bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biologization of Allogeneic Bone Grafts with Polyphosphate: A Route to a Biomimetic Periosteum
Authors: Müller Werner E. G. , Wang Shunfeng , Ackermann Maximilian , Gerich Torsten , Neufurth Meik , Wiens Matthias , Schröder Heinz C. , Wang Xiaohong
Published: August 2019

The physiological polyphosphate (polyP), released primarily from platelets after bone fractures, acts as a donor for metabolic energy and as a phosphate source for bone mineralization. In this study allogeneic, decellularized bone samples are biologized with a layer of inorganic polyP by submersion of human femur cortex slices into a solution of Na‐polyP. Then polyP coat is modified by exposure to CaCl2, resulting in in situ formation of amorphous Ca‐polyP microparticles (Ca‐polyP‐MP; diameter of ≈155 nm). Energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analysis of the Ca‐polyP‐MP coat reveals a Ca:P molar ratio of ≈0.78, while the nonmodified bone cortex is characterized by a Ca:P ratio of ≈1.52. An ionic shift promotes the strong binding of the polyP to the bone. While the polyP modification only insignificantly increases the hardness of the bone sample, without changing the elastic surface properties, the polyP‐modified bone provides a very favorable substrate for SaOS‐2 cells to attach and to mineralize. In the presence of medium/serum the polyP coat transforms to a functionally active coacervate. The cells, attached to the polyP coat, show a marked spreading behavior and became entrapped into the polyP‐coacervate. The results suggest that regenerative‐active polyP might be of potential use in healing of bone.
Tunable Fluorescence from Dye‐Modified DNA‐Assembled Plasmonic Nanocube Arrays
Authors: Zheng Cindy Y. , Palacios Edgar , Zhou Wenjie , Hadibrata Wisnu , Sun Lin , Huang Ziyin , Schatz George C. , Aydin Koray , Mirkin Chad A.
Published: August 2019

Colloidal crystal engineering with DNA on template‐confined surfaces is used to prepare arrays of nanocube‐based plasmonic antennas and deliberately place dyes with sub‐nm precision into their hotspots, on the DNA bonds that confine the cubes to the underlying gold substrate. This combined top‐down and bottom‐up approach provides independent control over both the plasmonic gap and photonic lattice modes of the surface‐confined particle assemblies and allows for the tuning of the interactions between the excited dyes and plasmonically active antennas. Furthermore, the gap mode of the antennas can be modified in situ by utilizing the solvent‐dependent structure of the DNA bonds. This is studied by placing two dyes, with different emission wavelengths, under the nanocubes and recording their solvent‐dependent emission. It is shown that dye emission not only depends upon the in‐plane structure of the antennas but also the size of the gap, which is regulated with solvent. Importantly, this approach allows for the systematic understanding of the relationship between nanoscale architecture and plasmonically coupled dye emission, and points toward the use of colloidal crystal engineering with DNA to create stimuli responsive architectures, which can find use in chemical sensing and tunable light sources.
High‐Throughput Screening of Metal Organic Frameworks as Fillers in Mixed Matrix Membranes for Flue Gas Separation
Authors: Daglar Hilal , Keskin Seda
Published: August 2019

High‐throughput computational screening of metal organic frameworks (MOFs) is performed to evaluate their performances as fillers in mixed matrix membranes (MMMs). Grand canonical Monte Carlo and molecular dynamics simulations are performed to calculate CO2 and N2 permeabilities of 7822 synthesized MOFs. This data are then combined with the experimentally reported gas permeability data of 14 different polymers using a theoretical permeation model. As a result, CO2 permeabilities and CO2/N2 selectivities of 109 508 different types of MOF‐based MMMs are estimated. The maximum CO2/N2 selectivity and CO2 permeability of MOF/polymer MMMs are computed as 64.3 and 36 103 Barrer, respectively. The top 50 MOFs that significantly improve CO2/N2 separation performances of highly permeable polymers are identified and their potentials for separation of binary CO2/N2 mixture are examined at practical operating conditions. Results show that several MOFs offer significant improvements both in the gas permeability and selectivity of polymers when used as fillers in MMMs for flue gas separation. The MOF structure–membrane performance relations are also investigated for MOF/polymer MMMs, and results show that MOFs with narrow pore sizes (3.75–5.12 Å), low surface areas (<1000 m2 g−1), and moderate porosities (0.41–0.58) lead to highly selective MMMs.
Working Together to Advance Indigenous Interests with Community Psychology
Authors: O'Keefe Victoria M. , Hartmann William E.
Published: August 2019

Highlights

This issue provides insights to advance Indigenous peoples’ interests with Community Psychology.

These articles promote responsibility and action to increase Indigenous self‐determined interests.

Indigenous interests are represented in collaborations, knowledge, and interventions.
Anthropometric heritability and child growth in a Caribbean village: A quantitative genetic analysis of longitudinal height, weight, and body mass index in Bwa Mawego, Dominica
Authors: Keith Monica H. , Blomquist Gregory E. , Flinn Mark V.
Published: August 2019

Objectives

Body size and composition vary widely among individuals and populations, and long‐term research in diverse contexts informs our understanding of genetic, cultural, and environmental impacts on this variation. We analyze longitudinal measures of height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) from a Caribbean village, estimating the extent to which these anthropometrics are shaped by genetic variance in a small‐scale population of mixed ancestry.

Materials and Methods

Longitudinal data from a traditionally horticultural village in Dominica document height and weight in a non‐Western population that is transitioning to increasingly Westernized lifestyles, and an 11‐generation pedigree enables us to estimate the proportions of phenotypic variation in height, weight, and BMI attributed to genetic variation. We assess within‐individual variation across growth curves as well as heritabilities of these traits for 260 individuals using Bayesian variance component estimation.

Results

Age, sex, and secular trends account for the majority of anthropometric variation in these longitudinal data. Independent of age, sex, and secular trends, our analyses show high repeatabilities for the remaining variation in height, weight, and BMI growth curves (>0.75), and moderate heritabilities (h2height = 0.68, h2weight = 0.64, h2BMI = 0.49) reveal clear genetic signals that account for large proportions of the variation in body size observed between families. Secular trends show increases of 6.5% in height and 16.0% in weight from 1997 to 2017.

Discussion

This horticultural Caribbean population has transitioned to include more Westernized foods and technologies over the decades captured in this analysis. BMI varies widely between individuals and is significantly shaped by genetic variation, warranting future exploration with other physiological correlates and associated genetic variants.
Hydrolytic degradation and cytotoxicity of poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes for bone regeneration
Authors: Díaz Esperanza , Puerto Igor , Sandonis Iban , Ribeiro Sylvie , Lanceros‐Mendez Senentxu
Published: August 2019

Biodegradable poly(l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) (PLGA)/multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) scaffolds produced by thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) are studied for bone regeneration. Their magnetic properties, cytotoxicity, and in vitro degradation are investigated. Certain properties are analyzed at 37 °C over 16 weeks in phosphate buffer saline (PBS) solution, as a function of degradation time: morphology, mass loss, pH value of PBS, and thermal behavior. The presence of small quantities of nanotubes in the scaffolds, ≤0.5 wt %, leads to a weak magnetic response although the PLGA was diamagnetic. The incorporation of MWCNTs in the scaffolds generated a morphology and a very different process of in vitro degradation than might be expected in a PLGA scaffold. The in vitro degradation process started on week 13 and rapidly advanced, although the structural integrity of the scaffolds was maintained and no collapse of the structure occurred. Cytotoxicity tests on the samples showed cytotoxicity behavior at concentrations of over 0.3 wt % MWCNTs. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48439.
Original antifouling strategy: Polypropylene films modified with chitosan‐coated silver nanoparticles
Authors: Mosconi Giuliana , Stragliotto María Fernanda , Slenk Walter , Valenti Laura E. , Giacomelli Carla E. , Strumia Miriam C. , Gomez Cesar G.
Published: August 2019

A new coating strategy of polypropylene (PP) films with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) is proposed to obtain surfaces with antifouling properties. As a first step, the photograft polymerization is used to produce polyacrylic acid‐grafted PP (PAA‐grafted PP) films. A green AgNP synthesis is used by thermal reduction of AgNO3with amino groups of chitosan (CS), which controls ion diffusion and stabilizes nanoparticles. AgNP/CS complexes are adsorbed on PAA‐grafted PP by electrostatic interactions, yielding AgNP/CS‐coated PP films. These films show an excellent antimicrobial activity, even for AgNP contents as low as 0.08 wt %, reducing more than 4 log units in the viableStaphylococcus aureusconcentration or inducingEscherichia colideath. This trend is consistent with an adequate amount of small AgNP adsorbed in an organized manner within a thin surface layer. Therefore, the antimicrobial activity of this film seems to be more than promising, used as an active surface for a wide range of applications. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2020,137, 48448.
Lithium‐Doped Silica‐Rich MIL‐101(Cr) for Enhanced Hydrogen Uptake
Authors: Panchariya Dharmendra K. , Kumar E. Anil , Singh Sanjay K.
Published: August 2019

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) show promising characteristics for hydrogen storage application. In this direction, modification of under‐utilized large pore cavities of MOFs has been extensively explored as a promising strategy to further enhance the hydrogen storage properties of MOFs. Here, we described a simple methodology to enhance the hydrogen uptake properties of RHA incorporated MIL‐101 (RHA‐MIL‐101, where RHA is rice husk ash—a waste material) by controlled doping of Li+ ions. The hydrogen gas uptake of Li‐doped RHA‐MIL‐101 is significantly higher (up to 72 %) compared to the undoped RHA‐MIL‐101, where the content of Li+ ions doping greatly influenced the hydrogen uptake properties. We attributed the observed enhancement in the hydrogen gas uptake of Li‐doped RHA‐MIL‐101 to the favorable Li+ ion‐to‐H2 interactions and the cooperative effect of silanol bonds of silica‐rich rice‐husk ash incorporated in MIL‐101.
Sliding mode control of uncertain fractional‐order systems: A reaching phase free approach
Authors: Kamal Shyam , Sharma Rahul Kumar , Dinh Thach Ngoc , MS Harikrishnan , Bandyopadhyay Bijnan
Published: August 2019

This paper proposes a sliding surface which renders the system dynamics to start directly from itself without a reaching phase. More specifically, the system dynamics is insensitive to matched disturbances/uncertainties throughout the entire system response. The controller design based on reduced‐order subsystem is still preserved. It is different from integral sliding mode in which the design is based on the full order of the system to reach the same objective. The simulation results of its application to a fractional inverted pendulum system is demonstrated.
Validation of the Norwegian survival prediction model in trauma (NORMIT) in Swedish trauma populations
Authors: Ghorbani P , Troëng T , Brattström O , Ringdal K G , Eken T , Ekbom A , Strömmer L
Published: August 2019

Background

Trauma survival prediction models can be used for quality assessment in trauma populations. The Norwegian survival prediction model in trauma (NORMIT) has been updated recently and validated internally (NORMIT 2). The aim of this observational study was to compare the accuracy of NORMIT 1 and 2 in two Swedish trauma populations.

Methods

Adult patients registered in the national trauma registry during 2014–2016 were eligible for inclusion. The study populations comprised the total national trauma (NT) population, and a subpopulation of patients admitted to a single level I trauma centre (TC). The primary outcome was 30-day mortality. Model validation included receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and GiViTI calibration belts. The calibration was also assessed in subgroups of severely injured patients (New Injury Severity Score (NISS) over 15).

Results

A total of 26 504 patients were included. Some 18·7 per cent of patients in the NT population and 2·6 per cent in the TC subpopulation were excluded owing to missing data, leaving 21 554 and 3972 respectively for analysis. NORMIT 1 and 2 showed excellent ability to distinguish between survivors and non-survivors in both populations, but poor agreement between predicted and observed outcome in the NT population with overestimation of survival, including in the subgroup with NISS over 15. In the TC subpopulation, NORMIT 1 underestimated survival irrespective of injury severity, but NORMIT 2 showed good calibration both in the total subpopulation and the subgroup with NISS over 15.

Conclusion

NORMIT 2 is well suited to predict survival in a Swedish trauma centre population, irrespective of injury severity. Both NORMIT 1 and 2 performed poorly in a more heterogeneous national population of injured patients.
Lithium tert‐Butoxide‐catalyzed Hydroboration of Carbonyl Compounds
Authors: Kim Jea Ho , Jaladi Ashok Kumar , Kim Hyun Tae , An Duk Keun
Published: August 2019

We report the successful hydroboration of aldehydes and ketones with pinacolborane using 1 mol % lithium tert‐butoxide under ambient conditions. The present protocol was applicable to various aldehydes and ketones, and the corresponding boronate esters and subsequent alcohols were obtained in good to excellent yields. In addition, this high‐yielding practical method could be extended to the reduction of ester groups. Under optimized conditions, LiO
tBu facilitate the hydroboration of ester groups quantitatively.
Different effects of technological progress on China's carbon emissions based on sustainable development
Authors: Chen Jiandong , Gao Ming , Ma Ke , Song Malin
Published: August 2019

In this paper, we respectively decompose and study different effects of technological progress on carbon emissions in China based on the combination of the logarithmic mean Divisia index method, the Solow residual model, and spatial econometrics. Furthermore, we propose an improved approach to estimate the rebound effect index. By comparing the different effects of technological progress on carbon emissions, our results indicate that China's overall domestic technological progress reduced its carbon emissions over this period. As for the rebound effect index, the estimated results are higher than in previous studies because of the spatial rebound effect, which was ignored by previous studies. Regionally, although the eastern region had high rebound effects, the western region is at the greatest risk from the rebound effects. Finally, we present specific environmental policy proposals for China's sustainable development based on empirical results.
Graphene Dispersed Bi2WO6 Nanosheets with Promoted Interfacial Charge Separation for Visible Light Photocatalysis
Authors: Yang Xia , Li Chun , Wang Jiangfei , Zhang Jing , Wang Fangfang , Li Rengui , Li Can
Published: August 2019

Promoting photogenerated charge separation is the key and bottleneck step in photocatalysis, which mainly determines the efficiency of solar energy conversion. Reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been emerging in the fields of physics, catalysis and material sciences due to its unique structures, high catalytic activity and tunability. In this work, we introduced rGO nanosheets as support to fabricate uniformly‐dispersed Bi2WO6 nanostructures onto the rGO surface under hydrothermal condition. The resulted rGO/Bi2WO6 composite exhibited superior performances in degradation of various kinds of environmental pollutants including dyes and phenol. Further electrochemical characterizations including open circuit potential, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and electrochemical specific area indicated that incorporation of rGO evidently accelerated the interfacial charge separation and transfer. These improvements consequently contributed to largely exposed active sites and superior photocatalytic performance. Our work presented a facile strategy to tune the interfacial charge separation in semiconductor‐based photocatalysts using layered materials like graphene and its derivatives.
Precise Control of the Oriented Layered Double Hydroxide Nanosheets Growth on Graphene Oxides Leading to Efficient Catalysts for Cascade Reactions
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wang Zelin , Zhao Yufei , Miras Haralampos N. , Song Yu‐Fei
Published: August 2019

In recent years, great attention has been paid to cascade reactions, which can improve efficiency and reduce waste production by implementing several consecutive reactions. Herein, two bifunctional catalysts were successfully prepared by precise control of the oriented layered double hydroxides (LDHs) growth on graphene oxides (GO) using a single‐drop and co‐precipitation method, respectively. The resultant Ru/LDH‐GO‐P and Ru/LDH‐GO‐V composites were characterized by EXAFS, FT‐IR, XRD, TG‐DTA, BET, XPS, TEM, CO2‐TPD, O2‐TPD, etc. The catalytic performance of Ru/LDH‐GO‐P and Ru/LDH‐GO‐V for one‐pot oxidation‐Knoevenagel condensation reaction showed significant difference under the same experimental conditions, in which the Ru/LDH‐GO‐P showed 99 % conversion and 99 % selectivity, in marked contrast of 60.7 % conversion and 47.9 % selectivity using Ru/LDH‐GO‐V as catalyst. The large enhancement of the catalytic performance using Ru/LDH‐GO‐P can be attributed to the following reasons: 1) the Co3+ centers in Ru/LDH‐GO‐P can promote the formation of surface oxygen vacancies that can adsorb and activate O2 to get better performance; 2) the Ru/LDH‐GO‐P exhibited larger BET surface and more medium‐strong basic active sites than the Ru/LDH‐GO‐V. Moreover, the Ru/LDH‐GO‐P catalyst can be easily recovered from the reaction system and reused for at least five times without obvious deterioration of its catalytic activity or structural integrity.
Selective Synthesis of Furfurylamine by Reductive Amination of Furfural over Raney Cobalt
Authors: Zhou Kuo , Chen Bixian , Zhou Xiaoting , Kang Shimin , Xu Yongjun , Wei Jinjia
Published: August 2019

Effect of metal nature on reductive amination was investigated with biomass‐based furfural as a typical substrate. Among the tested heterogeneous metal catalysts, cobalt proved to be the most effective metal for the synthesis of the corresponding primary amine. Under a relatively mild reaction condition, 98.9 % yield of furfurylamine was obtained over Raney Co and it can be reused more than eight times without a significant decrease in the catalytic performance. By extensively studying the catalytic pathways and reaction mechanism, it is found that the selectivity to primary amine and secondary amine was governed by the relative rate of hydrogenolysis and hydrogenation of the Schiff base intermediate. The superiority of Raney Co in furfurylamine synthesis can be ascribed to its high efficiency on hydrogenolysis of the Schiff base intermediate and its low performance in the hydrogenation of the Schiff base, carbonyl group and furan ring. Furthermore, ammonia greatly promoted the catalytic hydrogenolysis of the Schiff base intermediate over Raney Co without clear deactivation of the metal active sites.
Surgical recommendations in the era of personalized medicine: What can we learn from patient preferences?
Authors: Sullivan Stephanie A. , Temkin Sarah M.
Published: August 2019

A formalized quantification of patient preferences in the decision‐making algorithm for women with advanced ovarian cancer may help patients and physicians with this complex decision. Ultimately, shared decision‐making and patient preferences may improve patient satisfaction and reduce regret about medical choices.
Cell Volume Measurements by Optical Transmission Microscopy
Authors: Model Michael A.
Published: August 2019

Cell volume is an important parameter in studying cell adaptation to anisosmotic stress, activation of monovalent ion channels, and cell death. This article describes a method for measurement of the volumes of adherent cells using a standard light microscope. A coverslip with attached cells is placed in a shallow chamber in a medium containing a strongly absorbing and cell‐impermeant dye, Acid Blue 9. When such a sample is imaged in transmitted light at a wavelength of maximum dye absorption (630 nm), the resulting contrast quantitatively reflects cell thickness; once the thickness is known at every point, the volume can be computed as well. Technical details, interpretation of data, and possible artifacts are discussed. © 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Lyotropic Liquid Crystalline Mesophases Made of Salt‐Acid‐Surfactant Systems for the Synthesis of Novel Mesoporous Lithium Metal Phosphates
Authors: Uzunok Işıl , Kim Jeonghun , Çolak Tuluhan O. , Kim Dae Sik , Kim Hansu , Kim Minjun , Yamauchi Yusuke , Dag Ömer
Published: August 2019

Mesoporous lithium metal phosphates are an important class of materials for the development of lithium ion batteries. However, there is a limited success in producing mesoporous lithium metal phosphates in the literature. Here, a lyotropic liquid crystalline (LLC) templating method was employed to synthesize the first examples of LiMPO4 (LMP) of Mn(II), Co(II), and Ni(II). A homogeneous aqueous solution of lithium and transition metal nitrate salts, phosphoric acid (PA), and surfactant (P123) can be spin coated or drop‐cast coated over glass slides to form the LLC mesophases which can be calcined into mesoporous amorphous LMPs (MA‐LMPs). The metal salts of Mn(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) produce MA‐LMPs that crystallize into olivine structures by heat treatment of the LLC mesophase. The Fe(II) compound undergoes air oxidation. Therefore, both Fe(II) and Fe(III) precursors produce a crystalline Li3Fe2(PO4)3 phase at over 400 °C. The MA‐LMPs show no reactivity towards lithium, however the crystalline iron compound exhibits electrochemical reactivity with lithium and a good electrochemical energy storage ability using a lithium‐ion battery test.
Emerging role of γδ T cells in vaccine‐mediated protection from infectious diseases
Authors: Dantzler Kathleen W , de la Parte Lauren , Jagannathan Prasanna
Published: August 2019

γδ T cells are fascinating cells that bridge the innate and adaptive immune systems. They have long been known to proliferate rapidly following infection; however, the identity of the specific γδ T cell subsets proliferating and the role of this expansion in protection from disease have only been explored more recently. Several recent studies have investigated γδ T‐cell responses to vaccines targeting infections such as Mycobacterium, Plasmodium and influenza, and studies in animal models have provided further insight into the association of these responses with improved clinical outcomes. In this review, we examine the evidence for a role for γδ T cells in vaccine‐induced protection against various bacterial, protozoan and viral infections. We further discuss results suggesting potential mechanisms for protection, including cytokine‐mediated direct and indirect killing of infected cells, and highlight remaining open questions in the field. Finally, building on current efforts to integrate strategies targeting γδ T cells into immunotherapies for cancer, we discuss potential approaches to improve vaccines for infectious diseases by inducing γδ T‐cell activation and cytotoxicity.
Constellation design and performance analysis of the parallel spatial modulation
Authors: Mohaisen Manar
Published: August 2019

Spatial modulation (SM) is a relatively recent multiple‐input multiple‐output (MIMO) system in which information is carried by the index of the antenna used for transmission as well as by the conventional signal symbols. Several systems that build upon SM have since been proposed including the generalized SM (GSM), a variant of GSM with multiple active antennas (MA‐SM), quadrature SM (QSM), and parallel SM (PSM), among others. The PSM system can increase the spectral efficiency by splitting the antenna set into groups and applying SM independently in each group using the same signal symbol. In this paper, we first derive the upper bound on the error probability of the PSM. The search of the optimal constellation set is then formulated as a multi‐objective optimization problem, where the obtained constellation minimizes the asymptotic error probability. We conclude that as the number of antenna groups increases, the proposed constellation converges to the conventional phase‐shift keying at relatively low number of transmit antennas. The simulation results show that the proposed constellation outperforms conventional constellations by as much as 5 dB, for high‐modulation orders. Since the multi‐objective optimization is independent of the channel matrix, it can be easily done off‐line. This implies that these gains come at no complexity or delay cost.
5F‐MDMB‐PICA metabolite identification and cannabinoid receptor activity
Authors: Truver Michael T. , Watanabe Shimpei , Åstrand Anna , Vikingsson Svante , Green Henrik , Swortwood Madeleine J. , Kronstrand Robert
Published: August 2019

According to the European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA), there were 179 different synthetic cannabinoids reported as of 2017. In the USA, 5F‐MDMB‐PINACA, or 5F‐ADB, accounted for 28% of cannabinoid seizures 2016–2018. The synthetic cannabinoid, 5F‐MDMB‐PICA, is structurally similar to 5F‐MDMB‐PINACA with an indole group replacing the indazole. Limited data exist from in vivo or in vitro metabolic studies of these synthetic cannabinoids, so potential metabolites to identify use may be missed. The goals of this study were to (a) investigate 5F‐MDMB‐PICA and 5F‐MDMB‐PINACA in vitro metabolism utilizing human hepatocytes; (b) to verify in vitro metabolites by analyzing authentic case specimens; and (c) to identify the potency and efficacy of 5F‐MDMB‐PICA and 5F‐MDMB‐PINACA by examining activity at the CB1 receptor. Biotransformations found in this study included phase I transformations and phase II transformations. A total of 22 5F‐MDMB‐PICA metabolites (A1 to A22) were identified. From hepatocyte incubations and urine samples, 21 metabolites (B1 to B21) were identified with 3 compounds unique to urine specimens for 5F‐MDMB‐PINACA. Phase II glucuronides were identified in 5F‐MDMB‐PICA (n = 3) and 5F‐MDMB‐PINACA (n = 5). For both compounds, ester hydrolysis and ester hydrolysis in combination with oxidative defluorination were the most prevalent metabolites produced in vitro. Additionally, the conversion of ester hydrolysis with oxidative defluorination to pentanoic acid for the first time was identified for 5F‐MDMB‐PICA. Therefore, these metabolites would be potentially good biomarkers for screening urine of suspected intoxication of 5F‐MDMB‐PICA or 5F‐MDMB‐PINACA. Both 5F‐MDMB‐PICA and 5F‐MDMB‐PINACA were acting as full agonists at the CB1 receptor with higher efficacy and similar potency as JWH‐018.
Life history alterations upon oral and hemocoelic bacterial exposure in the butterfly Melitaea cinxia
Authors: Woestmann Luisa , Stucki Dimitri , Saastamoinen Marjo
Published: August 2019

Life history strategies often shape biological interactions by specifying the parameters for possible encounters, such as the timing, frequency, or way of exposure to parasites. Consequentially, alterations in life‐history strategies are closely intertwined with such interaction processes. Understanding the connection between life‐history alterations and host–parasite interactions can therefore be important to unveil potential links between adaptation to environmental change and changes in interaction processes. Here, we studied how two different host–parasite interaction processes, oral and hemocoelic exposure to bacteria, affect various life histories of the Glanville fritillary butterfly Melitaea cinxia. We either fed or injected adult butterflies with the bacterium Micrococcus luteus and observed for differences in immune defenses, reproductive life histories, and longevity, compared to control exposures. Our results indicate differences in how female butterflies adapt to the two exposure types. Orally infected females showed a reduction in clutch size and an earlier onset of reproduction, whereas a reduction in egg weight was observed for hemocoelically exposed females. Both exposure types also led to shorter intervals between clutches and a reduced life span. These results indicate a relationship between host–parasite interactions and changes in life‐history strategies. This relationship could cast restrictions on the ability to adapt to new environments and consequentially influence the population dynamics of a species in changing environmental conditions.
Omega‐3 and Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids‐Enriched Hamburgers Using Sterol‐Based Oleogels
Authors: Martins Artur J. , Lorenzo José M. , Franco Daniel , Vicente António A. , Cunha Rosiane L. , Pastrana Lorenzo M. , Quiñones John , Cerqueira Miguel A.
Published: August 2019

Obesity and cardiovascular diseases are among the most worrying health problems worldwide. Dietary habits can be catalysts for the rise of these health issues in western countries. In this work, a meat product (pork patties) commonly elaborated with a high fraction of saturated fat is reformulated with an oleogel based on linseed oil (rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids). The oleogel is used for the partial replacement of the solid fat fraction present in pork patties (H‐25 for 25% and H‐75 for 75% of replacement). Incorporation of oleogels results in the modification of the fatty acid profile and in the significant decrease of the omega‐6/omega‐3 ratio. Results show that for both degrees of fat substitution, there are no differences between the patties produced with oleogel incorporation and the control, regarding textural parameters such as hardness, cohesiveness, and chewiness. Overall, samples with less amount of oleogel (H‐25) are well classified in the acceptance and preference tests, despite the clear preference among the sensorial panel toward the control samples. These results show the feasibility of introducing oleogels as a fat replacer in the manufacturing process of pork patties, though there is still work to be done regarding some of their sensorial attributes.

Practical Applications: The purpose of this work is focused on the study of the properties of meat patties after the replacement of saturated fat with a multicomponent oleogel, foreseeing the hamburger production. The results show that the oleogel incorporation in meat patties is possible at the industrial level without additional unitary steps during meat patty production. Based on this work it is possible to produce meat patties with adjusted fatty acids profiles.
Does variable channel morphology lead to dynamic salmon habitat?
Authors: Reid David A. , Hassan Marwan A. , Bird Stephen , Pike Robin , Tschaplinski Peter
Published: August 2019

Stream channel morphology forms the template upon which hydraulic aspects of aquatic habitat are created, yet spatial and temporal variability in habitat imposed by changing morphology is not well understood. This paper presents a conceptual model linking sediment supply patterns to spatial and temporal variability in channel form and aquatic habitat. To evaluate this model, change over time in three habitat variables is quantified using a 2D hydrodynamic modeling approach. A 45‐year record of topographic data from Carnation Creek, a catchment in coastal British Columbia, is used for the flow modeling. Using the Nays2DH modeling platform, water depths and velocities are simulated in eight channel segments located at different positions relative to locations of historical colluvial input using seven flow levels ranging from 3% to 400% of mean annual discharge (0.02 to 3.31 m
s
). Results indicate that habitat availability changes through time as a result of sediment supply‐driven changes to channel morphology and wood loads, but patterns in habitat vary as a function of dominant channel segment morphology. Spatial and temporal variability in morphology also influences the relationship between habitat availability and river discharge, leading to non‐stationary habitat‐discharge rating curves. When habitat areas are predicted by applying these curves to daily flow series spanning annual dry seasons, over 50% of the variance in cumulative seasonal habitat area can be explained by year‐to‐year changes in channel morphology and wood loading, indicating that changing morphology is an important factor for driving temporal habitat variability. This variance is related to the morphological variability of a channel segment, which in turn is associated with the segment position relative to zones of colluvial input. Collectively, these results suggest that variability in habitat is impacted by channel morphology, and can be evaluated partly on the basis of a channel's sediment supply regime. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Glioblastoma initiating cells are sensitive to histone demethylase inhibition due to epigenetic deregulation
Authors: Mallm Jan‐Philipp , Windisch Paul , Biran Alva , Gal Zoltan , Schumacher Sabrina , Glass Rainer , Herold‐Mende Christel , Meshorer Eran , Barbus Martje , Rippe Karsten
Published: August 2019

Tumor‐initiating cells are a subpopulation of cells that have self‐renewal capacity to regenerate a tumor. Here, we identify stem cell‐like chromatin features in human glioblastoma initiating cells (GICs) and link them to a loss of the repressive histone H3 lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) mark. Increasing H3K9me3 levels by histone demethylase inhibition led to cell death in GICs but not in their differentiated counterparts. The induction of apoptosis was accompanied by a loss of the activating H3 lysine 9 acetylation (H3K9ac) modification and accumulation of DNA damage and downregulation of DNA damage response genes. Upon knockdown of histone demethylases, KDM4C and KDM7A both differentiation and DNA damage were induced. Thus, the H3K9me3–H3K9ac equilibrium is crucial for GIC viability and represents a chromatin feature that can be exploited to specifically target this tumor subpopulation.
Reading With and Against Curriculum
Authors: Janks Hilary
Published: August 2019

This department explores critical perspectives on issues at the intersection of policy and practice in order to generate fresh questions about enduring dilemmas, new challenges, and debates.
Articulating the Unarticulated: A Review of Literacies, Sexualities, and Gender: Understanding Identities From Preschool to Adulthood
Authors: FitzGerald Carolyn
Published: August 2019

This forum reviews a mix of resources to inform pedagogy and related educational practices that foreground representations of youths and their literacy practices within and outside of school.
Differential negative reinforcement of other behavior to increase compliance with wearing an anti‐strip suit
Authors: Wheatley Tara L. , Goulet Melanie , Mann Kathryn , Lanovaz Marc J.
Published: August 2019

Using a changing‐criterion design, we replicated and extended a study (Cook, Rapp, & Schulze, 2015) on differential negative reinforcement of other behavior (DNRO). More specifically, educational assistants implemented DNRO to teach a 12‐year‐old boy with autism spectrum disorder to comply with wearing an anti‐strip suit to prevent inappropriate fecal behavior in a school setting. The duration for which the participant wore the suit systematically increased from 2 s at the start of treatment to the entire duration of the school day at the termination of the study. Moreover, these effects were generalized to a new school with novel staff and persisted for more than a year. These findings replicate prior research on DNRO and further support the use of the intervention to increase compliance with wearing protective items, or medical devices, in practical settings.
Synthesis of Novel 4‐Substituted Coumarins, Docking Studies, and DHODH Inhibitory Activity
Authors: Patagar Dayanand , Kusanur Raviraj , Sitwala Nikum D. , Ghate Manjunath D. , Saravanakumar Shanmugasundar , Nembenna Sharanappa , Gediya Piyush A.
Published: August 2019

Coumarins are the important class of naturally occurring heterocyclic compounds. Activities like antioxidant, antibacterial, anti‐inflammatory, and anticancer have been reported for coumarin derivatives. Present work details the synthesis of substituted coumarin‐4‐pyrrolones as well as coumarin‐4‐acetyl amino acids and their DHODH inhibitory activity, which is a dual target for malaria and cancer. Coumarin‐4‐acetic acids (2a–c) were coupled with different methyl esters of α‐amino acids (3) giving rise to corresponding coumarin‐4‐acetyl amino acid methyl esters (4a–o), which on hydrolysis under basic condition underwent cyclization forming substituted dihydropyrrole‐2‐ones (5a–i), dihydroindolizine‐3‐ones (5j–l), and dihydropyrrolizin‐3‐one (5m–o). Acidic hydrolysis of the compounds (4a–o) yielded corresponding coumarin‐4‐acetyl amino acids (6a–f). The docking study was performed with the protein 4IGH (obtained from PDB) using Surflex–Dock module. The newly synthesized compounds were tested for DHODH inhibitory activity using Brequinar as the standard. Compound 6b showed remarkable inhibition compared with the standard, and the other compounds with terminal COOH showed moderate inhibition.
Ciprofloxacin/Gatifloxacin‐1,2,3‐triazole‐isatin Hybrids and Their In Vitro Anticancer Activity
Authors: Jiang Dan , Zhang Guifu
Published: August 2019

Eleven novel ciprofloxacin/gatifloxacin‐1,2,3‐triazole‐isatin hybrids (8a–k) were designed, synthesized, and screened for their in vitro anticancer activity in this paper. A significant part of the synthesized hybrids was active against A549, HepG2, and SF‐268 cancer cell lines, whereas the parent drugs ciprofloxacin and gatifloxacin were devoid of activity. Among them, hybrid 8i (IC50: 78.1–90.7 μM) was found to be the most active against A549, HepG2, and SF‐268 cancer cell lines, and it was comparable with or better than Vorinostat (IC50: 71.1 to >100 μM). Thus, these kind hybrids have potentiality for discovery of new anticancer candidates for clinical deployment in the control and eradication of cancers.
Fully automated localization of prostate peripheral zone tumors on apparent diffusion coefficient map MR images using an ensemble learning method
Authors: Zabihollahy Fatemeh , Ukwatta Eranga , Krishna Satheesh , Schieda Nicola
Published: August 2019

Background

Accurate detection and localization of prostate cancer (PCa) in men undergoing prostate MRI is a fundamental step for future targeted prostate biopsies and treatment planning. Fully automated localization of peripheral zone (PZ) PCa using the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) map might be clinically useful.

Purpose/Hypothesis

To describe automated localization of PCa in the PZ on ADC map MR images using an ensemble U‐Net‐based model.

Study Type

Retrospective, case–control.

Population

In all, 226 patients (154 and 72 patients with and without clinically significant PZ PCa, respectively), training, and testing was performed using dataset images of 146 and 80 patients, respectively.

Field Strength

3T, ADC maps.

Sequence

ADC map.

Assessment

The ground truth was established by manual delineation of the prostate and prostate PZ tumors on ADC maps by dedicated radiologists using MRI‐radical prostatectomy maps as a reference standard.

Statistical Tests: Performance of the ensemble model was evaluated using Dice similarity coefficient (DSC), sensitivity, and specificity metrics on a per‐slice basis. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the curve (AUC) were employed as well. The paired t‐test was used to test the differences between the performances of constituent networks of the ensemble model.

Results

Our developed algorithm yielded DSC, sensitivity, and specificity of 86.72% ± 9.93%, 85.76% ± 23.33%, and 76.44% ± 23.70%, respectively (mean ± standard deviation) on 80 test cases consisting of 41 and 39 instances from patients with and without clinically significant tumors including 660 extracted 2D slices. AUC was reported as 0.779.

Data Conclusion

An ensemble U‐Net‐based approach can accurately detect and segment PCa in the PZ from ADC map MR prostate images.

Level of Evidence: 4

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2020;51:1223–1234.
Validity of Attention Bias Variability Indices for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Research: Evidence From Patient Data
Authors: Alon Yaron , Naim Reut , Pine Daniel S. , Bliese Paul D. , Bar‐Haim Yair
Published: August 2019

Although initial findings indicated that threat‐related attention bias variability (ABV), an index designed to capture dynamic shifts in threat‐related attention over time, was positively correlated with the severity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, a recent study relying on simulated data has raised questions regarding the validity and empirical utility of ABV. Specifically, the simulations suggested that core features of reaction time data distinct from threat‐related attention bias, such as the reaction time standard deviation and mean, could explicate the reported elevated ABV among samples with PTSD. In the present study, we evaluated these suggestions in 95 PTSD‐diagnosed participants. The results showed that ABV significantly and uniquely predicted PTSD symptom severity beyond the predictive value of core reaction time features, ΔR2 = .05–.23. Some of the predictions stemming from the simulated results were replicated, whereas others were not. Contrary to the conclusion drawn from the simulated data, the results from the current study suggest that ABV is a valid and replicable correlate of PTSD symptom severity.
Inclusion of the first cervical nerve does not influence outcomes in upper airway stimulation for treatment of obstructive sleep apnea
Authors: Kumar Ayan T. , Vasconcellos Adam , Boon Maurits , Huntley Colin
Published: August 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

Upper airway stimulation (UAS) has demonstrated efficacy in the management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Branches of the hypoglossal nerve that selectively activate tongue protrusor and stiffener muscles are included within the stimulation cuff electrode. The first cervical nerve (C1) is often also included to stimulate additional muscles contributing to tongue protrusion and stabilization. The purpose of this study was to determine whether inclusion of the C1 translates into treatment efficacy, decreased voltage requirement, and improved outcomes in patients utilizing UAS.

Study Design

Single‐center, retrospective cohort study.

Methods

One hundred fourteen patients who received a UAS implant at our institution and underwent posttreatment polysomnography were evaluated. Stimulation cuff electrodes in 87 patients included the C1; those in the remaining 27 patients did not include the C1. Demographic data, voltage data, and pre‐ and posttreatment apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), O2 nadir, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) data were collected for all patients.

Results

There was no significant difference in stimulation voltage, or posttreatment AHI, O2 nadir, and ESS between the two cohorts. Treatment success, as measured by posttreatment AHI < 20 with a 50% reduction, was similar regardless of C1 inclusion. The same was seen for the percent of patients with AHI < 15 and AHI < 5 after treatment. The distributions of age and body mass index, as well as pre‐treatment AHI, O2 nadir, and ESS were also not significantly different between treatment groups.

Conclusions

The current study has demonstrated that inclusion of the C1 in the stimulation cuff electrode of the upper airway stimulator may not provide any additional benefit in therapy for OSA.

Level of Evidence

4

Laryngoscope, 130:E382–E385, 2020
Saliva pepsin level of laryngopharyngeal reflux patients is not correlated with reflux episodes
Authors: Bobin Francois , Journe Fabrice , Lechien Jérôme R.
Published: August 2019

Objective

To investigate the relationship between the laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) episodes at the multichannel intraluminal impedance‐pH monitoring (MII‐pH) and the concentration of pepsin in the saliva of LPR patients.

Methods

Patients with LPR were enrolled from the polyclinic of Poitiers, France. Patients benefited from 24‐hour MII‐pH that allowed a correlation study between reflux episodes and symptoms. Patients reported the occurrence of the critical symptoms during the testing period through a recording device. Simultaneously, they collected a first saliva sample 30 minutes after the symptoms and a second saliva collection a few hours after the first collection. The patient symptoms were assessed with reflux symptom score (RSS). The relationship between pepsin concentration in the saliva, symptoms, and the reflux episode characteristics at the MII‐pH was investigated through multiple linear regression.

Results

A total of 65 patients with LPR were recruited. The mean concentrations of the first and the second pepsin samples were 92.0 ± 108.1 and 101.8 ± 131.0, respectively. Peptest (RD Biomed, Milan, Italy) was positive in 51 LPR patients (78.5%). Concentrations of both pepsin samples were significantly correlated (P = 0.019). There was no significant association between pepsin concentrations in saliva samples, RSS, key symptoms during the test period, and MII‐pH findings.

Conclusion

The level of pepsin saliva concentration is not associated with the reflux episodes at the MII‐pH. Future studies are needed to better understand the relationship between the extracellular pepsin concentration, mucosal inflammation, and related laryngopharyngeal symptoms.

Level of Evidence

4

Laryngoscope, 130:1278–1281, 2020
Prognostic Significance of Peripheral T‐Cell Subsets in Laryngeal Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Marchi Filippo , Missale Francesco , Incandela Fabiola , Filauro Marta , Mazzola Francesco , Mora Francesco , Paderno Alberto , Parrinello Giampiero , Piazza Cesare , Peretti Giorgio
Published: August 2019

Objectives

The role of the immune system in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma is controversial. The aim of our study was to analyze full blood counts and distribution of T cell subsets in patients affected by laryngeal squamous cell cancer (LSCC) and their association with clinical variables and survival.

Study design

Retrospective study.

Methods

We analyzed the levels of platelets, lymphocytes, and neutrophils, as well as the CD4+, CD8+, and CD3+ T‐cell subpopulations by cytofluorometry in LSCC patients. A cohort of healthy patients was used as control group. The disease‐specific survival (DSS) was considered as survival outcome.

Results

Sixty‐five LSCC patients and 48 controls were enrolled. In LSCC patients, neutrophils were higher than in the healthy group (P < .0001). The neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (PLR) were both higher in LSCC patients (P < .0001). In patients treated for recurrent disease, the CD8+/CD3+ ratio was increased (P = .02), while the CD4+/CD8+ (P = .03) and CD4+/CD3+ (P = .04) ratios were lower. In patients with lymph node metastases, leukocytes (P = .03), CD3+ (P = .04), and CD4+ (P = .0098) were all higher. Among Stages III‐IV patients, low lymphocyte and low leukocyte count were associated with worse DSS.

Conclusion

Our data demonstrate that NLR and PLR are significantly increased in LSCC. Lower CD4+/CD8+ and CD3+/CD8+ ratios are related to recurrent disease and a higher level of CD3+ and CD4+ is associated with nodal metastasis.

Level of Evidence

4