bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE COUNSELOR: In Canadian Secondary Schools
Authors: WILSON J. A. R.
Published: July 2012

The Western World is passing through a period of social upheaval which is particularly unsettling to school students. In this turbulent and chaotic era one of the increasingly important stabilizing forces in the lives of students is the counselor. In all too many cases he is the only person to whom a student feels free to bring his fears, perplexities, and troubles. He stands in loco parentis oftentimes for parents who are not available emotionally even if they may be contacted physically.

What manner of person is this counselor? What background has made him versatile enough to understand the problems brought by the poly got population of the modern high school? What special training has he obtained to fit him for these responsibilities? What work does he do?
A PROPOSED CODE OF ETHICS. For Counselors
Authors: GLUCK SAMUEL
Published: July 2012

ONE OF THE distinguishing marks of a profession is the concern of its members for their own ethical conduct. This concern has found expression in the codes of ethics of many of the older professions, in the Committee on Ethical Practices of NVGA, and in inquiries regarding the ethical behavior of prospective professional members. To date, however, NVGA has not formulated nor adopted a code of ethics to which the conscientious counselor may turn for guidance when in doubt.

In the hope of provoking some action in this direction, the authors of this article have examined the codes of ethics of four other professions which are similar to their own, in that each profession frequently involves a one‐to‐one relationship between practitioner and client. The four professions selected were law, medicine, psychology, and social work. From the proposed1 or adopted codes of these professions they have selected items which appear to them to be applicable to counselors and they have revised these items as seemed to them desirable.

They have combined their ideas into the following Proposed Code of Ethics for Counselors. This proposal has no official status, nor have the authors unanimously agreed upon the wording or the inclusion of every item. What they have done is to prepare something that will provoke discussion and it is hoped serve as the starting point for what will, in due course, become an officially adopted code of ethics for the professional and other practicing members of NVGA.

After each item in the following code appears in parentheses the name of the profession whose code inspired drafting the item. The authors take full responsibility and blame for the revisions they have made and for presenting such items in a new context which may in some cases not do full justice to the original authors. At the end of the third section they have placed a few items of their own pertaining to the use of occupational information.
The Employment Outlook 1952–1953
Authors: GOLDSTEIN HAROLD , WINEGARDEN C. R.
Published: July 2012

Since the economic climate in which guidance is carried on determines the problems guidance workers face and influences the ways in which they function, perhaps it will help in planning and orienting work to look ahead a little at the employment outlook. The main outlines of this picture that are beginning to emerge are summarized in a recent appraisal of the manpower requirements and supply of the United States for 1952 and 1953.

The tense world situation puts its stamp on the character of this Nation's economic outlook. The domestic economy has been intensely affected by the defense mobilization program undertaken when the fighting started in Korea. International events are notoriously hard to predict; incidents in the jungles of Indo‐China or the deserts of the Middle East have a way of overturning elaborately laid defense programs and also predictions based on them. Nevertheless, in order to plan it is necessary to make some reasonable assumptions. It may be useful to assume that, on the one hand, international tensions will not abate enough to make the United States abandon its expanded defense program for some years to come and that, on the other hand, this country can look forward to a long period of sustained partial mobilization rather than an all‐out war. If these assumptions should prove to be wrong, the following appraisal of the economic outlook will be wrong.
SAMPLING PROBLEMS in follow‐up research
Authors: ROTHNEY JOHN W. M. , MOOREN ROBERT L.
Published: July 2012

You have been told by every textbook writer that follow‐up is the thing to do, that, since the data obtained from such studies provide valuable suggestions for the improvement of your teaching and counseling, you ought to check on what happens to your people after they leave you. If you decide to do it you might profit from this report of the experience the writers have just had in the process of attempting to get (and getting!) 100 per cent response from the subjects of the Wisconsin Counseling Study.
Evaluation of oral mucosa collagen condition with cross‐polarization optical coherence tomography
Authors: Gladkova Natalia , Kiseleva Elena , Robakidze Natalia , Balalaeva Irina , Karabut Maria , Gubarkova Ekaterina , Feldchtein Felix
Published: July 2012

The goal of the research was analysis of the effect of collagen condition in formation of cross‐polarized CP OCT images. We used of the CP OCT technique for studying collagen condition on an example of oral mucosa. Special histologic picrosirius red (PSR) staining of cheek mucosa specimens was used with subsequent assessing of the result of collagen staining in polarized light. High correlation (r = 0.692, p = 0.0001) between OCT signal standard deviation (SD) in cross‐polarized images and brightness of PSR stained collagen fibers in cheek mucosa specimens was demonstrated in patients with inflammatory intestine and oral mucosa diseases. We have found that the OCT signal SD in cross‐polarized images reflects two boundary conditions of collagen disorganization, namely, loss of fiber properties at active inflammation which attenuates the signal and fibrosis that occurs due to synthesis of a new remodeled collagen which amplifies the OCT signal. (© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
BLUF Hydrogen network dynamics and UV/Vis spectra: A combined molecular dynamics and quantum chemical study
Authors: Götze Jan P. , Greco Claudio , Mitrić Roland , Bonačić‐Koutecký Vlasta , Saalfrank Peter
Published: July 2012

Blue light sensing using flavin (BLUF) protein photoreceptor domains change their hydrogen bond network after photoexcitation. To explore this phenomenon, BLUF domains from R. sphaeroides were simulated using Amber99 molecular dynamics (MD). Five starting configurations were considered, to study different BLUF proteins (AppA/BlrB), Trp conformations (“Win”/“Wout”), structure determination (X‐ray/NMR), and finally, His protonation states. We found dependencies of the hydrogen bonds on almost all parameters. Our data show an especially strong correlation of the Trp position and hydrogen bonds involving Gln63. The latter is in some contradiction to earlier results (Obanayama et al., Photochem. Photobiol. 2008, 84 10031010). Possible origins and implications are discussed. Our calculations support conjectures that Gln63 is more flexible with Trp104 in Win position. Using snapshots from MD and time‐dependent density functional theory, UV/vis spectra for the chromophore were determined, which account for molecular motion of the protein under ambient conditions. In accord with experiment, it is found that the UV/vis spectra of BLUF bound flavin are red‐shifted and thermally broadened for all calculated π → π* transitions, relative to gas phase flavin at T = 0 K. However, differences in the spectra between the various BLUF configurations cannot be resolved with the present approach. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Lipidomic analysis of phospholipids from human mammary epithelial and breast cancer cell lines
Authors: Dória M. Luísa , Cotrim Cândida Z. , Simões Cláudia , Macedo Bárbara , Domingues Pedro , Domingues M. Rosário , Helguero Luisa A.
Published: July 2012

Alterations of phospholipid (PL) profiles have been associated to disease and specific lipids may be involved in the onset and evolution of cancer; yet, analysis of PL profiles using mass spectrometry (MS) in breast cancer cells is a novel approach. Previously, we reported a lipidomic analysis of PLs from mouse mammary epithelial and breast cancer cells using off‐line thin layer chromatography (TLC)‐MS, where several changes in PL profile were found to be associated with the degree of malignancy of cells. In the present study, lipidomic analysis has been extended to human mammary epithelial cells and breast cancer cell lines (MCF10A, T47‐D, and MDA‐MB‐231), using TLC‐MS, validated by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography‐MS. Differences in phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) content relative to total amount of PLs was highest in non‐malignant cells while phosphatidic acid was present with highest relative abundance in metastatic cells. In addition, the following differences in PL molecular species associated to cancer phenotype, metastatic potential, and cell morphology were found: higher levels of alkylacyl PCs and phosphatidylinositol (PI; 22:5/18:0) were detected in migratory cells, epithelial cells had less unsaturated fatty acyl chains and shorter aliphatic tails in PE and sphingomyelin classes, while PI (18:0/18:1) was lowest in non‐malignant cells compared to cancer cells. To date, information about PL changes in cancer progression is scarce, therefore results presented in this work will be useful as a starting point to define possible PLs with prospective as biomarkers and disclose metabolic pathways with potential for cancer therapy. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 457–468, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anti‐tumor effect of SLPI on mammary but not colon tumor growth
Authors: Amiano Nicolás O. , Costa María J. , Reiteri R. Macarena , Payés Cristian , Guerrieri Diego , Tateosian Nancy L. , Sánchez Mercedes L. , Maffia Paulo C. , Diament Miriam , Karas Romina , Orqueda Andrés , Rizzo Miguel , Alaniz Laura , Mazzolini Guillermo , Klein Slobodanka , Sallenave Jean‐Michel , Chuluyan H. Eduardo
Published: July 2012

Secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) is a serine protease inhibitor that was related to cancer development and metastasis dissemination on several types of tumors. However, it is not known the effect of SLPI on mammary and colon tumors. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of SLPI on mammary and colon tumor growth. The effect of SLPI was tested on in vitro cell apoptosis and in vivo tumor growth experiments. SLPI over‐expressing human and murine mammary and colon tumor cells were generated by gene transfection. The administration of murine mammary tumor cells over‐expressing high levels of SLPI did not develop tumors in mice. On the contrary, the administration of murine colon tumor cells over‐expressing SLPI, developed faster tumors than control cells. Intratumoral, but not intraperitoneal administration of SLPI, delayed the growth of tumors and increased the survival of mammary but not colon tumor bearing mice. In vitro culture of mammary tumor cell lines treated with SLPI, and SLPI producer clones were more prone to apoptosis than control cells, mainly under serum deprivation culture conditions. Herein we demonstrated that SLPI induces the apoptosis of mammary tumor cells in vitro and decreases the mammary but not colon tumor growth in vivo. Therefore, SLPI may be a new potential therapeutic tool for certain tumors, such as mammary tumors. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 469–475, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Integrin bi‐directional signaling across the plasma membrane
Authors: Hu Ping , Luo Bing‐Hao
Published: July 2012

Integrins are heterodimeric cell adhesion molecules that are important in many biological functions, such as cell migration, proliferation, differentiation, and survival. They can transmit bi‐directional signals across the plasma membrane. Inside‐out activating signal from some cell surface receptors bound with soluble agonists triggers integrins conformational change leading to high affinity for extracellular ligands. Then binding of ligands to integrins results in outside‐in signaling, leading to formation of focal adhesion complex at the integrin cytoplasmic tail and activation of downstream signal pathways. This bi‐directional signaling is essential for rapid response of cell to surrounding environmental changes. During this process, the conformational change of integrin extracellular and transmembrane/cytoplasmic domains is particularly important. In this review, we will summarize recent progress in both inside‐out and outside‐in signaling with specific focus on the mechanism how integrins transmit bi‐directional signals through transmembrane/cytoplasmic domains. J. Cell. Physiol. 228: 306–312, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effect of simultaneous saccharification and fermentation conditions of native triticale starch on the dynamics and efficiency of process and composition of the distillates obtained
Authors: Balcerek Maria , Pielech‐Przybylska Katarzyna
Published: July 2012

BACKGROUND: Among ethanol production technologies, attention should be focused towards simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of native starch with enzymes capable of its degradation without prior gelatinization. Selection of process conditions makes it possible to achieve high efficiency of the process and to reduce the costs of the production of ethanol.

RESULTS: This study determined the effect of hydrolysis conditions of native triticale starch based on the results of their fermentation and concentration of by‐products in the distillates obtained. The pre‐activation of starch with acid α‐amylase is not necessary for the proper conduct and efficiency of saccharification and fermentation of native triticale starch. Beneficial impact on the synthesis of ethanol was afforded by the treatment of mashes with protease preparation (EC 3.4.21.62) (Bacillus licheniformis). Raising the pH of mashes from 3.6 to 4.8 did not improve the ethanol yield. Process conditions had a diversified impact on concentration of by‐products in the raw spirits obtained.

CONCLUSION: Under the optimal conditions found in these experiments 63.01 ± 0.33–63.56 ± 0.33 L of absolute ethanol was obtained from 100 kg of starch. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the native starch raw materials, especially without pre‐activation of starch, can simplify the process and improve the economic index in the alcohol‐distilling industry. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Iodine‐125‐terbutaline (125ITB): a new β2‐adrenoceptor probe for lung imaging
Authors: Amin A. M.
Published: July 2012

Development of a selective β2‐adrenoceptor tracer for single photon emission tomography is important for imaging of the lungs. Iodine‐125‐terbutaline (125ITB) was prepared by the reaction of terbutaline with iodine‐125 in the presence of chloramine‐T as the oxidizing agent. The reaction was completed by incubation of the reaction mixture at 70°C for 15 minutes at pH 7. The biodistribution study in mice indicated the ability of the tracer to bind β‐adrenoceptors in lungs, liver, heart, and spleen. The localization of the tracer in the lungs was high (85%/g at 60 minutes post‐injection) and the highest lung/blood/g ratio was 19.8% at 60 minutes post‐injection. The selectivity of the tracer for the β2‐adrenoceptor was examined by blocking with both β1 and β2‐adrenoceptor selective antagonists. The results showed reduction of both heart and lung uptake of the 125ITB tracer, indicating a moderate (not absolute) selectivity for the β2‐adrenoceptor. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shared aggression concerns and organizational outcomes: The moderating role of resource constraints
Authors: Wittmer Jenell L. S. , Sinclair Robert R. , Martin James E. , Tucker Jennifer S. , Lang Jessica
Published: July 2012

Most research on workplace aggression focuses on the antecedents and consequences of aggression for individual workers. The current study examines how shared workplace aggression concerns relate to internal and external organizational outcomes. Drawing on the work stress, social identity, and social contagion literatures, we propose relationships between unit‐level aggression concerns and unit‐level measures of performance and employee attitudes in a public school sample (2989 employees; 163 schools). We also propose that these relationships differ depending on the resource context of the school. Consistent with our expectations, schools in which teachers had strong shared concerns about aggression also had poorer shared job attitudes and poorer student outcomes, as indicated by average standardized test scores at the school. The impact of shared concerns about aggression on school‐level standardized test scores was stronger for resource‐rich schools than for schools with fewer resources. The current study contributes to organizational research as it establishes that workplace aggression concerns have adverse consequences for the whole organization, not only for the individuals experiencing the events. Our findings demonstrate that employees' shared concerns about aggression have an impact on organizational outcomes and suggest a prevention‐focused approach to workplace aggression. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Degradation potential of airborne particulate matter at the Alhambra monument: a Raman spectroscopic and electron probe X‐ray microanalysis study
Authors: Potgieter‐Vermaak Sanja , Horemans Benjamin , Anaf Willemien , Cardell Carolina , Grieken René Van
Published: July 2012

It is well known that airborne particulate matter (APM) has an impact on our cultural heritage. A limited number of articles have been published on the sequential application of elemental and molecular techniques to estimate the degradation potential of APM in environments of cultural heritage importance, and most of these were concerned with indoor environments. The Alhambra monument (Granada, Spain) represents one of the grandest and finest examples of Islamic art and architecture from the Middle Ages. As part of an air quality investigation, two sets of APM were collected at the Hall of the Ambassadors and characterised to determine its potential degradation profile. These were analysed by means of micro‐Raman spectroscopy (MRS) and electron probe microanalysis with X‐ray detection (EPXMA). The Raman data indicated the presence of various mixed salts of acidic and/or hygroscopic nature, such as sodium and ammonium nitrates and sulfates, especially in the finer fraction. Automated EPXMA estimated this fraction to be as high as 50%. Apart from the potential chemical attack, the soiling due to carbonaceous matter deposition is a real concern. Soot was identified by MRS and EPXMA in all size fractions, reaching values of up to 55%, and was often intertwined with soluble inorganic salts. Ongoing degradation of the pigments is implicated by the presence of brightly coloured particles. MRS and molar abundance ternary diagrams elicited the chemical structure of individual APM so that the degradation potential could be established. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Pablo Picasso to Jasper Johns: a Raman study of cobalt‐based synthetic inorganic pigments
Authors: Casadio F. , Bezúr A. , Fiedler I. , Muir K. , Trad T. , Maccagnola S.
Published: July 2012

The Raman spectra of approximately 20 reference samples of cobalt‐based green and violet artists' pigments of various provenance (present day manufactory, historical reference pigments and samples from a contemporary artist's studio) were acquired to assist in the identification of unknown cobalt‐based pigments in works by Pablo Picasso (1881–1973) and Jasper Johns (b. 1930). Specifically, Raman spectra were obtained for various cobalt titanate greens (Co2TiO4), highlighting variability in peak positions because of ionic substitutions in the spinel structures of such pigments. The Raman spectra of the cobalt violet pigments magnesium cobalt arsenate (MgxCo3‐x(AsO4)2) and hydrated forms, ammonium cobalt phosphate hydrate (NH4CoPO4*H2O), and anhydrous cobalt phosphate, Co3(PO4)2were also recorded; some of which are presented here for the first time. Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), x‐ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) and x‐ray diffraction (XRD) were employed to confirm the composition of the reference materials. An optimal technique to characterize microscopic cross sections from the studied artworks is Raman microscopy, which can also provide valuable information on the hydration states of the examined phases. The multi‐analytical methodology allowed the identification of the unknown green pigment used by Jasper Johns as cobalt titanate green (C.I. PG 50); representing the first documented occurrence of this pigment in the palette of a renowned contemporary artist. Both magnesium cobalt arsenate (in anhydrous and hydrated forms) and anhydrous cobalt phosphate were identified in the Picasso painting.

This research advances the knowledge of 20th century synthetic inorganic pigments used by artists and documents their usage in actual works of art. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of sulphuric–nitric acid mixture composition on surface chemistry and structural evolution of liquid‐phase oxidised carbon nanotubes
Authors: Santangelo S. , Messina G. , Faggio G. , Abdul Rahim S. H. , Milone C.
Published: July 2012

Liquid phase functionalisation of carbon nanotubes is carried out via a H2SO4 + HNO3 mixture, and the effect of the sulphuric to nitric acid volume ratio (1:3–3:1) is systematically investigated by means of complementary techniques, observing the expected progressive downgrade of the crystalline quality, along with the increase of oxygenated functionality concentration. In addition, in contrast with common expectations, the results obtained demonstrate that the concentration of carboxylic groups (acids and anhydrides) never exceeds that of all other functionalities (lactones, phenols, quinones/carbonyls and sulphonic groups) introduced by chemical oxidation. Only by using equal volumes of sulphuric and nitric acids the concentrations of carboxylic and non‐carboxylic groups become comparable. Raman analysis reveals that a change in the sample homogeneity accompanies the variations of the relative proportions of the various oxygenated groups, by the typology of which the vibration modes of carbon pairs and carbon rings appear to be affected to different extents. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Single‐wall carbon nanotube interactions with copper‐oxamato building block of molecule‐based magnets probed by resonance Raman spectroscopy
Authors: do Nascimento Gustavo M. , Barros Wdeson P. , Kim Yoong Ahm , Muramatsu Hiroyuki , Hayashi Takuya , Endo Morinobu , Pradie Noriberto A. , Fantini Cristiano , Pimenta Marcos A. , Dresselhaus Mildred S. , Stumpf Humberto O.
Published: July 2012

The electronic interactions between the [Cu(opba)]2− anions (where opba is orthophenylenebis (oxamato)) and single‐wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) were investigated by resonance Raman spectroscopy. The opba can form molecular magnets, and the interactions of opba with SWCNTs can produce materials with very different magnetic/electronic properties. It is observed that the electronic interaction shows a dependence on the SWCNT diameter independent of whether they are metallic or semiconducting, although the interaction is stronger for metallic tubes. The interaction also is dependent on the amount of complex that is probably adsorbed on the carbon surface of the SWCNTs. Some charge transfer can be also occurring between the metallic complex and the SWCNTs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Varying malignant potential of appendiceal neuroendocrine tumors: Importance of histologic subtype
Authors: Hsu Cary , Rashid Asif , Xing Yan , Chiang Yi‐Ju , Chagpar Ryaz B. , Fournier Keith F. , Chang George J. , You Y. Nancy , Feig Barry W. , Cormier Janice N.
Published: July 2012

Background

Neuroendocrine tumors (NETs) of the appendix include malignant carcinoid tumor (MCT), goblet cell carcinoid (GCT), and composite goblet cell carcinoid‐adenocarcinoma (CGCC‐A).

Methods

We compared characteristics and outcomes of these histologic subtypes. Patients with appendiceal NETs were identified from the National Cancer Database (1998–2007). Descriptive statistics were used to compare cohorts and associations between clinicopathologic factors and overall survival (OS) were examined using Cox proportional hazards models.

Results

A total of 2,812 patients with appendiceal NETs were identified. The most common histologic subtype was GCT (59.6%), followed by MCT (32.1%), CGCC‐A (6.9%), and others (1.4%). CGCC‐A had a significantly higher incidence of lymph node metastases (odds ratio [OR], 3.2; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.1–4.8) and distant metastases (OR, 6.0; 95% CI = 3.8–9.3) than GCT. The 5‐year OS was 86.3% (95% CI, 81.4–89.9) for MCT, 77.6% (95% CI, 74.0–80.8) for GCT, and 56.3% (95% CI, 42.1–68.4) for CGCC‐A (P < 0.0001).

Conclusion

Appendiceal NETs represent a spectrum of disease with varying malignant potential: MCT (low), GCT (intermediate), and CGCC‐A (high). GCTs represent the most common subtype, whereas CGCC‐As place the patient at highest risk for regional and distant metastases and have the worst prognosis. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:136–143. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Inducing cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis via silencing Dicer, Drosha, and Exportin 5 in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder
Authors: Han Yonghua , Liu Yuchen , Gui Yaoting , Cai Zhiming
Published: July 2012

Background and Objectives

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are aberrantly expressed in cancers. Dicer, Drosha, and Exportin 5 are essential for miRNA processing. In this study, the expression patterns of Dicer, Drosha, and Exportin 5 and the cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis induced by silencing these genes in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder were determined.

Methods

The expression levels of Dicer, Drosha, and Exportin 5 were determined using Real‐Time qPCR in 40 patients with urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. Bladder urothelial carcinoma T24 and 5637 cells were transfected with Dicer, Drosha, or Exportin 5 siRNA or negative control siRNA. Cell proliferation was determined using MTT assay. Apoptosis was evaluated using ELISA assay.

Results

All the three genes were up‐regulated in bladder urothelial carcinoma compared to matched normal urothelium. Dicer, Drosha, and Exportin 5 expression levels were higher in high grade carcinomas than that in low grade carcinomas. Invasive carcinomas had higher expression levels than non‐invasive carcinomas. Silencing Dicer, Drosha, or Exportin 5 induced cell proliferation inhibition and apoptosis in bladder urothelial carcinoma T24 and 5637 cells.

Conclusions

Dicer, Drosha, and Exportin 5 are promising biomarkers and therapeutic targets for urothelial carcinoma of the bladder. J. Surg. Oncol. 2013;107:201–205. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Charging Behavior and Stability of the Novel Amino Group Containing Cellulose Ester Cellulose‐4‐[N‐methylamino]butyrate Hydrochloride
Authors: Zarth Cíntia Salomão Pinto , Zemljič Lidija Fras , Čakara Duško , Bračič Matej , Pfeifer Annett , Stana‐Kleinschek Karin , Heinze Thomas
Published: July 2012

The charging behavior of water‐soluble cellulose‐4‐[N‐methylamino]butyrate hydrochloride (CMABH) with different degree of substitution (DS) is investigated by polyelectrolyte titration at different pH values. Samples of high DS (0.92) and low DS (0.31) exhibit a decrease in positively charged groups from pH 2 (3.9 and 1.9 mmol g−1) to pH 9 (0.81 and 0.65 mmol g−1) due to the deprotonation of the ammonium groups. The stability of the ester linkage of CMABH is examined as a function of pH value and storage time (up to 28 d). A hydrolysis of the ester moiety is evident after 2 h at pH 8, which is also proved by ATR‐FTIR‐ and Raman spectroscopy.
A Fourier‐Mukai approach to the enumerative geometry of principally polarized abelian surfaces
Authors: Maciocia Antony
Published: July 2012

We study twisted ideal sheaves of small length on an irreducible principally polarized abelian surface \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$({\mathbb T},\ell )$\end{document}. Using Fourier‐Mukai techniques we associate certain jumping schemes to such sheaves and completely classify such loci. We give examples of applications to the enumerative geometry of \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}${\mathbb T}$\end{document} and show that no smooth genus 5 curve on such a surface can contain a \documentclass{article}\usepackage{amssymb}\begin{document}\pagestyle{empty}$g^1_3$\end{document}. We also describe explicitly the singular divisors in the linear system |2ℓ|.
Clothing Style, Music, and Media Influences on Adolescents’ Brand Consumption Behavior
Authors: Badaoui Khafid , Lebrun Anne‐Marie , Bouchet Patrick
Published: July 2012

This research focuses on the influence of clothing style identification on adolescents’ brand consumption behavior. The sample consisted of 1063 adolescents. The results indicated that the clothing brands adolescents prefer depend upon the clothing style with which they are identified. The role of media and music on Generation Y adolescents and on their clothing consumption was confirmed. Adolescents’ group identification and adolescents’ sensitivity to media and music vary according to their clothing styles. These data can be employed by firms to develop brands strategies.
The Behavioral Effects of Negative Product Placements in Movies
Authors: Redondo Ignacio
Published: July 2012

No previous studies have examined how negative brand placements influence consumer behavior. According to this study's theoretical framework and empirical results, the effectiveness of these placements varies with the type of negativity—that is, either intrinsically or extrinsically connected to the brand. Based on the elaboration likelihood model, an intrinsically (extrinsically) negative placement will be very (barely) relevant to the viewers who, having (lacking) enough motivation, will process the information through the central (peripheral) route of persuasion. Under the central route, a careful consideration of the intrinsically negative information will discourage the viewers from consuming the brand, especially when they perceive the movie content as being realistic. Under the peripheral route, the extrinsically negative information will not be strong enough to discourage the brand users from consuming the product but will stimulate the brand nonusers to consume it, especially when these people like the movie and have a positive attitude to advertising. The hypothesized effects were confirmed in an experiment with 1103 moviegoers that viewed the film Good Bye, Lenin! under natural conditions in Santiago, Chile. To isolate the influence of two brand placements (Burger King with intrinsic negativity and Coca‐Cola with extrinsic negativity), the participants were randomly assigned to two groups, each one of which viewed the movie with only one of the two placements (the other had been removed).
Redefining Cheminformatics with Intuitive Collaborative Mobile Apps
Authors: Clark Alex M. , Ekins Sean , Williams Antony J.
Published: July 2012

The proliferation of mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers has recently been extended to include a growing ecosystem of increasingly sophisticated chemistry software packages, commonly known as apps. The capabilities that these apps can offer to the practicing chemist are approaching those of conventional desktop‐based software, but apps tend to be focused on a relatively small range of tasks. To overcome this, chemistry apps must be able to seamlessly transfer data to other apps, and through the network to other devices, as well as to other platforms, such as desktops and servers, using documented file formats and protocols whenever possible. This article describes the development and state of the art with regard to chemistry‐aware apps that make use of facile data interchange, and some of the scenarios in which these apps can be inserted into a chemical information workflow to increase productivity. A selection of contemporary apps is used to demonstrate their relevance to pharmaceutical research. Mobile apps represent a novel approach for delivery of cheminformatics tools to chemists and other scientists, and indications suggest that mobile devices represent a disruptive technology for drug discovery, as they have been to many other industries.
Nearly no Scoring Function Without a Hansch‐Analysis
Authors: Schneider Nadine , Klein Robert , Lange Gudrun , Rarey Matthias
Published: July 2012

Corwin Hansch is well‐known as the father, inventor, and promoter of quantitative structure‐activity relationships. Usually, QSAR is seen as a ligand‐based design method correlating molecular structure or property descriptors to biological activity. QSAR is seldom mentioned in relation to structure‐based approaches, although it is the centerpiece of nearly every empirical scoring function. QSAR techniques are applied on various levels, from the fitting of scoring terms to biological affinity data in empirical scoring functions up to the fine‐tuning of individual aspects of protein‐ligand interactions. In the following, we report on current findings for our scoring approach HYDE, which are based upon both the idea of QSAR and Hansch’s historical logP data. We relate the molecular surface area of 594 diverse compounds to their experimental octanol/water partition coefficients aiming at new insights in hydrogen bonding and dehydration energies of solutes. Donors and acceptors which are far from each other contribute with nearly constant increments to the logP value. The solubility in the aqueous phase is however not increased with the number of hydrogen bonds a polar group is able to form. Although signs are found that these facts have been known for many years, they have implications for modern scoring function design.
An extended finite element method approach for structural‐acoustic problems involving immersed structures at arbitrary positions
Authors: Legay Antoine
Published: July 2012

Noise reduction for passengers' comfort in transport industry is now an important constraint to be taken into account during the design process. This process involves to study several configurations of the structures immersed in a given acoustic cavity in the context of an optimization, uncertainty, or reliability study for instance. The finite element method may be used to model this coupled fluid–structure problem but needs an interface conforming mesh for each studied configuration that may become time consuming. This work aims at avoiding this remeshing step by using noncompatible meshes between the fluid and the structures. The immersed structures are supposed to be thin shells and are localized in the fluid domain by a signed distance level‐set. To take into account the pressure discontinuity from one side of the structures to the other one, the fluid pressure approximation is enriched according to the structures positions by a Heaviside function using a partition of unity strategy (extended finite element method). The same fluid mesh of the empty cavity is then used during the whole parametric study. The method is implemented for a three‐dimensional fluid and tested on academic examples before being applied to an industrial‐like case. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Conjugated polymers ‐ carbon nanotubes‐based functional materials for organic photovoltaics: a critical review
Authors: Bounioux Céline , Katz Eugene A. , Yerushalmi – Rozen Rachel
Published: July 2012

Conjugated polymers and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are important constituents of modern functional hybrid materials. Their utilization as photoactive layers in organic solar cells requires better understanding of the relation between the structure and composition of the hybrids and their photovoltaic efficiency. While fullerenes‐conjugated polymer hybrids have been intensively studied over the last two decades, far less is known about the linkage between processing conditions, interfacial interactions, self‐assembled structures and functionality in CNT‐conjugated polymers composites. This article reviews some of the studies carried over the last decade and highlights the challenges in both fundamental understanding and technological manipulation of these materials. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Measurement of effective permeability of reinforcement mats using sensitivity analysis
Authors: Kuppusamy Raghu Raja Pandiyan , Shinde Vijay Maruti , Neogi Swati
Published: July 2012

A methodology using sensitivity analysis is proposed to measure the effective permeability which includes the interaction of the resin and the reinforcement. Initially, mold‐filling experiments were performed at isothermal conditions on the test specimen and the positions of the flow front were tracked with time using a flow visualization method. Following this, mold‐filling experiments were simulated using a commercial software to obtain the positions of the flow front with time at the process conditions used for experiments. Several iterations were performed using different trial values of the permeability until the experimentally tracked and simulated positions of the flow front with time were matched. Finally, the value of the permeability thus obtained was validated by comparing the positions obtained by performing the experiments at different process conditions with the positions obtained by simulating the experiments. In this study, woven roving and chopped strand mats of E‐class glass fiber and unsaturated polyester resin were used for the experiments. From the results, it was found that the measured permeabilities were consistent with varying process conditions. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Temperature effect on interfacial bonding property of single‐carbon fiber/epoxy resin composite
Authors: Liu H. X. , Gu Y. Z. , Li M. , Zhang D. M. , Li Y. X. , Zhang Z. G.
Published: July 2012

The changes in interfacial fracture energy of three kinds of commercially sized carbon fiber (CF)/epoxy resin composites in the range from ambient temperature to 130°C were investigated using the single‐fiber fragmentation test to evaluate the heat resistance of the interphase. The effects of CF sizing on the interfacial bonding property were studied using desized CF/epoxy resin composites. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry of the combination of sizing and matrix were employed to investigate the role of sizing on the variations in the fiber/matrix interfacial property under elevated temperature. The interfacial fracture energy values of all the studied CF composites were found to decrease quickly during the initial stage of temperature rise and drop gradually at higher temperature. At elevated temperature, the desized CF composites had higher heat resistance than the corresponding sized fiber composites. The differences in the interfacial heat resistance among the three kinds of CF composites and the difference in the interfacial thermal stability between the sized and the desized fiber composites were related to different glass transition temperatures of the interphases. The interaction between sizing and the matrix and the chain motion of the crosslink structure of the interphase has been suggested to determine the interfacial heat resistance. POLYM. COMPOS., 2012. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Cytogenetic and morphological analysis of early products of conception following hystero‐embryoscopy from couples with recurrent pregnancy loss
Authors: Robberecht Caroline , Pexsters Anne , Deprest Jan , Fryns Jean‐Pierre , D'Hooghe Thomas , Vermeesch Joris Robert
Published: July 2012

Objective

Our knowledge about miscarriages mainly concerns pregnancies of at least 8 weeks’ gestation. Information about the morphology and the genetic determinants of early aborted embryos remains limited. In addition, it is known that aneuploidies account for less than half of recurrent spontaneous abortions. We hypothesized that (recurrent) early pregnancy losses might have other genetic causes.

Method

Products of conception from 51 couples with at least one previous miscarriage were collected by hystero‐embryoscopy. The extracted DNA was analyzed by low resolution array comparative genomic hybridization and high resolution single nucleotide polymorphism arrays to detect aneuploidies, polyploidies, submicroscopic copy number variants or copy neutral loss of heterozygosity.

Results

Chromosomal aberrations were identified in 65.6% (21/32) of miscarriages and in 89% (8/9) of anembryonic cases. Interestingly, 4/11 chromosomally euploid embryos contained regions of loss of heterozygosity >5 Mb, suggesting the miscarriages might be due to an underlying lethal recessive disease.

Conclusion

Hystero‐embryoscopic biopsy followed by array comparative genomic hybridization is a valuable diagnostic tool for early and recurrent miscarriages. Genome‐wide high resolution single nucleotide polymorphism microarray analysis of a larger group of miscarriages could provide more insight into the genetic causes of recurrent spontaneous abortion. © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Safety of saxagliptin: rationale for and design of a series of postmarketing observational studies
Authors: Lo Re Vincent , Haynes Kevin , Ming Eileen E. , Wood Ives Jennifer , Horne Laura N. , Fortier Kimberly , Carbonari Dena M. , Hennessy Sean , Cardillo Serena , Reese Peter P. , Reddy K. Rajender , Margolis David , Apter Andrea , Kimmel Stephen E. , Roy Jason , Freeman Cristin P. , Razzaghi Hanieh , Holick Crystal N. , Esposito Daina B. , Van Staa Tjeerd‐Pieter , Bhullar Harshvinder , Strom Brian L.
Published: July 2012

Purpose

To describe the design and rationale of a series of postmarketing studies to examine the safety of saxagliptin, an oral dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus, in real‐world settings.

Methods

We are conducting a series of retrospective cohort studies using two UK (General Practice Research Database, and The Health Improvement Network) and two US (Medicare, HealthCore Integrated Research DatabaseSM) data sources. The primary outcomes of interest will include (i) hospitalization with acute liver failure, (ii) hospitalization for acute kidney injury, (iii) hospitalization for severe hypersensitivity reactions, (iv) hospitalization for severe infections, (v) hospitalization with infections associated with T‐lymphocyte dysfunction (i.e., herpes zoster, tuberculosis, or nontuberculous mycobacteria), and (vi) major cardiovascular events. Diagnosis codes for the outcomes of interest will be validated by medical record review within each data source. Projected use and estimated incidence rates of outcomes of interest suggest there will be at least 80% statistical power to detect a minimum hazard ratio of 1.5 for major cardiovascular events, 2.0 for acute kidney injury and severe infections, 2.4 for acute liver failure, and 4.0 for severe hypersensitivity reactions.

Results

Forthcoming.

Conclusions

This postmarketing safety assessment will provide important information regarding the safety of saxagliptin and could potentially identify important dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor class effects. The methods described may be useful to others planning similar evaluations. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cumulative energy demand for small molecule and polymer photovoltaics
Authors: Anctil Annick , Babbitt Callie W. , Raffaelle Ryne P. , Landi Brian J.
Published: July 2012

Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) are expected to be a low cost, environmentally friendly energy solution with advantageous properties such as flexibility and light weight that enable their use in new applications. Considerable progress in power conversion efficiencies has brought OPV technology closer to commercialization. However, little consideration has been given to potential environmental impact associated with their production. Although environmental life cycle studies of OPV exist, their scope is narrow or too reliant on outdated technologies. Some of the most significant recent improvements are the result of new semiconductors materials, which have not yet been assessed from a life cycle perspective. Therefore, this study calculates life cycle embodied energy for 15 new materials encompassing a variety of donor, acceptor, and interface compounds showing the most promise in organic electronics. With the use of new inventory data, life cycle energy impact associated with production of both single junction and multi‐junction architectures has been calculated including bulk heterojunction polymer, planar small molecule, and planar‐mixed small molecule devices. The cumulative energy demand (CED) required to fabricate small molecule and polymer photovoltaics were found to be similar from 2.9 to 5.7 MJ/Wp. This CED is on average of 50% less than for conventional inorganic photovoltaics, motivating the continued development of both technologies. The use of fullerenes was shown to have a dramatic impact on polymer solar cells, comprising 18–30% of the CED, despite only being present in small quantities. Increases in device efficiency are shown to marginally reduce CED for both small molecule and polymer designs. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of iron on defect concentrations and device performance for Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cells on stainless steel substrates
Authors: Eisenbarth Tobias , Caballero Raquel , Kaufmann Christian A. , Eicke Axel , Unold Thomas
Published: July 2012

Thin film Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) solar cells deposited on flexible steel foil substrates by coevaporation are investigated. Iron diffusion from the steel foil substrate material into the CIGSe absorber layers is studied by secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) for different maximum absorber growth temperatures and solar cell back‐contact configurations. The optimization of the absorber growth temperature, the introduction of a diffusion barrier layer at the back contact, and the adjustment of the sodium doping lead to device efficiencies above 14%. Defect spectroscopy by means of admittance measurements shows a clear correlation of the deep defect concentration with the Fe content in the CIGSe absorber layer and a correlation between the sodium incorporation and the net carrier concentration. It is found that too much Na supports the diffusion of Fe, inducing an increased deep defect concentration. The Fe‐induced deep defects, which form a broad acceptor‐type defect band at 0.44 eV above the valence band maximum, are identified as the cause of bulk recombination, limiting the device performance in these solar cells. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The new low‐band gap polymers comprising C‐, Si‐, or N‐bridged dithiophene and alkoxy‐modified 2,1,3‐benzooxadiazole units for bulk heterojunction solar cells
Authors: Jiang Jian‐Ming , Yang Po‐An , Yu Chia‐Ming , Lin His‐Kuei , Huang Kuei‐Chun , Wei Kung‐Hwa
Published: July 2012

In this study, we used Stille coupling polymerization to synthesize a series of new low‐band gap‐conjugated polymers—PCyTBO, PCySiTBO, and PCyNTBO—comprising mainly electron‐rich C‐, Si‐, and N‐bridged dithiophene units in conjugation with electron‐deficient alkoxy‐modified 2,1,3‐benzooxadiazole moieties. The highest occupied molecular orbital energy levels of these polymers become higher as the electron‐donating ability of C‐, Si‐, or N‐bridged dithiophene units increases. These polymers also displayed excellent thermal stability and broad spectral absorptions, with PCySiTBO revealing some crystallinity. As a result, the photovoltaic device incorporating the PCySiTBO/PC71BM (1:1) blend system and 1,8‐diiodooctane (2 vol %) as an additive exhibited excellent performance, under AM 1.5 G irradiation (100 mW cm−2), with a value of Voc of 0.64 V, a short‐circuit current density of 13.8 mA cm−2, a fill factor of 0.57, and a promising power conversion efficiency of 5.0%. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem, 2012