bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Varsity Syndrome: The Unkindest Cut
Authors: Lipsyte Robert
Published: March 2007

The Varsity Syndrome refers to a selection process operating within sports which systematically denies opportunities for participation to the larger portion of the population. Only those with exceptional talent, who also tend to be male, can reap the rewards of sport participation that should belong to all. This process of selection begins in youth sports and culminates in professional sport events, or high level amateur competition, which are limited to a very few individuals. Those who do make it in sports are given deference that far exceeds their worth or importance to society. This further isolates them from the mainstream of the population and, in fact, creates an elite group. Once in this group, athletes are often exploited by the sports organizations and media who view athletes as entertainment and com mercial resources to be packaged and sold for economic or political purposes.
The Child Athlete: Psychological Implications of Participation in Sport
Authors: Ogilvie Bruce
Published: March 2007

This article is directed at those parents and other adults who are responsible for the design and philos ophy of the competitive sports program for the 30 million of our children who are now actively competing. It is hoped that by pointing out a number of the important dangers present in competitive sports, certain psychological and social traumas may be reduced. A review of the structure and social aims of most children's sports programs forces us to pose the question, "Is the sports experience really child centered or are we imposing a model for participation derived from our observation of professional sports?" If the sports activity is to be child centered, we must remind parents, coaches, and fans that the rewards for the child must be determined on the basis of their intrinsic needs. An attempt is made to prepare parents and coaches to be more objective in their determination of the child's readi ness to compete in highly demanding athletic programs. Psychological, social, and physical readiness are reviewed. Particular attention is directed to the psychological threats imposed upon the child who does not receive this level of our concern. Recommendations are offered as to how the sports experience can enhance the child's image and form the basis for sound mental hygiene and increased joy.
From Chattel to Employee: The Athlete's Quest for Freedom and Dignity
Authors: Garvey Edward R.
Published: March 2007

Sports owners in America have always played by different rules than other corporate entities. Team owners are given tax breaks that are the envy of other businessmen; baseball owners have divided up the country among them selves, giving exclusive franchises to each other, and yet the U.S. Supreme Court has ruled that such practices are exempt from federal antitrust laws. Football, hockey, basketball, baseball, and soccer owners operated a reserve system that divided up player talent in the same way they divided the country into exclusive franchises. When the NFL asked for an exemption from antitrust laws which would allow the clubs to pool their television rights, the Congress gave it to them. That exemption allowed the club owners to bargain collectively with the networks, control the announcers, and kill off future competitors. In 1966, Congress acted again to help the NFL, providing another exemption from the antitrust laws for the merger of the American Football League and the NFL. The professional athlete has had no choice but to accept the system imposed by management. However, the courts have started to change and athletes now have unions to help them gain dig nity and freedom from the reserve system. Whether the ath letes will continue to make progress in the 1980s is the pri mary question posed in this article.
Congress and Professional Sports: 1951-1978
Authors: Johnson Arthur T.
Published: March 2007

The relationship between government and professional sports is analyzed by reviewing Congressional activity relative to professional sports during the period 1951-1978. During this time, nearly 300 pieces of sports legislation have been proposed. Congressional concern with sports is explained by the impact of sports events, such as franchise moves, upon specific constituencies, and league- initiated requests for assistance. Conflicting perceptions in Congress of professional sports as pure sport and big business help explain a change in Congress' posture toward the sports leagues. The politics of professional sports is explored, and a Congressionally defined right to access is identified and explained. The article concludes that due to Congress' changing perception of professional sports, it has, on occasion, enacted legislation opposed by the leagues. Nevertheless, the political influence of club owners combined with the persistence of an idyllic image of sports within Congress make such instances rare.
What Price Victory? The World of International Sports and Politics
Authors: Strenk Andrew
Published: March 2007

Public opinion and the news media in the United States have generally assumed that sports and politics are separate entities and should be kept that way. However, this has not been the case throughout history. The tremendous emphasis which many nations today place on winning at international events such as the Olympics is due to several factors. Those nations spending millions of dollars on sports programs for elite athletes expect results. Sport can be a very useful political and diplomatic tool and weapon in gaining prestige, protesting various situations, spreading propaganda, and in recognizing or isolating another nation. There is a long tradition of mixing sports and politics which dates all the way back to the ancient Greeks. The development of the Turner movement in the German states of the 19th century, the rise of the Sokol movement in neighboring Bohemia, and the formation of the International Olympic Committee by Baron Pierre de Coubertin later in the same century all served to reinforce earlier traditions linking sports to politics. The result of these developments was to produce a war without weapons. The recognition of this fact is the first step towards limiting some of the most aggressive conflicts which have increasingly plagued modern international sports events.
South Africa: Sport and Apartheid Politics
Authors: Lapchick Richard E.
Published: March 2007

In South Africa, sports policy is a direct reflec tion of a political system which is based on the systematic exclusion of nonwhites from full membership in all of that society's institutions—including sport. This system, desig nated as apartheid, exists in no other nation, even those with high levels of political oppression. Despite severe sanctions from the international sport community, including expulsion from the Olympics and the withdrawal of competition, apartheid continues relatively unabated in South African society. South African sport officials assert that their system is changing and that there are no color barriers. This may be true on paper or in public forums, but it is not true in practice. Both in and outside of South Africa, protesting groups have been active in seeking equality but their efforts have not produced significant results. South Africa's ideological and cultural traditions reinforce secondary citizen status for nonwhites. To change these attitudes will take considerably more action than has been demonstrated thus far.
Tax Problems Posed by Pseudo-Religious Movements
Authors: Beebe Robert L.
Published: March 2007

Assume for a moment that in 1847 one Brigham Young had presented himself to your local tax assessor and stated that he was the presiding clergyman of the Church of Jesus Christ of the Latter-Day Saints and that he was therefore entitled to the appropriate real property tax exemptions for property owned by him and his church. Chances are that Mr. Young's requests would have been quickly, if not summarily, denied. And yet, in 1979, if a Mormon clergyman requests an exemption on a Mormon church anywhere in the United States, there will undoubtedly be few if any problems prior to speedy granting of that request. What happened during those one hundred thirty-two years to change the assessor's attitude is, of course, a chapter in American history. When that change in attitude occurred or, more precisely, what standards and cri teria might have been applied in each situation is the subject of this paper.
State and Local Regulation of Religious Solicitation of Funds: A Constitutional Perspective
Authors: Johansen Robin B. , Rosen Sanford Jay
Published: March 2007

In recent years, state and local governments have increasingly sought to regulate solicitation on behalf of religious groups. Predictably, these governments are using existing laws and also enacting new laws for this purpose. Such tactics can be seen as part of a growing effort by government to regulate and monitor the actions of all religious groups. Implicit in this growing trend toward regulation of religious activities is the arrogation by state and local officials and lawmakers of the authority to decide what is "religion" and therefore exempt from regulation. Particularly significant is the impact of statu tory regulation on the fundraising and other activities of both traditional and nontraditional churches. The increased regula tion of religious solicitation touches a longstanding tension in American life involving the separation of church and state, and invokes three central themes: our money, our privacy, and our faith. Not surprisingly, the courts are now being asked to review the constitutionality of statutes that regulate religious solicitation and are being asked to balance the interests involved. Most laws and regulations currently used to regulate religious solicitation are constitutionally infirm. They are either too vague to protect against arbitrary or capricious enforcement by public officials, or they place officials in the position of deciding what is religious and what is secular activity. The use of traditional time, place, and manner regulations—and sparing use of the existing criminal fraud law—are better means of curbing abuse in religious solicitation, and will prevent dangerous blurring of the boundary between church and state.
The State Takes Over A Church
Authors: Worthing Sharon L.
Published: March 2007

As political pressure for "public accountability" of charitable organizations and churches increases, lines which delineate the borders of appropriate government surveillance and enforcement activity towards charitable organizations and churches, now somewhat unclear, will be sharpened by contest. A spectacular illustration of what can occur when the state loses its sense of restraint is the receiver ship imposed on the Worldwide Church of God in a proceed ing brought by the California Attorney General's office. In stead of constitutionally required separation of church and state, there followed a period in which a state-appointed official took charge of all the administrative affairs of a church and its affiliated charitable organizations. Arguments which have served as a basis for the Attorney General's extreme action are that charitable funds, including church funds, are "public funds," and that the financial affairs of churches are entitled to no First Amendment protection. This article proposes that the line which marks the constitutionally protected rights of churches be drawn at a point rather close to that which marks protections for individuals. In addition, the financial and religious affairs of churches should be recognized as inextri cably linked. Thus, legitimate law enforcement against churches could be conducted without abridging the unique protections of churches under the First Amendment.
Historical Antecedents: Why the Holocaust?
Authors: Foster Claude R.
Published: March 2007

There are many antecedents to the Holocaust. Antisemitism, the necessary precursor to the Holocaust, has a long history and was usually based on political, economic, religious, or social prejudice. Throughout the nineteenth century, the Jew sought desparately to identify himself with the European Christian community. Many Jews accepted assimilation and conversion in order to gain admission into European society. In the latter part of the nineteenth century, however, a violent racial antisemitism appeared that rejected assimilation as a solution to the "Jewish problem." The ten sions among the Jews themselves—liberals versus orthodox and Zionists versus assimilationists—the economic crises, the need to find a scapegoat for national humiliation, the identifica tion of Jews with Marxists and the swing to the political right helped prepare for the outbreak of violent racial antisemitism which led to the Holocaust. With Hitler ideological anti semitism captured a state. Given the monopoly of political power which Hitler quickly acquired, the deep antisemitic roots in every European state, the indifference with which the world witnessed the increasing persecution in Germany, and the intimidation which the Nazis so successfully employed against the German people, the Holocaust in hindsight seemed inevitable.
Holocaust Business: Some Reflections on Arbeit Macht Frei
Authors: Roth John K.
Published: March 2007

Arbeit Macht Frei, "work makes one free." Those words formed the entry to Nazi death camps. Attention typically focuses on the principal extermination centers— Auschwitz-Birkenau, Belzec, Chelmno, Maidanek, Sobibor, and Treblinka—where countless Jews were dispatched by gas chambers and crematoria. Less well known is the fact that the Nazi program included some 1,600 forced labor opera tions. During the 12 years of the Nazi regime, millions slaved and perished within them. If survivors were found when Allied forces arrived, it was only because the victims had somehow avoided being worked to death. This article ex plores the links between industry, slave labor, and the Holo caust. It also examines implications for moral philosophy that spin off from Holocaust business.
The First German Church Faces the Challenge of the Holocaust: A Report
Authors: Kremers Heinz
Published: March 2007

After 20 years of discussion about the relationship of Christians and Jews, caused by the reflection of the Holo caust, the Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland, regional church of the Evangelische Kirche in Deutschland, has passed a resolution. It states the responsibility of Christianity for the Holocaust, the everlasting election of Israel as the people of God, and the common vocation of Jews and Christians to be witnesses of God to the world and to each other; it refutes the opinion that the Jewish people have been rejected by God and accordingly have been substituted by the church; and it stresses the impossibility of Judenmission. Furthermore, the synod demands better information on Judaism and wishes to build up a new partnership between Jews and Christians. First impulses in this direction came from the Reformed churches of the Netherlands and from the Deutsche evan gelische Kirchentag in Berlin, 1961. Since then, many Jewish teachers have helped the Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland to reach a new understanding of Judaism and of the Christian guilt for the Holocaust. The American Holocaust research has vastly affected German theologians, one of whom, Eber hard Bethge, has composed thesis I for the committee "Christians and Jews" of the Landessynode, thereby pre paring the resolution aforementioned.
Fundamentals in Holocaust Studies
Authors: Littell Franklin H.
Published: March 2007

Regular conferences on Holocaust Studies be gan in 1970. For serious study of the meanings of the Holo caust, certain ground rules are essential. Interfaith coopera tion ensures that the event will not fall victim to Jewish pre ciousness or gentile banality. The Holocaust confronts Christianity with a massive credibility crisis that Christian preachers and teachers must work through. Interdisciplinary cooperation, essential to any aspect of studies in totalitarian ism, is a second imperative. The death camps were planned, built, and operated by men and women of the modern uni versity. The modern university, with its overwhelming com mitment to technology and its scant attention to ethics and wisdom, is also called into question by the Holocaust. Inter national cooperation—especially from programs involving Israelis, West Germans, and North Americans—has devel oped extensively with the passing of a generation and with the achievement of a certain distance from the anguish and trauma of the Holocaust. Nevertheless, the event confronts the individual as well as the society with a challenge that is total and not merely intellectual. In this it is an epochal event of the mass of the Exodus, Sinai, and the Destruction of the Temple.
The Teaching of the Holocaust: Dilemmas and Considerations
Authors: Schatzker Chaim
Published: March 2007

Education literature has failed to deal with the problem of teaching the Holocaust. Publications dealing with teaching the Holocaust begin appearing in the beginning of the sixties and in the late seventies in Israel, Germany, the United States, and elsewhere. Educators and students dis covered that they were not prepared to confront the prob lems the Holocaust evoked. There are many educational ap proaches to the Holocaust but the educator needs the correct teaching aids, methods, and curriculum support. There is no clear-cut concept of the Holocaust. Rather, the problem is how to present the truth without traumatizing. Educators need to foster students' sensitivity to and involvement and identifi cation with the Holocaust. To bring students to an honest confrontation with the phenomenon of antisemitism and with the murder of European Jewry while a silent world stood by is a universal objective.
What Can the Police Do About Violence?
Authors: Wilson James Q.
Published: March 2007

Most people assume that the police can do little to stop violence, but there is little evidence for that assump tion. The police have frequent contact with both communal and stranger/instrumental violence, contacts which might allow effective interventions. If police records tabulated violent crimes according to the relationships of victims and offenders, rather than according to the legal categories, if police departments mounted careful experiments to test the effects of different ways of dealing with communal violence, and if the police made greater efforts to detect and confiscate illegally carried guns, then the police might—or might not— be more successful in reducing violent crime.
Mobilizing Police Expertise
Authors: Toch Hans
Published: March 2007

Violence against police is a problem that calls for organizational solutions. Among dangers to be avoided are crisis-induced panic and the minimization of the problem, as well as strategic planning by police leadership without rank-and-file participation. Even the most serious violence problems afford opportunities for learning if such problems are addressed by cross sections of a police department's membership. Police unions can be involved as partners in organizational problem solving, as has occurred in industry in Quality of Work Life (QWL) experiments. Joint worker- manager problem solving is independent of labor manage ment negotiations, which can take adversary form. Recent experiences in the Oakland Police Department have shown that even problem officers—officers who contribute to citizen confrontations—can design interventions that reduce violence levels in a community. The Oakland model presupposes that organizational reform activity can simultaneously increase organizational effectiveness and enhance personal problem- solving capacities. As officers help shape a more responsive police agency, they engage in activities—analyzing data and evolving data-based solutions—that refine their skills and build their morale.
Police Shootings at Minorities: The Case of Los Angeles
Authors: Meyer Marshall W.
Published: March 2007

Basic data on the involvement of minorities in Los Angeles Police Department shooting incidents from 1974 to 1979 are presented. Shootings involving black suspects differed in number, in circumstances, and under some circum stances, in outcomes of the shooting review process from shootings involving Hispanics and whites. Few differences appeared between shooting incidents involving Hispanics and shootings involving white suspects.
Controlling Police Use of Deadly Force
Authors: Reiss Albert J.
Published: March 2007

A central problem for democratic government is how to limit their own use of force, particularly their use of deadly force. Government control of force can be accom plished in a number of ways, but principally by controlling opportunities for its exercise and decisions to use it. To con trol opportunities for the use of deadly force, institutions and their organization must be altered, whereas to control decisions to use it, organizations must manage them. Some major ways to control the use of deadly force by structuring opportunities and decisions are explored. Restricting op portunities for the legitimate use of force appears effective in reducing its use and the harmful consequences of injury and death. Current decision models for managing the use of deadly force rely too much upon a micromodel detailing the sequential "choice" points in decisions to use deadly force. Such models have distinct limits. Among the more serious ones are that they ignore the ways that the use of deadly force in police encounters with citizens may be averted or precluded and of how the behavior of police organizations can effect its use.
Violence and the Police Role
Authors: Manning Peter K.
Published: March 2007

The police use of deadly force has been viewed as a commonsense aspect of the police role. It should be questioned, for only by asking why violence is used, can one address the issues of how much, by whom, and against whom it is used, or why violence is selected from among several techniques available for achieving police ends. The violent event is multivalent and the complexities are reflected in the control mechanisms, which are legal, administrative, and occupational in origin. Legal controls are weak, the sub stantive case law is inconsistent, and departmental regula tions and policies on the use of force are variable. The public, organizational, and personal meanings of events involving force are not given in the facts at hand, but are constructed and woven together over time: the occupational role and the self of the officer are in most instances made integral by the unifying act of applying force. This construction of the prob lem implies that legalistic attempts to control the use of force, and even the development of departmental guidelines, are likely to fail and that occupational controls will be the most powerful. Given the occupational basis for violence, macro- social changes such as gun law control or the differentiation of the police role seem, if not promising, at least possible reforms.
The Fourth Generation Grows Up: The Contemporary American Jewish Community
Authors: Waxman Chaim I.
Published: March 2007

Because there are no religious questions in the studies conducted by the United States Bureau of the Census, much of the data on the demographic patterns of Jewish- Americans comes from more limited studies of local com munities. An examination of the major studies conducted dur ing the 1950s and early 1960s might have led one to predict a gradual but steady process leading to the almost total assimila tion of America's Jews into the larger society. However, a number of major events occurred in the second half of the 1960s and early 1970s that may have altered that process. This article examines recent trends in anti-Semitism and a series of contemporary American Jewish social patterns, including size, geographic distribution, occupation, education, income, political attitudes and behavior, relationship to the state of Israel, intermarriage, and denominational life, from which several significant but divergent trends emerge.
Hispanic-Americans in the Eastern United States
Authors: Fitzpatrick Joseph P. , Parker Lourdes Travieso
Published: March 2007

The eastern part of the United States contains a large and growing Hispanic minority. If present trends con tinue, all Hispanics will constitute the largest minority in the United States by the year 2000. Their influence is already felt in the social and political life of the nation. The largest con centration of Hispanics, mainly Puerto Ricans, in the East is found in the New York City area. Cubans predominate in the Dade County area of Florida, with large numbers also in New York City and in the northern New Jersey area. Newcomers from Santo Domingo and Central and South America are found in New York City and other large eastern cities. These populations vary in age, color, education, and occupation. Cubans and Central and South Americans tend to be at the level of the American middle class; Puerto Ricans and Dominicans tend to be at lower socioeconomic levels. Puerto Ricans are steadily progressing in New York City in terms of political representation and organizational activity. Those born in the continental United States are at higher educa tional and occupational levels than their Puerto Rican born parents, but they reflect the problems of identity common to previous second-generation newcomers. Hispanics may play as important a role in the United States during the next century as Americans from European backgrounds have played in the present century.
Mexican Americans
Authors: Pachon Harry P. , Moore Joan W.
Published: March 2007

Mexican Americans' rapid growth and com plexity compel awareness of this huge and often overlooked minority. Mexican Americans defy Census classification and color differentiation, departing sharply from the character istics of either European immigrants or black Americans. Such factors as settlement patterns, sharp discrimination and segregation, a historical lack of political opportunities, and depressed economic circumstances have made Mexican Americans one of the most distinctive groups in America today. Demographically, Mexican Americans are highly ur banized, young, disproportionately blue collar, and poor. Occupational gains are sluggish, with great sensitivity to changing economic conditions. Occupational mobility is so slow that it offers convincing evidence of a "dual labor market," trapping succeeding generations of Mexican Ameri cans. High immigration, poor education-particularly in Texas—language barriers, and divisive issues of bilingualism and biculturalism guarantee that many Mexican Americans will continue to experience poverty in the future. A hopeful sign for the future is the high level of political activity, both real and potential, now present in this community.
Asian-Americans: The Chinese, Japanese, Koreans, Pilipinos, and Southeast Asians
Authors: Kitano Harry H.L.
Published: March 2007

The term "Asian-American" covers over 20 na tionality groups. It includes the Chinese and Japanese whose major immigration occurred decades ago, and the Koreans and Pilipinos whose major migration is still in progress. It identifies voluntary migrants from the Pacific Islands such as Guam and Samoa and the recently arrived refugees from Southeast Asia who fled for their lives. It covers a wide variety of identities and a range of languages and cultures, yet this diversity has been categorized into a number of Asian stereotypes. Asian- Americans are expected to know the language and culture of their ancestors and to retain a loyalty to their home countries in a way that is not expected of European immigrants. A nega tive consequence of this stereotype occurred during World War II when all persons of Japanese ancestry, whether citizens or aliens, were interned, presumably because of these strong ties. It is incumbent among Americans to recognize the dif ferences among Asian-American groups and to acknowledge that the intergroup processes that have affected all immigrant groups will occur for Asian-Americans if racial stereotypes diminish and discrimination abates. The more open the system, the higher the probability that the more normal processes of group interaction will take place.
Outcome-orientation in performance contracts
Authors: Proeller Isabella
Published: March 2007

Setting targets for public service delivery combined with increased flexibility in resource use has been a major topic of reforms internationally. Performance contracts are a central instrument of implementation, defining the relevant contents of control. The article will analyse performance contracts in Swiss local governments as regards performance specifications and the combinations of performance and financial control which they use. The analysis shows that only about a third of performance contracts contain indicators for performance specification, and only about 20 percent of performance contracts have defined indicators for outcomes. In contrast, about 90 percent of performance contracts regulate the attribution of financial resources by variable and globalized budgets. As a consequence, only a minority of performance contracts fulfil the conceptual idea of combining output-oriented financing and control of performance by targets and indicators.
Technical assistance for institutional capacity building
Authors: Desai Uday , Snavely Keith
Published: March 2007

The US government has been actively engaged for the last 15 years in foreign assistance programs for building democratic governance institutions and enhancing overall government capacity in the former Soviet bloc countries. Transfers of public policies, administrative structures and management practices from one country to another are problematic. In this article we suggest that there are some fundamental constraints inherent in the framework of cross-national transfers. It identifies two major transferability challenges: (1) feasibility of transfer and (2) appropriateness of transfer. This article discusses three institution building programs of short duration (three to five years), whose broad purposes were institutional and professional capacity building. Many powerful forces, domestic and international, shape the likelihood of democratic consolidation in the transitional democracies. While fundamental questions about the transferability of institutional norms and structures from one country to another remain, our experiences indicate that thoughtful and flexible implementation strategies are likely to increase the chances that soft technology transfer projects will contribute to building institutional capacity. A great degree of uncertainty, nevertheless, will always remain in determining the long-term impacts of foreign technical assistance programs for transfer of institutional norms and structures.
Organizational barriers to transparency
Authors: Pasquier Martial , Villeneuve Jean-Patrick
Published: March 2007

Transparency in the activities of government and public service agencies has become a democratic sine qua non, legislated by access to information laws in many countries. While these laws have increased the amount of information available to the public, it is evident that numerous public organizations still try to conceal information, although no public or private interest of any importance justifies such behaviour. This article will develop a typology of these forms of behaviour which will allow for a better understanding of the origins of such dynamics and pave the way for a better evaluation of the point of equilibrium between administrative privilege and transparency.
Capturing the Fascist Moment: Hitler's Visit to Italy in 1938 and the Radicalization of Fascist Italy
Authors: Baxa Paul
Published: March 2007

In May 1938, Italians and the world were treated to the spectacle of Adolf Hitler's visit to Italy. The visit was a prime example of overheated Fascist propaganda. For seven days, Hitler was feted in a manner that was far removed from a normal state visit. Yet, for all the pomp and ceremony, nothing was accomplished to further the Axis alliance, even though the Germans came prepared to sign a full military alliance. For this reason, the Hitler visit has always been seen as nothing more than an anecdote or colourful backdrop to the years leading up to the Second World War. Left unanswered is why the Fascist regime went to such extraordinary lengths to impress the German leader, even if it meant alienating the Vatican, the monarchy, and the Italian people. Why did Fascism risk losing the consensus it had worked so hard to gain in the years following the conquest of Ethiopia? This article argues that the visit broadcast Italy's intention to move on a more radical, pro-German path in the following years while leaving the Fascist regime free from having to make any binding commitments that would threaten domestic consensus. The careful planning of the visit was aimed at sending a clear message to Italians and the world about where the Fascist regime intended to go in the following years.
The Soviet War against `Fifth Columnists': The Case of Chechnya, 1942—4
Authors: Burds Jeffrey
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author traces the main contours of the emergence of the concept of 'enemy nationalities' in the Stalin era, 1937-45. By 1938, 'fifth columnists' - suspected agents of foreign governments - dominated Soviet arrests of internal enemies. This xenophobic wave corresponded with the emergence by the eve of the Second World War of a Soviet policy that targeted ethnic minorities living in strategic borderland zones. Stalinist deportation policies in 1944-5 represented a continuation of these pre-war initiatives. The article focuses on the Soviet struggle against Chechen mountain guerrilla forces during the Second World War. By 1939, the Caucasus had become a vitally important Soviet strategic zone that supplied more than 90 percent of Soviet gas and fuel reserves. Hostile mountain conditions and tremendous popular sympathy facilitated tactical manoeuvring of guerrilla forces, who by and large eluded or successfully ambushed Soviet units. The Soviet secret police therefore relied heavily on dezorganizatsiia: disorganization of the Chechen national movement from within. Stymied on the battlefield, Soviet police won the war in Chechnya during 1942-4 by playing Chechen leaders off against one another; by sowing dissension in their ranks; by leaking false rumours about Chechen leaders; by pressuring family members and religious leaders; and by isolating Chechen guerrillas from their base with the mass deportation of the indigenous peoples of the North Caucasus in 1944.
`Ordinary, the Same as Anywhere Else'
Authors: Allen Chris , Powell Ryan , Casey Rionach , Coward Sarah
Published: March 2007

Urban sociologists are becoming increasingly interested in neighbourhood as a source of middle-class identity. Par ticular emphasis is currently being given to two types of middle-class neighbourhood; gentrified urban neighbourhoods of'distinction' and inconspicuous `suburban landscapes of privilege'. However, there has been a dear th of work on `marginal' middle-class neighbourhoods that are similarly `inconspicuous' rather than distinctive, but less exclusive, thus containing sources of `spoiled identity'. This ar ticle draws on data gathered from two `marginal' middle-class neighbourhoods that contained a par ticular source of `spoiled identity': social renters. Urban sociological analyses of neighbour responses to these situations highlight a process of dis-identification with the maligned object, which exacerbates neighbour differences. Our analysis of data from the `marginal' m idd le-class neighbourhoods suggests something entirely different and Goffmanesque. This entailed the management of spoiled identity, which emphasized similarities rather than differences between neighbours.
Upsetting the Order of Teamwork: Is `The Same Way Every Time' a Good Aspiration?
Authors: Goodwin Dawn
Published: March 2007

In this ar ticle I examine the spatial dimensions of the workplace, the arrangement of material resources, and the development of embodied knowledge. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork of anaesthetic practice, I show how the accomplishment of anaesthetic techniques depends on the precise alignment of practitioners' bodies, tools, and the patient's body. By exploring disruptions to customar y configurations of teamwork I explore the utility of these arrangements. I show how practitioners actively contrive `normal appearances' in order to ensure safe and proficient practice, but I suggest that disruptions function as learning oppor tunities vital to the development of expertise.
Intra-European Migration and the Mobility—Enclosure Dialectic
Authors: O'Reilly Karen
Published: March 2007

European migrants to Spain's coastal areas could be described as the archetypal elite transmigrant. Embodying Papastergiadis' spectre of placeless capital and the homeless subject, `residential tourists' make creative use of modern communication technologies and increasingly accessible air travel to construct fluid migration trajectories, employing transnational affective and instrumental networks. However, research on British migrants to Spain has revealed a high incidence of social, cultural, economic, and political exclusion. Following a dream of star ting a new life in a new place, some migrants do not wish to transcend the assimilationist model, nor have the resources to depend on transnational ties. Their dream is integration, but the tensions inherent in the mobility—enclosure dialectic — the contradictions between freedom of movement and the reasser tion of the nation state, an ambiguous status in Spanish society, their own ambivalent attitudes — constrain both assimilation and their ability to transcend it and lead to marginalization.
Migrant Women, Social Networks and Motherhood: The Experiences of Irish Nurses in Britain
Authors: Ryan Louise
Published: March 2007

Although there is a growing interest in female migration, little attention has been paid to how migrant women access and sustain social networks, both locally and spatially dispersed, over time. Social networks theories have much to offer an analysis of migrants' social ties and interpersonal relationships. However, while there is a lively interest in transnational networks and global chains of care, many migration studies have simply taken for granted the existence of post-migration networks. Drawing on a case study of Irish nurses in Britain, this ar ticle aims to contribute to a better understanding of how migrant women access and utilize local ties post-migration. While transnational networks may challenge the equation between spatial proximity and social interaction, this ar ticle argues that we should not overlook the impor tance of propinquity particularly in terms of day-to-day practical suppor t and local knowledge.
Effective Use of the Resources Center
Authors: Cardinelli Charles F.
Published: March 2007

The interrelations between student and study environment are not fully understood, but it is evident that even the best of traditional study arrangements do not meet all needs. Car dinelli describes one widely-recommended sup plement.
Proposed: A Commission on General Education
Authors: Pearson Richard
Published: March 2007

As more students go on to higher education and as the spectrum of abilities among them broadens, some procedure for developing a school-college consensus is needed.
The Department Head: Myths and Reality
Authors: Manlove Donald C. , Buser Robert
Published: March 2007

To many teachers and principals, department heads seem hard to live with but equally hard to live without. Herewith a few recommenda tions for making the relationship more con structive and, perhaps, more congenial.
Strategies to Reinforce Learning
Authors: Frymier Jack R.
Published: March 2007

In spite of the threats presented by teaching machinery, the position of the teacher in the classroom seems still to be secure. Nonetheless, some scholars believe there are tactics that can make that position even more defensible, and some of them are discussed in this paper.
Collective Bargaining Laws in Education
Authors: Ostrander Kenneth H.
Published: March 2007

This author discusses the five elements in the pattern of emerging education legislation. As more states develop laws governing collective bargaining, they will look to the states that have blazed the way, as outlined here.
Superintendents, Are You Ready?
Authors: Butkiewicz Chester
Published: March 2007

The author contends that conditions for principals in regard to collective bargaining are very similar to the conditions preceding the teachers' push for power in the Sixties. He alerts superintendents to the possibile ramifications of the situation.
A Book of Revelations
Authors: Benner Jane M.
Published: March 2007

The essence of the principal's problem with negotiations is expressed in the scriptural phrasing of this vignette.
The Media Center and Continuous Progress
Authors: Dierman Robert J.
Published: March 2007

How can a media center be organized to best serve a continuous-progress curriculum? This writer offers some suggestions that have worked in his school.
The School Media Center and the Public Library
Authors: Haycock Ken
Published: March 2007

Would a public library/school media center combination work? What would be the advantages and disadvantages? The author considers the various factors and cites criteria for combinations.
Shake-Up the Curriculum: Mini-Course Preparation
Authors: Dupuis Victor L.
Published: March 2007

Have you developed mini-course programs, only to have them sputter and die or merge with the routine curriculum? The guarantee for success is a contin uation of inservice and evaluation, says this author.
Trends in Counseling and Student Services
Authors: Carey Richard
Published: March 2007

Keeping abreast of ever changing developments in what is at best a vaguely defined area—student services—is a difficult yet vital task for the building administrator. The author surveys the broad range of existing programs and notes the implications for administrators.
Peer Counseling: An Ongoing Guidance Curriculum
Authors: Samuels Don , Fain Stephen M.
Published: March 2007

Students are functioning as counselors to fellow students in a variety of programs. Some examples are noted and the procedures common to their success delineated in the following article.
Women in Educational Administration: Where Do They Stand?
Authors: Levandowski Barbara S.
Published: March 2007

The status of women in educational administration is not bright. In spite of recent legislation, the num ber of women in educational administration is de clining. The need for abandoning practices of sex discrimination in employment are highlighted in this article.
Using the Right Variables in Measuring School Effectiveness
Authors: Houlihan G. Thomas
Published: March 2007

Traditional variables like test scores don't always tell the com plete story about a school's success. This principal urges his colleagues to explore other qualitative aspects.
Determining Appropriate Goals For Secondary Schools: The Precursor of Effectiveness
Authors: Dodge Harold
Published: March 2007

Principals not only must be informed and active, they must be able to synthesize appropriate goals for their schools if those schools are to be effective.
Time-on-Task: A Look at What Erodes Time For Instruction
Authors: Rossmiller Richard A.
Published: March 2007

Several factors influence how much learning time is available to students. The writer urges administrators to be sensitive to them.
Three Projects Show How University/School Partnerships Can Improve Effectiveness
Authors: Huling Leslie L. , Richardson Judith A. , Hord Shirley M.
Published: March 2007

School practitioners for a variety of reasons have not im plemented research findings to any great advantage. The authors explore how to turn the situation around and achieve effec tiveness in the process.
One State's Approach: Ohio's Effective School Program
Authors: Evans Robert W.
Published: March 2007

Effective schools expect to be effective schools. This writer de tails Ohio's plan to achieve this goal.
Supervising the Student Teacher: What Is Really Involved?
Authors: Campbell Lloyd P. , Williamson John A.
Published: March 2007

How accurately do supervising teachers estimate the time re quired to work with student teachers? The results of a survey designed to answer that question are reported below.
The Quarter High School Calendar on Trial
Authors: Heron Bill
Published: March 2007

This writer takes a careful look at the quarter system for scheduling—the pros and cons and some of the reasons for implementing it.
Financing Student Activities: A Schoolwide Approach
Authors: Evans June B.
Published: March 2007

A one-day, once-a-year, schoolwide project is a good way to simplify the fund-raising effort necessary to support student ac tivities.
Rural School Innovations: Preparation, Awareness, Adoption
Authors: Oelschlager Rodney , Guenther John
Published: March 2007

The needs of rural educators have for too long been overlooked, say these writers, who on the following pages look at current practices and perceptions of such persons.
Back-to-Basics: Reflections On the Past and a Glimpse Into the Future
Authors: O'Bryan-Garland Sharon , Parkay Forrest W.
Published: March 2007

For more than a decade now, national concern with education has focused almost exclusively on the need to improve basic skills instruction in our schools. While changes in funding direc tions have led to the demise of many basic skills programs, it appears that the "back-to-basics" movement will continue through the 1980s.
Student-Assisted Instruction (SAI): Teaching As We Learn
Authors: Steele Cheryl
Published: March 2007

Student-made learning centers are one technique that promises to get students totally involved in the learning process. By creating and using such centers students are building cognitive and affec tive skills, as well as a knowledge of research methods.
The Assistant Principalship— Changes, Speculations Offered
Authors: Howley Philip
Published: March 2007

Believing that many, if not most, assistant principals aspire to become principals, this writer offers six ideas that he feels are long overdue to help assistants prepare more precisely for the principalship.
Curriculum Evaluation— Practical Approaches to Dealing with the Pitfalls
Authors: Hill John
Published: March 2007

Curriculum evaluation can hold fewer pitfalls for those doing the evaluation if certain issues are recognized and minimized. This writer looks at 14 such issues.
Strategies for Coupling Schools: The Effective Schools Approach
Authors: Murphy Joseph , Hallinger Philip , Mesa Richard P.
Published: March 2007

These writers offer strategies for use in moving from loosely coupled, or average schools, to effective schools. Research has shown that effective schools have much tighter connections among different organizational levels.
Computer-Managed Instruction—How Teachers And Principals Can Improve Learning
Authors: Wager Walter
Published: March 2007

Computers can help educators improve the quality of instruction. How this can be done and what changes can be expected are described here by an educator who believes teachers can become designers and managers of more effective learning environ ments.
Surveying Writing Practices Across the Curriculum: Models and Findings
Authors: Parker Robert P.
Published: March 2007

This writer provides a brief look at four writing across the curriculum research models, along with a set of recommenda tions for those who might wish to develop similar models.
An Alternative for Coping With Retrenchment and Declining Enrollment
Authors: Adachi Mitsuo , Kim James
Published: March 2007

These writers propose a seven-period school day as a solution to the problems caused by declining enrollments.
State Educational Policies: What Are the Agendas, Implications for Reform?
Authors: Casteen John T.
Published: March 2007

State policies about education at all levels have changed mark edly in the past few years, claims this state education official, who explains the need for greater dialog and coordination be tween the public schools and institutions of higher education to achieve academic reform.