bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A radiation belt of energetic protons located between Saturn and its rings
Authors: Roussos E. , Kollmann P. , Krupp N. , Kotova A. , Regoli L. , Paranicas C. , Mitchell D. G. , Krimigis S. M. , Hamilton D. , Brandt P. , Carbary J. , Christon S. , Dialynas K. , Dandouras I. , Hill M. E. , Ip W. H. , Jones G. H. , Livi S. , Mauk B. H. , Palmaerts B. , Roelof E. C. , Rymer A. , Sergis N. , Smith H. T.
Published: October 2018

Cassini's final phase of exploration

The Cassini spacecraft spent 13 years orbiting Saturn; as it ran low on fuel, the trajectory was changed to sample regions it had not yet visited. A series of orbits close to the rings was followed by a Grand Finale orbit, which took the spacecraft through the gap between Saturn and its rings before the spacecraft was destroyed when it entered the planet's upper atmosphere. Six papers in this issue report results from these final phases of the Cassini mission. Dougherty
et al.
measured the magnetic field close to Saturn, which implies a complex multilayer dynamo process inside the planet. Roussos
et al.
detected an additional radiation belt trapped within the rings, sustained by the radioactive decay of free neutrons. Lamy
et al.
present plasma measurements taken as Cassini flew through regions emitting kilometric radiation, connected to the planet's aurorae. Hsu
et al.
determined the composition of large, solid dust particles falling from the rings into the planet, whereas Mitchell
et al.
investigated the smaller dust nanograins and show how they interact with the planet's upper atmosphere. Finally, Waite
et al.
identified molecules in the infalling material and directly measured the composition of Saturn's atmosphere.

Science
, this issue p.
eaat5434
, p.
eaat1962
, p.
eaat2027
, p.
eaat3185
, p.
eaat2236
, p.
eaat2382
The low-frequency source of Saturn’s kilometric radiation
Authors: Lamy L. , Zarka P. , Cecconi B. , Prangé R. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. , Persoon A. , Morooka M. , Wahlund J.-E. , Hunt G. J.
Published: October 2018

Cassini's final phase of exploration

The Cassini spacecraft spent 13 years orbiting Saturn; as it ran low on fuel, the trajectory was changed to sample regions it had not yet visited. A series of orbits close to the rings was followed by a Grand Finale orbit, which took the spacecraft through the gap between Saturn and its rings before the spacecraft was destroyed when it entered the planet's upper atmosphere. Six papers in this issue report results from these final phases of the Cassini mission. Dougherty
et al.
measured the magnetic field close to Saturn, which implies a complex multilayer dynamo process inside the planet. Roussos
et al.
detected an additional radiation belt trapped within the rings, sustained by the radioactive decay of free neutrons. Lamy
et al.
present plasma measurements taken as Cassini flew through regions emitting kilometric radiation, connected to the planet's aurorae. Hsu
et al.
determined the composition of large, solid dust particles falling from the rings into the planet, whereas Mitchell
et al.
investigated the smaller dust nanograins and show how they interact with the planet's upper atmosphere. Finally, Waite
et al.
identified molecules in the infalling material and directly measured the composition of Saturn's atmosphere.

Science
, this issue p.
eaat5434
, p.
eaat1962
, p.
eaat2027
, p.
eaat3185
, p.
eaat2236
, p.
eaat2382
Saturn’s magnetic field revealed by the Cassini Grand Finale
Authors: Dougherty Michele K. , Cao Hao , Khurana Krishan K. , Hunt Gregory J. , Provan Gabrielle , Kellock Stephen , Burton Marcia E. , Burk Thomas A. , Bunce Emma J. , Cowley Stanley W. H. , Kivelson Margaret G. , Russell Christopher T. , Southwood David J.
Published: October 2018

Cassini's final phase of exploration

The Cassini spacecraft spent 13 years orbiting Saturn; as it ran low on fuel, the trajectory was changed to sample regions it had not yet visited. A series of orbits close to the rings was followed by a Grand Finale orbit, which took the spacecraft through the gap between Saturn and its rings before the spacecraft was destroyed when it entered the planet's upper atmosphere. Six papers in this issue report results from these final phases of the Cassini mission. Dougherty
et al.
measured the magnetic field close to Saturn, which implies a complex multilayer dynamo process inside the planet. Roussos
et al.
detected an additional radiation belt trapped within the rings, sustained by the radioactive decay of free neutrons. Lamy
et al.
present plasma measurements taken as Cassini flew through regions emitting kilometric radiation, connected to the planet's aurorae. Hsu
et al.
determined the composition of large, solid dust particles falling from the rings into the planet, whereas Mitchell
et al.
investigated the smaller dust nanograins and show how they interact with the planet's upper atmosphere. Finally, Waite
et al.
identified molecules in the infalling material and directly measured the composition of Saturn's atmosphere.

Science
, this issue p.
eaat5434
, p.
eaat1962
, p.
eaat2027
, p.
eaat3185
, p.
eaat2236
, p.
eaat2382
Reversible self-assembly of superstructured networks
Authors: Freeman Ronit , Han Ming , Álvarez Zaida , Lewis Jacob A. , Wester James R. , Stephanopoulos Nicholas , McClendon Mark T. , Lynsky Cheyenne , Godbe Jacqueline M. , Sangji Hussain , Luijten Erik , Stupp Samuel I.
Published: October 2018

Chemically reversible hydrogels

The dynamic reorganization of some cellular biopolymers in response to signals has inspired efforts to create artificial materials with similar properties. Freeman
et al.
created hydrogels based on peptide amphiphiles that can bear DNA strands that assemble into superstructures and that disassemble in response to chemical triggers. The addition of DNA conjugates induced transitions from micelles to fibers and bundles of fibers. The resulting hydrogels were used as an extracellular matrix mimic for cultured cells. Switching the hydrogel between states also switched astrocytes between their reactive and naïve phenotypes.

Science
, this issue p.
808
Impacts of species richness on productivity in a large-scale subtropical forest experiment
Authors: Huang Yuanyuan , Chen Yuxin , Castro-Izaguirre Nadia , Baruffol Martin , Brezzi Matteo , Lang Anne , Li Ying , Härdtle Werner , von Oheimb Goddert , Yang Xuefei , Liu Xiaojuan , Pei Kequan , Both Sabine , Yang Bo , Eichenberg David , Assmann Thorsten , Bauhus Jürgen , Behrens Thorsten , Buscot François , Chen Xiao-Yong , Chesters Douglas , Ding Bing-Yang , Durka Walter , Erfmeier Alexandra , Fang Jingyun , Fischer Markus , Guo Liang-Dong , Guo Dali , Gutknecht Jessica L. M. , He Jin-Sheng , He Chun-Ling , Hector Andy , Hönig Lydia , Hu Ren-Yong , Klein Alexandra-Maria , Kühn Peter , Liang Yu , Li Shan , Michalski Stefan , Scherer-Lorenzen Michael , Schmidt Karsten , Scholten Thomas , Schuldt Andreas , Shi Xuezheng , Tan Man-Zhi , Tang Zhiyao , Trogisch Stefan , Wang Zhengwen , Welk Erik , Wirth Christian , Wubet Tesfaye , Xiang Wenhua , Yu Mingjian , Yu Xiao-Dong , Zhang Jiayong , Zhang Shouren , Zhang Naili , Zhou Hong-Zhang , Zhu Chao-Dong , Zhu Li , Bruelheide Helge , Ma Keping , Niklaus Pascal A. , Schmid Bernhard
Published: October 2018

Tree diversity improves forest productivity

Experimental studies in grasslands have shown that the loss of species has negative consequences for ecosystem functioning. Is the same true for forests? Huang
et al.
report the first results from a large biodiversity experiment in a subtropical forest in China. The study combines many replicates, realistic tree densities, and large plot sizes with a wide range of species richness levels. After 8 years of the experiment, the findings suggest strong positive effects of tree diversity on forest productivity and carbon accumulation. Thus, changing from monocultures to more mixed forests could benefit both restoration of biodiversity and mitigation of climate change.

Science
, this issue p.
80
Quantifying hot carrier and thermal contributions in plasmonic photocatalysis
Authors: Zhou Linan , Swearer Dayne F. , Zhang Chao , Robatjazi Hossein , Zhao Hangqi , Henderson Luke , Dong Liangliang , Christopher Phillip , Carter Emily A. , Nordlander Peter , Halas Naomi J.
Published: October 2018

Hot carriers reducing thermal barriers

Plasmonic catalysts can generate hot charge carriers that can activate reactants and, in turn, reduce the overall barrier to a reaction. Zhou
et al.
studied the decomposition of ammonia to hydrogen on a copper alloy nanostructure that absorbed light and generated electrons that activated nitrogen atoms on ruthenium surface atoms (see the Perspective by Cortés). By measuring reaction rates at different wavelengths, light intensities, and catalyst surface temperatures, the light-induced reduction of the apparent activation barrier was quantified.

Science
, this issue p.
69
; see also p.
28
Metropolitan versus small-town influenza
Authors: Wallinga Jacco
Published: October 2018

Analysis of infectious disease data reveals the driving factors of infection dynamics
Targeting of the Nasal Mucosa by Japanese Encephalitis Virus for Non-Vector-Borne Transmission
Authors: García-Nicolás Obdulio , Braun Roman O. , Milona Panagiota , Lewandowska Marta , Dijkman Ronald , Alves Marco P. , Summerfield Artur
Published: October 2018

JEV, a main cause of severe viral encephalitis in humans, has a complex ecology composed of a mosquito-waterbird cycle and a cycle involving pigs, which amplifies virus transmission to mosquitoes, leading to increased human cases. JEV can be transmitted between pigs by contact in the absence of arthropod vectors. Moreover, virus or viral RNA is found in oronasal secretions and the nasal epithelium. Using nasal mucosa tissue explants and three-dimensional porcine nasal epithelial cells cultures and macrophages asex vivoandin vitromodels, we determined that the nasal epithelium could be a route of entry as well as exit for the virus. Infection of nasal epithelial cells resulted in apical and basolateral virus shedding and release of monocyte recruiting chemokines and therefore infection and replication in macrophages, which is favored by epithelial-cell-derived cytokines. The results are relevant to understand the mechanism of non-vector-borne direct transmission of JEV.
The Abundant Tegument Protein pUL25 of Human Cytomegalovirus Prevents Proteasomal Degradation of pUL26 and Supports Its Suppression of ISGylation
Authors: Zimmermann Christine , Büscher Nicole , Krauter Steffi , Krämer Nadine , Wolfrum Uwe , Sehn Elisabeth , Tenzer Stefan , Plachter Bodo
Published: October 2018

Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) expresses a number of tegument proteins that interfere with the intrinsic and the innate defense mechanisms of the cell. Initial induction of the interferon-stimulated gene 15 protein (ISG15) and conjugation of proteins with ISG15 (ISGylation) by HCMV infection are subsequently attenuated by the expression of the viral IE1, pUL50, and pUL26 proteins. This study adds pUL25 as another factor that contributes to suppression of ISGylation. The tegument protein interacts with pUL26 and prevents its degradation by the proteasome. By doing this, it supports its restrictive influence on ISGylation. In addition, a lack of pUL25 enhances the levels of free ISG15, indicating that the tegument protein may interfere with the interferon response on levels other than interacting with pUL26. Knowledge obtained in this study widens our understanding of HCMV immune evasion and may also provide a new avenue for the use of pUL25-negative strains for vaccine production.
Prevention of postcontrast acute kidney injury after percutaneous transluminal angioplasty by inducing RenalGuard controlled furosemide forced diuresis with matched hydration: study protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Bolt Lars J J , Sigterman Tim Anton , Krasznai Atilla G , Sikkink Cees-Jan J M , Schurink Geert-Willem H , Bouwman Lee Hans
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty (PTA) is often complicated due to postcontrast acute kidney injury (PC-AKI) in patients diagnosed with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hydration therapy is the cornerstone in the prevention of PC-AKI. Furosemide forced diuresis with matched hydration using the RenalGuard system enables a steady balance between diuresis and hydration. A randomised controlled trial will be performed in order to investigate whether furosemide forced diuresis with matched hydration in combination with the RenalGuard system decreases incidence of PC-AKI in patients with CKD receiving a PTA of the lower extremities. Furthermore, we will investigate whether sampling of urine biomarkers 4 hours after intervention can detect PC-AKI in an earlier stage compared with the golden standard, serum creatinine 48–72 hours postintervention.

Methods and analysis

A single-centre randomised controlled trial will be conducted. Patients >18 years in need of a PTA of the lower extremities and diagnosed with CKD will be randomly assigned to receive either standard of care prehydration and posthydration or furosemide forced diuresis with matched hydration periprocedural using the RenalGuard system. Four hours postintervention, a urine sample will be collected of all participating patients. Serum creatinine will be sampled within 10 days prior to intervention as well as 1, 3 and 30 days postintervention. The primary endpoint is incidence of PC-AKI post-PTA. Secondary endpoint is the rise of urine biomarkers 4 hours postintervention.

Ethics and dissemination

Study protocol is approved by the research ethics committee and institutional review board (reference number 16 T-201 and NL59809.096.16). Study results will be disseminated by oral presentation at conferences and will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal. It is anticipated that study results will offer a solution to contrast-induced nephropathy in patients with CKD receiving a PTA of the lower extremities.

Trial registration number

NTR6236; Pre-results.

EudraCT number

2016-005072-10
PEHO syndrome: the endpoint of different genetic epilepsies
Authors: Chitre Manali , Nahorski Michael S , Stouffer Kaitlin , Dunning-Davies Bryony , Houston Hamish , Wakeling Emma L , Brady Angela F , Zuberi Sameer M , Suri Mohnish , Parker Alasdair P J , Woods C Geoffrey
Published: October 2018

Background

Progressive encephalopathy, hypsarrhythmia and optic atrophy (PEHO) has been described as a clinically distinct syndrome. It has been postulated that it is an autosomal recessive condition. However, the aetiology is poorly understood, and the genetic basis of the condition has not been fully elucidated. Our objective was to discover if PEHO syndrome is a single gene disorder.

Method

Children with PEHO and PEHO-like syndrome were recruited. Clinical, neurological and dysmorphic features were recorded; EEG reports and MRI scans were reviewed. Where possible, exome sequencing was carried out first to seek mutations in known early infantile developmental and epileptic encephalopathy (DEE) genes and then to use an agnostic approach to seek novel candidate genes. We sought intra–interfamilial phenotypic correlations and genotype–phenotype correlations when pathological mutations were identified.

Results

Twenty-three children were recruited from a diverse ethnic background, 19 of which were suitable for inclusion. They were similar in many of the core and the supporting features of PEHO, but there was significant variation in MRI and ophthalmological findings, even between siblings with the same mutation. A pathogenic genetic variant was identified in 15 of the 19 children. One further girl’s DNA failed analysis, but her two affected sisters shared confirmed variants. Pathogenic variants were identified in seven different genes.

Conclusions

We found significant clinical and genetic heterogeneity. Given the intrafamily variation demonstrated, we question whether the diagnostic criteria for MRI and ophthalmic findings should be altered. We also question whether PEHO and PEHO-like syndrome represent differing points on a clinical spectrum of the DEE. We conclude that PEHO and PEHO-like syndrome are clinically and genetically diverse entities—and are phenotypic endpoints of many severe genetic encephalopathies.
Haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis complicating pembrolizumab treatment for metastatic breast cancer in a patient with the PRF1A91V gene polymorphism
Authors: Al-Samkari Hanny , Snyder Gregory D , Nikiforow Sarah , Tolaney Sara M , Freedman Rachel A , Losman Julie-Aurore
Published: October 2018

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy is a modern breakthrough in medical oncology, but it can precipitate inflammatory and autoimmune adverse effects. Among the most serious of these toxicities is haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), a life-threatening disorder of unbridled immune activation that results in injury to multiple organ systems.

Objective

Description of a case of pembrolizumab-associated HLH in a patient with a proposed underlying genetic risk factor for its occurrence.

Methods and results

We describe a patient with aggressive metastatic breast cancer who developed HLH while undergoing experimental treatment with pembrolizumab, resulting in critical illness and multiorgan system failure. Pembrolizumab discontinuation and high-dose corticosteroids were effective in managing HLH. Subsequent next-generation sequencing of 15 genes associated with HLH revealed a germline polymorphism in perforin-1 (PRF1), PRFA91V, that may have predisposed the patient to develop HLH. The patient has had no evidence of malignancy for 2 years following recovery despite receiving no further cancer-directed treatment.

Conclusions

HLH is a rare but serious complication of immune checkpoint blockade. Patients with underlying hypomorphic alleles in PRF1 may be predisposed to develop this toxicity. Further studies are necessary to confirm a possible link between perforin gene mutations and immune checkpoint blockade-associated HLH.
Progression from islet autoimmunity to clinical type 1 diabetes is influenced by genetic factors: results from the prospective TEDDY study
Authors: Beyerlein Andreas , Bonifacio Ezio , Vehik Kendra , Hippich Markus , Winkler Christiane , Frohnert Brigitte I , Steck Andrea K , Hagopian William A , Krischer Jeffrey P , Lernmark Åke , Rewers Marian J , She Jin-Xiong , Toppari Jorma , Akolkar Beena , Rich Stephen S , Ziegler Anette-G
Published: October 2018

Background

Progression time from islet autoimmunity to clinical type 1 diabetes is highly variable and the extent that genetic factors contribute is unknown.

Methods

In 341 islet autoantibody-positive children with the human leucocyte antigen (HLA) DR3/DR4-DQ8 or the HLA DR4-DQ8/DR4-DQ8 genotype from the prospective TEDDY (The Environmental Determinants of Diabetes in the Young) study, we investigated whether a genetic risk score that had previously been shown to predict islet autoimmunity is also associated with disease progression.

Results

Islet autoantibody-positive children with a genetic risk score in the lowest quartile had a slower progression from single to multiple autoantibodies (p=0.018), from single autoantibodies to diabetes (p=0.004), and by trend from multiple islet autoantibodies to diabetes (p=0.06). In a Cox proportional hazards analysis, faster progression was associated with an increased genetic risk score independently of HLA genotype (HR for progression from multiple autoantibodies to type 1 diabetes, 1.27, 95% CI 1.02 to 1.58 per unit increase), an earlier age of islet autoantibody development (HR, 0.68, 95% CI 0.58 to 0.81 per year increase in age) and female sex (HR, 1.94, 95% CI 1.28 to 2.93).

Conclusions

Genetic risk scores may be used to identify islet autoantibody-positive children with high-risk HLA genotypes who have a slow rate of progression to subsequent stages of autoimmunity and type 1 diabetes.
A comparison of CT lung voxel density analysis in a blast and non blast injured casualty.
Authors: Bourn Sebastian , E Scott T , J Hulse E
Published: October 2018

Introduction

Primary blast lung injury (PBLI) is a prominent feature in casualties following exposure to blast. PBLI carries high morbidity and mortality, but remains difficult to diagnose and quantify. Radiographic diagnosis of PBLI was historically made with the aid of plain radiographs; more recently, qualitative review of CT images has assisted diagnosis.

Methods

We report a novel way of measuring post-traumatic acute lung injury using CT lung density analysis in two casualties. One casualty presented following blast exposure with confirmed blast lung injury and the other presented following extremity injury without blast exposure. Three-dimensional lung maps of each casualty were produced from their original trauma CT scan. Analysis of the lung maps allowed quantitative radiological comparison exposing areas of reduced aeration of the patient’s lungs.

Results

45% of the blast-exposed lungs were non-aerated compared with 10% in the non-blast-exposed lungs.

Discussion

In these example cases quantitative CT lung density analysis allowed blast-injured lungs to be distinguished from non-blast-exposed lungs.
Catastrophic haemorrhage in military major trauma patients: a retrospective database analysis of haemostatic agents used on the battlefield
Authors: Winstanley Mark , Smith J E , Wright C
Published: October 2018

Objectives

Catastrophic haemorrhage is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in trauma, in both military and civilian settings. There are numerous studies looking at the effectiveness of different haemostatic agents in the laboratory but few in a clinical setting. This study analyses the use of haemostatic dressings used in patients injured on the battlefield and their association with survival.

Method

A retrospective database review was undertaken using the UK Joint Theatre Trauma Registry from 2003 to 2014, during combat operations in Iraq and Afghanistan. Data included patient demographics, the use of haemostatic dressings, New Injury Severity Score (NISS) and patient outcome.

Results

Of 3792 cases, a haemostatic dressing was applied in 317 (either Celox, Hemcon or Quickclot). When comparing patients who had a haemostatic dressing applied versus no haemostatic agent, there was a 7% improvement in survival. Celox was the only individual haemostatic dressing that was associated with a statistically significant improvement in survival, which was most apparent in the more severely injured (NISS 36–75).

Conclusion

We have shown an association between use of haemostatic agents and improved survival, mostly in those with more severe injuries, which is particularly evident in those administered Celox. This supports the continued use of haemostatic agents as part of initial haemorrhage control for patients injured in conflict and suggests that civilian organisations that may need to deal with patients with similar injury patterns should consider their use and implementation.
Progress in Experimental and Clinical Research of the Diabetic Retinopathy Treatment Using Traditional Chinese Medicine
Authors: Xu Zhao-Hui , Gao Ying-Ying , Zhang Hua-Ting , Ruan Ke-Feng , Feng Yi
Published: October 2018

Diabetic retinopathy (DR), one of the most common microvascular complications of diabetic mellitus, is currently the main cause of adult-acquired blindness. The pathogenesis of DR is complex and the current clinical application of various treatment methods cannot completely prevent the development of this disease. Many reports have been published regarding the treatment of DR with Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), which has received increasing attention from medical practitioners worldwide. Studies published between 1994 and April 2017 were collected from the CNKI, VIP, Medline and Web of Science databases, as well as from Chinese traditional books and Chinese Pharmacopoeia, subsequently obtaining more than 550 studies. Thereafter, the status quo of DR treatment using TCM had been summarized according to four aspects — compound formula therapy, Chinese herbal medicine extracts and monomer therapy, integrated traditional Chinese and Western medicine therapy, and Chinese medicine external treatment. According to the literature reviewed herein, TCM has had definite effects on the prevention and treatment of DR, especially when used in combination with modern medical methods. However, the lack of a unified standard on the syndrome differentiation of DR and the lack of support of evidence-based medicine theory in clinical practice have been consistent concerns in previous research studies and needs to be addressed in subsequent studies.
Regulating Gut Flora Dysbiosis in Obese Mice by Electroacupuncture
Authors: Si Yuan-Cheng , Miao Wei-Na , He Jia-Yue , Chen Li , Wang Yi-Li , Ding Wei-Jun
Published: October 2018

Recently, gut flora has been linked to the onset of obesity and has been shown to influence the host’s metabolism. Acupuncture is a well-known agent used for the treatment of numerous diseases such as obesity. This study aimed to explore the impacts of electroacupuncture treatment on gut microbiota composition and function in obese mice. Pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA genes and Metagenomic analysis of the fecal microbiota were used for this purpose. The basic parameters of body weight, Lee’s index, serum lipid and epididymal adipose weight were ameliorated significantly after introducing an electroacupuncture intervention. Acidobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Basidiomycota (Normal group) and Fusobacteria, Firmicutes and Spirochmycetes (Model group) were remarkably affluent at the phylum level. Bacteroides sp. CAG: 927 and Prevotella sp. CAG: 1031 (Normal group), Lachnospiraceae bacterium and Helicobacter rodentium (Model group) at the species level were distinctly enriched. The structures and functions of the intestinal flora were significantly different between healthy and obese mice, and animals in the acupuncture group gradually tended towards healthy controls. Moreover, electroacupuncture altered the bacterial diversity and metabolic genes to establish new balance, observed the obvious change from 7[Formula: see text]d and stabilized gradually through 21[Formula: see text]d. These findings suggested gut flora could be a novel target of electroacupuncture treatment against obesity.
Closed, oriented, connected 3-manifolds are subtle equivalence classes of plane graphs
Authors: Lins Sóstenes L. , Henriques Diogo B.
Published: October 2018

A blink is a plane graph with an arbitrary bipartition of its edges. As a consequence of a recent result of Martelli, it is shown that the homeomorphisms classes of closed oriented 3-manifolds are in 1-1 correspondence with specific classes of blinks. In these classes, two blinks are equivalent if they are linked by a finite sequence of local moves, where each one appears in a concrete list of 64 moves: they are organized in 8 types, each being essentially the same move on 8 simply related configurations. The size of the list can be substantially decreased at the cost of loosing symmetry, just by keeping a very simple move type, the ribbon moves denoted [Formula: see text] (which are in principle redundant). The inclusion of [Formula: see text] implies that all the moves corresponding to plane duality (the starred moves), except for [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text], are redundant and the coin calculus is reduced to 36 moves on 36 coins. A residual fraction link or a flink is a new object which generalizes blackboard-framed link. It plays an important role in this work. It is in the aegis of this work to find new important connections between 3-manifolds and plane graphs.
The structure of a minimal n-chart with two crossings I: Complementary domains of Γ1 ∪ Γn−1
Authors: Nagase Teruo , Shima Akiko
Published: October 2018

This is the first step of the two steps to enumerate the minimal charts with two crossings. For a label [Formula: see text] of a chart [Formula: see text] we denote by [Formula: see text] the union of all the edges of label [Formula: see text] and their vertices. For a minimal chart [Formula: see text] with exactly two crossings, we can show that the two crossings are contained in [Formula: see text] for some labels [Formula: see text]. In this paper, we study the structure of a disk [Formula: see text] not containing any crossing but satisfying [Formula: see text].
Ball convergence for a three-point method with optimal convergence order eight under weak conditions
Authors: Argyros Ioannis K. , Kansal Munish , Kanwar V.
Published: October 2018

We present a local convergence analysis of an optimal eighth-order family of Ostrowski like methods for approximating a locally unique solution of a nonlinear equation. Earlier studies [T. Lotfi, S. Sharifi, M. Salimi and S. Siegmund, A new class of three-point methods with optimal convergence and its dynamics, Numer. Algorithms 68 (2015) 261–288.] have shown convergence of these methods under hypotheses up to the eighth derivative of the function although only the first derivative appears in the method. In this study, we expand the applicability of these methods using only hypotheses up to the first derivative of the function. By this way the applicability of these methods is extended under weaker hypotheses. Moreover, the radius of convergence and computable error bounds on the distances involved are also given in this study. Numerical examples are also presented in this study.
Triangular Fibrocartilage Complex Repair and Ulna Variance: A Systematic Review
Authors: Jung Ki Jin , Nho Jae-Hwi , Kim Jin Hyeung , Kim Byung-Sung , Gong Hyun Sik
Published: October 2018

Background: This purpose of the study was to conduct a systematic review of available literature regarding the association between ulnar variance and outcomes after repair of peripheral traumatic tears of the triangular fibrocartilage complex (TFCC).

Methods: A systematic literature search of the medical literature about peripheral tears of the TFCC was performed. We selected seven studies comparing clinical outcome and ulnar variance in patients with peripheral TFCC tears. We evaluated quality of the articles using both the Structured Effectiveness Quality Evaluation Scale (SEQES) and Sackett’s Level of Evidence (LOE). The outcomes were objective or self-assessment scoring systems for the function of the hand, wrist, or upper extremity.

Results: Seven articles were evaluated. The SEQES scores varied from 19 to 28, with a mean of 23. Five studies reported no association between ulnar variance and clinical outcome, and 2 studies reported an association. The studies reporting no association either excluded or did not mention the cases of unstable distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ).

Conclusions: This systematic review did not demonstrate strong evidence regarding the association between ulnar variance and outcomes after TFCC repair. As most of the studies did not distinguish between capsular and foveal tears which can affect DRUJ stability, further studies looking at this point are necessary to determine whether ulnar shortening osteotomy has an added value for better outcomes after TFCC repair.
Venous Thromboembolism in Upper Extremity Fractures
Authors: Nayar Suresh K. , Kuwabara Anne M. , Flores José M. , Osgood Greg M. , LaPorte Dawn M. , Shafiq Babar
Published: October 2018

Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) has been studied in lower extremity fractures but little is known of its relation with upper extremity (UE) fractures. As an often overlooked but serious complication, VTE may compromise patient outcomes.

Methods: Using data on inpatients (aged ≥ 18 years) at a level-I trauma center and patients in the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database who sustained UE fractures (clavicle, humerus, or radius/ulna) and VTE in the same hospitalization between 2007 and 2014, the authors analyzed data on demographic characteristics, fracture type, VTE location (pulmonary embolism, lower extremity, or UE), VTE onset, polytrauma, operative or nonoperative management, comorbidities, and mortality.

Results: Of 1984 inpatients with UE fractures at 1 instution, 9 experienced VTE on admission, and 17 (15 received thromboprophylaxis) experienced VTE during hospitalization, for an overall VTE rate of 1.3%. VTE occurred most often in patients with fractures of the proximal humerus (3.0%) followed by the clavicle (2.0%), midshaft humerus (1.9%), distal radius/ulna (0.95%), and distal humerus/elbow (0.36%) (p = 0.0035). There were no significant trends in the incidence of PE (p = 0.33) over the study period, but there was a sharp rise since 2011. In the national database, 42 of 11570 (0.36%) patients with UE fracture had VTE, with incidence by fracture location ranging from 0.14% (radius/ulna) to 0.98% (proximal humerus) (p = 0.00001). Predictors were chronic steroid use (odds ratio [OR] = 6.22, p = .030), inpatient status (OR = 4.09, p = .002), and totally disabled functional status (OR = 3.31, p = .021).

Conclusions: VTE incidence was highest following proximal humerus or clavicle fractures and are rarely associated with radius/ulna fractures. There may have been a rise in the incidence of PE since 2007, warranting further investigation.
Is Pseudomeningocele an Absolute Sign of Root Avulsion Brachial Plexus Injury?
Authors: Laohaprasitiporn Panai , Wongtrakul Saichol , Vathana Torpon , Limthongthang Roongsak , Songcharoen Panupan
Published: October 2018

Background: The finding of pseudomeningocele from cervical myelogram is widely accepted as a pathognomonic sign for diagnosing root avulsion in brachial plexus injury. In general, motor power in this setting should be absent. However, in clinical practice, we observed that motor power in some patients was still preserved. The objective of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of pseudomeningocele from cervical myelogram for predicting root avulsion in brachial plexus injury.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed 201 patients with brachial plexus injury from 2007–2011. Four patients were excluded due to open wound injury. Motor power of the key muscle of each nerve root was evaluated by skilled hand surgeons. All cervical myelogram was interpreted by radiologists. Sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values and negative predictive values were calculated with 95% confidence interval.

Results: Thirty and 29% of pseudomeningocele occurred at C7 and C8 level, respectively. The sensitivity of pseudomeningocele of each root from C5 to T1 was low (range, 10–62%). The specificity was high only at C5 (91%) and T1 (96.2%). Over 20% of patients with pseudomeningocele at C6–8 levels had some motor function. The initial muscle power of these patients was M1 or M2 and 70% of them recovered to at least M3 at the final follow-up.

Conclusions: Pseudomeningocele is not an absolute sign for diagnosing of root avulsion in brachial plexus injury due to its high false positive rate when compared with preoperative motor function of each root. Careful examination of the key muscle of each root is extremely crucial to prevent unnecessary operation on that cervical nerve root.
Dorsal Capsular Defect and Synovial Fistula to the Fourth Extensor Compartment: A Late Complication after Arthroscopic Dorsal Wrist Ganglionectomy
Authors: Lin Ines C. , Shin Alexander Y. , Bishop Allen T.
Published: October 2018

Arthroscopic dorsal wrist ganglionectomy is demonstrably a safe procedure with recurrence rates comparable to open surgery. We present a patient with wrist pain following arthroscopic ganglion excision. MRI and arthroscopic findings showed a large dorsal capsular defect, synovial fistula to the fourth extensor compartment, and dorsal radiocarpal ligament resection. Ligament reconstruction and capsular imbrication resolved her symptoms. We postulate that this complication resulted from a large capsular resection. Because we feel that it can be difficult to judge the size of the debridement through an arthroscope, the need for adequate capsular resection in dorsal wrist ganglionectomy needs to be balanced by consideration of potential complications from more aggressive capsular debridement, and thus we feel that capsular resection should be limited to no more than 1 cm2.
Measuring and interpreting CO
2
fluxes at regional scale: the case of the Apennines, Italy
Authors: Frondini Francesco , Cardellini Carlo , Caliro Stefano , Beddini Giulio , Rosiello Angelo , Chiodini Giovanni
Published: October 2018

Tectonically active regions are often characterized by large amounts of carbon dioxide degassing, and estimation of the total CO
2
discharged to the atmosphere from tectonic structures, hydrothermal systems and inactive volcanic areas is crucial for the definition of present-day global Earth degassing. The carbon balance of regional aquifers is a powerful tool to quantify the diffuse degassing of deep inorganic carbon sources because the method integrates the CO
2
flux over large areas. Its application to peninsular Italy shows that the region is characterized by specific CO
2
fluxes higher than the baseline determined for the geothermal regions of the world, and that the amount of endogenous CO
2
discharged through diffuse regional degassing (
c
. 2.1 × 10
11
 mol a
−1
) is the major component of the geological CO
2
budget of Italy, definitely prevailing over the CO
2
discharged by Italian active volcanoes and volcanoes with hydrothermal activity. Furthermore, the positive correlation between geothermal heat and deep CO
2
dissolved in the groundwater of central Italy suggests that (1) the geothermal heat is transported into the aquifers by the same hot CO
2
-rich fluids causing the Italian CO
2
anomaly and (2) the advective heat flow is the dominant form of heat transfer of the region.

Supplementary material:
The location, flow rate, extent of the hydrogeological basin, chemical and isotopic analyses of the 160 springs considered in this study, and the results of the carbon mass balance are reported in a table available at
https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4237025
On the Road to Breeding 4.0: Unraveling the Good, the Bad, and the Boring of Crop Quantitative Genomics
Authors: Wallace Jason G. , Rodgers-Melnick Eli , Buckler Edward S.
Published: October 2018

Understanding the quantitative genetics of crops has been and will continue to be central to maintaining and improving global food security. We outline four stages that plant breeding either has already achieved or will probably soon achieve. Top-of-the-line breeding programs are currently in Breeding 3.0, where inexpensive, genome-wide data coupled with powerful algorithms allow us to start breeding on predicted instead of measured phenotypes. We focus on three major questions that must be answered to move from current Breeding 3.0 practices to Breeding 4.0: ( a) How do we adapt crops to better fit agricultural environments? ( b) What is the nature of the diversity upon which breeding can act? ( c) How do we deal with deleterious variants? Answering these questions and then translating them to actual gains for farmers will be a significant part of achieving global food security in the twenty-first century.
Arterial blood sampling in male CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice with 1% isoflurane is similar to awake mice
Authors: Loeven Ashley M. , Receno Candace N. , Cunningham Caitlin M. , DeRuisseau Lara R.
Published: October 2018

Isoflurane (ISO) is a commonly used anesthetic that offers rapid recovery for laboratory animal research. Initial studies indicated no difference in arterial Pco2([Formula: see text]) or pH between conscious (NO ISO) and 1% ISO-exposed CD-1 mice. Our laboratory investigated whether arterial blood sampling with 1% ISO is a suitable alternative to NO ISO sampling for monitoring ventilation in a commonly studied mouse strain. We hypothesized similar blood chemistry, breathing patterns, and cardiovascular responses with NO ISO and 1% ISO. C57BL/6J mice underwent unrestrained barometric plethysmography to quantify the pattern of breathing. Mice exposed to hypoxic and hypercapnic gas under 1% ISO displayed blunted responses; with air, there were no breathing differences. Blood pressure and heart rate were not different between NO ISO and 1% ISO-exposed mice breathing air. Oxygen saturation was not different between groups receiving 2% ISO, 1% ISO, or air. Breathing frequency stabilized at ~11 min of 1% ISO following 2% ISO exposure, suggesting that 11 min is the optimal time for a sample in C57BL/6J mice. Blood samples at 1% ISO and NO ISO revealed no differences in blood pH and [Formula: see text] in C57BL/6J mice. Overall, this method reveals similar arterial blood sampling values in awake and 1% ISO CD-1 and C57BL/6J mice exposed to air. Although this protocol may be appropriate in other mouse strains when a conscious sample is not feasible, caution is warranted first to identify breathing frequency responses at 1% ISO to tailor the protocol.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Conscious arterial blood sampling is influenced by extraneous factors and is a challenging method due to the small size of mice. Through a series of experiments, we show that arterial blood sampling with 1% isoflurane (ISO) is an alternative to awake sampling in C57BL/6J and CD-1 male mice breathing air. Monitoring breathing frequency during 1% ISO is important to the protocol and should be closely followed to confirm adequate recovery after the catheter implantation.
Role of Tight Glycemic Control during Acute Coronary Syndrome on CV Outcome in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Sasso Ferdinando Carlo , Rinaldi Luca , Lascar Nadia , Marrone Aldo , Pafundi Pia Clara , Adinolfi Luigi Elio , Marfella Raffaele
Published: October 2018

Both incidence and mortality of acute coronary syndrome (ACS) among diabetic patients are much higher than those among nondiabetics. Actually, there are many studies that addressed glycemic control and CV risk, whilst the literature on the role of tight glycemic control during ACS is currently poor. Therefore, in this review, we critically discussed the studies that investigated this specific topic. Hyperglycemia is implicated in vascular damage and cardiac myocyte death through different molecular mechanisms as advanced glycation end products, protein kinase C, polyol pathway flux, and the hexosamine pathway. Moreover, high FFA concentrations may be toxic in acute ischemic myocardium due to several mechanisms, thus leading to endothelial dysfunction. A reduction in free fatty acid plasma levels and an increased availability of glucose can be achieved by using a glucose-insulin-potassium infusion (GIKi) during AMI. The GIKi is associated with an improvement of either long-term prognosis or left ventricular mechanical performance. DIGAMI studies suggested blood glucose level as a significant and independent mortality predictor among diabetic patients with recent ACS, enhancing the important role of glucose control in their management. Several mechanisms supporting the protective role of tight glycemic control during ACS, as well as position statements of Scientific Societies, were highlighted.
Upregulation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1 in Irradiated Recipient Arteries and Veins from Free Tissue Transfer Reconstruction in Cancer Patients
Authors: Eriksson Bjorn O. , Gahm Caroline , Halle Martin
Published: October 2018

Background. Clinical studies have shown that radiotherapy can induce vascular disease at the site of exposure but is usually not clinically evident until years after treatment. We have studied irradiated human arteries and veins to better understand the underlying biology in search of future treatments. The aim was to investigate whether radiotherapy contributed to a sustained expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) in human arteries and veins. Methods. Irradiated arteries and veins were harvested, together with unirradiated control vessels, from patients undergoing free tissue transfer reconstruction at a median time of 90 weeks [5–650] following radiation exposure. Differential gene expression of PAI-1 was analysed, together with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence (IF). Results. PAI-1 gene expression was increased in both arteries (p=0.012) and veins (p<0.001) in irradiated compared to unirradiated control vessels. IHC and IF indicated that cells expressing PAI-1 were located in the adventitia of both arteries and veins and colocalized with cells positive for CD68, CD45, and α-SMA in arteries and with CD45 and α-SMA in veins. Conclusion. The current study shows a sustained upregulation of PAI-1 in both arteries and veins after exposure to ionizing radiation, indicating a chronic inflammation mainly in the adventitia. We believe that the results contribute to further understanding of radiation-induced vascular disease, where targeting PAI-1 may be a potential treatment.
The Temporal Relationship between Selected Mental Disorders and Substance-Related Disorders: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study
Authors: Chiu Mu-Lin , Cheng Chi-Fung , Liang Wen-Miin , Lin Pen-Tang , Wu Trong-Neng , Chen Chiu-Ying
Published: October 2018

Introduction. Previous studies have examined the association between specific mental disorders, particularly mood and anxiety disorders, and substance-related disorders; but the temporal link between them remains unclear. This study aimed to examine whether individuals with specific mental disorders, including affective psychoses, neurotic disorders, schizophrenia, personality disorders, and adjustment reaction, have higher risks for subsequently developing substance-related disorders compared to those without. Methods. A large-scale study with longitudinal data was conducted using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) consisting of 2,000,118 patients’ medical records from 2000 to 2009. A total of 124,423 people diagnosed with selected mental disorders and the same number of people without the diagnoses of the selected disorders were identified between January 1, 2001, and December 31, 2006, and followed up for the diagnoses of substance-related disorders till the end of 2009. We estimated the risk for subsequently developing substance-related disorders among patients with the selected mental disorders compared to those without by using Cox proportional hazard models. The cumulative incidence of substance-related disorders was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results. The risk for developing substance-related disorders in patients with selected mental disorders is about 5 times (HR=5.09, 95% CI: 4.74-5.48) higher than those without after adjusting for potential confounding variables. From the multivariate analyses of subsamples stratified by age, sex, and urban and income levels, we found all adjusted hazard ratios were significantly higher than 1.0, ranging from 2.12 (95% CI: 1.72-2.62) to 14.55 (95% CI: 7.89-26.83). For children and adolescents aged 10-19 years, those with specific mental disorders had 14.55-fold higher risk for developing substance-related disorders in later life compared to their counterparts. Furthermore, patients with personality disorders had the highest risk (HR=25.05). Conclusions. The earlier onset of the selected mental disorders is a potential risk for developing substance-related disorders in later life, particularly for personality disorders. Health professionals should pay more attention to this at-risk population, especially to adolescents with mental disorders.