bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Convenience and Nonconvenience Food Use in Single‐Person and Multi‐Person Households
Authors: Richardson S. , Pearson J.M. , Capps O.
Published: March 2007

Households surveyed in the 1977–78 USDA Nationwide Food Consumption Survey were classified as either single‐person or multi‐person households, and the use of convenience and nonconvenience foods by each household size was studied. Trends in food use, based on share of the home food dollar spent on different types of foods, were similar for single‐person and for larger households. Both groups allocated the largest share of the home food dollar, slightly over half, to nonconvenience foods. Major demographic factors affecting convenience and nonconvenience food use were similar for the different household sizes. Nonconvenience foods contributed more nutrients than convenience foods for both single‐person and larger households, and levels of most nutrients were positively associated with the share of the home food dollar allocated to non convenience foods. In many cases nutrient levels were negatively associated with the share of the home food dollar spent on convenience foods.
Cost of Preparing Convenience and Home‐Prepared Foods With an Electric Range and a Microwave Oven
Authors: Richardson S. , Phillips J.A. , Axelson J.M. , Lovingood R.P. , Pearson J.M. , Saltmarch M.
Published: March 2007

The composite cost of preparing 20 convenience foods and their home‐ prepared counterparts with an electric range and a microwave oven was deter mined. Per‐serving costs were calculated for food, fuel used in preparation, and active preparation time at two wage levels. The majority of convenience foods (74%) cost more for food alone than did the home‐prepared counterparts, while 52 percent of home‐prepared foods cost more for fuel alone. Nearly all home‐ prepared foods (98%) had a higher cost for active preparation time at either wage level. When food and fuel costs were combined, 74 percent of convenience foods cost more than the home‐prepared counterparts. However, when the cost of active preparation time was added, home‐prepared foods become more expen sive. The combined cost for food, fuel, and active preparation time at minimum wage was greater for 70 percent of home‐prepared foods than for convenience foods, and the combined cost with time valued at the market wage rate of a cook was greater for 91 percent of home‐prepared foods.
Teaching Sewing Machine Tension Concepts to Blind and Sighted Students
Authors: MacDonald Nora M. , Manning Mary Ann , Souther Mark D.
Published: March 2007

An experimental lesson plan on sewing machine tension was developed and administered to groups of blind (N= 12) and sighted (N= 30) students in an attempt to teach this concept more effectively. Tactile/verbal aids were used in the experimental lesson to increase the potential for student comprehension. Student performances on three component tasks were assessed using a five‐point difficulty rating scale (0 =“unable to do”, to 5 =“could readily accomplish”) to compare the experimental lesson with a traditional lesson on sewing machine tension. It was hypothesized that for blind and sighted groups of students there would be no significant differences in mean rating scores for identifying bal anced, loose, and tight tension between the groups which received the experi mental tension lesson and the groups which received the traditional tension lesson. Higher mean ratings were achieved for the experimental lesson when compared to the traditional lesson for both blind and sighted groups of students. Mean ratings increased significantly for blind students following experimental instruction when compared to traditional instruction. Sighted students did not perform significantly better when experimental instruction was compared to tra ditional instruction. However, they achieved the highest mean ratings when the complete tactile/verbal lesson was presented. The experimental lesson produced better results for both groups of students even though more time was involved.
Family Financial Satisfaction: The Impact of Reference Points
Authors: Davis Elizabeth P. , Helmick Sandra A.
Published: March 2007

The Deacon‐Firebaugh model of family resource management provided the con ceptual framework for this study, which was designed to assess the direct effect of selected inputs on a composite measure of financial satisfaction. This measure reflected satisfaction with consumption level, family wealth, and financial secu rity. The inputs included family income, net worth, and the number of earners in the household (resources); the household's debt‐to‐income ratio and child‐ rearing commitments (demands); perceived change in financial condition over time; and a measure of financial aspirations. It was hypothesized that these last two variables would exert a significant direct impact on financial satisfaction. The data analyzed in this study were collected in two communities in each of three states. The responses from husbands and wives were analyzed separately, using multiple regression analyses. The results supported the hypothesis that the “ref erence point” variables (i.e., perceived change in financial condition and aspira tions for the future) exerted a significant direct impact on financial satisfaction. The full regression models, including eight inputs, accounted for between 30 and 40 percent of the variation in financial satisfaction. The results suggest that future research should further explore both the direct and the indirect influence of past financial experience and aspirations on family financial management and financial satisfaction.
Adolescent Energy Conservation: Dimensions of Attitude‐Behavior Consistency
Authors: Lytle Jacque R. , Chamberlain Valerie M.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to analyze the nature of the relationship between energy conservation attitudes and behaviors of adolescents in the use of energy for personal and family‐related activities. Specifically, the study was designed to determine a level of attitude‐behavior consistency for each respondent and cor responding levels of selected attitudinal qualities. The association of selected demographic characteristics and attitude‐behavior consistency was also deter mined. Data were collected from 227 eleventh and twelfth grade students en rolled in both urban and rural public schools. The dependent variable was the attitude‐behavior consistency score. Independent variables included demo graphic characteristics as well as levels of attitudinal quality defined as affective, cognitive, and direct experience. The relationship existing between attitude and behavior was tested using correlational statistical analysis. Multiple regression, factorial analysis of variance, and t‐tests were used to determine significant sources of variance upon the consistency score. Energy conservation attitudes and behaviors of adolescents were found to be significantly correlated. Differ ences in the consistency of attitude and behavior were found to be significantly associated with sex and employment of adolescents. No significant differences in consistency were found to be associated with other demographic variables tested or with levels of attitudinal qualities measured.
Estimating the Value of Home Work Time: The Impact of Income Taxes
Authors: Bryan William R. , Linke Charles M.
Published: March 2007

According to research reported earlier (Zick and Bryant, 1983), estimates of the value of home work time based on the cost of purchasing substitutes in the market are systematically lower than values implied by reservation wages. We argue that much of this differential reflects differences in the tax status of market purchases as compared with the underlying variable captured in the concept of a reservation price. Specifically, market prices are specified on an after‐tax basis; reservation prices are most meaningfully viewed on a pre‐tax basis. Evidence is presented that is consistent with this view.
Female Appearance Presentation: Gender Differences in Social Attribution and Situational Choice
Authors: Sweat Sarah J. , Zentner Mary Ann
Published: March 2007

This study investigated the relationship between gender and: (a) attributions toward dramatic, natural, classic, and romantic female appearance styles; and (b) preferences for these styles in situations representing various behavioral con straints. Semantic differential ratings of line drawings depicting the appearance styles were provided by 170 male and 190 female undergraduates. Male percep tions of appropriateness and female wearing preferences among these styles were measured in four hypothetical situations with associated constraints: (a) apart ment complex party, low social; (b) cocktail party, moderate social; (c) average working day, varying occupational; and (d) staff meeting, high occupational. Dimensions of appearance attribution related to traditionality, sociability, for mality, and strength were identified through factor analysis. A two‐way multivar iate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to analyze male and female attri butions toward each appearance style on these dimensions. Significant main effects and interactions were found. Chi‐square and z‐tests indicated that males and females tended to select specific, but not necessarily the same, styles under different constraints. Results were interpreted from the perspective of self‐pre sentation theory.
Accessibility and Ownership of Financial Accounts by Married U.S. Farm Women
Authors: Scholl Kathleen K.
Published: March 2007

Married farm women's accessibility and ownership of farm and household credit and cash accounts was measured with a score constructed from various items in the 1980 National Farm Women Survey. The majority of women were found to be partially or not involved with the accounts, with variation among the women in regard to the degree of accessibility and ownership. Discriminant analysis indicated that farm women's education, age, and level of off‐farm income; stage of family life cycle; and the women's participation in farm decisionmaking, their perception of their farm involvement, and farm task participation distinguished between women with high scores and those with low scores. Attributes of farm women and characteristics which are unique to farm women in their interaction with their farms differentiated those who are financially involved with the farm and household accounts from those with little involvement. Farm characteristics, however, did not contribute to group differentiation.
Perceived Adequacy of Resources: Development of a Scale
Authors: Rowland Virginia T. , Dodder Richard A. , Nickols Sharon Y.
Published: March 2007

A scale to measure perceived adequacy of resources was constructed and ana lyzed with responses from 520 adults. A 28‐item instrument assessed how re spondents felt about the adequacy of resources categorized as physical environ ment, health/physical energy, time, financial, interpersonal, knowledge/skills, and community resources. Internal consistency of the scale was high (Cronbach's alpha = 0.89), and items loaded as expected in the seven resource categories. A shortened version was also evaluated. The Perceived Adequacy of Resources scale appeared to offer a solution to the absence of a parsimonious and reliable scale for measuring resources.
Microwave and Conventional Heating Effects on Sensory Quality And Thiamin Content of Flounder and Haddock Fillets
Authors: Brady P.L. , Haughey P.E. , Rothschild M.F.
Published: March 2007

The sensory quality and thiamin content of flounder and haddock fillets heated in a conventional or microwave oven were evaluated. Fresh fish was divided into two fillets. One fillet from each fish was heated in a conventional oven and the other in a microwave oven. All fillets were heated to an endpoint of 70°C. The conventionally heated haddock fillets had greater drip than microwave‐heated ones. Fish heated by the two methods did not differ in thiamin content. A sensory panel rated the microwave‐heated flounder fillets significantly more crumbly than those heated conventionally. The panel did not detect differences due to heat treatment in the flavor, appearance, or overall acceptability of either species.
Food Energy and Nutrients Per Dollar's Worth of Food From Available Home Food Supplies
Authors: Morgan Karen J. , Peterkin Betty B. , Johnson S.R. , Goungetas Basile
Published: March 2007

Data from the Nationwide Food Consumption Survey, 1977–78, were used to assess effects of household size and composition, household income, and eli gibility/participation in the Food Stamp Program (FSP) on the food energy and nutrients per dollar's worth of food from the household food supply during one week. Mean food energy, protein, calcium, iron, magnesium, and vitamin A per food dollar were calculated for selected sample partitions. Household size, in come, FSP participation, and other socioeconomic variables were regressed on food energy and nutrients per food dollar. Results indicated that household size had a statistically significant and positive impact on nutrients per dollar's worth of food except for vitamin A. Household income had a statistically significant and negative impact on nutrients per food dollar. Households that participated in the FSP had greater food energy and nutrient return per dollar than households eligible but not participating in the FSP. However, these differences for FSP par ticipation were statistically significant only for calcium.
Effects of Radiant Heat Transfer: Cake Baking in a Conventional Electric Residential Oven
Authors: Garrison Carolyn L. , Peart M. Virginia
Published: March 2007

In order to study the role of irradiation in cake baking, irradiation levels on the upper, lower, and side surfaces of a cake and utensil were varied. This was done by increasing the reflectance of thermal radiation in an electric residential oven while controlling the average oven air temperature by thermostat setting. Irradia tion levels were measured using a cake‐pan radiometer. Cake moisture loss and bottom crust formation were increased during baking by increased radiation on the lower cake surface. Radiation increase on the upper cake surface caused a greater degree of browning of that surface. Lower surface browning was related to both increased moisture loss and smaller cake volume.
Theses and Dissertations Completed in Home Economics 1985
Authors: Shoffner Sarah M. , Clawson Barbara N.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to compile a listing of theses and dissertations completed in home economics in colleges and universities in the United States during 1985. The 885 titles received from 73 institutions are listed by subject matter and degree; and the author, institution, and availability of the document are reported. Information about graduate research in home economics is summa rized through presentations of totals for each institution, by subject matter cate gories, and through rankings for the institutions reporting the largest numbers of theses and dissertations. Of all the titles, 26 percent were for dissertations. The largest number of titles was reported in nutrition, and family relations ranked second. In comparison to the titles reported in 1983 and 1984, the percentage of dissertations was similar (25% vs. 26%) and the subject matter areas with the largest numbers of titles were the same.
Effectiveness of Computer‐Assisted Instruction for Teaching Consumer Credit
Authors: Faircloth Ann H. , Clawson Barbara N. , Godwin Deborah D.
Published: March 2007

This study tested the effectiveness of computer‐assisted instruction (CAI) versus supervised reading for teaching consumer credit to secondary school home eco nomics students and investigated the effects of students' IQ, grade point average, attitude toward computers, and familiarity with computers on amount of information learned by subjects taught by CAI. A random sample of 68 students, randomly assigned to experimental and control groups, was drawn from a popu lation of 10th through 12th graders in a large rural high school. Analysis of covari ance, controlling for differences in IQ and grade level, was used to test differ ences in mean gain scores of pretest, posttest, and second posttest. Results indi cated that the experimental (CAI) group learned more between pretest and both posttests than did the control group. Results of three stepwise multiple regres sion analyses indicated that student learning via CAI did not vary by IQ, GPA, attitude toward computers, or familiarity with computers, which suggests that CAI is an effective teaching method for teaching consumer credit with diverse types of high school students.
Robustness of Fishbein's Theory of Reasoned Action in Predicting Food‐Related Behavior
Authors: Axelson Marta L. , Brinberg David , Allen Candace
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to identify differences in the relations among the components of Fishbein's theory of reasoned action across two populations— college and community samples—when applied to a food‐related behavior (i.e., eating at a fast‐food hamburger restaurant). A total of 154 college students and 212 community respondents completed a questionnaire that measured the com ponents of the Fishbein model. Two weeks later, 104 (68%) of the college stu dents and 164 (77%) of the community respondents completed a follow‐up ques tionnaire which asked whether they had eaten at a fast‐food hamburger restau rant in the past two weeks. The relationships among the components of the model were examined and found robust across the two sample populations. This finding increases our confidence in the use of the Fishbein model as a predictor of eating at fast‐food hamburger restaurants.
Mechanical and Physical Properties Of Suiting Fabrics That Affect Seam Head Size In Enclosed Seams
Authors: Moore Carolyn L. , Gurel Lois M. , Marshall Mary Helen
Published: March 2007

Bending of fabric is a low‐stress mode of fabric deformation that makes apparel construction possible and is influenced by fiber, yarn, and fabric properties. Gar ment sections are sewn on designated stitching lines, but for enclosed seams, where all fabric layers bend in one direction, a seam head forms between the line of stitching and the fold of fabric and distortion occurs. This research investi gated the effects of flexural rigidity, fiber content, thickness, and grain on seam head size in woven suiting fabrics. Seam heads were measured by photographing the cross sections of the enclosed seams. Flexural rigidity had a correlation coef ficient of 0.940 to seam head size. Fiber and thickness had statistically significant effects, and there was a significant interaction between fiber and grain on seam head size. Thickness, fiber, and grain are easily assessed and can be used to predict fabric behavior in enclosed seams.
Store Status and Country of Origin as Information Cues: Consumer's Perception of Sweater Price and Quality
Authors: Sternquist Brenda , Davis Bonnie
Published: March 2007

Consumers use many information cues to determine the quality of a product. Price, the most obvious cuing device, has been used as an independent variable in many studies dealing with consumer's perception of quality. This study takes a different perspective; store status (high prestige vs. low prestige) and country of origin (domestic vs. imported) are used as the independent variables with price and quality used as the dependent variables. Subjects in this study were asked to assign a price and quality designation to four identical women's sweaters where the information cues, store status and country of origin, were experimentally ma nipulated. The sample consisted of 49 female students at a major midwestern university (Fall 1983). The results of this study indicate that store prestige had a significant influence on consumer's perceptions of price while country of origin was insignificant. Store prestige was significant in explaining consumer's percep tion of quality while country of origin was insignificant. Implications of these findings for domestic manufacturers are discussed.
Older Widows' Intentions to Stay or Move from Their Homes
Authors: O'Bryant Shirley L. , McGloshen Thomas H.
Published: March 2007

The number of elderly who live alone is increasing rapidly; many such persons are vulnerable and “at risk.” Older urban widows (N= 221) who live alone in their own homes were interviewed in depth regarding a large number of objec tive and subjective variables related to economic circumstances, health, housing and neighborhood characteristics, social support systems, subjective well‐being, and attitudes about their homes. Widows' intentions to remain in their homes or move from them were not closely related to sociodemographic or objective factors. Rather, these intentions were related to widows' subjective attitudes re flecting the attachment‐to‐home phenomenon.
Differences In Reciprocal Peer Social Relations Among Children Who View Low, Moderate, And High Amounts Of Television
Authors: Goldsmith Elaine
Published: March 2007

Differences in reciprocal social relations related to low, moderate, and high quantities of television viewing were examined in this study of 58 girls and 61 boys (ages three to five years) enrolled in 10 university‐related child development programs. The Goldsmith Television‐Viewing Inventory was used to measure television‐viewing variables, and the Starkweather Social Relations Test was used to measure reciprocal peer social relations. Children who viewed moderate amounts of television scored significantly higher on the social relations test in the spring assessment than did children who viewed either high or low amounts of television.
Differences Among Owners of Spec‐Built vs. Owner‐Built Passive Solar Homes
Authors: McLain‐Kark Joan H.
Published: March 2007

This research examines three factors affecting the adoption process of passive solar housing: compatibility of the design with user needs, homogeneity of solar adopters, and participation in the design and building process. A sample of 41 Virginia passive solar homeowners were surveyed and interviewed. The results indicate that the high participaters or owner‐builders were more satisfied with their homes than the low participaters, indicating that the high satisfaction found in earlier postoccupancy studies may be due to high participation. Homeowners also differed in age, education, and opinion leadership. The passive solar design was incompatible with living space planning while the design seemed to be com patible with the psychological needs of the homeowners. These results suggest that designers may need to emphasize design compatibility if passive solar is to survive periods of decreasing energy prices.
Theses And Dissertations Completed In Home Economics: 1986
Authors: Shoffner Sarah M. , Clawson Barbara N.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to compile a listing of the theses and dissertations completed in home economics in colleges and universities in the United States during 1986. The 747 titles received from 68 institutions are listed by subject matter area and degree; and the author, institution, and availability of the docu ment are reported. Information about graduate research in home economics is summarized through presentations of totals for each institution, by subject matter categories, and through rankings for the institutions reporting the largest numbers of theses and dissertations. Of all the titles, 30 percent were for disser tations. The largest number of titles was reported in nutrition; family relations ranked second. In comparison to the titles reported from 1982 through 1985, the percentage of dissertations has increased (from 23% to 30%) and the subject matter areas with the largest numbers of titles remained the same.
Opportunities for The Advancement of Home Economists in The Home Equipment and Related‐Product Industries
Authors: Michael Carol M. , Hunt Fern E.
Published: March 2007

Home Economists' perceptions of and factors associated with opportunities for advancement in the home equipment and related‐product industries were ana lyzed. Participants were 151 home economists employed by manufacturers of ap pliances, housewares/materials, and cleaning products who responded to a pre‐ tested mail questionnaire. The relationships of selected independent variables to a Success/Achievement Index were examined by analysis of variance, multiple regression, and discriminant analysis. Positive, statistically significant (p < 0.05) relationships were found between the index score and six variables: educational level, extent of formal business training, years of employment with the company, number of professional positions held in the company, years in career, and mentor/sponsor relationships. Additional factors associated with advancement opportunities are discussed, Implications of the findings for those with careers or seeking careers in these industries are presented.
Food Attribute Importance, Situational Effects, and Homemaker Values
Authors: Valentin Erhard K. , Granzin Ken L.
Published: March 2007

A repeated‐measures analysis of variance design was used to test the hypothesis that food attribute importance, as perceived by homemakers, is affected by the type of food product, anticipated usage, and personal values. The conceptual framework that guided this study was developed by integrating pertinent con structs from various fields of inquiry, especially consumer behavior and psy chology. All hypothesized main effects (the type of food product, anticipated usage, and personal values) and one interaction effect, between the type of food and its anticipated usage, were found statistically significant. Results contain im plications for immediate applications in areas such as nutrition education and for further research.
Microwave Cooking Appliance Placement in Residential Kitchens
Authors: Yust Becky Love , Olson Wanda W.
Published: March 2007

Two studies were conducted to determine recommendations for placement of a microwave cooking appliance in residential kitchens. In the first study, 30 sub jects completed tasks using microwave ovens located at heights typically used in kitchens and evaluated the safety and convenience of the tasks on a five‐point rating scale. The ratings at the varied microwave oven heights differed signifi cantly for both safety and convenience evaluations. In the second study, 24 par ticipants prepared a dinner meal. Data collected included the number, purpose, and sequence of trips between the work centers during the meal preparation. The utilization of a microwave oven did significantly change work‐center rela tionships. Based on these studies, for safe use, the microwave oven should be located so that the interior food shelf or rack is no higher than the user's shoulder; for most convenient use, the interior shelf or rack should be located from between 2 in. (5 cm) below the elbow to 10 in. (25 cm) above the elbow. The microwave oven center should be placed so that it is close to the mix center. When the microwave oven and range are combined in one center, this center should also be convenient to the sink center.
The Influence Of Physical Attractiveness And Dress On Campus Recruiters' Impressions Of Female Job Applicants
Authors: Johnson Kim K. P. , Roach‐Higgins Mary E.
Published: March 2007

The influence of physical attractiveness, dress, and job type upon recruiters' im pressions of females' employment potential was investigated. Three hundred college campus recruiters served as subjects. The study was a 2 × 3 × 2 be tween‐subjects factorial design with two levels of attractiveness (attractive, mod erately attractive), three levels of dress (appropriate, moderately appropriate, in appropriate) and two levels of job type (male dominated, female dominated). Subjects were mailed a questionnaire with a photograph of a bogus female appli cant and asked to rate her on eight employment potential statements using a five‐point scale indicating subjects' degree of agreement with each statement. Results indicated the dress of the applicant exerted a consistent influence on recruiters' perceptions of the female applicants' employment potential.
Teachers' Self‐Perceived Competence To Teach Clothing Construction To Mainstreamed Students
Authors: Feather Betty L. , Love Cathy Carras , Dillard Betty G.
Published: March 2007

All public high school home economics teachers in Missouri were mailed a survey questionnaire to assess their perceived competency to teach clothing con struction to physically handicapped students; 303 teachers (60%) responded. The 21‐item questionnaire measured three factors confirmed through factor analysis: Adaptive processes, design problem‐solving and alteration skills. Results indi cated that amount of teaching experience, personal clothing construction experi ence, and educational experience (specialized clothing construction courses) were significantly related to teachers' perceived competency to teach clothing construction to handicapped students.
Vitamin Retention And Sensory Evaluation Of Selected Foods Prepared By Boiling, Boiling‐In‐Bag, And Steaming Methods
Authors: Johnson Janet M. , Driskell Judy
Published: March 2007

The vitamin C and B6 retentions and sensory qualities of foods prepared by boiling‐in‐bag were compared with those cooked by conventional methods. Broccoli, carrots, peas, potatoes, and flounder were cooked by boiled (broiled for flounder), boiled‐in‐bag, and steamed methods to equivalent tenderness. Sensory analysis indicated no significant differences in characteristics of the foods among the preparation methods, except that peas boiled‐in‐bag and steamed were significantly darker in color than boiled peas, and potatoes boiled‐ in‐bag were significantly more moist than those boiled or steamed. The retention of vitamins C and B6 was higher in foods boiled‐in‐bag than those which were boiled or steamed.
Empirically Measuring Household Productivity: An Application
Authors: Norum Pamela S.
Published: March 2007

This research empirically examined the productive use of a specific family re source—nutrients available for meal production—within households headed by married couples and single persons. This was accomplished by estimating sepa rate production functions for the protein and fat contained in family meals. Data from the 1977 Nationwide Food Consumption Survey were used in the analysis. As hypothesized, the marginal products of the nutrient inputs were positive numbers whose values were less than one. The magnitude of the coefficient on protein was larger than the coefficient for fat. This suggests that households uti lize their protein resources more productively than their fat resources. From a nutritional point of view, this is encouraging. This research also supports the usefulness of household production theory in empirically analyzing the produc tive use of household resources.
Evaluation of Computer Simulations for Teaching Apparel Merchandising Concepts
Authors: Jolly Laura D. , Sisler Grovalynn
Published: March 2007

The goal of the research was to develop and evaluate computer simulations for teaching apparel merchandising concepts. Topics were identified in consultation with retailers. The researcher examined the effects of teaching method (com puter simulation vs. case study) and course (Profitable Merchandising Analysis and Retailing Management) on cognitive learning and attitude. Two experiments using a 2 × 2 factorial design were conducted with students (N= 73, N= 50) at a major south central university. Results of the study indicated that students did not differ significantly (p < 0.05) in cognitive learning based on teaching method, but attitudes varied according to the topic covered.
Fashion Opinion Leadership and Media Exposure among College Women in India
Authors: Chowdhary Usha , Dickey Lois
Published: March 2007

The concept of fashion leadership among college women in India was examined by assessing the attention given to media exposure (fashion information sources) of identified opinion leaders and fashion nonleaders. A survey design with a pre tested questionnaire was used to conduct the research. The final sample con sisted of 509 college women from four universities in northwestern India. Anal ysis of variance and chi square analysis were used to test the hypotheses. The findings revealed that fashion opinion leaders used significantly more sources of fashion information and more often than nonleaders (p < 0.05 to p < 0.01). Fashion magazines were a significantly discriminating fashion information source for the two groups during the awareness, comprehension, and legitimation stages of fashion adoption (p < 0.01). Although most of the findings were consis tent with Western literature regarding the fashion adoption process, the role of parents and family members in legitimating the fashion choices of the respon dents did reflect a cultural difference.
Effects of Window Treatments in Cold Climates
Authors: Lunde Helen A. , Lindley James A.
Published: March 2007

Window treatments were compared for their ability to reduce heat loss through a double‐glazed window under subzero weather conditions. A full‐sized window was used in a laboratory test system. Roller shades, roman shades, films, and other selected treatments were found to significantly reduced heat loss com pared to the bare window (p < 0.025). Heat loss was reduced to nearly half when roller shades and roman shades were sealed to the window frame. Draperies tested were not significantly different from the bare window. Unlike other re searchers (Hirning & Woell, 1978; U.S. Department of Energy, 1984), the covered cornice did not reduce heat loss, and combinations of window treatments did not improve effectiveness over a single treatment. A cost evaluation indicated that home‐constructed roman shades and polystyrene boards would be cost ef fective and provide significant reduction of heat loss.
Nutrient Intake Of Working Mothers: Relationships With The Family Environment
Authors: Pratt Charlotte , Doyle Margaret
Published: March 2007

The relationships of family environment to frequency of food use and nutrient intakes were investigated among a purposive sample of working mothers in Min neapolis, Minnesota. The family environment scale which measured cohesion, expressiveness, conflict, intellectual‐cultural orientation, morals and religious emphasis, organization, and control in the family was used to measure the social environment of the mothers. A 24‐hour recall was used to estimate intake of calories, protein, calcium, iron, vitamins A and C of the working mothers. Data on frequency of food use were also collected and converted into food‐use fre quency scores. Nutrient adequacy was determined by percent RDA and an overall index of adequacy: mean nutrient adequacy ratio or MAR. Pearson corre lation coefficients were used to estimate the relationships among family environ ment, nutrient intakes, and food‐use frequency scores. The family environment scores indicated that mothers were from highly cohesive families and had a strong intellectual‐cultural orientation. Analysis of the data on nutrient intake indicated that 69 percent and 41 percent of the respondents consumed 66.9 per cent or less of the RDA for iron and calcium, respectively. Overall nutrient ade quacy (MAR) correlated negatively with moral and religious orientation of the family. Significant negative relationships were found among vitamin C intake and cohesion and expressiveness, while positive relationships occurred among vi tamin A intake and intellectual‐cultural orientation and organization in the family. The magnitude of the correlation coefficients was, however, small in all cases, indicating weak relationships. In addition, other investigated relationships were not significant.
Furniture Design Decision‐Making Constructs
Authors: Thompson Jo Ann Asher , Davis Leslie L.
Published: March 2007

The underlying constructs which influence criteria used to determine furniture design preferences were examined for 155 subjects living in Washington and Or egon. In addition, significant relationships between the self‐conceptual person ality trait of self‐monitoring and furniture preferences were examined. Subjects responded to three sets of furniture style examples representing traditional, con temporary, and country stylistic variations through the use of a semantic differen tial scale of 15 sets of descriptive bi‐polar adjectives. Factor analysis with varimax rotation was used to identify significant underlying constructs of furniture prefer ence within and across furniture styles. Three factors were identified as important criteria for furniture preference: the perceived currency of the style, the per ceived aesthetics/utility of the style, and the perceived prestige of the style. Sig nificant relationships between individual self‐monitoring characteristics and fur niture preferences were investigated by using a t‐test to compare mean scores of subjects who were classified as high and low self‐monitors by a median split. The traditional style was perceived as more aesthetically pleasing by high self‐mon itors than by low self‐monitors; the contemporary style was perceived as more prestigious by high self‐monitors than by low self‐monitors; and the country style showed no significant differences in perception between high and low self‐mon itors.
Theses And Dissertations Completed In Home Economics: 1987
Authors: Helmick Sandra A. , Griffith Ruth Y.
Published: March 2007

The compilation of theses and dissertations completed in home economics in colleges and universities in the United States during 1987 is presented. The 803 titles submitted by 69 institutions are listed by subject matter area and degree; each entry includes title, author, school, and availability of the document. Infor mation about graduate research in home economics is summarized by (1) numbers of titles submitted by each school, (2) numbers and percentages of titles by subject matter area, (3) institutions reporting highest numbers of theses and dissertations, (4) ranking of institutions reporting highest numbers of titles in each subject matter area and (5) total numbers of titles by degree and subject matter area since reporting began in 1982.
A Multi‐State Study of Off‐Farm Employment
Authors: Wozniak Patricia J. , Draughn Peggy S. , Perch Karen L.
Published: March 2007

The scope, development, and implementation of a multi‐state study on the im pact of farm wives' employment on family functioning and economic productivity are described. The procedures used in questionnaire development, sampling, and data collection are reported, along with information on item and unit non‐response.
Marital Adjustment in Farm Couples Across the Family Life Cycle
Authors: Smith Craig W. , Weeks O'Neal , Wozniak Patricia , Kain Knaub Patricia , Little Linda F. , Draughn Peggy S.
Published: March 2007

An investigation of the effects of life cycle stage, gender, education level, em ployment, and income level on the dyadic adjustment of farm couples was con ducted on a sample of 492 married couples from a six‐state area. It was found that gender and income level were not significant factors in the respondents' reported level of marital adjustment. However, there was a significant effect on marital adjustment for the interactions of: life cycle stage by educational level of wives, life cycle stage by employment of wives, and life cycle stage by educational level of wives by employment of wives.
The Relationship of Income and Human Capital to Debt/Asset Ratio of Farm Families
Authors: Marlowe Julia , Godwin Deborah
Published: March 2007

Financial well‐being of farm families is often defined in terms of their debt‐asset ratio. This study utilized the human capital theory to determine variables which predict debt/asset ratio by analyzing 489 farm families in seven states in the South and Midwest. Respondents answered a mailed questionnaire in 1985. The human capital approach was supported with key human capital variables, number of years farming, and husbands' education as predictors of debt/asset ratio. Total family income was found to have a curvilinear relationship with debt/asset ratio. Total income and region of country were also significant predictors. Discriminant analysis correctly classified almost 60 percent of the sample into three financial categories: safe, moderately risky, and risky.
Support for Home Economics Education in the Smith‐Hughes Act
Authors: Hillison John , Burge Penny L.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine the interests that supported the inclu sion of home economics education in early vocational legislation. Primary and secondary sources were used to record the emergence of support for vocational education in the early 1900s, to identify the interests that supported the inclusion of home economics in the federal legislation, and to identify the issues faced by the supporting interests. It was a major achievement that home economics was included in the Smith‐Hughes Act three years before women were granted the right to vote. Many interests such as the National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education, National Education Association, American Federation of La bor, National Association of Manufacturers, and American Home Economics As sociation all supported inclusion of home economics education. The Smith‐ Hughes Act mentioned home economics 18 times and included funding for the total program and for teacher training. The article concludes with implications for today's program, such as the importance of maintaining coalitions, retaining ser vice area identity, using a common name, and meeting society's needs.
Utilization of American‐Produced Rice in Muffins for Gluten‐Sensitive Individuals
Authors: Stucy Johnson Faye C.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this project was to develop a muffin with desirable quality char acteristics for the gluten‐sensitive population using 100 percent medium‐grain milled rice flour as the cereal source. An additional purpose was to determine whether gluten‐tolerant and intolerant persons perceive differently the quality characteristics of the bread. Product treatments (variations) included the addi tions of xanthan or sodium alginate gums or waxy rice flour to the formulation. A muffin with no additive was prepared as well. Two panels, one composed of gluten‐tolerant individuals, the other of intolerant individuals, served as sensory analysts. Several physical qualities were measured by objective means. Analysis of variance (p < .05) and Student‐Newman‐Keul's test were performed to analyze the data. Findings indicated that the products containing waxy rice flour and xanthan gum possessed the most desirable qualities. The two panels judged quality characteristics similarly in most respects. When differences occurred, the gluten‐tolerant group was more critical. These findings suggest the acceptability of rice flour in this baked product. Also implied are the unique advantages af forded to the muffins by the addition of waxy rice flour. Information obtained from these sensory panels supports the practice of using gluten‐tolerant persons to evaluate products developed for the intolerant population.
Changes in Financial Practices: Southeast Asian Refugees
Authors: Johnson Phyllis J.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents research on changes over a two‐yearperiod in the use of new, Western financial practices by Southeast Asian refugees and in variables affecting those changes. Data are from personal interviews with a multistage probability sample of 1,169 adult refugees in British Columbia. The Canadian financial prac tice most frequently adopted by refugees was saving money; the least frequent, purchase of property insurance and use of credit cards. Over the two‐year period, respondents increased their use of all the practices except savings. Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that refugees using more of the financial practices at each point in time were: privately rather than govemment‐sponsored; men rather than women; better educated; aged 18–45; and employed. Significant interaction effects showed that increased use of new practices was affected by education, age, employment experience, and changes in self‐reported English ability. Consumer education programs to increase the awareness of benefits of financial practices may be especially important for the less educated, those with limited English skills, female consumers, and those who had their initial orienta tion from government agencies.
Three Types of Laundry Detergents: Performance in Soft and Hard Water
Authors: Lovingood Rebecca P. , Woodard Janice E. , Leech Irene E.
Published: March 2007

The performance of phosphate‐built, carbonate‐built, and unbuilt liquid laundry detergents was evaluated with standard controlled tests to determine soil re moval, soil deposition, and carbonate deposition in soft and hard water using home laundry appliances. Light reflectance data were analyzed using analysis of variance procedures. All three types of detergents performed better in soft water than in hard. The unbuilt liquids and phosphate‐built powders were more effec tive in soil removal and whiteness retention than the carbonate‐built products, and differences in results were magnified as the number of washings was in creased. At present, unbuilt liquids are a practical and effective alternative to phosphate‐built laundry detergents.
Human Nutrition Research Conducted at State Agricultural Experiment Stations and 1890/Tuskegee Agricultural Research Programs
Authors: Driskell Judy A. , Myers John R.
Published: March 2007

The funding patterns of State Agricultural Experiment Stations (SAES) and 1890/Tuskegee agricultural research programs for human nutrition research for fiscal years (FY) 1970 to 1986 and the departments which received such funding during FY ′86 were evaluated. Land‐grant universities, 1862 and 1890/Tuskegee, receive these funds. Nationally, Cooperative State Research Service‐administered and state‐appropriated SAES funds for human nutrition research increased about two fold from FY ′70 −′86 as adjusted to ′70 levels, while the percentage of budgets expended for this research decreased. The research was performed in a variety of departments. Wide variations in funding were observed for all departmental cat egories. The best SAES funding situations were in Nutritional Sciences, Biochem istry, and Food Science and Human Nutrition, and for Tuskegee/1890 institutions, Home Economics and Research Stations. Departments in Agriculture had better SAES funding situations than those in Home Economics but not at 1890/Tuskegee institutions. Human nutrition has received about 2 percent of land‐grant research funds.
Knowledge, Commitment, and Attitudes of Home Economics Faculty Toward Computers
Authors: Mehlhoff Carol E. , Sisler Grovalynn
Published: March 2007

This research assessed attitudes, knowledge, and commitment of home econom ics faculty toward computers as educational tools. It utilized a national survey (n = 719) of faculty from member institutions of the Association of Administrators of Home Economics in State Universities and Land Grant Colleges and the National Council of Administrators of Home Economics. Data analyses showed no signif icant differences in attitudes attributable to gender, computer programming ex perience, computer ownership, age, number of years teaching, or number of computer classes taken. No significant differences in computer knowledge could be attributed to gender. The number of years teaching and computer experience had a positive effect on both computer knowledge and commitment scores. As attitudes were positive, but not strongly positive, an overall goal for computer instruction should include the affective domain. Learning experience should be designed for groups at various levels of computer competence. Respondents repeatedly cited lack of appropriate software as a deterrent to classroom use.