bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
microbiomeDASim: Simulating longitudinal differential abundance for microbiome data
Authors: Williams Justin , Bravo Hector Corrada , Tom Jennifer , Paulson Joseph Nathaniel
Published: February 2020

An increasing emphasis on understanding the dynamics of microbial communities in various settings has led to the proliferation of longitudinal metagenomic sampling studies. Data from whole metagenomic shotgun sequencing and marker-gene survey studies have characteristics that drive novel statistical methodological development for estimating time intervals of differential abundance. In designing a study and the frequency of collection prior to a study, one may wish to model the ability to detect an effect, e.g., there may be issues with respect to cost, ease of access, etc. Additionally, while every study is unique, it is possible that in certain scenarios one statistical framework may be more appropriate than another. Here, we present a simulation paradigm implemented in the R Bioconductor software package microbiomeDASim available at http://bioconductor.org/packages/microbiomeDASim microbiomeDASim. microbiomeDASim allows investigators to simulate longitudinal differential abundant microbiome features with a variety of known functional forms with flexible parameters to control desired signal-to-noise ratio. We present metrics of success results on one particular method called metaSplines.
Management of intracranial tuberculous mass lesions: how long should we treat for?
Authors: Marais Suzaan , Van Toorn Ronald , Chow Felicia C. , Manesh Abi , Siddiqi Omar K. , Figaji Anthony , Schoeman Johan F. , Meintjes Graeme ,   Tuberculous Meningitis International Research Consortium
Published: February 2020

Tuberculous intracranial mass lesions are common in settings with high tuberculosis (TB) incidence and HIV prevalence. The diagnosis of such lesions, which include tuberculoma and tuberculous abscesses, is often presumptive and based on radiological features, supportive evidence of TB elsewhere and response to TB treatment. However, the treatment response is unpredictable, with lesions frequently enlarging paradoxically or persisting for many years despite appropriate TB treatment and corticosteroid therapy. Most international guidelines recommend a 9-12 month course of TB treatment for central nervous system TB when the infectingMycobacterium tuberculosis(M.tb) strain is sensitive to first-line drugs. However, there is variation in opinion and practice with respect to the duration of TB treatment in patients with tuberculomas or tuberculous abscesses. A major reason for this is the lack of prospective clinical trial evidence. Some experts suggest continuing treatment until radiological resolution of enhancing lesions has been achieved, but this may unnecessarily expose patients to prolonged periods of potentially toxic drugs. It is currently unknown whether persistent radiological enhancement of intracranial tuberculomas after 9-12 months of treatment represents active disease, inflammatory response in a sterilized lesion or merely revascularization. The consequences of stopping TB treatment prior to resolution of lesional enhancement have rarely been explored. These important issues were discussed at the 3rdInternational Tuberculous Meningitis Consortium meeting. Most clinicians were of the opinion that continued enhancement does not necessarily represent treatment failure and that prolonged TB therapy was not warranted in patients presumably infected withM.tbstrains susceptible to first-line drugs. In this manuscript we highlight current medical treatment practices, benefits and disadvantages of different TB treatment durations and the need for evidence-based guidelines regarding the treatment duration of patients with intracranial tuberculous mass lesions.
Application of bioelectric impedance in the assessment of body components to active and pasiv athletes
Authors: Heta G , Ramadani L , Rashiti N , Bekolli L , Shabani E
Published: February 2020

Assessment of body composition is of particular importance to active athletes, in determining the optimal body mass, especially in controlling the effect of the training process. The purpose of this paper is the confirmation of the goal between active athletes and passive athletes in bodily constituents using the bioelectrical resistance method (BIA). This research has included 50 athletes of 4 complex poly structural sports and 50 passive athletes (former athletes) of these sports; the sample has included a total of 100 tested athletes. The sample of variables from the "TANITA" apparatus (as a bioelectric resistance method (BIA)) is consisted of 10 variables. The basic statistical and asymmetric parameters were applied for the processing of results as well as T-test analysis for independent groups. The results of this research show that significant statistical differences have been earned in the arithmetic averages between active athletes and passive athlete to most of the variables of bodily constituents, especially in adipose tissue variables p <0.01. According to the results of this research, it is recommended to use the same method in order to compare the body composition to athletes of various sports.
Microlens testing on back-illuminated image sensors for space applications
Authors: Zanella Frédéric , Basset Guillaume , Schneider Christian , Luu-Dinh Angélique , Fricke Sören , Maria Madrigal Ana , Van Aken Dirk , Zahir Mustapha
Published: February 2020

The optoelectronic properties of image sensors, among which are the photosensitivity and resolution, are key to the quality factors for imaging as well as spectrometry in Earth observation and scientific space exploration missions. Microlens arrays (MLAs) further improve state-of-the-art CMOS image sensors (CIS) by redirecting more photons into the photosensitive surface/volume of each pixel. This paper reports the design, deposition, optical characterization, and reliability assessment of such an MLA made from a UV-curable hybrid polymer and replicated on a packaged back-illuminated CIS having a pixel pitch of 15.5 µm. We find that such MLAs are highly stable to temperature variations, exposure to humidity, mechanical shocks and vibrations, as well as irradiation by gamma rays, while improving the parasitic light sensitivity by a factor of 1.8. Such MLAs can be applied on a large variety of image sensors, back-illuminated but mostly front-illuminated, with pixel pitches ranging from a few to several hundreds of micrometers, making them suitable for most specifications of the space industry.
Broadband, millimeter-wave antireflection coatings for large-format, cryogenic aluminum oxide optics
Authors: Nadolski A. , Vieira J. D. , Sobrin J. A. , Kofman A. M. , Ade P. A. R. , Ahmed Z. , Anderson A. J. , Avva J. S. , Basu Thakur R. , Bender A. N. , Benson B. A. , Bryant L. , Carlstrom J. E. , Carter F. W. , Cecil T. W. , Chang C. L. , Cheshire J. R. , Chesmore G. E. , Cliche J. F. , Cukierman A. , de Haan T. , Dierickx M. , Ding J. , Dutcher D. , Everett W. , Farwick J. , Ferguson K. R. , Florez L. , Foster A. , Fu J. , Gallicchio J. , Gambrel A. E. , Gardner R. W. , Groh J. C. , Guns S. , Guyser R. , Halverson N. W. , Harke-Hosemann A. H. , Harrington N. L. , Harris R. J. , Henning J. W. , Holzapfel W. L. , Howe D. , Huang N. , Irwin K. D. , Jeong O. , Jonas M. , Jones A. , Korman M. , Kovac J. , Kubik D. L. , Kuhlmann S. , Kuo C.-L. , Lee A. T. , Lowitz A. E. , McMahon J. , Meier J. , Meyer S. S. , Michalik D. , Montgomery J. , Natoli T. , Nguyen H. , Noble G. I. , Novosad V. , Padin S. , Pan Z. , Paschos P. , Pearson J. , Posada C. M. , Quan W. , Rahlin A. , Riebel D. , Ruhl J. E. , Sayre J. T. , Shirokoff E. , Smecher G. , Stark A. A. , Stephen J. , Story K. T. , Suzuki A. , Tandoi C. , Thompson K. L. , Tucker C. , Vanderlinde K. , Wang G. , Whitehorn N. , Yefremenko V. , Yoon K. W. , Young M. R.
Published: February 2020

We present two prescriptions for broadband (

), millimeter-wave antireflection
coatings for cryogenic, sintered polycrystalline aluminum oxide
optics: one for large-format (700 mm diameter) planar and plano–convex
elements, the other for densely packed arrays of quasi-optical
elements—in our case, 5 mm diameter half-spheres (called “lenslets”).
The coatings comprise three layers of commercially available,
polytetrafluoroethylene-based, dielectric sheet material. The lenslet
coating is molded to fit the 150 mm diameter arrays directly, while
the large-diameter lenses are coated using a tiled approach. We review
the fabrication processes for both prescriptions, then discuss
laboratory measurements of their transmittance and reflectance. In
addition, we present the inferred refractive indices and loss tangents
for the coating materials and the aluminum oxide substrate. We find
that at 150 GHz and 300 K the large-format coating sample achieves

transmittance, and the lenslet
coating sample achieves

transmittance.
Cone-shaped optical fiber tip for cost-effective digital lensless holographic microscopy
Authors: Patiño-Jurado Brayan , Botero-Cadavid Juan F. , Garcia-Sucerquia Jorge
Published: February 2020

In this work, the development and application of a cost-effective and robust digital lensless holographic microscopy (DLHM) system is presented. In the simple architecture of DLHM based on a point source and a digital camera, the production of the former is introduced by means of an engineered step-index optical fiber with a cone-shaped end tip. The conventional and regularly expensive point source in DLHM is produced by means of a high-numerical-aperture microscope objective and a metallic wavelength-sized pinhole. The proposed replacement renders to DLHM additional simplicity of building, in addition to mechanical stability and robustness, and further reduces the cost of the microscope. The simplified cost-effective DLHM architecture is utilized for imaging resolution test targets and samples of human blood and pond water, revealing competitive mechanical stability and trustable phase images of the imaged specimens.
Enhancing integral imaging performance using time-multiplexed convergent backlight
Authors: Ma Shitu , Lou Yimin , Hu Juanmei , Wu Fengmin
Published: February 2020

A method to enhance the performance of an integral imaging system is demonstrated using the time-multiplexed convergent backlight technique. The backlight increases the space bandwidth of the integral imaging system. As a result, the resolution, depth of field, and viewing angle of the integral imaging system are increased simultaneously. The cross-talk noise is also decreased without using any optical barrier. One part of the added space bandwidth comes from the optimized illumination. The other part is converted from the time bandwidth of the system by time-multiplexing. The time-multiplexed convergent backlight modulates the direction of the backlight in time sequence to illuminate the elemental images. Then, the elemental images synthesize the 3D images using a microlens array. An elemental images rendering method using a conjugate pinhole camera and pinhole projector model is designed to dynamically match the illumination direction. The rendering method eliminates the distortion and maximizes the viewing angle and viewing zone. A field programmable gate array (FPGA)-based controller is used to manage and synchronize the time sequence of the backlight and the display devices. Using this technique, high-performance 3D images are realized. Comparison experiments of the integral imaging system using diffused backlight and convergent backlight are performed. The results show the effectiveness of the proposed technique.
Reconciling models of primary production and photoacclimation [Invited]
Authors: Sathyendranath Shubha , Platt Trevor , Kovač Žarko , Dingle James , Jackson Thomas , Brewin Robert J. W. , Franks Peter , Marañón Emilio , Kulk Gemma , Bouman Heather A.
Published: February 2020

Primary production and photoacclimation models are two important classes of physiological models that find applications in remote sensing of pools and fluxes of carbon associated with phytoplankton in the ocean. They are also key components of ecosystem models designed to study biogeochemical cycles in the ocean. So far, these two classes of models have evolved in parallel, somewhat independently of each other. Here we examine how they are coupled to each other through the intermediary of the photosynthesis–irradiance parameters. We extend the photoacclimation model to accommodate the spectral effects of light penetration in the ocean and the spectral sensitivity of the initial slope of the photosynthesis–irradiance curve, making the photoacclimation model fully compatible with spectrally resolved models of photosynthesis in the ocean. The photoacclimation model contains a parameter

θ
m

, which is the maximum chlorophyll-to-carbon ratio that phytoplankton can attain when available light tends to zero. We explore how size-class-dependent values of

θ
m

could be inferred from field data on chlorophyll and carbon content in phytoplankton, and show that the results are generally consistent with lower bounds estimated from satellite-based primary production calculations. This was accomplished using empirical models linking phytoplankton carbon and chlorophyll concentration, and the range of values obtained in culture measurements. We study the equivalence between different classes of primary production models at the functional level, and show that the availability of a chlorophyll-to-carbon ratio facilitates the translation between these classes. We discuss the importance of the better assignment of parameters in primary production models as an important avenue to reduce model uncertainties and to improve the usefulness of satellite-based primary production calculations in climate research.
Confocal microscopy with a microlens array
Authors: Yu Yinchuan , Ye Xianjun , McCluskey Matthew D.
Published: February 2020

Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) is a preferred method for
obtaining optical images with submicrometer resolution. Replacing the
pinhole and detector of a CLSM with a digital camera [charge-coupled
device (CCD) or complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS)] has
the potential to simplify the design and reduce cost. However, the
relatively slow speed of a typical camera results in long scans. To
address this issue, in the present investigation a microlens array was
used to split the laser beam into 48 beamlets that are focused onto
the sample. In essence, 48 pinhole-detector measurements were
performed in parallel. Images obtained from the 48 laser spots were
stitched together into a final image.
Wavelength locking in a large-smile diode-laser array using dual-beam transformation systems
Authors: Liu Bin , Liu Hui , Chen Fenning , Li Haiyan , Liu Xingsheng
Published: February 2020

Dual-beam transformation systems (dual BTSs) are used to obtain a wide wavelength-locking range for high-power large-smile diode-laser arrays. The collimating residual divergence angle can be reduced from 9 mrad to less than 6.5 mrad using a set of two angled BTSs that are located in front of a diode-laser array with about a 2 µm smile. Due to the reduced collimating residual divergence angle, the external cavity with a set of two angled BTSs and a volume Bragg grating achieved a wide wavelength-locking range for temperatures ranging from 20°C to 30°C. In addition, the side-mode suppression ratio exceeds 30 dB.
Quantifying bio-filament morphology below the diffraction limit of an optical microscope using out-of-focus images
Authors: Anthonisen Madeleine , Zhang Yuning , Hussain Sangji M. , Grütter Peter
Published: February 2020

A method to measure the dimensions of objects below the optical diffraction limit using diffraction analysis of out-of-focus bright-field images is presented. The method relies on the comparison of the diffraction patterns of an object of unknown size to those of calibration objects of known size. Correlative scanning electron microscope measurements are used to demonstrate the applicability of this method to measure 100 nm microbeads as well as objects with a geometry different from the calibration objects. This technique is important in the context of tethered particle experiments, in which bio-filaments are bound between a substrate and a microbead. This procedure is applied to obtain the diameters of axonal extensions or neurites that are mechanically created in samples of rat hippocampal neurons. The dependence of neurite geometry on mechanical pull speed is investigated, and the diameter is found to be rate independent.
Optical fiber dosimeter for real-time in-vivo dose monitoring during LDR brachytherapy
Authors: Woulfe P. , Sullivan F. J. , Kam W. , O’Keeffe S.
Published: February 2020

An optical fiber sensor for monitoring low dose radiation is presented. The sensor, based on radiation sensitive scintillation material, terbium doped gadolinium oxysulphide (Gd2O2S:Tb), is embedded in a cavity of 700µm diameter within a 1mm plastic optical fiber. The sensor is compared with the treatment planning system for repeatability, angular dependency, distance and accumulated radiation activity. The sensor demonstrates a high sensitivity of 152 photon counts/Gy with a temporal resolution of 0.1 seconds, with the largest repeatability error of 4.1%, to 0.361mCi of Iodine-125 the radioactive source most commonly used in LDR brachytherapy for treating prostate cancer.
2-substituted nitropyridines: a new class of efficient nonlinear organic materials
Authors: Cheng Y. Y. , Twieg R. J. , Jain K. , Magel G. , Bondman P.
Published: February 2020

We have studied several new classes of nonlinear organic material including donor-acceptor substituted pyridines and enones (chalcones and benzylidenes) by second harmonic generation (SHG) in powders with a Nd:YAG laser. Among these, many materials belonging to the 2-substituted-nitropyridine and donor-substituted nitrochalcone families have been found to have SHG efficiencies up to an order of magnitude greater than urea as well as high optical damage thresholds.
High-sensitivity silicide films for optical recording
Authors: Ahn K. Y. , Distefano T. H. , Herd S. R. , Mazzeo N. J. , Tu K. N.
Published: February 2020

Polycrystalline films of noble-metal silicides were reported to be a good candidate for archival optical recording media.1 Typical writing power for half-saturation of contrast at 50-nsec pulse width is 30 mW at 6417 Å, and this is roughly three times that required to ablate holes in Te films. There are several ways of reducing writing energy, and in this paper we present a summary of our effort to obtain optimized bilayer structures.
Measurement of trace gases in the atmosphere using multiphoton ionization
Authors: Smith A. V. , Johnson A. W. , Anderson R. J. M.
Published: February 2020

Resonant multiphoton ionization promises to be a sensitive technique for the measurement of trace concentrations of gases in atmospheric or other complex gas mixtures. Compared with laser-induced fluorescence, photoionization has the advantages of high collection efficiency and fewer problems with quenching phenomena. By employing low-order processes (one or two photons) for each resonant transition it is possible to achieve efficient ionization with relatively modest light intensities.
Applications of submillimeter lasers to military systems
Authors: Fetterman H. R. , Waldman J.
Published: February 2020

Demonstrated applications of submillimeter laser systems will be discussed, including simulation of lower frequency radar systems using small scale models in a laboratory, and plume detection against cold backgrounds. Results using current technology and new technology being developed will be described.
Pit Bistable optical devices: physical processes and practical applications
Authors: Miller D. A. B.
Published: February 2020

Optical bistability (OB) can be defined as the existence of two stable states for one set of optical input conditions. It can be seen in many different systems which generally combine some microscopic nonlinearity (e.g., intensity-dependent refractive index) with some macroscopic feedback (e.g., a Fabry-Perot cavity). OB shows not only hysteresis but also switching transitions. By adjusting the degree of feedback various related effects are also possible (e.g., optical limiters, optical transistors, and several kinds of oscillation phenomena).
Scattering of laser radiation in the atmosphere
Authors: Carswell A. I.
Published: February 2020

Recent measurements of the propagation and scattering of laser radiation in the atmosphere are reviewed. The effects of aerosols, clouds, and multiple scattering are discussed.
Chemical iodine laser
Authors: Mcdermott W. E.
Published: February 2020

Abstract is not available
Atmospheric propagation studies in France: an overview
Authors: Duchet M.
Published: February 2020

We will describe some of the current theoretical and experimental work done in France relative to atmospheric propagation of laser beams, both pulsed and continuous. Phenomena considered include breakdown, turbulence, and thermal blooming.
Laser linking process for restructurable VLSI
Authors: Chapman G. H. , Raffel J. I. , Yasaitis J. A. , Cheston S. M.
Published: February 2020

A major advance in achieving higher levels of integration is the expansion of chip size through the use of redundancy. Lasers have been used for this purpose principally for polysilicon removal as in the case of 64K RAMs.1 Unfortunately such a deletive technique by Itself is inadequate to provide the interconnect flexibility needed to restructure general purpose logic by excising defective cells and wiring in redundant ones. In practice, an additive linking technology is essential to test successfully individual modular sections prior to rerouting interconnect wiring and to correct errors introduced in the routing process itself. Lincoln Laboratory is using the energy in a laser pulse to create a conducting path through an insulating layer separating a grid of isolated but overlapping bus lines.
Laser tool for programming programmable logic arrays and repairing VLSI chips
Authors: Logue Joseph C. , Kleinfelder Walter J. , Moulic J. Randal , Lowry Paul , Wu Wei-Wha
Published: February 2020

Very large scale integration (VLSI) presents difficult design and development problems due to the ease with which errors creep into the process. It can require several passes through the design and development cycle to eliminate the errors. A laser tool has been developed that makes connections between two levels of metallization separated by an insulator on a VLSI chip. A programmable logic array (PLA) was developed in conjunction with the laser tool. The PLA is programmed to perform a complex logic function by means of the laser tool. A short movie shows the tool in operation programming a PLA. The PLA contains the equivalent of 600 circuits worth of logic, which can be programmed in a few minutes. It is thus possible to construct a complex system with a relatively few PLA modules in a short time.
10-GHz Bandwidth GaAs photodiodes
Authors: Bloom D. M. , Wang S. Y. , Collins Douglas M.
Published: February 2020

We report the development of GaAs Schottky photodiodes with 3-dB bandwidths of >10 GHz, which is a factor of 2 or more faster than any photodiodes previously reported. We also report a time and frequency domain measurement system essential to the accurate characterization of these devices. The photodiodes, in addition to their wide bandwidth, operate at a very low reverse bias of <10 V and still attain an external quantum efficiency of 25 % at a wavelength of 0.6 µm.
Architectural development of optical data processing systems
Authors: Goodman Joseph W.
Published: February 2020

The architectural development of optical processors can be represented in the form of a tree. The roots are the works of Abbe and Zernike, who recognized and demonstrated that a structure placed in the focal plane of an optical imaging system can modify the spatial spectrum of a coherently illuminated object. The lower trunk of the tree is the work of Marechai, Tsujiuchi, O’Neill, and others, who were the first to attempt to apply coherent optics to optical data processing problems, including image deblurring and extraction of 2-D signals from noise.
Use of CO2 gas lasers in machine-building technology
Authors: Abilsiitov G. A. , Velikhov E. P.
Published: February 2020

This paper is a review of the results of recent work pioneered by us on the construction of high- power (above 1-kW) lasers and applications of these lasers in the machine-building industry.
Is bond selective chemistry possible?
Authors: Brenner D. M.
Published: February 2020

Although there have been many attempts using conventional CO2 lasers to carry out bond selective reactions by IR multiphoton excitation (IRMPE), none has been successful. The basic reason for this failure is that polyatomics do not absorb photons in the quasi-continuum {region of high density of states) fast enough compared with rates of intramolecular relaxation. By contrast, at low vibrational energies, energy is deposited mode-selectively in many polyatomics, but there are few reactions which occur at these low energies on ground state surfaces. Therefore, at the present time, bond selective processes induced by IRMPE may only be possible in special cases as in reactions from excited state surfaces where barriers are generally low in energy.
Vacuum ultraviolet and x-ray lasers: an overview of progress
Authors: Waynant Ronald W.
Published: February 2020

The struggle to produce coherent sources in the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) and x-ray region has been continuing for more than 10 years. During that time numerous proposals have been made describing methods to generate EUV and x-ray lasers. Some proposals have reached the experimental stage. Already claims of success have been announced or otherwise leaked to the public. So far these claims of success have not been supported with sufficient data to satisfy the cautious observer. Other experiments have been making steady progress toward their goals.
Microwave- and UHF-pumped rare-gas-halide lasers
Authors: Christensen C. P. , Waynant Ronald W.
Published: February 2020

The current generation of rare-gas-halide (RGH) lasers has encountered some difficult limits on system lifetime, pulse duration, and pulse repetition rate. Many of these are imposed by the devices used for excitation of the laser gas. The use of rf discharges for pumping of RGH lasers can allow significant progress in several of these problem areas. Electrodeless rf discharges can serve as the basis of laser excitation systems in which no contaminating metal surface is exposed to the reactive gas medium.
Mapping of defects on apical recording disks
Authors: Marrello V. , Chen M. , Weiss R. , Martin W. , Gerber U.
Published: February 2020

Bit error rate is an essential parameter for characterizing and controlling an optical data recording disk. An important factor which affects the bit error rate for an optical disk is the defect distribution of such a disk before recording.
Clinical Reports on Early Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV）Pneumonia in Stealth Infected Patients
Authors: Yang Le
Published: February 2020

An outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) that began in Wuhan, China, is rapidly spreading to all over China, and gradually to multiple countries. Regarding to put the epidemic prevention and spread under the control, early identification and diagnosis play a critical role. Patients with initially no or mild symptoms of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia (2019-nCoV), namely stealth infection, often lack of typical clinical evidence to establish the diagnosis. Based on the clinical analysis of 4 cases in stealth infection, the results of this study highlight that early diagnosis requires a combination of epidemiological history, clinical manifestations, early chest CT examination, and 2019-nCoV RNA test (nucleic acid test), with particular emphasis on definite epidemiological history and early chest CT findings when positive nucleic acid tests lag behind.
Mobbing among healthcare workers: A review of research findings and methods of struggling
Authors: Aydın Sayılan Aylin , Aydın Aykut
Published: February 2020

Healthcare institutions are organizations with a complex structure where there is a high work stress and it is of utmost importance that services are provided without errors in this complexity.

Nowadays, when the hospital management becomes increasingly complex, hospital managers are in a position that influences the success of the hospitals the most. While this situation necessitates the managers to use their time in a more rational and efficient manner, giving a senseless workload to the managers would surely negatively affect the individual and organizational productivity (Karsavuran, 2014).

In other words, exposure of the healthcare professionals to mobbing in the professional life causes depressive symptoms to arise, this situation leading to the individual negatively evaluating the quality of his life. As a result, decrease in the job satisfaction of the individual, low performance and reluctance towards the job occur (Yavuzer and Civilidag, 2014).  

Therefore, it is proposed to clarify the arrangements that prevent managers from applying psychological abuse to their subordinates when determining the superior-subordinate relationships (Yıldız et al., 2013).

In this study the titles will include definition of mobbing in health sector, results of mobbing.
Situated incidental vocabulary acquisition: The effects of in-class and out-of-class novel reading
Authors: Reynolds Barry Lee
Published: February 2020

Researchers investigating the incidental acquisition of vocabulary through reading have often required participants to read in controlled classroom or lab environments. This method delimits reading to short texts read in one sitting and fashions an anomalous reading context (i. e. not mimicking ecologically valid extensive reading situations). To investigate whether the physical reading context affects incidental vocabulary acquisition, an empirical study was conducted with two groups of participants that read the same 36,711-token novel containing 49 target words – in-class readers (n = 48) and out-of-class readers (n = 32). Results showed reading context has a large effect on vocabulary recall and a medium effect on vocabulary recognition. Medium correlations were found between incidental acquisition and reading context as well as second language (L2) vocabulary size. Two standard three-explanatory-variable (L2 vocabulary size, reading context, reading time) multiple regressions accounted for 40% of the variance in vocabulary recall and 44.5% of the variance in vocabulary recognition. Nuanced distinctions between in-class and out-of-class readers were uncovered by analyzing responses to open-ended reflective questionnaire items about the study, novel, target vocabulary, and vocabulary learning strategies. A lens of criticality was used to discuss the findings in terms of their pedagogical and methodological implications.
Acquisitions for Sleep
Authors: Norbäck Pehr-Johan , Olofsson Charlotta , Persson Lars
Published: February 2020

Within the policy debate, there is a fear that large incumbent firms buy small firms’ inventions to ensure that they are not used in the market. We show that such “acquisitions for sleep” can occur if and only if the quality of a process invention is small; otherwise, the entry profit will be higher than the entry-deterring value. We then show that the incentive for acquiring for the purpose of putting a patent to sleep decreases when the intellectual property law is stricter because the profit for the entrant then increases more than the entry-deterring value does.
Fiat Money as a Public Signal, Medium of Exchange, and Punishment
Authors: Gomis-Porqueras Pedro , Sun Ching-Jen
Published: February 2020

This paper studies different welfare-enhancing roles that fiat money can have. To do so, we consider an indivisible monetary framework where agents are randomly and bilaterally matched, while the government has weak enforcement powers. Within this environment, we analyze state contingent monetary policies and characterize the resulting equilibria under different government record-keeping technologies. We show that a threat of injecting fiat money, conditional on private actions, can improve allocations and achieve efficiency. This type of state contingent policy is effective even when the government cannot observe any private trades and agents can only communicate with the government through cheap talk. In all these equilibria fiat money and self-enforcing credit are complements in the off equilibrium. Finally, this type of equilibria can also emerge even when the injection of fiat money is not a public signal.
Presuppositions as pragmemes: The case of exemplification acts
Authors: Capone Alessandro
Published: February 2020

This paper is an example of how contextual information interacts with the interpretation of noun phrases (NPs) in discourse. When we encounter an NP escorted by the definite article or a proper name, the expectation is triggered that the speaker is referring to some referent x that the hearer can normally identify. Strawson and Russell have agreed that a referent must be associated with a definite description so that the assertion containing it can be said to be true. In the case where a description does not refer to anything, the assertion is considered by Russell to be false, while Strawson says that the issue of truth or falsity does not arise. In this paper, we examine a case in which contextual information interacts with the interpretation of NPs in discourse and the hearer is not expected to identify a referent when hearing a proper name. In this case, the issue of truth or falsity does not arise, because the hearer does not identify the referent. In fact, s/he does not intend for the discourse to about a referent at all. These situations are primarily represented by sentences uttered during the course of a grammar lecture, in which the lecturer is explaining a rule of language and does not focus on external reality. The hearers are aware of this focus and do not process the NP (in general a proper name) to identify a specific referent. This discourse is of three types, which will be discussed at the end of this paper.
Genre Expectations and the Superscriptions of LXX Isaiah
Authors: de Sousa Rodrigo Franklin
Published: February 2020

This article examines the translations of the superscriptions in LXX Isa 1:1, 2:1, and 13:1. The analysis reveals some attempts to bring the three superscriptions into closer formal alignment, and one significant deviation that breaks this pattern. These apparently contradictory procedures seem to result from the translator’s attempt to conform with certain expectations regarding the genre of prophetic texts.
From the Psalter back to the Psalms. Observations and Suggestions
Authors: Spieckermann Hermann
Published: February 2020

The essay is a plea for ending the hunt for the message inscribed into the final shaping of the Psalter. After the psalms had to suffer from exaggerated form-critical categorisation and other approaches, the Psalter is not in need of having its content labelled with inadequate generalising terms. The complexity of the psalms does not favour this approach. Instead, the psalms are waiting to be appreciated as textual individuals and each psalm as part of its special position in a manageable cluster of texts. In view of the Psalter as a whole the predominance of petition and praise, manifest in the title Tehillim, deserves closer theological attention.
La seguridad pública en la Constitución Política de los Estados Unidos Mexicanos
Authors: Martínez Mava Susana
Published: February 2020

Se analizan las disposiciones constitucionales y legales relativas a la seguridad pública, las reformas que labran un concepto de seguridad más acorde con los derechos humanos, en contraste con las características que en este momento son materia de debate y crítica por la forma en la que el Estado mexicano conduce las políticas públicas y que redundan en contextos de mayor violencia. Se contrastan dos discursos, el de los derechos humanos y el de su retroceso, el cual va de la mano con las acciones gubernativas que no han podido ofrecer soluciones al grave problema de inseguridad.
Experimental Evaluation of PVA as Novel Humidifier Material for Humidification-Dehumidification Applications
Authors: Santosh R. , Kumaresan G. , Monisha S. , Kumar G. Krishna , Velraj R.
Published: February 2020

The humidification-dehumidification (HDH) desalination technique is a promising technology to harness fresh water, resulting in a decline of scarcities of remote and arid area water. The humidifier unit is one of the major functional elements in an HDH desalination system. The efficiency of any HDH desalination system predominantly depends on the individual humidification and dehumidification process potential. Therefore, improvement in the humidification (or) dehumidification process potential can substantially improve the system’s overall performance. In this work, an attempt has been made to utilize polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as novel humidifier material for the humidification process. The experimental study was carried out considering diverse inlet air velocities of 3, 2, and 1 m/s. Different cases with and without air preheating were experimented to evaluate the humidification potential of PVA material when utilized in an HDH desalination system powered by waste heat and ambient conditions. The results revealed that the rate of evaporation from PVA material was predominantly influenced by the ambient air temperature compared with other system parameters. Furthermore, comparatively, it was found that, with the use of PVA as humidifier material, average increases in relative humidity of about 19 and 10 % were achieved for higher air velocity of 3 m/s in the cases with and without air preheating, respectively. Thus, it was identified that PVA can be utilized as an effective humidifier material for efficient humidification processes in HDH desalination systems.
Performance Enhancement of MR Brake Using Flake-Shaped Iron-Particle–Based Magnetorheological Fluid
Authors: Patel S. R. , Patel D. M. , Upadhyay R. V.
Published: February 2020

A non-spherically shaped iron particle–based magnetorheological (MR) fluid, particularly flake-shaped, is synthesized and utilized for the first time to evaluate the performance of an MR brake. The effects are compared with the commercially available spherically shaped particle–based MR fluid. The study shows that flake-shaped particle–based MR fluid with 70 % weight fraction of iron particles exhibits 17 % higher breaking torque at relatively low magnetic field strength compared to spherically shaped MR fluid with 72 % particle weight fraction. This increase in the torque value at low field is due to increases in the surface wetted area of flake-shaped particles. This enhances the friction between particle–particle and particle–carrier. Preferable to lower weight fraction requirement, the hysteresis loss is low and fluid has better stability in terms of gravity as well as thermally. The present MR fluid, having flake-shaped particles, improves MR brake performance substantially, both in terms of braking torque value at low field and reducing hysteresis loss. All the results are discussed based on the Herschel-Bulkley model. The performance of the brake is tested and evaluated in detail.
Acute Nicotine Exposure Alters Ventral Tegmental Area Inhibitory Transmission and Promotes Diazepam Consumption
Authors: Ostroumov Alexey , Wittenberg Ruthie E. , Kimmey Blake A. , Taormina Madison B. , Holden William M. , McHugh Albert T. , Dani John A.
Published: February 2020

Nicotine use increases the risk for subsequent abuse of other addictive drugs, but the biological basis underlying this risk remains largely unknown. Interactions between nicotine and other drugs of abuse may arise from nicotine-induced neural adaptations in the mesolimbic dopamine (DA) system, a common pathway for the reinforcing effects of many addictive substances. Previous work identified nicotine-induced neuroadaptations that alter inhibitory transmission in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Here, we test whether nicotine-induced dysregulation of GABAergic signaling within the VTA increases the vulnerability for benzodiazepine abuse that has been reported in smokers. We demonstrate in rats that nicotine exposure dysregulates diazepam-induced inhibition of VTA GABA neurons and increases diazepam consumption. In VTA GABA neurons, nicotine impaired KCC2-mediated chloride extrusion, depolarized the GABAAreversal potential, and shifted the pharmacological effect of diazepam on GABA neurons from inhibition toward excitation. In parallel, nicotine-related alterations in GABA signaling observedex vivowere associated with enhanced diazepam-induced inhibition of lateral VTA DA neuronsin vivo. Targeting KCC2 with the agonist CLP290 normalized diazepam-induced effects on VTA GABA transmission and reduced diazepam consumption following nicotine administration to the control level. Together, our results provide insights into midbrain circuit alterations resulting from nicotine exposure that contribute to the abuse of other drugs, such as benzodiazepines.
Women's Time: The Mar del Plata International Film Festival
Authors: Martinelli Lucas
Published: February 2020

Lucas Martinelli reports from the 34th edition of Argentina's Mar del Plata International Film Festival, the only FIAPF-accredited film festival in Latin America. Noting that this year's festival marked the sophomore effort of Cecilia Barrionuevo, the first female director in the festival's history, Martinelli focuses attention on the notable uptick in discussion space and festival slots awarded to women in the industry. The festival's second Forum of Cinema and Gender Perspective brought female speakers from fields across the industry—actresses, directors, researchers, and journalists. In his discussion of films directed by women, Martinelli notes an interest in challenging the historical archive to create a new feminist historiography.
Hydropriming enhances the germination of aged ultra-dry wheat seeds
Authors: Jiang Bowen , Wang Liyuan , Xu Chengtang , Yan Min
Published: February 2020

Hydropriming is an efficient strategy for reviving aged seeds. In the present study, hydropriming was optimised for vigour enhancement in aged ultra-dry wheat seeds. Wheat seeds (initially dried to 5.0% moisture content) stored at ambient temperature for ten years were humidified over
water for seven days, then soaked for 12, 24 and 36 hours in aerated distilled water (seed priming treatment). Primed and unprimed seeds were equilibrated at ambient conditions for 48 hours. Changes in germination traits, activities of anti-oxidative enzymes, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2),
malondialdehyde (MDA), α-amylase activity, soluble protein and soluble sugars were determined. Results indicated that hydro priming for 12 hours significantly increased the germination percentage, from 50.7 to 58.6%. The increase in germination was significantly positively correlated
with catalase activity (r = 0.969), and significantly negatively correlated with accumulation of H2O2 (r = 1.000).
Causality Relationship between Central Bank Reforms and Inflation: Evidence from Developing Countries
Authors: Anwar Cep Jandi , Nicholas Okot
Published: February 2020

This study provides evidence on the relationship between central bank reforms and inflation dynamics in a sample of 37 developing countries. We use panel structural break test and Granger non‐causality tests on annual inflation and the legal index of central bank independence (CBI), as a proxy of central bank reform, over 40 years period. The empirical results indicate a positive effect of central bank independence on inflation stabilization. Besides, we find that there exists bi-directional causality between central bank reforms and inflation. These findings suggest that central bank independence is beneficial in terms of sustained macroeconomic stabilization and should harness among developing countries. In particular, reforms should design to give central banks more autonomy in the conduct of monetary policy and financial sector regulation. JEL Classifications: E31, E58How to Cite:Anwar, C. J., & Nicholas, O. (2020). Causality Relationship Between Central Bank Reforms and Inflation: Evidence from Developing Countries. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, Vol. 9(1), 15-30. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i1.10955.
Schooling Decisions in Indonesia: a Lesson From Indonesian Crisis
Authors: Kharisma Bayu , Hadiyanto Ferry , Remi Sutyastie Soemitro
Published: February 2020

This research aims to analyze the role of income shocks, gender, and resource competition between siblings against the school's decision at the level of primary and senior secondary education during the economic crisis in Indonesia. Methods in this research were conducted in two phases, fixed effect and conditional logit. Results reveal that no evidence of households' transitory income affected children's education level, both for primary and senior secondary education. Meanwhile, compared to boys, girls have a higher probability of dropping out of school and have lower school enrollment rates in primary education. This paper indicated the existence of resource competition between the younger child and the older child for education, especially for senior secondary education.JEL Classification: I20, I24, I25, J16How to Cite:Kharisma, B., Hadiyanto, F., & Remi, S. S. (2020). Schooling Decision in Indonesia: a Lesson From Indonesian Crisis. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, Vol. 9(1), 81-92. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i1.12479.
The Relevance of Wagner’s Hypothesis in Achieving Sustainable Development Agenda in Nigeria
Authors: Oseni Isiaq Olasunkanmi , Adekunle Ibrahim Ayoade
Published: February 2020

Policy ambiguity in the form of non-directional and non-purposeful use of state resources has made sustainable growth outcomes a mirage in Nigeria. The recent economic crisis prompted the debate on how increased government spending induces sustainable economic growth in Nigeria. This paper examines the validity or otherwise of Wagner’s theory in Nigeria for the realization of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) from 1980 through 2017. By using time-series data on real gross domestic product, total government expenditure, money supply, and domestic investment and adopting the two-step Engle and Granger estimation procedure, result shows that increased government spending significantly predicts variations in real gross domestic product and thus leaned empirical credence to Wagner’s hypothesis as an essential concept for the attainment of Sustainable Development Goals in Nigeria. This paper recommended that the government should exhaust all possible option to increase expenditure in order to realize sustainable growth in Nigeria. JEL Classification: E62, O11 How to Cite:Oseni, I. O., & Adekunle, I. A. (2020). The Relevance of Wagner’s Hypothesis in Achieving Sustainable Development Agenda in Nigeria. Signifikan: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi, Vol. 9(1), 123-136. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/sjie.v9i1.12884