bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Technology-Enabled Simulation in Selection
Authors: Adler Seymour , Bhatia Sarena
Published: July 2023

More than other talent assessment methods, the design of simulations has been strongly affected by technological advances. The enhancements in the vividness, interactivity, and engagement of simulations that technology brings creates opportunities for measuring a broader sample of candidate behaviors, more rigorous application of scoring algorithms, and a richer and more natural candidate experience. However, this chapter raises potential cautions around the impact of technologically enhanced simulations on psychometric properties, standardization, use of gamification approaches, ethical concerns, commercial considerations, and the introduction of contaminants in measuring talent based on variations in candidate background that are irrelevant to effective job performance. The chapter concludes by highlighting key areas of research that might mitigate the concerns raised.
Coaching-Centric Assessments
Authors: Sinar Evan F.
Published: July 2023

By integrating assessment data with coaching relationships, organizations can draw on the complementary advantages of each to drive individual growth and organizational value. Assessment-infused coaching uniquely blends standardization with personalization, and operational efficiency with participant engagement. This chapter provides an overview of the principles and evidence-based recommendations for development-centric assessments applied to a development-centric coaching program and platform. Areas of emphasis and explication include foundational principles for developmental assessment, details of and differentiating features of an example content model created for this purpose, considerations for integrating human (coach-centered) and digital (platform-centered) interventions, and value drivers for this form of assessment for participants, organizations, and coaches. The chapter closes with a discussion of risks and remediating recommendations for the use of assessment in developmental settings.
Applications of High-Stakes Rich-Media Simulations
Authors: Tsacoumis Suzanne
Published: July 2023

Job simulations have proven to be powerful tools for measuring a broad range of competencies; however, organizations are often reluctant to administer these types of assessments given the cost, time, and personnel required to develop and implement the measures. Given these constraints, organizations have taken the principles of job simulations a step further by using animation or video (i.e., rich media) to create interactive, online assessments that incorporate branching technology to facilitate realism. This chapter describes this novel approach and addresses how to handle the measurement challenges with sufficient rigor so that high-stakes personnel decisions can be made based on the resulting scores. Although additional research is needed to clearly understand these new innovative assessments, the initial psychometric properties and validity results offer strong support for these measures.
Assessment in a Large Multinational
Authors: van Katwyk Paul
Published: July 2023

As a growing global player in the integrated oil and gas industry, Saudi Aramco has utilized an assessment center–based methodology to conduct over 7,000 leadership readiness assessments. Over the last two decades, these assessments have supported leadership succession decisions from first-level leaders up to the most senior corporate executives. This journey has involved a number of ongoing enhancements including, during the recent pandemic, a shift to a virtual delivery platform. This case study highlights the lessons learned in this assessment journey within the broader journey of Saudi Aramco becoming the largest global energy player. Given the focus on technology-driven assessment in large multinational organizations, added focus was on the recent shift to a virtual delivery model.
Venture Capital
Authors: Lovric Darko
Published: July 2023

Venture capital is increasingly an important source of funding in the talent assessment space, which will likely lead to a number of positive and negative effects. From a positive side, it can be expected that increased focus on customer adoption will lead to improvements in usability, digitization/automation, and intellectual property protection, leading to talent assessments that will be more accessible, cheaper, and easier to use. However, likely downsides might include reduced reliability and validity as focus on sales and simplicity becomes paramount. A number of tools to proactively manage these downsides are suggested as a way for the professionals in this space to maintain the integrity of the field.
Care Leavers’ Participation in Designing Child Welfare Services and Policy in Israel
Authors: Schwartz-Tayri Talia Meital , Lotan Hadas
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses how the experiences of young people who aged out of care can make a fundamental contribution to the design of child welfare policies. The authors show that care leavers’ political socialization on the youth advisory board and empowering engagement in multilevel shared decision-making in Israel generated the political resources required for their effective activism. The chapter demonstrates how care leavers’ engagement in service and policy design may increase service quality, social inclusion, and children’s active citizenship. The chapter, which seeks to expand scholarly knowledge about the engagement of marginalized youth in policy design, analyzes board members’ political resources, self-efficacy, and opportunities to engage in policy advocacy. The chapter is based on interviews with 12 board members and four policymakers. The chapter shows that membership in the youth advisory board generated a strong sense of belonging among members. It demonstrates that young people’s policy advocacy efforts helped them gain several critical resources for political engagement. Organizational and national policymakers considered the changes in the design of services for children in care and youth in transition a result of the board’s advocacy efforts.
Prospect Theory and Partisan Cues
Authors: Dyck Joshua J. , Pearson-Merkowitz Shanna
Published: July 2023

Chapter 5 begins with a relatively straightforward question: Can partisan cues alter respondents’ willingness to accept risk?. To answer this question, the chapter explores the role partisanship plays in mitigating the basic premise of prospect theory. The experiments presented in this chapter suggest that partisanship makes people, particularly Republicans, riskier and more willing to put their health and economic fortunes on the line for partisan gains. The experiments include risk aversion and acceptance in the face of partisan cues around Covid-19 vaccines, an experiment conducted during the pandemic but before the release of a vaccine, and risk aversion and acceptance on financial matters, which mirrors the original economic premise of prospect theory. Both experiments suggest that partisanship makes people more willing to take risks.
The Theory of Flexible Meter
Authors: Murphy Nancy
Published: July 2023

This chapter outlines the theory of flexible meter that encompasses all possible metric structures, from regularity (a multi-leveled hierarchy of beats), to expressive timing (a looser, but still regular hierarchy), to unpredictable rhythmic patterns (an ambiguous metric context). The theory of flexible meter accounts for all the types of meter the singer-songwriter repertoire presents, including Regular, Reinterpreted, Lost, and Ambiguous Meter. The singer-songwriter may engage one of these metric types at a time, may shift from regularity to ambiguity, or may shift from ambiguity to regularity, demonstrating an emerging meter. The type of meter or the vacillation between types has important impacts on self-expression in the singer-songwriter repertoire. Locally, this flexible meter highlights important lyrical content—specific imagery and sentiments of the self-expressive singer-songwriter style—but it also more broadly signals the rhapsodic, spontaneous, and “imperfect” aesthetic associated with these singer-songwriters.
Introduction
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: July 2023

This brief section introduces readers to the main themes of the book. It proposes that American English should be called American Englishes because so many varieties exist side by side. At the same time, all Americans sound distinctively different from speakers of English in other places. It outlines how the book will explain the trajectory of American English from its origins in British English to its current state, highlighting examples of early Americanisms, relevant historical events, and Americans’ attitudes toward their own speech. It also gives necessary background by explaining the basics of language change and variation.
American Grammar and Usage
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: July 2023

Chapter 4 follows the evolution of grammatical structures from colonial English to modern times, and describes some of the major differences between British and American English. It talks about typically American usages that have roots in the English of earlier centuries, for example, the various forms of plural you (y’all, you’uns). In addition, it examines common vernacular and evolving features such as changing verb forms and multiple modals like might could. A final section considers the role of grammar books in shaping how Americans use and think about the language.
Afterword
Authors: Ostler Rosemarie
Published: July 2023

This brief afterword proposes some directions that American English might take in the future. It discusses possible sources of new words, such as closed-group language and identity terms; expanded use of singular they; possibilities for gender-neutral pronouns, including ze and hir; and trends in dialect change and spread, such as the merger of the vowels in cot and caught. It also addresses the issue of world Englishes becoming different enough to count as separate languages, but concludes that it’s more likely that American English and other versions will continue to share common traits as long as they continue their cultural exchange.
Openness and Persuasion
Authors: Briñol Pablo , Petty Richard E.
Published: July 2023

Openness can be treated as an outcome, a motive, and a process. The motive to be open can be relatively objective or biased, and it can affect processes of both primary and secondary cognition. Understanding these processes is critical for predicting when variables like curiosity relate to openness in the short and long term. After introducing these distinctions and the guiding conceptual framework, the authors examine how the motive to be open can come from the attitude, the situation, and the person, such as when some people are open to all information and thoughts whereas others are open only to particular kinds of information. The authors also describe how openness can be appraised in both positive and negative ways and how changes in these meanings are consequential for actual openness. Beyond being open, recent research also reveals the importance of signaling openness to others, as well as perceiving openness in others.
Forms of Intellectual Humility and Their Associations with Features of Knowledge, Beliefs, and Opinions
Authors: Hoyle Rick H. , Davisson Erin K.
Published: July 2023

“Forms of Intellectual Humility and their Associations with Features of Knowledge, Beliefs, and Opinions” describes two forms of intellectual humility, each reflecting an acknowledgment that one could be misguided or incorrect coupled with a willingness to consider alternative views and change one’s view if warranted. After reviewing the short history of empirical research on intellectual humility, the chapter summarizes conceptualizations of general intellectual humility, emphasizing its overlap with open-mindedness and dogmatism. It then discusses specific intellectual humility, the form of the construct evident in people’s views about particular domains, topics, and issues. After presenting a conceptual model of the relation between general and specific intellectual humility, the chapter presents new findings from research inspired by the model. The chapter concludes with a discussion of prospects for developing interventions to increase intellectual humility.
Noncitizens and the Demands of Social Equality
Authors: Lim Désirée
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on social subordination as a failure of equal respect. On what it calls the “conventional view,” the ideal of social equality is believed to only apply between citizens, within the context of a bounded society. It argues, however, that noncitizens also have a pro tanto right to social equality. Right-holders include noncitizens who are territorially present within the confines of the state and, more controversially, noncitizens who remain outside of the state’s territory. The entitlement to social equality is not derived from one’s citizenship status, but the distinctive harms that social subordination pose to individuals’ moral personhood: inferiorizing treatment may seriously inhibit their ability to develop and pursue our conception of the good. A universal entitlement to social equality is compatible with states owing stronger obligations to particular groups, such as citizens and denizens, than to noncitizens located in other territories.
Migratorial Disobedience and Immigration Justice
Authors: Lim Désirée
Published: July 2023

Earlier chapters established that skill-selective immigration policies are unjust. Consequently, it may be asked if migrants are permitted to disobey unjust immigration laws. On Javier Hidalgo’s permissive view of migratorial disobedience, individual migrants may permissibly disobey unjust immigration laws in order to protect themselves against threats to their basic rights. On Caleb Yong’s restrictive view, however, disobedience is permissible only if the laws in question are egregiously unjust. Immigration laws meet the threshold for egregious injustice when they directly violate the human rights of noncitizens or allow states to shirk their required share of the international responsibility for noncitizens’ human rights. This chapter defends a new version of the permissive view. It argues that disobedience is not just permissible, but also morally desirable by dint of the politically transformative role of principled disobedience. Importantly, migratorial disobedience need not be civil.
Following Stories across Scripts, Languages, and Repertoires
Authors: Orsini Francesca
Published: July 2023

Tales (kathas) are ubiquitous in the literary culture of premodern North India, and they come in all shapes, languages, scripts, and inflections. This chapter traces the fortune of the genre across different languages, scripts, and milieus within this multilingual literary culture. It starts with the romances (pemkthas) in the regional version of Hindi called Avadhi written in the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries and their diffusion. It dwells on the fortune of the genre in the Mughal period, when new tastes and trends developed, by discussing the romances by Usman and Puhakar, Tulsidas’s devotional Ramkatha, as well as Persian texts (the anonymous Rājkunwar and versions of Malik Muhammad Jayasi’s Padmāvat). And it reflects on how the genre fared within modern Hindi literary historiography. Methodologically, the chapter argues that we can use the longue-durée history of the katha genre, its articulation and rearticulation of cultural and social imaginaries, its particular linguistic textures and aesthetic emphasis, and the material form of texts, evidence of patronage, and shifts in circulation and popularity to illuminate the history of literary tastes in the region.
Colonial Impact and Indian Response
Authors: Orsini Francesca
Published: July 2023

How does our understanding of the cultural impact of colonialism change if we take a located and multilingual perspective? That colonialism had a profound impact on North Indian society and literature at structural and epistemic levels—from education to notions of literature—is beyond doubt. This chapter shows how ideas of indigeneity vs. foreignness produced competing discourses about Hindi and Urdu as distinct languages with separate, quasi-monolingual, literary histories, which elided not only traditions in the “other” language but also contemporary orature and Muslim folklore. But redirecting our attention to continuities as well as disruptions and radical innovations, this chapter argues, shows the resilience of aesthetics and tastes that modern literary reformers condemned as irrelevant, decadent, and dangerous. The chapter also shows how new genres other than the novel, such as musical theater, reproduced and exploited multilingual repertoires. These genres were arguably more significant to the consolidation and spread of nationalist and other ideologies.
The Risk Factors for Suicide Ideation
Authors: Wong Amy
Published: July 2023

This chapter identifies the risk factors for suicide ideation, which include experiencing a history of mental health challenges, an accumulation of difficult days, intergenerational trauma, thwarted belongingness, and perceived burdensomeness. It provides interview data regarding the risk factors that exacerbate existing mental health challenges and difficulties. It also explains how the accumulation of psychological pain contributes to suicide ideation. It further examines the various forms of racism that Asian American college students experience while on campus, such as racial microaggressions, the perpetual foreigner myth, and the model minority myth. The Asian American college students who were interviewed have lived to tell their stories and in the process looked to protective factors and developed an emerging resiliency to suicide deaths.
Rethinking Islam and Human Rights
Authors: Keles Ozcan
Published: July 2023

Rethinking Islam and Human Rights is the first book to delineate an original way of understanding the organic production of Islamic knowledge on human rights that overcomes the fragmented nature of the (‘rapprochement’) literature that focuses on change in the context of either Islamic scripture (formalised Islamic knowledge) or Islamic sensibility (experiential Islamic knowing). Thus, this book combines an appreciation for both facets of religious knowledge, with an emphasis on the symbiotic relationship between the two (i.e., the formalised and the experiential). To that end, this book weaves together theoretical insights from a range of disciplines, while reworking process tracing methodology, to focus on a single case study analysis of Hizmet’s practices (also known as the Gülen movement) to flesh out the dynamics of this interactive change and the centrality of practice-based knowledge production therein. In doing so, this book analytically demonstrates how and why social movement practice organically, unassumingly, unintentionally, and, often-times, counter-intentionally produces socially transformative formalised Islamic knowledge on human rights. As a result, this book shows how it is possible to account for the production, internalisation, legitimisation, and externalisation of Islamic knowledge through a single relational process on some of the most intransigent issues in the context of Islam and human rights, that is, apostasy and women’s rights. Consequently, this book offers us an original, distinctive, and important pathway of reassessing age-old challenges at the cross-sectional impasse of change, stability, and religious knowledge production, which extends beyond those associated with Islam and human rights.
Introduction
Authors: Keles Ozcan
Published: July 2023

This chapter outlines the primary question of this book and the practice-based theoretical approach to address it. In so doing, it underscores the need for a unifying theoretical perspective that can account for the symbiotic relationship between the formalised and experiential facets of religious knowledge to explain change in relation to either. This chapter explains the rationale for focusing on Islam and Islamic knowledge production and the methodological basis for the issues (not) traced in this book in the context of Islam and human rights. While doing so, this chapter also explains the reasons for adopting the Fethullah Gülen-inspired (Islamic) Hizmet movement as its single case study analysis, which it also introduces in this chapter. In this way, this chapter explains the significance of focusing on the organic unintended internal epistemic outcomes of Hizmet’s non-human rights practices on human rights. The chapter ends with a discussion of insider research and its implications for the present study.
Conclusion
Authors: Keles Ozcan
Published: July 2023

This chapter begins by appraising the findings from the two preceding empirical chapters to demonstrate how and why practice-based (Islamic) knowledge production addresses the animating question of this study as discussed in Chapter 1. The chapter then provides an alternative way of visualising the symbiotic relationship between the formalised and experiential facets of religious knowledge of practice-based knowledge production by dropping all case-specific entities from its analysis that were discussed in Chapters 3 and 4. That, in turn, allows us to increase the scope for deriving generalisable insights from practice-based knowledge production as discussed in this book. In so doing, this chapter shows how this research makes an original contribution to the literature on Islam and human rights, social movement studies, (Islamic) knowledge production, and Hizmet, as well as discussing the limitations of this study and further avenues of research.
Suharto's Cold War
Authors: Fibiger Mattias
Published: July 2023

This book argues that the Indonesian dictator Suharto used the global Cold War to wage his own domestic and regional Cold Wars, mobilizing international capital to construct a counterrevolutionary dictatorship in Indonesia and promote authoritarian reaction in Southeast Asia. In the wake of the murder of the leaders of the Indonesian army by elements of the Communist Party of Indonesia on October 1, 1965, Suharto orchestrated a politicide in which some half a million leftists were killed. But Suharto’s ambitions spanned far beyond mass murder. He sought to establish political stability, stimulate economic development, and promote regional security. Debt relief, international aid, and private investment enabled Suharto to bypass the processes of bargaining and compromise that undergird all political orders and establish a much more exclusionary regime than would have otherwise been possible. International capital also helped Suharto reverse a crippling economic crisis and ignite processes of economic development that won the New Order the loyalty of untold numbers of Indonesians. The Suharto regime also internationalized counterrevolution in Southeast Asia, establishing the Association of Southeast Asian Nations to contain Chinese influence and promulgating its authoritarian security doctrine of national resilience across the region. The history of Suharto’s Cold War ultimately reveals the pivotal role of capital in the unfolding of the Cold War in the Global South.
The Path to Power
Authors: Fibiger Mattias
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that the origins of Suharto’s Cold War lay in his career in the Indonesian army. The Japanese empire created the institution that would evolve into the Indonesian army during the Second World War and imbued it with the values of fascism and militarism. During the national revolution that followed Japan’s surrender, the army fortified its illiberal outlook with a skepticism toward civilian authority and a hostility toward communism. The divisions within the nationalist movement exploded following Indonesia’s achievement of independence in 1949 and paralyzed the country’s democratic institutions. President Sukarno ultimately joined with the army to declare martial law and establish an authoritarian regime. To counterbalance the burgeoning power of the army, he cultivated the PKI and embraced its radical agenda. As the logic of Cold War came to define Indonesian politics, both the army and the PKI searched for international sponsors and began engaging in increasingly contentious and violent forms of politics.
An Anti-Chinese Axis
Authors: Fibiger Mattias
Published: July 2023

This chapter argues that Suharto’s Cold War encompassed an effort to contain Chinese influence in Southeast Asia. Suharto and the army regarded Indonesia’s ethnic Chinese population as potential conduits of Chinese influence and subjected it to discrimination and oppression. The army’s allies in civil society also rallied against Chinese consular facilities across Indonesia and eventually forced Suharto, reluctant to contravene Indonesia’s bebas aktif foreign policy doctrine, to “freeze” Sino-Indonesian relations. Beyond Indonesia, Suharto and the army worked to establish an anti-Chinese axis in Southeast Asia through a new regional organization: ASEAN. Enduring regional anxieties about Indonesian expansionism prevented the Suharto regime from fashioning ASEAN into a military pact, but the New Order used the regional organization to promulgate its authoritarian security doctrine of national resilience. Suharto’s regional Cold War also reinforced his domestic Cold War. The New Order’s international sponsors rewarded the Suharto regime’s efforts to preserve anticommunist stability in Southeast Asia with aid that furthered its consolidation of power in Indonesia.
Suffering of Older People
Authors: Fulmer Terry , Berman Amy , Slossberg Rebecca , Benedict Teffin , Sharif Rumaysa
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the unique experience of suffering in older people, their families, and the nurses caring for them. Ageism, racism, and culture are key issues presented in this chapter to explain the individuality of suffering, especially among older people. The culmination of experiences throughout the lifespan impacts a person’s experience of suffering. Illness, changes in cognition, physical abilities, and other adverse events are more common among this age group and make suffering a more complex issue in older people. These factors need to be explored to effectively understand an older person’s suffering. Additionally, nurses and caregivers play a challenging role in alleviating suffering in this growing demographic. Through bearing witness to the pain and discomfort of their patients, they also experience their own suffering. Therefore, the nursing perspective is highlighted in this discussion as well.
Suffering Related to Mental Health Challenges and Traumatic Events
Authors: Harris Barbara A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores the unique sources of suffering that arise from experiences of mental illness, trauma, and addiction. Common themes of suffering across the three are identified and include isolation, shame, guilt, and a sense of brokenness. Persons who identify with any marginalized or minoritized group can find their suffering compounded by socially mediated processes such as stigma, microaggressions, and barriers to care. Guidance for nurses’ responses to suffering revolves around acknowledgment that each person’s experience of suffering is unique and cannot be fully alleviated, even with medical intervention. Acceptance and human connection are identified as foundational in the relief of suffering. Actions and approaches nurses can take to facilitate healing connection and decrease suffering are discussed.
Suffering in Chronic Illness
Authors: Bechthold Avery C. , Dionne-Odom J. Nicholas
Published: July 2023

This chapter examines the distinctions among the terms “disease,” “illness,” and “sickness,” which reflect professional, personal, and social perspectives on human life, respectively, and clarifies the nurse’s role in responding to patient suffering. An exploration of suffering as it relates to the subjective experience of chronic illness is followed by in-depth descriptions of suffering in the context of five of the most prevalent chronic diseases worldwide. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how nurses in clinical, research, and education roles may address the suffering of patients with chronic illness. The chapter aims to equip nurses with the knowledge to respond effectively and empathically to suffering rather than attempt to fix, change, or eliminate it.
Suffering of Caregivers, Loved Ones, and the Community
Authors: Gray Tamryn F.
Published: July 2023

The alleviation of suffering is a key goal of hospice care and palliative care, particularly as patients and families are confronted with serious illnesses, which often threaten their sense of self and their future. In the context of serious illness and end-of-life care, patients and their family caregivers may experience various dimensions of suffering, including physical, psychological, social, and spiritual. Suffering has the potential to lead to significant deterioration in well-being and quality of life and requires supportive and palliative care interventions that target the unique and complex manifestations of suffering. To adequately reduce suffering, it is essential that health care providers appropriately screen for suffering using validated measures and identify ways to respond effectively and empathically. Family caregivers are also vulnerable to experiences of suffering, particularly during bereavement, resulting in the need for health care providers to develop a trusting relationship with family caregivers and equip them with tools and resources to reduce their own suffering during this phase. Responding to suffering often means simply being with, witnessing, providing care for, listening, and supporting the person who is suffering. The goal of this chapter is to (1) define suffering of caregivers, loved ones, and the community; (2) discuss consequences related to suffering; (3) identify evidence-based ways to respond to suffering; and (4) outline the possible benefits of suffering including meaning making, personal growth, and introspection and reflection.
Social Suffering, Biopower, and the Naturalization of Inequality
Authors: Shook Alic G. , Narruhn Robin A. , Espina Christine R.
Published: July 2023

This chapter focuses on better understanding social suffering and discusses a range of systemic and structural conditions that produce suffering related to unequal arrangements of power, particularly for marginalized populations. By drawing on the politics of suffering and conceptualizations of biopower, the text illustrates how social suffering is rooted in the creation of norms that govern the distribution of life chances and make some individuals more vulnerable to violence, exclusion, harm, and death than others. The naturalization of inequality is discussed, which frequently renders suffering among marginalized populations invisible. Three strategies from the authors’ prior work are presented as potential responses to social suffering: critical conscientization, structural competency, and advocacy, activism, and allyship. Nurses can utilize these strategies in their practice, scholarship, and teaching.
Suffering in the Face of Humanitarian Crises and Emergencies
Authors: Davis Sheila , Julmisse Marc
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores suffering in the context of humanitarian crises and describes how ongoing conflict can lead to disparities, displacement, and a continuous humanitarian response that requires comprehensive care to end the cycle of disease and poverty. A case study of Haiti’s nursing workforce at Zanmi Lasante/Partners In Health, a global health care nonprofit, is provided, along with specific examples of nurses and nurse leaders who experience burnout from chronic stress as a result of patient care. The argument is made that pathological resilience—particularly in Haiti where resilience is considered a way of life—must be reexamined to be viewed as detrimental to a nurse’s well-being and to the broader health workforce. The chapter concludes with an emphasis on the need for overall health systems strengthening, taking into consideration the position of both nurse and patient in order to deliver quality patient care through accompaniment alongside the provision of psychosocial and mental health support for caregivers.
Printing Music in Renaissance Rome
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: July 2023

Rome was second only to Venice as a center of sixteenth-century music book production on the Italian Peninsula. This book presents a broad view of music, print, and culture in the Eternal City from the origins of music printing in the late fifteenth century up through the early seventeenth century. It argues that economic and political factors encouraged Romans to become “boutique” printers, who, unlike their northern counterparts, customized their music publications to accommodate the requirements of a diverse clientele. Emphasizing the exceptionalism of these editions, the book highlights the innovative technologies, book forms, and mis-en-page utilized in the Caput Mundi, which included large folio and broadsheet formats, copperplate engraving, choirbook and open-score layout, as well as lute and keyboard intabulations. It considers the Church’s influence on the book industry and, in turn, the impact the Roman press had on such figures as Palestrina, Marenzio, Victoria, and Cavalieri. It reveals a synergistic relationship between music repertories and the materiality of the book, particularly during the post-Tridentine period, when repertories, both old and new, challenged printers to devise alternative printing methods and modes of book presentation in the creation of music editions, often of singular beauty as visual as well as musical objects.
Methods and Materials
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: July 2023

Chapter 2 deals with the materiality of Roman music books. It explores the various printing technologies and book designs used in the Eternal City. It provides crucial details concerning the four different printing methods employed from woodcut and multiple and single impression letterpress to copperplate engraving. It also describes the wide range of paper sizes, book formats, and mise-en-pages utilized by Roman printers. By considering the different book shapes and sizes, it demonstrates how the physical and visual aspects of these publications played a key role in setting the Roman music book trade apart from other printing centers.
Marenzio and His Printers in Rome and Venice
Authors: Bernstein Jane A.
Published: July 2023

This chapter deslves into the early publication history of Luca Marenzio’s music. It considers the relationships Marenzio had with his printers by closely examining his first editions, particularly those emanating from Rome. Focusing on music printers in late Cinquecento Rome and Venice, it reveals how strategically Marenzio selected where his books would be issued and who would print them. It also uncovers the close connections that occurred among bookmen from the two Italian cities and how one Roman printer, Alessandro Gardano, played a crucial role in the publication of Marenzio’s music.
Selections from Instructions to the Assembly in Zhongfeng Extensive Record
Authors: Broughton Jeffrey L.
Published: July 2023

Translation 1 consists of four instructions that Zhongfeng delivered to his assemblies. These instructions mark certain occasions, such as New Year’s Eve, the first day of summer retreat, a snowfall, and the Lantern Festival marking the end of the New Year. They contain discussions of such topics as the following: “If you want to know the meaning of buddha-nature, you should contemplate the passage of time and origination-by-dependence”; “the hundred phantasmal dharmas are all perfect”; the wisdom of sameness; the huatou that has no meaning or taste; how the buddha-nature water coagulates into ice; the huatou is like the true wisdom of the sun that melts the ice; and the vain nature of searching for something outside yourself.
Self-Management in the Watch Factory
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

In 1973, when foreign buyers threated to shut down production in part or entirely, workers at the Lip watch factory in Besançon, France, occupied the plant and managed the factory themselves. The workers set up democratic committees to increase worker participation in decision-making and to improve work conditions. The worker-run factory became a reference point for a wide range of leftist groups throughout France. The workers were not able, however, to extend the self-management of the factory to a social project of self-governance outside of the factory. The Lip factory experience provides an opportunity to reflect more broadly on the political value of self-management.
Laboratory Italy
Authors: Hardt Michael
Published: July 2023

In the late 1960s and early 1970s, industrial workers were widely viewed as the protagonists of revolutionary struggles. The workers’ organizations were thought to be able to extend outside the factories to organize and lead a social revolution. In the middle of the 1970s, however, as capitalist restructuring began to undermine the power of the factories, the revolutionary movements began to recognize that industrial workers could no longer serve as central protagonists. Subsequently there developed attempts to create a network of liberation movements that included various segments of the labor force along with student movements, feminist movements, and others. These organizational attempts were cut short by intense state repression in the latter half of the 1970s.
Life Without Degrees of Moral Status
Authors: Wendler David S.
Published: July 2023

Most people believe there are degrees of moral status. They believe, most prominently, that animals matter morally, but human beings matter significantly more than animals. This belief explains why we put animals in cages, conduct pain-inducing experiments on them, and eat them for dinner. Belief in degrees of moral status also raises concern that robots and genetically enhanced human beings could become significantly more important than the rest of us, in which case they might be justified in putting us in cages, experimenting on us, and eating us for dinner. The present work thus systematically assesses whether, in fact, some individuals are more important morally than others. It distinguishes between moral status conferring, moral action guiding, and moral status enhancing properties, and it argues that degrees of moral status require moral status enhancing properties. It then considers whether some properties are moral status enhancing in the sense that they increase the most status of those who possess them. This analysis reveals that there are no moral status enhancing properties—hence, no degrees of moral status. The book finishes by considering the implications of this conclusion for seven important issues: (1) the difference between a world that includes degrees of moral status and one that doesn’t; (2) our obligations to help animals; (3) animal rights; (4) raising animals and eating them; (5) animal experimentation; (6) humans who lack superior cognitive capacities; and (7) genetically enhanced human beings, human-animal chimeras, and robots.
Peirce on Inference
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth
Published: July 2023

Above all other titles, Peirce prized that of logician. He thought of logic broadly, such that it includes not merely formal logic but an examination of the entire process of inquiry. His works are replete with detailed investigations into logical questions. Peirce is especially concerned to show that valid inferential processes, diligently followed, will eventually root out error and alight on the truth. Peirce on Inference draws together diverse strands from Peirce’s lifelong reflections on logic in order to develop a comprehensive perspective on Peirce’s theory of inference. Peirce argues that each genus of inference—deduction, induction, and abduction—has a different truth-producing virtue. An inference is valid just in case the procedure used in fact has the truth-producing virtue claimed for it and the person making the inference adheres to the procedure. In successive chapters, this book shows how Peirce supports the thesis that these genera of inference have the truth-producing virtues claimed for them and how Peirce responds to objections. Among the objections given consideration are the liar paradox, Hume’s problem of induction, Goodman’s new riddle of induction, that this may be a chance world, and that we are incapable of conceiving the true hypothesis. The book defends several controversial theses, including that Peirce does not so strongly object to Bayesianism as is sometimes claimed and that prior to 1900 Peirce had no explicit theory of abduction. It also proposes a novel account of abduction.
Validity
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth
Published: July 2023

Validity requires that the conclusion of the inference be a suitable sign substitute for the same objects the premises represent. According to Peirce, deductive, inductive, and abductive inferences can each be valid. With respect to deductive inferences alone, there is no distinction between validity and strength. An inference is valid just in case the procedure used in drawing the inference in fact has the truth-producing virtue presumed for it and the person making the inference follows the procedure. These truth-producing virtues are of three kinds: truth-preservation; truth-approximation over the long; and truth-conduciveness, provided there is any truth to be ascertained. Since Peirce only clearly distinguishes between abduction and qualitative induction after 1900, his earlier works contain different but related accounts of validity. Peirce must ultimately modify these earlier accounts in light of his mature theory of inference.
Induction
Authors: Atkins Richard Kenneth
Published: July 2023

In his mature work, Peirce identifies three species of induction. These are crude induction, qualitative induction, and quantitative induction. Peirce is often portrayed as a frequentist, but his position softens in his later works, allowing for a rapprochement between his frequentism and Bayesianism. Inductions are valid only if the procedures employed are truth-approximating over the long run. Inquirers face a problem approximating the truth, however, as our inquiries are limited to the short period of time in which we have inquired, localized to our corner of the universe, and possibly vitiated by individual biases. In order to address these concerns, Peirce shifts the burden of inquiry from individuals to an infinitely expansive community of inquirers. While this addresses the long-run validity of our inductive inferences, we also want to make them strong in the short run. Advice on how to make inductions strong can be found throughout Peirce’s writings.
How the Movies Got a Past
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios
Published: July 2023

This book presents a comprehensive survey of the rise of historiographical discourse on cinema in North America as it is reflected in publications, exhibitions, lectures, and films about film as a technology, art, and form of amusement, from its inception up to 1930. This first historiography of American movies creates a typology of genres of historical knowledge and examines the role that its articulation played in legitimating the moving image as a form of cultural heritage and a field of study. How did early studios seek to understand and promote their own activities as part of a brand-new form of entertainment with its own traditions, founding fathers, and ambitions? How did early writers modulate between retrospection and analysis, between nostalgia and ballyhoo, between journalism and research into the fragments of the nascent film industry, and what were their motivations and influence on subsequent historians? What rhetorical and material platforms were deployed to talk about and show the history of cinema, and for what audiences were they meant? In teasing out answers to these and other questions, this book makes an argument for early cinema historiography as an emergent genre with its own conventions and goals instead of a primitive version of today’s historical writing on the movies.
Conclusion
Authors: Latsis Dimitrios
Published: July 2023

The conclusion provides a summary and reflection on what the methodology of film historiography can gain from a reconsideration of early writings on the history of cinema, as well as the exhibitions, commemorative events, films, and publications that this book has analyzed. It also considers the recent material and archival turns in film historiography. It argues that despite the occasionally untrustworthy tenor of the accounts of participants in this history made in media res, despite the lack of agreement over an overarching driving force for the way cinema progressed, despite the fact-checking and the adoption of more rigorous methodologies by subsequent historians that led to the record established by their forebears being substantially revised, there is still great value in revisiting the discourse, assumptions, and motivations of those that sought to pin down the story of this medium as it was happening.
After Calvin
Authors: Scheuers Timothy R.
Published: July 2023

The aim of this last chapter is to explain the place and purpose of academic oaths and formal subscription during a critical period of institutional development for the Genevan Academy. The chapter mines the official records of Geneva’s civic and ecclesiastical authorities in order to offer some plausible answers to the following questions: How did the Academy’s requirements for the matriculation oath and confessional subscription change between the years 1559 and 1612, and what do these changes reveal about the importance of these measures for attaining the pastors’ and civic leaders’ respective visions for reform? In what ways did the pragmatic concern for institutional viability eventually eclipse the need for hard confessional boundaries, including oath and subscription requirements established by the Academy’s founders? Relatedly, what do the following cases reveal about the significance of sworn oaths as binding agents upon the individual conscience?
What are Deprivation, Discrimination, Inequality, and Grievances?
Authors: Basedau Matthias , Fox, and Jonathan , Zellman Ariel
Published: July 2023

This chapter discusses our main independent variables: discrimination, deprivation, inequality (DDI), and grievances both in theory and in practice. We discuss how previous studies have theorized and measured these variables and discuss how we do so. We also provide full descriptive statistics for these variables over the time period of the study. We have examined multiple variables for each of these, including religious, political, and economic DDI, and grievance variables to match (religious, political, and economic). The tables provided in this chapter detail and examine the results of our data, and we tie these data back to our measurement scales for each type.
Conclusions
Authors: Basedau Matthias , Fox, and Jonathan , Zellman Ariel
Published: July 2023

This chapter explores the theoretical, empirical, and policy implications of our findings. We argue that our finding that grievances are a central element of the minority-based conflict process is our most important finding precisely because many in the literature argue otherwise but do so based on evidence inferior to the evidence presented in our book. Nevertheless, the conflict process is complex and involves a wide range of other factors including the government’s and minorities’ capacity and willingness to accommodate grievances, resources, political access, minority size, and regime. Another important finding is that while religion brings unique elements to conflicts, religious minorities’ conflict behavior is much like that commonly theorized for other types of minorities. All of this indicates that policymakers would be well advised to pay attention to grievances by minorities and to seek to accommodate them.