bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Knowledge, attitude, and behavioral intention about oral cancer among public health students in Southeast Georgia
Authors: Kaur Ravneet , Shah Gulzar H
Published: April 2023

Oral cancer (OC) is a significant public health problem; however, the degree to which the future public health workforce is aware of this issue is not well researched. The purpose of this study is to explore the level of knowledge, attitudes, and behavioral intentions about OC among public health students.

A sequential exploratory mixed-method research design was employed for this study. Using quantitative and qualitative measures, a survey was administered to 129 public health students. Subsequently, to understand the quantitative findings, two follow-up focus groups were conducted with survey participants.

We found that participants had some knowledge about OC risk factors, but they were not aware of survival rate of it. About 58.9% of the participants responded the survival rate for OC is ‘more than 61%’. The majority of the respondents (67%) had never heard about OC exams. In the focus group, four major themes were identified: lack of knowledge, strategies to educate the community about OC, current public health practices around OC prevention, and role of public health professionals in this. Participants felt the need for collaboration between oral health and public health to raise awareness about OC in the community.

Participants’ knowledge and awareness about OC was encouraging but at the same time, it raised a concern about their competency in OC prevention interventions. Ensuring holistic oral health education through the coordination of public health and oral healthcare services can play a critical role in preparing future public health workforce for OC prevention.
Comparative analysis of lingual vs labial orthodontics on mental and physical outcomes in young boys and girls
Authors: Rathi Rahul , Kayarkar Vaishnavi , Verulkar Amol , Mahajan Akshay , Bhurani Sara , Padmanaban Aishwarrya
Published: April 2023

Our purpose in this systematic review is to compare the lingual Vs labial orthodontic and overview the mental and physical outcomes in young boys and girls.

From 2012 to 2022, we conducted a literature search of publications that had been published in PubMed Medline, the Cochrane Library, and additional sources (Google Scholar, clinicaltrails.gov). We screened the main electronic databases. Due to the nature of the review, all sorts of studies were considered, including descriptive studies, surveys, reviews, commentaries, and editorials. In the current investigation, the recommended methodology was used to assess the risk of bias. Six distinct domains were addressed using the two-part technique.

The present systematic review yielded 1500 articles on initial search; first 715 duplicate publications were removed. After screening additional 590 articles were excluded and 124 full articles were assessed for the study. 14 studies concentrating upon the current status of the orthodontic study. 14 studies concentrating upon the current status of orthodontic Curriculum comparison of lingual and labial orthodontic of patients were included in this systematic review.

From the result, we can conclude that the lingual appliance group scored much higher than the buccal appliance group. During the first 2-4 weeks after lingual brackets were inserted, the majority of lingual patients saw gradual improvements in their oral impairment.
Comparative evaluation of pocket depth measurement by using two different periodontal probes
Authors: Rajkhowa Chitrani , Waikhom Nandita , Sivasarankumar S
Published: April 2023

To assess and compare the accuracy of the second-generation TPS probe with the first-generation manual (Williams) probe for assessing pocket probing depth (PD).

In this comparative investigation, 90 subjects were used. We categorized the teeth and groups of teeth. Patients were split into three groups—periodontally healthy, gingivitis-free, and periodontitis—based on pocket depth and gingival index. Two probes were used on Ramfjord teeth to measure the depth of the pockets.

Ramfjord teeth group wise, the manual probe's measured pocket depth was more than that of the TPS probe

In all groups, mean PD readings were deeper with the manual probe than with the TPS probe, with the periodontitis group showing the greatest difference, followed by gingivitis and the periodontally healthy groups.
Prevalence and factors associated with dental anxiety among pregnant women seeking care at a tertiary care dental institution in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wellappuli Nimali Chandhema , Hegoda Hegodage Thilini Randima , Ekanayake Lilani , Jayakody Manoj
Published: April 2023

To determine the prevalence and factors associated with dental anxiety among pregnant women seeking care at the Preventive Oral Health Unit, Institute of Oral Health, Maharagama, Sri Lanka.

The participants of this descriptive cross-sectional study were 402 pregnant women seeking care at the Institute of Oral Health, Maharagama for the first time. A validated Sri Lankan version of the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS) was used to measure dental anxiety and an interviewer-administered questionnaire collected information about demographics, dental service utilization, knowledge, and the importance of oral health during pregnancy.

The prevalence of dental anxiety was 61.7% and the mean MDAS score in the dentally anxious and not anxious were 13.4±3.8 and 9.20 ± 1.7 respectively. According to the binary multiple logistic regression model current employment status, household income, dental care seeking pattern, having had a negative experience during a previous visit to a dentist,poor awareness about the importance of oral health in pregnancy, not receiving oral health instructions from health care providers during pregnancy, the perception that oral care should be avoided during pregnancy were independently associated with dental anxiety.

The prevalence of dental anxiety was high among this sample of pregnant women.
Association of stress, depression and anxiety with periodontal health indicators: A clinical study in adult population of Rishikesh
Authors: Aeran Himanshu , Tuli Amrinder Singh , Puri Yashika
Published: April 2023

: Chronic periodontitis is a condition that causes inflammation in the tissues that support teeth, gradual attachment loss, and bone loss. Stress is the body's feedback towards detrimental forces, diseases, and additional atypical circumstances that are determined to distress its routine physiological equilibrium. On the other hand, the most prevalent psychological problems connected to periodontitis are anxiety and sadness.

: This study intends to assess the relationship between stress, depression, and anxiety with indices of periodontal health.

: A total of 171 patients were assessed & divided into 2 groups. Gingival index, modified sulcus bleeding index, community periodontal index for treatment needs, probing pocket depth, and clinical attachment level were evaluated. The Depression Anxiety Stress Scale–21 questionnaire used as the basis for the psychometric evaluation.

: The statistical analysis made use of the student 't' test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. When compared between the two groups, Group A had significantly higher values for each metric. The psychometric parameters and the periodontal parameters had a weakly positive connection (p<0.0001).

: According to the current study, people who are stressed, depressed, or anxious are more likely to develop periodontal disease. Therefore, stress, depression & anxiety could be viewed as a significant periodontal disease risk factor.
Endodontic management of curved canals in mandibular molars- A case series
Authors: Mittal Rishu
Published: April 2023

A tooth with a straight root canal and a single foramen is the exception rather than the rule. Most of the canals have multiple curvatures along their length, which poses difficulty in root canal instrumentation. Because of the presence of curved canals in mandibular molars, Endodontic treatment is very challenging. Curved canals have been found to be relatively higher in mandibular molars, ranging from 3.3 to 30.92% when compared to maxillary molars. Constricted canals and curvatures introduce factors that can increase the risk of procedural errors during root canal preparation. A thorough assessment of the preoperative radiographs, careful and a meticulous approach can yield into a safe and a successful endodontic treatment of such teeth. The current case series presents two such interesting cases of endodontic management of curved canals in mandibular molars.
Efficient way for correction of sagittal problems with powerscope – A case report
Authors: Younus A Abrar , Ahmed Nausheer , Haritha U  , Shetty K Sherya , Nikhil P M
Published: April 2023

In orthodontics, the most prevalent sagittal problem is Class II malocclusion, which affects one-third of the population. During active growth, myofunctional appliances are usually used to address sagittal discrepancies associated with the retruded mandible. Due to non-compliance with traditional myofunctional appliances, fixed functional appliances have been developed.Powerscope appliance is used to successfully manage the growing skeletal class II malocclusion for the correction of skeletal and dental parameters. The patient's profile dramatically showed improvement with the reduction in ANB angle by 4 degrees.
Post–orthodontic recontouring of anterior teeth using direct composite injection technique: A case report
Authors: Karthi M  , Maria Rahul , Momin Zaryab
Published: April 2023

Esthetics is the major concern among patients seeking dental treatment which can be hindered by discrepancies in the anterior teeth like presence of spacing and disturbances in tooth morphology. In cases where multiple spacing of anterior teeth are present, injection technique using composite can be replacement for the direct restoration technique due to its non – invasive, cost effective nature. This case report depicts the case of anterior tooth recontouring after an orthodontic treatment managed with composite injection technique using preheated universal composite and digital workflow. This technique results in marginal precision improvement and superior esthetics when planned and executed appropriately.
Histological Properties of Placentas in Acute Herpes Simplex Virus Infection Affecting Genitals
Authors: Vorontsova Z. A. , Zhilyaeva O. D. , Shishkina V. V. , Zolotareva S. N. , Samoilenko T. V. , Goryushkina E. S. , Antakova L. N.
Published: April 2023

Acute herpes simplex virus infection in pregnant women results in intrauterine infection of the fetus in 45–50% of cases, thus being the cause of septic complications and severe somatic and neurological disorders in the newborn.The aim of the study was to investigate the placentas of new mothers with newly diagnosed herpes simplex virus type 2 infection (HSV-2) using histological and immunochemical methods.Material and methods. This histological study included 10 placentas of new mothers after operative delivery by caesarean section with newly diagnosed HSV-2 infection. The comparison group (control) consisted of 10 placentas of women with a physiological pregnancy. Histological sections of the placenta were stained with hematoxylin and eosin, Giemsa's solution and Picro-Mallory staining. Identification of the pro- and antiinflammatory phenotype of macrophages (CD68, CD163), subpopulations of CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes, TLR4 receptor expression was performed by immunohistochemical method using specific antibodies. Quantification of the cell population and TLR4 receptors was performed morphometrically. The data obtained were statistically analysed using MS Excel (2016) and SPSS Statistics 17.0.Results. Morphological manifestations of acute herpes simplex virus infection were combined inflammatory and compensatory in nature in the third trimester of pregnancy. The histological picture of the fetal part of the placenta demonstrated a decreased number of M2 (antiinflammatory) macrophages and an increased number of M1 (pro-inflammatory) macrophages. The imbalance between CD163+ and CD68+ profiles of placental macrophages with the numerical predominance of the latter evidenced a pronounced cellular immune response; this, in turn, was supported by intense TLR4 immunopositive staining of the fetal part of the placenta. There was perivillous fibrin deposition of varying degrees, villus agglutination, and necrosis of trophoblast cells associated with a relatively small population of CD4+ and CD8+. Villitis of viral etiology was characterized by destructive infiltration of maternal CD8+ T-lymphocytes penetrating the chorionic villi, combined with activated macrophages in the villi of the fetal part of the placenta. Modifications in the proportion of immune cells during HSV-2 infection supported cytotoxic and autoimmune reactions in the placenta in response to HSV-2 introduction.Conclusion. The results obtained evidence the development of a pronounced immunopathological process in the tissues of the fetal part of the placenta, which results in the decreased protective and compensatory properties of the placenta and increases risk of perinatal complications.
Geometric Morphometric Analysis of the Human Hand Morphology Based on X-ray Imaging
Authors: Ermolenko A. S.
Published: April 2023

Currently, in humans, the ratio of the index and ring fingers (2D:4D ratio) determines the morphological type of the hand: type 1 or radial (2D>4D), type 2 or neutral (2D=4D), type 3 or ulnar (2D<4D). However, the above differences do not allow for morphological verification of the hand shape as a whole.The aim of the study was to inspect the hand shapes depending on its morphology based on radiographical images with geometric morphometric methods.Material and methods. Geometric morphometry included an analysis of the right hand shape described by 20 landmarks located on digital radiographic images (anteriorposterior projection) in 50 males and 50 females. Each hand was classified according to whether the index finger was longer, equal to, or shorter than the ring finger by visual assessment.Results. The study revealed differences between the hand shapes in the transverse direction, namely, the hands of the ulnar type (U) were wider, while the hands of the radial type (R) were narrower. The hands of neutral shape, unlike the other two types, were more oval in shape. In average, the hand shape depended on the morphological type. The most pronounced shape transformations were due to the geometry of the metacarpal bones in the transverse direction, and due to the geometry of the II, IV and V fingers in the longitudinal direction. Intergroup differences in width were revealed between the group of hands of radial (R)-neutral (N) types and ulnar (U) type, and in length between the group of hands of radial (R)-ulnar (U) types and neutral (N) type. The allometry of the hand shape was minimal.Conclusion. The results of the study demonstrate the potentials of geometric morphometry for analysis of the human hand shapes and their variability depending on the morphological type.
Features of the Peribiliary Glands of the Extrahepatic Biliary Tract in the Elderly and Long-Living Individuals
Authors: Klochkova S. V. , Alexeeva N. T. , Allakhverdiev M. K. , Nikityuk D. B. , Kuznetsova M. A. , Kvaratskheliya A. G. , Alekseev S. A. , Nagovitsin A. K.
Published: April 2023

The aim of the study was to analyse histologically and morphometrically the peribiliary glands of the extrahepatic biliary tract in the elderly and long-living people.Material and methods. The study included wholemounts of the gallbladder, the cystic, hepatic and common bile ducts obtained from the corpses of both sexes aged 22 to 35 years (n=16) and older than 76 years (n=39). Macro-microscopy was used to evaluate the number, localization, sizes and shape of the glands, the area of the lumen of the excretory duct orifices, the area of the initial section of the glands, the number of initial (terminal) parts and the proportion of epithelial parenchyma in their composition.Results. With age, there is a decreased proportion of "complexly branched" glands with a significant number of initial sections and excretory ducts of the 1st order. The proportion of "simple" glands, with one initial section increases to 70.2–78.3% in the senile age, while it is 41.0–52.1% in people of mature age. In long-living people, there is an increased number (up to 70–85%) of glands with ampullar extensions of the common excretory duct. The total number, density of gland localization, the length and width of the initial section of the peribiliary glands tend to decrease from the period of mature age to longevity. In senile age, the size and quantitative parameters of the glands stabilize, and do not modify in long-living people.Conclusion. The results of the morphological analysis demonstrate that there is no progression of involutive changes in the peribiliary glands of the extrahepatic biliary tract from senile age to the period of longevity. In some cases, long-living individuals manifest compensatory-adaptive reactions, such as an increased severity of the epithelial parenchymal component in the composition of the glands and an increased proportion of glands with an ampullar expansion of the common excretory duct.
Computed Tomographic Anatomy of the Ascending and Descending Colon in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Lozinski A. S. , Chemezov S. V.
Published: April 2023

The aim of the study was to specify the age and gender features of the ascending and descending colon location in children and adolescents based on computed tomography scans.Material and methods. The study included computed tomography scans of the abdomen of 75 children without visible pathology of the abdominal organs. All human subjects were divided into 4 age groups: the period of early childhood, the period of the first childhood, the period of the second childhood, adolescence. They were exposed to 16- slice computed tomography followed by analysis specifying distances between the ascending and descending colons and the median sagittal plane. The data obtained were subjected to variational statistical processing, the mean value (M), standard error (m) and the significance of differences according to Student's t-test were defined.Results. The results obtained demonstrated that the maximum values of the distances between the ascending colon and the median sagittal plane were determined at the LIII–LV levels in children of the 1st group, at the LV level in children of the 2nd group, at the LIV level in children of the 3rd group and at the LIII–LIV levels in children the 4th group. The minimum values of the studied parameters were found at the LI level in boys of the 1st group and girls of the 2nd group. The minimum value of the parameter was defined at the LII level in the rest of the examined children. The maximum distances between the descending colon and the median sagittal plane were defined at the LI–LII levels in children of the 1st and 2nd groups, and at the LII–LIII levels in children of the 3rd and 4th groups. The minimum value of the parameter was at the LV level in the examined children of groups 1 and 2, and at the LI and LV levels in the examined children of groups 3 and 4.Conclusion. A significant increase in the average distance from the median sagittal plane to the ascending and descending colons was detected in each group compared to the previous one. Significant differences in the distance from the median sagittal plane to the ascending and descending colons among girls and boys of the same age have not been revealed in any of the age groups.
Morphological Features of the Synovial Membrane and Articular Cartilage in Rats under Simulated Adjuvant Arthritis and Application of Allogeneic Biomaterial
Authors: Musina L. A. , Shangin O. R. , Nazmutdinov B. R. , Gareev E. M. , Solov'eva E. P. , Musin I. F.
Published: April 2023

The aim of research was to study morphological features of the synovial membrane and articular cartilage of rats under simulated adjuvant arthritis and application of allogeneic biomaterial.Material and methods. To simulate rheumatoid arthritis, 12 white outbred female rats were injected 100 μl of complete Freund's adjuvant into the plantar surface of the hind paw. In 7 days, 5 mg of the allogeneic biomaterial “Regeneration stimulator” dissolved in physiological solution was injected into the periarticular bursae of the right knee joint and surrounding tissues in the rats of the main experimental group (n=6). Saline solution was injected into animals of the main control group (n=6). Intact rats (n=6) were included in the intact control group. All the animals were withdrawn from the experiment in 37 days after the onset of the experiment. The knee joints of rats were examined using standard histological, morphometric and statistical methods.Results. Animals of the main control group manifested signs of degenerative changes of varying degrees in the articular apparatus. Proliferation of the synovial cells and tissue hyperplasia were detected in the synovial membrane, these leading to the formation of pannus. There was disorganization of the connective tissue: they were thinned, the fibrous layer was separated, the cartilage and bone tissue were destructed. In animals of the experimental group, there were no signs of tissue hyperplasia and edema, pronounced pannus were not detected after the introduction of the allogeneic biomaterial in the synovial membrane. Mild signs of arthritis manifested as slightly increased processes of the synovial cell proliferation and moderate perivascular infiltration with cellular elements were detected in 2 rats. There were no changes in the structure of the cartilage and bone in the knee joint.Conclusion. Intraarticular injection of the allogeneic biomaterial "Regeneration Stimulator" in rats with simulated autoimmune rheumatoid arthritis is accompanied by a decreased external manifestations of a generalized inflammatory process in the knee joints, and by a decreased inflammation and degenerative changes in the articular apparatus at the tissue level. Notably, the structures of the synovial membrane, the articular cartilage of the knee joint and the underlying subchondral bone are preserved compared with animals of the control group.
Immunomorphological Evaluation of Pregnant Rats Exposed to Passive Smoking and their Offspring (Neuroendocrine Aspects)
Authors: Stadnikov A. A. , Kuz'micheva N. A. , Pushkareva L. A. , Ermolina E. V. , Mikhailova I. V. , Smolyagin A. I.
Published: April 2023

The aim of the study was to comprehensively assess histological parameters of the hypothalamic neurosecretory and immune systems in pregnant rats exposed to passive smoking and their offspring.Material and methods. We studied morphological and immunological parameters of pregnant Wistar rats exposed to passive smoking and those of the control group, as well as their offspring. The obtained material was processed using histological, immunohistochemical, morphometric and immunological methods.Results. The results obtained demonstrated that in rats exposed to passive smoking, the sizes of neurosecretory cells (NSCs) of the supraoptic (SO) and paraventricular (PV) nuclei of the hypothalamus increased, the number of p53 positive NSCs increased, and bcl-2 protein expression decreased. Tobacco smoking caused formation of a proaptotic dominant in the neurosecretory cells of the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus. Passive smoking led to a decreased body weight, a decreased number of thymocytes and myelokaryocytes in pregnant rats. In young rats born from the animals exposed to passive smoking, there was a slowdown in the processes of postnatal differentiation of the adrenal cortex (fascicular zone) with preservation of the extended zone of the fetal cortex. Notably, histo- and morphogenesis both in the organs of the primary (thymus) and secondary (spleen, lymph nodes) links of immunogenesis were delayed. In such young rats, a decreased body weight, thymus, number of thymocytes and splenocytes were recorded.Conclusion. Total results of the study evidence that passive smoking causes immunosuppressive changes in pregnant rats and their offspring combined with delayed postnatal histogenesis and proapoptotic manifestations in the nonapeptide-dergic hypothalamicpituitary adrenocortical system, which can be regarded as an unfavorable factor in the implementation of the neuroendocrine regulative mechanisms of adaptogenesis processes.
Morphometric Parameters of the Parotid Salivary Gland in Various Shape of the Skull
Authors: Chernyavskii V. I. , Abduvosidov Kh. A. , Galeisya E. N. , Kidyaeva E. A.
Published: April 2023

The aim of the study was to investigate morphometric parameters of the parotid gland in various shapes of the facial and brain skull.Material and methods. The study included cadaveric biomaterial obtained from individuals of both sexes aged 48 to 73 years. There were investigated 120 human head organcomplexes containing 240 parotid glands. The samples were used to measure the upper height of the face and its width, the longitudinal and transverse diameters of the skull, and to calculate the values of the upper facial and transverse longitudinal indexes. Then the soft tissues were dissected in layers, and the parotid glands and adjacent neurovascular formations were isolated. Morphometric parameters of the parotid glands were processed statistically.Results. It was found that the vertical size of the parotid gland correlated with the upper facial index, and the sagittal size correlated with the transverse-longitudinal index. Statistically significant relationships between the upper facial, transverse-longitudinal indices and the shape of the parotid gland were not recorded.Conclusion. The study revealed an average positive correlation between the morphometric parameters of the parotid gland and the upper facial and transverse longitudinal indices. The results of the study complement the available data on the anatomy of the parotid gland and can be used in planning surgical interventions, as well as in interpreting the results of diagnostic radiation studies.
Morphofunctional Changes in Neurons, Glial Cells and Synapses in the Sensorimotor Cortex after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Shoronova А. Yu. , Akulinin V. A. , Stepanov S. S. , Korzhuk M. S. , Makar'eva L. M. , Avdeev D. B. , Skryabina O. V. , Tsuskman I. G.
Published: April 2023

The aim of the study was to investigate morphofunctional modifications in neurons, glial cells and synaptic terminals in the sensorimotor cortex of the brain in rats after severe traumatic brain injury (STBI).Material and methods. STBI simulation in white rats (main group, n=30) was performed on a device with a special shock mechanism. Intact animals (n=6) were included in the control group. The sensorimotor cortex (SMC) of the brain in rats was studied histomorphologically on sections stained with hematoxylin and eosin and thionin according to Nissl. Synaptophysin and GFAP were detected immunohistochemically, then morphometry was performed. On serial frontal sections of the SMC, neurons, neuroglia, and interneuronal synapses were studied in animals of the control group and in animals exposed to STBI in 1, 3, 7, 14, and 30 days after STBI simulation. The number density of neurons, neuroglia, and synaptic terminals was determined per a unit area of the section of layers I (terminals only), III, and V of the cerebral SMC. Statistical hypotheses were tested using nonparametric methods in the Statistica 10.0 program.Results. In animals of the control group, typical normochromic pyramidal neurons predominated, synaptic terminals were clearly verified; this was combined with unaltered neuropil. In animals exposed to STBI, there were signs of tinctorial, hydropic, dehydration and necrobiotic changes in neurons, reactive astrogliosis, fields of "loss" of neurons appeared; the overall numerical density of neurons and synapses decreased. The maximally increased content of pycnomorphic neurons was detected in 1 day after STBI (in layer III of the SMC, by 11.6%; in layer V of the SMC, by 18.5%). The peak in the number density of shadow cells and hyperchromic non-wrinkled neurons was noted in 3 days. The numerical density of synaptic terminals in different layers of the SMC decreased by 1.5-2 times. The altered balance of the destruction and restoration processes of the synaptic pool after STBI was evidenced by statistically significant data on the decreased and increased numerical density of terminals during 30 days of the study. There was no complete recovery of the studied parameters of neurons and synapses to control values within 30 days.Conclusion. The SMC of the brain in rats remains functioning after STBI; this occurs in the context of long-term preservation of reversibly and irreversibly damaged neurons, reactive neurogliosis, and permanent reorganization of interneuronal relationships due to activated reparative neuro- and synaptic plasticity. The data obtained will specify reorganization of the components of various neuronal complexes of the SMC (layers I, III, and V) after STBI.
Lev Vladimirovich Polezhaev (1910–2000) and the development of morphology in Russia
Authors: Shevlyuk N. N.
Published: April 2023

The paper highlights the main stages of life and scientific work of the prominent Russian scientist Lev Vladimirovich Polezhaev (1910–2000), who significantly contributed to the development of issues of individual development and regeneration. The authors discuss main trends of Polezhaev’s research, briefly analyze his studies on morphogenesis, issues of physiological and reparative regeneration of various organs and tissues – skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue, bone tissue, structures of the maxillary system, organs of the central nervous system, limb regeneration in amphibians, as well as regeneration of the nervous tissue of various vertebrates is given.
Morphofunctional Organization of the Subfornical Organ
Authors: Sokolov D. A. , Alexeeva N. T. , Nikityuk D. B. , Klochkova S. V. , Lushnikova E. L.
Published: April 2023

This review contains literature data covering the structure and functions of the subfornical organ (SFO). The SFO belongs to the sensory group of formations located around the III and IV ventricles and constituting the circumventricular system of the brain. Despite its small size, the SFO has four departments, which differ from each other in the features of cyto-, myelo-, and angioarchitectonics. The structural features of the blood-brain barrier in the SFO allow many substances to directly contact with its cellular elements. A distinctive feature of the SFO is that circulating substances can stay in the capillaries for an unusually long time. Perivascular spaces, located around type I and III capillaries, penetrate the organ like thin channels and provide the substances in the interstitial fluid with a large surface area for interacting with the receptor field. A characteristic feature of the SFO is tanycytes, whose intertwining processes extend throughout the organ and form multiple contacts with neurons and the vascular bed. SFO is an important link in the regulation of homeostasis. It takes part in the regulation of blood pressure and drinking behavior, controls the water and electrolyte balance and energy metabolism, and also acts as an important link in neuro-immune interactions. Such structural and functional features of the SFO make it a promising object of neurobiological research.
The teachers and mentors of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov – the genius anatomist and surgeon of the world medicine
Authors: Gaivoronskii I. V. , Spirina T. S. , Goriacheva I. A. , Hendriks I. F.
Published: April 2023

The paper considers the influence of life circumstances and people of different professions on the development of Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov’s personality as an outstanding scientist, anatomist and surgeon. As a child, Nikolai Ivanovich lived in quite a prosperous family to pay for the worthy education for their children. Respectale teachers of medicine were invited to the Pirogovs' house such as G.M. Berezkin and A.M. Klaus. But the most significant figure for Pirogov as a child was the family doctor Efrem Osipovich Mukhin who was a Professor of anatomy and physiology at the Imperial Moscow University. So at the age of 14 Nikolai Ivanovich became a student of that University being under the influence of such scientists as Yu.Kh. Loder, M.Ya. Mudrov, and F.A. Hilderbrandt. In 1828 Pirogov finished the Faculty of Medicine and entered the Imperial Moscow University of Dorpat where he studied under the famous surgeon, Professor I.F. Moyer who became his mentor and favourite teacher. Further improvement of skills and mastery acquisition took place at the University of Berlin in 1833 under the influence of the anatomist F. Schlemm, the physiologist I.M. Muller, the preparator Mrs. Vogelsang, the surgeons K. Grefe, I. Dieffenbach, J.N. Rusta, and K.I.M. Langenbeck. Also, Nikolai Ivanovich was lucky to cooperate and learn from the famous French scientists like Velpo, Lisfranc, Larrey, Jaubert, Amyusse. Life circumstances such as complicated relationships with colleagues due to the challenges in organizing medical care during wars and epidemics dramatically influenced Pirogov’s development as a medical scientist. Thus, the well-deserved immortal fame of the medical science genius Nikolai Ivanovich Pirogov obtained was owing to his teachers, mentors and the environment. As demonstrated by N.I. Pirogov’s life, both a person and their teachers look for one another especially when the student reveals their talent, desire for knowledge, skills, and the ability to work hard. The authors devoted this paper to the people who influenced the scientific views development of N.I. Pirogov, an outstanding scientist, surgeon and anatomist.
Percepção dos consumidores frente ao atendimento e estratégias de marketing das farmácias comunitárias do extremo Oeste de Santa Catarina
Authors: Knapp Ediane , Christ Ana Paula
Published: April 2023

O termo “farmácia comunitária” faz referência a estabelecimentos farmacêuticos não hospitalares e não ambulatoriais que atendem à comunidade. O grande crescimento do número de farmácias no país vem tornando este mercado cada vez mais competitivo, o que evidencia a importância de conhecer as preferências e comportamento dos consumidores, buscando assim a diferenciação entre as concorrentes e a fidelização dos clientes. Neste sentido, este estudo buscou conhecer o perfil dos consumidores de farmácias comunitárias da região do extremo oeste de Santa Catarina através da aplicação de um questionário a voluntários residentes em cidades da região. A pesquisa foi realizada entre os meses de março e maio de 2022, contou com a participação de 220 voluntários com faixa etária entre 18 e 70 anos e evidenciou que a maioria dos entrevistados (55,5%) ainda não realiza suas compras no segmento farmacêutico através do e-commerce, porém para 34,9% dos mesmos o meio de divulgação de ofertas mais popular foi considerado o aplicativo para troca de mensagens WhatsApp. Entre os entrevistados 42,3% afirmou frequentar as farmácias apenas uma vez ao mês, destacando que a maioria (76,4%) acredita que o atendimento é o fator mais importante para manter-se fidelizado a uma farmácia, seguido pelos preços atrativos (61,8%). Outro resultado que merece destaque é o interesse dos entrevistados (24,1%) em frequentar farmácias que possuam profissionais capacitados a esclarecer suas dúvidas sobre os produtos e repassar maiores explicações no momento das compras, dado que valida a importância do profissional farmacêuticos nestes estabelecimentos.
Evaluation of Interpretation and Experiencescape Strategies for Mitigating Risk
Authors: McMahan Kelli K. , Ellis Gary D. , Wynveen Christopher J.
Published: April 2023

Managers of parks and protected areas use numerous strategies to mitigate risk. We investigated two of those in the context of an actual risk mitigation challenge at the Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest Big 4 Mountain Ice Caves trail: signage strategy and a broadened range of activity options along the trail (i.e., an expanded experiencescape). Signage is a very widely used strategy (Mason, 2005) for managing risk and visitor behavior. The expanded experiencescape strategy was recommended by USDA Forest Service professionals who managed the trail and was intended to redirect visitors’ attention and behavior away from the high-risk feature of the trail (ice caves) by attracting them to other features and activity options (e.g., a beaver pond, varying ecological zones). We created simulated hikes under different interpretation and experiencescape scenarios to evaluate effects of five specific strategies a) new terminus design (experiencescape strategy), b) signage telling the story of the formation of an ice cave (signage strategy), c) a new loop trail (experiencescape strategy), d) death and injury statistics posted at the trailhead (signage strategy), and e) interpretation of trail features other than the ice caves (signage strategy). We evaluated the five strategies by systematically varying the presence or absence of each strategy across simulation videos. After viewing the simulated hike video to which they were randomly assigned, participants (two samples of adult outdoor recreationists, N=406) reported their probability of approaching, entering, or climbing on the ice caves. Effects of new terminus design, posting injury death statistics at the trailhead, and expanded interpretation were significant. Findings suggest that interpretation and experiencescape strategies may promote visitor safety. Recommendations to managers of the Big Four Mountain Ice Caves trail may generalize to other risk-prone sites.
Stands successions course in Solovetsky museum-reserve
Authors:   Solovetsky State Historical, Architectural and Natural Museum-Reserve, Sobolev A.N. , Feklistov P.A. ,   Federal Research Center for the Integrated Study of the Arctic named after Academician N.P. Laverov, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Popova L.F. ,   Northern (Arctic) Federal University named after M.V. Lomonosov (SAFU), Bolotov I.N. ,   Federal Research Center for the Integrated Study of the Arctic named after Academician N.P. Laverov, Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: April 2023

The research was carried out on the territory of the Solovetsky Museum Reserve in various most common types of forests — lichen, cranberry, blueberry, sphagnum and blueberry spruce forests. Temporary taxing trial areas were laid out for the research, widely known and proven methods were used. The stand was studied at each test area, in addition, the height diameter was measured and the age of 64 registered trees was determined, sites were laid for the study of undergrowth with its division by species, height and condition. It was found that the highest amount of the pine undergrowth is under the canopy of lichen pine forests, smaller amount in sphagnum and the least is found in blueberry and lingonberry. There is no pine undergrowth in the blueberry spruce forests. Spruce undergrowth is found under the canopy of blueberry cranberry pine forests and blueberry spruce forests. Of the undergrowth of deciduous species, birch undergrowth is mostly found in lichen pine forests, aspen is extremely scarce everywhere, and there is no sphagnum pine forests at all. The composition of the stand has an effect on the composition of the undergrowth. Everywhere pine trees in the undergrowth are several units smaller under the canopy of pine forests, and spruce trees under the canopy of spruce forests. The time of accumulation of undergrowth under the canopy has been established, it is 12–22 years. It has been established that lichen and sphagnum pine forests, as well as blueberry spruce forests, will exist ever so long without human intervention on the areas. In the blueberry and lingonberry pine forests, a change of species is likely to occur and spruce will take the place of pine.
Oil pollution transformation in cryogenic soils of technogenic entities in Yakutia
Authors:   Institute of Oil and Gas Problems of Federal Research Center «Yakut Scientific Center of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences», Lifshits S.Kh. , Glyaznetsova Yu.S. ,   Institute of Oil and Gas Problems of Federal Research Center «Yakut Scientific Center of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences», Chalaya O.N. ,   Institute of Oil and Gas Problems of Federal Research Center «Yakut Scientific Center of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences», Zueva I.N. ,   Institute of Oil and Gas Problems of Federal Research Center «Yakut Scientific Center of Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences»
Published: April 2023

The study results on the oil pollution biodegradation at technogenic entities (oil depots) of various climatic zones in Yakutia are presented. All the studied territories are characterized by a perennially frozen rocks, however, various mechanisms of oil pollution biodegradation of the soils in these territories have been established. It is shown that the degradation mechanism of oil pollution depends on climatic conditions, and a temperature is the main factor affecting the activity of soil microflora and its diversity. It has been established the oxidative degradation of oil pollution in the temperate zone with a sharply continental climate runs mainly due to biodegradation processes, and in the Arctic zone it is carried out under the influence of physical and chemical environmental factors. In Arctic soils biodegradation of oil pollution occurs by decay. As a result, the soils begin to colonize putrefactive and pathogenic microorganisms. It is recommended to carry out research on the development of effective methods for cleaning Arctic soils from oil pollution.
Scots pine growth and development created by planting material with root-balled and bareroot systems in various forestgrowing conditions of Tatarstan Republic
Authors:   Branch of FBU VNIILM East-European VOC, Sakhnov V.V. , Prokop’ev A.P. ,   Branch of FBU VNIILM East-European VOC, Galiullin I.R. ,   Branch of FBU VNIILM East-European VOC, Glushko S.G. ,   Kazan State Agrarian University
Published: April 2023

The results of studies concerning the growth and development of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) forest plantations created by using seedlings with a root-balled system (RBS) and their comparison with forest plantations created by using ordinary seedlings with an bareroot system (BRS) in various forest-growing conditions in the Republic of Tatarstan are presented. Measurements of biometric parameters of plants were carried out in an amount that ensures the accuracy of average statistical indicators within 5 %. For each plant, the height, the annual growth of the axial shoot in height, the diameter at the root neck, the length of the main and lateral roots were measured. Research materials have established that forest plantations of Scots pine, created on lighter soils in forest conditions B1–3, are significantly behind in development from forest plantations created on soils richer in agrochemical characteristics C1–3. The creation of forest plantations on such soils requires the use of fertilizers and other measures of agrotechnical care for plantings. When creating forest crops with seedlings with BRS in forest conditions D2–3, on soils with a heavy granulometric composition (ordinary and leached chernozems), a significant decrease in the growth rate of seedlings was revealed. The use of planting material grown under the conditions of a closed root system (BRS) for the creation of forest plantations of Scots pine in the conditions of the Republic of Tatarstan requires further scientific justification. The results of using planting material with a root-balled system are ambiguous and require an appropriate pilot test.
Carbon deposit by stem fraction in 100-year-old coniferous species
Authors:   Institute of Fоrеst Science Russian Academy of Sciences, Merzlenko M.D. , Melnik P.G. ,   Institute of Fоrеst Science Russian Academy of Sciences; BMSTU (Mytishchi branch), Melnik L.P. ,   Institute of Fоrеst Science Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: April 2023

The paper presents the study results of the atmospheric carbon deposition by the main forest-forming coniferous species, namely European larch and Scots pine, in two forest monitoring sites represented by 100-year-old forest plantations on the territory of the Nikolskaya forest dacha (north-east of the Moscow region) under typical conditions of native fresh blueberry pine forests (B2). It was analyzed that the forest plantations of European larch in terms of the total phytomass of the trunk significantly exceed that of forest plantations of Scots pine, where it turned out to be 34 % less in the latter than in the artificial larch stand; in the total phytomass of the trunk, the proportion of the larch bark fraction was 13,2 %, and in pine cultures — 7,6 %. A clear advantage in carbon deposition of European larch over such a native species as Scots pine was determined, which is actually expressed by a twofold excess in accumulated carbon, which indicates a highly desirable use of European larch as a valuable introduced species for the creation of forest plantations. It has been established that the climatypes of the genus Larix in the geographical plantings of the mixed forest zone, represented by European, Polish and Sukachev’s larch, achieve the maximum silvicultural effect. It is concluded that the deposited carbon correlates with the phytomass of the forest stand, which, in turn, correlates with the stock of stem wood. Knowing the stock of stem wood, to a certain extent one can consider the stock of deposited carbon.
Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae) leaves microrelief of Dagestan foothills forest phytocenoses
Authors:   Russian State Agrarian University — Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy, Kumachova T.Kh. , Babosha A.V. ,   The N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ryabchenko A.S. ,   The N.V. Tsitsin Main Botanical Garden of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Anatov D.M. ,   Mountain Botanical Garden DFRC RAS
Published: April 2023

Cryo-scanning electron microscopy was used to study the micromorphology of the leaf surface of the wild-growing Cydonia oblonga Mill. (Rosaceae). The only habitat of wild-growing quince in Russia is the southern part of Dagestan. Mountain forest phytocenoses of Dagestan provide unique grounds for studying the adaptive potential of plants, since growing conditions change not only according to the change of seasons, but also directly depend on the altitude above sea level. The adaxial (upper) and abaxial (lower) surfaces of the studied samples have a number of micromorphological and microstructural features. The epidermis on the adaxial and abaxial sides differed not only in structural organization, but also in the specifics of surface micromorphology. The most striking feature of the micromorphology of the adaxial and abaxial sides of the leaf blade surface is cuticular folding in the form of microstrands on the main cells of the epidermis, as well as radial striations, peristomatic rings, and protrusions in the stomata region. Regardless of the habitat of fruit plants, their leaves were hypostomatous with anomocytic stomata of two types (primary and secondary), differing in qualitative and quantitative indicators. The primary stomata had a more prominent cuticular pattern and were also larger than the smaller secondary stomata. It should be noted that the presence of several types of cuticular folding, as well as stomatal polymorphism, are common features of other studied species of the subfamily Pyrinae, early Maloideae (Rosaceae). According to the data obtained, the identified features of cuticular folding are stable within the species and can be used as additional taxonomic characters.