bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self‐setting properties of a β‐dicalcium silicate reinforced calcium phosphate cement
Authors: Wang Xiupeng , Ye Jiandong , Wang Yingjun , Chen Ling
Published: October 2006

β‐Dicalcium silicate was used to reinforce the injectable calcium phosphate cement (iCPC) for the first time in this study. The influence of the content of β‐dicalcium silicate on the mechanical properties, setting time, rheological properties, injectability, phase evolution, microstructure, and biodegradability of iCPC was systematically investigated. The results demonstrated that the addition of 8 wt % β‐dicalcium silicate obviously enhanced the compressive strength of the CPC from 26.5 to 47.5 MPa, and did not significantly influence the biodegradability, setting time, injectability, phase evolution, and microstructure of the CPC. The β‐dicalcium silicate‐reinforced iCPC with relatively high mechanical property should have potential prospects for the wider applications in surgery such as orthopedics, oral, and maxillofacial surgery. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Role of core support material in veneer failure of brittle layer structures
Authors: Hermann Ilja , Bhowmick Sanjit , Lawn Brian R.
Published: October 2006

A study is made of veneer failure by cracking in all‐ceramic crown‐like layer structures. Model trilayers consisting of a 1 mm thick external glass layer (veneer) joined to a 0.5 mm thick inner stiff and hard ceramic support layer (core) by epoxy bonding or by fusion are fabricated for testing. The resulting bilayers are then glued to a thick compliant polycarbonate slab to simulate a dentin base. The specimens are subjected to cyclic contact (occlusal) loading with spherical indenters in an aqueous environment. Video cameras are used to record the fracture evolution in the transparent glass layer in situ during testing. The dominant failure mode is cone cracking in the glass veneer by traditional outer (Hertzian) cone cracks at higher contact loads and by inner (hydraulically pumped) cone cracks at lower loads. Failure is deemed to occur when one of these cracks reaches the veneer/core interface. The advantages and disadvantages of the alumina and zirconia core materials are discussed in terms of mechanical properties—strength and toughness, as well as stiffness. Consideration is also given to the roles of interface strength and residual thermal expansion mismatch stresses in relation to the different joining methods. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Safety characteristics of gadobenate dimeglumine: Clinical experience from intra‐ and interindividual comparison studies with gadopentetate dimeglumine
Authors: Shellock Frank G. , Parker John R. , Pirovano Gianpaolo , Shen Ningyan , Venetianer Carol , Kirchin Miles A. , Spinazzi Alberto
Published: October 2006

Purpose

To evaluate the safety and tolerability of gadobenate dimeglumine (Gd‐BOPTA) relative to that of gadopentetate dimeglumine (Gd‐DTPA) in patients and volunteers undergoing MRI for various clinical conditions.

Materials and Methods

A total of 924 subjects were enrolled in 10 clinical trials in which Gd‐BOPTA was compared with Gd‐DTPA. Of these subjects, 893 were patients with known or suspected disease and 31 were healthy adult volunteers. Of the 893 patients, 174 were pediatric subjects (aged two days to 17 years) referred for MRI of the brain or spine. Safety evaluations included monitoring vital signs, laboratory values, and adverse events (AE).

Results

The rate of AE in adults was similar between the two agents (Gd‐BOPTA: 51/561, 9.1%; Gd‐DTPA: 33/472, 7.0%; P = 0.22). In parallel‐group studies in which subjects were randomized to either agent, the rate of AE was 10.9% for Gd‐BOPTA and 7.9% for Gd‐DTPA (P = 0.21). In the subset of subjects receiving both agents in intraindividual crossover trials, the rate of AE was 8.0% for Gd‐BOPTA and 8.5% for Gd‐DTPA (P = 0.84). Results of other safety assessments (laboratory tests, vital signs) were similar for the two agents.

Conclusion

The safety profile of Gd‐BOPTA is similar to Gd‐DTPA in patients and volunteers. Both compounds are equally well‐tolerated in patients with various disease states undergoing MRI. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of the marine phycotoxin palytoxin on neuronal pH in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells
Authors: Vale‐González Carmen , Gómez‐Limia Belén , Vieytes Mercedes R. , Botana Luis M.
Published: October 2006

Palytoxin (PTX) is a potent marine phycotoxin that binds to the Na,K‐ATPase, converting this pump into an open channel. We have recently shown (Vale et al., 2006) that PTX causes an irreversible increase in the cytosolic calcium concentration ([Ca2+]c) in primary cultures of cerebellar granule cells (CGC). In this work, we investigated the effect of PTX on the intracellular pH (pHi) in the same cellular model. PTX‐induced changes in pHi were studied in CGC by using the fluorescent probe 2′,7′‐bis(carboxyethyl)‐5(6)‐carboxyfluorescein acetoxymethyl ester (BCECF‐AM). PTX caused an irreversible intracellular acidification of CGC. This acidification was due to an influx of extracellular calcium, inasmuch as it was completely abolished by the use of Ca2+‐free medium. Different mechanisms that could be involved in the PTX‐induced pHi decrease such as displacement of H+ by Ca2+ from a common intracellular binding site, PTX‐induced alteration of pHi regulation mechanisms, and a possible acidification caused by an increase of mitochondrial Ca2+ uptake by PTX were excluded. PTX‐induced intracellular acidification was completely prevented by several inhibitors of the plasma membrane calcium ATPase (PMCA), including orthovanadate, lanthanum, high extracellular pH, and caloxin 2A1. Our results indicate that the PMCA is involved in the PTX‐induced intracellular acidification in primary cultures of CGC. The PTX‐evoked increase in [Ca2+]c will activate the calcium extrusion mechanisms through the PMCA, which, in turn, will decrease pHi by countertransport of H+ ions. The effect of PTX on neuronal pH could be a potential factor to contribute to the high cytotoxicity of this toxin in cultured cerebellar neurons. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effects of temperature, photoperiod, and light quantity on protein production in wheat grains
Authors: Kolderup Fredrik
Published: October 2006

Five varieties of common spring wheat were cultivated under controlled conditions at five temperatures from 12 to 24 °C. From the time of heading three day‐length treatments were applied at each temperature: 10 h, 24 h, and natural day length. Nitrogen content in the grains increased by 46–124% with increasing temperature, and also increased significantly with extension of the photoperiod. Natural days, supplying more light energy, gave lower nitrogen contents than the other treatments. Protein yields per pot were more constant. The relative amounts of lysine, valine, and threonine decreased with increasing temperature and extension of the photoperiod, while glutamic acid, proline, and phenylalanine increased. However, at the highest temperatures this trend was hardly apparent. Protein fractionation showed that the decrease in lysine was correlated with an increase in the ratio of alkali‐soluble to salt‐soluble proteins.
Stability of protein water concentrates from potato starch factory waste effluents
Authors: Dellamonica Edward S. , Huhtanen Charles N. , Strolle Eugene O.
Published: October 2006

The microbial activity and chemical composition of concentrates prepared from potato starch factory waste were studied. Concentrates stored at room temperature and 35 °C showed gas formation and caramelisation; this study showed that these were not caused by indigenous aerobic or anaerobic bacteria. Chemical composition data indicate that these visible signs of instability were due to non‐enzymatic browning. Results also reveal that enzymic proteolysis is occurring. Potential use of this product, e.g. as an animal feed, is very limited and will require a final drying.
The effect of delayed sealing on fermentation and losses during ensilage
Authors: Henderson Annie R. , McDonald Peter
Published: October 2006

In two separate experiments plastic silos were left opened to air for 3 days and then sealed. The composition of the resultant silages was compared with silages made in silos sealed immediately after filling. In the first experiment Lolium multiflorum of high water soluble carbohydrate (w.s.c.) content (27.3%) and low crude protein (c.p.) content (10.7%) was used and although variations in composition between the inside and outside layers of the “unsealed” silage occurred, both treatments produced well‐preserved silage. In a second experiment using a later cut of similar grass but of low w.s.c. content (10.8%) and high c.p. content (23%), delayed sealing resulted in silages of high pH value with relatively high butyric acid and volatile N contents and low lactic acid levels. Dry matter losses during ensiling were also high in these aerated silages.
Potassium nutrition of the strawberry plant. Effect of potassium treatment and of the rooting media on components of yield and critical leaf potassium concentrations
Authors: Bradfield Edward G. , Bonatsos Damanios , Stickland Jennifer F.
Published: October 2006

Strawberry plants, cv. Cambridge Favourite were grown (a) with 5 different levels of potassium from planting to dormancy, followed by a constant level of K in the flowering and fruiting phase; or (b) with a constant level of K from planting to dormancy, followed by 4 different levels of K during the flowering and fruiting phase. The experiment was carried out in 3 different rooting media—sand, peat and rock wool.

Application of K ranging from 0.125 to 2 mEq/litre in the nutrient solution over the period from planting to dormancy had no significant effect on any of the components of yield subsequently measured. Application of K ranging from 0.25 to 2 mEq/litre over the flowering and fruiting period produced significant effects on yield, mainly because of increased flower production.

Yields for different rooting media, and even between plants grown in the same medium, varied considerably due to factors other than potassium nutrition, but the leaf potassium concentration at the fruit ripening stage associated with maximum yield of fruit (>7 g per berry) was constant at about 1.2% K, irrespective of the actual yield.
The effect of varying nitrogen supply on the protein composition of a high lysine mutant of barley
Authors: Rhodes Anthony P. , Jenkins Graham
Published: October 2006

Amino acid analyses of the grain of barley cultivars Risø 1508, Hiproly and Maris Mink carried out using grain of comparable protein levels have shown that the amino acid composition of Risø mutant 1508 is fundamentally different from that of the other varieties. A high proportional content of lysine and other nutritionally essential amino acids in Risø 1508 is achieved mainly at the expense of large decreases in glutamic acid and proline. Furthermore, a high lysine content in Risø mutant 1508 was maintained when the level of grain protein was raised by increasing the supply of nitrogen fertiliser.
Amino acid and fatty acid composition of cane molasses
Authors: Mee John M. L. , Brooks Coy C. , Stanley Richard W.
Published: October 2006

Cane molasses contain both protein and non‐protein amino acids and fatty acids. Gas chromatographic evidence is presented for aspartic and glutamic acids and alanine, being the major acids out of the 18 protein amino acids determined. Two unidentified N‐containing free acids, eluting faster than alanine and other protein amino acids on EGA column, are of particular interest. Linoleic (C18:2) is by far the most important fatty acid found. Other major fatty acids are palmitic (C16:0), oleic (C18:1) and arachidic (C20:0).
The post‐mortem ph of cod and haddock muscle and its seasonal variation
Authors: Malcolm Love R.
Published: October 2006

The post‐mortem pH of cod muscle, which strongly influences its attributes as a food, is subject to seasonal variation. For most of the year the average of a batch lies above about 6.7, but for a short time in the summer it suddenly drops to low values, rising again just as suddenly. It is now thought that heavy feeding immediately after starvation causes this sharp fall. Fillets from fish frozen at such a time gape and have a tough texture after cooking. The low‐pH period is fairly short, so cod are in fact suitable for freezing for all of the year outside certain summer months. The phenomenon has been observed in cod from a wide range of fishing grounds. Haddock show no such seasonal variation, but their post‐mortem pH is lower on average than that of cod.
Diets for laying hens containing various levels of cereal and unusual ingredients
Authors: Auckland John N.
Published: October 2006

Two strains of laying hens have been fed from 28 to 48 weeks of age on approximately isoenergetic diets with similar quantities of methionine and lysine but a range from 10 to 76% of cereals and substitution of corresponding unusual ingredients including dried broiler litter. There was a progressive decline in rate of lay as cereal level was increased but the results seem to be most readily explained in terms of possible toxic effects and morbidity associated with increasing levels of dried broiler litter from nil to 16%.
Energy in UK agriculture
Authors: Lewis David A. , Tatchell James A.
Published: October 2006

An investigation into the energy input/output ratios was carried out on 44 farms in England and Wales. The total energy input per hectare on the general cropping farms was similar to that of the national average; but on dairy farms it was double. Arable crops achieved a ratio of food energy output to fossil energy input greater than 1:1; while the ratio for ruminants was less than 1:1. The application of fertiliser increased energy input per hectare but substantially increased output. The return to less intensive systems of agricultural production in the UK will only save energy if other components of the standard of living also decline.
The effect of thermal denaturation on the tryptic hydrolysis of glycinin
Authors: Richardson David P. , Catsimpoolas Nicholas
Published: October 2006

Glycinin, which represents the major protein of soya beans was subjected to heat denaturation at 87.5°C for 30 min. Using the pH‐stat procedure to measure the rate and gel filtration analysis to measure the extent of hydrolysis by trypsin at pH 8.0, it was found that there was a decrease in the initial rate of hydrolysis of the heat‐denatured glycinin by a factor of eight compared to the native or unheated glycinin. Molecular weight distribution analysis of the glycinin peptides provided evidence that the glycinin both before and after thermal denaturation produces peptide fragments in three well defined peaks, which can be broadly categorised as those above 30 000, those around 6000 and those below 5000 daltons. Chromatographic analysis of the soluble components of the tryptic hydrolysis showed no differences in molecular weight distribution between samples which had been heated and those which had not.
The use of mutton tallow fat in fish sausages
Authors: Turgut Haluk , Pearson David , Brennan James
Published: October 2006

This work studied the possibility of using mutton tallow fat as an ingredient in fish sausages as an alternative to pork fat. Mutton fat was found to produce an acceptable product. Addition of the fat at two different stages in the chopping cycle resulted in textural changes in the products. In the product containing the mutton fat variation in the time of addition of the fat also influenced the flavour of the product.
G.L.C. study of the essential oil of wild cardamom oil of Sri Lanka
Authors: Rajapakse‐Arambewela Lakshmi S. , Wijesekera Rahule O. B.
Published: October 2006

Volatile oil steam distilled from wild cardamoms was analysed by gas liquid chromatography and several significant differences from the expressed oil and the oil of other varieties of cardamom were observed, e.g. cold pressed wild cardamom oil contained no p‐cymene whilst steam distilled oil contained a high percentage. Thujene and cis‐p‐2‐menthen‐1‐ol are constituents reported for the first time.
Carbon dioxide production in soils, under barley, subjected to a range of drought treatments
Authors: Thomas Pritchard D.
Published: October 2006

Soil air was sampled daily for a period of 3 months at depths of 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 cm, in plots cropped with barley; samples were taken from capillary probes and analysed for carbon dioxide using gas chromatography. Changes in carbon dioxide concentration were closely related to the water status of the soil, and were attributed to root respiration. Respiratory response to irrigation occurred in two phases. Early in the season a steady increase coincided with increased leaf area and later transient increases occurred after irrigation. These phases were correlated with yields of straw and grain respectively, showing that root respiration is an important aspect of plant performance. The curves relating yield and carbon dioxide concentration were extrapolated to zero yield to give carbon dioxide values corresponding to microbial respiration.
Grape pigment phenomena: Interpretation of major colour losses during vinification
Authors: Chris Somers T. , Evans Michael E.
Published: October 2006

Large decreases in colour density during the making of red wines, whether by the traditional fermentation on skins or by thermovinification, have not previously been explained in terms of juice and wine composition. The major colour loss is actually due to the extreme instability of deeply coloured pigment structures initially present in the juice extract to ethanol, whereas decrease in anthocyanin content is a minor contributing factor. The consequent decline in colour density during fermentation can be as much as five‐fold under conditions of high pH. Both red and blue chromophoric forms of the anthocyanins, in self‐association and co‐pigmentation with related flavonoid phenolics, are proposed as being present in the juice pigments. The stability of such complexes is ascribed to intermolecular hydrogen bonding forces. The existence of two nearly distinct phases in the accounting of total phenolics during ‘evolution ’of a red wine is emphasised.
The nitrate content and amino acid composition of the xylem fluid of spring wheat throughout the growing season
Authors: Kirkman Michael A. , Miflin Benjamin J.
Published: October 2006

The xylem exudate from the cut stem bases of spring wheat plants grown in a glasshouse were collected at periods during the growing season. The rates of xylem exudation and the concentration of nitrate and various amino acids in the exudate were measured from plants grown with four levels of N and four levels of K. Rates of exudation were linear over 2‐3 h after excision of the stems and were generally increased by N treatment. At most harvests the amount of nitrate‐N in the exudate was less than the total amino acid‐N; although both were increased by increased N nutrition, the effect on the former was greater. Glutamic and aspartic acids were the major components measured when the amino acids were analysed by gas‐liquid chromatography (g.l.c.); however, these were probably present in the exudate as their respective amides. Comparison of the amino acid composition of the xylem exudate from the cut shoot base, with the xylem contents of the final node subtending the ear and of the final seed protein suggested that the majority of the amino acids were either transported to the ear in the phloem or made there from asparagine and glutamine.
Polygalacturonase isoenzymes of fungi involved in the breakdown of sulphited strawberries
Authors: Archer Simon A. , Fielding Anthony H.
Published: October 2006

The polygalacturonases of four fungi, Rhizopus stolonifer, Rhizopus sexualis, Mucor piriformis and Aureobasidium pullulans, suspected of involvement in the breakdown of sulphited strawberries, have been resolved into a number of distinct enzyme forms. These isoenzymes differ from each other with respect to isoelectric points, molecular weights, resistance to extremes of pH and temperature, and susceptibility to inhibitors. The isoenzymes produced by any one organism in culture were identical to those produced in inoculated strawberries, although the relative proportions of the different forms was altered. Ten separate samples of microbially contaminated fruit from commercial sources, all of which subsequently suffered disintegration during storage in sulphite liquor, were analysed for polygalacturonase activity. The main isoenzyme present in each batch had an isoelectric point close to 7.1. Comparisons between the properties of polygalacturonases from field sources and those of known origin, revealed that Rhizopus sexualis was the most likely source organism for nine of the ten enzymes, Rhizopus stolonifer probably being responsible for the tenth. The polygalacturonase of isoelectric point near 7.1 was much more effective at macerating sulphited strawberries than the other isoenzymes tested. It also retained activity considerably longer than the others when added to sulphite liquor. It is concluded that a single polygalacturonase isoenzyme secreted by Rhizopus sexualis was responsible for disintegration of all but one of the strawberry samples examined.
The nutritional quality of some Pakistani wheat varieties
Authors: Khan Mohammed Akmal , Eggum BjøOrn O.
Published: October 2006

The nutritional quality of some improved wheat varieties grown in pakistan was measured chemically (including amino acid analyses) and biologically in n‐balance experiments with growing rats. the protein content ranged from 12.3 to 16.7%. lysine per 100 g protein varied between 2.46 and 2.90%. the protein of chenab‐70, punjab‐76 and barani‐70 contained 16‐18 % more lysine than the sa‐75 having highest content of protein. iron content was highest in pari‐73. the true protein digestibility (td), biological value (bv), net protein utilisation (npu) and net dietary protein calorie percent (ndp cal %) varied between 91‐94 %, 58‐69 %, 54‐63 % and 7.4‐8.8 %, respectively. available carbohydrate, lysine and biological value were lowered in varieties with a higher content of protein.
Simultaneous quantitative determination of sucrose, raffinose and stachyose by invertase hydrolysis and gas—liquid chromatography
Authors: Ford Clive W.
Published: October 2006

A method for small‐scale (ca 0.5 mg) quantitative determination of sucrose, raffinose and stachyose is described. After invertase hydrolysis, glucose, fructose and melibiose were estimated by gas‐liquid chromatography of the trimethylsilyl derivatives. Sucrose and raffinose were directly estimated from glucose and melibiose levels, respectively. Stachyose values were calculated from the amounts of fructose remaining after deductions were made for the calculated sucrose and raffinose levels. The accuracy of the method from known saccharide mixtures was 6% for sucrose, 3% for raffinose and 10% for stachyose. The method was also shown to be able to simultaneously determine inositols and inositol galactosides.
Phase equilibria in a ternary system saponin‐sunflower oil monoglycerides‐water; interactions between aliphatic and alicyclic amphiphiles
Authors: Barl Pavol , Roberts Kelvin , Larsson Kåre , Ljusberg‐Wahren Helena , Norin Torbjörn
Published: October 2006

The ternary phase diagram of saponin‐sunflower oil monoglycerides‐water is dominated by an extensive region consisting of a liquid phase. in this micellar solution there seems to be a gradual change from an aqueous to a hydrocarbon type of continuous medium. a lamellar liquid crystalline phase separates these two liquid structures at high water content. a viscous isotropic cubic phase is also observed in this phase diagram which according to its x‐ray diffraction is the same phase as occurring in simple monoglyceride‐water systems.
An automated procedure for the estimation of s‐methylcysteine sulphoxide in kale
Authors: Gosden Anthony F.
Published: October 2006

A simple automated method of estimating the anaemia factor (S‐methylcysteine sulphoxide) in forage kale is described. The freeze‐dried sample is treated with a buffered hydrogen peroxide solution and the extract chromatographed on a short ion exchange column before colorimetric estimation with ninhydrin. The method is reproducible, specific and compares well with the use of an automated amino acid analyser.
Modification of leaf protein concentrate by the use of plastein reaction
Authors: Savangikar Vasant A. , Joshi Ramchandra N.
Published: October 2006

A new approach has been used to modify the unfavourable organoleptic properties of of lucerne leaf protein (LPC), a protein‐rich concentrate of high nutritive value. This involved an initial peptic hydrolysis of the dark green, gritty and leaf‐flavoured LPC and subsequent re‐incubation of this hydrolysate with additional pepsin. A cream coloured, chocolate‐flavoured, protein‐rich product produced by this plastein reaction was isolated from the second incubate. The various steps involved in this process were optimised with an emphasis on simplest possible techniques. Methods were devised to make more efficient use of the pepsin in the initial hydrolysis and pepsin in the form of an immobilised derivative in paraffin wax has been used. These preliminary studies indicate that more flexibility is offered by plastein reaction for getting a protein‐rich product from leaves of desirable qualities than by other methods used hitherto.
Chemical composition of some forages and various residues from feeding value determinations
Authors: Theander Olof , Åman Per
Published: October 2006

NDF, ADF, ‘cellulose’ and IVOMD residues, from feeding value determinations, were prepared from some forages, including straw, alkali‐treated straw, grass and lucerne samples. The crude protein, cellulose, hemicellulose, uronic acid, Klason lignin, lignin and ash contents of these residues and the corresponding original forage samples were determined together with the relative composition of the neutral sugar constituents after acid hydrolysis. Cellulose, hemicellulose and Klason lignin were the main components in the NDF fractions but substantial amounts of crude protein (1–6%) also remained. Cellulose and Klason lignin were the main components in the ADF fractions, but 7–14% of the fractions was hemicellulose and 1–4% crude protein. Cellulose was the main component in the ‘cellulose’ fractions, but they also contained 8–13% hemicellulose, 2–7% Klason lignin and 2–11% ash. The composition of the IVOMD residues showed that cellulose and hemicellulose had been dissolved to about the same amounts (70–80%) and that most of the Klason lignin remained.
Quantitative SDS–PAGE of total protein from different wheat varieties
Authors: Fullington J. Garrin , Cole Earl W. , Kasarda Donald D.
Published: October 2006

Buffers containing sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) and mercaptoethanol (ME) were used to extract total protein from the flour or single seeds of five different wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) varieties (Scout 66, Red River 68, Bankuti 1201, Atlas 66, and Omar). A dye‐binding analysis for protein was adapted to these extracts. The extracted proteins were separated according to molecular weight (mol. wt) by gel electrophoresis with SDS and the patterns were quantitated by densitometry of the gels, after proteins had been stained with Coomassie brilliant blue R250. The patterns were divided into five different areas corresponding to mol. wt ranges of 63 × 103 and greater (A1), 48–63 × 103 (A2), 40–48 × 103 (A3), 31–40 × 103 (A4), and 8–31 × 103 (A5). The proportions of the total area corresponding to these subareas were compared for the different varieties. Dye absorption was assumed to be directly proportional to protein concentration (in the linear range) with the same proportionality holding for the first four areas (largely storage proteins). The proteins of A5 (largely albumins) were assumed to have a three‐fold greater dye‐binding capacity than the other proteins and a correction to this area was based on this assumption. Red River 68, a variety with strong mixing characteristics, had a comparatively large proportion of its total protein in A3 and a notable peak of mol. wt 46 × 103 in this area. Bankuti 1201 and Omar, with weak mixing characteristics, had comparatively small proportions of their protein in A3, but large proportions in A4 (largely gliadins). Atlas 66 had a comparatively large proportion of its protein in A5 (largely albumins) and a smaller proportion in A4, but there were no strong differences in the pattern that could be related clearly to the high‐protein character of Atlas 66. All the varieties had most of their protein (65–69%) in the mol. wt ranges corresponding to A3 and A4.
Precision in the measurement of meat texture
Authors: Dransfield Eric , MacFie Halliday J. H.
Published: October 2006

The relationships between the level of precision, the variability within muscles and the number of measurements required to assess toughness were quantified in an attempt to rationalise the measurement of meat texture. Variability within M. longissimus dorsi was higher than in other hindquarter muscles of lamb and beef and was less in pork than in beef or lamb. Ten replicate determinations on lamb and beef and seven on pork M. longissimus dorsi would be suited to research work. Under these conditions, 95% of values for each muscle would lie within one‐sixth of the texture scale from the mean for 85% of muscles and would lie within one‐tenth of the texture scale from the mean for 50% of muscles.
The effects of injecting nitrapyrin (‘N‐serve’), carbon disulphide or trithiocarbonates, with aqueous ammonia, on yield and %N of grass
Authors: Ashworth John , Penny Alexander , Widdowson Frank V. , Briggs Geoffrey G.
Published: October 2006

Nitrapyrin and carbon disulphide (CS2), or sodium or ammonium trithiocarbonate (which evolve CS2 in soil), were injected with aqueous ammonia (NH3) into grassland in three successive seasons at Rothamsted and at Woburn, using a new site each season. Injection was done either in November (‘autumn’), or in the following February or March (‘spring’). When applied in autumn, the inhibitors increased yield and %N of grass after the mild, wet winter of 1974‐75, but had little or no effect in the two subsequent seasons. These effects are consistent with rates of nitrification of the injected NH3, estimated by KC1 extraction of soil taken from injection slits, and with winter rainfall. When inhibitors were applied in spring, yields were consistently improved at Rothamsted but depressed at Woburn. All effects were small. Nitrapyrin or CS2, injected with aqueous NH3 into grassland in autumn, reduces nitrogen losses that occur in winter. However, judging from grass yields, in these experiments (in south‐east England) losses were only a small fraction of the dose of N applied. Injecting these inhibitors with NH3 in spring can delay nitrification and increase the persistence of the injected N, but this will not necessarily increase yield.
A rapid method for the determination of sulphur dioxide in dehydrated vegetables
Authors: Wedzicha Bronislaw L. , Bindra Navjit K.
Published: October 2006

A rapid method for the determination of sulphur dioxide in dehydrated cabbage, carrot, peas and potato, based on the well‐established Monier Williams distillation technique, is described. Distillation time is reduced to 5 min and sulphur dioxide in the distillate is determined colorimetrically. Recoveries of the additive were comparable with those by the conventional distillation technique.
A programmable thermostat for food storage studies
Authors: Thorne Stuart
Published: October 2006

A programmable thermostat is described that enables any desired temperature‐time relationship to be attained in a storage chamber.
Changes in the aggregate stability of a sandy loam effected by growing roots of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne)
Authors: Reid Jeffrey B. , Goss Michael J.
Published: October 2006

The effect on aggregate stability of the activities of roots of perennial ryegrass and their associated microflora was investigated using a structurally unstable sandy loam. Growth of ryegrass for only 4 weeks caused a significant increase in aggregate stability as measured by turbidimetric and wet sieving analyses. This effect was most strongly associated with the larger aggregates. Release of organic substances from the roots was the most likely cause of this increase.
An insect bioassay to evaluate feed barley of different lysine content
Authors: Loschiavo Samuel R.
Published: October 2006

Newly hatched larvae of the confused flour beetle, Tribolium confusum Duval were reared individually until pupation on ball‐milled samples of five lines and two cultivars of feed barley of known lysine content. The period of larval development ranged from almost 20 to 23.7 days. It was significantly shorter (P < 0.01) on the three lines containing the highest amounts of lysine (4.42–4.55 g lysine 100 g‐1 protein) than on the two lines and two cultivars with the lowest levels of lysine (3.38–3.86 g lysine 100 g‐1 protein). There was a high correlation between the mean duration of larval development and lysine content (r = −0.81 and −0.94 for lysine 100 g‐1 protein and lysine 100 g‐1 sample, respectively). It is concluded that the flour beetle bioassay is a reliable and relatively rapid and economical method for screening lines in a barley breeding programme and for evaluating protein quality on the basis of lysine content.
Seasonal variations in the chlorogenic acids content of tea
Authors: Ullah Mohammed R. , Jain Jinesh C.
Published: October 2006

Quantitative estimation of chlorogenic acids in tea leaf (Camellia sinensis) at different stages of its development and during the harvesting season by application of thin layer chromatography has revealed that the stem contains the highest concentration of the acids. The concentration of the acids in plucking shoots, which comprise the terminal two leaves and the growing bud, varies during the harvesting season and is maximum in the monsoon season.
Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry of nitriles, isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones derived from cruciferous glucosinolates
Authors: Spencer Gayland F. , Daxenbichler Melvin E.
Published: October 2006

Hydrolysis/autolysis of the glucosinolates found in wild and cultivated cruciferous plants can yield a variety of nitrogenous compounds for the alkyl or aryl moiety. These products include nitriles, isothiocyanates and oxazolidinethiones, all of which may present potential hazards in foods and feeds. More than 70 glucosinolates are known, and almost all the hydrolysis products are amenable to analysis by gas chromatography. The reaction can proceed in different ways, depending upon the conditions of hydrolysis or treatment of the plant during harvest or storage, and confirmation of the identifications made by retention data is sometimes needed. Gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry can usually provide this additional structural information. Spectra of alkyl or aryl nitriles and isothiocyanates that contain other functional groups (hydroxyl, episulphide, methylthio, sulphinyl, sulphonyl) and oxazolidinethiones are presented and discussed.
The availabilities of lysine, methionine and tryptophan in Pruteen by chick growth assay
Authors: Abbey Bene W. , Boorman K. Neil , Lewis Dyfed
Published: October 2006

The concentrations of available lysine, methionine and tryptophan in the single‐cell protein, Pruteena (ICI), have been determined by growth assay with young chicks. Symmetrical, six‐point, parallel‐line assays were used with weight gain and gain: food ratio as responses. All diets were balanced as far as possible, especially with respect to essential amino acid composition. Concurrently with the determination of each amino acid in Pruteen, its contents in typical fish and soya bean meals were determined. The assays were acceptable by the statistical criteria used. They yielded estimates of potencies that were realistic in relation to the total contents of lysine, methionine and tryptophan in Pruteen, fish and soya bean meals. The variances of potency estimates were typical of such assays. The values obtained for Pruteen considering both weight gain and gain:food ratio as responses, were about 40 g lysine, 18 g methionine and 8.7 g tryptophan kg−1 air‐dry matter. For lysine and methionine these represent high availabilities of total amino acids. The availability of tryptophan is less clear because of uncertainty about the total content of tryptophan in Pruteen.
Effect of heat treatment of legumes on available lysine
Authors: Almas Kausar , Bender Arnold E.
Published: October 2006

The newer dye‐binding capacity difference method of measuring available lysine in legumes was shown to agree extremely well with the established but laborious fluorodinitrobenzene method. This was true both with raw legumes and with heated samples in which there had been a considerable reduction in the amount of available lysine present. Nine samples of commercially obtained dried legumes were cooked for 1, 2 and 8 h at atmospheric pressure and for 30 min under 15 lb pressure. Losses of available lysine varied with the length and severity of heat treatment and with the type of legume. The variation with the type of legume appears to be due to the amount of reducing sugars in the legumes since both reducing sugars and available lysine fell during heat treatment, and the amount of lysine lost appears to be linked with the amount of reducing sugars initially present or added as glucose.
Desorption of cations from scottish soils by electro‐ultrafiltration
Authors: Sinclair Alex H.
Published: October 2006

Soil cations were desorbed by electro‐ultrafiltration (EUF), i.e. by applying an external electric field to aqueous suspensions, and collecting the cations by ultrafiltration. Three different field strengths were used to obtain several cation fractions in a single extraction run lasting 35 min. Potassium desorbed in 10 min (K10) was closely correlated with the equilibrium activity ratio (AR0) of soil K measured in 0.01M CaCl2, for all but the sandy loam soils, while that desorbed in 35 min (K35) was less than the exchangeable K, but correlated closely with it. EUF values compared favourably with other soil K parameters, determined by conventional methods, for predicting uptake of K by rye‐grass from ten soils during intensive cropping in the glasshouse. Sodium desorbed in 35 min (Na35) approximated to the exchangeable Na, although most of it was desorbed in the first 15 min. Na10 and Na35 accounted for about 56% of the variation in Na uptake by ryegrass at the first cut, and 68% of the variation in the cumulative uptake at the sixth cut. Between 9–24% of the exchangeable calcium was desorbed in 35 min, and magnesium desorbed was closely correlated with both the Mg concentration of the soil saturation extract and the exchangeable Mg. EUF extraction of Mg is less satisfactory than for K, Na and Ca owing to the precipitation of Mg(OH)2 on the cathode filter.
The use of pimaricin as an additive to improve the aerobic stability of silage
Authors: Woolford Michael K. , Cook John E. , Hall D. Malcolm , Bonis Annie
Published: October 2006

Pimaricin was added to samples from each of five crop species to give the following nominal rates of application: 0, 0.011, 0.022, 0.034, 0.045, 0.09 and 0.27 kg t−1 fresh weight and the materials were ensiled in 100 g and 10 kg fresh weight quantities. Pimaricin applied at ensiling at 0.011 or 0.022 kg t−1 reduced aerobic deterioration in three of the five crops—ryegrass, lucerne and tall fescue; a much higher rate of 0.27 kg t−1 was required with silages made from red clover and maize. This beneficial effect occurred even though only from 1‐66% of the pimaricin initially applied was recovered after the period of anaerobic storage in the silos. Pimaricin had no apparent effect on the course of fermentation nor on the composition of the silages, all of which were well preserved.
Growth and body composition of young entire male pigs fed diets of differing ingredient composition and nutrient quality
Authors: Tullis J. Bronwyn , Henderson Ruth , Whittemore Colin T.
Published: October 2006

Twenty‐eight pairs of entire male Large White pigs of 5.59 kg liveweight were grown to 25 kg. They were offered two diets of different nutrient density and ingredient content: the diets (S and C) contained 16 and 15 MJ DE (digestible energy) and 235 and 214 g CP (crude protein) kg−1 dry matter, respectively. A liveweight of 25 kg was reached in 43.4 days by pigs given diet S and in 57.5 days by pigs given diet C (P < 0.001). Total feed intakes were 33.6 and 42.5 kg( P < 0.001), respectively, but differences in daily feed intake (0.81 and 0.76 kg) were not significant. Chemical composition of the empty body was not affected by nutritional regime (12.4% lipid, 15.8% protein). The mean daily rates of protein deposition over the 5.59 to 25 kg growth phase were 64 g (S) and 55 g (C).
A comparison of two sampling methods for the estimation of dry matter and mineral content of swede roots
Authors: Dyson Peter W.
Published: October 2006

The composition of swede roots is normally estimated from samples of cores, from which the outer tissue is cut off to minimise soil contamination. Cylindrical cores contain a disproportionally large amount of xylem tissue which has a relatively low dry matter (DM), N, Ca, Na and Mg content and a high K content. Segments are the only subsamples of swede roots which have the correct proportions of xylem, phloem and skin. Several hundred samples of cores and segments were analysed to determine whether correction factors could be applied to data obtained from the less laborious method of taking cores. The mean correction factors for the cultivar Doon Major were 1.08 for DM content and 1.11, 1.01, 0.75, 1.30, 1.48 and 1.55 for N, P, K, Ca, Na and Mg, respectively. However, these factors varied, depending on site, season, fertiliser treatment and root size. Therefore, constant correction factors can not be generally applied and cores must be regarded as unsatisfactory for estimating the composition and nutrient uptake of swedes. The errors involved in determining P content from core samples appeared to be relatively insignificant.
Gross interference by sulphur dioxide in standard determinations of wine phenolics
Authors: Somers T. Chris , Ziemelis Guntis
Published: October 2006

There is a very strong interaction between sulphur dioxide (SO2) and 0‐dihydroxy phenols in response to the Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric assay, currently the established procedure for analysis of total phenols in wines and plant extracts. Because of this previously unsuspected interference, the method is shown to be generally quite invalid in application to white wines; measures of total phenols may be magnified several‐fold by the SO2 artefact. By use of model solutions, it has been shown that the extent of interference depends primarily on the molar ratio of SO2:0‐dihydroxy phenols. The mechanism of the artefact can be interpreted with reference to the chemistry of the photographic process, in which the oxidation‐reduction reactions involved in image development are similarly mediated by the presence of bisulphite in alkaline solution.
Determination of phytic acid in rapeseed meal
Authors: Uppström Bengt , Svensson Rita
Published: October 2006

A new method has been developed for the determination of phytic acid in rapeseed meal based on extraction of the phytate with 15% trichloroacetic acid. After enzymatic hydrolysis with phytase from wheat, the phosphate is determined spectrophotometrically. The method has been applied to a number of varieties of rapeseed. The variation within a variety was nearly as high as within a population of varieties of the same species. The results imply that the phytic acid content of rapeseed is mostly influenced by environmental factors such as the availability of phosphorus in the soil.
Cellulose xanthate as a soil conditioner: Field trials
Authors: Page E. Ronald
Published: October 2006

The soil conditioning effects of cellulose xanthate were investigated in eight field trials conducted at widely distributed sites, which were chosen for their records of depressed seedling emergence caused by soil capping. At those sites where weather conditions produced a cap strong enough to reduce seedling emergence, cellulose xanthate, as a 1% aqueous solution applied at 22 kg cellulose ha−1, prevented capping and improved emergence. At other sites, where caps developed only after emergence, cellulose xanthate also prevented capping and increased the water stability of soil aggregates on the treated plots. The material had no depressive effect on growth of any of the crops (lettuce, onions, carrots, leeks, sugar beet), nor was there any interaction with herbicides. Tasting trials failed to detect any taint in lettuce or parsnips grown on treated plots.
A simulation model for the leaching of borate in soils and pulverised fuel ash
Authors: Burns Ian G. , Collier Graham F.
Published: October 2006

A layer model for predicting the leaching of unadsorbed anions from unstructured soils has been extended to enable forecasts of the effects of rainfall on the redistribution and losses of weakly adsorbed ions, such as borate, to be made. The model is based on easily measured parameters including field capacity and the initial water and borate contents of each of the soil layers and calculates the redistribution of borate from the excess rainfall over evaporation. The partitioning of borate between the adsorbed and solution phases during leaching is calculated using a modified Langmuir isotherm equation. An advantage of the model is that it requires no specially fitted parameters which must be derived from separate leaching experiments. The model was tested against the results of published experiments on the leaching of borate from soil columns. Agreement with the experimental data was good and only marginally inferior to the agreement obtained using a more sophisticated model which required more detailed input information. The model was also used to forecast the amount of rainfall needed to reduce the concentration of borate in a sample of pulverised fuel ash (PFA) to a non‐toxic level. The results were consistent with the limited experimental data available. There was also reasonable agreement between the predictions of the model and the results of an experiment in which borate was leached from columns of PFA using a limited range of irrigation treatments.
Effects of fine‐particle amendments on the hydraulic properties of coarse soils
Authors: Stone David A.
Published: October 2006

Three coarse‐textured soils were amended with pulverised fuel ash and two similar fine‐particle materials, fluidised combustor ash and ground silica sand. Incorporation of the amendments to the Ap horizon of the soils increased available water retention by up to 70%. The additional water was mainly held at matric potentials between −0.05 and −1 bar. A concomitant increase in hydraulic conductivity and soil water diffusivity over the same potential range indicates, however, that the increase in water retention was at least partially offset by greater evaporation from the soil surface. This could explain the poor crop response to increases in available water capacity (AWC) reported in previous work and questions the importance placed on AWC in current soil productivity classification.
The glucosinolate content of Brassica vegetables. A chemotaxonomic approach to cultivar identification
Authors: Heaney Robert K. , Fenwick G. Roger
Published: October 2006

Quantitative differences in the relative glucosinolate content of Brussels sprouts have been used to assist differentiation between cultivars. The glucosinolate pattern of each individual cultivar, determined directly using gas chromatography, has been found to vary only slightly with growing site. Differing patterns of glucosinolates have been noted amongst the corresponding seeds, thus complementing the data obtained from the mature vegetable.