bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Testing equality of stationary autocovariances
Authors: Lund Robert , Bassily Hany , Vidakovic Brani
Published: April 2009

Abstract.  This article studies tests for assessing whether two stationary and independent time series have the same dynamics – specifically, whether the autocovariances of both series coincide at all lags. Frequency domain statistics previously proposed for this purpose are reviewed. A time domain statistic is then developed and investigated. The performance of these statistics are compared. Multivariate versions of the results are constructed. The methods are applied in the analysis of temperatures and precipitations from Atlanta and Athens, Georgia. Our interest here is driven by the need to identify a good climatological reference series for a given station.
Generation Of Time Series Models With Given Spectral Properties
Authors: Boshnakov Georgi N. , Iqelan Bisher M.
Published: April 2009

Abstract. We give a method for generation of periodically correlated and multivariate ARIMA models whose dynamic characteristics are partially or fully specified in terms of spectral poles and zeroes or their equivalents in the form of eigenvalues/eigenvectors of associated model matrices. Our method is based on the spectral decomposition of multi‐companion matrices and their factorization into products of companion matrices. Generated models are needed in simulation but may also be used in estimation, e.g. to set sensible initial values of parameters for nonlinear optimization.

We are not aware of any other general method for multivariate linear systems of comparable generality and control over the spectral properties of the generated model.
A Non‐parametric Examination of Capital–Skill Complementarity*
Authors: Henderson Daniel J.
Published: April 2009

This paper uses non‐parametric kernel methods to construct observation‐specific elasticities of substitution for a balanced panel of 73 developed and developing countries to examine the capital–skill complementarity hypothesis. The exercise shows some support for capital–skill complementarity, but the strength of the evidence depends upon the definition of skilled labour and the elasticity of substitution measure being used. The added flexibility of the non‐parametric procedure is also capable of uncover ing that the elasticities of substitution vary across countries, groups of countries and time periods.
The magic of early medieval ritual
Authors: Pössel Christina
Published: April 2009

Whether, and how, we ought to study early medieval rituals has been much debated recently, including in the pages of this journal by Geoffrey Koziol and Philippe Buc. This paper is intended as a contribution to this debate, and argues that rituals' written or spoken interpretations are not a simple rendering of the ritualized actions' ‘meanings’ in words and must therefore be analysed separately, not conflated with the possible effects of performance. Ritualized acts thus had two loci: the short‐term experience of the embodied performance, and the long‐term struggle over interpretation in speech and writing, both of which need to be explored with appropriate methodologies. Whilst the textuality of our sources thus needs to be taken seriously, it is proposed that we can also say something about the possible or even probable characteristics of early medieval ritualized acts as the medium of bodily postures and gestures used for demonstrative public interations between power holders.
The Vita Columbani in Merovingian Gaul
Authors: O'Hara Alexander
Published: April 2009

This paper considers the evidence for the dissemination of the Vita Columbani. Using a number of seventh‐century texts as well as the Vita itself, it proposes that the Vita Columbani had a wider dissemination in Merovingian Gaul than has hitherto been acknowledged. It suggests that the Vita was not merely confined to monastic and ecclesiastical circles, but was also intended for a royal and aristocratic audience closely linked to the Columbanian communities.
New Technology in Home Help Services — A Tool for Support or an Instrument of Subordination?
Authors: Hjalmarsson Marie
Published: April 2009

The implementation of information and communication technologies (ICT) is in line with a general transformation of the work of home help services in Sweden. One strong motivation behind the introduction of new technology was to change the ways of working towards greater efficiency in order to reduce costs and at the same time raise the value of care‐giving work. This article discusses the introduction of ICT in home help services as a part of the increasing rationalization of care‐giving work and its consequences for the workers. The results of an ethnographic study of the introduction of hand‐held computers in a working team in home help services in Sweden shows that the motives for the implementation of ICT run counter to the basic norms that are supposed to govern care‐giving work. The technology participates in reproducing the subordinate position of care‐giving work as well as that of the front‐line workers. The workers act according to personal decision‐making ability and show a form of limited resistance to the technology while, at the same time, taking part in their own subordination.
Inter‐ and Extra‐Indian Admixture and Genetic Diversity in Reunion Island Revealed by Analysis of Mitochondrial DNA
Authors: Dubut Vincent , Murail Pascal , Pech Nicolas , Thionville Marie‐Dominique , Cartault François
Published: April 2009

Reunion Island is a French territory located in the western Indian Ocean. The genetic pattern of the Reunionese population has been shaped by contributions from highly contrasting regions of the world. Over the last 350 years, several migration waves and cultural and socio‐economic factors have led to the emergence of six main ethnic groups in Reunion. India is one of the principal regions that contributed to the setting up of the Reunionese population. Diversity, demographic and admixture analyses were performed on mtDNA variation of the Reunionese of Indian ancestry, including theMalbarandZarabethnic groups, in order to question their history. Using a phylogeographical approach, we generated and analysed quantitative data on the contribution of the Indian parental populations. Furthermore, we showed that the settlement of Reunion Island by Indians did not involve a founder effect, except in the very beginning of the Reunionese settlement (at the end of the 17thcentury). The accuracy of our results was optimised by a re‐evaluation of the classification of the Southern Asian mtDNA haplogroups. Finally, by comparing our results to a previous study dealing with the Reunionese population, we highlighted how ethno‐historical data are critical for reconstructing the complex history of multiethnic populations.
Current knowledge of tooth development: patterning and mineralization of the murine dentition
Authors: Catón Javier , Tucker Abigail S.
Published: April 2009

The integument forms a number of different types of mineralized element, including dermal denticles, scutes, ganoid scales, elasmoid scales, fin rays and osteoderms found in certain fish, reptiles, amphibians and xenarthran mammals. To this list can be added teeth, which are far more widely represented and studied than any of the other mineralized elements mentioned above, and as such can be thought of as a model mineralized system. In recent years the focus for studies on tooth development has been the mouse, with a wealth of genetic information accrued and the availability of cutting edge techniques. It is the mouse dentition that this review will concentrate on. The development of the tooth will be followed, looking at what controls the shape of the tooth and how signals from the mesenchyme and epithelium interact to lead to formation of a molar or incisor. The number of teeth generated will then be investigated, looking at how tooth germ number can be reduced or increased by apoptosis, fusion of tooth germs, creation of new tooth germs, and the generation of additional teeth from existing tooth germs. The development of mineralized tissue will then be detailed, looking at how the asymmetrical deposition of enamel is controlled in the mouse incisor. The continued importance of epithelial–mesenchymal interactions at these later stages of tooth development will also be discussed. Tooth anomalies and human disorders have been well covered by recent reviews, therefore in this paper we wish to present a classical review of current knowledge of tooth development, fitting together data from a large number of recent research papers to draw general conclusions about tooth development.
The integumentary skeleton of tetrapods: origin, evolution, and development
Authors: Vickaryous Matthew K. , Sire Jean‐Yves
Published: April 2009

Although often overlooked, the integument of many tetrapods is reinforced by a morphologically and structurally diverse assemblage of skeletal elements. These elements are widely understood to be derivatives of the once all‐encompassing dermal skeleton of stem‐gnathostomes but most details of their evolution and development remain confused and uncertain. Herein we re‐evaluate the tetrapod integumentary skeleton by integrating comparative developmental and tissue structure data. Three types of tetrapod integumentary elements are recognized: (1) osteoderms, common to representatives of most major taxonomic lineages; (2) dermal scales, unique to gymnophionans; and (3) the lamina calcarea, an enigmatic tissue found only in some anurans. As presently understood, all are derivatives of the ancestral cosmoid scale and all originate from scleroblastic neural crest cells. Osteoderms are plesiomorphic for tetrapods but demonstrate considerable lineage‐specific variability in size, shape, and tissue structure and composition. While metaplastic ossification often plays a role in osteoderm development, it is not the exclusive mode of skeletogenesis. All osteoderms share a common origin within the dermis (at or adjacent to the stratum superficiale) and are composed primarily (but not exclusively) of osseous tissue. These data support the notion that all osteoderms are derivatives of a neural crest‐derived osteogenic cell population (with possible matrix contributions from the overlying epidermis) and share a deep homology associated with the skeletogenic competence of the dermis. Gymnophionan dermal scales are structurally similar to the elasmoid scales of most teleosts and are not comparable with osteoderms. Whereas details of development are lacking, it is hypothesized that dermal scales are derivatives of an odontogenic neural crest cell population and that skeletogenesis is comparable with the formation of elasmoid scales. Little is known about the lamina calcarea. It is proposed that this tissue layer is also odontogenic in origin, but clearly further study is necessary. Although not homologous as organs, all elements of the integumentary skeleton share a basic and essential relationship with the integument, connecting them with the ancestral rhombic scale.
Evolution of hard proteins in the sauropsid integument in relation to the cornification of skin derivatives in amniotes
Authors: Alibardi Lorenzo , Dalla Valle Luisa , Nardi Alessia , Toni Mattia
Published: April 2009

Hard skin appendages in amniotes comprise scales, feathers and hairs. The cell organization of these appendages probably derived from the localization of specialized areas of dermal–epidermal interaction in the integument. The horny scales and the other derivatives were formed from large areas of dermal–epidermal interaction. The evolution of these skin appendages was characterized by the production of specific coiled‐coil keratins and associated proteins in the inter‐filament matrix. Unlike mammalian keratin‐associated proteins, those of sauropsids contain a double beta‐folded sequence of about 20 amino acids, known as the core‐box. The core‐box shows 60%–95% sequence identity with known reptilian and avian proteins. The core‐box determines the polymerization of these proteins into filaments indicated as beta‐keratin filaments. The nucleotide and derived amino acid sequences for these sauropsid keratin‐associated proteins are presented in conjunction with a hypothesis about their evolution in reptiles‐birds compared to mammalian keratin‐associated proteins. It is suggested that genes coding for ancestral glycine‐serine‐rich sequences of alpha‐keratins produced a new class of small matrix proteins. In sauropsids, matrix proteins may have originated after mutation and enrichment in proline, probably in a central region of the ancestral protein. This mutation gave rise to the core‐box, and other regions of the original protein evolved differently in the various reptilians orders. In lepidosaurians, two main groups, the high glycine proline and the high cysteine proline proteins, were formed. In archosaurians and chelonians two main groups later diversified into the high glycine proline tyrosine, non‐feather proteins, and into the glycine‐tyrosine‐poor group of feather proteins, which evolved in birds. The latter proteins were particularly suited for making the elongated barb/barbule cells of feathers. In therapsids‐mammals, mutations of the ancestral proteins formed the high glycine‐tyrosine or the high cysteine proteins but no core‐box was produced in the matrix proteins of the hard corneous material of mammalian derivatives.
Loss of teeth and enamel in tetrapods: fossil record, genetic data and morphological adaptations
Authors: Davit‐Béal Tiphaine , Tucker Abigail S. , Sire Jean‐Yves
Published: April 2009

Since their recruitment in the oral cavity, approximately 450 million years ago, teeth have been subjected to strong selective constraints due to the crucial role that they play in species survival. It is therefore quite surprising that the ability to develop functional teeth has subsequently been lost several times, independently, in various lineages. In this review, we concentrate our attention on tetrapods, the only vertebrate lineage in which several clades lack functional teeth from birth to adulthood. Indeed, in other lineages, teeth can be absent in adults but be functionally present in larvae and juveniles, can be absent in the oral cavity but exist in the pharyngeal region, or can develop on the upper jaw but be absent on the lower jaw. Here, we analyse the current data on toothless (edentate) tetrapod taxa, including information available on enamel‐less species. Firstly, we provide an analysis of the dispersed and fragmentary morphological data published on the various living taxa concerned (and their extinct relatives) with the aim of tracing the origin of tooth or enamel loss, i.e. toads in Lissamphibia, turtles and birds in Sauropsida, and baleen whales, pangolins, anteaters, sloths, armadillos and aardvark in Mammalia. Secondly, we present current hypotheses on the genetic basis of tooth loss in the chicken and thirdly, we try to answer the question of how these taxa have survived tooth loss given the crucial importance of this tool. The loss of teeth (or only enamel) in all of these taxa was not lethal because it was always preceded in evolution by the pre‐adaptation of a secondary tool (beak, baleens, elongated adhesive tongues or hypselodonty) useful for improving efficiency in food uptake. The positive selection of such secondary tools would have led to relaxed functional constraints on teeth and would have later compensated for the loss of teeth. These hypotheses raise numerous questions that will hopefully be answered in the near future.
Structure and functions of keratin proteins in simple, stratified, keratinized and cornified epithelia
Authors: Bragulla Hermann H. , Homberger Dominique G.
Published: April 2009

Historically, the term ‘keratin’ stood for all of the proteins extracted from skin modifications, such as horns, claws and hooves. Subsequently, it was realized that this keratin is actually a mixture of keratins, keratin filament‐associated proteins and other proteins, such as enzymes. Keratins were then defined as certain filament‐forming proteins with specific physicochemical properties and extracted from the cornified layer of the epidermis, whereas those filament‐forming proteins that were extracted from the living layers of the epidermis were grouped as ‘prekeratins’ or ‘cytokeratins’. Currently, the term ‘keratin’ covers all intermediate filament‐forming proteins with specific physicochemical properties and produced in any vertebrate epithelia. Similarly, the nomenclature of epithelia as cornified, keratinized or non‐keratinized is based historically on the notion that only the epidermis of skin modifications such as horns, claws and hooves is cornified, that the non‐modified epidermis is a keratinized stratified epithelium, and that all other stratified and non‐stratified epithelia are non‐keratinized epithelia. At this point in time, the concepts of keratins and of keratinized or cornified epithelia need clarification and revision concerning the structure and function of keratin and keratin filaments in various epithelia of different species, as well as of keratin genes and their modifications, in view of recent research, such as the sequencing of keratin proteins and their genes, cell culture, transfection of epithelial cells, immunohistochemistry and immunoblotting. Recently, new functions of keratins and keratin filaments in cell signaling and intracellular vesicle transport have been discovered. It is currently understood that all stratified epithelia are keratinized and that some of these keratinized stratified epithelia cornify by forming aStratum corneum. The processes of keratinization and cornification in skin modifications are different especially with respect to the keratins that are produced. Future research in keratins will provide a better understanding of the processes of keratinization and cornification of stratified epithelia, including those of skin modifications, of the adaptability of epithelia in general, of skin diseases, and of the changes in structure and function of epithelia in the course of evolution. This review focuses on keratins and keratin filaments in mammalian tissue but keratins in the tissues of some other vertebrates are also considered.
Morphology of the corpus callosum in treatment‐resistant schizophrenia and major depression
Authors: Sun J. , Maller J. J. , Daskalakis Z. J. , Furtado C. C. , Fitzgerald P. B.
Published: April 2009

Objective:  To identify possible differences in the mean midsagittal corpus callosum (CC) total and subdivision areas in treatment‐resistant schizophrenia and depression (TRS and TRD) patients.

Method:  Areas of the total CC and its five equidistant subregions (from CC1 to CC5) obtained by parallel grid partitioning schemes were manually segmented from brain MRI of 42 TRS, 45 TRD patients and 30 healthy controls. The intracranial volume (ICV) normalized areas were calculated and compared between groups.

Results:  When compared with controls, patients with TRS had reduced ICV and a larger CC5, and TRD patients had a smaller CC4 while no significant difference in CC total area in patients with TRS or TRD was found. Multiple individual segments and total CC areas were significantly larger in TRS than TRD patients after normalization.

Conclusion:  Patients with TRS and TRD have different CC morphological characteristics, and therefore there may be aberrant interhemispheric connectivity in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder patients.
Adults with Tourette’s syndrome with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
Authors: Haddad A. D. M. , Umoh G. , Bhatia V. , Robertson M. M.
Published: April 2009

Objective:  Comorbidity between Tourette’s syndrome (TS) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is high. In children, those with both TS+ADHD fare less well than those with TS‐only on measures of both psychopathology and behaviour. The objective of this study was to document such measures in adult patients.

Method:  Eighty adults with TS‐only were compared to 64 with TS+ADHD using a clinical interview and standardised measures of depression, anxiety and obsessionality.

Results:  The two groups were no different on measures of TS severity. TS+ADHD patients had significantly more depression, anxiety, obsessive–compulsive behaviour and maladaptive behaviours than patients with TS‐only. There were also significant differences in the incidence of copro‐ and echo‐phenomena and family history of ADHD.

Conclusion:  The finding of increased overall behavioural difficulties and psychopathology in adult patients with TS+ADHD when compared with TS‐only is in agreement with previous findings in children with TS. Appropriate treatment of ADHD in TS patients during childhood may prevent many behavioural problems in adulthood.
Acute splenic complications and implications of splenectomy in hemoglobin SC disease
Authors: Subbannan Karthi , Ustun Celalettin , Natarajan Kavita , Clair Betsy , Daitch Lisa , Fields Sabine , Kutlar Ferdane , Kutlar Abdullah
Published: April 2009

Splenectomy indications and outcome were evaluated in 124 adults with hemoglobin SC disease (Hb SC). Twelve patients (9.6%) required splenectomy. There was a significant difference between the splenectomy group and the non‐splenectomy group, respectively, regarding Hb levels (median 7.2 g/dL vs. 12.5 g/dL, P < 0.0001), platelet counts (median 146 × 106/L vs. 275 × 106/L, P = 0.031), palpable spleen rate (66% vs. 16%, P = 0.0003%), acute chest syndrome frequency (75% vs. 12%P = 0.0004) and cholecystectomy rate (66% vs. 13%, P = 0.0004). No significant morbidity or mortality occurred postsplenectomy. There is a subgroup of Hb SC patients requiring splenectomy, in which splenectomy is effective. Although it appears to be safe regarding short‐term complications of surgery, long‐term adverse effects such as infections have to be evaluated cautiously.
Rhesus macaque blastocysts resulting from intracytoplasmic sperm injection of vacuum‐dried spermatozoa*
Authors: Meyers Stuart A. , Li Ming‐Wen , Enders Allen C. , Overstreet James W.
Published: April 2009

Background  Sperm desiccation is an attractive approach for sperm preservation. In this study, we examined the feasibility and efficiency of intracytoplasmic sperm injection using vacuum‐dried rhesus macaque sperm in CZB medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum.

Methods  A total of 109 MII oocytes were injected with 69 fresh ejaculated sperm and 40 vacuum‐dried sperm.

Results  Cleavage occurred in 97% of oocytes injected with fresh, motile sperm and in 88% of oocytes injected with vacuum‐dried sperm. Of the cleaved oocytes, 68% fresh sperm‐injected oocytes and 74% of dried sperm‐injected oocytes developed to the compact morula stage. Blastocyst development was comparable between fresh‐injected (16%) and vacuum‐dried‐injected (17%) oocytes. Differences between treatment groups were not significant. Transmission electron microscopic observation of the blastocysts indicated no detectable differences between fresh sperm and dried sperm‐derived embryos.

Conclusions  We conclude that vacuum‐dried rhesus macaque sperm are capable of inducing fertilization and development of pre‐implantation embryos when sperm were dried under vacuum and microinjected into normal viable oocytes.
Emodin Inhibits Voltage‐Dependent Potassium Current in Guinea Pig Gallbladder Smooth Muscle
Authors: Wu Zhi‐Xuan , Yu Bao‐Ping , Xu Long , Xia Hong
Published: April 2009

Abstract:  Emodin is known to prompt bile secretion in gallbladder and to be used in the treatment of cholesterol stones. We studied the effects of emodin on the contraction of gallbladder smooth muscle and voltage‐dependent K+ current in gallbladder smooth muscle cells. Gallbladder muscle strips were obtained from adult guinea pigs and the resting tension was recorded. Gallbladder smooth muscle cells were isolated by enzymatic digestion, and K+ current was recorded by the whole‐cell patch clamp method. Emodin increased the resting tension of gallbladder smooth muscle strips and inhibited voltage‐dependent K+ current in a dose‐dependent manner. When 10 µM emodin was applied to gallbladder smooth muscle cells for 3–6 min., the amplitude of voltage‐dependent K+ current was decreased by 31.5 ± 0.5% at +40 mV, and this inhibitory effect mostly recovered after washout. The steady‐state inactivation curves were shifted in a hyperpolarizing direction by emodin. In the presence of the protein kinase C inhibitors staurosporine and chelerythrine, the effect of emodin on voltage‐dependent K+ current was significantly attenuated. In conclusion, emodin promotes gallbladder contraction, mainly by inhibiting voltage‐dependent K+ current via the protein kinase C pathway. These findings provide theoretical foundation for the application of emodin in gallbladder motility disorders.
INHIBITION OF FOODBORNE PATHOGENS AND SPOILING BACTERIA BY ESSENTIAL OIL AND EXTRACTS OF ERIGERON RAMOSUS (WALT.) B.S.P.
Authors: RAHMAN ATIQUR , KANG SUN CHUL
Published: April 2009

The antibacterial potential of essential oil and methanolic extracts of Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B.S.P. was evaluated. Thirty‐one components representing 95.3% of the total oil were identified, of which β‐caryophyllene (24.0%), α‐humulene (14.5%), 1,8‐cineole (9.0%), eugenol (7.2%), globulol (7.1%), caryophyllene oxide (5.2%), δ‐cadinene (5.0%), α‐copaene (4.9%) and widdrol (2.0%) were the major components. The antibacterial activity of essential oil and methanolic extracts of E. ramosus was determined in vitro using the agar diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration determination test against 14 (seven gram‐positive and seven gram‐negative) foodborne bacteria. The essential oil (5 µL/mL, corresponding to 1,000 ppm/disc), methanol extract and its different organic subfractions (7.5 µL/mL, corresponding to 1500 ppm/disc) of E. ramosus displayed a great potential of antibacterial activity against all gram‐positive bacteria: Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 6538 and KCTC 1916), Listeria monocytogenes (ATCC 19116, ATCC 19118, ATCC 19166 and ATCC 15313) and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 6633 and four gram‐negative bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa KCTC 2004, Enterobacter aerogenes KCTC 2190 and Escherichia coli (0157:H7 ATCC 43888 and ATCC 8739). The zones of inhibition of different concentrations of essential oil and methanolic extracts against the tested bacteria were found in the range of 10.1∼22.3 mm, and MIC values were recorded between 62.5 and 500 µg/mL.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The use of essential oil and organic extracts of Erigeron ramosus (Walt.) B.S.P. as antibacterial agents will be suitable for applications on the food industry as natural preservatives or flavoring to control foodborne pathogens. They can be used as growth inhibitors of Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, some important foodborne pathogens and spoiling bacteria. The main reason for their suitability is their natural origin, which consumers find comforting and which is beneficial for the environment, and the very low risk that pathogens will develop resistance to the mixture of components that make up the oil and extracts with their apparent diversity of antibacterial mechanisms. These beneficial characteristics could increase food safety and shelf life.
GENERATION OF BIOLUMINESCENT MORGANELLA MORGANII AND ITS POTENTIAL USAGE IN DETERMINATION OF GROWTH LIMITS AND HISTAMINE PRODUCTION
Authors: ZAREI MEHDI , HOSSEINI ARSALAN , SHEKARFOROUSH S. SHAHRAM
Published: April 2009

A mini‐Tn5 promoter probe carrying the intact lux operon of Photorhabdus luminescens (pUT mini‐Tn5 luxCDABE) which allowed measurement of light output without the addition of exogenous substrate was constructed. It was used to create a pool of chromosomally lux‐marked strains of Morganella morganii. Also plasmid‐mediated expression of bioluminescence in M. morganii was assessed using plasmid pT7‐3 luxCDABE. No significant differences in growth and histamine formation characteristics of the lux‐marked strains and wild type M. morganii strain were observed. Luminescent strain of M. morganii was used in experiments in which the correlation between light output, viable cell count and histamine formation was assessed. During the exponential growth phase, a positive linear correlation was observed between these three parameters in trypticase soy broth‐histidine medium at 37C. It was demonstrated that expression of bioluminescence had not had a significant effect upon both growth rate and histamine production. Thus, the measurement of bioluminescence was found to be a simple, fast and reliable method for determination of viable cell count and histamine content.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Constructing predictive models in microbiology requires a large number of data on desired factors. Commonly used traditional methods of counting viable cells and measuring histamine, e.g., to model the growth limits of M. morganii as a function of different intrinsic and extrinsic factors, are time consuming and laborious, and require a lot of laboratory space and materials. According to the results of this research, measurement of bioluminescence is a simple, fast and reliable method for the determination of viable cell count and histamine content during the exponential growth phase. Thus, it can be used as a labor‐ and material‐saving selective data capture method for constructing predictive models in many different areas.
PERCENT MOISTURE AND SEED COAT CHARACTERISTICS OF ALFALFA SEEDS AFTER ARTIFICIAL INOCULATION
Authors: RAJKOWSKI KATHLEEN T.
Published: April 2009

Naturally contaminated seeds have low pathogen levels. Most reports on sanitizing efficacy used artificially inoculated seeds. There is no standard procedure for artificially inoculating seeds with bacteria pathogens. This study compared 15 published inoculation procedures as they impact the percent moisture of alfalfa seeds. The percent moisture after drying was similar for the 15 procedures, verifying that the inoculation method had no effect. Using white and ultraviolet (UV) fluorescent light at 360 nm, the physical characteristics of different alfalfa varieties' seed coats were examined. Exposed cotyledon fluoresced under the UV light, making viewing of wrinkled, broken and cracked seed coats easier. The effects of wetting and drying on broken or cracked seed coats were photographed. During inoculation, cracks or breaks in the seed coats became more pronounced and curled away from the cotyledon; thus, bacteria cells in the inocula became trapped in the cracks or under the seed coat. Upon drying, the seed coat did not return to the original position. Condition of the seeds used for artificial inoculation would therefore be expected to impact the result of a decontamination procedure. Examination of seed lots using the UV fluorescent light could potentially be used to remove the cracked and wrinkled seeds.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Vegetable sprouts can be a vehicle for foodborne illnesses, and seeds are considered the source of contamination. Naturally contaminated seeds have low pathogen levels. Reports on the efficacy of sanitizers used artificially inoculated seeds. There is no standard procedure for artificially inoculating seeds, and different inoculation methods were reported. We compared the impact of 15 different procedures on the percent moisture of alfalfa seeds from one lot. The percent moisture after drying was similar for the various procedures. Using white and UV fluorescent light at 360 nm, we examined the physical characteristics of seed coats. Exposed cotyledon fluoresced under the UV light. During inoculation, broken seed coats curled away from the cotyledon, which did not return to the original condition on drying, allowing bacteria to become trapped. The original condition of the seeds used for artificial inoculation would therefore be expected to impact the result of a decontamination procedure.
FATE OF LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES IN CARRA CHEESE DURING MANUFACTURE AND RIPENING
Authors: DURMAZ H.
Published: April 2009

Carra cheese produced from raw milk is a traditional cheese that contains mostly black cumin (Nigella sativa) and is produced in the Southeastern provinces of Turkey. This study was carried out to evaluate the growth and survival of Listeria monocytogenes during manufacture and ripening of Carra cheese. For this purpose, Carra cheese was produced with raw cow's milk inoculated to contain 2.97 log cfu/mL of L. monocytogenes (serovar 4b). Cheese was ripened through storing in an earthenware jug underground for 90 days. Enumeration of L. monocytogenes was made by surface‐plating on Oxford agar. The number of L. monocytogenes increased during manufacture and reached 4.89 log cfu/g at the first day of ripening, while it decreased to 4.19 log cfu/g during the first 15 days of ripening and remained constant throughout the rest of the ripening period. The results indicated that L. monocytogenes in Carra cheese manufactured with raw milk was able to survive for 90 days of ripening despite low pH and the presence of a high number of lactic acid bacteria. Thus, Listeria‐contaminated Carra cheese could cause serious illness if consumed by susceptible individuals.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Behaviour of L. monocytogenes during manufacture and ripening of different types of cheese in several countries should be studied in order to determine the exact risk that this food represents to food safety. Considering the processing method (it was prepared with raw milk) of Carra cheese and that artisan practices may still be applied under potentially poor hygienic conditions in small dairies, there is a potential for L. monocytogenes in the cheese at the time of consumption. Therefore, this study was undertaken to describe what might be expected if Carra cheese is manufactured from contaminated raw milk. In Carra cheese, the pathogen might survive after ripening for 90 days. Therefore, we think that individuals should be consuming Carra cheese with caution. Otherwise, Listeria‐contaminated Carra cheese may cause serious and mortal illnesses, even outbreaks, in humans.
AUTOCHTHONOUS MICROBIOTA OF RAW MILK WITH ANTAGONISTIC ACTIVITY AGAINST LISTERIA MONOCYTOGENES AND SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS
Authors: NERO L.A. , MATTOS M.R. , BELOTI V. , BARROS M.A.F. , ORTOLANI M.B.T. , FRANCO B.D.G.M.
Published: April 2009

The objective of this study was to detect and identify the autochthonous microbiota of raw milk with antagonistic activity on Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella Enteritidis. Three hundred sixty colonies isolated from 15 raw milk samples were tested for antagonistic activity for L. monocytogenes and S. Enteritidis using the “spot‐on‐the‐lawn” method. The colonies detected as antagonistic were identified using API 20 Strep. Two types of inhibition were observed: total, characterized by the formation of a well‐defined halo around the colony, and partial, with the formation of a diffused halo. Ninety‐one (25.3%) colonies presented antagonistic activity for L. monocytogenes and 33 (9.2%) for S. Enteritidis. Most of the antagonistic cultures were lactic acid bacteria, mainly Lactococcus lactis ssp. lactis and Enterococcus faecium. The results indicate that microorganisms in the natural microbiota of raw milk may play an important role in the inhibition of key pathogens in dairy products.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

This article is an initial study from our group concerning the antagonistic activity of the autochthonous microbiota from raw milk. This activity can explain the low frequency of some pathogens in this food, and these findings were the basis for our current studies concerning the characterization of this activity. For the period of 2006–2008, our group received funds from the National Council for Scientific and Technological Development, Brazil, and the Foundation of Scientific Support from Minas Gerais state, Brazil, for this complete study, aiming to describe the antagonistic microorganisms (phenotypic and genotypic), their antimicrobial productions (identification, characterization and potential) and purification. This article has the importance of supporting similar studies concerning this phenomenon, and proves the necessity of future studies for isolation and characterization of autochthonous microorganisms in milk, with antimicrobial activity, for subsequent utilization in the dairy industry, improving food safety.
ACID AND THERMAL RESISTANCE OF A SALMONELLA ENTERITIDIS STRAIN INVOLVED IN SEVERAL FOODBORNE OUTBREAKS
Authors: MALHEIROS P.S. , BRANDELLI A. , NOREÑA C.P.Z. , TONDO E.C.
Published: April 2009

Acid and thermal resistances of a Salmonella enteritidis strain involved in several foodborne outbreaks in southern Brazil were compared with other two Salmonella serovars. Strains were cultivated in Nutrient Broth supplemented with 1% glucose for acid adaptation, and then cells were exposed to different pH and temperatures. Survivors were enumerated and cellular proteins were analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS‐PAGE). S. enteritidis presented better acid adaptation than S. typhimurium and S. bredeney after exposure to pH 3.5 and 4.0, but all serovars demonstrated a similar behavior at pH 4.5. At 52C, nonadapted and acid‐adapted S. bredeney presented enhanced survivor rates when compared to the other serovars, although acid adaptation protected S. enteritidis. At 56C and 60C, nonadapted and acid‐adapted S. enteritidis was more thermally resistant than other serovars. Differences in protein profiles of nonadapted and acid‐adapted cells of all serovars were observed by SDS‐PAGE. S. enteritidis demonstrated greater acid adaptation and thermal resistance after acid adaptation than other serovars.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

These results could be related to the frequent involvement of this strain with salmonellosis in southern Brazil. Information on the thermal resistance of pathogenic microorganisms is an important step toward the optimization of the thermal processing of foods. Underestimation of thermal resistance increases the risk that a sufficient portion of an initial pathogen population may persist after thermal treatments, which could result in a foodborne outbreak.
THE AFLATOXIN CONTAMINATION OF FIG FRUITS IN AYDIN CITY (TURKEY)
Authors: ISMAN B. , BIYIK H.
Published: April 2009

The mold flora of 50 dried fig samples consumed in Turkey was examined and the aflatoxigenic ones were determined. Among 127 fungi isolated, 74 were Aspergillus, 24 were Trichoderma, 16 were Fusarium and 13 were Acremonium. Of the isolates, 17 were aflatoxigenic and four of them were capable to produce aflatoxin, three of which were characterized as A. flavus and one as A. parasiticus. Aflatoxin production of four strains was confirmed by high pressure liquid chromotography. The effect of UV irradiation on mold count and aflatoxin quantity was also tested. It was found that UV irradiation led to a decrease in the mold count and aflatoxin quantity.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

Studies have shown that the concentration of aflatoxins may exceed the determined limits in dried figs. Its presence can be a potential threat to the health of consumers. Dried figs are one of the major agricultural export products of Turkey (Senyuva et al. 2005). The effects of UV irradiation on mold flora of dried figs and aflatoxins have been examined. The Aspergillus flavus and parasiticus agar (AFPA) medium is used for detection of aflatoxigenic species, and coconut agar medium (CAM) is used to detect the aflatoxin‐producing ability of aflatoxigenic strains. It was found that the reproduction of the molds in dried figs, consequently the aflatoxigenic mold strains, can be depressed by UV irradiation. It was found that increasing time of UV irradiation led to a decrease in the mold count in dried figs. In addition, a UV irradiation applied for 90 min, was found to decrease the aflatoxin quantity in dried figs in an amount of 25%. Because of inexpensiveness and easiness of the application it was concluded that the UV irradiation can be used as a practical application.
Stem Cells for Enhancing Recovery after Stroke: A Review
Authors: England Tim , Martin Paul , Bath Philip M. W.
Published: April 2009

The potential application for stem cell therapy is vast, and development for use in ischaemic stroke is still in its infancy. Access to stem cells for research is contentious; however, stem cells are obtainable from both animal and human. Despite a limited understanding of their mechanisms of action, clinical trials assessing stem cells in human stroke have been performed. Trials are also underway evaluating haematopoietic precursors mobilised with granulocyte-colony stimulating factor, an approach offering an autologous means of administrating stem cells for therapeutic purposes. This review summarises current knowledge in regard to stem cells and their potential for helping improve recovery after stroke.
‘Getting your Life Back on Track after Stroke’: A Phase II Multi-Centered, Single-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial of the Stroke Self-Management Program Vs. the Stanford Chronic Condition Self-Management Program or Standard Care in Stroke Survivors
Authors: Battersby M. , Hoffmann S. , Cadilhac D. , Osborne R. , Lalor E. , Lindley R.
Published: April 2009

Background

Self-management is seen as a primary mechanism to support the optimization of care for people with chronic diseases such as symptomatic vascular disease. There are no established and evidence-based stroke-specific chronic disease self-management programs. Our aim is to evaluate whether a stroke-specific program is safe and feasible as part of a Phase II randomized-controlled clinical trial.

Methods

Stroke survivors are recruited from a variety of sources including: hospital stroke services, local paper advertisements. Stroke South Australia newsletter (volunteer peer support organization), Divisions of General Practice, and community service providers across Adelaide, South Australia. Subjects are invited to participate in a multi-center, single-blind, randomized, controlled trial. Eligible participants are randomized to either; standard care, standard care plus a six week generic chronic condition self-management group education program, or, standard care plus an eight week stroke specific self-management education group program. Interventions are conducted after discharge from hospital. Participants are assessed at baseline, immediate post intervention and six months.

Study Outcomes

The primary outcome measures determine study feasibility and safety, measuring, recruitment, participation, compliance and adverse events. Secondary outcomes include: positive and active engagement in life measured by the Health Education Impact Questionnaire, improvements in quality of life measured by the Assessment of Quality of Life instrument, improvements in mood measured by the Irritability, Depression and Anxiety Scale, health resource utilization measured by a participant held diary and safety.

Conclusion

The results of this study will determine whether a definitive Phase III efficacy trial is justified.
Long-Term Prognosis of Chinese Patients with A Lacunar Infarct Associated with Small Vessel Disease: A Five-Year Longitudinal Study
Authors: Mok Vincent C. T. , Lau Alexander Y. L. , Wong Adrian , Lam Wynnie W. M. , Chan Anne , Leung Howan , Wong Edward , Soo Yannie , Leung Thomas , Wong Lawrence K. S.
Published: April 2009

Rationale

Lacunar infarct associated with small vessel disease is a common stroke subtype in China and has a favorable short-term prognosis. Data on its long-term prognosis among Chinese patients are lacking.

Aims

We aimed to study its long-term prognosis and predictors for poor outcomes.

Design

We followed up to 75 consecutive Chinese stroke patients who had a lacunar infarct for a period of 5 years. Clinical outcomes with respect to mortality and recurrent stroke were noted. We evaluated baseline clinical and imaging predictors for such outcomes using the Cox regression analysis. Study Outcomes Sixteen (21·3%) patients died and 12 (16%) patients had recurrent stroke during follow-up. Twenty-one (28%) patients had combined events of either death and/or recurrent stroke. Univariate Cox regression analysis showed that age, literacy, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, incident stroke/transient ischemic attack, and white matter lesion volume predicted survival, while, age, National Institute of Health Stroke Scale, systolic blood pressure, hyperhomocysteinemia, silent lacunes, microbleeds, and white matter lesion volume predicted recurrent stroke. Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (HR 1·25, 95% CI 1·05–1·48) and white matter lesion volume (HR 1·46, 95% CI 1·11–1·92) predicted combined events of mortality and/or recurrent stroke after age adjustment.

Conclusion

Approximately one in four patients either died and/or had recurrent stroke within 5 years after a lacunar infarct. Age, stroke severity, and volume of white matter lesion predict a poor long-term prognosis.
Tail Muscle Free Amino Acid Concentration of Pacific White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Fed Diets Containing Protein‐bound versus Crystalline Amino Acids
Authors: Fox Joe M. , Lawrence Addison L. , Li‐Chan Eunice
Published: April 2009

Tail muscle tissue free amino acids (FAA) concentration is reported for subadult (4.3 g) Litopenaeus vannamei fed diets containing only protein‐bound amino acids, crystalline lysine as a supplement to protein‐bound lysine, and only crystalline amino acids (CAA). FAA were determined in shrimp at 0.00, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h postfeeding. Highest total tissue concentrations of essential amino acids and individual amino acids were typically observed 4 h postfeeding for shrimp fed intact and crystalline lysine‐supplemented feeds. Those shrimp offered diets containing only CAA showed no tissue maxima. Similar uptake patterns for lysine shown by shrimp fed the intact and crystalline lysine‐supplemented diet indicate the potential use of small amounts of crystalline lysine in shrimp feeds.
Growth Response and Resistance to Edwardsiella ictaluri of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Fed Diets Containing Distiller’s Dried Grains with Solubles
Authors: Lim Chhorn , Yildirim‐Aksoy Mediha , Klesius Phillip H.
Published: April 2009

A study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary levels of distiller’s dried grains with solubles (DDGS) on growth, body composition, hematology, immune response, and resistance of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, to Edwardsiella ictaluri challenge. Five diets containing 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40% DDGS with supplemental lysine (Diets 1–5) as partial replacements of a combination of soybean meal and cornmeal on an equal protein basis were fed to juvenile catfish (13.33 ± 0.25 g) for 12 wk. Growth performance and feed utilization efficiency were similar for fish in all treatments. Body lipid and moisture increased and decreased, respectively, in fish feed DDGS‐containing diets relative to the control group. Dietary treatment had no effect on red and white blood cell counts. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were significantly higher in fish fed diets containing DDGS than in those fed the control diet. Fish fed 20–40% DDGS diets had increased serum total immunoglobulin, and those fed the 30% DDGS diet had significantly increased antibody titers 21 d following E. ictaluri challenge. Other immune variables evaluated were not affected by dietary treatments. Preliminary results on bacterial challenge showed an increased resistance against E. ictaluri in fish fed DDGS‐containing diets (Diets 2–5).