bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grain Growth in CeO2: Dopant Effects, Defect Mechanism, and Solute Drag
Authors: Chen Pei‐Lin , Chen I‐Wei
Published: April 2005

The effects of the dopants, Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Sc3+, Yb3+, Y3+, Gd3+, La3+, Ti4+, Zr4+, and Nb5+, on the grain boundary mobility of dense CeO2 have been investigated from 1270° to 1420°C. Parabolic grain growth has been observed in all instances. Together with atmospheric effects, the results support the mechanism of cation interstitial transport being the rate‐limiting step. A strong solute drag effect has been demonstrated for diffusion‐enhancing dopants such as Mg2+ and Ca2+, which, at high concentrations, can nevertheless suppress grain boundary mobility. Severely undersized dopants (Mg, Sc, Ti, and Nb) have a tendency to markedly enhance grain boundary mobility, probably due to the large distortion of the surrounding lattice that apparently facilitates defect migration. Overall, the most effective grain growth inhibitor at 1.0 % doping is Y3+, while the most potent grain growth promoter is either Mg2+ (e.g., 0.1%) or Sc3+ at high concentration (greater than 1.0%).
Infiltration of Porous Alumina Bodies with Solution Precursors: Strengthening via Compositional Grading, Grain Size Control, and Transformation Toughening
Authors: Honeyman‐Colvin Paul , Lange Fred F.
Published: April 2005

Alumina powder compacts, partially densified with a lowtemperature heat treatment and then cut into bars, were infiltrated with liquid precursors that decomposed to either mullite (3Al2O3·2SiO2), fully stabilized zirconia (cubic Zr(8Y)O2), or partially stabilized zirconia (tetragonal Zr(4Y)O2). The specimens were repeatedly infiltrated and pyrolyzed to achieve a higher concentration of the precursor near the surface. The infiltrated bodies were then densified at 1500°C/2 h. Residual stresses developed during cooling from the densification temperature because of the higher concentration of the second phase near the surface and their differential thermal expansion relative to the matrix material. At least 10 bars of each two‐phase material were fractured in four‐point bending to determine the effect of the second phase on strength. The alumina bars without a second phase had a larger grain size (∼7 μm) and a mean strength of 253 MPa. The intruded phases significantly reduced the Al2O3 grain size to ∼1 1μm. Despite their higher concentration near the surface and apparent surface tensile stress, both of the Zr(Y)O2 phases increased the mean strength to 413 MPa (c‐Zr(8Y)O2) and 582 MPa (t‐Zr(4Y)O2, an apparent toughening agent). The mullite second phase produced a high mean strength of 588 MPa, apparently due to its concentration gradient creating a compressive surface stress.
Mechanical Behavior of Several Hybrid Ceramic‐Matrix‐Composite Laminates
Authors: Cutler Willard A. , Zok Frank W. , Lange Fred F.
Published: April 2005

Several different hybrid laminated composites comprised of alternating layers of dense ceramic sheets (either SiC or Si3N4) and fiber‐reinforced ceramic‐matrix‐composite (CMC) layers (Nicalon fibers with either glass or glass‐ceramic matrices) have been fabricated and characterized. The effects of the reinforcement architecture (unidirectional vs cross‐ply) and the relative volume fractions of the phases on the tensile and flexural properties have been examined. Comparisons have been made with the properties of the constituent layers. Rudimentary models have been developed to describe the onset of cracking and for the minimum volume fraction of CMC required to develop multiple cracks and thus obtain a high failure strain.
Mullite Joining by the Oxidation of Malleable, Alkaline‐Earth‐Metal‐Bearing Bonding Agents
Authors: Sandhage Kenneth H. , Schmutzler Hans J. , Wheeler Robert , Fraser Hamish L.
Published: April 2005

Metallic Ba‐Al‐Si bonding agents have been used to produce all‐ceramic, BaO‐Al2O3‐SiO2 bonds between plates of mullite (Al6Si2O13). Ba‐Al‐Si tapes (200 (μm thick) were fabricated by compaction and rolling of mechanically alloyed powder. The Ba‐Al‐Si tapes were placed between mullite plates and then oxidized by heating to a peak temperature of 1230°C in air. The oxidized tapes strongly adhered to the mullite plates at 25° and 1000°C, as indicated by the fracture morphologies obtained from compressive shear tests. Electron microscopy (EPMA, TEM) revealed that the bulk of the oxidized Ba‐Al‐Si tapes (away from the interfaces with mullite) consisted largely of the compound BaAl2Si2O8, along with some BaSiO3 and an amorphous, barium‐rich aluminosilicate. The interface between the oxidized bonding agent and bulk mullite consisted of a mixture of BaAl2Si2O8, Al6Si2O13, A12O3, BaAl2O4, and an amorphous, barium‐bearing aluminosilicate.
Microstructure and Optical Properties of Hot Isostatically Pressed Nd:YAG Ceramics
Authors: Ikesue Akio , Kamata Kiichiro
Published: April 2005

Neodymium‐doped transparent yttrium‐aluminum garnet (Y3Al5O12, YAG) (Nd:YAG) ceramics for solid‐state laser material were fabricated by a solid‐state reaction method using high‐purity powders (Al2O3, Y2O3, and Nd2O3) as starting materials and capsule‐free hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The mixed powder compacts were presintered at 1600°C for 3 h under vacuum, hot isostatically pressed at 1500°–1700°C for 3 h under 9.8 or 196 MPa of argon gas pressure, and then sintered again at 1750°C for 20 h under vacuum. Although the presintered specimen approached full density after HIP, its optical transmittance was quite low (∼5% at 1000 nm) because of lack of grain growth. Grain growth was observed in the specimens that were hot isostatically pressed and vacuum sintered at 1750°C for 20 h, but numerous pores occurred around the surface of these specimens. Consequently, the optical transmittance of Nd:YAG ceramics that were treated by HIP was inferior to that of the same ceramics that were sintered under vacuum only because of light scattering that was caused by the pores (at the grain boundaries) that were produced during the HIP treatment.
Low‐Temperature Sintering and High Thermal Conductivity of YLiO2‐Doped AlN Ceramics
Authors: Watari Koji , Hwang Hae J. , Toriyama Motohiro , Kanzaki Shuzo
Published: April 2005

The present work indicates through thermodynamic considerations that YLiO2 additive is beneficial for low‐temperature sintering of AlN ceramics. Pressureless sintering of commercially available AIN powders with simultaneous additions of YLiO2 and CaO resulted in materials with high thermal conductivity (170 W·m–1·K–1 after sintering at 1600°C for 6 h). It is demonstrated that improvement of thermal conductivity is possible at low firing temperature by use of sintering aids.
Ghrelin and its relationship to growth hormones during normal pregnancy
Authors: Fuglsang Jens , Skjærbæk Christian , Espelund Ulrick , Frystyk Jan , Fisker Sanne , Flyvbjerg Allan , Ovesen Per
Published: April 2005

Objective Ghrelin and GH secretagogue receptors have been found in reproductive organs, including the placenta. The physiology of ghrelin in pregnancy has not been explored. In human pregnancy, pituitary GH is gradually replaced by placental GH (PGH). The present study was undertaken to examine serum ghrelin levels during normal pregnancy and to determine to what extent changes in ghrelin levels coincide with changes in serum levels of free and total GH and PGH.

Design Prospective study with blood sampling from pregnant women in gestational weeks 8, 18, 26 and 36 and postpartum.

Patients Eleven nondiabetic pregnant women with singleton pregnancies.

Measurements Serum ghrelin was determined using an in‐house radioimmunoassay. Serum PGH was determined in a solid‐phase immunoradiometric assay, serum GH and insulin in a time‐resolved immunofluorometric assay, and serum GHBP in an in‐house immunofunctional assay.

Results Serum ghrelin levels peaked in week 18 (1·20 ± 0·09 µg/l) and the lowest levels were observed in late third trimester (0·87 ± 0·06 µg/l), corresponding to a mean decrease of 27·7% (P < 0·001) from peak levels. An increase was observed again postpartum. Serum GH diminished throughout pregnancy to low third‐trimester values (0·12 ± 0·03 µg/l; P < 0·001), and PGH increased to 25·7 ± 2·86 µg/l (P < 0·001) in week 36. Neither total nor calculated free levels of growth hormones correlated to ghrelin levels, and no significant correlations were observed between ghrelin and maternal body mass index (BMI) or fasting insulin levels.

Conclusions Serum ghrelin levels peak around mid‐gestation in human pregnancy. Ghrelin levels during pregnancy are at their lowest in the third trimester at a time of increased body weight, development of insulin resistance and high serum levels of PGH. However, no associations were observed between ghrelin and the two growth hormones.
Adiponectin, acylation stimulating protein and complement C3 are altered in obesity in very young children
Authors: Cianflone Katherine , Lu HuiLing , Smith Jessica , Yu Wen , Wang HongWei
Published: April 2005

Objective  Childhood obesity is increasing worldwide. This, in turn, is associated with chronic disease risk factors including hyperlipidaemia. The aim of the present study was to examine adiponectin, acylation‐stimulating protein (ASP) and its precursor, complement C3, in very young obese and nonobese children and the corresponding associations with plasma lipid and lipoproteins. All three adipose tissue secreted factors are involved in fat metabolism, and little is known of the levels in very young children.

Design and methods  A total of 124 healthy children from 2 to 6 years old were evaluated for weight, height, plasma lipids and adipokines. Based on percentage ideal body weight (%IBW), 60 children were nonobese and 64 were overweight/obese.

Results  ASP and C3 were significantly increased (P = 0·0002 and P < 0·0001, respectively) in obese vs. nonobese, and this pattern held true when separated in three age groups: toddler (2–3 years), preschool (4–5 years) and primary school (6 years). By contrast, adiponectin was significantly decreased (P = 0·04). When separated based on a positive family history of obesity, ASP was increased (P = 0·005). Other than a small (23·4%) increase in plasma triglyceride, all other lipids [cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol and nonesterified fatty acids] were normal. ASP, C3 and adiponectin were strongly correlated with %IBW (r = 0·515, P < 0·0001; r = 0·383, P < 0·0001; r = −0·211, P = 0·03, respectively).

Conclusions  Changes in plasma adipokines are seen in very young obese children in the absence of lipid changes. These changes in ASP, C3 and adiponectin in very young obese children may predispose towards enhanced fat storage (ASP) and decreased fat oxidation (adiponectin) further driving the obesity profile.
The peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma Pro12Ala polymorphism is associated with a lower hirsutism score and increased insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Hahn Susanne , Fingerhut Anja , Khomtsiv Ulyana , Khomtsiv Liliya , Tan Susanne , Quadbeck Beate , Herrmann Burkhard L. , Knebel Birgit , Müller‐Wieland Dirk , Mann Klaus , Janssen Onno E.
Published: April 2005

Background  Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is characterized by hyperandrogenism and chronic anovulation. The genetic background of the insulin resistance frequently associated with PCOS is unclear.

Objectives  To examine the influe nce of the Pro12Ala polymorphism of the peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), which is thought to play a role in the regulation of insulin sensitivity, on endocrine and metabolic parameters in PCOS patients.

Methods  PPARγ alleles were analysed in 102 PCOS patients (age 27 ± 5·3 years) and 104 age matched control women. PCOS was defined by the NIH‐criteria as the presence of chronic oligo‐ or anovulation and hyperandrogenism. Family history and clinical parameters were evaluated by personal interview and physical examination, parameters of insulin resistance [homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) and Matsuda‐index] were evaluated with a glucose tolerance test.

Results  Seventy‐nine (77·5%) PCOS patients were carriers of the wild‐type PPARγ allele (Pro/Pro), while 23 (22·5%) had at least one Ala allele (X/Ala), with an equal distribution in controls. X/Ala PCOS women were more insulin‐sensitive, evidenced by lower fasting insulin, HOMA index and insulin secretion. Differences in insulin resistance did not depend on body mass index. The genotype had no influence on lipid status, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, or family history of type 2 diabetes. A significantly lower proportion of Pro/Ala patients had hirsutism and they had on average lower hirsutism scores than Pro/Pro patients. No relationship was found between the Pro/Ala polymorphism and other signs of hyperandrogenism.

Conclusion  The Pro12Ala polymorphism of the PPARγ gene is associated with increased insulin sensitivity and lower hirsutism scores in PCOS women.
The effect of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 gene 4G/5G polymorphism on glucose and lipid metabolisms in Turkish obese children
Authors: Kınık Sibel Tulgar , Ataç F. Belgin , Verdi Hasibe , Çetintaş Sedat , Şahin Feride İ. , Özbek Namık
Published: April 2005

Objective Obesity is a metabolic disorder that is associated with increased plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) concentration in the circulation. This increase is related to insulin resistance, dyslipidaemia and cardiovascular disease. Some studies have demonstrated a relationship between plasma PAI‐1 concentrations and the 4G/5G gene polymorphism in the PAI‐1 gene, while other studies have not. It is well known that plasma PAI‐1 levels are increased in obesity; however, the relationship between the polymorphism and obesity remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to elucidate the effect of the PAI‐1 4G/5G polymorphism on glucose and lipid metabolism parameters in Turkish obese children.

Design and patients Ninety children with obesity (37 male, 53 female; mean age 11·1 ± 3·4 years; range 5·8–17·6 years) were included in the study. The children were divided into three groups according to the PAI‐1 promoter 4G/5G polymorphism (4G/4G, 4G/5G and 5G/5G). These groups were compared for age, body mass index (BMI), serum glucose, lipid and insulin levels, and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA‐IR) score.

Results The genotype distribution was 52% (47/90) 4G/4G, 25% (22/90) 4G/5G and 23% (21/90) 5G/5G. No statistically significant differences among genotype groups were found with respect to age, BMI, serum levels of glucose, lipid and insulin, and HOMA‐IR score.

Conclusion Although the frequency of the 4G/4G genotype was higher in subjects in the current study than in subjects reported in the literature, in our study group we observed no influence of the PAI‐1 4G/4G polymorphism on lipid and glucose metabolism.
Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis presenting as subdural haematoma
Authors: Singh S , Kumar S , Joseph M , Gnanamuthu C , Alexander M
Published: April 2005

The authors report a 39‐year‐old woman who presented with intermittent, excruciating nuchal and occipital headache. Magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance angiography scans showed bilateral subdural haematomas with veno‐occlusive disease of the superficial and deep venous systems. There were bridging collaterals with scalp veins, bleeds from which could explain the subdural haematoma. There was acute on chronic veno‐occlusive disease with an acute rise in intracranial pressure and a bleed from the vein of Galen.
Pyogenic abscess complicating a resolving cerebral haematoma secondary to a cavernous haemangioma: Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging findings
Authors: Borsaru AD , Naidoo P
Published: April 2005

A case is discussed of a brain abscess complicating an intracerebral haemorrhage occurring in a cavernous haemangioma. A young child presented with focal seizures as a result of a large intracerebral haemorrhage, occurring in a cavernous haemangioma. The only clue to the underlying vascular malformation was the presence of an associated developmental venous anomaly. The case was complicated by the development of a brain abscess at the site of the intracranial haematoma. The CT and MRI findings are discussed.
Pituitary apoplexy: An unusual cause of frontal lobe syndrome
Authors: Bhansali A , Dutta P , Khandelwal N , Pathak A , Vashisht RK
Published: April 2005

Pituitary apoplexy presenting as frontal lobe syndrome is rare. Interestingly, in our patient the frontal lobe infarct was as a result of intense anterior cerebral artery spasm consequent to nonaneurysmal subarachnoid haemorrhage. The mechanisms of cerebral infarct associated with pituitary apoplexy are discussed.
Diagnosis of tubular colonic duplication by barium follow‐through study
Authors: Rathi V , Singh S , Bhargava SK , Kaur N , Seth N
Published: April 2005

Barium enema studies are considered essential for the diagnosis of tubular colonic duplication with opacification of two colons being the diagnostic sign. Yet in certain cases, barium enema apparently does not show positive findings. A case is reported in which a barium follow‐through study established the complete diagnosis of duplication of colon and terminal ileum. The findings were confirmed on laparotomy.
Hepatic angiosarcoma: Detection with computed tomography
Authors: Chiu O , Frank JD , Dow CA
Published: April 2005

Hepatic angiosarcoma is a rare vascular neoplasm which occurs typically in men aged between 50 and 70 years. The cause is unknown but previous studies have linked several carcinogens to its pathogenesis. A case of advanced multifocal hepatic angiosarcoma with splenic metastasis is presented with brief discussion of the clinical and histological features. Typical CT features and contrast enhancement characteristics are also reviewed.
Magnetic resonance imaging findings in fatal primary cerebral infection due to Chaetomium strumarium
Authors: Aribandi M , Bazan III C , Rinaldi MG
Published: April 2005

This report describes MRI findings of a rare case of biopsy‐proven fatal cerebral infection with Chaetomium strumarium in a 28‐year‐old man with a history of i.v. drug abuse. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed rapidly progressing lesions with irregular peripheral enhancement, possible central haemorrhage and significant mass effect. Only six cases of cerebral infection with Chaetomium have been reported in the English literature. This is the first report in the radiology literature describing the imaging findings. The previously reported cases of cerebral infection by the Chaetomium species are also reviewed.
Measurement error in computed tomography pelvimetry
Authors: Anderson N , Humphries N , Wells JE
Published: April 2005

Computed tomography pelvimetry is still used in clinical practice. We wished to quantify observer error in order to assess the level of confidence with which pelvic measurements can be described as adequate or inadequate. Anteroposterior inlet, anteroposterior outlet, transverse inlet and interspinous distances were measured from 11 CT pelvimetry examinations by five observers at one institution. Three CT pelvimetries were measured by five observers at a second institution. Intraobserver and interobserver variation was assessed using analysis of variance. Reliability of measurements was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficient. Combined error was calculated to determine 95% confidence limits for published minimum recommended pelvic measurements. The standard error of measurement, combining all sources, for measurement of the bony dimensions of the pelvis were: for anteroposterior inlet, 2.0 mm; anteroposterior outlet, 6.9 mm; transverse inlet, 1.3 mm; and interspinous distance, 2.1 mm. The 95% confidence interval around the recommended anteroposterior outlet of 100 mm was 88.5–111.3 mm. Observer variation in measurement of anteroposterior outlet is so large as to make the measurement of doubtful clinical utility.
Homocysteine, renal disease and cardiovascular disease in a remote Australian Aboriginal community
Authors: McDonald S. , Maguire G. , Duarte N. , Wang X. L. , Hoy W.
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Background:  Rates of renal and cardiovascular disease are high among Aboriginal Australians living in remote communities. Nutritional problems, in particular low folate levels, are also common. This suggests that increased homocysteine concentrations might be widespread, and a possible contributor to the high rates of cardiovascular disease.

Aims:  To examine homocysteine concentrations, and their relationships to folate levels, and to markers of renal disease and cardiovascular disease in a remote Aboriginal Australian community

Methods:  As part of a cross‐sectional survey among adults in one community, homocysteine concentrations, concentrations of the crucial determinants (red blood cell (RBC) folate, vitamin B12 and the C677T methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase polymorphism) and cardiovascular risk factors were examined.

Results:  Among 221 people, geometric mean homocysteine concentration was 11.8 µmol/L (range: 11.1–12.5 µmol/L), with 57/221 (26%) values ≥15.0 µmol/L. Higher concentrations were associated with older age, male gender, lower RBC folate and lower vitamin B12 concentrations and homozygosity for C677T. Homocysteine concentrations were not related to the presence of albuminuria, other than over the overt albuminuria range. Homocysteine concentrations were inversely correlated with calculated glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Carotid intima‐media thickness, however, was not related to homocysteine concentration. In multivariate analyses, age, male gender, lower RBC folate concentrations, lower vitamin B12 concentrations, lower calculated GFR and the C677T polymorphism were all associated with homocysteine concentrations.

Conclusions : Homocysteine concentrations were consistent with previous limited reports in Aboriginal communities. Although superficially they are similar to reports from non‐Aboriginal settings, the younger age of this cohort and the association of homocysteine concentrations with age suggest that age‐specific concentrations are higher among Aboriginal Australians. In addition to dietary determinants, the high prevalence of apparently reduced renal function renal disease appears to be an important determinant of homocysteine concentrations in remote Aboriginal communities. The role of homocysteine concentrations as a potential mediator of the high rates of cardiovascular disease remains to be determined. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 289–294)
Determining the professional attributes of a hospitalist: experience in one Australian metropolitan hospital
Authors: Kingston M.
Published: April 2005

Abstract

Data were prospectively recorded on 1294 consecutive patients admitted to a General Medical Unit at the Gold Coast Hospital to review the caseload and pre­requisite professional skills of a general physician working as a full‐time hospitalist. Based on this review, the general physician hospitalist must possess expertise in the manage­ment of common medical conditions and comorbidities, uncommon medical conditions, elderly patients, the seriously ill, the terminally ill, psychiatric patients, surgical patients and patients with dermatologic, ophthalmic and gynaecological problems. The hospitalist must also be proficient in medical education and organization governance. The demonstration of such skills ensures the ‘hospitalist’ model is efficient and effective for hospital‐based care. (Intern Med J 2005; 35: 305–308)
Mediating links between maternal depression and offspring psychopathology: the importance of independent data
Authors: Burt Keith B. , Van Dulmen Manfred H.M. , Carlivati Jill , Egeland Byron , Alan Sroufe L. , Forman David R. , Appleyard Karen , Carlson Elizabeth A.
Published: April 2005

Background:  Research examining intergenerational transmission of psychopathology is often limited by reliance on the same individuals for information on multiple constructs of interest. To counteract this limitation, data from a prospective, longitudinal study of at‐risk youth were analyzed to test the hypothesis that parenting and family environmental factors mediate the association between maternal depressive symptoms and offspring psychopathology in late adolescence.

Method:  Data were taken from 184 families of the Minnesota Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Measures included the CES‐D and Beck depression inventories, home environment ratings and a family conflict scale, and CBCL behavior problem checklist and K‐SADS psychiatric symptom scores. Regression analyses were conducted to test for mediation of maternal depression effects by family environmental factors.

Results:  Analyses using a single informant and time point showed evidence for substantial mediation; however, in analyses spanning independent informants and multiple time points mediating effects were markedly reduced. Sex differences were found, in that parenting and family environmental factors related to psychopathology for males, whereas maternal depression was more directly related to psychopathology for females.

Conclusions:  Results emphasize the importance of independent data for testing mediational claims, and support claims that the processes involved in the intergenerational transmission of psychopathology are different for male and female youth.
Bringing Conservation Biology into a Position of Influence in Natural Resource Management*
Authors: THOMAS JACK WARD , SALWASSER HAL
Published: April 2005

The maintenance of biological diversity has emerged as a primary issue in natural resource management The best chance to establish biological diversity as a land management objective is on the public lands of the United States. Those lands are publicly owned legislation and regulations exist that direct attention to maintaining biological diversity, and cadres of appropriately trained people exist to formulate and carry out managementplam Tbese public lands contain 111 of the 135 Küchler potential natural vegetation types in the United States, with “adequate” representation of 102 types. It seems unlikely that large‐scale reservation of much more land will occur. Therefore, the real test for maintenance of biological diversity will occur on lands dedicated to multiple‐use management. Conservation biologists are desperately needed to focus attention on biodiversity as a management goal; to provide information necessary to guide management, to train agency personnel in the philosophy and mechanisms of prescribing biodiversity, and to make sure that conservation biology goes to work on the ground Time is short and opportunities to preserve biodiversity diminish by the day. Speed inputting conservation biology to work on the public lands is essential.
Conservation Genetics of a Spring‐dwelling Desert Fish, the Pecos Gambusia (Gambusia nobilis, Poeciliidae)
Authors: ECHELLE ALICE F. , ECHELLE ANTHONY A. , EDDS DAVID R.
Published: April 2005

The genetic population structure of the Pecos gambusia was assessed with protein lectrophoresis to determine the best way to preserve the genetic diversity of the species. This small, federally protected live‐bearing fish is endemic to the Chihuahuan Desert region of New Mexico and Texas, where it occupies four isolated spring systems in the Pecos River drainage. Drying of springs due to lowering water tables is the most pervasive threat to the species.

Fifty‐two percent of the total gene diversity detected in the species was due to differences between samples at different localities, while 48 percent was due to variability within samples. Most (67%) of the between‐sample diversity was due to differences among populations in the four major areas of occurrence. Populations in the Toyah Creek area of Texas exhibited striking spatial heterogeneity in allele frequencies and, compared with populations in the other three areas, unusually high levels of within‐sample genetic variability.

The spatial pattern of genetic variation in the Pecos gambusia closely parallels that of a locally endemic, federally protected pupfish species in each of tux different areas. Also, one or more endemic species of invertebrate occurs in each area occupied by Pecos gambusia Protection of the natural pattern of genetic variability in Pecos gambusia would thus contribute significantly toward conservation of the genetic resources in a diverse assemblage of spring‐adapted species.
Clinical experience with the delivery of thawed and washed autologous blood cells, with an automated closed fluid management device: CytoMate
Authors: Lemarie Claude , Calmels Boris , Malenfant Carine , Arneodo Vérane , Blaise Didier , Viret Frédéric , Bouabdallah Réda , Ladaique Patrick , Viens Patrice , Chabannon Christian
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND: Washing out of thawed autologous grafts, before reinfusion in poor‐prognosis cancer patients who undergo high‐dose chemotherapy, is desirable. The procedure allows for the reduction of infused dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) quantities and the performance of biologic controls on the infused cell product.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Three‐hundred four patients were treated with intensified chemotherapy and autologous transplantation at a single institution. Fifty‐four of them received washed cell products, because three or more bags were to be reinfused. The recently available, closed, automated, and current good manufacturing practice–compliant device (CytoMate, Baxter Oncology) was used for this purpose.

RESULTS: The performances of the device were similar to previously reported results, with greater than 75 percent CD34+ cell recovery. Neutrophil and platelet (PLT) recoveries were similar in the group of patients receiving washed cells and in the group of patients for whom cell products were extemporaneously thawed at the bedside. Adverse events that are typically reported after DMSO infusion were significantly less frequent and less severe in patients who received washed cells. Finally, the nurse staff on the transplant ward reported a decreased workload and more satisfactory procedure when infusing washed cell products.

CONCLUSION: The CytoMate device allows for a significant reduction in DMSO infusion, with a diminished frequency and severity of immediate side effects and does not compromise neutrophil or PLT engraftment.
After major ABO‐mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation, erythroid engraftment occurs later in patients with donor blood group A than donor blood group B
Authors: Schetelig Johannes , Breitschaft Astrid , Kröger Nicolaus , Zabelina Tatjana , Ebell Wolfram , Bornhäuser Martin , Haack Astrid , Ehninger Gerhard , Salama Abdulgabar , Siegert Wolfgang ,   Cooperative Transplantations Study Group
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND: Isohemagglutinins directed against the donor blood group frequently delay erythroid engraftment after major ABO‐mismatched allogeneic hematopoietic progenitor cell transplantation (HPCT). Graft‐versus‐host reactions are capable of accelerating the clearance of isohemagglutinins. Whether immunogenicity of the A‐ and B‐antigen is important in this process is unknown.

PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data of 807 patients from three centers were screened for patients with major or bidirectionally ABO‐mismatched donors. Clinical data and red blood cell (RBC) transfusion support were analyzed retrospectively.

RESULTS: A total of 158 patients with major or bidirectionally mismatched donors were identified. After major mismatched HPCT, patients with anti‐A directed against the donor blood group required RBC transfusion support for a median of 109 days (range, 0‐324 days) compared to 21 days (range, 2‐98 days) for patients with anti‐B directed against donor blood group (log‐rank test, p = 0.0001). Other risk factors associated with prolonged RBC transfusion support in univariate analysis were age (p = 0.024), cytomegalovirus infection (p = 0.016), hemolytic anemia (p = 0.027), and chronic bleeding disorders (p = 0.038). The independent influence of donor blood group and recipient age were confirmed in a multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSION: These results indicate that the immunogenicity of the ABO antigen plays an important role for the kinetics of erythroid engraftment after ABO‐mismatched HPCT.
Detection of weak D with a fully automated solid‐phase red cell adherence system
Authors: Lai Marco , Mavilia Gerarda , D’Onofrio Giuseppe , Leone Giuseppe
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND: Microplate agglutination methods (MAMs) and column agglutination technology are widely employed for red cell typing and can be automated. Some tests, however, such as detection of weak D, require manual testing. The possibility of detecting weak D by a solid‐phase RBC adherence (SPRCA) test was studied in a fully automated system.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The results of 2609 blood samples, characterized as being D– or with a incomplete agglutination reaction, were analyzed for the presence of the weak D phenotype. The 2609 samples were tested by a weak D tube test (antiglobulin method) and a weak D‐test with the new SPRCA method. When weak D was detected, which D epitope was involved and whether it was associated with a partial D phenotype were determined.

RESULTS: Weak D was detected in 60 (2.3%) of the 2609 samples. The 60 samples that were weak D by the tube test were also weak D+ with the new automated SPRCA test. The sensitivity and specificity for the new weak D typing method were 100 percent, when compared with the standard weak D manual test.

CONCLUSIONS: These results support the possibility of performing weak D detection with a SPRCA fully automated system. These preliminary results are encouraging, showing good sensitivity and specificity of the test. Detection of weak D will permit full automation of blood typing.
Reticulated platelets: a reliable measure to reduce prophylactic platelet transfusions after intensive chemotherapy
Authors: Chaoui Driss , Chakroun Tahar , Robert Françoise , Rio Bernard , Belhocine Ramdane , Legrand Ollivier , Salanoubat Celia , Lecrubier Chantal , Casadevall Nicole , Marie Jean‐Pierre , Elalamy Ismail
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND: Reticulated platelets (RPs) are the youngest circulating platelets (PLTs). The aim of our study was to predict PLT recovery with RP percentage (RP%) and therefore to identify PLT transfusions that could be avoided after autologous peripheral blood progenitor cell (PBPC) transplantation.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: With a whole‐blood dual‐labeling flow cytometric method, RP% was prospectively assessed in 47 patients who received myeloablative chemotherapy followed by autologous PBPC transplantation. Retrospective analysis of RP evolution identified three time points: nadir of the RP% (NRP), imminent PLT recovery (IPR) corresponding to an RP% of greater than 7 percent, and PLT transfusion autonomy (PTA).

RESULTS: Median occurrences of NRP, IPR, and PTA were on Days +5, +8, and +12 after transplantation, respectively. The RP% value at NRP (4%) was significantly lower compared to the IPR (15%) and PTA (14%). Thirty patients (64%) achieved PTA within 4 days after IPR. On Day +8, if RP% was greater than 7 percent, positive and negative predictive values for PTA within 4 days, specificity, and sensitivity were 79, 63, 66, and 76 percent, respectively. Fever between IPR and PTA was the only factor found to negatively influence PLT recovery (p = 0.02). All patients required at least one PLT transfusion. Among patients with rapid PLT recovery (IPR‐PTA interval < 4 days; n = 30), half of them received one PLT transfusion after RP increase, which could be avoided.

CONCLUSION: These encouraging results may allow us to reduce the prophylactic PLT transfusion according to patients RP% increase.
The value of pH as a quality control indicator for apheresis platelets
Authors: Tudisco Cynthia , Jett Betsy W. , Byrne Karen , Oblitas Jaime , Leitman Susan F. , Stroncek David F.
Published: April 2005

BACKGROUND:Standards and regulations require measurement of pH as an apheresis platelet (PLT) component quality monitor. The usefulness of this quality control (QC) measure was investigated.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS:QC data were retrospectively reviewed for apheresis PLTs collected over 4.5 years. Three collection devices were used, the Amicus (Baxter), the CS‐3000 Plus (Baxter), and the MCS+ LN9000 (Haemonetics). Each month, four components from each instrument were sampled. PLT counts and component volume were measured immediately after collection, and pH, after 5 days of storage.

RESULTS:A total of 668 products were studied. pH decreased as PLT concentration increased (r2 = 0.129, p < 0.001) and as component volume decreased (r2 = 0.086, p = 0.02). PLT concentration and volume, however, were poor predictors of a low pH. Apheresis instrument type affected pH. The 216 components collected with use of the CS‐3000 device had a lower pH than components from the other two instruments. Only 13 components had a pH value less than the acceptable level of 6.2, 12 of which were collected with the CS‐3000.

CONCLUSIONS:For newer‐model blood cell separators, pH measurements do not provide information that might identify a manufacturing problem. Because factors that influence pH are controlled or monitored for each component, evaluation of pH on a sample group provides an indication of the quality of specific component only, rather than an effective monitor of the quality of the manufacturing process.
Who's Monitoring the Monitor? Do Outside Directors Protect Shareholders' Interests?
Authors: Helland Eric , Sykuta Michael
Published: April 2005

The corporate governance literature is rich with empirical tests of the relation between board composition and firm performance. We consider the effect of board composition on a different measure of performance, the probability a firm will be sued by shareholders. We find firms that are defendants in securities litigation have higher proportions of insiders and of gray directors and have smaller boards than a matched group of firms that are not sued, even when controlling for firm value and industry. The results suggest that boards with higher proportions of outside directors do a better job of monitoring management.
Price Movement Effects on the State of the Electronic Limit‐Order Book
Authors: Chan Yue‐cheong
Published: April 2005

This paper investigates public‐trader order‐placement strategies by examining the relations between the state of the limit‐order book and previous price movements. There is support for an information effect, as traders become more aggressive in buying and more patient in selling after previous positive stock returns. The widening of the bid‐ask spread also causes traders to place less aggressive orders. However, there is no evidence of the options effect on limit‐order trading. This study also reveals that orders at the best quotes react faster and complete the adjustment earlier than orders that are far away from the best quotes.
State Welfare Options: Why Are Some States Tough?
Authors: Rodgers Harrell
Published: April 2005

In implementing PRWORA, why have some states chosen the most stringent or toughest policy options allowed by the new law? A considerable literature on state policy decisions addresses this topic. The most consistent finding is that “tough states” are those with a conservative ideology and historically high rates of welfare use by minority populations. These conservative policies impact all welfare recipients in the state, regardless of race or sex.
Research and Welfare Reform
Authors: Mead Lawrence M.
Published: April 2005

Social science research had an important but limited effect on welfare reform, meaning recent enactments that imposed work requirements on family welfare. Policymakers sometimes ignored findings, but the features of research also limited its influence. Most academics did not accept the conservative goals of reform, many of their predictions proved to be incorrect, and research also lacked sufficient policy content to interest government. These features reflect the recent development of the social sciences. For research to have more influence, it must become more catholic about goals and more realistic, and it must offer more governmental content. Especially, inquiry should rely less on the statistical analysis of databases and more on field observation of how poor communities live and programs operate.
Parasitism levels in Orgyia leucostigma feeding on two tree species: implications for the slow‐growth‐ high‐mortality hypothesis
Authors: Medina Raul F. , Barbosa Pedro , Waddell Kim
Published: April 2005

The slow‐growth‐high‐mortality hypothesis proposes that increased development time in arthropods feeding on suboptimal food may result in an increased vulnerability to natural enemies. We measured the development time of the forest caterpillar Orgyia leucostigma J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae: Orgyiini) on two of its host plants and used a 7‐year database on parasitism of this species to test the slow‐growth‐high‐mortality hypothesis. We found that female O. leucostigma developed faster when fed on willow (Salix nigra Marsh) than when fed on box elder (Acer negundo L.). However, only one of the parasitoids of the parasitoid community that attack these larvae followed the prediction of the slow‐growth‐high‐mortality hypothesis. Overall parasitism of O. leucostigma on willow was greater than in box elder, contradicting the slow‐growth‐high‐mortality hypothesis prediction. This is the first test of the hypothesis to consider parasitism by several species in the parasitoid community attacking a free‐feeding herbivore on two distantly related plant species.
Molecular interactions between rosy apple aphids, Dysaphis plantaginea, and resistant and susceptible cultivars of its primary host Malus domestica
Authors: Qubbaj T. , Reineke A. , Zebitz C. P. W.
Published: April 2005

The use of crop varieties resistant or tolerant to insect pests or other stress factors is one approach in non‐chemical crop‐protection. Knowledge of the biochemical and molecular background of insect–plant interactions is a prerequisite for optimizing breeding for resistance. However, the resistance genes involved in plant–aphid interactions have so far only been identified and characterized in very few plant species. Our work aims to elucidate the molecular and biochemical mechanisms involved in resistance of apple trees, Malus domestica L. (Rosaceae), against its primary aphid pest, the rosy apple aphid, Dysaphis plantaginea (Passerini) (Homoptera: Aphididae), which is considered a serious economic pest of apple. Gene expression in both resistant and susceptible apple cultivars after infestation with rosy apple aphids was investigated by employing the cDNA‐AFLP method (cDNA–Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism). From approximately 12 500 cDNA fragments detected on polyacrylamide gels, 21 bands were apparently up‐ or down‐regulated only in the resistant cultivar ‘Florina’ after aphid infestation compared to the susceptible cultivar ‘Topaz’ and/or mechanically wounded or non‐infested leaves. These fragments were cloned, sequenced, and the pattern of gene expression for six fragments was subsequently verified by virtual Northern blots. Sequence comparisons of these fragments to GenBank accessions revealed homologies to already known genes, most of them isolated from Arabidopsis thaliana L. Among them, a putative RNase‐L‐inhibitor‐like protein, a pectinacetylesterase, an inositol‐phosphatase‐like protein, a precursor of the large chain of the ribulose‐1,5‐biphosphate‐carboxylase, and defence‐related genes such as a vacuolar H(+)‐ATPase subunit‐like protein and an ADP‐ribosylating enzyme were identified. The results are discussed in relation to a putative role of these genes in conferring aphid resistance in apple trees.
Electrophysiological and behavioural responses of Melolontha melolontha to saturated and unsaturated aliphatic alcohols
Authors: Reinecke Andreas , Ruther Joachim , Hilker Monika
Published: April 2005

Male Melolontha cockchafers are known to use green leaf volatiles induced by female feeding on host plants for their mate location. Earlier studies of the response of the European cockchafer, Melolontha melolontha L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae), to different green leaf aldehydes, alcohols, and acetates revealed that only green leaf alcohols were attractive to males in the field. Females were not attracted at all by these volatiles. Here, we present a study that aimed to elucidate the structure–activity relationships of aliphatic alcohols. Both behavioural and physiological responses were studied in male and female M. melolontha by field tests and electroantennography. The compounds tested were saturated aliphatic alcohols with chain lengths between five and eight carbon atoms. Furthermore, the cockchafer's response to six‐carbon alcohols with (E)‐2‐, (E)‐3‐, (Z)‐2‐, (Z)‐3‐, and (Z)‐4‐configurated double bonds was tested. All compounds elicited dose‐dependent responses on the antennae of both sexes. In general, males showed a stronger normalized EAG response to the stimuli than females. However, only the naturally occurring six‐carbon alcohols, i.e., 1‐hexanol (E)‐2‐, (Z)‐3, and (E)‐3‐hexen‐1‐ol were attractive to M. melolontha males in the field. Females were not attracted to any of the tested compounds, confirming previous results on the olfactory orientation of Melolontha cockchafers.
Interaction between cucumber plants and the broad mite, Polyphagotarsonemus latus: from damage to defense gene expression
Authors: Grinberg Mor , Perl‐Treves Rafael , Palevsky Eric , Shomer Ilan , Soroker Victoria
Published: April 2005

The broad mite (BM), Polyphagotarsonemus latus (Banks) (Acari: Tarsonemidae), is a minute polyphagous mite that has severe effects on the host plant. Mechanisms of BM injury and subsequent plant responses are unclear. In this study we characterized the morphological and molecular reactions of cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus L., Cucurbitaceae) to BM infestation. Infested plants showed growth inhibition and a decrease in leaf number and leaf area. There was also an increase in the firmness of the infested leaves, as measured by a texture analyzer. Broad mite feeds on the epidermis, but structural and ultrastructural studies revealed aberrations in the whole leaf tissue. Severe infestation led to a complete loss of epidermis and an increase in mesophyll cell size and number. In transmission electron microscope (TEM) images, the entire epidermal tissue appeared to have collapsed, and the mesophyll cell walls appeared thick and distorted. In the infested leaves, a Northern blot analysis revealed the induction of genes related to the jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene and salicylic acid (SA) pathways, such as lipoxygenase (LOX) and β‐1,3 glucanase (BGL2), and an induction of oxidative stress‐responsive transcripts, such as peroxidase (PRX). Transcript levels of ACC oxidase (ACO) that participate in ethylene biosynthesis, remained relatively constant. This work reveals that BM feeding causes dramatic morphological, structural, and ultrastructural changes, along with an induction of genes involved in defense pathways. Further studies are needed to evaluate whether the observed changes in leaf structure and ultrastructure affect the mite, and how the induction of the defense pathways affects the susceptibility of plants to BM infestations.