bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An efficient method for meteorological nephogram recognition in cloud environment
Authors: Li Tao , Wang Lei , Ren Yongjun , Li Xiang , Xia Jinyue , An Ran
Published: December 2019

Nephogram could provide important information for meteorological business, and nephogram recognition is a kind of challenge in the meteorological industry. In this paper, a selective neural network ensemble method based on K-means and Hadoop processing technology is proposed. This method combines the neural network, K-means clustering and AdaBoost in cloud environment. The experimental results show that the recognition precision of the method proposed by this paper is higher than that of traditional method in a stand-alone environment.
Adding exercise to usual care in patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or cardiovascular disease: a protocol for a systematic review with meta-analysis and trial sequential analysis
Authors: Rijal Anupa , Nielsen Emil Eik , Hemmingsen Bianca , Neupane Dinesh , Gæde Peter Haulund , Olsen Michael Hecht , Jakobsen Janus Christian
Published: December 2019

Background

Hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease are among the leading causes of mortality globally. Exercise is one of the commonly recommended interventions/preventions for hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. However, the previous reviews have shown conflicting evidence on the effects of exercise. Our objective is to assess the beneficial and harmful effects of adding exercise to usual care for people with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or cardiovascular disease.

Methods

This protocol for a systematic review was undertaken using the recommendations of The Cochrane Collaboration, the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis Protocols (PRISMA-P) and the eight-step assessment procedure suggested by Jakobsen et al. We plan to include all relevant randomised clinical trials and cluster-randomised trials assessing the effects of adding exercise to usual care for people with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or cardiovascular disease. We will search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Excerpta Medica database (EMBASE), Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), Science Citation Index Expanded on Web of Science, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database (CBM), China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese Science Journal Database (VIP) and BIOSIS. We will systematically assess the risks of random errors using Trial Sequential Analysis as well as risks of bias of all included trials. We will create a ‘Summary of Findings’ table in which we will present our primary and secondary outcomes, and we will assess the quality of evidence using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE).

Discussion

The present systematic review will have the potential to aid patients, clinicians and decision-makers recommending exercise and thereby, benefit patients with hypertension, type 2 diabetes mellitus and/or cardiovascular disease.

Systematic review registration

PROSPERO CRD42019142313
CAZymes-based ranking of fungi (CBRF): an interactive web database for identifying fungi with extrinsic plant biomass degrading abilities
Authors: Kameshwar Ayyappa Kumar Sista , Ramos Luiz Pereira , Qin Wensheng
Published: December 2019

Carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes) are industrially important enzymes, which are involved in synthesis and breakdown of carbohydrates. CAZymes secreted by microorganisms especially fungi are widely used in industries. However, identifying an ideal fungal candidate is costly and time-consuming process. In this regard, we have developed a web-database “CAZymes Based Ranking of Fungi (CBRF)”, for sorting and selecting an ideal fungal candidate based on their genome-wide distribution of CAZymes. We have retrieved the complete annotated proteomic data of 443 published fungal genomes from JGI-MycoCosm web-repository, for the CBRF web-database construction. CBRF web-database was developed using open source computing programing languages such as MySQL, HTML, CSS, bootstrap, jQuery, JavaScript and Ajax frameworks. CBRF web-database sorts complete annotated list of fungi based on three selection functionalities: (a) to sort either by ascending (or) descending orders; (b) to sort the fungi based on a selected CAZy group and class; (c) to sort fungi based on their individual lignocellulolytic abilities. We have also developed a simple and basic webpage “S-CAZymes” using HTML, CSS and Java script languages. The global search functionality of S-CAZymes enables the users to understand and retrieve information about a specific carbohydrate-active enzyme and its current classification in the corresponding CAZy family. The S-CAZymes is a supporting web page which can be used in complementary with the CBRF web-database (knowing the classification of specific CAZyme in S-CAZyme and use this information further to sort fungi using CBRF web-database). The CBRF web-database and S-CAZymes webpage are hosted through Amazon®Web Services (AWS) available athttp://13.58.192.177/RankEnzymes/about. We strongly believe that CBRF web-database simplifies the process of identifying a suitable fungus both in academics and industries. In future, we intend to update the CBRF web-database with the public release of new annotated fungal genomes.
Infant and young child nutritional status and their caregivers’ feeding knowledge and hygiene practices in internally displaced person camps, Somalia
Authors: Kalid Mohamed , Osman Fatumo , Sulaiman Munshi , Dykes Fiona , Erlandsson Kerstin
Published: December 2019

Background

In an attempt to design an educational programme targeting caregivers of children aged 6 to 59 months in internally displaced persons camps in Somalia, the objective of this study was twofold. First, to explore the nutritional situation of all children aged 6–59 months enrolled in a nutrition programme provided by Save the Children in 2017 in internally displaced persons camps. Second, to identify gaps in the caregivers’ hygiene and feeding practices.

Methods

In a study of 1655 households, 1655 caregivers for 2370 children aged 6 to 59 months enrolled in a nutrition programme provided by Save the Children answered an adapted questionnaire on hygiene and feeding practices. At the same time, based on standard criteria in the questionnaire, naturalistic observations of caregivers’ hygiene practices were conducted. Every child in the study was measured with anthropometric Mid-Upper-Arm Circumference measurements for the classification of Moderate Acute Malnutrition, Severe Acute Malnutrition and Global Acute Malnutrition. Descriptive statistics were used for analysis.

Results

1) There was Severe (12.1%) and Global Acute (19.9%) Malnutrition among children included in the nutrition programme, more frequently in the 6–24 month age group compared to the 25–59 month age group (p < 0.01). 2). The practices in the households were below what could generally be considered hygienic. 3) There was poor caregivers’ knowledge of breastfeeding benefits and complementary foods.

Conclusion

Child malnutrition might derive from gaps in the caregiver’s knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding hygiene and infant feeding. An awareness of these gaps can be helpful in designing future educational programmes that target caregivers, particularly in at-risk population groups.
Biological activities of spores and metabolites of some fungal isolates on certain aspects of the spiny bollworms Earias insulana (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Abd-ElAzeem Eman Mohammed , El-Medany Warda Ahmed Zaki , Sabry Hend Mohammed
Published: December 2019

Biological activities of spores and metabolites of some fungi isolated from dead larva of the spiny bollworms (SBW), Earias insulana (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), against the newly hatched larvae of the pest were carried out. Results showed that the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae, Acremonium sp., and Paecilomyces variotii had affected the newly hatched larvae of (SBW). Acremonium sp. was the most potent one as it had the highest newly hatched larval mortality percentage (65 and 58.33%) for its spore suspension and metabolites, respectively, while the lowest one (41%) was for P. variotii metabolites. Also, spore suspensions of the all fungal isolates had the highest larval mortality than fungal metabolites. Studying the enzymatic activity showed that Acremonium sp. produced protease enzyme on media containing gelatin, which caused the highest larval mortality (72.22%).

These isolates showed different effects on all stages of the pest and decreased pupal weight, adult emergence percentages, deposited eggs, and hatchability percentages than the control. Identification of Acremonium sp. EZ1 was confirmed using 18 s rRNA and its accession number MN25101.
A qualitative inquiry of sexuality in Iranian couples using the Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills paradigm
Authors: Merghati Khoei Effat , Moeini Babak , Barati Majid , Soltanian Ali Reza , Shahpiri Ehsan , Ghaleiha Ali , Bagherikholenjani Fahimeh
Published: December 2019

Background

Sexuality is interwoven with individuals’ information, motivation, and behaviors.

Objective

To explore sexually related information, motivation, and behaviors that Iranian newly married couples utilized through their marital lives.

Methods

We employed in-depth face-to-face interviews with 22 couples between the ages of 21 and 35 years to collect rich qualitative data. Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Our data analysis process was guided by the Information-Motivation-Behavioral skills (IMB) model as a potential framework for understanding of the participants’ sexual and marital lives.

Results

IMB’s conceptual bases were adequately reflected in the participants’ sexual narratives. The participants highlighted information needs related to their sexual relationships and services that should be provided by the relevant programs in the educational and national health system. Fulfillment of each other’s sexual needs was identified as the most important motivation of the participants. Sexual needs of husband, love, and liking were the main motivations for women’s sexual submission. The main behaviors found included couples’ communication skills and performing using feminine traits by women in order to fit the role of a sexually skillful wife.

Conclusion

Our data analysis revealed that couples shared a proper comprehension of each other’s means of sexual behaviors. A dominance of religious discourse, non-verbal, mostly physical means of communication was employed by the couples to express or initiate sexual interactions. Furthermore, our findings support the utility of IMB as a potential basis for understanding married couples’ sexual lives. Our data highlight an implication to expand the motivation structure of the IMB model to incorporate an individual’s sexual understandings and the sexual needs to promote mutual and pleasurable sexual life within the Iranian culture.
Phytoconstituents of Adenanthera pavonina Linn from the bark extracts
Authors: Ara Arzumand , Saleh-E-In Md. Moshfekus , Hashem Md. Abul , Ahmad Mesbahuddin , Hasan Choudhury Mahmood
Published: December 2019

Background

Adenanthera pavonina L. is an important medicinal plant and its barks are used in traditional medicine for treating different diseases. Therefore, a phytochemical investigation was carried out to isolate and identify secondary metabolites from its barks.

Results

Seven compounds namely ethyl 3,3-dimethyl-13-hydroxytridecanoate (1), stigmasta-5,22-dien-3β-ol (2), tert.butyl tridecanoate (3), 6-α-hydroxy stigmast-20(21)-en-3-one (4) of dichloromethane extract and 18-(2′, 3′-dihydroxyphenyl)nonadec-17-en-2-ol (5), 1-(N-propyl amino)-2-henecosanone (6), and stigmast–5(6), 20(21)-diene-3-one (7) were isolated from the barks of Adenanthera pavonina Linn. Of these compounds, 1, 4, 5, 6, and 7 appear new. The structures of these compounds were elucidated by spectroscopic techniques, mainly by NMR.

Conclusions

Five new and two known compounds have been isolated and characterized from the bark of A. pavonina. The isolated compounds could be a potential template for the synthesis and development of new lead compounds with interesting pharmacological properties.

Graphical abstract
Fabrication and evaluation of a medicated hydrogel film with embelin from Embelia ribes for wound healing activity
Authors: Shrimali Hiral , Mandal Uttam Kumar , Nivsarkar Manish , Shrivastava Neeta
Published: December 2019

Background

There has been huge interest among the researchers to incorporate a medicinally active compounds in hydrogel sheets for effective treatment of wound healing. This research work involves development and evaluation of medicated hydrogel sheet incorporated with embelin which has both antimicrobial and wound healing activity. Embelin was isolated from the fruits of Embelia ribes and characterized by various physical and analytical methods like melting point, UV/VIS spectroscopy, and HPTLC. The hydrogel sheets containing polyvinyl alcohol and polyethylene glycol was prepared by freeze-thaw technique, where isolated embelin was successfully incorporated within the sheet. The prepared hydrogel sheets were further characterized by in vitro drug release study, swelling capacities, gel fraction, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), mechanical strength, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study. Finally, the optimized hydrogel with embelin was evaluated for its wound healing efficacy in vivo using excision wound model on Sprague–Dawley rats.

Results

The optimized hydrogel sheet had a composition of 5% PEG 400 and 10% PVA. It had acceptable in physico-chemical properties with respect to swelling capacities, gel fraction, water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), and mechanical strength The release of the drug from hydrogel followed zero order kinetics with more than 80% drug release within 12 h. The in vivo studies on the Sprague–Dawley showed faster healing process with embelin loaded hydrogels as compared to the control and market formulation.

Conclusions

Sheet hydrogel with 0.2% embelin was found to have huge potential for moist wound healing activity.
Frequency-dependent P-wave anisotropy due to scattering in rocks with aligned fractures
Authors: Guo Junxin , Gurevich Boris , Shuai Da
Published: December 2019

Frequency-dependent P-wave anisotropy due to scattering often occurs in fractured formations, whereas the corresponding theoretical study is lacking. Hence, based on a newly developed P-wave scattering model, we have studied the frequency-dependent P-wave scattering anisotropy in rocks with aligned fractures. To describe P-wave scattering anisotropy, we develop the corresponding anisotropy parameters similar to those for elastic anisotropy. Our results indicate that the P-wave velocity anisotropy parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] do not change with frequency monotonically, which is different from that caused by wave-induced fluid flow. Fluid saturation in fractures can greatly decrease the P-wave velocity anisotropy, whose effects depend on the ratio of the fluid bulk modulus to the fracture aspect ratio. The P-wave exhibits elliptical anisotropy for the dry fracture case at low frequencies, but anelliptical anisotropy for the case with fluid-filled fractures. The P-wave attenuation anisotropy parameters [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] vanish in the low- and high-frequency limits but reach their maxima at the characteristic frequency when the P-wavelength is close to the fracture length. The influence of fluid on the P-wave attenuation anisotropy is similar to that on the velocity anisotropy. To further analyze frequency-dependent P-wave scattering anisotropy, theoretical predictions are compared with experimental results, which indicate reasonable agreement between them.
Transmission-based near-surface deconvolution
Authors: Colombo Daniele , Rovetta Diego , Sandoval-Curiel Ernesto , Kontakis Apostolos
Published: December 2019

We have developed a new framework for performing surface-consistent amplitude balancing and deconvolution of the near-surface attenuation response. Both approaches rely on the early arrival waveform of a seismic recording, which corresponds to the refracted or, more generally speaking, to the transmitted energy from a seismic source. The method adapts standard surface-consistent amplitude compensation and deconvolution to the domain of refracted/transmitted waves. A sorting domain specific for refracted energy is extended to the analysis of amplitude ratios of each trace versus a reference average trace to identify amplitude residuals that are inverted for surface consistency. The residual values are either calculated as a single scalar value for each trace or as a function of frequency to build a surface-consistent deconvolution operator. The derived operators are then applied to the data to obtain scalar amplitude balancing or amplitude balancing with spectral shaping. The derivation of the operators around the transmitted early arrival waveforms allows for deterministically decoupling the near-surface attenuation response from the remaining seismic data. The developed method is fully automatic and does not require preprocessing of the data. As such, it qualifies as a standard preprocessing tool to be applied at the early stages of seismic processing. Applications of the developed method are provided for a case in a complex, structure-controlled wadi, for a seismic time-lapse [Formula: see text] land monitoring case, and for an exploration area with high dunes and sabkhas producing large frequency-dependent anomalous amplitude responses. The new development provides an effective tool to enable better reservoir characterization and monitoring with land seismic data.
Frank Bowling’s White Paintings
Authors: Choudhury Indie A.
Published: December 2019

Frank Bowling’s white paintings span a period of some forty years in his practice, resulting in an eponymously titled exhibition The White Paintings (2006). As a body of work, the paintings occupy the longest period within Bowling’s career yet are largely absent from his historiography and are the least referenced, either as single works or as a series. The paradox of Bowling’s white paintings is that they are not all merely white nor are they all monochromes. A consideration of them presents an opportunity to resituate Bowling from a singular focus of formalism and to convey his deep relation to the world around him via a mode of abstraction that is layered with meanings. This investigation follows by centering upon a single painting from Bowling’s white series, Icarus (2005), produced after the death of his eldest son. Icarus explores themes of time, death, and spiritual release that are constant throughout the series. Bowling undercuts attendant ideas of purity and singleness, both in his exploration of whiteness and within the “tradition” of monochrome painting, and exposes its fallacies. Bowling’s white paintings thus mediate the way both modernity and history may be otherwise deployed, speaking inevitably to how the myth of whiteness is imbricated within the construction of modernism.
Self-Portraiture and Representations of Blackness in the Work of Donald Rodney
Authors: Correia Alice
Published: December 2019

This article considers the role of self-portraiture within the work of British artist Donald Rodney (1961–98). The text investigates the ways in which Rodney used the self-portrait, not to visualize himself, but to animate issues associated with the dominant framings of black men as delinquent, sexually deviant, and a menace to society. The work of Rasheed Araeen is discussed, with particular relevance to his influential use of self-portraiture. The author also discusses mainstream media’s construction of the black male deviant with respect to aspects of the newspaper coverage of the “rioting” that took place in Rodney’s home town, Birmingham, in the mid-1980s.
Eugene Palmer and Barbara Walker
Authors: Hylton Richard
Published: December 2019

In Britain, black artists are arguably receiving the most sustained level of attention in a generation, from several historical exhibitions and international conferences to academic-based research initiatives and acquisitions by prestigious national museums. While offering artists a certain level of exposure, such initiatives have tended to privilege institutional agendas rather than the very artistic practices they purport to endorse. The paucity of genuine exhibition opportunities and significant publishing are factors that continue to bedevil a wider selection of black British artists. This article focuses on two specific exhibitions and artists: Eugene Palmer’s Didn’t It Rain (2018) and Barbara Walker’s Sub Urban: New Drawings (2015), both organized at the University for the Creative Arts, Farnham, UK. The author stresses the contrasting relationship to photography that each artist pursued in the making of their respective bodies of work and argues for a more engaged assessment of practice. The works of these artists deserve to be recognized for their fascinating and singular contributions to contemporary art practices.
Charles White
Authors: Cutler-Bittner Jody B.
Published: December 2019

The recent exhibition Charles White: A Retrospective (Museum of Modern Art, New York, October 7, 2018–January 13, 2019) offered a chance to consider the technical and iconographic breadth of an oeuvre that has been exhibited mainly in sporadic doses for the past few decades and has expanded in scope through recent attention from a subsequent generation of African American artists, including several students as well as art scholars. White (1918–79) was vocally committed from the mid-1960s through his final decade to African American art subjects in tandem with social issues, climactic in poignant, politically charged lithographs in a realist drawing style set in increasingly abstract environments. By then associated with the Black Arts Movement, he continued to recycle historical figures and references from his earliest work in the milieu of a Black Renaissance in Chicago and bolstered by the Works Progress Administration, which, with reciprocal viewing, takes on a collective modernist context in terms of current events related to African American experience and American life broadly, even where allegorical. White’s prolific graphic experimentation yielded varied surface patterns that often evoke content-laden textures, elided into several distinctive late paintings also featured.
Crystal structures of an unmodified bacterial tRNA reveal intrinsic structural flexibility and plasticity as general properties of unbound tRNAs
Authors: Chan Clarence W. , Badong Deanna , Rajan Rakhi , Mondragón Alfonso
Published: December 2019

Ubiquitous across all domains of life, tRNAs constitute an essential component of cellular physiology, carry out an indispensable role in protein synthesis, and have been historically the subject of a wide range of biochemical and biophysical studies as prototypical folded RNA molecules. Although conformational flexibility is a well-established characteristic of tRNA structure, it is typically regarded as an adaptive property exhibited in response to an inducing event, such as the binding of a tRNA synthetase or the accommodation of an aminoacyl-tRNA into the ribosome. In this study, we present crystallographic data of a tRNA molecule to expand on this paradigm by showing that structural flexibility and plasticity are intrinsic properties of tRNAs, apparent even in the absence of other factors. Based on two closely related conformations observed within the same crystal, we posit that unbound tRNAs by themselves are flexible and dynamic molecules. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the formation of the T-loop conformation by the tRNA TΨC stem–loop, a well-characterized and classic RNA structural motif, is possible even in the absence of important interactions observed in fully folded tRNAs.
Precision medicine technology reality not hype - The example of model-informed precision dosing
Authors: Polasek Thomas M. , Shakib Sepehr , Rostami-Hodjegan Amin
Published: December 2019

Novel technologies labelled as ‘precision medicine’ are targeting all aspects of clinical care. Whilst some technological advances are undeniably exciting, many doctors at the frontline of healthcare view precision medicine as being out of reach for their patients. Model-informed precision dosing (MIPD) is a precision medicine technology that predicts drug concentrations and drug responses based on individual patient characteristics. In this opinion piece, the example of MIPD is used to illustrate eight features of a precision medicine technology less likely to be hyperbole and more likely to improve patient care. Positive features in this regard include: (1) fitting the definition of ‘precision medicine’; (2) addressing a major clinical problem that negatively impacts patient care; (3) a track record of high-quality medical science published via peer-reviewed literature; (4) well-defined clinical cases for application; (5) quality evidence of benefits measured by various clinical, patient and health economic endpoints; (6) strong economic drivers; (7) user friendliness, including easy integration into clinical workflow, and (8) recognition of importance by patients and their endorsement for broader clinical use. Barriers raised by critics of the approach are given to balance the view. The value of MIPD will be decided ultimately by the extent to which it can improve cost-effective patient care.
Longitudinal trajectories of brain age in young individuals at familial risk of mood disorder
Authors: de Nooij Laura , Harris Mathew A. , Hawkins Emma L. , Clarke Toni-Kim , Shen Xueyi , Chan Stella W. Y. , Ziermans Tim B. , McIntosh Andrew M. , Whalley Heather C.
Published: December 2019

Background:Within young individuals, mood disorder onset may be related to changes in trajectory of brain structure development. To date, however, longitudinal prospective studies remain scarce and show partly contradictory findings, with a lack of emphasis on changes at the level of global brain patterns. Cross-sectional adult studies have applied such methods and show that mood disorders are associated with accelerated brain ageing. Currently, it remains unclear whether young individuals show differential brain structure ageing trajectories associated with onset of mood disorder and/or presence of familial risk.

Methods:Participants included young individuals (15-30 years, 53%F) from the prospective longitudinal Scottish Bipolar Family Study with and without close family history of mood disorder. All were well at time of recruitment. Implementing a structural MRI-based brain age prediction model, we globally assessed individual trajectories of age-related structural change using the difference between predicted brain age and chronological age (brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD)) at baseline and at 2-year follow-up. Based on follow-up clinical assessment, individuals were categorised into three groups: (i) controls who remained well (C-well,n= 93), (ii) high familial risk who remained well (HR-well,n= 74) and (iii) high familial risk who developed a mood disorder (HR-MD,n= 35).

Results:At baseline, brain-PAD was comparable between groups. Results showed statistically significant negative trajectories of brain-PAD between baseline and follow-up for HR-MD versus C-well (β= -0.60,pcorrected< 0.001) and HR-well (β= -0.36,pcorrected= 0.02), with a potential intermediate trajectory for HR-well (β= -0.24 years,pcorrected= 0.06).  

Conclusions:These preliminary findings suggest that within young individuals, onset of mood disorder and familial risk may be associated with a deceleration in brain structure ageing trajectories. Extended longitudinal research will need to corroborate findings of emerging maturational lags in relation to mood disorder risk and onset.
Estonian geminate plosives: some durational characteristics
Authors: Ermus Liis
Published: December 2019

Consonants in Estonian occur in three quantity degrees: short, long, and overlong. Plosives have also been described as lenis and fortis. Long and fortis correspond to geminate. As single plosives have been described acoustically several times, only overall durations of geminates have been reported. The present study examines durational patterns of geminate plosives in Estonian and their relations to the same patterns in single plosives. Influences of articulation place, quantity, syllable structure, and speech style on overall duration, burst duration, and voiced transition were sought. The biggest differences in duration occurred due to quantity degree. Some influence of syllable structure occurred, similar to previous findings. Patterns were mostly similar to those in singleton plosives, although there were some differences in voicing. Almost no difference compared to singletons with respect to burst phase duration was found.

Kokkuvõte. Liis Ermus: Eesti keele geminaatklusiilid: kestust puudutavaid tunnuseid. Eesti keele konsonandid esinevad kolmes vältes: lühike, pikk ja ülipikk. Sulghäälikuid on kirjeldatud ka leenise ja fortisena. Pikk ja ülipikk välde ning fortis vastavad geminaadile. Lühikeste sulghäälikute akustikat eesti keeles on korduvalt uuritud, kuid geminaatide kohta on esitatud vaid mõningast kestusinfot. Käesolev uurimus keskendus eesti keele geminaatsulghäälikute kestuses esinevatele korrapäradele ja nende võrdlusele lühikeste sulghäälikute kestusmustritega. Vaadeldi häälduskoha, välte, silbistruktuuri ja kõnestiili mõju häälikute üldkestusele, samuti vallandumisfaasi ja helilise algussiirde kestusele. Suurimad kestuserinevused olid tingitud välteerinevustest. Ilmnes mõningane silbistruktuuri mõju, mis oli kooskõlas eelnevate uurimustega. Kestusmustrid olid üldjoontes sarnased lühikeste sulghäälikute kestusmustritega, põhilised erinevused esinesid helilisuses. Vallandumisfaasi kestuses seevastu polnud võrreldes lühikeste häälikutega peaaegu mingeid erinevusi.

Märksõnad: eesti keel, geminaadid, sulghäälikud, kestus, seotud kõne, akustiline foneetika
Sõna esinemissagedus ja tähenduste eristamise vajadus häälduse mõjutajana
Authors: Kalvik Mari-Liis , Piits Liisi
Published: December 2019

Artikkel käsitleb kaht eesti keeles varieeruvat nähtust: h hääldamist sõna alguses ning i-tüveliste (C)VVC-struktuuriga sõnade lõpukonsonantide palatalisatsiooni. Mõlema nähtuse puhul uuritakse, milline on sõna esinemissageduse ning tähenduste eristamise vajaduse mõju hääldusele. Uurimismaterjaliks on 42 h-algulist sõna ja 30 pika vokaaliga ühesilbilist i-tüvelist sõna, mis on keelejuhtide poolt ette loetud. 94 keele juhi 3945 hääldusjuhu uurimine andis tulemuseks, et a) h väljahääldamine oli valdav (92% juhtudest); b) suurema esinemissagedusega sõnades oli sõnaalguline h enamasti lühem ja see jäeti välja hääldamata sagedamini kui väiksema esinemis sagedusega sõnades; c) esines tendents, et sõnades, kus h-l on tähendust eristav ülesanne, oli h veidi sagedamini ja veidi pikemalt välja hääldatud. 40 keelejuhi 1280 hääldusjuhu analüüs näitas, et a) väiksema esinemissagedusega sõnu ei palataliseeritud märgatavalt vähem kui suurema esinemissagedusega sõnu ning b) sõnu, kus palatalisatsiooni esinemine eristab tähendusi, palataliseeriti rohkem.

Abstract. Mari-Liis Kalvik and Liisi Piits: Word frequency and a meaning-distinguishing function of a phoneme as a reason for variation. The article investigates the variation of word-initial /h/ and palatalization in i-stemmed monosyllabic words with a (C)VVC structure. Two possible causes of the variation were examined: word frequency and meaning-distinguishing function of a phoneme. Material was collected by means of a reading task. The text consisted of words with both the word-initial /h/ and palatalized consonants. Altogether, 5225 pronunciations were analysed. The results show that: a) in 92% of occasions the word-initial /h/ was pronounced; b) in high frequency words, the word initial /h/ was shorter or absent more often than in low frequency words; c) the word-initial /h/ in a meaning-distinguishing position tended to be more often pronounced and to be longer; d) consonant palatalization in i-stemmed words with a (C)VVC structure did not depend significantly on word frequency; and e) in the words where palatalization had a meaning- distinguishing function, the palatalized consonant was slightly longer than in the words where the function did not exist.

Keywords: Estonian, word-initial /h/, palatalization, reading experiment, word frequency, meaning-distinguishing function, duration
Towards a vividness in synthesized speech for audiobooks
Authors: Pajupuu Hille , Altrov Rene , Pajupuu Jaan
Published: December 2019

The goal of this study was to determine which acoustic parameters are significant in differentiating the speaking styles of a narrator and that of male and female characters as voiced by a reader of audiobooks. The study was initiated by a need to improve the expressivity and differentiation of speaking styles in fiction books read out by synthesized voices. The corpus used as research material was created from an audio novel, as read by a professional male voice artist. To determine whether it is possible to identify these speaking styles from the voice of the reader, a web-based perception test consisting of 48 sentences was conducted. The results showed that the listeners identified all three styles. For acoustic analysis, the openSMILE toolkit was used and 88 eGeMAPS-defined parameters were extracted for every sentence in the corpus. All styles were differentiated by 38 statistically significant parameters. To improve vividness, synthesizers aimed at reading fiction books could be trained to perform all three styles.

Kokkuvõte. Hille Pajupuu, Rene Altrov ja Jaan Pajupuu: Teel audioraamatute sünteeskõne elavdamisele. Uurimuse eesmärk oli teada saada, milli sed olulisemad akustilised parameetrid eristavad audioraamatu lugeja hääles jutustaja kõnet ning mees- ja naistegelaste otsekõnet. Uurimuse tingis vajadus parandada sünteeshäälega loetavate juturaamatute väljendus rikkust ja kõnestiilide eristatavust. Uurimismaterjalina kasutati professionaalse meeshäälega loetud audioromaani „Tõde ja õigus I“ põhjal loodud korpust. Et teada saada, kas audioraamatu lugeja hääle põhjal on kuulaja võimeline eristama eri kõnestiile (jutustaja kõnet, mees- ja naistegelaste otsekõnet), koostati 48 lausest koosnev tajutest. Testi tulemused näitasid, et kuulajad tundsid ära kõik kolm kõnestiili. Akustiliseks analüüsiks kasutati kogu korpuse materjali. openSMILE’i tööriistaga ekstraheeriti kõnest iga lause jaoks 88 eGeMAPSis defineeritud parameetrit. Statistiliselt oluliselt eristasid kõnestiile 38 parameetrit, millest 18 oli seotud hääle kvaliteedi ja tämbriga, 11 hääle valjusega, 8 hääle kõrgusega ja 1 tempoga. Kuna tajutest ja akustiliste parameetrite analüüs näitasid, et audioraamatus eristusid nii jutustaja kõne, naistegelaste otsekõne kui ka meestegelaste otsekõne, võib pidada otstarbekaks õpetada juturaamatuid ettelugevaid süntesaatoreid esitama kõiki kolme kõnestiili.

Märksõnad: audioraamatud, kõnestiil, otsekõne, karakteri kõne, GeMAPS, kõneanalüüs, ekspressiivne kõnesüntees
FAST SUBAURORAL DRIFTS OF IONOSPHERE PLASMA ACCORDING TO DATA FROM YAKUT MERIDIONAL CHAIN OF STATIONS
Authors: Stepanov Alexander , Kobyakova Sargylana , Khalipov Viktor
Published: December 2019

Using long-term data from Yakut meridional chain of Yakutsk — Zhigansk — Batagay — Tixie ionospheric stations, we study ionospheric signatures of fast subauroral ion drift. Sharp drops or “falls” of critical frequencies (FCF) of the ionospheric F layer are shown to be one of the main signatures of the development of fast subauroral ion drifts near or at the zenith of the observation station. Comparison between long-term ground-based and satellite measurements indicates that there is good agreement between seasonal variation in the probability of occurrence of FCF derived from ground-based data and subauroral ion drifts derived from DMSP satellite data. Such a coincidence implies that both satellite and ground-based measurement methods register the same phenomenon in the boundary layers of the plasmasphere, namely, the appearance and development of electric fields of magnetospheric origin. The local time for recording of falls of the critical frequency derived from the ground-based data is shown to closely coincide with the appearance time of subauroral polarization streams of plasma according to satellite data. We can therefore conclude that most of the observed FCFs derived from ground-based data refer to intense storms.
OPTICAL OBSERVATIONS OF SMALL SPACECRAFT AND SPACE DEBRIS AT ISTP SB RAS SAYAN OBSERVATORY
Authors: Korobcev Ivan , Mishina Marina
Published: December 2019

Launch of several thousands of small spacecraft as part of satellite groups of various companies (OneWeb, SpaceX, etc.) is expected in the coming years. They will significantly increase the “population” in the low-orbit region. The spacecraft are designed mainly to provide telecommunications and remote sensing of Earth from space. They have a short lifetime. The use of high-speed sCMOS (scientific complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor) detectors in combination with medium diameter optical telescopes provides high temporal resolution, which allows us to get detailed brightness light curves and to estimate the state of small spacecraft. We present the technique and results of photometric measurements of small spacecraft obtained with the 1.6-meter AZT-33IK telescope of ISTP SB RAS Sayan Solar Observatory. Photometric measurements are shown to be an important source of information at various operational stages of satellites.
Cabo Verde e Brasil: A chave do Atlantico Sul
Authors: Bragança Danillo Avellar
Published: December 2019

O seguinte texto é um exercício de descrição analítica sobre Cabo Verde e as relações já existentes entre o país africano e o Brasil, em suas múltiplas continuações. O Atlântico Sul é área-chave para a projeção internacional brasileira e as relações com os países lindeiros em África têm sido alvo de políticas públicas importantes, mas são feitas de forma intermitente. Nesse momento, é possível dizer que há certa retração na aproximação do Brasil e dos países africanos parceiros da costa atlântica. Assim, a ideia é usar o exemplo cabo-verdiano para explorar as potencialidades brasileiras na região, além de trazer luz à sua história e trajetória política recente, pouco conhecida da maior parte do público acadêmico brasileiro.Palavras-chave: Cabo Verde; política externa brasileira; diplomacia; geopolítica; África.ABSTRACTThe following text is an analytical description exercise on Cape Verde and the relationship between the African country and Brazil, in its multiple continuations. The South Atlantic is key area for Brazilian international projection and relations with the nearby countries in Africa have been the target of important public policies, but are made intermittently. At this point, it is possible to say that there is a certain retraction in the approximation of Brazil and the African countries on the Atlantic coast. Thus, the idea is to use the Cape Verdean example to explore the Brazilian potentialities in the region, and bring light to its recent history and political trajectory, little known to most of the Brazilian academic public.Keywords: Cape Verde; Brazilian foreign policy; diplomacy; geopolitics; Africa.Recebido em: 14 jun. 2019 | Aceito em: 30 nov. 2019
MAPEANDO EMOÇÕES: UMA PESQUISA-INTERVENÇÃO NUMA ESCOLA ASSOCIATIVA E COMUNITÁRIA
Authors: Honorato Lucas Tavares
Published: December 2019

O presente trabalho consiste numa pesquisa-intervenção, no contexto de uma Análise Institucional (AI), na instituição escolar Escola Nossa, uma escola associativa e comunitária, localizada no bairro de Pendotiba, em Niterói/RJ, e que preconiza o que lá é chamado de “pedagogia democrática”. Para tal foi executado o mapeamento das emoções expressas pelos alunos do 8º e 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental II em relação aos diferentes espaços da escola, de forma a produzir a desnaturalização destes espaços aos alunos. Posteriormente, os mapas elaborados foram apresentados ao coletivo institucional (alunos, gestores e profissionais) que puderam refletir sobre os desafios para uma real democratização da Escola e a importância dos espaços da escola neste processo. Como resultado, foi possível não só evidenciar as diferentes experiências vividas de Escola (as “várias Escolas Nossa”), no que concernem os espaços de amizade, alegria, mas também de medo e poder; como também fomentar intervenções para um melhor planejamento e gestão desses espaços.
UMA ANÁLISE DOS REFLEXOS DEIXADOS PELA DEGRADAÇÃO AMBIENTAL DOS PERÍODOS ECONÔMICOS DO SÉCULO XVIII E XIX EM SILVA JARDIM, RJ
Authors: Oliveira Thais Gulias
Published: December 2019

Os primeiros relatos sobre o Município de Silva Jardim datam de meados do século XVIII, onde recebia o nome de Capivari, porém há grandes controvérsias sobre sua origem. Crescendo meio ao bioma de Mata Atlântica. Localizado na região das Baixada Litorânea do Rio de Janeiro, microrregião da bacia do Rio São João. O presente artigo visa analisar a história de ocupação e crescimento através da exploração de recursos naturais dos períodos econômicos de exploração madeireira e agrícola do bioma de Mata Atlântica na passagem do século XVIII para o século XIX em Silva Jardim. E pontuar que esses impactos se refletem até hoje na paisagem fragmentada que recebe tentativas de recuperação.
Stable and finely tunable optoelectronic oscillator based on stimulated Brillouin scattering and an electro-optic frequency shift
Authors: Zeng Zhen , Zhang Zhiyao , Zhang Lingjie , Zhang Shangjian , Zhang Yali , Sun Bao , Liu Yong
Published: December 2019

We demonstrate a stable and finely tunable optoelectronic oscillator (OEO) based on stimulated Brillouin scattering. In the proposed scheme, the optical carrier in the OEO loop and the Brillouin pump light is generated by a single laser source, which guarantees the frequency stability of the output microwave signal from the OEO. Frequency tuning is achieved by varying the pump frequency via an electro-optic frequency shifter composed of a dual-parallel Mach–Zehnder modulator (DPMZM) and an electrical 90° hybrid. Through subtly varying the frequency of the low-frequency microwave signal applied to the DPMZM, a finely tunable high-frequency microwave signal can be obtained from the OEO. In the proof-of-concept experiment, the output frequency of the OEO is tuned from 10.645 GHz to 12.645 GHz with a tuning resolution of 10 MHz. The stable performance of the OEO is also achieved, where the maximum frequency and power drifts at 11.145 GHz are measured to be 6.25 kHz (i.e.,

∼

0.6

p
p
m

) and 0.77 dB in a measurement time duration of 1000 s, respectively. Through using broadband devices in the OEO architecture, the proposed scheme can generate stable and finely tunable microwave signals up to 40 GHz or even higher.
Method of fiber transfer delay measurement based on phase quantization and delay synthesis
Authors: Qin Donglin , Jin Xiaofeng , Yu Xianbin , Jin Xiangdong , Zheng Shilie , Zhang Xianmin , Wang Guoyong , Tan Qinggui
Published: December 2019

A novel method, to the best of our knowledge, of fiber transfer delay (FTD) measurement based on phase quantization and delay synthesis is proposed and demonstrated. By detecting the differential phase shifts of a set of frequency-multiplied RF signals transmission through the fiber link with and without the FTD under the test, the

2

π

phase ambiguity problem can be solved. To avoid the phase quantization error near the digital quantization boundary, a self-check and error-correction method is proposed so as to greatly improve the reliability of measurement. In the experiment, the measurement repeatability around 0.018 ps within a period of 80 s is achieved for a back-to-back fiber link, and a test resolution of 0.03 ps is proved with a motorized tunable delay line. The system is available for measurement of a large FTD range up to 100 µs with no dead zone.
Neuromorphic metasurface
Authors: Wu Zhicheng , Zhou Ming , Khoram Erfan , Liu Boyuan , Yu Zongfu
Published: December 2019

Metasurfaces have been used to realize optical functions such as focusing and beam steering. They use subwavelength nanostructures to control the local amplitude and phase of light. Here we show that such control could also enable a new function of artificial neural inference. We demonstrate that metasurfaces can directly recognize objects by focusing light from an object to different spatial locations that correspond to the class of the object.
No longer at ease: How digital organizational followers in Kenya are challenging contemporary leadership
Authors: Bett Harry Kipkemoi , Ngala Betty Wangui , Kiruhi Timothy Mwangi
Published: December 2019

The high internet penetration as well as the increasing digital platforms in Kenya has led to the transformation of many organizations in Kenya. Further, organizational followers are adopting digital technologies, and leveraging on digital platforms while working within organizations. Due to digitization, organizational followers are now collaborating, working flexibly (i.e. from home and other contexts away from work) and sharing content with people in different geographical locations. Consequently, many followers are influencing their organizational leaders. The digital transformation in the country, and among workers, suggest that organizational leaders should develop effective workable strategies and ensure they have conducive cultures that are in tandem with the digital transformation in place. This paper, based on Social Impact Theory (SIT) focuses on digitized organizational followers and their effect on firm leaders within Kenya.
Sobre el razonamiento principal de una sentencia judicial
Authors: Hernández Marín Rafael
Published: December 2019

La teoría jurídica dominante sostiene que el razonamiento principal de una sentencia judicial es y ha de ser un silogismo judicial. El presente trabajo critica ambas tesis y pone de relieve que estas tienen su origen en ideas erróneas relativas a tres temas: la corrección jurídica de las decisiones judiciales, la aplicación de las normas jurídicas y el valor probatorio de los razonamientos, siendo este último tema el que se conecta con la denominada «justificación interna» de las decisiones judiciales. En la parte final, el trabajo cuestiona la validez, la legalidad y el valor probatorio del razonamiento principal de una sentencia judicial, y propone un nuevo modelo.
Derecho y jurisdicción. Una respuesta política al problema del particularismo jurídico
Authors: Caminos Pedro A.
Published: December 2019

En los últimos años se desarrolló un interesante debate entre José Juan Moreso (2009a, 2009b) y Bruno Celano (2009a, 2009b) respecto de la posibilidad de evitar el particularismo jurídico. Mientras que el profesor español defendió una concepción de la ponderación entre principios que conduciría a la identificación de normas inderrotables, su colega italiano procuró demostrar que dicha concepción no era capaz de evitar futuras revisiones de las normas identificadas. En este trabajo, dicha discusión será adoptada como punto de partida para ilustrar un modo en el que las consecuencias del particularismo podrían ser atenuadas. Para ello, se argumentará que el debate jurídico debe prestar atención al diseño de la jurisdicción.
A Educação Ambiental Crítica Como Fundamentação Teórica da Pedagogia 4Cs: Criticidade, Cientificidade, Colaboração e Criatividade
Authors: Pitanga Ângelo Francklin
Published: December 2019

A perspectiva crítica da educação ambiental é uma corrente que defende uma prática educativa que conduza à formação do sujeito, propiciando a construção de um projeto societário democrático e emancipatório, voltado para a formação cidadã. Suportado na pesquisa qualitativa, especificamente na revisão bibliográfica, o presente trabalho tem por objetivo apresentar um ensaio teórico sobre as influências da Educação Ambiental (EA), em sua perspectiva Crítica, como fundamentação teórica da pedagogia 4Cs: Criticidade (Pensamento Complexo), Cientificidade (Conhecimento Científico), Colaboração e Criatividade.