bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ruminal parameters and fatty acid composition of omasal digesta and milk in cows fed sugarcane-based diets supplemented with sunflower oil
Authors: Lopes Fernando César Ferraz , Souza Shirley Motta de , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos , Gama Marco Antônio Sundfeld da , Rennó Luciana Navajas
Published: October 2020

This study evaluates the intake and digestion of nutrients, parameters of rumen fermentation and degradation, omasal digesta and milk fatty acid composition, productive performance, and the concentration of serum metabolites in cows fed 600 g kg-1 sugarcane-based diets containing 0 (control), 15, 30, and 45 g kg-1 sunflower oil (SO) on a dry matter (DM) basis. Four rumen-cannulated Holstein x Gyr cows yielding 15±5 kg day-1 with 110±10 days in milk were allocated in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Data were analyzed using mixed models, and significant differences were declared at P < 0.05. There was no effect of SO on the intake and apparent digestibility of DM, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and nonfibrous carbohydrates, but there was a linear increase in the intake and digestibility of ether extract. Dietary SO levels did not alter the ruminal degradability parameters for DM and NDF, rumen pH and contents of ammonia N, acetate, propionate and volatile fatty acids. Milk fat content and yield were linearly decreased, whereas a linear increase in milk protein content was observed in response to increasing levels of SO, but with no effect on milk yield. Linear reductions in palmitic and ?-linolenic acid contents, a linear increase in trans-10 C18:1 and elaidic acids, and a quadratic effect on vaccenic and rumenic acids were observed in omasal digesta of cows fed increasing levels of SO. Overall, up to 45 g kg-1 SO can be included on DM of chopped sugarcane-based diets without reducing consumption, apparent digestibility and rumen degradability of DM and fiber. Supplementing chopped sugarcane-based diets with 30 to 45 g kg-1 SO (DM basis) promotes milk fat depression due to the inhibition of mammary lipogenesis by specific rumen-derived fatty acid intermediates of the biohydrogenation of unsaturated C18 fatty acids. The inclusion of 15 to 45 g kg-1 SO in chopped sugarcane-based diets improves the nutritional quality of milk fat, with increases in the levels of oleic, vaccenic and rumenic acids, beneficial to human health, and a reduction in the levels of the hypercholesterolemic lauric, myristic and palmitic acids.
The Influence of Allocating the Residual Value of MSMEs’ Cluster on the Growth of MSMEs and the Cluster Based on the Theory of Structural Hole
Authors: Lu Suo
Published: October 2020

The objectives of this research were to explicate the influence mechanism between MSMEs and MSMEs’ clusters; to explicate the generation mechanism of cluster residual value, and to determine whether there is a significant effect of structural hole on allocating the residual value of MSMEs’ cluster.

The research was designed as quantitative research and used survey questionnaires to collect data from 475 entrepreneurs or senior managers of MSMEs. After passing the validity (KMO) and reliability (Cronbach’s Alpha) tests, the correlations between independent and dependent variables have been examined by Pearson Correlation. Then One-Way ANOVA was employed for further specifying the causal direction of correlation between variables. The findings of this research showed that there are positive correlations between cluster’s value and growth of MSMEs; between structural hole and allocation of cluster’s residual value; between structural hole and growth of cluster. In addition, structural hole as a moderating variable effect on the relationship between cluster’s value and growth of MSMEs significantly.
Back to the Origins of the Initial Public Offerings Price Range: Underwriter-Funds Network and Information Production Timeline
Authors: Mazzoli Camilla , Pigini Claudia , Severini Sabrina
Published: October 2020

Although the initial price range in U.S. Initial Public Offerings (IPOs) is constrained by SEC regulations, a non-negligible percentage of IPO price ranges falls outside the ‘safe harbour’. We investigate how the price range - which sends the very first signals on the IPO quality to the market - is set in the due diligence phase, with special attention to unexplored networking patterns between underwriters and institutional investors. By making use of a Mixture Model applied to 1,246 US firms listed between 2004 and 2016, we show that underwriters that are centrally positioned in their network of regular investors are more likely to set a price range that is compliant with SEC guidelines. We argue that the flexibility resulting from being safe harbour-compliant allows underwriters to preserve their reputation for fair dealing with issuers by exploiting a dumping ground proviso or quid pro quo agreements with their network funds. Despite information produced by network funds in the due diligence step having no significant effect on the width of the price range, in our study, we provide evidence that the range does serve as a proxy of the uncertainty of the listing firms.
On the Fekete-Szego problem for alpha-quasi-convex functions
Authors: Abdel-Gawad H. R.
Published: October 2020

Let $ Q_\alpha(\alpha\ge 0)$ denote the class of normalized analytic alpha-quasi-convex functions $ f$, defined in the unit disc, $ D=\{z:|z|
Sasakian anti-holomorphic submanifolds of a Kaehler manifold
Authors: Loo Tee-How
Published: October 2020

Let $ M$ be a connected Sasakian anti-holomorphic submanifold of a Kaehler mnifold with flat norml connection and with dim $ D\ge 4$, where $ D$ is the holomorphic distribution on $ M$. We show that $ M$ is locally Riemannian product $ M' \times M''$ where $ M'$ is homothetic to a Sasakian manifold and $ M''$ is a locally Euclidean space.
On the ABLUE of the scale parameter of the generalized Pareto distribution
Authors: Cheng Smiley W. , Chou C. H.
Published: October 2020

We study the asymptotic best linear unbiased estimation of the scale parameter of the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) with the probability density function (p.d.f.)$$ f(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \sigma^{-1}(1-rx/\sigma)^{1/r-1},~~&r\not=0 \\ \sigma^{-1}\exp(-x/\sigma),~~&r=0. \end{array}\right.$$In Cheng and Chou (2000), the best linear unbiased estimation of the scale parameter was discussed for finite samples. We study the large sample size cases here. Results of some chosen cases are tabulated.
On the BLUE of the scale parameter of the generalized Pareto distribution
Authors: Cheng S. W. , Chou C. H.
Published: October 2020

In this article, we will study the linear estimation of the scale parameter of the generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) which has the probability density function (p.d.f.)$$ f(x)=\left\{\begin{array}{ll} \sigma^{-1}(1-rx/\sigma)^{1/r-1},~~& r\not=0 \\ \sigma^{-1}\exp(-x/\sigma),&r=0. \end{array}\right.$$We first derive the expected value, variances and covariances of the order statistics from the GPD. Then proceed to find the best linear unbiased estimates of the scale parameter $\sigma$ based on a few order statistics selected from a complete sample or a type-II censored sample. Results of some chosen cases were tabulated.
Eulerian intergral formulas and associated fractional integration
Authors: Garg Mridula , Purohit Mridula
Published: October 2020

In the present paper, we evaluate two unified Eulerian integrals whose integrands involve the product of a general class of multivariable polynomials and the multivariable $ {\bf H}$-function. The results obtained here provide interesting unifications and extensions of several known [eg. [9], [11], [12], [18], [21], etc.] and new results. We have given two new special cases which are also sufficiently general in nature and of interest in themselves. As an application, one of the result has also been expressed as fractional integral which would provide useful generalization of known results in the theory of fractional calculus.
On quasi I-openness and quasi I-continuity
Authors: El-Monsef M. E. Abd , Mahmoud R. A. , Nasef A. A.
Published: October 2020

A space $ (X,\tau,I)$ consisting of a nonempty set $ X$ with a topology $ \tau$ and an ideal $ I$ of subsets of $ X$ which has heredity and finite additivity properties. In this paper the quasi $ I$-open and quasi $ I$-closed sets are presented. Utilizing these new concepts the class of quasi $ I$-continuous functions have been obtained. Both of quasi $ I$-openness and quasi $ I$-continuity is considered as a generalization of those $ I$-openness and $ I$-continuity. However, numerous topological properties of these new notions have been discussed as well as many of their known results have been improved.
$ \lambda(P)$-nuclearity of locally convex spaces having generalized bases
Authors: Deheri G. M.
Published: October 2020

It has been established that a $DF$-space having a fully-$\lambda(P)$-basis is $\lambda(P)$-nuclear wherein $P$ is a stable nuclear power set of infinite type. It is shown that a barrelled $G_1$-space $\lambda(Q)$ is uniformly $\lambda(P)$-nuclear iff $\{e_i,e_i\}$ is a fully-$\lambda(P)$-basis for $\lambda(Q)$. Suppose $\lambda$ is a $\mu$-perfect sequence space for a perfect sequence space $\mu$ such that there exist $u\in \lambda^\mu$ and $v\in \mu^x$ with $u_i\ge \varepsilon >0$ and $v_i\ge \iota >0$ for some $\varepsilon$ and $\iota$ and for all $i$. Then the following results are found to be true. (i) A sequentially complete space having a fully-$(\lambda,\sigma \mu)$-basis is $\lambda(P)$-nuclear, provided $\mu$ is a $DF$-space in which $\{e_i,e_i\}$ is a semi-$\lambda(P)$-basis. (ii) Suppose $\{e_i,e_i\}$ is a fully-$(\lambda, \sigma \mu)$-basis for a barrelled $G_i$-space $\lambda(Q)$. If $\mu$ is barrelled and $\{e_i,e_i\}$ is a semi-$\lambda(P)$-basis for $\mu$ then $\lambda(Q)$ is uniformly $\lambda(P)$-nuclear. (iii) A $DF$-space with a fully-$(\lambda, \sigma\mu)$-basis is $\lambda(P)$-nuclear wherein $(\lambda,\sigma\mu)$ is barrelled in which $\{e_i,e_i\}$ is a semi-$\lambda(P)$-basis.
On the existence of projective affine motion in a $W$-recurrent Finsler space
Authors: Kumar A. , Shulka H. S. , Tripathi R. P.
Published: October 2020

The paper is devoted to study the properties of a $W$-$R$ $F_n$ space admitting an infinitesimal point transformation $\overline x^i=x^i+v^i(x)dt$ which satisfies the condition $L_v\lambda_s=0$.
Wendroff type inequalities for nonlinear hyperbolic equations
Authors: Li Wen Rong , Cheng Sui Sun
Published: October 2020

Several Wendroff type inequalities are derived, and applications to characteristic initial value problems involving hyperbolic partial differential equations are illustrated.
$ \sigma $-derivations on prime near-rings
Authors: Kamal Ahmed A. M.
Published: October 2020

The literatrue on near-rings contains a number of theorems asserting that certain conditions implying commutativity in rings imply multiplicative or additive commutativity in special classes of near-rings. H. E. Bell and G. Mason in [2] added to this body of results several commutativity theorems for near-rings admitting suitably-constrained derivations. In this paper we generalize some of their results to a subclass of prime near-rings admitting suitably-constrained $ \sigma $-derivations, where $ \sigma $ is an automorphibm of the prime near-ring.
Oscillation and nonoscillation theorems for second order nonlinear differential equations
Authors: Jianchu Jiang
Published: October 2020

New oscillation and nonoscillation theorems are obtained for the second order nonlinear differential equation $$ (|u'(t)|^{\alpha -1} u'(t))' + p(t)|u(t)|^{\alpha -1} u(t) = 0 $$ where $ p(t) \in C [0, \infty) $ and $ p(t) \ge 0 $. Conditions only about the integrals of $ p(t) $ on every interval $ [2^n t_0, 2^{n+1} t_0] $ ($ n = 1, 2, \ldots $) for some fixed $ t_0 >0 $ are used in the results.
On meromorphic $ \alpha $-close-to-convex function
Authors: Bharati B. , Rajagopal Rajalakshmi
Published: October 2020

Let $ B(\alpha) $ denote the class of all functions $ f $ meromorphic in the unit disc $ E $ with $ z f(z) \ne 0 $, $ z^2 f'(z) \ne 0 $ in $ E $ satisfying the condition $$ \int_{\theta_1}^{\theta_2} Re \left{ \alpha (1+z \frac{f''(z) }{f'(z)} +(1- \alpha) z \frac{f'(z) }{f(z)} \right} d \theta < \pi $$ where $ 0 \le \theta_1 < \theta_2 \le \theta_2 + 2 \pi $, $ z = re^{i \theta} $, $ r < 1 $ and $ \alpha $ is a non-negative real numbers. We call $ f \in B (\alpha) $ a meromorphic $ \alpha $-colse-to-convex function. This paper pertains to the study of some interesting properties of the class $ B (\alpha) $.
Some inequalities for random variables whose probability density functions are absolutely continuous using a pre-Chebychev inequality
Authors: Barnett N. S. , Dragomir S. S.
Published: October 2020

Using the pre-Chebychev inequality considered by Matic, Pecaric and Ujevic in [2], some inequalities are obtained for random variables whose p.d.f.s are absolutely continuous and whose derivatives are in $ L_{\infty} [a,b] $.
$ S$-Cluster Sets in Fuzzy Topological Spaces
Authors: Nouh A. A. , El-Shafei M. E.
Published: October 2020

In this paper the concept of $ S$-cluster fuzzy sets, of fuzzy functions and fuzzy multifunctions between fuzzy topological spaces is introduced. As an application, characterizations of fuzzy Hausdorff and $ SQ_\alpha$-closed fuzzy topological spaces are achieved via such cluster fuzzy sets.
On compatible mappings satisfying an implicit relation in common fixed point consideration
Authors: Sharma Sushil , Deshpande Bhavana
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we prove some common fixed point theorems for compatible mappings satisfying an implicit relation.
On a subclass of Bazileviv c functions
Authors: Halim S. A.
Published: October 2020

For $ \alpha>0$, $ 0\le \beta
On nonlinear finite difference inequalities in two independent variables
Authors: Pachpatte B. G.
Published: October 2020

The aim of the present paper is to establish some new finite difference inequalities involving functions of two independent variables which provide explicit bounds on unknown functions. The inequalities given here can be used as tools in the qualitative theory of certain partial finite difference equations.
ASPECTOS SOCIOECONÔMICOS, SOBRECARGA E QUALIDADE DE VIDA DO CUIDADOR DE IDOSOS COM DOENÇA DE ALZHEIMER
Authors: Souza Niciane Maria de Paula , Pereira Deborah Santos , Alves Miriam Silva Inácio , Carvalho Rêne Mary de Queiroz , Horta Natália de Cassia
Published: October 2020

O presente estudo teve por objetivo analisar os fatores, especialmente os socioeconômicos, presentes no núcleo familiar que possa influenciar no cuidado da pessoa com diagnóstico médico de doença de Alzheimer (DA). Trata-se de estudo de caso transversal e exploratório. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram 10 cuidadores principais, 2 cuidadores secundários e 10 indivíduos com DA adscritos em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde, do município de Betim, Minas Gerais. Na pesquisa, foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos de coleta: a Escala de Sobrecarga de cuidadores de Zarit, o Questionário Critério de Classificação Econômica Brasil, a entrevista com roteiro semiestruturado e o diário de campo do pesquisador sendo feita análise de conteúdo dos achados. A pesquisa foi aprovada e submetida pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da PUC Minas. Os achados da pesquisa revelam que o aspecto sócio econômico influencia na maneira que são realizados os cuidados aos idosos com Doença de Alzheimer. Torna-se necessário que um membro do núcleo familiar assuma o cuidado ao idoso adoecido por dificuldades para contratar profissionais cuidadores, tido como cuidador informal. O perfil desse cuidador é majoritariamente do sexo feminino em idade adulta e com baixa escolaridade. O cuidado é realizado em longos períodos, sem auxílio para a divisão das tarefas, sem capacitação e com poucos recursos financeiros, o que leva à sobrecarga do cuidador e um cuidado fragilizado. Os desafios enfrentados nesse processo de cuidar são múltiplos indo desde a falta de conhecimento sobre a doença até a falta de políticas de cuidado de longa duração que subsidiem a assistência a essas famílias. O estudo revelou a necessidade premente de apoio ao cuidador, especialmente aos cuidadores familiares, prevalente no contexto brasileiro, que tem vivido em um grau de sobrecarga de moderada a severa, com repercussões em sua qualidade de vida.
PERCEPÇÃO DE PROFISSIONAIS E GESTORES SOBRE A PROMOÇÃO DA SAÚDE DOS IDOSOS INSTITUCIONALIZADOS
Authors: Oliveira Tatiana Resende Prado Rangel , Horta Natália de Cássia , Souza Marina Celly Martins Ribeiro de , Ferreira Quesia Nayrane , Silva Michely Cristina Gonçalves
Published: October 2020

Este artigo tem como objetivo analisar as percepções dos profissionais sobre as práticas por eles realizadas para a promoção da saúde do idoso institucionalizado. Trata-se de pesquisa descritivo-exploratória, de natureza quanti-qualitativa cujos dados foram coletados por meio de questionário aplicado em 156 Instituições de Longa Permanência de Idosos (ILPI) da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte e dez grupos focais com a participação de 62 gestores e profissionais de 48 serviços. Realizou-se estatística descritiva dos dados dos questionários e análise de conteúdo proposta por Bardin para os grupos focais. Deste material emergiu a categoria: “Percepção da Promoção da Saúde no discurso dos participantes”. Os achados negam o pressuposto inicial de que as ILPI têm ofertado cuidados mínimos, majoritariamente assistenciais, para essa população, pois se verificou uma variedade de ações ofertadas pelas instituições, além de eventos externos propostos pelos próprios idosos residentes. Não foi evidenciada diferença entre instituições privadas ou filantrópicas quanto à oferta de ações de promoção da saúde. Os resultados demonstraram que a gestão, a qualificação profissional, o trabalho em equipe multidisciplinar e a atenção à família têm um papel fundamental para a Promoção da Saúde do idoso institucionalizado. Adicionalmente, muitos participantes percebem a promoção da saúde ainda relacionada ao quantitativo de profissionais, recursos físicos e atividades oferecidas, mas alguns participantes já apontam para o reconhecimento da necessidade de se preservar e estimular a autonomia dos idosos como premissa básica para promover saúde.
Numerical study on thoracic aortic aneurysms : the aneurysms aggravation effects on the seconda rythme flows motion
Authors: ARAB Mohammed Ilies , BOUZIT Mohamed , AMEUR Houari , KAMLA Youcef
Published: October 2020

It is Well know  that there is a strong correlation between artery wall diseases and the flow structure disturbance. Aneurysms are enlargements situated at different but specifics parts of the vascular system; it is a silent diseas that evolves in time. The thoracic aortic aneurysms  (T. A. A) remains relatively unstudied and therefore the present study aimis is to clarify the effects of the  (T . A. A) evolution and the geometrical variations on both hydrodynamic instabilities inside the aortic bulge especially the vortex ring phenomenon and the secondary motion (Dean and lyne vortices) downsream the aneurysms.  Two different cases of asymmetric enlargements in the ascending part of the aortic are studied for both newtonien and the shear-thinning model to mimic the blood rheology inside the aneurysms bulge in order to investigate both parameters impact on the vortex ring behavior. Results schowed that the blood rheoligy effects the propagation velocity while the aneurysms size influences the vortex ring rupture,  the motion of the ring interaction with an inclined wall phenomenon. Results also showed that vortex ring disturbs the boundary layer and therefore the secondary motion in the rest of the aorta.
Beteiligungsleitlinien und Bügerbudget: Wuppertal und Bonn im Vergleich
Authors: Wiechmann Elke , Winter Thorben , Holtkamp Lars
Published: October 2020

Im Rahmen der Kooperativen Demokratie werden in Deutschland seit Ende der 1990er Jahre kommunale Bürgerhaushalte verstärkt diskutiert und umgesetzt. Bürgerhaushalte sind ein Arrangement zwischen Politik, Verwaltung und Bürgerschaft und finden in der Regel in dialogorientierten Verfahren statt. Es gilt ein Dreiklang aus Information, Konsultation und Rechenschaft. Ziel war unter anderem die stärkere Einbindung und Akzeptanz der Bürgerschaft bei der Verteilung der öffentlichen (zunehmend) begrenzten Gelder.

Oftmals gingen die versprochenen Beteiligungsverfahren mit Erwartungsenttäuschungen seitens der Bürgerschaft einher. Um diesen Prozessen neuen Schwung zu geben und verspieltes Vertrauen zurück zu gewinnen, haben einige Kommunen mit der Bürgerschaft gemeinsam neue Beteiligungswege entwickelt.

Bonn und Wuppertal habe sich mit den neuen Instrumenten Leitlinien für Bürgerbeteiligung und Bürgerbudget auf diesen Weg begeben. Eine Vorstudie zeigt, wie sie erfolgreich umgesetzt werden können ohne die Fallstricke zu verschweigen.
Ecological and Economic Potential of Major Halophytes and Salt Tolerant Vegetation in India
Authors: Vineeth T.V. , Kumar Shrvan , Shukla Monika , Chinchmalatpure Anil , Chander Sharma Parbodh
Published: October 2020

Soil salinization is a global and climatic phenomenon that affects various spheres of life. The present rate of salinization is perilously fast because of global climate change and associated events leading to enhanced land degradation, loss of soil fertility and crop productivity. In this chapter, we tried to focus on the arid and semiarid regions of India along with our coastal zone which are economically fragile regions and need much closer attention. In future, India will face extreme pressure on its land resources in agriculture because of likely rapid degradation of these resources. Thus, salt affected soils must be brought under cultivation by adopting site specific strategies to ensure national food and nutritional security. In this regard, a comprehensive review of the major halophytes of these ecological zones, its mechanism of salt tolerance, ecological and economic potential is done. The potential applications of saline land vegetation including halophytes in climate change mitigation, phytoremediation, desalination, food, secondary metabolite and nutraceutical production, medicine, and saline agriculture have been discussed. Further, we tried to focus on popular farmer adopted halophytic species including edible ones, their uses, products of economic significance etc. which is highly imperative for effective utilization of these saline soils leading to improved livelihood and sustenance of resource poor farmers along with improved ecological balance.
The Role of Opioids in Pain Management in Elderly Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review Article
Authors: Dolati Sanam , Tarighat Faezeh , Pashazadeh Fariba , Shahsavarinia Kavous , Gholipouri Saina , Soleimanpour Hassan
Published: October 2020

: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is a global public health problem. Pain is one of the most generally experienced symptoms by CKD patients. Pain management is a key clinical activity; nonetheless, insufficient pain management by health professionals keeps it up. Opioids as pain relievers are a class of naturally-derived and synthetic medications. They act through interactions with receptors in peripheral nerves. Numerous pharmacokinetic alterations happen with aging that influence drug disposition, metabolism, and quality of life. Acetaminophen alone, or combined with low-potency opioid dose is regarded as the safest pain-relieving choice for CKD. Morphine and codeine are probably eluded in renal impairment patients and used with excessive carefulness. Tramadol, oxycodone, and hydromorphone can be used by patient monitoring, while methadone, transdermal fentanyl, and buprenorphine seem to be safe to use in older non-dialysis patients with renal impairment. Consistent with the available literature, the main aim of this review was to explore the occurrence of chronic pain and its opioid treatment in CKD patients. According to this review, more and well-made randomized controlled trials are necessary to find appropriate opioid doses and explore the occurrence of side effects.
The Impact of Optimal Dose of Ketamine on Shivering Following Elective Abdominal Hysterectomy: A Randomised Comparative Study
Authors: Samimi Sadeh Saghar , Hashemi Elham , Aminnejad Reza , Bastanhagh Ehsan
Published: October 2020

Background: Following surgery, patients frequently suffer from shivering, and this can lead to postoperative complications and discomfort. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effect of ketamine on patients’ shivering following an elective abdominal hysterectomy. Patients were given either Ketamine (0.25 mg or 0.5 mg/kg) or a placebo. The study and surgery took place in a subspecialty University Hospital for Gynecology and Obstetrics. Methods: This study was an interventional, randomized, controlled clinical trial. Ninety-six women who underwent elective abdominal hysterectomy were randomly assigned to three groups. Ketamine was administered to all participants 20 min prior to the end of surgery. The first group received 0.25 mg/kg of intravenous ketamine. The second group received 0.5 mg/kg intravenous ketamine. The third group received a placebo of intravenous saline. Postoperative shivering, sedation grade, hallucination, nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus were measured for each patient up to 30 minutes. Results: The study showed that patients suffered from less shivering in the two groups that received ketamine. The reduced shivering was seen 5, 10, and 20 min following surgery in the two groups that were given two doses of 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg ketamine compared to the control group (P value < 0.05). There was a significant difference between patients receiving normal saline and those having 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg of ketamine in the rate of sedation grade, nausea, vomiting, and nystagmus (P value < 0.05). The main differences in patients receiving ketamine were the sedation grade at zero time and postoperative hallucination experienced by those patients who received 0.5 mg/kg of ketamine. Conclusions: Ketamine reduced shivering in all patients following elective abdominal hysterectomy. This was regardless of dose. Patients were less likely to suffer from hallucinations and sedation grade with a lower dose of ketamine (0.25 mg/kg compared to 0.50 mg/kg).
Application of Artificial Neural Network and Response Surface Methodology in Optimization of Cold Fiber Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction (CF-HS-SPME) for Analysis of 2, 5-Hexandion in Urine Samples
Authors: Pourbakhshi Yasaman , Farhadian Maryam , Bahrami AbdulRahman , Tajik Leila , Ghorbani Shanha Farshid , Assari Mohammad Javad
Published: October 2020

Background: Cold-Fiber Solid-Phase Microextraction (CF-SPME) is often used for the extraction of volatile and semi-volatile compounds from complex matrices. Multivariate statistical optimization techniques can save time and chemicals and thus decrease the analytical cost in comparison with the Single Variable Approach (SVA). Over the past few decades, different beneficial mathematical tools have been developed for the optimization of separation processes. Objectives: In this study, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Response Surface Methodology (RSM) applications were compared for CF-SPME optimization to determine 2, 5-hexandion in urine samples. 2, 5-Hexanedione is a colorless liquid and the main metabolite of n-hexane as a result of occupational exposure. Methods: N-hexane is widely used in the rubber industry, food processing, solvents, and medicinal drugs and has adverse effects such as neurotoxicity on humans. Thus, biological monitoring, analytic methods, and mathematical and statistical techniques concerning 2.5-HD are very important. The RSM and ANN are mathematical and statistical techniques applied for the optimization and process modeling. Designing an experiment based on the Historical Data Design (HDD) of RSM was adopted to evaluate the relationship between independent parameters such as extraction temperature, extraction time, sample volume, and extraction efficiency of 2, 5-hexandion. Results: The models were compared for their predictive ability by the coefficient of determination (R2) and Root Mean Square Error (RSME) based on the train and test dataset. Conclusions: The results were highly significant (P < 0.05) for the optimization of variables. The ANN model had more generalizability than the RSM model. Also, the ANN had higher predictive accuracy.
Coronavirus in the (bio)political imaginarium
Authors: Perić-Dilgenski Tijana
Published: October 2020

The paper starts from the premise that (bio)political engineering of conservatively profiled political actors during the coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic was determined by economic calculations. The coronavirus imaginarium exposed the logic of the neoliberal market economy and pointed to the need to deconstruct the existing and establish a new economic paradigm. The findings of the paper show that the pandemic has brought to light an infection of non-solidarity and intolerance towards the phenomenon of otherness, which is accused of being a contagious factor. The paper elaborates that democratic ways of governing are overshadowed by populist manners that tend to use the narrative of fear of viruses to consolidate their own regimes.
Violation of universal human rights and persecution of the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro during the COVID-19 epidemic
Authors: Mirović Dejan
Published: October 2020

At the end of 2019, the Law on the Freedom of Religion was adopted in Montenegro, causing protests and mass litanies from December 2019 to March 2020. After the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, the authorities in Podgorica actually abolished the freedom of assembly and the freedom of religion. Thus the authorities in Montenegro, under the pretext of the urgent social need or public health protection, acted disproportionally and inappropriately during the epidemic. That was the violation of the international conventions guaranteeing universal protection of the freedom of religion and the regulations prohibiting discrimination. The COVID-19 epidemic was used by the authorities to clamp down on the Serbian Orthodox Church in Montenegro for the purpose of establishing the non-canonical Montenegrin Orthodox Church, expropriating the church property and imposing the provisions of the illegitimate and illegal Law on the Freedom of Religion.
The Arithmetic Teacher
Authors: Mayor John R.
Published: October 2020

The Arithmetic Teacher is a quarterly journal published by The National Council of Teachers of Mathematics, a professional organization devoted to the improvement of the teaching of mathematics at all levels of instruction. This new publication should make professional reading on the teaching of arithmetic more accessible to elementary school teachers and as a result, the thinking of leaders in this field should be more readily reflected in school practice. Devoted to the improvement of the teaching of mathematics in the kindergarten and the grades of the elementary school, THE ARITHMETIC TEACHER will bring to teachers direct help on how to improve the teaching of arithmetic and knowledge and understanding of the application of new ideas to classroom work from day to day.
Principles of Learning Applied to Arithmetic
Authors: Hildreth Gertrude
Published: October 2020

Children growing up in our fastmoving world are confronted with a number of developmental tasks inclucling the learning of mathematical concepts and processes for everyday use. If children in the elementary school fail to grasp the basic principles in the use of this remarkable subject they will be left short in economic competence and many vocational opportunities will be closed to them.
The oral arithmetic vocabulary of kindergarten children
Authors: Kolson Clifford J.
Published: October 2020

Perhaps because of its relationship to educational activities, the vocabulary of children has been of great importance to the educator. One of the most significant studies was conducted by the Child Study Committee of the International Kindergarten Union1* in 1928. A word list of 2,596 words was compiled by making a frequency list from 893,266 running words spoken by kindergarten children and recorded by members of the committee. In 1960 the International Kindergarten Study was replicated by Kolson.2 This paper is based on the data gathered during the 1960 study.
The value of pi
Authors: Setzekorn Ann
Published: October 2020

Most seventh- and eighth-grade mathematics textbooks suggest that the pupils measure the circumference and diameter of such objects as waste baskets, pie pans, and funnels; and that from these measurements they compute an approximate value for pi. For the past several years we have been using the large circles on the basketball court in our gymnasium. We find a decided advantage in the rather large size of the circles.
Illustrating the multiplication and division of common fractions
Authors: Kolesnik Theodore S.
Published: October 2020

One of the many Leaching aids used in all grades and in all subject areas is the diagram or illustration. vVe arc well aware of its effectiveness in clarifying or explaining a given step or process. Tho diagramming of a sen tence in English, t he map in social studies, the color wheel in art, the game formation in physical educaLiou, and the stages in t he life cycle of a moth in science arc but a few of the many u. c. of diagrams to give further emphasis and meaning to a point at band.
Focal point: Effecting change in a large county system
Authors: Weaver J. Fred
Published: October 2020

Envision t he task of cffecting desirable change in t he elementary school mathematics program in a county school system that serves 107,000 children through 144 elementary school centers involving 3,800 teachers (400-500 of whom are new to the system each year). That is the task faced in the elementary school of Dade County, Florida.
Editorial comments: As we read
Authors: Hamilton E. W.
Published: October 2020

It is easy to ride a “band wagon.” It is not so easy to see over the heads of the crowd to determine where the parade is going or to deflect it into the right streets once it has started moving. Fehr issues some pertinent warnings based on apt analogy, and offer a sharp analysis of what we should be trying to do in mathematics education. His call for applications will not appeal to some, but the fact is that one or two of the early experimeutal programs are already revising with this emphasis. His remarks about producing free minds must appeal to all of us and his suggestions for helping to attain this goal go to the very heart of pedagogy.
Measurement and partition—commutativity of multiplication
Authors: Peck Lyman C. , Niswonger Dan
Published: October 2020

This paper is an outgrowth of the authors' attempt to clear up some of the confusion surrounding the division process, primarily the fact that a division of two whole numbers has both measurement and partition applications.
In the classroom: Addition: regrouping addends
Authors: Robinson Donald K.
Published: October 2020

The word “carry” has long been identified with regrouping addends to reduce them to their sum. The idea set forth here attempts to help those children who find this regrouping especially difficult to understand. Why some children fail, more or less, to grasp the idea of regrouping depends upon so many factors that it is a topic in itself. But one thing all failures have in common: everyone dislikes it and prefers success. Success and understanding oftentimes depend upon those kinds of student activity that demonstrate the concept that is to be learned. This technique attempts to draw students into the activity of regrouping addends and demonstrate, to themselves, the reduction of the addends to their sum.
In the classroom: Practice in renaming numbers—an aid to subtraction
Authors: Deans Edwina
Published: October 2020

As an aid to teaching subtraction, give your pupils some practice in renaming numbers. Here are three types of exercises you can use.
Early development of concepts of multiplication and division
Authors: Deans Edwina
Published: October 2020

Begin to develop concepts of multiplication and division in Grades 1 and 2. Prepare several cards with sets of 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 objects. Be sure several of the cards represent empty sets. Cards may be quickly prepared with gummed stickers and heavy construction paper. Circles, ovals, squares, etc., are easily ananged in recognizable patterns. You may want to vary the shapes of the cards for interest, variety, and rapid identification.
A second revolution
Authors: Newport John F.
Published: October 2020

While we have been beating the drum about the revolution in elementary school mathematics in recent years, a second revolution has been quietly taking place. The science course improvement projects, sponsored by the National Science Foundation, have resulted in a number of experimental elementary school science programs, and many of the lessons in some of the programs involve mathematical operations. In some instances the mathematics required of the student in the new science programs seems to be more difficult than that which might confront the student in his study of mathematics per se.
Some practical ideas for teaching mathematics to disadvantaged children
Authors: Mintz Natalie , Fremont Herbert
Published: October 2020

Suggestions to teachers about helping disadvantaged students to learn mathematics are in very short supply. Although the number of articles about these children is on the increase, specific and practical ideas are still sorely needed if teachers are going to open the horizons for these students of currently limited outlook. We have the feeling that much more is at stake than the mathematics experience of the disadvantaged.
The use of the mathematics library in elementary and junior high schools
Authors: Hess Adrien L.
Published: October 2020

For many years much attention has been given to reading at all levels, but particularly to reading in the elementary grades. Programs have been designed to encourage children to read widely. Many writers have directed their time and talent to writing books suitable for the various grade levels. It is now possible for teachers in elementary and junior high schools to stock their libraries with well-written and well-illustrated books.
The application of readability formulae to mathematics text materials: a note
Authors: Smith Kenneth J.
Published: October 2020

Readability formulae have been applied to a variety of materials with considerable beneficial effect for a number of years. Certainly, no readability formula claims to measure all of the factors involved in determining the difficulty of any reading matter. However, they have proved quite useful to writers and teachers who wish to provide students with materials which are suitable in terms of difficulty. These formulae have, therefore, been commonly applied to books in the curricular areas of reading, social studies, science, and literature. However, few attempts have been made to apply these formulae to mathematics materials, perhaps because it is difficult to apply them to these materials.
Fun with one-to-one correspondence
Authors: Knowles Evelyn
Published: October 2020

A fascinating discovery for an intermediate grade student is the construction of a geometric picture using only straight lines.
Learning by discovery: instructional strategies
Authors: Kersh Bert Y.
Published: October 2020

What characterizes the discovery approach? What difference does it make whether the learner “invents” a principle of mathematics or simply is told the principle? The expected answer would be that learning is more “effective,” even though it may take the learner longer to learn by discovery. What advocates of discovery learning generally mean by effective learning is not often spelled out in detail. However, many would agree that when the student learns by discovery he (1) understands what he learns, and so is better able to rem em her and to transfer it; (2) he learns something the psychologist calls a “learning set,” or a strategy for discovering new principles, and (3) he develops an interest in what he learned.
Why circumvent geometry in the primary grades?
Authors: Vigilante Nicholas J.
Published: October 2020

Today the arithmetic program in the elementary grades is being reevaluated. New ideas and approaches are being proposed, discussed, and tested. One of these ideas, the teaching of geometry in the elementary school, is being introduced as early as kindergarten. One of the most extensive and well-known programs in geometry for the primary grades has been developed by Patrick Suppes and Newton Hawley at Stanford University. Their program is more formalized than the experiences some children have in their present classrooms. The presentation of geometry differs from one classroom or school system to another. Some teachers find it very essential; others are still questioning its value.
What problems are involved in implementing the “new” curricular programs?
Authors: Herman Jerry J.
Published: October 2020

Like many school systems across the nation the Lakeview School District of St. Clair Shores, Michigan, has an administration and teaching staff that is interested in incorporating worthwhile curricular developments into its educational program. Although this District of more than 7,400 students and 300 professionals has a monetary valuation considerably below the state average, it is involved in many subject area evaluations. The problems and procedures of incorporating the “new math” into its educational offerings most adequately illustrates the complications involved in implementing curricular changes.
Perspective in programs of instruction in elementary mathematics
Authors: Clark John R.
Published: October 2020

First, a word about the present reform movement. It is a national educational movement, with great momentum. It is concerned with subject matter, objectives, and the psychology of learning. Some proponents have called it a revolution, in which the new is giving battle with the traditional. Members of profession are asking, “Do you teach the new mathematics or the old? Do you employ the new theory of learning or the old? Are you modem or traditional?" But more about this dichotomy later.
The use of new educational media
Authors: Zant James H.
Published: October 2020

We shall make a basic assumption that we are interested in media which will be useful in the mainstream of instruction in the day-to-day mathematics classroom. For our purposes, new media are considered as materials which can be integrated with more conventional materials to provide a multimedia approach to the instructional-learning process in mathematics. Moreover, this discussion will be limited to communication media, which includes television, moving picture films, single concept films, projectuals, filmstrips, programmed instruction, and the like. That is, media to be used as a part of the instructional program will be that which communicates something about the concepts and principles of mathematics to the children in much the same way that the teacher or textbook communicates with them.
Editorial Comments: As we read
Authors: Hamilton E. W.
Published: October 2020

The titles in this issue run the usual gamut, but most of them deal in one way or another with one of the major features of modern mathematics teaching. As you read, note how one particular question of methodology keeps coming up. It is the matter of the teacher recognizing and encouraging a variety of response patterns. Sometimes it is suggested outright as a criticism of the teacher depending too much on memorized responses— verbalisms, if you please. Other times it is more subtle—the mere suggestion that a line of questioning or a series of activities will lead to a desired response.
Mobility on arithmetic achievement
Authors: Snipes Walter T.
Published: October 2020

Today's teachers need not be familiar with census statistics to realize that America's citizens are moving from one place to another with amazing rapidity. They need only check their enrollment registers to see the phenomenon of mobility as it exists in our society today. Educators have become concerned over the implications of such mobility for the schools.
Editorial comments: As we read
Authors: Hamilton E.W.
Published: October 2020

Some people may take offsense at the blnnt statements Dr. Fehr uses to make us face what has been going on in our business. I suggest that the reader finish the article and spend at least thirty minutes thinking about it before he starts his letter to the editor. He may then concede that this stand can be, and is, well defended, and that we still have much to do to digest and consolidate the reforms which have taken place in the last few years.
Editorial comments: As we read
Authors: Hamilton E. W.
Published: October 2020

Rumors are usually more frightening than the truth. Undoubtedly, many of our readers have heard rumors about the Cambridge Conference Report—some of them disturbing. Professor Adler does a real service in reporting the salient features of this report in easily understood t erms and with pertinent comments of his own. His final admonitions are well worth rereading. They suggest that we may need to exert some missionary effort and to reassess ourselves.
Use of items with coded numbers for measuring understanding of elementary mathematical concepts
Authors: Hartlein Marion L.
Published: October 2020

Emphasis on understanding of mathematical concepts in the elementary school began in the thirties and has grown in acceptance until today the titles of many textbooks reflect this point of view. Only recently, however, has attention been given to the testing of understanding of these same concepts. Sections entitled “Arithmetic Concepts” are now beginning to appear in standardized tests. The term “understanding” in this setting, however, is used in a broad sense. including such content as vocabulary, knowledge of measures, Roman numerals, and geometric forms. It is still difficult to find tests that are designed to measure the understanding of the number system, its properties. and its operation.
Signed numbers
Authors: Magnuson Russell C.
Published: October 2020

Study of signed numbers as such was previously deferred until late junior high school years; and then unrealistic, artificial situations and rules that confused rather than clarified the situation were frequently used. One certainly does not need to introduce signed numbers at primary grades just for the sake of having included them, but there are situations that promote investigation of them at that level to satisfy a particular need. The student interest and willingness to explore presents a real opportunity to establish a feeling of confidence and understanding when dealing with this topic.
A more elementary view of the irrationality of √2
Authors: Murray Jerome T.
Published: October 2020

While researching the numerous texts that arc currently being used in the “new math” curricula around the country I found it unfortunate that no one had devied a demonstration for the irrationality of √2 that could be used at the elementary or junior high school level in conjunction with the introduction of irrational numbers. A simple demonstration suggested itself.
School mathematics—where to now?
Authors: Kane Robert B.
Published: October 2020

New mathematics is “old hat” in Indiana. About forty years ago a bill was introduced in the state legislature to redefine π as being equal to 3 rather than approximately 3. 14157. … Using 3 for π would not only satisfy Bible-Belt fund amentalists but also simplify computation. Only a last-ditch fight by members of the mathematical community prevented my state from being an innovator par excellence. This story should reassure you that I have clear geographical qualifications to talk about new di rections for school mathematics.
Base popsicle
Authors: Weyer Virginia
Published: October 2020

Change to a new curriculum in elementary school mathematics moved with relative smoothness in the fourth-grade classroom until nondecimal numeration systems were introduced. Then even the rapid learners in the “old” system began to experience frustration.