bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Velvetbean Caterpillar (VBC) Control in Soybean, 1989
Authors: Funderburk Joe , Maruniak Jim , Boucias Drion
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in Gadsden County, Fla., and planted 23 May. Plot size was 8 rows × 15 m with a 0.91-m row spacing. Experimental design was a randomized complete block, with 4 replications. All treatments were applied on 22 Aug, except for a treatment of the VBC nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AgNPV) which was applied on 17 Aug. All applications were made with a 2-row, CO2-powered backpack sprayer that was equipped with 3, D3 nozzles/row. Each treatment was applied at about 36 psi, with the amount of spray about 25 gal/acre. Efficacy data were made by taking 25 sweeps/plot with a 0.38-m-diam sweepnet on each of 5 dates. The 2 center rows of each plot were not sampled, and yield estimates were made by harvesting 10 m of these rows on 11 Nov.
Early Season Insecticide Evaluation Against Mexican Rice Borer on Sugarcane, 1990
Authors: Meagher R. L. , Pfannenstiel R. S. , Saldana R. R.
Published: March 2022

A field of 1st ratoon sugarcane, clone ‘CP 70-321,’ located in Hidalgo County, near Runn, Tex., was sprayed during early season to suppress populations of MRB. The field was sectioned into plots of 70 rows (60-inch centers) × 560 ft (4.5 acre). Guthion and an unsprayed control were randomly assigned to plots in a complete block design with 4 replications. Sprays were applied at 30 psi in 47 gal of water/plot (10.5 gal/acre) using a ground sprayer with 7 nozzles (1 per row) on a 42-ft boom. Sprays were applied on 23 Mar and 5 Apr; only 2 sprays were applied so that the grower had the option to spray 3 more times during the rest of the season. A prespray count of live borers and % stalk infestation was taken 21 Mar and postspray efficacy was evaluated 27 Mar, 3, 17, 30 Apr, 14, and 28 May by examining 50 randomly selected surgarcane stalks from each plot. Samples were taken at least 7 rows away from adjoining plots.
Fall Control of Japanese Beetle Grubs with Conventional Formulations and Entomogenous Nematodes on a Golf Course Fairway in Mifflin County, PA., 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker Robert
Published: March 2022

The fairway consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (40%), and perennial ryegrass (40%). Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 5 gal/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand held shaker and mixed with a fine grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time (6 Sep), the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 84°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 74°F; RH, 50%; amount of thatch, 0.125-0.25 inches; soil type, loam; soil particle size analysis: 40.8% sand, 42.0% silt, 17.2% sand; organic matter, 3.1%; water pH, 7.0; and soil pH, 5.4. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 27 d later (Oct 3). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Japanese beetle grubs ft2 was recorded.
Chinch Bug Control in Buffalograss, 1990
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Weinhold A. P. , Riordan T. P.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted on a buffalograss lawn in Lincoln, Nebr. Insecticides were applied on 5 Sep to 4 × 4 ft plots arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Topography in the treated area was level. The predominant grass species was buffalograss (98%) which was maintained at a mowing height of 4.0 inches. Thatch accumulation ranged from 0-0.25 inches. Conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature 96°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 91°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.0-7.0; water pH, 7.0. Soil moisture was well below field capacity. Liquid insecticides were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 5 gal spray/1000 ft2. Granular formulations were combined with 5.0 oz clay granules, which served as a carrier, and were hand-shaken over plots. Immediately following application, plots were syringed with 0.125 inches water. No rainfall occurred during the posttreatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 5 DAT (10 Sep) by removing from each plot three turf-soil cores to a depth of 2 inches with a 4-inch diam cup cutter (0.26 ft2 total area per plot). Cores were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berlese funnels. Extracted chinch bugs were counted after 48 h.
Control of the Greenpeach Aphid on Chrysanthemum Under Greenhouse Conditions, Spring 1989
Authors: Bethke James A. , Parrella Michael P.
Published: March 2022

Chrysanthemums were obtained as rooted cuttings and potted in 15 cm pots in a greenhouse at UCR and allowed 4 wk growth before use. During the growth phase, the plants were exposed to heavy populations of aphids within the greenhouse. By 4 wk, the plants had obtained a moderate amount of aphids for treatment. Only the terminal portions of the plants were used for aphid counts (3 unexpanded leaves) and marked with a twist tie around the stem at that point. Therefore, posttreatment counts would be made of the same aphids and their young if produced. Plants were assigned to treatments to ensure an equal distribution of aphids/treatment. Six plants/treatment were sprayed at 45 psi using a hand sprayer. Treated plants were held on raised benches in a greenhouse at 26.7°C and ambient relative humidity. Posttreatment counts were taken at 5 and 8 d.
Pear Psylla Control with S 71639, 1990
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Eleven-yr-old pear 'Bartlett' and 'Anjou' trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to evaluate S 71639 for control of pear pests. Plots consisted of 2 replicates of 6 × 6 tree rectangles. Treatments were evaluated for PP and PRM control by counts made at 2-wk intervals. Adult PP were counted from a 25-beating-tray sample/replication. PP nymphs and PRM were counted from 2 50-leaf sample/ replicate. Leaf samples consisted of the proximal leaf, distal leaf and 3 leaves from the middle of 10 terminal shoots. Leaves were brushed and resulting slides were examined under magnification. PP russet and other pest damage were rated according to U.S. grade standards for fresh market pears on 100 mature fruits/cultivar/replication. Factors of fruit quality including firmness, soluble solids and size were evaluated from 2 10-fruit samples/replicate at normal harvest maturity. Fruit and foliage were examined for phytotoxicity after each spray. Pest control and fruit damage were compared to a standard spray program and a control plot in a different pear block located about 300 m from the S 71639 treated plots. The standard program consisted of the following sprays: 1) 15 May, Guthion 35 WP 12 oz; Agri-Mek 0.15 E 5 oz and superior type oil 1 qt/100 gal. 2) 5 Jun, Guthion 35 WP 12 oz/100 gal. 3) 9 Jul, Mitac 50 WP 12 oz/ 100 gal. 4) 19 Jul, Guthion 35 WP 12 oz plus Mitac 50 WP 12 oz/100 gal.
Control of the Greenhouse Whitefly on Selected Ornamentals Under Greenhouse Conditions, Summer 1990
Authors: Bethke James A. , Redak Richard A.
Published: March 2022

Gerbera and lantana provided in 1 gal pots were arranged in a randomized block design (12 plants/treatment) in a commercial greenhouse in Orange County, Calif. Treatments were made using a 3 gal hydraulic sprayer at 150 psi at weekly intervals for a period of 3 wk beginning on 20 Jul. A pretreatment sample of one fully expanded leaf/plant was taken followed by weekly post-treatment samples. The total no. of greenhouse whitefly nymphs/leaf were recorded.
Taxus, Control of Black Vine Weevil (BVW) Larvae, Wooster, Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Taxus plants, growing in 1 pint (0.47 liter) containers obtained from a nursery in NE Ohio, were used to evaluate conventional insecticides and entomogenous nematodes against BVW larvae. Plants were repotted 27 Jun in 1 gal (3.9 liter) containers with a 3:1 (pine barkipeat) medium mix. Dolomitic lime was added to the mix at 6 lb/cuyd. Plants were fertigated with 200 ppm N, P, K (Peter’s 20-20-20) every Mon, Wed, and Fri. Beginning 7 Aug, water alone was applied via over-head irrigation. BVW eggs were collected from adults held at 22°C and 80%+ RH and a 16 h photoperiod. On 7 Aug, all containers received 75 brown eggs, placed 2.54 cm beneath the surface of the potting medium. An additional 58 brown eggs were placed 16 Aug, as before. Hatchability was 89 and 77 percent, respectively. Treatments were applied 8 Nov when larval head-capsule width averaged 1.63 mm. A nematode stock suspension was made by placing 1 unit of Otinem (50,000,000 nemas) in 10 gallons of water. Nemas were applied volumetrically in 473 ml of water to deliver predetermined numbers of nemas per pot. AgSorb flake (2.4 grams) was added to the finished suspension for each pot of selected treatments. All finished suspensions were mixed thoroughly in a pint jar and poured over the potting medium to achieve even distribution. Other insecticide treatments were applied by mixing the predetermined pot rate in 473 ml of water which was poured over the pot medium, as before. All plants were watered prior to and after application. Plants were then hand watered every Mon, Wed, and Fri. Treatment effects were evaluated 28-29 Nov, when larvae were nearing maturity, by removing the plant and medium from each container and counting the number of larvae and recording their condition. Some pupation was occurring when evaluations were made.
Chinch Bug Control, Ingham Country, Mich., 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A.
Published: March 2022

A grid of 4 × 4 ft plots separated by 1 ft wide buffer strips was set-up in a home lawn with a heavy infestation of chinch bugs in Okemos, Mich. After precounts, 5 replications of each treatment were applied on Jul 24, between 11:00 am and 4:00 pm. Temperature at application was 75°F and conditions were still. All products wree applied with a single nozzle, hand held C02 sprayer from R&D Sprayers. The application was made at 50 psi through an 8003 nozzle. Insecticides were mixed with water and applied at a rate of 242.2 ml/16 ft2 (4 gal/1000 ft2). Postcounts were made 8 d later on 1 Aug. For the precounts and postcounts, each plot was divided in two and each 2 × 4 ft half was counted for 2 minutes. The 2 counts from each replication were then totaled. The test was conducted at a home lawn with a mixture of Kentucky bluegrass and fine fescue, a 0-Ys inch thatch layer, and sandy soil. The area was damp from rain at the time of application; it had rained several times the previous wk. Many chinch bugs infected with Beauvaria hassiana were sporulating during the postcounts.
Fletcher Scale Control on Taxus, Michigan, 1990
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. , Kearns K. A. , Stevens C. A.
Published: March 2022

The test site was an 80 acre Taxus planting owned by Zelenka’s Nursery near Allendale. The Taxus in the field were 4- to 5-yr-old. Each treatment was replicated 6 times. Each replication consisted of 6 individual taxus plants. Fletcher scale populations were sampled by counting the number of adult scales in 45 s of searching per plant. On 26 Jun, insecticides were applied with an R&D C02 sprayer with a 8003 nozzle at 50 psi. The weather during the spray applications was 70°F but overcast with occasional wind gusts. Adult scale populations were sampled at peak crawler emergence just prior to treatment on 26 Jun, and again 7 wk later on 17 Aug when the scales were mature.
Choke Cherry, Efficacy of Selected Insecticides Against Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Wayne Co., Oh, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Choke cherry, 2-5 m tall, growing along a roadside were used to evaluate insecticides against eastern tent caterpillar. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at half-throttle on aperature setting # 3 for 30 s was used to deliver 600 ml of finished spray to each replicate. Sprays were directed to the dominant tent and surrounding foliage on each of 3, single-tree replicates/treatment. Two separate dates and locations were used to apply treatments. Test 1 sprays were applied 22 May when conditions were sunny, 24°C, with winds 16-24 km/h. Test 2 sprays were applied 24 May when conditions were sunny, 27°C, with 16-32 km/ h winds. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 30 May and 6 Jun for both tests by assessing the condition of larvae on each replicate tree.
Spring Control of Cooley Spruce Gall Adelgid with Insecticidal Soaps, Horticultural Spray Oils, and Conventional Insecticides on Douglas-Fir in Carbon Co., Pa, 1990
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Ten treatments were applied to evaluate Cooley spruce gall adelgid on heavily infested 6-8 ft Douglas-fir Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied on 2 May to 4 trees/replicate. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete design. Foliar treatments were completed by using a Solo Master 412 mistblower. Treatments were applied at the rate of 100 gal/acre (302 ml/tree). At treatment time the following conditions existed: air temperature, 74-76°F; water pH, 6.0; skies were partly cloudy. One hundred and five DAT (15 Aug) counts were completed on each tree. Each replicate was evaluated by selecting 4 cardinal directions on the tree and counting 25 needles at each location and recording the number of Cooley spruce gall damaged needles.
Elm, Control of Elm Leaf Beetle Larvae, Delaware, Oh, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Elm, 2-2.5 m tall, growing in 3-gal containers were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against elm leaf beetle. A KWH backpack misfblower operating at low-throttle on aperature setting #2 for 15 s was used to apply 100 ml of finished spray to each plant. Sprays were applied 30 Jun under sunny skies, 24°C, and 8-16 km/h winds. Four naturally-infested, containerized plants were randomly selected for each treatment. The 4 plants for each treatment were placed on 91 cm × 91 cm paper squares prior to spraying. During application, larvae began dropping from all plants, except those sprayed with water or soap, which began dropping 1 h later. As soon as larvae began to drop, 10 from each square of paper (replicate plant) were placed in each of 4 petri dishes, along with 1 unsprayed leaf. Petri dishes were immediately placed in an ice chest and transported to the laboratory. Treatment effects were assessed 72 h later. Residual efficacy was evaluated 3 and 6 DAT by counting the number of live larvae on the top 35 leaves of each replicate tree.
Willow Leaf Beetle Control on Sandbar Willow, 1989
Authors: Nixon Philip L.
Published: March 2022

Sandbar willow trunks planted into the bank of a stream approximately 5 miles northwest of Chillicothe, 111. were sprayed with M-One insecticide on 17 May. The trunks had been planted in the bank during the previous winter to provide erosion control and had tufts of expanding leaves sprouting along the trunks. Tufts of leaves were sprayed with M-One and water or just water (control), 12 tufts each, with a 3-gal hand-pressurized portable sprayer to the point of runoff. The number of leaves/tuft ranged from 8-22. Unhatched eggs were removed on 17 May to preclude additional larval hatch during the test period. Larval length ranged from 1-2 mm on 17 May and 4-7 mm on 23 May. A leaf was considered damaged if at least 50% of the leaf suffered larval feeding damage. The number of damaged and undamaged leaves/shoot was recorded on both 17 May and 23 May. This was converted to % increase of damaged leaves/shoot during the test period.
Efficacy of Permethrin and Diazinon Against Horn Flies on Beef Cattle When Delivered by Morgan Recharger Ear Tags, 1989
Authors: Barton W. E. , Gray E. W. , Noblet R.
Published: March 2022

Morgan Recharger ear tags incorporated a patented wicking system to administer insecticides to livestock for nuisance fly control. 1989 tags, containing 10 ml of either an 8% permethrin (40% piperonyl butoxide, 52% petroleum distillates) or a 20% diazinon (80% petroleum distillates) formulation, were applied 2/head to crossbred cattle at the Simpson Agricultural Experiment Station near the Clemson University campus on 19 Jul. Both tagged herds and an untreated control herd consisted of at least 20 adult cows/herd. Adult horn files on one side of 10 randomly selected cows per herd were counted weekly with the aid of binoculars between 0800 and 1100 EST for 12 wk after attachment.
Efficacy of Saber Ear Tags on Horn Flies and on Calf Weaning Weights, Gudmundsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, Nebraska, 1990
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J.
Published: March 2022

Crossbred cow/calf pairs, maintained on University of Nebraska-Lincoln Sandhills native range pastures were selected for use in this study. Saber (10% Lambdacyhalothrin) ear tags were applied to 30 cow/calf pairs (2 tags/cow). A second group of 30 cow/calf pairs were left untreated and served as a control. All calves were weighed 4 Jun, the same day the cows were tagged, and the cow/calf pairs were placed in appropriate pastures. The pastures were of equal size (623 acres) and had a good stand of native grass. Horn fly poulations were recorded weekly by counting the total number of flies on both sides of a cow. A minimum of 15 cows was included during each fly counting session.
Evaluation of Dimilin 25% Wettable Powder as a Whole-Body Spray for Control of Cattle Lice in Wyoming, 1989
Authors: Lloyd J. E. , Kumar R. , Waggoner J. W.
Published: March 2022

Experimental steer and heifer calves were of mixed breeds and originated in eastern Wyoming. They were housed in separate pens in group of 4 animals each at Laramie, Wy. The cattle were naturally infested with the cattle biting louse, the longnosed cattle louse, and the little blue louse. Hair was parted and lice density was estimated by observing and recording the number of adults and nymphal lice of each species at sample sites on various body regions the host. Body regions examined were: 1, 5 × 15 cm area on the topline; 1, 5 × 15 cm area on the withers; 2, 10 × 15 cm areas surrounding the right and left eyes; 2, 5 × 10 areas on the right and left cheeks; 1, 5 × 25 cm area on the muzzle; and 1, 5 × 15 cm area on the dewlap. Following pretreatment lice counts, 12 animals were ranked according to lice density. Groups of similarly infested cattle were then randomly assigned to one of 3 treatment groups. Dimilin 25 WP was diluted at the rate of 30.14, and 15.17 grams/4 gal of water to give concentrations of 0.05% and 0.025% Dimilin, respectively. Each concentration was applied to one pen of 4 animals on Mar 10. One additional pen of 4 animals received no insecticide treatment and served as the untreated control. The insecticide suspension was applied at 100 psi by means of a CO2-powered sprayer with a no. 8003 flat-fan nozzle. Four animals were sprayed in a 25 × 25 ft pen for 8 min and 56 s, and each animal received 1 gal of spray material. All animals were thoughly covered. At time of treatment, air temperature was 55°F and weather conditions were ideal.
Evaluation of Beauvema Bassiana for Control of Cotton Fleahopper, 1989
Authors: Chandler Laurence D. , Wright James E.
Published: March 2022

ABG-6178 WP (B. bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin) was evaluated for toxicity to cotton fleahopper adults collected from cotton plants at Weslaco, Tex. Five 100 ml solutions, ranging from 1 × 100 spores/ml distilled water to 1 × 10-4 spores/ml, were formulated in the laboratory. Fleahopper adults (10/treatment) were dipped in each solution and a distilled water control for 3 s and then individually placed into 30 ml plastic cups. A 1 cm cube of potato was provided as a food source, and each cup was covered. Cups were placed in environmental chambers and held at 25°C and 50% relative humidity with a 12:12 day-night photoperiod. Mortality and presence of fungus was determined 96 h after treatment. This procedure was repeated 3 times. Mortality data were analyzed by probit analysis expressed in spores/ml needed to cause mortality.
Onion Thrips Insecticide Dose Response, 1987
Authors: Edelson J. V. , Magaro J. J.
Published: March 2022

Onion thrips were collected from onion plants in south Texas during Mar 1987 and used to establish a laboratory culture. Thrips were reared on green onions in plastic containers at 25°C and a 12 h photoperiod. Response to insecticide dose concentration was evaluated by treating 60 × 15 mm glass petri dishes with 1 ml of differing concentration solutions of Ammo 2.5 EC, Nudrin 1.8 EC and Penncap-M 21% in acetone. The solution was swirled in the bottom of the glass dish for 1 min and then the remaining liquid was poured out. Dishes were air dried for 2 h. Larval thrips were transferred to dishes and exposed for 2 h at 25°C. Thrips were considered dead if no response was detected after gentle probing.
Leaf Disk Bioassay for Cabbage Looper Susceptibility, 1990
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

Fresh cabbage purchased from a local grocery store was cut into disks measuring 90 mm in diam. Disks were dipped in chemical mixtures (see tables) and allowed to air dry on a sheet of organdy cloth to allow drainage. The disks were then placed in 90 mm Pyrex petri dishes; two disks per plate in Test I and one disk per plate in Test II. Five healthy, newly-molted secondinstar CL larvae were tested in each plate. Each plate was checked for larval mortality at approximately six h, 18 h and at 24 h intervals thereafter for seven d. Mortality was determined by prodding the larvae with a blunt probe and dead larvae were removed.
Sawfly Control, 1990
Authors: Forsythe H. Y. , Collins J. A.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied on 15 Jun to 20 × 20 ft plots in a crop-year blueberry field at Township 19, Maine. There were 3 replications of each treatment in a randomized complete block design with 5-ft untreated buffer strips around each plot. Insecticides were applied at a rate of 25 gal/acre using CO2-propelled, 30-inch boom sprayer with 4 flat-spray 800067 Teejet nozzles operating at 35 psi. Plants showed 10% bloom and 90% fruit set at treatment. On sample dates indicated in table, 10 sweeps with a standard 12-inch sweep net were taken from the center of each plot; the larvae were counted and then released over the same plot. There were no unusual weather conditions during the test. Temperatures were generally warm; 1.4 inches of rain fell on 24 Jun.
Insecticide Evaluation for Control of the Foliar form of Grape Phylloxera, 1990
Authors: McLeod M. J. , Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

The test consisted of 7 treatments applied on 11 Jun and 18 Jun, corresponding to recommended control at bloom and 10-14 d post bloom. Plots at Wooster, OH consisted of 2 grape vines, with 4 replications/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Vine spacing was 2.7 m between rows and 2.4 m within the row. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays using a hand held CO2 sprayer operated at 3.2 kg/cm2 equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. Sprays were applied at the rate of 1870 liter/ha. The spreader sticker Triton-B was added to each treatment at the rate of 30 ml/95 liters of water. The total number of galls on 10 apical leaves from 10 randomly selected shoots/plot were recorded on 13 Jul. Data were normalized using the complementary log log transformation of the mean values.
Pesticides Applied for Grape Bud Beetle (GBB) Control in Coachella Valley, Calif., 1988
Authors: Stern Vernon M.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were applied for Grape Bud Beetle (GBB) on 1 Mar (Test 1) and 22 Mar (Test 2). Vine spacing in both trials was 12 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Both treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and there were 5 replicates for each treatment and the check. Each replicate was a single row and extended into the vineyard to include the 15th vine from the field edge. Spray application was made with a hand gun at 135 gal/acre 200 psi in Test 1 and 150 gal/ acre 200 psi in Test 2. Both sides of the vine rows were sprayed to runoff. The 'Perlette,' a seedless grape, is the earliest maturing variety grown in California. At the time of Test 1 some of the new shoots were 1.5 ft long. In both tests materials were applied between 1:00 and 5:00 p.m., and counts made 24 h and 48 h after treatment. The dead beetles on the ground were punched into the sandy soil with a y.i-in. diam wood dowel on each count. During the spring months strong wind and dust storms occur in the Coachella Valley. One such storm occurred the night after the 24 h dead beetle count was taken in Test 1. Blowing dust and sand covered an unknown number of dead GBB on the ground. Further counts of dead beetles were abandoned.
Control of Grape Bud Beetle (GBB) and Variegated Grape Leafhopper (VGL) 1987
Authors: Stern Vernon M.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were applied on the Cardinal' table grape in Coachella Valley, Calif, on 12 Mar. Vine spacing was 12 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design with 5 replicates for each treatment and the check. Each replicate was a single row and extended into the vineyard to include the 10th vine from the field edge. Spray application was made with a hand gun at 180 gal/acre 200 psi. Sprays were applied to runoff on both sides of the vine rows. The dead GBB were counted under the vine rows at 1 and 2 DAT. The dead GBB were punched into the sandy soil with a %-inch diam wood dowel on each count.
Control of Boxelder Bug on Kiwi Fruit, 1990
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on 15-yr-old 'Hayward' kiwifruit in a commercial vineyard near Santa Cruz, Calif. Four treatments were replicated 4 times using a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of an individual vine with a minimum of 1 buffer vine between experimental units. Treatments were applied with a CO2-charged backpack sprayer operating at 30 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre. Treatments were applied on 13 Jun. Control was evaluated by caging 20 field-collected adult boxelder bugs on the foliage for 1 d and 7 d beginning on the day of application and at 1-wk intervals for 4 wk.
Citrus Blackfly Control with Talstar and Danitol, 1990
Authors: Victor French J. , Meagher R. L.
Published: March 2022

Talstar and Danitol were compared to Orthene for efficacy against CBF in two separate trials on container-grown citrus in a nursery at Edinburg, Tex. CBF-infested trees, 2-4 ft tall, were selected and each treatment replicated 4 times on groups of 6 trees each. Trees were sprayed to foliar runoff using a TQ-40 Koke Kap backpack CO2 Sprayer at 30 psi. Control trees received a water spray. At intervals prespray and postspray, mature young leaves (24/treatment) were randomly sampled and lst-4th stage CBF (minimum of 500/ treatment) were examined under a binocular microscope. CBF were recorded as dead by the absence of body fluid when probed with a needle. Percent mortality of all immature stage CBF was determined for each treatment.
Mite Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1990
Authors: Hall Michael J. , Shelton Richard R.
Published: March 2022

Three acaracides were evaluated for control of PLSM. Trials were conducted at the LSU Pecan Research and Extension Station, Robson, Caddo Parish, Louisiana on 55-yr-old 'Stuart' pecan trees. Plots were laid out in a randomized block design consisting of three blocks, with one tree/treatment per block. Pretreatment counts were made on 11 Sep. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 12 Sep using an FMC 957 CPD speed sprayer calibrated to deliver 32 gal of finished spray per tree (288 gal/acre). Posttreatment counts were made 6, 19 and 33 DAT. Sampling consisted of counting the number of mites (larvae and adults) on ten pair of leaflets/tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Aphid Control on Louisiana Pecans, 1990
Authors: Hall M. J. , Shelton R. R.
Published: March 2022

Two insecticides were evaluated individually, and in combination with each other for control of the yellow pecan aphid and the black-margined pecan aphid. Trials were conducted at the Dixie Pecan Company Orchard, Dixie, Caddo Parish, Louisiana on 8-yr-old 'Cherokee' pecan trees. Plots were laid out in a randomized block design consisting of five blocks, with one tree/treatment/block. Pretreatment counts were made on 10 Aug. Applications of foliar applied materials were made on 13 Aug using a Lockwood-Hardy airblast sprayer calibrated to deliver 118 gal of finished spray/acre. Posttreatment counts were made 3 and 10 DAT. Sampling consisted of counting the number of nymphs and adults of both species on five compound leaves/tree. Data were subjected to analysis of variance.
Leafminer Control in Snap Beans, 1990
Authors: Rethwisch Michael D. , Meadows Michael R. , Hood Larry
Published: March 2022

Snap beans were planted 31 Aug in double rows on beds with 40 inch centers at the Bruce Church of Arizona, Inc. farm located near Poston, Ariz. Two rows of each variety were planted side by side in the 4 row block. Beans, especially the '04' variety, were heavily infested with leafminers and much defoliation and leaf drop had occurred with the lower leaves prior to the 11 Oct treatment. Plants were very heavily infested with sweetpotato whitefiles, Bemisia tabaci (Gennedius). Treatments were made on this date with a backpack sprayer calibrated to deliver 31.1 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design to plots that were 25 ft long by 1 bed wide. High temperature on 11 Oct was 95°F. Plots were sampled 16 Oct. Samples consisted of 5 trifoliate leaves, each from separate plants, approximately 1/3 the distance from the plant top. A minimum of 2 such samples/plot were taken. Samples were placed in plastic bags and held for 5 d for leafminer immatures to exit, which were then counted. No attempt was made to evaluate the treatment effectiveness against whiteflies.
Mexican Bean Beetle Control in Spring-Planted Snap Beans, 1990
Authors: Shamiyeh N. B. , Roberts C. H. , Southards C. J. , Mullins C. A.
Published: March 2022

'Eagle' snap beans were planted in 4 row plots 15 ft long on 14 April at the Plateau Experiment Station, Crossville. Twelve treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with 5 ft alleys between blocks. Rows were 38 inches apart. Foliar insecticides were applied on 27 June using a 2.5 gal compressed CO2 hand sprayer at 57.3 gal/acre and 50 psi. Pretreatment counts of mexican bean beetle larvae (MBBL) averaged 107/15 row ft. The middle two rows from each plot were harvested using a mechanical 2-row picker on 16 July. A subsample (ca 3 lb) of beans from each plot was rated for pod damage by the MBBL and expressed as a percent.
Acaricide Evaluation Experiment II, 1990
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Winfield Tim , Cheves Robert
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in a 0.6 acre block of 11-yr-old 'Topred' trees on MM106, which measured 14 ft in height and 10 ft in width and were planted at a spacing of 14 × 14 ft. The experimental design consisted of 4 single-tree plots in a randomized block design, with each replicate surrounded by at least one unsprayed tree on each side. Acaricides were applied to runoff on 19 Jun and 17 Jul with a handgun attached to a Durand-Wayland 100 LTS sprayer operated at 100 psi. Each tree received approximately 1.5 gal of spray (ca. 333 gal/acre). Other materials applied separately to all treatments were Agristrep, Benlate, Captan, Dimethoate, Dithane Z-78, Guthion, Lannate, Lorsban, Nova, Oil, Penncap-M, Polyram, Rubigan, Sevin, Solubor, Topsin-M, and Zineb. European red mite control was evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from the periphery of each tree, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine, and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. The effect of treatments on S. punctum was determined by counting adults and larvae observed in 3 min counts around the periphery of test trees.
Control of Diamondback Moth and Cabbage Looper on Cabbage with Bacillus Thumng1Ensis and in Combination with Permethrin, 1990
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Eigenbrode S. D.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 13 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-in plant spacing. To insure an adequate population of insects, 3 plants/plot were inoculated with 100 DBM eggs from our 1988 Geneva lab colony and three different plants inoculated with 50 CL eggs from our 1989 Geneva lab colony. Larvae were allowed to reach second instar before treating. Treatments were replicated 4 times in an RCB design. A backpack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles/row with HC 12 hollow cone tips and delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. Inoculations were made on 9 Aug. Treatments were applied on 15 Aug and evaluated 22 Aug (DBM) and 23 Aug (CL). Evaluations were made by selecting the three inoculated plants per plot, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae.
Control of Diamondback Moth with Mvp Bioinsecticides Compared to Standard Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Shelton A. M. , Wilsey W. T. , Eigenbrode S. D.
Published: March 2022

Cabbage was transplanted on 21 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, NY. Plots consisted of two 10-ft rows on 36-inch centers with 18-inch plant spacing. Treatments were replicated four times in a RCB design. A back pack sprayer with a one-row boom, having 3 nozzles/row with HC 12 hollow cone tips and delivering 38 gal/acre at 40 psi and 2 mph, was used to apply a single application of each treatment. To insure an adequate population of DBM, three plants in each plot were infested on 26 Jul with 100 eggs/plant from our 1988 Geneva lab culture. Once larvae reached the second instar, treatments were applied on 2 Aug and evaluated on 9 Aug. Evaluations were made by selecting the three inoculated plants per plot, removing all leaves, and counting the number of live larvae.
Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Cabbage, Summer, 1990
Authors: Winters S. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

'Express' cabbage was transplanted 12 inches apart in single rows on 12 Jun into sandy loam soil at the Wes Watkins AREC, Lane, Okla. Plots were 20 ft long with 3 ft spacing between rows and were separated by an unplanted row. A randomized complete block design was used with three replications. Fertilizer was applied at recommended levels and irrigation was achieved through a trickle system. The initial insecticide application was made at the 8-10 leaf stage on 29 Jun using a COa-powered backpack sprayer which delivered 23 gal/acre. Insecticide efficacy was determined by sampling for CL and DBM on ten randomly selected plants per plot. Samples were taken at 4 DAT, 7 DAT and 11 DAT. The second insecticide application was made on 11 Jul at the 12-15 leaf stage. Samples were taken as before at 2 DAT and 7 DAT.
Chemical Trials and Effects on Arthropods in Celery, 1989
Authors: Carson W. G. , Nakakihara H. , Trumble J. T.
Published: March 2022

Celery was transplanted in a sandy loam soil on 11 Aug at the University of California's South Coast Field Station. The plants were sprinkler irrigated for 3 wk and drip irrigated (water pH 7.2-7.5) thereafter. Experimental plots were 3 beds wide (2 rows/bed on 40-inch centers) by 50 ft and separated by a 5 ft buffer with 4 replicates of each treatment in randomized complete block design. Weekly application dates included 22, 28 Sep, 5, 12, 19, 26 Oct and 3, 10, 16 Nov. All chemicals were applied by a tractor-mounted boom sprayer operated at 100 psi. As plant height and foliage density increased, nozzles varied from 2—4 per row and carrier (H20) increased from 50 gal/ac (22 Sep) to 100 gal/ac (28 Sep on). Disc-type cone nozzles incorporated D3 orifice discs, #23 or #25 cores and 50-mesh screens. All treatments received spreadersticker. Antifoam (No-Foam) was used with all treatments. Leafminer populations were evaluated by weekly counts of leafminer prepupae and pupae in four 5'/2 × 11 inch trays/replicate when the plants reached a suitable height. Acutal sampling dates were 27 Sep, 4, 11, 18, 25 Oct and 1, 9, 15 Nov. The number of dead adult parasites of Liriomyza species were recorded in the same manner and on the same dates listed for pupal counts. Evaluation of Lepidoptera populations was based on number of damaged plants found in 25 plants/replicate (100/treatment) from the center two rows of each replicate at harvest (20 Nov). Beet armyworm and black cutworm damage were recorded separately.
Lepidopterous Larvae Control on Collards, 1989
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

Collards were transplanted near Greenville, N.C., using a row spacing of 1.07 m. Single row plots, 6.1 m long were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 1.5 m were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18 x). Application rate was 122.5 liter/ha delivered at 60 psi, and Triton B-1956 spreader-sticker was used with all treatments. Applications were made 24 and 30 Aug, 7, 13, and 21 Sep. Visual estimates of foliar damage and insect counts on 5 plants were made 30 Aug, 7, 13, 21 and 28 Sep.
Microbial and Insecticidal Control of Late-Season Insect Pests of Minnesota Sweet Corn, 1990
Authors: Hutchison William D. , Bartels David W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted on the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station at Rosemount in corn planted 14 Jun. Two-row plots, 30 ft long, and separated by one skip-row and 4 ft borders at the end of each plot, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. A backpack CO2 sprayer with one flat-fan (LF-3) nozzle/row, delivering 27 gal/acre at 40 psi, was used to treat the ear zone of each row. First fresh silks were observed 15 Aug and treatments were applied 22, 29 Aug and 5 Sep. Plots were artificially infested with about 20 neonate ECB larvae/plant on 27 Aug. A very heavy natural infestation of CEW also developed. All plots were evaluated 10 Sep by randomly selecting 25 ears/plot (100/treatment), husking the ears and recording total ECB and CEW larvae, larval size and location of feeding damage.
Control of the Corn Lepidoptera by Liquid Insecticides, 1990
Authors: Sheltori A. M. , Wilsey W. T.
Published: March 2022

Corn was planted on 21 Jun at the Vegetable Crops Research Farm near Geneva, N.Y. The planting consisted of a RCB design with four replicates of seven treatments and one control. Plots consisted of six 30-ft rows of sweet corn on 3-ft centers with 9-inch plant spacing. Blocks were separated by 20 ft. Treatments consisted of three applications of each insecticide for naturally occurring Lepidoptera. Foliar sprays were applied by a John Blue Highboy delivering 51 gal/acre at 50 psi and 2 mph, with five nozzles per row (two on each side, one from the top) using flat fan nozzles with 110015 tips. Insecticides were applied on 8, 15 and 23 Aug. On 12 Sep, 25 ears from the four middle rows of each plot were evaluated for ear injury.
Control of Aphids on Cucumbers, 1990
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Steinegger D. H. , Kalisch J. A.
Published: March 2022

The study was carried out on plots at the University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb. Cucumbers were planted 11 Jun, 8 inches apart in rows on 40 inch centers. Treatments were applied on 21 Aug to 4 × 5 ft plots with a Solo backpack handpump sprayer. Insecticides were sprayed to runoff (ca. 2 pts finished spray per plot). The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 replications. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows: air temperature, 82°F; relative humidity, 78%; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 86°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 2.3%; soil pH, 6.9; water pH, 7.3; soil moisture was near field capacity. No rain fell during the posttreatment period. Product efficacy was evaluated 3 DAT (24 Aug) by randomly selecting and excising 6 similar-sized cucumber leaves from each plot. Leaves were returned to the laboratory and placed in Berelese funnels. Extracted aphids (nymphs and adults) were counted after 48 hr.
Control in Lettuce, 1990
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C.
Published: March 2022

'Merit' lettuce was direct seeded into double row beds (12 inch spacing between rows) on 22 Aug and later thinned to 8 inches apart within rows on 12 Sep. Each plot consisted of two 25-ft long beds spaced 40 inches apart and bordered on, each side by an untreated bed. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 5 replicates. Application dates were 26 Sep and 11 Oct. Foliar treatments were applied in distilled water using a CO2-powered sprayer equipped with a 48 inch boom and 2 TX-8 nozzles/bed. Operating pressure was 60 psi delivering 20 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (X-77) was included in all treatments at 0.25%. C. tenuis populations were evaluated by randomly examining 15 lettuce plants per plot for adults and nymphs on 26 and 29 Sep, and 3, 14, and 18 Oct.
Onion Maggot Control, 1990
Authors: Robbins P. S. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot was planted 27 Apr in muck soil near Prattsburg, N.Y. on Franjo Farms. Plots were single rows, 30 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized block design. Germination and damage data were recorded from the center 20 ft of each row. All seeds were sown and seed-furrow treatments of insecticides were applied using a hand-pushed cone seeder which planted 9 seeds/ft and delivered 75 gal/acre through a gravity-fed system. Insecticide treatments were based on a 15 inch row width. Dithane M-45 (80 WP) was applied in the furrow at 2.4 lb (AI)/acre for control of onion smut (Urocystis cepulae) with each treatment. Stand counts were taken 30 May. Maggot damage was assessed by checking each row for wilted plants ca twice/wk from the time of stand counts until 5 Jul.
Control of WFT on Onions, 1989
Authors: Sparks A. N.
Published: March 2022

A small plot field study was conducted in a commercial onion field near Mission, Texas, to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against thrips. Plots measured 80 inches (2 double row beds on 40 inch centers) by 25 ft. A randomized complete block design with 4 replications was used. Treatments were applied on 10 Mar with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer (2 10 X hollow cone nozzles per row; 40 psi; 57 gal/acre). Thrips population density was determined by sampling 5 randomly selected plants from the center 2 rows of each plot. The leaves of the selected plants were cut off at the top of the onion bulb and all thrips present on the leaves (or in the neck) were counted. Pretreatment counts were taken randomly across plots.
Foliar Sprays for Control of Colorado Potato Beetle on Potato in the Red River Valley of Minnesota and North Dakota, 1990
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size potatoes were planted 16 May at the University of Minnesota Northwest Experimental Station, Crookston. Plots at Grafton, North Dakota were in a commercial production field. Experimental plots were 25 ft long with 40-inch row spacing. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Insecticidal sprays were applied 3 Jul, with a CO2-powered handsprayer delivering 100 gal of water/ acre. CPB populations were moderately high. Posttreatment counts were done 48 h after spraying. Evaluations consisted of direct counts of total CPB larvae on 20 whole plants.
Evaluation of a Biological and a Botanical Insecticide for Colorado Potato Beetle Control, Rosemount, 1990
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Radcliffe Edward B. , Vaadeland John R. , Watland Andrew E.
Published: March 2022

Natural product insecticides used in this experiment were B. thuringiensis var. tenebrionis (BK-102) and azadirachtin (RH 0000 and RH 9999) from the neem tree, Azadirachta indica. Es-fenvalerate (Asana XL) was used as a conventional insecticide. Certified B-size seed potatoes were planted 23 May at the Plant Pathology Farm, Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota. Plots were 1 row wide, 7.6 m (25 ft) long, with 102 cm (40 in) spacing between rows and 30 cm (12 in) between plants. A completely randomized plot design with 4 replications was used. Potatoes were scouted daily for CPB egg masses beginning 18 Jul. When egg masses were found these were flagged and checked daily for hatch. Timing of first spray application was based on egg hatch. Two basic spray schedules were used: first application at 30% hatch of flagged egg masses and subsequent applications on a 7 d schedule, or first application at 30% hatch of all eggs (unflagged) laid on or before that sampling date and subsequent applications on a 7 d schedule. Plots were sprayed 1-4 times for second generation of CPB larvae. Spray dates were: 20 Jul (30% hatch of flagged eggs—2nd generation), 25 Jul (30% total hatch—2nd generation), 27 Jul, 1, 3, 8, 10 and 15 Aug. Insecticidal sprays were applied in 935 liters water/ha with a CO2-powered handsprayer. CPB larvae were counted on 20 whole plants per plot on 1, 8, 15, and 22 Aug. Two way analysis of variance was used to test for differences in CPB densities.
Irish Potato, Control of Potato Infesting Aphids, 1990
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

Aphid-A and Aphid-B experiments were randomized complete block designs with four and six replicates respectively and were conducted at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1989. The planting dates were 17 May and 29 May. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row polts were sown to oats on 29 Jun in the Aphid-B experiment and were left fallow in the Aphid-A experiment. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the healthy whole Katahdin seed (ca. 75 g) were 30 cm apart. Fertilizer and cultivation practices were normal for the area. Late blight was controlled by 5 foliar applications of Manex 4 L (2338 ml/ha on 27 Jul; 2806 ml/ha on 3, 9, 16, and 23 Aug). Sidedress and furrow applications of insecticides were made by hand with a plastic tube applying previously weighed amounts of insecticide. Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 0.94 kl/ha. Numbers of aphids (by species) were counted on top, middle, and bottom leaves of 25 plants in the middle rows of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, aphid counts were made prior to applications of the insecticide. Analyses of variance were calculated on untransformed data in the Aphid-A experiment and following transformation of the data using log10(x + 1) for the Aphid-B experiment. Means of the total number of wingless aphids were compared using DMRT. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was respectively 7.3, 10.2, 14.8 cm. The average temperature for each of the same 3 mo was 17.6, 19.5 and 19.7 deg C.
Control on Late Season Sweet Corn with Foliar Sprays, 1990
Authors: Bowman James S. , Barry Donald W.
Published: March 2022

'Honeymoon' sweet corn was hand-planted in rows on 36 inch centers at the University of New Hampshire Kingman Farm, Madbury, NH on 29 Jun. Each plot consisted of a single 30-ft row of corn and each treatment was replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. When the plants reached the 10% silking stage, silk spray applications of 15 insecticide treatments were initiated using a R & D CO2-pressurized (40 psi) single nozzle hand-held sprayer that delivered 28.8 gal/acre. The sprays were directed toward the silk zone on each side of the plant on 20, 24, 27, and 30 Aug. Evaluations were made at harvest time on 6 Sep by examining 25 ears from each replicate for the presence of larvae or larval feeding injury.