bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prevalences and clinical signs of polysaccharide storage myopathy and shivers in Belgian Draft Horses
Authors: Firshman Anna M. , Baird John D. , Valberg Stephanie J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine prevalences of polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) and shivers in Belgian Draft Horses (BDHs) and determine whether there was an association between these 2 conditions.

Design—Prospective cohort study.

Animals—103 BDHs > 1 year old.

Procedure—Owners were questioned regarding clinical signs of PSSM, shivers, and hindquarter weakness, defined as poor hindquarter muscling and lack of propulsion. Blood samples were collected for determination of serum creatine kinase and aspartate transferase activities and serum selenium and vitamin E concentrations. A biopsy sample from the gluteus medius muscle was submitted for histologic, histochemical, and biochemical analysis. A diagnosis of PSSM was made if abnormal amylase-resistant polysaccharide inclusions were seen histologically.

Results—37 (36%) horses had PSSM and 19 (18%) had shivers, but only 6 (6%) had both PSSM and shivers, whereas 31 (30%) had PSSM alone, 13 (13%) had shivers alone, and 53 (51%) had neither, and a significant association between PSSM and shivers was not detected. Hindquarter weakness was found in 30 horses. Only 13 of 37 (35%) horses with PSSM and 11 of 19 (58%) horses with shivers had hindquarter weakness. Serum creatine kinase and aspartate transferase activities and serum selenium and vitamin E concentrations were not significantly different between horses with and without PSSM or between horses with and without shivers.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that PSSM and shivers are common but unrelated disorders in BDHs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:1958–1964)
Frequency of urinary tract infection among dogs with pruritic disorders receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment
Authors: Torres Sheila M. F. , Diaz Sandra F. , Nogueira Sandra A. , Jessen Carl , Polzin David J. , Gilbert Sophie M. , Horne Kim L.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine frequency of urinary tract infection (UTI) among dogs with pruritic disorders that were or were not receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment.

Design—Observational study.

Animals—127 dogs receiving glucocorticoids for > 6 months and 94 dogs not receiving glucocorticoids.

Procedure—Bacterial culture of urine samples was performed in dogs receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment, and information was collected on drug administered, dosage, frequency of administration, duration of glucocorticoid treatment, and clinical signs of UTI. For dogs not receiving glucocorticoids, a single urine sample was submitted for bacterial culture.

Results—Multiple (2 to 6) urine samples were submitted for 70 of the 127 (55%) dogs receiving glucocorticoids; thus, 240 urine samples were analyzed. For 23 of the 127 (18.1%) dogs, results of bacterial culture were positive at least once, but none of the dogs had clinical signs of UTI. Pyuria and bacteriuria (present vs absent) were found to correctly predict results of bacterial culture for 89.9% and 95.8% of the samples, respectively. Type of glycocorticoid, dosage, frequency of administration, and duration of treatment were not associated with frequency of UTI. None of the urine samples from dogs not receiving glucocorticoids yielded bacterial growth. The frequency of UTI was significantly higher for dogs treated with glucocorticoids than for dogs that had not received glucocorticoids.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that dogs receiving long-term glucocorticoid treatment have an increased risk of developing a UTI. On this basis, we recommend that urine samples be submitted for bacterial culture at least yearly for such dogs. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:239–243)
Bone marrow necrosis in dogs: 34 cases (1996–2004)
Authors: Weiss Douglas J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To identify the incidence, potential causes, and clinical and clinicopathologic features of bone marrow necrosis in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—34 client-owned dogs.

Procedures—Reports of cytologic examinations of bone marrow specimens performed between 1996 and 2004 were reviewed. All reports that indicated the presence of necrosis, stromal disruption, phagocytic macrophages, individual cell necrosis, or myelofibrosis were evaluated further.

Results—Of 609 reports of bone marrow evaluations performed during the study period, 34 (5.6%) had evidence of bone marrow necrosis. Nine dogs had no evidence of associated diseases or drug or toxin exposure, and 25 dogs had associated disease conditions or drug exposures. All 9 dogs with idiopathic bone marrow necrosis were anemic (mean Hct, 14%), but only 3 had neutropenia, and 3 had thrombocytopenia. All 9 had myelofibrosis. Of the 25 dogs with associated disease conditions or drug exposures, only 14 (56%) had anemia (mean Hct, 33%). In addition, 14 (56%) had neutropenia and 18 (72%) had thrombocytopenia. Only 10 (40%) had myelofibrosis.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that bone marrow necrosis may be common in dogs with hematologic disorders. In most dogs, bone marrow necrosis was associated with an underlying disease condition or drug exposure, but idiopathic bone marrow necrosis was also identified. Disease conditions that should increase suspicion of possible bone marrow necrosis include sepsis, lymphosarcoma, and systemic lupus erythematosus; drug exposures that should increase suspicion of possible bone marrow necrosis include chemotherapeutic agents, phenobarbital, carprofen, metronidazole, and mitotane. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:263–267)
Signalment and clinical features of diskospondylitis in dogs: 513 cases (1980–2001)
Authors: Burkert Blaine A. , Kerwin Sharon C. , Hosgood Giselle L. , Pechman Robert D. , Fontenelle Jennifer Ponti
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine signalment, clinical features of the disease, and treatment in dogs with diskospondylitis.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—513 dogs with diskospondylitis (cases) and 236,109 canine hospital accessions (controls) from 12 veterinary teaching hospitals.

Procedure—Information retrieved from the medical records of 123 dogs with diskospondylitis at the Louisiana State University veterinary teaching hospital between 1980 and 2001 included sex, age, breed, primary complaint, neurologic status, location of lesions, causative organism, treatment, and outcome. The signalment of 390 additional cases from 11 other veterinary teaching hospitals was accessed from the Veterinary Medical Database. Comparisons were made with controls from the same time periods.

Results—Male dogs were twice as likely as female dogs to be affected (odds ratio [OR], 2.0; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.7 to 2.4). Dogs were significantly more likely to be affected as age increased. Purebred dogs, especially Great Danes, were more likely than mixed-breed dogs to be affected (OR, 7.3; CI, 4.3 to 12.6). For dogs from Louisiana State University,Staphylococcusspp,Brucellaspp,Streptococcusspp, andEscherichia coliwere isolated most often; multiple organisms were detected via microbial culture in 11 dogs. The mean duration of treatment was 53.7 weeks.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Male dogs, older dogs, and Great Danes appeared more likely to be affected with diskospondylitis than female dogs, dogs < 1 year of age, and mixed-breed dogs, respectively. Long-term administration of antimicrobial drugs for treatment of diskospondylitis may be expected. Identification of the causative organism and early treatment are recommended. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:268–275)
Evaluation of plasma catecholamine and serum cortisol concentrations in horses with colic
Authors: Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Rush Bonnie R. , Farris James W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations and serum cortisol concentration in horses with colic and assess the relationship of these variables with clinical signs, routinely measured clinicopathologic variables, and outcome in affected horses.

Design—Prospective observational study.

Animals—35 horses with colic.

Procedure—Blood samples were collected within 30 minutes of arrival at the veterinary hospital from horses referred because of colic. Plasma and serum samples were analyzed for cortisol, epinephrine, norepinephrine, lactate, and electrolyte concentrations and acid-base variables. Heart rate at admission and outcome (survival or nonsurvival) were recorded. Univariate logistic regression was used to calculate crude (unadjusted) odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals.

Results—Of the 35 horses with colic, 26 survived. Higher plasma epinephrine, plasma lactate, and serum cortisol concentrations were significantly associated with increased risk of nonsurvival, but plasma norepinephrine concentration was not associated with outcome. Plasma epinephrine concentration was significantly correlated with heart rate (r= 0.68), plasma lactate concentration (r= 0.87), blood pH (r= –0.83), anion gap (r= 0.74), and base excess (r= –0.81).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The risk of death appears to be greater in colic-affected horses with high circulating concentrations of epinephrine and cortisol. The correlation of epinephrine with other biochemical markers of illness severity and with heart rate indicates that the degree of sympathetic activation in horses with colic can be inferred from routinely measured variables. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:276–280)
Evaluation of electroacupuncture treatment of horses with signs of chronic thoracolumbar pain
Authors: Xie Huisheng , Colahan Patrick , Ott Edgar A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate use of electroacupuncture for
treatment of horses with signs of chronic thoracolumbar
pain.

Design—Prospective study.

Animals—15 horses with signs of chronic thoracolumbar
pain.

Procedure—Horses were randomly allocated to 1 of
3 treatment groups. Horses in group 1 received electroacupuncture
stimulation (once every 3 days for 5
treatments), those in group 2 received phenylbutazone
(2.2 mg/kg [1 mg/lb], PO, q 12 h, for 5 days), and
those in group 3 received saline (0.9% NaCl) solution
(20 mL, PO, q 12 h, for 5 days). Thoracolumbar pain
scores (TPSs) were evaluated before (baseline) and
after each treatment.

Results—Mean ± SE TPSs in horses receiving
phenylbutazone or saline solution did not change significantly
during the study. After the third treatment,
mean ± SE TPS (2.1 ± 0.6) in horses receiving electroacupuncture
stimulation was significantly lower
than baseline (6.0 ± 0.6) TPS. Mean ± SE TPSs in
horses receiving electroacupuncture stimulation
were significantly lower than baseline TPSs and TPSs
in horses receiving phenylbutazone or saline solution
after the third treatment to 14 days after the last
treatment.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—TPSs are useful
for evaluating the efficacy of various analgesic methods
used for treatment of thoracolumbar pain in horses.
Electroacupuncture was effective for treatment of
chronic thoracolumbar pain in horses. Results provided
evidence that 3 sessions of electroacupuncture treatment
can successfully alleviate signs of thoracolumbar
pain in horses. The analgesic effect induced by electroacupuncture
can last at least 2 weeks. Phenylbutazone
administered PO did not effectively alleviate signs
of thoracolumbar pain in horses in this study. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:281–286)
Use of a continuous, local infusion of bupivacaine for postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing total ear canal ablation
Authors: Radlinsky MaryAnn G. , Mason Diane E. , Roush James K. , Pineda Rosalind
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether addition of a continuous, local infusion of bupivacaine would improve postoperative analgesia in dogs undergoing total ear canal ablation.

Design—Randomized controlled trial.

Animals—16 dogs undergoing total ear canal ablation (12 unilaterally and 4 bilaterally with > 1 month between procedures).

Procedure—Dogs were randomly allocated to receive morphine (0.25 mg/kg [0.11 mg/lb]) at the end of the procedure (10 procedures) or morphine and a continuous, local infusion of bupivacaine (0.13 to 0.21 mg/kg/h [0.06 to 0.1 mg/lb/h]; 10 procedures). Dogs were observed for 48 hours after surgery. Additional doses of morphine were administered up to every 4 hours in dogs with signs of severe pain.

Results—Temperament, sedation, analgesia, and cumulative pain scores were not significantly different between groups any time after surgery. Recovery score was significantly higher for dogs that received bupivacaine than for control dogs 2 hours after extubation but not at any other time. Serum cortisol concentration was not significantly different between groups at any time but, in both groups, was significantly increased at the time of extubation, compared with all other observation times. Total number of additional doses of morphine administered was not significantly different between groups. Bupivacaine was not detected in the plasma of any of the dogs that received the local bupivacaine infusion.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that addition of a continuous, local infusion of bupivacaine did not significantly increase the degree of postoperative analgesia in dogs that underwent total ear canal ablation and were given morphine at the end of surgery. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:414–419)
Evaluation of compliance among nursing staff in administration of prescribed analgesic drugs to critically ill dogs and cats
Authors: Armitage Elizabeth A. , Wetmore Lois A. , Chan Daniel L. , Lindsey Jane C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To investigate the prescription of analgesic drugs to hospitalized critically ill dogs and cats and determine compliance of nursing staff in administering the prescribed analgesics.

Design—Cross-sectional study.

Animals—272 dogs and 79 cats hospitalized in an intensive care unit during a 2-month period.

Procedure—Patient treatment orders were examined daily for details regarding prescribed and administered analgesic drugs.

Results—A mean of 39% of cats and dogs in the intensive care unit were prescribed analgesic drugs each day, the most common of which were opioids. Local anesthetic drugs, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and ketamine were prescribed less frequently. Cats were less likely than dogs to receive analgesics after traumatic injury, but the difference was not significant. There was no difference between species in frequency of prescription of analgesic drugs after surgery. Most patients were prescribed a single class of analgesic drug; only 13% had orders for multiple analgesics. Of the patients for which analgesics were prescribed, 64% received them exactly as prescribed, 23% had at least 1 reduction in dosing, and 13% had at least 1 increase in dosing. When a decrease in dosing occurred, the drugs were opioids in each instance, whereas when drug dosing was increased, the drugs were of various types.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Discrepancies sometimes existed between the dose of analgesic prescribed and that administered. This appeared to occur primarily because of concerns about adverse effects of opioid drugs. Strategies to reduce these effects may improve pain management in critically ill dogs and cats. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:425–429)
Subtotal pericardectomy and epicardial excision for treatment of coccidioidomycosis-induced effusive-constrictive pericarditis in dogs: 17 cases (1999–2003)
Authors: Heinritz Chris K. , Gilson Stephen D. , Soderstrom Mark J. , Robertson Thomas A. , Gorman Stephanie C. , Boston Ray C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the history, clinicopathologic findings, and results of surgery for effusive-constrictive pericarditis associated withCoccidioides immitisinfection in dogs.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—17 client-owned dogs that underwent a subtotal pericardectomy and epicardial excision.

Procedure—Hospital records from May 1999 to June 2003 were reviewed. Data collected included history, clinicopathologic findings, treatments, and outcome. Follow-up information was obtained via recheck examination and by use of standardized telephone interviews with referring veterinarians and owners.

Results—All dogs were of large breeds, and most were male (mean age, 4.66 years). Ten dogs had no prior history ofC immitisinfection, and 7 dogs had chronic infection withC immitis. Having a chronicC immitisinfection reduced the odds of survival, compared with no previous infection. All dogs had clinical signs of right-sided heart failure. All dogs had serum titers (range, 1:8 to 1:256) for antibodies againstC immitisprior to surgery, and titers were not significantly associated with outcome. Predominant echocardiographic findings were thickened pericardium, reduced right ventricular filling, and pleural or pericardial effusion. All dogs underwent a subtotal pericardectomy and epicardial excision and had fibrosing pyogranulomatous pericarditis in biopsy specimens obtained during surgery. The perioperative mortality rate was 23.5%, and the 2-year postdischarge survival rate was 82%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Surgical treatment via subtotal pericardectomy and epicardial excision is successful at relieving right-sided heart failure in dogs with effusive-constrictive pericarditis secondary toC immitisinfection, but long-term treatment with antifungal agents may still be required. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:435–440)
Evaluation of clinical characteristics, diagnostic test results, and outcome in horses with internal infection caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis: 30 cases (1995–2003)
Authors: Pratt Suzanne M. , Spier Sharon J. , Carroll Scott P. , Vaughan Betsy , Whitcomb Mary Beth , Wilson W. David
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine clinical signs, results of diagnostic testing, and outcome in horses with internalCorynebacterium pseudotuberculosisinfection.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—30 horses.

Procedure—Information pertaining to clinical data, results of diagnostic tests, and costs of hospitalization and treatment was extracted from medical records of affected horses.

Results—InternalC pseudotuberculosisinfection was diagnosed on the basis of clinical signs, diagnostic imaging, and clinicopathologic data, including results of serologic tests and bacterial culture. The most common clinical signs were concurrent external abscesses, anorexia, fever, lethargy, weight loss, and signs of respiratory tract disease or abdominal pain. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included a geometric mean reciprocal serum synergistic hemolysin inhibition titer ≥ 512, leukocytosis with neutrophilia, hyperglobulinemia, hyperfibrinogenemia, and anemia. Specific organ involvement was diagnosed in 27 of 30 horses. Affected organs included the liver (18 horses), lungs (12), kidneys (7), and spleen (3); multiple organs were affected in 10 horses. Treatment with antimicrobials for a median of 36 days (range, 7 to 97 days) was usually successful, yielding an overall survival rate of 71%.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Early diagnosis and long-term antimicrobial treatment were important for a successful outcome in horses with internalC pseudotuberculosisinfection. Ultrasonographic imaging was an important technique for identifying specific organs affected, aiding in obtaining samples for a definitive diagnosis, and monitoring response to treatment. Pregnant mares with internal infections are at risk for fetal loss. Preexisting chronic organ disease may be associated with a poor prognosis. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:441–448)
Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns of Mycoplasma isolates from various body sites in dairy cattle with Mycoplasma mastitis
Authors: Biddle Mary K. , Fox Larry K. , Evans Marc A. , Gay Clive C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether Mycoplasma
strains typically associated with mastitis in dairy cattle
can be isolated from body sites other than the
mammary gland.

Design—Prospective clinical trial.

Animals—7 Holstein cows in various stages of lactation
with intramammary Mycoplasma infection.

Procedure—Milk samples, antemortem swab specimens
from various body sites, and postmortem swab
and tissue specimens were submitted for Mycoplasma
culture. Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was
performed on chromosomal digests of all Mycoplasma
isolates. Isolates with the same number and size of
chromosomal digest bands were considered to be of
the same type.

Results—For each cow, all isolates obtained from
milk, mammary gland parenchyma, and supramammary
lymph nodes had the same PFGE pattern. All
cows had at least 1 isolate from nonmammary system
tissues that had the same PFGE pattern as isolates
from the mammary system. Overall, 44 of the
70 (63%) Mycoplasma isolates obtained from body
sites other than mammary system sites had the
same PFGE pattern as did mammary system isolates.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results confirmed
our hypothesis that Mycoplasma strains isolated
from the milk of dairy cattle with Mycoplasma
mastitis frequently have PFGE patterns identical to
those for strains isolated from other body sites, suggesting
that there is at least a potential for internal
transmission of Mycoplasma organisms. (J Am Vet
Med Assoc 2005;227:455–459)
Occurrence of Salmonella serotype Typhimurium DT104 on a commercial swine farm before, during, and after depopulation and repopulation
Authors: Erdman Matthew M. , Harris Isabel T. , Torremorell Montserrat , Wilt Vincil M. , Harris D. L. Hank
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether depopulation-repopulation could be used to eradicateSalmonellaserotype Typhimurium DT104 from a commercial swine farm in the midwestern United States.

Design—Observational study.

Sample Population—A commercial swine farm undergoing depopulation-repopulation to eliminate porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus andMycoplasma hyopneumoniae.

Procedure—Pooled fecal samples, tissue samples, and serum samples were collected from pigs on the farm before and after depopulation-repopulation. When there were no pigs on the farm, environmental swab specimens were collected for bacterial culture. Serum was analyzed for anti-Salmonellaantibodies with an indirect ELISA.Salmonellaisolates obtained by bacterial culture of fecal, tissue, and environmental samples were characterized by means of serotyping, phage typing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and antimicrobial susceptibility testing.

Results—167Salmonellaisolates representing 9 serotypes were recovered from the farm. Results of PFGE and antimicrobial susceptibility testing suggested that S Typhimurium DT104 strain was not eradicated from the farm. However, seroprevalence of anti-Salmonellaantibodies and the percentage of pooled fecal samples positive forSalmonellaspp were significantly decreased following repopulation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggested that depopulation-repopulation in conjunction with stringent cleaning and disinfection, attention to biosecurity procedures, control of other diseases, and changes in feed management may reduce the occurrence of, but likely will not eliminate,Salmonellaspp in commercial swine herds. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:460–466)
Evaluation of the association between sex and risk of forming urate uroliths in Dalmatians
Authors: Albasan Hasan , Lulich Jody P. , Osborne Carl A. , Lekcharoensuk Chalermpol
Published: December 2005

Objective—To test the hypothesis that urate uroliths are uncommonly detected in female Dalmatians, compared with males.

Design—Case-control study.

Sample Population—Medical records of dogs evaluated at veterinary teaching hospitals in North America from 1981 to 2002 and compiled by the Veterinary Medical Database, and records of dogs with uroliths submitted for quantitative analyses to the Minnesota Urolith Center from 1981 to 2002.

Procedures—Crude odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to assess whether sex (male vs female) was a risk factor for urate urolithiasis.

Results—In Dalmatians evaluated by veterinary teaching hospitals in North America, males were more likely (OR, 13.0) to form uroliths, compared with females. In Dalmatians that formed uroliths analyzed by the Minnesota Urolith Center, males were more likely (OR, 14.0) to form urate uroliths, compared with females. In all dogs (Dalmatian and non-Dalmatian) that formed uroliths analyzed by the Minnesota Urolith Center, males were also more likely (OR, 48.0) to form urate uroliths, compared with females.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—When conducting studies and formulating generalities about urate urolithiasis in Dalmatians, it is important to consider sex-related differences in urolith occurrence. Long-term dietary or drug protocols designed to minimize formation of urate uroliths in male Dalmatians may not be warranted in female Dalmatians. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:565–569)
Anesthetic potency of sevoflurane with and without nitrous oxide in mechanically ventilated Dumeril monitors
Authors: Bertelsen Mads F. , Mosley Craig A. E. , Crawshaw Graham J. , Dyson Doris H. , Smith Dale A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane and assess the sevoflurane-sparing effect of coadministration of nitrous oxide in mechanically ventilated Dumeril monitors (Varanus dumerili).

Design—Prospective crossover study.

Animals—10 healthy adult Dumeril monitors.

Procedure—Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane in 100% oxygen or sevoflurane in 66% nitrous oxide (N2O) with 34% oxygen, delivered through a face mask. Monitors were endotracheally intubated, and end-tidal and inspired isoflurane concentrations were measured continuously; MAC was determined by use of a standard bracketing technique. An electrical stimulus (50 Hz, 50 V) was delivered to the ventral aspect of the tail as the supramaximal stimulus. A blood sample for blood gas analyses was collected from the ventral coccygeal vessels at the beginning and end of the anesthetic period. An interval of at least 7 days was allowed to elapse between treatments.

Results—The MAC ± SDs of sevoflurane in oxygen and with N2O were 2.51 ± 0.46% and 1.83 ± 0.33%, respectively. There was a significant difference between the 2 treatments, and the mean MAC-reducing effect of N2O was 26.4 ± 11.4%. Assuming simple linear additivity of sevoflurane and N2O, the MAC for N2O was estimated to be 244%. No significant differences in blood gas values—with the predictable exception of oxygen pressure—were detected between the 2 groups.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—The MAC of sevoflurane in Dumeril monitors is similar to that reported for other species. The addition of N2O significantly decreased the MAC of sevoflurane in this species. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:575–578)
Intraoperative pain responses following intraovarian versus mesovarian injection of lidocaine in mares undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy
Authors: Farstvedt Ellis G. , Hendrickson Dean A.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare intraoperative pain responses following intraovarian versus mesovarian injection of lidocaine in mares undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy.

Design—Randomized controlled trial.

Animals—15 mares between 4 and 20 years old.

Procedure—Standard bilateral laparoscopic ovariectomy was performed. Prior to manipulation of the ovary, 2% lidocaine (10 mL) was injected into the ovary and saline (0.9% NaCl) solution (10 mL) was injected into the mesovarium on 1 side, with saline solution (10 mL) injected into the ovary and 2% lidocaine (10 mL) injected into the mesovarium on the other side. Presence (yes vs no) and severity (visual analogue scale) of pain were scored at 5 times (grasping of the ovary, dissection of the mesosalpinx, tightening of the first loop ligature, tightening of the second loop ligature, and transection of the ovarian pedicle) by 2 individuals blinded to treatment and each other's observations.

Results—During 4 of the 5 observation periods, significantly fewer mares had signs of pain following mesovarian injection of lidocaine, and during 2 of the 5 observation periods, visual analogue scale score was significantly lower.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that mesovarian injection of lidocaine is associated with significantly lower pain responses, compared with intraovarian injection, in horses undergoing laparoscopic ovariectomy. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:593–596)
Efficacy of directed misting application of a peroxygen disinfectant for environmental decontamination of a veterinary hospital
Authors: Patterson Gage , Morley Paul S. , Blehm Kenneth D. , Lee David E. , Dunowska Magda
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate effectiveness of 4% peroxymonosulfate disinfectant applied as a mist to surfaces in a large animal hospital as measured by recovery ofStaphylococcus aureusandSalmonella entericaserovar Typhimurium.

Design—Field trial.

Sample Population—Polyester transparencies inoculated with bacteria.

Procedure—Polyester transparencies were inoculated withS aureusorSTyphimurium and placed in various locations in the hospital. After mist application of the peroxygen disinfectant, viable bacterial numbers were quantified and compared with growth from control transparencies to assess reduction in bacterial count.

Results—When applied as a mist directed at environmental surfaces contaminated with a geometric mean of 4.03 × 107CFUs ofS aureus(95% confidence interval [CI], 3.95 × 107to 4.11 × 107) or 6.17 × 106CFUs ofSTyphimurium (95% CI, 5.55 × 106to 6.86 × 106), 4% peroxymonosulfate reduced the geometric mean number of viableS aureusby 3.04 × 107CFUs (95% CI, 8.6 × 105to 1.7 × 106) andSTyphimurium by 3.97 × 106CFUs (95% CI, 8.6 × 105to 3.5 × 106).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Environmental disinfection with directed mist application of a 4% peroxymonosulfate solution was successful in reducing counts of bacterial CFUs by > 99.9999%. Directed mist application with this peroxygen disinfectant as evaluated in this study appeared to be an effective and efficient means of environmental disinfection in a large animal veterinary hospital and would be less disruptive than more traditional approaches to intensive environmental cleaning and disinfection. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:597–602)
Comparison of surgical versus medical treatment of nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon in horses: 19 cases (1992–2002)
Authors: Abutarbush Sameeh M. , Naylor Jonathan M.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To compare the outcome of horses with nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon (NSELC) treated surgically or medically by rolling, administration of phenylephrine hydrochloride (or both), and exercise.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—11 medically treated horses and 8 surgically treated horses with NSELC.

Procedure—Medical records of horses with nephrosplenic entrapment between 1992 and 2002 were reviewed. Medically treated horses were included if diagnosis and outcome of treatment of nephrosplenic entrapment were confirmed via transrectal examination and ultrasonographic examination. Surgically treated horses were included if the diagnosis was confirmed by exploratory laparotomy. Horses in which the large colon was entrapped between the spleen and body wall were not included.

Results—Significant differences in mean age, heart rate, and duration of colic prior to treatment were not detected between horses treated surgically or medically. Ten medically treated horses recovered without complications, and 1 died. In the surgically treated group, 6 of 8 horses recovered without complications and 2 died. Mortality rate did not differ between treatments. Duration of hospitalization for medically treated horses was significantly shorter and the cost significantly less than for surgically treated horses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results indicated that medical treatment of horses with NSELC via administration of phenylephrine hydro-chloride, rolling during general anesthesia, or both appears to be as effective as and less expensive than surgical treatment. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:603–605)
Effect of tympanic cavity evacuation and flushing on microbial isolates during total ear canal ablation with lateral bulla osteotomy in dogs
Authors: Hettlich Bianca F. , Boothe Harry W. , Simpson R. Bruce , DuBose Kim A. , Boothe Dawn M. , Carpenter Mark
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate differences in bacterial numbers, identity, and susceptibility in samples obtained from the tympanic cavity on entry (preflush) and after evacuation and lavage (postflush) and assess perioperative and empiric antimicrobial selection in dogs that underwent total ear canal ablation (TECA) with lateral bulla osteotomy (LBO) or reoperation LBO.

Design—Prospective clinical study.

Animals—34 dogs.

Procedure—TECA with LBO or reoperation LBO was performed on 47 ears. Pre- and postflush aerobic and anaerobic samples were obtained from the tympanic cavity. Isolates and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns were compared.

Results—Different isolates (31/44 [70%] ears) and susceptibility patterns of isolate pairs (6/44 [14%] ears) were detected in pre- and postflush samples from 84% of ears. Evacuation and lavage of the tympanic cavity decreased the number of bacterial isolates by 33%. In 26% of ears, bacteria were isolated from postflush samples but not preflush samples. Only 26% of isolates tested were susceptible to cefazolin. At least 1 isolate from 53% of dogs that received empirically chosen antimicrobials postoperatively was resistant to the selected drugs. Anaerobic bacteria were recovered from 6 ears.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Accurate microbiologic assessment of the tympanic cavity should be the basis for selection of antimicrobials in dogs undergoing TECA with LBO. Bacteria remain in the tympanic cavity after evacuation and lavage. Cefazolin was a poor choice for dogs that underwent TECA with LBO, as judged on the basis of culture and susceptibility testing results. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:748–755)
Pretreatment clinical and laboratory findings in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism: 210 cases (1987–2004)
Authors: Feldman Edward C. , Hoar Bruce , Pollard Rachel , Nelson Richard W.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate pretreatment clinical and laboratory findings in dogs with naturally occurring primary hyperparathyroidism.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—210 dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism and 200 randomly selected, age-matched control dogs that did not have primary hyperparathyroidism.

Procedure—Medical records for dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism were reviewed for signalment; clinical features; and results of clinicopathologic testing, serum parathyroid hormone assays, and diagnostic imaging.

Results—Mean age of the dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism was 11.2 years (range, 6 to 17 years). The most common clinical signs were attributable to urolithiasis or urinary tract infection (ie, straining to urinate, increased frequency of urination, and hematuria). Most dogs (149 [71%]) did not have any observable abnormalities on physical examination. All dogs had hypercalcemia, and most (136 [65%]) had hypophosphatemia. Overall, 200 of the 210 (95%) dogs had BUN and serum creatinine concentrations within or less than the reference range, and serum parathyroid hormone concentration was within reference limits in 135 of 185 (73%) dogs in which it was measured. Urolithiasis was identified in 65 (31%) dogs, and urinary tract infection was diagnosed in 61 (29%). Mean serum total calcium concentration for the control dogs was significantly lower than mean concentration for the dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism, but mean BUN and serum creatinine concentrations for the control dogs were both significantly higher than concentrations for the dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that urolithiasis and urinary tract infection may be associated with hypercalcemia in dogs with primary hyperparathyroidism, but that development of renal insufficiency is uncommon. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227: 756–761)
Inheritance of recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis in Thoroughbreds
Authors: Dranchak Patricia K. , Valberg Stephanie J. , Onan Gary W. , Gallant Esther M. , MacLeay Jennifer M. , McKenzie Erica C. , La Corte Flavio D. De , Ekenstedt Kari , Mickelson James R.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To develop a diagnostic test for recurrent exertional rhabdomyolysis (RER) in Thoroughbreds that relied on in vitro contracture of muscle biopsy specimens and determine whether the inheritance pattern of RER diagnosed on the basis of this contracture test was consistent with an autosomal dominant trait.

Design—Clinical trial.

Animals—8 adult horses with RER and 16 control adult horses for development of the contracture test; 23 foals for inheritance of RER.

Procedure—External intercostal muscle biopsy specimens from the 24 adult horses were tested for contracture in response to halothane and caffeine, and criteria for a positive test result were determined. These criteria were then applied to results for the 23 foals to determine whether they had RER. Simple segregation analysis was performed to determine whether results were consistent with a dominant pattern of inheritance.

Results—Results of the contracture test were positive for 5 of the 12 colts and 4 of the 11 fillies. Results of segregation analysis were consistent with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. Two sires with RER produced colts with RER, supporting the hypothesis that RER had an autosomal, rather than an X-linked, inheritance pattern. In addition, in 1 instance, an unaffected colt was produced by 2 affected parents, which was not consistent with a recessive mode of inheritance.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Although the expression of the RER trait is influenced by sex, temperament, and diet, among other factors, results from the in vitro muscle contracture test and this breeding trial suggest that RER in Thoroughbreds can be modeled as a genetic trait with an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:762–767)
Association between exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage and performance in Thoroughbred racehorses
Authors: Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , Jackson Melissa A. , Morley Paul S. , Brown James A. , Dredge Anthony F. , O'Callaghan Paul A. , McCaffrey John P. , Slocombe Ronald F. , Clarke Andrew F.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether exercise-induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH) was associated with racing performance in Thoroughbred horses not medicated with furosemide and not using nasal dilator strips.

Design—Observational cross-sectional study.

Animals—744 two- to 10-year-old Thoroughbred horses racing in Melbourne, Australia.

Procedure—Horses were enrolled prior to racing, and a tracheobronchoscopic examination was performed after 1 race. Examinations were recorded on videotape, and presence and severity (grade 0 to 4) of EIPH were subsequently determined by 3 observers blinded to the horses' identity. Race records were abstracted for each horse examined.

Results—Overall, 52.1% of horses eligible for participation in the study were examined, and horses that were examined did not differ from horses that were not examined in regard to age, sex distribution, or proportion of horses that won or finished in the first 3 positions. Horses with EIPH grades ≤ 1 were 4.0 times as likely to win, 1.8 times as likely to finish in the first 3 positions, and 3.03 times as likely to be in the 90th percentile or higher for race earnings as were horses with grades ≥ 2. Horses with EIPH grades ≥ 1 finished significantly farther behind the winner than did horses without EIPH. However, odds that horses with grade 1 EIPH would win or finish in the first 3 positions were not significantly different from odds for horses without EIPH.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that EIPH is associated with impaired performance in Thoroughbred racehorses not medicated with furosemide and not using nasal dilator strips. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:768–774)
Gastric ulcer development in horses in a simulated show or training environment
Authors: McClure Scott R. , Carithers Douglas S. , Gross Sheila J. , Murray Michael J.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine whether conditions representing activities that are typical in the recreational use of horses, including transport to and from show grounds, stall confinement in unfamiliar surroundings, and light exercise, are associated with increased incidence of gastric ulcers in horses.

Design—Randomized controlled study.

Animals—20 client-owned horses.

Procedure—Horses had no gastric ulcers as determined by endoscopic examination on study day –1. Ten control horses were maintained on-site with no changes in management variables. Ten horses were transported via trailer for 4 hours on day 0 to another site, placed in individual stalls, fed twice daily, and exercised twice daily for 3 days. On day 4, they were transported back to the original site via trailer for 4 hours. On day 5, endoscopic examinations were performed on all horses to assess gastric mucosa status.

Results—Horses that were transported and housed off-site had a significantly higher incidence of hyperkeratosis and reddening of the gastric mucosa than control horses. Two control horses and 7 transported horses developed gastric ulcers by day 5. Ulcer scores of transported horses increased significantly from day –1, whereas ulcer scores in control horses did not change significantly from day –1.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Activities that are typical in recreational use of horses were ulcerogenic, and ulcers in the gastric squamous mucosa can develop under these conditions within 5 days. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:775–777)
Economic impacts of the mortality rate for suckling pigs in the United States
Authors: Losinger Willard C.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To measure economic impacts attributable to the mortality rate for suckling pigs in the United States.

Design—Economic analysis that incorporated data from various sources.

Sample Population—Suckling pigs on US swine farms.

Procedure—Economic impacts associated with the mortality rate for suckling pigs during 1995 were estimated from supply-and-demand curves for pork and from an estimate of the elasticity of production for pigs entering the grower-finisher phase of production.

Results—A decrease in the mortality rate for suckling pigs would have caused an increase in pork production and a decrease in price and total value of production. Assuming no suckling pigs had died during 1995, consumer surplus would have increased by (mean ± SE) $430 ± $160 million, whereas producer surplus would have decreased by $180 ± $140 million. The total gain to the US economy would have been $250 ± $30 million.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Researchers who attempt to estimate the economic impact of mortality and morbidity rates of livestock should not ignore the influence of demand and the possibility of price adjustments. Consumers would stand to benefit from an increase in pork production associated with a reduction in the mortality rate for suckling pigs, whereas the swine industry would experience an economic loss. Individual producers need to compare the costs of measures intended to reduce the mortality rate for suckling pigs with the anticipated benefits. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:896–902)
Evaluation of the effect of dietary vegetable consumption on reducing risk of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in Scottish Terriers
Authors: Raghavan Malathi , Knapp Deborah W. , Bonney Patty L. , Dawson Marcia H. , Glickman Lawrence T.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To evaluate the effects of vegetable consumption
and vitamin supplementation on the risk of
developing transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) of the urinary
bladder in Scottish Terriers.

Design—Case-control study.

Animals—92 adult Scottish Terriers with TCC (cases)
and 83 Scottish Terriers with other conditions (controls).

Procedure—Owners of dogs with TCC completed a
questionnaire regarding their dogs' diet and intake of vitamin
supplements in the year prior to diagnosis of TCC;
owners of control dogs completed the questionnaire for
a comparable time period. The risk (odds ratio [OR]) of
developing TCC associated with diet and vitamin supplementation
was determined by use of logistic regression.

Results—After adjustment for age, weight, neuter status,
and coat color, there was an inverse association
between consumption of vegetables at least 3
times/wk (OR, 0.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15
to 0.62) and risk of developing TCC. For individual vegetable
types, the risk of developing TCC was inversely
associated with consumption of green leafy vegetables
(OR, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.01 to 0.97) and yellow-orange vegetables
(OR, 0.31; 95% CI, 0.14 to 0.70). Consumption
of cruciferous vegetables was not significantly associated
with a similar reduction in risk of developing TCC
(OR, 0.22; CI, 0.04 to 1.11). The power of the study to
detect a 50% reduction in TCC risk associated with daily
vitamin supplementation was considered low (25%).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest
that consumption of certain vegetables may prevent
or slow the development of TCC in Scottish
Terriers. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 2005;227:94–100)
Evaluation of the prevalence of infections in cats after renal transplantation: 169 cases (1987–2003)
Authors: Kadar Elissa , Sykes Jane E. , Kass Philip H. , Bernsteen Lynda , Gregory Clare R. , Kyles Andrew E.
Published: December 2005

Objective—To determine the prevalence of infections developing postoperatively, document the contribution of infection to increased risk of death, and identify risk factors associated with the development of infectious complications in cats after renal transplantation.

Design—Retrospective study.

Animals—169 cats that received renal allograft transplants.

Procedures—Medical records of cats receiving renal transplants at the University of California from January 1987 through December 2003 were reviewed.

Results—47 infections developed in 43 of 169 cats. Bacterial infections were most common (25/47 cats), followed by viral (13/47), fungal (6/47), and protozoal (3/47) infections. The median duration from transplant surgery to development of infection was 2.5 months. Infection was the second most common cause of death after acute rejection of the transplant, accounting for 14% of deaths overall. Cats with concurrent diabetes mellitus had a significantly increased risk of developing an infection after renal transplantation. Sex, increasing age, concurrent neoplasia, and previous treatment for transplant rejection were not associated with development of infection.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Infection was a common complication and an important cause of death or euthanasia in cats after renal transplantation. Development of diabetes mellitus after transplantation significantly increased the risk of infection. (J Am Vet Med Assoc2005;227:948–953)
What Is Pericarditis?
Authors: Voelker Rebecca
Published: February 2025

This JAMA Patient Page describes pericarditis signs and symptoms, complications, diagnosis, and treatment.
Diminishing Objectivity in the Residency Application Process
Authors: Agolia James , Green Allen , Spain David A. , Choi Jeff
Published: February 2025

This Viewpoint discusses the importance of standardized metrics of academic and clinical performance among medical students applying for residency in light of many examinations and classes now being graded pass-fail.
Changes in Young Adult Handgun Carrying in the US
Authors: Halvorson Max A. , Kuklinski Margaret R. , Gause Emma , Schleimer Julia P. , Terral Heather F. , Weybright Elizabeth H. , Oesterle Sabrina , Rowhani-Rahbar Ali
Published: February 2025

This cohort study evaluates changes in characteristics of young aduts who carried handguns from 2019 to 2021.
Sore Throat and Lymphadenopathy in an Older Man
Authors: Ribereau-Gayon Emmanuel , Durupt François , Godinot Matthieu
Published: February 2025

A previously healthy 67-year-old man was referred to the otolaryngology department due to a progressively worsening sore throat associated with unintentional weight loss and night sweats. What is your diagnosis?