global Navigation Satellite Systems receivers (Rete Integrata Nazionale GPS network), and ionosondes in Rome (41.8°N, 12.5°E) and San Vito (40.6°N, 17.8°E). GPS measurements showed an unusual enhancement of total electron content (TEC) in southern Italy, during the nights of 14 and 15 November. The ASI observed colocated enhancements of 630 nm airglow at the same time, as did variations in NmF2 measured by the ionosondes. Moreover, wave‐like perturbations were identified propagating from the north. The Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition, applied to TEC values revealed the presence of traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) propagating southward between 01:30 UT and 03:00 UT on 15 November. These TIDs were characterized by weak TEC oscillations (~ ±0.5 TEC unit), period of 45 min, and velocity of 500 m/s typical of large‐scale TIDs. Optical images showed enhanced airglow entering the field of view of the ASI from the N‐NE at 02:00 UT and propagating to the S‐SW, reaching the region covered by the GPS stations after 03:00 UT, when TEC fluctuations are very small (~ ±0.2 TEC unit). The enhancement of TEC and airglow observed in southern Italy could be a consequence of a poleward expansion of the northern crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly. The enhanced airglow propagating from the north and the TEC waves resulted from energy injected at auroral latitudes as confirmed by magnetometer observations in Scandinavia.
Eigenmode analysis of compressional poloidal modes in a self‐consistent magnetic field
Authors: Xia Zhiyang , Chen Lunjin , Zheng Liheng , Chan Anthony A.
Published: September 2017

In this study, we simulate a self‐consistent magnetic field that satisfies force balance with a model ring current that is radially localized, axisymmetric, and has anisotropic plasma pressure. We find that the magnetic field dip forms near the high plasma pressure region with plasma β >∼ 0.6, and the formed magnetic dip becomes deeper for larger plasma β and also slightly deeper for larger anisotropy. We perform linear analysis on a ppol of self‐consistent equilibria for second harmonic compressional poloidal modes of sufficiently high azimuthal wave number. We investigate the effect of anisotropic pressure on the eigenfrequency of the poloidal modes and the characteristics of the compressional magnetic field component. We find that the eigenfrequency is reduced at the outer edge of the thermal pressure peak and increased at the inner edge. The compressional magnetic field component occurs primarily within 10° of the equator on both the inner and outer edges, with stronger compressional magnetic field component on the outer edge. Larger β and smaller anisotropy can increase the change of eigenfrequency and the strength of the compressional magnetic field component. The critical condition on plasma β and pressure anisotropy of an Alfvén ballooning instability is also identified.
Enhanced δ13C and δ18O Differences Between the South Atlantic and South Pacific During the Last Glaciation: The Deep Gateway Hypothesis
Authors: Sikes Elisabeth L. , Allen Katherine A. , Lund David C.
Published: September 2017

Enhanced vertical gradients in benthic foraminiferal δ13C and δ18O in the Atlantic and Pacific during the last glaciation have revealed that ocean overturning circulation was characterized by shoaling of North Atlantic sourced interior waters; nonetheless, our understanding of the specific mechanisms driving these glacial isotope patterns remains incomplete. Here we compare high‐resolution depth transects of Cibicidoides spp. δ13C and δ18O from the Southwest Pacific and the Southwest Atlantic to examine relative changes in northern and southern sourced deep waters during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and deglaciation. During the LGM, our transects show that water mass properties and boundaries in the South Atlantic and Pacific were different from one another. The Atlantic between ~1.0 and 2.5 km was more than 1‰ enriched in δ13C relative to the Pacific and remained more enriched through the deglaciation. During the LGM, Atlantic δ18O was ~0.5‰ more enriched than the Pacific, particularly below 2.5 km. This compositional difference between the deep portions of the basins implies independent deep water sources during the glaciation. We attribute these changes to a “deep gateway” effect whereby northern sourced waters shallower than the Drake Passage sill were unable to flow southward into the Southern Ocean because a net meridional geostrophic transport cannot be supported in the absence of a net east‐west circumpolar pressure gradient above the sill depth. We surmise that through the LGM and early deglaciation, shoaled northern sourced waters were unable to escape the Atlantic and contribute to deep water formation in the Southern Ocean.
Retracted: Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene Contraction in the Chos Malal Fold‐and‐Thrust Belt (Neuquén Basin, Argentina): Insights From Structural Analysis and Apatite Fission‐Tracks Thermochronology
Authors: Sánchez Natalia , Coutand Isabelle , Turienzo Martín , Lebinson Fernando , Araujo Vanesa , Dimieri Luis
Published: September 2017

In the southern central Andes at 37–38°S latitude, the Chos Malal fold‐and‐thrust belt (FTB), which results from the Late Cretaceous closure of the Neuquén Basin, has generated increasing interest because of its potential for hydrocarbon exploration. Using detailed field mapping, seismic reflection and well data analysis, cross‐section balancing, and detrital apatite fission‐track thermochronology from 18 samples distributed along the FTB, we bring new quantitative constraints on the chronology of the Neogene structural development of the Chos Malal FTB. Our data set reveals that extensive tectonically driven exhumation through basement‐involved thrusting occurred at ~15–7 Ma in both the inner and outer sectors of the FTB. This age range is corroborated by indirect dating of the Chos Malal Formation, a syntectonic unit also deformed after deposition, which we find was deposited after 7.2 Ma ± 1.6/2.0 Ma, an age much younger than the Miocene age it was previously assigned. We document for the first time an early Pliocene rapid cooling stage that was ongoing ~5.5 to 5.1 Ma ago in the interior of the orogenic wedge, which we attribute to out‐of‐sequence thrusting along basement‐involved thrust faults bounding the Cordillera del Viento, driving the surface uplift of this prominent topographic feature. Finally, our sequential reconstruction of the thick‐ and thin‐skinned structures of the Chos Malal FTB shows that most of the horizontal shortening was accommodated after the middle Miocene, which we thus consider as being the main phase of orogenic building in this sector of the Andes.
Foundering Triggered by the Collision of India and Asia Captured in Xenoliths
Authors: Shaffer Madeline , Hacker Bradley R. , Ratschbacher Lothar , Kylander‐Clark Andrew R. C.
Published: September 2017

Xenoliths that erupted in the SE Pamir of Tajikistan from 1000 to 1050°C and 90 km depth illuminate what happens when crust founders into the mantle. 40Ar/39Ar dating of minerals from the xenoliths and volcanic host rocks of the shoshonitic Dunkeldik pipe and dike field indicates eruption at 11.2 ± 0.2 Ma. U‐Pb and trace element laser‐ablation split stream inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry of zircon shows that the igneous and metasedimentary xenoliths were likely derived from the crustal section into which they were intruded: the Jurassic‐Cretaceous Andean‐style magmatic arc and its Proterozoic‐Mesozoic host rocks along the southern margin of Asia. Recrystallization of these zircons was extensive, yielding a range of dates down to 11 Ma. The zircons show distinct changes in Eu anomaly, Lu/Gd ratio, and Ti concentrations compatible with garnet growth and minimal heating at 22–20 Ma and then 200‐300°C of heating, ~25 km of burial, and alkali‐carbonate melt injection at 14–11 Ma. These changes are interpreted to coincide with (i) heat input due to Indian slab breakoff at ~22–20 Ma and (ii) rapid thickening and foundering of the Pamir lithosphere at 14‐11 Ma, prior to and synchronous with collision between deep Indian and Asian lithospheres beneath the Pamir.
Fusion of Time‐Lapse Gravity Survey and Hydraulic Tomography for Estimating Spatially Varying Hydraulic Conductivity and Specific Yield Fields
Authors: Tsai Jui‐Pin , Yeh Tian‐Chyi Jim , Cheng Ching‐Chung , Zha Yuanyuan , Chang Liang‐Cheng , Hwang Cheinway , Wang Yu‐Li , Hao Yonghong
Published: September 2017

Hydraulic conductivity
and specific yield (
) are important aquifer parameters, pertinent to groundwater resources management and protection. These parameters are commonly estimated through a traditional cross‐well pumping test. Employing the traditional approach to obtain detailed spatial distributions of the parameters over a large area is generally formidable. For this reason, this study proposes a stochastic method that integrates hydraulic head and time‐lapse gravity based on hydraulic tomography (HT) to efficiently derive the spatial distribution of K and
over a large area. This method is demonstrated using several synthetic experiments. Results of these experiments show that the K and
fields estimated by joint inversion of the gravity and head data set from sequential injection tests in unconfined aquifers are superior to those from the HT based on head data alone. We attribute this advantage to the mass constraint imposed on HT by gravity measurements. Besides, we find that gravity measurement can detect the change of aquifer's groundwater storage at kilometer scale, as such they can extend HT's effectiveness over greater volumes of the aquifer. Furthermore, we find that the accuracy of the estimated fields is improved as the number of the gravity stations is increased. The gravity station's location, however, has minor effects on the estimates if its effective gravity integration radius covers the well field.
On the Longitudinal Dispersion in Conservative Transport Through Heterogeneous Porous Formations at Finite Peclet Numbers
Authors: Severino Gerardo , Cuomo Salvatore , Sommella Angelo , D'urso Guido
Published: September 2017

We consider transport of a conservative solute through an aquifer as determined: (i) by the advective velocity, which depends upon the hydraulic conductivity K and (ii) by the local spreading due to the pore‐scale dispersion (PSD). The flow is steady, and it takes place in a porous formation where, owing to its erratic spatial variations, the hydraulic log conductivity
is modeled as a stationary Gaussian random field. The relative effect of the above mechanisms (i)–(ii) is quantified by the Peclet number
which, in most of the previous studies, was considered infinite (i.e., no PSD) due to the overtake of advective heterogeneities upon the PSD. Here we aim at generalizing such studies by accounting for the impact of finite Pe on conservative transport. Previous studies on the topic required extensive numerical computations. In the present note, we remove the computational burden by adopting the rational approximate expression of Dagan and Cvetkovic (1993) for the covariance of the velocity field. This allows one to obtain closed form expressions for the quantities characterizing the longitudinal plume's dispersion. Transport can be straightforwardly investigated by dealing with a modified Peclet number
incorporating both the PSD and the aquifer's anisotropy. The satisfactory match to Cape Cod field data suggests that the present theoretical results lend themselves as a useful tool to assess the impact of the PSD upon conservative transport through heterogeneous porous formations.
Structures, Functions, and Assembly of Tyrosinases and Hemocyanins
Authors: Fujieda Nobutaka , Itoh Shinobu
Published: September 2017

Metal‐assembling processes in the metalloproteins and metalloenzymes have attracted much recent attention due to their strong relevance not only to enzymology but also to medical science. Concerning the coupled dinuclear copper proteins, so‐called type‐3 copper proteins, a growing amount of information has been accumulated during the past decades. In this chapter, we introduce how copper ions are sorted and transferred to the type‐3 copper proteins in prokaryotic as well as eukaryotic cells. Furthermore, the detailed molecular mechanisms of copper incorporation processes in the type‐3 copper protein active sites will be depicted especially in the bacterial and fungal tyrosinases.
Multicopper Oxidase Assembly
Authors: Kosman Daniel J.
Published: September 2017

The cohort of enzymes designated as multicopper oxidases (MCOs) are expressed by species in all organismal domains. As an enzyme class, these proteins minimally possess a catalytic quartet of copper prosthetic groups that are organized specifically into two, spatially separated (by ∼13 Å) copper centers: (i) a mononuclear copper site—designated as a Type 1 Cu(II)—whose electronic structure and reactivity is dominated by strong S → Cu charge transfer involving an invariant sulfur ligand contributed by a protein cysteine residue; and (ii) a trinuclear copper cluster (TNC) that is linked to the mononuclear site by an invariant –HCH‐sequence motif in which the Cys residue is ligand to the Type 1 Cu and the two His residues are each ligand to one of the Cu atoms in the TNC. This connectivity provides efficient electronic coupling matrix elements for intramolecular electron transfer from the Type 1—as Cu(I)—to the TNC. In MCO turnover, a reducing substrate shuttles electrons to the Type 1 Cu(II) by an outer‐sphere electron transfer pathway; the HCH motif couples this reduced Type 1 Cu(I) to the TNC where O2is reduced to 2H2O. MCOs are therefore members of a few enzyme classes that reduce dioxygen to water, members that include at the least the terminal heme‐copper oxidases, cytochromebdoxidases, and type A flavoproteins found in some methanogenic and other bacteria that contain a unique coenzyme F420. The Type 1 Cu site in an MCO is homologous to the copper site found in small (∼120 kDa) “blue” copper proteins, for example, azurin and plastocyanin; the Type 1 Cu in an MCO is likely metallated in a process similar to how those proteins characterized by a single cupredoxin domain acquire their prosthetic group. The assembly of the TNC, however, is unique to MCOs and has not been well characterized. This chapter reviews the structural properties of MCO family members and discusses how cell copper trafficking might lead to the activation of these widely distributed members of the copper protein family.
Assembly ofMoco inMo/WEnzymes
Authors: Leimkühler Silke
Published: September 2017

The biosynthesis of the molybdenum cofactor (Moco) is ubiquitous and highly conserved in all organisms from bacteria to humans. In Moco, the molybdenum atom is coordinated to a dithiolene group present in the pterin‐based 6‐alkyl side chain of molybdopterin (MPT). In general, the biosynthesis of Moco can be divided into three steps in eukaryotes, and four steps in bacteria and archaea: (i) the starting point is the formation of the cPMP from 5′GTP, (ii) in the second step MPT is formed by the insertion of two sulfur molecules into cPMP, (iii) in the third step the molybdenum atom is inserted into MPT and Moco is formed, and (iv) additional modification of Moco occurs in bacteria and archaea in a fourth step by the attachment of nucleotides (CMP or GMP) to the phosphate group of MPT, forming the dinucleotide variants of Moco. Further, small differences exist in Moco formation among the different phyla. In higher eukaryotes Moco biosynthesis is located in different cellular compartments, many individual Moco biosynthesis proteins appear to have several cellular roles, and some proteins are shared between different biosynthetic pathways. Further, bacteria contain a large variety of more than 60 different molybdoenzymes being involved in specific, however, usually nonessential redox reactions. In contrast, in humans only four different molybdoenzymes have been identified, and a defect in Moco biosynthesis is lethal due to the loss of sulfite oxidase activity. This review will focus on the biosynthesis of Moco in bacteria and humans.
Cobalamin Biosynthesis and Insertion
Authors: Mattes Theodoric A. , Deery Evelyne , Warren Martin J. , Escalante‐Semerena Jorge C.
Published: September 2017

Metal‐containing cyclic tetrapyrroles are widely distributed in nature, and together comprise the family of compounds frequently referred to as “the pigments of life,” namely cobamides (Cba, contain cobalt), chlorophylls (contain magnesium), hemes (contain iron), and factor F430(contains nickel). In comparison to these other modified tetrapyrroles, the B12architecture is slightly different. The chemistry of the cobalt ion is key to the function of the molecule as either a coenzyme or cofactor. Other differences include a contraction of the tetrapyrrole mainframe, which allows for tighter binding of the metal, and the presence of a lower nucleotide loop that provides an extra ligand for the metal. The biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin requires the concerted effort of around 30 enzyme‐mediated steps tethered with the cellular provision of a range of cofactors and cobalt. The biosynthesis can be divided into two major sections, the first being the synthesis of the tetrapyrrole‐derived corrin ring and the second involving the synthesis and attachment of the lower nucleotide loop. In the last decade, much has been learned about how the vitamin form is converted to its biologically active coenzymic form, providing mechanistic answers into the events that overcome steep thermodynamic barriers in the formation of the covalent, organometallic bond between the cobalt ion of the ring and the 5′‐deoxyadenosyl upper ligand. Exciting recent discoveries regarding the biosynthesis of the lower ligand base 5,6‐dimethylbenzimidazole in aerobes and anaerobes have filled long‐standing gaps of knowledge, providing a solid platform for the analysis of what is likely to be a membrane‐anchored multienzyme complex.
Communication as an academic field: Turkey
Authors: Turkoglu Nurcay
Published: September 2017

In Turkey, the start of communication as an academic field was closely linked to → journalism education. The need for a school of journalism was first announced in 1947 by Sedat Simavi, a journalist and then president of the Istanbul Journalists' Association (also called the Turkish Journalists' Association). In the early 1950s the institute at Istanbul University enrolled almost 500 students to study for a degree in journalism. The courses were taught by experienced journalists who wrote textbooks for journalists. The curriculum was interdisciplinary and included courses in the general knowledge of sociology and law (Tokgöz 2003; Topuz 2003).
Online Games
Authors: Ivory James D. , Kerr Aphra
Published: September 2017

The term “online game” describes any digital game that can be played online using a computer network, typically the → Internet. Since the first decade of the twenty‐first century, most popular commercial digital games released have incorporated online play features. Considering that online games are defined by the characteristic of being played online rather than by a characteristic of their content or mechanics, there are many types of popular online games.
Party–Press Parallelism
Authors: Mancini Paolo
Published: September 2017

Colin Seymour‐Ure (1974) was the first scholar to speak of a “parallelism” between parties and newspapers. In his view this refers to three main features: the ownership of the mass media by political parties, the editorial choices of the news organizations, and the party affiliation of the readers (→ Ownership in the Media). Jay Blumler and Michael Gurevitch (1995) further developed this concept, slightly changing it (→ Freedom of the Press, Concept of). In their view, party parallelism – or partisanship – includes “any organizational connections to political parties, the stability and intensity of editorial commitments and presence or absence of legal restraints on the rights of the media to back individual parties” (Blumler & Gurevitch 1995, 65). Even in the absence of organizational links, party parallelism in Blumler and Gurevitch's view may include also all those situations in which a news organization backs in a more or less stable condition a political party, either because of a historical tradition or because of contingent decisions (→ Balance; Commentary; Editorial; Endorsement; Neutrality; Partisan Press).
Patient–Provider Communication
Authors: Cline Rebecca J. W.
Published: September 2017

Patient–provider communication, interaction between patients and professional and familial caregivers in formal health‐care contexts, has significant influences on health‐care outcomes. During health‐care, patients interact with numerous health‐care professionals (e.g., primary providers, specialists, nurses) and familial providers (e.g., elderly adults' children, spouses, young children's parents). Familial providers interact with health‐care professionals on behalf of patients (Eggly et al. 2006), patients behave differently in family members' presence (Greene et al. 1987), and patient–provider communication affects health outcomes (e.g., pain and distress) (Cline et al. 2006). However, the majority of patient–provider communication research has investigated physician–patient dyads (→ Health Communication; Doctor–Patient Talk).
Contrast enhancement for portal images by combination of subtraction and reprojection processes for Compton scattering
Authors: Hariu Masatsugu , Suda Yuhi , Chang Weishan , Myojoyama Atsushi , Saitoh Hidetoshi
Published: September 2017

For patient setup of the IGRT technique, various imaging systems are currently available. MV portal imaging is performed in identical geometry with the treatment beam so that the portal image provides accurate geometric information. However, MV imaging suffers from poor image contrast due to larger Compton scatter photons. In this work, an original image processing algorithm is proposed to improve and enhance the image contrast without increasing the imaging dose. Scatter estimation was performed in detail by MC simulation based on patient CT data. In the image processing, scatter photons were eliminated and then they were reprojected as primary photons on the assumption that Compton interaction did not take place. To improve the processing efficiency, the dose spread function within the EPID was investigated and implemented on the developed code. Portal images with and without the proposed image processing were evaluated by the image contrast profile. By the subtraction process, the image contrast was improved but the EPID signal was weakened because 15.2% of the signal was eliminated due to the contribution of scatter photons. Hence, these scatter photons were reprojected in the reprojection process. As a result, the tumor, bronchi, mediastinal space and ribs were observed more clearly than in the original image. It was clarified that image processing with the dose spread functions provides stronger contrast enhancement while maintaining a sufficient signal‐to‐noise ratio. This work shows the feasibility of improving and enhancing the contrast of portal images.
Versatile Surface Modification Using Polydopamine and Related Polycatecholamines: Chemistry, Structure, and Applications
Authors: Barclay Thomas G. , Hegab Hanaa M. , Clarke Stephen R. , Ginic‐Markovic Milena
Published: September 2017

Polydopamine and related polycatecholamines can be easily deposited onto almost any surface from mild, aqueous solution. This results in durable, nanoscale coatings that exhibit high biocompatibility and have useful chemical and electronic properties. Additionally, these materials can be readily chemically and physically modified, and consequently, they are used extensively for surface modification. This review investigates the formation and modification of polycatecholamines; how they adhere to surfaces; and the chemical, physical, and electronic properties of the resultant materials. There is also an exploration of the extraordinary array of applications in which these fascinating materials are employed.
Bottom Up Chalcogenide Thermoelectric Materials from Solution‐Processed Nanostructures
Authors: Ding Defang , Lu Chenguang , Tang Zhiyong
Published: September 2017

To improve the figure of merit (ZT) of thermoelectric (TE) materials, the decoupling of the power factor and thermal conductivity, which are mutually dependent on each other in the traditional TE materials, is desired. The chalcogenides are one of the typical TE materials. When the chalcogenide TE materials are made from nanostructures, large interface density would apparently result in a low thermal conductivity. Additionally, the power factor of the chalcogenide TE materials can also be improved by some modification of their electronic structures. The bottom‐up solution‐processed synthesis to prepare the nanostructured chalcogenide TE materials is versatile, simple, low‐cost, and compatible with the scale‐up manufacture and printed flexible electronics. In this progress report, first, the techniques used to improve the ZT of chalcogenides with nanostructures are summarized. Subsequently, the chemical strategies to enhance the ZT are summarized. Finally, the interface and microstructure engineering concepts are concluded, which are crucial to improvement of the ZT of the chalcogenide TE materials from the solution‐processed nanostructures.
Fabrication of Shape‐Controlled Palladium Nanoparticle‐Decorated Electrospun Polypyrrole/Polyacrylonitrile Nanofibers for Hydrogen Peroxide Coalescing Detection
Authors: Kim Wooyoung , Shin Dong Hoon , Jun Jaemoon , Kim Jae Hyun , Jang Jyongsik
Published: September 2017

Shape‐controlled palladium nanoparticle‐decorated electrospun polypyrrole/polyacrylonitrile nanofibers (Pd_PPy/PAN NFs) are fabricated by electrospinning, vapor deposition polymerization (VDP), and electrodeposition. The electrospun PAN NFs are used as the framework for a composite nanomaterial. To make the material electrically conductive, the framework is coated with PPy by VDP. As‐prepared PPy/PAN NFs are used as the working electrode during electrodeposition of Pd. During Pd introduction, the presence of sulfuric acid in the electrolyte influences the shape of the Pd nanoparticles. Sulfate ions prevent the growth of the Pd, resulting in nanoparticles with sharp features. The fabricated Pd_PPy/PAN NFs are then incorporated as the active element in an electrochemical hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) biosensor. Tailoring the morphology of the Pd nanoparticles enables a minimum detectable limit of 1 × 10−9m H2O2, which is sufficiently low for monitoring diseases related to H2O2 concentration, such as Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The low detection limit is achieved by coalescing detection of Pd and PPy.
Multimaterials 3D Printing for Free Assembly Manufacturing of Magnetic Driving Soft Actuator
Authors: Ji Zhongying , Yan Changyou , Yu Bo , Wang Xiaolong , Zhou Feng
Published: September 2017

Magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles are employed to develop digital light processing 3D printing resin, which is used to fabricate arbitrary‐shape soft actuators with multimaterials printing in a free assembly manner. Various mechanical properties and printed morphology of curing resin with different Fe3O4 nanoparticles content are explored to demonstrate the feasibility and precision. By using magnetic and nonmagnetic resins as the magnetic and nonmagnetic segments, mulitple magnetic devices and actuators are prepared by digital light processing (DLP) 3D printing technology. Moreover, the interfacial binding strength between magnetic and nonmagnetic segments and deflection with different diameters of printed lattices and content of Fe3O4 nanoparticles are investigated. DLP 3D printing enables the free assembly manufacturing of actuators with complicated architectures to achieve bending, deformation, cargo transportation, and so on. As proof‐of‐concept, a flexible gripper is printed through integrating magnetic responsive and nonresponsive materials into one body. This approach with special material will be promising to extend the capability of 3D printing for applications in controllable delivery with remote magnetic control in biological, medical, and robotic fields.
The Atomic Scale Electrochemical Lithiation and Delithiation Process of Silicon
Authors: Cao Chuntian , Steinrück Hans‐Georg , Shyam Badri , Toney Michael F.
Published: September 2017

While silicon (Si) has tenfold capacity of commercially used graphite, its application is still limited due to its limited cyclability. In this in situ X‐ray reflectivity study, a detailed mechanistic model of the first two (de)lithiation processes of a silicon wafer is presented, which sheds light onto the fundamental difference of the reaction of Li ions with crystalline and amorphous materials. Furthermore, this study provides insight into the formation and further evolution of the inorganic solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layer on Si anodes. The results show that the lithiation of crystalline Si is a layer‐by‐layer, reaction limited two‐phase process, but the delithiation of LixSi (resulting in amorphous Si) and the lithiation of amorphous Si are reaction‐limited single‐phase processes. Furthermore, the thickness‐density product of the inorganic SEI layer increases during lithiation and decreases during delithiation, resembling a “breathing” behavior; the inorganic SEI layer thickness varies between 40 and 70 Å. Additionally, a low‐electron‐density “Li‐dip” layer is found between the SEI and lithiated Si during the delithiation process, suggesting kinetically limited ion transport within the SEI, which is speculated to be one of the origins of battery's internal resistance. Several implications of the findings on battery performance in general are discussed.
HLX is a candidate gene for a pattern of anomalies associated with congenital diaphragmatic hernia, short bowel, and asplenia
Authors: Farrell Sandra A. , Sodhi Sandi , Marshall Christian R. , Guerin Andrea , Slavotinek Anne , Paton Tara , Chong Karen , Sirkin Wilma L. , Scherer Stephen W. , Bérubé‐Simard Félix‐Antoine , Pilon Nicolas
Published: September 2017

Isolated congenital diaphragmatic hernia is often a sporadic event with a low recurrence risk. However, underlying genetic etiologies, such as chromosome anomalies or single gene disorders, are identified in a small number of individuals. We describe two fetuses with a unique pattern of multiple congenital anomalies, including diaphragmatic hernia, short bowel and asplenia, born to first‐cousin parents. Whole exome sequencing showed that both were homozygous for a missense variant, c.950A>C, predicting p.Asp317Ala, in the H.20‐Like Homeobox 1 (HLX1) gene. HLX is a homeobox transcription factor gene which is relatively conserved across species. Hlx homozygous null mice have a short bowel and reduced muscle cells in the diaphragm, closely resembling the anomalies in the two fetuses and we therefore suggest that the HLX mutation in this family could explain the fetal findings.
Low Lactobacilli abundance and polymicrobial diversity in the lower reproductive tract of female rhesus monkeys do not compromise their reproductive success
Authors: Amaral Wellington Z. , Lubach Gabriele R. , Kapoor Amita , Proctor Alexandra , Phillips Gregory J. , Lyte Mark , Coe Christopher L.
Published: September 2017

The lower reproductive tract of nonhuman primates is colonized with a diverse microbiota, resembling bacterial vaginosis (BV), a gynecological condition associated with negative reproductive outcomes in women. Our 4 aims were to: (i) assess the prevalence of low Lactobacilli and a BV‐like profile in female rhesus monkeys; (ii) quantify cytokines in their cervicovaginal fluid (CVF); (iii) examine the composition and structure of their mucosal microbiota with culture‐independent sequencing methods; and (iv) evaluate the potential influence on reproductive success. CVF specimens were obtained from 27 female rhesus monkeys for Gram's staining, and to determine acidity (pH), and quantify proinflammatory cytokines. Based on Nugent's classification, 40% had a score of 7 or higher, which would be indicative of BV in women. Nugent scores were significantly correlated with the pH of the CVF. Interleukin‐1ß was present at high concentrations, but not further elevated by high Nugent scores. Vaginal swabs were obtained from eight additional females to determine microbial diversity by rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. At the phylum level, the Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio was low. The relative abundance of Lactobacilli was also low (between 3% and 17%), and 11 other genera were present at >1%. However, neither the microbial diversity in the community structure, nor high Nugent scores, was associated with reduced fecundity. Female monkeys provide an opportunity to understand how reproductive success can be sustained in the presence of a diverse polymicrobial community in the reproductive tract.