bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantity Implicatures
Authors: Nicolae Andreea C. , Sauerland Uli
Published: November 2020

Quantity implicatures have been intensely debated since Grice's programmatic work more than 50 years ago. Grice assumed quantity implicatures could be derived entirely from general maxims of conversation not specific to language. His approach, however, was seen to be insufficient because of maxim selection, alternative choice, and embedded implicatures. This chapter contrasts Grice's approach with two alternative approaches. First, it discusses the neo‐Gricean approach, which inserts a bit of grammar in the form of lexical scales into Grice's approach. Then it turns to the grammatical approach, which assumes that there is a mechanism akin to implicature computation that applies entirely within language. The empirical evidence currently favors the grammatical approach, but the approach is still undergoing rapid development.
Boolean and Non‐Boolean Conjunction
Authors: Schmitt Viola
Published: November 2020

Englishandcoordinations and analogous constructions in other languages can apparently express a variety of meanings. This chapter explores these meanings and discusses the consequences for the semantic analysis of conjunction morphology. The focus lies on the contrast between “Boolean” and “non‐Boolean” conjunction: in some contexts,andappears to denote set intersection, but in other contexts, it doesn't. Since several other languages can be observed to be similar to English – a single conjunction form seems to fulfill two different functions – attributing the semantic behavior of Englishandto lexical ambiguity is not an attractive analytical option. This raises the question of which uniform meaning forandcould account for the apparent dichotomy. The chapter discusses the motivation and predictions of two kinds of proposals: the “Boolean” analysis, which views the meaning ofandas intersective, and the “non‐Boolean” analysis, whereandis attributed a weaker meaning.
Indefinite–Interrogative Affinity
Authors: Onea Edgar
Published: November 2020

Indefinite determiners and pronouns exhibit a typologically striking morphological similarity to interrogative determiners and pronouns: in many languages, indefinites are either identical to or more complex thanwh‐words. This similarity is known as the indefinite–interrogative affinity. The most natural explanation of this observation is that indefinites andwh‐words have a deep semantic connection. Hence, a comparison between available semantic theories of interrogatives and indefinites should reveal their adequacy for making the relation between interrogatives and indefinites transparent. However, there are numerous analytical options both for indefinites and for interrogatives, leading to a multitude of potential explanations of the indefinite–interrogative affinity, with various advantages and disadvantages. This chapter discusses and evaluates these analytical options and outlines some of the remaining research questions.
Indexicality
Authors: Stojanovic Isidora
Published: November 2020

Indexicality is a special kind of context dependence. The first person pronoun
I
, a paradigmatic indexical, refers to different people in different contexts, depending on who is speaking. At the same time, the pronoun
I
has a stable linguistic meaning, which amounts to a rule that tells us how to assign it a semantic value in any given context. This chapter discusses the features characteristic of indexicals, certain challenges that indexicality raises for semantics, and the ways in which those challenges have been met.
Modal Concord
Authors: Wijnbergen‐Huitink Janneke van
Published: November 2020

This chapter discusses concord phenomena in the modal domain. First, the relevant data are discussed, covering both epistemic and non‐epistemic cases. Then, three approaches to modal concord are compared. Finally, we address the broader impact of the investigations into this phenomenon.
The Subjunctive
Authors: Quer Josep
Published: November 2020

Verbal morphology in many languages displays distinct paradigms for indicative and subjunctive, which are labeled grammatical moods. While the indicative typically surfaces in main clauses, the subjunctive naturally occurs in subordinated domains. However, both moods can also alternate in embedded contexts under certain circumstances, triggering clear contrasts in interpretation. Most accounts of the semantics of moods focus on the contribution of mood morphology to the interpretation of embedded propositions. These accounts concentrate on argument clauses and the semantic properties of the corresponding embedding predicates. At the same time, though, the accounts need to extend to all the subordinating domains, including relative and adjunct clauses. Here the main patterns in the crosslinguistic distribution of subjunctive and indicative are presented and discussed on the basis of the existing analyses. Most accounts are based on possible‐world semantics as a way to model the different contributions of indicative and subjunctive clauses under different classes of attitudes, but other approaches that rely on the temporal and the alleged indefinite character of the subjunctive are reviewed. The insights and advantages of each type of proposal are highlighted, and some of their empirical and theoretical shortcomings are addressed.
Pluractionality
Authors: Müller Ana , Sanchez‐Mendes Luciana
Published: November 2020

This chapter focuses on the phenomenon of pluractionality, strictly defined as the morphological marking of event plurality on the verb. Pluractionality occurs in a variety of languages, both from different regions and from different families. Pluractional sentences have a variety of readings, which may depend at the same time on the language and on the verbal type. The chapter describes pluractionality crosslinguistically, discusses the analytical issues raised by the phenomenon, and presents a case study of Karitiana – an Amazonian language. It concludes that one can posit a major divide on the result of the operation effected by pluractional morphemes crosslinguistically: count vs mass readings. Count readings expand the quantity of the eventualities in the denotation of the verb or predicate. They result in a plural quantity of nonoverlapping events. Mass or intensive readings augment the eventuality in some of its dimensions, whether time, or some other property.
Decomposition
Authors: Rapp Irene , von Stechow Arnim
Published: November 2020

The aim of this chapter is to give an overview of the different accounts of decomposition. After briefly describing the binary feature approach to nouns we concentrate on the decomposition of verbs. We describe several semantic formula approaches that have been developed since the time of generative semantics. Besides being used as a proper means to give a compilation of a verb's semantic properties they are often considered to have a substantial impact on linguistic theory, in particular on the syntax–semantics interface. Decomposition plays a prominent role for many linking theories; that is, for the mapping of semantic arguments to syntactic positions. Beyond that, early approaches such as generative semantics and recent syntactic theories such as distributed morphology propose that lexical decomposition itself is completely projected to syntactic structures. We argue that this claim is supported by the syntacto‐semantic properties of adverbs.
Pragmatic Accommodation
Authors: Kissine Mikhail , Pantazi Myrto
Published: November 2020

Under the standard Lewis–Stalnaker view, accommodation is a pragmatic solution to a coordination problem. Accommodation processes are triggered when a speaker uses an expression that requires that the conversational background contain some hitherto unmentioned information. Accommodation, then, is not automatic; it is a process addressees engage in to adjust to the course of conversation. However, it is not entirely straightforward to predict when or which presuppositions will be accommodated. This issue is complicated by the existence of so‐calledinformative presuppositions, which carry new and at‐issue information. On the one hand, recent crosslinguistic and experimental research programs suggest that acceptability of presupposition accommodation varies relative to the kind of presupposition trigger involved. On the other hand, there exists a whole tradition in experimental social psychology which suggests that presuppositions are automatically accommodated, even though they are false.
Secondary malignancy risk for patients with localized prostate cancer after intensity‐modulated radiotherapy with and without flattening filter
Authors: Treutwein Marius , Loeschel Rainer , Hipp Matthias , Koelbl Oliver , Dobler Barbara
Published: November 2020

Men treated for localized prostate cancer by radiotherapy have often a remaining life span of 10 yr or more. Therefore, the risk for secondary malignancies should be taken into account. Plans for ten patients were evaluated which had been performed on an Oncentra® treatment planning system for a treatment with an Elekta Synergy™ linac with Agility™ head. The investigated techniques involved IMRT and VMTA with and without flattening filter. Different dose response models were applied for secondary carcinoma and sarcoma risk in the treated region and also in the periphery. As organs at risk we regarded for carcinoma risk urinary bladder, rectum, colon, esophagus, thyroid, and for sarcoma risk bone and soft tissue. The excess absolute risk (EAR) was found very similar in the treated region for both techniques (IMRT and VMAT) and also for both with and without flattening filter. The secondary sarcoma risk resulted about one magnitude smaller than the secondary carcinoma risk. The EAR to the peripheral organs was statistically significant reduced by application of the flattening filter free mode concerning the flattening filter as main source of scattered dose. Application of flattening filter free mode can thus support to reduce second malignancy risk for patients with localized prostate cancer.
Chemical Fabrication Strategies for Achieving Bioinspired Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Micro and Nanostructures: A Review
Authors: Xu Shuangshuang , Wang Qing , Wang Ning
Published: November 2020

Biological surfaces in nature, such as lotus leaves, rose petals, and water striders, exhibit excellent superhydrophobicity. The fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces inspired by nature has become an important research topic. The potential application of superhydrophobic surfaces in many fields has promoted the rapid development of fabrication techniques. Various chemical methods, such as chemical vapor deposition techniques, solution immersion methods, electrochemical techniques, hydrothermal method, and sol–gel process, have been proposed for fabricating superhydrophobic surfaces due to their low cost, simple preparation, and easy promotion. Herein, the progress of chemical fabrication methods of superhydrophobic surfaces in recent years is focused on and the strengths and weaknesses of each technique are analyzed. At last, a brief conclusion of the challenges and perspectives on the fabrication of superhydrophobic surfaces is provided.
Designing Better Cardiovascular Stent Materials: A Learning Curve
Authors: Cockerill Irsalan , See Carmine Wang , Young Marcus L. , Wang Yadong , Zhu Donghui
Published: November 2020

Cardiovascular stents are life‐saving devices and one of the top ten medical breakthroughs of the 21st century. Decades of research and clinical trials have taught us about the effects of material (metal or polymer), design (geometry, strut thickness, and the number of connectors), and drug‐elution on vasculature mechanics, hemocompatibility, biocompatibility, and patient health. Recently developed novel bioresorbable stents are intended to overcome common issues of chronic inflammation, in‐stent restenosis, and stent thrombosis associated with permanent stents, but there is still much to learn. Increased knowledge and advanced methods in material processing have led to new stent formulations aimed at improving the performance of their predecessors but often comes with potential tradeoffs. This review aims to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of stent material interactions with the host within five areas of contrasting characteristics, such as 1) metal or polymer, 2) bioresorbable or permanent, 3) drug elution or no drug elution, 4) bare or surface‐modified, and 5) self‐expanding or balloon‐expanding perspectives, as they relate to pre‐clinical and clinical outcomes and concludes with directions for future studies.
Polydopamine Sensors of Bacterial Hypoxia via Fluorescence Coupling
Authors: Lee Joo Hoon , Ryu Jea Sung , Kang Yoo Kyung , Lee Haeshin , Chung Hyun Jung
Published: November 2020

Biological catecholamines play critical physiological roles in various parts of the human body, namely, the skin and brain. In the skin, an oxygen‐contacting and oxygen‐abundant body part, catecholamine molecules are oxidatively polymerized, becoming melanin. In contrast, the brain is an oxygen‐demanding organ that suppresses catecholamine oxidation. Catecholamine oxidative polymerization, also known as polydopamine (or dopamine–melanin) formation, can be finely controlled by bacterial growth. Under exponential growth of Escherichia coli, a process that requires large amounts of oxygen, dopamine polymerization is significantly inhibited. In contrast, under steady‐state growth, polydopamine is formed due to the abundance of oxygen which is not actively consumed by E. coli. This polydopamine‐oxygen relationship is further demonstrated by using fluorescent dextran nanoparticles (FDNPs) as sensors, whose fluorescence is quenched by polydopamine formation. Thus, FDNP fluorescence can be precisely controlled by dopamine concentration, incubation time, and bacterial number. The cascade coupling of E. coli growth—oxygen level—polydopamine—fluorescence can also be used to detect the antibiotic‐resistant bacteria, New Delhi metallo‐beta‐lactamase 1‐positive (NDM1+) E. coli. This method not only uncovers the unique role played by biological catecholamine in a living system, but also presents a diagnostic assay for detecting bacterial growth and antibiotic susceptibility.
Criteria for Realizing Room‐Temperature Electrical Transport Applications of Topological Materials
Authors: Brahlek Matthew
Published: November 2020

The unusual electronic states found in topological materials can enable a new generation of devices and technologies, yet a long‐standing challenge has been finding materials without deleterious parallel bulk conduction. This can arise either from defects or thermally activated carriers. Here, the criteria that materials need to meet to realize transport properties dominated by the topological states, a necessity for a topological device, are clarified. This is demonstrated for 3D topological insulators, 3D Dirac materials, and 1D quantum anomalous Hall insulators, though this can be applied to similar systems. The key parameters are electronic bandgap, dielectric constant, and carrier effective mass, which dictate under what circumstances (defect density, temperature, etc.) the unwanted bulk state will conduct in parallel to the topological states. As these are fundamentally determined by the basic atomic properties, simple chemical arguments can be used to navigate the phase space to ultimately find improved materials. This will enable rapid identification of new systems with improved properties, which is crucial to designing new material systems and push a new generation of topological technologies.
Nanoporous‐Gold‐Polypyrrole Hybrid Materials for Millimeter‐Sized Free Standing Actuators
Authors: Roschning Benedikt , Weissmüller Jörg
Published: November 2020

This work studies the actuation of hybrid materials made from nanoporous gold, polypyrrole, and aqueous electrolyte. The deposition protocol affords a conformal polypyrrole coating on the entire internal interface of millimeter‐sized nanoporous metal specimens made by dealloying. The hybrid material emerges when the remaining pore space is filled with perchloric acid. The metal serves as load‐bearing and electronically conductive substrate, the polypyrrole as functional active component for actuation, and the aqueous electrolyte provides a pathway for fast ionic conduction. In this way, an actuator material is obtained that can be manufactured as monolithic bodies that can be subjected to compressive loads. Actuators with dimensions of millimeters in each spatial direction achieve characteristic times for actuation in the order of seconds and their work density is comparable to that of state‐of‐the‐art piezoceramics. As a remarkable finding, the actuation strain scales with the square of the polypyrrole phase fraction. This is surprising in view of the linear scaling predicted by conventional micromechanical models. A micromechanical model that explains this behavior as the result of polypyrrole bridges that link adjacent struts of the metal skeleton is presented.
Synthesis of Hydrobenzoimidazoles from para‐Quinamines and 1,3,5‐Triazinanes via a Formal [3+2] Annulation Reaction
Authors: Zhang Xinping , Cheng Bin , Li Hui , He Yixuan , Xu Wei , Duan Xiaoguang , Sun Haiyan , Wang Taimin , Zhai Hongbin
Published: November 2020

The synthesis of hydrobenzoimidazoles from para‐quinamines and 1,3,5‐triazinanes was achieved via a formal [3+2] annulation reaction in the presence of In(OTf)3 as the catalyst. Further studies demonstrated that the synthesis of hydrobenzooxazoles could also be accomplished via the same strategy from para‐quinols and 1,3,5‐triazinanes.

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Elucidating the Roles of Hole Transport Layers in p‐i‐n Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Ali Jazib , Gao Peng , Zhou Guanqing , Li Yu , Hao Tianyu , Song Jingnan , Xu Jinqiu , Qian Kun , Zhang Quanzeng , Zhu Lei , Zhang Ming , Wang Jing , Feng Wei , Hu Hailin , Liu Feng
Published: November 2020

The hole‐transport layer (HTL) is critical to high performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) in terms of hole extraction, transportation, and mediation of the following film formation. Here, the interplay between HTLs and open‐circuit voltage (VOC) in PSCs is directly targeted. The results suggest that there is no evident relation between the obtained VOC and the work function of HTLs and it is directly controlled by the recombination losses inside the perovskite material (grain boundaries and trap states) as well as at the interfacial contacts. Additionally, an insight understanding about the charge transfer behavior in PSCs is provided and it is pointed out that the nature of interfacial contacts is a critical factor in defining charge accumulation and recombination at the interfaces. Analysis of the electroluminescence efficiency and transient absorption spectroscopy confirms the better interfacial contact of HTL/perovskite, and larger grain size of perovskite films mediated by the hydrophobic nature of HTLs can collectively and efficiently eliminate nonradiative recombination, resulting in faster charge transfer and lower resistance at the interfaces. This work provides a profound understanding of how the surface hydrophobicity and the interface contact are correlated in terms of nonradiative losses and J–V characters in real devices.
Hardware Implementation of Neuromorphic Computing Using Large‐Scale Memristor Crossbar Arrays
Authors: Li Yesheng , Ang Kah-Wee
Published: November 2020

Brain‐inspired neuromorphic computing is a new paradigm that holds great potential to overcome the intrinsic energy and speed issues of traditional von Neumann based computing architecture. With the ability to perform vector‐matrix multiplications and flexible tunable conductance, the memristor crossbar array (CBA) structure is one of the most promising candidates to realize neural cognitive systems. The boom in the development of memristive synapses and neurons has propelled the developments of artificial neural networks (ANNs) to emulate the highly hierarchically organized network of human brain in the past decade. To achieve this, realizing large scale, high‐density memristive CBAs is a prerequisite to constructing complex ANNs. Herein, the stringent requirements in device performance and array parameters for hardware ANNs are analyzed, and the efforts in addressing the associated challenges are discussed. Recent progress on the experimental demonstration of neuromorphic computing systems (NCSs) is presented. Recommendations for further performance optimization at the device, circuit, and algorithm levels are proposed. This Report serves as a guide for the hardware implementation of NCS based on large‐scale CBAs.
Association between Computed Tomographic Biomarkers of Cerebral Small Vessel Diseases and Long‐Term Outcome after Spontaneous Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Rodrigues Mark A. , E. Samarasekera Neshika , Lerpiniere Christine , Perry Luke A. , Moullaali Tom J. , J.M. Loan James , Wardlaw Joanna M. , Al‐Shahi Salman Rustam ,   for the Lothian Audit of the Treatment of Cerebral Haemorrhage Collaborators
Published: November 2020

Objective

A study was undertaken to assess whether cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) computed tomographic (CT) biomarkers are associated with long‐term outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage.

Methods

We performed a prospective, community‐based cohort study of adults diagnosed with spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage between June 1, 2010 and May 31, 2013. A neuroradiologist rated the diagnostic brain CT for acute intracerebral hemorrhage features and SVD biomarkers. We used severity of white matter lucencies and cerebral atrophy, and the number of lacunes to calculate the CT SVD score. We assessed the association between CT SVD biomarkers and either death, or death or dependence (modified Rankin Scale scores = 4–6) 1 year after first‐ever intracerebral hemorrhage using logistic regression, adjusting for known predictors of outcome.

Results

Within 1 year of intracerebral hemorrhage, 224 (56%) of 402 patients died. In separate models, 1‐year death was associated with severe atrophy (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] = 2.54, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.44–4.49, p = 0.001) but not lacunes or severe white matter lucencies, and CT SVD sum score ≥ 1 (aOR = 2.50, 95% CI = 1.40–4.45, p = 0.002). Two hundred seventy‐seven (73%) of 378 patients with modified Rankin Scale data were dead or dependent at 1 year. In separate models, 1‐year death or dependence was associated with severe atrophy (aOR = 3.67, 95% CI = 1.71–7.89, p = 0.001) and severe white matter lucencies (aOR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.06–4.51, p = 0.035) but not lacunes, and CT SVD sum score ≥ 1 (aOR = 2.81, 95% CI = 1.45–5.46, p = 0.002).

Interpretation

SVD biomarkers on the diagnostic brain CT are associated with 1‐year death and dependence after intracerebral hemorrhage, independent of known predictors of outcome. ANN NEUROL 2021;89:266–279
2‐(Dimethylamino)phosphinin: Ein phosphorhaltiges Anilinderivat
Authors: Giese Steven , Klimov Katrin , Mikeházi Antal , Kelemen Zsolt , Frost Daniel S. , Steinhauer Simon , Müller Peter , Nyulászi László , Müller Christian
Published: November 2020

Die bisher unbekannten 2‐Amino‐substituierten λ3,σ2‐Phosphinine sind phosphorhaltige Anilinderivate. Theoretische Studien zeigen, dass die starke Wechselwirkung der π‐donierenden NR2‐Gruppe mit dem aromatischen System zu einer erhöhten π‐Dichte am Phosphoratom führt. Ausgehend von einem 3‐N(CH3)2‐substituierten 2‐Pyron und (CH3)3SiC≡P wurden erstmalig 2‐N(CH3)2‐funktionalisierte Phosphinine synthetisiert. Deren Reaktionen mit CuBr⋅S(CH3)2 ergaben CuI‐Komplexverbindungen, in denen erstmalig ein neutrales Phosphinin als seltener μ2‐P‐4e‐Donor‐Ligand durch Verbrückung zweier CuI‐Zentren auftritt. Unsere experimentellen und theoretischen Untersuchungen zeigen, dass 2‐Aminophosphinine die Lücke in der Serie bekannter 2‐Donor‐funktionalisierter Phosphinine schließen.
Synthesis and Two‐Dimensional Chiral Surface Self‐Assembly of a π‐Conjugated System with Three‐Fold Symmetry: Benzotri(7‐Azaindole)
Authors: Rodríguez Luis M. , Gómez Paula , Más‐Montoya Miriam , Abad José , Tárraga Alberto , Cerdá Jorge I. , Méndez Javier , Curiel David
Published: November 2020

The synthesis of a novel expanded π‐conjugated system, namely benzotri(7‐azaindole), BTAI, is reported. Its C3h symmetry along with the integration of six complementary donor and acceptor N−H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bonds in the conjugated structure promote the 2D self‐assembly on Au(111) over extended areas. Besides, a perfect commensurability with the gold lattice endows the physisorbed molecular film with a remarkable stability. The structural features of BTAI result in two levels of surface chirality: Firstly, the molecules become chiral upon adsorption on the surface. Then, due to the favorable N−H⋅⋅⋅N hydrogen bond‐directed self‐assembly, along with the relative molecular rotation with respect to the substrate, supramolecular chirality manifests in two mirror enantiomorphous domains. Thus, the system undergoes spontaneous chiral resolution. LEED and STM assisted by theoretical simulations have been employed to characterize in detail these novel 2D conglomerates with relevant chiral properties for systems with C3h symmetry.
Giant Optical Anisotropy in the UV‐Transparent 2D Nonlinear Optical Material Sc(IO3)2(NO3)
Authors: Wu Chao , Jiang Xingxing , Wang Zujian , Lin Lin , Lin Zheshuai , Huang Zhipeng , Long Xifa , Humphrey Mark G. , Zhang Chi
Published: November 2020

Birefringence is a fundamental optical property for linear and nonlinear optical (NLO) materials. Thus far, it has proved to be very difficult to engineer large birefringence in optical crystals functioning in the UV region. Herein, we report the first 2D rare‐earth iodate–nitrate crystal Sc(IO3)2(NO3) (SINO), which is shown to exhibit giant optical anisotropy. Air‐stable SINO possesses a short UV absorption edge (298 nm), a strong NLO response (4.0 times that of benchmark KH2PO4) for the nitrate family, and the largest birefringence (Δn=0.348 at 546 nm) of inorganic oxide optical crystals. The unusually large birefringence and NLO response can be attributed to an optimized 2D layered structure, combined with highly polarizable and anisotropic building units [IO3]− and [NO3]−. These findings will facilitate the development of UV linear and NLO materials with giant optical anisotropy and promote their potential application in optoelectronic devices.
Following the River’s Flow: A Conversation about Single Session Approaches with Aboriginal Families
Authors: Elliott Alison , Dokona James , von Doussa Henry
Published: November 2020

Alison Elliott and James Dokona were interviewed by Henry von Doussa, and this article is the written version of that interview. In it, Alison and James separately refer to issues such as early skepticism about the applicability of a single session therapy approach with Indigenous families (Alison), a growing experience of its ‘fit,' philosophically and culturally, and the hope that can be engendered in one conversation. They underline the importance of the oral tradition, and other cultural concepts such as Dadirri (deep listening) as well as the trauma‐informed principles of choice, collaboration, and empowerment, through using their language, asking permission, working together on solutions, and not coming across as an expert. The article is infused with the practical ideas and the values inherent in the authors’ work, including permission‐seeking, reflection, containment, and their use of a whiteboard as a resource to capture multiple perspectives, a genogram (including pets), and to facilitate yarning. The flow of this conversation in itself reflects James’ imagery of the therapeutic conversation being like a river running – you don’t know which way it’s going to go.
Experimental investigation of flame retardancy and mechanical properties of APP/EG/TPU multilayer composites prepared by microlayer coextrusion technology
Authors: Wang Shuaiwen , Shi Meinong , Yang Weimin , Yan Hua , Zhang Chao , An Ying , Zhang Fenghua
Published: November 2020

In this paper, ammonium polyphosphate(APP)/expandable graphite(EG)/thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composites were prepared by microlayer coextrusion technology, APP and EG fillers had good synergistic flame retardancy and excellent dispersion in TPU matrix, which greatly improved the flame retardancy and mechanical properties of multilayer composites. The dispersion of APP and EG in TPU was characterized by using SEM, the flame retardancy of composites was characterized by using UL94 and LOI, the thermal stability of composites was characterized by using TGA and DTG, and tensile test was used to characterized the mechanical properties of composites. SEM showed that the microlayer coextrusion technology significantly improved the dispersion of APP and EG in TPU. As showed by the experimental results, the vertical combustion level of ordinary blended composites reached V‐2 after adding only one kind of filler either APP or EG, and the vertical combustion level of ordinary blended composites reached V‐0 with APP and EG applied together, while the vertical combustion level of microlayer coextruded composites all reached V‐0 when the total addition of APP and EG was 15%. In particular, the LOI value of microlayer coextruded composites was 30.9%, while the LOI value of ordinary blended composites only was 27.9% when APP: EG = 1: 1. At this time, the flame retardancy level of APP/EG/TPU composites was the best. In addition, the thermal stability and mechanical properties of microlayer coextruded composites were far superior to ordinary blended composites. In conclusion, the synergistic flame retardancy of APP and EG fillers and the dispersion of APP and EG fillers in TPU matrix played a significant role in enhancing flame retardancy and mechanical properties.
Fire retardant cellulose aerogel with improved strength and hydrophobic surface by one‐pot method
Authors: Shahzadi Kiran , Ge Xuesong , Sun Yaning , Chen Shaojuan , Jiang Yijun
Published: November 2020

Bio‐based materials with multifunctional performance are getting immense attention nowadays for their environment friendly and renewable character. Inspired by toughening effect of graphene nanosheets and borate chemistry, a simple in‐situ borate crosslinking in water and freeze‐drying method was employed to fabricate a fire retarded bio‐based aerogel. The structure of the material was evaluated and analysis by SEM, XRD, FTIR, Raman and XPS. Importantly, the bio‐based aerogel has improved strength and adsorption properties due to unique structure. The compressive strength of rGO(reduced graphene oxide) + CMC (carboxymethyl cellulose) aerogel could reach 128 ± 2.1 kPa which is five times that of neat CMC aerogel. The bio‐based aerogel can load more than 2500 times of self‐weight. The adsorption capacity for organic solvents and oil of rGO+CMC aerogel is also greatly improved by a little rGO (1%) introducing due to its unique porous structure and hydrophobic nature of rGO. Additionally, rGO+CMC aerogel is also found fire resistant with relatively low thermal conductivity due to the borate and GO introduction.
The influence of larval density on triacylglycerol content in Aedes aegypti (Linnaeus) (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: Silva Elaine R. M. N. , Santos Luan V. , Caiado Matheus S. , Hastenreiter Luana S. N. , Fonseca Sabrina R. R. , Carbajal‐de‐la‐Fuente Ana L. , Carvalho Mario G. , Pontes Emerson G.
Published: November 2020

Given the importance of Aedes aegypti as an arbovirus vector, understanding the impact of population density during larval development is fundamental to improve control methods. The aims of this study were to analyze the effects of larval density on the triacylglycerol (TAG) reserves, fecundity, and the size of mosquitos. To evaluate the influence of density on the amount of TAG in the different stages of development of A. aegypti, the larvae were reared in densities of 0.04, 0.32, and 0.8 larvae/ml, represented by D1, D2, and D3, respectively. Larval rearing density affected the amount of TAG in the different developmental stages of this insect. The group reared with the highest population density (D3) presented greater storage of TAG, except when analyzing the amount of TAG μg/protein in the fat body of blood‐fed females. In addition, it was possible to observe higher resistance to fasting and a greater number of eggs laid. Insects reared in D2 and D3 were larger than those in the D1 group. This study provides interesting data for future investigations on how the density of larval rearing affects the lipid metabolism for synthesis and mobilization of TAG stored in A. aegypti and how it influences size and reproduction.
Synthesis and anticancer activities of some new coumarin derivatives including the triazole ring and their in silico molecular docking studies
Authors: Menteşe Emre , Güner Adem , Polatlı Elifsu , Emirik Mustafa , Bektaş Hakan , Kahveci Bahittin
Published: November 2020

The synthesis, docking study, and investigation of the anticancer activities of some coumarin derivatives containing the triazole ring are reported in this study. The newly synthesized compounds were screened for their in vitro anticancer activity against the cell lines CRL5807 (human bronchioalveolar carcinoma), CRL5826 (human squamous cell carcinoma), MDA‐MB231 (human breast cancer cells), HTB177 (human lung cancer), PC‐3 (human prostate adenocarcinoma), PANC‐1 (human pancreatic cancer cells), used as cancer cells, and CCD34Lu (normal human lung fibroblasts), used as a healthy cell line. Cytotoxicity effects of the samples were determined by the MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethyl‐2‐thiazolyl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide) assay. In silico studies were also performed to explore the binding interactions of the molecules.
COVID‐19 Water Contamination Concerns Underscore Need to Engage With Consumers
Authors: Heath Andrew
Published: November 2020

Key Takeaways

Utilities’ communication strategies in response to the COVID‐19 pandemic have been uneven; some have been proactively informing customers about the safety of water and other coronavirus‐related issues, while others have been less engaged.

Seventy percent of customer respondents to the J.D. Power survey said they are not aware of actions implemented by their water utility in response to the COVID‐19 crisis.

Water utilities should find new and creative ways to elevate their communications, including social media and joint mass‐media engagement with other local organizations.
Carbonstäbe im Bauwesen
Authors: Schumann Alexander , May Maximilian , Schladitz Frank , Scheerer Silke , Curbach Manfred
Published: November 2020

Carbonbeton findet immer größere Akzeptanz im Bauwesen. Für Carbonbewehrungsmatten gibt es bereits umfangreiche Forschungsergebnisse zum Zug‐ als auch zum Verbundtragverhalten. Bei Carbonstäben und hier insbesondere zu deren Verbundtragverhalten im Beton besteht hingegen noch erheblicher Forschungsbedarf. Deshalb wurden in experimentellen Auszugversuchen acht unterschiedliche Carbonstäbe mit verschiedenen Oberflächenprofilierungen und Ausgangsmaterialien im hochfesten Beton getestet. Die Verbundergebnisse wurden dem Verbundverhalten eines konventionellen Stahlstabs gegenübergestellt. Anhand der Tests und der vorliegenden Materialien wurde eine Vorzugsstabvariante, eine Oberflächenprofilierung infolge von Fräsung, empfohlen. Zusätzlich konnte gezeigt werden, dass einige Carbonstabvarianten maximale Verbundspannungen übertragen können, die mit denen aus dem Stahlbeton vergleichbar sind. Deren vertiefte Betrachtung wird Bestandteil einer weiteren Veröffentlichung sein [1].
Cytoplasmic mRNPs revisited: Singletons and condensates
Authors: Mateu‐Regué Àngels , Nielsen Finn Cilius , Christiansen Jan
Published: November 2020

Cytoplasmic messenger ribonucleoprotein particles (mRNPs) represent the cellular transcriptome, and recent data have challenged our current understanding of their architecture, transport, and complexity before translation. Pre‐translational mRNPs are composed of a single transcript, whereas P‐bodies and stress granules are condensates. Both pre‐translational mRNPs and actively translating mRNPs seem to adopt a linear rather than a closed‐loop configuration. Moreover, assembly of pre‐translational mRNPs in physical RNA regulons is an unlikely event, and co‐regulated translation may occur locally following extracellular cues. We envisage a stochastic mRNP transport mechanism where translational repression of single mRNPs—in combination with microtubule‐mediated cytoplasmic streaming and docking events—are prerequisites for local translation, rather than direct transport.
A review of manufacturing capabilities of cell spheroid generation technologies and future development
Authors: Liu Dan , Chen Sixun , Win Naing May
Published: November 2020

Spheroid culture provides cells with a three‐dimensional environment that can better mimic physiological conditions compared to monolayer culture. Technologies involved in the generation of cell spheroids are continuously being innovated to produce spheroids with enhanced properties. In this paper, we review the manufacturing capabilities of current cell spheroid generation technologies. We propose that spheroid generation technologies should enable tight and robust process controls to produce spheroids of consistent and repeatable quality. Future technology development for the generation of cell spheroids should look into improvement in process control, standardization, scalability and monitoring, in addition to advanced methods of spheroid transfer and characterization.
Understanding gender‐based differences in the engagement of the youth in agribusiness in South‐Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors: Minyangu Muhindo Patrick , Nguezet Paul Martin Dontsop , Masirika Serge Amato , Adeniyi Adetunji , Olayide Olawale E. , Kaghoma Christian Kamala
Published: November 2020

Agribusiness is a means of job creation capable of reducing unemployment among young people in developing countries. However, the rate of unemployment is notably higher among young girls who have a relatively low propensity to seize new entrepreneurial opportunities than their male counterparts. Using the Oaxaca‐Blinder approach, this study measures the share of differences in young men's and young women's engagement in agribusiness in the South‐Kivu province of DR Congo. The study builds on a sample of 375 young people, including 28% of girls, drawn from youth associations in Bukavu and its neighborhoods, the catchment area. The results revealed that a difference of 29% was perceived between the engagement of young men and women in agribusiness. About 3% of this difference was explained by land possession, 16% explained by the contribution of different observable characteristics between the two groups, and 84% attributed to discrimination. Thus, disparities in engagement would have decreased by about 16%, if young women had the same socioeconomic and demographic characteristics or the same access to productive resources as their male counterparts. Therefore, we recommend that interventions aimed at giving equal opportunities to female and male youths should be encouraged and promoted.
A High‐Throughput Screening Method for the Directed Evolution of Hydroxynitrile Lyase towards Cyanohydrin Synthesis
Authors: Zheng Yu‐Cong , Ding Liang‐Yi , Jia Qiao , Lin Zuming , Hong Ran , Yu Hui‐Lei , Xu Jian‐He
Published: November 2020

Chiral cyanohydrins are useful intermediates in the pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. In nature, hydroxynitrile lyases (HNLs) are a kind of elegant tool for enantioselective hydrocyanation of carbonyl compounds. However, currently available methods for demonstrating hydrocyanation are still stalled at precise, but low‐throughput, GC or HPLC analyses. Herein, we report a chromogenic high‐throughput screening (HTS) method that is feasible for the cyanohydrin synthesis reaction. This method was highly anti‐interference and sensitive, and could be used to directly profile the substrate scope of HNLs either in cell‐free extract or fermentation clear broth. This HTS method was also validated by generating new variants of PcHNL5 that presented higher catalytic efficiency and stronger acidic tolerance in variant libraries.
Governance of subsidiaries: The interactive effect of corporate diversification strategy and headquarters' capacity to process information on corporate control mechanisms
Authors: Seifzadeh Pouya , Rowe W. Glenn , Moghaddam Kaveh
Published: November 2020

We build on extant literature of corporate strategy and diversification to unpack corporate effects and to better understand the antecedents that influence control mechanisms implemented on subsidiaries by their corporate parents. Utilizing data collected over the course of several years from 2704 subsidiaries and their 193 Iranian corporate parents, we find that, while related diversified corporations are likely to put a stronger emphasis on strategic controls, their ability to do so depends on corporate span, the corporate CEO's background, and the size of the corporate headquarters.
Analysis of premixed and non‐premixed co‐injection of volatile gas in an industrial indirect pyrolysis plant
Authors: Khodaei Hassan , Olson Chris , Nikrityuk Petr A.
Published: November 2020

Production of raw biochar from the pyrolysis of residual wood and biomass materials has recently been bolstered, in part, due to new indirect slow pyrolysis technologies such as continuous moving bed biochar reactors, rotary kiln reactors, and rotary auger systems. The self‐ignition of wood volatile gas blended with supplement fuel is achievable by adequate mixing of volatiles and stoichiometric air under standard combustion temperatures. In this study, two different CFD simulations were deployed to investigate co‐combustion of a non‐premixed swirl air/propane burner. In particular, one case with pre‐mixed air/pyrolysis gases and one case with non‐premixed air/pyrolysis gases were considered in this work. Pyrolysis gases were produced in an indirect industrial pyrolysis plant taking into consideration the contribution of major volatile components such as CH4, CO2, and CO, and two typical moisture contents predicted using the heat transfer analysis between the combustion chamber and the pyrolysis section. The finite rate model/eddy dissipation model coupled with the realizable k‐epsilon RANS model was used to render turbulence‐chemistry interactions. Validation against experimental data published in the literature and measured in the system demonstrated reasonable agreements. It was shown that the injection of premixed volatile gases and air with high temperature results in higher efficient combustion and better heat transfer rate between the combustion chamber and pyrolysis section rather than the alternative non‐premixed conditions. Due to safety considerations, utilizing a non‐premixed configuration in indirect biochar plant is advised, and further improvements through a pre‐heated excess air system and advanced swirl non‐premixed air/volatile injection nozzles is considered to mitigate the energy deficit in this configuration.
The mutational landscape of early‐ and typical‐onset oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Campbell Benjamin R. , Chen Zhishan , Faden Daniel L. , Agrawal Nishant , Li Ryan J. , Hanna Glenn J. , Iyer N. Gopalakrishna , Boot Arnoud , Rozen Steven G. , Vettore Andre L. , Panda Binay , Krishnan Neeraja M. , Pickering Curtis R. , Myers Jeffrey N. , Guo Xingyi , Lang Kuhs Krystle A.
Published: November 2020

Background

The incidence of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OTSCC) is increasing among younger birth cohorts. The etiology of early‐onset OTSCC (diagnosed before the age of 50 years) and cancer driver genes remain largely unknown.

Methods

The Sequencing Consortium of Oral Tongue Cancer was established through the pooling of somatic mutation data of oral tongue cancer specimens (n = 227 [107 early‐onset cases]) from 7 studies and The Cancer Genome Atlas. Somatic mutations at microsatellite loci and Catalog of Somatic Mutations in Cancer mutation signatures were identified. Cancer driver genes were identified with the MutSigCV and WITER algorithms. Mutation comparisons between early‐ and typical‐onset OTSCC were evaluated via linear regression with adjustments for patient‐related factors.

Results

Two novel driver genes (ATXN1 and CDC42EP1) and 5 previously reported driver genes (TP53, CDKN2A, CASP8, NOTCH1, and FAT1) were identified. Six recurrent mutations were identified, with 4 occurring in TP53. Early‐onset OTSCC had significantly fewer nonsilent mutations even after adjustments for tobacco use. No associations of microsatellite locus mutations and mutation signatures with the age of OTSCC onset were observed.

Conclusions

This international, multicenter consortium is the largest study to characterize the somatic mutational landscape of OTSCC and the first to suggest differences by age of onset. This study validates multiple previously identified OTSCC driver genes and proposes 2 novel cancer driver genes. In analyses by age, early‐onset OTSCC had a significantly smaller somatic mutational burden that was not explained by differences in tobacco use.

Lay Summary

This study identifies 7 specific areas in the human genetic code that could be responsible for promoting the development of tongue cancer.

Tongue cancer in young patients (under the age of 50 years) has fewer overall changes to the genetic code in comparison with tongue cancer in older patients, but the authors do not think that this is due to differences in smoking rates between the 2 groups.

The cause of increasing cases of tongue cancer in young patients remains unclear.
Leading for social change: Waste management in the place of social (ir)responsibility
Authors: Esposito Paolo , Ricci Paolo , Sancino Alessandro
Published: November 2020

What leadership practices can be enacted in contexts of public values failure and with low social capital to enact positive social change? This article studies public management and leadership dynamics in the “Land of Fires” (Italy), a place where waste management has historically been affected by mafia infiltration. Our research is based on a multi‐site single case study strategy with qualitative data obtained from semi‐structured interviews with several key stakeholders, including public and business managers, civil society leaders, local journalists, local politicians, regional and national politicians, and citizens in their role as co‐producers of public services. From a theoretical point of view, our findings contribute to the literature on both place leadership and collaborative governance. From a practical point of view, we shed light on the importance of four interrelated leadership practices to be enacted by public managers and civic leaders to promote positive social change: (a) to recognize and call into existence different publics; (b) to mobilize political leadership; (c) to obtain media salience; and (d) to develop institutional opportunities for enabling agonistic civic capacity.
AI hardware oriented neural network physical unclonable function and its evaluation
Authors: Nozaki Yusuke , Shibagaki Kazuya , Takemoto Shu , Yoshikawa Masaya
Published: November 2020

AI techniques are required for realizing society 5.0. For the issues of societal implementation for AI, an AI hardware, which is enhanced security performances including authentication, and so on, is needed in order to reduce security risks. This study proposes a new physical unclonable function (PUF) based on neural network (NN) called NN PUF. The proposed NN PUF uses a difference of calculation time in NN due to production variations of semiconductor. Evaluation experiments using a field programmable gate array (FPGA) prove the effectiveness of the proposed NN PUF.