bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Creativity and the Social Brain
Authors: Abraham Anna
Published: July 2018

The neuroscience of imagination has revealed extensive parallels between the brain correlates of creative cognition and those of social cognition. There is, however, scarcely any exchange of ideas between the different research communities that is aimed at understanding what such commonalities reveal. The evidence indicates that there are some fundamental similarities in very nature of the information processing mechanisms that underlie cognitive and social aspects of mental life that are customarily viewed to be quite distinct from one another. This chapter features reflections on these similarities by generating cross-connections between current knowledge on creative cognition and social cognition. Themes that are explored include candidate mechanisms of correspondences between creativity and social behaviour, such as the ‘intention to communicate’ (by means of expression), the ‘intention to understand’ (by means of inference and discovery), and the ‘personal relevance bias’ (by means of alertness to self-related salience and significance).
Essay on Negative Emotions
Authors: Tscharmi
Published: July 2018

This paper describes a model for negative emotions based on an inner uneasiness.
A dynamic structure of social trait space
Authors: Stolier Ryan Mayer , Hehman Eric , Freeman Jonathan B.
Published: July 2018

This manuscript is currently in press as a Forum article at Trends in Cognitive Sciences.Facial appearance evokes robust impressions of other people’s personality traits. Recent research suggests that the trait space arising from face-based impressions shifts due to context and social cognitive factors. We suggest a novel framework, in which multiple bottom-up and top-down processes mutually determine a dynamic rather than fixed trait space.
Implicit and explicit attitudes toward African Americans and Barack Obama did not substantively change during Obama’s presidency
Authors: Axt Jordan
Published: July 2018

Barack Obama is perhaps the most well-known exemplar of African Americans.However, the extent to which he has impacted attitudes toward AfricanAmericans remains unclear. Using cross-sectional data (*N *> 2,200,000),the present study examined changes in racial attitudes and attitudes towardObama during the first seven years of Obama’s presidency. Attitudes showedno evidence of substantive change. After accounting for shifts in sampledemographics, results showed an increase in implicit anti-Black attitudesand no change in explicit anti-Black attitudes. Participation dateexplained only 0.01% of the variance in implicit attitudes. Correspondinganalyses of attitudes toward Obama (*N *> 210,000) indicated no change inimplicit attitudes but increasing negativity toward Obama in explicitattitudes. Date accounted for only 0.01% of explicit attitude variance.Daily and monthly means across both samples were largely unrelated.Attitudes toward African Americans in general and Obama specifically showedlittle change or correspondence during Obama’s presidency.
Does Perceptual Consciousness Overflow Cognitive Access? The Challenge from Probabilistic, Hierarchical Processes
Authors: Gross Steven , Flombaum Jonathan Isaac
Published: July 2018

Does perceptual consciousness require cognitive access? Ned Block argues it does not. Central to his case are visual memory experiments that employ post-stimulus cueing—in particular, Sperling’s classic partial report studies, change-detection work by Lamme and colleagues, and a recent paper by Bronfman and colleagues that exploits our perception of ‘gist’ properties. We argue contra Block that these experiments do not support his claim. Our reinterpretations differ from previous critics’ in challenging as well a longstanding and common view of visual memory as involving declining capacity across a series of stores. We conclude by discussing the relation of probabilistic perceptual representations and phenomenal consciousness.
Project moved! Now at https://osf.io/hgy3z/
Authors: Carpenter Thomas
Published: July 2018

Due to an error with the Open Science Framework, this preprint was unavailable for several months. A new one was created and now exists at OSF: https://osf.io/ntd97/ with a direct link to the preprint at https://psyarxiv.com/hgy3z/.We were surprised to see that this preprint is suddenly available again. Because work is now established (with two new studies and a major rework) at the new location, please direct all citations for iatgen or survey-based IATs to the above locations.
Phonetic category formation is perceptually driven during the early stages of adult L2 development
Authors: Casillas Joseph V
Published: July 2018

Research on the acquisition of L2 phonology in sequential language learners has stressed the importance of language use and input as a means to accurate production and perception; however, the two constructs are difficult to evaluate and control. This study focuses on the role of language use during the initial stages of development of phonetic categories related to stop voicing and analyzes the relationship between production and perception. Native English speaking late learners of Spanish provided production/perception data on a weekly basis throughout the course of a 7-week immersion program in which L1 use was prohibited. The production/perception data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed effects models. Generalized additive mixed models were used to analyze and compare the learning trajectories of each modality. The analyses revealed phonetic learning in both production and perception over the course of the program. Perception gains paralleled those of native bilinguals by the conclusion of the program and preceded production gains. This study is novel in that it provides production/perception data in a semi-longitudinal design. Moreover, the beginning adult learners are examined in a learning context in which L1 use was minimal and L2 input was maximized. Taken together, the experiments suggest that L2 phonetic category formation can occur abruptly, at an early stage of development, is perceptually driven, and appears to be particularly fragile during the initial stages of learning.
Listeners and Readers Generalise Their Experience With Word Meanings Across Modalities
Authors: Gilbert Rebecca Anne , Davis Matthew H. , Gaskell M. Gareth , Rodd Jennifer M
Published: July 2018

Research has shown that adults’ lexical-semantic representations are surprisingly malleable. For instance, the interpretation of ambiguous words (e.g. bark) is influenced by experience such that recently encountered meanings become more readily available (Rodd et al., 2016, 2013). However the mechanism underlying this word-meaning priming effect remains unclear, and competing accounts make different predictions about the extent to which information about word meanings that is gained within one modality (e.g. speech) is transferred to the other modality (e.g. reading) to aid comprehension. In two web-based experiments, ambiguous target words were primed with either written or spoken sentences that biased their interpretation toward a subordinate meaning, or were unprimed. About 20 minutes after the prime exposure, interpretation of these target words was tested by presenting them in either written or spoken form, using word association (Experiment 1, N=78) and speeded semantic relatedness decisions (Experiment 2, N=181). Both experiments replicated the auditory unimodal priming effect shown previously (Rodd et al., 2016, 2013) and revealed significant cross-modal priming: primed meanings were retrieved more frequently and swiftly across all primed conditions compared to the unprimed baseline. Furthermore, there were no reliable differences in priming levels between unimodal and cross-modal prime-test conditions. These results indicate that recent experience with ambiguous word meanings can bias the reader’s or listener’s later interpretation of these words in a modality-general way. We identify possible loci of this effect within the context of models of long-term priming and ambiguity resolution.
Is red heavier than yellow even for blind?
Authors: Barilari Marco , de Heering Adélaïde , Crollen Viriginie , Collignon Olivier , Bottini Roberto
Published: July 2018

Across cultures and languages people find similarities between the products of different senses in mysterious ways. By studying what is called Cross-Modal Correspondences (CMCs), cognitive psychologists discovered that lemons are fast rather than slow, boulders are sour and red is heavier than yellow. Are these CMCs established via sensory perception or can they be learned merely through language? We contribute to this debate by demonstrating that early blind people who lack the perceptual experience of color also think that red is heavier than yellow, but to a lesser extent than sighted do.
Questioning supports effective transmission of knowledge and increased exploratory learning in pre-kindergarten children
Authors: Yu Yue , Landrum Asheley R. , Bonawitz Elizabeth , Shafto Patrick
Published: July 2018

How can education optimize transmission of knowledge while also fostering further learning? Focusing on children at the cusp of formal schooling (N = 180, age = 4.0 - 6.0 y), we investigate learning after direct instruction by a knowledgeable teacher, after questioning by a knowledgeable teacher, and after questioning by a naïve informant. Consistent with previous findings, instruction by a knowledgeable teacher allows effective information transmission but at the cost of exploration and further learning. Critically, we find a duel benefit for questioning by a knowledgeable teacher: Such pedagogical questioning both effectively transmits knowledge and fosters exploration and further learning, regardless of whether the question was directed to the child or directed to a third party and overheard by the child. These effects are not observed when the same question is asked by a naïve informant. We conclude that a teacher’s choice of pedagogical method may differentially influence learning through their choices of how, and how not, to present evidence, with implications for transmission of knowledge and self-directed discovery.
Adolescent Emotion Network Dynamics in Daily Life and Implications for Depression
Authors: Lydon-Staley David M. , Xia Mengya , Mak Hio Wa , Fosco Gregory
Published: July 2018

Objective. Emotion network density describes the degree of interdependence amongemotion states across time, such that higher density reflects self-perpetuating emotions orrigidity in emotion functioning. Higher density in emotion networks appears to be a riskfactor for depression in studies of adults. This paper extended research on emotionnetwork density to adolescents and examined: 1) associations between emotion networkdensity and a standard measure of emotion regulation and 2) associations betweenemotion network density and symptoms of depression. Method. Data from a daily diarystudy (t=21 days) of adolescents (N=151; 61.59% female; mean age=14.60 years) wereused to construct emotion network density scores. Emotion regulation was measuredusing The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale Short Form (DERS-SF). Associationsbetween emotion network density and DERS-SF were examined through Pearsoncorrelations. Multiple regression analyses examined associations between emotionnetwork density and depression. Results. Emotion network density was not associatedwith the DERS-SF. Follow-up analyses showed that it was associated with nonacceptanceof emotions (a subscale of the DERS-SF). Emotion network density waspositively associated with depression. Discussion. Non-acceptance of emotions mayencourage the spread of emotion across time and emotion states given that a feature ofnon-acceptance is to have secondary emotional responses to one's emotions. Rigidity inemotion function in the form of context-insensitive, self-perpetuating emotion networksmay be a risk factor for adolescent depression.
Need for cognitive closure as determinant for guidance in wiki-based learning
Authors: Heimbuch Sven , Bodemer Daniel
Published: July 2018

In wikis as collaborative knowledge construction environments for learning the outcome and its underlying processes can be considered on an individual as well as on a social system's level. In previous research, we could show that by implementing either supplemental implicit or explicit guidance focused on wiki discussions positive effects on the learner's side could be achieved. This study investigates what type of guidance implemented on the level of talk page discussions is beneficial dependent on the learner's degree of need for cognitive closure and if an interaction of these both factors produces larger positive effects on the individual learning processes and the resulting outcome. Therefore, we are conducting a 2 x 2 between-subjects design experimental study comparing four groups contrasting high vs low need for cognitive closure participants and implicit vs explicit guidance measures that we have positively evaluated in previous work. We expect to gather evidence that fostering learning processes in wiki-based settings making use of talk page discussions is highly dependent on individual cognitive variables interacting with the type of provided additional guidance.
When extremists win: Cultural transmission via iterated learning when populations are heterogeneous
Authors: Navarro Danielle , Perfors Andrew , Kary Arthur , Brown Scott , Donkin Chris
Published: July 2018

How does the process of information transmission affect the cultural or linguistic products that emerge? This question is often studied experimentally and computationally via iterated learning: a procedure in which participants learn from previous participants in a chain. Iterated learning is a powerful tool because, when all participants share the same priors, the stationary distributions of the iterated learning chains reveal those priors. In many situations, however, it is unreasonable to assume that all participants share the same prior beliefs. We present four simulation studies and one experiment demonstrating that when the population of learners is heterogeneous, the behavior of an iterated learning chain can be unpredictable, and is often systematically distorted by the learners with the most extreme biases. This results in group-level outcomes that reflect neither the behavior of any individuals within the population nor the overall population average. We discuss implications for the use of iterated learning as a methodological tool as well as for the processes that might have shaped cultural and linguistic evolution in the real world.
Prenatal-postnatal maternal anxiety mismatch, maternal stroking, child irritability and general psychopathology ‘p’ at age 7 years; findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study
Authors: Hill Jonathan , Pickles Andrew , Wright Nicola , Sharp Helen
Published: July 2018

BackgroundAccording to fetal origins hypotheses, mismatched prenatal-postnatal conditions will be associated with poor health outcomes. Based on previous findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study (WCHADS) that associations between prenatal anxiety and child anxious- depressed symptoms were modified by mothers’ reports of infant stroking, we predicted similar effects following mismatched prenatal-postnatal maternal anxiety. Low stroking would be associated with poorer outcome. In view of associations between oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) irritability and adolescent depression, our models predicted irritability, controlling for general psychopathology ‘p’, and contrasted with headstrong, to test for specificity. Based on animal and human evidence we predicted that the effect would be seen only in girls.MethodsMothers in the WCHADS, a general population cohort recruited at 20 weeks pregnancy, provided self- reported anxiety during pregnancy, and at 9 weeks, 14 months and 3.5 years postpartum, frequency of infant stroking at 9 weeks. Mothers and teachers reported child symptoms at age 7 years. Irritability scores were available from 668 children, and SEM models with maximum-likelihood estimates made use of data from 887 participants. ResultsThere was a three way interaction between prenatal and postnatal anxiety and maternal stroking. This arose because lower stroking at 9 weeks was associated with higher irritability at 7 years, only in the mismatched, low-high and high-low maternal anxiety groups. The effect was unchanged after accounting for associations with general psychopathology, ‘p’. There was no effect on headstrong symptoms. Despite an overall effect on irritability in separate analyses this was confined to girls. ConclusionsPostnatal modifications of prenatal effects of maternal anxiety were specific to child irritability, and seen only in girls. Given associations between child irritability and adolescent depression, the findings provide further indications of mechanisms for fetal and postnatal origins of affective disorders in adolescence and beyond.
Threat of Infectious Disease
Authors: Wang Iris , Michalak Nicholas Michael , Ackerman Joshua
Published: July 2018

In this chapter, we consider whether individual differences might play role in how a behavioral immune system operates and what that implies for human personality. We first highlight the theoretical reasons to expect variation in pathogen management mechanisms and the psychological models relevant to these mechanisms (e.g., behavioral immune system, disgust). Next, we review research on the direct impact of pathogen threats on specific personality attributes. Subsequently, we place relevant individual differences within a motivational structure in order to organize specific content domains of personality linked to pathogen threats. Finally, we propose some unanswered questions for the field that may be promising directions for future research.
Developmental Computational Psychiatry
Authors: Hauser Tobias U. , Will Geert-Jan , Dubois Magda , Dolan Raymond J
Published: July 2018

Most psychiatric disorders emerge during childhood and adolescence. This is also a period when the brain undergoes substantial growth and reorganisation. However, it remains unclear how a heightened vulnerability to psychiatric disorder relates to brain maturation, and what the underlying mechanisms might be. Here, we propose ‘developmental computational psychiatry’ as a framework for linking brain maturation to cognitive development. We propose that through modelling some of the brain’s fundamental cognitive computations and relating them to brain development, we can bridge the gap between brain and cognitive development. This in turn can lead to a richer understanding of the ontogeny of psychiatric disorders. We illustrate this perspective by taking examples from reinforcement learning (RL) and dopamine function, showing how computational modelling deepens an understanding of how cognitive processes, such as reward learning, effort learning, and social evaluation might go awry in psychiatric disorders. Finally, we formulate testable hypotheses and sketch the potential and limitations of developmental computational psychiatry.
Introduction to the concept of likelihood and its applications
Authors: Etz Alexander
Published: July 2018

We introduce the statistical concept known as likelihood and discuss how it underlies common Frequentist and Bayesian statistical methods. This article is suitable for researchers interested in understanding the basis of their statistical tools, and is also ideal for teachers to use in their classrooms to introduce the topic to students at a conceptual level.
Confidence as a diagnostic tool for perceptual aftereffects
Authors: Gallagher Regan , Suddendorf Thomas , Arnold Derek
Published: July 2018

Much of what we know about how our sensory systems operate comes from studying aftereffects. Prolonged and repeated exposure to a constant stimulus (adaptation) can impact responses to subsequent test stimuli, compared to a non-adapted test stimulus. Researchers often infer, based on changes to response patterns, that sensory encoding has been changed by adaptation. However, it can be ambiguous whether a given aftereffect changes sensory encoding, decision processes, or both. We propose that confidence estimates can be used as a diagnostic tool to identify whether aftereffects arise either partially or entirely from post-perceptual processes. In three experiments, we demonstrate the utility of confidence judgements in determining whether an aftereffect results from sensory or criterion changes. Given the simplicity of our approach, this tool could readily be applied to resolve contemporary controversies regarding the origins of aftereffects and the penetration of perception by cognition.
Collaborative Search in a Mock Baggage Screening Task
Authors: Enright Alison , McCarley Jason Scott
Published: July 2018

Signal detection theory provides models of information integration that allow researchers to predict and benchmark collaborative performance in a visual search task. Naturalistic stimuli, however, may not conform to the simplifying assumptions—specifically, assumptions of equal-variance signal and noise distributions and stochastically independent observers—that are often made to make collaborative signal detection models tractable. Here, we used Bayesian hierarchical modeling of receiver operating characteristics to circumvent this difficulty. Participants (N = 28–32 per experiment) performed a simulated baggage x-ray screening task, working alone or in teams of two. Team performance was compared to the predictions of two versions of a uniform weighting model of information integration, one that assumed stochastically independent judgments from the two members of a team and one that allowed for correlated judgments. Across four experiments, teams fell short of the uncorrelated-judgment model’s predictions, but outperformed predictions based on the observed correlations in individual judgments. Results imply motivational effects that improve individual searchers’ effort under collaborative conditions, or collaborative strategies that effectively decorrelate the individual searchers’ judgments.
Early and late Cortical responses to directly gazing faces are task-dependent
Authors: Burra Nicolas , Framorando David , Pegna Alan J.
Published: July 2018

Gender categorisation of human faces is facilitated when gaze is directed toward the observer (i.e., a direct gaze), compared to situations where gaze is averted or the eyes are closed (Macrae, Hood, Milne, Rowe, & Mason, 2002). However, the temporal dynamics underlying this phenomenon remain to some extent unknown. Here, we used electroencephalography (EEG) to assess the neural correlates of this effect, focusing on the event-related potential (ERP) components known to be sensitive to gaze perception, i.e., P1, N170, and P3b. We first replicated the seminal findings of Macrae et al. (Experiment 1) regarding facilitated gender discrimination, and subsequently measured the underlying neural responses. Our data revealed an early preferential processing of direct gaze as compared to averted gaze and closed eyes at the P1, which reverberated at the P3b (Experiment 2). Critically, using the same material, we failed to reproduce these effects when gender categorisation was not required (Experiment 3). Taken together, our data confirm that direct gaze enhances both early and late cortical responses to face processing, although this effect appears to be task-dependent.
Genetic Vulnerability to Experiencing Child Maltreatment
Authors: Pezzoli Patrizia , Antfolk Jan , Santtila Pekka , Hatoum Alexander Samir
Published: July 2018

Although there are multiple forms of experiences of childhood maltreatment (CM), previous research has mainly focused on its different aspects separately. Possible genetic influences on these purportedly environmental causes of later psychopathology have also been largely overlooked. In a large population-based Finnish twin-sample, we investigated the co-occurrence of 55 different adverse experiences and the covariance of the identified latent types of CM. We also estimated the genetic and environmental influences on both the individual adverse experiences and latent types of CM. We found evidence that the reported CM are influenced by genetic factors. Importantly, specific genetic and environmental factors still influenced traits that modulate the risk of sexual abuse after accounting for shared genetic influences on all types of CM and on their covariance. Genes and shared environments differently influenced the occurrence of CM within and outside the family. Finally, we found evidence that heritable traits might bias retrospective self-reports of experiences more susceptible to interpretation.
Big Five Personality Stability, Change, and Codevelopment across Adolescence and Early Adulthood
Authors: Borghuis Jeroen , Denissen Jaap J. A. , Oberski Daniel Leonard , Sijtsma Klaas , Meeus Wim , Branje Susan , Koot Hans M. , Bleidorn Wiebke
Published: July 2018

Using data from two large and overlapping cohorts of Dutch adolescents, containing up to seven waves of longitudinal data each (N = 2,230), the present study examined Big Five personality trait stability, change, and codevelopment in friendship and sibling dyads from age 12 to 22. Four findings stand out. First, the one-year rank-order stability of personality traits was already substantial at age 12, increased strongly from early through middle adolescence, and remained rather stable during late adolescence and early adulthood. Second, we found linear mean-level increases in girls’ conscientiousness, in both genders’ agreeableness, and in boys’ openness. We also found temporal dips (i.e., U-shaped mean-level change) in boys’ conscientiousness and in girls’ emotional stability and extraversion. We did not find a mean-level change in boys’ emotional stability and extraversion, and we found an increase followed by a decrease in girls’ openness. Third, adolescents showed substantial individual differences in the degree and direction of personality trait changes, especially with respect to conscientiousness, extraversion, and emotional stability. Fourth, we found no evidence for personality trait convergence, for correlated change, or for time-lagged partner effects in dyadic friendship and sibling relationships. This lack of evidence for dyadic codevelopment suggests that adolescent friends and siblings tend to change independently from each other and that their shared experiences do not have uniform influences on their personality traits.
Likelihood Ratios: A Tutorial on Research Applications for Psychology
Authors: Glover Scott
Published: July 2018

Many in psychology view their choice of statistical approaches as being between frequentist and Bayesian. However, a third approach, the use of likelihood ratios, provides several distinct advantages over both the frequentist and Bayesian options. A quick explanation of the basic logic of likelihood ratios is provided, followed by a comparison of the likelihood-based approach to frequentist and Bayesian methods. The bulk of the paper provides examples with formulas for computing likelihood ratios based on t-scores, ANOVA outputs, chi-square statistics, and binomial data, as well as examples of using likelihood ratios to test for models that make a priori predictions of effect sizes. Finally, advice on interpretation is offered.
Adaptation to complex cues in sentence comprehension
Authors: Fernandes Bruno , Alexiadou Artemis , Chow Wing Yee , Santi Andrea , Grillo Nino
Published: July 2018

We demonstrate syntactic adaptation to complex, but highly reliable cues (tense and verb type) within the context of an acceptability judgement experiment. Since adaptation is relevant for methods that require large number of trials (e.g. ERP) we also examine how adaption may be modulated by the reliability of the cues in a follow-up study.
Study Planning: Sample Size
Authors: Peters Gjalt - Jorn Ygram , Verboon Peter
Published: July 2018

This document is primarily intended as guideline for use by students and researchers who are in the process of planning their research and need to establish the sample size they require. Secondarily, ethical review committees and institutional review boards can use this document as guidelines when determining whether a proposed study has any chance of yielding useful results (after all, studies with too few datapoints cannot teach us anything, regardless of whether the results are as the researchers expected or not). Thus, sample size planning is one of the most important decisions in the study planning process. End up with too low a number, and your study has failed even before it began (with too few participants, it is very likely that you find nothing where associations exist, or find associations where none exist). End up with too high a number, and precious resources are wasted (your time, participants' time, often money, and maybe most importantly: participants are scarce, and your study will use up participants that could otherwise have participated in other research). This document is intended to facilitate meaningful study sample size planning by offering relatively straightforward guidelines.
Analysis of Multimodal Physiological Signals Within and Across Individuals to Predict Psychological Threat vs. Challenge
Authors: Khalaf Aya , Nabian Mohsen , Fan Miaolin , Yin Yu , Wormwood Jolie , Siegel Erika , Quigley Karen , Barrett Lisa Feldman , Akcakaya Murat , Chou Chun-An , Ostadabbas Sarah
Published: July 2018

Challenge and threat are biopsychological responses following an individual's evaluation of task demands relative to his or her available resources to cope with these demands. In this study, we aimed to investigate individual and group variation in physiological responding across a series of motivated performance tasks of varying difficulty. We specifically tested three hypotheses: (H1) individuals will express different sets of physiological patterns (features) across tasks of varying difficulty; (H2) there willbe groups of individuals who share common salient physiological features that dominate within-individual differentiation in physiological responding across tasks of varying difficulty; and (H3) the accuracy of predicting self-reported judgments of challenge and threat across individuals will be higher within each group with shared salient physiological features than across all groups or the entire sample. To test these hypotheses, we developed an integrated analytic framework for multimodal physiological data analysis. We employed data from an existing experiment in which participants completed three mental arithmetic tasks of increasing difficulty during which we collected different modalities of physiological data. Analyses revealed three groups of participants who shared common features that best differentiated their within-individual physiological response patterns across tasks. Support vector machine (SVM) classifiers were then trained using both shared features within each group and all computed features to predict challenge vs. threat states. Our results showed that, within-group classification model using person-specific features achieved higher self-report prediction accuracy comparing to the alternative model trained on data from all participants without feature selection.
Social Identity and Cooperation in Cultural Evolution
Authors: Smaldino Paul E.
Published: July 2018

I discuss the function of social identity signaling in facilitating cooperative group formation, and how the nature of that function changes with the structure of social organization. I propose that signals of social identity facilitate assortment for successful coordination in large-scale societies, and that the multidimensional, context-dependent nature of social identity is crucial for successful coordination when individuals have to cooperate in different contexts. Furthermore, the structure of social identity is tied to the structure of society, so that as societies grow larger and more interconnected, the landscape of social identities grows more heterogeneous. This discussion bears directly on the need to articulate the dynamics of emergent, ephemeral groups as a major factor in human cultural evolution.
The odd case when cognitive biases are more prevalent in researchers than in samples
Authors: Perezgonzalez Jose D.
Published: July 2018

Walmsley and Gilbey (2016) reported on the impact of cognitive biases on pilots’ decision-making, concluding that there was strong evidence that cognitive bias impacted decision making thus putting pilots' lives in danger. However, their methodology was not free of the same biases they set to research and, more importantly, they relied far too much on statistical significance as the only standard for result interpretation. Consequently, while the results obtained may have been technically correct, their divorce from the underlying methodological context made them factually wrong. Therefore, the conclusions achieved also misrepresented the true impact of cognitive biases on pilots' decision-making.
Measuring physiological influence in dyads: A guide to designing, implementing, and analyzing dyadic physiological studies
Authors: Thorson Katherine R. , West Tessa Victoria , mendes wendy berry
Published: July 2018

Scholars across domains in psychology, physiology, and neuroscience have long been interested in the study of shared physiological experiences between people. Recent technological and analytic advances allow researchers to examine new questions about how shared physiological experiences come about. Yet, comprehensive guides that address the theoretical, methodological, and analytic components of studying these processes are lacking. The goal of this paper is to provide such a guide. We begin by addressing basic theoretical issues in the study of shared physiological states by presenting five guiding theoretical principles for making psychological inferences from physiological influence—the extent to which one dyad member’s physiology predicts the other dyad member’s physiology at a future time point. Second, keeping theoretical and conceptual concerns at the forefront, we outline considerations and recommendations for designing, implementing, and analyzing dyadic psychophysiological studies. In so doing, we discuss the different types of physiological measures one could use to address different theoretical questions. Third, we provide three illustrative examples in which we estimate physiological influence, using the stability and influence model. We conclude by providing detail about power analyses for the model and by comparing the strengths and limitations of this model to pre-existing models.
Wise reasoning: Converging evidence for the psychology of sound judgment
Authors: Oakes Harrison , Brienza Justin Peter , Elnakouri Abdo , Grossmann Igor
Published: July 2018

Though there are many views on the nature of wisdom, a common thread emerging in philosophical, folk, and scientific discourse is the importance of wise reflection or “reasoning” for sound judgment. In this chapter, we briefly highlight this common thread in historical perspectives on wisdom before moving on to discuss its further development through contemporary personality- and performance-oriented traditions in the empirical study of wisdom. These empirical traditions serve as forerunners to the recent methodological and experimental innovations in the study of wise reasoning. We detail the strengths and weaknesses of existing measures of wisdom, and the subsequent development and validation of the Situated Wise Reasoning Scale to address the limitations of previous approaches. We highlight work demonstrating the importance of the situation for measuring wise reasoning. Further, we address cultural differences in wise reasoning, and highlight ways to boost people’s propensity to reason wisely. Finally, we outline some of the theoretical and practical implications of wise reasoning for wisdom writ large.
Null-hacking, a lurking problem
Authors: Protzko John
Published: July 2018

Pre-registration of analysis plans involves making data-analysis decisions before the data is run in order to prevent flexibly re-running it until a specific result appears (p-hacking). Just because a model and result is pre-registered, however, does not make it reflective of underlying reality. The complement to p-hacking, null-hacking, is the use of the same questionable research practices to re-analyze open data to return a null finding. We provide a vocabulary for null-hacking and introduce the threat it poses. Null-hacking forces consideration of model fit to compare pre-registered and ‘alternative’ models. The reason null-hacking cannot be ignored is a null-hacked model can easily provide better fit to the data than a pre-registered one. Model fit, however, is a precarious problem, focusing just on model fit by only selecting a ‘best fitting model’ eliminates pre-registration, while giving default preference to pre-registered results ignores how well our models can represent the data. We provide a beginning solution aimed at retaining the advantage and justifications of pre-registration, while including model fit, and providing protection against null-hacking. We call this Fully-Informed Model Pre-registration and it involves strict supervised machine learning to maximize local model fit within heavily pre-specified decisions. This solution maximizes local model fit, eliminating the only justifications null-hacked results have. It is not yet a complete solution but merely the groundwork for why other approaches may be insufficient and what a future solution may look like.
Danckert & Isacescu fMRI of boredom replication
Authors: Danckert James , Isacescu Julia
Published: July 2018

We aimed to replicate recent findings from our lab (Danckert & Merrifield, in press, Exp Brain Res) showing that when induced into a state of boredom the default mode network is upregulated. We also found that the insular cortex is anticorrelated with the DMN as we had showed in our original work.
Limitations of Bayesian Leave-One-Out Cross-Validation for Model Selection
Authors: Gronau Quentin Frederik , Wagenmakers Eric-Jan
Published: July 2018

Cross-validation (CV) is increasingly popular as a generic method to adjudicate between mathematical models of cognition and behavior. In order to measure model generalizability, CV quantifies out-of-sample predictive performance, and the CV preference goes to the model that predicted the out-of-sample data best. The advantages of CV include theoretic simplicity and practical feasibility. Despite its prominence, however, the limitations of CV are often underappreciated. Here we demonstrate the limitations of a particular form of CV --Bayesian leave-one-out cross-validation or LOO-- with three concrete examples. In each example, a data set of infinite size is perfectly in line with the predictions of a simple model (i.e., a general law or invariance). Nevertheless, LOO shows bounded and relatively modest support for the simple model. We conclude that CV is not a panacea for model selection.
Enhancing Transparency and Openness at the Journal of Research in Personality
Authors: Lucas Richard E. , Donnellan Brent
Published: July 2018

This editorial describes new policies to enhance transparency and openness at the Journal of Research in Personality. We describe the level that the journal will adopt for each of the Transparency and Openness Promotion guidelines, along with other new policies. Specifically, we focus on policies regarding sample size and power; open materials, code, and data; preregistration; registered reports; replication studies; disclosures of author contributions; and statements on constraints on generalizability.
Wanting without enjoying: The social value of sharing experiences
Authors: Jolly Eshin , Tamir Diana , Burum Bethany A , Mitchell Jason
Published: July 2018

Social connection can be a rich source of happiness. Humans routinely go out of their way to seek out social connection and avoid social isolation. What are the proximal forces that motivate people to share experiences with others? Here we used a novel experience-sharing and decision-making paradigm to understand the value of shared experiences. In seven experiments across Studies 1 and 2, participants demonstrated a strong motivation to engage in shared experiences. At the same time, participants did not report a commensurate increase in hedonic value or emotional amplification, suggesting that the motivation to share experiences need not derive from their immediate hedonic value. In Study 3, participants reported their explicit beliefs about the reasons people engage in shared experiences: Participants reported being motivated by the desire to forge a social connection. Together, these findings suggest that the desire to share an experience may be distinct from the subjective experience of achieving that state. People may be so driven to connect with each other that social experiences remain valuable even in the most minimalistic contexts.
EURAP & Development: Study Protocol of a Dutch Prospective Observational Study into Fetal Antiepileptic Drug Exposure and Long-term Neurocognitive, Behavioral and Family Outcomes
Authors: Huber-Mollema Yfke , van Iterson Loretta , Oort Frans J. , Lindhout Dick , Rodenburg Roos
Published: July 2018

Background: Children exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) in utero are at higher risk for congenital malformations. Less is known about the long-term association with neurocognition and behavior. Research into family factors related to long-term developmental outcomes of children of women with epilepsy is also rare. We present a protocol to investigate the neurocognitive and behavioral development in children of mothers with epilepsy from a family perspective. Methods: This is a prospective observational longitudinal study, of children exposed in utero to monotherapy carbamazepine, lamotrigine, valproate or levetiracetam whose mother were previously included in the European Registry of Antiepileptic Drugs and Pregnancy (EURAP-NL) database. Children are tested at age six or seven years (T1) and at eight or nine years (T2). Children, mothers and fathers are asked to undergo neuropsychological assessments and to complete questionnaires on behavioral functioning and distinct family factors. Discussion: This study contributes to future counseling of women with epilepsy who have children or wishes to start a family. Strengths are the inclusion of levetiracetam, the longitudinal design, and alongside neurocognition, the inclusion of differential behavioral and family outcome measures. Anticipated limitations are discussed.
Replication of Wilkins & Kaiser (2014)
Authors: Crawford Jarret , Vodapalli Shreya , Stingel Ryan , Ruscio John
Published: July 2018

In three studies, Wilkins and Kaiser (2014) found that both chronic and experimental salience of racial progress increased perceptions of anti-White bias only among people high in status-legitimizing beliefs (SLBs). We conducted four preregistered high-powered replications of this research. Studies 1, 2, and 3a were close replications of Studies 1 – 3, respectively. Study 3b was a close replication that included an additional experimental condition. Contrary to the original findings, none of the four expected interaction effects tested were statistically significant in the predicted direction, and only one of the four survived a “small telescopes” analysis. We provide additional tests addressing whether changing social contexts explain our failures to replicate, with mixed conclusions.
The drama of human exceptionalism
Authors: Krueger Joachim Israel
Published: July 2018

Reviews "The Human Instinct" by K. R. Miller. Agrees with Miller in his rejection of creationism and adaptationist evolutionary psychology. Disagrees with Miller's suggestion that evolution has created the capacity of free will, as there is no such thing.
Shedding light on the association between repetitive negative thinking and deficits in cognitive control – a meta-analysis
Authors: Zetsche Ulrike , Bürkner Paul - Christian , Schulze Lars
Published: July 2018

This manuscript has been published in Clinical Psychology Review ( https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpr.2018.06.001).Individuals who experience recurrent negative thoughts are at elevated risk for mood and anxiety disorders. It is thus essential to understand why some individuals get stuck in recurrent negative thinking (RNT), whereas others are able to disengage eventually. Theoretical models propose that individuals high in recurrent negative thinking suffer from deficits in controlling the contents of working memory. Empirical findings, however, are inconclusive.In this meta-analysis, we synthesize findings from 94 studies to examine the proposed association between RNT and deficits in cognitive control. We included numerous effect sizes not reported in the primary publications. Moderator analyses tested the influence of variables, such as stimuli valence, cognitive control function (e.g., shifting, discarding), or type of RNT (i.e., rumination or worry).Results demonstrated an association between repetitive negative thinking and deficits in only one specific cognitive control function, namely difficulty discarding no longer relevant material from working memory (r = -0.20). This association remained significant after controlling for level of psychopathology. There was no substantial association between RNT and deficits in any other cognitive control function. All other moderators were not significant. We discuss limitations (e.g., primary sample sizes, reliability of paradigms) and highlight implications for future research and clinical interventions.
Exploring teachers’ influence on student motivation in multicultural classrooms: A comparative network analysis
Authors: Abacioglu Ceren Su , Isvoranu Adela-Maria , Verkuyten Maykel , Thijs Jochem , Epskamp Sacha
Published: July 2018

Students who have better relationships with their peers and teachers are more likely to be motivated to engage in learning activities. The aim of the present study was to introduce the application of a novel methodological approach in order to explore plausible mechanisms with which teachers’ perceived approach to multiculturalism influences student motivation in relation to students’ peer relationships. We constructed psychological network models, using existing data, to map out multicultural classroom interactions. We conclude that teachers’ approach to multiculturalism might constitute a distal (main) factor of influence on both ethnic majority and minority students’ motivation. In addition, social integration might constitute a more proximate (more immediate) factor of influence for ethnic minority group children, signaling a possible process of mediation. The hypothesis generating nature of our study speaks to the need for further investigating the influence of teachers’ approach to multiculturalism on student motivation in relation to social integration.
Rejoice! In Replication
Authors: IJzerman Hans , Brandt Mark
Published: July 2018

solid sciencetheoretical advancesteaching opportunities + -----------------------------Rejoice!This paper was published in European Journal of Personality:Ijzerman, H., Brandt, M. J., & Van Wolferen, J. (2013). Rejoice! In replication. European Journal of Personality, 27(2), 128-129.