bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Observations and modeling of the solar flux emergence
Authors: Toriumi Shin
Published: November 2014

In a wide variety of magnetic activity phenomena occurring in the Sun, flux emergence is one of the most prominent events. It is important to study flux emergence since this is the process that transports the magnetic flux from the deep interior to the upper atmosphere, creates active regions, and sometimes causes catastrophic flaring eruptions. Recent observations have revealed that flux emergence ranges from the formation of large-scale active regions including sunspots to small-scale events observable only with advanced instruments, covering a very broad spectrum of scale involved. In addition, helioseismology may allow us to investigate the process even before the flux itself appears at the visible surface of the Sun. At the same time, recent development in the numerical modeling of flux emergence opens the door to a further understanding of physical processes, such as resistive and convective emergence. In this paper, we review the observational and numerical progress in the field of flux emergence study, while focusing particularly on three important aspects: emergence in the interior, the first appearance in the surface layer, and their relation with flaring activity. Based on these studies, we also discuss what should be investigated in the future.
A Simple Technique to Improve the Surgical Exposure in Hip Replacement
Authors: Chinnusamy Rajavelu , Boden Richard
Published: November 2014

Posterior approach is widely used in hip replacement. Traditionally, a simple retractor such as a Hohmann has been used to retract the proximal femur anterior to the acetabulum. We describe a simple technique for a cost-effective retraction to improve the mechanical advantage of Hohmann and aid cup placement. After anterior retraction of femur with standard Hohmann, a second Hohmann is stacked and reinforced by wrapping a swab and securing with a Kocher. This technique helps in better exposure, aid in cup placement, and also lessens effort on retraction. This technique provides a cheaper alternative compared with specialist long retractors and is readily available within every institution.
The Effects of Hospital Safety Scores, Total Price, Out-of-Pocket Cost, and Household Income on Consumers' Self-reported Choice of Hospitals
Authors: Duke Christopher C. , Smith Brad , Lynch Wendy , Slover Michael
Published: November 2014

Objectives

The study measured the relative influence of the following 3 factors in consumers' choice of hospitals: (1) cost, (2) out-of-pocket cost, and (3) safety as measured by Leapfrog Hospital Safety Score letter grade.

Methods

Two hospital-choice questions regarding a hypothetical medical procedure were administered to 2357 online respondents. In question 1, respondents were assigned a scenario in which hospital 1 grade (A through D), hospital 2 grade (B through F), and hospital 2 total cost (3 levels) were randomly varied across respondents. In all cases, hospital 2 had a lower safety grade than hospital 1, and hospital 1 cost was held constant. In question 2, scenarios varied out-of-pocket cost rather than total cost. Demographic characteristics, income level, health status, health literacy, and opinions about value were also measured.

Results

On average, 94% and 88% of the respondents chose the safer hospital in questions 1 and 2, respectively. In all but 1 of 30 possible scenarios, where hospital 2 cost the individual $1000 less and was rated a B whereas hospital 1 was rated an A, respondents chose the safer hospital. Higher incomes, higher health literacy, and being female were associated with a stronger preference for hospital 1 (safer). There was a small effect suggesting that approximately 4% of the respondents selected a higher-cost hospital despite lower safety, but it was outweighed by predominant selections of the safer hospital.

Conclusions

When shown Hospital Safety Score and cost information, consumers chose safer hospitals in 97% of cost and safety scenarios.
Inflammatory signaling regulates embryonic hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell production
Authors: Li Yan , Esain Virginie , Teng Li , Xu Jian , Kwan Wanda , Frost Isaura M. , Yzaguirre Amanda D. , Cai Xiongwei , Cortes Mauricio , Maijenburg Marijke W. , Tober Joanna , Dzierzak Elaine , Orkin Stuart H. , Tan Kai , North Trista E. , Speck Nancy A.
Published: November 2014

Identifying signaling pathways that regulate hematopoietic stem and progenitor cell (HSPC) formation in the embryo will guide efforts to produce and expand HSPCs ex vivo. Here we show that sterile tonic inflammatory signaling regulates embryonic HSPC formation. Expression profiling of progenitors with lymphoid potential and hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from aorta/gonad/mesonephros (AGM) regions of midgestation mouse embryos revealed a robust innate immune/inflammatory signature. Mouse embryos lacking interferon γ (IFN-γ) or IFN-α signaling and zebrafish morphants lacking IFN-γ and IFN-ϕ activity had significantly fewer AGM HSPCs. Conversely, knockdown of IFN regulatory factor 2 (IRF2), a negative regulator of IFN signaling, increased expression of IFN target genes and HSPC production in zebrafish. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) combined with sequencing (ChIP-seq) and expression analyses demonstrated that IRF2-occupied genes identified in human fetal liver CD34+HSPCs are actively transcribed in human and mouse HSPCs. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the primitive myeloid population contributes to the local inflammatory response to impact the scale of HSPC production in the AGM region. Thus, sterile inflammatory signaling is an evolutionarily conserved pathway regulating the production of HSPCs during embryonic development.
When meanings blur, do differences matter? Initiatives for improving the quality and integration of care: conceptual matrix or measurement maze?
Authors: El Ansari Walid
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to consider some notions that are currently in use in integrated care, with the aim of exploring whether these notions improve the quality and integration of care.

Design/methodology/approach

Notions like “continuity of care”, “coordination of care”, “team‐working” and “partnerships” are some of the wide variety of terms increasingly employed within the range of initiatives and efforts that aim to enhance the quality of health and social care environments for patients and users. While each of these notions seems to represent a worthy cause in the quest for better care, and is accompanied by varying extents of evidence of its effectiveness, conceptual clarity of each notion remains a challenge. This paper undertook a detailed examination of what each of these notions comprises, how it is measured objectively and subjectively, whilst highlighting any apparent overlap between the notions.

Findings

From the analysis of the four notions, two main patterns of dysfunctional features emerged: the first pattern involved issues of multiple, imprecise and constricted definitions; the second pattern had to do with imprecise or conflicting assessments of how the different notions or dimensions thereof are related to one another.

Research limitations/implications

A review of the literature suggests that the meanings, and consequently the measurement, of these notions could benefit from less ambiguity in order to prevent confusion about what precisely is being implemented and measured.

Originality/value

In order that calls for quality improvement do not become slogan statements, there is an urgent need for integrated framework(s) that add clarity to an already compound web of notions. This could contribute to improving the quality of research and evidence base of this complex field.
Current trends in D&O Insurance
Authors: Representatives
Published: November 2014

Directors and officers are facing a continuing crisis in D&O liability insurance, and many may lack the coverage they thought they had to protect their personal assets. The factors threatening the availability of adequate D&O coverage are growing in number and severity. They include the soaring cost of settling class action suits; the increase in such suits; new trends in securities litigation that the industry is hesitating to address appropriately; the dilution of coverage because many D&O contracts are trying to do too much; and the uncertainty injected into the market by the Sarbanes‐Oxley Act of 2002. Because many insurers are ailing financially, some are trying to rescind policies just when a company and its directors and officers need the policy most. Also, in efforts to attract new business, some are offering superficially attractive contracts and allowing misperceptions of how the contracts actually work, leading to the possibility of deep disappointments for insureds.
Buckling and vibration analysis of layered and multiphase magneto‐electro‐elastic cylinders subjected to uniform thermal loading
Authors: Kumaravel A. , Ganesan N. , Sethuraman Raju
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of the paper is to investigate the linear thermal buckling and vibration analysis of layered and multiphase magneto‐electro‐elastic (MEE) cylinders made of piezoelectric/piezomagnetic materials using finite element method.

Design/methodology/approach

The constitutive equations of MEE materials are used to derive the finite element equations involving the coupling between mechanical, electrical, magnetic and thermal fields. The present study is limited to clamped‐clamped boundary conditions. The linear thermal buckling is carried out for an axisymmetric cylinder operating in a steady state axisymmetric uniform temperature rise. The influence of stacking sequences and volume fraction of multiphase MEE materials on critical buckling temperature and vibration behaviour is investigated. The influence of coupling effects on critical buckling temperature and vibration behaviour is also studied.

Findings

The critical buckling temperature is higher for MEE axisymmetric cylinder as compared to elastic cylinder.

Originality/value

Linear thermal buckling and vibration analysis of MEE axisymmetric cylinders are studied using the finite element approach. The structure can be used for active vibration control, sensors and actuators. Studying the buckling and vibration behaviour of such structures and influence of coupling effect is extremely useful for the design of magnetoelectroelastic structures.
Crystallographic life model for single crystal turbine blade and validation by the miniature specimens cut from the turbine blades
Authors: Wen Zhixun , Hou Naixian , Wang Baizhi , Yue Zhufeng
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to found a life model for the single crystal (SC) turbine blade based on the rate‐dependent crystallographic plasticity theory.

Design/methodology/approach

This life model has taken into consideration the creep and fatigue damages by the linear accumulation theory. A SC blade was taken from an aero‐engine, which had worked for 1,000 hours, as the illustration to validate the life model.

Findings

The crystallographic life model has a good prediction to the life and damage of the SC turbine blade. In the mean time, the micro damage study of the miniature specimens showed that creep damage has more serious influence on the material performance in the blade body but it is fatigue damage in the blade rabbet.

Originality/value

The life model can reflect the crystalline slip and deformation and crystallographic orientation of nickel‐based SC superalloys.
Interview with Lord Laming Reflections on the future of children's services in England and Wales
Authors: Hobbs Tim , Kaoukji Dwan , Little Michael
Published: November 2014

Like most western developed countries, there have been inquiries in England and Wales from time to time into the deaths of children who have been under the watch of social services or other agencies. These cases have led to significant reforms and contributed in part to the Children Act 1989, landmark legislation that has defined the state's involvement in the lives of children in England and Wales. The case of Victoria Climbié was particularly distressing. Born in the Ivory Coast, Victoria died just over eight years later from 128 separate injuries after being bound hand and foot in plastic bags and placed in a cold bath in an unheated bathroom, where she lay in her own urine and faeces, able to eat only what she could by pressing her face into a plate put beside her. In the 10 months that Victoria lived in England, she was known to seven local government departments, three specialist child protection teams and two hospitals.Herbert Laming chaired the inquiry into her death. His report (Laming, 2003) has underpinned a major overhaul of children's services. Building on the 1989 legislation, the government's vision for children's services Every Child Matters (DfES, 2003) and the ensuing Children Act 2004 promise a highly integrated, outcome‐focused approach to all children in England and Wales. In this interview, Lord Laming deals with the problems that led to the death of Victoria Climbié, before covering the contribution of the new legislation and its implications for practitioners, local and central government, inspectors and researchers. He ends with some reflections on the development of children's services during his involvement over 40 years and in the future. What follows is an edited transcript of Lord Laming's comments.
What works for children? Reflections on building research and development in a children's charity
Authors: Roberts Helen
Published: November 2014

This article describes the background to the What Works initiative launched by Barnardo's in the early 1990s, with a focus on the What Works for Children series of reports published from 1995 onwards. The author describes the intellectual and social context of the initiative, the approach taken, and some of the barriers to and levers for the adoption of research in practice are identified. The article describes more briefly the ways in which those in the Research and Development (R&D) team at Barnardo's worked towards knowledge transfer, both inside and outside the organisation. The article concludes with reflections on the impact of Barnardo's initiatives, the journey still to be travelled to strengthen the knowledge base of those providing services to children in education, health and social work, and the need for further work both to strengthen the evidence base and to increase synergies between research, policy and practice.
What's the use of residential childcare? Findings of two studies detailing current trends in the use of residential childcare in Scotland
Authors: McPheat Graham , Milligan Ian , Hunter Lynne
Published: November 2014

In Scotland residential units for children remain largely in the hands of local authorities. A reluctance to plan for and use such services as a positive choice results in many children being placed as a last resort. Two research studies gathered data over a six‐month period and considered seven local authorities' admissions to children's units, allowing for in‐depth exploration of the manner in which children are being placed in residential care. The studies revealed a significant number of children aged under 12 being admitted to residential care, many placements of a very short duration, poor evidence of placement planning, substantial numbers of sibling groups being separated and admitted to different residential care settings and many instances of residential placements being used when not the preferred option. The implications of the findings are discussed and possible solutions offered as to how the residential sector can be developed to achieve the wide range of roles it is currently expected to fulfil.
Learning disabilities and educational needs of juvenile offenders
Authors: Chitsabesan Prathiba , Bailey Sue , Williams Richard , Kroll Leo , Kenning Cassandra , Talbot Louise
Published: November 2014

This article is based on a study that was commissioned by the Youth Justice Board for England and Wales. We report on the learning profiles and education needs of a cohort of young offenders who were recruited for the study. The research was a national cross‐sectional survey of 301 young offenders who were resident in custodial settings or attending youth offending teams in the community. The young people were assessed using the WASI and the WORD measures to obtain psychometric information (IQ scores and reading/reading comprehension ages). One in five (20%) young people met the ICD‐10 criteria for mental retardation (IQ<70), while problems with reading (52%) and reading comprehension (61%) were common. Verbal IQ scores were found to be significantly lower than performance IQ scores, particularly in male offenders. It is clear from these results that a large proportion of juvenile offenders have a learning disability, as characterised by an IQ<70 and significantly low reading and reading comprehension ages. The underlying aetiology of this association is less clear and may be a consequence of both an increased prevalence of neurocognitive deficits and the impact of poor schooling. There is some evidence that developmental pathways may be different for boys compared with girls.
Social work in the UK: a testing ground for trialists
Authors: Macdonald Geraldine
Published: November 2014

This article examines the history of social work research within the UK from a perspective of evidence‐based practice, as originally advocated in the 1990s. It reviews the progress made to date in relation to the use of experimental studies in the field of children and families, and the reasons why this remains limited. It sets this in the broader context of evidence‐based practice and the education and training of qualifying and post‐qualifying social workers, including postgraduate training.
Measuring outcomes in a child psychiatry inpatient unit
Authors: Garralda M , Rose Gillian , Dawson Ruth
Published: November 2014

The aim of this article is to examine clinical outcomes in a child psychiatry inpatient unit using dedicated measures. Clinicians completed contextual (Paddington Complexity Scale - PCS) and clinical change (Health of the Nation Outcome Scales for Children and Adolescents - HoNOSCA) questionnaires on admission and discharge for consecutive admissions to the unit between 1999 and 2007 (n=167). Mean changes in HoNOSCA scores were analysed, and the predictors of HoNOSCA mean change were assessed using regression analysis. The results showed that the mean length of stay at the unit was 5.6 months (SD 3.1). PCS ratings identified high total, clinical, and environmental complexity scores. HoNOSCA ratings indicated high levels of psychological problems on admission and significant improvement at discharge (mean change 7.7 (SD 6.7)). Greater positive change was associated with higher initial HoNOSCA scores, diagnoses other than conduct disorder and schizophrenia, and a facilitative parental attitude. The authors conclude that the systematic use of standardised outcome measures in child psychiatric inpatient units is useful to document clinical features, complexity and clinical change.
School-based child sexual abuse prevention programmes: The evidence on effectiveness
Authors: Barron Ian , Topping Keith
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– This narrative review explored the efficacy of school-based child sexual abuse prevention programmes between 1990 and 2002. There were 22 efficacy studies that met clear inclusion criteria. Results covered both methodological design and the range of outcome measures. Methodology was analysed through four dimensions (target population, prevention programme implementation, evaluation methodology and cost-effectiveness). Outcomes for children covered nine categories (knowledge, skills, emotion, perception of risk, touch discrimination, reported response to actual threat/abuse, disclosure, negative effects and maintenance of gains). The studies had many methodological limitations. Prevention programmes had a measure of effectiveness in increasing children
'
s awareness of child sexual abuse as well as self-protective skills. Beyond minimal disclosure rates, there was no evidence to demonstrate that programmes protected children from intra-familial sexual abuse. For a small number of children prevention programmes produced minimal negative emotional effects. Recommendations for future research, policy and practice, include realistic outcomes for child participants and locating programmes within wider abuse prevention measures.
Reflections from the ‘frontline’: social workers ' experiences of post-qualifying child care training and their current work practices in the new children ' s services
Authors: Masson Helen , Frost Nick , Parton Nigel
Published: November 2014

Purpose

– In the context of current developments in children ' s services in the UK and increased emphasis on workforce development, the authors describe a survey of successful completers of a Post-qualifying (PQ) Child Care Award Programme, one of 18 such programmes in England that ran between 2001 and 2006/7. The survey ' s aims were twofold: first, to gather the respondents ' overall evaluations of their PQ training and information about their past and current work circumstances; and second, to explore their knowledge and opinions on the latest developments in children ' s services in relation to their own work practices. The findings from the survey are outlined under four themes, which are then discussed in relation to other relevant studies, reviews on the role and tasks of social workers and current developments associated with the Every Child Matters agenda and the integrated workforce. Concerns are raised about whether social work professionalism is being effectively utilised within the current children ' s services arrangements.
Social value in policies for children: contract or culture?
Authors: Jordan Bill
Published: November 2014

Both the collapse of the financial system and the recent child protection scandals in the UK illustrate the limitations of the contract model for regulating social interactions. This article argues that the economic orthodoxy that has dominated recent public policy in the affluent Anglophone countries is now discredited, and that the social value derived from communications and exchanges within cultures of empathy, respect and inclusion should supply criteria for evaluating interventions, and should replace contracts as means of sustaining quality in many aspects of services.
The science of a good childhood: a review of Volume 2 of the Journal of Children's Services
Authors: Axford Nick , Crewe Emma , Domitrovich Celene , Morawska Alina
Published: November 2014

This article reviews the contents of the previous year's editions of the Journal of Children's Services (Volume 2, 2007), as requested by the Journal's editorial board. It draws out some of the main messages for how high‐quality scientific research can help build good childhoods in western developed countries, focusing on: the need for epidemiology to understand how to match services to needs; how research can build evidence of the impact of prevention and intervention services on child well‐being; what the evidence says about how to implement proven programmes successfully; the economic case for proven programmes; the urgency of improving children's material living standards; how to help the most vulnerable children in society; and, lastly, the task of measuring child well‐being.
Prevention in context: classroom heterogeneity as a moderator of PATHS' effectiveness
Authors: Chauveron Lisa , Perkins Daniel
Published: November 2014

Empirically‐based programmes are the cornerstone of the prevention science field. Beyond curriculum content and design, several aspects of school‐based prevention and intervention programmes have been found to contribute to their effectiveness, including implementer training, programme fidelity and principal [head teacher] support. The current investigation examined whether the degree of heterogeneity among classroom members (ie. students' racial or ethnic backgrounds, students' neighbourhood socio‐economic status (SES), students' neighbourhood education level and students' neighbourhood immigrant status) influences the effectiveness of the Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) social and emotional learning programme. The analyses found a relationship between the degree of classroom heterogeneity and students' pre‐test scores on social and emotional variables. Moreover, gender differences were evident on pre‐test scores, reflecting differential baselines. The findings for analysis on classroom heterogeneity as a moderator of the programme's effectiveness in improving students' social and emotional competence were mixed. Future research and policy implications are discussed related to advancing the field and ensuring culturally relevant evidence‐based programming.
Looked‐after children placed in externally purchased residential care
Authors: Bullock Roger
Published: November 2014

In the desire to improve outcomes for children in care, the issue of those individuals placed by local authorities in residential establishments run by external agencies has become especially salient. In addition to questions of quality and value for money, there are concerns about children becoming detached from local services, especially as many of the placements selected are outside the local authorities' geographical boundaries. This study looks at 262 children so placed in eight English local authorities. It was found that although there were common presenting problems, such as a need for specialist therapy or to reduce difficult behaviour, the children's circumstances varied and four distinct groups of children with common needs were identified. The use of such placements also varied across the authorities and did not mirror their numbers of children in care. The factors associated with the use of externally purchased residential placements and differences between those placed internally and externally are explored. A framework for developing new approaches for difficult adolescents and suggestions about fruitful service development are offered.
The entrepreneurial role of profit‐and‐loss sharing modes of finance: theory and practice
Authors: Kayed Rasem N.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to find out whether profit‐and‐loss‐sharing (PLS) modes of finance have become viable financial alternatives for entrepreneurship and enterprise development or whether they are still merely an academic endeavour.

Design/methodology/approach

The method employed in this study is a combination of extensive examination of existing literature and critical analysis of the outcomes of several relevant studies in order to establish the convergent/divergent relationship between theory and practice in Islamic finance.

Findings

Based on available bank level and country level data, the paper presents evidence that the divergence between the theoretical perspective and the practical implementation of PLS modes of finance is widening to an alarming level. The paper argues that this divergence by no means can be attributed to the construct and the disposition of the PLS instruments; it is rather the product of the negative attitude and the lack of proper infrastructure of the majority of Islamic financial institutions (IFIs) – and their (reluctance) to accommodate entrepreneurship through the genuine implementation of PLS instruments.

Practical implications

The findings of this study draw attention to the visible shortage in practical research pertaining to the application of the principles of PLS modes in financing entrepreneurial activities. The study suggests that the relevance, the direction and the resilience of future research undertakings should be focused on bridging the increasing gap between the prescribed role of PLS instruments and the actual performance of IFIs in promoting socio‐economic development through the creation of a vibrant entrepreneurship sector.

Originality/value

The paper points out that while PLS models dominate the theoretical literature on Islamic finance, and whereas the majority of mainstream Muslim scholars and financial authorities overwhelmingly judge PLS models as being compelling financial options and practical developmental tools, the reality of Islamic finance paints a different picture. The paper emphasizes the need for IFIs to conform to their own charters and assume a leading developmental role in order to realize al‐Shariah objectives (maqasid al Shariah). The paper identifies key research areas that warrant the attention of keen researchers with interest in the field of Islamic finance and entrepreneurship development.
Iran's post‐war financial system
Authors: Moayedi Vafa , Aminfard Matin
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to provide solid examination of Iran's Islamic financial system and its development after the end of the Iran‐Iraq war in 1988.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis is conducted by using financial data over the period 1993‐2007 as solid data aren't available for the period 1988‐1992. Parallel, 39 other countries are analyzed as well in order to have a solid international basis of comparison. The data are provided by the World Bank's financial dataset. The paper computes three key‐indices referring to the activity, efficiency, and size of Iran's financial sectors. A fourth measure is calculated as an aggregated index of the three key‐indices in order to allow a vivid comparison with other countries.

Findings

Iran's financial system is apparently highly bank‐based. The paper can confirm that Iran has been struggling for a less bank‐based financial system during this period. Although Iran still shows up a mainly bank‐based financial system, its financial market has been growing by considerable rates during the examined period. When referring to the international comparison, Iran shows up an underdeveloped and weak financial system, especially in regard to its stock market.

Originality/value

There haven't been any similar research for this time period using this kind of indices. Especially, Iranian economists haven't used this very comprehensive approach in order to confirm the widely made assumption of a bank‐based Iranian financial system. This study sheds light on the topic and at the same time offers a comprehensive picture of Iran's financial system.
Knowledge management practices within Hong Kong organizations
Authors: Edmonson Robert R.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate how knowledge is currently being collected, distributed, managed and the perspective of knowledge management's (KM) strategic significance to performance within a broad range of Hong Kong organizations.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was administered to a broad cross‐section of Hong Kong business organizations to elicit input regarding current KM practices within the organization, their perspective on its value to organizational performance and competitive advantages.

Findings

The results indicate a fuzziness exists concerning KM's potential benefits. Majority of respondents felt a KM policy existed, while a smaller number did not and even less did not know. Findings show a high dependence on personal networks and a high use of information technology tools such as intranet, Groupware, and other decision support tools. Barriers to sharing included power loss, appearing dependent, a basic unwillingness to share with national culture possibly playing a role. Incentives did not appear to encourage sharing with management of KM programs not focused on a particular department or individual. Respondents were evenly divided over strategic benefits but felt the existence of an internal culture that promoted sharing could result in competitive market advantages.

Practical implications

First, it provides a better understanding of KM issues within Hong Kong organizations, the current status of KM's implementation and readiness to accept and adopt best KM practices. Second, the findings also offer business practitioners a better understanding of the internal mechanisms necessary to leverage a firm's specific resources. Finally, the results shed additional clarity on the fuzziness surrounding KM's correlation to being strategically significant to the firm.

Originality/value

Unlike previous studies, the paper uses a holistic approach as opposed to best practices firms. The findings contribute to previous research and provide insights into current practices which identified differences and gaps; recognized areas of improvement; and should help stimulate use of KM and provided an understanding of internal mechanisms necessary to leverage internal resources.
Pre‐storm emergency supplies inventory planning
Authors: Lodree Emmett J.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

Planning inventories for emergency supplies such as bottled water, non‐perishable foods, batteries, and flashlights can be challenging for retailers situated within the projected path of a severe storm. The retailer's inventory decisions are complicated by the inherent volatility of storm forecasts and the corresponding demand predictions. The purpose of this paper is to explore both proactive and reactive inventory control policies within the context of probable pre‐storm demand surge for a fast‐moving emergency supply item, and identify the conditions that are most conducive to each strategy according to the minimax decision criterion.

Design/methodology/approach

The inventory system is formulated based on an underlying economic order quantity framework. Minimax decision rules are developed analytically. Sensitivity analysis is facilitated by both analytic and numerical methods.

Findings

The conditions that are conducive to a proactive ordering strategy are limited supplier flexibility, acute demand surge, and exorbitant reorder costs; otherwise, the minimax inventory control policy is given by a reactive ordering strategy.

Research limitations/implications

The above‐mentioned findings are based on a stylized inventory model characterized by assumptions that are consistent with the academic literature. In order to assess the implications of these results in practice, the model should be extended according to the relevance of each assumption to specific real‐world inventory systems.

Social implications

Householders preparing for probable evacuation or post‐storm power outages typically overwhelm grocery and home improvement stores during a brief period prior to the impact of an approaching weather system. This phenomenon triggers a temporary spike in demand for several stock keeping units, which is oftentimes accompanied by pervasive inventory shortages that proliferate community vulnerability and engender a sense of disarray throughout the local populace. Effective inventory management of emergency supply items during this period can help alleviate some of these social dilemmas.

Originality/value

Few academic publications address inventory management from the perspective of humanitarian relief. Among existing studies, the emphasis has been coordination of emergency supplies for post‐disaster relief and recovery activities. This paper appears to be the first academic investigation of an inventory system driven by the pre‐storm demand surge for emergency supplies that typically occurs in the presence of an ominous and potentially devastating weather system. Additionally, this study conceivably represents the first minimax distribution free approach to inventory control within the context of humanitarian logistics and disruption management.
Research in humanitarian logistics
Authors: Overstreet Robert E. , Hall Dianne , Hanna Joe B. , Kelly Rainer R.
Published: November 2014

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to provide future researchers with a framework for conducting research in the unique field of humanitarian logistics.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors categorized humanitarian logistics research articles. Borrowing from the theory of constraints and management information systems literature, the authors developed a framework for research.

Findings

The review of humanitarian logistics literature indicates that researchers have begun to lay the foundation for a core body of knowledge. While there is a growing body of research in humanitarian logistics, it is predominately focused on the area of planning.

Originality/value

This effort categorizes past research using elements of logistics, develops a framework for research in humanitarian logistics, and recommends areas for further research.
Robot applications are increasing
Authors: Rooks B.W.
Published: November 2014

Industrial robots have become an accepted form of automation for many companies in Western Europe. The multi robot car assembly line is now the rule rather than the exception and this type of application has advanced the state of acceptance of robots as a viable form of automation. But what is the future in other areas and is the industrial robot an economic proposition in less glamorous areas? A recent visit to Sweden, with a few calls in West Germany, revealed a surprisingly wide range of applications for the industrial robot and none more so than in the production work shops of the robot manufacturers themselves. In Sweden high wage rates and strict laws on health and safety at work provide the type of incentive that is conducive to investments in robot automation. But even in this environment robots have to work hard to be economic. They invariably work on two or three shifts and in many applications perform numerous tasks.
The economics of robots in industrial applications
Authors: Benedetti M.
Published: November 2014

Modern accountancy offers top management ever more sophisticated instruments, thus enabling it to base its decisions not only on ‘experience/intuition’ but also on the rationalization of data for solving investment problems.
Performance of a High and Low Level Gate Feed Track Level Controller
Authors: Redford A.H.
Published: November 2014

In the light engineering industries there is an increasing requirement for automatic feeding of parts to automatic machines. These machines are, typically, counting and batching machines, automatic machine tools and automatic assembly machines.
HIGH‐TECH TEST MARKETING AT CAMPBELL SOUP COMPANY
Authors: Russell Ed , Adams Anthony J. , Boundy Bill
Published: November 2014

Test marketing has a long history: the precursor of all of today's market research methodologies was undoubtedly trial and error. However, it remains an area of vital interest today. The promise and the performance of high‐tech test marketing can be shown from the perspective of the Campbell Soup Company.
SURVEY RESEARCH: CURRENT PROBLEMS AND FUTURE OPPORTUNITIES
Authors: Gallup George
Published: November 2014

The field of survey research, driven at a fast pace by exploding technology, promises an exciting future. This future, however, is threatened by a number of growing, unresolved problems. In order to get a perspective, Walker/Gallup recently interviewed a group of senior marketing information executives. The largest number of these were from manufacturing firms, followed by service organizations, and then advertising agencies. About four in ten said their responsibilities were primarily concerned with marketing intelligence, and a like proportion had the additional responsibility of strategic planning. About one‐tenth had other responsibilities, including sales, promotion, new product research, and the like. Four in ten said the number of professional employees assigned to the function they managed was under ten. At the other end, about one person in fourteen indicated over 100 employees.
Direct Shipping Laws, Wine and Societal Welfare
Authors: Eyler Robert
Published: November 2014

Direct shipping laws restrict the amount of wine traded between states in the United States as well as international trade in the wine industry. The effects of these laws are twofold. First, they restrict consumer choice, through higher prices and fewer goods available. This is the classic way in which barriers to trade reduce consumer and societal welfare. For the international wine company, marketing and distribution costs rise due to the fact that certain markets are not directly available. For all potential exporters to the US. these direct shipping laws add to difficulty in competing and reduce availability. The data show that the elimination of the laws would reduce prices, increase quantities sold, and increase competition in wine, especially through direct shipping. These laws affect firm choice on product delivery and market penetration.
Century National Merchant Bank Limited and Others v Davies and Others
Authors: Goff of Chieveley Lords , of Berwick Lloyd , Steyn  , Hoffman  , of Craighead Hope
Published: November 2014

This appeal to the Privy Council from the Court of Appeal of Jamaica concerned the lawfulness of action taken by the Minister of Finance on 10th July, 1996 under statutory powers to assume temporary management of three financial institutions, and the remedies available to aggrieved parties in the event that such action were indeed unlawful. Three financial institutions were concerned (1) Century National Bank Limited, a bank licensed under the Banking Act 1987; (2) Century National Merchant Bank and Trust Company Limited, a merchant bank licensed under the Financial Institutions Act; (3) Century National Building Society, a building society licensed under the Building Societies Act 1986.
When Private Interests Consume the Public Good: The OJ Simpson Case
Authors: Bellis Frank A.
Published: November 2014

Perhaps no other obligation is as critical to the stability of a society than that of maintaining the integrity of government. For a government to function effectively, the public must be governed by leaders in whom they can put their trust. It is, in short, the most rudimentary concept of self‐government, although it may not be shared throughout the world. If government leaders, elected, appointed, anointed or even those who have seized their position of power by brute force, are perceived by the people they govern as untrustworthy, the stability of the respective society is effectively undermined. One need only go to countries like Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, South Africa, Guatemala, Nigeria or the Eastern European countries, to witness this cause and effect relationship.
BUSINESS HISTORY AND ITS SOURCES
Authors: PLANT MARJORIE
Published: November 2014

THE historian sometimes has a blissful dream that he has come across a mass of records previously unknown to exist but capable, in his hands, of forming the basis of an epoch‐making study. In 1921 it came true with the thrilling discovery of the documents on which Professor George Unwin was to base his Samuel Oldknow and the Arkwrights, which might be called the first business history. Oldknow's cotton mill at Mellor was then a ruin, having been destroyed by fire in 1892; all that remained was a detached portion which, though dilapidated, was used for stabling and for other odd purposes. One day a Boy Scout aroused curiosity by offering to passers‐by a number of weavers' pay‐tickets dating from the eighteenth century. His explanation, on being questioned, was that he had found them in this small outhouse. The find was quickly reported to Unwin, and he joined eagerly in the search among the dust and debris of the upper floor, to be rewarded by the discovery of heaps of letters, account‐books, wages‐sheets, and other manuscripts. Then began an engrossing task of cleaning and sorting. By incredibly good fortune the documents were found to include the records of Oldknow's previous business as a muslin manufacturer at Stockport, of his bleach and print works at Heaton Mersey, and of the beginnings of his enterprise at Anderton, as well as those of the Mellor mill itself.
THE BUILDING UP OF A LIBRARY IN THE SOCIAL STUDIES AT NUFFIELD COLLEGE, OXFORD
Authors: LOCK NORA M.
Published: November 2014

Nuffield College was founded in 1937 by Viscount Nuffield, ‘to encourage research especially but not exclusively in the field of social studies, and especially by making easier the co‐operation of academic and non‐academic persons’. Its principal aim is to provide facilities for the research work of its Fellows, and for the training of graduate research students, and it differs from most Oxford colleges in having no undergraduates. The building of permanent premises was delayed by the war, but since 1949 work has progressed rapidly and last year the college occupied one wing of its permanent home.
INSTRUCTION IN THE USE OF LIBRARIES: A UNIVERSITY LIBRARY PROBLEM
Authors: MACKENNA R.O.
Published: November 2014

Ever since it became regular practice to allow undergraduate readers free access to the shelves, university and college librarians have been conscious of a responsibility for offering them help and guidance in making the best use of the opportunities thus afforded them. For long, however, the problem was regarded as a purely domestic one, and each librarian sought his own solution to it according to his own lights, and in conformity with local circumstances.
QUARTERLY DOCUMENTATION SURVEY
Authors: BIRD J.
Published: November 2014

Björkbom, c. Bokanskaffning och sambibliotek. (Acquisitions and library co‐operation.)Biblioteksbladet, vol. 41, no. 1, 1956, pp. 8–12. [In Swedish with English summary.] [Participation in a union catalogue has important implications which are not always realized. For it means that the stocks of all other participating libraries are available to the library's readers, either by interlibrary loan or by means of photocopies. This fact must be taken into account in drawing up the acquisition policies of individual libraries. The author discusses various ways in which such a rationalization of acquisitions could be effected and also different methods of bringing new acquisitions to the attention of other libraries.]
THE PLACE OF LITERATURE STUDIES IN LIBRARY EDUCATION
Authors: BENGE R.C.
Published: November 2014

Many librarians and information officers have acquired a knowledge of the literature which is relevant to their needs as a result of their work in a particular library. I wish to inquire here how far it is possible for those without this experience to study subject literature as part of library education and to suggest a possible pattern for such study.
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL: A PRAGMATIC APPROACH
Authors: ARNOLD D.V.
Published: November 2014

Much of the work on ‘information retrieval’ during the last ten years has been concerned with improving the ways in which information to be stored in catalogues and indexes can best be represented by terms suitable for use as ‘points of entry’ during the actual process of searching. Such work has been carried out from the aspects of both classification and alphabetical subject headings, and those who have been interested in the first aspect have derived much of their inspiration from the principles laid down by Ranganathan. Interest in more efficient methods for the construction of alphabetical subject headings received encouragement when Mortimer Taube produced his ‘uniterm’ system of co‐ordinate indexing, since he appeared to have removed the difficulties commonly associated with the formulation of compound subject terms, by abolishing their use altogether. Single (or unit) terms only were used, the searcher being required, at the time of search, to formulate his own compound terms by choosing two or more suitable ‘uniterms’. At the same time, Taube introduced as his method of referring to the relevant documents a system based on the results of earlier work with punched cards by Batten (ref. 1)—and possibly others working independently—in which the only information given to the searcher about a document was the ‘uniterm(s)’ and a file number—not even the title was given.
PROCEEDINGS OF THE INTERNATIONAL STUDY CONFERENCE ON CLASSIFICATION FOR INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
Authors: RISK J.M.S.
Published: November 2014

These proceedings cover a study conference of the Federation Internationale de Documentation, held at Beatrice Webb House, Dorking, Surrey, from the 13th to the 17th May 1957, following a decision taken at the Brussels Conference of the F.I.D. in September 1955.