bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal monitoring of Drosophila suzukii and its non‐crop hosts in Wuhu, Eastern China
Authors: Chen Yongzhuo , Li Qin , Li Jing , Pan Deng , Hu Wei , Liu Pengcheng , Hu Haoyuan
Published: October 2020

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) is a serious pest that prefers fresh fruits and is native to Southeast Asia. In our study, apple cider vinegar bait traps were used to capture and monitor the population dynamics of this native pest in Wuhu City, China, from May/June 2017 to May 2018. The research was conducted at 15 locations in two fruit orchards in Wuhu. Traps caught more adults in general in a Meiling blueberry orchard than in a Xicun mixed orchard, and the highest trap counts occurred near harvest time (October). Females had more mature eggs from September to November, and the number of mature eggs declined thereafter. We found several non‐crop hosts, which can provide food and reproductive resources for D. suzukii and are common in forests and field margins. By comparing the number of captured adults in the Meiling and Xicun orchards, we found that blueberry was preferred by D. suzukii among the fruits in our search. Fruit ripening times differed among crops; therefore, fly populations moved between crop and non‐crop habitats during the year or had varying population dynamics on different crops in different seasons. The D. suzukii population and the number of mature eggs decreased in summer and winter but increased in spring and autumn. Drosophila suzukii had higher survival rates with blueberry than those with other fruits, and D. suzukii could use four non‐crop species growing around the orchards as host plants.
Utility of DNA barcoding in native Oreochromis species
Authors: Mojekwu Tonna O. , Cunningham Michael J. , Bills Roger I. , Pretorius Petrus C. , Hoareau Thierry B.
Published: October 2020

The importance of Oreochromis in worldwide aquaculture and regional fisheries motivates the study of their genetic diversity in their native range. In this article, all mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene (COI) sequences of Oreochromis species are retrieved from Barcode of Life Data system to quantify the available DNA barcoding information from wild individuals collected within the native ranges of the respective species. It is found that 70% of the known species in the genus still lack a COI barcode, and only 15% of the available sequences are from within the respective native ranges. Many of the available sequences have been produced from specimens acquired from aquaculture and introduced, naturalized populations, making the assessment of variation within the original native range challenging. Analyses of the wild‐collected fraction of available sequences indicated the presence of cryptic lineages within Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus and O. schwebischi, the occurrence of potential introgressive hybridization between O. niloticus and blue tilapia O. aureus, and potential ancestral polymorphism between Karonga tilapia O. karongae and black tilapia O. placidus. This article also reports a case of misidentification of O. mweruensis as longfin tilapia O. macrochir. These results stress the importance of improving the knowledge of genetic variation within the native ranges of Oreochromis species for better‐informed conservation of these natural resources.
Variations in mucous cell numbers in gills of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) presmolt in commercial freshwater farms in Norway
Authors: Persson David , Bjørgen Håvard , Figenschou Alexander , Hillestad Linn‐Anett , Koppang Erling Olaf , Nødtvedt Ane , Stormoen Marit
Published: October 2020

Fish gills are heavily exposed to the external milieu and may react against irritants with different cellular responses. We describe variations in mucous cell counts in gills from healthy Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) presmolts in five recirculating aquaculture system (RAS) farms and one flow‐through farm. Based on certain criteria, mucous cells were histologically quantified in a defined lamellar region of the gills and the counts were analysed. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) was used to investigate epithelial responses. The median number of total mucous cells in the defined region was 59 per fish. Between the farms, the medians varied from 31 to 101 with the lowest in the flow‐through farm. A regression model was fitted with “total mucous cells” as the dependent variable and with “fish length” and “fish farm” as independent variables. The proportion of variation in mucous cell counts explained by the model was twice as high when “fish farm” was included compared to only “fish length.” IHC revealed proliferative responses in coherence with high mucous cell numbers. Conclusively, the variation in mucous cell counts depends on combined farm‐related factors. Establishing a baseline for mucous cell counts is fundamental in the development of high‐throughput monitoring programmes of gill health in farmed fish.
Ultrastructural evidence for telocytes in equine tendon
Authors: Luesma María J. , Cantarero Irene , Sánchez‐Cano Ana I. , Rodellar Clementina , Junquera Concepción
Published: October 2020

The three‐dimensional ultrastructure of the tendon is complex. Two main cell types are classically supported: elongated tenocytes and ovoid tenoblasts. The existence of resident stem/progenitor cells in human and equine tendons has been demonstrated, but their location and relationship to tenoblasts and tenocytes remain unclear. Hence, in this work, we carried out an ultrastructural study of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon. Although the fine structure of tendons has been previously studied using electron microscopy, the presence of telocytes, a specific type of interstitial cell, has not been described thus far. We show the presence of telocytes in the equine inter‐fascicular tendon matrix near blood vessels. These telocytes have characteristic telopodes, which are composed of alternating dilated portions (podoms) and thin segments (podomers). Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of the primary cilium in telocytes and its ability to release exosomes. The location of telocytes is similar to that of tendon stem cells. The telocyte–blood vessel proximity, the presence of primary immotile cilia and the release of exosomes could have special significance for tendon homeostasis.
The prevalence of awake bruxism and sleep bruxism in the Dutch adolescent population
Authors: Wetselaar Peter , Vermaire Erik J. H. , Lobbezoo Frank , Schuller Annemarie A.
Published: October 2020

Objectives

This study aimed to assess the prevalence of awake bruxism and sleep bruxism in the Dutch adolescent population.

Materials and Methods

As part of a large epidemiologic survey on oral health of the general Dutch adolescent population in 2017, a total of 920 subjects were asked about their bruxism behaviour during daytime and during sleep. The collected data were subjected to stratified analysis by two age groups (for 17 and 23 years, respectively), gender and socio‐economic status.

Results

A prevalence of 4.1% and 4.2% was found for awake bruxism and of 7.6% and 13.2% for sleep bruxism. Women reported awake bruxism more often than men in the 17‐year‐old age group (5.0% and 3.2%, respectively), while in the 23‐year‐old age group it was the other way around (4.0% and 4.4%, respectively). Regarding sleep bruxism, women reported higher percentages than men in both age groups (7.8% versus 7.5% and 14.9% versus 11.5%, respectively). Concerning socio‐economic status (SES), awake bruxism was more often found in high SES groups (4.6% versus 3.7% and 4.9% versus 4.0% in both age groups, respectively) as well as for sleep bruxism in the 23‐year‐old group (16.5% versus 8.6%). In the 17‐year‐old group, sleep bruxism was more often reported in the low SES group (9.7% versus 5.3%).

Conclusions

Sleep bruxism is a common condition in the Dutch adolescent population, while awake bruxism is rarer.

Clinical relevance

Dental caregivers can use this information when negative healthcare outcomes are present amongst adolescents.
Integrating and differentiating personality and psychopathology in cognitive behavioral therapy
Authors: Sauer‐Zavala Shannon , Southward Matthew W. , Semcho Stephen A.
Published: October 2020

A large body of literature supports the strong association between personality features and psychopathology. This research has, however, had little influence on day‐to‐day therapeutic practice, particularly in cognitive behavioral approaches that have traditionally focused on addressing the symptoms of categorically defined diagnoses. Indeed, there are few CBT protocols aimed at altering the personality features. Recently, however, the CBT literature has displayed an increased focus on identifying alternative higher‐order, dimensional mechanisms that may underscore the development and maintenance of broad classes of psychopathology (e.g., aversive reactivity to emotions, reward sensitivity, and performance expectancies). There is ample evidence linking these processes to DSM disorder severity; however, they may also represent a functional link between the personality domains and the disorder symptoms organized beneath them. The functional mechanisms through which an individual's personality confers risk for psychopathology may be naturally amenable to cognitive behavioral elements, and targeting these processes in treatment has the potential to address both disorder symptoms and underlying personality vulnerabilities. Thus, the identification of intermediate functional mechanisms may help bridge the gap between personality science and clinical practice.
Ethnic‐racial Socialization, Perceived Neighborhood Quality, and Psychosocial Adjustment among African American and Caribbean Black Adolescents
Authors: Lambert Sharon F. , Rose Theda , Saleem Farzana T. , Caldwell Cleopatra H.
Published: October 2020

Ethnic–racial socialization is employed by ethnic minority parents to support their children’s psychosocial adjustment. These socialization messages may be associated differently with psychosocial adjustment for Black youth according to ethnicity and qualities of the neighborhood context. This research examined whether associations between ethnic–racial socialization messages and psychosocial adjustment vary by ethnicity and perceived neighborhood quality in a nationally representative sample of Black adolescents who participated in the National Survey of American Life Adolescent supplement study. The effects of promotion of mistrust messages varied by ethnicity, and the effects of egalitarianism messages varied depending on perceived neighborhood quality. These findings help clarify prior research which has yielded equivocal results for the effects of these messages for Black youth’s psychosocial adjustment.
Neural Correlates of Conflicting Social Influence on Adolescent Risk Taking
Authors: Kwon Seh‐Joo , Do Kathy T. , McCormick Ethan M. , Telzer Eva H.
Published: October 2020

Adolescence is often characterized by heightened risk‐taking behaviors, which are shaped by social influence from parents and peers. However, little is understood about how adolescents make risky decisions under conflicting influence. The valuation system in the brain may elucidate how adolescents differentially integrate conflicting social information. Twenty‐eight adolescents (Mage = 12.7 years) completed a social influence task during a functional magnetic resonance imaging scan. Behaviorally, adolescents took more risks only when their parent endorsed risky decisions but not when their peers endorsed risky decisions. At the neural level, adolescents showed enhanced vmPFC–striatum functional connectivity when they made risky decisions that followed their parents’ risky decisions. Results suggest that parents’ decisions may guide youths’ risk‐taking behavior under conflicting influence.
Impact of weight and disability status on bullying victimisation and perpetration among youth
Authors: Haegele Justin A , Aigner Carrie , Healy Sean
Published: October 2020

Aim

The purpose of this analysis was to examine the influence of weight and disability status on rates of bullying victimisation and perpetration among youth.

Methods

Data from the 2016 National Survey of Children's Health, which included 2716 youth (aged 10–17) with and 23 195 without disabilities in the USA were utilised. Parent‐reported measures of height and weight, bullying perpetration and victimisation, and demographic covariates analysed. Descriptive statistics, and multivariable logistic regressions with outcomes of bullying perpetration and victimisation, were generated.

Results

In the multivariate analysis, overweight (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.52), obesity (aOR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.83–2.77) and having a disability (aOR = 3.25, 95% CI 2.69–3.92) were related to greater odds of bully victimisation. Both obesity (aOR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.10–2.74) and disability (aOR = 2.74, 95% CI 2.00–3.75) were also related to greater odds of bully perpetration in the multivariate model; overweight status was not related to bully perpetration.

Conclusions

Weight status was identified as a characteristic that may increase the risk of bullying victimisation, above and beyond disability. This analysis helps identify that youth with disabilities who are overweight or obese have greater risk factors for bullying and are in need of interventions to ameliorate bullying.
Effects of verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin in rabbits
Authors: Elazab Sara T. , Hsu Walter H.
Published: October 2020

This study was aimed to investigate the influence of verapamil‐mediated inhibition of P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) on the pharmacokinetics of ivermectin (IVM) given orally and subcutaneously (SC) to rabbits. Twenty New Zealand rabbits were allotted to 4 groups (n = 5) and received IVM either orally or SC (0.4 mg/kg) alone or co‐administered with verapamil (2 mg/kg SC, 3 times at a 12‐hr interval). Plasma, fecal, and urine samples were collected over 30 days after medication to assess IVM concentrations in these samples. No significant differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters of IVM between oral and SC administrations. The area under the plasma concentration–time curve was higher (p < .05) after IVM (oral)/verapamil treatment, compared with oral IVM alone. Moreover, the time to the Cmax of IVM was shorter (p < .05), whereas the elimination half‐life and the mean residence time were longer (p < .05) in the presence of verapamil. The IVM/verapamil combination administered orally or SC reduced fecal IVM concentrations, compared with IVM alone. In conclusion, the significant changes by verapamil on the pharmacokinetics of IVM, likely due to the inhibition of a P‐gp‐mediated intestinal secretion, may change IVM’s antinematodal activity.
Standard trees versus underwood: Historical patterns of tree taxon occurrence in coppice forests
Authors: Szabó Péter , Hédl Radim , Šipoš Jan
Published: October 2020

Questions

Coppice woods were once widespread in Europe. It is usually assumed that underwood tree taxon composition was not directly influenced by people, whereas especially Quercus was promoted among standard trees. However, no work has quantitatively tested these assumptions. Our main question was whether there were any patterns in our data to suggest that certain trees occurred more frequently as standards than as underwood, possibly as a result of management decisions.

Location

Czech Republic.

Methods

We constructed a database covering 12,000 hectares of forests around AD 1900. We recorded the occurrence of tree taxa for standards and underwood in 1,507 compartments in 21 forest units. We visualised patterns in these data by bar graphs and chord diagrams. We analysed correlation patterns through association analysis and co‐correspondence analysis.

Results

There was a statistically significant association between the occurrences of standards and underwood in individual compartments for Quercus, Alnus, Carpinus, Fagus, Larix, Populus tremula and Tilia. Only Quercus standards and underwood showed a positive association. The taxon composition of standards and underwood in forest compartments was statistically significantly correlated.

Conclusions

No simple answer can be given to the question whether or not the taxon composition of standards and underwood in coppice woods differed as a result of management. At the level of individual tree taxa, some trees were more common as standards while others, as underwood. However, the prevalence of Quercus among standards was not confirmed because in our study area Quercus was a common underwood tree as well. At the same time, no significant differences were apparent in the taxon composition of standards and underwood in individual forest compartments. It seems difficult to differentiate between the effects of human selection and indirect selection through natural properties and environmental factors. Our results also highlight the need to carefully consider the properties of written historical sources.
Rainforest pythons flexibly adjust foraging ecology to exploit seasonal concentrations of prey
Authors: Natusch D. J. D. , Lyons J. A. , Shine R.
Published: October 2020

The availability of prey varies through time and space, forcing predators to modify the times, places and ways in which they forage. Although studied most intensively in mammalian and avian predators, seasonal shifts in predation tactics are widespread in ectotherms also. In tropical rainforests of north‐eastern Australia, scrub pythons (Simalia amethistina) congregate below the emergent trees used as communal rookeries by metallic starlings (Aplonis metallica) for four months per year, but the snakes move more widely through the landscape during the remaining 8 months. Radio‐tracking of 23 pythons confirmed that the availability of nestling starlings (that often fall from the rookery trees) induces pythons to shift from ambush predation to active foraging, increases spatial concentration of pythons, reduces home‐range size and decreases daily distances moved. Pythons that utilized the starling colonies preyed almost exclusively on starlings during the nesting period, whereas those from the broader environment consumed a more diverse assemblage of prey. The ability to flexibly modify foraging tactics and spatial ecology in response to ephemeral concentrations of prey may be critical for many apex predators.
Biotic interactions matter in phylogeography research: Integrative analysis of demographic, genetic and distribution data to account for them
Authors: Graciá Eva
Published: October 2020

It is well established that biotic–interspecific interactions, such as competition, mutualism, parasitism or predation, modulate species dynamics in demographic and evolutionary terms. It is also acknowledged that biotic interactions can even have major effects on local population dynamics and scale‐up to determine wider species’ ranges (Wisz et al., 2013). Notwithstanding, the study of biotic interactions has been mostly ignored in biogeography and phylogeography research, for which it has been long assumed that abiotic factors (e.g. climate) mostly drive the ecological and evolutionary processes that underlie species’ distribution. Consequently, our knowledge is scarce about the role of biotic interactions in determining spatial patterns of genetic diversity and structure. In a From the Cover article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Ortego & Knowles (2020) address the study of positive and negative plant–plant interactions and test whether their demographic consequences translate into broadscale patterns of genomic variation in two oak species from the iconic California Floristic Province. The integrative approach undertaken in this study reveals that some models that incorporate competition or facilitation better explain genomic patterns than null models in which species respond only to variations in environmental suitability. These findings highlight the relevance of biologically informed model‐based approaches for inferring the evolutionary consequences of species’ range dynamics, which is of particular importance in today's global change context.
Benthic monitoring of oil and gas offshore platforms in the North Sea using environmental DNA metabarcoding
Authors: Mauffrey Florian , Cordier Tristan , Apothéloz‐Perret‐Gentil Laure , Cermakova Kristina , Merzi Thomas , Delefosse Matthieu , Blanc Philippe , Pawlowski Jan
Published: October 2020

Since 2010, considerable efforts have been undertaken to monitor the environmental status of European marine waters and ensuring the development of methodological standards for the evaluation of this status. However, the current routine biomonitoring implicates time‐consuming and costly manual sorting and morphological identification of benthic macrofauna. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding represents an alternative to the traditional monitoring method with very promising results. Here, we tested it further by performing eDNA metabarcoding of benthic eukaryotic communities in the vicinity of two offshore oil and gas platforms in the North Sea. Three different genetic markers (18S V1V2, 18S V9 and COI) were used to assess the environmental pressures induced by the platforms. All markers showed patterns of alpha and beta diversity consistent with morphology‐based macrofauna analyses. In particular, the communities' structure inferred from metabarcoding and morphological data significantly changed along distance gradients from the platforms. The impact of the operational discharges was also detected by the variation of biotic index values, AMBI index showing the best correlation between morphological and eDNA data sets. Finally, the sediment physicochemical parameters were used to build a local de novo pressure index that served as benchmark to test the potential of a taxonomy‐free approach. Our study demonstrates that metabarcoding approach outperforms morphology‐based approach and can be used as a cost and time‐saving alternative solution to the traditional morphology‐based monitoring in order to monitor more efficiently the impact of industrial activities on marine biodiversity.
A tribal mind: Beliefs that signal group identity or commitment
Authors: Funkhouser Eric
Published: October 2020

People are biased toward beliefs that are welcomed by their in‐group. Some beliefs produced by these biases—such as climate change denial and religious belief—can be fruitfully modeled by signaling theory. The idea is that the beliefs function so as to be detected by others and manipulate their behavior, primarily for the benefits that accrue from favorable tribal self‐presentation. Signaling theory can explain the etiology, distinctive form, proper function, and alterability of these beliefs.
A case of Kii amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism dementia complex presenting as progressive parkinsonism with corresponding tau imaging
Authors: Ohta Yasuyuki , Shimada Hitoshi , Ikegami Ken , Tsunoda Keiichiro , Hishikawa Nozomi , Yamashita Toru , Takemoto Mami , Omote Yoshio , Tagai Kenji , Matsuoka Kiwamu , Higuchi Makoto , Abe Koji
Published: October 2020

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/parkinsonism dementia complex (ALS/PDC), frequently observed in the Kii peninsula of Japan, is pathologically characterized by widespread tau pathology in the cerebrum and brainstem. Here, we report a case of Kii ALS/PDC predominantly presenting progressive parkinsonism. Tau positron emission tomography (PET) imaging with 18F‐PM‐PBB3 suggested tau deposition in the substantia nigra of the midbrain and subcortical areas, but not in the cerebral cortex, which was similar to progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP), suggesting that parkinsonism‐predominant type of Kii ALS/PDC may have a similar area of tau deposition to PSP.
Regional anesthesia in neonates and infants outside the immediate perioperative period: A systematic review of studies with efficacy and safety considerations
Authors: Relland Lance M. , Neel Mary Lauren , Gehred Alison , Maitre Nathalie L.
Published: October 2020

This review examines the quality and quantity of literature regarding methods that measure efficacy in the context of reported safety of regional anesthesia techniques in preterm and term infants <1 year of age. Because the role of anesthesiologists continues to expand outside the operating room, we focused on all relevant settings with assessments that extend beyond 24 hours from the intraoperative period. All study designs were included from a search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, Scopus, and Cochrane databases from 1946 to the end of 2019. A total of 31 studies were included (n = 1038 participants), consisting of five randomized controlled trials and 26 observational studies. Twenty‐three studies examined neuraxial procedures, seven studies examined peripheral procedures, and one study examined both. Efficacy measures included pain assessment tools, analgesic use, and factors pertaining to the recovery of patients. Safety was assessed in multiple systems (neurological, cardiovascular, respiratory, pathological) and with vital signs and/or measures of systemic toxicity. Evidence in this review establishes that neuraxial and peripheral anesthesia treatments may be applied to neonates and infants with a high degree of safety. However, large gaps in the consistency of methods used to assess pain in these studies underline the need for rigorous prospective efficacy studies of these techniques in this population. This systematic review was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42018114466).
Roots drive oligogalacturonide‐induced systemic immunity in tomato
Authors: Gamir Jordi , Minchev Zhivko , Berrio Estefanía , García Juan M. , De Lorenzo Giulia , Pozo Maria J.
Published: October 2020

Oligogalacturonides (OGs) are fragments of pectin released from the plant cell wall during insect or pathogen attack. They can be perceived by the plant as damage signals, triggering local and systemic defence responses. Here, we analyse the dynamics of local and systemic responses to OG perception in tomato roots or shoots, exploring their impact across the plant and their relevance in pathogen resistance. Targeted and untargeted metabolomics and gene expression analysis in plants treated with purified OGs revealed that local responses were transient, while distal responses were stronger and more sustained. Remarkably, changes were more conspicuous in roots, even upon foliar application of the OGs. The treatments differentially activated the synthesis of defence‐related hormones and secondary metabolites including flavonoids, alkaloids and lignans, some of them exclusively synthetized in roots. Finally, the biological relevance of the systemic defence responses activated upon OG perception was confirmed, as the treatment induced systemic resistance to Botrytis cinerea. Overall, this study shows the differential regulation of tomato defences upon OGs perception in roots and shoots and reveals the key role of roots in the coordination of the plant responses to damage sensing.
Accuracy of shorter respiratory rate measurement times in the pediatric population
Authors: Atsumi Yukari , Morikawa Yoshihiko , Hataya Hiroshi
Published: October 2020

Background

As one of the vital signs, the respiratory rate is an important index of general health in an initial examination. The duration of respiratory rate measurements is known to influence the results in adults. We examined the difference in respiratory rate measurements between two measurement durations in a pediatric population.

Methods

The prospective, cross‐sectional study was conducted from November 2017 through March 2018 at Tokyo Metropolitan Children’s Medical Center and analyzed differences in the respiratory rate in a 1 min group and 30 s group using the Bland–Altman plot.

Results

Ninety‐five patients were enrolled. The median age was 0.99 years, and 50 patients were male. The correlation between the results of the 30 s and 1 min measurement durations was good (r2 = 0.970, P < 0.001; Spearman’s rank correlation). The mean difference between the 30 s and 1 min measurement results was 0.86 (95% confidence interval: 0.27–1.45).

Conclusions

The shorter measurement duration may result in overestimation of the respiratory rate, especially in young children or children with tachypnea. Nonetheless, the shorter measurement times correlated well with the 1 min measurement, and the difference was less than one per minute compared with the 1 min measurement. Thus, this method may be able to detect life‐threatening conditions earlier than longer measurement times.
Reproductive hormones monthly variation in free‐ranging European wildcats: Lack of association with faecal marking
Authors: Piñeiro Ana , Hernández Mª Carmen , Silván Gema , Illera Juan Carlos , Barja Isabel
Published: October 2020

Integrating ecophysiological and behavioural discoveries in conservation and management plans is essential to preserve scarce and elusive species such as the European wildcat (Felis silvestris). The purpose of this study was to characterize the monthly variation in the steroid reproductive hormone metabolite levels (oestradiol, progesterone and testosterone) in this species and to test its possible association with a monthly pattern of faecal marking. By collecting fresh faecal samples in Montes do Invernadeiro Natural Park (Galicia, Northwest Spain) each month, we obtained a total of 110 samples belonging to 25 different individuals. We conducted enzyme immunoassays which allowed us to track the annual variation in reproductive hormone excretion patterns in wildcat scats. Furthermore, we also evaluated the possible relation between the faeces used as marks and the reproductive hormone levels. We found that oestradiol and progesterone metabolite levels exhibited a distinct pattern, both increasing during the breeding months. Oestradiol metabolite larger peaks were found during March and April, whereas the highest concentration of progesterone metabolites appeared in July. On the contrary, testosterone metabolite levels did not significantly change depending on the month. Moreover, we did not find any evidence that the faecal marking behaviour pattern was associated with reproductive hormone metabolite levels. It seems that other factors related to habitat and food resources could be more important in the performance of this behaviour.
Adoption of a Data‐Driven Bayesian Belief Network Investigating Organizational Factors that Influence Patient Safety
Authors: Simsekler Mecit Can Emre , Qazi Abroon
Published: October 2020

Medical errors pose high risks to patients. Several organizational factors may impact the high rate of medical errors in complex and dynamic healthcare systems. However, limited research is available regarding probabilistic interdependencies between the organizational factors and patient safety errors. To explore this, we adopt a data‐driven Bayesian Belief Network (BBN) model to represent a class of probabilistic models, using the hospital‐level aggregate survey data from U.K. hospitals. Leveraging the use of probabilistic dependence models and visual features in the BBN model, the results shed new light on relationships existing among eight organizational factors and patient safety errors. With the high prediction capability, the data‐driven approach results suggest that “health and well‐being” and “bullying and harassment in the work environment” are the two leading factors influencing the number of reported errors and near misses affecting patient safety. This study provides significant insights to understand organizational factors’ role and their relative importance in supporting decision‐making and safety improvements.
Adolescent narcissism and interpersonal trust: A cross‐lagged study
Authors: Fang Yuan , Dong Yan , Wang Hongfei
Published: October 2020

In recent years, narcissism has been attracting considerable interest by researchers because of its enigmatic constructs. To enhance our understanding of narcissists’ psychosocial functioning, considering the relationship between narcissism and interpersonal trust is crucial. This study aimed to investigate how narcissistic admiration and rivalry are associated with interpersonal trust. To gain a more nuanced understanding, a cross‐lagged design was conducted at two time points that were six months apart. In total, 357 adolescents (Mage = 16.33 years) completed the Narcissistic Admiration and Rivalry Questionnaire (NARQ) and the Interpersonal Trust Scale. The results showed that narcissistic admiration positively predicted interpersonal trust while narcissistic rivalry negatively predicted interpersonal trust at the second time point. However, interpersonal trust did not predict subsequent levels of narcissistic admiration and rivalry. These findings enhanced our understanding by showing that narcissistic admiration and rivalry have different effects on interpersonal trust, and that they remain relatively stable during a six‐month period.
Intraocular pressure measurements using the TONOVET® rebound tonometer: Influence of the probe‐cornea distance
Authors: Rodrigues Blanche D. , Montiani‐Ferreira Fabiano , Bortolini Mariza , Somma André T. , Komáromy András M. , Dornbusch Peterson Triches
Published: October 2020

Purpose

To demonstrate the effect of different probe‐cornea distances during intraocular pressure (IOP) data acquisition in dogs and rats.

Animals studied

Twenty‐four conscious dogs and 15 anesthetized Wistar rats.

Methods

Three interchangeable three‐dimensional printed polylactide plastic spacer collars were used in place of the original Icare TonoVet® collar piece, which provided different distances (4, 6, and 8 mm) between the instrument's probe and the corneal surface. IOP values were obtained in sequence by a single observer, with the tonometer probe at a 4‐, 6‐, and 8‐mm distance from the corneal surface. The dogs were gently restrained, and the rats were anesthetized with isoflurane.

Results

Intraocular pressure values obtained at 4, 6, and 8 mm from the TonoVet® probe to corneal surface distance in both dogs and rats were significantly different (P < .01). There was a small positive correlation between IOP (mm Hg) and probe‐cornea distance (mm) (rs = 0.39 for dogs and rs = 0.51 for rats). In dogs, the mean IOP (± SD mm Hg) obtained at different distances were 16.2 ± 3.0 at 4 mm; 17.6 ± 3.4 at 6 mm; and 19.8 ± 3.8 at 8 mm. In rats, IOP values were 8.2 ± 1.5 at 4‐mm; 9.4 ± 1.8 at 6‐mm; and 10.5 ± 1.5 mm Hg at 8‐mm distance.

Conclusions

Probe‐cornea distance of the Icare TonoVet® significantly affects IOP readings, even within the 4‐ to 8‐mm range recommended by the manufacturer.
Timing of maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity in healthy women and newborns during the postnatal period: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Dol Justine , Richardson Brianna , Bonet Mercedes , Langlois Etienne V. , Parker Robin , Scott Heather , Curran Janet
Published: October 2020

Objective:

To determine the timing of overall and cause-specific maternal and neonatal mortality and severe morbidity in healthy women and newborns during the postnatal period.

Introduction:

Despite significant focus on improving maternal and neonatal outcomes, many women and newborns continue to die or suffer negative health outcomes within the postnatal period. While the maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity rates and causes are regularly updated, less is known on when they occur during the postnatal period.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider studies that include healthy women and newborns after birth to six weeks’ and four weeks’ postnatally, respectively, and includes data regarding time to death or complications. Studies that report solely on high risk women (eg, antenatal complications) or preterm or high-risk newborns will not be included in this review.

Methods:

The search strategy will aim to locate both published and unpublished studies. After the initial search and removal of duplicates, titles and abstracts of all retrieved studies will be screened and the full text of selected reports will be assessed against the eligibility criteria. The reference list of all studies selected for critical appraisal will be screened for additional relevant studies/reports. Screening, critical appraisal, and data extraction will be completed by two independent reviewers. Findings from the studies/reports will be pooled in statistical meta-analysis or presented in narrative form including tables and figures.

Systematic review registration number: :

PROSPERO CRD42020187341
Terminology and frameworks used for the classification of voice disorders: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Payten Christopher L. , Chiapello Greg , Weir Kelly A. , Madill Catherine J.
Published: October 2020

Objective:

This review aims to examine the literature on the terminology and descriptions for the broad classification of voice disorders, and outline the criteria described to guide clinicians in differential classification.

Introduction:

The process of classifying the etiology of voice disorders is complex. A key challenge for clinicians and researchers is a lack of consensus on agreed terminology to define umbrella terms commonly used in the published literature. Consistency in the terminology for voice disorder classification, and well-defined conditions within those groups, will provide greater clarity for clinicians and researchers.

Inclusion criteria:

Published and unpublished literature that include participants (adults and children) diagnosed with a voice disorder using any criteria or framework will be considered. Studies will be included provided they give a descriptive detail of the structure of the classification system and describe a methodological approach to determine classification criteria. Studies will be excluded if they include animal models or participants with alaryngeal speech, elective mutism, or resonance disorders.

Methods:

The following databases will be searched: MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, PsycINFO, Scopus, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and Web of Science. Studies will be limited to those published in English from 1940 to present. Two independent reviewers will screen the retrieved articles against the eligibility criteria. A narrative synthesis of the main concepts will include classification terminology, classification criteria, commonly described specific diagnoses within the groups, test measures used to determine criteria, critical appraisal items, and gaps in research.
Effects of whole globe enucleation versus in situ corneoscleral excision on donor cornea tissue quality: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Ting Darren Shu Jeng , Chen Yunzi , Figueiredo Francisco C.
Published: October 2020

Objective:

The objective of this review is to systemically compare the effects of whole globe enucleation versus in situ corneoscleral excision on donor cornea tissue quality.

Introduction:

Corneal transplantation serves as a sight-restoring surgery for corneal diseases, but the treatment is limited by the persistent shortage of donor corneas globally. Whole globe enucleation and in situ corneoscleral excision are the two methods for eye retrieval. Although studies have reported a higher acceptance rate for corneal donation among donors’ relatives with in situ corneoscleral excision than whole globe enucleation, there are concerns regarding the impact on donor cornea tissue quality with in situ corneoscleral excision. Currently, there is limited high-quality evidence comparing the two methods.

Inclusion criteria:

We will consider prospective and retrospective comparative studies that examine the effects of whole globe enucleation and in situ corneoscleral excision on donor cornea tissue quality. There will be no restrictions on the recipients’ characteristics, including age, sex, ocular comorbidities, or potential visual acuity after corneal transplantation.

Methods:

Electronic databases, including (but not limited to) MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane CENTRAL, ClinicalTrials,gov, and ISRCTN registry will be searched, with no restriction to the language used or date of publication. Retrieval of full-text studies, assessment of methodological quality, and data extraction will be performed independently by two reviewers. A meta-analysis, using fixed or random effects, will be performed for the included randomized controlled trials when there are sufficient similarities in the reporting of outcome measures. If meta-analysis is not possible, the pre-specified outcomes will be narratively synthesized.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO (CRD42020210575)
Women's experiences of their interactions with health care providers during the postnatal period in Australia: a qualitative systematic review protocol
Authors: Pollock Danielle , Cooper Megan , McArthur Alexa , Barker Timothy , Munn Zachary
Published: October 2020

Objective:

The objective of the review is to explore and evaluate women's experiences of interactions with health care providers during their postnatal period.

Introduction:

The postnatal period is a transformative time for women. Women experience significant change and adaptation, which could impact upon parenting confidence, health, and psychological outcomes during this time. The interaction women have with their health care providers during the postnatal period plays an integral role in improving these health outcomes.

Inclusion criteria:

This qualitative review will explore the experiences of primiparous and multiparous women during the postnatal period with a key focus on evaluating the interactions they have with health care providers. It will include all studies that utilize qualitative methods (such as interviews and focus groups). Articles that explore the postnatal care experiences of women who have endured a pregnancy loss, given birth to a baby with complex needs, or those that solely focus on describing the neonatal and intensive care experiences, will not be included.

Methods:

PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, Emcare, and PsycINFO will be searched. Studies published from 2000 onwards and written in English will be assessed for inclusion. Studies that are selected initially will be assessed for methodological quality by two independent reviewers utilizing the JBI critical appraisal instrument for qualitative research.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42020186384
Effectiveness of combined shockwave therapy and plantar fascia stretching interventions in treating plantar heel pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis protocol
Authors: Burton Ian , Cooper Kay , Alexander Lyndsay , Swinton Paul Alan
Published: October 2020

Objective:

The objective of this review is to synthesize the best available evidence on the effectiveness of interventions that have used a combination of extracorporeal shockwave therapy and plantar fascia–specific stretching to treat plantar heel pain compared to any other non-surgical intervention.

Introduction:

Recent evidence suggests combining shockwave therapy and plantar fascia stretching may be more effective than other treatments for plantar heel pain. However, no systematic reviews have been conducted on the topic and optimal treatment protocols and clinical recommendations are lacking.

Inclusion criteria:

Randomized controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of combined shockwave therapy and plantar stretching for plantar heel pain in adults will be included.

Methods:

The authors will search a wide range of sources to identify both published and unpublished studies via EBSCOhost, including, but not limited to MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), and Allied and Complementary Medicine Database (AMED). Studies published in a language other than English will only be considered if a translation is available. The JBI systematic review methodology will be followed when conducting the review. Data synthesis will be conducted using meta-analysis or narrative synthesis, where appropriate.

Systematic review registration number:

PROSPERO CRD42020171538
African Canadian nurses in the nursing profession in Canada: a scoping review protocol
Authors: Jefferies Keisha , Martin-Misener Ruth , Murphy Gail Tomblin , Helwig Melissa , Bernard Wanda Thomas , Gahagan Jacqueline
Published: October 2020

Objective:

The objective of this review is to synthesize the evidence on African Canadian nurses in the nursing profession in Canada.

Introduction:

With approximately 1.2 million people of African descent, Canada has committed to addressing the United Nations’ decade for people of African descent. Intergenerational racism continues to result in multisectoral discrimination against African Canadians. Studies suggest that African Canadians are under-represented in nursing, and encountering systemic barriers to entering and advancing in the profession. Additionally, African Canadian nurses experience racism from patients and colleagues, as well as systemic racism through hiring and promotion.

Inclusion criteria:

This review will consider sources that include African Canadian nurses who identify as Black or as of African descent. All levels of professional nursing practice will be included (practical nurses, registered nurses, and advanced practice nurses, including nurse practitioners and clinical nurse specialists). Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods studies and gray literature will be searched.

Methods:

This review will be conducted in accordance with the JBI methodology. Databases to be searched from inception to the present include CINAHL, MEDLINE, Embase, Sociological Abstracts, Gender Studies Database, America: History and Life, PsycINFO, Academic Search Premier, and Scopus. Studies published in English and French will be included. A comprehensive search strategy developed with a librarian will be used to retrieve relevant sources. Two independent screeners will screen titles and abstracts as well as full texts of relevant sources. Data will be extracted by two independent extractors then presented narratively, using appropriate tables and figures.

Systematic review registration number:

Open Science Framework Preregistration October 3, 2019. Open Science Framework Link for Abstract https://osf.io/6a2fe/?view_only=57d86d5b7c1d464182692d0f4bb9b396
Role of Phytohormones and Light in De-etiolation
Authors: Kusnetsov V. V. , Doroshenko A. S. , Kudryakova N. V. , Danilova M. N.
Published: October 2020

De-etiolation or transition from etiolated growth (skotomorphogenesis) to photomorphogenesis is one of the most intriguing and intricate stages of plant ontogenesis. It comprises reprogramming of plant cell metabolism, reorganizing the operation of the hormonal system, and altering plant morphology. Dark growth in the soil mainly depends on phytohormones with gibberellins and brassinosteroids playing the leading role; on the soil surface, light as a major exogenous agent starts operating. It inhibits activity of the main repressor of photomorphogenesis (COP1) and regulators of transcription, which govern realization of gibberellin (DELLA) and brassinosteroid (BZR1/BES1) signals and activates trans-factors initiating transition to autotrophic nutrition (for instance, HY5). The strategy of etiolated growth consists in achieving a quick exposure to sunlight at the expense of active elongation of the stem. For transition to autotrophic nutrition, a plant must form a photosynthetic apparatus and protect itself from possible light injury. This review deals with the role of the main regulatory components ensuring etiolated growth and transition to photomorphogenic development.