bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fiziksel Tespit Azaltma Kapsamında Uygulanan Müdahaleler
Authors: GÖKTAŞ Ahmet , BULDUKOĞLU Kadriye
Published: March 2022

Fiziksel tespit, saldırgan hastaları kontrol etmek için ilkel toplumlardan beri uygulanmaktadır. Psikiyatri kliniklerinde hastayı ve diğerlerini korumak amacıyla yapılan fiziksel tespit uygulamaları hasta yararına bir uygulama olmasına rağmen, kullanımına bağlı olarak birçok olumsuzlukları da beraberinde getirmektedir. Bu nedenle 20. yüzyılın sonlarına doğru fiziksel tespit kullanımında kısıtlamalar gündeme gelmiştir. Yaklaşık 30-40 yıldır fiziksel tespit kullanımının azaltılması için birçok çalışma yapılmıştır. Bu çalışmalarda fiziksel tespit azaltma kapsamında bazı müdahaleler kullanılarak fiziksel tespit kullanımı azaltılmaya çalışılmıştır. Bu bilgiler doğrultusunda bu derleme çalışmasının amacı, fiziksel tespit azaltma kapsamında yapılan müdahaleleri belirlemek ve bu müdahalelerin etkilerini sunmaktır.
Antimicrobial resistance pattern and phenotypic detection of Extended spectrum beta lactamase- and Metallo beta lactamase- producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from indoor-patients suffering ear discharge
Authors:   Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, 21300, KP, Pakistan, ALI Farooq , SHAKEELA Qismat ,   Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, 21300, KP, Pakistan, UZMA Bibi ,   Department of Pathology, Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 22010, KP, Pakistan, BIBI Asma ,   Institute of Zoonosis, Anhui Medical University, Anhui, 230032, P. R China, NAJEEB Bushra ,   Department of Pathology, Ayub Medical College Abbottabad, 22010, KP, Pakistan, RAHMAN Atta ur ,   Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, 21300, KP, Pakistan, SHAH Mubassir ,   Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, 21300, KP, Pakistan, AHMED Shehzad ,   Department of Microbiology, Hazara University Mansehra, 21300, KP, Pakistan
Published: March 2022

A multidrug-resistant bacterium due to its intrinsic resistance nature and beta-lactamases production, Pseudomonas aeruginosa can colonize ubiquitously and is thus associated with life-threating bacterial infections. The study was aimed to inspect phenotypic detection and antimicrobial resistance pattern of extended spectrum beta lactamase- and metallo beta lactamase-producing P. aeruginosa strains. Clinical specimens (n=220) were collected from indoor patients with ear discharge were inoculated on suitable culture media. Antimicrobial resistance pattern of all isolates was investigated employing Kerby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Double-disc synergy test and imipenem-EDTA test were used respectively to detect ESBL- and MBL-producing strains. From n=220, n=37 (16.82%) clinical specimens confirmed the growth of P. aeruginosa. In comparison to female (43.24%), male population (56.76%) was more prevalent. Out of n=37 positive cases, n=16 (43.24%) strains were detected as ESBL producers, while n=07 (18.92%) as MBL producers. Cefotaxime (100%) was found the most resisted antibiotic by isolates, followed by aztreonam (91.89%), gentamycin (86.49%), ceftriaxone (83.78%) and tazobactam/piperacillin (64.87%), while the lowest resistance was observed against imipenem (21.63%) and meropenem (51.36%). Furthermore, ESBLproducing strains revealed high resistance against cefotaxime (100%), ceftriaxone (93.75%), and carbenicillin (87.5%), while MBL-producing strains were completely resistance to imipenem, meropenem, cefotaxime and carbenicillin, followed by gentamicin (85.71%), amikacin aztreonam, ciprofloxacin and tazobactam/piperacillin (71.43% each). Our study concluded that strains of P. aeruginosa producing ESBL and MBL enzymes were mostly resistant to the drugs of choice, which puzzle the physicians to treat infections caused by P. aeruginosa. So, it is needed to study the resistant pattern of P. aeruginosa in order to recommend proper medication.
The combination of intermittent caloric restriction and moderate-intensity interval training in decreasing blood glucose and CRP levels with a high glycemic index diet
Authors:   Sport Health Science Program,  Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, Fawaid As’ad Muchammad Rif’at , Sari Gadis Meinar ,   Department of Physiology, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia, Othman Zulhabri ,   Management & Science University, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia, Herawati Lilik ,   Sport Health Science Program, Faculty of Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya, East Java, Indonesia
Published: March 2022

This study aims to analyze the effect of the combination of intermittent calorie restriction and moderate intensity interval training (MIIT) on serum c-reactive protein (CRP) levels as one of the inflammatory mediators and blood glucose levels in female mice exposed to a-high glycemic index diet. The sample of this study was female mice Balb/c strain, divided into four groups:, the control group (con), the intermittent calorie restriction group (restrict), the MIIT group (interv), and the combine group of intermittent calorie restriction and moderate-intensity interval training (restrict+interv). A high glycemic index diet was a high calorie and was provided by standard feed and oral gavage of 0.013 g/gBW glucosesolution. Intermittent calorie restriction was 50% reduction of the standard feed 3x/week. The MIIT was five-minute intervals of swimming and 30 seconds of passive rest consecutively for 30 minutes and 3x/week. Meanwhile, the treatment duration was four weeks. The oral glucose tolerance test consisting of fasting blood glucose (FBG) and a two-hour post -prandial (2HPP) blood glucose was measured before and after the treatment. CRP was examined only after the treatment. The restrict + interv group had a significant reduction in CRP levels compared to the restricted group (p = 0.005) and the interv group (p = 0.044). The FBG levels the restrict + interv group and restricted group had a significant decrease (p = 0.026). Moreover, 2HPP of the restrict + interv group and restricted group had a significant decline (p = 0.000). This study concludes that the combination of intermittent calorie restriction and moderate -intensity interval training can attenuate elevated serum CRP and blood glucose levels.
Investigation of Terminalia arjuna as potential IL-4 and IL-13 modulator for the prevention of autoimmune diabetes: A Pharmacoinformatics based study
Authors:   Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA., Unnisa Aziz , Ahmad Saheem ,   Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, KSA., Jandrajupalli Suresh Babu ,   Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, KSA., Younes Kareem M. ,   Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail, KSA., Abobaker Sally Hassan ,   Department of Basic Dental and Medical Sciences, College of Dentistry, University of Hail, KSA., Chandolu Swarnalatha ,   Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, University of Hail, KSA., Khalid Mohammad ,   Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al- Kharj, KSA, Sudeepthi N Lakshmi ,   Department of Pharmacologyy, KVSR Siddhartha College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vijayawada, A.P, India.
Published: March 2022

Cytokines are proteins that play a critical role in the development, maturation, and functional activities of immune cells. For the first time, we have investigated the potential role of Terminalia arjuna as IL-4 and IL-13 modulators for preventing T1DM, i.e., autoimmune diabetes. It has been well documented that the stimulation of IL-4 and IL-13 can regulate the level of type 2 cytokines which can be maintained with the level of type 1 cytokines. In the present study, gallic acid, arjunolic acid, luteolin, ellagic acid, and arjunone were investigated for their potential modulating activity of IL-4 and IL-13. The active amino acid residues identified for IL-4 are VAL51, HIS58, ASP87, THR30, GLN54, THR63, ARG64, LYS84, and GLU60. The active amino acid residues identified for IL-13 are H: GLU46, H: TRP47, H: GLN61, L: PHE98, L: VAL97, L: GLU162, L: THR163, H: ARG105, L: GLN38, L: ASP85, H: GLY42, L: GLY41, H: PRO41, H: TRP47, and L: PHE98. The phytoconstituents demonstrated better modulating activity towards IL-13 than IL-4. Luteolin displayed better potential for both IL-4 and IL-13, and therefore we concluded that it could be used to modulate the activity of IL-4 and IL-13 for the prevention of autoimmune diabetes.
“Personality in prison uniform”. The influence
of personality on building work engagement,
applying job crafting strategies and well-being
among prison officers
Authors: Nowicka-Kostrzewska Justyna , Rożnowski Bohdan
Published: March 2022

Background

Numerous studies have been devoted to analyzing the negative effects of occupational stress on the mental health of prison officers. Less attention is paid to positive mechanisms, as postulated by positive psychology. The aim of the study was to examine the relationship between personality traits and the strategies used by prison officers to build engagement, and professional well-being by adjusting the workplace to their strengths, skills and professional preferences.

Participants and procedure

Two hundred eighty prison officers, aged 22 to 52, participated in the study (26% female). The following measurement tools were used: a personality scale (IPIP-BFM-20), the Job Crafting Questionnaire (PP), the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-9) and the Workplace Well-being Questionnaire (KDMP).

Results

Personality traits such as extraversion, conscientiousness and intellect determine the type of job crafting strategies used, specifically increasing structural resources and increasing challenges, while extraversion and conscientiousness were important for building work engagement, particularly dedication at work, and the levels of well-being at work. The influence of the variable intellect was also found to be significant.

Conclusions

The collected evidence indicates that there are organizational constraints to personality expression at work and its impact on key organizational behaviors and well-being at work. It also indicates the use of job crafting strategies to build work engagement.
Implementation of Modified folded Cascode OTA in Different Biasings Voltages
Authors:   Department of ECE, VEMU Institute of Technology, P.Kothakota, Andhra Pradesh, India., Kartheek Palagiri
Published: March 2022

This paper presents an optimized methodology to modified folded Cascode operational trans conductance amplifier (OTA) design. The design is done in different regions of operation, weak inversion, strong inversion and moderate inversion using the gm/ID methodology in order to optimize MOS transistor sizing. This new family of OTA designs is suitable for biomedical and healthcare circuits and systems, due to the high energy-efficiency, improved gain and low level of noise contribution, when compared to the stateof- the-art in this field. In this paper, two fully-differential implementations are presented, a first one with a double CMOS branch biased by two pairs of voltage-combiners structures in both NMOS and PMOS configurations, and a second one with folded voltagecombiners specifically targeting low voltage applications. The folded voltage-combiners biased OTA is able to operate correctly under a voltage supply down to 0.7 V with proper DC biasing. The simulation is performed in HSPICE Synopsys Tool and compared with existing designs.
Analysis of the Impact of Passive Design Strategies on Energy Consumption of a Building in Composite Climate Zone
Authors:   National Institute of Technical Teachers Training & Research, Chandigarh, India., Punia Aditya
Published: March 2022

The demand for buildings that can deal with current challenges such as environmental conservation, climate change, and sustainability etc., has increased as cities have grown more rapidly. Retrofitting of existing buildings utilizing ideas such as sustainability can enhance the energy performance of new and existing infrastructure while taking economic and cultural issues into account. Buildings account for over 40% of global power demand as well as 40% of CO2 emissions. This paper presents a thorough analysis of thermal performance parameters for composite building walls, including thermal transmittance. Renewable energy sources provide an endless supply of power. Solar energy can be used passively or actively to complement a building’s energy demands. It is possible to minimize energy consumption for a building’s heating, cooling, and lighting needs by using a climate-sensitive strategy in the design of architectural elements such as static sunshades, walls, and roofs. It has been observed that the basecase consumes 93134.4 kWh, whereas the proposed-case consumes 68317.7 kWh. There is a huge 26.65% reduction in the annual energy consumption by adopting passive design strategies.
Evaluation of knowledge and of effects of haemolytic disease of the newborn amongst postnatal women in the public hospitals of the Umgungundlovu district
Authors:   , Khumalo Gugulethu Eve
Published: March 2022

The purpose of the study was to evaluate knowledge and effects of Haemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN) in postnatal women from the Umgungundlovu District. Although the prevalence of HDN has declined because of prophylaxis from 45 cases per 10,000 births to 10.2 cases per 10,000 births but it is still a cause of infant and neonatal morbidity and mortality. The effects of the disease range from jaundice, kernicterus and in severe cases death. Methodology : An interviewer-administered questionnaire was used to obtain information about the knowledge and effects of HDN amongst postnatal women. The incidence rate was calculated using the number of cases that were found divided by the total number of deliveries during the study period. A total of 300 women were interviewed. SPSS version 19.0 was used to analyse data. Findings : Fifteen (15) of the 300 women had babies with confirmed HDN and only four of the 15 (26%) women had knowledge of HDN. Two hundred and eighty five women had babies with jaundice but were not affected by HDN and, of these women, 12 (4.2%) of them knew what HDN was. Overall, only 16 (5.3%) knew what HDN was. All 15 women who had babies with HDN indicated financial and emotional effects because of HDN. The total incidence was 0.09% for the first 12 months of the study period. Conclusion : Postnatal women with jaundiced babies lack knowledge of HDN and HDN has financial and emotional effects on these women. Although the incidence rate of HDN was found to be even smaller than previously reported, it still exists and threatens the lives of infants and neonates.
A comparative analysis of six international chiropractic regulatory systems
Authors:   , Adams Justin
Published: March 2022

Background: The function and roles of legislation primarily provide a protective function for the public by preserving their fundamental rights. Legislation also maintains the legitimacy of the professions and aids in defining the scope of practice within the profession. Legislation may however affect the international migration of practitioners, in addition to geographical proximity, shared language, customs and educational curricula as well as historical links. There is no published literature that compares chiropractic legislation in regulated countries, thus no understanding of where possible similarities and differences exist and the impact they may have on the migration of chiropractors Objective: The main objective of the study is to aid in increasing the understanding of the values, structures and operations of various international chiropractic regulatory systems with the goal of identifying the similarities and differences (viz. compare) between these chiropractic regulatory systems. Method: Six countries with chiropractic Legislation were selected using purposive sampling based on the number of practicing chiropractors. The USA was divided into states with the top three selected according to practicing chiropractors, Canada was divided and the top province selected based on practicing chiropractors. Information and data was obtained via desk based research and additional information was gathered by the researcher from the registrar of the respective regulatory bodies. Results: A variety of factors were identified that may either aid in or hinder the mobility of chiropractors across jurisdictions. By analysing the legislative documents, it was found that regulatory bodies remain similar in content and structure however significant differences were also found. Conclusion: In conclusion, regulatory bodies and their governing documents and procedures remain similar in content and structure. However the study revealed differences factors that could possibly affect the mobility of chiropractors across jurisdictions. These areas identified included: Educational standards and processes, competency maintenance, registration requirements (local and foreign), disciplinary procedure and processes and constraints placed by supranational bodies.
El marketing-mix de la adopción de innovaciones en pequeños productores de maíz en México
Authors: Miranda Meraz Ana Karen , Rendón Medel Roberto , Sagarnaga Villegas Leticia Myriam , Roldán Suárez Elizabeth
Published: March 2022

Desde el marketing, el productor es el mercado objetivo de los procesos de asistencia técnica al que se deben de satisfacer sus necesidades, gustos e intereses. Esta investigación analiza la congruencia entre la oferta de asistencia técnica y su correspondencia con la demanda de su mercado objetivo, orientando a la identificación de áreas de oportunidad que contribuyan a la competitividad de los productores y la permanencia y continuidad de programas de extensión pública. La muestra estudiada se generó mediante un muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia. Se seleccionaron 10,078 productores cuya superficie sembrada fuera igual o menor a 2.5 ha. Se caracterizó al productor analizando su dinámica de innovación y ésta se homologó con las variables de producto, precio, promoción y plaza. Se identificó la correspondencia entre lo que necesita el mercado objetivo y las prácticas que se ofertan. El pequeño productor promedio de maíz en México tiene una edad de 62 años, 4 años de escolaridad, poca capacidad adquisitiva y sus compras están orientadas a la seguridad y la salud; en consecuencia, demandan innovaciones que requieran poca inversión, impliquen poco riesgo y tengan verificabilidad en el corto plazo. Sólo el 34% de las innovaciones promovidas satisfacen las necesidades planteadas. El área de oportunidad identificada consiste en incrementar las innovaciones con resultados de corto plazo, favoreciendo así la disposición del productor hacia la adopción de las innovaciones promovidas por los programas de asistencia técnica.
Why it is Important to Look at Artifact Calibration Shift Reports
Authors:   National Instruments, Bennett Gary
Published: March 2022

Many papers have been written about the artifact calibration of the multifunction calibrator. National Measurement Institutes have published papers detailing their evaluations and making several suggestions of the actions required to adjust the calibrator without verifying at the time of the adjustment. National Instruments’ adopted one of the more conservative methods for proving the traceability of the calibrators. The calibrators are kept to either the 90 day specifications or the 1 year specifications. An artifact calibration is done at the designated interval, the shift report is reviewed and based on the shifts either the new calibration constants are stored, or if the shifts are too high, the calibrator is sent in for a full verification to determine if the calibrator is actually outside its specifications. The paper will explain in more detail exactly what we are looking for in the shift reports, and the actions we take when anomalies are found.
An Advanced Software Designed Intelligent Electronic Device Platform
Authors:   National Instruments, Piacentini Roberto
Published: March 2022

Technology progress combined with aging infrastructure and a use case model that evolved and changed completely over the years is a common external force affecting energy companies worldwide. As a result, the idea of a “smart grid” has taken center stage • an evolution of advanced technologies that make the availability of a smarter, more efficient electrical power grid possible. Whether this is providing an abundant supply of electricity, deploying distributed intelligence at the measurement nodes or improving overall reliability, monitoring, and safety, energy companies are realizing the importance of technology to address the complex challenges facing grid systems today. As a result, a new generation of instruments, also known as Software Designed Intelligent Electronic Devices (SD-IEDs) are rapidly being deployed throughout the power system. Utilizing computer-based remote control and automation, these devices can be efficiently controlled and adjusted at the node level as changes and disturbances on the grid occur. In another example, utilities could use a generic SD-IED platform, and define the instrument functionality and algorithms executed completely in software using graphical design tools. At the heart of these advanced SD-IEDs lies the powerful technology of the FPGA, yielding additional flexibility and reliability that allows convergence of multiple functional devices into a single unit, which in turn lowers the cost of smart grid systems as a whole. Because FPGAs can be reprogrammed in the field, as requirements and standards for the smart grid mature, functional enhancements can be deployed to SD-IEDs without the need to modify the hardware layout or replace the entire device. SD-IEDs represents a fundamental shift from traditional hardware-centric instrumentation systems to software-centric systems that explore computing power, productivity, and connectivity capabilities of popular desktop computers. This paper describes how to apply the virtual instrumentation approach to create advanced SD-IEDs and illustrates it with two deployment examples: (1) smart switches for a leading energy delivery utility in the USA, and (2) advanced PMU research for distribution grids.
An Enterprise Resource View of Metrology Software Systems
Authors:   Cal Lab Solutions, Inc., Schwartz Michael L.
Published: March 2022

Software running on a single computer or platform is a thing of the past. Today’s metrology software needs to be scalable, flexible, and dynamic. It must be designed to integrate with enterprise business systems, taking full advantage of distributed computing and service oriented protocols. It is time to recalibrate our assumptions of efficiency, accuracy, and flexibility. We live in a connected world. While that world is slowly becoming the “The Internet of Things,” many of those things are network enabled measurement instruments.
A Comparison of Primary Gas Flow Standards Spanning the Range 10 sccm N2 to 10 slm N2
Authors:   Flow Metrologist Fluke Calibration, Rombouts Casey
Published: March 2022

We describe an international comparison of gas flow standards spanning the range 2.1 x 10-4 g/s (10 sccm) of nitrogen to 0.21 g/s (10 slm) of nitrogen. For all the participating laboratories, |En| 0.78, where En is the difference between the participant’s result and the comparison reference value divided by the uncertainty of this difference. The k = 2 uncertainties (corresponding to 95 % confidence level) of the comparison reference values range from 0.036 % to 0.052 %. These comparison uncertainties include a contribution of 0.042 % from the uncertainty of the three laminar flow elements used as transfer standards. The participating laboratories were: Laboratoire National de Métrologie et d'Essais (LNE), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Fluke Primary Pressure and Flow Laboratory, Phoenix Arizona USA (FCP), Èeský Metrologický Institut (CMI), and Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB).
Temperature and Dimensional Metrology: Unceretainty and Productivity
Authors:   Mitutoyo America Corporation, Salsbury James G.
Published: March 2022

Mitutoyo America built a new dimensional calibration laboratory in 2013 that features much tighter temperature control than the prior laboratory. This paper is a case study in improving temperature control and the impact on dimensional measurements. The new laboratory is a high level laboratory with tight temperature control of 20±0.1°C, but the concepts presented in this paper apply to any level of improvements in temperature control in dimensional calibration or inspection laboratories. This paper will first discuss the justification presented to management for the temperature control, which included a carefully developed analysis of the projected improvements in measurement uncertainty. The process of specifying and verifying the environment will then be briefly discussed, followed by a presentation of the complex testing of the measurement processes to assess the actual improvements in the measurement uncertainty. The same processes and equipment, used in the two different environments, will be presented. Finally, this paper will discuss the somewhat surprising benefit of gains in productivity tied to improvements in temperature control, which has allowed certain calibrations to be completed with fewer repeat runs and therefore much more quickly. The improved temperature control has therefore not only allowed the measurement uncertainty to be reduced to desired targets but has also led to modifications in measurement procedures that have improved productivity and reduced costs.
Calibration of ultrasonic flaw detectors
Authors:   The Government of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, Ko Samuel C.K. , Yan Aaron Y.K. , Li H.W,
Published: March 2022

The Standards and Calibration Laboratory (SCL) has set up facilities to provide calibration for ultrasonic flaw detectors in accordance with the international standard EN12668-1:2010. The calibration covers all the periodic and repair tests (the group 2 tests) required in the standard EN12668-1:2010 for checking the performance of the ultrasonic instruments, including its stability, transmitter pulse parameters, receiver response parameters and time-base linearity. During the calibration, the ultrasonic flaw detector’s transmitter is connected to a combination of delay generator and function generator which simulates a delayed version of the transmitted signal as the reflected signal. The simulated reflected signal is then fed to the receiver of the ultrasonic flaw detector. The stabilities over time and voltage variation of the received waves are measured. The receiver frequency response is obtained by sweeping the function generator’s frequency. Other performance parameters of the receiver such as gain accuracy and linearity are calibrated by comparing gain steps with step attenuators. Lastly a burst of pulse waves are generated by the delay/pulse generator to simulate a burst of reflected waves to check the linearity of the time base.
Laboratory Analysis of Force Required to Fill a Syringe
Authors:   Purdue College of Technology, Fuehne Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

Nurses routinely withdraw fluid from the stomachs of intensive care patients who are being provided nutrition intravenously in order to determine if the patient is properly tolerating the liquid nutrition. This is a critical measurement in patient care. If too little liquid nutrition is being provided, the patient will not follow a path of optimal healing. If too much liquid is being provided, the patient may have issues with the esophagus or have fluid get into the lungs, leading to pneumonia. The purpose of this work is to conduct a laboratory study to investigate the process of drawing fluid through a syringe in an environmentally-controlled laboratory. A force measurement system is used that includes the ability to control the displacement and speed of the syringe pump. Additionally, laboratory data from the force measurement system are presented for different tube materials, different tube diameters, and different fluids with varying viscosity. Viscosity is also determined by using a falling-ball viscosimeter test in the lab. The force required to withdraw fluid for each of these variables is studied. The amount of fluid withdrawn for each combination of variables is recorded in light of attempting to provide guidance to nurses and other health care providers about the best way to obtain the required data and keep patients healthy.
Radon metrology for use in climate change observation and radiation protection at the environmental level
Authors: Röttger Stefan , Röttger Annette , Grossi Claudia , Vargas Arturo , Karstens Ute , Cinelli Giorgia , Chung Edward , Kikaj Dafina , Rennick Chris , Mertes Florian , Radulescu Ileana
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Radon (222Rn) gas is the largest source of public exposure to naturally
occurring radioactivity and the identification of radon priority areas is
required by the Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom. Radon is also used as a
tracer to improve atmospheric transport models and to indirectly estimate
greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes using the Radon Tracer Method (RTM). This method
is based on the correlation between atmospheric concentrations of radon and
GHG, together with information on the radon flux data. For radiological
data, all European countries have installed networks of automatic gamma dose
rate monitoring stations and report the real-time information gathered to
the European Radiological Data Exchange Platform (EURDEP). So far,
atmospheric radon activity concentrations and radon fluxes are not yet
reported in EURDEP, nor routinely measured within the European radiological
networks although these observations could help to avoid false positives
results. Due to above applications, there is a need of building a metrological chain
to ensure high quality radon activity concentrations and radon flux
measurements. Both climate and radiation protection research communities
underline the need for improved traceability in low-level atmospheric radon
measurements (Khanbabaee et al., 2021). The EMPIR project 19ENV01
traceRadon1 is aimed towards
providing the necessary measurement infrastructure and transfer standards to
fulfil this need. Results of this project are particularly important for improving independent
GHG emission estimates that support national reporting under the Paris
Agreement on climate change and for the Council Directive 2013/59/Euratom,
thus benefitting two large scientific communities. In this paper, early
results, such as new activity standard developments and an overview of
commercial and research radon monitors are presented and discussed. These
results will feed into the traceRadon project with respect to radionuclide
metrology in air and its potential for the improvement of the RTM.
Simulated multispectral temperature and atmospheric composition retrievals for the JPL GEO-IR Sounder
Authors: Natraj Vijay , Luo Ming , Blavier Jean-Francois , Payne Vivienne H. , Posselt Derek J. , Sander Stanley P. , Zeng Zhao-Cheng , Neu Jessica L. , Tremblay Denis , Wu Longtao , Roman Jacola A. , Wu Yen-Hung , Dorsky Leonard I.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Satellite measurements enable quantification of atmospheric
temperature, humidity, wind fields, and trace gas vertical profiles. The
majority of current instruments operate on polar orbiting satellites and
either in the thermal and mid-wave or in the shortwave infrared spectral
regions. We present a new multispectral instrument concept for improved
measurements from geostationary orbit (GEO) with sensitivity to the boundary
layer. The JPL GEO-IR Sounder, which is an imaging Fourier transform
spectrometer, uses a wide spectral range (1–15.4 µm) encompassing
both reflected solar and thermal emission bands to improve sensitivity to
the lower troposphere and boundary layer. We perform retrieval simulations
for both clean and polluted scenarios that also encompass different
temperature and humidity profiles. The results illustrate the benefits of
combining shortwave and thermal infrared measurements. In particular, the
former adds information in the boundary layer, while the latter helps to
separate near-surface and mid-tropospheric variability. The performance of
the JPL GEO-IR Sounder is similar to or better than currently operational
instruments. The proposed concept is expected to improve weather
forecasting as well as severe storm tracking and forecasting and also benefit local
and global air quality and climate research.
Ideas and perspectives: Enhancing research and monitoring of carbon pools and land-to-atmosphere greenhouse gases exchange in developing countries
Authors: Kim Dong-Gill , Bond-Lamberty Ben , Ryu Youngryel , Seo Bumsuk , Papale Dario
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Carbon (C) and greenhouse gas (GHG) research has traditionally
required data collection and analysis using advanced and often expensive
instruments, complex and proprietary software, and highly specialized
research technicians. Partly as a result, relatively little C and GHG
research has been conducted in resource-constrained developing countries. At
the same time, these are often the same countries and regions in which
climate change impacts will likely be strongest and in which major science
uncertainties are centered, given the importance of dryland and tropical
systems to the global C cycle. Increasingly, scientific communities have
adopted appropriate technology and approach (AT&A) for C and GHG
research, which focuses on low-cost and low-technology instruments, open-source software and data, and participatory and networking-based research
approaches. Adopting AT&A can mean acquiring data with fewer technical
constraints and lower economic burden and is thus a strategy for enhancing C
and GHG research in developing countries. However, AT&A can have higher
uncertainties; these can often be mitigated by carefully designing
experiments, providing clear protocols for data collection, and monitoring
and validating the quality of obtained data. For implementing this approach
in developing countries, it is first necessary to recognize the scientific
and moral importance of AT&A. At the same time, new AT&A techniques
should be identified and further developed. All these processes should be
promoted in collaboration with local researchers and through training local
staff and encouraged for wide use and further innovation in developing
countries.
Large-diameter trees control forest structure and function in successional temperate forests
Authors: Lee Chang-Bae , Ali Arshad , Yuan Zuoqiang , Lutz James A. , Svenning Jens-Christian , Lee Min-Ki
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Large-diameter trees regulate forest diversity, structure and aboveground biomass (AGB), but the mechanisms whereby they control forest processes remain understudied, especially in early successional forests. We used 1,956 0.16 ha plots from the Korean National Forest Inventory from mostly 20–50 years old stands (biomass accumulation phase) in closed-canopy temperate forests, with 236 species of woody plants and 391,543 individual stems ≥ 6 cm diameter at breast height. Based hereon, we analyzed the effects of large-diameter trees on aboveground biomass (AGB) in the overstory, understory, and the two combined (total vegetation). We also considered the effects of species and functional diversity, functional dominance of traits, stem density, and abiotic drivers (i.e., topographic, climatic and edaphic variables) interacting with large-diameter trees on AGB. We performed model averaging approaches with backward stepwise regressions and piecewise structural equation modeling to quantify and compare the effects of large trees vs. other biotic and abiotic drivers. Overall, large-diameter trees had a dominant effect on AGB compared with remaining tree attributes and abiotic drivers for both the overstory and whole community; however, they did not strongly influence the understory. Large-diameter trees also modulated the strength of the direct effects of abiotic drivers, particularly soil fertility, on AGB, as well as indirect effects via regulating the attributes of smaller-diameter trees. Our study provides new insights into the mechanisms associated with self-thinning and resource availability whereby large-diameter trees drive high AGB in succession forests. We also show that the effect of large-diameter trees is forest stratum-dependent across different types of temperate forests. This study emphasizes the importance of large-diameter trees in determining the structure and function in early successional forests, and the need for conservation and management actions to protect and promote these keystone organisms.
VODCA2GPP – a new, global, long-term (1988–2020) gross primary production dataset from microwave remote sensing
Authors: Wild Benjamin , Teubner Irene , Moesinger Leander , Zotta Ruxandra-Maria , Forkel Matthias , van der Schalie Robin , Sitch Stephen , Dorigo Wouter
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Long-term global monitoring of terrestrial gross primary
production (GPP) is crucial for assessing ecosystem responses to global
climate change. In recent decades, great advances have been made in
estimating GPP and many global GPP datasets have been published. These
datasets are based on observations from optical remote sensing, are
upscaled from in situ measurements, or rely on process-based models.
Although these approaches are well established within the scientific
community, datasets nevertheless differ significantly. Here, we introduce the new VODCA2GPP dataset, which utilizes microwave
remote sensing estimates of vegetation optical depth (VOD) to estimate GPP
at the global scale for the period 1988–2020. VODCA2GPP applies a previously
developed carbon-sink-driven approach (Teubner et al., 2019, 2021) to
estimate GPP from the Vegetation Optical Depth Climate Archive (Moesinger et
al., 2020; Zotta et al., 2022​​​​​​​), which merges VOD observations from
multiple sensors into one long-running, coherent data record. VODCA2GPP was
trained and evaluated against FLUXNET in situ observations of GPP and
compared against largely independent state-of-the-art GPP datasets from
the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS), FLUXCOM, and the TRENDY-v7 process-based model ensemble. The site-level evaluation with FLUXNET GPP indicates an overall robust
performance of VODCA2GPP with only a small bias and good temporal agreement.
The comparisons with MODIS, FLUXCOM, and TRENDY-v7 show that VODCA2GPP
exhibits very similar spatial patterns across all biomes but with a
consistent positive bias. In terms of temporal dynamics, a high agreement
was found for regions outside the humid tropics, with median correlations
around 0.75. Concerning anomalies from the long-term climatology, VODCA2GPP
correlates well with MODIS and TRENDY-v7 (Pearson's r 0.53 and 0.61) but
less well with FLUXCOM (Pearson's r 0.29). A trend analysis for the period
1988–2019 did not exhibit a significant trend in VODCA2GPP at the global scale
but rather suggests regionally different long-term changes in GPP. For the
shorter overlapping observation period (2003–2015) of VODCA2GPP, MODIS, and
the TRENDY-v7 ensemble, significant increases in global GPP were found.
VODCA2GPP can complement existing GPP products and is a valuable dataset for
the assessment of large-scale and long-term changes in GPP for global
vegetation and carbon cycle studies. The VODCA2GPP dataset is available at the TU Data Repository of TU Wien (https://doi.org/10.48436/1k7aj-bdz35, Wild et al.,
2021).
Saline groundwater evolution in the Luanhe River delta (China) during the Holocene: hydrochemical, isotopic, and sedimentary evidence
Authors: Dang Xianzhang , Gao Maosheng , Wen Zhang , Hou Guohua , Jakada Hamza , Ayejoto Daniel , Sun Qiming
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Since the Quaternary Period, paleo-seawater intrusions have been suggested
to explain the observed saline groundwater that extends far inland in
coastal zones. The Luanhe River delta (northwest coast of the Bohai Sea, China)
is characterized by the distribution of saline, brine, brackish, and fresh
groundwater from the coastline inland. The groundwater in this region exhibits a wide range of total dissolved
solids (TDS): 0.38–125.9 g L−1. Meanwhile, previous studies have
revealed that this area was significantly affected by Holocene marine
transgression. This study used hydrochemical, isotopic, and sedimentological
methods to investigate groundwater salinization processes in the Luanhe
River delta and its links to paleo-environmental settings. Isotopic
results (2H, 18O, 14C) allowed old groundwater recharge to be distinguished from
new groundwater recharge. Hydrochemical analysis using the PHREEQC code
indicated that the salt in saline and brine groundwater originates from a
marine source. The 18O–Cl relationship diagram yields three-end-member
groundwater mixing, and two mixing scenarios are suggested to explain the
freshening and salinization processes in the study area. When this was interpreted
along with data from paleo-environmental sediments, we found that groundwater
salinization may have occurred since the Holocene marine transgression. The
brine is characterized by radiocarbon activities of ∼ 50–85 pMC and relatively depleted stable isotopes, which are associated with
seawater evaporation in the ancient lagoon during delta progradation and
mixing with deeper fresh groundwater, which was probably recharged in the cold
Late Pleistocene. The brackish and fresh groundwaters are
characterized by river-like stable isotope values, where high radiocarbon
activities (74.3–105.9 pMC) were formed after the washing out of the salinized
aquifer by surface water in the delta plain. This study presents an approach
that utilizes geochemical indicator analysis with paleo-geographic
reconstruction to better assess groundwater evolutionary patterns in coastal
aquifers.
Correlation of wind waves and sea level variations on the coast of the seasonally ice-covered Gulf of Finland
Authors: Johansson Milla M. , Björkqvist Jan-Victor , Särkkä Jani , Leijala Ulpu , Kahma Kimmo K.
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Both sea level variations and wind-generated waves affect coastal flooding risks. The correlation of these two phenomena complicates the estimates of their joint effect on the exceedance levels for the continuous water mass. In the northern Baltic Sea the seasonal occurrence of sea ice further influences the situation. We analysed this correlation with 28 years (1992–2019) of sea level data, and 4 years (2016–2019) of wave buoy measurements from a coastal location outside the City of Helsinki, Gulf of Finland in the Baltic Sea. The wave observations were complemented by 28 years of simulations with a parametric wave model. The sea levels and significant wave heights at this location show the strongest positive correlation (τ=0.5) for southwesterly winds, while for northeasterly winds the correlation is negative (−0.3). The results were qualitatively similar when only the open water period was considered, or when the ice season was included either with zero wave heights or hypothetical no-ice wave heights. We calculated the observed probability distribution of the sum of the sea level and the highest individual wave crest from the simultaneous time series. Compared to this, a probability distribution of the sum calculated by assuming that the two variables are independent underestimates the exceedance frequencies of high total water levels. We tested nine different copulas for their ability to account for the mutual dependence between the two variables.
Multi-decadal retreat of marine-terminating outlet glaciers in northwest and central-west Greenland
Authors: Black Taryn E. , Joughin Ian
Published: March 2022

Abstract. The retreat and acceleration of marine-terminating outlet
glaciers in Greenland over the past 2 decades have been widely attributed
to climate change. Here we present a comprehensive annual record of glacier
terminus positions in northwest and central-west Greenland and compare it
against local and regional climatology to assess the regional sensitivity of
glacier termini to different climatic factors. This record is derived from
optical and radar satellite imagery and spans 87 marine-terminating outlet
glaciers from 1972 through 2021. We find that in this region, most glaciers
have retreated over the observation period and widespread regional retreat
accelerated from around 1996. The acceleration of glacier retreat coincides with
the timing of sharp shifts in ocean surface temperatures, the duration of
the sea-ice season, ice-sheet surface mass balance, and meltwater and runoff
production. Regression analysis indicates that terminus retreat is most
sensitive to increases in runoff and ocean temperatures, while the effect of
offshore sea ice is weak. Because runoff and ocean temperatures can
influence terminus positions through several mechanisms, our findings
suggest that a variety of processes – such as ocean-interface melting,
mélange presence and rigidity, and hydrofracture-induced calving – may
contribute to, but do not conclusively dominate, the observed regional
retreat.
Stochastically perturbed physics-tendencies based ensemble mean approach in the WRF model: a study for the North Indian Ocean tropical cyclones
Authors: Tiwari Gaurav , Bobde Vishal , Kumar Pankaj , Mishra Alok Kumar
Published: March 2022

Abstract. Tropical cyclones (TCs) are among the catastrophic natural hazards over the North Indian Ocean (NIO), and they are expected to become more frequent in the upcoming years. TCs occur primarily in the pre-monsoon (April–June) and post-monsoon (October–December) seasons, wreaking havoc on South Asian regions. For reliable alerts and disaster warnings ahead of time, better forecasting of TC features such as track, landfall, intensity, rainfall, and so on is crucial. The present study uses the stochastically perturbed physics-tendencies (SPPT) ensemble-mean approach along with digital filter initialization (DFI) to the initial and boundary conditions for the high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. The model’s sensitivity has been investigated for the two NIO TCs, Tauktae (in May 2021) and Nivar (in November 2020), by performing a large number of experiments. Compared with control runs, the track simulations in terms of the reduction in along-track (cross-track) errors for Tauktae and Nivar were improved by 68.8 % (23.4 %) and 28.2 % (40.7 %), respectively, in the DFI experiment. Further improvements were found in the SPPT-based ensemble mean experiments (DFI+SPPT) as the along-track (cross-track) errors, compared to control simulations, were reduced by 65.3 % (27.7 %) and 37 % (54.1 %), for Tauktae and Nivar, respectively. However, the DFI simulations showed a potential to improve the TCs’ track simulation but failed to reduce the error in intensity simulation. On the other hand, DFI+SPPT experiments improved the model's reliability in simulating TCs’ intensity (maximum sustained wind speed and minimum sea-level pressure) considerably. Thus, the DFI+SPPT experiments showed higher skills in simulating the TCs’ characteristics.