bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Cerebral Lesions on Intellectual Function: A Review of Current Research Trends
Authors: Piercy Malcolm
Published: August 2008

The literature of the psychological effects of brain injury is extensive and disconnected. It abounds in inadequate definitions, incompatible theories and disagreements as to appropriate methods of investigation. This situation results partly from the variety of disciplines which guide different investigators; but it results too from the great logical difficulties encountered by anybody who seeks to throw light on normal intelligent behaviour by studying the effects of cerebral lesions. Some have even argued that such attempts are always unprofitable (47, 77).
A Controlled Trial of Imipramine
Authors: Robin A. A. , Langley G. E.
Published: August 2008

A comparison of imipramine and electroplexy in 31 depressed patients selected for the latter treatment has already been reported (Robin and Harris, 1962). The following study concerns depressed patients chosen for conservative measures.
Psychological Disturbances Associated with Open Heart Surgery
Authors: Egerton N. , Kay J. H.
Published: August 2008

In our unit open heart surgery has provided sufficient stress to precipitate post-operative psychological disturbances in a high proportion of patients. In the year before this investigation was begun, 21 of 108 patients developed obvious mental abnormalities post-operatively. Blickenstorfer (1) reported post-operative psychosis in 3 per cent, of 300 patients subjected to open heart surgery, and the same incidence, 3 per cent., was reported by Bolton and Bailey (3) following closed and open heart surgery on 1,500 adult patients. The incidence of mental disturbance in our unit was so much higher that a detailed study of all patients (141) operated on in the unit during a 10-month period appeared to be indicated.
Adoptive Families Referred for Psychiatric Advice
Authors: Humphrey Michael , Ounsted Christopher
Published: August 2008

In our previous paper (Humphrey and Ounsted, 1963) we found that the symptoms and behaviour problems of children adopted in early infancy resembled those of children reared by their own parents. A significant trend appeared only among children adopted after the age of 6 months, who were more prone to anti-social conduct. But the proportion of adopted children referred to the Park Hospital for Children over a four-year period (2·9 per cent.) was more than double the corresponding estimate for the general population. It is tempting to attribute at least part of this excess to the relatively large number of delayed adoptions in our sample, of whom 34 out of 80 (43 per cent.) were aged 6 months or more at the time of placement.
Calcium Metabolism in States of Depression
Authors: Flach Frederic F.
Published: August 2008

We have previously demonstrated, in small groups of patients receiving either electric convulsive treatments or imipramine therapy, changes in calcium metabolism associated with recovery from states of depression (5, 7). Other investigators have also reported somewhat unusual changes in calcium physiology among depressed patients or during the administration of antidepressant therapies. These include low cerebrospinal fluid calcium levels (4), changes in blood calcium during electric convulsive treatments (10), and alterations in bound and ionized fractions of blood calcium during imipramine therapy (3). It is the purpose of this report to describe and discuss the changes in urinary calcium excretion in the relatively large series of patients we have now acquired.
The Effect of Chlorpromazine and Chlordiazepoxide on Cognitive Functioning
Authors: Brimer A. , Schnieden H. , Simon A.
Published: August 2008

Whilst it is well known that drugs can cause behavioural changes (Trouton and Eysenck, 1960) relatively little attention has been given to the effects of drugs on complex cognitive functions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of two drugs frequently used in psychiatric treatment (chlorpromazine and chlordiazepoxide) on performance in problem solving situations as well as in tests involving speed and accuracy.
Diagnosis-Treatment Relationships in Psychiatry: A Statistical Analysis
Authors: Bannister D. , Salmon Phillida , Leiberman D. M.
Published: August 2008

The diagnostic classificatory system in use in modern psychiatry appears to be the product of countless acts of “subjective factor analysis”. Psychiatrists have observed that particular symptoms tend to occur in clusters, and these clusters have been labelled and given a status akin to that of disease entities in general medicine. It is a continually developing empirical system, and it is customary to reexamine such systems periodically to assess the state of current practice and its validity.
A Controlled Trial of the Therapeutic Effects of Polarization of the Brain in Depressive Illness
Authors: Costain R. , Redfearn J. W. T. , Lippold O. C. J.
Published: August 2008

A previous paper (Lippold and Redfearn, 1964) described various mental changes which occur when small direct currents are passed through the brain in human subjects. Some beneficial effects often followed this procedure and it appeared worthwhile to carry out a controlled double-blind clinical trial.
Psychiatric Out-Patients in Plymouth—An Area Service Analysed
Authors: Kessel Neil , Hassall Christine , Blair Robert , Gilroy John M. , Pilkington Francis , Weeks Kenneth F.
Published: August 2008

Out-patient services in Britain for psychiatric patients have expanded enormously under the National Health Service. Well over half a million patients are seen at clinics annually. Concomitant with this increase the out-patient department has changed in function. No longer is it principally concerned with providing follow up and support for discharged mental hospital in-patients; instead, because of the greatly increased demand for psychiatric care for less severe disorders and under the influence of the movement for community care it now should play a part not at all subservient to the in-patient department. The clinic, properly run, should be an arena of treatment in its own right.
Koro—A Culture-bound Depersonalization Syndrome
Authors: Yap P. M.
Published: August 2008

The term “koro” refers to an unfamiliar state of acute anxiety with partial depersonalization leading to the conviction of penile shrinkage and to fears of dissolution. Among the South Chinese (Cantonese) koro is known as suk-yeong. Van Brero in 1897 first discussed the psychopathology of this syndrome on the basis of cases described in South Celebes. He thought it was a peculiar manifestation of obsessional-compulsive illness. After many years the syndrome again received attention from Van Wulftten Palthe (1934), who concluded that it was an unusual form of anxiety neurosis. Slot in the same year also gave an account of it in the Dutch literature. Van Wulftten Palthe (1936, 1937) further mentioned the existence of corresponding female cases who complained of shrinking of the vulval labia and the breasts. He made a distinction between a real anxiety state and an imaginary organic illness based on folk belief, comparable for example to the popular notion in Southern Europe that urinating against the wind would cause a person to “catch a cold” in the metaphorical sense of getting gonorrhoea.
The Couvade Syndrome
Authors: Trethowan W. H. , Conlon M. F.
Published: August 2008

Pregnancy in their wives is known to precipitate mental illness in some husbands (Zilboorg, 1931; Freeman, 1951; Towne and Afterman, 1955). But the fact that it may more commonly cause physical symptoms seems never to have been fully investigated, and has only occasionally been reported in the medical press.
Changes in Schizophrenic Psychopathology and Ward Behaviour as a Function of Phenothiazine Treatment
Authors: Goldberg Solomon C. , Klerman Gerald L. , Cole Jonathan O.
Published: August 2008

Although the efficacy of chlorpromazine and other phenothiazine derivatives in the treatment of schizophrenic psychotic reactions has been established for almost a decade, there remain differences of opinion regarding which symptoms and behaviours are affected favourably by psychopharmacologic treatment. By and large, the phenothiazines have been characterized as “ataractics” or “tranquillizers”, the implication being that their predominant action is to calm excited patients by relieving the patient's anxiety or other forms of psychic distress. However, clinical experience increasingly asserts that the phenothiazines influence many manifestations of schizophrenic patients other than anxiety and excitement, including symptoms such as incoherent thought and apathy.
A Mosaic Mongol with Normal Leucocyte Chromosomes
Authors: Ridler M. A. C. , Shapiro A. , Delhanty Joy D. A. , Smith G. F.
Published: August 2008

The finding of chromosomal mosaicism in mongolism (Clarke et al., 1961) has added a new dimension to the problem of mongolism which has helped to answer some questions, but which has also created some new ones. It has been suggested that mosaicism may explain some of the microsymptoms of mongolism found in the siblings, parents and relatives of mongols. This has particular application to the increased atd angles on the palms of some mothers of mongols (Penrose, 1963).
A Preliminary Psychological Assessment of the Skills of Motor Racing Drivers
Authors: Krikler Berenice
Published: August 2008

This study reports certain test findings and generalizations on the performance of a small number of top ranking British Motor Racing drivers. The first section deals with the formal tests, the second is speculative about the motives involved in choosing motor racing as a career.
Rehabilitated Long-Stay Schizophrenics in the Community
Authors: Waters M. A. , Northover J.
Published: August 2008

Wing (1963) has recently reviewed the literature, mainly of the last five years, that has contributed much to our knowledge of the rehabilitation process, especially in long hospitalized schizophrenics. Over the same period there has been an increased discharge rate among this group of patients, and the continuation of this trend appears to be one of the expectations upon which plans for future mental hospital bed requirements have been based (Tooth and Brooke, 1961).
Depersonalization in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy and the Organic Psychoses
Authors: Kenna J. C. , Sedman G.
Published: August 2008

It has been shown that in depressive states (Sedman and Reed, 1963) and in schizophrenia (Sedman and Kenna, 1963) there is an association between the occurrence of depersonalization, a premorbid insecure personality and depression of mood.
Sexual Impotence and the Limbic System
Authors: Johnson John
Published: August 2008

Seventy-six male patients referred to the Maudsley Hospital with a primary complaint of impaired sexual potency were studied in order to define the natural history of these conditions (to be reported). Two of the patients who complained of impotence were found to have intracerebral tumours. In the first case the tumour was limited to the temporal lobe: in the second case it was situated in the posterior part of the frontal lobe.
Effect of Serum from Schizophrenics on Evoked Cortical Potentials in the Rat
Authors: Stenhouse D. , Antebi R. , Dear E. M. A. , Herrington R. N. , McCance C.
Published: August 2008

German (1961, 1963) reported that serum from schizophrenic patients, in contrast to that from normal individuals and non-schizophrenic patients, when applied topically to the rat cerebral cortex, increased the amplitude of potentials evoked in the somato-sensory area by stimulation of the contralateral forepaw. Furthermore, similar changes were found when urine extracts were tested in the same manner (German and Kemali, 1963; Kemali, 1964).
The Clinical State, Sleep and Amine Metabolism of a Tranylcypromine (‘Parnate’) Addict
Authors: Le Gassicke J. , Ashcroft G. W. , Eccleston D. , Evans J. I. , Oswald I. , Ritson E. B.
Published: August 2008

A number of drugs capable of mono-amine oxidase inhibition have been marketed with the claim that they alleviate depressive illness. One of these is tranylcypromine (‘Parnate’), which has won notoriety on account of the severe headache experienced by those receiving the drug when they also eat ripe cheese (Lancet,1964). In chemical structure, it is related to amphetamine. Amphetamine is a drug of addiction, and addiction to tranylcypromine was therefore to be expected. A preliminay notice of the present patient has already been published (Le Gassicke, 1962).
The Genesis of Schizophrenic Thought Disorder: Re-test of the Serial Invalidation Hypothesis
Authors: Bannister D.
Published: August 2008

The study to be reported was carried out within the framework of Personal Construct theory as proposed by Kelly (1955) and summarized in Bannister (1962).
The Psychological Health of the Pre-Clinical Medical Student
Authors: Lucas C. J. , Kelvin R. P. , Ojha A. B.
Published: August 2008

The development of student health services in colleges and universities has led, during the past decade, to a growing awareness of the importance of mental health problems in student populations (see Davy, 1960; Malleson, 1963).
A Case of Pin-up Fetishism Treated by Aversion Conditioning
Authors: Raymond Michael , O'Keeffe Kevin
Published: August 2008

This case is considered to merit a brief report, mainly for the following reasons which will be further considered in the Discussion: (1) the extent of the sexual deviation and its true nature were not immediately apparent; (2) there has recently been a suggestion that the success of aversion therapy in similar cases may have been in a large measure dependent on a “transference situation”. We think that this case may contribute some evidence to the contrary.
Hypochondriasis and Depression in Out-patients at a General Hospital
Authors: Kreitman Norman , Sainsbury Peter , Pearce K. , Costain W. R.
Published: August 2008

The aims of this paper are first, to describe some clinical features of patients eventually diagnosed as having a depressive illness who were referred to a general hospital clinic set up to study hypochondriasis, and secondly, to investigate why some patients with depressive disorders develop somatic symptoms while others do not.
The Work of a Psychiatric Emergency Clinic
Authors: Brothwood John
Published: August 2008

Prior to 1952 a Registrar was available at The Maudsley Hospital from 9.30 a.m. to 5.30 p.m. to see out-patients of the hospital who wished to consult a doctor outside the times of their routine appointments. In 1952 the necessity for a more extended service was recognized by the appointment of a Registrar to work whole-time in the Emergency Clinic. A special room and telephone were provided and in effect a psychiatric casualty department was established. The Hospital also offers an Emergency Service between 5.30 p.m. and 9.30 a.m., but this is not considered in the present study. With the change of policy towards more rapid discharge of patients from psychiatric hospitals and the care of the chronic mentally ill in the community, it seemed very probable that a psychiatric emergency clinic would be increasingly used for referral by family doctors and by patients spontaneously seeking advice, and in fact there were 1,830 attendances at the Clinic in 1958, 2,274 in 1960, and 3,377 in 1962.
Sex-Chromatin and Sex-Chromosome Abnormalities in Male Hypogonadal Mental Patients
Authors: Nielsen Johannes , Fischer Margit
Published: August 2008

The present study is part of a sex-chromatin survey in a mental hospital. It has been made as a preliminary step in finding the prevalence and incidence of sex-chromosome abnormalities among patients with mental illness; and it also has the purpose of studying the psychopathological and genetic aspects of sex-chromosome abnormalities. The study comprises all clinically hypogonadal patients referred by the psychiatrists at this hospital to the cytogenic laboratory during a period of approximately 1 month. In a survey of this kind we can expect to find patients with certain abnormalities of the sex chromosomes.
The Diagnosis of Depressive Syndromes and the Prediction of E.C.T. Response
Authors: Carney M. W. P. , Roth M. , Garside R. F.
Published: August 2008

The establishment of a classification of affective disorders commanding wide agreement among clinical practitioners and investigators is one of the most pressing needs of contemporary psychiatry. This group of conditions has, in recent decades, displaced schizophrenia from the centre of the clinical stage. However, despite its prominence and importance in clinical practice, the territory remains inadequately charted. There is evidence to indicate that the uncertainty about the most clear and convenient lines of demarcation within this clinical territory makes a large contribution to the unreliability of psychiatric diagnosis. Thus, in a recent enquiry (Sandifer, Pettus and Quade, 1965) into the reliability of diagnoses made in 91 first admissions to a mental hospital by ten experienced psychiatrists, it was shown that the resolution of disagreement in the areas of “psychoneurosis—affective disorder” and “psychoneurosis—personality disorder” would have raised the overall reliability of diagnosis in this enquiry from 57 per cent. to 83 per cent.
Comparison of Amphetamine Psychosis and Schizophrenia
Authors: Bell D. S.
Published: August 2008

Amphetamine psychosis arising during the course of long-continued amphetamine addiction resembles paranoid schizophrenia (Connell, 1958). Gradually the euphoriant effects of the drug are modified by anxiety accompanying ideas of reference and paranoid delusions. Auditory and visual hallucinations occur in a setting of clear consciousness and correct orientation. Restlessness, agitation and excitement are common accompaniments. An identical end-result has been reported in those cases that resulted from a single large dose of amphetamine or ingestion of the drug over a short period only (Wallis, McHarg and Scott, 1949; Herman and Nagler, 1954; Carr, 1954; Greenwood and Peachey, 1957; Connell, 1958). Accidental poisoning with amphetamine in childhood has been reported by Shanson (1956) and Patuck (1956) to result in hallucinations, hyperactivity, and a state of excitement and terror.
Forearm Blood Flow in Normal Subjects and Patients with Phobic Anxiety States
Authors: Harper Max , Gurney Clair , Savage R. Douglass , Roth Martin
Published: August 2008

One of the earliest studies on limb blood flow, using a volume plethysmograph to enclose the hand and forearm, was carried out by Hewlett and Van Zwaluwenburg (1909). Two of their patients were pronounced neurasthenics “with labile vasomotor systems” and these authors noted that, excluding subjects with thyrotoxicosis, “the majority of the remaining fast rates occurred in neurasthenics of the vasomotor type”. In 1938 Grant and Pearson, who developed forearm plethysmography to determine blood flow mainly in the skeletal muscle rather than the skin, noted transient increases in forearm flow with mental arithmetic in some subjects, but did not pursue this observation further. This response was studied in more detail by Abramson and Ferris (1940). Their conclusion that mental arithmetic produced an increase in forearm flow due to vasodilatation in the forearm muscles was confirmed by the work of Brod, Fencl, Hejl, and Jirka (1959), who attributed the change to emotional stress.
The Incidence of Malvaria
Authors: O'Reilly P. O. , Ernest M. , Hughes G.
Published: August 2008

Hoffer and Mahon (2), using an extraction method of their own, have shown that certain compounds, separated on paper chromatograms, give a mauve colour. This colour comes on slowly over 30 minutes as a pink area which slowly turns mauve and then within a half to 1 hour has a typical mauve appearance. It then begins to fade and usually, within several hours, has gone. The presence of this mauve colour is taken as a positive indication of the presence of these substances, and Hoffer and Mahon state that the majority of schizophrenics have these unknown substances in their urine.
Mentally Ill West Indian Immigrants
Authors: Gordon E. B.
Published: August 2008

At present there exist in the literature numerous references to mental illness in different cultures; these vary from consideration of disorders peculiar to certain cultures, e.g. Koro, Latah, Amok, Wihtigo, etc., well reviewed by Yap (Yap, 51) to the problems of acculturation and mental illness. Examples of the latter include the studies of Tooth and Carothers, the latter suggesting that Westernization and detribalization increased the incidence of psychosis in Africans (Carothers, 2; Tooth, 45). Slotkin (42) pointed to the paranoid schizophrenia phenomena among acculturated Menomini. Hallowell (14, 15) found significant Rorschach differences between acculturated and unacculturated Salteaux.
Physical Disease, Hypochondria, and Alcohol Addiction in Suicides Committed by Mental Hospital Patients
Authors: Stenback Asser , Achté K. A. , Rimón R. H.
Published: August 2008

A study was made of 57 suicides committed by mental hospital patients in Helsinki in the period 1952 to 1963 (Achté, Stenback and Teräväinen, 1965). This report is concerned with the frequency of physical disease, hypochondria, and alcoholism in these 57 suicides.
Factors Underlying the Retention in the Community of Chronic Unhospitalized Schizophrenics
Authors: Gillis L. S. , Keet M.
Published: August 2008

This investigation arose from the clinical observation that there are certain people who are psychiatrically very ill yet live at home or in the community, whilst others no less disturbed are referred to mental hospitals and kept there for varying periods. Although several excellent studies have been done on chronic schizophrenics and other serious mental illnesses after discharge from hospital, no study has been found in the literature concerning chronic cases who have never been hospitalized, and it was hoped that a careful investigation of such patients and their circumstances, i.e. social and economic conditions, the organization and attitudes of the family, the psychiatric condition of the patients, etc., would lead to a better knowledge of community care.
The Diagnosis and Treatment of Schizophrenia
Authors: Willis J. H. , Bannister D.
Published: August 2008

Variations in the attitude of psychiatrists to schizophrenia range from the precise and confident pronouncement of Sargant and Slater (1963) “Chlorpromazine seems to bring the schizophrenic process to a rapid halt, and to lessen the chance of chronicity and deterioration of personality” to the fundamental doubts expressed by Szasz (1957) “The problem of schizophrenia, which many consider to be the core-problem of psychiatry today, may be truly akin to the ‘problem of the ether‘. To put it simply, there is no such problem.” The literature abounds in varying, conflicting and even irreconcilable treatment suggestions. One has only to compare the physical treatment schedules recommended by Sargant (1963) with the advocacy of psychotherapy put forward by Arieti (1959); or the views on drugs of Kalinowski (1958) with the Hordern and Hamilton (1963) assertion that drug results have not been shown to be superior to the effects of “moral treatment” of a century ago. Similar comparisons in the social field might be made between the views of Hamilton and Salmon (1962) and Hamilton (1964) on sheltered workshops and the difficulties of rehabilitation programmes demonstrated by Catterson et al. (1963).
Headache, Personality and Stress
Authors: Howarth E.
Published: August 2008

The observations recorded in this paper were made on 72 patients referred to a neurological clinic on account of headache who proved to have no evidence of organic disease and whose symptoms were not migrainous in nature. They were, therefore, suffering from the type of headache described as psychogenic headache, tension headache, stress headache, or common headache.
Time Estimation and the Nosology of Schizophrenia
Authors: Orme J. E.
Published: August 2008

Time judgments of various kinds are often disturbed in schizophrenia, but a review of the literature (Orme, 1962) suggests the disturbance is not characteristic in type. The present writer has studied (Orme, 1964) the verbal estimation of an elapsed “filled” interval with various clinical groups. Subjects were asked, after 30 minutes of interviewing, “How long have we been together, how long does it seem to you?” A summary of the distribution of time estimates is given in Table I. The most statistically significant feature (see Orme, 1964 for details) is the contrast between the hysteric, psychopathic and manic groups on the one hand, and the melancholic, anxious and depressed neurotic on the other. Individual variations in estimates appear unrelated to age, sex and intelligence.
Anxiety and Overinclusion
Authors: May A. E.
Published: August 2008

It has been suggested (Mednick, 1958) that high drive acting “upon remote response tendencies is a major root of the disordered thinking of schizophrenics”. Thought disorder would be a product of a high level of drive, increasing generalization and reducing discrimination. The relevant drive in this context is anxiety.
Some Characteristics of Educationally Subnormal Children
Authors: Williams Phillip
Published: August 2008

Over the past twenty years there has been a rapid growth in the provision of special schools for educationally subnormal children. Between 1953 and 1962, for example, the number of pupils attending special schools for the E.S.N. rose from 19,000 to 36,000 but there were still 10,000 children awaiting admission on the latter date (Ministry of Education, 1963). The E.S.N. population is different both quantitatively and qualitatively from the mentally deficient group of children of pre-war days, yet we have surprisingly little knowledge of the general characteristics of this growing section of the child population.
The Effect of Obsessions on Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Gittleson N. L.
Published: August 2008

The occurrence of obsessions in the course of depression was first noted by Prichard (1835), Esquirol (1838) and Marc (1840). The first series (22 cases) was described by Heilbronner (1912), who agreed with Scheule (1888) that in some cases at least the depression was the primary illness and not merely a secondary result of the obsessions. Further small series were reported by Vurpas and Corman (1933)—27 cases, Lion (1942)—16 cases, and Ingram (1961)—10 cases. Stengel (1945) reported 4 cases and reviewed the literature fully. None of these series are controlled by a parallel series of depressives without obsessions. Lewis (1934) described depressives both with and without obsessions, but did not compare them.
Potassium and Water Distribution in Depression
Authors: Shaw David Murray , Coppen Alec
Published: August 2008

The ionic theory of cell excitability shows how impulses are generated, conducted and propagated by movements of ions between the cells and the extracellular fluid. It is known that changes in the concentration of sodium and potassium in either the extracellular water (E.C.W.) or the intracellular water (I.C.W.) may have a marked effect on the resting and action potentials of excitable cells. If affective disorders are manifestations of complex but reversible changes in brain excitability, hen these in turn might be caused by alterations in the concentration of electrolytes within the cells of the central nervous system (C.N.S.). Although it is not possible to measure the distribution of electrolytes specifically in the C.N.S. in man, it is possible to measure their distribution in the body as a whole. In previous papers we have shown that residual sodium (intracellular plus a small quantity of bone sodium) is increased by 50 per cent. in depression (Coppen and Shaw, 1963) and by nearly 200 per cent. in mania (Coppen, Shaw, Malleson and Costain, 1965). The present paper shows that there are also abnormalities in the distribution of potassium, the other main cation determining cell excitability, in patients suffering from severe depression.
Some Experiments in the Chemistry of Narcoleptic Sleep
Authors: Evans J. I. , Oswald Ian
Published: August 2008

Patients with idiopathic narcolepsy are seen by both neurologists and psychiatrists. The diagnosis has traditionally been made on the basis of a history of frequently falling asleep against the patient's wishes, attacks of cataplexy or loss of muscle tone upon sudden emotion, episodes of sleep paralysis, and an account of vivid, dream-like experiences during the periods of involuntary sleep.
The Predictive Validity of Clinical Ratings for an Extreme Environment
Authors: Gunderson E. K. Eric , Kapfer E. L.
Published: August 2008

The validity of judgments based upon clinical methods such as interviews or projective tests has been persistently questioned over the past 15 years. The disappointing results of clinicians' efforts to predict the professional performance of Veterans' Administration clinical psychology trainees or Menninger psychiatric residents are well-known examples (Holt and Luborsky, 1958; Kelly and Fiske, 1950). Other investigators (Glass, et al., 1956; Holtzman and Sells, 1954; Plag, 1964; Thorne, 1960) also have reached highly critical conclusions with regard to the validity of clinical procedures, based upon their studies in military settings. Eysenck (1952), in particular, has strongly rejected claims of validity for the clinical approach. Hunt (1959), after many years devoted to the problem, reports progress in achieving stable validities by application of quasi-experimental approaches to the analysis of clinical judgments. Meehl (1954), in summarizing research on the accuracy of clinical judgments more than a decade ago, suggested that such predictions often err because the clinician typically does not know what weights to give the available information nor how to combine the various cues efficiently.
Some Familial and Social Factors in Depressive Illness
Authors: Munro Alistair
Published: August 2008

This article presents the results of a study in which a number of social, familial and demographic aspects of primary depressive illness were examined under carefully-controlled conditions. The following factors are particularly considered:

1.

The size of the sibship in the depressive's family of upbringing;

2.

the ordinal position of the depressive in that sibship;

3.

the depressive's position in the sibship relative to the other sibs;

4.

the age of the parents at the time of the depressive individual's birth;

5.

the presence of a family history of severe mental illness;

6.

celibacy and marriage in depressive individuals;

7.

the fertility of depressives;

8.

the social class distribution of depressive illness.
Content and Consistency in the Endogenous Depressive Pattern
Authors: Rosenthal Saul H. , Klerman Gerald L.
Published: August 2008

As currently used, the diagnosis of depression includes a wide range of clinical phenomena. This has not always been the case. Near the end of the 19th century, when the term depression began to evolve the meanings that it has today it was applied primarily to psychotics. The formulations of Freud in Mourning and Melancholia (1917), and of Kraepelin in Manic Depressive Insanity (1921) were based upon observations of patients who were both depressed and psychotic. In their work the contrast was between psychotic depression (or “melancholia”) on one hand, and normal sadness on the other. In the succeeding half-century, however, as psychiatry has extended its boundaries, increasing attention has been focused on non-psychotic depressions, often called “neurotic” or “reactive.” As these “neurotic” or “reactive” depressions reached public attention, a debate began over the way in which the depressive population should be described and the extent to which it should be subdivided. Critical and often sarcastic written battles were fought between the separatists and the unifiers during the 1920's and 1930's. These debates have been informatively chronicled by Partridge (1949). We have found it useful to divide these theorists into unifiers, dualists, and pluralists.
A Comparison of Past and Present Treatments of Endogenous Depression
Authors: Ravn J⊘rgen
Published: August 2008

In this investigation, the subjects were 180 female patients with pure endogenous depressions. These were divided into six different groups of 30 each. Of these groups, four were treated with nortriptyline, amitriptyline, imipramine and MAO-inhibitors respectively, and the results were compared with those obtained in the fifth group of patients who had been given electroplexy only, and finally with those obtained in the sixth group of patients who had received treatment before 1937.
An Investigation of a Group of Patients who have Attended both the Child and Adult Departments of the same Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Pritchard Michael , Graham Philip
Published: August 2008

The relationship between child and adult psychiatric illness, though of fundamental importance, has received scant attention, perhaps because of the split which exists between the study and treatment of children and of adults.
Atypical Facial Pain and Depression
Authors: Lascelles R. G.
Published: August 2008

Prolonged facial pain has long been a source of frustration to the medical profession, both from the diagnostic and therapeutic standpoints. The difficulty arises not in the “typical” facial pain syndromes such as trigeminal neuralgia, migrainous neuralgia or post-herpetic neuralgia, nor with pain due to diseases of the teeth, throat, nose, eyes and ears, but in the deep, poorly localized vaguely described pain which does not adhere to a strict anatomical distribution. The latter symptom complex has been given many names, but in spite of this is a remarkably uniform syndrome. It is characterized by pain that is felt deep in the soft tissues or the bone, rather than in the superficial tissues as occurs so often in the typical neuralgias, is poorly localized and vaguely described. The pain may be felt in regions supplied by the fifth and ninth cranial nerves and the second and third cervical nerves. Its distribution does not conform to the peripheral distribution of these nerves, but may involve portions of the sensory supply of two or more of them and may cross the mid-line. In general the pain is constant and endures for long periods of weeks to years. It is unusual to find trigger zones or clear-cut precipitating factors, and the pain is rarely excruciating.
The Fate of Obsessions in Depressive Psychosis
Authors: Gittleson N. L.
Published: August 2008

Obsessions may appear for the first time during the course of a depression without having been present before the onset of the depression. Such cases (hereinafter called “Gainers”) have been noted by Esquirol (1827), Prichard (1835), Marc (1840), Schüle (1886), Gordon (1925), Saunders (1932), Lewis (1934), Woolley (1937), Muncie and White (1937), Lion (1942), Stengel (1948), Terhune (1949), Sargant and Slater (1950), Pollitt (1956), Reda and Paretti (1958), and Skoog (1959). The frequency of this phenomenon, however, remains uncertain. Heilbronner (1912) described 22 cases of melancholia with obsessions of whom 18 were “Gainers”. Vurpas and Corman (1933) described 27 cases of depression with obsessions (two organically based) of whom 24 were “Gainers”.
The Contribution of Mental Deficiency Research to Psychiatry
Authors: Penrose L. S.
Published: August 2008

In choosing the subject for this Lecture commemorating the august personality of Henry Maudsley, I did not intend to be exhaustive and I had in mind two things. I would like to discuss how the study of intellectual defects and their objective measurement may contribute to the knowledge of what Maudsley (1895) called the pathology of mind. Also, I would like to draw attention to the way in which clinical work in mental deficiency may help to explain some of the causes of mental illnesses. The first topic is psychological, the second is biological.
Modified Leucotomy Assessed by Forearm Blood Flow and Other Measurements
Authors: Kelly D. H. W. , Walter C. J. S. , Sargant William
Published: August 2008

The value of modified leucotomy in the treatment of psychiatric disorders is undergoing constant reappraisal. Ever since 1948 efforts have been made in the Department of Psychological Medicine of St. Thomas's Hospital and at Belmont Hospital to modify operative techniques and to learn more about the proper and discriminative selection of suitable patients within very varied diagnostic categories. A leading article in the British Medical Journal has called for renewed efforts along such lines. (Editorial, 1965). To enable various surgical procedures to be assessed and their merits and disadvantages compared more accurately, better objective methods of evaluating the effects of the operation are certainly required. Although several studies have been directed towards the measurement of intellectual function before and after operation (Mettler, 1949; Mettler and Landis, 1952; Tow, 1955) much less attention has been directed towards the objective assessment of personality changes and measurement of the reduction of key symptoms such as anxiety. Sykes and Tredgold (1964) emphasized what has been repeatedly stressed from this Department (Sargant, 1946, 1962; Sargant and Slater, 1944, 1948, 1954, 1963), that a decision to operate must take careful note of the individual symptoms, especially the degree of tension present. Falconer and Schurr (1959) consider that “the indication for operation should be, not the diagnostic label, but the tension and anxieties which the illness has produced”.
Parental Age and Schizophrenia
Authors: Granville-Grossman K. L.
Published: August 2008

Reports that schizophrenics have older parents than non-schizophrenics (Barry, 1945; Goodman, 1957; Johanson, 1958; Gregory, 1959) are of considerable importance. If valid, they provide evidence for environmental causes of schizophrenia, and by analogy with other conditions where parental age effects have been noted may give some indication of the nature of these causes. There are, however, inconsistencies in these studies: thus Johanson and Gregory found a significant association between advanced paternal age and schizophrenia, but failed to confirm the maternal age effect noted by Barry and Goodman. These differences indicate the need for further investigation and this paper describes such a study.
Unnecessary Use of Tranquillizers in Elderly Patients
Authors: Barton Russell , Hurst Lindsay
Published: August 2008

The evidence that potent tranquillizers are useful in the long-term treatment of elderly patients with dementia in psychiatric hospitals is conflicting.

Seager (1955), in a double-blind, controlled trial involving 48 elderly women, 29 of whom suffered from dementia, found a highly significant improvement of social adjustment associated with chlorpromazine therapy. Schulsinger (1961), Exton-Smith (1962) and Post (1963) claimed promazine to be of particular value for agitated elderly patients. Robinson (1959), on the other hand, compared the effects of prolonged administration of chlorpromazine, reserpine, leptazol and a placebo upon 84 senile female patients in a double-blind trial and found no statistically significant improvement associated with the active drugs. Indeed, in the case of chiorpromazine, he found a significant lowering of the level of functioning. Abse and Dahistrom (1960), in a double-blind controlled trial involving 8o patients over 60 years of age with various symptoms (including some with confusion), found that chlorpromazine did not give better results than placebo.
The Adult Adjustment of Persons Institutionalized as Children
Authors: Heston Leonard L. , Denney D. Duane , Pauly Ira B.
Published: August 2008

The adult adjustment of children who were partially reared in foundling homes or other child care institutions is largely unknown. There is ample proof that major personality and character disturbances attributed to lack of maternal or emotional nurture appear in many children during or soon after periods of institutional care. Several authoritative reviews of the subject have appeared (Bowlby, 1952; Yarrow, 1961; Ainsworth et al., 1962). The later history of such children is much less clear. Retrospective studies of persons located through psychiatric clinics or delinquent groups suggest that considerable psycho-social disability persists well into adolescence. In particular, shallow feelings and loyalties, inability to form or tolerate emotional relationships, and asocial behaviour are frequently described (Bowlby, 1946; Goldfarb, 1947). However, other evidence supports at least partial spontaneous recovery (Beres and Obers, 1950; Clarke and Clarke, 1959; Stott, 1956). The adult fate of children who receive institutional care, though of compelling theoretical and practical interest, remains speculative.
A Study of Arsonists in a Special Security Hospital
Authors: McKerracher D. W. , Dacre A. J. I.
Published: August 2008

During the course of a recent analysis of one year's male admissions to Rampton Hospital, and of male referrals to the psychology department, attempts were made to distinguish various offence patterns by means of psychological laboratory techniques. The results were largely disappointing, owing mainly to the great amount of overlap in the numerous crimes committed by the same patients. However, using a galvanic skin response (G.S.R.) conditioning procedure similar to that described by Tong (1958), it was noted that those patients who had committed arson revealed a normal distribution of conditioned responses (see Table I), whereas every other offence pattern was positively skewed towards the low condition-ability end of the dimension (Esher, Orme, McKerracher, 1965). This suggested that further differentiation might be possible, and a full analysis was made of a number of case history factors in those patients who had, amongst other crimes, been charged with and found guilty of, committing arson. Comparison was made with the remaining patients, guilty of other crimes but not of arson.
Crosscultural Definitions Applied to the Study of Functional Psychoses in Chilean Mapuches
Authors: Muñoz Leonardo , Marconi Juan , Horwitz José , Naveillan Pedro
Published: August 2008

Since Kraepelin's classical description of cryptogenic or functional psychoses—manic-depressive, schizophrenia and paranoia—the possible influence of culture on the frequency of these clinical reactions has been considered. Although it is recognized that there are other types of mental disorders peculiar to certain cultural groups (8, 12), it is acknowledged that the kinds of psychoses mentioned above are repeated in the various cultures (5).
The Objective Assessment of Desensitization
Authors: Hoenig J. , Reed G. F.
Published: August 2008

The impressive successes of early Behaviour Therapy are now being subjected to critical revaluation, whilst current work in the field employs more sophisticated methodology (Marks et al., 1965; Eysenck, 1964; Lazarus, 1961; Lang et al., 1963). The treatment is entirely symptom-centred and so its effects should be more easily assessable than those of other forms of psychotherapy. Yet results are still controversial, in spite of efforts to apply all the normal control measures.
“Body Image” Disturbances in Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Lukianowicz N.
Published: August 2008

The Body Image is our concept of the shape, the size and the mass of our body and its parts. It allows us to evaluate the space which our body occupies, and thus enables us to move about freely in our environment.
Dimensions of Hypochondriasis
Authors: Pilowsky I.
Published: August 2008

The confusion over the definition and nosological status of hypochondriasis has been stressed by many authors. Jelliffe (1931) refers to it as “a strange child in the psychopathological family”, and Macalpine (1953) uses the phrase “a stepchild in psychiatry proper”. It has been described in terms of the disturbed attitude to health and to doctors and also in terms of the symptoms presented. Factor analysis is a method well-suited to the examination of such a problem and has been used to investigate psychiatric syndromes in order to dissect out the symptom clusters which have been subsumed under a single blanket term. (Hamilton, 1960, Friedman, 1964; Overall, 1962).
Plasma Levels of Imipramine and Desmethylimipramine during Therapy
Authors: Moody J. P. , Tait A. C. , Todrick A.
Published: August 2008

Individual variations in drug metabolism are important factors affecting both toxicity and clinical effectiveness (Brodie, 1964; Kalow, 1965; Price Evans, 1965). In most cases the best available index of the drug concentration at the site of action is the plasma level. An estimate of this will show whether the optimal concentration is present and in some cases may indicate whether new symptoms can be attributed to toxic side reactions.
Amitriptyline and Amitriptyline-with-Perphenazine in Depression—A Retrospective Study
Authors: Chacón C. , Downham E. T.
Published: August 2008

The object of this paper is to assess, in retrospect, the relative effectiveness of amitriptyline (‘Triptizol’) and amitriptyline with perphenazine (‘Triptafen’) in the treatment of depressed patients.
Psychotoxic Effects of Benzhexol Hydrochloride (Artane)
Authors: Stephens D. A.
Published: August 2008

Benzhexol hydrochloride (Artane, Pipanol, Trihexyphenidyl) was the first of a range of synthetic antispasmodic drugs to be made available for the symptomatic treatment of Parkinsonism. Selected as the most potent of a series of substituted piperidyl propanols examined pharmacologically by Cunninghamet al.(1949), it was shown to have half the activity of atropine sulphate in inhibiting neurogenic spasm in isolated rabbit intestine. This activity was associated with advantageously reduced mydriatic, anti-sialogogic and vagal inhibitory properties in laboratory animals.
A Survey of Vitamin B12 Deficiency in an Elderly Psychiatric Population
Authors: Shulman R.
Published: August 2008

For many years, cases of pernicious anaemia associated with mental symptoms have been described, and interest in these symptoms was renewed following the introduction of liver therapy (Richardson, 1929; Phillips, 1931). Interest later appeared to decline, so that MacDonald Holmes (1956), almost 20 years after the last important clinical review of the subject, could comment with justification that although the cerebral lesions of pernicious anaemia had been recognized for more than a century they were still much less familiar than the lesions which occurred in the spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Since then vitamin B12 deficiency as a cause of mental symptoms has given rise to increasing interest, and this is reflected in recent suggestions that serum vitamin B12 assays should be carried out routinely in psychiatric patients and might be more informative nowadays than the routine Wassermann reaction (Strachan and Henderson, 1965; Hunter and Matthews, 1965).
Vitamin B12Deficiency and Psychiatric Illness
Authors: Shulman R.
Published: August 2008

Many psychiatric symptoms have been described in pernicious anaemia, including depression, manic excitement, paranoid states, confusional episodes, and dementia. Although vitamin B12deficiency is known to produce neurological symptoms there is much less certainty about its role in producing mental symptoms. Despite this uncertainty, it has been asserted that carrying out vitamin B12assays on psychiatric patients will enable doctors to cure for good severe disabling disease which otherwise may end in chronicity (Edwinet al., 1966). Routine examinations to exclude pernicious anaemia have been advocated for all psychiatric patients (Strachan and Henderson, 1965; Hunter and Matthews, 1965). A prudent preliminary is a critical evaluation of the causal relationship between vitamin B12deficiency and individual psychiatric syndromes.