bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Coordination Chemistry of Aliphatic, Tripodal Ligands with Zinc Salts
Authors: Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Jocher Christoph , Lügger Thomas , Pape Tania
Published: December 2003

The unsymmetrical, aliphatic tripods N(CH2CH2CH2NH2)2(CH2CH2OH)(H5‐2) and N(CH2CH2CH2NH2)2(CH2CH2CH2OH) (H5‐4) were prepared and their coordination chemistry with zinc salts was studied. The reactivity of the ligands with zinc chloride, zinc perchlorate and zinc bis(tetrafluoroborate) depends on the anion present. Ligand H5‐2 reacts with Zn(ClO4)2 under formation of the dinuclear centrosymmetric complex [(H4‐2)Zn]2(ClO4)2 (5) containing bridging η2‐alkoxy functions. Ligand H5‐2 reacts with Zn(BF4)2 under formation of the trigonal‐bipyramidal complex [(H5‐2)ZnF]BF4 (7), while the reaction of (H5‐4) with ZnCl2 yields the mononuclear, tetrahedral complex [(H5‐4)ZnCl]Cl (8) with an uncoordinated alcohol donor group. Complexes 5, 7 and 8 were characterized by X‐ray diffraction and NMR and IR spectroscopy.
Synthesis of the First Gold(I) Carbene Complex with a Gold‐Oxygen Bond — First Catalytic Application of Gold(I) Complexes Bearing N‐Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Schneider Sabine K. , Herrmann Wolfgang A. , Herdtweck Eberhardt
Published: December 2003

A series of silver(I) and gold(I) carbene complexes of the type [Ag(R2‐imy)2]+[AgBr2]— and [Au(R2‐imy)X] (R2‐imy = 1‐diphenylmethyl‐3‐methyl‐imidazol‐2‐ylidene; X = Cl, OC(O)CH3) have been prepared and structurally characterized. The complex [Au(R2‐imy) OC(O)CH3] is the first gold(I) carbene complex with a gold‐oxygen bond. The results of a single crystal structure determination of this gold(I) carbene acetate are similar to those of the analogous (triphenylphosphane)gold(I) acetate. The gold oxygen distance Au‐O1 with 2.040(4)Å parallels the majority of (phosphane)gold(I) carboxylates. Furthermore we successfully employed the Au(I) carbene acetate as a catalyst for the addition of water to 3‐hexyne in the presence of a Lewis acid as co‐catalyst. This is the first example for the use of a gold(I) carbene complex in homogeneous catalysis.
New Double Salts with Boron‐Centered Zirconium Clusters: Syntheses and Structures of Cs[ZrCl5]·Cs2[(Zr6B)X15] (X = Cl or Cl+I), and Anion Distribution in the Mixed Halide Phase
Authors: Rohm Henning W. , Köckerling Martin
Published: December 2003

Two new members of a double salt containing halide supported zirconium octahedra were obtained from solid state reactions. Single‐crystal X‐ray data refinements established the isotypic compounds as Cs[ZrCl5]·Cs2[(Zr6B)Cl15] (I) (R3¯c, Z = 6, a = 12.765(2), c = 34.652(6)Å, R1(F) = 0.0339, wR2(F2) = 0.0770) and the mixed halide Cs[ZrCl5]·Cs2[(Zr6B)Cl14.57(2)I0.43] (II) (R3¯c, Z = 6, a = 12.777(2), c = 34.668(7)Å, R1(F) = 0.0459, wR2(F2) = 0.1279), respectively. The structure contains a network of boron centered [(Zr6B)Cli12] clusters interbridged three‐dimensionally by 6/2 Xa‐a atoms at all zirconium vertices (X = Cl, or Cl+I, respectively). Within voids of the cluster network [ZrCl5]— anions and Cs+ cations are located, allowing for the description as a double salt. The [ZrCl5]— anion (D3h‐symmetry) has been found so far only in this structure type. The space requirement of a variety of transition metal complexes is estimated and compared with the volume of the [ZrCl5]— anion in order to see if other double salts are geometrically possible. Besides the unusual [ZrCl5]— ion the mixed chloride‐iodide structure reveals another interesting feature. Contrary to many other structures an ordered chlorine atom substitution by iodine is observed on the cluster interconnecting site. The phase width for Cs[ZrCl5]·Cs2[(Zr6B)Cl15‐xIx] has been found to cover 0 ≤ x ≤ 1.
Ein‐ und zweikernige Kupfer(I)‐ und Silber(I)‐Phosphan‐Komplexe mit β‐Diketonato‐Teilstrukturen
Authors: Lang H. , Leschke M. , Melter M. , Walfort B. , Köhler K. , Schulz S. E. , Geßner T.
Published: December 2003

Die Reaktion von [(η2‐Me3SiC≡CSiMe3)CuBr]2 (1) mit zwei Äquivalenten an [M(O∩O)] [M = Na, Ag; O∩O = Acetylacetonat, acac, 2a/ 3a; = 1, 1, 1, 5, 5, 5‐Hexafluoroacetylacetonat, hfac, 2b/ 3b; = 2, 2, 6, 6‐Tetramethyl‐3, 5‐heptandionat, tehe, 2c/ 3c; = 1, 3‐Diphenyl‐1, 3‐propandionat, dipa, 2d/ 3d; = 2‐Methyl‐4‐pyronat, mepy, 2e/ 3e; = Troponolat, trop, 2f/ 3f) führt zu [(η2‐Me3SiC≡CSiMe3)Cu(O∩O)] (4a, acac; 4b, hfac; 4c, tehe; 4d, dipa; 4e, mepy; 4f, trop), welche durch Umsetzung mit PR3 (R = C6H4CH2NMe2‐2)3 (5) unter Verdrängung von Me3SiC≡CSiMe3 die Phosphan‐Kupfer(I)‐β‐Diketonato‐Komplexe [(R3P)Cu(O∩O)] (O∩O = acac, 6a; = hfac, 6b; = tehe, 6c; = dipa, 6d; = mepy , 6e; = trop, 6f) ] ergeben. Die Komplexe 6a — 6f werden auch gebildet, wenn man 5 mit äquimolaren Mengen an CuCl (7) und dann mit Na(O∩O) (2) zur Reaktion bringt. Verwendet man an Stelle von 2 bzw. 3 das Silbersalz Ag2(O2∩O2) (O2∩O2 = 1, 4‐Benzochinoat, benz, 9a; = 1, 4‐Anthrachinoat, anth, 9b), so werden homobimetallische Komplexe des Typs [(R3P)CuO2∩O2Cu(PR3)] (O2∩O2 = benz, 10a; = anth, 10b) erhalten, in denen zwei Kupfer(I)‐Phosphan‐Bausteine über π‐konjugierte organische O2∩O2‐Brücken miteinander verknüpft sind.

Die Reaktion von 3 mit 5 im Verhältnis von 1:1 ergibt die entsprechenden phosphanstabilisierten Silber(I)‐Komplexe [(R3P)Ag(O∩O)] (O∩O = acac, 11a; = mepy , 11b; = trop, 11c)]. Bringt man dagegen 5 mit 0.5 Teilen an Ag2(O2∩O2) (9) zur Umsetzung, so sind die zu 10 isostrukturellen zweikernigen Komplexe [(R3P) AgO2∩O2Ag(PR3)] (O2∩O2 = benz, 12a; = anth, 12b) zugänglich.

Während die Kupfer(I)‐Komplexe 6 und 10 in Lösung und im Festkörper beständig sind, beobachtet man für die isostrukturellen Silber(I)‐Spezies 11 und 12, daß sie sich unter Einwirkung von Licht unter Abscheidung von elementarem Silber zersetzen. Die Verwendung von 4a und 6c als Ausgangsverbindungen zur Abscheidung von Kupferfilmen auf TiN‐beschichteten SiO2‐Wafern durch die chemische Gasphasenabscheidung wird vorgestellt.

Die Kristallstruktur von 6f wird beschrieben. Einkerniges 6f kristallisiert zusammen mit [(R3P)CuCl] (8) (Verhältnis 6f : 8 = 85 : 15) in der triklinen Raumgruppe P1¯ mit den Zellparametern a = 8.962(2), b = 10.753(3), c = 17.037(5)Å, α = 78.29(2), β = 77.12(2), γ = 81.220(10), V = 1557.3(7)Å3, Z = 2 mit 4703 beobachteten unabhängigen Reflexen (R1 = 0.0661). Das Kupfer(I)‐Ion in 6f weist die Koordinationszahl 4 auf. Es liegt eine wannenförmige Konformation für die sechsgliedrigen CuPNCH2C2/Phenyl‐Ringe vor und der Troponolat‐Ligand bindet über beide Sauerstoffatome symmetrisch an das Kupfer(I)‐Ion.
Synthese, Eigenschaften und Molekülstrukturen der 2, 3, 4, 5‐ Tetraethylphospholide der Alkalimetalle Natrium, Kalium, Rubidium und Caesium sowie die Metathesereaktion des Kalium‐Derivates mit Zinn(II)‐chlorid und Gallium(III)‐chlorid
Authors: Westerhausen Matthias , Oßberger Manfred W. , Keilbach Andreas , Gückel Christian , Piotrowski Holger , Suter Max , Nöth Heinrich
Published: December 2003

Die Reduktion der Chlor‐2, 3, 4, 5‐tetraethylphosphole mit Natrium, Kalium, Rubidium und Caesium in THF oder 1, 2‐Dimethoxyethan (DME) führt in guten Ausbeuten nach dem Umkristallisieren aus einer DME Lösung zu den Alkalimetall‐2, 3, 4, 5‐tetraethylphospholiden (DME)Na(PC4Et4) (1), K(PC4Et4) (2), (DME)Rb(PC4Et4) (3) und (DME)Cs(PC4Et4) (4). Wenn die Abtrennung des bei der Darstellung des Chlor‐2, 3, 4, 5‐tetraethylphosphols anfallenden Zirconocendichlorids nicht restlos gelingt, fällt bei dieser Reduktionsreaktion heteroleptisches (THF)CsC5H5·Cs(PC4Et4) (5) an. Während sich das Natrium‐Derivat 1 als Dimer abscheidet, kristallisieren die Phospholide 2 bis 4 der schweren Alkalimetalle als eindimensionale Polymere. Wegen der Größe des Kaliumkations sind keine weiteren Etherliganden an dieses Metallatom koordiniert und eine lineare Säule kristallisiert aus, während sich bei den Rb‐ und Cs‐Verbindungen die DME‐Komplexe bilden, die sich als Zickzack‐Kette abscheiden. Die Substitution der Hälfte der Phospholidanionen durch Cyclopentadienid‐Liganden in 5 führt in kristalliner Phase zu einem dreidimensionalen Netzwerk. Die Metathesereaktion des Kaliumderivates 2 mit GaCl3 und SnCl2 ergibt dimeres (DME)K[(μ‐Cl)4Ga2(PC4Et4)3] (6) und monomeres Sn(PC4Et4)2 (7). Während in den Alkalimetall‐phospholiden 1 bis 5 eine weitgehende Delokalisierung der anionischen Ladung innerhalb des fünfgliedrigen Rings und eine η5‐Koordination beobachtet wird, treten die 2, 3, 4, 5‐Tetraethylphospholidanionen zum Gallium(III)‐Atom in 6 und zum Zinn(II)‐Atom in 7 σ‐gebunden auf.
The generalization of Holditch theorem for closed space curves
Authors: Düldül M. , Kuruoğlu N. , Tutar A.
Published: December 2003

In this paper, under the 1‐parameter closed homothetic motion in three dimensional Euclidean Space, we generalized the classical Holditch Theorem [1], for closed space curves by using their orthogonal projection on any fixed plane in space. We also obtained a formula equivalent to the result on the planar kinematics given by [6].
Some remarks on the history and future of averaging techniques in a posteriori finite element error analysis
Authors: Carstensen C.
Published: December 2003

Given a flux or stress approximation ph from a low‐order finite element simulation of an elliptic boundary value problem, averaging or (gradient‐)recovery techniques aim the computation of an improved approximation Aph by a (simple) post processing of ph. For instance, frequently named after Zienkiewicz and Zhu, Aph is the elementwise interpolation of the nodal values (Aph)(z) obtained as the integral mean of ph on a neighbourhood of z. This paper gives an overview over old and new arguments in the proof of reliability and efficiency of the error estimator η𝒜 := ‖ph ‐ Aph‖ as an approximation of the error ‖p ‐ ph‖ in (an energy norm) ‖⋅‖. High‐lighted are the general class of meshes, averaging operators, or finite elements (conforming, nonconforming, or mixed). Emphasis is on old and new aspects of superconvergence and arguments to circumvent superconvergence at all within proofs of a posteriori finite element error estimates.
The flow of a viscoelastic fluid on an oscillating plate
Authors: Hayat T. , Mohyuddin M.R. , Asghar S. , Siddiqui A.M.
Published: December 2003

An analytic solution of the flow of a second‐grade fluid on a porous plate is constructed. The porous plate is executing oscillations in its own plane with superimposed injection or suction. An increasing or decreasing velocity amplitude of the oscillating porous plate is also examined. It is also shown that in case of second‐grade fluid, a combination of suction/injection and decreasing/increasing velocity amplitude is possible as well. Several limiting situations with their implications are given and discussed.
Study of the Regression Process in Cardiac Rhabdomyomas
Authors: Wu Sandy S. , Collins Margaret H. , de Chadarévian Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2003

Rhabdomyomas are the most common primary cardiac tumors in children, and have been shown to undergo spontaneous regression. The aim of our study was to investigate morphologically and immunohistochemically some mechanisms that may explain this clinical phenomenon. Eleven tumors from three term newborn girls who had physical and radiographic features pathognomonic of tuberous sclerosis were evaluated. Control specimens were left and right heart sections from five autopsies of age- and sex-matched patients who died of causes unrelated to the cardiovascular system. The tumors had been surgically excised from various regions in the heart, and all had similar “typical” histology. Histomorphologic evaluation with von Kossa and alizarin-red stains and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end-labeling (TUNEL) method were performed to evaluate cell calcifications, necrosis, and apoptosis. Ubiquitin immunohistochemical study was also conducted to evaluate intracytoplasmic protein degradation. In cardiac rhabdomyomas (CR), all myocytes with acidophilic cytoplasmic myofibrils showed strong intracytoplasmic ubiquitin immunoreactivity, compared with the occasional weak cytoplasmic and focal nuclear positivity in control heart sections. Calcified myocyte nuclei were commonly seen in CR tumoral and nontumoral rhabdomyocytes, whereas control nontumoral cardiac myocytes did not show any calcification. The incidence of TUNEL reactivity seen in CR (4.8 nuclei per 100 cardiac rhabdomyocyte nuclei) was higher than that seen in control heart sections (1.7 nuclei per 106 cardiac myocytes, P < 0.005). The data led us to conclude that the cytoplasmic contents in CR were degraded via the ubiquitin pathway, and from our observation of increased TUNEL positivity, the rate of cell death in CR appeared increased. These findings may explain, to some extent, the mechanism of tumor regression.
Molecular Genetic Analysis of a Small Bowel Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumor
Authors: Graham Douglas K. , Stork Linda C. , Wei Qi , Ingram J. David , Karrer Frederick M. , Mierau Gary W. , Lovell Mark A.
Published: December 2003

We present a pediatric peripheral primitive neuroectodermal tumor (pPNET) localized exclusively to the small bowel. The tumor presented in an adolescent male and the diagnosis was confirmed by electron microscopy, CD99 immunopositivity, and molecular genetic analysis that demonstrated an EWS-FLI1 type 2 fusion transcript. This case report and a review of the literature underscore the considerable phenotypic overlap in EWS-related tumors in this site and the necessity for molecular genetic analysis to permit accurate classification.
Late-onset and Recurrent Neonatal Group B Streptococcal Disease Associated with Breast-milk Transmission
Authors: Kotiw Michael , Zhang Gwang W. , Daggard Grant , Reiss-Levy Elizabeth , Tapsall John W. , Numa Andrew
Published: December 2003

The purpose of the study was to determine the epidemiological relationships in three unrelated cases of neonatal late-onset Group B streptococcal (GBS) disease and maternal breast-milk infection with GBS. All deliveries were by cesarean section; case 1 was at term, and cases 2 and 3 were at 32- and 33-wk gestation, respectively. Case 1 relates to a mother with clinical mastitis and recurrent GBS infection in a 20-day-old male infant. Following antibiotic therapy and cessation of breastfeeding, the infant recovered without sequelae. Case 2 refers to a mother with clinical mastitis and the occurrence of late-onset GBS disease in 5-wk-old male twins. Despite intervention, one infant died and the second became ill. Following antibiotic therapy and cessation of breast-feeding, the surviving infant recovered without sequelae. Case 3 refers to a mother with sub-clinical mastitis and late-onset GBS infection occurring in a 6-day-old female twin. Following intervention, the infant recovered but suffered a bilateral thalamic infarction resulting in developmental delay and a severe seizure disorder. Following recovery of GBS from an inapparent mastitis and cessation of breast-feeding, the second infant remained well. Blood cultures from all affected infants and maternal breast milk were positive for GBS. Epidemiological relationships between neonatal- and maternal-derived GBS isolates were confirmed by a random amplified polymorphic DNA polymerase chain reaction assay (RAPD-PCR). This study is significant in that it has demonstrated that maternal milk (in cases of either clinical or sub-clinical mastitis) can be a potential source of infection resulting in either late-onset or recurrent neonatal GBS disease.
Multidisciplinary Pediatric Pathology Rotations in a Residency Training Program
Authors: Katzman Philip J. , Spitalnik Steven L. , Metlay Leon A.
Published: December 2003

The pediatric pathology residency rotations described herein represent an innovative multidisciplinary approach to residency education that combines concepts from anatomic pathology and laboratory medicine, and utilizes faculty members from pathology, pediatrics, and obstetrics/gynecology to teach pathology residents the clinicopathological highlights of antenatal, perinatal, and postnatal pathology. Training is provided through a combination of didactic interactions, laboratory experiences, and current clinical cases. As such, it can be a model for other multidisciplinary residency rotations that could span graduate medical education in pathology to permit a more thorough, informative, and stimulating residency experience.
Unilateral Transverse Arm Defect with Subterminal Digital Nubbins
Authors: Drapkin Ronny I. , Genest David R. , Holmes Lewis B. , Huang Taosheng , Vargas Sara O.
Published: December 2003

We present a case of unilateral terminal transverse forearm deficiency with subterminal digit-like nubbins, identified in a fetus from a pregnancy terminated electively in the second trimester because the distal right arm and hand could not be seen by ultrasound and were presumed to be absent. Pathologic evaluation showed distal transverse shortening, tapering to a point in the mid-forearm. Five primitive digital nubbins were present, located just proximal to the tapered point. The arm vessels appeared normal histologically, and the amnion showed no evidence of intrauterine disruption. Histologic examination of the nubbins revealed osteocartilaginous tissue, never described previously within digital nubbins. This fetus has the rare phenotype of terminal transverse limb defects with residual nubbins, but differs in that the nubbins are not at the tip of the terminal transverse limb defect.
Recognition of Crohn Disease on Incidental Gastric Biopsy in Childhood
Authors: Pascasio Judy Mae , Hammond Susan , Qualman Stephen J.
Published: December 2003

The role of gastric biopsy in the diagnosis of Crohn disease (CD) in the pediatric population has not been well described. We assessed the use of gastric biopsies in the diagnosis of CD using specific histopathologic parameters: granulomata, focal gland injury with neutrophils (glandulitis or glandular abscesses), and/or focal concomitant eosinophilic infiltrates. Multiple (438) consecutive pediatric biopsies with inflammation spanning a 5-year period were identified from archival material in patients ages 2 months to 16 years. A total of 56 CD cases were confirmed using colon biopsies and clinical and radiologic data as the gold standards of diagnosis. Review of hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) slides and Diff-Quik stained slides (negative for Helicobacter pylori) isolated 53 cases which suggested CD on gastric biopsy: 20 cases with granulomata, 14 cases with focal glandulitis and glandular abscesses, and 19 cases of focal glandulitis/glandular abscesses with eosinophilic infiltrates. Seventy-seven percent (43/56) were correctly identified as patients with CD. Twenty-three percent (13/56) of CD cases were not identified primarily because of concurrent H. pylori infection identified on Diff-Quik stain with a superimposed nonspecific diffuse gastritis. The use of Diff-Quik stain to identify H. pylori cases after all other factors are considered was significant ( P = 0.0145); a negative stain, combined with the identified histopathologic features indicative of CD, significantly increased the accuracy of CD diagnosis. CD was mimicked by other gastric granulomatous diseases (actinomyces, 1 case; chronic granulomatous disease of childhood, 1 case). Gastric biopsy can be used to identify or support the diagnosis of CD in children in the appropriate clinicopathologic setting.
Maternal Diabetes: Effects on Embryonic Vascular Development—A Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-A-mediated Process
Authors: Madri Joseph A. , Enciso Josephine , Pinter Emese
Published: December 2003

Major congenital malformations, many of which result from abnormal cardiovascular patterning, remain the leading cause in infant mortality and morbidity. Targeted mutations of several genes (including VEGF and VEGF receptors) and certain teratogenic agents (including excess α-D-glucose) give rise to embryonic lethal phenotypes associated with failure in the formation of a functional vitelline circulation and aberrant organogenesis. Our work to date has demonstrated that yolk sac vasculopathy and failure of endocardial cushion epithelial-mesenchymal transformation occurs in hyperglycemic conditions in murine whole conceptus culture and in embryos from streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice. These cardiovascular abnormalities are associated with changes in expression and phosphorylation state of adhesion molecules such as platelet endothelial growth factor-1 and expression of growth factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A). Further understanding of the effects of maternal diabetes on yolk sac and embryonic vasculogenesis/angiogenesis and organogenesis may lead to novel approaches in treating and preventing major birth defects.
Amniotic Infection Syndrome: Nosology and Reproducibility of Placental Reaction Patterns
Authors: Redline Raymond W. , Faye-Petersen Ona , Heller Debra , Qureshi Faisal , Savell Van , Vogler Carole ,   The Society for Pediatric Pathology, Perinatal Section, Amniotic Fluid Infection Nosology Committee
Published: December 2003

Clinically responsive placental examination seeks to provide useful information regarding the etiology, prognosis, and recurrence risk of pregnancy disorders. The purpose of this study was to assemble and validate a complete set of the placental reaction patterns seen with amniotic fluid infection in the hope that this might provide a standardized diagnostic framework useful for practicing pathologists. Study cases (14 with amniotic fluid infection, 6 controls) were reviewed blindly by six pathologists after agreement on a standard set of diagnostic criteria. After analysis of initial results, criteria were refined and a second, overlapping set of cases were reviewed. Majority vote served as the gold standard. Grading and staging of maternal and fetal inflammatory responses was found to be more reproducible using a two- versus three-tiered grading system than a three-versus five-tiered staging system (overall agreement 81% vs. 71%). Sensitivity, specificity, and efficiency for individual observations ranged from 67–100% (24/30 > 90%). Reproducibility was measured by unweighted kappa values and interpreted as follows: < 0.2, poor; 0.2–0.6, fair/moderate; > 0.6, substantial. Kappa values for the 12 lesions evaluated in 20 cases by the six pathologists were: acute chorioamnionitis/maternal inflammatory response (any, 0.93; severe 0.76; advanced stage, 0.49); chronic (subacute) chorioamnionitis (0.25); acute chorioamnionitis/fetal inflammatory response (any, 0.90; severe, 0.55; advanced stage, 0.52); chorionic vessel thrombi (0.37); peripheral funisitis (0.84); acute villitis (0.90); acute intervillositis/intervillous abscesses (0.65), and decidual plasma cells (0.30). Adoption of this clearly defined, clinically relevant, and pathologically reproducible terminology could enhance clinicopathologic correlation and provide a framework for future clinical research.
Abnormal serotonergic development in a mouse model for the Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome: implications for autism
Authors: Waage‐Baudet H. , Lauder J.M. , Dehart D.B. , Kluckman K. , Hiller S. , Tint G.S. , Sulik K.K.
Published: December 2003

The Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a malformation/mental retardation syndrome resulting from an inborn error in 3β‐hydroxysteroid Δ7‐reductase (DHCR7), the terminal enzyme required for cholesterol biosynthesis. Using a targeting strategy designed to virtually eliminate Dhcr7 activity, we have created a SLOS mouse model that exhibits commissural deficiencies, hippocampal abnormalities, and hypermorphic development of serotonin (5‐HT) neurons. The latter is of particular interest with respect to current evidence that serotonin plays a significant role in autism spectrum disorders and the recent clinical observation that 50% of SLOS patients present with autistic behavior. Immunohistochemical analyses have revealed a 306% increase in the area of 5‐HT immunoreactivity (5‐HT IR) in the hindbrains of mutant (Dhcr7−/−) mice as compared to age‐matched wild type animals. Amount of 5‐HT IR was measured as total area of IR per histological section. Additionally, a regional increase as high as 15‐fold was observed for the most lateral sagittal hindbrain sections. In Dhcr7−/− mice, an expansion of 5‐HT IR into the ventricular zone and floor plate region was observed. In addition, the rostral and caudal raphe groups exhibited a radial expansion in Dhcr7−/− mice, with 5‐HT IR cells present in locations not seen in wild type mice. This increase in 5‐HT IR appears to represent an increase in total number of 5‐HT neurons and fibers. These observations may help explain the behavioral phenotype seen in SLOS, and provide clues for future therapeutic interventions that utilize pharmacological modulation of the serotonergic system.
Serotonin and its transporter on proliferation of fetal heart cells
Authors: Sari Youssef , Zhou Feng C.
Published: December 2003

Besides neuronal transmission, serotonin (5‐HT) also acts as a trophic signal during the development of the central nervous and neural crest systems. In this study, we report that in addition to trophic effect, 5‐HT increases the proliferation of fetal heart cells. We showed for the first time that the cultured heart cells, express serotonin transporter (5‐HTT), which confirmed the previously observed accumulation of 5‐HT in developing heart. The influence of 5‐HT on developing heart cells is studied throughout the dosage. We found that 5‐HT concentration at physiological level, 4 μM, permits an optimal proliferation of heart cells as indicated by the number of 5‐bromo‐deoxyuridine immunoreactive (BrdU‐im) cells and myosin heavy chain immunoreactive cells (MF20‐im); fluctuation towards either concentrations reduce the proliferation. We hypothesized that 5‐HTT plays a role in the heart development. Our study indicated that the blockade of 5‐HT uptake by paroxetine decreased the number of BrdU‐im cells and MF20‐im cells. These data indicate a role of 5‐HT and 5‐HTT on heart development. Abnormal 5‐HT level or misuse of 5‐HT uptake blocker may alter the heart development.
Ternary complex formation between DNA‐adenovirus core protein VII and TAF‐Iβ/SET, an acidic molecular chaperone
Authors: Haruki Hirohito , Gyurcsik Bela , Okuwaki Mitsuru , Nagata Kyosuke
Published: December 2003

The adenovirus (Ad) genome complexed with viral core proteins designated Ad core is the template for transcription of early genes and the first round of replication in Ad‐infected cells. A cellular protein designated template‐activating factor‐I (TAF‐I) is found to be involved in remodeling of the Ad core in vitro. Here we found that TAF‐I interacts with the Ad DNA through core protein VII in infected cells in early phases of infection. In vitro binding assays using recombinant proteins showed that TAF‐I forms ternary complexes with DNA–protein VII complexes.
Cardio‐protective determinants are conserved in aged human myocardium after ischemic preconditioning
Authors: Bartling Babett , Hilgefort Claas , Friedrich Ivar , Silber Rolf-Edgar , Simm Andreas
Published: December 2003

Ischemic preconditioning (IPrec) improves post‐ischemic dysfunctions of the myocardium along with activation of protein kinase C isozymes including PKCδ. Moreover, expression of cardio‐protective determinants can reduce ischemic damages. Because IPrec is limited in aged hearts, we assessed in an experimental model the impact of aging on PKCδ and selected protective proteins in the preconditioned myocardium from adult (≤55) and older (≥70 years) humans. Adult myocardium showed PKCδ up‐regulation after IPrec along with improved post‐ischemic contractility. Although there was no functional benefit, PKCδ increased in older myocardium as well. Subsequent mRNA analyses demonstrated that IPrec stabilizes the mRNA expression of protective proteins (Hsp70, Bcl‐2/‐xL, IAPs) in both aging groups. Moreover, older hearts revealed increase in post‐ischemic Hsp90β. Our study indicates, that IPrec conserves the expression of cardio‐protective determinants in aged hearts despite limited functional recovery.
Enhancement of androgen receptor expression induced by (R)‐methanandamide in prostate LNCaP cells
Authors: Sánchez Marı́a G , Sánchez Ana M , Ruiz-Llorente Lidia , Dı́az-Laviada Inés
Published: December 2003

It has been recently shown that cannabinoids may regulate the growth of many cell types. In the present work we examined the effect of the anandamide analogue (R)‐methanandamide (MET) on androgen‐dependent prostate LNCaP cell growth. We found that 0.1 μM MET had a mitogenic effect measured by [3H]thymidine incorporation into DNA. The effect exerted by MET was blocked by the cannabinoid receptor antagonists SR141716 (SR1) and SR144528 (SR2) as well as by the phosphoinositide 3‐kinase (PI3K) inhibitor LY294002, suggesting an involvement of cannabinoid receptors and the PI3K pathway in the mechanism of MET action. MET treatment of LNCaP cells also induced an up‐regulation of androgen receptor expression that was blocked by the two cannabinoid receptor antagonists SR1 and SR2. These results show for the first time that cannabinoids may modify androgen receptor expression in an androgen‐dependent cell line and by this mechanism could regulate prostate cell growth.
PDGF stimulates DNA synthesis in human vascular smooth muscle cells via a novel wortmannin‐insensitive phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase
Authors: Lymn Joanne S , Gallagher Karen L , Clunn Gerard F , Fexby Sofi E , Patel Mahendra K , Hughes Alun D
Published: December 2003

The class 1A phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase enzymes consist of a number of heterodimeric complexes of regulatory and catalytic subunits and have been implicated in a number of cellular responses. While platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF)‐induced chemotaxis of human vascular smooth muscle cells (HVSMC) is inhibited by both wortmannin and LY294002, DNA synthesis is only inhibited by LY294002. Serum‐induced DNA synthesis however is inhibited by LY294002, wortmannin and rapamycin. Similarly PDGF‐induced protein kinase B (PKB) activation is inhibited by LY294002 but not by wortmannin or rapamycin. In conclusion PDGF‐induced DNA synthesis appears to occur through a phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase (PI3‐K)‐dependent, but wortmannin‐insensitive, PKB/Akt pathway.
Overexpression of redox factor‐1 negatively regulates NO synthesis and apoptosis in LPS‐stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages
Authors: Yoo Young Hyun , Lim Young Jin , Park Sang Eun , Kim Jong-Min , Park Young Chul
Published: December 2003

Redox factor‐1 (Ref‐1) is a ubiquitously expressed protein with proven roles as a modulator of redox‐sensitive transcription, and as an endonuclease in the base excision repair pathway of oxidatively damaged DNA. Although Ref‐1 is induced by a variety of oxidative stress and protects cells against oxidative stress, the function of Ref‐1 in regulating nitric oxide (NO) synthesis has not been elucidated to date. We investigated the role of Ref‐1 in regulating NO synthesis and NO‐mediated apoptosis employing adenoviral‐mediated overexpression of Ref‐1 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐stimulated macrophage RAW 264.7 cells. LPS treatment produced NO synthesis and NO‐mediated apoptosis. Forced overexpression of Ref‐1 suppressed LPS‐stimulated NO synthesis. In parallel with this, Ref‐1 also mitigated alteration of inducible NO synthase expression and NO‐mediated apoptosis. Our findings suggest that Ref‐1 is implicated in protection against cell death resulting from oxidative stimuli containing NO.
POTENTIAL OF BIOMASS TRANSFER TECHNOLOGIES IN SUSTAINING VEGETABLE PRODUCTION IN THE WETLANDS (DAMBOS) OF EASTERN ZAMBIA
Authors: KUNTASHULA E. , MAFONGOYA P. L. , SILESHI G. , LUNGU S.
Published: December 2003

Farmers grow vegetables widely during the dry season in wetlands known locally as dambos in southern Africa. Declining soil fertility is one of the major factors limiting smallholder vegetable production in the dambos of eastern Zambia. An experiment was initiated with 43 farmers with the objective of assessing the agronomic and economic feasibility of foliar biomass of gliricidia (Gliricidia sepium) and leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala) for production of cabbage, onion and a subsequent maize crop during the dry season. The treatments were, on a dry-matter basis, 8 and 12 t ha−1 gliricidia, 12 t ha−1 leucaena and 10 t ha−1 manure+half the recommended fertilizer rate, inorganic fertilizer at recommended rate, and a control without any inputs. Direct field measurements and informal enquiries were used for evaluating the effects of different treatments. The highest cabbage and onion yields were obtained from manure+half-rate fertilizer application. The gliricidia biomass transfer technology produced cabbage, onion and maize yields comparable with the full fertilizer application. In both cabbage and onion, manure+fertilizer gave generally higher net incomes. Biomass transfer also recorded higher net incomes than the control, and required lower cash inputs than the fully fertilized crop. Net incomes of the biomass treatments were substantially reduced by the labour costs for pruning and incorporation of the biomass. The results indicate that the gliricidia biomass transfer technology could be used as an alternative to inorganic fertilizers for vegetable production in dambos.
FARMER PARTICIPATORY EVALUATION OF LEGUME COVER CROP AND BIOMASS TRANSFER TECHNOLOGIES FOR SOIL FERTILITY IMPROVEMENT USING FARMER CRITERIA, PREFERENCE RANKING AND LOGIT REGRESSION ANALYSIS
Authors: NYENDE P. , DELVE R. J.
Published: December 2003

Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria grahamiana, Dolichos lablab, Mucuna pruriens, Tephrosia vogellii and Tithonia diversifolia were evaluated as potential species for soil fertility replenishment in on-farm adaptive trials, farm visits and field days in Tororo District, eastern Uganda. Farmers used multiple criteria for assessing and selecting those species that fitted within their production systems and production objectives. Farmers also adapted the technologies to allow for local opportunities and constraints. A preference ranking and logit regression analysis of probabilities of acceptance of the species conducted in 19 farmer groups showed that Mucuna had high, Tithonia and Crotalaria intermediate, and Canavalia, Lablab and Tephrosia low probabilities of being accepted or adopted. The evaluations showed that whilst technologies need to be adapted, a single-use technology had little chance of large-scale adoption. This paper highlights adaptations/innovations by farmers, and opportunities for participatory action research targeting farmers' production objectives.
DISCOVERY OF A FACTOR LIMITING YIELDS IN A COCONUT PLANTATION ON PEAT: THE INSECT PEST SUFETULA SPP
Authors: BONNEAU X. , HUSNI M. , PHILIPPE R. , SOMCHIT N. , JOURDAN C. , LUBIS N.
Published: December 2003

On a large coconut plantation planted on a deep peat soil in Sumatra, Indonesia, hybrid coconut yields are stabilizing at values well below their potential, even in plots where known production factors have been mastered since the outset: land preparation, water control, and mineral fertilization. To explain this situation, five hypotheses have been proposed. They were tested one by one in field trials. The authors have demonstrated that the main reason for stabilized yields was the Lepidoptera root pest Sufetula spp. and conclude by considering lines of research for controlling this pest in the context of rehabilitation and replanting.
GENOTYPE BY ENVIRONMENT INTERACTION AND SELECTION IN TRUE POTATO SEED BEEDING
Authors: ORTIZ RODOMIRO , GOLMIRZAIE ALI M.
Published: December 2003

The aim of this work was to determine the importance of the genotype-by-environment interaction in true potato seed breeding. In order to establish the importance of this type of interaction, experiments were sited across three Peruvian locations, San Ramon (warm mid-altitude slopes), Huancayo (cool Andean highlands), and La Molina (coastal desert). The genotype by environment interaction significantly affected tuber yield in all breeding materials (4x-4x from random or selected parents, and 4x-2x crosses). For example, the 10 most outstanding 4x-2x crosses for tuber yield were different when tested in warm and cool locations. Similarly, two clones derived from 4x-4x crosses were among the best 15 hybrids assessed in the two lower altitude locations. These two offspring provide examples of crossover genotype-by-environment interaction for tuber set, non-cross order genotype-by-environment interaction for tuber yield and lack of genotype-by-environment interaction for days to flowering. Because top yielding true potato seed offspring for each location were locally adapted, cultivars or advanced selections from the target area should be the parental sources of true potato seed offspring.
On the rarity of pre-aspirated stops
Authors: SILVERMAN DANIEL
Published: December 2003

Pre-aspirated stops, known to be quite rare in the world's languages, are shown herein to be significantly rarer still. Their aspiration component is typically reinforced by an oral gesture that is influenced by the following stop and/or the preceding vowel. Alternatively, the aspiration component weakens to zero and is replaced by vowel length. In this typological study I document the phonetic details of so-called pre-aspirates and offer phonetic explanations for their rarity and their diachronic instability.
‘(Virtually) conceptually necessary’
Authors: POSTAL PAUL M.
Published: December 2003

One often reads today (see below) that certain properties of natural language (NL) or certain methods of describing NLs are (VIRTUALLY) CONCEPTUALLY NECESSARY. I take the negative view that such usages are an illegitimate, purely rhetorical way of seeking to justify assumptions which cannot be supported on genuine factual or theoretical grounds. Put differently, such claims are a way of suggesting that specific and actually highly controversial assumptions more or less follow from some very general and uncontroversial features of NL. The problem is that the suggestion is not, and, I claim, could not be, backed up with genuine evidence or argument showing that it is true.
Putting some order into morphology: reflections on Rice (2000) and Stump (2001) Keren Rice, Morpheme order and semantic scope: word formation in the Athapaskan verb (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 90). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xiii+453. Gregory T. Stump, Inflectional morphology: a theory of paradigm structure (Cambridge Studies in Linguistics 93). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Pp. xvi+308.
Authors: SPENCER ANDREW
Published: December 2003

This article reviews two important recent contributions to the theory of morphology, which take significantly different approaches to the subject. Both are centrally concerned with questions of morphotactics. Rice argues that morpheme order in Athapaskan is largely the consequence of universal principles of semantic scope (coded as syntactic structure). Stump argues for a conception of inflection based on the paradigm. There is virtually no overlap between the two books, yet each raises questions that are of great significance for the other. In this review I briefly evaluate each book and then sketch the possibility of a synthesis.
Cosmopolitanism: globalisation tamed?
Authors: Held David
Published: December 2003

The processes, problems and dilemmas generated by globalisation shape new contours of politics. They delineate some of the starkest challenges faced in the contemporary era. The first half of this article maps some of these, focusing particularly on questions of governance. Exploring the changing circumstances of politics illuminates why nationalism and statism provide inadequate political resources to meet the problems posed by a more global age. In the second half of the article, cosmopolitanism is defended as a more relevant and appropriate way of framing politics today. Four cosmopolitan principles are set out and a strategy is elaborated for cosmopolitan institution-building. In the final section of the article, cosmopolitanism is defended against possible charges of utopianism, and it is argued that cosmopolitanism is a political project for the here and now – and just as pertinent as the theory of the modern state was when it was first promulgated in Leviathan.
The governance of European security
Authors: Webber Mark , Croft Stuart , Howorth Jolyon , Terriff Terry , Krahmann Elke
Published: December 2003

This article seeks to develop a concept of ‘security governance’ in the context of post-Cold War Europe. The validity of a governance approach lies in its ability to locate some of the distinctive ways in which European security has been coordinated, managed and regulated. Based on an examination of the way governance is utilised in other political fields of political analysis, the article identifies the concept of security governance as involving the coordinated management and regulation of issues by multiple and separate authorities, the interventions of both public and private actors (depending upon the issue), formal and informal arrangements, in turn structured by discourse and norms, and purposefully directed toward particular policy outcomes. Three issues are examined to demonstrate the utility of the concept of security governance for understanding security in post-Cold War Europe: the transformation of NATO, the Europeanisation of security accomplished through EU-led initiatives and, finally, the resultant dynamic relationship between forms of exclusion and inclusion in governance.
Hegel's theory of international politics: a reply to Jaeger
Authors: Brooks Thom
Published: December 2003

Hans-Martin Jaeger argues in this Journal that Hegel endorses a ‘reluctant realism’, whereby Hegel's theory of international politics institutionalises a transnationalising civil society of states. In Jaeger's view, Hegel's conception of individuals in civil society is analogous to states in international politics. On the contrary, I argue Hegel's conception of abstract right is far more commensurable with his theory of international politics. The mutual recognition existing in civil society – which helps to produce legal relationships – does not exist beyond the state where there are no legal relationships. Thus, Hegel is a realist of a more familiar sort, without any ‘reluctance’.
Kant and systemic theory: a reply to Weber
Authors: Harrison Ewan
Published: December 2003

I would like to thank Martin Weber for his interesting and thoughtful
response to my article ‘Waltz, Kant and Systemic Approaches To International
Relations’. I am aware of the intrinsically controversial nature of any comparison of Waltz and Kant, and am therefore grateful for the opportunity to respond formally to the criticisms that Weber makes. Weber raises doubts about interpreting Kant as a systems theorist, interpreting Kant as advocating a scientific approach, and my understanding of the role of world society in Kant's account of international relations respectively. I will respond to these criticisms in the order that the original article dealt with these three issues, dealing with Kant as a social scientist first before discussing international systems and the role of world society in Kant's theory.
Taxonomy, ecology and zoogeography of two East Antarctic freshwater calanoid copepod species: Boeckella poppei and Gladioferens antarcticus
Authors: BAYLY I.A.E. , GIBSON J.A.E. , WAGNER B. , SWADLING K.M.
Published: December 2003

New populations of the two species of calanoid copepods known to inhabit freshwater lakes in East Antarctica, Boeckella poppei (Mrázek, 1901) and Gladioferens antarcticus Bayly, 1994, have recently been discovered. The morphology of the populations of B. poppei showed significant differences, notably a reduction in the armature of the male fifth leg, when compared with typical specimens from the Antarctic Peninsula and South America. Gladioferens antarcticus had previously been recorded from a single lake in the Bunger Hills, but has now been recorded from three further lakes in this region. A recent review of Antarctic terrestrial and limnetic zooplankton suggested that neither of these species can be considered an East Antarctic endemic, with B. poppei being listed as a recent anthropogenic introduction and G. antarcticus a ‘marine interloper’. We conclude differently: B. poppei has been present in isolated populations in East Antarctica for significant lengths of time, possibly predating the current interglacial, while G. antarcticus is a true Antarctic endemic species whose ancestors have been present in the region since before Australia separated from Antarctica.
Spatial and temporal variation in krill consumption by the Antarctic fish Notothenia coriiceps, in Admiralty Bay, King George Island
Authors: FANTA EDITH , RIOS FLAVIA SANT'ANNA , DONATTI LUCÉLIA , CARDOSO WAGNER ELIAS
Published: December 2003

An index of integrated food preferences (IFA) of Notothenia coriiceps Richardson at two sites in Admiralty Bay (Ipanema and Smok Point), calculated for two sequential summers, showed that during 1998/99, the most important food item was Euphausia superba (krill) at both Ipanema (IFA = 0.83) and Smok Point (IFA = 0.75), while the sum of all other food items was significantly smaller (IFA respectively 0.21 and 0.26). Macroalgae, gammarid amphipods and gastropods dominated the diet in the summer 1999/00 (IFA respectively 0.32, 0.32 and 0.21), at Ipanema, while macroalgae were dominant at Smok (IFA = 0.67), where krill and amphipods were secondary prey (IFA respectively 0.12 and 0.14) and gastropods were absent. Thus, the diet composition of N. coriiceps can possibly be used as an indicator of the presence of pelagic krill swarms.
Sugars and enzyme activity in the grass Deschampsia antarctica
Authors: ZÚÑIGA-FEEST ALEJANDRA , INOSTROZA PATRICIA , VEGA MARIO , BRAVO LEÓN A. , CORCUERA LUIS J.
Published: December 2003

Deschampsia antarctica is a freezing-tolerant plant and the only native Poaceae that grows in the Maritime Antarctic. During the long days of the growing season this plant accumulates sucrose (Suc) in the leaves to 36% of the dry weight. The mechanism that leads to this high accumulation is unknown. The effect of day length and low temperature on sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) (EC: 2.4.1.14) activity and sugar accumulation was studied in D. antarctica and compared with other Poaceae. Three different day lengths: short (SD) (8/16 h), medium (MD) (16/8 h) and long (LD) (21/3 h); and two temperatures: 4°C (cold-acclimated) and 15°C (non-acclimated) were tested. The highest contents in total soluble sugars (TSS) and Suc were reached in crowns and leaves, respectively, in cold-acclimated plants under LD. TSS and Suc contents and SPS activity with cold acclimation were higher in D. antarctica than in other agricultural (wheat, oat and barley) and non-agricultural (D. caespitosa and D. beringensis) Poaceae species. Suc/TSS ratio was higher in all Deschampsia species than in agricultural Poaceae species. SPS activity and sucrose content in leaves were positively correlated only in LD cold acclimated plants. This result shows that SPS activity is responsive to day length in D. antarctica.