bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ultrasound-Guided Femoral and Sciatic Nerve Blocks for Repair of Tibia and Fibula Fractures in a Bennett’s Wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus)
Authors: Monticelli Paolo , Campoy Luis , Adami Chiara
Published: October 2016

Locoregional anesthetic techniques may be a very useful tool for the anesthetic management of wallabies with injuries of the pelvic limbs and may help to prevent capture myopathies resulting from stress and systemic opioids’ administration. This report describes the use of ultrasound-guided femoral and sciatic nerve blocks in Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus) referred for orthopaedic surgery. Ultrasound-guided femoral and sciatic nerve blocks were attempted at the femoral triangle and proximal thigh level, respectively. Whilst the sciatic nerve could be easily visualised, the femoral nerve could not be readily identified. Only the sciatic nerve was therefore blocked with ropivacaine, and methadone was administered as rescue analgesic. The ultrasound images were stored and sent for external review. Anesthesia and recovery were uneventful and the wallaby was discharged two days postoperatively. At the time of writing, it is challenging to provide safe and effective analgesia to Macropods. Detailed knowledge of the anatomy of these species is at the basis of successful locoregional anesthesia. The development of novel analgesic techniques suitable for wallabies would represent an important step forward in this field and help the clinicians dealing with these species to improve their perianesthetic management.
Is Anticoagulation Discontinuation Achievable with Citrate Dialysate during HDF Sessions?
Authors: Dolley-Hitze Thibault , Oger Emmanuel , Hamel Didier , Lombart Marie-Laure , Hermès Isabelle
Published: October 2016

Citrate dialysate has been developed for few years to replace acetate and HCl concentrates. In Online Postdilution Hemodiafiltration (OL-POST-HDF), several issues are remaining concerning the possibility of stopping anticoagulation during sessions and the side effects of citrate solutions on calcium metabolism. This 1-year monocentric retrospective study included all patients exposed to citrate in OL-POST-HDF with nadroparin decrease for more than one month. Clotting events, serum calcium, PTH, hemoglobin, CRP, depuration parameters, and treatments administrated were recorded for analysis. 27 patients experienced nadroparin decrease and 5 did not receive nadroparin at the end of the study. Nadroparin decrease and withdrawal were both associated with more clotting events whereas the use of vitamin K antagonists was protective. No significant metabolic side effects were observed. Citrate dialysate does not allow anticoagulation discontinuation or decrease but has no significant side effects on mineral bone metabolism or erythropoiesis.
Complete Vision Loss following Orbital Cellulitis Secondary to Acute Dacryocystitis
Authors: Pfeiffer Margaret L. , Hacopian Alexander , Merritt Helen , Phillips Margaret E. , Richani Karina
Published: October 2016

We present a case of a 50-year-old woman with acute dacryocystitis that was complicated by posterior rupture of the lacrimal sac causing an orbital cellulitis with subsequent visual acuity of no light perception. Upon presentation, she was immediately started on broad-spectrum antibiotics and underwent surgical incision and drainage of the lacrimal sac abscess but never regained vision. There are 4 cases in the literature of permanent severe vision loss from acute dacryocystitis. Prompt diagnosis and close monitoring of acute dacryocystitis are therefore essential to prevent extension into the orbit and possible optic nerve compromise.
Convergence Rate of Some Two-Step Iterative Schemes in Banach Spaces
Authors: Wahab O. T. , Olawuyi R. O. , Rauf K. , Usamot I. F.
Published: October 2016

This article proves some theorems to approximate fixed point of Zamfirescu operators on normed spaces for some two-step iterative schemes, namely, Picard-Mann iteration, Ishikawa iteration, S-iteration, and Thianwan iteration, with their errors. We compare the aforementioned iterations using numerical approach; the results show that S-iteration converges faster than other iterations followed by Picard-Mann iteration, while Ishikawa iteration is the least in terms of convergence rate. These results also suggest the best among two-step iterative fixed point schemes in the literature.
A Child with Local Lipohypertrophy following Recombinant Human Growth Hormone Administration
Authors: Koppen Ilan J. N. , Bakx Roel , de Kruiff Chris C. , van Trotsenburg A. S. Paul
Published: October 2016

Local lipohypertrophy due to recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) administration is a rare phenomenon. Here, we report a case of an 11-year-old girl who presented with a paraumbilical swelling, approximately one year after the start of rhGH treatment for short stature due to the presumed diagnosis of partial growth hormone insensitivity. Ultrasound imaging revealed an asymmetric distribution of subcutaneous fat tissue at the rhGH administration site, indicating local lipohypertrophy. After sparing her routine injection site and alternating other sites, the swelling disappeared within 6 months. Although the precise cause of local lipohypertrophy resulting from rhGH administration is still unclear, it might be related to the presumed diagnosis of partial growth hormone insensitivity.
Endothelial Microparticles Act as Novel Diagnostic and Therapeutic Biomarkers of Diabetes and Its Complications: A Literature Review
Authors: Deng Fan , Wang Shuang , Zhang Liangqing
Published: October 2016

Diabetes mellitus- (DM-) related vascular diseases attract increased attention due to their high morbidity and mortality. The incidence of obesity, atherosclerosis, coronary heart disease, hypertension, and dyslipidemia is significantly higher in DM patients, with an earlier onset and faster progression compared with non-DM patients. DM-related vascular diseases including macrovascular and microvascular complications are characterized by endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, a better understanding of the etiology and mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction is important for the diagnosis and treatment of DM. Endothelial microparticles (EMPs) are new diagnostic and therapeutic targets and biomarkers in DM-related vascular disease. Circulating EMPs containing biologically active substances act as intercellular signals under physiological and pathological conditions. They serve as biological markers of altered vascular endothelium and reflect the pathological progression and diminished endothelial function of blood vessels. Recent evidence suggests that the plasma level of EMPs is significantly higher in DM patients than in healthy population and is significantly correlated with DM-related complications. These observations have prompted speculation that EMPs play a crucial role in the pathophysiology of DM. This review summarizes the known and potential roles of EMPs in the diagnosis, staging, treatment, and clinical prognosis of DM and related vascular diseases.
Human Metapneumovirus Impairs Apoptosis of Nasal Epithelial Cells in Asthma via HSP70
Authors: Baturcam Engin , Snape Natale , Yeo Tiong Han , Schagen Johanna , Thomas Emma , Logan Jayden , Galbraith Sally , Collinson Natasha , Phipps Simon , Fantino Emmanuelle , Sly Peter D. , Spann Kirsten M.
Published: October 2016

Asthmatics are highly susceptible to respiratory viral infections, possibly due to impaired innate immunity. However, the exact mechanisms of susceptibility are likely to differ amongst viruses. Therefore, we infected primary nasal epithelial cells (NECs) from adults with mild-to-moderate asthma, with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) or human metapneumovirus (hMPV) in vitro and investigated the antiviral response. NECs from these asthmatics supported elevated hMPV but not RSV infection, compared to non-asthmatic controls. This correlated with reduced apoptosis and reduced activation of caspase-9 and caspase-3/7 in response to hMPV, but not RSV. The expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70), a known inhibitor of caspase activation and subsequent apoptosis, was amplified in response to hMPV infection. Chemical inhibition of HSP70 function restored caspase activation and reduced hMPV infection in NECs from asthmatic subjects. There was no impairment in the production of IFN by NECs from asthmatics in response to either hMPV or RSV, demonstrating that increased infection of asthmatic airway cells by hMPV is IFN-independent. This study demonstrates, for the first time, a mechanism for elevated hMPV infection in airway epithelial cells from adult asthmatics and identifies HSP70 as a potential target for antiviral and asthma therapies.
Recent Developments in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Ocular Toxoplasmosis
Authors: Ozgonul Cem , Besirli Cagri Giray
Published: October 2016

Ocular toxoplasmosis, a chorioretinal infection with Toxoplasma gondii, is the most common etiology of posterior uveitis in many countries. Accurate diagnosis depends heavily on the characteristic clinical features of this disease, but atypical presentations, especially in immunocompromised patients, may create diagnostic challenges and lead to misdiagnosis and inappropriate treatment. Molecular biology techniques to diagnose ocular toxoplasmosis have been available for many years and are now accessible as standard laboratory tests in many countries. Aqueous humor or vitreous evaluation to detect parasite DNA by polymerase chain reaction or specific antibody may provide definitive evidence for rapid diagnosis. Oral pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine plus systemic corticosteroids are an effective therapy for ocular toxoplasmosis. Recent data supports the use of other treatment approaches, including intravitreal antibiotics. The aim of the present review is to discuss briefly the new diagnostic tools and treatment options for ocular toxoplasmosis.
Successful Treatment of Lasiodiplodia theobromae Keratitis – Assessing the Role of Voriconazole
Authors: Li Stephen Tak-lun , Yiu Evan Po-fat , Wong Angela Hiu-yan , Yeung John Chun-Ting , Yu Lester Wang-hon
Published: October 2016

Purpose: The aim of this paper is to report the successful management of the first case of Lasiodiplodia theobromae keratitis in Hong Kong. Methods: We conducted a case report. Results: A 43-year-old Chinese male with a history of diabetes developed left eye keratitis after a trauma during tree felling. Fungal keratitis was diagnosed using a confocal microscope on day 1, and L. theobromae was confirmed from the culture. He was given oral voriconazole, topical natamycin, and topical and intracameral amphotericin B. The patient’s condition improved after the initial treatment. However, there was a slow progression to descemetocele formation and impending perforation due to corneal melting. Penetrating keratoplasty was performed at 8 weeks after presentation. Final visual recovery was good with no recurrence of infection. The cornea remained clear. Conclusions: We report the first case of L. theobromae keratitis in Hong Kong, and it is the only case so far that involved the use of oral voriconazole in the combination therapy. Early recognition with the aid of confocal microscopy allowed the early start of treatment. The use of newer antifungal voriconazole topically and orally combined with topical amphotericin B appeared to be useful in the eradication of the fungus and prevention of recurrence. Intracameral antifungals might have improved the clinical management.
Two Patients with Large Colonic Lipomas for which Endoscopic Unroofing was Ineffective
Authors: Tomiki Yuichi , Niwa Koichiro , Nagayasu Kiichi , Okazawa Yu , Ito Shingo , Ichikawa Ryosuke , Ro Hisashi , Ishiyama Shun , Sugimoto Kiichi , Sakamoto Kazuhiro
Published: October 2016

Endoscopic unroofing is effective for treating large colonic lipomas. However, additional endoscopic resection is occasionally required when the outcomes of initial unroofing are incomplete. The colonoscopy of an 82-year-old woman with abdominal pain revealed a yellowish lipoma of about 20 mm in the transverse colon. The mass was treated by unroofing, but a follow-up colonoscopy 5 days later revealed residual lipoma. One month later, the regenerated surface had become covered with mucosa, and the status of the lipoma had returned to that before unroofing. The colonoscopy of a 74-year-old man with abdominal pain and melena revealed a 50-mm-wide protruding lipoma in the transverse colon. The mucosa of the upper third of the lipoma was excised using an electric knife and snare, which allowed the immediate partial drainage of adipose tissue. Unroofing proceeded, but 7 days later, the unroofed surface had become coated with a white substance, and the residual lipoma required additional endoscopic resection. Colonic lipomas are often asymptomatic. However, patients with abdominal pain and hemorrhage should be treated in consideration of complete resection, but not by unroofing, which could leave a residual tumor. Drainage should be confirmed after unroofing and any residual lipoma should be treated by additional resection.
Excess Body Weight during Childhood and Adolescence Is Associated with the Risk of Multiple Sclerosis: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Liu Zhen , Zhang Ting-Ting , Yu Jie , Liu Ying-Li , Qi Su-Fen , Zhao Jing-Jing , Liu Dian-Wu , Tian Qing-Bao
Published: October 2016

Background and Aim: Several epidemiological studies have reported the association between obesity and multiple sclerosis (MS). Methods: A literature search of the observational studies, published as original articles in English before December 2015, was performed using electronic databases. Results: Five observational studies were included, of which 3 were case-control studies and 2 were cohort studies. The pooled relative risk (RR) for overweight and obesity during childhood and adolescence compared with normal weight (body mass index = 18.5-24.9 kg/m2) was 1.44 (95% CI 1.22-1.70) and 2.01 (95% CI 1.63-2.48), respectively. In subgroup analyses, we found that excess body weight during childhood and adolescence increased the risk of MS in the female group (overweight: pooled RR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.35-1.94; obesity: pooled RR = 2.25, 95% CI 1.77-2.85), but not in the male group (overweight: pooled RR = 1.19, 95% CI 0.91-1.55; obesity: pooled RR = 1.22, 95% CI 0.79-1.90). Conclusions: Excess body weight during childhood and adolescence was associated with an increased risk of MS; severe obesity demonstrated a stronger risk. A statistically significant association was found in the female group, but not in the male group.
МІКРОБІОЛОГІЧНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВМІСТУ КОРЕНЕВИХ КАНАЛІВ ЗУБІВ ІЗ ХРОНІЧНИМ АПІКАЛЬНИМ ПЕРІОДОНТИТОМ ПРИ ВИКОРИСТАННІ РОЗЧИНУ ПОВІДОН-ЙОДУ В ЯКОСТІ ФОТОСЕНСИБІЛІЗАТОРА
Authors: Zhdanova N. O.
Published: October 2016

РЕЗЮМЕ. У статті представлені результати дослідження мікрофлори кореневих каналів зубів при лікуванні хронічного апікального періодонтиту. Пацієнти були поділені на 2 групи: основну і контрольну. Пацієнтам основної групи проводили лікування кореневих каналів методом фотоактивованої дезінфекції з використанням повідон-йоду в якості хроматофора. Хворі контрольної групи були проліковані за стандартною методикою. Аналіз результатів мікробіологічного дослідження вмісту кореневих каналів після створення ендодонтичного доступу до інструментальної та медикаментозної обробки у всіх групах показав велику різноманітність, кількість ідентифікованих культур припадає на долю грампозитивної мікрофлори.
 
ВМІСТ ІМУНОГЛОБУЛІНІВ A, M, G У КРОВІ В РАННІЙ ПЕРІОД РОЗВИТКУ ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНОЇ ПНЕВМОНІЇ
Authors: Reheda-Furdychko M. M. , Reheda S. M. , Furdychko L. O.
Published: October 2016

РЕЗЮМЕ. У дослідженнях на морських свинках виявлено, що в ранній період (4, 8 доби) розвитку експериментальної пневмонії спостерігається зростання вмісту імуноглобулінів A, M, G в крові, що вказує на стимуляцію гуморальної ланки імунітету, захисну функцію організму.
КОРЕКЦІЯ ДИСБІОЗУ КИШЕЧНИКА У ХВОРИХ, ОПЕРОВАНИХ З ПРИВОДУ РАКУ ШЛУНКА
Authors: Rusyn A. V. , Bedey N. V. , Maliar-Hazda N. M. , Odoshevska O. M. , Khoma E. S.
Published: October 2016

РЕЗЮМЕ. У роботі представлені результати зміни показників кишкової мікрофлори товстої кишки на різних стадіях пухлинного процесу до та після лікування. Особливо важливі вчасне розпізнання та терапія кишкового кандидозу, як профілактика системного та генералізованого кандидозу у пацієнтів із груп ризику, до яких насамперед належать пацієнти, які отримують протипухлинну променеву та/або хіміотерапію. Після лікування у хворих на рак шлунка спостерігали зменшення дисбіозу товстої кишки, а також зменшення кишкового кандидозу, що дозволяє поліпшити якість життя пацієнтів.
ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ СТРУКТУРНИХ ЗМІН У ШЛУНОЧКАХ ЛЕГЕНЕВОГО СЕРЦЯ ПОЛЯРИЗАЦІЙНОЮ МІКРОСКОПІЄЮ
Authors: Slabyi O. B. , Hnatiuk M. S.
Published: October 2016

РЕЗЮМЕ. В експерименті встановлено, що пострезекційна артеріальна легенева гіпертензія призводить до розвитку легеневого серця і вираженої структурної перебудови шлуночків серця. Остання характеризується гіпертрофією кардіоміоцитів, їх ядер, дистрофією, некробіозом клітин, тканин, інфільтративними та склеротичними процесами. Поляризаційна мікроскопія адекватно відображає структурні зміни міофібрилярного апарату у вигляді контрактурних ушкоджень кардіоміоцитів, осередків міоцитолізу, зернистоглибчастого розпаду, дисоціації серцевих м'язових волокон. Виявлені морфологічні зміни домінували у правому шлуночку декомпенсованого легеневого серця.
ДІЯ ЕКСТРАКТУ ЕХІНАЦЕЇ ПУРПУРОВОЇ І ТІОТРІАЗОЛІНУ НА ГЛИБИНУ ЯМОК СЛИЗОВОЇ ОБОЛОНКИ ПІЛОРИЧНОГО ВІДДІЛУ ШЛУНКА ЩУРІВ В УМОВАХ ІНГАЛЯЦІЙНОГО ВВЕДЕННЯ ЕПІХЛОРГІДРИНУ
Authors: Smirnov A. S. , Smirnov S. M. , Mirzebasov M. A.
Published: October 2016

РЕЗЮМЕ. В експериментах на білих щурах чоловічої статі було вивчено особливості впливу епіхлоргідрину на слизову оболонку шлунка та на глибину ямок пілоричного відділу шлунка. Було оцінено можливість використання естракту ехінацеї пурпурової та тіотріазоліну для корекцій наявних змін. Було показано, що епіхлоргідрин спричинює збільшення на глибині ямок слизової оболонки пілоричного відділу шлунка і залишається на 15 днів після його введення. Рівень зменшення глибини поступово знижується. Використання екстракту ехінацеї пурпурової на фоні епіхлоргідрину знижує рівень зменшення глибини ямок шлунка, спричинене епіхлоргідрином. Використання тіотріазоліну зменшує тривалість впливу введеного епіхлоргідрину на глибину ямок шлунка.
Physical Activity and Anger or Emotional Upset as Triggers of Acute Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Smyth Andrew , O’Donnell Martin , Lamelas Pablo , Teo Koon , Rangarajan Sumathy , Yusuf Salim
Published: October 2016

Background:

Physical exertion, anger, and emotional upset are reported to trigger acute myocardial infarction (AMI). In the INTERHEART study, we explored the triggering association of acute physical activity and anger or emotional upset with AMI to quantify the importance of these potential triggers in a large, international population.

Methods:

INTERHEART was a case-control study of first AMI in 52 countries. In this analysis, we included only cases of AMI and used a case-crossover approach to estimate odds ratios for AMI occurring within 1 hour of triggers.

Results:

Of 12 461 cases of AMI 13.6% (n=1650) engaged in physical activity and 14.4% (n=1752) were angry or emotionally upset in the case period (1 hour before symptom onset). Physical activity in the case period was associated with increased odds of AMI (odds ratio, 2.31; 99% confidence interval [CI], 1.96–2.72) with a population-attributable risk of 7.7% (99% CI, 6.3–8.8). Anger or emotional upset in the case period was associated with an increased odds of AMI (odds ratio, 2.44; 99% CI, 2.06–2.89) with a population-attributable risk of 8.5% (99% CI, 7.0–9.6). There was no effect modification by geographical region, prior cardiovascular disease, cardiovascular risk factor burden, cardiovascular prevention medications, or time of day or day of onset of AMI. Both physical activity and anger or emotional upset in the case period were associated with a further increase in the odds of AMI (odds ratio, 3.05; 99% CI, 2.29–4.07;
P
for interaction <0.001).

Conclusions:

Physical exertion and anger or emotional upset are triggers associated with first AMI in all regions of the world, in men and women, and in all age groups, with no significant effect modifiers.
Transience, Overseas Migration and the Modern European City. Introduction to the Special Issue ‘Cities and Overseas Migration in the Long Nineteenth Century’
Authors: Prokopovych Markian , Feys Torsten
Published: October 2016

Migration is one of key factors to the existence of which we owe the emergence of the modern urban condition that continues to shape the life of large populations today. Precisely the same reasons that generated great urban growth of European cities in the late nineteenth century were responsible for concurrent mass migration overseas – to North America and elsewhere – for a number of reasons. Given the everyday experience of the mass of transient migrants passing through these cities that lasted for decades, the lack of interest on behalf of urban historians to this large and heterogeneous group is surprising. Analysing such transient migrant spaces and routes, and their diverse actors at the city level for some of the most important transit points within the European continent (Berlin, Leipzig, Vienna, Budapest) as well as for select ports of departure (Bremen, Hamburg, Liverpool, Marseille and Rotterdam), this special issue aims to link the recent attention to transmigration within migration history to urban history thereby highlighting the relevance of transit cities to the study of overseas migration.
Navigator, a new endemic genus of Cetoniinae (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) from Australia, with descriptions of two new species and behavioural studies
Authors: MOESENEDER CHRISTIAN H. , HUTCHINSON PAUL M.
Published: October 2016

The endemic flower beetle genus Navigator new genus (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae: Cetoniinae: Schizorhinini) is described from Australia. Navigator contains species that are morphologically and behaviourally unusual when compared to the majority of other Australian flower beetles in several easily visible characters. A differential diagnosis with similar Australian schizorhinine genera and species is performed, and a key to its species is provided. Pseudoclithria fossor Lea, 1914 and Pseudoclithria ruficornis (Westwood, 1874) are moved to the genus Navigator, resulting in Navigator fossor new combination, which is designated as the type species, and Navigator ruficornis new combination. A lectotype is designated for Navigator fossor (Lea, 1914). We describe Navigator interior new species, from Central Australia and Navigator pixii new species, which occurs in Queensland and is the smallest Australian Schizorhinini known. Distribution information for all Navigator species is provided. Our observations of Navigator fossor and Navigator pixii show their larvae are free living in soil and feed on decaying leaves, which is the first time such behaviour is described in Australian cetoniines. We observe that three Navigator species are more tolerant of arid climate than most other Australian cetoniines, adults almost never visit flowers, and males are often in flight searching for sedentary females.
A new species of Aphelocheirus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aphelocheiridae) from Morocco
Authors: MILLÁN ANDRÉS , L'MOHDI OUASSIMA , ANTONIO CARBONELL JOSÉ , TAYBI ABDELKHALEQ FOUZI , DAKKI MOHAMED
Published: October 2016

This paper provides the description of a new species of Aphelocheirus (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Aphelocheiridae), Aphelocheirus pemae sp. nov. from Morocco. The species was found in two sites located in different basins (Sebou and Moulouya rivers) that are separated by approximately 400 km. Photographs of the dorsal habitus of the female and illustrations of the male genitalic structures are provided. A graphical key to species of the genus in Western Europe and the Maghreb is also included. The new species can be easily distinguished by the unique shape of the left and right parameres and absence of apical spines on the aedeagus.
A new species of Dohrnemesa from Brazil, with notes on the male of D. carvalhoi and on D. albuquerquei (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae)
Authors: GIL-SANTANA HÉLCIO R. , FERREIRA RODRIGO LOPES
Published: October 2016

Dohrnemesa oliveirai sp. nov. (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Emesinae: Emesini) is described from state of Pará, Brazil, based on a male specimen. The male genitalia of D. carvalhoi (Wygodzinsky, 1966) is described for the first time and some notes about D. albuquerquei (Wygodzinsky, 1966) are furnished.
Improvement of a Cloud Microphysics Scheme for a Global Nonhydrostatic Model Using TRMM and a Satellite Simulator
Authors: Roh Woosub , Satoh Masaki , Nasuno Tomoe
Published: October 2016

The cloud and precipitation simulated by a global nonhydrostatic model with a 3.5-km horizontal resolution, the Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NICAM), are evaluated using the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and a satellite simulator. A previous study by Roh and Satoh evaluated the single-moment bulk microphysics and established the modified microphysics scheme for the specific tropical open ocean using a regional version of NICAM. In this study, the authors expanded the evaluation over the entire tropics and parts of the midlatitude areas (20°–36°S, 20°–36°N) using a joint histogram of the cloud-top temperature and precipitation echo-top heights and contoured frequency by altitude diagrams of the deep convective systems. The modified microphysics simulation improves the joint probability density functions of the cloud-top temperatures and precipitation cloud-top heights over not only the tropical ocean but also the land and midlatitude areas. Compared with the default microphysics simulation, the modified microphysics simulation shows a clearer distinction between the land and ocean in the tropics, which is related to the contrast between the shallow and the deep clouds. In addition, the two microphysics simulation methods were also compared over the tropics using joint histograms of the cloud-top and precipitation cloud-top heights on the basis of CloudSat measurements. It was found that the microphysics scheme that was modified for the tropical ocean displayed general cloud and precipitation improvements in the global domain over the tropics.
The Vertical Mode Decomposition of Surface and Internal Tides in the Presence of a Free Surface and Arbitrary Topography
Authors: Kelly Samuel M.
Published: October 2016

The method of decomposing surface and internal tides determines the expression for internal tide energy, energy flux, and energy conversion. The de facto standard is to define surface tides as depth-averaged pressure and horizontal velocity and internal tides as the residuals. This decomposition, which is equivalent to projecting motion onto vertical modes that obey a rigid lid, is known to produce spurious energy conversion CS through movement of the free surface. Here, motion is instead projected onto modes that obey a linear, free-surface boundary condition. The free-surface modes are shown to obey a more complicated orthogonality condition than rigid-lid modes but are still straightforward to calculate numerically. The resulting decomposition (i) completely eliminates spurious energy conversion CS and (ii) leads to a more precise expression for topographic internal tide generation C, which now depends on horizontal gradients in the vertical structure of the surface tide. Numerical simulations and rough global estimates indicate that corrections to C are a maximum of a few percent. However, CS produces spurious energy flux divergences/convergences in the open ocean, which are the same order of magnitude [O(1–10) mW m−2] as open-ocean internal tide energy dissipation.
Giftedness and Overexcitability
Authors: Winkler Daniel , Voight Adam
Published: October 2016

Current textbooks, websites, research articles, and popular resources have stated that gifted individuals have longer and more pronounced responses to stimuli than the general population. This overexcitable nature of gifted persons has provided a commonly used lens to conceptualize, identify, and understand giftedness and gifted persons’ behaviors. Yet there are reasons to be skeptical about the evidence demonstrating that the gifted population is more overexcitable than the nongifted population. A meta-analysis was conducted to investigate the existence and strength of the giftedness–overexcitability (OE) relationship as presented in a number of studies comparing the OE scores of intellectually gifted and nongifted samples. Gifted samples were found to have higher mean OE scores than nongifted samples. However, the effect size for psychomotor OE was not statistically significant, while the effect sizes for the emotional and sensual OEs were small. Calculated effect sizes for intellectual and imaginational OEs were medium. A number of important limitations and implications exist.
An Ethnographic Study of a Shelter for Victims of Domestic Violence in Korea
Authors: Kim Gihwa , Yang Sungeun
Published: October 2016

Domestic violence has been recognised as a crime against women in many countries. Korea, where traditional Confucianism is still fundamental to family life, has a short history of public support systems for domestic violence victims. The participants in this study were 4 social workers and 18 women living in a shelter and the purpose of the research was to look at their socio cultural back ground and responses to shelter-living. In-depth interviews and participant observation revealed that the essential goal of the women was to achieve a sense of self-reliance through the shared culture of the shelter. Specifically, the results showed the process of women’s adaptation to the shelter, their struggle to stand alone, and start an independent life. The study emphasises the need to help woman survivors to overcome the feeling of helplessness caused by domestic violence.
Framing Gender Identities in Education Philosophy: Jean Jacques Rousseau and Mary Wollstonecraft
Authors: Poonacha Veena
Published: October 2016

Jean Jacques Rousseau (1712–1778), one of the most influential thinkers of the 18th century, is well known for his espousal of human rights and freedoms. His ideas on education, described in his part-fictional and part-philosophical treatise Emile (1762), has influenced educational philosophies and pedagogic practices for over two centuries. While acknowledging the contributions of his ideas in developing the child-centred approach to education, this paper critiques his educational philosophy on the grounds that he recommended different education for boys and girls. In doing so, the paper draws on Mary Wollstonecraft’s (1759–1797) powerful critique of his treatise, expressed in her book The Vindication of the Rights of Woman (1792). The paper concludes by pointing out that the dilemma posed by these influential thinkers—on the kind of education suitable for boys and girls—has remained in educational policies. It continues to restrict women’s access to education even today. Thus substantive societal changes are required to enable women to access the desired goal of autonomy.
Space Exploration Illuminates the Next Frontier for Teams Research
Authors: Mesmer-Magnus Jessica R. , Carter Dorothy R. , Asencio Raquel , DeChurch Leslie A.
Published: October 2016

Effective teamwork is beneficial for organizations on Earth, but is a sine qua non for teams venturing into outer space. The prospect of sending a team to Mars by the year 2030 invites organizational scientists to take stock of what we know and what we still need to know about teams. The team endeavoring to Mars will be multicultural and interdisciplinary, living and working in uncomfortable and dangerous conditions, and doing so in close collaboration with distant teams back on Earth. Tackling the teamwork challenges associated with a mission to Mars present an opportunity to rapidly accelerate the science of teams. In this conceptual review, we explore seven complexities of teams that are both important and understudied. Results of structured interviews with experts on human space exploration regarding the nature of teamwork in long-duration space exploration illuminate seven complexities, or key features of teams, in general, that serve as a catalyst for identifying, informing, and motivating future directions of inquiry about teams. These features, and the research they inspire, may enable organizations to build more effective teams on Earth and beyond.
The androgynous warrior: Gandhi’s search for strength
Authors: Palshikar Sanjay
Published: October 2016

Gandhi’s conception of non-violence was unique in having martial and maternal elements. He drew upon the mythological figure of the noble warrior but he also stressed maternal capacity for love and endurance. The virtuous self-suffering woman and the Kshatriya warrior were the ideals that Gandhi shared with his militant Hindu nationalist opponents. By bringing together these two ideals in the combative non-violent soldier, Gandhi tried to invert his opponents’ hierarchy of values. He proposed that dying without enmity towards the adversary is more courageous than killing. The truth-force required to subdue the enmity of the adversary is generated from within oneself by overcoming fear, desires and attachments. Because of the male-centric nature of this overcoming, Gandhi’s break with the militant nationalists remained incomplete. The diverse elements drawn from various traditions did not blend in the figure of the non-violent soldier because Gandhi’s interpretations of these past ideas remained influenced by the masculinist anxieties of contemporary nationalism.
Finding Life in the Midst of Death
Authors: Simmonds Anne L.
Published: October 2016

This article offers a reflection on life from one who is dying.
Re: Clinical Pastoral Education: A Physician’s Experience and Reflection on the Meaning of Spiritual Care in Palliative Care
Authors: Tarumi Yoko , Taube Anna , Watanabe Sharon , Akinlolu Anthony
Published: October 2016

Clinical Pastoral Education (CPE) has become a well-known trademark in healthcare chaplaincy. Not only does the program serve the educational needs of those in the health care chaplaincy profession, but CPE has become a program model for schools that offer Supervised Ministry programs (practicum); however, a keen review of the juxtaposition of the CPE curriculum with its corporate identity reveals inconsistency and disparity. A logical conclusion: this calls for a change to the corporate or program name.
A Christian Perspective of an Ojibwe Sweat for Women
Authors: McGinnis Carol Z.A. , Smith Julie Ogemaanungokwe
Published: October 2016

It is a rare privilege to be invited to participate in a Native American Ojibwe sweat and I was fortunate to experience this as an all-female event with other counselors from across the US. As a pastoral counselor who comes from a Methodist Christian worldview, I thought it may be helpful to share my perspective with other counselors who may work with Native American clients who engage in this type of religious experience. Oftentimes we have difficulty in finding “common ground” from which to connect with clients from different cultures, and this experience helped me to see how our shared view of the Creator was such an opportunity. My intent here is to write from a position of honor and respect for the Ojibwe tribe and the Anishinaabe people, who were gracious in inviting our group to this sacred event.
Combined transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells for tissue engineering: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Sun Kunming , Zhou Zheng , Ju Xinxin , Zhou Yang , Lan Jiaojiao , Chen Dongdong , Chen Hongzhi , Liu Manli , Pang Lijuan
Published: October 2016

Background

Combined cell implantation has been widely applied in tissue engineering in recent years. In this meta-analysis, we aimed to establish whether the combined transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) promotes angiogenesis and tissue repair, compared with transplantation of a single cell type, following tissue injury or during tissue regeneration.

Methods

The electronic databases PubMed, EMBASE, MEDLINE, Chinese Biomedical Literature, and China National Knowledge Infrastructure were searched in this systematic review and meta-analysis. Eighteen controlled preclinical studies involving MSC and EPC transplantation in animal models of disease, or in coculture in vitro, were included in this review. The vessel density and other functional indexes, which were classified according to the organ source, were used to evaluate the efficiency of cotransplantation. Publication bias was assessed.

Results

There was no obvious difference in angiogenesis following combined cell transplantation (EPCs and MSCs) and transplantation of EPCs alone; however, an improvement in the function of damaged organs was observed following cotransplantation. In addition, combined cell transplantation significantly promoted tissue recovery in cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and during bone regeneration. Compared with combined transplantation (EPCs and MSCs) and transplantation of MSCs alone, cotransplantation significantly promoted angiogenesis and bone regeneration, as well as vessel revascularization and tissue repair in cerebrovascular disease; however, no obvious effects on cardiovascular disease were observed.

Conclusions

As an exploratory field in the discipline of tissue engineering, MSC and EPC cotransplantation offers advantages, although it is essential to assess the feasibility of this approach before clinical trials can be performed.
Differential TLR activation of murine mesenchymal stem cells generates distinct immunomodulatory effects in EAE
Authors: Vega-Letter Ana María , Kurte Mónica , Fernández-O’Ryan Catalina , Gauthier-Abeliuk Melanie , Fuenzalida Patricia , Moya-Uribe Ivón , Altamirano Claudia , Figueroa Fernando , Irarrázabal Carlos , Carrión Flavio
Published: October 2016

Background

Recently, it has been observed that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can modulate their immunoregulatory properties depending on the specific in-vitro activation of different Toll-like receptors (TLR), such as TLR3 and TLR4. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of polyinosinic:polycytidylic acid (poly(I:C)) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pretreatment on the immunological capacity of MSCs in vitro and in vivo.

Methods

C57BL/6 bone marrow-derived MSCs were pretreated with poly(I:C) and LPS for 1 hour and their immunomodulatory capacity was evaluated. T-cell proliferation and their effect on Th1, Th17, and Treg differentiation/activation were measured. Next, we evaluated the therapeutic effect of MSCs in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model, which was induced for 27 days with MOG35–55 peptide following the standard protocol. Mice were subjected to a single intraperitoneal injection (2 × 106 MSCs/100 μl) on day 4. Clinical score and body weight were monitored daily by blinded analysis. At day 27, mice were euthanized and draining lymph nodes were extracted for Th1, Th17, and Treg detection by flow cytometry.

Results

Pretreatment of MSCs with poly(I:C) significantly reduced the proliferation of CD3+ T cells as well as nitric oxide secretion, an important immunosuppressive factor. Furthermore, MSCs treated with poly(I:C) reduced the differentiation/activation of proinflammatory lymphocytes, Th1 and Th17. In contrast, MSCs pretreated with LPS increased CD3+ T-cell proliferation, and induced Th1 and Th17 cells, as well as the levels of proinflammatory cytokine IL-6. Finally, we observed that intraperitoneal administration of MSCs pretreated with poly(I:C) significantly reduced the severity of EAE as well as the percentages of Th1 and Th17 proinflammatory subsets, while the pretreatment of MSCs with LPS completely reversed the therapeutic immunosuppressive effect of MSCs.

Conclusions

Taken together, these data show that pretreatment of MSCs with poly(I:C) improved their immunosuppressive abilities. This may provide an opportunity to better define strategies for cell-based therapies to autoimmune diseases.
Mesenchymal stem cells enhance the oncolytic effect of Newcastle disease virus in glioma cells and glioma stem cells via the secretion of TRAIL
Authors: Kazimirsky Gila , Jiang Wei , Slavin Shimon , Ziv-Av Amotz , Brodie Chaya
Published: October 2016

Background

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian paramyxovirus, which selectively exerts oncolytic effects in cancer cells. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported to affect tumor growth and deliver anti-tumor agents to experimental glioblastoma (GBM). Here, we explored the effects of NDV-infected MSCs derived from different sources, on glioma cells and glioma stem cells (GSCs) and the mechanisms involved in their effects.

Methods

The glioma cell lines (A172 and U87) and primary GSCs that were generated from GBM tumors were used in this study. MSCs derived from bone marrow, adipose tissue or umbilical cord were infected with NDV (MTH-68/H). The ability of these cells to deliver the virus to glioma cell lines and GSCs and the effects of NDV-infected MSCs on cell death and on the stemness and self-renewal of GSCs were examined. The mechanisms involved in the cytotoxic effects of the NDV-infected MSCs and their influence on the radiation sensitivity of GSCs were examined as well.

Results

NDV induced a dose-dependent cell death in glioma cells and a low level of apoptosis and inhibition of self-renewal in GSCs. MSCs derived from bone marrow, adipose and umbilical cord that were infected with NDV delivered the virus to co-cultured glioma cells and GSCs. Conditioned medium of NDV-infected MSCs induced higher level of apoptosis in the tumor cells compared with the apoptosis induced by their direct infection with similar virus titers. These results suggest that factor(s) secreted by the infected MSCs sensitized the glioma cells to the cytotoxic effects of NDV. We identified TRAIL as a mediator of the cytotoxic effects of the infected MSCs and demonstrated that TRAIL synergized with NDV in the induction of cell death in glioma cells and GSCs. Moreover, conditioned medium of infected MSCs enhanced the sensitivity of GSCs to γ-radiation.

Conclusions

NDV-infected umbilical cord-derived MSCs may provide a novel effective therapeutic approach for targeting GSCs and GBM and for sensitizing these tumors to γ-radiation.
The role of the dopamine D1 receptor in social cognition: studies using a novel genetic rat model
Authors: Homberg J. R. , Olivier J. D. A. , VandenBroeke M. , Youn J. , Ellenbroek A. K. , Karel P. , Shan L. , van Boxtel R. , Ooms S. , Balemans M. , Langedijk J. , Muller M. , Vriend G. , Cools A. R. , Cuppen E. , Ellenbroek B. A.
Published: October 2016

Social cognition is an endophenotype that is impaired in schizophrenia and several other (comorbid) psychiatric disorders. One of the modulators of social cognition is dopamine, but its role is not clear. The effects of dopamine are mediated through dopamine receptors, including the dopamine D1 receptor (Drd1). Because today's Drd1 receptor agonists are not Drd1 selective, pharmacological tools are not sufficient to delineate the role of the Drd1. We describe a novel rat model with a genetic mutation in the Drd1, in which we measured basic behavioural phenotypes and social cognition. The I116S mutation was predicted to render the receptor less stable. In line with this computational prediction, the Drd1 mutation led to a decreased transmembrane insertion of Drd1, while Drd1 expression, as measured by Drd1 mRNA levels, remained unaffected. Due to decreased transmembrane Drd1 insertion, the mutant rats displayed normal basic motoric and neurological parameters, as well as locomotor activity and anxiety-like behaviour. However, measures of social cognition like social interaction, scent marking, pup ultrasonic vocalizations and sociability, were strongly reduced in the mutant rats. This profile of the Drd1 mutant rat offers the field of neuroscience a novel genetic rat model to study a series of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, autism, depression, bipolar disorder and drug addiction.
Rat models of spinal cord injury: from pathology to potential therapies
Authors: Kjell Jacob , Olson Lars
Published: October 2016

A long-standing goal of spinal cord injury research is to develop effective spinal cord repair strategies for the clinic. Rat models of spinal cord injury provide an important mammalian model in which to evaluate treatment strategies and to understand the pathological basis of spinal cord injuries. These models have facilitated the development of robust tests for assessing the recovery of locomotor and sensory functions. Rat models have also allowed us to understand how neuronal circuitry changes following spinal cord injury and how recovery could be promoted by enhancing spontaneous regenerative mechanisms and by counteracting intrinsic inhibitory factors. Rat studies have also revealed possible routes to rescuing circuitry and cells in the acute stage of injury. Spatiotemporal and functional studies in these models highlight the therapeutic potential of manipulating inflammation, scarring and myelination. In addition, potential replacement therapies for spinal cord injury, including grafts and bridges, stem primarily from rat studies. Here, we discuss advantages and disadvantages of rat experimental spinal cord injury models and summarize knowledge gained from these models. We also discuss how an emerging understanding of different forms of injury, their pathology and degree of recovery has inspired numerous treatment strategies, some of which have led to clinical trials.
Exploring human disease using the Rat Genome Database
Authors: Shimoyama Mary , Laulederkind Stanley J. F. , De Pons Jeff , Nigam Rajni , Smith Jennifer R. , Tutaj Marek , Petri Victoria , Hayman G. Thomas , Wang Shur-Jen , Ghiasvand Omid , Thota Jyothi , Dwinell Melinda R.
Published: October 2016

Rattus norvegicus, the laboratory rat, has been a crucial model for studies of the environmental and genetic factors associated with human diseases for over 150 years. It is the primary model organism for toxicology and pharmacology studies, and has features that make it the model of choice in many complex-disease studies. Since 1999, the Rat Genome Database (RGD; http://rgd.mcw.edu) has been the premier resource for genomic, genetic, phenotype and strain data for the laboratory rat. The primary role of RGD is to curate rat data and validate orthologous relationships with human and mouse genes, and make these data available for incorporation into other major databases such as NCBI, Ensembl and UniProt. RGD also provides official nomenclature for rat genes, quantitative trait loci, strains and genetic markers, as well as unique identifiers. The RGD team adds enormous value to these basic data elements through functional and disease annotations, the analysis and visual presentation of pathways, and the integration of phenotype measurement data for strains used as disease models. Because much of the rat research community focuses on understanding human diseases, RGD provides a number of datasets and software tools that allow users to easily explore and make disease-related connections among these datasets. RGD also provides comprehensive human and mouse data for comparative purposes, illustrating the value of the rat in translational research. This article introduces RGD and its suite of tools and datasets to researchers – within and beyond the rat community – who are particularly interested in leveraging rat-based insights to understand human diseases.