bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A lei dos grandes números e a falácia do jogador em um modelo probabilístico para a Mega-Sena
Authors: Vital de Paula Fernanda , Silva Kevellyn
Published: February 2021

Os jogos de azar estão presentes no cotidiano há milhares de anos. No Brasil, a Mega-Sena é o maior jogo de azar, na modalidade lotérica. Para quantificar o quão provável é uma vitória na Mega-Sena, modelos probabilísticos podem ser utilizados. Este trabalho parte de um modelo proposto na literatura para discutir a Lei Fraca do Grandes Números e a Falácia do Jogador. O objetivo é explicar algumas crenças sem embasamento matemático dos apostadores e destacar a impossibilidade de prever resultados.
Leo Tolstoy's novella “The Prisoner of the Caucasus”: on the question of creative history
Authors: Nikolayeva Yevgeniya V.
Published: February 2021

For the first time, the article presents a comparative analysis of Alexander. Pushkin's remarks about his poem “The Prisoner of the Caucasus” and Leo Tolstoy's short story of the same name, written for children's reading and placed in "The Alphabet Book". In the second half of the 1850s, Leo Tolstoy carefully and with numerous notes read the biography of Pushkin, published by Pavel Annenkov for the collected works of the great author. We can assume that from this time the writer begins a conscious study of Pushkin's prose, which previously had not attracted him. In this book, Leo Tolstoy marks out in pencil, among other information, the unsent Pushkin’s letter to Nikolay Gnedich, in which the author of the poem critically examines its shortcomings. In the late 1860s and the early 1870s, Leo Tolstoy was experiencing a serious creative crisis caused by dissatisfaction with the state of fiction, especially language, of that time. He begins to focus on the language of "folkish literature", for the first time applying new "writing techniques" when creating children's stories for "The Alphabet Book". Comparison of Pushkin's critical remarks about his work with the content, images of the main characters, minor characters and their storylines in Leo Tolstoy's story "The Prisoner of the Caucasus" convinces that the writer took into account Pushkin's remarks, having received from Puskin a genuine lesson in skill.
Mikhail Prishvin’s artistic outlook in Razumnik Ivanov-Razumnik’s interpretation
Authors: Kholodova Zinaida Ya.
Published: February 2021

It is well known that the discovery of Mikhail Prishvin as an original writer belongs to Ivanov-Razumnik with whom they were friends during a long period of time. However, the critic’s interpretation or Mikhail Prishvin’s artistic outlook is not covered well enough and objectively in the literary criticism due to serious ideological reasons. Ivanov-Razumnik who was in the most conspicuous place in sociaist-revolutionary party was struck out from the Soviet literary process in spite of his undoubted merits in the Russian culture. The politicisation of the Soviet literary criticism did not promote to adequate research of Mikhail Prishvin’s creative heritage too. It was no accident that the investigators of Mikhail Prishvin’s heritage passed over very significant page in writer’s life and heritage, which is his collaboration in the socialist-revolutionary direction journal «The Covenants» in 1912–1914 where Ivanov-Razumnik was literary editor and leading critic. The world-view positions difference did not promote for the critic to mark essential features of Mikhail Prishvin’s artistic outlook, which is confirmed by researching the materials of Ivanov-Razumnik’s articles and Mikhail Prishvin’s creative heritage and diaries.
Subject-material ontology in “Doctor Zhivago”, the “final book” by Boris Pasternak
Authors: Bondarchuk Yelena M.
Published: February 2021

The article is addressed to the problem of typological characteristics of a number of novels distinguished by a long-term, large-scale conception and genre "proteism". Conventionally referred to as the "final books", these works represent an attempt to create a "universal text" of cultural memory. Such a text is intended to reveal the "totality of being", to answer the main questions of life. Through the prism of signs of the "final book", this article examines the novel "Doctor Zhivago" by Boris Pasternak. The main attention is focused on the study of the ontological aspect of the objective, material world of the work, in particular, household objects and interior components. In descriptive fragments, the frequency lexemes "thing" and "object" are highlighted, which act as a reduced description. Their "collective" semantics creates conditional, generalised images of material and ideal objects that realize the idea of contact between the existential (sacred) and the ordinary and the idea of restoring unity (integrity). The lexeme “thing” acts as an actualiser of meanings associated with the concept of a way of life, an order of things, harmonious to a greater or lesser extent. The lexeme “object” is most often marked by the state of “ontological uncomfortableness”, “alienation” of objects of the external world from a person, which arose as a result of the disintegration of “living” connections, the absence of “contact” and decline in general. The opposition “thing-object” implements in the narrative “ready-made / code” philosophical generalisations, which are differentiated depending on situations, and it expresses the assessment of reality given by the narrator, whose worldview in many cases is extremely close to the position of the protagonist.
Writer's authority in the processes of social transformations of the 1960s and 1970s (worldview projection and ideological background)
Authors: Stoletova Anna S.
Published: February 2021

The article describes the strengthening of writer's interest in the common, ordinary person, in the Soviet deteriorations and hardships of the post-war period. The text focuses on the emergence of a critical line in the literary work of the writers of the Russian North – a territory where peasant mental ties and spiritual bonds were especially strong. The article considers the ideological discussions regarding the published acutely social component of the press – the stories “Vologda Weddingˮ by Alexander Yashin and “Round and aroundˮ by Fyodor Abramov. The novelty of the study lies in the fact that it shows the political and ideological mechanisms of influence on the authority of a writer. Special attention is paid to the period of the 1960s, associated with the cardinal social transformation of rural life, the breakdown of its traditional way of life, the commodification of labour relations, the change in economic guidelines and the modification of peasant values. The researcher comes to the conclusion that the irreconcilability of writers to the deformations of socio-economic development and the problems of the life of the rural society, including the restructuring and breaking of family institutions, property, the role of custom in peasant life, played an important role in the ideological ideas of the public, being a kind of protest, an appeal to action.
Topical problems of legal regulation of the institution of conflict of interest in the state civil service in the Russian Federation
Authors: Koval’ Sergey P. , Taibova Oksana Yu. , Tsvetkov Mikhail Yu.
Published: February 2021

The article examines theoretical issues related to understanding and important problems of legal regulation of the institution of conflict of interest in the state and municipal service, it analyses the category of “personal interest of an employee”, and also conducts a comparative study of the application of administrative and disciplinary responsibility to a civil servant in this conflict situations. The activity of the commissions on compliance with the requirements for official behaviour of civil servants is analysed. The authors analyse the specifics of the conflict of interest based on the current legislation. Particular attention is paid to the issues of increasing the efficiency of practical activities of state bodies to identify and prevent these conflicts. Gaps in the provisions of the laws of the Russian Federation related to conflicts of interest are investigated. There are proposals for the effective resolution of conflict situations in the civil service. Analysing the changes in the legislation of the Russian Federation, considering the opinions of scientists on combating corruption, the authors draw their own conclusions. The key position of the authors on this issue is that improving the measures of legal responsibility of civil servants in a situation of conflict of interest is a necessary task of the science of administrative law, an effective means of preventing offences and strengthening executive discipline in the state apparatus.
From “Dear Ilyich” to the covenants of the leader: transformation of perception of the personality of Vladimir Lenin in the rural province in the 1920s (Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic)
Authors: Khomyakov Sergey V.
Published: February 2021

The life of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, the founder of the Soviet state, had acquired more and more mythological features with each new decade after his death until it finally transformed into a symbol of the demiurge leader – the creator of the new world (by the will of political leadership and by the transformation of mass consciousness). This process began already in 1924, with the erection of the first wooden mausoleum on Red Square. In contrast to the ideologically advanced teams of industrial enterprises in the autonomy's capital city of Verkhneudinsk, the image of Lenin for whom, despite staying in a template form, had still acquired interpretations of a common man, for a significant number of rural residents of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, his personality had remained almost unknown and only vaguely associated with the Revolution and Communists. Interpretations of Lenin's personality by the rural population of Buryatia during the 1920s are analysed in this article. The aim of the article is to study the transformation of the image of Lenin in the perception of the rural population of Buryatia during the 1920s, which will make it possible to follow more fully the initial stage of the dogmatisation of the teachings of the founder of the Bolshevik Party.
Comparative legal analysis of the constitutional bases of combating corruption in some states of the New Hanseatic League
Authors: Gruzdev Vladislav V. , Ganzha Natal’ya V.
Published: February 2021

The article presents an analysis of sources of legal regulation at various levels on anti-corruption issues in certain countries of the Hanseatic League of Modern times. The purpose of the analysis is to compare approaches to the legal regulation of this sphere of public relations and to study the experience of implementing in practice long-term relationships between territorial communities of local self-government in some countries of the Hanseatic League of Modern times. The issues of positive centuries-old interaction of the Association of Hanseatic cities in the context of the development of interstate anti-corruption institutions are updated. The article examines the features of legal regulation of the anti-corruption framework in Germany, the Netherlands and the Russian Federation. Conclusions are drawn about the general features in the approaches to legal regulation of anti-corruption in the above-mentioned states. The authors draw attention to the consistent policy of states to reduce the level of corruption in these states.
Constitution-law study of the concept of “tolerance” in the UN documents in connection with the adoption of the Resolution on religious tolerance
Authors: Kirillov Dmitriy A. , Sechenova Ekaterina G.
Published: February 2021

Before 12.12.2018 in the official UN documents, the English-language concept of "tolerance" always corresponded to the Russian-language concept of «forbearance». Both these concepts were used to denote the optimal principle of relationships between people with different immanent features (hereinafter – "the optimal principle of relationships"). However, starting with 12.12.2018, the English-language concept of "tolerance" corresponds not only to the concept of «forbearance» in the Russian-language UN documents, but also to the concept of «tolerance» proper. The existence of such dualism creates difficulties in interpreting the provisions of the Russian Constitution on human rights and other laws. Therefore, it became necessary to understand which of the two concepts is more consistent with the content of the "optimal principle of relations". The study examined scientific sources, more than two thousand documents in the official languages of the UN, and examined the relationship between the concepts of "tolerance": "forbearance" and "tolerance" proper in official documents. Conclusions were made that it is not possible to definitely establish from documents in Russian which of the concepts is more consistent with the content of the "optimal principle of relationships"; from the content of the UN documents in all languages, as well as scientific papers, it follows that semantically this principle corresponds to the concept of «tolerance». The full description of the principle is presented in the document "Declaration of the Principles of Tolerance"; this allows the content of the declaration to be used in interpreting article 2 and other provisions of the Constitution.
The application of artificial intelligence in commercial courts of the Russian Federation: perspectives and issues
Authors: Bakhteyev Dmitriy V. , Tarasova Lyudmila V.
Published: February 2021

The article is devoted to the description of the main directions of artificial intelligence application in the Commercial courts of the Russian Federation – in analytical and organisational work, in the work on adjudication, analysis and interpretation of the rule of law, in control over the adoption and execution of court decisions, in forensic examination. The experience of using artificial intelligence systems in the judicial systems of the Great Britain, the USA, the Netherlands was analysed, and three main directions of using the AI in legal proceedings were distinguished. Based on the practice of using the AI systems, legislation, the principles of the European Ethical Charter for the use of the AI in judicial and law enforcement systems, researchers' forecasts, both the expected positive and possible negative consequences of the use of artificial intelligence in this area are indicated. Use of the AI in legal proceedings can optimise the work of the judicial system, contribute to the suppression of biased, subjective attitudes, corruption and the possibility of judicial error, and at the same time it causes some problems and risks. These include the abidance of ethical principles by the AI, the impossibility of ensuring transparency and verifiability of court decisions made by the artificial intelligence system, the lack of legislative consolidation and legality, and the protection of personal information. In the conclusion, recommendations for prevention of the negative impact of the introduction of the AI systems into arbitration proceedings are given.
Sovereign tradition and spiritual dimension of Russian statehood in Russian literature of the 18th–19th centuries
Authors: Mosalyova Galina V. V.
Published: February 2021

The work is an overview of the International Conference held at the IMLI RAS in October 2020. The author analyses the structure of the conference, the composition of its participants, and the specifics of its online conduct; the problems of the reports presented at different sections, new approaches and concepts that revise and challenge negative perceptions, ideologemes and stereotypes in relation to Russian statehood. The review draws attention to topicality and prospects of further development of the problems stated at the conference.
Trade and economic activity of the Rybinsk interdistrict base of Ivanovo regional office of the Torgsin (Trade with Foreigners) in 1933–1935
Authors: Oreshkin Oleg Yu.
Published: February 2021

The article presents the main stages of the organisation of the Rybinsk interdistrict base (the IDB) of Ivanovo regional office Torgsin (Trade with Foreigners) and its further reorganisation. The questions about the evolution of managerial decisions during 1932-1933, sent from higher organisations, are investigated. Attention is paid to the information on the suppliers who served the IDB. Examples of economic and financial violations in the work of the store are given. The information on the key currency values attracted by Rybinsk IDB and its subordinate outlets in 1933-1934 is indicated. The comparison of the financial indicators of Rybinsk Torgsin IDB with the results of other divisions of Ivanovo regional office is carried out. Its contribution to the work of the regional office is noted. The reasons for the change in indicators in different periods have been studied. Particular attention is paid to calculating the weight volume of purchases of gold and silver. The dynamics of changes in indicators of the purchase of household gold and silver, of gold and silver coins, as well as the receipt of foreign currency are shown. The data on the countries from which the transfer operations were most actively carried out are presented. The potential economic effect from the activities of Rybinsk Torgsin IDB is considered. The article draws a conclusion about the role of Torgsin as one of the sources of obtaining currency values.
Activities of the Russian Red Cross society in Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in the years of the Axis aggression
Authors: Soboleva Anastasiya N.
Published: February 2021

The purpose of the study is to identify the features of the functioning of the Russian Red Cross society on the territory of the Buryat-Mongol Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1941–1945. In the article, the author reveals the main areas of activity of the regional Red Cross society, which included training of personnel for sanitary work (nurses, orderlies, squads); assistance in the deployment and further operation of evacuation hospitals; participation in the organisation of military medical trains and care for the wounded; preparation of donor blood; training the population to provide first aid; assistance to health authorities in carrying out educational and educational work on sanitary defence. In addition, various forms of activity of the population itself in obtaining medical skills, especially the youth of the republic, have been analysed. The scientific novelty lies in the fact that a number of previously unpublished sources are put into circulation, collected directly for this study. This made it possible to highlight some details that previously could not be reflected in other works. As a result of the study, it was determined that the activities of the regional society adhered to the main directions of the work of the Russian Red Cross Society and, despite the difficulties that arose, was quite effective in a difficult wartime.
Ivanovo State Pedagogic Institute during the Nazis aggression
Authors: Balakhonova Mariya A. , Okolotin Vladimir S.
Published: February 2021

The events of the East Front of World War II had an impact on the activities of the higher educational institutions in the City of Ivanovo and Ivanovo Region. There had been significant changes in the organisation of the educational process, the content of the curricula, the academic performance, the number of the teachers and the students, and the living conditions. The Soviet authorities took a number of the organisational measures to ensure the work of higher education institutions in the wartime conditions. This article examines the activities of one of the leading higher education institutions in Ivanovo Region – Ivanovo State Pedagogic Institute - in 1941-1945. Special attention is paid to the organisation of the educational process at the faculties, the changes in the educational programmes, the academic performance, the number of the teachers and the students, the working and leisure conditions. In addition, the article examines the administrative actions of the regional leadership to provide the pedagogic institute with fuel and its teachers and students, with food; we reflect the effectiveness of the measures taken. The result of this study was the conclusion about the essence of the "survival" of the institute in a military environment, the adaptation of the educational process to the emerging problems, the contribution of teachers and students to the country's defence and the work of the rear. The conditions in which the intitute carried out its activities allow us to conclude that although it was not the largest and not the greatest prestigious, the establishment had managed to "survive" in those difficult years.
The ideological and political support for the transformation of the economy and society in the USSR of the 1950–1980s: historical challenges and hidden trends
Authors: Nikiforov Yuriy S.
Published: February 2021

The article examines the trends in the ideological and political transformation of Soviet society and the economy in the late USSR against the backdrop of the historical challenges of the 1950-80s. The article raises the question of key areas and participants in ideological and political changes. The spectrum of opinions is analysed, reflecting both the official (authoritative) and expert (scientific) discourse of the problem. The theoretical and methodological basis of the study is connected with the ideas of Mikhail Beznin and Tat’yana Dimoni on proto-bourgeoisie, the formation of state capitalism in the USSR of the 1950-80s. An important theoretical role is played by the thesis of the researcher Grigoriy Popov about a hidden conflict of two types of power (experts and political functionaries) in the USSR. The source base of the study is presented both by key official documents of the Soviet era (the Constitution of the USSR of 1977, materials of the extraordinary 21st Congress of the Communist Party), and texts of representatives of socio-political thought of the 1950-2000s. The article makes a scientific hypothesis that in the official rhetoric of Soviet power in the 1950s and 1980s related to the socio-economic sphere, a latent transformation of values was observed – from traditional communist ideals to the primacy of material interests. According to the author, the leading place among expert scholars critical of the Soviet economy was occupied by liberal ideology, which significantly affected the subjectivity of the content of their books.
The Russian-speaking population of Latvia in the modern period: correlation of status with local state historical politics
Authors: Zverev Kirill A.
Published: February 2021

The article considers the change in the status of the Russian-speaking population of Latvia in conjunction with the local memory policy. In this work, we were able to analyse a significant number of legislative sources of the Republic of Latvia, including in the Latvian language, and to reveal cause-and-effect relationships in decision-making regarding national minorities. Based on the highlighted legislative material (some of which are introduced into scientific circulation for the first time), as well as the works of Latvian authors, we traced changes in the political and socio-economic status of the Russian-speaking population of Latvia during the 1990s - 2000s. We can state that the local state-historical policy is directly related to state integration measures and it was the ideological platform for discriminatory legislation in relation to national minorities. Nevertheless, the Russian-speaking population found itself in unfavourable conditions, a sharply reduced socio-economic and political status, managed to consolidate and adapt to the conditions of independent Latvia, taking its niche in all spheres of social society.
Image of Muslim characters by the author of «Kazan Chronicle»
Authors: Volkova Tat’yana F. , Makarova Yekaterina I.
Published: February 2021

One of the features of ‟Kazan Chronicle” – the manuscript of the three hundred year history of relations between Russia and Kazan Khanate – is the unusual attitude of the author, a supporter of the policy of Ivan the Terrible, to the Kazan Tatars (the latter ones in some cases are portrayed sympathetically by him), is discussed in the article; examples of the destruction of literary etiquette in the ‟Chronicle” are given, the reasons for such descriptions, hidden in the biography of the unnamed author of ‟Kazan Chronicle”, are explained. Episodes about violation of the contract with the fugitive Crimean tsar Ulanus, about the stay of the latter at the borders of Russia, by Vasily II the Blind, the Grand Prince of Moscow (Chapter 9), about treason of Kazan Khan Muhammad Amin against Ivan III the Great and about the further repentance of the former (Chapter 12), the perfidy of Shahghali, Khan of Kazan, who was Moscow's appointee, and killing by him of Chura, son of Naryk, Kazan nobleman who had saved him (Chapter 25), are discussed in the article in this aspect. In all those episodes of ‟Kazan Chronicle”, what is reflected is not only the circumstances of the personal sympathy towards Kazan Tatars from the side of the author of the ‟Chronicle”, who had lived for twenty years as a prisoner in Kazan, but also the destruction of literary etiquette, which was a trend characteristic of the 16th century literature.
Yaroslavl and Yaroslavl land in Latin-language sources of the 15th – 16th centuries
Authors: Kocheshkov Gennadiy N. , Agrafonov Pyotr G.
Published: February 2021

The topic of this article is European Latin-language sources of the 15th – 16th centuries, having their subject distinctive features of Yaroslavl land as well as the events that took place here. During this period Latin played the role of the main tool for the exchange of international information and it was the written language of the scientific community. Therefore, most of the works of foreign travellers of the 15th – 16th centuries including the materials about the Russian state is written in the classical Latin. Some of these works are texts devoted to Yaroslavl land. Information provided in these works make up a significant complex on the history of Yaroslavl land describing various aspects of its life. Depending on the nature of literary activity, interests, goals and methods of receiving information European authors covered topics related to natural and geographical features of the land, they described the economy, trade and other occupation of the population, characteristic features of cities or everyday life of Yaroslavl residents. But most of all foreign authors are naturally interested in the following questions of the history of these territories, their state-political organisation, administrative division, management principles and the religious sphere. Due to the limited Russian sources of the history of Yaroslavl land of this time, the testimonies of foreign authors become particularly significant. The richness of information often makes them extremely valuable.
The evolution of the images of the main characters in the process of Alexander Ostrovsky’s work on the comedy "The Forest" (based on the draft autograph of the play)
Authors: Belyakova Yelena N.
Published: February 2021

The proposed article assumes a continuation of the conversation about one of the most polemical texts by Alexander Ostrovsky, begun on the pages of this journal by Vladimir Tikhomirov, who in his article “Comedy "The Forest" by Alexander Ostrovsky: holding out for a hero. Experience of a commentˮ drew attention to the problem of evaluating the heroes of the comedy "The Forest" by critics of the 19th century. The genre-compositional features of the play, which included old and new types of heroes in familiar and new conflict collisions, acquired even more explicit outlines when referring to the manuscript sources of the play in the process of preparing the complete collected works of Alexander Ostrovsky. In our opinion, the reaction of the playwright's contemporaries, who did not see anything fundamentally new in the play "The Forest", is due, in particular, to the complex drawing of the images of the main characters, the concept of which took shape gradually. At the same time, the evolution of the characters of the heroes of the comedy had a direct impact on the formation of the author's intention. Also, the attempt to restore the general drawing of the author's work to create the characters of the main heroes of the play, to comprehend the specifics of the contradictions implicitly present in their images, is a logical continuation of the discourse begun earlier.
Efficiency Assessment of Public Education & Health Sector in Selected Middle-Income Countries with Special Reference to Millennium Development Goals (MDGs)
Authors: Khan Sami Ullah , Khan Zahoor , Hameed Gulnaz
Published: February 2021

This study investigates relative efficiency of public education and health sector in selected middle income countries with special reference to Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). The study uses data for two reference years; 2000 (implementation year of MDGs for developing countries) and 2015 (the final year of MDGs). Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and Malmquist Productivity Index (MPI) are used to calculate relative efficiency, operating scale of the countries (DMUs) and productivity change in relative efficiency over time respectively. The paper conceptualizes relative efficiency of the countries in discretionary, multicriteria input-output variables context to investigate efficiency differences among the countries and deduce important takeaways. Educational expenditure, teachers at primary level, health expenditure, birth attended by skilled staff are used as input variables while enrollment at primary level, completion of primary level education, infant survival per annum and child survival per annum are used as output variables. The DEA results show that all countries could not operate at efficient level to target MDGs. The level of efficiency was not same under different DEA specifications in both the periods. Some countries were inefficient because of their size; either having too large size or too small size of operation. The sources of change in efficiency over the time were either because of real change in efficiency or change in technology frontier or both. The study identified a set of institutional and individuals factors which contribute to the efficiency and inefficiency of DMUs under investigation.
Zorkal Yaylasının (İkizdere-RİZE) Vejetasyon Yapısının Belirlenmesi
Authors: BAKOĞLU Adil , BAYKAL Hüseyin , ÇATAL Muhammed İkbal
Published: February 2021

Bu çalışma Rize ili İkizdere ilçesi Zorkal yaylası merasında 2019 yılı içerisinde yapılmıştır. Çalışmada meranın toprağı kaplama alanı, botanik kompozisyonu, mera kalite derecesi ve mera durumu parametreleri incelenmiştir. Vejetasyon çalışması, Temmuz ayı içinde, vejetasyonun klimaks evreye ulaştığı safha da yapılmıştır. Araştırma alanının bitki örtüsü karakterleri “Lup” yöntemi kullanılarak belirlenmiştir. Araştırma alanında 21 familya ve 43 cins de toplam 47 takson teşhis edilmiştir. Familyaların takson sayıları; Poaceae (5), Fabaceae (4), Asteraceae (7), Apiaceae (3), Brassicaceae (2), Campanulaceae (1), Caprifoliaceae (1), Caryophyllaceae (2), Crassulaceae (1), Cyperaceae (1), Gentianaceae (1), Geraniaceae (2), Lamiaceae (4), Juncaceae (1), Orobanchaceae (2), Plantaginaceae (1), Polygonaceae (2), Primulaceae (1), Ranunculaceae (2), Rosaceae (3), Rubiaceae (1) şeklindedir. Mera alanının toprağı kaplama oranı % 83.40 olarak belirlenmiştir. Çalışma alanının botanik kompozisyonunda Poaceae % 13.07, Fabaceae % 28.11 ve diğer familyalar % 58.82 olarak tespit edilmiştir. 2.65 mera kalite derecesi ile meranın durumu “Zayıf” olarak belirlenmiştir.
EVALUATION OF EPIDEMIOLOGICAL AND CLINICAL FEATURES OF 202 HIV/AIDS CASES DIAGNOSED IN MERSIN
Authors: Aksu Müzeyyen , Şaşmaz Caferi Tayyar , Togay Altan , Aksu Tuğba
Published: February 2021

The number of cases has steadily increased over the years since 1985 in Turkey. The aim of this study was to evaluate the epidemiological and clinical characteristics of HIV/AIDS cases in our province. Data on 202 HIV/AIDS cases diagnosed between January 1993 and December 2015 in Mersin were obtained from patient files. A total of 202 HIV/AIDS cases, 158 (78.2%) males, were included in the study. 136 (67.3%) of the cases were in the 24-44 age range. 198 (98.0%) of the cases were Turkish citizens and 115 cases (40.1%) had social security 66 cases (32.6%) are the most common workers. The highest risk factor was risky sexual intercourse with 16 (7.9%) cases. While the incidence of HIV/AIDS was 2.0 per hundred thousand in 2000, it was found that this rate increased to 10.9 per hundred thousand in 2015. Opportunistic infections were detected during the AIDS phase. When the patients applied for the first time, the mean number of CD4+ T lymphocyte cells was greater than> 500 in 39 (19.3%). Viral load rates are in the range of <10000 in 49 (24.3%). 59 (29.2%) cases received anti-retroviral therapy. During the study 11 (5.4%) of the cases died. In our region, the incidence of HIV/AIDS has been increasing over the years. Risk factors of cases have not been reached to a large extent. Risk factors are  determined in the shortest time and education and health services should be planned to combat this disease.
قواعد تسوية منازعات الملكية الصناعية بواسطة التحكيم التجاري الدولي
Authors: الموسوي علي فوزي
Published: February 2021

برز دور التحكيم التجاري الدولي في منازعات الملكية الصناعية في الدول التي وسعت من نطاق حقوق الملكية الصناعية، من خلال النص في تشريعاتها المحلية على قواعد مادية تجد مصدرها في المبادئ المستقرة في التجارة الدولية، وتسمح بتسوية جميع انواع منازعات الملكية الصناعية بما في ذلك ألمنازعات المتعلقة بصحة براءة الاختراع أو العلامة التجارية بواسطة التحكيم التجاري الدولي.

 وتعنى القواعد المادية بالتسوية المباشرة لمنازعات التجارة الدولية، غير ان هناك قواعد مادية خاصة بتسوية منازعات الملكية الصناعية، منها القاعدة المادية التقليدية (النظام العام الدولي)، ومنها القواعد المادية الحديثة مثل (قاعدة حرية التصرف في الحقوق) و(قاعدة الطابع المالي للنزاع) و(قاعدة المعاملة العادلة والمنصفة للمستثمرين).
التنظيم الدستوري والقانوني للحق في التعليم
Authors: طالب مصدق عادل , حسين مرتضى
Published: February 2021

يعد الحق في التعليم من حقوق الانسان المتجددة والتي تكاد تجمع الدساتير والقوانين المختلفة على معالجة الاحكام المنظمة له، والسبب في ذلك أنَّ هذا الحق يعد مقياس لتحضر وتقدم المجتمع لاي دولة.

ومن هذا المنطق جاء بحثنا ليسلط الضوء على التنظيم الدستوري والقانوني للحق في التعليم في العراق مع مقارنته بدول أخرى كجمهورية مصر العربية من اجل وضع ضوابط تنظم هذا الحق وكيفية التمتع به.
خطاب الكراهية في نطاق الفقه واجتهادات المحاكم الجنائية الدولية
Authors: نعمة احمد عبيس
Published: February 2021

ركز البحث على بيان مفهوم خطاب الكراهية في نطاق الفقه والاجتهاد القضائي للمحاكم الجنائية الدولية وبالذات المحكمة الجنائية الدولية ليوغسلافيا السابقة والمحكمة الجنائية الدولية لرواندا، فضلاً عن المحكمة الجنائية الدولية، ومقارنة ما ذهبت إليه الأخيرة مع توجهات الفقه والاجتهاد القضائي على المستوى الوطني، إذ حاول البحث الوقوف على إشكالية الاختلاف في التوجهات الفقهية من جهة ومواقف المحاكم الجنائية الدولية من جهة أخرى، وبالتحديد في موضوع تكييف خطاب الكراهية كجريمة مستقلة بحد ذاتها، أم في تكييفها كسلوك لا يمكن عدّه جريمة، إلا في حالة ارتكاب جريمة دولية أسهم خطاب الكراهية على وقوعها.
جرائم الحرب وجرائم العدوان في فقه محكمة العدل الدولية
Authors: مسلم نبراس ابراهيم
Published: February 2021

تناولنا، في هذا البحث جرائم الحرب وجرائم العدوان في فقه محكمة العدل الدولية ، حيث قسمناه إلى مبحثين: الأول، وضحنا فية دور القضاء الدولي في تطوير المبادئ القانونية المتعلقة بجرائم الحرب.

اما المبحث الثاني، قتناولنا فيه دور القضاء الدولي في تطوير المبادئ القانونية الخاصة بجريمة العدوان

وفي الخاتمة بينا أهم الاستنتاجات التي توصلنا اليها في هذا الشأن، وبعض التوصيات الضرورية في هذا المجال.
الاختصاص الاستشاري لمجلس شورى الدولة العراقي ودوره في حماية الحقوق والحريات العامة
Authors: يونس مها بهجت , جمعة جهاد علي
Published: February 2021

يمارس مجلس شورى الدولة اختصاصه الاستشاري من خلال إصدار الفتاوى والآراء القانونية للوزارات والجهات غير المرتبطة بوزارة وتتولى هذه المهمة الهيئات الاستشارية وهي كل من الهيئة العامة وهيئة الرئاسة والهيئة المتخصصة.

إذ إن الهيئات الاستشارية أنفة الذكر تمارس اختصاصات مختلفة في مجال التقنين وفي مجال إبداء الرأي القانوني وتقديم المشورة القانونية.

وقد استطاع مجلس شورى الدولة من خلال ممارسة اختصاصه الاستشاري أن يوفر حماية للحقوق والحريات العامة، إذ ساهم في حماية الحقوق والحريات الشخصية من خلال إصدار الفتاوى التي تنص على عدم جواز حجز الأفراد دون قرار قضائي وتعطيل التشريعات التي صدرت في زمن النظام السابق والتي كانت تمنح أعضاء في السلطة التنفيذية كالوزراء والمحافظين صلاحية حجز الأفراد بقرار إداري، كما ساهم المجلس في حماية الحقوق والحريات الفكرية من خلال إفتائه باحترام الحرية الدينية وحق التعليم.

وكان للمجلس دور في حماية الحقوق والحريات الاقتصادية من خلال إصدار العديد من الفتاوى بشأن حماية حق الملكية والتأكيد على احترام هذا الحق من خلال منع رئيس السلطة التنفيذية من إصدار أوامر إدارية بحجز عقارات الأفراد دون صدور حكم قضائي، وكذلك ساهم المجلس في حماية حرية التجارة من خلال الإفتاء بحرية تأسيس الشركات التي تعمل في مجال تشغيل العمال دون استحصال موافقة الجهة القطاعية.

وأخيراً لعب المجلس دور في حماية الحقوق والحريات الاجتماعية من خلال إصدار الفتاوى التي تحمي حق العمل وحق العامل في الحصول على الأجر المناسب وما يعد من متممات الأجر كالإكرامية.
التعريف بالمطالبة العشائرية
Authors: حسوني احمد , عودة جليلة غضبان
Published: February 2021

المطالبة العشائرية مصطلح حديث في القانون العراقي حيث جرمت بعدة نصوص ومن بينها قانون حماية الأطباء العراقي رقم 26 لسنة 2013م وقبلها قرار مجلس قيادة الثورة المنحل رقم 24 والصادر في 7/4/1997م إلا أن المشرع لم يبين ماالمقصود بالمطالبات العشائرية وإنما وصفها بغير القانونية ، فالعشيرة تنظيم قائم على وحدة النسب والدم كما وان الأعراف نظمت لأسباب سياسية فصدر نظام دعاوى العشائر المدنية والجزائية لسنة 1918م أبان الإحتلال البريطاني للعراق حيث أسس مجلس من الشيوخ والمحكمين للفصل في النزاعات بين أفراد العشائر وهكذا فإن القانون يبيح العمل بالعرف العشائري تارة وينظمه بقانون ويجرمه تارة أخرى.
شروط العمل الإجرائي الجزائي
Authors: الشمري كاظم عبد الله , اسماعيل شاكر نوري
Published: February 2021

بوقوع الجريمة ينشأ حق للمجتمع في اقتضاء الجزاء من مرتكب الجريمة وذلك عن طريق الدعوى الجزائية إذ انها السبيل الوحيد لذلك  ويطلق على الأعمال التي يباشرها أطراف الدعوى الجزائية سواء أكانوا من الخصوم فيها أم من غيرهم بالأعمال الاجرائية وإنَّ جميع هذه الأعمال محددة بموجب القواعد الإجرائية الجزائية فلا يمكن مباشرة أي عمل إجرائي معين إلا بتوافر شروطه وهذه الشروط على طائفتين : شكلية وموضوعية ، وقد تتعلق تلك الشروط بالشخص  الذي يباشر العمل الاجرائي أو بالعمل الإجرائي ذاته  ولا يمكن للعمل الاجرائي أن ينتج أثره إذا ما تخلف أحد شروطه . وترتبط أهمية تلك الشروط بأهمية القواعد الاجرائية الجزائية إذ أن بتطبيق تلك الشروط تتحقق الموازنة بين مصلحة المجتمع في توقيع الجزاء ومصلحة الأفراد في حرياتهم الشخصية وهذا ما بيناه في بحثنا هذا في مناقشة بعض القواعد الاجرائية الجزائية في قانون أصول المحاكمات الجزائية  العراقي وتبين بأن المشرع العراقي قد احسن في وضع شروط العمل الاجرائي الجزائي إلا إنَّه لم يأخذ بنظرية عامة للبطلان كجزاء إجرائي يوقع على العمل الاجرائي المخالف لشروطه .
الاثار القانونية للصلح الواقي من الافلاس
Authors: امين خالص نافع , نعمة جواد كاظم
Published: February 2021

ان الصلح الواقي من الافلاس لا يصبح ملزماً لاطرافه بالرغم من موافقة المدين عليه وغالبية الدائنين الا بتصديق المحكمة عليه، فبمجرد التصديق يصبح نافذاً وينتج اثاره. حيث يلتزم المدين التاجر بتنفيذ شروط الصلح التي تم الاتفاق عليها بجمعية الصلح، شخصاً طبيعياً كان ام شركة، كما ان سريان الصلح يمنع المدين من طلب صلح اخر ويمنع ايضاً الملتزمين مع المدين بالوفاء من الاستفادة بشروط الصلح.

بيد ان الشركاء في الشركة المسؤولون في جميع اموالهم عن ديونها تسري عليهم اثار الصلح الواقي فيستفيدون من شروط الصلح الواقي، هذا بالنسبة للمدين والملتزمين مع المدين.

اما الدائنون الذين تسري عليهم شروط الصلح الواقي كاثراً من اثار التصديق عليه فهم جميع الدائنين العاديين الذين نشأت ديونهم قبل صدور حكم افتتاح اجراءات الصلح وقبلت بصورة نهائية او مؤقتة ولو لم يشتركوا في اجراءاته او لم يوافقوا عليه.
An Electromagnetic Energy Harvester for Wireless Sensors from Power Lines: Modeling and Experiment Verification
Authors: KABAKULAK Mahmut , ARSLAN Serdal
Published: February 2021

In this study, harvesters, sensors and data acquisition cards were designed and tested to obtain data from transmission lines. In this context; numerical analyses of harvesters with two different core geometries were performed with Ansys Maxwell software. Then the voltage and power harvested by the harvesters at different line currents were measured with pre-tests in the laboratory. Analyses’ results and pre-test’s results were examined and it was determined that the geometric structure (double C) model suitable for use in overhead transmission lines with high current could be used. The field test was carried out on a distribution transformer. In the field test, the harvester mounted on the transformer supply line has charged the battery supplying the sensor circuit with sufficient power to ensure normal operation of the system. A circuit is designed to measure air temperature, humidity, pressure, altitude, air quality and transformer temperature and to transmit them to the remote distance with RF transmitter. Data received on the data collection card can be recorded at certain periods and time-based graphs of the data can be obtained by a computer interface program. The energy of this circuit is to meet the energy harvested from the electromagnetic field.
ЦИКЛ ВАГІТНОСТІ ЖІНКИ В МНОЖИНАХ ЗНАКІВ НА АРХЕОЛОГІЧНИХ АРТЕФАКТАХ ТА ОРНАМЕНТАХ РУШНИКІВ ПОДІЛЛЯ
Authors: Євген Причепій
Published: February 2021

Під множинами знаків розуміються групи простих знаків (паличок, шевронів, крапок), що трапляються на археологічних артефактах і орнаментах народних рушників. Вони, на думку автора, передають тривалість циклів Сонця і Місяця та деяких планет і цикл вагітності жінки. Досліджується логіка формування цих знаків. Автор трактує їх, виходячи з думки Г. Кантора, за якою в історії людства множини передували числам. Аналізуються множина з 280 знаків, що передавала цикл вагітності у днях, а також множини з 40 і 10 знаків, що передавали тривалість вагітності у скороченому на числа 7 і 28 вигляді. Демонструється присутність цих множин на археологічних артефактах та орнаментах подільських рушників.
КУЛЬТУРНО-МОРАЛЬНІ ЦІННОСТІ ЕЛІТИ В ТРАКТУВАННІ В.К. ЛИПИНСЬКОГО
Authors: Віктор Шостак
Published: February 2021

Проаналізовано окремі аспекти формування національної еліти та значення цієї верстви для розвитку суспільства. Розглянуто погляди В. Липинського щодо недоліків виборчої системи та її вплив на культурні цінності суспільства. Висвітлюється бачення мислителя сутності поняття аристократії та значення релігії і церкви в духовному поступі суспільства. Простежуються три головні моделі державно-церковних відносин, що відображають морально-культурні уявлення політичної еліти. Наголошується на актуальності поглядів В. Липинського в сучасних умовах українського державотворення.
ПОЛІТИКА НЕОФІЦІЙНОГО: ДО ПРОБЛЕМИ ІНТЕРПРЕТАЦІЇ УКРАЇНСЬКОГО МИСТЕЦЬКОГО НОНКОНФОРМІЗМУ
Authors: Леся Смирна
Published: February 2021

Уперше запропоновано генеративну синтетичну модель реконструкції українського мистецького нонконформізму, зокрема в українському мистецтві XX – поч. XXI ст., що поєднує антропологічні, морфологічні аспекти створення художньої форми, а відтак і художнього образу в контексті мистецького опору ідеологічному, політичному тиску та постмодерністської культури, що формується в пострадянському просторі. На основі розкриття специфіки еволюції й образних трансформацій українського мистецького нонконформізму, здійсненої історико-культурної реконструкції еволюції нонконформізму в українському мистецтві, проаналізованих витоків нонконформного руху в 1920–1930-і запропоновано модель функціонування явища нонконформізму в контексті українського візуального мистецтва та української культури XX – поч. XXI ст.
ФАХОВИЙ КОЛЕДЖ КУЛЬТУРИ ТА МИСТЕЦТВ І ПРОБЛЕМИ ФУНКЦІОНУВАННЯ ГАЛУЗІ
Authors: Володимир Виткалов , Вікторія Куклінська
Published: February 2021

Виявляється специфіка функціонування фахового коледжу культури і мистецтв у системі спеціальної освіти в сучасних умовах, зокрема його нової спеціальності 028 «Менеджмент соціокультурної діяльності». Ефективність випускників та система організації навчального процесу у даному матеріалі корелюється з інформацією Приймальної комісії ЗВО ІІІ–ІV рівнів акредитації. Наголошується на кореляційній залежності фахової освіти з потребами практики. Ефективності діяльності мережі цих закладів можна досягти, на думку авторів, лише за умови вивчення потреб практики і узгодження навчальних планів даних коледжів із системою організації навчального процесу у ЗВО.
УКРАЇНСЬКІ ХУДОЖНІ МУЗЕЇ ТА ГАЛЕРЕЇ В ЧАСИ ПАНДЕМІЇ: НОВИЙ ДОСВІД КУЛЬТУРНОГО МЕНЕДЖМЕНТУ
Authors: Вікторія Головей
Published: February 2021

Проаналізовано вплив пандемії та карантинних обмежень на галерейно-виставкову й музейну діяльність. Визначено особливості кризової ситуації в культурно-мистецькій сфері та окреслено провідні тенденції виходу з неї в світовому та українському соціокультурному контексті. Висвітлено актуальні тренди культурного менеджменту, скеровані на адаптацію культурних інституцій до викликів «карантинного» життя: запровадження інноваційних форм інтерактивної взаємодії з публікою з використанням новітніх інтернет-платформ (зокрема соціальних мереж та месенджерів) для репрезентації художніх творів та креативних культурно-мистецьких проектів, діджиталізація, залучення громад, культурних фондів і меценатів до підтримки діяльності українських художніх музеїв і галерей.
ПРОГРАМА РОЗПИСУ ПРАВОСЛАВНОГО ХРАМУ ЯК КУЛЬТУРОЛОГІЧНА ПРОБЛЕМА
Authors: Юлія Хлистун
Published: February 2021

Висвітлюється проблема визначення поняття «програма розпису православного храму» в контексті культурології, а також співвідношення термінів «програма», «система» і «схема» розпису православного храму. Приділяється увага факторам, що безпосередньо впливають на формування програми храмового розпису. Із точки зору різних наукових підходів дослідників розкривається призначення монументального живопису, звертається увага на те, як впливає час на особливості сприйняття храмового розпису.
СУЧАСНА РЕСТАВРАЦІЙНА ДІЯЛЬНІСТЬ : ОСНОВНІ НАПРЯМИ, ЗАВДАННЯ ТА ПРІОРИТЕТИ
Authors: Олег Рішняк
Published: February 2021

Стаття присвячена розгляду основних напрямів сучасної реставраційної діяльності, зокрема превентивній та інвазивній консерваціям, а також реставрації. Сформульовано основні завдання кожного напряму, визначено передумови практичного проведення окресленого кола заходів та проаналізовано їхній вплив на об’єкт реставрації. Звернено увагу на важливе значення превентивної консервації для сфери охорони світової культурної спадщини та недостатнє використання напрацювань цього напряму в українській реставраційній справі.
ТВОРЧІСТЬ СЕРГІЯ ЛИФАРЯ : ДОСЯГНЕННЯ У МИСТЕЦТВІ ХОРЕОГРАФІЇ
Authors: Леся Турчак
Published: February 2021

Досліджено спадщину балетмейстера, хореографа, педагога С. М. Лифаря в українське та світове мистецтво танцю. Проаналізовано творчий шлях і доведено його значний внесок у світове мистецтво танцю. Наголошено на важливості його новаторського підходу до тогочасних постановок, організаторських здібностях, які допомогли в роботі з балетом «Grand Opеra» у досить складний історичний період. Означено особливості його роботи, які називають «неокласикою» балету («Падіння Ікара», «Сюїта у білому»). Він здійснив понад 200 постановок, працював художнім керівником у «Grand Opеra» майже 30 років. Не зважаючи на те, що основну частину свого життя митець прожив за кордоном, він вважав себе українцем і відхилив пропозицію стати громадянином Франції.
НАРОДНА МУЗИЧНА КУЛЬТУРА ЯК ФАКТОР НАЦІОНАЛЬНОЇ САМОІДЕНТИФІКАЦІЇ
Authors: Сергій Виткалов
Published: February 2021

Рецензія на монографію: Фабрика-Процька О. Р. Народна музична культура лемків і русинів Карпатського регіону: традиція, трансформація, ідентифікація. Івано-Франківськ: ДВНЗ «Прикарпат. нац. ун-т ім. В. Стефаника»; підприємець Супрун В. П., 2020. 492 с. + 24 іл.