bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Walk on the Human Side of Industrial Ecology
Authors: COHEN-ROSENTHAL EDWARD
Published: March 2007

Industrial ecology is fundamentally a social and organizational construct. The article explores the centrality of human decision, imagination, skill, and process in effective industrial ecology applications. The role of self-organizing systems, social process, business drivers, industrial network theory and practice, environmental management systems, human resource strategies, and learning organizational constructs are presented as critical components of the industrial ecology concept and implementation. Broad inclusion of these conceptual and operational frameworks will assist in the spread of industrial ecology. Reductionist approaches to industrial ecology are challenged to seek systemic and socially cognizant strategies.
Bereavement Research and Theory: Retrospective and Prospective
Authors: STROEBE MARGARET S.
Published: March 2007

Recent research on the phenomena and manifestations of bereavement, as represented in this ABS special issue, has contributed to the understanding of two central, long-standing questions: How do bereaved persons cope with their loss? What is the nature and meaning of normal versus complicated grief? In this review, these themes are linked to historical trends, evaluation is made of current knowledge, and suggestions are given for future directions. Specification of the popular “grief work” notion has taken place, but discussion has stagnated in the “broken hearts versus broken bonds” controversy. Further microlevel analysis of basic cognitive and emotional processes is suggested. Likewise, useful conceptual clarification of complicated, pathological or traumatic grief and its relationship to other disturbances has occurred. Expansion of this research is recommended, particularly to enable scientifically based evaluation of the need for a specific diagnostic category (e.g., in the DSM system).
Rationalizing the Intake of Information
Authors: De Grazia Alfred
Published: March 2007

The scholar, the administrator, and the manager are adrift on a sea of informa tion. They must live from it without being swamped. An elaborate, mechanized service to fill individual "prescriptions" for different types of information will be technically feasible in the near future.
The Dear Departing
Authors: Sommer Robert
Published: March 2007

Dr. Sommer, now of the Department of Psychology, U. of Alberta, and formerly of the Planaria Research Group at the University of Michigan, delves into the pathetics of job-separation with the whimsical touch that has marked the several pieces of his we have printed in the ABS. We thank "The Worm Runner's Digest" (James V. McConnell, editor) for letting us run this piece.
The Role of Government in Research and Development
Authors: Brozen Yale
Published: March 2007

Professor Brozen, economist at the Graduate School of Business, University of Chicago, casts a critical eye on the increasing emphasis on government supported and directed research. Specifically utilizing military research as a case in point, he argues that instead of increasing government expenditures for research these expenditures should be greatly reduced.
Decision - Making in a University Physics Department
Authors: Marcson Simon
Published: March 2007

In the preceding article, a physicist discussed some of the factors which inhibit creativity in physics. In this article, Professor Marcson, a sociologist at the Bureau of Economic Research, Rutgers University, delves into the authority and decision- making activities of an actual physics department. Since neither author was aware of the other's article, the congruence of points, particularly in regard to the climate for discovery, is of special interest.
Values and Mainstream Sociology: Some Functions of Ideology for Theory
Authors: Hausknecht Murray
Published: March 2007

Professor Hausknecht, a member of the Department of Sociology of Hunter College, C.U.N.Y., probes the uses of conflict of sociological theories in nourishing conceptual development.
Liberty Above Equality
Authors: Litt Edgar
Published: March 2007

Educational freedom does not consist in the right of every individual to use such economic advantages as he may happen to possess in order to secure special opportunities for himself and his children, or in the unfettered discretion of those who control educational resources to employ them to gratify their natural, but antisocial, egotism.... Those who have seen the inside both of lawyers' chambers and of coal mines will not suppose that of the inhabitants of those places of gloom the former are more constantly inspired by the humanities than are the latter, or that conveyancing is in itself a more liberal art than hewing. -R. H. Tawney, The Radical Tradition
The Problem of Creative Thought: A Psychophysiological Technique for Higher Creativity
Authors: JEVNING RON , BIEDEBACH MARK C.
Published: March 2007

Can we explain the relationship between analytical and intuitive thinking in ideal examples of creativity such as physics? Is there a practical means for enhancing creativity? This article presents a psychophysiological theory of creative thought that answers these questions affirmatively.
Contrasts in Presidential Campaign Commercials of 1992
Authors: DEVLIN L. PATRICK
Published: March 2007

This impressionistic study is based on interviews with the advertising creators and coordinators as well as on analysis of the 1992 presidential television ads themselves. In focusing on strategies used in campaigns by the three major general election contenders—Bush, Clinton, and Perot—the author describes numerous important advertising spots in detail. To relay perceptions of decision makers in their groundbreaking efforts, he quotes extensively from campaign insiders, both on the ads and on the surrounding political and emotional climate.
Systems Theory and Management Thinking
Authors: CHECKLAND PETER
Published: March 2007

Two inquiring systems developed since the 1960s—Vickers's concept of the appreciative system and the soft systems methodology, are highly relevant to the problems of the 21st century. Both assume that organizations are more than rational goal-seeking machines and address the relationship-maintaining and Gemeinschaft aspects of organizations, characteristically obscured by functionalist and goal-seeking models of organization and management. Appreciative systems theory and soft systems methodology enrich rather than replace these approaches.
Social Support for Decision Making During Grief Due to Death
Authors: GENTRY JAMES W. , GOODWIN CATHY
Published: March 2007

Death creates a discontinuity in the lives of survivors. Formerly, family and friends provided social support as the bereaved reconciled the loss and created new identities for themselves. The availability of such support in postmodern society is lessened, making it more likely that the bereaved will turn to commercial service providers for support. Marketers need to prepare employees to provide such support, and assurance is needed that the support will be provided in a sensitive and ethical fashion.
The Bell Curve
Authors: NUNLEY MICHAEL
Published: March 2007

The best-selling book The Bell Curve has been presented to the American public as a balanced, scholarly review on the influence of IQ on the lives of individuals, in which some incidental comments on the relationship between IQ and race are included. However, a closer examination of the text, footnotes, and references contained in the book reveal a pattern of selectivity, bias, deceptive phrasing, and blatant distortion that leads me to conclude that The Bell Curve can be best described as a fraud. It is a popular book disguised as a scholarly one, a one-sided presentation disguised as a balanced review, and a book about race disguised as a book about IQ. Among its conspicuous omissions is any reference to a large body of cross-cultural research that has demonstrated the culture-bound nature of cognitive achievement.
The Use of Empirical Curriculum Development to Improve Prevention Research
Authors: SUSSMAN STEVE , PETOSA RICK , CLARKE PETER
Published: March 2007

There is a paucity of curriculum development research. Many people may consider curriculum development an art, not worthy of its own status as an area of research. Yet, in theory, empirical curriculum development—evaluating a curriculum as one develops it—can be a useful tool for drug abuse prevention efforts as well as in other contexts. The present article provides the rationale for an empirical curriculum development process. This article also provides pragmatic and research barriers against engaging in empirical curriculum development. Finally, programmatic and research implications are discussed.
Costly Information
Authors: ZUCKER LYNNE G. , DARBY MICHAEL R.
Published: March 2007

Firms invest differentially in the intellectual human capital required to recognize, evaluate, and utilize technological breakthroughs occurring outside the firm. Such differential investment has been crucial in explaining which incumbent pharmaceutical firms have successfully transformed their technological identities in response to the biotechnological revolution and which are threatened by persistent low performance. While all incumbent firms lagged the dedicated, new biotechnology firms in adopting the new drug-discovery technology, firms with higher research and development expenditures before the biotech revolution were more likely to successfully adopt the new techniques and likely to do so earlier. Failure to adopt the new techniques was associated with lower performance compared to firms adopting more fully and faster.
Teaching U.S. History as Part of Diversity Studies
Authors: ROTHENBERG PAULA
Published: March 2007

For students to undertake a meaningful study of multicultural and diversity issues in American society, they require certain basic historical information and the ability to think critically about competing historical claims and perspectives. In the course of this article, the author discusses how to teach a brief version of U.S. history by focusing on some of the key legal documents that have defined the status of women and people of color in this country. Combining attention to this history with a brief account of the history of immigration provides an effective way to reduce a large body of material to manageable size. The author suggests some pedagogical devices that can help students think critically about issues of power and privilege. In addition, she recommends some films that can help to make history come alive.
Social Skill and Institutional Theory
Authors: FLIGSTEIN NEIL
Published: March 2007

The problem of the role of actors in institutional theory can be addressed in considering a model of institutional entrepreneurship. A sociological posing of this question defines institutional entrepreneurs as actors who have social skills, that is, the ability to motivate cooperation of other actors by providing them with common meanings and identities. The author argues that skill is applied differently across organizational fields that are forming, become stable, and are being transformed. To illustrate some of these principles, the author considers the example of the role of Jacques Delors in the framing of the Single Market Program of the European Union.
Civic Engagement, Social Capital, and Economic Cooperation
Authors: KENWORTHY LANE
Published: March 2007

In Making Democracy Work and a recent article in The American Prospect, Robert Putnam argues that the same factors he believes contribute to a healthy polity—civic engagement and social capital—also foster economic prosperity. They do so, in his view, by encouraging cooperation. The author argues that Putnam is right to emphasize the value of cooperative economic behavior, but that he overstates the contribution of civic activism and social capital to both cooperation and economic success. The principal economically beneficial forms of cooperation tend to be products of institutional incentives rather than social capital. And civic engagement, although helpful in accounting for economic performance differences between Italy's north and south, is of little explanatory utility beyond the Italian case.
Connectionism and Conceptual Structure
Authors: WAY EILEEN C.
Published: March 2007

The prototype model of concepts was first proposed formally by Eleanor Rosch and Carolyn Mervis. This model was the most widely accepted view of the structure of concepts for many years. Since the 1980s, however, there have been many criticisms of the model's ability to represent the full range of our cognitive capacities. It now seems clear that a more sophisticated model is required. In this article, the author shows how connectionist models can answer some of the problems of prototype and exemplar theories, but only by transforming many aspects of the original model. Additional criticisms of prototype theory that also apply to connectionist models are then considered. These criticisms have deeper implications for our theories of conceptual structure. Before examining prototype and connectionist models, however, the author first describes what led to the prototype view and the rejection of the earlier view.
Ethnic, Cultural, and Eco Tourism
Authors: GREATHOUSE AMADOR LOUISA M.
Published: March 2007

The increasing global awareness about the importance of tourism development, its benefits, and its possible effects, has particular relevance to Mexico. Contemporary ideas about the environmental and human impacts of international tourism are on the table for discussion. Acceptable and unacceptable forms and limits to tourism need to be identified and addressed. Are these new forms of tourism, especially rural tourism and indigenous/ethnic tourism, ecotourism, and even adventure tourism, intrusive upon the destination community?
Risk, Residence, and the Post-Fordist City
Authors: FORREST RAY , KENNETT PATRICIA
Published: March 2007

In talking about dualized, polarized, and post-Fordist cities, it is often forgotten that major heterogeneities exist within neighborhoods and within the middle masses. Individualization and autonomization can be seen as the major causes of these heterogeneities. Because individual biographies and life course decisions increasingly have to be constructed personally, the differences between people and households cannot only be found between classes and between different areas but alos within these classes and areas. Households that may appear very similar in terms of standard social indicators may in fact be highly differentiated in relation to wider social resources, lifestyles, career paths, and prospects. Private solutions and safeguards against health, employment, and other risks create a greater diversity of circumstances. Individualization and autonomization affect all kinds of other processes, such as residential mobility, and coping strategies.
Anatomy of Conflict
Authors: DOUGLASS JOHN AUBREY
Published: March 2007

California's land-grant institution provides an important window into the affirmative action debate not only because of the 1995 edict by the Board of Regents, and later the passage of Propostion 209, but also because of the demographic context of the university effort to diversify its student body. This article provides a historical analysis of how the University of California has approached the issue of educational opportunity over time, focusing largely on undergraduate admissions. The author argues that affirmative action, and specifically the use of race as a factor in admissions, is historically consistent with the larger effort by the University of California to admit students from a broad range of California society. Yet, the translation of broad and ill-defined policy goals into specific programs has posed substantial problems and paradoxes. The ad hoc and decentralized growth of affirmative action programs within a vast nine-campus UC system led to a disjuncture between the values of the university's Board of Regents and the academic and administrative community.
Health Services Research Among Crack-Cocaine Users
Authors: SIEGAL HARVEY A. , FALCK RUSSEL S. , CARLSON ROBERT G. , WANG JICHUAN , RAHMAN AHMMED M.
Published: March 2007

Research focusing on active users of crack cocaine and how they interact with the health care system—drug abuse treatment in particular—is a new area of inquiry. Much of what is known about the problems associated with the use of crack comes from short-term studies. This article describes implementation and methodological issues related to conducting health services research with a natural history orientation among a population of active crack cocaine users (n = 444) in Dayton and Montgomery counties in Ohio. Data from this study can help define what addiction to crack really means as well as ways to prevent and treat it.
Money, Meaning, and Morality
Authors: CARRUTHERS BRUCE G. , ESPELAND WENDY NELSON
Published: March 2007

Modern money creates, transforms, transports, and possesses meaning by virtue of how it is used. This article devises a framework for the systematic study of monetary meaning. In particular, monetary meanings depend on the flow of money (both its proximate source and future direction) and on who promulgates or issues it. Meanings also derive from how money's use and flow are restricted and on monetary media. Monetarization quantifies social activities and introduces new equivalences and comparisons. The factors shaping meaning also underpin important types of monetary variation (homogeneous vs. differentiated money; anonymous vs. personal; material vs. immaterial).
Surveys as Instruments of Modernization
Authors: ESCOBAR AGUSTÍN , ROBERTS BRYAN
Published: March 2007

Survey research in Mexico has flourished as an instrument in the country's modernization, particularly since the 1970s. It has profited from a close association with government. This association has, at times, led to an uneasy relationship with academics, but in recent years, the increasing availability of official survey data has permitted independent critiques of the government's own analysis of surveys and of their methodology. The challenge to Mexican survey research comes primarily from the social heterogeneity and uneven development of the country. Factors making it difficult to standardize national surveys are the persistence of a traditional rural sector, part of whose population speaks indigenous languages; large differences in consumption levels between and within regions; high rates of population mobility; and a large informal sector. The article focuses on the achievements and shortcomings of Mexican survey research when applied to the rural-urban transition, poverty, labor markets, and migration.
Futures Studies From the Experience of a Sociologist Who Tries to Be a Futurist
Authors: MASINI ELEONORA BARBIERI
Published: March 2007

Even though many futurists have been interested, or even trained, in the social sciences, the relationship between futures studies and the social sciences has been, and still is, ambivalent, especially at the institutional and academic level. In part this is because some social scientists, and in the case of this article, some sociologists, have had doubts about the rigor and use of certain futures studies. The relationship between the fields is analyzed historically as well as by reflection on the author's own experience in teaching and research in both areas. What is changing, and what can change, in the future to the benefit of both areas is briefly discussed.
Planet Eaters or Star Makers?
Authors: JONES CHRISTOPHER BURR
Published: March 2007

For the author, the avocation of futures studies has been a personal journey, which he describes in this article. He then posits a conundrum: the possibility of humanity's role in its own destruction, on one hand, or human transcendence, on the other hand (planet eaters or star makers). The roles of driving forces and theories of social change are emphasized, especially the role of technology innovation in social change. Other “tsunamis of change” are discussed, including economic and environmental change and the status of women. The author's focus on alternative futures methodologies is covered in some detail, in particular, popular societal images of the future. His preference for either a “sane, humane, and ecological” future or a high-tech future is described. The author concludes with a discussion of the changing nature of higher education students and the challenges facing both education and the human species.
AIDS-Related Stigma and Attitudes toward Injecting Drug users among Black and White Americans
Authors: CAPITANIO JOHN P. , HEREK GREGORY M.
Published: March 2007

Research has indicated that stigmatizing AIDS attitudes are associated with negative attitudes toward gay men. Because injecting drug users (IDUs) are also stigmatized and injecting drug use is an important exposure category for HIV infection, the authors hypothesized that AIDS stigma might also be related to attitudes toward IDUs and that the proportionately higher level of HIV transmission related to injecting drug use in the African American community would produce different patterns of stigma between Blacks and Whites. National probability samples of U.S. adults were interviewed by telephone. Respondents with more negative attitudes toward IDUs held more stigmatizing AIDS attitudes. Among Blacks, such attitudes explained more variance than did attitudes toward gay men, a pattern opposite to that found among Whites. Moreover, knowing someone who injected illegal drugs was associated with less AIDS stigma for Blacks, but not for Whites. The results suggest that Blacks' and Whites' attitudes toward people with AIDS are informed by their different experiences of the AIDS epidemic.
Introduction
Authors: ROSENAU PAULINE VAILLANCOURT
Published: March 2007

In theory, public-private partnerships in many policy sectors are expected to create synergistic dynamics that draw on the strengths and weaknesses of each partner. Evidence from the articles in this issue suggests that this is not always the case. Partnering may, at least in the short term, decrease costs, if cost and efficiency are defined narrowly and externalities are discounted. Despite this advantage, public-private policy partnerships have substantial problems. They do not exhibit superior performance in the criteria of equity, access, and democracy. Rather than reduce regulation, public-private policy partnerships appear to increase it. Regarding accountability, public partners are the providers of last resort, although this could change if private partners gain more experience and partnering moves beyond minimalist forms to more fully developed policy partnerships. In short, public-private policy partnerships are imperfect and in need of refinement and reform. Several articles in this issue provide suggestions for such modifications. Specific recommendations are offered as well.
Cultural Choice Among Southerners
Authors: MARSDEN PETER V. , REED JOHN SHELTON
Published: March 2007

Marsden and Reed isolate seven patterns of cultural choice using a cluster analysis of a multidimensional scale of items from a 1977 survey of leisure activities in the Southern region of the United States. They then use regression analysis to isolate the social demographic correlates of the clusters.
Fragile and Resilient Trust and Their Roles in Economic Exchange
Authors: Ring Peter Smith
Published: March 2007

Interfirm collaboration and trust are topics currently exciting research interest. The literature treats trust as a unitary concept, providing little understanding of those processes that create trust, or are employed by parties relying on trust. I suggest that two distinct forms of trust can be observed in economic exchanges: fragile trust and resilient trust. I define these kinds of trust, speculate on processes by which economic actors learn about them, and explore contexts in which they are likely to be relied upon by economic actors. I conclude with a discussion of implications for practice and scholarship.
The Evolution of Social Issues in Management
Authors: Wokutch Richard E.
Published: March 2007

The field of social issues in management, the issues we study, the world in which we live, and the members of the field ourselves have undergone considerable changes in the period since the Social Issues in Management Division was formed in 1972. This address is intended to highlight some of these more significant changes in an admittedly impressionistic and slightly irreverent manner. It provides editorial commentary on the development of the field over this period and offers recommendations for the future. In particular, it suggests that we should focus on those enduring issues and underlying principles that we ourselves determine to be important, but at the same time that we not forget to have some fun while we are doing so.
Macroeconomic Conditions, Voter Turnout, and the Working-class/Economically Disadvantaged Party Vote in Developing Countries
Authors: AGUILAR EDWIN ELOY , PACEK ALEXANDER C.
Published: March 2007

Working and lower status citizens are more sensitive to macroeconomic fluctuations than their better-off counterparts in the developing world, due to the higher personal stakes involved. This heightened sensitivity affects fluctuations in voter turnout and voter choice across developing democracies. Macroeconomic downturns result in increased voter participation as more lower status voters express their grievances at the polls. This benefits political parties and coalitions with expressly working- and lower-class appeals. This article describes the impact of shifts in voter turnout on party support, the impact of macroeconomic shifts on voter turnout, and the impact of macroeconomic shifts on support for parties that are working-class/economically disadvantaged oriented using regression analysis of aggregate pooled time-series data from 10 countries in Latin America, the Caribbean, Africa, and Asia. Although increased turnout primarily helps parties that are working-class/economically disadvantaged oriented, as is the case in the industrial world, the economic effect on party support is substantially greater.
A Historical Institutionalist Approach to the Uruguay Round Agricultural Negotiations
Authors: THIES CAMERON G.
Published: March 2007

The reduction of agricultural trade barriers accomplished at the close of the Uruguay Round (UR) of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade is a puzzle because previous research has suggested that producer groups would always succeed in blocking liberalization efforts. The author explains this apparent puzzle through the use of a comparative historical method developed by Collier and Collier for analyzing the UR as a critical juncture. The analysis suggests that transformations in productive technology enabled producer groups to reap extraordinary economic and political rents during most of the post-World War II era. However, the fiscal crises of the 1980s provided governments an incentive to exert relative autonomy from producer groups and initiate bargaining over trade barriers. As trade barriers and the political influence of producer groups were reduced, the UR emerged as the product of a critical juncture in the transition from the Fordist to the post-Fordist mode of agricultural accumulation.
Virtual Legality
Authors: PEREIRA ANTHONY W.
Published: March 2007

Authoritarian regimes in Latin America frequently expanded military court jurisdiction to prosecute political opponents and protect members of the armed forces and police engaged in repression. What happened to the military courts after the recent transitions to democracy in the region? Why did some democratic transitions produce broad reform of military justice while most did not? This article first reviews contending theoretical explanations that offer answers to these questions, comparing those answers with actual outcomes in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Mexico. It then argues that the “mode of transition” perspective, which attributes variation in the extent of military justice reform to the autonomy and strength of the military in the democratic transition, best explains the outcomes in these cases. However, the military's autonomy and strength should be specified. In the area of military justice, the relevant factors are the military's propagation of an accepted legal justification for past uses of military courts and the creation of congressional support for the maintenance of existing military court jurisdiction. Both of these factors are present in Brazil, Chile, and Mexico, where little or no reform of military justice took place under democratization, and absent in Argentina, where broad reform did occur.
Preference Voting in Italy
Authors: KATZ RICHARD S.
Published: March 2007

Intraparty preference voting is a potentially important possibility for voters in many proportional representation systems, especially the Italian system. Three hypotheses—that preference voting is an indicator of traditionalism or the voto di scambio, sophistication or the voto d'opinione, and mobilization or the voto d'appartenenza—are considered using survey data and logistic regression models. All three hypotheses are supported by the data. Although the support for the individual-level traditionalism account is weakest, the data suggest that traditional political culture may contribute to the contextual prerequisites for sophistication or mobilization to lead to preference voting. Overall, it is suggested that the three explanations are complementary rather than contradictory, and that contextual effects must be considered in a full account of preference voting.
Spatial Preferences and Voter Choices in the Dutch Electorate
Authors: DUTTER LEE E.
Published: March 2007

Voters' preferences for political parties and their choices can be modeled as a set of equations with three endogenous variables: (1) the perceived distance between the voter's ideological position and that of a party; (2) the utility that the voter assigns to a party; and (3) behavior—whether or not a voter votes for a given party. Spatial models of party competition imply that (1) the perceived ideological distance between a voter and a party is a function of the perceived spatial distances between the voter's most preferred point on each electorally relevant issue and the party's position—the greater these distances, the greater the perceived ideological distance; (2) the utility assigned to each party is a function of this ideological distance, as well as the issue distances; and (3) the higher the assigned utility, the higher the probability that a voter votes for a given party, but the greater the ideological and issue distances, the lower this probability. These hypotheses are operationalized and tested with individual-level data from the 1970-1973 Dutch Election Study.
Political Participation in the Barriadas
Authors: DIETZ HENRY A.
Published: March 2007

Existing research on the voting behavior of the urban poor in the Third World has frequently suggested that demand aggregation by political parties (especially in a multiparty system) is not clear-cut, and that the urban poor do not tend to demonstrate marked party or ideological preferences. By replicating, deepening, and extending an early study done in Lima, Peru, new research reveals patterns of candidate and party support hitherto unidentified. District-level aggregate voting data and multiple-indicator census data reveal some clear patterns of support from low-income groups for opposition and leftist candidates.
Decision Cases in Western Democracies
Authors: DORFF ROBERT H. , STEINER JÜRG
Published: March 2007

There is a large body of research about decision cases in Western democracies. Unfortunately, the individual case studies are widely scattered so that the research has little cumulative effect. We present an effort to construct a data bank for which existing case studies are coded according to a uniform scheme. This presentation is done at a relatively early stage so that changes can still be made in response to unanticipated problems or different theoretical perspectives. The article gives the rationale for the data bank, addresses the problem of the units of analysis, enumerates the variables contained in the data bank, and illustrates for what theoretical questions the data can be used.
Identifying the Elements of State Power
Authors: SNIDER LEWIS W.
Published: March 2007

Many measures of state power are defined in terms of the material capabilities of states, but ignore important differentials in the state's capacity to convert material resources into political power. This paper presents a theoretical rationale for a measure of government performance that takes into account differentials in a political system's susceptibility to external shocks from the global environment and its ability to respond to these through domestic policy adjustment. This approach differs from other empirical definitions of power in that it taps a government's strength with respect to its own society and to the international environment. The paper's main contribution is to describe and to operationalize a way of evaluating state power with respect to both the global environment and to society, based on the twin functions of penetration and extraction.
Post-Materialism from a Peasant Perspective
Authors: ANDERSON LESLIE E.
Published: March 2007

Although the post-materialist study of political motivation focuses upon affluent political actors in more developed countries, it has important implications for political motivation among the poor and in less developed countries. To date these have not been addressed by students of post-materialism. If the affluent who no longer face economic insecurity take political action for value-oriented and idealistic reasons, the implication is that the economically insecure will act politically mainly for economic reasons. In fact, data collected from the poor in Costa Rica and Nicaragua indicate that the poor are politically motivated for economic reasons primarily in conjunction with noneconomic and value-oriented reasons. The poor as well as the affluent act politically for nonmaterialist reasons such as moral notions of right and wrong, and the need for self-respect and dignity.
A Democratic Legislature in the Making
Authors: HIBBING JOHN R. , PATTERSON SAMUEL C.
Published: March 2007

Changes in the rules of the electoral game in established political systems normally can bring about marginal shifts in partisan biases, but in the early days of fragile, new democracies, the electoral law carries great significance. The historic March-April 1990 elections in Hungary provide an opportunity to investigate the political effects of a system that merges single-member and proportional selection of parliamentarians. This system led to the impressive electoral victory of the Hungarian (Magyar) Democratic Forum (MDF). The authors analyze the electoral biases that contributed to the MDF victory and, by the same token, to the fate of the other political parties. They evaluate the electoral system in light of its probable consequences for effective democratic government in Hungary.
Public Party Funding and Party Transformation in Multiparty Systems
Authors: MENDILOW JONATHAN
Published: March 2007

This article analyzes the changes in the Israeli party system since the inception of public party funding in 1969 and compares them with party transformations elsewhere with a view to comparing the intended and the actual impacts of such funding on multiparty systems. Although the overall effect is in line with the catch-all thesis of Kirchheimer, Epstein, and others, there are important potential consequences that run counter to it. Chief among them is the greater facility of ideological and sectional new parties to establish themselves. The result can be a far-reaching structural transformation of the party system, with voters presented with a wide choice of competing ideological and catch-all parties.
On the Durability of Green Politics
Authors: FRANKLIN MARK N. , RÜDIG WOLFGANG
Published: March 2007

Green parties have been seen by some scholars as expressing a new cleavage that should give them the same sort of permanence as was once enjoyed by traditional cleavage-based parties, but other scholars suggest that support for Green parties will prove more ephemeral if Green issues are eventually taken up by older parties. In this article, we study the prospects for Green party durability from several perspectives using data from the 1989 European Election Study. We conclude that while Green parties are unlikely to demonstrate extreme volatility, neither do they have any guarantee of long-term support. In reaching this conclusion, we assess postmaterialist and other theoretical perspectives on Green voting, none of which account satisfactorily for observed phenomena. The ubiquitous importance of environmental concern, however, suggests the possibility of an ecological cleavage underlying the support for Green parties.
Partial Reform and the Chinese Bureaucracy in the Post-Mao Era
Authors: ZHOU XUEGUANG
Published: March 2007

Using 1987 survey data of 988 bureaucrats in eight large cities, I examine the effect of the recent economic reform on the Chinese bureaucracy—the distribution of bureaucrats in different types of organizations, jobs, hierarchical positions, and bureaucratic compensation. The results show mixed characteristics of the Chinese bureaucracy in the partial reform where market and planning, competence and political loyalty, coexist. There is evidence of the continuing dominance of the party state on bureaucratic personnel management. On the other hand, significant changes took place in the selection criteria and, to a lesser extent, in the institutional structure, as evidenced in the promotion patterns and bureaucratic compensation. These results point to the evolving organizational basis of state socialism in the transition process.
Women, Education, and Political Volitions in the South Korean Mass Public
Authors: WADE LARRY L. , SEO JIN WAN
Published: March 2007

This article provides the first systematic account of the political orientations of women in the South Korean mass public. Drawing on data from the 1992 Korean Election Study, it is shown that Korean women are relatively more conservative ideologically, less interested in politics, more deferential in political discussions, more regime supportive, and less change oriented than men with respect to some aspects of public policy. Although other factors are involved, these differences are explained, in large part, by education. Education dominates social class, income, and other modernizing influences in this regard. As higher levels of education are reflected throughout the age distribution of women, more participatory and regime-critical orientations should become apparent.
Limits on Authoritarian Imposition of Policy
Authors: NEUHOUSER KEVIN
Published: March 2007

Does regime type affect policy outcomes? Do authoritarian regimes have greater policy discretion than democratic regimes? The empirical evidence is ambiguous. Using two cases of failed military populism in Ecuador, the author argues that two authoritarian characteristics—lack of participation in decision making and nonmobilization—frustrated implementation of import substitution policies. Ironically, groups expected to benefit most—industrialists and urban workers—provided the principal opposition. Although the regime needed their cooperation to implement policy, neither group had assurance that its interests were protected. Thus political alliances require more than an exchange of policies for support; regimes must make their commitments credible by permitting the participation in decision making and mobilization of groups whose cooperation is needed for policy implementation. This conclusion is supported by a comparison to Peru (where a military regime encountered similar obstacles) and Argentina (where a democratically elected military officer, Perón, was able to implement import substitution policies).
The Cost of Intraparty Competition
Authors: COX GARY W. , THIES MICHAEL F.
Published: March 2007

Many scholars have argued that money politics in Japan has been driven in part by the imperatives of intraparty competition under the single, nontransferable vote (SNTV) system used for lower house elections until 1994. However, to date, no one has undertaken a systematic, quantitative study of campaign expenditure in Japan. In this article, the authors exploit the intraelection reports—which are believed to be accurate accounts of spending during the brief official campaign—to investigate how Japanese candidates adapted their last-minute expenditures to SNTV. The authors show that candidates spent more when they faced more intraparty competition. The results for Liberal Democratic Party candidates suggest that intraparty competition boosted campaign-period spending by approximately 4% to 18%. The authors also find evidence that the spending appears to be reactive, with candidates increasing their expenditures to counter higher spending by other candidates and especially spending by copartisans.
Tipping the Civil-Military Balance
Authors: PION-BERLIN DAVID , ARCENEAUX CRAIG
Published: March 2007

Human rights issues topped the agenda for many democratic presidents who followed repressive military regimes in Latin America. Traditional approaches assume that the military is powerful enough to suppress human rights initiatives. Transitions approaches closely link success or failure to military power at the time of regime change. Evidence shows not only that there were instances of policy success but also that these are not fully explained by the transitional balance of power. The authors argue that policy outcomes are inextricably tied to levels of institutional concentration and autonomy in the executive branch. Human rights gains occur when policy-making authority is centered in a few hands and where the president can use institutional channels suitably closed to military influence. Low levels of concentration and autonomy result in policy setbacks; mixed levels lead to moderate success. The authors test the model with a comparative case study of governments in Argentina and Chile.
The Maastricht Treaty: Implications for the Nordic Countries
Authors: LAURSEN FINN
Published: March 2007

Among the Nordic countries Denmark has been a member of the European Community (EC) since 1973. The other Nordic countries, for various reasons, did not feel they could join the EC until now. Recently they negotiated the European Economic Area (EEA) agreement with the EC, but, partly because of its limits, Sweden, Finland and Norway have now applied for EC membership. If the Maastricht Treaty on European Union enters into force they will be seeking to join a Union which will further deepen the European integration process. This, however, depends on a second Danish referendum, probably in May 1993. Since Denmark has been a `minimalist' member of the EC and now has been given some opt-outs from the Maastricht Treaty at the Edinburgh meeting of the European Council in December 1992, it is to be expected that the Nordic participants in the European integration process will remain `difficult' partners for those who have more ambitious plans for the future.
Dealing with a High Technology Vulnerability Trap:
Authors: MÖRTH ULRIKA , SUNDELIUS BENGT
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the Swedish responses to the security policy challenge presented by the reactivated American high technology export control offensive of the early 1980s. This issue became a major problem for the Swedish social democratic government and was also of great concern to Swedish industrialists. The Swedish handling of its high technology vulnerability trap is discussed as an illustration of the use of different security-enhancing strategies by a small industrial state in a setting of adversarial interdependence. The case shows the persistent weight of interstate conflict within interdependence and highlights the webs of transnational relations which intrude upon the governing capacity of states. The tension between the logic of transnational society and intergovernmental relations becomes apparent. The Swedish handling of the high technology control issue in the 1980s can in part be explained in terms of a traditional small-state national adjustment strategy. By using the webs of transnationalism Sweden was also able to manoeuver to shape the necessary adjustment policies in ways acceptable from an international neutrality perspective and from a domestic politics perspective. A (trans)national mobilization strategy was exploited in this case. This case also suggests that the so-called second and third faces of power can help us to understand better the national security implications of transnational activities by states and societies.
Influencing Peace
Authors: KAARBO JULIET
Published: March 2007

This article explores the link between coalition politics and Israel's policies toward the peace process. Although the field of international relations has increasingly turned to domestic politics to explain international behavior, current treatments of domestic politics focus on state-society relations and often ignore the bargaining and decision-making processes within governments. These processes, I argue, are crucial for explaining states' policies in international negotiations. A complete understanding of Israeli policy in the Arab-Israeli peace process requires attention to coalition politics — the negotiations between the participating political parties in a ruling coalition. Specifically, this study investigates the conditions under which junior partners in Israeli coalition cabinets have been influential in Israeli peace policy. Conditions related to the parties' positions, the public's support and the decision-making process are hypothesized to explain junior partner influence. These hypotheses are examined in four cases — two in which the junior partner was influential and two in which it was not. Variables such as party unity, the prime minister's position, and influence strategy emerge as important in these cases. These specific conclusions are discussed as well as more general lessons from this study on the interaction of domestic and international politics.
Rethinking Security after the Cold War
Authors: BUZAN BARRY
Published: March 2007

This paper examines aspects of the debate amongst traditionalist, widening and critical approaches to Security Studies. It looks at how the security agenda has expanded away from the narrow military focus generated by the Cold War, and argues against the traditionalist criticism that widening the concept of security necessarily makes it incoherent. To carry this argument, it proposes a constructivist method for security analysis that offers a way of confining the application of security, and some reintegrative potential, to all three schools. In this approach, security is understood not as the content of a particular sector (military), but as a particular type of politics defined by reference to existential threats and calls for emergency action in any sector. The paper concludes by examining some of the political issues raised by any attempt to widen the scope of security, setting the liberal case for narrowing security as much as possible against the pressures to widen the security agenda that ironically arise from the contemporary success of the liberal project.