bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Water Relations and Physiological Response to Water Deficit of ‘Hass’ Avocado Grafted on Two Rootstocks Tolerant to R. necatrix
Authors: Moreno-Pérez Ana , Barceló Araceli , Pliego Clara , Martínez-Ferri Elsa
Published: August 2024

Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) cultivation has spread to many countries from the tropics to the Mediterranean region, where avocado crops commonly face water shortages and diseases, such as white root rot (WRR) caused by Rosellinia necatrix. The use of drought- and WRR-tolerant rootstocks represents a potential solution to these constraints. In this research, water relations and the morpho-physiological response of avocado ‘Hass’ grafted on two selections of R. necatrix-tolerant rootstocks (BG48 and BG181) were evaluated under well-watered (WW) and at two soil-water-availability conditions (WS, ~50% and ~25% field capacity). Under WW, scion water use was markedly affected by the rootstock, with BG48 displaying a water-spender behavior, showing higher water consumption (~20%), plant transpiration rates (~30%; Eplant) and leaf photosynthetic rates (~30%; AN) than BG181, which exhibited a water-saving strategy based upon a trade-off between leaf-biomass allocation and tight stomatal control of transpiration. This strategy did not reduce biomass, with BG181 plants being more water use efficient. Under WS, BG48 and BG181 exhibited a drought-avoidance behavior based on distinct underlying mechanisms, but increases in leaf mass area (~18–12%; LMA), and decreases in Eplant (~50–65%), plant hydraulic conductance (~44–86%; Kh) and leaf water potential (~48–73%; Ψw) were observed in both rootstocks, which aligned with water stress severity. After rewatering, photosynthetic rates fully recovered, suggesting some ability of these rootstocks to withstand water stress, enabling the ‘Hass’ variety to adapt to region-specific constraints.
Mechanisms by Which Exogenous Substances Enhance Plant Salt Tolerance through the Modulation of Ion Membrane Transport and Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism
Authors: Jiang Shiqing , Lan Zuwen , Zhang Yinkang , Kang Xinna , Zhao Liran , Wu Xiaolei , Gao Hongbo
Published: August 2024

Soil salinization is one of the major abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and development. Plant salt tolerance is controlled by complex metabolic pathways. Exploring effective methods and mechanisms to improve crop salt tolerance has been a key aspect of research on the utilization of saline soil. Exogenous substances, such as plant hormones and signal transduction substances, can regulate ion transmembrane transport and eliminate reactive oxygen species (ROS) to reduce salt stress damage by activating various metabolic processes. In this review, we summarize the mechanisms by which exogenous substances regulate ion transmembrane transport and ROS metabolism to improve plant salt tolerance. The molecular and physiological relationships among exogenous substances in maintaining the ion balance and enhancing ROS clearance are examined, and trends and research directions for the application of exogenous substances for improving plant salt tolerance are proposed.
A Differentially Private (Random) Decision Tree without Noise from k-Anonymity
Authors: Waseda Atsushi , Nojima Ryo , Wang Lihua
Published: August 2024

This paper focuses on the relationship between decision trees, a typical machine learning method, and data anonymization. It is known that information leaked from trained decision trees can be evaluated using well-studied data anonymization techniques and that decision trees can be strengthened using k-anonymity and ℓ-diversity; unfortunately, however, this does not seem sufficient for differential privacy. In this paper, we show how one might apply k-anonymity to a (random) decision tree, which is a variant of the decision tree. Surprisingly, this results in differential privacy, which means that security is amplified from k-anonymity to differential privacy without the addition of noise.
Comparative Study of a Buck DC-DC Converter Controlled by the MPPT (P&O) Algorithm without or with Fuzzy Logic Controller
Authors: Livinti Petru , Culea George , Banu Ioan Viorel , Vernica Sorin Gabriel
Published: August 2024

This work presents a comparative study of a step-down converter controlled through the algorithm MPPT Perturb and Observe (P&O) with or without a fuzzy logic controller supplied by a photovoltaic system. This study aimed at increasing the quantity of electric energy taken over from the photovoltaic systems by the load through the DC-DC convertor. To follow up the maximum power point where the transfer is performed from the photovoltaic system to the load at maximum power, the Perturb and Observe (P&O) method was used. Two programs were elaborated in MATLAB-Simulink R2018a to control the buck convertor commanded through the P&O algorithm with or without a fuzzy logic controller. The analysis of the results showed that a higher quantity of energy is transferred from the source to the receptor circuit in the case of the buck convertor controlled through the P&O algorithm with a fuzzy logic controller. The P&O algorithm was implemented on an experimental stand at the Laboratory of Electrical Machinery and Drives of the Engineering Faculty in Bacau, with the help of a program issued in the Arduino IDE programming environment. The analysis of the results showed that for an increase in the power conveyed to the receptor circuit, there will also be an increase in the filling factor of the PWM signal that controls the power transistor in the structure of the DC-DC convertor. The P&O algorithm with a fuzzy logic controller may also be implemented in the DC-DC converters in the structure of the driving systems of electric vehicles.
External Load “Periodization” during Pre-Season and In-Season in a High-Level Futsal Team
Authors: Sanchez-Sanchez Javier , Nakamura Fabio Y. , Hernández Daniel , Rodríguez-Fernández Alejandro
Published: August 2024

We aimed to (1) compare external training loads obtained in futsal players during pre-season and in-season training weeks to explore how these loads are periodized by the coaching staff; and (2) compare the external training loads using the match day minus approach during the pre-season and in-season periods to determine how the within-microcycle training load varies between these periods. A total of 432 recordings were obtained of twelve national-level male amateur players using IPS devices. These data were collected over four consecutive microcycles from the beginning to the end of the pre-season, as well as during four additional consecutive microcycles at the start of the in-season. The external load variables evaluated were: total distance covered (TD; m), relative distance covered (Drel; m/min), high-speed running (HSR; m > 18.8 km/h), sprint distance (SPR; m > 25.2 km/h), number of intense accelerations (ACC; >2.5 m/s2) and decelerations (DEC; >−2.5 m/s2). Results indicated significant week-by-week variation (p < 0.05) in all external load variables during the pre-season. During the in-season, significant variations (p < 0.05) were observed only in Drel, HSR, and ACC. In both phases, all variables were higher (p < 0.05) two days before the match. In conclusion, it is important to consistently quantify the external loads of futsal players to ensure appropriate variation in loading and tapering within the microcycle, as well as during the pre-season and in-season periods.
Integrated Battery and Hydrogen Energy Storage for Enhanced Grid Power Savings and Green Hydrogen Utilization
Authors: Kwon Kihyeon , Lee Hyung-Bong , Kim Namyong , Park Sanguk , Joshua Salaki Reynaldo
Published: August 2024

This study explores the integration and optimization of battery energy storage systems (BESSs) and hydrogen energy storage systems (HESSs) within an energy management system (EMS), using Kangwon National University’s Samcheok campus as a case study. This research focuses on designing BESSs and HESSs with specific technical specifications, such as energy capacities and power ratings, and their integration into the EMS. By employing MATLAB-based simulations, this study analyzes energy dynamics, grid interactions, and load management strategies under various operational scenarios. Real-time data from the campus are utilized to examine energy consumption, renewable energy generation, grid power fluctuations, and pricing dynamics, providing key insights for system optimization. This study finds that a BESS manages energy fluctuations between 0.5 kWh and 3.7 kWh over a 24 h period, with battery power remaining close to 4 W for extended periods. Grid power fluctuates between −5 kW and 75 kW, while grid prices range from 75 to 120 USD/kWh, peaking at 111 USD/kWh. Hydrogen energy storage varies from 1 kWh to 8 kWh, with hydrogen power ranging from −40 kW to 40 kW. Load management keeps power stable at around 35 kW, and PV power integration peaks at 48 kW by the 10th h. The findings highlight that BESSs and HESSs effectively manage energy distribution and storage, improving system efficiency, reducing energy costs by approximately 15%, and enhancing grid stability by 20%. This study underscores the potential of BESSs and HESSs in stabilizing grid operations and integrating renewable energy. Future directions include advancements in storage technologies, enhanced EMS capabilities through artificial intelligence and machine learning, and the development of smart grid infrastructures. Policy recommendations stress the importance of regulatory support and stakeholder collaboration to drive innovation and scale deployment, ensuring a sustainable energy future.
Exploring Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Comparative Study of Traditional Classifiers and Deep Learning Classifiers to Analyze Functional Connectivity Measures from a Multicenter Dataset
Authors: Mainas Francesca , Golosio Bruno , Retico Alessandra , Oliva Piernicola
Published: August 2024

The investigation of functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data with traditional machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) classifiers has been widely used to study autism spectrum disorders (ASDs). This condition is characterized by symptoms that affect the individual’s behavioral aspects and social relationships. Early diagnosis is crucial for intervention, but the complexity of ASD poses challenges for the development of effective treatments. This study compares traditional ML and DL classifiers in the analysis of tabular data, in particular, functional connectivity measures obtained from the time series of a public multicenter dataset, and evaluates whether the features that contribute most to the classification task vary depending on the classifier used. Specifically, Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifiers, with both linear and radial basis function (RBF) kernels, and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) classifiers are compared against the TabNet classifier (a DL architecture customized for tabular data analysis) and a Multi Layer Perceptron (MLP). The findings suggest that DL classifiers may not be optimal for the type of data analyzed, as their performance trails behind that of standard classifiers. Among the latter, SVMs outperform the other classifiers with an AUC of around 75%, whereas the best performances of TabNet and MLP reach 65% and 71% at most, respectively. Furthermore, the analysis of the feature importance showed that the brain regions that contribute the most to the classification task are those primarily responsible for sensory and spatial perception, as well as attention modulation, which is known to be altered in ASDs.
Cyclic Consistent Image Style Transformation: From Model to System
Authors: Peng Jun , Chen Kaiyi , Gong Yuqing , Zhang Tianxiang , Su Baohua
Published: August 2024

Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) have achieved remarkable success in various tasks, including image generation, editing, and reconstruction, as well as in unsupervised and representation learning. Despite their impressive capabilities, GANs are often plagued by challenges such as unstable training dynamics and limitations in generating complex patterns. To address these challenges, we propose a novel image style transfer method, named C3GAN, which leverages CycleGAN architecture to achieve consistent and stable transformation of image style. In this context, “image style” refers to the distinct visual characteristics or artistic elements, such as the color schemes, textures, and brushstrokes that define the overall appearance of an image. Our method incorporates cyclic consistency, ensuring that the style transformation remains coherent and visually appealing, thus enhancing the training stability and overcoming the generative limitations of traditional GAN models. Additionally, we have developed a robust and efficient image style transfer system by integrating Flask for web development and MySQL for database management. Our system demonstrates superior performance in transferring complex styles compared to existing model-based approaches. This paper presents the development of a comprehensive image style transfer system based on our advanced C3GAN model, effectively addressing the challenges of GANs and expanding application potential in domains such as artistic creation and cinematic special effects.
ULYSSES: Automated FreqUentLY ASked QueStions for KnowlEdge GraphS
Authors: Vassiliou Giannis , Trouli Georgia Eirini , Troullinou Georgia , Spyridakis Nikolaos , Bitzarakis George , Droumalia Fotini , Karagiannakis Antonis , Skouteli Georgia , Oikonomou Nikolaos , Deka Dimitra , Makaronas Emmanouil , Pronoitis Georgios , Alexandris Konstantinos , Kostopoulos Stamatios , Kazantzakis Yiannis , Vlassis Nikolaos , Sfinarolaki Eleftheria , Daskalakis Vardis , Giannakos Iakovos , Stamatoukou Argyro , Papadakis Nikolaos , Kondylakis Haridimos
Published: August 2024

The exponential growth of Knowledge Graphs necessitates effective and efficient methods for their exploration and understanding. Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) is a service that typically presents a list of questions and answers related to a specific topic, and which is intended to help people understand that topic. Although FAQ has already shown its value on large websites and is widely used, to the best of our knowledge it has not yet been exploited for Knowledge Graphs. In this paper, we present ULYSSES, the first system for automatically constructing FAQ lists for large Knowledge Graphs. Our method consists of three key steps. First, we select the most frequent queries by exploiting the available query logs. Next, we answer the selected queries, using the original graph. Finally, we construct textual descriptions of both the queries and the corresponding answers, exploring state-of-the-art transformer models, i.e., ChatGPT 3.5 and Gemini 1.5 Pro. We evaluate the results of each model, using a human-constructed FAQ list, contributing a unique dataset to the domain and showing the benefits of our approach.
Work Route for the Inclusion of Learning Analytics in the Development of Interactive Multimedia Experiences for Elementary Education
Authors: Solano Andrés , Peláez Carlos Alberto , Ospina Johann A. , Luna-García Huizilopoztli , Parra Jorge Andrick , Ramírez Gabriel Mauricio , Moreira Fernando , López Sotelo Jesús Alfonso , Villalba-Condori Klinge Orlando
Published: August 2024

Interactive multimedia experiences (IME) can be a pedagogical resource that has a strong potential to enhance learning experiences in early childhood. Learning analytics (LA) has become an important tool that allows us to understand more clearly how these multimedia experiences can contribute to the learning processes of these students. This article proposes a work route that defines a set of activities and techniques, as well as a flow for their application, by taking into consideration the importance of including LA guidelines when designing IMEs for elementary education. The work route’s graphical representation is inspired by the foundations of the Essence standard’s graphical notation language. The guidelines are grouped into five categories, namely (i) a data analytics dashboard, (ii) student data, (iii) teacher data, (iv) learning activity data, and (v) student progress data. The guidelines were validated through two approaches. The first involved a case study, where the guidelines were applied to an IME called Coco Shapes, which was aimed at transition students at the Colegio La Fontaine in Cali (Colombia), and the second involved the judgments of experts who examined the usefulness and clarity of the guidelines. The results from these approaches allowed us to obtain precise and effective feedback regarding the hypothesis under study. Our findings provide promising evidence of the value of our guidelines, which were included in the design of an IME and contributed to the greater personalized monitoring available to teachers to evaluate student learning.
Maximum Correntropy Extended Kalman Filtering with Nonlinear Regression Technique for GPS Navigation
Authors: Biswal Amita , Jwo Dah-Jing
Published: August 2024

One technique that is widely used in various fields, including nonlinear target tracking, is the extended Kalman filter (EKF). The well-known minimum mean square error (MMSE) criterion, which performs magnificently under the assumption of Gaussian noise, is the optimization criterion that is frequently employed in EKF. Further, if the noises are loud (or heavy-tailed), its performance can drastically suffer. To overcome the problem, this paper suggests a new technique for maximum correntropy EKF with nonlinear regression (MCCEKF-NR) by using the maximum correntropy criterion (MCC) instead of the MMSE criterion to calculate the effectiveness and vitality. The preliminary estimates of the state and covariance matrix in MCKF are provided via the state mean vector and covariance matrix propagation equations, just like in the conventional Kalman filter. In addition, a newly designed fixed-point technique is used to update the posterior estimates of each filter in a regression model. To show the practicality of the proposed strategy, we propose an effective implementation for positioning enhancement in GPS navigation and radar measurement systems.
Estimating Subsurface Thermohaline Structure in the Tropical Western Pacific Using DO-ResNet Model
Authors: Zhou Xianmei , Zhu Shanliang , Jia Wentao , Yao Hengkai
Published: August 2024

Estimating the ocean’s subsurface thermohaline information from satellite measurements is essential for understanding ocean dynamics and the El Niño phenomenon. This paper proposes an improved double-output residual neural network (DO-ResNet) model to concurrently estimate the subsurface temperature (ST) and subsurface salinity (SS) in the tropical Western Pacific using multi-source remote sensing data, including sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), sea surface height anomaly (SSHA), sea surface wind (SSW), and geographical information (including longitude and latitude). In the model experiment, Argo data were used to train and validate the model, and the root mean square error (RMSE), normalized root mean square error (NRMSE), and coefficient of determination (R2) were employed to evaluate the model’s performance. The results showed that the sea surface parameters selected in this study have a positive effect on the estimation process, and the average RMSE and R2 values for estimating ST (SS) by the proposed model are 0.34 °C (0.05 psu) and 0.91 (0.95), respectively. Under the data conditions considered in this study, DO-ResNet demonstrates superior performance relative to the extreme gradient boosting model, random forest model, and artificial neural network model. Additionally, this study evaluates the model’s accuracy by comparing its estimations of ST and SS across different depths with Argo data, demonstrating the model’s ability to effectively capture the most spatial features, and by comparing NRMSE across different depths and seasons, the model demonstrates strong adaptability to seasonal variations. In conclusion, this research introduces a novel artificial intelligence technique for estimating ST and SS in the tropical Western Pacific Ocean.
Formate Emission in the Mainstream Aerosols of Heated Tobacco Products Distributed in Japan
Authors: Kawaguchi Masaki , Sekine Yoshika
Published: August 2024

Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are newly developed nicotine delivery systems via the inhalation of mainstream aerosols generated during the heating of tobacco leaf materials. Previous studies have shown that the amount of chemicals generated is much lower than that generated by conventional combustible cigarettes. However, little attention has been paid to formate, a conjugated base of formic acid with potentially toxic effects on human health. This study aims to understand the actual emission levels and behaviour of formate in mainstream aerosols produced by commercially available HTP devices in Japan. Aerosols were generated from four types of devices with regular and menthol-type flavours using a vaping machine following the CRM 81 puffing protocol. Formate was tapped in 5 mM sodium carbonate solution and subsequently analysed using ion chromatography. The results showed that the total emission amount of formate ranged from 0.0027 ± 0.0031 to 0.27 ± 0.055 mg L−1, varying with heating temperature and flavour type. Moreover, the majority of formate existed in a particulate form due to the weak-basic property of the aerosol, and the formate emission level was much greater than the workplace exposure limit for the direct inhalation of mainstream aerosols. The formate in the mainstream aerosol can be considered a health concern, when using “high-temperature type” HTPs over a long period.
Anterior Cruciate Ligament Tear Detection Based on T-Distribution Slice Attention Framework with Penalty Weight Loss Optimisation
Authors: Liu Weiqiang , Wu Yunfeng
Published: August 2024

Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) plays an important role in stabilising the knee joint, prevents excessive anterior translation of the tibia, and provides rotational stability. ACL injuries commonly occur as a result of rapid deceleration, sudden change in direction, or direct impact to the knee during sports activities. Although several deep learning techniques have recently been applied in the detection of ACL tears, challenges such as effective slice filtering and the nuanced relationship between varying tear grades still remain underexplored. This study used an advanced deep learning model that integrated a T-distribution-based slice attention filtering mechanism with a penalty weight loss function to improve the performance for detection of ACL tears. A T-distribution slice attention module was effectively utilised to develop a robust slice filtering system of the deep learning model. By incorporating class relationships and substituting the conventional cross-entropy loss with a penalty weight loss function, the classification accuracy of our model is markedly increased. The combination of slice filtering and penalty weight loss shows significant improvements in diagnostic performance across six different backbone networks. In particular, the VGG-Slice-Weight model provided an area score of 0.9590 under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). The deep learning framework used in this study offers an effective diagnostic tool that supports better ACL injury detection in clinical diagnosis practice.
Functional Electrical Stimulation of the Lateral Knee Muscles Can Reduce Peak Knee Adduction Moment during Stepping: A Pilot Study
Authors: Baghi Raziyeh , Alon Gad , Oppizzi Giovanni , Badhyal Subham , Bowman Peter , Zhang Li-Qun
Published: August 2024

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is an age-dependent disease dominantly affected by mechanical loading. Balancing the forces acting on the medial knee compartment has been the focus of KOA interventions. This pilot study investigated the effects of functional electrical stimulation (FES) of the biceps femoris and lateral gastrocnemius on reducing peak knee adduction moment (pKAM) in healthy adults and individuals with medial KOA while stepping on an instrumented elliptical system. Sixteen healthy individuals and five individuals with medial KOA stepped on the robotic stepping system, which measured footplate-reaction forces/torques and ankle kinematics and calculated 3-D knee moments in real time using inverse dynamics. Participants performed four different tasks: regular stepping without FES as the baseline condition, stepping with continuous FES of the lateral gastrocnemius (FESLG), biceps femoris (FESBF), and simultaneous FES of both lateral gastrocnemius and biceps femoris (FESLGBF), throughout the elliptical cycle. The 3-D knee moments, tibia kinematics, and footplate-reaction forces were compared between the baseline and the three FES stepping conditions. Healthy participants demonstrated lower pKAM during each of the three FES conditions compared to baseline (FESLG (p = 0.041), FESBF (p = 0.049), FESLGBF (p = 0.048)). Participants with KOA showed a trend of lower pKAM during FES, which was not statistically significant given the small sample available. Incorporating elliptical + FES as a training strategy is feasible and may help to enhance selective force generation of the targeted muscles and reduce the medial knee compartment loading.
Regulatory Dynamics of Plant Hormones and Transcription Factors under Salt Stress
Authors: Aizaz Muhammad , Lubna  , Jan Rahmatullah , Asaf Sajjad , Bilal Saqib , Kim Kyung-Min , AL-Harrasi Ahmed
Published: August 2024

The negative impacts of soil salinization on ion homeostasis provide a significant global barrier to agricultural production and development. Plant physiology and biochemistry are severely affected by primary and secondary NaCl stress impacts, which damage cellular integrity, impair water uptake, and trigger physiological drought. Determining how transcriptional factors (TFs) and hormone networks are regulated in plants in response to salt stress is necessary for developing crops that tolerate salt. This study investigates the complex mechanisms of several significant TF families that influence plant responses to salt stress, involving AP2/ERF, bZIP, NAC, MYB, and WRKY. It demonstrates how these transcription factors (TFs) help plants respond to the detrimental effects of salinity by modulating gene expression through mechanisms including hormone signaling, osmotic stress pathway activation, and ion homeostasis. Additionally, it explores the hormonal imbalances triggered by salt stress, which entail complex interactions among phytohormones like jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA) within the hormonal regulatory networks. This review highlights the regulatory role of key transcription factors in salt-stress response, and their interaction with plant hormones is crucial for developing genome-edited crops that can enhance agricultural sustainability and address global food security challenges.
Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, and Wound Healing Activities of Rutin and Quercetin and Their Interaction with Gentamicin on Excision Wounds in Diabetic Mice
Authors: Almuhanna Yasir , Alshalani Abdulrahman , AlSudais Hamood , Alanazi Fuad , Alissa Mohammed , Asad Mohammed , Joseph Babu
Published: August 2024

Phytochemicals are effective and are gaining attention in fighting against drug-resistant bacterial strains. In the present study, rutin and quercetin were tested for antibacterial, antibiofilm, and wound healing activities on excision wounds infected with MDR-P. aeruginosa in diabetic mice. Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities were studied in vitro using broth dilution assay and crystal violet assay, respectively. These phytochemicals were tested alone for wound-healing activities at different concentrations (0.5% and 1% in ointment base) and in combination with gentamicin to evaluate any additive effects. Rutin and quercetin demonstrated effectiveness against MDR-P. aeruginosa at higher concentrations. Both phytochemicals inhibited biofilm formation in vitro and contributed to the healing of diabetic wounds by eradicating biofilm in the wounded tissue. Rutin at a low concentration (0.5%) had a lesser effect on reducing the epithelization period and regeneration of the epithelial layer compared to quercetin. When combined with gentamicin, quercetin (1%) displayed the maximum effect on epithelium regeneration, followed by rutin (1%) in combination with gentamicin. Both phytochemicals were found to be more effective in controlling biofilm and wound-healing activities when used as an additive with gentamicin. The study supports the traditional use of phytochemicals with antibacterial, antibiofilm, and wound-healing activities in managing diabetic infections.
Mechanical Response and Anti-Reflective Crack Design in New Asphalt Overlays on Existing Asphalt Overlaying Composite Portland Cement Pavement
Authors: Gao Jianping , Qiu Zhixiong , Xiong Chunlong
Published: August 2024

A detection and evaluation system containing a two-level index of structural integrity and bearing capacity was constructed based on ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and a falling weight deflector (FWD). This system was constructed to solve problems with the detection, evaluation, and structural and material design of asphalt rehabilitation for the prevention and control of asphalt reflection cracks in asphalt overlaying composite Portland cement pavement. Based on the detected data from the GPR and FWD, the reasonable and recommended thickness range of the stress-absorbing layer was determined by the finite element method, and the optimization design of an anti-reflective crack structure is proposed. Furthermore, a material design and engineering application of the stress-absorbing layer was carried out. The results show that an additional 10 cm layer of repaved asphalt can reduce temperature stress by 64.1%, reduce fatigue stress by 29.3% at the cement slab bottom, and extend the service life by 23.1 years. The reasonable thickness of the stress-absorbing layer ranges from 1.6 cm to 2.0 cm, and the recommended structural combination design is a 4 cm SMA-13 upper layer, a 4 cm AC-16 lower layer, and a 2 cm stress-absorbing layer overlaying existing asphalt overlay. The impact toughness of the designed stress-absorbing layer is 1.05 times and 1.44 times that of the other stress-absorbing layer and the AC-16 asphalt mixture, respectively, which have been successfully used for more than 5 years. The recommended design rehabilitation has good engineering application. The uniformity of the stress-absorbing layer can reach 63%, and an anti-reflective crack effect is expected. The results of this study provide design methodology and experience for composite pavement repaving.
Waste Biomass Utilization for the Production of Adsorbent and Value-Added Products for Investigation of the Resultant Adsorption and Methanol Electro-Oxidation
Authors: Mohamed Hala , Enaiet Allah Abeer , Essam Doaa , Farghali Ahmed A. , Allam Ahmed A. , Othman Sarah I. , Abdelwahab Abdalla , Mahmoud Rehab
Published: August 2024

Waste valorization is necessary in today’s society to achieve a sustainable economy and prosperity. In this work, a novel approach to the waste valorization of cuttlebone was investigated. This material was ground and calcined at 900 °C for 5 h in an inert atmosphere. The resulting calcined cuttlebone (CCB) was characterized using XRD, SEM, FTIR, BET, TGA, Zetasizer, and potential methods. The main phases in the CCB were determined to be CaO, MgO, Ca3(PO4)2, and residual carbon. CCB was investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of dye from simulated wastewater streams. The maximum adsorption capacities for rhodamine B and crystal violet dyes were estimated to be 519 and 921 mg/g, respectively. For both dyes, the Avrami model was the best-fit model for representing adsorption kinetics. The study of adsorbent regeneration for CV as a representative example involved the use of several chemical solvents. Ethanol solvent was shown to have the highest adsorbent regeneration method efficiency, reaching 65.20%. In addition, CCB was investigated for methanol electro-oxidation for energy generation. As the methanol concentration increased, the maximum current density produced by the CCB increased, reaching approximately 50 mA/cm2. This work paves the way toward waste valorization of natural matter for sustainable production and consumption of material, as per the requirements of the circular economy principles.
Expression of LOXL3, NES, and SNAI1 in Melanoma Genesis and Progression
Authors: Šitum Čeprnja Zdenka , Kelam Nela , Ogorevc Marin , Racetin Anita , Vukoja Martina , Čeprnja Toni , Filipović Natalija , Saraga-Babić Mirna , Vukojević Katarina
Published: August 2024

Melanoma is the most severe type of skin cancer and among the most malignant neoplasms in humans. With the growing incidence of melanoma, increased numbers of therapeutic options, and the potential to target specific proteins, understanding the basic mechanisms underlying the disease’s progression and resistance to treatment has never been more important. LOXL3, SNAI1, and NES are key factors in melanoma genesis, regulating tumor growth, metastasis, and cellular differentiation. In our study, we explored the potential role of LOXL3, SNAI1, and NES in melanoma progression and metastasis among patients with dysplastic nevi, melanoma in situ, and BRAF+ and BRAF− metastatic melanoma, using immunofluorescence and qPCR analysis. Our results reveal a significant increase in LOXL3 expression and the highest NES expression in BRAF+ melanoma compared to BRAF−, dysplastic nevi, and melanoma in situ. As for SNAI1, the highest expression was observed in the metastatic melanoma group, without significant differences among groups. We found co-expression of LOXL3 and SNAI1 in the perinuclear area of all investigated subgroups and NES and SNAI1 co-expression in melanoma cells. These findings suggest a codependence or collaboration between these markers in melanoma EMT, suggesting new potential therapeutic interventions to block the EMT cascade that could significantly affect survival in many melanoma patients.
Context-Dependent Distinct Roles of SOX9 in Combined Hepatocellular Carcinoma–Cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Park Yoojeong , Hu Shikai , Kim Minwook , Oertel Michael , Singhi Aatur , Monga Satdarshan P. , Liu Silvia , Ko Sungjin
Published: August 2024

Combined hepatocellular carcinoma–cholangiocarcinoma (cHCC-CCA) is a challenging primary liver cancer subtype with limited treatment options and a devastating prognosis. Recent studies have underscored the context-dependent roles of SOX9 in liver cancer formation in a preventive manner. Here, we revealed that liver-specific developmental Sox9 elimination using Alb-Cre;Sox9(flox/flox) (LKO) and CRISPR/Cas9-based tumor-specific acute Sox9 elimination (CKO) in SB-HDTVI-based Akt-YAP1 (AY) and Akt-NRAS (AN) cHCC-CCA models showed contrasting responses. LKO abrogates the AY CCA region while stimulating poorly differentiated HCC proliferation, whereas CKO prevents AY and AN cHCC-CCA development irrespective of tumor cell fate. Additionally, AN, but not AY, tumor formation partially depends on the Sox9-Dnmt1 cascade. SOX9 is dispensable for AY-mediated, HC-derived, LPC-like immature CCA formation but is required for their maintenance and transformation into mature CCA. Therapeutic Sox9 elimination using the OPN-CreERT2 strain combined with inducible Sox9 iKO specifically reduces AY but not AN cHCC-CCA tumors. This necessitates the careful consideration of genetic liver cancer studies using developmental Cre and somatic mutants, particularly for genes involved in liver development. Our findings suggest that SOX9 elimination may hold promise as a therapeutic approach for a subset of cHCC-CCA and highlight the need for further investigation to translate these preclinical insights into personalized clinical applications.
A Non-Canonical p75HER2 Signaling Pathway Underlying Trastuzumab Action and Resistance in Breast Cancer
Authors: Nami Babak , Wang Zhixiang
Published: August 2024

Overexpression of HER2 occurs in 25% of breast cancer. Targeting HER2 has proven to be an effective therapeutic strategy for HER2-positive breast cancer. While trastuzumab is the most commonly used HER2 targeting agent, which has significantly improved outcomes, the overall response rate is low. To develop novel therapies to boost trastuzumab efficacy, it is critical to identify the mechanisms underlying trastuzumab action and resistance. We recently showed that the inhibition of breast cancer cell growth by trastuzumab is not through the inhibition of HER2 canonical signaling. Here we report the identification of a novel non-canonical HER2 signaling pathway and its interference by trastuzumab. We showed that HER2 signaled through a non-canonical pathway, regulated intramembrane proteolysis (RIP). In this pathway, HER2 is first cleaved by metalloprotease ADAM10 to produce an extracellular domain (ECD) that is released and the p95HER2 that contains the transmembrane domain (TM) and intracellular domain (ICD). p95HER2, if further cleaved by an intramembrane protease, γ-secretase, produced a soluble ICD p75HER2 with nuclear localization signal (NLS). p75HER2 is phosphorylated and translocated to the nucleus. Nuclear p75HER2 promotes cell proliferation. Trastuzumab targets this non-canonical HER2 pathway via inhibition of the proteolytic cleavage of HER2 by both ADAM10 and γ-secretase. However, p75HER2 pathway also confers resistance to trastuzumab once aberrantly activated. Combination of trastuzumab with ADAM10 and γ-secretase inhibitors completely blocks p75HER2 production in both BT474 and SKBR3 cells. We concluded that HER2 signals through the RIP signaling pathway that promotes cell proliferation and is targeted by trastuzumab. The aberrant HER2 RIP signaling confers resistance to trastuzumab that could be overcome by the application of inhibitors to ADAM10 and γ-secretase.
Surface and Mineral Changes of Primary Enamel after Laser Diode Irradiation and Application of Remineralization Agents: A Comparative In Vitro Study
Authors: Cîrdei Mihaela-Valentina , Margan Mădălin-Marius , Margan Roxana , Ban-Cucerzan Alexandra , Petre Ion , Hulka Iosif , Horhat Razvan Mihai , Todea Darinca Carmen
Published: August 2024

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the remineralization potential of primary teeth enamel after being exposed to different laser diode therapies. Methods: Ninety-six vestibular primary teeth enamel samples were divided into eight groups (n = 12) with varying treatments: control (G1), CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish (G2), diode lasers at 980 nm (G3), 808 nm (G4), 450 nm (G5), 980 nm + CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish (G6), 808 nm + CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish (G7), and 450 nm + CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish (G8). Each sample was assessed using a DIAGNOdent® (KaVo Dental, Biberach, Germany), at baseline, post-treatment, and post-pH cycle remineralization. SEM imaging was performed before and after treatment and following the pH cycle. Results: The results indicated that the 980 nm and 808 nm diode lasers, both alone and in combination with CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish, either maintained or increased the calcium (Ca) weight percentage (Wt%) in the enamel. The 980 nm diode laser combined with CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish (G6) showed a significant increase in Ca Wt%, suggesting a strong remineralization effect. Similarly, the 808 nm diode laser alone (G4) also promoted a substantial increase in Ca Wt%. In contrast, the 450 nm diode laser, whether applied alone or in combination with CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish, resulted in a lower Ca Wt% and an increase in phosphorus (P) Wt%. Most groups, except for the CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish alone (G2), demonstrated an increase in P Wt%, indicating a complex interaction between laser therapy and enamel remineralization. Conclusions: The combined use of laser therapy with CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish significantly enhanced the remineralization of temporary teeth enamel. The 980 nm diode laser + CPP-ACP-fluoride varnish showed the most pronounced improvement in remineralization, while the 808 nm diode laser alone also effectively increased calcium solubility. These findings suggest that higher-wavelength diode lasers, particularly when combined with remineralizing agents, can effectively enhance the mineral content of primary teeth and promote enamel remineralization.
Effect of Methylxanthines on Urate Crystallization: In Vitro Models of Gout and Renal Calculi
Authors: Dietrich Jaume , Grases Felix , Costa-Bauza Antonia
Published: August 2024

Background: Common forms of pathological crystals are uric acid or urates, which are responsible for gout, urolithiasis, and other conditions. Methods: We used a kinetic–turbidimetric crystallization assay to evaluate the effect of ten specific methylxanthines on the crystallization of monosodium urate, potassium urate, and ammonium urate in conditions that mimicked urine. We also studied the effect of different levels of 7-methylxanthine in the presence of other biological compounds (albumin and hyaluronic acid) on the solubility of monosodium urate in conditions that mimicked synovial fluid. Results: The results showed that 7-methylxanthine in the range of 16.61–49.84 mg/L inhibited the crystallization of each urate when the initial urate concentration was 3 × 10−3 M (500 mg/L) and the conditions mimicked urine, and that the greatest inhibitory effect was for monosodium urate. In addition, 7-methylxanthine at a concentration of 25 mg/L totally prevented the crystallization of monosodium urate at an initial urate concentration of 2.38 × 10−3 M (400 mg/L) in conditions that mimicked synovial fluid. Moreover, at a low concentration of 7-methylxanthine, albumin and hyaluronic acid increased this inhibitory effect. Conclusions: Our in vitro results demonstrate that 7-methylxanthine inhibits the crystallization of urates in conditions that mimic synovial fluid and urine.
Study on the Wear Resistance Performance of the Hot-Rolled BTW1/Q345 Composite Plate under Different Annealing Temperatures
Authors: Huang Lei , Wang Ke , Meng Wenjun , Wang Zhixia , Liu Pengtao
Published: August 2024

Wear-resistant steel/carbon steel composite plates not only have the double performance advantages of high strength and wear resistance but can also reduce energy consumption and production costs. Based on a 50% reduction rate, the wear resistance of the BTW1/Q345 composite was studied at different annealing temperatures, and the dry friction and wear tests of the BTW1/Q345 composite at different annealing temperatures were carried out using RETC MFT-5000. By using the white-light interference three-dimensional surface profiler, scanning electron microscope (SEM), and backscattered electron diffraction (EBSD) technology, we carried out a detailed analysis of the macroscopic and microscopic morphology and wear mechanism of wear traces at different annealing temperatures. The effects of the annealing process on the thickness and composition of the wear layer were studied, and the causes of wear failure were analyzed based on the results of scanning electron microscopy. It was found that as the annealing temperature gradually increased, the particle size near the scratch of BTW1 in the wear-resistant layer of the composite plate became smaller. On this basis, the effects of different annealing temperatures on the friction and wear characteristics of the composite plate were further studied. At the annealing temperature of 860 ° C, the wear resistance of the material was the best.
Management of Non-Metastatic Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) with Driver Gene Alterations: An Evolving Scenario
Authors: Fuorivia Valeria , Attili Ilaria , Corvaja Carla , Asnaghi Riccardo , Carnevale Schianca Ambra , Trillo Aliaga Pamela , Del Signore Ester , Spitaleri Gianluca , Passaro Antonio , de Marinis Filippo
Published: August 2024

The ever-growing knowledge regarding NSCLC molecular biology has brought innovative therapies into clinical practice; however, the treatment situation in the non-metastatic setting is rapidly evolving. Indeed, immunotherapy-based perioperative treatments are currently considered the standard of care for patients with resectable NSCLC in the absence of EGFR mutations or ALK gene rearrangements. Recently, data have been presented on the use of tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) in the adjuvant and locally advanced setting for patients with NSCLC harboring such driver gene alterations. The aim of the current work is to review the available evidence on the use of targeted treatments in the non-metastatic setting, together with a summary of the ongoing trials designed for actionable gene alterations other than EGFR and ALK. To date, 3-year adjuvant osimertinib treatment has been demonstrated to improve DFS and OS and to reduce CNS recurrence in resected EGFR-mutated NSCLC in stage IB–IIIA (TNM 7th edition). The use of osimertinib after chemo-radiation in stage III unresectable EGFR-mutated NSCLC showed the relevant PFS improvement. In the ALK-positive setting, 2-year alectinib treatment was shown to clearly improve DFS compared to adjuvant standard chemotherapy in resected NSCLC with stage IB (≥4 cm)–IIIA (TNM 7th edition). Several trials are ongoing to establish the optimal adjuvant TKI treatment duration, as well as neoadjuvant TKI strategies in EGFR- and ALK-positive disease, and (neo)adjuvant targeted treatments in patients with actionable gene alterations other than EGFR or ALK. In conclusion, our review depicts how the current treatment scenario is expected to rapidly change in the context of non-metastatic NSCLC with actionable gene alterations, hence appropriate molecular testing from the early stages has become crucial to establish the most adequate approaches both in the perioperative and the locally advanced disease.
Radial Artery Spasm—A Review on Incidence, Prevention and Treatment
Authors: Zus Adrian Sebastian , Crișan Simina , Luca Silvia , Nișulescu Daniel , Valcovici Mihaela , Pătru Oana , Lazăr Mihai-Andrei , Văcărescu Cristina , Gaiță Dan , Luca Constantin-Tudor
Published: August 2024

Radial artery spasm (RAS) is a common complication associated with transradial access (TRA) for coronary interventions, particularly affecting elderly patients in whom radial access is preferred due to its benefits in reducing bleeding complications, improving clinical outcomes, and lowering long-term costs. This review examines the incidence, prevention, and treatment of RAS. Methods included an online search of PubMed and other databases in early 2024, analyzing meta-analyses, reviews, studies, and case reports. RAS is characterized by a sudden narrowing of the radial artery due to psychological and mechanical factors with incidence reports varying up to 51.3%. Key risk factors include patient characteristics like female sex, age, and small body size as well as procedural factors such as emergency procedures and the use of multiple catheters. Preventive measures include using distal radial access, hydrophilic sheaths, and appropriate catheter sizes. Treatments involve the intraarterial administration of nitroglycerine and verapamil as well as mechanical methods like balloon-assisted tracking. This review underscores the need for standardizing RAS definitions and emphasizes the importance of operator experience and patient management in reducing RAS incidence and improving procedural success.