bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A atualidade das idéias de Nicos Poulantzas no entendimento das políticas sociais no século XXI
Authors: Neves Maria Lucia , Pronko Marcela
Published: January 2019

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Este artigo tem uma dupla e concomitante finalidade: homenagear Nicos Poulantzas (1936-1979) no ano do transcurso dos trinta anos de sua morte, apresentando uma leitura das suas contribuições ao estudo do Estado e das políticas sociais no capitalismo, e ressaltar aspectos da atualidade do seu pensamento para a compreensão da formulação e do desenvolvimento das políticas sociais de nossa época, caracterizada pela vigência de um novo imperialismo.
Glosas marginais ao programa do Partido Operário Alemão
Authors: Marx Karl Heinrich
Published: January 2019

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Escrito por Karl Marx em 1875, por ocasião do esforço de fundação de um partido operário alemão unificado. Este esforço era apoiado por Marx e Engels, que, entretanto, denunciavam os erros e concessões ali presentes, em decorrência da forte influência do lassallianimo. O documento é composto por um conjunto de observações críticas ao projeto de programa do futuro partido operário alemão unificado. A relevância histórica e política do texto decorrem da formulação de aspectos essenciais da teoria do comunismo, tais como, a revolução socialista, a ditadura do proletariado, o período de transição do capitalismo para o comunismo, as duas fases da sociedade comunista, a produção e a distribuição do produto social no socialismo e os traços fundamentais do comunismo, o internacionalismo proletário e o partido da classe operária. No contexto do debate proposto neste número, do anúncio continuado de que a saída está com Marx para além de Marx, e da urgência na retomada de um projeto histórico, as teses defendidas na crítica ao programa de Gotha apresentam-se como sementes já germinadas a serem cultivada pelos intelectuais marxistas.
Primeiras formulações do Programa Comunista para o Brasil
Authors: Moraes João Quartim de
Published: January 2019

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Para Marx e Engels, o comunismo não é um projeto, mas um movimento real cujo pressuposto é o desenvolvimento do capitalismo. <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Após a <span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">revolução de Outubro 1917, o partido de <span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Lênin passou a se chamar<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> comunista<span style="font-size: 10pt; color: #000000; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">,<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: PT-BR; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> bem como a III Internacional que ele fundou. Graças ao livro pioneiro de Octávio Brandão, o Partido Comunista do Brasil (PCB), já em 1924, ofereceu uma contribuição original à análise da sociedade brasileira. O encontro do positivismo e do comunismo, no final dos anos 1920, configurou a expressão mais avançada da cultura política da esquerda brasileira. Nas décadas seguintes, grandes intelectuais comunistas foram protagonistas da elaboração do programa nacional-democrático da revolução social brasileira.
Educação e ensino em Marx e Engels
Authors: Lombardi José Claudinei
Published: January 2019

<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Garamond; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">A educação e o ensino são determinados pelo modo de produção da vida material. A<span style="font-size: 10pt; line-height: 150%; font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;"> forma como os homens produzem sua vida material, bem como as relações aí implicadas – quais sejam, as relações de produção e as forças produtivas – são fundamentais para apreender o modo como os homens vivem, pensam e transmitem as idéias e os conhecimentos que têm sobre a vida e sobre a realidade natural e social. Esta é a premissa presente na obra de Marx e Engels que deve orientar aos estudiosos da educação no esforço de situá-la no modo capitalista de produção da existência.
Pesquisa, prática pedagógica e projeto histórico
Authors: Taffarel Celi Nelza Zulke
Published: January 2019

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Apresenta-se elementos para a articulação entre pesquisa, prática pedagógica e projeto histórico, buscando nexos entre o trabalho pedagógico e a luta mais geral de superação do modo do capital organizar a vida. O ponto de partida é a conjuntura, real, concreta que demonstra a profunda crise estrutural do capital, que é permanente e que se aprofunda cada vez mais e, o emba   de projetos para a formação dos trabalhadores. O ponto de chegada é a formação de professores no Curso de Licenciatura em Educação do Campo, para responder aos desafios da escola pública, em especial nas classes de 6º a 9º série e no Ensino Médio, a partir de um plano de estudo estruturado na perspectiva do sistema de complexo proposto por Pistrak.
Crisi del marxismo e stalinismo: note su alcune posizioni di Louis Althusser – 1976-1978
Authors: Carlino Fabrizio
Published: January 2019

<span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Problemi pratici e teorici centrali nella storia del movimento operaio, quali lo stalinismo, la crisi del marxismo, la crisi internazionale e la possibilità della rivoluzione, si trovano ad essere, nel pensiero di Althusser, strettamente intrecciati. <span style="font-size: 11pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Tali problemi ruotano attorno al rapporto tra politica, Stato e Partito e ricadono sulla questione dell’efficacia dell’ideologia. Cercheremo di vedere in che modo si articolino questi rapporti, a partire dagli interventi più significativi appartenenti agli “scritti della transizione”, tra il 1976 e il 1978, con i quali Althusser si pronunciò su alcune questioni immediatamente politiche
Crise do marxismo e stalinismo: notas sobre algumas posições de Louis Althusser – 1976-1978
Authors: Carlino Fabrizio
Published: January 2019

<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-family: Garamond; mso-fareast-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-bidi-font-family: 'Times New Roman'; mso-ansi-language: PT-BR; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA;">Problemas práticos e teóricos centrais na história do movimento operário, como o stalinismo, a crise do marxismo, a crise internacional e a possibilidade de revolução se encontram, no pensamento de Althusser, estreitamente vinculados. Tais problemas giram em torno da relação entre política, Estado e Partido e recaem sobre a questão da eficácia da ideologia.  Buscaremos ver de que modo se articulam estas relações a partir das intervenções mais significativas pertencentes aos “escritos da transição”, entre 1976 e 1978, com os quais Althusser se pronunciou sobre algumas questões imediatamente políticas.
LUTA DE CLASSES, TRABALHO DOCENTE E PEDAGOGIA HISTÓRICO-CRÍTICA NA EDUCAÇÃO ESCOLAR
Authors: Derisso José Luis
Published: January 2019

Nosso objetivo de fundamentar a tese segundo a qual os embates pedagógicos constituem uma expressão da luta de classes na educação escolar nos remete à análise da influência das pedagogias do “aprender a aprender” na rede oficial de ensino do estado de São Paulo e o quanto tais pedagogias contribuem para descaracterizar o trabalho docente e a própria instituição escolar. Observamos que no caso em questão há uma imposição da orientação pedagógica que ocorre acompanhada de uma reestruturação político-administrativa que fortalece os mecanismos de coação e de mando na rede estadual de ensino, imposição esta que impacta negativamente as condições de trabalho e estimula a alienação do trabalho docente, favorecendo o crescimento de doenças profissionais. Ao identificar nas pedagogias do “aprender a aprender” o objetivo de adaptar os indivíduos à sociedade de classes, explicitamos os fundamentos teórico-metodológicos da pedagogia histórico-crítica como contraponto.
OS MOVIMENTOS SOCIAIS E A PEDAGOGIA HISTÓRICO-CRÍTICA: O SALTO DE QUALIDADE NECESSÁRIO NA PRÁTICA DA EDUCAÇÃO ESCOLAR E NÃO-ESCOLAR
Authors: Rosar Maria de Fátima Félix
Published: January 2019

O conteúdo do presente artigo está estruturado em três seções: 1- Preâmbulo, 2- Contradições e superação dialética na história da educação, 3- Movimentos sociais e a Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica no Brasil. Identificam-se relações entre as experiências de mudança qualitativa da ordem social nos séculos XVI, XVIII e XIX, e a educação como elemento político e pedagógico constitutivo dos processos revolucionários. Evidencia-se que em meio às ideologias conservadoras da velha ordem social, reproduzidas pela Igreja e pelo Estado burguês, emergem novas perspectivas de educação e sociedade, portanto as contradições produzem processos de superação, que podem ser identificados na história da educação. Os movimentos sociais como expressão dos embates entre essas ideologias podem ser fortalecidos, na medida em que trabalham com a perspectiva de lutas unificadas e aprofundam suas estratégias, a partir de sua ancoragem no materialismo histórico-dialético. A Pedagogia Histórico-Crítica como perspectiva teórico-prática fundamentada no pensamento marxista, tem se articulado com os movimentos sociais e os processos pedagógicos dentro e fora da escola, contribuindo para que ocorra um salto de qualidade na educação nacional e nas lutas pela construção do socialismo. 
CONTRIBUIÇÕES DA PEDAGOGIA HISTÓRICO-CRÍTICA PARA A FORMAÇÃO DE ￼PROFESSORES
Authors: Marsiglia Ana Carolina Galvão , Martins Ligia Marcia
Published: January 2019

A formação de professores é tema recorrente na academia e suas abordagens são as mais diversas. Nesse artigo procuramos apresentar algumas contribuições da pedagogia histórico-crítica para esse debate, levando em conta a concepção de ser humano, desenvolvimento e o papel da escola, em contraposição aos parâmetros atuais que produzem o esvaziamento e a desvalorização do professor e, consequentemente, da educação escolar. 
DERMEVAL SAVIANI – UMA TRAJETÓRIA DE LUTA E COMPROMISSO COM A EDUCAÇÃO TRANSFORMADORA
Authors: Batista Eraldo Leme , Lima Marcos Roberto
Published: January 2019

Neste texto, discorreremos sobre a importância de Dermeval Saviani e sua obra para a educação brasileira. Trata-se da análise de um autor de relevância para o pensamento social, político e pedagógico brasileiro, sobretudo na virada do século XX para XXI, mantendo-se atual diante dos debates político pedagógicos hodiernos. Ao estudarmos sua obra e trajetória de vida, verificamos que Saviani sempre esteve comprometido com a luta por uma sociedade justa e igualitária, sendo a socialização do saber elaborado um de seus principais fundamentos. No decorrer de sua vida acadêmica, escreveu importantes obras que têm contribuído para a formação crítica de milhares de educadores, consolidando-se como clássicos do pensamento pedagógico brasileiro, leitura obrigatória para a compreensão da educação em terras brasílicas. Queremos afirmar com isso que não se estuda filosofia da educação, história da educação, sociologia da educação e políticas educacionais, numa perspectiva crítica, sem o estudo comprometido com as obras de Dermeval Saviani. 
Dosimetric comparison of VMAT with integrated skin flash to 3D field‐in‐field tangents for left breast irradiation
Authors: Bogue Jonathan , Wan Jui , Lavey Robert S. , Parsai E. Ishmael
Published: January 2019

Volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) has been implemented for left breast irradiation to reduce prescription dose to the heart and improve dose homogeneity across the targeted breast. Our in‐house method requires application of a bolus during the optimization process with a target outside of the body, then removing the bolus during the final calculation in order to incorporate skin flash in VMAT plans. To quantify the dosimetric trade‐offs between traditional 3D field‐in‐field tangents and VMAT with integrated skin flash for these patients, we compared nine consecutive patients who recently received radiation to their entire left breast but not their regional lymphatics. Tangent plans used non‐divergent tangents of mixed energies and VMAT plans utilized four 6 MV arcs of roughly 260°. Mean dose to the heart, contralateral lung, and contralateral breast and their volume receiving 5%, 10%, and 20% of the prescription dose were higher in all nine VMAT plans than in the static tangential beam plans. For all critical structures, the mean VMAT DVH was higher in the low‐dose region and crossed the 3D field‐in‐field DVH between 23.13% and 34.18% of the prescription dose (984.75‐1454.70 cGy). However, the volume of the contralateral breast and heart receiving the prescription dose was slightly lower in the VMAT plans, but not statistically significant. VMAT provided superior homogeneity, with a mean homogeneity index of 9.41 ± 1.64 compared to 11.05 ± 1.82 for 3D tangents. Results indicate that VMAT spares the heart, contralateral lung, and contralateral breast from prescription dose at the cost of increasing their mean and low‐dose volume and delivers a more homogenous dose distribution to the breast. For these reasons, VMAT is selectively applied at the request of the physician for left breast radiation without respiratory gating to spare the heart from prescription dose in cases of poor anatomical geometry.
The impact of hedged testimony on judgments of credibility
Authors: Jones Kristyn A. , Strange Deryn
Published: January 2019

We tested whether people are attuned to critical memory factors, such as age at the timing of encoding and hedge words when judging the credibility of testimony. In two experiments, participants read a 19‐year‐old's testimony regarding a sexual assault. We manipulated whether participants learned that the assault occurred 4 years ago (when the claimant was 15 years old) or 15 years ago (when the claimant was 4 years old) and whether the claimant used hedge words in her testimony. In Experiment 2, we included a cross‐examination. Without the cross‐examination, participants rated the testimony as more credible when the assault had occurred 15 years ago. However, with the inclusion of a cross‐examination, participants rated the testimony more reliable when the event occurred 4 years ago and the claimant did not use hedge words. We discuss the implications our results have, particularly for historical cases, where memory is a key factor.
Electrocatalytic Upgrading of Lignin‐Derived Bio‐Oil Based on Surface‐Engineered PtNiB Nanostructure
Authors: Zhou Yulin , Gao Yijing , Zhong Xing , Jiang Wenbin , Liang Yulin , Niu Pengfei , Li Meichao , Zhuang Guilin , Li Xiaonian , Wang Jianguo
Published: January 2019

The development of robust electrocatalysts for electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) of guaiacol and related lignin model monomers is necessary for the stabilization or upgrading of bio‐oil. Additionally, the efficiency of biomass conversion to bio‐oil products remains below the minimum requirements for its implementation at scale. Herein, a PtNiB/CMK‐3 catalyst with pronounced ECH performance in the conversion of guaiacol and related model lignin monomers to bio‐oil under optimally mild conditions, through a modulation strategy that modified the electronic structure of PtNi via boron alloying, is prepared. Notably, the optimized PtNiB/CMK‐3 exhibited an inspiring high faradaic efficiency of 86.2%, which is significantly higher (13.7 times) than that of the PtNi/CMK‐3 without B‐doping (6.3%). Experimental results and theoretical calculations showed that the B‐doping optimized the PtNiB alloy surface electron structure, simultaneously promoting substrate and intermediate adsorption and the ECH process. In addition, the uniform dispersion of PtNiB nanoparticles embedded within the mesoporous channels of CMK‐3 ensures an enhanced utilization efficiency, leading to improvements in stability and bio‐oil product generation. The lab‐scale ECH experiment of guaiacol also certified the scale‐up potential. This work opens a promising avenue to the rational design of advanced and highly efficient electrocatalysts for biomass upgrading.
Aggregation‐Induced Absorption Enhancement for Deep Near‐Infrared II Photoacoustic Imaging of Brain Gliomas In Vivo
Authors: Liu Yajing , Liu Huanhuan , Yan Huixiang , Liu Yingchao , Zhang Jinsen , Shan Wenjun , Lai Puxiang , Li Honghui , Ren Lei , Li Zijing , Nie Liming
Published: January 2019

The delineation of brain gliomas margins still poses challenges to precise imaging and targeted therapy, mainly due to strong light attenuation of the skull and high background interference. With deep penetration and high sensitivity, photoacoustic (PA) imaging (PAI) in the second near‐infrared (NIR II) window holds great potential for brain gliomas imaging. Herein, mesoionic dye A1094 encapsulated in Arg‐Gly‐Asp‐modified hepatitis B virus core protein (RGD‐HBc) is designed and synthesized for effective NIR II PAI of brain gliomas. An aggregation‐induced absorption enhancement mechanism is discovered in vitro and in vivo. It is also demonstrated that A1094@RGD‐HBc, with an enhanced absorption in the NIR II window, displays ninefold PA signal amplification in vivo, allowing for precise PAI of the brain gliomas at a depth up to 5.9 mm. In addition, with the application of abovementioned agent, high‐resolution PAI and ultrasensitive single photon emission computed tomography images of brain gliomas are acquired with accurate co‐localization. Collectively, the results suggest great promise of A1094@RGD‐HBc for diagnostic imaging and precise delineation of brain gliomas in clinical applications.
Antibacterial Activity of Polymers: Discussions on the Nature of Amphiphilic Balance
Authors: Palermo Edmund F. , Lienkamp Karen , Gillies Elizabeth R. , Ragogna Paul J.
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this Viewpoint is to discuss the molecular design principles that guide development of synthetic antimicrobial polymers, especially those intended to mimic the structure of host defense peptides (HDPs). In particular, we focus on the principle of “amphiphilic balance” as it relates to some recently developed polyphosphoniums with somewhat atypical structure. We find that the fundamental concept of amphiphilic balance is still applicable to these new polymers, but that the method to achieve such balance is somewhat unique. We then briefly outline the future challenges and opportunities in this field.
Fluorescent Calixarene Scaffolds for NO Detection in Protic Media
Authors: Ahuja Brij Bhushan , Vigalok Arkadi
Published: January 2019

We present the first fluorescent water‐soluble conjugated calixarene scaffolds that are capable of NO gas detection. Two different scaffolds, one based on a 5,5′‐bicalixarene structure and its isomer bearing two distantly conjugated calixarene moieties, were synthesized. While the fluorescence of both isomers is quenched upon either passing of NO gas or generating it in situ from diethylamine NONOate, the bicalixarene‐based scaffold showed a significantly stronger response. We also present an example of a dye encapsulation strategy to achieve the detection of NO at longer wavelengths than in the parent calixarene host. Finally, a conjugated polymer bearing a 5,5′‐bicalixarene scaffold has also been prepared and demonstrated enhanced sensitivity compared to the monomer due to the molecular wire effect.
Synthesis of a starch–acrylic acid–chitosan copolymer as flocculant for dye removal
Authors: Xun Jinju , Lou Tao , Xing Jinshou , Zhang Weixing , Xu Qing , Peng Jing , Wang Xuejun
Published: January 2019

Flocculants prepared with modified natural polymers have recently attracted extensive attention in the field of water treatment. In this work, acrylic acid was successfully grafted onto the backbones of starch and chitosan by free radical polymerization. The synthesis parameters of initiator concentration, reaction temperature, and neutralization degree of acrylic acid were optimized as 0.4 wt %, 50 °C, and 70%, respectively, according to the flocculation performance. The ternary copolymer starch–acrylic acid–chitosan (SAAC) could completely remove Acid Blue 113 from 100 mg/L of simulated wastewater (color removal efficiency 99.7%) at the flocculant dosage of 100 mg/L. The SAAC also had effective flocculation capability in a wide range of flocculant dosages and pH values of wastewater. The ternary copolymer based on two natural polymers has enormous potential as flocculant with its advantages of low price, ecofriendliness, and high performance. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47437.
Modification of poly(vinylidene fluoride) membranes with aluminum oxide nanowires and graphene oxide nanosheets for oil–water separation
Authors: Guo Fanjin , Zhang Chang , Wang Qiaoying , Hu Weijie , Cao Jing , Yao Jie , Jiang Lingyan , Wu Zhichao
Published: January 2019

To improve the hydrophilic and oleophobic properties of membrane, we adopted aluminum oxide (Al2O3) nanowires and graphene oxide (GO) nanosheets to modify poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes. The experimental results show that the intercalation of Al2O3 nanowires between GO nanosheets effectively improved the roughness of the GO–Al2O3–PVDF membrane, and the permeability of the membrane with an optimal mass ratio of Al2O3 to GO of 7.5 was 31 times that of the GO–PVDF membrane. Furthermore, the addition of Al2O3 nanowires significantly enhanced both the hydrophilic and oleophobic properties of the GO–Al2O3–PVDF membrane. On the basis of the extended Derjaguin–Landau–Verwey–Overbeek theory, the energy barriers between the oil droplets and GO–PVDF and GO–Al2O3–PVDF membranes were 0.63 and 0.9 KT, respectively; this indicated improvements in the anti‐oil‐fouling ability of the GO–Al2O3–PVDF membranes. We also found that both the GO–PVDF and GO–Al2O3–PVDF membranes had great oil–water separation rates (97.9 and 99.4%, respectively) with an initial oil concentration of 200 mg/L. The findings of this study show that the GO–Al2O3–PVDF membrane is a promising oil–water separation membrane, and further investigation of the cleaning procedure is needed to promote its practical application in oil–water separation. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47493.
Carboxymethyl sago pulp/chitosan hydrogel as an immobilization medium for activated sludge for p‐nitrophenol biodegradation
Authors: Ng Si Ling , Yong Kevin Jenn Ling , Pushpamalar Janarthanan , Sam Suat Peng
Published: January 2019

In this study, carboxymethyl sago pulp (CMSP) derived from sago waste was successfully crosslinked with ferric ions in the presence of chitosan forming a novel immobilization matrix for p‐nitrophenol (PNP)‐acclimated activated sludge. On the basis of the shortest biodegradation time of PNP, the optimized operational conditions of immobilization were found to be: 7 w/v% CMSP, 9 g L−1 of activated sludge, 0.1 M ferric ion, and 15 min of crosslinking time. Observable inhibited PNP biodegradation was exhibited by the suspended activated sludge at the initial PNP concentration of 400 mg L−1. In contrast, complete mineralization was achieved by the CMSP/chitosan‐immobilized activated sludge (CMSP/Ch‐AS) beads. The results revealed the important role of CMSP/Ch hydrogel in protecting activated sludge from the toxicity of PNP. The CMSP/Ch‐AS beads could be reused consecutively up to three and two cycles, respectively, for the biodegradation of PNP at 200 and 400 mg L−1, with the attainment of more than 99% of PNP removal at each cycle. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2019, 136, 47531.
Diet of the Eurasian otter (Lutra lutra) on the River Gradac, Serbia: Predation in a brown trout‐dominated stream
Authors: Krpo‐Ćetković Jasmina , Subotić Srđan , Skorić Stefan , Ćirović Duško
Published: January 2019

Prey preference and seasonal variation in the diet of the Eurasian otter, Lutra lutra (Linnaeus, 1758), were examined by the analysis of 789 spraint samples collected along a 10‐km section of a small lowland salmonid river in Serbia, with a trout farm situated in its lower part, from June 2009 to March 2012. Of particular interest was any possible impact of the otter on brown trout, which is important to investigate for preventing and managing any potential conflicts with fishers and fish farmers.

Fish were by far the most important otter prey, followed by crayfish. Cottus gobio Linnaeus, 1758 (the European bullhead) was the most common prey species, probably because of the combination of its abundance and easy catchability. Other prey contributed very little to the diet of the otters. Of 11 fish species present in the river, five were found in the otter diet: the European bullhead, Salmo trutta Linnaeus, 1758 (brown trout), Squalius cephalus (Linnaeus, 1758) (chub), Barbus balcanicus Kotlík, Tsigenopoulos, Ráb & Berrebi, 2002 (the Danube barbel), and Phoxinus phoxinus (Linnaeus, 1758) (the Eurasian minnow). The bullhead was the only positively selected species, however. The share of fish prey in the otter diet was stable throughout the year, except for a decrease noticed during the summer.

The results suggest that otters on the River Gradac target smaller, sedentary, and less nutritious prey. Owing to a small percentage of brown trout in otter spraints, we surmise that otters do not represent a major biological or economic threat, either to the native trout population in the river or to the trout from the nearby fish farm.

Although there are no reports of otters causing damage to the trout population in the local fish farm, it is advisable to establish mechanisms for the compensation of fish farmers in case such damage does occur.

The data presented in this paper can be used to contribute to the conservation of the otter in stream habitats, especially because there are no published studies on the dietary requirements of otter in Serbia.
Effects of toxic β‐glucosides on carbohydrate metabolism in cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner)
Authors: Yu Caihong , Ai Dong , Lin Ronghua , Cheng Shenhang
Published: January 2019

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of three toxic β‐glucosides, phlorizin, santonin, and amygdalin, on carbohydrate metabolism in the cotton bollworm, Helicoverpa armigera (Hübner), when diets mixed with β‐glucosides were fed to third‐instar larvae. The growth of the larvae was significantly inhibited by exposure to santonin after 96 hr but not obviously affected by phlorizin and amygdalin. The midgut trehalase activities were only 51.7%, 32%, and 42.5% of that of the control after treatment with phlorizin, santonin and amygdalin at 2 mg/ml, respectively. In the hemolymph and fat body, the amount of trehalose decreased in all cases. However, the effects of santonin on the alteration of the glycogen and glucose levels as well as the activities of glycogen phosphorylase, were different than those of the other two β‐glucosides. It appears that the three β‐glucosides have different influences on the carbohydrate metabolism of cotton bollworm.
Tribolium castaneum as a whole‐animal screening system for the detection and characterization of neuroprotective substances
Authors: Brandt Annely , Joop Gerrit , Vilcinskas Andreas
Published: January 2019

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a movement disorder caused by the progressive loss of dopaminergic neurons. Natural antioxidants and plant extracts with neuroprotective properties offer a promising new therapeutic approach for PD patients, but a suitable large‐scale screening system is required for their discovery and preclinical analysis. Here we used the red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum ) as a whole‐animal screening system for the detection and characterization of neuroprotective substances. Paraquat was added to the diet of adult beetles to induce PD‐like symptoms, which were quantified using a novel positive geotaxis behavioral assay. These paraquat‐induced behavioral changes were reduced in beetles fed on diets supplemented with
l‐dihydroxyphenylalanine, ascorbic acid, curcumin, hempseed flour, or the Chinese herb gou‐teng. T. castaneum is, therefore, a valuable model for the screening of neuroprotective substances in chemical libraries and plant extracts and could be developed as a model for the preclinical testing of therapeutic candidates for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD.
Calibration of full‐disk He i 10 830 Å filtergrams of the Chromospheric Telescope
Authors: Shen Z. , Diercke A. , Denker C.
Published: January 2019

The Chromospheric Telescope (ChroTel) is a small 10‐cm robotic telescope at Observatorio del Teide on Tenerife (Spain), which observes the entire sun in Hα, Ca ii K, and He i 10 830 Å. We present a new calibration method that includes limb‐darkening correction, removal of nonuniform filter transmission, and determination of He i Doppler velocities. Chromospheric full‐disk filtergrams are often obtained with Lyot filters, which may display nonuniform transmission causing large‐scale intensity variations across the solar disk. Removal of a 2D symmetric limb‐darkening function from full‐disk images results in a flat background. However, transmission artifacts remain and are even more distinct in these contrast‐enhanced images. Zernike polynomials are uniquely appropriate to fit these large‐scale intensity variations of the background. The Zernike coefficients show a distinct temporal evolution for ChroTel data, which is likely related to the telescope's alt‐azimuth mount that introduces image rotation. In addition, applying this calibration to sets of seven filtergrams that cover the He i triplet facilitates the determination of chromospheric Doppler velocities. To validate the method, we use three datasets with varying levels of solar activity. The Doppler velocities are benchmarked with respect to cotemporal high‐resolution spectroscopic data of the GREGOR Infrared Spectrograph (GRIS). Furthermore, this technique can be applied to ChroTel Hα and Ca ii K data. The calibration method for ChroTel filtergrams can be easily adapted to other full‐disk data exhibiting unwanted large‐scale variations. The spectral region of the He i triplet is a primary choice for high‐resolution near‐infrared spectropolarimetry. Here, the improved calibration of ChroTel data will provide valuable context data.
Atomoxetine for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents with autism: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Patra Suravi , Nebhinani Naresh , Viswanathan Anand , Kirubakaran Richard
Published: January 2019

Atomoxetine is prescribed to children with autism spectrum disorder having symptoms of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. We sought to examine the efficacy and safety of atomoxetine in this population. After screening for inclusion criteria, we identified three randomized placebo controlled trials involving 241 children. We assessed internal validity using standard Cochrane Risk of bias tool for randomized controlled trials (RCTs). We used Revman 5.3 for meta‐analysis and GRADE approach to create summary of findings with grading of the quality of evidence. Atomoxetine had a benefit on improving parent‐rated hyperactivity (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.73, 95% Confidence Interval, CI = −1.15 to −0.34) and parent‐rated inattention (SMD = −0.53, 95% CI = −0.93 to −0.12) but the magnitude of effects is uncertain. However, atomoxetine was also associated with increased risk of non‐serious adverse effects like nausea and vomiting, decreased sleep, and decreased appetite. Atomoxetine may be effective in improving hyperactivity and inattention in children with autism spectrum disorder and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. However, we are uncertain about the true effect of this intervention and need more RCTs trials designed to evaluate this. Autism Research 2019, 12: 542–552. © 2019 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Lay Summary

Atomoxetine is prescribed for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). About a third of children and adolescents with autism also suffer from ADHD. We carried out an analysis of data reported from a specific kind of medication trials which had examined the effectiveness and side effects of atomoxetine in this patient population. We could find only three such trials and analyzed the reported data. Our analysis revealed that atomoxetine is effective in improving symptoms of ADHD like hyperactivity and inattention and also causes side effects like nausea, vomiting, decreased sleep, and decreased appetite. However, the existing data are insufficient to provide a conclusive statement with certainty and more trials are needed for this.
Oncogenic functions of protein kinase D2 and D3 in regulating multiple cancer‐related pathways in breast cancer
Authors: Liu Yan , Li Jian , Ma Zhifang , Zhang Jun , Wang Yuzhi , Yu Zhenghong , Lin Xue , Xu Zhi , Su Qian , An Li , Zhou Yehui , Ma Xinxing , Yang Yiwen , Wang Feifei , Chen Qingfei , Zhang Yunchao , Wang Jilinlin , Zheng Huilin , Shi Aihua , Yu Shuang , Zhang Jingzhong , Zhao Weiyong , Chen Liming
Published: January 2019

Protein Kinase D (PKD) family contains PKD1, PKD2, and PKD3 in human. Compared to consistent tumor‐suppressive functions of PKD1 in breast cancer, how PKD2/3 functions in breast cancer are not fully understood. In the current study, we found that PKD2 and PKD3 but not PKD1 were preferentially overexpressed in breast cancer and involved in regulating cell proliferation and metastasis. Integrated phosphoproteome, transcriptome, and interactome showed that PKD2 was associated with multiple cancer‐related pathways, including adherent junction, regulation of actin cytoskeleton, and cell cycle‐related pathways. ELAVL1 was identified as a common hub‐node in networks of PKD2/3‐regulated phosphoproteins and genes. Silencing ELAVL1 inhibited breast cancer growth in vitro and in vivo. Direct interaction between ELAVL1 and PKD2 or PKD3 was demonstrated. Suppression of PKD2 led to ELAVL1 translocation from the cytoplasm to the nucleus without significant affecting ELAVL1 expression. Taken together, we characterized the oncogenic functions of PKD2/3 in breast cancer and their association with cancer‐related pathways, which shed lights on the oncogenic roles and mechanisms of PKDs in breast cancer.
Prediagnosis obesity and secondary primary cancer risk in female cancer survivors: A national cohort study
Authors: Jung So‐Youn , Kim Young Ae , Jo Minkyung , Park Sang Min , Won Young‐Joo , Ghang Haryeom , Kong Sun‐Young , Jung Kyu‐Won , Lee Eun Sook
Published: January 2019

Background

This study evaluated the effects of body mass index (BMI) before the diagnosis of the first primary cancer on the development of secondary primary cancers (SPCs) in female cancer survivors.

Methods

This study population included 146 377 Korean female cancer survivors whose first primary cancer was diagnosed between 2002 and 2010. The incidence of SPCs was evaluated throughout follow‐up until December 2011. We used Cox proportional hazards models to calculate the hazard ratios of SPCs with prediagnosis BMI and compared it to those of first cancers in the general population.

Results

After 565 877 person‐years of follow‐up, 2222 patients with SPC were observed. The higher BMI was more in female cancer survivors than in general population. The age‐standardized incidence rate of cancer in cancer survivors was 2.02 times higher than that of the general population. There were positive linear trends between prediagnosis BMI and risk of overall, colorectal, ovary, thyroid, and obesity‐related SPCs. In addition, the BMI‐SPC risk association was statistically significant in female cancer survivors without smoking history (Ptrend = 0.001) and with a localized first primary cancer (Ptrend = 0.014). However, the magnitude of the BMI‐SPC risk association was similar to that for first cancers in the general population (Pheterogeneity = 0.403 in BMI ≥ 30.0 kg/m2).

Conclusions

In female cancer survivors, prediagnosis obesity was a risk factor for overall, individual, and obesity‐related SPCs. However, the magnitude of the BMI‐SPC risk association was similar to that for first cancers in the general population.
Adjuvant chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation is associated with improved survival for resected stage I‐II pancreatic cancer
Authors: Ma Sung Jun , Hermann Gregory M. , Prezzano Kavitha M. , Serra Lucas M. , Iovoli Austin J. , Singh Anurag K.
Published: January 2019

Background

This National Cancer Database (NCDB) analysis evaluates the clinical outcomes of postoperative chemotherapy followed by concurrent chemoradiation (C + CRT) compared to concurrent chemoradiation (CRT) alone or adjuvant chemotherapy alone (C) for resected pancreatic cancer.

Methods

The NCDB was queried for primary stage I‐II, cT1‐3N0‐1M0, resected pancreatic adenocarcinoma treated with adjuvant C, CRT, or C + CRT (2004‐2015). Patients treated with C + CRT were compared with those treated with C (cohort C) and CRT (cohort CRT). Baseline patient, tumor, and treatment characteristics were examined. Kaplan‐Meier analysis, multivariable Cox proportional hazards method, forest plot, and propensity score matching were used.

Results

Among 5667 patients, median follow‐up was 34.7, 45.2, and 39.7 months for the C, CRT, and C + CRT cohorts, respectively. By multivariable analysis for all patients, C and CRT had worse OS compared to C + CRT. Treatment interactions were seen among pathologically node‐positive disease. C + CRT was favored in 1‐3 and 4+ positive lymph node diseases when compared to C or CRT alone, but none of the treatment options were significantly favored in node negative disease. Using propensity score matching, 2152 patients for cohort C and 1774 patients for cohort CRT were matched. C + CRT remained significant for improved OS for both cohort C (median OS 23.3 vs 20.0 months) and cohort CRT (median OS 23.4 vs 20.8 months).

Conclusion

This NCDB study using propensity score matched analysis suggests an OS benefit for C + CRT compared to C or CRT alone following surgical resection of pancreatic cancer, particularly for patients with pathologically positive lymph nodes.
Synthesis of Micro/Nano‐Flower NiXCo−P−O for High‐Performance Electrochemical Supercapacitors
Authors: Hu Jun , Yang Ping , Wang Shaohua , Shi Jianjun
Published: January 2019

Micro/nanomaterials consisting of NiΧCo−P−O were synthesized via a facile, one‐pot solvothermal method and then used as positive electrode materials in asymmetric supercapacitors. The obtained NixCo−P−O (sample C) electrode materials displayed a typical micro/nano‐flower morphology. A large capacitance of 956 F g−1 could be delivered when NixCo−P−O (sample C) composites were used as electrodes in supercapacitors. Furthermore, a high cell voltage (1.8 V), which allowed a high energy density of 47.68 Wh kg−1 at a power density of 884.78 W kg−1, was obtained using micro/nano‐flowers NixCo−P−O (sample C)//activated carbon (AC) in an asymmetric capacitor (ASC). The high electrochemical performance and typical micro/nano‐flower morphology make the NixCo−P−O composites (sample C) promising electrode materials for supercapacitors.
Soft Crystals: Flexible Response Systems with High Structural Order
Authors: Kato Masako , Ito Hajime , Hasegawa Miki , Ishii Kazuyuki
Published: January 2019

A new material concept of soft crystals is proposed. Soft crystals respond to gentle stimuli such as vapor exposure and rubbing but maintain their structural order and exhibit remarkable visual changes in their shape, color, and luminescence. Various interesting examples of soft crystals are introduced in the article. By exploring the interesting formation and phase‐transition phenomena of soft crystals through interdisciplinary collaboration, new materials having both the characteristics of ordered hard crystals and those of flexible soft matter are expected.
Monodisperse Six‐Armed Starbursts based on Truxene‐Cored Multibranched Oligofluorenes: Design, Synthesis, and Stabilized Lasing Characteristics
Authors: Zhang Hao , Liu Xu , Lu Ting‐Ting , Lv Peng , Lai Wen‐Yong
Published: January 2019

A series of monodisperse six‐armed conjugated starbursts (Tr1F, Tr2F, and Tr3F) containing a truxene core and multibranched oligofluorene bridges capped with diphenylamine (DPA) units has been designed, synthesized, and investigated as robust gain media for organic semiconductor lasers (OSLs). The influence of electron‐rich DPA end groups on their optoelectronic characteristics has been discussed at length. DPA cappers effectively raise HOMO levels of the starbursts, thus enhancing the hole injection and transport ability. Solution‐processed electroluminescence devices based on the resulting six‐armed starbursts exhibited efficient deep‐blue electroluminescence with clear reduced turn‐on voltages (3.2–3.5 V). Moreover, the resulting six‐armed molecules showed stabilized electroluminescence and amplified spontaneous emission with low thresholds (27.4–63.9 nJ pulse−1), high net gain coefficients (80.1–101.3 cm−1), and small optical loss (2.6–4.4 cm−1). Distributed feedback OSLs made from Tr3F exhibited a low lasing threshold of 0.31 kW cm−2 (at 465 nm). The results suggest that the construction of truxene‐centered six‐armed conjugated starbursts with the incorporation of DPA units can effectively enhance EL properties by precisely regulating the HOMO energy levels, and further optimizing their optical gain properties.
Exploring the Mechanism of a Chiral N‐Alkyl Imine‐Based Light‐Driven Molecular Rotary Motor at MS‐CASPT2//CASSCF and MS‐CASPT2//(TD) DFT Levels
Authors: Li Yuanying , Wang Wenliang , Liu Fengyi
Published: January 2019

The working mechanism including the photoisomerization and thermal isomerization steps of a chiral N‐alkyl imine‐based motor synthesized by Lehn et al. are revealed by MS‐CASPT2//CASSCF and MS‐CASPT2//(TD‐)DFT methods. For the photoisomerization process of the imine‐based motor, it involves both the bright (π,π*) state and the dark (n,π*) state. In addition, the MECI has similar geometry and energy to the minimum of the S1 state, which shows that the process is barrierless and keeps the unidirectionality of rotation well; the result confirms the imine‐based motor is a good candidate for a light‐driven molecular rotary motor. For the thermal isomerization process of the imine‐based motor, there are two even isomerization paths: one with the mechanism of the in‐plane N inversion, the energy barriers of which are 29.6 kcal mol−1 at MS3‐CASPT2//CAM‐B3LYP level and 29.2 kcal mol−1 at MS3‐CASPT2//CASSCF level; the other with the mechanism of ring inversion of the cycloheptatriene moiety, with energy barriers of 28.1 kcal mol−1 at MS3‐CASPT2//CAM‐B3LYP level and 18.1 kcal mol−1 at MS3‐CASPT2//CASSCF level. According to the structural feature of the stator moiety, the imine molecule can be used as a two‐step or a four‐step light‐driven rotary motor.
Successful treatment of severe cholinergic urticaria with omalizumab: A case report
Authors: Yamasaki Aoi , Oda Yoshiko , Tanizaki Hideaki , Otsuka Toshihiro , Fukunaga Atsushi , Nishigori Chikako , Moriwaki Shinichi
Published: January 2019

Omalizumab, a humanized anti‐IgE monoclonal antibody, has been approved in Japan for the treatment of antihistamine‐resistant idiopathic chronic spontaneous urticaria. We herein report a 27‐year‐old Japanese woman suffering from a 2‐year history of severe cholinergic urticaria (sweat allergy‐type), which was unresponsive to various H2‐antihistamines and other medication but was successfully treated with omalizumab. The patient showed rapid and marked reduction in her symptoms of urticaria after the first injection of omalizumab (300 mg). She has been receiving omalizumab treatment quaque 4 weeks (q4w) three times and subsequent q6w six times, followed by maintenance treatment q8w without any adverse reactions for a total of 68 weeks. Although further large‐scale clinical investigation is needed, omalizumab may be a beneficial therapeutic remedy for patients with intractable, chronic inducible urticaria including cholinergic urticaria.
Electrical Double Layer as a Model of Interaction between Cellulose and Solid Acid Catalysts of Hydrolysis
Authors: Tarabanko Nikolay , Tarabanko Valery E. , Kukhtetskiy Sergey V. , Taran Oxana P.
Published: January 2019

Solid acid catalysts of cellulose hydrolysis in aqueous media attract considerable research interest because of the ease of their separation from the reaction products. The nature of interaction between the two solids is a relevant topic of ongoing research. One aspect of behavior of solid acids in water was not previously discussed in literature with regard to hydrolysis of cellulose: electrolytic dissociation and formation of electric double layers. In this work, on theoretical level, we consider the role of the double layer created by the solid acid when cellulose hydrolysis takes place. The diffuse layer of protons is regarded as the medium where the hydrolysis reaction occurs. Protonation of cellulose by these protons imparts positive charge onto its surface, and cellulose is electrostatically attracted to the polyanion of the catalyst. Thus, the two solid surfaces stay close to each other despite Brownian motion; this allows explaining the high activity of solid catalysts even when chemisorption of carbohydrates on a catalyst is not favorable.