bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mean first passage times for bond formation for a Brownian particle in linear shear flow above a wall
Authors: Korn C. B. , Schwarz U. S.
Published: March 2007

Motivated by cell adhesion in hydrodynamic flow, here the authors study bond formation between a spherical Brownian particle in linear shear flow carrying receptors for ligands covering the boundary wall. They derive the appropriate Langevin equation which includes multiplicative noise due to position-dependent mobility functions resulting from the Stokes equation. They present a numerical scheme which allows to simulate it with high accuracy for all model parameters, including shear rate and three parameters describing receptor geometry (distance, size, and height of the receptor patches). In the case of homogeneous coating, the mean first passage time problem can be solved exactly. In the case of position-resolved receptor-ligand binding, they identify different scaling regimes and discuss their biological relevance.
Neurodegeneration and cell replacement
Authors: Ormerod Brandi K , Palmer Theo D , Caldwell Maeve A
Published: March 2007

The past decade has witnessed ground-breaking advances in human stem cell biology with scientists validating adult neurogenesis and establishing methods to isolate and propagate stem cell populations suitable for transplantation. These advances have forged promising strategies against human neurodegenerative diseases. For example, growth factor administration could stimulate intrinsic repair from endogenous neural stem cells, and cultured stem cells engineered into biopumps could be transplanted to deliver neuroprotective or restorative agents. Stem cells could also be transplanted to generate new neural elements that augment and potentially replace degenerating central nervous system (CNS) circuitry. Early efforts in neural tissue transplantation have shown that these strategies can improve functional outcome, but the ultimate success of clinical stem cell-based strategies will depend on detailed understanding of stem cell biology in the degenerating brain and detailed evaluation of their functional efficacy and safety in preclinical animal models.
Exploiting pathogens and their impact on fitness costs to manage the evolution of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis
Authors: RAYMOND BEN , SAYYED ALI H. , HAILS ROSIE S. , WRIGHT DENIS J.
Published: March 2007

Sustainable insect control requires effective management of the evolution of resistance to pesticides. Resistance management may ultimately depend on a range of diverse strategies. We explored how combining the use of a pathogen with an integrated pest management (IPM)‐compatible pesticide, Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), could affect the evolution of resistance.

We used fitness and laboratory selection experiments to explore whether the use of a nucleopolyhedrovirus could alter the rate of evolution of resistance to a Bt toxin. These results were incorporated into simulation modelling to investigate how pathogens could best be exploited in resistance management.

Simultaneous exposure to virus and Bt toxin (mixed sprays) reduced the fitness of Bt‐resistant insects compared with treatments with toxin alone. Moreover, Bt resistance incurred additional fitness costs, in terms of egg fertility, in the presence of virus.

In a selection experiment with caged insects, spraying toxin‐free refugia with virus slowed the evolution of resistance relative to unsprayed refugia, confirming the results of two fitness experiments that indicated that virus would increase the fitness costs of resistance. The impact of virus‐mediated costs was explored further in simulation models.

Simulations showed that large virus‐mediated fitness costs (a reduction in fecundity of 35%) with partially dominant inheritance could lead to effective resistance management with a Bt/virus rotation. Modest fitness costs could, however, markedly improve a rotation strategy with a pathogen that could replicate post‐application.

Synthesis and applications. Mixed sprays of virus and resistance‐prone pesticides such as Bt have the potential to slow the evolution of resistance within an integrated pest management context. However, the efficacy of mixed‐spray strategies depends upon precise dosages and/or the presence of a spray‐free refuge. In contrast, rotations of pesticides with pathogens that could replicate after application slow the evolution of resistance over a wider range of conditions and control insects cost‐effectively. This efficacy is dependent on the co‐occurrence of persistent pathogen and pesticide reducing the relative fitness of resistant individuals.
Quality and safety of fresh‐frozen plasma inactivated and leucoreduced with the Theraflex methylene blue system including the Blueflex filter: 5 years’ experience
Authors: Politis C. , Kavallierou L. , Hantziara S. , Katsea P. , Triantaphylou V. , Richardson C. , Tsoutsos D. , Anagnostopoulos N. , Gorgolidis G. , Ziroyannis P.
Published: March 2007

Background and Objectives  The objective of this paper is to present 5 years’ experience of pathogen inactivation of fresh‐frozen plasma with the methylene blue system in a blood centre in Athens.

Materials and Methods  Eight thousand and five hundred units treated by methylene blue and 54 435 untreated were issued for transfusion in four hospitals during the period 2000–2005. Eighty‐eight units were evaluated for changes in coagulation factor activity and cytokine concentrations following treatment.

Results  Coagulation factor losses were in the accepted range. Adverse reactions were 1 : 8500 with treated and 1 : 2177 with untreated units. The five serious reactions were all in untreated units. No seroconversions for infectious diseases were reported.

Conclusions  Methylene‐blue‐treated fresh‐frozen plasma is safer than the untreated product even in patients who require large quantities of plasma transfusion.
RELATIONAL GOODS, MONITORING AND NON‐PECUNIARY COMPENSATIONS IN THE NONPROFIT SECTOR: THE CASE OF THE ITALIAN SOCIAL SERVICES
Authors: Mosca Michele , Musella Marco , Pastore Francesco
Published: March 2007

ABSTRACT**:  This paper investigates the nonprofit wage gap suggesting a theoretical framework where, like in

Akerlof (1984)

, effort correlates not only with wages, but also with non‐monetary compensations. These take the form of relational goods by‐produced in the delivery of particular services. By paying higher non‐pecuniary compensations, the nonprofit sector attracts intrinsically similarly skilled, but more motivated workers, able to provide in fact a similar (or potentially higher) level of effort than their counterparts in the forprofit sector. On an empirical ground, the paper provides a number of econometric tests that confirm the main predictions of the model in Italy's case. It adds to the available empirical literature by introducing in the analysis direct measures of non‐pecuniary compensations and job satisfaction.
Targeted disruption of Sept3, a heteromeric assembly partner of Sept5 and Sept7 in axons, has no effect on developing CNS neurons
Authors: Fujishima Kazuto , Kiyonari Hiroshi , Kurisu Junko , Hirano Tomoo , Kengaku Mineko
Published: March 2007

The septins constitute a family of GTPase proteins that are involved in many cytological processes such as cytokinesis and exocytosis. Previous studies have indicated that mammalian Sept3 is a brain‐specific protein that is abundant in synaptic terminals. Here, we further investigated the localization and function of Sept3 in the mouse brain. Sept3 is expressed in several types of post‐mitotic neurons, including granule cells in the cerebellum and pyramidal neurons in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In primary cultures of hippocampal pyramidal neurons, Sept3 protein is enriched at the tips of growing neurites during differentiation. Sept3 directly binds to Sept5 and Sept7 and forms a heteromeric complex at nerve terminals adjacent to where a synaptic vesicle marker, synaptophysin, is expressed in mature neurons. When over‐expressed in HEK293 cells, Sept3 forms filamentous structures that are dependent on the presence of its GTP‐ and phosphoinositide‐binding domains. To investigate the physiological roles of Sept3, we generated Sept3 deficient mice. These mice show no apparent abnormalities in histogenesis nor neuronal differentiation in culture. Expression of synaptic proteins and other septins are unaltered, indicating that Sept3 is dispensable for normal neuronal development.
The use of hydroxy acids on the skin: characteristics of C8‐lipohydroxy acid
Authors: Saint‐Léger Didier , Lévêque Jean‐Luc , Verschoore Michèle
Published: March 2007

The hydroxy acids are widely used in skin creams because of their exfoliating and rejuvenating effect on photoaged skin. As a member of this family, the salicylic acid derivative known in the literature as 2‐hydroxy‐5‐octanoyl benzoic acid or β‐lipohydroxy acid has also been proposed as an exfoliant and as a treatment of photoaged skin and acne. This article reviews the effects of the hydroxy acids and compares them to those of the salicylic acid derivative. We propose the name C8‐lipohydroxy acid (C8‐LHA) for this derivative to differentiate it from other related compounds. The lipophilic nature of C8‐LHA and its relatively slow penetration in the skin afford it an exfoliating effect that is efficient at low concentrations. It appears to have antimicrobial, anti‐inflammatory, and anticomedogenic properties, which make it effective against acne. Its antifungal and exfoliating properties are also likely to prove useful in combating dandruff.
Phylogeny and biogeography of Yellow‐headed and Blue‐fronted Parrots (Amazona ochrocephala and Amazona aestiva) with special reference to the South American taxa
Authors: RIBAS CAMILA C. , TAVARES ERIKA S. , YOSHIHARA CELINA , MIYAKI CRISTINA Y.
Published: March 2007

The Yellow‐headed Parrot (Amazona ochrocephala) has a broad Neotropical distribution, ranging from Mexico to the Amazon Basin, and a history of complex taxonomy and controversial species limits. Recent molecular analyses have started to clarify the taxonomic arrangement of the complex, but have not included a representative geographical sampling from South America. These studies have shown that the Yellow‐headed complex can be divided into three main lineages, and seems to be paraphyletic, due to the inclusion of the Blue‐fronted Parrot (Amazona aestiva) that occurs in central South America. Here we present a phylogenetic analysis based on mitochondrial DNA sequences of 45 representatives of the Yellow‐headed complex from South and Central America, plus 13 Blue‐fronted individuals from different localities in South America. Our analyses recover the three primary lineages found previously in the Yellow‐headed complex, show that there is genetic structure in the South American lineage, which can be divided into two well‐supported, closely related clades, and demonstrate that Blue‐fronted samples are distributed in both clades. Differentiation of South American Blue‐fronted and Yellow‐headed Parrot populations does not correspond to the plumage differences used to distinguish the Blue‐fronted Parrot from the Yellow‐headed Parrot, nor to plumage differences used to distinguish among South American Yellow‐headed subspecies. This suggests that traditional taxonomy based on plumage characters needs revision, and that this may be an interesting example of ongoing divergence‐with‐gene‐flow related to the forest/open area ecotone in southern Amazonia.
Sacred cows and thumping drums: claiming territory as ‘zones of tradition’ in British India
Authors: Jones Reece
Published: March 2007

Theories that explain the origins of communal violence in South Asia often point to the discursive creation of the perception of distinct and adversarial Hindu and Muslim identity categories at the beginning of the twentieth century. This paper argues that these theories overemphasize imagined social differences without adequately considering how these boundaries were territorialized in everyday life through performative place‐making practices. In order to fill this gap, ‘zones of tradition’, areas where religious or cultural practices are reified into official tradition, are suggested as one way of conceptualizing how group‐making discourses are linked to places. As examples, the cow protection movement that campaigned to institute local bans on the slaughter of cattle and conflicts over Hindu processions playing music as they passed in front of mosques are considered. As these practices were contested, it is argued that zones of tradition were established across British India symbolically and tangibly dividing the territory before it was officially partitioned.
A baseline description of the research, clinical practice and development needs of urology nurses in the United Kingdom
Authors: Thompson Kathryn , Marley Jerome , Taylor Julia , Basketter Vanessa , O’Neill Kathleen , Parahoo Kader , Hulme Tarnya , McCaughan Eilis
Published: March 2007

The research, clinical practice and development needs of urology nurses in the UK are poorly understood. Through a postal questionnaire all current members of the British Association of Urological Nurses (BAUN) were surveyed to obtain baseline data related to their views on research, clinical practice and development needs. Fifty‐one per cent of BAUN members (n = 292) responded. The results of the survey produced a mixed picture of issues in British urological nursing. While the majority of respondents had considerable experience and enthusiasm for their specialty, a number of issues were identified that have implications for the development and delivery of clinical practice in the future. A plethora of different titles used by nurses was uncovered, raising questions on the dual issues of public identity and protection, and the lack of nationally recognized education programmes leading to recognition of nursing practice at an advanced level. Urology nurse specialists were identified as having considerable input into the design and delivery of services in contrast to non‐specialists who suggested that their input was not valued to the same degree. Difficulties were identified in relation to not only the availability of education but also in the areas of employer release and funding to support ongoing clinical development. The findings of the survey have great significance for the development of British urological nursing. The results offer an opportunity to understand urological nursing needs within a political context, offering an opportunity to explore changes that may be required to address areas of need in research, clinical practice and development. The study also offers a view of UK‐ based practices and issues to an international community for comparison and contrast.
Stability of Taylor–Couette Magnetoconvection With Radial Temperature Gradient and Constant Heat Flux at the Outer Cylinder
Authors: Deka R. K. , Gupta A. S.
Published: March 2007

An analysis is made of the linear stability of wide-gap hydromagnetic (MHD) dissipative Couette flow of an incompressible electrically conducting fluid between two rotating concentric circular cylinders in the presence of a uniform axial magnetic field. A constant heat flux is applied at the outer cylinder and the inner cylinder is kept at a constant temperature. Both types of boundary conditions viz; perfectly electrically conducting and electrically nonconducting walls are examined. The three cases of μ<0 (counter-rotating), μ>0 (co-rotating), and μ=0 (stationary outer cylinder) are considered. Assuming very small magnetic Prandtl number Pm, the wide-gap perturbation equations are derived and solved by a direct numerical procedure. It is found that for given values of the radius ratio η and the heat flux parameter N, the critical Taylor number Tc at the onset of instability increases with increase in Hartmann number Q for both conducting and nonconducting walls thus establishing the stabilizing influence of the magnetic field. Further it is found that insulating walls are more destabilizing than the conducting walls. It is observed that for given values of η and Q, the critical Taylor number Tc decreases with increase in N. The analysis further reveals that for μ=0 and perfectly conducting walls, the critical wave number ac is not a monotonic function of Q but first increases, reaches a maximum and then decreases with further increase in Q. It is also observed that while ac is a monotonic decreasing function of μ for N=0, in the presence of heat flux (N=1), ac has a maximum at a negative value of μ (counter-rotating cylinders).
A comparison of the performance of digital mammography systems
Authors: Monnin P. , Gutierrez D. , Bulling S. , Guntern D. , Verdun F. R.
Published: March 2007

An objective analysis of image quality parameters was performed for six digital mammography systems. The presampled modulation transfer function (MTF), normalized noise power spectrum (NNPS), and detective quantum efficiency (DQE) for the systems were determined at different doses, for with a or target/filter combination and of additional aluminium filtration. The flat‐panel units have higher MTF and DQE in the mid to high frequency range than standard CR systems. The highest DQE, over the whole dose range, is for the slit‐scanning direct photon counting system. Dual‐side read CR can overcome the inherent x‐ray absorption and signal collection limitations of standard CR mammography, improving the low‐frequency DQE by 40%, to the same level as full‐field systems, but it does not improve the poor spatial resolution of phosphor.
Combining two mammographic projections in a computer aided mass detection method
Authors: van Engeland Saskia , Karssemeijer Nico
Published: March 2007

A method is presented to improve computer aided detection (CAD) results for masses in mammograms by fusing information obtained from two views of the same breast. It is based on a previously developed approach to link potentially suspicious regions in mediolateral oblique (MLO) and craniocaudal (CC) views. Using correspondence between regions, we extended our CAD scheme by building a cascaded multiple‐classifier system, in which the last stage computes suspiciousness of an initially detected region conditional on the existence and similarity of a linked candidate region in the other view. We compared the two‐view detection system with the single‐view detection method using free‐response receiver operating characteristic (FROC) analysis and cross validation. The dataset used in the evaluation consisted of 948 four‐view mammograms, including 412 cancer cases with a mass, architectural distortion, or asymmetry. A statistically significant improvement was found in the lesion based detection performance. At a false positive (FP) rate of 0.1 FP/image, the lesion sensitivity improved from 56% to 61%. Case based sensitivity did not improve.
An anatomically realistic lung model for Monte Carlo‐based dose calculations
Authors: Liang Liang , Larsen Edward W. , Chetty Indrin J.
Published: March 2007

Treatment planning for disease sites with large variations of electron density in neighboring tissues requires an accurate description of the geometry. This self‐evident statement is especially true for the lung, a highly complex organ having structures with a wide range of sizes that range from about to . In treatment planning, the lung is commonly modeled by a voxelized geometry obtained using computed tomography (CT) data at various resolutions. The simplest such model, which is often used for QA and validation work, is the atomic mix or mean density model, in which the entire lung is homogenized and given a mean (volume‐averaged) density. The purpose of this paper is (i) to describe a new heterogeneous random lung model, which is based on morphological data of the human lung, and (ii) use this model to assess the differences in dose calculations between an actual lung (as represented by our model) and a mean density (homogenized) lung. Eventually, we plan to use the random lung model to assess the accuracy of CT‐based treatment plans of the lung. For this paper, we have used Monte Carlo methods to make accurate comparisons between dose calculations for the random lung model and the mean density model. For four realizations of the random lung model, we used a single photon beam, with two different energies (6 and ) and four field sizes (, , , and ). We found a maximum difference of 34% of with the , beam along the central axis (CAX). A “shadow” region distal to the lung, with dose reduction up to 7% of , exists for the same realization. The dose perturbations decrease for larger field sizes, but the magnitude of the differences in the shadow region is nearly independent of the field size. We also observe that, compared to the mean density model, the random structures inside the heterogeneous lung can alter the shape of the isodose lines, leading to a broadening or shrinking of the penumbra region. For small field sizes, the mean lung doses significantly depend on the structures’ relative locations to the beam. In addition to these comparisons between the random lung and mean density models, we also provide a preliminary comparison between dose calculations for the random lung model and a voxelized version of this model at resolution. Overall, this study is relevant to treatment planning for lung tumors, especially in situations where small field sizes are used. Our results show that for such situations, the mean density model of the lung is inadequate, and a more accurate CT model of the lung is required. Future work with our model will involve patient motion, setup errors, and recommendations for the resolution of CT models.
An objective method for combining multi‐parametric MRI datasets to characterize malignant tumors
Authors: McMillan Kathryn M. , Rogers Baxter P. , Koay Cheng Guan , Laird Angela R. , Price Ronald R. , Meyerand M. Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

Medical imaging has made significant contributions to the characterization of malignant tumors. In many cases, however, maps from multiple modalities may be required for more complete tumor mapping. In this manuscript we propose an objective method for combining multiple imaging datasets with the goal of characterizing malignant tumors. We refer to the proposed technique as the percent overlap method (POM). To demonstrate the power and flexibility of the POM analysis, we present four patients with recurrent glioblastoma multiforme. Each patient had multiple magnetic resonance imaging procedures resulting in seven different parameter maps. Chemical shift imaging was used to provide three metabolite ratio maps (Cho:NAA, Cho:Cre, Lac:Cre). A perfusion scan provided regional cerebral blood volume and permeability maps. Diffusion and carbogen‐based hypoxia mapping data were also acquired. Composite maps were formed for each patient using POM, then were compared to results from the ISODATA clustering technique. The POM maps of likely recurrent tumor regions were found to be consistent with the ISODATA clustering method. This manuscript presents an objective method for combining parameters from multiple physiologic imaging techniques into a single composite map. The accuracy of the map depends strongly on the sensitivity of the chosen imaging parameters to the disease process at the time of image acquisition. Further validation of this method may be achieved by correlation with histological data.
CORRUGATED SURFACES FORMED ON GaAs (331)A SUBSTRATES: THE TEMPLATE FOR LATERALLY ORDERED InGaAs NANOWIRES
Authors: MIAO ZHENHUA , GONG ZHENG , FANG ZHIDAN , NIU ZHICHUAN
Published: March 2007

Morphology evolution of high-index (331) A surfaces during molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth have been investigated in order to uncover their unique physic properties and fabricate spatially ordered low dimensional nanostructures. Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) measurements have shown that the step height and terrace width of GaAs layers increase monotonically with increasing substrate temperature in conventional MBE. However, this situation is reversed in atomic hydrogen-assisted MBE, indicating that step bunching is partly suppressed. We attribute this to the reduced surface migration length of Ga adatoms with atomic hydrogen. By using the step arrays formed on GaAs (331) A surfaces as the templates, we fabricated laterally ordered InGaAs self-aligned nanowires.
ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS FOR THE DETERMINATION OF GLUTAMATE PYRUVATE TRANSAMINASE AND CREATINE KINASE
Authors: LIU CHUNXIU , LI HUAQING , JIANG LIYING , LUO XIANBO , CAI XINXIA
Published: March 2007

Both the determinations of glutamate pyruvate transaminase and creatine kinase were related to low signal detection. Novel amperometric biosensors for the detection of glutamate pyruvate transaminase and creatine kinase were constructed by simple gold two-electrode. The electrode for the determination of GPT was modified with nanoporous platinum-black particles and the electrode for the determination of creatine kinase was modified with porous hydrophilic carboxyl-methyl cellulose. The reagent was added on the electrode surface with nanoporous structure. Ferricyanide was used as electron mediator to detect glutamate pyruvate transaminase. Biosensors appeared good electrochemical characteristics for the rapid measurements of glutamate pyruvate transaminase and creatine kinase, respectively. The sensors showed linear response to aminotransferase and creatine kinase in the concentration range 50–2500 U/L and 50–2000 U/L, showing correlation coefficients 0.991 and 0.995, respectively.
Effect of intermittent high-intensity compared with continuous moderate exercise on glucose production and utilization in individuals with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Guelfi K. J. , Ratnam N. , Smythe G. A. , Jones T. W. , Fournier P. A.
Published: March 2007

Previously, the decline in glycemia in individuals with type 1 diabetes has been shown to be less with intermittent high-intensity exercise (IHE) compared with continuous moderate-intensity exercise (MOD) despite the performance of a greater amount of total work. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether this lesser decline in glycemia can be attributed to a greater increment in endogenous glucose production (Ra) or attenuated glucose utilization (Rd). Nine individuals with type 1 diabetes were tested on two separate occasions, during which either a 30-min MOD or IHE protocol was performed under conditions of a euglycemic clamp in combination with the infusion of [6,6-2H]glucose. MOD consisted of continuous cycling at 40% V̇o2 peak, whereas IHE involved a combination of continuous exercise at 40% V̇o2 peak interspersed with additional 4-s maximal sprint efforts performed every 2 min to simulate the activity patterns of intermittent sports. During IHE, glucose Ra increased earlier and to a greater extent compared with MOD. Similarly, glucose Rd increased sooner during IHE, but the increase by the end of exercise was comparable with that elicited by MOD. During early recovery from IHE, Rd rapidly declined, whereas it remained elevated after MOD, a finding consistent with a lower glucose infusion rate during early recovery from IHE compared with MOD ( P < 0.05). The results suggest that the lesser decline in glycemia with IHE may be attributed to a greater increment in Ra during exercise and attenuated Rd during exercise and early recovery.
Frequency ofChlamydia trachomatisin Women with Cervicitis in Tehran, Iran
Authors: Hashemi Farhad B. , Pourakbari Babak , Yazdi Javad Zaeimi
Published: March 2007

Chlamydia trachomatis(CT) is the most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infection (STI) worldwide, but current data concerning the prevalence of CT among women in Iran is scarce. Data regarding the frequency of CT infection among Iranian women can help to justify the implementation of a national CT screening program that can reduce the high morbidity associated with sequelae of CT infections by treating infected women. Endocervical secretions from 123 married women (20–55 years) with cervicitis were tested by a PCR-EIA method using primers to amplify a CT-specific plasmid. The digoxigenin-labeled amplicon was measured by hybridization to a biotin-labeled probe and a strepavidin-coated plate, followed by an enzyme-linked colorimetric analysis. Overall frequency of CT infection among women was 17%(21/123). The range of CT frequency among various age groups was 12–25%. The 31–40-year-age group comprised the majority (49%) of CT positive samples, followed by 20–30 year group (33%). Although the 20-to-30-year-old women reported the highest frequency of STI history, they had the lowest relative frequency of CT infection (12%). There is a high frequency of CT infection among women with cervicitis in Tehran, Iran, thus indicating a necessity to implement a routine CT screening program in the major cities of Iran and possibly nationwide. Identification of CT-infected women may prevent its spread, and thereby reduce the high morbidity associated with CT infections among women in Iran.
PPARs in the Control of Uncoupling Proteins Gene Expression
Authors: Villarroya Francesc , Iglesias Roser , Giralt Marta
Published: March 2007

Uncoupling proteins (UCPs) are mitochondrial membrane transporters involved in the control of energy conversion in mitochondria. Experimental and genetic evidence relate dysfunctions of UCPs with metabolic syndrome and obesity. The PPAR subtypes mediate to a large extent the transcriptional regulation of the UCP genes, with a distinct relevance depending on the UCP gene and the tissue in which it is expressed. UCP1 gene is under the dual control of PPARγand PPARαin relation to brown adipocyte differentiation and lipid oxidation, respectively. UCP3 gene is regulated by PPARαand PPARδin the muscle, heart, and adipose tissues. UCP2 gene is also under the control of PPARs even in tissues in which it is the predominantly expressed UCP (eg, the pancreas and liver). This review summarizes the current understanding of the role of PPARs in UCPs gene expression in normal conditions and also in the context of type-2 diabetes or obesity.
The Shaping of Strategies
Authors: Schild E.O.
Published: March 2007

Simulation games present contingencies which reinforce effective strategies; the learning of such strategies is demonstrated and viewed as basic to the use of games in education and research. Dr. Schild received his Ph.D. from Hebrew University, Jerusalem, and is currently visiting The Johns Hopkins University as Associate Professor of Social Relations. He is co-director of the Hopkins Research Program in Simulation Games.
Food Service Education in the Coming Decade
Authors: Barbour Henry O. , Griffin Mary Ellen
Published: March 2007

On the weekend of June 14-16, 1974, the Culinary Institute of America convened a meeting of some of our nation's foremost food service hospitality leaders on its 70 acre Hyde Park, N. Y., campus. Their purpose, in concert with Institute executives, was to suggest educational actions to channel Institute resources to mold history rather than be molded by it in the coming decade.

With statistics presented by Dr. Chester G. Hall (Ex ecutive Vice-President of NIFI), and with their own professional expertise, the Institute in '86 team worked in a brainstorming session, and then in Task Forces to gauge foreseen changes between now and 1986, when the Institute will be 40 years old.

A booklet containing Dr. Hall's inputs, industry leaders' recommendations and additional data is available from the Culinary Institute of America, Box 53, Hyde Park, N. Y. 12538.—H.O.B.
Lender's Perspective
Authors: Andrew William P.
Published: March 2007

As with negotiations in love and war, negotiating financing is easier if you put yourself in the other person's shoes. This article explains what lenders desire in a loan applicant—and how to turn the hospitality industry's apparent financial disadvantages into positive factors in the loan application
Restaurant Design
Authors: Lambert Carolyn U. , Watson Karen Marsh
Published: March 2007

Design disasters can be prevented if restaurant operators study how the interiors of their restaurants affect their customers' behavior. This article explains how to set up such a research project and relates what one manager found out after he redesigned the dining room
Psychological Testing in Institutional Rehabilitation Centers
Authors: Jacks Irving
Published: March 2007

Psychological testing has increased in correctional rehabilita tion programs, with a growing demand for information placed on the correctional psychologist. While testing has made signifi cant contributions, it has not yielded its maximum potential because of the failure to (a) restandardize standard psychological tests borrowed from other settings so that they might be more appropriate for the circumstances of the correctional population, or (b) devise new psychological instruments directly geared to solving correctional problems. Tests—particularly in the measure ment of intelligence and personality—are often standardized in schools or hospitals and may therefore be unsuitable to inmates of correctional institutions. An example of the recommended restandardization procedure is the Lindner Gurvitz Revised Beta Examination; an example of devising new instruments is a de scription of a scale for predicting accessibility to group therapy among adolescent inmates. This scale predicted accessibility, as judged by the boys' therapists, with greater accuracy than three other prediction methods based on conventional psychological- psychiatric practice. Psychologists coming into correction ought to scrutinize "with a critical and objective eye the instruments they bring with them." Doing this should enable them "to supply information having the maximum scientific validity," to "exper ience the satisfaction of creative activity," and, because of the potential economy of time, should free them for treatment and basic clinical research.
Money Talks — What Does Your Budget Say?
Authors: Stark Heman G.
Published: March 2007

Preparation of a budget is the most important planning device at the disposal of an administrator. It must be not only carefully conceived but also well justified to secure legislative approval. With increasing demands for the taxpayers' dollars, an ever greater scrutiny of budget proposals is needed. Each program must meet the test of need; and proposals for things other than the basic necessities of life must be shown to be productive. Requests for budget increases should be based on these generally accepted reasons: to increase efficiency, improve the success rate, maintain a level of service, and correct health and safety hazards. And the good administrator must make the most of the dollar available to him.
An Experiment in Intensive Probation with Boys
Authors: Newman Edward S.
Published: March 2007

For the past two years an experiment in intensive probation among boy probationers has been in progress at the Cleveland juvenile court; recently it was deemed successful enough to warrant establishment of the service on a quasi-permanent basis. The broad eligibility criterion is that the boy must present difficulties so serious that he seems unlikely to respond to con ventional probation service but might be amenable to excep tionally intensive and skillful probation. Typically, intensive probation service has involved approximately three times as much service per case as conventional probation. Returns to date indicate that approximately 60 per cent of the youngsters treated on the intensive probation program have shown ap preciable progress toward rehabilitation.
A Study of Recidivism in One Training School
Authors: Laulicht Jerome
Published: March 2007

This is a recidivism study of about 800 boys discharged from Berkshire Farm for Boys. The procedures used are described and the recidivism rate (percentage of boys recommitted to cor rectional institutions) is analyzed from several different view points. On the basis of a one-year follow-up, Berkshire's success rate is 84 per cent. The best single estimate of Berkshire's success, based on follow-up periods varying from one to seven years, is 66 per cent. About one-half of the failures can be viewed as partial successes because they became recidivists more than one year after discharge. The evidence indicates that recidivism studies of institutions like Berkshire should use three-year follow- up periods if they are to provide a sufficiently accurate picture.
Annual Reports: A Commentary
Authors: Weingarten Kenneth
Published: March 2007

A reading of annual reports recently issued by courts and correctional agencies reveals an overoptimism about current rehabilitative methods. This article attempts to explain the over optimism as derived from current correctional philosophy.
The Roots of Organized Crime
Authors: Tyler Gus
Published: March 2007

The hierarchy of organized crime is a new economically powerful and politically influential class in American society. Once the servant of politics, business, and labor in social struggles, organized crime now reaches out to become the master: an economy behind the economy, a government behind govern ment. Its roots lie deep within the American culture, drawing nourishment from the traditional virtues as well as the popular ized vices of our civilization. Our revolutionary tradition is a proud expression of our desire to be a free people; yet this same readiness to challenge the established order when it denies what individuals and groups consider to be their rightful heritage has made America a lawless nation. Our material riches are our international boast; yet this pursuit of riches was institutional ized by generations of "robber barons" whose unethical patterns of behavior became sanctified when sufficiently aged in gilt. The challenge to accumulated wealth, coming from the "lower" orders, continued the pattern of subordinating means to ends. The frontier provided the social background for continuing the tradition of advancing "rights" and "riches" through a process of organized anarchy; when the open frontier ran out, the metropolises produced the "internal" frontier, the pockets of deprived, alienated, but aspiring subcultures that challenged the established order. Out of the clash issued new gangs, the nuclei of organized crime. Even our desire to be pure has added more than its share to the impurity known as organized crime. A puritan heritage, superimposed on a materialistic pragmatism, has created a widespread hypocrisy in which Amer icans collectively outlaw the practices in which they privately indulge. In this inner clash of values, the organized criminal provides the "outlawed" services that the "respectables" crave. While the top gangster tends to move from violence to di plomacy, from strong arm to investment, from hood to statesman, the institution of gangsterism is constantly renewed from the ranks of the juvenile delinquent gang, youth alienated from the dominant culture by age, by poverty, and by ethnic diversity.
The Gambling Business: An American Paradox
Authors: Bloch Herbert A.
Published: March 2007

What makes gambling, in spite of its ancient history, a spe cial type of problem to Americans is the peculiar combination of contradictory attitudes with which it is regarded in this country. Americans who may be extremely dubious about permit ting governmentally sponsored forms of gambling within their own jurisdictions do not hesitate to enjoy and encourage such facilities elsewhere. The ambivalent public attitude is further revealed in the legally sanctioned tolerance of certain forms of gambling, such as parimutuel wagering on racetrack premises and church-sponsored bingo games, while the line is drawn at more extensive and popular forms of "poor man's gambling." Where to draw the line separating governmentally sanctioned forms of gambling from illegal forms is a difficult and subtle problem, and frequently the attitudes determining it are without sufficient rational and empirical support. While we recognize the danger of underworld control of gambling and its ominous prolifera tion into legitimate business enterprise, we tend to overlook the deep-rooted and "built-in" compulsions which encourage Americans to gamble and which comprise a continuing, basic market upon which the gambling racketeer capitalizes with large profit.
The Gambling Business and Federal Taxes
Authors: Caplin Mortimer M.
Published: March 2007

The Kefauver Committee reported in 1951 that organized crime was financed by big-time gambling. Nevertheless, only a few of the Committee's legislative recommendations were enacted. Most of these new laws, which became effective November 1, 1951, were designed to deprive organized gambling of the use of interstate facilities and to provide an additional source of revenue to finance military expenditures in Korea. Requests by the Internal Revenue Service for additional manpower to en force these new laws were not adopted by Congress. The McClellan Committee study in 1961 disclosed that organized crime is still financed by big-time gambling. Legislation proposed by Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, as a part of his pro gram to curb organized crime and racketeering, has resulted in additional laws aimed at depriving gamblers of the use of inter state facilities. A review is now being made of wagering tax enforcement to develop legislative proposals and more effective administrative practices needed to minimize organized crime's income from gambling.
Organized Crime and the Correctional Process
Authors: Bates Sanford
Published: March 2007

The inclusion of rehabilitation of the criminal as an essential element in penal discipline has been widely urged and to some extent has been successful, but many correctional administrators and officers occasionally fail to comprehend the seriousness of the organized crime problem. In some instances, parole authorities have overlooked a racketeer's past activities and have been influ enced instead by his affable personality or good behavior in prison. In other instances, wardens, anxious to maintain an orderly institution, have allowed the racketeer-inmate special privileges. Often, too, sentencing procedure has, by its very severity, invited the court's leniency or circumvention of the law. It is important to maintain and improve our correctional proc esses with the amenable prisoner in the hope of returning him to a law-abiding life, but when we flinch from the task of appre hending, convicting, sentencing, and disciplining the racketeer, we concede victory to organized crime. Several examples are pro vided to illustrate the ways in which parole boards, correctional administrators, judges, and officers have succeeded or failed in coping with the racketeer.
Treating the Unmotivated Alcoholic
Authors: Mills Robert B. , Hetrick Emery S.
Published: March 2007

A cooperative program conducted by the Cincinnati Municipal Court and the Alcoholism Clinic at Cincinnati General Hospital attempts to provide rehabilitation and treatment for so-called "untreatable" and "unmotivated" defendants placed on proba tion for drinking offenses. Judges refer offenders for evaluation by a psychiatric team composed of personnel from the Court's Psychiatric Clinic, who screen candidates for the probation-alco holism clinic regimen on the basis of ego strength, level of anxiety or shame, response to authority or conscience, and will ingness to accept help. Close liaison between probation officers and psychiatrists helps to set limits for the alcoholic probationer and provide him with ego-building support; it encourages latent motivation for improvement of his social functioning and enables him to deal with day-to-day frustrations. In addition, therapists at the Alcoholism Clinic provide the probationer with the oppor tunity for individual and group psychotherapy, brief therapeutic contact with medication, and collateral counseling of spouses by caseworkers.
Alcoholism in a Metropolis
Authors: Weil Thomas P. , Price Charles P.
Published: March 2007

At least 70 per cent of the inmates of local jails throughout the country are there on repeated charges of drunkenness, va grancy, and disorderly conduct. There seems to be little hope of putting a stop to the cycle of arrest, sobering up, release, re-arrest.
The Ambivalent Public and Crime
Authors: Hare Nathan
Published: March 2007

Generally overlooked in the constant clamor for crackdowns on criminals and in the circus of committee investigations is the public's ambivalence toward crime—an ambivalence apparent in the passive response of ordinary citizens toward criminals com mitting misdeeds openly in their presence, in their reluctance to cooperate with the police in bringing the lawless to court, and in their hypocritical, face-saving tendency of professing piety in public while privately displaying an enthusiasm for violating just about every law available. When the machinery for sanctifying unlawful deeds fails to work, they then set up their own distinctions between the "elite" violator and the "common" lawbreaker. This ambivalence leads to subtle but complex distinctions between what is proper conduct, especially in the border areas of gambling, liquor, and sex.
Patterns of Department Store Shoplifting
Authors: Robin Gerald D.
Published: March 2007

Varying amounts of information were obtained on every per son apprehended in 1958 for shoplifting in three large depart ment stores in Philadelphia. The individual sample sizes for Stores A, B, and C were 285, 834, and 465 cases, respectively. The following conclusions were made on the basis of the data gathered: (1) Shoplifting is primarily a juvenile activity. (2) Allowing suspected shoplifters to leave the store or store prem ises before apprehending them may be a matter of custom and a store precaution rather than a fulfillment of any legal require ment. (3) Although female apprehensions were more prevalent than male, there is little justification for regarding shoplifting as an almost exclusively female activity. (4) In comparison to their proportion in the population of the city, Negroes were dis proportionately represented in the stores' apprehension figures. (5) Juvenile theft, in terms of the retail value of the stolen goods, tended to be considerably less costly than adult theft. (6) Man agers of the stores showed an extreme reluctance to "prosecute" juveniles. (7) By far the most important determinant of the dis position of a case was the size of the theft. (8) The fact that more than seven out of every ten juveniles involved in shoplifting were apprehended in groups confirms the social nature of shop lifting among juveniles.
Lay Group Counseling
Authors: Katz Alfred H.
Published: March 2007

In 1955 the California Department of Corrections established an experimental program of inmate counseling by correctional officers and other largely lay personnel. Since then the program has grown rapidly.
A Correctional Administrator's View of the Model Sentencing Act
Authors: Powers Sanger B.
Published: March 2007

The Model Sentencing Act provides for the individualization of correctional treatment beginning at the point of sentencing. It would eliminate excessive and disparate sentences and unrea sonable restrictions on the use of probation or parole. All too often, such individualization as is now possible is attempted after the offender has been sentenced to an institution, even though probation might have been more appropriate in his case.
Halfway Houses Pay Off
Authors: Kennedy Robert F.
Published: March 2007

The violation rate among juveniles and youths paroled from federal institutions has been running around 50 per cent in recent years. In an effort to reduce this rate the Attorney General and the director of the Federal Bureau of Prisons decided to try out the "halfway house" idea. More formally termed prerelease guidance centers, four have been opened in Los Angeles, Chicago, New York City, and Detroit. The centers are still considered experimental, but preliminary data suggest that they can mark edly reduce the incidence of parole failure. They serve to reintro duce the youths to their communities and families in a more gradual way and help to resolve the inevitable problems the youths encounter in earning acceptance and a place for them selves in the business and industrial world. The centers have worked so well that the Department of Justice plans to extend the program to adult releasees as soon as authorizing legislation can be obtained.