bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF SEVERAL FACTORS ON EGG SHELL STRENGTH AND ITS PREDICTION
Authors: Lee J. , Richards J. F. , Staley L. M.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted to determine the effect of genotype, (reciprocal crosses), age of pullet (three consecutive 42-day periods) and egg storage treatment on the relationship of crushing strength to shell elasticity (the ability to recover from deformation and expressed as deformation per unit load), and to study the influence of storage treatment on crushing strength.Small but occasionally significant differences were noted among crosses and ages in the relationship of crushing strength to elasticity. Storage treatment exerted a much more marked effect on this relationship. The average increase in standard error of estimate incurred by pooling the raw data from all storage treatments was 15.0%, as compared with a maximum increase of 2.1% when the raw data for crosses or ages were pooled.Eggs stored in water, either intact or with the albumen and yolk removed, became progressively weaker throughout the 60-day storage period, as judged by a significant linear increase in elasticity. The strength of eggs stored at 21 °C in a normal or CO2 atmosphere and of those stored at 4 °C, with or without spray-oiling, underwent no significant change during storage.
TASTE PANEL EVALUATION OF SEX EFFECTS ON THE QUALITY OF COOKED PORK
Authors: Martin A. H. , Fredeen H. T. , Stothart J. G.
Published: March 2010

Hams were sampled from 144 pigs, 36 each of barrows, gilts, boars, and ridglings, which ranged from 87 to 93 kg live weight at the time of slaughter. Ham steaks, prepared and cooked by a standardized procedure, were evaluated for cooking aroma, tenderness, juiciness, texture, flavor, and overall preference by a taste panel of six judges.For tenderness and texture, the samples from boars ranked highest followed by gilts, barrows, and ridglings. All sex differences were statistically significant [Formula: see text] for these two characteristics. Ranking for overall score and overall preference by judges was in this same order.Samples from barrows and ridglings scored higher for cooking aroma than the samples from boars and gilts [Formula: see text], although only three boars and one gilt were unanimously judged objectionable. However, aroma was lowly correlated with flavor (r = 0.28) and samples scoring low for aroma were often quite satisfactory for flavor.Samples from boars, gilts, and barrows received scores for flavor that were equivalent and exceeded the score for ridglings by 0.35 units [Formula: see text].It was observed that objectionable odors noted in the cooking of pig meat may, in the absence of knowledge of the sex involved, be incorrectly attributed to the entire male or to the ridgling pig.
EFFECT OF PROTEIN LEVEL AND LYSINE AND METHIONINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON THE PERFORMANCE OF GROWING PIGS: RESPONSE OF DIFFERENT SEXES AND STRAINS OF PIGS
Authors: Bayley H. S. , Summers J. D.
Published: March 2010

Two factorial experiments have been conducted with corn–soybean diets. Four types of pigs and three "sexes": males, females and castrated males, were used. The first experiment showed that Lacombe and Yorkshire strains responded to an increase in dietary protein from 13 to 16% by growing faster, whereas Landrace and a crossbred strain did not. The males grew faster than the females. In the second experiment, the effects of adding lysine and/or methionine to diets containing either 12 or 14% protein were investigated. There was no significant improvement in gain or feed efficiency when either amino acid was added separately, but there was a substantial response when they were added together. Landrace, Yorkshire and Hampshire × Landrace pigs were used in this experiment and the Landrace gained more slowly than the other two types.
EFFECT OF STEAM PELLETING ON THE PERFORMANCE OF HENS FED VARIOUS LAYING DIETS
Authors: Pepper W. F. , Summers J. D. , Slinger S. J. , Ashton G. C.
Published: March 2010

Egg production-type pullets were fed either corn–soybean meal, wheat–soybean meal, or corn–soy rations containing 15 or 30% of wheat bran or shorts. All diets were fed both in the form of mash and as steamed crumbles. Steam treatment of the corn–soy diet resulted in egg production that was poorer than with a similar diet fed in mash form, and also inferior to that with most of the other experimental rations. In an overall comparison, the mash diets resulted in significantly more eggs per bird than did the steam-crumbled rations.In general, birds fed crumbled rations consumed more feed and gained more weight than those fed mash rations. The increase in energy consumption with the crumbled feed was apparently in excess of requirements and was consequently laid down as fat in the body, as suggested by the increased body weights. It seems evident that the energy content of diets for caged layers should be lower when crumbled feed is provided than when mash is used.The wheat-shorts diets fed in the form of mash resulted in higher production than did the bran diets fed in mash form. However, when these diets were fed as steamed crumbles there was no signficant difference between the shorts and bran rations.
GENETIC TRENDS AND SELECTION IN A DAIRY CATTLE HERD
Authors: Burnside E. B. , Rennie J. C. , Bowman G. H.
Published: March 2010

Lactation records completed by 104 Holstein and 51 Ayrshire cows in the University of Guelph herd, in 1955 to 1965 inclusive, revealed a steady improvement in each breed for milk and fat yield. Maximum likelihood constants for environmental change indicated an annual increase of 3.9 and 4.0 breed age-class average (BCA) points for milk, and 2.2 and 2.3 BCA points for fat yield for the Holstein and Ayrshire breeds, respectively. In contrast, fat percent showed an equally strong negative environmental trend of −0.05 and −0.07% annually for the Holstein and Ayrshire breeds. The annual genetic trend in the Holstein breed was insignificant, in contrast to significant positive estimates of 1.3 BCA milk, 1.7 BCA fat, and 0.03% fat for the Ayrshire breed. The weighted average within-year difference in breeding value between dams that left female offspring and all cows making records in a given year was generally small, averaging +0.77 and +0.08 BCA points, respectively, for the Holstein and Ayrshire breeds. The weighted average superiority in breeding value for milk of sires of females in the Holstein and Ayrshire breeds was +0.04 and +1.56 BCA points, respectively. The significant positive rate of genetic improvement for milk yield in the Ayrshire herd was attributed to more extensive use of AI sires with high breeding values for milk production.
FURTHER OBSERVATIONS ON LYSINE AND PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS OF 23 TO 89 KILOGRAM PIGS
Authors: Bell J. M. , Voldeng L. O.
Published: March 2010

The results of four related experiments are presented. The first involved three levels of lysine (0.58, 0.68, 0.78%) and cross-treatments of brewers’ yeast and alfalfa meal. The pigs were individually fed linear-programmed rations based on National Research Council standards from 23 to 57 kg. The pigs averaged 0.64 kg gain/day. No response was obtained to lysine beyond 0.58%. Feeding alfalfa resulted in increased feed intakes. In the second trial, the 0.68 and 0.78% lysine levels were obtained by adding lysine to the 0.58% lysine formula. The pigs fed 0.68% lysine gained faster and more efficiently. In the third trial, pigs were fed 0.58 and 0.78% lysine rations ad libitum and responded better to the 0.78% level. In the fourth experiment, the pigs were fed 0.68% lysine rations ad libitum and gained 0.74 kg/day, equal to the response to the 0.78% level in the previous trial.It was concluded that the lysine requirement for 23- to 57-kg pigs fed rations containing 3,330 kcal digestible energy/kg is about 0.7%. After they reached 57 kg, the pigs were fed 14 or 16% finisher rations. In general, responses to the high-energy rations tested were equal. Some carryover effects of grower rations on carcass characteristics were observed.
EFFECT OF THALIDOMIDE ON EMBRYONIC AND POST-EMBRYONIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE CHICK
Authors: Kondra P. A. , Sell J. L. , McKirdy J. A.
Published: March 2010

Breeding hens were fed diets containing 0, 1.32 or 2.64 g thalidomide (TLD) per kg of feed. There were no malformations in any of the 330 chicks and none in the unhatched embryos when the dam diet contained an adequate level of niacin, but day-old body weights of chicks from TLD-fed dams were consistently lower in comparison with chicks from untreated dams. This growth-depressing effect persisted to 8 weeks of age when such chicks were fed a complete diet. The addition of excess niacin (77 mg/kg) to the diet of the chicks from TLD-fed mothers resulted in return to normal growth of these birds by 5 weeks of age. The absence of TLD in the blood plasma of the chicks at 5 weeks of age indicates that the depressing effect does not appear to be due to the participation of this drug in metabolic processes determining growth of these chicks. Furthermore, it appears that niacin is able to correct the abnormality caused by TLD in embryonic development.When TLD was fed to breeding hens, at the rate of 1.32 g per kg of a diet deficient in niacin, some malformations appeared in embryos developing from their eggs. No malformations resulted from a deficiency of niacin alone, or from the presence of TLD alone in diets of breeding females.
MILK PRODUCTION IN RANGE BEEF COWS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP TO CALF GAINS
Authors: Gleddie V. M. , Berg R. T.
Published: March 2010

Milk yield in lactating range beef cows was estimated by milking 42 cows four times at approximately monthly intervals during the lactation. Milking was by machine after oxytocin injection. Weights of calves, before and after suckling, over a 24-hour period were used to estimate calf consumption. Breed-age group averages for 24-hour milk yield varied from 3.7 to 8.4 kg, with an overall average of 6.4 kg. Breed of cow accounted for 82.5% of the variance in milk yield in these data. Milk yield declined on the average by 0.02 kg per day of lactation. The correlation between calf consumption and milk yield was 0.58. Butterfat was 3.9% on the average, protein 3.5%, solids-not-fat 9.1% and total solids 13.0%. Breed-age group or month of test did not significantly influence milk constituent percentages, although butterfat and total solids tended to rise as lactation progressed.A good estimate of milk yield was obtained by one test milking. Milk composition based on one test milking was not reliable. Milk yield as estimated in any month was highly related to calf average daily gain from birth to weaning. Use of two test milkings improved the relationship only slightly. Milk solid component percentages showed little relationship to calf gains.
EVALUATION OF SEMEN FROM YOUNG BEEF BULLS
Authors: Jeffery H. B. , Berg R. T. , Gratz R. M.
Published: March 2010

Semen was collected over a 30-day period from 18 yearling beef bulls, nine Herefords and nine hybrids. Average age at the start of the test was 380 ± 20 days. A total of 112 attempted collections resulted in 94 samples. Fifty percent of ejaculates were considered acceptable for freezing from Herefords and 79% from hybrids, respectively. The hybrid bulls produced significantly more semen per ejaculate (3.3 vs. 2.2 ml), higher sperm concentration (1092 × 106 vs. 657 × 106 per ml), higher sperm numbers per ejaculate (3,834 × 106 vs. 1,499 × 106) and higher total motile sperm per ejaculate (1,999 × 106 vs. 669 × 106). Bull-within-breed variance was significant for semen volume, concentration, initial motility and progressive motility. Progressive motility was in favor of semen from the hybrid bulls but was not statistically significant (48% vs. 36%). It is suggested that the superiority of the hybrid bulls was related to earlier onset of puberty. The trial also suggests that useable semen for progeny test purposes can be obtained soon after bulls reach one year of age.
EFFECT OF FERMENTATION TIME IN THE ARTIFICIAL RUMEN ON THE RELATIONSHIP OF IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY TO DIGESTIBILTY AND INTAKE OF HAY BY SHEEP
Authors: Troelsen J. E. , Bell J. M.
Published: March 2010

The digestibility and intake of several kinds of hay at several growth stages were measured with sheep. The in vitro digestibility was determined by a two-stage procedure. Because the in vitro digestibility of dry matter was unduly affected by a high solubility of the ash fraction, organic matter digestibility was the preferred criterion. In vitro digestibility was measured after fermentation times of 6, 12, 24, 48 or 96 hr. Significant correlations (P < 0.001) were found between in vivo and in vitro digestibility at each of these times. Near-maximal correlations occurred for most hays at 48 to 96 hr. Regressions for each duration were calculated and were used to estimate durations where equal in vitro and in vivo values should occur. Differences between kinds of hay and interactions between growth stages hindered improvement of the assay procedure by simple adjustments in fermentation duration.Optimal estimates of digestibility and intake occurred at the same fermentation durations. This was attributed to the recognized relationship between digestibility and intake of forage. A change of one unit in the in vitro digestibility was associated with an 18% greater change in intake of grass hay than of alfalfa hay, but at 70% digestibility both kinds of hay were eaten in equal amounts.The optimal fermentation duration for a general assay to predict digestibility and intake was about 48 hr. Further improvements appeared to require knowledge about differences in kinds and growth stages of hay, in their physical and chemical reaction to in vivo mastication and digestion as compared with grinding and in vitro digestion.
EFFECTS OF DIETARY PROTEIN LEVEL AND SEX ON SWINE PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS TRAITS
Authors: Wong W. C. , Boylan W. J. , Stothers S. C.
Published: March 2010

One group of pigs containing equal numbers of boars, barrows, and gilts, with an average initial weight of 22.5 kg, was given a growing ration (17% protein) until slaughter at an average weight of 88.6 kg. A similar group received the growing ration to a body weight of 50 kg, and then a finishing ration (13% protein) until slaughter.No statistically significant (P > 0.05) treatment differences were found for any performance traits studied. However, significant differences (P < 0.05) among sexes were found for all performance traits except daily feed consumption. Boars exceeded barrows by 7% and gilts by 5% in average daily gain. Boars required 16% less feed per unit of gain than barrows. Pigs fed the higher level of protein had less carcass backfat and smaller live backfat probe measurement than those fed at the lower level. Gilts exceeded boars and barrows in longissimus dorsi area. Both boars and gilts were superior to barrows in percent lean in the ham face.No apparent important treatment by sex interactions were observed.
SUPPLEMENTAL COPPER FOR SWINE: GROWTH, DIGESTIBILITY AND CARCASS MEASUREMENTS
Authors: Castell A. G. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

Four experiments were conducted with a total of 144 pigs to study the effects on rate of gain, efficiency of feed utilization, digestibility and retention of nutrients and carcass characteristics of adding 0.10% CuSO4∙5H2O to the diets of crossbred pigs, fed ad libitum or restricted to scale, from weaning to market weight. The diets contained either fishmeal or soybean meal as protein supplements and were formulated to contain 14 or 17% protein. For ad libitum-fed pigs, the addition of copper to the diet improved rate of gain by 6.2% and efficiency of feed utilization by 3.8% up to 50 kg liveweight, with a lesser improvement for restricted pigs. The increased gain and reduced feed per kg gain with copper supplements were more apparent when fishmeal rather than soybean meal and a high rather than a low protein level were fed. Rate of gain and efficiency of feed utilization were increased only slightly by copper supplements when the overall growth period to market weight was considered. In digestibility studies, chromium sesquioxide as an indicator and total fecal collection gave comparable results, but digestibility coefficients were higher when the total collection method was used. Energy digestibility and nitrogen digestibility and retention were not consistently influenced by supplemental copper. Metabolizable energy was not altered by supplemental copper in the diet. The carcasses of ad libitum-fed pigs receiving supplemental copper with high protein were generally lower in backfat, and had larger cross-sectional areas of the loin and higher carcass ROP scores, than those receiving no supplemental copper. However, pigs fed ad libitum copper-supplemented diets containing fishmeal yielded a large proportion of carcasses with soft fat. This softer consistency of fat was less apparent in carcasses of pigs fed soybean meal and did not occur at market weight in pigs fed diets restricted to scale.
EFFECT OF LIGHT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF MARKET PIGS AND BREEDING GILTS
Authors: Dufour J. , Bernard C.
Published: March 2010

A total of 176 Yorkshire pigs (112 barrows and 64 gilts) were raised from weaning to market weight, second estrus or parturition, in a piggery maintained under normal daylight conditions or in darkness. Average daily gain and feed required for gain were not affected by the treatments. There was no significant difference in total backfat or loin eye area between barrows housed in darkness and barrows housed in normal daylight conditions. Gilts raised in darkness reached puberty 11 days earlier than gilts raised in daylight (P < 0.01). Ovulation rate and litter size at birth were not affected by the treatments. Optical enucleation delayed the onset of estrus by 14 days, but had no other detectable effects.
EVALUATION OF CORN AND SORGHUM-SUDAN SILAGES ON THE BASIS OF DRY MATTER INTAKE, DIGESTIBILITY AND MILK PRODUCTION
Authors: Fisher L. J.
Published: March 2010

Sorghum-sudan (S-S) silage and corn silage were compared on the basis of dry matter intake and milk production when fed to lactating cows and on the basis of digestibility when fed to wether Iambs. Although dry matter percent was lower for the S-S silage, 21.5 vs. 27.4, average daily dry matter intake was nearly the same, 63.4 vs. 64.4 g/kg W0.75 when compared with corn silage. Average daily milk production and total body weight change were significantly less (P < 0.05), 218.7 vs. 234.4 g/kg W0.75 and − 7.0 vs. + 10.7 kg, respectively, for cows fed S-S silage. Rumen fluid from cows fed corn silage contained a significantly lower molar percent acetic acid and higher butyric acid (P < 0.01) than rumen fluid from cows fed S-S silage. Digestibility coefficients were greater (P < 0.01) for corn silage dry matter, nitrogen-free extract, fiber and energy, but significantly less for protein (P < 0.01) when compared with S-S silage. The high nitrogen content and protein digestibility suggest that sorghum-sudan hybrids may be usefully employed in ruminant rations, although they are low in digestible energy content when compared with corn.
EFFECT OF RAPESEED MEAL AND UREA ON AD LIBITUM CONSUMPTION OF GRAIN RATIONS BY DAIRY COWS
Authors: Ingalls J. R. , Seale M. E. , McKirdy J. A.
Published: March 2010

Three experiments were conducted with dairy cows to determine the effects of rapeseed meal and/or urea upon ad libitum consumption of grain rations. In corn, corn–barley and barley-oat basal rations, replacement of soybean meal (10%) by rapeseed meal (12–13%) resulted in a decrease in grain intake. Substitution of 1.4% or 1.6% urea (22% or 19% of the total crude protein intake) for soybean meal also resulted in decreased ad libitum grain consumption. A combination of rapeseed meal (6%) and urea (08%) was comparable to 12% rapeseed meal in effect upon consumption but less marked than 1.6% urea. No rations containing rapeseed meal had significant effects upon milk composition or production. In one experiment, a significant decrease in production occurred through including 1.6% urea in the grain ration.
GROWTH AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF BULLS, STEERS, AND PARTIAL CASTRATES KEPT ON RANGE FOR THE FIRST YEAR OF LIFE AND THEN FATTENED
Authors: Bailey C. B. , Hironaka R.
Published: March 2010

The growth rate of bulls, steers castrated at 8 and 26 weeks of age, and steers partially castrated at 8 weeks of age did not differ before weaning in October at an average age of 181 days, or during the ensuing winter. During the subsequent finishing period in the feedlot, the rate and efficiency of growth of the partial castrates exceeded that of the steers but was less than that of the bulls. As a result, partial castrates reached the target slaughter weight of 440 kg 21 days earlier than the steers but 21 days later than the bulls. Varying the level of protein in the rations fed during the first 15 weeks of the feedlot period had no effect on rate or efficiency of gain.The percent fat in the 11th rib-cut and the depth of fat over the longissimus dorsi were less in bulls than in steers or partial castrates, and consequently the carcass grades of the bulls were generally lower. The percent separable muscle, estimated from a prediction equation, was greater in bulls than in steers and partial castrates.
LOW TEMPERATURE PRESERVATION OF BOAR SPERMATOZOA
Authors: Dalrymple J. R. , Macpherson J. W.
Published: March 2010

Three freezing trials were conducted on the sperm-rich fraction of extended boar semen to examine the effects of various freezing methods, cryoprotective agents, and packaging containers on recovery of motile spermatozoa.Four freezing methods were employed: pellet freeze, nitrogen vapor freeze, fast mechanical alcohol freeze and slow mechanical alcohol freeze. Of these, the slow mechanical alcohol freeze resulted in highest recovery rates. In all three trials, the slower freezing rate resulted in a higher recovery of spermatozoa on thawing.Glycerol and NN-dimethylacetamide were employed, individually and in combination, as cryoprotective agents. The use of glycerol resulted in significantly higher recovery than NN-dimethylacetamide, but a combination of the two appeared to give good results.A comparison of plastic straws and glass ampoules as containers for frozen semen demonstrated no significant differences with respect to spermatozoan recovery.No fertility was obtained following the insemination of 14 animals with frozen semen containing a combination of glycerol and NN-dimethylacetamide as cryoprotective agents.
GROWTH, FEED EFFICIENCY AND GROSS CHEMICAL COMPOSITION IN MARKET-WEIGHT PIGS AS INFLUENCED BY A COMBINATION OF SYNTHETIC SEX HORMONES AND TYLOSES
Authors: Doornenbal H. , Frankham R.
Published: March 2010

A combination of diethylstilbestrol + methyltestosterone + Tylosin, added to a balanced ration during the finishing period, resulted in a trend towards increased gains, improved feed efficiency and a reduction in age to market of 5 to 6 days in both barrows and gilts. Carcass measurements were not significantly different between control and treated groups within sex, but there was a tendency toward a reduction in carcass fat measurements in the treated barrows (which brought these values down to the levels of the control gilts) and an increase in the treated gilts. The chemical composition of the carcass and the major cuts showed a significant reduction in fat and a significant increase in protein in the treated barrows. The effect of treatment on the carcasses of the gilts was not significant, but there was a tendency toward an increase in fat deposition. In the barrows, treatment resulted in a differential growth of protein and fat in the major cuts, the ham and loin (but not the shoulder and belly), showing a significant increase in protein, while fat decreased in all cuts of the treated barrows.It was suggested that different proportions of sex steroid hormones would be required for barrows and gilts to achieve beneficial effects on carcass composition.
COMPARISON OF CORN AND OAT BASED CONCENTRATES FOR LACTATING DAIRY COWS
Authors: Fisher L. J. , Logan V. S.
Published: March 2010

Corn-based and oat-based concentrates were each fed with a restricted amount of hay of two qualities to lactating cows. The corn-based concentrate was consumed at a significantly higher rate (P < 0.05), 14.6 vs 11.45 kg/day, and resulted in significantly (P < 0.05) higher solids-corrected milk production, 24.68 vs 20.42 kg/day. Metabolizable energy required per meal of solids-corrected milk produced was significantly greater (P < 0.05) for the corn-based concentrate, 2.48 vs 2.14. However, body weight loss was apparently greater when the oat-based concentrate was fed.
EFFECTS OF GROUP-FED DIHYDROXYPROGESTERONE ACETOPHENIDE IN COMBINATION WITH AN INJECTION OF ESTRADIOL VALERATE, AND MELENGESTROL ACETATE ON ESTRUS SYNCHRONIZATION AND CONCEPTION IN BEEF HEIFERS
Authors: Tripathi V. N. , Howell W. E.
Published: March 2010

Trials were conducted with 208 heifers to study the effect of oral administration of two progestagens on reproductive performance. Under the experimental conditions employed, the levels of dihydroxyprogesterone acetophenide proved inadequate to suppress estrus during treatment. In trials 1 and 2, estrus was synchronized in 71 and 63% of melengestrol acetate (MGA) treated heifers, respectively. For MGA-treated heifers in trial 1, conception rate at the first synchronized estrus was comparable with that in controls, but in trial 2 conception was significantly lower than in controls. Conception rate to first breeding at the estrus subsequent to the MGA-synchronized estrus was comparable with that of controls.
FUMARASE ACTIVITY OF FROZEN BULL SPERMATOZOA IN RELATION TO THEIR FERTILIZING ABILITY
Authors: Buckland R. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
OUTDOOR VERSUS INDOOR WINTERING OF FALL CALVING BEEF COWS AND THEIR CALVES
Authors: Jordan W. A. , Lister E. E. , Comeau J. E.
Published: March 2010

not available
METABOLISM CAGE DESIGN FOR MALE AND FEMALE PIGS
Authors: Friend D. W. , MacIntyre T. M.
Published: March 2010

not available
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS AND INORGANIC CALCIUM IN CHICKEN BLOOD PLASMA
Authors: Gardiner E. E.
Published: March 2010

Male crossbred broiler-type chickens were fed graded levels of dietary phosphorus from hatching to 4 weeks of age. Plasma inorganic phosphorus and plasma inorganic calcium were determined on aliquots of blood plasma samples taken when the chickens were 4 weeks of age. The level of plasma inorganic phosphorus decreased when the chickens were fed low levels of dietary phosphorus. The level of plasma inorganic calcium was inversely related to the plasma inorganic phosphorus level. Regression equations were different for each of the four dietary phosphorus levels fed. The sum of plasma inorganic phosphorus and plasma inorganic calcium was very similar for the four treatments.
ASSOCIATION OF SERUM HEMOPEXIN, TRANSFERRIN, PREALBUMIN AND ALBUMIN1TYPES WITH PRODUCTIVE TRAITS OF YORKSHIRE AND LACOMBE BREEDS OF PIGS
Authors: Tripathi V. N. , Howell W. E.
Published: March 2010

Sera from 354 Yorkshire and 97 Lacombe pigs on official Canadian Record of Performance test were analyzed by starch gel electrophoresis to determine their hemopexin, transferrin, prealbumin and albumin1types. Estimates of the possible effects of different serum protein types on daily gain on test, age at slaughter adjusted to 70.37 kg carcass weight and seven other carcass characteristics were obtained by least squares methods. Significant associations were observed between each of the four serum protein loci and at least one of the nine productive traits in the Yorkshire breed. In the Lacombe breed only the prealbumin locus, which was associated with total backfat thickness, had any effect on any one of the nine productive traits. Since the results for the two breeds were not in agreement with each other and the magnitude of the difference between extremes was small, it was concluded that a correlated response in swine performance could not be expected from selection on the basis of serum protein polymorphism.
BREED STRUCTURE AND POPULATION DYNAMICS OF THE CANADIAN YORKSHIRE PIG
Authors: Fredeen H. T.
Published: March 2010

Over a period of 6 years terminating in 1966, 87,295 Canadian Yorkshire pigs were registered from 2281 herds. Approximately half of the herds and the animals recorded were from the provinces of Alberta and Ontario. Average life span of herds was short, 50.9% of the herds appearing for only one year of the 6-year period. Such herds contributed less than 10% to the total registrations. Herds in continuous production comprised 10.9% of all herds, produced 53.5% of total registrations and registered 30.4 pigs annually from an average herd size of 2.8 sires and 8.3 dams. These estimates of herd size were approximately four times larger than for herds registering pigs only once in the 6 years.During the period under study, the number of herds was reduced by more than 50% (from 1501 in 1960 to 737 in 1966), primarily by elimination of small herds. However, of all herds registering in 1966, 70% comprised five or fewer sows and 74% registered fewer than 20 pigs. The average generation interval was approximately 24 months. Record of Performance records were not employed to any meaningful degree for culling parental stock or for selecting progeny entered for registration.Pedigree analysis indicated a relatively minor degree of centralization, and there was little evidence of intra-herd breeding.
EFFECT OF ADDED BULK ON GROWTH, NUTRIENT UTILIZATION, DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND DIARRHEA IN CALVES FED MILK REPLACER
Authors: Gorrill A. D. L. , Nicholson J. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Liquid milk replacera with or without added sawdust, purified wood cellulose or oat hulls (3% of dry replacer), or whole milk were fed to dairy calves in metabolism cages to study growth, digestibility, physical, chemical and enzymatic changes in the digestive tract, and incidence of diarrhea. In a relatively draft-free room at 21–22 °C bulk tended to increase1 fecal dry matter (19.6 vs. 17.1%). Bulk, especially oat hulls, also tended to reduce incidence of diarrhea compared with milk replacer fed alone. Bulk had no effect on calf growth, digestibility of milk replacer nutrients or nitrogen retention. Oat hulls were the only bulk source which entered the rumen, causing development of this organ, and increasing the percent dry matter and lowering the pH of abomasal contents. It was concluded that bulk, especially in the rumen, may exert a beneficial effect on the digestive tract of calves consuming only milk replacer.
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS FOR WINTERING MATURE PREGNANT BEEF COWS
Authors: Hironaka R. , Peters H. F.
Published: March 2010

Experiments to determine the energy requirement of cows maintained on shortgrass range during the grazing season were conducted in three successive winters. Mature pregnant cows fed a high level (17,000 to 19,000 kcal per day) of digestible energy (DE) gained 33 kg during a mild winter, maintained their weight during a second winter of frequent high winds combined with low temperatures, and lost 16 kg in a third winter. On a medium level of DE intake (about 80% of high level) the cows gained 14 kg in a mild winter but lost 8 kg and 32 kg in a second and third winter. Cows fed a low level (about 60% of the high level) of DE lost 12 kg weight, several died, and some very thin ones were unable to stand even in the mild winter. During the second winter, all of the cows in the low-level group, several in the medium-level group, and a few in the high-level group were removed from the experiment because of their thin condition. Frequent combination of low temperatures and high winds appear to have contributed to higher energy requirements in the second and third winters than in the first winter.Level of nutrition of the dams did not affect average birth weights of calves. Calves from cows fed on the high levels of DE gained more to weaning than calves from cows on the low level of DE. The cows on the low level of DE in winter gained more weight in summer than those on the medium or high level of DE. The extra feed required to restore body weight of cows on the low level of DE apparently reduced the amount available for milk production and thus the weight gain of the calves.The NRC level of 18,000 kcal DE per day appeared to be suitable for wintering mature pregnant cows that are kept on the shortgrass plains during the grazing season.
PREWEANING GROWTH OF YOUNG AND THE WEIGHT OF MAMMARY GLANDS OF MOTHER MICE
Authors: Nagai Jiro
Published: March 2010

A complete diallel using three inbred strains of mice (C3H/He, C57BL/6J and SWR/J) was made to examine preweaning growth of young, the weight of mammary glands of mothers and the relationship between them. Litter sizes were standardized to either six or eight at birth.The differences between strain-of-dam, strain-of-sire and litter size groups in average body weight of full sibs at 12 days were not significant. The difference between litter size groups in weight of dried-defatted mammary gland of mothers 12 days after delivery (DDMW) was significant. When average birth weight was fixed, the partial correlation between DDMW and 12-day weight, calculated within litter size and mating class, was +0.54. Heterosis in average birth weight and 12-day weight was observed. Relationships between preweaning growth criteria are discussed.
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON EFFECTS OF PHENYLHYDRAZINE ON BLOOD HEMOGLOBIN, TOTAL RED CELL VOLUME AND COLOR OF SKELETAL MUSCLES IN VEAL CALVES
Authors: Saheb J. L. , Brisson G. J.
Published: March 2010

Fourteen male dairy calves were used in two experiments to study the possible effects of phenylhydrazine, given in oral doses varying between 100 and 800 mg per calf per day, on blood hemoglobin concentration, total red cell volume and on the color of four thigh muscles. It appeared that, within a week, a dose of 300 mg or more could cause a drop in both hemoglobin and total red cell volume. Doses of 600 mg or more were lethal. Sudden changes in blood hemoglobin and total red cell volume were not accompanied by corresponding changes in the color characteristics of the gastrocnemius, vastus lateralis, rectus femoris or gluteus medius.
DIGESTIBILITY OF RYE AND ITS VALUE IN PELLETED RATIONS FOR PIGS
Authors: Friend D. W. , MacIntyre T. M.
Published: March 2010

Digestibility and N-retention were determined with eight barrows fed rye and barley in a crossover experiment. Dry matter and crude protein digestibility coefficients for rye were higher than those for barley, but differences in N-retention were negligible. The coefficients obtained by indirect measurement were higher than those determined directly. Seventy-two pigs were used in a factorial experiment to determine the effect on production of feeding two grades of rye at 0, 30 and 60% of pelleted and non-pelleted finisher rations. Weight gains by barrows compared with gilts were affected less by the addition of rye to the rations. The growth rate of gilts was reduced by the inclusion of 30% rye in non-pelleted but not in pelleted rations. The use of No. 2 grade rye appeared to have restricted rate of gain less than did No. 3 grade rye. The feeding value of rye was improved by pelleting, since the daily gain of 0.75 kg obtained by feeding a 30% rye, pelleted ration equalled that from pigs fed a 0% rye, non-pelleted ration.
SOME PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES OF SHEEP TO SHORT-TERM COLD EXPOSURE
Authors: Mears G. J. , Groves T. D. D.
Published: March 2010

An experiment was conducted with shorn, mature wethers to study the short-term effects of a low ambient temperature on jugular vein temperatures, rectal temperatures, packed cell volumes, eosinophil counts, and the plasma concentrations of sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and glucose. The sheep were placed singly in a chamber in which they were subjected during consecutive 3-day periods to air temperatures of 20.6 ± 1.0, 1.3 ± 1.5, and 19.2 ± 2.0 °C. In the cold period, an immediate and marked downward fluctuation in jugular blood temperature was followed, after 12 hours, by a more gradual decrease in rectal temperature. Eosinophil counts were also markedly decreased. Plasma sodium and glucose concentrations increased in the cold. The plasma potassium concentration fluctuated upward in the first 12 hours of the cold period, while the plasma magnesium and calcium concentrations were not significantly affected. The packed cell volume increased during cold exposure, and it appeared that some of the electrolyte changes observed may have been due to hemoconcentration.
CORRELATION OF MELTING POINT WITH THE SUM OF THE UNSATURATED FATTY ACIDS IN SAMPLES OF PORCINE DEPOT FAT
Authors: Elliot J. I. , Bowland J. P.
Published: March 2010

not available
SOME SKIN CHARACTERISTICS OF "SNORTER" DWARFISM IN THE BOVINE
Authors: BENJAMIN B. R. , STRINGAM E. W. , PARKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Four characteristics, namely, skin thickness, the number of sweat glands per square centimeter of skin, the volume of sweat glands and the depth at which these sweat glands were located were investigated in the three genotypes of Hereford cattle.Of the four characteristics studied, only skin thickness differed significantly among the three genotypes. The dwarfs had the thinnest skin and the normal animals had the thickest skin. The heterozygotes showed intermediate values. No significant differences were revealed among the three genotypes for the other three characteristics.
METABOLIC FECAL NITROGEN IN RUMINANTS ESTIMATED FROM DRY MATTER EXCRETION
Authors: HIRONAKA R. , BAILEY C. B. , KOZUB G. C.
Published: March 2010

Relationships between dry matter (DM) and nitrogen (N) intakes and excretions were examined using digestibility data from 45 rations fed to sheep and cattle. The proportion of total variation due to regression was greater when N intake was expressed as a function of DM excretion than as a function of DM intake. Nitrogen excretion was expressed by the equation y = −0.021x2 + 0.137x + 0.891, where y = g N excretion per 100 g of fecal DM and x = g N intake per 100 g fecal DM. Extrapolating N excretion to zero N intake, the point of intercept at y = 0.891 g N per 100 g of fecal DM excretion is suggested as a measure of metabolic fecal nitrogen independent of the hay to concentrate ratio of the ration.
GENETIC RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO MAREK’S DISEASE
Authors: MORRIS J. R. , FERGUSON A. E. , JEROME F. N.
Published: March 2010

Three thousand three hundred and thirty-five sire-pedigreed chicks from two commercial lines of Single Comb White Leghorns were inoculated with the Marek’s disease (MD) agent at one day of age and tested over a seven-week period for MD infection. Significant differences were observed between sexes and between lines with respect to MD mortality and total MD incidence. The females were more susceptible. Sire families in both lines showed heterogeneity in their ability to resist MD infection.A second experiment involving selection for resistance and for susceptibility to the disease was conducted on a population of University of Guelph Columbian Plymouth Rocks. Fully pedigreed chicks from this stock were inoculated and reared for 11 weeks while their full-sibs were reared separately to produce subsequent generations of selected families. Two successive generations of selection resulted in the formation of the resistant (R) and susceptible (S) lines. A random sample of the base population was propagated as a control population. Selection for MD resistance resulted in relatively greater progress than selection for MD susceptibility. After two generations of selection there was 12.5%, 54.1% and 61.9% MD mortality and 58.3%, 89.1% and 96.2% total MD incidence in the R, control and S lines, respectively. The more resistant the strain, the longer was the latent period before death. The variability between sexes and between half-sibs declined as MD mortality and total MD incidence approached high and low extremes. The results of the selection imposed showed progress despite the small population under test.
DISTRIBUTION OF MAREK’S DISEASE LESIONS IN TISSUES AND ORGANS OF COLUMBIAN PLYMOUTH ROCKS SELECTED FOR RESISTANCE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO INDUCED MAREK’S DISEASE INFECTION
Authors: MORRIS J. R. , FERGUSON A. E. , JEROME F. N.
Published: March 2010

Observations on the anatomical location of Marek’s disease (MD) lesions in two selected lines and a control line of Columbian Plymouth Rocks were recorded. A study of the results indicates that selection tends to affect the incidence of lesions in body tissues. Thus, the lines selected for resistance to this disease had less involvement in certain tissues than the controls and those selected for susceptibility. The ovary and peripheral nerves were the primary sites for gross MD lesions. Lesions occurred frequently in the spleen, liver, kidneys, and heart, less frequently in the lungs, mesentery, intestine, proventriculus and skeletal muscle, and occasionally in the pancreas, gizzard, adrenal gland, eye, thymus and bursa of Fabrichis. Nerve tissue was more often affected by MD lesions in males than females, while gonadal tissue was more often affected in females. In both cases the differences were significant.This study also showed that a simplified procedure for determining MD resistance in groups of fowl could be employed. The results indicated that the gonads and nerves were the best single tissues to examine in determining the presence of MD. Post-mortem observations for the presence of MD lesions in the gonads, nerves, spleen and liver appeared sufficient to determine relative MD resistance in groups of chickens. Percent MD mortality was as good an indicator of MD resistance as percent total MD incidence. Whether the groups were ranked in order of MD resistance by MD lesions present in females or in males made little difference.
EFFECT OF DIETARY DIETHYLSTILBESTROL ON POPULATIONS AND CONCENTRATIONS OF CILIATE PROTOZOA IN DAIRY CATTLE
Authors: IBRAHIM E. A. , INGALLS J. R. , STANGER N. E.
Published: March 2010

Two experimental diets with or without diethylstilbestrol (DES) were fed to four fistulated dairy cows in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. A continuous feeding system was used to give each cow 13–15 g of diet every two minutes. The continuous feeding appeared to remove the usual variation in the numbers of protozoa in the rumen content. This facilitated the sampling for studies of the effect of the diet on the concentrations and varieties of protozoa. Numbers of protozoa among days were similar with no significant differences. Total protozoa numbers were significantly higher (P < 0.01) for cows fed natural diets than for cows fed semi-purified diets. In addition, the feeding of DES resulted in a significant increase in total protozoa numbers. The inclusion of DES in the experimental diets aided the retention and establishment of different ciliate protozoa.
IN VITROINHIBITION OF SUCCINATE OXIDATION BY ALFALFA SAPONIN
Authors: CHEEKE P. R. , OLDFIELD J. E.
Published: March 2010

The effect of various levels of alfalfa saponin on the in vitro oxidation of succinate by rat liver homogenates was examined. With levels of 1 to 30 mg saponin per 100 mg liver tissue, the degree of inhibition increased from 3 to 90%. The inhibition was noncompetitive, since it was not overcome by increasing the substrate concentration. Mitochondria isolated from homogenates which had been incubated with saponin exhibited a reduced capacity to oxidize succinate of about the same magnitude as observed when saponin was added directly to the homogenates in the reaction vessels. Since the procedure for isolation of mitochondria should remove any unbound saponin, the reduction in oxidation capacity was attributed to binding of saponin to the succinoxidase enzyme. Thus, cumulative effects of saponin on enzyme activity might occur in vivo. Ethanol extracts of alfalfa were also found to inhibit in vitro succinate oxidation. Evidence is presented indicating that the inhibitory activity of these extracts was not due to their saponin content. Possible implications of the inhibition of succinate oxidation by alfalfa saponin are discussed.
EFFECTS OF AD LIBITUM VERSUS RESTRICTED INTAKE OF CONCENTRATE AND STAGE OF LACTATION ON THE MINERAL CONTENT OF COW’S MILK
Authors: FISHER L. J. , MACINTOSH A. I. , CARSON R. B.
Published: March 2010

Concentrates, one consisting primarily of oats and the other barley, were fed ad libitum to cows or at the rate of 1 kg per 3 kg of milk yield for an entire lactation. Calcium, potassium, magnesium and sodium content of the milk and milk yield were measured monthly. Potassium content and milk yield decreased and sodium content increased significantly (P < 0.05) with advancing stage of lactation. The calcium content of milk was significantly greater (P < 0.05) when the barley-based compared with the oat-based concentrate was fed. The sodium content of milk from cows fed concentrate ad libitum was significantly higher than from cows fed restricted amounts of concentrate. Ayrshire milk was significantly greater (P < 0.05) in magnesium concentration than Holstein milk.
PERFORMANCE OF GILTS AND BARROWS FROM THREE BREEDING GROUPS MARKETED AT THREE LIVEWEIGHTS WHEN OFFERED DIETS CONTAINING TWO LEVELS OF DIGESTIBLE ENERGY FOR A LIMITED PERIOD PER DAY
Authors: SKITSKO P. J. , BOWLAND J. P.
Published: March 2010

The influence of high (HE) and low (LE) digestible energy diets fed for two 1-hr periods per day on the performance of Duroc × Yorkshire, Hampshire × Yorkshire, or Yorkshire × Yorkshire pigs marketed at 68, 91 or 114 kg liveweight was studied. Under the feeding system employed, daily feed intake averaged 2.01 kg and did not differ between dietary groups. The HE diet containing 3652 kcal DE/kg improved (P < 0.01) rate of gain and feed conversion compared with the LE diet containing 2757 kcal DE/kg. DE requirement averaged 9.89 Mcal/kg gain and did not differ between dietary groups. Carcasses from pigs fed the HE diet had higher dressing percentage, greater total backfat thickness, and lower ratio of loin to backfat thickness, percent lean in the ham face, ham as a percent of carcass and Canadian ROP score.Barrows had a higher daily feed consumption and average daily gain but were inferior to gilts in feed conversion. Gilts were superior to barrows in all carcass measurements except dressing percentage, where differences were nonsignificant.Breeding groups differed (P < 0.01) in rate of gain, feed conversion, and dressing percentage and their carcasses differed in loin area and length. Feed required per unit gain increased with increasing market weights but gain did not differ. With increasing market weights, dressing percentage, length, loin area and total backfat thickness increased while the ham as a percent of carcass and ROP scores decreased. Market weight did not significantly alter the ratio of loin area to total backfat, suggesting that the present Canadian carcass grading standards should be extended to cover a greater weight range without penalty.Major significant interactions for average daily gain existed between diet by sex and diet by breeding group and for feed conversion between diet by sex. The data indicate that sex and breeding background of market pigs are important considerations in formulation of energy requirements. Use of LE diets or of feeding methods that restrict DE intake may mask potential differences that exist between groups.