bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Unjust Dismissal in the Context of Organizational Justice
Authors: MINTON JOHN W. , LEWICKI ROY J. , SHEPPARD BLAIR H.
Published: March 2007

The issue of unjust dismissal is best understood by placing it in the broader context of a comprehensive model of organizational justice. This article presents such a model based on the application of two perceived principles of justice (balance and correctness) in an organization's pursuit of three goals (performance, community, and dignity), at three organizational levels (outcome, procedure, and system). For perceived fairness to exist, the system must be adequate at each level. The theory of organizational justice is applied to the creation, implementation, and interpretation of disciplinary policies and rules. The article concludes by providing prescriptive advice for the design and operation of discipline and discharge systems, based on the model presented, and suggests that they include written warnings, the opportunity of a hearing, the right to be represented, the right to appeal, and reinforcement of the system through a broad statutory framework.
Ethics in American Government: A Look Backward
Authors: LOCKE HUBERT G. , REYNOLDS HARRY W.
Published: March 2007

A summary glance at three centuries of American democracy indicates that attempts have been made to ensure ethics and morality in government by giving primary attention to the issue of whose hands would hold the reins of governance or be responsible for carrying out government's mandates. Four principal periods are identified: 1620-1790, 1790-1828, 1828-64, and 1865-1945. The current period, since 1945, is an extension of the era and assumptions that emerged after the Civil War, with the added features of professionalism and the law as devices for regulating and sanctioning ethical conduct in government.
Substantive and Procedural Dilemmas in Congressional Ethics
Authors: SINCLAIR THOMAS , WISE CHARLES
Published: March 2007

A series of highly publicized cases of ethical violations in Congress has produced a concerted reexamination of Congress's ethics processes. This article reviews the key arguments promoted by advocates for reforming Congress and examines the substantive and procedural dilemmas confronting members of Congress as they attempt to respond to calls for reform. These dilemmas are illustrated by examining a number of recent ethical cases in Congress. We conclude that the standards that Congress employs and the procedures its members use to enforce them are strongly influenced by the unique constitutional and political context of the institution. As legislators proceed in their efforts to institute new ethical standards, they will continually attempt to strike a balance between legitimate yet contradictory ethical, political, legislative, and procedural demands.
The Evolving Watchdog: The Media's Role in Government Ethics
Authors: FRANCKE WARREN
Published: March 2007

The mass media's influence on the ethics of public life, as characterized by the press's watchdog role in monitoring the conduct of government officials, is assumed to be vital to democracy. The effectiveness of this watchdog role is less clearly understood. Partial answers are found in the evolving institutional history of the press, including its control, ethics, laws, technology, organization, and the content of news stories. Just as reporters rarely discuss their ethics in terms of teleology and deontology, the press does not conceptualize in sophisticated terms its impact on the ethics of public employees. It traditionally finds motivation from the popular belief in watchdog success models from muckraking to Watergate. As partisanship, news values, and reporting techniques evolve, effectiveness varies. Research sheds light on media trends but focuses more on presidents than county clerks, more on political campaigns than government process. Optimism, as new doors and new technology open to reporters, is tempered by competition from the marketplace and the new digital feast promised consumers.
Public Regulation of Private Crime Prevention
Authors: SHERMAN LAWRENCE W.
Published: March 2007

Whom do we blame for causing crime? Increasingly, Americans blame the management of shopping malls, restaurants, parking facilities, and other quasi-public spaces on private property where many predatory crimes occur. This trend has fed both litigation and legislation regulating private security measures in those locations. The two main trends require the disclosure of information on prior crimes and the provision of specific crime prevention strategies. Despite the measurement problems in reporting place-specific crime rates, this practice seems likely to grow. So do the legal restrictions on the physical design of automatic teller machines, the number of clerks on duty in stores, and the number of security guards on duty. Whether these requirements will actually reduce, or even increase, crime remains to be seen. An agency like the Food and Drug Administration is needed to supervise the testing of crime prevention measures to ensure that they are safe and effective.
The Large Small War in Angola
Authors: KNUDSEN CHRISTINE M. , ZARTMAN I. WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

The Angolan conflict is no small war according to most criteria: lasting nearly 35 years, with a death toll exceeding half a million, it has involved the troops of four countries and the intervention of three superpowers. Four attempts have been made to negotiate an end to the conflict, but they failed and in fact led to an even bloodier and more brutal phase of the protracted conflict. This article will first define the intrastate nature and causes of the conflict, examining the mediation processes at Gbadolite, Zaire, and Bicesse, Portugal. Then the authors identify how, due to a lack of requitement and a lack of accommodations for all parties after elections, further escalation remained a possibility even after an agreement was signed. The third section analyzes how these attempts failed in terms of both construct and implementation; it then discusses how these failures have led to a direct reexamination of the conflict and redefinition of a mutually satisfactory and tenable resolution in the ongoing mediation process in Lusaka, Zambia.
Wars without End: The Indo-Pakistani Conflict
Authors: GANGULY SUMIT
Published: March 2007

The three Indo-Pakistani conflicts (1947-48, 1965, and 1971) were all characterized by a low threshold of violence, limited scope, and short duration. A number of factors explain the limited extent of these conflicts: the common British imperial heritage, the lack of doctrinal innovation, and the paucity of highly sophisticated weaponry. Although these three factors are no longer relevant today, the current recrudescence of violence in Kashmir is unlikely to lead to another full-scale war between India and Pakistan because, oddly enough, the incipient nuclearization of the region has introduced a level of stability at higher levels of violence. Only through misperception, miscalculation, and inadvertence could war once again erupt between these two states.
Leaders, Leadership, and Flexibility: Influences on Heads of Government as Negotiators and Mediators
Authors: HERMANN MARGARET G.
Published: March 2007

Under what conditions do heads of governments have the flexibility to change their policies, and what is the impact of such flexibility on their behavior in negotiation and mediation processes? Leadership is viewed as an umbrella concept that involves at least four ingredients: the characteristics of the leader; the needs, images, and expectations of those led, the constituents of the leader; the nature of the relationship between the leader and those led; and the context in which the leadership is exercised. This article explores how these four aspects of leadership influence leaders' ability to change and be flexible. It also suggests the relevance of the resulting flexibility for negotiation and mediation.
Mediating Regional Conflicts and Negotiating Flexibility: Peace Efforts in Bosnia-Herzegovina
Authors: ATIYAS NIMET BERIKER
Published: March 2007

This study analyzes four mediation initiatives in the conflict in Bosnia-Herzegovina in order to understand the differences between mediators' capabilities and their effect on the negotiating flexibility of the disputing parties. It is claimed that regardless of the outcomes of the negotiations, in all mediation cases, parties adopted flexible negotiating behavior in the form of making or offering concessions, agreements on rules and procedures, agreements on mutual solutions, and introducing new peace proposals. In all instances, the mediators played both the facilitator and manipulator roles. The difference between a mediation process leading to an agreement and one ending with a stalemate is found in the way and extent to which a mediator uses his or her leverage in playing the role of a manipulator.
The Federal Role in Dealing with Violent Street Crime: Principles, Questions, and Cautions
Authors: HEYMANN PHILIP B. , MOORE MARK H.
Published: March 2007

Long-established principles of federalism have limited federal action against violent crime. An important question is whether those principles ought now to be relaxed. We distinguish two roles for the federal government: direct operations and financial assistance. Regarding direct operations, the natural division of labor among federal, state, and local enforcement agencies should be maintained, and federal enforcement agencies should be diverted to the fight against street crime only on an emergency, backup basis and only while the emergency exists. Regarding financial assistance, traditional principles of federalism that favor local decisions over national decisions should apply unless some important federal interest—such as the protection of individual rights; the encouragement of innovation and learning; or the protection of one state against the actions of others—is engaged. If such an interest is engaged, that interest ought to be reflected in federal restrictions on how the money can be used. When we apply these principles to recent federal legislation, we conclude that the nation's interest in experimenting with the potential of community policing justifies a federal categorical grant program, while the effort to encourage states to stiffen their sentencing requirements does not.
The German Apprenticeship System: Lessons for Austin, Texas
Authors: GLOVER ROBERT W.
Published: March 2007

With a strong economy bringing skill shortages in technical jobs, Austin, Texas, has sought to learn the essentials of the German apprenticeship system for the development of its local youths and to help resolve labor supply problems encountered by local employers. Going beyond the conventional research and study tours, Austin has invited direct participation from European training experts and has established an apprentice exchange for Austin youths with the Chamber of Small and Medium-Sized Firms and Crafts in Koblenz, Austin's sister city in Germany. The Capital Area Training Foundation, an industry-led, nonprofit corporation, was formed to guide the development of the school-to-work system through its affiliated industry steering committees established in each of the region's major industry sectors. These steering committees decide on the industry's approach to working with schools, confirm industry skill standards and curriculum frameworks, provide career information, and organize opportunities for active career exploration and work-based learning.
Three Phases in the Evolution of Risk Communication Practice
Authors: LEISS WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

Effective communication between interested parties is widely held to be a vital element in health and environmental risk management decision making. There have been three phases in the evolution of risk communication during the last twenty years. Phase I emphasized risk: in a modern industrial economy, we must have the capacity to manage risks at a very exacting level of detail. Phase II stresses communication: statements about risk situations are best regarded as acts of persuasive communication, that is, as messages intended to persuade a listener of the correctness of a point of view. Now, in Phase III, public and private sector institutions increasingly are recognizing their responsibility to deal adequately with both dimensions and to carry out sound risk communication as a matter of good business practice.
Risk and the Legal System
Authors: KRIER JAMES E.
Published: March 2007

“Risk” and the “legal system” are ambiguous terms. Here they are clarified, then considered from the standpoint of the objectives, methods, and problems of legal intervention in a world of inevitable risk.
Public Expression Outside the Mainstream
Authors: HERBST SUSAN
Published: March 2007

Although most research in political communication concerns conventional, electoral politics and mainstream media, scholars need to focus on the margins of the public sphere as well. By studying social groups that find it difficult to garner attention from the major networks and newspapers, we discover a variety of interesting innovations in human communication. This article discusses a few cases, historical and contemporary, of marginal political communication in order to highlight forms and possibilities of mediated communication that are overlooked in typical discussions of media and American politics.
Hong Kong: Colonial Legacy, Transformation, and Challenge
Authors: CHAN MING K.
Published: March 2007

After 140 years of British rule, which transformed it into a world city of 6 million, Hong Kong embarked upon a fundamental transformation as the 1984 Sino-British agreement mandated the end of British colonialism and the sovereignty retrocession to the People's Republic of China on 1 July 1997. The China factor has ushered in the related processes of decolonization, localization, internationalization, and democratization. It also provoked a rising identity consciousness among the local populace as Chinese. Instead of receiving credit for these potentially positive and creative transformative processes, the China factor has become a disturbing and destabilizing negative force underlining the imperfect transition and the crisis of confidence in Hong Kong. The Sino-British struggle for pre-1997 control and the PRC's intolerance of local democratization and liberalization have intensified the Beijing-Hong Kong-London discord, reducing the prospect for a successful China-Hong Kong reintegration toward 1997 and beyond.
“Havel to the Castle!” The Power of the Word
Authors: KETELS VIOLET B.
Published: March 2007

This article argues the virtue of Václav Havel's striking idea “that the world might actually be changed by the force of truth, the power of a truthful word, the strength of a free spirit, conscience, and responsibility.” We are not powerless when we recognize the power of words to change history for good or ill. Intellectuals, whose work is inherently linguistic, bear unique responsibility for the thinking that shapes the general moral consciousness. Havel calls intellectuals to account for vacuous verbal games that erode faith in human communication, for complicity in subversive linguistic manipulation, and for ethical indifference. We must become Cassandras, he urges, “warriors of the pen,” predicting, warning, bearing witness on the side of truth against lies, holding ourselves and others to account for the integrity of words and for fidelity between words and action. Only such scruple can change moral consciousness enough to make violence rare and human life sacred again.
The Rise and Fall and Rise of Cleveland
Authors: WARF BARNEY , HOLLY BRIAN
Published: March 2007

Cleveland, Ohio, long the quintessential blue-collar, working-class American city, has been fashioned through a series of periodic transformations tightly linked to the changing rhythms of the national and global economies. After a brief review of the city's historical development, this article explores Cleveland's descent in the face of massive and traumatic deindustrialization. In the 1990s, as the midwestern economy has become thoroughly restructured around the prerequisites of post-Fordism, Cleveland has enjoyed an unexpected renaissance, including an incipient high-technology sector, producer services, and as a center of cultural consumption. A consistent theme throughout is that the details of Cleveland's experience can be understood only in reference to the city's changing competitive position; in this light, it offers a lens through which national and global tendencies conjoin in unique local contexts.
Privatization: A New Transportation Paradigm
Authors: POOLE ROBERT W.
Published: March 2007

A new approach to the funding, management, and operation of transportation infrastructure is emerging. “Privatization” refers to several different ways in which private sector firms, usually under some form of government supervision, assume significant responsibility for these major systems. Although the traditional U.S. model of user taxes, trust funds, centralized resource allocation, and government ownership and operation has produced reasonably good transportation infrastructure, this approach carries with it incentives for suboptimal performance—such as allocating resources on political rather than economic-value grounds, encouraging congesation at peak hours, and skimping on maintenance. The privatization techniques offer the potential of institutionalizing a better set of incentives for cost-effective performance. This article explores the use of (1) contract management and operation, (2) long-term franchises and concessions, and (3) divestiture as privatization modes that can be applied to highways and airports.
Policy Battles over Defining Children's Educational Television
Authors: KUNKEL DALE
Published: March 2007

Rather than resolving the debate about children's programming policy, congressional approval of the Children's Television Act of 1990 (CTA) actually served to trigger a number of battles about the technical details for implementing the new law. These details, such as defining what content qualifies as educational, were left to the discretion of the Federal Communications Commission (FCC). This analysis reviews the policymaking process that followed the adoption of the CTA, the industry's initial response to the new law, and the developments that led the FCC to establish more stringent rules in 1996 for enforcing the CTA requirements.
School Resources and Student Outcomes
Authors: CARD DAVID , KRUEGER ALAN B.
Published: March 2007

In this article, David Card and Alan Krueger review the literature examining how school resources affect students' educational attainment and earnings. After addressing the challenges that researchers face in studying such a connection, the authors describe the theoretical framework they used to interpret the literature on schooling, school quality, and earnings. The framework is guided by four propositions: that earnings rise with educational attainment; that the marginal payoff to additional schooling is higher for those who attend quality schools; that, if the monetary payoff to an additional year of schooling rises, some students will attend school longer; and that a portion of the observed association between earnings and education is due to unobserved factors. After an account of the empirical findings in these studies, the authors conclude that there is some evidence that school resources affect earnings and educational attainment, although much uncertainty remains in the literature.
Toward the Development of Quasi-Indigenous Personality Constructs
Authors: BENET-MARTÍNEZ VERÓNICA , JOHN OLIVER P.
Published: March 2007

Can the Big Five be recovered in Spanish? Several recent cross-cultural studies indicate that imported (i.e., translated) Big Five measures replicate in Spanish but that existing indigenous Spanish personality taxonomies map only partially onto the Big Five domain. This article outlines a complementary midlevel approach that involves identifying a quasi-indigenous Spanish Big Five taxonomy, namely, a manageable set of indigenous Spanish (Castilian) personality descriptors that reliably measure the Big Five using local, culturally relevant terms. Results from the present study support the reliability, factorial robustness, and construct validity of the resulting quasi-indigenous Spanish Big Five scales defined by the Castilian markers. Results also suggest that humor, good nature, and unconventionality may be particularly salient aspects of personality description in Spain.
9. Label Thinking and the Supreme Court: A Methodological Note
Authors: Ulmer S.Sidney
Published: March 2007

By combining three indices measuring justices* attitudes toward change, one can make generalizations about the position occupied by a justice on the courts on which he sat.
Politics in Literature
Authors: Kroll Morton
Published: March 2007

Political scientists hold no monopoly on the examination of government and political processes; many novelists and playwrights have dealt directly or indirectly with the same subjects, and the study of their works may provide political science with both new insights and new analytical methods. Bodies of literature not dealing directly with political subjects can be studied in relation to their socio-political environment. Other literary works may constitute documentary evidence, social critique, polemic, or descriptions of governmental personalities and processes.
Public Opinion as the Subject of Social Science Research
Authors: Uledov A.K.
Published: March 2007

Recently, after a hiatus of some thirty years, the term "public opinion" has been reappearing in the lexicon of Soviet scholarship. In this article, a Russian social scientist attempts to present public opinion "within a scientific context and to fill a gap in our theoretical literature." He discusses the devel opment of the concept in Western and Soviet thought, and points with some accuracy to certain opinion research questions that have been ignored by many Western scholars. The treatment is essentially Marxian, of course, and the author concludes that the formation of public opinion is primarily the result of conscious social activity, in which Russian Communist organizations should further participate.
The Paradox of Party Difference
Authors: Butler David
Published: March 2007

British parties are not so "principled" nor are American parties so "unprincipled" as many experts and laymen maintain. Graphs are a useful device to demonstrate the simultaneous overlaps and contrasts of British, American, and French parties. A simple comparison of their elected representatives is enough to break down certain illusions; the introduction of curves depicting the position of the parties' militants and rank and file reveals more of the total spectrum and explains other apparent contradictions of fact. Professor Butler is of Nuffield College, Oxford.
How the Polls Fared in 1960
Authors: Campbell Angus
Published: March 2007

In a note to the editor of ABS, the director of the University of Michigan's Survey Research Center remarks on some of the successes and the few failures of the 1960 polls, in comparison with previous years' experience; he suggests that some of the pollsters still have some fences to mend.
The New Educational Technology
Authors: Bruner Jerome
Published: March 2007

Professor Bruner, of Harvard, whose recent works on psychology and philosophy in education have aroused much favorable attention, presents here the new view of education, advocates more prescriptive research, and warns of complacency resulting from apparent early victories.
The Western European Scientific Establishment in Transition
Authors: Kaplan Norman
Published: March 2007

Professor Kaplan of the Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania, examines the reasons for the abandonment of Western Europe's traditional laissez faire attitude toward science. He describes the impact of this change on scientific organizations in Western Europe.
U. S. Historiography of Latin America
Authors: Cline Howard F.
Published: March 2007

This essay places American historical research on Latin America within the more general context of American historiography. The present state of the art is evaluated and future directions outlined. The eclectic, non-exclusivist character of historical methodology is examined and related to the requirements of graduate training and interdisciplinary research. Mr. Cline is with the Hispanic Foundation of the Library of Congress.
Reward Systems in Art, Science, and Religion
Authors: Crane Diana
Published: March 2007

Using type of and control over rewards, Crane develops and illustrates the utility of a scheme for understanding variations among innovations in art, science, and religion.
Practical Creativity in the Corporate World
Authors: MORGAN THOMAS F. , AMMENTORP WILLIAM M.
Published: March 2007

Creativity and intuition are recurring themes in the management literature of the 1980s. Agor's (1984) Intuitive Management and Owen's (1987) Spirit Transformation and Development in Organizations are examples of the attempts of management thinkers to deal with the “irrational” side of business administration. Although these approaches have helped to liberate managers from the constraints of quantitative models of organization, they are far too superficial to guide decision makers on a day-to-day basis. The thesis advanced is that creativity in business management is largely a qualitative process. The creative manager sees his or her organization in qualitative terms and may rely on linguistic rather than discrete logical processes to identify productive future directions. A configuration formulating a description of linguistic reasoning by financial managers is presented. By constructing qualitative models of organization operations, the authors show how the creative process can be informed and communicated to key actors in the corporate environment. The concept makes use of “fuzzy set theory,” employing a continuous range of values, to develop linguistic “maps” based on expert opinion to specify model parameters. The authors also describe a computer software environment where such models can be constructed and used to support creative thinking.
The New Creative Thinking Skills Needed for Total Quality Management to Become Fact, Not Just Philosophy
Authors: BASADUR MIN , ROBINSON SUSAN
Published: March 2007

This article models the change-making process for organizations, summarizes research on the model, and shows the fundamental connection between change-making skills and the concept called total quality management (TQM). Further, the article models the change-making process as a disciplined multistage, circular creative thinking process and links creative thinking directly to organizational effectiveness. Three key creative thinking skills for organizations are identified: deferral of judgment, active divergence, and active convergence. How these skills form the basis of TQM success is described and training research is summarized. Change-making skills and continuous improvement are identified as the fundamentals of TQM. As North American industries continue to experience the effects of constantly changing markets and global competition, the need to implement TQM will increasingly emerge. To move beyond the tendency to superficially implement the latest “fad,” organizations need to increase their understanding of change-making as the foundation of TQM. Organizational members starting with top management need to learn fundamental creative thinking skills to participate in the change-making process.
Perceived Control and the Clinton Presidency
Authors: BRENDERS DAVID A. , FABJ VALERIA
Published: March 2007

Perceived control of important life outcomes has been shown to be a fundamental prerequisite of psychological well-being and social adjustment. Literally thousands of studies attest to the notion that a person with a sense of perceived control, efficacy, and optimism inhabits a different psychological world from a person who espouses a fatalistic, pessimistic, or powerless worldview. The person's control orientation also influences how he or she responds to information and persuasion. This article reviews the psychological evidence for a connection between perceived control and political behavior. From this review, implications for political discourse are drawn to the 1992 campaign, to the political behavior of Governor Clinton and President Bush in their effort to garner votes and to the early Clinton administration.
Some Aspects of Major Newspaper Coverage of the 1992 Presidential Debates
Authors: JACQUES WAYNE , MEILINGER FRANK , BALMORIS MICHAEL , GERNS CYNTHIA , DENBY STEVEN
Published: March 2007

This trend analysis of coverage by influential dailies focuses on a strategic phase late in the 1992 campaign: the presidential and vice presidential debates. Differences in coverage among some of the nation's most influential newspapers, including The New York Times, Washington Post, Chicago Tribune, Los Angeles Times, and Wall Street Journal, are noted. Also examined are the local newspapers The Boston Globe and Boston Herald. Column inches, source identification, and textual tone are analyzed in newspaper-to-newspaper and candidate-to-candidate comparisons. The authors observed a high ratio of negative-to-positive coverage of George Bush's performances in comparison to the other five major presidential and vice presidential candidates and skeptical treatment of Ross Perot's electability.
Imitation and Artifice in Apes, Humans, and Machines
Authors: EDWARDS DEREK
Published: March 2007

Mrs. Johns... was delighted with her bird's new home. “You could tell he was really pleased, he ran about rounding up his hens.”

— The Guardian, June 1, 1993

(reprinted by permission)
Cui Bono? Employee Benefit Packages
Authors: KNOKE DAVID
Published: March 2007

Recent difficulties in obtaining quality child care by Clinton administration nominees underscore the shortcomings in employee benefits available to the U.S. labor force. The author uses data from the 1991 National Organizations Survey to examine the extent to which employers provide various types of benefits. Factor analysis of 13 programs and services uncovers three underlying dimensions: (a) a personal benefits package consisting of medical, dental, life insurance, pensions, disability, and drug/alcohol abuse treatment; (b) a familial benefits bundle of maternity leave, sick leave, elderly care, child care, and job training programs; and (c) participant benefits comprising cash bonuses and profit sharing. Poisson regression and multicategory logistic regression analyses examine hypotheses about the organizational capacity, employee demand, and environmental factors associated with more comprehensive employee benefit programs. Implications of the results for understanding organizations' human resources practices and their social contracts with employees are discussed.
New Technologies in Health Communication
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN MICHAEL A.
Published: March 2007

The convergence of computers, television, and telecommunications in one information superhighway is being heralded as the cure-all for much of America's economic and even social ills. Whether or not this is true, the health communication professional will have to know how to harness the new media technologies, how to create multiple messages that meet the demands of a society that is moving away from mass communication to multichannel networks (500+ in television alone). Today's communication professional has to be aware of a whole range of options, ranging from CD-I (compact disc-interactive) to HDTV (high-definition television). Only then can he or she choose the right vehicle(s) for the right preventive message, based on the right health education programs. Understanding the new media is key to the diffusion of information. Knowledge will indeed mean power, albeit remaining short of a general panacea for success.
The Effectiveness of Alcohol Warning Lables: A Review and Extension
Authors: ANDREWS J. CRAIG
Published: March 2007

Since the appearance of the federally mandated alcohol warning labels in 1989, there have been numerous research studies examining the effectiveness of the warnings. Such studies have explored awareness levels, risk perceptions, believability, attitudes, and behavioral changes associated with the alcohol warning labels. Unfortunately, although frequent and heavier drinkers are aware and have knowledge of consumption risks, they are also likely to discount such information and are quite reticent to change patterns of abusive behavior. Reasons for such resistance are offered based on what has been learned from cigarette warning research, the fear appeal literature, psychological reactance theory, the persuasive communications field, and studies of addictive behavior. Public policy alternatives are discussed, including the enhancement of warning information, counteradvertising, and alcohol education programs in the process of building cognitive defenses, changing beliefs, and internalizing alcohol risk information.
Crime, Culture Conflict and the Sources of Support for Gun Control
Authors: KLECK GARY
Published: March 2007

National survey data were combined with information about the cities in which urban respondents lived to determine whether support for gun control is increased by exposure to high crime rates, prior victimization, and fear of crime, or is a product of membership in social groups with cultures hostile to ownership and use of guns. Results indicate that support for gun permits is generally unrelated to crime-related variables but is heaviest among those social groups regarded as most hostile to gun ownership and its associated cultural traits. That is, support is stronger among liberals, higher-income persons, those with more schooling, Jews, and those who do not own guns or hunt. The results support the view that gun control support is more a product of culture conflict than a response to crime. Results for contextual variables also indicate that support is stronger in cities with more police and fewer gun owners per capita.
Drug Abuse Prevention Programming
Authors: DONALDSON STEWART I. , SUSSMAN STEVE , MacKINNON DAVID P. , SEVERSON HERBERT H. , GLYNN THOMAS , MURRAY DAVID M. , STONE ELAINE J.
Published: March 2007

This article summarizes the theoretical underpinnings, substantive contents, and limitations of comprehensive social-influences-based drug abuse prevention programming. This type of programming has produced the most consistently successful preventive effects. There is some evidence that one major part of these programs, changing social norms, is an essential ingredient for successful drug abuse prevention programming. Research suggests that these effects may not be contingent on the use of refusal assertion training, a prototype activity of social-influences-based prevention programs. Because programs, when disseminated to the public, often contain only a subset of lessons from the social influences curriculum, there remains the potential error of implementing a combination of lessons that may not be effective. Further, there is evidence that other types of prevention programming, such as physical consequences programming, may be successful in some situations. Finally, social-influences-based programming may not be as effective with some subpopulations such as high-risk youths.
Individual Action and the Demand for Institutions
Authors: ZUCKER LYNNE G. , DARBY MICHAEL R.
Published: March 2007

In contrast to the recently dominant nonrational approach to institutional structure, the authors posit that new institutional structures under most conditions must have net benefits for performance of the organization or they are significantly less likely to be adopted. Over the past 2 decades, the dedicated new biotechnology firm (NBF) emerged as a new institution—a new form of science-based firm in which venture capital support of basic research is legitimated. The authors show that the most productive “star” bioscientists, one of whom invented the form, played a central role in where and when NBFs were formed and that star involvement determines which ones are most successful. Furthermore, involvement with a NBF furthers the scientific and financial success of star scientists. The authors conclude that the NBF was a rational and successful innovation for its inventor and his imitators and that explains its becoming a new institutional form.
Assessing the Impact of Ad Watches on the Strategic Decision-Making Process
Authors: BENNETT COURTNEY
Published: March 2007

The percentage of presidential ads containing a misleading statement rose to 52% in 1996, up from 14% in 1992. At the same time, there was a drop both in broadcast and print press coverage of the presidential election, as well as in ad watches. The amount of broadcast coverage of the election was down 55% from 1992. Front-page newspaper campaign coverage was down 45% from 1992, whereas campaign coverage, measured in stories, was down 40% from 1992. Proportionally, broadcast ad watch stories in 1996 dropped by 68%, whereas print ad watches dropped by 20%. This article examines how ads were covered by the media and asks whether the drop in broadcast and print ad watches affected the decisions of political ad makers about creating or continuing to air controversial ads. In addition to a content analysis of print and broadcast ad watches, ad watch journalists and presidential ad consultants were questioned to help determine how ad watches affect the strategic decision-making process.
The Ghetto of Exclusion and the Fortified Enclave
Authors: MARCUSE PETER
Published: March 2007

Three key developments are described: (a) the transformation of the earlier racial ghettos into excluded ghettos, class/racial ghettos of the excluded and abandoned, resulting from a combination of hyperpauperization and racism; (b) a qualitatively new phase of the totalizing suburb, in which “edge cities” are created combining residential, business, social, and cultural areas that are removed from older central cities and overlaid on earlier patterns of suburbanization, representing a dramatic and expanded form of the exclusionary enclave; and (c) the parallel transformation of luxury and upper-class residences (and, increasingly, businesses and social and cultural facilities—thus similarly totalizing) into separate areas, appropriately called fortified citadels, each again separated from the other parts of the city by social, economic, and often physical barriers. The three developments are intimately connected with each other and mutually reinforcing.
Tokyo
Authors: WALEY PAUL
Published: March 2007

Tokyo stands at the center of the largest conurbation in the world, one that has continued to grow throughout the second half of the century. It remains the political, corporate, educational, and cultural heart of Japan. In this article, the author examines the conurbation in light of its evermore pronounced insertion into world systems of capital flow and corporate control, reflected in an exceptional rise in land prices in the second half of the 1980s, followed by an equally severe slump. In seeking to explain why this buffeting could occur without a greater degree of social dislocation, the author sets Tokyo apart from interpretations of changes that have affected other cities as a result of the globalization of corporate interests and capital flows. The author then discusses ways in which the increased corporatization of urban space has affected the city's inhabitants, with a particular focus on inner-city areas. Finally, the author examines social trends normally linked to the globalization of capital and its effects on urban dynamics—trends such as pauperization and gentrification—and suggests some reasons why these trends have not been as apparent in Tokyo as in other world cities.
Using Tenure
Authors: PLATER WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

This article has two tasks. First, the author expounds on the idea of citizenship and considers tenure not only as right and reward but also as a bond of shared responsibility. He points out the need to change the workforce and considers what the implications are for tenure. In the second half of the article, the author delineates the multiple tasks and roles that exist within the academy and considers what an audit of faculty work might entail.
The Tangled Roots of Affirmative Action
Authors: SUGRUE THOMAS J.
Published: March 2007

This article traces the origins of affirmative action in post-New Deal liberalism. Both racial liberals and their critics used rights discourse to shape their demands for equality and security. Civil rights activists responded to the problem of racial discrimination through strategies of moral reform, education, and persuasion that emphasized universalistic goals of equality. Their efforts yielded numerous state fair employment practices laws in the 1950s that were seldom effective. When antidiscrimination laws failed to desegregate labor markets, many Black activists called for more radical change. When the federal government began to demand racial preferences in the workplace during the mid-1960s, White opponents of racial equality recast their opposition in the same universalistic rights language that civil rights activists had used in the 1940s and 1950s. The result was an impasse that continues to shape the debate over affirmative action.
Cultural Brokers: Race-Based Hiring in Inner-City Neighborhoods
Authors: LEE JENNIFER
Published: March 2007

Race matters in today's inner-city job market. Small business owners in predominantly Black neighborhoods prefer hiring Blacks for reasons that have nothing to do with Title VII or government pressure for affirmative action. Instead, these entrepreneurs hire Blacks because of their perceived use as cultural brokers in dealing with a Black clientele. Based on 75 in-depth merchant interviews from five predominantly Black neighborhoods in New York City and Philadelphia, the author finds race-based hiring does not necessarily mean that African Americans will benefit. Black is an overinclusive category that carries both racial and ethnic meanings, and consequently, although firms may hire Blacks, these small business owners prefer hiring immigrants over native-born Americans, including Black immigrants. Affirmative action for Blacks and entrepreneurs' preferences for Blacks as cultural brokers may involve race-conscious hiring, yet both can work to miss or exclude African Americans.
Race, Interests, and Beliefs About Affirmative Action
Authors: BOBO LAWRENCE
Published: March 2007

Studies of public opinion on affirmative action have focused heavily on the views of White Americans. Two contending schools of thought tend to concur that Whites generally oppose affirmative action, but sharply disagree over whether the hostility to affirmative action rests on cherished American values of individualism or on anti-Black racism. This article questions both perspectives and the assumptions about public opinion that they share. It is important to examine the views of Whites and of racial minority group members and to recognize that group interests play an important part in the politics affirmative action. The analysis focuses on beliefs about the effects of affirmative action. The results point to real but far from irreconcilable race-based differences in opinion, a clear dependence of Whites' views on perceived threats from Blacks, and no influence of individualism on Whites' beliefs about the effects of affirmative action. The research suggests ways of moving beyond the political stalemate of opposing claims to moral virtue in the debate over affirmative action.
Anti-Semitism and Nazism
Authors: SMITH ROBERT B.
Published: March 2007

Erich Fromm's The Working Class in Weimar Germany relates political party affiliation to attitudes; some findings imply that many German workers circa 1929-1930 were not anti-Semitic. Contrariwise, Daniel Jonah Goldhagen's Hitler's Willing Executioners Posits uniformly high levels of eliminationist, racially based anti-Semitism among the Germans who perpetrated the mass killings of Jews circa 1941 and thereafter. Because these killers were ordinary Germans, Goldhagen believes that almost any German would have willingly conducted the genocide. By explicating the process of Nazification of Germans, this article aims to reconcile these seemingly contradictory observations. The Germans' anti-Semitism increased over time because of the Nazis' threat of coercion, the public's perceptions of the regime's economic and international achievements, and anti-Semitic propaganda. By 1941, many Germans had internalized the Nazi worldview, which included eliminationist anti-Semitism as an intrinsic component. Had such Nazified Germans been called upon to serve in the killing units, many would have—some with enthusiasm and some with reluctance. Their anti-Semitism and the cohesion of their killing units would have directed them to kill Jews.
Valuing Housework
Authors: SIEGEL REVA B.
Published: March 2007

This article explores the role that law has played in insulating wives' household labor from market exchange. During the 19th century, the feminist movement challenged giving a husband property rights in his wife's labor and argued that wives were entitled to rights in labor they performed in and out of the household. Legislatures and courts ultimately granted wives rights in labor performed for third parties but refused to countenance any arrangement that would give a married woman rights in the labor performed for her husband or family. In particular, courts refused (and still refuse to this day) to enforce spousal agreements compensating wives for the performance of household labor. In reforming the law of marriage, legislatures and courts struggled to distinguish between market and family relations. In so doing, they imposed legal boundaries on the labor market and defined the economic structure of family transactions for the industrial era.
Civil Society and Social Capital Beyond Putnam
Authors: EDWARDS BOB , FOLEY MICHAEL W.
Published: March 2007

Both civil society and social capital have proven useful heuristics for drawing attention to neglected nonmarket aspects of social reality and constitute a needed corrective to narrowly economistic models. However, both break down, although in different ways, when treated as the basis for elaborating testable hypotheses and further theory. Civil society is most useful in polemical or normative contexts, but attempts to distinguish it from other sectors of society typically break down in unresolvable boundary disputes over just what constitutes civil society and what differentiates it from “state” and “market.” Work by Robert Putnam and others has assimilated social capital to the civic culture model, using it as just another label for the norms and values of the empirical democratic theory of the 1950s. This strategy undermines the empirical value of James Coleman and Pierre Bourdieu's useful social relational concept.
Politics + Science = Futures Studies?
Authors: MANNERMAA MIKA
Published: March 2007

The eternal truth of the future cannot, of course, be the goal of futures studies. Future is full of surprises, uncertainty, trends and trend breaks, irrationality and rationality, and it is changing and escaping from our hands as time goes by. It is also the result of actions made by innumerable more or less powerful actors. In this article, the author describes the general features of futures studies, especially in its impact on societal development and decision making. The aim is also to show that the change in societal development has brought new challenges to the theoretical and methodological aspects of futures studies. Finally, the author discusses the problem of linking scenarios of the future to social and political decision making.
Negotiator Judgment
Authors: BAZERMAN MAX H.
Published: March 2007

This article overviews prescriptive research, specifies limitations of that research direction, and introduces a complementary research approach that focuses on the judgmental limitations of negotiators. Specifically, this complementary approach examines how systematic deviations from rationality in negotiator judgment reduce the effectiveness of negotiators.