bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling the Hourly Distribution of Population at a High Spatiotemporal Resolution Using Subway Smart Card Data: A Case Study in the Central Area of Beijing
Authors: Ma Yunjia , Xu Wei , Zhao Xiujuan , Li Ying
Published: April 2017

The accurate estimation of the dynamic changes in population is a key component in effective urban planning and emergency management. We developed a model to estimate hourly dynamic changes in population at the community level based on subway smart card data. The hourly population of each community in six central districts of Beijing was calculated, followed by a study of the spatiotemporal patterns and diurnal dynamic changes of population and an exploration of the main sources and sinks of the observed human mobility. The maximum daytime population of the six central districts of Beijing was approximately 0.7 million larger than the night-time population. The administrative and commercial districts of Dongcheng and Xicheng had high values of population ratio of day to night of 1.35 and 1.22, respectively, whereas Shijingshan, a residential district, had the lowest value of 0.84. Areas with a high population ratio were mainly concentrated in Dongcheng, Xicheng, West Chaoyang, and Southeast Haidian. The daytime population distribution showed a hierarchical spatial pattern of planar centers and second scattered centers as opposed to multiple scattered centers during the night-time. This was because most people moved inward from the areas with a low–high to high–low population ratio of day to night from night-time to daytime, which can be explained by the process of commuting between residential areas and workplaces. Several distinctive phenomena (e.g., the distribution of new industrial parks, the so-called old residential areas, and colleges and universities) in the development of China are reflected by the spatiotemporal pattern of the distribution of population. The general consistency of the population ratios of day to night, population distribution, population variation of typical communities, and population mobility pattern with previous research suggests that the subway smart card data has potential in analyzing dynamic diurnal variations of urban population. This method can be easily duplicated to calculate hourly dynamic changes in population at the community level. These results can be used to estimate the potential hourly number of evacuees under different temporal scenarios of disasters and to support future urban planning in Beijing.
Exploring the Behavioral and Metabolic Phenotype Generated by Re-Introduction of the Ghrelin Receptor in the Ventral Tegmental Area
Authors: Skov Louise , Jensen Morten , Christiansen Søren , Ratner Cecilia , Woldbye David , Holst Birgitte
Published: April 2017

Ghrelin receptor (Ghr-R) signaling in neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) can modulate dopaminergic function and the reward-related effects of both palatable foods and drugs of abuse. In this study, we re-introduced the Ghr-R in VTA neurons in Ghr-R knockout mice (Ghr-RVTA mice) to specifically study the importance of the constitutively active Ghr-R for VTA neuronal signaling. Our results showed that re-introduction of the Ghr-R in the VTA had no impact on body weight or food intake under basal conditions. However, during novel environment stress Ghr-RVTA mice showed increased food intake and energy expenditure compared to Ghr-R knockout mice, demonstrating the significance of Ghr-R signaling in the response to stress. Ghr-RVTA mice also showed increased cocaine-induced locomotor activity compared to Ghr-R knockout mice, highlighting the importance of ghrelin signaling for the reward-related effects of activation of VTA neurons. Overall, our data suggest that re-introduction of the Ghr-R in the mesolimbic reward system of Ghr-R knockout mice increases the level of activation induced by both cocaine and novelty stress.
High Thermal Dissipation of Al Heat Sink When Inserting Ceramic Powders by Ultrasonic Mechanical Coating and Armoring
Authors: Tsai Wei-Yu , Huang Guan-Rong , Wang Kuang-Kuo , Chen Chin-Fu , Huang J.
Published: April 2017

Aluminum alloys, which serve as heat sink in light-emitting diode (LED) lighting, are often inherent with a high thermal conductivity, but poor thermal total emissivity. Thus, high emissive coatings on the Al substrate can enhance the thermal dissipation efficiency of radiation. In this study, the ultrasonic mechanical coating and armoring (UMCA) technique was used to insert various ceramic combinations, such as Al2O3, SiO2, or graphite, to enhance thermal dissipation. Analytic models have been established to couple the thermal radiation and convection on the sample surface through heat flow equations. A promising match has been reached between the theoretical predictions and experimental measurements. With the adequate insertion of ceramic powders, the temperature of the Al heat sinks can be lowered by 5–11 °C, which is highly favorable for applications requiring cooling components.
The Effect of Deoxynivalenol on Selected Populations of Immunocompetent Cells in Porcine Blood—A Preliminary Study
Authors: Dąbrowski Michał , Jakimiuk Ewa , Baranowski Mirosław , Gajęcka Magdalena , Zielonka Łukasz , Gajęcki Maciej
Published: April 2017

Deoxynivalenol (DON) is one of the most prevalent mycotoxins in Europe. Pigs are an animal species that is most susceptible to this mycotoxin. Deoxynivalenol causes significant losses in pig production by lowering feed intake, decreasing daily weight gains, disrupting immune responses, and increasing susceptibility to diseases. The aim of this experiment was to determine the influence of feed contaminated with DON at concentrations insignificantly higher than recommended by the European Commission (900 µg/kg). The experimental feed contained 1008 μg DON/kg. The experiment was performed on eight weaners from the same litter. The animals were randomly divided into two groups: an experimental group (M, n = 4) fed contaminated feed and a control group (C, n = 4) administered feed free of mycotoxins. The experiment lasted for six weeks, and peripheral blood samples were collected from the animals for analyses of selected morphological parameters and changes in the percentages of CD4+8−, CD4−8+, and CD4+8+ lymphocytes and antigen-presenting cells (APC) with CD14+172+ (monocytes), CD172ahigh4−14− (conventional dendritic cells, cDC), and CD172adim4+14− (plasmacytoid dendritic cells, pDC) phenotypes. The morphological parameters of porcine blood samples were determined by flow cytometry with non-fluorescent particle-size calibration standards, and no differences were observed between groups M and C. An immunophenotyping analysis of lymphocytes and dendritic cells (DC) revealed an increase in the percentage of CD4+8−, CD172ahigh4−14−, and CD172adim4+14− cells, and a decrease in the number of CD4−8+ cells in group M. The results of this experiment suggest that prolonged exposure to low doses of DON can change the proportions of immunocompetent cells (a shift towards humoral immunity), without affecting their overall counts.
Tradeoff-in-the-Nephron: A Theory to Explain the Primacy of Phosphate in the Pathogenesis of Secondary Hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Phelps Kenneth
Published: April 2017

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) causes secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). The cardinal features of SHPT are persistence of normocalcemia as CKD progresses and dependence of the parathyroid hormone concentration ([PTH]) on phosphate influx (IP). The tradeoff-in-the-nephron hypothesis integrates these features. It states that as the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) falls, the phosphate concentration ([P]CDN) rises in the cortical distal nephron, the calcium concentration ([Ca]CDN) in that segment falls, and [PTH] rises to maintain normal calcium reabsorption per volume of filtrate (TRCa/GFR). In a clinical study, we set GFR equal to creatinine clearance (Ccr) and IP equal to the urinary excretion rate of phosphorus (EP). We employed EP/Ccr as a surrogate for [P]CDN. We showed that TRCa/Ccr was high in patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and normal in those with SHPT despite comparably increased [PTH] in each group. In subjects with SHPT, we examined regressions of [PTH] on EP/Ccr before and after treatment with sevelamer carbonate or a placebo. All regressions were significant, and ∆[PTH] correlated with ∆EP/Ccr in each treatment cohort. We concluded that [P]CDN determines [PTH] in CKD. This inference explains the cardinal features of SHPT, much of the evidence on which other pathogenic theories are based, and many ancillary observations.
Surface Patterning of Gold Nanoparticles on PEG-Based Hydrogels to Control Cell Adhesion
Authors: Ren Fang , Yesildag Cigdem , Zhang Zhenfang , Lensen Marga
Published: April 2017

We report on a versatile and easy approach to micro-pattern gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) on 8-arm poly(ethylene glycol)-vinyl sulfone thiol (8PEG-VS-SH) hydrogels, and the application of these patterned Au NPs stripes in controlling cell adhesion. Firstly, the Au NPs were patterned on silicon wafers, and then they were transferred onto reactive, multifunctional 8PEG-VS-SH hydrogels. The patterned, micrometer-sized Au NPs stripes with variable spacings ranging from 20 μm to 50 μm were created by our recently developed micro-contact deprinting method. For this micro-contact deprinting approach, four different PEG-based stamp materials have been tested and it was found that the triblock copolymer PEG-PPG-PEG-(3BC) stamp established the best transfer efficiency and has been used in the ongoing work. After the successful creation of micro-patterns of Au NPs stripes on silicon, the patterns can be transferred conveniently and accurately to 8PEG-VS-SH hydrogel films. Subsequently these Au NPs patterns on 8PEG-VS-SH hydrogels have been investigated in cell culture with murine fibroblasts (L-929). The cells have been observed to adhere to and spread on those nano-patterned micro-lines in a remarkably selective and ordered manner.
INS/GNSS Integration for Aerobatic Flight Applications and Aircraft Motion Surveying
Authors: V. Hinüber Edgar , Reimer Christian , Schneider Tim , Stock Michael
Published: April 2017

This paper presents field tests of challenging flight applications obtained with a new family of lightweight low-power INS/GNSS (inertial navigation system/global satellite navigation system) solutions based on MEMS (micro-electro-mechanical- sensor) machined sensors, being used for UAV (unmanned aerial vehicle) navigation and control as well as for aircraft motion dynamics analysis and trajectory surveying. One key is a 42+ state extended Kalman-filter-based powerful data fusion, which also allows the estimation and correction of parameters that are typically affected by sensor aging, especially when applying MEMS-based inertial sensors, and which is not yet deeply considered in the literature. The paper presents the general system architecture, which allows iMAR Navigation the integration of all classes of inertial sensors and GNSS (global navigation satellite system) receivers from very-low-cost MEMS and high performance MEMS over FOG (fiber optical gyro) and RLG (ring laser gyro) up to HRG (hemispherical resonator gyro) technology, and presents detailed flight test results obtained under extreme flight conditions. As a real-world example, the aerobatic maneuvers of the World Champion 2016 (Red Bull Air Race) are presented. Short consideration is also given to surveying applications, where the ultimate performance of the same data fusion, but applied on gravimetric surveying, is discussed.
Support Vector Data Description Model to Map Specific Land Cover with Optimal Parameters Determined from a Window-Based Validation Set
Authors: Zhang Jinshui , Yuan Zhoumiqi , Shuai Guanyuan , Pan Yaozhong , Zhu Xiufang
Published: April 2017

This paper developed an approach, the window-based validation set for support vector data description (WVS-SVDD), to determine optimal parameters for support vector data description (SVDD) model to map specific land cover by integrating training and window-based validation sets. Compared to the conventional approach where the validation set included target and outlier pixels selected visually and randomly, the validation set derived from WVS-SVDD constructed a tightened hypersphere because of the compact constraint by the outlier pixels which were located neighboring to the target class in the spectral feature space. The overall accuracies for wheat and bare land achieved were as high as 89.25% and 83.65%, respectively. However, target class was underestimated because the validation set covers only a small fraction of the heterogeneous spectra of the target class. The different window sizes were then tested to acquire more wheat pixels for validation set. The results showed that classification accuracy increased with the increasing window size and the overall accuracies were higher than 88% at all window size scales. Moreover, WVS-SVDD showed much less sensitivity to the untrained classes than the multi-class support vector machine (SVM) method. Therefore, the developed method showed its merits using the optimal parameters, tradeoff coefficient (C) and kernel width (s), in mapping homogeneous specific land cover.
Understanding the Needs of Families of Children Who Are Deaf/Hard of Hearing with an Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Wiley Susan , Meinzen-Derr Jareen , Hunter Lisa , Hudock Rebekah , Murphy Dora , Bentley Katie , Williams Tanishia
Published: April 2017

Background:There is a significant lack of evidence guiding our understanding of the needs of families of children who are deaf/hard of hearing (Deaf/HH) with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Much of our current knowledge is founded in case report studies with very small numbers
of children with the dual diagnosis.Purpose:The purpose of this study was to gain an understanding of the factors relating to caregiver stress and needs (i.e., supports and interventions) in families of children who are Deaf/HH with ASD.Research Design:Comparison groups of families
of children who were Deaf/HH, families with a hearing child with ASD, and families of children who were Deaf/HH with ASD were administered standardized questionnaires of stress with brief qualitative questionnaires focusing on family-identified needs.Study Sample:Six families of children
with the dual diagnosis, four families of children who were Deaf/HH, and three families of children with ASD.Data Collection and Analysis:Surveys included demographic and support questionnaires, the Parenting Stress Index (PSI), the Pediatric Hearing Impairment Caregiver Experience,
and a qualitative questionnaire.Results:Families of children who were Deaf/HH with ASD had a higher median total stress score on the PSI as compared to families of children who were Deaf/HH only (58.5 versus 41.5, respectively; p = 0.02) and higher Child Domain scores (60 versus
43, respectively; p = 0.02), indicating higher levels of stress in families of children with the dual diagnosis. The families of children who were Deaf/HH with ASD reported similar levels of stress as families of children with ASD.Conclusions:Families of children who are Deaf/HH
with an ASD experience stress and describe similar needs and priorities as families of hearing children with ASD. This suggests the needs related to having an autism spectrum disorder are of high priority in families of children with the dual diagnosis.
Access Of Women In Jail To Cytological Exam: A Quantitative Analysis
Authors: Maximino Danielle Aurília Ferreira Macêdo , Laurentino Danúbia de Andrade , Bezerra Eva Pôrto , Oliveira Danielle Martins do Nascimento , Silva Cássia Surama Oliveira da , Filho Josélio Soares de Oliveira , Virgínio Nereide de Andrade , Souto Cláudia Germana Virgínio de , Mello Emmanuella Costa de Azevedo , Silva Amanda Benício da , Saraiva Camila Navarro Rocha , Silva Paulo Emanuel , Lima Andréa Márcia Cunha , Barbosa Lucas Cunha Pimenta , Marques Daniela Karina Antão , De Souza Maurício Caxias
Published: April 2017

Goal: to know the access of women prisoners to cytological examination.

Method: exploratory-descriptive quantitative study, carried out at the Maria Júlia Maranhão Female Rehabilitation Center, in the city of João Pessoa/PB. The study population was of all closed regimens, and the minimum sample was 168 (one hundred and sixty-eight). Data collection was formalized through approval by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculdade de Enfermagem Nova Esperança (FACENE), CAAE: 18363713.8.0000.5179, besides the official referral of the Coordination of the Course to said prison. The present study respected the ethical aspects recommended by Resolution CNS 466/12, in art. III, of the ethical aspects, which deals with the involvement with human beings in research, as well as Resolution COFEN 311/2007, which deals with the code of ethics of nursing professionals.

 

Results and Discussion: data from the survey show that 33% of study participants were between the ages of 18 and 25; 58% reported being single; 48% have Incomplete Elementary Education; 39% with the profession of domestic; 48% have a family income of one minimum wage; 58% have one to two years imprisonment; 74% inflicted the drug trafficking article; 67% mentioned working in general prison services.

 

Conclusion: it is concluded that the participants of the research report having knowledge about the exam, but their answers do not correspond to the true meaning of the exam, showing the lack of knowledge, information, assistance and abandonment in which they live.

 

Descriptors: Women. Papanicolaou Test. Prisoners. Nursing.
The Width Distribution of Loops and Strands in the Solar Corona—Are We Hitting Rock Bottom?
Authors: Aschwanden Markus J. , Peter Hardi
Published: April 2017

In this study, we analyze Atmospheric Imaging Assembly (AIA) and Hi-C images in order to investigate absolute limits for the finest loop strands. We develop a model of the occurrence–size distribution function of coronal loop widths, characterized by the lower limit of widths w
min, the peak (or most frequent) width w

p
, the peak occurrence number n

p
, and a power-law slope a. Our data analysis includes automated tracing of curvilinear features with the OCCULT-2 code, automated sampling of the cross-sectional widths of coronal loops, and fitting of the theoretical size distribution to the observed distribution. With Monte Carlo simulations and variable pixel sizes

, we derive a first diagnostic criterion to discriminate whether the loop widths are unresolved

or fully resolved (if

). For images with resolved loop widths, we can apply a second diagnostic criterion that predicts the lower limit of loop widths as a function of the spatial resolution. We find that the loop widths are marginally resolved in AIA images but are fully resolved in Hi-C images, where our model predicts a most frequent (peak) value at

, in agreement with recent results of Brooks et al. This result agrees with the statistics of photospheric granulation sizes and thus supports coronal heating mechanisms operating on the macroscopic scale of photospheric magneto-convection, rather than nanoflare braiding models on unresolved microscopic scales.
Interchange Reconnection Associated with a Confined Filament Eruption: Implications for the Source of Transient Cold-dense Plasma in Solar Winds
Authors: Zheng Ruisheng , Chen Yao , Wang Bing , Li Gang , Xiang Yongyuan
Published: April 2017

The cold-dense plasma is occasionally detected in the solar wind with in situ data, but the source of the cold-dense plasma remains illusive. Interchange reconnections (IRs) between closed fields and nearby open fields are known to contribute to the formation of solar winds. We present a confined filament eruption associated with a puff-like coronal mass ejection (CME) on 2014 December 24. The filament underwent successive activations and finally erupted, due to continuous magnetic flux cancelations and emergences. The confined erupting filament showed a clear untwist motion, and most of the filament material fell back. During the eruption, some tiny blobs escaped from the confined filament body, along newly formed open field lines rooted around the south end of the filament, and some bright plasma flowed from the north end of the filament to remote sites at nearby open fields. The newly formed open field lines shifted southward with multiple branches. The puff-like CME also showed multiple bright fronts and a clear southward shift. All the results indicate an intermittent IR existed between closed fields of the confined erupting filament and nearby open fields, which released a portion of filament material (blobs) to form the puff-like CME. We suggest that the IR provides a possible source of cold-dense plasma in the solar wind.
Presupernova Neutrinos: Realistic Emissivities from Stellar Evolution
Authors: Patton Kelly M. , Lunardini Cecilia , Farmer Robert J.
Published: April 2017

We present a new calculation of neutrino emissivities and energy spectra from a massive star going through the advanced stages of nuclear burning (presupernova) in the months before becoming a supernova. The contributions from β decay and electron capture, pair annihilation, plasmon decay, and the photoneutrino process are modeled in detail, using updated tabulated nuclear rates. We also use realistic conditions of temperature, density, electron fraction, and nuclear isotopic composition of the star from the state-of-the-art stellar evolution code MESA. Results are presented for a set of progenitor stars with mass between

and

. It is found that β processes contribute substantially to the neutrino emissivity above realistic detection thresholds of few MeV, at selected positions and times in the evolution of the star.
Lactobacillus plantarum L9 but not Lactobacillus acidophilus LA reduces tumour necrosis factor induced bacterial translocation in Caco-2 cells
Authors: Wang B. , Chen J. , Wang S. , Zhao X. , Lu G. , Tang X.
Published: April 2017

Translocation of bacteria across the intestinal barrier is important in the pathogenesis of systemic sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. Inflammatory cytokines increase paracellular permeability that allows increased luminal bacteria to translocate across mucosal epithelium and further deteriorate the gut barrier. In order to reduce this risk, the prophylactic use of probiotics has been recently addressed. In this paper, we investigate the protective role toward tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α induced non-pathogenic Escherichia coli translocation across Caco-2 monolayers of Lactobacillus strains. According to our experimental data, Lactobacillus plantarum L9 and Lactobacillus acidophilus LA have good capacities to adhere to Caco-2 cells. Addition of L. plantarum L9 and L. acidophilus LA to the enterocyte monolayer surface result in significant inhibition of E. coli adhesion and cell internalisation. However, L. plantarum L9 and L. acidophilus LA did not inhibit the growth of the non-pathogenic E. coli B5 after 24 h incubation. Exposure to TNF-α for 6 h caused a dramatic increase in E. coli B5 translocation across Caco-2 cells, which was uncoupled from increases in paracellular permeability. Pretreatment with L. plantarum L9 prevent TNF-α induced transcellular bacterial translocation and IL-8 production in Caco-2 cells. L. plantarum L9 also did not affect the integrity of the monolayers, as indicated by lactate dehydrogenase release, horseradish peroxidase permeability, and transepithelial electrical resistance. L. plantarum L9 showed the potential to protect enterocytes from an acute inflammatory response and therefore could be good potential prophylactic agents in counteracting bacterial translocation.
Differences between live and heat-killed bifidobacteria in the regulation of immune function and the intestinal environment
Authors: Sugahara H. , Yao R. , Odamaki T. , Xiao J.Z.
Published: April 2017

Probiotics are live microorganisms that confer a health benefit on the host, such as improvement of the intestinal environment, modulation of immune function and energy metabolism. Heat-killed probiotic strains have also been known to exhibit some physiological functions; however, the differences between live and heat-killed probiotics have not been well elucidated. In this study, we investigated the differences between live and heat-killed Bifidobacterium breve M-16V, a probiotic strain, in the regulation of immune function, intestinal metabolism and intestinal gene expression of the host using gnotobiotic mouse model and omics approaches. Both live and heat-killed cells of B. breve M-16V showed immune-modulating effects that suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokine production in spleen cells and affected intestinal metabolism; however, live cells exhibited a more remarkable effect in the regulation of intestinal metabolism and intestinal gene expression involved in nutrient metabolism. Our findings are valuable for considering the health benefits of live and heat-killed bacteria and the usefulness of different forms of probiotics.
Bioconversion of sorghum and cowpea by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens (L.)) larvae for alternative protein production
Authors: Tinder A.C. , Puckett R.T. , Turner N.D. , Cammack J.A. , Tomberlin J.K.
Published: April 2017

The larvae and prepupae of the black soldier fly,Hermetia illucens (L.) (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) have been explored as a means for alternate protein production for feed for animals that are raised for human food. However, processes for production of these and other insects must be refined if cultivation is to become widespread and efficient. In this study, black soldier fly larvae were fed one of six diets, consisting of the Gainesville house fly diet (control), and five diets of varying ratios of sorghum and cowpea. Effects on life-history traits and nutritional content of prepupae were observed. Flies were able to successfully complete larval development on all diets tested. There were significant differences in development rates based on diet, particularly the diets containing a higher percentage of sorghum. In general, larvae reared on the sorghum diets (which were lower in protein than that of the cowpea diets), developed slower (3-9 days longer from larval eclosion to the prepupal stage) than those on the cowpea diets. Diet treatment did not consistently influence weight or length of prepupae. Higher protein diets (7.73% protein) translated to higher protein content of prepupae (43.70-47.29% protein) and lower protein diets (3.51% protein) resulted in greater gross energy content of prepupae (5.22-6.21 Kcal/g). These differences suggest that macro-nutrient content of prepupae can be influenced by larval diet. This study provides further evidence of the viability of black soldier flies for protein production.
La réception de l’Antiquité grecque dans le roman policier néo-hellénique, de Yannis Maris à Pétros Markaris
Authors: Marcou Loïc
Published: April 2017

Au pays de naissance d’Œdipe Roi, les auteurs de romans policiers grecs d’après-guerre (années 50 et 60) comme ceux de l’actuelle génération (années 90 et 2000) pouvaient-ils faire l’économie de références à l’héritage antique  ? Le présent article se propose d’étudier la réception, voire l’exploitation, de l’Antiquité dans un genre populaire qui a gagné en littérarité au cours de son histoire dans les lettres néo-helléniques. On tentera de montrer que si l’Antiquité alimente un motif paralittéraire – celui de la chasse aux voleurs d’antiquités – dans la première production policière grecque, elle fait figure de référent culturel et d’hypotexte incontournable dans l’actuelle floraison. La multiplication des références savantes à l’Antiquité ne serait-elle pas, dès lors, la marque constitutive de l’hellénisation du genre policier en Grèce et, in fine, le signe de sa littérarisation  ?
Un lycéen pas comme les autres à l’école des Anciens  : le «  Parallèle littéraire  » inédit entre les Iphigénie d’Euripide et de Racine par Charles Maurras
Authors: Maignan Etienne
Published: April 2017

Au cours de nos recherches, nous avons eu connaissance d’un cahier d’élève de Seconde écrit en mai 1883 par un certain Charles Maurras. Ce cahier contient une comparaison approfondie entre deux pièces de théâtre, une ancienne et une moderne, l’Iphigénie à Aulis d’Euripide et l’Iphigénie de Racine. Notre article fournit une édition critique de ce texte, une transcription intégrale du manuscrit, des notes appréciatives et bibliographiques, ainsi qu’une introduction qui présente les principaux enjeux de ce texte passionnant.
L’impératif positif dans les énoncés avec l’adverbe SO
Authors: Johansson-Manoury Elisabet
Published: April 2017

This article deals with a particular kind of imperative mood, namely the positive imperative mood in utterances with the adverb SO. Moreover, the verbs which we study are restricted to a specific group including fold, hold, push, tie, and turn. SO refers here to a gesture made by the utterer. This paper aims at showing that the marker SO is linked to the utterer and, more precisely, to the point of view of the utterer.
BY + complément dans les énoncés passifs anglais : une relation non-spatiale représentée spatialement
Authors: Malinier Yves-Bernard
Published: April 2017

By assumes a large array of meanings and there are semantic links between its superficially diverse uses. These include agency, cause, instrumentality, means, manner, etc.... Among this large array, the preposition is also used to head complements in long passive clauses.The purpose of this article is to show that the preposition may be given a locative interpretation when it is used to (re)introduce the noun phrase that corresponds to the grammatical subject of the active counterpart.The demoted Agent or Cause that activates a change of state can be viewed as an intermediate point (or L0Ci/o) on a path or route to an endpoint, i.e. the resultant state of the Patient or Experiencer.
SHOULD antéposé dans les propositions hypothétiques
Authors: Bourdier Valérie
Published: April 2017

This article is a study of the use of the modal auxiliary SHOULD in hypothetical constructions exhibiting subject-auxiliary inversion. The examination of authentic examples taken from a variety of sources suggests that hypothetical “should-clauses” anaphorize covert preconstructed predicative relations so that the possible compatibility of qualities between the relation and the notional frame of reference is called into question. It is thus argued that such clauses develop the qualitative dimension of the anaphorized predicative relation by re-situating it relative to both existential and evaluative intersubjective alternative values.
Plurality in English and other languages: does it add up?
Authors: Rotgé Wilfrid
Published: April 2017

Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser le fonctionnement du pluriel nominal en anglais et dans quelques autres langues, en montrant systématiquement les limites de l’opposition traditionnelle singulier / pluriel. Certaines langues n’ont pas de pluriel nominal, d’autres possèdent un système ternaire, voire quaternaire. La définition du pluriel peut varier d’une langue à l’autre. L’anglais ne le conçoit pas de la même façon que le français, par exemple. Bien que cet article ne s’inscrive pas explicitement dans le cadre de la grammaire cognitive, certaines implications cognitives du pluriel et de son marquage seront considérées et certains principes remis en cause, notamment celui de la motivation et du caractère non-arbitraire des nombres.
Polysémie de HOW dans la King James Version
Authors: Pinson Mathilde
Published: April 2017

This paper aims at analyzing the various functional and semantic values attributed to the morpheme how in the King James Version of the Bible (KJV), some of which are not prototypical (complementizer, causal interrogative adverb, interrogative pronoun and adverbial relative). In view of the complex semantic and functional network of how, it is necessary first to establish what decoding problems were experienced by the readers. As will be shown, almost each type of how can be misinterpreted in some contexts and quite often only the comparison with other English versions of the Bible, or with the Latin, Greek or Hebrew versions, enables one to interpret the text accurately. The translators seem to have been aware of the interpretation difficulties that this polysemy entailed, because they often managed to limit them by adding material to the communicatively deficient morpheme (e.g. how that, how is it that). The origin of the two main non-prototypical uses of how will then be examined, and it will be demonstrated that conjunctive how is endogenous, while the source of causal how is mainly exogenous. Finally, it will be shown that the causal value of how has not disappeared altogether from Present-Day English, contrary to what the Oxford English Dictionary indicates, and it will be hypothesized that the use of causal how in Scottish Vernacular English is related to that in the KJV.
The status of when- and where- clauses without an overt antecedent
Authors: Guillaume Bénédicte
Published: April 2017

Déterminer la nature des subordonnées introduites par when ou where lorsque ces dernières ne comportent pas d’antécédent n’est pas chose aisée dans la mesure où les différentes catégories possibles se révèlent à première vue très similaires. Nous souhaitons dans cet article tester la validité de la division tripartite entre interrogatives, relatives libres et propositions circonstancielles communément employée dans les manuels de grammaire, en nous fondant sur un corpus de taille moyenne, constitué d’exemples authentiques tirés pour l’essentiel du British National Corpus. Nous proposons de faire la différence entres les exemples ambigus (dont la signification varie en fonction du contexte) et les exemples hybrides (qui présentent un mixte de caractéristiques pouvant appartenir à plusieurs catégories différentes). L’existence de tels exemples rend nécessaire de postuler une zone de chevauchement entre la catégorie des interrogatives et celle des relatives libres. Lorsqu’il s’agit de déterminer à quel type de subordonnée on a affaire, il est également essentiel de se demander si cette dernière peut remplir la fonction de complément circonstanciel, en gardant en mémoire le fait que certains circonstants jouent le rôle de repère énonciatif pour l’ensemble d’un énoncé donné. Le cadre théorique auquel il est fait référence est celui de la Théories des Opérations Enonciatives (TOE) d’A. Culioli.
La directionnalité et la nature non-téléologique de l’évolution linguistique
Authors: Lowrey Brian
Published: April 2017

This paper deals with the nature of linguistic change, and, taking examples from the history of English, seeks to show that, contrary to what appears to be a widely held assumption, there is no reason to suppose that because one language undergoes a certain type of change, a similar change will necessarily take place in other, related languages. On the contrary, purely local factors may, and indeed often do decide which potential innovations will succeed, and which will fail. We look at two areas of English grammar in particular, the so-called ‘narrative perfect’ and infinitival complements of causative verbs, and compare the changes which have taken place within these fields in English to those which have occurred in French. The comparison shows not only that French and English have evolved in completely different directions, but also that assuming language change to be teleological in nature can lead to the wrong predictions being made as to which developments are likely to take place in the future
Would you vote for Obama if he were white ? : l’alternance were/was et la problématique de l’altérité
Authors: Douay Catherine
Published: April 2017

This corpus-based analysis shows that the traditional explanation of the use of were instead of was for 1st and 3rd persons singular in terms of counterfactuality is inadequate. The major claim of my paper is that grammar should be connected with interlocutionary patterns rather than referentially-based distinctions. Accordingly were will be defined as a “duophonic” relational marker which substitutes for was when a contrastive or comparative dimension is involved, e.g. in free indirect speech, concessive strategies, conflicting viewpoints or hypotheses. Conversely the lack of any contrastive dimension characterizes “monophonic” was. I assume that this interlocutionary distinction is the root distinction of linguistic systems.
Dialogues théoriques autour de l’émergence du sens linguistique et visuel
Authors: Letalleur-Sommer Séverine
Published: April 2017

Meaning is born from the perpetual interplay between different semiotic systems. The cross-examination of both linguistic and pictorial signs leads to the possible transposition of specific notions from one field onto the other. This paper proposes to show how various epistemological tools used in linguistics can apply to image analysis and vice-versa. It is well known that when examining cleft sentences, visual notions such as that of focus, framing, saliency, foreground and background for instance may prove useful. But concepts that belong to distinct linguistic traditions of thought, such as generative grammar or the French speaker-centred approach, may also be of some help with respect to image analysis. The reason for this lies in the fact that all signs, no matter how formally close to their referents, are but constructs. Their degree of elaborateness mirrors the gradual path from perception towards abstraction and back that the mind consistently travels.
NEW SPECIES OF AGRILUS FROM NICARAGUA AND COSTA RICA (COLEOPTERA, BUPRESTIDAE)
Authors: Curletti Gianfranco
Published: April 2017

Five new species of the genus Agrilus Curtis, 1825 from Costa Rica and Nicaragua are described: A. barriesi n. sp., A. maesi n. sp., A. ursus n. sp., A. tyrannus n. sp. and A. pumilio n. sp.
Measuring the effect of Evaluation Capacity Building Initiatives in Africa: A review
Authors: Morkel Candice , Ramasobana Mokgophana
Published: April 2017

Background: The growing demand for evidence to support policy decisions, guide resource allocation and demonstrate results has elevated the need for expertise in monitoring and evaluation (M&E). Despite the mushrooming of short courses in M&E, their impact on improving the capacity to meet the demand has not been adequately and comprehensively measured or evaluated. The purpose of this article was to highlight the need for improving the measurement of evaluation capacity building (ECB) to better understand what works in building M&E capacity in Africa.Objectives: This article provides important insights into the need for empirical and rigorous measurement of ECB interventions and their role in strengthening evaluation practice.Method: The study was primarily a desktop review of existing literature, corroborated by a survey of a few senior representatives of organisations responsible for capacity building across the African continent.Results: The review found that there remains little empirical evidence that indicates whether ECB processes, activities and outcomes are ultimately effective. There is also very little empirical evidence that helps to interpret how change happens, and how this may shape ECB efforts. Training is acknowledged as only one element of ECB, and there is a need for a multi-pronged approach to ECB.Conclusion: Much more empirical and rigorous research is needed to build a clear understanding of what conditions are needed in ECB in Africa to strengthen evaluation practice. This article is useful for guiding further research into measuring the effect of ECB, as well as implementing more effective models of ECB towards strengthening evaluation practice in Africa.
The end of Mission Councils: A case study of the Church of Scotland South Africa Joint Council, 1971–1981
Authors: Duncan Graham A.
Published: April 2017

This article will investigate why Mission Councils continued to exist for so long after the so-called autonomous churches were established in South Africa following the upsurge ofEthiopian and other types of African initiated churches at the close of the 19th century inopposition to the European sending churches. It will also examine how the emergingPartnership in Mission policy affected the process of integration of church and mission. Usingthe closing years of the Church of Scotland South African Joint Council (1971–1981) as a casestudy, the author examines primary sources to uncover the exercise of power demonstratedthrough racism manifested in the disposition of personnel, property and finance to control thedevelopment of authentic autonomy.
Allopathic and traditional health practitioners: A reply to Nemutandani, Hendricks and Mulaudzi
Authors: De Lange Rudi W.
Published: April 2017

An earlier paper in this journal reported on the perception and experience of 77 allopathic health practitioners (AHPs) and health managers about working together with South African traditional health practitioners (THPs). The paper stated that the abolishment of the Witchcraft Suppression Act of 1957 and the introduction of the Traditional Health Practitioners Act No. 22 of 2007 is a milestone in the development of traditional health knowledge, and for the eventual incorporation thereof into modern health care practices. The authors also comment that a decolonisation of mindset and a change of attitude is required to change one’s perception of traditional healer practices and to develop them parallel to allopathic health practice. This opinion paper is a response to the paper, to negate its claims about the Witchcraft Suppression Act of 1957 and to provide clarity on the Traditional Health Practitioners Act No. 22 of 2007 and related policies and regulations. Although this Act recognises THP, the Act and other regulations actually require THP to conform to practices analogous to those of AHP. It is rather a systematic and scientific ‘mindset’ that is required to develop THP parallel to AHP. The Traditional Health Practitioners Act of 2007 and the Draft Policy on African Traditional Medicine (TM) for South Africa dictate that a substantial THP sectoral transformation is required before there can be a parallel system. Legislation and regulations have excluded THP and African TM from operating (present and future) in the same space as AHP.
A comparison of South African and German extrinsic and intrinsic motivation
Authors: Snelgar Robin , Shelton Stacy A. , Giesser Anne
Published: April 2017

Background: Various researchers have identified a trend of individuals shifting their preference from extrinsic to intrinsic motivation. The authors aimed to research this phenomenon specifically within the context of two different cultures as to date, this had not been done. This research explored the differing levels of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in Germans and South Africans.Aim: The main objective of this study was to investigate similarities and differences concerning extrinsic and intrinsic motivation in the workplace between German and South African cultures by examining individuals with working experience and tertiary education specifically. In addition, the research investigated differences in the motivation of respondents with regard to demographics such as gender, age and income.Setting: The setting took place in South Africa and Germany.Methods: In the study, exploratory factor analysis was utilised to prove validity of Cinar, Bektas and Aslan’s two-dimensional measure of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation. Moreover, analysis of variance and t-tests were used to show differences among demographic variables. Descriptive statistics such as means, central tendency and Cronbach’s alpha were also utilised.Results: The results revealed preferences for intrinsic motivational factors for the whole sample with higher levels of intrinsic motivation for the South African respondents compared to German respondents. Demographic characteristics played a minor role in determining levels of intrinsic motivation within individuals. Culture, however, played the biggest role in determining one’s levels of intrinsic or extrinsic motivation.Conclusion: These findings play an important role in explaining differences in motivation between the two countries Germany and South Africa. It highlights the important role that cultural differences play in shaping one’s form of motivation.
Generalised lymphangiomatosis: A diagnostic challenge
Authors: Lorentz Liam , Naidoo Jaishree
Published: April 2017

No abstract available
Diagnostic reference levels in low- and middle-income countries: Early ‘ALARAm’ bells?
Authors: Meyer Steven , Pitcher Richard D. , Groenewald Willem A.
Published: April 2017

No abstract available.
The role of post-mortem computed tomography in assault victims with head trauma in central South Africa
Authors: Combrinck Nantes , Jansen van Vuuren Stefan
Published: April 2017

No abstract available.
Los tres muros de Paimio
Authors: Grijalba Bengoetxea Julio , Grijalba Bengoetxea Alberto
Published: April 2017

Alvar Aalto´s career has certainly been a complex one and has been reported by official historiography to be divided into some more or less well-defined periods which correspond to unitary in time clusters of projects. Thus, Paimio has come to be for architecture the consolidation of the Modern Finnish Project at its apparently orthodox splendor. Aalto, from the very beginning, was attracted by the possibility of generating his own project message. This may be the reason why he found researching into the evocative power of opposite conciliation which allowed him to obtain efficient tools to service his project. The peculiar presence of opposing elements in the same project governs the task of defining a new way to conceive architecture. There are truths in Paimio that withstand and refuse to be concealed under the apparent modern uniformity so many times appraised. All this becomes obvious and in many of the project syntax elements, but it is especially evident in the layout of the three walls of the rooms: the modern wall that stand weightless, defined by its immaterial abstraction; the heavy wall, defined by its physic features and bond to the XIX century tradition; and finally, the wall with an immaterial vocation, endowed with almost invisible features, and of deep eastern roots.
Alison and Peter Smithson: The Space Between. Editado por Max Risselada
Authors: Abalos Ramos Ana
Published: April 2017

The Space Between (Walther König, Cologne, 2016) is the third part of the trilogy about the work of Alison and Peter Smithson seen through their own eyes. It follows The Charged Void: Architecture (2001) and The Charged Void: Urbanism (2005) both published by Monacelli Press, New York. This long-awaited book by Walther König features the same layout and general design as the two previous volumes but has a personality all of its own. The Space Between includes more than forty writings spanning the Smithsons’ entire career and features a wealth of illustrations from their own archives. Just as the The Charged Void was not merely a work about their work, this essential new volume is far more than just a compilation of their thoughts.
Perret & Piacentini. Análisis comparativo de dos arquitecturas paralelas
Authors: Alonso Pereira José Ramón
Published: April 2017

It is very common to understand the home of the masters of architecture as a manifesto of their respective architectures. Nevertheless, those houses are usually identified with single-family models, relegating collective examples. Only the apartment-atelier that Le Corbusier elevated in Porte Molitor (1930-33) is saved from this oblivion. However, there are at the same time two other examples of house-studio by two masters of the moment: Perret and Piacentini. Both are parallel in their vital dynamics and in their programs: The Roman house-studio of Piacentini in Lungotevere Tor di Nona (1929-31) and the Parisian building of Raynouard (1929-33), where Perret established his home and his agence (office). The coincidence of theme and the parallelism of place facilitate the comparative analysis in a common historical time, with their debates between tradition and vanguard.