bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sc(OTf)3‐Catalyzed Indolylation of 1,2‐Allenic Ketones: Controlled Highly Selective Synthesis of β‐Indolyl‐α,β‐Unsaturated (E)‐Enones and β,β‐Bisindolyl Ketones.
Authors: Ma Shengming , Yu Shichao
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
On the Regiospecificity of 3,5‐Disubstituted Pyrazoles Derived from C‐Acylated‐β‐enaminonitriles and Esters.
Authors: Mukherjee A. , Mishra M. , Chatterjee A. , Sarkar M. , Chowdhury S. K. Dutta , Mahalanabis Kumar K.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Preliminary Anticancer Activity of New 1H‐4,5‐Dihydro‐3‐ (3‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthyl)‐4‐substituted‐1,2,4‐triazoline‐5‐thiones. Part 2.
Authors: Dogan H. Nese , Duran Arzu , Rollas Sevim
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 2,5‐Disubstituted 1,3,4‐Oxadiazoles as Potential Antimicrobial Agents.
Authors: Undavia N. K. , Trivedi P. B. , Shanishchara A. P. , Trivedi Vasudev P.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Formation of 3,4‐Dimethyl‐2‐pyrones from Allene Carboxylates and 2‐Silyloxydienes via 3‐Carboethoxyethylidene Cyclobutanols.
Authors: Jung Michael E. , Novack Aaron R.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 5,6‐Dihydro[1,10]phenanthroline Derivatives and Their Properties as Hole‐Blocking Layer Materials for Phosphorescent Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes.
Authors: Lee Hyo Won , An Jung‐Gi , Yoon Hee‐Kyoon , Jang Hyosook , Kim Nam Gwang , Do Youngkyu
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Design, Synthesis and Biological Activity of Acyl Substituted 3‐Amino‐5‐methyl‐1,4,5,7‐tetrahydropyrazolo[3,4‐b]pyridin‐6‐ones as Potential Hypnotic Drugs.
Authors: Falco Jose L. , Lloveras Maia , Buira Irma , Teixido Jordi , Borrell Jose I. , Mendez Eva , Terencio Jose , Palomer Albert , Guglietta Antonio
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel 7‐Methoxy‐6‐oxazol‐5‐yl‐2,3‐dihydro‐1H‐quinazolin‐4‐ones as IMPDH Inhibitor.
Authors: Sharpe Andrew , et al. et al.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Advantageous Route to Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal) Based on Palladium‐Catalyzed Arylations Free of Transmetalating Agents.
Authors: Carril Monica , SanMartin Raul , Churruca Fatima , Tellitu Imanol , Dominguez Esther
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Fused Heterocycles with a Benzazepinone Moiety via Intramolecular Heck Coupling.
Authors: Joucla Lionel , Putey Aurelien , Joseph Benoit
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective Synthesis of Functionalized Tertiary Silanes by Diastereoselective Rearrangement—Addition.
Authors: Trost Barry M. , Ball Zachary T. , Kang Eun‐Joo
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of a Diverse Series of Phosphacoumarins with Biological Activity.
Authors: Li Xueshu , Zhang Dongwei , Pang Hai , Shen Feng , Fu Hua , Jiang Yuyang , Zhao Yufen
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Marasmane Sesquiterpene from the Basidiomycete Russula foetens
Authors: Wang Xing‐Na , Wang Fei , Du Jian‐Chang , Ge Hui‐Ming , Tan Ren‐Xiang , Liu Ji‐Kai
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemical Constituents of Mussaenda incana.
Authors: Dinda Biswanath , Debnath Sudhan , Majumder Santanu , Arima Shiho , Sato Nariko , Harigaya Yoshihiro
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Novel Cell‐Penetrating α‐Keto‐amide Calpain Inhibitors as Potential Treatment for Muscular Dystrophy.
Authors: Lescop Cyrille , et al. et al.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel (L)‐α‐Amino Acid Methyl Ester, Heteroalkyl, and Aryl Substituted 1,4‐Naphthoquinone Derivatives as Antifungal and Antibacterial Agents.
Authors: Tandon Vishnu K. , Yadav Dharmendra B. , Singh Ravindra V. , Chaturvedi Ashok K. , Shukla Praveen K.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Selective and Orally Bioavailable Phenylglycine Tissue Factor/Factor VIIa Inhibitors.
Authors: Groebke Zbinden Katrin , et al. et al.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Acetylation of Carbohydrates Promoted by Imidazole.
Authors: Tiwari Pallavi , Kumar Rishi , Maulik Prakas R. , Misra Anup Kumar
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Fast and Selective Oxidation of Thioglycosides to Glycosyl Sulfoxides Using KF/m‐CPBA.
Authors: Agnihotri Geetanjali , Misra Anup Kumar
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
An Effective Enantioselective Approach to the Securinega Alkaloids. Total Synthesis of (‐)‐Norsecurinine.
Authors: Alibes Ramon , Bayon Pau , de March Pedro , Figueredo Marta , Font Josep , Garcia‐Garcia Elena , Gonzalez‐Galvez David
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Novel 4′α‐Phenyl and 5′α‐Methyl Branched Carbocyclic Nucleosides.
Authors: Oh Chang Hyun , Hong Joon Hee
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Nucleic Acid Related Compounds. Part 129. Hydrothermal Deamidation of 4‐N‐Acylcytosine Nucleoside Derivatives: Efficient Synthesis of Uracil Nucleoside Esters.
Authors: Nowak Ireneusz , Robins Morris J.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Optical Sensors Based on Hybrid DNA/Conjugated Polymer Complexes.
Authors: Ho Hoang‐Anh , Bera‐Aberem Maite , Leclerc Mario
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Efficient Synthesis of (3S,4R)‐(+)‐3‐Methyl‐6‐hepten‐4‐olide.
Authors: Jun Woosun , Jeong Yunkyung , Kang Ho‐Jung
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New and Efficient Method for o‐Quinone Methide Intermediate Generation: Application to the Biomimetic Synthesis of the Benzopyran Derived Natural Products (.+‐.)‐Lucidene and (.+‐.)‐Alboatrin.
Authors: Rodriguez Raphael , Moses John E. , Adlington Robert M. , Baldwin Jack E.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A New Aliphatic Ester from the Aerial Parts of Polygonum polystachyum.
Authors: Negi Sandeep , Shukla Vertika , Rawat M. S. M. , Pant G. , Nagatsu A.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Total Synthesis of Milbemycins: A Synthesis of (6R)‐6‐Hydroxy‐3,4‐dihydromilbemycin E.
Authors: Helliwell Madeleine , Karim Sufia , Parmee Emma R. , Thomas Eric J.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Total Synthesis of Milbemycin G (II): Approaches to the C(1)—C(10)‐Fragment (I) and Completion of the Synthesis.
Authors: Bailey Simon , Helliwell Madeleine , Teerawutgulrag Aphiwat , Thomas Eric J.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Rapamycin Analogues with Reduced Systemic Exposure.
Authors: Wagner Rolf , et al. et al.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of the Carbocyclic Skeleton of Abyssomicins C and D.
Authors: Snider Barry B. , Zou Yefen
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Group 4 Metals in Polyketide Synthesis: A Convergent Strategy for the Synthesis of Polypropionate‐Derived (E,E)‐Trisubstituted 1,3‐Dienes.
Authors: Shimp Heidi L. , Micalizio Glenn C.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Studies on the Total Synthesis of Amphidinolide O (II): A Stereoselective Synthesis of C1—C11 Fragment (VI).
Authors: Jang Mi‐Yeon , Kim Jong‐Woo , Lee Duck‐Hyung
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Formal Synthesis of (+)‐Lactacystin.
Authors: Wardrop Duncan J. , Bowen Edward G.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Assignment of Absolute Configuration of (‐)‐Oleocanthal: A Potent, Naturally Occurring Non‐Steroidal Antiinflammatory and Antioxidant Agent Derived from Extra Virgin Olive Oils.
Authors: Smith Amos B. III , Han Qiang , Breslin Paul A. S. , Beauchamp Gary K.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Isotetronic Acids by Cyclization of 1,3‐Bis(trimethylsilyloxy)alk‐1‐enes with Oxalyl Chloride.
Authors: Dede Ruediger , Michaelis Lars , Langer Peter
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Stereoselective Synthesis of ent‐Communiols A—C.
Authors: Murga Juan , Falomier Eva , Carda Miguel , Marco J. Alberto
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Properties of Bis‐Dinitrophenyl Derivatives of 1,7,10,16‐Tetraoxa‐4,13‐diazacyclooctadecane (Kryptofix 22).
Authors: Radutiu Ana Cristina , Baciu Ion , Caproiu Miron Teodor , Ionita Petre , Covaci Irina Cristina , Constantinescu Titus
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationships of Novel Benzene Sulfonamides with Potent Binding Affinity for Bovine Carbonic Anhydrase II.
Authors: Poulsen Sally‐Ann , Bornaghi Laurent F. , Healy Peter C.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
New Agents with Antimycobacterial Activity.
Authors: Marco‐Contelles Jose , Gomez‐Sanchez Elena
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 6‐Alkyloxyl‐3,4‐dihydro‐2(1H)‐quinolinones and Their Anticonvulsant Activities.
Authors: Quan Zhe‐Shan , Wang Jun‐Min , Rho Jung‐Rae , Kwak Kyung‐Chell , Kang Hee‐Cheol , Jun Chang‐Soo , Chai Kyu‐Yun
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Bisheterocycle‐Containing Compounds as Potential Antiinfluenza Virus Agents.
Authors: Wang Wen‐Long , Yao De‐Yong , Gu Min , Fan Min‐Zhi , Li Jing‐Ya , Xing Ya‐Cheng , Nan Fa‐Jun
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemical Precipitation
Authors: Wang Lawrence K. , Vaccari David A. , Li Yan , Shammas Nazih K.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Investigation of the Nature and Number of Surface Active Sites of Supported and Bulk Metal Oxide Catalysts Through Methanol Chemisorption
Authors: Briand L. E.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Current Aspects of the Polyoxometalate/Metal Oxide‐Based Clusters. Part 2. Special Aspects
Authors: Patrut Adrian , Nicoara Adrian , Margineanu Dragos
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Development of Useful Reactions Involving Tandem Cyclizations Based on the Novel Reactivities of Allenic Compounds
Authors: Ohno Hiroaki
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
DNA‐Programmed Assembly of Nanostructures
Authors: Gothelf Kurt V. , LaBean Thomas H.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Quasienantiomers and Quasiracemates: New Tools for Identification, Analysis, Separation, and Synthesis of Enantiomers
Authors: Zhang Qisheng , Curran Dennis P.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Highly Functional Nucleic Acids and Their Application to DNA Technology
Authors: Okamoto Akimitsu
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Convenient Method for Synthesis of Cyclic Peptide Libraries
Authors: Bourne Gregory T. , Nielson Jonathon L. , Coughlan Justin F. , Darwen Paul , Campitelli Marc R. , Horton Douglas A. , Rhumann Andreas , Love Stephen G. , Tran Tran T. , Smythe Mark L.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Cell‐Penetrating Peptides for Cargo Delivery
Authors: Pooga Margus , Langel Ulo
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Towards Breakthrough Concepts in the Industrial Synthesis of Di‐ and Short Oligopeptides
Authors: Quaedflieg Peter J. L. M. , Sonke Theo , Broxterman Quirinus B.
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthetic Paths Towards Scalaranes: Assembling the Scalaranic Skeleton and Further Transformations
Authors: Ungur Nicon , Kulcitki Veaceslav
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Properties of N‐Alkylsubstituted Zinc(II) Phthalocyaninates as Potential Agents for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Strassert Cristian A. , Rodriguez Myriam E. , Fernandez Daniel A. , Dicelio Lelia E. , Awruch Josefina
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Guideline to the Design of Molecular‐Based Materials with Long‐Lived Photomagnetic Lifetimes
Authors: Letard Jean‐Francois , Guionneau Philippe , Nguyen Olivier , Costa Jose Sanchez , Marcen Silvia , Chastanet Guillaume , Marchivie Mathieu , Goux‐Capes Laurence
Published: February 2006

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cover Picture: Structural Basis for the Exceptional in vivo Efficacy of Bisphosphonate Drugs (ChemMedChem 2/2006)
Authors: Rondeau Jean‐Michel , Bitsch Francis , Bourgier Emmanuelle , Geiser Martin , Hemmig Rene , Kroemer Markus , Lehmann Sylvie , Ramage Paul , Rieffel Sebastien , Strauss André , Green Jonathan R. , Jahnke Wolfgang
Published: February 2006

The cover picture shows micro computer tomography images that demonstrate the effect of zoledronate in the prevention of the tumor osteolytic response caused by local injection of human 4T1 mammary carcinoma cells into the tibia of nude mice. The circular arrangement shows interpolations between structural snapshots of farnesyl pyrophosphate synthase (FPPS), the molecular target of zoledronate and other bisphosphonates, upon inhibition by zoledronate and further complexation by IPP. It illustrates the structural basis for bisphosphonate treatment of bone metastasis, Paget's disease, osteoporosis, and other diseases. (Bone images courtesy of Dr. Jürg A. Gasser, Novartis Pharma AG). For more details, see the full paper by J.‐M. Rondeau, W. Jahnke, et al. on p. 267 ff.
Two‐primary crosstalk model for characterizing liquid crystal displays
Authors: Wen Senfar , Wu Royce
Published: February 2006

The conventional methods for colorimetric characterization of displays assume that the displays satisfy the constraints of primary chromaticity invariance across gray levels and primary channel independence. The liquid crystal displays (LCDs) that reasonably satisfy the two constraints have been accurately characterized with the conventional methods and black‐level correction. For the LCDs that do not reasonably satisfy the two constraints, we propose a higher‐order method for accurate colorimetric characterization. Two‐primary crosstalk (TPC) is observed for two tested LCDs that may be due to signal interference. We derive the crosstalk function and develop the TPC model for characterizing the LCDs, which comprises a set of the simultaneous equations with offset constants, one‐color variables, and two‐color‐product variables. The results show that the accuracy of the TPC model is significantly improved compared with conventional device models and only slightly worse than the three‐dimensional look‐up‐table (3D‐LUT) model, while the numbers of measurement data are 49 and 512 for the TPC and 3D‐LUT models, respectively. The average color difference of 224 test samples is about 2.0 (1976 CIELAB color difference formula) with the TPC model for the LCD monitor either with higher or with lower two‐primary crosstalk. While the proposed TPC model yields improved characterization accuracy over conventional models, the TPC model is evaluated on only two LCDs of the same manufacturer. Thus, the generality of the LCD crosstalk deficiency is unknown and should be determined in future research. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 90–101, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20187
The Villalobos Colour Atlas: An analysis
Authors: Brown Megan , Kuehni Rolf G. , Hinks David
Published: February 2006

The Villalobos Colour Atlas with its 7273 samples, published in 1947 in Argentina, represents one of the most ambitious attempts at a systematic object color sample collection. Its authors saw it as a practical visual color measuring and specification instrument at a time when spectrophotometers were a rarity in research institutes. In part, its organization is similar to that of the Munsell system but differs in regard to saturation. After a brief description of the structure of the Atlas data, what may be the first extensive measurement data of samples of the Atlas is presented in the CIELAB system. The results, unsurprisingly, show that the Atlas (as represented by the over‐60‐year‐old copy) meets some of its stated goals only to a limited extent. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 109–116, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/col.20188
Irregularity in CIECAM02 and its avoidance
Authors: Brill Michael H.
Published: February 2006

Were it not for an algorithm patch, the color‐appearance model CIECAM02 would sometimes be forced to evaluate fractional powers of negative numbers. The artifact arises because the red and green primaries of the initial CAT02 chromatic adaptation lie outside the positive gamut of the Hunt–Pointer–Estévez (HPE) primaries that subsequently convey the color signal in the model. Relocating the chromaticities of the HPE red and green primaries so as to lie on the CAT02 red–green line alleviates the problem, but adds a bit of X and Y to the revised HPE blue. An (x,y) diagram aids in visualizing the CIECAM02 gamut overlaps, with an extension that accommodates the HPE RGB triangle's enclosure of the point at infinity. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 31, 142–145, 2006
Derivation of the Gross‐Pitaevskii hierarchy for the dynamics of Bose‐Einstein condensate
Authors: Erdős László , Schlein Benjamin , Yau Horng‐Tzer
Published: February 2006

Consider a system of N bosons on the three‐dimensional unit torus interacting via a pair potential N2V(N(xi − xj)) where x = (x1, …, xN) denotes the positions of the particles. Suppose that the initial data ψN, 0 satisfies the condition

where HN is the Hamiltonian of the Bose system. This condition is satisfied if ψN, 0 = WNϕN, 0 where WN is an approximate ground state to HN and ϕN, 0 is regular. Let ψN, t denote the solution to the Schrödinger equation with Hamiltonian HN. Gross and Pitaevskii proposed to model the dynamics of such a system by a nonlinear Schrödinger equation, the Gross‐Pitaevskii (GP) equation. The GP hierarchy is an infinite BBGKY hierarchy of equations so that if ut solves the GP equation, then the family of k‐particle density matrices ⊗k|ut〉 〈ut| solves the GP hierarchy. We prove that as N → ∞ the limit points of the k‐particle density matrices of ψN, t are solutions of the GP hierarchy. Our analysis requires that the N‐boson dynamics be described by a modified Hamiltonian that cuts off the pair interactions whenever at least three particles come into a region with diameter much smaller than the typical interparticle distance. Our proof can be extended to a modified Hamiltonian that only forbids at least n particles from coming close together for any fixed n. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mathematical Modelling and Simulation of Adsorption Processes at Spherical Microparticles
Authors: Chevallier François G. , Šljukić Biljana , Wildgoose Gregory G. , Jiang Li , Jones Timothy G. J. , Compton Richard G.
Published: February 2006

A model for the adsorption process at spherical microparticles under transient diffusion conditions has been developed and solved using numerical simulation. This model allowed us to demonstrate that the system is controlled by two main dimensionless parameters: the adsorption rate constant ka′ and the saturation parameter β. Analytical models for the adsorption process at spherical microparticles under steady‐state mass transport conditions have been derived. These models use previously developed empirical relationships for the calculation of the mass transfer coefficient (kc ). The properties of the system were studied for both the case where mass transport is described by diffusion only and the case where it is the result of a coupled diffusion/convection process. These mathematical tools were then used to analyse the results obtained for the uptake of CuII by glassy carbon powder modified with the monomer L‐cysteine methyl ester and to extract a minimum value for the adsorption rate constant which was found to be of the order of 10−4 cm s−1.
Quantitative flow cytometry of ZAP‐70 levels in chronic lymphocytic leukemia using molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome
Authors: Kay Sigi , Herishanu Yair , Pick Marjorie , Rogowski Ori , Baron Shoshana , Naparstek Elizabeth , Polliack Aaron , Deutsch Varda R.
Published: February 2006

Background

ZAP‐70 has emerged as a potential pivotal prognostic marker for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), which could replace immunoglobulin heavy chain mutation status. Although several flow cytometry assays have been described for assessing ZAP‐70 in CLL, certain technical and scientific issues remain unsolved, which have prevented results of this crucial test from being reported, even in the best routine flow cytometry laboratories. In this report, we aimed to solve some of these issues by providing a computerized quantitative flow cytometric assay for ZAP‐70 within the entire CLL population, which would be easy to perform and enable standardization between laboratories.

Methods

Intracellular ZAP‐70 levels in CLL and normal B cells were assessed by molecules of equivalent soluble fluorochrome (MESF), employing Quantum FITC MESF calibration beads to establish a standard curve relating channel value to fluorescence intensity in MESF units and the QuickCal v. 2.2 program (www.bangslabs.com) and clinical relevance of the data was determined.

Results

The average ZAP‐70 expression value in the CD19+/CD5+ cells from 35 CLL patients was 103,701 MESF when compared with 12,621 MESF in B cells from 20 normal blood samples. “Low” and “high” ZAP‐70 CLL subgroups were defined. Patients with “high ZAP‐70 MESF” CLL had a shorter time to disease progression (P = 0.0005) and a more advanced clinical stage (P = 0.0018) when compared with patients in the “low ZAP‐70 MESF” CLL subgroup.

Conclusions

This quantitative analysis method can be employed to obtain a more specific and highly accurate assessment of ZAP‐70 levels in CLL cells. The method can easily be standardized, in any routine flow laboratory, thereby improving reproducibility and reliability of ZAP‐70 analysis. © 2006 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Comparison between pimonidazole binding, oxygen electrode measurements, and expression of endogenous hypoxia markers in cancer of the uterine cervix
Authors: Jankovic B. , Aquino‐Parsons C. , Raleigh J. A. , Stanbridge E. J. , Durand R. E. , Banath J. P. , MacPhail S. H. , Olive P. L.
Published: February 2006

Background:

Although tumor hypoxia has been associated with a more aggressive phenotype and lower cure rate, there is no consensus as to the method best suited for routine measurement. Binding of the chemical hypoxia marker, pimonidazole, and expression of the endogenous hypoxia markers HIF‐1α and CAIX were compared for their ability to detect hypoxia in tumor biopsies from 67 patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix.

Methods:

Two biopsies were taken one day after administration of pimonidazole and were analyzed for pimonidazole binding using flow cytometry or immunohistochemistry. CAIX and HIF‐1α expression and degree of colocalization were measured in sequential antibody‐stained sections. Patient subsets were examined for tumor oxygen tension using an Eppendorf electrode, S phase DNA content, or change in HIF‐1α expression over the course of treatment.

Results:

Approximately 6% of the tumor area stained positive for pimonidazole, HIF‐1α, or CAIX. The CAIX positive fraction correlated with the pimonidazole positive fraction (r = 0.60). Weaker but significant correlations were observed between pimonidazole and HIF‐1α (r = 0.31) and CAIX and HIF‐1α (r = 0.41). Taking the extent of marker colocalization into consideration increased the confidence that all markers were identifying hypoxic regions. Over 65% of stained areas showed a high degree of colocalization with the other markers. Oxygen microelectrode measurements and S phase fraction were not correlated with the hypoxic fraction measured using the three hypoxia markers. HIF‐1α levels tended to decrease with time after the start of therapy.

Conclusions:

Endogenous hypoxia marker binding shows reasonable agreement, in extent and location, with binding of pimonidazole. CAIX staining pattern is a better match to the pimonidazole staining pattern than is HIF‐1α, and high CAIX expression in the absence (or low levels) of HIF‐1α may indicate a different biology. © 2005 International Society for Analytical Cytology
A simple correction for cell autofluorescence for multiparameter cell‐based analysis of human solid tumors
Authors: Smith Charles A. , Pollice Agnese , Emlet David , Shackney Stanley E.
Published: February 2006

Background:

Corrections that have been proposed to minimize the unwanted contribution of cell autofluorescence to the total fluorescence signal often require either specialized instrumentation or the sacrifice of a data channel so as to perform a measurement that can be used to correct for autofluorescence in individual cells. Here we propose a simple cell by cell correction for autofluorescence that is suitable for multiparameter laser scanning cytometry (LSC) studies in human solid tumors that relies on the ratio of mean autofluorescence to mean total cell fluorescence (mean Flauto/mean Fltotal). This approach assumes a correlation between the autofluorescence component and the total signal in individual cells. This correction does not require specialized instrumentation, and does not sacrifice a data channel in multiparameter studies. A potential disadvantage is that errors may be introduced by the assumption of a correlation between the two components of the total fluorescence signal in individual cells in samples in which no such correlation exists.

Methods:

Distributions of cell autofluorescence and total Her‐2/neu cell fluorescence were obtained separately by LSC in three human breast cancer cell lines and in three samples of primary human lung cancer. In the breast cancer cell lines, autofluorescence measurements and Her‐2/neu measurements were also obtained on the same cells.

Results:

We show that there is a partial correlation between autofluorescence and total Her‐2/neu/FITC fluorescence in individual cells in the three breast cancer cell lines. We also show that the results of a ratio‐based autofluorescence correction agree with those based on a true cell by cell correction. Computer simulation studies suggest that in samples with no correlation between the autofluorescence component and the true probe/dye fluorescence component, the ratio correction produces robust estimates of the mean true fluorescence signal, with relatively small but systematic underestimates of the coefficient of variation of such measurements under conditions commonly encountered in the measurement of human solid tumors.

Conclusions:

A simple cell by cell correction for autofluorescence based on the ratio of mean Flauto to mean Fltotal can be applied in cell samples in which there is a correlation between cell autofluorescence and true probe/dye fluorescence in individual cells. In cell samples that lack this correlation, or in which it is not known whether such a correlation exists, this correction can be used with the reservation that there is a systematic but relatively small underestimation of the degree of variability of the measurements. © 2005 International Society for Analytical Cytology
Synthesis of Saponins with Cholestanol, Cholesterol, and Friedelanol as Aglycones
Authors: Schimmel Jörg , Passos Eleutério M. Inês , Ritter Gerd , Schmidt Richard R.
Published: February 2006

Procedures for the synthesis of branched Xylβ(1→3)[Galβ(1→2)]‐Glc and Xylβ(1→3)[Galβ(1→2)]‐GlcUA trisaccharides β‐linked to the 3‐Oof cholesterol, cholestanol, and friedelanol, respectively, were developed. To this end, β‐selective glucosylation of cholesterol with glucosyl donors giving selective access to 2‐O, 3‐O, and 6‐Owas studied. This way intermediates10and21having 2‐O‐acyl, 3‐O‐benzyl and 4,6‐O‐benzylidene or also benzyl protection were obtained. Removal of the 2‐O‐acyl group and then galactosylation afforded β(1→2)‐linked disaccharide intermediates14and23. Standard manipulations with theO‐benzylidene and/orO‐benzyl protecting groups gave selective access to the 3‐Oof the glucosyl residue, thus affording with a xylosyl donor the trisaccharide β‐linked to the cholesteryl residue (compound18) as decisive intermediate. Also an alternative procedure to this compound via attachement of a Xylβ(1→3)Glc residue to cholesterol and then galactosylation could be developed. Total deprotection of18or regioselective introduction of a sulfate group and of a dodecylcarbamoyl residue at 6a‐Ofurnished saponins34,36, and38, respectively. Hydrogenation of cholesteryl disaccharide23led directly to a 3a‐O‐unprotected cholestanyl disaccharide39. β‐Selective xylosylation and transformation of the liberated glucose hydroxymethyl group into a carboxylic group afforded target molecule1bhaving the desired Xyl(1→3)[Gal(1→2)]‐GlcUA β‐linked to cholestanol. Similarly, a saponin analog was obtained having an α‐linkedL‐rhamnosyl residue instead of the β‐linkedD‐xylosyl residue. Application of the glycosylation sequence, as worked out for cholesterol, to friedelanol led to attachment of the Xylβ(1→3)[Galβ(1→2)]‐Glc residue to the 3‐O(compound54). CompleteO‐deacylation led to saponin55; oxidation of the hydroxymethyl group of the glucose residue to the carboxylic group and then deprotection afforded target molecule2containing the same trisaccharide residue as1b. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
A Concise Total Synthesis of Antifungal Antibiotic (+)‐Preussin
Authors: Gogoi Naminita , Boruwa Joshodeep , Barua Nabin C.
Published: February 2006

A short synthesis of the pharmacologically important natural product (+)‐preussin is described. Two asymmetric C–C bond‐formation reactions mediated by binaphthol‐derived asymmetric catalysts have been applied to control the stereochemistry of its three stereocenters. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Catalytic Hydrogenation of Cyanohydrin Esters as a Novel Approach to N‐Acylated β‐Amino Alcohols – Reaction Optimisation by a Design of Experiment Approach
Authors: Veum Lars , Pereira Silvia R. M. , van der Waal Jan C. , Hanefeld Ulf
Published: February 2006

The catalytic hydrogenation of acylated cyanohydrins and subsequent intramolecular migration of the acyl group to yield pharmaceutically interesting N‐acyl β‐amino alcohols is shown to be a successful one‐pot preparation method. The combination of a multistep DoE approach and high‐throughput methodology proved to be an effective strategy for the optimisation of the reaction. With the favoured catalyst/solvent combination of nickel on alumina in dioxane, both hydrogenation and acyl group migration proceeded smoothly, giving the N‐acyl β‐amino alcohols in yields (determined by GC) of up to 90 % for aliphatic substrates and up to 50 % for benzylic ones, the latter being more prone to side reactions. No racemisation was found to occur at the chiral centre of an aliphatic molecule when an enantiopure cyanohydrin ester was used, though a minor decrease in ee was observed with a benzylic substrate. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2006)
Nonlinear regression analysis of steady‐state voltammograms obtained at microelectrodes
Authors: Owlia Azita , Rusling James F.
Published: February 2006

Nonlinear regression was applied to the analysis of steady‐state voltammograms obtained at carbon fiber microelectrodes. Reversible regression models were used to analyze data for oxidation of ferrocene in acetonitrile with and without added electrolyte. This analysis constitutes a test for reversibility of the redox couple. An estimate of cell resistance in highly resistive media was obtained by including ohmic drop in the model for reversible electron transfer. This allows computation of „resistance‐free”︁ voltammograms obtained in that medium. A general model for steady‐state voltammograms of quasi‐reversible electrode reactions was used to estimate simultaneously apparent standard heterogeneous electron transfer rate constants (k0′), formal potentials, and electrochemical transfer coefficients for ferrocyanide and the Co(II)/Co(I) couple of vitamin B12r. Precision for ferrocyanide with a k0′ of 0.023 cm/sec was about ±30%. Results on ferrocene suggest an upper limit for estimating k0′ of about 1–2 cm/sec when the signal/noise ratio (S/N) is large. Data for the quasi‐reversible Co(II)/Co(I) couple of vitamin B12r showed that results of reasonable precision and accuracy can be obtained for systems with poor S/N.
Electrochemical behavior of iproplatin at the carbon paste electrode
Authors: Mebsout F. , Kauffmann J. M. , Patriarche G. J. , Vereecken J. , Christian Gary D.
Published: February 2006

The electrochemical redox behavior of iproplatin (JM9) was investigated at the carbon paste electrode using cyclic voltammetry in the absence and presence of free chloride ions. In the absence of chloride, a diffusion‐controlled, two‐electron reduction peak (Epc1) is observed, giving a platinum(II) derivative that is oxidized to a Pt(IV) compound on cycling (Epa1). Photolytic reduction‐hydrolysis to two platinum(II) derivatives results in a Pt(II) compound which on anodic scanning is oxidized to a Pt(IV) compound (Epa2) that is subsequently reduced to'a Pt(II) compound on cycling, to give rise to a second (earlier) reduction peak (Epc2). The other (nonhydrolyzed) photolytic reduction Pt(II) product can also be reduced (E) to give Pt(O) that subsequently is oxidized to Pt oxides (E); this latter Pt(II) compound is prevalent in the presence of chloride ions, which inhibit hydrolysis.
Indirect polarographic determination of titanium
Authors: Castrillejo Yolanda , Pardo Rafael , Barrado Enrique , Batanero Pedro Sánchez
Published: February 2006

An indirect method has been developed for Ti(IV) determination at trace levels, by means of the formation of 11‐molybdotitanophosphoric acid, its isolation with an organic solvent, stripping with alkali, and measurement of the Mo(VI) by its catalytic effect on the polarographic reduction of hydrogen peroxide. A detection limit of 4.09 μg/liter can be achieved. The procedure has been applied successfully to a certified steel sample.
A method for the investigation of double‐layer effects at solid electrodes
Authors: Mikkelsen Susan R. , Purdy William C.
Published: February 2006

The study of double‐layer effects at solid electrodes is often hindered by the lack of precise values for the zero‐charge potentials. This paper presents a method with which the Guoy‐Chapman‐Stern theory can be applied to cyclic voltammetric data in the absence of zero‐charge potential values. The new method uses the voltammetric peak potentials of reversible redox couples as probes of double‐layer structure and requires the elimination of iR drop from the measured values. A new method for the elimination of iR drop is also presented, based on the proportionality of uncompensated resistance to working‐to‐reference electrode distance in an axisymmetric cylindrical cell.
Study of CIO4−‐selective electrode based on a conducting polymer polypyrrole
Authors: Lu Ziling , Sun Zhisheng , Dong Shaojun
Published: February 2006

A conducting polymer polypyrrole (PPy) CIO4−‐selective electrode has been prepared successfully by polymerizing pyrrole (Py) in CIO4−solution on glassy carbon (GC) by electrochemical oxidation. The effects of polymerization conditions on the potentiometric response characteristics of PPy are investigated in detail. The mechanism is discussed based on the doping effect of anions in the conducting polymer. The ClO4−‐selective electrode gives Nernstian potentiometric responses over the 10−1–10−4M ClO4−range with a slope of 52–54 mV/pClO4−and detection limit of 1.8 × 10−5M.
Electroanalytical study of succinylsulfathiazole and phtalylsulfathiazole at a glassy carbon electrode
Authors: Carrazon J. M. Pingarron , Recio A. Dominguez , Diez L. M. Polo
Published: February 2006

An electroanalytical study of succinylsulfathiazole and phtalylsulfathiazole oxidation processes at a glassy carbon electrode using different voltammetric techniques was carried out. Results obtained at a rotating disk electrode allow the determination of the pKa values of the reduced and oxidized forms. Limiting currents are diffusion controlled in concentration ranges of 1.0 × 10−5 to 5.0 × 10−5 and 2.0 × 10−5 to 6.0 × 10−5 mol L−1 for Succinylsulfathiazole and phtalylsulfathiazole, respectively. Adsorption phenomena occur at higher concentrations, becoming stronger as the acidity of the medium increases. From differential pulse voltammetry at a stationary electrode, the limits of determination were 3.7 × 10−6 and 4.7 × 10−6 mol L−1 for succinylsulfathiazole and phtalylsulfathiazole, respectively. Interferences between the two sulfa drugs were studied. The application of differential pulse voltammetry at a stationary electrode gave good results for the determination of phtalylsulfathiazole in a commercial pharmaceutical preparation.
Simultaneous electrochemical and EPR studies of flavin radical equilibria
Authors: Male Roxanne , Samotowka Michael A. , Allendoerfer Robert D.
Published: February 2006

The comproportionation reaction of the oxidized and reduced forms of both riboflavin and lumiflavin to form their respective radicals is studied over a range of pHs in aqueous solution and in the aprotic solvent methylene chloride. The comproportionation equilibrium constant is reported for basic solutions reduced at an amalgamated Au electrode, where adsorption does not interfere with equilibrium measurements, with both Na+ and Ca2+ as the counterion. The basic and nonaqueous solution voltammetries of riboflavin and lumiflavin are shown to be similar by measuring the radical concentration by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) during an in situ electrolysis as a function of potential. In both solvent systems the first of the two reduction waves corresponds to a two‐electron reduction with the radical present formed by comproportionation.
The enhancement effect of surfactants in single‐sweep polarography of the palladium‐dimethylglyoxime complex
Authors: Zhao Zaofan , Gao Zhiqiang
Published: February 2006

A rapid, sensitive, selective single‐sweep polarographic method for the determination of palladium based on the reduction of palladium(II) in the Pd(II)‐dimethylglyoxime (DMG) complex is described. In weakly acidic media, Pd(II) reacts with DMG and forms a yellow precipitate. After adding a low concentration of the anionic surfactant SDBS (sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate), the solubility of the complex increases remarkably, and the sensitivity of the determination increases more than fivefold. The solution is stable for at least 3 hours. The complex is strongly adsorbed on the surface of the mercury electrode. The enhancement effect of the surfactant is ascribed to the “synergistic adsorption” of the complex and the surfactant. The current is caused by the reduction of palladium in the complex at −0.45 V (versus SCE). The method can be used to determine trace amounts of palladium over the range of 4 × 10−8 to 4 × 10−6. Assays of palladium catalysts and waste water samples are illustrated.