bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anti‐Masonic Movements
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

The Anti‐Masonic Party was the first national third party in American politics. Formed in western New York State in the aftermath of a spirited wave of anger and suspicion of the Masonic fraternity after a controversial incident in that community, this short‐lived party had a substantial effect on both the national political landscape and the methodology of party politics.
A
rmand,
E
. (1872–1962)
Authors: Cohn Jesse
Published: September 2017

Born Ernest‐Lucien Juin, French anarchist E. Armand, sometimes known as Émile Armand (1872–1962), became one of the most prominent expositors of individualist anarchism.
A
ustralia, Ecological and Land Preservation Movement, 1960s–2000s
Authors: Corfield Justin
Published: September 2017

The environmental and ecological preservation movement in Australia emerged out of initial campaigns to protect public monuments and buildings in major cities that were being destroyed in the name of modernization and business development. In the 1960s, protest meetings and public demonstrations proliferated to save many historic buildings in Sydney with the redevelopment of The Rocks in 1960, some of which were partly successful. In Melbourne, public protests successfully opposed and stopped development in East Melbourne. In Brisbane, protests erupted in opposition to the demolition of the Bellevue Hotel in 1979 and the Cloudland Dance Hall in 1982, both destroyed at night just before the courts were to decide on their fate.
Ba
J
in (1904–2005)
Authors: Cairns Daniel
Published: September 2017

The writer Ba Jin was born Li Yaotang, also named Feigan, to a wealthy family in Sichuan. Nominated for the Nobel Prize in literature twice, he is also considered to be one of the most influential Chinese writers of the twentieth century. His pen name derives from the Chinese transliterations of Bakunin and Kropotkin, both Russian anarchists he admired. At the age of 15 he declared himself an anarchist, shortly thereafter joining the Equality Society, a Chengdu‐based revolutionary anarchist group. Through the organ of this group, Ba Jin published his first works, essays on Tolstoy and the Industrial Workers of the World (IWW). In the 1920s Ba Jin became an accomplished anarchist propagandist and translator, responsible for the first Chinese‐language editions of many anarchist texts, although his literary accomplishments in fiction are better known. Yet, much of his fiction also addresses social and cultural issues. For example, his renowned novel
The Family
deals with the issue of oppression in the traditional Chinese family structure. Throughout his career, save for the Japanese invasion of China, he was a distinguished anti‐militarist, if not necessarily a pacifist.
B
ellamy,
E
dward (1850–1898)
Authors: Lubitz Leonard H.
Published: September 2017

Born in 1850 in central Massachusetts to a family of Baptist ministers, Edward Bellamy, a leading American socialist author, began his life in search of direction. Rejected by West Point Military Academy due to his physical frailty, he attended Union College in Schenectady, New York, for one year and then left school, choosing to travel for one year in Europe. Upon his return, he studied law and was admitted to the Massachusetts Bar, but chose not to practice. Instead, he began a career in journalism, writing for the
New York Evening Post
and the Springfield (Massachusetts) Union. In 1880, Edward and his older brother Charles founded and edited the
Springfield Daily News
, but he left this post two years later to pursue a career in literature.
B
hutan, Protests, 1970s–2000s
Authors: Corfield Justin
Published: September 2017

The history of this isolated Himalayan kingdom of some 18,147 square miles is mixed with legends, and the dates given to early events have generally been ascribed many centuries after they took place. The hereditary monarch – the House of Wangchuk – was established in 1907. Three years later, the Treaty of Punakha between the governments of Britain and Bhutan recognized Bhutan's internal autonomy in return for foreign policy being controlled by the (British) Government of India. A similar provision was included in the Indo‐Bhutan Treaty of 1949 between Bhutan and independent India.
Battle of Algiers
: Film as Revolutionary Spectacle
Authors: Bâ Saër Maty
Published: September 2017

The battle in the title of the film directed by Italian filmmaker Gillo Pontecorvo (1919–2006) was decisive in the Algerian Revolution (1954–62). Striving for a fair account of what took place,
The Battle of Algiers
gives two sides of the same story. On the one hand, the Algerians’ and Le Front de Libération Nationale's (FLN, the National Liberation Front) fight for independence from colonization and on the other hand the French determination to keep Algeria by violent means. The French attitude is epitomized by Mathieu (Jean Martin), the human‐rights flaunting colonel leading the French paratroopers. During inevitably violent encounters the French resort to torture and bombings, the Algerians to shootings and artisanal bombs. The film ends in 1962 with Algerian celebrations of a hard‐won independence. It is perhaps unsurprising therefore that the French authorities banned the film in France until the 1970s.
B
ettelheim,
B
runo (1903–1990)
Authors: Jacobsen Kurt
Published: September 2017

Bruno Bettelheim was a controversial child psychologist, scholar, and social critic who emigrated from Austria after a year in Nazi concentration camps to build a distinguished career at the University of Chicago. His most significant contribution, which places him as a leading medical activist, was his constant interest and devotion to the conditions of child psychology and his influence in the medical community for it to recognize the importance of children in shaping healthy lives. While his positions were controversial, his accentuation of children contributed to his acclaim throughout his life and beyond.
Flow of viscoelastic surfactants through porous media
Authors: De S. , Koesen S. P. , Maitri R. V. , Golombok M. , Padding J. T. , van Santvoort J. F. M.
Published: September 2017

We compare the flow behavior of viscoelastic surfactant (VES) solutions and Newtonian fluids through two different model porous media having similar permeability: (a) a 3D random packed bed and (b) a microchannel with a periodically spaced pillars. The former provides much larger flow resistance at the same apparent shear rate compared to the latter. The flow profile in the 3D packed bed cannot be observed since it is a closed system. However, visualization of the flow profile in the microchannel shows strong spatial and temporal flow instabilities in VES fluids appear above a critical shear rate. The onset of such elastic instabilities correlates to the flow rate where increased flow resistance is observed. The elastic instabilities are attributed to the formation of transient shear induced structures. The experiments provide a detailed insight into the complex interplay between the pore scale geometry and rheology of VES in the creeping flow regime. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 773–781, 2018
Coproduction of acetic acid and hydrogen/power from natural gas with zero carbon dioxide emissions
Authors: Somiari Ibubeleye , Manousiouthakis Vasilios
Published: September 2017

A process plant flow sheet that coproduces acetic acid and hydrogen/power from natural gas with zero carbon dioxide emissions is developed. Two cases are explored: the production of acetic acid and hydrogen (Case 1) and the production of acetic acid and power (Case 2). This is realized by the selection of an appropriate reaction cluster whose sum results in the overall reaction that coproduces acetic acid and hydrogen/power. The concept of energetic self‐sufficiency is introduced and it imposes constraints on the system defined in terms of the ratio of oxygen feed to acetic acid produced. Heat and power integration of the converged flow sheet reveals an operating range for each case that guarantees energetic self‐sufficiency. Operating points are chosen to conduct a preliminary economic analysis and a carbon dioxide cost and performance metric calculation to quantify profitability and carbon capture potential of the overall process. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 64: 860–876, 2018
Intrafamilial variability of the triphalangeal thumb phenotype in a Dutch population: Evidence for phenotypic progression over generations?
Authors: Baas Martijn , Potuijt Jacob W.P. , Hovius Steven E.R. , Hoogeboom A. Jeannette M. , Galjaard Robert‐Jan H. , van Nieuwenhoven Christianne A.
Published: September 2017

Triphalangeal thumbs (TPTs) are regularly caused by mutations in the ZRS in LMBR1. Phenotypic variability can be present in TPT‐families. However, recent observations suggest an increased occurrence of severe phenotypes in the Dutch TPT‐population. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the progression of the clinical severity of TPT‐phenotype through generations. Index patients from a Dutch TPT‐population were identified. A 105C>G mutation in the ZRS has previously been confirmed in this population. Questionnaires regarding family occurrence and phenotypes were distributed. Subsequently, families were visited to validate the phenotype. Both occurrence and inheritance patterns of the TPT‐phenotype were analyzed through multiple generations. One hundred seventy patients with TPT were identified from 11 families. When considering all 132 segregations (parent‐to‐child transmission), 54% of the segregations produced a stable phenotype, 38% produced a more severe phenotype while only 8% of the phenotype was less severe when compared to the affected parents. Overall, 71% of the index patients had a more severe phenotype compared to their great‐grandparent. Although all family members share an identical mutation in the ZRS (105C>G), it does not explain the wide phenotypic range of anomalies. Our observational study provides better estimations for counseling and provides new insights in the long‐range regulation of SHH by the ZRS‐enhancer. In the current study, we provide evidence that the assumed variability in TPT‐phenotype is not random, but in fact it is more likely that the expression becomes more severe in the next generation. Therefore, we observe a pattern that resembles phenotypic anticipation in TPT‐families.
Gas‐Phase Synthesis of the Elusive Cyclooctatetraenyl Radical (C8H7) via Triplet Aromatic Cyclooctatetraene (C8H8) and Non‐Aromatic Cyclooctatriene (C8H8) Intermediates
Authors: Lucas Michael , Thomas Aaron M. , Zhao Long , Kaiser Ralf I. , Kim Gap‐Sue , Mebel Alexander M.
Published: September 2017

The 1,2,4,7‐cyclooctatetraenyl radical (C8H7) has been synthesized for the very first time via the bimolecular gas‐phase reaction of ground‐state carbon atoms with 1,3,5‐cycloheptatriene (C7H8) on the triplet surface under single‐collision conditions. The barrier‐less route to the cyclic 1,2,4,7‐cyclooctatetraenyl radical accesses exotic reaction intermediates on the triplet surface, which cannot be synthesized via classical organic chemistry methods: the triplet non‐aromatic 2,4,6‐cyclooctatriene (C8H8) and the triplet aromatic 1,3,5,7‐cyclooctatetraene (C8H8). Our approach provides a clean gas‐phase synthesis of this hitherto elusive cyclic radical species 1,2,4,7‐cyclooctatetraenyl via a single‐collision event and opens up a versatile, unconventional path to access this previously largely obscure class of cyclooctatetraenyl radicals, which have been impossible to access through classical synthetic methods.
Catalytic Asymmetric Mannich Reaction with N‐Carbamoyl Imine Surrogates of Formaldehyde and Glyoxylate
Authors: You Yang'en , Zhang Long , Cui Linfeng , Mi Xueling , Luo Sanzhong
Published: September 2017

N,O‐acetals (NOAcs) were developed as bench stable surrogates for N‐carbamoyl, (Boc, Cbz and Fmoc) formaldehyde and glyoxylate imines in asymmetric Mannich reactions. The NOAcs can be directly utilized in the chiral primary amine catalyzed Mannich reactions of both acyclic and cyclic β‐ketocarbonyls with high yields and excellent stereoselectivity. The current reaction offers a straightforward approach in the asymmetric synthesis of α‐ or β‐amino carbonyls bearing chiral quaternary centers in a practical and highly stereocontrolled manner.
Extended Ladder‐Type Benzo[k]tetraphene‐Derived Oligomers
Authors: Lee Jongbok , Li Huanbin , Kalin Alexander J. , Yuan Tianyu , Wang Chenxu , Olson Troy , Li Hanying , Fang Lei
Published: September 2017

Well‐defined, fused‐ring aromatic oligomers represent promising candidates for the fundamental understanding and application of advanced carbon‐rich materials, though bottom‐up synthesis and structure–property correlation of these compounds remain challenging. In this work, an efficient synthetic route was employed to construct extended benzo[k]tetraphene‐derived oligomers with up to 13 fused rings. The molecular and electronic structures of these compounds were clearly elucidated. Precise correlation of molecular sizes and crystallization dynamics was established, thus demonstrating the pivotal balance between intermolecular interaction and molecular mobility for optimized processing of highly ordered solids of these extended conjugated molecules.
Cystic fibrosis and Silver–Russell syndrome due to a partial maternal isodisomy of chromosome 7
Authors: Gerbrands Lonneke C. , Haarman Eric G. , Hankel Margot A. , Finken Martijn J. J.
Published: September 2017

Key Clinical Message

If an infant with cystic fibrosis exhibits failure to thrive, despite adequate disease management, Silver–Russell syndrome should be considered, given the locations of these conditions in the genome. However, an earlier clue to the diagnosis is small‐for‐gestational‐age birth.
Needle‐like NiCo2O4 Coated on Graphene Foam as a Flexible Cathode for Lithium‐Oxygen Batteries
Authors: Jiang Yuexing , Zou Lu , Cheng Junfang , Huang Yizhen , Jia Lichao , Chi Bo , Pu Jian , Li Jian
Published: September 2017

The electrochemical performance of non‐aqueous lithium‐oxygen batteries depends largely on the catalytic activity of the cathode, among which the architecture design plays an important role. In this paper, we present a novel free‐standing, flexible cathode with needle‐like NiCo2O4 coated on a three‐dimensional graphene framework. The hierarchical structure exhibits a macropore nest of graphene foam along with mesopore decoration of NiCo2O4 nanorods, which can provide fast diffusion or adsorption for the reactants and abundant active site for the oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction. With the novel cathode, the battery delivers a capacity about 5000 mAh g−1 at a current density of 400 mA g−1, and can cycle stably at least 80 times without obvious degradation at the capacity limitation of 1000 mAh g−1. This flexible cathode shows potential application in foldable electronic devices.
Cover Image, Volume 74, Issue 9
Authors: Parab Sweta , Dalvi Veena , Mylavaram Sushma , Kishore Abhipriya , Idicula‐Thomas Susan , Sonawane Shobha , Parte Priyanka
Published: September 2017

The cover image, by Sweta Parab et al., is based on the Research Article Human Tubulin acetylation: A novel functional avenue for CDYL in sperm, DOI: 10.1002/cm.21381.

image
Cover Image, Volume 74, Issue 9
Authors: Iwase Shohei , Ono Shoichiro
Published: September 2017

The cover image, by Shohei Iwase and Shoichiro Ono, is based on the Research Article Conserved hydrophobic residues in the CARP/b‐sheet domain of cyclase‐associated protein are involved in actin monomer regulation, DOI: 10.1002/cm.21385.

image
Early recovery of circulating immature B cells in B‐lymphoblastic leukemia patients after CD19 targeted CAR T cell therapy: A pitfall for minimal residual disease detection
Authors: Xiao Wenbin , Salem Dalia , McCoy Catharine S. , Lee Daniel , Shah Nirali N. , Stetler‐Stevenson Maryalice , Yuan Constance M.
Published: September 2017

Background

CD19‐targeted chimeric‐antigen receptor‐modified T‐cells (CAR‐T) are promising in the treatment of refractory B‐lymphoblastic leukemia (B‐ALL). Minimal residual disease (MRD) detection by multicolor flow cytometry (FCM) is critical to distinguish B‐ALL MRD from regenerating, non‐neoplastic B‐cell populations.

Methods

FCM was performed on samples from 9 patients with B‐ALL treated with CAR‐T.

Results

All 9 patients showed response to CAR‐T. Additionally, FCM revealed circulating CD10 + B cells, potentially mimicking MRD. Circulating CD10+ B‐cells were detected in blood from 3 days to 3 months after CAR‐T, comprising 73% (median) of B‐cells (52–83%, 95%CI). They expressed CD19, CD10, CD20, bright CD9, CD22, CD24, moderate CD38 and dim CD58, but were CD34 (–), with bright CD45 and polyclonal surface light chain immunoglobulin (sIg) expression. A similar CD10 + B‐cell subpopulation was detected by marrow FCM, amidst abundant B‐cell precursors.

Conclusions

These circulating CD10 + B‐cells are compatible with immature B‐cells, and are a reflection of B‐cell recovery within the marrow. They are immunophenotypically distinguishable from residual B‐ALL. Expression of light chain sIg and key surface antigens characterizing regenerating B‐cell precursors can distinguish immature B‐cells from B‐ALL MRD and prevent misdiagnosis. © 2017 International Clinical Cytometry Society
Thymic enteric type adenocarcinoma: A case report with cytological features
Authors: Tamai Marie , Ishida Mitsuaki , Ebisu Yusuke , Okamoto Hisashi , Miyasaka Chika , Ohe Chisato , Uemura Yoshiko , Saito Tomohito , Murakawa Tomohiro , Tsuta Koji
Published: September 2017

Primary thymic adenocarcinoma is an extremely rare tumor, and thymic enteric type adenocarcinoma has recently been proposed as a distinct pathological entity. Herein, we report the first cytological description of thymic enteric type adenocarcinoma. A 29‐year‐old Japanese female without a significant past medical history was found to have an abnormal chest shadow. Chest computed tomography demonstrated a well‐circumscribed tumor in the anterior mediastinum, and thymectomy was performed. The Papanicolaou staining of the touch smear of the resected tumor demonstrated tightly cohesive epithelial cell clusters in a necrotic background. These cells were cuboidal to columnar in shape and had large round to oval nuclei with conspicuous nucleoli. Some of these neoplastic cells had intracytoplasmic mucin. Immunocytochemically, the neoplastic cells were positive for cytokeratin 20 and CDX‐2. Histopathological study revealed tubular and papillotubular neoplastic growth composed of cuboidal to columnar neoplastic cells that contained large round to oval nuclei. Some of the neoplastic cells had intracytoplasmic mucin. Immunohistochemical study confirmed the expression of cytokeratin 20 and CDX‐2. The final diagnosis of thymic enteric type adenocarcinoma was made. The cytological and immunocytochemical features of this case led to a diagnosis of enteric type adenocarcinoma. However, these features alone cannot be differentiated from a metastatic adenocarcinoma arising from the gastrointestinal tract. Cytological examination of a fine‐needle aspiration of the mediastinal tumor has been reported to be useful in making a diagnosis. Therefore, an awareness of this new pathological entity is important for differentiating a thymic tumor from a metastatic carcinoma in the thymus.
Performance of different prostate specific antibodies in the cytological diagnosis of metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma
Authors: Jia Liwei , Jiang Yuying , Michael Claire W.
Published: September 2017

Background

Diagnosis of metastatic prostate adenocarcinoma (metPA) in cytology specimens can be challenging and frequently requires the use of immunohistochemistry (IHC). Prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) and NKX3.1 have emerged as promising IHC markers to determine prostatic origin of metPA in surgical specimens. Our goal is to evaluate the performance of PSMA and NKX3.1 and compare them with those of prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) and prostate specific alkaline phosphatase (PSAP) in the cytological diagnosis of metPA

Materials

Cytology specimens from patients with a history of prostate adenocarcinoma at our institution between January 01, 2005 and December 31, 2015 were retrieved. IHC stains were performed on the cell blocks. In addition to the staining pattern and intensity, the sensitivity, and specificity of PSMA and NKX3.1 were assessed and compared to those of PSA and PSAP markers.

Results

A total of 56 cytology cases were retrieved with the following diagnoses: 13 metPA, 37 metastatic carcinomas from other origins, 4 rare atypical cells, and 2 benign. Additional 9 cases were re‐classified as metPA based on positive PSMA and/or NKX3.1 immunostains. In our cohort of 22 cases of metPA, 18 were positive for PSMA (82%), 15 for NKX3.1 (68%), 9 for PSA (41%), and 9 for PSAP (41%). PSMA and NKX3.1 were negative in all 6 cases of metastatic carcinoma of nonprostate origin (specificity 100%). PSMA demonstrated strong membranous staining pattern, and NKX3.1 exhibited moderate nuclear staining pattern.

Conclusion

Because of their higher sensitivity and specificity, PSMA and NKX3.1 are valuable surrogate markers for metPA in cytology specimens, when compared with PSA and PSAP markers.
The cytopathology of Actinomyces, Nocardia, and their mimickers
Authors: McHugh Kelsey E. , Sturgis Charles D. , Procop Gary W. , Rhoads Daniel D.
Published: September 2017

Nocardia species and Actinomyces species are 2 of the most commonly diagnosed filamentous bacteria in routine cytopathology practice. These genera share many overlapping cytomorphologic features, including their thin, beaded, branching, Gram‐positive, GMS‐positive filamentous structures that fragment at their peripheries into bacillary‐ and coccoid‐appearing forms. Features that help distinguish between these 2 microorganisms include the width of their filamentous structures, the angles at which they branch, and their ability or lack thereof to retain a modified acid‐fast stain. In addition to cytomorphologic overlap, overlap in clinical presentation is frequent with pulmonary and mucocutaneous presentations seen in both. Differentiating between Nocardia and Actinomyces is essential because patients with these infections require different approaches to medical management. Both antibiotic susceptibilities and the need for early surgical intervention as part of the treatment plan vary greatly among these 2 groups. This review focuses on the clinical presentation, cytomorphology and staining characteristics that can be useful in identifying and distinguishing between Nocardia and Actinomyces infections, as well as their mimickers.
Increased sign‐tracking behavior in adolescent rats
Authors: DeAngeli Nicole E. , Miller Sarah B. , Meyer Heidi C. , Bucci David J.
Published: September 2017

An autoshaping procedure was used to test the notion that conditioned stimuli (CSs) gain greater incentive salience during adolescence than young adulthood under conditions of social isolation rearing and food restriction. Rats were single‐housed and placed on food restriction during 10 daily training sessions in which a lever (CS+) was presented then followed immediately by a food unconditioned stimulus (US). A second lever (CS−) was presented on intermixed trials and was not reinforced. Despite the fact that food delivery was not contingent on the rats’ behavior, all rats exhibited behaviors directed towards the lever (i.e., sign‐tracking). In the adolescent group, the rate of lever pressing and the percentage of trials with a lever press were higher than in young adults. Initially, group differences were observed when rats were retrained when the adolescents had reached young adulthood. These findings support the hypothesis that cues that come to predict reward become imbued with excessive motivational value in adolescents, perhaps contributing to the hyper‐responsiveness to reward‐related stimuli typically observed during this period of development.
Maternal salivary testosterone in pregnancy and fetal neuromaturation
Authors: Voegtline Kristin M. , Costigan Kathleen A. , DiPietro Janet A.
Published: September 2017

Testosterone exposure during pregnancy has been hypothesized as a mechanism for sex differences in brain and behavioral development observed in the postnatal period. The current study documents the natural history of maternal salivary testosterone from 18 weeks gestation of pregnancy to 6 months postpartum, and investigates associations with fetal heart rate, motor activity, and their integration. Findings indicate maternal salivary testosterone increases with advancing gestation though no differences by fetal sex were detected. High intra‐individual stability in prenatal testosterone levels extend into the postnatal period, particularly for pregnancies with male fetuses. With respect to fetal development, by 36 weeks gestation higher maternal prenatal salivary testosterone was significantly associated with faster fetal heart rate and less optimal somatic‐cardiac integration. Measurement of testosterone in saliva is a useful tool for repeated‐measures studies of hormonal concomitants of pregnancy. Moreover, higher maternal testosterone levels are associated with modest interference to fetal neurobehavioral development.
A modeling framework for the establishment and spread of invasive species in heterogeneous environments
Authors: Lustig Audrey , Worner Susan P. , Pitt Joel P. W. , Doscher Crile , Stouffer Daniel B. , Senay Senait D.
Published: September 2017

Natural and human‐induced events are continuously altering the structure of our landscapes and as a result impacting the spatial relationships between individual landscape elements and the species living in the area. Yet, only recently has the influence of the surrounding landscape on invasive species spread started to be considered. The scientific community increasingly recognizes the need for broader modeling framework that focuses on cross‐study comparisons at different spatiotemporal scales. Using two illustrative examples, we introduce a general modeling framework that allows for a systematic investigation of the effect of habitat change on invasive species establishment and spread. The essential parts of the framework are (i) a mechanistic spatially explicit model (a modular dispersal framework—MDIG) that allows population dynamics and dispersal to be modeled in a geographical information system (GIS), (ii) a landscape generator that allows replicated landscape patterns with partially controllable spatial properties to be generated, and (iii) landscape metrics that depict the essential aspects of landscape with which dispersal and demographic processes interact. The modeling framework provides functionality for a wide variety of applications ranging from predictions of the spatiotemporal spread of real species and comparison of potential management strategies, to theoretical investigation of the effect of habitat change on population dynamics. Such a framework allows to quantify how small‐grain landscape characteristics, such as habitat size and habitat connectivity, interact with life‐history traits to determine the dynamics of invasive species spread in fragmented landscape. As such, it will give deeper insights into species traits and landscape features that lead to establishment and spread success and may be key to preventing new incursions and the development of efficient monitoring, surveillance, control or eradication programs.
Restricted gene flow between resident Oncorhynchus mykiss and an admixed population of anadromous steelhead
Authors: Matala Andrew P. , Allen Brady , Narum Shawn R. , Harvey Elaine
Published: September 2017

The species Oncorhynchus mykiss is characterized by a complex life history that presents a significant challenge for population monitoring and conservation management. Many factors contribute to genetic variation in O. mykiss populations, including sympatry among migratory phenotypes, habitat heterogeneity, hatchery introgression, and immigration (stray) rates. The relative influences of these and other factors are contingent on characteristics of the local environment. The Rock Creek subbasin in the middle Columbia River has no history of hatchery supplementation and no dams or artificial barriers. Limited intervention and minimal management have led to a dearth of information regarding the genetic distinctiveness of the extant O. mykiss population in Rock Creek and its tributaries. We used 192 SNP markers and collections sampled over a 5‐year period to evaluate the temporal and spatial genetic structures of O. mykiss between upper and lower watersheds of the Rock Creek subbasin. We investigated potential limits to gene flow within the lower watershed where the stream is fragmented by seasonally dry stretches of streambed, and between upper and lower watershed regions. We found minor genetic differentiation within the lower watershed occupied by anadromous steelhead (FST = 0.004), and evidence that immigrant influences were prevalent and ubiquitous. Populations in the upper watershed above partial natural barriers were highly distinct (FST = 0.093) and minimally impacted by apparent introgression. Genetic structure between watersheds paralleled differences in local demographics (e.g., variation in size), migratory restrictions, and habitat discontinuity. The evidence of restricted gene flow between putative remnant resident populations in the upper watershed and the admixed anadromous population in the lower watershed has implications for local steelhead productivity and regional conservation.
Variation in fine‐scale genetic structure and local dispersal patterns between peripheral populations of a South American passerine bird
Authors: Botero‐Delgadillo Esteban , Quirici Verónica , Poblete Yanina , Cuevas Élfego , Kuhn Sylvia , Girg Alexander , Teltscher Kim , Poulin Elie , Kempenaers Bart , Vásquez Rodrigo A.
Published: September 2017

The distribution of suitable habitat influences natal and breeding dispersal at small spatial scales, resulting in strong microgeographic genetic structure. Although environmental variation can promote interpopulation differences in dispersal behavior and local spatial patterns, the effects of distinct ecological conditions on within‐species variation in dispersal strategies and in fine‐scale genetic structure remain poorly understood. We studied local dispersal and fine‐scale genetic structure in the thorn‐tailed rayadito (Aphrastura spinicauda), a South American bird that breeds along a wide latitudinal gradient. We combine capture‐mark‐recapture data from eight breeding seasons and molecular genetics to compare two peripheral populations with contrasting environments in Chile: Navarino Island, a continuous and low density habitat, and Fray Jorge National Park, a fragmented, densely populated and more stressful environment. Natal dispersal showed no sex bias in Navarino but was female‐biased in the more dense population in Fray Jorge. In the latter, male movements were restricted, and some birds seemed to skip breeding in their first year, suggesting habitat saturation. Breeding dispersal was limited in both populations, with males being more philopatric than females. Spatial genetic autocorrelation analyzes using 13 polymorphic microsatellite loci confirmed the observed dispersal patterns: a fine‐scale genetic structure was only detectable for males in Fray Jorge for distances up to 450 m. Furthermore, two‐dimensional autocorrelation analyzes and estimates of genetic relatedness indicated that related males tended to be spatially clustered in this population. Our study shows evidence for context‐dependent variation in natal dispersal and corresponding local genetic structure in peripheral populations of this bird. It seems likely that the costs of dispersal are higher in the fragmented and higher density environment in Fray Jorge, particularly for males. The observed differences in microgeographic genetic structure for rayaditos might reflect the genetic consequences of population‐specific responses to contrasting environmental pressures near the range limits of its distribution.
Consequences of the genetic threshold model for observing partial migration under climate change scenarios
Authors: Cobben Marleen M. P. , van Noordwijk Arie J.
Published: September 2017

Migration is a widespread phenomenon across the animal kingdom as a response to seasonality in environmental conditions. Partially migratory populations are populations that consist of both migratory and residential individuals. Such populations are very common, yet their stability has long been debated. The inheritance of migratory activity is currently best described by the threshold model of quantitative genetics. The inclusion of such a genetic threshold model for migratory behavior leads to a stable zone in time and space of partially migratory populations under a wide range of demographic parameter values, when assuming stable environmental conditions and unlimited genetic diversity. Migratory species are expected to be particularly sensitive to global warming, as arrival at the breeding grounds might be increasingly mistimed as a result of the uncoupling of long‐used cues and actual environmental conditions, with decreasing reproduction as a consequence. Here, we investigate the consequences for migratory behavior and the stability of partially migratory populations under five climate change scenarios and the assumption of a genetic threshold value for migratory behavior in an individual‐based model. The results show a spatially and temporally stable zone of partially migratory populations after different lengths of time in all scenarios. In the scenarios in which the species expands its range from a particular set of starting populations, the genetic diversity and location at initialization determine the species’ colonization speed across the zone of partial migration and therefore across the entire landscape. Abruptly changing environmental conditions after model initialization never caused a qualitative change in phenotype distributions, or complete extinction. This suggests that climate change‐induced shifts in species’ ranges as well as changes in survival probabilities and reproductive success can be met with flexibility in migratory behavior at the species level, which will reduce the risk of extinction.
Influence of littoral periphyton on whole‐lake metabolism relates to littoral vegetation in humic lakes
Authors: Vesterinen Jussi , Devlin Shawn P. , Syväranta Jari , Jones Roger I.
Published: September 2017

The role of littoral habitats in lake metabolism has been underrated, especially in humic lakes, based on an assumption of low benthic primary production (PP) due to low light penetration into water. This assumption has been challenged by recent recognition of littoral epiphyton dominance of whole‐lake PP in a small highly humic lake and of epiphyton as an important basal food source for humic lake biota. However, as these studies have mostly concerned single lakes, there is a need to test their wider generality. We studied the whole‐lake PP and community respiration (CR) in eight small humic lakes in southern Finland during July 2015 using 14C incorporation to measure pelagic PP and the changes in dissolved inorganic carbon in light and dark in situ incubations to measure CR and littoral PP by epiphyton. Changes in O2 concentration in both pelagic and littoral surface water were measured periodically from each lake and, additionally, continuously with a data logger from one lake during the study period. The results revealed that the littoral dominated whole‐lake net primary production (NPP) in five of the eight lakes, which was supported by observed O2 supersaturation in the littoral surface water in most of the lakes. Calculated pelagic:littoral ratios by area correlated negatively with both littoral NPP and littoral contribution to whole‐lake NPP. Moreover, there was a significant positive relationship between littoral proportion of whole‐lake NPP and the fraction of lake surface area covered by littoral aquatic vegetation. This demonstrates that increased aquatic littoral vegetation cover increases the overall importance of the littoral to whole‐lake PP in highly humic lakes. Littoral NPP also correlated strongly with littoral O2 saturation, and the continuously measured O2 revealed substantial temporal variation in O2 saturation, particularly in the littoral zone. Whole‐lake gross primary production:community respiration (GPP:CR) ratios revealed that accounting for littoral metabolism produced a marked shift towards lake metabolic balance, although all the eight lakes remained net heterotrophic. This study emphasizes that littoral metabolism needs to be accounted for when estimating whole‐lake C fluxes in all lakes, even in highly colored humic waters.
Revisiting lake sediment budgets: How the calculation of lake lifetime is strongly data and method dependent
Authors: Lemma Hanibal , Admasu Teshager , Dessie Mekete , Fentie Derbew , Deckers Jozef , Frankl Amaury , Poesen Jean , Adgo Enyew , Nyssen Jan
Published: September 2017

Lake sedimentation has a fundamental impact on lake lifetime. In this paper, we show how sensitive calculation of the latter is to the quality of data available and assumptions made during analysis. Based on the collection of a large new dataset, we quantify the sediment masses (1) mobilized on the hillslopes draining towards Lake Tana (Ethiopia), (2) stored in the floodplains, (3) transported into the lake, (4) deposited in the lake and (5) delivered out from the lake so as to establish a sediment budget. In 2012–2013, suspended sediment concentration (SSC) and discharge measurements were made at 13 monitoring stations, including two lake outlets. Altogether, 4635 SSC samples were collected and sediment rating curves that account for land cover conditions and rainfall seasonality were established for the 11 river stations, and mean monthly SSC was calculated for the outlets. Effects of the floodplain on rivers' sediment yield (SY) were investigated using measurements at both sides of the floodplains. SY from ungauged rivers was assessed using a model that includes catchment area and rainfall, whereas bedload and direct sediment input from lake shores were estimated. As a result, the gross annual SY was c. 39.55 (± 0.15) Mt, dominantly from Gilgel Abay and Gumara Rivers. The 2.57 (± 0.17) Mt sediment deposited in floodplains indicate that the floodplains serve as an important sediment sink. Moreover, annually c. 1.09 Mt of sediment leaves the lake through the two outlets. Annual sediment deposition in the lake was c. 36.97 (± 0.22) Mt and organic matter accumulation was 2.15 Mt, with a mean sediment trapping efficiency of 97%. Furthermore, SSC and SY are generally higher at the beginning of the rainy season because soils in cultivated fields are bare and loose due to frequent ploughing and seedbed preparation. Later in the season, increased crop and vegetation cover lead to a decrease in sediment production. Based on the established sediment budget with average rainfall, the lifetime of Lake Tana was estimated as 764 to 1032 years, which is shorter than what was anticipated in earlier studies. The sedimentation rate of Lake Tana (11.7 ± 0.1 kg m−2 yr−1) is in line with the sedimentation rates of larger lakes in the world, like Lake Dongting and Lake Kivu. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of earthworm sublethal toxic responses to atrazine exposure using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics
Authors: Dani Vivek D. , Simpson André J. , Simpson Myrna J.
Published: September 2017

Atrazine toxicity to earthworms is still not fully understood, particularly at sublethal concentrations. Because of the ubiquity of atrazine in the environment, it is imperative to understand the impacts of atrazine presence to soil-dwelling organisms. To examine this in detail, we used 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics to elucidate earthworm (Eisenia fetida) responses after 48 h of atrazine exposure in contact tests. Earthworms were exposed to 4 sublethal concentrations of 362.4, 181.2, 90.6, and 45.3 ng/cm2, which correspond to 1/8th, 1/16th, 1/32nd, and 1/64th of the median lethal concentration (LC50) values, respectively. After exposure, polar metabolites were isolated from earthworm tissues and analyzed using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Sublethal atrazine exposure induced a nonmonotonic response with respect to exposure concentration and caused an overall suppression in earthworm metabolism. Maltose, fumarate, malate, threonine/lactate, adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP), betaine, scyllo-inositol, glutamate, arginine, and glutamine were the metabolites identified as most sensitive to atrazine exposure. These observed fluctuations in the metabolic profile suggest that atrazine reduced ATP synthesis and negatively impacted the health of earthworms after acute sublethal exposure. Our study also demonstrates the utility of NMR-based metabolomics for the basic assessment of sublethal toxicity, which can then be used for more targeted approaches with other molecular techniques. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:473–480. © 2017 SETAC
Regulation of radial glial process growth by glutamate via mGluR5/TRPC3 and neuregulin/ErbB4
Authors: Louhivuori Lauri M. , Turunen Pauli M. , Louhivuori Verna , Yellapragada Venkatram , Nordström Tommy , Uhlén Per , Åkerman Karl E.
Published: September 2017

Radial glial cells play an essential role through their function as guides for neuronal migration during development. Disruption of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) function retards the growth of radial glial processes in vitro. Neuregulins (NRG) are activated by proteolytic cleavage and regulate (radial) glial maintenance via ErbB3/ErbB4 receptors. We show here that blocking ErbB4 disrupts radial process extension. Soluble NRG acting on ErbB4 receptors is able to promote radial process extension in particular where process elongation has been impeded by blockade of mGluR5, the nonselective cation channel canonical transient receptor potential 3 (TRPC3), or matrix metalloproteases (MMP). NRG does not restore retarded process growth caused by ErbB4 blockade. Stimulation of muscarinic receptors restores process elongation due to mGluR5 blockade but not that caused by TRPC3, MMP or ErbB4 blockade suggesting that muscarinic receptors can replace mGluR5 with respect to radial process extension. Additionally, NRG/ErbB4 causes Ca2+ mobilization in a population of cells through cooperation with ErbB1 receptors. Our results indicate that mGluR5 promotes radial process growth via NRG activation by a mechanism involving TRPC3 channels and MMPs. Thus neurotransmitters acting on G‐protein coupled receptors could play a central role in the maintenance of the radial glial scaffold through activation of NRG/ErbB4 signaling.
Disconnection of hippocampal networks contributes to memory dysfunction in individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Stoub Travis R. , Chicharro Ada V. , Grote Christopher L. , Kanner Andres M.
Published: September 2017

A deficit in declarative memory function is common among individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the relationship between the volume of the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex along with the surrounding parahippocampal white matter and memory performance in those with temporal lobe epilepsy. T1 weighted MRI scans were acquired using a 3‐D pulse sequence in 50 individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy. Hippocampal and entorhinal cortex volumes were derived by manually tracing consecutive coronal slices aligned perpendicular to the long axis of the hippocampus. In addition, parahippocampal white matter volumes were determined using voxel based morphometry. Finally, declarative memory was assessed using immediate and delayed verbal and visual memory tests from the Wechsler Memory Scale third edition. Significant correlations were seen between right and left hippocampal volumes and delayed verbal memory test scores. In addition, left parahippocampal white matter showed positive correlations with immediate and delayed verbal and visual recall. Furthermore, regression models found that the right hippocampus and left parahippocampal white matter were the best predictors of immediate and delayed verbal and visual memory performance. These results show that a decrease in white matter fibers projecting to the hippocampus may cause a disruption of incoming multi‐modal sensory information, contributing to the memory decline seen in individuals with temporal lobe epilepsy.
Close but no cigar: Spatial precision deficits following medial temporal lobe lesions provide novel insight into theoretical models of navigation and memory
Authors: Kolarik Branden S. , Baer Trevor , Shahlaie Kiarash , Yonelinas Andrew P. , Ekstrom Arne D.
Published: September 2017

Increasing evidence suggests that the human hippocampus contributes to a range of different behaviors, including episodic memory, language, short‐term memory, and navigation. A novel theoretical framework, the Precision and Binding Model, accounts for these phenomenon by describing a role for the hippocampus in high‐resolution, complex binding. Other theories like Cognitive Map Theory, in contrast, predict a specific role for the hippocampus in allocentric navigation, while Declarative Memory Theory predicts a specific role in delay‐dependent conscious memory. Navigation provides a unique venue for testing these predictions, with past results from research with humans providing inconsistent findings regarding the role of the human hippocampus in spatial navigation. Here, we tested five patients with lesions primarily restricted to the hippocampus and those extending out into the surrounding medial temporal lobe cortex on a virtual water maze task. Consistent with the Precision and Binding Model, we found partially intact allocentric memory in all patients, with impairments in the spatial precision of their searches for a hidden target. We found similar impairments at both immediate and delayed testing. Our findings are consistent with the Precision and Binding Model of hippocampal function, arguing for its role across domains in high‐resolution, complex binding.

Significance Statement

Remembering goal locations in one's environment is a critical skill for survival. How this information is represented in the brain is still not fully understood, but is believed to rely in some capacity on structures in the medial temporal lobe. Contradictory findings from studies of both humans and animals have been difficult to reconcile with regard to the role of the MTL, specifically the hippocampus. By assessing impairments observed during navigation to a goal in patients with medial temporal lobe damage we can better understand the role these structures play in such behavior. Utilizing virtual reality and novel analysis techniques, we have more precisely assessed the impact that medial temporal lobe damage has on spatial memory and navigation.