bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Work Discipline and Work Motivation’s Impact on Teacher’s Performance
Authors: Febriani Nani , Ahyani Nur , Fitriani Yessi
Published: September 2023

This study aims to analyze, identify, and describe the impact of work discipline and work motivation on the performance of public elementary school teachers in Cluster 1, Rambutan District, as well as to simultaneously analyze, identify, and describe the impact of both factors on those teachers’ performance. This study used a quantitative methodology. This approach allows researchers to quantify the impact of work motivation and work discipline on the effectiveness of public elementary school teachers in Cluster 1’s Rambutan District. The study’s findings indicate that work discipline has a favorable and significant impact on the effectiveness of public elementary school teachers in Cluster 1’s Rambutan District. In terms of population and sample, 114 people were included in the study population, while 94 people made up the actual research sample. The trial sample, which might include up to 20 persons, is meant to be a sample for evaluating research tools to establish the reliability of the assembled tool. Questionnaires and documentation are the methods used to gather research data. The work discipline variable’s influence contribution is categorized under “low influence.” In Cluster 1, Rambutan District, there is a positive and significant relationship between job motivation and the effectiveness of public elementary school instructors. The work motivation variable’s influence contribution falls within the “fairly high influence” group. Workplace motivation and discipline both have a positive and significant impact on the effectiveness of public elementary school teachers in Cluster 1, Rambutan District.
Locus of Control and Social Support Analysis of the Need of Achievement, Interests, and Entrepreneurial Attitude of UNISKA Students in the Society 5.0 Era
Authors: Mayvita Prihatini Ade , Lamsah Lamsah , Shaddiq Syahrial
Published: September 2023

During the pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), many new entrepreneurs have sprung up, this is because many companies have laid off. In order to prepare intellectuals with entrepreneurial spirit and increase the quantity and quality as well as support government programs, universities need to play a more active role. This research aims to analyze locus of control and social support of the need of achievement, interests, and entrepreneurial attitude of UNISKA students in the society 5.0 Era with method. This type of research used qualitative descriptive research where the key instrument is, purposive and snowball sampling of data sources. The results showed that: (a) Internal, external and social support locus of control, play a role in the interest in entrepreneurship in UNISKA students. (b) Internal, external and social support locus of control play a role in the achievement needs of UNISKA students. (c) Locus of control internal, external and social support plays a role in the entrepreneurial attitude of UNISKA students.
The Effect of Principal’s Leadership and Infrastructure Support on Teacher’s Performance
Authors: Ulfah Rezka , Harapan Edi , Mulyadi Mulyadi
Published: September 2023

Leadership is a birth from a protracted process of change in a person rather than a position or title. Teacher performance is always the center of attention because it is one of the factors in improving student achievement, so that teacher performance is always considered and various efforts are made to improve teacher performance. The infrastructure resources that Gunung Raja District schools have to support the educational process are insufficient to assist teachers in their instruction and prevent the development of students’ knowledge and abilities. The researcher is motivated to study "The Influence of Principal Leadership and Infrastructure Support on the Performance of Public Elementary School Teachers in Tanjung Raja District" in light of these circumstances. The survey research approach was employed in this study. 262 instructors, including the principals of 26 public primary schools in the Tanjung Raja District, made up the study’s population. Out of a total population of 262 respondents in 26 public elementary schools in Tanjung Raja District, the researchers selected 144 participants  In this research, the technique and data collection that researchers use is through questionnaires, observation, and documentation. The conclusions: The effectiveness of the teachers is significantly influenced by the head of the school’s leadership. The performance of the teachers improves in direct proportion to the amount of leadership exercised by school administrators. The infrastructure has a considerable impact on the caliber of instructor performance. The quality of the school’s infrastructure and its infrastructure infrastructure will affect the teacher’s performance. Infrastructure has significantly and significantly impacted the principle of the school’s leadership.
Management of Principal’s Academic Supervision in Improving Teacher’s Professionalism
Authors: Idoet Suaidah , Ahyani Nur , Rohana Rohana
Published: September 2023

This study aims to identify and describe the planning and implementation of school principals’ academic supervision to increase teacher’s professionalism, as well as the identification and description of the school principals’ academic supervision follow-up. This study focuses on school principals’ oversight of academics. A qualitative descriptive method is used in this study. Both primary data and secondary data were used in this study. After conducting research, it was discovered that the school principal’s academic supervision planning had been successful in raising the professionalism of the teachers at SMP Negeri 2 Cengal. This planning included developing the supervision program, communicating the goals of academic supervision to teachers, choosing supervision techniques and approaches, and creating supervision assessment tools.
Implementation of Inclusive Education Policy
Authors: Ekawati Diyan , Lian Bukman , Mahasir Mahasir
Published: September 2023

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the inclusion education policy at the Regional Technical Implementation Unit SD Negeri 4 Koba, analyze the supporting and inhibiting factors for the implementation of inclusion education at the Regional Technical Implementation Unit SD Negeri 4 Koba Education Unit and provide recommendations for solutions for the development of inclusion education at the Regional Technical Implementation Unit SD Negeri 4 Koba Education Unit. This study used a qualitative approach, with observation, interview and documentation methods. The respondents in this study consisted of school principals, teachers and education staff, parents, heads of the Central Bangka Regency Education Office, psychologists and Office of Population Control, Family Planning, Women's Empowerment and Child Protection. The results of the study concluded that the implementation of the inclusive education policy at the Regional Technical Implementation Unit Education Unit SD Negeri 4 Koba has been going well, but still needs some improvement and support from the local government.
The Effect of Principal’s Academic Supervision and Work Motivation on Teacher’s Job Satisfaction
Authors: Aliska Alen , Ahyani Nur , Fitria Happy
Published: September 2023

The purpose of this study is to ascertain whether the academic oversight and work motivation of the principal at SMK Negeri 1 Prabumulih have an impact on teacher job satisfaction. In this study, 80 teachers were selected using the Slovin algorithm from a population of 100 teachers at Prabumulih State Vocational School 1, while the sampling is done by random sampling, This sort of study involves quantitative research with correlation and quantitative descriptive research methodologies. The research instrument is a questionnaire that has been evaluated for validity and reliability. The findings of the regression test, specifically simple linear regression and multiple linear regression using SPSS, support the research hypothesis that there is a substantial relationship between academic supervision and teacher job satisfaction
Students’ Perceptions of Using Digital Media in English Language Learning
Authors: Elisa Lusi
Published: September 2023

This study aims to determine the perceptions of students learning English using various digital media at the Islamic university level. This research uses a qualitative descriptive method, using observation and interviews. The research involved 10 respondents representing the Institute of Islamic Religion (IAI) Tulang Bawang, Lampung. Of the 10 respondents who answered the questionnaire, 87 percent stated why they prefer digital media over non-digital media. The reasons for these respondents are that digital media is more attractive, modern, and practical, in favor of students, and does not require a lot of paper. In addition, digital media can help students become autonomous and independent learners. This can also be used as a reference for developing independent curriculum implementation at KKNI level 6 in higher education.
Effect of Calcination Temperature on Prepared Γ-Al2O3 as Support Catalyst
Authors: Saleem Helal A. , Al-Tabbakh Ban A. , Jarullah Aysar T.
Published: September 2023

The effect of calcination temperature on the surface properties of gamma alumina was investigated in this study, which is used as a support for multiple metal-loaded catalysts. The Sol-gel technique was used to create -Al2O3 support from aluminum nitrate as a precursor at various calcination temperatures (500, 550, 600, and 650°C). Then, for each sample, characterization tests such as X-Ray fluorescence (XRF), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and surface area (BET) are performed to determine the optimal calcination temperature to produce highly active composite catalyst support. It has been discovered that samples calcined at 600 and 650°C have very similar properties in terms of mechanical strength, thermal stability, crystallinity, high purity, and surface properties or morphology. However, the surface area and pore volume of 600°C are thought to be superior to those of 650°C.
Optimization for Kinetic Model of Oxidative Desulfurization of Sour Naphtha Over a Natural Base Zeolite Catalyst in a Three Phase Oscillatory Baffled Reactor
Authors: Gheni Saba A. , Hmood Hassan M. , Ahmed Safaa. M. R. , Mohammed Mohammed H.
Published: September 2023

The oxidative desulfurization (ODS) of Iraqi sour naphtha was studied in a novel design of a heterogeneous catalytic reactor. Molecular oxygen was used as an oxidizing agent and a clay-based zeolite was used as a catalyst. The present work of ODS was conducted in a three-phase oscillatory baffled reactor under different operating conditions; temperature =25, 35, 45, and 55°C, residence times (1 – 14 min), Reynold number of oscillation (175, 235, 315), and net flow Reynolds number (25, 50, 75). A zeolitic base ODS catalyst was prepared and applied as a heterogeneous catalyst in the OBR unit. The aim of this study is to obtain the ODS kinetic parameters and concentration profile of the sulfur compounds in the naphtha cut. The model developed was based on the properties of the feedstock, characteristics of the catalyst, and operation conditions inside the OBR according to the experimental observations. To obtain the kinetic model parameters mass transfer and flow conditions were applied in the model network. The equations were employed in gPROMS software to simulate the experimental results of sulfur concentration remaining after completion of the ODS process. The set of equations was successful in simulating the experimental results with a 5% absolute error. The predicted data were used for optimizing the kinetic parameters to get the ODS kinetic parameters based on minimizing sulfur concentration.
Risk Management in The Oil Sector / Oil Exploration Company as A Case Study
Authors: Abdul Jabbar Noor A. , Breesam Hatem K.
Published: September 2023

This paper aims to propose a decision tool that helps estimate the risk probability in the petroleum sector in Iraq, which has many benefits for identifying the most important factor. This model was developed by using the relative importance index (RII) method incorporated into fuzzy Logic. An extensive literature review was conducted, and a questionnaire was distributed to the private and government sectors to scan all possible risks in the petroleum sector. As a result, forty–eight risks in the petroleum sector were identified and categorized into four groups: operational risks, financial and administrative risks, economic and political risks, and potential risks. Over 170 questionnaire forms have been distributed to engineers, managers, experts, and technicians, and 153 forms have been adopted for the analysis. The SPSS software was used to execute the statistical analysis concerning statical mean and relative important index. Also, the questionnaire results were analyzed using the relative importance index. The ranking of the groups and factors was demonstrated according to their level of effect on risk. Finally, a fuzzy assessment model was constructed and tested being appropriate to identify the probability of risk in the Iraqi petroleum sector to assess and estimate risk. Oil exploration company, one of the associations of the ministry of oil in Iraq, has been taken as a case study of this research to determine the risks and validate the model. This paper will seek the best solution to eliminate or minimized risks in the Iraqi patrolmen sector, especially at the Iraq oil exploration company as it has been taken as a case study. Three types of risk solutions were tested and optimized and those solutions are the avoid, the mitigate, and the transfer of the risks. The ANP mothed was used to determine the priority or the effectiveness of each type of solution to find the best alternative option for each risk factor. The result shows that the best way to deal with oil and gas risks in the Iraq petroleum sector is to avoid these risks. Because the solutions belonging to this group have an effective value of 65.4 %. The other two groups of mitigation and transfer have less effectiveness of 19.8 % and 14.8 % respectively. Moreover, the local and global priorities of the most important risk factor are also determined to validate and optimized the result. Finally, a list of alternative solutions recommended by the experts has been illustrated.
تقييم الأداء وفق معيار الخطة الاستراتيجية لأنموذج التميز الاوربي EFQM دراسة حالة في شركة نفط الشمال
Authors: دزدار شيماء عبد الكريم
Published: September 2023

تجسدت فكرة البحث الى الحاجة لعرض وثيقة حالة معيار (الخطة الاستراتيجية) لشركة نفط الشمال وتحليل النتائج التي تعكسها الادلة الاسترشادية للعامين (2020 و 2021) بهدف معرفة مدى تطبيق وتوثيق معيار الخطة الاستراتيجية في الشركة وفقاً لأنموذج التميز الأوربي(EFQM 2013) .
تم استخدام منهج دراسة حالة من خلال قائمة الفحص (Check list) لجمع البيانات بغية تقييم أداء معيار الخطة الاستراتيجية للشركة وتحليلها واستخراج النسبة المئوية والمتوسط الحسابي لمدى مطابقة المعيار مع أنموذج التميز الاوربي، وتم استخدام منطق (RADAR) لعرض نتائج معيار الخطة الاستراتيجية للمنهجيات التي مثلت تقييم وزنها (نقاط قوة) للشركة.
توصل البحث الى جملة من الاستنتاجات أهمها أن الشركة قد وصلت لمستوى التطبيق الكلي وغير الموثق لفقرات معيار الخطة الاستراتيجية وبنسبة تطبيق مئوية (57%) من مجموع نقاط معيار الخطة الاستراتيجية والبالغة (100) نقطة من المجموع الكلي لنقاط أنموذج التميز الاوربي والبالغة (500) نقطة للمعايير الخمسة للأنموذج، وتبين إن المعيار الفرعي (تطوير الاستراتيجية ومراجعتها وتحديثها بالتوافق مع السياسات الداعمة لها) هو اعلى نسبة في التطبيق والتوثيق من بين المعايير الفرعية الاخرى للمعيار الرئيس للخطة الاستراتيجية بنسبة (66%)، وتوصل البحث الى ضرورة صياغة خطة استراتيجية متكاملة للشركة تعتمد على بيانات حقيقية، واجراء تحليل للبيئة الداخلية والخارجية وصياغة رؤية ورسالة ووضع اهداف محددة وقابلة للقياس وقابلة للتطبيق طويلة المدى وتحديد مؤشرات مراقبة وتقييم مستمرة بغية تحقيق الأداء المتميز للشركة.
Neural Network for Porosity Prediction in Carbonate Formation: A Case Study of the South of Iraq
Authors: Alsaad Huda F. , Al-Kamil Safa J. , Al-Radhi Mohammed S. , Fadhih Najm A.
Published: September 2023

This study presents the application of a Sequence-to-Sequence (Seq2Seq) recurrent neural network for estimating porosity log data by leveraging information from other logs. The effectiveness of this technique in simulating porosity for heterogeneous reservoirs is demonstrated by employing data from the Yamama Formation in the Faihaa Oil field in southern Iraq. Four wells in the field were used for the model training and evaluation, where input data comprised density, neutron, gamma-ray, and porosity logs. The model's performance was assessed using absolute percentage, and root means squared errors, and the results were compared against actual data, revealing a significant correlation. These results establish the Seq2Seq recurrent neural network model as a superior option for predicting reservoir porosity from other good log data. They could have practical implications in estimating porosity for petroleum calculations.
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Detection of Over Normal Pore Pressure Intervals by Using Well Logs
Authors: Al Said Naji Jassim Mohammed , Abdul-Majeed Ghassan H. , Alhuraishawy Ali K. , Talib Ameer
Published: September 2023

Pore pressure is very important parameter that impacting on drilling, production planning and operations. Drilling and production processes cannot be beginning if pore pressure is not estimated. There is a limit of difference between hydrostatic pressure of mud column and pore pressure during drilling to ensure that the layers are preserved from fracturing, as well as that kicking does not occur inside the well. Difference between pore pressure and bottom hole flowing pressure is a key for production process. Over (Abnormal) pressure intervals are causing many problems during drilling. In present study, pore pressure is estimated firstly as a hydrostatic pressure, and secondly, after determination of shale flag, two methods of Eaton slowness and Bowers original are used for detecting of over (Abnormal) pressure shale intervals. Compressional and density logs of three wells (X3, X4, and XD) located at Y oil field and producing from Asmari formation are used to perform the present study. Density log is linearly extrapolated to estimate bulk density from zero depth to last depth point at reservoir. Vertical stress is predicted for these three wells. The vertical stress gradients were 1.03, 0.99, and 0.93 psi/ft for XD, X3, and X4 wells respectively. Results are reveals that Bowers original better than Eaton slowness in detection of over (abnormal) pressure intervals where the last did not cut all shale intervals by compressional slowness shale base line that equal to 80 us/ft so, Eaton slowness method provided either very high over pressure in some shale intervals or subnormal pressure to other shale intervals and that inaccurate while Bowers original method approximately provided all shale intervals as over pressure in reasonable values. Modular dynamic tester measurements for pore pressure of these three wells are used for calibration. Maximum percent error between predicted and measured pore pressure of wells (X3, X4, and XD) are 1.2%, 0.89% and 3% respectively where these percent are very acceptable. Maximum over pressure values in Asmari formation zones at wells are as follows: 6328 psi at depth 3225 m in well X3, 7538 psi at depth 3080 m in well X4, and 6731 psi at true vertical depth 3067 m in well XD.
A Review of Gas Pumps Fault Behavior and Measurement, Diagnosis and Identification Methods Including Virtual Sensors
Authors: Al Zubaidi Mohammed , Khudhur Salman , Khudhair Ahmed
Published: September 2023

Almost half of all electrical pump capacity consume in three-phase induction motors and most of them use in gas pumps and compressor in processes of industries for heating, cooling, pumping, conveyors, etc. The most important role of fault detection and detection (FDD) for manufacturing equipment is an effective indicator that can identify the faulty state of a process and then take appropriate action against future failures or adverse events. The impact of proper maintenance is reflected on an especially costly type of industrial machine. To avoid reducing the efficiency of the gas station, automated fault detection and diagnostics is very important and need to study. This article aims to establish a criterion for selecting which faults can be tested under laboratory conditions or by simulation with a virtual model and to determine the features that identify those faults. This efficiency identify of faults leads to saving of energy, service and operating costs. Virtual sensors applied to gas pumps to reduce the cost associated with FDD implementation are described. Finally, several areas of improvement for the aspects reviewed have been identified: increase the use of performance indicators for FDD, new and updated studies about the health status of field heat pumps, testing methods that take into account the gradual and probabilistic nature of heat pump faults and further research in the use of virtual sensors in FDD systems.
Corrosion in Crude Oil Distillation Units (CDUs) and a Study of Reducing Its Rates by Changing Chemical Injection Sites
Authors: Shatab Samer N. , Khudair Wissam S. , Mohammed Mohammed A. , Kahthim Majid A.
Published: September 2023

The injection of chemicals is one of the most important treatment steps used to reduce the effect of corrosion factors in crude oil distillation units in oil refineries. As a result of the availability of suitable conditions for the formation of the main corrosion agents, namely acids (HCI, H2S). It has become necessary to neutralize the effect of these factors in distillation units and towers by changing the sites of adding chemicals, where oil refineries use anti_ corrosion film and caustic soda (NaOH) as well as neutral amine to control and limit the effect of chloride ion, iron rates, salts and the (PH) values.
As a result, the research paper is interested in developing a study of adding and changing chemical injection areas (points) of adding chemicals, especially (caustic soda and neutralizer amine) at different specific points, and as it is well known, crude oil passes through a number of different heat exchangers to raise its temperature in preparation for refining. It was found that changing the addition of the neutral amine in the striper tower area of the kerosene section (drops that are returned to the main refinery tower) has a significant effect in controlling the stabilization of pH values between (5.5-6.5) and reducing the iron ion concentration at a rate of (1% ppm), While the injection of caustic soda depends on the temperatures of the crude oil, so it is changed into two lines. The first is before the heat exchangers, that is, when the temperature of the crude oil is (20-35) c̊, and the second line is after the crude oil reaches the temperature (65-90) c̊, it has a significant effect in reducing the concentration of the chloride ion at a rate of (1-5 ppm) present in the form of chloride salts dissolved in the crude oil.
Petrography and Geochemistry of Zubair Shale Formation in Rumaila Oilfield, Southern Iraq: Implications for Provenance and Tectonic Setting
Authors: Ali Rana Abbas
Published: September 2023

A detailed sequential analysis which included thin section petrography, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray fluorescence was applied to investigate the mineral, chemical classifications, provenance, paleo-weathering, paleoclimate, and maturity features of such Zubair oil shale in the Rumaila oilfield in southern Iraq. In core samples and thin sections, the analyzed shales are primarily silty, flaky to subflaky, micaceous, calcareous, well-sorted, poorly cemented, and weakly to moderately compacted silt-grade sandy mudstone. According to XRD analysis, the main mineral is quartz, which is followed by kaolinite, while calcite and dolomite are less common and Illite, Illite/smectite, and pyrite are rarely abundant. Petrographic analysis of the Zubair shales revealed four lithofacies: silty clayey laminated mudstone lithofacies, mica-rich mudstone lithofacies, clay-rich siliceous mudstone lithofacies, and clay-bearing calcareous mudstone lithofacies. Major and trace element concentrations reveal that the oil shales have been formed from felsic rocks such as granodiorite, tonalite, and granite. A passive margin setting was revealed by the tectonic discrimination diagram. Weathering index values like the (CIA) chemical index of alteration, the (PIA) plagioclase index of alteration, and the (CIW) chemical index of weathering imply extensive chemical weathering in the source area. Zubair shales' K2O/Na2O ratio and (ICV) index of compositional variation are uniform with their high maturity. The compositions of mineral and trace elemental ratios, as well as the climatic index "C," indicate a warm to humid subtropical climate with deposition in a shallow oxic and dysoxic environment.
Il mindset cognitivo comportamentale dell’imprenditore: spunti per le politiche del lavoro
Authors: Cucchiarini Veronica , Scicchitano Sergio , Viale Riccardo
Published: September 2023

L’imprenditoria è un’attività fondamentale per sostenere e promuovere lo sviluppo economico di un Paese, l’innovazione, creare posti di lavoro e rendere più ricca, in termini globali, la società. Lo studio della mentalità imprenditoriale, che ha coinvolto esperti di molteplici discipline, ha permesso di individuare una serie di strategie euristiche che possono influenzare l’avvio e la performance imprenditoriale. Scopo di questo lavoro è definire lo stato attuale della ricerca sul mindset cognitivo comportamentale dell’imprenditore e mettere in luce gli aspetti chiave che sottostanno alla bontà delle euristiche messe in atto dagli imprenditori tenendo in considerazione le peculiarità dell’ambiente della scelta. In termini di policy implications si chiarisce che l’approccio comportamentale e una solida valutazione possono migliorare le politiche per il lavoro, aiutando a costruire politiche evidence-based.
Animalcules
Authors: Smailbegović Ada
Published: September 2023

This entry explores the hidden worlds of animalcules or micro-animals, such as tardigrades and

mites. Such complex worlds are often inaccessible to the human sensorium due to their scale,

except through the use of instruments like microscopes. With this in mind, the entry on

micro-animals draws on the history of early microscopy by examining the writings and drawings

of figures such as the seventeenth-century Dutch scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek, who was

the first to observe animalcules, and the seventeenth-century English scientist Robert Hooke, who made extensive microscopic studies of matter in his book Micrographia (1665). This raises questions about the role of descriptive language in amplifying the miniature forms of micro-animals and making them discernable to humans, particularly through the use of metaphor, which often creates comparisons between these tiny creatures and more familiar macroscopic organisms and even inanimate entities that are perceptible at the human scale. In this way, metaphor acts as a kind of figurative microscope, bringing animalcules into view of human observers. At the same time, this entry attempts to look beyond the anthropocentric scales perceptible to humans and to consider the realm of “tiny perceptions,” which render the worlds of animalcules perceptible to these creatures.
Corals
Authors: Bright Damien
Published: September 2023

Corals are tiny marine animals who combine to build monumental reefscapes, which host multitudes and sustain the web of ocean life. Today, however, corals are crisis figures. Their sensitivity to ocean warming and acidification augurs a near-term mass extinction. What would it take to see corals as more than just examples of environmental loss? Why have corals been a historical companion to, and even actively participated in, the very project of industrial modernity that brings earthly life undone? Although corals may have one planetary story, since people have been around, they have had many histories. This entry describes the biogeochemical properties by which corals straddle micro and macro scales to serve as living archives and earthly auguries. Through a genealogy of human-coral relations in the Western tradition, it shows how divergent understandings of nature have made use of corals as a way of explaining why the physical world is as it is and what people ought to make of it. The result is a tale of profound intimacy between human and coral history, often overlooked in calls for greater environmental awareness today. Within the micro-life of corals lies a counterintuitive proposal: as much as a generalized indifference, what presently ails human/more-than-human relations are long-lived and powerfully excessive displays of enthusiasm.
Fungi
Authors: Anderson Karen Leona
Published: September 2023

Culturally, fungi in the Anglo-American context have been seen as fascinating, bewildering, frightening, and grotesque, understood as an alien organism defying taxonomy; as a useful, coveted, and occasionally poisonous food or medicine; as a sign of mysterious ruin and decay; and as a vestige of magic or otherworldliness. In their microscopic structures and manifestations, likewise, fungi have historically been represented as insidious, rebellious, menacing, or baffling, and have been more broadly constructed as a threat to human scale. Twenty-first century attitudes towards fungi, on the other hand, celebrate these scale-shifting abilities with much greater optimism as a robust response to political and environmental crises: microscopic fungi and fungal growth have been recently represented in an explosion of visual art and cultural theory. Fungi in these accounts are an adaptive and resilient form of life that can serve both as a sustainable biotechnology and as a model for multispecies thriving in the face of social and economic marginalization. This entry traces the surprisingly short arc from mycophobia to mycophilia through the lens of scale shifting, from Alice in Wonderland’s size-altering mushroom to Jae Rhim Lee’s fungal burial suit.
Lichen
Authors: Braunbeck Helga G.
Published: September 2023

Lichen is the poster child for symbiosis, functioning as a collaboration of a fungus and algae or cyanobacteria—or sometimes all three—which enables it to survive in the climatically and nutritionally most challenging environments, such as extreme cold or heat. One of the oldest organisms in earth’s biosphere, it has developed a lifestyle that still retains its mystery but nevertheless provides a paradigm that may serve human societies well: rather than on the competition of individuals it is based on community-building. Displaying a tremendous diversity of colors and shapes, it may paint the landscape, serve as medicine or food, or be used to monitor air quality. Poets marvel at lichen’s power—it can grow into and decompose rock, attach itself to a wide variety of surfaces, and live for thousands of years. Novelists have explored lichen’s extreme longevity for the idea of extending human lifespan and its symbiotic lifestyle as a metaphor for the challenging process of individuation among twins. Today’s appreciation of networks, interconnectivity, and “being-with” may be related to the scientific discovery of symbiotic ways of life as well as an increasing societal awareness of the benefits to be gained from collaboration.
Pollen
Authors: Jacobs Joela
Published: September 2023

When you are inhaling pollen, your body has been penetrated by a little package of plant sperm. Pollen grains are multicellular organisms that contain male sex cells, and their job is to get this sperm to the egg to facilitate fertilization. For that, they hitch a ride on insects or trust their fate to wind, water, and any other moving means, including us. Yet most human-pollen encounters are only noticed when they result in an allergic reaction. Allergies have been on the rise, which is at least partly because pollen is too: Pollen counts have been going up in urban environments due to the tendency of city planners to plant male trees, which avoids problems with fruit falling on heads, cars, and sidewalks. Yet this also means that pollen is not absorbed by female trees and left roaming the streets to enter human noses instead. This self-made allergy problem demonstrates that we often seem to neglect what pollen is and does: As a miniscule sperm delivery mechanism, it is all about sex. Accordingly, pollen’s cultural history has predominantly been focused on attraction rather than allergic aversion, and because of that, pollen has shaped not only our understanding of plant fertility, but also human ideas about eroticism and sexuality, reproduction and desire.
Protozoa
Authors: Lamorte Dani
Published: September 2023

It could be in your eye or on a gallery floor. It seems like it’s under the microscope, but maybe it’s all in your head. The protozoa isn’t lurking exactly, but it’s a trick to find. This entry follows the slippery protozoa as it moves in animal bodies, along the edges of a painting, down the side of a sculpture. Georges Bataille’s writing on “formless” meets Lynda Benglis’ floor-pour paintings and Anne Truitt’s columns, leading us to ask: What other dreams will we find if we let protozoan indeterminacy undo us a little, loosen the knot of our being?
Viruses
Authors: Malewitz Raymond
Published: September 2023

Of the many kinds of living micro-matter, viruses might seem to be the least neglected—particularly now, given the recent SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. However, many aspects of COVID-19 history illustrate not only how viruses are neglected but also how their very existence depends upon their ability to evade detection. To explain this dynamic, the entry begins with a short reading of Mona Awad’s short story “A Blue Sky Like This,” published at the end of the first wave of COVID-19. The story’s strange protagonist and her interactions with New York City residents under lockdown illustrate both the motivations for and consequences of willfully neglect of viral dangers. This reading is juxtaposed with a discussion of scientific efforts to identify and understand viruses during the twentieth century, which illustrate the analogous challenges of understanding miniscule lifeforms, whose effects, in aggregate, can stretch to enormous geographical scales. The entry concludes with a reading of Charles Yu’s short story “Systems,” which attempts to represent these scales and overcome viral neglect by radically restructuring the form, content, and characters of conventional Western narrative.
The Way Things Go
Authors: Bury Louis
Published: September 2023

The Way Things Go contains a mix of poetry, art writing, and life writing about anticipatory grief, or mourning someone or something before it’s gone. Each successive chapter in the book decreases in length by exactly one sentence, from a 71-sentence-long opening chapter, to a 70-sentence-long second chapter, to 69 sentences, 68 sentences, and so on down to 1 (a book-length Oulipian “melting snowball”). This shrinking form enacts the book’s concerns with loss, climate change, and the passage of time.

At the level of its content, however, The Way Things Go is not fatalistic. Its title comes from a cult classic 1987 Fischli and Weiss film, in which objects such as bags of trash, car tires, and oil drums knock into one another in a Rube Goldberg-esque chain reaction. Moving through both personal history (his sister’s lupus and heroin addiction, his grandmother’s experience as a Holocaust survivor) and more global concerns (the Sixth Mass Extinction, COVID-19, the war in Ukraine), Bury considers the disruptions that occur as “things go,” as well as the continuity that remains. The book suggests that recent negotiations between optimism and pessimism with respect to the future reflect people’s feelings of vulnerability, particularly people who are used to taking their life’s stability for granted, in a world that seems increasingly precarious.
Poland’s Perspectives on NATO through the Speeches of President Andrzej Duda
Authors: AVAR Yusuf
Published: September 2023

This study investigates Poland’s viewpoints on NATO by examining President Andrzej Duda’s statements. 41 of Duda’s speeches have been subjected to critical discourse analysis. As a result, 7 discursive arguments are identified. (1) Duda concentrates on the idea of the geopolitical situation to discuss security and (2) focuses on transatlantic relations. (3) Duda considers NATO cooperation essential for Poland’s security and (4) argues that NATO has been established on the tenets of freedom and security. (5) Duda states that Poland’s membership in NATO is a way for it to demonstrate its sovereignty. (6) Duda thinks that NATO’s infrastructure must be increased to offer more collective security and (7) NATO’s new strategic concept must take into consideration the changes that have been brought about by Russia’s assault on Ukraine.
ACESSIBILIDADE NAS ÁREAS VERDES PÚBLICAS PARA PROMOVER A JUSTIÇA AMBIENTAL
Authors: Ana Cláudia Nogueira da Silva , Martini Angeline
Published: September 2023

A demanda por soluções que promovam a resiliência e a sustentabilidade, sobretudo no contexto do planejamento urbano é crescente. Sendo assim, nosso objetivo é propor uma metodologia para a avaliação da acessibilidade nas áreas verdes públicas no contexto nacional, de modo a contribuir com a formulação de políticas públicas que promovam a justiça ambiental. Foi elaborado um panorama sobre os conceitos de justiça ambiental e acessibilidade às áreas verdes, bem como, um estudo de caso em Belo Horizonte, aplicando uma proposta metodológica capaz de avaliar a acessibilidade às áreas verdes da cidade. A metodologia proposta evidenciou os locais que precisam de investimentos na capital mineira, bem como, permitiu quantifi car a população afetada pela falta de acessibilidade às áreas verdes. Recomenda-se que a metodologia seja replicada nas cidades brasileiras como ferramenta de auxílio para a gestão da fl oresta urbana.
Influencia del entorno psicosocial en el deporte: como medio de inclusión adaptado a para-atletas de la provincia de Pichincha, Ecuador
Authors: Camacho Rainy , Loor Rosa
Published: September 2023

El desarrollo psicosocial de las personas con discapacidad ha sido analizado en esta última década con fuerte interés, por ello su importancia desde diferentes aristas de la educación. El propósito del estudio fue determinar la influencia del entorno psicosocial en el deporte en un medio adaptado de personas con discapacidades visual, intelectual y sillas de ruedas, con respecto al padre, madre, hermano, mejor amigo y compañeros o vecinos. Es una investigación de campo, de tipo descriptivo, con un diseño no experimental, y estuvo dirigida a estudiar una problemática presente en 11 para-atletas de cuatro clases deportivas (K10, K21, K22 y K30) de la Provincia de Pichincha – Ecuador de la modalidad de Para-Karate. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron el comportamiento de las influencias presentes en el entorno, el núcleo interno familiar, siendo los agentes externos de menos influencia, los cuales conforman la mayor afectación positiva a personas con discapacidad intelectual y física como lo son las clases deportivas K21, K22, y K30, siendo las afectaciones externas más positivas para las personas con discapacidad visual de la clase deportiva K10. Por esta razón, se recomienda para futuras investigaciones, valorar los resultados obtenidos referentes a la influencia en el entorno psicosocial en medios adaptados. Esto, con la finalidad de analizar la afectación de su condición, la aceptación de su entorno, incrementando una sensibilidad psicológica de su alrededor, con relación a sus discapacidades en el área visual, intelectual y física, según sus condiciones individuales.
Reforestación de cuencas hídricas y su impacto en la gestión ambiental para la conservación del agua, Cantón Esmeraldas, Ecuador
Authors: Méndez Joffre
Published: September 2023

Del total del agua del planeta, sólo 0,4% está disponible como agua potencialmente útil como suministro de agua potable. Estas cifras determinan el carácter escaso y preciado del agua; lo cual se agrava al tomar en cuenta el sustancial incremento de los procesos de contaminación de las principales fuentes disponibles dada la acción antrópica, principalmente los últimos cien años. En este sentido, el propósito subyacente gira en torno a una contextualización integral de los factores promotores del proceso de degradación de los ecosistemas donde se asientan las cuencas hídricas y dentro de los cuales, es la reforestación, una de las herramientas dirigidas a superar los daños causados al entorno. A fin de alcanzar el propósito trazado, el esquema metódico aplicado se centró en un estudio de tipo documental; básicamente enfocado en recopilar información a partir de diversas bases de datos reconocidas. Los principales hallazgos del estudio resaltan la marcada separación de los ecosistemas naturales y los ecosistemas sociales, bajo un enfoque de carácter normativo a través del cual se fortalece una visión sectorial y se refuerzan, por tanto, los pilares culturales de donde procede. Se rompe así, la mirada de continuidad entre ecosistema (cuenca hídrica) y sociedad. Finalmente, el actual modelo económico, caracterizado por la lógica del capital y centrado en la rápida obtención de beneficios, aunado a un acelerado crecimiento de la población a nivel mundial, ha impulsado importantes desequilibrios desde diferentes ámbitos del acontecer diario de la humanidad.
Manejo de residuos sólidos: un nicho de innovación y emprendimiento con enfoque ambientalista en el Cantón Esmeraldas
Authors: Matamba Julia
Published: September 2023

El fenómeno de urbanización y el consiguiente aumento de la aglomeración de personas, contribuyen significativamente a incrementar los volúmenes de residuos sólidos urbanos, sustentados en forma determinante, por los actuales estilos de vida. Esta dinámica de la sociedad se ha transformado en un problema global, tanto como peligro para el ambiente, como amenaza para la salud humana y el actual modo de vida. Dentro del marco anterior se desarrolla el presente estudio de tipo descriptivo – documental; básicamente enfocado en la recopilación sistemática de información a partir de bases de datos reconocidas. El estudio tiene como objetivo central, describir el entorno propicio para instalar una empresa dedicada a la gestión de residuos sólidos urbanos en el cantón Esmeraldas bajo un enfoque ambientalista. Los resultados del estudio, evidencian el importante aumento del tema de gestión de los residuos sólidos, no sólo por los mayores volúmenes generados de manera constante, sino por la naturaleza cambiante de esos residuos, cada vez más peligrosos para la ciudadanía; lo cual se contrapone a los limitados recursos de las administraciones locales para hacer frente a este exponencial aumento. Por tanto, el tema compete a autoridades, instituciones y comunidad; quienes coinciden en catalogar a este tipo de contaminantes, como verdadera amenaza para la salud humana y el ambiente; específicamente lo relacionado con el deterioro de centros urbanos, paisaje natural, la proliferación de vectores de enfermedades o su efecto sobre la biodiversidad.
Gestión ambiental de residuos peligrosos mediante un protocolo basado en criterios de calidad química
Authors: Casanova Fausto
Published: September 2023

Son numerosos y concretos, los esfuerzos realizados por diversas sociedades a nivel global respecto al manejo eficiente y sostenible de los residuos generados por esas mismas sociedades, más aún cuando un porcentaje significativo de esos residuos, se tipifican como peligrosos o potencialmente mortales para la población circundante, si no son objeto de un manejo adecuado. Es así como la gestión ambiental aparece como una herramienta clave para abordar esta delicada problemática. En el contexto anterior, se realizó el estudio, enfocado en trazar un compendio de elementos necesarios para afrontar la gestión de residuos peligrosos; atendiendo a una metodología de carácter descriptiva – documental. Los principales resultados del estudio, resaltan una correlación entre la incorrecta gestión de los desechos peligrosos y la contaminación química del entorno donde se encuentren a nivel de suelo, aire y corrientes o cuerpos de agua. Concretamente, la bibliografía destaca como la clasificación, acopio y disposición de desechos se debe considerar de forma integral, sobre todo si pueden derivar o presentan sustancias que afecten químicamente el área donde se puedan encontrar. Se concluyó que al tratar con desechos con un fuerte impacto ambiental; se deben considerar las normativas orientadas a atender su naturaleza tóxica. Al respecto, se recomienda a las industrias generadoras de residuos y a las empresas encargadas de su manejo, seguir los estándares de calidad química diseñados para su manejo óptimo siguiendo tanto los estándares internacionales como las normativas establecidas por el Ministerio del Ambiente, Agua y Transición Ecológica del Ecuador.
Plan de gestión integral de la cuenca del rio Mate
Authors: Albán Eloy
Published: September 2023

La cuenca Mate forma parte de la demarcación hidrográfica de Esmeraldas, unidad hidrográfica Río Verde y está ubicada en el cantón Rioverde. Las principales actividades productivas de la cuenca son: agricultura, ganadería y pesca. Debido a la problemática socioeconómica de las zonas ubicadas en sus límites, se formuló como objetivo proponer un plan de gestión integral de la cuenca del rio Mate, asumiendo como foco central el recurso agua. La investigación es de carácter descriptivo, exploratorio con un diseño no experimental. Las técnicas utilizadas fueron la revisión documental, entrevistas y talleres. Se utilizaron instrumentos tipo matrices de interpretación de la información aportada por los actores participantes; además la matriz FODA, para formular estrategias con las fortalezas, oportunidades, amenazas y debilidades identificadas en el análisis interno y externo a la cuenca en estudio. Los resultados arrojan debilidades socioeconómicas, pocas acciones para la conservación de la cuenca y actividades parceladas para el uso racional del agua. Destacan la identificación de tres zonas de intervención para el manejo de: recursos marino costero, actividades agroproductivas y otra de bosques y protección de fuentes de agua. Adicionalmente, se realizó el plan ordenado en atención a tres dimensiones: estructura del plan de manejo, tres ejes transversales, dos programas y cuatro proyectos. Como conclusión se establece que el plan armoniza las actividades realizadas en la cuenca con el manejo de los recursos naturales, considerando el agua como elemento central e integrando los aspectos socioeconómicos que influyen en la calidad de vida de los habitantes.