bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Factors Influencing Oxidative Imbalance in Pulmonary Fibrosis: An Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Inghilleri Simona , Morbini Patrizia , Campo Ilaria , Zorzetto Michele , Oggionni Tiberio , Pozzi Ernesto , Luisetti Maurizio
Published: May 2011

Background. Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a fatal lung disease of unknown etiology characterized by interstitial fibrosis determining irreversible distortion of pulmonary architecture. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) and markers of oxidative stress play a pivotal role in human IPF pathology, possibly through induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT).Methods. We investigated by immunohistochemistry, in UIP and COP tissue samples, the expression of most relevant markers of the molecular interplay involving RAGE, oxidant/antioxidant balance regulation, tissue nitrosylation, and mediators of EMT.Results. In both UIP and COP, the degree of RAGE expression was similarly high, while SODs and i-NOS, diffusely present in COP endoalveolar plugs, were almost absent in UIP fibroblast foci. A lower degree of tissue nitrosilation was observed in UIP than in COP.Conclusions. Fibroblast lesions of UIP and of COP share a similar degree of activation of RAGE, while antioxidant enzyme expression markedly reduced in UIP.
From Geophysics to Microgeophysics for Engineering and Cultural Heritage
Authors: Cosentino P. L. , Capizzi P. , Martorana R. , Messina P. , Schiavone S.
Published: May 2011

The methodologies of microgeophysics have been derived from the geophysical ones, for the sake of solving specific diagnostic and/or monitoring problems regarding civil engineering and cultural heritage studies. Generally, the investigations are carried out using different 2D and 3D tomographic approaches as well as different energy sources: sonic and ultrasonic waves, electromagnetic (inductive and impulsive) sources, electric potential fields, and infrared emission. Many efforts have been made to modify instruments and procedures in order to improve the resolution of the surveys as well as to significantly reduce the time of the measurements without any loss of information. This last point has been achieved by using multichannel systems. Finally, some applications are presented, and the results seem to be very promising and promote this new branch of geophysics. Therefore, these methodologies can be used even more to diagnose, monitor, and safeguard not only engineering buildings and/or large structures, but also ancient monuments and cultural artifacts, such as pottery, statues, and so forth.
Azimuthally Anisotropic 3D Velocity Continuation
Authors: Burnett William , Fomel Sergey
Published: May 2011

We extend time-domain velocity continuation to the zero-offset 3D azimuthally anisotropic case. Velocity continuation describes how a seismic image changes given a change in migration velocity. This description turns out to be of a wave propagation process, in which images change along a velocity axis. In the anisotropic case, the velocity model is multiparameter. Therefore, anisotropic image propagation is multidimensional. We use a three-parameter slowness model, which is related to azimuthal variations in velocity, as well as their principal directions. This information is useful for fracture and reservoir characterization from seismic data. We provide synthetic diffraction imaging examples to illustrate the concept and potential applications of azimuthal velocity continuation and to analyze the impulse response of the 3D velocity continuation operator.
Electrochemical Noise Chaotic Analysis of NiCoAg Alloy in Hank Solution
Authors: Bahena D. , Rosales I. , Sarmiento O. , Guardián R. , Menchaca C. , Uruchurtu J.
Published: May 2011

The potential and current oscillations during corrosion of NiCoAg alloy in Hank solution were studied. Detailed nonlinear fractal analyses were used to characterize complex time series clearly showing that the irregularity in these time series corresponds to deterministic chaos rather than to random noise. The chaotic oscillations were characterized by power spectral densities, phase space, and Lyapunov exponents. Electrochemical impedance was also applied the fractal dimensions for the corroded surface was obtained, and a corrosion mechanism was proposed.
Semilinear Volterra Integrodifferential Problems with Fractional Derivatives in the Nonlinearities
Authors: Kirane Mokhtar , Medveď Milan , Tatar Nasser-eddine
Published: May 2011

A second‐order semilinear Volterra integrodifferential equation involving fractional time derivatives is considered. We prove existence and uniqueness of mild solutions and classical solutions in appropriate spaces.
Qualitative Simulation of the Growth of Electrolessly Deposited Cu Thin Films
Authors: Wei Hsiu-Chuan
Published: May 2011

Electroless deposition for fabricating copper (Cu) interconnects of integrated
circuits has drawn attention due to its low processing temperature,
high deposition selectivity, and high coverage. In this paper, three‐dimensional
computer simulations of the qualitative growth properties of Cu
particles and two‐dimensional simulations of the trench‐filling properties are
conducted. The mathematical model employed in the study is a reaction‐diffusion
equation. An implicit finite difference discretization with a red‐black
Gauss‐Seidel method as a solver is proposed for solving the reaction‐diffusion
equation. The simulated deposition properties agree with those
observed in experimentation. Alternatives to improve the deposition properties
are also discussed.
Measuring and Modeling of P- and S-Wave Velocities on Crustal Rocks: A Key for the Interpretation of Seismic Reflection and Refraction Data
Authors: Kern Hartmut
Published: May 2011

Lithologic interpretations of the earth crust from seismic wave velocities are non-unique so that inferences about composition can not be drawn. In order to evaluate how elastic properties of rock materials are controlled by lithology at in situ pressures and temperatures, compressional (Vp), shear wave velocities (Vs) and velocity anisotropy of crustal rocks were measured at conditions of greater depth. The first part deals with the interdependence of elastic wave propagation and the physical and lithological parameters. In the second part data from laboratory seismic measurements and theoretical calculations are used to interpret (1) a shallow seismic reflection line (SE Finland) and (2) a refraction profile of a deep crust (Central China). The comparison of the calculated velocities with the experimentally-derived in situ velocities of the Finnish crustal rocks give hints that microcracks have an important bearing on the in situ seismic velocities, velocity anisotropy and the reflectivity observed at relative shallow depth. The coupling of the experimentally-derived in situ velocities of P- and S-wave and corresponding Poisson's ratios of relevant exhumed high-grade metamorphic crustal rocks from Central China with respective data from seismic refraction profiling provided a key for the lithologic interpretation of a deep seismic crustal structure.
Uniqueness of Positive Solutions for a Class of Fourth‐Order Boundary Value Problems
Authors: Caballero J. , Harjani J. , Sadarangani K.
Published: May 2011

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the existence and uniqueness of
positive solutions for the following fourth‐order boundary value problem: y(4)(t) = f(t, y(t)), t ∈ [0, 1], y(0) = y(1) = y′(0) = y′(1) = 0. Moreover, under certain assumptions, we will prove that the above boundary
value problem has a unique symmetric positive solution.
Finally, we present some examples and we compare our results with the ones
obtained in recent papers.
Our analysis relies on a fixed point theorem in partially ordered metric spaces.
An Inverse Eigenvalue Problem for Jacobi Matrices
Authors: Wang Zhengsheng , Zhong Baojiang
Published: May 2011

A kind of inverse eigenvalue problem is proposed which is the
reconstruction of a Jacobi matrix by given four or five eigenvalues and corresponding
eigenvectors. The solvability of the problem is discussed, and some sufficient conditions for existence of the solution of this problem are proposed. Furthermore, a numerical algorithm and two examples are presented.
Ultrasound-Guided Regional Anesthesia for Procedures of the Upper Extremity
Authors: Mirza Farheen , Brown Anthony R.
Published: May 2011

Anesthesia options for upper extremity surgery include general and regional anesthesia. Brachial plexus blockade has several advantages including decreased hemodynamic instability, avoidance of airway instrumentation, and intra-, as well as post-operative analgesia. Prior to the availability of ultrasound the risks of complications and failure of regional anesthesia made general anesthesia a more desirable option for anesthesiologists inexperienced in the practice of regional anesthesia. Ultrasonography has revolutionized the practice of regional anesthesia. By visualizing needle entry throughout the procedure, the relationship between the anatomical structures and the needle can reduce the incidence of complications. In addition, direct visualization of the spread of local anesthesia around the nerves provides instant feedback regarding the likely success of the block. This review article outlines how ultrasound has improved the safety and success of brachial plexus blocks. The advantages that ultrasound guidance provides are only as good as the experience of the anesthesiologist performing the block. For example, in experienced hands, with real time needle visualization, a supraclavicular brachial plexus block has changed from an approach with the highest risk of pneumothorax to a block with minimal risks making it the ideal choice for most upper extremity surgeries.
Current and Future Strategies in the Diagnosis and Management of Penile Cancer
Authors: Lawindy Samuel M. , Rodriguez Alejandro R. , Horenblas Simon , Spiess Philippe E.
Published: May 2011

Penile cancer is an uncommon malignancy that has a devastating effect on the patient while also being challenging to diagnose and treat. By implementing preventive measures, we can decrease the incidence of this disease and improve the quality of life of our patients. Early detection plays an important role in disease control and proper diagnostic modalities must be used in order to accurately identify the cancer and its progression. Primary penile lesions should be initially approached when surgically feasible and clinically appropriate with penile preserving surgical techniques. Advances in inguinal lymph node detection and management, has improved the clinical outcome of penile cancer. Advanced penile cancer still portends a poor prognosis and should be approached via a multimodal treatment regimen. In this review, we address the importance of prevention, early detection, and the contemporary management of primary penile lesions, as well as the advances in inguinal lymph node disease detection and surgical treatment, for both localized and advanced disease.
Cerebrovascular Accidents Associated with Sorafenib in Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Saif Muhammad W. , Isufi Iris , Peccerillo Jennifer , Syrigos Kostas N.
Published: May 2011

Sorafenib is an oral angiogenetic multikinase inhibitor approved in the treatment of renal and hepatocellular carcinoma. Bleeding and venous thrombotic events have been described with angiogenetic agents but cerebrovascular accidents are rarely reported. We report two cases of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma who developed a cerebrovascular accident while on sorafenib. Neither patient had any risk factors for the cerebrovascular events apart from gender and age in the second patient. Laboratory data were noncontributory. The head CT scan did not reveal acute abnormalities. No hemodynamically significant stenosis was visible in the carotid ultrasound, and the echocardiogram showed normal size of the heart chambers and normal systolic function of the left ventricle. Sorafenib was discontinued in both cases. Physicians should monitor patients receiving sorafenib for neurologic symptoms, and in the absence of other etiology, prompt discontinuation of this drug should be considered.
Explicit Solution of the Average-Cost Optimality Equation for a Pest-Control Problem
Authors: Kyriakidis Epaminondas G.
Published: May 2011

We introduce a Markov decision process in continuous time for the optimal control of a simple symmetrical immigration-emigration process by the introduction of total catastrophes. It is proved that a particular control-limit policy is average cost optimal within the class of all stationary policies by verifying that the relative values of this policy are the solution of the corresponding optimality equation.
Strong Convergence Theorems of the General Iterative Methods for Nonexpansive Semigroups in Banach Spaces
Authors: Wangkeeree Rattanaporn
Published: May 2011

Let E be a real reflexive Banach space which admits a weakly sequentially continuous duality mapping from E to E*. Let 𝒮 = {T(s) : 0 ≤ s < ∞} be a nonexpansive semigroup on E such that Fix(𝒮): = ⋂t≥0Fix(T(t)) ≠ ∅, and f is a contraction on E with coefficient 0 < α < 1. Let F be δ‐strongly accretive and λ‐strictly pseudocontractive with δ + λ > 1 and γ a positive real number such that . When the sequences of real numbers {αn} and {tn} satisfy some appropriate conditions, the three iterative processes given as follows: xn+1 = αnγf(xn)+(I − αnF)T(tn)xn, n ≥ 0, yn+1 = αnγf(T(tn)yn)+(I − αnF)T(tn)yn, n ≥ 0, and zn+1 = T(tn)(αnγf(zn)+(I − αnF)zn), n ≥ 0 converge strongly to , where is the unique solution in Fix(𝒮) of the variational inequality , x ∈ Fix(𝒮). Our results extend and improve corresponding ones of Li et al. (2009) Chen and He (2007), and many others.
The ECG Vertigo in Diabetes and Cardiac Autonomic Neuropathy
Authors: Voulgari Christina , Tentolouris Nicholas , Stefanadis Christodoulos
Published: May 2011

The importance of diabetes in the epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases cannot be overemphasized. About one third of acute myocardial infarction patients have diabetes, and its prevalence is steadily increasing. The decrease in cardiac mortality in people with diabetes is lagging behind that of the general population. Cardiovascular disease is a broad term which includes any condition causing pathological changes in blood vessels, cardiac muscle or valves, and cardiac rhythm. The ECG offers a quick, noninvasive clinical and research screen for the early detection of cardiovascular disease in diabetes. In this paper, the clinical and research value of the ECG is readdressed in diabetes and in the presence of cardiac autonomic neuropathy.
Synaptic Conversion of Chloride-Dependent Synapses in Spinal Nociceptive Circuits: Roles in Neuropathic Pain
Authors: Cooper Mark S. , Przebinda Adam S.
Published: May 2011

Electrophysiological conversion of chloride-dependent synapses from inhibitory to excitatory function, as a result of aberrant neuronal chloride homeostasis, is a known mechanism for the genesis of neuropathic pain. This paper examines theoretically how this type of synaptic conversion can disrupt circuit logic in spinal nociceptive circuits. First, a mathematical scaling factor is developed to represent local aberration in chloride electrochemical driving potential. Using this mathematical scaling factor, electrophysiological symbols are developed to represent the magnitude of synaptic conversion within nociceptive circuits. When inserted into a nociceptive circuit diagram, these symbols assist in understanding the generation of neuropathic pain associated with the collapse of transmembrane chloride gradients. A more generalized scaling factor is also derived to represent the interplay of chloride and bicarbonate driving potentials on the function of GABAergic and glycinergic synapses. These mathematical and symbolic representations of synaptic conversion help illustrate the critical role that anion driving potentials play in the transduction of pain. Using these representations, we discuss ramifications of glial-mediated synaptic conversion in the genesis, and treatment, of neuropathic pain.
A Simulation Technology for a Full Cycle of Steel Line Pipe Manufacturing Operations
Authors: Aleshin Vladimir V. , Kobyakov Viacheslav V. , Seleznev Vadim E.
Published: May 2011

At present day, pipe mill engineers have to deal with challenging technological problems of heavy-wall and high-strength line pipe manufacturing. Numerical analysis of welded large-diameter pipe manufacturing stages is the most efficient way to solve these problems. Corresponding computational technologies and applied software were developed at Physical & Technical Center. Numerical structural analysis of steel plates at various stages of line pipe manufacturing is performed by the finite element method, accounting for geometric and material nonlinearities. The only thing to be done by the engineer in such analysis is to specify required input parameters. All the further process is software controlled. The discrepancy between the numerical analysis results and measured data in the overwhelming majority cases did not exceed 1%.
Early Effects of Long-Term Neurotoxic Lead Exposure in Copper Works Employees
Authors: Böckelmann Irina , Pfister Eberhard , Darius Sabine
Published: May 2011

The situation of exposure in a copper works facility in Germany enabled early lead-induced neurotoxic effects to be investigated in the workers. The aim of the investigation was to study the long-term effects of small doses of lead on psychometric/psychophysiological performance of workers. The study involved 70 male lead exposed workers and 27 male controls with no neurotoxic exposure. All test persons were subjected to the method of investigation involving performance data, physiological strain data, and the subjective state. It was found that of the psychometric performance parameters, only the mainly motor performance parameters had a potential for being neurotoxic early indicators. Preferably centrally influenced performance parameters were found to be less suitable early indicators. The lead-exposed subjects exhibited a slowed poststrain resetting behaviour of the vegetative nervous system, which correlated with the individual blood lead level. This was attributed to vagus depression, which had already started in the prevailing situation of exposure and was reflected by diminished cardiac phase duration variability. Our results indicate that it is necessary to more critically choose the lead level standards in the air on the working area. Heart rate variability may be affected even at small lead concentration.
Low Molecular Weight Heparin-Induced Skin Necrosis: A Case Report
Authors: Katsourakis Anastasios , Noussios George , Kapoutsis George , Chatzitheoklitos Efthimios
Published: May 2011

Low molecular weight heparins (LMWHs) are the standard agents used for antithrombotic therapy and prophylaxis. Despite their widespread use, reports about adverse effects from LMWHs are very scarce. Heparin-induced skin necrosis at the injection site is a rare adverse effect, more commonly associated with unfractionated heparin (UFH) rather than with LMWH, while its mechanism remains unclear. This paper deals with the enoxaparin induced skin necrosis.
Perfectionism and Depression: Vulnerabilities Nurses Need to Understand
Authors: Melrose Sherri
Published: May 2011

Striving for excellence is an admirable goal. Adaptive or healthy perfectionism can drive ambition and lead to extraordinary accomplishments. High-achieving people often show signs of perfectionism. However, maladaptive, unhealthy, or neurotic perfectionism, where anything less than perfect is unacceptable, can leave individuals vulnerable to depression. In both personal and professional relationships, nurses need to understand how accepting only perfection in self and others is likely to lead to emotional distress. This paper reviews perfectionism as a personality style, comments on perfectionism and high achievement, discusses vulnerabilities to depression, identifies how to recognize perfectionists, and presents balancing strategies perfectionists can implement to lessen their vulnerability to depression.
On the Isolated Vertices and Connectivity in Random Intersection Graphs
Authors: Shang Yilun
Published: May 2011

We study isolated vertices and connectivity in the random intersection graph . A Poisson convergence for the number of isolated vertices is
determined at the threshold for absence of isolated vertices, which is equivalent to
the threshold for connectivity. When and , we give the asymptotic
probability of connectivity at the threshold for connectivity. Analogous results are
well known in Erdős-Rényi random graphs.
Scanning Optical Head with Nontilted Reference Beam: Assuring Nanoradian Accuracy for a New Generation Surface Profiler in the Large-Slope Testing Range
Authors: Qian Shinan
Published: May 2011

Nanoradian Surface Profilers (NSPs) are required for state-of-the-art synchrotron radiation optics and high-precision optical measurements. Nano-radian accuracy must be maintained in the large-angle test range. However, the beams' notable lateral motions during tests of most operating profilers, combined with the insufficiencies of their optical components, generate significant errors of∼1 μrad rms in the measurements. The solution to nano-radian accuracy for the new generation of surface profilers in this range is to apply a scanning optical head, combined with nontilted reference beam. I describe here my comparison of different scan modes and discuss some test results.
State Feedback Guaranteed Cost Repetitive Control for Uncertain Discrete‐Time Systems
Authors: Chen Wentao , Lin Yechun , Wu Qingping
Published: May 2011

This paper considers the problem of guaranteed cost repetitive control for uncertain discrete‐time systems. The uncertainty in the system is assumed to be norm‐bounded and time‐varying. The objective is to develop a novel design method so that the closed‐loop repetitive control system is quadratically stable and a certain bound of performance index is guaranteed for all admissible uncertainties. The state feedback control technique is used in the paper. While for the case that the states are not measurable, an observer‐based control scheme is adopted. Sufficient conditions for the existence of guaranteed cost control law are derived in terms of linear matrix inequality (LMI). The control and observer gains are characterized by the feasible solutions to these LMIs. The optimal guaranteed cost control law is obtained efficiently by solving an optimization problem with LMI constraints using existing convex optimization algorithms. A simulation example is provided to illustrate the validity of the proposed method.
Some Trapezoidal Vector Inequalities for Continuous Functions of Selfadjoint Operators in Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Dragomir S. S.
Published: May 2011

On utilising the spectral representation of selfadjoint operators in
Hilbert spaces, some trapezoidal inequalities for various classes of continuous
functions of such operators are given.
Expected Transmission Energy Route Metric for Wireless Mesh Senor Networks
Authors: Jin YanLiang , Miao HuiJun , Ge Quan , Zhou Chi
Published: May 2011

Mesh is a network topology that achieves high throughput and stable intercommunication. With great potential, it is expected to be the key architecture of future networks. Wireless sensor networks are an active research area with numerous workshops and conferences arranged each year. The overall performance of a WSN highly depends on the energy consumption of the network. This paper designs a new routing metric for wireless mesh sensor networks. Results from simulation experiments reveal that the new metric algorithm improves the energy balance of the whole network and extends the lifetime of wireless mesh sensor networks (WMSNs).
Curcumin Facilitates Fibrinolysis and Cellular Migration during Wound Healing by Modulating Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Expression
Authors: Madhyastha R. , Madhyastha H. , Nakajima Y. , Omura S. , Maruyama M.
Published: May 2011

Urokinase plasminogen activator (uPA) plays a vital role in the early phases of wound healing by aiding fibrin dissolution and promoting the migration, proliferation, and adhesion of various cells to the wound bed. The efficacy of botanicals in healing wounds is an area of active research. Among these, curcumin, a yellow pigment abundant in turmeric rhizome, has been the center of extensive studies. This study focused on the effect of curcumin on uPA expression and its consequence on fibrin dissolution and cellular migration. Treatment of human fibroblast cells with curcumin caused an upregulation of uPA mRNA and protein. Activation of JNK and p38 MAPK signal pathways was necessary for the upregulation of uPA. Curcumin treatment resulted in an increase in fibrinolytic activity and cell migration towards the wound area. The involvement of uPA in fibrinolysis and cell migration was confirmed by zymography and siRNA studies, respectively.
Serum and Saliva Sialic Acid in Periodontitis Patients with and without Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Oktay Sehkar , Basar Isık , Emekli-Alturfan Ebru , Malali Ezgi , Elemek Eser , Ayan Faruk , Koldas Lale , Noyan Ulku , Emekli Nesrin
Published: May 2011

Serum total sialic acid (sTSA) has recently been shown to be a cardiovascular risk factor. However, there is little information about the role of sTSA and TSA in saliva in periodontitis, a chronic and inflammatory disease known to be a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). We aimed to investigate the changes in sTSA and TSA levels in saliva in patients having both periodontitis and CVD versus periodontitis patients without diagnosed CVD. The study group consisted of 26 patients with proven periodontitis and 26 controls with no diagnosed systemic disease but periodontitis. sTSA and saliva TSA levels were determined by the thiobarbituric acid method, and C-reactive protein (CRP) was evaluated by the nephelometric method. The severity of periodontitis has been determined by the community periodontal index of treatment needs (CPITN). TSA in blood and saliva and CRP levels in blood were significantly increased in CVD patients compared with the control group. CPITN ranged from 2 to 4 in both groups. Significant and positive correlations were found between sTSA and saliva SA levels in patients and controls and between tooth loss and TSA both in blood and saliva. Therefore, TSA in saliva may be a useful marker similar to sTSA in CVD patients.
An Experience of Oseltamivir Phosphate (Tamiflu™) in a Pediatric Patient with Chronic Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: A Case Report
Authors: Alioglu Bulent , Tasar Aysin , Ozen Cinar , Selver Beray , Dallar Yildiz
Published: May 2011

We report a pediatric patient with chronic idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura who suffered from an influenza A (H1N1) virus infection. A 13-year-old girl presented with fever, coughing, and generalized petechiae. The influenza A antigen was positive in her pharyngeal aspirate. She was successfully treated with neuraminidase inhibitor oseltamivir phosphate. Her platelet counts progressively increased with oseltamivir phosphate without another blood product or agent. We suggest that oseltamivir phosphate can be used in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura who present with influenza virus A infection. We also suggest that oseltamivir phosphate can be effective in patients with immune thrombocytopenic purpura. Large study groups are needed to confirm the relationship between idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and neurominidase inhibitors.
Effects of Short-Term Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetes and Vitamin C on Platelet Non-Enzymatic Glycation
Authors: Batırel Saime , Yarat Ayşen , Emekli Nesrin
Published: May 2011

Diabetes mellitus is one of the most prevalent metabolic syndromes worldwide. Glycation, a chemical modification of proteins with reducing sugars, indicates a possible explanation for the association between hyperglycemia and the wide variety of tissue pathologies. Non-enzymatic glycation (NEG) of platelet proteins is one of the key mechanisms in the pathogenesis of diabetic complications and may be significant in diabetic atherothrombosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced short-term experimental diabetes on the glycation of platelets and to find out if vitamin C affected this glycation. A total of 40 male Wistar albino rats, 200–250 g, were randomly divided into 4 groups (2 diabetic and 2 control groups). The diabetic groups were made diabetic by intraperitoneal injection of STZ (65 mg/kg, citrate buffer pH 4.5). By daily intraperitoneal injection, 80 mg/kg vitamin C (Roche, Turkey) was administered until the end of the experiment. Blood glucose levels of the diabetic groups were significantly higher than those at day 0 and also higher than those of the non-diabetic control groups. The changes in total protein, NEG and vitamin C levels were not statistically significant. Although the differences among the groups were not statistically significant, vitamin C administration increased NEG levels in the diabetic group. The results of this study demonstrate that 8 days of STZ-induced short-term diabetes did not cause a significant increase in NEG of platelets. However, the effect of vitamin C on platelet NEG needs to be further investigated.
Plasma Tissue Factor Levels and Salivary Tissue Factor Activities of Periodontitis Patients with and without Cardiovascular Disease
Authors: Emekli-Alturfan E. , Basar I. , Malali E. , Elemek E. , Oktay S. , Ayan F. , Emekli N. , Noyan U.
Published: May 2011

The association between periodontal and cardiovascular disease has received considerable attention. Studies have demonstrated a higher incidence of atherosclerotic complications in patients with periodontal disease. Tissue factor (TF) has been known as a key initiator of the coagulation cascade, and the TF pathway is the primary physiological mechanism of initiation of blood coagulation. Recently, it has been shown that the circulating pool of TF in blood is associated with increased blood thrombogenicity in patients with coronary artery disease (CAD). Various tissues and saliva have been known to have TF activity. Consequently, the aim of this study was to investigate plasma TF levels and TF activity of saliva in periodontitis patients with and without diagnosed CAD. Twenty-six patients with a diagnosis of CAD and 26 systemically healthy patients were examined in the dental clinic, and the Community Periodontal Index Treatment Needs (CPITN) scores were recorded. Plasma TF levels were determined using commercially available ELISA kit. Salivary TF activities were determined according to Quick’s one-stage method. Plasma TF levels were significantly increased in patients with CAD when compared with the control group. There was no difference in salivary TF activities between the 2 groups, but there was a strong and negative correlation between salivary TF activities and CPITN indexes in both groups. In order to determine the possible role of TF activity as a salivary marker in CAD and periodontitis and to fully understand the negative correlation between salivary TF activities and CPITN, TF activity of gingival crevicular fluid that may also affect saliva can be evaluated.
The Effect of Chronic Cadmium Toxicity on Blood Pressure and Plasma Viscosity
Authors: Kacar Kocak Mehtap , Yazihan Nuray , Akcil Ethem , Bay Meltem , Aslan Önder
Published: May 2011

Cadmium (Cd) is a heavy metal which affects many systems in humans and animals as a consequence of environmental and industrial pollution. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of chronic Cd toxicity on blood pressure and plasma viscosity. Experimental group rats were given doses that contained 15 ppm CdCl2 in drinking water for 8 weeks. The systolic blood pressure and heart rate were measured from rats’ tails and recorded by plethysmography every two weeks. Blood samples were drawn, Cd levels were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer and plasma viscosity values by viscometer. Blood Cd levels were found to be significantly higher in the experimental group compared to the control group (p < 0.001). The whole blood analysis was made by an analyzer. Polymorphonuclear leukocytes and monocytes increased (p < 0.01) and lymphocyte number (p < 0.05) decreased in the experimental group. Viscosity values were 2.21 ± 0.54 and 1.62 ± 0.31 centipoises in the experimental and control groups, respectively (p < 0.001). In the experimental group, changes in systolic blood pressure between weeks were significant (p < 0.001) and were found to be correlated with plasma viscosity (p < 0.001). In the experimental group, changes in heart rate between weeks were significant (p < 0.001). According to our findings, Cd toxicity may lead to an increase in blood pressure by increasing plasma viscosity.
Impact of Chemotherapy on Thrombin Generation and on the Protein C Pathway in Breast Cancer Patients
Authors: Mukherjee Som D. , Swystun Laura L. , Mackman Nigel , Wang Jian-Guo , Pond Gregory , Levine Mark N. , Liaw Patricia C.
Published: May 2011

Although thromboembolism is a problematic complication of chemotherapy, the pathogenic mechanisms by which chemotherapeutic agents exert prothrombotic effects in vivo are unclear.The objective of this study was to examine the effects of adjuvant chemotherapy on thrombin generation, the protein C anticoagulant pathway, and microparticle tissue factor (MP TF) activity in 26 breast cancer patients (stages I to III). The patients received cyclophosphamide, 5-fluorouracil, and methotrexate, epirubicin, or doxorubicin. Plasma samples were collected on day 1 (baseline), day 2, and day 8 for the first 2 cycles of chemotherapy. Levels of thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes, MP TF activity, and components of the protein C anticoagulant pathway, including protein C, activated protein C (APC), soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), and soluble endothelial protein C receptor (sEPCR), were measured. Compared to prechemotherapy baseline levels, plasma TAT, protein C, and APC were significantly different following the administration of chemotherapy (p < 0.01 for each). Plasma TAT was higher in cycle 1, day 2, and cycle 2, day 8, compared to baseline. Plasma protein C levels were lower in cycle 2, day 8, whereas plasma APC levels were lower in cycle 2, day 1, and cycle 2, day 8. No significant changes were found in plasma sEPCR, sTM, or MP TF activity. This study suggests that adjuvant chemotherapy in women with breast cancer increases thrombin generation and impairs the endothelium-based protein C anticoagulant pathway.
Eliminating Exposure to Aqueous Solvents Is Necessary for the Early Detection and Ultrastructural Elemental Analysis of Sites of Calcium and Phosphorus Enrichment in Mineralizing UMR106-01 Osteoblastic Cultures
Authors: Studer Daniel , Hillmann-Marti Therese , Huffman Nichole T. , Gorski Jeffrey P.
Published: May 2011

The mechanism underlying the mineralization of bone is well studied and yet it remains controversial. Inherent difficulties of imaging mineralized tissues and the aqueous solubility of calcium and phosphate, the 2 ions which combine to form bone mineral crystals, limit current analyses of labile diffusible, amorphous, and crystalline intermediates by electron microscopy. To improve the retention of calcium and phosphorus, we developed a pseudo nonaqueous processing approach and used it to characterize biomineralization foci, extracellular sites of hydroxyapatite deposition in osteoblastic cell cultures. Since mineralization of UMR106-01 osteoblasts is temporally synchronized and begins 78 h after plating, we used these cultures to evaluate the effectiveness of our method when applied to cells just prior to the formation of the first mineral crystals. Our approach combines for the first time 3 well-established methods with a fourth one, i.e. dry ultrathin sectioning. Dry ultrathin sectioning with an oscillating diamond knife was used to produce electron spectroscopic images of mineralized biomineralization foci which were high-pressure frozen and freeze substituted. For comparison, cultures were also treated with conventional processing and wet sectioning. The results show that only the use of pseudo nonaqueous processing was able to detect extracellular sites of early calcium and phosphorus enrichment at 76 h, several hours prior to detection of mineral crystals within biomineralization foci.
Comprehensive Skeletal Phenotyping and Linkage Mapping in an Intercross of Recombinant Congenic Mouse Strains HcB-8 and HcB-23
Authors: Saless Neema , Litscher Suzanne J. , Houlihan Meghan J. , Han In Kyu , Wilson Derek , Demant Peter , Blank Robert D.
Published: May 2011

Bone biomechanical performance is a complex trait or, more properly, an ensemble of complex traits. Biomechanical performance incorporates flexibility under loading, yield and failure load, and energy to failure; all are important measures of bone function. To date, the vast majority of work has focused on yield and failure load and its surrogate, bone mineral density. We performed a reciprocal intercross of the mouse strains HcB-8 and HcB-23 to map and ultimately identify genes that contribute to differences in biomechanical performance. Mechanical testing was performed by 3-point bending of the femora. We measured femoral diaphysis cross-sectional anatomy from photographs of the fracture surfaces. We used beam equations to calculate material level mechanical properties. We performed a principal component (PC) analysis of normalized whole bone phenotypes (17 input traits). We measured distances separating mandibular landmarks from calibrated digital photographs and performed linkage analysis. Experiment-wide α = 0.05 significance thresholds were established by permutation testing. Three quantitative trait loci (QTLs) identified in these studies illustrate the advantages of the comprehensive phenotyping approach. A pleiotropic QTL on chromosome 4 affected multiple whole bone phenotypes with LOD scores as large as 17.5, encompassing size, cross-sectional ellipticity, stiffness, yield and failure load, and bone mineral density. This locus was linked to 3 of the PCs but unlinked to any of the tissue level phenotypes. From this pattern, we infer that the QTL operates by modulating the proliferative response to mechanical loading. On this basis, we successfully predicted that this locus also affects the length of a specific region of the mandible. A pleiotropic locus on chromosome 10 with LOD scores displays opposite effects on failure load and toughness with LOD scores of 4.5 and 5.5, respectively, so that the allele that increases failure load decreases toughness. A chromosome 19 QTL for PC2 with an LOD score of 4.8 was not detected with either the whole bone or tissue level phenotypes. We conclude that first, comprehensive, system-oriented phenotyping provides much information that could not be obtained by focusing on bone mineral density alone. Second, mechanical performance includes inherent trade-offs between strength and brittleness. Third, considering the aggregate phenotypic data allows prediction of novel QTLs.
Obstructive Jaundice Activates Nitroxidergic Neurons of the Vago-Vagal Neural Circuit That Regulates the Hepatobiliary System in Rabbits
Authors: Hu Ming-E , Lin Yung-Chang , Chang Hung-Ming , Tyan Yeu-Sheng , Lan Chyn-Tair
Published: May 2011

In this study, we investigated the expression of neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-diaphorase (NADPH-d), two specific enzymes for nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, in the development of liver fibrosis induced by chronic bile duct ligation (BDL) in the rabbit. We specifically studied the liver-innervated nitroxidergic neurons that originate in the nodose ganglion (NG), nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) and dorsal motor vagal nucleus (DMV). Our data showed that BDL resulted in overexpression of NADPH-d/nNOS in the NG, NTS and DMV neurons. Using densitometric analysis, we found a significant increase in NADPH-d expression as a result of BDL in the NG, NTS and DMV (72.6, 79.4 and 57.4% increase, respectively). These findings were corroborated by serum biochemistry and hepatic histopathological examination, which were influenced by NADPH-d/nNOS-generated NO in the liver following BDL. Upregulation of NADPH-d/nNOS expression may have important implications, including (1) facilitation of extrahepatic biliary parasympathetic tone that promotes gallbladder emptying of excess stagnant bile; (2) relaxation of smooth muscles of bile canaliculi thus participating in the pathogenesis of cholestasis; (3) dilation of hepatic sinusoids to counter BDL-induced intrahepatic portal hypertension in which endothelia may be damaged, and (4) alterations in hepatic metabolism, such as glycogenesis, bile formation and secretion, and bilirubin clearance.
Secondary Hyperparathyroidism in Chronic Dialysis Patients: Results of the Italian FARO Survey on Treatment and Mortality
Authors: Brancaccio Diego , Cozzolino Mario , Cannella Giuseppe , Messa Piergiorgio , Bonomini Mario , Cancarini Giovanni , Caruso Maria Rosa , Cascone Carmelo , Costanzo Anna Maria , di Luzio Paparatti Umberto , Mazzaferro Sandro ,   on behalf of the FARO Study Group
Published: May 2011

Introduction: Vitamin D receptor activator (VDRA) therapy has been shown to be associated with reduced mortality rates in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT). However, differences between VDRAs in their ability to reduce both all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality rates are not yet fully elucidated. Methods: The objective of the current analysis was to determine the effect of VDRA therapy on mortality in an Italian dialysis population, observed prospectively every 6 months for 18 months. Patients were investigated for all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality risk adjusted for various demographic, clinical, and/or SHPT treatment variables. Results: The cumulative probabilities of all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality were lower for patients who received any VDRA treatment compared with those who did not (p < 0.001) regardless of all measured variables. Additionally, patients who received paricalcitol and/or cinacalcet (with or without VDRAs) compared with calcitriol showed a significant improvement in both all-cause and cardiovascular-related mortality (p < 0.001). Cinacalcet with or without VDRAs was not associated with a further decrease of mortality hazard ratios compared with paricalcitol monotherapy. Conclusions: VDRA therapy (associated or not with cinacalcet) was associated with improved survival in dialysis patients, independent of demographic and clinical variables.
The Influence of Tissue Factor and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Polymorphisms on Thrombin Generation in Stable Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Opstad Trine B. , Pettersen Alf-Aage R. , Bratseth Vibeke , Arnesen Harald , Seljeflot Ingebjørg
Published: May 2011

In patients with stable coronary heart disease (n = 1,001) we investigated the influence of tissue factor (TF) and TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) polymorphisms on thrombin generation in vivo, measured by prothrombin fragment (F) 1 and 2, and the potential to generate thrombin ex vivo, measured by the calibrated automated thrombogram assay. Additionally, circulating levels of TF and TFPI were correlated to the different parameters of thrombin generation. The TF 5466 and TFPI –399 polymorphisms associated with higher thrombin generation in vivo, the latter also with a prolonged lag time of the thrombin generation ex vivo(p < 0.05 for all).The TF –1812 TT and the TF –603 GG genotypes were associated with lower peak thrombin and a decreased average net rate of thrombin activation during the propagation phases (p ≤ 0.05), and the TFPI –33 TC genotype with prolonged lag time (p < 0.05) and additionally time to peak (p = 0.06). Strong correlations between TFPI levels, prothrombin fragment 1 and 2 as well as calibrated automated thrombogram parameters were observed.
Splenomegaly in Primary Antiphospholipid Syndrome without Accompanying Portal Hypertension or Comorbidity
Authors: Cikrikcioglu Mehmet Ali , Hursitoglu Mehmet , Erkal Hafize , Inan Bekir , Ozturk Turkan , Cakirca Mustafa , Canpolat Fatih , Erkal Serdar , Bahtiyar Ismet , Cordan Ilker , Tukek Tufan
Published: May 2011

Objective: To demonstrate the presence of splenomegaly in primary antiphospholipid syndrome (PAPS) patients without accompanying portal hypertension or comorbidity. Methods: Twelve patients (7 women) aged 23–65 years followed upon the diagnosis of PAPS were enrolled in the study. We documented the identified causes of splenomegaly in patients with PAPS, and searched for the potential causes of splenomegaly in patients with spleen enlargement. PAPS patients with or without splenomegaly were evaluated in terms of demographic and clinical findings. Results: Splenomegaly was present in 6 of the 12 patients. In these patients, there were no infections, hematological disorders, portal hypertension or malignancy that might lead to splenomegaly. The long axis of spleen was found to be in the range of 137–155 mm in patients with splenomegaly. Splenomegaly was more frequently determined in female PAPS patients. The splenomegaly group had a longer duration of disease (median 5.5 vs. 0.75 years) and a higher number of thrombotic events (median 3 vs. 1.5). The splenomegaly group was especially composed of patients who never received any anticoagulant and acetylsalicylic acid, or who used these agents irregularly for very short periods. Conclusion: Splenomegaly was observed in association with disease duration, frequency of thrombotic events and irregular antiaggregant or anticoagulant treatment in patients with PAPS, in the absence of comorbidity or portal hypertension.
The Basis of Differential Responses to Folic Acid Supplementation
Authors: Cotlarciuc Ioana , Andrew Toby , Dew Tracy , Clement Gail , Gill Raj , Surdulescu Gabriela , Sherwood Roy , Ahmadi Kourosh R.
Published: May 2011

Background/Aims: Elevated levels of total homocysteine (tHcy) are associated with an increased risk of many common diseases. Supplementation with folic acid has been shown to significantly reduce tHcy levels. We used the classical twin model to partition the variability in changes in plasma tHcy levels through folic acid supplementation into genetic, environmental, and confounding epidemiological factors. Methods: We carried out an intervention study of folic acid using 101 healthy, female, identical and non-identical twins aged 50–80 years. Each twin was administered folic acid (0.8 mg/day) for 6 weeks. Total plasma folate, cobalamin and tHcy were measured at both baseline and after dosing. We calculated the heritability and tested for associations between the MTHFR C677T functional variant and response to folic acid supplementation. Results: Supplementation with folic acid led to a significant reduction in tHcy levels. The mean tHcy changed from 12.14 to 10.42 µmol/l after supplementation (p < 10–5). Moreover, the change in tHcy levels was highly heritable (64%), not associated with the C677T functional variant at MTHFR and not confounded by age, BMI or diet. Conclusions: Our results highlight the need to identify genetic factors associated with biomarkers of response to folate supplementation.