bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh medan magnet pada presipitasi CaCO3 untuk pencegahan pembentukan kerak
Authors: Laksono Nelson , Bismo Setijo , Kristanti Elsa , Widaningrum Roekmijati
Published: March 2020

Hard water magnetizing is applied as physical water treatment for reducing the formation of scale (CaCO3) in piping equipment and boiler Na2 CO3 and CaCl2 solution had been used as sample of hard water in many researches to investigate the influence of magnetic fields on CaCO3 formation. Na2 CO3 solution had been magnetized first before it was mixed with CaCl2 solution. By changing the strength of magnetic fields, exposed time, precipitated time, and temperature of sample, this study presents quantitative results of total scale deposit, total precipitated CaC03 and morphology of the deposits. This research was run by comparing magnetically and non-magnetically-treated samples. The results showed a decrease of deposits formation rate and total amount of precipitated CaCO3 of magnetically-treated samples. An increase in precipitation temperature increased the total amount of precipitated CaCO3 and the maximum precipitation was achieved at the 50°C. Microscope images showed that a smaller amount but larger size of CaCO3 particles formed in magnetically-treated samples. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis showed that samples contain mostly calcite. This research's result showed that magnetization of Na2 CO3 solution could reduce formation rate of CaCO3 either in solution or in the surface of hard water.Keywords: Magnetic Treatment, Hard Water; Calcium Carbonate Precipitation; CaCO3 Deposit Morphology AbstrakMagnetisasi air sadah merupakan proses fisik yang bertujuan menekan terbentuknya kerak (CaCO3) pada sistem perpipaan dan boiler. Campuran larutan Na2 CO3 dan CaCl2 banyak digunakan sebagai model air sadah sintetik guna mengamati pengaruh medan magnet terhadap pembentukan CaCO3 dalam air sadah. Larutan Na2 CO3 dimagnetisasi terlebih dahulu sebelum dicampur dengan larutan CaCl2 Variabel proses meliputi waktu magnetisasi, waktu presipitasi, kuat medan, dan suhu larutan sampel sementara parameter yang akan diamati adalah jumlah deposit CaCO3 jumlah presipitasi total CaCO3 dan morfologi deposit CaCO3. Perbandingan parameter pengamatan dilakukan terhadap sampel yang dimagnetisasi dan sampel non-magnetisasi. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan adanya penurunan pembentukan deposit dan presipitasi total CaCO3 pada sampel yang dimagnetisasi dibanding sampel non-magnetisasi.   Peningkatan suhu presipitasi CaCO3 meningkatkan jumlah presipitasi total CaCO3 dan harga maksimum deposit CaCO3 yang terbentuk dicapai pada suhu 50°C. Hasil foto mikroskop menunjukkan jumlah partikel CaCO3 yang terbentuk pada sampel yang dimagnetisasi lebih sedikit dan ukuran partikelnya lebih besar dibanding sampel non-magnetisasi. Hasil uji XRD menunjukkan hanya kristal kalsit yang dominan pada kedua jenis sampel. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa magnetisasi larutan Na2 CO3 dapat menahan laju pembentukan CaCO3 dilarutan maupun dipermukaan pada air sadah.Kata Kunci: Perlakuan Magnetik, Air Sadah, Presipitasi Kalsium Karbonat, Morfologi Deposit CaCO3
Pemanfaatan gasifikasi batubara untuk unit pengeringan teh
Authors: Sanjaya Ari Susandy , Suhartono S , Susanto Herri
Published: March 2020

Coal gasification utilization for tea drying unit. Anticipating the rise of fuel oil, the management of a tea plantation and drying plant has considered to substitute its oil consumption with producer gas (gaseous fuel obtained from gasification process). A tea drying unit normally consumes 70 L/h of industrial diesel oil and is operated 10 hours per day. The gasification unit consisted of a down draft fixed bed gasifier (designed capacity of about 100 kg/h), gas cooling and cleaning systems. The gas producer was delivered to the tea processing unit and burned to heat the drying oil: Low calorific value coal (4500 kcal/kg) and wood waste (4000 kcal/kg) have been used as fuel. The gasification unit could be operated as long as 8 hours without refueled since the coal hopper on the toppart of gasifier has a capacity of 1000 kg. Sometimes, the gasification process must be stopped before coal completely consumed due to ash melting inside the gasifier. Combustion of producer gas produced a pale-blue flame, probably due to a lower calorific value of the producer gas or too much excess air. Temperature of heating-air heated by combustion of this producer gas was only up to 96 oC. To achieve the target temperature of 102 oC, a small oil burner must he operated at a rate ofabout 15 L/h. Thus the oil replacement was about 78%.Keywords:  Fuel oil, Producer gas, Downdraft gasifier, Dual fuel, Calorific value, Burner. AbstrakKenaikan harga bahan bakar minyak untuk industri pada awal 2006 telah mendorong berbagai pemikiran dan upaya pemanfaatan bahan bakar alternatif. Sebuah unit gasifikasi telah dipasang di pabrik teh sebagai penyedia bahan bakar alternatif. Unit gasifikasi tersebut terdiri dari gasifier, pendingin, pembersih gas, dan blower. Unit gasifikasi ini ditargetkan untuk dapat menggantikan konsumsi minyak bakar 70 L/jam. Gasifier dirancang untuk kapasitas 120 kg/jam batubara, dan memiliki spesifikasi sebagai berikut: downdraft gasifier; diameter tenggorokan 40 cm, diameter zona reduksi 80 cm. Bunker di bagian atas gasifier memiliki kapasitas sekitar 1000 kg batubara agar gasifier dapat dioperasikan selama 8 jam tanpa pengisian-ulang. Bahan baku gasifikasi yang telah diuji-coba adalah batuhara kalori rendah (4500 kcal/kg) dan limbah kayu (4000 kcal/kg). Gas produser (hasil gasifikasi) dibakar pada burner untuk memanaskan udara pengering teh sampai temperatur target 102 oC. Pembakaran gas produser ternyata menghasilkan api biru pucat yang mungkin disebabkan oleh rendahnya kalor bakar gas dan tingginya udara-lebih. Temperatur udara pengering hasil pemanasan dengan api gas produser hanya mencapai 96 oC. Dan untuk mencapai temperatur udara pengering 102 oC, burner gas prod user harus dibantu dengan burner minyak 15 L/jam. Jadi operasi dual fued ini dapat memberi penghematan minyak bakar 78%.Kata kunci: Minyak bakar, Gas produser, Downdraft gasifier, Dual fuel, Kalor bakar, Burner.
Inhibisi korosi baja dalam air kondensat terkontaminasi CuCl2 menggunakan natrium fosfat
Authors: Nordin Isdiriayani , Marzuki Ismail , Deviyani Larisa , S M Irfan
Published: March 2020

Steel corrosion inhibition in CuCl2-contaminated condensate water using natrium fosfatCorrosion in condenser system, boiler or condensate line caused by reaction between inside surface of pipe and tube with condensate water contamined by copper ion (Cu2+) as corrosion product of heat exchanger. Additon of sodium phospate in Trisodium Phosphate (TSP) and Disodium Phosphate (DSP) form as corrosion inhibitor for controlling this corrosion. This research is aim to find out the influence of CuCl2 contaminant to steel corrosion rate in condensate water, and the efectiveness of TSP and DSP as corrosion inhibitor in such system. In this research, the corrosion rate measurement in artificial condensate water with tafel method, The corrosion inhibitions mechanism was studied using cyclic voltametry method. The experimental result shows that corrosion rate is increases in artificial condensate water had contaminated by CuCl2. DSP-TSP combination is effective as a steel corrosion inhibitor in condensate water contaminated by CuCl2. The highest effectiveness achieved in ratio DSP:TSP 35:65. Corrosion reaction of steel in artificial condensate water contaminated by CuCl2 with inhibitor addition is an irreversible reaction and occurs in one-step reaction.Keywords: Condensate Water, CuCl2, Sodium Phosphates, Steels Corrosion  AbstrakKorosi pada sistem kondensor dan  boiler atau jalur kondensat diakibatkan oleh reaksi antara permukaan dalam pipa dan tube dengan air boiler atau air kondensat yang terkontaminasi ion tembaga (Cu2+), yang berasal dari produk korosi alat-alat penukar panas. Untuk mengendalikan korosi tersebut ditambahkan natrium fosfat dalam bentuk Trisodium Phosphate (TSP) dan Disodium Phosphate (DSP) sebagai inhibitor korosi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kontaminan CuCl2 terhadap korosi baja dalam air kondensat, dan efektivitas inhibisi korosi DSP dan TSP Pada penelitian ini, pengukuran laju korosi baja dalam air kondensat buatan yang ditambah dengan CuCl2 dan variasi konsentrasi inhibitor dilakukan dengan metode Tafel. Mekanisme inhibisi diprediksi berdasarkan metoda voltametri siklik. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa laju korosi baja dalam air kondensat tiruan meningkat dengan kehadiran kontaminan CuCl2. Kombinasi DSP­ TSP efektif sebagai inhibitor korosi baja dalam air kondensat terkontaminasi CuCl2, dengan keefektifan inhibisi korosi tertinggi didapat pada nisbah DSP:TSP 35:65. Reaksi korosi baja dalam air kondensat tiruan terkontaminasi CuCl2 dengan penambahan inhibitor adalah oksidasi besi (Fe) menjadi besi(II) yang irreversibel dan berlangsung dalam satu tahap.Kata kunci: Air Kondensat, CuCl2, Korosi Baja, Natrium Fosfat
Sintesis minyak goreng sehat (Diacylglycerol)
Authors: Prakoso Tirto , Wicaksana Danu , Winarso Roy , Soerawidjaja Tatang H.
Published: March 2020

The syntesis of healty cooking oil (Diacylglycerol)Diglyceride I Diacylglycerol (DAG) oil is a compound resulting from the chemical bonding between glycerol and two free fatty acid  molecules  which follows  a  different  metabolic route compared  to triglyceride-type oils so that this type of oil does not cause fat accumulation in the body. This research isfocused at obtaining experimental evidence from the Archer-Daniels-Midland (2002) synthesis method, identifying the  effect  of the molar ratio between the reactants and reaction time on the DAG yield using the glycerolysis method, and at synthesizing a cooking oil with diglycerides as its major component. The diglyceride synthesis process in this research was done via glycerolysis with a varying glycerol : TAG ratio of 1:1, 3:2, 2:1 and 5:2. Reaction time was varied at 1 and 3 hours. The synthesis was undertaken at 190°C, using CH3COOK as catalyst at a dose of 1% of the mass ofTAG reactant. Experimental results indicate that longer reaction time increases the molar amount of diglycerides formed in the healthy cooking oil product. The molar ratio of glycerol to triglycerides  which produces the highest DAG yield was 2:1, with a reaction time of 3 hours, which resulted in a yield of 97. 726%-mol DAG per mol TAG reactant. Higher molar ratio of glycerol to tryglycerides also increases the percentage of monoglycerides  (MAG)formed.Keywords: DAG (Diglycerides),  glycerolysis, TAG (Triglycerides) AbstrakMinyak Digliserida/Diacylglycerol  (DAG) adalah senyawa hasil  ikatan  kimia  antara g/iserol dengan 2 buah asam lemak bebas yang mengikuti jalur metabolik yang khas dan berbeda dengan jenis minyak trigliserida sehingga tidak menyebabkan penimbunan lemak dalam tubuh. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendapat bukti eksperimental dari metode Archer-Daniels-Midland (2002), mengetahui pengaruh rasio mol reaktan dan waktu reaksi terhadap perolehan DAG dari metode gliserolisis dan mendapatkan hasil  minyak goreng yang memiliki kandungan utama digliserida. Proses sintesa digliserida dalam penelitian ini dilakukan dengan reaksi gliserolisis yang menggunakan  variasi  rasio  reaktan gliserol  : TAG 1:1, 3:2, 2:1 dan 5:2. dengan dan variasi waktu 1 dan 3 jam. Sintesa ini berlangsung pada temperatur 190°C dan menggunakan katalis CH3COOK sebanyak 1% dari berat TAG yang digunakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa semakin lama waktu  reaksi gliserolisis, semakin tinggi jumlah mol dig/iserida yang terbentuk di dalam minyak goreng sehat. Rasia mol reaktan gliserol: trigliserida yang  menghasilkan perolehan DAG tertinggi adalah rasio 2:1 dengan waktu reaksi 3 jam, yaitu  sebesar 97, 726%-mol DAG per  mol TAG mula-mula. Semakin tinggi rasio mol reaktan gliserol : trigliserida, %-monogliserida (MAG) yang  terbentuk juga semakin  tinggi.Kata Kunci: DAG  (Digliserida), gliserolisis,  TAG (Trigliserida)
Analisis kinetika <i.pulp bleaching dengan hidrogen peroksida
Authors: Fuadi Ahmad M , Wahyudi B. Sediawan , Rochmadi Suryo P.
Published: March 2020

As the result of increasing environmental concern, new technologies for bleaching pulps have been developed. Chlorine containing bleaching agents has been replaced by more environmentally benign chemical, such as H2O2. This paper proposes mechanism of alkaline peroxide bleaching in order to get better understanding of the process mechanism. Bleaching mechanism is started by very fast mass transfer, followed by ion HOO' formation. This ion then reacts with lignin which leads to delignification. Before bleaching by H2O2 in alkaline condition, the pulp bleaching is preceded by chelating stage process. As much as 20 gram of dry pulp is added with 2.5% H2O2, NaOH and aquadest until 10% consistency is obtained and mixed completely and then the solution is put in to plastic bag. It is then heated in water bath at 70ºC at various time and concentration of NaOH. When the process condition is reached, residual of H2O2 brightness, kappa number and pulp solution viscosity are determined. The model is examined by comparison between the concentration residual of H2O2 and of lignin from experimental data and calculation result of mathematical model. The result shows that the proposed mechanism can well represent the bleaching process at 70ºCKeywords: Bleaching, Hydrogen Peroxide, Kinetic AbstrakMeningkatnya perhatian terhadap lingkungan, telah memicu pengembangan teknologi pada pemutihan pulp. Senyawa pemutih pulp yang mengandung klorin digantikan dengan senyawa yang ramah lingkungan, antara lain H2O2. Tulisan ini mengusulkan mekanisme yang terjadi pada proses bleaching dengan menggunakan H2O2 dalam suasana basa. Mekanisme bleaching dimulai dengan transfer masayang berlangsung sang at cepat, kemudian diikuti dengan pembentukan ion HOO. Ion ini kemudian bereaksi dengan lignin, sehingga terjadi delignifikasi. Proses bleaching dilakukan dengan H2O2 pada suasana basa yang didahului dengan proses chelating stage. Sebanyak 20 gram pulp kering ditambah dengan 2,5% H2O2, NaOH dan aquades hingga mencapai konsistensi 10%, dicampur sampai homogen kemudian dimasukkan dalam kantung plastik lalu dipanaskan di dalam water bathpada suhu 70ºC pada berbagai waktu dan kadar NaOH. Setelah kondisi operasi dicapai, dilakukan analisa sisa H2O2, derajat putih, bilangan kappa serta viskositas larutan pulp.  Uji ketepatan model yang diusulkan dilakukan dengan membandingkan antara data sisa H2O2 dan sisa kandungan lignin yang diperoleh dari percobaan dengan perhitungan yang diperoleh dari penyelesaian model matematiknya. Hasilnya menunjukkan bahwa mekanisme yang diajukan bisa mewakili proses bleaching yang dijalankan pada suhu 70ºC.Kata kunci:  Bleaching, Hidrogen Peroksida, Kinetika
Simulasi produksi hidrogen melalui CO2 methane reforming pada reaktor membran
Authors: Trianto Azis , C Ira Santrina J , Yuwono Susilo
Published: March 2020

Hydrogen is a promising alternative fuel to establish environmentally friendly energy generation system. One of the methods for producing hydrogen is C02 methane reforming (CMR) process. Despite producing H2, this process also consumes CO2 enabling it to be used as a scheme for mitigating CO2. Conventionally, the hydrogen production via CMR is conducted in a fixed bed reactor. However low conversion is usually found in this kind of reactor. To increase conversion, a membrane reactor can be used. Two types of membrane may be employed to conduct this reaction, i.e. prorous  vycor and nanosil membrane  reactor.  This study  evaluated the  performances  of CMR con 1ucted in membrane ractors andfixed-bed reactor. The results show that the conversion obtained in nanosil membrane reactor is higher than those obtained in porous vycor membrane reactor and fixed-bed reactor. With the change in reactant flowrate, it is obtained that the conversions in membrane reactors are more stable than those infixed bed reactors.Keywords: Hydrogen Production, Membrane Reactor, Methane Reforming AbstrakHidrogen merupakan bahan bakar alternatif yang sangat menjanjikan untuk sistem pembangkitan energi yang lebih ramah lingkungan. Salah satu rute produksi hidrogen adalah melalui reformasi metana dengan karbondioksida (C02 Methane Reforming/CMR). Saat ini telah dikembangkan proses CMR menggunakan membran yang mampu meningkatkan laju produksi H2• Pada makalah ini dikaji dua tipe reaktor membran untuk maksud peningkatan produksi hidrogen tersebut, yakni reaktor membran dengan basis membran porous vycor dan nanosil. Sebagai pembanding, dilakukanjuga evaluasi unjuk kerja reaksi CMRpada reaktorfzxe-bed. Hasil kajian ini menurljukkan bahwa reaktor nanosil danporous vycor mampu memberikan konversiyang lebih besar dibanding reaktor fixed-bed. Lebihjauh, reaktor membran dengan nanosil membran mampu memberikan laju produksi hidrogen yang lebih tinggi dibanding reaktor membran dengan membran porous vycor. Lebih jauh, pada perubahan laju molar reaktan, reaktor membran menurijukkan stabilitas yang lebih baik dibanding reaktor fixed-bed.Kata Kunci: Produksi Hidrogen, Reaktor Membran, Reformasi Metana
Stabilisasi dedak padi melalui pemasakan ekstrusif
Authors: Putrawan I Dewa Gede Arsa , Soerawidjaja Tatang Hernas
Published: March 2020

An extrusive cooker prototype for stabilizing rice bran has been developed and tested at various flow rate, moisture, and die diameter. The effectiveness of stabilization was observed from measurement of free fatty acid in rice bran oil. The results showed that extrusive cooking achieved steady state condition in 15 to 20 minutes. The smaller the size of die or the higher the flow rate of fed rice bran, the higher the cooking temperature could be achieved. In the range of values tried, moisture was found not affect cooking temperature significantly. Stable rice bran pellets could be produced if extrusive cooking was carried with moisture of 15% to 20% resulting cooking temperature of 110to 130oC. At this condition, free fatty acid content of oil from extrusive cooked rice bran could be maintained at 8% to13% (free fatty  acid content of oil from fresh rice bran is 5% to 6%), for storage of rice bran pellets in three months. Compared to extraction of raw rice bran, extraction of extrusive cooked rice bran was found to be faster. Solvent absorbed by extrusive cooked rice bran was also less than that was absorbed by raw rice bran.Keywords: Extrussive Cooking, Rice Bran, Stabilization AbstrakSebuah prototipe  pemasak  ekstrusif untuk stabilisasi  dedak padi telah dikembangkan  dan diuji pada  berbagai laju alir,  kelembaban  dan diameter  die. Efektifitas  stabilisasi  diamati  melalui pengukuran  kadar asam lemak bebas dalam minyak dedak padi. Hasil-hasil menunjukkan bahwa pemasakan  ekstrusif mencapai keadaan  tunak  dalam waktu  15 hingga 20 menit. Semakin kecil diameter die atau semakin  besar laju alir dedak yang  diumpankan,  semakin tinggi temperatur pemasakan  yang  dapat  dicapai.  Pada  rentang  nilai yang  dicoba,  kelembaban diketahui  tidak mempengaruhi  temperatur pemasakan  secara  berarti. Pelet dedak stabil  dapat  dihasilkan jika pemasakan  dilakukan dengan kelembaban 15% hingga 20% yang akan menghasilkan temperatur pemasakan  110 hingga 130oc. Pad a kondisi tersebut, kadar asam lemak bebas minyak dari pelet dedak padi hasil pemasakan ekstrusif dapat dipertahankan sebesar 8% hingga 13% (kadar asam lemak bebas minyak dari dedak segar adalah 5% hingga 6%),pada penyimpanan pelet dedak padi selama tiga bulan. Tambahan pula, ekstraksi minyak dari pelet dedak padi hasil pemasakan ekstrusif telah dikaji dan dibandingkan dengan ekstraksi dedak padi tanpa mengalami pemasakan, dengan heksan sebagai pelarut. Ekstraksi minyak dari pelet dedak padi hasil pemasakan ekstrusif diketahui berlangsung lebih cepat. Pelarut yang diserap oleh pelet dedak padi hasil pemasakan ekstrusif juga lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan dedak padi tanpa mengalami pemasakan.Kata Kunci: Dedak Padi, Pemasakan Ekstrusif, Stabilisasi
Penataan ulang trigliserida minyak saga utan (Adenanthera pavonina) melalui trans-esterifikasi
Authors: Napitupulu Ramses J , Soerawidjaja Tatang H
Published: March 2020

The triglyseride re-arrangement of the forest sunflower oil in order to develop new forest sunflower oil with different properties has been done in this research. The re-arrangement has been done by some steps of process such as extraction step, tranesterification step, fractionation step, and continued by directed interesterication reaction. The re­ arrangement happen in directed interesterification reaction at 54°C assisted by natrium hydrokside anhydrate catalyst. This treatment is aimed to maintain the equilibrium in the reacting mixture to be kept directed to the preferred product development (metil fignoserat) and then it can be separated from the reacting mixture. The forest sunflower oil has acid number of 0,841 mg KOH/gr oil, soap number 182,73 mg KOH/gr oil, and iod number 93,28 gr iod/100 gr oil. After the re-arrangement process then two kind of product of new forest sunflower oil has been obtained. Ones with the soap number of 185,94 mg KOH/gr oil, and the other contain metil lignoserat solid with soap number of 152,23 mg KOH/gr oil. From the whole process steps, it was obtained the new forest sunflower oil that has rich unsaturated fatty acids content like oleat acid (omega 9) and finoleat acid (omega 6).Keywords: Acid Number, Inter-esterification, Iodine Number, Re-arangement, Soap Number, Triglyseride Abstrak Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan penataan ulang trigliserida minyak saga utan, sehingga minyak saga utan baru memifiki sifat-sifat fisik yang berbeda dari minyak saga utan awal. Penataan ulang minyak saga utan dilakukan melalui beberapa tahap yaitu tahap ekstraksi, reaksi transesterifikasi, fraksionasi, dan dilanjutkan dengan reaksi interesterifikasi terarah. Penataan ulang terjadi pada reaksi interesterifikasi terarah pada temperatur 54°C dengan bantuan katafis natrium hidroksida anhidrat. Hal ini dimaksudkan agar kesetimbangan di dalam campuran reaksi terus menerus bergeser ke arah pembentukan produk yang dikehendaki (metil lignoserat) tersingkir dari campuran reaksi. Minyak saga utan memiliki angka asam 0,841 mg KOH/gr minyak, angka penyabunan 182,73 mg KOH/gr minyak, dan angka iodium 93,28 gr iod/100 gr minyak. Setelah dilakaukan proses penataan ulang maka didapatkan dua buah produk yaitu minyak saga utan baru dengan angka penyabunan 185,94 mg KOH/gr minyak, dan padatan metil fignoserat dengan  angka penyabunan 152,23 mg KOH/gr minyak. Dari tahapan proses, didapatkan minyak saga utan baru yang kaya akan kandungan asam lemak tak jenuh seperti asam oleat (omega 9) dan asam finoleat (omega 6). Kata kunci: Angka Asam, Angka Iodium, Angka Penyabunan, Interesterifikasi, Penataan Ulang, Trigliserida
Pemisahan squalene dan fatty acid sterol esters dari soybean oil deodorizer distillate
Authors: Gunawan Setiyo , Ju Yi Hsu
Published: March 2020

Depending on conditions in the refining process, soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD) contains 42-51% free fatty acids (FFA) and 16-25% triacylglycerol (TAG). Bioactive compounds such as tocopherols, free phytosterols, fatty acid steryl esters (FASE) and squalene also make up a significant portion of SODD. The efficient removal of FFA and TAG is a crucial step in the isolation and purification of bioactive compounds from SODD. In this work, a modified soxhlet extraction technique was developed and its optimal operation conditions were determined for the efficient removal of FFA and TAG from SODD. Starting with SODD that contains 3.53% FASE and 1.99% squalene, it was possible to obtain a fraction enriched with FASE (22.0%, recovery 91.3%) and squalene (8.63%, recovery 100%) by this modified soxhlet extraction under the following operation conditions: SODD/(silica gel) = 1/3 (w/w), extraction temperature = -6°C, number of extraction/h = 8.7. FFA remained in this FASE and squalene enriched fraction is 38.7% and there was no detectable TAG. The percentage removal of FFA and TAG for this FASE and squalene enriched fraction are 84.29% and 100%, respectively. The advantages of modified soxhlet extraction over open-column chromatography are that less solvent usage, larger sample size per batch and shorter operation time.Keywords: Fatty acid steryl ester; free fatty acid; modified soxhlet extraction; soybean oil deodorizer distillate; squalene; triacylglycerol AbstrakDalam proses pemurnian minyak kedelai, produk samping dari proses penghilangan bau (soybean oil deodorizer distillate, SODD) mengandung 42-52% free fatty acids (FFA) dan 18-28% triacylglycerols (TAG). Komponen bioaktif seperti tocopherols, free phytosterols, fatty acid steryl esters (FASE) dan squalene juga mempunyai kontribusi yang besar dalam komposisi SODD. Efisiensi penghilangan FFA dan TAG adalah langkah yang sangat penting dalam pemisahan dan pemurnian komponen bioaktif dari SODD. Dalam penelitian ini, modifikasi soxhlet ekstraksi telah ditemukan dan optimisasi kondisi operasi ditentukan berdasarkan efisiensi penghilangan FFA dan TAG dari SODD. Fraksi lemak non polar (nonpolar lipid fraction, NPLF) dengan kandungan FASE (22.0%, recovery 91.3%) dan squalene (8.63%, recovery 100%) telah diperoleh dengan menggunakan modifikasi soxhlet ektraksi dengan kondisi operasi:  SODD/(silica gel) = 1/3 (w/w), dan suhu ekstraksi = -6°C. FFA dan TAG yang tersisa di NPLF secara berurutan adalah 38.7% dan 0%. Persentase penghilangan FFA dan TAG di NPLF secara berurutan adalah 84.29% and 100%. Keuntungan menggunakan modifikasi soxhlet ekstraksi dibandingkan dengan silica gel column chromatography adalah sedikitnya pelarut yang digunakan, besarnya sampel per unit batch yang digunakan, dan pendeknya waktu operasi.Kata kunci: Free fatty acid, fatty acid steryl ester, modifikasi soxhlet ekstraksi, soybean oil deodorizer distillate, squalene, triacylglycerols
Studi penggunaan membran berslot untuk memproduksi emulsi minyak/air
Authors: Doddy Putu , Susanti Ester , Mariana Debby
Published: March 2020

Emulsion is dispersion system, which consist of two or more immiscible liquids. If this system is not stable, particle dispersed will form separate layer. The degree of instability will be greater if size of dispersed particles is not uniform. Generally, emulsion is produced by using high speed homogenizer, which will destruct the product. Some technology has been developed to overcome this problem. One of such technology is membrane emulsification, where the emulsion is flowed through the membrane so the size of particles will be smaller and more uniform. Symmetric membrane, which is used effectively to produce emulsion, has been used in this research. From the experiments, it has been proved that 28 microns membrane could produce emulsion, which has small and uniform size of particles. Emulsion with feed concentration of 10 % w/w and concentration of surfactant 3 % w/w has the highest degree of stability with particle sizes in the range of 3.5–13.5 microns. Fluxes were decreased if we use higher feed and surfactant concentration.Keywords: Emulsion, microfiltration, slotted membraneAbstrakEmulsi adalah dispersi dua atau lebih cairan yang tidak bercampur. Jika sistem ini tidak stabil, maka partikel terdispersi akan bergabung membentuk lapisan terpisah. Ketidakstabilan emulsi semakin tinggi jika ukuran partikel terdispersi besar dan distribusi ukurannya tidak seragam. Umumnya pembuatan emulsi dilakukan dengan pengadukan kecepatan tinggi yang merugikan jika bahan sensitif terhadap tekanan. Banyak cara dikembangkan untuk mengatasi hal ini, salah satunya adalah teknologi membran emulsifikasi, dimana emulsi dilewatkan melalui membran agar ukuran partikel terdispersi menjadi lebih kecil dan seragam sehingga emulsi stabil. Membran simetris yang efektif untuk memproduksi emulsi adalah membran mikrofiltrasi berslot seperti dalam penelitian ini. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan membran berslot 28 m memberikan ukuran dan distribusi partikel yang kecil dan seragam. Emulsi minyak dalam air yang paling stabil adalah pada konsentrasi umpan 10% (b/b) dan konsentrasi surfaktan 3% (b/b) dengan ukuran partikel berkisar antara 3,5–13,5 µm. Fluks menurun bila konsentrasi umpan dan surfaktan semakin besar.Kata kunci: emulsi, mikrofiltrasi, membran berslot
Pengaruh filler carbon black terhadap sifat dan morfologi komposit natural rubber/polypropylene
Authors: Bahruddin B , Zahrina Ida , Amraini Said Zul
Published: March 2020

The effect of carbon black (CB) filler content and mixing technique on tensile properties and morphology of vulcanized natural rubber/polypropylene (NR/PP) blends were studied. The blends were performed in an internal mixer with NR/PP mass ratio of 70/30. The filler was mixed with the blend by two ways. First, CB was mixed with NR in roll-mill before blending with PP in internal mixer and the second, CB, NR and PP were mixed together in internal mixer. The plasticizer and maleated polypropylene (MA-g-PP) compatibilizer were added at constant value with mass fraction of 2% and 5%, respectively. Sulfur was used as curative agent with composition of 3 per hundred rubbers (phr) for the dynamic vulcanization process. The mixing was conducted at 180 oC with the rotor speed of 60 rpm. The morphological study on cryogenically fractured samples was performed using scanning electron microscopy and differential scanning calorimetry. The tensile strength and elongation at break were measured by ISO 527-2 Type 5A standard. The results indicate that the addition of CB as filler could improve the morphology and the properties of the NR/PP blends significantly, especially at CB mass fraction of 30% and blending by first technique. At these condition, tensile strength and elongation at break were found to be 9,8 MPa and 413%, respectively. Keywords: natural rubber, thermoplastic elastomer, carbon black filler, tensile properties, morphology AbstrakPenelitian ini mempelajari pengaruh komposisi dan teknik penambahan filler carbon black (CB) terhadap sifat tensil dan morfologi campuran natural rubber/polypropylene (NR/PP). Sampel campuran disiapkan dengan menggunakan internal mixer pada rasio massa NR/PP 70/30. Filler ditambahkan ke dalam campuran NR/PP dengan komposisi 10%, 20% dan 30% massa. Penambahan filler dilakukan dengan dua cara, pertama dicampur dengan NR terlebih dahulu sebelum pencampuran NR dan PP, dan kedua dicampur bersama-sama NR dan PP dalam internal mixer. Ke dalam campuran juga ditambahkan plastisizer 2% massa dan kompatibilizer MA-g-PP sebesar 5% massa. Proses pencampuran menggunakan metode vulkanisasi dinamik pada suhu 180 oC dan kecepatan rotor 60 rpm. Sebagai curative agent digunakan sulfur dengan komposisi 3 phr (per hundred rubber). Sifat tensil campuran diukur menggunakan standar ISO 527-2 Tipe 5A. Morfologi campuran dianalisa menggunakan scanning electron microscopy. Diperoleh bahwa sifat tensil dan morfologi campuran terbaik diperoleh pada komposisi CB 30% menggunakan teknik pencampuran yang pertama. Pada kondisi tersebut; kuat tarik dan elongation at break campuran masing-masing adalah 9,8 MPa dan 413%.Kata kunci: natural rubber, termoplastik elastomer, filler carbon black, sifat tensil, morfologi
Pengaruh kondisi operasi pada kinerja reaksi dekomposisi katalitik metana dalam reaktor gauze
Authors: Purwanto Widodo W , Muharam Yuswan , Yulianti Dwi
Published: March 2020

Methane decomposition is an alternative way to produce high quality carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and hydrogen simultaneously. The use of gauze reactor for methane decomposition had proven in solving pressure drop problem in fixed bed reactor. This experiment was carried out to study the effects of operation conditions (space time, temperature, and feed ratio) to gauze rector performance. Ni-Cu-Al catalyst which is prepared by sol-gel method with atomic ratio 2:1:1, was coated to Stainless Steel gauze by dip coating method. The reaction was done by flowing methane into the reactor at atmospheric pressure and varying space time (0.0006; 0.0032; 0.006 g×kat×min/mL), temperature (700, 750, and 800°C), and feed ratio CH4:H2 (1:0, 4:1, 1:1). An online gas chromatograph is used to detect the gas products. Reactor performances were observed from methane conversion, hydrogen purity, carbon yield and quality of nanocarbon that have been produced. Experiment result showed that the highest reactor performance (except nanocarbon quality) occurred at space time 0.006 gr cat min/mL, temperature 700 °C, and with pure methane as feed which give methane conversion, hydrogen purity, and yield carbon results are 90.66%, 90.16%, and 37 g carbon/g catalyt, respectively. Based on SEM analysis indicated that the best nanocarbon morphology can be gained at CH4:H2 ratio of 1:1.Keyword : methane decompotition, gauze reactor, carbon nanotube Abstrak Dekomposisi katalitik metana adalah salah satu alternatif untuk memproduksi hidrogen dan nanokarbon bermutu tinggi secara simultan. Penggunaan reaktor gauze untuk dekomposisi metana terbukti dapat mengatasi permasalahan penyumbatan pada reaktor unggun diam. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kondisi operasi (space time, temperatur, dan rasio umpan) terhadap kinerja reaktor gauze. Katalis Ni-Cu-Al disiapkan dengan menggunakan metode sol-gel dengan perbandingan atomik 2:1:1 dilapiskan pada gauze Stainless Steel dengan metode dip-coating. Reaksi dilakukan dengan mengalirkan metana ke dalam reaktor pada tekanan atmosferik dan dengan memvariasikan space time (0,0006; 0,0032; 0,006 g×kat×min/mL), temperatur (700, 750, dan 800 °C), dan rasio umpan CH4:H2 (1:0, 4:1, 1:1). Produk gas dianalisis dengan menggunakan gas chromatography yang terpasang secara online. Kinerja reaktor pada penelitian ini ditinjau dari konversi metana, kemurnian hidrogen, perolehan dan kualitas nanokarbon yang dihasilkan. Berdasarkan hasil eksperimen diketahui bahwa kinerja reaktor paling tinggi (kecuali kualitas nanokarbon) terjadi pada space time 0,006 g×kat×min/mL, temperatur 700 °C, dan dengan menggunakan metana murni yang memberikan hasil konversi metana, kemurnian hidrogen, serta perolehan karbon secara berturut-turut 90,66%, 90,16%, dan 37 gram karbon/gram katalis. Hasil analisis menggunakan SEM menunjukkan bahwa morfologi nanokarbon paling baik didapat pada komposisi reaktan CH4: H2 = 1:1.Kata Kunci : dekomposisi metana, reaktor gauze, karbon nanotube
Kajian pemanfaatan arang sekam padi aktif sebagai pengolah air limbah gasifikasi
Authors: Yuliati Frita , Susanto Herri
Published: March 2020

The study of rice husk charcoal utilization as gasification waste water treatment Our laboratory works showed that activated char with a specific surface area of 145 m2/g and adsorption capacity of 1.35 mg/g could be prepared by activating rice husk char using 0.5 M of NaOH solution, at 92 oC (boiling point at atmospheric pressure) for 3 hours. Using this simple process, a cheap activated char could be produced, so that the cost of wastewater treatment might be reduced. Base on common rice mill capacity of 6 tonnes/day in north part of West Java, a production of activated char with a daily capacity of 480 kg might be expected. With assumptions of a plant life time of 8 years, an activated char price is IDR 5,000/kg, and an investment of IDR 545 millions, a production unit of activated char based on rice husk was found to be economically attractive with estimated Net Present Value of IDR 1.22 billions and Return on Investment of 27%. Keywords: Rice Husk, Activated Char, Wastewater, Phenol Adsorption, Economic Feasibility AbstrakAdsorpsi dengan arang aktif merupakan salah satu cara pengolahan air limbah yang mengandung senyawa-senyawa turunan fenol. Pemanfaatan sekam padi diharapkan dapat menghasilkan arang aktif yang murah, sehingga penggunaannya dapat mengurangi biaya operasi di dalam pengolahan air limbah industri. Prosedur pembuatan arang aktif sederhana telah dikembangkan di laboratorium, yaitu aktivasi arang sekam padi dengan larutan NaOH 0,5 M, pada titik didih atmosferik dan selama 3 jam. Arang aktif yang diperoleh memiliki luas permukaan spesifik 145 m2/g dan kapasitas adsorpsi fenol sekitar 1,35 mg/g dari air limbah gasifikasi yang mengandung fenol antara 39-44 mg/L. Laju adsorpsi fenol sesuai dengan persamaan pseudo-orde 1 Lagergren, sehingga diduga proses adsorpsi yang dominan dalam percobaan ini adalah adsorpsi fisik. Atas dasar hasil percobaan ini, sebuah unit usaha kecil/menengah diusulkan untuk dikembangkan bersamaan dengan unit penggilingan gabah yang banyak terdapat di pantai utara Jawa Barat. Unit produksi ini dirancang untuk menghasilkan arang aktif dengan kapasitas 480 kg/hari atas dasar kapasitas penggilingan gabah 30 ton/hari. Dengan asumsi umur pabrik 8 tahun, harga arang sekam aktif sebesar Rp 5.000/kg, investasi sebesar Rp 545 juta menghasilkan NPV sebesar Rp 1,22 miliar dan ROI sebesar 27%. Kata Kunci: Sekam Padi, Arang Aktif, Air Limbah, Adsorpsi Fenol, Kelayakan Ekonomi
Pengembangan katalis Ni/Al2o3 untuk steam reforming tar hasil gasifikasi
Authors: Pramitasari Deviana , Subagjo S
Published: March 2020

The development of catalysts Ni/Al2O3 for steam reforming gasification tar This research studied the secondary tar removal in gasification technology through catalytic toluene steam reforming reactions. The objective of this study was to obtain a nickel catalyst that has good performance for steam reforming of tar (toluene) by selecting the -Al2O3 or -Al2O3 supports, and adding promoter to inhibit deactivation due to coke formation. The performance of the catalyst is determined from the activity test in a fixed bed reactor at a temperature of 700 oC, atmospheric pressure, Time on Stream (TOS) 10 hours and stability test indicated by XRD and TGA. The catalyst showed the best performance was the Ni/-Al2O3 catalyst with the average of toluene conversion of 96%. The addition of 2% and 5% by weight of CaO decreased the catalytic activity. Although it proved to inhibit the formation of coke, it did not reduce the rate of deactivation of catalyst. The XRD analysis showed that the Ni/-Al2O3 after 10 hours in operation did not undergo any phase changes, thus the catalyst was still stable. Keywords: tar cracking, steam reforming, nickel catalyst, toluene conversion, stability. AbstrakPenelitian ini merupakan suatu bagian dalam pengembangan teknologi penghilangan tar gasifikasi secara sekunder dengan cara perengkahan katalitik menggunakan reaksi steam reforming toluen. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mendapatkan katalis berbasis nikel yang memiliki kinerja yang baik untuk steam reforming tar (toluen) dengan memilih penyangga -Al2O3 atau -Al2O3, dan menambah promotor CaO untuk menghambat deaktivasi akibat pembentukan arang. Kinerja katalis ditentukan dari uji aktivitas di dalam reaktor fixed bed pada temperatur 700 oC, tekanan atmosferik, selama 10 jam dan uji stabilitas yang diindikasikan menggunakan XRD dan TGA. Hasil pengujian aktivitas memperlihatkan bahwa katalis Ni/-Al2O3 menghasilkan aktivitas yang paling baik dengan rata - rata konversi toluen 96%. Penambahan promotor CaO 2% dan 5% berat menurunkan aktivitas katalis Ni/-Al2O3 dan menghambat pembentukan arang, tetapi tidak mengurangi laju deaktivasi katalis. Hasil XRD katalis Ni/-Al2O3 setelah reaksi 10 jam menunjukkan tidak adanya perubahan fasa dari -Al2O3 ke -Al2O3, yang berarti katalis masih tetap stabil.Kata Kunci: perengkahan tar, katalis nikel, konversi toluen, stabilitas.
Modelagem sazonal da qualidade da água do rio Piracicaba para o cenário atual e futuro
Authors: Fraga Micael de Souza , Reis Guilherme Barbosa , Silva Demetrius David da , Moreira Michel Castro , Borges Alisson Carraro , Guedes Hugo Alexandre Soares
Published: March 2020

O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar a capacidade de autodepuração do rio Piracicaba, estado de Minas Gerais. Foram utilizados os modelos matemáticos de Streeter-Phelps modificado e QUAL-UFMG, considerando dois períodos hidrológicos distintos. No estudo foram considerados dados de qualidade da água para as variáveis oxigênio dissolvido (OD), demanda bioquímica de oxigênio (DBO), nitrogênio total (NT) e fósforo total (PT), oriundos das campanhas de monitoramento do “Projeto Águas de Minas”, os quais foram utilizados na calibração dos modelos. Posteriormente foi simulado um cenário futuro de qualidade da água previsto no Plano para Incremento do Percentual de Tratamento de Esgotos Sanitários (PITE). Os resultados mostraram que, em relação ao processo de calibração, as variáveis OD e DBO foram as que apresentaram melhores resultados na calibração. Foi observado, durante o período seco, que a qualidade da água no trecho do município de João Monlevade, após receber os efluentes do município, não satisfaz às condições de enquadramento do rio Piracicaba, apresentando valores de DBO acima do permitido pela legislação para águas doces de classe 2. Para as demais variáveis não foram constatados violação dos limites estabelecidos pela legislação em ambos os períodos avaliados. Considerando a simulação feita para o cenário futuro, a partir da remoção da carga orgânica em virtude da consideração das ETEs fora de operação, em obras e em projeto existentes na bacia do rio Piracicaba, as concentrações das variáveis de qualidade da água analisadas se mantiveram dentro do permitido pela legislação para águas doces classe 2.
Diagnóstico da qualidade ambiental de trechos do rio Pacuí, município de Coração de Jesus, norte de Minas Gerais
Authors: Pereira Anielle Cristina Fonseca , Silva Carlos Augusto Pereira da , Figueiredo Flávio Pimenta de , Silveira Pedro Henrique Figueiredo da
Published: March 2020

A água possui grande importância para todas as formas de vida existentes no planeta, por estar presente em diversos processos físicos, químicos e biológicos. Entretanto, a sociedade humana tem explorado este recurso natural de forma não sustentável, ocasionando graves problemas relacionados à baixa qualidade da água e, consequentemente, sua escassez. Diante disso, este estudo propôs realizar o diagnóstico da qualidade ambiental de um trecho do Rio Pacuí, município de Coração de Jesus, mesorregião Norte do Estado de Minas Gerais. Utilizando o índice de qualidade de água BMWP, juntamente ao Protocolo de Avaliação Rápida de Rios (PAR). A amostragem dos macroinvertebrados para aplicação do índice BMWP foram obtidas realizando arrastos de 1 m utilizando rede em ‘D’, em áreas de correnteza e áreas de remanso, em um transecto de 50 m, em 5 pontos ao longo do rio. Em cada ponto foram avaliados os 22 parâmetros estabelecidos no PAR para avaliação do ambiente e ainda foram aferidas as características físicas como largura, vazão e profundidade do rio em cada ponto. Foram identificados 1031 invertebrados, de 11 ordens e 34 famílias. A maioria dos organismos encontrados são insetos imaturos, tendo destaque para as ordens Trichoptera, Ephemeroptera e Odonata, que são organismos sensíveis a alterações do ambiente e Diptera que foi a ordem mais representativa em abundância. As características do rio influenciaram a abundância de macroinvertebrados, diminuindo com o aumento da vazão e aumentando com o aumento da profundidade e largura do rio. Os resultados para os índices biológicos aplicados foram correspondentes. O índice BMWP classificou a água dos pontos C, E e D como ‘excelente’, e a água dos pontos A e B como ‘boa’. O PAR classificou o trecho do rio nos pontos C, E e D como ‘ambiente natural’, e os pontos A e B como ‘ambiente alterado’. Estes resultados demonstram que os macroinvertebrados bentônicos são influenciados pelas características do rio, contudo, a qualidade do habitat do entorno é o principal fator que afeta a qualidade da água na bacia do rio Pacuí. O diagnóstico da qualidade ambiental do rio Pacuí, utilizando como ferramentas índices biológicos, permite concluir que a água do trecho analisado varia entre boa e excelente, apresentando melhor qualidade nos pontos à montante da estrada principal que corta o rio na região.
Análise plurianual da qualidade das águas de bacia tributária do Pantanal brasileiro
Authors: Silva Mayara Oliveira da , Olinda Ricardo Alves de , Mioto Camila Leonardo , Barbosa Domingos Sávio
Published: March 2020

Os dados dos programas de monitoramento, têm sido pouco utilizados para subsidiar a tomada de decisões dos gestores das bacias hidrográficas. Diversas ferramentas podem ser adotadas, mas é fundamental que a primeira etapa seja através de análise descriminante. Esta análise, permite ao gestor distinguir, dentro de um conjunto de variáveis, quais são as que podem ser eleitas como indicadoras de processos de impacto (singularidades) daquelas que são provavelmente um atributo variável a longo prazo no sistema (intrínseco). O objetivo deste estudo é identificar e avaliar a estrutura intrínseca e as singularidades do corpo hídrico, com base nas variáveis físicas, químicas e biológicas de qualidade das águas, da Bacia do Rio Vermelho/MT, usando dados de monitoramento de longa duração (2006 a 2017), tendo como foco estabelecer um critério técnico para priorização de ações de conservação na bacia. A metodologia consiste no emprego de métodos estatísticos multivariados, da análise fatorial (AF) e da análise de componentes principais (ACP). Os resultados indicaram que os métodos estatísticos são eficientes para ranquear os parâmetros, de modo que os parâmetros: cor, demanda química de oxigênio, nitrogênio total, coliformes totais, cloreto, resíduo não filtrável, Escherichia coli, fosforo total, turbidez, resíduo total possuem maior peso na variância e são as variáveis características das alterações do corpo hídrico enquanto que: temperatura do ar, temperatura da água; nitrogênio amoniacal; nitrogênio nitrito, pH; oxigênio dissolvido, DBO , ortofosfato, vazão média; e nitrato, podem ser caracterizadas pela baixa variância como as variáveis intrínsecas do rio, que são de ordem natural do corpo hídrico. As potencialidades e limitações da metodologia e dos dados são discutidas. Considerando a complexidade de usos múltiplos da bacia, que incluem áreas de produção agrícola, unidades de conservação, PCHs, áreas urbanas e terras indígenas, frente ao cenário de tendência de perda da qualidade das águas, recomenda-se que a Bacia do Rio Vermelho seja incluída como prioridade nas estratégias de manejo e conservação.
Análise da viabilidade técnica da compostagem para produção de adubo orgânico
Authors: Silva Raíssa Mendes , Pedrosa Talita Dantas , Ferreira Luciana Kamila Rodrigues , Coelho Thomas Lívio Santos , Barbosa Aline do Vale Figueiredo
Published: March 2020

O problema dos resíduos sólidos se deve tanto a alta geração, como a destinação e disposição final ambientalmente inadequada. A compostagem surge como uma forma de aproveitamento capaz de atribuir valor à matéria orgânica que seria disposta em aterros sanitários. Objetivou-se avaliar a viabilidade técnica do processo de compostagem, por meio do monitoramento e avaliação de parâmetros físico-químicos. Neste trabalho, foi montada uma pilha de compostagem sobre o solo, em área aberta, no campus Dom Delgado, UFMA. A mesma foi empilhada com 625 kg de resíduos, sendo podas do Cajueiro e de Acácia misturadas à cama de frango, em quantidades previamente calculadas de forma a garantir uma boa relação Carbono/Nitrogênio (C/N), em torno de 30:1. Durante o processo foram analisados pH, temperatura, relação C/N e Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DQO), ao final os resultados foram comparados às exigências da Instrução Normativa n.º 25/2009 do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) e da resolução n° 481/2017 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente (CONAMA). A compostagem obteve êxito e todos os parâmetros analisados apresentaram bons resultados. O pH se manteve acima de 7,0, finalizando com o valor de 8,6 e os valores de relação C/N apresentaram redução de 76,63% em relação aos valores iniciais. Ao ser comparada com a Instrução Normativa, o composto atendeu às exigências e encaixa-se na classificação de fertilizante orgânico, porém não se manteve na faixa de temperatura de 55ºC por 14 dias e 60ºC por 3 dias consecutivos respectivamente especificadas pela Resolução do Conama nº 481/2017. A pilha atingiu as faixas de temperatura mencionadas pela resolução, porém não se manteve pelo período estabelecido.