bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Logical reasoning by a Grey parrot? A case study of the disjunctive syllogism
Authors: Pepperberg Irene M. , Gray Suzanne L. , Mody Shilpa , Cornero Francesca M. , Carey Susan
Published: November 2018

In Call’s (2004) 2-cups task, widely used to explore logical and causal reasoning across species and early human development, a reward is hidden in one of two cups, one is shown to be empty, and successful subjects search for the reward in the other cup. Infants as young as 17-months and some individuals of almost all species tested succeed. Success may reflect logical, propositional thought and working through a disjunctive syllogism (A or B; not A, therefore B). It may also reflect appreciation of the modal concepts “necessity” and “possibility”, and the epistemic concept “certainty”. Mody & Carey’s (2016) results on 2-year-old children with 3- and 4-cups versions of this task converge with studies on apes in undermining this rich interpretation of success. In the 3-cups version, one reward is hidden in a single cup, another in one of two other cups, and the participant is given one choice, thereby tracking the ability to distinguish a certain from an uncertain outcome. In the 4-cups procedure, a reward is hidden in one cup of each pair (e.g., A, C); one cup (e.g., B) is then shown to be empty. Successful subjects should conclude that the reward is 100% likely in A, only 50% likely in either C or D, and accordingly choose A, thereby demonstrating modal and logical concepts in addition to epistemic ones. Children 2 1/2 years of age fail the 4-cups task, and apes fail related tasks tapping the same constructs. Here we tested a Grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus), Griffin, on the 3- and 4-cups procedures. Griffin succeeded on both tasks, outperforming even 5-year-old children. Controls ruled out that his success on the 4-cups task was due to a learned associative strategy of choosing the cup next to the demonstrated empty one. These data show that both the 3- and 4-cups tasks do not require representational abilities unique to humans. We discuss the competences on which these tasks are likely to draw, and what it is about parrots, or Griffin in particular, that explains his better performance than either great apes or linguistically competent preschool children on these and conceptually related tasks.
The ‘Right to Privacy in the Digital Age’: Boundaries of the ‘New’ un Discourse
Authors: Yilma Kinfe Micheal
Published: November 2018

This article examines boundaries of the “new” United Nations privacy discourse on the “right to privacy in the digital age” that began in the wake of the Snowden debacle. It considers whether and to what extent the series of un privacy resolutions recast the right to privacy in international law. The article suggests that the value of the discourse in reimagining the right to privacy in the digital age is limited. The prime significance of the discourse lies in its potential of catalysing a more focused and practicable reform. The discourse has generated some political capital that can be translated into a modest reconfiguration of the international law of privacy.
Legal Realism in Soviet and Russian Jurisprudence
Authors: Antonov Mikhail
Published: November 2018

Soviet law is often viewed as based on legal positivism, while its ideological background and the practices of political interference are considered in an extralegal (political) dimension. This logic prompts conclusions about the dual character of Soviet law where prerogative and normative dimensions constituted two parallel systems. Similar opinions are sometimes expressed about Russian law, which is a continuator of Soviet law both normatively and factually. The present paper analyzes this approach and suggests that the alleged dualism can be considered in the light of the basic presuppositions and methods of the Soviet (Russian) theory of law and state. This jurisprudence was and still is based on a combination of formalism and anti-formalism (realism) which provided a certain degree of unity and coherence of legal knowledge. After the end of Soviet rule, legal theory in Russia still orients itself to this symbiosis of positivism and realism which underlies legal education and legal scholarship. The paper addresses the philosophical and methodological origins of this Russian (Soviet) legal realism, and argues that the particular character of Russian (Soviet) law can be explained against the backdrop of this theoretical combination that combines conservative social philosophy, a Schmittean conception of exception, methods of legal positivism and the spirit of legal nihilism. These particularities and their methodological background are, in the author’s opinion, among the distinguishing features of Russian law and legal culture.
An Alternative History of Medieval Empathy: The Scholastics and compassio
Authors: Ruys Juanita Feros
Published: November 2018

This essay contributes to the alternative history of empathy by complicating the current state of scholarship placing the birthplace of modern Western empathy in the European Middle Ages. In counterpoint, the essay argues that there endured throughout the Middle Ages a suspicion of empathy as a feeling state and a prompt to right action. This position was inherited from the ancient Stoics and was particularly expressed by the medieval philosopher-theologians known as the Scholastics. In making this case, the essay focuses on the Medieval Latin term compassio and takes as its material the writings of Bonaventure, scholastic exegesis of the Christian foundation myths of the fall of humans and the evil angels, and scholastic analyses of almsgiving.
Morphological and molecular studies of a new species of the root mealybug genus Ripersiella Tinsley (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Rhizoecidae) from greenhouses in The Netherlands and a first incursion of the American root mealybug Rhizoecus keysensis Hambleton in Europe
Authors: Jansen Maurice , Westenberg Marcel
Published: November 2018

Ripersiella emarai is described from Ficus cyathistipula Warburg, Ficus lyrata Warburg and Dieffenbachia sp. from Dutch greenhouses. The immature stages are described based on microscopic features and a key to the stages is provided for their separation. This species description is actuated by the necessity to distinguish the new species from the root mealybug Ripersiella hibisci (Kawai & Takagi), which is occasionally imported and shares host plants with the new species. An identification key to adults of the Dutch greenhouse species and species intercepted during import inspections based on microscopic morphological characters is given. A key to distinguish the nymphal stages is provided and keys are given to the identification of first, second and third instar nymphs of Ripersiella multiporifera Jansen, R. hibisci (Kawai & Takagi) and R. emarai Jansen. Rhizoecus advenoides Takagi & Kawai, 1971 is found to be a junior synonym of Rh. amorphophalli Betrem, 1940.
Effect of Modified-Release Methylphenidate on Cognition in Children with ADHD: Evidence from a Temporal Preparation Task
Authors: Vallesi Antonino , D’Agati Elisa , Grelloni Clementina , Pasini Augusto , Mazzotta Giovanni , Curatolo Paolo
Published: November 2018

ADHD is associated with various cognitive deficits, including general performance decrements and specific impairments, for instance in temporal processing. However, time preparation under uncertain conditions has been under-investigated in this population. We aimed at filling this gap. We administered a variable foreperiod paradigm to children with ADHD before and after a one-month treatment with modified-release methylphenidate. Age-matched ADHD children with no treatment and healthy children were also tested as control groups with the same time-schedule. Children with ADHD had general performance deficits (longer and more variable response times), which disappeared in the experimental group after pharmacological intervention. Moreover, ADHD children showed a marked dependency on sequential foreperiod effects (i.e., slower responses for longer preceding foreperiods), especially at short current foreperiods, which were not modulated by the pharmacological treatment. In conclusion, the present findings show that methylphenidate enhances general motor processes rather than more specific time preparation processes, some of which appear deviant in ADHD.
Effects of elevated CO2 and different nutrient supplies on wood structure of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) and gray poplar (Populus × canescens)
Authors: Lotfiomran Neda , Fromm Jörg , Luinstra Gerrit A.
Published: November 2018

Anatomical responses and annual ring-width of beech and poplar saplings were studied under elevated CO2-concentrations (770/950 ppm) with different nu-trient supplies during two growth periods. At the end of each growth season, saplings were harvested and stem vessel characteristics as well as annual growth-rings were analysed. In both study years, elevated CO2 caused a significant increase in ring width (RW) of beech but not of poplar. However, fertilization increased RW in poplar saplings. In beech total vessel lumen area (TVLA) and vessel density (VD) increased under elevated CO2 and both parameters decreased by fertilization. Poplar saplings grown under elevated CO2 had significantly larger vessels as well as TVLA while fertilization induced reduction in average vessel lumen area (AVLA) and TVLA. Vessel density of poplar showed no significant response to different growth conditions. Altogether, the effects of elevated CO2 and fertilization on anatomical features were independent of each other.
A new method to obtain good anatomical slides of heterogeneous plant parts
Authors: Barbosa Antonio C. F. , Pace Marcelo R. , Witovisk Luciana , Angyalossy Veronica
Published: November 2018

A new method is presented to prepare anatomical slides of plant materials including a combination of soft and hard tissues, such as stems with cambial variants, arboreal monocotyledons, and tree bark. The method integrates previous techniques aimed at softening the samples and making them thereby more homogeneous, with the use of anti-tearing polystyrene foam solution. In addition, we suggest two other alternatives to protect the sections from tearing: adhesive tape and/or Mayer’s albumin adhesive, both combined with the polystyrene foam solution. This solution is cheap and easy to make by dissolving any packaging polystyrene in butyl acetate. It is applied before each section is cut on a sliding microtome and ensures that all the tissues in the section will hold together. This novel microtechnical procedure will facilitate the study of heterogeneous plant portions, as shown in some illustrated examples.
Application of 3D magnetic resonance microscopy to the anatomy of woody tissues
Authors: Oven Primož , Merela Maks , Mikac Urša , Serša Igor
Published: November 2018

We demonstrate the use of high-resolution three-dimensional magnetic resonance microscopy (3D MRM) for anatomical studies of woody tissues. Samples of normal and pathological structures in the branches of four tree species were imaged by 3D MRM immediately after removal from the tree, without additional tissue preparation. MRM data sets were displayed in 2D sections and in a 3D volume rendered mode. Good image contrasts between identical anatomical structures in different tree species suggest that 3D MRM may be a promising method in comparative wood anatomy. MRM can be used for general morphological observations, as well as for positioning and examination of a particular portion of tissue in the investigated object. This is demonstrated by examples of a needle trace within the xylem in Norway spruce and by localisation of the protection zone at the base of a dead branch in beech. Visualisation of a wound scar in beech demonstrates the efficiency of 3D MRM in revealing the spatial dimensions of any moisture-related structural defects within wood. It can provide relatively high and isotropic resolution, thus enabling non-destructive and accurate determination of the moisture content of any wood structure. High-resolution 3D MRM has great potential in studying the anatomy of woody plants due to the non-destructive nature of the technique, the simplicity of tissue preparation and very versatile information retrieval by choosing an appropriate MRM method and its parameter set.
Development of Intra- and Interxylary Secondary Phloem in Coccinia indica (Cucurbitaceae)
Authors: Patil Vidya S. , Marcati Carmen R. , Rajput Kishore S.
Published: November 2018

Stem anatomy and the development of intraxylary phloem were investigated in six to eight years old Coccinia indica L. (Cucurbitaceae). Secondary growth in the stems was achieved by the normal cambial activity. In the innermost part of the thicker stems, xylem parenchyma and pith cells dedifferentiated into meristematic cells at several points. In some of the wider rays, ray cells dedifferentiate and produce secondary xylem and phloem with different orientations and sometimes a complete bicollateral vascular bundle. The inner cambial segments of the bicollateral vascular bundle (of primary growth) maintained radial arrangement even in the mature stems but in most places the cambia were either inactive or showed very few cell divisions. Concomitant with the obliteration and collapse of inner phloem (of bicollateral vascular bundles), parenchyma cells encircling the phloem became meristematic forming a circular sheath of internal cambia. These internal cambia produce only intraxylary secondary phloem centripetally and do not produce any secondary xylem. In the stem, secondary xylem consisted mainly of axial parenchyma, small strands of thick-walled xylem derivatives, i.e. vessel elements and fibres embedded in parenchymatous ground mass, wide and tall rays along with exceptionally wide vessels characteristic of lianas. In thick stems, the axial parenchyma de-differentiated into meristem, which later re-differentiated into interxylary phloem. Fibre dimorphism and pseudo-vestured pits in the vessels are also reported.
Wood anatomy of the Mascarene Dombeyoideae: Systematic and ecological implications
Authors: Boura Anaïs , Le Péchon Timothée , Thomas Romain
Published: November 2018

The Dombeyoideae (Malvaceae) are one of the most diversified groups of plants in the Mascarene Islands. Species of Dombeya Cav., Ruizia Cav. and Trochetia DC. are distributed in almost all parts of the archipelago and show a wide diversity in their growth forms. This study provides the first wood anatomical descriptions of 17 out of the 22 Mascarene species of Dombeyoideae. Their wood anatomy is similar to that of previously described species: wide vessels, presence of both apotracheal and paratracheal parenchyma, and storied structure. In addition, we also found a second wood anatomical pattern with narrower vessels, high vessel frequency and thick-walled fibres. The two aforementioned wood patterns are considered in a phylogenetic context and used to trace the evolutionary history of several wood anatomical features. For example, the pseudoscalariform pit arrangement supports a sister group relationship between Trochetia granulata Cordem. and T. blackburniana Bojer ex Baker and may be a new synapomorphy of the genus Trochetia. Finally, wood variability is evaluated in relation to geographic, climatic and biological data. Despite the juvenile nature of some of the specimens studied, we discuss how the habit, but also factors related to humidity, influence the variability observed in the Mascarene Dombeyoideae wood structure.
Within-Tree Variation in Wood Fibre Biometry And Basic Density of the Urograndis Eucalypt Hybrid (Eucalyptus Grandis × E. Urophylla)
Authors: Quilhó Teresa , Miranda Isabel , Pereira Helena
Published: November 2018

Within-tree variations in fibre length, width, wall thickness and wood basic density of Eucalyptus grandis × E. urophylla (urograndis) were studied in five 6.8-yr-old seedling trees and five 5.6-yr-old trees from one clone from Brazil. Samples were taken at 5%, 25%, 35%, 55%, 65% and 90% of stem height and five radial positions (10%, 30%, 50%, 70% and 90% of radius). The tree average fibre length, width and wall thickness were in seed and clone trees: 0.955 mm and 1.064 mm, 18 μm and 20 μm, 3.6 μm and 4.4 μm respectively. The axial variation of fibre dimensions was very low, while there was a consistent but small increasing trend from pith to periphery. The basic density ranged from 397–464 kg/m3 to 486–495 kg/m3 respectively in seedling and clone trees with a low variation along the stem. In comparison with other eucalypt pulpwood, e.g. E. globulus, the urograndis hybrid showed similar fibre dimensions and lower basic density. Overall the within-tree variation of these wood properties was low and age had a small impact on the variation of density and fibre dimensions.
Tension Wood and Opposite Wood in 21 Tropical Rain Forest Species
Authors: Clair Bruno , Ruelle Julien , Beauchêne Jacques , Prévost Marie Françoise , Fournier Meriem
Published: November 2018

Wood samples were taken from the upper and lower sides of 21 naturally tilted trees from 18 families of angiosperms in the tropical rain forest in French Guyana. The measurement of growth stresses ensured that the two samples were taken from wood tissues in a different mechanical state: highly tensile stressed wood on the upper side, called tension wood, and lower tensile stressed wood on the lower side, called opposite wood. Eight species had tension wood fibres with a distinct gelatinous layer (G-layer). The distribution of gelatinous fibres varied from species to species. One of the species, Casearia javitensis (Flacourtiaceae), showed a peculiar multilayered secondary wall in its reaction wood. Comparison between the stress level and the occurrence of the G-layer indicates that the G-layer is not a key factor in the production of high tensile stressed wood.
ECOLOGICAL TRENDS IN THE WOOD ANATOMY OF SOME BRAZILIAN SPECIES. 2. AXIAL PARENCHYMA, RAYS AND FIBRES
Authors: Segala Alves Edenise , Angyalossy-Alfonso Veronica
Published: November 2018

Some ecological trends in wood anatomy were established in florulas from several regions in Brazil. Characteristics of the axial and radial parenchyma and fibres were analyzed in trees belonging to 22 families of the Brazilian flora, including 133 genera, 491 species and 686 specimens. Some ecological trends were statistically supported by Pearson’s Standardised Residues. At lower latitudes, the axial parenchyma was predominantly paratracheal and more abundant; the rays were thinner, and the fibre walls thicker. At higher latitudes, the parenchyma was predominantly apotracheal and not so abundant, the rays were wider and the fibre walls thinner. Fibre wall thickness was related to humidity. Thinner walls were found in more humid environments, thicker walls were associated with drier environments. No trends for ray composition were identified. Overall, the results for Brazilian species are compatible with trends established by other authors.
COMPARISON OF CEPA (2-CHLOROETHYL PHOSPHONIC ACID) INDUCED RESPONSES IN JUVENILE EUCALYPTUS NITENS, E. GLOBULUS AND E. OBLIQUA: A HISTOCHEMICAL AND ANATOMICAL STUDY
Authors: Eyles Alieta , Mohammed Caroline
Published: November 2018

Kino veins and/or pockets are a characteristic defect of some Eucalyptus species and have long been recognized as sources of degrade in eucalypt timber. In a comparative study, the course of both histochemical and anatomical responses of three juvenile Eucalyptus species (E. nitens, E. globulus and E. obliqua) to treatment with an ethylene-releasing compound, 2-chloroethyl phosphonic acid (CEPA), were examined. Kino veins were induced in both E. obliqua and E. globulus. The hormone treatment failed to induce kino vein formation in E. nitens. The traumatic parenchyma (that later differentiated into kino veins) was not always derived from the initials of the vascular cambium as reported in previous studies of E. globulus. Instead, the traumatic parenchyma appeared to be produced from the meristematic activity of the inner phloem parenchyma. In addition, kino veins found in 2- to 3-year-old E. globulus were mostly included in the phloem and not in the xylem as generally observed in mature E. globulus.
Taxonomic remarks on some genera of Lixini Schoenherr, 1823 (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: GÜLTEKİN LEVENT
Published: November 2018

Types of forty-six species of Lixini of the genera Broconius Desbrochers, 1904, and Lixus Fabricius, 1801 were examined to evaluate their status, and lectotypes were designated [or holotypes recognized] when necessary. New synonyms, homonyms, combinations and new names were established as follows: Lixus Fabricius, 1801 [= Broconius Desbrochers, 1904 syn. n.], Lixus rectirostris Faust, 1890 [= Lixus rectirostris Desbrochers, 1904 hom et syn. n. = Broconius helenae Alonso-Zarazaga & Lyal, 1999 syn. n. = Lixus rectirostris Faust subsp. infrequens Hoffmann, 1954 syn. n.], Lixus kraatzi Capiomont, 1875 [= Lixus confinis Petri, 1904 syn. n. ], Lixus isfahanensis nom. n. [= Larinus cylindrus (Hoffmann, 1963) not Lixus cylindrus (Fabricius, 1781) comb. et hom. n.], Lixus scolopax Boheman, 1835 [= Lixus lutescens Capiomont, 1875 syn. n. = Lixus operculifer Petri, 1904 syn. n. = Lixus ewaldi Alziar, 1978 syn. n.], Conorhynchus mixtus (Fabricius, 1792) [= Lixus semilunatus Petri, 1904 comb. et syn. n.], Lixus elegantulus Boheman, 1842 [= Lixus amplirostris Petri, 1904 syn. n. = Lixus colchicus Petri, 1904 syn. n. = Lixus convexicollis Petri, 1904 syn. n.], and Lixus nordmanni Hochhuth, 1847 [= Lixus iridis v. levantinus Petri, 1904 syn. n.].
Thysanoptera of Great Britain: A revised and updated checklist
Authors: COLLINS DOMINIQUE W.
Published: November 2018

An annotated list is presented of 176 species of the Order Thysanoptera that have been recorded from Great Britain; of these, 19 species are known only as non-established incursions (isolated populations, usually in glasshouses, known only to have survived for a short time). A list of a further 52 non-native species that have been found by the plant health authorities of England and Wales during quarantine inspections on imported plant material is also presented.
Note on a collection of Amphibians and Reptiles from Western Sumatra (Indonesia), with the description of a new species of the genus Bufo
Authors: TEYNIÉ ALEXANDRE , DAVID PATRICK , OHLER ANNEMARIE
Published: November 2018

Amphibians and reptiles were collected in Sumatra during two short field trips, around Lake Maninjau in Sumatera Barat Province (West Sumatra Province) and in Jambi Province. On the basis of preserved specimens and / or photographed specimens, the collection includes 17 species of amphibians (1 Caecilia, 16 Anura) and 38 species of reptiles (11 lizard and 27 snake species respectively). A new species of the genus Bufo is described from a single specimen on the basis of a combination of unique characters distinguishing it from Bufo sumatranus Peters, 1871, a similar species also known only from its holotype. Other noteworthy specimens are described in details. Given the poor knowledge of the herpetology of Sumatra, this collection, although limited in size, is important and 3 amphibian and 10 reptile species represent new provincial records. Of special interest is the discovery in West Sumatra Province of Lygosoma quadrupes, previously only known from Sumatera Selatan Province. A preliminary biogeographical hypothesis of the herpetofauna of Sumatra is provided.
Arctic Summer Airmass Transformation, Surface Inversions, and the Surface Energy Budget
Authors: Tjernström Michael , Shupe Matthew D. , Brooks Ian M. , Achtert Peggy , Prytherch John , Sedlar Joseph
Published: November 2018

During the Arctic Clouds in Summer Experiment (ACSE) in summer 2014 a weeklong period of warm-air advection over melting sea ice, with the formation of a strong surface temperature inversion and dense fog, was observed. Based on an analysis of the surface energy budget, we formulated the hypothesis that, because of the airmass transformation, additional surface heating occurs during warm-air intrusions in a zone near the ice edge. To test this hypothesis, we explore all cases with surface inversions occurring during ACSE and then characterize the inversions in detail. We find that they always occur with advection from the south and are associated with subsidence. Analyzing only inversion cases over sea ice, we find two categories: one with increasing moisture in the inversion and one with constant or decreasing moisture with height. During surface inversions with increasing moisture with height, an extra 10–25 W m−2of surface heating was observed, compared to cases without surface inversions; the surface turbulent heat flux was the largest single term. Cases with less moisture in the inversion were often cloud free and the extra solar radiation plus the turbulent surface heat flux caused by the inversion was roughly balanced by the loss of net longwave radiation.
More than grateful: How employee embeddedness explains the link between psychological contract fulfillment and employee extra-role behavior
Authors: Kiazad Kohyar , Kraimer Maria L , Seibert Scott E
Published: November 2018

Scholars typically view employee responses to psychological contract (PC) fulfillment as a form of reciprocity; in exchange for the organization fulfilling its promises, the employee willingly contributes their time and effort toward company goals. In this article, we ask if employee responses are based not on gratitude, but rather on the employee’s desire to maintain the benefits associated with PC fulfillment. Specifically, we argue that PC fulfillment embeds employees in the organization by increasing the costs of leaving (‘sacrifices’), and this in turn motivates their extra-role performance. Furthermore, we expect this effect to be even stronger for employees with strong ties to colleagues or work groups (‘links’) or good fit with job demands or organizational values (‘fit’). Data from 149 employees and their immediate supervisors supported our predictions: PC fulfillment was positively related to organizationally-directed citizenship behaviors and work-role innovation through its positive relation to sacrifices. Furthermore, these indirect effects were stronger for employees with stronger links and better fit. The present findings provide a novel theoretical account of how and when PC fulfillment relates to positive employee behaviors. Theoretical and practical implications for managing employees’ PCs are discussed.
Hierarchical distributed model scheme implementation in DC μgrid for numerous ground faults condition
Authors: Yuvaraja T , Ramya K
Published: November 2018

This article presents a new protection scheme for the µgrid structure is implemented on low voltage side as DC system’s protection methods are quite new when compared to the AC systems. The protection system designed in AC system faces many difficulties like frequency matching, reactive power violation, and instability. The main objective of the proposed system is to eliminate the faulty segment promptly while keeping the healthy segments functioning unaltered. In the proposed method, a unitwise controller is designed and is connected in feedback so as to maintain stability under all conditions. The unitwise controller comprises primary and secondary controllers which continually monitor all the units of DC grid comprising semiconductor bidirectional switches and snubber circuits. A primary controller is used for monitoring the complete variation in the parameters in all the units. If the observed parameter value is greater than the acceptable range, the secondary controllers receive the command so as to take the required action to eliminate the faulty segment. Both lines and ground faults are tested on all the sections separately and also simultaneously. The tested results are analyzed in all aspects and the results of the states that the designed protection scheme competent in isolating the defective segment within a short period of time. Once the defective segment is isolated, the other segments retain the stabilized voltage and current limits. The protection scheme is designed and verified using MATLAB/Simulink.
Does a Customer on the Board of Directors Affect Business-to-Business Firm Performance?
Authors: Bommaraju Raghu , Ahearne Michael , Krause Ryan , Tirunillai Seshadri
Published: November 2018

The authors hypothesize that customer presence in the boardroom of business-to-business (B2B) firms brings customer orientation and customer knowledge to the board of directors and thereby enhances B2B firm performance. Using an objective measure of customer presence in the boardroom and a sample of 329 B2B firms over a nine-year period, the authors find support for this hypothesis. Moreover, relying on the resource-based view, they hypothesize that the performance benefit of customers in the boardroom is contingent on the value, rarity, inimitability, and organizational fit of customer resources. Specifically, they find that a customer on the board is more effective when demand uncertainty is high but is less effective when the firm is highly diversified. Moreover, a board member who is an independent director of the customer firm is less effective than a board member who is an executive at the customer firm. The authors also find that research and development intensity partially mediates the relationship between customer presence on the board and firm performance.
The Effect of Perceived Similarity on Sequential Risk Taking
Authors: Webb Elizabeth C. , Shu Suzanne B.
Published: November 2018

The authors examine how perceived similarity between sequential risks affects individuals’ risk-taking intentions. Specifically, in six studies, the authors find that, in sequential choice settings, individuals exhibit significant positive state dependence in risk-taking preferences, such that they are more likely to take a risk when it is similar to a previously taken risk than when it is dissimilar. For example, if an individual has previously taken a health/safety risk, that individual is more likely to take a second health/safety risk than a second risk that is in the financial domain. The authors show that because similarity between risks is malleable and can be determined by situational and contextual variables, subsequent risk-taking intentions can be changed in a predictable manner when similarity is manipulated through framing. The authors establish that increased feelings of self-efficacy and self-signaling through the prior risk-taking experience drive state-dependent risk-taking preferences. The authors further show that the effect of similarity on preferences is not moderated by the outcome received in the prior risk and holds when controlling for individual-level and domain-specific heterogeneity. Taken together, the results demonstrate that the similarity structures that exist between risks have a significant effect on risk-taking preferences in dynamic choice settings.
Amoris Laetitia: Towards a Methodological and Anthropological Integration of Catholic Social and Sexual Ethics
Authors: Salzman Todd A. , Lawler Michael G.
Published: November 2018

There is a long-noted anthropological and methodological divide between Catholic social and sexual ethics. We argue in three cumulative sections that Pope Francis’ Amoris Laetitia moves towards an anthropological and methodological integration of Catholic social teaching and Catholic sexual teaching. First, we explore Amoris Laetitia’s anthropological integration of Catholic social and Catholic sexual teaching; second, we explore its methodological integration of Catholic social and sexual teaching; finally, we demonstrate how the anthropological and methodological insights of Amoris Laetitia might provide a more integrated and credible response to a contemporary ethical issue.
Mary Daly’s The Church and the Second Sex after Fifty Years of US Catholic Feminist Theology
Authors: Coblentz Jessica , A. B. Jacobs Brianne
Published: November 2018

In 1968, Mary Daly published The Church and the Second Sex, one of the first monographs in the field of Catholic feminist theology. On the fiftieth anniversary of its release, this article remembers the book not only as an important historical milestone in Catholic theology, but also as an early and still-resonant articulation of issues that have concerned US Catholic feminist theologians since. This return to 1968 also puts into focus how the field has moved beyond Daly’s original project, clarifying important characteristics of the current discourse and its trajectories.
What the Biblical Scribes Teach Us about Their Writings
Authors: J. Clifford Richard
Published: November 2018

A question often posed to biblical scholars is how they can insist that God is merciful and trustworthy when in many Old Testament texts God is harsh and punitive. The article proposes to interpret such hard texts by examining the biblical scribes’ habits of composition—what they noticed, how they saw God revealed in history, and how they told their stories. In the light of these conclusions, the second part of the article examines several difficult Old Testament texts.
Juvenile Justice Risk Factors and Functional Family Therapy Fidelity on Felony Recidivism
Authors: Turner Charles W. , Robbins Michael S. , Winokur Early Kristin , Blankenship Julia L. , Weaver Lisa R.
Published: November 2018

Families ( n = 5,884) received Functional Family Therapy (FFT) provided as part of court-ordered probation services by 11 community sites throughout Florida. Sites provided home-based FFT to families with male (72%) or female (28%) delinquent youth. Juvenile justice courts referred clients to these services in an effort to redirect them away from incarceration. Clients were Hispanic (18%), Black (41%), and White non-Hispanic (36%), while therapists (female, 79%) were of Hispanic (28%), Black (20%), and White non-Hispanic (50%) ethnic/racial origins. Analyses of clients’ pretreatment recidivism risk and therapist’s caseload of risky clients demonstrated that both individual and treatment site case-mix of client criminal risk levels were associated with higher adjudicated felony recidivism. Furthermore, clinical process indicators suggest that therapists with larger rather than smaller caseloads of high-risk clients provided treatment with greater fidelity. Results suggest that experience in working with challenging clients is critical for achieving fidelity with these cases.
Geochemical response of deep geothermal processes in the Litang region, Western Sichuan
Authors: Zhang Wei , Wang Guiling , Xing Linxiao , Li Tingxin , Zhao Jiayi
Published: November 2018

The geochemical characteristics of geothermically heated water can reveal deep geothermal processes, leading to a better understanding of geothermal system genesis and providing guidance for improved development and utilization of such resources. Hydrochemical and hydrogen oxygen isotope analysis of two geothermal field (district) hot springs based on regional geothermal conditions revealed that the thermal water in the Litang region is primarily of the HCO3Na type. The positive correlations found between F−, Li2+, As+, and Cl− indicated a common origin, and the relatively high Na+ and metaboric acid concentrations suggested a relatively long groundwater recharge time and a slow flow rate. The values of δD and δ18O were well distributed along the local meteoric line, indicating a groundwater recharge essentially driven by precipitation. The thermal reservoir temperature (152°C–195°C) and thermal cycle depth (3156–4070 m) were calculated, and the cold water mixing ratio (60%–68%) was obtained using the silica-enthalpy model. Finally, hydrogeochemical pathway simulation was used to analyze the evolution of geothermal water in the region. The results were further supported by the high metasilicate content in the region. Of the geothermal fields in the region, it was found that the Kahui is primarily affected by albite, calcite precipitation, and silicate, while the Gezha field is primarily affected by calcite dissolution, dolomite precipitation, and silicate.
Conflicting Motivations: Understanding How Low-Status Group Members Respond to Ingroup Discrimination Claimants
Authors: Wellman Joseph D. , Wilkins Clara L. , Newell Ellen E. , Stewart D. Kamiya
Published: November 2018

Previous research has found that among low-status individuals, both group identification (GID) and status-legitimizing beliefs (SLBs) motivate varying responses to ingroup discrimination claimants. SLBs are traditionally thought to motivate decreased support for low-status claimants, while GID is thought to motivate increased liking and support of ingroup members. The current research examines these conflicting influences on ingroup claimants among women (Studies 1a and 1b) and Latino/as (Studies 2 and 3). We find that when SLBs are strongly endorsed (Studies 1a, 1b, and 2) or primed (Study 3), GID does not predict liking or support for a claimant. Only when SLB endorsement is low and identity safety cues are absent does GID predict liking and support for a claimant. Our results suggest that when motivations conflict, SLBs seem to more strongly predict reactions to ingroup claimants.
Federal Policy on Improving Outcomes for Students With Emotional and Behavioral Disorders: Past, Present, and Future
Authors: Freeman Jennifer , Yell Mitchell L. , Shriner James G. , Katsiyannis Antonis
Published: November 2018

Students with emotional and behavioral disorders (EBD) consistently lag behind their peers academically and behaviorally, are likely to be excluded from school, drop out more frequently, and face higher incarceration rates and a host of other negative outcomes as adults. Federal policy has played a key role in (a) ensuring that students with disabilities are included in schools, (b) requiring schools to meet the unique needs of learners, and (c) providing funding to support the development and implementation of evidence-based practices. Our purpose in this article is to examine the progress and challenges related to the development of federal policy supports for students with EBD, and to offer recommendations to help guide the future development of policy. Specifically, we (a) recognize the important developments of the last 30 years in policy protections and funding for students with EBD, (b) identify current challenges and emerging opportunities in several areas related to the identification and support of students with EBD, and (c) offer policy recommendations related to strengthening the use of the functional assessment and personnel capacity development.
Right ventricular hydatid cyst presented as tachyarrhythmia
Authors: Singh Sushil Kumar , Singh Vikas , Kumar Sarvesh , Devenraj Vijayant , Bhandari Monika , Pandey Ajay Kumar
Published: November 2018

Cardiac hydatidosis is a rare presentation of echinococcus granulosus infestation. We report the case of 57-year-old man who presented with syncope due to ventricular tachycardia and was managed with antiarrhythmic drugs for an acute episode. Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging suggested a 1 cm right ventricular hydatid cyst. In view of the control of arrhythmia on antiarrhythmic drugs and the small size of the cyst, the patient was treated with albendazole 400 mg twice a day for 4 weeks. He was asymptomatic with normal liver function during follow-up, and repeat echocardiography after 1 year revealed disappearance of the intramyocardial lesion.
Oral anticoagulation is preferable to injected, but only if it is safe and effective: An interview study of patient and carer experience of oral and injected anticoagulant therapy for cancer-associated thrombosis in the select-d trial
Authors: Hutchinson Ann , Rees Sophie , Young Annie , Maraveyas Anthony , Date Kathryn , Johnson Miriam J
Published: November 2018

Background:

Cancer patients have a four- to fivefold greater risk of thrombosis than the general population. Recommended treatment for cancer-associated thrombosis is 3–6 months of low-molecular-weight heparin. The ‘select-d’ trial is an open-label, randomised, multi-centre pilot trial in patients with cancer-associated thrombosis, utilising dalteparin (low-molecular-weight heparin) versus rivaroxaban (a direct oral anticoagulant), to assess effectiveness and safety.

Aim:

To explore patient and informal carers’ experiences of cancer-associated thrombosis and their experience and understanding of the risk–benefit of thrombosis treatment.

Design:

Qualitative substudy of the select-d trial, using semi-structured interviews. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Data were analysed using Framework Analysis.

Participants:

Participants were purposively sampled ( n = 37 patients; 46% male; age 40–89; 9 with carer present).

Results:

Three themes were found: experience of cancer-associated thrombosis, experience of anticoagulation and risk–benefit balance of the two modes of administration. Some were shocked by their thrombosis diagnosis (most were unaware of their risk), but others found it insignificant compared with cancer. Most patients found tablets more convenient, but injections were acceptable in the context of having cancer. While most were happy to follow medical advice, others weighed preference on the basis of effectiveness.

Conclusion:

Lack of awareness of thrombosis risk is concerning; cancer patients must be informed to enable prompt help-seeking. Tablets could provide a welcome choice for patients if there is equivalent risk–benefit to injected anticoagulants. Patients trust their clinicians to tailor their treatment. Future research could explore the effect of routine information giving about the risk of thrombosis.
Mouse, rat, and dog bioavailability and mouse oral antidepressant efficacy of (2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine
Authors: Highland Jaclyn N , Morris Patrick J , Zanos Panos , Lovett Jacqueline , Ghosh Soumita , Wang Amy Q , Zarate Carlos A , Thomas Craig J , Moaddel Ruin , Gould Todd D
Published: November 2018

Background:

( R,S)-ketamine has gained attention for its rapid-acting antidepressant actions in patients with treatment-resistant depression. However, widespread use of ketamine is limited by its side effects, abuse potential, and poor oral bioavailability. The ketamine metabolite, ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine, exerts rapid antidepressant effects, without ketamine’s adverse effects and abuse potential, in rodents.

Methods:

We evaluated the oral bioavailability of ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine in three species (mice, rats, and dogs) and also evaluated five candidate prodrug modifications for their capacity to enhance the oral bioavailability of ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine in mice. Oral administration of ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine was assessed for adverse behavioral effects and for antidepressant efficacy in the mouse forced-swim and learned helplessness tests.

Results:

( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine had absolute bioavailability between 46–52% in mice, 42% in rats, and 58% in dogs. Compared to intraperitoneal injection in mice, the relative oral bioavailability of ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine was 62%, which was not improved by any of the candidate prodrugs tested. Following oral administration, ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine readily penetrated the brain, with brain to plasma ratios between 0.67–1.2 in mice and rats. Oral administration of ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine to mice did not alter locomotor activity or precipitate behaviors associated with discomfort, sickness, or stereotypy up to a dose of 450 mg/kg. Oral ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine reduced forced-swim test immobility time (15–150 mg/kg) and reversed learned helplessness (50–150 mg/kg) in mice.

Conclusions:

These results demonstrate that ( 2R,6R)-hydroxynorketamine has favorable oral bioavailability in three species and exhibits antidepressant efficacy following oral administration in mice.
Chronic antipsychotic treatment targets GIRK current suppression, loss of long-term synaptic depression and behavioural sensitization in a mouse model of amphetamine psychosis
Authors: Groos Dominik , Zheng Fang , Rauh Manfred , Quinger Benedikt , Kornhuber Johannes , Müller Christian P , Alzheimer Christian
Published: November 2018

Background:

Antipsychotic drugs (APDs) are the mainstay of the pharmacological treatment of psychotic disorders like schizophrenia. While the clinical efficacy of APDs has long since been established, the neurobiological mechanisms underlying their therapeutic benefits are still not well understood.

Methods:

Here, we used an escalating amphetamine regimen to induce a psychosis-like state in mice. To achieve clinically relevant drug concentrations in amphetamine-pretreated mice, the typical APD haloperidol or the atypical APD olanzapine were chronically administered via subcutaneously implanted osmotic mini-pumps.

Results:

Demonstrating their therapeutic efficacy, both drugs dampened amphetamine-induced hyperlocomotion and restored normal behaviour in the light-induced activity test. Whole-cell recordings from dopaminergic neurons of the ventral tegmental area (VTA) in ex vivo brain slices revealed two pronounced aberrations associated with the psychosis-like state: Strongly enhanced spontaneous firing and a substantial loss of G protein-gated inwardly rectifying potassium (GIRK) current upon activation of GABAB receptors with baclofen. Chronic haloperidol and olanzapine restored normal firing and partially rescued the GIRK current response to baclofen. In ex vivo slices containing the nucleus accumbens, which receives a dopaminergic projection from the VTA, abrogation of long-term synaptic depression (LTD) and enhanced excitatory drive onto medium spiny neurons were identified as synaptic consequences of amphetamine-induced psychosis. Again, both alterations proved amenable to chronic APD treatment.

Conclusion:

Our data provide evidence for aberrant neuronal function and plasticity in the mesolimbic dopamine system during an induced psychotic state and identify these alterations as targets of chronic APD treatment.
Awareness of and attitudes toward translational medicine among health personnel in hospitals in Shanghai, China
Authors: Meina Li , Wenya Yu , Feng Ye , Tao Ding , Lulu Zhang
Published: November 2018

Objective

The study aim was to evaluate the knowledge and attitudes of hospital health personnel toward translational medicine.

Methods

We conducted a cross-sectional survey from July 2013 to September 2013 with a representative sample of 1690 health personnel from 13 large comprehensive or specialized hospitals in Shanghai, China.

Results

The results showed that awareness of and attitudes toward translational medicine significantly differed by gender, age, highest level of education, profession, and professional rank. Health personnel showed a highly positive attitude toward translational medicine; however, their knowledge of translational medicine was low.

Conclusion

Effective measures are needed to improve health personnel’s awareness of and attitudes toward translational medicine.