bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between Cow Reproduction and Calf Preweaning Growth Traits and ELISA Sample-to-positive (S/P) Ratio Scores for Paratuberculosis in a Multi-breed Herd of Beef Cattle
Authors: Elzo M. A. , Rae D. O. , Lanhart S. E. , Hembry F. G. , Wasdin J. G. , Driver D. J.
Published: February 2023

Paratuberculosis is caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). The disease remains in a subclinical stage for a number of years before animals show clinical signs of diarrhea, weight loss, lower milk production, and eventually death. The serum ELISA test is a commonly used method to detect subclinical paratuberculosis; it is a serological test that detects antibodies to MAP in the serum of exposed animals. The ELISA is primarily used as a herd-screening tool that can detect approximately 50% of infected animals. Despite its low sensitivity, evidence suggests an association between ELISA sample-to-positive (SIP) ratio scores and various cow and calf traits. The objective of this study was to assess the association between four cow reproductive and weight traits, and three preweaning calf traits and ELISA SIP ratio scores for paratuberculosis (0 = negative, 1 = suspect, 2 = weak-positive, and 3 = positive) in a multi-breed herd of cows ranging from 100% Angus (A) to 100% Brahman (B). In addition, potential economic losses associated with ELISA scores were explored using prospective cow and calf market prices.
Investigation of Risk Factors for Specific Lameness Disorders in a Southeastern US Dairy by Survival Analysis
Authors: Sanders A. H. , Shearer J. K. , Shearer L. C. , De Vries A.
Published: February 2023

Besides the direct costs of treatment and culling, lameness can negatively affect production, reproduction, and udder health, making it one of the greatest causes of economic loss in the dairy industry. Thin soles (TS) are associated with hoof wear and wet conditions, which are prevalent in the hot humid summers of the Southeast. This condition may predispose cows to potentially more serious conditions including sole ulcers (UL) and white line disease (WLD). This study was undertaken to quantify these hoof problems, and investigate risk factors and interrelationship of conditions.
Induction of a T Helper 1 Immune Response with an Inactivated Viral Vaccine
Authors: Chase C. C. L. , Young A. , Zimmerman A. , Gilkerson K. , Barling K. , Scholz D.
Published: February 2023

Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) is a major pathogen of cattle causing severe respiratory and reproductive disease. BVDV vaccines remain an important part of the control strategy. Inactivated vaccines have been often characterized as evoking only a humoral antibody response with little opportunity for memory. It has been well established that a good cell mediated response and memory requires a T helper 1 (TH1) response. In this study we measure the T helper 1 response in cattle vaccinated with Virashield.
Measurement of Electrodermal Activity to Assess Distress in Hospitalized Cattle
Authors: Anderson D. E. , Linden D. L.
Published: February 2023

Skin impedance is a measurement of electrical conductivity on the surface of the skin. Impedence is affected by ion content at the surface of the dermal epithelium. Increased sympathetic tone changes skin impedence. Sympathetic tone is proportionately associated with pain or distress, therefore skin impedence may be measured in an attempt to quantify "clinical pain/ distress". This relatively new technology may be able to demonstrate differences with the intensity of patient "distress". Skin impedence is measured by use of a tool which measures electrodermal activity (EDA).
Validation of an Improved Method for Detection of Mycoplasma bovis in Milk
Authors: Justice-Allen Anne E. , Morley T. Scott , Wilson David J. , Trujillo Jessie D.
Published: February 2023

M. bovis and several other Mycoplasma spp cause intramammary, respiratory and joint infections that have serious economic consequences for the dairy industry (Gonzalez RN et al, 1994). Mycoplasma mastitis is resistant to treatment, therefore control of mycoplasma mastitis relies primarily on early detection and culling of infected animals to reduce transmission and herd prevalence. The current method of detection with culture is less than ideal because this group of fastidious organisms requires special enrichment media, CO2 supplemented incubation chambers with a positive or negative determination requiring an average of 10 days. Previously published molecular methods for the detection of Mycoplasma spp nucleic acids in milk samples have been demonstrated to have similar sensitivity to conventional culture methodology (Cai et al, 2005; Bashiruddin et al, 2005; McAuliffe et al, 2005). Such assays present several challenges beginning with the extraction of DNA from milk samples to the DNA amplification procedures which are technically complex. The goal of our research was to develop and validate a simple, efficient extraction process and couple it with a sensitive real-time PCR assay to detect M. bovis in bulk tank samples.
Evaluation of Estrus Detection Efficacy and Accuracy by Three Methods in a Confinement or Pasture Management System with Holstein-Friesian Cows
Authors: Mee J. F. , Palmer M. A. , Olmos G. , Boyle L. A.
Published: February 2023

Unlike some dairy industries where synchronization of estrus and ovulation is commonly practiced, dairy producers in Ireland rely on visual observation to detect spontaneous estrus in order to plan timing of artificial insemination (AI). A recent survey found that 59% of dairy producers using AI use estrus detection aids. Tail paint (93.9%) is the most commonly used aid (vasectomized bull 4%, Kamars 0.7%, other 1.4%). Though the majority of cows are bred at pasture, a minority of the national herd is bred while housed. The objective of this experiment was to compare the efficacy of three methods of estrus detection in two management systems.
Case Study of Waste Milk Quality Assessments at a Calf Ranch
Authors: Moore D. A. , Taylor J. , Hartman M. L. , Sischo W. M.
Published: February 2023

Non-salable whole milk from dairy farms is an economical, nutritious source of feed for neonatal calves and is purchased by calf ranches for feeding replacement heifers and dairy-source bull calves. However, for calf rearing operations that utilize this milk, quality control measures on milk coming from the dairies, other than pasteurization, are often lacking .. It was the purpose of this project to evaluate some potential quality monitors for dairy waste milk intended for neonatal calf consumption.
Development of Mastitis in a Mouse Infection Model from Four Bovine Isolates
Authors: Rowson A. , Aalseth E. , Wang Y. , Forsberg N. E. , Puntenney S. B.
Published: February 2023

The goal of this study was to evaluate the ability of a commercially-available feed supplement (OmniGen-AF) to reduce development of mastitis in a mouse mastitis model. The rationale for completing this study was two-fold. First, dairy producers have reported that OmniGen-AF reduced somatic cell counts and reduced mastitis after the introduction of the product into herds. Second, recent studies have shown that the product increased markers of both innate and adaptive immunity. Our hypothesis, therefore, was that feeding the product would reduce the development and severity of mastitis in a mouse model. To assess this hypothesis, five experiments were completed with three bovine mastitis isolates. The isolates included Streptococcus uberis (S. uberis), Escherichia coli (E. coli) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus).
Effects of Temperature and Humidity on the Survival of Mycoplasma Organisms in Recycled Bedding Sand
Authors: Justice-Allen Anne , Trujillo Jessie , Corbett Robert , Harding Robert , Goodell Greg , Wilson David
Published: February 2023

Mycoplasma bovis, along with other species, is responsible for a number of disease syndromes in cattle which impact both the dairy and beef industries. An outbreak of mycoplasma mastitis in conjunction with a number of positive environmental samples from the farm initiated a study of the survival of mycoplasma organisms in recycled bedding sand. A pile of bedding sand was obtained from the affected dairy and brought to Utah State University, where it was stored outside. The pile was cultured for mycoplasmas and mastitis pathogens on a weekly basis for four months, and then sampled every two to four weeks for another four months. In addition, samples of the sand were subjected to controlled experiments in the laboratory involving temperature, humidity, and chemical disinfection. The results indicate that M. bovis can remain viable and detectable by culture in recycled bedding sand for eight months at the ambient temperatures found in Logan, Utah. The optimal temperature for survival is between 39°F (4°C) and 64°F (18°C). The numbers of M. bovis organisms (measured as colony forming units) in the sand increased at different times during the study, indicating replication. M. bovis reproduced in bedding sand at ambient maximum temperatures between 59°F and 68°F (15°C and 20°C). In the controlled experiment, mycoplasmas reproduced in the bedding sand at 97°F (36°C) when the sand was kept damp, but were not cultivable when it was allowed to dry out. Both 2% chlorhexidine and 0.5% hypochlorite were capable of disinfecting the bedding sand.
Field Anesthetic Techniques for Camelids
Authors: Anderson David E.
Published: February 2023

Administration of anesthetic agents to camelids is a source of anxiety for many veterinarians and owners. Llama and alpaca physiology is not a mainstream topic in most veterinary schools and, therefore, veterinarians do not feel comfortable in the administration of drugs routinely used in other livestock species. Although specific drug dosages differ between camelids and other livestock and even among llamas and alpacas, all other aspects of the "warm-blooded mammal" apply. The minimum data base before using an anesthetic is rectal temperature, heart rate and rhythm, respiratory rate and character, and general demeanor of the patient. If general anesthesia is planned, packed cell volume (PCV) and total protein (TP) should be determined. If the patient is geriatric (older than 10 years for llamas and alpacas), then more exhaustive diagnostic tests may be warranted (e.g. serum biochemistry). An accurate body weight will increase the safety of the procedure, but an estimation of body weight may be obtained by evaluating the body condition score.
Angular Limb Deformity in Llamas and Alpacas
Authors: Anderson David E.
Published: February 2023

Angular limb deformities (ALD) are common among llamas and alpacas. Veterinarians most commonly are asked to examine growing neonates for skeletal abnormalities, but these defects are not uncommon among adult llamas and alpacas. Owners may perceive that a mild angulation ( < 5 degrees) in the forelimbs of adults is within the expected variation of normalcy. However, these angulations represent a skeletal defect and should not be encouraged as an acceptable phenotypic trait.
Surgical Management of Reproductive Emergencies
Authors: Anderson David E.
Published: February 2023

Birthing in llamas and alpacas is a rapid process. Studies in South America documented that> 80% of crias (neonatal llama or alpaca) are born between 6 am and 1 pm. Stage II labor ( expulsion of the cria) occurs over a period of 10 to 15 minutes (range, six to 47 minutes). Dystocia is an uncommon event in llamas and alpacas. Studies in South America found that dystocia in alpacas (1660 birthings observed) occurred in 1.6% of birthings and that 25% of these occurred in primiparous females. Data in a smaller number of llamas (234 birthings observed) demonstrated dystocia in only one female (0.4%). Interestingly, causes of dystocia differ in South America and North America. Uterine torsion is rarely found in descriptions of dystocia in South America. Causes of dystocia in these populations include fetal malpositioning, with 30% of those occurring with the fetus in a posterior presentation and 70% in anterior presentation. Markedly less information is available documenting causes of dystocia in North American herds. What data is available seems to indicate that uterine torsion is a common cause for veterinary intervention of dystocia. The author's opinion is that fetal malpositioning is associated with the majority of dystocia in llamas and alpacas and that uterine torsion is over-represented in the literature, because these cases are more likely to be presented to teaching hospitals for treatment.
Assisting with Calvings
Authors: Smith David R. , Hostetler Douglas , Westphal Sherry
Published: February 2023

The veterinary technician can be of valuable assistance in difficult calving situations. First, the technician can advise the producer when veterinary care may be needed by knowing predisposing factors to dystocia in the dam and calf and recognizing the signs that indicate a need for birthing assistance. Second, technicians familiar with the uses of obstetric equipment can be prepared to help the veterinarian use them efficiently. Third, technicians with knowledge of common dystocia scenarios and aftercare can help assure an efficient delivery and increase the probability for a successful outcome. Finally, the technician can play a critical role in protecting the health and safety of the people and animals by remaining vigilant for hazards and maintaining sanitation and hygiene.
Critical Calf Care
Authors: McGuirk Sheila M. , Kipp Rachel
Published: February 2023

Most newborn calf deaths occur prior to weaning, and perinatal mortality that occurs within 48 hours of birth is an increasingly important problem. High-risk calves are delayed in head righting, sitting, and standing attempts. They may be meconium stained, have had an assisted delivery, or been born with a short or prolonged gestation. Without critical care, many of these calves adapt poorly and are at risk for poor colostrum absorption, hypoglycemia, hypothermia, respiratory acidosis, disease, and death. Neonatal resuscitation, oxygen delivery, and fluid administration improves survival rate. Colostrum delivery, clinical monitoring, intravenous catheter placement and maintenance, supportive care, and the implementation of effective treatment protocols performed by trained veterinary technicians provide added value to the large animal veterinarian by enhancing the survival and health of calves.
Randomized and Blinded Field Trial to Assess the Efficacy of an Autogenous Vaccine to Prevent Naturally Occurring Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivis (IBK) in Beef Calves
Authors: Funk L. , Maroney M. , Engelken T. , Cooper V. L. , Kinyon J. , Plummer P. , O'Connor A. M.
Published: February 2023

A randomized and blinded 2-arm parallel trial was conducted to assess the efficacy of an autogenous vaccine to prevent naturally occurring infectious bovine keratoconjunctivis (IBK) in beef calves.
Weight Gain in the First 28 Days after Weaning on Five Commercial Cow-Calf Farms
Authors: Currin J. F.
Published: February 2023

The last three years have seen large increases in the costs to keep a cow calf pair for a year. Annual costs have risen from $325-$400 per cow calf pair per year to $475-$550 per cow calf pair (SPA data) over the last three years. These increases have occurred at the same time as a downturn in the price per pound of beef calves. Calf prices in 2008 averaged $0.07 per pound less than 2008 prices and for the last quarter of 2008 averaged $0.07 less than the 10 year average for calf prices (data from Virginia Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services). Reducing expenses alone will not allow producers to maintain profitability in most cases. In order to have revenue exceed the cost of production, cow calf producers must find ways to increase the value of the calves they sell. Preconditioning programs offer one opportunity for producers to increase the net value of the calves they sell. Over a 12 year period calves sold through a preconditioning program brought $46 per head more than calves marketed the same week that had not been preconditioned (data from Virginia Quality Assured Program). The single biggest hurdle to participating in a preconditioning program is weaning calves. Weaning calves on the farm is no longer a common practice for most small to mid-size producers. These calves are instead commonly marketed directly off the cow. The dogma has become that weaning calves is not worth it because it will take 30 days for calves to put the weight back on that they lose during the weaning process. This project was designed to demonstrate that it is possible to wean calves under a variety of conditions and have those calves gain weight during the 28 days following weaning.
Johne's Disease Control in Ontario and Western Canada
Authors: Sorge U. , Kelton D. , Lissemore K. , Godkin A. , Hendrick S. , Wells S.
Published: February 2023

Risk assessment (RA) based Johne's disease (JD) control programs are used in many countries. A RA is an on-farm questionnaire that probes management practices in the calving area for different age groups of heifers and cows. The higher the assigned score, the higher the risk of spreading JD on farm. Based on the score, veterinarians make recommendations for management changes to reduce the risk of JD spread on that farm. The success of RA based programs is not only dependent on the correct identification of high risk areas but also the compliance of producers with suggested management changes. The objectives of this study were to evaluate a voluntary JD RA control program in Ontario and western Canada and to assess the producers' perceptions of the program.
Preliminary Results on the Effect of Feeding Heat-treated Colostrum on Health and Growth in Pre-weaned Dairy Calves
Authors: Donahue M. , Godden S. , Bey R. , Wells S. , Fetrow J. , Stabel J.
Published: February 2023

Previous research showed that heat-treatment of colostrum at 140°F (60°C) for 60 minutes results in a significant reduction in colostral bacteria counts without affecting colostral immunoglobulin concentrations. Moreover, calves fed heat-treated colostrum have improved serum lgG levels when compared to calves fed raw colostrum. It is unclear whether feeding heat-treated colostrum will improve growth or health in preweaned calves. The objective of this study was to describe the effect of feeding heat-treated colostrum on average daily gain (ADG), risk for morbidity, and mortality in pre-weaned calves.
Preliminary Validation of a 'Calf-Side' Test for Measurement of Serum IgG in Dairy Calves
Authors: Stewart S. , Godden S. , Schrupp M.
Published: February 2023

The importance of adequate passive transfer (APT, IgG ≥ 10 mg/mL at 24-48 h) of immunoglobulin (lg) for newborn calves is widely known in the dairy industry. Failure of passive transfer (FPT) is associated with increased risk of morbidity, mortality, reduced growth rate, and decreased production at first lactation. The gold standard test is measurement of serum IgG concentrations in an accredited veterinary laboratory using either RID or turbidimetric immunoassay (TIA) methods. Laboratory measures are accurate but expensive ($6 to $12 per sample), plus take time to ship samples and wait for results. A common on-farm test is to measure serum total protein (TP) concentrations using a hand held refractometer to indirectly predict serum IgG concentrations. This approach is inexpensive and rapid but is less accurate than direct IgG measurement in a laboratory. Calloway and others (2002) reported that serum TP concentrations of 5.0 g/dL had a sensitivity and specificity of 0.89 and 0.84, respectively, in detecting calves with FPT. Ideally, the industry would have available an accurate, rapid, convenient, and inexpensive calf-side test to measure serum IgG concentrations. The Midland BioProducts QTII™ Bovine Serum IgG test is a portable hand-held chemistry analyzer that works on the principle of a TIA method (Midland BioProducts Inc., Boone, IA). The chemistry analyzer weighs about 2 lb (0.91 kg), is about the size of a 1 L bottle and costs $1,950.00 as a one time purchase. Test kits are available in sets of 5 at approx. $7 .50 per test for the bovine species IgG. Test kits are also available for other bovine analytes including serum albumin, total protein, calcium, magnesium and phosphorus. It takes approx. six minutes to run one test. The objective of this study was to describe the test characteristics of the MBC QTII™ Bovine Serum IgG test.
Association between Serum Total Protein and Immunoglobulin G Measures in Calves Fed a Whole Colostrum Derived Colostrum Replacer
Authors: Belz J. , Godden S. , Haines D. M. , Leslie K. , Nelson B.
Published: February 2023

Use of refractometers to measure serum total protein (TP, g/dl) is a good method for monitoring passive transfer of IgG in groups of calves. Calloway and others (2002) reported that a serum TP concentrations of 5.0 or 5.2 g/dl most accurately predicted adequate passive transfer, defined as serum IgG of 10 mg/mL. The relationship between serum TP and IgG has been determined for calves fed maternal colostrum (MC), but not for calves fed whole colostrum derived colostrum replacers (CR). The objective of this study is to describe the relationship between serum TP (g/dl) and IgG concentrations (mg/mL) at 24 hours of age in calves fed whole colostrum derived CR vs calves fed raw MC.
Incidence of Herds Infected with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus in Four Western Counties Enrolled in the Michigan Upper Peninsula BVDV Eradication Program
Authors: Corbett E. M. , Grooms D. L. , Bolin S. R. , Bartlett B.
Published: February 2023

In 2007, the Michigan Upper Peninsula BVDV Eradication Program was launched. The purpose of this project is to eradicate BVDV from a geographic area and, in doing so, identify benefits and obstacles of a BVDV eradication program and demonstrate a feasible model that may be adopted by other parts of the US. The purpose of the current report is to present initial findings from the eradication program in the four counties that compose the western one-third of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.
Single-drug and Multi-drug Resistance Exhibited by Gram-positive Mastitis Pathogens
Authors: Apparao M. D. , Ruegg P. L. , Lago A. , Godden S. , Bey R. , Leslie K. E.
Published: February 2023

Bovine mastitis is caused by a variety of pathogens, and treatment of bovine mastitis accounts for the greatest usage of antimicrobials on dairy farms. The possibility of increased resistance caused by usage of antimicrobials for treatment of bovine mastitis is a potential concern for veterinarians. The objective was to describe antimicrobial resistance of gram-positive mastitis pathogens isolated from cases of bovine mastitis.
Impact of Intramammary Infection of Serratia Species on Milk Production, Somatic Cell Count, and Survival in Dairy Cattle
Authors: Chuff M. G. , Zadoks R. N. , Welcome F. L. , Santisteban C. G. , Zurakowski M. J. , Schukken Y. H.
Published: February 2023

Serratia species are gram-negative bacilli commonly found in soil and water. They have been associated with disease in humans, companion animals, and dairy cattle. In dairy cattle, infections have originated in the dry or lactation period in both small and large herds. The infection can result in clinical and subclinical mastitis. Clinical cases occasionally cause severe symptoms such as hard, hot quarters and systemic signs of illness or death; however, subclinical cases are more common. Individual infections have been reported to last as long as 10 months. Although some reports have suggested successful treatment with neomycin, most studies suggest that a majority of Serratia spp infections cure spontaneously. Most studies have described individual herds and focus on the source of the organism. Little is known about the long-term impact of intramammary infections of Serratia spp on milk production, milk quality, and herd life of affected cows. The goal of our study is to analyze the effect of Serratia spp detection on milk production, somatic cell count (SCC), and survival across multiple herds.
Beet Pulp
Authors: Mahjoubi E. , Amanlou H. , Zahmatkesh D. , Ghelich khan M. , Yazdi M. H. , Noori G. R.
Published: February 2023

Fat cow syndrome is an important problem in the dairy industry when large groups of cows are fed ad libitum. This is common where large amounts of corn silage are fed and attention is not paid to limiting access to concentrates. Various metabolic disorders threaten these cows, including fatty liver, ketosis, displaced abomasum, oxidative stress, hypocalcaemia, and reproductive problems. Nowadays, there isn't any way to reduce body condition score (BCS) except for diluting diet, resulting in lower milk production. We hypothesize that altering dietary composition can influence partitioning of nutrients toward the mammary gland rather than other body tissues. Our objective was to determine effects of replacing barley grain (glucogenic) with beet pulp (lipogenic) on milk fat and energy outputs and changes in BCS and external body fat thickness in over-conditioned, late lactation cows.
Fatty Acid Profiles and Eicosanoid Biosynthesis in Transition Dairy Cows
Authors: Contreras G. A. , O'Boyle N. J. , Gandy J. C. , Sordillo L. M.
Published: February 2023

The onset of lactation imposes considerable changes in dietary requirements and metabolic functions. These adaptations occur during the transition period (TP) that begins 3 wks before through 3 wk after parturition. This period is associated with an elevated incidence of diseases that cause a significant reduction in the profitability of dairy herds. Energy requirements of the TP dairy cow are unable to be met by the diet and must rely on tissue reserves. Mobilization of fat from tissues releases non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) into the blood stream which are used as energy; however, NEFA function is not limited to energy supply. These compounds can serve as substrates for the biosynthesis of inflammatory lipid mediators (LM). The two major enzymes for eicosanoid synthesis are cyclooxygenases (COX) and lipoxigenases (LOX). The increased activity of these enzymatic pathways could lead to an enhanced inflammatory response. Despite recent advances in TP dairy cow health, little is known about the relationship between variations in the plasma fatty acid (FA) profile and the production of LM through both COX and LOX biosynthetic pathways. We hypothesize that plasma FA profiles and expression of enzymes associated with eicosanoid biosynthesis shift during the transition period.
Beyond Perception
Authors: Schuenemann G. M. , Bas S. , Workman J. D. , Rajala-Schultz P.
Published: February 2023

Continuing education programs (CEP) are critical for veterinary practitioners to update and improve their skills and services (Moore et al, 2004 JVME 31, 146; Di Croce et al, 2008 Reprod Fertil Dev 20:86). CEP must offer an educational environment where veterinarians can effectively rejuvenate their knowledge, skills, and learn about new practices. Assessing learning activities is an important component in any CEP not only for program accreditation but also for post-delivery assessments. Continued support through collaborative learning and decision-making processes may help veterinary practitioners feel motivated to incorporate new practices, thus enhancing dairy sustainability. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a CEP designed to enhance the flow of scientific-based reproductive techniques to dairy veterinary practitioners.
Flunixin Meglumine Residues and Injection Site Damage
Authors: Griffin D. D.
Published: February 2023

Did you know that flunixin meglumine (FM) residues are the second leading violative residue reported by the USDA-FSIS? Flunixin meglumine residue violations are surpassed only by the residue violations from over the counter (OTC) procaine penicillin G and are the leading prescription (Rx) drug residues in all food animals. The FDA-CVM, in the FDA Veterinarian Newsletter 2007, Volume XXII, Number 2, reminded all veterinarians to use FM correctly. In that newsletter, the FDA-CVM noted investigations of several residue reports which led the agency to believe that unapproved routes of administration, such as intramuscular use, were traced to violative residues. The agency reminded veterinarians that the drug was only approved for intravenous use and that the convenience of an alternate route of administration, such as intramuscular, was not an AMDUCA acceptable reason for extralabel drug use.
Bovine Veterinary Education
Authors: Thomson John U.
Published: February 2023

The implementation of outcomes based veterinary medicine will allow our profession to close the loop between clinical practice and academic veterinary medicine. This will define best practices and identify areas in need of research. It will provide the data that validates our profession's contribution to society.
Repair of Fractures in the Field
Authors: Van Metre David C. , Anderson David E.
Published: February 2023

Effective fracture management in the field requires that the veterinarian evaluate multiple criteria in order to determine if the options for treatment applicable to the field setting are valid orthopedic treatment options, provide adequate patient comfort, and are cost-effective. The age, size, temperament, and intended use of the animal; location and physical characteristics of the fracture; experience of the attending veterinarian; the animal's environment during convalescence; and any economic constraints must be considered together in determining a prognosis and treatment plan. Treatment options commonly available for fracture management in ambulatory practice include stall confinement without external coaptation, cast application, and application of a Thomas splint-cast combination. Investigation of the etiology of the fracture may reveal opportunities for the veterinarian to educate farm or ranch personnel on methods of animal husbandry or handling that can potentially prevent future cases from occurring.
Feedlot Heat Stress Checklist
Authors: Griffin Dee
Published: February 2023

The thermo-comfort zone varies greatly for beef cattle. Young animals have a narrow comfort zone between 45 and 80°F (7.2 and 26.6°C). The comfort zone of feedlot cattle and mature cows will range from subzero temperatures in the winter to around 75°F (23.8°C) in the summer, depending on body condition, hair coat length and plane of nutrition. This wide comfort zone allows cattle to thrive under diverse climatic conditions with little or no need for shelter or protection. However, unlike humans, who can be reasonably comfortable when exposed to normal summer temperatures, feedlot cattle have difficulty coping with temperatures above 90°F (31.9°C). This is particularly true when humidity is high or wind speed is low, especially when cattle have had little or no chance to adapt to excessive heat loads.
Treat the Treatable and Manage the Rest
Authors: Welcome Frank , Zurakowski Mike , Welch Gerald , Schukken Ynte
Published: February 2023

Farm income for many dairies can be improved by increasing the value of milk by taking advantage of somatic cell count (SCC) based milk quality premiums and reducing treatment costs. Recent research has shown that the likelihood of an animal to have a repeat case of clinical mastitis after a first clinical case is about 30%. Pathogen-based treatment protocols should provide a science-based process for selecting the most appropriate treatment and duration of treatment resulting in high bacteriological cure rates and fewer repeated clinical cases. Many infections caused by gram-positive organisms, particularly streptococcal species, respond well to appropriate treatment; cure rates can approach 80% or higher. Most gram-negative pathogens respond poorly to intramammary treatment. Mastitis caused by other pathogens, such as yeast, are exacerbated by intramammary treatment and others, like Prototheca species and mycoplasma, have no known treatment. Generally the normal distribution of mastitis pathogens is about one-third gram-positive organisms, one-third gram-negative pathogens, and one-third no growth culture result, suggesting that pathogen-based treatment protocols have the potential for substantial savings.

Duration of treatment for specific mastitis pathogens should have a major influence on cure rates, particularly for a range of streptococcal species and select Staphylococcus aureus infections.

There are also opportunities to manage chronic subclinical infections which are often the major contributors to the bulk tank SCC. Milk from high cell count cows can be managed through treatment, segregation of high SCC milk at the quarter level, quarter dry-off, and culling.
Efficacy of Intramammary Extended Therapy Using Ceftiofur (Spectramast® LC) against Clinical Mastitis of Holstein Cows
Authors: Truchetti G. , Roy J. P. , DesCôteaux L. , Bouchard E. , Doucet M. , Scholl D.
Published: February 2023

Little research has focused on extended therapy for cows with clinical mastitis during lactation. Ceftiofur should be effective against a wide range of mastitis pathogens including gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. It could be considered as a reasonable choice for treatment of clinical mastitis. The objective of the present study was to determine if extended therapy would increase cure rates of a ceftiofur treatment for non-acute clinical mastitis, for all bacteria and more specifically for Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci. The hypothesis was that extended therapy would enhance the cure rate of ceftiofur for non-acute clinical mastitis.
Comparative Efficacy of Two Ivermectin Pour-on Anthelmintics in Beef Steers in a Commercial Feedyard
Authors: Tarpoff A. J. , Thomson D. U. , Guillossou S. , Wileman B. W. , Guichon T.
Published: February 2023

Parasitism leads to decreased performance and quality of life in cattle. Producers often treat or prevent parasitism with a number of approved brand name and generic anthelmintics. Generic products generally have a cost advantage for beef producers when compared to trade-name products. Data comparing brand-name anthelmintic efficacy to that of generic in feedlot cattle are limited. Feedyards must balance efficacy and cost of administration when deciding between brand-name and generic anthelmintics. The objective of this study was to compare the efficacy of Vetrimec® pour-on and Ivomec® pour-on by utilizing the fecal egg reduction test in newly arrived feedlot steers.
Bovine Coronavirus Infections in Transported Commingled Beef Calves and Sole-source Ranch Cattle
Authors: Fulton Robert W. , Step D. L. , Wahrmund Jackie , Burge L. J. , Eberle R. , D'Offay J. M. , Confer Anthony W. , Cook Billy , Burken Dick , Richards Chris , Payton Mark
Published: February 2023

Bovine respiratory diseases (BRD) occurring in the feedlot represent the major disease entity during the feeding period. Several bacteria, viruses, and Mycoplasma spp are reported as causative agents. Feedlot BRD may occur at various times, although the early disease appearing after arrival and processing often receives the most attention. In addition to bovine herpesvirus-1 (BHV-1), bovine viral diarrhea viruses (BVDV), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV), bovine parainfluenza-3 virus (PI-3V), bovine coronavirus (BC) infections have been found in BRD cases. Potentially the case can be made for the use of vaccines to control BCV disease. There are no USDA APHIS CVB licensed vaccines for respiratory disease in the US.

The purpose of this study was to: 1) determine the presence of BCV in cattle entering the feedlot from auction markets commingled and shipped to the feedlot and the dynamics of infection over time, and 2) determine the BCV antibody levels in ranch raised (direct from the ranch and not commingled with other cattle) cattle entering the feedlot.
Meloxicam Administration Mitigates Behavioral and Performance Effects of Scoop Dehorning Without Local Anesthesia in Weaned Holstein Calves
Authors: Mosher R. A. , Coetzee J. F. , KuKanich B. , Gehring R. , Robert B. , Pauly C. R.
Published: February 2023

This study was conducted to determine the pharmacokinetics of meloxicam and its effect on serum cortisol, heart rate, behavior, and weight gain in calves after scoop dehorning without local anesthesia.
Impact of Ceftiofur Use on the Recovery of Salmonella and Resistant E. coli in Dairy and Beef Cattle Populations
Authors: Kleinhenz K. E. , Mollenkopf D. F. , Heider L. C. , Funk J. A. , Wittum T. E.
Published: February 2023

The use of the third generation cephalosporin, ceftiofur, is common in animal agriculture for the treatment of a wide range of production-limiting disease conditions. The therapeutic use of ceftiofur in livestock can select for the blaCMY-2 genetic element in the intestinal flora. The presence of resistant organisms is a potential public health threat to the consumer. This project investigated the impact of ceftiofur removal from cattle populations and the meat products they produced.

The working hypothesis is that the use of ceftiofur in food animal populations selects for the emergence and rapid dissemination of third generation cephalosporin resistant microorganisms, leading to the potential risk of food-borne zoonotic pathogen transfer via the food chain.
Feed Bunk Management Practices on California Dairies
Authors: Silva-del-Río N. , Heguy J. M. , Lago A.
Published: February 2023

Feed is not only the major cost on dairies, but is also the major source of nutrients (i.e. nitrogen and phosphorus) and salts in animal waste, as well as a source of greenhouse gases (i.e. volatile organic compounds from silages). Therefore, the implementation of best feeding management practices will increase feed efficiency and minimize the impact on the environment. The aim of this study was to obtain information on current feed bunk management practices for the high milk yield pens on California's Central Valley dairies.
Passive Transfer of Antibodies in Pregnant Cattle Following Vaccination with Bovi-Shield®
Authors: Stegner J. , Alaniz G. , Meinert T. , Gallo G. , Cortese V.
Published: February 2023

Prior research has shown that neonatal calves have various levels of immunoglobulins (IgG) following passive antibody transfer from the dam. Variability in neonate serum IgG is related to the dam's prior vaccination history, the interval from vaccination to parturition, and type of vaccine administered. Strategic vaccination could improve passive transfer and positively impact neonatal morbidity and mortality.
Effect of Reproductive Disorders and Parity on Repeat Breeder Status and Culling in Quebec Dairy Cows
Authors: Bonneville-Hébert Ariane , Bouchard Émile , Du Tremblay Denis , Lefebvre Réjean
Published: February 2023

Cows that fail to conceive on several attempts are a problem for the producer. Repeat breeder (RB) cows fall into this category. The economic losses associated with RB cows are considerable: increased veterinary expenses, increased insemination costs, reduced productivity and losses due to involuntary culling. Diseases of the reproductive system lead to a reduction in fertility. The magnitude of the effect on reproductive performance depends on the severity of the condition, the timing of the condition and herd control practices. The large number of uterine problems and the great variation in their clinical presentation complicates diagnosis. One way of simplifying the classification of conditions is to view clinical metritis, endometritis and pyometritis as variations of the same disease and to combine them into one diagnostic category: metritis complex. Dystocia, retained placenta (RP), metritis, and endometritis result from mechanical and/or functional damage to the uterus and significantly decrease fertility.
In vitro Investigation of Preventive Effects of Normal Vaginal Lactobacillus on Isolated Bacteria of Uterine Infections in Dairy Cows
Authors: Amarloie O. Ataie , Dini P. , Mousakhani F. , Moghaddam M. Farhoodi , Mottaghian P.
Published: February 2023

Uterine infections are one of the major reproductive complications during postpartum. The antibiotics and antiseptic agents used in the treatment of postpartum infections can pose risk of residues in food, induce bacterial resistance, and increase financial cost and failure in defense mechanisms. Nowadays probiotics are frequently used for multiple purposes in humans and animals. Preventive treatment with probiotic products could decrease the use of antibiotics on dairy farms. The objective of this study was to compare the antagonistic properties of isolated vaginal lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against the most prevalent bacteria in uterine infections.
Surgical Outcomes of Biceps femoris Muscle Biopsy in Cattle
Authors: Schneider C. S. , Hill M. , Welch C. , Hill L. , Hill R. , Murdoch G. K.
Published: February 2023

The biceps femoris muscle is of mixed fiber-type involved in locomotion and hind limb support. Repeat sampling allows the characterization of changes between animals in their muscle fiber type that occur with maturation. The transition of muscle fiber type as a result of dietary treatments or exposure to growth promoters can be characterized through sampling of this muscle. The biceps femoris is a large muscle (~30 lb or 13.6 kg/ carcass) component of the outside round of moderate retail value. There is economic value in targeting this muscle for improvements in tenderness, water-retention, color and marbling. We report outcomes on 78 cattle that underwent a simple, novel surgical biopsy procedure for analysis of carcass growth characteristics as part of a high versus low efficiency EPD selection of sires study.
Feeding the World through Improved Animal Health and Genetic Selection
Authors: Neibergs Holly L.
Published: February 2023

Animal health is a complex interaction of the genetics of the individual, the environment in which they live, and the management practices that influence the animal’s pathogen exposures. To efficiently maximize production and meet the increasing global demand for meat and dairy protein, cattle health must be improved. The use of genetic selection to choose cattle that are less susceptible to disease has not been extensively explored. The availability of new genetic tools makes the identification of loci associated with disease more efficient and provides an opportunity to use genomic selection to increase the rate of genetic gains in production and health traits. The genetic gains from these advances have begun to be realized in the dairy industry. This review discusses the potential for improvement in cattle production and health through genetic selection as a means of meeting the global demands for beef and dairy protein for human consumption.
Veterinary Services to Small and Moderate Sized Producers
Authors: Goehl Dan
Published: February 2023

The beef industry is steeped in tradition. This is one aspect that draws producers into the industry and entices generation to follow generation. While it is always good to honor tradition, one must adapt to the changing times at the same time. It has been said that change is neither inherently good nor bad, just inevitable. As veterinarians, we also have traditions that shape our industry. It is up to us to shape the practice where we work to make it an acceptable environment where we are willing to work. One area where we must focus is helping our clientele become comfortable with a mind-set that will allow us to provide them the beneficial services we can offer. The practitioner’s challenge is to provide high quality service to their clientele and receive adequate financial compensation for these efforts. Food animal veterinarians are often limited in the price they can levy against a service provided by what that service can add in value to the animal. Thus, to increase revenue to the clinic, a veterinarian either has to perform service more frequently or find alternative services to offer. As the beef industry evolves, the roles we fill as veterinarians to the industry must evolve as well. The size and mind-set of our clients changes, and the demographics of a practice’s client base changes as well. Practices may find themselves driving farther, relying on technology, competing against other sources of knowledge (real or perceived), and being asked to perform or provide services not currently offered. Practices able to do this may find the business more attractive to new associates who seek a position in a multiple doctor, progressive practice.
Practical Analgesic Techniques for Small Ruminants and Camelids
Authors: Huber Michael J.
Published: February 2023

While reviewing literature it became apparent to me that within the last five years, discussions have been increasing on methods to provide local and systemic analgesia for camelids and small ruminant patients. It is about time, as it is now quite obvious to me as an “old schooler” that this is a moral/ethical obligation, and pragmatically, comfortable patients seem to heal faster, experience fewer complications, and can be discharged sooner to a more favorable home environment.
Regional Perfusion of Antimicrobials as a Complementary Treatment for Soft Tissue, Bone, or Joint Infections in Sheep, Goats, and Camelids
Authors: Huber Michael J.
Published: February 2023

Commonality exists between infections of soft tissue, bone, and joints because they involve bacterial infection of important structures, and considerable effort on the part of the veterinary practitioner may be necessary for successful treatment. Our discussion will focus on treatment methodologies, with emphasis on regional perfusion, which may be of value effecting a cure. The methods are applicable to small ruminants and camelids, although success may not require using all methods of treatment.
Evaluation of Wheat and Corn-Based Dry Distiller Grains with Solubles in Barley-Based Finishing Diets of Feedlot Steers in Western Canada
Authors: Jim G. K. , Burciaga-Robles L. O. , May M. L. , Schunicht O. C. , Janzen E. D. , Booker C. W.
Published: February 2023

With the increase in fuel ethanol production from wheat and corn in Canada and the United States and the resulting abundance of distiller grains, this study evaluated the use of wheat-based dry distiller grains with solubles (WDDGS) or corn-based dry distiller grains with solubles (CDDGS) at 22.5% diet dry matter in barley-based diets compared to a standard barley-based finishing diet (CTRL) in feedlot steers in western Canada. Outcome variables describing feedlot performance, carcass characteristics, and animal health were used to assess the relative economic impact of the three feeding strategies within commercial production settings.
Bovine Blood Glucose Concentrations
Authors: Landa C. , Swecker W. S.
Published: February 2023

Blood glucose concentrations are commonly utilized to evaluate both metabolic and disease status of animals. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of two hand-held glucometers for field measurement of glucose in cattle.
Evaluation of Feedlot Arrival Castration Status on Individual Animal Performance Over a 61-Day Preconditioning Period in Calves Having an Ultra-High Risk of Developing Bovine Respiratory Disease
Authors: May M. L. , Krehbiel C. R. , Schunicht O. C. , Peterson R. E. , Booker C. W. , Burciaga-Robles L. O.
Published: February 2023

Castration at feedlot arrival may contribute to animal stress, and therefore have potential effects on feedlot performance and health. The purpose of this study was to follow two populations of male calves (those castrated prior to feedlot arrival and those castrated at the time of feedlot arrival) over a 61 day preconditioning period and to compare performance data based on individual animal feed intakes (GrowSafe Systems Ltd., Airdrie, Canada).