bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Einsatz einer CFD‐Simulation für eine Optimierung der Wetterführung beim Auftreten von Sprengemissionen
Authors: Agasty Amit Ananda , Clausen Elisabeth , Kellner Moritz , Langefeld Oliver
Published: January 2014

Vor dem Hintergrund aktueller Diskussionen innerhalb der EU zur Festlegung neuer Richtgrenzwerte für NO und NO2 am Arbeitsplatz sieht sich die Bergbauindustrie erhöhten Anforderungen ausgesetzt, diese Schadstoffbelastungen weitergehend zu minimieren. Dieser Umstand wird zudem verstärkt durch die Tatsache, dass die in der BRD für die Festlegung von Grenzwerten auf nationaler Ebene zuständige MAK‐Kommission Empfehlungen für eine Reduzierung der Nox‐gase um 90 bzw. 98 % auf jeweils 0,5 ppm für NO und NO2 vorsieht. Neben den unter Tage eingesetzten Dieselfahrzeugen stellen insbesondere die bei der Umsetzung von Sprengstoffen freigesetzten Stickstoff‐Emissionen einen Hauptemittenten dar.

Um das Verhalten von Stickoxiden nach einer Sprengung analysieren und bewerten zu können, erfolgte die Nachbildung mithilfe einer Zwei‐Phasen‐CFD‐Simulation (Luft, NOx) (CFD = Computational Fluid Dynamics). Auf Grundlage der Simulation können in Abhängigkeit des Volumens der umgesetzten Stickoxide unterschiedliche Konzepte und Maßnahmen für eine zielgerichtete Verdünnung der Wetter getestet und in Bezug auf ihre Effektivität in Hinblick auf eine Optimierung der Wetterführung bewertet werden.

Considering the current discussions in the EU about the specification of guideline values for NO and NO2 at the workplace, the mining industry anticipates more stringent requirements with further reductions of the concentrations of these pollutants. This situation is compounded by the fact that the national commission responsible for setting permissible concentrations in Germany intends to reduce the values for NOx gases to 0.5 ppm for NO and NO2, a reduction of 90 and 98 % respectively. In addition to diesel‐powered vehicles used underground, a principal source of nitrogen emissions is blasting fumes.

In order to be able to analyse and evaluate the behaviour of nitrogen oxides after blasting, the situation was modelled in a two‐phase CFD simulation. The CFD simulation was then used as a basis for testing various concepts and measures for targeted thinning of the air in a mine depending on the volume of nitrogen oxide released, which were then evaluated regarding their effectiveness in optimising the ventilation system.
Polygynous Contexts, Family Structure, and Infant Mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa
Authors: Smith-Greenaway Emily , Trinitapoli Jenny
Published: January 2014

Contextual characteristics influence infant mortality above and beyond family-level factors. The widespread practice of polygyny is one feature of many sub-Saharan African contexts that may be relevant to understanding patterns of infant mortality. Building on evidence that the prevalence of polygyny reflects broader economic, social, and cultural features and that it has implications for how families engage in the practice, we investigate whether and how the prevalence of polygyny (1) spills over to elevate infant mortality for all families, and (2) conditions the survival disadvantage for children living in polygynous families (i.e., compared with monogamous families). We use data from Demographic and Health Surveys to estimate multilevel hazard models that identify associations between infant mortality and region-level prevalence of polygyny for 236,336 children in 260 subnational regions across 29 sub-Saharan African countries. We find little evidence that the prevalence of polygyny influences mortality for infants in nonpolygynous households net of region-level socioeconomic factors and gender inequality. However, the prevalence of polygyny significantly amplifies the survival disadvantage for infants in polygynous families. Our findings demonstrate that considering the broader marital context reveals important insights into the relationship between family structure and child well-being.
Conversion and Cognitive Dissonance: Evaluating the Theological-Ecclesial Program of Joseph Ratzinger/Benedict XVI
Authors: Boeve Lieven
Published: January 2014

In this article, the concept of “cognitive dissonance” is used to explain why Pope Benedict XVI resigned, indicating that a massive clash occurred between the theological ideas Joseph Ratzinger holds and the actual situation in which both the Christian faith and the church find themselves. For Ratzinger, the Christian faith is in the first instance about conversion, and the church is called to be a beacon of light and truth, inviting the fallen modern world to conversion. The same church, however, has been weakened by scandals. In the analysis presented in this article, it is precisely because the church closed in on itself to protect itself from a world perceived as inimical that it forgot that it itself is in need of conversion before it can call the world to convert.
Orthodoxy Requires Orthopathy: Emotions in Theology
Authors: Vacek Edward Collins
Published: January 2014

Those who study, teach, and write about orthodoxy typically omit almost entirely any explicit consideration of human emotions. It is not surprising, then, that theology can seem an abstract activity without much effectiveness either for inspiring ritual and moral practice or for fostering attachment to Christianity. Similarly, church leaders, in their concentration on orthodoxy or orthopraxy, pay insufficient attention to the affective alienation occurring within and among Christians. This article brings to bear on theology the burgeoning philosophical and psychological research on emotions. It develops the cognitive and participative nature of emotions; their role in forming both an existential faith and community; the legitimacy and independence but also the inadequacy of conceptualist theology; the conflicts, tensions, and mutual contributions of intellect and emotion; and, finally, the role of emotion in moving ideas to practice.
The fluid mechanics of dissolution trapping in geologic storage of CO2
Authors: Bolster D.
Published: January 2014

Sequestration of carbon dioxide by injecting it into the deep subsurface is critical to successful mitigation of climate change by reducing anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. To achieve this we must understand how CO2 moves in the subsurface. Many interesting fluid mechanics problems emerge. Szulczewski, Hesse & Juanes (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 736, 2013, pp. 287–315) focus on one critical aspect, namely the dissolution of CO2 into the fluid resident in the subsurface and the flow dynamics that ensue. Even for this single problem, an elegant analysis identifies seven behavioural regimes that control the amount and timing of dissolution.
Dust-acoustic supersolitons in a three-species dusty plasma with kappa distributions
Authors: HELLBERG M. A. , BALUKU T. K. , VERHEEST F. , KOURAKIS I.
Published: January 2014

Supersolitons are a form of soliton characterised, inter alia, by additional local extrema superimposed on the usual bipolar electric field signature. Previous studies of supersolitons supported by three-component plasmas have dealt with ion-acoustic structures. An analogous problem is now considered, namely, dust-acoustic supersolitons in a plasma composed of fluid negative dust grains and two kappa-distributed positive ion species. Calculations illustrating some supersoliton characteristics are presented.
The role of collisions on mode competition between the two-stream and Weibel instabilities
Authors: HUMPHREY K. A. , TRINES R. M. G. M. , SPEIRS D. C. , NORREYS P. , BINGHAM R.
Published: January 2014

We present results from numerical simulations conducted to investigate a potential method for realizing the required fusion fuel heating in the fast ignition scheme to achieving inertial confinement fusion. A comparison will be made between collisionless and collisional particle-in-cell simulations of the relaxation of a non-thermal electron beam through the two-stream instability. The results presented demonstrate energy transfer to the plasma ion population from the laser-driven electron beam via the nonlinear wave–wave interaction associated with the two-stream instability. Evidence will also be provided for the effects of preferential damping of competing instabilities such as the Weibel mode found to be detrimental to the ion heating process.
The plasma wake field excitation: Recent developments from thermal to quantum regime
Authors: FEDELE RENATO , TANJIA FATEMA , DE NICOLA SERGIO , JOVANOVIĆ DUŠAN
Published: January 2014

To describe the transverse nonlinear and collective self-consistent interaction of a long relativistic electron or positron beam with an unmagnetized plasma, a pair of coupled nonlinear differential equations were proposed by Fedele and Shukla in 1992 (Fedele, R. and Shukla, P. K. 1992a Phys. Rev. A 45, 4045). They were obtained within the quantum-like description provided by the thermal wave model and the theory of plasma wake field excitation. The pair of equations comprises a 2D Schrödinger-like equation for a complex wave function (whose squared modulus is proportional to beam density) and a Poisson-like equation for the plasma wake potential. The dispersion coefficient of the Schrödinger-like equation is proportional to the beam thermal emittance. More recently, Fedele–Shukla equations have been further applied to magnetized plasmas, and solutions were found in the form of nonlinear vortex states and ring solitons. They have been also applied to plasma focusing problems and extended from thermal to quantum regimes. We present here a review of the original approach, and subsequent developments.
Non-Conceptuality, Critical Reasoning and Religious Experience: Some Tibetan Buddhist Discussions
Authors: Williams Paul
Published: January 2014

The Dalai Lama is fond of quoting a verse attributed to the Buddha to the effect that as the wise examine carefully gold by burning, cutting and polishing it, so the Buddha's followers should embrace his words after examining them critically and not just out of respect for the Master. A role for critical thought has been accepted by all Buddhists, although during two and a half millennia of sophisticated doctrinal development the exact nature, role and range of critical thought has been extensively debated. In general doctrinal difference in Buddhism has been seen as perfectly acceptable, reflecting different levels of understanding and therefore different stages on the path to enlightenment. Buddhism has tended not to look to or expect doctrinal orthodoxy, although there has always been a much stronger impetus towards orthopraxy, and common (largely monastic) code and behaviour has perhaps played a comparable role in Buddhism to common belief and creed in some other religions. Nevertheless an acceptability of doctrinal divergence has not lessened the energy and vigour devoted to lengthy and sometimes fiercely polemical debate between teachers and schools. This was nowhere more so than in Tibet, where doctrinal debates—sometimes lasting all night—to the present day form the central part of a monastic education in most of the largest Tibetan monastic universities.
Ferroelectric translational antiphase boundaries in nonpolar materials
Authors: Wei Xian-Kui , Tagantsev Alexander K. , Kvasov Alexander , Roleder Krystian , Jia Chun-Lin , Setter Nava
Published: January 2014

Ferroelectric materials are heavily used in electro-mechanics and electronics. Inside the ferroelectric, domain walls separate regions in which the spontaneous polarization is differently oriented. Properties of ferroelectric domain walls can differ from those of the domains themselves, leading to new exploitable phenomena. Even more exciting is that a non-ferroelectric material may have domain boundaries that are ferroelectric. Many materials possess translational antiphase boundaries. Such boundaries could be interesting entities to carry information if they were ferroelectric. Here we show first that antiphase boundaries in antiferroelectrics may possess ferroelectricity. We then identify these boundaries in the classical antiferroelectric lead zirconate and evidence their polarity by electron microscopy using negative spherical-aberration imaging technique. Ab initio modelling confirms the polar bi-stable nature of the walls. Ferroelectric antiphase boundaries could make high-density non-volatile memory; in comparison with the magnetic domain wall memory, they do not require current for operation and are an order of magnitude thinner.
Square-wave adsorptive stripping voltammetric determination of nanomolar levels of bezafibrate using a glassy carbon electrode modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes within a dihexadecyl hydrogen phosphate film
Authors: Ardila Jorge Armando , Oliveira Geiser Gabriel , Medeiros Roberta Antigo , Fatibello-Filho Orlando
Published: January 2014

A glassy carbon electrode modified with carbon nanotubes is applied for bezafibrate sensing.
Contact angle changes induced by immunocomplex formation
Authors: Kim Jong-Hoon , Shen Amy Q. , Lee Kyong-Hoon , Cangelosi Gerard A. , Chung Jae-Hyun
Published: January 2014

This paper studies contact-angle changes of bacterial suspensions on antibody immobilized surfaces.
An imprinted electrochemical sensor for bisphenol A determination based on electrodeposition of a graphene and Ag nanoparticle modified carbon electrode
Authors: Cai Rong , Rao Wei , Zhang Zhaohui , Long Fang , Yin Yuli
Published: January 2014

A highly sensitive and selective imprinted electrochemical sensor based on a Ag nanoparticle and graphene modified carbon electrode was prepared for the determination of bisphenol A in aqueous solution.
Total synthesis of sulfolipid-1
Authors: Geerdink Danny , Minnaard Adriaan J.
Published: January 2014

Sulfolipid-1, a tetra-acylated sulfotrehalose fromMycobacterium tuberculosis, has been prepared 43 years after its first isolation.
Gold-catalyzed intermolecular oxidation of chiral homopropargyl sulfonamides: a reliable access to enantioenriched pyrrolidin-3-ones
Authors: Shu Chao , Li Long , Yu Yong-Fei , Jiang Shuang , Ye Long-Wu
Published: January 2014

A gold-catalyzed intermolecular oxidation of chiral homopropargyl sulfonamides has been developed, which provides a reliable access to synthetically useful chiral pyrrolidin-3-ones with excellent ee by combining the chiral tert-butylsulfinimine chemistry and gold catalysis.
Effect of calcination temperature on nanoparticle morphology and its consequence on optical properties of Nd:Y2O3 transparent ceramics
Authors: Satapathy S. , Ahlawat Anju , Paliwal Ayushi , Singh Rashmi , Singh M. K. , Gupta P. K.
Published: January 2014

The morphological and size distribution change of Nd:Y2O3 nanoparticles due to calcination temperature influences the transparency of ceramic pellets.
High-purity iron pyrite (FeS2) nanowires as high-capacity nanostructured cathodes for lithium-ion batteries
Authors: Li Linsen , Cabán-Acevedo Miguel , Girard Steven N. , Jin Song
Published: January 2014

A large-scale conversion synthesis of phase-pure pyrite nanowires has been developed for the first time. Nano-pyrite cathodes exhibit high Li-storage capacity and excellent capacity retention, which demonstrates the promise of pyrite nanomaterials as a cost-effective high-capacity cathode material for Li-ion batteries.
Graphene nanosheet-tailored PtPd concave nanocubes with enhanced electrocatalytic activity and durability for methanol oxidation
Authors: Lu Yizhong , Jiang Yuanyuan , Chen Wei
Published: January 2014

PtPd concave nanocubes could be tailored by graphene nanosheets and they exhibit enhanced electrocatalytic performance in methanol oxidation.
Manganese(ii) complexes of tetradentate 4N ligands with diazepane backbones for catalytic olefin epoxidation: effect of nucleophilicity of peroxo complexes on reactivity
Authors: Saravanan Natarajan , Sankaralingam Muniyandi , Palaniandavar Mallayan
Published: January 2014

Mononuclear Mn(ii) complexes of linear 4N ligands have been studied as catalysts for deformylation of aldehydes and epoxidation (H2O2) of unfunctionalised olefins to understand the role of ligand stereoelectronic factors.
Ferroelectric hexagonal and rhombic monolayer ice phases
Authors: Zhao Wen-Hui , Bai Jaeil , Yuan Lan-Feng , Yang Jinlong , Zeng Xiao Cheng
Published: January 2014

Two new monolayer ice phases are predicted from molecular dynamics simulations, both proven to be ferroelectric.
Morphology inducing selective plasma etching for AlN nanocone arrays: tip-size dependent photoluminescence and enhanced field emission properties
Authors: Sun Weijie , Li Yunlong , Yang Yang , Li Yunming , Gu Changzhi , Li Junjie
Published: January 2014

Uniform AlN nanocone arrays with enhanced photoluminescence and field emission properties are controllably fabricated by morphology inducing selective plasma etching.
Si photoanode protected by a metal modified ITO layer with ultrathin NiOxfor solar water oxidation
Authors: Sun Ke , Shen Shaohua , Cheung Justin S. , Pang Xiaolu , Park Namseok , Zhou Jigang , Hu Yongfeng , Sun Zhelin , Noh Sun Young , Riley Conor T. , Yu Paul K. L. , Jin Sungho , Wang Deli
Published: January 2014

We report an ultrathin NiOxcatalyzed Si np+junction photoanode for a stable and efficient solar driven oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in water.
The WNK-regulated SPAK/OSR1 kinases directly phosphorylate and inhibit the K+–Cl− co-transporters
Authors: de los Heros Paola , Alessi Dario R. , Gourlay Robert , Campbell David G. , Deak Maria , Macartney Thomas J. , Kahle Kristopher T. , Zhang Jinwei
Published: January 2014

Precise homoeostasis of the intracellular concentration of Cl− is achieved via the co-ordinated activities of the Cl− influx and efflux. We demonstrate that the WNK (WNK lysine-deficient protein kinase)-activated SPAK (SPS1-related proline/alanine-rich kinase)/OSR1 (oxidative stress-responsive kinase 1) known to directly phosphorylate and stimulate the N[K]CCs (Na+–K+ ion co-transporters), also promote inhibition of the KCCs (K+–Cl− co-transporters) by directly phosphorylating a recently described C-terminal threonine residue conserved in all KCC isoforms [Site-2 (Thr1048)]. First, we demonstrate that SPAK and OSR1, in the presence of the MO25 regulatory subunit, robustly phosphorylates all KCC isoforms at Site-2 in vitro. Secondly, STOCK1S-50699, a WNK pathway inhibitor, suppresses SPAK/OSR1 activation and KCC3A Site-2 phosphorylation with similar efficiency. Thirdly, in ES (embryonic stem) cells lacking SPAK/OSR1 activity, endogenous phosphorylation of KCC isoforms at Site-2 is abolished and these cells display elevated basal activity of 86Rb+ uptake that was not markedly stimulated further by hypotonic high K+ conditions, consistent with KCC3A activation. Fourthly, a tight correlation exists between SPAK/OSR1 activity and the magnitude of KCC3A Site-2 phosphorylation. Lastly, a Site-2 alanine KCC3A mutant preventing SPAK/OSR1 phosphorylation exhibits increased activity. We also observe that KCCs are directly phosphorylated by SPAK/OSR1, at a novel Site-3 (Thr5 in KCC1/KCC3 and Thr6 in KCC2/KCC4), and a previously recognized KCC3-specific residue, Site-4 (Ser96). These data demonstrate that the WNK-regulated SPAK/OSR1 kinases directly phosphorylate the N[K]CCs and KCCs, promoting their stimulation and inhibition respectively. Given these reciprocal actions with anticipated net effects of increasing Cl− influx, we propose that the targeting of WNK–SPAK/OSR1 with kinase inhibitors might be a novel potent strategy to enhance cellular Cl− extrusion, with potential implications for the therapeutic modulation of epithelial and neuronal ion transport in human disease states.
Hysteresis modeling of sequential application of orthogonal fields
Authors: ElBidweihy H. , Della Torre E. , Burgy C. D.
Published: January 2014

In a cumulative effort to characterize the sizes, shapes, and distributions of the domains of the structurally superior high strength steels, a characteristic magnetization measurement and a Preisach model are presented to explain and model the distinctive trends observed in the data. The study investigates the effect of a constant transverse magnetic field and a cycling longitudinal magnetic field, applied sequentially, on the major hysteresis loop of solid cylinders of high strength steel. A coupled-hysteron vector Preisach model is extended to model the longitudinal magnetization of the samples under the effect of an applied transverse field. Insights about the microstructure of the rods and the contribution of different domains and magnetization mechanisms to the magnetic response are drawn.
Pseudo ribbon metal ion beam source
Authors: Stepanov Igor B. , Ryabchikov Alexander I. , Sivin Denis O. , Verigin Dan A.
Published: January 2014

The paper describes high broad metal ion source based on dc macroparticle filtered vacuum arc plasma generation with the dc ion-beam extraction. The possibility of formation of pseudo ribbon beam of metal ions with the parameters: ion beam length 0.6 m, ion current up to 0.2 A, accelerating voltage 40 kV, and ion energy up to 160 kV has been demonstrated. The pseudo ribbon ion beam is formed from dc vacuum arc plasma. The results of investigation of the vacuum arc evaporator ion-emission properties are presented. The influence of magnetic field strength near the cathode surface on the arc spot movement and ion-emission properties of vacuum-arc discharge for different cathode materials are determined. It was shown that vacuum-arc discharge stability can be reached when the magnetic field strength ranges from 40 to 70 G on the cathode surface.
Plasma emission spectroscopy for operating and developing the Spallation Neutron Source (SNS) H− ion sources
Authors: Han B. X. , Welton R. F. , Murray S. N. , Pennisi T. R. , Santana M. , Stockli M. P.
Published: January 2014

A RF-driven, Cs-enhanced H− ion source feeds the SNS accelerator with a high current (typically >50 mA), ∼1.0 ms pulsed beam at 60 Hz. To achieve the persistent high current beam for several weeks long service cycles, each newly installed ion source undergoes a rigorous conditioning and cesiation processes. Plasma conditioning outgases the system and sputter-cleans the ion conversion surfaces. A cesiation process immediately following the plasma conditioning releases Cs to provide coverage on the ion conversion surfaces. The effectiveness of the ion source conditioning and cesiation is monitored with plasma emission spectroscopy using a high-sensitivity optical spectrometer. Plasma emission spectroscopy is also used to provide a means for diagnosing and confirming a failure of the insulating coating of the ion source RF antenna which is immersed in the plasma. Emissions of composition elements of the antenna coating material, Na emission being the most significant, drastically elevate to signal a failure when it happens. Plasma spectra of the developmental ion source with an AlN (aluminum nitrite) chamber and an external RF antenna are also briefly discussed.
Raman scattering from superhard rhenium diboride under high pressure
Authors: Xie Miao , Winkler Björn , Mao Zhu , Kaner Richard B. , Kavner Abby , Tolbert Sarah H.
Published: January 2014

Lattice vibrational properties of superhard rhenium diboride (ReB2) were examined up to 8 GPa in a diamond anvil cell using Raman spectroscopy techniques. Linear pressure coefficients and mode Grüneisen parameters are obtained. Good agreement is found between the experimental and theoretical calculated Grüneisen parameters. Examination of the calculated mode Grüneisen parameters reveals that both B-B and Re-B covalent bonds play a dominant role in supporting the applied load under pressure. A comparison of vibrations parallel and perpendicular to the c-axis indicates that bonds along the c-axis tend to take greater loads. Our results agree with observations of elastic lattice anisotropy obtained from both in situ X-ray diffraction measurements and ultrasonic resonance spectra.
Calculation of the interfacial free energy of a binary hard-sphere fluid at a planar hard wall
Authors: Kern Jesse L. , Laird Brian B.
Published: January 2014

Using molecular-dynamics simulation and Gibbs-Cahn Integration, we calculate the interfacial free energy γ of a binary hard-sphere fluid mixture at a structureless, planar hard wall. The calculation is performed as a function of packing fraction (density) for several values of the diameter ratio α = σ2/σ1, where σ1 and σ2 are the diameters of the two particle types in the mixture. Our results are compared to those obtained from the bulk version of the White Bear Mark II (WBII) classical density-functional theory, which is a modification of the Fundamental-Measure Theory of Rosenfeld. The WBII bulk theory is shown to be in very good agreement with the simulation results, with significant deviation only at the very highest packing fractions.
Influences of the first-to-second order magnetic phase transformation on the transport properties of La0.7Ca0.3−xBaxMnO3 compounds
Authors: Thanh T. D. , Lee T. H. , Phan T. L. , Tuan D. A. , Yu S. C.
Published: January 2014

We studied the influence of the magnetic phase transition on the transport properties of La0.7Ca0.3−xBaxMnO3 compounds with x = 0.05, 0.075, and 0.10. Our experimental results demonstrated the ferromagnetic-paramagnetic and metal-insulator transitions taking place at temperatures TC = 265–300 K and TMI = 280–310 K, respectively, which increase with increasing Ba-doping content. While the x = 0.05 sample undergoes a first-order magnetic phase transition (FOMT), x = 0.10 undergoes a second-order magnetic phase transition (SOMT). The other sample with x = 0.075 is considered as a threshold concentration of the FOMT-SOMT transformation. Further, ρ(T) data in different temperature regions were fitted to different models. The activation energy Ep and density of states at the Fermi level N(EF) were accordingly determined. Notably, N(EF) increases while Ep decreases in the case of applying an external field. We also have found that N(EF) increases when materials transfer from the FOMT to the SOMT, which becomes smallest for the sample having the coexistence of the FOMT and SOMT (i.e., x = 0.075).
Propulsion by a helical flagellum in a capillary tube
Authors: Liu Bin , Breuer Kenneth S. , Powers Thomas R.
Published: January 2014

We study the microscale propulsion of a rotating helical filament confined by a cylindrical tube, using a boundary-element method for Stokes flow that accounts for helical symmetry. We determine the effect of confinement on swimming speed and power consumption. Except for a small range of tube radii at the tightest confinements, the swimming speed at fixed rotation rate increases monotonically as the confinement becomes tighter. At fixed torque, the swimming speed and power consumption depend only on the geometry of the filament centerline, except at the smallest pitch angles for which the filament thickness plays a role. We find that the “normal” geometry of Escherichia coli flagella is optimized for swimming efficiency, independent of the degree of confinement. The efficiency peaks when the arc length of the helix within a pitch matches the circumference of the cylindrical wall. We also show that a swimming helix in a tube induces a net flow of fluid along the tube.
Working with the Lost Boys
Authors: Min Ye
Published: January 2014

This paper expresses some personal thoughts about anger management coupled with references to the story of Peter Pan and how aspects of that story could provide insight when working with familial and peer relationships.

I have been concerned that anger management in its simplest form can be construed as a ‘cure all' for a client's behavioural problems whereas dramatherapy can unravel the complex story that produced them and allow an embodied response.

This article looks at some of the reasons that drew me to connect dramatherapy, anger management and family and peer relationships to the story of Peter Pan and how it has guided my work particularly with one individual case.
No Levels, No Problems: Downward Causation in Neuroscience
Authors: Eronen Markus I.
Published: January 2014

I show that the recent account of levels in neuroscience proposed by Craver and Bechtel is unsatisfactory since it fails to provide a plausible criterion for being at the same level and is incompatible with Craver and Bechtel’s account of downward causation. Furthermore, I argue that no distinct notion of levels is needed for analyzing explanations and causal issues in neuroscience: it is better to rely on more well-defined notions such as composition and scale. One outcome of this is that apparent cases of downward causation can be analyzed away.
Geodesic Universality in General Relativity
Authors: Tamir Michael
Published: January 2014

According to recent arguments, the geodesic principle strictly interpreted is compatible with Einstein’s field equations only in pathologically unstable circumstances and, hence, cannot play a fundamental role in the theory. It is shown here that geodesic dynamics can still be coherently reinterpreted within contemporary relativity theory as a universality thesis. By developing an analysis of universality in physics, I argue that the widespread geodesic clustering of diverse free-fall massive bodies observed in nature qualifies as a universality phenomenon. I then show how this near-geodetic clustering can be explained despite the pathologies associated with strict geodesic motion in Einstein’s theory.
Healthcare-Associated Influenza in Canadian Hospitals from 2006 to 2012
Authors: Taylor Geoffrey , Mitchell Robyn , McGeer Allison , Frenette Charles , Suh Kathryn N. , Wong Alice , Katz Kevin , Wilkinson Krista , Amihod Barbara , Gravel Denise ,   Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program
Published: January 2014

Objective.

To determine trends, patient characteristics, and outcome of patients with healthcare-associated influenza in Canadian hospitals.

Design.

Prospective surveillance of laboratory-confirmed influenza among hospitalized adults was conducted from 2006 to 2012. Adults with positive test results at or after admission to the hospital were assessed. Influenza was considered to be healthcare associated if symptom onset was equal to or more than 96 hours after admission to a facility or if a patient was readmitted less than 96 hours after discharge or admitted less than 96 hours after transfer from another facility. Baseline characteristics of influenza patients were collected. Patients were reassessed at 30 days to determine the outcome.

Setting.

Acute care hospitals participating in the Canadian Nosocomial Infection Surveillance Program.

Results.

A total of 570 (17.3%) of 3,299 influenza cases were healthcare associated; 345 (60.5%) were acquired in a long-term care facility (LTCF), and 225 (39.5%) were acquired in an acute care facility (ACF). There was year-to-year variability in the rate and proportion of cases that were healthcare associated and variability in the proportion that were acquired in a LTCF versus an ACF. Patients with LTCF-associated cases were older, had a higher proportion of chronic heart disease, and were less likely to be immunocompromised compared with patients with ACF-associated cases; there was no significant difference in 30-day all-cause and influenza-specific mortality.

Conclusions.

Healthcare-associated influenza is a major component of the burden of disease from influenza in hospitals, but the proportion of cases that are healthcare associated varies markedly from year to year, as does the proportion of healthcare-associated infections that are acquired in an ACF versus an LTCF.
Fusarium-Damaged Kernels and Deoxynivalenol in Fusarium-Infected U.S. Winter Wheat
Authors: Jin Feng , Bai Guihua , Zhang Dadong , Dong Yanhong , Ma Lingjian , Bockus William , Dowell Floyd
Published: January 2014

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is a devastating disease that threatens wheat (Triticum aestivum) production in many areas worldwide. FHB infection results in Fusarium-damaged kernels (FDK) and deoxynivalenol (DON) that dramatically reduce grain yield and quality. More effective and accurate disease evaluation methods are imperative for successful identification of FHB-resistant sources and selection of resistant cultivars. To determine the relationships among different types of resistance, 363 (74 soft and 289 hard) U.S. winter wheat accessions were repeatedly evaluated for FDK and DON concentration in greenhouse and field experiments. Single-kernel near-infrared (SKNIR)-estimated FDK and DON were compared with visually estimated FDK and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy-estimated DON. Significant correlations were detected between percentage of symptomatic spikelets and visual FDK in the greenhouse and field, although correlations were slightly lower in the field. High correlation coefficients also were observed between visually scored FDK and SKNIR-estimated FDK (0.72, P < 0.001) and SKNIR-estimated DON (0.68, P < 0.001); therefore, both visual scoring and SKNIR methods are useful for estimating FDK and DON in breeding programs.
Adductor Canal Block versus Femoral Nerve Block for Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Kim David H. , Lin Yi , Goytizolo Enrique A. , Kahn Richard L. , Maalouf Daniel B. , Manohar Asha , Patt Minda L. , Goon Amanda K. , Lee Yuo-yu , Ma Yan , YaDeau Jacques T.
Published: January 2014

Background:

This prospective double-blinded, randomized controlled trial compared adductor canal block (ACB) with femoral nerve block (FNB) in patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty. The authors hypothesized that ACB, compared with FNB, would exhibit less quadriceps weakness and demonstrate noninferior pain score and opioid consumption at 6 to 8 h postanesthesia.

Methods:

Patients received an ACB or FNB as a component of a multimodal analgesic. Quadriceps strength, pain score, and opioid consumption were assessed on both legs preoperatively and at 6 to 8, 24, and 48 h postanesthesia administration. In a joint hypothesis test, noninferiority was first evaluated on the primary outcomes of strength, pain score, and opioid consumption at 6 to 8 h; superiority on each outcome at 6 to 8 h was then assessed only if noninferiority was established.

Results:

Forty-six patients received ACB; 47 patients received FNB. At 6 to 8 h postanesthesia, ACB patients had significantly higher median dynamometer readings versus FNB patients (median [interquartile range], 6.1 kgf [3.5, 10.9] (ACB) vs. 0 kgf [0.0, 3.9] (FNB); P < 0.0001), but was not inferior to FNB with regard to Numeric Rating Scale pain scores (1.0 [0.0, 3.5] ACB vs. 0.0 [0.0, 1.0] FNB; P = 0.019), or to opioid consumption (32.2 [22.4, 47.5] ACB vs. 26.6 [19.6, 49.0]; P = 0.0115). At 24 and 48 h postanesthesia, there was no significant statistical difference in dynamometer results, pain scores, or opioid use between the two groups.

Conclusion:

At 6 to 8 h postanesthesia, the ACB, compared with the FNB, exhibited early relative sparing of quadriceps strength and was not inferior in both providing analgesia or opioid intake.
Sedation Using Propofol Induces Similar Diaphragm Dysfunction and Atrophy during Spontaneous Breathing and Mechanical Ventilation in Rats
Authors: Bruells Christian S. , Maes Karen , Rossaint Rolf , Thomas Debby , Cielen Nele , Bergs Ingmar , Bleilevens Christian , Weis Joachim , Gayan-Ramirez Ghislaine
Published: January 2014

Background:

Mechanical ventilation is crucial for patients with respiratory failure. The mechanical takeover of diaphragm function leads to diaphragm dysfunction and atrophy (ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction), with an increase in oxidative stress as a major contributor. In most patients, a sedative regimen has to be initiated to allow tube tolerance and ventilator synchrony. Clinical data imply a correlation between cumulative propofol dosage and diaphragm dysfunction, whereas laboratory investigations have revealed that propofol has some antioxidant properties. The authors hypothesized that propofol reduces markers of oxidative stress, atrophy, and contractile dysfunction in the diaphragm.

Methods:

Male Wistar rats (n = 8 per group) were subjected to either 24 h of mechanical ventilation or were undergone breathing spontaneously for 24 h under propofol sedation to test for drug effects. Another acutely sacrificed group served as controls. After sacrifice, diaphragm tissue was removed, and contractile properties, cross-sectional areas, oxidative stress, and proteolysis were examined. The gastrocnemius served as internal control.

Results:

Propofol did not protect against diaphragm atrophy, oxidative stress, and protease activation. The decrease in tetanic force compared with controls was similar in the spontaneous breathing group (31%) and in the ventilated group (34%), and both groups showed the same amount of muscle atrophy. The gastrocnemius muscle fibers did not show atrophy.

Conclusions:

Propofol does not protect against ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction or oxidative injury. Notably, spontaneous breathing under propofol sedation resulted in the same amount of diaphragm atrophy and dysfunction although diaphragm activation per se protects against ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction. This makes a drug effect of propofol likely.
Historical DNA reveals the demographic history of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) in medieval and early modern Iceland
Authors: Ólafsdóttir Guðbjörg Ásta , Westfall Kristen M. , Edvardsson Ragnar , Pálsson Snæbjörn
Published: January 2014

Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) vertebrae from archaeological sites were used to study the history of the Icelandic Atlantic cod population in the time period of 1500–1990. Specifically, we used coalescence modelling to estimate population size and fluctuations from the sequence diversity at the cytochromeb(cytb) andPantophysin I(PanI) loci. The models are consistent with an expanding population during the warm medieval period, large historical effective population size (NE), a marked bottleneck event at 1400–1500 and a decrease inNEin early modern times. The model results are corroborated by the reduction of haplotype and nucleotide variation over time and pairwise population distance as a significant portion of nucleotide variation partitioned across the 1550 time mark. The mean age of the historical fished stock is high in medieval times with a truncation in age in early modern times. The population size crash coincides with a period of known cooling in the North Atlantic, and we conclude that the collapse may be related to climate or climate-induced ecosystem change.
Autophagy and female genital tract infections: new insights and research directions
Authors: Jayaram A , Orfanelli T , Doulaveris G , Linhares IM , Ledger WJ , Witkin SS
Published: January 2014

Autophagy is a highly conserved process by which defective organelles, non‐functional proteins, and intracellular microorganisms become sequestered within structures called autophagosomes, which fuse with lysosomes and the engulfed components are degraded by lysosomal enzymes. In microbial autophagy degraded peptides are used to induce antigen‐specific acquired immunity. Viruses, bacteria, fungi, and protozoa have developed strategies to subvert autophagy and/or to use this process to promote their replication and persistence. This review details the mechanisms by which microorganisms that infect the female genital tract and/or are detrimental to pregnancy interact with this host defence mechanism. Based on an understanding of autophagy‐related pathological mechanisms, we propose new avenues for research to more effectively prevent and/or treat these infectious diseases.
What was Progressive in ‘Progressive Conservatism’?
Authors: Griffiths Simon
Published: January 2014

In January 2009 David Cameron announced that the ‘underlying philosophy’ of his government would be progressive conservatism. Despite the ambiguity about this term, it was generally interpreted as a signal that Cameron was moving his party to the left. To some commentators, Cameron was allying with the progressive ‘one nation’ strand of conservative thought. To others, particularly in the media, he was drawing on the more immediate influence of Phillip Blond's ‘Red Toryism’. However, the focus on the market (as opposed to state or community) found in both Cameron's speech and subsequent policies sits uneasily with both of these interpretations. Cameron's progressive conservatism has more in common with Thatcherism – an earlier conservative modernising project –than it does with centrist forms of conservative progressivism. Cameron's progressive conservatism is progressive, but only in particular, less commonly used, ways – not as a rediscovery of social justice.
Partners in Progress? British Liberals and the Labour Party since 1918
Authors: Sloman Peter
Published: January 2014

Britain's Liberal and Labour Parties have long identified themselves with the progressive tradition, but have often disagreed about what progress means. This paper examines British Liberals’ efforts to critique state socialism during the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s and to articulate an alternative vision of progress based on wider property ownership, competitive markets and consumer choice. Although this vision sharpened the Liberal Party's political identity, it did little to improve its electoral fortunes, and gave way after 1959 to a more social liberal approach which overlapped with the thinking of Labour revisionists. The paper concludes by considering how much scope still exists for the contemporary Liberal Democrats to offer a distinctive progressive vision.
Speaking at Cross Purposes? the Rhetorical Problems of ‘Progressive’ Politics
Authors: Robinson Emily , Twyman Joe
Published: January 2014

On 22 January 2009 David Cameron launched the ‘Progressive Conservatism Project’ at Demos, a think tank previously associated with the centre-left. He made clear that he considered this a new departure both for the Conservative Party and for the country. His words were widely interpreted as an attempt to distance the party from Thatcherism and to move towards values more usually associated with the Lib–Lab ‘progressive tradition’ in British politics. This paper questions the efficacy of this rhetorical strategy in reorienting voters’ impressions of the Conservative Party. It uses a 2012 YouGov/University of Nottingham survey to show that the word ‘progressive’ is not well understood by the British public. A plurality of survey respondents felt unable to define the word, and those who did tended to use politically neutral terms such as forward movement, improvement and change. Very few defined it in terms of liberalism, left politics or social justice. Moreover, while many respondents did view Conservative politicians as ‘progressive’, they included Margaret Thatcher within this. The idea of ‘progressive conservatism’ might have seemed attractive to voters in that it signified optimism and change. However, for the majority, it is unlikely to have indicated a shift to the left.
Nuclear export signal within CALM is necessary for CALM‐AF10‐induced leukemia
Authors: Suzuki Mai , Yamagata Kazutsune , Shino Mika , Aikawa Yukiko , Akashi Koichi , Watanabe Toshio , Kitabayashi Issay
Published: January 2014

The CALM–AF10 fusion gene, which results from a t(10;11) translocation, is found in a variety of hematopoietic malignancies. Certain HOXA cluster genes and MEIS1 genes are upregulated in patients and mouse models that express CALM‐AF10. Wild‐type clathrin assembly lymphoid myeloid leukemia protein (CALM) primarily localizes in a diffuse pattern within the cytoplasm, whereas AF10 localizes in the nucleus; however, it is not clear where CALM‐AF10 acts to induce leukemia. To investigate the influence of localization on leukemogenesis involving CALM‐AF10, we determined the nuclear export signal (NES) within CALM that is necessary and sufficient for cytoplasmic localization of CALM‐AF10. Mutations in the NES eliminated the capacity of CALM‐AF10 to immortalize murine bone‐marrow cells in vitro and to promote development of acute myeloid leukemia in mouse models. Furthermore, a fusion of AF10 with the minimal NES can immortalize bone‐marrow cells and induce leukemia in mice. These results suggest that during leukemogenesis, CALM‐AF10 plays its critical roles in the cytoplasm.
Attitudinal concordance toward uptake and disclosure of genetic testing for cancer susceptibility in patient–family member dyads
Authors: Shin D.W. , Cho J. , Roter D.L. , Kim S.Y. , Park Ji.H. , Cho B. , Eom H.‐S. , Chung J.‐S. , Yang H.‐K. , Park Jo.‐H.
Published: January 2014

Decisions for cancer susceptibility genetic testing (CSGT) uptake and dissemination of results occur within the family context. A national survey was performed with 990 patient–family member dyads (participation rate:76.2%), with paired questionnaires examining attitudes toward CSGT uptake and disclosure of results in response to a hypothetical scenario in which a reliable CSGT was available for the specific cancer a patient was being treated. While most patients and family members responded they would uptake or recommend CSGT if available, concordance between the dyads was poor for both patient's testing (agreement rate 77.5%, weighted κ = 0.09) and first‐degree relatives' testing(agreement rate 78.0%, weighted κ = 0.09). Most patients (93.2%) and family members (92.9%) indicated that patients should disclose positive CSGT results to family members, with dyadic agreement of 89.1% (κ = 0.15). However, there were substantial disagreement regarding when disclosure should take place, who should make the disclosure (the patient or the health care professionals), and to whom the results should be disclosed. Patients and family members may hold different attitudes toward CSGT uptake of and disclosure of results within the family. Our findings reinforce the need for a family system approach to incorporate perspectives of patients as well as their family members.
Experimental infection of brown‐marbled grouper, Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forskal), with Vibrio parahaemolyticus identifies parvalbumin beta‐2 subunit I, alpha‐2‐macroglobulin, nattectin and immunoglobulin light chain, differentially expressed in resistant grouper
Authors: Low C‐F , Nor Shamsudin M , Abdullah M , Chee H‐Y , Aliyu‐Paiko M
Published: January 2014

The mechanisms through which brown‐marbled grouper accomplishes resistance to infection, particularly against Vibrios, are not yet fully understood. In this study, brown‐marbled grouper fingerlings were experimentally infected with Vibrio parahaemolyticus, to identify disease resistance grouper, and the serum proteome profiles were compared between resistant and susceptible candidates, via two‐dimensional gel electrophoresis (2‐DE). The results showed that putative parvalbumin beta‐2 subunit I, alpha‐2‐macroglobulin, nattectin and immunoglobulin light chain proteins were among proteins that significantly overexpressed in the resistant fish as compared to the susceptible group of fish, whereas apolipoprotein E and immunoglobulin light chain proteins were observed to be differentially overexpressed in the susceptible fish. Further analysis by peptide sequencing revealed that the immunoglobulin light chain proteins identified in the resistant and susceptible groups differed in amino acid composition. Taken together, the results demonstrated for the first time that putative parvalbumin beta‐2 subunit I, alpha‐2‐macroglobulin, nattectin and immunoglobulin light chain are among important proteins participating to effect disease resistance mechanism in fish and were overexpressed to function collectively to resist V. parahaemolyticus infection. Most of these molecules are mediators of immune response.