bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two New Texts on Medicine and Natural Philosophy by Abū Bakr al-Rāzī
Authors: Portman Peter E. , Selove Emily
Published: August 2017

This paper introduces two newly discovered epistles by the celebrated physician and philosopher Abū Bakr Muḥammad ibn Zakariyyāʾ al-Rāzī (Rhazes, d. ca. 925). The first epistle addresses the question of why and how clothing can be used both to stay warm and to stay cool, drawing on the Aristotelian tradition of problem literature (problḗmata physiká). The second epistle arises out of a court polemic and treats the question of whether one should consume mulberries after watermelons. This study offers analysis, editions, and translations of these previously unknown epistles, situating them within their broader literary and cultural contexts.
Political Revival of the Abbasid Caliphate: Al-Muqtafī and the Seljuqs
Authors: Tor D. G.
Published: August 2017

The reign of the Abbasid caliph al-Muqtafī (r. 1136–1160) was one of great historical significance. Despite his having been chosen and elevated to the caliphate by the Seljuq sultans during the nadir of Abbasid power, after they had murdered one caliph and deposed another, it was al-Muqtafī who finally succeeded in reestablishing Abbasid political rule over Iraq. This article traces the course of al-Muqtafī’s relations with the Seljuq sultans, analyzes how and why he succeeded in reviving Abbasid political rule, and considers the import of the events that transpired during his reign.
Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD 1148–1459), from the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al- ‘Ābidīn, Critically Edited with Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. By Walter Slaje
Authors: Nemec John
Published: August 2017

Kingship in Kaśmīr (AD 1148–1459), from the Pen of Jonarāja, Court Paṇḍit to Sulṭān Zayn al- ‘Ābidīn, Critically Edited with Annotated Translation, Indexes and Maps. By Walter Slaje. Studia Indologica Universitatis Halensis, vol. 7. Halle an der Saale: Universitätsverlag Halle- Wittenberg, 2014. Pp. 326, 1 pl, maps. €78.
Bhāṭṭatantrarahasyam: The Bhāṭṭatantrarahasya of Khaṇḍadeva with the Sāraprakāśikā Commentary by N. S. Ramanuja Tatacharya. By N. S. Ramanuja Tatacharya
Authors: Cardona George
Published: August 2017

Bhāṭṭatantrarahasyam: The Bhāṭṭatantrarahasya of Khaṇḍadeva with the Sāraprakāśikā Commentary by N. S. Ramanuja Tatacharya. By N. S. Ramanuja Tatacharya. Regards sur l’Asie du Sud/South Asian Perspective, no. 4. Pondichéry: Institut FrançaIs de Pondichéry, 2015. Pp. xxi + 664. Rs. 1200, €52.
Klagetraditionen: Form und Funktion der Klage in den Kulturen der Antike. Edited by Margaret Jaques
Authors: Oshima T. M.
Published: August 2017

Klagetraditionen: Form und Funktion der Klage in den Kulturen der Antike. Edited by Margaret Jaques. Orbis Biblicus et Orientalis, vol. 251. Fribourg, Switzerland: Academic Press, 2011. Pp. vii + 110, illus. SF35.
Karanis Revealed: Discovering the Past and Present of a Michigan Excavation in Egypt. Edited by T. G. Wilfong and Andrew W. S. Ferrara
Authors: Peck William H.
Published: August 2017

Karanis Revealed: Discovering the Past and Present of a Michigan Excavation in Egypt. Edited by T. G. Wilfong and Andrew W. S. Ferrara. Kelsey Museum Publication, no. 7. Ann Arbor: Kelsey Museum of Archaeology, 2014. Pp. viii + 192, illus. $24.95 (paper).
Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century: Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb. By Khaled el-Rouayheb
Authors: Stearns Justin
Published: August 2017

Islamic Intellectual History in the Seventeenth Century: Scholarly Currents in the Ottoman Empire and the Maghreb. By Khaled el-Rouayheb. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2015. Pp. xvi + 399. $99.99, £64.99.
Real Life in China at the Height of the Empire: Revealed by the Ghosts of Ji Xiaolan. Translated by DavId E. Pollard
Authors: Inglis Alister
Published: August 2017

Real Life in China at the Height of the Empire: Revealed by the Ghosts of Ji Xiaolan. Translated by

DavId E. Pollard. Hong Kong: Chinese University Press, 2014. Pp. xl + 334. $45 (cloth).
Front Matter
Authors: Editors
Published: August 2017

Front matter
A distance transform for continuous parameterization of discrete geologic facies for subsurface flow model calibration
Authors: Hakim‐Elahi Siavash , Jafarpour Behnam
Published: August 2017

Construction of predictive subsurface flow models involves subjective interpretation and interpolation of spatially limited data, often using imperfect modeling assumptions. Hence, the process can introduce significant uncertainty and bias in predicting the flow and transport behavior of these systems. In particular, the uncertainty in the facies distribution in complex geologic environments, such as alluvial/fluvial channels, can be consequential for forecasting the dynamic response of these systems to perturbations due to pumping and development activities. Conventional model calibration techniques that are designed to update continuous model parameters cannot be used to estimate discrete parameters from flow and pressure data. We present a distance transform approach for converting discrete facies models to continuous parameters that can be updated using continuous model calibration methods. Distance transforms are widely used in discrete image processing, where the discrete values in each pixel are replaced with their distance (i.e., a continuous variable) to the nearest boundary cell. After updating the continuous distance maps during model calibration, a back transformation is applied to retrieve the updated facies maps. To preserve large‐scale facies connectivity, truncated singular value decomposition (SVD) parametrization may be used to represent the distance maps with low‐rank parameters. A variant of the ensemble smoother, ES‐MDA is used to update the continuous parameters of the inversion (either distance maps or their SVD coefficients if used). The distance transform method addresses an important problem in facies model calibration where model updating can result in losing facies connectivity and discreteness.
Longwave emission trends over Africa and implications for Atlantic hurricanes
Authors: Zhang Lei , Rechtman Thomas , Karnauskas Kristopher B. , Li Laifang , Donnelly Jeffrey P. , Kossin James P.
Published: August 2017

The latitudinal gradient of outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) over Africa is a skillful and physically based predictor of seasonal Atlantic hurricane activity. The African OLR gradient is observed to have strengthened during the satellite era, as predicted by state‐of‐the‐art global climate models (GCMs) in response to greenhouse gas forcing. Prior to the satellite era and the U.S. and European clean air acts, the African OLR gradient weakened due to aerosol forcing of the opposite sign. GCMs predict a continuation of the increasing OLR gradient in response to greenhouse gas forcing. Assuming a steady linear relationship between African easterly waves and tropical cyclogenesis, this result suggests a future increase in Atlantic tropical cyclone frequency by 10% (20%) at the end of the 21st century under the RCP 4.5 (8.5) forcing scenario.
Accumulation in coastal West Antarctic ice core records and the role of cyclone activity
Authors: Hosking J. Scott , Fogt Ryan , Thomas Elizabeth R. , Moosavi Vahid , Phillips Tony , Coggins Jack , Reusch David
Published: August 2017

Cyclones are an important component of Antarctic climate variability, yet quantifying their impact on the polar environment is challenging. We assess how cyclones which pass through the Bellingshausen Sea affect accumulation over Ellsworth Land, West Antarctica, where we have two ice core records. We use self‐organizing maps (SOMs), an unsupervised machine learning technique, to group cyclones into nine SOM nodes differing by their trajectories (1980–2015). The annual frequency of cyclones associated with the first SOM node (SOM1, which generally originate from lower latitudes over the South Pacific Ocean) is significantly (p < 0.001) correlated with annual accumulation, with the highest seasonal correlations (p < 0.001) found during autumn. While significant (p < 0.01) increases in vertically integrated water vapor over the South Pacific Ocean coincide with this same group of cyclones, we find no indication that this has led to an increase in moisture advection into, nor accumulation over, Ellsworth Land over this short time period.
Mechanics of the energy balance in large lowland rivers, and why the bed matters
Authors: Bray Erin N. , Dozier Jeff , Dunne Thomas
Published: August 2017

Along many rivers, dams trap sediment and water released from the dams is clear. Downstream of the dam, temperature variability along the river is controlled by climate that warms or cools the water, the flow magnitude, and the spectral properties of water and the river's bed. Using field observations, a synoptic numerical model without calibration couples a full‐spectrum radiation balance with turbulent heat fluxes, bed conduction, and a hydraulic model that estimates depth and velocity. We show that variations in the river's temperature are sensitive to the albedo of the sediment on the bed, especially at shallow depths and smaller discharges. However, about half the solar radiation lies in a spectral range where water is highly absorptive; in these wavelengths, absorption is independent of depth. In spring and summer with many hours of sunlight, releases of cold water will have limited influence on temperatures beyond tens of kilometers downstream of a dam.
Simulating climate and stable water isotopes during the Last Interglacial using a coupled climate‐isotope model
Authors: Gierz Paul , Werner Martin , Lohmann Gerrit
Published: August 2017

Understanding the dynamics of warm climate states has gained increasing importance in the face of anthropogenic climate change, and while it is possible to simulate warm interglacial climates, these simulated results cannot be evaluated without the aid of geochemical proxies. One such proxy is δ18O, which allows for inference about both a climate state's hydrology and temperature. We utilize a stable water isotope equipped climate model to simulate three stages during the Last Interglacial (LIG), corresponding to 130, 125, and 120 kyr before present, using forcings for orbital configuration as well as greenhouse gases. We discover heterogeneous responses in the mean δ18O signal to the climate forcing, with large areas of depletion in the LIG δ18O signal over the tropical Atlantic, the Sahel, and the Indian subcontinent, and with enrichment over the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. While we find that the climatology mean relationship between δ18O and temperature remains stable during the LIG, we also discover that this relationship is not spatially consistent. Our results suggest that great care must be taken when comparing δ18O records of different paleoclimate archives with the results of climate models as both the qualitative and quantitative interpretation of δ18O variations as a proxy for past temperature changes may be problematic due to the complexity of the signals.
Electron number density profiles derived from radio occultation on the CASSIOPE spacecraft
Authors: Shume Esayas B. , Vergados Panagiotis , Komjathy Attila , Langley Richard B. , Durgonics Tibor
Published: August 2017

This paper presents electron number density profiles derived from high‐resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) observations performed using the Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe payload on the high inclination CAScade, Smallsat and IOnospheric Polar Explorer (CASSIOPE) spacecraft. We have developed and applied a novel inverse Abel transform algorithm on high rate RO total electron content measurements performed along GPS to CASSIOPE radio links to recover electron density profiles. The high‐resolution density profiles inferred from the CASSIOPE RO are (1) in very good agreement with density profiles estimated from ionosonde data, measured over stations nearby to the latitude and longitude of the RO tangent points; (2) in good agreement with density profiles inferred from GPS RO measured by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC); and (3) in general agreement with density profiles estimated using the International Reference Ionosphere climatological model. Using both CASSIOPE and COSMIC RO observations, we identify, for the first time, that there exist differences in the characteristics of the electron number density profiles retrieved over landmasses and oceans. The density profiles over oceans exhibit widespread values and scale heights compared to density profiles over landmasses. We provide an explanation for the ocean‐landmass discrepancy in terms of the unique wave coupling mechanisms operating over oceans and landmasses.
Reconstructing subducted oceanic lithosphere by “reverse‐engineering” slab geometries: The northern Philippine Sea Plate
Authors: Pownall Jonathan M. , Lister Gordon S. , Spakman Wim
Published: August 2017

Subducting slabs commonly acquire complex geometries from the migration of subduction trenches, slab‐mantle interaction, slab tearing, and collision of slabs at depth. Although it is possible to construct three‐dimensional models of subducted slabs using earthquake hypocenter locations and tomographic models, it is often not possible to rigorously test their accuracy. Here we present a methodology for performing such a test, by “reverse‐engineering” the presubduction configuration of a slab of oceanic lithosphere from interpretations of its present‐day morphology. We illustrate our approach for the Ryukyu and Shikoku slabs, northwest Philippine Sea, having simulated them as viscoelastic sheets that we unfolded and “floated” to the surface. The net strain distribution of the floated mesh indicated which parts of the original slab model were geometrically viable (minimal net strain) and which parts of the mesh required additional tears and/or zones of localized ductile extension to have enabled the slab to deform during subduction. In the instance of the Ryukyu and Shikoku slabs, the Palau‐Kyushu and Gagua ridges are shown to have both acted as planes of weakness that broke into major vertical slab tears. These subducted ridges are connected by a trench‐parallel tear that represented the former contact between the Huatung and West Philippine Basins. The fossil spreading center of the Shikoku Basin formed a separate slab window upon subduction along the Nankai Trough. The methodology presented herein is a powerful tool to evaluate complex slab morphologies, infer the locations of slab tears, and therefore reconstruct intricate configurations of subducted oceanic lithosphere.
Capillary trapping quantification in sandstones using NMR relaxometry
Authors: Connolly Paul R. J. , Vogt Sarah J. , Iglauer Stefan , May Eric F. , Johns Michael L.
Published: August 2017

Capillary trapping of a non‐wetting phase arising from two‐phase immiscible flow in sedimentary rocks is critical to many geoscience scenarios, including oil and gas recovery, aquifer recharge and, with increasing interest, carbon sequestration. Here we demonstrate the successful use of low field 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance [NMR] to quantify capillary trapping; specifically we use transverse relaxation time [T2] time measurements to measure both residual water [wetting phase] content and the surface‐to‐volume ratio distribution (which is proportional to pore size] of the void space occupied by this residual water. Critically we systematically confirm this relationship between T2 and pore size by quantifying inter‐pore magnetic field gradients due to magnetic susceptibility contrast, and demonstrate that our measurements at all water saturations are unaffected. Diffusion in such field gradients can potentially severely distort the T2‐pore size relationship, rendering it unusable. Measurements are performed for nitrogen injection into a range of water‐saturated sandstone plugs at reservoir conditions. Consistent with a water‐wet system, water was preferentially displaced from larger pores while relatively little change was observed in the water occupying smaller pore spaces. The impact of cyclic wetting/non‐wetting fluid injection was explored and indicated that such a regime increased non‐wetting trapping efficiency by the sequential occupation of the most available larger pores by nitrogen. Finally the replacement of nitrogen by CO2 was considered; this revealed that dissolution of paramagnetic minerals from the sandstone caused by its exposure to carbonic acid reduced the in situ bulk fluid T2 relaxation time on a timescale comparable to our core flooding experiments. The implications of this for the T2‐pore size relationship are discussed.
Critical conditions of incipient motion of cohesive sediments
Authors: Zhang Minxi , Yu Guoliang
Published: August 2017

The critical condition of incipient motion of cohesive sediments was investigated in a laboratory study. One‐hundred experimental runs were performed with sediment samples by varying the yield stress to determine the relationship between the critical condition of incipient motion and the rheological properties of the cohesive sediments. The results indicate that yield stress is a factor that has a major influence on the incipient motion of cohesive sediments. In addition, the critical Shields parameter is found to be exponentially proportional to the yield stress and inversely proportional to the median grain size. The effect of yield stress on the critical Shields parameter is significant for the cohesive sediments and becomes progressively weaker with increasing median grain size. Furthermore, an empirical formula for calculating the critical Shields parameter of cohesive sediments that includes a rheological term and a gravity term is proposed by introducing the yield stress. According to this formula, a modified Shields diagram is obtained in which the values of the critical Shields parameter for cohesive sediments vary within a band that contains countless curves (instead of on a single line) to reflect the influence of the yield stress. This modification of the traditional Shields curve is effective for fine sediments, but the effects tend to vanish for coarse sediments as the behavior of sediments changes from cohesive to noncohesive. Finally, potential further investigations are discussed.
From Eyewitness to Academic Contexts: Examining the Effect of Misinformation in First and Second Languages
Authors: Smith Kendra C. , Multhaup Kristi S. , Ihejirika Rivka C.
Published: August 2017

The present study adapts the typical eyewitness misinformation paradigm into an academic context. Unbalanced English–Spanish bilinguals (N = 81) listened to a lecture in English (L1) or Spanish (L2), read notes in L1 or L2, and completed a forced‐choice recognition test in the lecture language. Unlike prior studies with proficient bilinguals, unbalanced English‐dominant participants showed greater recognition memory accuracy for material presented in English only than did material presented in Spanish only. English misinformation had a greater impact on memory for the Spanish lecture than vice versa. Most importantly, the modified misinformation paradigm is an effective tool to investigate academic misinformation effects and could be used in bilingual and monolingual research. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiographic Progression in Psoriatic Arthritis Achieving a Good Response to Treatment: Data Using Newer Composite Indices of Disease Activity
Authors: Helliwell Philip S. , Kavanaugh Arthur
Published: August 2017

Objective

To compare radiographic outcomes according to the magnitude of the response utilizing 3 new psoriatic composite disease activity measures (the Psoriatic Arthritis Disease Activity Score [PASDAS], the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Composite Exercise [GRACE], and the Disease Activity in PsA [DAPSA]).

Methods

The data were taken from the GO‐REVEAL data set, a large randomized, double‐blind study that evaluated the safety and efficacy of 2 doses of the tumor necrosis factor inhibitor golimumab in subjects with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Response criteria at 24 weeks were applied across the whole data set, irrespective of treatment group. Radiographic scores at baseline and 24 weeks were assessed using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde method for PsA.

Results

Overall, for each measure, radiographic progression was significantly greater in subjects with a moderate or poor outcome, and absent in those with a good outcome. The proportion of subjects without radiographic progression in the good outcome group was 83% using the PASDAS (χ2 = 7.9; P = 0.02), 80% using the GRACE (χ2 = 5.8; P = 0.05), and 76% using the DAPSA (χ2 = 3.4; P = 0.19).

Conclusion

Response criteria for disease‐specific composite measures enable separation between groups in terms of radiographic progression and may therefore be used as suitable targets for interventional studies, as well as in the clinic.
Multishelled CaO Microspheres Stabilized by Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3 for Enhanced CO2 Capture Performance
Authors: Armutlulu Andac , Naeem Muhammad Awais , Liu Hsueh‐Ju , Kim Sung Min , Kierzkowska Agnieszka , Fedorov Alexey , Müller Christoph R.
Published: August 2017

CO2 capture and storage is a promising concept to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The most established technology for capturing CO2 relies on amine scrubbing that is, however, associated with high costs. Technoeconomic studies show that using CaO as a high‐temperature CO2 sorbent can significantly reduce the costs of CO2 capture. A serious disadvantage of CaO derived from earth‐abundant precursors, e.g., limestone, is the rapid, sintering‐induced decay of its cyclic CO2 uptake. Here, a template‐assisted hydrothermal approach to develop CaO‐based sorbents exhibiting a very high and cyclically stable CO2 uptake is exploited. The morphological characteristics of these sorbents, i.e., a porous shell comprised of CaO nanoparticles coated by a thin layer of Al2O3 (<3 nm) containing a central void, ensure (i) minimal diffusion limitations, (ii) space to accompany the substantial volumetric changes during CO2 capture and release, and (iii) a minimal quantity of Al2O3 for structural stabilization, thus maximizing the fraction of CO2‐capture‐active CaO.
Comprehensive evaluation of the revised international staging system in multiple myeloma patients treated with novel agents as a primary therapy
Authors: Cho Hyungwoo , Yoon Dok Hyun , Lee Jung Bok , Kim Sung‐Yong , Moon Joon Ho , Do Young Rok , Lee Jae Hoon , Park Yong , Lee Ho Sup , Eom Hyeon Seok , Shin Ho‐Jin , Min Chang‐Ki , Kim Jin Seok , Jo Jae‐Cheol , Kang Hye Jin , Mun Yeung‐Chul , Lee Won Sik , Lee Je‐Jung , Suh Cheolwon , Kim Kihyun ,   and the Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party
Published: August 2017

The revised International Staging System (R‐ISS) has recently been developed to improve the risk stratification of multiple myeloma (MM) patients over the ISS. We assessed the R‐ISS in MM patients who were treated with novel agents as a primary therapy and evaluated its discriminative power and ability to reclassify patients from the ISS. A total of 514 newly diagnosed MM patients treated with novel agents including thalidomide, bortezomib, and lenalidomide as a primary therapy were included in this retrospective analysis. With a median follow‐up duration of 42.3 months (range, 40.5–44.1), the median overall survival (OS) was 61.0 months. There was a significant difference in median OS (not reached, 60.9, and 50.1 months for stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively, P < 0.001) among the three stages of R‐ISS. The C‐statistic was significantly greater for R‐ISS than for ISS (0.769 vs. 0.696, P < 0.001). The event NRI was −0.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.18–0.01) and the non‐event NRI was 0.05 (95% CI, −0.03–0.10), resulting in a total NRI of −0.03 (95% CI, −0.14–0.08, P = 0.602). The R‐ISS performs well and has significantly better discriminative power than the ISS in MM patients treated with novel agents as a primary therapy. However, it does not better reclassify patients from the ISS, suggesting that there is still room to improve the staging system. Moreover, new statistical measures for assessing and quantifying the risk prediction of new prognostic models are necessary in future studies.
Financial hardship assistance behind the scenes: Insights from financial counsellors
Authors: Ali Paul , Bourova Evgenia , Ramsay Ian
Published: August 2017

Financial hardship, in a credit society such as Australia, can affect almost anyone. To protect consumers from the negative impacts of financial hardship—which can include the stresses of enforcement action and disconnection from essential services—legal protections have been incorporated into the regulatory frameworks for the consumer credit, energy, water and telecommunications sectors. In this article, we outline the findings of our study, which used a survey of financial counsellors around Australia and focus group interviews with Victorian financial counsellors to examine how these legal protections are being implemented by service providers in these four sectors. Our findings highlight a tendency on the part of service providers to take a generic, one‐size‐fits‐all approach to compliance with these legal protections that prevents them from effectively assisting consumers struggling with debt. We discuss the particular shortcomings of this approach in the context of consumers living on low incomes—especially Centrelink incomes—and outline the policy implications of our findings for assisting these vulnerable groups.
A Rewritable, Reprogrammable, Dual Light‐Responsive Polymer Actuator
Authors: Gelebart Anne Helene , Mulder Dirk J. , Vantomme Ghislaine , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Broer Dirk J.
Published: August 2017

We report on the fabrication of a rewritable and reprogrammable dual‐photoresponsive liquid crystalline‐based actuator containing an azomerocyanine dye that can be locally converted into the hydroxyazopyridinium form by acid treatment. Each dye absorbs at a different wavelength giving access to programmable actuators, the folding of which can be controlled by using different colors of light. The acidic patterning is reversible and allows the erasing and rewriting of patterns in the polymer film, giving access to reusable, adjustable soft actuators.
Olefin‐Bildung durch eliminierende Dimerisierung und eliminierende Kreuzkupplung von Carbenoiden: eine stereochemische Herausforderung
Authors: Blakemore Paul R. , Hoffmann Reinhard W.
Published: August 2017

Bei der Dimerisierung von Carbenoiden entstehen Olefine, und zwar über die Bildung eines At‐Komplexes, eine nachfolgende 1,2‐Metallat‐Umlagerung und eine abschließende β‐Eliminierung. Da jeder dieser Schritte stereospezifisch ist, kann man das stereochemische Endergebnis nachvollziehen und – im Prinzip – auch steuern, vorausgesetzt, die absolute Konfiguration der reagierenden Carbenoide ist festgelegt. Eine eliminierende Kreuzkupplung zweier unterschiedlicher Carbenoide ermöglicht eine Aufbaureaktion, bei der im Unterschied zu bekannten Olefin‐Synthesen die Geometrie der Doppelbindung unabhängig von der Art der Reste an der Doppelbindung festgelegt werden kann. Die Bildung von Olefinen durch eliminierende Dimerisierung/Kreuzkupplung von Carbenoiden wird an einer Reihe von typischen Beispielen illustriert, etwa an Reaktionen von α‐lithiierten Halogenalkanen, Epoxiden und Carbamaten. Dabei gilt das Augenmerk auch der Erzeugung von sp3‐hybridisierten Carbenoiden mit definierter Konfiguration und deren stereochemischer Zuordnung.
Molecular Design of Bisphosphonates To Adjust Their Reactivity toward Metal Sources for the Surfactant‐Assisted Synthesis of Mesoporous Films
Authors: Kimura Tatsuo
Published: August 2017

The precise control of primary reactions in solutions is one of the most significant steps for the nanoscale design of inorganic solids in multidisciplinary fields. However, further growth of the inorganic species to give bulkier species disturbs such designs. The surfactant‐assisted synthesis of mesoporous materials is a good strategy for addressing such concerns because pores formed by supramolecularly mediated processes are surrounded by nanometer‐sized continuous frameworks. Many experiments are generally conducted to optimize the reaction conditions for the synthesis of highly ordered mesostructures. Herein, to minimize such trial‐and‐error efforts, a new and practical concept is proposed for the precise design of porous materials. By adjusting the reactivity between bisphosphonates and metal sources through molecular design of the starting bisphosphonate compound, it was possible to synthesize mesoporous films with unique compositions by a surfactant‐assisted approach.
Synthesis of [18F]Fluoroarenes by Nucleophilic Radiofluorination of N‐Arylsydnones
Authors: Narayanam Maruthi Kumar , Ma Gaoyuan , Champagne Pier Alexandre , Houk Kendall N. , Murphy Jennifer M.
Published: August 2017

A practical method for radiofluorination of anilines with [18F]fluoride via N‐arylsydnone intermediates is described. These precursors are stable, easy to handle and facilitate direct and regioselective 18F‐labeling to prepare [18F]fluoroarenes. The value of this methodology is further highlighted by successful application to prepare an 18F‐labeled neuropeptide.
Electrochemically Enabled, Nickel‐Catalyzed Amination
Authors: Li Chao , Kawamata Yu , Nakamura Hugh , Vantourout Julien C. , Liu Zhiqing , Hou Qinglong , Bao Denghui , Starr Jeremy T. , Chen Jinshan , Yan Ming , Baran Phil S.
Published: August 2017

Along with amide bond formation, Suzuki cross‐coupling, and reductive amination, the Buchwald–Hartwig–Ullmann‐type amination of aryl halides stands as one of the most employed reactions in modern medicinal chemistry. The work herein demonstrates the potential of utilizing electrochemistry to provide a complementary avenue to access such critical bonds using an inexpensive nickel catalyst under mild reaction conditions. Of note is the scalability, functional‐group tolerance, rapid rate, and the ability to employ a variety of aryl donors (Ar−Cl, Ar−Br, Ar−I, Ar−OTf), amine types (primary and secondary), and even alternative X−H donors (alcohols and amides).
Three‐Dimensional Architectures Constructed from Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenide Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Yun Qinbai , Lu Qipeng , Zhang Xiao , Tan Chaoliang , Zhang Hua
Published: August 2017

Transition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted considerable attention in recent years because of their unique properties and promising applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. However, the limited number of active sites as well as blocked ion and mass transport severely impair their electrochemical performance. The construction of three‐dimensional (3D) architectures from TMD nanomaterials has been proven to be an effective strategy to solve the aforementioned problems as a result of their large specific surface areas and short ion and mass transport distances. This Review summarizes the commonly used routes to build 3D TMD architectures and highlights their applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion, including batteries, supercapacitors, and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The challenges and outlook in this research area are also discussed.
Analytical Description of NMR Relaxation Highlights Correlated Dynamics in Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
Authors: Salvi Nicola , Abyzov Anton , Blackledge Martin
Published: August 2017

The dynamic fluctuations of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) define their function. Although experimental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation reveals the motional complexity of these highly flexible proteins, the absence of physical models describing IDP dynamics hinders their mechanistic interpretation. Combining molecular dynamics simulation and NMR, we introduce a framework in which distinct motions are attributed to local libration, backbone dihedral angle dynamics and longer‐range tumbling of one or more peptide planes. This model provides unique insight into segmental organization of dynamics in IDPs and allows us to investigate the presence and extent of the correlated motions that are essential for function.
Copper containing nanosilica thioalated dendritic material: A recyclable catalyst for synthesis of benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles
Authors: Zakeri Maryam , Moghadam Majid , Mirkhani Valiollah , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Pahlevanneshan Zari
Published: August 2017

In this paper, the design and characterization of a new heterogeneous catalyst by incorporation of copper ions into the nanosilica modified by thiole–based dendrimer are reported. The prepared catalyst was characterized by FT–IR, TGA, elemental analysis, FE–SEM, TEM, XPS and ICP–OES techniques. This material was used as catalyst in the synthesis benzimidazoles and benzothiazoles by the reaction of substituted benzaldehydes with 1,2–diaminobenzene or 2–aminothiophenol, respectively. The advantages of the present catalytic system are high yields, mild conditions and short reaction times. On the other hand, this new synthesized catalyst was recycled very well and reused several times without significant loss of its catalytic activity.
Highly efficient oxidative cleavage of alkenes and cyanosilylation of aldehydes catalysed by magnetically recoverable MIL‐101
Authors: Nourian Maryam , Zadehahmadi Farnaz , Kardanpour Reihaneh , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Moghadam Majid , Mirkhani Valiollah , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj
Published: August 2017

The catalytic activity of magnetically recoverable MIL‐101 was investigated in the oxidation of alkenes to carboxylic acids and cyanosilylation of aldehydes. MIL‐101 was treated with Fe3O4 and the prepared catalyst was characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, N2 adsorption measurements, field emission scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy and inductively coupled plasma analysis. The catalytic active sites in this heterogeneous catalyst are Cr3+ nodes of the MIL‐101 framework. This heterogeneous catalyst has the advantages of excellent yields, short reaction times and reusability several times without significant decrease in its initial activity and stability in both oxidation and cyanosilylation reactions. Its magnetic property allows its easy separation using an external magnetic field.
Oxidation reactions catalysed by molybdenum(VI) complexes grafted on UiO‐66 metal–organic framework as an elegant nanoreactor
Authors: Afzali Niloufar , Tangestaninejad Shahram , Moghadam Majid , Mirkhani Valiollah , Mechler Adam , Mohammadpoor‐Baltork Iraj , Kardanpour Reihaneh , Zadehahmadi Farnaz
Published: August 2017

A heterogeneous catalyst was synthesized by immobilizing Mo(CO)3 in a UiO‐66 metal–organic framework. The benzene ring of the organic linker in UiO‐66 was modified via liquid‐phase deposition of molybdenum hexacarbonyl, Mo(CO)6, as starting precursor to form the (arene)Mo(CO)3 species inside the framework. The structure of this catalyst was characterized using X‐ray diffraction, and chemical integrity was confirmed using Fourier transform infrared and diffuse reflectance UV–visible spectroscopic methods. The metal content was analysed with inductively coupled plasma. Field emission scanning electron microscopy was used to measure particle size and N2 adsorption measurements to characterize the specific surface area. This catalytic system was efficiently applied for epoxidation of alkenes and oxidation of sulfides. The Mo‐containing metal–organic framework was reused several times without any appreciable loss of its efficiency.
Excellent alkene epoxidation catalytic activity of macrocyclic‐based complex of dioxo‐Mo(VI) on supermagnetic separable nanocatalyst
Authors: Payami Fatemeh , Bezaatpour Abolfazl , Eskandari Habibollah
Published: August 2017

A phenoxybutane‐based Schiff base complex of cis‐dioxo‐Mo(VI) was supported on paramagnetic nanoparticles and characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction, infrared, diffuse reflectance and atomic absorption spectroscopies, scanning and transmission electron microscopies and vibrating sample magnetometry. The separable nanocatalyst was tested for the selective epoxidation of cyclohexene, cyclooctene, styrene, indene, α‐pinene, 1‐octene, 1‐heptene, 1‐dodecene and trans‐stilbene using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (80% in di‐tert‐butyl peroxide–water, 3:2) as oxidant in chloroform. The catalyst was efficient for oxidation of cyclooctene with 100% selectivity for epoxidation with 98% conversion in 10 min. We were able to separate magnetically the nanocatalyst using an external magnetic field and used the catalyst at least six successive times without significant decrease in conversion. The turnover frequency of the catalyst was remarkable (2556 h−1 for cyclooctene). The proposed nanomagnetic catalyst has advantages in terms of catalytic activity, selectivity, catalytic reaction time and reusability by easy separation.
Different Steric‐Twist‐Induced Ternary Memory Characteristics in Nonconjugated Copolymers with Pendant Naphthalene and 1,8‐Naphthalimide Moieties
Authors: Wang Ming , Li Zhuang , Li Hua , He Jinghui , Li Najun , Xu Qingfeng , Lu Jianmei
Published: August 2017

Herein, novel random copolymers PMNN and PMNB were designed and synthesized, and the memory devices Al/PMNN and PMNB/ITO both exhibited ternary memory performance. The switching voltages of the OFF–ON1 and ON1–ON2 transitions for both memory devices are around −2.0 and −3.5 V, respectively, and the ON1/OFF, ON2/ON1 current ratios are both up to 103. The observed tristable electrical conductivity switching could be attributed to field‐induced conformational ordering of the naphthalene rings in the side chains, and subsequent charge trapping by 1,8‐naphthalimide moieties. More interestingly, by adjusting the connection sites of 1,8‐naphthalimide moieties to tune the steric‐twist effect, different memory properties were achieved (PMNN showed nonvolatile write once, read many (WORM) memory behavior, whereas PMNB showed volatile static RAM (SRAM) memory behavior). This result will offer a guideline for the design of different high‐performance multilevel memory devices by tuning the steric effects of the chemical moieties.
Why indexing works
Authors: Heaton J. B. , Polson N. G. , Witte J. H.
Published: August 2017

We develop a simple stock selection model to explain why active equity managers tend to underperform a benchmark index. We motivate our model with the empirical observation that the best performing stocks in a broad market index often perform much better than the other stocks in the index. Randomly selecting a subset of securities from the index may dramatically increase the chance of underperforming the index. The relative likelihood of underperformance by investors choosing active management likely is much more important than the loss those same investors take due to the higher fees of active management relative to passive index investing. Thus, active management may be even more challenging than previously believed, and the stakes for finding the best active managers may be larger than previously assumed.
Enhancing recombinant interleukin‐6 production yield by fermentation optimization, two‐step denaturing, and one‐step purification
Authors: Ahmed Nadeem , Abbas Rabbia , Khan Mohsin Ahmad , Bashir Hamid , Tahir Saad , Zafar Ahmad Usman
Published: August 2017

Interleukin‐6 a pleiotropic cytokine involved in a wide range of biological activities. So the large‐scale production of biologically active recombinant human interleukin‐6 is important for its structural and functional studies. Here, we report an optimized method for shake flask fermentation and a simplified high‐yield purification procedure for the recombinant interleukin‐6. This high‐yield expression method not only involves the optimization of the fermentation condition but also the single step purification method as well as a two‐step denaturing and one‐step refolding process. This approach replaces the more conventional procedure of protein solubilization and refolding. Through applying these strategies, the final cell density and overall product yield of the recombinant human interleukin‐6 were obtained as 20.4 g as cell biomass and 150 mg as purified active protein from the I‐L of the culture. The purified protein was characterized by HPLC and SDS–PAGE. The results of the current work demonstrate that the described method may be used to develop the process for industrial‐scale production of the biologically active recombinant interleukin‐6 protein.
Nationwide outcomes in patients undergoing surgical exploration without resection for pancreatic cancer
Authors: van der Geest L G M , Lemmens V E P P , de Hingh I H J T , van Laarhoven C J H M , Bollen T L , Nio C Y , van Eijck C H J , Busch O R C , Besselink M G
Published: August 2017

Background

Despite improvements in diagnostic imaging and staging, unresectable pancreatic cancer is still encountered during surgical exploration with curative intent. This nationwide study investigated outcomes in patients with unresectable pancreatic cancer found during surgical exploration.

Methods

All patients diagnosed with primary pancreatic (adeno)carcinoma (2009–2013) in the Netherlands Cancer Registry were included. Predictors of unresectability, 30-day mortality and poor survival were evaluated using logistic and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis.

Results

There were 10 595 patients with pancreatic cancer during the study interval. The proportion of patients undergoing surgical exploration increased from 19·9 to 27·0 per cent (P < 0·001). Among 2356 patients who underwent surgical exploration, the proportion of patients with tumour resection increased from 61·6 per cent in 2009 to 71·3 per cent in 2013 (P < 0·001), whereas the contribution of M1 disease (18·5 per cent overall) remained stable. Patients who had exploration only had an increased 30-day mortality rate compared with those who underwent tumour resection (7·8 versus 3·8 per cent; P < 0·001). In the non-resected group, among those with M0 (383 patients) and M1 (435) disease at surgical exploration, the 30-day mortality rate was 4·7 and 10·6 per cent (P = 0·002), median survival was 7·2 and 4·4 months (P < 0·001), and 1-year survival rates were 28·0 and 12·9 per cent, respectively. Among other factors, low hospital volume (0–20 resections per year) was an independent predictor for not undergoing tumour resection, but also for 30-day mortality and poor survival among patients without tumour resection.

Conclusion

Exploration and resection rates increased, but one-third of patients who had surgical exploration for pancreatic cancer did not undergo resection. Non-resectional surgery doubled the 30-day mortality rate compared with that in patients undergoing tumour resection.
Soluble Collagen VI treatment enhances mesenchymal stem cells expansion for engineering cartilage
Authors: Smeriglio Piera , Lee Jieun , Bhutani Nidhi
Published: August 2017

Bone Marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM‐MSC) are an attractive source for cell‐based therapies in cartilage injury owing to their efficient differentiation into chondrocytes and their immune‐suppressive abilities. However, their clinical use is hampered by a scarcity of cells leading to compromised efficacy. While expansion of human MSC ex vivo can potentially overcome the scarcity of cells, current methods lead to a rapid loss of the stem cell properties. In this study, we report soluble Collagen VI (cartilage pericellular matrix component) as a potential biologic that can expand the MSC population while maintaining the stem cell phenotype as confirmed by expression of the stem cell markers CD105 and CD90. Short‐term treatment with Collagen VI additionally retains the potential of MSC to differentiate into mature chondrocytes in pellet culture. Cartilage pellets generated from MSC treated with Collagen VI or control express comparable amounts of the chondrogenic markers Collagen II, Aggrecan and Sox9, and the extracellular glycosaminoglycans. Our observations confirm that the use of the endogenous and cartilage‐specific factor Collagen VI is valuable for a rapid and efficient expansion of MSC for potential use in cartilage regeneration and osteoarthritis.
Reptin regulates insulin‐stimulated Akt phosphorylation in hepatocellular carcinoma via the regulation of SHP‐1/PTPN6
Authors: Raymond Anne‐Aurélie , Javary Joaquim , Breig Osman , Neaud Véronique , Rosenbaum Jean
Published: August 2017

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the main primary cancer of the liver. Many studies have shown that insulin resistance is a risk factor for HCC. We previously discovered the overexpression and oncogenic role of the Reptin/RUVBL2 ATPase in HCC. Here, we found that Reptin silencing enhanced insulin sensitivity in 2 HCC cell lines, as shown by a large potentiation of insulin‐induced AKT phosphorylation on Ser473 and Thr308, and of downstream signalling. Reptin silencing did not affect the tyrosine phosphorylation of the insulin receptor nor of IRS1, but it enhanced the tyrosine phosphorylation of the p85 subunit of PI3K. The expression of the SHP‐1/PTPN6 phosphatase, which dephosphorylates p85, was reduced after Reptin depletion. Forced expression of SHP‐1 restored a normal AKT phosphorylation after insulin treatment in cells where Reptin was silenced, demonstrating that the downregulation of SHP1 is mechanistically linked to increased Akt phosphorylation. In conclusion, we have uncovered a new function for Reptin in regulating insulin signalling in HCC cells via the regulation of SHP‐1 expression. We suggest that the regulation of insulin sensitivity by Reptin contributes to its oncogenic action in the liver.
Enhanced Separation Efficiency of PtNix/g‐C3N4 for Photocatalytic Hydrogen Production
Authors: Bi Lingling , Gao Xupeng , Ma Zhaochen , Zhang Lijing , Wang Dejun , Xie Tengfeng
Published: August 2017

Bimetallic materials hold promise for improving catalyst activity, yet little is known about the photocatalytic mechanism that these systems undergo during photocatalytic reaction that lead to efficient catalyst. Herein, we synthesized g‐C3N4 combined with PtNix, which shows much higher photocatalytic activity than that of pure g‐C3N4 and achieves the highest H2 evolution rate of 8456 μmol h−1 g−1 for 2.5 % PtNix/g‐C3N4. The excellent photocatalytic activity resulted from the enhanced charge‐separation efficiency compared to the pristine g‐C3N4, which was proved by surface photovoltage, photoluminescence, and transient photovoltage spectra. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy in the dark further confirms the ability of charge transfer of 2.5 % PtNix/g‐C3N4 is superior to that of pure g‐C3N4. This effective separation efficiency gives rise to the observed excellent photocatalytic activity. This study not only provides us with an efficient catalyst for water splitting, but opens new avenues for designing and developing platinum‐based photocatalysts.
A Novel Bulky Heteroaromatic‐Substituted Methanide Mimicking NacNac: Bis(4,6‐tert‐butylbenzoxazol‐2‐yl)methanide in s‐Block Metal Coordination
Authors: Koehne Ingo , Bachmann Sebastian , Niklas Thomas , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Stalke Dietmar
Published: August 2017

A novel bulky bis(4,6‐tBu‐benzoxazol‐2‐yl)methane ligand was synthesized in a straightforward three‐step synthesis. The corresponding complexes [Li{(4,6‐tBu‐NCOC6H2)2CH}THF], [K{η5‐(4,6‐tBu‐NCOC6H2)2CH}]∞, and [MgCl{(4,6‐tBu‐NCOC6H2)2CH}(THF)2] were obtained upon metalation with alkaline or alkaline‐earth‐metal reagents. Reduction of [MgCl{(4,6‐tBu‐NCOC6H2)2CH}(THF)2] with potassium metal or KC8 led to the formation of the homoleptic compound [Mg{(4,6‐tBu‐NCOC6H2)2CH}2]. All compounds were fully characterized. Their solid‐state structures as well as their behavior in solution, which was analyzed with the help of advanced NMR spectroscopic techniques, are discussed in detail.