bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Euro-Moat
Authors: FitzGerald David Scott
Published: March 2019

European governments acting alone and collectively through Frontex and NATO are intercepting asylum seekers and other migrants far from their shores. Patrolling the moat is tightly linked to buffering. In lieu of offshore processing, European governments collaborate with coastal states in North Africa, Albania, and Turkey to prevent departures and accept readmission of people intercepted at sea. The weakness of coastal states’ control capacity has then led European governments to drive further inland and build expanding rings of land buffers around the moat. The modest constraints on Europe’s moat strategy are the supranational judiciary and monitoring of conditions at sea and in coastal buffer states by NGOs, investigative journalists, and the UNHCR.
Talking Like Children
Authors: Berman Elise
Published: March 2019

Presented as a series of captivating stories from a village in Oceania, Talking Like Children is an intimate analysis of interaction that shows how age comes to be. Children in the Marshall Islands do many things that adults do not: they walk around half naked, display food in public, and explicitly refuse to give. Although many see these behaviors as natural results of children’s immaturity, the author shows that children are socialized to be different from adults—to be rude and immature. She analyzes a variety of interactions all broadly based around exchange: adoption negotiations, efforts to ask for or avoid giving food, debates about supposed child abuse. In these dramas both large and small, age differences emerge through the decisions people make, the emotions they feel, and the asymmetries they produce. Age and the life course often appear less interesting, less important, or more biologically determined than gender, race, or class. But Berman shows that, like gender and race, age differences are culturally produced and socially influential. Age differences give Marshallese children and adults “aged agency,” or the ability to manipulate social life in distinct but complementary ways. These differences are also a central mechanism of language socialization. Talking Like Children reestablishes age as a foundational concern of anthropological and linguistic research and as a variable that transforms our views of socialization, cultural reproduction, agency, giving, and culture.
What Is Age and Where Does It Come From?
Authors: Berman Elise
Published: March 2019

This chapter reviews the research on age and the life course. It argues that age differences are cultural and produced through interaction. The chapter defines “age” and “immaturity” and then discusses how ideologies of age and experiences of the life course differ across cultures and contexts. It compares three different types of life course variation: cohort differences, differences between children in different contexts (including gender differences), and age differences. Investigating age differences requires building upon theoretical developments in the study of gender and race to explicitly focus on how age itself is socialized. The chapter argues for a new view of language socialization not as an interaction between novices and experts but as the constant and continuous production of differences, often age differences. This new model provides insight not only into socialization but also into cultural and linguistic practices more broadly.
Socializing Age Differences
Authors: Berman Elise
Published: March 2019

This chapter analyzes how interactions socialize people into age-specific linguistic practices, social behaviors, and subjective reactions. The chapter follows the story of Jackie. Too ashamed to run an errand, she tries to pass the errand off to her younger kin, Sisina. The chapter compares Jackie with Sisina, focusing specifically on their speech, emotions, and actions. It then analyzes the linguistic and social pressures that led Jackie and Sisina to feel, speak, and act differently, examining first the influences that produced Jackie as mature and ashamed and then the influences that produced Sisina as immature and lacking shame. The chapter expands on the idea of dual indexicality to argue for a view of language socialization as the continuous production of differences and a view of immaturity as a social production.
Contemporary Practices in Deaf Education in Nigeria
Authors: Ademokoya Julius Abiola
Published: March 2019

This chapter chronicles the history of deaf education in Nigeria from its 1950s, its challenges over the years, and its current practices, and offers some recipes for improvement. Deaf education was pioneered by missionaries and philanthropists who opened deaf schools in specific locations of the country, from which deaf education spread to the rest of the country. When states and federal governments eventually became involved, their major concern was taking over most of the schools (although they also established some new ones) and providing policy, administrative, and funding assistance. Deaf education in Nigeria has encountered a number of challenges, such as hostile cultural beliefs and practices about deafness and deaf persons, ignorance of the benefits deaf persons can derive from schooling, a dearth of high-quality and committed teachers, and poor funding. Despite these challenges, deaf education seems to be making moderate progress in the country, as illustrated by the increasing number of schools, teachers, sign language interpreters, and other support services providers. There remains much more to be done to standardize deaf education practices in the country, and the author offers some recommendations that would reposition deaf education to achieve for more meaningful objectives and results.
“Free But Not Fair”: A Critical Review of Access to Equal Education for Deaf Children in Sri Lanka
Authors: Hettiarachchi Shyamani , de Silva M. Dumini K. , Wijesinghe Thilanka , Susantha Brayan , Amila Geshani , Sarani Pubhodha , Rasak Mohamed
Published: March 2019

The first special school for children with disabilities in Sri Lanka opened over 100 years ago, in 1912. Over the years, a number of students with disabilities have gone on to tertiary education. However, deaf sign language users appear to have been left behind: To date, no deaf learner accessing education exclusively through Sri Lankan Sign Language has entered a local university. This chapter begins with a critical review of the trajectory of educational provision for deaf children followed by an appraisal of the contributions made by the Sri Lankan deaf associations toward increasing education access for deaf children. This leads to an analysis of the audiological and speech-language therapy services available within the school context and an evaluation of the limited but growing local “insider” research on deaf education. The chapter ends with reflections and recommendations for ensuring full and equal access to education for deaf children by 2030.
Deaf Education in India
Authors: Mandke Kalyani , Chandekar Prerna
Published: March 2019

Given that India is a multicultural and multilingual country, there have always been challenges in educating the deaf. After independence, many legislative policies were put forth for the rights of the disabled, but the country’s fast-growing population made it difficult to cope with the demand. In the current scenario, the government of India and many nongovernmental organizations have partnered to overcome this challenge. There is more research being done in the field, and many methods of communication and educational approaches that were previously suppressed, like sign language and bilingualism, have been brought forth. Further developments in this arena are being made. This chapter throws light on the past, present, and future of education of the deaf and hard of hearing in India, the challenges that remain, and the prospects that we envisage.
Best Practices and Challenges of Deaf Education in Mexico
Authors: Rodríguez Mercedes Obregón , Weeke Maribel Valero
Published: March 2019

Education for the deaf in Mexico has gone through many stages. It started out with a school for the deaf where Mexican Sign Language flourished, then moved across the spectrum to a medical-rehabilitation paradigm in which sign language was seen as a threat to the development and use of spoken language, and then focused on the integration of deaf students with children with other disabilities. Today the public school system promotes inclusion for deaf students in regular classrooms with very poor or no specialized support. Although the normative and legal framework in Mexico supports the use of sign language and bilingual education, the situation on the ground is less than optimal. This chapter discusses the achievements and the challenges we face in providing quality education that establishes a firm basis for the total inclusion of the deaf in Mexico. The experience of the Instituto Pedagógico para Problemas del Lenguaje (IPPLIAP) with a bilingual educational model is covered. Results of a survey of teachers who work with deaf learners throughout the country are reviewed.
When “Inclusion” Jeopardizes the Learning Opportunities of Deaf Students: The Case of Chile
Authors: Lissi María Rosa , Sebastián Christian , Vergara Martín , Iturriaga Cristián
Published: March 2019

Deaf education in Chile has made important progress during the past 30 years, particularly during the past decade. However, many of these achievements have brought new problems and challenges. This chapter gives an overview of the paths followed by educational policy, school practices, and research in deaf education. The authors’ review of official documents and published research was enriched by the voices of eight key informants connected to deaf education. From the analysis of all the material gathered, they identified several important issues, such as the tension between policies that promote the education of deaf students in regular schools and those that acknowledge the importance of sign language in deaf education. They also included some proposals for further research and for moving forward in educational policy and practices, with a focus on the important role deaf adults can play in these processes.
More Alike than Different: Educational and Social Aspirations and Paths to Successful Adulthood of Polish Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing Adolescents
Authors: Domagala-Zysk Ewa
Published: March 2019

This chapter outlines the history and current status of education for deaf and hard-of-hearing (DHH) learners in Poland. In the past 30 years, Poland has undergone significant social and educational changes that have influenced the education of all students, including those with special needs, as well as ideas about their position in society. These changes have empowered many young people (including DHH students) to pursue university education, to work abroad in richer Western countries, and to generally lead lives that are more independent and self-directed than those of their parents. The authors also discuss the important influences that the country’s universal neonatal hearing screening program and today’s technology play in improving the lives of Polish DHH young people.
Conversion and the Rehabilitation of the Penal System
Authors: Skotnicki Andrew
Published: March 2019

The contemporary practice of criminal detention is a protracted exercise in needless violence predicated upon two foundational errors. The first is the inability to view those enmeshed in its rubrics and institutions as human beings fully capable of responding to an affirmative accompaniment rather than maltreatment and invasive forms of therapy. The second is a pervasive dualism that erects an illusory barrier between criminal detainees and those empowered to supervise, punish, and/or rehabilitate them. This book maintains that the criminal justice system can only be “rehabilitated” by eliminating punishment and policies based upon deterrence, rehabilitation, and the hyper-incapacitation of the urban poor in favor of the original justification for the practice of confinement: conversion. The latter will be presented as a progressive expansion of one’s intellectual, moral, and spiritual horizons that is self-generated and leads to the goal of including everyone and everything in a careful embrace.
Cyber Harassment and Free Speech
Authors: Weinstein James
Published: March 2019

For most people the internet has been a dream come true, allowing instantaneous access to a vast array of information, opinion, and entertainment and facilitating communication with friends and family throughout the world. For others, however, the internet has wrought a nightmare, allowing often anonymous enemies a platform for vicious attacks on the character of their victims and a means for revealing to the world embarrassing private information about them. To combat these attacks, victims and law enforcement officials in the United States have employed both analogue remedies such as harassment and stalking laws as well as cyber-specific provisions. Since the attacks involve speech, however, all these remedies must comport with the First Amendment. The typical response of courts and commentators to the First Amendment issues raised in these cases is to ask whether the perpetrator’s speech falls within one of the limited and narrow traditional exceptions to First Amendment coverage, such as true threats, defamation, obscenity, or fighting words. This approach is understandable in light of unfortunate dicta in several United States Supreme Court decisions—that all content-based restrictions of speech other than speech falling within one of these exceptions are subject to “strict scrutiny,” a rigorous test that few speech restrictions can pass. This chapter argues that this approach to dealing with cyber harassment is misguided. This methodology often results in shoehorning the speech at issue into exceptions into which the speech does not fit, or worse yet, in a finding that the speech is protected by the First Amendment simply because it does not fall within a recognized exception.
“Not Where Bodies Live”
Authors: Anne Franks Mary
Published: March 2019

John Perry Barlow, one of the founders of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF), famously claimed in 1996 that the internet “is a world that is both everywhere and nowhere, but it is not where bodies live.” The conception of cyberspace as a realm of pure expression has encouraged an aggressively anti-regulatory approach to the internet. This approach was essentially codified in U.S. federal law in Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act, which invokes free speech principles to provide broad immunity for online intermediaries against liability for the actions of those who use their services. The free speech frame has encouraged an abstract approach to online conduct that downplays its material conditions and impact. Online intermediaries use Section 230 as both a shield and a sword—simultaneously avoiding liability for the speech of others while benefiting from that speech. In the name of free expression, Section 230 allows powerful internet corporations to profit from harmful online conduct while absorbing none of its costs.
A Monastery in Revolt
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B.
Published: March 2019

King Henri III brought the reformed Cistercian congregation of Feuillants to Paris in 1587 out of admiration for the penitential piety of the congregation’s founder and abbot, Jean de La Barrière. Yet within two years, the Paris monks had rebelled against both their abbot’s royalist politics and the strict asceticism of his reform. Left in charge of the Paris house when La Barrière returned to Feuillants, Bernard de Montgaillard led the Paris monks to join the rebellion against Henri III, known as the Holy League, at the same time that they fought to free themselves from their abbot’s control. The chapter traces the parallels between the monks’ revolt against monastic absolutism and the city’s revolt against its monarch. Analyzing their claims to be perfecting—and not rejecting—the Feuillant reform by returning to their order’s original purity, it illuminates ongoing debates about the nature and ends of monastic reform.
Catholic Militants in France’s Protestant Heartland
Authors: Diefendorf Barbara B.
Published: March 2019

In 1582, eighteen Capuchin friars arrived in Toulouse from Rome to establish houses from which to fight the Protestant heresy then spreading in Languedoc. Members of a strictly reformed congregation of Franciscans, Capuchins were famed for ardent preaching and ascetic lives. The chapter examines the strategies used to spread their message and shows how they claimed a prominent place in the urban fabric by adapting ritual practices and public service during plague to battle heresy in the streets, as well as from the pulpit. Refused admission to Protestant-dominated towns, they were forced by the continuing conflicts to focus instead on stimulating a renewal of Catholic piety in the towns where they settled. Joining an internalized spirituality with exuberant exterior displays of faith, they helped spread a still-nascent Catholic Reformation in the South. Their militancy nevertheless alienated Protestant onlookers rather than inspiring conversion and hardened confessional boundaries instead of erasing them.
Who is to Judge?
Authors: Geyh Charles Gardner
Published: March 2019

An elected judiciary is virtually unique to the American experience, and creates a paradox in a representative democracy. Elected judges take an oath to uphold the law impartially, which calls upon them to swear off the influence of the very constituencies they must cultivate in order to attain and retain judicial office. This paradox has given rise to perennially shrill and unproductive binary arguments over the merits and demerits of elected and appointed judiciaries, which this project seeks to transcend and reconceptualize with a search for middle ground. When the exaggerated arguments of disputants on both sides of the debate are identified and discounted, it becomes possible to approach consensus. By better informing the judicial selection debate with the lessons of law, politics, psychology, history, and anthropology, participants are better able to sort wheat from chaff and limit the scope of their disagreements. While consensus can thus be approached, it is unlikely to be achieved, because disuniformity is both inevitable and desirable. It is inevitable as long as state and regional histories, political cultures, and current events differ significantly enough to cultivate competing views as to whether judges can be better trusted to uphold the law with or without voter supervision. It is desirable, because a menu of viable, alternative selection systems enables states to address the legitimacy problems that their courts encounter over time, without devolving into constitutional crisis.
Why Everyone Is Wrong
Authors: Geyh Charles Gardner
Published: March 2019

Chapter 5 revisits the arguments summarized in chapter 4, to the end of showing how and why arguments for and against each system are exaggerated, misleading, and wrong. The focus is on work that seeks to support or refute claims contributing to the binary arguments that dominate the public discussion of judicial selection—work that is most vulnerable to being overstated in the service of winning debates. The discussion begins by deconstructing the arguments, describing the foundational dispute over judges and their roles; the specific arguments for and against elective systems, and for and against appointive systems; and the arguments over incremental reform. The chapter concludes by discussing the topics of why disputants overstate their claims, path dependence and competing narratives, coping with cognitive dissonance, and dueling publics.
Toward a Critical Understanding of News Media, Public Opinion, and the Politics of Economic Inequality
Authors: Guardino Matt
Published: March 2019

This chapter sets the conceptual and historical context of the argument and describes patterns of U.S. public opinion that the book seeks to explain. It situates the book’s argument within scholarship on the politics of economic inequality, public opinion, news framing of policy debates, and the political economy of the media. The chapter also develops a new theory of media dynamics. This theory explains how corporate and governmental influences shaped by media policies filter news coverage of economic and social welfare policy issues. The chapter also summarizes the book’s contribution to empirical research on material power in American politics and to scholarship about the tensions between neoliberalism and democracy.
“Gipper Sweeps Congress”
Authors: Guardino Matt
Published: March 2019

This chapter analyzes media content, elite discourse, and public opinion surrounding Ronald Reagan’s 1981 economic plan. It demonstrates that major television and newspaper coverage of this early neoliberal policy significantly favored free-market perspectives that justified economic inequality. It also shows that media outlets marginalized elite and nongovernmental criticism of the Reagan plan. Commercial tendencies of the media system in that historical context are connected to these patterns in the news. Survey data suggest that such media coverage shaped public opinion to support this influential model of regressive tax policy.
Looking Backward, Looking Forward
Authors: Guardino Matt
Published: March 2019

This chapter summarizes the book’s conclusions and suggests directions for future research. It also explores the book’s broader implications for democracy and the dynamics of political-economic power. The chapter stresses the need for interdisciplinary analyses that employ multiple methods and sources of evidence to better understand the role of media and public opinion in American political development. It also discusses how news coverage may contribute to the durability of key aspects of the broader neoliberal policy regime. It ends by situating the book’s analyses within scholarship on inequalities in political and economic power, arguing that political scientists should recognize the news media’s central institutional role at the intersection of American politics and American capitalism.
Death and Retribution
Authors: Yost Benjamin S.
Published: March 2019

Any retributivist defense of capital punishment must establish that execution is a morally permissible punishment for at least some first-degree murderers. This chapter makes a case for the permissibility of execution, suggesting that it is sometimes a proportionate punishment. The existence of reasons to execute is thus made plausible. After outlining objections to competing deterrence theories of sentencing, the chapter returns to retributivist considerations, illuminating the affinities of cardinal proportionality and the lex talionis, which states that offenders deserve whatever harm they impose on their victims. Although the talion has a suspect reputation, it can be understood as standing for the unobjectionable principle that punishments must reproduce the relevant wrong-making features of the offense. Accordingly, it can be used to establish the cardinal proportionality of murder and execution. Chapter 1 concludes by showing how the retentionist can repel abolitionist attacks based on the right to life and human dignity.
The Irrevocability of Execution
Authors: Yost Benjamin S.
Published: March 2019

Chapter 3 furnishes the first step of the book’s main argument by defending the irrevocability of execution. The irrevocability of the death penalty might seem self-evident, but Michael Davis argues that the death penalty is not irrevocable; the state, he says, can compensate the wrongly executed by posthumously advancing their personal interests. Davis’s efforts are strengthened by considerations adopted from the literature on the metaphysics of death and posthumous harm, especially the Pitcher–Feinberg theory of posthumous harm. This chapter vindicates irrevocability by showing that the revocability rejoinder overlooks the full set of practical requirements incumbent on legal institutions in the wake of wrongful punishment. Legal institutions must compensate the wrongfully sanctioned and return to them control over their lives. Because control cannot be returned to the wrongly executed, execution is irrevocable. Chapter 3’s second aim is to defuse the problem of controversial consequences by demonstrating the revocability of incarceration.
Divine Unity and the “Ladder of Our Nature”
Authors: Mercer Jarred A.
Published: March 2019

This chapter places Hilary of Poitiers’s polemical opponents into sharper focus and shows how Hilary brings his epistemological and anthropological insights, described in the previous two chapters, to bear on them. Hilary develops his understanding of divine unity through an intertextual reading of John 10:30 and 14:9 in polemical engagement with Homoian and “Sabellian” theologies and by expanding upon this intertextual reading in previous Latin tradition, and this understanding both depends and elaborates upon his epistemological foundation of divine infinity. Hilary’s arguments for divine unity are based on the condescension of God in the humanity of Christ. For Hilary, humanity’s finite epistemological restrictions require this sort of material, bodily revelation, and by it, humanity is nourished and educated to move beyond its limitations to the vision of the triune God, and led to its fullness in divine perfection. This chapter also discusses divine unity in third- and fourth-century polemical contexts.
The Divine Image and Human Destiny
Authors: Mercer Jarred A.
Published: March 2019

This chapter explores Hilary of Poitiers’s use of “divine image” language. Through this investigation, this chapter demonstrates how Hilary’s trinitarian anthropology takes on a particular Christological form. For Hilary, Christ is the locative expression of normative divine-human relations, and this is uniquely articulated by Hilary within the context of Christ’s suffering and human experience, the most controversial aspect of his thought. This chapter also discusses Hilary’s view of the relationship of the body and soul. In these interrelated concepts of the divine-human image, the body and soul, and Christ’s suffering, Hilary’s trinitarian anthropology carries its prime polemical weight and yields perhaps its most creative theological constructs. Here Hilary’s trinitarian anthropology is both expressed and lived out in the human condition, so that the “image of the invisible God” not only reveals divinity to humanity, but humanity to itself. This chapter also provides an extensive discussion of Hilary’s appropriation of Stoic philosophy.
Introduction
Authors: Marks Jonathan H.
Published: March 2019

Public-private partnerships (PPPs), multistakeholder initiatives (MSIs), and other close relationships with industry actors have become the paradigm in public health. Nowhere is this more evident than in the food and beverage sector. Public officials tend to downplay the ethical perils of these arrangements, and sometimes they fail to recognize them at all. The chapter explores the terminology and taxonomies of public-private partnerships and the justifications offered for these kinds of interactions. It outlines the main concerns and theoretical contributions of the book and provides a summary of the chapters to assist policymakers and other readers who wish to be more selective in their reading of the text. This book is intended to help public health officials (among others) develop comprehensive strategies to counter industry influence and pilot alternatives to PPPs.
The Common Good and Common Ground
Authors: Marks Jonathan H.
Published: March 2019

This chapter reviews the related notions of the common good, the public good, and the public interest. Although corporations can contribute to the common good, they are not guardians of the common good. That is the responsibility of government bodies and public officials. There may be reasonable disagreements about how to define and promote the common good. But policymakers should not conflate the commercial interests of powerful industry actors with the common good. Nor should public officials confound the common good and common ground. Finding common ground with industry ordinarily requires public officials to take off the table interventions that might promote the common good. Public health officials should expressly consider ways to promote the public health that may not create benefits for the private sector, and may even be inimical to the interests of industry.
The Perils of Reciprocity
Authors: Marks Jonathan H.
Published: March 2019

Social scientists describe reciprocity as prosocial behavior. Some philosophers argue it is a fundamental virtue. Subtle and fluent reciprocity between life partners may well be commendable. But reciprocity between institutions with divergent missions, purposes, or interests raises serious ethical concerns. In such cases, reciprocity may create subtle forms of influence that imperil institutional integrity. Ethical concerns are most acute when one institution has an obligation to protect the interests of third parties (especially vulnerable populations), and its reciprocal behavior adversely affects those third parties. When a public health agency partners with a corporation whose products or practices have adverse effects on health, asymmetric reciprocity may seriously undermine public health. The concept of stewardship can help public officials identify and address ethically problematic reciprocity.
Introduction
Authors: Philpott Daniel
Published: March 2019

This chapter details the rationale behind the book’s central question: Is Islam hospitable to religious freedom? It offers three reasons why religious freedom is marshalled to assess Islam. First, religious freedom serves as a good criterion for adjudicating an intense public debate over the character of Islam that has been raging in the West at least as far back as the attacks of September 11, 2001. The chapter details the positions of “Islamoskeptics” and “Islamopluralists,” the two major positions in this debate, and explains why religious freedom captures what is at stake. Second, religious freedom is associated positively with social goods like democracy and peace and negatively with social ills like terrorism and civil war—goods that are disproportionately lacking and ills that are disproportionately present in the Muslim world. Finally, religious freedom is a matter of justice. It is a universal human right, not a parochial Western value.
Seven Seeds of Freedom
Authors: Philpott Daniel
Published: March 2019

This chapter looks at potentialities for freedom in the Islamic tradition, identifying these potentialities as “seeds of freedom,” which are concepts or practices that express religious freedom in a significant way but that fall short of a full human right of religious freedom that is articulated in its many dimensions, enshrined in law, protected in contemporary political orders, and broadly accepted by Muslims. Nurtured, these seeds might grow into religious freedom in full bloom. These include verses in the Qur’an and their interpretation; the life of the Prophet Muhammad; the history of Muslim toleration of non-Muslims; liberal Islam; contemporary Muslim advocates of religious freedom; freedom in law and institutions in Muslim-majority states; and the history of the separation of religion and state.
Multiculturalism Versus Polycentric Pluralism
Authors: Eisenstadt Todd A. , West Karleen Jones
Published: March 2019

In this chapter we analyze data from our original nationwide survey in Ecuador and find that respondents do not express concern for the environment in accordance with predictions of post-materialist norms. In fact, our evidence indicates that the poor who live off the land—those on the front lines of experiencing environmental degradation as a result of oil and mineral extraction—have even stronger perceptions of the importance of environmental problems. This chapter offers the core argument from which succeeding chapters part. After operationalizing our hypotheses and discussing our statistical findings, we utilize extensive interviews with leaders to further illustrate how vulnerability and extraction affect environmental attitudes.
Does Prior Consultation Diminish Extractive Conflict or Channel It to New Venues?
Authors: Eisenstadt Todd A. , West Karleen Jones
Published: March 2019

Extending the argument that individual political interests overrule structural identities based on ethnicities or social values, we argue in chapter 3 that mobilization against extraction has emerged because Ecuador’s government exploits institutional mechanisms meant to protect the environment to pursue extractive populism and maintain power. We define populism as putting short-term interests such as re-election and the provision of patronage and other goods ahead of long-term interests like balancing budgets and cleaning the environment after extractive projects generate revenue. Populist leaders like Ecuador’s Rafael Correa sought both to “speak for nature” as a leftist and pro-indigenous leader, while also needing to finance social programs through extractive royalties. Specifically, we show that the mechanism of free, prior, and informed consent (FPIC, also referred to as consulta previa, prior consultation, or CP), which was designed to protect indigenous communities from unwanted extraction by requiring their explicit permission for extractive activities, has become a political tool of the Ecuadorian government. As such, the factors that influence public support for prior consultation are largely political, and individuals who hope to protect the environment are less supportive of the process. Prior consultation is neither explicitly individual nor explicitly collective, and thus we consider it as an individual practice and analyze survey findings, and as an interest group process, for which we evaluate group decisions relating to prior consultation.
How to Effectively Speak for Nature?
Authors: Eisenstadt Todd A. , West Karleen Jones
Published: March 2019

Our conclusion strives to reconcile environmentalism as studied via survey responses with environmentalism as studied via social movements. We conclude that these two approaches may seem to yield different results to the question of Who Speaks for Nature? However, we argue, subject to further research, that movement leaders’ abstract and symbolic appeals may help improve bargaining positions to attain the concrete objectives individuals actually care about most. More broadly, we conclude with a summation of extensive evidence presented, that indigenous communities and other victims of some of extractivism’s excesses are best served by polycentric pluralist interest articulation, where individual interests can aggregate into a range of organizations and networks, rather than multiculturalism, where the interests represented are primordial, predictable, and static.
Indigenous Gender Justice as Restructuring Relations
Authors: Kuokkanen Rauna
Published: March 2019

The concluding chapter argues that there is no Indigenous self-determination without Indigenous gender justice. Whatever is put in place in the name of Indigenous self-determination (or sovereignty) without interrogating gender and gender regimes of existing political organizations will be a smokescreen for upholding the status quo, and the subordination of groups and individuals whose interests and concerns do not correspond with the established agendas. The author proposes an approach of Indigenous gender justice based on key issues and concerns raised and discussed by the research participants in the three regions. To some extent, there is an overlap of concerns and priorities with non-Indigenous feminist considerations of gender justice, but there are also a host of issues that standard gender justice theories do not consider. The theoretical starting point is Nancy Fraser’s three-dimensional theory of gender justice based on distribution, recognition, and representation, which is built upon drawing from the interview data. This concluding chapter returns to the idea of self-determination as a foundational value and explores it in relation to Indigenous gender justice. The author focuses on three issues that Indigenous women considered most pressing with regard to the quest for self-determination: the welfare of children, violence against women, and the legitimacy of Indigenous political systems vis-à-vis existing self-government institutions.
The Purpose of Business
Authors: Otteson James R.
Published: March 2019

Chapter 1 addresses the central importance of asking the why of everything we propose to do, not only the how. This is as important in business as in any other walk of life. This issues from the fact that human beings are essentially purposive creatures, that is, creatures who create and pursue ends, goals, and purposes. The final or ultimate goal of human life is, as Aristotle argued, eudaimonia—“happiness,” “well-being,” or “flourishing.” If that is our ultimate end, then all our activities should be deliberately ordered to help us achieve it. That includes business, and the political and economic institutions in which business operates. This chapter argues that business should contribute to and reflect our pursuit of eudaimonia. It closes with questions that this conception of human purposiveness suggests should be investigated, pointing the path forward for the rest of the book.
The Proper Context of Business
Authors: Otteson James R.
Published: March 2019

Chapter 2 investigates the explanation Adam Smith gave in his famous Wealth of Nations (1776) for why some places are wealthier than others, and what political, economic, and other social institutions are required for increasing prosperity. The chapter discusses the conception of “justice,” as opposed to “beneficence,” that Smith offered The Theory of Moral Sentiments (1759), as well as Smith’s economizer, local knowledge, and invisible hand arguments from his Wealth of Nations that form the basis of his political economy. We look at the duties of government implied by Smithian political economy, including both what he argues government should do and what it should not do. We also look at empirical evidence to answer the question of whether Smith’s predictions on behalf of his recommendations have come true in the intervening centuries.
Markets and Morality
Authors: Otteson James R.
Published: March 2019

Chapter 4 raises the question of how markets and morality go together, and how our conception of honorable business might deal with some of the leading objections critics have raised to markets and business. It looks at and offers initial responses to a several worries, including inequality, unfairness and luck, externalities, low worker pay, price gouging, manipulation of consumer desires and choices, and profit-seeking. It also explores the notion of corporate social responsibility (CSR), and the extent to which there can be such a thing as “honorable profit.” Finally, the chapter suggests that the field of political economy, which informs the argument of this chapter and the book, is an exercise not in ideal theory but rather in practical, second-bests—and, as such, should aim at steady and widespread improvement if not perfection.
Honorable Business and Treating People the Right Way
Authors: Otteson James R.
Published: March 2019

Chapters 7 and 8 look more carefully at a series of worries about, and objections raised to, business, markets, and commercial society generally. Chapter 7 looks specifically at concerns about how we should treat people and whether markets and business are, or can be, consistent with proper relations among people. It examines the inequality to which markets can lead, considering in this connection G. A. Cohen’s famous “camping trip” scenario and his argument for “socialist equality of opportunity.” In contrast to Cohen’s “camping trip,” this chapter offers a “shipwrecked on an island” scenario, from which conclusions different from Cohen’s may be drawn. The chapter also examines the seeming unfairness of some of the outcomes of business activity, including in particular the undeserved luck involved. Finally, it explores the instability and displacement inherent in the “creative destruction” (in Schumpeter’s famous phrase) of markets, including its effects on human community.
Introduction
Authors: Phillips James
Published: March 2019

Sternberg’s films are famous for their close-ups of the female face. This Introduction discusses the way in which Dietrich’s face functions in his early sound films. Whereas silent cinema charged the human face with carrying the plot or at least with taking up the narrative slack between intertitles, sound film with its additional resources for expounding the narrative opens a space for a face that is inscrutable. Sternberg’s films release the face for spectacle without thereby surrendering it to the gaze of the moviegoer: in its independence of the enclosed world of a narrative, Dietrich’s face is in a position to look out and back at the spectator. Contrasting Morocco with An American Tragedy (in which Dietrich does not appear), the Introduction argues that there is thus an image of autonomy that Sternberg and Dietrich construct and that contributes an (often overlooked) ethical dimension to their cinema of spectacle.
Conclusion
Authors: Phillips James
Published: March 2019

The conclusion examines Sternberg’s films without Dietrich and gives a clearer idea of both what he brought to their collaboration and what Dietrich alone helped him realize. An ethics of the moving image is expounded in relation to fictional characters, direct audience address (in The Shanghai Gesture), and the contribution of the profilmic to cinematic fictions. Levinas’s iconoclasm is argued not to take into account the specificity of the human image in fictional cinema, as these images are the sum of the person they depict and hence do not exhibit the reductiveness for which Levinas censures images. Cinematic images of fictional characters, because they involve the profilmic in the actors’ physical distance and independence from the camera, are special cases of looking, different from both the look of the painter whose raw materials are not themselves figurative and the documentary filmmaker. Dietrich’s autonomy is in the image rather than from it.
Buddhists, Shamans, and Soviets
Authors: Quijada Justine Buck
Published: March 2019

History in the Soviet Union was a political project. From the Soviet perspective, Buryats, an indigenous Siberian ethnic group, were a “backward” nationality that was carried along on the inexorable march toward the Communist utopian future. When the Soviet Union ended, the Soviet version of history lost its power and Buryats, like other Siberian indigenous peoples, were able to revive religious and cultural traditions that had been suppressed by the Soviet state. In the process, they also recovered knowledge about the past that the Soviet Union had silenced. Borrowing the analytic lens of the chronotope from Bakhtin, this book argues that rituals have chronotopes which situate people within time and space. As they revived rituals, post-Soviet Buryats encountered new historical information and traditional ways of being in time that enabled them to reimagine the Buryat past and what it means to be Buryat. Through the temporal perspective of a reincarnating Buddhist monk, Dashi-Dorzho Etigelov, Buddhists come to see the Soviet period as a test on the path of dharma. Shamanic practitioners, in contrast, renegotiate their relationship to the past by speaking to their ancestors through the bodies of shamans. By comparing the versions of history that are produced in Buddhist, shamanic, and civic rituals, Buddhists, Shamans, and Soviets offers a new lens for analyzing ritual, a new perspective on how an indigenous people grapples with a history of state repression, and an innovative approach to the ethnographic study of how people know about the past.
Etigelov at Maidari
Authors: Quijada Justine Buck
Published: March 2019

Chapter 4 describes the summer festival of Maidari, the festival for the Maitreya Buddha held at the Ivolginsky monastery and an opportunity for pilgrims to worship the miraculously preserved body of Dashi-Dorzho Etigelov. Both Etigelov and Maitreya are bodhisattvas who return, bringing enlightenment. The history of Buryatia produced through this genre is a Tibetan Buddhist history with a recursive chronotope. Told as a history of bodies, this history recounts the stories of Etigelov’s life, death, and return; Lenin’s preservation; Soviet medicine; and the effects of these on post-Soviet Buryat bodies. While Maitreya will return in the future, Etigelov has already returned, bringing healing by producing a recursive chronotope, in which the Soviet experience is encompassed by a Buddhist history within which science and scholarship are shown to have been always, already Buddhist and Buryat.
Age, Death, and the Allocation of Life-Saving Resources
Authors: Gamlund Espen
Published: March 2019

Each year policymakers around the world must make hard decisions about how to allocate scarce health care resources. Given the scarcity of many life-saving interventions, making allocation decisions entails determining who lives and who dies. One relevant aspect of such allocation decisions concerns the relative importance of death at different ages. The purpose of this chapter is to explore this issue by examining three age-specific allocation principles and their underlying moral foundations: a youngest first principle, prioritizing infants; a children first principle, prioritizing children; and a young adults first principle, prioritizing adolescents and young adults. My claim is that a youngest first principle can draw support from the Deprivation Account, a children first principle can draw support from a gradualist view, and a young adult first principle can draw support from the Complete Lives Account. I conclude, tentatively, that gradualism and children first allocation should be our favored choice.
The Badness of Dying Early
Authors: Broome John
Published: March 2019

A common intuition suggests that it is less bad for an infant to die than for a young adult to die. This is puzzling because the infant has more life ahead of her than a young adult, so it seems she loses more when she dies. Jeff McMahan supports the common intuition and defends it by means of what he calls the “Time-Relative Interest Account” of the badness of death. I shall describe two possible interpretations of the Time-Relative Interest Account and raise a problem for each. Then I shall offer an alternative defense of the common intuition, which is an extension of the theory in population ethics known as “critical-level utilitarianism.”
Early Death and Later Suffering
Authors: McMahan Jeff
Published: March 2019

In this chapter I sketch an account of the misfortune of death for which I have previously argued (the Time-Relative Interest Account) and defend it against objections advanced by John Broome in his contribution to this book. I then consider other objections and suggest the beginnings of responses to them. The general conclusion I draw is that issues about our continuing to exist cannot be separated from issues about our beginning to exist and that we therefore cannot fully understand certain issues raised by death without understanding certain deeply intractable issues in population ethics. I suggest, in particular, that a promising way forward is to accept a view about harming and benefiting that has its source in population ethics (either the familiar Asymmetry about procreation or, more plausibly in my view, a Weak Asymmetry) and to restrict the scope of the Time-Relative Interest Account so that it applies only to the conferral of what I call noncomparative benefits and not to the infliction of suffering or other intrinsic harms.