bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Controlling the Goos-Hänchen shift with external electric and magnetic fields in an electro-optic/magneto-electric heterostructure
Authors: Dadoenkova Yu. S. , Bentivegna F. F. L. , Dadoenkova N. N. , Petrov R. V. , Lyubchanskii I. L. , Bichurin M. I.
Published: May 2016

We present a theoretical investigation of the Goos-Hänchen effect upon light reflection from a heterostructure consisting of an electro-optic film deposited on a magneto-electric film grown on a nonmagnetic dielectric substrate. It is shown that the linear magneto-electric interaction leads to an increase of the lateral shift even in the absence of any applied electric field. The presence of the electro-optic layer enables the control of the Goos-Hänchen shift and of the position of its maximum (with respect to the angle of incidence) through a variation of the magnitude and orientation of an applied electric field. It is also demonstrated that applying an external magnetic field in order to reverse the magnetization in the magnetic layer results (under the influence of the magneto-electric interaction in the system) in a sign reversal of the lateral shift but a nonreciprocal change of its amplitude.
Objective Eulerian coherent structures
Authors: Serra Mattia , Haller George
Published: May 2016

We define objective Eulerian Coherent Structures (OECSs) in two-dimensional, non-autonomous dynamical systems as the instantaneously most influential material curves. Specifically, OECSs are stationary curves of the averaged instantaneous material stretching-rate or material shearing-rate functionals. From these objective (frame-invariant) variational principles, we obtain explicit differential equations for hyperbolic, elliptic, and parabolic OECSs. As an illustration, we compute OECSs in an unsteady ocean velocity data set. In comparison to structures suggested by other common Eulerian diagnostic tools, we find OECSs to be the correct short-term cores of observed trajectory deformation patterns.
Electric-field domain boundary instability in weakly coupled semiconductor superlattices
Authors: Rasulova G. K. , Pentin I. V. , Brunkov P. N. , Egorov A. Yu.
Published: May 2016

Damped oscillations of the current were observed in the transient current pulse characteristics of a 30-period weakly coupled GaAs/AlGaAs superlattice (SL). The switching time of the current is exponentially decreased as the voltage is verged towards the current discontinuity region indicating that the space charge necessary for the domain boundary formation is gradually accumulated in a certain SL period in a timescale of several hundreds ns. The spectral features in the electroluminescence spectra of two connected in parallel SL mesas correspond to the energy of the intersubband transitions and the resonance detuning of subbands caused by charge trapping in the quantum wells (QWs) residing in a region of the expanded domain boundary. The obtained results support our understanding of the origin of self-oscillations as a cyclic dynamics of the subband structure in the QWs forming the expanded domain boundary.
Thermoelectric properties of antiperovskite calcium oxides Ca3PbO and Ca3SnO
Authors: Okamoto Y. , Sakamaki A. , Takenaka K.
Published: May 2016

We report the thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline samples of Ca3Pb1−xBixO (x = 0, 0.1, 0.2) and Ca3SnO, both crystallizing in a cubic antiperovskite-type structure. The Ca3SnO sample shows metallic resistivity and its thermoelectric power approaches 100 μV K−1 at room temperature, resulting in the thermoelectric power factor of Ca3SnO being larger than that of Ca3Pb1−xBixO. On the basis of Hall and Sommerfeld coefficients, the Ca3SnO sample is found to be a p-type metal with a carrier density of ∼1019 cm−3, a mobility of ∼80 cm2 V−1 s−1, both comparable to those in degenerated semiconductors, and a moderately large hole carrier effective mass. The coexistence of moderately high mobility and large effective mass observed in Ca3SnO, as well as possible emergence of a multivalley electronic structure with a small band gap at low-symmetry points in k-space, suggests that the antiperovskite Ca oxides have strong potential as a thermoelectric material.
Graphene mediated Stark shifting of quantum dot energy levels
Authors: Kinnischtzke Laura , Goodfellow Kenneth M. , Chakraborty Chitraleema , Lai Yi-Ming , Fält Stefan , Wegscheider Werner , Badolato Antonio , Vamivakas A. Nick
Published: May 2016

We demonstrate an optoelectronic device comprised of single InAs quantum dots in an n-i-Schottky diode where graphene has been used as the Schottky contact. Deterministic electric field tuning is shown using Stark-shifted micro-photoluminescence from single quantum dots. The extracted dipole moments from the Stark shifts are comparable to conventional devices where the Schottky contact is a semi-transparent metal. Neutral and singly charged excitons are also observed in the well-known Coulomb-blockade plateaus. Our results indicate that graphene is a suitable replacement for metal contacts in quantum dot devices which require electric field control.
Magnetic mapping of defects in type-II superconductors
Authors: Mironov S. , Devizorova Zh. , Clergerie A. , Buzdin A.
Published: May 2016

Recently, it was discovered that the non-uniform Meissner current flowing around the pinning sites in the type-II superconductor induces the unconventional vortex-antivortex pairs with the non-quantized magnetic flux [Ge et al., Nat. Commun. 6, 6573 (2015)]. Here, we provide the theory of this phenomenon showing that the vortex-like structures originate from the perturbation of the current streamlines by the non-superconducting defect, which results in the generation of the localized magnetic field. The position and the shape of such vortex dipoles are shown to be very sensitive to the defect form. Thus, applying the external magnetic field or current to the superconductor and using, e.g., the high-resolution scanning Hall microscope to measure the stray magnetic field, one can plot the map containing the information about the position of the defects and their shape.
Radiation reaction in the interaction of ultraintense laser with matter and gamma ray source
Authors: Ong J. F. , Teo W. R. , Moritaka Toseo , Takabe H.
Published: May 2016

Radiation reaction (RR) force plays an important role in gamma ray production in the interaction of ultraintense laser with relativistic counterpropagating electron at intensity 1022 W/cm2 and beyond. The relationship between emission spectrum and initial kinetic energy of electron at such intensities is yet to be clear experimentally. On the other hand, the energy from both the relativistic electron beam and laser pulse may be converted into the gamma rays. Therefore, the conversion efficiency of energy purely from laser pulse into gamma rays is of great interest. We present simulation results of an electron dynamics in strong laser field by taking into account the RR effects. We investigated how the RR effects influence the emission spectrum and photon number distribution for different laser condition. We showed that the peaks of emission spectra are suppressed if higher initial kinetic energy of electron interacts with long laser pulse duration. We then list the conversion efficiencies of laser pulse energy into gamma ray. We note that an electron with energy of 40 MeV would convert up to 80% of the total of electromagnetic work and initial kinetic energy of electron when interacting with 10 fs laser pulse at intensity 2×1023 W/cm2. For a bunch of electron with charge 1 nC would emit around 0.1 J of energy into gamma ray emission.
Numerical evaluation of Auger recombination coefficients in relaxed and strained germanium
Authors: Dominici Stefano , Wen Hanqing , Bertazzi Francesco , Goano Michele , Bellotti Enrico
Published: May 2016

The potential applications of germanium and its alloys in infrared silicon-based photonics have led to a renewed interest in their optical properties. In this letter, we report on the numerical determination of Auger coefficients at T = 300 K for relaxed and biaxially strained germanium. We use a Green's function based model that takes into account all relevant direct and phonon-assisted processes and perform calculations up to a strain level corresponding to the transition from indirect to direct energy gap. We have considered excess carrier concentrations ranging from 1016 cm−3 to 5 × 1019 cm−3. For use in device level simulations, we also provide fitting formulas for the calculated electron and hole Auger coefficients as functions of carrier density.
Artificially enhanced tolerance to fluoroacetate and its implications for wildlife conservation
Authors: E. Twigg Laurie , E. Twigg Laurie , R. King Dennis , R. King Dennis
Published: May 2016

It is with some concern that we have been following a research programme aimed at developing non-specific, genetically modified ruminant bacteria capable of detoxifying fluoroacetate (Compound 1080) to protect domestic livestock from fluoroacetate-poisoning (Gregg et al. 1994; Gregg et al. 1998; Synergy 1998). The main thrust of this research programme is the prevention of cattle losses in the Georgina Basin in the Northern Territory and Queensland where the toxic plant, Gidgee Acacia georginae occurs. Although rarely mentioned in formal reports of this work, 1080 is an important vertebrate pesticide that is widely used throughout Australia and New Zealand. It is the first defence against a number of pest species that impact on agricultural production and conservation efforts in both countries. The main concerns about this work relate to the potential lack of target specificity of these modified microorganisms, and also, if released, their potential impact on conservation biology. We raise these questions now because the Genetic Manipulation Advisory Council has been approached for approval to conduct field trials in Western Australia using the modified bacteria. We believe the perceived advantages and disadvantages of these modified organisms need informed debate before such approval, or any general release of these modified rumen bacteria, could be considered.
Ecotourism and biodiversity conservation - two way track
Authors: Van Oosterzee Penny
Published: May 2016

While not denying that tourism has environmental impacts, tourism's potential to aid biodiversity conservation world-wide is great and needs to be harnessed. However, unless precisely explained, the notion of ecotourism clouds the role of tourism in nature conservation. Therefore I define ecotourism as all visits that focus on nature appreciation and the associated infrastructure (park facilities, tours, accommodation, airlines that bring tourists to the area etc.) that supports these visits. This definition, which is used throughout this paper, helps eliminate the false distinction being made between tourism and ecotourism. Tourism, at the international and national political level, has an influential role as a force for biodiversity conservation by being a rationale for plaCing extra land in conservation reserves, or otherwise by sustainably managing natural areas for their natural values. Using World Heritage Areas (WHA) as an example - perhaps even as an indicator of tourism and its impacts on natural areas ? the little information available suggests that tourism is not often a threat, but that warfare, clearing for agriculture, and poaching are. Regions with an intact tourism industry are also those more likely to have an intact ecosystem. National parks do act as a catalyst for tourism growth. The question is whether tourism can deliver the financial means to undertake management to neutralize the impacts of tourism on biodiversity, or, perhaps more importantly, to fund more extensive works for biodiversity conservation? Few rigorous economic studies have been carried out to provide answers to this question; to define the link between biodiversity conservation and tourism, and to explore ways of making tourism maintain and expand the resource on which its profits are based, thus making the industry world-wide a major force for conservation.
Terrestrial arthropods in a fragmented landscape: a review of ecological research in the Western Australian central wheatbelt
Authors: Abensperg-Traun Max , T. Smith Graeme , York Main Barbara
Published: May 2016

In 1985, CSIRO's Wildlife and Ecology established ''The Kelierberrin Project on Fragmented Landscapes", a study to investigate the role of remnant vegetation in sustaining the native biota in Western Australia's central wheatbelt. This paper reviews findings, and other relevant research within the wheatbelt region, with regard to the terrestrial arthropod fauna. We examine critical issues for faunal persistence with regard to disturbance effects on the biota (habitat fragmentation effects of remnant size and spatial isolation (connectivity), livestock and associated exotic weed invasion, altered fire regimes, changes in hydrology, and recolonization of restored habitat), indicators of arthropod species richness at the individual remnant scale, and endemism and taxonomic richness. We provide management recommendations for the conservation of terrestrial arthropods in the Western Australian central wheatbelt and suggest priority research.
The effective management of threatened flora: lessons from the case of Zieria 'prostrata' ms
Authors: M. Hogbin Patricia , Peakall Rod
Published: May 2016

The endangered plant Zieria 'prostrata' ms is known from only four headlands along three kilometres of the north coast of New South Wales, Australia. Given its restricted range and small population sizes, Zieria 'prostrata' has been the subject of extensive management and research for almost a decade. In this paper, we review the history of management and research actions undertaken on Z. prostrata and evaluate their practical outcomes. By revisiting past management and research actions, and assessing their outcomes, we can learn much about the effective management and recovery of threatened flora. This review highlights five valuable lessons. First, effective survey is a priority for many rare plants. Second, accurate information and documentation are essential for effective conservation. Third, critical evaluation of the need for ex-situ conservation is necessary. Fourth, critical evaluation of the need for population enhancement and the most effective methods by which this can be achieved is a high priority. Fifth, adequate guidance of all those involved in recovery implementation is vital.
Pollination and breeding system of a population of Tall Coconut Palm Cocos nucifera L. (Arecaceae) on the Gazelle Peninsula of Papua New Guinea
Authors: R. Ashburner G. , G. Faure M. , A. James E. , K. Thompson W. , M. Halloran G.
Published: May 2016

Tall Coconut Palms Cocos nucifera L. on the Gazelle Peninsula of Papua New Guinea are almost exclusively (96.3%) insect pollinated. Pollination is most likely to occur in the late afternoon when the number of insect visitors to pistillate flowers increases. Two species of halictid bees, Homalictus cassiaef/oris and H. dampieri, are most likely responsible for most of the pollination. On Gazelle Peninsula Coconut Palms, the pistillate receptive phase partially overlaps with the staminate phase in the subsequently produced inflorescence, and on average 27.8% of fruits are a result of self-fertilization, indicating a mixed breeding system. The self-fertilization rate varies between individuals and with time of the year, and is related to the degree of fertile staminate and pistil ate phase overlap between inflorescences. The flexibility in the breeding system appears to confer potential adaptive flexibility on Coconut Palms because they are able to self-pollinate if individuals become established in areas devoid of other Coconut Palms.
The Negative Effects of Wildlife Tourism on Wildlife
Authors: R. Fulton Graham
Published: May 2016

THIS report is one of 23 in the Wildlife Tourism's Report Series, Edited by Dr Karen Higginbottom and targeted to industry, government users, and tourism researchers. Dr Green is both a research ecologist and an ecotour operator, with research interests in frugivorous seed dispersal and habitat modification. Dr Higginbottom is a lecturer at Griffith University where she teaches wildlife management, vertebrate biology, and nature based tourism.
Birdwatching Tourism in Australia
Authors: R. Fulton Graham
Published: May 2016

DR DARRYL JONES graduated from the University of New England. He is a senior lecturer in ecology at Griffith Univesity. Prof. Ralf Buckley is Chair in Ecotourism and Director of the International Centre for Ecotourism Research at Griffith University.
Perspectives on sustainability: the nutrient cycle
Authors: R. Main A.
Published: May 2016

THE nutrient cycle is central to the functioning of biological systems. It can be studied in terms of either processes, patterns or mechanisms. If these attributes are emphasized by definition, there will be a tendency for them to be devoid of any time dimension, that is, the definition will account for the present while ignoring the history by which the process was derived. It can, of course, be argued that a detailed history of the evolution of the process is unknown and thus not worth attempting. It is true that detailed knowledge cannot be gained quickly, yet sufficient information is accessible to form the basis for an historical perspective which is especially important in planning, implementing or achieving a vision of a sustainable future.
Dangemanning Farm: a holistic development
Authors: R. M. , M. McFarlane S.
Published: May 2016

DANGEMANNING Farm is a cereal, pulse and sheep property in the central wheatbelt of Western Australia with a 325 mm annual rainfall which falls mainly in winter. The farm was first settled in the early 1900s and has evolved, both in design and farm practice, in response to the effects of past practices on production and land degradation. It is now a farm in its early stages of a modern holistic development, with an emphasis on the integration of agricultural systems, Landcare and nature conservation. The long-term goal for the farm is to achieve sustainable farming in a non-degraded landscape.
Magpie Alert: learning to live with a wild neighbour
Authors: Rowley Ian
Published: May 2016

BOOKS are written for many different reasons. To my mind, Magpie Alert is unique in this regard as it attempts to bridge the gap between enjoyment of suburban wildlife and fear of dangerous attack from a wild bird.
Heathens in the chapel? Economics and the conservation of native biodiversity
Authors: J. Pannell David
Published: May 2016

Biodiversity conservation is a human endeavour and economic drivers playa key role in shaping human behaviour. This is particularly true of human behaviour in management of businesses (such as farms) and in relation to the resources that underpin businesses (such as land and water). For this reason, the theories and models of economics have a lot to offer people concemed with biodiversity conservation. The paper outlines a number of theories and insights from economics that are relevant to biodiversity, particularly from the point of view of governments wishing to make efficient and cost-effective decisions about investment priorities for biodiversity. There is a need for better definition of biodiversity objectives, and for improved information about cause and effect relationships between interventions and outcomes. The importance of paying adequate attention to the farm-level economics of proposed changes in land management is emphasized. This is an important influence on farmers' responses, particularly if large-scale changes are sought. Non-market valuation studies to place monetary values on biodiversity outcomes have a potential role to play in evaluating policy options, although a measured approach to the use of these techniques seems warranted. There is a discussion about the limited role that economics can play in determining who should pay for biodiversity interventions. The selection of policy approaches and policy instruments for biodiversity needs to be sophisticated, based on science, and sensitive to different biodiversity-related problems and opportunities.
The South East Queensland Forests Agreement: Lessons for Biodiversity Conservation
Authors: A. McAlpine C. , Peterson A. , Norman P.
Published: May 2016

In Australia, regional forest agreements formed the cornerstone of strategies for resolving disputes over the logging of native forests in the last decade of the twentieth century. These disputes, driven by an increasingly vocal and influential conservation movement, coincided with changes in the nature of relationships between Commonwealth and State Governments, with the Commonwealth adopting an increasing role in environmental management (Lane 1999). Following very public disputes about the renewal of export woodchip licenses from native forests (which culminated in log truck blockades of the Commonwealth Parliament, Canberra), the Commonwealth Government adopted regional forest agreements as the mechanism for achieving sustainable management of Australia?s native hardwood forests. This was underpinned by the National Forest Policy Statement (Commonwealth of Australia 1992), which outlined principles for ecologically sustainable management of the nation?s production forests. The Commonwealth and several State Governments reached agreement to develop regional forest agreements (RFAs) for the long-term management and use of forests in ten regions (Fig. 1) (Commonwealth of Australia 2004). Key goals of the agreement were to: reconcile competing commercial, ecological and societal demands on forests in a way that was consistent with the principles and goals of ecologically sustainable forest management (Davey et al. 1997, 2002; Lane 1999); and to establish a comprehensive, adequate and representative reserve system, based on the nationallyagreed JANIS criteria (JANIS 1997).
News from the Australasian Section of the Society for Conservation Biology
Authors: Nelson Nicola
Published: May 2016

The Australasian section was represented at the recent Board of Governor?s meeting in Irvine, California by Karen Firestone. This meeting was focused on strategic planning for the Society as a whole over the next few years, and will provide a framework for the Society and our section to continue developing. The Australasian Board had drafted a preliminary strategic plan specifically for our section, but we need to develop further objectives, goals, and outcomes in light of the Board of Governor?s strategic planning outcomes. We would like input and assistance from the Australasian membership in forming a working committee to assist in putting together our strategic plan. If anyone is interested, please contact Karen Firestone at kfirestone@unsw.edu.au.
Environmental weed control policy in Australia: current approaches, policy limitations and future directions
Authors: J. Mason T. , M. Lonsdale W. , French K.
Published: May 2016

Plant invasions of natural systems threaten biodiversity and ecosystem processes across many biomes. Historically most plant invasions have been facilitated by human activities such as industry, transport and landscape modification. Consequently, both causes and management of weed invasion are dependent on human behaviour and management advice provided by ecologists needs to take account of this fact. This paper assesses current environmental weed control policy in Australia and asks: are government, land managers and the scientific community using available social levers to achieve optimal weed management? We do this by comparing aspects of weed policy with a generalized natural resource policy framework. Adequacy of issue characterization and policy framing are discussed with particular reference to public perceptions of the weed problem, policy scaling and defining policy principles and goals. The implementation of policy Instruments, including regulation, VOluntary incentives, education, Information, motivational instruments, property-right instruments and pricing mechanisms are reviewed. Limitations of current instruments and potential options to improve instrument effectiveness are discussed. Funding arrangements for environmental weed control are also reported: environmental weed invasion generally represents an external cost to economic markets which has resulted in relatively low funding levels for control operations. Finally, review and monitoring procedures in weed programmes and policy are addressed. Rigorous monitoring systems are important in effective, adaptive weed management where control techniques are continually refined to improve ecological outcomes. The utility of maintaining links between project outcomes and policy inputs along with methods of implementing appropriate monitoring are discussed.
Urgent need for a systematic expansion of freshwater protected areas in Australia
Authors: T. Kingsford Richard , Nevill Jon
Published: May 2016

Freshwater ecosystems (including inland saline wetlands and mound springs) are among the more imperilled ecosystems in the world. Australia is no exception, but their protection has lagged behind programmes of terrestrial protection. Freshwater protected areas are an essential component of biodiversity conservation programmes, but a systematic approach to their development in Australia has been slow, and hindered by incomplete ecosystem inventories at State and national levels. We examine this problem and suggest avenues for action. Further, while there is no shortage of relevant legislation and policy for protecting freshwater aquatic systems in Australia, some protective mechanisms have not yet been used, many years after their development. In some places "protection" has been only partially applied without regard to important issues of hydrologic connectivity ? with species extinction as a direct consequence. The most urgent priority is to identify those aquatic ecosystems most at risk. A comprehensive national assessment of the conservation status of freshwater ecosystems should be undertaken immediately. Such an assessment would provide both a platform and an impetus for the systematic expansion of the nation's freshwater protected areas. Political will is then essential for effective conservation, utilizing the plethora of conservation and management tools available.
The 10% rule
Authors: McLean Ian
Published: May 2016

It has been estimated that the human species constitutes about 5% of the total animal biomass of the world (ants do better, at 20%), a value which is matched by only one other mammal ? our own domesticated cattle (McNeill 2000). There has been some worry about the methane produced by so many cows, because of their contribution to greenhouse gases ? a concern that led to the so-called fart tax proposed in New Zealand in relation to Kyoto commitments. While it might be difficult to agree on the biggest problem facing the planet, it is unlikely that farting cows would make the short-list, and it is not surprising that the fart tax foundered on political realities.
SCB-A Newsletter September 2006
Authors: Nelson Nicky
Published: May 2016

The new Editor of Pacific Conservation Biology, Ian McLean, brings a wealth of Pacific experience to his new job. Ian is originally from central North Island, New Zealand. His earliest research experiences as an undergraduate and MSc student were with endangered bird species on the conservation islands near Auckland. Ian then spent some years in Canada, where he worked on ground squirrels in the Yukon and in Alberta. After several years teaching at the University of British Columbia (plus more bird research) he returned to an academic position at the University of Canterbury, which he held for 10 years. During that period he ran a peripatetic research programme encompassing behavioural, ecological and conservatron issues in forest birds, penguins and marine mammals.
Documenting floral visitors to rare Hawaiian plants using automated video recordings
Authors: C. Gardener Mark , C. Daehler Curtis
Published: May 2016

Many plant species require the services of an animal pollinator. In Hawai'i most endemic plant species are declining, yet their pollinators are often unknown because floral visitors are uncommon, or because visits occur at night, making them difficult to observe. Information about the pollination ecology of rare plants is needed to help develop a conservation strategy. We used an automated, infrared-equipped video system to record animal visits to the flowers of rare plant species on the island of O'ahu, Hawaii. Over 500 hours of recordings were made on four plant species. For the first time, a nocturnal moth was observed visiting Cyrtandra hawaiensis. Also for the first time, native masked bees, presumed to be Hylaeus connectans, were recorded visiting the flowers of two endangered lobeliads, Cyanea pinnatifida and Cyanea superba. An introduced bird, the Japanese White-eye Zosterops japonicus also visited the Cyanea species, but it appeared to act as a nectar robber. A third lobeliad, Clermontia kakeana, was observed continuously for several days and nights but only visits by ants were recorded and no fruits were produced. While it was not always possible to determine the actual species of invertebrate floral visitors, the continuous nature of our video recording allowed us to document floral visitors that were not previously known. Furthermore, the recordings can be made without potential artefacts introduced by the presence of human observers near the flowers. This methodology can be used to document many difficult-to-observe ecological interactions between animals and rare plants.
Good English, God?s Nature: Science Education
Authors: F. Recher Harry
Published: May 2016

What makes an educated scientist? Expert knowledge, including an understanding of experimental design and data analysis, is essential to being an innovative scientist and a leader in one?s field, but it is only part of a scientist?s education and may not even be the most important part. Paul Ehrlich and I have been fond of saying that research is not complete until it is published; communication skills are also essential to being a good scientist (Recher and Ehrlich 1999). However, communication is more than just being able to exchange ideas and information with colleagues sharing a common technical language; leaders among scientists communicate with a much wider audience, including the lay public (Recher and Ehrlich 1999, 2005). Being able to communicate with a wider audience requires different skills from those needed to speak with one?s peers. Few scientists have these skills and the fault lies with the way scientists are educated and in the ways the scientific community has chosen to measure the quality of scientific endeavour (Recher 1992a,b, 1998, 2006).
New Models for Ecosystem Dynamics and Restoration
Authors: Ashween Ali Ashehad
Published: May 2016

In order to better understand links between ecological theory and its practice in restoration setting, Hobbs and Suding in this book present models of transition dynamics and feedbacks. It consists of three parts.
Ecological Restoration: Principles, Values, and Structure of an Emerging Profession
Authors: E. M. Watson James
Published: May 2016

The field of ecological restoration is a rapidly growing discipline that encompasses a wide range of activities and brings together practitioners and theoreticians from a variety of backgrounds and perspectives. This textbook is part of the Science and Practice of Ecological Restoration Book Series which is intended to serve a broad audience of people who are active in the field of ecological restoration or have specialized interests in it. In the authors? own words, this book aims to move beyond the past twelve volumes in the series and create a unified vision of ecological restoration as a field of study, one that clearly states the discipline?s precepts and emphasizes issues of importance to those involved at all levels. In doing this, the authors of book fundamentally aim to embrace a wider, holistic definition that takes into account both environmental and social components.
Wildlife and Society: The Science of Human Dimensions
Authors: Lawson Justin
Published: May 2016

Wildlife and Society: The Science of Human Dimensions is a timely and important book focusing on the well-established field of human dimensions and natural resource management. A lucid and pragmatic book, with contributions from the leaders in the field, it makes clear and valid reasons for understanding the importance of people and their relationships to fish and wildlife. In particular, it is asserted that ?we need information on the who, what, where, when and why for all those interested in or affected by natural resource decisions anytime we are allocating and managing natural resources? (Brown, p.6).
Museum: The Macleays, Their Collections and the Search for Order.
Authors: Fulton Graham R
Published: May 2016

STACEY and Hay have previously collaborated on
the volume Herbarium (Stacey and Hay 2004)
regarding collections held in the herbarium of the
Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Ashley Hay has
published two books of narrative non-fiction. Her
essays, short stories and journalism have appeared
in various periodicals including The Bulletin where
she was a literary editor. Robyn Stacey is a Senior
Lecturer in the School of Communication and Arts
at the University of Western Sydney. She is an
acclaimed photographer, in Australia, with her
photography shown in Australia and internationally.
This book is about the history, collectors and
collections of The Macleay Museum at The
University of Sydney. Its aim is to bring the reader
closer to the collectors and collections by breathing
life into the characters and selected specimens in the
collection; according to the dust-jacket’s hyperbole,
to throw open the doors of the museum and its rich
collections. The authors develop the book with their
individual skills, one of writing and one of
photography. The second is facilitated through its
aesthetic appeal, its folio size and large photographic
reproductions of strikingly coloured specimens. The
whole is a coffee-table-style-book with a text that digs
deeper developing the background to the personalities
and collections, intertwining them with the
history of early systematists/collectors, which provides
the backbone of the text.
Rebuttal
Authors: A. Cox P. , Elmqvist T.
Published: May 2016

We appreciate the thoughtful commentary of Graham Baines on our essay on ecocolonialism and indigenous controlled reserves in Samoa. We largely agree with his points, and hope that our experiences in Samoa may prove informative to others. While our discussion of the historical and philosophical roots of ecocolonialism may prove tedious to some readers, such as Dr Baines, we felt it important to attempt to provide some explanatory framework for the course of recent events concerning the Samoan preserves. The supremacy of Western culture to all indigenous cultures is so deeply assumed by some, that there is conservation efforts, let along tender them control of conservation efforts as we have sought to do so in Samoa.
National Biodiversity Council
Authors: Recher Harry
Published: May 2016

The National Biodiversity Council was formed in December 1994. The Council is an independent body that acts as a scientific voice for biodiversity conservation in Australia. It consists of a council of 12 scientists, elected by their peers, and an Assembly of representatives from scientific societies and institutions and those nominated by the Council to provide balance and additional expertise. The Council was formed because many people were concerned about the lack of an independent scientific voice on environmental and development issues, and because many Australian scientists lacked full freedom to comment on government and institutional policies affecting biodiversity. The Council was to be that voice and Council members were empowered to speak freely and openly on behalf of the Council.
Ecological attributes of the threatened fauna of New South Wales
Authors: Lunney D. , L. Curtin A. , Fisher D. , Ayers D. , R. Dickman C.
Published: May 2016

The aims of this study were to identify common ecological patterns among threatened fauna in New South Wales, and to identify priority areas for research and management by determining which regions and habitats contain high numbers of threatened fauna. Threatened and non-threatened fauna were taken from the listings of Lunney et al. (1996, 1997). Species were categorized into weight classes, diet groups, habitats and regions and by level of knowledge available about them. All regions and habitats of the State contain threatened species. The northeastern region of New South Wales contains the greatest number of threatened species but the western region has suffered the most extinctions, especially of mammals. Species that historically inhabited a greater number of regions are less likely to be currently threatened or to be extinct than those with restricted distributions, and large species are more likely to be threatened than smaller species. The best predictors of a threatened mammals species were seeds and vegetation in the diet, heavier body weight, and ground-dwelling, burrowing, and rock pile/cave-dwelling habits. The Critical Weight Range (35?5 500g), although strongly associated with extinction of non-volant mammals, was not the most important predictor. Lord Howe Island held the highest proportion of threatened and extinct birds. Factors showing the strongest associations for threatened birds were carnivory, large size, and distribution in the southeastern region. The most poorly-known region for birds was the north-east, and the least known habitat was shrubland (including mallee, heath and chenopod shrubland). The status of reptiles was poorly known in all regions, especially the western region. Frogs were also poorly known in all regions. Frogs were most at risk if they were large, inhabited closed forest or occurred in the central or northeastern region. The study further revealed little association between particular ecological attributes and conservation status. This indicates that there are complex and pervasive threats affecting the status of New South Wales fauna. Research and management priority status could be argued for all regions and most habitats in the State, but the western or northeastern regions may face the most problems depending on the criteria used (e.g., past extinctions, number vs proportion of threatened species). Further, the conservation status of birds, reptiles and frogs is in particular need of attention from researchers.
Conservation of Australia's Forest Fauna
Authors: E. Fox R.
Published: May 2016

Conservation of Australia's Forest Fauna should provide a jolt to both the thought police and the development whisperers. Lunney's editing has elegantly exposed the astounding lack of basic knowledge of our forest fauna and the consequences of poorly researched management decisions.
Forestry, cultural ecology and ecological sustainability
Authors: F. Recher Harry
Published: May 2016

For the past decade, the world has been told that ecologically sustainable development is the hope for the future: using only what we need without comprising the opportunities and needs of future generations. Across the Pacific, the concept has been embraced by all levels of government, by non-government conservation groups, by industry, by the media, and by conservation biologists. A former Australian Prime Minister, Bob Hawke, even went so far during a re-election campaign as to commit the Australian Government and the Australian people to the ecologically sustainable development of the Australian continent.
Forum Essay ? Response
Authors: Morris Keith , Williams Matt
Published: May 2016

We refer to the Forum Essay, Aspects of ecologically sustainable forestry in temperate eucalypt forests ? beyond an expanded reserve system, by David Lindenmayer and yourself (Pacific Conservation Biology 4: 4?10), particularly the comments about the Kingston project (p. 7). As we have been involved in the development and implementation of the Kingston project, we would like to respond to your criticism of this work.
Enhanced thermopower in ZnO two-dimensional electron gas
Authors: Shimizu Sunao , Bahramy Mohammad Saeed , Iizuka Takahiko , Ono Shimpei , Miwa Kazumoto , Tokura Yoshinori , Iwasa Yoshihiro
Published: May 2016

Significance

Thermoelectric effects, the conversion of heat into electrical energy, reflect the profile of the electronic density of states. Therefore, the control of the dimensionality is a key strategy to obtaining higher thermoelectric power. The direct demonstration of the enhancement, however, has been elusive, partly because of the difficulties in preparation of low-dimensional materials with simple band structures. Here, we investigated the Seebeck effect of 2D electrons using the electric field effect. The ion-gating experiment and band calculation demonstrated that the field-induced 2D electrons on an oxide semiconductor ZnO exhibit a higher thermoelectric effect than bulk ZnO. Furthermore, our approach of electrically controlling thermopower provides an effective route to exploit the optimum conditions of thermoelectric properties.
Lassoing saddle splay and the geometrical control of topological defects
Authors: Tran Lisa , Lavrentovich Maxim O. , Beller Daniel A. , Li Ningwei , Stebe Kathleen J. , Kamien Randall D.
Published: May 2016

Significance

The liquid crystalline state of matter exhibits amazing, diverse defect structures. Whereas often these structures are found in exotic, specially designed materials, we find exotic defect structures in even the simplest liquid crystals by placing them in templates with special boundary cues. We find that a sheet filled with an array of holes placed in a liquid crystal cell induces arrays of defect lines. We also find that the anchoring conditions at the cell surfaces strongly modify the observed liquid-crystal states. We characterize and explain our experimental observations using simulations and theoretical considerations.
Proton–hydride tautomerism in hydrogen evolution catalysis
Authors: Quintana Luis M. Aguirre , Johnson Samantha I. , Corona Sydney L. , Villatoro Walther , Goddard William A. , Takase Michael K. , VanderVelde David G. , Winkler Jay R. , Gray Harry B. , Blakemore James D.
Published: May 2016

Significance

The discovery of efficient hydrogen evolution catalysts for solar fuels production continues to be an active research field. Catalyst optimization depends on detailed knowledge of the elementary chemical reaction steps involved in catalysis. Isolation of intermediates in catalytic processes is uncommon owing to their necessarily low stability. By using weak acids, we have isolated and characterized an intermediate in the 2
e
−
+ 2H
+
→ H
2
reaction catalyzed by η
5
-pentamethylcyclopentadienyl (Cp*) Rh(κ
2
-2,2′-bipyridyl) [Rh(bpy)]. We find that the preferred site of Cp*Rh(bpy) protonation is not the metal center but is the Cp* ligand. Despite the reputation of Cp* as a stable ligand in organometallic chemistry, these results suggest an important role for close metal–ligand cooperation in promoting hydrogen–evolution catalysis.
Typhoid toxin provides a window into typhoid fever and the biology ofSalmonellaTyphi
Authors: Galán Jorge E.
Published: May 2016

Significance

SalmonellaTyphi is the cause of typhoid fever, a disease that has challenged humans throughout history but that continues to be a major public health concern resulting in ∼200,000 deaths every year. The recent discovery of typhoid toxin has provided unique opportunities to develop much needed preventive and therapeutic strategies.
Induction, Recovery, and Hematological Responses of Pallid Sturgeon to Chemical and Electrical Sedation
Authors: Johnson Jennifer L. , Trushenski Jesse T. , Bowker James D.
Published: May 2016

Currently, there are no sedatives approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration that are considered effective, safe to a broad range of fish species, practical to use, and allow sedated fish to be returned to public waters immediately upon recovery. Availability of such a sedative is critical for many field-based fisheries activities and research, particularly when working with federally listed threatened and endangered species such as Pallid Sturgeon Scaphirhynchus albus. Therefore, we conducted an experiment to quantitatively compare induction and recovery times of Pallid Sturgeon sedated using tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222), eugenol, or electrosedation (pulsed DC) and assess the fish's hematological profile following sedation. Induction times varied significantly among the sedatives evaluated, of which electrosedation yielded the fastest induction times (0.2 ± 0.04 min, mean ± SE) followed by MS-222 (1.8 ± 0.19 min) and eugenol (2.3 ± 0.26 min). Times to recovery of equilibrium and responsiveness to tactile stimuli also varied, ranging from 1.4 ± 0.1 min for electrosedation to 4.7 ± 0.2 min and 6.4 ± 0.7 min for MS-222 and eugenol, respectively. Except for plasma osmolality, hematological variables (hematocrit, glucose, lactate, and cortisol) did not vary over a 6-h postsedation sampling period. Osmolality was lower in fish sedated with MS-222 and eugenol and higher in electrosedated fish compared with unsedated reference fish. Our results showed that all sedation protocols tested effectively sedated Pallid Sturgeon, all sedated fish recovered, and there was no delayed mortality associated with sedation.

Received April 21, 2015; accepted December 21, 2015 Published online May 24, 2016
Observation of spectrum effect on the measurement of intrinsic error field on EAST
Authors: Wang Hui-Hui , Sun You-Wen , Qian Jin-Ping , Shi Tong-Hui , Shen Biao , Gu Shuai , Liu Yue-Qiang , Guo Wen-Feng , Chu Nan , He Kai-Yang , Jia Man-Ni , Chen Da-Long , Xue Min-Min , Ren Jie , Wang Yong , Sheng Zhi-Cai , Xiao Bing-Jia , Luo Zheng-Ping , Liu Yong , Liu Hai-Qing , Zhao Hai-Lin , Zeng Long , Gong Xian-Zu , Liang Yun-Feng , Wan Bao-Nian
Published: May 2016

Intrinsic error field on EAST is measured using the ‘compass scan’ technique with different n  =  1 magnetic perturbation coil configurations in ohmically heated discharges. The intrinsic error field measured using a non-resonant dominated spectrum with even connection of the upper and lower resonant magnetic perturbation coils is of the order

b

r
2
,
1

/

B

T

≃

10

−
5

and the toroidal phase of intrinsic error field is around

60

°

. A clear difference between the results using the two coil configurations, resonant and non-resonant dominated spectra, is observed. The ‘resonant’ and ‘non-resonant’ terminology is based on vacuum modeling. The penetration thresholds of the non-resonant dominated cases are much smaller than that of the resonant cases. The difference of penetration thresholds between the resonant and non-resonant cases is reduced by plasma response modeling using the MARS-F code.
Old—and With Severe Heart Failure
Authors: Lind Leili , Carlgren Gunnar , Karlsson Daniel
Published: May 2016

Telehealth programs for heart failure have been studied using a variety of techniques. Because currently a majority of the elderly are nonusers of computers and Internet, we developed a home telehealth system based on digital pen technology. Fourteen patients (mean age, 84 years [median, 83 years]) with severe heart failure participated in a 13-month pilot study in specialized homecare. Participants communicated patient-reported outcome measures daily using the digital pen and health diary forms, submitting a total of 3 520 reports. The reports generated a total of 632 notifications when reports indicated worsening health. Healthcare professionals reviewed reports frequently, more than 4700 times throughout the study, and acted on the information provided. Patients answered questionnaires and were observed in their home environment when using the system. Results showed that the technology was accepted by participants: patients experienced an improved contact with clinicians; they felt more compliant with healthcare professionals’ advice, and they felt more secure and more involved in their own care. Via the system, the healthcare professionals detected heart failure–related deteriorations at an earlier stage, and as a consequence, none of the patients were admitted into hospital care during the study.