bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To Move or Not to Move: Cranial Joints in European Gekkotans and Lacertids, an Osteological and Histological Perspective
Authors: Mezzasalma Marcello , Maio Nicola , Guarino Fabio Maria
Published: June 2014

Lepidosaurs are frequently described as having highly kinetic skulls, and different forms of cranial kinesis have been described as being characteristic of their radiation. The model of amphikinesis proposed by Frazzetta, J Morphol 1962; 111:287–319, which was long considered a synapomorphy of the large suborder Sauria, is now much debated given its uncertain distribution among the various lizard taxa and the lack of data about its morphological correlates. In this article, we analyze the anatomical correlates of different forms of cranial kinesis, with particular regard to the putative saurian amphikinesis, describing the possible diverse skull movements of several species of European gekkotans (Hemidactylus turcicus,Mediodactylus kotschyi, andTarentola mauritanica) and lacertids (Lacerta agilis,L. bilineata,Podarcis muralis,P. siculus, andTeira dugesii). Using serial and whole‐mount histology, we found clear differences between gekkotans and lacertids in the structure of several cranial joints underlining the existence of two degrees of intracranial mobility. The lacertid species possess the anatomical features for streptostyly (quadrate joints) and metakinesis (parietal‐supraoccipital and parabasisphenoid‐pterygoid joints) and lack the anatomical correlates for mesokinesis (mobility of frontal‐parietal and palatine‐pterygoid joints) and amphikinesis (coupled mesokinesis, metakinesis, and streptostyly). In contrast, geckos present all the anatomical correlates for amphikinesis as described by the traditional quadratic crank model. Finally, we present a comprehensive summary of the different forms of squamate cranial kinesis, advancing two alternative hypotheses about the evolutionary origin of amphikinesis. Anat Rec, 297:463–472, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Vomeronasal Complex of Nocturnal Strepsirhines and Implications for the Ancestral Condition in Primates
Authors: Garrett Eva C. , Dennis John C. , Bhatnagar Kunwar P. , Durham Emily L. , Burrows Anne M. , Bonar Christopher J. , Steckler Natalie K. , Morrison Edward E. , Smith Timothy D.
Published: June 2014

This study investigates the vomeronasal organ in extant nocturnal strepsirhines as a model for ancestral primates. Cadaveric samples from 10 strepsirhine species, ranging from fetal to adult ages, were studied histologically. Dimensions of structures in the vomeronasal complex, such as the vomeronasal neuroepithelium (VNNE) and vomeronasal cartilage (VNC) were measured in serial sections and selected specimens were studied immunohistochemically to determine physiological aspects of the vomeronasal sensory neurons (VSNs). Osteological features corresponding to vomeronasal structures were studied histologically and related to 3‐D CT reconstructions. The VNC consistently rests in a depression on the palatal portion of the maxilla, which we refer to as the vomeronasal groove (VNG). Most age comparisons indicate that in adults VNNE is about twice the length compared with perinatal animals. In VNNE volume, adults are 2‐ to 3‐fold larger compared with perinatal specimens. Across ages, a strong linear relationship exists between VNNE dimensions and body length, mass, and midfacial length. Results indicate that the VNNE of nocturnal strepsirhines is neurogenic postnatally based on GAP43 expression. In addition, based on Olfactory Marker Protein expression, terminally differentiated VSNs are present in the VNNE. Therefore, nocturnal strepsirhines have basic similarities to rodents in growth and maturational characteristics of VSNs. These results indicate that a functional vomeronasal system is likely present in all nocturnal strepsirhines. Finally, given that osteological features such as the VNG are visible on midfacial bones, primate fossils can be assessed to determine whether primate ancestors possessed a vomeronasal complex morphologically similar to that of modern nocturnal strepsirhines. Anat Rec, 296:1881–1894, 2013. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Articular Cartilage Regeneration Using Cell Sheet Technology
Authors: Sato Masato , Yamato Masayuki , Hamahashi Kosuke , Okano Teruo , Mochida Joji
Published: June 2014

Cartilage damage is typically treated by chondrocyte transplantation, mosaicplasty, or microfracture. Recent advances in tissue engineering have prompted research on techniques to repair articular cartilage damage using a variety of transplanted cells. We studied the repair and regeneration of cartilage damage using layered chondrocyte sheets prepared in a temperature‐responsive culture dish. We previously reported achieving robust tissue repair when covering only the surface layer of partial‐thickness defects with layered chondrocyte sheets in domestic rabbits. We also reported good Safranin O staining and integration with surrounding tissue in a minipig model of full‐thickness cartilaginous defects in the knee joint. We have continued our studies using human chondrocytes obtained from patients under IRB approval, and have confirmed the safety and efficacy of chondrocyte sheets, and have submitted a report to the Ministry of Health, Labour, and Welfare in Japan. In 2011, the Ministry gave us approval to perform a clinical study of joint repair using cell sheets. We have just started implanting cell sheets in patients at Tokai University Hospital. Anat Rec, 297:36–43. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell Sheet‐Based Cardiac Tissue Engineering
Authors: Matsuura Katsuhisa , Masuda Shinako , Shimizu Tatsuya
Published: June 2014

Tissue engineering is indispensable for the advancement of regenerative medicine and the development of tissue models. Cell sheet‐based method is one the promising strategies for cardiac tissue engineering. To date, cell sheet transplantation using wide variety of cells has been performed for the treatment of various heart diseases. These cell sheet transplantations have shown to ameliorate cardiac dysfunction and improve symptoms of heart failure. Recent progress of the technologies on the layering of cardiac cell sheets accompanied with vascularization and the large scale cultivation system of embryonic stem cell and induced pluripotent stem cell is about to turn the fabrication of thickened human cardiac tissue for transplant and tissue models into reality. Anat Rec, 297:65–72. 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Defective Bone Microstructure in Hydronephrotic Mice: A Histomorphometric Study in ICR/Mlac‐hydro Mice
Authors: Suntornsaratoon Panan , Wongdee Kannikar , Tiyasatkulkovit Wacharaporn , Ampawong Sumate , Krishnamra Nateetip , Kengkoom Kanchana , Charoenphandhu Narattaphol
Published: June 2014

Chronic renal impairment can lead to bone deterioration and abnormal bone morphology, but whether hydronephrosis is associated with bone loss remains unclear. Herein, we aimed to use computer‐assisted bone histomorphometric technique to investigate microstructural bone changes in Imprinting Control Region (ICR) mice with a spontaneous mutation that was associated with bilateral nonobstructive hydronephrosis (ICR/Mlac‐hydro). The results showed that 8‐week‐old ICR/Mlac‐hydro mice manifested decreases in trabecular bone number and thickness, and an increased trabecular separation, thereby leading to a reduction in trabecular bone volume compared with the wild‐type mice. Furthermore, histomorphometric parameters related to both bone resorption and formation, that is, eroded surface, osteoclast surface, and osteoblast surface, were much lower in ICR/Mlac‐hydro mice than in the wild type. A decrease in moment of inertia was found in ICR/Mlac‐hydro mice, indicating a decrease in bone strength. In conclusion, ICR/Mlac‐hydro mice exhibited trabecular bone loss, presumably caused by marked decreases in both osteoblast and osteoclast activities, which together reflected abnormally low bone turnover. Thus, this mouse strain appeared to be a valuable model for studying the hydronephrosis‐associated bone disease. Anat Rec, 297:208–214, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anoctamin 1 Positive Esophageal Interstitial Cajal Cells in Late Stage Human Embryos
Authors: Rusu Mugurel Constantin , Poalelungi Cristian Viorel , Vrapciu Alexandra Diana , Păduraru Luminiţa , Didilescu Andreea Cristiana , Stan Cristinel Ionel
Published: June 2014

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICCs) are located in various smooth muscle organs and act as pacemaker cells, or ensure neuromodulation or mechanosensory roles. The study aims to investigate functional states of human ICCs in morphogenesis, focusing on the anoctamin 1 phenotype. The investigation was performed in five late stage human embryos with lengths varying between 23 and 29 mm. Immunohistochemistry on paraffin embedded specimens was performed for a series of antibodies: α‐smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), desmin, CD31, CD34, CD117/c‐kit, DOG1, and nestin. Longitudinal and circular muscle layers were α‐SMA+/desmin+/nestin+. An immature microvascular layer located in the inner submucosa was CD34+/CD31+/α‐SMA+/nestin+; endothelial tip cells were supporting active processes of sprouting angiogenesis. A CD34+/CD31‐ mesenchymal network was found in the circular muscle layer. CD117/c‐kit+ multipolar ICCs with dichotomizing processes were found mostly in the myenteric plexus layer; processes were configuring a network within the circular muscle layer where intramuscular ICCs were scarcely found. A strong DOG1+ reaction was found for the ICCs of the myenteric plexus layer apposed on the outer surface of the circular muscle layer, and for the intramuscular ICCs. The evidence of a sublayer of DOG1+ myenteric ICCs is suggestive for a subpopulation of ICCs being qualified for pacemaking at this early developmental stage. Anat Rec, 297:301–307, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Technique: Imaging Earliest Tooth Development in 3D Using a Silver‐Based Tissue Contrast Agent
Authors: Raj Muhammad T. , Prusinkiewicz Martin , Cooper David M.L. , George Belev , Webb M. Adam , Boughner Julia C.
Published: June 2014

Looking in microscopic detail at the 3D organization of initiating teeth within the embryonic jaw has long‐proved technologically challenging because of the radio‐translucency of these tiny un‐mineralized oral tissues. Yet 3D image data showing changes in the physical relationships among developing tooth and jaw tissues are vital to understand the coordinated morphogenesis of vertebrate teeth and jaws as an animal grows and as species evolve. Here, we present a new synchrotron‐based scanning solution to image odontogenesis in 3D and in histological detail using a silver‐based contrast agent. We stained fixed, intact wild‐type mice aged embryonic (E) day 10 to birth with 1% Protargol‐S at 37°C for 12–32 hr. Specimens were scanned at 4–10 µm pixel size at 28 keV, just above the silver K‐edge, using micro‐computed tomography (µCT) at the Canadian Light Source synchrotron. Synchrotron µCT scans of silver‐stained embryos showed even the earliest visible stages of tooth initiation, as well as many other tissue types and structures, in histological detail. Silver stain penetration was optimal for imaging structures in intact embryos E15 and younger. This silver stain method offers a powerful yet straightforward approach to visualize at high‐resolution and in 3D the earliest stages of odontogenesis in situ, and demonstrates the important of studying the tooth organ in all three planes of view. Anat Rec, 297:222–233, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sarcoglycan Complex in Human Normal and Pathological Prostatic Tissue: An Immunohistochemical and RT‐PCR Study
Authors: Cutroneo Giuseppina , Bramanti Placido , Favaloro Angelo , Anastasi Giuseppe , Trimarchi Fabio , Di Mauro Debora , Rinaldi Carmela , Speciale Francesco , Inferrera Antonino , Santoro Giuseppe , Salvatore Arena , Patricolo Mario , Magno Carlo
Published: June 2014

The sarcoglycan complex is a trans‐membrane system playing a key role in mechano‐signaling the connection from the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix. While β‐, δ‐, and ε‐sarcoglycans are widely distributed, γ‐ and α‐sarcoglycans are expressed exclusively in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Insufficient data are available on the distribution of sarcoglycans in nonmuscular tissue. In the present study, we used immunohistochemical and RT‐PCR techniques to study the sarcoglycans also in normal human glandular tissue, a type of tissue never studied in relation to the sarcoglycan complex, with the aim of verifying the real wider distribution of this complex. To understand the role of sarcoglycans, we tested specimens collected from patients affected by benign prostatic hyperplasia and adenocarcinoma. For the first time, our results showed that all sarcoglycans are detectable in normal samples both in epithelial and in myoepithelial cells; in pathological prostate, sarcoglycans appeared severely reduced in number or were absent. These data demonstrated that all sarcoglycans have a wider distribution suggesting a new unknown role for these proteins. The decreased number of sarcoglycans, containing cadherin domain homologs in samples of prostate affected by hyperplasia, and the absence of proteins in prostate biopsies, in cases affected by adenocarcinoma, could be responsible for the loss of adhesion between epithelial cells, which in turn facilitates the progression of benign tumors and the invasive potential of malignant tumors. Anat Rec, 297:327–336, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Postnatal Change in Sulcal Length Asymmetry in Cerebrum of Cynomolgus Monkeys (Macaca fascicularis)
Authors: Sakamoto Kazuhito , Sawada Kazuhiko , Fukunishi Katsuhiro , Noritaka Imai , Sakata‐Haga Hiromi , Yoshihiro Fukui
Published: June 2014

The purpose of this study was to determine the timing of the onset of adult‐type sulcal length asymmetry during postnatal development of the male cynomolgus monkey cerebrum. The monkey brain has already reached adult size by 3 months of age, although the body weight only represents 1/8 of the adult body weight by that time. The fronto‐occipital length and the cerebral width also reached adult levels by that postnatal age with no left/right bias. Consistently, lengths of the major primary sulci reached adult levels by 3 months of age, and then decreased slightly in sexually mature monkeys (4–6.5 years of age). Asymmetry quotient analysis showed that sulcal length asymmetry patterns gradually changed during postnatal development. The male adult pattern of sulcal length asymmetry was acquired after 24 months of age. In particular, age‐dependent rightward lateralization of the arcuate sulcal length was revealed during cerebral maturation by three‐way ANOVA. The results suggest that the regional difference in cerebral maturation from adolescence to young adulthood modifies the sulcal morphology with characteristic asymmetric patterns in male cynomolgus monkeys. Anat Rec, 297:200–207, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bone Histology of Phytosaur, Aetosaur, and Other Archosauriform Osteoderms (Eureptilia, Archosauromorpha)
Authors: Scheyer Torsten M. , Desojo Julia B. , Cerda Ignacio A.
Published: June 2014

As in other archosauriforms, phytosaurs and aetosaurs are characterized by the presence of well‐developed osteoderms. Here we provide a comparative study on the microstructure of phytosaur (five taxa) and aetosaur (thirteen taxa) osteoderms. For outgroup comparison, we sampled osteoderms of the sister taxon to Aetosauria, Revueltosaurus callenderi, and the doswelliid Jaxtasuchus salomoni. Phytosaur, aetosaur, and Jaxtasuchus osteoderms are composed of a diploe structure, whereas the Revueltosaurus osteoderm microanatomy is more compact. The external cortex of phytosaurs, Revueltosaurus and Jaxtasuchus osteoderms is mainly composed of parallel‐fibered bone. In aetosaurs, the external cortex mainly consists of lamellar bone, with lines of resorption within the primary bone indicating successive cycles of bone erosion and deposition. The basal cortex in all the specimens is composed of parallel‐fibered bone, with the cancellous internal core being more strongly developed in aetosaurs than in phytosaurs. Woven or fibro‐lamellar bone was recorded in both phytosaurian and aetosaurian taxa, as well as in Jaxtasuchus. Structural fibers, which at least partly suggest metaplastic origin, were only recorded in the internal core of two phytosaurs and in the basal cortex of one aetosaur. Osteoderm thickness and cancellous to compact bone ratios appear to be subject to ontogenetic change. Minimum growth mark counts in osteoderms sampled indicate that some aetosaurs and phytosaurs lived for at least two decades. Bone microstructures are more uniform in phytosaur osteoderms and show a higher level of disparity among aetosaur osteoderms, and at least in the latter, histological features are potentially apomorphic for species/genus level. Anat Rec, 297:240–260, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomy of the Crus and Pes of Neotropical Iguanian Lizards in Relation to Habitat use and Digitally Based Grasping Capabilities
Authors: Abdala Virginia , Tulli María José , Russell Anthony P. , Powell George L. , Cruz Félix B.
Published: June 2014

Ecomorphological studies of lizards have explored the role of various morphological traits and how these may be associated with, among other things, habitat use. We present an analysis of selected traits of internal morphology of the hind limbs of Neotropical iguanian lizards and their relationship to habitat use. Considering that one of the most widely‐held hypotheses relating to the origin of grasping is associated with the exploitation of the narrow‐branch arboreal habitat, we include subdivisions of this designation as two of our ecologically defined categories of habitat exploitation for analysis, and compare lizards assigned to these categories to the features displayed by terrestrial lizards. The influence of phylogeny in shaping the morphology of lizards was assessed by using the comparative method.Kvalues were significant for several osteological traits. Most of theKvalues for the variables based upon muscle and tendon morphometric characters (13 out 21), by contrast, had values <1, suggesting that their variation cannot be explained by phylogeny alone. Results of our phylogenetic and conventional ANCOVA analyses reveal that the characters highlighted through the application of the comparative method are not absolutely related to habitat in terms of the categories considered here. It appears that the bauplan of the lizard pes incorporates a morphological configuration that is sufficiently versatile to enable exploitation of almost all of the available habitats. As unexpected as conservation of internal gross morphology appears, it represents a means of accommodating to environmental challenges by apparently permitting adequacy for all situations examined. Anat Rec, 297:397–409, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Atlas‐Axis Complex in Chamaeleonids (Squamata: Chamaeleonidae), with Description of a New Anatomical Structure of the Skull
Authors: Čerňanský Andrej , Boistel Renaud , Fernandez Vincent , Tafforeau Paul , Nicolas Le Noir , Herrel Anthony
Published: June 2014

The comparative vertebral morphology of different chamaeleonid genera has been generally neglected and some aspects such as the comparative anatomy of the neck region remain poorly known. The atlas and axis of all chamaeleonid genera (Brookesia, Rieppeleon, Archaius, Rhampholeon, Nadzikambia, Bradypodion, Chamaeleo, Calumma, Furcifer, Kinyongia, and Trioceros) are studied here. Considerable morphological differences are revealed. Additionally, some taxa exhibit sexual dimorphism in the atlas and axis. An extremely long, divided posterodorsal process is present in males of the Trioceros johnstoni + Trioceros jacksonii clade. The solid and well‐developed morphology of the posterodorsal process in males of this taxon could reflect its competitive behavior—males fight with their horns and attempt to dislodge one another from branches during encounters. An additional area of insertion for the cervical musculature may indicate an incremental cervical musculature mass and cross sectional area that can add extra support and stability to the head and assist during combat involving lateral pushing. This character is not present in females. Heterochronic processes have played a role in the evolution of chamaeleonids, as evidenced in many characters of the atlas–axis complex. A new hypothesis of an anterior shifting of synapophyses of the axis is erected and a new derived anatomical structure of the parietal of Chamaeleo calyptratus is described (the processus parietalis inferior). The presence of the processus parietalis inferior is associated with the evolution of the dorsally elevated parietal crest. Anat Rec, 297:369–396, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pedal Proportions of Poposaurus gracilis: Convergence and Divergence in the Feet of Archosaurs
Authors: Farlow James O. , Schachner Emma R. , Sarrazin John Cody , Klein Hendrik , Currie Philip J.
Published: June 2014

The crocodile‐line basal suchian Poposaurus gracilis had body proportions suggesting that it was an erect, bipedal form like many dinosaurs, prompting questions of whether its pedal proportions, and the shape of its footprint, would likewise “mimic” those of bipedal dinosaurs. We addressed these questions through a comparison of phalangeal, digital, and metatarsal proportions of Poposaurus with those of extinct and extant crocodile‐line archosaurs, obligate or facultatively bipedal non‐avian dinosaurs, and ground birds of several clades, as well as a comparison of the footprint reconstructed from the foot skeleton of Poposaurus with known early Mesozoic archosaurian ichnotaxa. Bivariate and multivariate analyses of phalangeal and digital dimensions showed numerous instances of convergence in pedal morphology among disparate archosaurian clades. Overall, the foot of Poposaurus is indeed more like that of bipedal dinosaurs than other archosaur groups, but is not exactly like the foot of any particular bipedal dinosaur clade. Poposaurus likely had a digitigrade stance, and its footprint shape could have resembled grallatorid ichnotaxa, unless digit I of the foot of Poposaurus commonly left an impression. Anat Rec, 297:1022–1046, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bronchiolar Remodeling in Adult Mice Following Neonatal Exposure to Hyperoxia: Relation to Growth
Authors: O'Reilly Megan , Hansbro Philip M. , Horvat Jay C. , Beckett Emma L. , Harding Richard , Sozo Foula
Published: June 2014

Preterm infants who receive supplemental oxygen for prolonged periods are at increased risk of impaired lung function later in life. This suggests that neonatal hyperoxia induces persistent changes in small conducting airways (bronchioles). Although the effects of neonatal hyperoxia on alveolarization are well documented, little is known about its effects on developing bronchioles. We hypothesized that neonatal hyperoxia would remodel the bronchiolar walls, contributing to altered lung function in adulthood. We studied three groups of mice (C57BL/6J) to postnatal day 56 (P56; adulthood) when they either underwent lung function testing or necropsy for histological analysis of the bronchiolar wall. One group inhaled 65% O2 from birth until P7, after which they breathed room air; this group experienced growth restriction (HE+GR group). We also used a group in which hyperoxia‐induced GR was prevented by dam rotation (HE group). A control group inhaled room air from birth. At P56, the bronchiolar epithelium of HE mice contained fewer Clara cells and more ciliated cells, and the bronchiolar wall contained ∼25% less collagen than controls; in HE+GR mice the bronchiolar walls had ∼13% more collagen than controls. Male HE and HE+GR mice had significantly thicker bronchiolar epithelium than control males and altered lung function (HE males: greater dynamic compliance; HE+GR males: lower dynamic compliance). We conclude that neonatal hyperoxia remodels the bronchiolar wall and, in adult males, affects lung function, but effects are altered by concomitant growth restriction. Our findings may partly explain the reports of poor lung function in ex‐preterm children and adults. Anat Rec, 297:758–769, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Anatomical Variations in the Aortic Bifurcation in New Zealand White Rabbits on Arteriography
Authors: Balastegui Maria Teresa , Ramos‐Plá Juan José , Ferrer‐Puchol Maria Dolores , Carrillo Jose Maria , Monteagudo‐Franco Sergio Pedro , Esteban Enrique , Liste Fernando
Published: June 2014

The radiologic anatomy of the aortic bifurcation in the rabbit has received little study but it is important as this anatomical area is widely used in atherosclerosis research. Thirty rabbits were used to study the aortic bifurcation and subsequent branching patterns on arteriography. Fifteen different arteries were identified. Mean arterial diameters of 2.88 ± 0.7 and 2.27 ± 0.55 mm were obtained for the aorta and external iliac arteries, respectively. The cranial and middle aspects at the seventh lumbar vertebra (L7) were the most frequent anatomical landmarks (53.3% of the cases) for aortic and common iliac bifurcations, respectively. The caudal aspect of L6 was the most frequent origin (50% of the cases) for the median sacral artery. Deep circumflex iliac arteries originated from common iliac arteries and not the abdominal aorta in the rabbit, showing anatomical asymmetry in 73.3% of the cases. No gender disparity was found in the anatomical location of any of the arteries of the study. Knowledge of normal vascular landmarks for the aortic bifurcation as well as anatomical variations should be helpful to future experimental studies. Anat Rec, 297:663–669, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Cerebral Cortex of the Pygmy Hippopotamus, Hexaprotodon liberiensis (Cetartiodactyla, Hippopotamidae): MRI, Cytoarchitecture, and Neuronal Morphology
Authors: Butti Camilla , Ewan fordyce R. , Ann Raghanti Mary , Gu Xiaosi , Bonar Christopher J. , Wicinski Bridget A. , Wong Edmund W. , Roman Jessica , Brake Alanna , Eaves Emily , Spocter Muhammad A. , Tang Cheuk Y. , Jacobs Bob , Sherwood Chet C. , Hof Patrick R.
Published: June 2014

The structure of the hippopotamus brain is virtually unknown because few studies have examined more than its external morphology. In view of their semiaquatic lifestyle and phylogenetic relatedness to cetaceans, the brain of hippopotamuses represents a unique opportunity for better understanding the selective pressures that have shaped the organization of the brain during the evolutionary process of adaptation to an aquatic environment. Here we examined the histology of the cerebral cortex of the pygmy hippopotamus (Hexaprotodon liberiensis) by means of Nissl, Golgi, and calretinin (CR) immunostaining, and provide a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) structural and volumetric dataset of the anatomy of its brain. We calculated the corpus callosum area/brain mass ratio (CCA/BM), the gyrencephalic index (GI), the cerebellar quotient (CQ), and the cerebellar index (CI). Results indicate that the cortex of H. liberiensis shares one feature exclusively with cetaceans (the lack of layer IV across the entire cerebral cortex), other features exclusively with artiodactyls (e.g., the morphologiy of CR‐immunoreactive multipolar neurons in deep cortical layers, gyrencephalic index values, hippocampus and cerebellum volumetrics), and others with at least some species of cetartiodactyls (e.g., the presence of a thick layer I, the pattern of distribution of CR‐immunoreactive neurons, the presence of von Economo neurons, clustering of layer II in the occipital cortex). The present study thus provides a comprehensive dataset of the neuroanatomy of H. liberiensis that sets the ground for future comparative studies including the larger Hippopotamus amphibius. Anat Rec, 297:670–700, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Somatotopic Changes in the Nucleus Ambiguus After Section and Regeneration of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve of the Rat
Authors: Hernández‐Morato Ignacio , Berdugo‐Vega Gabriel , Sañudo Jose R. , Mchanwell Stephen , Vázquez Teresa , Valderrama‐Canales Francisco J. , Pascual‐Font Arán
Published: June 2014

Changes in motoneurons innervating laryngeal muscles after section and regeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) are far from being understood. Here, we report the somatotopic changes within the nucleus ambiguus (Amb) after the nerve injury and relates it to the resulting laryngeal fold impairment. The left RLN of each animal was transected and the stumps were glued together using surgical fibrin glue. After several survival periods (1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 weeks; at least six rats at each time point) the posterior cricoarytenoid (PCA) and thyroarytenoid (TA) muscles were injected with fluorescent‐conjugated cholera toxin and the motility of the vocal folds evaluated. After section and subsequent repair of the RLN, no movement of the vocal folds could be detected at any of the survival times studied and the somatotopy and the number of labeled motoneurons changed. From 4 wpi award, the somatotopy was significantly disorganized, with the PCA motoneurons being located rostrally relative to their normal location. A rostrocaudal overlap between the two pools of motoneurons supplying the PCA and TA muscles was observed from 2 wpi onwards. Hardly any labeled neurons were found in the contralateral Amb in any of the experimental groups. An injury of the RLN leads to a reinnervation of the denervated motor endplates of PCA and TA. However, misdirected axons sprout and regrowth from the proximal stump to the larynx. As a result, misplaced innervation of muscles results in a lack of functional recovery of the laryngeal folds movement following a RLN injury. Anat Rec, 297:955–963, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Contrasting Histopathology and Crystal Deposits in Kidneys of Idiopathic Stone Formers Who Produce Hydroxy Apatite, Brushite, or Calcium Oxalate Stones
Authors: Evan Andrew P. , Lingeman James E. , Worcester Elaine M. , Sommer Andre J. , Phillips Carrie L. , Williams James C. , Coe Fredric L.
Published: June 2014

Our previous work has shown that stone formers who form calcium phosphate (CaP) stones that contain any brushite (BRSF) have a distinctive renal histopathology and surgical anatomy when compared with idiopathic calcium oxalate stone formers (ICSF). Here we report on another group of idiopathic CaP stone formers, those forming stone containing primarily hydroxyapatite, in order to clarify in what ways their pathology differs from BRSF and ICSF. Eleven hydroxyapatite stone formers (HASF) (2 males, 9 females) were studied using intra‐operative digital photography and biopsy of papillary and cortical regions to measure tissue changes associated with stone formation. Our main finding is that HASF and BRSF differ significantly from each other and that both differ greatly from ICSF. Both BRSF and ICSF patients have significant levels of Randall's plaque compared with HASF. Intra‐tubular deposit number is greater in HASF than BRSF and nonexistent in ICSF while deposit size is smaller in HASF than BRSF. Cortical pathology is distinctly greater in BRSF than HASF. Four attached stones were observed in HASF, three in 25 BRSF and 5–10 per ICSF patient. HASF and BRSF differ clinically in that both have higher average urine pH, supersaturation of CaP, and calcium excretion than ICSF. Our work suggests that HASF and BRSF are two distinct and separate diseases and both differ greatly from ICSF. Anat Rec, 297:731–748, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The canine jaw‐ear connection: The malleomandibular and tympanomandibular ligaments
Authors: Stevens‐Sparks Cathryn , Strain George M.
Published: June 2014

In the human, two ligaments derived from the first embryonic pharyngeal (branchial) arch that unite the mandible and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with the middle ear have been identified as the discomalleolar ligament (DML) and sphenomandibular ligament (SML), also known as the malleomandibular ligament (MML), anterior ligament of the malleus (AML), and tympanomandibular ligament (TML). Neither of these structures has been previously described in the dog. The homologue of the human sphenomandibular ligament (SML) exists in the dog and is represented as a fibrous remnant of Meckel's cartilage. In the newborn puppy, the ligament is a true malleomandibular ligament (MML), extending from the medial mandible to the rostral process of the malleus with no intermittent attachments. In the adult dog, the ligament is entrapped within a bony passageway, likely due to the development and ossification of the tympanic bulla, making it difficult to grossly view the complete course of the ligament. The majority of the ligamentous fibers attach near the tympanic bulla in the adult dog, thus this portion of the ligament has been named the tympanomandibular ligament (TML). Those fibers of the ligament not attaching near the tympanic bulla appear to continue through a canal, located between the tympanic annulus and the surrounding tympanic bone, to become continuous with a connective tissue sheet within the cavity of the middle ear that has attachments to the malleus and incus. Tension on the adult canine TML did not result in movement of the malleus. Anat Rec, 297:876–891, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Pregnancy‐Induced Hypertension is Associated With Altered Anatomical Patterns of Hyrtl's Anastomosis
Authors: Bhutia Karma Lakhi , Sengupta Ratnabali , Upreti Benoy , Tamang Binod K.
Published: June 2014

Umbilical arteries carry the blood from the fetus to the placenta and are typically connected by Hyrtl's anastomosis, a connection that is located near where the umbilical cord meets the placenta. The investigation of the anastomosis in pathological conditions, including pregnancy‐induced hypertension is limited. Hence, 200 placenta and umbilical cords, 100 from normotensive and 100 from pregnancy‐induced hypertensive subjects, were dissected and measurements were recorded. A single anastomosis between the umbilical arteries was observed in167 specimens. In 16 cases, the two umbilical arteries were fused, in 15 cases there was no anastomosis, and in two cases there was a single umbilical artery. In one specimen from a normotensive case, a double anastomosis was observed. To our knowledge this is only the second report of this rare anatomical variant. When an anastomosis is present, the connecting vessel can be transverse to or form an oblique angle with the umbilical arteries. We observed a striking increase in the number of artery pairs connected by a transverse vessel in specimens from hypertensive subjects relative to those from normotensive subjects. Moreover, placentas from hypertensive donors were small if the umbilical arteries were connected by an oblique anastomosis. In addition, the length of the anastomosis and its distance from the cord insertion was shorter in specimens from hypertensive compared to normotensive subjects. We conclude that pregnancy‐induced hypertension alters the anatomy of Hyrtl's anastomosis, and in some circumstances, the placenta. Anat Rec, 297:819–825, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
LC3A‐Positive “Stone‐Like” Structures Predict an Adverse Prognosis of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Liao Wenjun , Sun Li , Wang Chunlin , Huang Hui , Liu Jing , Liao Wangjun , Shi Min
Published: June 2014

Microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3A) is a reliable marker of autophagy that displays three distinct patterns of immunohistochemical staining in solid tumors: diffuse cytoplasmic staining, juxtanuclear staining, and staining of “stone‐like” structures. These three patterns have a different prognostic significance in many solid tumors, but little is known about their influence in gastric cancer (GC). This study was a retrospective analysis of 188 GC patients from stages I to IV. The pattern of LC3A expression was examined in tumor and nontumor tissues by immunohistochemistry. Then, the association between the pattern of LC3A expression in GC and the prognosis was investigated by Kaplan‐Meier analysis and the Cox proportional hazards model. Two distinct patterns of LC3A immunostaining (diffuse cytoplasmic expression and “stone‐like” structures) were observed in GC tissues. LC3A‐positive “stone‐like” structures were found only in the tumors, and the number of such structures was correlated with both the tumor type and tumor stage. In addition, a high number of LC3A‐positive “stone‐like” structures was closely associated with an increased risk of recurrence after radical resection of stages I–III cancer (P < 0.001; HR = 0.205) and was associated with a lower overall survival rate for stage IV cancer (P < 0.001; HR = 0.364). Taken together, our data demonstrate that LC3A‐positive “stone‐like” structures can be used as an independent biomarker for an adverse prognosis of GC, suggesting that “stone‐like” structures are correlated with the malignancy of this disease. Anat Rec, 297:653–662, 2014. © 2014 The Authors The Anatomical Record: Advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cardiac Mouse Lymphatics: Developmental and Anatomical Update
Authors: Flaht‐Zabost Aleksandra , Gula Grzegorz , Ciszek Bogdan , Czarnowska Elżbieta , Jankowska‐Steifer Ewa , Madej Maria , Niderla‐Bielińska Justyna , Radomska‐Leśniewska Dorota , Ratajska Anna
Published: June 2014

The adult mouse heart possesses an extensive lymphatic plexus draining predominantly the subepicardium and the outer layer of the myocardial wall. However, the development of this plexus has not been entirely explored, partially because of the lack of suitable methods for its visualization as well as prolonged lymphatic vessel formation that starts prenatally and proceeds during postnatal stages. Also, neither the course nor location of collecting vessels draining lymph from the mouse heart have been precisely characterized. In this article, we report that murine cardiac lymphatic plexus development that is limited prenatally only to the subepicardial area, postnatally proceeds from the subepicardium toward the myocardial wall with the base‐to‐apex gradient; this plexus eventually reaches the outer half of the myocardium with a predominant location around branches of coronary arteries and veins. Based on multiple marker immunostaining, the molecular marker‐phenotype of cardiac lymphatic endothelial cells can be characterized as: Prox‐1+, Lyve‐1+, VEGFR3+, Podoplanin+, VEGFR2+, CD144+, Tie2+, CD31+, vWF−, CD34−, CD133−. There are two major collecting vessels: one draining the right and left ventricles along the left conal vein and running upwards to the left side of the pulmonary trunk and further to the nearest lymph nodes (under the aortic arch and near the trachea), and the other one with its major branch running along the left cardiac vein and further on the surface of the coronary sinus and the left atrium to paratracheal lymph nodes. The extracardiac collectors gain the smooth muscle cell layer during late postnatal stages. Anat Rec, 297:1115–1130, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Stereological Investigation of the Age‐Related Changes of the Myelinated Fibers in the Hippocampus of Male Rats
Authors: Lu Wei , Yang Shu , Chen Lin , Qiu Xuan , Huang Chun‐Xia , Wu Hong , Li Chen , Yang Jun‐Qing , Zhang Lei , Chao Feng‐Lei , Tang Yong
Published: June 2014

The decline of hippocampus‐dependent learning and memory during normal aging is not associated with neuron death and synapse loss. Until now, age‐related changes in the myelinated fibers of the hippocampus have not been investigated. Therefore, in this study, the myelinated fibers in the hippocampi of young (6 months), middle‐aged (18 months), and old‐aged (28 months) male Sprague‐Dawley rats were studied with transmission electron microscope and stereological methods, following spatial learning tests in a Morris water maze. The results showed that hippocampus‐dependent spatial learning was impaired in old‐aged rats but that the total volume, length, and mean diameter of the myelinated fibers in the hippocampus, as well as the hippocampal volume, remained constant during the normal aging process. Our results suggest that the age‐related decline in hippocampus‐dependent spatial learning is not attributable to myelinated fiber changes in the hippocampus and that other, undetermined factors are responsible. Anat Rec, 297:1490–1497, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
White Matter Injuries Induced by MK‐801 in a Mouse Model of Schizophrenia Based on NMDA Antagonism
Authors: Xiu Yun , Kong Xiang‐Ru , Zhang Lei , Qiu Xuan , Chao Feng‐Lei , Peng Chao , Gao Yuan , Huang Chun‐Xia , Wang San‐Rong , Tang Yong
Published: June 2014

The etiology of schizophrenia (SZ) is complex and largely unknown. Neuroimaging and postmortem studies have suggested white matter disturbances in SZ. In the present study, we tested the white matter deficits hypothesis of SZ using a mouse model of SZ induced by NMDA receptor antagonist MK‐801. We found that mice with repeated chronic MK‐801 administration showed increased locomotor activity in the open field test, less exploration of a novel environment in the hole‐board test, and increased anxiety in the elevated plus maze but no impairments were observed in coordination or motor function on accelerating rota‐rod. The total white matter volume and corpus callosum volume in mice treated with MK‐801 were significantly decreased compared to control mice treated with saline. Myelin basic protein and 2′, 3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase were also significantly decreased in the mouse model of SZ. Furthermore, we observed degenerative changes of myelin sheaths in the mouse model of SZ. These results provide further evidence of white matter deficits in SZ and indicate that the animal model of SZ induced by MK‐801 is a useful model to investigate mechanisms underlying white matter abnormalities in SZ. Anat Rec, 297:1498–1507, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Myosin Isoform Expression in the Prehensile Tails of Didelphid Marsupials: Functional Differences Between Arboreal and Terrestrial Opossums
Authors: Rupert J. E. , Schmidt E. Cordero , Moreira‐Soto A. , Herrera B. Rodríguez , Vandeberg J. L. , Butcher M. T.
Published: June 2014

Prehensile tails are defined as having the ability to grasp objects and are commonly used as a fifth appendage during arboreal locomotion. Despite the independent evolution of tail prehensility in numerous mammalian genera, data relating muscle structure, physiology, and function of prehensile tails are largely incomplete. Didelphid marsupials make an excellent model to relate myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform fiber type with structure/function of caudal muscles, as all opossums have a prehensile tail and tail use varies between arboreal and terrestrial forms. Expanding on our previous work in the Virginia opossum, this study tests the hypothesis that arboreal and terrestrial opossums differentially express faster versus slower MHC isoforms, respectively. MHC isoform expression and percent fiber type distribution were determined in the flexor caudae longus (FCL) muscle ofCaluromys derbianus(arboreal) andMonodelphis domestica(terrestrial), using a combination of gel electrophoresis and immunohistochemistry analyses.C. derbianusexpresses three MHC isoforms (1, 2A, 2X) that are distributed (mean percentage) as 8.2% MHC‐1, 2.6% 1/2A, and 89.2% 2A/X hybrid fibers.M. domesticaalso expresses MHC‐1, 2A, and 2X, in addition to the 2B isoform, distributed as 17.0% MHC‐1, 1.3% 1/2A, 9.0% 2A, 75.2% 2A/X, and 0.3% 2X/B hybrid fibers. The distribution of similar isoform fiber types differed significantly between species (P < 0.001). Although not statistically significant,C. derbianuswas observed to have larger cross‐sectional area (CSA) for each corresponding fiber type along with a greater amount of extra‐cellular matrix. An overall faster fiber type composition (and larger fibers) in the tail of an arboreal specialist supports our hypothesis, and correlates with higher muscle force required for tail hanging and arboreal maneuvering on terminal substrates. Conversely, a broader distribution of highly oxidative fibers in the caudal musculature is well suited for tail nest building/remodeling behaviors of terrestrial opossums. Anat Rec, 297:1364–1376, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Development of Septation in the Four‐Chambered Heart
Authors: Anderson Robert H. , Spicer Diane E. , Brown Nigel A. , Mohun Timothy J.
Published: June 2014

The past decades have seen immense progress in the understanding of cardiac development. Appreciation of precise details of cardiac anatomy, however, has yet to be fully translated into the more general understanding of the changing structure of the developing heart, particularly with regard to formation of the septal structures. In this review, using images obtained with episcopic microscopy together with scanning electron microscopy, we show that the newly acquired information concerning the anatomic changes occurring during separation of the cardiac chambers in the mouse is able to provide a basis for understanding the morphogenesis of septal defects in the human heart. It is now established that as part of the changes seen when the heart tube changes from a short linear structure to the looped arrangement presaging formation of the ventricles, new material is added at both its venous and arterial poles. The details of these early changes, however, are beyond the scope of our current review. It is during E10.5 in the mouse that the first anatomic features of septation are seen, with formation of the primary atrial septum. This muscular structure grows toward the cushions formed within the atrioventricular canal, carrying on its leading edge a mesenchymal cap. Its cranial attachment breaks down to form the secondary foramen by the time the mesenchymal cap has used with the atrioventricular endocardial cushions, the latter fusion obliterating the primary foramen. Then the cap, along with a mesenchymal protrusion that grows from the mediastinal mesenchyme, muscularizes to form the base of the definitive atrial septum, the primary septum itself forming the floor of the oval foramen. The cranial margin of the foramen is a fold between the attachments of the pulmonary veins to the left atrium and the roof of the right atrium. The apical muscular ventricular septum develops concomitant with the ballooning of the apical components from the inlet and outlet of the ventricular loop. Its apical part is initially trabeculated. The membranous part of the septum is derived from the rightward margins of the atrioventricular cushions, with the muscularizing proximal outflow cushions fusing with the muscular septum and becoming the subpulmonary infundibulum as the aorta is committed to the left ventricle. Perturbations of these processes explain well the phenotypic variants of deficient atrial and ventricular septation. Anat Rec, 297:1414–1429, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.