bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF BETAMETHASONE AND FRACTURE ON NITROGEN METABOLISM
Authors: Campbell Rosa M. , Cuthbertson D. P. , Pullar J. D.
Published: December 2014

Previous work had shown that the reaction to physical trauma involves an increase in protein catabolism and a corresponding increase in heat output. In the rat, following fracture of a long bone, the maximum urinary nitrogen excretion and heat output were reached on the 3rd day following injury and declined thereafter. Implantation of 25 mg. cortisone acetate was also shown to induce a similar rise in protein catabolism. In both cases the extra nitrogen excreted was mainly as urea.

The effect of 1 mg. of the steroid betamethasone on nitrogen excretion was similar in magnitude to that of fracture as measured over a period of 10 days, but the response to betamethasone was immediate, the maximum effect lasting only 1 day and no increase in heat output was observed to be coupled with the increased excretion of nitrogen.

When fracture and 1 mg. betamethasone were applied together the resultant course of increased urinary nitrogen excretion reflected the characteristics of the two separate effects, both in pattern of excretion and in amounts of nitrogen excreted.

When the times of the separate maximum effects of fracture and betamethasone were made to coincide, the maximum rise in urinary nitrogen was practically a summation of the separate maxima.
THE EFFECT OF ELECTRlCAL STIMULATION OF THE BULBAR VASOMOTOR CENTRE ON THE CEREBRAL BLOOD FLOW
Authors: Molnar L. , Szántó J.
Published: December 2014

In experiments on cats and rabbits the cerebral blood flow could be influenced by electrical stimulation of the bulbar vasomotor centre independent of changes in systemic blood pressure. The cerebral blood flow is not a passive function of systemic blood pressure; the vessels of the brain even take part in the pressor mechanism.

Transection of the cervical sympathetic nerve does not change the effect of electrical stimulation of the bulbar vasomotor centre.

Changes in cerebral blood flow found in these experiments were not associated with changes in the electrical pattern of the brain. This, as well as the short delay with which changes in blood flow appear, suggest that it is a direct nervous influence that acts on the cerebral vessels.
THE EFFECT OF TRANSECTION OF THE PITUITARY STALK ON THE CYTOLOGY OF THE PITUITARY GLAND OF THE RAT
Authors: Daniel P. M. , Duchen L. W. , Prichard Marjorie M. L.
Published: December 2014

This paper reports the changes in the cytological structure of the surviving regions of the pituitary gland of the rat after transection of the pituitary stalk, an operation which causes extensive infarction of the anterior lobe of the gland. A barrier placed between the cut ends of the stalk had prevented restoration of vascular and neural connections between the hypothalamus and pituitary. Differential staining methods were used to distinguish the various types of cell in the anterior lobe (pars distalis) by their secretory granules. Within the first 10 days after stalk section there was a marked reduction in the number of cells with differentiated secretory granules.

The gonadotrophs lost their granules more rapidly than did the other types of cell and in rats surviving longer than 8 weeks no gonadotrophs could be identified. Thyrotrophs showed a marked loss of secretory granules, but some cells which were identified as modified thyrotrophs were present many months after stalk section. Small numbers of sparsely granulated acidophils were also present at this late stage. These were believed to be prolactin‐secreting cells. The reduction in the numbers of acidophils containing granules, together with the marked retardation of growth, suggested that there had been degranulation and loss of function of those acidophils which produce growth hormone.

The changes in these various anterior pituitary cell types were reflected in the cytology of the gonads and the thyroid and also in the growth of the rats. There was marked adrenal atrophy after stalk section but this investigation did not throw light on which type of pituitary cell is related to the control of adrenocortical activity.

In pars intermedia mitotic activity was seen during the first week after operation but was not present in the long‐surviving animals, in which this lobe looked normal. The neural lobe became greatly shrunken, and no neurosecretory material was seen in it in the long‐surviving rats.
SOME EFFECTS OF PITUITARY STALK SECTION AND OF HYPOPHYSECTOMY ON THE ENDOCRINE ORGANS AND GROWTH OF RATS
Authors: Daniel P. M. , Duchen L. W. , Prichard Marjorie M. L.
Published: December 2014

The effects of pituitary stalk section and of hypophysectomy in rats have been compared. Growth was equally retarded after the two operations and there were excessive deposits of fat in each group of animals.

In the thyroid the height of the follicular cells was greatly reduced in the hypophysectomized rats; after stalk section the cell height was less than normal but greater than after hypophysectomy. In both groups of animals the adrenals became greatly atrophied and the width of the cortex was much reduced. Marked atrophy of the gonads occurred after both operations, in males and females. The secondary sex organs also atrophied. There was no significant difference between the effects of the two operations on the adrenals and gonads.

The changes in the target organs of the stalk‐sectioned rats are correlated with changes found in the cytology of the surviving areas of the anterior pituitary in these animals.
A METHOD FOR DISTINGUISHING BETWEEN ADRENERGIC AND CHOLINERGIC EXCITATORY INNERVATION OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
Authors: Campbell G. , Blurnstock G. , Wood Margaret
Published: December 2014

The effect of temperature on the responses of a number of smooth muscle preparations to stimulation of their excitatory autonomic nerve supply has been studied.

At any one temperature the frequency of nerve stimulation causing the largest amplitude of contraction of the muscle (optimal frequency) was determined. When the optimal frequency for various preparations was plotted against temperature, the following observations were made:

For cholinergically innervated preparations (possum pelvic nerve‐bladder, lizard vagus nerve‐lung, toad pelvic nerve‐bladder) the optimal frequencies rose with temperature at 1·6‐2·0 pulses/sec./° C.

For adrenergically innervated preparations (guinea‐pig hypogastric nerve‐vas deferens, rabbit sympathetic nerve‐pulmonary artery) the optimal frequencies rose with temperature at 3·0‐3·2 pulses/sec./° C.

The lizard periarterial nerve‐bladder preparation had two peaks on the frequency‐response curve. One peak changed at 2·00 pulses/sec./° C. and the other at 3·26 pulses/sec./° C., these values being similar to those found for cholinergic and adrenergic preparations respectively.

The rabbit pelvic nerve‐colon preparation did not have a true optimal frequency, but rather a “minimal critical frequency” which rose with temperature at 1·05 pulses/sec./° C. Similar frequency response curves were noted on the other gut preparations uised.
HETEROZYGOSIS AND THE SURVIVAL OF YOUNG MICE IN TWO TEMPERATURES
Authors: Barnett S. A.
Published: December 2014

Inbred mice of strains A, A2G, C57BL and GFF, bred in a room kept at 21° C., were crossed to give all possible F1 types; an outbred stock was also derived from all four inbred strains. Similar matings were made among mice transferred, at the time of mating, to a room kept at ‐3° C. Mice of all types, reared at 21° C., were put in the cold room, at the age of 22 days, alone, with nesting material, for 3 weeks; controls were kept in the same conditions at 21° C. Fewer among the F1 and outbred mice died than among the inbred; no C57BL mice survived the cold, and few of strain A. F1 mice with one parent of strain A were less resistant than those of most other crosses.

The breeding performance of females mated to males of their own strain was compared with that of outcrossed females (which bore F1 young). More young were born per litter to some classes of outcrossed females than to the inbred mice at both temperatures, but especially at 21° C. This indicates a prenatal advantage of heterozygosis in the young. Survival between birth and weaning, at 21° C., was superior in F1 mice borne by GFF females and, to a smaller extent, by A2G females.

The outbred stock produced very large litters at both temperatures and, at ‐3° C., had a lower nestling mortality than any other group.
THE COMPOSITION OF THE PLASMA LIPOPROTEINS IN EXPERIMENTAL HYPERLIPAMIA INDUCED BY TRITON WR‐1339, CORTISONE, ALLOXAN AND HAEMORRHAGE IN RABBITS
Authors: Courtice F. C. , Munoz-Marcus M.
Published: December 2014

The lipoproteins in the plasma of rabbits in hyperlipoemic states iinduced by the administration of Triton WR‐1339, cortisone, alloxan or by repeated hbemorrhage have been separated in a preparative ultracentrifuge at densities of 1·019, 1·063 and 1·200 and the composition of each class determined by chemical analysis.

In each of these conditions there was a considerable decrease in the level of the high‐density lipoproteins of d 1·063‐1·200 compared with normal or cholesterol‐fed animals. In Triton hyperlipæmia the β‐lipoproteins of d 1·019‐1·063 varied, but in cortisone, alloxan and hæmorrhage hyperlipæmias this class of lipoprotein practically disappeared. In these conditions, therefore, nearly all the lipoprotein was in the d 1·19 class.

The mean percentages for the d {lt} 1·19 class for a group of ten Triton hyperlipæmic animals with a mean plasma total lipoprot, ein valuc of 3192 mg /100 ml. were PR 8·5, PL 25·3, TC 15·7 and TG 50·5. Corresponding values for a group of nine animals with hyperlipæmia induced by cortisone, alloxan or hæmorrhage and with a mean plasma total lipoprotein level of 1751 mg./100 ml. were PR 7·4, PL 14·9, TC 7·3 and TG 70·4. In each group the percentage of TG rose and the percentages of the other constituents fell with increasing degrees of lipoemia. These findings suggested that with increasing levels of TG the mean size of the complexes was increased.

The administration of cortisone or Triton to cholesterol‐fed rabbits led to decrease in the levels of the d 1·063‐1·200 and d 1·019‐1·063 classes of lipoprotein and a considerable increase in the d < 1·019 class compared with control animals.
CHOLINE ACETYLASE IN SALIVARY GLANDS OF THE CAT AFTER SYMPATHETIC DENERVATION
Authors: Nordenfelt Ivar
Published: December 2014

The choline acetylase activity of the cat's submaxillary and parotid glands has been found to increase after excision of the superior cervical ganglion. Both concentration and total activity were significantly changed. The enzyme increase did not occur if only the preganglionic sympathetic trunk had been sectioned. The increase of choline acetylase was found to be dependent on the presence of intact pre‐and postganglionic parasympathetic neurones. The enzyme change appeared, however, even if the glandular cells were made inactive with the atropine‐like substance Hoechst 9980.
KINETICS OF WOUND HEALING IN RABBIT EAR CHAMBERS, A TIME LAPSE CINEMICROSCOPIC STUDY
Authors: Cliff W. J.
Published: December 2014

Wound healing in rabbit ear chambers was studied by time lapse cinemicroscopy. Endothelial cells for the growth of blood vessel sprouts arose in a zone proximal to the growing fringe both by the mitotic division of existing endothelium and by the conservation for re‐use of the endothelium of resorbing blood vessels. The migration of endothelial cells distally along the luminal surfaces of the walls of circulating blood vessels, into the proximal ends of developing blood vessel sprouts, and along the mid part and finally into the tips of blood vessel sprouts was demonstrated. New lumen of sprouts was produced by the formation, enlargement and coalescence of loculated spaces between apposed layers of endothelium. This process was considered to reflect secretory activity of the endothelial cells. Anastomosis between sprouts involved similar lumen formation and the spatial rearrangement of endothelial cells.

Evidence supporting the conversion of fibroblasts into smooth muscle cells was obtained. Growth of lymphatic sprouts was also studied. The virtual absence of locomotion by macrophages during wound healing was confirmed and a possible explanation proposed. Mathematical analysis of the data obtained from film analysis revealed that the curves for blood vessel endothelial migration and sprout growth and lymphatic sprout growth were all derivable from the same general pseudo generating mathematical function.
A RAPID METHOD FOR PREPARING GRANULAR AND AGRANULAR ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM AND FREE RIBOSOMES FROM RAT LIVER
Authors: Hallinan T. , Munro H. N.
Published: December 2014

A rapid and simple procedure is described for separating fragments of granular and agranular endoplasmic reticulum and free ribosomes from a rat liver homogenate; the total centrifugation time required is only 3·5 hr. All three submicrosomal fractions were obtained in high yield with minimal cross‐contamination, as shown by chemical analysis and electron microscopy. The fractions are metabolically active and have proved useful in studying amino acid incorporation in vitro into protein.
MAST CELL PRODUCTS AND TISSUE CALCIFICATION
Authors: Selye Hans , Tuchweber Beatriz
Published: December 2014

Following a brief definition of the concept of calcergy, experiments are reported which show that in rats pretreated by a single intravenous injection of lead acetate, topical connective‐tissue calcification can be produced at sites where minute doses of various mast‐cell dischargers, or of the mast‐cell components serotonin and histamine, are subcutaneously injected.

Heparin, another mast‐cell constituent, and numerous additional compounds which were administered to test the specificity of the response, were found to possess little or no effect, at least at comparably low dose levels.

Histochemical studies showed that the development of tissue calcification obtained by mast‐cell dischargers on the one hand, and by mast‐cell constituents on the other, is essentially different. Polymyxin and compound 48/80 first produce a mast‐cell discharge, followed by calcium incrustation of the metachromatic granules, while serotonin and histamine cause no mast‐cell discharge at comparable dose levels, but produce a fine precipitate of calcium salts in and around the connective‐tissue fibres at the injection sites.

It is suggested that, when elicited by mast‐cell dischargers, this form of calcergy depends upon the liberation of serotonin and histamine or related compounds, while if serotonin or histamine are administered as such, they cause calcification directly without the intermediary of a mast‐cell discharge.
METABOLISM OF CHOLESTEROL ESTER BY RETICULO‐ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Authors: Day A. J. , Fidge N. H. , Gould-Hurst P. R. S. , Wilkinson G. K.
Published: December 2014

The metabolism of cholesterol ester by the reticulo‐endothelial cells in the sternal lymph nodes of rats was studied over a time period of 7 days. After the intraperitoneal injection of cholesterol‐3H oleate‐l‐14C the uptake of ester by the RE cells in the nodes was shown to be accompanied by its partial hydrolysis. A progressive rise in the 3H/14C ratio of the node lipid extract showed that the turnover of the labelled oleate and its removal from the nodes was more rapid than that of the labelled cholesterol. In addition the fatty acid of the cholesterol ester was found to be incorporated into other lipid moieties in the nodes, particularly into phospholipid. Of this, lecithin and, to a lesser extent, sphingomyelin and cephalin were labelled.
REFLEX EFFECTS OF SLOW BLADDER FILLING ON THE BLOOD PRESSURE IN CATS
Authors: Taylor D. E. M.
Published: December 2014

The effect of slow bladder distension on mean arterial blood pressure has been studied in the cat anawsthetized with chloralose. In fifteen cats out of eighteen, slow bladder filling was associated with a steady rise in blood pressure of not more than 30 mm.Hg.; this rise was slowly adapting or compensated, and was unaffected by baroreceptor denervation. In eleven out of fourteen cats, spontaneous isometric bladder contractions were associated with a rise in blood pressure of more than 20 mm. Hg which was rapidly compensated, and was accentuated after baroreceptor denervation. In fifteen cats out of eighteen, bladder emptying was associated with a fall in blood pressure, the blood pressure returning to the basal level after an initial overshoot. No changes in blood pressure were observed in response to direct pressure on the bladder or to bladder ischæmia. Three cats out of a total of twenty‐nine showed depressor or biphasic blood pressure responses to slow bladder filling and to spontaneous isometric bladder contractions. Possible afferent receptors for these bladder viscero‐vascular reflexes are discussed; and consideration is given to the rôle of the cardiovascular stabilizing reflexes in partially compensating the spinal viscerovascular reflexes in the intact animal.
GENOTYPE AND ENVIRONMENT IN TAIL LENGTH IN MICE
Authors: Barnett S. A.
Published: December 2014

Mice (Mus musculus L.) of (i) inbred strains A/Tb, A2G/Tb and C57BL/Tb, (ii) five F1 types produced by crossing the inbred strains, and (iii) a mixed stock derived from the three inbred strains and GFF, have been reared in environments kept at (a) 21° C. and (b) ‐3° C. Body and tail lengths were recorded at 16 weeks and, for A/Tb and A2G/Tb, also at 3 weeks. Strain A2G/Tb had a typical mouse tail, near the length of the body, with about thirty‐four vertebrae (including sacral); C57BL/Tb had a slightly shorter tail, with about thirty‐two vertebræ, and A/Tb a much shorter tail, with a blunt tip, and about twenty‐four vertebræ. Evidence is given that the condition of the tail in strain A/Tb is recessive. The mixed stock and all F1 groups, including those produced by crossing A/Tb with C57BL/Tb, had typical long tails with about thirty‐three vertebræ. The mixed stock had the longest tails.

In all classes of mice absolute tail lengths were lower at ‐3° C. than at 21° C. This was the case despite the fact that, in some classes, body length was the same in the two temperatures. Hence the effect of cold on tail length is independent of its effect, on body length. All classes of mice, except the mixed stock, had fewer caudal vertebrae in the cold. The size of the caudal vertebrae was also reduced in the cold. The mixed stock, selected for fertility at ‐ 3° C., developed progressively longer tails over eighteen generations. There was no consistent influence of cold, or of heterozygosis, on variance in tail length. But variance was higher in the reducedtail strain A/Tb than in the other two inbred strains.

These observations do not support the hypothesis that the tails of mice have a thermoregulatory function in a cold environment.
INNERVATION OF THE OVARIAN FOLLICLE OF TIIE DOMESTIC HEN
Authors: Gilbert A. B.
Published: December 2014

The ovarian follicle of the domestic hen was examined for nerves, and it has been shown that this structure is extremely well innervated. A network of nerve fibres was found in the follicular stalk, with smaller bundles running out to the walls of the follicle. A large number of nerve cells have been shown to be present and structures resembling mammalian receptors were demonstrated. The possibilities regarding the origin of the neural components of the follicle have been discussed.
THE SEQUENCE OF CONTRACTION OF THE LEFT AND RIGHT VENTRICLES OF THE DOG
Authors: Hider C. F. , Taylor D. E. M. , Wade J. D.
Published: December 2014

The sequence of mechanical contraction in the ventricles of the dog has been studied by analysis of high speed (80 frames/sec.) cinephotography of the internal and external aspects of a heart supported by total cardiopulmonary bypass. In the left ventricle the initial contraction occurs in the papillary muscles and the adjacent portion of the apical septum. Maximal contraction involves the papillary muscles by 40 msec after the onset of contraction. The contraction wave spreads concentrically from the initial zone both along the endocardial surface, and, at a slower speed, through the ventricular wall. The outcome of this sequence is to produce maximal contraction of the inflow tract and the apical half of the septum by 60 msec, and of the outflow tract by 100 msec. The aortic infundibulum is the last portion to reach maximal contraction, at about 120 msec. Relaxation occurs in the same order, the papillary muscles starting to relax at 75 msec; the inflow tract at 100 msec and the outflow tract at 150 msec; the entire ventricle is relaxed by 225 msec. The right ventricle shows a similar type of sequential contraction, but modified by the thinner ventricu lar wall, giving a shorter total time course, and less marked prolongation of contraction of different regions. The effects of the observed sequence during the asynchronous phases of contraction and relaxation have been considered and they appear important in cardiac mechanics. The sequential contraction is compared with that of nonvalved hearts; at low rates of flow the heart functions predominantly as a valved intermittent pump of short cycle length with an asynchronous phase assisting its performance, but a valveless pump element may exist and be of some importance particularly at high flow rates.
THE UPTAKE OF LIPID AND LIPOPROTEIN BY MACROPHAGES IN VITRO: AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL STUDY
Authors: Casley‐Smith J. R. , Day A. J.
Published: December 2014

The uptake of particles of cholesterol, corn oil and lipoprotein by macrophages in vitro has been studied by electron microscopy and radio‐active counting. The cells were incubated with relatively high concentrations of the lipids for 30 min. at 37° C. and 4° C. Lipoproteins were take up at 4° C. almost as rapidly as at 37° C., whereas the corn oil and cholesterol showed much greater uptake at 37° C. Cholesterol and corn oil passed into the cells via large indentations which became large vesicles. In these some of the corn oil, at least, commenced to be degraded. Lipoproteins predominantly entered small vesicles; some of these fused to form larger ones. Since the particles entering the cells and most of those contained in them were identical with the pure preparations, it was concluded that no significant degradation occurs extra‐cellularly or on the plasma membrane before ingestion.
THE DETECTION OF CHANGES IN THE RATE OF FAT MOBILIZATION IN SMALL MAMMALS: COMPARISONS BETWEEN FED AND FASTING RATS
Authors: Stoner H. B. , Matthews J.
Published: December 2014

Rat epididymal fat pads have been examined in order to devise tests for assessing acute changes in the rate of fat mobilization in situations (after injury, toxic chemicals, drugs, etc.) where the changes in the plasma concentrations of nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) and glycerol could be misleading. Fat mobilization was stimulated by a 24 hr. fast, and the concentrations of NEFA and glycerol in the fat pads and the rates of their production by pads incubated in vitro, the lipase activity of fat pad homogenates, the blood contents of the pads and the tail‐to‐pad circulation time were studied. Apart from the increases in the plasma concentrations of NEFA and glycerol, the only changes produced by a 24 hr. fast were an increase in their concentrations in the epididymal fat and an increase in the blood flow through the pads. These features of the tissue are suggested as tests for changes in the rate of fat mobilization.
BRONCHOPULMONARY ANASTOMOSES IN FŒETAL, NEWBORN AND ADULT ANIMALS
Authors: Barer Gwenda R.
Published: December 2014

Anastomoses between the bronchial and pulmonary arteries were studied by means of neoprene casts and by injection of a radiopaque substance or dyes. In fœtal lambs and newborn kittens and puppies there were numerous precapillary connections between the two arterial systems, the bronchial arteries appearing as branches of the pulmonary artery. In lambs a few weeks old and in adult cats there were coiled constricted connections between the two arteries. In two adult dogs no precapillary anastomoses were found, but in an 8 weeks old puppy there were constricted anastomoses. No evidence was found suggesting that a great deal of blood flows through these connections in life, but they are probably the basis of some of the shunts which develop in disease. It is suggested that there may be frequent communication between the two arterial systems in fœtal life while the pressure is the same in both, but that after birth the connections close down to different degrees in different species.
THE BEHAVIOUR OF MACROPHAGES LABELLED WITH COLLOIDAL CARBON DURING WOUND HEALING IN RABBIT EAR CHAMBERS
Authors: Cliff W. J.
Published: December 2014

A method for injecting colloidal carbon into healing rabbit ear chambers has been described. By using this technique it was possible to label discrete populations of macrophages of the granulation tissue in five ear chambers in five rabbits. Observations on the cells so labelled confirmed that macrophages could be moved passively by currents in the fluid milieu present at the growing fringe of the granulation tissue. Once the labelled cells were incorporated into the fibrous scar tissue their movements were extremely slow, the highest rate recorded being 40 µ/day, and showed specificity for the perivascular regions which resulted in the characteristic distribution of macrophages along the blood vessels. The rate of this migration by the macrophages was inversely proportional to time and by 12 weeks after labelling was negligible. The carbon‐labelled macrophages were capable subsequently of concentrating intravenously injected trypan blue. The presence of lymphatic vessels had no significant influence on the removal of the carbon label.
THE RELATION BETWEEN SALIVARY IODIDE EXCRETION AND THE PLASMA INORGANIC IODINE CONCENTRATION
Authors: Harden R. McG. , Mason D. K. , Alexander W. D.
Published: December 2014

Plasma inorganic iodine, the salivary iodide clearance and the absolute quantity of iodide excreted in saliva were measured in thirty‐eight subjects, none of whom were receiving iodide supplements. The parotid salivary iodide clearance (mean 5.7±0.50 ml./min.), was greater than the submandibular iodide clearance (mean 3.4±0.50 ml./min.).

The absolute amount of iodide excreted in saliva was proportional to the plasma inorganic iodine concentration (PII).

No relation was found between the PII and the parotid and submandibular salivary iodide clearance.

In the thyroid a homeostatic mechanism exists to control the iodine concentrating mechanism. There is no similar mechanism in the salivary glands to control iodine concentration in the saliva, at least within the physiological range.
THE EFFECT OF SUPRAHEPATIC CAVAL CONSTRICTION ON THE RENAL RESPONSE TO ACIDOSIS
Authors: Keeler R. , Pearson M. R.
Published: December 2014

When unanæsthetized caval constricted rats which were retaining sodium were subjected to metabolic acidosis, they showed a significantly lower rate of hydrion excretion and a greater fall in plasma pH and bicarbonate than normal rats.

Glomerular filtration rate was not significantly reduced by caval constriction but filtration fraction was increased.

An aldosterone‐blocking steroid and an osmotic diuretic were both effective in increasing hydrion excretion in caval constricted rats, but had no significant effect in normal rats.

It is suggested that the low rate of hydrion excretion was caused by the failure of sodium to reach the distal parts of the tubular ion exchange mechanisms in adequate amounts.
INCORPORATION OF 14C‐CHOLINE INTO PHOSPHOLIPIDS OF RAT LIVER MICROSOME SUBFRACTIONS: EVIDENCE AGAINST FORMATION OF ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM FROM THE NUCLEAR MEMBRANE
Authors: Hallinan T. , Duffy T. , Waddington S. , Munro H. N.
Published: December 2014

Methyl‐labelled 14C‐choline was injected intraperitoneally into rats, and at various times from 10 to 60 min. thereafter the amount of radioactivity in the phospholipids of liver cell nuclei, granular (rough‐surfaced) endoplasmic reticulum and agranular (smooth‐surfaced) endoplasmic reticulum was examined. The phospholipids of all subcellular fractions exhibited significant labelling within 10 min. after injection; incorporation appears to take place through de novo phospholipid synthesis via phosphorylcholine. There was no evidence of precursor‐product relationships between the phospholipids in the different fractions. Consequently, these findings do not support the hypothesis that the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum arise from the nuclear membrane or that the agranular reticulum is derived from the membrane of the granular reticulum. The phospholipids in each membrane thus appear to be metabolically independent.
ABNORMAL ELECTROCARDIOGRAMS, BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGES, AND SOME ASPECTS OF THE HISTOPATHOLOGY OFSELENIUM DEFICIENCY IN LAMBS
Authors: Godwin K. O. , Fraser F. J.
Published: December 2014

Experimental selenium deficiency has been studied in a group of lambs weaned early on to a semi‐synthetic diet. Nineteen lambs were used; eleven became selenium deficient, the remaining eight were supplemented with selenium and remained normal. Well‐defined differences, in terms of histopathological changes, developed between the two groups. The dystrophic lesions were mainly found in skeletal and cardiac muscle, and to a lesser extent in the pancreas and diaphragm.

Electrocardiograms showed the progressive development of a characteristic abnormality, after the animals had been on the deficient diet for a few weeks. Just before death the ECG pattern became grossly abnormal in some cases, a rise in the T‐wave giving way to an elevated S‐T segment, similar to that seen frequently in myocardial infaretion in man.

Paralleling these changes, at least in time, there was a fall in blood pressure especially marked in the limbs, but present to a lesser degree in the rest of the systemic circulation.

Taken together, these observations point to the possibility that the fundamental change occurring in selenium deficiency may be circulatory failure.

Finally, comparison of the histopathological picture of the lamb and the rat, when both species are reared on the same diet, indicates that entirely different syndromes appear, at first sight, to develop. However, ECG changes previously studied in rats are somewhat similar to those reported here. Skeletal muscle is severely dystrophic in both species. Perhaps subsequent studies will demonstrate that even though the final outcome of selenium deficiency in different species is variable, the initial lesions are closely comparable.
BALANCES OF WATER AND SODIUM IN THE RUMEN DURING FEEDING: OSMOTIC STIMULATION OF SODIUM ABSORPTION IN THE SHEEP
Authors: Stacy B. D. , Warner A. C. I.
Published: December 2014

Quart. J. exp. Physiol (1966) 51, page 82. Legend to fig. 1 should read as follows:—

FIG. 1. Sodium and potassium concentrations in rumen. liquor before and after feeding: results from four sheep. ▴..............▴ No NaCl added to ration.
BILIRUBIN, BROMSULPHTHALEIN AND INDOCYANINE GREEN EXCRETION IN BIL
Authors: Hargreaves T.
Published: December 2014

Bromsulphthalein inhibits conjugation in rat liver slices and rabbit liver homogenates. Indocyanine green inhibits conjugation in rabbit liver homogenates only. Bromsulphthalein is excreted in rat bile in preference to bilirubin and indocyanine green. Indocyanine green and bilirubin mutually depress the biliary excretion of each other. It is suggested that indocyanine green may be excreted into the bile by a slightly different path from that taken by bromsulphthalein and bilirubin.
THE INCORPORATION OF IRON INTO HÆMOGLOBIN IN THE DOMESTIC FOWL
Authors: Ramsay W. N. M.
Published: December 2014

In the hen, subcutaneous [59Fe] ferric citrate is removed rapidly from the site of injection. The erythrocytes do not become strongly labelled immediately, although plasma radioactivity is high for several hours after the injection. Maximum labelling develops after 10–11 days. After the first day, the specific activities of total erythrocyte iron and hæmin iron are virtually identical, and the maximum, once reached, is maintained for a further 2 weeks. Normal erythrocytes do not utilize labelled plasma iron in vitro, but prior bleeding causes the appearance of cells which do.

It is concluded that the normal erythrocytes of the hen do not take up iron from the plasma. If hæm synthesis takes place in the circulation, it is probably confined to cells recently released from the marrow, which may contain the necessary traces of non‐hæm iron.
STUDIES OF THE ANTIDIURESIS INDUCED BY NATRICHLORIURETIC DRUGS IN RATS WITH DIABETES INSIPIDUS
Authors: Skadhauge Erik
Published: December 2014

The antidiuresis induced by natrichloriuretic drugs was studied in rats with diabetes insipidus produced by hypothalamic lesions.

The antidiuresis induced by thiazides was a linear function of the degree of diabetes insipidus as measured by the free water clearance during control periods. No antidiuresis was present in rats with partial diabetes insipidus in which the control urine osmolality was larger than 700 mOsm./ kg. For any level of diabetes insipidus, sodium chloride loading increased the free water clearance and potassium chloride loading decreased it. The antidiuresis induced by the drug was found to be the same for rats with the same control level of free water clearance and did not vary with the sodium or potassium chloride content of the diet.

The sodium chloride depletion caused by the thiazide was approximately ten per cent of the total body sodium. It had the same magnitude for the various solute loads applied, and at all levels of diabetes insipidus. The sodium chloride depletion and the antidiuresis remained unchanged for very prolonged medication periods.

After the beginning of the thiazide medication, both the antidiuresis and the sodium chloride depletion developed gradually, and reached their maximal level after the same period of time. The reverse pattem was observed after stopping the drug. When through inanition the sodium chloride deficit was not restored after discontinuation of the drug, an antidiuresis continued. When various non‐thiazide natrichloriuretic agents were used, a rough correlation was found between antidiuresis and sodium chloride depletion.
SOME RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM, THE BILIARY SYSTEM AND THE BLOOD VASCULAR SYSTEMS IN THE LIVER OF THE RABBIT
Authors: Lozano I. Del Rio , Andrews W. H. H.
Published: December 2014

Hepatic lymph was collected in anaesthetised rabbits. The rate of flow was variable and flows of 0·8 to 12·0 ml. per hour were recorded; in 75 per cent of the experiments it was 0·5 to 1·0 ml./kg./hr. Within a few minutes of biliary obstruction there was an increase in flow rate and a decrease of protein concentration. After biliary obstruction, bilirubin and sulphobromophthalein (BSP), when the dye had been injected intravenously, appeared in lymph, but the green pigment of bile was never present. After intravenous injection, radio‐active sodium and potassium appeared rapidly in hepatic lymph in virtually the same concentration as in plasma. Iodinated (131I) albumin and T‐1824 appeared more slowly and did not come into equilibrium with plasma until a period of about 50 minutes had elapsed. BSP was present in lymph, other than in traces, only after biliary obstruction: it appeared more rapidly than did albumin, and its chromatographical pattern differed considerably from that of the bile present in the bile duct. When albumin and BSP were combined in vitro before intravenous injection, the dye reached a maximum concentration in hepatic lymph before the albumin. Iodinated albumin, when placed on the surface of the liver, passed rapidly into plasma, and thence into lymph. Colloidal, radioactive gold did not pass from the surface into lymph.
THE OXYGEN COST OF BREATHING DURING VIGOROUS EXERCISE
Authors: Shephard R. J.
Published: December 2014

The oxygen cost of breathing has been measured in 10 sedentary subjects during treadmill exercise at a known fraction (80 per cent) of their maximal aerobic work capacity. Each subject carried out 16 fifteen‐minute treadmill runs over 6–8 weeks; runs were arranged in a “cross‐over” design to minimize learning and training effects. Increments of respiratory minute volume were produced by voluntary hyperventilation throughout four runs, and by inhalation of 2 per cent CO2 in air throughout four runs. Since airway resistance is influenced by changes in alveolar CO2 tension, the true oxygen cost of respiratory work during near maximal exercise lies between estimates based on the two techniques of hyperventilation. The estimated oxygen cost for the spontaneously selected ventilation (average 89 1./min.) was 110 ml. STPD/min. The additional cost of ventilation in excess of 89 1./ min. was ∼4·4 ml./l. at a controlled frequency of 50 breaths/ min., and ∼4·3 ml./l. at 100 breaths/min. These values closely matched the possible added intake of oxygen with hyperventilation during maximal exercise; the useful limit of ventilation was ∼120 1./min. in these subjects. The efficiency of non‐elastic work was in the range 7–8 per cent.
THE ROLE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IN THE ABSORPTION OF WATER FROM THE INTESTINE OF THE RAT
Authors: Barrowman J. , Roberts K. B.
Published: December 2014

The flow and composition of lymph in the cisterna chyli and mesenteric lymphatic vessel of the restrained conscious rat has been studied in relation to the ingestion of 5 ml. of water and isotonic saline. In both cases the lymph flow increases and the protein concentration of the lymph falls; the time relationships are, however, different. When water is taken, the response begins in a few minutes and is over in 30 minutes; when saline is taken, the response begins in 15 minutes and is over in 60 minutes. The excess amount of lymph recovered during the responses is about 0·8 ml. These studies, and studies with tritiated water, suggest that during the first 10 minutes after rats drink water there is a transient bulk flow of fluid from the intestinal lumen into the intestinal lymphatics. The intestinal lymphatics seem to act as an overflow system during the absorption of hypotonic fluid.
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE DENERVATED CAROTID BODY
Authors: Biscoe T. J. , Stehbens W. E.
Published: December 2014

Carotid bodies have been examined with the electron microscope in twelve cats after cutting the sinus nerve and in fifteen cats after sympathectomy in order to determine which nerve endings were associated with axons in the sinus nerve and which with axons in the sympathetic nerves. The inter‐relationship of the different cells was unaltered three months post‐operatively and the Type I (glomus) cells were morphologically unchanged after either operation. Most nerve endings on Type I cells degenerated when the sinus nerve was cut and those nerve endings in Schwann cells, often near the endothelium, degenerated after post‐ganglionic sympathectomy.
SERUM AND URINARY GONADOTROPHIN LEVELS IN PREGNANT PONIES AND DONKEYS
Authors: Bell E. T. , Loraine J. A. , Jennings S. , Weaver A. D.
Published: December 2014

Estimations of serum and urinary gonadotrophins have been made in two ponies and two donkeys during each of three pregnancies. Results of assays were expressed in terms of the international standard for pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin [PMSG].

Serum gonadotrophin levels in ponies and donkeys were generally lower than in pregnant mares of larger breeds. This was especially so in the case of donkeys.

Gonadotrophic activity was detected in the urine of all four animals. Values in urine were much lower than and bore no obvious relationship to serum levels.

Marked variations in serum and urinary gonadotrophin readings and in values for renal clearance occurred between pregnancies in the same animal and between animals. The renal clearance of gonadotrophins was low, the mean figure in both ponies and donkeys being 0·1 ml./min.

A pregnancy diagnosis test in small ponies and donkeys based on urinary gonadotrophin estimations cannot be recommended.
AN ELECTRON MICROSCOPICAL STUDY OF THE PASSAGE OF IONS THROUGH THE ENDOTHELIUM OF LYMPHATIC AND BLOOD CAPILLARIES, AND THROUGH THE MESOTHELIUM
Authors: Casley-Smith J. R.
Published: December 2014

Ions were allowed to diffuse through the diaphragms of mice. They were then precipitated by other ions added to the fixative. The precipitates were found in the intercellular junctions of the mesothelium, the lymphatics and the blood capillaries. They appeared to traverse zonulæ occludentes quite easily. They were also found apparently traversing the cells in small vesicles. It is considered that the passage through the junctions is quantitatively much more important than that via the vesicles.

Molecules of m. wt. 〈1,000 can readily pass through the junctions, but those〉 20,000 can not do so. It is therefore concluded that the ‘meshes’ of the zonulæ occludentes admit molecules up to a diameter of ∼2–4 mµ. This is in good agreement with Pappenheimer's (1953) ‘slits’ with a width of ∼4 mµ. It is known that these would have an area approximately equal to that of the intercellular junctions.

Lipid‐soluble substances may also traverse the endothelium by dissolving in the plasma membranes, and so pass through or around the cells.
ARTIFICIAL PLACENTAE: COMPARATIVE RESULTS WITH TWO GAS EXCHANGERS
Authors: Lawn L. , McCance R. A. , Thorn A. E.
Published: December 2014

A fixed volume gas exchanger has been constructed from sintered nickel plates and compared with the reservoir gas exchanger previously described. Satisfactory gas exchange was obtained through the plates, but it is difficult to define the characteristics of the apparatus quantitatively.

Raising the arterial resistance reduced the ‘umbilical’ blood flow through both exchangers. With the reservoir exchanger, raising the ‘amniotic’ pressure reduced the flow of blood through the fœtus. ‘Umbilical’ venous pressure increased and ‘umbilical’ arterial pulse pressure fell and fœtal volume decreased. Lowering the ‘amniotic’ pressure decreased the ‘umbilical’ arterial flow but increased ‘umbilical’ venous flow, so that fœtal volume increased. ‘Umbilical’ venous pressure decreased and ‘umbilical’ arterial pulse pressure increased.

With the fixed volume exchanger, raising the ‘amniotic’ pressure reduced the flow of blood through the external circuit. ‘Umbilical’ arterial and venous mean pressures increased and arterial pulse pressure slightly increased. Decreasing the ‘amniotic’ pressure increased the flow of blood through the external circuit ‘Umbilical arterial and venous mean pressures were reduced and there was a small increase of arterial pulse pressure.
THE WATER EXCHANGE AND POLYURIA OF RATS DEPRIVED OF FOOD
Authors: Morrison S. D. , Mackay C. , Hurlbrink Eleanor , Wier Jane K. , Nick M. Susan , Millar Florence K.
Published: December 2014

In the paper by S. D. Morrison C. Mackay, Eleanor Hurlbrink, Jane E. Wier, M. Susan Nick and Florence K. Millar in the Quarterly Journal of Experimental Physiology (1967) 52, 51–67 the third paragraph of the legend to figure 3 should read:—

The 100 per cent values are: 15 ml., 2000 mOsm./kg., 27·5 mOsm., 34 ml., 255 g. and 25 g. for the urine volume, osmolality, total osmotic load, water intake, body weight and food intake respectively.
THE TOXICITY OF HYDROGEN SULPHIDE AND OTHER SULPHIDES
Authors: Evans C. Lovatt
Published: December 2014

1. Hydrogen sulphide inhaled, or sulphide or H2S injected in solution into the circulation, is carried for a time in the plasma in the form of an equilibrium mixture of sulphide and H2S. It only slowly penetrates into the red cells, where it is destroyed in reactions in which oxyhaemoglobin is reduced. The lethal dose of H2S will therefore vary according to the rate and site of its administration.

2. The physiological effects of hydrogen sulphide and other sulphides are similar to those of hydrocyanic acid, probably for the reason that both fix the iron in cytochrome A3, so reducing the oxygen intake of cells, and especially of nerve cells.

3. The most conspicuous actions of sulphides are on the nerve centres, which are first stimulated and then paralysed. The actions are reversible.

4. Because of the slow penetration of the red cells by H2S, or by the HS ion, the removal of sulphides from the plasma and their subsequent destruction is relatively slow, so that injections into the blood stream at sites from which the nerve centres are soon reached are more potent than those made at more remote places.

5. The reduction of oxyhaemoglobin resulting from the action of sulphides is reversible, and this is probably true also for the cytochrome A3. The action is therefore reversible, and the main treatment indicated is the application of artificial respiration.
SERUM PROTEINS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE. George Sandor. Translation Editor E. Kawerau. London: Chapman and Hall, 1966. Pp. xiii + 768. £12 12s
Authors: Bell D. J.
Published: December 2014

In the Review of Serum Proteins in Health and Disease by George Sandot, on p. 222, line 4 of text, ‘extravascular’ should read ‘extracorpuscular’. Line 15 of text, ‘confirmed’ should read ‘confined’.
INACTIVATION OF HISTAMINE AND OCCURRENCE OF SMOOTH MUSCLE STIMULATING ACTIVITY IN PLASMA OF SHEEP
Authors: Sjaastad Ö. V.
Published: December 2014

With incubation periods of 90 min., histamine inactivation in sheep plasma was nearly proportional to substrate concentration within the range of 2 to about 50 µg. histamine diphosphate/ml. plasma. Increasing the substrate concentration above 80 µg./ml. did not increase the histamine inactivation. At optimal substrate concentrations (80 µg./ml. plasma), a histamine inactivating capacity of 42·1±4·8 µg. histamine diphosphate/ml. plasma/hr. was found in seventeen sheep examined. About 80 per cent of the histamine inactivation was abolished by aminoguanidine, indicating that oxidative deamination is the major route of inactivation in sheep plasma in vitro.

When plasma was incubated for more than 60 min. with an initial histamine concentration less than 20 µg./ml., smooth muscle stimulating activity interfering with the biological determination of histamine, was observed. Such activity developed rapidly when glass powder was added to plasma prepared with siliconized equipment and it is concluded that the interfering activity is due to substance(s) resembling bradykinin.
A STUDY OF THE UPTAKE OF VITAMIN B12 BY HOMOGENATES OF GUINEA PIG SMALL INTESTINE. THE EFFECTS OF GASTRIC JUICE AND HUMAN SALIVA
Authors: England J. M. , Ashworth L. A. E. , Taylor K. B.
Published: December 2014

Preparations of human and rat gastric juice have been shown to augment significantly the uptake of 58Co labelled vitamin B12 by homogenates of the lower small intestinal mucosa of the guinea pig. This effect, which is much less pronounced with mucosal homogenate from the upper small intestine, has been investigated at 50° C. and 37° C. using various doses of gastric juice and vitamin B12. Previous claims that preparations of human saliva containing blood group substance H possess intrinsic factor activity have not been confirmed.