bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
XXI.—An Archæological Survey of Kent
Authors: Payne George
Published: January 2012

I have the honour to lay before the Society an Archaeological Survey, in which will be found the principal and most of the minor archaeological discoveries which have been made in the county of Kent. A work of this kind must necessarily be incomplete, as many relics of the past are being continually brought to light, and pass away unrecorded into various public and private collections, or are destroyed by ignorant and thoughtless workmen. It is hoped, however, that no important discovery has been omitted, either from the map or text, and that the general arrangement will be found convenient for reference. In order to avoid repetition of the titles of the various publications, a Bibliographical List has been given, with a key to the abbreviations, which are framed upon a plan both simple and suggestive. The signs upon the map have been made as large as its size would allow, and are marked on or near the actual sites of discoveries; but in some instances the signs have had to be placed so as to avoid obliterating names of places. It may be well to mention that where spots of different colours, indicating interments, come together in one locality, it signifies (as a rule) that remains belonging to distinct periods occurred in the same burial-place. It was deemed unnecessary to mention every individual discovery of Palaeolithic implements, a line has therefore been drawn under the name of the town or village in whose district they abound in the river-drift gravels. Discoveries of Neolithic implements have not been noticed, as they occur upon the surface in vast numbers throughout the county. British coins being of rare occurrence, have been noted, likewise hoards or large quantities of Koman coins, but single or scattered specimens have, with few exceptions, been omitted.
XXV.—Ancient Rome; MS. Notes by Pirro Ligorio, made between c. 1550 and 1570 A.D.
Authors: Middleton J. Henry
Published: January 2012

Even in the last three centuries so much that was of archaeological value among the ruins of Ancient Rome has been destroyed, that any record of the existing remains which dates back as far as the 16th century must be of interest to the modern student.

The great revival of classical architecture which took place in the sixteenth century induced all the chief architects of that time to study with special care even the smallest fragments of the former architectural glory of the ancient city. Among the many professional architects of that time who measured and copied both the general form and the details of the classical remains, none did so with greater zeal and more patient labour than Pirro Ligorio in the preparation of his copious work L'Antichità di Roma, which still exists as a MS. in thirty folio volumes among the royal archives at Turin.
XV.—Calais and the Pale
Authors: Dillon Harold Arthur
Published: January 2012

When Queen Mary was dying, according to Mistress Rice as quoted by Holinshed, she declared, “When I am dead and opened you shall find Calais lying in my heart.”

In her letter of January 7, 1558, to the gentlemen of every shire, urging them to raise men for the succour of that town, which though she was not then aware of it had already fallen; the Queen spoke of Calais as the chief jewel of the realm. That it was so in the opinion of many there is no doubt, and the delineations of the English possessions in France of those days always present the district as viewed from this country, that is with the actual south at the top of the map.
XVI.—The Ancient Settlements, Cemeteries, and Earthworks of Furness
Authors: Cowper H. Swainson
Published: January 2012

In the following pages will be found the result of a somewhat careful examination of all the existing ancient sites in the district of Furness, in North Lancashire. The remains themselves are very varied in character, ranging from the rude enclosure of dry-built masonry to the burh of the Anglo-Saxon lord. The accompanying illustrations represent all the most important examples of these; and, as far as I am aware, every site (excepting some groups of cairns, which on parts of the fells are innumerable) will be found described with some detail in the text.
XXI.—An Archaeological Survey of Cumberland and Westmorland
Authors: Ferguson R. S. , Cowper H. Swainson
Published: January 2012

I have the honour to lay before the Society an archaeological survey in which will be found the principal and most of the minor archaeological discoveries which have been made in Cumberland, Westmorland, and Lancashire North-of-the-Sands, in other words in the diocese of Carlisle and the parish of Alston, which though in the county of Cumberland is not in the diocese of Carlisle. The Survey is based upon the model of the able Survey of Kent by our Fellow Mr. George Payne, printed in Archaeologia, with one or two deviations which I venture to think improvements. For instance, arranging the Topographical Index in three columns instead of four, so obtaining more space in the three left, while the duty done by the abolished column (Mr. Payne's second column) is discharged by appropriate cross-headings. In the first column, that headed “Locality,” I have given, after the name of a place, the reference to the quarter (N.E., N.W., S.W., or S.E.,) of the 6-inch Ordnance Map in which the place is or should be marked. The labour of doing this is no light work, and the mere turning over and over of some hundred and fifty of these sheets entails considerable fatigue. But once done, its convenience to all using the index is obvious. Thus two places of the same name allocate themselves at once without the necessity of a long description, e.g. in Cumberland, Kirkland, 15 N.W. and Kirkland, 51 S.E. at once define and differentiate themselves.
XXII.—Excavations on the site of the Roman city at Silchester, Hants, in 1892
Authors: Fox George E. , Hope W.H. St. John
Published: January 2012

We have the honour to bring before the meeting to-night the record of the third year's excavations on the site of the Roman city at Silchester.
VII.—On the Churchwardens' Accounts of the Parish of Stratton, in the county of Cornwall
Authors: Peacock Edward
Published: January 2012

An apology is needed for my presumption in reading a paper this evening on the Churchwardens' Accounts of Stratton. They certainly ought to have fallen to the lot of some Cornish man. My attention, however, was directed to them by their present owner, William Maskell, Esq. E.S.A. and I found them so interesting that I could not resist the temptation of bringing certain gleanings I have made therefrom under the notice of this Society.
X.—On the Fate of Henry Brooke, tenth Lord Cobham
Authors: Waller John Green
Published: January 2012

The baronial family of Cobham took its name from the pretty village in Kent, four miles from Gravesend on the one side, and about the same distance from Rochester on the other. As early as the twelfth century it was of importance, but from the thirteenth to the sixteenth century it was one of the most powerful in the south of England. There were several off-shoots from the main stem, distinguished by the following manorial titles, viz. Roundal, Beluncle, Blackburgh, Chafford, Gatewyke, and Sterborough. There were four baronies by writ, viz. Cobham of Cobham, Roundal, Chafford, and Sterborough. The most important offices in the county of Kent were constantly in their hands, including the Wardenship of the Cinque Ports and that of Constable of Rochester Castle. The first Baron de Cobham, named Henry, was summoned to Parliament in 1313: no other of the name appears in the main stem until he whose fate I am about to consider. Of the off-shoots the most considerable was that of Sterborough in Surrey: Sir Reginald, the first baron, being the most eminent of the Cobham family. A hero of Crecy and Poitiers, one of the few brilliant warriors enrolled among the early Knights of the Garter, we must refer to the pages of Froissart if we would acquaint ourselves with the details of his career in the field, and in the councils of Edward III.
XIII.—On the Depositions of the Remains of Katharine de Valois, Queen of Henry V., in Westminster Abbey
Authors: Stanley Arthur Penrhyn
Published: January 2012

Before I begin to read this paper I must apologise to the Society of Antiquaries for its mode of composition.

In the controversies respecting the origin of the Homeric poems, which have raised so much attention of late in connection with Dr. Schliemann's discoveries, there was a theory started amongst scholars that Homer was not the author of the Iliad and Odyssey, but, as the word might imply in the original, “the man who joined or weaved together” the various poems supplied to him by other persons, which, from this stitching or joining process, were called Rhapsodies. This theory has of late years in England—partly under the influence of a celebrated political personage—fallen into discredit. But the present paper is an exact example of the process in question. I am on this occasion but the “Homerus,” the compiler, who has woven together the fragments communicated to him.
XVI.—Third Account of Excavations at Silchester
Authors: Joyce James Gerald
Published: January 2012

On two previous occasions, in the years 1865 and 1867, I have given some accounts of the excavations in the Roman city at Silchester. The work was then in its infancy; an interval of six years elapsed since my second Paper was read; and the period thus embraced will he found fruitful in discoveries of interest and importance.
XVII.—Remarks on an Admiralty Seal of Richard, Duke of Gloucester
Authors: Perceval Charles Spencer
Published: January 2012

The Ven. Edward Trollope, E.S.A., has lately communicated to the Society an impression in gutta-percha from the original matrix of an Admiralty Seal of Richard III. when Duke of Gloucester, which impression is exhibited this evening.

Another impression from this matrix, then in the possession of a gentleman of St. Columb in Cornwall, was exhibited and presented to the Society in 1781 by Dr. Milles, at that time President, and is still preserved.
IX.—On some Iron Tools and other Articles formed of Iron found at Silchester in the year 1890
Authors: Evans John
Published: January 2012

In the account of excavations at Silchester, given to this Society by Messrs. G. E. Fox and W. H. St. John Hope, in December, 1890, and published in the Archaeologia, attention is called to a very remarkable collection of antiquities which were found in a pit in the part of the town known as Insula I.
V.—Observations on the hitherto unnoticed Expedition of the Emperor Augustus into Britain
Authors: Black William Henry
Published: January 2012

It is the common and inveterate opinion of modern writers, and it seems to be accepted by all antiquaries in the present day, that Britain remained unvisited by the Romans, and free from subjection to the Roman empire, from the time when Julius Cæsar left our shores to the expedition of Claudius and his conquest of the south-eastern part of the island, almost a century afterward. That is a long interval, extending from B.C. 54 to a.d. 43, a period of not less than ninety-five years; and, if the common opinion be true, there is a great and terrible blank in our national history, immediately following the events which had made our nation known to the Roman world.
XV.—Notes on Discoveries in Ehenside Tarn, Cumberland
Authors: Darbishire R. D.
Published: January 2012

In “The Whitehaven Herald” of the 19th of November, 1870, there appeared a communication entitled “Remains of Ancient British Dwellings at Ehenside, near Egremont,” signed by the Rev. J. W. Kenworthy, a paper of striking interest to all who concern themselves with the slowly increasing materials for a better knowledge of the ante-historic state of man in these islands.
XVII.—The Milites Stationarii considered in relation to the Hundred and Tithing of England
Authors: Coote H. C.
Published: January 2012

The Milites Stationarii of the Empire have not succeeded in attracting the attention of archæologists. Kellermann does not mention them, though the force of which he specially treated bore unquestionable affinity to these milites, and the scope of his work took in every other form of the soldiery of the Empire. Cardinali, Grotefend, Zell, and Dr. William Smith, observe the same silence.
XXVII.—The Camps on the River Avon at Clifton, with Remarks on the Structure of Ancient Ramparts
Authors: Scarth H. M.
Published: January 2012

The progress of building has of late years destroyed many of the old historic features of our land, removed ancient earthworks, and covered their sites with modern dwellings; and as the growth and improvement of modern cities have almost effaced the traces of the old fortified towns—which usually formed the centres from which they have spread, so their surrounding villas have not unfrequently destroyed the vestiges of the earthworks that once crowned the hills in their neighbourhood.
II.—On the Site of the Homeric Troy
Authors: Schliemann Henry
Published: January 2012

The traveller who sails from the Piraeus for the Hellespont sees, after having
passed the western shore of Lesbos, the Cape Lectum, which forms the western
extremity of the Ida range of mountains. This cape is the southern extremity of
the land, which from Homeric times until now, and probably for many centuries
before Homer, has borne the famous, the immortal, name of Troas. In sailing
thence along its western shore, which extends almost in a straight line to the
north, and ends in Cape Sigeum, the traveller distinguishes there, in the midst
of a dense forest of oak-trees, the gigantic ruins of the once flourishing city
of Alexandria-Troas, which, by its immense extent, seems to have had at least
500,000 inhabitants.
IV.—On the Parish Books of St. Margaret-Lothbury, St.
Christopher-le-Stocks, and St. Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange, in the City of
London
Authors: Freshfield Edwin
Published: January 2012

The parishes of St. Margaret-Lothbury, St. Christopher-le-Stocks, and St.
Bartholomew-by-the-Exchange, form an irregular quadrilateral figure, of which
the northern side is bounded by a line a few yards north of Lothbury and
Throgmorton Street; the two other principal sides are roughly formed by Prince's
Street, Threadneedle Street, and a line west of Old Broad Street.
VI.—On the different styles of Pottery found in Ancient
Tombs in the Island of Cyprus
Authors: Sandwith Thomas B.
Published: January 2012

Recent excavations in Cyprus have brought to light a vast number of tombs of the
primitive inhabitants of the Island, and a careful examination of the contents
of these will help us to understand something of the manners, ideas, and
artistic character of the different peoples whose remains are there
deposited.
VII—The Early Statutes of the Cathedral Church of the
Holy Trinity, Chichester, with Observations on its Constitution and
History
Authors: Walcott Mackenzie E. C.
Published: January 2012

The earliest copy of the Statutes of the Cathedral Church of Chichester occurs in
the Dean's Book, a MS. marked 148, now in the library of University College,
Oxford, which formerly belonged to Gerard Langbaine, Provost of Queen's College,
and was given in 1692 by Maria Langbaine, widow of his son Gerald Langbaine,
gentleman commoner of the former college. A note on one of the leaves shows that
a former owner was John Crowcher, Dean of Chichester from 1425 to 1460.
“[Liber Decanatus] Cicestren' qui nuper erat de novo ligatus per mag.
Johm Cruch' decanum predicte ecclesie qui eciam de bonis suis
propriis restituit implementum decanatus predicti, quod erat alienatum et
abductum per M. Ric. Talbot penultimum predecessorum dicti Johannis decani.
Dictus etiam Johannes plurima bona expendit circa reparaciones dicti decanatus
et manerii sui de Coudr. et aliarum domorum-pertinentium ad dictum decanatum que
omnia erant quasi in ruina. Ideo parcat sibi successor et oret pro anima
ejus.”
XIV.—On Flint Workings at Cissbury, Sussex
Authors: Willett Ernest Henry
Published: January 2012

In 1868 Colonel A. Lane Fox, F.S.A. contributed a paper to this Society, on the Sussex Hill Forts, and on the principles of castrametation which a most careful examination of the whole series led him to conclude had been adopted by the tribes who had constructed them.

In the course of his inquiry, and in the description of the seventeen earthworks that line our Sussex downs, he mentioned the occurrence, in several places, of various pits in and about the camps. The instances are at Wolstanbury, Highdown Hill, Mount Caburn, and Cissbury—most notably the latter.

This paper was shortly followed by another, giving a detailed account of the extensive excavations carried on by him at Highdown and at Cissbury. In this communication he dwells at length on the pits situate within the latter camp, their character and contents; the flint implements especially are elaborately classified and fully described by him. The examination of about thirty pits resulted in the following information,—to which I may be permitted briefly to refer in order to be intelligible. That they were from 20 to 70 feet wide, and of a depth of from 5 to 7 feet below the surface. That they contained a great quantity of flint implements, a few bones, dead land-shells, charcoal and fragments of coarse pottery distributed in layers of red clay and chalk rubble, the pottery being only found immediately beneath the turf.

In considering the object and use of these pits, Colonel Lane Eox states that he believes them to have been for the purpose of obtaining flint for manufacturing implements, and subsequently to have been used for habitations.

I hope to add confirmatory evidence of both of these theories.
XVII.—On the Alban Necropolis, said to have been covered up by a Volcanic Eruption. Communicated through W. M. Wylie, Esq. F.S.A.
Authors: Garrucci Raffaele
Published: January 2012

Ten years have passed away since the Duc de Blacas, at a meeting of the Society of Antiquaries of France, discussed the question of the celebrated Alban Necropolis, discovered in 1817, by Giuseppe Carnevali, beneath an undisturbed mass of peperino, while nearly the same space of time has elapsed since the revival among ourselves of the question of the discovery of vessels anterior to the last volcanic eruption round about the crater of the Alban lake.
XXI.—On the Byzantine Origin of the Church of St. Vitalis at Ravenna, with Remarks on other Churches in that City
Authors: Freshfield Edwin
Published: January 2012

It is hardly necessary to describe the situation of the town of Ravenna. Its ancient fortress occupied a strong position, resting on the sea towards the east and south, and, with an ample harbour for those days, it could not be blockaded by any army not possessing also a fleet. Lying out of the beaten track, and thus defended by the sea, Ravenna, at a time when Western Europe was convulsed with the commotions dependent upon the extinction of the Western Empire, was contentedly secure under the protection of the yet powerful empire of Constantinople.
XXII.—Remarks on some Charters and other Documents relating to the Abbey of Robertsbridge, in the County of Sussex, in the possession of the Rev. J. H. Blunt, M.A., F.S.A.
Authors: Perceval Charles Spencer
Published: January 2012

The charters and other documents which Mr. Blunt has kindly exhibited this evening formed a part of the archives of the Cistercian Abbey of Robertsbridge, founded in 1176, at a spot within the parish of Salehurst, in Eastern Sussex, where the high road from Hastings to Tunbridge crosses the River Rother, which here changes its course from south-east to east, and after passing Bodiham Castle forms for a few miles the boundary between Kent and Sussex, until turning sharply to the south it enters the sea at Rye Harbour.
XXIII.—Notes on the Discovery of a Roman Villa at Holcombe, Devon
Authors: Swann John Sackville
Published: January 2012

As you seem to have been interested in the Roman iron tools found by me at Holcombe, I think perhaps that some further particulars regarding the find, and the remains of the Roman Villa which has been discovered there, may not be uninteresting to you.
XXI.—Notes from the Records of the Manor of Bottesford, Lincolnshire
Authors: Peacock Edward
Published: January 2012

Bottesford is a small village in the parts of Lindsey and wapentake of Manley, in the county of Lincoln. The parish before recent alterations consisted of the townships of Bottesford, Ashby, Burringham, Holme, and Yaddlethorpe, and of about half of East Butterwick. The manor of Bottesford extends over the greater part of Bottesford and Yaddlethorpe, and over the whole of that part of East Butterwick that is in Bottesford parish. Except in the case of East Butterwick the boundaries of the townships and the manor are not quite the same. There is a farm in Bottesford and another in Yaddlethorpe that are members of the great manor of Kirton in Lindsey, and on the other hand there were outlying portions of the manor of Bottesford in Brumby, Ashby, Messingham, and other places.
X.—A Revised History of the Column of Phocas in the Roman Forum
Authors: Nichols F.M.
Published: January 2012

It may be of interest to the Society if I submit to its notice some observations made last year, which render it necessary to re-write the history of one of the best known monuments of Rome.

The monument, which for fifty-six years has been called the Column of Phocas, was formerly, when nothing but the pillar itself was seen above ground, the subject of much curiosity and speculation among the visitors of the Forum. The “nameless column with the buried base” was thought by some to be the sole relic of a great temple or other public building. By others it had been conjectured to be part of the famous bridge by which Caligula united his palace on the Palatine with the temple of Capitoline Jupiter. In the early years of the century, among other works of the same kind, it was resolved to clear away the soil and débris from the substructure of this column; and on the 13th of March, 1813, the inscription of its pedestal, which had remained for centuries a few feet below the level of the ground, was uncovered, and revealed the fact that it had supported a statue dedicated by the exarch Smaragdus to the honour of a Caesar, whose name had been erased, but who, by other indications, could be no other than Phocas, an emperor of evil reputation, but to whom Rome and the world owe some gratitude for having been instrumental in dedicating the Pantheon to Christian worship, and so preserving from ruin one of the noblest and most original architectural works of antiquity.
XXIII.—Excavations on the site of the Roman city at Silchester, Hants
Authors: Fox George E. , Hope W.H. St. John
Published: January 2012

On the 27th February last we had the honour of laying before the Society a communication on the desirability of the complete and systematic excavation of the site of Silchester.

The scheme therein set forth, which had already been sanctioned by the Duke of Wellington, the owner, and by Mr. Cooper, the tenant, met with the cordial support and approval of the Fellows present, and it was unanimously referred to the Council to consider the steps necessary for carrying it out.
IV.—The Spoon and its history; its form, material, and development, more particularly in England
Authors: Jackson C.J.
Published: January 2012

There can be little doubt that the spoon which now performs such an indispensable part in our domestic economy may lay claim to descent from a very high antiquity. Certainly as soon as the habit of eating pottage, in a manner such as we should consider decent, had been acquired there must have been spoons of some kind in use.
XI.—Recent discoveries of Roman Remains in Lincoln
Authors: Fox George E.
Published: January 2012

The ancient city of Lincoln, the Roman Lindum, was divided into two parts, the upper and the lower. The upper consisted of a nearly rectangular area, roughly 500 yards from east to west by 418 yards from north to south, surrounded by massive walls 10 to 12 feet thick, and further strengthened by an enormous fosse. It lay with its longer side upon the edge of a table-land which sloped rapidly down to the wide valley formed by the river Witham.
II.—Architectural History of St. Hugh's Choir in Lincoln Cathedral
Authors: Parker John Henry
Published: January 2012

On a former occasion I traced the history of St. Hugh from his birth in his father's castle at Avalon, on the borders of Savoy, and a few miles from Grenoble, then in the kingdom of Burgundy, to his death and burial in his choir at Lincoln, then just completed, and, as he died in the year 1200, this marks an important turning-point in the history of architecture, as many authors have observed.
VIII.—On a Hoard of Gold Nobles found at Bremeridge Farm, Westbury, Wilts
Authors: Baron John
Published: January 2012

In the early part of September 1877 there was found on Bremeridge farm, in the parish of Westbury, Wilts, belonging to Charles Paul Phipps, esq. of Chalcot, a hoard of 32 gold coins. They were found during repairs and improvements of the homestead, about a foot and a half below the surface, in the courtyard, piled one above another, without any appearance of a purse or box. The place of deposit would be indicated by a line producing the east end of the main building southwards to a distance of about 13 ft. from the wall of the present back kitchen.
VII. Account of the Convent of English Nuns formerly settled at Louvain, in South Brabant: in a Letter addressed to the President
Authors: Ellis Henry
Published: January 2012

As long ago as 1797 the Abbé Mann of Brussells, then residing in exile at Prague in Bohemia, communicated to our Society, of which he was a foreign Member, “A short Chronological Account of the Religious Establishments made by English Catholics on the Continent of Europe.” His lists were collected with care and exactness, and in many instances preserved a record of religious Communities in which numerous members of the most eminent Catholic families of England became professed.
XI. A further Notice of Vineta, in a Letter addressed to Sir Henry Ellis, K.H., F.R.S., Director
Authors: Mackenzie K. R. H.
Published: January 2012

Mr. Major's paper on the subject of the so-called city of Vineta, lately read before the Society of Antiquaries, together with the interest which I know you to have in the question, afford a sufficient apology for the few lines I now address to you, for communication to the Society.
XVIII. Notes upon the Sculptures of a Temple discovered at Bath
Authors: Scharf George
Published: January 2012

During the fall of last year I visited the ancient city of Bath, and was astonished at the quality and extent of the sculptures and inscriptions now preserved in the Literary Institution. They are collected in a vestibule attached to that building, which has a portico of very pure Greek Doric architecture, and the sculptures are effectively arranged, with the advantage of a central light from above. All the sculptures in this vestibule have a particular local interest, as they were discovered within the precincts of the city, most of them about the year 1790, upon what appears to have been the site of an ancient temple, or, more probably, a group of buildings.
XIX. Account of Silver Rings and Coins discovered near Worcester
Authors: Akerman John Yonge
Published: January 2012

“There has been a find of about 215 silver pennies, also four rings set with gems, a ring twisted like a wreath, a ring with crosses on it, and a gimmal ring (at least one with a hand like a gimmal ring), and a brooch double-wreathed, with a tongue something like what I saw when young in peasants' shirts, to keep the two parts together at the breast.
I.—A Clerical Strike at Beverley Minster in the Fourteenth Century
Authors: Leach Arthur F.
Published: January 2012

Before relating the curious episode in the history of ecclesiastical institutions which forms the subject of this paper, a few words on the constitution of the institution concerned are necessary.

Beverley Minster, the quasi-cathedral church of the East Riding of Yorkshire, was, until its dissolution in 1548, a college of nine secular canons. The Archbishop of York quà Archbishop was reputed (and disputed) founder, patron, visitor, head, and a canon, besides being lord of the manor and town of Beverley.
II.—Of the methods used in making and ornamenting an Egyptian Rock Tomb
Authors: Clarke Somers
Published: January 2012

Although in his invaluable work on the Ancient Egyptians, Sir Gardner Wilkinson tells us a great deal about the sculpture, the painting, and the furniture of the tomb, and although Lepsius, Prisse d'Avennes, and others give us much information, I have nowhere found that any writer has followed the subject through from the time the order was given to make the tomb until it was completed ready to receive the mummy of the owner. The few notes I now lay before the Society were always made on the spot. My effort has been to draw the evidence from the excavations themselves.
III.—On the Roman town of Doclea, in Montenegro
Authors: Munro J. A. R. , Anderson W. C. F. , Milne J. G. , Haverfield F.
Published: January 2012

The following pages present the results of an expedition organised in the autumn of 1893 for the purpose of investigating the antiquities of the Boman town of Doclea, in Montenegro, the reputed birthplace of Diocletian. Excavations had already been carried on there during three seasons by H.H. the Prince of Montenegro, to whom the explorers desire to record their grateful acknowledgments, not only for his gracious permission to continue the work so auspiciously begun, but also for the kind reception and many facilities accorded to them. To M. Paul Rovinski also, the skilful director of the former excavations, they owe the warmest thanks. His generous co-operation and his local experience were simply invaluable, and his genial friendship can never be forgotten.
VI.—On the more important Breeds of Cattle which have been recognised in the British Isles in successive periods, and their relation to other Archaeological and Historical Discoveries
Authors: Hughes T. McKenny
Published: January 2012

The origin of the commoner breeds of cattle is a question of the greatest interest to the antiquary and historian as well as to the agriculturist and naturalist. It is an inquiry into the history of an animal, which, when wild, was always hunted by man, and, when tame, has accompanied him in all his wanderings; which was domesticated in the far-off ages when it is doubtful whether we can rightly say that man was civilized; which was his standard for barter; his chattel, and the original of all pecuniary transactions; an animal whose remains lie buried with him or accidentally covered up wherever man has been.
VIII.—On two fibulæ of Celtic fabric from Æsica
Authors: Evans Arthur John
Published: January 2012

During the recent excavations on the site of Æsica a remarkable discovery of ancient relics was made. The deposit in question was contained inside the western guard-chamber of the south gate and about 3 feet from its northern wall. Unfortunately the discovery was made in the absence of any trained archaeologist and the data at our disposal are only of an approximate nature. The relics that have come to light consist of two large fibulæ (figs. 4 and 9), a silver collar or chain (fig. 1), a gold Roman ring (fig. 2) set with a moss agate, and another of bronze (fig. 3) set with a nicolo engraved with a gnostic subject, the familiar IAO.
IX.—On a Bronze Statuette of Hercules
Authors: Murray A. S.
Published: January 2012

The bronze statuette of Hercules which Lord Carlisle exhibits to-night at the desire of the President is said to have been “dug out of the Roman wall.” But the precise spot appears to be now unknown. One statement gives Northumberland; another, his lordship's property of Naworth, in Cumberland, which is no great distance from the Roman station of Amboglanna (Birdoswald). One could suppose that the bronze had been brought to this country by some officer attached to that camp. That would mean in the time of Hadrian, by whom this station on the Roman wall was established. And were the figure of pure classical workmanship there would not be much more to be said on that point. But you will see that the bronze cannot be of classical origin, and this suggests an alternative that it may have been brought to this country by a devotee of the Tyrian Hercules established at Corbridge, in Northumberland, where an altar to him has been found.
X.—Further Excavations in a Cemetery of South Saxons on High Down, Sussex
Authors: Read Charles Hercules
Published: January 2012

The first exploration of this cemetery in the autumn of 1893, of which I had the honour of laying an account before the Society was of so interesting a character that it was felt both by Mr. Edwin Henty and myself that it would be desirable to ascertain whether other graves did not exist within the limits of the ancient British camp. With this view the examination of the adjoining ground was made in the autumn of last year, and the results not only fully justified the examination, but resulted in discoveries of far greater interest than those previously made, and in one instance, at least, of a character hitherto unknown in England.
XI.—Excavations on the site of the Roman city at Silchester, Hants, in 1895
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John , Fox George E.
Published: January 2012

The report which we have the honour of submitting to the Society, on behalf of the Executive Committee of the Silchester Excavation Fund, of the discoveries made during the past year, is also the record of the systematic excavation of the site for the sixth successive season.
XIII.—Visitations of certain Churches in the City of London in the patronage of St. Paul's Cathedral Church, between the years 1138 and 1250
Authors: Simpson W. Sparrow
Published: January 2012

About the middle of the thirteenth century the Dean and Chapter of St. Paul's Cathedral Church made a minute and careful visitation of churches in their gift, lying in the counties of Essex, Hertfordshire, and Middlesex. The text of that visitation has been lately printed in a volume issued by the Camden Society. The record of their proceedings is so copious that a clear and distinct account can be given of the ornaments, vestments, books, and plate belonging to these churches; and some insight can be gained into the relations which existed between the parishioners, the patrons, and the parish priest.
XVIII.—Excavations on the site of the Roman city at Silchester, Hants, in 1896
Authors: Hope W. H. St. John
Published: January 2012

The report which I have the honour of submitting to the Society, on behalf of the Executive Committee of the Silchester Excavation Fund, of the discoveries made during the year 1896, is also the record of the systematic excavation of the site by the Committee for the seventh successive season.
XVI.—The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus. A new Restoration
Authors: Oldfield Edmund
Published: January 2012

It is with unfeigned hesitation that I venture to bring forward a new restoration of the Halicarnassian Mausoleum. For more than a century the form of this celebrated monument has been the enigma of architectural antiquaries, and down to the present time no solution has received so unanimous an assent as to be deemed conclusive. It is not indeed surprising that the earlier theories, those of Caylus, Choiseul-Groufner, Canina, Texier, and others, should have been discordant, and to most minds unsatisfactory; for they were founded solely on the notices of the building found in ancient authors, and these notices are brief, desultory, sometimes veiled in figurative language, and sometimes to all appearance contradictory to each other, if not to themselves. Even the ingenious and tasteful designs of the late Professor Cockerell and Mr. Edward Falkener were prepared in ignorance of any material remains beyond the few slabs of sculptured frieze procured in 1846 by Sir Stratford Canning from the citadel of Budrum. But when at length it was resolved to supplement theory by fact, and to procure monumental in addition to literary evidence, when the resoures of the British Government were liberally placed at the disposal of an eminent archaeologist, to excavate the whole site of the Mausoleum, and bring to England all the remains of its architecture or sculpture which could illustrate its construction, it might have been expected that the mists of uncertainty would have disappeared in a flood of light. But very different has been the event.
XVIII.—On Excavations in a Cemetery of South Saxons on High Down, Sussex
Authors: Read Charles Hercules
Published: January 2012

In the autumn of 1892, Mr. Edwin Henty, in planting trees on his property on High Down Hill, in the parish of Ferring, in Sussex, came upon a number of graves, which, from the character of the relics found in them, were readily determined to be of Saxon origin. Mr. Henty has carefully preserved all that he could secure, but from the unfortunate accident that the men employed in the work were strangers, and not his own workmen, there is reason to believe that a number of the articles found were disposed of to visitors and others.
XIX.—On an ancient Mexican Head-piece, coated with Mosaic
Authors: Read Charles Hercules
Published: January 2012

It is comparatively seldom that relics of antiquity from the American continent are laid before the Society. There is one good reason for this, in the impossibility, in most cases, of assigning any date to American antiquities. We may be able, from internal evidence, to show that an object was made after the discovery of the continent, and in that case it belongs to the beginning of modern times. If, on the other hand, there is reason for placing it before the time of Columbus, there is little to say beyond the bare statement of that fact. In the absence of intelligible history, it is difficult to see how we are to pass beyond this stage. Among the more civilised peoples, such as the Mexicans and Peruvians, it is easy enough to distinguish and classify the artistic productions of the several great tribes, but to discriminate between the buildings or sculptures of, for instance, the fifteenth and thirteenth centuries is another matter, and one as to which there would probably be as many opinions as men.
Is the Second Language Acquisition discipline disintegrating?
Authors: Hulstijn Jan H.
Published: January 2012

After characterizing the study of second language acquisition (SLA) from three viewpoints, I try to answer the question, raised by DeKeyser (2010), of whether the SLA field is disintegrating. In answering this question, I first propose a distinction between SLA as the relatively fundamental academic discipline and SLA as the relatively applied field of language education. Instead of portraying the field in terms of quantitative or laboratory studies on the one hand, and qualitative or anthropological studies on the other, I will look at SLA in terms of theories that differ in their empirical basis. All scientific disciplines must create room for ideas or theories that do not yet lend themselves to empirical testing, but for a discipline to develop fruitfully it is crucial that nonempirical ideas do not outnumber the empirical. The fact that the number of empirical SLA theories is large is not in itself a problem: through the practices of rational ‘normal science’ (Kuhn 1962), the best theories (in terms of coherence, testability and scope) will rightfully come out on top.
Molecular analysis of imipenem-resistantAcinetobacter baumanniiisolated from US service members wounded in Iraq, 2003–2008
Authors: HUANG X.-Z. , CHAHINE M. A. , FRYE J. G. , CASH D. M. , LESHO E. P. , CRAFT D. W. , LINDLER L. E. , NIKOLICH M. P.
Published: January 2012

Global dissemination of imipenem-resistant (IR) clones ofAcinetobacter baumannii–A. calcoaceticuscomplex (ABC) have been frequently reported but the molecular epidemiological features of IR-ABC in military treatment facilities (MTFs) have not been described. We characterized 46 IR-ABC strains from a dataset of 298 ABC isolates collected from US service members hospitalized in different US MTFs domestically and overseas during 2003–2008. All IR strains carried theblaOXA-51gene and 40 also carriedblaOXA-23on plasmids and/or chromosome; one carriedblaOXA-58and four contained ISAbal located upstream ofblaOXA-51. Strains tended to cluster by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis profiles in time and location. Strains from two major clusters were identified as international clone I by multilocus sequence typing.
Fatal outbreaks of jaundice in pregnancy and the epidemic history of hepatitis E
Authors: TEO C.-G.
Published: January 2012

Space–time clustering of people who fall acutely ill with jaundice, then slip into coma and death, is an alarming phenomenon, more markedly so when the victims are mostly or exclusively pregnant. Documentation of the peculiar, fatal predisposition of pregnant women during outbreaks of jaundice identifies hepatitis E and enables construction of its epidemic history. Between the last decade of the 18th century and the early decades of the 20th century, hepatitis E-like outbreaks were reported mainly from Western Europe and several of its colonies. During the latter half of the 20th century, reports of these epidemics, including those that became serologically confirmed as hepatitis E, emanated from, first, the eastern and southern Mediterranean littoral and, thereafter, Southern and Central Asia, Eastern Europe, and the rest of Africa. The dispersal has been accompanied by a trend towards more frequent and larger-scale occurrences. Epidemic and endemic hepatitis E still beset people inhabiting Asia and Africa, especially pregnant women and their fetuses and infants. Their relief necessitates not only accelerated access to potable water and sanitation but also vaccination against hepatitis E.
Back to (the music of) the future: Aesthetics of technology in Berlioz'sEuphoniaandDamnation de Faust
Authors: VAN RIJ INGE
Published: January 2012

In his final years, Berlioz's name became entangled in debates around Wagnerian ‘music of the future’; but Berlioz was also engaged with conceptions of the future in a much more literal sense throughout his life. An examination of texts such asEuphoniawhich treat futuristic settings helps us to identify three main technological tropes by which the future is characterised in Berlioz's writings: the industrialisation of space and time; the discourse of gender; and fears around agency. Applying these tropes to the contemporaneousLa damnation de Faustenables a new reading of genre in Berlioz's ‘légende dramatique’, which is revealed to dramatise the dialectic of technology and gender on a meta-diegetic level. Performances ofLa damnation de Faustthat stage it as opera or as WagnerianGesamtkunstwerkmay blind us to the innovative aspects of the work, for these aspects are most visible when it is the orchestral ‘machine’ that is placed literally centre stage. This new reading ofLa damnation de Faustthrough the lens ofEuphoniahelps us to resituate Berlioz as a musician of the future in a manner that provides an alternative to the more familiar Wagnerian aesthetics.
Generalization strategies for the verification of infinite state systems
Authors: FIORAVANTI FABIO , PETTOROSSI ALBERTO , PROIETTI MAURIZIO , SENNI VALERIO
Published: January 2012

We present a method for the automated verification of temporal properties of infinite state systems. Our verification method is based on the specialization of constraint logic programs (CLP) and works in two phases: (1) in the first phase, a CLP specification of an infinite state system is specialized with respect to the initial state of the system and the temporal property to be verified, and (2) in the second phase, the specialized program is evaluated by using a bottom-up strategy. The effectiveness of the method strongly depends on the generalization strategy which is applied during the program specialization phase. We consider several generalization strategies obtained by combining techniques already known in the field of program analysis and program transformation, and we also introduce some new strategies. Then, through many verification experiments, we evaluate the effectiveness of the generalization strategies we have considered. Finally, we compare the implementation of our specialization-based verification method to other constraint-based model checking tools. The experimental results show that our method is competitive with the methods used by those other tools.
Reasoning about actions with Temporal Answer Sets
Authors: GIORDANO LAURA , MARTELLI ALBERTO , THESEIDER DUPRÉ DANIELE
Published: January 2012

In this paper, we combine Answer Set Programming (ASP) with Dynamic Linear Time Temporal Logic (DLTL) to define a temporal logic programming language for reasoning about complex actions and infinite computations. DLTL extends propositional temporal logic of linear time with regular programs of propositional dynamic logic, which are used for indexing temporal modalities. The action language allows general DLTL formulas to be included in domain descriptions to constrain the space of possible extensions. We introduce a notion of Temporal Answer Set for domain descriptions, based on the usual notion of Answer Set. Also, we provide a translation of domain descriptions into standard ASP and use Bounded Model Checking (BMC) techniques for the verification of DLTL constraints.
Parallel instantiation of ASP programs: techniques and experiments
Authors: PERRI SIMONA , RICCA FRANCESCO , SIRIANNI MARCO
Published: January 2012

Answer-Set Programming (ASP) is a powerful logic-based programming language, which is enjoying increasing interest within the scientific community and (very recently) in industry. The evaluation of Answer-Set Programs is traditionally carried out in two steps. At the first step, an input program undergoes the so-called instantiation (or grounding) process, which produces a program ′ semantically equivalent to , but not containing any variable; in turn, ′ is evaluated by using a backtracking search algorithm in the second step. It is well-known that instantiation is important for the efficiency of the whole evaluation, might become a bottleneck in common situations, is crucial in several real-world applications, and is particularly relevant when huge input data have to be dealt with. At the time of this writing, the available instantiator modules are not able to exploit satisfactorily the latest hardware, featuring multi-core/multi-processor Symmetric MultiProcessing technologies. This paper presents some parallel instantiation techniques, including load-balancing and granularity control heuristics, which allow for the effective exploitation of the processing power offered by modern Symmetric MultiProcessing machines. This is confirmed by an extensive experimental analysis reported herein.