bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An empirical model for confined concrete after exposure to high temperature
Authors: Zaidi Syed Kaleem A. , Sharma Umesh K. , Bhargava P. , Bhandari N. M.
Published: May 2017

In this study, constitutive relationships have been developed for confined concrete subjected to elevated temperature to specify the fire‐performance criteria for concrete structures after exposé to fire. This study extends over a total of 63 circular hoop confined concrete specimens that were casted and tested under concentric compression loading after exposure to high temperature. The test variables studied are the yield strength of transverse reinforcement, spacing of the hoop, and exposure to temperatures from ambient to 800°C. It is shown that all of these variables have significant influence on concrete behavior at different temperatures and further an improvement in the thermal resistance of concrete when confined using transverse steel reinforcement. On the basis of experimental results, a model for confined concrete after exposed to high temperature is proposed to predict the results of residual behavior after thermal cycles. The proposed empirical stress‐strain equations are suitable to predict the postfire behavior of confined normal strength concrete in compression. The predictions were found to be in good agreement and well fit with experimental results.
The impact of parameter and model uncertainty on market risk predictions from GARCH‐type models
Authors: Ardia David , Kolly Jeremy , Trottier Denis‐Alexandre
Published: May 2017

We study the effect of parameter and model uncertainty on the left‐tail of predictive densities and in particular on VaR forecasts. To this end, we evaluate the predictive performance of several GARCH‐type models estimated via Bayesian and maximum likelihood techniques. In addition to individual models, several combination methods are considered, such as Bayesian model averaging and (censored) optimal pooling for linear, log or beta linear pools. Daily returns for a set of stock market indexes are predicted over about 13 years from the early 2000s. We find that Bayesian predictive densities improve the VaR backtest at the 1% risk level for single models and for linear and log pools. We also find that the robust VaR backtest exhibited by linear and log pools is better than the backtest of single models at the 5% risk level. Finally, the equally weighted linear pool of Bayesian predictives tends to be the best VaR forecaster in a set of 42 forecasting techniques.
Consumer‐orientated development of hybrid beef burger and sausage analogues
Authors: Neville Michelle , Tarrega Amparo , Hewson Louise , Foster Tim
Published: May 2017

Hybrid meat analogues, whereby a proportion of meat has been partially replaced by more sustainable protein sources, have been proposed to provide a means for more sustainable diets in the future. Consumer testing was conducted to determine consumer acceptability of different formulations of Hybrid beef burgers and pork sausages in comparison with both meat and meat‐free commercial products. Acceptability data were generated using the 9‐point hedonic scale. Check‐all‐that‐apply (CATA) questioning was used to determine the sensory attributes perceived in each product as well as information on the attributes of consumers’ ideal products. It was identified that Hybrid products were generally well liked among consumers and no significant differences in consumer acceptability (p > .05) were identified between Hybrid and full meat products, whereas meat‐free products were found to be less accepted. However, Hybrid sausages received higher acceptability scores (6.00–6.51) than Hybrid burgers (5.84–5.92) suggesting that format may have a large impact on consumer acceptability of Hybrid products. Correspondence Analysis (CA) indicated that Hybrid products were grouped with meat products in their sensory attributes. Penalty analysis found that a “meaty flavor” was the largest factor driving consumer acceptability in both burgers and sausages. Cluster analysis of consumer acceptability data identified key differences in overall acceptability between different consumer groups (consumers who only eat meat products and consumers who eat both meat and meat‐free products). The Hybrid concept was found to bridge the acceptability gap between meat and meat‐free products; however, further product reformulation is required to optimize consumer acceptability.
Language ability in preterm children is associated with arcuate fasciculi microstructure at term
Authors: Salvan Piergiorgio , Tournier J. Donald , Batalle Dafnis , Falconer Shona , Chew Andrew , Kennea Nigel , Aljabar Paul , Dehaene‐Lambertz Ghislaine , Arichi Tomoki , Edwards A. David , Counsell Serena J.
Published: May 2017

In the mature human brain, the arcuate fasciculus mediates verbal working memory, word learning, and sublexical speech repetition. However, its contribution to early language acquisition remains unclear. In this work, we aimed to evaluate the role of the direct segments of the arcuate fasciculi in the early acquisition of linguistic function. We imaged a cohort of 43 preterm born infants (median age at birth of 30 gestational weeks; median age at scan of 42 postmenstrual weeks) using high b value high‐angular resolution diffusion‐weighted neuroimaging and assessed their linguistic performance at 2 years of age. Using constrained spherical deconvolution tractography, we virtually dissected the arcuate fasciculi and measured fractional anisotropy (FA) as a metric of white matter development. We found that term equivalent FA of the left and right arcuate fasciculi was significantly associated with individual differences in linguistic and cognitive abilities in early childhood, independent of the degree of prematurity. These findings suggest that differences in arcuate fasciculi microstructure at the time of normal birth have a significant impact on language development and modulate the first stages of language learning. Hum Brain Mapp 38:3836–3847, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Magnetic resonance imaging of myocardial strain: A review of current approaches
Authors: Chitiboi Teodora , Axel Leon
Published: May 2017

Contraction of the heart is central to its purpose of pumping blood around the body. While simple global function measures (such as the ejection fraction) are most commonly used in the clinical assessment of cardiac function, MRI also provides a range of approaches for quantitatively characterizing regional cardiac function, including the local deformation (or strain) within the heart wall. While they have been around for some years, these methods are still undergoing further technical development, and they have had relatively little clinical evaluation. However, they can provide potentially useful new ways to assess cardiac function, which may be able to contribute to better classification and treatment of heart disease. This article provides some basic background on the physical and physiological factors that determine the motion of the heart, in health and disease and then reviews some of the ways that MRI methods are being developed to image and quantify strain within the myocardium.

Level of Evidence: 4

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1263–1280.
Incidental findings in research: A focus group study about the perspective of the research participant
Authors: de Boer Anna W. , Drewes Yvonne M. , de Mutsert Renée , Numans Mattijs E. , den Heijer Martin , Dekkers Olaf M. , de Roos Albert , Lamb Hildo J. , Blom Jeanet W. , Reis Ria
Published: May 2017

Purpose

To explore the experiences and preferences of population‐based research participants to whom an incidental finding was communicated.

Materials and Methods

Of the 2580 participants of the Netherlands Epidemiology of Obesity (NEO) study who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanning of the abdomen, heart, and/or brain, an incidental finding with presumed health importance was disclosed to 56 (2%) participants. These participants were invited to discuss their experiences regarding the communication of the finding by the NEO research team in a focus group discussion. Transcripts of the discussions were analyzed using thematic content analysis with an open coding system.

Results

Twenty‐three persons participated in four discussions: 57% male; mean age 58 years; 74% findings were suspect for a malignancy. Overall, the participants were grateful for the disclosure of the incidental finding. They had assumed that any finding would be disclosed, and this was an important reason to participate in research. None regretted their informed consent to be notified about incidental findings. Disclosure of the finding had great impact on the lives of most participants. Difficulties with the transition from research participant to patient were frequently mentioned.

Conclusion

This study provides information to improve the communication of incidental findings by 1) giving clear information about which findings will be disclosed, and 2) demarcating the transition from research participant to patient, by making clear arrangements with medical specialists to guarantee careful follow‐up of the finding.

Level of Evidence: 3

Technical Efficacy: Stage 5

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:230–237.
Non‐gaussian diffusion evaluation of the human kidney by Padé exponent model
Authors: Ljimani Alexandra , Lanzman Rotem S. , Müller‐Lutz Anja , Antoch Gerald , Wittsack Hans‐Jörg
Published: May 2017

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility of renal diffusion quantification using the Padé exponent model (PEM) in healthy subjects.

Materials and Methods

Diffusion measurements were completed in 10 healthy subjects (mean age, 32.4 ± 8.9 years) on a 3T MRI scanner (Magnetom Trio, Siemens AG, Germany). A respiratory‐triggered echo planar imaging sequence (15 slices with 6 mm thickness; 16 b‐values [0–750 s/mm2]; three diffusion directions; field of view: 400 × 375 mm; Matrix 192 × 192; repetition time/echo time: 3000/74 ms) was acquired in the coronal direction. Parameter maps were calculated for the monoexponential, biexponential, kurtosis models, and the PEM. A regression analysis using an R2‐test and corrected Akaike information criterion (AICc) was performed to identify the best mathematical fitting to the measured diffusion‐weighted imaging signal decay.

Results

The mathematical accuracy of the PEM was significantly higher than for the other three‐parameter and the monoexponential model (P < 0.05), which enables more precise information about the deviation of the Gaussian behavior of the diffusion signal by the PEM. The biexponential model showed better fitting to the diffusion signal (medullar
0.989 ± 0.008, AICcbi 113.3 ± 6.6; cortical
0.992 ± 0.006, AICcbi 113.3 ± 5.2) than the three‐parameter models (medullar
0.965 ± 0.016, AICcPadé 122.6 ± 6.4,
0.954 ± 0.019, AICcK 128.5 ± 6.0; cortical
0.989 ± 0.005, AICcPadé 116.3 ± 4.4,
0.985 ± 0.007, AICcK 120.4 ± 4.8). The monoexponential model fits least to the diffusion signal in the kidney (medullar
0.898 ± 0.039, AICcmono 141.4 ± 5.6; cortical
0.961 ± 0.013, AICcmono 135.4 ± 4.8).

Conclusion

The PEM is a novel promising approach to quantify diffusion properties in the human kidney and might further improve functional renal MR imaging.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 1

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2018;47:160–167.
Method development for the analysis of resinous materials with MALDI‐FT‐ICR‐MS: novel internal standards and a new matrix material for negative ion mode
Authors: Teearu A. , Vahur S. , Rodima T. , Herodes K. , Bonrath W. , Netscher T. , Tshepelevitsh S. , Trummal A. , Lõkov M. , Leito I.
Published: May 2017

Matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) is a mass spectrometry (MS) ionization technique suitable for a wide variety of sample types including highly complex ones such as natural resinous materials. Coupled with Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT‐ICR) mass analyser, which provides mass spectra with high resolution and accuracy, the method gives a wealth of information about the composition of the sample.

One of the key aspects in MALDI‐MS is the right choice of matrix compound. We have previously demonstrated that 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid is suitable for the positive ion mode analysis of resinous samples. However, 2,5‐dihydroxybenzoic acid was found to be unsuitable for the analysis of these samples in the negative ion mode. The second problem addressed was the limited choice of calibration standards offering a flexible selection of m/z values under m/z 1000.

This study presents a modified MALDI‐FT‐ICR‐MS method for the analysis of resinous materials, which incorporates a novel matrix compound, 2‐aminoacridine for the negative ion mode analysis and extends the selection of internal standards with m/z <1000 for both positive (15 different phosphazenium cations) and negative (anions of four fluorine‐rich sulpho‐compounds) ion mode. The novel internal calibration compounds and matrix material were tested for the analysis of various natural resins and real‐life varnish samples taken from cultural heritage objects. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Murine articular cartilage morphology and compositional quantification with high resolution cationic contrast‐enhanced μCT
Authors: Mashiatulla Maleeha , Moran Meghan M. , Chan Deva , Li Jun , Freedman Jonathan D. , Snyder Brian D. , Grinstaff Mark W. , Plaas Anna , Sumner Dale R.
Published: May 2017

Articular cartilage lines the load‐bearing surfaces of long bones and undergoes compositional and structural degeneration during osteoarthritis progression. Contrast enhanced microcomputed tomography (μCT) is being applied to a variety of preclinical models, including the mouse, to map structural and compositional properties in 3‐D. The thinness (∼30–50 μm) and high cellularity of mouse articular cartilage presents a significant imaging challenge. Our group previously showed that mouse articular cartilage and proteoglycan (PG) content can be assessed by μCT with the ioxagalate‐based contrast agent Hexabrix, but the voxel size used (6 μm) was deemed to be barely adequate. The objective of the present study is to assess the utility of a novel contrast agent, CA4+, to quantify mouse articular cartilage morphology and composition with high resolution μCT imaging (3 μm voxels) and to compare the sensitivity of CA4+ and Hexabrix to detect between‐group differences. While both contrast agents are iodine‐based, Hexabrix is anionic and CA4+ is cationic so they interact differently with negatively charged PGs. With CA4+, a strong correlation was found between non‐calcified articular cartilage thickness measurements made with histology and μCT (R2 = 0.72, p < 0.001). Cartilage degeneration—as assessed by loss in volume, thickness, and PG content—was observed in 34‐week‐old mice when compared to both 7‐ and 12‐week‐old mice. High measurement precision was observed with CA4+, with the coefficient of variation after repositioning and re‐imaging samples equaling 2.8%, 4.5%, 7.4% and 5.9% for attenuation, thickness, volume, and PG content, respectively. Use of CA4+ allowed increased sensitivity for assessing PG content compared to Hexabrix, but had no advantage for measurement of cartilage thickness or volume. This improvement in imaging should prove useful in preclinical studies of cartilage degeneration and regeneration. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 35:2740–2748, 2017.
CO2‐bearing fluid inclusions associated with diamonds in zircon from the UHP Kokchetav gneisses
Authors: Mikhno Anastasia O. , Musiyachenko Kira A. , Shchepetova Olga V. , Korsakov Andrey V. , Rashchenko Sergey V.
Published: May 2017

CO2‐bearing fluid inclusions coexisting with diamonds were identified in zircons from diamondiferous gneiss in the Kokchetav Massif. This discovery provides evidence for the presence of CO2 in UHP fluids and diamond formation in moderately oxidized conditions in the Kokchetav gneiss. Fluid and multiphase solid inclusions coexisting in zircons represent immiscible melt and fluid captured close to the peak metamorphic conditions for the Kokchetav UHP gneiss. Most of CO2‐bearing inclusions are CO2+H2O mixtures except for some cases when they also contain daughter phases (e.g. muscovite, calcite and quartz) tracing the presence of aqueous and solute‐rich fluids at different phases of UHP metamorphism. Decrease of pressure and temperature may have been responsible for the reduction of solutes in the CO2‐bearing fluid. The lack of CO2‐bearing inclusions in garnet porphyroblasts from diamond‐bearing gneiss, as well as the common coexistence of aqueous CO2‐bearing inclusions with calcite, testify that most likely all CO2 in fluid was consumed by the calcite‐forming reaction and hydrous melt was the only remaining growth medium during retrograde metamorphism of the Kokchetav UHPM gneisses. Neither K‐cymrite nor kokchetavite was identified among daughter phases in the hydrous melt inclusions in garnet, which indicates that they hardly could originate in a metapelitic system. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differential expression of aquaporin‐3 and aquaporin‐5 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Direito Inês , Paulino Jorge , Vigia Emanuel , Brito Maria Alexandra , Soveral Graça
Published: May 2017

Background and Objectives

Aquaporin‐5 (AQP5) and −3 (AQP3) are protein channels that showed to be up‐regulated in a variety of tumors. Our goal was to investigate the expression pattern of AQP5 and AQP3 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDA) and correlate with cell proliferation, tumor stage and progression, and clinical significance.

Methods

35 PDA samples in different stages of differentiation and locations were analyzed by immunohistochemistry for expression of AQP5, AQP3 and several markers of cell proliferation and tumorigenesis.

Results

In PDA samples AQP5 was overexpressed in the apical membrane of intercalated and intralobular ductal cells while AQP3 was expressed at the plasma membrane of ductal cells. AQP5 was also found in infiltrative cancer cells in duodenum. Simultaneous overexpression of EGFR, Ki‐67, and CK7, with decreased E‐cad and increased Vim that characterize epithelial mesenchymal transition, tumor formation and invasion, strongly suggest AQP3 and AQP5 involvement in cell proliferation and transformation. AQP3 overexpression is reinforced in late and more aggressive PDA stages whereas AQP5 is related with tumor differentiation, suggesting it may represent a novel marker for PDA aggressiveness and intestinal infiltration.

Conclusions

These findings suggest AQP3 and AQP5 involvement in PDA development and the usefulness of AQP5 in early PDA diagnosis.
Challenges and Considerations When Using Shear Wave Elastography to Evaluate the Transplanted Kidney, With Pictorial Review
Authors: Early Heather , Aguilera Jorge , Cheang Ellen , McGahan John
Published: May 2017

The gold standard in evaluating renal allograft dysfunction has traditionally been renal biopsy. However, not only does biopsy come with inherent risks, the time frame from biopsy to detecting renal dysfunction is often inefficient. It is therefore advantageous to have a noninvasive, low‐cost, time‐saving method, such as shear wave elastography (SWE), to detect fibrosis early, to maximize immunosuppressive care. It is important to consider factors that affect tissue stiffness in the kidney, as well as the challenges incurred when using SWE in this anisotropic organ, in order to select the most appropriate patients for this exam.
Covalent Incorporation of Ionic Liquid into Ion‐Conductive Networks via Thiol–Ene Photopolymerization
Authors: Tibbits Andrew C. , Yan Yushan S. , Kloxin Christopher J.
Published: May 2017

Ene‐functionalized ionic liquids with a range of different cationic groups and counteranions react stoichiometrically within a tetrathiol‐divinyl ether formulation within 20 minutes to form thiol–ene polymers with measurable ionic conductivities via a photoinitiated polymerization and crosslinking reaction. Dynamic mechanical analysis indicates that these networks are more spatially heterogeneous and possess higher glass transition temperatures (Tg) compared with thiol–ene formulations without charge. While tuning the molar content of ionic liquid monomer is one method for adjusting the crosslink and charge densities of the thiol–ene polymeric ionic liquid networks, the presence of cation–anion interactions also plays a critical role in dictating the thermomechanical and conductive properties. Particularly, while cationic structure effects are not significant on the polymer properties, the use of a weakly coordinating hydrophobic anion (bistriflimide) instead of bromide‐based networks results in an apparent decrease in hydrated ion conductivity (7.4 to 1.5 mS cm−1) and Tg (−9.6 to −17.8 °C).

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RETRACTED: Glyoxalase 2 drives tumorigenesis in human prostate cells in a mechanism involving androgen receptor and p53‐p21 axis
Authors: Antognelli Cinzia , Ferri Ivana , Bellezza Guido , Siccu Paola , Love Harold D. , Talesa Vincenzo N. , Sidoni Angelo
Published: May 2017

Glyoxalase 2 (Glo2), a metabolic enzyme, is overexpressed in some human cancers which suggests this enzyme may play a role in human tumorigenesis. In prostate cancer (PCa), the role of Glo2 has been scarcely investigated and there are no studies addressing a causative involvement of this protein in this neoplasia. Here, we examined the immunohistochemical profile of Glo2 in human PCa and benign adjacent tissues and investigated Glo2 involvement in PCa development in human prostate cell lines. PCa and matched adjacent normal tissues were obtained from paraffin sections of primary PCa from 20 patients who had undergone radical prostatectomy. Histopathological diagnosis was confirmed for each sample. Glo2 expression analysis was performed by immunohistochemistry in prostate tissues, and by qRT‐PCR and immunoblotting in prostate cell lines. The causative and mechanistic role of Glo2 in prostate tumorigenesis was demonstrated by Glo2 ectopic expression/silencing and employing specific activators/inhibitors. Our results showed that Glo2 was selectively expressed in PCa but not in the luminal compartment of the adjacent benign epithelium consistently in all the examined 20 cases. Glo2 expression in PCa was dependent on androgen receptor (AR) and was aimed at stimulating cell proliferation and eluding apoptosis through a mechanism involving the p53‐p21 axis. Glo2 was intensely expressed in the basal cells of benign glands but was not involved in PCa genesis. Our results demonstrate for the first time that Glo2 drives prostate tumorigenesis and suggest that it may represent a novel adjuvant marker in the pathological diagnosis of early PCa.
Peripheral nerve atrophy together with higher cerebrospinal fluid progranulin indicate axonal damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Schreiber Stefanie , Debska‐Vielhaber Grazyna , Abdulla Susanne , Machts Judith , Schreiber Frank , Kropf Siegfried , KÖrtvelyessy Peter , KÖrner Sonja , Kollewe Katja , Petri Susanne , Dengler Reinhard , Kunz Wolfram S. , Nestor Peter J. , Vielhaber Stefan
Published: May 2017

Introduction

We aimed to investigate whether sonographic peripheral cross‐sectional nerve area (CSA) and progranulin (PGRN), a neuritic growth factor, are related to each other and whether they interact to predict clinical and paraclinical measures in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).

Methods

We included 55 ALS patients who had forearm median and ulnar nerve CSA, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) PGRN, and serum PGRN measures available. CSF PGRN was normalized against the CSF / serum albumin ratio (Qalb). Using age, sex, height, and weight adjusted general linear models, we examined CSA × CSF PGRN interaction effects on various measures.

Results

There was a medium‐effect size inverse relationship between CSA and CSF PGRN, but not between CSA and serum PGRN. Lower CSA values together with higher CSF PGRN levels were linked to smaller motor amplitudes.

Discussion

In ALS, the constellation of peripheral nerve atrophy together with higher CSF PGRN levels indicates pronounced axonal damage. Muscle Nerve 57: 273–278, 2018
Quantification of pelvic floor muscle strength in female urinary incontinence: A systematic review and comparison of contemporary methodologies
Authors: Deegan Emily G. , Stothers Lynn , Kavanagh Alex , Macnab Andrew J.
Published: May 2017

Aims

There remains no gold standard for quantification of voluntary pelvic floor muscle (PFM) strength, despite international guidelines that recommend PFM assessment in females with urinary incontinence (UI). Methods currently reported for quantification of skeletal muscle strength across disciplines are systematically reviewed and their relevance for clinical and academic use related to the pelvic floor are described.

Methods

A systematic review via Medline, PubMed, CINHAL, and the Cochrane database using key terms for pelvic floor anatomy and function were cross referenced with skeletal muscle strength quantification from 1946 to 2016. Full text peer‐reviewed articles in English having female subjects with incontinence were identified. Each study was analyzed for use of controls, type of methodology as direct or indirect measures, benefits, and limitations of the technique.

Results

A total of 1586 articles were identified of which 50 met the inclusion criteria. Nine methodologies of determining PFM strength were described including: digital palpation, perineometer, dynamometry, EMG, vaginal cones, ultrasonography, magnetic resonance imaging, urine stream interruption test, and the Colpexin pull test. Thirty‐two percent lacked a control group.

Conclusion

Technical refinements in both direct and indirect instrumentation for PFM strength measurement are allowing for sensitivity. However, the most common methods of quantification remain digital palpation and perineometry; techniques that pose limitations and yield subjective or indirect measures of muscular strength. Dynamometry has potential as an accurate and sensitive tool, but is limited by inability to assess PFM strength during dynamic movements.
The association between lower urinary tract symptoms and falls: Forming a theoretical model for a research agenda
Authors: Gibson William , Hunter Kathleen F. , Camicioli Richard , Booth Joanne , Skelton Dawn A. , Dumoulin Chantale , Paul Lorna , Wagg Adrian
Published: May 2017

Background

There is a well‐recognised association between falls and lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) in older adults, with estimates of odd ratios for falls in the presence of LUTS ranging between 1.5 and 2.3. Falls and LUTS are both highly prevalent among older people and both are markers of frailty, with significant associated morbidity, mortality, and healthcare resource cost. This association is not well examined or explained in the literature.

Aims

We aimed to outline current knowledge of the association between falls and lower urinary tract symptoms and suggest a research program to further investigate this.

Materials and Methods

A consensus conference of experts in the field was convened to review the current literature and brainstorm potential future investigative avenues.

Results and Discussion

Despite the recognition of this association, there has been little research to examine its potential causes, and no intervention trial has established if reducing LUTS or urinary incontinence can reduce the risk of falls. The commonly held assumption that urgency causes falls through rushing to the toilet is likely incorrect. Falls and LUTS are both symptoms of frailty and have many common causes. Gait, balance, and continence are all processes requiring cognitive input, and the concept of dual tasking may be a further link.

Conclusion

The significant association between lower urinary tract symptoms and falls is currently unexplained, and further research into the potential causes of this association is needed.
Behavioral Characteristics and Cardiovascular Disease Risks Associated With Insomnia and Sleep Quality Among Middle‐Aged Women in South Korea
Authors: Ham Ok Kyung , Kim Jinyoung , Lee Bo Gyeong , Choi Eunju
Published: May 2017

Insomnia is the most common sleep problem in women. Increasing evidence suggests an association between insomnia and cardiovascular disease (CVD). However, information is limited on lifestyle and socio‐environmental factors associated with sleep problems in women. In this study directed by Social Cognitive Theory, we examined the personal, behavioral, socio‐environmental, and CVD risk factors associated with sleep characteristics (insomnia and sleep quality) in middle‐aged women using a cross‐sectional design. The study instruments included the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI), the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES‐D), and measures of social support and behavioral characteristics. Blood was drawn to assess serum glucose and lipids, and BMI was measured. Data were analyzed using hierarchical multiple regression and analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Of 423 middle‐aged women, 25% experienced insomnia (ISI ≥ 10) and 41.3% reported poor sleep quality (PSQI ≥ 5). Lesser education (≤middle school), more depressive symptoms, more screen time (≥ 3 hours/day), and severe stress were associated with greater severity of insomnia and/or poorer sleep quality. Total and LDL cholesterol levels were higher in women with insomnia than normal sleepers, whereas the BMI was higher in those who reported poor sleep quality. Because personal, behavioral, and socio‐environmental factors were significantly associated with insomnia and poor sleep quality, multifactorial approaches should be considered in developing sleep interventions and reducing cardiovascular risk. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Efficiency and duality for a vector of quotients of curvilinear functionals on the first‐order jet bundle
Authors: Debnath Indira P. , Gupta S. K.
Published: May 2017

In the present work, we focus on the multitime multiobjective nondifferentiable fractional variational problems in the first‐order jet bundle. The problem minimizes a vector of quotients of the form of curvilinear integral type containing the support functions with respect to some partial differential equations and inequations. The necessary and sufficient optimality conditions for the problem have been established under (H,δ)‐convexity assumptions. Further, we have introduced a parametric multitime multiobjective nondifferentiable variational dual problem and studied the duality relations considering the functionals involved to be (H,δ)‐convex.
Phase morphology evolution and compatibilization of immiscible polyamide 6/polystyrene blends using nano‐montmorillonite
Authors: Guo Jianbing , Xu Yang , He Weidi , Wang Na , Tang Mengqi , Chen Xiaolang , Hu Shijun , He Min , Qin Shuhao
Published: May 2017

Nanocomposites of organic nano‐montmorillonite (nano‐OMMT)‐filled immiscible polyamide 6 (PA6)/polystyrene (PS) blends were prepared by three different processing methods. Masterbatch M1 of OMMT/PA6 and masterbatch M2 of OMMT/PS were prepared as separate masterbatchs by melt mixing with PA6 or PS, and then either mixed together or each mixed individually with appropriate amounts of PS or PA6, respectively. The effects of nano‐OMMT content and processing method on the structure, phase morphology, and mechanical properties of the PA6/PS/OMMT nanocomposites were investigated by X‐ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and mechanical properties tests. The results showed that the nano‐OMMT by M1 and M2 masterbatches dispersed primarily as exfoliated platelets in the PA6 matrix in the final composites regardless of the method of preparation. A drastic decrease of dispersed PS phase size and a very homogeneous size distribution were observed with the addition of nano‐OMMT. The PA6/PS/OMMT nanocomposites prepared from the M2 displayed the smallest dispersed PS phase size and best distribution of OMMT. The improvement of the mechanical properties of the PA6/PS/OMMT nanocomposites was attributed to the enhanced compatibilization of the immiscible PA6/PS blends by using nano‐OMMT. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 2017. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Differential accumulation of Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris proteins during the interaction with the host plant: Contributions of an in vivo system
Authors: Santos Cristiane , Maximiano Mariana R. , Ribeiro Daiane G. , Oliveira‐Neto Osmundo B. , Murad André M. , Franco Octávio L. , Mehta Angela
Published: May 2017

Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris (Xcc) is the causal agent of black rot, a highly destructive disease that affects all brassicas. This work aimed to study the interaction Xcc–Brassica oleracea using an in vivo system in an attempt to identify proteins involved in pathogenicity. We used label‐free shotgun 2D‐nanoUPLC/MSE to analyze Xcc proteins in three conditions: in the interaction with susceptible (REK) and resistant (REU) plants and in culture medium (control condition). A model of Xcc–susceptible host interaction is proposed and shows that Xcc increases the abundance of several crucial proteins for infection and cell protection. In this study, we also confirmed the differential expression by qPCR analysis of selected genes. This is the first report showing a large‐scale identification of proteins in an in vivo host plant condition. Considering that most studies involving phytopathogens are in vitro (growth in culture medium or in plant extract), this work contributes with relevant information related to the plant–pathogen interaction in planta.
Polymerization of 2,5‐diaminoterephthalic acid‐type monomers for the synthesis of polyamides containing ladder unit
Authors: Yokoyama Akihiro , Kuramochi Jinya , Kiyota Ryohei , Kishimoto Kazuki , Takaishi Kazuto , Yokozawa Tsutomu
Published: May 2017

To synthesize ladder‐type polyamides by construction of two amide bonds successively, 2,5‐diaminoterephthalic acid derivatives bearing anthranilic acid ester and isatoic anhydride moieties were synthesized and their polymerization was investigated. Polymerization of the methyl ester monomer proceeded in the presence of lithium hexamethyldisilazide (LiHMDS) as a base in tetrahydrofuran (THF). However, mass spectroscopic analysis of the product suggested that not only the bis(trimethylsilyl)amide anion of LiHMDS but also the methoxide anion eliminated at the second amide‐linkage formation reaction decomposed the isatoic anhydride unit of the growing oligomer by nucleophilic attack to disturb the polymerization. To reduce the nucleophilicity of the eliminated anion, methyl ester of the monomer was changed to phenyl ester and its polymerization was studied. The reaction conditions were optimized, and the best result was obtained when the polymerization was conducted in the presence of 1.0 equivalent of LiHMDS without additives in THF at 50 °C. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 2365–2372
Proton transport through hydrated chitosan‐based polymer membranes under electric fields
Authors: Fischer Sean A. , Dunlap Brett I. , Gunlycke Daniel
Published: May 2017

Proton transport is essential in many areas of chemistry and biology and is especially important in the fields of proton exchange membrane fuel cells and biocompatible, protonic semiconductors. These devices make use of membranes to control the flow of protons for either the generation of energy or to more closely couple electronics and biology. In the present study, we make use of ab initio molecular dynamics simulations, including the effect of applied electric fields, to gain atomistic insight into the intrinsic conductivity of chitosan‐based polymers and demonstrate that chitosan does not act as a significant source of friction for the transport of protons while increasing the number of free ions. Published 2017.† J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1103–1109
Novel route to synthesize metallic alloys by applying low energy centrifugal field
Authors: Aguilar C. , Araya N. , Klein A. N. , Cardoso‐Gil R. , Vargas P.
Published: May 2017

The aim of this work is to study the influence of a low energy centrifugal field in the solid solution formation of two binary systems: Cu–Cr and Cu–Ni. Pristine metal powders were milled separately in shaker mill during 8 h. Subsequently, disc‐shaped samples of Cu–50 wt.%Cr and Cu–50 wt.%Ni were prepared blending 0.5 g of each metallic powder and compacting them by applying a pressure of 25 MPa. The discs were introduced in sample holders of 150 mm of length, to subject the samples to a centrifugal field with and without temperature treatment. Powder X‐ray diffraction analysis was used to determine the lattice parameters and crystallite size changes of both systems. The lattice parameters of fcc Cu–Cr and fcc Cu–Ni solid solutions were computed using ab initio methods. XRD full profile refinements were performed by means of the Rietveld method using the software MAUD. The lattice parameters of Cu, Cr, and Ni changed in the samples subjected to the action of the centrifugal field applied, showing that the centrifugal field influences the formation of solid solution in the Cu–Cr and Cu–Ni systems. Experimental and thermodynamic data support the formation of solid solutions by subjecting the metal powders to the action of a centrifugal field.
Coping with missing data in phase III pivotal registration trials: Tolvaptan in subjects with kidney disease, a case study
Authors: Ouyang John , Carroll Kevin J. , Koch Gary , Li Junfang
Published: May 2017

Missing data cause challenging issues, particularly in phase III registration trials, as highlighted by the European Medicines Agency (EMA) and the US National Research Council. We explore, as a case study, how the issues from missing data were tackled in a double‐blind phase III trial in subjects with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. A total of 1445 subjects were randomized in a 2:1 ratio to receive active treatment (tolvaptan), or placebo. The primary outcome, the rate of change in total kidney volume, favored tolvaptan (P < .0001). The key secondary efficacy endpoints of clinical progression of disease and rate of decline in kidney function also favored tolvaptan. However, as highlighted by Food and Drug Administration and EMA, the interpretation of results was hampered by a high number of unevenly distributed dropouts, particularly early dropouts. In this paper, we outline the analyses undertaken to address the issue of missing data thoroughly. “Tipping point analyses” were performed to explore how extreme and detrimental outcomes among subjects with missing data must be to overturn the positive treatment effect attained in those subjects who had complete data. Nonparametric rank‐based analyses were also performed accounting for missing data. In conclusion, straightforward and transparent analyses directly taking into account missing data convincingly support the robustness of the preplanned analyses on the primary and secondary endpoints. Tolvaptan was confirmed to be effective in slowing total kidney volume growth, which is considered an efficacy endpoint by EMA, and in lessening the decline in renal function in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease.
Modeling and evaluation of hand–eye coordination of surgical robotic system on task performance
Authors: Gao Yuanqian , Wang Shuxin , Li Jianmin , Li Aimin , Liu Hongbin , Xing Yuan
Published: May 2017

Background

Robotic‐assisted minimally invasive surgery changes the direct hand and eye coordination in traditional surgery to indirect instrument and camera coordination, which affects the ergonomics, operation performance, and safety.

Methods

A camera, two instruments, and a target, as the descriptors, are used to construct the workspace correspondence and geometrical relationships in a surgical operation. A parametric model with a set of parameters is proposed to describe the hand–eye coordination of the surgical robot.

Results

From the results, optimal values and acceptable ranges of these parameters are identified from two tasks. A 90° viewing angle had the longest completion time; 60° instrument elevation angle and 0° deflection angle had better performance; there is no significant difference among manipulation angles and observing distances on task performance.

Conclusion

This hand–eye coordination model provides evidence for robotic design, surgeon training, and robotic initialization to achieve dexterous and safe manipulation in surgery.
The dentary of Wareolestes rex (Megazostrodontidae): a new specimen from Scotland and implications for morganucodontan tooth replacement
Authors: Panciroli Elsa , Benson Roger B. J. , Walsh Stig
Published: May 2017

The Middle Jurassic morganucodontan, Wareolestes rex, was previously known from only four isolated molars from Kirtlington, England. There has been debate over the position of the holotype tooth as an upper or lower molar. We describe a new Wareolestes specimen from the Kilmaluag Formation of Scotland: a partial left dentary with two erupted molars, one unerupted molar and three unerupted premolars. Empty alveoli for a canine, p1 and p3 are also present. Through detailed comparison of the morphology of the holotype and our new material, we support the original diagnosis of the holotype Wareolestes as a lower molar, most likely m1. The position of erupted and unerupted replacement teeth in the newly discovered specimen supports a diphyodont pattern of tooth replacement of premolariform dentition in Wareolestes, as suggested for other morganucodontans such as Morganucodon, Megazostrodon and Dinnetherium. However, damage to the dentary means that questions remain regarding the sequence of replacement in Wareolestes along the tooth row.
Classification of RNA‐Seq data via Gaussian copulas
Authors: Zhang Qingyang
Published: May 2017

RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐Seq) has become a preferred option to quantify gene expression, because it is more accurate and reliable than microarrays. In RNA‐Seq experiments, the expression level of a gene is measured by the count of short reads that are mapped to the gene region. Although some normal‐based statistical methods may also be applied to log‐transformed read counts, they are not ideal for directly modelling RNA‐Seq data. Two discrete distributions, Poisson distribution and negative binomial distribution, have been commonly used in the literature to model RNA‐Seq data, where the latter is a natural extension of the former with allowance of overdispersion. Because of the technical difficulty in modelling correlated counts, most existing classifiers based on discrete distributions assume that genes are independent of each other. However, as we show in this paper, the independence assumption may cause non‐ignorable bias in estimating the discriminant score, making the classification inaccurate. To this end, we drop the independence assumption and explicitly model the dependence between genes using a Gaussian copula. We apply a Bayesian approach to estimate the covariance matrix and the overdispersion parameter in negative binomial distribution. Both synthetic data and real data are used to demonstrate the advantages of our model. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Aural and Moral Idylls of “Englishness” and Folk Music
Authors: Blackstone Lee Robert
Published: May 2017

The idea of “Englishness” is explored as an historical social construction that is subject to ongoing negotiation. Important features of “Englishness” are embedded in the sacralized symbolism of the “rural idyll,” which represents traditional English values. “Landscapes” and “soundscapes” are utilized to construct personal and national identities in periods of “revivalism.” By viewing English folk music through an interactionist framework, responses to the music build upon earlier collective works that have shaped traditional song. “Englishness” is problematized as either an inclusive, or exclusive, identity. Ideational artifacts thus provide a foundation for social action.1
Bitmap‐based steganographic handshake and hidden communication in BitTorrent network
Authors: Li Yongjun , Bao Xudong
Published: May 2017

In BitTorrent network, the bitmap is used to indicate the state of data blocks of file owned by a peer. Before the downloading of the file starts, the file provider first sends its corresponding bitmap to the requester to show which data blocks it owns. This provides the possibility for hiding the identity information in the bitmap and exchanging the identity information secretly. In this paper, we propose a bitmap‐based steganographic handshake approach and implement a prototype system based on the BitTorrent network. In our prototype system, the network can operate normally. More importantly, hidden peers successfully exchange their identity information and accurately identify the other hidden peers without being detected by the regular peers. © 2017 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Re: Myocardial deformation in fetuses with coarctation of the aorta: a case–control study. J. O. Miranda, L. Hunter, S. Tibby, G. Sharland, O. Miller and J. M. Simpson. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 49: 623–629.
Authors: Crispi F.
Published: May 2017

Linked Comment: Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017; 49: 623–629
Outpatient Appendectomy in an Emergency Outpatient Surgery Unit 24 h a Day: An Intention‐to‐Treat Analysis of 194 Patients
Authors: Aubry Adeline , Saget Arnaud , Manceau Gilles , Faron Matthieu , Wagner Mathilde , Tresallet Christophe , Riou Bruno , Lucidarme Olivier , le Saché Frédéric , Karoui Mehdi
Published: May 2017

Objective

To evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of patients operated on for uncomplicated acute appendicitis (UAA) in our 24‐h emergency outpatient surgery unit.

Methods

This was a prospective observational study with intention‐to‐treat (ITT) analysis. From 12/2013 to 03/2015, all consecutive patients admitted for acute appendicitis (AA) were prospectively screened. A computed tomography or abdominal ultrasound confirmed the diagnosis of AA. Eligibility criteria for outpatient appendectomy were: UAA, no comorbidity, no physical or mental condition preventing participation in the study, absence of pregnancy, age older than 15 years, an accompanying adult person available for the hospital discharge and place of residence within 1 h of our hospital. In the case of intraoperative complication (abscess, local or general peritonitis) or complication of general anesthesia, patients were excluded from the outpatient pathway. The primary endpoint was the feasibility of outpatient appendectomy among all consecutive patients admitted for UAA.

Results

Of the 194 screened patients, 150 (77%) presented an UAA and 102 (68%) were eligible for an outpatient procedure. Thirteen eligible patients (13%) were excluded from the outpatient circuit (7 intraoperative and 6 postoperative contraindications). Outpatient appendectomy was performed in 89 patients, representing 59% (89/150) of the ITT population and 87% (89/102) of the eligible patients. The median length of hospital stay was 13 h. Postoperative complications were observed in six patients (6%).

Conclusions

This study reports a safe and feasible management of UAA. Our organization allows a short hospitalization for postoperative recovery without using conventional surgery beds and enables discharge throughout the night.