bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Discourses of Resource Dependency: Second Homeowners as “Lifeblood” in Vacationland
Authors: Stiman Meaghan L.
Published: July 2019

In recent decades, rural destinations that once relied on the production and extraction of land and resources now rely on tourism as the primary economic pursuit. Such destinations have experienced a surge of new migrants in the form of tourists, permanent newcomers, and second homeowners. Scholars have turned to how permanent residents perceive these changes and new populations, revealing that in some instances permanent residents are more accepting of newcomers due to economic constraints. I extend this line of research by asking how, and under what conditions, permanent residents favorably view second homeowners, a specific type of rural in‐migrant. Drawing on ethnographic data in Rangeley, Maine, I develop the concept “discourses of resource dependency,” to clarify how and why localities justify, explain, and ultimately pursue one economic resource over another. In this case, local residents view second homeowners as a resource that will ensure the town's economic sustainability, and this frame enables local residents to view their in‐migration favorably. This frame emerges not just from structural economic circumstances, but also from a confluence of historical and cultural conditions that elevate the import of second homeowners in Rangeley's place‐making project.
Development and Validation of Static and Adaptive Screeners to Assess Suicidal Thoughts and Behavior
Authors: Calear Alison L. , Batterham Philip J. , Sunderland Matthew , Carragher Natacha
Published: July 2019

Objective

The aim of the current study was to use a 23‐item bank of self‐reported symptoms of suicidal thoughts and behaviors to develop new brief measures of suicide risk using data‐driven methods. Collectively referred to as the Rapid Measurement Toolkit for Suicidality (RMTS), the new brief static and adaptive measures would allow more efficient screening for suicide risk in clinical and research settings.

Method

Data for the current study consist of 3,175 Australian adults who form the development sample and 3,755 Australian adults who form the validation sample. Both samples were independently recruited online using Facebook advertisements. Item response theory (IRT) was applied to the 23‐item suicide item bank to develop a brief static dimensional measure and to simulate various computerized adaptive algorithms.

Results

A 5‐item brief static dimensional screener was developed, which performed as well as the commonly used Suicidal Behaviors Questionnaire‐Revised (SBQ‐R), with marginally greater sensitivity and more information across the continuum of suicidality. An adaptive screener required a mean of 6.2 items and correlated 0.98 with the full item bank.

Conclusions

The RMTS provides reliable and valid brief static and adaptive screeners for the measurement of suicide risk in community, research, and clinical settings.
Solar‐induced dorsal skin necrosis in sheep
Authors: García Juan A. , Romero Agustín , Uzal Francisco A. , Tarigo Laura , Affolter Verena K. , Dutra Fernando
Published: July 2019

Background

Solar‐induced thermal burns of dark skin over the dorsum have been reported in dogs, sheep and a pig.

Objectives

This report describes an outbreak of solar‐induced thermal burns over the dorsal skin of criollo and Texel sheep in Uruguay.

Animals and methods

Cross‐bred criollo and pure‐bred Texel adult ewes from a flock of 80 animals presented with severe skin lesions. Eight animals were evaluated clinically and skin biopsy specimens were collected from three ewes for histopathology. Epidemiological data were collected.

Results

Black/brown criollo sheep presented with extensive, wide, linear dorsal skin necrosis extending from the interscapular to the lumbosacral area. Necrotic skin was firm, dry and largely detached from the underlying subcutis. Nonpigmented Texel sheep showed milder lesions with rapid re‐epithelialization and healing. Histological features were consistent with third‐degree burns, characterized by full‐thickness coagulative necrosis of epidermis and dermis, including blood vessels and adnexa. The cumulative incidence of the disease was 21% during the 30 days post‐shearing, affecting 50% of criollo and 7.4% of Texel sheep (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

The findings are consistent with post‐shearing, sun‐induced thermal burns leading to dorsal skin necrosis. Risk factors include sunlight exposure during hot months after shearing, dark skin and obesity.
Boundedness and stabilization in a population model with cross‐diffusion for one species
Authors: Tao Youshan , Winkler Michael
Published: July 2019

This work studies the two‐species Shigesada–Kawasaki–Teramoto model with cross‐diffusion for one species, as given by

with positive parameters and , and nonnegative constants and . Beyond some statements on global existence, the literature apparently provides only few results on qualitative behavior of solutions; in particular, questions related to boundedness as well as to large time asymptotics in seem unsolved so far.

In the present paper it is inter alia shown that if and is a bounded convex domain with smooth boundary, then whenever and are nonnegative, the associated Neumann initial‐boundary value problem for possesses a global classical solution which in fact is bounded in the sense that

Moreover, the asymptotic behavior of arbitrary nonnegative solutions enjoying the boundedness property is studied in the general situation when is arbitrary and no longer necessarily convex. If , then in both cases and , an explicit smallness condition on is identified as sufficient for stabilization of any nontrivial solutions toward a corresponding unique nontrivial spatially homogeneous steady state. If and , then without any further assumption all nonzero solutions are seen to approach the equilibrium (0,1). As a by‐product, this particularly improves previous knowledge on nonexistence of nonconstant equilibria of .
Assessing Additive Manufacturing Repeatability of Inherently Damped Nickel Alloy Components
Authors: Scott-Emuakpor Onome , George Tommy , Runyon Brian , Holycross Casey , Sheridan Luke , O'Hara Ryan
Published: July 2019

The repeatability of an additive manufacturing (AM) process that fabricates a unique specimen with inherent damping capability is explored. A laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technique is used to additively manufacture nickel alloy components with the same geometry/dimensions. Key aspects to the manufacturing process such as scan strategy and build orientation are observed alongside damping performance. The results from forced-response testing show repeatable correlation between damping performance and modal response information. Furthermore, despite different scan strategies and build sequences, the results demonstrate that inherent damping repeatability is driven by the unique component geometry and has minimal sensitivity to manufacturing.
Robust Limit Cycle Generation in Nonlinear Dynamical Systems With Nominal Performance Recovery
Authors: Hakimi A. R. , Binazadeh T.
Published: July 2019

This paper proposes a disturbance observer (DO)-based method for shaping robust limit cycles in a class of uncertain nonlinear systems. The modified Lyapunov theorem is utilized to shape desirable limit cycles in the nominal system. Then, a high-gain filter is designed to robustify the controller and add the nominal performance recovery capability to it. It is proved that the trajectories of uncertain system coincide with those of the nominal system. The effective performance of the proposed controller is illustrated by simulation.
Bi-Material Re-Entrant Triangle Cellular Structures Incorporating Tailorable Thermal Expansion and Tunable Poisson's Ratio1
Authors: He Xiaobing , Yu Jingjun , Xie Yan
Published: July 2019

Based on the bi-material triangle lattice cell, a new cellular structure, bi-material re-entrant triangle (BRT) cellular structure, is devised to incorporate tailorable coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) and tunable Poisson's ratio (PR) properties by replacing the straight base of a triangle with two hypotenuse members. A general thermoelasticity equation to systematically build the relationship among the external force, the temperature load, and the deformation for planar lattice structures with bounded joints is derived and then embedded into a theoretical model for the devised BRT structure. Using assembled thermoelasticity equation, effective PR, Young's modulus, as well as CTE are computed. In order to guide designers to construct initial concepts, the design domain for coupling negative CTE and negative PR properties is plotted. The material-property-combination region that can be achieved by this cellular structure is determined within an Ashby material selection chart of CTE versus PR. Nine available combinations of CTE and PR properties are extracted and demonstrated with abaqus simulation.
A New Formulation for Establishing the Lateral Interaction Between Buried Steel Pipeline and Sandy Soil Subjected to Strike-Slip Faulting
Authors: Ashrafy Mohammad , TahamouliRoudsari Mehrzad , Hosseini Mahmood
Published: July 2019

Buried pipelines are faced with and vulnerable to extreme hazards such as earthquakes, different types of faulting, and landslides. Generally, a buried pipeline is modeled as a beam on a series of springs, which represent the surrounding soil. To determine the specifications of these springs, the equations proposed by ASCE Guideline are usually used. Its accuracy was doubted by some recent studies. In this study, two full-scale tests simulating the effect of strike-slip faulting were initially carried out on 4 and 8-in. diameter steel pipes buried in compacted sandy soil. The displacement of the pipe was recorded directly at any moment, along its length. Then through optimization-based simulations, the specifications of the equivalent springs of the soil were calculated so that the deformation of the pipe along its length would be consistent with the experimental results. Then, based upon verified finite element models, a database of different parameters of buried pipes subjected to strike-slip faulting including the diameters and different burial depths was created. The results showed that the ASCE equations need modification at the condition of strike-slip faulting and so, based on the created database, a new form of the equations of lateral interaction between dense sandy soil and steel pipe in the presence of strike-slip fault was proposed.
Study on the Expansion Force of TWIP Steel Expandable Tubular in Solid Expandable Tubular Technology
Authors: Wang Shengkun , Huang Shengjun , Wang Minglei , Chen Gang
Published: July 2019

This paper focuses on the expansion process of twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steel tubular undergoing the large circumferential plastic deformation in expandable tubular technology. The expansion process was performed by propagating a mandrel through the tubular mechanically. This paper aimed at developing the mathematical models to predict the expansion force required for the radial expansion of the TWIP steel tubular using the rigid-perfectly plastic model and the linear hardening rigid plastic model, respectively. The volume incompressible condition together with the Tresca yield criterion was used to describe the plastic behavior of the tubular material in the expansion process. Besides, the finite element analysis of the expansion process was developed using the commercial software abaqus to validate the theoretical results and determine the scope of application of the derived expansion force formula. Further to this, the effect of the process parameters, such as the expansion ratio, friction coefficient and the cone angle, on the expansion force was investigated. It was found that the expansion force difference of two models have similar variation trend. The accuracy and applicability of the expansion force formula using the linear hardening rigid plastic model improve as the expansion ratio increases and the expansion cone angle decreases.
Comparison of Additively Manufactured Louvered Plate-Fin Heat Exchangers
Authors: Bichnevicius Michael , Saltzman David , Lynch Stephen
Published: July 2019

Additive manufacturing (AM) enables improved heat exchanger (HX) designs where performance is based on the achievable geometry. However, consequences of the AM process that affect HX performance such as increased surface roughness, dimensional tolerance issues, and defects like cracks may vary among identically designed AM parts due to AM machine settings. This paper experimentally compares the thermal and hydraulic performance of three AM HXs built using a traditionally manufactured, stamped aluminum oil cooler design. The AM HXs exhibited significantly higher air-side pressure drop and higher heat transfer rate than the traditional HX in large part due to increased AM surface roughness. Among AM HXs, one AM HX had notably higher heat transfer rate and air-side pressure drop due to poor print quality on the thin air-side fin features. The fin thickness among AM HXs also varied by about 15%, and there were only slight differences in surface roughness. This study indicates that functional HXs built using AM vary in performance even when the same digital model is used to print them and that AM HXs as a group can perform considerably differently than their traditional counterparts.
Numerical and Experimental Studies of Labyrinth Seal Aeroelastic Instability
Authors: Miura Toshimasa , Sakai Naoto
Published: July 2019

A labyrinth seal is commonly used to decrease the flow leakage loss between rotating and static components in aero engines. It is susceptible to aeroelastic instability because of its low stiffness. The aim of this study was to establish methods to predict and suppress it effectively. To achieve this, both numerical and experimental investigations are conducted using ansyscfx and ansys mechanical. These solvers are coupled to simulate the flutter precisely. Also, to assess the accuracy of the simulation qualitatively and quantitatively, a test rig is built. In the first part of this study, the accuracy of the numerical method is confirmed for several test cases with different seal clearance variations. Flutter inception is evaluated in detail for various pressure ratios and rotation speeds. The numerical results show good agreement with the experimental results. It is also confirmed that the aeroelastic instability is very sensitive to the seal clearance variations. These results show the same tendency as those in previous works. In the second part of this study, this paper tries to develop a flutter suppression method with higher leakage performance. This is achieved by changing the seal geometry. To detect the important geometric parameters, the contribution of each geometric component to aeroelastic instability is carefully analyzed. On the basis of this, the seal geometry is modified and its performance is evaluated. The optimized labyrinth seal shows good performance in terms of flow leakage and aeroelastic stability. Through this study, a new flutter suppression method is established.
Analysis of Wave Action Through Multiple Submerged Porous Structures
Authors: Khan Mohamin B. M. , Behera Harekrushna
Published: July 2019

Wave interaction with multiple bottom-standing rectangular porous structures of different structural parameters is numerically modeled using the multidomain boundary element method and the matched eigenfunction expansion method, while assuming linear water wave theory. The sensitivity of wave reflection and transmission to the wave and structural parameters is analyzed with the objective to maximize wave energy attenuation. Different configurations of multiple structures are tested for maximizing the efficiency of dissipation. Furthermore, wave trapping by multiple porous structures near a sloping rigid wall is studied. Bragg resonance is observed in the case of wave scattering by multiple structures irrespective of wave and structural parameters and is found as proportional to the number of structures deployed. In addition, the study reveals that in the presence of multiple structures, due to more wave energy dissipation, wave transmission in the lee side of the structures is reduced significantly when compared with that observed for a single structure.
Conceptual Design of Dahej-Nagothane Ethane Pipeline in India
Authors: Sunkara Nageswara , Theenadhayalan Sankar Dayal
Published: July 2019

Reliance Industries Limited (RIL) planned to import liquid Ethane from North American market for use as feedstock in Gas Crackers at Dahej Manufacturing Division (DMD), Hazira Manufacturing Division (HMD) in the state of Gujarat and Nagothane Manufacturing Division (NMD) in the state of Maharashtra. Liquid Ethane was planned to be unloaded at GCPTCL (Gujarat Chemical Port Terminal Company Limited) Jetty and stored in cryogenic tank in DMD. For use in NMD and HMD, it was proposed to transport Ethane via a dedicated pipeline traversing through the states of Gujarat and Maharashtra and deliver at respective gas crackers of HMD and NMD in a direct usage mode as no storage facilities for Ethane were envisaged at delivery locations. Reliance Gas Pipelines Limited (RGPL), a wholly owned subsidiary of RIL implemented the Asia’s 1st liquid Ethane Pipeline project as “Dahej - Nagothane Ethane Pipeline Project” (DNEPL) and successfully commissioned the pipeline in September, 2018. This paper presents the Conceptual Design of the project including selection of phase of transportation, pipeline configuration in terms of pipeline size, no. of pump stations, spacing of main line valves (MLV’s), operating conditions, material of construction and emergency evacuation requirements of Ethane during long haul transportation.
Providing Concealed Connections in Kitchens and Confined Areas Having No Provision of Natural Ventilation
Authors: Jhalli Gursharan Singh
Published: July 2019

The Government of India is promoting usage of PNG in cities and metros in big way which has opened up newer opportunities & challenges for the CGD industry especially catering to Domestic, Commercial & Industrial Consumers meeting the existing regulations & statutory provisions. As per the Provisions of Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (Technical Standards and Specifications including Safety Standards for City or Local Natural Gas Distribution Networks) T4S Regulations domestic piping should be in ventilated area. However, currently there is no clear-cut technical guidelines for installation of piping downstream to consumer meter in concealed location and confined spaces. This study suggests guidelines provided in various codes & standards and the practical approaches adopted in various countries for installation of the pipe-work between the Service Regulator (SR) up to and including the steel reinforced rubber hose installed inside the kitchen of the domestic customer, and includes the risers and laterals systems supplying gas to high rise multi occupancy buildings (domestic premises), to facilitate supply of gas to the domestic customers.
Fitness for Service Assessment of Cross Country Oil Pipelines Based on API 579 (Application of API 579 on ASME B 31.4)
Authors: Purnana Pradeep , Ibrahim Shiyas
Published: July 2019

Pipelines are one of the safest forms of transportation for oil and gas. However, Pipelines may experience defects, such as corrosion, cracks during service period. Therefore, evaluation of these defects is very important in terms of assessment and for continued safe operation. Corrosion defects at the external surface of pipelines are often the result of fabrication faults, coating or cathodic protection issues, residual stress, cyclic loading, temperature or local environment (soil chemistry). In general, corrosion may occur in most pipes due to coating failure, and a pipe without any protective coating will experience external corrosion after some years. However, corrosion can occur on the internal surface of the pipeline due to contaminants in the products such as small sand particles.

At present, there are different assessment methods for different types of defects in pipelines. The most popular codes for defect assessment in oil and gas pipelines are RSTRENG, Modified B31G, BS 7910 and API 579. Besides these codes and methods, there are numerical programs, such as CorLAS, which have been used successfully for assessing crack flaws in Pipelines. RSTRENG and B 31G methods are very simple when compared with API 579. API 579 is very complex method of assessing defects but very useful for remaining life assessment of Pipelines.

In this paper corrosion defects like general metal loss, localized metal loss, pitting corrosion, other defects like dents, gouges, cracks, their remediation methods assessed based on API 579 method and our experience in Oil Pipelines. Since API 579 doesn’t cover cross country pipelines explicitly, we have made a research applying API 579 to ASME B31.4.

Even though, we have done research on all types of defects (Level 1 and Level 2 assessment), in this paper we have covered only General metal loss assessment.
Haziness in HSD: Temperature Effect on Soluble Water Content
Authors: Sanguley Leeladhar , Purohit Samarth
Published: July 2019

Quality parameters in petroleum products HSD/SKO/MS are being ascertained on the basis of IS standards and accordingly every OMC produces petroleum product. These products are transferred from refinery to receiving terminals through, rail, road or cross country pipelines. In a particular instance, one of the pipeline fed location in BPCL were continuously getting Haziness in diesel batches.

This location was Kota terminal in Rajasthan state and the scenario was such that receipts taken through their MMBPL pipeline was Hazy in appearance. The hazy batches were required to keep ideal for almost 3–4 days to clear its appearance, however all other parameters were meeting the QC guidelines / IS standards.

The peculiar behavior depicted in HSD batches was only at their end pipeline location (Kota), on other intermediate locations at upstream of Kota location, the same HSD batches were passing the appearance test. The study was undertaken to know the root cause for such phenomenon and on the basis of RCA , corrective action were implemented for altering the manufacturing process of HSD.
The effect of speech material on the band importance function for Mandarin Chinese
Authors: Du Yufan , Shen Yi , Wu Xihong , Chen Jing
Published: July 2019

Speech material influences the relative contributions of different frequency regions to intelligibility for English. In the current study, whether a similar effect of speech material is present for Mandarin Chinese was investigated. Speech recognition was measured using three speech materials in Mandarin, including disyllabic words, nonsense sentences, and meaningful sentences. These materials differed from one another in terms of the amount of contextual information and word frequency. The band importance function (BIF), as defined under the Speech Intelligibility Index (SII) framework, was used to quantify the contributions across frequency regions. The BIFs for the three speech materials were estimated from 16 adults who were native speakers of Mandarin. A Bayesian adaptive procedure was used to efficiently estimate the octave-frequency BIFs for the three materials for each listener. As the amount of contextual information increased, low-frequency bands (e.g., 250 and 500 Hz) became more important for speech recognition, consistent with English. The BIF was flatter for Mandarin than for comparable English speech materials. Introducing the language- and material-specific BIFs to the SII model led to improved predictions of Mandarin speech-recognition performance. Results suggested the necessity of developing material-specific BIFs for Mandarin.
Pulsed call sequences as contact calls in Pacific white-sided dolphins (Lagenorhynchus obliquidens)
Authors: Mishima Yuka , Morisaka Tadamichi , Ishikawa Megumi , Karasawa Yuu , Yoshida Yayoi
Published: July 2019

Pacific white-sided dolphins are a group-living species and appear to exchange “contact calls” to maintain group cohesion. The aim of this study was to find and characterize their contact calls. Calls were recorded from two females at Osaka Aquarium KAIYUKAN (OAK) and three females at Izu-Mito Sea Paradise (IMSP). Because they often produced pulsed calls consecutively, a “pulsed call sequence” was defined as three or more successive pulsed calls occurring within 325 ms, which was calculated using a bout analysis. The pulsed call sequences increased during separation periods and decreased during reunions and were used for vocal exchange, suggesting that the sequences are contact calls in Pacific white-sided dolphins. Most of the pulsed call sequences were classified into unique types; several stereotyped, repeated patterns were found. One sequence type was found at OAK and the two dolphins shared the type; they exchanged sequences with type matching. On the other hand, three sequence types were found in IMSP and the three dolphins shared all of the types; however, each dolphin preferentially used different types and frequently exchanged with their own favorite types but not with type matching. These results suggest that the sequence type may function as an individual and/or group identity.
Scientists engage public on human augmentation
Authors: Hoy Anne Q.
Published: July 2019

Tattoos, machine interplay, exoskeletons, and gene editing change human capabilities
Keeping air pollution policies on track
Authors: Fuller Gary W. , Font Anna
Published: July 2019

Focusing on trends rather than compliance can lead to more effective policies
Spatiotemporal light control with frequency-gradient metasurfaces
Authors: Shaltout Amr M. , Lagoudakis Konstantinos G. , van de Groep Jorik , Kim Soo Jin , Vučković Jelena , Shalaev Vladimir M. , Brongersma Mark L.
Published: July 2019

Beam steering with a metasurface

Metasurfaces have been designed that function as many passive optical elements. Shaltout
et al.
created a time-dependent active element. A frequency-comb light beam (a light source consisting of a broad range of evenly spaced wavelengths) interacted with a specially designed passive metasurface so that the beam could be rapidly (<8 picoseconds) swept over a broad angle (25°). Such beam-steering capability could directly affect augmented and virtual reality systems.

Science
, this issue p.
374
Lowering ceramides to overcome diabetes
Authors: Kusminski Christine M. , Scherer Philipp E.
Published: July 2019

Lowering toxic lipid concentrations in mice has a promising impact on obesity-associated metabolic disorder
Paleohydrology of southwest Nevada (USA) based on groundwater 234U/238U over the past 475 k.y.
Authors: Wendt Kathleen A. , Pythoud Mathieu , Moseley Gina E. , Dublyansky Yuri V. , Edwards R. Lawrence , Spötl Christoph
Published: July 2019

Subaqueous calcite deposited on the walls of Devils Hole 2 cave (Nevada, USA) represents a unique archive for geochemical variations within the regional aquifer. Here, we present a 475,000-year record of initial 234U/238U activity ratios in delta notation (δ234U0). Results show a range in values from 1851–1616‰. Variations in δ234U0 coincide with interglacial-glacial cycles over the past 475,000 years. Maximum δ234U0 values correspond to the last five glacial intervals, during which southwest Nevada experienced cool, pluvial conditions. Minimum δ234U0 values correspond to interglacial intervals, during which this region experienced warm, arid conditions. We propose that an elevated water table during glacial periods inundated previously dry bedrock and basin sediments, thereby leaching excess 234U accumulated in these materials. We interpret Devils Hole 2 cave δ234U0 as a proxy for water-rock interactions in this regional aquifer, which is ultimately tied to the surface moisture conditions at recharge zones. The mechanism proposed here serves as a testable hypothesis and possible analogue for future subaqueous speleothem studies in similar hydrogeologic settings. Due to its unprecedented duration, the Devils Hole 2 cave δ234U0 record provides the first paleo-moisture record in southwest Nevada for marine isotope stages 10–12. In addition, high-precision δ234U measurements of modern groundwaters sampled from Devils Hole 2 cave are presented.
Quantifying different modes of the late Cenozoic shortening in the central Andes
Authors: Babeyko Andrey Y. , Sobolev Stephan V.
Published: July 2019

Since the late Miocene, the two main segments of the central Andean high plateau, Altiplano and Puna, demonstrate different styles and magnitudes of tectonic shortening. Through numerical simulation of thermomechanical processes, we show that different shortening modes—pure and simple shear accompanied by thin-or thick-skinned tectonics—might be controlled by strength of the foreland uppermost crust and by temperature of the foreland lithosphere. Mechanical weakening and failure of the thick Paleozoic sediments overlying the cold lithosphere in the Altiplano foreland at 13–9 Ma explains the transition from pure to simple shear shortening accompanied by broad thin-skinned thrusting, started before the major uplift of the plateau. However, the high strength of the uppermost crust combined with a relatively warm lithosphere results in the thick-skinned shortening typical for the foreland of the Puna. Failure of Paleozoic sediments in the Altiplano foreland significantly reduces the force required to shorten the lithosphere, which may be the reason for the increased bulk shortening rate in the late Miocene.
Formation of Martian outflow channels by catastrophic dewatering of evaporite deposits
Authors: Montgomery David R. , Gillespie Alan
Published: July 2019

Geological mapping based on topographic analysis of Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter (MOLA) data, together with photointerpretation of Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) images and thermodynamic and heat-flow considerations, frame a new hypothesis for the formation of Martian outflow channels through catastrophic dewatering of evaporite deposits. MOLA transects across Valles Marineris show that the valley is located at the crest of a 3-km-high topographic bulge on the flank of the much larger Tharsis Rise. Interpretation of MOC images showing layered deposits within Valles Marineris as unconformably underlying Hesperian-age lava flows means that these thick deposits, thought to contain hydrous sulfates, were heated by an increased geothermal gradient due to development of Tharis. Increased temperatures adequate to dehydrate hydrous evaporites would trigger significant volumetric expansion and catastrophically release tremendous amounts of overpressured water.
From tectonically to erosionally controlled development of the Himalayan orogen
Authors: Thiede Rasmus C. , Arrowsmith J Ramón , Bookhagen Bodo , McWilliams Michael O. , Sobel Edward R. , Strecker Manfred R.
Published: July 2019

Whether variations in the spatial distribution of erosion influence the location, style, and magnitude of deformation within the Himalayan orogen is a matter of debate. We report new 40Ar/39Ar white mica and apatite fission-track (AFT) ages that measure the vertical component of exhumation rates along an ∼120-km-wide NE-SW transect spanning the greater Sutlej region of northwest India. The 40Ar/39Ar data indicate that first the High Himalayan Crystalline units cooled below their closing temperature during the early to middle Miocene. Subsequently, Lesser Himalayan Crystalline nappes cooled rapidly, indicating southward propagation of the orogen during late Miocene to Pliocene time. The AFT data, in contrast, imply synchronous exhumation of a NE-SW–oriented ∼80 × 40 km region spanning both crystalline nappes during the Pliocene–Quaternary. The locus of pronounced exhumation defined by the AFT data correlates with a region of high precipitation, discharge, and sediment flux rates during the Holocene. This correlation suggests that although tectonic processes exerted the dominant control on the denudation pattern before and until the middle Miocene; erosion may have been the most important factor since the Pliocene.
Contrasting styles of Proterozoic crustal evolution: A hot-plate tectonic model for Australian terranes
Authors: McLaren Sandra , Sandiford Mike , Powell Roger
Published: July 2019

Proterozoic terranes in Australia record complex tectonic histories in the interval 1900– 1400 Ma that have previously been interpreted by means of simple intracratonic or plate-tectonic models. However, these models do not fully account for (1) repeated tectonic reactivation (both orogenesis and rifting), (2) mainly high-temperature–low-pressure metamorphism, (3) rifting and sag creating thick sedimentary basins, (4) the nature and timing of voluminous felsic magmatism, (5) relatively large aspect ratio orogenic belts, and (6) a general paucity of diagnostic plate-boundary features. A key to understanding these histories is the observation that Australian Proterozoic terranes are characterized by an extraordinary, but heterogeneous, enrichment of the heat-producing elements. This enrichment must contribute to long-term lithospheric weakening, and thus we advocate a hybrid lithospheric evolution model with two tectonic switches: plate-boundary–derived stresses and heat-producing-element–related lithospheric weakening. The Australian Proterozoic crustal growth record is therefore a function of the magnitude of these stresses, the way in which the heat-producing elements are distributed, and how both of these change with time.
Extensional troughs in the Caloris Basin of Mercury: Evidence of lateral crustal flow
Authors: Watters Thomas R. , Nimmo Francis , Robinson Mark S.
Published: July 2019

Thirty years ago Mariner 10 revealed extensional troughs that form giant polygons in the floor material of the Caloris impact basin, Mercury. The polygonal troughs occur in the interior of the basin and overprint wrinkle ridges formed in an earlier stage of compression. In contrast, lunar and martian basins exhibit extensional troughs that are circumferential and confined to basin margins. Loading by basin-filling material can explain the extensional and compressional features seen in deformed lunar and martian basins, but not the existence of the Caloris polygonal troughs. Here we suggest that the Caloris troughs formed from late-stage basin uplift and extension due to lateral flow of a relatively thick crust toward the basin center. If such lateral flow occurs, the resulting timing, location, and magnitude of the extensional stresses predicted by our model are consistent with those inferred from the polygonal troughs. These results are not strongly dependent on the degree of lateral flow or the assumed crustal rigidity. For a dry plagioclase rheology and likely radiogenic heat fluxes, the crustal thickness around Caloris is 90–140 km. Similar late-stage uplift and extension probably do not occur in basins on the Moon and Mars because their crusts are too thin to allow analogous lateral flow.
Evaluation of an intervention addressing a reablement programme for older, community-dwelling persons in Sweden (ASSIST 1.0): a protocol for a feasibility study
Authors: Bergström Aileen , Borell Lena , Meijer Sebastiaan , Guidetti Susanne
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Older persons with functional limitations often need assistance from home care staff to thrive and continue to live in their home environments. Reablement, a proactive, preventative approach administered by home care staff, stimulating active engagement of the older person, is often recommended. Even though reablement has a potential to become a new rehabilitation model and has been implemented in different countries in various degrees, there is a lack of knowledge regarding the process of establishing reablement, the theoretical underpinnings and the conditionality and outcomes in different contexts. This knowledge is needed before full-scale recommendations can be made for implementation in specific contexts.

Aim

This study protocol aims to present a feasibility study of the intervention, ASSIST 1.0, a theory-based reablement programme, which includes coaching of home care staff and digitally based smart products, in a Swedish context.

Methods and analysis

This feasibility study will evaluate the perceived value and acceptability of ASSIST 1.0 intervention programme regarding fidelity, reach and dose, and potential outcomes by using a pretest and post-test design involving an intervention group and a control group (n=30) of older persons living at home, needing home care services. Qualitative interviews with home care staff delivering ASSIST and the older adults receiving the intervention as well as their significant others will be conducted to explore aspects affecting the intervention.

Ethics and dissemination

This study has been approved by the regional ethics board. The results of the feasibility study will form the base for refinement of the ASSIST programme and for the subsequent planning of a full-scale randomised controlled trial investigating the effect of the programme on a larger scale. Dissemination will include peer-reviewed publications and presentations at national and international conferences as well as information to involved stakeholders.

Trial registration number

NCT03505619
Prevalence of psoriasis and associated risk factors in China: protocol of a nationwide, population-based, cross-sectional study
Authors: Li Jing , Yu Meiwen , Wang Ya-wen , Zhang Jia-an , Ju Mei , Chen Kun , Jiang Yu , Li Min , Chen Xiang-Sheng
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease which could lead to serious complications and increased risk of cardiovascular diseases. Psoriasis was recognised as a serious non-communicable disease with important public health impact by member states in the World Health Assembly resolution in 2014. However, data on psoriasis epidemiology are scarce worldwide, especially from low-income and middle-income countries. Only a few epidemiological studies on psoriasis have been conducted in parts of China, mostly without appropriate sampling design and data analysis.

Aim

This study aims to obtain the prevalence of psoriasis in China and relevant risk factors through a nationwide, population-based study with adequate statistical design.

Methods and analysis

This is a cross-sectional study to be conducted in 60 sites across China. A multistage, cluster random sampling design is used. Participants should have local household registration or be residing in the survey area for at least 6 months during the past year. The presence of psoriasis is ascertained independently by two certified dermatologists. If any discrepancies in the diagnosis occur, consensus will be met via discussion. All participants will be interviewed with a questionnaire to collect sociodemographic and disease information. The field survey will be implemented from October 2018 to June 2019. All statistical analyses will be conducted using survey procedures in SAS V.9.2 software to adjust for the complex sample design.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been reviewed and approved by the ethics committee of the Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College (Nanjing, China). A written informed consent will be obtained from all participants before the questionnaire survey. Findings of the study will be disseminated through publications in peer-reviewed journals.
Nasogastric/Nasoenteric tube-related incidents in hospitalised patients: a study protocol of a multicentre prospective cohort study
Authors: Gimenes Fernanda Raphael Escobar , Pereira Marta Cristiane Alves , Prado Patricia Rezende do , Carvalho Rhanna Emanuela Fontenele Lima de , Koepp Janine , Freitas Ligia Menezes de , Teixeira Thalyta Cardoso Alux , Miasso Adriana Inocenti
Published: July 2019

Introduction

Hospitalised patients with nasogastric/nasoenteric tube (NGT/NET) are at constant risk of incidents; therefore, healthcare professionals need to routinely monitor risks and adopt strategies for patient safety and quality of care.

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the NGT/NET-related incidents in hospitalised patients and associated factors.

Methods

This is a multicentre study, with a prospective cohort design. Data will be collected at the general medical ward of seven Brazilian hospitals in the north, northeast, southeast and south. The sample will consist of 391 patients that require an NGT/NET during hospitalisation. Three different methods will be used to identify the incidents: (1) healthcare professionals and patients/caregivers will be required to report any NGT/NET-related incidents; (2) researchers will visit the wards to get information about the incidents with healthcare professionals and patients/caregivers; (3) the researchers will review the medical records looking for information on the occurrence of any NGT/NET-related incidents. Demographic, clinical and therapeutic details will be obtained from the medical records and will be registered in an electronic data collection tool developed for the purposes of this study. The complexity of patients will be assessed by the Patient Classification System, and the severity of comorbid diseases will be assessed through the Charlson Comorbidity Index.

Implication for practice

The results may encourage the use of evidence effectively to influence the scientific foundation for clinical practice and the development of evidence-based policies that will prevent, manage and eliminate complications caused by NGT/NET-related incidents, and improve the quality and safety of care provided to hospitalised patients.

Ethics and dissemination

The study has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee. Detailed information about the study can be provided by the principal investigator. The findings will be reported through academic journals, seminar and conference presentations, social media, print media, the internet and community/stakeholder engagement activities.
Potential missed opportunities to prevent ischaemic stroke: prospective multicentre cohort study of atrial fibrillation-associated ischaemic stroke and TIA
Authors: Wilson Duncan , Ambler Gareth , Shakeshaft Clare , Banerjee Gargi , Charidimou Andreas , Seiffge David , White Mark , Cohen Hannah , Yousry Tarek , Rustam Al-Shahi Salman , Lip Gregory Y H , Muir Keith , Brown Martin M , Jäger H R , Werring David J
Published: July 2019

Objective

We report on: (1) the proportion of patients with known atrial fibrillation (AF); and (2) demographic, clinical or radiological differences between patients with known AF (and not treated) and patients with newly diagnosed AF, in a cohort of patients who presented with ischaemic stroke or transient ischaemic attack (TIA) not previously treated with anticoagulation.

Design

We reviewed cross-sectional baseline demographic and clinical data from a prospective observational cohort study, (CROMIS-2).

Setting

Patients were recruited from 79 hospital stroke centres throughout the UK and one centre in the Netherlands.

Participants

Patients were eligible if they were adults who presented with ischaemic stroke or TIA and AF and had not been previously treated with oral anticoagulation.

Main outcome measures

Proportion of patients with known AF before index ischaemic stroke or TIA from a cohort of patients who have not been previously treated with oral anticoagulation. Secondary analysis includes the comparison of CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores and other demographics and risk factors between those with newly diagnosed AF and those with previously known AF.

Results

Of 1470 patients included in the analysis (mean age 76 years (SD 10)), 622 (42%) were female; 999 (68%) patients had newly diagnosed AF and 471 (32%) patients had known AF. Of the 471 patients with known AF, 68% had a strong indication for anticoagulation and 89% should have been considered for anticoagulation based upon CHA2DS2-VASc score. Patients with known AF were more likely to have a prior history of dementia (4% vs 2%, p=0.02) and had higher HAS-BLED scores (median 3 vs 2). CHA2DS2-VASc, other risk factors and demographics were similar.

Conclusions

About 1/3 of patients who present with stroke and have AF who have not been treated with oral anticoagulation have previously known AF. Of these patients, at least 68% were not adequately treated with oral anticoagulation.

Trial registration number

NCT02513316.
Reliability of hospital scores for the Cancer Patient Experience Survey: analysis of publicly reported patient survey data
Authors: Abel Gary A , Gomez-Cano Mayam , Pham Tra My , Lyratzopoulos Georgios
Published: July 2019

Objectives

To assess the degree to which variations in publicly reported hospital scores arising from the English Cancer Patient Experience Survey (CPES) are subject to chance.

Design

Secondary analysis of publically reported data.

Setting

English National Health Service hospitals.

Participants

72 756 patients who were recently treated for cancer in one of 146 hospitals and responded to the 2016 English CPES.

Main outcome measures

Spearman-Brown reliability of hospital scores on 51 evaluative questions regarding cancer care.

Results

Hospitals varied in respondent sample size with a median hospital sample size of 419 responses (range 31–1972). There were some hospitals with generally highly reliable scores across most questions, whereas other hospitals had generally unreliable scores (the median reliability of question scores within individual hospitals varied between 0.11 and 0.86). Similarly, there were some questions with generally high reliability across most hospitals, whereas other questions had generally low reliability. Of the 7377 individual hospital scores publically reported (146 hospitals by 51 questions, minus 69 suppressed scores), only 34% reached a reliability of 0.7, the minimum generally considered to be useful. In order for 80% of the individual hospital scores to reach a reliability of 0.7, some hospitals would require a fourfold increase in number of respondents; although in a few other hospitals sample sizes could be reduced.

Conclusions

The English Patient Experience Survey represents a globally unique source for understanding experience of a patient with cancer; but in its present form, it is not reliable for high stakes comparisons of the performance of different hospitals. Revised sampling strategies and survey questions could help increase the reliability of hospital scores, and thus make the survey fit for use in performance comparisons.