bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Моделі фізичної та технічної підготовленості регбістів 14–15 років
Authors: Tsos Anatolii , Pasko Vladlena , Pomeshchykova Irіna , Mitova Olena , Filenko Ludmila
Published: November 2023

Необхідність створення моделей підготовленості спортсмена на різних етапах спортивної підготовки зумовлює досягнення високих спортивних результатів. Мета статті – розробити моделі фізичної та технічної підготовленості регбістів 14–15 років з урахуванням ігрового амплуа. Матеріал і методи: у дослідженнях для визначення модельних рівнів підготовленості відібрано показники десяти регбістів (п’яти нападників і п’яти захисників) резерву й кандидатів до національної збірної України віком 14–15 років. Модельні характеристик фізичної та технічної підготовленості регбістів високої кваліфікації (п’яти нападників і п’яти захисників), визначалися за показниками гравців, які входять до складу національної збірної України. Швидкості здібності гравців визначалися за показниками бігу з високого старту на 30 м, 60 м, 100 м, показники витривалості – за результатами бігу на 400 м та 12-хвилинного бігу, швидкісно-силових здібностей – у стрибку в довжину, у потрійному стрибку з місця, у стрибку вгору з місця. Показники сили регбістів оцінювались у тестових вправах: згинання та розгинання рук в упорі лежачи, підтягування з вису, жим штанги лежачи, підйом штанги на груди та присідання зі штангою на плечах. Спеціальна фізична підготовленість гравців визначалася за показниками тестів «біг на 30 м із м’ячем у руках», «біг 5 хв», «човниковий біг (3х10 м)». Показники технічної підготовле- ності регбістів визначались у таких контрольних вправах, як удар м’яча «свічка», ловля м’яча після удару, удар і ловля м’яча з ходу, удар на дальність із рук, «Дроп-удар», удар по воротах. Результати. У дослідженні представлено розроблені моделі фізичної та технічної підготовленості регбістів 14–15 років залежно від їх ігрового амплуа. Основу розроблених моделей становлять спеціально підібрані тести, спрямовані на визначення показників загальної й спеціальної фізичної підготовленості та технічної підготовленості регбістів. Розроблені моделі фізичної й технічної підготовленості в подальшому можуть використовуватися як орієнтири педагогічного контролю в дитячо-юнацьких спортивних школах, спеціалізованих дитячо-юнацьких школах олімпійського резерву, школах вищої спортивної майстерності України. Вони дають можливість визначити рівень розвитку найбільш важливих рухових здібностей регбістів і визначити міру відповідності модельному рівню. Висновки. Під час порівняння показників підготовленості встановлено, що рівень загальної фізичної підготовленості регбістів 14–15 років становив 70 % від показників кваліфікованих регбістів; рівень спеціальної фізичної підго- товленості – приблизно 83 % від показників кваліфікованих регбістів; рівень технічної підготовленості – у середньому 65 % від показників кваліфікованих регбістів.
Mathematical Justification of the Sports Selection of Jumpers in the Water at the Stage of Initial Training
Authors: Oderov Artur , Romanchuk Serhii , Klymovych Volodymyr , Pylypchak Ivan , Leshchinskyi Oleksii , Kuznetsov Maksym , Arabskyi Andrii , Liudovyk Tetiana , Тymochko Oleksandr
Published: November 2023

The relevance of the problem is determined by the fact that an athlete who possesses genetic and physiological abilities that were discovered in time can master a complex jumping program and execute it without error at a high technical level. Therefore, it is important to mathematically substantiate the criteria for selecting children in sports schools. The Purpose of the Study: To determine indicators affecting sports readiness, to calculate their prognostic significance and to form criteria for the selection of jumpers in the water at the stage of initial training. Material and Methods: The research was organized in three stages in the period from January 2020 to December 2021, with the determination of the normative assessment of technical readiness, the conduct of an ascertaining pedagogical experiment and factor analysis, the calculation of multiple regression equations relative to the total coefficient of difficulty of arbitrary jumps and the average coefficient of the complexity of jumps. 139 boys (10,98±0,1 years; range: 9–13 years) and 96 girls (11,02±0,1 years; range: 9–13 years) beginners (schoolchildren) took part in the study. The number of athletes is divided by age groups: boys – 9 years old (n=25); 10 years (n = 30); 11 years (n = 30); 12 years (n = 31); 13 years old (n = 23); girls – 9 years old (n=16); 10 years (n=23); 11 years (n=18); 12 years (n=21); 13 years old (n=18). The study was organized and carried out with athletes of the Junior High School (Lviv) and «Yantar» Junior High School (Novoyavorivsk). During the educational and training meetings, testing and measuring of anthropometric indicators, determination of the speed of a simple sensorimotor reaction and conscious self-regulation of sensorimotor activity, research of vestibular stability were carried out. All measurements were taken before training in the morning and in the afternoon at 9:00 and 15:00. Results: According to the results of the study, the indicators that have prognostic significance for the success of the sport's improvement of young jumpers at the stage of improving their sports training have been determined. To these indicators, we included: the total indicator of physical fitness, the amplitude of nystagmus during and after turning to the right, the speed of a simple motor reaction. The comprehensive assessment obtained by calculating multiple regression equations has a high prognostic value and is an effective method of predicting the success of the sport's improvement of young jumpers at the stage of initial sports training. Conclusions. It is proved that the comprehensive assessment obtained by calculating multiple regression equations has a high prognostic value and is an effective method of predicting the success of the sport's improvement of young jumpers at the stage of initial sports training.
Antsetik ta X'oyep Lok'olal xchi'uk snaèl jol o`ntonal
Authors:   Universidad de Ciencias y Artes de Chiapas, del Castillo Troncoso Alberto
Published: November 2023

Una de las características de la vida cotidiana en Occidente es la de estar inmersos en una cultura hipervisual que cada vez adquiere mayor hegemonía y frente a la cual muchas veces no contamos con los elementos conceptuales pertinentes para decodificar y descifrar. Este trabajo se refiere a una de las vertientes de esta cultura que ha tenido un peso específico muy importante en nuestra sociedad y que tiene que ver con la evolución del fotoperiodismo en las últimas décadas. La icónica la fotografía de Pedro Valtierra que retrata a las mujeres tsotsiles de X’oyep en el municipio de Chenalhó, en el estado de Chiapas, enfrentándose con soldados del ejército mexicano la mañana del 3 de enero de 1998, tiene el privilegio de haberse convertido en uno de los íconos más importante de la fotografía de prensa de este país en el último cuarto del siglo XX.
Optimizing the Strategic Communication of Gerbas Tani Community in Developing Tourist Village in Kedungrejo, Rowokangkung, Lumajang
Authors: Fahma Alhimni , Arifulin Nuha Achmad
Published: November 2023

Gerbas Tani stands for Gerakan Belanja Sayur dari Lahan Petani, which was born in 2018, marked by the educational activity "Petik Tomat" for kindergarten students. The mascot of Gerbas Tani is a 0.1-hectare flower garden in the middle of a 2.5-hectare vegetable garden. The total number of visitors when the flower garden is in bloom reaches 20,000 people, with an average of 30-50 visitors per day. However, due to the pandemic, vegetable sales have stopped, and tour visitors are limited. The mentoring process was carried out through the Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) approach through the stages of discovery, dream, design, define, and destiny to optimize strategic communication to develop the potential of Gerbas Tourism Village.

The results of this service have successfully encouraged the Gerbas Tani Community to become a solid community to preserve the tourist village through persuasive communication. Gerbas Tani members become actors of change collectively in order to realize a sustainable and developing village through the development of online sales while maintaining offline sales. They consistently hold different tourism activities three times a year as a solution to developing a tourist village after the Pandemic. 

The findings highlight the importance of strategic communication in empowering local communities, strengthening partnerships, and promoting sustainable economic development in the context of tourism villages.
El Vacío. Reflexiones en torno a su experiencia y posible relación con el campo del diseño arquitectónico
Authors: Torero Mercedes Viviana
Published: November 2023

El interés por el vacío surge del misterio y de la variedad de acepciones con las que se usa el término dentro del campo de la arquitectura, tanto en el ámbito académico como en la práctica profesional.

Este artículo tiene como objetivo analizar la compleja noción de vacío y su interacción tanto en el ámbito intelectual como en la práctica arquitectónica. Este análisis se realiza a través de diversas disciplinas como la filosofía, sociología, el arte, la psicología, la arquitectura, entre otros. De esa manera, se intenta contar con un panorama amplio y comprender la presencia e influencia de los diversos significados del término dentro del campo de diseño arquitectónico. Todo esto con el fin de obtener una aproximación a su entendimiento y su relevancia en la experiencia del ser humano.

Se explora la relación “sujeto – objeto”, es decir, las diversas formas en que los seres humanos experimentan el vacío y cómo se produce este encuentro. Todo esto con el fin de obtener una perspectiva general del término vacío y comprender cómo se da esta experiencia. Finalmente, se dirige la mirada a lo puntual, explorando la relación del vacío en los procesos que ocurren dentro del campo del Diseño Arquitectónico destacando la importancia de considerar los aspectos socioculturales y perceptivos.
¿Influye la dieta mediática en las actitudes de desafección política? Estudio comparativo: Monterrey, Guadalajara y Ciudad de México
Authors: Juárez Jiménez Cinthia
Published: November 2023

México se encuentra entre los primeros lugares de desconfianza hacia las instituciones. No obstante, y a pesar de que en la actualidad vivimos en un ambiente de deterioro y desgaste en los sistemas regidos por la democracia, expertos en el tema consideran que existe la posibilidad de encontrar ciudadanos desafectos pero comprometidos (Meza Medina, 2021). Por ello este artículo parte de un estudio de caso qué tomó como muestra las ciudades más importantes del país, Monterrey, Guadalajara y Ciudad de México, para así poder comparar las actitudes de desafección política, entender y correlacionar los motivos que llevan al aumento de esta, y detectar si estas pudieran estar influenciadas por la zona geográfica.
Efektivitas Kebun Bina Karakter Sebagai Upaya Penguatan Pendidikan Karakter di SMAN 6 Mataram
Authors: Zulhijani Lily Khamizin , Herianto Edy , Fauzan Ahmad , Mustari Muh.
Published: November 2023

Tujuan penelitian ini ialah untuk mengetahui efektivitas kebun bina karakter sebagai upaya penguatan pendidikan karakter di SMAN 6 Mataram, yang di tinjau dari: 1) proses perencanaan dan pelaksanaan program, 2) dampak pelaksanaan program kebun bina karakter, 3) faktor pendukung dan tantangan program kebun bina karakter. Metode penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Kemudian Subjek penelitian diambil menggunakan purposive, yakni menentukan subjek berdasarkan kriteria tertentu. Pada tahap akhir, teknik analisis studi kasus yang digunakan terdiri atas memilih tema, topik, dan kasus, kajian literatur, perumusan fokus dan rumusan masalah, pengumpulan data, penyempurnaan data, mengolah data, analisis data, serta kesimpulan penelitian. Adapun hasil dari pelakanaan program kebun bina karakter ialah: 1) peserta didik yang berkarakter, 2) meningkatkan sikap peduli lingkungan. Hal ini dapat dilihat dari nilai-nilai karakter yang muncul melalui pelaksanaan program kerja berupa budidaya tanaman yang mengajarkan peserta didik untuk selalu merawat dan menjaga tanaman serta pembuatan pupuk organik yang mengajarkan peserta didik untuk tidak membuang sampah sembarangan. Yang menghasilkan nilai-nilai baik seperti disiplin, kerja keras, kreatif, komunikatif/cinta damai, peduli lingkungan, tanggung jawab, integritas, toleransi, gotong royong, mandiri dan meningkatkan kesadaran lingkungan peserta didik.
Development of an Integrated Modified Free Inquiry (MFI) Biology Textbook: Preliminary Study
Authors: Masiah Masiah , Fajri Siti Rabiatul , Sucilestari Ramdhani
Published: November 2023

This research is preliminary research from development research. The aim of this research is to gather information from teachers and students regarding biology learning, which includes the extent to which the inquiry model or more specifically modified free inquiry is implemented. The research method is a survey through questionnaires and interviews. The respondents involved were 711 students and 20 teachers from 14 public high schools in 3 (three) Lombok districts. Data was collected through questionnaires and interview guides and then analyzed descriptively. The results of the research showed that 2.1% of students stated that they had studied using modified free inquiry. Textbooks with attractive presentations, simple and easy-to-understand language, and detailed practical guidelines were needed. These findings will become a reference for researchers to conduct further research.
MENGGUGAH KESADARAN MASYARAKAT DALAM PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH MELALUI PEMBUATAN BAK SAMPAH DAN PLANG HIMBAUAN DI KELURAHAN PANJI SARI, KECAMATAN PRAYA LOMBOK TENGAH
Authors: Fatmayanti Fatmayanti , Husnawati Nila , Alieni Karimannisa , Aulia Natasya Difa , Paramesty Ristawidya , Bahtiar Gian Agisna , Hudaeri Huzrullah , Azima M. Fauzan , Khoarizmi M. Syatho , Ngudiyono Ngudiyono
Published: November 2023

Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) merupakan bentuk kegiatan pengabdian kepada masyarakat yang dilaksanakan oleh perguruan tinggi. Dalam kegiatan KKN yang dilaksanakan di Kelurahan Panji Sari, Kecamatan Praya, Kabupaten Lombok Tengah, kelompok mahasiswa dan dosen Universitas Mataram melaksanakan berbagai kegiatan dengan sasaran utama pada Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Desa. Panji Sari adalah salah satu kelurahan yang terletak di wilayah Kecamatan Praya Kabupaten Lombok Tengah, Provinsi Nusa Tenggara Barat dengan Luas wilayah 118,33 Ha. Luasnya wilayah di kelurahan tersebut juga memiliki permasalahan lingkungan. Kurangnya kepedulian masyarakat akan sampah yang dimiliki oleh wilayah ini sangat memprihatinkan, hal ini disebabkan oleh tidak terdapatnya Tempat Pembuangan Sampah (TPS) serta Plang Himbauan pembuangan sampah yang tertib. Oleh karena itu, untuk meningkatkan kepedulian masyarakat akan bahaya sampah dan sebagai langkah menuju lingkungan yang bersih dan meminimalisir masyarakat membuang sampah sembarangan maka tim KKN-PMD membuat bak sampah dari bambu dan plang himbauan lingkungan. Metode yang digunakan dalam kegiatan ini adalah penyuluhan dan demonstrasi. Masyarakat memperhatikan materi yang disampaikan saat sosialisasi kemudian dilanjutkan dengan demonstrasi pembuatan dan pendampingan pembuatan bak sampah dan plang himbauan. Dari hasil evaluasi diperoleh bahwa masyarakat merasa terbantu dengan adanya kegiatan ini dan mendapatkan pengetahuan tentang bahaya sampah bagi lingkungan sekitar.
The Influence of Drying on the Germination of Seed Arecanuts (Areca catechu L.)
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, KHANDIGE SHAMA BHAT
Published: November 2023

The importance of arecanut industry in the economy of the country, has been recognised only recently. Except undertaking certain measures for combating some important diseases of the palm, very little work has been done regarding the fundamental breeding or agronomic aspects of this crop, though it occupies a total area of about 2,60,000 acres. Amongst the agronomic practices followed in the cultivation of this crop, the treatments given to the seeds before sowing is observed to be of considerable importance. The seed arecanuts are usually partially dried before sowing or allowing them to germinate. It is not known if it is really essential to dry the nuts or to give a sort of dormancy period before sowing them, to get a successful germination. It is also believed that partial drying of nuts helps to disintegrate the husk at a later stage (when the nuts are irrigated) and ensures easy emergence of sprouts. Hence, with the object of determining the necessity or otherwise of partial drying of nuts to get successful germination of nuts, an experiment was conducted. The data collected and the results achieved are presented in this paper.
Studies on the Inheritance of some Anthocyanin and Corolla Colour Characters in Asiatic Cotton
Authors:   Assitant Cotton Specialist,Coimbatore  641 003, V SANTHANAM
Published: November 2023

From a crop survey of the Peninsular Indian arboreum cottons in the Cocanadas (race indicum) zone, Balasubra- manyan, Ramaswamy and Jagannatha Rao (1946) reported on the occurrence of three new genotypes not recorded earlier in this region. They were (a) Green stem/Ghost Spot-Ros Ros; (b) Fully immature lint Im and. (c) Incomplete boll dehiscence - dep and the inheritance of these characters in a few combinations of crosses has since been reported by Balasubramanyan et al (1950). The Green stem/Ghost Spot type was characterised by the complete absence of anthocyanin pigment in all plant parts and by the presence of a white patch in the place usually occupied by the red spot in the petal. The corolla colour of the new type was yellow and hence the white patch designated as 'Ghost' (Hutchinson, 1932) was easily visible. The inheritance of this Green stem/Ghost spot complex in relation to different anthocyanin and corolla colour factors, in five inter-racial crosses in G. arboreum involving Sun-red and Deep-red; Yellow corolla, Pale-yellow and White corolla genotypes is reported in this paper.
Chelates in Agriculture - Sequestrenes and Versenols of Commerce (A Review)
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, T SESHAGIRI , A MARIAKULANDAI ,   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

It has been recently discovered that iron chlorosis in fr and garden crops could be completely cured by the use of cer complex organic iron compounds known as "iron chelates". metallic elements in this complex form are referred to technicall being "chelated", or "sequestered " to denote the manner in wl the iron is combined with the organic fractions. 'Chelate' is a term derived from a Greek word meaning 'a claw'. These compounds combine with the metal in such a manner that the metal no longer exhibits the typical properties of the free compounds of the element (Bould, 1955, Allerton, 1955).
Additional notes on some aphids in the Madras State
Authors:   Agricultural College and Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, S KANAKARAJ DAVID
Published: November 2023

Of the seventy species of aphids recorded by the writer (David 1954 a, b, c), sixty-eight are known to occur within the Madras State. Collections made since then include three species which were noted by George (1927) previously. In this paper these species are reviewed as to their present systematic position, distribution and status in economic entomology. For fourteen other aphids which have already been commented upon in previous papers, additional notes are given.
Studies on Volvaria diplasia Berk & Br., The Paddy Straw Mushroom
Authors:   Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers University USA, G RANGASWAMI
Published: November 2023

Sporophores of some species of the genus Volvaria, occurring in nature in the tropical regions, are known to be edible. At least three of its species, V. volvacea, (Bull.) Quelet, V. esculenta Massee and V. diplasia Berk & Br., are reported to be artificially cultivated in some countries of Asia (2, 3, 4, 7, 9, 11, 14). All the three species grow well on rice straw and are popularly known as 'Paddy straw mushroom. Another closely related species, V. bresadolae Trotter, has been reported to grow on decaying pine apple fruits in Palau Island (U. S. A. Trust), Pacific Ocean (6).
A Technical Note on Coir-rope Filter-Points for Tube Wells in the Madras State.
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, B.M Sri LAKSHMIPATHI
Published: November 2023

The "drive points" made completely of metal also called "Filter Points" are made in a variety of types and their choice depends upon the soil structure in the water-bearing stratum. Ordinarily an inner mesh of size 60 is used in these drive points. The generally advocated type of filter point is made of G. I. material consisting of a sufficient length of G. I. pipes of about 6 feet length and diameter 3" or 4" with holes not more than 1/2" diameter drilled on it at distances varying from 1" to 12" centres. These drilled holes are arranged in a staggered manner and their number and size are limited so that the drive point will not lose its strength. This 6 foot G, I. pipe is closely jacketed with a 60 mesh metal cloth of either copper, brass or galvanised iron. This square mesh cloth is again covered over by a brass or. G. I. perforated sheeting. Both these metal covers are welded or soldered at the top and at the bottom to G. I. pipe to avoid being torn while driving in the filter point. A solid G. I. tip of slightly larger diameter than the drive point itself, to pierce the soil and which when driven down will open up a passage way for the point, is fitted at the bottom of the filter point. On the top of the filter point, a coupling of the correct diameter is screwed and welded. The approximate cost of a 4" size metal filter point ranges from Rs. 129/- to Rs. 130/-.
What Next in Agricultural Research?
Authors:   Quaters Head Deputy Directore of Agriculture Madras, K.C Dr. NAIK
Published: November 2023

A retrospect of the work done in the field of agricultural research in this State for nearly six decades is bound to present us with a store-house rich with experiences of successes and failures, hopes and frustrations. The monumental "Memoirs of the Madras Agricultural Department" published recently, as well as the "Basic Records of Experimental Work" also compiled recently in each research centre in this State, constitute not merely valuable records of the past achievements, but also a medium to detect many a void or imperfection in our agricultural knowledge and practices. At a time when nationwide attention is being focussed on the out- lines of the Second Five-Year Plan, the availability of these factual accounts of the track covered and of the sign-posts for the future is of invaluable benefit to keep us off from paths that may end in a blind alley.
Recent Advances and Possibilities in Agricultural Research
Authors:   Plant PHysiologist, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Coimbatore- 641 003., T.R NARAYANAN
Published: November 2023

The title in no way implies any disparagement of extension or publicity work, but merely wishes to emphasise the need for more and better research. There is an old saying in Tamil "You can take up in the ladle, only what is left in the pot" and it is the primary duty of every research worker to do his bit in keeping the pot always full.
Cytogenetics
Authors:   Cylogeneticits Laboratory ,Agricultural Reserch Institute, Coimbatore  641 003, N KRISHNASWAMY , V.S RAMAN ,   Cylogeneticits Laboratory ,Agricultural Reserch Institute, Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

In Cytogenetics and Plant breeding, the conventional methods of collection, introduction, selection and hybridisation have been in use in this department since its inception. These methods are the most certain and are the basic ones for obtaining the desired plant selec- tions. In the investigation of the fundamentals of genetics, much ground has been covered in the several crop plants, some systematic and others as and when the occasion arose. The storehouse of all desired characters has been in the wild plants from which the cultivated ones have been later selected. We have often to go back to nature to incorporate certain required characters into the cultivated type and also to invigorate it, make it resistant towards pests, diseases and adverse conditions. The scientist also watches for suitable mutations to occur in the homozygous materials. These occur at very low rates. Attempts have been made to increase the rate of incidence of such mutations by the application of agencies which cause changes in the heritable material. The concep- tion of the gene or the heritable unit is still nebulous, though something is known about their location, arrangement and constitution. The gene cannot be newly created but an existing gene can be made to change by readjustment of its molecular structure. In taking recourse to hy- bridisation whether it be intervarietal, interspecific or intergeneric, only gene recombinations are produced.
Agricultural Entomology
Authors:   Government Entomologist Coimbatore, K.P ANANTHANARAYANAN
Published: November 2023

As a result of intensive work during the past half-a-century, we have a large number of published records regarding the insect fauna, pest occurrences and their life-history studies, etc., in relation to ali important crops grown in our State. The two publications of Ayyar T. V. R., "Annotated list of insects affecting the important cultivated crops of South India (1932) and "Handbook of Economic Entomology for South India" (1940) give considerable information on entomological problems of South India. These are of inestimable value to guide future work. More recent achievements are in the field of insecticidal method of control. These and related progress, are to some extent brought out in the Departmental Memoirs of 1950. Appreciable work had also been done in the biological method of insect control and the pioneer work on the control of the cottony cushion scale in the Nilgiris and the Black-headed caterpillar of coconut carried out by Y. R. Rao and others (1944 and 1950) stands to the credit of the Madras State. "Bee-Keeping in South India" is another departmental publication, which is serving a very useful purpose by embodying valuable information on apiculture, relating to bees.
Some Suggestions for Intensifying Plant Protection Work
Authors:   Plant Protection Officer Sattur, S.A IBRAHIM ALI
Published: November 2023

Seven years ago, when the Plant Protection Service was inaugurated in South India in 1949, there was a feeling of pessimism in the minds of the public with regard to its success. It was a time when the ryots were already fed up with methods of control like hand- picking, netting, pruning and the slow-acting pesticides like tobacco- decoction fish-oil soap etc. The introduction of quick-acting chemicals like, BHC, DDT, Zine phosphide and the intensive propaganda and demonstration of pest control operations organised by the Plant Protec- tion staff, dispelled this idea and the ryots are now convinced that Plant Protection service is quite indispensible for stepping up crop-production. Indeed, we have now reached a stage when our services are largely sought after and appreciated instead of our services being reluctantly accepted as before. The ryots have now become pesticide-minded and they are very particular in preventing the incidence of pests, rather than controlling them after their appearance.
What Next in Rice Breeding?
Authors:   Paddy Specialist,Coimbatore, K RAMASWAMI
Published: November 2023

As indicated by the title, the paper deals with only one important aspect of the subject chosen for the Symposium, "What next in Agri- cultural Research and Extension?" Before taking the next step and trying to keep track of the possibilities ahead, one has to look back and Bee what ground had been covered already, and what aims have been attained.
What Next in Millets and Pulses Research?
Authors:   Millets Breeding Station Agricultural College and Reserch Institute,  Coimbatore  641 003, M BHAVANISHANKER RAO , B.W.X PONNAIYA ,   Millets Breeding Station Agricultural College and Reserch Institute,  Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

Millets are grown mostly as unirrigated crops in areas of poor fertility. Being highly drought-resistant, they are the only staple food crops that could be grown in areas unsuited for the cultivation of paddy. Thus millets are complementary and not competitive to rice. Millets also provide fodder for cattle. It is estimated that they give nearly 6.5 million tons of straw to support 60 per cent of our cattle population. Cholam fodder, especially from the sweet juicy-stemmed varieties, is a prized fodder for the milch cattle of our State. There are eight millet crops, of which Cholam, Cumbu and Ragi are known as the major millets and occupy nearly 75 per cent of the area while Tenai, Varagu, Samai, Kudiraivali and Panivaragu form the minor millets. These are cultivated over an area of nearly 5 million acres in the Madras State and the estimated production is 1.7 million tons of grain as against 6 million acres and 3 million tons of paddy. Pulses, which are subsidiary food crops, are of great importance as the major source of protein supply in our diet. They occupy 1.2 lakhs of acres with an estimated production of 0.1 lakh ton of grain. This production meets only 10 per cent of our requirements viewed from nutritional standards. Large quantities are imported from other Indian States but the net available quantity for consumption in the State is still low.
Cotton Research and Extension in Madras State
Authors:   Cotton Breeding Station Coimbatore, N KESAVA IYENGAR , V SANTHANAM ,   Cotton Breeding Station Coimbatore
Published: November 2023

Before it is proposed to tackle the problem of the present paper of "Cotton Research and Extension in Madras State", it is necessary to give a brief account of what is already achieved in Cotton Research and Extension in the Madras State". In the symposium held last year a review of recent advances in Cotton Breeding Reseach in the Madras State was presented by Kalyanaraman and Santhanam and the progress in Cotton Extension Work was reviewed upto 1952 by Balasubramaniam in the symposium on cotton extension held in the Fifth Conference of Cotton-growing Problems in India by the Indian Central Cotton Committee, Bombay.
Banana Research
Authors:   Central Banana Research Station Aduthurai, T GOPALAN NAIR , J SAMUEL SUNDARARAJ ,   Central Banana Research Station Aduthurai, V.S SESHADRI ,   Central Banana Research Station Aduthurai
Published: November 2023

Planned research on problems of economic importance in bananas is only of recent undertaking in India, as it started with the commencement of the Banana Research Scheme in Madras, Bombay and West Bengal States with financial assistance of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research. In a country which claims the origin of this important tropical fruit and which is unequalled in its extent of its varieties, banana research has not attained much headway. In this respect the results achieved at the Imperial College of Tropical Agriculture are widely known and particularly in systematic studies, the contribution of Cheeseman is an outstanding one.
What Next in Agricultural Extension
Authors:   Agricultural College Coimbatore 641003, N RANGANATHACHARI
Published: November 2023

The Agricultural department has been ceaselessly putting forth its efforts on the research and extension sides to better the lot of agriculturists who form the backbone of India's economy. Beginning with a handful of staff early in the century for the work of surveying the local agricultural practices and chalking out improvements, the department has gained much importance especially during the Second World War and shouldered the responsibilities of meeting the demands of farmers during the operation of the "Grow More Food" Schemes in respect of improved seeds, chemical fertilizers, iron and steel for fabricating agri- cultural tools and implements and supply of engines and pumps for irrigation purposes. The darkest days of food shortage have been tackled and now, though the food problem has considerably improved, the efforts of the department have not slackened and a closer network of field staff has been organised during this year. In this paper, it is proposed to deal with the achievements so far gained, the needs of the farming population, and the future lines of work to be followed towards their economic uplift.
Variability in Size and Frequency of Stomata in Leaves of Rice Varieties and its Correlation in Drought Resistance
Authors:   Agricultural Research Institute,Coimbatore 641003, K RAJAGOPALAN
Published: November 2023

For an understanding of water economy in the rice plant it is essential to study the mechanism by which water is transpired in the plant. Transpiration takes place through the cuticle as well as through the stomata. In general it is recognised that in mesophytes, stomatal transpiration is 80 to 97 percent whereas cuticular transpiration is only 2 to 3 per cent. The total stomatal apertures in spite of their large number, occupy only one to two per cent of the total leaf surface. The epidermis along with the stomata possesses the physical properties of a multi-perforate septum and the diffusion of gases through these minute apertures proceeds almost at the same rate as if the cutinised epidermis were actually removed and the cells of the mesophyll were in direct contact with the external atmosphere'. It may be seen therefore that the stomata do play a very great part in the water balance of plants. The present study is restricted to stomatal sizes and their frequency in leaves of rice varities.
Livestock. Industries in Australia
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, C.L SUNDARARAJAN
Published: November 2023

Australia is the leading wool producing country in the world. With less than one-sixth of the world's sheep population, she produces more than one quarter of the world's wool. It is often said that Australia is riding on the sheeps' back and that the nation is built on grass. Export figures (£ 42 millions or 50% of the total exports) vouchsafe for the accuracy of the former statement. How literally true the latter statement is, one can only understand from a visit to many of the sheep stations scattered right through the continent. Whether in the rich Camperdown district in Victoria or in the poorer Urriara and Tharwa of New South Wales, one cannot but be struck by the wonders that the clovers are doing for the farmer. in particular and the nation in general. Apart from its intrinsic value as a good feed, the clover plants are so many miniature fertiliser factories fixing atmospheric Nitrogen in the soil and adding fertility to the paddock in the same way as and at a lesser cost than, the factories. By a series of trials and experiments over a period of many many decades, various strains of clovers have been selected and adapted for the development of the pastoral industry. And in recent years a new strain of sub-clover which thrives in sub-tropical conditions, has been evolved by workers in Sydney University. Attempts are still being made to find suitable legumes for growth in the tropical areas.
The Response of Rice to Lime and Potash Manuring in South Kanara
Authors:   Paddy Breeding Station Mangalore, K.V AHAMED BAVAPPA , K HANUMANTHA ROW ,   Paddy Breeding Station Mangalore
Published: November 2023

Rice is the most important crop of South Kanara forming 70% of the total aren sown and occupying about 5-6 lakhs of acres. The heavy annual rainfall of over 150 inches received within a short spell of four months subjecting the soil to a constant process of leaching, the slopy situation of the land, high temperature and humidity, all have contributed to the extremely low fertility status of the soil of this tract. As such the yield of not only rice but also most of the other food crops has been miserably low.
A Note on the Variations of Soil Temperature at Coimbatore
Authors:   Agriculture Meteorology Section,Coimbatore, M.V JAYARAMAN , C BALASUBRAMANIAN ,   Agriculture Meteorology Section,Coimbatore
Published: November 2023

Ramdas and Dravid (1) studied the variations of soil temperatures at Poona using soil covers of different colours. Dravid (2) has stated that Poona black cotton soil absorbs 84 per cent of the incident solar radiation while Sakrand soil absorbs only 59 per cent, by virtue of the difference in their colours. At the Central Farm, Coimbatore, black, red and alluvial soils (Tank silt) exist side by side and crops are grown on all of them. The three types of soils may be have differently to the same incident solar radiation. In the following note, the results of the study on the variations of surface soil temperature on the above three agriculturally important soils are summarised.
Australian Sugar Industry
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, C.L SUNDARARAJAN
Published: November 2023

Sugarcane was first grown in Australia in the year 1817 though the first commercial plantation commenced only in 1865 in New South Wales. As soil and climatic conditions in Queensland were more favourable for the successful cultivation of cane, the industry gradually extended northwards till at the present time 80% of the entire cane is produced in the tropical regions of Queensland. In 1953-54 the total area under cane in Australia was 481,602 acres. There are 34 mills, 14 of which are co-operatively owned by the growers and the rest proprietory.
Breeding Kangayam Cattle in Madras State
Authors:   Directore of Animal Husbandry Andhra, T LT. COL. MURARI
Published: November 2023

The Kangayam breed of cattle has its home in Coimbatore District extending from Dharapuram Taluk to Palni Taluk of Madurai District. They have many characteristics in common with Mysore cattle (Olver 1938) and an admixture of the blood of Ongole cattle (Phillips 1944). The purity of the breed is being maintained by the well known cattle breeder, the Pattagar of Palayakottai, whose forefathers dedicated themselves to rear this breed. Even today the finest specimens are to be found in the herd of the Pattagar.
Certain Agronomic Practices Contributing to Higher Yield in Rice
Authors:   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, A ABDUL SAMAD , J CHANDRAMOHAN ,   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003, P.K VIJAYAN ,   Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

Of late, in an effort to attain self sufficiency in rice production in our State there have been various attempts to explore the possibilities of increasing the acre yield by adopting Japanese and other improved methods of rice cultivation. Trials have been conducted in various Research centres in India to assess the exact contribution of some of these methods like planting in lines and giving wider spacing between plants, intercultivation with intercultivators or working weeders between rows of standing crop, heavy application of manures like cattle manure, compost or green leaf and fertilizers like ammonium sulphate and super phosphate. In this paper the results of trials conducted at the Agricultural Research Station, Pattambi, Malabar with special reference to some of these aspects are reviewed.
Sugarcane in Madras State
Authors:   Sugarcane Agronomist, Gudiyattam, S.V PARTHASARATHY
Published: November 2023

It is proposed to review here the salient features of sugarcane research in the State in the last five years. It is not proposed to deal with the advances made elsewhere. The cane cultivators of this State are interested in new varieties, methods of manuring, irrigation, inter-culture and control of pests and diseases. While the cane cultivators of the State have proved their potential ability to achieve very high yields, it was by no means achieved by intimate knowledge of the crop in the field, nor through economic application of manure, water and pest control.
Recent Advances in Cytogenetics
Authors:   Cylogeneticits Laboratory ,Agricultural Reserch Institute, Coimbatore  641 003, N KRISHNASWAMY , V.S RAMAN ,   Cylogeneticits Laboratory ,Agricultural Reserch Institute, Coimbatore  641 003
Published: November 2023

Plant breeding is actively concerned with the so-called improvement of Agricultural Crops. Vavilov defined Plant Breeding as an art, a science and a branch of agricultural practice. He was of opinion that a knowledge of genetics was not indispensable to a breeder; that evolutionary practices permeate the whole science of breeding and that in effect breeding was man's interference in the morphological formation of animals and plants. In other words it is evolution directed by the will of man. But breeding and genetics interpenetrate since they treat heredity and variation. The modern genetics and cytology again interpenetrate. Thus the new line of study Cytogenetics has sprung up. The modern plant breeding has to a large extent ceased to be an art. With cognate sciences it has attained a high complexity and become more exact. Cytogenetics though recent has grown so rapidly and has covered such a large number of cultivated species that it is well nigh impossible to summarise all knowledge in a short paper. Therefore in this paper are presented some of the trends in plant breeding.
Regulation of Markets in India Retrospect and Prospect
Authors:   Senior Marketing Officer, New Delhi, R.T MIRCHANDANI
Published: November 2023

Orderly marketing acts as an excellent incentive for increased agricultural production and its importance in the planned economy of a country needs no emphasis. It is common knowledge that in our country the standard of agricultural markets where the produce changes hands for the first time from the producer to the tradesman and the farmer converts his crops into cash, is extremely poor. These markets barring those now regulated are generally ill- equipped to fullfil the functions which are theirs, in the country's economy. The Royal Commission on Agriculture (1928). commented at length on the defects. prevailing in agricultural marketing and recommended that "these can only be removed by the establishment of properly regulated markets". The findings of the Royal Commission were fully borne out by the surveys on the marketing of several agricultural commodities conducted by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection. Among several measures recommended by the Planning Commission for improving the efficiency of the market- ing system and for promoting orderly marketing of agricultural produce, regulation of markets and market practices has been recom mended as a first step.
The Effect of Chemicals on the Growth and Mitosis in Sesamum Orientale Linn (Til or Gingelly)
Authors:   Botany Department,Birla Collge of Science Pillani, K RAMANATHAN
Published: November 2023

Drugs containing alkaloids are known for their outstanding physiological activity which is based partly on their antibiotic properties, and partly on the inhibition and poisoning of important physiological processes. Since the discovery of Colchicine by Blakeslee & Avery (1937) on the effectiveness of this drug as an agent for inducing chromosome duplication, much work on the effect of allied chemicals on the nuclear cycle has been reported. A review of the recent literature shows that a number of workers have been investigating the various aspects of the different chemicals like colchicine, Acenaphthene, Coumarine, Sulpha-drugs etc. and also the effect of growth promoting chemicals with regard to their activity on the mitosis, growth and cell development. This paper deals with the preliminary observations made during the investigations on the cytological effects of chemicals on the roots of Sesamum orientale L.
Recent Advances in Agriculture their Importance to Coconut Industry
Authors:   Assitant Oilseed Specialist, Coimbatore, S.G AIYADURAI
Published: November 2023

Considerable research work is being pursued on the theoretical and practical aspects of agriculture in the different countries of the world and results of practical importance are getting accumulated from year to year. Only careful study of individual problems can how- ever reveal to what extent the results would be of practical applicability for the improvement of the crop concerned. Systematic long-range applied research on coconut is of recent origin. Copeland has, in his well-known book, described the work done in the Philippines on the physiology of coconut in the earlier years. The four coconut Research Stations in the Madras State have contributed much valuable information on the development of the crop. A research Scheme on coconut was initiated in Ceylon in 1933. In 1929 the Department of Agriculture, Straits settlements and Federated Malaya States started research on Coconut products. Entomological work in Fiji has provided good examples of biological control. Research Stations in Indonesia carried out much work on coconut palms.
Studies on Anthracnose of French Beans
Authors:   Mycology Section,Agricultural Reserch Institute, Coimbatore  641 003, A VENKATA RAO
Published: November 2023

Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Saco. and Magn.) Bri. and Cav., which is responsible for the disease known as 'anthracnose affecting french bean (Phaseolus vulgaris. L.), Scarlet runner bean (P. multiflorus L.) Cowpea (Vignacatjang. L.) and Dolichos lablab L.) enjoys wide distribution almost in all countries. But whether the disease on these hosts is due to the same fungus or to different races of it, or to distinct but related species has not been definitely established (Butler and Jones, 1949). In this state anthracnose' of french bean is prevalent on the Nilgiris and the Palnis. In India anthracnose of D. lablab has been reported by Butler (1917). Subramaniam (1953) has described the same from Coimbatore and has identified the pathogen as Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Glomerella lindemuthianum).
Recent Advances in Agriculture Plant Introduction and its Further Possibilities
Authors:   Systematic Botanist Associate Professor of  Botany, Agricultural College and Reserch Institute, Coimbatore 3, D DANIEL SUNDARARAJ , D MEENAKSHISUNDARAM ,   Systematic Botanist Associate Professor of  Botany, Agricultural College and Reserch Institute, Coimbatore 3
Published: November 2023

In the crop improvement programmes, the intro- duction of species and varieties forms an integral part. The introduction of plants of economic value from another place where these have already been tried and exploited, is a direct and easy method in agricultural development. In fact, most of the cultivated plants of the various countries are such introductions made sometime or other. DeCandolle (1904) and Vavilov (1931) have dealt exten- sively on the origin of the cultivated plants. Rajasekhara Mudaliar (1953) has given a complete review of the plant introduction work in the different countries in the recent times in general and has stressed on the aspects of grasses and legumes in particular. Wenholz (1929) mentions that all the chief cultivated farm, fruit and vegetable crops grown in Australia had originally to be introduced from some other part of the world. McCann (1950) says that every major crop grown in the United States of America is an immigrant. In an eminently agricultural country like ours, the importance of plant exploration and introduction needs no emphasis. The former concerns with the search for wild species of economic value for bringing them under cultivation while the latter deals mainly with the introduction of plants of desirable qualities, from foreign countries with the object of improving our cultivated crops.