bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
RECORDING OF PARASTIC AND FUNGAL INFECTIONS IN THREE FISH FARMS, SOUTH OF BAGHDAD
Authors: ASMAR K. R. , BALASEM A. N. , AL-JUWDA J. M. , ADDAY T. K.
Published: March 2023

Between January and August 2002, a total of 74 fishes belonging to nine species (Alburnus caeruleus, Barbus luteus, B. sharpeyi, Carassius auratus, C. carassius, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Cyprinus carpio, Hypophathalmichthys molitrix and Liza abu) were collected from three fish farms south of Baghdad. Twenty-six species of parasites were observed.They were following : Three species of protozoa ( Ichthyophthirius multifiliis , Trichotina domerguei, Muxobolus nemchili), fifteen species belonged to monogenetic trematodes (Dactylogyrus achmerowi, D. anchoratus, D. arcuatus, D. baueri, D. dulkeiti, D. formosus, D. hypophathalmichthys, D. intermedius, D. lamellatus, D. minutus, D. solidus, D. varcohini, D. dvastator, Gyrodactylus baicalensis, G. elegans), three species belonged to digenetic trematodes (Diplostomum commutatum, D. phoxini, D. spathacum), one species of acanthocephala ( Neoechinorhynchus iraqensis ) and four crustacea (Ergasilus mosulenis, E. sieboldi, Ergasilus sp., Lernaea cyprinacea ). Moreover, two fungal species (Ichthyophonus hoferi ,Saprolegnia sp.). The observation of Dactylogyrus formosus and D. intermedius were regarded as the first record in Iraq. Meanwhile five new hosts for 18 species of parasites were described in the present study. However, most species of parasites were isolated from Cyprinus carpio (14 species).
INVASION OF ZEBRA MUSSEL DREISSENA POLYMORPHA PALLAS,1771) INTO THE COOLING SYSTEM WATER SUPPLY OF AL-MUSAYAB THERMAL POWER PLANT / IRAQ
Authors: JAWEIR H.J.J. , AL-RAWI T.R. , AL-NAKEEB N.A.
Published: March 2023

Zebra mussels Dreissena polymorpha are tiny bivalve mollusca , invade water supply of cooling system unit in Al- Musayab power plant, 60 km south-west Baghdad and grow to dense clusters. Its ability to rapidly colonize intake structures, such as pipes and screens causing reduction in water pumping capabilities .Some biological aspects of zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha have been studied and some physical & chemical parameters were examined as alimenting factors for the species Samples collecting was done monthly from two sites within the water system , the first was the traveling band screen (TBS ) and the other site was small canal collecting excess water passing from TBS .Biological studies revealed that the samples collected from the canal includes five size groups with average length of 5.7 ; 11.3 ; 16.7 ; 21.9 & 27.3 mm. In TBS , the individuals found all over the year with highest number of 135 individuals recorded in August . Individuals of a length of 11.3 & 16.7mm were the dominant.In general, from total number of 799 individuals collected from TBS, 388 individuals were of size of 11.3mm and 239 individual were of size 16.7mm while no large specimens of large size group of 27.3mm were recorded in TBS.To study the settlement rate of larvae, several concreat tiles of (25X25cm) were suspended at depths of 2,4& 6 m. in the sedimentation pond (12m depth). The number of juveniles were counted monthly . The result showed that there were two peaks of settlement , one in June and the other in September and October .Depth of 6m was the most suitable for settlement.The average length of settled juveniles ranged between 3.5-6.1mm. Water temperature in the site ranged between 11-32o C , Dissolved oxygen was 4.8-8.3ml/L . The highest value of turbidity was 49NTU.Ca++ was 68-136mg/l and Mg++ was 34- 72mg/l
SAPROLEGNIASIS OF BARBUS SHARPEYI , GUNTHER (BUNNEI FISH) IN BASRAH / IRAQ
Authors: AL-DUBOON A.H. , Al-Mukhtar M. A. , JASSIM A.A.R. , BADER S.Q. , AL-ZAWAR J.M.
Published: March 2023

Among 600 bunnei fishes transferred from Qurna marshes to fish ponds at Basrah University/Marine Science Center, 211 fishes were infected with saprolegniasis during the period from January to March, 2005 constituting a percentage of infection of 35.1% which was diagnosed by its clinical features and by direct examination with 10% KOH solution and by culture. The cultutred fungus was Saprolegnia parasitica.
AKINETES FORMATION AND GERMINATION IN CYLINDROSPERMUM MAJUS KUTZ.
Authors: JAWAD ABDUL-LATEEF M.
Published: March 2023

Were made from different water and soil samples. Akinetes formation was observed during the incubation of samples (cultures) at 4ºC for six months period. Germination of akinetes took place only after transferring the isolate to a new culture media at 26ºC. The gradual steps of akinetes germination were followed and illustrated for the first time in this species. The results showed that the outer most layer may expand to the available references do reffer to such calyptra formation and such growth and development.
PHYTOPLANKTON COMPOSITION OF SAWA LAKE, IRAQ.
Authors: HASSAN FIKRAT M. , AL-SAADI HUSSAIN A. AL-SAADI , ALKAM FOAD M.
Published: March 2023

The phytoplankton composition of Sawa Lake was studied monthly for 18 months, from October 1999 to March 2001. A phytoplankton net (20 $) was used to collect phytoplankton samples. A total of 51 algal taxa was identified belong to diatoms (Bacillariophyceae), blue greens (Cyanophyceae), green algae (Chlorophyceae) and euglenoids (Euglenophyceae). Diatoms were dominated in species number (64.7%) and total cell number (68.6%) followed by blue greens (23.5%) and (15.5%), and the green (7.8%) and (14.5%) respectively. Bimodal seasonal peaks of chlorophyll-a and phytoplankton population were observed in the lake.
EVALUATION OF USEING SOME AQUATIC ALGAE AND PLANT MATERIALS IN COMMON CARP ( CYPRINUS CARPIO) LARVAES DIETS
Authors: YOUSIF U. H. , ABDULKARRIM L. M. , YOUNIS K. H.
Published: March 2023

Filamentous algae , Blue green algae and Alpha alpha were used in common carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) larvaes diets at different percentages (10 , 24 , 34)% from diet weight to Alpha alpha and (34) % to filamentous algae and blue green algae .The larvaes were cultured in average weight (0.00089)g and average length (0.7)cm on six aquaria at (63) larvae/aquarium . The higher growth rates , survival rates and the increase of larvae weight and length were found in the diets (5) and (6) (34%) filamentous algae and blue green algae respectively in comparable to diet (1) , the length rates was (1.4,1.33)cm and the weight rates was (0.035, 0.036)g and the survival rates (77.7, 71.4)% and the specific growth rates (3832.58 , 3944.94) % and the relative growth rates (17.48 , 17.61) %wt/day respectively compared to (10.1)cm length rate , (0.016)g weight rate , (54)% survival rate , (1697.75)% specific rate and (13.75) %wt/day relative growth rate to diet (1) . There are a significant differences (P < 0.05) between the diets (5 , 6) and the other diets in larvaes length , weight , growth rates and survival rates .
EVALUATION OF OKRA AND SEBESTAN FRUITS AS A BINDERS IN THE DIETS OF BUNNI (BARBUS SHARPEYI)
Authors: MAHDI A.A. , AL-DUBAKEL A.Y. , ESAHA J.M. , ABDUL S.M.
Published: March 2023

Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) and Sebestan (Cordia myxa) fruits were used as plant binders in the diets of Bunni (Barbus sharpeyi) . These binders were beside a control diet without binder., compared with the starch as a traditional binders.All binders included in the diets by 2% were with two replicates for each treatments. Feeding rate was 4% of fish weight for 70 days. The physical properties of diets showed that the control diet has the highest density while the diet containing starch has the lowest followed by Okra and Sebestan. Bouncy was 25 Sec. while 34 min. needed for dissolving for Okra diet compared to one sec. and two min. for control respectively The later diet showed 60 % for splitting .The chemical composition of diets was not affected by adding the binders as well as palatability of diets as high values were recorded in weight increments , relative and specific growth rates in experimented diets .Moreover the chemical composition of fish was not affected after feeding compared to those before it. The present study revalid the possibility of using some plant materials especially Okra as fish diets binder.
QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE VARIABILITY OF EPIPHYTIC ALGAE ON THREE AQUATIC PLANTS IN EUPHRATES RIVER, IRAQ
Authors: Hassan F. M. , SALAH M. M. SALAH , SALMAN J. M.
Published: March 2023

The epiphytic algae were studied on three aquatic plants (Ceratophyllum demersum, Myriophyllum verticillatum and Potamogeton pectinatus) from seven stations in Euphrates River between Hindia barrage and Al-Kufa city-Iraq, during summer 2004 and spring 2005. A total of (97) species were identified, diatoms were dominant in their species number (73% from the total number), followed by chlorophyta, then cyanophyta and Euglenophyta. Variations were recorded in the species number among the host macrophyte, as well as, among different seasons for each plant. The biomass of epiphytic algae varied among the plant host, diatoms species were dominated and several genera have large number of species as Cymbella, Gomphonema, Nitzschia and Synedra. Most studied stations showed high population density.
EFFECT OF FISH DENSITY AND FEEDING RATES ON GROWTH AND FOOD CONVERSION OF GILTHEAD SEABREAM (SPARUS AURATA LINNAEUS, 1758)
Authors: Taher M. M.
Published: March 2023

The effect of fish density and feeding rates on growth and food conversion of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) was studied in floating cages and fiberglass tanks in Sammaliah Island- Abu Dhabi. The results of floating cages experiment showed that there was no significant effects (p>0.) of fish density on growth and food conversion rate but there are significant effects (p<0.05) on fish production (4.11, 7.47 and 10.08) kg/m3 for densities (50,100 and 150) fish/m3 respectively. No significant differences between weight ranges [(27-125), (21-142), (30-126)] g of these fish at the end of experiment, and also between final weights (82.3, 77.4, 67.2) g for densities (50,100,150) fish/m3 respectively. The results of fiberglass tanks experiment showed that there are no significant effects of feeding rate on growth, while there are significant effects on the food conversion rate (1.43, 2.86 and 3.71) for feeding rates (5, 7.5 and 10)% of fish weight respectively. Floating cages give better results from fiberglass tanks (growth rate 0.64 g/day compared with 0.4 g/day, final production 7.31 kg/m3 compared with 4.58 kg/m3 and final weight 75.6 g compared with 45.8 g).
THE USE OF LIVE FOOD IN REARING OF THE LARVAE OF GRASS CARP CTENOPHARYGODON IDELLA
Authors: AL- NOOR S.S. , Ali M.H. , GAHZI A. H.
Published: March 2023

The larvae of grass carp Ctenophargodon idella were fed on three types of live food Brachionus calyciflorus, Artemia sp. and Daphnia magna. The study showed that live food is very important to achieve high growth and survival of fish larvae. The average weights of C. idella fed on B. calyciflorus were 118.12+3.0 mg / larvae and 29.48+0.8 mm / larvae respectively, and in case of Artemia sp. The rates were 103.13+1.5 mg/ larvae and 25.34+1.4 mm / larvae, while in the mixed food the rate were 122.80 + 1.8 mg / larvae and 30.08 + 1.1mm /larvae .The survival rate was better on B. calyciflorus treatment as it was 98.6 % ,while it was 98 % and 97% in case of mixed food and Artemia sp. Respectively .
Fish Farming Methods In the Iraqi Marshes
Authors: Al-Mukhtar Mustafa A.
Published: March 2023

Fish farming methods that is suitable for the Iraqi marshes were classified in two main categories: water based methods and soil based methods. In the first category it was found that the floating net cages could be used in the rivers and the main branches, while the fixed net cages could be used in the shallowest water bodies. It was found that there is a good opportunity to use the Enclosures and Pens. The natural grazing method could be applied in the wide area all over the marsh, especially in the area which is enclosed by dams. In the second category the tidal ponds was found to be suitable in the lower parts of Al=Hammar marsh, While the dyke ponds could be used in high lands near the villages. It found that there was a good opportunity to use fish farming in the draining systems, and Fish-Cum-Rice system in the areas with agriculture activity. In addition the polyculture and Integrated fish farming cane be used as an environment-friendly techniques.
Effect of salinity on embryonic development eggs hatching rate and of larvael survival of Common Carb
Authors: Jabber A. A. , Mohamed A. R. M. , Salh K. I.
Published: March 2023

This study focus upon the beneficial capability of brackish water embryonic development hatching fish eggs embryo genes of common carp, Cyprinus carpio ( L.). different concentrations were used. (2-16‰). The aeration hatching technique was used in the hatching of eggs, and the hatched larvae were incubated in the same salt concentrations. The nursing was done in plastic containers for eight weeks in the same salt concentrationsThe results showed that the higher ratio of development of the embryos which was 94% at salt concentration of 6‰ after the first six hours of the eggs incubation, and decreased to85.5% in the concentration of 6‰ after 48 hours of incubation. The period of hatching of eggs ranged between 52-72 hours in the concentrations 2-12‰ . The high survival ratio for larvae was 95 % at the salinity of 2 ‰, while the embryo died directly after hatching at the salinity 12‰.The duration of yolk sac absorption for common carp larvae were ranged between 2-3 days at the salinity of 2‰ and 5-7 days at the salinity of 8‰.The gas bladder of the common carp appeared within 3-4 days at the 2 and 4‰ .average weight 1.9 g in the salinity of 4‰ and the lowest weight was 0.72g of salinity of 8‰The highest average daily weight gain increased for common carp and it was 0.0344 g at salinity of 4‰.
Culture of Grass Carp Ctenopharyngodon idella Val. in Fadak farm –Basrah / Iraq
Authors: Saleh Jassim H. , Al-Mukhtar Mustafa A. , Hsooni Khaled H.
Published: March 2023

32 thousands of juveniles of grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella were reared in Fadak fish farm of about 15 g. They were transferred from fish culture station in Marine Science Center and spread equally in four ponds each of 8.5 donum. The culture density was 940 fish /donum in the period 15/ May to 15/ December 2007. Total fish weight for the nearest milligram was taken monthly. Fishes were fed daily with the green alfalfa as a main food item in a rate of 8-15% of the body weight and aquatic plants as Pharagmites australis and Ceratophyllum demersum. Results at the end of experiment show that the average of total weight for each fish in the four ponds reached 1153.79 ± 4.78 gm while the daily weight increase rate varied along the months of experiment from May until December, where it noticed starting from half of June until half August where it reached 1.5± 0.221 gm/day, 4.6 ± 0.712 gm/day and 7.6 ± 0.312 gm / day respectively then it starts to decrease during September until December Relative growth rates show a progressive during the first seven months. On the other hand he specific growth rate showed its highest rates during July (4.6 ± 0.081 %/day).
ABUNDANCE AND DIVERSITY OF ROTIFERA IN THE GARMAT ALI REGION PONDS, BASRAH-IRAQ.
Authors: ABDULHUSSEIN H. GHAZI  , AHMED HUDA K.
Published: March 2023

The study is based on Samples of Rotifera collected from three ponds located inside the University campus, Garmat Ali region Basrah, Iraq. The samples were investigated for the density changes and for the diversity. There were found 26 species of Rotifera belong to 20 genera. The maximum recorded density was (51 ind. / l) which observed in May/2006 at pond 1, whereas the minimum density was (0.6 ind / l) recorded at pond 1 in November/2006. The total density was (225 ind. / l) at pond 1. It was found that the diversity of Rotifera (no. of spp.) is greater at pond 2 and pond 3 compared with pond 1. There were 22 species at pond 2 and pond 3 but only 9 species at pond 1.
REVIEW STUDY OF THE ARTIFICIAL BREEDING OF GATTAN (Barbus xanthopterus, HECKEL) IN IRAQ
Authors: Al-Mukhtar Mustafa A.
Published: March 2023

This review article deals with the documentation of all the previous work on the propagation of Gattan. It was found that the induced spawning of Gattan is similar to that of common carp and Bunnei. The sensitive brooders needs a great care during handling and transportation. The brooders weight 5 were 1.5-10 kg for females and 1-2.5 kg for males, with age of 4-9 and 3-6 for the females and males respectively. The artificial breeding season continue from10 March till mid June. The MS222 was used for anesthesia with a concentration of 1/10000. Carp pituitary gland extract (CPG) was used in all the previous work, with different dosage wobbled between 3-6 mg/kg for females and 2-3 mg/kg for males. The total dosage was divided to 10 % for the first injection and 90 % for the second. The sex products was obtained after 12-14h from the second injection. The fertilized eggs were incubated in Zoug jars, at 23-25 ºC and water current of 0.5-0.7 l /min. The hatching was complete within three days. The larvae were reared in two stages the first in indoor incubators and the second in earthen ponds.
THE STUDY OF NATURE OF FISH ASSEMBLAGE IN AL-SAFFIA RESERVATION, AL-HAWAIZAH MARSHES, IRAQ.
Authors: Younis K. H. , Al-Mukhtar M. A. , Al-Katrani L. M. , Abdullah A. J. , Abdullah S. A.
Published: March 2023

The study include the description of fish assemblage in Al- Saffia reservation during the period March 2006 to February 2007. Sixteen of osteichthyes species were obtained, the highest number of species 13 was recorded during July and the lowest 7 in November and January. The largest number of individuals collected was obtained during July (212) and the lowest in February (124). Four species formed 71.02% include Alburnus mossulensis 20.64 % Liza abu19.62 % Barbus luteus16.13 % Carassius auratus 14.46 %. The annual values of richness (D), diversity (H) and evenness (J) were 1.95 , 2.12 and 0.76 respectively .
The impacte of the use different sources of oil on the growth performance fingerling of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Al-Faiz Nawras A. , Saleh Jassim H. , Al-Hason Ahmad S.
Published: March 2023

This study was conducted to determine the influence of oil sources on growth performance of fish common carp Cyprinus carpio. Four diets were formed which similar in their protein content and contains four different sources of oil which [Corn oil (A), palm oil (B), sunflower oil (C) and fish oil (D)] 64 fish average weight ranged between (1.598 - 1.544) g were distributed randomly on eight plastic circular form basins with capacity of 20 liters of water. Feeding fish have been tested diets on the rate of 5 % of body weight by repeating each treatment for a period of 42 days. The results showed that there is no significant difference between the treatments (p>0.05) in the values of the final weight, specific growth rate, relative growth rate and food conversion rate. As the weight increase was no significant differences (p>0.05) between treatments (A, B, C), the treatment D (fish oil) was better than treatments (B, A) with significant difference (p<0.05) and did not different.
Assessment of the semen of common carp males (Cyprinus carpio) induced with Ovaprim and (CPG) during propagation processes
Authors: Al Zaidy Faleh M. , Al-Noor Sajed S. , Al- Mukhtar Mustafa A .
Published: March 2023

The biological aspects for the semen of males (Cyprinus carpio) were assessed during the spawning season, after they were artificially induced for spawning. The males were induced for insemination by injecting with Ovaprim and pituitary gland extract. Two dosages had been used 0.5, 0.3 ml and 2,4 mg per Kg of body weight respectively. After that the volume of semen, pH, number of sperms in one ml and motility were estimated. The total volume of semen obtained from males ranged between (72 – 117) ml by using Ovaprim and pituitary respectively. while the average concentration of sperms changed between (35.3 ± 9.1)×109 sperm /ml to (28.2 ± 5.2)×109 sperm /ml for the Ovaprim and PG respectively. The mean of Spermatocrite value was (65.3 ±15.8) % for Ovaprim and (52.33 ±10.4) % for PG. The average motility of sperm fluctuated between (90 ±10) % and (95.4 ±5.6) % for semen was obtained from males injected by Ovaprim and pituitary respectively. The effectiveness period of sperms ranged between (101± 30.9) sec and (113±34.2) sec for the two hormones respectively. This study indicated that the males in this range of length and weight had semen suitable for the hatchery requirements.
Saprolegniasis on the eggs of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) with the occurrence of micropredators at Al-Wahda fish hatchery, south of Baghdad
Authors: Al-Shammari R. H. , Al-Mukhtar E. A. , Habib K. A.
Published: March 2023

The aim of the present study is to find out if the occurrence of the zooplankton with the incubated eggs of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) could increase the fungal infection causing saprolegniasis in the main fish hatchery in Iraq during the artificial propagation from April to June 2009. Four eggs treatments were used, the highest hatching rate was 85.8 % in treatment no. 2 in which filtered water was used to incubate the eggs and lowest hatching rate was 21 % in the negative control according to the availability of zooplankton and the absence of fungicidal treatment. Crustacea identified were: Bosmonia, Cyclops, Daphnia, Moina, Nauplii and aquatic insects were: Chironomas, Notonicta, Culex.
Out-of season induced spawning of the Cyprinus carpio in Basra-Iraq
Authors: Jabir A.A. , Al- Mukhtar M. A. , AL-Zaedy F.M. , Saleh J. H. , Hassan A. M.
Published: March 2023

The out-of season induced spawning of the Cyprinus carpio was done during the period October 2009 to February 2010 (Autumn and Winter), in the hatchery of Marin Science Center. The brooders average weight was 1.700-4.000 kg for females and 1.500-1.800 kg for males. The brooders were acclimated on 22 °C, for a period of 10 days. The photoperiod was 12-14 hour/day. The results showed that in this regime only one female and 3males had positive reaction to the pituitary gland hormone injection. While 4 female were positive to the Ovaprim during the second regime, in which the brooders were acclimated for 25 days, with same temperature and photoperiod. It was seen that the thermal acclimation for a long period out-of season was better for the maturation and spawning, and the use of Ovaprim give more response than PG extract. The indoor rearing of the larvae gives average weight of 0.5 g after 6 weeks. These results means that we can produce the fry of common carp before one month prior to the usual spawning season, which will prolong the production season in Basra Province.
Some parasites of the yellow-finned sea bream Acanthopagrus latus (Houttuyn, 1782) in the Iraqi marine waters
Authors: Al-Daraji Salem A.M. , A.Bannai Majid A. , Abbas Abbas A.K.
Published: March 2023

A total of 34 fishes, belonging to the yellow-finned sea bream Acanthopagrus latus were collected, in April 2008 from Khor Abdullah northwest Arabian Gulf, by using trawler net. Fishes were surveyed for parasites. The study revealed the presence of two species of parasites the first one is a monogenetic trematode, Polylabris mamaevi and the second is a digenetic trematode, Paradiscogaster farooqii. The detection of P. farooqii in the present study represents its first record in the fishes of the Iraq.
Some aspects of the Reproductive Biology of Barbus barbulus Heckel, 1847, from Karoon river, Iran
Authors: Mortezavizadeh Seyed Abdolsaheb , Hashemi Seyed Ahmadreza , Eskandary Golam Reza
Published: March 2023

The present study was carried out from December 2007, during which to November 2008 more than 210 fish (Barbus barbulus) were caught and measured, including, 57 males, 64 females and 89 immature fishes. Maximum and minimum total lengths were 885 mm and 210 mm respectively. Maximum and minimum total weight was 8460 g and 99 g respectively. The length-weight relationship was Y=0.00002 L2.90 (n=57, R2=0.85) for males, Y=0.000002 L3.22 (n=64, R2=0.87) for females and Y=0.00005 L2.96 (n=210, R2 =0.90) for total fishes, these results showed isometric growth of the studied fish. The mean value of Gonado- Somatic Index (GSI) for the male and female were 1.58 ± 0.41 and 1.85 ± 0.22 respectively. For both sexes, the highest GSI value was in March and the lowest in December. GSI and maturity stages indicated that spawning time was during March to April. The mean size at first sexual maturity (Lm) was 380-430 mm for males and 470-520 mm for females.
Effect of salt stress on osmoregulation and energy consumption in grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella (Val.,1844)
Authors: Jaafar Raghad S. , Ahmed Sumaya M.
Published: March 2023

This study aims to explain the effect of salt stress on Grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idella. It includes two parts, the first to determine the LC50 during abrupt increase in salinity to 5,10 and 15g/L.While the other part concerned with the physiological effects of the gradual increase in salinity to 5 and 10 g/L on osmoregulation, by measuring ions concentration ( Na+, K+ ) in the blood plasma and muscles, water contents in the muscles , numbers and percentage of chloride cells in the gills epithelia, beside studying the expenditure of osmoregulation by measuring the rate of oxygen consumption, the levels of glucose and total protein in blood plasma. The results showed that the Grass carp has a narrow salt tolerance with LC50 7.5g/L. Osmoregulation study showed an increase in the concentrations of ions( Na+ and K+) in the blood plasma and muscles with increasing salinity to 5 and 10 g/L and the water levels in the muscle increase with increasing salinity. These changes are parallel with the increasing percentage and numbers of chloride cells in the gills. The oxygen consumption rate was increased with increasing salinity to 5 and 10 g/L .There was a decrease in the total protein and increase in the glucose levels with increasing salinity to 5 and 10g/L which reflect an increase energy consumption for osmoregulation. It was concluded, that the Grass carp does not have resistance to high salt concentration over 10 g/L, and the acclimation occurred in salt concentrations between 5 and 10 g/L with a new state of homeostasis and high consumption of energy for osmoregulation.
Isolation and identification of an alkaloidic compound similar to Calothrixin-A from green alga Cladophora crispata (Roth.) Kützing
Authors: Athbi Ahmed M. , AL-Assedi Eqbal J. , AL-Nassir Areej F.
Published: March 2023

The isolation and identification of an alkaloidic compound similar to Calothrixin-A for were done here first time from the green algae (Chlorophyta) Cladophora crispata, isolated from Garmat-Ali river in Basrah in Iraq, purified and cultivated in Chu-10 medium. The growth rate was K=1.3 and the generation time G=0.23. The identification of the compound was made depending on its chemical and physical properties by using thin layer chromatoghraphy (TLC) and column chromatoghraphy. A single compound was isolated and tested by University and IR spectra. The melting point and solubility of the purified compound were determined using organic and inorganic solvents. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) value was 5.5 μg /cm3 against G-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aurrus (ATCC25922) and 6 μg/cm3 against G-negetive bacteria Escherichia coli (ATCC25923). The toxicity of the alkaloidic compound was examined against human red blood cells and no toxic effect was detected.
Determination of gonosomatic index, hepatosomatic index and condition factor in Liza carinata (Valenciennes, 1836)
Authors: Hashim E. S. , Salman N. A. , Abdulhassan J. K.
Published: March 2023

Morphometric of examination of gonads of Liza carinata were performed for one year (October 1995 – September 1996) to study the maturation development. Monthly variation in gonado – somatic index (GSI) were noticed, that started with low values during October and November. Significant increase in (GSI) was recorded during the period December - April with the peak in February (3.59 in males & 9.33 in females) followed by a significant decline during May – September. Variations in hepato – somatic index (HSI) were related to feeding activity rather than gonadal maturation. Peaks of HIS & GSI were recorded at similar time period. On the contrary, the somatic condition factor (SCF) was closely related to gonadal maturation stages. Lower values (SCF) were recorded during winter months which showed higher values in GSI.
A study on the histological changes in infected gold fish (Carrassius auratus auratus) by the parasitic fungus Saprolegnia parasitica in vitro
Authors: Sana Q. Badr  , Al- Duboon Abdul-Hafiz , Muhsin Tawfek M.
Published: March 2023

The ornamental fish, Carrassius auratus auratus was artificially infected by the water mold Saprolegnia parasitica. The infected fishes were left in aquariums without treatment until they died for purpose of histological study. Skin and muscle tissues sections have been prepared and stained by PAS. The results showed clear tissue changes represented by erosion and necrosis of the skin epidermis and muscles.
Suggested methods for enhancement of aquaculture in the Southern Marshes of Iraq
Authors: Salman Nadir A.
Published: March 2023

Aquaculture activities in the southern part of Iraq faced many problems. Local people are not well aware that aquaculture could be a good activity to improve their socioeconomic status. There are very few hatcheries to supply enough fingerlings. The water quality is changing and becoming more saline, which have negative impact on the growth rate of the cultured freshwater species. To improve aquaculture in the southern part of Iraq, all these parameters should be considered to plan an effective management. Making use of the naturally-occurred water impoundments in the southern marshes and turning them into productive fish ponds is a practical approach. The present study suggests various rearing techniques which are suitable for such water bodies. These include introduction of peripheral and transaction dikes to create extensive fish ponds. Fish cages and net enclosures represent also special profitable approaches. Rearing fish in fish rice fields can also be practiced in certain areas in the marshlands. Conducting steps, implementation techniques and advantages of various rearing methods have been discussed. Fry and fingerlings supply should be maintained through establishing local hatcheries, which produce fingerlings of all carp species (common, grass and silver carp) in addition to some native species such as Bunni (B. sharpey). Aquaculture activities in the marshes should include releasing fingerlings into the available open waters using big net enclosures. Few other developmental recommendations were also suggested, such as the introduction of new fish species that are more tolerable to the present water quality. The introduction of new types of culture methods such as cages and recirculation systems which are compatible with the freshwater shortage, quality and depths. There are big chances of success especially with the availability of sufficient amount of very productive water and cheap work power, but research for optimizing stocking and harvesting is essential.
Bioaccumulation of heavy metals in Acanthopagrus latus collected from Al-Razazah Lake, middle of Iraq
Authors: Al-Najare G.A. , Hantoush A.A. , Al-Anber L.J. M. , Al-Saad H.T.
Published: March 2023

Concentrations of cadmium, cobalt, cupper, iron, manganese and nickel were determined in four organs (liver, gills, ovaries and muscles) of Acanthopagrus latus, which belong to family of Sparidae collected from Al- Razazah Lake. Heavy metals have been determined by means of Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. The fish average weight was 378 g and the average length was 215 mm. Iron showed the highest value (1029.114 μg/g dry weight), while manganese showed the lower value (60.335 μg/g dry weight). This study showed that the concentration of heavy metals distributed in the organs was as follows: liver > gills > muscles > ovaries, while the total heavy metals concentration had been distributed as follow: iron > cupper > cadmium > nickel > manganese > cobalt.
Laboratory infection of three species of fishes with the water mold Saprolegnia parasitica and methods of their treatment
Authors: Badr Sanaa Qasem , Al-Duboon Abdul-Hafiz , Muhsin Tawfiq M.
Published: March 2023

Three fish species (Cyprinus carpio, Ctenopharyngodon idella and Carrassius auratus auratus) were artificially  infected with the fungus Saprolegnia parasitica. The infection was done under certain laboratory circumstances represented by a change in temperature (10, 15, 20, 25 and 30°C) and in nutrients (normal, decrease and increase in nutrients) under a constant pH. The statistical analysis of infection results showed that the influence of temperature on fungal infection was dominant. Thus, when temperature decreases, infection increases and vice versa. Time and nutrients were less influential.The infected fish were treated with different remedial materials (sodium chloride, methylene blue, potassium permanganate, ketoconazole and fluconazole). All these materials showed positive results in the total treatment of the infected fishes but the best was the sodium chloride at a concentration of 9%.
Influence of Selenium Element on Regeneration and Fecundity of the Riverine crab Sesarma boulengeri Calman
Authors: Sultan E. N. , AL-Adub A. H. Y. , Awad N. A. N.
Published: March 2023

The study of the influence of selenium on the regeneration and fecundity of the crab Sesarma boulengeri Calman has been conducted. The results demonstrated: The effect of selenium on the regeneration of walking legs of S. boulengeri Calman. Morphology of the regenerated appendage was different from control specimen. The speed of growth in the regenerated bud was lower than the control and it was depended on the size class of the crab. Regeneration index (R) was higher in the small crabs than in the large ones and in single autotomy than in double autotomy. Fecundity varied, when females exposed to selenium (0.27, 1.35, 2.7 ppm). It showed a decrease with all stages, especially in the first and second stage. The eggs in the last stage suffered more teratogens with exposure time and the concentration of selenium. 3
Morphology, Age and Growth of Bunni, Barbus sharpeyi Gunther, 1874 in Swab marsh, south Iraq
Authors: Mohamed Abdul-Razak M. , Al-Noor Sajed S. , Jassim Watfaa A.
Published: March 2023

Morphology, age and growth of Bunni, Barbus sharpeyi Gunther, 1874 in Swab marsh, south Iraq, was studied from December 2004 to November 2005. A total of 864 B. sharpeyi (100-533mm TL) were collected using gill nets of different mesh sizes and electrical fishing. Twenty one morphometric and seven meristic characters for the species were described in the study. The morphometric characters were calculated as numerical ratio to standard and head lengths. The indices characters associated with standard length ranged from 0.0043 of eye diameter to 1.22 of total length, and with head length ranged from 0.178 of eye diameter to 0.752 of head width. The slopes of the regression lines ranged from 0.023 of eye diameter to 1.142 of total length. Fishes of 200-360mm length groups of B. sharpeyi were dominants in the samples. Total length–weight relationship of B. sharpeyi was W= 3.839 × 10-6 L 3.2017. The mean relation condition factor was 1.001. The annuli on scales formed during December and the growth of the scales was high during the period from February to August and was associated with water temperatures. The relation between standard length (L) and scale radius (S) was: L = 17.737 + 5.0469 S. The age composition ranged from 1 to 7. The standard lengths for these ages were 138.0, 202.0, 248.0, 304.8, 353.8, 393.1 and 439.2mm respectively. The growth of B. sharpeyi in Swab marsh was better than that of at Iraqi waters with the exception of B. sharpeyi at Hammar marsh. The mathematical model of growth as calculated by von Bertalanffy equation was Lt = 650 [1-e -0.138 (t + 0.642)].
The revenues obtained from the Fish Farming in the province of Wasit
Authors: Jidran Kareem Khudhair
Published: March 2023

This research was conducted in the province of Waist. The town of Hafria during (2009 - 2010) to determine the feasibility of fish farming in fish ponds. Which is the most common method in Iraq. The total number of fish farms in the whole of the province was 175 farms. The total area of these farms was 10011 Donam (1/4 hectare). While their water area was1667.5 Hectare. The capacity of these farms was 6670000 fingerlings. These farms lie mainly in the northern part of the province. i.e.. in Al- Azizia city and especially in the town of Al-Hafria which is adjacent to the southern border lines of Baghdad province. The total number of these farms is 47 which form 56.6 % from the total number of farms in this city of Al-Azizia, and 26.9 % from the total number of fish farms in the whole province. Their area is (2425) Donam and their water area is 1964 Donam while their Fish ponds were 278 the total capacity of those basins is 1964000 fingerlings. This study deals with the evaluation and analysis of the feasibility of these projects in this region. An arbitrary specimen of ten projects was taken which formed 33% from the working farms. The evaluation was done by using 21 economic standards. The value of these standards calculated on the basis of a single Donam which showed the success of each project. When evaluated in isolation. It also showed the feasibility of all the projects after calculating the costs and revenues. These fish farms also proved successful under the risky conditions when an increase of 10% in the costs and a stability in the costs. The results of the statistical analysis have also shown significant differences among these fish farms. The matter which would encourage projects owners to keep on investing in spite of the fluctuations in prices and in the quality and quantity of inputs and outputs. Resulting from the unstable conditions of the local markets.
Isolation and Identification of Antibiotic Cryptophycin from Cyanobacteria Nostoc muscorum Isolated from Iraqi Soil
Authors: Al-Aarajy, M.K. , Zeara S.T. , Al-Mazini M.A
Published: March 2023

The study is included isolation and identification of eight species of cyanobacteria from 12 soil samples from Garmat-Ali and Abu-Alkhaseeb in Basrah city. The isolated species have been grown and multiplicated at laboratory condition:Temperature (27±2) ºC and illumination (150-175) Lux for (16:8) hours light : dark cycle. The ability of these species of these species to produce antibiotics against reference strains of the gram positive bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus (NCTC 6571) (gram positive) and the gram negative bacteria, Escherichia coli (NCTC 5933) (gram negative) was tested. Isolate of Nostoc muscorum show inhibition activity with wilde inhibition diameter compared with other isolates. The ability of N.muscorum to secrete antibiotics in the threedifferent fermentation media was tested, the results showed differences in the production of the antibiotiocs between the three different media and the higher productivity was clear in the third medium which showed remarkable activity against bacterial isolates.

The antibiotic was purified by using column chromatography technique and assistance the purification of antibiotic was done by using thin layer chromatography (TLC). The produced antibioticswere identified as cryptophycin by determination of: melting point MP), molecular weight and other chemical tests in addition to ultra-violet UV) and infra red spectroscopy (IR). The results of all above tests were showed the similarity between the produced antibiotic aest standard cryptophycin.
Concentration of Selenium and Mercury in six species of fishes from Shatt Al-Arab River, Iraq
Authors: Abdulsahib Hassan T. , Mohammed Sarmad G. , Mohammed Jenan J. , Awad Nadhum A.N.
Published: March 2023

The present study deal with determination of Se:Hg ratio in six fish species collected from Shatt Al-Arab river during the period June 2010 to Augest 2010. Muscles of the most important six commercial species of fish C. Carpio, B. luteus, L. abu, T. zilli, B. sharpeyi and T. ilisha have been analyzed after wet digestion with a mixture of concentrated acids (HClO4 / HNO3).The obtained results show that L. abu species having the highest Se:Hg ratio, while B. luteus species having the lowest Se:Hg ratio. Tissues analysis (skin, gills, kidney, liver, muscles) of B. sharpeyi reveals that skin accumulates the highest Se:Hg ratio levels, while muscles contained the lowest Se:Hg ratio. The values obtained are compared with literature data and selenium contents in fish muscle.
Some Biological Aspects of Shabbot Barbus grypus (Heckel) in Al-Hilla River/IRAQ
Authors: Hussain N. A. , Al-Taee M. M. S. , Al-Amari M. J. Y.
Published: March 2023

The present study was conducted on Shabbot Barbus grypus in Al-Hilla River/middle of Iraq. Monthly samples were collected from September 2009 to August 2010. Water temperature and transparency ranged between 12 and 37 Cº and 39 – 110 cm respectively. 132 specimens were collected. The highest number of individuals was collected in June (31) and none in January and February. The total length of individuals ranged from 95 -382 mm and wet weight varied between 7.7 and 416 gm. The length group of 180 mm was the most dominant (18.18 %) with 24 individuals. Length Weight relationship was calculated as: Log w = -1.942 + 2.889 Log L n= 132 Gonadosomatic index (GSI) values ranged between 0.06 and 3.17 for males and 0.13 and 5.33 for females. Five age groups were obtained, fishes of 1+ age group was dominant in total catch. It seems that the food nature of B. grypus in Al-Hilla River was omnivores with dominance of plant materials.
Value and Moral Adaptability in Improving the Quality of Educational Administration Graduate to Face the Challenges of the Industrial Revolution 4.0
Authors:   Faculty of Administrative Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. MT. Haryono 163 Malang, Ngindana Rispa , Hakim Fairus Shafira ,   Faculty of Administrative Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. MT. Haryono 163 Malang, Sulistyowati Elin Dian ,   Faculty of Administrative Science, Universitas Brawijaya, Jl. MT. Haryono 163 Malang
Published: March 2023

In Indonesia itself, immoral acts, crime, and serious tensions that have occurred recently have made many parents feel sad and worried about their children's mental development and behavior (Kominfo, 2012). Value-oriented education is beneficial in curbing this fissiparous tendency and instilling sentiments of unity and solidarity among people. However, whether we realize it or not, the facts in the field of values education in Indonesia have not yet touched much on empowerment and awareness enlightenment from a global perspective (Primantoro, 2017). On the other hand, value education as a vehicle for awareness of subjective sectarian character values has not yet touched much on universal-objective values (Belen, 2004). Shaping one's character requires the development of traits such as purity, perseverance, faith, sincerity, obedience, fortitude, and humanistic tendencies. Through the educational process, the character is formed, the power of the mind is increased, intelligence is expanded, and a person learns to stand on his own two feet.
How Can Culture Help Us Learn and Change?
Authors: Johannessen Åse
Published: March 2023

More than ever before, there is an urgent need for people to find a path to more sustainable and resilient development. A looming water crisis has reached the top of the international agenda, exacerbated by climate change, which is most acutely expressed through water. The main changes will be in precipitation and evaporation, with extremes of too much and too little water impacting humans and connected ecosystems. Changes in weather patterns and seasonality as well as the melting of ice will affect the availability of water, including during crop growth seasons. With increasing pressure on water systems, this will also affect water quality and put stress on connected ecosystems. Transformations and adaptations are urgently needed to address these issues, and in the search for approaches that accelerate adaptation, social learning has been identified as crucial. However, social learning approaches are often framed as technical or scientific learning, not giving sufficient attention to the important role played by culture and heritage. Integrating culture and heritage in social learning approaches in the area of water governance could boost the human ability to adapt and bring about needed change.
Customary Water Tenure
Authors: Van Koppen Barbara
Published: March 2023

Heritage and culture not only shape the customary tenure of land and forest resources of most indigenous peoples and local communities in low-income rural areas, but also community members’ mutual relations vis-à-vis their water resources, or, in other words: customary water tenure. Age-old settlement by farm communities or pastoralists’ establishment of nomadic routes vested customary rights to land and the fugitive surface runoff and streams flowing over the lands; soil moisture, wetlands and lakes on the land; and aquifers under the land.

In customary water tenure, orally transmitted norms and practices have governed communities’ construction, operation and maintenance of traditional local infrastructure, such as weirs, dams and ponds, to store water as buffer to seasonal variability; wells and lifting devices to tap aquifers, the planet’s largest storage; and canals, tunnels and pipes to channel water where and when needed for drinking, other domestic uses, livestock, irrigation of crops, vegetables and trees, brick making, crafts, small-scale enterprise and ceremonial uses, or to ensure water availability for fisheries and navigation. Customary normative frameworks continue to shape communities’ investments in “modern” low-cost plastic pipes, tanks, small motorized pumps, or solar energy, also responding to growing populations, markets for water-dependent produce, and higher aspirations.
Challenges when Valuing Cultural Heritage Associated with Water
Authors: Davidson Brian , Hellegers Petra
Published: March 2023

This article outlines some of the difficulties associated with valuing cultural heritage. They include the surmountable problems of pricing cultural heritage and the associated market failures inherent in all water systems. Critical to any attempt to value cultural heritage is the need to quantify exactly what cultural heritage encompasses. While the theoretical concept of economic value is a relatively simple one, applying it to cultural heritage can only be accomplished if it is well defined.
Valuing Heritage for Water Management
Authors: Conijn Arjan , Ouboter Maarten Reinier Lemme , Oomkens Jeroen
Published: March 2023

Adding Place to Balance People, Planet, Prosperity, Peace and Partnership (toward 6Ps of SDGs): The Dutch landscape contains unique elements resulting from both natural processes and human interventions. To truly understand the Dutch water system, we need to consider how human interventions have impacted it throughout history. This is especially important when it comes to addressing current water challenges as part of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). However, the SDGs are not just isolated goals. They should be perceived as interdependent spheres of action, with “place” being a particularly important new pillar to consider. The concept of “place” forces an integrated approach between the five pillars of SDGs (5Ps of SDGs) – people, planet, prosperity, peace and the unique historic characteristics of specific spaces. By acknowledging and understanding the unique historic characteristics of different places and fostering mutual understanding through the sharing of narratives and building partnerships, we can effectively work together to find solutions that address future challenges.