bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The roots of the Eurozone sovereign debt crisis: PIGS vs non-PIGS
Authors: Fernandes Costa , Mota Paulo
Published: January 2012

The main purposes of this paper are twofold: a) to determine if there are
significant differences on the determinants of public expenditures and tax
revenues between the so-called PIGS and the remaining Eurozone member states;
b) to uncover possible explanations for the different situations in which
these countries find themselves nowadays. The paper focus on the effects of
the cyclical state of the economy on those fiscal variables, and on the
actual adherence to the fiscal rules imposed by the Maastricht Treaty. Based
on the estimated results we conclude that the anti-cyclical reaction with
respect to the unemployment rate is much stronger among non-PIGS. We also
find that fiscal rules have, in general, not been followed by those two
groups of countries. Moreover, PIGS, in spite of their economic frailties,
have tried to emulate the fiscal behavior of their more prosperous Eurozone
partners instead of executing more rigorous policies.
European welfare regimes: Political orientations versus poverty
Authors: Josifidis Kosta , Hall John , Supic Novica , Ivancev Olgica
Published: January 2012

This inquiry analyzes how political orientations shape welfare states and
labour market institutions when seeking to reduce poverty. In order to
identify effects of these two key variables, we conduct a panel regression
analysis that includes two poverty measures: poverty rates before and after
social spending. This inquiry considers 14 EU countries, and in the period
from 1995 to 2008, which are grouped according to welfare state regimes. We
consider Social Democratic, Corporatist, Mediterranean and Liberal welfare
state regimes. Panel regression results indicate that political orientation
engenders no significant statistically measurable effects on poverty rates
before social spending. Effects register, however, as significant when
considering poverty rates after social spending. With respect to the first
set of results, we advance two key explanations. First, we note a longer
period of time is necessary in order to observe actual effects of political
orientation on market generated poverty. Second, political parties with their
respective programs do not register as influential enough to solve social
problems related to income distribution when taken alone. Influences register
as indirect and are expressed through changes in employment rates and social
spending. The second set of results support the hypothesis that a selected
political regime does indeed contribute to poverty reduction. In sum,
political orientation and political regime does indeed affect poverty through
welfare state institutions, as well as through labour market institutions.
Brazil responses to the international financial crisis: A successful example of Keynesian policies?
Authors: Moreira Cunha , Prates Magalhães , Ferrari-Filho Fernando
Published: January 2012

The paper analyses the economic policy responses of the Brazilian government
to the international financial crisis. In doing so, the paper aims to answer
a specific question: Can the economic policies implemented in 2008-09 be
identified as Keynesian economic policies? It concludes that, despite the
fact the Brazilian economic policies response to the international financial
crisis seems remember Keynesian economic policies, it is not possible to
argue that the recovery of the Brazilian economy can be considered a
Keynesian showcase.
A critical revision of the empirical literature on Chinese outward investment: A new proposal
Authors: Rodríguez Carlos , Bustillo Ricardo
Published: January 2012

Research on China?s role in the globalization of economic activity focuses
mainly on its involvement in trade and on its competitiveness as a
manufacturing location for foreign investors. However, since the mid-1990s
China?s outward foreign direct investment (OFDI) has become an important part
of its integration into the global economy. This dimension is poorly
understood, and few empirical studies about the drivers behind Chinese OFDI
have been published thus far. After reviewing critically the empirical
literature, which provides ambiguous results about the explanatory power of
some of the large list of determinants put forward, we aim to provide a more
accurate description of the motives behind Chinese OFDI. Using a panel data
approach for the period 1995 to 2009 and for a large host country sample, we
identify some key drivers. We find that host market size, natural resources
and FDI openness are of paramount relevance. However, the asset seeking
hypothesis is not confirmed.
Mixed Biopolymer Systems Based on Starch
Authors: Elgadir M. Abd , Akanda Md. Jahurul Haque , Ferdosh Sahena , Mehrnoush Amid , Karim Alias A. , Noda Takahiro , Sarker Md. Zaidul Islam
Published: January 2012

A binary mixture of starch–starch or starch with other biopolymers such as protein and non-starch polysaccharides could provide a new approach in producing starch-based food products. In the context of food processing, a specific adjustment in the rheological properties plays an important role in regulating production processing and optimizing the applicability, stability, and sensory of the final food products. This review examines various biopolymer mixtures based on starch and the influence of their interaction on physicochemical and rheological properties of the starch-based foods. It is evident that the physicochemical and rheological characteristics of the biopolymers mixture are highly dependent on the type of starch and other biopolymers that make them up mixing ratios, mixing procedure and presence of other food ingredients in the mixture. Understanding these properties will lead to improve the formulation of starch–based foods and minimize the need to resort to chemically modified starch.
Neglected Canals: Deterioration of Indigenous Irrigation System by Urbanization in the West Peri-Urban Area of Bangkok Metropolitan Region
Authors: Davivongs Vudipong , Yokohari Makoto , Hara Yuji
Published: January 2012

This paper discusses the deterioration of indigenous irrigation system traditionally developed in the past to serve the peri-urban agricultural lands that have been affected by rapid urbanization in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region. The study is based on data collection from mapping, field survey and interview analyses and identifies current canal deteriorating conditions in four categories: filled, covered, narrowed and shallow, and normal. The findings reveal that different types of canal deteriorations are associated with their private ownership. A typology of land configurations of urban and non-urban land uses along private canals is pointed out in order to understand their relation with canal deterioration types. Caused by urbanization, the degradation of the existing canal networks has provoked conflicts between local farmers and new proprietors, especially real estate developers. Such canal deterioration essentially reduces their ability to convey a water supply to feed agricultural lands, consequently leading to the discontinuation of land use for agriculture and its eventual transformation into urban developments.
The Blended Festivalscape and its Sustainability at Nonurban Festivals
Authors: Gration David , Arcodia Charles , Raciti Maria , Stokes Robyn
Published: January 2012

This article identifies the major elements of festivalscapes at nonurban festivals and their implications for sustainable site management by event organizers. While research on the need to maintain and reinvigorate the servicescapes of retail precincts (e.g., shopping malls) and hotels
is well documented, the same cannot be said of event venues and sites. There is a notable absence of research that explores how nonurban festival sites can maintain their unique natural environment attributes while sustaining consumer interest through incremental changes in the overall festivalscape.
Two Australian festivals, Woodford Folk Festival (Woodford, Queensland) and the national Country Music Muster (Gympie, Queensland), are used in this article to illustrate the need for management intervention to create blended festivalscapes that achieve environmental, social, and economic
goals—a Triple Bottom Line (TBL) measure of success.
DEVELOPMENT OF METHODS FOR ACQUIRING AND TRANSFERING MEASUREMENT DATA IN TESTING THE ELECTRIC LOCOMOTIVES
Authors: Kostić Dragutin , Drndarević Vujo , Marković Petar , Jevtić Nenad
Published: January 2012

The paper describes procedures and methods upon which a system has been developed for testing the running behavior of new or reconstructed electric locomotives prior to release them into regular service. Special attention has been paid to precise measurement of traction currents and voltages, as well as non-electrical quantities, such as torque, longitudinal force exerted at the wheel rim, angular and linear velocity, which vary in a wide range. In addition to choosing appropriate sensors and measuring transducers, specific interface circuits were designed and manufactured, and a laboratory model for measuring electrical and non-electrical quantities of traction electric motors was developed and realised. Based on the experience and the results obtained from the laboratory model, a computerised data acquisition system for testing the electric locomotives in the field was designed from such a computerised systems as application program for simultaneous multichannel measurement of mechanical and electrical quantities, and for off-line processing of measurement results. The systems were tested during the operation on measurement and analysis of tractive capabilities, quality of anti slip regulation system, and energy consumption of a modernized locomotive.
Mid-radial Portal for Operative Arthroscopy of the Elbow: Cadaveric and Clinical Description of a New Portal
Authors: Cortese David A. , Auerbach David M.
Published: January 2012

We report a previously undescribed portal on the lateral aspect of the elbow—the mid-radial portal—and discuss the safety and use of this portal in a clinical practice via cadaveric dissection and retrospective review of 61 patients. It is located midway between the proximal anterolateral and the direct lateral portals at the level of the radiocapitellar joint and serves as a second portal on the lateral side of the elbow for use anteriorly or posteriorly. The portal penetrates the common extensor origin and courses between the radial and ulnar bands of the lateral collateral ligament complex prior to penetrating the joint capsule.

In the clinical series, the mid-radial portal was used in 40 (66%) of 61 cases. The most common procedures involved removal of loose bodies and debridement in the radiocapitellar joint or posterolateral gutter. Follow-up in the clinical series averaged 6 months. No major and 2 minor complications, neither of which could be directly attributed to the use of the mid-radial portal, were found. Specifically, no cases of postoperative lateral instability existed. The previously undescribed mid-radial portal is a safe, effective option for arthroscopy on the lateral aspect of the elbow.
In Vitro Response of Human Chondrocytes to a Combination of Growth Factors and a Proteinase Inhibitor
Authors: Pifer Matthew A. , Kibuule Leonard K. , Maerz Tristan , Studzinski Diane M. , Baker Kevin C. , Herkowitz Harry N.
Published: January 2012

Degenerative disk disease is an accelerating cascade of tissue degeneration in the intervertebral disk. A harsh catabolic environment perpetuates the degeneration of the intervertebral disk. Tissue engineering-based techniques offer effective treatment to slow the progression of degenerative disk disease and regenerate intervertebral disk tissue. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of a regenerative therapy for degenerative disk disease by treating human chondrocytes with anabolic growth factors and a proteinase inhibitor. The use of both proved effective in upregulating important extracellular matrix markers of human chondrocytes. These successful in vitro results have implications for the regeneration of the intervertebral disk.
Femoral Neck Fracture Following Hardware Removal
Authors: Shaer James A. , Hileman Barbara M. , Newcomer Jill E. , Hanes Marina C.
Published: January 2012

It is uncommon for femoral neck fractures to occur after proximal femoral hardware removal because age, osteoporosis, and technical error are often noted as the causes for this type of fracture. However, excessive alcohol consumption and failure to comply with protected weight bearing for 6 weeks increases the risk of femoral neck fractures.

This article describes a case of a 57-year-old man with a high-energy ipsilateral inter-trochanteric hip fracture, comminuted distal third femoral shaft fracture, and displaced lateral tibial plateau fracture. Cephalomedullary fixation was used to fix the ipsilateral femur fractures after medical stabilization and evaluation of the patient. The patient healed clinically and radiographically at 6 months. Despite conservative treatment for painful proximal hardware, elective hip screw removal was performed 22.5 months after injury. Seven weeks later, he sustained a nontraumatic femoral neck fracture.

In this case, it is unlikely that the femoral neck fracture occurred as a result of hardware removal. We assumed that, in addition to the patient’s alcohol abuse and tobacco use, stress fractures may have attributed to the femoral neck fracture. We recommend using a shorter hip screw to minimize hardware prominence or possibly off-label use of an injectable bone filler, such as calcium phosphate cement.
Epithelioid Hemangioma of the Distal Humerus With Pathologic Fracture
Authors: Kleck Christopher J. , Seidel Matthew J.
Published: January 2012

Epithelioid hemangioma is a rare tumor that can have bone involvement. Its clinically and radiographically aggressive appearance mimics a malignant neoplasm. Although epitheliod hemangioma has been described as having an aggressive appearance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and plain radiographs, this is the first reported case of pathologic fracture associated with this lesion to our knowledge. This article describes a case of epithelioid hemangioma involving the distal humerus, which initially presented with progressive pain and fracture of the lateral condyle. The aggressive appearance on plain radiographs and MRI suggested a malignant bone tumor. This preliminary diagnosis was confirmed due to the presence of local lymph node spread on positron emission tomography/computed tomography. After a core needle biopsy revealed nondiagnostic tissue, rather than performing a wide resection based on a presumptive malignant diagnosis, we followed the standard diagnostic algorithm and performed an open biopsy with temporary internal stabilization. The tissue sample was adequate and revealed a diagnosis of epithelioid hemangioma. Based on this finding, we were able to proceed with surgical management, including curettage of the lesion, placement of a bone graft, and internal fixation, rather than a wide resection with elbow joint replacement. This article emphasizes the need for careful adherence to the diagnostic algorithm for musculoskeletal tumors. In doing so, a definitive diagnosis was reached, and our patient was able to resume his occupation as a laborer without the restrictions that would have accompanied elbow arthroplasty.
Life-threatening Necrotizing Fasciitis Due to ‘Bath Salts’ Injection
Authors: Russo Russell , Marks Noah , Morris Katy , King Heather , Gelvin Angelle , Rooney Ronald
Published: January 2012

Necrotizing fasciitis is an orthopedic emergency. The ability to quickly and accurately diagnose this rapidly spreading disease can save a patient’s life and limb. However, the diagnosis is complex because necrotizing fasciitis usually manifests as a less severe cellulitis or abscess while the majority of the damages rage beneath the surface of the skin. Although the diagnosis is not new, the potential causes and vectors continually change. This article reports a new source of necrotizing fasciitis in an intramuscular injection of “bath salts,” a rapidly emerging street drug that is legal in some states and evades authorities with its innocuous name.

The patient presented 2 days after injection of bath salts with extensive cellulitis extending to the mid portion of her upper arm. The cellulitis initially responded to broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, but rapidly deteriorated 48 hours later, leading to a forequarter amputation with radical mastectomy and chest wall debridement to obtain healthy tissue margins and control the disease. The patient made a full recovery after further minor debridements, negative pressure dressings, directed antibiotic therapy, and skin grafting.

The recent emerging popularity of this highly obtainable, injectable substance may lead to an increase in cases of necrotizing fasciitis. Orthopedic surgeons should be vigilant in diagnosing this process early and should perform an extensive debridement.
Proximal Clavicle Physeal Fracture With Posterior Displacement: Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Authors: Koch Matthew J. , Wells Lawrence
Published: January 2012

Posterior sternoclavicular fracture displacement can present as a posterior sternoclavicular joint dislocation and is rare in the pediatric population. This article provides an algorithm for evaluation and management.

A 14-year-old boy with a previously undiagnosed posterior sternoclavicular displacement presented with persistent 7/10 shoulder pain extending into his neck after undergoing nonoperative treatment for an unconfirmed diagnosis at another emergency department. Plain radiographs revealed a displacement of the right medial clavicle, and the position of the clavicular head indicated advanced imaging. Computed tomography showed the posterior portion of the clavicular head butting against the left braciocephalic vein at its confluence with the superior vena cava. The patient underwent open reduction and internal fixation. After exposing the sternoclavicular joint, a Salter-Harris I fracture with no evidence of vascular injury was confirmed. The fracture was reduced and stabilized using figure-eight #5 Ethibond sutures (Ethicon, Somerville, New Jersey), and the patient was placed in an immobilizer for 1 week. At 1 year postoperatively, the patient regained full range of motion and was completely healed.

Posterior clavicle displacements are potentially devastating injuries that are difficult to diagnose. Coordinating operative treatment with orthopedic and general surgery is indicated to manage the fracture or displacement and potential vascular injury. Due to difficulties in maintaining a closed reduction, open reduction and internal fixation is the preferred mode of treatment for the reduction of all posterior clavicular fracture displacements.
Effects of Lumbar Disk Herniation on the Careers of Professional Baseball Players
Authors: Earhart Jeffrey S. , Roberts David , Roc Gilbert , Gryzlo Stephen , Hsu Wellington
Published: January 2012

Outcomes after lumbar disk herniation in baseball athletes are currently unknown. It has been postulated that the repetitive torque-producing motions of a baseball player may have negative implications after a disk injury. Sixty-nine lumbar disk herniations (40 treated operatively, 29 nonoperatively) in 64 professional baseball players were identified, and important outcome measures including successful return to play, time to recovery, career longevity, and performance based on vital statistics to each position were documented. Ninety-seven percent of baseball athletes successfully returned to play at an average of 6.6 months after diagnosis. Athletes treated operatively required significantly more time to return to play than those managed nonoperatively (8.7 vs 3.6 months, respectively;
P
<.0001).
Discrimination Against South African Adolescents Orphaned by AIDS
Authors: Thupayagale-Tshweneagae Gloria , Mokomane Zitha
Published: January 2012

This article describes the discrimination against adolescents orphaned by AIDS. A qualitative phenomenological approach using reflective diaries was used to extract how this population is discriminated on. Fifteen adolescents ages 14 to 18 living in an urban area in South Africa participated in the study. Data were collected as part of a larger study in which a peer-based mental health intervention was designed for use with adolescents orphaned by AIDS. Colaizzi’s seven stages were used to analyze the data from the reflective diaries. Analysis revealed that adolescents orphaned by AIDS experienced physical, social, and institutional expressions of stigma leading to discrimination. Adolescents were discriminated on by peers, caregivers, and teachers. The results of this study show that adolescents orphaned by AIDS face discrimination; further studies on the topic with a larger sample are needed to verify these findings.
Disrupted by Disaster: Shared Experiences of Student Registered Nurse Anesthetists Affected by Hurricane Katrina
Authors: Geisz-Everson Marjorie A. , Bennett Marsha J. , Dodd-McCue Diane , Biddle Chuck
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this focused ethnography was to describe the shared experiences of student registered nurse anesthetists (SRNAs) whose senior year of education and training was disrupted by Hurricane Katrina, as well as to determine the storm’s psychosocial impact on them. A convenience sample of 10 former SRNAs participated in focus groups that were audiorecorded, transcribed, and qualitatively analyzed. Three major themes emerged from the study: Seriousness of Urgency, Managing Uncertainty, and Stability Equaled Relief. The themes represented how the SRNAs appraised and coped with the stressful events surrounding Hurricane Katrina. The psychosocial impact of Hurricane Katrina on the SRNAs resulted mainly in temporary increased alcohol consumption and short-term anxiety. One person started smoking. The results of this study should serve as a guide to formulate policies regarding the education of SRNAs during and immediately after a disaster and to provide a framework for future disaster studies regarding SRNAs.
FAST AND HIGH PRECISION DIGITALLY RECONSTRUCTED RADIOGRAPH GENERATION ON GRAPHIC PROCESSING UNIT
Authors: Yang Chi-Lin , Yang Been-Der , Wang Jaw-Lin
Published: January 2012

Digitally reconstructed radiograph (DRR) from CT volumetric data has been used in numerous medical applications such as 3D treatment planning and CT-to-fluoroscopic alignment. The poor efficiency of the DRR generation is the main problem in such applications. Many researches have been attempted to accelerate the DRR calculation. However, the performance and precision cannot be achieved without the sacrifice of one or the other. In this study, a fast and high precision DRR generation method is proposed on a consumer PC platform. Instead of using CPU, the method takes the advantages of the powerful parallel computation and flexible programming capability of the graphic processing unit (GPU) to reach almost interactive rendering rate while maintaining 12-bit precision of the original CT data. This method can generate DRR images at 4.6 frames per second using 512 × 512 × 261 dataset in the 512 × 512 view port, and its precision is compatible to that generated by the CPU-based method. Besides, in order to simulate clinical radiograph images, a compensation filter is implemented in the DRR generation to compensate varying thickness of bone structures. The additional compensation filter can achieve a DRR image with more uniform optical density but takes no obvious performance overhead.
ABNORMALITY DETECTION FOR CAPSULE ENDOSCOPE IMAGES BASED ON SUPPORT VECTOR MACHINES
Authors: Timotius Ivanna K. , Miaou Shaou-Gang , Valdeavilla Edreen Bryan , Liu Yi-Hung
Published: January 2012

Wireless capsule endoscopy (WCE) represents a significant technical breakthrough for the investigation of intestines. It can be used to examine entire section of the intestines, including the blind section that is not reachable with a traditional endoscope. However, one problem with this new technology is that too many images need to be examined by eyes to detect the normal and/or abnormal images and it becomes a burden to physicians. This paper presents some potential methods for an automatic detection system to identify suspected capsule endoscope images containing either chyme blocked, suspected blood indicator, or white spot abnormality in order to reduce this burden. These methods use color and texture of images as recognition features for the classifiers such as support vector machines (SVM), imbalanced SVM, and total margin-based adaptive fuzzy SVM. For comparison, the nearest neighbor (NN) classifier is also considered. Experimental results, carried out on 10-runs of 5-fold cross validation, show that the combination of hue-saturation (HS) histogram using relevant features (64 bins), image downsampling factor by 1, and TAF-SVM performs the best. The resulting accuracy obtained is 98.13% and the computational time during the testing phase is below 0.5 seconds per image, which is useful for practical applications.
Influence of Postconceptional Age on Universal Newborn Hearing Screening in NICU-Babies
Authors: Müller-Mazzotta Jochen , Zemlin Michael , Berger Roswitha , Hanschmann Holger
Published: January 2012

The feasibility of universal newborn hearing screening (UNHS) using automated auditory brainstem response (AABR) devices in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is already well demonstrated. The aim of this study was to find out whether the postconceptional age (PCA) of the babies at the time of the AABR measurement has an influence on the measuring results and to determine the earliest time point for a reliable hearing screening in preterm neonates. Hearing screening measurements of 634 neonates (NICU-Babies) were included. We had complete data for 577 of these babies. The babies were born between 24 and 42 weeks of gestation in the years 2007-2008 and were screened in the Neonatal Unit of the Marburg University hospital. In this group, the hearing screening had been performed at or after 32 weeks of PCA. The AABR measurements showed a specificity of 93.9% (babies tested between 32 and 34 weeks of PCA), 95.8% (tested between 35 and 37 weeks), 95.9% (tested between 38 and 40 weeks of PCA) and 92.1% (tested after 40 weeks of PCA). Hearing screening yields reliable results at 32 weeks PCA. Therefore, an UNHS can be already performed before term without risking a higher rate of false positive results. However, individual factors such as cardiorespiratory and temperature stability of the baby should be considered.
Processes affecting surface and chemical properties of chrysotile: Implications for reclamation of asbestos in the natural environment
Authors: Holmes Emma P. , Wilson Julie , Schreier Hans , Lavkulich Les M.
Published: January 2012

Holmes, E. P., Wilson, J., Schreier, H. and Lavkulich, L. M. 2012. Processes affecting surface and chemical properties of chrysotile: Implications for reclamation of asbestos in the natural environment. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 229–242. A landslide at the headwaters of the Sumas River in southwestern British Columbia, is a seasonal and episodic source of chrysotile asbestos to the floodplain soil. Fresh alluvial deposits of fibres have potential for aeolian movement, posing a health risk to the Sumas watershed population. To understand the effects aquatic and pedogenic processes have on the fibres, asbestos materials from the river and floodplain were subjected to organic acid treatments in the laboratory. Changes were monitored by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis. Fibre surfaces modified by organic acid treatments were similar to those affected by natural processes in that they showed a high loss of elements from the brucite layer compared with the silica tetrahedral layer, and the surfaces became smoother due to the loss of a rough amorphous coating. To initiate sustainable reclamation practices, changes in fibre surfaces by natural processes need to be considered and enhanced by incorporation of organic amendments that produce complexing soil acids. Reclamation activities should focus on recently deposited sediment along the floodplain. Non-polluting organic material, such as peat, compost and sawdust could be applied to increase reaction potential and kinetics of the reaction of chrysotile with naturally occurring acids.
Regulatory history of Alberta's industrial land conservation and reclamation program
Authors: Powter Chris , Chymko Neil , Dinwoodie Gordon , Howat Darlene , Janz Arnold , Puhlmann Ryan , Richens Tanya , Watson Don , Sinton Heather , Ball Kevin , Etmanski Andy , Patterson Bruce , Brocke Larry , Dyer Ralph
Published: January 2012

Powter, C. B., Chymko, N. R., Dinwoodie, G., Howat, D., Janz, A., Puhlmann, R., Richens, T., Watson, D., Sinton, H., Ball, J. K., Etmanski, A., Patterson, D. B., Brocke, L. K. and Dyer, R. 2012. Regulatory history of Alberta's industrial land conservation and reclamation program. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 39–51. Alberta first legislated the requirement to reclaim land disturbed by industrial activities in 1963 with the enactment of the Surface Reclamation Act. In 1973 the Land Surface Conservation and Reclamation Act introduced the concept of conservation and added new regulated industries and an approvals process. In 1993 the Environmental Protection and Enhancement Act linked reclamation and remediation in a single Act. Alberta's industrial land conservation and reclamation program developed over 48 yr from an initial focus on surface debris removal and safety to increasing emphasis on returning ecological function and minimizing cumulative effects. The program has been influenced by various factors, includingregulatory policies and objectives, education and expectations of stakeholders and the public, educational background and expertise of regulators, advances in science, technology and industry practices, type and scale of land disturbances, intended post-reclamation land use, and working with partners. Vigorous discussion and debates on productivity vs. capability, reclamation vs. restoration, reclamation vs. remediation, conservation vs. reclamation, land vs. water and scientific possibilities vs. practical realities have shaped the program's direction. This review will provide insights for other jurisdictions dealing with the need to balance industrial development and environmental protection in the face of growing public awareness and scrutiny.
Reclamation for aspen revegetation in the Athabasca oil sands: Understanding soil water dynamics through unsaturated flow modelling
Authors: Carrera-Hernández J. J. , Mendoza C. A. , Devito K. J. , Petrone R. M. , Smerdon B. D.
Published: January 2012

Carrera-Hernández, J. J., Mendoza, C. A., Devito, K. J., Petrone, R. M. and Smerdon, B. D. 2012. Reclamation for aspen revegetation in the Athabasca oil sands: Understanding soil water dynamics through unsaturated flow modelling. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 103–116. Reclamation of mined areas in the Athabasca oil sands region is required by law, with the ultimate goal of revegetating to species characteristic of predisturbance native plant communities. To develop adequate reclamation strategies, an analysis of soil water dynamics is of utmost importance, as is understanding the impact of the thickness of the reclamation cover. In this work, soil water dynamics and fluxes at the water table were simulated for three reclamation scenarios and compared with the fluxes obtained for natural conditions assuming that aspen is the target reclamation species. According to the simulations, a reclamation thickness between 0.5 and 1.0 m can be used to provide water for revegetation. The numerical simulations show that the reclaimed landscapes have fluxes at the water table that exhibit less fluctuation than natural conditions. To limit the interaction between the water table and atmospheric fluxes, and to limit upward flux, the water table should be deeper than 2.0 m on reclaimed landscapes that use aspen for revegetation, particularly when reclamation takes place during a dry climatological cycle.
Suitability of an organic residual cover on tailings for bioenergy crop production: A preliminary assessment
Authors: Hargreaves Jennifer , Lock Alan , Beckett Peter , Spiers Graeme , Tisch Bryan , Lanteigne Lisa , Posadowski Tamara , Soenens Michael
Published: January 2012

Hargreaves, J., Lock, A., Beckett, P., Spiers, G. A., Tisch, B, Lanteigne, L., Posadowski, T. and Soenens, M. 2012. Suitability of an organic residual cover on tailings for bioenergy crop production: A preliminary assessment. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 203–211. To test the potential for production of bioenergy crops, such as canola and corn, an organic cover was constructed over acid-producing mine tailings containing nickel and copper, belonging to Vale in Sudbury, Ontario, Canada. The 1 m deep cover was of organic residuals (biosolids) obtained from a regional paper mill. Corn and canola crops were successfully grown using agricultural techniques. Crop yields from each of 2 yr from the tailings site were greater than those obtained at an agricultural site in the region. Root, shoot and grain analyses indicated low potential for bioaccumulation of potentially hazardous metals from the organic residual cover or the underlying tailings. Over the short term, there was no evidence of metal movement into the biosolids cover or uptake by the crops from the underlying tailing deposits. Importantly, canola seeds and corn kernels, the feedstocks for biodiesel and ethanol biofuels production, did not accumulate environmentally sensitive metals. This preliminary study demonstrates that the placement of an organic residuals cover on mine tailings to support growth of bioenergy crops is a potential novel reclamation strategy for the mining and smelting industry, or for industrial brownfields in general.
The role of organic amendments in soil reclamation: A review
Authors: Larney Francis J. , Angers Denis A.
Published: January 2012

Larney, F. J. and Angers, D. A. 2012. The role of organic amendments in soil reclamation: A review. Can. J. Soil Sci. 92: 19–38. A basic tenet of sustainable soil management is that current human activities are not detrimental to future generations. Soils are degraded by natural events (erosion) or industrial activity. A prevalent feature of degraded or disturbed soils is lack of organic matter compared with adjacent undisturbed areas. Organic amendments, such as livestock manure, biosolids, pulp and paper mill by-products, wood residuals and crop residues, are produced in abundance in Canada and could be widely used in soil reclamation. Biosolids production is ∼0.5 Tg yr−1(dry wt.); paper mill sludge generated in the province of Quebec was ∼2 Tg (wet wt.) in 2002. This review paper examines mechanisms through which organic amendments affect soil properties (physical, chemical, biological) and describes the role of organic amendments in reclamation, with emphasis on amendment types and application rates for soil amelioration and biomass production. Single large applications of organic amendments can accelerate initial reclamation and lead to self-sustaining net primary productivity. Readily decomposable organic amendments may provide immediate, but transient, effects, whereas stable, less decomposable materials may provide longer-lasting effects. Using organic amendments for reclamation is mutually beneficial wherein waste products from agriculture, forestry and urban areas help other sectors meet their land reclamation goals.
Development and Optimization of a Novel 384-Well Anti-Malarial Imaging Assay Validated for High-Throughput Screening
Authors: Duffy Sandra , Avery Vicky M.
Published: January 2012

With the increasing occurrence of drug resistance in the malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, there is a great need for new and novel anti-malarial drugs. We have developed a 384-well, high-throughput imaging assay for the detection of new anti-malarial compounds, which was initially validated by screening a marine natural product library, and subsequently used to screen more than 3 million data points from a variety of compound sources. Founded on another fluorescence-based P. falciparum growth inhibition assay, the DNA-intercalating dye 4′,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole, was used to monitor changes in parasite number. Fluorescent images were acquired on the PerkinElmer Opera High Throughput confocal imaging system and analyzed with a spot detection algorithm using the Acapella data processing software. Further optimization of this assay sought to increase throughput, assay stability, and compatibility with our high-throughput screening equipment platforms. The assay typically yielded Z'-factor values of 0.5–0.6, with signal-to-noise ratios of 12.
Non-propagating electric and density structures formed through non-linear interaction of Alfvén waves
Authors: Mottez F.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. In the auroral zone of the Earth, the electron acceleration by Alfvén waves is sometimes seen as a precursor of the non-propagating acceleration structures. In order to investigate how Alfvén waves could generate non-propagating electric fields, a series of simulations of counter-propagating waves in a homogeneous medium is presented. The waves propagate along the ambient magnetic field direction. It is shown that non-propagating electric fields are generated at the locus of the Alfvén waves crossing. These electric fields have a component orientated along the direction of the ambient magnetic field, and they generate a significant perturbation of the plasma density. The non-linear interaction of down and up-going Alfvén waves might be a cause of plasma density fluctuations (with gradients along the magnetic field) on a scale comparable to those of the Alfvén wavelengths. The present paper is mainly focused on the creation process of the non-propagating parallel electric field.
Peziza paludicola, the correct binomial for P. udicola nom. inval.
Authors: Cacialli Gabriele , Lantieri Angela , Medardi Gianfranco
Published: January 2012

“Peziza udicola”, P. crassipes Quél., and P. paludicola are shown to be conspecific, with P. paludicola as the correct name for the species. Peziza crassipes var. kilimanjarensis is recombined as a variety of P. paludicola.
New records of Agaricales from Atlantic Forest fragments of Pernambuco, Northeast Brazil
Authors: Wartchow Felipe , Maia Leonor , Auxiliadora M. , Cavalcanti Q.
Published: January 2012

Some interesting fungi were collected during recent expeditions to Atlantic Forest fragments. Entoloma aripoanum is recorded for the first time from Brazil. Crepidotus flavus, E. tucuchense, and Lepiota erinana are new records from Brazil's northeast region,
and Trogia cantharelloides is new from Pernambuco State. Drawings and descriptions of the species are provided.
Species of Rhytismataceae on Camellia spp. from the Chinese mainland
Authors: Chen Jiang-Lin , Lin Ying-Ren , Hou Cheng-Lin , Wang Shi-Juan
Published: January 2012

Six species in five different genera of the Rhytismataceae are reported from Camellia spp. on the Chinese mainland. Among them Lophodermium sinense on Camellia sinensis is described as a new species, and Terriera camelliae on C. octopetala is
a new combination, while Bifusella camelliae, Coccomyces sinensis, Hypohelion durum, and Lophodermium jiangnanense are already known for China. This paper provides descriptions and a key for all these species as well as illustrations for the new species. All examined
specimens are deposited in the Reference Collection of Forest Fungi of Anhui Agricultural University, China (AAUF).
New records of smut fungi. 5
Authors: Denchev Cvetomir M. , Denchev Teodor T. , Spooner Brian M.
Published: January 2012

Morphological study of an anthericolous smut fungus on Scilla sardensis (Chionodoxa sardensis) and S. luciliae (Chionodoxa luciliae) from UK has shown it to represent Antherospora scillae. This is also known in UK on Scilla verna and S. forbesii,
new host records for this species. The new species, Urocystis bolboschoeni on Bolboschoenus maritimus, is described and illustrated from UK.
A new species of Marasmius from northern Argentina
Authors: Lechner Bernardo , Papinutti Leandro
Published: January 2012

Marasmius tyrius is proposed as a new species. It is characterized by collariate lamellae, insititious stipe, violet pileus, pileipellis with Siccus-type broom cells, and clavate to fusoid spores. Detailed description and illustrations of macro- and microscopic characters are
provided.
Arrasia rostrata (Basidiomycota), a new corticioid genus and species from Italy
Authors: Bernicchia Annarosa , Gorjón Sergio P. , Nakasone Karen K.
Published: January 2012

An unusual corticioid species with distinctive large basidiospores that develop a distal refractive rostrum when fully mature is described as new. It grows on living bark of Juniperus phoenicea on the Italian island of Sardinia. Because it is morphologically distinct from any
known genus of corticioid fungi, the new genus Arrasia is proposed to accommodate it.
Cortinarius mikedavisii sp. nov. from northern California
Authors: Bojantchev Dimitar
Published: January 2012

A new Cortinarius (subg. Phlegmacium) species is described from northern California. Cortinarius mikedavisii is a brightly colored bulbopodium in sect. Laeticolores. Phylogenetically it belongs in the /cupreorufus clade.
Clarkeinda trachodes (Agaricales, Basidiomycetes), first record from Bangladesh
Authors: Hosen Iqbal , Ge Z.W.
Published: January 2012

An interesting agaric, Clarkeinda trachodes, is reported for the first time from Bangladesh. A full description, discussion, and illustrations are provided. The enigmatic agaric genus, currently known only from south and southeast Asia, is characterized by the presence of a fawn
colored pellicle on the central pileus surface, a stipe with a superior annulus and basal volva, and thick-walled pigmented spores with a slightly depressed truncated apex. Our examination of a voucher specimen from Italy indicates that a recent report of Clarkeinda in Europe was based
on a misidentified Agaricus collection.
Asterophora salvaterrensis (Basidiomycota, Agaricales), a new species from Galicia (Spain)
Authors: Blanco-Dios Jaime B.
Published: January 2012

Asterophora salvaterrensis, collected in Pinus pinaster forests in Galicia (northwest Iberian Peninsula), is described as new and compared with other known Asterophora species. The new species is distinguished by its zonate greenish brown to brownish ochre pileus
with whitish margin that blackens, decurrent obtuse furfuraceous grey lamellae, furfuraceous brown to blackish stipe, black context, nondistinctive odor and taste, and small basidiospores. A key to all known Asterophora species is provided.
Risk Factors for Upper Extremity Venous Thrombosis Associated with Peripherally Inserted Central Venous Catheters
Authors: Marnejon Thomas , Angelo Debra , Abdou Ahmed Abu , Gemmel David
Published: January 2012

Purpose

To identify clinically important risk factors associated with upper extremity venous thrombosis following peripherally inserted central venous catheters (PICC).

Methods

A retrospective case control study of 400 consecutive patients with and without upper extremity venous thrombosis post-PICC insertion was performed. Patient data included demographics, body mass index (BMI), ethnicity, site of insertion, size and lumen of catheter, internal length, infusate, and co-morbidities, such as diabetes mellitus, congestive heart failure, and renal failure. Additional risk factors analyzed were active cancer, any history of cancer, recent trauma, smoking, a history of prior deep vein thrombosis, and recent surgery, defined as surgery within three months prior to PICC insertion.

Results

The prevalence of trauma, renal failure, and infusion with antibiotics and total parenteral nutrition (TPN) was higher among patients exhibiting upper extremity venous thrombosis (UEVT), when compared to controls. Patients developing UEVT were also more likely to have PICC line placement in a basilic vein and less likely to have brachial vein placement (P<.001). Left-sided PICC line sites also posed a greater risk (P=.026). The rate of standard DVT prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin and the use of warfarin was similar in both groups. Average length of hospital stay was almost double among patients developing UEVT, 19.5 days, when compared to patients undergoing PICC line insertion without thrombosis, 10.8 days (t=6.98, P<.001).

Conclusions

In multivariate analysis, trauma, renal failure, left-sided catheters, basilic placement, TPN, and infusion with antibiotics, specifically vancomycin, were significant risk factors for UEVT associated with PICC insertion. Prophylaxis with low molecular weight heparin, unfractionated heparin or use of warfarin did not prevent the development of venous thrombosis in patients with PICCs. Length of hospital stay and cost are markedly increased in patients who develop PICC-associated upper extremity venous thrombosis.
Obesity Hinders Ultrasound Visualization of the Subclavian Vein: Implications for Central Venous Access
Authors: McGrath Todd M. , Farabaugh Eric A. , Pickett Michael J. , Wagner David K. , Griswold-Theodorson Sharon
Published: January 2012

Purpose

International policy statements from the US and the UK recommend real-time ultrasound guidance (USG) for placement of central venous catheters (CVCs) to improve patient safety. The evidence to support USG for the internal jugular (IJ) route is unequivocal; however, there is conflicting data on the effectiveness of USG in visualization of the subclavian vein (SCV). This study sought to determine whether body mass index (BMI) or clavicle shape affected SCV visualization with USG.

Methods

Forty-one emergency department patients were enrolled. Subject height and weight were recorded for BMI calculation. The clavicle shape was recorded as either flat or protuberant. USG was performed to identify the SCV vein in both the transverse and sagittal views. The ability to visualize the vein was rated on a three point rubric scale.

Results

One subject had an underweight BMI, 18 a normal BMI, 12 an overweight BMI, and 10 an obese BMI. The improvement in the odds ratio (OR) of the ability to see the SCV in subjects with a normal compared to overweight/obese BMI was statistically significant (transverse view unadjusted OR=18.0 (95% CI 3.21 – 100.94), P=.001 and adjusted for a flat clavicle OR=10.54 (95% CI 1.41 – 78.37), P=.021).

Conclusions

Higher BMI and the presence of a flat clavicle limit the ability to visualize the SCV. These findings may help account for why USG for placement of SCV CVCs is less utilized. However, patients with a low/normal BMI and protuberant clavicle may benefit from USG when attempting SCV CVCs.
Lowly Expressed Ribosomal Protein S19 in the Feces of Patients with Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Chien Chih-Cheng , Tu Tien-Chien , Huang Chi-Jung , Yang Shung-Haur , Lee Chia-Long
Published: January 2012

Colorectal cancer (CRC) has become one of the most common fatal cancers. CRC tumorigenesis is a complex process involving multiple genetic changes to several sequential mutations or molecular alterations. P53 is one of the most significant genes; its mutations account for more than half of all CRC. Therefore, understanding the cellular genes that are directly or indirectly related to p53 is particularly crucial for investigating CRC tumorigenesis. In this study, a p53-related ribosomal protein, ribosomal protein S19 (RPS19), obtained from the feces of CRC patients is evaluated by using specifically quantitative real-time PCR and knocked down in the colonic cell line by gene silencing. This study found that CRC patients with higher expressions of RPS19 in their feces had a better prognosis and consistent expressions of RPS19 and BAX in their colonic cells. In conclusion, the potential mechanism of RPS19 in CRC possibly involves cellular apoptosis through the BAX/p53 pathway, and the levels of fecal RPS19 may function as a prognostic predictor for CRC patients.