bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representações sociais e identidade docente: um estudo de caso na formação de professores em ciências sociais da UFRN
Authors: Melo Elda Silva do Nascimento , Oliveira Karla Michelle de
Published: July 2017

A presença hodierna da Sociologia na educação básica brasileira é um elemento novo para os sujeitos a ela relacionados e, para o grupo de licenciando(a)s do curso de Ciências Sociais da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte (UFRN), a situação não é diferente. Com o intuito de compreender como os elementos apreendidos durante a formação inicial de professores influenciam o processo de construção identitária, investigou-se as representações sociais acerca da identidade docente, buscando compreender como estes sujeitos representam os professores de Sociologia. Para tanto, procedeu-se uma comparação entre os elementos que compuseram os núcleos centrais das representações sociais dos licenciandos ingressantes e dos estagiários do referido curso. Adotou-se a Teoria das Representações Sociais e a Abordagem Estrutural como aporte teórico e da Técnica de Associação Livre de Palavras como recurso metodológico. Ao se proceder a análise dos dados obtidos durante a pesquisa, tornou-se evidente que a memória desempenha um papel crucial nos processos de construção representacional e identitário, pois a familiaridade com a disciplina de Sociologia no Ensino Médio trouxe novos e importantes elementos para a composição do perfil dos atuais ingressantes na licenciatura investigada.
Interactions of Atmospheric Gases and Aerosols with the Monsoon
Dynamics over the Sudano-Guinean region during AMMA
Authors: Deroubaix Adrien , Flamant Cyrille , Menut Laurent , Siour Guillaume , Mailler Sylvain , Turquety Solène , Briant Régis , Khvorostyanov Dmitry , Crumeyrolle Suzanne
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Carbon monoxide, CO, and fine atmospheric particulate matter, PM2.5, are analyzed over the Guinean gulf coastal region using the WRF-CHIMERE modeling system and observations during the beginning of the monsoon 2006 (from May to July), corresponding to the Africa Multidisciplinary Monsoon Analysis (AMMA) campaign period. Along the Guinean gulf coast, the contribution of long-range pollution transport to CO or PM2.5 concentrations is important. For PM2.5, desert dust decreases from ≈38 % in May to ≈5 % in July; biomass burning aerosol from Central Africa increases from ≈10 % in May to ≈52 % in July. The anthropogenic contribution is ≈30 % for CO and ≈10 % for PM2.5. When focusing only on anthropogenic pollution, frequent northward transport events from the coast to the Sahel are associated with periods of low wind and no precipitation. In June, anthropogenic PM2.5 and CO concentrations are higher than in May or July over the Guinean coastal region. Over the Sahel, air masses dynamics concentrate pollutants emitted locally and remotely at the coast due to a meridional atmospheric cell. Refining the analysis on the period 8–15 June, anthropogenic pollutants emitted along the coastline are exported toward the North especially at the beginning of the night (18 UTC to 00 UTC) with the establishment of the nocturnal low level jet. Plumes originating from different cities overlay for some hours at the coast, leading to high pollution level, because of specific disturbed meteorological conditions.
Data assimilation of Argo profiles in a northwestern Pacific model
Authors: Wang Zhaoyi , Storto Andrea , Pinardi Nadia , Liu Guimei , Wang Hui
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Based on a novel estimation of background-error covariances for assimilating Argo profiles, an oceanographic three-dimensional variational (3DVAR) data assimilation scheme was developed for the northwestern Pacific Ocean model (NwPM) for potential use in operational predictions and maritime safety applications. Temperature and salinity data extracted from Argo profiles from January to December 2010 were assimilated into the NwPM. The results show that the average daily temperature (salinity) root mean square error (RMSE) decreased from 0.99 °C (0.10 psu) to 0.62 °C (0.07 psu) in assimilation experiments throughout the northwestern Pacific, which represents a 37.2 % (27.6 %) reduction in the error. The temperature (salinity) RMSE decreased by  ∼  0.60 °C ( ∼  0.05 psu) for the upper 900 m (1000 m). Sea level, temperature and salinity were in better agreement with in situ and satellite datasets after data assimilation than before. In addition, a 1-month experiment with daily analysis cycles and 5-day forecasts explored the performance of the system in an operational configuration. The results highlighted the positive impact of the 3DVAR initialization at all forecast ranges compared to the non-assimilative experiment. Therefore, the 3DVAR scheme proposed here, coupled to ROMS, shows a good predictive performance and can be used as an assimilation scheme for operational forecasting.
Introduction: Symposium on Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, Twenty-Five Years Later
Authors: Watson Lori
Published: July 2017

This paper introduces the peer-reviewed “Symposium on Toward a Feminist Theory of the State, Twenty-Five Years Later.” In these essays in honor of the work of Catharine MacKinnon, edited by Lori Watson, the authors attend primarily to MacKinnon’s book, critically reflecting on it and connecting it with recent scholarship. This symposium is in part the outcome of the set of papers emerging from the Book Symposium at the Pacific Division meeting of the American Philosophical Association, held Saturday, April 4, 2015: “Catharine MacKinnon, Toward a Feminist Theory of the State: 25 Years Later.”
Development of Flood Tolerant Rice Variety: An Enhancement to Food Security in Nigeria
Authors: Akinwale M. G. , Akinyele B. O. , Odiyi A. C. , Nwilene F. N. , Osekita O. S. , Shittu A.
Published: July 2017

High yielding rain-fed lowland rice cultivars are sensitive to complete submergence stress of more than four days. In Nigeria, rice farms on about 3.6 million ha of rain-fed lowland areas are adversely affected by submergence stress. Consequently, farmers in the major rice producing states of the country lose their entire crop to flooding each year. The identification of a major quantitative traits locus (QTL) on chromosome 9, designated as sub1, has provided the opportunity to apply marker assisted selection to develop submergence tolerant varieties. This study was undertaken to introgress sub 1 into the genetic background of Nigerian lowland rice mega variety (WITA 4) and assess the ability of WITA 4 with sub 1 to withstand submergence stress. Swarna Sub1, one of the FR13A-derived submergence tolerant varieties developed by IRRI, was crossed to WITA 4, a submergence intolerant Nigerian mega variety to produce F1 hybrid. The derived BC1F2 progenies were genotyped and BC1F3 phenotyped. The results of genotyping, using two markers, namely ART5 and SC3, revealed that 18 BC1F3 plants were found carrying Swarna Sub 1 allele of ART5 while 41 BC1F3 carried WITA 4 allele of ART5. Twenty progenies were found carrying Swarna Sub 1 allele of SC3 while 37 plants carried WITA 4 allele. Two plants carried both alleles (H). Seventeen plants were observed to carry Swarna Sub 1 alleles at both markers loci while a total of 36 progenies were observed to carry WITA 4 alleles at both markers loci. The results of the phenotypic screening showed that 12 plants recorded percentage survival above 60%. The two markers showed high selection accuracies, and selection based on the markers could satisfactorily meet the needs of breeding for submergence.
Brief Discussion of the Former Performance Appraisal System of Civil Servant under the Law Number 87/89/M in Macau
Authors: Chiang I Man , Dos Santos Luis Miguel
Published: July 2017

The Macau Special Administrative Region has experienced a large number of changes before and after the Transfer of Sovereignty over Macau from the Portuguese Republic to the People’s Republic of China during the late 1999s. One of the most significant changes within the government environment should be the reform of civil servant appraisal system. Currently, the civil servants in Macau are using the new civil servant appraisal system framework under the Law Number 31/2004 “Regime geral de avaliação do desempenho dos trabalhadores da Administração Pública”. As the new appraisal system attracts a large number of attentions for research, a satisfied number of literature reviews are stored in the current research bank. However, the literature reviews and research studies about the former civil servant appraisal system framework under the Law Number 87/89/M “Estatuto dos Trabalhadores da Administração Pública de Macau” were mostly written in either Chinese language or Portuguese language. Only very few English written research studies concern the former civil servant appraisal system under the Law Number 87/89/M “Estatuto dos Trabalhadores da Administração Pública de Macau”. Therefore, this paper provides the opportunities for international and English readers to understand the administrative law reform within the Macau environment.
An “Insult to Soldiers' Wives and Mothers”: The Woman's Dreadnought's Campaign Against Surveillance on the Home Front, 1914–1915
Authors: Brown Stephanie J.
Published: July 2017

In the winter of 1914–15, Sylvia Pankhurst's East London newspaper The Woman's Dreadnought ran a series of articles protesting the Metropolitan Police's efforts to surveil the wives of sailors and soldiers on active duty. This surveillance aimed to allow the government to revoke the separation allowances paid to wives if they were found to be “badly behaved.” Surveilled women faced the threat of being stripped of their only access to their husbands' wages, or being blackmailed by the officers in charge of inquiries into their behavior. Pankhurst's campaign in the Dreadnought to bring the matter to public attention drew on her knowledge of the mechanisms of surveillance and its negative effects to amplify the voices of working women, ultimately drawing the attention of the government and the mainstream press to the ways in which surveillance made these women uniquely vulnerable.
On Parasitism and Overflow in Nietzsche's Doctrine of Will to Power
Authors: Dill Matt
Published: July 2017

In this article I offer a new interpretation of Nietzsche's doctrine of will to power by treating its relation to an often neglected conceptual distinction in Nietzsche's philosophy: the distinction between (a) parasitism and (b) overflow. I show that Nietzsche treats (a) and (b) as two different ways of willing power, but with an important qualification: (a) is always a means to (b), which is the real aim of power. Because (b) is conceived of as the real aim of power, it serves as Nietzsche's standard for evaluating the degree of power attained by beings and their actions. The more that a being or activity attains (b), the greater is its power and rank according to Nietzsche.
What role will climate change play in EU agricultural markets? An integrated assessment taking into account carbon fertilization effects
Authors: Martinez Pilar , Blanco María , Van Doorslaer Benjamin , Ramos Fabien , Ceglar Andrej
Published: July 2017

Recent studies point to climate change being one of the long-term drivers of agricultural market uncertainty. To advance in the understanding of the influence of climate change on future agricultural market developments, we compared a baseline scenario for the year 2030 with alternative simulation scenarios that differ regarding: (1) emission scenarios; (2) climate projections; and (3) the consideration of carbon fertilization effects on crop growth. For each simulation scenario, the CAPRI model provides global and EU-wide impacts of climate change on agricultural markets. Results showed that climate change would considerably affect agrifood markets up to 2030. Nevertheless, market-driven adaptation strategies (production intensification, trade adjustments) would soften the impact of yield shocks on supply and demand. As a result, regional changes in production would be lower than foreseen by other studies focused on supply effects.
Experiences Flipping an Undergraduate Advertising Course
Authors: Rouwenhorst Robert Mark
Published: July 2017

This article discusses the positive outcomes of changing to a flipped classroom instructional approach and how creating a greater sense of influence and control for students in group projects can positively impact multiple measures of student performance and self-reported attitudes. Two sections completed the same readings and videos covering 13 course content modules. Rather than a traditional lecture-based course, most of the class time was used on experiential learning activities. Students worked with real-world clients to create advertising campaigns. One section completed research and pitched their ideas for a social media campaign to a franchise with over 50 restaurants. This section was seen as “low ownership” because students did not know if their ideas would be implemented. The second section created an integrated marketing campaign for an event on campus that drew over 400 attendees. This section is labelled as “high ownership” because the students felt more involved with their project as they imagined, created, and executed the advertising and organization for an event. Overall, most students in both sections preferred the flipped approach to traditional lecture. While the percent of videos watched and grades did not differ between the two sections, students in the high ownership section reported more interest in their project, were more likely to recommend keeping the flipped approach, were more likely to recommend the course to others, found the flipped classroom more interesting than lecture-only classes, and said they learned more using a flipped approach vs. a lecture-only class. These results demonstrate how flipped classrooms and experiential learning exercises with real-world results can improve marketing education.
The Factors Affecting Eye Patients (Cataract) In Jordan by Using the Logistic Regression Model
Authors: Rahamneh Adeeb Ahmed Ali AL , Hawamdeh Omar M.
Published: July 2017

This study aims to use the logistic regression model to classify patients as infected and without cataracts. The independent variables were used to represent the gender, the age, the pressure in the right eye, the pressure in the left eye, HbA1C, and the anemia, representative variables for the study of Cataract disease affects the eyes, based on a random sample of (116) patients. The results proved that the used logistic regression model is an efficient and representative for data that shows through (Likelihood Ratio Test) and (Hosmer and Lemeshow test), and the study proved that the value of (R Square Nagelkerke=1) this means that 100% of the change in the occurred changes in the response variable explained through the Logistic regression model.
CFCs and Rising Global Temperature During 1969-1998: A Time Series Analysis
Authors: Gangopadhyay Partha , Singh Baljeet
Published: July 2017

This paper seeks to assess if there is any evidence that Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) have caused global warming during 1969 to 1998. The choice of the period of study is driven by the historical fact that the accumulation of CFCs in the atmosphere increased during this phase and the global temperature also registered steady increases. By exploiting a data set on accumulated CFCs along with changes in the global temperature we bring two new insights to the literature on global warming and CFCs: first and foremost, we introduce an Autoregressive Distributed Lagged (ARDL) model to capture the long-term relationship between CFCs and global warming. By doing this we establish that a statistically significant long-run relationship exists between CFCs and global warming. Secondly, we also establish that the nature of this relationship is rather counter-intuitive: the growth in the concentration of CFCs in the atmosphere, as our study finds, has reduced the increases in the global temperature during 1969 -1998. There is thus little empirical support that the CFCs are a source of global warming.
A formação na modalidade Residência Médica: contribuições para a qualificação e provimento médico no Brasil
Authors: Berger Carla Baumvol , Dallegrave Daniela , De Castro Filho Eno Dias , Pekelman Renata
Published: July 2017

Objetivo: Apresenta-se uma experiência de implantação de programa de Residência Médica em âmbito nacional, tecendo-se considerações sobre algumas dificuldades encontradas durante o processo. Métodos: São expostos os conceitos de interiorização da formação, descentralização e desconcentração, problematizando-se os usos de cada um desses a partir da experiência relatada. Resultados: Alguns dos desafios percebidos apontam na direção de reorganizar a implantação de processos semelhantes para evitar a baixa ocupação de vagas de Residência Médica e qualificar o acompanhamento dos profissionais que se tornam preceptores. Conclusão: Entende-se que esta proposta contribui na qualificação e no provimento de médicos para o Sistema Único de Saúde no Brasil.
How We Got Over
Authors: Trimiew Darryl M. , Greene Michael
Published: July 2017

An analysis of the business ethics of the African-American church during and after Reconstruction reveals that it is a conflicted ethic, oscillating between two poles. The first is the sacralization of the business ethic of Booker T. Washington, in which self-help endeavors that valorize American capitalism but are preferentially oriented to the African-American community are advanced as the best and only options for economic uplift. The second is the "Blackwater" tradition, which rejects any racial discrimination and insists upon social justice. The inability of the Washingtonian business ethic to address the needs of the Black underclass are explored. A new business ethic is called for, which would be committed to meeting the basic needs of the mostdisadvantaged members of American society and those of the "international poor."
A Mennonite Approach to Business Ethics
Authors: Halteman James
Published: July 2017

Mennonites in the U.S. trace their roots back to the early sixteenth century Anabaptist reformers in Europe. Believing that the church is to give a foretaste of the coming kingdom of God, Mennonites emphasize discipleship, community, and the conviction that God works in the world through two distinct kingdoms. In the early days of persecution, the divide between the two kingdoms was clear, but, as Mennonites became mainstreamed in a tolerant society, the divide between secular and sacred became ambiguous. Mennonites believe that faith calls them to a higher ethical standard in business than they can expect of society at large: to be in the business world but not of it. Discipleship means witnessing to the non-Christian world. Consequently, Mennonite businesspersons seek to be servant-managers and servant-owners.
Introduction
Authors: Herman Stewart W. , Schaefer Arthur Gross
Published: July 2017

This introduction a) presents organized religion as a source of "spiritual goods" and briefly summarizes each of the seventeen tradition-centeredarticles; b) explains why organized religion merits the attention of business ethics; c) categorizes the articles according to rubrics useful for teaching and research; d) further explains the value of these essays to academic researchers, business practitioners, and spiritual seekers.
Comunicação para promoção da saúde: as campanhas publicitárias sobre tuberculose no Brasil
Authors: Rossetto Maira , Hesler Lilian Zielke , Maffacciolli Rosana , Rocha Cristianne Famer , Oliveira Dora Lucia de
Published: July 2017

Objetivo: analisar o conteúdo de campanhas publicitárias sobre tuberculose produzidas no Brasil pelo Ministério da Saúde. Método: apoiadas nos referenciais da Promoção da Saúde e Educação em Saúde, foram realizadas análises das campanhas veiculadas nos anos de 2007, 2008, 2010 e 2011. Resultados: compuseram-se duas categorias temáticas: “Tosse pode ser tuberculose! O tratamento é gratuito e não pode ser interrompido!” e “O doente e a doença: uma composição imagética nas campanhas publicitárias”. Os textos apelam para a conscientização individual e para o autocuidado, baseados na associação entre saúde, ausência de sintomas e prevenção pela adoção de uma postura vigilante. As imagens utilizadas são constituídas de elementos pouco representativos do universo das pessoas acometidas pela doença. Conclusões: essas reflexões contribuem com o campo da saúde e da Enfermagem, em especial, na medida em que produzem uma consciência ética comprometida com a redução de vulnerabilidades e com a proteção da vida.
O trabalho docente em pós-graduação: prazer e sofrimento
Authors: Souto Bruna Lecintia Carpes , Beck Carmem Lúcia Colomé , Trindade Liliane Ribeiro , Silva Rosângela Marion da , Backes Dirce Stein , Bastos Rodrigo Almeida
Published: July 2017

Objetivo: descrever os sentimentos de prazer e sofrimento no trabalho docente em pós-graduação na perspectiva dos docentes. Método: estudo exploratório-descritivo, qualitativo, cujos dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, com seis docentes de programas de pós-graduação em nível de mestrado de uma Universidade Federal, para a análise de dados optou-se pela análise de conteúdo. Resultados: os resultados evidenciaram que a construção da identidade docente e a visibilidade e reconhecimento são importantes fatores na profissão e que o prazer no trabalho é possível quando se faz o que se gosta. O sofrimento está expresso em elementos cotidianos como sobrecarga, burocracia e frustração, embora não seja reconhecido pelos participantes da pesquisa. Considerações finais: a dinâmica dos sentimentos de prazer e sofrimento aponta que os sentimentos de prazer se sobressaíram em relação aos de sofrimento, o que sugere indícios de negação do mesmo.
O conhecimento dos familiares sobre cuidados à criança com leucemia linfocítica aguda no isolamento protetor
Authors: Rocha Ellen Pessoa , Esteves Arinete Veras Fontes , Texeira Elizabeth , Fernandes Marcos Vinícius Costa
Published: July 2017

Objetivo: descrever o conhecimento dos familiares sobre os cuidados à criança com leucemia linfocítica aguda em isolamento protetor. Método: estudo de natureza qualitativa e descritiva, realizado no isolamento do centro de Referência para doenças onco-hematológicas da Região Norte, em Manaus, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada com 11 familiares, entre janeiro a março de 2016. Os dados foram analisados através da Análise Temática. Resultados: nas categorias: “Isolamento Protetor como prevenção de infecção: ainda um bicho de sete cabeças?” e “Cuidados no Isolamento Protetor: é preciso que todos tenham informações”; observou-se que o isolamento possui várias facetas: de proteção, prevenção, separação que foram vivenciados pelos familiares nesse ambiente cuja rotina é diferenciada para cuidar da criança leucêmica. Conclusão: permeados de dúvidas e ansiedade, os familiares conhecem pouco sobre os cuidados a criança no isolamento, mostraram-se dispostos a aprender e sugerem a construção de um material educativo para facilitar o empoderamento do conteúdo.
Apuntes de campo para la ética de la investigación en Humanidades.
Authors: Jordán Montes Juan F.
Published: July 2017

Nos encontramos ante unos apuntes sobre la formación para investigar en humanidades, el cual se desarrolla por un comienzo, posteriormente hablaremos de las cualidades del investigador, despues nos habla de la exigencia al investigador y para finalizar nos habla de la formación de los alumnos por parte de los mentores o maestros que enseñan todo el procedimiento citado anteriormente.
Noticiario.
Authors: Aranda Arnao Luis , García Muñoz Pedro J.
Published: July 2017

En este trabajo pretendemos exponer un breve recorrido por todos los Cursos, Congresos, Seminarios, Becas y demás acontecimientos culturales emanados de la Universidad de Murcia, así como de otras Universidades de España, que durante el curso 1997-1998 se han realizado, incluyendo los celebrados en el verano de 1998.
Epicureismo y la "nueva clase opulenta".
Authors: Caparrós Perales Manuel , Mena Martínez María Antonia
Published: July 2017

Nos encontramos ante una obra que nos intenta demostrar desde diversas perspectivas -quizá irreconciliables-, cómo la adaptación que algunos populares estudiosos actuales de la ética desean hacer de la moral epicúrea, con el fin de realizar un corpus filosófico coherente destinado a la “sociedad civil” del s.XXI, se plantea indebidamente por la razón de que no consideran a la filosofía epicúrea como un sistema fundamentado en una física atómica -sólo similar a la actual en algunos aspectos-, sino que extraen su interpretación ética de los “valores” que se desea sean seguidos por los miembros del Estado liberal capitalista del s.XX-XXI.
Mecanismos de la tradición: del mito de MEdea al cuento de Blancaflor.
Authors: González-Blanco García Elena
Published: July 2017

Nos encontramos ante una obra que nos intenta realizar un estudio pormenorizado desde los mitos de Medea al cuento de Blancaflor, especificando cada parte del mito y explicando la diferencia entre el mito y el cuento.
Theodor Momsen, patriarca de la historiografía antigua.
Authors: Fernández Gonzalo
Published: July 2017

Nos encontramos ante un breve estudio de Theodor Momsen (1817-1903) y en este artículo estudia al historiador alemán y sus principales obras.
Development of NIST Standard Reference Material 2082, a Pathlength Standard for Measurements in the Ultraviolet Spectrum
Authors: Lang Brian , Urbas Aaron , DeRose Paul , Liu Hung-Kung , Travis John , Choquette Steve , Cole Kenneth D.
Published: July 2017

New spectrophotometers and cuvettes have been designed to allow the measurement of absorbance values from samples using microliter volume sizes. These measurements are done using short pathlengths to decrease the sample volumes required. The major applications for these spectrophotometers and cuvettes are samples that are difficult to obtain in large amounts, such as proteins and nucleic acids that absorb light in the ultraviolet range. Existing ultraviolet absorbance standards have been designed for longer pathlength measurements. Standard Reference Material (SRM) 2082 was developed to validate the pathlengths of short-pathlength cuvettes and instruments using materials with absorbance spectra that are similar to the most commonly used samples. SRM 2082 consists of three individual components: a blank buffer solution, a solution of the amino acid tryptophan in the buffer, and a solution of the nucleobase uracil in the buffer. The tryptophan solution has an absorbance spectrum (peak at 280 nm) similar to proteins, and the uracil has an absorbance spectrum (peak at 260 nm) similar to nucleic acids. The absorbance values of these solutions were determined using a series of cuvettes with pathlengths from 0.1 mm to 2 mm. The pathlengths of the cuvettes used for the absorbance measurements were determined at the National Institute of Standards and Technology by physical and optical measurements. The effects of temperature and spectral bandwidth variations on the absorbance values of SRM 2082 were also investigated.
Essential roles of Caspase-3 in facilitating Myc-induced genetic instability and carcinogenesis
Authors: Cartwright Ian M , Liu Xinjian , Zhou Min , Li Fang , Li Chuan-Yuan
Published: July 2017

The mechanism for Myc-induced genetic instability is not well understood. Here we show that sublethal activation of Caspase-3 plays an essential, facilitative role in Myc-induced genomic instability and oncogenic transformation. Overexpression of Myc resulted in increased numbers of chromosome aberrations and γH2AX foci in non-transformed MCF10A human mammary epithelial cells. However, such increases were almost completely eliminated in isogenic cells with CASP3 gene ablation. Furthermore, we show that endonuclease G, an apoptotic nuclease downstream of Caspase-3, is directly responsible for Myc-induced genetic instability. Genetic ablation of either CASP3 or ENDOG prevented Myc-induced oncogenic transformation of MCF10A cells. Taken together, we believe that Caspase-3 plays a critical, unexpected role in mediating Myc-induced genetic instability and transformation in mammalian cells.
Effects of dopamine on reinforcement learning and consolidation in Parkinson’s disease
Authors: Grogan John P , Tsivos Demitra , Smith Laura , Knight Brogan E , Bogacz Rafal , Whone Alan , Coulthard Elizabeth J
Published: July 2017

Emerging evidence suggests that dopamine may modulate learning and memory with important implications for understanding the neurobiology of memory and future therapeutic targeting. An influential hypothesis posits that dopamine biases reinforcement learning. More recent data also suggest an influence during both consolidation and retrieval. Eighteen Parkinson’s disease patients learned through feedback ON or OFF medication, with memory tested 24 hr later ON or OFF medication (4 conditions, within-subjects design with matched healthy control group). Patients OFF medication during learning decreased in memory accuracy over the following 24 hr. In contrast to previous studies, however, dopaminergic medication during learning and testing did not affect expression of positive or negative reinforcement. Two further experiments were run without the 24 hr delay, but they too failed to reproduce effects of dopaminergic medication on reinforcement learning. While supportive of a dopaminergic role in consolidation, this study failed to replicate previous findings on reinforcement learning.
Causes and importance of new particle formation in the present‐day and preindustrial atmospheres
Authors: Gordon Hamish , Kirkby Jasper , Baltensperger Urs , Bianchi Federico , Breitenlechner Martin , Curtius Joachim , Dias Antonio , Dommen Josef , Donahue Neil M. , Dunne Eimear M. , Duplissy Jonathan , Ehrhart Sebastian , Flagan Richard C. , Frege Carla , Fuchs Claudia , Hansel Armin , Hoyle Christopher R. , Kulmala Markku , Kürten Andreas , Lehtipalo Katrianne , Makhmutov Vladimir , Molteni Ugo , Rissanen Matti P. , Stozkhov Yuri , Tröstl Jasmin , Tsagkogeorgas Georgios , Wagner Robert , Williamson Christina , Wimmer Daniela , Winkler Paul M. , Yan Chao , Carslaw Ken S.
Published: July 2017

New particle formation has been estimated to produce around half of cloud‐forming particles in the present‐day atmosphere, via gas‐to‐particle conversion. Here we assess the importance of new particle formation (NPF) for both the present‐day and the preindustrial atmospheres. We use a global aerosol model with parametrizations of NPF from previously published CLOUD chamber experiments involving sulfuric acid, ammonia, organic molecules, and ions. We find that NPF produces around 67% of cloud condensation nuclei at 0.2% supersaturation (CCN0.2%) at the level of low clouds in the preindustrial atmosphere (estimated uncertainty range 45–84%) and 54% in the present day (estimated uncertainty range 38–66%). Concerning causes, we find that the importance of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) in NPF and CCN formation is greater than previously thought. Removing BVOCs and hence all secondary organic aerosol from our model reduces low‐cloud‐level CCN concentrations at 0.2% supersaturation by 26% in the present‐day atmosphere and 41% in the preindustrial. Around three quarters of this reduction is due to the tiny fraction of the oxidation products of BVOCs that have sufficiently low volatility to be involved in NPF and early growth. Furthermore, we estimate that 40% of preindustrial CCN0.2% are formed via ion‐induced NPF, compared with 27% in the present day, although we caution that the ion‐induced fraction of NPF involving BVOCs is poorly measured at present. Our model suggests that the effect of changes in cosmic ray intensity on CCN is small and unlikely to be comparable to the effect of large variations in natural primary aerosol emissions.
C
ovington,
S
tephanie
S.
Authors: Sharp Susan F.
Published: July 2017

Stephanie Covington is a pioneer in gender‐responsive and trauma‐informed substance abuse treatment for women. She is a highly respected clinician, author, and consultant in the field of addiction and has provided consultation and support to many correctional agencies across the country. She has developed numerous books and programs for use by addiction professionals. She directs the Institute for Relational Development and co‐directs the Center for Gender and Justice.
Prisoners' Rights
Authors: Ravagnani Luisa , Policek Nicoletta
Published: July 2017

Human rights are the rights people have by virtue of their humanity. They are inalienable, independent of obligation, undefined by role, and unconditional on status or circumstances. The condition of deprivation of liberty as a result of committing a criminal offense is, however, one of the instances in which the protection of human rights appears to be controversial in its applications. This is because the most contentious issue rests with the fact that anyone convicted of a crime, or being held on remand pending trial, will not be able to avail themselves of the full extent of the rights currently on the law books, or be protected by existing legal mechanisms. Such protections are contained within intersecting regional agreements, for example, the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights, the American Convention on Human Rights, and the European Convention on Human Rights. Their application, however, is relatively independent, with the result that prisoners incarcerated in different regions of the world can suffer dissimilar protection of the same rights.
N
orthwestern
J
uvenile
P
roject
Authors: Azores‐Gococo Nicole M. , Teplin Linda A. , Abram Karen M. , Welty Leah J.
Published: July 2017

Each day, almost 18,000 youth are detained in the US juvenile justice system. Accurate epidemiologic data on mental health needs of juvenile detainees are crucial to inform policy development in juvenile justice and community mental health systems. The Northwestern Juvenile Project (NJP) is a federally funded, prospective longitudinal study of mental health needs and outcomes of juvenile detainees as they age into adulthood. The NJP's sample is a diverse group of 1,829 youth arrested and detained between 1995 and 1998, when they were aged 10–18 years, in Cook County, Illinois, which includes Chicago and its surrounding suburbs. The NJP has been funded to conduct 13 waves of follow‐up interviews over 16 years since the youth were detained. Data are drawn from interviews and record data from correctional and service agencies. The NJP's findings indicate that detained youth have a high level of need for services and provide data to guide public policy.
Juvenile Reformatories
Authors: Monell Jack S.
Published: July 2017

Since the beginning of the Child Savers Movement during the 1800s, there was a growing need to address wayward youth in a manner that was viewed more as reform as opposed to harsh punishment. The creation of juvenile reformatories, often referred to as reform, industrial, or training schools was the United States' first steps at addressing this population. Reformatories are penal institutions known to assist offenders in correcting their prior deviant behaviors through various types of correctional programming. Juvenile reformatories, specifically, are institutions used to provide juveniles structured, corrective treatment and programming to prepare them to live healthy and productive lives as they mature into adulthood. Notwithstanding controversy about how reformatories were operated, these institutions have evolved to address the changing issues and concerns presented by adolescents and practitioners charged with ensuring the proper administration of rehabilitation and justice.
Meditation Programs
Authors: Kerrison Erin M.
Published: July 2017

Some contemporary correctional facilities offer one of three kinds of meditative programs: transcendental meditation, mindfulness‐based stress reduction, and in‐facility Vipassana retreats. These rehabilitative efforts are transformative and seek to develop individual‐based self‐mastery. Inmates and prison staff report that participation in meditation programs enhances positive emotional states, develops a mechanism through which individuals can manage psychologically negative emotions, and builds a platform upon which a person can recognize their agency and potential to integrate into prosocial spaces. Consequently, prison meditation programs enhance inmate health, prison personnel well‐being, and institutional order, and promote positive re‐entry outcomes.
Juvenile Life Sentences
Authors: Giustina Jo‐Ann Della
Published: July 2017

Although the US Supreme Court ruled in 2012 that it is unconstitutional to sentence a juvenile to a mandatory sentence without the possibility of parole for a murder she or he committed before the age of 18 (Millerv.AlabamaandJacksonv.Hobbs,132 U.S. 2455 (2012)), more than 2,000 juveniles continue to serve a life sentence without the possibility of parole. Before a lifetime sentence without parole can be imposed, an individualized hearing is required to evaluate the unique mitigating characteristics of the juvenile. Further, the Supreme Court did not apply itsMillerdecision retroactively. Instead it left that issue to the states to decide. While some states have applied it retroactively, other states have ruled that juveniles who previously were sentenced to life without parole will not be resentenced.
Contraband, Including Weapons
Authors: Gibson Camille
Published: July 2017

Contraband refers to items that are prohibited in a correctional facility whether these items are otherwise legal or illegal to have. It includes legal items in excess of the allowed quantities. These items are prohibited in the interest of the safety and well‐being of inmates and correctional staff. Searches for these items are called “shakedowns.” Of particular concern are items that might be used for escapes such as tools, and weapons that could cause severe injury or death. Contraband enters largely through visitors, guests, contractors, and correctional staff.
Methods of Execution
Authors: Crawford Brandon L.
Published: July 2017

Execution as a form of punishment was codified as early as the Code of Hammurabi in the eighteenth centurybc. Although many countries have abandoned the death penalty, there is an extensive history of state sponsored executions that utilized various methods. In the twentieth century alone executions were carried out through methods such as beheading, electrocution, hanging, lethal gas, lethal injection, shooting, and stoning. The transition from one method to the next has been motivated by issues such as economic savings, a search for a more humane method, efficiency, and even the promotion of a product (see the section on electrocution). Current discourse on the death penalty often centers on the current methods of execution. As of 2014, execution is a legal punishment in 32 states of the United States as well as for the US government and the US military with the majority using lethal injection.
N
ew
Z
ealand, Corrections in
Authors: Polaschek Devon L. L.
Published: July 2017

New Zealand's correctional system is characterized by both a longstanding tendency to punitiveness that results in very high rates of community‐based and imprisonment sentences, and the application of both rational and empirically supported strategies to counteract this tendency. The latter include improved targeting of custodial sanctions, including indefinite incapacitation, to those deemed to pose an unacceptable risk to society, and the provision of a range of rehabilitation and reintegration programs for other higher risk offenders. New Zealand's indigenous Māori people are severely overrepresented throughout the criminal justice system, and strategies to remediate this disparity have not yet proved effective.
N
orway, Corrections in
Authors: Ugelvik Thomas
Published: July 2017

Internationally, the Scandinavian correctional services are frequently used as examples of decent, humane, and well‐functioning systems. This entry provides an introduction to the Norwegian prison and probation system. It presents a selection of key statistical figures to provide an overview of the system, and explains some of its fundamental principles and policies. Recent developments and critical perspectives are discussed. Finally, the “Scandinavian exceptionalism” thesis is presented.
Life Sentences
Authors: Cox M. Chris
Published: July 2017

In the United States, sentences to confinement for life are typically reserved for those crimes deemed by policymakers to be the most heinous. The issue has contributed to growing concern considering the significant increase in the number of incarcerated inmates and of life sentences imposed by the courts. Depending on the jurisdiction (e.g., state versus federal), the jury or judge is responsible for imposing sentences. Some jurisdictions distinguish between a life sentence without the possibility of parole, a natural life sentence, and a life sentence with the possibility of parole. Others do not. Those sentenced to life without the possibility of parole must serve the rest of their natural lives in prison.
Intermediate Sanctions
Authors: Whitehead Stephanie N.
Published: July 2017

Intermediate sanctions are forms of criminal punishment that are less restrictive than total confinement in prisons and jails, but more intensive and focused than probation. There are many types currently in use. Intermediate sanctions are premised on the idea that some high‐risk offenders can be appropriately dealt with in the community. Little empirical evidence exists in support of the effectiveness of intermediate sanction programs. Scholars point to the lack of adequate funding, staffing, and inappropriate application of intermediate sanctions as primary reasons for this ineffectiveness.
L
ouisiana
S
tate
P
enitentiary
Authors: Bricker Todd
Published: July 2017

The Louisiana State Penitentiary, also known as Angola, is the oldest and largest maximum security prison in the United States. The prison houses more than 5,000 inmates and is operated by approximately 1,600 staff members. The prison grounds consist of 18,000 acres of land, part of which was the nineteenth century Angola Plantation. The prison has undergone many renovations and new construction since its inception. Its history is plagued with corruption and brutality. Some of the prison's many nicknames include “The Farm,” “Alcatraz of the South,” and “The Bloodiest Prison in America.”
Inmate Code
Authors: Ortiz Jennifer Marie
Published: July 2017

The inmate code, also known as the convict code or the prisoner code, is a set of informal rules and values among inmates that regulates individual behavior and interactions. This entry discusses the main tenets of the inmate code, varying perspectives on the origins of the inmate code, and the effect of policy on the inmate code, and discusses directions for future research on the code.
Behavior Therapy
Authors: Jeong Seokjin
Published: July 2017

Since the latter half of the twentieth century, behavior therapy has become a dominant approach to correctional treatment in the United States and many other nations. Most behavioral therapy approaches target offenders' predictive criminogenic factors, including attitudes, coping strategies, and problem‐solving skills. Although there is growing popularity of cognitive behavioral therapy for both adults and juveniles, the therapeutic approach has become increasingly popular for juvenile offenders. Much prior research is generally supportive of the idea that therapeutic behavioral approaches are effective in reducing recidivism.
M
acao, Corrections in
Authors: De Li Spencer , Ye Jiayin
Published: July 2017

As a former Portuguese colony and a special administrative region of China, Macao has developed a unique and independent criminal justice system. The overall purpose of the correctional system is to punish criminal behavior, while providing treatment to offenders to facilitate rehabilitation and reintegration into the community. Historically, the three branches of the correctional system, which includes Macao Prison, the Department of Social Rehabilitation, and the Correctional Institution, operated fairly independently from one another. After the transfer of sovereignty over the territory to China, however, there has been an elevated level of cooperation among the three institutions for the unified purpose of providing adequate supervision and treatment to adult and juvenile offenders.
K
uwait, Corrections in
Authors: Bing Robert L. , Albano Brandy
Published: July 2017

This entry offers insights into the structure of the correctional system in Kuwait. It provides information on the nature of Kuwaiti prisons, including issues related to crowding, health care, and death row. It also comments on contradictions in the “democratic” society of Kuwait.
Clinical usefulness of MLCs in robotic radiosurgery systems for prostate SBRT
Authors: Tomida Masashi , Kamomae Takeshi , Suzuki Junji , Ohashi Yoichi , Itoh Yoshiyuki , Oguchi Hiroshi , Okuda Takahito
Published: July 2017

Stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) using recently introduced multileaf collimators (MLC) is preferred over circular collimators in the treatment of localized prostate cancer. The objective of this study was to assess the clinical usefulness of MLCs in prostate SBRT by comparing the effectiveness of treatment plans using fixed collimators, variable collimators, and MLCs and by ensuring delivery quality assurance (DQA) for each. For each patient who underwent conventional radiation therapy for localized prostate cancer, mock SBRT plans were created using a fixed collimator, a variable collimator, and an MLC. The total MUs, treatment times, and dose–volume histograms of the planning target volumes and organs at risk for each treatment plan were compared. For DQA, a phantom with a radiochromic film or an ionization chamber was irradiated in each plan. We performed gamma‐index analysis to evaluate the consistency between the measured and calculated doses. The MLC‐based plans had an ~27% lower average total MU than the plans involving other collimators. Moreover, the average estimated treatment time for the MLC plan was 31% and 20% shorter than that for the fixed and variable collimator plans respectively. The gamma‐index passing rate in the DQA using film measurements was slightly lower for the MLC than for the other collimators. The DQA results acquired using the ionization chamber showed that the discrepancies between the measured and calculated doses were within 3% in all cases. The results reinforce the usefulness of MLCs in robotic radiosurgery for prostrate SBRT treatment planning; most notably, the total MU and treatment time were both reduced compared to the cases using other types of collimators. Moreover, although the DQA results based on film dosimetry yielded a slightly lower gamma‐index passing rate for the MLC than for the other collimators, the MLC accuracy was determined to be sufficient for clinical use.
Preparation of Ni‐Encapsulated ZTA Particles as Precursors to Reinforce Iron‐Based Composites
Authors: Ru Juanjian , Jiang Yehua , Zhou Rong , Feng Jing , Hua Yixin , Yang Qionglian
Published: July 2017

Ni‐encapsulated ZTA (ZTA@Ni) particles as precursors to reinforce high chromium cast iron (HCCI) matrix composites are synthesized by electroless deposition using a choline chloride‐ethylene glycol (ChCl‐EG) ionic liquid additive. The effects of NiSO4 concentration, ChCl‐EG concentration, reaction temperature, and ZTA loading capacity on the surface morphology, coating thickness, and elemental distribution of the ZTA@Ni particles are investigated. The deposition sequence of the Ni coating layer is analyzed according to changes in the morphology of samples obtained at different reaction stages. A schematic illustration of the deposition process with the ChCl‐EG additive is established. It is demonstrated that ChCl‐EG plays the important role of hindering the fast nucleation and crystal growth of Ni nuclei. In addition, the abrasive wear resistance of the ZTA@Ni‐reinforced HCCI composite is higher than that of the matrix and the ZTA‐reinforced composite. Close contact between the ZTA@Ni particles and the matrix benefits load transfer from the matrix to the reinforcement. The diffusion of metallic Ni leads to the formation of numerous nuclei to refine the particle size of carbides adjacent to the interface and reinforce the interfacial bonding strength.