bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Generic Self-Evolving Multi-Agent Defense Approach Against Cyber Attacks
Authors: Akandwanaho Stephen Mugisha , Govender Irene
Published: May 2019

A generic self-evolving multi-agent approach is proposed in this chapter. Most of the existing security approaches are custom designed for specific threats and attacks. However, the fusion of technologies and systems in the fourth industrial revolution and therefore the nature of its current cyber environment increasingly attracts multiple cyber threats in a single interface. In order to solve this problem, a generic self-evolving multi-agent approach is proposed. Multiple agents interact with each other in light of their reactions towards the environment and its inherent changes. Information from individual agents is collected and integrated to form the abstract compartment of the structure. The important aspects are analyzed including demonstrating how the abstract domain can be obtained from the custom interactions at the low-level domain of the proposed approach. The analysis explores the existing works in the area and how they have been advanced in the fourth industrial revolution.
Privacy, Security, and Liberty
Authors: Büscher Monika , Perng Sung-Yueh , Liegl Michael
Published: May 2019

This paper explores issues of privacy, security and liberty arising in relation to information and communication technologies (ICT) for crisis response and management. Privacy, security and liberty are concepts that have undergone significant changes over time. The authors show how ICT related transformations of socio-technical practices involved in their enactment create challenges, opportunities and dangers in the context of crisis response. While opportunities include development of more informed, efficient and agile emergency management, dangers include increased surveillance, social sorting, and an erosion of privacy, civil liberties and virtues of humanity. The authors explore causes and mechanisms that underpin these dynamics and measures developed to address them. Against this backdrop, they discuss ‘design for privacy' as a socio-technical design approach that empowers people. The aim is to motivate, and explore avenues for, socio-technical innovation that supports information processing and respect for privacy in crisis response and management.
Effective, Privacy-First Display Advertising
Authors: Orlandic Ratko
Published: May 2019

This chapter addresses the problem of architecting display ad networks for online social media. The basic question behind this work is: Can display advertising in social media be effective while providing rigorous privacy guarantees? The chapter exposes the problems that display advertising faces in social media, introduces a display ad-network architecture organized around the goals of effectiveness and privacy enforcement, and describes a type of social media for which the architecture is ideally suited. To deliver high effectiveness in a social media environment, the ad network must function as an embedded component of the environment with ambient intelligence. Moreover, the architecture must constrain data and mechanisms in order to deliver rigorous privacy guarantees as a baseline and an additional set of choices to enforce even stricter views on privacy. Ambient social media sites, described later in the chapter, are the most appropriate form of social media for the proposed architecture.
Narcissism as a Predictor of Facebook Users' Privacy Concern, Vigilance, and Exposure to Risk
Authors: Smith Karen H. , Mendez Francis A. , White Garry L.
Published: May 2019

A model is developed and tested to explain the relationships among narcissism, privacy concern, vigilance, and exposure to risk on Facebook, with age and gender as controlling variables. Two important constructs are conceptualized and measured in this research. Facebook exposure is defined as the opportunity for privacy and security breaches on Facebook. Facebook vigilance is the extent to which consumers stay focused, attentive, and alert to potential security and privacy risks on Facebook by restricting who can access and post to their Facebook accounts. Data from a survey of 286 adult Facebook users in the U.S. support the hypothesized relationships in the model. Results suggest that narcissism is related to increased Facebook exposure and lower Facebook vigilance, despite greater stated concern for privacy and security. Furthermore, females and younger users have greater risk exposure compared to males and older users. Implications of the findings and future research directions are discussed.
Necessary Standard for Providing Privacy and Security in IPv6 Networks
Authors: Rafiee Hosnieh , Meinel Christoph
Published: May 2019

Security and privacy have become important issues when dealing with Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) networks. On one hand, anonymity, which is related to privacy, makes it hard for current security systems to differentiate between legitimate users and illegitimate users, especially when the users need to be authenticated by those systems whose services they require. On the other hand, a lack of privacy exposes legitimate users to abuse, which can result from the information gained from privacy-related attacks. The current problems inherent within IPv6-enabled networks are due, in part, to the fact that there is no standard available telling companies about the current deficiencies that exist within IPv6 networks. The purpose of this chapter is to show a balance between the use of privacy and security, and to describe a framework that can offer the minimum standard requirement needed for providing security and privacy to IPv6 networks.
Ethics and Social Networking
Authors: Schaupp Ludwig Christian , Carter Lemuria
Published: May 2019

Thanks to recent technological advancements, social networking has seen unprecedented growth. Services such as Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn have evolved from niche communities to active cyber-societies. In addition to an increase in the diffusion of social media, there has also been an increase in the amount and type of information that participants share in these online environments. In this paper, the authors integrate decision making research from three disciplines -marketing, theology and information systems - to explain information disclosure in online communities. They use these disciplines to provide a comprehensive review of existing literature and present innovative recommendations for research and practice. In particular, the authors recommend Potter's Box as a useful framework for evaluating the ethical implications of online information disclosure.
Privacy Preserving Distributed K-Means Clustering in Malicious Model Using Verifiable Secret Sharing Scheme
Authors: Patel Sankita , Sonar Mitali , Jinwala Devesh C.
Published: May 2019

In this article, the authors propose an approach for privacy preserving distributed clustering that assumes malicious model. In the literature, there do exist, numerous approaches that assume a semi honest model. However, such an assumption is, at best, reasonable in experimentations; rarely true in real world. Hence, it is essential to investigate approaches for privacy preservation using a malicious model. The authors use the Pederson's Verifiable Secret Sharing scheme ensuring the privacy using additively homomorphic secret sharing scheme. The trustworthiness of the data is assured using homomorphic commitments in Pederson's scheme. In addition, the authors propose two variants of the proposed approach - one for horizontally partitioned dataset and the other for vertically partitioned dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed approach is scalable in terms of dataset size. The authors also carry out experimentations to highlight the effectiveness of Verifiable Secret Sharing scheme against Zero Knowledge Proof scheme.
A Framework for Protecting Users' Privacy in Cloud
Authors: Sodiya Adesina S. , B. Adegbuyi
Published: May 2019

Data and document privacy concerns are increasingly important in the online world. In Cloud Computing, the story is the same, as the secure processing of personal data represents a huge challenge. The main focus is to preserve and protect personally identifiable information (PII) of individuals, customers, businesses, governments and organisations. The current use of anonymization techniques is not quite efficient because of its failure to use the structure of the datasets under consideration and inability to use a metric that balances the usefulness of information with privacy preservation. In this work, an adaptive lossy decomposition algorithm was developed for preserving privacy in cloud computing. The algorithm uses the foreign key associations to determine the generalizations possible for any attribute in the database. It generates penalties for each obscured attribute when sharing and proposes an optimal decomposition of the relation. Postgraduate database of Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, Nigeria and Adult database provided at the UCIrvine Machine Learning Repository were used for the evaluation. The result shows a system that could be used to improve privacy in cloud computing.
Patient Privacy and Security in E-Health
Authors: Gürsel Güney
Published: May 2019

In the digital era, undoubtedly, e-health is a major contributor for decision support, education, research and management activities in healthcare. It provides tremendous benefits by easy store and access to data. This easiness brings a big problem together with the benefits. Users have easy access to vast amount of sensitive health data about patients. This may give way to misuse and abuse. That is why the concepts of privacy and security becomes very popular and point of major concern. This chapter is a descriptive study aimed to give principles of these concepts and invoke awareness about.
Beware!
Authors: Hai-Jew Shalin
Published: May 2019

Cautionary tales are structured stories that describe protagonists who are faced with critical decisions and often take wrong turns and suffer for it, sometimes irretrievably; these tales warn people of dangers. In cybersecurity communications, cautionary tales are an integral part of the strategic messaging. This chapter explores the uses of multimodal cautionary tales in strategic cybersecurity communications, in a convenience sampling of the following: mass-scale search terms, academic and mass media text sets, social imagery, related tags networks, and social video. This work identifies their strengths and weaknesses in suggesting methods for promoting personal cybersecurity safety. Some suggestions for higher efficacy in cybersecurity cautionary tales are suggested, in light of the advent of the Fourth Industrial Revolution.
Wearable Devices
Authors: Resnick Marc L. , Chircu Alina M.
Published: May 2019

Today, innovation in and with Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is accelerating as consumers, companies and governments become users and designers of myriad ICT solutions whose ethical implications are not yet well understood. This chapter contributes to the growing body of research on ethical implications of one popular emerging ICT - wearable devices and associated technologies. Ethical challenges stemming from the extensive prevalence and comprehensiveness of wearable devices are related not only to the device design and use but also to the device-supported data collection and analysis and the creation of derivative products and services. Drawing from theories of ICT ethics, this chapter identifies the major ethical challenges posed by wearable devices and provides several guidelines on how these challenges can be addressed through ethically-informed design interventions.
Wireless Body Sensor Networks
Authors: Itani Wassim , Kayssi Ayman , Chehab Ali
Published: May 2019

In this paper, the authors provide a detailed overview and technical discussion and analysis of the latest research trends in securing body sensor networks. The core of this work aims at: (1) identifying the resource limitations and energy challenges of this category of wireless sensor networks, (2) considering the life-critical applications and emergency contexts that are encompassed by body sensor network services, and (3) studying the effect of these peculiarities on the design and implementation of rigorous and efficient security algorithms and protocols. The survey discusses the main advancements in the design of body sensor network cryptographic services (key generation and management, authentication, confidentiality, integrity, and privacy) and sheds the light on the prominent developments achieved in the field of securing body sensor network data in Cloud computing architectures. The elastic virtualization mechanisms employed in the Cloud, as well as the lucrative computing and storage resources available, makes the integration of body sensor network applications, and Cloud platforms a natural choice that is packed with various security and privacy challenges. The work presented in this paper focuses on Cloud privacy and integrity mechanisms that rely on tamper-proof hardware and energy-efficient cryptographic data structures that are proving to be well-suited for operation in untrusted Cloud environments. This paper also examines two crucial design patterns that lie at the crux of any successful body sensor network deployment which are represented in: (1) attaining the right balance between the degree, complexity, span, and strength of the cryptographic operations employed and the energy resources they consume. (2) Achieving a feasible tradeoff between the privacy of the human subject wearing the body sensor network and the safety of this subject. This is done by a careful analysis of the medical status of the subject and other context-related information to control the degree of disclosure of sensitive medical data. The paper concludes by presenting a practical overview of the cryptographic support in the main body sensor network development frameworks such and TinyOS and SPINE and introduces a set of generalized guideline patterns and recommendations for designing and implementing cryptographic protocols in body sensor network environments.
Ethical and Privacy Implications of the Use of Social Media During the Eyjafjallajokull Eruption Crisis
Authors: Watson Hayley , Finn Rachel L.
Published: May 2019

In a relatively new area of research for crisis management, this article presents a discussion of some of the privacy and ethical implications surrounding the use of social media in the event of a crisis. The article uses the travel chaos caused by the eruptions of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in 2010 to contextualise the analysis. It begins by providing an overview of the use of social media in crisis management, before continuing to present two case studies of the use of social media by members of the public and the aviation industry during the crisis caused by the ash plume. The article then proceeds to examine some select ethical and privacy implications stemming from the use of social media such as privacy infringements and inequality. The article concludes by briefly summarising the findings and considering next steps for future research in this area.
RFID Technology and Privacy
Authors: Chen Edward T.
Published: May 2019

RFID plays a critical role in the improvement of supply chain management and consumer applications. This chapter introduces a brief history of RFID and how it works. The recent shift of incorporating RFID into consumer-oriented products has raised serious concerns of customer privacy and security. These concerns are rooted in the fact that consumers are typically unaware that their purchases are being tracked and monitored, as well as the fear of private information being hacked or stolen via insecure RFID systems. This chapter provides a theoretical debate over the privacy rights and addresses the consumer role in the RFID technology. This chapter concludes that the government must ensure legislation to maintain protections on the individual's security and privacy in the society.
The Right to Privacy Is Dying
Authors: Edwards III Sam B.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores privacy in American jurisprudence from its inception until the present day. This examination starts with the first challenge of defining privacy. The second section examines the body of research on the importance of privacy. The third section focuses on privacy in American jurisprudence from its inception to its current state. This examination will include analysis of specific cases where technology has advanced and privacy has retreated. The purpose of this examination is to elucidate how current privacy doctrine no longer represents either the original intent nor the wishes of the citizens. The final section examines different paths the U.S. can take at this important point in privacy jurisprudence.
Developing Cybersecurity Resilience in the Provincial Government
Authors: Patrick Harold , van Niekerk Brett , Fields Ziska
Published: May 2019

The approach that the organization uses to manage its cyber-risk to its workforce, information, systems, and networks is paramount to ensure sustainability and continuity in the Fourth Industrial Revolution. Improving cyber-resiliency in the organization reduces the chance of future threats and attacks and builds better capability. Cyber resilience involves continuous operations, good governance, and diligence supported by the right security strategy of a computer security incident response team (CSIRT) that can protect government operations and control cyber-risks. CSIRT can build better resiliency at the decentralized provincial government level, and contribute to cyber awareness amongst the workforce, public, and other government departments. A CSIRT can further contribute to resilience to the organization by analyzing the threats and attacks, developing countermeasures for the future in protecting its systems and networks from threat actors.
The Opportunities of National Cyber Strategy and Social Media in the Rhizome Networks
Authors: Huhtinen Aki-Mauri , Hirvelä Arto , Kangasmaa Tommi
Published: May 2019

Securing the society is a central task of the state. In the present day, as well as in the future, knowledge and information are evermore closely tied to electronic data transfer. Finland's newly published Cyber Security Strategy depicts how the government safeguards electronic data transfer, that is, information security against different threat and risk scenarios. Cyberspace has a human element and a technological element. It is a way to influence and affect society. It may be used to influence minds or to attack the physical world, for example by disrupting traffic control. But cyberspace cannot exist without people. The cyberspace offers the platform so called strategic communication. Strategic communication is a concept that unites the efforts of governmental organisations to influence people in support of national interests. Formal organisations and institutions are often seen as being opposed or resistant to change. Social Media and the cyber domain can offer many opportunities but also unknown threats and risks. In this paper we argue that securing an organisation is a living and continuously changing process. Deleuze and Guattari (1983) present the concept of a rhizome, meaning a dynamic weed formation which, opposed to the arboreal and hierarchical structure of the tree, involves spontaneous, unpredictable and distant connections between heterogeneous elements (Linstead & Thanem 2007, 1484) Strategic Communication is the focus of a heated discussion in the military field: How can militaries be credible and uphold the high standards of democracy within the asymmetric and complex battlefield? To be credible one must act according to what is said. The challenge is that the scene is global in the information age. The act, the actor, the scene, the purpose – all are exposed to a global audience through cyberspace on a very short notice. The most effective way of showing the scene and actors is an audiovisual product. Examples of this come from all conflict zones. Militaries are establishing Youtube channels and supplying material from intense fighting and frontline action. The solution for supporting the organisation's own arguments has been the Combat Camera capability, in other words media-trained soldiers who are where the main effort is happening. Within the spirit of strategic communication, the cyber strategy itself is one way to operationalise cyber security by announcing measures to be taken against cyber attacks. In this article the authors reflect on the Finnish Cyber Strategy and Strategic Communications from a phenomenological perspective.
Cyber Resilience for the Internet of Things
Authors: Tanque Marcus , Foxwell Harry J.
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines and explains cyber resilience, internet of things, software-defined networking, fog computing, cloud computing, and related areas. Organizations develop these technologies in tandem with cyber resilience best practices, such as processes and standards. Cyber resilience is at the intersection of cyber security and business resilience. Its core capabilities encompass integrated strategic policies, processes, architectures, and frameworks. Governments and industries often align defensive and resilient capabilities, to address security and network vulnerability breaches through strategic management processes.
Cyber Security Patterns Students Behavior and Their Participation in Loyalty Programs
Authors: Chmielarz Witold , Szumski Oskar
Published: May 2019

Despite of the number of public advice campaigns, researchers have found that individuals still engage in risky cyber behaviour. The first part of this article is focused on the general approach to the cyber security and safety of personal data kept and processed by different entities from the perspective of students, while the second part is dedicated to the privacy aspects from the perspective of loyalty programs. Researchers have found that individuals are typically aware of online security and how to protect their privacy in the network, Nonetheless, individuals are still inclined to take risks because they are unrealistically optimistic and believe that negative events are less likely to happen to them. The survey also shows that even though respondents are aware that retailers collect, and process personal data and respondents feel that the amount of personal data of program members is far beyond the accepted level they still participate in such programs. Authors found also interesting patterns related to behaviour of respondents influenced by demographical data and the area of loyalty.
Emerging Threats for the Human Element and Countermeasures in Current Cyber Security Landscape
Authors: Benson Vladlena , McAlaney John , Frumkin Lara A.
Published: May 2019

The chapter presents an overview of emerging issues in the psychology of human behaviour and the evolving nature of cyber threats. It reflects on the role of social engineering as the entry point of many sophisticated attacks and highlights the relevance of the human element as the starting point of implementing cyber security programmes in organisations as well as securing individual online behaviour. Issues associated with the emerging trends in human behaviour research and ethics are presented for further discussion. The chapter concludes with a set of open research questions warranting immediate academic attention to avoid the exponential growth of information breaches in the future.
A Usability Evaluation of Facebook's Privacy Features Based on the Perspectives of Experts and Users
Authors: Mantau Márcio J. , Kimura Marcos H. , Gasparini Isabela , Berkenbrock Carla D. M. , Kemczinski Avanilde
Published: May 2019

The issue of privacy in social networks is a hot topic today, because of the growing amount of information shared among users, who are connected to social media every moment and by different devices and displays. This chapter presents a usability evaluation of the privacy features of Facebook's social network. The authors carry out an evaluation composed by three approaches, executed in three stages: first by the analysis and inspection of system's features related to privacy, available for both systems (Web-based systems and mobile-based systems, e.g. app). The second step is a heuristic evaluation led by three experts, and finally, the third step is a questionnaire with 605 users to compare the results between specialists and real users. This chapter aims to present the problems associated with these privacy settings, and it also wants to contribute for improving the user interaction with this social network.
Beyond Concern
Authors: Hipsky Shellie , Younes Wiam
Published: May 2019

In a time when discussions about information privacy dominate the media, research on Cybersafety education reveals that K-12 teachers and staff are concerned about information privacy in schools and they seek to learn more about the protection of their students' and own personal information online. Privacy topics are typically introduced to the K-12 constituents under one or two categories; namely, Internet safety and/or cybersafety. This study 1) assessed the level of cybersafety training that the K-12 teachers in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania receive in school and 2) evaluated the privacy topics that teachers and staff find important and beneficial to their work and personal lives.
Role of Cyber Security and Cyber Forensics in India
Authors: Shrivastava Gulshan , Sharma Kavita , Khari Manju , Zohora Syeda Erfana
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes cyber forensics, also known as computer forensics, which is a subdivision of digital forensic science, relating to evidence detection in computers and digital storage media. The purpose of cyber forensics is the forensically-sound investigation of digital media with the intent to: identify, preserve, recover, analyze, present facts, and opinions; concerning the digital information. Even though it is generally allied with the analysis of cyber-based crimes, computer forensics may also be used in civil proceedings. Evidence composed from cyber forensic analysis is typically subjected to similar procedures and performs as supplementary digital evidence. With these advancements, it was desired that cyber forensics be to protect users and remain citizen-centric. This chapter shows that there is additional research needed to understand the implications of cyber forensic research to improve detection of cyber crimes.
The Role of Human Operators' Suspicion in the Detection of Cyber Attacks
Authors: Hirshfield Leanne , Bobko Philip , Barelka Alex J. , Costa Mark R. , Funke Gregory J. , Mancuso Vincent F. , Finomore Victor , Knott Benjamin A.
Published: May 2019

Despite the importance that human error in the cyber domain has had in recent reports, cyber warfare research to date has largely focused on the effects of cyber attacks on the target computer system. In contrast, there is little empirical work on the role of human operators during cyber breaches. More specifically, there is a need to understand the human-level factors at play when attacks occur. This paper views cyber attacks through the lens of suspicion, a construct that has been used in other contexts, but inadequately defined, in prior research. After defining the construct of suspicion, the authors demonstrate the role that suspicion plays as the conduit between computer operators' normal working behaviors and their ability to alter that behavior to detect and react to cyber attacks. With a focus on the user, rather than the target computer, the authors empirically develop a latent structure for a variety of types of cyber attacks, link that structure to levels of operator suspicion, link suspicion to users' cognitive and emotional states, and develop initial implications for cyber training.
Data Protection and BI
Authors: Brien Daragh O
Published: May 2019

Data Protection (DP) and Privacy are increasingly important quality characteristics of Information, particularly in the context of Business Intelligence and Big Data. This relationship between Data Protection and Information Quality (IQ) is often poorly understood, and DP itself is often misunderstood as being an issue of security control rather than information governance. This chapter examines the relationship between DP, IQ, and Data Governance (DG). It provides an overview of how techniques and practices from IQ and DG can ensure that BI projects are grounded on appropriate privacy controls that ensure that the right information is being used in the right way by the right people to answer the right questions.
The Role of the Profile and the Digital Identity on the Mobile Content
Authors: Tellería Ana Serrano
Published: May 2019

The (re)construction of the user profile and the digital identity resulting from both conscious and unconscious activity on the Internet is directly linked to the process of creation and diffusion of content. Many times, neither the users-prosumers are aware of this process nor are the authors cognizant of the original content, as new authors – humans as well as machines - cover the relations established between the users, their content, their activity online and the combination of these. Big data and information economy are not just consequences of the possibility of collecting as much information as possible about users. Instead, they provide a quasi unlimited means of mapping and shaping every movement of our behavior and lives through devices and technologies. Therefore, the aim of this chapter is to understand how users handle this liquid ecosystem and its relationship with the evolution of mobile content, considering the different rhythms and dimensions.
Security and Privacy Requirements Engineering
Authors: Mead Nancy R. , Abu-Nimeh Saeed
Published: May 2019

Security requirements engineering identifies security risks in software in the early stages of the development cycle. In this chapter, the authors present the SQUARE security requirements method. They integrate privacy requirements into SQUARE to identify privacy risks in addition to security risks. They then present a privacy elicitation technique and subsequently combine security risk assessment techniques with privacy risk assessment techniques. The authors discuss prototype tools that have been developed to support SQUARE for security and privacy as well as recent workshops that have focused on additional results in the security and privacy requirements area. Finally, the authors suggest future research and case studies needed to further contribute to early lifecycle activities that will address security and privacy-related issues.
Information Privacy Concerns and Workplace Surveillance
Authors: Connolly Regina
Published: May 2019

Consumers' privacy concerns have escalated in parallel with our increasing dependence on technology and its pervasiveness into social and work environments. Many of these concerns emanate from the paradox that is the willingness of consumers to provide personal information in order to achieve a specific outcome, whilst equally harbouring the contradictory desire for such personal information to be treated as private. Although examinations of information privacy have tended to focus on the transaction environment, the computer-mediated work environment has emerged as a new and significant area of concern due to increased awareness of the ways in which technologies are now being used to monitor employee email, Internet interactions, and work productivity. Such surveillance concerns are likely to negatively impact employee morale and consequent productivity. However, little attention has been paid to this issue to date. This chapter examines a number of emerging issues concerning technology-enabled workplace surveillance and considers whether the privacy concerns of employees can be successfully balanced against managements' justification for the employment of such technologies in the workplace. In doing so, it provides a balanced perspective that will be of assistance to academics and practitioners alike in dealing with this emerging and contentious issue.
Communication in the E-Culture and Media
Authors: Baeva Liudmila Vladimirovna
Published: May 2019

Online and media cultures have a dominant influence on modern society. This type of culture is characterized by specific forms of expression and ethical and aesthetic features mediated by technology. Virtual communication is one reflection of the phenomena of culture reflected through technology. The chapter identifies the typology of virtual communication using a systems approach as an example of online and media culture. This is based on the analysis of the development of social networks and forms of communication and shows the trends in the dynamics of virtual communication. The new environment, with its distinctive characteristics, indicators, forms, and images, creates new opportunities and new risks for humans and their cultures.
Exploring Online Dating in Line With the “Social Compensation” and “Rich-Get-Richer” Hypotheses
Authors: Stinson Samantha , Jeske Debora
Published: May 2019

Computer-mediated communication offers a range of potentially appealing features, including selective self-presentation, social presence control, and simultaneous as well as asynchronous interaction tools. The study examines the influence of personality (introversion and extraversion) and personal variables (social anxiety and public self-consciousness) on online dating preferences from two competing perspectives: the “social compensation” (SC) hypothesis and the “rich-get-richer” (RGR) hypothesis. Survey results (N = 162) revealed that the SC and RGR hypotheses do not hold true within the context of online dating. The findings suggest a stronger role of social influence (e.g., peers) in the decision to online date. The SC and RGR hypotheses may be limited in terms of the extent to which these frameworks adequately explain this online behavior. This may also be due to the increasing popularity of online dating sites, which may make personality and personal traits less informative of whether individuals will opt to use such services.
Motivations and Behaviors of Young People in Playing Online Games
Authors: He Hanxi , Chiu Dickson K.W. , Ho Kevin K.W.
Published: May 2019

This article studies the motivations and behaviors of young people for playing online games. In this article, the authors used the quantitative methods research methodology to collect young people' game intention information. A survey was conducted to collect responses related to game behavior questions were completed by 82 college students. The discovery was that to a certain extent, personality traits can predict game behaviors. Individual factor, game feature factor, and social factor can affect players' game motivations. The results of this study are not only offering perspective into players' game motivations and behaviors from a different culture but also providing a good reference for game developers to design their future online game systems and services.
Selfie-Objectification as a Facet of the Social Media Craze Among Youths in Nigeria
Authors: Endong Floribert Patrick Calvain
Published: May 2019

The advent of the social media in Nigeria has given rise to a plurality of information technology syndromes as well as multiple forms of social leprosies. One of these social leprosies has been selfie-objectification manifested by naked and highly sexualized selfies. As a form of social pathology, selfie-objectification has particularly engulfed the youths, corrupting the latter's innocence and affecting the positive relationship culture among them. Using observations and secondary sources, this chapter explores two opposing perspectives on selfie-objectification in Nigeria namely conservative and liberal. It criticizes the conservative reading of the self-objectification paradigm, arguing that any interpretation of selfie-objectification by Nigerian youths solely as a culturally insensitive act and a western cultural import is myopic and objectionable. The phenomenon should rather be read along the line of Nigerian youths' visible embrace of a liberal and postmodern philosophy of life.
The Impact of the Internet in Twenty-First Century Addictions
Authors: Bisen Shilpa Suresh , Deshpande Yogesh
Published: May 2019

In the era of digital technology, the internet has its significant role in sprouting vulnerability toward the different form of addictions and psychiatric disorders as well as providing the platform to manage them effectively. The internet provides ready access to illicit drugs, nonprescription medications which facilitate a sale of controlled substances over the Internet without a valid prescription which contributed to the rise of several forms of addictions. Studies have linked the severity of Problematic Internet Use to increase chances of substance Use disorder. Utilization of internet for longer durations serves as a booster for behavioral addictions like online gambling. Web based interventions on the positive side provides a cost effective, readily accessible and user-friendly platform to reach out majority of patients to help them in seeking treatment of Addictions and various psychiatric disorders. The aim of this chapter is to discuss the contribution of the internet in a positive and negative way to develop as well as resolve Psychiatric disorder.
It's Complicated
Authors: Henson Billy , Ricketts Melissa
Published: May 2019

Social media has become an intricate part of daily life. Posting, tweeting, and chatting have become common practices since the birth of the social network. This technological revolution has altered the way we interact and communicate in fundamental ways. Consequently, a cultural shift has accompanied this change, with notions such as etiquette and personal boundaries undergoing dramatic transformation. In the virtual world, the lines that separate individuals' personal and professional lives often become blurred resulting in some confusion about what constitutes appropriate social media behavior. With that in mind, the purpose of this chapter is to discuss key issues associated with the impact of social media has on individuals' professional lives. This task will employ a multipronged approach in describing the growth, use, and potential problems of social media in the workplace. In addition, policies and legal statutes regarding social media use by academic and human service professionals will be discussed at length.
Social Connectedness and the Declining Life Satisfaction of Australian Females
Authors: Ulichny Jennifer , Ambrey Christopher L. , Fleming Christopher M.
Published: May 2019

Research into subjective well-being suggests that happier people are healthier and more professionally productive, achieve goals more easily and are more often successful in personal relationships. Unfortunately, studies in the USA and Britain suggest that there has been an overall decline in self-reported well-being since the 1970's, particularly for females. Data from the Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey appear to corroborate the international evidence. Using HILDA 2001 to 2011 data, this chapter investigates: levels of life satisfaction; association between life satisfaction and social connectedness; and whether declines in life satisfaction can be explained by declines in social connectedness. A positive association is found between life satisfaction and almost all measures of social connectedness for both genders. This association, however, only partly explains observed declines in life satisfaction. This research emphasises the importance of frequent, meaningful social connections and the urgency for governments to address declining well-being.
Social Capital, Self-Esteem, Popularity, Need for Accessibility to Friends, and Stress Predict Cyber Technology Use
Authors: Soysa Champika K. , Gardner Jennifer M.
Published: May 2019

The authors examined social capital, self-esteem, popularity, need for accessibility to friends, and stress as gendered predictors of cyber technology use in 149 undergraduates. The authors investigated four kinds of cyber technology use: social networking, texting, internet surfing, and MP3 player listening. Stress was the most consistent predictor of cyber technology use in men (social networking, texting, and MP3 player listening), while popularity was the most consistent for women (social networking, texting, and MP3 player listening). Furthermore, self-esteem inversely predicted use of internet surfing in men and MP3 player listening in women. On the other hand, the social capital dimension of bridging online which is establishing weak social ties, predicted the use of both internet surfing and MP3 player listening in men and women. The authors extended the literature by establishing gendered social-cognitive dimensions of cyber technology use among undergraduates in the United States.
Psychological Traits, Addiction Symptoms, and Feature Usage as Predictors of Problematic Smartphone Use Among University Students in China
Authors: Leung Louis , Liang Jingwen
Published: May 2019

This study investigates the effects of psychological traits (i.e., procrastination, leisure boredom, and impulsivity) and addiction symptoms on problematic smartphone use. Data were collected from a multistage random sample of 649 university students. The results showed that procrastination, impulsivity [including sensation seeking and (lack of) perseverance], symptoms of addiction (e.g., inability to control craving, withdrawal, and complaints), and frequent usage of smartphone features for instrumental, relational, expressive, and informational purposes were significant predictors of problematic smartphone use.
Avoiding Adverse Consequences From Digital Addiction and Retaliatory Feedback
Authors: Solo Ashu M. G. , Bishop Jonathan
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at the role of the participation continuum in helping to improve relationships that have been damaged as a result of digital addiction. Digital addiction in this context refers to what happens when a person with a compulsion who is not getting that compulsion fulfilled turns to the Internet and other digital technologies in order to fill the void. The chapter is a case study of two people called Person D and Person G in order to make them anonymous. Using medical and other records, it was found that a number of different interventions using the participation continuum could have resulted in changes in the relationship in either holding it together or preventing one party from posting malicious and defamatory comments. The chapter found that a theoretical model, with algorithmic principles applied, called the transitional flow of persuasion model would be able to understand the impacts of digital addiction and provide a means to remedy it.
Institutions as Enablers of Science-Based Industries
Authors: Villasana Marcia
Published: May 2019

Biotechnology impacts across different industrial uses of the life sciences, and has acquired a relevant role in addressing challenges faced by world economies such as those related to food, water, energy and healthcare provision. Many governments in emerging economies looking to exploit some of the opportunities provided by advances in biotechnology design institutional frameworks to cope and develop this complex science-based industry. In this context, a country´s science, technology and innovation institutional structure plays a key role in shaping the outcomes, commercialization, investments, and alliance strategies of this particular industry. This chapter builds on the innovation systems perspective to describe how institutions act as enabling factors for innovation and research in biotechnology. These factors are, as defined by the Biotechnology Industry Organization, infrastructure for R&D, human capital, intellectual property protection, regulatory environment, technology transfer frameworks, market, and commercial incentives.
Bioinformatics
Authors: Niosi Jorge E.
Published: May 2019

Bioinformatics is the methodological tool required to use the massive genomics databases being created on human, animal, bacterial and vegetal organisms. This paper retraces the development of bioinformatics as a new discipline and its diffusion into Latin America. It argues that governments in the region do not pay enough attention at this fast-growing new area of the set of biotech technologies stemming from the convergence between information and communication technology and biotechnologies, and in consequence, the region is falling increasingly behind the world leader (the United States), Japan and Western Europe.
Protein Structure Prediction
Authors: Chakraborty Hirak Jyoti , Gangopadhyay Aditi , Ganguli Sayak , Datta Abhijit
Published: May 2019

The great disagreement between the number of known protein sequences and the number of experimentally determined protein structures indicate an enormous necessity of rapid and accurate protein structure prediction methods. Computational techniques such as comparative modeling, threading and ab initio modelling allow swift protein structure prediction with sufficient accuracy. The three phases of computational protein structure prediction comprise: the pre-modelling analysis phase, model construction and post-modelling refinement. Protein modelling is primarily comparative or ab initio. Comparative or template-based methods such as homology and threading-based modelling require structural templates for constructing the structure of a target sequence. The ab initio is a template-free modelling approach which proceeds by satisfying various physics-based and knowledge-based parameters. The chapter will elaborate on the three phases of modelling, the programs available for performing each, issues, possible solutions and future research areas.
Transcriptomics to Metabolomics
Authors: Bansal Ankush , Srivastava Pulkit Anupam
Published: May 2019

A lot of omics data is generated in a recent decade which flooded the internet with transcriptomic, genomics, proteomics and metabolomics data. A number of software, tools, and web-servers have developed to analyze the big data omics. This review integrates the various methods that have been employed over the years to interpret the gene regulatory and metabolic networks. It illustrates random networks, scale-free networks, small world network, bipartite networks and other topological analysis which fits in biological networks. Transcriptome to metabolome network is of interest because of key enzymes identification and regulatory hub genes prediction. It also provides an insight into the understanding of omics technologies, generation of data and impact of in-silico analysis on the scientific community.
Domain-Based Approaches to Prediction and Analysis of Protein-Protein Interactions
Authors: Hayashida Morihiro , Akutsu Tatsuya
Published: May 2019

Protein-protein interactions play various essential roles in cellular systems. Many methods have been developed for inference of protein-protein interactions from protein sequence data. In this paper, the authors focus on methods based on domain-domain interactions, where a domain is defined as a region within a protein that either performs a specific function or constitutes a stable structural unit. In these methods, the probabilities of domain-domain interactions are inferred from known protein-protein interaction data and protein domain data, and then prediction of interactions is performed based on these probabilities and contents of domains of given proteins. This paper overviews several fundamental methods, which include association method, expectation maximization-based method, support vector machine-based method, linear programming-based method, and conditional random field-based method. This paper also reviews a simple evolutionary model of protein domains, which yields a scale-free distribution of protein domains. By combining with a domain-based protein interaction model, a scale-free distribution of protein-protein interaction networks is also derived.