bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Persecutions against Ismaʿili Missionaries in Central Asia: The Case of Nāser Khosrow
Authors: Mahamid Hatim
Published: June 2019

Local governors in Central Asia persecuted Ismaʿili missionaries (dāʿis) since the early years of Ismaʿili activity there. The rise of the Fatimid State, from the tenth century onwards, encouraged the activity of those missionaries who were receiving support from the Fatimids, leading to increased persecutions of Ismaʿilis in Iraq and the eastern provinces of the Abbasid Caliphate.

This study will deal with the activity of those missionaries and the difficulties and persecutions that they faced, with a focus on the case of the dāʿi Nāser Khosrow (1004–1088/394–481) in Central Asia. At the time, Nāser was considered as a model dāʿi representing the activity of Ismaʿili missionaries. Throughout his life, he suffered bitterly in his role as the main dāʿi of the Fatimids. Despite the hostile atmosphere and insecurity, Nāser Khosrow succeeded in becoming a highly significant philosopher and poet, but died in a sorrowful situation, isolated in the valley of Yomgān.
The Construction of Religious Identity in Contemporary Iran: A Sociological Perspective
Authors: Foroutan Yaghoob
Published: June 2019

This paper examines the connection between educational institutions and religious socialization in the construction of religious identity. It employs socialization theory, which recognizes educational institutions as the first agent and the most powerful engine of socialization. Applying this theory to the case study of Iran reveals the ubiquitous presence of religion in all educational texts, supporting the argument that these educational tools are used as a “strategy” of socialization to protect social unity and group superiority and providing further evidence that the educational system overwhelmingly reflects the ideologies of the dominant culture in the process of socialization.
Politics of Space in News Media: Mapping Religion in Four Finnish Newspapers (2007–2011)
Authors: Sumiala Johanna , Hokka Jenni , Valaskivi Katja , Laakso Suvi
Published: June 2019

In this article, we examine religion in the news media by applying a spatial approach. Our content analysis of journalistic reporting on religion is based on a study of four Finnish newspapers over a five-year period. The data shows that the space of religion in the Finnish newspapers comprises complex dynamics connected with place, embedded in journalistic conventions and practices. Journalistic practices and the segmentation into newspaper sections result in a strict separation among local, national, and global themes related to religion, consequently erecting boundaries between inclusion and exclusion, proximity and distance, and centre and periphery associated with the religion in question. We conclude with a reflection on the politics of space and its significance in positioning religion not only in the studied newspapers but also in Finnish society and in Europe at large.
Challenging the Models of Terrorism Discourse in the News: European and Islamic Values in the French and Italian Press
Authors: Ugolini Lorenzo , Fanara Dario
Published: June 2019

The aim of this paper is to reflect on the social role of European journalists as they cover the issue of terrorism, which is a potential threat to European society itself. For this purpose, the paper presents the results of a qualitative media content analysis related to the news coverage of the aftermath of three major terrorist attacks. Specifically, the research focuses on the values involved in the coverage of the event rather than on the strict report of what happened. The authors observe that both liberal/‘trustee’ and polarized pluralist/‘advocacy’ models engender a double paradox concerning the interest of citizens in being informed or being protected by news media. Nonetheless, the liberal value of responsibility emerges as fundamental, in order to face and resolve this paradox.
Researching Religion in Public Institutions: Context, Object, and Methods
Authors: Griera Mar , Martínez-Ariño Julia
Published: June 2019

The increasing vitality and variety of religious identities in Europe give rise to new claims and demands by religious minorities. This generates new challenges for the articulation of the religious and the secular in European democracies, which become especially salient in public institutions such as hospitals, prisons, and schools. This special issue focuses on public institutions with the aim to examine how state and religion encounter one another in contemporary Western societies. We take public institutions as privileged observatories for understanding the changing place of religion but also as laboratories in which new arrangements are experimented. The articles analyse the presence, regulation, and negotiation of religion and religious diversity in public institutions across Europe combining innovative empirical enquiries with theoretical and methodological reflections.
The Diversification of the Muslim Community in St. Petersburg in the 2010s
Authors: Aitamurto Kaarina , Gaidukov Alexey V.
Published: June 2019

Through the intensification of migration, the number of Muslims has multiplied in ethnically Russian areas, including St. Petersburg. Within the heterogeneous Muslim community of the city, countless new communities and initiatives have emerged, but they increasingly face suspicions and restrictions from the authorities. These difficulties reflect the general political urge to exercise more control over religious activity in Russia. Nevertheless, discussions about the need to police Islamic activity contain arguments—similar to those in Western Europe—about the alleged incompatibility of Islam and modern secular societies. This article surveys the development and challenges of new Muslim communities in St. Petersburg in the 2010s. It is argued that the diversification of religiosity is an expected outcome of the pluralization of modern societies. Paradoxically, the restrictive politics that are based on the supposed illiberal, anti-modern nature of Islam promotes religious monopolies and thus a very traditional understanding of religiosity.
Placing Religious Social Action in the Multicultural City
Authors: Zavos John
Published: June 2019

The cultural geographer Lily Kong argues that spatial analysis is vital for an interrogation of the contemporary complexity of religion. Building on this observation and broader theoretical understandings of the dynamics of space and place, this paper asks what happens when religious ideas and organisations are implicated in contemporary social action initiatives in ethnically diverse cities. Drawing on ethnographic data, it provides a detailed spatial analysis of a range of initiatives aimed at combatting food insecurity and other forms of deprivation in the city of Bradford in northern England. It examines how and why certain types of religious institution are dominant in the delivery of social action and explores the political significance of more fluid initiatives conducted by religiously diverse independent agents. The paper concludes that initiatives such as street kitchens and foodbanks are playing an important role in recalibrating the social location of religion in contemporary multicultural environments.
“Moon-Struck Lunatics”
Authors: Leininger Derek M
Published: June 2019

Historians have noted the wave of cultural and civil nationalism that swept the United States following the War of 1812. “Moon Struck Lunatics” positions American nationalism in the Era of Good Feelings within the broader context of global events. The article probes the impact of the Spanish-American Revolutions on early Americans’ consciousness as a nation. The revolutions contextualized for Americans the world historical significance of their own revolution and aided the articulation of an early manifest destiny ideology. This essay focuses on public rhetoric, including speeches, congressional debates, editorials, geographies, songs, poems, toasts, letters to the editor, and travel accounts.
The Critique of the Articles of Confederation Reconsidered
Authors: Boyd Steven R.
Published: June 2019

Generations of scholars have declared the Articles of Confederation to be inadequate to the needs of the nation of necessity replaced by the Constitution of 1787. This interpretation rests on three methodological flaws. First, it is anachronistic by which I mean that scholars use as a standard of judgement answers to questions of constitutional policy embedded in the Constitution. They then judge the alternative answers of the Articles to be wrong. Secondly, they compare the Articles in practice to the words of the Constitution incorrectly assuming the “promises” of the latter became effective public policy during the Early National period. Thirdly, they interpret comparable events in accordance with their preconceived judgement. Events like Shays’ Rebellion during the Confederation era are interpreted as signs of weakness. Comparable events in the Constitution era, like the Whiskey Rebellion and its aftermath, are judged signs of strength.
Imperial Collapse or Revolution?
Authors: Ricketts Mónica , Posada-Carbó Eduardo , Thibaud Clément , Hamnett Brian
Published: June 2019

A book forum featuring The End of Iberian Rule on the American Continent, 1770–1830 by Brian R. Hamnett. His 2017 volume argues that the origins of Ibero-American Independence must be found in the interplay between the Spanish and Lusitanian monarchies and the American empires ruled by them. It was internal conflict within these empires that led to independence, not revolution, separatist sentiment, or the emergence of American nation-states. Monica Ricketts, Eduardo Posada-Carbó, Clément Thibaud strongly commend the work while offering constructive criticism and analysis. Reviewers raise questions about socio-cultural forces and changes, the role of politics, the exclusion of an Atlantic perspective, and the lack of attention to revolutionary thought and nationalism. The book is celebrated for its breadth, its historiographical contribution, and the strength of its argument for the continuities from the Iberian monarchies and empires to the nation states that grew out of them. Hamnett responds to the reviewers.
THE SUDANESE MAHDĪ’S ATTITUDES ON SLAVERY AND EMANCIPATION
Authors: Searcy Kim
Published: June 2019

The forces of the Sudanese Mahdī captured Khartoum in 1885 and brought an end to sixty-four years of Turco-Egyptian occupation of the Sudan. The Mahdī’s revolt—from the perspective of many scholars of the period, such as P. M. Holt—was launched because of the Egyptian government’s attempts to end slavery in the Sudan. This article analyzes the extant proclamations, sermons, and rulings of the Mahdī in order to identify his attitudes on slavery and emancipation. It argues that, contrary to what previous scholars have concluded, the Mahdī’s revolt against the Turco-Egyptian forces was not motivated primarily by the suppression of the slave trade. Rather, the Mahdī responded to the occupation’s imposition of poll taxes as a corrupted form of government divorced from the pure Islamic state he envisioned founding.
The Crane Slavic Lectures at the University of Chicago
Authors: Tribunskii Pavel Aleksandrovich
Published: June 2019

The article analyses the organization and impact of Slavic Lectures at the University of Chicago, endowed by the industrialist and philanthropist Charles Richard Crane. It explores the place of these lectures in the history of Russian Studies in the United States, and assesses the significance of personal contacts between Crane and scholars from Russia and the Czech lands.
Joseph Brodsky: Discovering America
Authors: Ramer Samuel C. , Semenova Evgeniia Sergeevna
Published: June 2019

This article examines the Nobel Laureate Russian poet Joseph Brodsky’s life and work in the United States following his emigration from Russia in 1972. The article devotes particular attention to the poems and essays he wrote in emigration and his strongly held views on poetry and the poet’s craft. It also portrays his engagement with American society, American letters, and his role in the cultural life of the United States.
Precious Skin
Authors: Yongdan Lobsang
Published: June 2019

Before 2006, otter pelts, the skins of carnivorous mammals from the Lutrinae family, were considered to be among the most precious and sought-after commodities in Tibet, being used for clothing, hats, and cushions. The animal’s flesh and body parts were used as ingredients in Tibetan medicine. However, after the Dalai Lama criticised the use of wild animal furs in 2006 in response to requests from international conservation organisations, most Tibetans not only stopped wearing otter fur, but a significant number of people also set fire to pelts worth thousands of yuan. In this article, by exploring a number of Tibetan religious and historical texts, I discuss the history of otter fur in its broadest context and the change in social values indicated by the cessation of this practice and outline the history of otter fur usage in Tibet, as well as the rise and fall of the material’s trade in the country.
Toxic Care (?)
Authors: Turk Elizabeth
Published: June 2019

In post-socialist Mongolia, unsuccessful treatment, or worse, interventions that result in worsened health conditions, are common concerns. Patients and clients direct scepticism towards a range of practitioners, from biomedical physicians to shamans and ‘folk’ healers (domch). The gap between the ideal treatment and the actual outcome—the prevalence of treatment misfires—invites analysis of infrastructural changes to (health)care and wider contexts of relationality. As state-owned medicine was restructured in the 1990s, healing ‘traditions’ such as shamanism and Traditional Mongolian Medicine considered essentialised aspects of national identity have gained new legitimacy. Many people find it challenging to navigate the multiple authorities on health and wellbeing that exist in contemporary public. Patients and clients often questioned efficacy in terms of toxicity and poison (hor, horlol). Toxicity’s associations with Soviet-era regulation and Buddhist medical contexts articulate the importance of both state-sanctioned regulation and the practitioner’s specialised knowledge.
The Politics of the Inner Asian Frontier and the 1771 Exodus of the Kalmyks
Authors: Kendirbai Gulnar T.
Published: June 2019

This article offers a new explanatory framework for studies of the return of the tsar’s Kalmyk subjects to their ancestors’ lands in Jungaria in 1771, a unique episode of Russian imperial history that illustrates the complex power dynamics of the Inner Asian frontier. By highlighting structural similarities between Russian and Qing approaches to their nomadic counterparts, the article challenges earlier characterisations of the Russian/Kalmyk relationship as one of domination and subjugation, demonstrating instead that Russian imperial authorities continued to adhere to established steppe political practices in their interactions with the Kalmyks until at least the beginning of the nineteenth century.
Journey in Sufism
Authors: Rahmani Mansure , Gharamaleki Ahad Faramarz , Arif Hassan
Published: June 2019

Journey (safar) is strongly relevant to Sufism and mysticism. It has been considered as a paradigm for the various stages of spiritual transition. The problem addressed in this study concerns different uses of the word for analysis of the process of its conversion into a mystical term, and the criticism of this process. Sufis used the term journey in its literal meaning because of its important role in achieving mystical goals, utilizing it as a metaphor for death, life and the transition of one’s states influenced by religious sources. Journey as a metaphor for transition of one’s states was considered literal by the method of the “metaphysicalization” of sensual concepts. This new literal use of journey came to be employed as a paradigm to order the process of the mystical path. As such, the method of the metaphysicalization of sensual concepts needs linguistic arguments, as it cannot be applied to all words.
National Margin of Appreciation as a Standard of Review for Economic Sanctions: in Search of the Golden Fleece?
Authors: Lapa Viktoriia
Published: June 2019

Recent economic sanctions imposed by the EU and US on Russia in relation to the Ukrainian conflict revived a discussion concerning the security exception clauses in international law. These clauses permit a particular state to take action aimed at protection of its national security that might be otherwise inconsistent with its substantive treaty obligations. Taking into account the ambiguity of such clauses, the question arises as to how to verify whether the adopted sanctions are indeed introduced with national security in mind and not to pursue pure protectionist aims. This article examines the national margin of appreciation from the perspective of its suitability as a standard of review for sanctions introduced under umbrella of the security exception provision of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade. Since this doctrine was developed in the case-law of the European Court of Human Rights both academics and practitioners alike are undecided as to its application in international trade and investment law disputes. In search of inspiration for an appropriate standard of review, the article briefly analyses recent Court of Justice of the European Union cases dealing with the security exception provisions. Drawing from the analysis of the relevant case-law of the international tribunals, the research points out that despite its frequent use by the European Court of Human Rights this doctrine remains vague, which, in turn, makes it hard to transplant to international economic law. The author concludes that the abstract contours of the national margin of appreciation doctrine, combined with diverging goals of the European Convention on Human Rights and world trade systems, make it unsuited for review of economic sanctions.
The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe and the Sanctions Against the Russian Federation in Response to the Crisis in Ukraine
Authors: Alì Antonino
Published: June 2019

The article examines the actions taken by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) against the delegation of the Russian Federation in response to the crisis in Ukraine. In 2014 the Assembly decided to suspend some of the rights of the Russian delegation and menaced to annul the credentials of the delegation if an effective effort was not made on the part of Russia to sort out the situation and to reverse the annexation. The adoption of sanctions against the Russian delegation raised several legal issues related to the very existence of a sanctioning power of the CoE and in particular of the Assembly. The question is whether the powers to “penalize” the parliamentary delegation have been exercised by PACE in conformity with the Statute. The Statute of the CoE does not attribute sanctioning powers to the Assembly in order to target the states which are in breach of Article 3 or international law more generally. This power falls firmly in the hands of the Committee of Ministers as a way to put pressure on, deter, and eventually punish a state which has seriously violated the core of the principles of the CoE system. PACE, in the exercise of its functions, may certainly contribute to activating procedures to monitor the activities of the member states, but the last word is in the hands of the Committee which may suspend the rights of representation of a state and request that the offending state withdraw from the Committee entirely. The Statute plainly does not attribute this power to PACE. In the absence of the jurisdiction of a Court to deal with the problems caused by the lack of harmonisation between the sanctions adopted by the Committee of Ministers and the ones introduced by the Parliamentary Assembly through some modifications of the Rules of Procedure, the recent call for a 4th Summit of Heads of State and Government of the CoE by the Assembly in order to “preserve and further strengthen this unparalleled pan-European project currently threatened by divisions and a weakening of member States’ commitment” by “harmonising[…] the rules governing participation, representation and responsibilities of member States in both statutory organs, while fully respecting the autonomy of these bodies” should be welcomed.
The Persistent Objector Rule in the Work of the International Law Commission on the Identification of Customary International Law
Authors: Green James A.
Published: June 2019

The persistent objector rule is a well-known but controversial mechanism for a state to exempt itself from norms of customary international law. This article examines the rule with a specific focus on the work of the International Law Commission (ILC) on the Identification of Customary International Law, through a consideration of Conclusion 15 and the commentary to it that have been adopted, as well as the ILC plenary debates on the topic. The state usage and, indeed, very existence of the rule will be considered, given that this has been so controversial in the ILC and wider literature. The article further examines whether the rule rightly formed an aspect of the Commission’s work, and looks at the terminology employed in Conclusion 15. Finally, it assesses the requirements for the operation of the persistent objector rule as expressed by the ILC, through comparison to the manner in which the criteria have been employed in state practice.
The eu “Conflict Minerals Regulation”: Potentialities and Limits in the Light of the International Standards on Responsible Sourcing
Authors: Grado Valentina
Published: June 2019

Business enterprises involved in the exploitation of mineral resources originating from conflict zones are at risk of financing armed activities and fuelling systematic violations of international law and human rights abuses. This article first analyses the initiatives developed by the UN and OECD aimed at encouraging companies to respect human rights and avoid contributing to conflict by adopting “supply chain due diligence” practices. Second, it focuses on a recent Regulation adopted by the EU to tackle trade in certain minerals sourced from conflict-affected and high-risk areas in order to highlight its main positive aspects and challenges and, at the same time, to ascertain whether and to what extent this new legislation is consistent with the UN/OECD international standards on responsible sourcing.
Shintō is the Indigenous Religion of the World
Authors: Miura Takashi
Published: June 2019

This article responds to a call for more research on the theme of “universality” in Japanese religion as articulated by Michel Mohr in his recent monograph (2014). The article focuses on Deguchi Onisaburō 出口王仁三郎 and examines the ways in which he utilized “Shintō” as a self-universalizing framework. He argued that Shintō is the spiritual foundation of the entire world, a kind of cosmic principle that pervades the universe. Based on this, he claimed that all religions around the world are merely different forms of Shintō. Onisaburō was not the first to advance this type of universalizing argument, as a number of Shintō thinkers had made comparable claims since the medieval period. What was at stake for Onisaburō and his predecessors, in other words, was not Shintō’s “indigeneity” to Japan, but its universality. This observation helps to further relativize and historicize the prevailing characterization of Shintō as Japan’s “indigenous religion.”
A Historical and Global Perspective on Liberal Arts Education
Authors: Godwin Kara A. , Altbach Philip G.
Published: June 2019

Debates about higher education’s purpose have long been polarized between specialized preparation for specific vocations and a broad, general knowledge foundation known as liberal education. Excluding the United States, specialized curricula have been the dominant global norm. Yet, quite surprisingly given this enduring trend, liberal education has new salience in higher education worldwide. This discussion presents liberal education’s non-Western, Western, and u.s. historical roots as a backdrop for discussing its contemporary global resurgence. Analysis from the Global Liberal Education Inventory provides an overview of liberal education’s renewed presence in each of the regions and speculation about its future development.
Empiricism and Idealism
Authors: Shi Jinghuan , Lu Yi
Published: June 2019

In recent years general education in Chinese universities has gone through rapid growth, which has led scholars to reflect on the motivations which underpin its current and future development. This paper establishes a framework based on the size of the universities together with whether the motivation is idealism or empiricism. This framework forms three typologies of general education in China, particularly from the perspective of curriculum design and student involvement. Three cases that each represent one of the three typologies are analyzed to depict the detailed characteristics. The main conclusion of the paper is that general education in its essence is an idealistic pursuit of a permanent goal, while in reality it is resource-dependent and rooted in historical conditions. China’s case studies provide a vivid example that general education reform starts with practical approaches of offering selective courses or building pilot zones and then by moderately increasing its scale and coverage, moving towards idealism across the spectrum. The key principals during the long journey are to avoid conformism, encourage innovations and maintain diversity.
Internationalization of Humanities Disciplines in Chinese Higher Education
Authors: Zhu Jiabin , Liu Shaoxue
Published: June 2019

In the context of internationalization of higher education in China, this essay analyzes some inherent differences between the stem disciplines and humanities disciplines when it comes to the internationalization of curriculum and implementation. With a focus on the challenges facing the internationalization of the liberal arts, or humanities disciplines, a functional 3M model, that is, the internationalization of “Mind,” “Method,” and “Medium”, was proposed to address different aspects of the internationalization process. Moreover, we proposed multiple strategies that could possibly promote the professional development of faculty members along the three specific dimensions, aligning the strategies with the working definitions within each dimension of the 3M model.
The Endless Dance: Realization of Western Liberal Arts Tradition in Chinese Cultural Context
Authors: Ng Ching-Fai
Published: June 2019

Being the first full scale cooperation in higher education between the Mainland and Hong Kong, the United International College (uic) positioned itself as “A New liberal Arts College” to help the country diversify her higher education landscape as part of education reform. While attempting to retain the defining characteristics of a us-style liberal arts college—caring for students, small class sizes, broad based curricula, facilitating cross fertilization of ideas, uic strongly emphasizes Chinese traditional culture, literature, history and Chinese thoughts through the ages, in addition to helping students acquire an international outlook. This is deemed essential not only because the students should learn about their own cultural heritage, but also they should treasure the wisdom of traditional Chinese thinking that could lend a helping hand to solving many problems the world faces today. It is gratifying to see that, after 10 years’ experimentation, the traditional western liberal arts education could be realized in the Chinese traditional culture context. In particular, the Confucius education philosophy could help nurture the whole person— junzi (君子), which is the overarching education goal of uic.
The Application of a Western-Style Liberal Arts Education Model in a Non-Western Environment
Authors: Etzrodt Christian , Hrebenar Ronald , Lacktorin Michael , Nilson Don
Published: June 2019

This essay investigates the need for and the challenges associated with the establishment of western style liberal arts education in a non-western nation. Two such programs in Japan are examined: Akita International University and Yamanashi Gakuin University’s International College of Liberal Arts or iCLA. The authors have been deeply involved in the establishment and administration of both of these all-English language liberal arts ba degree programs. The difficulty of establishing a liberal arts education curriculum in a country like Japan is explored by examining the cultural and institutional obstacles within the Japanese system of higher education. The two case studies are presented to highlight the establishment problems and subsequent successes of these programs in a nation with little tradition of liberal arts education at the university level. Finally, the questions of how to justify a liberal arts education program and how to design such a program are discussed by an examination of the utility of area studies as an organizing framework for liberal arts education in a non-western society.
Evaluating Higher Education by Indicators
Authors: King Roger
Published: June 2019

This piece looks at indicators and data models in countries outside China to see if such approaches may contribute to the accountability and quality drives in higher education in China. It notes the policy movement in China from rapid student number expansion to more emphasis on quality and social purpose as desirable characteristics for its universities and colleges. The article remarks that establishing legibility to the center to enable effective but lighter-touch surveillance of higher education institutions is difficult in large mass sectors without a major commitment of resources and bureaucratic intervention which may not be desired by all stakeholders. Rather, it is suggested that utilizing good data and indicators may be one means of overcoming the difficulties in balancing central public control with the increased autonomy of universities in China.

The article distinguishes between static data and dynamic data and goes on to consider the relevance of student posts on social media as an accurate guide to the student experience, a key component of the many institutional attempts in China to capture this dimension of quality.

Overall, the chapter debates the extent to which an over-reliance on indicators and data may decontextualize the rich experiences and nuances found in the learning and teaching processes. There is the danger of over-simplification and the “exclusion of narrative” necessary for a full understanding of the knowledge process. Rather, the author supports a ‘variable geometry’ of approach to quality assessment and other forms of higher education accountability. This would seek to utilize both external data and indicators alongside a peer review methodology in which human opinion and assessment remains important.
Classifying Institutions to Guide Mission-Relevant Performance Assessment
Authors: Borden Victor M.H.
Published: June 2019

The shift from a post-industrial to a knowledge economy has placed higher education at the center of attention among policy makers and the public at large. The increase in attention, along with the increasing diversity in the funding sources of higher education institutions (HEIs) has prompted calls for greater accountability. Efforts to assess the effectiveness of HEIs include a variety of accountability frameworks and review processes. These efforts produce competing pressures for both institutional differentiation and convergence: differentiation to efficiently accommodate broader participation and meet a wide array of societal needs; and convergence to compete for international prestige and recognition as demarcated by research university rankings. This paper examines the extent to which distinguishing between types of HEIs via taxonomies or classification systems has expanded or can contribute to expanding the basis upon which HEI performance is evaluated in order to meet the full range of societal expectations for higher education in the 21st Century.
Aspects of the Indo-European Aorist and Imperfect
Authors: Hollenbaugh Ian
Published: June 2019

The Proto-Indo-European (PIE) tense-aspect system has been reconstructed since the time of Delbrück (1897) as containing a fundamental opposition between two aspect-denoting stems: An Aorist stem, denoting perfective aspect, and a Present stem, denoting imperfective aspect. This reconstruction is, for practical reasons, based almost entirely on Greek and Vedic. Re-examining the Homeric and R̥gvedic data, I argue on semantic grounds against this century-old understanding of the tense-aspect system of PIE. In its place, I reconstruct the “Aorist” indicative as denoting perfect aspect (not perfective), and the “Imperfect” indicative as a simple past tense (not imperfective). Evidence for this reconstruction is based on the consistent usage in the R̥gveda of the Aorist in the meaning ‘have done X’ (with present reference) and the Imperfect in the meaning ‘did X’ (especially in narrative contexts)—a distribution which frequently has a precise match in Homer.
Anatolian evidence suggests that the Indo-European laryngeals *h2 and *h3 were uvular stops
Authors: Kloekhorst Alwin
Published: June 2019

In this article it will be argued that the Indo-European laryngeals *h2 and *h3, which recently have been identified as uvular fricatives, were in fact uvular stops in Proto-Indo-Anatolian. Also in the Proto-Anatolian and Proto-Luwic stages these sounds probably were stops, not fricatives.
A new look at the Greek desiderative
Authors: Kölligan Daniel
Published: June 2019

This paper argues that the Greek desiderative formation in -σειε/ο- may be explained as continuing a form in *-s-eu̯-i̯e/o-, derived from the weak stem in *-eu̯- of u-stem adjectives built to non-reduplicated s-presents/desideratives of the type Ved. d(h)akṣu- ‘burning’ which is marginally preserved in Mycenaean e-wi-su° and probably Alphabetic Greek φαῦλος and αἴσυλα.
The historical morphology of definiteness in Baltic
Authors: Sommer Florian
Published: June 2019

The history of the definite adjective in Baltic has been the object of a considerable tradition of research. Most studies approach the problem from an angle which emphasizes the prehistory of the construction and its deeper genealogical ties as well as structurally comparable constructions in neighboring languages.

The present paper, however, is primarily concerned with a thorough morphological description of these constructions in the Baltic languages exclusively, and the trajectory of historical developments within attested diachrony. It will be shown that Lithuanian, Latvian and Old Prussian are best addressed independently as they provide rather diverse challenges to an adequate morphological classification. Special prominence will be given to wordhood issues in Old Lithuanian.
Marking “Men of Iniquity”: Imperial Purpose and Imagined Boundaries in the Qing Processing of Rebel Ringleaders, 1786-1828
Authors: McMahon Daniel
Published: June 2019

This essay explores the administrative and ideological context of Qing borderland pacification through examination of the imperial response to apex rebel ringleaders. Presented are five cases of bureaucratic “discourse” (official description and physical management) processing Lin Shuangwen (1786-1788 Lin Shuangwen Revolt), Shi Sanbao (1795-1797 Miao Revolt), Liu Zhixie (1796-1804 White Lotus Rebellion), Lin Qing (1813 Eight Trigrams Revolt), and Khoja Jahāngīr (1826-1828 Jahāngīr Uprising). Considered comparatively, we find common procedures of identification, deposition, sentencing, and execution that established the challengers as “men of iniquity,” reinforcing imperially preferred understandings of rebel organization, culpability, Qing legitimacy, and martial success. This procedure was also adjusted to fit differing conditions and state goals. As the empire entered its final century, shifting boundaries were asserted between rebel lords and war-zone populations, suggestive of both military efforts to exploit social divisions and expanded embrace of peripheral peoples as compliant and border-defending imperial subjects.
Manumission in Late Eighteenth-Century Jamaica
Authors: Ryden David Beck
Published: June 2019

Manumission touched comparatively few slaves, but it proved to be an essential institution for the growth of Jamaica’s free population-of-color. Heretofore, there have been no systematic studies of manumission records for the eighteenth century. This paper analyzes manumission deeds filed as official records in the island’s Secretary’s office during the 1770s. These documents are scrutinized in light of Edward Long’s 1774 discussion on the free population and the manumission process. Despite white anxiety over the growth of the free-population-of-color, the data show that a wide cross-section of Jamaica’s free-population liberated enslaved people for a variety of reasons, including cash payments that reflected market imperatives. While most enslaved people could never hope to find freedom in this fashion, the constancy of manumission had an enormous bearing on the makeup of the free population.
Yet Another Pseudo-al-Jāḥiẓ? Kitāb al-Ḥijāb and its Probable Author Ibn al-Marzbān (d. 309/921)
Authors: Zakeri Mohsen
Published: June 2019

This article deals with an epistle known as Kitāb al-Ḥijāb or Kitāb al-Ḥijāb wa-dhammih (“Book of the Chamberlain and its Censure”), published as a work of al-Jāḥiẓ. Based on internal evidence in Kitāb al-Ḥijāb and some specific aspects of al-Jāḥiẓ’s stylistic art of writing, it is argued that the work is yet another of many texts wrongly attributed to him. In addition, the adīb-scholar Muḥammad b. Khalaf b. al-Marzbān (d. 309/921), who reportedly has written one al-Ḥijāb wa-dhammih, is proposed as its probable author.
Drepanoneura gen. nov. for Epipleoneura letitia and Protoneura peruviensis, with descriptions of eight new Protoneuridae from South America (Odonata: Protoneuridae)
Authors: VON ELLENRIEDER NATALIA , GARRISON ROSSER W.
Published: June 2019

A new genus, Drepanoneura (type species Drepanoneura loutoni sp. nov.), is described to include Epipleoneura letitia Donnelly, Protoneura peruviensis Fraser, and six new congeneric species from South America: D. donnellyi, D. flinti, D. janirae, D. loutoni, D. muzoni, and D. tennesseni. Drepanoneura is similar to Epipleoneura and Epipotoneura in venational characters, but differs from them in morphology of male cercus, genital ligula, female pronotum, and epiproct. A new species of Epipleoneura from Venezuela, E. demarmelsi, and a new species of Epipotoneura from Brazil, E. machadoi, are described, and diagnostic illustrations for the poorly known Epipotoneura nehalennia Williamson are also presented. A generic characterization, diagnoses, and keys for species of Drepanoneura are provided, as well as diagnostic illustrations and distribution maps for all involved species.
Alicellidae and Valettiopsidae, two new callynophorate families (Crustacea: Amphipoda)
Authors: LOWRY J. K. , DE BROYER C.
Published: June 2019

Two new families, the Alicellidae fam. nov. and the Valettiopsidae fam. nov., are described based on genera traditionally considered as lysianassoid amphipods. The Alicellidae fam. nov. are deep-sea scavengers often associated with thermal vents. They are distinguished from all other amphipods by a combination of characters which includes a callynophore on antenna 1; a broad, serrate left lacinia mobilis (occasionally narrow or vestigial) and a reduced or vestigial right lacinia mobilis (occasionally broad and serrate); simple or subchelate gnathopod 1; an elongate ischium, rectolinear carpus and propodus and a small dactylus on gnathopod 2 (not mitten-shaped); absence of apical robust setae on uropods 1 and 2 and a deeply cleft telson. The family contains 6 genera: Alicella Chevreux, 1899; Apotectonia Barnard & Ingram, 1990; Diatectonia Barnard & Ingram, 1990; Paralicella Chevreux, 1908; Tectovalopsis Barnard & Ingram, 1990; Transtectonia Barnard & Ingram, 1990. The Valettiopsidae fam. nov. are deep-sea scavenging amphipods defined by a combination of characters which includes a callynophore on antenna 1; serrate, curved incisors; a well developed, serrate lacinia mobilis on each mandible, an oblique setal row on the inner plate of maxilla 2, an elongate ischium on gnathopod 2; the absence of robust setae on the apices of uropods 1 and 2 and a deeply cleft telson. The family contains two genera, Valettiopsis Holmes, 1908 and Valettietta Lincoln & Thurston, 1983.
The arachnid order Schizomida in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: a new species of Rowlandius and new records of Stenochrus portoricensis (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae)
Authors: SANTOS ADALBERTO J. , DIAS SIDCLAY C. , BRESCOVIT ANTONIO D. , SANTOS POLLYANNA P.
Published: June 2019

Two species of hubbardiid microwhipscorpions (Schizomida: Hubbardiidae) are recorded from the Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Rowlandius linsduarteae sp. nov. is described and illustrated based on specimens from Mata do Buraquinho forest reserve, João Pessoa, state of Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. This species is apparently related to Rowlandius sul Cokendolpher & Reddell 2000, the only species of the genus known from continental South America, and represents new evidence of a biogeographic relationship between Amazonia and the northeastern Brazilian Atlantic Forest. Stenochrus portoricensis Chamberlin, a widely distributed species, is newly recorded from the states of São Paulo and Bahia, respectively, in southeastern and northeastern Brazil. The latter record refers to several female specimens associated with abandoned arboreal termite nests in a cocoa plantation.
The goldrim surgeonfish (Acanthurus nigricans; Acanthuridae) from Diego Garcia, Chagos Archipelago: first record for the central Indian Ocean
Authors: CRAIG MATTHEW T.
Published: June 2019

The goldrim surgeonfish (also known as the whitecheek surgeonfish in the aquarium trade), Acanthurus nigricans (Linnaeus), is a common and widespread member of tropical reef fish communities throughout the Pacific Ocean. It has been reported at low densities at Cocos (Keeling) and Christmas Islands in the eastern Indian Ocean. Named nigricans for its characteristically dark body color, the species usually inhabits shallow depths on the outer reef crest just below the surge zone, but has been observed as deep as 67 m (Chave and Mundy, 1994). The species feeds on filamentous algae (Randall, 2001). In this paper I report the first occurrence of Acanthurus nigricans in the central Indian Ocean (Chagos Archipelago) and provide information on its biogeography and hybridization with A. leucosternon Bennett.
A Novel Method for Modeling Lowest-Level Vertical Motion
Authors: Robinson Thomas E. , Businger Steven
Published: June 2019

A new method for modeling the lowest model level vertical motion is described and validated. Instead of smoothing terrain heights, the new method calculates the terrain gradient on a high-resolution grid and averages the gradient values around a gridpoint location. In essence, the method provides a way to achieve some of the impact of very steep terrain on the flow without the computational overhead associated with the very high grid resolution needed to fully resolve complex terrain. The more accurate depiction of the terrain gradient leads to an increase in orographic vertical motion and causes rainfall to occur more often over the windward-facing mountain slopes, consistent with observations. Model results are compared with rain gauge data during the month of January 2016 as well as radar data from a case study on 9 March 2012. When implemented in the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model over the island of Oahu and compared with the current WRF method, the model precipitation forecast skill is improved. The new method produces more precipitation over the island during January 2016, which is closer to the observed value. On 9 March 2012, the new method clearly focuses the precipitation over the Ko‘olau Mountains, reducing the number of false alarm forecasts by nearly one-half. Although the changes to model precipitation skill were small, they were generally positive.
Partner Notification, Treatment, and Subsequent Condom Use After Pelvic Inflammatory Disease: Implications for Dyadic Intervention With Urban Youth
Authors: Ha Michelle M. , Belcher Harolyn M. E. , Butz Arlene M. , Perin Jamie , Matson Pamela A. , Trent Maria
Published: June 2019

Research suggests that youth in urban communities often remain in the same sexual relationships after a pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) diagnosis. Utilizing data from the Technology Enhanced Community Health Nursing (TECH-N) study, we explored partner notification, treatment, and condom use after PID diagnosis. Outreach interviews assessed adherence to self-care behaviors, followed by interviews 3 months after diagnosis. Descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic regressions evaluated baseline condom use versus 3 months after diagnosis as it relates to group and relationship status. Ninety-one percent reported partner notification, and of those notified, 90% reported partner treatment. Reports of condom use increased in both groups compared with baseline use. TECH-N participants were more likely to report condom use at last sex at 3 months compared with baseline. Given the open communication with partners about PID and partner-associated effects on condom use, exploring dyadic intervention to promote consistent, condom use after PID for youth in high STI (sexually transmitted infection) prevalence communities is required.
In situ real-time 3D observation of porosity growth during composite part curing by ultra-fast synchrotron X-ray microtomography
Authors: de Parscau du Plessix Basile , Lefébure Patrice , Boyard Nicolas , Corre Steven Le , Lefèvre Nicolas , Jacquemin Frédéric , Sobotka Vincent , Rolland du Roscoat Sabine
Published: June 2019

The present study reports on an experimental development addressing 3D void growth in epoxy-based carbon fibre-reinforced composites during their curing process. For that purpose and to investigate autoclave condition effects, composites samples were cured according to different curing cycles by using a specially designed device, which was installed on a synchrotron beamline dedicated to ultra-fast X-ray microtomography. Thus, 3D in situ images of the voids evolution could be obtained as a function of time, temperature, pressure, initial water content and resin conversion degree, which are the driving factors of void size evolution during the polymerization cycles. Results confirm the combined roles of humidity and temperature on the porosity growth and highlight the complex shape of the generated bubbles. It is also emphasized that a sharp increase of the applied pressure during the curing cycle instantaneously reduces the pore size. Such results improve the understanding of the cure of composites parts and can finally be used as input data for modelling purpose or for validation of existing models.