bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Researches about factor market distortions on the impacting factors of international technology spillover
Authors: Jia Xiaoyang , Liu Xiaoyu , Liu Xiaofei
Published: February 2018

In this paper, we selected 1999-2015 Provincial Panel Data in China statistical yearbook. The effects of factor market distortions on international technology spillovers are discussed. In the factor market distorted elements of the market to promote the rapid growth of the economy in the short term, it may inhibit the international technology spillover effect, but the move is beneficial to realize the sustainability of high quality economic growth. The results showed that the technology spillover effects of the import trade, FDI and patent applications presented different feature in different stages. The article from the perspective of the development of technology breakthrough summarizes factors price distortions on the international technology spillover mechanism and study with the policy changes, elements of the market to improve dynamic changes, the factor price distortion effect of international technology spillovers stage effect.
The research on collaborative optimization of emergency human resource allocation
Authors: Li Qilin , Jia Chuanliang , Su Jiu
Published: February 2018

On aglobal scale, the occurrence of different types of emergencies has had a tremendous impact on the economies and people's lives. The optimization of emergency human resource allocation is increasingly important. This paper gives full consideration to the control targets of each fire rescue points and the demands of both demand points and potential demand points. We build an emergency human resource allocation model and optimize it through the collaborative optimization. This paper finally carried on the case analysis to verify the feasibility of the model. The model better simulates the reality and can be referred by some government officials in some emergency cases.
Data lake: a new ideology in big data era
Authors: Khine Pwint Phyu , Wang Zhao Shun
Published: February 2018

Data Lake is one of the arguable concepts appeared in the era of big data. Data Lake original idea is originated from business field instead of academic field. As Data Lake is a newly conceived idea with revolutionized concepts, it brings many challenges for its adoption. However, the potential to change the data landscape makes the research of Data Lake worthwhile.
Dynamics of nonlinear waves in the tubes filled with aerosol
Authors: Gubaidullin Damir , Zaripov Rinat , Tkachenko Liudmila
Published: February 2018

The results of experimental investigations of nonlinear oscillations of finely dispersed aerosol in the tube with various geometry on the end in the shock-wave, the shock-free wave modes and in the mode of transition to shock waves near the resonance frequency are presented. The time dependences of the numerical concentration of the oscillating aerosol droplets are presented. The effect of the frequency and amplitude of the piston displacement and the influence of the diaphragm internal diameter on the time coagulation and sedimentation of aerosol were studied. An increase in the amplitude of the piston displacement in all modes results in acceleration of the process of coagulation and sedimentation of aerosol. The dependence of time of coagulation and sedimentation of aerosol on the excitation frequency was found to be of a nonmonotonic character with the minimum value upon the resonance frequency.
Theoretical Study on the Dynamic Behavior of Pipes Conveying Gas-Liquid Flow
Authors: Enrique Ortiz-Vidal L. , Castillo David G. , Valverde Quino
Published: February 2018

The dynamic behavior of clamped-clamped straight pipes conveying gas-liquid two-phase flow is theoretically investigated, specifically the effect of the flow parameters on the frequency of the system. First, the equation of motion is derived based on the classic Païdoussis formulation. Assuming Euler-Bernoulli beam theory, small-deflection approximation and no-slip homogeneous model, a coupled fluid-structure fourth-order partial differential equation (PDE) is obtained. Then, the equation of motion is rendered dimensionless and discretized through Galerkin’s method. That method transforms the PDE into a set of Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs). The system frequency is obtained by solving the system of ODEs by allowing the determinant to be equal to zero. System frequencies for different geometries, structural properties and flow conditions have been calculated. The results show that the system frequency decreases with increasing two-phase flow velocity. By contrast, the former increases with increasing homogeneous void fraction. These theoretical results are in agreement with experimental findings reported in the literature. Furthermore, even for typical two phase flow conditions, the system can become unstable for inadequate chooses of geometry or material of the pipe.
Non-linear finite element analysis of the dynamics of a slender cable stayed tower
Authors: Pezo Eliot , Gonçalves Paulo , Roehl Deane
Published: February 2018

The aim of the present work is to investigate the static and dynamic nonlinear behaviour of a cable-stayed tower. A continuous structural model of a slender tower is discretized by the finite element method. First the buckling and post-buckling behaviour of the tower under axial load is explored, in order to understand the influence of the cable stiffness and lateral restrain on the load carrying capacity of the tower. Then, the linear vibration modes and frequencies are obtained. Due to the inherent symmetries of the tower, coincident buckling loads and vibration frequencies are obtained. This may lead to interactive buckling and internal resonance, increasing the effect of the geometric nonlinearities on the response. The results show that the tower exhibits a highly nonlinear response, which must be considered with care in the design stage.
Jump Attenuation in a Non-Ideal System Using Shape Memory Element
Authors: Kossoski Adriano , Tusset Angelo M. , Janzen Frederic C. , Rocha Rodrigo T. , Balthazar Jose M. , Brasil Reyolando M.L.R.F. , Nabarrete Airton
Published: February 2018

The studies on the so-called smart materials have grown in the last years due to the diverse possibilities that these materials can provide. These types of materials have the ability to respond to an external excitation, altering its physical form, and being able to be considered as actuators. Among these materials are the Shape Memory Alloys (SMA), several metal alloys that are able to memorize a shape and recover it after a deformation through an increase of its thermal energy. In this paper, an actuator consisting of an SMA wire is used to attenuate the vibration and Sommerfeld effect of a non-ideal type oscillator. The temperature control of the actuator was carried out through the application of an electric current in the wire. Results are presented for different currents, with the objective of investigating the temperature variation for vibration control applications. The results showed that it is possible to apply SMA actuators to the attenuation of the Sommerfeld Effect as well as in the reduction of the total vibration of the system.
Dynamic behaviour of rotors supported by fluid-film bearings operated close to fluid-induced instability
Authors: Smolík Luboš , Byrtus Miroslav , Dyk Štěpán , Hajžman Michal
Published: February 2018

This paper is focused on an analysis of rotating systems with fluid-film bearings, especially on their nonlinear behaviour in the course of developing fluid-induced instability. The studied system consists of Jeffcott rotor supported by a fluid-film bearing characterised by the Reynolds equation. The steady state response of the system is investigated by means of an approximate analytical solution of the Reynolds equation while the transient response of the system is investigated using a complex numerical solution. Results suggest that the rotor exercise a bounded chaotic motion if it becomes unstable. If the fluid-induced instability further develops, the motion actually becomes less chaotic and can be characterised as quasi-periodic.
A new autogenous mobile system driven by vibration without impacts, excited by an impulse periodic force
Authors: Duong The-Hung , Nguyen Van-Du , La Ngoc-Tuan
Published: February 2018

This report describes a new proposed design for autogenous mobile systems which can move without any external mechanisms such as legs or wheels. A Duffing oscillator with a cubic spring, which is excited by an impulse periodic force, is utilized to drive the whole system. The rectilinear motion of the system is performed employing the periodically oscillation of the internal mass interacting without collisions with the main body. Utilizing the nonlinear restoring force of the cubic spring, the system can move in desired directions. When the ratio between the excitation force and the friction force is smaller than 2.5, backward or forward motion can be easily achieved by applying an excitation force in the same desired direction. Different from other vibro-impact drifting devices, no impact needed to drive the new proposed system. This novel structure allows to miniaturize the device as well as to simplify the control algorithm thus can significantly expand applicability of the proposed system.
Sophisticated finite strip for vibration analysis of a rotating cylindrical shell
Authors: Senjanović Ivo , Ćatipović Ivan , Alujević Neven , Vladimir Nikola , Čakmak Damjan
Published: February 2018

In this article a two-node finite strip with eight degrees of freedom for free vibration analysis of pre-stressed rotating cylindrical shells is formulated. The circumferential mode shape profiles are described exactly using trigonometric functions. The axial mode shape profiles are approximated by bar and beam shape functions for membrane and bending displacements, respectively. In this way a semi-analytical formulation is facilitated so that the discretization is required only in the axial direction. The developed finite strip is validated by comparisons with analytical results. An excellent agreement is observed both for stationary and rotating shells.
Chaos prediction in nano-resonators based on nonlocal elasticity theory
Authors: Nahvi Hassan , Maleki Mehdi
Published: February 2018

By decreasing the thickness of micro- and nano- beams, classical continuum theory is not accurate to predict the static and dynamic response due to the absence of length scale parameter. In this paper, nonlocal elasticity theory is used to detect chaos in nano-resonators. In this way, first mode shape of the nano-beam is found and Galerkin method is used to convert the governing partial differential equation to an ordinary differential equation. Melnikov method is used to determine the critical value of AC actuation voltage resulting chaotic motion. Effects of nonlocal parameter and beam thickness on the stability region of the resonator are investigated. It will be shown that increasing the nonlocal parameter and decreasing the beam thickness increases the difference between stability regions obtained by classical and nonlocal theories. Moreover, increasing the nonlocal parameter decreases the nonlinear stiffness and increases the critical actuation voltage which may lead to chaotic motion.
Manifestation of additional frequencies in vortex induced vibrations in the presence of noise
Authors: Aswathy M.S. , Sarkar Sunetra
Published: February 2018

In this study, we examine the effect of random input fluctuations in the mean flow to a circular cylinder undergoing transverse oscillations. A Duffng-Van der pol combined system has been used to model the structure and wake oscillators in the VIV system. We observe that the addition of noise brings in major qualitative and quantitative changes on the structural response of the system compared to the deterministic cases. It has been observed that the stochastic system is always influenced by the presence of structural frequency. In contrast, the system under mean flow condition aligns with the structural frequency, only in the lock-in range. This feature is seen as noise exciting multiple frequencies in the response of the cylinder in the pre lock-in and post lock-in regimes.
A dynamic model of cylindrical plunge grinding process for chatter phenomena investigation
Authors: Lajmert Paweł , Sikora Małgorzata , Ostrowski Dariusz
Published: February 2018

In the paper, chatter vibrations in the cylindrical plunge grinding process are investigated. An improved model of the grinding process was developed which is able to simulate self-excited vibrations due to a regenerative effect on the workpiece and the grinding wheel surface. The model includes a finite-element model of the workpiece, two degrees of freedom model of the grinding wheel headstock and a model of wheel-workpiece geometrical interferences. The model allows to studying the influence of different factors, i.e. workpiece and machine parameters as well as grinding conditions on the stability limit and a chatter vibration growth rate. At the end, simulation results are shown and compared with exemplified real grinding results.
Use of damping identification technique for damage detection
Authors: Arora Vikas
Published: February 2018

Stiffness-based structural health monitoring methods are widely used for detecting the damage in a structure. These stiffness-based structural health monitoring methods uses change in natural frequencies and modeshapes for damage detection. These methods are based on identifying the change in stiffness of the healthy and damage structure to predict the damage in the structure. These stiffness-based methods are not efficient for detecting a small damage in a structure as there is a negligible change in natural frequencies and modeshapes due to a small damage in a structure, however the damping characteristics of the structure are highly sensitive to the damage in a structure. In this paper, new damping-based damage detection procedure has been proposed. In the proposed procedure, the changes in damping matrix of the structure has been used to detect the damage in the structure. The proposed procedure is able (or can) to detect both the location of the damage and the extend of the damage in the structure. The proposed procedure of damping-based damage detection is a 2-step procedure. In the first step, damping matrices of both the healthy and damage structure are identified and in the second step, the identified damping matrices are used for damage detection. Numerical and experimental case studies are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed procedure. The results have shown that the proposed damping-based damage detection procedure can be used for detecting damage in a structure with confidence.
Reflection of acoustic waves from the boundary or layer of two-phase medium
Authors: Gubaidullin D.A. , Gubaidullina D.D. , Fedorov Yu.V.
Published: February 2018

The inclined incidence of the acoustic wave on a layer of gas-droplet mixture or bubbly liquid of finite thickness is theoretically investigated. In the case of the incidence of the low-frequency acoustic wave to interface between the pure gas and aerosol or to interface between pure liquid and bubbly liquid the basic laws of reflection and transmission of a wave are established. This circumstance allows us to evaluate the transmission and reflection coefficients, depending on the volume content of inclusions and the angle of incidence of the acoustic wave. In particular, for the interface between pure gas and aerosol analytical expressions of the critical angle of wave incidence at which reflection coefficient becomes zero are obtained, i.e. thus there is a complete passage of the acoustic wave through the interface. It is established that the increase of the angle of incidence of the acoustic wave on the boundary or layer of aerosol causes: first, either to increase or to decrease of the reflection coefficient at low frequencies, and second, to appearance of additional minima depending on the reflection coefficient from frequency of disturbances related to the difference of speed of sound and density of the medium.
Finite element modelling of the dynamics of groovy ball bearings
Authors: Ajala Olamide , Pavlovskaia Ekaterina , Weircigroch Marian
Published: February 2018

Geometry modified thrust bearings exposed to rolling and sliding contact are subjected to wear and localized frictional heating caused by relative slip between the two sliding surfaces. This leads to a rise in temperature, thermal stresses and changes in the elastic and plastic strength and physical properties of the material. The changes in the properties in turn alter the stress state, the displacement field, life and reliability of the bearing. Hence, a finite-element model is created to study the dynamics of groovy thrust bearing. In this paper, Hertz contact theory and numerical method are used to simulate the dynamics and kinematics of groovy ball bearings. The optimal loading parameters are identified in this study based on the analysis of the system responses and properties. The results of the numerical analysis and validation are presented. The numerical analysis proves the concept of transforming rotational motion into axial oscillation and demonstrates the capabilities of the numerical simulation to accurately model the dynamics of the groovy ball bearing.
Cartilage Restoration: Microfracture and Osteochondral Autograft Transplantation
Authors: Redondo Michael , Beer Adam , Yanke Adam
Published: February 2018

The treatment of patellofemoral cartilage defects presents several distinct challenges when compared with cartilage restoration techniques used for other compartments of the knee due to the unique anatomy and distribution of forces. The etiologies of patellofemoral articular cartilage lesions include acute traumatic instability injuries, such as dislocation and subluxation, osteochondritis dissecans, and chronic degenerative changes. Regardless of the etiology, untreated patellofemoral cartilage lesions can contribute to activity-limiting anterior knee pain. The goal of patellofemoral cartilage restoration procedures is to impart symptomatic relief and improve quality of life by repairing the articular cartilage surface and any comorbid malalignment or maltracking.

Microfracture and osteochondral autograft transplantation (OAT) are two cartilage restoration procedures to consider when treating full-thickness patellofemoral chondral defects. Considered by some experts to be the gold standard therapy, microfracture is one of the most common procedures used for cartilage restoration. The technique involves the perforation of the subchondral bone plate for the release of marrow elements, filling the defect with a fibrocartilage clot repair. Though less commonly used, OAT allows defect replacement with native hyaline cartilage via autologous transplantation from a non-weight bearing area. The purpose of this article is to discuss the indication, technical considerations, and outcomes of microfracture and OAT when used for treating chondral lesions of the patellofemoral joint.
Associations of Measured Protein and Energy Intakes with Growth and Adiposity in Human Milk-Fed Preterm Infants at Term Postmenstrual Age: A Cohort Study
Authors: Pereira-da-Silva Luis , Cardoso Manuela , Macedo Israel
Published: February 2018

Objective To determine the associations of measured protein, energy, and protein-to-energy (PER) intakes with body composition in human milk (HM)-fed preterm infants.

Study Design Neonates born at < 33 gestational weeks were eligible. Standard fortification method with modular supplements was used and the HM composition was measured. The weight gain velocity was calculated, and body composition was assessed by air displacement plethysmography at 40 weeks' postmenstrual age (PMA). The fat mass percentage and fat mass index were used as indicators of adiposity, with convenience cut-offs ≤ –1 and ≥ + 1 z-scores for low and high adiposity, respectively.

Results Thirty-three infants were included (median [interquartile range] gestational age: 30 [28–31] weeks; birth weight: 1.175 [1.010–1.408] g); 36.4 and 84.8% did not receive the minimum recommended protein and energy intakes, respectively. Weight gain velocity showed positive weak-to-moderate correlations with nutrient intakes. Overall, no correlations between nutrient intakes and body composition were found. Infants with lower adiposity received lower energy, protein, and PER intakes, while those with higher adiposity received lower energy intake but higher PER intake.

Conclusion Overall, no correlations of nutrient intakes with body composition were found; however, differences in nutrient intakes were found between infants with lower and higher adiposity at term PMA.
Psychosoziale Versorgung von Krebspatienten in einer Krebsberatungsstelle an einem Universitätsklinikum
Authors: Lehmann-Laue Antje , Danker Helge , Schröter Katharina , Friedrich Michael , Mehnert Anja , Ernst Jochen
Published: February 2018

Hintergrund Die psychosoziale Versorgung von Krebspatienten gewinnt zunehmend an Bedeutung. Hierfür bieten Krebsberatungsstellen (KBS) ein breites Spektrum an Leistungen an. Untersucht werden der Umfang und die Themen psychosozialer ambulanter Versorgung von Krebspatienten an einem Uni-Klinikum.

Methode Die vorliegenden Daten wurden in der „Psychosozialen Beratungsstelle für Tumorpatienten und Angehörige“ am Universitätsklinikum Leipzig 2014 erhoben. 469 onkologische Patienten wurden mit einem Fragebogen befragt (Altersdurchschnitt 59,8 Jahre, 67,2% weiblich, 35,8% Brustkrebs). Als Befragungsinstrumente wurden der PHQ-9, der GAD-2 sowie das Distressthermometer (DT) eingesetzt. Die Auswertung der Daten erfolgte mithilfe deskriptiv-statistischer Verfahren.

Ergebnisse 23,7% der Patienten geben eine mind. moderate Depressivität an. Patienten mit hämatologischen und Kopf-Hals- Tumoren haben im Vergleich mit Brustkrebspatientinnen eine signifikant stärkere depressive Symptomatik. Knapp 15% der versorgten Patienten leiden unter erhöhter Ängstlichkeit. Die Befragten geben auf dem DT mind. 1 bis maximal 39 Probleme an. Durchschnittlich werden von den Ratsuchenden 14 Probleme genannt, zumeist körperliche und psychische Belastungen (z. B. Fatigue, Bewegung und Mobilität, Ängste). Die Anzahl formulierter Unterstützungsbedürfnisse ist dabei niedriger als die Anzahl der genannten Probleme.

Schlussfolgerungen Die Studie weist darauf hin, dass eine gute strukturelle Vernetzung einer KBS mit einem Akut-Krankenhaus und dessen Kliniken die psychosoziale Versorgung von Krebspatienten unterstützt. Ein psychosoziales Eingangsscreening ermöglicht, Problembereiche gezielt zu differenzieren und damit den Ratsuchenden ein darauf ausgerichtetes Beratungsangebot zu unterbreiten.
Adaptive aperture for Geiger mode avalanche photodiode flash ladar systems
Authors: Wang Liang , Han Shaokun , Xia Wenze , Lei Jieyu
Published: February 2018

Although the Geiger-mode avalanche photodiode (GM-APD) flash ladar system offers the advantages of high sensitivity and simple construction, its detection performance is influenced not only by the incoming signal-to-noise ratio but also by the absolute number of noise photons. In this paper, we deduce a hyperbolic approximation to estimate the noise-photon number from the false-firing percentage in a GM-APD flash ladar system under dark conditions. By using this hyperbolic approximation function, we introduce a method to adapt the aperture to reduce the number of incoming background-noise photons. Finally, the simulation results show that the adaptive-aperture method decreases the false probability in all cases, increases the detection probability provided that the signal exceeds the noise, and decreases the average ranging error per frame.
Asymptotic localization in the Bose-Hubbard model
Authors: Bols Alex , De Roeck Wojciech
Published: February 2018

We consider the Bose-Hubbard model. Our focus is on many-body localization, which was described by many authors in such models, even in the absence of disorder. Since our work is rigorous, and since we believe that the localization in this type of models is not strictly valid in the infinite-time limit, we necessarily restrict our study to “asymptotic localization” also known as “quasi-localization:” We prove that transport and thermalization are small beyond perturbation theory in the limit of large particle density. Our theorem takes the form of a many-body Nekhoroshev estimate. An interesting and new aspect of this model is the following: The localization cannot be inferred from a lack of hybridization between zero-hopping eigenstates. Naively speaking, all these eigenstates appear resonant and one has to move to a dressed basis to see the absence of resonances that are responsible for (quasi-)localization.
‘We – will – go – bank – rupt’
Authors: Patrona Marianna
Published: February 2018

This paper examines the discourse and interactional practices used by news journalists in the prime-time news of two major Greek national channels (one private and one public) during the political crisis that erupted between October 31st and November 11th 2011; namely, when the former prime minister of Greece, George A. Papandreou, announced his decision to hold a national referendum on the agreed-upon second eurozone aid package, infuriating both his European counterparts and his peers at home, with the threat of the country’s default imminent. The crisis ended on 11 November 2011, when Lucas Papademos was sworn in as the new interim prime-minister of Greece, and head of a new, unity government.

Through detailed discourse analysis of talk-in-interaction, the paper critically compares the rhetorical means through which crisis is constructed in journalists’ contributions in the private MEGA channel news vs. the public NET news. More specifically, the analysis compares the framing of the referendum announcement and the ensuing political developments, as instantiated through vocabulary and register choices, rhetorical figures and conversational practices in bulletin openings and conversational sequences in the two channels. Finally, the analysis explores possible shifts in the role of broadcast media in times of crisis, again, as enacted in and through news discourse and interaction.
Civic voice in multimodal news narratives
Authors: Tuunanen Yrjö , Hirsto Heidi
Published: February 2018

In this chapter, we examine civic voice in visual news narratives about the economic crisis. We discuss how the possibility of voice may be linked to particular practices in multimodal news discourse. We analyze captioned stock photo galleries depicting anti-austerity protests in Greece, and demonstrate how these narratives create a simplified grouping of actors with narrative necessity and a loose connection to the “real”. Thus, they reproduce the dominant master narrative juxtaposing financial pragmatism with emotioned expressions of civic voice. We discuss how this kind of doing the crisis tends to muffle civic voice and naturalize the establishment story of the crisis. We conclude by proposing how multimodal online news narratives might better realize their potential in mediating civic voice.
What can variation tell us about first language acquisition?
Authors: Hickmann Maya , Veneziano Edy , Jisa Harriet
Published: February 2018

After years of research focusing on universal regularities in child language, the study of variation has enriched our understanding of language development. Variation stems from exogenous and endogenous factors that can all influence the development of communicative capacities. This volume focuses on three main sources of variation considered from a large multimodal perspective that includes speech, gesture, and signs. First, research suggests that development partly varies with linguistic and/or cultural environments. A second source of variation stems from the input to which children are exposed across contexts. Finally, learners themselves differ along many dimensions, such as cognitive maturity, exposure to language(s), relative reliance on the visuo-gestural modality, and language impairments. The discussion highlights the need for more research on inter- and intra-individual variation within comparative perspectives allying complementary methodologies.
Invariance in variation
Authors: Kern Sophie , dos Santos Christophe
Published: February 2018

This article examines the influence of word frequency (WF) and neighbourhood density (ND) in vocabulary acquisition of French-speaking children. Data were collected through the French version of the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventory. A regression analysis based on 462 children aged between 16 and 30 months who have acquired at least 5 words revealed that ND and WF together predicted 45% of the variance in vocabulary size, with ND and WF uniquely accounting for 32.2% and 12.8% of that variance respectively. The same analysis was done with nouns and predicates only. For nouns, the model predicted 64.6% of the variance whereas for predicates, the size of predicate vocabulary was not correlated with either of the two variables.
Texting by 12-year-olds
Authors: Bernicot Josie , Goumi Antonine , Bert-Erboul Alain , Volckaert-Legrier Olga
Published: February 2018

The objective of this chapter is to investigate the development and use of the texting register. Our hypothesis is that this language register shares features with spoken language. In contrast to traditional writing, texting language is not the result of explicit academic instruction. Rather, it is acquired through daily interactions, as is spoken language. We collected a one-year longitudinal corpus of text messages (4,524 texts) produced by 19 teens aged 11–13 years, with no previous experience using a mobile phone. The messages were analyzed using orthographic indices (categories of spelling errors) and dialogic indices (presence/absence of an opening or closing). The data are discussed in terms of the specifics of the texting register. Unlike other registers, the texting register is not stable over time and evolves at an extremely rapid rate.
A unified model of first and second language learning
Authors: MacWhinney Brian
Published: February 2018

The Unified Competition Model views first and second language learning as depending on a shared set of socio-cognitive processes. Differences between the two types of acquisition depend not on the expiration of a critical period, but on the operation of the risk factors of entrenchment, transfer, overanalysis, and isolation. Entrenchment is a neural process that arises from ongoing use of L1 across years. Transfer and parasitism arise from the dominance of L1 during initial L2 learning. Overanalysis stems from the tendency of adult learners to focus on content words, rather than phrases. Isolation arises from the tendency over time for L1 groups to reject the participation of out-group members and from increasing demands for the L1 group. These risk factors can be countered through the processes of resonance, decoupling, chunking, and participation that are available to all learners, but which must become sharpened to promote L2 acquisition.
Spoken and written narratives from French- and English-speaking children with Language Impairment\
Authors: Reilly Judy , Bernicot Josie , Polse Lara , Olive Thierry , Uze Joel , Wulfeck Beverly , Broc Lucie , Favart Monik , Appelbaum Mark
Published: February 2018

Children with Language Impairment (LI) show significant delays in spoken language development with persistent problems in morphology. In this chapter, we compare spoken and written narratives from children with LI and their typically developing peers (TD) in French and English. We investigate the role of modality (spoken and written language), and the contribution of language-specific factors (French and English) to the LI phenotype. We found that both French and English LI groups exhibit problems with morphology; however, they use complex syntax strategically to bring coherence to their stories. Moreover, both LI and TD children are sensitive to the pragmatic and rhetorical conventions of their linguistic communities. Our findings increase our understanding of the nature of LI, and how language-specific features and culture might affect this profile.
Mechanism of Stx17 recruitment to autophagosomes via IRGM and mammalian Atg8 proteins
Authors: Kumar Suresh , Jain Ashish , Farzam Farzin , Jia Jingyue , Gu Yuexi , Choi Seong Won , Mudd Michal H. , Claude-Taupin Aurore , Wester Michael J. , Lidke Keith A. , Rusten Tor-Erik , Deretic Vojo
Published: February 2018

Autophagy is a conserved eukaryotic process with metabolic, immune, and general homeostatic functions in mammalian cells. Mammalian autophagosomes fuse with lysosomes in a SNARE-driven process that includes syntaxin 17 (Stx17). How Stx17 translocates to autophagosomes is unknown. In this study, we show that the mechanism of Stx17 recruitment to autophagosomes in human cells entails the small guanosine triphosphatase IRGM. Stx17 directly interacts with IRGM, and efficient Stx17 recruitment to autophagosomes requires IRGM. Both IRGM and Stx17 directly interact with mammalian Atg8 proteins, thus being guided to autophagosomes. We also show that Stx17 is significant in defense against infectious agents and that Stx17–IRGM interaction is targeted by an HIV virulence factor Nef.
Exploring new routes for secretory protein export from thetrans-Golgi network
Authors: Pakdel Mehrshad , von Blume Julia
Published: February 2018

Sorting of soluble proteins for transport to intracellular compartments and for secretion from cells is essential for cell and tissue homeostasis. The trans-Golgi network (TGN) is a major sorting station that sorts secretory proteins into specific carriers to transport them to their final destinations. The sorting of lysosomal hydrolases at the TGN by the mannose 6-phosphate receptor is well understood. The recent discovery of a Ca2+-based sorting of secretory cargo at the TGN is beginning to uncover the mechanism by which cells sort secretory cargoes from Golgi residents and cargoes destined to the other cellular compartments. This Ca2+-based sorting involves the cytoplasmic actin cytoskeleton, which through membrane anchored Ca2+ATPase SPCA1 and the luminal Ca2+binding protein Cab45 sorts of a subset of secretory proteins at the TGN. We present this discovery and highlight important challenges that remain unaddressed in the overall pathway of cargo sorting at the TGN.
Differentiating True and False Schematic Memories in Older Adults
Authors: Webb Christina E , Dennis Nancy A
Published: February 2018

Objective

While schemas aid memory for schematically related information, the gist induced by the schema can also lead to high rates of false memories, especially in older adults. The neural mechanisms that support and differentiate true and false memories in aging are not well understood. The current study sought to clarify this, using a novel scene paradigm to investigate the role of schemas on true and false memories in older adults.

Methods

Healthy older adults encoded schematic scenes (e.g., bathroom). At retrieval, participants were tested on their memory for both schematic and nonschematic targets and lures while functional magnetic resonance imaging data was collected.

Results

Results indicate that true memories were supported by the typical retrieval network, and activity in this network was greater for true than false memories. Schema specific retrieval was supported by medial prefrontal cortex, extending this common finding to aging. While no region differentiated false memories compared to correct rejections, results showed that individual differences in false memory rates were associated with variability in neural activity.

Discussion

The findings underscore the importance of elucidating the neural basis of cognition within older adults, as well as the specific contribution of individual differences to the neural basis of memory errors in aging.
Development of the ‘Sigue la Huella’ physical activity intervention for adolescents in Huesca, Spain
Authors: Murillo Pardo Berta , Julián Clemente José A , García González Luis , García Bengoechea Enrique , Generelo Lanaspa Eduardo
Published: February 2018

Engaging in physical activity (PA) on a regular and adequate basis generates considerable benefits for health. In developed countries, the time spent doing PA is decreasing, whilst sedentary time (ST) is increasing. A multicomponent school-based intervention programme, called ‘Sigue la Huella’ (Follow the Footprint), was developed to reduce sedentary lifestyles and increase PA levels. This programme has proven to be effective in increasing the daily levels of moderate to vigorous PA, in decreasing ST and in improving motivational outcomes in secondary education students, in the city of Huesca (Spain). The study design was quasi-experimental, longitudinal and by cohorts, and it was carried out in four schools, two as an experimental group (n = 368) and two as a control group (n = 314). During the 25 months’ intervention, this programme adopted a holistic approach aiming to create favourable environments to engage in PA, and the empowerment of students to get actively involved in the design and execution of the activities, assuming responsibility for managing and optimizing their own PA. The programme is theoretically based on the social-ecological model and self-determination theory, and it provided evidence for four actions or components that can be used in school-based PA promotion: tutorial action, Physical Education at school, dissemination of information and participation in institutional programmes and events. The aim of this article is to describe the main characteristics of the intervention programme that have proved to be effective with respect to the objectives proposed.
Convergent pathways of the hyperferritinemic syndromes
Authors: Schulert Grant S , Canna Scott W
Published: February 2018

Hyperferritinemia and pronounced hemophagocytosis help distinguish a subset of patients with a particularly inflammatory and deadly systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Two clinically similar disorders typify these hyperferritinemic syndromes: hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS). HLH is canonically associated with a complete disturbance of perforin/granzyme-mediated cytotoxicity, whereas MAS occurs in the context of the related rheumatic diseases systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis and adult-onset Still’s disease, with associated IL-1 family cytokine activation. In practice, however, there are accumulating lines of evidence for innate immune dysregulation in HLH as well as partial impairments of cytotoxicity in MAS, and these mechanisms likely represent only a fraction of the host and environmental factors driving hyperferritinemic inflammation. Herein, we present new findings that highlight the pathogenic differences between HLH and MAS, two conditions that present with life-threatening hyperinflammation, hyperferritinemia and hemophagocytosis.
Factors Associated With Persistence of Plasma HIV-1 RNA During Long-term Continuously Suppressive Firstline Antiretroviral Therapy
Authors: Ruggiero Alessandra , Cozzi-Lepri Alessandro , Beloukas Apostolos , Richman Douglas , Khoo Saye , Phillips Andrew , Geretti Anna Maria ,   ERAS Study Group
Published: February 2018

Background

Persistence of plasma HIV-1 RNA during seemingly effective antiretroviral thereapy (ART) is incompletely understood. Using an ultrasensitive assay, this cross-sectional study investigated residual plasma HIV-1 RNA in subjects maintained on firstline ART with continuous viral load suppression <50 copies/mL for ≤15 years without recognized viral load blips or treatment interruptions and explored its relationship with the duration of suppressive ART, efavirenz concentrations in plasma, 2-LTR circular HIV-1 DNA (2-LTRc DNA) in peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and cellular (CD4 plus CD26/CD38/CD69; CD8 plus CD38/HLA-DR/DP/DQ) and soluble (sCD14, sCD27, sCD30, IL-6) markers of immune activation in peripheral blood.

Methods

Residual plasma HIV-1 RNA, total HIV-1 DNA and 2-LTRc DNA were quantified by real-time and digital droplet PCR. Cellular (CD4 plus CD26/CD38/CD69; CD8 plus CD38/HLA-DR/DP/DQ) and soluble (sCD14, sCD27, sCD30, IL-6) markers of immune activation were measured by flow cytometry and ELISA.

Results

Residual plasma HIV-1 RNA and 2-LTRc DNA were detected in 52/104 (50%) and 24/104 (23%) subjects, respectively. Among subjects with detectable HIV-1 RNA, 50/52 showed levels ≤11 copies/mL. In adjusted analyses, HIV-1 RNA levels were 0.37 log10 copies/mL higher with each log10 U/mL increase in sCD27 (95% confidence interval, 0.01–0.73; P = .02). No significant association was found between residual plasma HIV-1 RNA and other explored parameters.

Conclusions

These findings point to an ongoing relationship between plasma HIV-1 RNA and selected markers of immune activation during continuously suppressive ART. The novel direct association with levels of sCD27 warrants further investigation.
New spouse, same chores? The division of household labor in consecutive unions
Authors: Beblo Miriam , Solaz Anne
Published: February 2018

This article investigates domestic sphere investments, that is, housework and childcare time, of spouses in two consecutive relationships and aims to identify potential sources of variation. Economic reasoning would predict a learning effect from one partnership to the next, and hence less specialization in the domestic sphere in the second relationship. Prevailing gender norms or institutions, on the contrary, may prevent such adjustments in the division of housework. In a fixed-effects regression analysis with the German Socio-Economic Panel, we compare time allocations of couples whose members experienced two consecutive partnerships from 1991 to 2012. Our results indicate that women’s and men’s successive matches differ from each other. Women and their new partners tend to reallocate time from housework to childcare while men’s individual domestic investment patterns remain similar across unions. Highly educated women conform most to the economic rationale by reducing their marital investments significantly in their next partnership.
Discriminative Ability for Adverse Outcomes After Surgical Management of Hip Fractures: A Comparison of the Charlson Comorbidity Index, Elixhauser Comorbidity Measure, and Modified Frailty Index
Authors: Ondeck Nathaniel T. , Bovonratwet Patawut , Ibe Izuchukwu K. , Bohl Daniel D. , McLynn Ryan P. , Cui Jonathan J. , Baumgaertner Michael R. , Grauer Jonathan N.
Published: February 2018

Objectives:

The Charlson comorbidity index (CCI), Elixhauser comorbidity measure (ECM), and modified frailty index (mFI) have been associated with mortality after hip fracture. The present study compares the clinically informative discriminative ability of CCI, ECM, and mFI, as well as demographic characteristics for predicting in-hospital adverse outcomes after surgical management of hip fractures.

Methods:

Patients undergoing hip fracture surgery were selected from the 2013 National Inpatient Sample. The discriminative ability of CCI, ECM, and mFI, as well as demographic factors for adverse outcomes were assessed using the area under the curve analysis from receiver operating characteristic curves. Outcomes included the occurrence of any adverse event, death, severe adverse events, minor adverse events, and extended hospital stay.

Results:

In total, 49,738 patients were included (mean age: 82 years). In comparison with CCI and mFI, ECM had the significantly largest discriminative ability for the occurrence of all outcomes. Among demographic factors, age had the sole or shared the significantly largest discriminative ability for all adverse outcomes except extended hospital stay. The best performing comorbidity index (ECM) outperformed the best performing demographic factor (age) for all outcomes.

Conclusion:

Among both comorbidity indices and demographic factors, the ECM had the best overall discriminative ability for adverse outcomes after surgical management of hip fractures. The use of this index in correctly identifying patients at risk for postoperative complications may help set appropriate patient expectations, assist in optimizing prophylaxis regimens for medical management, and adjust reimbursements. More widespread use of this measure for hip fracture studies may be appropriately considered.

Level of Evidence:

Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Outcomes of Ethics Consultations in Adult ICUs: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis*
Authors: Au Selena S. , Couillard Philippe , Roze des Ordons Amanda , Fiest Kirsten M. , Lorenzetti Dianne L. , Jette Nathalie
Published: February 2018

Objectives:

Clinical ethics consultation as a mechanism for supporting patients, family, and staff during ethically challenging situations has become standard of care. Despite this, there is a lack of consensus about the effectiveness of clinical ethics consultation consultation in the ICU. We performed a systematic review of outcomes associated with clinical ethics consultation within adult ICUs.

Data Sources:

We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane CENTRAL, Embase, PsycINFO, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature from 1984 to May 2017.

Study Selection:

Two reviewers independently screened articles, assessed eligibility, extracted data, and assessed risk of bias using the Cochrane Collaboration Risk of Bias tool and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Pooled estimates of effect were calculated where possible. We screened 3,970 abstracts and reviewed 325 full-text articles of which 16 met all eligibility criteria.

Data Extraction:

We examined changes in processes and outcomes as a result of clinical ethics consultation in the ICU. Categories of outcomes included user perception, clinical decision, or conflict resolution and resource utilization.

Data Synthesis:

The use of clinical ethics consultation in the ICU was associated with positive user experience (383/435 found clinical ethics consultation helpful), although stress and disagreement with clinical ethics consultation recommendations was greater in a subset (113/431 surrogates and providers). Consensus for a clinical decision was more frequently achieved with clinical ethics consultation (odds ratio, 4.09; 95% CI, 1.01–16.55; p = 0.05). Clinical ethics consultation was associated with lower resource utilization including significantly decreased ICU length of stay (mean difference, –4.65 d; 95% CI, –8.86 to –0.44; p = 0.03).

Conclusions:

Our review identified outcome-based assessment as the predominant measure used to report effectiveness of clinical ethics consultation consultations. In particular, clinical ethics consultation decreased ICU length of stay and increased family and healthcare provider satisfaction. However, using outcome measures as the primary endpoint may not reflect the original intent of the clinical ethics consultation service. Based on our review, we propose a list of process measures that may better capture the key domains of a quality clinical ethics consultation.