bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Linkages Between the US and European Stock Markets: A Fractional Cointegration Approach
Authors: Caporale Guglielmo Maria , Gil‐Alana Luis A. , Orlando James C.
Published: November 2015

This paper analyses the long‐memory properties of US and European stock indices, as well as their linkages, using fractional integration and fractional cointegration techniques. These methods are more general and have higher power than the standard ones usually employed in the literature. The empirical evidence based on them suggests the presence of unit roots in both the Standard and Poor's 500 Index and the Euro Stoxx 50 Index. Also, fractional cointegration appears to hold at least for the subsample from December 1996 to March 2009 ending when the global financial crisis was still severe; subsequently, the US and European stock markets diverged and followed different recovery paths, possibly as a result of various factors such as diverging growth and monetary policy. Establishing whether the degree of cointegration has changed over time is important because past literature has shown that diversification benefits arise when markets are not cointegrated. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Men dissociate sexual attraction from moral judgement more than women
Authors: González‐Álvarez Julio
Published: November 2015

Would you find an opposite‐sex individual physically less attractive if you knew that he/she was a bad person? Would you feel the same if you were a man or a woman? This study examined whether gender differences exist in the influence of moral judgements on heterosexual physical attraction. In a first Experiment, participants (N = 214) rated on attractiveness photographs of opposite‐sex persons. Each photograph was paired with a “good” and a “bad” (from a moral point of view) sentence to depict a quality or activity of the displayed person (i.e., she/he is a defender of human rights in an NGO vs. she/he belongs to a terrorist group). Compared with women, men were significantly less influenced by sentence valence in their attractiveness ratings. A second Experiment (N = 105) using photographs of very attractive people showed the same pattern of results. The data suggest that sexual attraction is relatively less permeable to moral factors in men, and that this sex difference is consistent with an evolutionary approach to human sexuality.
CTAB enhancement of FRET in DNA structures
Authors: Oh Taeseok , Takahashi Tsukasa , Kim Sejung , Heller Michael J.
Published: November 2015

The effect of cetyl‐trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) on enhancing the fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) between two dye‐conjugated DNA strands was studied using fluorescence emission spectroscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS). For hybridized DNA where one strand is conjugated with a TAMRA donor and the other with a TexasRed acceptor, increasing the concentration of CTAB changes the fluorescence emission properties and improves the FRET transfer efficiency through changes in the polarity of the solvent, neutralization of the DNA backbone and micelle formation. For the DNA FRET system without CTAB, the DNA hybridization leads to contact quenching between TAMRA donor and TexasRed acceptor producing reduced donor emission and only a small increase in acceptor emission. At 50 µM CTAB, however, the sheathing and neutralization of the dye‐conjugated dsDNA structure significantly reduces quenching by DNA bases and dye interactions, producing a large increase in FRET efficiency, which is almost four fold higher than without CTAB.

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Binding thermodynamics of paromomycin, neomycin, neomycin‐dinucleotide and ‐diPNA conjugates to bacterial and human rRNA
Authors: Alguacil Javier , Robles Jordi , Ràfols Clara , Bosch Elisabeth
Published: November 2015

Isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC) is a powerful technique able to evaluate the energetics of target‐drug binding within the context of drug discovery. In this work, the interactions of RNAs reproducing bacterial and human ribosomal A‐site, with two well‐known antibiotic aminoglycosides, Paromomycin and Neomycin, as well as several Neomycin‐dinucleotide and ‐diPNA conjugates, have been evaluated by ITC and the corresponding thermodynamic quantities determined. The comparison of the thermodynamic data of aminoglycosides and their chemical analogues allowed to select Neomycin‐diPNA conjugates as the best candidates for antimicrobial activity. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MRI‐determined liver proton density fat fraction, with MRS validation: Comparison of regions of interest sampling methods in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Vu Kim‐Nhien , Gilbert Guillaume , Chalut Marianne , Chagnon Miguel , Chartrand Gabriel , Tang An
Published: November 2015

Purpose

To assess the agreement between published magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐based regions of interest (ROI) sampling methods using liver mean proton density fat fraction (PDFF) as the reference standard.

Materials and Methods

This retrospective, internal review board‐approved study was conducted in 35 patients with type 2 diabetes. Liver PDFF was measured by magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) using a stimulated‐echo acquisition mode sequence and MRI using a multiecho spoiled gradient‐recalled echo sequence at 3.0T. ROI sampling methods reported in the literature were reproduced and liver mean PDFF obtained by whole‐liver segmentation was used as the reference standard. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs), Bland–Altman analysis, repeated‐measures analysis of variance (ANOVA), and paired t‐tests were performed.

Results

ICC between MRS and MRI‐PDFF was 0.916. Bland–Altman analysis showed excellent intermethod agreement with a bias of –1.5 ± 2.8%. The repeated‐measures ANOVA found no systematic variation of PDFF among the nine liver segments. The correlation between liver mean PDFF and ROI sampling methods was very good to excellent (0.873 to 0.975). Paired t‐tests revealed significant differences (P < 0.05) with ROI sampling methods that exclusively or predominantly sampled the right lobe. Significant correlations with mean PDFF were found with sampling methods that included higher number of segments, total area equal or larger than 5 cm2, or sampled both lobes (P = 0.001, 0.023, and 0.002, respectively).

Conclusion

MRI‐PDFF quantification methods should sample each liver segment in both lobes and include a total surface area equal or larger than 5 cm2 to provide a close estimate of the liver mean PDFF. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:1090–1099.
High titers of anti‐HBs prevent rituximab‐related viral reactivation in resolved hepatitis B patient with non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Cho Yuri , Yu Su Jong , Cho Eun Ju , Lee Jeong‐Hoon , Kim Tae Min , Heo Dae Seog , Kim Yoon Jun , Yoon Jung‐Hwan
Published: November 2015

Rituximab, an anti‐CD20 monoclonal antibody, is associated with an increased risk of hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation. This study aimed to determine the predictive factors for rituximab‐related HBV reactivation in resolved hepatitis B patients, defined as HBsAg‐negative, anti‐HBc‐positive, and undetectable HBV DNA. Among 840 consecutive patients with CD20‐positive B‐cell lymphoma who received rituximab‐based chemotherapy from 2003 through 2014 at Seoul National University Hospital, 732 patients were excluded because either anti‐HBc was not assessed or they were HBsAg‐seropositive. This retrospective study included 108 resolved hepatitis B patients. During a median 33.5‐month follow‐up period, eight cases of HBV reactivation occurred only among the patients with low anti‐HBs titers (<100 mIU/ml) at baseline and those who did not receive antiviral prophylaxis. Using multivariate analyses, antiviral prophylaxis and baseline anti‐HBs titers were the protective factors for HBV reactivation (hazard ratio [HR], 0.90 and 0.95, respectively). Among those who did not receive antiviral prophylaxis, patients with high baseline anti‐HBs (≥100 mIU/ml) experienced significantly lower risk of HBV reactivation (HR, 0.49; P = 0.006) than the patients with low baseline anti‐HBs (<100 mIU/ml) whose cumulative HBV reactivation rates at 6 and 24 months after chemotherapy were 8.3% and 17.3%, respectively. High anti‐HBs titer at baseline and antiviral prophylaxis prevented HBV reactivation, suggesting antiviral prophylaxis should be considered according to baseline anti‐HBs titer. Meticulous follow‐up for ALT and HBV DNA without antiviral prophylaxis might be possible for the patients with high baseline anti‐HBs (≥100 mIU/ml). J. Med. Virol. 88:1010–1017, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficient computation of the surface fields of a horizontal magnetic dipole located at the air‐ground interface
Authors: Parise M.
Published: November 2015

In this paper, the classic problem of determining the fields of a vertically oriented current‐carrying small circular‐loop antenna located near a plane air–earth boundary is revisited. It is well known that the Sommerfeld integrals describing the field components generated by the loop source cannot be exactly evaluated and that their numerical integration is made difficult by the presence of highly oscillatory terms in the integrands. Here, for both source and observation points on the interface, a rigorous method is developed that allows analytical integration of the Sommerfeld integrals, providing fast‐convergent series representations for the surface fields. The obtained formulas permit to overcome all the drawbacks of the previously published approximate solutions to this problem, and to avoid the necessity of using purely numerical approaches when high computational accuracy is required. At the same time, the proposed series representations constitute an analytical benchmark for numerical procedures employed to solve electromagnetic boundary value problems, with applications in antenna design and close‐to‐the‐surface communication. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Got milk? Workplace factors related to breastfeeding among working mothers
Authors: Spitzmueller Christiane , Wang Zhuxi , Zhang Jing , Thomas Candice L. , Fisher Gwenith G. , Matthews Russell A. , Strathearn Lane
Published: November 2015

The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends that women breastfeed because of improved health outcomes for mothers and children. Because maternal employment during the first year of the child's life has been identified as a reason for breastfeeding cessation, we develop and test a role‐theory‐based framework to explain women's continuation of breastfeeding after return to work (Study 1) and report results of an exploratory study linking breastfeeding at work with job attitudes and well‐being (Study 2). Applying survival analysis to a longitudinal dataset gathered by the Centers for Disease Control (Study 1), we identify pregnant women's perceived employer support for breastfeeding as a predictor of women's breastfeeding goal intentions. Supervisors' negative workplace remarks about breastfeeding related to an eightfold increase of women's likelihood to discontinue exclusive breastfeeding and perceived support for breastfeeding after return to work predicted exclusive breastfeeding continuation. Results of Study 2 suggest that women who return to work and continue breastfeeding experience more family‐to‐work conflict and overload than women who do not reconcile work and breastfeeding. Further, results of Study 2 provide preliminary evidence suggesting that perceptions of supervisor and coworker support for breastfeeding relate positively to general perceptions of organizational support and negatively to depressive symptoms. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Chemical fingerprint and quantitative analysis for the quality evaluation of Vitex negundo seeds by reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with hierarchical clustering analysis
Authors: Shu Zhiheng , Li Xiuqing , Rahman Khalid , Qin Luping , Zheng Chengjian
Published: November 2015

A simple and efficient method was developed for the chemical fingerprint analysis and simultaneous determination of four phenylnaphthalene‐type lignans in Vitex negundo seeds using high‐performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection. For fingerprint analysis, 13 V. negundo seed samples were collected from different regions in China, and the fingerprint chromatograms were matched by the computer‐aided Similarity Evaluation System for Chromatographic Fingerprint of TCM (Version 2004A). A total of 21 common peaks found in all the chromatograms were used for evaluating the similarity between these samples. Additionally, simultaneous quantification of four major bioactive ingredients was conducted to assess the quality of V. negundo seeds. Our results indicated that the contents of four lignans in V. negundo seeds varied remarkably in herbal samples collected from different regions. Moreover, the hierarchical clustering analysis grouped these 13 samples into three categories, which was consistent with the chemotypes of those chromatograms. The method developed in this study provides a substantial foundation for the establishment of reasonable quality control standards for V. negundo seeds.
Disease homogeneity and treatment heterogeneity in idiopathic subglottic stenosis
Authors: Gelbard Alexander , Donovan Donald T. , Ongkasuwan Julina , Nouraei S.A.R. , Sandhu Guri , Benninger Michael S. , Bryson Paul C. , Lorenz Robert R. , Tierney William S. , Hillel Alexander T. , Gadkaree Shekhar K. , Lott David G. , Edell Eric S. , Ekbom Dale C. , Kasperbauer Jan L. , Maldonado Fabien , Schindler Joshua S. , Smith Marshall E. , Daniero James J. , Garrett C. Gaelyn , Netterville James L. , Rickman Otis B. , Sinard Robert J. , Wootten Christopher T. , Francis David O.
Published: November 2015

Objectives/Hypothesis

Idiopathic subglottic stenosis (iSGS) is a rare and potentially life‐threatening disease marked by recurrent and progressive airway obstruction frequently requiring repeated surgery to stabilize the airway. Unknown etiology and low disease prevalence have limited the ability to characterize the natural history of iSGS and resulted in variability in surgical management. It is uncertain how this variation relates to clinical outcomes.

Study Design

Medical record abstraction.

Methods

Utilizing an international, multi‐institutional collaborative, we collected retrospective data on patient characteristics, treatment, and clinical outcomes. We investigated variation between and within open and endoscopic treatment approaches and assessed therapeutic outcomes; specifically, disease recurrence and need for tracheostomy at last follow‐up.

Results

Strikingly, 479 iSGS patients across 10 participating centers were nearly exclusively female (98%, 95% confidence interval [CI], 96.1–99.6), Caucasian (95%, 95% CI, 92.2–98.8), and otherwise healthy (mean age‐adjusted Charlson Comorbidity Index 1.5; 95% CI, 1.44–1.69). The patients presented at a mean age of 50 years (95% CI, 48.8–51.1). A total of 80.2% were managed endoscopically, whereas 19.8% underwent open reconstruction. Endoscopic surgery had a significantly higher rate of disease recurrence than the open approach (chi2 = 4.09, P = 0.043). Tracheostomy was avoided in 97% of patients irrespective of surgical approach (95% CI, 94.5–99.8). Interestingly, there were outliers in rates of disease recurrence between centers using similar treatment approaches.

Conclusion

Idiopathic subglottic stenosis patients are surprisingly homogeneous. The heterogeneity of treatment approaches and the observed outliers in disease recurrence rates between centers raises the potential for improved clinical outcomes through a detailed understanding of the processes of care.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 126:1390–1396, 2016
Cellularized Cellular Solids via Freeze‐Casting
Authors: Christoph Sarah , Kwiatoszynski Julien , Coradin Thibaud , Fernandes Francisco M.
Published: November 2015

The elaboration of metabolically active cell‐containing materials is a decisive step toward the successful application of cell based technologies. The present work unveils a new process allowing to simultaneously encapsulate living cells and shaping cell‐containing materials into solid‐state macroporous foams with precisely controlled morphology. Our strategy is based on freeze casting, an ice templating materials processing technique that has recently emerged for the structuration of colloids into macroporous materials. Our results indicate that it is possible to combine the precise structuration of the materials with cellular metabolic activity for the model organism Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
The Influence of New Technology on the Home Market Competition and the Strategies Chosen by Norwegian Savings Banks in 2000–2010
Authors: Rynning M.
Published: November 2015

The adjustment to the new competitive environment is expected to vary by the bank's status in the home market. Six hypotheses on the conduct of dominant vs. fringe banks are tested on Norwegian savings banks in 2000–2010. As expected, monopolies are the slowest to cut costs or to expand into further‐away markets. Fringe banks try to defend their positions as efficient providers of standard quality, whereas dominant oligopoly banks compete head‐on with both adjacent small and regional large savings banks. They adopt innovations faster and make more efforts to diversify, cut costs, and improve quality as means of competition. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verification of the French operational high‐resolution model AROME with the regional Brier probability score
Authors: Amodei Marielle , Sanchez Isabelle , Stein Joël
Published: November 2015

One composite index of the Météo‐France AROME high‐resolution forecast model results from the quantitative comparison of forecast rainfall and wind gusts with observations from surface stations. It is based on the regional Brier probability score in order to take into account some tolerance about the positions of storm structures. This approach is necessary to validate the added benefit of the AROME model compared with lower‐resolution models. This index is used to monitor the continuous model improvements and the history of the last 4 years allows the impact of the successive upgrades of this operational model to be followed. The use of the normalization of models scores by persistence forecast scores enables most of the inter‐annual variability to be removed.
Effectiveness of short‐term numerical weather prediction in predicting growing degree days and meteorological conditions for apple scab appearance
Authors: Lalic Branislava , Francia Maria , Eitzinger Josef , Podraščanin Zorica , Arsenić Ilija
Published: November 2015

This study assesses the effectiveness of short‐term numerical weather prediction (NWP) in predicting the accumulation of growing degree days (GDDs) and meteorological conditions for apple scab appearance. Apple scab is the most frequent and harmful apple disease caused by the fungus Venturia inaequalis. Using the 30 days of NWP weather forecast and observed data for March 2011, representative data sets based on 24, 48, 72 and 96 h forecasts were designed. The results obtained for four lowland locations in Serbia and one slightly hilly location in Austria indicate that, on a monthly basis, there is a relative deviation of up to 20% in the GDD predictions above 0 °C and a 40% relative deviation in the GDD predictions above 5 °C. In contrast to the slightly hilly location, the apple scab appearance predictions based on the NWP in lowland locations correspond well with the results obtained using observed meteorological data. This indicates that short‐term NWP is potentially effective in predicting apple scab appearance and has a slight advantage in lowland regions.
On the cauchy problem for a one‐dimensional full compressible non‐Newtonian fluids
Authors: Liu Xin , Qin Yuming
Published: November 2015

This paper is concerned with global existence and asymptotic behavior ofH1solutions to the Cauchy problem of one‐dimensional full non‐Newtonian fluids with the weighted small initial data. We then obtain the global existence ofHi(i= 2,4) solutions and their asymptotic behavior for the system. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimizing B‐spline knots in representative road axis from GPS points cloud
Authors: Romero‐Zaliz R. , Reinoso J. F. , Barrera D. , Ariza‐López F. J.
Published: November 2015

Accuracy in roads geometry is an objective to be achieved by surveyors and cartographers when they obtain their data by GPS, Lidar, or photogrammetry. Nevertheless, those capture methods are expensive. Nowadays, cheap and collaborative methods can produce big datasets, which need to be processed in order to get accuracy axis from not accurate original data. Because a roads network is composed of several points, the resulting dataset could become a large‐sized file, difficult to manage, and slow in consultancy for the users. In this paper, we expose our previous solutions for estimating a representative axis and propose a novel B‐spline least square method governed by a genetic algorithm. The genetic algorithm minimizes the number of knots necessary to define the B‐spline representative axis while keeping the axis' original shape. We know the original shape because we have computed it using a large number of knots by an iterative and convergent method developed in a well‐contrasted previous study. This paper shows that our approaches are suitable to be deployed in a web‐based application in order to support collaborative digital cartography. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An algorithm for computing minimal Geršgorin sets
Authors: Kostić Vladimir R. , Międlar Agnieszka , Cvetković Ljiljana
Published: November 2015

The existing algorithms for computing the minimal Geršgorin set are designed for small and medium size (irreducible) matrices and based on Perron root computations coupled with bisection method and sampling techniques. Here, we first discuss the drawbacks of the existing methods and present a new approach based on the modified Newton's method to find zeros of the parameter dependent left‐most eigenvalue of a Z‐matrix and a special curve tracing procedure. The advantages of the new approach are presented on several test examples that arise in practical applications. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystalline silicon on glass—interface passivation and absorber material quality
Authors: Gabriel Onno , Frijnts Tim , Preissler Natalie , Amkreutz Daniel , Calnan Sonya , Ring Sven , Stannowski Bernd , Rech Bernd , Schlatmann Rutger
Published: November 2015

Thin crystalline silicon solar cells prepared directly on glass substrates by means of liquid‐phase crystallization of the absorber utilize only a small fraction of the silicon material used by standard wafer‐based silicon solar cells. The material consists of large crystal grains of up to square centimeter area and results in solar cells with open‐circuit voltages of 650 mV, which is comparable with results achieved with multi‐crystalline silicon wafers. We give a brief status update and present new results on the electronic interface and bulk properties. The interrelation between surface passivation and additional hydrogen plasma passivation is investigated for p‐type and n‐type absorbers with different doping concentrations. Internal quantum efficiency measurements from both sides on bifacial solar cells are used to extract the bulk‐diffusion length and surface‐recombination velocity. Finally, we compare various types of solar cell devices based on 10 µm thin crystalline silicon, where conversion efficiencies of 11–12% were achieved with p–type and n‐type liquid‐phase crystallized absorbers on glass. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capacitance roll‐off and frequency‐dispersion capacitance–conductance phenomena in field plate and guard ring edge‐terminated Ni/SiO2/4H‐nSiC Schottky barrier diodes
Authors: Kumar Vibhor , Kaminski Nando , Maan Anup Singh , Akhtar Jamil
Published: November 2015

In this work, field plate and guard ring edge‐terminated Ni/4H‐nSiC Schottky barrier diodes (SBD) were fabricated using standard photolithography process. Strange peaks in capacitance–conductance curves, capacitance roll‐off, and a high value of ideality factor ( = 1.3) in fabricated SBD were seen as a signature of interface trap states (Nss) at the residual oxide (2.2 nm)/4H‐nSiC interface and series resistance (Rs). Schottky capacitance spectroscopic, High–low capacitance–voltage (C–V) and forward‐bias current–voltage (I–V) techniques, in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 1 MHz, determines Nss of the order of 1012 cm−2 eV−1 and were found exponentially distributed in the bandgap of SiC. Using Hill–Coleman's method, the density Nss was calculated to be 1.15 × 1015 cm−2 eV−1 at 100 Hz and 7.81 × 1012 cm−2 eV−1 at 1 MHz, which explains the larger value of capacitance at low frequencies. Relaxation times and capture cross sections of Nss were also estimated. Calculated values of Nss were used in a Silvaco simulation that emphasize that bulk level defects present in the SiC also contributes in the experimentally observed strange peaks in C–V characteristics of fabricated SBD. At higher current levels, calculated values of Rs (V, ), confirm an increase of leakage current through residual oxide and describes the capacitance roll‐off phenomena in the fabricated SBD.
Analytical method for simultaneous determination of bulk and intramolecular 13C‐isotope compositions of acetic acid
Authors: Nimmanwudipong Tarin , Gilbert Alexis , Yamada Keita , Yoshida Naohiro
Published: November 2015

Rationale

Headspace solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME) combined with gas chromatography/pyrolysis‐gas chromatography/combustion‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/Py‐GC/C‐IRMS) was developed for the simultaneous determination of the intramolecular and molecular carbon‐isotopic composition (δ13C value) of acetic acid.

Methods

The δ13C values of carboxyl and methyl carbon were standardized using calibration curves constructed from the regression between the measured δ13C values and the δ13C values of working standards determined in a previous study. We applied this developed HS‐SPME‐GC/Py‐GC/C‐IRMS technique to commercial vinegars.

Results

In one injection analysis, the bulk and intramolecular δ13C values of pure acetic acid standards can be obtained. The repeatability (1σ) of the bulk δ13C values is within ±0.4‰, and that of the δ13Ccarboxyl and δ13Cmethyl values is within ±0.6‰. The intramolecular δ13C values of acetic acid in vinegars exhibit a similar pattern. The average Δδ value (δ13CCOOH – δ13CCH3) is 4.3 ± 2.0‰.

Conclusions

The approach presented herein for the molecular and intramolecular δ13C determination of acetic acid avoids switching between configuration systems and thereby reduces systematic errors. It is expected to be useful for examining isotope fractionation associated with processes related to organic acid (bio)transformations. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Accelerated failure time model for case‐cohort design with longitudinal covariates subject to measurement error and detection limits
Authors: Dong Xinxin , Kong Lan , Wahed Abdus S.
Published: November 2015

Biomarkers are often measured over time in epidemiological studies and clinical trials for better understanding of the mechanism of diseases. In large cohort studies, case‐cohort sampling provides a cost effective method to collect expensive biomarker data for revealing the relationship between biomarker trajectories and time to event. However, biomarker measurements are often limited by the sensitivity and precision of a given assay, resulting in data that are censored at detection limits and prone to measurement errors. Additionally, the occurrence of an event of interest may preclude biomarkers from being further evaluated. Inappropriate handling of these types of data can lead to biased conclusions. Under a classical case cohort design, we propose a modified likelihood‐based approach to accommodate these special features of longitudinal biomarker measurements in the accelerated failure time models. The maximum likelihood estimators based on the full likelihood function are obtained by Gaussian quadrature method. We evaluate the performance of our case‐cohort estimator and compare its relative efficiency to the full cohort estimator through simulation studies. The proposed method is further illustrated using the data from a biomarker study of sepsis among patients with community acquired pneumonia. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bayesian meta‐analytical methods to incorporate multiple surrogate endpoints in drug development process
Authors: Bujkiewicz Sylwia , Thompson John R. , Riley Richard D. , Abrams Keith R.
Published: November 2015

A number of meta‐analytical methods have been proposed that aim to evaluate surrogate endpoints. Bivariate meta‐analytical methods can be used to predict the treatment effect for the final outcome from the treatment effect estimate measured on the surrogate endpoint while taking into account the uncertainty around the effect estimate for the surrogate endpoint. In this paper, extensions to multivariate models are developed aiming to include multiple surrogate endpoints with the potential benefit of reducing the uncertainty when making predictions. In this Bayesian multivariate meta‐analytic framework, the between‐study variability is modelled in a formulation of a product of normal univariate distributions. This formulation is particularly convenient for including multiple surrogate endpoints and flexible for modelling the outcomes which can be surrogate endpoints to the final outcome and potentially to one another. Two models are proposed, first, using an unstructured between‐study covariance matrix by assuming the treatment effects on all outcomes are correlated and second, using a structured between‐study covariance matrix by assuming treatment effects on some of the outcomes are conditionally independent. While the two models are developed for the summary data on a study level, the individual‐level association is taken into account by the use of the Prentice's criteria (obtained from individual patient data) to inform the within study correlations in the models. The modelling techniques are investigated using an example in relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis where the disability worsening is the final outcome, while relapse rate and MRI lesions are potential surrogates to the disability progression. © 2015 The Authors. Statistics in Medicine Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Rebound indentation problem for a viscoelastic half‐space and axisymmetric indenter — Solution by the method of dimensionality reduction
Authors: Argatov Ivan I. , Popov Valentin L.
Published: November 2015

The method of dimensionality reduction (MDR) is extended to the axisymmetric frictionless unilateral Hertz‐type contact problem for a viscoelastic half‐space and an arbitrary axisymmetric rigid indenter under the assumption that the circular contact area (arbitrarily evolving in time) remains singly connected during the whole process of indentation. In particular, the MDR is applied to study in detail the so‐called rebound indentation problem, where the contact radius has a single maximum. It is shown that the obtained closed‐form analytical solution for the rebound indentation displacement (recorded in the recovery phase, when the contact force vanishes) does not depend on the indenter shape.
An Approach to the Examination of the Fetal Congenitally Malformed Heart at Autopsy
Authors: Erickson Lance K.
Published: November 2015

Examination of the congenitally malformed fetal heart at autopsy presents many unique challenges. A systematic approach is needed to identify accurately the underlying morphology of the fetal heart, with adjustment to the routine cardiac exam as necessary in the most extreme malformed cases. In situ examination can provide details of pre-mortem function, based on what is seen externally, and direct the internal examination. Ultimately, an accurate morphological description of the fetal heart at any gestational age is necessary for correct diagnosis. Information that confirms or adds to prenatal imaging or testing provides a bridge for communication in diverse clinical settings including the care of other patients with similar presentations. The heart findings should be integrated into interdisciplinary discussions of major findings and during counseling sessions with parents who seek explanations for fetal loss and risk of recurrence in future pregnancies.
Using florbetapir positron emission tomography to explore cerebrospinal fluid cut points and gray zones in small sample sizes
Authors: Weston Philip S.J. , Paterson Ross W. , Modat Marc , Burgos Ninon , Cardoso Manuel J. , Magdalinou Nadia , Lehmann Manja , Dickson John C. , Barnes Anna , Bomanji Jamshed B. , Kayani Irfan , Cash David M. , Ourselin Sebastien , Toombs Jamie , Lunn Michael P. , Mummery Catherine J. , Warren Jason D. , Rossor Martin N. , Fox Nick C. , Zetterberg Henrik , Schott Jonathan M.
Published: November 2015

Introduction

We aimed to assess the feasibility of determining Alzheimer's disease cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cut points in small samples through comparison with amyloid positron emission tomography (PET).

Methods

Twenty‐three individuals (19 patients, four controls) had CSF measures of amyloid beta (Aβ)1–42 and total tau/Aβ1–42 ratio, and florbetapir PET. We compared CSF measures with visual and quantitative (standardized uptake value ratio [SUVR]) PET measures of amyloid.

Results

Seventeen of 23 were amyloid‐positive on visual reads, and 14 of 23 at an SUVR of ≥1.1. There was concordance (positive/negative on both measures) in 20 of 23, of whom 19 of 20 were correctly classified at an Aβ1–42 of 630 ng/L, and 20 of 20 on tau/Aβ1–42 ratio (positive ≥0.88; negative ≤0.34). Three discordant cases had Aβ1–42 levels between 403 and 729 ng/L and tau/Aβ1–42 ratios of 0.54–0.58.

Discussion

Comparing amyloid PET and CSF biomarkers provides a means of assessing CSF cut points in vivo, and can be applied to small sample sizes. CSF tau/Aβ1–42 ratio appears robust at predicting amyloid status, although there are gray zones where there remains diagnostic uncertainty.
Climatic implications of the Quaternary fluvial tufa record in the NE Iberian Peninsula over the last 500 ka
Authors: Sancho Carlos , Arenas Concha , Vázquez-Urbez Marta , Pardo Gonzalo , Lozano María Victoria , Peña-Monné José Luis , Hellstrom John , Ortiz José Eugenio , Osácar María Cinta , Auqué Luis , Torres Trinidad
Published: November 2015

The drainage area of the Iberian Ranges (NE Spain) houses one of the most extensive Quaternary fluvial tufaceous records in Europe. In this study, tufa deposits in the Añamaza, Mesa, Piedra and Ebrón river valleys were mapped, stratigraphically described and chronologically referenced from U/Th disequilibrium series, amino acid racemization and radiocarbon methods. Tufa deposits accumulated in cascades, barrage-cascades and related damming areas developed in stepped fluvial systems. The maximum frequency of tufa deposition was identified at 120 ka (Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage [MIS] 5e), 102 ka (MIS 5c), 85 ka (~ MIS 5a) and 7 ka (MIS 1), probably under warmer and wetter conditions than today. Additional phases of tufa deposition appear at ~ 353 ka (~ end of MIS 11), 258–180 ka (MIS 7) and 171–154 ka (MIS 6). Although most tufa deposition episodes are clearly correlated with interstadial periods, the occurrence of tufa deposits during the penultimate glaciation (MIS 6) is remarkable, indicating that the onset of this stage was climatically favourable in the Iberian Peninsula. Biostatic conditions and the dynamics of karstic systems regulating tufa deposition seem to be sensitive to the precipitation regime, controlled by shifts in the position of North Atlantic atmospheric belts, and summer insolation, regulated by orbital forcing.
Radiation of waves by a cylinder submerged in water with ice floe or polynya
Authors: Sturova Izolda V.
Published: November 2015

The problems of radiation (sway, heave and roll) of surface and flexural-gravity waves by a submerged cylinder are investigated for two configurations, concerning; (i) a freely floating finite elastic plate modelling an ice floe, and (ii) two semi-infinite elastic plates separated by a region of open water (polynya). The fluid of finite depth is assumed to be inviscid, incompressible and homogeneous. The linear two-dimensional problems are formulated within the framework of potential-flow theory. The method of mass sources distributed along the body contour is applied. The corresponding Green’s function is obtained by using matched eigenfunction expansions. The radiation load (added mass and damping coefficients) and the amplitudes of vertical displacements of the free surface and elastic plates are calculated. Reciprocity relations which demonstrate both symmetry of the radiation load coefficients and the relation of damping coefficients with the far-field form of the radiation potentials are found. It is shown that wave motion essentially depends on the position of the submerged body relative to the elastic plate edges. The results of solving the radiation problem are compared with the solution of the diffraction problem. It is noted that resonant frequencies in the radiation problem correlate with those frequencies at which the reflection coefficient in the diffraction problem has a local minimum.
Dynamics of the interface between miscible liquids subjected to horizontal vibration
Authors: Gaponenko Y. A. , Torregrosa M. , Yasnou V. , Mialdun A. , Shevtsova V.
Published: November 2015

We present experimental evidence of the existence of an interfacial instability between two miscible liquids of similar (but non-identical) viscosities and densities under horizontal vibration. A stably stratified two-layer system is composed of the same binary mixture with different concentrations placed in a confined cell (with length twice as large as the height). Unlike the case of immiscible fluids, here, the interface is a transient layer of small but non-zero thickness. In the experiments, the frequency and amplitude were varied within the ranges 2–24 Hz and 1.5–16 mm, respectively. When the value of the oscillatory forcing increases, the amplitudes of the interface perturbations grow continuously, forming a saw-tooth frozen structure. This evolution is also examined numerically. In addition to the solutions of full 3-D Navier–Stokes equations, an averaging approach with separation of time scales is used for situations in which the forcing period is very small compared to the natural time scales of the problem. The simulation of averaged equations provides the explanation of the instability development, the calculations of the full nonlinear equations shed light on the decay of a wavy pattern. The results of numerical modelling perfectly support the experimental observations.
The asymptotic equivalence of fixed heat flux and fixed temperature thermal boundary conditions for rapidly rotating convection
Authors: Calkins Michael A. , Hale Kevin , Julien Keith , Nieves David , Driggs Derek , Marti Philippe
Published: November 2015

The influence of fixed temperature and fixed heat flux thermal boundary conditions on rapidly rotating convection in the plane layer geometry is investigated for the case of stress-free mechanical boundary conditions. It is shown that whereas the leading-order system satisfies fixed temperature boundary conditions implicitly, a double boundary layer structure is necessary to satisfy the fixed heat flux thermal boundary conditions. The boundary layers consist of a classical Ekman layer adjacent to the solid boundaries that adjust viscous stresses to zero, and a layer in thermal wind balance just outside the Ekman layers that adjusts the normal derivative of the temperature fluctuation to zero. The influence of these boundary layers on the interior geostrophically balanced convection is shown to be asymptotically weak, however. Upon defining a simple rescaling of the thermal variables, the leading-order reduced system of governing equations is therefore equivalent for both boundary conditions. These results imply that any horizontal thermal variation along the boundaries that varies on the scale of the convection has no leading-order influence on the interior convection, thus providing insight into geophysical and astrophysical flows where stress-free mechanical boundary conditions are often assumed.
Oxidation levels of North American over-the-countern-3 (omega-3) supplements and the influence of supplement formulation and delivery form on evaluating oxidative safety
Authors: Jackowski Stefan A. , Alvi Azhar Z. , Mirajkar Abdur , Imani Zahabia , Gamalevych Yuliya , Shaikh Nisar A. , Jackowski George
Published: November 2015

The aim of the present study was to evaluate the oxidation status of North Americann-3 (omega-3) PUFA nutritional supplements commercially available in Canada and evaluate the influence of product formulation and delivery form on oxidative safety. A total of 171 North American over-the-countern-3 PUFA nutritional supplements were analysed for oxidation safety. Primary and secondary oxidation and total oxidation (TOTOX) were determined using the American Oil Chemists’ Society (AOCS) procedures. Comparisons between supplements’ final forms, oil source andn-3 PUFA concentration quartiles, as measures of product formulations and delivery forms, were compared using ANOVA. Of the products successfully tested, 50 % exceeded the voluntary recommended levels for markers of oxidation. Another 18 % of products were approaching the limits with 1–3 years before expiration. Encapsulated products without flavour additives had significantly lower secondary and TOTOX levels than bulk oils and flavoured products (P < 0·05). Children's products had significantly higher primary, secondary and TOTOX levels compared with all other products (P < 0·05). Markers of oxidation did not differ between oil sources (P > 0·05), with the exception of krill oil products having higher secondary oxidation levels than plant-based products (P > 0·05). Markers of oxidation did not differ betweenn-3 PUFA supplement concentration quartiles. Consumers may be at risk of exposure to higher levels of oxidative products. New regulatory mandates need to be introduced to ensure that alln-3 PUFA products, used as nutritional supplements, regardless of their formulation or delivery form, can be tested for oxidative safety and compliance.
Mineralogical composition of and trace-element accumulation in lower Toarcian anoxic sediments: a case study from the Bilong Co. oil shale, eastern Tethys
Authors: FU XIUGEN , WANG JIAN , FENG XINGLEI , CHEN WENBIN , WANG DONG , SONG CHUNYAN , ZENG SHENGQIANG
Published: November 2015

The sediments of organic-rich oil shales in the Bilong Co. area can be correlated with those of the early Toarcian anoxic black-shale events in Europe. The Bilong Co. sediments are rich in trace elements Se, Mo, Cd, As and Ni, and, to a lesser extent, Li, F, V, Co, Cu, Cs, Hg and Bi, in comparison to the upper continental crust. Thirty-two oil shale samples were collected from the Bilong Co. oil shale to evaluate the controlling factors of trace-element enrichment in the lower Toarcian anoxic sediments. Minerals identified in the Bilong Co. oil shale include calcite, quartz, illite, feldspar and dolomite, and trace amounts of siderite, magnesite, halite, haematite, zeolite, amphibole, gypsum, anhydrite, apatite, pyrite, sphalerite, barite and mixed-layer illite/smectite. Mineralogical and geochemical data show that seawater and hydrothermal activities are the dominant influences on the mineralogical composition and elevated trace-element concentrations in the oil shale. The clay minerals, quartz and feldspar in the Bilong Co. oil shale were derived from the Nadi Kangri volcanic rocks. Input of sediment from this source may have led to enrichment of trace elements Li, Cr and Cs in the oil shale. Carbonate minerals and nodular- and framboidal-pyrite are authigenic phases formed from seawater. The enrichment of V, Co, Ni, Cu, Mo, As, Se, Bi and U in the oil shale was owing to marine influence. Barite, sphalerite and fracture-filling pyrites were derived from hydrothermal solutions. High concentrations of F, Zn and Cd were probably derived from hydrothermal fluids.
‘Mundele, it is because of you’ History, Identity and the Meaning of Democracy in the Congo
Authors: De Goede Meike J.
Published: November 2015

Since the signing of the Sun City peace agreement in 2002, the Democratic Republic of Congo has strived to democratise with limited success. This paper explores some of the challenges of the process of democratisation in the Congo. It does so not by looking at democratisation policies and practices, but by focusing on identity construction and how these identities manifest themselves in Congolese engagements with the process of democratisation as a process that is pursued in partnership with Western donors. The paper traces the construction of an understanding of democracy as a means to make an end to perpetual victimisation of Congolese people due to foreign interference in the Congo. The paper argues that the concept of democracy has acquired over time a meaning that creates a highly ambivalent engagement with the current democratisation process, and in particular with Western donors of this process, which are simultaneously perceived as the main obstacles to its successful realisation.
Aspirations and Occupational Opportunities for Aboriginals
Authors: Lewis G.K.
Published: November 2015

The twin issues of education and employment are inextricably bound together for all Australian school students. In a recent issue, Mr. Hall discussed how Aboriginal students at Port Augusta High School are dealing with the problem; and he suggested that schools should engage in a program of pre-employment trainging.

In this article, Mr. Lewis discusses the employment opportunities for and aspirations of Aboriginal school leavers in New South Wales. Most importantly, he tells us how his Department can assist these students to find the positions which they want.
Black and White Photography in a Black and White School
Authors: Barker F.H.
Published: November 2015

Mr. Barker has built upon an element of the Van Leer approach to provide a stimulating and meaningful set of lesson experiences for his students of all ages. The program has had unexpected and delightful results both in and out of school.
Report On ….. The Cognition Symposium at the Biennial Conference of the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies Canberra – May, 1974.
Authors: Watts Betty H.
Published: November 2015

The Cognition Seminar was held over two days in Canberra, May 27th. and May 28th.

A wide range of papers was presented by Australian psychologists. Also we were fortunate to have the stimulation of a number of overseas speakers.

The overseas visitors who are well known in studies involving various minority groups were Professor R.W. Brislin and Professor T. Ciborowski from the East-West Centre at Hawaii, Professor H.C. Triandis from the University of Illinois, U.S.A., Professor U. Pareek from India and Professor L.W. Doob from Yale University.

Teachers will, I think, be interested to see the variety of issues that were discussed at the two-day symposium. The program for the two days indicates this diversity
Co-operative Use of Resources to Initiate a School Lunch Program
Authors: Mounsey C.F.
Published: November 2015

Mr. Mounsey was formerly the Headmaster of the South Hedland Primary School at Port Hedland in Western Australia.