bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Using a high-throughput, whole-cell hydrogenase assay to identify potential small molecule inhibitors of [NiFe]-hydrogenase
Authors: Sebastiampillai Stephanie , Lacasse Michael J , McCusker Susan , Campbell Tracey , Nitz Mark , Zamble Deborah B
Published: October 2022

[NiFe]-hydrogenases are used by several human pathogens to catalyze the reversible conversion between molecular hydrogen and protons and electrons. Hydrogenases provide an increased metabolic flexibility for pathogens, such as Escherichia coli and Helicobacter pylori, by allowing the use of molecular hydrogen as an energy source to promote survival in anaerobic environments. With the rise of antimicrobial resistance and the desire for novel therapeutics, the [NiFe]-hydrogenases are alluring targets. Inhibiting the nickel insertion pathway of [NiFe]-hydrogenases is attractive as this pathway is required for the generation of functional enzymes and is orthogonal to human biochemistry. In this work, nickel availability for the production and function of E. coli [NiFe]-hydrogenase was explored through immunoblot and activity assays. Whole-cell hydrogenase activities were assayed in high throughput against a small molecule library of known bioactives. Iodoquinol was identified as a potential inhibitor of the nickel biosynthetic pathway of [NiFe]-hydrogenase through a two-step screening process, but further studies with immunoblot assays showed confounding effects dependent on the cell growth phase. This study highlights the significance of considering the growth phenotype for whole-cell based assays overall and its effects on various cellular processes influenced by metal trafficking and homeostasis.
A Pilot Randomised Trial Investigating the Effects of Including Efficacy Messaging on Tobacco Warning Labels
Authors: Brinken Lillian , Ferguson Stuart G , Buscot Marie-Jeanne , Schüz Benjamin , Maynard Olivia , Schüz Natalie
Published: October 2022

Introduction

Smokers can respond defensively to health risk communication such as on-pack warning labels, potentially reducing their effectiveness. Theory suggests that risk perception together with self-efficacy reduces defensive responses and predicts target behaviors. Currently, tobacco warning labels globally predominantly target risk and do not explicitly consider efficacy.

Aims

This study explores the effectiveness of combining Australian tobacco warning labels with efficacy content to increase quitting intentions.

Methods

RCT in 83 smokers over 3 weeks. After a seven-day baseline phase (smoking from usual tobacco packaging), participants were randomized to one of two adhesive labels groups for the remaining 14 days: Standard health warning labels (HWLs) featuring enhanced efficacy messages (experimental group) or unmodified standard HWLs (control group). Participants attached these labels to their tobacco packaging and recorded their cognitions and smoking behavior once daily using Smartphones. Multilevel structural equation modeling was used to test theorized effects of the labels on self-efficacy, risk perception, and intentions to quit.

Results

There was no effect of exposure to efficacy messages on either self-efficacy, risk perceptions, or intentions to quit. However, self-efficacy and risk perceptions were positively associated with quitting intentions at the within-person level.

Conclusions

The predictive relationships between self-efficacy, risk perception, and intention to quit were supported, however, supplementing standard warning labels with efficacy messages had no effect on these cognitions. Whether this is due to conditioned avoidance of HWLS, characteristics of the messages, or limitations imposed by format are unclear.

Implications

Self-efficacy and risk perception predict intentions to quit smoking. Adding efficacy content to tobacco health warnings may have the potential to bolster these cognitions but more research is required to determine the contexts in which this would be effective and who would be likely to benefit. The time course by which exposure to efficacy content might influence cessation self-efficacy and downstream quitting intentions also needs to be investigated.
Recurrence of Hypophysitis After Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor Rechallenge
Authors: Park Benjamin C , Jung Seungyeon , Wright Jordan J , Johnson Douglas B
Published: October 2022

Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-induced hypophysitis is an immune-mediated pituitary inflammation that tends to cause long-term pituitary deficiency. Management of ICI-induced hypophysitis includes corticosteroids for acute inflammation and long-term hormone replacement due to irreversible pituitary cell damage. We report a case of recurrent hypophysitis following ICI rechallenge for metastatic melanoma. A 33-year-old woman with recurrent metastatic melanoma with adrenal, pelvic, and inguinal metastases developed recurrent hypophysitis during treatment with ipilimumab and nivolumab which recurred with rechallenge >5 years later. In both cases, headache was the most notable symptom and brain MRI showed pituitary enlargement and edema without evidence of metastases. Central adrenal insufficiency and symptoms caused by mass effect were treated with acute high-dose corticosteroids and long-term replacement corticosteroids. Based on recurrence and failure of symptomatic treatment with continued steroid treatment, ICI was discontinued. This case illustrates that hypophysitis may recur with ICI rechallenge, challenging traditional assumptions that chronic, irreversible irAEs are unlikely to recur or flare. The regenerative potential of pituitary cells after ICI-induced damage or additional damage to previously unaffected cells may be more conceivable than previously realized. Additional research on the potential for recurrent ICI-induced endocrinopathies are needed.
The Intellectual Context
Authors: Coffey John
Published: October 2022

Evangelicalism is often associated with anti-intellectualism, yet its chief architects were clerical intellectuals like August Hermann Francke, Isaac Watts, Jonathan Edwards, and John Wesley. Recent scholarship has put religion back into eighteenth-century intellectual history and rediscovered the evangelical intelligentsia. This chapter begins by examining the ideological climate of the era, which was variable: depending on time and place, it could be hostile or hospitable toward revealed religion. The chapter then considers the intellectual culture of evangelicalism and the evangelical reception of Enlightenment texts. It plots a path between polarized accounts: a conflict thesis that stereotypes evangelicals as anti-intellectual or counter-Enlightenment, and a compatibility thesis that overplays the affinity between evangelicals and the Enlightenment. The author shows that evangelicals read the modern literati with a sense of alarm but also (at times) with a sense of appreciation. Early evangelicalism was defined by its hostility to both the irreligious and the religious Enlightenment, but evangelicals proved receptive to certain elements of Enlightenment: anti-scholasticism, religious toleration, political economy, social reform, and belief in human progress.
Sport, Society, and Scholarly Inquiry
Authors: Wenner Lawrence A.
Published: October 2022

This chapter considers the interdisciplinary scope of scholarly inquiry about sport and society and introduces the Handbook. The chapter begins with a stocktaking of the scholarly landscape of research on sport and society, situating sociocultural inquiry in the multifaceted renderings of sport studies in the academic setting. Considered are long-standing formations in physical education (and newer scientized articulations, such as kinesiology, exercise science, human movement studies, human performance). Extensive attention is given to sociocultural inquiry in and through the sociology of sport. Consideration is given to growing interest across the social sciences and humanities in disciplines such as history, religion, philosophy, political science, and psychology. New opportunities and threats to the sociocultural study of sport are assessed in three areas: (1) physical cultural studies, (2) media and communication studies, and (3) sport management. In closing, the volume’s concept and scope are introduced. Chapters in the volume use a common structure—(1) Issues, (2) Approaches, and (3) Debates—and are organized within six sections: (1) Society and Values, (2) Enterprise and Capital, (3) Participation and Cultures, (4) Lifespan and Careers, (5) Inclusion and Exclusion, and (6) Spectator Engagement and Media.
Sport, Spectacle, and Mega-Events
Authors: Horne John
Published: October 2022

In the age of global television and social media, the capacity of sports mega-events to shape and project images of the host city and nation made them a highly attractive instrument for political and economic elites. It was in this context that the pursuit of hosting sports mega-events, such as the Olympic Games and the FIFA Men’s World Cup, became an increasingly popular strategy of governments, corporations, and civic “boosters” worldwide. Compared with this conventional—or previously dominant—view, the exploding costs and marginal returns in host cities over the past 15 years have nurtured studies with a much more critical outlook and have themselves informed the growth of anti-mega-event protest and activism. The hosting of a mega-event skews all other economic and social priorities, implies significant opportunity costs, and places an undue financial burden on host city populations that fund the global “party.” This chapter considers the key issues, approaches, and debates over sports mega-events that have developed over the past two decades in this light.
Sport, Corruption, and Fraud
Authors: Kihl Lisa A. , Ordway Catherine
Published: October 2022

The emergent study of corruption in sport has enhanced our understanding of why sport corruption occurs and of countermeasure tactics. Despite scholarship and concerted global and national efforts to limit corruption risks and activities, corruption in sport competitions and management practices is a persistent feature of the sporting industry. This chapter highlights some of the issues related to current types and forms of sport corruption (e.g., match manipulation, fraud, systematic corruption) that transcend national boundaries, sport disciplines, competition levels, and various actors. An assessment is given of the main theoretical approaches used to analyze how and why corruption occurs in national and international governing bodies and in community sport organizations, whether through internal actors or influenced by transnational organized crime groups. Last, an argument is presented to consider the development of a sport integrity system to counteract integrity risks more effectively.
Sport, Health, and Well-Being
Authors: Safai Parissa
Published: October 2022

Sport is often touted by many as good for one’s health and well-being; in fact, Hippocrates is thought to have once said that “sport is the preserver of health.” And yet there is a substantial amount of scholarly research, across a range of disciplines, that problematizes this commonplace assumption. This chapter explores the central question: Is sport participation healthful for well-being? Organized in three parts, the chapter first examines key conceptual challenges associated with unpacking this question. For example, what do we mean when we refer to the concepts of sport, health, and well-being? The second section explores the challenges faced by critical social scientists in disrupting the commonplace notion of sport as good for one’s health, and the third section highlights the questions: Can contemporary sport be good for one’s health, and if so, how?
Sport, Emotion, and Engagement
Authors: Potrac Paul A. , Gearity Brian T. , Nichol Adam J. , Hall Edward T.
Published: October 2022

Emotions are an essential feature of social life. They are the glue that can bind people together or, instead, drive them apart. In recent years, sociologists have increasingly considered (1) how emotions such as guilt, joy, anger, and pride are enacted, embodied, and produced in, as well as through, relations with others, and (2) the consequences of emotional experience for individual and group life. Unfortunately, there has been a paucity of corresponding inquiry within the sociology of sport. This chapter considers some of the ways in which the subdiscipline might productively engage with emotions in the sporting milieu. In order to achieve this goal, the chapter is divided into three sections. The first section addresses foundational issues regarding the sociological study of emotion. The second section provides an overview of several theoretical approaches that have been used to advance our understanding of emotion. The final section considers some of the ways in which this theorizing could be utilized to frame and enrich research in the sociology of sport subdiscipline.
Sport, Labor, and Migration
Authors: Molnár Győző
Published: October 2022

This chapter offers a discussion on some of the general features of sport labor migration research. The treatment draws on general migration literature and contemporary events to demonstrate the current significance of migrations. The focus then shifts to issues in sport labor migrations research, including the existing gaps between general and sport migration research and the need for broadening the sport array of migration research, moving toward interdisciplinary approaches and reconsidering traditional, Western-based research practices. The chapter first offers an overview of key theoretical approaches present in this area of research, focusing on Marxism, cultural studies, process sociology, and transnational mobility. Each theoretical approach is considered in relation to its classical roots and sport labor migration. This is followed by a section that explores debates around the history, role, and limitations of migratory typologies. There are advantages to engaging with general migration typologies to enhance sport research, while acknowledging the limitations of ideal-typical representations. The concluding section offers a brief summary of the chapter and a recommendation for researchers interested in sport labor migration regarding the importance of continually revisiting their own and others’ work and reflecting on the pertinence and meaning of the research they do.
Sport, Athletic Careers, and Retirement
Authors: Roderick Martin , Kamperman Lauren M.
Published: October 2022

The careers of athletes are the subject of routine, populist debate. Academic analyses of athletes’ work histories and careers generally lack conceptual and empirical depth, in part because of the paucity of methodological innovation in this field. While sociologists and psychologists have undertaken studies of athletic careers, only rarely do they collaborate. Studies undertaken by sociologists tend to employ ethnographic methodological approaches to grasp the nature and meaning of athlete subjective experiences; sport psychologists have focused attention on describing career stages and identifying transitional demands and coping strategies associated with career development. The transition away from sport has received concentrated analysis and constitutes the key career transition, with research examining complex and uneven experiences of loss and liberation “post-sport.” Interesting recent scholarly development in this field concerns the notion of dual careers, which focuses on the challenges that athletes experience in their attempts to combine sport and work/education.
Sport, Aging, and Adaptation
Authors: Pike Elizabeth C. J. , Mathie Elspeth J. , Buckley Daniel D.
Published: October 2022

The world’s population is aging at such a rate that persons over 65 now outnumber children under 5, representing one of the most significant social transformations in the 21st century. Sport and physical activity play a key role in helping people to adapt to their aging bodies, while societies adapt to their changing demographics. This chapter examines key social models, theories, and methods in understanding these trends, paying particular attention to the experiences of those living with dementia and the need for researchers to adapt their methodology to be appropriate to the older adults they are researching. The case is made that citizens of most countries have a responsibility to adapt to being members of an aging society, that sport can make a positive contribution to the process of adaptation, and that effective adaptation will take place only if it is multifaceted, multilevel, and multipartnered.
Sport, Social Inclusion, and Development
Authors: Sherry Emma , Raw Katherine
Published: October 2022

This chapter examines the ways in which sport can contribute to social inclusion and individual or community development. Sport has been demonstrated to act as a tool for community development and inclusion for individuals and groups who have traditionally been excluded from participating or leading organized sport. The chapter first provides an overview and conceptualization of both social inclusion and sport for development before discussing the mechanisms used to achieve social inclusion in the sport for development context. The chapter discusses the different approaches to social inclusion in organized sport settings, under the broad focus of increasing diversity and inclusion. It also outlines different approaches to social inclusion and development experienced by different groups, as not all social groups experience the same discrimination in the sport system. This critical section discusses the diversity of experience and mechanisms for social inclusion, including gender, sexuality, ethnicity, disability, and social class. In addition, the chapter provides an intersectional analysis that illustrates how sport can potentially address the traditional exclusionary structures that exist within broader society, while acknowledging the genuine criticisms and debates on the efficacy of a social inclusion agenda in the sport sector.
Sport, Indigeneity, and Native Identities
Authors: Keegan Tara , Guiliano Jennifer
Published: October 2022

Explorations of sport have overwhelmingly concentrated on the rise of “modern” sport and its attendant articulations of professional, collegiate, youth sport and issues of sporting culture. These narratives have focused on individual and team athletic achievements, questions of amateurism versus professional athletics, commercial viability and profitability, and individual and community experiences. This chapter considers dominant narratives of U.S. sport and how they relate to Native American and Indigenous athlete experiences and their communities in advancing an argument that indigeneity challenges assumptions of what sport is and how it functions in professional, youth, collegiate, and community sporting cultures. The chapter also maps Indigenous contributions to non-Indigenous sporting communities, including boarding schools, mascots, and popular sporting media. By privileging Native athletes and their experiences, the chapter illustrates the complex, and often contradictory, ways that modern sport and the individuals involved in sporting communities commodify and capitalize on Native athletes and identities even as the public resists Native sporting practices.
Sport, Bodily Ideals, and Obesity
Authors: Markula Pirkko
Published: October 2022

Physical activity is typically considered to improve health by preventing costly conditions such as obesity. In addition, sporting and exercising bodies are often celebrated as ideal, with fit bodies displayed broadly across media outlets. This fit body ideal is deeply gendered, as it differs significantly for men and women. In addition, the ideal body is by no means an average or “normal” body, but often is an elusive ideal toward which many consumers are nevertheless ceaselessly encouraged to work to achieve. In this chapter, key issues concerning media representations of ideal, physically active bodies are considered. Further consideration is given to how diverse individuals are persuaded to build idealized bodies, how they are “controlled” through their body-work in the contemporary society, and how debates over the success of an “appearance orientation” as a strategy for improved health are rendered.
Sport, Gambling, and Match-Fixing
Authors: Tak Minhyeok
Published: October 2022

Gambling has emerged as a double-edged sword for contemporary sport: it serves as a key source of revenues, while simultaneously posing serious challenges. This chapter provides a critical understanding of the social forces, regulations, and discourses around today’s sports under the influence of gambling. The chapter starts with a brief historical overview of the fluctuating relationship between sports and gambling. It outlines how the financial-ethical trade-offs have governed the relationship between sports and gambling and continue to raise integrity and public health issues. Narrowing the focus to the issue of match-fixing, the chapter also reviews diverse approaches adopted: economic, investigative-journalistic, sociocultural, and institutional perspectives. Finally, it discusses how the ongoing policy discourses of sport integrity constitute potential debates surrounding the ethical codes of conduct in sport.
Sport, Fan Violence, and Hooliganism
Authors: Williams John
Published: October 2022

It was more than 40 years ago that the American sociologist Alan Roadburg first explored, theoretically and empirically, the differences between British and North American sports fan violence. How much have things really changed since? North American scholarship on sports fan disorder has traditionally had a rather different character and tone compared to that in much of the rest of the world. The focus in the former has tended to be on sociopsychological explanations of crowd behavior or on individual fan aggressions across a range of sports, often tied up with intensely masculinized overidentification, feelings of frustration, and the excessive abuse of alcohol. In the latter, the focus has been much more ethnographic and socioanthropological, on the collective behavior of football (soccer) fans, especially those young men involved in violent and aggressive honor contests between relatively organized hooligan firms, ultras groups, or barras. Some scholars have recently outlined new analytical models to bring together these different traditions. In this chapter, a critical assessment is made of the key issues, approaches, and debates about sport fan violence and hooliganism.
Sport, Journalism, and Social Reproduction
Authors: Rowe David , Boyle Raymond
Published: October 2022

Sports journalism mediates between sports organizations, sports fans, and wider publics. Its remit ranges from basic reportage through celebrity gossip to serious critique of sport and its social implications. Sports journalists, as agents operating at the intersection of the sport and media fields, encounter conflicting demands to celebrate and scrutinize sport in highly commercialized and politicized environments. This chapter addresses sports journalism’s role in reproducing and contesting structures, practices, and power relations within the institution of sport, and in explicitly and implicitly representing the relationships between sport and society. It analyzes the ways in which sports journalism manages and promotes social mythologies and ideologies, including propositions that sport can be insulated from societal norms and, contrastingly, is merely a reflection of them. The chapter concludes by discussing the changes in sport media organizations and in communication technologies that are challenging the influence of traditional sports journalism on culture and society.
Sport, Film, and the Cultural Imaginary
Authors: Crosson Seán
Published: October 2022

Codified sport and the cinema emerged contemporaneously in the second half of the 19th century, and from the earliest film productions, sport was prominently featured and contributed significantly to the new art form’s growing popularity. Sport would subsequently become one of commercial cinema’s most enduring and popular topics, though scholarship of the area (and identification of a specific genre) was slower to develop. While identifying salient aspects of depictions of sport’s fiction on film, this chapter examines the development of the relevant critical discourse and the major foci therein, including sport cinema’s role in articulating and influencing understandings of broader sociocultural themes such as race, social class, gender, and nationalism.
Sport, Advertising, and Promotional Culture
Authors: Jackson Steven J.
Published: October 2022

This chapter explores the unique, yet often overlooked, relationship between sport, culture, and advertising as a part of wider promotional culture. Specifically, this chapter first outlines some key issues related to the social and economic impact of advertising on society. This includes a basic understanding of how and why advertising emerged as an industry, along with highlighting some of the unique features of sport that make it an attractive theme or vehicle within the broader realm of promotional culture. Second, the chapter examines some of the common theoretical approaches used within advertising theory and, in turn, offers the circuit of culture as one framework for understanding the complex interrelationships between production, representation, consumption, and regulation of commodities. Third, the analysis examines a few key debates related to sport, advertising, and consumer culture, followed by a brief conclusion.
Sport, Digital Media, and Social Media
Authors: Sanderson Jimmy
Published: October 2022

As social and digital media technologies have enveloped sport, there has been a corresponding growth in scholarship to examine the effects of these technologies on various sport stakeholders. This chapter addresses three critical areas where social and digital technologies are having a major impact in sport: (1) athlete self-presentation and identity expression, (2) privacy, and (3) athlete abuse. Each of these areas poses critical implications for sport participants including athletes, coaches, and organizational personnel among others. The chapter offers suggestions for education and programming to support athletes and other stakeholders in managing issues arising from social and digital media consumption. The chapter also outlines directions for future research, including the need to examine this area from a critical perspective.
Sport, Religion, and Beliefs
Authors: Parker Andrew , Watson Nick J.
Published: October 2022

The relationship between sport and religion has been evident across a number of historical periods, from the athletic spectacles of ancient Greece to the muscular Christian ideals of Victorian Britain. In turn, a significant body of work has emerged which maps these connections across a range of world religions. These accounts provide useful insight into the different ways in which the sport-religion relationship has been articulated over time and how specific belief systems have appropriated sporting practice. This chapter focuses on the relationship between sport and Christianity. More specifically, it explores the way in which this relationship has come to manifest amid the commercialism of modern-day sport.
Follow-up care of the extremely preterm infant after discharge from the neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Hendson Leonora , Church Paige T , Banihani Rudaina
Published: October 2022

The survival of babies born extremely preterm (EP, <28 weeks gestation) has improved over time, and many have good outcomes and quality of life. They remain at risk for health issues, including neurosensory and neurodevelopmental difficulties requiring monitoring by primary physicians, paediatricians, and specialty clinics. This statement reviews potential medical and neurodevelopmental consequences for EP infants in the first 2 years after discharge and provides strategies for counselling, early detection, and intervention. EP-related conditions to assess for early include bronchopulmonary dysplasia or respiratory morbidity, feeding and growth concerns, neurosensory development (vision and hearing), cerebral palsy, and autism spectrum disorder. Correction for gestational age should be used for growth and development until 36 months of age. Integral to quality care of the child born EP is attention to the emotional well-being of parents and caregivers.
Explaining employment sector choices of doctoral graduates in Germany
Authors: Goldan Lea , Jaksztat Steffen , Gross Christiane
Published: October 2022

Previous research in different national contexts has shown that individual preferences for certain job attributes, objective labour market conditions, subjective career prospects, and external encouragement shape doctoral graduates’ career decisions. For Germany, where the number of awarded doctoral degrees is highest within the European Union and where no established academic tenure-track system exists, the determinants of doctoral graduates’ sector choices are still largely unexplored. This article aims to shed light on the determinants of sector choices of doctoral graduates in Germany. By deriving the determinants from the wide version of rational choice theory and by measuring the determinants prior to employment sectors, we overcome the conceptual and methodological limitations of previous research. Using data from a nationally representative panel survey with doctoral graduates of the 2014 cohort in Germany, we differentiate between five distinct employment sectors and carry out multinomial logistic regression analysis. As expected, and in line with previous research from other countries, the results confirm that the sector choices of doctoral graduates in Germany depend on their preferences as well as various objective and subjective constraints. The article helps to better understand how doctoral graduates select into different employment sectors and thus provides important insights into postdoctoral career trajectories.
Determination of four homogeneous subgroups of patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: a cluster analysis based on 509 cases
Authors: Nguyen Yann , Yelnik Cécile M , Morel Nathalie , Paule Romain , Stammler Romain , Plaçais Léo , Sacré Karim , Godeau Bertrand , Maillard Hélène , Launay David , Morell-Dubois Sandrine , Dupré Anastasia , Lefèvre Guillaume , Devloo Cécile , Dufrost Virginie , Benhamou Ygal , Levesque Hervé , Leroux Gaëlle , Piette Jean-Charles , Mouthon Luc , Hachulla Éric , Lambert Marc , Le Guern Véronique , Costedoat-Chalumeau Nathalie
Published: October 2022

Objective

APS is a heterogeneous disease with different phenotypes. Using an unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis, we aimed to determine distinct homogeneous phenotypes among APS patients.

Methods

We performed an observational, retrospective study of APS patients enrolled in the French multicentre ‘APS and SLE’ registry who met the Sydney classification criteria. The clustering process involved an unsupervised multiple correspondence analysis followed by a hierarchical ascendant clustering analysis; it used 27 variables selected to cover a broad range of APS clinical and laboratory manifestations.

Results

These analyses included 509 patients, mainly women (77.8%). Mean (s.d.) age at APS diagnosis was 36.2 (14.6) years, and mean follow-up since diagnosis 10.3 (8.5) years. This hierarchical classification cluster analysis yielded four homogeneous groups of patients: cluster 1, mostly with venous thromboembolism without any associated autoimmune disease; cluster 2, older, lowest proportion of women, history of arterial events, and/or with migraines, arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, or dyslipidaemia; cluster 3, younger, highest proportion of women, associated SLE or other autoimmune diseases, and a history of venous thromboembolism or pregnancy morbidity; and cluster 4, mainly with a history of catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome, aPL-associated nephropathy, and pregnancy morbidity, with frequent triple positivity and more deaths (16.7%).

Conclusions

Our study applied an unsupervised clustering method to distinguish four homogeneous APS patient subgroups that were predominantly venous; arterial; associated with SLE or another autoimmune disease; and arterial microthrombotic. Heterogeneous pathophysiological mechanisms may explain these findings.
Comparison of health-care utilization, costs and health-related quality of life across the subgroups defined by the Keele STarT MSK Tool
Authors: Oppong Raymond , Lewis Martyn , Campbell Paul , Dunn Kate M , Foster Nadine E , Hill Jonathan C , Jowett Sue
Published: October 2022

Objectives

The aim of this study was to describe and compare health economic outcomes [health-care utilization and costs, work outcomes, and health-related quality of life (EQ-5D-5L)] in patients classified into different levels-of-risk subgroups by the Keele STarT MSK Tool.

Methods

Data on health-care utilization, costs and EQ-5D-5L were collected from a health-care perspective within a primary care prospective observational cohort study. Patients presenting with one (or more) of the five most common musculoskeletal pain presentations were included: back, neck, shoulder, knee or multi-site pain. Participants at low, medium and high risk of persistent disabling pain were compared in relation to mean health-care utilization and costs, health-related quality of life, and employment status. Regression analysis was used to estimate costs.

Results

Over 6 months, the mean (s.d.) total health-care (National Health Service and private) costs associated with the low, medium, and high-risk subgroups were £132.92 (167.88), £279.32 (462.98) and £476.07 (716.44), respectively. Mean health-related quality of life over the 6-month period was lower and more people changed their employment status in the high-risk subgroup compared with the medium- and low-risk subgroups.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that subgroups of people with different levels of risk for poor musculoskeletal pain outcomes also have different levels of health-care utilization, health-care costs, health-related quality of life, and work outcomes. The findings show that the STarT MSK Tool not only identifies those at risk of a poorer outcome, but also those who will have more health-care visits and incur higher costs.
Novel mutation and expanding phenotype in IRF2BP2 deficiency
Authors: Körholz Julia , Gabrielyan Anastasia , Sczakiel Henrike Lisa , Schulze Livia , Rejzek Manuela , Laass Martin W , Leuchten Nicolai , Tiebel Oliver , Aust Diana , Conrad Karsten , Röber Nadja , Jacobsen Eva-Maria , Ehmke Nadja , Berner Reinhard , Lucas Nadja , Lee-Kirsch Minae A , Wiedemuth Ralf , Roesler Joachim , Roers Axel , Amendt Timm , Schuetz Catharina
Published: October 2022

Objectives

Inborn errors of immunity manifest with susceptibility to infection but may also present with immune dysregulation only. According to the European Society for Immunodeficiencies Registry about 50% of inborn errors of immunity are classified as common variable immunodeficiencies (CVID). In only few CVID patients are monogenic causes identified. IFN regulatory factor-2 binding protein 2 (IRF2BP2) is one of 20 known genes associated with CVID phenotypes and has only been reported in two families so far. We report another IRF2BP2-deficient patient with a novel pathogenic variant and phenotype and characterize impaired B cell function and immune dysregulation.

Methods

We performed trio whole-exome sequencing, determined B cell subpopulations and intracellular calcium mobilization upon B cell receptor crosslinking in B cells. T cell subpopulations, T cell proliferation and a type I IFN signature were measured. Colonoscopy and gastroduodenoscopy including histopathology were performed.

Results

The 33-year-old male presented with recurrent respiratory infections since childhood, colitis and RA beginning at age 25 years. We identified a novel de novo nonsense IRF2BP2 variant c.1618C>T; p.(Q540*). IgG deficiency was detected as consequence of a severe B cell differentiation defect. This was confirmed by impaired plasmablast formation upon stimulation with CpG. No serum autoantibodies were detected. Intracellular cytokine production in CD4+ T cells and CTLA4 expression on FOXP3+ Tregs were impaired. Type I IFN signature was elevated.

Conclusion

The identified loss-of-function variant in IRF2BP2 severely impairs B cell development and T cell homeostasis, and may be associated with colitis and RA. Our results provide further evidence for association of IRF2BP2 with CVID and contribute to the understanding of the underlying pathomechanisms.
Emergence of Language Related to Self-experience and Agency in Autobiographical Narratives of Individuals With Schizophrenia
Authors: Chan Chi C , Norel Raquel , Agurto Carla , Lysaker Paul H , Myers Evan J , Hazlett Erin A , Corcoran Cheryl M , Minor Kyle S , Cecchi Guillermo A
Published: October 2022

Background and Hypothesis

Disturbances in self-experience are a central feature of schizophrenia and its study can enhance phenomenological understanding and inform mechanisms underlying clinical symptoms. Self-experience involves the sense of self-presence, of being the subject of one’s own experiences and agent of one’s own actions, and of being distinct from others. Self-experience is traditionally assessed by manual rating of interviews; however, natural language processing (NLP) offers automated approach that can augment manual ratings by rapid and reliable analysis of text.

Study Design

We elicited autobiographical narratives from 167 patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder (SZ) and 90 healthy controls (HC), amounting to 490 000 words and 26 000 sentences. We used NLP techniques to examine transcripts for language related to self-experience, machine learning to validate group differences in language, and canonical correlation analysis to examine the relationship between language and symptoms.

Study Results

Topics related to self-experience and agency emerged as significantly more expressed in SZ than HC (P < 10−13) and were decoupled from similarly emerging features such as emotional tone, semantic coherence, and concepts related to burden. Further validation on hold-out data showed that a classifier trained on these features achieved patient-control discrimination with AUC = 0.80 (P < 10−5). Canonical correlation analysis revealed significant relationships between self-experience and agency language features and clinical symptoms.

Conclusions

Notably, the self-experience and agency topics emerged without any explicit probing by the interviewer and can be algorithmically detected even though they involve higher-order metacognitive processes. These findings illustrate the utility of NLP methods to examine phenomenological aspects of schizophrenia.
Metagenomics show high spatiotemporal virus diversity and ecological compartmentalisation: Virus infections of melon,Cucumis melo, crops, and adjacent wild communities
Authors: McLeish Michael J , Zamfir Adrián D , Babalola Bisola M , Peláez Adrián , Fraile Aurora , García-Arenal Fernando
Published: October 2022

The emergence of viral diseases results from novel transmission dynamics between wild and crop plant communities. The bias of studies towards pathogenic viruses of crops has distracted from knowledge of non-antagonistic symbioses in wild plants. Here, we implemented a high-throughput approach to compare the viromes of melon (Cucumis melo) and wild plants of crop (Crop) and adjacent boundaries (Edge). Each of the 41-plant species examined was infected by at least one virus. The interactions of 104 virus operational taxonomic units (OTUs) with these hosts occurred largely within ecological compartments of either Crop or Edge, with Edge having traits of a reservoir community. Local scale patterns of infection were characterised by the positive correlation between plant and virus richness at each site, the tendency for increased specialist host use through seasons, and specialist host use by OTUs observed only in Crop, characterised local-scale patterns of infection. In this study of systematically sampled viromes of a crop and adjacent wild communities, most hosts showed no disease symptoms, suggesting non-antagonistic symbioses are common. The coexistence of viruses within species-rich ecological compartments of agro-systems might promote the evolution of a diversity of virus strategies for survival and transmission. These communities, including those suspected as reservoirs, are subject to sporadic changes in assemblages, and so too are the conditions that favour the emergence of disease.
Identification of a Novel Streptomyces sp. Strain HU2014 Showing Growth Promotion and Biocontrol Effect Against Rhizoctonia spp. in Wheat
Authors: Zhu Hong-xia , Hu Lin-feng , Hu Hai-yan , Zhou Feng , Wu Liu-liu , Wang Shi-wen , Rozhkova Tetiana , Li Cheng-wei
Published: October 2022

Wheat sharp eyespot is a serious disease caused by the phytopathogens Rhizoctonia cerealis and R. solani. Some species in the genus Streptomyces have been identified as potential biocontrol agents against phytopathogens. In this investigation, the physiological, biochemical, phylogenetic, and genomic characteristics of strain HU2014 indicate that it is a novel Streptomyces sp. most closely related to Streptomyces albireticuli. Strain HU2014 exhibited strong antifungal activity against R. cerealis G11 and R. solani YL-3. Ultraperformance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry on the four extracts from the extracellular filtrate of strain HU2014 identified 10 chemical constituents in the Natural Products Atlas with high match levels (more than 90%). In an antifungal efficiency test on wheat sharp eyespot, two extracts significantly reduced the lesion areas on bean leaves infected by R. solani YL-3. The drenching of wheat in pots with spore suspension of strain HU2014 demonstrated a control efficiency of 65.1% against R. cerealis G11 (compared with 66.9% when treated by a 30% hymexazol aqueous solution). Additionally, in vitro and pot experiments demonstrated that strain HU2014 can produce indoleacetic acid, siderophores, extracellular enzymes, and solubilized phosphate, and it can promote plant growth. We conclude that strain HU2014 could be a valuable microbial resource for growth promotion of wheat and biological control of wheat sharp eyespot.
Transforming growth factor‐β receptor type 2 is required for heparin‐binding protein–induced acute lung injury and vascular leakage for transforming growth factor‐β/Smad/Rho signaling pathway activation
Authors: Liu Zixuan , Chen Mingming , Sun Yini , Li Xu , Cao Liu , Ma Xiaochun
Published: October 2022

Heparin‐binding protein (HBP), as a granule protein secreted by polymorphonuclear neutrophils, participates in the pathophysiological process of sepsis. It has been reported that HBP is a biomarker of sepsis related to the severity of septic shock and organ dysfunction. HBP binds to vascular endothelial cells as a primary target site. However, it is still unclear whether HBP‐binding protein receptors exist on the surface of endothelial cells. The effect of HBP on vascular permeability in sepsis and its mechanism needs to be explored. We conducted in vivo and in vitro studies and demonstrated that HBP binds to transforming growth factor–β receptor type 2 (TGF‐β‐R2) as a ligand. Glutathione S‐transferase pull‐down analysis revealed that HBP mainly interacts with the extracellular domain of TGF‐β‐R2. HBP induces acute lung injury and vascular leakage via activation of the TGF‐β/SMAD2/3 signaling pathway. A permeability assay suggested that TGF‐β‐R2 is necessary for HBP‐induced increased permeability. We also defined the role of HBP and its potential membrane receptor TGF‐β‐R2 in the blood–gas barrier in the pathogenesis of HBP‐related acute lung injury.
Design by the front line
Authors: Francis Sarah
Published: October 2022

Creating clinical spaces with interprofessional input
Using the Eat Sleep Console Model to Promote Optimal Care and Outcomes for Infants With Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome
Authors: Haaland Grace , Kunkel Melissa , Nguyen Chi Mai , Wonder Amy Hagedorn
Published: October 2022

Background:

A nurse led a team of providers in a quality improvement (QI) project to positively impact inpatient care and outcomes for infants with neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS). The Eat Sleep Console (ESC) model was implemented to promote rooming-in and family-centered care as part of a nonpharmacological treatment approach.

Purpose:

To compare the ESC model with the traditional Finnegan treatment approach to describe differences in infants' pharmacotherapy use (morphine), length of stay (LOS), weight loss, consumption of mother's own milk by any feeding method within 24 hours of discharge, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) use, and Pediatric Unit utilization.

Methods:

The QI project was conducted at a single hospital site with more than 1700 deliveries per year in the Midwestern United States. A comparative effectiveness study design was used to evaluate the ESC model.

Results:

The ESC model impacted care and outcomes for infants with NAS, contributing to a significant reduction in morphine treatment, decrease in LOS among morphine-treated infants, increase in weight loss in infants who did not require morphine treatment, less NICU use, and greater Pediatric Unit utilization. A nonsignificant increase was found in the number of infants who consumed their mother's own milk by any feeding method in the 24-hour period prior to discharge.

Implications for Practice and Research:

Results may be helpful for hospitals striving to optimize care for infants exposed to opioids, using assessments of eating, sleeping, and consoling to guide individualized treatment decisions and to reduce morphine use.
Maternal Voice Exposure and Its Effect on Premature Infants' Feeding Milestones
Authors: Alabbasi Yasmine , Parker Leslie , Weaver Michael , Krueger Charlene
Published: October 2022

Background:

Premature infants experience alterations in maternal stimulation (including auditory sensory alteration such as talking or singing to the infant in the neonatal intensive care unit) due to admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Because of their physiological and neurobehavioral immaturity, infants are at an increased risk of delays in reaching feeding milestones (a key developmental milestone), which often need to be achieved before discharge.

Purpose:

This systematic review evaluated the literature regarding the effect of maternal speech on achievement of feeding milestones in premature infants.

Data Sources:

A systematic search of CINAHL, PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar from 2010 to 2021.

Study Selection:

Studies were selected if they examined the effect of maternal voice interventions on premature infants' feeding milestones.

Data Extraction:

Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were used.

Results:

Six studies were identified. This systematic review of the literature on the effects of maternal voice on feeding milestones in premature infants found equivocal results.

Implications for Practice:

Given the inconsistent results, this systematic review does not support a change in clinical practice. However, encouragement of maternal visits is highly recommended as the additional benefits of the mother's presence may extend beyond exposure to maternal voice.

Implications for Research:

More research is needed including use of more homogenous samples, application of recommended decibel levels, and utilization of an adequately powered randomized controlled trial to further examine the effects of maternal voice on feeding milestones.