bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Miscellanea—Mathematical, Historical, Pedagogical
Authors: Jones Phillip S.
Published: January 2021

A recent dispatch by Albion Ross from Baghdad, Iraq notes the discovery there two months ago “that schoolboys of the little county seat of Shadippur about 2000 B.C. had a textbook with the solution of Euclid's classic triangle problem seventeen centuries before Euclid.” It is further stated that “The chief cuneiform expert of the Iraqui Museum, Arche Dogy, says that the presentation of the famous problem is tinged with algebraic concepts that appeared even later than Euclid in the development of mathematical science.”1
Pi Mu Epsilon Contests and Awards
Authors: Mayor J. R.
Published: January 2021

Quite a number of the chapters of Pi Mu Epsilon, an honorary mathematics fraternity for university undergraduate and graduate students, sponsor competitive activities for mathematics students. A good many readers of The Mathematics Teacher no doubt have won Pi Mu Epsilon awards during their college days and a great many more of their students should be future winners of these contests. While most of these activities are sponsored for college students the nature of the contests and the kinds of recognition given should be suggestive for those interested in contests for high school students.
Topics of Interest to Mathematics Teachers
Authors: Schaaf William L.
Published: January 2021

Mathematics and Modern Science As I have pointed out elsewhere, the ideal professional equipment of the teacher of mathematics does not cease with reasonable mastery of the fundamental branches of mathematics and a wide familiarity with educational theory and practice. There is yet a third area, equally as important as these two: an adequate background of appreciation of mathematics. By this is meant some insight into the nature of mathematics, and its historical development; into the relations of mathematics to logic and philosophy; and into the broader cultural aspects of mathematics, such as its relation to pure science, to technology, to the fine arts, to the nature of thinking, and to the humanities.
Devices for a Mathematics Laboratory
Authors: Berger Emil J.
Published: January 2021

This section is being published as an avenue through which teachers of mathematics can share favorite learning aids. Headers are invited to send in descriptions and drawings of devices which they have found particularly helpful in their teaching experience. Send all communications concerning Mathematics Laboratory Projects to Emil J. Berger, Monroe High School, 810 Palace Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota.
Mathematical Recreations
Authors: Bakst Aaron
Published: January 2021

During the tenth Summer Meeting of the National Council of Teachers of Mathematics several hundred members of the Council and their guests attended a Terrace Supper. Their host was the Milwaukee County Suburban Mathematics Teachers Club. Among the many surprises and entertainment that were showered on the assembled diners was a test (or quiz). We shall pass with silence the statistical report on the performance. However, this test kept everybody in a dither, that is, until Miss Margaret Joseph graciously supplied the answers.
Mathematics bulletin board displays
Authors: Oliver Robert J.
Published: January 2021

Use your bulletin board! As a teaching aid in mathematics classes, my bulletin board proves both effective and stimulating. Yours can be, too.
What is Going On in Your School?: Fourth annual mathematical contest sponsored by Metropolitan New York Section of the Mathematical Association of America
Authors: Brown John A. , Karnes Houston T. , Tagerstrom T. H.
Published: January 2021

During May, 1953, this fourth annual mathematical contest was held for the Metropolitan New York Section of the Mathematical Association of America. Over 13,000 students in 485 schools distributed in thirty states and two Canadian provinces took part. Good participation is indicative of growing interest in mathematics study.
Historically Speaking,—: Complex numbers: an example of recurring themes in the development of mathematics—II
Authors: Jones Phillip S.
Published: January 2021

The continuation of the story of the growth of the concept of number and its role in the origins of the idea of a modern abstract, axiomatic approach to algebra.
The mathematics required for graduation from high school
Authors: Layton W. I.
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study is to try to determine the kind and amount of mathematics which each of the fort y-eight states and the District of Columbia require for graduation from the high schools located within their boundaries. The data included are based upon material made available to the writer in 1952 by the state departments of education.
Tips for Beginners: Solving percentage problems by the equation method
Authors: Volpel Marvin C.
Published: January 2021

The author calls attention to the fact that many seventh-grade -problems are of the general type a b c and used this fact to develop a method for teaching percentage problems.
Devices for the Mathematics Classroom: A simple quadrant compasses
Authors: Hazard William J.
Published: January 2021

The teacher of spherical trigonometry and solid geometry will find the simple quadrant compasses illustrated in Figure 1 a convenient device for drawing circles on a blackened globe. It is easy to use and makes it possible to obtain results that are more uniform than free-hand drawings.
The Mathematical Training of Girls in Germany
Authors: Butz Carrie
Published: January 2021

The present system of secondary schools for girls in Prussia is comparatively new. It may be said to date from August, 1908, with slight modifications in February, 1912, as to terminology.
Judging a Teacher of Mathematics
Authors: Breckenridge William E.
Published: January 2021

To the supervisor of mathematics who desires to see more in a recitation and to save time in characterizing his teachers’ work, the following discussion may have some suggestions.
Heat-not-burn Tobacco Products and the Increased Risk for Poly-tobacco Use
Authors: Pokhrel Pallav , Herzog Thaddeus A. , Kawamoto Crissy T. , Fagan Pebbles
Published: January 2021

Objectives: In this study, we tested the use of ecigarette, cigarette, and dual use of both as predictors of heat-not-burn (HNB) tobacco product use onset among young adults, and examined common predictors of smoking cessation as predictors of HNB product use. Methods:
We collected data from 2229 young adults [mean age = 21.1 (SD = 2.1); 55% women] in Hawaii, at 2 time-points 6 months apart. Results: Current cigarette-only use was the strongest concurrent predictor of HNB product use, followed by dual use, and ecigarette-only use. Among HNB product
never users at Wave 1, dual and ecigarette-only use at Wave 1 significantly predicted HNB product use onset at Wave 2. Among cigarette smokers who had never used an HNB product at Wave 1, current use of ecigarette for help with smoking cessation predicted increased odds of HNB product use
at 6-month follow-up. Conclusions: Although promoted as a safer alternative for exclusive cigarette smokers, HNB products may increase the risk of dual or poly-tobacco product use among young adults, including current exclusive e-cigarette users. Surveillance of HNB product use as a
modified risk tobacco product may need to consider the effects of HNB products on poly-tobacco use among young people.
The Quality of Life of Children with Precocious Puberty and Healthy Children in Turkey
Authors: Turan Ahu P. , Akca Selen O.
Published: January 2021

Objectives: We compared the quality of life (QoL) in children with precocious puberty (PP) and healthy children aged 8-12 years. Methods: This descriptive and comparative study was conducted with 105 children with a diagnosis of PP and another 105 healthy children. We
collected data using a Descriptive Information Form and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL). Results: The mean overall PedsQL score (OS) was 78.71 ± 10.84 for children with PP and 82.43 ± 9.81 for healthy children (p < .05). The mean PedsQL Proxy-Report
OS was 74.51 ± 13.27 for children with PP and 81.90 ± 9.86 for healthy children (p < .001). Conclusions: We found QoL of children with PP was lower than that of healthy children. In this context, pediatric nurses may have a role in early identification of children with
PP and provide psychosocial support using a multidisciplinary approach to counseling.
Investigation of Influential Factors of Predicting Individuals' Use and Non-use of Fitness and Diet Apps on Smartphones: Application of the Machine Learning Algorithm (XGBoost)
Authors: Cho Jaehee , Kim Sehwan , Jeong Gwangjin , Kim Chonghye , Seo Ja-Kyoung
Published: January 2021

Objectives: In this study, we aimed to find the influential factors in determining individuals' use and non-use of fitness and diet apps on smartphones. To this end, we focused on diverse groups of predictors that would significantly affect people's use and non-use of these apps.
Methods: Overall, we considered 105 factors as potential predictors and included them in further analyses using a machine learning algorithm, XGBoost. The main reason for selecting this particular algorithm was that it had been known as one of the most accurate and popular algorithms
for predicting consumer behaviors. Results: We found the accuracy score of those factors for predicting people's use and non-use of fitness and diet apps was approximately 71.3%. In particular, the most influential predictors were mainly related to social influence, media use, overeating,
social support, health management, and attitudes toward exercise. Conclusion: These findings contribute to helping scholars and practitioners to develop more practical strategies of the implementation of fitness and diet apps.
Crude and Partition Extracts of Newbouldia laevis Leaves Attenuate Excitotoxin-induced Stereotypy in Mice
Authors: Kolawole Oyetunji Timothy , Adeyeba Oluwaseyi Adegboyega , Awodele Olufunsho , Wakeel Olayemi Kamoru , Ayankunle Akeem Ademola
Published: January 2021

Aims: This study was designed to investigate the effects of crude ethanol and partition extracts of Newbouldia laevis leaves on excitotoxin-induced stereotypy in mice.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the Laboratory of the Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Health Sciences, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria, between July and October, 2020.

Methodology: Following pretreatment of mice with graded doses (150 - 600 mg/kg b.w) of crude extract (NLE) and partition fractions [n-butanol partition fraction (BPE), n-hexane partition fraction (HPE) and ethylacetate partition fraction (EAPE)] of Newbouldia laevis leaves, stereotypy was induced by the administration of methamphetamine (35 mg/kg b.w) and apomorphine (5mg/kg b.w.), and stereotypy scores were recorded thereafter. The effects of BPE and NLE on catalepsy were also determined. Statistical significance was taken at P<0.05

Results: In both apomorphine and methamphetamine models, stereotyped behavior was significantly decreased (P<0.05) in the treated mice compared to the control. The degree of protection offered by Newbouldia laevis extracts against excitotoxin-induced stereotypy was in the order: BPE>NLE>EAPE>HPE. In the catalepsy test, BPE (600 mg/kg b.w) significantly potentiated haloperidol-induced catalepsy compared to control (P<0.05). Likewise, NLE significantly increased catalepsy compared to control (P<0.05).

Conclusion: Findings from this study indicate that crude and partition extracts of Newbouldia laevis leaves attenuated stereotypy in methamphetamine and apomorphine models, and thus could be effective remedy for schizophrenia-like psychosis.
Kaulonia (Caulonia)
Authors: De Vido Stefania
Published: January 2021

Kaulonia, Greek city in southern Italy, founded on the Ionian Sea by the Achaians from Kroton and from Greek Achaia (ca. 650bce); it was a member of the Achaian League in Magna Graecia. It was destroyed by Dionysios I, restored soon afterward, captured by Campanian troops during the war against Pyrrhos, and finally destroyed by the Romans in 209bce. Kaulonia has an important sanctuary on Punta Stilo (peripteros temple, great altar, metallurgical workshops), where the so‐called “Tabula Kauloniensis” was discovered.
Arrha, arrhabon
Authors: Arzt‐Grabner Peter
Published: January 2021

The Greek termarrhabon(Latinarrhaandarrhabo) is of Semitic origin and means “down‐payment, earnest money, premium, hand money.”Arrharepresents the advance payment, which is made payable to the seller by the buyer upon completion of a contract.
Apion
Authors: McClister David
Published: January 2021

Apion (late first century
bce
to mid first century
ce
) was a Hellenistic scholar who was noted specifically as an author, grammarian, and reciter of poetry.
Controversiae
Authors: Santorelli Biagio
Published: January 2021

The most advanced types of speech exercise in the Roman rhetorical schools were
controversiae
, orations delivered on behalf of either the prosecution or the defense in an imaginary trial.
Salona (Solin, Croatia)
Authors: Schrunk Ivančica
Published: January 2021

Located in central Dalmatia, at the estuary of the River Jadro, Salona was in origin an Illyrian settlement, a city and harbor of the Dalmatae, according to Strabo.
Chondrodysplasia and growth failure in children after early hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for non‐oncologic disorders
Authors: Botto Lorenzo D. , Meeths Marie , Campos‐Xavier Belinda , Bergamaschi Rosalba , Mazzanti Laura , Scarano Emanuela , Finocchi Andrea , Cancrini Caterina , Zirn Birgit , Kühnle Ingrid , Kramm Christof Maria , Alanay Yasemin , Jones Wendy D. , Irving Melita , Sabir Ataf , Henter Jan‐Inge , Borgström Birgit , Nordgren Ann , Hammarsjö Anna , Putti Caterina , Mozzato Chiara , Zuccarello Daniela , Nishimura Gen , Bonafè Luisa , Grigelioniene Giedre , Unger Sheila , Superti‐Furga Andrea
Published: January 2021

Bone dysplasias (osteochondrodysplasias) are a large group of conditions associated with short stature, skeletal disproportion, and radiographic abnormalities of skeletal elements. Nearly all are genetic in origin. We report a series of seven children with similar findings of chondrodysplasia and growth failure following early hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) for pediatric non‐oncologic disease: hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis or HLH (five children, three with biallelic HLH‐associated variants [in PRF1 and UNC13D] and one with HLH secondary to visceral Leishmaniasis), one child with severe combined immunodeficiency and one with Omenn syndrome (both children had biallelic RAG1 pathogenic variants). All children had normal growth and no sign of chondrodysplasia at birth and prior to their primary disease. After HSCT, all children developed growth failure, with standard deviation scores for height at or below −3. Radiographically, all children had changes in the spine, metaphyses and epiphyses, compatible with a spondyloepimetaphyseal dysplasia. Genomic sequencing failed to detect pathogenic variants in genes associated with osteochondrodysplasias. We propose that such chondrodysplasia with growth failure is a novel, rare, but clinically important complication following early HSCT for non‐oncologic pediatric diseases. The pathogenesis is unknown but could possibly involve loss or perturbation of the cartilage‐bone stem cell population.
Outsourced attribute‐based signatures with perfect privacy for circuits in cloud computing
Authors: Huang Zhenjie , Lin Zhiwei , Chen Qunshan , Zhou Yuping , Huang Hui
Published: January 2021

Attribute‐based signature (ABS) is a widely used cryptographic primitive, that provides both data integrity and fine‐grained privacy protection. However, the signing overhead of ABS is usually too large, making it unsuitable for resource‐constrained devices. Using cloud computing technology, the notion of outsourced attribute‐based signatures (OABS) was introduced to overcome this drawback. In OABS, the user can outsource him/her signing tasks to the signing‐cloud service provider (S‐CSP). The previous notion of privacy of OABS does not take the S‐CSP's attack into account, so it is not strong enough. To conform to the reality of cloud computing, we present a more accurate notion of privacy, called perfect privacy, which ensures that any adversary, even the S‐CSP, cannot identify which policy is used to generate the signature. Then, we propose a key‐policy OABS scheme for circuits based on multilinear mapping with perfect privacy. By using the outsourcing technique, in our scheme, the computation cost of the signer is only three or four pairing operations, which is independent of the complexity of the policy and the size of the attribute set. Our scheme achieves three advantages: perfect privacy, expressive policy, and constant signing cost, simultaneously.
Insight into the Impact of Zr/Ti Ratios on the Structure and Properties of (Pb, La)(Zr, Sn, Ti)O3 Antiferroelectric Thick Films
Authors: Liu Yucheng , Liu Shaopeng , Yang Tongqing
Published: January 2021

In recent years, (Pb, La)(Zr, Sn, Ti)O3 (PLZST)‐based antiferroelectric (AFE) materials are examined, and research demonstrates that the content of each material component has a significant impact on performance. However, a majority of investigations focus on a 2 mol% La content. Herein, PLZST AFE thick films with 6 mol% La content and a changed Zr/Ti ratio are prepared using the rolling process (RP). The results show that antiferroelectricity decreases with increasing Ti content. The forward and backward switching electric fields decrease linearly. Meanwhile, the hysteresis is only slightly reduced, maintaining a relatively small value. Images of the microstructure reveal that the RP is a helpful method for preparing dense materials. The breakdown at the edge of the electrode is the leading electric failure mode. As Ti content is increased, the temperature‐dependent dielectric permittivity relationship curves remain almost equidistant and shift to the left. Compared with the others, the 2 mol% Ti content sample exhibits a better discharge performance. However, owing to the limited breakdown electric field, the discharge behavior beyond the electric switching field strength cannot be observed, so a high electric switching field strength material with an excellent voltage resistance is needed for an outstanding discharge performance.
Entrepreneurial space and the freedom for entrepreneurship: Institutional settings, policy, and action in the space industry
Authors: Lamine Wadid , Anderson Alistair , Jack Sarah L. , Fayolle Alain
Published: January 2021

Research Summary

Anticipating that innovation nurtures entrepreneurship, we began an extended case study of an innovative start‐up in the space industry. We quickly saw that institutions imposed formidable barriers to implementing entrepreneurship from innovation. Curious about how, why and the extent of this situation, we widened our study to other start‐ups, CEOs of existing businesses, an incubator, a technology transfer office and key influencers in large space companies and agencies. We found that institutions and policies had, in effect, shrunk the entrepreneurial field, leaving little room for enterprise. Conceptualizing from this, we propose the institutions create an “entrepreneurial space.” Theoretically, we explain how this concept of an entrepreneurial space can be usefully applied in other contexts.

Managerial Summary

The space industry is extremely innovative. It is also dominated by two powerful incumbent firms and a third that is highly regulated. This research examines how entrepreneurship in the space industry is shaped by institutions, and what this implies for the freedom to be entrepreneurial. We investigate this question in the French European context. We find that while the industrial context and institutions had completely pushed entrepreneurship out of the upstream segments it flourished in the margins of this industry. The upstream segment is not at all entrepreneurial; downstream is the entrepreneurial milieu of the space industry. We recommend that policymakers (a) strengthen private‐public‐partnership arrangements; (b) implement policies to attract venture capitalists to transform and reinvigorate the upstream segment; and (c) design specific incubation mechanisms for space start‐ups.
Air Oxidation of Corn Starch: Effect of Heating Temperature on Physicochemical Properties and In Vitro Digestibility
Authors: Reyes Isabel , Hernandez‐Jaimes Carmen , Vernon‐Carter Eduardo Jaime , Bello‐Perez Luis A. , Alvarez‐Ramirez Jose
Published: January 2021

Corn starch is heated (100, 120, 140, and 160 °C) under air convective conditions for 4 h. Scanning electron micrograph images show that the treatment produced pores and fractures on the granule surface. Hydroxyl groups of starch molecules are oxidized to carboxyl and carbonyl groups. Increasing heating temperature conditions lead to significant increases in the carboxyl and carbonyl groups contents. Solubility profiles increase while the apparent viscosity of the starch gels (5% w/v) decreases as heating temperature increases. X‐ray diffraction shows that the modified starch heated at 160 °C has a crystallinity of 6.42% and a short‐range ordering of 0.14 as revealed by Fourier‐transform infrared ratio 1047/1022, which is significantly lower than the respective values of 24.42% and 0.2 exhibited by native starch. The onset, peak, conclusion gelatinization temperatures, and enthalpy of the modified starches tend to decrease slightly with increasing temperature. The air oxidation treatment affects the digestibility of corn starch, and as temperature increases, the rapidly digestible and slowly digestible starch fractions decrease, while the resistant starch fraction increases significantly. Overall, the results show that heating of corn starch at mild temperature conditions lead to important modifications of the molecular organization and to moderate oxidation of starch chains.
Recent advances in combination of microneedles and nanomedicines for lymphatic targeted drug delivery
Authors: Permana Andi Dian , Nainu Firzan , Moffatt Kurtis , Larrañeta Eneko , Donnelly Ryan F.
Published: January 2021

Numerous diseases have been reported to affect the lymphatic system. As such, several strategies have been developed to deliver chemotherapeutics to this specific network of tissues and associated organs. Nanotechnology has been exploited as one of the main approaches to improve the lymphatic uptake of drugs. Different nanoparticle approaches utilized for both active and passive targeting of the lymphatic system are discussed here. Specifically, due to the rich abundance of lymphatic capillaries in the dermis, particular attention is given to this route of administration, as intradermal administration could potentially result in higher lymphatic uptake compared to other routes of administration. Recently, progress in microneedle research has attracted particular attention as an alternative for the use of conventional hypodermic injections. The benefits of microneedles, when compared to intradermal injection, are subsequently highlighted. Importantly, microneedles exhibit particular benefit in relation to therapeutic targeting of the lymphatic system, especially when combined with nanoparticles, which are further discussed. However, despite the apparent benefits provided by this combination approach, further comprehensive preclinical and clinical studies are now necessary to realize the potential extent of this dual‐delivery platform, further taking into consideration eventual usability and acceptability in the intended patient end‐users.

This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Emerging Technologies

Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Informed Consent and the Elusive Dichotomy Between Standard and Experimental Therapy
Authors: Noah Lars
Published: January 2021

A rich academic literature exists about issues of informed consent in medical care, and, to a lesser extent, about a variety of issues posed by human experimentation. Most commentators regard patient autonomy as a desirable— though in practice often unattainable—goal, and near unanimity exists about the necessity for even fuller disclosure before experimenting on subjects. Although this Article intentionally side-steps the broader debate about informed consent, it challenges the conventional wisdom that special disclosure rules should apply in the experimental context.

Clinical trials have become big business. Estimates suggest that as many as twenty million Americans have enrolled in formal biomedical studies, though, as a measure of the full scope of medical experimentation on humans, that figure may represent only the proverbial tip of the iceberg. Historically, sponsors of clinical trials recruited subjects informally, counting on word of mouth among physicians and also perhaps posting flyers around college campuses.
Parity and Difference: The Value of Parity Legislation for the Seriously Mentally Ill
Authors: Jacobi John V.
Published: January 2021

Mental illness affects the health status of about one in five Americans each year. More than five percent of adult Americans have a “serious” mental illness—an illness that interferes with social functioning. About two and one-half percent have “severe and persistent” mental illness, a categorization for the most disabling forms of mental illness, such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. All mental illness interferes to some degree with social activities. Left untreated, serious mental illness can be disabling—disrupting family life, employment status and the ability to maintain housing. Nevertheless, privately insured people in the United States (that is, the majority of insured people in the United States) are not covered for mental health services to the same extent that they are covered for physical health services. Second-class coverage of mental health services reduces access to care for people with mental illness because cost becomes a significant barrier to service. The resulting lack of treatment fuels the disabling potential of mental illness.
Equitable Health Systems: Cultural and Structural Issues for Latino Elders
Authors: Wallace Steven P. , Villa Valentine M.
Published: January 2021

This Article examines the extent to which the U.S. healthcare system is equitable for older Latinos, using the World Health Organization (WHO) and the related Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) criteria on health outcomes, access/responsiveness and financing. We argue that improving health equity requires more than actions aimed at health behavior and culturally-based beliefs targeted at the individual. Improving equity also requires changes in broader social and political processes affecting entire populations and organizations of care, paying special attention to how these changes affect the Latino elderly.

Healthcare is particularly important for the older population. Persons age 65 and older have the highest overall rates of death, disease and disability, as well as the most frequent and intense use of medical services. U.S. public policy has acknowledged the high medical care needs of many elderly by establishing Medicare as a universal health insurance starting at age 65, and supplementing it with Medicaid, the public-assistance program for low-income older persons.
Minority Children in Pediatric Research
Authors: Ross Lainie Friedman , Walsh Catherine
Published: January 2021

Medical research is heavily funded: the National Institutes of Health had a budget of over $20 billion in 2001, and even more money was spent by the pharmaceutical industry on research. Children's health issues, however, receive only a small fraction of these funds. In 2001, for example, less than $1 billion of NIH funding was allocated to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD). In part, the problem stems from a modern predisposition to protect children from participating in research.

Several federal policies in the 1990s changed the face of the “typical research subject.” Historically, researchers sought “white men,” but the NIH announced in 1994 that all research would need to include women and minorities, and in 1998, the NIH added the requirement of including children. The shift in policies reflects a shift in focus. When the National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research addressed fairness in subject selection in the Belmont Report of 1979, the main concern was ensuring fairness in the distribution of risks.
Reauthorization of PDUFA: An Exercise in Post-Market Drug Safety Reform
Authors: Chang Peter
Published: January 2021

The recent withdrawals of Vioxx, Celebrex, and other drugs from the market have spurred high-profile hearings in Congress and increased concern over the state of drug regulation in consumer protection and academic circles. This renewed focus on national drug safety has translated ineluctably into new legislation designed to mitigate that outcry. The most notable example, the passage of the Food and Drug Administration Amendments Act (FDAAA) this past September, is at least partly intended as a response to an apparent lack of public confidence in existing drug safety practices.

Of the many provisions in the FDAAA, perhaps none carries greater implications for drug safety than the reauthorized Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA). Now in its fourth iteration, the newest PDUFA differs in important respects from the statute it supersedes.
Malpractice & Negligence: Cal. Supreme Court Clarifies Negligence Provisions under State’s Elder Abuse Act
Authors: Carlson Kendra
Published: January 2021

The Supreme Court of California held, in Delaney v. Baker, 82 Cal. Rptr. 2d 610 (1999), that the heightened remedies available under the Elder Abuse Act (Act), Cal. Welf. & Inst. Code, §§ 15657,15657.2 (West 1998), apply to health care providers who engage in reckless neglect of an elder adult. The court interpreted two sections of the Act: (1) section 15657, which provides for enhanced remedies for reckless neglect; and (2) section 15657.2, which limits recovery for actions based on “professional negligence.” The court held that reckless neglect is distinct from professional negligence and therefore the restrictions on remedies against health care providers for professional negligence are inapplicable.

Kay Delaney sued Meadowood, a skilled nursing facility (SNF), after a resident, her mother, died. Evidence at trial indicated that Rose Wallien, the decedent, was left lying in her own urine and feces for extended periods of time and had stage I11 and IV pressure sores on her ankles, feet, and buttocks at the time of her death.
Polystyrene micro- and nanoplastics affect locomotion and daily activity ofDrosophila melanogaster
Authors: Matthews Sara , Xu Elvis Genbo , Roubeau Dumont Eva , Meola Victoria , Pikuda Oluwadamilola , Cheong Rachel S. , Guo Mingrui , Tahara Rui , Larsson Hans C. E. , Tufenkji Nathalie
Published: January 2021

Uptake and effects of polystyrene micro- and nanospheres onDrosophila melanogaster.
Intermolecular alkene arylcyanation using BnSCN as a cyanide source via a reductive strategy: access to 3,3-disubstituted oxindoles
Authors: Feng Yunxia , Zhao Shen , Du Guopeng , Zhang Shuang , Zhang Daopeng , Liu Hui , Li Xinjin , Dong Yunhui , Sun Feng-Gang
Published: January 2021

Herein, a nickel-catalyzed two-component reductive arylcyanation of aryl (pseudo)halide tethered alkenes using benzyl thiocyanate as a cyanide source via C–S bond activation is developed.
Highly porous and elastic aerogel based on ultralong hydroxyapatite nanowires for high-performance bone regeneration and neovascularization
Authors: Huang Gao-Jian , Yu Han-Ping , Wang Xue-Lian , Ning Bing-Bing , Gao Jing , Shi Yi-Qin , Zhu Ying-Jie , Duan Jun-Li
Published: January 2021

Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is promising for the clinical treatment of bone defects because of its excellent biocompatibility and osteo-conductivity.
Exploration of the antibacterial and wound healing potential of a PLGA/silk fibroin based electrospun membrane loaded with zinc oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Khan Atta ur Rehman , Huang Kai , Jinzhong Zhao , Zhu Tonghe , Morsi Yosry , Aldalbahi Ali , El-Newehy Mohamed , Yan Xiaoyu , Mo Xiumei
Published: January 2021

Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) are known for their antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities.
Construction of polysiloxane-based fluorescent probe for visualizing pH down-regulation
Authors: Wang Xiaoni , Tian Minggang , Gou Zhiming , Zuo Yujing
Published: January 2021

A fluorescent probe (PN-1) based on polysiloxanes has been developed for the detection of pH down-regulation during autophagy for the first time.
The atmosphere of HD 209458b seen with ESPRESSO
Authors: Casasayas-Barris N. , Palle E. , Stangret M. , Bourrier V. , Tabernero H. M. , Yan F. , Borsa F. , Allart R. , Zapatero Osorio M. R. , Lovis C. , Sousa S. G. , Chen G. , Oshagh M. , Santos N. C. , Pepe F. , Rebolo R. , Molaro P. , Cristiani S. , Adibekyan V. , Alibert Y. , Allende Prieto C. , Bouchy F. , Demangeon O. D. S. , Di Marcantonio P. , D’Odorico V. , Ehrenreich D. , Figueira P. , Génova Santos R. , González Hernández J. I. , Lavie B. , Lillo-Box J. , Lo Curto G. , Martins C. J. A. P. , Mehner A. , Micela G. , Nunes N. J. , Poretti E. , Sozzetti A. , Suárez Mascareño A. , Udry S.
Published: January 2021

We observed two transits of the iconic gas giant HD 209458b between 380 and 780 nm, using the high-resolution ESPRESSO spectrograph. The derived planetary transmission spectrum exhibits features at all wavelengths where the parent star shows strong absorption lines, for example, Na I, Mg I, Fe I, Fe II, Ca I, V I, Hα, and K I. We interpreted these features as the signature of the deformation of the stellar line profiles due to the Rossiter-McLaughlin effect, combined with the centre-to-limb effects on the stellar surface, which is in agreement with similar reports recently presented in the literature. We also searched for species that might be present in the planetary atmosphere but not in the stellar spectra, such as TiO and VO, and obtained a negative result. Thus, we find no evidence of any planetary absorption, including previously reported Na I, in the atmosphere of HD 209458b. The high signal-to-noise ratio in the transmission spectrum (~1700 at 590 nm) allows us to compare the modelled deformation of the stellar lines in assuming different one-dimensional stellar atmospheric models. We conclude that the differences among various models and observations remain within the precision limits of the data. However, the transmission light curves are better explained when the centre-to-limb variation is not included in the computation and only the Rossiter-McLaughlin deformation is considered. This demonstrates that ESPRESSO is currently the best facility for spatially resolving the stellar surface spectrum in the optical range using transit observations and carrying out empirical validations of stellar models.
Modelling Biodiesel Supply Chain: Current State and Opportunities for Future Research
Authors: Tupa Ronauli Silalahi Fitriani , Mangihut Simatupang Togar , Parlindungan Siallagan Manahan , Horas Manahan Sinaga Rizal
Published: January 2021

The use of renewable energy is an important issue that is being promoted internationally. Considering the supply of fossil energy is increasingly depleting and requires a very long time to be renewed. One of the uses of renewable energy that is being promoted is the use of biodiesel as a substitute for diesel fuel. This utilization is carried out by mixing biodiesel with diesel fuel. The quantity of biodiesel blended with diesel fuel is following the rules in each country. That is why the biodiesel supply chain must be described to obtain minimum economic costs and environmental costs. This paper presents a comprehensive review of current biodiesel supply chain models. A study of the biodiesel supply chain’s current state concludes by highlighting the unaddressed area or the gaps existing in the existing literature by suggesting future research in the biodiesel supply chain, specifically in the area case study in Indonesia.
Application of GIS on Research of Horizontal Refraction in Polygonometry on Network
Authors: Suyunov Abdusali , Suyunov Shukhrat , Urokov Olim
Published: January 2021

The article examines the influence of refraction on the results of measuring the horizontal angle in special places. In the conditions of the hot and arid climate of Uzbekistan in the polygonometric network of river banks, according to the results of field experiments, the new version of the developed methodology of the GIS makes it possible to increase the accuracy of measuring horizontal angles and lengths of lines. Significant temperature changes along the water and the coast, on rocks, in the upper layers of sand-concrete pavements are also explained by the properties of the heat and radiation balance.
Applying micro-computed tomography for porosity analysis of polypropylene modified with microspheres
Authors: Szewczykowski Piotr
Published: January 2021

Porosity of polypropylene samples was investigated by applying X-ray micro-computed tomography (micro-CT), which is getting more and more popular as a non-destructive method. Microspheres were applied as a blowing agent at three concentrations: 3%, 6% and 9% by weight. Tensile testing specimens were obtained by injection molding technology and its central, measuring part were examined by micro – CT. Results were compared to porosity calculated based on difference in porous and solid material density. Pore size distribution curves were discussed as well.
Comprendre les déterminants du non-recours aux programmes d’éducation thérapeutique du patient à partir du modèle de Levesque appliqué à un programme ambulatoire
Authors: Hugonenq Nathalie , Prévost Jean , Albouy-Llaty Marion
Published: January 2021

Introduction : En France, environ la moitié des patients à qui est proposé un programme d’éducation thérapeutique du patient (ETP) le suivent. Objectif : L’objectif de cette étude était de comprendre les déterminants du non-recours à l’ETP à partir du modèle de Levesque. Méthode : Une étude qualitative pilote a été réalisée en 2019 auprès de six familles d’enfants asthmatiques n’ayant pas participé à un programme d’ETP baptisé Ateliers du Souffle malgré la proposition. Une analyse de contenu a été menée à partir d’une grille d’entretien reprenant quatre des dimensions de Levesque : perception des besoins, recherche du recours à l’ETP, atteinte des programmes d’ETP et utilisation des programmes d’ETP. Résultats : Ils montrent un défaut de perception des besoins d’accompagnement lié au patient lui-même mais également au système de santé. La recherche du recours à l’ETP est rendue difficile par une méfiance vis-à-vis du système de santé et un besoin d’autonomie. L’atteinte de l’ETP est limitée par des inégalités sociales et territoriales. Enfin, la non utilisation de l’ETP interroge le degré de motivation du patient et le format d’ETP proposé. Des stratégies pour favoriser le recours à l’ETP sont également exposées. Conclusion: Le modèle de Levesque est un cadre d’analyse adapté à l’étude des déterminants du non-recours à l’ETP et à la définition de stratégies d’amélioration du recours à l’ETP. Informer les patients et leurs proches, former les médecins prescripteurs et rendre l’ETP accessible via des ateliers au plus proche du domicile ou via les outils de communication à distance sont des enjeux actuels de l’ETP.
Posterior Endoscope-Assisted Diskectomy Is an Effective Technique for Cervical Soft Disk Herniation
Authors: Karaoglu Derya Gündoğdu , Polat Omer , Uckun Ozhan Merzuk , Karadeniz Resul , Belen Deniz , Dalgic Ali
Published: January 2021

Objective To evaluate the clinicoradiologic conditions of patients with a herniated cervical disk who were treated with percutaneous endoscope-assisted cervical diskectomy.

Materials and Methods The medical data of 27 patients (16 men and 11 women; mean age: 40.9 years) who were operated on with the posterior endoscope-assisted cervical diskectomy method were reviewed retrospectively. The mean follow-up was 35.1 months, and the patients were assessed with combined preoperative and postoperative visual analog scale (VAS), Prolo Functional Economic Outcome Rating scale, MacNab scale, and clinical imaging.

Results The mean preoperative VAS level was 8.6 (range: 7–10), and mean Prolo score was 2.5 (range: 2–5). A postoperative assessment performed 1 week postsurgery found a mean VAS level of 2.1 (range: 0–4). At the final examination, the mean VAS level was 0.81 (range: 0–3), and the mean Prolo score was 4.5 (range: 3–5). The final MacNab scale scores were 62.9%, excellent; 25.9%, good; 7.4%, moderate; and 3.7%, poor.

Conclusion Percutaneous endoscope-assisted cervical diskectomy is a suitable and effective treatment method for soft cervical disk herniation.
Prognostic effects of arterial carbon dioxide levels in patients hospitalized into the cardiac intensive care unit for acute heart failure
Authors: Kato Takao , Kasai Takatoshi , Suda Shoko , Sato Akihiro , Ishiwata Sayaki , Yatsu Shoichiro , Matsumoto Hiroki , Shitara Jun , Shimizu Megumi , Murata Azusa , Kagiyama Nobuyuki , Hiki Masaru , Matsue Yuya , Naito Ryo , Takagi Atsutoshi , Daida Hiroyuki
Published: January 2021

Aims

Although both hypercapnia and hypocapnia are common in acute heart failure (AHF) patients, routine assessment of arterial blood gas is not recommended. Additionally, no association between hypercapnia and increased mortality has been found, and the prognostic value of hypocapnia in AHF patients remains to be elucidated. In this observational study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between partial pressure of arterial carbon dioxide (PaCO2), especially low PaCO2, and long-term mortality in AHF patients.

Methods and results

Acute heart failure patients hospitalized in the cardiac intensive care unit of our institution between 2007 and 2011 were screened. All eligible patients were divided into two groups based on the inflection point (i.e. 31.0 mmHg) of the 3-knot cubic spline curve of the hazard ratio (HR), with a PaCO2 of 40 mmHg as a reference. The association between PaCO2 levels and all-cause mortality was assessed using Cox proportional hazards regression models. Among 435 patients with a median follow-up of 1.8 years, 115 (26.4%) died. Adjusted analysis with relevant variables as confounders indicated that PaCO2 <31 mmHg was significantly associated with increased all-cause mortality [HR 1.71, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–2.79; P = 0.032]. When PaCO2 was considered as a continuous variable, the lower was the log-transformed PaCO2, the greater was the increased risk of mortality (HR 0.71, 95% CI 0.52–0.96; P = 0.024).

Conclusions

In AHF patients, lower PaCO2 at admission was associated with increased long-term mortality risk.
CYTOPLASMIC INHERITANCE OF A CELL SURFACE ANTIGEN IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Lindahl Kirsten Fischer , Hausmann Barbara
Published: January 2021

Mta is a cell surface antigen of the mouse and serves as a target for specific T killer lymphocytes. Using a killer cell assay, the antigen has been found in 72 strains of laboratory mice and, with one exception, in all tested samples of mice caught in the wild or bred from such, including Mus molossinus, Mus castaneus and Mus spretus. Five strains of rats, non-inbred NMRI mice, most substrains of NZB mice and the closely related strain NZO are negative for Mta. In reciprocal F1 crosses between several Mta+ and two Mta- strains, the antigen is maternally transmitted; that is, Mta+ females bear only positive offspring, whereas Mta- females bear only negative offspring, regardless of the genotype of the male. Since 34 foster-nursed mice had the Mta type of their genetic mothers, the factor that determines expression of Mta must be transmitted before birth and not via the milk. The cytoplasmic genes of Mta+ strains have been combined with the chromosomal genes of Mta- strains, and vice versa, by repeated backcrossing. All progeny retained the Mta type of their maternal lines. Thus, the Mta type is determined solely by maternal inheritance and is not influenced by chromosomal genes. We found no evidence of incompatibility between the cytoplasmic factors and nuclear genes of Mta- and Mta+ strains.
THE PLEIOTROPIC ts15 MUTATION OF E. COLI IS AN IS1 INSERTION IN THE rho STRUCTURAL GENE
Authors: Gulletta Elio , Das Asis , Adhya Sankar
Published: January 2021

Rho protein regulates transcription termination in E. coli. Some of the temperature-sensitive mutants defective in Rho protein, e.g., ts15, show remarkable pleiotropic phenotypes. The ts mutations map between the ilv and cya loci on the E. coli chromosome. We have cloned the gene that restores the wild-type phenotypes of these mutants. Genetic and biochemical characterizations have shown that the cloned DNA segment carries the structural gene for the Rho polypeptide. Analysis of the rhots15 mutation has revealed the presence of an IS1 insertion in the carboxy terminal segment of the rho cistron, thereby truncating the 52-kilodalton (kd) Rho polypeptide to a 50-kd size and also making it thermolabile. This provides an example of how an IS1 insertion mutation can cause a TS phenotype. We have also shown that the multiple phenotypes of the mutant cell, including the temperature sensitivity, are caused by a single mutation (rhots15::IS1) in the rho structural gene. How a rho structural gene mutation may cause such pleiotropy is discussed.
GENETIC ANALYSIS OF B2t, THE STRUCTURAL GENE FOR A TESTIS-SPECIFIC β-TUBULIN SUBUNIT IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Kemphues Kenneth J , Raff Elizabeth C , Kaufman Thomas C
Published: January 2021

Genetic analysis of the B2t locus has resulted in the recovery of four recessive mutations in the B2t structural gene and a deficiency that deletes the locus. Two of the mutations were recovered as suppressors of B2tD, a dominant male sterile mutation at the locus, and two were induced on wild-type chromosomes. All four mutant genes encode β2-tubulin subunits that are synthesized at normal rates but do not accumulate. All mutants are completely male sterile as homozygotes.
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF α-GLYCEROPHOSPHATE DEHYDROGENASE MUTANTS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: Kotarski Michael A , Pickert Sally , Leonard Deborah A , LaRosa Gregory J , MacIntyre Ross J
Published: January 2021

Thirty mutants of α-glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (αGPDH, EC 1.1.1.8) from Drosophila melanogaster were produced with the chemical mutagen ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). These mutants and nine others previously obtained have been characterized with respect to level of enzymatic activity, viability, flight ability, and presence of cross-reacting material (CRM). The presence of αGPDH mRNA in several of the mutants has been tested by in vitro translation. There are strong correlations between the level of enzyme activity, viability and flight ability. Thirteen of the mutants are CRM- by solution immunoprecipitation experiments, but of these, only three are CRM- by a more sensitive 125I-protein A-based radioimmune gel assay. The viability of the three CRM- mutants suggests that the absence of αGPDH protein is not a lethal condition. The immunoprecipitated protein of the low activity mutant, αGpdhnGL3, has a smaller apparent molecular weight on polyacrylamide-SDS gels than does the protein from wild type. Criteria for the identification of nonsense mutations in Drosophila are discussed.