bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Feedback, Reflection, and Assessment Practices in Practicum Placements
Authors: Dann Christopher
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this chapter is twofold. Firstly, it defines the methodology used as a basis for the research findings presented in this text. Secondly, it describes the methods used to investigate the video feedback and formative assessment processes in a preservice teacher education program in regional Australia. Particular attention is given to Participatory Action Learning Action Research (PALAR), which was used in a four-year study that investigated the extent to which a mobile video capture application impacted on preservice teacher assessment while on practicum placements. Methods of each PALAR cycle are presented to explain how these were used in a coordinated manner to ensure the reliability of the outputs of the study. The chapter concludes by recognising the limitations of the study and describing future research opportunities arising from the study.
The Design Implementation Framework
Authors: Stone Melissa L. , Kent Kevin M. , Roscoe Rod D. , Corley Kathleen M. , Allen Laura K. , McNamara Danielle S.
Published: June 2017

This chapter explores three broad principles of user-centered design methodologies, including participatory design, iteration, and usability considerations. We discuss characteristics of teachers as an important type of ITS end user, including barriers teachers face as users and their role in educational technology design. To exemplify key points, we draw upon our own experiences in developing an ITS for writing strategies (i.e., the Writing Pal). We conclude by offering a tentative design approach—the Design Implementation Framework (DIF)—that builds upon existing cyclical design methods but with some tailoring to ITS and educational technology contexts.
The Virtual CSU
Authors: Marshall Stephen , Flutey Jonathan
Published: June 2017

The Virtual CSU is a model of distributed leadership and team-based consultancy and support which has been implemented at Victoria University of Wellington over the last four years as part of an overall plan transitioning to greater use of online, open and distance provision of higher education. The model uses ideas drawn from industry to create flexible virtual teams that act as internal consulting teams. The resulting teams combine professional and academic staff from a variety of internal units into a semi-formal group focused on specific university projects, operational needs or strategic challenges in a way that avoids the costs of formal restructuring and that provides a mechanism for professional development and facilitation of wider changes in the capability of the university.
DESCRIÇÕES ANATÔMICAS DO CORAÇÃO E VASOS DA BASE DE Procyon cancrivorus (CUVIER, 1798)
Authors: Pereira Kleber Fernando , Terra Daiane Rodrigues de Souza , Ferreira Lorraine Silva , Sabec-Pereira Dayane Kelly , Lima Fabiano Campos , Santos Odeony Paulo dos
Published: June 2017

O mão-pelada (Procyon cancrivorus) é um carnívoro silvestre, encontrado principalmente na Costa Rica, Bolívia, Colômbia, Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, Trinidad e Tobago, Panamá, Uruguai, nordeste da Argentina e em todos os biomas do território brasileiro. Conhecido como guaxinim, mão-pelada ou rato lavador têm a peculiaridade de mergulhar na água tudo o que come. Possui hábito noturno e crepuscular, escalador arborícola e terrícola, habitante de áreas arbustivas, preferencialmente próximas a cursos de água, é um bom nadador com ótimas habilidades para cavar, escalar e tem vida solitária. Objetivo foi descrever a morfologia do coração e vasos da base de mão pelada. Foram utilizados três corações de Procyon, provenientes de coletas em rodovias, vítimas de atropelamentos. Para a observação das estruturas do coração, foi realizado o arrebatamento da pele, músculos e a retirada das costelas. Depois de exposto o coração, foi feita a retirada do pericárdio fibroso e seroso para melhor visualização das estruturas, expondo assim o coração e vasos da base. O coração do mão pelada é constituído por  quatro câmaras: dois átrios e dois ventrículos. Na face anterior de cada átrio existe uma estrutura enrugada, em forma de saco, chamada aurícula. Semelhante ao coração dos animais domésticos e silvestres, o coração do mão pelada apresenta  seio venoso, valvas atrioventriculares, músculos papilares e cordas tendíneas. No átrio direito, desemboca as veias cavas cranial e caudal. No ventrículo esquerdo foi observada a veia cardíaca magna, que faz a drenagem sanguínea no coração. O átrio esquerdo juntamente com sua aurícula está situado atrás do átrio direito. As artérias coronárias originam diretamente da aorta e o arco da aorta é formado pela aorta ascendente, onde se encontra o tronco braquiocefálico e a artéria subclávia. As estruturas estudadas foram comparadas com os carnívoros domésticos, como o cão e gato, e com alguns animais silvestres, onde constatou grande similaridade entre estes carnívoros.
Retrospective analysis of endemic melasma patients
Authors: Demirkan Serkan , Gündüz Özgür , Sayan Cemile Dayangan
Published: June 2017

Melasma is an acquired diffuse hypermelanosis characterized by localized, symmetrical, irregular, light-to-dark brown maculae occurring in sun-exposed areas of skin. The aim of this retrospective study was to determine demographics of patients, analysis of etiologic factors, clinical features, efficacy and side effects of available topical treatments due to high incidence of melasma patients. In this study melasma patients in Birecik State Hospital were investigated retrospectively. Between January 2014 and October 2015, 1008 patients had diagnosis of melasma in 49,809 applications of 24,603 different patients who admitted to Dermatology Outpatient Clinics. Of the 1008 patients, 263 had completed 3-month treatment period. These patients did not receive treatment in June, July, August and September. All melasma patients were rural and dealing with agriculture. There was no significant difference between female and male patients in terms of age. Of the 253 female melasma patients, only 2 of them had not child and none of them were using hormone drug. Of the 263 patients with melasma, Fitzpatrick skin type was 3 in 79 (30%) patients, 4 in 184 (70%) patients. Şanlıurfa city showed higher fertility rate, sun exposure, and skin type than Turkey as a whole. These predisposing factors may explain higher melasma occurrence in Şanlıurfa. Patient information about preventive measures and treatment play important role in treatment of cosmetic condition. The most important measure seems to advise patients about sun-protection especially during pregnancy.
Actinic prurigo in Scandinavian adolescent successfully treated with cyclosporine A
Authors: Sitek Jan C.
Published: June 2017

Actinic prurigo is a pruritic sun-induced dermatosis classified among the immunologically mediated photodermatoses. The disease is a well-known entity among Native Americans and in Central and South America, however rare in Caucasians with only a few reports from Australia, Britain and France. We report the first case of actinic prurigo in a Scandinavian patient, responding favorably to systemic treatment with cyclosporine A.
A study case in photoepilation, the HPPL™ and IFL™ technologies
Authors: Martella Alessandro , Raichi Mauro
Published: June 2017

The High Power Pulsed Light™ [HPPL™] and Incoherent Fast Light™ technologies [IFL™, Novavision Group S.p.A., 20826 Misinto (MB), Italy] are recent innovations in the field of unwanted hair removal with intense pulsed light devices. IFL™ is a further improvement over the already advanced characteristics of the HPPL™ technology. A selection of photoepilation case histories with the HPPL™ and IFL™ technologies is presented; a short introduction highlights the main features of the two technologies. All study materials were appropriately peer-reviewed for ethical problems.
Eyelid dermatitis caused by allergic contact to acrylates in artificial nails
Authors: Moreira Jorge , Gonçalves Rita , Coelho Pedro , Maio Tiago
Published: June 2017

Over the past few years, there has been an increase in cases of allergic contact dermatitis caused by acrylates, because of the growing popularity of artificial nails. Pathological reactions to artificial nails typically occur on or around the nail area. Eyelid contact dermatitis due to artificial nails is rarely seen, especially in a nonoccupational setting. The authors report the case of a 45-year-old female accountant who developed eyelid dermatitis due to artificial nails.
Lack of application of the European Work Time Directive: effects on workload, work satisfaction and burnout among Italian physicians
Authors: Gnerre Paola , Montemurro Domenico , Rossi Andrea P. , Troise Costantino , Palermo Carlo , Amati Dario , Rivetti Chiara , D’Arienzo Matteo , Romani Gabriele , Ragazzo Fabio
Published: June 2017

The Italian Parliament has excluded hospital physicians from the application of the European Work Time Directive (EWTD), which imposes a maximum workweek of 48 h and compulsory resting periods. This resulted in extended and excessive work time for the category. This paper is aimed at evaluating the impact of this legislation gap, by assessing the presence of excessive work-related stress and risk for burnout syndrome among Italian physicians working in public hospitals. This observational study is based on an on-line survey conducted on a sample of 1925 Italian doctors (covering a wide range of age, work experience and contractual positions) from October 2014 to February 2015. The questionnaire included 30 questions concerning their personal and professional life (e.g., assessment of workloads, number of uncomfortable or extra shifts, unused days-off, etc.). On the basis of the results, it can be inferred that the average Italian doctor working in public hospitals is under considerable stress at work with negative consequences on his health. He is exposed to high risk of suffering from sleep disorders and cardiovascular diseases (due to the lack of time for private practice and eating regular meals). Overall, his perception is that his job worsens his quality of life. This study shows the relevance of the risk of burnout among Italian physicians employed in public hospitals due to severe workload and work conditions. The resulting impact on the quality of care and the significant cost involved - both in human and economic terms - calls for significant emergency measures by the Italian health work organization. An important increase and prolonged working time is associated with a worsening of the objective cognitive performance and an increase of clinical risk, but also to an increased risk of diseases for operators and of the burnout syndrome. Our survey shows that lack of application of the EWTD has adverse effects on the quality of life and performance of Italian doctors. Failure to respond by all Italian doctors is the greatest limitation of our survey.
Abstract Book of the XXII Congresso Nazionale della Società Scientifica FADOI, Sorrento, 13-16 maggio 2017
Authors: Fontanella Presidente: A.
Published: June 2017

Abstract Book of the XXII Congresso Nazionale della Società Scientifica FADOI, Sorrento, 13-16 maggio 2017.
Two poems by Chris Mann
Authors: Mann Chris
Published: June 2017

No abstract available.
The role of discriminant functions in screening beta thalassemia trait and iron deficiency anemia among laboratory samples
Authors: Kumar Ashwani , Saha Debarshi , Kini Jyoti , Murali Nirupama , Chakraborti Shrijeet , Adiga Deepa
Published: June 2017

INTRODUCTION: Most important differential diagnosis for microcytosis and hypochromia is beta thalassemia trait (BTT) and iron deficiency anemia.

AIM: To study the utility of discriminant functions (DFs) and red cell indices in distinguishing BTT and iron deficiency anemia.

METHODS: The study is observational (cross sectional). A total of 350 patients, 43 BTT, and 307 iron-deficiency anemia reflecting actual disease prevalence were included. Their complete red blood cell parameters, hemoglobin A2, and serum ferritin level wherever required were obtained. Receiver operator characteristic curve was drawn for each DF and results compared with other studies.

RESULTS: Among the six DFs, the highest sensitivity (97.7%) and specificity (98.6%) was shown, respectively, by Shine and Lal (S and L) and England and Fraser index (E and F) in identifying cases of BTT. Youden index of the Mentzer index (MI) was the highest (69.0) and S and L, the lowest (13.2) indicating MI to be the most efficient and the S and L, the least in differentiating the two entities. Red cell distribution width index (RDWI) showed the highest accuracy (91.6%), whereas S and L showed the least accuracy (29.6%).

CONCLUSION: MI was the most efficient in discriminating BTT from iron deficiency anemia (IDA). RDWI stands to be the most accurate. S and L could at best be used as screening tool rather than DF. No study except one agreed with us because convenient sampling used in other studies generated bias in their results. Statistically, this study bears far more relevance than other studies because the sample distribution reflects the prevalence of IDA and BTT in the community.
Mixed couples, mixed feelings
Authors: Amponsah Emma-Lee
Published: June 2017

This study aims to explore to what extent the internalised racism based on black inferiority and white supremacy, as described in 1952 by Fanon in his Black Skin, White Masks, is still reproduced in the intimate sphere today, despite increasing diversification in Western societies. I have analysed the narratives of Belgian and Dutch men and women, both white and black, who were at the time involved in intimate black-white relationships. These narratives can inform us about how the binary of internalised racism is played out in such relationships; i.e. how the white partner is dealing with prevalent discourses on whiteness and blackness and how s/he is positioning him- or herself in the relationship. Also, we can learn to understand how the black partner in these relationships perceives whiteness in a white-dominated society that does not acknowledge whiteness as a racialised positioning, and if the same meanings of whiteness are sustained in their relationships. Outcomes of this study can contribute to our understanding of race and whiteness in the specific context of the Netherlands and Belgium and might be particularly interesting in the light of the supposedly global transition from post-colonialism to decolonisation.
Improved identification of primary biological aerosol particles using single-particle mass spectrometry
Authors: Zawadowicz Maria A. , Froyd Karl D. , Murphy Daniel M. , Cziczo Daniel J.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Measurements of primary biological aerosol particles (PBAP), especially at altitudes relevant to cloud formation, are scarce. Single-particle mass spectrometry (SPMS) has been used to probe aerosol chemical composition from ground and aircraft for over 20 years. Here we develop a method for identifying bioaerosols (PBAP and particles containing fragments of PBAP as part of an internal mixture) using SPMS. We show that identification of bioaerosol using SPMS is complicated because phosphorus-bearing mineral dust and phosphorus-rich combustion by-products such as fly ash produce mass spectra with peaks similar to those typically used as markers for bioaerosol. We have developed a methodology to differentiate and identify bioaerosol using machine learning statistical techniques applied to mass spectra of known particle types. This improved method provides far fewer false positives compared to approaches reported in the literature. The new method was then applied to two sets of ambient data collected at Storm Peak Laboratory and a forested site in Central Valley, California to show that 0.04–2 % of particles in the 200–3000 nm aerodynamic diameter range were identified as bioaerosol. In addition, 36–56 % of particles identified as biological also contained spectral features consistent with mineral dust, suggesting internal dust–biological mixtures.
Analyzing cloud base at local and regional scales to understand tropical montane cloud forest vulnerability to climate change
Authors: Van Beusekom Ashley E. , González Grizelle , Scholl Martha A.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The degree to which cloud immersion provides water in addition to rainfall, suppresses transpiration, and sustains tropical montane cloud forests (TMCFs) during rainless periods is not well understood. Climate and land use changes represent a threat to these forests if cloud base altitude rises as a result of regional warming or deforestation. To establish a baseline for quantifying future changes in cloud base, we installed a ceilometer at 100 m altitude in the forest upwind of the TMCF that occupies an altitude range from ∼ 600 m to the peaks at 1100 m in the Luquillo Mountains of eastern Puerto Rico. Airport Automated Surface Observing System (ASOS) ceilometer data, radiosonde data, and Cloud-Aerosol Lidar and Infrared Pathfinder Satellite Observation (CALIPSO) satellite data were obtained to investigate seasonal cloud base dynamics, altitude of the trade-wind inversion (TWI), and typical cloud thickness for the surrounding Caribbean region. Cloud base is rarely quantified near mountains, so these results represent a first look at seasonal and diurnal cloud base dynamics for the TMCF. From May 2013 to August 2016, cloud base was lowest during the midsummer dry season, and cloud bases were lower than the mountaintops as often in the winter dry season as in the wet seasons. The lowest cloud bases most frequently occurred at higher elevation than 600 m, from 740 to 964 m. The Luquillo forest low cloud base altitudes were higher than six other sites in the Caribbean by ∼ 200–600 m, highlighting the importance of site selection to measure topographic influence on cloud height. Proximity to the oceanic cloud system where shallow cumulus clouds are seasonally invariant in altitude and cover, along with local trade-wind orographic lifting and cloud formation, may explain the dry season low clouds. The results indicate that climate change threats to low-elevation TMCFs are not limited to the dry season; changes in synoptic-scale weather patterns that increase frequency of drought periods during the wet seasons (periods of higher cloud base) may also impact ecosystem health.
An updated emission inventory of vehicular VOCs/IVOCs in China
Authors: Liu Huan , Man Hanyang , Cui Hongyang , Wang Yanjun , Deng Fanyuan , Wang Yue , Yang Xiaofan , Xiao Qian , Zhang Qiang , Ding Yan , He Kebin
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Currently, the emission inventory of vehicular volatile organic compounds (VOCs) is one of those with the largest errors and uncertainties due to the imperfection of estimation methods and the lack of first-hand basic data. In this study, an updated speciated emission inventory of VOCs and an estimation of intermediate-volatility organic compounds (IVOCs) from vehicles in China at the provincial level, with a target year of 2015, were developed based on a set of state-of-the-art methods and a mass of local measurement data. The activity data for light-duty vehicles were derived from trajectories of more than 70 thousand cars for one year. The annual mileages of trucks were calculated from reported data by more than 2 million trucks in China. The emission profiles were updated using measurement data. Not only vehicular tailpipe emissions (VTEs) but also four kinds of vehicular evaporation emissions (VEEs), including refuelling, hot soak, diurnal and running loss, were taken into account. The results showed that the total vehicular VOCs emissions in China were 4.21 Tg and the IVOCs emissions were 121.23 Gg in the year of 2015. VTEs were still the predominant contributor, but VEEs were already responsible for 39.20 % of VOCs. Since VEES has a much less strict control standard, it should be paid much more attention to. Among VTEs, passenger vehicles contributed most (49.86 %), followed by trucks (28.15 %) and motorcycles (21.99 %). Among VEEs, running loss was the largest contributor (81.05 %). For both VTEs and VEEs, Guangdong, Shandong and Jiangsu province took the first three spots, with a respective contribution of 10.66 %, 8.85 % and 6.54 % to the total amounts of VOCs from vehicles. Totally, 97 VOC species were analysed in this VOCs emission inventory. I-pentane, toluene and formaldehyde were found to be the most abundant species in China's vehicular VOCs emissions. The estimated IVOCs is other inconvenient truth, providing insights the precursors of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) from vehicles were much more than previous estimation.
Biogeochemical versus ecological consequences of modeled ocean physics
Authors: Clayton Sophie , Dutkiewicz Stephanie , Jahn Oliver , Hill Christopher , Heimbach Patrick , Follows Michael J.
Published: June 2017

Abstract. We present a systematic study of the differences generated by coupling the same ecological–biogeochemical model to a 1°, coarse-resolution, and 1∕6°, eddy-permitting, global ocean circulation model to (a) biogeochemistry (e.g., primary production) and (b) phytoplankton community structure. Surprisingly, we find that the modeled phytoplankton community is largely unchanged, with the same phenotypes dominating in both cases. Conversely, there are large regional and seasonal variations in primary production, phytoplankton and zooplankton biomass. In the subtropics, mixed layer depths (MLDs) are, on average, deeper in the eddy-permitting model, resulting in higher nutrient supply driving increases in primary production and phytoplankton biomass. In the higher latitudes, differences in winter mixed layer depths, the timing of the onset of the spring bloom and vertical nutrient supply result in lower primary production in the eddy-permitting model. Counterintuitively, this does not drive a decrease in phytoplankton biomass but results in lower zooplankton biomass. We explain these similarities and differences in the model using the framework of resource competition theory, and find that they are the consequence of changes in the regional and seasonal nutrient supply and light environment, mediated by differences in the modeled mixed layer depths. Although previous work has suggested that complex models may respond chaotically and unpredictably to changes in forcing, we find that our model responds in a predictable way to different ocean circulation forcing, despite its complexity. The use of frameworks, such as resource competition theory, provides a tractable way to explore the differences and similarities that occur. As this model has many similarities to other widely used biogeochemical models that also resolve multiple phytoplankton phenotypes, this study provides important insights into how the results of running these models under different physical conditions might be more easily understood.
Assessment of irrigation physics in a land surface modeling framework using non-traditional and human-practice datasets
Authors: Lawston Patricia M. , Santanello Jr. Joseph A. , Franz Trenton E. , Rodell Matthew
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Irrigation increases soil moisture, which in turn controls water and energy fluxes from the land surface to the planetary boundary layer and determines plant stress and productivity. Therefore, developing a realistic representation of irrigation is critical to understanding land–atmosphere interactions in agricultural areas. Irrigation parameterizations are becoming more common in land surface models and are growing in sophistication, but there is difficulty in assessing the realism of these schemes, due to limited observations (e.g., soil moisture, evapotranspiration) and scant reporting of irrigation timing and quantity. This study uses the Noah land surface model run at high resolution within NASA's Land Information System to assess the physics of a sprinkler irrigation simulation scheme and model sensitivity to choice of irrigation intensity and greenness fraction datasets over a small, high-resolution domain in Nebraska. Differences between experiments are small at the interannual scale but become more apparent at seasonal and daily timescales. In addition, this study uses point and gridded soil moisture observations from fixed and roving cosmic-ray neutron probes and co-located human-practice data to evaluate the realism of irrigation amounts and soil moisture impacts simulated by the model. Results show that field-scale heterogeneity resulting from the individual actions of farmers is not captured by the model and the amount of irrigation applied by the model exceeds that applied at the two irrigated fields. However, the seasonal timing of irrigation and soil moisture contrasts between irrigated and non-irrigated areas are simulated well by the model. Overall, the results underscore the necessity of both high-quality meteorological forcing data and proper representation of irrigation for accurate simulation of water and energy states and fluxes over cropland.
Social Class Differences in Complaining Strategies Used by Customers of Central Santosa Finance
Authors: Sinuraya Insan Utama , Chairunnissa Chairunnissa
Published: June 2017

This study deals with complaining strategies in different social class. The objectives of this study were to find out the types of complaining strategies used by customers as the complainers and the reasons of the customers used complaint strategies. To achieve the objectives, this study was conducted by applying qualitative research. It is a kind of multi-case study. The subjects of this study were the customers of Central Santosa Finance with different social class, namely working class and middle class. And the objects of this research were the utterances which contained complaining strategies uttered by the customers. The data were collected by using content analysis technique. The data were analyzed based on the theory of complaining strategies proposed by Trosborg (1995) and the interview was conducted to get the answer of the reasons why customers used complaint strategies. Based on the results of this study, the customers from working class dominantly used Explicit Blame and Modified Blame as their complaint strategies. While the customers from middle class tended to use Hints as their complaint strategy which meant that customers form working class were more direct in saying their complaints than customers from middle class. The reasons of they used complaint strategies were Situation and Problem.
Paralinguistics in Spoken English: Investigating the Use of Proxemics and Kinesics in an EFL Context
Authors: Irgin Pelin
Published: June 2017

This research presents how important the body language in oral communication for the foreign language users is in cross cultural communication. Yet, very little attention has been given in the international setting for incorporating paralinguistics into the classroom environment. This paper aims to explain the essential elements of paralinguistics, and to have a special consideration on the use of paralinguistic elements by foreign language learners in a Turkish context. The participants of the study included 68 EFL tertiary level students at a state university in Turkey. The data were collected using a questionnaire “Paralinguistics in Spoken English” developed by the researcher. Descriptive statistics, frequencies and independent samples t-test procedures have been calculated to analyze the collected data. It has been found that item 34, 49, 43, 31, 46 (see Table 2) are the most frequent used proxemics and kinesics by the participants. There is a significant difference in terms of the use of the kinesics and proxemics regarding both gender and regional differences. The results reveal that cultural values should be taught as paralinguistics to prevent both intra cultural and inter cultural communication among EFL students.
Experiential Function in Reading Passage of English Textbook Your Practice English Competence grade 8th for Junior High School
Authors: Arifiani Fathur Rizqi
Published: June 2017

This study is concerned with the Experiential Function in Reading Passage of English Textbook for Junior High School. The objectives of this research were to find out the process type of experiential function, the most dominant process type and to describe the implication of the most dominant process type used in Reading Passage of English Textbook for Junior High School. This study was conducted by using descriptive qualitative design. The source of the data of this research were taken from reading passages in Practice Your English Competence textbook grade 8th published by Erlangga. The result of data analysis showed that the numbers in types of process were: material (45,1%), mental (16,5%), relational (26,9%), behavioral (2,7%), verbal (7,7%), and existential (1,1%).  The most dominant process type used is Material process. That means that many reading passages in English textbook for junior high school contain action, or happened physicaly. So the process used in reading passages indicated action, doing things or what is done.
The Impact of Teacher Speech Modification on the Quality of Interaction and Learning: An Analysis of Spoken Discourse in Saudi EFL Classrooms
Authors: Al-Ghamdi Hanaa , Al-Bargi Abdullah
Published: June 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate, following a qualitative research design, the ways in which English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teachers modify their speech in an endeavor to create interactive learning environments facilitated by the implementation of strategies providing inherently comprehensible input for students. The study also seeks to examine students’ reactions to the use of such different speech modification strategies. The data gathered was taken from three different EFL classrooms with a total of sixty-two university students (forty male and twenty-two female) and three non-native speakers (NNS) of English language teachers. The data analysis reveals that EFL teachers regularly modify their talk through the use of different linguistic and interactional strategies in the Saudi EFL context, including the use of simplified grammar and vocabulary, shorter sentences, repetition, and emphatic stress and reduced speech rate. Other modification strategies include the use of clarification requests, confirmation checks, transition markers and hand gestures in order to facilitate student understanding and learning. The data analysis also suggests that teachers’ modification strategies have a positive impact on language learners in accelerating their comprehension and developing their classroom interaction. The study results provide valuable implications for foreign language classroom pedagogy and teacher training.
Female Labor Market Participation and Economic Growth: The Case of Pakistan
Authors: Khaliq Adnan , Khan Dilawar , Akbar Sultan , Hamayun Muhammad , Ullah Barkat
Published: June 2017

Female labor force plays a significant role in the economic development of a country. The core objective of this paper is to examine the nexus between female labor force participation rate and Pakistan’s economic growth using time series data for the period 1990-2014. The data was extracted from World Development Indicators database. Augmented-Dickey Fuller (ADF) test was applied to examine the data for unit root. The results show that both the variables--- female labor force participation rate and economic growth---are stationary at first difference i.e. I(1). The error correction model (ECM) and Johansen co-integration tests were used to examine the co-integration relation between the variables. The econometric results conclude that there is long-run and a U-shaped link between economic growth and women labor force participation rate of Pakistan. The results conclude that lower female labor force participation rate leads to lower economic growth in Pakistan. This paper has important policy implications, suggests that policies intend to remove such barriers could help to enhance the Pakistan’s economic growth.
EDI-OCT evaluation of choroidal thickness in retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Sodi Andrea , Lenzetti Chiara , Murro Vittoria , Caporossi Orsola , Mucciolo Dario P. , Bacherini Daniela , Cipollini Francesca , Passerini Ilaria , Virgili Gianni , Rizzo Stanislao
Published: June 2017

Purpose:

To evaluate choroidal thickness (CT) in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) using enhanced depth imaging (EDI) optical coherence tomography (OCT).

Methods:

A retrospective analysis of a group of patients with RP who underwent EDI-OCT was performed. Choroidal thickness measurements were compared with those of age- and sex-matched healthy subjects. In the RP group, the possible association between subfoveal CT and some clinical parameters (visual acuity, age, age at disease onset, duration of the disease, macular thickness, visual field loss, electroretinography [ERG]) was evaluated.

Results:

The study recruited 39 patients with RP with an average age of 43.3 ± 11.3 years while the control group consisted of 73 healthy subjects with an average age of 42.9 ± 12.10 years. On average, CT was significantly thinner in the RP group compared to the controls (p<0.0001). In the RP group, we could not find any significant association between CT and the considered clinical parameters even if there was a trend for decreasing CT with increasing age (r = −0.23, p = 0.096). In the control group, subfoveal CT showed a slightly significant correlation with age (r = −0.21, p = 0.04) but not with macular thickness and visual acuity.

Conclusions:

In our series, CT was significantly lower in the RP group in comparison with the controls, as measured by EDI-OCT, but did not correlate with age, age at onset, duration of the disease, macular thickness, visual acuity, visual field loss, or ERG responses. Although the clinical implications of choroidal changes in RP have not yet been clearly determined, the evaluation of choroidal features may provide information that could be useful to clarify the pathophysiology of the disease.
Expression of mTOR in Primary Pterygium and its Correlation with α-Smooth Muscle Actin
Authors: Zhao Xin-Rong , Zhang Ming-Chang , Xie Hua-Tao , Ji Nan , Ma Xiao-Qiong
Published: June 2017

Purpose

Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a serine/threonine protein kinase that has been shown to affect many cellular functions, such as cell growth, proliferation, and metabolism. However, there has been minimal focus on the expression of mTOR in pterygium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the expression of mTOR and the correlation between the levels of mTOR and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA, a marker of transdifferentiation) in pterygium.

Methods

Primary pterygium samples from 28 patients and normal conjunctival samples from 16 patients were surgically removed and analyzed. The expression levels of mTOR and α-SMA in the excised specimens were assessed using immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. Furthermore, correlations between the mTOR and α-SMA expression levels were studied.

Results

The expression of mTOR and α-SMA was significantly higher in the pterygium tissues than in normal conjunctiva tissues. A significant positive correlation was detected between the number of mTOR-immunopositive fibroblasts and the number of α-SMA-immunopositive fibroblasts (ρ = 0.463, p = 0.0078). Additionally, mTOR expression was significantly correlated with α-SMA expression (ρ = 0.269, p = 0.031) in pterygium.

Conclusions

There was an increased expression of mTOR in pterygium samples compared to that in normal conjunctival tissues, with a positive correlation with α-SMA expression. These findings might be involved in the pathogenesis of pterygium.
Visual outcomes of the second eye in keratoconic patients who have a corneal graft in the first eye: analysis at 12 years
Authors: Gauthier Anne-Sophie , Friot Marie , Puyraveau Marc , Garcin Thibaud , Saleh Maher , Gain Phillipe , Delbosc Bernard
Published: June 2017

Purpose:

To analyze demographic, clinical, and keratometric outcomes of the second eye in keratoconic patients when the first eye has already been grafted, initially and finally at 12 years.

Methods:

Retrospective analysis of initial and 12 years visual and keratometric outcomes of the second eye in keratoconic patients when the first one has already been grafted.

Results:

A total of 107 patients were included: 66 patients were analyzed at the beginning of the follow-up and at 12 years. There were no statistically significant differences with regard to the correction method from the beginning to the end of the follow-up; 3% of patients underwent crosslinking and 4.5% an intracorneal ring segments implantation. There was no significant progress in corneal opacities (1.5% vs 3.0% at 12 years) or visual comfort (90.9% vs 87.9%). The mean values of best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (0.69 vs 0.71 at 12 years, on a decimal scale), cylinder (-2.64 D vs -3.13 D), spherical equivalent, and keratometry (46.34 D vs. 46.49 D) had not significantly changed during the follow-up period. During the follow-up, 41 patients (38.3%) received a penetrating or lamellar keratoplasty on the contralateral eye (63% in the 5 years after the first corneal graft). At the time of the keratoplasty procedure, corneal opacities were seen in 7 patients (17.1%), mean BCVA was 0.26 ± 0.16, spherical equivalent mean was -3.70 D, mean cylinder was 3.89 D, mean keratometry values were 52.65 ± 6.80 D, and mean pachymetry value was 335.50 µm.

Conclusions:

This study suggests that the period of risk of keratoplasty in the second eye is significant in the first 5 years following the first keratoplasty. New therapeutic treatments have been made available, allowing for stabilization of the keratoconus decreasing the impact of transplantation.
Sealed Implantation of Foldable Intraocular Lenses
Authors: Nath Dharmendra , Blumenthal Eytan Z. , Sharma Mohita , Mimouni Michael
Published: June 2017

Purpose

To evaluate the safety and efficacy of sealed implantation, a simple technique for implanting foldable intraocular lenses (IOLs).

Methods

This was a retrospective study including consecutive patients who underwent phacoemulsification cataract using the sealed implantation technique. Sealed implantation is a technique in which a single-piece, foldable IOL is implanted without an intraocular ophthalmic viscosurgical device (OVD) or continuous infusion (hydroimplantation) of balanced saline solution (BSS). Forty consecutive patients who underwent clear corneal incision cataract surgery with IOL implantation using this technique were included. A 3-step 2.75-mm incision was performed approximately 0.5 mm anterior to the limbus with a 1.50 to 1.75 mm length as well as a 0.9 mm side port incision. Prior to the insertion of the IOL, the capsular bag and anterior chamber are filled with BSS. Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose 2% is applied external to the main corneal incision. The foldable IOL injector tip is introduced into the main incision in one quick jabbing motion and the IOL injected. The IOL is dialed with a standard irrigating Simcoe cannula. The main outcomes were intraoperative complications and postoperative hypotony.

Results

Of 50 charts reviewed, sealed implantation was attempted in 40 (80%), with success in all cases. The injection of the IOL was performed without anterior chamber loss in 92% of the cases (n = 36) and no complications were recorded. There were no events of postoperative hypotony or wound leakage.

Conclusions

Sealed implantation is a safe and efficient alternative to hydroimplantation without the need for OVDs in suitable cases.
Percutaneous Cardiac Support during Myocardial Infarction Drastically Reduces Mortality: Perspectives from a Swine Model
Authors: Trivella Maria Giovanna , Piersigilli Alessandra , Bernini Fabio , Pelosi Gualtiero , Burchielli Silvia , Puzzuoli Stefano , Kusmic Claudia , L'Abbate Antonio
Published: June 2017

Background/Aims

Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) with cardiogenic shock (CS) remains the leading cause of in-hospital death in acute coronary syndromes. In the AMI-CS pig model we tested the efficacy of temporary percutaneous cardiorespiratory assist device (PCRA) in rescuing the failing heart and reducing early mortality.

Methods

In open-chest pigs we induced AMI by proximal left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) ligation. Eight animals without PCRA (C group) were compared with 12 animals otherwise treated with PCRA (T group), starting approximately at 60 minutes post-occlusion and lasting 120–180 minutes. In 3 animals of the T group, regional myocardial oxygen content was also imaged by two-dimensional near infrared spectroscopy (2D-NIRS) with and without PCRA, before and after LAD reperfusion.

Results

All animals without PCRA died despite unrelenting resuscitation maneuvers (120 minutes average survival time). Conversely, animals treated with PCRA showed a reduction in life-threatening arrhythmia and maintenance of aortic pressure, allowing interruption of PCRA in all cases early in the experiments, with sound hemodynamics at the end of the observation period. During LAD occlusion, NIRS showed severe de-oxygenation of the LAD territory that improved with PCRA. After PCRA suspension and LAD reperfusion, the residual de-oxygenated area proved to be smaller than the initial risk area.

Conclusions

In AMI, PCRA initiated during advanced CS drastically reduced early mortality from 100% to 0% in a 4–5 hour observation period. PCRA promoted oxygenation of the ischemic area during LAD occlusion. Results support the use of PCRA as first line of treatment in AMI-CS, improving myocardial rescue and short-term survival.
Iatrogenic lymphocutaneous fistula secondary to right-sided pheresis catheter placement and its percutaneous treatment: a case report
Authors: Quencer Keith B. , Ayyagari Raj R. , Friedman Tamir
Published: June 2017

We present a case of an iatrogenic lymphocutaneous fistula secondary to placement of a tunneled, large bore (14.5 Fr) right-sided internal jugular vein for plasmapheresis to treat antibody-mediated kidney transplant rejection. While iatrogenic lymphatic leaks caused by neck and thoracic surgeries are well described in the literature, lymphatic leak or lymphocutaneous fistula resulting from image-guided placement of a central venous catheter through the right internal jugular vein has yet to be described. We also describe the successful percutaneous treatment of this lymphocutaneous fistula using a combination of n-butyl cyanoacrylate glue and embolization coils.
Role of Radiotherapy in the Treatment of Renal Cell Cancer: Updated and Critical Review
Authors: Fusco Vincenzo , Parisi Salvatore , d'Andrea Barbara , Troiano Michele , Clemente Maria Antonietta , Morelli Franco , Caivano Rocchina , Guglielmi Giuseppe
Published: June 2017

Purpose

The growing incidence of renal cell carcinoma (RCC) raises many questions about the management of these patients. The late clinical presentation, the presence of locally advanced or metastatic disease at diagnosis, the difficulty of radical surgical excision, and radioresistance make it one of the more challenging tumors to treat. The primary objective of this article is to propose an updated and critical review of the role of radiotherapy (RT) in the treatment of RCC.

Methods

This literature review is based on data from meta-analyses and randomized, prospective, and retrospective studies. We collected reports from 1970 to the present about preoperative RT, postoperative RT, stereotactic body RT, radiosurgery, and intraoperative RT in locally advanced renal cancer and in metastatic diseases.

Results

We emphasize the progress made in RT technology that allowed the creation of a more personalized and focused treatment with a minimum rate of complications.

Conclusions

In the coming years, new studies will be published to confirm and increase the indications for use of RT.
Systemic Chemotherapy in Muscle Invasive and Metastatic Bladder Cancer: Present and Future
Authors: Del Bene Gabriella , Sternberg Cora N.
Published: June 2017

Bladder cancer is the most frequent among the urothelial tumors, and it is responsible for about 2% of all cancer mortality worldwide. The mainstay of chemotherapy treatment, both for muscle-invasive and metastatic disease, is cisplatin-based regimens. In recent years, ground-breaking results have been achieved with immunotherapy, which have led to important breakthroughs in the bladder cancer treatment scenario, with the approval of several new agents. New insights derive from a greater characterization of the tumor genome, which could lead to developing new therapies, more personalized, in the near future.
Carta de presentación Vol.6(2)
Authors: Editorial Consejo
Published: June 2017

Una vez más E&A, a través de su editorial “Instituto de Investigaciones Económicas (IIES)”, hace entrega del volumen 6 (2). Como medio ofcial de transmisión de conocimiento del Instituto, está periódicamente dando salida a resultados de investigación sobre temáticas que desde E&A se abordan en el IIES, conforme las líneas de investigación establecidas tanto por la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Honduras (UNAH), directora del desarrollo del pensamiento científco y la difusión cultural en Honduras, como por la Dirección de Investigación Científca y Postgrados (DICYP), rectora y gestora de la Investigación intra e interdisciplinaria de la UNAH y por la propia Facultad de Ciencias Económicas administrativas y contables (FCEAC)...
Aporte y características del cuenta propia en el mercado laboral Hondureño
Authors: Meza Kenia , Cabrera José Bayardo , Arteaga Portillo Cinthya Sarahi
Published: June 2017

La necesidad de identifcar los segmentos en los cuales el mercado laboral de Honduras está estructurado representa un reto en materia de inicialmente identifcar la caracterización de los mismos, en ese sentido la presente investigación muestra una detallada descripción del trabajo por cuenta propia de Honduras para el periodo 2013 al 2015; defniendo a estos como aquellas personas que trabajan de manera independiente, usualmente con baja productividad y con salarios bajos, usualmente de baja califcación profesional.En el marco sobre la teoría de la heterogeneidad del trabajo por cuenta propia y de cuál es la dinámica de este sector en Honduras, desarrollamos una serie de análisis frente al nivel educativo, el salario, rama de actividad económica entre otras variables que nos permitirán presentar de manera descriptiva este sector poco explorado aún en nuestro país, pero que merece especial atención, considerando los elementos de transición demográfca y las políticas económicas actuales, que en cierto sentido podrían incentivar el aumento de este segmento del mercado laboral.
Educacion e Ingreso Percapita en Honduras
Authors: Ramos Mario , Soliz Carla , Hernández Israel Enrique , Redondo Melissa , Hernández Carmen
Published: June 2017

Educación e ingreso, dos variables que son de interés en la actualidad; con ellas se puede contrastar tanto la calidad del capital humano como la calidad de vida de las personas en un país. Es por ello que la presente investigación tiene como propósito comprobar si el nivel de ingreso que percibe un hondureño es mayor a medida se incrementa su nivel educativo; para lo cual se ha realizado una descripción de los avances en educación y el nivel de ingreso per cápita en Honduras, en el período de 1990 hasta 2013; y, se ha desarrollado un modelo de corte transversal para el año 2013, utilizando como base la teoría del capital humano de Becker y la teoría de la experiencia de Mincer. Los coeficientes obtenidos en el modelo representan la magnitud de los retornos de la educación que se reflejan en el ingreso de los hogares hondureños. Los resultados del modelo muestran que un hondureño con un nivel de educación primaria completa percibe un 14.4% más de ingreso que otro que tiene ningún nivel educativo;  si la persona cuenta con educación media completa, percibe un 74.5% de ingreso más; y si la persona tiene un nivel educativo superior, percibe un 108.1% de ingreso más.