bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controle dependente de parâmetros para uma classe de sistemas não-lineares incertos com atuadores saturantes
Authors: Corso Jones , Castelan Eugênio B. , Moreno Ubirajara F. , De Pieri Edson R.
Published: June 2009

Este artigo apresenta alguns resultados sobre estabilização via uma lei de controle dependente de parâmetros de uma classe de sistemas não-lineares em tempo discreto com parâmetros variantes e sob saturação de controle. A lei de controle consiste na realimentação dos estados e da não-linearidade presente na dinâmica da planta, assumindo-se que o vetor de parâmetros é mensurável em tempo real. Para modelar o sistema não-linear sob saturação, utiliza-se uma não-linearidade de tipo zona-morta satisfazendo uma condição de setor modificada. Assim como para sistemas precisamente conhecidos, são propostas condições de estabilização via LMIs que podem ser utilizados em problemas de programação convexa para a síntese da lei de controle. O exemplo numérico apresentado mostra o desempenho da lei de controle dependente de parâmetros e faz uma comparação com uma a parâmetros fixos.
Economia de Minas e economia da mineração em Celso Furtado
Authors: Coutinho Mauricio C.
Published: June 2009

O artigo tem por objetivo contribuir para o entendimento do modelo de abstração da história econômica brasileira de Celso Furtado, por meio da análise do ciclo da mineração. O ciclo da mineração ocorrido em Minas Gerais no século XVIII é posto em contraste com os dois outros ciclos induzidos por demanda externa - o ciclo açucareiro e o do café -, assim como confrontado com o modelo geral de economia mineradora, presente nos estudos sobre a América hispânica. Entendemos que por meio destes contrastes podem-se entender as notórias lacunas a respeito do desenvolvimento do escravismo em Minas Gerais no século XIX, presentes em Formação Econômica do Brasil e, em especial, divisar os principais elementos da teoria econômica subjacente aos modelos de abstração histórica de Furtado.
Saber, agir e educar: o ensino-aprendizagem em serviços de Saúde
Authors: Garcia Maria Alice Amorim
Published: June 2009

Este artigo aborda a questão do processo ensino-aprendizagem em serviços de saúde, em especial os integrados à rede pública. Repensando algumas teorias pedagógicas, discute aspectos do ensino experimentado no trabalho cotidiano. O trabalho realizado nestes serviços possibilita articular a educação a suas dimensões sociais, ideológicas e técnicas e definir não somente pelas necessidades dos profissionais, mas como resposta à realidade e às finalidades que orientam a institucionalização do sistema de saúde brasileiro. A dialética entre a prática educacional e o cuidado em saúde tem gerado correntes de pensamento e de ação inovadoras, podendo-se dizer que a educação em serviços ressalta o potencial pedagógico do trabalho cotidiano, orienta a aprendizagem enquanto um processo contínuo e de natureza participativa e possibilita a articulação entre o fazer, o educar, o saber. Por integrar o individual, o grupal, o institucional e o social, o cognitivo e o afetivo, esse processo pedagógico pode representar um espaço comprometido com a transformação das práticas, necessária à efetivação de uma Reforma Sanitária em defesa da vida.
Achados vestibulares em usuários de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual
Authors: Paulin Fabiane , Zeigelboim Bianca Simone , Klagenberg Karlin Fabianne , Rosa Marine Raquel Diniz da
Published: June 2009

OBJETIVO: verificar os achados vestibulares em pacientes com perda auditiva neurossenssorial usuários de aparelho de amplificação sonora individual. MÉTODOS: vinte pacientes, 11 do sexo feminino e nove do sexo masculino, com idades entre 39 e 85 anos, com perda auditiva neurossenssorial bilateral de grau moderado e severo foram atendidos em uma Instituição de Ensino Superior e submetidos a uma anamnese, inspeção otológica, avaliação audiológica, imitanciometria e ao exame vestibular por meio da vectoeletronistagmografia. RESULTADOS: a) dos 20 pacientes avaliados, 18 (90%) apresentaram queixa de zumbido, 15 (75%) queixa de tontura e oito (40%) queixa de cefaléia; b) houve predomínio de alteração na prova calórica e no sistema vestibular periférico; c) o resultado do exame vestibular esteve alterado em 14 pacientes (70%), sendo, oito casos (40%) de síndrome vestibular periférica irritativa e seis casos (30%) de síndrome vestibular periférica deficitária; d) verificou-se diferença significativa entre o resultado do exame vestibular e o tempo de uso do aparelho de amplificação sonora individual; e) dos cinco pacientes que não referiram nenhum sintoma vestibular, quatro (80%) apresentaram alteração no exame. CONCLUSÃO: ressalta-se a sensibilidade e importância do estudo funcional do sistema do equilíbrio neste tipo de população, uma vez que podem ocorrer alterações na avaliação labiríntica independente da presença de sintomas.
Zinc deficient diet consequences for pregnancy andoffsprings of Wistar rats
Authors: Solé Dirceu , Rieckmann Brigitte , Lippelt Raquel Mattos Costa , Lippelt Ronaldo Tadeu Tucci , Amâncio Olga Maria Silverio , Queiroz Suzana de Souza , Naspitz Charles Kirov
Published: June 2009

Adult female Wistar rats (90 days old; weight 180 to 220 grams) were submitted to different zinc deficient diets (Zn; severe = 2.6 ppm; mild = 9.0 ppm and normal diet = 81.6 ppm), during 6 weeks. After this time they were coupled with normal male Wistar rats. No differences regarding fecundity and sterility were observed between the groups. During pregnancy, part of the animals from severe and mild Zn deficient groups received the same diet and the others received normal diet. The animals from the group receiving normal diet, were divided into other 3: the first received severe, the second mild Zn deficient diet and the third normal diet. During the study we observed that animals submitted to a Zn deficient diet (acute or chronic) had tendency to lower weight gain, lower weight of the offspring, lower serum levels of Zn in maternal and newborn (pool) blood. A significant reduction in the number of alive newborns was observed in the group of animals submitted to severe Zn deficiency. These data reinforces that Zn is a very important trace element overall during pregnancy.
Endometrial biopsy with uretral plastic No. 12 sonde
Authors: Guerreiro Ismael Dale Cotrim , Castanho Paulo Roberto de Oliveira Lima , Baracat Fausto Farah
Published: June 2009

The authors demonstrate technique for obtaining endometrial fragments in 25 patients sent to Gynecological Cancer Preventive Service of the Arnaldo Vieira de Carvalho Cancer Institute, during the period of September 1991 through January 1992, presenting abnormal uterine hemorrhage. Technique consists in vacuum aspiration with the support of a No. 12 uretral sonde , provided with one lateral opening only. Correlation with curettage was positive in 88% of the patients; biopsy with sonde did not result in confirmation in three patients only. No complications at all were observed (infection, hemorrhage or uterus perforation). Authors understand that this method is in conformity with a correct diagnostic performance, being a low cost procedure, almost painless, easy to be done and furnishing sufficient material for the histopathologic diagnosis, in 88% of the cases studied.
Holter monitoring in Chagas' heart disease
Authors: Grupi Cesar José , Moffa Paulo Jorge , Barbosa Sílvio Alves , Sanches Paulo César , Barragan Filho Enivam G. , Bellotti Giovanni M. V. , Pileggi Fúlvio José Carlos
Published: June 2009

Electrocardiographic rythm disturbance evaluation by Holter monitoring is increasingly becoming a useful methodologic tool for risk stratification as well as for therapeutic assessment in patients with Chagas' desease. Furthermore, late potential analyses, now being directly obtained from Holter recording has promising perspectives in enhancing identification of patients with high risk profiles for development of malignant ventricular arrhythmias. In addition, recently incorporated to Holter studies, heart rate variability analysis will certainly contribute to a better understanding of the characteristic autonomic nervous system disarray that commonly affects chagasic patients.
Resultados del examen de ubicación de matemáticas (Exumat 2.0) en la Facultad de Ingeniería Ensenada de la UABC
Authors: Soares-López Jana-Juracy , Inzunza-González Everardo , Rousseau-Figueroa Pablo
Published: June 2009

Se presenta un análisis comparativo entre el número de alumnos reprobados en la materia de Matemáticas I (Cálculo Diferencial) que es el primer curso de matemáticas que los estudiantes llevan en la Facultad de Ingeniería Ensenada de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC), con los resultados del examen de ubicación EXUMAT el cual determina el nivel educativo real con el que un estudiante que ha salido de bachillerato, llega a la Universidad. Los resultados indican que un mayor porcentaje de estudiantes aprueban la materia, en comparación con lo esperado de acuerdo al EXUMAT. En el presente trabajo se discuten las posibilidades de esta discrepancia.
Biofilm/membrane filtration for reclamation and reuse of rural wastewaters
Authors: Hyun Kil-Soo , Lee Seok-Ju
Published: June 2009

To cost-effectively meet water quality and quantity requirements for rural areas, the objective of this research was to evaluate the performances of a three-stage process of anaerobic-oxic-anoxic biofilm filtration (AOBF) and membrane filtration (MF) processes and to assess the potential for reclamation and reuse of blended wastewater contained domestic wastewater, black water, and landfill leachate. The AOBF process at < LV 30 m/day showed good removal results of >90% for conventional pollutants (>75% for COD) and >70% for nutrient. Influent step-feeding with 0.8Q into filter bed 1 and 0.2Q into filter bed 2 achieved denitrification efficiency of 5–10% higher than without step feed. Efficiencies of plate membrane removal were greater than 90% for COD and more than approximate 75% for nutrients and heavy metals, respectively. The AOBF/MF system showed excellent removal results of >90–95% for soluble nutrients as well as nonsoluble fractions such as TSS, particulate COD. The effluent of AOBF/MF system met the reuse standard for industrial and agricultural water, while effluent of AOBF met the standard for the effluent quality of wastewater treatment plants. These results indicate that the AOBF/MF system was suitable for rural integrated wastewater treatment by achieving cost-effectively an effluent quality able to be used for industrial, agricultural and water bodies recharge purposes.
P controller calibration for the real time control of moveable weirs in (proportional) sewer channels
Authors: Campisano A. , Creaco E. , Modica C.
Published: June 2009

In this paper, a detailed study on the local real time control of moveable sharp-crested weirs in sewer channels is presented. Firstly, an experimental analysis aimed at determining the hydraulic behaviour of the regulator under both free flow and submerged flow conditions was carried out. Then, a numerical investigation into the calibration of proportional (P) controllers for the weir control was performed. In particular, suitable values were evaluated for the controller proportional parameter in order to obtain quick regulations and avoid the occurrence of permanent water level oscillations behind the weir. A dimensionless approach was adopted for the generalisation of the results.
Generalizing the Evaluation of Medical Image Processing Tools by Use of Gabor Patterns
Authors: Strasburger H. , Rascher-Friesenhausen R. , Klein J. , Preim B. , Apelt D.
Published: June 2009

Objective: Tools for medical image processing are usually evaluated by observers with radiological experience and with complex tasks. For easing evaluation of filtering and enhancement tools, the observer’s task can be generalized.

Methods: By describing aspects of the MCS method (Mammographic Contrast Sensitivity) we illustrate issues of selecting a metric for assessing visual performance, the observer’s task and the image material to be used, aiming at a generalization of the design of studies for the evaluation of medical image processing tools. Concerning the metric, we distinguish acuity from contrast sensitivity. With respect to the observer’s task, we distinguish tasks of discrimination from those at a higher level of recognition. Finally, we show the advantage of using medical images for evaluating image processing tools by comparing the results for measurements on homogeneous background and mammographic images.

Results: The perceptual level of the observer’s task and the complexity of the used image material influences the outcome of observer studies, particularly also from crowding effects. The design of a study should minimize the impact of the observer’s experience on the outcome. This can be achieved by using non-anatomical, standardized perceptual targets like Gabor patterns, used in the context of medical images.

Conclusions: Understanding the concepts of perception helps designing observer studies that are as complex as required, but at the same time as simple and general as possible. Performing an observer study may be simplified by a study design which does not require radiological experience of the observers, if the study aims at the evaluation of tools that shall support basic perception tasks, such as e.g. contrast enhancement.
High resolution fate map of the zebrafish diencephalon
Authors: Russek‐Blum Niva , Nabel‐Rosen Helit , Levkowitz Gil
Published: June 2009

The diencephalon acts as an interactive site between the sensory, central, and endocrine systems and is one of the most elaborate structures in the vertebrate brain. To better understand the embryonic development and morphogenesis of the diencephalon, we developed an improved photoactivation (uncaging)‐based lineage tracing strategy. To determine the exact position of a given diencephalic progenitor domain, we used a transgenic line driving green fluorescent protein (GFP) in cells expressing the proneural protein, Neurogenin1 (Neurog1), which was used as a visible neural plate landmark. This approach facilitated precise labeling of defined groups of cells in the prospective diencephalon of the zebrafish neural plate. In this manner, we labeled multiple overlapping areas of the diencephalon, thereby ensuring both accuracy and reproducibility of our lineage tracing regardless of the dynamic changes of the developing neural plate. We present a fate map of the zebrafish diencephalon at a higher spatial resolution than previously described. Developmental Dynamics 238:1827–1835, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Resonance Raman Studies of Bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(II) Amino Acid Esters and Diesters
Authors: Heinze Katja , Hempel Klaus , Tschierlei Stefanie , Schmitt Michael , Popp Jürgen , Rau Sven
Published: June 2009

Resonance Raman (rR) spectroscopy in combination with DFT calculations was used to elucidate the nature of the 1metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer states (1MLCT) of ester derivatives of homo‐ and heteroleptic bis(terpyridine)ruthenium(II) complexes [RuII(tpy–COOC2H5)(tpy–R)](PF6)2 with R = NH2 (1a), R = COOC2H5 (1b) and R = NHCOCH3 (1c). The rR spectra provide evidence that the 1MLCT states of 1b and 1c are well described by the expected 1[(“t2g”)5{π*(tpy–COOC2H5)}1] electron configuration, while the 1MLCT state of the donor/acceptor‐substituted complex 1a also involves the amine‐substituted terpyridine ligand. The excited state of 1a can be described by a 1[{dyz/π(tpy–NH2)}1{π*(tpy–COOC2H5)}1] electron configuration with ligand‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer (1LLCT) character. The mixed MLCT/LLCT character of the singlet excited state of 1a is characterized by a low‐energy absorption maximum (λmax = 500 nm). The π‐donor character of the tpy–NH2 ligand is also corroborated by DFT calculations on model compounds (small HOMO/LUMO gap, short C–N bond, longer Ru–N bond). The emitting triplet state features a low‐energy emission maximum (λmax = 744 nm) as well as a longer lifetime of the emitting state (τ = 33.7 ns) at room temperature in acetonitrile as compared to the data of 1b and 1c.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
The spatial and temporal patterns of aggradation in a temperate, upland, gravel‐bed river
Authors: Raven Emma K. , Lane Stuart N. , Ferguson Rob I. , Bracken Louise J.
Published: June 2009

Intensive field monitoring of a reach of upland gravel‐bed river illustrates the temporal and spatial variability of in‐channel sedimentation. Over the six‐year monitoring period, the mean bed level in the channel has risen by 0·17 m with a maximum bed level rise of 0·5 m noted at one location over a five month winter period. These rapid levels of aggradation have a profound impact on the number and duration of overbank flows with flood frequency increasing on average 2·6 times and overbank flow time increasing by 12·8 hours. This work raises the profile of coarse sediment transfer in the design and operation of river management, specifically engineering schemes. It emphasizes the need for the implementation of strategic monitoring programmes before engineering work occurs to identify zones where aggradation is likely to be problematic. Exploration of the sediment supply and transfer system can explain patterns of channel sedimentation. The complex spatial, seasonal and annual variability in sediment supply and transfer raise uncertainties into the system's response to potential changes in climate and land‐use. Thus, there is a demand for schemes that monitor coarse sediment transfer and channel response. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nutrient solution concentration and growing season affect yield and quality of Lactuca sativa L. var. acephala in floating raft culture
Authors: Fallovo Carlo , Rouphael Youssef , Rea Elvira , Battistelli Alberto , Colla Giuseppe
Published: June 2009

BACKGROUND: There is growing interest among consumers in baby leaf vegetables, mostly requested for mixed salads, both as fresh market products and ready‐to‐use vegetables. Fertilisation is one of the most practical and effective ways of controlling and improving the yield and nutritional quality of crops for human consumption. The optimal fertiliser concentration for baby leaf vegetables depends on the environmental conditions. The aim of the present work was to determine the effects of nutrient solution concentration (2, 18, 34, 50 or 66 mequiv L−1) during two consecutive growing seasons (spring and summer) on the yield and leaf quality of Lactuca sativa L. var. acephala grown in a floating system.

RESULTS: Marketable fresh yield, total dry biomass, leaf area index, macroelement (N, P, K and Mg) concentrations and nitrate and total chlorophyll contents increased in response to an increase in nutrient solution concentration, while the opposite trend was observed for root/shoot ratio and glucose, fructose, starch, total carbohydrate and protein contents. Plants grown in the spring season exhibited lower yield and growth (total dry biomass and leaf area index) but higher leaf quality (higher carbohydrate content and lower nitrate content) than those grown in the summer season.

CONCLUSION: The use of nutrient solution concentrations of 37 and 44 mequiv L−1 for the spring and summer seasons respectively could be adopted in the present conditions to improve marketable fresh yield and leaf mineral content, but with a slight reduction in some nutritional parameters. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
NMR metabolomics and drug discovery
Authors: Powers Robert
Published: June 2009

NMR is an integral component of the drug discovery process with applications in lead discovery, validation, and optimization. NMR is routinely used for fragment‐based ligand affinity screens, high‐resolution protein structure determination, and rapid protein‐ligand co‐structure modeling. Because of this inherent versatility, NMR is currently making significant contributions in the burgeoning area of metabolomics, where NMR is successfully being used to identify biomarkers for various diseases, to analyze drug toxicity and to determine a drug's in vivo efficacy and selectivity. This review describes advances in NMR‐based metabolomics and discusses some recent applications. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel approach for the homogenization of cellulose to use micro‐amounts for stable isotope analyses
Authors: Laumer W. , Andreu L. , Helle G. , Schleser G. H. , Wieloch T. , Wissel H.
Published: June 2009

Climate reconstructions using stable isotopes from tree‐rings are steadily increasing. The investigations concentrate mostly on cellulose due to its high stability. In recent years the available amount of cellulose has steadily decreased, mainly because micro‐structures of plant material have had to be analyzed. Today, the amounts of cellulose being studied are frequently in the milligram and often in the microgram range. Consequently, homogeneity problems with regard to the stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen from cellulose have occurred and these have called for new methods in the preparation of cellulose for reliable isotope analyses. Three different methods were tested for preparing isotopically homogenous cellulose, namely mechanical grinding, freezing by liquid nitrogen with subsequent milling and ultrasonic breaking of cellulose fibres. The best precision of isotope data was achieved by freeze‐milling and ultrasonic breaking. However, equipment for freeze‐milling is expensive and the procedure is labour‐intensive. Mechanical grinding resulted in a rather high loss of material and it is also labour‐intensive. The use of ultrasound for breaking cellulose fibres proved to be the best method in terms of rapidity of sample throughput, avoidance of sample loss, precision of isotope results, ease of handling, and cost. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of metabolites of Danggui Buxue Tang in rat urine by liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Chang‐Yin , Qi Lian‐Wen , Li Ping , Wen Xiao‐Dong , Zhu Yan‐Fei , Liu E‐Hu , Gong Zhen , Yang Xiao‐Lin , Ren Mei‐Ting , Li Yan‐Jing , Ge Xiao‐Xiao
Published: June 2009

A method coupling liquid chromatography with electrospray ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC/ESI‐TOF/MS) has been developed for rapid and sensitive analysis of rat urinary metabolite profile of Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT), a well‐known Chinese herbal formula. After oral administration of DBT, urine samples were collected during 0–24 h, and then pretreated by solid‐phase extraction. A total of 68 compounds including 13 parent compounds and 55 metabolites were detected in the drug‐containing urines compared with blank urines. The total analytical time was less than 20 min. Metabolites of DBT were identified using dynamic adjustment of the fragmentor voltage to produce structure‐relevant fragment ions. By using this approach, the mass accuracy of precursor and fragment ions was typically within ±5 ppm of the theoretical values, and enabled the identification of 43 metabolites including 27 isoflavanoid and 16 phthalide metabolites. Our results indicated that glucuronidation and sulfation were the major metabolic pathways of isoflavonoids, while glutathione conjugation, glucuronidation and sulfation were the main metabolic pathways of phthalides. No saponin‐related metabolites were detected. The results of the present study provided important structural information relating to the metabolism of DBT. Furthermore, this work demonstrated the potential of the LC/ESI‐TOF/MS approach for identification of metabolites from Chinese herbal medicines in urine. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal distributed control of the wave equation subject to state constraints
Authors: Gugat M. , Keimer A. , Leugering G.
Published: June 2009

The Lavrentiev regularization method is a tool to improve the regularity of the Lagrange multipliers in pde constrained optimal control problems with state constraints. It has already been used for problems with parabolic and elliptic systems. In this paper we consider Lavrentiev regularization for problems with a hyperbolic system, namely the scalar wave equation. We show that also in this case the regularization yields multipliers in the Hilbert space L2. We present numerical examples, where we compare the Lavrentiev regularization, Lavrentiev Prox regularization, a fixed point iteration to improve feasibility, and a penalty method.
III. Milnerism
Authors: Stokes Eric
Published: June 2009

As a result of recent studies English imperialism has come to acquire a somewhat surprising reputation for sobriety and restraint; that is English imperialism considered as a serious and responsible political movement in contrast to its occasional ally, jingoism, which Stead aptly termed ‘imperialism sodden with gin’. So far from being marked by ‘earth hunger’ and the lust for limitless expansion, the imperialist attitude is now regarded as primarily a defensive one, originating as an impulse of defiant self-assertion to safeguard existing British overseas interests from injury or extinction. The elements of exaggeration in the older picture have been carefully toned down. The swing in British policy is now held to have been more gentle, more limited in extent and duration, more seriously checked by the traditional regulators of Gladstonian finance and the priority of European affairs than was allowed for in the polemics of the older view. Just as the swing in British policy and opinion was less violent, so the distance that divided the Little Englander from the Big Englander is seen to have been much narrower than the party controversies of the nineties would suggest. Dr R. E. Robinson, who has been among the leading exponents of the new view, adopts the terms ‘forward school’ and ‘consolidationists’ rather than ‘imperialists’ and ‘anti-imperialists’. Certainly there were no voices among the prominent Radicals and Little Englanders prepared to advocate the liquidation of the Empire; their concern was rather to prevent its further extension in the form of subject tropical dependencies. Some indeed, like John Bright and Leonard Courtney, were willing to desert Gladstone over Irish Home Rule because they saw it as a measure striking at the integrity of the Empire. Courtney, who came to regret his assent to intervention in Egypt in 1882 and stood out as the most unflinching opponent of the Boer War, was nevertheless no disintegrationist. In 1887 he wrote to his friend, John Scott, in India: voter would think no more of giving up India than of giving up Ireland, not caring to inquire seriously what would be the fate of either when abandoned.
Britain and the ‘Great Betrayal’: Anglo-American Relations and the Struggle for United States Ratification of the Treaty of Versailles, 1919–1920
Authors: Egerton George W.
Published: June 2009

Historians have examined in great detail the dramatic debate in American politics over the ratification of the Treaty of Versailles which culminated in the physical collapse of President Wilson and the defeat of his peace programme. The failure of Wilson to carry his programme through the United States senate represented also a distinct setback for the peacemaking strategies of the British government whose policies at the peace conference had been based in large measure on the hope that an enduring trans-Atlantic partnership could be established. The British government followed closely the American treaty debate, sending Viscount Grey, the former Liberal foreign secretary, as a special ambassador, and played a significant if unsuccessful role in the outcome of the drama. It is the intention of this article to examine the attitudes and role of the Lloyd George government through the latter part of 1919 and into 1920 with regard to the fate of the Treaty of Versailles in America, and in particular to reassess the part played by Viscount Grey. It is hoped to shed some new light on the dilemmas of foreign policy and defence strategy encountered at this time by Britain and the empire, as well as to elucidate certain aspects of the American struggle. Since the Covenant of the League of Nations lay at the heart of the American fight over the treaty, it is hoped also that new insight will be provided on the uncertain inauguration of the League.
Irish Home Rule and the Social Basis of the Great Separation in the Liberal Party in 1886
Authors: Lubenow W. C.
Published: June 2009

Though Mr Gladstone was speaking of the opposition to home rule in the country, rather than in the parliamentary Liberal party alone in the statement quoted above, this has become the rather standard interpretation of the great separation in the Liberal party in 1886. As one modern historian of the Liberal disruption puts it, ‘a striking characteristic of modern British history has been the class alignment of political parties… The Liberal Unionist party (those who seceded on the home rule question) was a half-way house, which entertained for a time much of the wealth and territorial influence which had been Liberal and was to be Conservative.’ One of the most influential historians of late-nineteenth-century Britain puts the issue in broader terms. The origins of Conservative dominance as well as the leakage of the landed and business classes to the Conservative party, Sir Robert Ensor argues, are to be found in the undermining of English and Irish agriculture by the invasion of North American wheat. This produced, in turn, agrarian revolution in Ireland, the rise of violent nationalism in Ireland, the growth of social and political conflict, and, ultimately, the rejection of Irish political demands by the English. Yet another attributes the fall of Gladstone's third ministry to a general revolt against the Liberal party by railway directors and other businessmen who had been alerted to the dangers to property which the government's railway policies implied. This theme has been taken up and many have come to argue that class voting emerged in 1886 when the upper – and middle-class Liberals, taking home rule as an excuse, departed to the Conservatives in a reaction against growing social radicalism.
IV. Bismarck's Imperialism: The Case of Samoa, 1880–1890
Authors: Kennedy P. M.
Published: June 2009

Property and trade must first of all be formed privately, then the flag and protection can come in as well. (Bismarck minute on Krauel to Bismarck, no. 24 of 22/4/1885, in R.Kol.A.2835.)
The Colonial Venture of Sir Thomas Smith in Ulster, 1571–1575
Authors: Morgan Hiram
Published: June 2009

Colonization, as a means of reforming Ireland, had been advocated by certain Anglo-Irish politicians and English administrators since the early sixteenth century. This policy had been activated in 1548. Sir Thomas Smith (1513–77), a leading political and intellectual figure, contributed to the policy's development in the early 1570s with his colonial venture in eastern Ulster. Under Elizabeth, he served as ambassador to France on two occasions and held the principal secretaryship between 1572 and 1576. Smith is regarded as an important English humanist. His main works, A discourse of the commonweal of this realm of England (1549) and De republica Anglorum (1565) analyse respectively the economic problems and the legal and political system of the period.
VII. Arthur Henderson, the Russian Revolution, and the Reconstruction of the Labour Party
Authors: Winter J. M.
Published: June 2009

The dominant role of the secretary of the British Labour party, Arthur Henderson, in the reconstruction of the party in 1917–18 has never been disputed. It is surprising, therefore, that little attention has been paid in recent historical literature to the development of Henderson's political ideas during the First World War and, more particularly, to the impact of the Russian Revolution on his attitude towards the conduct of international affairs and domestic politics. The neglect of this aspect of an important chapter of labour history has obscured the fact that Henderson came to advocate the reconstruction of the Labour party only after and partly as a result of his visit to Russia in mid-1917
The Franco-Russian Alliance and Russian Railways, 1891–1914
Authors: Collins D. N.
Published: June 2009

Though both Russia and France appreciated the value of an alliance between the two countries, their predominant motives for concluding the Alliance were quite dissimilar. France seems to have been motivated mainly by fear of Germany. Her need for a strong military and political counterweight to Germany led her naturally to contemplate allying herself with Russia. Russia was primarily interested in obtaining investment capital to finance industrial development. Owing to a change of German policy in the late 1880s she was obliged to seek financial aid outside Berlin, hitherto her chief source of funds. France was apparently willing to lend Russia money in exchange for military and political support, which the Russians were not averse to providing. Hence the Alliance of 1891 was intended to be of benefit to both parties.
The Antisemitic Riots of 1898 in France
Authors: Wilson Stephen
Published: June 2009

Historians are only just beginning to take the study of what Georges Sorel called ‘la révolution dreyfusienne’ beyond the courtroom and the newspaper, and thus, despite the volume of literature devoted to ‘the Affair’, many of its main features as a socio-historical phenomenon have remained shrouded in the clouds of metaphysical drama. A prime example of diis conspiracy of silence is provided by die antisemitic riots of 1898. The historian Jules Isaac, himself the son of a Jewish army officer like Dreyfus, had reason to remember that year when, he recollected in old age,’ …la France semblait revenue au temps des guerres de religion; la possibilité d'une nouvelle Saint-Barthélémy - contre les Juifs et Protestants, bon gré mal gre associés dans la tourmente - n'était pas exclue’. However, if one turns to general histories of die period and of ‘ die Affair’, one finds litde or no mention of what was the main popular movement of the time in diis direction, indeed die high-point of active popular involvement, in the whole Dreyfus Affair: die riots of January and February 1898. From die administrative and police reports it is possible to redress die balance, and to establish how serious and how widespread diese riots really were, and to place diem in die wider perspective, not only of French antisemitism, but also of popular emeutes in general in nineteendi-century France. First it will be necessary to analyse die riots diemselves in some detail
Semantics and the Modern History of Non-European Societies: Arab ‘Republics’ as a Case Study
Authors: Ayalon Ami
Published: June 2009

In his article ‘Semantics and historiography’, published in 1953, Richard Koebner invites historians to exploit the benefits which a semantic approach to history readily offers them. A ‘semantic approach’ he defines as a systematic ‘study of the career of political and historical expressions and slogans’. Koebner is convincing when he explains why such a study is so important – indeed indispensable – to historians who do not wish to become ‘victims of destructive ambiguities and…liable to mistake the expressions of popular historical consciousness for historical realities’. There is probably no period in history, Koebner argues, which may not be enlightened by a pursuit of these inquiries; ‘the semantic approach to history has something to reveal in all periods’
British Opinion, Ireland, and the War, 1916–1918
Authors: Boyce David G.
Published: June 2009

In the January 1916 issue of theNineteenth Centurythe Reverend Robert H. Murray contributed the first of two articles on Irish insurrectionary movements during the wars with France at the end of the eighteenth century. He prefaced his text with some homilies directed at the British government of his ow n time:

During the early months of the present War the prospects of the invasion of these islands by sea as well as by air were discussed and prepared for by naval and military authorities. As the struggle developed month by month there has been less discussion of such contingencies. The magnificent work of our Fleet has lulled us into a complete sense of security. We do not foresee an attack upon the East Coast of England: we have almost forgotten our fears with regard to the West Coast of Ireland.
The Assassination of François Duc de Guise, February 1563
Authors: Sutherland N. M.
Published: June 2009

François due de Guise, commander of the French catholic forces, was assaulted by Poltrot de Mérey (or Méré) before Orléans on 18 February 1563. He succumbed six days later, on 24 February, to the attentions of his surgeons, whose lethal ministrations are horribly retailed by the Spanish ambassador, Chantonnay. On that fatal day, Guise had gone to inspect his camp in the suburb called Portereau from which his forces were sapping and mining the stronghold of Orléans, occupied for the past year by the protestant confederates of the prince de Condé. The capture of this city, then considered imminent, would have been the fourth military episode of the first French civil war. But, instead of the expected collapse of Orléans and the continuation of war, France was rocked by the unexpected death of Guise which effectively interrupted hostilities.
Slow Process, Due Process, and the High Court of Parliament: A Reinterpretation af the Revival of Judicature in the House of Lords in 1621
Authors: Flemion J. Stoddart
Published: June 2009

For a half-century, historians, accepting an interpretation put forward by Francis Relf in the introduction to the Camden Society's publication of several of the scribbled books of Henry Elsing, clerk of the parliament in the 1620s, have viewed the revival of judicature in parliament in 1621 from the distorted framework of the struggle for supremacy between the two great systems of law in England. An explanation more consistent with all of the evidence surrounding this event - which brought with it the most significant constitutional develop ment in the house of lords since the middle ages - lies in the connection between slow process and due process in English justice. Professor William Jones singled out slow justice in the courts as the central judicial problem of the age and observed that it defeated both the great equity jurist, Lord Chancellor Ellesmere, and his equally famous counterpart, Chief Justice Sir Edward Coke, since ‘neither man could think of a remedy which would restrain litigants and yet leave their legally justified rights untarnished’. The revival of judicature in the house of lords in 1621, most especially in its appellate civil aspects, was part of the most ambitious attempt to solve this dilemma in the early seventeenth century. While it failed in its immediate goal and slow justice remained the nemesis of due process in the English legal system, the experiment begun in 1621 permanently altered the constitutional framework of England by establishing the house of lords once again as the high court of parliament.
The French Colonial Party and French Colonial War Aims, 1914–1918
Authors: Andrew C. M. , Kanya-Forstner A. S.
Published: June 2009

For the first two years of the war the French government drew up no programme of its war aims. When the cabinet began to consider its aims in Europe during the summer of 1916, it still avoided serious discussion of war aims overseas. Faced with the overwhelming preoccupations of the Western Front, the government paid little heed to the future of the Empire. Such war aims as France possessed outside Europe by the time of the armistice were arrived at in two ways: first, byad hocagreenebts with her allies in the Middle East and in West Africa, agreements forced on the government by the course of the war; secondly, by acommission d'étudeestablished in 1918 to prepare for the peace conference, a commission from which ministers were excluded. The colonial war aims that emerged in these two separate ways were the product not of the French cabinet but of theparti colonialand its sympathizers within the foreign and colonial ministries.
The Manuscript Versions of Harrington's Oceana
Authors: Sharp Andrew
Published: June 2009

In 1964, Mr Peter Laslett drew attention to a discovery of some importance to Harrington scholars. Professor Gilbert Gilchrist, according to Laslett's report, had found ‘a manuscript version of an early part of Oceana… which may have been written well before the book appeared in 1656; indeed before the Commonwealth began’. The manuscript lay in the British Museum. Since Gilchrist's original discovery – really rediscovery, for the staff of the museum had indexed the manuscript under ‘Harrington’ – two more manuscript versions of Oceana have been unearthed, one of them in the British Museum, the other in the Bodleian. All three manuscripts are very much the same, and all seem candidates for Laslett's description as manuscript versions of Oceana written well before the publication of Harrington's printed book in 1656. Unfortunately Mr Laslett's understandable optimism is almost certainly misplaced, for the manuscripts seem much more likely to have been subsequent extracts from Oceana, taken probably in the 1690s. So much for our hopes of observing Harrington's mind working at early drafts of Oceana. But something, too, is gained. The striking differences which gave Laslett his grounds for thinking Gilchrist's manuscript to be an early version of Oceana turn out, in fact, to represent a fascinating exercise in late seventeenth-century domestication of Harrington by his interpreters. The manuscripts show how Harrington, a supporter of revolution, was made a conservative.
Problems in Alcoholic Production and Controls in Early Nineteenth Century Ireland
Authors: Shipkey Robert
Published: June 2009

From the time of Henry Grattan's pronouncement of 1791 that ‘the drinking of spirits’ had become ‘a great national evil’ to the conclusion of the Poor Law Report of 1837 that an Irishman could get ‘dead drunk for two pence', the problems of alcoholic production, consumption and controls plagued the Irish Government. In a country whose food supplies were often as precarious as its revenues, the brewing of beer and the distilling of spirits were enterprises as controversial as they were profitable. These industries, newly adapted to the large-scale production of the late eighteenth century, underwent rapid expansion during the first years of the Union despite restrictive taxation, periodic measures of prohibition and the persistent harping of temperance leaders. During this period Ireland became an exporter rather than an importer of alcoholic beverages and witnessed the development of a considerable number of licensed breweries and distilleries throughout the country.
II. Patriarchalism, Politics and Mass Attitudes in Stuart England
Authors: Schochet Gordon J.
Published: June 2009

It is increasingly becoming a commonplace to assert that non-political activities engaged in during childhood play determinative roles in shaping individuals' attitudes toward and perceptions of the political order. A large part of this early ‘political socialization’, as it is now called, takes place within the family, which, in the words of one commentator, ‘incubates the political man’, whether or not there is a conscious attempt to inculcate political beliefs. As T. D. Weldon remarked, ‘Basic political creeds may not be actually imbibed … with mother's milk: but children are none the less indoctrinated in practically every other way.’ This socialization plus later experiences (including reading, conversations, and direct encounters with government) will help to implant notions of political legitimacy; that is, the grounds on which a political authority is held to be entitled to rule. Legitimacy and the consequent public acceptance of government are among the very foundations upon which politics rests. In the words of David Easton,

If a government…is to be capable of performing its tasks, the member of the [particular political] system must be prepared to support the particular norms and structures that organize the way in which all political activities are performed. That is, they must be willing to support the 'constitutional order' or regime. Hence, we are identifying the fundamental rules of the game, as they are often described, regulating participation in political life and the particular way of organizing political power in a given society.
II. Party and the Double Cabinet: Two Facets of Burke'sThoughts
Authors: Brewer John
Published: June 2009

The historical circumstances which surround the publication of Burke's third and to that date most important pamphlet, theThoughts on the Cause of the Present Discontents, are familiar to every historian of George III's reign. The first decade of the young King's reign was marked (or marred) by a progressive growth in political instability. Despite the advantages enjoyed by George at his accession—the military success of his Government, the political unity of the nation, the absence of a Prince of Wales and the insignificance of the Pretender as a source of opposition—the early promise of the reign, so often commented upon by contemporaries, was not fulfilled. By 1770, and for reasons which have been a great occasion of dispute, an apparendy stable political order had collapsed. After the disintegration of the war coalition, the King was unable to form a stable administration from the fragmentary groups that remained: by the end of the decade five new ministries had tottered to a rapid and precipitate downfall. Nor did die situation out-of-doors appear any more healthy than in Parliament. The organs of dissent—pamphlets, newspapers and prints—had grown in number and scurrility to a level not sustained since the opposition to Walpole, while the presence of deeper fissures could be seen in the eighty-four riots that occurred in England and America during the years 1765–70.
IV. The Bourbon Army, 1815–1830
Authors: Holroyd Richard
Published: June 2009

On 23 March 1815 Louis XVIII disbanded die French army. In June Napoleon lost Waterloo and abdicated, and the Bourbons returned to Paris to complete the destruction of the army. It had proved itself loyal only to Napoleon and over half of the 70,000 men of Davout's command preferred desertion to the white cockade. The country at large was hostile and in the royalist south returning officers were arrested and several were killed. In August the King published an ordinance ‘concerning the organization of a new army’. The army was ‘to be formed according to the principles which constitute a truly national army to form a military force in harmony with the liberal nature of our charter… avoiding the separation of die army from the interests of die country‘. It was not an easy task. Financial circumstances placed limitations on size, die Charter forbade conscription, the allies wanted reprisals and die royalists claimed rewards for their loyal service.
The Newspaper Press in the Reign of William III
Authors: Walker R. B.
Published: June 2009

Although it is not free from errors in detail, one of the considerable merits of Macaulay'sHistory of Englandis the attention it gives to the newspaper Press and to the effects of the Licensing Act and of its expiry in 1695. More recently Dr de Beer has provided an admirable but brief account of the period from 1695 to 1702, but these explorations have served to open up rather than to exhaust the subject. In the present article also some interesting and important topics will have to be neglected, such as the advertisements in newspapers, the publication of literary and trade journals, and the politics behind die discontinuance of the Licensing Act in 1695.
The Origins ofEssays and Reviews: An Interpretation of Mark Pattison in the 1850s
Authors: Francis Mark
Published: June 2009

Any account of religious controversy in nineteenth-century Britain must mentionEssaysandReviews, the collection of essays published in i860 by a group of distinguished and liberal Anglicans.1 The volume was a deliberate challenge to the great body of Anglican opinion in the name of reason, science, and Biblical Criticism. The challenge was taken up eagerly, and the essayists suffered a mild persecution. Frederick Temple's position as Headmaster at Rugby was threatened, Benjamin Jowett, Professor of Greek at Oxford, had the increase in his professorial stipend withheld. Rowland Williams and H. B. Wilson were tried for heresy.