bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bridging the Chasm: The Medium, the Mystic, and Religion as Mediation in the Work of William James
Authors: Whitehead Deborah
Published: June 2014

William James’s interest in psychical research is often treated as something of an anomaly. The fact that James took "that large group of debatable phenomena designated by such terms as ’mesmeric,’ ’psychical,’ and ’spiritualistic,’" seriously as a legitimate area of scientific inquiry seems slightly bemusing to our contemporary jaded ears. As a result, his writings collected in Essays in Psychical Research tend to be marginalized, even ignored by most serious James scholars. But American pragmatist communication theorist John Durham Peters, in his innovative philosophical and cultural history of communication, Speaking into the Air, provides the key to a new appreciation of this oft-neglected work by asserting that, for James, "the question of communication was one of our time’s questions of faith." By this Peters means that James’s investigations were not simply about whether communication with the dead via mediums was scientifically possible but also and more fundamentally about the desire for authentic person-to-person or soul-to-soul connection across distances. As Peters reads James, the question of communication is fundamentally a religious one, involving issues of hope, trust, faith, and interpretation; James’s "concern was never to rule out the possibility of contact with the inhuman– beast or God." Why? Because of the difference that it made, the effects that it had.
Emergence and Religious Naturalism: The Promise and Peril
Authors: Yoder Scot D.
Published: June 2014

While the topics of emergentism and religious naturalism have both received renewed attention in the past two decades, the recent publication of several books and numerous articles arguing for emergentism and its religious significance suggests that they are converging in interesting ways. Indeed, religious naturalists such as cell biologist Ursula Goodenough, complexity theorist Stuart Kauffman, and philosopher Loyal Rue have been important voices in this conversation. While they cannot be easily classified as religious naturalists, biological anthropologist Terrence Deacon and theologian and philosopher Philip Clayton have also made significant contributions.
Nonviolence and Moral Equivalency
Authors: Ott Daniel J.
Published: June 2014

In 1910, William James made his contribution to the "war against war" in his essay "The Moral Equivalent of War." "Militarism is the great preserver of our ideals of hardihood," he argued. "It is a sort of sacrament." The warrior is truly a hero because he exemplifies hardiness, loyalty, and self-sacrifice. Some other cause and project will need to be found that can inspire these same qualities, if militarism is to be countered effectively. A "moral equivalent to war" is required. James employed this phrase earlier in his Gifford Lectures in defense of asceticism as an exemplar of hardiness. "Poverty indeed is the strenuous life," he wrote as he wondered whether a reconsideration of poverty as religious vocation might be a cultural counter to the love of wealth that dominated his generation and "may not be ’the transformation of military courage,’ and the spiritual reform which our time stands most in need of." James also saw a kind of ironic moral meliorism in asceticism. The monk does not ignore what is wrong in the world as the ultra-optimist might, but neither does the monk merely give in to these wrongs and accept them as necessary or natural. Asceticism "symbolizes . . . the belief that there is an element of real wrongness in this world, which is neither to be ignored nor evaded, but which must be squarely met and overcome by an appeal to the soul’s heroic resources, and neutralized and cleansed away by suffering." The problem with asceticism is its extremism and the "uselessness of some of the particular acts of which it may be guilty."
The Extent of Heat on Health and Sustainable Farming in Ghana –Bawku East
Authors: Kwasi Frimpong , Oosthuizen Jacque , Etten Eddie Van
Published: June 2014

Little is known about the health effects of heat in outdoor work and appropriate work and rest schedules for farmers working in developing countries. As temperatures continue to increase in tropical regions, such as Northern Ghana, it is necessary to evaluate how farmers experience and respond to high heat exposures. In this study, WBGT (Wet Bulb Globe Temperature) estimates and the ISO work / rest standards were applied to a cohort of farmers in the rural areas of Bawku East, Northern Ghana, to assess how farmers respond to high heat and how much they rest to protect their health, as well as the level of heat on their productivity. WBGT data was recorded over a period of 6 months among vegetable, cereals, and legume farmers. The ISO proposed and actual rest regimes observed by farmers in the same time period were evaluated. In the dry season the dry bulb temperature rose as high as 45 ºC, while during the humid months of March and April WBGT rose to levels as high as 34 ºC. Farmers worked for nine hours a day during these hot periods with insufficient rest, which has adverse consequences on their health and productivity.
Kinodynamic Motion Planning for Autonomous Vehicles
Authors: Choi Jiwung
Published: June 2014

This article proposes a computationally effective motion planning algorithm for autonomous ground vehicles operating in a semi-structured environment with a mission specified by waypoints, corridor widths and obstacles. The algorithm switches between two kinds of planners, (i) static planners and (ii) moving obstacle avoidance manoeuvre planners, depending on the mobility of any detected obstacles. While the first is broken down into a path planner and a controller, the second generates a sequence of controls without global path planning. Each subsystem is implemented as follows. The path planner produces an optimal piecewise linear path by applying a variant of cell decomposition and dynamic programming. The piecewise linear path is smoothed by Bézier curves such that the maximum curvatures of the curves are minimized. The controller calculates the highest allowable velocity profile along the path, consistent with the limits on both tangential and radial acceleration and the steering command for the vehicle to track the trajectory using a pure pursuit method. The moving obstacle avoidance manoeuvre produces a sequence of time-optimal local velocities, by minimizing the cost as determined by the safety of the current velocity against obstacles in the velocity obstacle paradigm and the deviation of the current velocity relative to the desired velocity, to satisfy the waypoint constraint. The algorithms are shown to be robust and computationally efficient, and to demonstrate a viable methodology for autonomous vehicle control in the presence of unknown obstacles.
Driving While Beagleated
Authors: Michelfelder Diane ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: June 2014

In this contribution to the philosophical debate over distracted driving, I defend the idea that talking on the cell phone while driving is an activity that ought neither to be regulated by public policy means nor addressed by means of automotive safety design features, such as the augmented-reality windshield. I arrive at this conclusion through taking a phenomenologically-influenced look at what an average driver pays attention to during the act of driving an automobile. More specifically, I suggest that if driving while “celling” is taken to involve a single act of attention within a single experience, or taken to involve a “weak” form of multi-attention, a way opens up to see driving while “celling” as being “good” driving.
G-protein-coupled receptor signaling and polarized actin dynamics drive cell-in-cell invasion
Authors: Purvanov Vladimir , Holst Manuel , Khan Jameel , Baarlink Christian , Grosse Robert
Published: June 2014

Homotypic or entotic cell-in-cell invasion is an integrin-independent process observed in carcinoma cells exposed during conditions of low adhesion such as in exudates of malignant disease. Although active cell-in-cell invasion depends on RhoA and actin, the precise mechanism as well as the underlying actin structures and assembly factors driving the process are unknown. Furthermore, whether specific cell surface receptors trigger entotic invasion in a signal-dependent fashion has not been investigated. In this study, we identify the G-protein-coupled LPA receptor 2 (LPAR2) as a signal transducer specifically required for the actively invading cell during entosis. We find that G12/13 and PDZ-RhoGEF are required for entotic invasion, which is driven by blebbing and a uropod-like actin structure at the rear of the invading cell. Finally, we provide evidence for an involvement of the RhoA-regulated formin Dia1 for entosis downstream of LPAR2. Thus, we delineate a signaling process that regulates actin dynamics during cell-in-cell invasion.
A molecular model for the role of SYCP3 in meiotic chromosome organisation
Authors: Syrjänen Johanna Liinamaria , Pellegrini Luca , Davies Owen Richard
Published: June 2014

The synaptonemal complex (SC) is an evolutionarily-conserved protein assembly that holds together homologous chromosomes during prophase of the first meiotic division. Whilst essential for meiosis and fertility, the molecular structure of the SC has proved resistant to elucidation. The SC protein SYCP3 has a crucial but poorly understood role in establishing the architecture of the meiotic chromosome. Here we show that human SYCP3 forms a highly-elongated helical tetramer of 20 nm length. N-terminal sequences extending from each end of the rod-like structure bind double-stranded DNA, enabling SYCP3 to link distant sites along the sister chromatid. We further find that SYCP3 self-assembles into regular filamentous structures that resemble the known morphology of the SC lateral element. Together, our data form the basis for a model in which SYCP3 binding and assembly on meiotic chromosomes leads to their organisation into compact structures compatible with recombination and crossover formation.
Sunlight‐induced carbon dioxide emissions from inland waters
Authors: Koehler Birgit , Landelius Tomas , Weyhenmeyer Gesa A. , Machida Nanako , Tranvik Lars J.
Published: June 2014

The emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2) from inland waters are substantial on a global scale. Yet the fundamental question remains open which proportion of these CO2 emissions is induced by sunlight via photochemical mineralization of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), rather than by microbial respiration during DOC decomposition. Also, it is unknown on larger spatial and temporal scales how photochemical mineralization compares to other C fluxes in the inland water C cycle. We combined field and laboratory data with atmospheric radiative transfer modeling to parameterize a photochemical rate model for each day of the year 2009, for 1086 lakes situated between latitudes from 55°N to 69°N in Sweden. The sunlight‐induced production of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) averaged 3.8 ± 0.04 g C m−2 yr−1, which is a flux comparable in size to the organic carbon burial in the lake sediments. Countrywide, 151 ± 1 kt C yr−1 was produced by photochemical mineralization, corresponding to about 12% of total annual mean CO2 emissions from Swedish lakes. With a median depth of 3.2 m, the lakes were generally deep enough that incoming, photochemically active photons were absorbed in the water column. This resulted in a linear positive relationship between DIC photoproduction and the incoming photon flux, which corresponds to the absorbed photons. Therefore, the slope of the regression line represents the wavelength‐ and depth‐integrated apparent quantum yield of DIC photoproduction. We used this relationship to obtain a first estimate of DIC photoproduction in lakes and reservoirs worldwide. Global DIC photoproduction amounted to 13 and 35 Mt C yr−1 under overcast and clear sky, respectively. Consequently, these directly sunlight‐induced CO2 emissions contribute up to about one tenth to the global CO2 emissions from lakes and reservoirs, corroborating that microbial respiration contributes a substantially larger share than formerly thought, and generate annual C fluxes similar in magnitude to the C burial in natural lake sediments worldwide.
Quantifying aluminum and semiconductor industry perfluorocarbon emissions from atmospheric measurements
Authors: Kim Jooil , Fraser Paul J. , Li Shanlan , Mühle Jens , Ganesan Anita L. , Krummel Paul B. , Steele L. Paul , Park Sunyoung , Kim Seung‐Kyu , Park Mi‐Kyung , Arnold Tim , Harth Christina M. , Salameh Peter K. , Prinn Ronald G. , Weiss Ray F. , Kim Kyung‐Ryul
Published: June 2014

The potent anthropogenic perfluorocarbon greenhouse gases tetrafluoromethane (CF4) and hexafluoroethane (C2F6) are emitted to the atmosphere mainly by the aluminum and semiconductor industries. Global emissions of these perfluorocarbons (PFCs) calculated from atmospheric measurements are significantly greater than expected from reported national and industry‐based emission inventories. In this study, in situ measurements of the two PFCs in the Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment network are used to show that their emission ratio varies according to the relative regional presence of these two industries, providing an industry‐specific emission “signature” to apportion the observed emissions. Our results suggest that underestimated emissions from the global semiconductor industry during 1990–2010, as well as from China's aluminum industry after 2002, account for the observed differences between emissions based on atmospheric measurements and on inventories. These differences are significant despite the large uncertainties in emissions based on the methodologies used by these industries.
Standing wave modes observed in the South China Sea deep basin
Authors: Zheng Quanan , Hu Jianyu , Zhu Benlu , Feng Ying , Jo Young‐Heon , Sun Zhenyu , Zhu Jia , Lin Hongyang , Li Junyi , Xu Ying
Published: June 2014

This study deals with standing wave or seiche events using cruise observations, satellite altimeter data, and theoretical analysis. Cruise missions in summer 2007 and 2009 detected internal oscillation signals in the South China Sea (SCS) deep basin. The signals have average wavelengths of 320 and 390 km and the maximum amplitudes of 50–100 m at layers 500–700 m and 1500–1700 m. Satellite altimeter sea level anomaly (SLA) images and the second intrinsic mode function (IMF2) images derived from the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) analysis show that the observed internal oscillations are a portion of 2‐D seiche modes, which lasted for at least 2 weeks. We recognize that the observed internal oscillation signals represent seiche modes H5,3 and H5,1 derived from a rectangular model ocean basin with a uniform depth, a west‐east length of 1000 km and a north‐south width of 800 km. Statistical analysis of standing wave modes H4,0, H5,1, and H5,3 with the average wavelength of 500, 390, and 320 km indicates that from 1993 to 2012 (1045 weeks), total 94 events with total temporal coverage of 218 weeks are affirmed. The total occurrence frequency is 20.9%. Histograms of annual distributions of seiche events and timespans show an interannual variability of about 9 years, with peak years 1993, 1994, 1998, 2001, and 2011. While monthly distributions show an intraseasonal variability double‐peaked in May and October, transit periods of East Asia monsoon in the SCS.
On the upscaling of chemical transport in fractured rock
Authors: Cvetkovic Vladimir , Gotovac Hrvoje
Published: June 2014

The impact of flow heterogeneity on chemical transport from single to multiple fractures is investigated. The emphasis is on the dynamic nature of the specific surface area (SSA) due to heterogeneity of the flow, relative to a purely geometrical definition. The flow‐dependent SSA is interpreted probabilistically, following inert tracer particles along individual fractures. Upscaling to a fracture network is proposed as a time domain random walk based on the statistics of SSA for single fractures. Statistics of SSA are investigated for three correlation structures of transmissivity: multi‐Gaussian and two non‐multi‐Gaussian. The mean of SSA stabilizes after ∼20 fractures at different values depending on whether the cubic or quadratic hydraulic law is assumed. The results are tested against comprehensive DFN simulations based on site‐specific data but also against direct estimates from a wider range of tracer tests. The proposed time domain random walk methodology sets bounds for SSA in a 75% confidence interval as ∼1800 1/m and 27,000 1/m, with a median of 14,000 1/m; these values capture reasonably well both the DFN simulation and tracer test SSA data. Presented results may be particularly relevant when quantifying uncertainty of reactive transport modeling in fractured rock.
The delivery of dissolved organic carbon from a forested hillslope to a headwater stream in southeastern Pennsylvania, USA
Authors: Mei Yi , Hornberger George M. , Kaplan Louis A. , Newbold J. Denis , Aufdenkampe Anthony K.
Published: June 2014

Riparian soils, rich in organic carbon, act as a source of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to the adjacent stream, but the hydrologic factors that control the delivery of DOC are not well characterized. A mechanistic two‐dimensional, variably saturated flow and reactive transport finite element model (FEM) was developed to explore both biodegradable DOC (BDOC) and refractory DOC (RDOC) delivery processes during storms for a hillslope transect in a southeastern Pennsylvania Piedmont watershed. The model indicated that DOC concentrations in outflow from a hillslope peaked on the falling limb of the discharge hydrograph, a temporal sequence consistent with a flushing hypothesis. Factors that control the lag time between the stream water peak discharge and peak DOC concentration were analyzed using a Monte Carlo simulation coupled with a multiple linear regression. The results are consistent with previous studies showing that the majority of DOC delivered to a stream during storms originates from the riparian zone. Further, the model suggests that the duration of the flood wave and hydraulic properties of the riparian soil play important roles in controlling the lag time between peak discharge and peak DOC concentration in outflow from a hillslope.
Parenting styles and hormone levels as predictors of physical and indirect aggression in boys and girls
Authors: Pascual‐Sagastizabal Eider , Azurmendi Aitziber , Braza Francisco , Vergara Ana I. , Cardas Jaione , Sánchez‐Martín José R.
Published: June 2014

This study examines the relationship between parenting style, androgen levels, and measures of physical and indirect aggression. Peer ratings of aggression were obtained from 159 eight‐year‐old children (89 boys and 70 girls). Parenting styles (authoritative, authoritarian or permissive) were assessed using the Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire (PSDQ).Saliva samples were obtained from children and assayed for testosterone and androstenedione concentrations. A regression analysis revealed that high testosterone levels were associated with a higher level of physical aggression in boys with authoritarian mothers. Testosterone was also found to moderate the relationship between father's authoritarian parenting and physical aggression in girls, with both moderate and high levels being significant. In relation to indirect aggression, moderate and high levels of testosterone were associated with higher levels of this type of aggression in girls with permissive mothers. Our results highlight the importance of taking into account the interaction of biological and psychosocial variables when investigating aggressive behavior. Aggr. Behav. 40:465–473, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synergistic Enhancement of Lung Cancer Therapy Through Nanocarrier‐Mediated Sequential Delivery of Superantigen and Tyrosin Kinase Inhibitor
Authors: Li Da , Li Yongbin , Xing Haibo , Guo Junling , Ping Yuan , Tang Guping
Published: June 2014

Gefitinib (GFT) and other tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) have been widely used for the treatment of advanced or metastatic lung cancer due to their reduced side effects when compared to classic cytotoxic chemotherapeutic agents. However, both intrinsic and acquired resistance often hinders the effectiveness of TKIs. Based on recent findings that the outcome of chemotherapy can be influenced by the host immune system at multiple levels, an exploration of whether activating antitumor immunity improves the efficacy of the targeted cancer therapy of TKIs is undertaken. To this end, a cationic carrier is used to deliver superantigen and GFT in a simultaneous or sequential manner. The sequential delivery of superantigen and GFT can significantly enhance T cell immunity, promote cytokine production, inhibit tumor growth, and prolong survival time in tumor models with lung carcinoma xenografts. Most importantly, dual sequential treatment reveals a synergistic effect on tumor inhibition, which is much more effective than the monotherapy of either GFT or pTSA, as well as the combined treatment through simultaneous codelivery of pTSA and GFT together. This study demonstrates the important contribution of immunotherapy to targeted molecular therapy and opens up new possibilities for treating a wide spectrum of cancers.
Regioselective Copper(II)‐Mediated Bromoamination of Unfunctionalized Olefins: An Efficient Route to N‐Heterocyclic Compounds
Authors: Liu Gong‐Qing , Ding Zhen‐Ying , Zhang Li , Li Ting‐Ting , Li Lin , Duan Lili , Li Yue‐Ming
Published: June 2014

Bromoamination of unfunctionalized olefins was realized under mild conditions using copper(II) bromide (CuBr2) as both reaction promoter and bromine source. The reactions could be carried out under open air at ambient temperature, and both N‐alkylated and N‐tosylated substrates could be converted to the corresponding N‐heterocyclic compounds in high regioselectivity and good isolated yields. A variety of biologically important structures could be obtained via subsequent nucleophilic substitution reactions.

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Chiral 2,3‐Disubstituted Indolines from Indoles and Aldehydes by Organocatalyzed Tandem Synthesis Involving Reduction by Trichlorosilane
Authors: Chen Lin , Wang Chao , Zhou Li , Sun Jian
Published: June 2014

The organocatalytic trichlorosilane reduction system has been successfully utilized to develop a multi‐step tandem approach for the easy preparation of chiral 2‐methyl‐3‐alkylindolines starting from simple 2‐methylindoles and aldehydes. A broad range of chiral 2‐methyl‐3‐alkylindoline products was obtained with high yields and enantioselectivities and excellent stereoselectivities by this approach.

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A Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed Synthesis of α‐Ketoamides via Chemoselective Aroyl Addition to Cyanamides
Authors: Guin Srimanta , Rout Saroj Kumar , Gogoi Anupal , Ali Wajid , Patel Bhisma K.
Published: June 2014

An acyl moiety generated from α‐oxocarboxylic acids via decarboxylation undergoes a palladium‐catalyzed chemoselective insertion into organic cyanamides to afford N‐monosubstituted α‐ketoamides.

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Catalytic Isonitrile Insertions and Condensations Initiated by RNC–X Complexation
Authors: Chakrabarty Suravi , Choudhary Shruti , Doshi Arpit , Liu Fa‐Qiang , Mohan Rishabh , Ravindra Manasa P. , Shah Dhruv , Yang Xun , Fleming Fraser F.
Published: June 2014

Isonitriles are delicately poised chemical entities capable of being coaxed to react as nucleophiles or electrophiles. Directing this tunable reactivity with metal and non‐metal catalysts provides rapid access to a large array of complex nitrogenous structures ideally functionalized for medicinal applications. Isonitrile insertion into transition metal complexes has featured in numerous synthetic and mechanistic studies, leading to rapid deployment of isonitriles in numerous catalytic processes, including multicomponent reactions (MCR). Covering the literature from 1990–2014, the present review collates reaction types to highlight reactivity trends and allow catalyst comparison.

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Photocatalytic Synthesis of Oxetane Derivatives by Selective CH Activation
Authors: Ravelli Davide , Zoccolillo Matteo , Mella Mariella , Fagnoni Maurizio
Published: June 2014

The selective C(sp3)H activation at position 2 in oxetanes has been accomplished by decatungstate photocatalysis under mild conditions. The resulting α‐oxy radicals were trapped by electron‐poor olefins resulting in the smooth preparation of 2‐substituted oxetanes. The chemoselectivity in hydrogen abstraction in substituted oxetanes containing other H donating groups, such as CH2OH, CH2OAc and CHO, has been demonstrated in intramolecular models.

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Metal‐Free Preparation of Cycloalkyl Aryl Sulfides via Di‐tert‐butyl Peroxide‐Promoted Oxidative C(sp3)H Bond Thiolation of Cycloalkanes
Authors: Zhao Jincan , Fang Hong , Han Jianlin , Pan Yi , Li Guigen
Published: June 2014

A concise thiolation of the C(sp3)H bond of cycloalkanes with diaryl disulfides in the presence of the oxidant di‐tert‐butyl peroxide (DTBP) has been developed. This reaction, without using any metal catalyst, tolerates varieties of disulfides and cycloalkanes substrates, giving good to excellent chemical yields, and thus provides a useful approach to cycloalkyl aryl sulfides from unactivated cycloalkanes.

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One‐Step C‐Terminal Deprotection and Activation of Peptides with Peptide Amidase from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia in Neat Organic Solvent
Authors: Arif Muhammad I. , Toplak Ana , Szymanski Wiktor , Feringa Ben L. , Nuijens Timo , Quaedflieg Peter J. L. M. , Wu Bian , Janssen Dick B.
Published: June 2014

Chemoenzymatic peptide synthesis is a rapidly developing technology for cost effective peptide production on a large scale. As an alternative to the traditional C→N strategy, which employs expensive N‐protected building blocks in each step, we have investigated an N→C extension route that is based on activation of a peptide C‐terminal amide protecting group to the corresponding methyl ester. We found that this conversion is efficiently catalysed by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia peptide amidase in neat organic media. The system excludes the possibility of internal peptide cleavage as the enzyme lacks intrinsic protease activity. The produced peptide methyl ester was used for peptide chain extension in a kinetically controlled reaction by a thermostable protease.

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Photo‐Assisted Multi‐Component Reactions (MCR): A New Entry to 2‐Pyrimidinethiones
Authors: Guo Haiheng , Zhu Chenghao , Li Jian , Xu Guangyang , Sun Jiangtao
Published: June 2014

A photo‐assisted metal‐free multi‐component dehydrogenative condensation has been developed. This multi‐component reaction (MCR) has been realized under mild reaction conditions especially under household light irradiation. As a result, the novel tetrahydropyrimidines (THPMs) were obtained in moderate yields and excellent stereoselectivities. Moreover, the approach provided an easy construction of a variety of 2‐pyrimidinethiones from the commonly used cyclic ethers.

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An Experimental Study on the Structural and Mechanical Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol Sponge Using Different Stress–Strain Definitions
Authors: Karimi Alireza , Navidbakhsh Mahdi , Haghi Afsaneh Motevalli
Published: June 2014

Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) sponge with a complex interconnecting porous structure indicates suitable mechanical properties at different strain rates. The paper presents the first scientific study to show how different results are given by the various definitions of stress–strain used and to recommend a specific definition when calculating the energy absorption characteristics of the PVA sponge. A series of tensile tests on PVA sponges are carried out. Three stress definitions (second Piola–Kirchhoff stress, engineering stress, and true stress) and four strain definitions (Almansi–Hamel strain, Green–St. Venant strain, engineering strain, and true strain) are used to determine the modulus of resilience and modulus of toughness. The stress–strain curves of PVA sponges show a near constant plateau stress over a long strain range, which is ideal for energy absorption applications. The results reveal that the Green–St. Venant strain definition has the highest modulus of resilience (3000 J/m3) and toughness (56,900 J/m3) at different definitions of stress and may overestimate the modulus of resilience and toughness. The Almansi–Hamel strain definition exhibits the lowest modulus of resilience (1760 J/m3) and toughness (4850 J/m3) at different stress definitions and may underestimate these values. The results also show that the effect of varying the stress definition on the modulus of toughness measurements is significant but not when calculating the modulus of resilience. The true stress–true strain definition favors spongy material mechanics since it gives more accurate measurements of the sponge's response using the instantaneous values.
Duplication of 20qter and deletion of 20pter due to paternal pericentric inversion: Patient report and review of 20qter duplications
Authors: Starr Lois J. , Truemper Edward J. , Pickering Diane L. , Sanger Warren G. , Olney Ann Haskins
Published: June 2014

Duplications of the terminal long arm of chromosome 20 are rare chromosomal anomalies. We report a male infant found on array comparative genomic hybridization analysis to have a 19.5 Mb duplication of chromosome 20q13.12‐13.33, as well as an 886 kb deletion of 20p13 at 18,580–904,299 bp. This anomaly occurred as the recombinant product of a paternal pericentric inversion. There have been 23 reported clinical cases involving 20qter duplications; however, to our knowledge this is only the second reported patient with a paternal pericentric inversion resulting in 46,XY,rec(20)dup(20q). This patient shares many characteristics with previously described patients with 20qter duplications, including microphthalmia, anteverted nares, long ears, cleft palate, small chin, dimpled chin, cardiac malformations, and normal intrauterine growth. While there is variable morbidity in patients with terminal duplications of 20q, a review of previously reported patients and comparison to our patient's findings shows significant phenotypic similarity. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Substrate‐Guided Front‐Face Reaction Revealed by Combined Structural Snapshots and Metadynamics for the Polypeptide N‐Acetylgalactosaminyltransferase 2
Authors: Lira‐Navarrete Erandi , Iglesias‐Fernández Javier , Zandberg Wesley F. , Compañón Ismael , Kong Yun , Corzana Francisco , Pinto B. Mario , Clausen Henrik , Peregrina Jesús M. , Vocadlo David J. , Rovira Carme , Hurtado‐Guerrero Ramon
Published: June 2014

The retaining glycosyltransferase GalNAc‐T2 is a member of a large family of human polypeptide GalNAc‐transferases that is responsible for the post‐translational modification of many cell‐surface proteins. By the use of combined structural and computational approaches, we provide the first set of structural snapshots of the enzyme during the catalytic cycle and combine these with quantum‐mechanics/molecular‐mechanics (QM/MM) metadynamics to unravel the catalytic mechanism of this retaining enzyme at the atomic‐electronic level of detail. Our study provides a detailed structural rationale for an ordered bi–bi kinetic mechanism and reveals critical aspects of substrate recognition, which dictate the specificity for acceptor Thr versus Ser residues and enforce a front‐face SNi‐type reaction in which the substrate N‐acetyl sugar substituent coordinates efficient glycosyl transfer.
Isolierung eines nicht‐Heteroatom‐stabilisierten Goldcarbens
Authors: Hussong Matthias W. , Rominger Frank , Krämer Petra , Straub Bernd F.
Published: June 2014

Goldcarben‐Komplexe sind essentielle Intermediate in vielen Gold‐katalysierten synthetischen Transformationen. Während Goldcarbene mit direkter, vinyloger oder phenyloger Heteroatomstabilisierung schon synthetisiert und charakterisiert worden sind, waren elektronisch nichtstabilisierte Goldcarbene bislang schwer zu beobachten. Wir haben nun einen sterisch extrem abgeschirmten, smaragdgrünen Komplex [IPr**Au=CMes2]+[NTf2]− synthetisiert, isoliert und vollständig charakterisiert. Sein Absorptionsmaximum bei 642 nm, im Vergleich zu 528 nm des rotpurpurnen Carbokations [Mes2CH]+, zeigt klar, dass Gold mehr ist als nur ein “weiches Proton”.
Hydrogenation of Sulfoxides to Sulfides under Mild Conditions Using Ruthenium Nanoparticle Catalysts
Authors: Mitsudome Takato , Takahashi Yusuke , Mizugaki Tomoo , Jitsukawa Koichiro , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: June 2014

The first demonstration of the hydrogenation of sulfoxides under atmospheric H2 pressure is reported. The highly efficient reaction is facilitated by a heterogeneous Ru nanoparticle catalyst. The mild reaction conditions enable the selective hydrogenation of a wide range of functionalized sulfoxides to the corresponding sulfides. The high redox ability of RuOx nanoparticles plays a key role in the hydrogenation.
A 3,4‐trans‐Fused Cyclic Protecting Group Facilitates α‐Selective Catalytic Synthesis of 2‐Deoxyglycosides
Authors: Balmond Edward I. , Benito‐Alifonso David , Coe Diane M. , Alder Roger W. , McGarrigle Eoghan M. , Galan M. Carmen
Published: June 2014

A practical approach has been developed to convert glucals and rhamnals into disaccharides or glycoconjugates with high α‐selectivity and yields (77–97 %) using a trans‐fused cyclic 3,4‐O‐disiloxane protecting group and TsOH⋅H2O (1 mol %) as a catalyst. Control of the anomeric selectivity arises from conformational locking of the intermediate oxacarbenium cation. Glucals outperform rhamnals because the C6 side‐chain conformation augments the selectivity.
Isolation of a Non‐Heteroatom‐Stabilized Gold–Carbene Complex
Authors: Hussong Matthias W. , Rominger Frank , Krämer Petra , Straub Bernd F.
Published: June 2014

Gold–carbene complexes are essential intermediates in many gold‐catalyzed organic‐synthetic transformations. While gold–carbene complexes with direct, vinylogous, or phenylogous heteroatom substitution have been synthesized and characterized, the observation in the condensed phase of electronically non‐stabilized gold–carbenes has so far remained elusive. The sterically extremely shielded, emerald‐green complex [IPr**Au=CMes2]+[NTf2]− has now been synthesized, isolated, and fully characterized. Its absorption maximum at 642 nm, in contrast to 528 nm of the red‐purple carbocation [Mes2CH]+, clearly demonstrates that gold is more than just a “soft proton”.
(BeDABCO)2Pd2Cl6 as an efficient homogeneous catalyst for copper‐free Sonogashira cross‐coupling reaction
Authors: Hajipour Abdol R. , Rafiee Fatemeh
Published: June 2014

An efficient catalytic system using 1‐benzyl‐4‐aza‐1‐azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane chloride and palladium chloride ((BeDABCO)2Pd2Cl6) was developed for the Sonogashira reaction. In the presence of a catalytic amount of this efficient, stable homogeneous catalytic system that is non‐sensitive to air and moisture, various aryl halides were efficiently coupled with phenylacetylene in good yields in H2O at 50°C under copper‐free conditions. Benzyl dabco as an efficient ligand and also a quaternary ammonium salt had an efficient stabilizing effect on the Pd(0) species. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sperm whale occurrence, site fidelity and population structure along the Hellenic Trench (Greece, Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Frantzis Alexandros , Alexiadou Paraskevi , Gkikopoulou Kalliopi Charitomeni
Published: June 2014

Twelve summer surveys conducted each year between 1998 and 2009 along the Hellenic Trench have been analysed to provide information about a previously unknown sperm whale population unit. Sperm whales were detected acoustically 238 times; 178 of these led to a visual encounter with social units (96), male aggregations (45), solitary males (32) or unclassified groups (5). The overall detection rate was 10.9 detections per 1000 km of acoustic effort.

A pronounced peak in sperm whale density was observed along the 1000 m depth contour: 74% of visual encounters (corrected for effort) were within 3 km of this contour. Density decreased both in shallower waters and deeper waters further offshore.

One hundred and eighty‐one whales were photo‐identified. Fifty‐seven percent of 136 social unit members and 36% of 25 males segregated from social units were encountered in multiple years. Social units were resighted in up to six different years spanning 9 years (15 if opportunistic photo‐identifications are included). Several males were resighted in three different years usually spanning up to 4 years. This indicates a high level of site fidelity.

The mean group size was 2.47 (range = 1–5) for males and 8.21 (range = 4–13) for social units. Maximum group size reached 15 whales when casual visitors were included. The 16 identified social units were generally stable although some individuals moved between social units, and some social units split or mixed. Female to male sex ratio was 1.55:1 within social units and 1.06:1 overall.

Calves (≤2 years old) were present in 79% of social unit encounters, accounting for 16.6% of social unit members. Observations of 15 newborns indicate a mid‐summer calving season.

This study indicates that the Hellenic Trench is core habitat for the eastern Mediterranean sperm whale sub‐population. This population, which is very small, is believed not to exceed a few hundred individuals. Given the endangered status of the entire Mediterranean population, managing threats in this area and creating a marine protected area for sperm whales along the Hellenic Trench is a conservation priority.

Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clinical vignettes improve performance in anatomy practical assessment
Authors: Ikah December S.K. , Finn Gabrielle M. , Swamy Meenakshi , White Pamela M. , McLachlan John C.
Published: June 2014

Although medical curricula now adopt an integrated teaching approach, this is not adequately reflected in assessment of anatomy knowledge and skills. In this study, we aimed to explore the impact of the addition of clinical vignette to item stems on students' performance in anatomy practical examinations. In this study, 129 undergraduate medical students of Durham University took part in a 30‐item anatomy practical test consisting of those with and without clinical stem, in a crossover design. Classical test theory was used to analyze item difficulty, discrimination index, point biserial, and reliability. Student performance on items with clinical stem and the percentage of students who correctly answered each item was significantly improved by the addition of a clinical stem in the Year 2 cohort. Also, items with a clinical stem showed much better discrimination index than non‐clinical items in the Year 2 cohort. In contrast, there was no significant difference in item performance, student performance and discrimination index between items with a clinical and non‐clinical stem in Year 1 cohort. Over 65% of test items in both year groups were of good quality with point biserial exceeding 0.2. However, Year 1 test reliability for non‐clinical items was better than clinical items. The results raise question as to what level to apply this method of assessment in undergraduate education. Although interpreted on the basis of a relatively small item sample, the findings support the need for improving anatomy practical examinations in line with overriding curricula changes. Anat Sci Educ 8: 221–229. © 2014 American Association of Anatomists.
Nutrient media optimization for simultaneous enhancement of the laccase and peroxidases production by coculture of Dichomitus squalens and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora
Authors: Kannaiyan Ranjani , Mahinpey Nader , Kostenko Victoria , Martinuzzi Robert J.
Published: June 2014

Coculturing of two white‐rot fungi, Dichomitus squalens and Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, was explored for the optimization of cultivation media for simultaneous augmentation of laccase and peroxidase activities by response surface methodology (RSM). Nutrient parameters chosen from our previous studies with the monocultures of D. squalens and C. subvermispora were used to design the experiments for the cocultivation study. Glucose, arabinose, sodium nitrate, casein, copper sulfate (CuSO4), and manganese sulfate (MnSO4) were combined according to central composite design and used as the incubation medium for the cocultivation. The interaction of glucose and sodium nitrate resulted in laccase and peroxidase activities of approximately 800 U/g protein. The addition of either glucose or sodium nitrate to the medium also modifies the impact of other nutrients on the ligninolytic activity. Both enzyme activities were cross‐regulated by arabinose, casein, CuSO4, and MnSO4 as a function of concentrations. Based on RSM, the optimum nutrient levels are 1% glucose, 0.1% arabinose, 20 mM sodium nitrate, 0.27% casein, 0.31 mM CuSO4, and 0.07 mM MnSO4. Cocultivation resulted in the production of laccase of 1,378 U/g protein and peroxidase of 1,372 U/g protein. Lignin (16.9%) in wheat straw was degraded by the optimized enzyme mixture.
An ethnographic study of consumer financial sophistication
Authors: Estelami Hooman
Published: June 2014

Existing research profiling consumer financial sophistication has examined specific decision errors that consumers may make in financial matters. While these errors have been replicated in multiple studies over the years, most have emerged from highly controlled experimental settings or through consumer surveys that measure only specific categories of financial behavior. This paper extends existing research on financial sophistication by utilizing an ethnographic study conducted over a 5‐year time period. Results indicate that while some of the traditional categories of decision errors defined in earlier research affect consumers, decision errors not thoroughly examined in previous academic studies can have a notable and growing effect on consumers' financial decisions. Emerging categories of financial decision errors are identified, and shifts in consumers' financial behavior resulting from the financial crisis are profiled. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Molecular Origin of pH‐Dependent Fibril Formation of a Functional Amyloid
Authors: McGlinchey Ryan P. , Jiang Zhiping , Lee Jennifer C.
Published: June 2014

Fibrils derived from Pmel17 are functional amyloids upon which melanin is deposited. Fibrils of the repeat domain (RPT) of Pmel17 form under strict melanosomal pH (4.5–5.5) and completely dissolve at pH≥6. To determine which Glu residue is responsible for this reversibility, aggregation of single, double, and quadruple Ala and Gln mutants were examined by intrinsic Trp fluorescence, circular dichroism spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Charge neutralization of E404, E422, E425, or E430, which are located in the putative amyloid‐forming region, modulated aggregation kinetics. Remarkably, the removal of a single negative charge at E422, one of 16 carboxylic acids, shifted the pH dependence by a full pH unit. Mutation at E404, E425, or E430 had little to no effect. We suggest that protonation at E422 is essential for initiating amyloid formation and that the other Glu residues play an allosteric role in fibril stability.
Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase with Closed Lid Catalyzes Elimination of Acetic Acid from 11‐Acetyl‐Prostaglandin E2
Authors: Villo Ly , Metsala Andrus , Tamp Sven , Parve Jaan , Vallikivi Imre , Järving Ivar , Samel Nigulas , Lille Ülo , Pehk Tõnis , Parve Omar
Published: June 2014

A lipase may catalyze either one or more of the three reactions of 11‐acetyl‐prostaglandin E2 in methanol‐containing reaction medium: esterification, deacetylation, and/or elimination. The catalytic performance depends on the lipase and on the methanol content. An increase in the methanol concentration in benzene from 5 % to 95 % leads to the exclusive switch of reactions from esterification to elimination catalyzed by Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase (TLL). To explain the switch, molecular dynamics simulations of solvation of TLL in benzene and in methanol were performed. Solvation in methanol leads to the closing of the lid. The repositioning of the oxyanion hole towards the catalytic triad blocks the catalysis of ester synthesis whereas enabling TLL to act as an acetyl‐β‐ketol eliminase. In benzene the lid is open, allowing esterification to occur. Docking analysis of 11‐acetyl‐prostaglandin E2 into the active site of the solvated TLL structures suggested the occurrence of reactions in accordance with the experiment.
A New Approach Towards Acid Catalysts with High Reactivity Based on Graphene Nanosheets
Authors: Wei Zuojun , Yang Yao , Hou Yaxin , Liu Yingxin , He Xiaodong , Deng Shuguang
Published: June 2014

Solid acid catalysts of graphene oxide and sulfonated graphene oxide nanosheets have been prepared by using the modified Hummers and sulfonation methods. Physical characterization indicated that a number of functional groups such as COOH, OH, O, and SO3H were introduced onto the surfaces of the as‐synthesized nanosheets. The catalytic performance of the synthesized catalysts was evaluated in the hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond and Fischer esterification. The experimental results indicated that the catalytic activity of the sulfonated graphene oxide was superior to that of other solid acid catalysts with the same or higher acid strength and has also exceeded that of H2SO4 with 9.1 times of acid strength than that of the sulfonated graphene oxide. The high reactivity can be ascribed to the formation of hydrophobic cavities through the combination of graphene sheet and the oxygen‐containing groups on its surface, which may facilitate the catalyst to anchor with reactants and promote the attack of protons.
From In Situ towards In Operando Conditions: Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Study of Hydrogen Intercalation in Cu(111) during Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Huynh Thi Mien Trung , Broekmann Peter
Published: June 2014

We used electrochemical scanning tunneling microscopy to study the intercalation of hydrogen into a Cu(111) model electrode under reactive (in operando) conditions. Hydrogen evolution causes hydrogen intermediates to migrate into the copper lattice as function of the applied potential and the resulting current density. This H‐inclusion is demonstrated to be reversible. The presence of subsurface hydrogen leads to a significant surface relaxation/reconstruction affecting both the geometric and electronic structure of the electrode surface.
The Role of Ionic Liquids in Hydrogen Storage
Authors: Sahler Sebastian , Sturm Sebastian , Kessler Michael T. , Prechtl Martin H. G.
Published: June 2014

Ionic liquid (IL) based H2 storage for H2 generation from NH3BH3 derivatives is shown. These systems promote H2 generation at low temperature, with good reaction rates and high total H2 yields. The effects of ILs and the H2 yield in correlation with the basicity, the cations of the ILs, and the role of carbenes are discussed. Furthermore, mechanistic findings on the dehydrogenation are described. IL material blends are competitive with conventional H2 storage materials with experimental efficiencies of at least 6.5 wt % H2.