bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instability of gravity-driven free-surface flow past a deformable elastic solid
Authors: Gkanis Vasileios , Kumar Satish
Published: May 2006

The stability of inertialess gravity-driven free-surface flow of a Newtonian fluid down an inclined plane covered with a deformable elastic solid is examined in this work. Although the inertialess flow of a Newtonian fluid down a rigid inclined plane cannot become unstable, the present system can become unstable if the applied strain, which is proportional to the ratio of gravity forces to elastic forces, becomes larger than a critical value. For linear elastic solids, the critical strain and corresponding wave number asymptote to constant values as the ratio of the solid thickness to the fluid thickness increases. In contrast, the critical strain and wave number for neo-Hookean solids continue to decrease as the thickness ratio increases. Examination of the eigenfunctions for the neo-Hookean solid reveals that the difference in the critical conditions is due to a coupling between base state and perturbation quantities in the neo-Hookean model that remains important even for large values of the thickness ratio. The instability arises due to deformability of the solid-fluid interface, and flow past this interface is found to be more stable than when the free surface is absent. The results of this work reinforce the importance of accounting for large displacement gradients in the solid when modeling elastohydrodynamic instabilities, and suggest that results obtained with linear constitutive models may be misleading when multiple interfaces are present.
Numerical study of the subgrid fluid turbulence effects on the statistics of heavy colliding particles
Authors: Fede Pascal , Simonin Olivier
Published: May 2006

The main purpose of this article is to investigate the effects of the subgrid fluid turbulence on the motion of nonsettling colliding particles suspended in steady homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow. An additional goal is to characterize the statistical properties of the subgrid fluid turbulence “viewed” by inertial particles to support the development of large eddy simulation (LES) approach for particle-laden turbulent flows. Two types of numerical experiments have been carried out: first, the discrete particle trajectories were computed using the fluid velocity field given by direct numerical simulation (DNS) in order to characterize the small-scale fluid velocity fluctuations “seen” by the particles. In a second stage, the particle trajectory simulations were performed using several filtered velocity fields computed from the DNS data to evaluate the effect of the subgrid fluid turbulence on the particle statistics (turbulent dispersion, kinetic energy, accumulation efficiency, particle-particle relative velocity and collision frequency). The first part of this study shows that particle inertia has a limited effect on the subgrid fluid turbulent statistics: subgrid kinetic energy and Lagrangian integral time scale measured along the particle trajectories. In addition, the subgrid fluid Lagrangian integral time scale is found to be nearly equal to the subgrid Eulerian integral time scale and proportional to the ratio of the filter width to the whole fluid turbulent velocity. The second part shows that the particle turbulent dispersion and kinetic energy are affected by the filtering only when a significant percentage of the turbulent kinetic energy was removed from the velocity field seen by the particles. In contrast, accumulation and collision phenomena are found to be significantly influenced by the subgrid fluid velocity fluctuations when the particle response time is of the same order or smaller than the subgrid Lagrangian integral time scale measured along particle paths. Finally, these results are used to characterize, in terms of particle response time to subgrid time scale ratio, the validity range of LES for the computation of gas-solid turbulent flow.
Laminar flow over a steadily rotating circular cylinder under the influence of uniform shear
Authors: Kang Sangmo
Published: May 2006

The present study has numerically investigated two-dimensional laminar flow over a steadily rotating circular cylinder with uniform planar shear, where the free-stream velocity varies linearly across the cylinder diameter. It aims to find the combined effects of shear and rotation on the flow. Numerical simulations using the immersed-boundary method are performed on the flow in the ranges of mainly ∣α∣⩽2.5 (low rotational speeds) and additionally 2.5<∣α∣⩽5.5 (higher rotational speeds) for 0⩽K⩽0.2 at a fixed Reynolds number of Re=100, where K and α are, respectively, the dimensionless shear rate and rotational speed. For low rotational speeds, results show that the positive shear, with the upper side having the higher free-stream velocity than the lower, favors the effect of the counterclockwise rotation (α>0) but countervails that of the clockwise rotation (α<0). Accordingly, the absolute critical rotational speed (∣αL∣), below which von Kármán vortex shedding occurs, decreases with increasing K for α>0, but increases for α<0. The vortex-shedding frequency (St) rises with increasing α (including the negative) and the increment slope (dSt∕dα) becomes steeper with increasing K. The mean lift slightly decreases with increasing K regardless of the rotational direction. However, the variations of the amplitudes of the lift- and drag-fluctuations as well as the mean drag with the shear rate depend strongly on the rotational direction. They all decrease with increasing K for α>0, but rise for α<0. For higher rotational speeds, on the other hand, the flow characteristics also depend significantly on the shear rate and rotational speed (including the rotational direction). Flow statistics as well as instantaneous flow fields are presented to identify the characteristics of the flow and then to understand the underlying mechanism.
Dynamical systems analysis of fluid transport in time-periodic vortex ring flows
Authors: Shariff Karim , Leonard Anthony , Ferziger Joel H.
Published: May 2006

It is known that the stable and unstable manifolds of dynamical systems theory provide a powerful tool for understanding Lagrangian aspects of time-periodic flows. In this work we consider two time-periodic vortex ring flows. The first is a vortex ring with an elliptical core. The manifolds provide information about entrainment and detrainment of irrotational fluid into and out of the volume transported with the ring. The likeness of the manifolds with features observed in flow visualization experiments of turbulent vortex rings suggests that a similar process might be at play. However, what precise modes of unsteadiness are responsible for stirring in a turbulent vortex ring is left as an open question. The second situation is that of two leapfrogging rings. The unstable manifold shows striking agreement with even the fine features of smoke visualization photographs, suggesting that fluid elements in the vicinity of the manifold are drawn out along it and begin to reveal its structure. We suggest that interpretations of these photographs that argue for complex vorticity dynamics ought to be reconsidered. Recently, theoretical and computational tools have been developed to locate structures analogous to stable and unstable manifolds in aperiodic, or finite-time systems. The usefulness of these analogs is demonstrated, using vortex ring flows as an example, in the paper by Shadden, Dabiri, and Marsden [Phys. Fluids 18, 047105 (2006)].
Instabilities in vertically vibrated granular beds at the single particle scale
Authors: Wong Y. S. , Gan C. H. , Wang C. H. , Fan X. , Parker D. J. , Ingram A. , Seville J. P. K.
Published: May 2006

The dynamics of granular motion have been studied in a vertically vibrated bed using positron emission particle tracking, which allows the motion of a single tracer particle to be followed in a noninvasive way. The particle movement is closely correlated with the oscillation of the bottom plate. Two types of granular motion have been observed in beds with heap formation: convection and fluctuation. The effects of system parameters, including vibration amplitude, frequency, and bed weight, have been studied. The particle cycle frequency was found to correlate well with the dimensionless acceleration. Cycle frequency appears to be inversely proportional to bed mass. The particle dispersion was determined by following the tracer particle trajectory. The system is highly anisotropic, as the horizontal dispersion is stronger than the vertical dispersion.
Density-driven instabilities in capillary tubes: Influence of a variable diffusion coefficient
Authors: Vanaparthy S. H. , Barthe C. , Meiburg E.
Published: May 2006

The influence of a variable diffusion coefficient on the gravitational instability at the interface between two variable viscosity fluids in a vertical capillary tube is investigated, based on the three-dimensional Stokes equations. As the viscosity contrast between the fluids grows, the maximum density gradient of the self-similar base concentration profile increases while its location is shifted into the more viscous fluid. Thus the perturbations are forced to grow in a more viscous environment, which can reduce their growth rate by up to 30%. For large viscosity contrasts, intermediate interface thicknesses are seen to give rise to the highest growth rates. For most parameter combinations, the first azimuthal mode is found to be most unstable. However, for large viscosity ratios and small interface thicknesses the axisymmetric mode dominates.
Steady three-dimensional thermocapillary flows and dryout inside a V-shaped wedge
Authors: Yang Li , Homsy G. M.
Published: May 2006

We consider a liquid meniscus inside a wedge of included angle 2β that wets the solid walls with a contact angle θ. Under an imposed axial temperature gradient, the Marangoni stress moves fluid toward colder regions whereas the capillary pressure gradient drives a reverse flow, leading to a steady state. The fluxes driven by these two mechanisms are found by numerical integration of the parallel flow equations. Perturbation theory is applied to derive an expression for the capillary pressure, which is typically dominated by the transverse curvature of the circular arc inside the cross section perpendicular to the flow axis, and corrected by a higher order axial curvature resulting from the axial variation of the interface. Lubrication theory is then used to derive a thin film equation for the shape of the interface. Solutions are determined by two primary parameters: D, a geometric parameter giving the relative importance of the two curvatures and M, a modified Marangoni number. Numerical solutions indicate that for sufficiently large M, the Marangoni stress creates a virtual dry region. The value of M at dryout is found to depend linearly on D. A simplified analytical model is developed which agrees very well with the numerical solution for large values of D. It is found that dryout occurs more easily for larger wedge and/or contact angles except for a special case of β+θ=π∕2. In that case the axial curvature dominates and the dependence of the dryout condition on β and θ is nonmonotonic, but only weakly so.
Absorbing processes in Richardson diffusion: Analytical results
Authors: Pigolotti Simone , Jensen Mogens H. , Vulpiani Angelo
Published: May 2006

We consider the recently addressed problem of a passive particle (a predator), being the center of a “sphere of interception” of radius R and able to absorb other passive particles (the prey) entering the sphere. Assuming that all the particles are advected by a turbulent flow and that, in particular, the Richardson equation properly describes the relative dispersion, we calculate an analytical expression for the flux into the sphere as a function of time, assuming an initial constant density of prey outside the sphere. In the same framework, we show that the distribution of times of first passage into the sphere has a t−5∕2 power-law tail, seen in contrast to the t−3∕2 appearing in standard 3D diffusion. We also discuss the correction due to the integral length scale on the results in the stationary case.
Reverse rotation of a cylinder near a wall
Authors: Seddon James R. T. , Mullin Tom
Published: May 2006

A heavy cylinder is free to move inside a rotating horizontal drum filled with a very viscous fluid. Over a range of speeds, the cylinder sits at a set of fixed points adjacent to the rising drum wall with a lubrication region between the cylinder and the surface of the drum. The cylinder is observed to rotate slowly either with or, counterintuitively, against the direction of the drum. An explanation for this surprising effect is provided. The sense of rotation is controlled by a chain of vapor bubbles formed in the expansion area of the lubrication region. These regulate the bulk flow which determines the resulting torque on the cylinder.
Flow deformation of polymer blend droplets and the role of block copolymer compatibilizers
Authors: Narayanan Bharadwaj , Ganesan Venkat
Published: May 2006

We use a multiscale Brownian dynamics simulation approach to study the influence of block copolymer compatibilizers upon the dynamics of a nanoscale polymer droplet in a matrix of another polymer. The present study focuses on the influence of the physical characteristics of the copolymer, viz. its coverage and chain lengths upon the droplet deformation characteristics and the rheological properties of the polymer blend system. At a fixed chain length, the copolymer coverage is found to affect the droplet deformation in a nonmonotonic manner as a function of the capillary number, while it increases monotonically with an increase in the copolymer chain length at a fixed coverage. We identify the interplay between interfacial tension reduction, bending modulus enhancement, and Marangoni stresses as responsible for the preceding characteristics. We also study the rheological effects arising from the presence of block copolymers. Our results suggest increased shear thinning with either increasing the copolymer coverage or the copolymer chain lengths. Moreover, the normal stresses of the mixture are dominated by the inherent normal stresses of the matrix and the droplet phases. The rheological results are rationalized by invoking the interplay between deformation characteristics and the dynamical effects of block copolymers at polymer blend interfaces.
Attenuated spread of X-inactivation in an X;autosome translocation
Authors: Popova Bilyana C. , Tada Takashi , Takagi Nobuo , Brockdorff Neil , Nesterova Tatyana B.
Published: May 2006

X inactivation in female mammals involves transcriptional silencing of an entire chromosome in response to a cis-acting noncoding RNA, the X inactive-specific transcript (
Xist
).
Xist
can also inactivate autosomal sequences, for example, in X;autosome translocations; but here, silencing appears to be relatively inefficient. This variation has been attributed to either attenuated spreading of
Xist
RNA at the onset of X inactivation or inefficient maintenance of autosomal silencing. Evidence to date has favored the latter. Here, we demonstrate attenuated spreading of
Xist
RNA at the onset of X inactivation in the T(X;4)37H X;autosome translocation. Our findings provide direct evidence that underlying chromosome/chromatin features can disrupt spreading of the primary inactivating signal.
Data Capacity Improvement of Wireless Sensor Networks Using Non-Uniform Sensor Distribution
Authors: Lian Jie , Naik Kshirasagar , Agnew Gordon B.
Published: May 2006

Energy conservation is an important design consideration for battery powered wireless sensor networks (WSNET). Energy constraint in WSNETs limits the total amount of sensed data (data capacity) received by sinks. In the commonly used static model of sensor networks with uniformly distributed homogenous sensors with a stationary sink, sensors close to the sink drain their energy much faster than sensors far away from the sink due to the unevenly distributed forwarding workloads among sensors. A major issue, which has not been adequately addressed so far, is the question of how sensor deployment governs the data capacity, and how to improve data capacity of WSNETs. In our previous work, we provided a simple analytical model to address this issue for one specific type of WSNETs. In this paper, we extend our previous work to address this issue for general WSNETs. In the extended static models, for large networks, we find that after the lifetime of a sensor network is over, there is a great amount of energy left unused, which can be up to 90% of the total initial energy. Thus, the static models with uniformly distributed homogenous sensors cannot effectively utilize their energy. This energy waste implies that the potential data capacity is much larger than the capacity achieved in these static models. To increase the total data capacity, we propose a non-uniform sensor distribution strategy. Simulation results show that, for large, dense WSNETs, the non-uniform sensor distribution strategy can increase the total data capacity by an order of magnitude.
A New Microwave Dielectric Ceramic for LTCC Applications
Authors: Zeng Qun , Li Wei , Shi Jian‐lin , Guo Jing‐kun , Zuo Ming‐wen , Wu Wen‐jun
Published: May 2006

A new low‐sintering temperature microwave dielectric ceramic, the Li2TiO3 solid solution, was found and investigated in the Li2O–Nb2O5–TiO2 system. The compound with the composition of Li2.081Ti0.676Nb0.243O3 crystallizes as a monoclinic structure. This new microwave dielectric ceramic shows a relatively low permittivity (∼20), high Q×f values up to 50 000 (7.8 GHz), and near‐zero temperature coefficients (13 ppm/°C), which were obtained via sintering at 1100°C. The addition of ≤2 wt% B2O3 was very effective in lowering the sintering temperature (Ts), and dense ceramics could be obtained at Ts≤900°C. The addition of B2O3 does not induce apparent degradation in the microwave properties but lowers the τf value to near zero. It is obvious that the ceramics could be promising candidates for multilayer low‐temperature co‐fired ceramics applications.
Enhancement of angiogenic effectors through hypoxia-inducible factor in preterm primate lung in vivo
Authors: Asikainen Tiina M. , Waleh Nahid S. , Schneider Barbara K. , Clyman Ronald I. , White Carl W.
Published: May 2006

Development of lung microvasculature is critical for distal airway formation. Both processes are arrested in the lungs of preterm newborns with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD), a chronic form of lung disease. We hypothesized that activation of hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) augments lung vascular development. Pulmonary angiogenic factors were assessed by quantitative real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemistry in preterm baboons (125 days + 14 days pro re nata O2 model) treated for 14 days with intravenous FG-4095, an inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing proteins (PHDs) that initiates HIF degradation. HIF-1α, but not HIF-2α, mRNA and protein were increased (8- and 3-fold, respectively) in FG-4095-treated baboons relative to untreated controls. Expression of PHD-1, -2, and -3 was unchanged. Of note, mRNA and/or protein for platelet-endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1 (PECAM-1) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were increased by FG-4095. Moreover, PECAM-1-expressing capillary endothelial cells detected by immunohistochemistry were augmented in FG-4095-treated baboons to levels comparable to those in fetal age-matched controls. Alveolar septal cell expression of Ki67, a proliferative marker, and VEGF were similar in untreated controls and FG-4095-treated neonates. These results indicate that HIF stimulation by PHD inhibition enhances lung angiogenesis in the primate model of BPD.
A phase II study of LFP therapy (5-FU (5-fluorourasil) continuous infusion (CVI) and Low-dose consecutive (Cisplatin) CDDP) in advanced biliary tract carcinoma
Authors: Kobayashi Kazuma , Tsuji Akihito , Morita Sojiro , Horimi Tadashi , Shirasaka Tetsuhiko , Kanematsu Takashi
Published: May 2006

Background

Unresectable biliary tract carcinoma is known to demonstrate a poor prognosis. We conducted a single arm phase II study of LFP therapy (5-FU (5-fluorourasil) continuous infusion (CVI) and Low-dose consecutive (Cisplatin) CDDP) for advanced biliary tract malignancies basically on an outpatient basis.

Methods

Between February 1996 and September 2003, 42 patients were enrolled in this trial.

LFP therapy

By using a total implanted CV-catheter system, 5-FU (160 mg/m2/day) was continuously infused over 24 hours for 7 consecutive days and CDDP (6 mg/m2/day) was infused for 30 minutes twice a week as one cycle. The administration schedule consisted of 4 cycles as one course. RESIST criteria (Response evaluation criteria for solid tumors) and NCI-CTC (National Cancer Institute-Common Toxicity Criteria) (ver.3.0) were used for evaluation of this therapy. The median survival time (MST) and median time to treatment failure (TTF) were calculated by the Kaplan-Meier method.

Results

Patients characteristics were: mean age 66.5(47–79): male 24 (54%): BDca (bile duct carcinoma) 27 GBca (Gallbladder carcinoma) 15: locally advanced 26, postoperative recurrence 16. The most common toxicity was anemia (26.2%). Neither any treatment related death nor grade 4 toxicity occurred. The median number of courses of LFP Therapy which patients could receive was two (1–14). All the patients are evaluable for effects with an over all response rates of 42.9% (95% confidence interval C.I.: 27.7–59.0) (0 CR, 18 PR, 13 NC, 11 PD). There was no significant difference regarding the anti tumor effects against both malignant neoplasms. Figure 2 Shows the BDca a longer MST and TTF than did GBca (234 vs 150, 117 vs 85, respectively), but neither difference was statistically significant.

The estimated MST and median TTF were 225 and 107 days, respectively. The BDca had a longer MST and TTF than GBca (234 vs 150, 117 vs 85, respectively), but neither difference was statistically significant.

Conclusion

LFP therapy appears to be useful modality for the clinical management of advanced biliary tract malignancy.
Foreign Service Reorganization
Authors: Lay Tracy
Published: May 2006

While the general policy governing the nature and the degree of American participation in international affairs may still be regarded as a contested issue, an unequivocal decision has been reached with respect to our foreign service.

Through the enactment of the Rogers Bill, for the reorganization and improvement of the foreign service, a basis has been fixed and a structure provided which are destined to place the foreign representation of the United States in the forefront of diplomatic efficiency. It is not to be concluded that this strengthening and remodeling of the diplomatic machinery is necessarily anticipatory of a forthcoming broader participation in world affairs, or that Congress has acted in the reverse order of logic by perfecting an instrumentality for the conduct of our foreign relations before the nature and the extent of those relations have been finally determined. The need of a strong foreign service is obvious.

The position of the United States has become so commanding that its every act, whether of a positive or of a negative character, is fraught with important consequences to other nations and not infrequently with equally important repercussions at home. A policy of isolation or aloofness, in which the interests of the world are engaged, is perhaps even more difficult to maintain than a policy of active participation.
The President's Cabinet
Authors: Fairlie John A.
Published: May 2006

The recent publication, within a few months of each other, of two independent works on the President's cabinet serves to call attention to an important political institution in this country, which has hitherto failed to receive adequate recognition. Mr. Bryce has stated that, in the government of the United States, there is “no such thing as a cabinet in the English sense of the term;” and the larger part of his short chapter discusses what the President's cabinet is not rather than what it is. But if the cabinet in the United States is not the same thing as the British cabinet, it is a significant factor in the operation of the government deserving more consideration than it has received.

Mr. Learned disclaims any attempt at a complete history of the cabinet; and, as indicated in the sub-title, presents a series of studies on the origin and formation of the cabinet—its anatomy rather than its functions. But in tracing the development of the composition of the cabinet, approximately half of the text is devoted to chapters on the origin and formation of the executive departments, whose heads have been added to the cabinet as first organized. A second series of studies on cabinet practices and personnel is expected to follow.
The Present Status of the Home Rule Question
Authors: Laprade William T.
Published: May 2006

Bibliographical Note.—Obviously it is impossible to give a definite authority for many of the statements made in an article of this sort. I have, for the most part, therefore, omitted any footnotes whatever. Naturally I have used such standard works as Lecky, whose chapters on Irish questions I have found to be based on a more thorough research than those dealing with purely British affairs, and Morley's Gladstone. I have consulted, as well, the various parliamentary papers and reports relating to the Home Rule bills of 1886, 1893, and 1912. One of the most useful expositions of Mr. Asquith's bill is the series of papers edited for the Eighty Club by Prof. J. H. Morgan, and recently published under the title, “The New Irish Constitution.” I need scarcely mention that I have referred to Dicey's “England's Case Against Home Rule” and “A Leap in the Dark”; the Earl of Dunraven's “The Legacy of Past Years”; G. Locker Lampson's “A Consideration on the State of Ireland in the Nineteenth Century”; Justin H. McCarthy's “The Case for Home Rule”; Sidney Brooks' “Aspectsof the Irish Question”; Harold Begbie's “The Lady Next Door”; R. Barry O'Brien's “Life of Charles Stewart Parnell,” “Dublin Castle and the Irish People,” “Two Centuries of Irish History,” “Home Rule Speeches of John Redmond,” and other similar works.
Courts and Legislation
Authors: Pound Roscoe
Published: May 2006

Let me begin with a quotation:

“[There] is no doubt but that our law and the order thereof is over-confuse[d]. It is infinite and without order or end. There is no stable ground therein nor sure stay; but every one that can color reason maketh a stop to the best law that is before time devised. The subtlety of one serjeant shall [make] inert and destroy all the judgments of many wise men before time received. There is no stable ground in our common law to lean unto. The judgments of years be infinite and full of much controversy. .... The judges are not bound to follow them as a rule, but after their own liberty they have authority to judge, according as they are instructed by the serjeants, and as the circumstance of the case doth them move. And this maketh judgments and processes of our law to be without end and infinite; this causeth suits to be long in decision. Therefore, to remedy this matter groundly, it were necessary in our law to use the same remedy that Justinian did in the law of the Romans, to bring this infinite process to certain ends, to cut away these long laws, and by the wisdom of some politic and wise men institute a few and better laws and ordinances.”
The Authority of Vattel
Authors: Fenwick Charles G.
Published: May 2006

There is no more significant commentary on the growth of international law, both in precision and in comprehensiveness, than an estimate of the relative authority of the name of Vattel in the world of international relations a century ago and in that of today. A century ago not even the name of Grotius himself was more potent in its influence upon questions relating to international law than that of Vattel. Vattel's treatise on the law of nations was quoted by judicial tribunals, in speeches before legislative assemblies, and in the decrees and correspondence of executive officials. It was the manual of the student, the reference work of the statesman, and the text from which the political philosopher drew inspiration. Publicists considered it sufficient to cite the authority of Vattel to justify and give conclusiveness and force to statements as to the proper conduct of a state in its international relations.

At the present day the name and treatise of Vattel have both passed into the remoter field of the history of international law. It is safe to say that in no modern controversy over the existence and force of an alleged rule of international law would publicists seek to strengthen the position taken by them by quoting the authority of Vattel. As an exposition of the law of nations at a given period of its growth, the work can, it is true, lose nothing of its value, but in saying that it has thus won its place irrevocably among the classics of international law, we are merely repeating that it has lost its value as a treatise on the law of the present day.
German Public Officers and the Right to Strike
Authors: Blachly Frederick F. , Oatman Miriam E.
Published: May 2006

The German national public officer—a term which covers public employees of every rank, from watchmen and gate-keepers to the chancellor, and in every type of occupation, from engineering to diplomacy, from teaching to service on the bench of the highest courts—has a very special status, governed in part by the constitution, in part by the Law of Officers, and in part by many other statutes, such as a law fixing salaries. This status involves many rights and privileges, and on the other hand, many duties and restrictions. The oath of office required of all national officers consists of a pledge to be faithful to the constitution, obedient to the laws, and conscientious in the performance of official duties. The law requires every officer to conduct himself at all times, even in his private capacity, in such a way as to merit the respect due to his office. Misconduct is liable to the “ordinary” penalties of reprimand, warning, and money fine, or, after due hearing, to the “disciplinary” penalties of suspension and dismissal. The criminal code takes cognizance of certain specified crimes and misdemeanors in office, such as the improper bringing about of arrests and prosecutions, and the falsification of official records. Naturally, the officer is also liable when he commits any other type of crime or misdemeanor.

The rights and privileges of public officers are very substantial. National officers are appointed, as a rule, for life; unless any appointment is specified as being revocable, it is per se a life appointment, involving protection against arbitrary dismissal or suspension.
The Proposed National Municipal Code of Germany
Authors: Maxwell Bertram W.
Published: May 2006

Although in 1808 the Stein reforms granted Prussian cities a certain measure of self-government, and although the Prussian municipal code of 1853 brought about some degree of uniformity so far as the urban communities of the several provinces of Prussia were concerned (the rest of the German states following the example of Prussia by adopting codes no two of which were alike in their provisions), yet even in Prussia there was, and is, no uniform municipal code. There are indeed no fewer than nine systems of municipal government in that state. In 1923, however, a new municipal code was drafted which, if passed by the Landtag, will give the country a more balanced system of municipal government. In other German states, e.g., Bavaria, Württenberg, Baden, and Saxony, new municipal codes have been adopted since the revolution of 1918.
The Elections to the New Hungarian Parliament
Authors: Graham Malbone W.
Published: May 2006

When, on January 29, 1927, Admiral Horthy, regent of Hungary, formally opened the reconstructed parliament, declaring that “the happy consolidation of the country permits the reëstablishment of the system of two chambers which corresponds to the national tradition,” a far-reaching step in constitutional restoration was completed. The revival of the oldest parliament in Europe marks the culmination of a political movement which has been in process for the last seven years, and definitely closes a phase, albeit a retrogressive one, in Hungarian constitutional development. The elections which preceded this latest phase of restoration, following hard upon the constitutional revamping of both chambers, are, therefore, significant; they provide, in addition, an interesting example of governmental pressure, upper class control, and oral voting in the midst of a world habituated to the concepts of popular sovereignty, universal suffrage, and the secret ballot.
The National Government of China
Authors: Quigley Harold S.
Published: May 2006

The government at Nanking set up in April, 1927, by the Kuomintang (Nationalist party), in promulgating an “organic act” on October 4, 1928, took the title “national government.” On the seventeenth anniversary of the outbreak of the Republican revolution, October 10, 1928, the system of government provided for by the act was inaugurated. The act was drafted by the law codification bureau at Nanking and revised by a committee composed of Wang Chung-hui, deputy judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice, Hu Han-min, and Tai Chi-t'ao.

Since November, 1924, when, upon the ousting of President T'sao K'un, the “permanent” constitution adopted a year before was suspended, China has been without a fundamental instrument of government. The four intervening years, like the eight which preceded them, have been filled with interregional warfare. At Peking a provisional president, Tuan Ch'i-jui, was followed by a dictator, Chang Tso-lin. Elsewhere, regional capitals exercised the actual powers of government. From Canton in May, 1926, was initiated a campaign to bring all China under Kuomintang authority. The success of the campaign enabled the Nationalists to establish a government which received recognition by the United States on July 25, 1928, and has since been recognized by every state having important relations with the country. Japan has extended recognition of the government as de facto only.
The Democratic Dogma And The Future of Political Science
Authors: Corwin Edward S.
Published: May 2006

Everyone has heard the gibe that the specialist is a man who knows more and more about less and less, while a sociologist is one who knows less and less about more and more. Another quip has it that while psychology is all data and no conclusions, sociology is all conclusions and no data. Political science itself has not escaped a certain amount of cheap disparagement from those who know little or nothing about it. Thus a political scientist has been described as one who among politicians is reckoned a scientist, and among scientists is reckoned a politician; or, indeed, as one who is called a political scientist because he is neither—an obvious paraphrase of Voltaire's famous sarcasm regarding the Holy Roman Empire. At any rate, the time has come when a certain group of political scientists have wearied of such gibes, to say nothing of that condescension which they think they detect in the attitude of laboratory scientists toward them; and they have registered a vow to convert political science from a “normative” or “telic” science, as it has been variously called, into a natural science, into a science which will hereafter be printed in lower case instead of in upper, and will, moreover (the height of ambition of all true sciences) be able to predict the future just as astronomy, physics, and chemistry are able to do—not to mention astrology, alchemy, and palmistry. Nor is this newly conceived ambition the product merely of discontent; it is rather more, perhaps, response to the beckoning of opportunity—the opportunity spelled by the rise of the behavioristic psychology.
The New German Constitution
Authors: Shepard Walter James
Published: May 2006

To understand the real nature of the government which now, under its new constitution, is attempting to guide the German nation through the perils of reconstruction is indeed a baffling problem. We are as yet too close to the events which brought it into existence and clothed it with constitutional forms to attempt their evaluation or to determine their significance. The revolution was so unlike what we should have expected as necessary to shift the ultimate power in the state from a narrow military and landed oligarchy to the masses of the people, that a doubt forces itself upon us as to its genuineness. The war, with its shattering of national ideals, its appalling toll of life, the grinding misery which it imposed, and the insuperable financial bondage to which it condemned the nation for an indefinite future, might account for a thorough popular disillusionment which would sweep the nation into the current of democracy. But if this were the case, we would expect a general enthusiasm for the new government, an evident popular sense of the passing of the dark night of autocratic rule and a joy in the light of a new and happier day.

This is exactly what does not exist. There are three classes in Germany today. The first, who constitute only a small minority, are the nationalists and militarists who are bitterly opposed to the republic, and even now are agitating at every favorable opportunity for the restoration of the monarchy in its old form. The second class are likewise a comparatively small minority. They are the revolutionaries, the Spartacists with some of the Independent Socialists, who are just as strongly opposed to the government, using wherever possible the instruments of direct action to inaugurate the revolution which they believe has not yet been achieved. The vast mass of the nation appear to be utterly indifferent with respect to forms of government.
British Parliamentary Elections
Authors: Ogg Frederic A.
Published: May 2006

War-time conditions joined with a new and revolutionizing electoral law to give the British parliamentary elections of last December many novel features. The national electorate, including six million women, was twice as large as ever before; balloting, except by soldiers and other absentees, was confined to a single day; votes were allowed to be sent in by post, or to be cast by proxy; the usual party contest was replaced by a trial of strength between a coalition government which found support among practically all political elements and a number of groups whose physiognomy would hardly have been recognized by an antebellum observer.
Administrative Decisions in Connection with Immigration
Authors: Post Louis F.
Published: May 2006

Administrative decisions in connection with immigration are in a different class from those of the interior department and those of the interstate commerce commission as explained in the preceding papers. The interior department deals with distributions of public property and the interstate commerce commission acts judicially with reference to private rights; whereas administrative decisions in connection with immigration determine some of the most sacred of private rights as a mere incident in the execution of a public policy.

The immigration service is within the general but minutely regulated administrative jurisdiction of the department of labor.

This is the tenth and youngest of those executive branches of the federal government that are administered by members of the president's cabinet. For its administration the present secretary of labor, who is also the original incumbent, is William B. Wilson, of Pennsylvania.
Changes in British Parliamentary Procedure
Authors: Hayden Ralston
Published: May 2006

One of the most interesting of the developments arising from the extensive legislative program which faced the first British Parliament under the Franchise Act of 1918 was the drastic amendment in February, 1919, of the rules of procedure of the house of commons. The address from the throne stated the necessity and the purposes of the proposed changes, declaring:

“A large number of measures affecting the social and economic wellbeing of the nation await your consideration, and it is of the utmost importance that their provisions should be examined and, if possible, agreed upon and carried into effect with all expedition. With this object in view, My Government will invite the consideration of the House of Commons to certain proposals for the simplification of the procedure for that House which, it is hoped, will enable delays to be avoided, and give its members an increasing opportunity of taking an effective part in the work of legislation.”
Quasi-Legislative Powers of State Boards of Health
Authors: Dubach U. G.
Published: May 2006

The aim of the present paper is to describe the regulative powers granted to state boards of health, and to consider the wisdom of these grants as well as their validity as tested by the principle that the law-making powers granted to legislatures may not constitutionally be delegated by them to other agents of government.

State boards of health, while primarily administrative bodies, have generally a more or less extensive power to make regulations in supplement to and having the force of statute law. Questions thus arise as to the extent and validity of the ordinance-making powers granted. Does the power to make these regulations, having the force of law, change the nature of these boards? Under what conditions may they exercise their power?
The Trend Within the British Empire
Authors: Boggs Theodore H.
Published: May 2006

Notable among the realities brought into sharp relief by the present war, is the spontaneous display of loyalty on the part of the British dominions. These “new nations within the empire,” notwithstanding a natural pride in their embryo consciousness of nationhood, have enthusiastically and of their own volition rallied to the support of Britain the head of this same empire. The apparent anomaly inherent in this state of affairs merits notice in view of its importance as a bed-rock principle in the politics of the empire. Moreover, the unique political status enjoyed by the dominions invites attention by reason of its very disagreement with the traditional view generally held as to the normal relations between colony and parent state.

It is only within the past decade and a half that the older of the British dominions, bursting the colonial chrysalis, have begun to emerge into nationhood. Amid the transitions of the present age none is more significant than that which is changing the structure and organization of the empire. That this transition has not been more generally recognized is not surprising. Even the inhabitant of the British Isles has found it difficult to understand the attitude and temper of his fellow-citizen of the colonies. To the Englishman of the past the notion of imperial union was based on a helpless and enforced “loyalty.”
The Teutonic Origins of Representative Government
Authors: Beard Charles A.
Published: May 2006

Representative government, as every student of political science well knows, is now under fire. While it is not necessary to take too seriously the statements made by delirious purveyors of new remedies for old discontents, we cannot fail to take note of the fact that a strong tide of opinion has set in against this famous institution of democracy. On the continent of Europe, dictators either reject it entirely or seek to reduce it to purely advisory functions. In England, rumblings are heard to the effect that the Mother of Parliaments is not well herself; propositions for drastic changes come from members of the House of Commons; and if economic depression and unemployment continue for another ten years it is highly probable that some radical experiments will be made in the direction of concentrating economic powers. The United States is not without its troubles. When in the summer of 1931, with the deepening of the industrial crisis, it was urged that a special session of Congress be called to deal with national distress, President Hoover rather tartly rejected the petition and indicated that our great representative body was more likely to retard than to help “the process of recovery.”
The Publicity Division of the Democratic Party, 1929–30
Authors: Barclay Thomas S.
Published: May 2006

Observers of the American political system have long recognized the difficult position of the opposition party as an effective critic of the legislative and executive policies of the party in power, especially in the interval between campaigns. Our constitutional practices result in the nomination of “available” men for the presidency, and in the rather complete elimination of the defeated candidate from a position of acknowledged party leadership. The methods and traditions which govern and control the procedure of Congress are hardly adapted to produce party leaders who can speak authoritatively for the minority. It is rare that the party out of power is cohesive, united, and ready to present and support an alternative program. It is decidedly difficult, under normal conditions, to arouse public interest in the minority's position, save in the period which precedes an election. On the other hand, because of the great prestige attaching to the presidential office, and because of the elaborate methods of favorable publicity so highly developed by recent chief executives, the party in power is able to direct continuous attention to its policies and program.

The question of effective minority opposition concerns chiefly the Democratic party, since it seems probable that it will remain, for the most part, in the position of an opposition party. The lack of funds adequately to finance campaigns and the relatively insignificant press support given to the Democracy are factors which accentuate the difficulty.
Felony Trials Without a Jury
Authors: Grant J. A. C.
Published: May 2006

Recent crime surveys have shown that the majority of contested felony cases are never tried in open court, being settled instead by the striking of a “bargain” between the defendant and the prosecuting officer. Administrative discretion has thus largely supplanted judge and jury alike. The practice has been severely criticized by Professor Moley, who characterizes it as “ psychologically more akin to a game of poker than to a process of justice,” being “an attempt to get as much as possible from an unwilling giver” rather than “a search for truth.” In view of the technicalities and delay that were permitted to develop in connection with jury trials, the utilization of some such avenue of escape would seem to have been inevitable. The practice may be expected to develop still further unless judicial procedure is improved to a point where a trial becomes an efficient means of disposing of contested criminal cases.

In most jurisdictions, the only alternative to such a compromise agreement has been a jury trial. Trial by a judge alone, the right to a jury being waived, has been regarded as of doubtful constitutionality. Recent decisions of the federal Supreme Court and of the supreme court of Illinois, sustaining such non-jury trials even in the absence of statutory authorization, have gone far toward dispelling this doubt, and warrant an examination of the practical working of the waiver plan in those jurisdictions where it has been given a trial.