bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sporting Excellence, Schools and Sports Development: The Politics of Crowded Policy Spaces
Authors: Houlihan Barrie
Published: March 2007

The increased emphasis on the pursuit of elite international sporting achievement has inevitably meant that the role of the education system in England and Wales, and schools in particular, in contributing to elite success has been the subject of considerable debate and a focus for government intervention. Yet school sport remains a highly contested policy area subject to pressure from a range of, often competing, sectoral interests such as education, welfare and elite sports development. The focus of this paper is first to consider how the policymaking process for school sport might be theorized and second to illustrate the theorization through an examination f one recent policy initiative: specialist sports colleges. The discussion explores the degree to which the formulation of the specialist sports colleges initiative represented a compromise between competing sectoral interests and also the extent to which competing interests have affected policy during the early stages of implementation.
Differences between Physical Education and Top-Level Sport
Authors: Mountakis Costas
Published: March 2007

This article aims to explore the existing differences between physical education and top-level sport. Apart from the purely theoretical interest of this analysis, the incentive was mainly to find those differences which affect and differentiate teaching practices between physical education and top-level sport. I hold the view that physical education teachers, influenced by top-level sport practices, adopt those practices in some cases in their physical education lessons in their schools. This article might help them to define more clearly the boundaries between those two areas.
Australian Teachersí Perceptions and Uses of the Sport Education Curriculum Model
Authors: Alexander Ken , Luckman Jan
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of a recent questionnaire completed by 377Australian primary and secondary physical education (PE) teachers who had used the sport education curriculum model. As such, it constitutes one of the few large-scale accounts of teachers’ perceptions of a curriculum model first proposed by Siedentop in the early 1980s. The purpose of the questionnaire was to discover how teachers implemented the model and to report whether they believed it produced better learning outcomes, was responsive to particular types of students and their needs and helped students accept responsibility for their own PE. The report provides support for the view that sport education can be an exemplary context for pursuing a broader range of learning outcomes than PE has traditionally sought and achieved, and that many teachers’ disappointment with the nature and quality of interactions with students can be overcome, in turn enhancing their ‘quality of working life’.
A Comparison of the Soccer Talent Development Systems in England and Canada
Authors: Holt Nicholas L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare provision for the development of elite soccer players in England and Canada. Data were collected via documentary analysis, fieldwork and formal and informal interviews with Canadian and English youth coaches ( N= 12). The respective soccer talent development systems were compared in terms of their normative, institutional, mental states and environmental patterns (Holmes, 1991). Comparative findings showed that the soccer national governing body was responsible for talent development in Canada, whereas professional clubs assumed the primary role in the English system. Canadian coaches possessed more formal education than their English counterparts, but English coaches experienced more inservice coach education than the Canadians. There appeared to be certain discrepancies between the values of coaches and institutional level policies within each of the systems. Suggestions for future research and practice in talent development arising from this cross-cultural comparison are presented.
The Quest for Quality—Or Can Evaluation Findings Be Trusted?
Authors: Forss Kim , Carlsson Jerker
Published: March 2007

In modern public administration it would be rare to find a sector where evaluation is not an essential ingredient in management. Evaluations feed evidence into the policy debate and may enhance the legitimacy of an organization. Policy makers and managers use evaluations for result-based management and to promote organizational learning. But the success of these efforts would presumably depend on the quality of evaluations?
Incorporeality: The Ghostly Body of Metaphysics
Authors: COLEBROOK CLAIRE
Published: March 2007

For the past two decades, the issue of the body and essentialism has dominated feminist theory. In general, it is assumed that the body has been devalued and repressed by the Western metaphysical tradition. In this article, I make two claims to the contrary. First, as poststructuralist theory has tirelessly demonstrated, Western thought has continually tried to ground thought in some foundational substance, such as the body. Second, the most provocative, fruitful and radical aspects of recent feminism and poststructuralism concern the event of incorporeality. What makes incorporeality such an urgent issue is its tie with anti-foundationalism. If there is not a direct or proper passage between what is and what is thought, then thinking can be considered as a force or event in its own right. By disrupting the traditional philosophical series that ties thought to some grounding body, thinkers as diverse as Deleuze, Derrida, Irigaray and Foucault have opened the possibility of a theory of the incorporeal.
Beyond the Body/Mind? Japanese Contemporary Thinkers on Alternative Sociologies of the Body
Authors: OZAWA-DE SILVA CHIKAKO
Published: March 2007

Western sociology of the body, despite its attempt to create a somatic approach to human existence, inevitably shares many of the rationalistic and Cartesian assumptions of wider Western sociology. A contrasting, and in many ways radically different approach is that found in both classical and contemporary Japanese thought. In this article two major contemporary Japanese theorists of the body - Ichikawa Hiroshi and Yuasa Yasuo - are introduced and their work examined as distinctive, and in the West virtually unknown, contributions to body analysis. Their views are briefly contrasted with some of the major themes of Western, and in particular British, sociology of the body and the implications of their work for future investigation of the human body are sketched out.
The Memory of the Flesh: The Family Body in Somatic Psychology
Authors: YOUNG KATHARINE
Published: March 2007

Family traditions take a somatic turn in a therapeutic practice that focuses on how symbolic bodies are passed down in families. Somatic psychology holds that parents offer children models of how to be in the world, which takes the form of bodily attitudes. The body shapes I imitate and resist at every stage of life arise out of the memory of the past, incarnate memory in the present, and project the memorial body towards its future. I materialize in my body the ghosts of my ancestors. This is a study of how flesh remembers.
Probing Protocols: The Genital Examination as a Pedagogical Event
Authors: McWILLIAM ERICA , O'DONNELL SKYE
Published: March 2007

The authors interrogate genital examinations as events in which both client and practitioner are `produced' as relational subjects in quite specific ways. This article explores the way one female sex health worker talks about her work as a form of cultural exchange, noting what she requires of her clients and seeks to give of herself. Of particular importance is the way the practitioner produces the client as a social subject amenable to intimate examination, while resisting some traditional means for doing so. The authors use a Foucauldian conceptual framework to signal their departure from feminist analyses which explain such practices in terms of a patriarchal medical system.
The Body as Outlaw: Lyotard, Kafka and the Visible Human Project
Authors: CURTIS NEAL
Published: March 2007

In this article, I explore the differend between the body and the law, without conceiving the body as a material or natural object external to the rules of discourse. To do this I use Jean-François Lyotard's reflections on Franz Kafka's short story `In the Penal Colony' to reflect on the bodily mode of exposure to sensibility: that is, aesthesis. This exposure comes `before' the law and is radically heterogeneous to the binary organizations of discourse, and not simply its other. This exposure to sensibility is a bodily mode that offers an other freedom to that prescribed by the law, and consequently it is this first `touch' of sensibility which the law must eradicate. By inscribing itself on to the body through body modificatory practices, it brings the body within its normative structures. I draw out the parallels between kafka's story and the simulated human currently on display on the Internet - the Visible Human Project. In this project, we can witness the materialization of a techno-scientific ideal of the body. As a form of inscription, it reproduces a `complete' body according to the rules laid down within the discursive practice of techno-science. It can do this only by actively forgetting this vital exposure to sensibility which precedes and disrupts it. The aim of this article is to think the violence of the law over this bodily mode of aesthesis and to bear witness to the wrong it institutes.
Changes in the Meaning of Semantic Differential Scales: Measurement of Subject-Scale Interaction Effects
Authors: Nordenstreng Kaarle
Published: March 2007

Changes in the affective meaning of semantic differential scales, resulting from differences in the background of subjects who do the rating, were investigated using a new technique for comparing different factor analyses, called transformation analysis. An illustration of the influence of the subject group on qualifier meaning was obtained from ratings of the concept "Work" by Finnish white-collar workers and farmers. In addition, the American, English and Finnish ratings of concepts employed in cross-cultural studies with a set of translation-equivalent scales served as an example of the influence of language translation on qualifier meaning. The results showed that the interaction effects in question, if carefully measured, provide useful information for further interpretation. The method of transformation analysis proved useful in a detailed analysis of the kind of change in meaning as well as in providing exact indices of factorial similarity.
Clinical Management of Suicidal Behaviour in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Sprague Titia
Published: March 2007

Youth suicide has been recognized as a significant public health issue in Australia and internationally. Epidemiological evidence provides the imperative that strategies to deal with suicidal behaviour must be placed clearly in the context of appropriate assessment and management of mental health problems. Clinical management of suicidal children and young people is difficult. Staff reactions to young people who have attempted suicide may interfere with appropriate care. Those involved in dealing with these issues are encouraged to share their load with colleagues and to complement their clinical work with involvement in public health strategies.
Bonding Failure: `I don't Know this Baby, She's Nothing to do with me'
Authors: Sluckin Andy
Published: March 2007

`Bonding failure' describes an extreme and persistent lack of emotional connection between a mother and her infant. Little is known about the prevalence, precipitants or nature of the interaction between `non-bonded' mothers and their babies. Two clinical examples of severe postnatal depression and `bonding failure' are presented. The therapeutic focus combines ideas from Video Interaction Guidance, Systems Theory and Art Therapy. A common theme is the power of the visual image to create a crucially important context for growth. The cases are discussed both with reference to the therapeutic `ingredients' that facilitated the development of maternal attachment as well as the struggle to find a balance between the need for individuality as a mother whilst living within a socially constructed world of motherhood.
Grandparenting and its Relationship to Parenting
Authors: Drew Linda M. , Richard Mary H. , Smith Peter K.
Published: March 2007

Grandparenthood occupies a significant part of the life cycle and has an important impact on parenting. This impact can be characterized in terms of gender roles, styles of grandparenting and indirect and direct patterns of grandparent-parent-grandchild influence. We review parenting styles and their relationship to recent insights in attachment theory which may illuminate processes of intergenerational transmission. Implications for practitioner use of attachment theory and categories of functional and dysfunctional grandparenting are presented. We discuss two related areas in which grandparent roles are particularly under stress, grandparents acting as custodial parents and grandparent-grandchild contact loss in cases of parental separation or divorce. Grandparents legal rights to visitation in the USA and UK and the use of mediation to help solve grandparent-grandchild contact loss are summarized.
Maternal Intervention Strategies in Enforcing Children's Bicycle Helmet Use
Authors: Peterson Lizette , Saldana Lisa , Schaeffer Cindy
Published: March 2007

We investigated maternal methods of enforcing helmet usage in children. Although the American Academy of Pediatrics recently called for stronger parenting strategies to increase bicycle-helmet use, there has been virtually no study of typical parenting strategies to influence children to wear their helmets. In the present study, mothers of second- and eighth-grade children responded to 12 vignettes portraying typical excuses children give for not wearing a helmet. Even after continued child refusal, mothers reported they would try to persuade, discuss or command their child to wear the helmet, more often than they would use consequences. Initially, there were no age or gender effects, but as the vignettes portrayed the child protesting, mothers of second-grade girls suggested the use of consequences more often than mothers of eighth-graders. The reverse was true for mothers of second-grade boys, although these differences typically did not reach statistical significance. Overall, the data support the American Academy of Pediatrics' suggestion for more effective parenting strategies, especially for children at highest risk for bicycle injury.
What Coping Functions are Served when Health Behaviours are Used as Coping Strategies?
Authors: Ingledew David K. , McDonagh Georgina
Published: March 2007

The aim was to clarify what coping functions are served by certain health behaviours when used as coping strategies. A preliminary questionnaire was used to identify individuals scoring high on eating (unhealthily), exercise or self- care as a coping strategy. These individuals completed a further questionnaire to elucidate the specific coping functions being served by their eating, exercise or self-care. Principal components analysis produced five coping function variables: Problem Solving, Feeling Better, Avoidance, Time Out and Prevention. Discriminant analysis (coping functions predicting coping strategy group) produced a Prevention with Problem Solving function, on which the exercise and self- care groups were high compared with the eating group; and a Time Out without Problem Solving function, on which the exercise group was high compared with the self- care group, the eating group being intermediate. Thus health behaviours used as coping strategies can serve not only problem-focused, emotion- focused and avoidance functions, but also time out and prevention functions.
Lay Representations of Genetic Disease, and Predictive Testing
Authors: Henderson Bethan J. , Maguire Bryan T.
Published: March 2007

As research in human genetics advances, genes for familial forms of cancer and heart disease will continue to be identified. The implication of such findings is that at-risk individuals will be offered a predictive genetic test. How do individuals make such decisions and what information do they need to make informed choices? Richards (1993) has argued that the first step in understanding and helping people to make these decisions is to investigate lay beliefs of genetics. This study examined illness representations of genetic disease, and predictive testing in a sample of 20 educated lay people. Through content analysis of open-ended interviews, we discovered that individuals have limited knowledge of late-onset genetic disorders and predictive testing. Most of the sample identified genetic diseases that manifest in childhood, and were more familiar with prenatal testing. They did not mention any treatment options for genetic disorders, which may indicate that lay people are more deterministic about diseases with a genetic component. Finally, they consistently raised concerns about the ethics of genetic testing and research. The implications of our findings for the provision of information in a genetic testing situation are discussed.
Structure and Determinants of Illness Representations in Chronic Disease
Authors: Heijmans Monique , De Ridder Denise
Published: March 2007

Although the clinical relevance of illness representations has been demonstrated in several studies, research on the structure and determinants of illness representations is rare. This article examines the illness representations of chronically ill patients, using a structured interview technique and taking chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) and Addison's disease (AD) as examples. Considerable differences were found between the group of CFS patients (n = 98) and the group of AD patients (n = 63) with regard to their ideas about the identity, time line, control/cure , and consequences of their illness. Despite these differences, the pattern of correlations among these four dimensions of illness representation was found to be similar for the two groups. Moreover, the strength of the correlations points to the coherent nature of illness representations. The relations between the illness representations, personal variables, and disease- related variables were also explored. Regression analyses showed the dimensions of illness representation to be explained rather well by personal and disease-related variables. Disease-related variables were the most important predictors for the dimensions of identity and consequences; personal variables showed strong associations with time line and control/cure.
Vogel's Net
Authors: Gell Alfred
Published: March 2007

This essay explores the basis of the distinction commonly made between works of art or art objects, and 'mere' artefacts, which are useful but not aes thetically interesting or beautiful. It is argued that if the art object is identi fiable as such in the light of the fact that it has an interpretation, as Danto claims, then many artefacts could be exhibited as art objects. The essay shows that animal traps could very well be exhibited as art, because they tend to embody complex ideas and intentions to do with the relationship between men and animals, and because they provide a model of the hunter himself and his idea of the world of the prey animal. It is concluded that an aesthetic definition of the art object is consequently unsatisfactory.
Henges and Water
Authors: Richards Colin
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the adoption by archaeologists of perspectives of 'land scape' currently being explored in the social sciences. Despite an appreci ation of the social construction of landscape and nature, it is suggested that generally archaeologists have failed to take account of the significance of the social identification of 'natural' constituents of the world. Virtually all societies identify particular 'elements' in the composition of the experienced world and cosmos. The importance of these elements is that they represent the basic substances from which everything is derived and to which every thing decays (including humanity). Therefore, elements maintain ontological status and provide a potent symbolic medium of expression. Here the late Neolithic henge monuments of Britain, the architecture of which has defied archaeological interpretation, is examined in terms of a representation of landscape and a strategic deployment of 'elements'. In particular, the element of water is identified as being a major component in their architectural image and symbolic constitution. The henge monuments are shown to embody a physical representation of the local topography and to draw heavily on that topography to create a series of homologies of landscape. A crucial aspect of this observation is the suggestion that archaeologists have misconceived the visual appearance of henge monuments, particularly the probability that the enclosure ditches were receptacles for water. Furthermore, it is argued that the relationship between henges and rivers provides a metaphorical con junction between the natural flowing of water and human movement into the monuments. It is hoped that this study will focus attention on the import ance of the social constitution of nature and landscape, and the influence this may have on the materiality of architectural representation.
What Capuchin Monkeys Can Tell Us About the Origins of Hominid Material Culture
Authors: Westergaard Gregory Charles
Published: March 2007

Capuchin monkeys are well-known for their extensive manipulative propen sities which rival those of chimpanzees. This report examines the produc tion and use of tools by capuchins with the aim of gaining insight into the origins of hominid material culture. It is proposed that research examining tool-making and tool-using in extant nonhuman primates can facilitate greater understanding of the mental life of Homo habilis and other early hominid species.
The NAS EarlyBird Programme
Authors: Shields Jane
Published: March 2007

Early intervention bridges the gap between early diagnosis and appropriate educational placement. The National Autistic Society has developed an autism-specific three-month parent package, the NAS EarlyBird Programme, that emphasizes partnership with parents. Six families participate in each three-month programme, which combines weekly group training sessions for parents with individualized home visits. During the programme parents learn to understand autism, to build social communication, and to analyse and use structure, so as to prevent inappropriate behaviours. The use of video and the group dynamic amongst families are important components of the programme. An efficacy study evaluated the pilot programme and further monitoring is in progress. Training courses in the licensed use of the NAS EarlyBird Programme are now available for teams of professionals with prior experience of autism. Strengths and weaknesses of the programme are discussed. This short-term, affordable package, with supporting evidence of efficacy, offers a model of early intervention that is very popular with parents.
Language Profiles in Children with Autism
Authors: Jarrold Christopher , Boucher Jill , Russell James
Published: March 2007

The profile of language abilities in autism was examined by giving a number of standardized language assessments to a group of 1 20 children with autism. These assessments included measures of comprehension and of production of both vocabulary and grammar. Contrary to initial predictions, the group performed at a similar level across the range of tests, showing a relatively uniform profile of language attainment. In addition, there was no evidence of different language profiles in any diagnostic subgroup of children, such as children diagnosed as having Asperger syndrome. The theoretical implications of these findings, and their practical implications for research methodology, are discussed.
Does Autism Occur More Often in Families of Physicists, Engineers, and Mathematicians?
Authors: Baron-Cohen Simon
Published: March 2007

The study reported here tests a prediction that autism hould occur more often in families of individuals whose occupation requires advanced folk physics but with no requirement of good folk psychology. Physics, engineering, and mathematics are paradigm examples of such occupations. Students in Cambridge University, studying one of these three subjects, were screened anonymously for cases of autism in their families. Relative to a control group of students studying literature, autism was reported to occur significantly more often in families of students in the fields of physics, engineering, and mathematics. Such results are consistent with the prediction. This study necessarily involved anonymous self-report methods, so the reliability and validity of diagnoses are unknown. Future replications should attempt a non-anonymous study so as to establish if this association is robust.
Crime, Capitalism and the `Risk Society':
Authors: RIGAKOS GEORGE S. , HADDEN RICHARD W.
Published: March 2007

The discourses of risk society and `governmentality' have played a progressively more important role in criminological theorizing. Studies of carceral settings, the public and private police, and examinations of actuarial practices within the criminal justice system have increasingly relied upon risk society theory as an orienting strategy. We offer reservations about the utility of risk theory due to its lack of consideration of the history of probability and the practices of early modern contingency planning. Rather than view risk society as a late modern development that (a) is tied to 19th-century probability science, (b) is forward looking as opposed to retributive and (c) is an apolitical actuarial rationality, we link risk to the techniques, aims and interests of 17th-century English capitalists. By analysing correspondence between the English projectors and thinkers contained in the papers of Samuel Hartlib and his circle, and by examining the works of Sir William Petty on both criminality and risk, we argue that rationalizations of retribution and actuarialism are overlapping and tied to the emergence of capitalism.
`Governmentality' and the Problem of Crime:
Authors: GARLAND DAVID
Published: March 2007

The article traces the main themes of the `governmentality' literature, as developed by Michel Foucault and subsequent writers, and outlines a series of related ideas about `the social' as a realm of government; statistics and bio-power; actuarial forms of reasoning; and government-at-a-distance. It goes on to illustrate the criminological value of these ideas by means of an analysis of some of the governmental rationalities and technologies that are currently emerging in the field of crime control. These include `economic' forms of reasoning about crime and its control, the emergence of `the criminogenic situation' as a practicable object of government and the use of `technologies of the self' in penal settings. The final part of the article identifies some of the limitations and problems of the `governmentality' literature. It argues that studies of governmentality beg certain sociological questions; that the governmentality analytic is quite compatible with certain forms of sociological analysis; and that the project of writing a history of the present is best pursued — in the field of crime control at least — by combining these forms of enquiry.
Health-Related Worry among Informal Aids Caregivers
Authors: LeBlanc Allen J. , Wardlaw Linda A.
Published: March 2007

We examine health-related worries among a sample of informal AIDS caregivers ( N = 640), people caring for a friend, loved one or kin outside the formal health care system. Two dimensions of worry are assessed: (1) a generalized sense of vulnerability to sickness; and (2) perceptions of care provision as risky in itself. Many informal AIDS caregivers, whether they are HIV seronegative or seropositive, harbor considerable worry about their own vulnerability to sickness, yet relatively few appear to worry about caregiving as a risky activity per se. We document important variation in the levels and correlates of worry across caregivers as they differ by serostatus and health. We also uncover variation in worry rooted in sociodemographic background and the differential experience of care-related stress. Prevailing theories of risk perception help to illustrate why informal caregivers might differ from other populations in their view of AIDS. Vignettes and quotes culled from marginal comments, which were systematically recorded by trained interviewers during implementation of the survey, supplement the quantitative data.
Desirous Subjects and Parental Identities: Constructing a Radical Discourse on (Lesbian) Family Sexuality
Authors: Gabb Jacqui
Published: March 2007

Sexuality is integral to most analyses of lesbian families, but how this culturally constituted sense of ourselves is realized in the home is predominantly lacking. This article aims to look at the ways that sex/uality is typically situated in relation to `the family' and `motherhood', and what consequences arise from this conjuncture. It considers how sex/uality has been (dis)located from lesbian families, and the ways that our children articulate lesbian m(o)therness. It begins to open out a radical discourse on `(lesbian) family sexuality'. The theoretical research is critically informed by the author's status as a lesbian mother and incorporates observations from her own (extended) family network, alongside qualitative research with other lesbian families from the Yorkshire region.
Anal Intercourse and Power in Sex Between Men
Authors: Kippax Susan , Smith Gary
Published: March 2007

Anal intercourse between men is discussed using various texts, primarily interview narratives. The focus is upon the way men talk about and experience anal intercourse as a relation of power between men. Drawing upon the work of Foucault, a distinction is made between power as domination and power as negotiated between people. The latter opens up the possibility of intimacy and mutual pleasure within fantasies of domination and submission. Some of the men's narratives embraced the idea that the anally insertive partner dominated the receptive partner. Others resisted such an understanding by drawing upon the concepts of `versatility', `getting on top', `sex is not about power' and `active passivity'. It is argued in the article that such resistant practices redistribute power from the insertor to the insertee rather than eliminate power in sex, and this argument is supported through Norbert Elias's concept of power chances. The idea that the receptive partner in anal intercourse is `vulnerable' is discussed with reference to how the practice is structured historically, linguistically and corporeally.
Out/Performing Our Selves: Invitation for Dialogue
Authors: Hird Myra J.
Published: March 2007

In Sexualities 3(2), Tamsin Wilton argues MTF transsexualism represents a `shallow' reading of the body resulting from an uncritical endorsement of Cartesian dualism. This article reviews the bases of Wilton's critique, to reveal tensions within feminist and queer theory. My aim is to argue that: (a) Wilton reproduces the very psycho-medical discourses that her article purports to critique; and (b) rather than critique the bases of determining `reality' and `experience', Wilton reifies this Cartesian dualism. The article concludes by inviting continued dialogue between and within transsex, lesbian and feminist communities.
The Politics of Culture in Humanitarian Aid to Women Refugees Who Have Experienced Sexual Violence
Authors: Atlani Laàtitia , Rousseau C…cile
Published: March 2007

There is a growing sense of urgency within international humanitarian aid agencies to intervene quickly when faced with organized violence stemming from war or armed conflict. From this perspective, the rape of refugees calls for prompt psychological intervention. Beyond this sense of urgency, the premises underlying the different models of humanitarian intervention being utilized require further documentation. What concepts and practices characterize the mental health interventions for refugee women who have suffered sexual violence? How is transcultural psychiatry conceived and practised in refugee camps? How is ‘refugee culture’ defined? What do these definitions imply when translated into therapeutic care to rape victims? This article discusses these issues, and raises some concerns about the appropriateness and the scope of UN and nongovernmental approaches.
Phenomenology of Trance States Seen at a Psychiatric Hospital in Singapore: A Cross-Cultural Perspective
Authors: Ng Beng-Yeong
Published: March 2007

This study investigates the characteristic features of trance states in three different ethnic communities (Chinese, Malays and Indians) in Singapore by administering a semi-structured interview to 55 patients with the condition and analysing witnesses’ accounts. Trance disorder among the three groups displays remarkable similarities in phenomenology but differences also exist. Most of the trances were reportedly precipitated by fear, anger and/or frustration. Seventy per cent of patients reported prodromal symptoms. Common manifestations include unusual vocalizations and movements, shaking, apparent immunity from pain, and unfocused or fixed gaze. The patients tend to assume the identities of gods from their own cultures. For individuals reported to be possessed by deities, the embodied identities are gods lower down in the hierarchy of Chinese gods or a minor supernatural figure on the Hindu pantheon. The recognizable prodromal symptoms and hierarchy among the gods may have therapeutic implications.
Behaviour Problems and Competence in Thai Children and Youths: Teachers’, Parents’ and Subjects’ Perspectives
Authors: Cederblad Marianne , Pruksachatkunakorn Pairat , Boripunkul Teerarat , Intraprasert Suthi , H÷÷k B÷rje
Published: March 2007

This epidemiological study investigated the frequency of behaviour problems and competence in 483 Thai children and youths, aged 7–18 years. The randomly selected subjects lived in cities and rural areas in northern and north-eastern Thailand. The main questionnaires were the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL), the Teacher’s Report Form (TRF), and Harter’s Perceived Competence Scale for Children. Older subjects in urban areas had higher problem scores than other groups according to the reports from the parents. Teachers reported similar frequencies of behaviour problems. Boys showed more ‘externalizing’ and delinquent behaviour on both the CBCL and the TRF. Younger subjects had higher scores on the Perceived Competence Scale.
Perceptions of Depression in a Community Sample in Dubai
Authors: Sulaiman Sultana O. Y. , Bhugra Dinesh , de Silva Padmal
Published: March 2007

Although words describing depression may not exist across all cultures, the symptoms of depression do. In a study of the Arab community in Dubai, we conducted four focus groups, two each with males and females, to identify the terms and descriptions people use for depression, what symptoms they associate with it, their views on its causes, and their strategies for coping with it. All individuals knew someone who met the description of depression. The key symptoms of depression identified included: social withdrawal, feeling afraid, irritability, loss of sleep, loss of appetite, sadness, crying, excessive thinking, feeling bored and loss of interest in sex. Causes of depression identified included: stresses in the family and in the society, relationships, lack of support, marital conflicts, and problems with children. The most effective coping strategy identified was that of going to religious places and talking to religious professionals.
Psychological Independence Among Immigrant Adolescents from the Former Soviet Union
Authors: Mirsky Julia
Published: March 2007

Numerous descriptive accounts suggest that Soviet society and child-rearing practices encourage more psychological dependency than do western practices. The present study attempted to test this hypothesis. Participants were 560 university students (250 females and 310 males) who immigrated to Israel from the Former Soviet Union (FSU) between 1989 and 1994. Subjects completed the Psychological Separation Inventory, a standard measure of psychological independence. Their results were compared with previously reported data on American college students and on adolescents in the FSU. Compared with American adolescents, ÈmigrÈ adolescents from the FSU in Israel were found to be less psychologically independent from their parents. However, they were more independent than their peers in the FSU and grew more psychologically independent over time. The findings are discussed in light of Soviet society and family processes associated with migration.
Clanship andK’È: The Relatedness of Clinicians and Patients in a Navajo Counseling Center
Authors: Willging Cathleen E.
Published: March 2007

I examine the significance of clanship ties among mental health clinicians and patients in a counseling center on the Navajo Nation. Navajo clans are matrilineal, exogamous, and geographically dispersed social units. Clan relatives are expected to observe the rules of conduct embodied in the behavioral code of k’È. This code structures social interaction among clan relatives, obliging each party to employ intimate, age-appropriate kin designations in personal address and to act towards kinfolk compassionately and respectfully. I explore the ethical dilemmas that can arise when clinicians and Navajo patients invoke clan relatedness to shape the contours of their therapeutic relationships.
Preventing Torture and Rehabilitating Survivors in Nepal
Authors: Sharma Bhogendra , van Ommeren Mark
Published: March 2007

Preventing torture and rehabilitating survivors in a country that practices torture is difficult but possible. The Center for the Victims of Torture Nepal (CVICT) documents and treats torture survivors in four ways: (a) fact-finding teams, (b) referrals to its clinic in Kathmandu, (c) prison visits, and (d) a community-based rehabilitation program for Bhutanese refugees. In addition, the center also conducts research in four ways: (a) a quantitative matched-control study of tortured refugees to identify consequences of torture, (b) a case note survey, (c) a narrative study to identify local idioms of distress, and (d) focus groups to identify issues pertinent in the local context.
Review : Construction and application of paediatric community nursing services
Authors: Winter Ann
Published: March 2007

■ The available research has seemingly failed to identify a model of delivering specialist nursing care to sick children in their own home

■ Pioneering paediatric community nursing services as well as those occurring in the author's local area are described to demonstrate the application of such services

■ The future of paediatric community nursing needs to consider the evaluation of specialist and generic services in order to provide evidence for use by future decision makers
Review : Involving the non-consenting child in non-therapeutic research
Authors: Smart Fiona , Jalley Jeremy
Published: March 2007

■ Both the legality and ethics of involving non-consenting children in non-therapeutic research are issues of substance

■ Children's involvement in non-therapeutic research may serve the utilitarian good, but what of the individual child's rights to protection and not to be put at risk?

■ Non-therapeutic research is probably legal and may be ethical if children are able to provide and are asked to give their own informed consent

■ There is a need to build a more complete picture of the development in children's decision-making competence over time as it relates to their involvement in non- therapeutic research
Review : Working together: inter professional collaboration
Authors: Riley Rebecca
Published: March 2007

■ Barriers exist that prevent inter-professional collaboration, such as poor communication, power struggles and traditional thinking

■ Solutions to the obstacles include multidisciplinary audit, clinical guidelines, shared education and new management structures

■ Benefits of collaborative working have implications for children and their families

■ Development of professional skills and innovative approaches are possible through inter-professional collaboration
Review : Reviewing the literature: a student's perspective
Authors: Bell Fiona J.
Published: March 2007

■ The task of reviewing research is now a part of the paediatric nurse's role

■ A literature review refers to two processes: the search for relevant literature and the critical review of this literature

■ A literature review must be systematic in order for it to be effective

■ It should result in the development of new knowledge that can be translated back into the practice setting and/or highlight areas needing further investigation
Doing cultural studies at the crossroads
Authors: Ang len
Published: March 2007

This article reflects on the difficulties of practising cultural studies in a transnational, cross-cultural context by interrogating the popular metaphors of the 'crossroads' and the 'borderlands' as the spaces for trangression, heteroglossia and radical openness. The article argues that despite the increased intensity of communication and exchange of ideas across national, cultural, and geographical borders (both within cultural studies and in the social world at large), distinctions between the 'local' and the 'non-local' remain crucial in determining the specific and variegated meanings accrued to general or 'global' concepts such as 'race', 'nation' and 'identity'. The article concludes that our crossroads encounters would be more productive if we recognize the moments of actual disconnection rather than hold on to the utopian ideal of connectedness so bound up with celebrations of the 'borderlands'.
De-centring or re-focusing cultural studies
Authors: McNeil Maureen
Published: March 2007

This article welcomes Handel K. Wright's challenge to standard accounts of the history of cultural studies and begins with suggestions about the significance of this intervention. However, the piece contends that there are limits even to a pluralized origins narrative and that the spirit of Wright's challenge should be carried further. Hence, three key features of Wright's approach to cultural studies are reviewed: the stress on its anti-disciplinary nature, the refusal of the confinement to educational sites, and the concern to maintain 'its productive, political edge'. By amplifying the dimensions of these issues and raising critical questions about strategies relating to them, the author tries to encourage further debate about not only where cultural studies has come from, but also about where it may be going.
The Plaintiff Bias in Mock Civil Jury Decision Making: Consensus Requirements, Information Format and Amount of Consensus
Authors: Hulbert Lorne G. , Parks Craig D. , Chen Xiaoping , Nam Kidok , Davis James H.
Published: March 2007

The effect of the normatively based plaintiff bias (favoritism toward an individual suing a corporation) on decision making was assessed for six-person mock juries that made decisions, or merely discussed the case, or for individual jurors. Decision makers also received information in either tables or graphs but there was no effect of this manipulation. It was predicted that groups would award more money than individual decision makers, and that the effect of the plaintiff bias on individual opinions would be strongest when groups discussed but did not decide. Group decisions were higher than individual decisions, and examination of the amount and perception of consensus achieved in groups indicated that the bias affected opinions when groups discussed, but not when groups decided. These results demonstrate the effects of the norm on intermember social influence and opinion change absent similar effects arising from the process of group decision making. The results are integrated with existing research on related issues.
Salience of Rape Affects Self-Esteem: Individual versus Collective Self-Aspects
Authors: Bohner Gerd , Siebler Frank , Raaijmakers Yvonne
Published: March 2007

Previous research showed that reading about a rape impaired the self-esteem (SE) of women low in rape myth acceptance (RMA), whereas an opposite trend emerged for high-RMA women (Bohner, Weisbrod, Raymond, Barzvi, & Schwarz, 1993). In an extended replication, 156 female students who had not been targets of sexual violence and were either high or low in RMA participated. To prime individual versus gender-related self-aspects, participants were asked to describe themselves either as a unique individual or `as a woman'; to manipulate rape salience, they then read either a neutral text or a text about a rape. Subsequently, both individual SE and gender-related collective SE were assessed. When rape was salient, low-RMA women showed a decrease in that aspect of SE that had previously been activated, with a stronger effect overall on collective SE, whereas high-RMA women's SE again was not impaired. These findings replicate and extend previous results.
The Use of Hard and Soft Influence Tactics in Cooperative Task Groups
Authors: van Knippenberg Barbara , Eijbergen Rob van , Wilke Henk
Published: March 2007

This study focused on the effect of relative competence and confidence in one's own task solution on the use of hard and soft influence tactics. For this purpose a 2 (relative competence: high/low) × 2 (influence tactic: hard/soft) between-subjects design, with the level of confidence generated by task characteristics as within-subjects factor, was employed. Results revealed that high competence individuals were less susceptible to the strength of the available influence tactic than low competence individuals: whereas high competence group members used hard tactics about as often as soft tactics, low competence group members used hard tactics less often than soft ones. However, this effect only showed when the task gave rise to high confidence in one's own task solution. When low competence group members had relatively low confidence, the frequency by which they used soft tactics declined substantially. All in all, the results suggest that people who aim for a positive group outcome employ influence tactics cautiously.
Outline of a Theory of Generations
Authors: Eyerman Ron , Turner Bryan S.
Published: March 2007

The concept of generation has had little refinement and application in recent sociology. After reviewing the literature, this article modifies Mannheim's original conceptualization through Bourdieu's notion of habitus, with the aim of providing a framework for the comparative study of generations. To this end, generation is defined as a cohort of persons passing through time who come to share a common habitus, hexis and culture, a function of which is to provide them with a collective memory that serves to integrate the cohort over a finite period of time.
Towards a Sociology of Translation
Authors: Heilbron Johan
Published: March 2007

This article argues that the translation of books may be fruitfully understood as constituting a cultural world-system. The working of this system, based on a core-periphery structure, accounts for the uneven flows of translations between language groups as well as for the varying role of translations within language groups. The final part outlines how this general sociological model may be further developed.
Services Trade as a "New Frontier" in South Asia : Is the Optimism Warranted?
Authors: Wickramasinghe Upali
Published: March 2007

The services sector, in particular information technology (IT), is viewed at present with so much optimism as a means to provide South Asia with a unique opportunity to leapfrog whole stages of industrial development and make up for the missed opportunities in the past. This paper critically evaluates the current trends in the service sectors in South Asia including the basis of competitive advantages, and concludes that such an optimism is long way off unless remedial actions are taken to correct massive infrastructural weaknesses and establish institutional mechanisms capable of responding to rapid changes in the global market.