bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methylamines as Nitrogen Precursors in Chemical Vapor Deposition of Gallium Nitride
Authors: Rönnby Karl , Buttera Sydney C. , Rouf Polla , Barry Sean , Ojamäe Lars , Pedersen Henrik
Published: January 2019

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) is one of the most important techniques for depositing thin films of the group 13 nitrides (13-Ns), AlN, GaN, InN and their alloys, for electronic device applications. The standard CVD chemistry for 13-Ns use ammonia as the nitrogen precursor, however, this gives an inefficient CVD chemistry forcing N/13 ratios of 100/1 or more. Here we investigate the hypothesis that replacing the N-H bonds in ammonia with weaker N-C bonds in methylamines will permit better CVD chemistry, allowing lower CVD temperatures and an improved N/13 ratio. Quantum chemical computations shows that while the methylamines have a more reactive gas phase chemistry, ammonia has a more reactive surface chemistry. CVD experiments using methylamines failed to deposit a continuous film, instead micrometer sized gallium droplets were deposited. This study shows that the nitrogen surface chemistry is most likely more important to consider than the gas phase chemistry when searching for better nitrogen precursors for 13-N CVD.
DNA Barcoding a Complete Matrix of Stereoisomeric Small Molecules
Authors: Gerry Christopher , Wawer Mathias , Clemons Paul , Schreiber Stuart
Published: January 2019

The syntheses of DNA-encoded libraries (DELs) cannot fully exploit the capabilities of modern synthetic organic chemistry, so it is challenging to incorporate stereochemical diversity and topographic complexity into DEL design. Here, we describe the design, construction, and validation of a library of 107,616 DNA-barcoded chiral 2,3-disubsituted azetidines and pyrrolidines. We used stereospecific C–H arylation chemistry to furnish complex scaffolds primed for DEL synthesis, and we developed an improved on-DNA Suzuki reaction to maximize library quality. Tanimoto multi-fusion similarity analysis, among other techniques, quantified the impact of synthetic decisions on small-molecule physicochemical properties and library diversity. Validation screens against horseradish peroxidase and carbonic anhydrase IX—analyzed by a novel statistical framework—confirmed the success of the synthesis and screening procedures. These results demonstrate that diverse collections of structurally complex DNA-barcoded compounds may be synthesized without the development of novel DNA-compatible chemistry.
Progress in Low Field Benchtop NMR Spectroscopy in Chemical and Biochemical Analysis
Authors: Grootveld Martin , Percival Benita , Gibson Miles , Osman Yasan , Edgar Mark , Molinari Marco , Mather Melissa L. , Casanova Federico , Wilson Philippe
Published: January 2019

The employment of spectroscopically-resolved NMR techniques as analytical probes have previously been both prohibitively expensive and logistically challenging in view of the large sizes of high-field facilities. However, with recent advances in the miniaturisation of magnetic resonance technology, low-field, cryogen-free “benchtop” NMR instruments are seeing wider use. Indeed, these miniaturised spectrometers are utilised in areas ranging from food and agricultural analyses through to human biofluid assays and disease monitoring. Therefore, it is both intrinsically timely and important to highlight current applications of this analytical strategy, and also provide an outlook for the future, where this approach may be applied to a wider range of analytical problems, both qualitatively and quantitatively
Dust Fall Monitoring In University of Ibadan, University of Ilorin and Kwara State University Motor Parks, Nigeria
Authors: Shehu Zaccheus
Published: January 2019

The study was carried out for five months from November, 2014 to April, 2015 during which dust fall (particulate matter) was monitored in University of Ilorin, University of Ibadan and Kwara State University motor parks. Dust fall monitoring was carried out using Single open bucket sampler based on American Standard Test Method (ASTM D1739). The average dust fall depositions were found to be 1122.15 ± 50, 627.648 ± 34, and 316.322 ± 16 mgm-2day-1 for University of Ilorin (Un), Kwara State University (Kw) and University of Ibadan (UI) sites respectively. It was observed that unpaved surface and number of moving vehicles were the main factors for increased or decreased in dust fall concentrations. There was correlation between some meteorological parameters (rain fall, wind speed, temperature and relative humidity) and dust fall depending on the site.
Rising Importance of Organosulfur Species for Aerosol Properties and Future Air Quality
Authors: Riva Matthieu , Chen Yuzhi , Yue Zhang, , Lei Ziying , Olson Nicole , Boyer Chelmo Hallie , Narayan Shweta , Yee Lindsay , Green Hilary , Cui Tianqu , Zhang Zhenfa , Baumann Karsten , Fort Mike , Edgerton Eric , Budisulistiorini Sari , Rose Caitlin , Ribeiro Igor , e Oliveira Rafael , dos Santos Erickson , Machado Cristine , Szopa Sophie , Zhao Yue , Alves Elianne , de Sá Suzanne , Hu Weiwei , Knipping Eladio , Shaw Stephanie , Duvoisin Junior Sergio , de Souza Rodrigo , Palm Brett , Jimenez Jose , Glasius Marianne , Goldstein Allen , Pye Havala , Gold Avram , Turpin Barbara , Vizuete William , Scot Martin, , Thornton Joel , Dutcher Cari , Ault Andrew , Surratt Jason
Published: January 2019

Acid-driven multiphase chemistry of isoprene epoxydiols (IEPOX), a key isoprene oxidation product, with inorganic sulfate aerosol yields substantial amounts of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) through the formation of organosulfur. The extent and implications of inorganic-to-organic sulfate conversion, however, are unknown. Herein, we reveal that extensive consumption of inorganic sulfate occurs, which increases with the IEPOX-to-inorganic sulfate ratio (IEPOX:Sulfinorg), as determined by laboratory and field measurements. We further demonstrate that organosulfur greatly modifies critical aerosol properties, such as acidity, morphology, viscosity, and phase state. These new mechanistic insights reveal that changes in SO2 emissions, especially in isoprene-dominated environments, will significantly alter biogenic SOA physicochemical properties. Consequently, IEPOX:Sulfinorg will play a central role in understanding historical climate and determining future impacts of biogenic SOA on global climate and air quality.
Investigating the Effect of Alumina Shaping on the Sorption Properties of Promising Metal-Organic Frameworks
Authors: Iacomi Paul , Lee U-Hwang , Valenkar Anil H. , Chang Jong-San , Llewellyn Philip L.
Published: January 2019

Three promising MOF candidates, UiO-66(Zr), MIL-100(Fe) and MIL-127(Fe) are shaped through granulation with a rho-alumina binder. Subsequently, changes in the surface characteristics and adsorption performance are evaluated through adsorption microcalorimetry at 303 K with several common probes (N2, CO2, CO, CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C3H6 and C4H10), generating a detailed picture of adsorbate-adsorbent interactions. Vapour adsorption experiments with water and methanol were further used to gauge changes in hydrophobicity caused by the addition of the alumina binder. Upon shaping, a decrease in gravimetric capacity and specific surface area is observed, accompanied by an increased capacity on a volumetric basis, attributed to densification induced by the shaping process, as well as a surprising lack of pore environment changes. However, the magnitude of these effects depends on the MOF, suggesting a high dependence on material structure. Out of the three materials, MIL-127(Fe) shows the least changes in adsorption performance and is highlighted as a promising candidate for further study.
Free Standing Nanoporous Pd Alloys as CO Poisoning Tolerant Electrocatalysts for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2 to Formate
Authors: Chatterjee Swarnendu , Griego Charles D. , Hart James , Li Yawei , Taheri Mitra , Keith John , Snyder Joshua
Published: January 2019

CO2 electrochemical reduction to formate has emerged as one of the promising routes for CO2 conversion to useful chemicals and renewable energy storage. Palladium has been shown to make formate with a high selectivity at minimal overpotential. However, production of CO as a minor product quickly deactivates the catalyst during extended electrolysis. Here, we present nanoporous Pd alloys (np-PdX) formed by electrochemical dealloying of Pd15X85 alloys (X = Co, Ni, Cu, and Ag) as active free standing electrocatalysts with high formate selectivity and superior CO poisoning tolerance. Rate of deactivation under constant potential electrolysis, due to CO passivation, is strongly correlated to the identity of the transition metal alloying component. We purport that this composition dependent behavior is due to the induced electronic changes in the active Pd surface, affecting both the CO adsorption strength and the near surface hydrogen solubility which can impact the adsorption strength of active/inactive intermediates and reaction selectivity. Free-standing np-PdCo is found to exhibit high areal formate partial current densities, > 40 mA cm-2, with superior CO poisoning tolerance and minimal active area loss at cathodic potentials, demonstrating the utility of these materials for selective and stable CO2 electrolysis
Computational Evidence Suggests That 1-chloroethanol May Be an Intermediate in the Thermal Decomposition of 2-chloroethanol into Acetaldehyde and HCl
Authors: Salta Zoi , Kosmas Agnie M. , Ventura Oscar , Barone Vincenzo
Published: January 2019

The dehalogenation of 2-chloroethanol (2ClEtOH) in gas phase with and without participation of catalytic water molecules has been investigated using methods rooted into the density functional theory. The well-known HCl elimination leading to vinyl alcohol (VA) was compared to the alternative elimination route towards oxirane and shown to be kinetically and thermodynamically more favorable. However, the isomerization of VA to acetaldehyde in the gas phase, in the absence of water, was shown to be kinetically and thermodynamically less favorable than the recombination of VA and HCl to form the isomeric 1-chloroethanol (1ClEtOH) species. This species is more stable than 2ClEtOH by about 6 kcal mol-1, and the reaction barrier is 22 kcal mol-1 vs 55 kcal mol-1 for the direct transformation of VA to acetaldehyde. In a successive step, 1ClEtOH can decompose directly to acetaldehyde and HCl with a lower barrier (29 kcal mol-1) than that of VA to the same products (55 kcal mol-1). The calculations were repeated using a single ancillary water molecule (W) in the complexes 2ClEtOH_W and 1ClEtOH_W. The latter adduct is now more stable than 2ClEtOH_W by about 8 kcal mol-1, implying that the water molecule increased the already higher stability of 1ClEtOH in the gas phase. However, this catalytic water molecule lowers dramatically the barrier for the interconversion of VA to acetaldehyde (from 55 to 6 kcal mol-1). This barrier is now smaller than the one for the conversion to 1ClEtOH (which also decreases, but not so much, from 22 to 12 kcal mol-1). Thus, it is concluded that while 1ClEtOH may be a plausible intermediate in the gas phase dehalogenation of 2ClEtOH, it is unlikely that it plays a major role in water complexes (or, by inference, aqueous solution). It is also shown that neither in the gas phase nor in the cluster with one water molecule, the oxirane path is competitive with the VA alcohol path.
Small Molecule Isotope Resolved Formula Enumerator: a Tool for Assigning Isotopologues and Metabolites in Fourier Transform Mass Spectra
Authors: Moseley Hunter , Mitchell Joshua , Flight Robert M
Published: January 2019

Improvements in Fourier Transform Mass Spectrometry (FT-MS) enable increasingly more complex experiments in the field of metabolomics. What is directly detected in FT-MS spectra are spectral features (peaks) that correspond to sets of adducted and charged forms of specific molecules in the sample. The robust assignment of these features is an essential step for MS-based metabolomics experiments, but the sheer complexity of what is detected and a variety of analytically-introduced variance, errors, and artifacts has hindered the systematic analysis of complex patterns of observed peaks with respect to isotope content. We have devel-oped a method called SMIRFE that detect small biomolecules and determines their elemental molecular formula (EMF) using de-tected sets of isotopologue peaks sharing the same EMF. SMIRFE does not use a database of known metabolite formulas, instead a nearly comprehensive search space of all isotopologues within a mass range is constructed and used for assignment. This search space can be tailored for different isotope labeling patterns expected in different stable isotope tracing experiments. Using consumer-level computing equipment, a large search space of 2000 daltons was constructed and assignment performance was evaluated and validated using verified assignments on a pair of peak lists derived from spectra containing unlabeled and 15N-labeled versions of amino acids derivatized using ethylchloroformate. SMIRFE identified 18 of 18 predicted derivatized EMFs and each assignment was evaluated statistically and assigned an e-value representing the probability to occur by chance.
Evaluating Unexpectedly Short Non-covalent Distances in X-ray Crystal Structures of Proteins with Electronic Structure Analysis
Authors: Qi Helena W. , Kulik Heather
Published: January 2019

We investigate unexpectedly short non-covalent distances (< 85% of the sum of van der Waals radii) in atomically resolved X-ray crystal structures of proteins. We curate over 13,000 high quality protein crystal structures and an ultra-high resolution (1.2 Å or better) subset containing > 1,000 structures. Although our non-covalent distance criterion excludes standard hydrogen bonds known to be essential in protein stability, we observe over 82,000 close contacts in the curated protein structures. Analysis of the frequency of amino acids participating in these interactions demonstrates some expected trends (i.e., enrichment of charged Lys, Arg, Asp, and Glu) but also reveals unexpected enhancement of Tyr in such interactions. Nearly all amino acids are observed to form at least one close contact with all other amino acids, and most interactions are preserved in the much smaller ultra high-resolution subset. We quantum-mechanically characterize the interaction energetics of a subset of > 6,000 close contacts with symmetry adapted perturbation theory to enable decomposition of interactions. We observe the majority of close contacts to be favorable. The shortest favorable non-covalent distances are under 2.2 Å and are very repulsive when characterized with classical force fields. This analysis reveals stabilization by a combination of electrostatic and charge transfer effects between hydrophobic (i.e., Val, Ile, Leu) amino acids and charged Asp or Glu. We also observe a unique hydrogen bonding configuration between Tyr and Asn/Gln involving both residues acting simultaneously as hydrogen bond donors and acceptors. This work confirms the importance of first-principles simulation in explaining unexpected geometries in protein crystal structures.
Modelling of Fibrillation Induced Selective Cytotoxicity of Phenol Soluble Modulin α3
Authors: Das Mitradip , Dash Sandeep , Bhargava B. L.
Published: January 2019

Phenol soluble modulin (PSM) α3, the most toxic member of α-toxin in Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, has been recently found to form cross-α amyloid fibrils and is selectively toxic to the mammalian cell membranes. In this work, it has been discovered that hydrophobic interactions play a major role in fibril formation of PSM-α3 strands, with

stabilization energy of 28.7 kCal/mol. We considered two model bilayers mimicking mammalian and bacterial cell membranes, and found that single α-helix strand penetration is energetically unfavourable in both of them. Hence, we propose a simple model using energetics to understand the reason for selective toxicity of the peptide to the mammalian cell membrane. This study, besides enhancing the understanding of PSM-α3, can also act as a stepping stone in future drug development against ​S. aureus. ​
Viperin controls chikungunya virus–specific pathogenic T cell IFNγ Th1 stimulation in mice
Authors: Carissimo Guillaume , Teo Teck-Hui , Chan Yi-Hao , Lee Cheryl Yi-Pin , Lee Bernett , Torres-Ruesta Anthony , Tan Jeslin JL , Chua Tze-Kwang , Fong Siew-Wai , Lum Fok-Moon , Ng Lisa FP
Published: January 2019

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) has been a worldwide threat since its reemergence in La Reunion Island in 2004. Expression of the interferon-stimulated protein Viperin correlates with viral load burden in patients, and studies in mice have demonstrated its role to limit disease severity against CHIKV infection. Using Viperin−/− mice, we aimed to understand the contribution of Viperin to the T-cell immune response against CHIKV. CD4 T-cell depletion in Viperin−/− mice showed that increased late acute joint inflammation (5–8 d postinfection) was exclusively mediated by T cells. Specifically, CHIKV-infected Viperin−/− mice showed an increased INFγ Th1 profile of CD4 T cells, enhanced INFγ stimulation by APCs, an increased INFγ secretion profile in the joint microenvironment, and increased numbers of inflammatory monocytes in virus-infected joints compared with WT mice. Bone marrow grafting experiments showed that Viperin expression in both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells is instrumental in reducing disease severity associated with a CD4 T-cell response.
Da Semântica para Demonstrações de Consistência e a Volta
Authors: Freire Rodrigo A. , Ramos Luiza S. P.
Published: January 2019

O presente artigo contém duas teses principais. Primeiro, que o ponto de partida em uma demonstração de consistência de um sistema formal é uma noção semântica. Essa tese é apresentada a partir de uma análise das etapas pelas quais uma demonstração de consistência passa, uma vez que um atributo de fórmulas com base em alguma interpretação deve ser estipulado já na etapa inicial. Para avançar cada uma das etapas, uma demonstração de consistência deve produzir um ganho de entendimento correspondente em relação ao sistema. Confirmamos a tese por um estudo de casos de três sistemas em que três demonstrações construtivas de consistência correspondentes são analisadas. O estudo é restrito a demonstrações construtivas pois no caso modelo-teórico a tese é evidente. Estudamos a lógica de primeira ordem, a aritmética sem indução, também conhecida como aritmética de Robinson, e a aritmética com indução ou de Peano. Em seguida, consideramos a relação entre consistência e verdade na aritmética sob o prisma do estudo de casos. A partir disso, podemos formular a segunda tese: há uma concepção da verdade aritmética que não se compromete de partida com a consistência. Tal tese é motivada tendo em vista as limitações para demonstrações de consistência apresentadas.
Sobre a Noção Categorial de Proto-topos
Authors: De Souza Edelcio Gonçalves
Published: January 2019

O objetivo da presente trabalho é mostrar como é possível fazer semântica para linguagens proposicionais em ambientes categoriais que não sejam topos. Proponho a definição de dois tipos de categorias denominadas categorias com morfismos verdade (CTM) e proto-topos. Em categorias com morfismos verdade, pode-se definir as “funções de verdade” que correspondem aos conectivos lógicos de negação, conjunção, implicação e disjunção. Em proto-topos, pode-se mostrar que as “funções de verdade” assim definidas satisfazem certas propriedades desejáveis com respeito aos valores de verdade verdadeiro e falso.
Uma Crítica Popperiana ao Raciocínio Sociológico de Jean-Claude Passeron
Authors: Tarbes Sergio
Published: January 2019

No livro "O Raciocínio Sociológico: o espaço não popperiano do raciocínio natural", o sociólogo francês Jean-Claude Passeron afirma que a utilização estrutural de linguagem natural nas ciências sociais cria o que denomina “raciocínio sociológico”, um método baseado no raciocínio natural onde não seriam possíveis a “demarcação” e “falseabilidade” de Popper e os “paradigmas” e a “ciência normal” de Kuhn. O presente artigo se propõe a analisar os fundamentos empíricos da afirmação de Passeron por meio de um método inspirado nas ideias de Karl Popper, consistente, no caso, na apresentação de exemplos empíricos que a contradigam. Os resultados permitem concluir que se existem dificuldades nas ciências sociais para a realização de experimentos e para a consolidação de paradigmas, tais dificuldades não podem ser atribuídas à utilização da linguagem natural.
Properties and application of coatings sprayed with cold gas
Authors: Żórawski Wojciech , Makrenek Medard , Soboń Dominika
Published: January 2019

Cold spraying is new technology which allows to obtain coatings with properties which are unobtainable by previously used thermal spray methods. This technology can be alsoused in the area of additive manufacturing. The article presents findings of microstructure and mechanical properties of cold-sprayed titanium structures on Al 7075 aluminum alloy.
Non-destructive tests of fibre-cement materials structure with the use of scanning electron microscope
Authors: Schabowicz Krzysztof , Gorzelańczyk Tomasz , Szymków Mateusz
Published: January 2019

The article presents the NDT results of research on the influence of high temperature on the destruction of the structure of fiber-cement board as a result of the failure of a tunnel furnace. Two fiber cement boards were tested. There was a plate in a tunnel furnace during a failure, and reference plate dried in normal conditions. The research used acoustic emission method in combination with artificial neural networks.Interesting research results were obtained, which allowed to observe visible changesin the structure of the tested panels under the influence of high temperature. An important application from the point of view of building practice was formulated.
The influence of glow-discharge nitriding on the properties of thermally sprayed steel coatings
Authors: Babul Tomasz , Olbrycht Anna , Pawlik Szymon , Trojanowski Janusz
Published: January 2019

Hybrid technologies are one of the directions of materials engineering development. They contribute to the subject of research on improving the performance of thermally sprayed steel coatings by thermo-chemical treatment. The paper presents the test results of arc spraying stainless steel coatings and then glow-discharge nitrided. The glow-discharge nitriding was performed with the following parameters: at 450 °C for 6 hours and at 530 °C for 4 hours. The results of the following tests are described and presented: metallographic (SEM), qualitative and quantitative analysis point EDS, measurement of hardness HV, hardness distribution, measurement of roughness parameters (Ra, Rz), wear resistance by the Amsler method. The results showed that the glow-discharge nitriding increases the hardness and the frictional wear resistance of thermal sprayed stainless steel X46Cr13 and X2CrNi18-9 coatings. The hybrid technology, combining thermal spraying of martensitic stainless steel X46Cr13 and glow-discharge nitriding at 530 °C for 4 hours, provides formation of a coating with the highest hardness and wear resistance of all the tested coatings. This coating can be applied to the regeneration of machine parts, which are required to have particularly high useful properties.
Flexible oneanchor retaining building models calculation results comparing with experimental data
Authors: Grishin Anёdriy , Siplivets Olaksandr
Published: January 2019

Based on the previously described mathematical model implemented in software complex PLASTICA, nonlinear calculation of one anchor sheet pile wall together with surrounding soil medium has been performed. To assess the results reliability with experimental data tests Lazebnik G.E., calculations in PLAXIS 2D and classic Coulomb method are compared. The basis of a mathematical model incorporated the theory of plastic flow with hardening, which is based on the principle of maximum Mises. In general, it can be assumed that the calculations results in the software package PLASTICA using the proposed nonlinear models showed satisfactory agreement as compared with the experimental data
Investigation of low-temperature drying modes plant capillary-porous materials spherical shape
Authors: Pazyuk V.М.
Published: January 2019

The results of experimental studies of the drying of capillary-porous materials of spherical shape from the influence of the temperature of the heat carrier are given.Spherical granules with a diameter of 2,2 mm were taken to determine the rational modes of drying of capillary-porous materials. For a better evaluation of the nature of the drying process, experimental design studies were carried out on a convective drying stand in an elementary layer.The program of automatic collection and processing of information allows obtaining data on changes in the mass and temperature of the sample during the removal of moisture, and also performs calculations of kinetics of drying in absolute and relative coordinates. This makes it possible to obtain and compare the kinetic and velocity characteristics of colloid capillary-porous materials drying faster, more accurately and reliably.By the method of Krasnikov V.V. the kinetics of drying of capillary-porous materials of spherical shape with a diameter of 2,2 mm with construction of a generalized drying curve with determination and calculation of drying coefficients is considered.The generalized curve of drying rate is constructed and obtained, which allows us to generalize the process of drying of a capillary-porous spherical material. Also, get the formula and determine the overall length of the drying process through the drying rate for each heat treatment.When comparing the values of the process length obtained by experimental studies and determined by the calculations, the experimental error from the calculation does not exceed 3%.The analysis of heat-mass-exchange processes of drying by means of calculations of temperature coefficient b, Rebinder Rb criterion, heat flow q and coefficient of heat transfer α from the influence of heat carrier temperature has been carried out.
Energy efficient of the production of the heat insulation based on the basalt super thin fibers
Authors: Kremnev V.O. , Shpilberg L.U. , Timoshchenko A.V. , Hylienko O.V. , Timoshchenko Ye.V.
Published: January 2019

A brief historical overview of the creation of technology of the materials based on staple basalt fibers is given. The primary role in creating the technology of the Institute for Problems of Materials Science of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, a number of academic and sectoral institutes is noted. Thermophysical characteristics of basalt fibrous materials and basalt-bentonite products are given. For fibrous materials based on BSTF, the following dependences are given: thermal conductivity coefficient, as a function of density and temperature; optimal density of the heat insulating canvas, characterized by a minimum coefficient of thermal conductivity, as a function of temperature; the compaction factor of the canvas, as a function of temperature. The description of the multistage duplex process of the BSTF production is given. The block diagrams of the production processes for soft and semi-rigid products are considered. The stages of production at which natural gas is consumed are highlighted. A high proportion of the cost of energy in the cost of finished products reaches 70 - 80% is given. The results of experimental-industrial tests of the main gas-using equipment - melting furnaces, gas burners, tunnel dryer are given. Two methods were used to determine specific energy consumption. The maximum of the values determined by different methods was chosen as the defining value of energy consumption. There is a non-stationary nature of the equipment. The results of the analysis are presented in the form of specific indicators of natural gas consumption per unit of finished product, and heat per 1 kg of evaporated moisture. Thus, the specific consumption of natural gas per 1 kg of BSTF, for the existing technology, is 4,8 standard cubic meter, and the release of 1 cubic meters basalto-bentonite plate - 300 standard cubic meter. The basic heat engineering principles are formulated, which will allow a multiple increase in the energy efficiency of heat technologies, among them - the reduction of losses through the structures of equipment; loss reduction with high-temperature combustion products; intensification of heat and mass transfer processes in equipment components and elimination of unorganized gas exchange of internal technological volumes.
Evaluation of the inhibitory effect of a number of medicinal plants fixed oils on a group of pathogenic bacteria invitro
Authors: Al- Ebady Z. A. H.
Published: January 2019

The present study was designed to evaluate the antibacterial effect of 4 of local medicinal plants oils :Eletteria cardaomum,Nigella sativa,Prunus dulcisvar and Brassica alba in addition to 5 Antibiotics: Ciprofloxacin ,Chloramphenicol, Aztereonam, Sulfamethaxazole /Trimethoprime and Erythromycine as a positive control against 7 gram positive and gram negative pathogenic bacteria:Micrococcus spp.,Staphylococcus cohnii cohnii ,Enterobacter cloacae,Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis,Pseudomonas aeroginosa and Klebsiella pneumonia by using of agar well diffusion method . The result showed that for the oil of Eletteria cardamomum the best antibacterial effect was produced against Proteus mirabilis followed by Klebsiella pneumonia then Enterobacter cloacae,Pseudomonas aeroginosa,Escherichia coli,Micrococcus spp. and Staphylococcus cohnii cohnii , and for the oil Nigella sativa the antibacterial effect was highest against Micrococcus spp., followed by Proteus mirabilis then Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus cohnii cohnii. Brassica alba oil express it is antibacterial effect only against Pseudomonas aeroginosa and there was no effect on any other bacteria while Brassica alba had no effect on any of the studied bacteria.The inhibition of the growth of Pseudomonas aeroginosa was stronger by Prunus dulcisvar oil than Eletteria cardamomum oil .For Escherichia coli,Staphylococcus cohnii cohnii and Micrococcus the wider zone of inhibition was obtained by Nigella sativa oil than Eletteria cardamomum oil, while for Proteus mirabilis the inhibition of the growth was higher for the oil of Eletteria cardamomum than Nigella sativa oil.The values were given as mean ±Standard deviation and P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant.The datad were analyzed by student's t-test using SPSS (version 10).
Embryonic development of nasal septum in indigenous sheep
Authors: Al-Taee S. Kh. M. J.
Published: January 2019

The study included detection the onset time of the chondrification and ossification of the nasal septum in indigenous sheep fetuses. Fetuses have been prepared by using stained with modified double staining method in young ages and maceration with potassium hydroxide in older ages. The first sign of nasal septum demonstrated as a small spot of condensed mesenchyme of medial nasal prominence of Meckel's cartilage (Hyaline cartilage). Chondrification process of nasal septum initiated at 54 days old. The primary ossification center of the caudal part of nasal septum appeared at 61 days old in the distal caudal end of mesenchyme of Meckel's cartilage. The examination of nasal septum growth from sheep embryos in the (42-63 days) period shows that this is a rapid period of growth is at the end of the first trimester and the first or second trimester of gestation. The increase in the length of the nasal septum is about three folds (from 0.5 cm at 7 weeks to 1.6 cm at the 10 weeks of indigenous fetal age. The results of analysis of variance done on the relative increase in the nasal septum length and nasal septum height showed that the greatest relative increase in nasal septum length was at the 7 weeks, while the greatest relative increase in the nasal septum height was in the 11 weeks.
Study on Clinical Mastitis (Bacteriological) in She-Camels (Camelus dromedarius) in Some Areas of Middle Euphrates in Iraq
Authors: M. A. N. Al rodhan Y.I. Kh. AL-Tofaily And
Published: January 2019

The lack of information about mastitis in camels in Iraq has stimulated this research in desert lands of AL-Najaf and Al-Qadissiya provinces. The study is concerned with determining the overall infection, percentage of clinical mastitis according to age, stages of lactation and the number of calving, as well as detection the susceptibility of isolated microorganism to the antimicrobial drugs. 402 quarters of 141 lactating she-camels were examined.Result of this study show that percentage of clinical mastitis was 5.22 % and 11.35% for quarters and animals respectively. 23.81% and 18.75% of quarters and animals respectively were showed acute form of mastitis, whereas 57.15% and 56.25% which identified as chronic form for quarters and animals respectively, also result showed that 19.04% samples identified as bland teats.Gram positive bacterial isolates was (76.19%) including Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus hycus, Streptococcus agalactiae , Micrococcus luteus, Arcanobacterium pyogenes, whereas gram negative bacterial isolates was (23.8%) which included Mannhiemia haemolytica Salmonilla spp and, Klibcilla pneumonia. The results of study showed that varieties of ages and number of calving were not significant differences (≤ 0.01) on clinical mastitis in Iraqi she-camels.Antimicrobial drugs against bacterial isolates showed high susceptibility to Ciprofloxacin, Doxycycline, sulphthazin/Trimethiprim, Gentamicin, and Tetracycline, others antimicrobial Chloramphenicol, and Streptomycin showed moderate sensitivity, while all bacterial isolates were found resistant to Ampicillin, Erthromycine and Trimethiprime
Histopathological changes induced by methotrexate in bone and bone marrow of male and female white mice
Authors: S. Kh. Majeed K. G. Chelab And
Published: January 2019

The present study was conducted on 40 females and males white mice of approximately the same ages (4-6 weeks) and body weights (23-25 gm), for the aim of observing the toxic effects and histopathological changes on bones of mice due to prolonged treatment (6 months) with anticancer chemotherapeutic agents namely methotrexate. Forty mice were divided into 4 equal groups (10 mice of each group – 5 mice per sex). The first group (low or therapeutic dose group) was received 0.15 mg/ kg, I/M once weekly. The second group (intermediate dose group) received 0.30 mg/kg, I/M once weekly. The third (toxic dose group) received 0.45 mg/kg I/M once weekly. The fourth group was a control group, it received 0.2 ml buffered normal saline, I/M once weekly.The results showed Methotrexate can cause osteoporosis and bone marrow suppression, due to cytotoxic effects of it on bone marrow.
Study the Non-Specific Immune Response and Prevalence of Rotavirus Causing Diarrhea in Infants
Authors: I. H. Al-yassari A. M. Al-khafagi, S. A. Almashta and
Published: January 2019

In this study we used Rapid chromatography immunoassay for the qualitative detection of rotavirus in human feces specimens .this study included (50) blood and feces specimens (16)was acute infantile diarrhea with rotavirus infection and (22) acute infantile diarrhea without rotavirus infection and(12)as a control group . distribution of acute infantile diarrhea with rotavirus infection, acute infantile diarrhea without rotavirus infection and control group according to the sex was (56.25% , 54.55% , 50%) in male respectively but it was ( 43.75% , 45.45% , 50% ) in female respectively. The statistical analysis was significant P<0.05 in acute infantile diarrhea with rotavirus infection in comparing with control group .the distribution of acute infantile diarrhea with rotavirus infection, acute infantile diarrhea without rotavirus infection and control group according to the type of feeding in breast feeding was ( 37.5%, 40.91%,50%) respectively but it was ( 62.5%, 59.09%, 50 % ) in mixed feeding respectively. The statistical analysis was high significant P<0.05 in mixed feeding in comparing with breast feeding . also this study included study the level of non–specific immune response by using differential leukocytes counts [DLC] The statistical analysis of percentage of neutrophils ,lymphocytes and monocytes was lower significant P<0.05 in acute infantile diarrhea with rotavirus infection and acute infantile diarrhea without rotavirus infection in comparing with control group .
Detection of Immunoglobulin Y (IgY) in Eggs of Broiler Breeders Fed Crude and Treated Vicia sativa Seeds
Authors: Mansour R. S.
Published: January 2019

A trail of feeding broiler breeders crude and treated Vicia sativa at a rate of 11% and 22%, was conducted to elucidate the effect of using this seed on the egg's IgY content and on the relative weight of the ovarian follicles. Results revealed that crude seeds were effective in significant reduction of IgY content and of the ovarian weight. Treating crude seeds at the low level (11%) with water, acetic acid, Saccharomyces cereviceae, and activated charcoal were effective in ameliorating the negative effects of antinutritional factors in crude V. sativa and transfer more immunoglobulin IgY through eggs comparing with control group. Treatment of crude seed at a high level (22%) was different in their effect on IgY content and the relative ovarian follicle weight. This study reveals and for the first time, that different treatments of crude V. sativa could enhance the maternal immunity transferred via IgY through eggs to offspring in order to improve the transferred maternal immunity to the hatched chicks and to sustain a high immunological profile against different infectious diseases.
Epidemiological and identification study of mange mites infestation in sheep in Al-Diwaniyah province
Authors: G.A. Jassem M. A. A. Al-Shebani, K.A. Dawood and
Published: January 2019

This study was conducted to investigate the percentages of infestation of mange Mites in sheep in different regions of Al-Diwaniyah province and the effects of age, sex of animals on the prevalence of the disease were studied also.The results of the microscopical examination of the skin scraping were revealed that 186 of the sheep were infested with mites with an overall percentage of infestation 3.65%.In this study four genera of Mange Mites were recorded that parasitized sheep: Sarcoptes scabiei , Psoroptes ovis , Chorioptes spp. , Chirodiscoides caviae (fur mite) with rates 31.18%, 52.15%, 8.06%, 2.15% respectively where the genera of Chorioptes spp. and Chirodiscoides caviae recorded for the first time in Iraq, in addition to the presence a mixed infestation such as Sarcoptes with Psoroptes 5.91% and Psoroptes with Chorioptes 0.53%.The prevalence of the infestation was highest in sheep more than two years old (3.74%) and the lowest in sheep with age less than two years old (3.40%). The prevalence of Mange Mites in male sheep was 3.93% versus 3.59% in females. Statistically there were no significant differences (P>0.05) according to the age and sex of animals, but the differences in percentages of infestation were significant ( p< 0.05) according to different regions of study.
Papillomatosis in Iraqi camels
Authors: S.A.Hasso M. H. Hussain, F.G. Habasha and
Published: January 2019

The survey began in December 2008 and finished in June 2009 in three governorates; Al-Qadissiya, Al-Najaf and Al-Muthanna in different locations inspecting 2412 dromedaries, we found 102 affected camels with papilloma, samples were carried out to detect the papillomatosis histologically which present 4.2% of the total inspected camels. There was an obvious age-depending infection; papillomatosis was diagnosed in 77.5% of camels ranged in 5-10 years old and 22.5% of camels more than 10 years old and 0% in camels less than 5 years old.
Detection of the main bacterial causative agents associated with pneumonia cases of pigeons in Al-Diwaniya province
Authors: Khudair M.A.
Published: January 2019

In this study, infected lung samples of pigeons at Al-Diwaniya province were tested for the presence of some aerobic bacteria. The identification of bacteria were proved by swabs culturing and biochemical tests. A total of 100 pigeons were examined at post-mortem, and 100 samples with pneumonia were collected. All lungs were collected from different local pigeon’s market showing respiratory disorders. Blood agar supplemented with 7% sheep blood was used for isolation of the agents.Two methods were used for culturing the samples collecting from lung which include direct and indirect methods. In both methods bacterial colonies were identified on blood agar and MacConkey agar after that differential media was used for bacterial purification; various biochemical tests were used to study the properties of each bacterium. The aim of this work was to isolate and identify the aerobic bacteria associated with cases showing typical signs of respiratory infections.Bacteriological result showed (107) bacterial isolates which include Escherchia coli represent high percentage (29.9%) and ,Staphylococcus spp.(14.%) were considered the most predominant bacteria in comparison to other isolated bacteria which include Streptococcus pneumonia, K. pneumonia, E. aerogenense and P. vulgaris. This study showed that E. coli is the most prevalent bacterial infection among pigeon population in Al-Diwaniya province.
Prevalence of Gastro-intestinal Parasites in Horses and Donkeys in Al Diwaniyah Governorate
Authors: Wannas H. Y.
Published: January 2019

The study was included hundred of fecal samples of horses and donkeys (44 horses and 56 donkeys) males and females at age (2-6) years were collected from the period (1/11/2009– 30/10/2010). The parasites were encounter in 100% of horses and donkeys. Among the parasites that detected in horses, the prevalence of Strongylidae, Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides westri, Trichostrongylus axei, Oxyuris equi Cryptosporidium spp., Balantidium coli and Eimeria spp. were 50% , 40.90%, 22.72%, 25% ,11.36%, 20.45% 15.90% 6.81% respectively. In donkeys, the prevalence of Strongylidae, Parascaris equorum, Strongyloides westri, Trichostrongylus axei, Oxyuris equi, Dictyocaulus arnfieldi, Cryptosporidium spp., Balantidium coli, Eimeria spp. and Entamoeba coli were 57.14%, 32.14%, 28.57%, 17.85%, 17.85%, 17.85%, 19.64, 17.85%, 10.71% and 3.57% respectively. The single parasitic infection in this research was 50%, 28.57% and the mixed infection was 50%, 71.42% in horses and donkeys respectively. The statistical analysis reveal significant differences in the percentages of infections in different ages in horses and donkeys (p<0.01), while there were no significant differences in the percentages of infections of males and females of horses and donkeys (p<0.05).
Prevalence of Bovine viral diarrhea virus in cattle herds from Basrah and Nassirya Provinces by direct and indirect Elisa and Real time qPCR
Authors: A. Saleh B. A. Jarullah, J. Aed Gati, and
Published: January 2019

The current study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of BVD virus in Basrah and Nassirya city by using ELISA and RT-PCR. Two hundreds and eighty two samples of non vaccinated cattle sera samples collected from two regions of Iraq (188 samples from Nassirya city and 92 samples from Basrah city). Samples tested by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) antigen capture. Positive results were 20 samples ( 8 sample in Thi-Qar and 12 positive samples from Basrah). All samples submitted to indirect ELISA(IDEXX HerdCheck ELISA )for detect BVDV antibodies .Genotyping of all 20 positive samples to antigen detection were tested by Real time PCR, using Cador BVDV ½ kit, after extraction of virus RNA by QIAamp mini kit. The results revealed that there were 20 positive sample according to direct ELISA(Ag detection), while 66 sample were positive to indirect ELISA, as well as, the result of RT-PCR showed that there were two sample positive to BVDV type-1 (one sample form each city).Key words: BVDV, Genotype, ELISA, Iraq, Real time PCR.
Comparative study for some antioxidants in correction of oxidative stress markers for experimental induced diabetic rabbits
Authors: Abd A. J.
Published: January 2019

Determination of reliable biochemical parameters of experimental diabetic rabbit by alloxane monohydrates and role of diatery antioxidants (ascorbic acid, vit. A, and α-tocopherole) supplementation were investigated. Body weight gain, blood (plasma) chemistries, antioxidant enzymes and histopathological lesion were determined over 10 week in new Zealand white rabbits: control T1 group, diabetic T2 group, diabetic and ascorbic acid T3 group, diabetic and Vit. A T4 group, diabetic and α-tocopherole T5 animals group . each of dietary ascorbic acid, vit. A and α-tocopherole that given to animals of T3, T4 and T5 respectively were significantly (P≤0.01) reduced glucose level in blood than T2 diabetic group, also these antioxidants improve levels of cholesterol and triglyceride. Enzymatic activity of liver glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were significantly increasd more than of diabetic animals T2. histopathological structures of liver and pancrease confirm these results which indicate mild congestion and less degenerative signs in hepatocytes with mild degeneration of langerhans islets, generally oxidative stress resulted from diabetes and may diminished by administration of antioxidant ascorbic acid, Vit. A and α-tocopherole supplementation, and α-tocopherole group was the best group
Seroimmunological study of Toxoplasmosis in Sheep in Babylon Province
Authors: AL-Hasnawy M. H.
Published: January 2019

The study was carried out to determine the seroprevalence of Toxoplasmosis in sheep in Babylon province by use of two methods (latex agglutination test (LAT) and Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)). The results of Latex agglutination have appeared infection rate of 13.77% (31 out of 225 animals), the higher seropositivity was in urban region 19.4% while in rural region it was 11.39%, and depending on sex of animal thus higher rate in males was 16.51% compared with females 11.2%, so the results were referred to a higher rate in young ages (less than one year) were 22.41%, and higher titer for latex agglutination test was 64 with rate 35.48%. With respect ELISA test where the results referred to that out of 31 positive samples for LAT, nine samples were positive for IgG 29.03%.
Histological Study of the Trachea In Indigenous Male Turkey (Meleagris gallopava)
Authors: AL-Mussawy A. M.
Published: January 2019

The present study was conducted on five healthy indigenous male turkeys at the first year of their age and live weight was (4715 ± 43.3 gm) collected from the center of Diwanyia city, our need to have a base line data on the respiratory system of this abundant species of bird in Iraq. It is expected that this work will provide a pivot for future research and subsequent clinical application as regards the biology of the turkey.After birds preparation the trachea dissected out and washing by normal saline solution (0.9% Nacl), then were fixed immediately in 10% formalin, then get ready for routine histological processing.Trachea was lined by respiratory epithelium (ciliated, pseudostratified columnar epithelium) with simple branched tubular mucous glands and goblet cells. Laminapropria-submucosa of the trachea was supported by hyaline cartilages and comprised of loose connective tissue, with large bundles of collagen fibers.