bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Practical Torso Cooling During Soccer-Specific Exercise in the Heat
Authors: Parris Kirstie , Tyler Christopher J.
Published: January 2019

Context

Precooling and midevent cooling of the torso using cooling vests can improve exercise performance in the heat with or without physiological changes; however, the effects of such cooling during intermittent exercise in the heat are unknown.

Objective

To investigate the effects of torso cooling during intermittent exercise in the heat (35°C, 50% relative humdity) on sprint performance and the physiological and perceptual responses to the exercise.

Design

Crossover study.

Setting

Walk-in environmental chamber.

Patients or Other Participants

Ten non–heat-acclimated, male soccer players (age = 25 ± 2 years, height = 1.77 ± 0.06 m, mass = 72.9 ± 7.6 kg).

Intervention(s)

Two 90-minute bouts of soccer-specific intermittent running in the heat: 1 trial with a cooling vest worn during the exercise and 1 trial without a cooling vest. Each trial comprised two 45-minute periods separated by approximately 15 minutes of seated rest in cool conditions (approximately 23°C, 50% relative humdity).

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Peak sprint speed, rectal temperature (Tr), mean-weighted skin temperature (Tsk), heart rate (HR), rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and thermal sensation (TS) were measured every 5 minutes.

Results

Peak sprint performance was largely unaffected by the cooling vest. The Tr, Tsk, HR, RPE, and TS were unaffected in the cooling-vest trial during the first 45 minutes, but Tr rose at a slower rate in the cooling-vest trial (0.026°C.min–1 ± 0.008°C.min–1) than in the no-vest trial (0.032°C.min–1 ± 0.009°C.min–1). During the second 45-minute period, Tr, Tr rate of rise, Tsk, RPE, and TS were lower in the cooling-vest trial (Hedges g range, 0.55–0.84), but mean HR was unaffected.

Conclusions

Wearing a cooling vest during soccer-specific intermittent running in the heat reduced physiological and perceptual strain but did not increase peak sprint speed.
Higher Order Approximations to the Navier–Stokes Flow in a Rough Boundary Domain
Authors: Starčević Maja
Published: January 2019

We consider an incompressible flow governed by the nonlinear Navier–Stokes equations with periodic boundary conditions in a domain with periodic roughness. Approximations to the flow up to the second order are deduced starting from a modification of the analogous flow in a simpler truncated domain, i.e. its extension to a series with respect to the amplitude of the rough part of the flow domain. The rigorous estimates for the approximations are given.
Triebel–Lizorkin–Lorentz Spaces and the Navier–Stokes Equations
Authors: Hobus Pascal , Saal Jürgen
Published: January 2019

We derive basic properties of Triebel–Lizorkin–Lorentz spaces important in the treatment of PDE. For instance, we prove Triebel–Lizorkin–Lorentz spaces to be of class

\mathcal {HT}

, to have property

(\alpha)

, and to admit a multiplier result of Mikhlin type. By utilizing these properties we prove the Laplace and the Stokes operator to admit a bounded

H^\infty

-calculus. This is finally applied to construct a unique maximal strong solution for the Navier–Stokes equations on corresponding Triebel–Lizorkin–Lorentz ground spaces.
Should Emergency Pharmacists Focus on Providing Care to Admitted Patients Rather than Non-admitted Patients?
Authors: San Cindy , Sylvestre Anne
Published: January 2019

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Desarrollo armónico rural. Una propuesta teórica desde los sujetos
Authors: Díaz Cárdenas Salvador , Peña Olvera Benjamín Valeriano , Escobedo Garrido José Sergio , Díaz Cervantes Rufino , Macías López Antonio , Escamilla Prado Esteban
Published: January 2019

La globalización económica y el neoliberalismo, impuestos por más de tres décadas, han generado situaciones en el límite: i) pobreza generalizada y polarización social y, ii) deterioro ambiental y aumento del cambio climático. Como parte teórica de un estudio más amplio, en la búsqueda de alternativas al modelo de desarrollo sustentable actual, caracterizado por generar condiciones de “no desarrollo” para la mayoría de la población; se propone la categoría de desarrollo armónico. El eje conductor de este trabajo se desprende de una posición crítica al desarrollo sustentable, proponiendo una alternativa que incorpora como elemento principal al ser humano, como sujeto de su propio desarrollo. El desarrollo armónico, se postula desde la articulación dinámica de tres ejes: transformaciones sociales y económicas centradas en el ser humano, la preservación de la naturaleza y las organizaciones e instancias de mediación; en la búsqueda de la regulación y el equilibrio conjunto de estos tres ejes, en las actividades sociales, económicas, culturales y políticas, en un enfoque de participación y equidad. Es una propuesta inicial, a manera de una noción conceptual para caminar, en la perspectiva del vivir armónico. Una forma para “tejer en el caos y construir alternativas”.
Modelling black carbon absorption of solar radiation: combining external and internal mixing assumptions
Authors: Curci Gabriele , Alyuz Ummugulsum , Barò Rocio , Bianconi Roberto , Bieser Johannes , Christensen Jesper H. , Colette Augustin , Farrow Aidan , Francis Xavier , Jiménez-Guerrero Pedro , Im Ulas , Liu Peng , Manders Astrid , Palacios-Peña Laura , Prank Marje , Pozzoli Luca , Sokhi Ranjeet , Solazzo Efisio , Tuccella Paolo , Unal Alper , Vivanco Marta G. , Hogrefe Christian , Galmarini Stefano
Published: January 2019

Abstract. An accurate simulation of the absorption properties is key for assessing the
radiative effects of aerosol on meteorology and climate. The representation
of how chemical species are mixed inside the particles (the mixing state) is
one of the major uncertainty factors in the assessment of these effects. Here
we compare aerosol optical properties simulations over Europe and North
America, coordinated in the framework of the third phase of the Air Quality
Model Evaluation International Initiative (AQMEII), to 1 year of AERONET
sunphotometer retrievals, in an attempt to identify a mixing state
representation that better reproduces the observed single scattering albedo
and its spectral variation. We use a single post-processing tool (FlexAOD) to
derive aerosol optical properties from simulated aerosol speciation profiles,
and focus on the absorption enhancement of black carbon when it is internally
mixed with more scattering material, discarding from the analysis scenes
dominated by dust. We found that the single scattering albedo at 440 nm (ω0,440) is
on average overestimated (underestimated) by 3–5 % when external
(core-shell internal) mixing of particles is assumed, a bias comparable in
magnitude with the typical variability of the quantity. The (unphysical)
homogeneous internal mixing assumption underestimates ω0,440 by
∼14 %. The combination of external and core-shell configurations
(partial internal mixing), parameterized using a simplified function of air
mass aging, reduces the ω0,440 bias to -1/-3 %. The black
carbon absorption enhancement (Eabs) in core-shell with respect to
the externally mixed state is in the range 1.8–2.5, which is above the
currently most accepted upper limit of ∼1.5. The partial internal
mixing reduces Eabs to values more consistent with this limit.
However, the spectral dependence of the absorption is not well reproduced,
and the absorption Ångström exponent AAE675440 is
overestimated by 70–120 %. Further testing against more comprehensive
campaign data, including a full characterization of the aerosol profile in
terms of chemical speciation, mixing state, and related optical properties,
would help in putting a better constraint on these calculations.
A shape model of internally mixed soot particles derived from artificial surface tension
Authors: Ishimoto Hiroshi , Kudo Rei , Adachi Kouji
Published: January 2019

Abstract. To retrieve the physical properties of aerosols from multi-channel
ground-based and satellite measurements, we developed a shape model of coated
soot particles and created a dataset of their optical properties. Bare soot
particles were assumed to have an aggregate shape, and two types of
aggregates with different size–shape dependences were modeled using a
polyhedral Voronoi structure. To simulate the detailed shape properties of
mixtures of soot aggregates and adhered water-soluble substances, we propose
a simple model of surface tension derived from the artificial surface
potential. The light-scattering properties of the modeled particles with
different volume fractions of water-soluble material were calculated using
the finite-difference time-domain method and discrete-dipole approximation.
The results of the single-scattering albedo and asymmetry factors were
compared to those of conventional internally mixed spheres (i.e., effective
medium spheres based on the Maxwell-Garnett approximation and simple
core-shell spheres). In addition, the lidar backscattering properties (i.e.,
lidar ratios and linear depolarization ratios) of the modeled soot particles
were investigated. For internally mixed soot particles, the lidar
backscattering properties were sensitive to the shape of the soot particles
and the volume mixing ratio of the assumed water-soluble components. However,
the average optical properties of biomass smoke, which have been reported
from in situ field and laboratory measurements, were difficult to explain
based on the individually modeled particle. Nonetheless, our shape model and
its calculated optical properties are expected to be useful as an alternative
model for biomass smoke particles in advanced remote sensing via
multi-channel radiometer and lidar measurements.
Analysis Algorithm for Sky Type and Ice Halo Recognition in All-Sky Images
Authors: Boyd Sylke , Sorenson Stephen , Richard Shelby , King Michelle , Greenslit Morton
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Ice halos, in particular the 22° halo, have been captured in long-time series of images obtained from Total Sky Imagers (TSI) at various Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) sites. Ice halos form if smooth-faced hexagonal ice crystals are present in the optical path. We describe an image analysis algorithm for long-time series of TSI images which identifies images with 22° halos. Each image is assigned an ice halo score (IHS) for 22° halos, as well as a sky type score (STS), which differentiates cirrostratus (CS), partially cloudy (PCL), cloudy (CLD), or clear (CLR) within a near-solar analysis area. The colour-resolved radial brightness behaviour of the near-solar region is used to define the characteristic property spaces used for STS and IHS. The scoring is based on distance from a region in that property space, using tools of multivariate Gaussian analysis. An external expandable master table of characteristic properties allows continued training of the algorithm. Scores are assigned to the standardized sun-centred image produced from the raw TSI image after a series of calibrations, rotation, and coordinate transformation. We present test results on halo observations and sky type for the first four months of the year 2018, for TSI images obtained at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) ARM site. A detailed comparison of visual and algorithm scores for the month of March 2018 shows that the algorithm is about 90 % reliable in discriminating the four sky types, and identifies 86 % of all visual halos correctly. Numerous instances of halo appearances were identified for the period January through April 2018, with persistence times between 5 and 220  minutes. Varying by month, we found that between 9 % and 22 % of cirrostratus skies exhibited a full or partial 22° halo.
Revisiting particle sizing using grayscale optical array probes evaluation using laboratory experiments and synthetic data
Authors: O'Shea Sebastian J. , Crosier Jonathan , Dorsey James , Schledewitz Waldemar , Crawford Ian , Borrmann Stephan , Cotton Richard , Bansemer Aaron
Published: January 2019

Abstract. In-situ observations from research aircraft and instrumented ground sites are important contributions to developing our collective understanding of clouds, and are used to inform and validate numerical weather and climate models. Unfortunately, biases in these datasets may be present, which can limit their value. In this paper, we discuss artefacts which may bias data from a widely used family of instrumentation in the field of cloud physics, Optical Array Probes (OAPs). Using laboratory and synthetic datasets, we demonstrate how greyscale analysis can be used to filter data, constraining the sample volume of the OAP, and improving data quality particularly at small sizes where OAP data are considered unreliable. We apply the new methodology to ambient data from two contrasting case studies: one warm cloud and one cirrus cloud. In both cases the new methodology reduces the concentration of small particles (< 60 µm) by approximately an order of magnitude. This significantly improves agreement with a Mie scattering spectrometer for the liquid case and with a holographic imaging probe for the cirrus case. Based on these results, we make specific recommendations to instrument manufacturers, instrument operators, and data processors about the optimal use of greyscale OAP’s. We also raise the issue of bias in OAP’s which have no greyscale capability.
Controls on zooplankton methane production in the central Baltic Sea
Authors: Stawiarski Beate , Otto Stefan , Thiel Volker , Gräwe Ulf , Loick-Wilde Natalie , Wittenborn Anna K. , Schloemer Stefan , Wäge Janine , Rehder Gregor , Labrenz Matthias , Wasmund Norbert , Schmale Oliver
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Several methanogenic
pathways in oxic surface waters were recently discovered, but their relevance
in the natural environment is still unknown. Our study examines distinct
methane (CH4) enrichments that repeatedly occur below the thermocline during the
summer months in the central Baltic Sea. In agreement with previous studies
in this region, we discovered differences in the methane distributions
between the western and eastern Gotland Basin, pointing to in situ methane
production below the thermocline in the latter (concentration of CH4 14.1±6.1 nM, δ13C CH4 −62.9 ‰). Through
the use of a high-resolution hydrographic model of the Baltic Sea, we showed
that methane below the thermocline can be transported by upwelling events
towards the sea surface, thus contributing to the methane flux at the
sea–air interface. To quantify zooplankton-associated methane production
rates, we developed a sea-going methane stripping-oxidation line to determine
methane release rates from copepods grazing on 14C-labelled
phytoplankton. We found that (1) methane production increased with the number
of copepods, (2) higher methane production rates were measured in incubations
with Temora longicornis (125±49 fmol methane copepod−1 d−1) than in incubations with
Acartia spp. (84±19 fmol CH4 copepod−1 d−1) dominated zooplankton
communities, and (3) methane was only produced on a Rhodomonas sp.
diet, and not on a cyanobacteria diet. Furthermore, copepod-specific methane
production rates increased with incubation time. The latter finding suggests
that methanogenic substrates for water-dwelling microbes are released by cell
disruption during feeding, defecation, or diffusion from fecal pellets. In
the field, particularly high methane concentrations coincided with stations
showing a high abundance of DMSP/DMSO-rich Dinophyceae. Lipid biomarkers extracted
from phytoplankton- and copepod-rich samples revealed that Dinophyceae are a
major food source of the T. longicornis dominated zooplankton
community, supporting the proposed link between copepod grazing, DMSP/DMSO
release, and the build-up of subthermocline methane enrichments in the
central Baltic Sea.
De-chlorination of drinking water by forced aeration
Authors: Hassan Ghanim , Edyvean Robert G. J.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Shock chlorination is a well-known practice in swimming pools and domestic wells. One of the limitations for using this technique in drinking water purification facilities is the difficulty of quickly removing high chlorine concentrations in water distribution systems or production facilities. In order to use this method in the drinking water industry a shock de-chlorination method should be introduced for producing microorganism and biocide free water. De-chlorination using natural stagnant aeration (leaving the water to lose the chlorine naturally) is the safest known method if compared with chemical and charcoaling methods. Unfortunately, stagnant aeration is a slow process. Therefore, developing a process for accelerating de-chlorination by aeration would pave the way for using shock de-chlorination in drinking water industry. Forced air bubbling is a possible technique for de-chlorination but there is lack of data supporting such a process. The theory is that air bubbling has the advantages of higher mass transfer area, higher Reynolds number across the bubble water interface, and higher mass transfer concentration gradient as the bubbling presents a continuous stream of fresh bubbles. All of these factors accelerate aeration to various extents. A 20 cm diameter, 1-meter height column provided with air sparger was designed to collect the desired data used in this study. Trichloroisocyanuric acid, sodium hypochlorite and chlorine gas were the three familiar sources of chlorine used to investigate their response to air bubbling. Chlorine gas was the fastest and safest chlorine source to be dechlorinated. It dropped from 200 ppm to 0.02 ppm within 4 minutes or zero ppm within 6 minutes using an air flowrate of 9 l/min. Sodium hypochlorite decreased from 200 ppm to 0.02 ppm within 6 minutes using air flowrate of 9 l/min. Trichloroisocyanuric acid found to be the chlorine source slowest to respond to de-chlorination. It decreased from 200 ppm to 0.02 ppm within 8 minutes using an air flowrate of 9 l/min. Shock de-chlorination by aeration is found to be a promising method that opens up the drinking water industry and could produce microorganism and biocide free drinking water.
The Effects of Changing Climate on Estuarine Water Levels: A United States Pacific Northwest Case Study
Authors: Parker Kai , Hill David , García-Medina Gabriel , Beamer Jordan
Published: January 2019

Abstract. Climate change impacts to extreme water levels (WLs) at two United States Pacific Northwest estuaries are investigated using a multi-component process-based modeling framework. The integrated impact of climate change on estuarine forcing is considered using a series of sub-models that track changes to oceanic, atmospheric, and hydrologic controls on hydrodynamics. This modeling framework is run at decadal scales for historic and future periods with changes to extreme WLs quantified across the two study sites. It is found that there is spatial variability in extreme WLs at both study sites with all recurrence interval events increasing with further distance into the estuary. This spatial variability is found to increase for the 100-year event moving into the future. It is found that the full effect of sea level rise is mitigated by a decrease in forcing. Short recurrence interval events are less buffered and therefore more impacted by sea level rise than higher return interval events. Finally, results show that annual extremes at the study sites are defined by compound events with a variety of forcing contributing to high WLs.
Brief communication: Rethinking the 1998 China flood to prepare for a
nonstationary future
Authors: Du Shiqiang , Cheng Xiaotao , Huang Qingxu , Chen Ruishan , Ward Philip , Aerts Jeroen C. J. H.
Published: January 2019

Abstract. A mega-flood in 1998 caused tremendous losses in China, and triggered large investments in flood risk management (Bryan et al., 2018). However, rapid urbanization and climate change pose new challenges and it is time to rethink whether China is prepared for the next mega-flood. In China’s fast growing economy, with rapid urbanization, novel flood risk management approaches are required in addition to reinforcing structural protection, such as levees. These include a risk-based urban planning and a coordinated water governance system with public participation.
TIRPIOS KAVOS IR JOS ANALOGŲ ANTIOKSIDACINIS AKTYVUMAS
Authors: Barragan Ferrer Diana , Barragan Ferrer Jesus Manuel , Kulnickaitė Ieva , Čepulkauskienė Vida
Published: January 2019

Apie tirpių kavų ir jos analogų savybes žinoma kur kas mažiau, nei apie skrudintų kavos pupelių, tačiau žmonių susidomėjimas ir noras rūpintis savo sveikata skatina tirti, kokiomis ypatybėmis pasižymi šie gė­rimai ir kokį kiekį rekomenduojama vartoti šių mil­telių, kad kava būtų paruošta su aukštesniu antiok­sidaciniu našumu, kuris naudingai veiktų žmogaus sveikatą. Antioksidaciniu aktyvumu pasižyminčios medžiagos veikia antibakteriškai, skausmą slopinan­čiai, tonizuojančiai. Kaip ir įprastoje kavoje, tirpiojoje ir jos pakaitaluose taip pat randamas didelis kiekis žmogaus organizmui reikalingų antioksidantų, tačiau jų aktyvumas pri­klauso nuo kavos koncentracijos. Antioksidaciniu aktyvumu pasižyminčios medžiagos gali būti nau­dojamos lėtinių, širdies ir kraujagyslių sistemos ligų, organizmo senėjimo prevencijai ir gydymui, kadangi pasižymi efektyviu oksidacinių procesų blokavimu. Dėl šių priežasčių svarbu nustatyti tirpios kavos ir jos analogų kokybę pagal fenolinių junginių kiekį ir antioksidacinį aktyvumą. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad bendras fenolinių jungi­nių kiekis, didinant tirpių kavos gėrimų koncentraciją, fenolinių junginių kiekis bekofeininiuose tirpaluose didėjo, o kavose su kofeinu – kito neženkliai. Atli­kus antioksidacinių savybių įvertinimo tyrimą nusta­tyta, kad didinat kavos koncentraciją antiradikalinis efektyvumas mažėja ir kavos gėrimai pradeda veikti oksiduojančiai.
FARMACIJOS SPECIALISTŲ KONSULTACIJŲ TURINYS IŠDUODANT RECEPTINIUS VAISTUS: SKIRTUMAI TARP LYČIŲ IR AMŽIAUS GRUPIŲ
Authors: Daukšienė Jurgita , Jonaitienė Laimutė , Kizevičienė Edita
Published: January 2019

Tiksli, teisinga ir nevėluojanti informacija apie vais­tus ir sveikatos stiprinimą yra svarbus sveikatos prie­žiūros ir saugaus vaistų vartojimo komponentas. Šian­dien pacientams prieinama daug rašytinių, vaizdinių ir interaktyvių informacijos šaltinių. Dalis pacientus pasiekiančios informacijos gali būti dviprasmiška ar netgi klaidinanti. Tyrimai rodo, kad tinkama infor­macija apie vaistus svarbi ne tik nereceptinių, bet ir receptinių vaistų įsigijimo metu. Darbo tikslas buvo atskleisti farmacijos specialistų vaidmenį išduodant nereceptinius vaistinius preparatus visuomenės vais­tinėje. Pasirinktas struktūrizuotas stebėjimo tyrimas. Išanalizuota daugiau kaip 4000 teikiamų visuomenės vaistinėse konsultacijų turinys. Rezultatai: iš stebėtų 4198 farmacijos specialistų konsultacijų, 1331 atve­jais gyventojas įsigijo tik receptinius vaistus. Treč­dalis visų vaistinės pacientų apsipirkimo vaistinėje metu įsigijo receptinius vaistinius preparatus, dau­giau negu pusė pirko receptinius kompensuojamus vaistus (65,8 %), likusi dalis – nekompensuojamus (34,2 %). Didžiausia respondentų dalis receptinius vaistinius preparatus pirko pagal 3 formos recepto blankus (63,6 %). Farmacijos specialistai, išduodami receptinius vaistinius preparatus, suteikė minima­lią informaciją apie vaistą. Vidutiniškai vieno vizito metu buvo aptariama 1,62 vaisto vartojimo aspekto. Dažniausiai suteikiama informacija apie vaistą buvo: kaip vartoti, kada vartoti ir kaip ilgai vartoti išrašytą receptinį vaistinį preparatą. Daugeliu atvejų informa­cija suteikiama žodžiu ir raštu, ir vidutiniškai skiriant 4,04 minutės laiko vienam pacientui.
UNIVERSITETO STUDENTŲ FIZINIO AKTYVUMO MOTYVACIJOS VEIKSNIAI: TEORINIAI POŽIŪRIAI
Authors: Gužauskas Donatas , Mikutavičienė Inga
Published: January 2019

Straipsnyje nagrinėjami studentų fizinio aktyvumo sąlygų teoriniai aspektai. Motyvacija fiziniam ak­tyvumui nagrinėjama iš tokių teorinių perspektyvų kaip socialinė kognityvinė teorija, Penderio sveikatos skatinimo modelis, asmeninio veiksmingumo ir as­meninių schemų teorija, ekologinis modelis ir socia­linis ekologinis modelis, planuojamo elgesio teorija, apsisprendimo teorija. Apibendrinus buvo išskirtos penkios, darančios įtaką studentų fiziniam aktyvumui veiksnių grupės: demografiniai ir biologiniai veiks­niai; psichologiniai, kognityviniai ir emociniai veiks­niai; elgesio atributai ir įgūdžių veiksniai; socialiniai ir kultūrinai faktoriai; fiziniai aplinkos veiksniai, ypa­tingą dėmesį atkreipiant į universiteto aplinką, sutei­kiamas fizinio aktyvumo galimybes, studijų turinį, pasikeitusias studentų gyvenimo aplinkybes.
PEDIATRIC NURSES’ KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS IN EVIDENCEBASED TECHNIQUE OF SECRETION SUCTIONING FROM A TRACHEOSTOMY TUBE
Authors: Kostyliovienė Silva , Vaškelytė Alina , Grinkevičiūtė Dovilė
Published: January 2019

In order to ensure the quality of tracheostomy care, nurses should have good knowledge and practical skills based on evidence-based practice. This study aims to analyse pediatric nurses’ knowledge and skills in evidence-based technique of secretion suctioning from tracheostomy tube. The study was conducted in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit and three pediatric units. Questionnaire and Protocol for observation of practical skills were created. Sixty-nine nurses were questioned and thirty-two procedures of secretion suctioning from a tracheostomy tube observed.

Nearly a fifth of the respondents (23.2%) indicated that it was usual to perform the secretion suctioning from a tracheostomy tube every few hours, during observations nurses performed secretion suctioning if at least one of the clinical criteria for the need of secretion suctioning was met. In practice, the pressure during procedure was set at 50-120 mmHg in the majority of procedures (95.5%), even though more than a half of the respondents (53.6%) indicated they performed secretion suctioning using the pressure higher than 150 mmHg or the highest pressure avai­lable in the pump.

In practice, pediatric nurses providing tracheostomy care correctly applied their knowledge on the need for secretion suctioning from a tracheostomy tube. About a third of pediatric nurses did not follow the recom­mended steps of secretion suctioning procedure; in some cases the recommended suctioning pressure was not applied.

In order to ensure patient’s safety and qualified tracheostomy care we have to rely on evidence–based nursing. Nurses not always know and use evidence - based tracheostomy care recommendations. This study revealed problematic aspects in tracheostomy care and proved that standardized tracheostomy care protocols have to be implemented, tracheostomy care study program for nurses based on evidence–based practice must be prepared, and tracheostomy teams in the hospitals have to be established.
KVAPŲ TAIKYMO GALIMYBĖS KURIANT ORGANIZACIJOS ĮVAIZDĮ
Authors: Barragan Ferrer Diana , Mickienė Žaneta , Kupčikienė Ilona , Zlatkuvienė Sigita , Matelienė Gerda , Rudžionienė Augustina , Šidagienė Agnė
Published: January 2019

Šiandieninės konkurencijos akivaizdoje organizacijos įvaizdis tapo ypač svarbia konkurencinio pranašumo įgijimo ir efektyvios veiklos vystymo priemone. Nors esama labai daug komunikacijos kanalų ir būdų, ta­čiau klientą pasiekti tenka vis sudėtingiau. Daugelis organizacijų stiprindamos savo įvaizdį vis dažniau pasitelkia sensorinę rinkodarą – komunikavimą per klientų pojūčius, dar kitaip vadinamą pojūčių marke­tingu. Mokslinėje literatūroje teigiama, jog pozityvias emocijas galima sužadinti tinkamai paveikiant visus penkis žmogaus pojūčius. Pojūčių marketingas pa­deda užmegzti emocinius ryšius su klientais, sukuria ilgalaikį lojalumą organizacijai.

Tyrimo tikslas – atskleisti kvapų taikymo galimybes kuriant organizacijos įvaizdį. Kiekybinio tyrimo re­zultatai atskleidė, kad, daugumos respondentų ma­nymu, reprezentacinis kvapas yra „svarbus“ kuriant organizacijos įvaizdį. Organizacijos įvaizdžio kūri­mui respondentai rinktųsi gaivius su citrusinių vaisių natomis, švelnius, subtilius arba neženkliai juntamus kvapus. Tyrimo rezultatai parodė, kad Kauno kolegi­jos veiklos bruožai: atsakomybė ir profesionalumas respondentams asocijuojasi su medienos kvapu, atvi­rumas ir pagarba su gėlių aromatu, o su bendruome­niškumu respondentams asocijuojasi žalumos ir ci­trusų kvapai. Respondentų manymu, tinkami įvairūs organizaciją reprezentuojantys kvapų panaudojimo būdai: aromatinės žvakės, aromatizatoriai ir aroma­tinės lazdelės.
Monitoring public health reporting: data tracking in cancer registries
Authors: Jabour Abdulrahman , Dixon Brian
Published: January 2019

Introduction: Timeliness of data availability is a key performance measure in cancer reporting. Previous studies evaluated timeliness of cancer reporting using a single metric, yet this metric obscures the details within each step of the reporting process. To enhance understanding of cancer reporting processes, we measured the timeliness of discrete cancer reporting steps and examined changes in timeliness across a decade.Methods: We analyzed 76,259 cases of breast, colorectal and lung cancer reported to the Indiana State Cancer Registry between 2001 and 2011. We measured timeliness for three fundamental reporting steps: report completion time, report submission time, and report processing time. Timeliness was measured as the difference, in days, between timestamps recorded in the cancer registry at each step. We further examined the reporting pattern among facilities within each step.Results: Identifying and gathering details about cases (report completion) accounts for the largest proportion of time during the cancer reporting process. Although submission time accounts for a lesser proportion of time, there is wide variation among facilities. One-seventh (7 out of 49) facilities accounted for 28.4% of the total cases reported, all of which took more than 100 days to submit the completed cases to the registry.Conclusions: Measuring timeliness of the individual steps in reporting processes can enable cancer registry programs to target individual facilities as well as tasks that could be improved to reduce overall case reporting times. Process improvement could strengthen cancer control programs and enable more rapid discovery in cancer research.
eHealth literacy and general interest in using online Health information: a survey among patients with dental diseases
Authors: Valizadeh-Haghi Saeideh , Rahmatizadeh Shahabedin
Published: January 2019

Objectives: The aim of the study is to explore the eHealth literacy and general interest in using eHealth information among patients with dental diseases.Methods: A total of 171 patients with dental diseases completed the survey including the eHEALS. The effect of participants' age, gender and education on eHealth literacy was assessed. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was also used to assess the correlation between the importance of access to health information and the usefulness of the internet for decision-making.Results: The mean score of eHealth literacy in the participants was 30.55 (SD=4.069). The participants' age has significant effect on eHealth literacy level (t=3.573, P-value=0.002). Moreover, there was a significant correlation between the total score of eHealth literacy and the importance of access to eHealth information (r=0.33, n=171, P<0.s001). The difference in eHealth literacy in terms of educational background showed no statistically significant differences (F=1.179, P-value=0.322).Discussion: the participants had a high level of eHealth literacy. Determining eHealth literacy among dental patients leads to a better understanding of their problems in health decision-making.Conclusion: Dental institutions efforts should aim to raise awareness on online health information quality and to encourage patients to use evaluation tools, especially among low electronic health literate patients.
Indicadores de saúde mental em jovens: fatores de risco e de proteção
Authors: Cardoso Hugo Ferrari , Borsa Juliane Callegaro , Segabinazi Joice Dickel
Published: January 2019

A juventude é caracterizada por importantes mudanças biológicas, psicológicas e sociais em que o indivíduo vivencia a conquista gradual da sua autonomia. Reconhecendo a juventude como uma importante etapa do ciclo vital, o presente estudo investigou indicadores de saúde mental e fatores de risco e de proteção, individuais e contextuais, em jovens universitários. Participaram do estudo 270 universitários (75,6% mulheres), com idades entre 18 e 24 anos (M = 20,3; DP = 1,87), provenientes de três diferentes estados brasileiros, os quais responderam a um protocolo composto por questionários padronizados. Os resultados indicaram que indivíduos com diagnóstico de depressão reportaram maiores níveis de afetos negativos, ansiedade e depressão. Além disso, os sintomas de depressão se correlacionaram negativamente com as variáveis individuais e contextuais que podem atuar como fatores de proteção para a saúde mental. Esses e outros resultados do presente estudo são discutidos com base na literatura.
Compreensão de leitura e consciência morfológica em crianças do Ensino Fundamental
Authors: Lucio Patricia Silva , Lima Thatiana Helena de , Jesuíno Ana Deyvis Santos Araújo , Rueda Fabián J. M.
Published: January 2019

O objetivo do estudo foi investigar os efeitos da idade e escolaridade no desempenho em compreensão leitora e consciência morfológica, assim como o poder preditivo da consciência morfológica no desempenho em compreensão leitora. Participaram 403 estudantes do 2º ao 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental (Ciclos 1 e 2) de uma cidade do interior do Estado do Paraná (54,3% do sexo feminino). Como instrumentos, foram utilizados o Teste de Cloze (texto “Uma vingança infeliz”) e Tarefas de Avaliação da Consciência Morfológica. Os resultados mostraram que tanto a compreensão em leitura quanto a consciência morfológica sofrem influência desenvolvimental e que a consciência morfológica pode predizer entre 23% e 34% da compreensão leitora.
Sintomas depressivos, autorregulação emocional e suporte familiar: um estudo com crianças e adolescentes.
Authors: Lima Lisandra Borges , Pacheco Janaína Thais Barbosa
Published: January 2019

A depressão infantil acarreta prejuízos em diferentes contextos da vida, tanto das crianças quanto de seus familiares. O objetivo do estudo foi verificar a prevalência de sintomas depressivos para uma amostra de escolares e buscar a relação entre descritores de depressão, autorregulação emocional e percepção do suporte familiar. Como objetivos secundários, buscou-se diferenças entre sexo e idade. Participaram 546 crianças e adolescentes, sendo a maioria (n=276; 50,5%) meninos, com idades entre 8 a 18 anos (M=12,65; DP=1,84). Os instrumentos utilizados foram a Escala Baptista de Depressão Infantil, Bateria de Indicadores de Depressão Infantojuvenil, Escala de Autorregulação Emocional e Inventário de Percepção de Suporte Familiar. Os resultados indicaram prevalência de sintomatologia leve (4,8%), moderada (20,3%) e severa (15%). A depressão mostrou-se associada a dificuldades de autorregulação emocional e percepção do suporte familiar. Conclui-se que o entendimento acerca da expressão da sintomatologia depressiva pode contribuir para diagnóstico e intervenção precoces.
Desempenho de idosos com e sem declínio cognitivo leve na versão reduzida do Teste WCST-64
Authors: Esteves Cristiane Silva , Oliveira Camila Rosa de , Gonzatti Valéria , Lima Manuela Polidoro , Tatay Carmen Moret , Argimon Irani Iracema de Lima , Irigaray Tatiana Quarti
Published: January 2019

Declínio Cognitivo Leve (DCL) é uma condição clínica que apresenta perdas cognitivas acima do esperado para idade ou escolaridade, não preenchendo critérios diagnósticos para quadros demenciais. Este artigo comparou o desempenho de 56 idosos no Teste Wisconsin de Classificação de Cartas, versão reduzida (WCST-64) em uma amostra de idosos com e sem DCL (n=28 por grupo), emparelhados por idade e escolaridade (média de idade =68,93; DP=5,06; escolaridade média= 13,21; DP=5,06). Os instrumentos utilizados foram questionário sociodemográfico, bateria de testes neurocognitivos e de capacidade funcional e o WCST-64. Os dados foram analisados utilizando análises descritivas e inferenciais. O grupo com DCL obteve pior resultado apenas no escore número de erros do WCST-64 (p=0,029). Os resultados sugerem que o WCST-64 apresenta potencial para diferenciar o desempenho de idosos com e sem DCL, o que possibilita a utilização desse instrumento como ferramenta de rastreio e de auxílio no processo diagnóstico dessa população.
Estudo normativo do R-1: Teste Não Verbal de Inteligência para uma região da Bahia-Brasil
Authors: Silva Marlene Alves , Alves Irai Cristina  Boccato
Published: January 2019

O R-1: Teste Não Verbal de Inteligência é um instrumento que foi construído com base no Teste de Matrizes Progressivas de Raven de acordo aos pressupostos teóricos da análise fatorial de Spearman, teoria bifatorial. O presente artigo objetivou apresentar normas para o R-1 para uma amostra de motoristas e candidatos a Carteira Nacional de Habilitação de uma região do sudoeste da Bahia - Brasil. A amostra foi composta de 1507 adultos, de ambos os sexos e três níveis de escolaridade, que realizaram avaliação psicológica em uma clínica credenciada ao DETRAN-BA. Para determinar a influência do sexo e da escolaridade foram realizados testes estatísticos, que indicaram diferenças significativas nas pontuações em função dessas variáveis. Os resultados apontaram a necessidade de estabelecer normas por sexo e por nível de escolaridade para a população estudada. Tais estudos contribuem para o avanço nas pesquisas em avaliação psicológica no contexto do trânsito.
Introduction
Authors: Kaplan Lawrence S.
Published: January 2019

Bursting into fame toward the end of the Great Depression, Harold Stassen—elected governor of Minnesota at age thirty-one in 1938--excited a new generation of Republicans who enthusiastically supported his run for the presidency. After failing to win the nomination in 1948—a goal he believed his early successes merited—he repeatedly chased the nomination over the next generation. He became a figure of mockery as a perennial also-ran on the margins of the history of the twentieth century. He sought the Republican nomination for president of the United States twelve times between 1944 and 1992. Given his youth and enthusiasm, it was not surprising that he attracted supporters who were college age and younger. He broke with Republican Party leadership to engage in grassroots campaigning, bringing a corps of youthful admirers into his fold. He was a vigorous and articulate spokesman for a new generation ready to take over a demoralized party in the wake of Franklin D. Roosevelt’s election to an unprecedented third term in the White House.
Toward the 1948 Debacle
Authors: Kaplan Lawrence S.
Published: January 2019

Commander Stassen returned to his naval duties after the San Francisco Conference adjourned. The war in Europe had ended. The United Nations was a major preoccupation in this period, and he used the momentum of the conference to publicize his convictions about the relationship between US foreign policy and the United Nations. He addressed his message to young Republicans, encouraging them to bring “an expanded vision of the realities of world conditions. The continuing clash with Russia at the UN makes it imperative that our Republican party proposes a positive far-reaching foreign policy in 1948 and seek Democratic agreement upon it as a bipartisan policy and enlist general public approval for it as an American policy.” Stassen’s passion for restructuring the United Nations to make it a fit vehicle for association with US foreign policy never dimmed. Confident of his ability to achieve higher office, Stassen decided not to run for the US Senate in 1946. This was a race he could have won against isolationist representative Henrik Shipstead, a paragon of Minnesota’s Farmer-Labor Party.
“Honest and Earnest Criticism” as the “Soul of Democracy”
Authors: Bromell Nick
Published: January 2019

Nick Bromell’s essay describes Du Bois’s rhetorical structure, which embodies the core principles of his theory of democracy and illuminates its implications for political theory. Du Bois argues against claims he disagrees with by acknowledging some validity in the position he is contesting, exposing that position’s incompleteness, and folding both his view and the opposite one into a more expansive whole. Du Bois presents such arguments as a model of democratic reasoning, which is situated and embodied, and is the soul of democracy. Du Bois also thinks of democratic reasoning as being situated and embodied, privileging the knowledge held by those who are least empowered, and suggesting that individual democratic reasoning must be aware of its limitations and its need to combine with the democratic reasoning of others.
A Democracy of Differences
Authors: Williams Robert W.
Published: January 2019

In this essay, Robert W. Williams discusses Du Bois’s ideals of democracy and the impact they had on traditional US democratic theory. He juxtaposes Du Bois’s conceptions of difference with those of Iris Marion Young in order to highlight Du Bois’s distinctiveness. Young believes that difference is knowable, whereas Du Bois asserts that it is not, especially in regard to the possibility of scientific objectivity. Using Du Bois’s critiques of science’s limitations and strengths, Williams argues that Du Bois recognized the inadequacies of governance strictly based on science and therefore advocated a democratic form of governance that, although supported by science, would also rely on the participation of diverse groups of citizens.
Introduction
Authors: Baxter Colin F.
Published: January 2019

On this site during World War II stood the Wexler Bend Pilot Plant.

In this plant Tennessee Eastman developed a procedure for continuous production of the explosive RDX.

Working day and night, the pilot plant staff started the first semi-works plant run on February 17, 1942, only 26 days after Tennessee Eastman was asked by the National Defense Research Committee to undertake experimental work and pilot plant operation....
Lord Beaverbrook, RDX, and the Ministry of Supply
Authors: Baxter Colin F.
Published: January 2019

By the spring of 1940, Germany had won an overwhelming victory. The battle for France was lost, and in the summer of 1940 the Battle of Britain raged between the Luftwaffe and “The Few” for supremacy in the skies over Britain. Winston Churchill looked to the bomber as Britain’s only offensive weapon; however, British Bomber Command lacked numbers, and its bombs were small and deficient in explosive power. Lord Beaverbrook made strenuous efforts to obtain the explosive RDX developed at the Woolwich Arsenal, but the Ministry of Supply was unable to provide the huge quantities needed by Bomber Command.
The Vexed Question of RDX Supply
Authors: Baxter Colin F.
Published: January 2019

In the spring of 1941, Britain began an active campaign to persuade the United States to manufacture RDX. The RAF case for RDX was presented in Washington by Air Marshal Sir Arthur “Bert” Harris. With strong support from Admiral “Spike” Blandy, chief of the U.S. Navy’s Bureau of Ordnance, the first British request was approved. The second “staggering” request for RDX came as a “bombshell.” The U.S. Army Ordnance Department authorities preferred to rely on the existing high explosive TNT.
Torpex and the Air War
Authors: Baxter Colin F.
Published: January 2019

Lord Cherwell was critical of the bombing effort, particularly the deficiency of British bombs—like “carting old iron to Germany.” Cherwell pushed for the adoption of aluminized bombs filled with Torpex. “Tallboy” 12,000-pound bombs were not to be wasted due to the scarcity of aluminium and RDX.
The Wexler Bend Pilot Plant
Authors: Baxter Colin F.
Published: January 2019

One of the epic industrial and scientific achievements of the United States during World War II was accomplished at the Wexler Bend Pilot Plant, Kingsport, Tennessee, where fifty hand-picked (their finances were investigated, and all the operators were married with at least one child) Tennessee Eastman employees, working at a phenomenal pace, developed a process for large-scale production of the world’s most powerful explosive, RDX. The success at Wexler Bend opened the door to the next phase: the mass production of RDX.
Torpex and the Battle of the Atlantic
Authors: Baxter Colin F.
Published: January 2019

At the start of World War II, Allied aircraft lacked an effective airborne weapon to use against U-boats in the Battle of the Atlantic. The importance of the Operational Research Section at RAF Coastal Command. Initially, the commander-in-chief of RAF Coastal Command and his civilian scientists were in agreement, but differences over weapon size almost led to the abandonment of the most promising aerial anti-U-boat weapon, the 250-pound Torpex-filled airborne depth charge. The Hedgehog antisubmarine weapon would also fire Torpex-filled projectiles.
1945 and the Atomic Bomb
Authors: Baxter Colin F.
Published: January 2019

World War II ended with unexpected suddenness. The dropping of two atomic bombs appeared to make conventional explosives obsolete; however, RDX and Composition B played a critical role in creating the detonation shockwave that “squeezed” the plutonium core of the “Fat Man” bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki, Japan.
Epilogue
Authors: Baxter Colin F.
Published: January 2019

The extraordinary story of RDX during World War II is composed of many striking chapters, one of which is the unprecedented collaboration between Britain, Canada, and the United States. At each stage, however, the proponents of RDX had to surmount formidable technical and human obstacles before the super-explosive and its offspring, Composition B and Torpex, could make an impact on the Allies’ war effort. Although researchers at the Woolwich Arsenal had desensitized the dangerous explosive by mixing it with TNT and some beeswax, the Ministry of Supply was unable to supply the vast quantities that were needed for total war....
Penniless in Philadelphia
Authors: Runyon Randolph Paul
Published: January 2019

Waldemar arrives in New York, where he is aided by the French consul, Hector St. Jean de Crèvecoeur, a friend of his father's. The young Mentelle finds his fashionable Parisian clothing out of place in rough-hewn America, and ventures out only at night, not wishing to call attention to himself. He moves on to Philadelphia, hoping to find assistance from another acquaintance of Edme Mentelle's, but finds the door shut in his face. This was probably because that acquaintance had heard of a letter the wife of French revolutionary Jacques-Pierre Brissot wrote her brother in Philadelphia. In that letter she warns him that Waldemar may not yet have learned that hard work is a prerequisite for success.
Buckskin and Lace
Authors: Runyon Randolph Paul
Published: January 2019

In the spring of 1791,Waldemar joins the French colonists already at Gallipolis, Ohio Territory, hitching a ride on the boats transporting soldiers down the Ohio River to fight the Indians. He was fortunate not to continue the journey past Gallipolis, for it would culminate in the disaster known as St. Clair's Defeat, in which 97% of the Americans are killed or wounded. Unlike the other colonists, Waldemar owns no land at Gallipolis; in fact, they only thought they had ownership, having been swindled by Joel Barlow and company back in France. He is assigned to be an "Indian spy," tasked with scouring the woods daily for signs of Indian presence. Actually, the Indians intentionally spare the French but repeatedly attack the American settlers, including Daniel Boone and his family, at nearby Point Pleasant, Virginia (now West Virginia). Life is hard for Waldemar, as he waits for Charlotte to arrive. The travails of the colony are recorded in two newspaper and magazine articles the Mentelles later wrote, one of which has remained unknown to historians until now.