bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Blood groups, serum proteins, and red cell enzymes in the Nganasans(Tavghi)‐reindeer hunters from Taimir Peninsula
Authors: Karaphet Tatyana M. , Sukernik Rem I. , Osipova Ludmila P. , Simchenko Yuriy B.
Published: February 2006

The Nganasans are made up of two recently tribal populations. These, the Avam and Vadey, were established in the seventeenth century from small reindeer hunting bands, themselves apparently descended from the Yukaghir.

Data on 13 blood systems have been described for the first time in the Vadey Nganasans, and the results compared with those previously reported for the two Avam subgroups. As a whole, the Nganasans are characterized by low frequency of B blood group, high frequencies of Ns, cDE, Fya, Hp2, absence of A2, Pc,K, and apparently an absence of cde alleles or haplotypes. Measurement of intrapopulation heterogeneity reveals significant divergence among the two Avam subdivisions (χ = 57.59; P < 0.001), as well as between the total Avam and Vadey (χ = 79.31; P = 0.001). Founder principle, and local genetic drift, are believed to account for the greater difference between the Avam and Vadey subgroups than that observed between the two Avam populations. The Nganasans of the Taimir Peninsula appear to be the last group of reindeer hunters remaining in Northern Siberia. For ages they have lived in relative isolation, and therefore are the least touched genetically, either by surrounding herding groups originating in Southern Siberia, or by recent Caucasian admixture.
The relationship between split‐line orientation and in vivo bone strain in galago (G. crassicaudatus) and macaque (Macaca mulatta and M. fascicularis) Mandibles
Authors: Bouvier Marianne , Hylander William L.
Published: February 2006

There is still disagreement concerning the functional significance of split‐line patterns in bone. This study was undertaken to reexamine the mechanical forces hypothesis for split‐line formation by comparing split‐line patterns with in vivo mandibular bone strain patterns. The relationship between split‐line orientation and in vivo stress and strain patterns on macaque and galago mandibles was examined during jaw opening and the power stroke of mastication and incision. An attempt was made to relate split‐line orientation to the direction of tensile stress and strain along the primate mandible. In addition, we also investigated the alternative possibility that split‐line orientation is related to the direction of low stresses (and strains) on the primate mandible.

The results of this study showed that there was no consistent relationship between split‐line orientation and the principal strains or stresses. Thus, split‐lines did not run consistently in the direction of high or low stress and strain. Therefore, we have concluded that split‐line orientation provides little useful information for inferring patterns of stress and strain in bone.
Epiphyseal union and dental eruption in Macaca mulatta
Authors: Cheverud James M.
Published: February 2006

Age of dental eruption and epiphyseal fusion is estimated for the permanent dentition and long bone epiphyses of rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta), with 299 skeletons of individuals with known age of death, from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection. Epiphyses at a given joint tend to fuse at the same time. While males and females tend to have the same pattern of epiphyseal fusion, females' epiphyses fuse earlier than those of males, espeically at the elbow and knee joints. The order of epiphyseal fusion in rhesus macaques follows the general primate pattern. Times of dental eruption for males and females are generally the same, except for the relatively late eruption of the canine in the males. The order of eruption follows a common primate pattern (dm2‒M1‒I1‒I2‒M2‒(P3,P4)‒C‒M3). Multiple regressions were calculated in order to allow determination of developmental state, or predictions of chronological age, from epiphyseal fusion and/or dental eruption scores in juvenile rhesus macaques. Standard deviations of residuals from these regressions indicate considerable variation in developmental state among aminals of the same chronological age. The lack of correlation between residuals from the separate skeletal and dental regressions, indicates that skeletal and dental development are largely independent.
Patterns of growth and malnutrition among preschoolers in Belize
Authors: Jenkins Carol L.
Published: February 2006

An anthropometric survey of 750 preschoolers was conducted during 1979 in Belize to assess nutritional status in two districts, one coastal and the other inland. Mothers were interviewed concerning reproductive history, child's health and dietary history, and associated factors. Analysis included the recognition of low arm circumference, weight‐for‐age, stature‐for‐age, and weight‐for‐stature. Survey results indicate that about 25% of the children, birth to 5 years old, show evidence of stunting, while 2.5% show evidence of wasting. Comparisons of rates of malnutrition by ethnic group reveal that the Maya and Garifuna (Black Carib) children are significantly more commonly malnourished than others. Applying a discriminant function to groups of children designated as “poor” and “better‐than‐average” growth classes reveals several factors which may be contributory to the etiology of preschool malnutrition in Belize. The frequency of diarrhea and age at introduction to solid foods, are significantly related to growth retardation among preschoolers. Analysis of 24‐hour‐diet recalls corroborates the patterning of malnutrition among ethnic groups.
Optimal birthweights in Peruvian populations at high and low altitudes
Authors: Beall Cynthia M.
Published: February 2006

This study tests the hypothesis that optimum birthweight for survival is lower among hospital‐born infants in Puno, Peru (altitude 3860 m) than that among their counterparts at low altitude in Tacna, Peru (altitude 600 m). The data are derived from hospital birth records for 1971 and 1972 and municipal death records for 1971 through 1973. Linking these records permits analysis of the patterns of mortality in relation to birthweight. Stabilizing selection upon birthweight is operating in both populations. The high altitude population has a lower mean birthweight and a lower optimal birthweight. The Puno population is closer to its optimal birthweight distribution and, as a result of mortality during infancy, is approaching its optimum birthweight distribution for survival more rapidly than the Tacna population. It appears that the high altitude Puno population may well be adapted to its environment in the sense that there is less selective mortality on birthweight phenotypes.
Cranial morphology and adaptations in Eocene Adapidae. I. Sexual dimorphism in Adapis magnus and Adapis parisiensis
Authors: Gingerich Philip D.
Published: February 2006

Adapis is one of the best known lemuriform fossil primates. Quantitative analysis of all well‐preserved crania of Adapis magnus (n = 8) and Adapis parisiensis (n = 12) together with maxillary and mandibular dentitions preserving canines corroborates Stehlin's hypothesis that Adapis was sexually dimorphic. Males are from 13% to 16% larger than females in cranial length, corresponding to a weight dimorphism estimated at 44% to 56%, and have relatively broader skulls with more prominent sagittal and nuchal crests. Canine dimorphism ranges from 13% to 19%, which is equal to or only slightly greater than that expected as a result of body size dimorphism (i.e., relative canine dimorphism is slight or nonexistent). By comparison with living primates, the observed body size dimorphism in Adapis implies a polygynous breeding system. Cebus apella is a diurnal arboreal living primate with moderate body size dimorphism and slight relative canine dimorphism and one can speculate that Adapis lived in polygynous multimale troops of moderate size like those of C. appella. Adapis extends the geological history of sexual dimorphism and polygyny in primates back to the Eocene. Extant lemuriform primates are generally not dimorphic or polygynous and they clearly do not adequately represent the range of social adaptations present in Eocene primates. The evolutionary lineage from Adapis magnus to Adapis parisiensis exhibits reduction in body size and in relative canine size, and phyletic dwarfing in Adapis is possibly an adaptive response to increasing climatic seasonality and environmental instability in the late Eocene and early Oligocene.
Cranial morphology and adaptations in Eocene Adapidae. II. The Cambridge skull of Adapis parisiensis
Authors: Gingerich Philip D. , Martin Robert D.
Published: February 2006

One of the most complete skulls of the early primate Adapis parisiensis is in the collection of the Department of Zoology, Cambridge University. This exceptionally well‐preserved male skull, from Quercy in southern France, is important in showing relatively small orbits that are highly convergent, a distinct ethmoid component in the medial orbital wall, very small infraorbital foramina, a well‐preserved auditory region with the stapedial canal about twice the diameter of the canal for the promontory artery, and a well‐preserved braincase 8.8 cm3 in endocranial volume. The frontal lobe of the brain in the Cambridge skull described here is less expanded than that reported previously in a British Museum skull. The average body weight of Adapis parisiensis is estimated to have been about 2.0 kg, and that of Adapis magnus is estimated to have been about 8.4 to 9.0 kg. The encephalization quotient (EQ) of Adapis parisiensis is estimated to have been 0.45, which is well below the range found in modern prosimians. There is some indication that the size of the foramen magnum has increased with increasing brain size during primate evolution. Adapis parisiensis appears to have been a medium‐sized, visually oriented, diurnal, sexually dimorphic arboreal folivore.
Prevalence of mastoid infection in prehistoric Arizona Indians
Authors: Titche Leon L. , Coulthard Stanley W. , Wachter Richard D. , Thies A. Cole , Harries Lucy L.
Published: February 2006

In view of the reported high prevalence of otitis media and mastoiditis in the present‐day Indian inhabitants of Arizona, when an opportunity arose to examine the skulls of prehistoric Indians in the collection of the Arizona State Museum, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, it was thought that determining the prevalence of mastoiditis in them might be helpful in the treatment and prevention of mastoid infections in the present‐day population. Our findings are compared with those of two other studies of mastoiditis in prehistoric Indians in another area of the United States.
HLA antigens in Tükuna Indians
Authors: Jobim Luiz F. , Moura Nayla C. , Persolli Ligia B. L. , Trachtenberg Anete , Walford Roy , Mendes Nelson F.
Published: February 2006

Ninety‐nine Tükuna Indians, inhabitants of the high Amazon, were typed for the HLA antigens. The method used was the microlymphocytotoxicity technique recommended by the NIH. At the same time, cross‐matching was performed between the lymphocytes of the 99 Indians and the sera of 240 other multiparous Indians. Later the multiparous sera were cross‐matched with a selected panel of Caucasoid individuals. The results showed that the most frequent antigens for the HLA‐A locus were A2, Aw24 and Aw31. As for the HLA‐B locus, B5, Bw39 and B40 were most frequent. The haplotypes HLA‐Aw31‐Bw39, and A2‐B5 were in linkage disequilibrium. The results of the cross‐matching showed 21.3% sera with positive reactions against Indian cells. Ten sera presented antibodies against known HLA antigens; five of them were monospecific, four had two specificities, and one showed three specificities. It was not possible to arrive at any conclusion about the 41 remaining sera. Six sera had positive reactions only with Indians cells.
The old physical anthropology
Authors: Hunt Edward E.
Published: February 2006

In the eighteenth century, workers in general biology, medicine, and physical anthropology knew little about human physiology. As a result, they heavily stressed mystical, essentialist classifications of organisms, constitutional types, and diseases. Comparative morphology and diagnostic systems prevailed. At different times and for somewhat different reasons, these older paradigms were abandoned and newer ones adopted. Late in this scientific revolution, in the midtwentieth century, the new physical anthropology was born.
Paleoprimatological research over the last 50 years: Foci and trends
Authors: Simons Elwyn , Covert H. H.
Published: February 2006

Since 1930 the approach to fossil primates has undergone a twofold revolution, in more advanced taxonomic thinking, and in the growth of studies relating living primates to the interpretation of past forms. Great strides have also been made in discovering primate fossils–in 1930 there were some 58 genera of extinct primates known, and since then more than 65 new genera have been named. A major aspect of paleoprimatological research today is multidisciplinary field projects, which have accounted for a fuller understanding of dating and context. The application of functional morphology to aspects of primate evolution has allowed better understanding of primate locomotion, diet, and behavior.
From Radcliffe‐Brown to sociobiology: Some aspects of the rise of primatology within physical anthropology
Authors: Gilmore Hugh A.
Published: February 2006

The formation of the American Association of Physical Anthropologists some 50 years ago marked the official recognition of physical anthropology as a legitimate subfield of anthropology. Since then, with the growth of individual and institutional participation in the Association, and with the development of new research paradigms, a number of subspecializations have come to be accepted within the field. Perhaps none of these specializations, however, has grown as rapidly, or spectacularly, as has the subfield of primatology. This article details some of the rise of primatology as an accepted subdiscipline of physical anthropology and discusses the theoretical orientations which guided the first anthropological forays into the study of nonhuman primates.
History of American paleoanthropological research on early Hominidae, 1925–1980
Authors: Boaz Noel T.
Published: February 2006

Understanding of the early stages of hominid evolution prior to 1925 was based primarily on comparative morphological evidence derived from extant primates. With the publication of Australopithecus by Dart in 1925 and subsequent research in South Africa, new possibilities for empirical assessment of early hominid evolutionary history were opened. It was Gregory's work, with Hellman, reported at the first meeting of the AAPA in 1930, that convinced many workers of the hominid status of Australopithecus. The debunking of Eoanthropus as a Pliocene hominid, far from having a totally negative effect, showed that cranial expansion had occurred after bipedalism in hominid evolution, demonstrated that chemical dating had come of age, and in a broader sense, had underlined that phylogenetic hypotheses are falsifiable by recourse to the evidence. The input of biological sciences into early hominid studies, as exemplified by Washburn's “new physical anthropology,” reduced taxonomic diversity and focused attention on paleoecology and behavior. The development of the multidisciplinary approach to field research, pioneered by L. Leakey and brought to fruition by Howell, was of fundamental importance in accurately dating and understanding the context of early hominids. Archaeology, primatology, comparative and functional morphology, and morphometrics have contributed substantially in recent years to a fuller understanding of early hominid evolution.

American granting agencies have heavily supported early hominid research but patterns of funding have not kept pace with the change from research based largely on individualistic enterprise to multidisciplinary research projects.

Future early hominid research, if funding is available, will likely be directed toward investigating temporal and geographic gaps now known in the fossil record and in more rigorous and multidisciplinary investigations of early hominid behavior.
The significance of Aleš Hrdlička's “Neanderthal phase of man”: A historical and current assessment
Authors: Spencer Frank , Smith Fred H.
Published: February 2006

Aleš Hrdlička's hypothesis on a Neandertal phase of human evolution is examined in light of current data and interpretations on Neandertals. Hrdlička's interpretations are related to his ideas regarding the peopling of the New World. A major early statement of Hrdlička's views on Neandertal was his Huxley Memorial Lecture of 1927. We assess this formulation and subsequent development of his hypothesis. Hrdlička's position is compared with the “presapiens” and “pre‐neandertal” hypotheses on the basis of current theory and data.
The evolutionary status of the first Americans
Authors: Stewart T. D.
Published: February 2006

The physical nature of the first men to enter the New World from Asia has long been a matter of dispute. Changes in the conventional wisdom on this subject since 1930 are reviewed. Hrdlička's opinion provides the base line. Certain important developments since his death are outlined. Although there is good reason now to believe that only Homo sapiens existed in eastern Asia at the time, it is still not certainly established. Actual proof in the form of human skeletal remains is still elusive.
American archaeology and physical anthropology in historical perspective
Authors: Gruber Jacob W.
Published: February 2006

The historical relationships between archaeology and physical anthropology are discussed, beginning with Morton and extending to the present. The emergence of Boasian anthropology had a fundamental effect on the way skeletal data could be interpreted in archaeological and anthropological contexts. Hooton's influence was responsible for shifting attention from the occasional individual skeleton to large samples, as exemplified by research on collections by Kidder at Pecos. Nevertheless, this and later studies suffered from a typological approach which was replaced in the 1940s by populational concepts of variability and evolutionary change. As archaeologists have come to recognize human behavior as a function of the interdependence of the physical and the cultural in particular instances of environmental adaptation, they require the explication of the physical dimension which the physical anthrologist alone can provide.
Habits, habitats, and heredity: A brief history of studies in human plasticity
Authors: Hulse F. S.
Published: February 2006

There has long been controversy concerning the relative importance of environment and ancestry in determining the characteristics of living creatures including members of the human species. At the beginning of the present century most biologists and anthropologists seem to have assumed that environment had little or no effect upon our bodily traits. We inherited them. The studies of Franz Boas on Changes in Bodily Form of Descendants of Immigrants cast doubts upon this assumption, and provoked considerable resentment. Since 1911, however, quite a few scholars have confirmed and elaborated upon the findings of Boas. At the same time, many other studies have demonstrated secular changes bodily size and shape within quite a few different populations. The idea of bodily plasticity has therefore, by this decade, become quite acceptable. This paper recounts the historical sequence of events leading to the change in anthropological assumptions, mentioning the scholars whose work contributed to this Important advance in scientific understanding.
History and development of paleopathology
Authors: Angel J. Lawrence
Published: February 2006

In the nineteenth century, accurate descriptive studies, often dealing with pre‐Columbian “syphilis,” were made by Virchow, J. Jones, and Putnam. Hrdlička, Moodie, Ruffer, and others in the early twentieth century carried out research on subjects ranging from trephination to schistosomiasis. However, it was not until Hooton, Williams, Stewart, Wells, and others (1930 to 1965) that paleopathology was combined with paleodemography to get a population perspective on health as an equilibrium with disease. Not until recently, with the creative summaries of Jarcho and Brothwell, have we had bone pathologists (Lent Johnson and especially Putschar) and others (Moseley in blood, Cockburn and Allison in epidemiology and mummies) working actively with physical anthropologists and historians. This cooperation has triggered a major revival in the study of bone physiology and responses to disease (Ortner), disease ecology, demography and health, and paleonutrition (Goldstein, Laughlin, Cook and Buikstra, Ubelaker, Angel). New techniques range from histology to immunochemistry and now involve a host of young investigators.
The growth of growth
Authors: Garn Stanley M.
Published: February 2006

Over a 40‐year period, 1940 through the present, human growth research has increased from a minimal to a major part of physical anthropology. Such research, originally conducted at the major American growth centers, has become more diverse and more specialized, extending to National Probability Samplings, nutritional surveys, studies of twins, investigations restricted to the craniofacial complex, and studies of the growth and development of various primate species. Besides extending knowledge of growth and development in general and control mechanisms in particular, there has been major feedback into physical anthropology affording far greater understanding of human variability, of taxonomic differences, and of changes previously believed to be phylogenetic in nature. To the larger extent, all physical anthropologists have some degree of growth awareness.
Tooth eruption and browridge formation
Authors: Russell Mary Doria
Published: February 2006

One of the most reasonable hypotheses regarding the functional significance of the browridge is that the supraorbital torus forms in response to masticatory stress during development. Oyen, Walker, and Rice (1979) have recently proposed a model that tests this hypothesis: if browridges are functionally related to masticatory stresses on the cranial vault, then changes in the biomechanics of the masticatory system ought to be reflected by changes in the browridge. To test their model they attempted to relate biomechanical discontinuities resulting from tooth eruption to episodes of bone deposition on the supraorbital tori of a developmental series of dry Papio crania. This paper reports on a parallel test of the model on a cross‐sectional sample of Australian Aboriginal juvenile crania. This sample showed no relation between tooth eruption and the supraorbital surface morphology thought to be indicative of active bone deposition. It is also demonstrated that no significant relationship between tooth eruption and episodes of bone deposition is shown by the Papio sample. It is concluded that the use of small cross‐sectional samples of dry crania does not provide a valid test of the model.
Brain endocast asymmetry in pongids and hominids: Some preliminary findings on the paleontology of cerebral dominance
Authors: Holloway Ralph L. , De La Costelareymondie Marie Christine
Published: February 2006

Observations on petalial asymmetry for 190 hominoid endocasts are reported, and their statistical differences assessed. While all taxa of hominoids show asymmetries to various degrees, the patterns or combinations of petalial asymmetries are very different, with fossil hominids and modern Homo sapiens showing an identical pattern of left‐occipital, right‐frontal petalias, which contrasts with those found normally in pongids. Of the pongids, Gorilla shows the greater degree of asymmetry in left‐occipital petalias. Only modern Homo and hominids (Australopithecus, Homo erectus, Neandertals) show a distinct left‐occipital, right‐frontal petalial pattern. Analysis by x2 statistics shows the differences to be highly significant. Due to small sample size and incompleteness of endocasts, small‐brained hominids, i.e., Australopithecus, are problematical. To the degree that gross petalial patterns are correlated with cognitive task specialization, we speculate that human cognitive patterns evolved early in hominid evolution and were related to selection pressures operating on both symbolic and spatiovisual integration, and that these faculties are corroborated in the archaeological record.
Blood polymorphisms and racial admixture in two Brazilian populations
Authors: Franco M. Helena L. P. , Weimer Tania A. , Salzano F. M.
Published: February 2006

One thousand individuals from the southern population of Porto Alegre and 760 from the northeastern city of Natal were studied in relation to 12 and 8 genetic systems, respectively. The data thus gathered were used in different ways to estimate quantitatively the ethnic composition of individuals from these communities. More than half of the genes present in individuals classified as Black in Porto Alegre may be of White origin, while the Whites from this city have 8% of African alleles. The estimated degree of admixture in persons identified as White or Mixed in Natal is not much different among themselves. The ancestry of the total sample can be characterized as 58% White, 25% Black, and 17% Indian.
Extinct large colobines from the Plio‐Pleistocene of Africa
Authors: Leakey Meave G.
Published: February 2006

Three genera and six species of extinct African Plio‐Pleistocene Colobinae are discussed. One new genus, Rhinocolobus and three new species, R. turkanaensis, Cercopithecoides kimeui and Paracolobus mutiwa are named. These colobines show a diversity in postcranial and dental morphology not seen among extant species. Rhinocolobus was most similar to extant Colobus in postcranial morphology and had similar high‐cusped shearing teeth. Cercopithecoides shows a number of postcranial skeletal features typical of terrestrial cercopithecid species and has lower cusped teeth. Paracolobus, while generally more similar to Rhinocolobus than to Cercopithecoides, is intermediate in some features of its postcranial morphology. The distribution of the various taxa among East and South African sites with different palaeoenvironments is generally consistent with the morphological interpretation. With the exception of Cercopithecoides kimeui, which persisted a little longer, these large colobines disappear from the fossil record about 1.8 million years ago. Their disappearance coincides with an interval of increasing aridity documented at Olduvai Gorge, the Omo Valley, and East Turkana.
Intercemetery morphological variation in Arikara crania from the mobridge site (39WW1)
Authors: Owsley Douglas W. , Bennett Suzanne M. , Jantz Richard L.
Published: February 2006

Multivariate analysis is used to examine intrasite variation in cranial morphology in the Mobridge Arikara skeletal collection. The site included three spatially distinct burial areas. The burial areas (features) are defined according to geographic location. Feature 1 is a small hill west of the village. Feature 2 is a large, long hill 200–300 yards south of the village. Feature 3 is a small knoll 100 yards south of Feature 1. The internal chronology of Mobridge has not been established with precision, but order has been postulated based on archeological data. Previous researchers have considered area 2 to be later than areas 1 and 3. Significant morphological heterogeneity exists between areas. Sample differences indicate that specific features were used by temporally distinct populations. The archaeologically proposed temporal ordering of the cemeteries is supported by osteological evidence.
Secular change in growth of native children and adolescents at high altitude I. Puno, Peru (3800 meters)
Authors: Gonzales Gustavo , Crespo‐Retes Isaac , Guerra‐García Roger
Published: February 2006

A cross sectional sample of 969 native males from Puno (Peru), altitude 3800 m, ranging in age from 7–20 years, and studied for body height, weight, sitting height, leg length, and chest circumference in 1980, were compared, from the point of view of secular trend, with another cross sectional sample of 992 native males from the same place, which were investigated in 1945. In addition, similar observations were carried out in 1980, in a group of 112 females.

The data indicate that in Puno there has been no secular increment in the adult body size. However for all ages between 7 and 19 years, body weight and height were significantly greater in 1980 than in 1945. This may be due to earlier sexual maturation in the present generation.
Blood groups among brahmin and kamma caste populations of coastal Andhra Pradesh
Authors: Naidu J. M. , Veerraju P.
Published: February 2006

Blood specimens from Brahmin and Kamma caste populations of Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India are examined for A1A2BO, MNSs, and Rhesus blood groups. Predominance of A group in Brahmins and B group in Kammas is observed. Phenotype A2 records less than 4% in both populations. High frequencies of genes M, s, D, and e are exhibited among both populations. Statistically significant differences are found only for A1A2BO system between Brahmins and Kammas.
Mandibular movement patterns relative to food types in common tree shrews (Tupaia glis)
Authors: Fish Dale R. , Mendel Frank C.
Published: February 2006

Although common tree shrews have long been considered a model system for early eutherian mastication, little information on mandibular movement patterns relative to specific food types has been reported. Detailed analysis of mandibular movement patterns when related to resulting attrition facets may permit more accurate extrapolations regarding the dietary habits of primitive mammals.

Marker beads were sewn to chins of five animals that were placed in a restraint system and filmed while they fully masticated mealworm larvae and standardized pieces of banana, almond, and commercial cat chow. These sequences were divided into early, middle, and late thirds of food reduction. Mandibular positions from both frontal and lateral perspectives were digitized frame by frame to yield plots of orbits in three dimensions as well as graphic display of displacements, velocities, and accelerations. Plot coordinates were averaged to generate composite orbital shapes.

Significant (p < 0.01) findings included: (1) shortest orbital durations and greatest peak closing velocities and accelerations in early third of reduction; (2) smallest maximum gape, smallest maximum lateral excursion from midline, and longest duration of powerstroke relative to orbital duration in late third of reduction; (3) shortest orbital durations and smallest maximum gape during mastication of chow; (4) greatest maximum lateral excursion during mastication of mealworm larvae; and (5) smallest peak closing accelerations during mastication of banana. Significant differences were also found among subjects for all parameters examined.

Capacity for complex jaw movement may have been critical for allowing primitive molars to be used for trituration of a variety of food types, and may have preceded evolution of more specialized molar forms.
The biocultural evolution of Khoisan populations of Southern Africa
Authors: Hausman Alice J.
Published: February 2006

The research presented here offers new information on the recent evolution of Khoisan populations of southern Africa through the new study of Holocene skeletons. When combined with subfossil and historical remains, these archeological specimens provide a skeletal record for the last 5000–9000 years of southern African prehistory. Multivariate statistical analyses of cranial measurements were used to determine patterns of morphological variation in the skeletal record with which hypotheses of biocultural evolution were tested. These analyses yielded the following results. First, the traditional distinction between Bushmen and Hottentots holds for recent inland individuals. Second, there is a suggestion of a morphologically distinct San population living on the coast of South Africa. The idea of a “Strandloper” population suggested by early scholars is here revived. The third result is that there is little evidence of complete population succession on the coast of South Africa, suggesting that there were no massive population movements associated with the spread of Hottentot pastoralism throughout southern Africa.
Microevolution in prehistoric andean populations: I. Chronologic craniometric variation
Authors: Rothhammer Francisco , Llop Elena , Cocilovo Jose A. , Quevedo Silvia
Published: February 2006

Mahalanobis D2 statistics (with size and shape components) were computed for nine craniometric variables among five prehistoric groups representing steps in the microevolutionary history of a coastal population in Northern Chile. Roughly 80% of craniometric variation was found to be explained by chronologic distance covering a period of roughly 6500 years. Kinship decreases in this population at a relatively constant rate of 8.6 × 10−5 per year.
Skeletal tuberculosis, pelvic contraction, and parturition
Authors: Micozzi Marc S.
Published: February 2006

Obliquely contracted pelvis was observed in association with tuberculosis and dystocia (difficult parturition) in four out of 762 childbearing women in a Southeast Asian population. It is hypothesized that the pelvic contracture results from tuberculosis of the sacro‐iliac joint with destruction of the sacral ala. This gross morphologic deformity, as observed in living populations, may be a useful marker for skeletal tuberculosis in prehistoric and historic populations as well. The occurrence of obliquely contracted pelvis with consequent dystocia as a specific complication of systemic tuberculosis may have direct implications for differential reproductivity.
Population genetics of the group specific component (Gc) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) studied by isoelectric focusing
Authors: Papiha S. S. , Roberts D. F. , White I. , Chahal S. M. S. , Asefi J. A.
Published: February 2006

For the determination of the group‐specific component (Gc) and phosphoglucomutase (PGM1) phenotypes, isoelectric focusing was performed on two samples, one of Jat Sikh of northwest India, the other of northeast English. The subtype frequencies of these two systems do not differentiate the two populations sampled. Synthesis of the existing data shows distinct PGM1 and Gc subtype frequencies in various ethnic and racial groups. The anthropological implication of these subtype frequencies is discussed.
Some variables of the craniofacial complex in a Venezuelan population of negroid ancestry
Authors: Champin J. , Pinto‐Cisternas J. , Rodríguez A. , Muller G.
Published: February 2006

A total of 226 individuals (101 males and 125 females), from La Sabana, a Venezuelan Negroid isolate, with ages between 8 and 60 years, were studied in order to characterize the population for its craniofacial variables and to study the behavior of these variables in relation to age and sex. The variables studied were grouped in three categories: direct cephalometric variables, which included 6 measurements taken directly on the individuals; indirect cephalometric variables, which included 18 measurements (9 angular and 9 linear), taken on lateral head films; and dental variables, which included 9 measurements taken from dental models. In general the direct variables showed the lowest coefficients of variation (CV), suggesting homogeneity within this sample. They were followed by the dental and the indirect variables, which had the highest CV values. In order to detect age and sex effects on the variables, sex and age group comparisons were performed with Student t tests. A greater proportion of significant differences were found among the direct variables, indicating that age and sex have more influence on this group of variables than upon the other two. Comparisons of our sample from La Sabana, with samples from African Negroid, Caucasoid, and Amerindian population show that La Sabana individuals have a craniofacial pattern basically Negroid, as we expected, although some contribution from Caucasoides and especially Amerindians is also suggested in our data.
Morphometric analysis of the distal humerus of some cenozoic catarrhines: The late divergence hypothesis revisited
Authors: Feldesman Marc R.
Published: February 2006

Washburn's Late Divergence Hypothesis (LDH) makes a series of predictions about the phyletic affinities of extant hominoids and also predicts the locomotor behavior of the “formative ape,” the common ancestor to the African apes and humans, and of the earliest hominids. The present study explores some of these predictions in the light of distal humerus morphology. Multivariate analysis of distal humerus metrics, corrected for the within‐groups distortion of shape by size, was used to compare a broad sample of 22 modern anthropoid taxa with 15 fossils from the Fayum, Rusinga Island, Ft. Ternan, Neudorf an der March, Kanapoi, Kromdraai, Lake Turkana, and Hadar. The results of this analysis support some aspects of the LDH, while other aspects are unresolved. Specifically, the distal humeri of the large hominoids are very distinct from those of other anthropoids; however, Hylobates is not associated clearly with either hominoids or monkeys. This suggests that “brachiation” (sensu Hylobates) is too specialized a behavior and cannot explain the common set of characteristics known to unify the hominoids. Among the large apes, there is no discrimination that can be made between the African apes and Pongo, and Homo appears only slightly closer to Pongo than to the other apes. This offers little insight into the question of whether humans did, or did not, go through a “knuckle‐walking” stage in their ancestry. The Oligocene and Miocene distal humeri sustain Washburn's assertion that the “formative apes” resembled the suspensory quadrupedal platyrrhines like Ateles. The Miocene P. africanus specimen highlights the uniqueness of Hylobates in showing that this fossil “bridges” the morphology of the acrobatic cebids and the morphology of the larger apes; it appears to be clearly “intermediate” between the two groups. Hylobates, by contrast, has affinities with no fossil, does not connect with the apes, and is generally isolated except for its connection with colobines. Among the Plio‐Pleistocene fossils, the Hadar sample proves to be quite primitive, and may be close to the point where hominids and pongids diverged. The Kanapoi distal humerus (KP 271), far from being more “human‐like” than Australopithecus, clearly associates with the hyperrobust Australopithecines from Lake Turkana. The stratigraphically late Kromdraai distal humerus is the only hominid to be projected near Homo. The Plio‐Pleistocene hominids generally evince a pattern consistent with the prediction of a late separation of hominids and pongids. But, the results of this study, like many before it, fail to resolve the central question of whether the last common ancestor of the African apes and humans “knuckle‐walked.” It is suggested here that this may be an unresolvable problem.
Quantitative genetics of skeletal nonmetric traits in the rhesus macaques of Cayo Santiago. III. Relative heritability of skeletal nonmetric and metric traits
Authors: Cheverud James M. , Buikstra Jane E.
Published: February 2006

This study addresses the long‐standing controversy in skeletal biology concerning the relative utility of skeletal metric and nonmetric traits for studies of biological relationship. This controversy centers on the relative heritability of these two trait sets. This paper presents heritabilities for a series of skeletal metric and nonmetric traits measured with the same sample of mother‐offspring pairs from the Cayo Santiago skeletal collection of rhesus macaques. Skeletal nonmetric traits display significantly greater heritability estimates than metric traits. This difference is due primarily to the high heritability estimates of hyperostotic nonmetric traits. Foraminal traits are not significantly more heritable than skeletal metric traits. The generality of this pattern of heritability values, in which hyperostotic nonmetric traits are more highly heritable than foraminal nonmetric and metric traits, depends on future empirical study of the correlation of heritability values in populations and theoretical work.
Altitude and infant growth in Bolivia: A longitudinal study
Authors: Haas Jere D. , Moreno‐Black Geraldine , Frongillo Edward A. , Pabon A. Javier , Pareja L. Gerardo , Ybarnegaray U. Jorge , Hurtado G. Luis
Published: February 2006

The growth of 79 healthy, well‐nourished lowland (400 M) and highland (3600 M) Bolivian infants was analyzed in a longitudinal study through the first postnatal year. Compared to low altitude infants, the high altitude infants were found, by analysis of covariance controlling for size at the previous exam, to be significantly shorter at birth, 1 and 6 months, while they were significantly lighter only at birth and 1 year. Recumbent length gain was slower in the high altitude infants in the early months of life, while weight gain did not differ between altitudes. The observed lower weights at high altitude throughout the first year appear to be due to a persistence of lower weights seen at birth and not to postnatal growth retardation. Significantly greater triceps and subscapular skin‐fold thickness measurements were found in the highland group, despite their smaller length and weight. The possible causes and implications of the greater fat accumulation in the highland infants are discussed.
Commentary on two misconceptions of phylogeny and classification
Authors: Oxnard Charles E.
Published: February 2006

A recent brief communication criticizes a morphometric study of the structure of Daubentonia (Oxnard, 1981). The criticisms are invalid because they apply to the concept of the detailed character state in a localized anatomical region, a type of morphological information different than the broad measurement that embodies many characters. The criticisms themselves display, moreover, exactly those problems of prior assumption that the underlying philosophy of multivariate morphometric studies as used by Oxnard (1981) tries to eliminate.
Bivariate versus multivariate allometry: A note on a paper by Jungers and German
Authors: Hills M.
Published: February 2006

Jungers and German (1981) found differences when they compared 1) coefficients of allometry from bivariate plots of log measurements versus log body weight with 2) those coefficients from the first principal component of the log measurements excluding body weight. It is argued here that an arbitrary choice of unit for “internal size” is all that separates these coefficients. When the unit is chosen to make internal size isometric with body weight the coefficients agree rather well.
The basicranium of Plio‐Pleistocene hominids as an indicator of their upper respiratory systems
Authors: Laitman Jeffrey T. , Heimbuch Raymond C.
Published: February 2006

Our analyses of extant primates have shown that a relationship exists between the degree of flexion of the basicranium and the location of upper respiratory structures such as the larynx and pharynx (Laitman et al., 1978). Based upon these relationships, we have previously used the basicrania of late Pleistocene hominids as a guide to the reconstruction of their upper respiratory anatomy (Laitman et al., 1979). This study continues our approach by examining the basicrania of Plio‐Pleistocene hominids and reconstructing their upper respiratory systems.

Nine Plio‐Pleistocene hominids had basicrania complete enough to be used in this study. These included the originals of Sts 5, MLD 37/38, SK 47, SK 48, SK 83, Taung, KNM‐ER 406, OH 24, and a cast of OH 5. Craniometric analysis of the basicrania of these specimens showed that they had marked similarities to those of extant pongids. These basicranial similarities between Plio‐Pleistocene hominids and extant apes suggest that the upper respiratory systems of these groups were also alike in appearance. As with living nonhuman primates, the early hominids probably exhibited a larynx and pharynx positioned high in the neck. This high position would have permitted an intranarial epiglottis to be present during both normal respiration and the ingestion of a liquid bolus of food. The high position of the larynx would have also greatly restricted the supralaryngeal portion of the pharynx available to modify laryngeal sounds. It is thus possible that the Plio‐Pleistocene hominids exhibited modes of breathing, swallowing and vocalizing similar to those of living apes.
Crown dimensions of deciduous teeth from Pre‐Columbian Peru
Authors: Sawyer Danny R. , Mosadomi Adeyemi , Allison Marvin J. , Pezzia Alejandro
Published: February 2006

The mean mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters are presented for the deciduous teeth from Pre‐Columbian Peru. Generally, the deciduous teeth from Pre‐Columbian Peru are larger in most dimensions than the deciduous teeth of modern populations of European descent and smaller than those of modern Australian aboriginals. Differences in crown dimensions between the Pre‐Columbian Peruvian deciduous teeth and those from Prehistoric Inamgaon and Mesolithic Europe are inconsistent. However, the maxillary and mandibular second molars are larger in the Peruvian population while the incisors are smaller. Since comparative data for prehistoric deciduous teeth are rare, this paper adds valuable data to the growing literature on deciduous crown dimensions.
Electron spin resonance dating of human bones from Brazilian shell‐mounds (Sambaquís)
Authors: Mascarenhas S. , Filho O. Baffa , Ikeya M.
Published: February 2006

Electron spin resonance (ESR) signals from bone increase with exposure to radiation. This permits the dating of ancient bone from its exposure to natural radiation over the centuries. The ESR technique was used for dating human bones from Brazilian shell mounds. The results were compared with 14C dates on charcoal found near the bone. The natural radiation dose rate of the bones was about 0.01 Gy/year (1 rad/year), similar to that found in Japanese shell‐mounds. Ages of the bone samples dated ranged from 2000–5000 years BP.
Patterns of intraspecific and interspecific allometry in Old World primates
Authors: Steudel Karen
Published: February 2006

A series of 22 variables representing many skeletal elements were measured on a sample of 255 individuals from ten species of Old World primates to discover for which variables intraspecific or intragroup allometric curves differed from interspecific curves. Skeletal weight was used to represent size. These results were then used to evaluate several hypotheses that have been advanced as possible explanations of such differences. Two explanations seem likely to apply frequently, but in different cases. First, the correlation between a variable and size is often low intraspecifically so that the reliability of the curve describing the relationship is poor. This applies equally to results from leastsquares regression or reduced major axis. The low correlation may result from a situation in which a feature need not vary in close response to body size intraspecifically. The interspecific curve would be produced as a result of different optima in a series of species. Second, the results for many variables suggest that the nature of an organism's adaptive response to change in size differs between groups. The intragroup (or intraspecific) curves describe that response, while the interspecific curve is a summary of the consequences of size across all the included groups, which may be heavily infuenced by the differing adaptations of those groups.