bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The right periphery in Ancient Greek
Authors: Ruiz Yamuza Emilia
Published: May 2017

The paper focuses on the pragmatic functions of elements appearing in the right periphery of the sentence in Ancient Greek. It presents a tentative approach based on a study of Polybius, books 1–5. The second section of the paper centres on the problems related to the concept of right periphery. The syntactic structures which appear in this position are considered in the third section. Section 4 analyses the functions fulfilled by the right periphery elements found in the corpus: (1) they provide clarification of topics; (2) they tend to introduce additional information that is especially salient for the following discourse; (3) in the epitactic pattern, they introduce an additional focus; (4) they have a comment function, expressing the author’s stance.
A unitary account of the meaning of kaí
Authors: Crespo Emilio
Published: May 2017

In this article I argue that classical Greek kaí (translated as ‘and’, ‘also, too, even’ and ‘actually’) expresses a nearly unitary meaning and that several features in its environment enable the correct selection of one of its values. Basically, kaí is (i) a coordinator when it links two explicit units that perform the same syntactic function and are equally asserted, (ii) an additive focus adverb when one of the linked units is explicit and its alternative does not perform the same syntactic function or is tacit and presupposed, and (iii) an adverb of emphasis when the alternative to the modified unit is absent or difficult for the addressee to retrieve.
Cultural translation, traveling law, and the transposition of indigenous rights to Indonesian contexts
Authors: Ramstedt Martin
Published: May 2017

In this article, I propose a methodological specification of the concept of cultural translation as a heuristic tool, with which to gain a better understanding of what is at stake when law “travels” across legal cultures, from one society to another. Applied to the transposition of indigenous rights to different Indonesian contexts and locales, the proposed methodological specification reveals a paradoxical shift that occurs in the course of this transposition, not so much in terms of the legal content of indigenous rights, but with regard to their institutional framework and intended target communities.
Juvenile Steelhead Locate Coldwater Refugia in an Intermittently Closed Estuary
Authors: Matsubu William , Simenstad Charles A. , Horton Gregg E.
Published: May 2017

Many coastal estuaries in Mediterranean climates are susceptible to inlet closures resulting from barrier beach formation. These closures are ecologically important because they eliminate tidal exchange and connectivity of nekton movement to the coastal ocean and, depending on closure duration, can convert a dynamic estuary into a quiescent lagoon. Although closures can create lethal or stressful conditions for nekton and benthic communities, especially obligate diadromous species, under some conditions they can enhance survival of juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss. However, the mechanisms explaining how closed conditions enhance the growth of juvenile steelhead and how inhabitants avoid physiologically stressful conditions remain unknown. In the present study, recent technological advances in sensor‐encoded acoustic telemetry provided the ability to simultaneously locate and determine the temperature of juvenile steelhead as small as 93 mm FL by using mobile and stationary tracking. In the Russian River estuary, an intermittently closed estuary in northern California, we used acoustic telemetry to infer water quality exposure by linking the temperature of individually tagged fish with water quality profiles collected in close proximity. Under open‐inlet conditions, juvenile steelhead experienced primarily brackish and saline water in the lower and middle reaches and warm freshwater in the upper reach, whereas under closed‐inlet conditions they experienced warm freshwater in the middle and upper reaches. During closed conditions, juvenile steelhead displayed behavior that suggested the ability to mediate stressful environmental conditions; specifically, they responded to closed conditions by moving greater distances and aggregating near thermal refugia. Our findings show the importance of recognizing these strategies when contemplating changes to estuary management and highlight the significance of tributary hydrogeomorphic processes and groundwater linkages in subwatersheds that are sources of cool water for thermal refugia in intermittently closed estuaries.

Received August 5, 2016; accepted February 27, 2017 Published online May 11, 2017
Abiotic Habitat Assessment for Arctic Grayling in a Portion of the Big Manistee River, Michigan
Authors: Danhoff Brian M. , Huckins Casey J. , Auer Nancy A. , Goble Cameron W. , Ogren Stephanie A. , Holtgren J. Marty
Published: May 2017

Arctic Grayling Thymallus arcticus were once the dominant salmonid in the Big Manistee River, Michigan, but were extirpated from the watershed around 1900 and from the state of Michigan by 1936, likely due to overfishing, biotic interactions with introduced fish species, and habitat loss occurring largely around the turn of the 20th century. An interest in reestablishing native species by the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians led to an assessment of environmental conditions in a portion of the watershed encompassing 21 km of the Big Manistee River to determine whether suitable Arctic Grayling habitat remains. During summer in 2011–2013, abiotic habitat metrics, including water characteristics, substrate composition, channel profile, channel geomorphic unit, and stream velocity, were assessed across eight tributaries within the watershed. To assess whether abiotic conditions in these tributaries might support Arctic Grayling, the environmental conditions were compared to literature values from rivers where current or historical Arctic Grayling populations have been reported. This comparison, in conjunction with an assessment using a habitat suitability index for Arctic Grayling, indicated that important abiotic conditions were within ranges consistent with those associated with current and past populations of Arctic Grayling in North America. The results of this study will guide potential future reintroductions and indicate that suitable Arctic Grayling habitat does exist in portions of the Big Manistee River watershed, an assessment that will be further refined when coupled with biotic features of the environment.

Received September 6, 2016; accepted February 28, 2017 Published online May 9, 2017
Friction-stir lap-joining of aluminium-magnesium/poly-methyl-methacrylate hybrid structures: thermo-mechanical modelling and experimental feasibility study
Authors: Derazkola H. Aghajani , Khodabakhshi F. , Simchi A.
Published: May 2017

In this research, the feasibility of friction-stir welding (FSW) for dissimilar lap-joining of an aluminium-magnesium alloy (AA5058) and poly-methyl-methacrylate sheets to attain sound and defect-free joints was examined. The inter-mixing flow patterns between the metal and polymer counterparts during FSW were predicted by employing three-dimensional finite element models. It is shown that the bonding mechanism between the dissimilar materials is mechanical interlocking at the interface which controls the joint strength depending on the processing parameters. The most suitable dissimilar lap-joining regarding microstructural soundness is attained at w= 1600 rev min−1 and v = 25 mm min−1. Under this condition, the maximum joint strength, which is about ∼60% of the weakest base material, is attained. Fractography indicates that the rupture occurs from the aluminium side.
Efficacy and Physiological Response to Chemical Anesthesia in Wild Hickory Shad during Spawning Season
Authors: Matsche Mark A.
Published: May 2017

Anesthetizing fish facilitates handling procedures such as hormone injections to induce spawning, reduces risk of injuries, and may reduce stress response. We conducted two experiments with wild Hickory Shad Alosa mediocris caught by angling during spawning season. Induction and recovery times of fish anesthetized with tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222 at 50–100 mg/L of water), 2-phenoxyethanol (PhE at 25–400 mg/L), and eugenol (Aqui-S, 25–100 mg/L) were compared in the first experiment, while physiological responses in fish following anesthesia were compared in the second experiment. Total time to induce and recover from anesthesia in fish was lowest with MS-222 at 100 mg/L and eugenol at 100 mg/L. External signs of stress (muscle spasms, coughing, decreased respiration) were evident in fish during anesthesia with highest concentration of PhE (400 mg/L), while physiological indicators of toxicity were evident in fish anesthetized with a lower concentration of PhE (100 mg/L) compared with controls (i.e., decreased total proteins and increased hemolysis, plasma lactate, and glucose). Reduced stress response (lower glucose and plasma lactate) was evident in fish treated with MS-222 (100 mg/L) at 1 h postinjection and with eugenol (100 mg/L) at 6 h. Both MS-222 and eugenol were effective in rapidly anesthetizing wild Hickory Shad with fewer signs of stress than PhE; however, more information is needed regarding effects of these anesthetics on spawning, gamete quality, and fertilization success in hickory shad and other species.
Spatial regulation of organelle release from myosin V transport by p21-activated kinases
Authors: Yau Richard G. , Wong Sara , Weisman Lois S.
Published: May 2017

Correct positioning of organelles is essential to eukaryotic cells. Molecular motors transport organelles to their proper destinations, yet little is known about the pathways that define these destinations. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the myosin V motor Myo2 binds the vacuole-specific adapter Vac17 to attach to the vacuole/lysosome and initiate transport. After arrival in the bud, Myo2 releases the vacuole, and Vac17 is degraded. However, the mechanisms that spatially regulate this release were not established. In this study, we report that the bud cortex is a landmark that signals a successful delivery of the vacuole to the bud. We demonstrate that upon arrival at the bud cortex, Vac17 is phosphorylated by Cla4. Cla4-dependent phosphorylation is required for the ubiquitylation and subsequent degradation of Vac17 and the release of the vacuole from Myo2. Our study reveals a critical step in the spatial regulation of myosin V–dependent organelle transport and may reveal common mechanisms for how molecular motors accurately deposit cargoes at the correct locations.
Egr2 and 3 control adaptive immune responses by temporally uncoupling expansion from T cell differentiation
Authors: Miao Tizong , Symonds Alistair L.J. , Singh Randeep , Symonds Janine D. , Ogbe Ane , Omodho Becky , Zhu Bo , Li Suling , Wang Ping
Published: May 2017

Egr2 and 3 are important for maintaining immune homeostasis. Here we define a fundamental function of Egr2 and 3 operating as a checkpoint that controls the transition between clonal expansion and differentiation of effector T cells. Egr2 and 3 deficiency resulted in defective clonal expansion but hyperactivation and excessive differentiation of T cells in response to viral infection. Conversely, sustained Egr2 expression enhanced expansion but severely impaired effector differentiation. Egr2 bound to and controlled the expression of genes regulating proliferation (Myc and Myb) and differentiation repressors (Bcl6, Id3), while repressing transcription factors required for effector function (Zeb2, RORa, RORc, and Bhlhe40). Egr2 and 3 expression in T cells was regulated reciprocally by antigen and IFNγ, providing a mechanism for adjusting proliferation and differentiation of individual T cells. Thus, Egr2 and 3 are upstream regulators of effector CD4 and CD8 T cells that are essential for optimal responses with limited immunopathology.
Single-cell regulome data analysis by SCRAT
Authors: Ji Zhicheng , Zhou Weiqiang , Ji Hongkai
Published: May 2017

Emerging single-cell technologies (e.g. single-cell ATAC-seq, DNase-seq or ChIP-seq) have made it possible to assay regulome of individual cells. Single-cell regulome data are highly sparse and discrete. Analyzing such data is challenging. User-friendly software tools are still lacking. We present SCRAT, a Single-Cell Regulome Analysis Toolbox with a graphical user interface, for studying cell heterogeneity using single-cell regulome data. SCRAT can be used to conveniently summarize regulatory activities according to different features (e.g. gene sets, transcription factor binding motif sites, etc.). Using these features, users can identify cell subpopulations in a heterogeneous biological sample, infer cell identities of each subpopulation, and discover distinguishing features such as gene sets and transcription factors that show different activities among subpopulations.

Availability and implementation

SCRAT is freely available at https://zhiji.shinyapps.io/scrat as an online web service and at https://github.com/zji90/SCRAT as an R package.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Quantifying and predicting responses to a US West Coast salmon fishery closure
Authors: Richerson Kate , Holland Daniel S
Published: May 2017

As anthropogenic changes interact with natural climate cycles, the variability of marine ecosystems is likely to increase. Changes in productivity of particular fisheries might be expected to lead not only to direct impacts within a fishery but to economic and ecological effects on other fisheries if there is substantial cross-participation by fishers. We use data from the US West Coast salmon troll fishery before, during, and after a large-scale closure to illustrate how altered resource availability influences the behaviour of fishing vessels in heterogeneous ways. We find that vessels were less likely to participate in fishing of any type during the closure, with >40% of vessels ceasing fishing temporarily and 17% exiting permanently. Vessels that were more dependent on salmon were more likely to cease fishing while more diversified vessels were more likely to continue. In spite of a high level of cross-participation, we find limited evidence that vessels increased their participation in other fisheries to offset lost salmon revenue. Ports that obtained more of their revenue from salmon troll vessels saw larger decreases in their revenue during the closure. Ocean conditions from 2013 to 2015 suggest the possibility of another highly restricted salmon fishing season in 2017. Our models predict that such restrictions would cause another economic disaster and lead to a large fraction of vessels exiting fishing but suggest that effects on fisheries linked by cross-participation are likely to be low.
Novel Bilateral Extracavitary Approach for Thoracolumbar Decompression
Authors: Mullin Jeffrey P , Chan Alvin Y , Bennett Emily , Steinmetz Michael P
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND

Bilateral extracavitary approach (BECA) is an option for decompression cases that require a more extended ventral approach. The clear advantage is increased accessibility to the most ventral aspects of the spine from a bilateral perspective.

OBJECTIVE

To assess the safety and efficacy of thoracic and thoracolumbar decompression and/or reconstruction from BECA.

METHODS

A retrospective chart review was performed reviewing all patients who underwent BECA for thoracolumbar decompression from 2003 to 2012 at our institution. We recorded patient baseline characteristics, physical exam, surgical indications, perioperative interventions, and outcomes.

RESULTS

We performed 82 lateral extracavitary approaches and 10 BECAs. BECA indications included neoplasm, infection, and kyphotic deformity. Average patient age was 58 yr; 80% of BECA patients were male. Estimated blood loss was typically 1 to 3 L. Average length of stay postoperative was 12 d. Two patients required revisions; one for infection and one for revision of misplaced hardware. Eight patients improved at least one grade on the American Spinal Injury Association Impairment Scale (ASIA) or was originally ASIA E. Two patients declined 1 to 2 ASIA grades. Average length of follow-up was 16.8 mo.

CONCLUSION

BECA is an efficient technique with acceptable complication rates and similar risks to unilateral approaches. It should be considered when extensive bilateral decompression and/or reconstruction of the anterior thoracic or thoracolumbar spine is required.
Women’s Health Social Movements
Authors: Goldner Melinda
Published: May 2017

Women’s health movements have been active in the United States since the nineteenth century, but this chapter primarily focuses on the tremendous range of activism in the past fifty years. The first section, tracing the evolution from a strong grassroots movement in the late 1960s to professionalized single-issue advocacy organizations in the 1990s, focuses on activists’ efforts to educate women, promote self-help, and advocate for specific diseases and groups. The second section highlights how activists challenged sexism within medicine and promoted alternative services such as feminist health clinics. The next section chronicles how activists, often as insiders, successfully fought for new organizational structures, policies, and governmental funding for women’s health research. The chapter concludes with suggestions for future scholarship in order to understand the shifting boundaries and limits of the movement, including debates over institutionalization and how best to improve the health of all women.
Women in the White Supremacist Movement
Authors: Blee Kathleen M. , Yates Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2017

A small but growing body of literature highlights the roles of women in White supremacist movements in the United States. This chapter reviews the diverse findings of this work by showing when, why, and how women participate in White supremacist movements. It begins by analyzing the interlocking ideologies of race and gender that shape women’s participation. Most White supremacist movements glorify stereotypical gender norms for both men and women, and place strict boundaries on white women’s sexual partners as an essential part of guaranteeing White power and status, though a few groups promote less strictly subordinate roles for White women. The chapter also focuses on the various paths by which women are recruited to White supremacism, largely through social networks and racist messaging. Finally, it discusses how internal and external factors in White supremacist movements influence the various roles that women play.
The Dynamics and Causes of Gender and Feminist Consciousness and Feminist Identities
Authors: Aronson Pamela
Published: May 2017

The development of consciousness or an activist identity is a precursor to activism on behalf of women’s issues. This chapter examines the dynamics and causes of women’s gender consciousness, feminist consciousness and feminist identities and argues that they should be understood on a continuum. Gender consciousness (awareness of women’s political and social interests as women) includes a wide range of activism. Feminist consciousness (awareness and critique of gender inequalities) sits in the middle of the continuum. It accounts for perspectives that are implicitly feminist while rejecting feminist identity, including those of contemporary young women, working class, or women of color who critique the women’s movement while simultaneously supporting feminist ideologies. Feminist identities are adopted when women develop alternative visions for gender relations based on a collective identity. Consciousness and identity are influenced by age, class, race and ethnicity, and sexual orientation and are thus diverse and changing historically.
Acculturation and Alcohol Use
Authors: Pinedo Miguel , Zemore Sarah , Cherpitel Cheryl , Caetano Raul
Published: May 2017

This chapter reviews a study exploring the influence of acculturation on alcohol use disorders (AUD) among a sample of Mexican-origin participants residing on and off the US-Mexico border region. The purpose of this study was to: (1) determine what domains of US acculturation predict AUD; (2) determine whether retaining aspects of Mexican culture protects against AUD; (3) examine potential mediators that might explain the relationship between acculturation and AUD, including factors relevant to a stress-based model and a normative model; and (4) determine whether the relationship between acculturation measures and AUD differs by environmental contexts. Findings suggest the influence of acculturation on Mexican women’s drinking behaviors might vary across environmental contexts. Characteristics of the border environment might exacerbate alcohol problems among more acculturated women. Findings also support a normative model of acculturation. Programs and prevention strategies at the border targeting drinking norms and motives might be particularly beneficial for women.
What Can Political Science Learn from Mathematics?
Authors: Mucha Peter
Published: May 2017

This chapter is one of six in this book in which a leading scholar from another field is interviewed about network science. These scholars bring to bear the perspective and experience of their fields, as well as insights about how network science integrates with questions that tend to be of interest to political scientists. They have knowledgeable and unique perspectives on the potential intellectual contributions that political scientists can make using network science approaches.
Electoral System Design in New Democracies
Authors: Carey John M.
Published: May 2017

Elections in the wake of dramatic transitions from authoritarian regimes to democracy may confront voters with choices that are unattractive or bewildering, or both. This chapter examines the conditions that produce tractable sets of party options for voters, presents cross-national data on the choice sets and competitiveness in elections after dramatic transitions, and examines how the electoral formula used in proportional elections can affect electoral outcomes. The chapter argues that, in transitional contexts characterized by high uncertainty, electoral rules that reward economies of moderate scale, such as the Hare quota formula, can encourage the development of attractive choice sets. As democracies and party systems develop, however, the case for electoral rules that confer representational bonuses on winning parties gains traction.
Magnetoreception of Invertebrates
Authors: Vacha Martin
Published: May 2017

Exploiting invertebrates, such as the fruit fly Drosophila or nematode Caenorhabditis, with a modifiable genome seems to be key to answering the fundamental question of the molecular principle of magnetoreception. This review presents the state of knowledge on invertebrate sensitivity to geomagnetic field (GMF) over the last 20 years from a number of viewpoints, with particular emphasis on the behavioral aspect of testing. It shows that experimental approaches are generally specific to the particular research teams, and positive replication at other laboratories is practically nonexistent. The questions surrounding an animal compass are fascinating, but to achieve a level of knowledge of the magnetic sense at least closer to the other senses, a standardized, commercially available, and routinely applicable test on the classic invertebrate model to the natural GMF is still badly needed.
Causal Reasoning
Authors: Waldmann Michael R.
Published: May 2017

Although causal reasoning is a component of most human cognitive functions, it has been neglected in cognitive psychology for many decades. To date, textbooks on cognitive psychology do not contain chapters on causal reasoning. The goal of this Handbook is to fill this gap, and to offer state-of-the-art reviews of the field. This introduction to the Handbook provides a general review of different competing theoretical frameworks modeling causal reasoning and learning. It outlines the relationship between psychological theories and their precursors in normative disciplines, such as philosophy and machine learning. It reviews the wide scope of tasks and domains in which the important role of causal knowledge has been documented. In the final section it previews the chapters of the handbook.
Concepts as Causal Models
Authors: Rehder Bob
Published: May 2017

This chapter evaluates the case for treating concepts as causal models, the view that people conceive of a categories as consisting of not only features but also the causal relations that link those features. In particular, it reviews the role of causal models in category-based induction. Category-based induction consists of drawing inferences about either objects or categories; in the latter case one generalizes a feature to a category (and thus its members). How causal knowledge influences how categories are formed in the first place—causal-based category discovery—is also examined. Whereas the causal model approach provides a generally compelling account of a large variety of inductive inferences, certain key discrepancies between the theory and empirical findings are highlighted. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the new sorts of representations, tasks, and tests that should be applied to the causal model approach to concepts.
Diagnostic Reasoning
Authors: Meder Björn , Mayrhofer Ralf
Published: May 2017

This chapter discusses diagnostic reasoning from the perspective of causal inference. The computational framework that provides the foundation for the analyses—probabilistic inference over graphical causal structures—can be used to implement different models that share the assumption that diagnostic inferences are guided and constrained by causal considerations. This approach has provided many critical insights, with respect to both normative and empirical issues. For instance, taking into account uncertainty about causal structures can entail diagnostic judgments that do not reflect the empirical conditional probability of cause given effect in the data, the classic, purely statistical norm. The chapter first discusses elemental diagnostic inference from a single effect to a single cause, then examines more complex diagnostic inferences involving multiple causes and effects, and concludes with information acquisition in diagnostic reasoning, discussing different ways of quantifying the diagnostic value of information and how people decide which information is diagnostically relevant.
Causal Argument
Authors: Hahn Ulrike , Bluhm Roland , Zenker Frank
Published: May 2017

This chapter outlines the range of argument forms involving causation that can be found in everyday discourse. It also surveys empirical work concerned with the generation and evaluation of such arguments. This survey makes clear that there is presently no unified body of research concerned with causal argument. It highlights the benefits of a unified treatment both for those interested in causal cognition and those interested in argumentation, and identifies the key challenges that must be met for a full understanding of causal argumentation.
The Role of Causal Knowledge in Reasoning About Mental Disorders
Authors: Ahn Woo-kyoung , Kim Nancy S. , Lebowitz Matthew S.
Published: May 2017

Despite the lack of scientific consensus about the etiologies of mental disorders, practicing clinicians and laypeople alike hold beliefs about the causes of mental disorders, and about the causal relations among symptoms and associated characteristics of mental disorders. This chapter summarizes research on how such causal knowledge systematically affects judgments about the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of mental disorders. During diagnosis, causal knowledge affects weighting of symptoms, perception of normality of behaviors, ascriptions of blame, and adherence to the DSM-based diagnostic categories. Regarding prognosis, attributing mental disorders to genetic or neurobiological abnormalities in particular engenders prognostic pessimism. Finally, both clinicians and laypeople endorse medication more strongly as an effective treatment if they believe mental disorders are biologically caused rather than psychologically caused. They also do so when considering disorders in the abstract versus equivalent concrete cases. The chapter discusses the rationality, potential mechanisms, and universality of these phenomena.
Causal Cognition and Culture
Authors: Bender Andrea , Beller Sieghard , Medin Douglas L.
Published: May 2017

Causality is a core concept of human cognition, but the extent to which cultural factors constrain, trigger, or shape the way in which humans think about causal relationships has barely been explored. This chapter summarizes empirical findings on the potential for cultural variability in the content of causal cognition, in the way this content is processed, and in the context in which all this occurs. This review reveals cultural variability in causal cognition along each of these dimensions and across physical, biological, and psychological explanations. Specifically, culture helps defining the settings in which causal cognition emerges, the manner in which potential factors are pondered, and the choices for highlighting some causes over others or for expressing them in distinct ways. Future tasks include the need to re-conceptualize ‘culture’ and to overcome blind spots in research strategies such as those linked to disciplinary boundaries and the ‘home-field disadvantages’ in cross-cultural comparisons.
Concepts as Causal Models
Authors: Rehder Bob
Published: May 2017

This chapter evaluates the case for treating concepts as causal models, the view that people conceive of a categories as consisting of not only features but also the causal relations that link those features. In particular, it reviews the role of causal models in categorization, the process of inferring an object’s category membership by observing its features. Reviewed studies include those testing categories that are either real world or artificial (made up of the experimenters) and subjects that are either adults or children. The chapter concludes that causal models provide accounts of causal-based categorization judgments that are superior to alternative accounts.
Rules of Causal Judgment
Authors: Perales José C. , Catena Andrés , Cándido Antonio , Maldonado Antonio
Published: May 2017

Our environment is rich in statistical information. Frequencies and proportions—or their visual depictions—are pervasive in the media, and frequently used to support or weaken causal statements, or to bias people’s beliefs in a given direction. The topic of this chapter is how people integrate naturally available frequencies and probabilities into judgments of the strength of the link between a candidate cause and an effect. We review studies investigating various rules that have been claimed to underlie intuitive causal judgments. Given that none of these rules has been established as a clear winner, we conclude presenting a tentative framework describing the general psychological processes operating when people select, ponder, and integrate pieces of causally-relevant evidence with the goal of meeting real-life demands.
Christology
Authors: Del Colle Ralph
Published: May 2017

In espousing a communion ecclesiology in which members of the church participate in the life of the Trinity through the work of Christ by the power of the Holy Spirit, most ecumenical dialogue has presumed Trinitarian and Christological belief in accord with the early councils of the church. Few dialogues have explicitly addressed the topic of Christology, but highly significant results have been achieved in those dialogues. This chapter analyses a number of decisive agreements reached between Chalcedonian and non-Chalcedonian (Oriental Orthodox and Assyrian) churches, and several agreed statements between Reformation churches which, while accepting the Chalcedonian definition, have traditionally held different understandings of the communicatio idiomatum between the two natures of Christ and his divine person, with consequently varying understandings of the presence of Christ in the Eucharist.
Latin America
Authors: Míguez Néstor O.
Published: May 2017

The chapter gives a brief historic account of the religious background of Latin America from the Conquest to the present day. It deals with the imposition of the Catholic Church over the indigenous religions, and with the syncretism and diversity thus created, especially after the arrival of Protestant churches and new religious movements. It considers the development from harsh religious confrontation to ecumenical dialogue in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, the appearance of Latin American liberation theology, and the growth of evangelical and Pentecostal missions. The crucial importance of the Second Vatican Council, of the Latin American and Caribbean Catholic Bishops Conferences, and of the presence of the ecumenical movement in the areas of politics and culture is described. The consequences of the election of Pope Francis as the first Latin American pope are considered. The chapter concludes with a panorama of the ecumenical and interreligious situation of the continent.
Economics of Civil Procedure
Authors: Bone Robert G.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the law-and-economics approach to civil procedure. It argues that law and economics offers tools and insights that are relevant, indeed critical, to designing an optimal procedural system no matter what normative metric is applied. Section 8.2 begins the discussion by defining more precisely what is included in the category “civil procedure”. Section 8.3 then describes the law-and-economics approach in more detail and discusses some of its strengths and limitations. Section 8.4 illustrates the usefulness of this approach by applying it to three specific procedures: court-annexed mediation, pleading, and discovery. Section 8.5 concludes by summarizing the key contributions the law-and-economics approach has made to civil procedure analysis in general and outlining directions for future work.
The Legal Profession and the Market for Lawyers
Authors: Yoon Albert
Published: May 2017

This chapter looks at the legal profession from the perspective of law and economics. It examines the legal profession from a labour market perspective. Firstly, it looks at law schools, which serve as an initial gatekeeper for the legal profession. Within law schools, it reviews the literature on admissions, bar passage, and educational debt. Secondly, it considers the labour market for lawyers, looking at the small competitive market of judicial clerkships; the practice of law, predominantly from a large law firm perspective; and the smaller competitive markets for judgeships and legal academia. Thirdly it looks at attorney quality and performance, reviewing the literature that examines attorney quality within and across areas of law, and perceptions where disparity may be the greatest. It concludes with a discussion of the future of law in the aftermath of the 2008 global recession and recent developments in technology.
Collective Decision-Making and Jury Theorems
Authors: Nitzan Shmuel , Paroush Jacob
Published: May 2017

Issues related to collective decision making and to Condorcet jury theorems have been studied and publicly discussed for over two hundred years. Recently, there is a burgeoning interest in the topic by academicians as well as practitioners in the fields of Law, Economics, Political Science, and Psychology. Typical questions are: What is the optimal size of a panel of decision makers such as a jury, a political committee, or a board of directors? Which decision rule to utilize? Who should be the members of the team, representatives or professionals? What is the effect of strategic behaviour, group dynamics, conflict of interests, free riding, social interactions, and personal interdependencies on the final collective decision? This article presents current thinking in the field, offers suggestions for further research, and alludes to possible future developments regarding public choice and collective decision making.
The Visual Turn in Sport History
Authors: O’Mahony Mike
Published: May 2017

The representation of sport in visual culture has generated a valuable research resource that, until recently, has been underutilized and undertheorized. Recent interventions, drawing on developments within other academic disciplines including art history, film, and media studies have, however, opened up opportunities for sport historians to engage with a wide range of sport-related visual artifacts. This chapter offers insights into how sport historians can effectively engage with this wide range of visual material. It deploys specific case studies to reveal potential opportunities and strategies to enable sport historians to treat visual materials as complex forms of documentation that can thus enhance an engagement with the complexities of sport’s past and present. It also reflects on how the recent expansion of the sport museum as a repository for, and means of displaying, this material provides a context for the future expansion of sport history studies into the field of visual culture.
Sport in the Middle East
Authors: Raab Alon K.
Published: May 2017

For the past 5,000 years, sports have been an essential part of Middle East history. With roots in religious ceremonies and royal courts, their birth, life, and development into the twenty-first century have intersected with important cultural and historical processes. Sports activities have been influenced by these processes and have helped shape them as well. As elsewhere, sports, especially football (soccer), have been important agents of social integration and a major arena in which ethnic and religious identities and conceptions and practices of gender and class are played out. Leaders and regimes, from Mesopotamian kings and Egyptian pharaohs to contemporary dictators, have cynically used sports to further their aims. Matches have been a locale where conflicts were manifested and violence has erupted. At the same time, sports have created a place where fraternity and cooperation are common, as a source of pride, joy, independence, and dignity.
Eighteenth-Century Connoisseurship and the Female Body
Authors: Robinson Terry F.
Published: May 2017

With the development of connoisseurship in eighteenth-century England came new scrutiny of the female body. This article examines the contemporary intersection between aesthetic appreciation and the act of viewing the female form. Drawing upon recent scholarship, it charts a history of “body connoisseurship” from the Society of Dilettanti, to London’s Theatres Royal, to the Royal Academy of Arts, and reveals how the focus on the female physique—as an object of beauty, sex, ownership, and exchange—was shaped not only by men but also by women who exerted increasing control over their own representational narratives. More fundamentally, it places women at the center of connoisseurial debates in the period, contending that depictions of women’s bodies within connoisseurial contexts function at once as emblems of knowledge, both aesthetic and concupiscent, and as emblems that ironize and destabilize such knowledge by cultivating a fiction of the profound unknowability of women—and thus of beauty itself.
Native American Signed Languages
Authors: Davis Jeffrey
Published: May 2017

This chapter highlights the linguistic study of Native American signed language varieties, which are broadly referred to as American Indian Sign Language (AISL). It describes how indigenous sign language serves as an alternative to spoken language, how it is acquired as a first or second language, and how it is used both among deaf and hearing tribal members and internationally as a type of signed lingua franca. It discusses the first fieldwork carried out in over fifty years to focus on the linguistic status of AISL, which is considered an endangered language variety but is still used and learned natively by some members of various Indian nations across Canada and the United States (e.g. Assiniboine, Blackfeet/Blackfoot, Cherokee, Crow, Northern Cheyenne, Nakoda/Lakȟóta, and Mandan-Hidatsa). The chapter also addresses questions of language contact and spread, including code-switching and lexical borrowing, as well as historical linguistic questions.
Egypt in Roman Visual and Material Culture
Authors: Barrett Caitlín Eilís
Published: May 2017

This review article addresses current controversies and opportunities in research on the roles, uses, and meanings of “Egypt” in ancient Roman visual and material culture. Accordingly, the article investigates problems of definition and interpretation; provides a critical review of current scholarly approaches; and analyzes the field’s intersections with current intellectual developments in the broader fields of archaeology and art history. It is argued that research on Roman Aegyptiaca can gain much from, and is poised to contribute substantially to, (1) 21st-century archaeology’s “material turn”; (2) the construction of new interpretive frameworks for cross-cultural interactions and “hybridization”; and (3) increased attention to the relationships among artifacts, contexts, and assemblages. Roman visual representations of Egypt provide a rich testing ground for research on intercultural exchange, the lived experience of empire, and the complex entanglement of people, things, and images.
Get the lead out
Authors: O'Keefe Patricia A. , Jones Carol S. , Kowalski Mildred Ortu , Calello Diane P.
Published: May 2017

Transformational leaders at one medical center acted fast when lead was found in the water supply.
Inpatient Postpartum Long-Acting Reversible Contraception and Sterilization in the United States, 2008–2013
Authors: Moniz Michelle H. , Chang Tammy , Heisler Michele , Admon Lindsay , Gebremariam Acham , Dalton Vanessa K. , Davis Matthew M.
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To measure rates of long-acting reversible contraception (LARC), including intrauterine devices and contraceptive implants, and tubal sterilization during delivery hospitalizations and correlates of their use.

METHODS:

This retrospective cohort study used the 2008–2013 National Inpatient Sample, a publicly available all-payer database. We identified delivery hospitalizations with the International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision, Clinical Modification codes for intrauterine device insertion, contraceptive implant insertion, and tubal sterilization. We used weighted multivariable logistic regression to examine associations between predictors (age, delivery mode, medical comorbidity, payer, hospital type, geographic region, and year) and likelihood of LARC and sterilization and to compare characteristics of LARC and sterilization users.

RESULTS:

Our sample included 4,691,683 discharges, representing 22,667,204 delivery hospitalizations. Long-acting reversible contraception insertion increased from 1.86 per 10,000 deliveries (2008–2009) to 13.5 per 10,000 deliveries (2012–2013; P<.001); tubal sterilization remained stable (711–683 per 10,000 deliveries; P=.24). In multivariable analysis adjusting for all predictors, compared with neither LARC nor sterilization, LARC use was highest among women with medical comorbidities (count per 10,000 deliveries: 15.04, standard error 2.11, adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.92, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.72–2.13), nonprivate payer (13.50, standard error 2.14, adjusted OR 5.23, 95% CI 3.82–7.16), and at urban teaching hospitals (14.92, standard error 2.25, adjusted OR 20.85, 95% CI 12.73–34.15). Sterilization was least likely among women aged 24 years or younger (251.04, standard error 4.88, adjusted OR 0.12 95% CI 0.12–0.13, compared with 35 years or older) and most likely with cesarean delivery (1,568.74, standard error 20.81, adjusted OR 6.25, 95% CI 5.88–6.63). Comparing only LARC and sterilization users, LARC users tended to have nonprivate insurance (84.95% compared with 57.17%, adjusted OR 1.90, 95% CI 1.38–2.63) and deliver at urban teaching hospitals (94.65% compared with 45.47%, adjusted OR 38.39, 23.52–62.64) in later study years (2012–2013; 55.72% compared with 32.18%, adjusted OR 8.26, 95% CI 4.42–15.44, compared with 2008–2009).

CONCLUSION:

Long-acting reversible contraception insertion increased from 1.86 to 13.5 per 10,000 deliveries but remained less than 2% of the sterilization rate. Inpatient postpartum LARC insertion is more likely among sicker, poorer women delivering at urban teaching hospitals.
Ovarian Mucinous Cystadenoma After Ovarian Graft
Authors: Fajau-Prevot Carole , Le Gac Yann Tanguy , Chevreau Christine , Cohade Clémentine , Gatimel Nicolas , Parinaud Jean , Leandri Roger
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND:

Freezing strips of ovarian cortex before chemotherapy followed by transplantation is an experimental method to preserve fertility for reproductive-aged women with cancer. We report a case of a cancer patient who developed a mucinous cystadenoma in a grafted piece of ovarian cortex.

CASE:

A 32-year-old woman with a Ewing sarcoma had ovarian cryopreservation using cortical strip freezing before receiving chemotherapy. Five years later she had no ovarian function, and the strips were thawed and grafted back onto the ovary. She spontaneously became pregnant 1 year after this procedure and delivered a healthy neonate near term. During the cesarean delivery, a 5×3–cm cyst was removed from the graft. On pathologic evaluation, it was determined to be a mucinous cystadenoma.

CONCLUSION:

Ovarian pathology can develop in previously frozen ovarian cortex tissue after transplantation back onto the ovary. This suggests that routine gynecologic surveillance remains important for these women.
Medical and Obstetric Complications Among Pregnant Women With Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Palatnik Anna , Rinella Mary E.
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVE:

To evaluate clinical characteristics and obstetric outcomes in pregnant women with liver cirrhosis.

METHODS:

This was a retrospective matched cohort study of women with liver cirrhosis between January 2005 and January 2016 in a university hospital. Women in a case group were matched to women in a control group according to year of delivery, age, body mass index, and parity in a 1:4 ratio. Bivariable and multivariable analyses were performed to compare the prevalence of the primary composite outcome, which included any one of the following: fetal or neonatal demise, placental abruption, preeclampsia, preterm delivery at less than 37 weeks of gestation, and small-for-gestational age neonate between women in the case group and those in the control group.

RESULTS:

During the study period, the number of deliveries was approximately 110,000. Of these, 33 women with liver cirrhosis were identified, yielding an estimated frequency of cirrhosis of 1 per 3,333 pregnancies [95% confidence interval (CI) 3,313–3,353]. Thirty-one of these 33 women met all inclusion criteria. The most common etiology of cirrhosis was alcoholic liver disease. The rate of the primary outcome was 61% in women with cirrhosis and 12% in women in the control group. There were no cases of maternal death, and the livebirth rate was 97%. Women with cirrhosis were more likely to be non-Hispanic black, have chronic hypertension, and use alcohol. Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that cirrhosis in pregnancy was associated with the composite outcome (adjusted odds ratio 9.4, 95% CI 3.4–26.2).

CONCLUSION:

Despite lower rates of maternal and fetal mortality compared with earlier studies, pregnancy in women with liver cirrhosis is still associated with a high risk of adverse obstetric outcomes.