bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pivotal Role of Slitrk1 in Adult Striatal Cholinergic Neurons in Mice: Implication in Tourette Syndrome
Authors: Du Jung‐Chieh , Chang Man‐Hsin , Yeh Chen‐Jiun , Lee Ming Tatt , Lee Hsin‐Jung , Chuang Shu‐Hui , Chiou Lih‐Chu
Published: September 2023

Objective

The SLIT and NTRK‐like 1 (SLITRK1) gene mutation and striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) loss are associated with Tourette syndrome (TS). ChIs comprise only 1 to 2% of striatal neurons but project widely throughout the stratum to impact various striatal neurotransmission, including TS‐related dopaminergic transmission. Here, we link striatal Slitrk1, ChI function, and dopaminergic transmission and their associations with TS‐like tic behaviors.

Methods

Slitrk1‐KD mice were induced by bilaterally injecting Slitrk1 siRNA into their dorsal striatum. Control mice received scrambled siRNA injection. Their TS‐like tic behaviors, prepulse inhibition, sensory‐motor function and dopamine‐related behaviors were compared. We also compared dopamine and ACh levels in microdialysates, Slitrk protein and dopamine transporter levels, and numbers of Slitrk‐positive ChIs and activated ChIs in the striatum between two mouse groups, and electrophysiological properties between Slitrk‐positive and Slitrk‐negative striatal ChIs.

Results

Slitrk1‐KD mice exhibit TS‐like haloperidol‐sensitive stereotypic tic behaviors, impaired prepulse inhibition, and delayed sensorimotor response compared with the control group. These TS‐like characteristics correlate with lower striatal Slitrk1 protein levels, fewer Slitrk1‐containing ChIs, and fewer activated ChIs in Slitrk1‐KD mice. Based on their electrophysiological properties, Slitrk1‐negative ChIs are less excitable than Slitrk1‐positive ChIs. Slitrk1‐KD mice have lower evoked acetylcholine and dopamine levels, higher tonic dopamine levels, and downregulated dopamine transporters in the striatum, increased apomorphine‐induced climbing behaviors, and impaired methamphetamine‐induced hyperlocomotion compared with controls.

Interpretation

Slitrk1 is pivotal in maintaining striatal ChIs activity and subsequent dopaminergic transmission for normal motor functioning. Furthermore, conditional striatal Slitrk1‐KD mice may serve as a translational modality with aspects of TS phenomenology. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:174–189
Solvent‐Free Depolymerization of Plastic Waste Enabled by Plastic‐Catalyst Interfacial Engineering
Authors: Bai Xiaoshen , Aireddy Divakar R. , Roy Amitava , Ding Kunlun
Published: September 2023

Depolymerization of condensation polymers by chemolysis often suffers from the large usage of solvents and homogeneous catalysts such as acids, bases, and metal salts. The catalytic efficiency of heterogeneous catalysts is largely constrained by the poor interfacial contact between solid catalysts and solid plastics below melting points. We report here our discovery of autogenous heterogeneous catalyst layer on polyethylene terephthalate surfaces during the generally believed homogeneous catalytic depolymerization process. Inspired by the “contact mass” concept in industrial chlorosilane production, we further demonstrate that the construction of plastic‐catalyst solid‐solid interfaces enables solvent‐free depolymerization of polyethylene terephthalate by vapor phase methanolysis at relatively low temperatures. Trace amounts of earth‐abundant element (zinc) introduced by electrostatic adsorption is sufficient for catalyzing the depolymerization. The concept of plastic‐catalyst contact mass interfacial catalysis might inspire new pathways for tackling plastic waste problems.
Carbazole‐Decorated Organoboron Emitters with Low‐Lying HOMO Levels for Solution‐Processed Narrowband Blue Hyperfluorescence OLED Devices
Authors: Zhang Kaiyuan , Wang Xingdong , Chang Yufei , Wu Yuliang , Wang Shumeng , Wang Lixiang
Published: September 2023

The hyperfluorescence has drawn great attention in achieving efficient narrowband emitting devices based on multiple resonance thermally activated delayed fluorescence (MR‐TADF) emitters. However, achieving efficient solution‐processed pure blue hyperfluorescence devices is still a challenge, due to the unbalanced charge transport and serious exciton quenching caused by that the holes are easily trapped on the high‐lying HOMO (the highest occupied molecular orbital) level of traditional diphenylamine‐decorated emitters. Here, we developed two narrowband blue organoboron emitters with low‐lying HOMO levels by decorating the MR‐TADF core with weakly electron‐donating carbazoles, which could suppress the hole trapping effect by reducing the hole traps between host and MR‐TADF emitter from deep (0.40 eV) to shallow (0.14/0.20 eV) ones for facilitating hole transport and exciton formation, as well as avoiding exciton quenching. And the large dihedral angle between the carbazole and MR‐TADF core makes the carbazole act as a steric hindrance to inhibit molecular aggregation. Accordingly, the optimized solution‐processed pure blue hyperfluorescence devices simultaneously realize record external quantum efficiency of 29.2 %, narrowband emission with a full‐width at half‐maximum of 16.6 nm, and pure blue color with CIE coordinates of (0.139, 0.189), which is the best result for the solution‐processed organic light‐emitting diodes based on MR‐TADF emitters.
High glucose‐increased miR‐200c contributes to cellular senescence and DNA damage in neural stem cells
Authors: Dong Dao‐Yin , Li Pu‐Yu , Wang Ying‐Fang , Wang Ping , Wu Yu‐Han , Gao She‐Gan , Li San‐Qiang
Published: September 2023

Background

Maternal diabetes increases the risk for neural tube defects (NTDs). It is unclear if miRNAs, senescence, and DNA damage are involved in this process. In this study, we used neural stem cells as an in vitro proxy of embryonic neuroepithelium to investigate whether high glucose triggers neural stem cell senescence and DNA damage by upregulating miR‐200c, which may be responsible for NTDs.

Methods

C17.2 neural stem cells were cultured with normal glucose (5 mM) or high glucose (≥16.7 mM) at different doses and time points for detecting miR‐200c levels, markers of senescence and DNA damage. Neural stem cells were exposed to antioxidant SOD1 mimetic Tempol and high glucose for 48 h to test roles of oxidative stress on the miR‐200c, senescence, and DNA damage levels. An miR‐200c mimic and an inhibitor were transfected into neural stem cells to increase or decrease miR‐200c activities.

Results

High glucose upregulated miR‐200c in neural stem cells. A time course study of the effect of high glucose revealed that miR‐200c initially increased at 12 h and reached its zenith at 18 h. Tempol reduced miR‐200c levels caused by high glucose. High glucose induced markers of senescence and DNA damage in neural stem cells. Tempol abolished high glucose‐induced markers of senescence and DNA damage. The miR‐200c inhibitor suppressed high glucose‐induced markers of senescence and DNA damage. Treatment with miR‐200c mimic imitates high glucose‐induced markers of senescence and DNA damage.

Conclusions

We show that high glucose increases miR‐200c, which contributes to cellular senescence and DNA damage in neural stem cells and provides a potential pathway for maternal diabetes‐induced neural tube defects.
Regularized parametric survival modeling to improve risk prediction models
Authors: Hoogland J. , Debray T. P. A. , Crowther M. J. , Riley R. D. , IntHout J. , Reitsma J. B. , Zwinderman A. H.
Published: September 2023

We propose to combine the benefits of flexible parametric survival modeling and regularization to improve risk prediction modeling in the context of time‐to‐event data. Thereto, we introduce ridge, lasso, elastic net, and group lasso penalties for both log hazard and log cumulative hazard models. The log (cumulative) hazard in these models is represented by a flexible function of time that may depend on the covariates (i.e., covariate effects may be time‐varying). We show that the optimization problem for the proposed models can be formulated as a convex optimization problem and provide a user‐friendly R implementation for model fitting and penalty parameter selection based on cross‐validation. Simulation study results show the advantage of regularization in terms of increased out‐of‐sample prediction accuracy and improved calibration and discrimination of predicted survival probabilities, especially when sample size was relatively small with respect to model complexity. An applied example illustrates the proposed methods. In summary, our work provides both a foundation for and an easily accessible implementation of regularized parametric survival modeling and suggests that it improves out‐of‐sample prediction performance.
An engineered niche delineates metastatic potential of breast cancer
Authors: Orbach Sophia M. , DeVaull Christian Y. , Bealer Elizabeth J. , Ross Brian C. , Jeruss Jacqueline S. , Shea Lonnie D.
Published: September 2023

Metastatic breast cancer is often not diagnosed until secondary tumors have become macroscopically visible and millions of tumor cells have invaded distant tissues. Yet, metastasis is initiated by a cascade of events leading to formation of the pre‐metastatic niche, which can precede tumor formation by a matter of years. We aimed to distinguish the potential for metastatic disease from nonmetastatic disease at early times in triple‐negative breast cancer using sister cell lines 4T1 (metastatic), 4T07 (invasive, nonmetastatic), and 67NR (nonmetastatic). We used a porous, polycaprolactone scaffold, that serves as an engineered metastatic niche, to identify metastatic disease through the characteristics of the microenvironment. Analysis of the immune cell composition at the scaffold was able to distinguish noninvasive 67NR tumor‐bearing mice from 4T07 and 4T1 tumor‐bearing mice but could not delineate metastatic potential between the two invasive cell lines. Gene expression in the scaffolds correlated with the up‐regulation of cancer hallmarks (e.g., angiogenesis, hypoxia) in the 4T1 mice relative to 4T07 mice. We developed a 9‐gene signature (Dhx9, Dusp12, Fth1, Ifitm1, Ndufs1, Pja2, Slc1a3, Soga1, Spon2) that successfully distinguished 4T1 disease from 67NR or 4T07 disease throughout metastatic progression. Furthermore, this signature proved highly effective at distinguishing diseased lungs in publicly available datasets of mouse models of metastatic breast cancer and in human models of lung cancer. The early and accurate detection of metastatic disease that could lead to early treatment has the potential to improve patient outcomes and quality of life.
Patients with progression of spinal metastases who present to the clinic have better outcomes compared to those who present to the emergency department
Authors: Linzey Joseph R. , Kathawate Varun G. , Strong Michael J. , Roche Kayla , Goethe Peyton E. , Tudrick Lila R. , Lee Johan , Tripathy Arushi , Koduri Sravanthi , Ward Ayobami L. , Ogunsola Oludotun , Zaki Mark M. , Joshi Rushikesh S. , Weyburne Grant , Mayo Charles S. , Evans Joseph R. , Jackson William C. , Szerlip Nicholas J.
Published: September 2023

Background

As cancer therapies have improved, spinal metastases are increasingly common. Resulting complications have a significant impact on patient's quality of life. Optimal methods of surveillance and avoidance of neurologic deficits are understudied. This study compares the clinical course of patients who initially presented to the emergency department (ED) versus a multidisciplinary spine oncology clinic and who underwent stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) secondary to progression/presentation of metastatic spine disease.

Methods

We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively maintained database of adult oncologic patients who underwent spinal SBRT at a single hospital from 2010 to 2021. Descriptive statistics and survival analyses were performed.

Results

We identified 498 spinal radiographic treatment sites in 390 patients. Of these patients, 118 (30.3%) presented to the ED. Patients presenting to the ED compared to the clinic had significantly more severe spinal compression (52.5% vs. 11.7%; p < 0.0001), severe pain (28.8% vs. 10.3%; p < 0.0001), weakness (24.5% vs. 4.5%; p < 0.0001), and difficulty walking (24.5% vs. 4.5%; p < 0.0001). Patients who presented to the ED compared to the clinic were significantly more likely to have surgical intervention followed by SBRT (55.4% vs. 15.3%; p < 0.0001) compared to SBRT alone. Patients who presented to the ED compared to the clinic had a significantly quicker interval to distant spine progression (5.1 ± 6.5 vs. 9.1 ± 10.2 months; p = 0.004), systemic progression (5.1 ± 7.2 vs. 9.2 ± 10.7 months; p < 0.0001), and worse overall survival (9.3 ± 10.0 vs. 14.3 ± 13.7 months; p = 0.002).

Conclusion

The establishment of multidisciplinary spine oncology clinics is an opportunity to potentially allow for earlier, more data‐driven treatment of their spinal metastatic disease.
Distribution of sentinel nodes from parotid tumors–A feasibility study
Authors: Hammarstedt‐Nordenvall Lalle , Bark Rusana , Elliot Alexandra , Von Beckerath Mathias , Gahm Caroline
Published: September 2023

Background

Optimum management of the N0 neck is unresolved in parotid salivary gland cancer. Sentinel node biopsy (SNB) can reliably detect microscopic lymph node metastasis and its´ clinical use is increasing for head and neck tumors. The object of this study was to establish whether the technique is applicable to detect distribution of sentinel nodes for parotid tumors.

Materials and Methods

Prosepective observational study in 30 patients with benign or low‐grade T1‐T2N0 malignant tumors in the parotid gland planned for surgical treatment. Distribution of SN was detected with a preoperative ultrasound‐guided peritumoral injection with a technetium‐99 (Tc‐99 m) laballed tracer followed by a SPECT–CT and intraoperative measurement in the neck and parotidal tissue. In patients with cytologically suspected malignant tumor or highly unclerar cytology, SNB was also performed.

Results

Sentinel nodes (SNs) were detected in 26/30 cases. Out of these, 7 presented with only one SN, whereas multiple sentinel nodes where detected in 19 cases. No SNs were found in neck level 1. SN was detected in level 5 independent of tumor location within the parotid gland. An intraparotidal distribution of SNs was more frequent in larger tumors.

Conclusions

The use of SN‐technique in the planning of surgical treatment of parotid tumors seems feasible. It may be of clinical value for patients with parotid cancer to enable a more accurate staging and to detect occult metastasis in the SNs within the parotid as well as in the neck, enabaling the possibility to surgically remove all positive SNs at primary surgery and with reduced surgical morbidity.
Antibacterial and Toxic Activity of Geopropolis Extracts from Melipona subnitida (Ducke, 1910) (Hymenoptera: Apidae) and Scaptotrigona depilis (Moure, 1942) (Hymenoptera: Apidae)
Authors: Costa dos Santos Danilo , Silva Macêdo Nair , de Sousa Silveira Zildene , Silva Pereira Raimundo Luiz , Moura Araújo Isaac , Justino Araújo Ana Carolina , Alves Gonçalves Sheila , da Silveira Regueira Neto Marcos , de Queiroz Balbino Valdir , Torres de Carvalho Airton , Oliveira de Veras Bruno , Bezerra da Cunha Francisco Assis , Melo Coutinho Henrique Douglas , Vieira Brito Samuel
Published: September 2023

Bacteria are associated with many infections that affect humans and present antibiotic resistance mechanisms, causing problems in health organisations and increased mortality rates. Therefore, it is necessary to find new antibacterial agents that can be used in the treatment of these microorganisms. Geopropolis is a natural product from stingless bees, formed by a mixture of plant resins, salivary secretions, wax and soil particles, the chemical composition of this natural product is diverse. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate antibacterial activity, antibiotic modulation and the toxicity of geopropolis extracts from the stingless bees, Melipona subnitida (Ducke, 1910) and Scaptotrigona depilis (Moure, 1942) against standard and multi‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria. Geopropolis samples were collected in a meliponary located in Camaragibe, Pernambuco, Brazil. To determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and antibiotic modulation we performed broth microdilution tests. Mortality tests were used to verify extract toxicity in the model Drosophila melanogaster. The microbiological tests showing that the M. subnitida extracts had better inhibitory effects compared to S. depilis, presenting direct antibacterial activity against standard and multi‐resistant strains. The extracts potentialized antibiotic effects, suggesting possible synergy and did not present toxicity in the model used. The information obtained in this study highlights extracts as promising antibacterial agents and is the first study to evaluate bacterial activity in these extracts, in addition to verifying their modulating effects and determining toxicity in the model used.
New Cytotoxic Monoalkyl Glycerol Ether from the Red Sea Soft Coral Nephthea mollis
Authors: Eissa Ahmed H. , Abdel‐Tawab Asmaa M. , Hamed El Sayed A. E. , El‐Ablack Fawzia Z. , Ayyad Seif‐Eldin N.
Published: September 2023

A new monoalkyl glycerol ether, 3‐(n‐henicosyloxy)propane‐1,2‐diol (1), was isolated from the CH2Cl2/MeOH crude extract of the Red Sea soft coral Nephthea mollis. Additionally, three known related analogs were identified: chimyl alcohol (2), batyl alcohol (3), and 3‐(icosyloxy)propane‐1,2‐diol (4). The chemical structure of 3‐(n‐henicosyloxy)propane‐1,2‐diol was determined using advanced spectroscopic analyses, including 1D, 2D Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), Electron Ionization mass spectra (EI‐MS), and High‐Resolution Electron Spray Ionization mass spectra (HR‐ESI‐MS) analyses. Furthermore, the identification of chimyl alcohol, batyl alcohol and 3‐(icosyloxy)propane‐1,2‐diol was achieved by studying their EI mass fragmentation analyses and comparing their mass data with those previously reported in the literature. The cytotoxic activity of the Nephthea mollis crude extract and 3‐(n‐henicosyloxy)propane‐1,2‐diol was evaluated against five human cancer cell lines: HepG2 (hepatocellular carcinoma), MCF‐7 (breast carcinoma), NCI‐1299 (lung carcinoma), HeLa (cervical cancer cell), and HT‐29 (colon adenocarcinoma). Moreover, 3‐(n‐henicosyloxy)propane‐1,2‐diol revealed moderate cytotoxicity against the HeLa cell lines with an IC50 value of 24.1 μM, while showing inactivity against the remaining cell lines (IC50>100 μM).
Comorbid OCD and ADHD in youth: Clinical implications and treatment recommendations
Authors: Marklin Marika , Killion Bryana , O'Connor Erin , Renschler Kathrin , Freeman Jennifer B.
Published: September 2023

Obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) affects up to 4% of children and adolescents (Nazeer et al., 2020). Childhood OCD impairs overall quality of life, particularly in familial, social and academic settings. For individuals with OCD, obsessions — unwanted, intrusive thoughts, images, or impulses that cause distress are subsequently reduced by compulsions — behaviors that are designed to assuage the distress of the obsessions, according to set rules or senses of completion (American Psychiatric Association, 2013). Common obsessions surround core fears of harm avoidance, disgust and/or a sense of incompleteness, leading to common compulsions of repeating, checking, avoidance, and/or other rituals.
Recovery housing guideline from federal government: A safe place to live for people with substance use disorders
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: September 2023

Many providers — and parents — are relieved when their patients and children who have drug or alcohol problems have “recovery housing.” This kind of residence is alcohol‐ and drug‐free and can help young people stay sober. However, scams are out there. So regulators try to step in and make sure that recovery housing operators are bona fide.
Barlow's mitral valve with a dancing chorda
Authors: Peters Matthew , Schweitzer McKenzie , Tajik A. Jamil
Published: September 2023

We present a case of a ruptured mitral valve chorda visualized using the high temporal and axial resolution of transthoracic M‐mode echocardiography.
Fingertip soft tissue defect caused by periungual warts: A case report
Authors: Wang Xiaoqin , Xu Jinhui , Jiang Yourang , Zhang Deli
Published: September 2023

Key Clinical Messase

Periungual warts are frequently encountered in the field of dermatology. Here, we describe the case of a 69‐year‐old individual who presented with hand warts. The wart growth extended to the finger stump, resulting in a soft tissue defect on the fingertip of the right thumb. A treatment approach involving superficial x‐ray therapy in combination with tretinoin was employed to address this finding. The warts disappeared after completing 26 days of the treatment regimen. Fingertip soft tissue defects due to periungual warts are a rare occurrence in clinical settings. This report serves as the first documented case of such a problem successfully managed with the treatment approach mentioned above.
Partial molar pregnancy with hydrops fetalis causing intrauterine fetal demise: A case report
Authors: Panthi Anup , Bhattarai Madhur , Katwal Shailendra , Bhandari Sushmita , Baral Rituraj , Bhusal Madhav , Khaniya Bishal
Published: September 2023

Key Clinical Message

Timely prenatal diagnosis, regular checkups, and comprehensive counseling are vital in preventing and managing complications in high‐risk pregnancies like partial molar pregnancy with hydrops fetalis.

A live singleton fetus with partial molar pregnancy is a rare condition. We report a case of partial mole with hydrops fetalis causing intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD) in the third trimester. Our case involves a 20‐year primigravid without prior antenatal checkups who presented to outpatient department at 31 weeks and 5 days of gestation with lower abdominal pain, backache, vaginal spotting, and decreased fetal movement. Ultrasound revealed partial mole, hydrops fetalis, and IUFD. The patient underwent induced delivery expelling a 1900 gm female fetus with no viability and a placenta containing 650 gm of molar tissue. Placental tissue with cystic component was confirmed as molar tissue by histopathological examination. She was discharged a few days afterward and had undetectable beta‐human chorionic gonadotropin levels after a month. Prenatal diagnosis, counseling, rigorous antepartum surveillance, and appropriate postpartum follow‐up are essential for the best possible mother and fetal outcomes.
Assessment of metal pollution in agricultural soils and associated human health risk in Shifang City, China
Authors: Gan Chun‐dan , Tang Ya , Chen Li , Yang Jin‐yan
Published: September 2023

Metals in soils exert toxic effects on soil quality and human health. In order to carry out metal contamination assessment and human health risk assessment of agricultural soils, a total of 662 cultivated soil samples were collected from two industrially oriented towns and three agriculturally oriented towns of Shifang City, Southwest China. Various indices were applied to analyze the pollution levels of soils caused by metals (Cr, Fe, Pb, Sr, Ti, V, Zn, and Zr). The relatively high values of the geo‐accumulation index (Igeo) and the enrichment factor (EF) suggested that Sr, V, and Zn had cumulative trends in the soils. The average pollution load index (PLI) values of the industrial towns (1.19 and 0.99) were higher than those of the agricultural towns (0.92, 0.53, and 0.43), demonstrating the contribution of industrial activities to soil metal enrichment. The health risk assessment from the five towns indicated that Cr and V were the dominant contaminants in soils with high potential health risks. Dermal contact was the major pathway of the exposure of children and adults to Cr and V. This study improved the understanding of the pollution levels of metals in Shifang agricultural soils and put forward the necessity of minimizing the health risk of Cr and V in agricultural soil.
Combined BRAF, MEK, and heat‐shock protein 90 inhibition in advanced BRAF V600‐mutant melanoma
Authors: Eroglu Zeynep , Chen Y. Ann , Smalley Inna , Li Jiannong , Markowitz Joseph K. , Brohl Andrew S. , Tetteh Leticia , Taylor Hayley , Sondak Vernon K. , Khushalani Nikhil I. , Smalley Keiran S. M.
Published: September 2023

Background

Resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors in BRAF V600‐mutant melanoma is common. Multiple resistance mechanisms involve heat‐shock protein 90 (HSP90) clients, and a phase 1 study of vemurafenib with the HSP90 inhibitor XL888 in patients with advanced melanoma showed activity equivalent to that of BRAF and MEK inhibitors.

Methods

Vemurafenib (960 mg orally twice daily) and cobimetinib (60 mg orally once daily for 21 of 28 days) with escalating dose cohorts of XL888 (30, 45, 60, or 90 mg orally twice weekly) was investigated in a phase 1 trial of advanced melanoma, with a modified Ji dose‐escalation design.

Results

Twenty‐five patients were enrolled. After two dose‐limiting toxicities (DLTs) (rash and acute kidney injury) in the first cohort, lower doses of vemurafenib (720 mg) and cobimetinib (40 mg) were investigated with the same XL888 doses. Three DLTs (rash) were observed in 12 patients in the XL888 60‐mg cohort, and this was determined as the maximum tolerated dose. Objective responses were observed in 19 patients (76%), and the median progression‐free survival was 7.6 months, with a 5‐year progression‐free survival rate of 20%. The median overall survival was 41.7 months, with a 5‐year overall survival rate of 37%. Single‐cell RNA sequencing was performed on baseline and on‐treatment biopsies; treatment was associated with increased immune cell influx (CD4‐positive and CD8‐positive T cells) and decreased melanoma cells.

Conclusions

Combined vemurafenib and cobimetinib plus XL888 had significant toxicity, requiring frequent dose reductions, which may have contributed to the relatively low progression‐free survival despite a high tumor response rate. Given overlapping toxicities, caution must be used when combining HSP90 inhibitors with BRAF and MEK inhibitors.
An adaptive gravitational search optimization (AGSO)‐based convolutional neural network—long short‐term memory (CNN‐LSTM) approach for face recognition and classification
Authors: Chengathir Selvi M. , Maruthupandi J. , Bhuvaneswari T. , Manonmani T.
Published: September 2023

Face recognition and classification have gained increasing attraction in the recent decades due to their widespread adoption in real time application systems. Most of the conventional research efforts focused on developing face recognition frameworks using enhanced optimization‐based classification methods, they are hampered by issues such as computational complexity, increased overhead, limited capacity to handle large datasets, and lengthy processing time. The novel contribution of this paper is to develop a highly competent and precise face recognition methodology through an innovative mechanism. In this framework, the initial step involves face detection from input images using an analytical face parts detection methodology. Subsequently, the tutor face filtering (TFF) technique is applied to preprocess the face image, enhancing its quality and filtering out noise content. Following this preprocessing step, features are extracted from the processed image using the direction‐based pattern extraction (DBPE) model. To improve classifier accuracy, a novel adaptive gravitational search optimization (AGSO) technique is employed to select the optimal features during model training. Finally, an integrated deep learning model, referred to as convolutional neural network—long short‐term memory (LSTM), is utilized for accurate face image recognition based on the selected optimal features. To assess and compare the system's performance, various metrics are employed in the results analysis to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed approach.
Assessing the validity and reliability of the International Anxiety Questionnaire and the International Depression Questionnaire in two bereaved national samples
Authors: Hyland Philip , Redican Enya , Karatzias Thanos , Shevlin Mark
Published: September 2023

The International Anxiety Questionnaire (IAQ) and International Depression Questionnaire (IDQ) are self‐report measures of ICD‐11 Generalized Anxiety Disorder (ICD‐11 GAD) and ICD‐11 Single Episode Depressive Disorder (ICD‐11 DD). This study tested the psychometric properties of these scales in two samples of bereaved adults from the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to test the combined dimensionality and measurement invariance of the IAQ and IDQ across the United Kingdom (n = 1012) and Irish (n = 1011) samples. Differential item functioning (DIF) was tested using multiple indicator multiple cause (MIMIC) modelling while convergent validity was also assessed. CFA results supported a correlated two‐factor model in both samples. The MIMIC model showed that the IDQ item “Had recurrent thoughts of death or suicide” showed DIF and the effect was small. Internal reliability of the scales were high and convergent validity was supported. The prevalence of ICD‐11 GAD was 18.6% and 16.1% and ICD‐11 DD was 13.8% and 10.5% in the United Kingdom and Irish samples, respectively. Findings of the study provide support for the validity, measurement invariance, and reliability of the IAQ and IDQ among two bereaved national samples.
Does digitalization foster the path to a circular economy? An exploratory analysis of European Union countries
Authors: Gil‐Lamata Mercedes , Fuentelsaz Lucio , Latorre‐Martínez María Pilar
Published: September 2023

European Union (EU) governments are placing intensified stress on both the development of the circular economy (CE) and digital performance. In spite of the strategic and economic relevance of these two scientific fields, there is a lack of evidence regarding their mutual effects and implications. We tackle this gap by analysing how digitalization favours the path towards the CE across EU member states. Firstly, a cluster analysis was conducted to identify groups of EU countries depending on circular behaviour, resulting in the Generators, Recyclers, Achievers, Innovators classification. Subsequently, an analysis of variance was performed to examine how the groups were influenced by the different contexts of digitization. This has allowed us to detect that the digitalization variables of human capital, integration of digital technology and digital public services, are key drivers of variability in the CE. Moreover, we have found that countries with similar circular behaviour share similar levels of digitalization variables.
Predictors of efficacy of Sodium‐GLucose Transporter‐2 inhibitors and Glucagon‐Like Peptide 1 receptor agonists: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Scoccimarro Daniele , Cipani Giacomo , Dicembrini Ilaria , Mannucci Edoardo
Published: September 2023

Aims

The aim of the present study was to verify predictors of HbA1c reduction with Sodium‐GLucose Transporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors and Glucagon‐Like Peptide 1 (GLP1) receptor agonists in routine clinical practice.

Materials and Methods

A retrospective cohort study was performed, enrolling patients with type 2 diabetes aged ≥18 years who received a prescription of an SGLT2 inhibitor or a long‐acting GLP1 receptor agonist with at least 6 months of persistence in therapy. Therapeutic success was defined as HbA1c reduction >10 mmol/mol or attainment of the recommended HbA1c target.

Results

Out of 236 patients receiving SGLT2 inhibitors, 148 were categorised as successes: successes had a mean lower age and higher estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate than failures, but only age retained statistical significance at multivariate analysis (Odds Ratio with 95% confidence interval: 0.94 [0.91–0.98], p = 0.006). In the GLP1 receptor agonists cohort (N = 214) there were 146 successes, showing a significantly shorter duration of diabetes even after adjusting for age, and baseline HbA1c (HR 0.96 [0.91–0.99], p = 0.02).

Conclusions

The present study is a preliminary exploration of factors associated with HbA1c response to SGLT2 inhibitors and GLP1 receptor agonists. Differences in predictors of HbA1c changes across different classes of drugs could be useful in identifying the most suitable drug in individual patients. SGLT2 inhibitors seem to be associated with a greater reduction of HbA1c in younger subjects, and GLP1 agonists in those with a shorter duration of diabetes.
Tumor dormancy: EMT beyond invasion and metastasis
Authors: Aouad Patrick , Quinn Hazel M. , Berger Adeline , Brisken Cathrin
Published: September 2023

More than two‐thirds of cancer‐related deaths are attributable to metastases. In some tumor types metastasis can occur up to 20 years after diagnosis and successful treatment of the primary tumor, a phenomenon termed late recurrence. Metastases arise from disseminated tumor cells (DTCs) that leave the primary tumor early on in tumor development, either as single cells or clusters, adapt to new environments, and reduce or shut down their proliferation entering a state of dormancy for prolonged periods of time. Dormancy has been difficult to track clinically and study experimentally. Recent advances in technology and disease modeling have provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms orchestrating dormancy and the switch to a proliferative state. A new role for epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) in inducing plasticity and maintaining a dormant state in several cancer models has been revealed. In this review, we summarize the major findings linking EMT to dormancy control and highlight the importance of pre‐clinical models and tumor/tissue context when designing studies. Understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms controlling dormant DTCs is pivotal in developing new therapeutic agents that prevent distant recurrence by maintaining a dormant state.
Testing the hierarchy of predictability in grassland restoration across a gradient of environmental severity
Authors: Bertuol‐Garcia Diana , Ladouceur Emma , Brudvig Lars A. , Laughlin Daniel C. , Munson Seth M. , Curran Michael F. , Davies Kirk W. , Svejcar Lauren N. , Shackelford Nancy
Published: September 2023

Ecological restoration is critical for recovering degraded ecosystems but is challenged by variable success and low predictability. Understanding which outcomes are more predictable and less variable following restoration can improve restoration effectiveness. Recent theory asserts that the predictability of outcomes would follow an order from most to least predictable from coarse to fine community properties (physical structure > taxonomic diversity > functional composition > taxonomic composition) and that predictability would increase with more severe environmental conditions constraining species establishment. We tested this “hierarchy of predictability” hypothesis by synthesizing outcomes along an aridity gradient with 11 grassland restoration projects across the United States. We used 1829 vegetation monitoring plots from 227 restoration treatments, spread across 52 sites. We fit generalized linear mixed‐effects models to predict six indicators of restoration outcomes as a function of restoration characteristics (i.e., seed mixes, disturbance, management actions, time since restoration) and used variance explained by models and model residuals as proxies for restoration predictability. We did not find consistent support for our hypotheses. Physical structure was among the most predictable outcomes when the response variable was relative abundance of grasses, but unpredictable for total canopy cover. Similarly, one dimension of taxonomic composition related to species identities was unpredictable, but another dimension of taxonomic composition indicating whether exotic or native species dominated the community was highly predictable. Taxonomic diversity (i.e., species richness) and functional composition (i.e., mean trait values) were intermittently predictable. Predictability also did not increase consistently with aridity. The dimension of taxonomic composition related to the identity of species in restored communities was more predictable (i.e., smaller residuals) in more arid sites, but functional composition was less predictable (i.e., larger residuals), and other outcomes showed no significant trend. Restoration outcomes were most predictable when they related to variation in dominant species, while those responding to rare species were harder to predict, indicating a potential role of scale in restoration predictability. Overall, our results highlight additional factors that might influence restoration predictability and add support to the importance of continuous monitoring and active management beyond one‐time seed addition for successful grassland restoration in the United States.
Genetic differentiation and local adaptation of the Japanese honeybee, Apis cerana japonica
Authors: Wakamiya Takeshi , Kamioka Takahiro , Ishii Yuu , Takahashi Jun‐ichi , Maeda Taro , Kawata Masakado
Published: September 2023

We examine the population genetic structure and divergence among the regional populations of the Japanese honeybee, Apis cerana japonica, by re‐sequencing the genomes of 105 individuals from the three main Japanese islands with diverse climates. The genetic structure results indicated that these individuals are distinct from the mainland Chinese A. cerana samples. Furthermore, population structure analyses have identified three genetically distinct geographic regions in Japan: Northern (Tohoku‐Kanto‐Chubu districts), Central (Chugoku district), and Southern (Kyushu district). In some districts, “possible non‐native” individuals, likely introduced from other regions in recent years, were discovered. Then, genome‐wide scans were conducted to detect candidate genes for adaptation by two different approaches. We performed a population branch statistics (PBS) analysis to identify candidate genes for population‐specific divergence. A latent factor mixed model (LFMM) was used to identify genes associated with climatic variables along a geographic gradient. The PBSmax analysis identified 25 candidate genes for population‐specific divergence whereas the LFMM analysis identified 73 candidate genes for adaptation to climatic variables along a geographic gradient. However, no common genes were identified by both methods.
Revisiting global diversity and biogeography of freshwater diatoms: New insights from molecular data
Authors: Chonova Teofana , Rimet Frédéric , Bouchez Agnès , Kahlert Maria , Schneider Susanne C. , Bailet Bonnie , Eulin‐Garrigue Anne , Gassiole Gilles , Monnier Olivier , Ouattara Allassane , Rey Stéphanie , Rhoné Mathieu , Keck François
Published: September 2023

The distribution of microorganisms has long been assumed to be cosmopolitan and primarily controlled by the environment, but recent studies suggest that microbes may also exhibit strong biogeographical patterns driven by dispersal limitation. Past attempts to study the global biogeography of freshwater diatoms have always encountered the great difficulty of collecting taxonomically harmonized large‐scale data. However, developments in molecular techniques and DNA metabarcoding provide a unique opportunity to overcome these limitations and to disclose diatom biodiversity at an unprecedented scale and resolution. Here, we assembled DNA metabarcoding data of freshwater benthic diatom communities sampled in seven geographic regions across the world to investigate how diatom diversity varies along latitude and to assess the proportion of genetic variants of these microorganisms which are exclusive or shared across regions. We observed significant differences in assemblages among climate zones and found that genetic richness is not affected by latitude, but by an island effect. The genetic resolution directly impacts the proportion of variants shared across regions; however, the majority of taxa remained specific to a single geographic region. Freshwater diatoms disperse over long distances and across oceans but at rates that allow the appearance of local genetic variants and the regionalization of assemblages. Future work should focus on putting these diversity dynamics into a temporal context, an approach that should be possible by bringing together new sequencing techniques and phylogeography.
An Overview of Heterogeneous Transition Metal‐Based Catalysts for Cyclohexene Epoxidation Reaction
Authors: Dong Peng , Shao Tingna , Li Jinlian , Zhang Xiaohui , Zhao Yu , Zhao Xinhong , Li Guixian
Published: September 2023

Cyclohexane epoxide, which contains highly active epoxy groups, plays a crucial role as an intermediate in the preparation of fine chemicals. However, controlling the epoxidation pathway of cyclohexene is challenging due to issues such as the allylic oxidation of cyclohexene and the ring opening of cyclohexane epoxide during the cyclohexene epoxidation process to form cyclohexane oxide. This review focuses on the structure‐activity relationships and synthesis processes of various heterogeneous transition metal‐based catalysts used in cyclohexene epoxidation reactions, including molybdenum(Mo)‐based, tungsten(W)‐based, vanadium(V)‐based, titanium(Ti)‐based, cobalt(Co)‐based, and other catalysts. Initially, the mechanism of cyclohexene epoxidation by transition metal‐based catalysts is examined from the perspective of catalytic active centers. Subsequently, the current research of cyclohexene epoxidation catalysts is summarized based on the perspective of catalyst support. Additionally, the differences between alkyl hydroperoxide, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and oxygen (O2) as oxidants are analyzed. Finally, the main factors influencing catalytic performance are summarized, and reasonable suggestions for catalyst design are proposed. This work provides scientific support for the advancement of the olefin epoxidation industry.
Life history traits of cycad blue butterfly, Luthrodes pandava Horsfield (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) on cycad hosts in an Island ecosystem
Authors: Purti Neelam , Singh Lal Ji , Pandey Arun K.
Published: September 2023

The life history traits (egg, larva, and pupa stage) of the Lycaenidae butterfly, Luthrodes pandava Horsfield (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae) observed and trapped on cycad plants are described from the Andaman and Nicobar Islands (ANI), India. The diversity of cycad host plants offered as larval food influences fecundity and conservation status. Zamia furfuracea is recorded for the first time as a cycad host plant and seasonal polyphenism in the ANI, India.
Local‐ and network‐scale influence of peatlands on boreal catchment response to rainfall events
Authors: Karimi Shirin , Leach Jason , Karlsen Reinert Huseby , Seibert Jan , Bishop Kevin , Laudon Hjalmar
Published: September 2023

Boreal catchments are composed of different land covers, such as forests, peatlands and lakes, which differ in their runoff response to rainfall events. Understanding the individual and combined responses to rainfall events of these different land cover types is crucial for predicting potential impacts of future climate conditions on boreal water cycling. A common assumption is that peatlands attenuate peak flows, which is used as a motivation to restore drained boreal wetlands. However, it remains unclear how and to what extent peatlands can affect peak flow response. Only a few previous studies have looked at the hydrologic dynamics of peatlands in response to specific rainfall events across a wide range of nested sub‐catchments with varying peatland cover. In this study, we use nine years of hourly hydrometric data from 14 catchments within the Krycklan Catchment Study in northern Sweden to examine how peatlands contribute to flood attenuation at both local and stream network scales. Our analysis at the local scale demonstrated that during large events with low antecedent wetness conditions, peatland‐dominated catchment exhibited more muted responses compared to the similar‐sized forest‐dominated catchment. However, during events with high antecedent wetness conditions, the peatland‐dominated catchment exhibited flood magnitudes similar to the forest‐dominated catchment, although the elevated flow condition at the peatland‐dominated catchment persisted for longer periods. Finally, our analysis revealed no significant influence of peatlands on the attenuation or amplification of floods at the stream network scale.
The uterine tourniquet, a simple maneuver that may facilitate surgical management of postpartum hemorrhage
Authors: Nieto‐Calvache Albaro José , Barona Juan Sebastián , Burgos‐Luna Juan Manuel , Muñoz‐Córdoba Laura , Sarria‐Ortiz Daniela , Galindo‐Velasco Valentina , Meade Triviño Paulo , Mondragón Karen , Messa‐Byron Adriana
Published: September 2023

Synopsis

The uterine tourniquet is a temporary intervention that facilitates the application of other procedures for definitive control of postpartum hemorrhage.
Quality testing of mifepristone and misoprostol in 11 countries
Authors: Bower Jason , Chinery Lester , Fleurent Alessandra , Gülmezoglu A. Metin , Im‐Amornphong Wallada , Kilfedder Catherine , Procter Petra , Tomazzini Alessandra
Published: September 2023

Objective

Previous studies have demonstrated quality concerns with misoprostol. Mifepristone, however, has not been extensively assessed for quality. Between 2020 and 2021, Concept Foundation and the International Planned Parenthood Federation conducted a study to determine the quality of these medical abortion drugs in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMIC).

Methods

The collection of batch samples of misoprostol and mifepristone was carried out by trained sampling agents in selected LMIC. Single drug packs and combipacks were sampled. A World Health Organization prequalified laboratory conducted testing method verifications and subsequent sample analysis. Tests included identification, assay, related substances, and content uniformity for misoprostol, and identification, assay, related substances, and dissolution for mifepristone.

Results

Samples were collected from Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Nepal, Nigeria, Pakistan, Uganda and Vietnam. Sixty‐four pooled batch samples were tested, consisting of 31 combipacks, 26 misoprostol‐only and seven mifepristone‐only products. Overall, 54.7% of samples were non‐compliant with one or more of the specifications, representing 51.6% of combipack products, 57.1% of misoprostol tablets analyzed and 23.7% of mifepristone tablets. One falsified misoprostol‐only product was found.

Conclusion

The present study confirms that a significant problem still exists in relation to the quality of medical abortion drugs in LMIC. For misoprostol, our findings suggest that historical concerns around primary packaging may have been largely resolved but that manufacturing processes for both finished product and active pharmaceutical ingredient need to be improved. The present study also provides evidence of mifepristone quality issues.