bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local Business Co‐operation and   the Dilemmas of Collective Action: Rural Micro‐business Networks in the North of England
Authors: Phillipson Jeremy , Gorton Matthew , Laschewski Lutz
Published: April 2006

Case study research in two rural market towns in the north of England investigates the local connectivity of micro‐businesses and notions of co‐operative behaviour with a view to informing a debate on the extent to which external (state) agencies can support the formation of local business networks. The research finds that co‐operation is often associated with symbolic activities to express local identities with few cases of formal collective action. The case studies highlight an inherent danger of external state intervention in the facilitation of small business networks, in that, by disturbing established local norms and networks, such interventions may jeopardise the latent structures of social capital which they seek to exploit.
The Project Class in Central Europe: The Czech and Hungarian Cases
Authors: Kovách Imre , Kučerová Eva
Published: April 2006

This article examines the rise of the ‘project class’ in Central and Eastern Europe, linking it to the emerging rural development agenda, driven principally by the demands of EU accession. The emphasis on ‘projects’ in rural development, the demand for local expertise and the mobilisation of social capital are, it is argued, contributing to a restructuring of local power and the emergence of a new ‘project class’. Drawing upon fieldwork in Hungary and the Czech Republic, this article considers the phenomenon and its potential impact within rural social formations.
The Social and Intellectual Construction of Farming Styles: Testing Dutch Ideas in Australian Agriculture
Authors: Vanclay Frank , Howden Peter , Mesiti Luciano , Glyde Scott
Published: April 2006

Van der Ploeg's ‘styles of farming’ approach attempts to explain the social nature of diversity in agriculture. For over 10 years we have attempted to apply this concept to a range of farming situations in Australia. This article reviews the issues posed by Vanclayet al. in 1998 and provides insight into what have been the developments in the concept of farming styles. We utilise the results of three studies in Australia: a study of farming styles in broadacre cropping and grazing farmers in the Riverina region of New South Wales; a study of grape growers in the Sunraysia district of Victoria and a separate study of grape growers across south‐eastern Australia. While this research was intended to validate the existence of styles and to provide evidence of the usefulness of the concept and its application in rural industries, we were unable to replicate or validate van der Ploeg's original conceptualisation and methodology. We conclude that farming styles are more of an intellectual construction than a social construction. Nevertheless, we believe that the concept of farming styles is a useful heuristic and a new framework for understanding farming styles is presented.
The Long-Term Effectiveness of Refusal Conversion Procedures on Longitudinal Surveys
Authors: Burton Jonathan , Laurie Heather , Lynn Peter
Published: April 2006

Survey organizations often attempt to ‘convert’ sample members who refuse to take part in a survey. Persuasive techniques are used in an effort to change the refusers’ minds and to agree to an interview. This is done to improve the response rate and, possibly, to reduce non-response bias. However, refusal conversion attempts are expensive and must be justified. Previous studies of the effects of refusal conversion attempts are few and have been restricted to cross-sectional surveys. The criteria for ‘success’ of a refusal conversion attempt are different in a longitudinal survey, where for many purposes the researcher requires complete data over multiple waves. The paper uses data from the British Household Panel Survey from 1994 to 2003 to assess the long-term effectiveness of refusal conversion procedures in terms of sample sizes, sample composition and data quality.
Latent Class Logistic Regression: Application to Marijuana Use and Attitudes Among High School Seniors
Authors: Chung Hwan , Flaherty Brian P. , Schafer Joseph L.
Published: April 2006

Analysing the use of marijuana is challenging in part because there is no widely accepted single measure of individual use. Similarly, there is no single response variable that effectively captures attitudes toward its social and moral acceptability. One approach is to view the joint distribution of multiple use and attitude indicators as a mixture of latent classes. Pooling items from the annual ‘Monitoring the future’ surveys of American high school seniors from 1977 to 2001, we find that marijuana use and attitudes are well summarized by a four-class model. Secular trends in class prevalences over this period reveal major shifts in use and attitudes. Applying a multinomial logistic model to the latent response, we investigate how class membership relates to demographic and life style factors, political beliefs and religiosity over time. Inferences about the parameters of the latent class logistic model are obtained by a combination of maximum likelihood and Bayesian techniques.
Design and Evaluation of Prophylactic Interventions Using Infectious Disease Incidence Data from Close Contact Groups
Authors: Yang Yang , Longini Ira M. , Halloran M. Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

Prophylaxis of contacts of infectious cases such as household members and treatment of infectious cases are methods to prevent the spread of infectious diseases. We develop a method based on maximum likelihood to estimate the efficacy of such interventions and the transmission probabilities. We consider both the design with prospective follow-up of close contact groups and the design with ascertainment of close contact groups by an index case as well as randomization by groups and by individuals. We compare the designs by using simulations. We estimate the efficacy of the influenza antiviral agent oseltamivir in reducing susceptibility and infectiousness in two case-ascertained household trials.
The Assessment of Tumour Response to Treatment
Authors: Demidenko Eugene
Published: April 2006

A parsimonious model for treated tumours is developed as a continuation of our previous work on regrowth curve theory. The statistical model belongs to the family of marginal non-linear models since the only linear parameters of the model are tumour specific and random facilitating parameter estimation. An important feature of the model is that it enables the estimation of the fraction of cancer cells surviving the treatment in vivo having easy-to-obtain longitudinal measurements of tumour volume. We compare several methods of estimation, including Lindstrom–Bates, iterated reweighted least squares and maximum likelihood. The last two methods are computed via the total estimating equations approach and variance least squares. The theory is illustrated with a photodynamic tumour therapy example.
A Two-Sample Test for Threshold Crossing Latent Variables with Application to Valuation Studies
Authors: Belluzzo Walter
Published: April 2006

Contingent valuation researchers are often interested in a comparison of the underlying willingness-to-pay distributions in two independent studies. Since willingness to pay is not observable, traditional testing procedures for comparing distributions cannot be applied directly. The paper proposes a permutation test for this sort of comparison. The main distinguishing characteristic of the test proposed is that it does not rely on asymptotic approximations and facilitates the introduction of covariates. The permutation test is illustrated with the case of projects of investment for the improvement of two important Brazilian river basins.
The Ideal of Codification and the Dynamics of Europeanisation: The Dutch Experience
Authors: Hesselink Martijn W.
Published: April 2006

Abstract:  In response to the growing incoherence of European contract law, the Commission is planning to adopt a ‘common frame of reference’ (CFR) in 2009. That CFR will effectively constitute a codification in a substantive sense. As a result, in codified systems such as The Netherlands, there will be a shift from the familiar tension between impressionistic harmonisation and systematic codification to a new tension between the system of the national civil code and the system of the substantive European code. Therefore, once the CFR is adopted by the Commission as a tool for revising the acquis and for drafting new directives, national legislators inspired by the codification ideal will have to reconsider their strategies towards the implementation of directives in the area of private law. Three such strategies are considered here: resistance, segregation and surrender. Each of them has advantages, but also disadvantages. None of them solve the tension between national codification and Europeanisation. It seems unlikely that private law will ever (again) be contained exclusively in one comprehensive code, either on the national or on the European level. The CFR will make a comprehensive national codification increasingly difficult to achieve, whereas a comprehensive European Civil Code that replaces national private law both lacks a legal basis and political support. Therefore, we will have to live with a two‐ (or multi‐) level system of private law. As a result, the Dutch and other national legislators will have to revise their codification ideals.
A European Constitution in a Multinational Europe or a Multinational Constitution for Europe?
Authors: Breda Vito
Published: April 2006

Abstract:  What is the role of the nation‐state in the process of European constitutional integration? How can we transcend our divisions without marginalising those who believe in them? This article critically analyses the theoretical bases of the Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe and tries to explain why its ratification is so problematic. Authors such as Habermas have argued that a new European model of social cohesion is needed, and Habermas suggests that the sense of ‘community’ in a democratic Europe should be founded exclusively on the acceptance of a patriotic constitution. However, this view is criticised by authors such as Weiler and MacCormick. In this article, I explain the limits of these theoretical analyses. I will argue that a European constitutional project can be more than formally legal only if two normative conditions are satisfied: it is the result of public debate and the European Constitution includes the procedures for the recognition of European national diversity. I suggest that a theory of constitutional multinationalism, similar to the one proposed by Tully, might provide an attractive model for a European social integration. The article is divided in two parts. In the first, I explain why Habermas’ constitutional patriotism or MacCormick's states based Europe cannot provide a convincing theoretical model for a socially and constitutionally integrated Europe. In the second part, I will give an outline of Tully's idea of multinational democracy as a model for a European constitutional integration.
A Review of the Creation by the European Court of Justice of the Right to Effective and Speedy Medical Treatment and its Outcomes
Authors: Kaczorowska Alina
Published: April 2006

Abstract:  This article is in two parts. The first part examines a number of judgments delivered by the Court of Justice of the European Communities since 1998, all of which relate to the free movement of medical services covered by national healthcare schemes of the Member States. It then demonstrates that these judgments, when construed cumulatively, reveal that not only have all EU citizens insured under national healthcare schemes been accorded the right to obtain effective and speedy medical treatment anywhere in the EU, in the event that their home national healthcare fails to provide this, but also that the cost of such treatment shall be borne by their home national insurance scheme. The fact that the new right has developed despite each Member State having exclusive competence with respect to the organisation and financing of its healthcare system is commented upon. The second part suggests and discusses risks and limitations currently surrounding the right and its exercise, and indicates challenges that the new right poses for the national healthcare systems of the Member States.
EFNS guideline on the drug treatment of migraine – report of an EFNS task force
Authors:   Members of the task force:, Evers S. , Áfra J. , Frese A. , Goadsby P. J. , Linde M. , May A. , Sándor P. S.
Published: April 2006

Migraine is one of the most frequent disabling neurological conditions with a major impact on the patients’ quality of life. To give evidence‐based or expert recommendations for the different drug treatment procedures of the different migraine syndromes based on a literature search and an consensus in an expert panel. All available medical reference systems were screened for all kinds of clinical studies on migraine with and without aura and on migraine‐like syndromes. The findings in these studies were evaluated according to the recommendations of the EFNS resulting in level A,B, or C recommendations and good practice points. For the acute treatment of migraine attacks, oral non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and triptans are recommended. The administration should follow the concept of stratified treatment. Before intake of NSAIDs and triptans, oral metoclopramide or domperidon is recommended. In very severe attacks, intravenous acetylsalicylic acid or subcutaneous sumatriptan are drugs of first choice. A status migrainosus can probably be treated by steroids. For the prophylaxis of migraine, betablockers (propranolol and metoprolol), flunarizine, valproic acid, and topiramate are drugs of first choice. Drugs of second choice for migraine prophylaxis are amitriptyline, naproxen, petasites, and bisoprolol.
Guidelines on routine cerebrospinal fluid analysis. Report from an EFNS task force
Authors: Deisenhammer F. , Bartos A. , Egg R. , Gilhus N. E. , Giovannoni G. , Rauer S. , Sellebjerg F.
Published: April 2006

A great variety of neurological diseases require investigation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to prove the diagnosis or to rule out relevant differential diagnoses. The objectives were to evaluate the theoretical background and provide guidelines for clinical use in routine CSF analysis including total protein, albumin, immunoglobulins, glucose, lactate, cell count, cytological staining, and investigation of infectious CSF. The methods included a Systematic Medline search for the above‐mentioned variables and review of appropriate publications by one or more of the task force members. Grading of evidence and recommendations was based on consensus by all task force members. It is recommended that CSF should be analysed immediately after collection. If storage is needed 12 ml of CSF should be partitioned into three to four sterile tubes. Albumin CSF/serum ratio (Qalb) should be preferred to total protein measurement and normal upper limits should be related to patients’ age. Elevated Qalb is a non‐specific finding but occurs mainly in bacterial, cryptococcal, and tuberculous meningitis, leptomingeal metastases as well as acute and chronic demyelinating polyneuropathies. Pathological decrease of the CSF/serum glucose ratio or increased lactate concentration indicates bacterial or fungal meningitis or leptomeningeal metastases. Intrathecal immunoglobulin G synthesis is best demonstrated by isoelectric focusing followed by specific staining. Cellular morphology (cytological staining) should be evaluated whenever pleocytosis is found or leptomeningeal metastases or pathological bleeding is suspected. Computed tomography‐negative intrathecal bleeding should be investigated by bilirubin detection.
Innovation management measurement: A review
Authors: Adams Richard , Bessant John , Phelps Robert
Published: April 2006

Measurement of the process of innovation is critical for both practitioners and academics, yet the literature is characterized by a diversity of approaches, prescriptions and practices that can be confusing and contradictory. Conceptualized as a process, innovation measurement lends itself to disaggregation into a series of separate studies. The consequence of this is the absence of a holistic framework covering the range of activities required to turn ideas into useful and marketable products. We attempt to address this gap by reviewing the literature pertaining to the measurement of innovation management at the level of the firm. Drawing on a wide body of literature, we first develop a synthesized framework of the innovation management process consisting of seven categories: inputs management, knowledge management, innovation strategy, organizational culture and structure, portfolio management, project management and commercialization. Second, we populate each category of the framework with factors empirically demonstrated to be significant in the innovation process, and illustrative measures to map the territory of innovation management measurement. The review makes two important contributions. First, it takes the difficult step of incorporating a vastly diverse literature into a single framework. Second, it provides a framework against which managers can evaluate their own innovation activity, explore the extent to which their organization is nominally innovative or whether or not innovation is embedded throughout their organization, and identify areas for improvement.
A review of outsourcing from the resource‐based view of the firm
Authors: Espino‐Rodríguez Tomás F. , Padrón‐Robaina Víctor
Published: April 2006

The phenomenon of outsourcing is becoming increasingly widespread among organizations and is now one of the strategic decisions that attract the greatest interest from professionals and organizational scholars. The primary purpose of the paper is to contribute with a review of the principal works that address outsourcing from the resource‐based view of the firm (RBV). The paper begins by setting out the main premises of outsourcing and then presents the different concepts of outsourcing and proposes a concept that is more in line with the theoretical framework used. This is followed by an analysis of the principal differences and similarities of the treatments of outsourcing from the traditional perspective of the transaction costs economics theory (TCE) and from the more strategic and up‐to‐date RBV. The next section contains a review of the most significant theoretical and empirical works on outsourcing that address outsourcing from the RBV. The contributions are classified into two categories, depending on the objectives: works that study the propensity to outsource and works that study the relationship between the outsourcing decision and organizational performance. Finally, a framework is proposed that is based on the resource and capability view with the aim of contributing to a better understanding of outsourcing and facilitating future empirical works from the RBV that are complementary and examine issues of greater interest that have been less developed in the literature to date.
Standing apart and sitting together: Enforcing coalition agreements in multiparty systems
Authors: TIMMERMANS ARCO
Published: April 2006

Abstract. One of the most obvious questions to be asked about coalition governments is what these governments do, but this question has received little systematic attention from coalition researchers. A key element of coalition governance that may inform our empirical knowledge of the actions of government – their origin, organization and results – is coalition agreements. Party leaders negotiating a new government invest time in writing coalition agreements, and they do this because they expect beneficial effects: more efficiency in coalition policy making, and more peace in the government. Written coalition agreements are considered to reduce uncertainty and mistrust, and this is why they have become institutionalized in countries with coalition governments. This article presents an approach to the comparative study of coalition conflicts as they emerge during government formation, the management of this conflict through drafting coalition agreements and the effects of this during coalition life. The article sets out a number of expectations about the effects of types of deals that parties make; and asks what types of conflict management are most effective and what are the conditions for enforcement – structural and strategic? In recent comparative work, the features of coalition agreements and mechanisms of coalition governance in Western Europe have received attention. This article sets out, with empirical material, how further comparative research on coalition governance may be developed.
Organizing consent: The role of procedural fairness in political trust and compliance
Authors: GRIMES MARCIA
Published: April 2006

Abstract. Political theory often attributes democratic legitimacy to the fairness of theprocessesby which collective decisions are taken; empirical research by contrast has primarily investigated whether citizens' approval of democratic institutions derives from satisfaction with thesubstantiveoutput of those institutions. This article examines whether assessments of decision‐making processes shape public willingness to consent to authority. The role of procedural fairness in institutional legitimacy has previously only been investigated in the context of the United States, and has fallen short of demonstrating that procedural assessments actually have a causal effect on institutional legitimacy. Panel survey data of attitudes in a large‐scale land use issue provide the empirical base of the analysis. The results indicate that assessments of procedural fairness have a bearing on two conceptualizations of subjective legitimacy: respondents' trust for the authority and their willingness to accept a decision outcome.
Regulating biomedicine in Europe and North America: A qualitative comparative analysis
Authors: VARONE FRÉDÉRIC , ROTHMAYR CHRISTINE , MONTPETIT ERIC
Published: April 2006

Abstract.  This article explains the variation in policy design processes and the resulting policy‐outputs of ‘biopolicies’ implemented within the domain of Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART) for eleven European and North‐American countries. By applying the method of Qualitative Comparative Analysis, the comparison describes and defines the ‘multiple conjunctural causation’ to explain the divergences or similarities of ART policies in Europe and North America. The policy preferences of the actors involved in the relevant ART policy network and the institutional rules characterizing the respective polity need to be considered together in order to explain why different countries adopted similar or different ART policies. In particular, the analysis stresses the influence of party politics, the self‐regulation of ART by the physicians, the mobilization of interest groups, the number of institutional arenas involved in the designing process and the nature of decision‐making rules (power‐sharing versus majority) on the designing processes and the resulting policies. Thus, different policy designs are linked to different designing processes, encompassing four ideal‐typical decision‐making modes: ‘designing by non‐decisions’, ‘designing by elites’, ‘designing by accommodation’ and ‘designing by mobilization and consultation’. These results shed new light on the challenges for developing a policy design theory that could provide a robust framework for describing and explaining policy formulation.
THE CRUSTOSE CORALLINES OF THE NORTHWESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC, INCLUDING LITHOTHAMNIUM LEMOINEAE N. SP.1
Authors: Adey Walter H.
Published: April 2006

Reproductive, vegetative, anatomical, and depth distribution keys are presented for the saxicolous crustose corallines of the northwestern North Atlantic. The 3 species of Lithothamnium in the region are named, while Lithothamnium lemoineae is described as a new species.
VOLVOX POCOCKIAE, A NEW SPECIES WITH DWARF MALES1
Authors: Starr Richard C.
Published: April 2006

Volvox pocockiae is described as the second species in the section Janetosphaera. The somatic protoplasts are connected by cytoplasmic strands approximately the same diameter as flagella, and the construction of the spheroid is identical to that of V. aureus. Asexual reproduction by the division of gonidia differs from that in V. aureus in the enlargement of the gonidium prior to its division to form the embryo. Sexual reproduction is very similar to that in V. spermatosphaera, a species in the section Merrillosphaera without cytoplasmic connections. Dwarf males are formed in the posterior end of the parental spheroid, and, as in V. spermatosphaera, the dwarf males are composed exclusively of androgonidia with no sterile somatic cells. Females are facultatively asexual spheroids, the gonidia of which function as eggs. The single biflagellate zoospore produced by the germinating zygote undergoes cleavage to form a germling spheroid. The differentiation of gonidia in the asexual embryo and in the germling spheroid is evident only after inversion and enlargement of the spheroid have begun.
ASPECTS ULTRASTRUCTURAUX PARTICULIERS AU PLASTE DU BATRACHOSPERMUM VIRGATUM (SIRDT)—RHODOPHYCÉE—NEMALIONALE1
Authors: Lichtlé Christiane , Giraud Georges
Published: April 2006

Phycobiliprotein aggregates, found at the outer surfaces of the chloroplast lamellae of Batrachospermum virgatum, do not look like isolated globular granules, or thin discs, as reported in different algae by other authors. The aggregates appear as long cylinders of constant thickness, perhaps composed of subunits which are not distinguishable.

On a single lamella (or thylakoid) the cylinders are always parallel to one another and this parallelism may persist through several successive lamellae. However, this pattern may change according to variations in the orientation of the lamellae; in tangential and oblique sections, the phycobiliprotein cylinders frequently take the shape of chevrons.

In addition, arrays of tubular structures bearing phycobilin aggregates at their outer surfaces are also seen. These “tubes” probably originate from dilated short or fragmented thylakoids.
NEW TAXONOMIC CRITERIA IN THE CLASSIFICATION OF CHLOROCOCCUM SPECIES. III. ISOZYME ANALYSIS1,2
Authors: Thomas Dempsey L. , Brown R. Malcolm
Published: April 2006

Proteins of whole cell extracts from 16 Chlorococcum species and 3 Tetracystis species (formerly Chlorococcum) were analyzed for isozymes of nonspecific α‐esterases, leucine aminopeptidase, and malate dehydrogenase using starch gel electrophoresis. Each species could be identified by the banding patterns. Chlorococcum species are heterogenous regarding the presence, number, electrophoretic mobility, concentration, and distribution of isozymes. The data are discussed in relation to current knowledge of each species. Taxonomic applications of algal isozymes are considered.
SOME PROPERTIES OF DNA FROM ZOOXANTHELLAE HARBORED BY AN ANEMONE ANTHOPLEURA ELEGANTISSIMA1
Authors: Franker Colin K.
Published: April 2006

Native DNA from the zooxanthellae harbored by an anemone, Anthopleura elegantissima consists of 2 species resolvable by differences in bouyant density in CsCl. Nuclear DNA has a density of 1.695 g/ml. Chloroplast DNA bands at a density of 1.688 g/ml. A third species of DNA, also with a density of 1.695 g/ml in the native state, is presumably mitochondrial DNA. It was detected in heat‐denatured preparations. Nuclear DNA contains, in addition to the 4 usual bases, some 5‐methyl cytosine. The latter was absent from chloroplast fractions.
RELATION OF TEMPERATURE TO DEVELOPMENT OF THE MACROTHALLUS OF DESMOTRICHUM UNDULATUM1,2
Authors: Rhodes Russell G.
Published: April 2006

Desmotrichum undulatum (J. Agardh) Reinke (Phaeophyta) was found in the winter months in the littoral zone of a tidal marsh in Virginia. When field collections were maintained in culture media at 21 C, most cells of the thallus developed into plurilocular sporangia. Released zoospores developed into microthalli from which clonal cultures were established. At 21 C microthalli produced sporangia which released zoospores, subsequently developing into more microthalli. However, microthalli at 6 C formed filaments which subsequently developed into thalloid plants. When the thalloid plants of Desmotrichum formed in culture were subjected to 21 C, plurilocular sporangia were formed. These results support the proposition that the seasonal periodicity of Desmotrichum is due to a temperature‐regulated phenomenon in the development of macrothalli.
CONCENTRATION OF 85STRONTIUM AND 137CESIUM FROM WATER SOLUTIONS BY CLADOPHORA AND PITHOPHORA1
Authors: Williams Louis G.
Published: April 2006

Major differences were found among living algae, saprophytic ecosystems, nonliving algae, and other organic materials in their ability to concentrate 85strontium and 137cesium from water solutions of different Ca/K ratios and quantities available from batch and flowthrough cultures. As expected, live algae, greatly concentrate these radionuclides. The concentration factors of nonliving organic materials were much lower and varied with the material, not with the Ca/K ratio. The effect of high Ca++ and high K+ was to lower the uptake of cesium more than strontium.
TAXONOMY OF CHARA BRAUNII: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH1
Authors: Proctor Vernon W.
Published: April 2006

Results from the present study suggest that Chara braunii encompasses a complex of geographical races or incipient species that although morphologically similar, are isolated to varying degrees ranging from partial interfertility to complete reproductive incompatibility. Most of the 6 clones studied were interfertile to the extent that fertilization was followed by the development of black oospores, but subsequent germination tests disclosed that many of these either failed to germinate or gave rise to offspring that were partially or completely sterile. No support was encountered for the suggestion that C. braunii is of recent development or that it has been distributed rapidly throughout the world.
AUTECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE MARINE DIATOM RHIZOSOLENIA FRAGILISSIMA BERGON. I. THE INFLUENCE OF LIGHT, TEMPERATURE, AND SALINITY1
Authors: Ignatiades Lydia , Smayda Theodore J.
Published: April 2006

The influence of 113 combinations of temperature (9, 12, 18, 25, 30 C), salinity (5–35 ‰ at 5 ‰ intervals), and light (4 levels) on the mean daily cell division rate (K) of the Narragansett Bay clone of Rhizosolenia fragilissima was examined following appropriate preconditioning. Growth did not occur below 9 C, but was excellent (K =∼1.2) under certain combinations of light and salinity at 12, 18, and 25 C. The optimal salinity of 20–25 ‰ was temperature independent. Growth was not measurable at 5 ‰, although survival occurred. At 20 ‰ and 1200 ft‐c, K increased approximately 1.8‐fold from 0.65 to ∼1.2 between 9 and 18–25 C.

The optimal light intensity was generally 600 ft‐c, although several light‐temperature‐salinity trends were found. At 10 ‰ at all temperatures, the mean daily division rate decreased with increasing light above 600 ft‐c, a response found at all salinities at 12 C, but not at other temperatures. Between 15 and 25 ‰, at 18 and 25 C, mean growth was independent of light intensity; at 30–35 ‰ a direct relationship with light may be present with maximum growth occurring at 1200–1800 ft‐c.

The in situ and in vitro responses of Rhiz. fragilissima to salinity and the optimum and upper temperature levels are in general agreement. However, growth failure below 9 C in vitro is at odds with reports that natural populations occur even at −1.11 C. The questions of to what extent this discrepancy reflects the occurrence of thermal clones, different taxa, and/or experimental artifacts are briefly discussed. It is suggested that naturally occurring populations found below 9 C might be designated as Rhiz. fragilissima f. faeröensis, and that Rhiz. fragilissima f. bergonii be used for populations growing at higher temperatures, until this matter is resolved.

Observations on auxospore formation are presented.
AUTECOLOGICAL STUDIES ON THE MARINE DIATOM RHIZOSOLENIA FRAGILISSIMA BERGON. II. ENRICHMENT AND DARK VIABILITY EXPERIMENTS1
Authors: Ignatiades Lydia , Smayda Theodore J.
Published: April 2006

Nutrient enrichment experiments were conducted with a Narragansett Bay clone of Rhizosolenia fragilissima to examine the potential influence of nutrients in regulating its seasonal cycle in this embayment, and their contribution to its coastal tendencies. Growth rates were measured at 18 C and 1000 ft‐c continuous illumination in surface waters enriched in 15 different ways. Narragansett Bay was sampled in March, May, September, and December. Six stations on a transect from this Bay to the Sargasso Sea were sampled during late summer.

The data and our previous autecological observations are consistent with the idea that the annual cycle of this species in Narragansett Bay is associated with temperature, chemical “water quality,” and unknown factors. Its absence during late fall and winter may reflect low temperatures and a trace metal (Co, Mo) inadequacy. In early spring, low temperature appears to be the limiting factor, whereas in late spring and early summer trace metals again appear to prevent active growth. A late summer‐early autumn bloom occurs periodically during optimal temperature conditions; this can terminate independently of grazing pressure, and in spite of seemingly adequate light‐temperature‐salinity and phosphate conditions.
REPRODUCTION AND SYSTEMATICS OF THE MARINE ALGA DERBESIA (CHLOROPHYCEAE) IN NEW ENGLAND1,2
Authors: Sears J. R. , Wilce R. T.
Published: April 2006

The morphology, gross cytology, reproduction, and habitat ecology are described for Derbesia marina based on observations of New England field populations and laboratory cultures of this plant. These data, and additional observations on cultures of several other species of Derbesia from elsewhere and on type and other important collections, have been used to evaluate the systematic relationship of New England Derbesia with other species of this genus. The single Derbesia species in New England is referred to D. marina. The systematic criteria previously used to distinguish species within Derbesia are reviewed and interpreted within the context of the present investigation. In systematic studies, we stress the importance of the use of sporangial and chloroplast morphology, the presence or absence of pyrenoids, and reproductive history.

Two types of life history are reported for D. marina in New England: (1) A form of D. marina collected at 20 m reproduces directly with stephanokontous zoospores growing into sporophytic plants of Derbesia morphologically identical to their parent thalli. (2) On the other hand, at least some New England, populations of D. marina have retained the genetic potential for producing a sexual generation (Halicystis ovalis), even though the latter is unknown for the coast of northeastern North America.3 Gametophytes (H. ovalis) were produced directly from enlargement and subsequent differentiation of uncleaved lateral sporangia in 2 cultured populations of New England D. marina. A single female and numerous male vesicles formed in this manner produced gametes, but neither fertilization nor parthenogenesis occurred; thus the entire life history was not completed in culture.

The occurrence of the directly reproducing deep water form of D. marina is presented as evidence for speciation of a sporophyte (Derbesia) independent of its alternate gametophyte (Halicystis). An hypothesis is advanced to explain the source and means for expression of genetic variability necessary for speciation in a population of nonsexually reproducing Derbesia.
NUTRITIONAL STUDIES OF TWO RED ALGAE. I. GROWT RATE AS A FUNCTION OF NITROGEN SOURCE AND CONCENTRATION1
Authors: DeBoer James A. , Guigli Harry J. , Israel Thomas L. , D'Elia Christopher F.
Published: April 2006

Gracilaria foliifera (Forsskal) Borgesen and Neoagardhiella bailiyi (Harvey ex Kiitzing) Wynne & Taylor were grown in continuous‐flow culture under controlled environmental conditions in 15 liter experimental chambers. Growth rate was related to the source and concentration of nitrogen enrichment supplied to the plants, Growth rate appeared to follow saturation‐type nutrient uptake kinetics for plants receiving ammonium, nitrate, urea of sewage effluent enrichments. Ammonium enrichment produced higher growth rates than nitrate of sewage enrichment. The lowest growth rates occurred in the chambers receiving unenriched seawater or urea. The low estimated constants (K) for growth were in the range of 0.2–0.4 (M N for all N enrichments examined. The low estimated values of K compare closely with those found for microalgae and indicate that both species possess the ability to utilize very low concentrations of N.
PRODUCTION OF EPIBENTHIC DIATOMS IN A SOUTHERN CALLIPORNIA IMPOUNDED ESTUARY1, 2
Authors: Riznyk Raymond Z. , Edens Jefferey I. , Libby Robin C.
Published: April 2006

In situ epibenthic diatom productio was determined for four sites within Bolsa Bay (Orange Coutry), California, to assess the effect of estuative impoundment by a tidal gate. Mean annual values of 26 and 41 mg C m−2 h−1 were found in the finner sediment of the outer bay whereas mean annual values of 41 and 59 mg C m−2 h −1 were found in the coarser, more stable sediment of the inner bay. Low production in the vicinity of the mouth of a flood control channel is thought to be caused by heavy metal inhibition in conjuction with sediment instability, a shl/allow photic zone and heavy grazing pressure. Seasonal production peaks in spring and falll were found to be closely correlated with the concentration of nitrate and silicate but not with phosphate. This study shows that even though Bolsa Bay has been cut off from the sea, drained and subjected to fill, it is as productive as other coastal wetlands throughout the world.
PHENOTYPIC PLASTICITY IN DRAPARNALDIA (CHLOROPHYTA: CHAETOPHORACEAE). I. EFFECTS OF THE CHEMICAL ENVIRONMENT1
Authors: Jojmstone Iam M.
Published: April 2006

Eight axenic isolates of Draparnaldia spp. were in defined media under controlled condidom of day length, light intensity and temperature to study effects of the nutrientions on genera; pheuotype and development of main text cells. Phosphate (0–6,8 mg/l P), magnesium (0‐9.6 mg/l Mg), sulfate (1.2 –14.0 mg/l S) and chloride (0.2‐48.2mg/l Cl) had no effect. Small, but significant, concentration‐independent, isolate‐specific differences due to sodium and patassium (as the phosphate salt) occured in main axis cell length. The presence of calcium (>1.7 mg/l) was required by all isolates for main axis differentiation. In the absence of calcium, only zoospores and stunted Stigeoclonium‐ like plants were produced. Nitrate (>5 mg/l N) depressed main axis cell size;at higher levels (> 15 mg/l N) hair prooduction was depressed and several isolates developed a very typical Cloniophora appearance, Several of the isolates did not produce typical Draparnaldia‐ like phenotypes under any of the chemical formulations tried; therefore, it is suggested that chemical factors alone do not account for either the phemotypec plasticity of Draparnaldia in the field or the failure of others to grow typical plants in culture.
OLSTHODISCUS LUTEUS (CHRYSOPHYCEAE) II. FORMATION AND SURVIVAL OF A BENTHIC STAGE1
Authors: Tomas Carmelo R.
Published: April 2006

Motile unicells of Olisthodiscus lutheus Carter aggregated to form encapsulated masses of nonmotile cells in a benthic stage throughout a temerature range of 15–30°C at salinities o f 10–50%. Motile cells were released from beneathic masses at 10–30°C but at 5°C, cells were not motile and at 0°C cells lysed. Exposure of benthic masses of I day to 8 wk to temperatures of 0–30C in lighted growth chambers resulted in mortality to cells kept below 10°C and normal growth at higher temperatures. Benthic stage cells kept tn darkness at the same temperatures exhibited mortality in all but those at 5 and 10°C. Cells at these thmoeratures remained viable 15 wk in continual darkness. Comparison of cell morphology of matile and benthic stage O. luteus to other Olisthodiscus species and the ecological implications o fthe benthic stage are discussed.
AMMONIUN AND NITRATE UPTAKE BY THE MARINE MACROPHYTES HYPNEA MUSVUFORMIS (RHODOPHYTA) AND MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA (PHAEOPHYTA)1, 2
Authors: Haines Kenneth C. , Wheeler Patricia A.
Published: April 2006

NH4+ and NO3− uptake were measured by continuous sampling with an autoanalyzer. For Hypnea musciformis (Wulfen) Lamouroux, NO3−up take followed saturable kinetics (K2=4.9 μg‐at N t−1, Vmax= 2.85 μg‐ at N, g(wet)−1. h−1. The ammonium uptake data fit a trucatd hyperbola, i.e., saturation was not reach at the concentrations used. NO3− uptake was reduced one‐half in the presence of NH4+, but presence of NO3− had no effect on NH4+ uptake. Darkness reduced both NO3− and NH4+ uptake by one‐third to one‐half. For Macrocystis pyrufera (L) C. Agardh, NO3− uptake followed saturable kinetices: K2=13.1 μg‐at N. l−1. Vmax=3.05 μg‐at N. g(wet)−1. h−1.NH4+ uptake showed saturable kinetics at concentration below 22 μg‐at N l ‐1 (K2=5.3 μg‐at N.1–1, Vmax= 2.38 μg‐at N G (wet)−1.h−1: at higher concentration uptake increased lincarly with concentrations. NO3−and NH4+ were taken up simulataneously: presence of one form did not affect uptake of the other.
PHOTOINHIBITION OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS IN ASTERIONELLA FORMOSA (BACILLARIOPHYCEAE)1, 2
Authors: Belay Amha , Fogg G. E.
Published: April 2006

A laboratory study was made of the inhibition of photosynthesis, as measured by the radiocarbon method, of Asterionella Formosa Hass. by light from tungsten halogen lamps of irradiances up to that of full sunlight. The observed inhibitions were of total fixation of carbon and were not due to greatly increased release of extracellular products of photosynthesis. Inhibition increased width irradiance and with time of exposure. It was greater at high temperature, at high oxygen concentrations and when the cells were nutrient deficient. Recovery from exposure to high irradiances took place both in the dark and at low irradiances. The inhibition, which is similar to that observed under natural conditions, has the characteristics of photooxidative damage to both photochemical and dark reaction mechanisms.
MOLECULAR, ENZYMATIC AND ULRASTRUCURE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE PYRENOID OF THE SCALY GREEN MONAD MICROMONAS SQUAMATA1,2
Authors: Salisbury Jeffrey L. , Floyd Gary L.
Published: April 2006

Pyrenoid material of micromonas squamata Manton & Parke was obtained free of cell and subcellular particle conamination by differential centrifugation of brei from osmoically lysed cells. The isolated pyrenoid particles were characterized by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of pyrenoid extracts revealed a compled polypeptide composition with major components of 12, 54 and 66 kilodalton mol wt. Whole pyrenoids possessed the enzymatic properties of ribulose diphosphate carboxylase and fixed carbon dioxide with specific activity 10 times greaer than that of a pyrenoid‐free high speed supenaant fracion of cell brei. Energy dispersive X‐ray microanalysis revealed he presence of copper in masses of cryo‐impacted pyrenoid material. Ultrastrucural cytochemistry was employed o determine he chemical nature of the reserve carbohydrate shell. Also, the pyrenoid of the intact cell was characterized by transmission electron microscopy.
SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPE OBSERVATINS ON ZOOSPORANGIAL ABSCISSION IN PHYCOPELTIS EPIPHYTON (CHLOROPHYA)1
Authors: Good Barry H. , Chapman Russell L.
Published: April 2006

Zoosporangial abscissin in asexually reproductive Phycopeltis epiphyon, Millardet, epiphytic on leaces of Osmanhus fragrans Loureiro and Sabal minor (Jacquin) Person, examined with scanning electron micrsscopy is described and compared with the process in related Cephaleuros virescens Kunze. The laeral wall of he zoosporangium‐pedicel septum begins to rupure early in he abscission process and is followed by continued learing of the lateral wall and partial spliing of the septum. The zoosporangium remains attached in a hinge‐like fashion to the pedicel by a portion of the lateral wall and septum. A centrally located protuberance emerges from wihin the septa of both the zoosporangium and pedicel, and together with a slight bulging of the septa, is involved in the final separation of the zoosporangium. Although there are differences in surface morphlogy of identical in P. the zoosporangia and the location of the exit pores, the process of abscission is identical in P. epiphyton and C. virescens.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF LUMINESCENT AND NONLUMINESCENT STRAINS OFGONYAULAX EXCAVATA(PYRRHOPHYTA)1,2
Authors: Schmidt Robert J. , Gooch Van D. , Loeblich Alfred R. , Hastings J. Woodland
Published: April 2006

Three of ten cultures ofGonyaulax excavata(Braarud) Balech isolated from the 1972 New England red tide are nonluminescent, Biochemical components of dinoflagellate bioluminescence were not detected in the extracts from these three isolates. Cells of the nonluminescent cultures were identical to those of luminescent cultures as compared by light microscopy, major body plate tabulation, cell size and growth. Both luminescent and nonluminescent cells were toxic as determined by using the mouse bioassay for paralytic shellfish poisoning. All the 122 clones made from one of the luminescent isolates were luminescent suggesting this feature is a stable trait. We conclude that these isolates represent luminescent and luminescent strains ofG. excavata.This is the first intraspecific investigation of in vitro bioluminescent components between nonluminescent and luminescent strains of a dinoflagellate.
FIELD AND CULTURE STUDIES ON GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION OF CALLITHAMNION BYSSOIDES (RHODOPHYTA, CERAMIALES) IN NORTH CAROLINA1,2
Authors: Kapraun Donald F.
Published: April 2006

The life history of Callithamnion byssoides Arnott ex Harv. in Hook. from North Carolina is shown to be of the Polysiphonia‐type. Cross‐gradient light‐temperature culture in 8:16 and 14:10 LD cycles was utilized to investigate the effects of light intensity, temperature and day‐length on growth and reproduction. Carposporophyte and tetrasporangium development were controlled by total light energy rather than photoperiod. Results of these studies explain the observed seasonal periodicity of growth and reproduction on the North Carolina coast. Variations between these results and previously published data for this species in Texas are explained in terms of ecotypic differentiation.
ENHANCED TRANSPORT OF INORGANIC CARBON INTO ALGAL CELLS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL FIXATION OF CARBON1,2
Authors: Lehman John T.
Published: April 2006

Kinetics of uptake of inorganic carbon by the freshwater green algaChlamydomonas reinhardtiiDang. suggest that rates of fixation may be enhanced at low tensions of CO2by transport of bicarbonate from the cell surface to the chloroplast. Results are evaluated in the context of models that treat diffusion and reaction of dissolved inorganic carbon across a 3 dimensional finite boundary layer, and they are consistent with the claim that CO2alone is the substrate used during carbon fixation. An alternative hypothesis, which presumes that both CO2and bicarbonate are used as substrates, yields predictions which are inconsistent with the data. Instead, bicarbonate seems to act only as a vehicle for the transport of inorganic carbon into the cell, thereby adding its flux to that of CO2, and enhancing rates of synthesis that would otherwise be restricted by uptake of CO2alone.