bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposure to Experimental Preeclampsia in Mice Enhances the Vascular Response to Future Injury
Authors: Pruthi Dafina , Khankin Eliyahu V. , Blanton Robert M. , Aronovitz Mark , Burke Suzanne D. , McCurley Amy , Karumanchi S. Ananth , Jaffe Iris Z.
Published: February 2015

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading killer of women in developed nations. One sex-specific risk factor is preeclampsia, a syndrome of hypertension and proteinuria that complicates 5% of pregnancies. Although preeclampsia resolves after delivery, exposed women are at increased long-term risk of premature CVD and mortality. Pre-existing CVD risk factors are associated with increased risk of developing preeclampsia but whether preeclampsia merely uncovers risk or contributes directly to future CVD remains a critical unanswered question. A mouse preeclampsia model was used to test the hypothesis that preeclampsia causes an enhanced vascular response to future vessel injury. A preeclampsia-like state was induced in pregnant CD1 mice by overexpressing soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1, a circulating antiangiogenic protein that induces hypertension and glomerular disease resembling human preeclampsia. Two months postpartum, soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 levels and blood pressure normalized and cardiac size and function by echocardiography and renal histology were indistinguishable in preeclampsia-exposed compared with control mice. Mice were then challenged with unilateral carotid injury. Preeclampsia-exposed mice had significantly enhanced vascular remodeling with increased vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation (180% increase;
P
<0.01) and vessel fibrosis (216% increase;
P
<0.001) compared with control pregnancy. In the contralateral uninjured vessel, there was no difference in remodeling after exposure to preeclampsia. These data support a new model in which vessels exposed to preeclampsia retain a persistently enhanced vascular response to injury despite resolution of preeclampsia after delivery. This new paradigm may contribute to the substantially increased risk of CVD in woman exposed to preeclampsia.
Antipsychotic Drugs and the Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmia and/or Sudden Cardiac Death: A Nation‐wide Case‐Crossover Study
Authors: Wu Chi‐Shin , Tsai Yu‐Ting , Tsai Hui‐Ju
Published: February 2015

Background

Antipsychotics have been linked to prolongation of the
QT
interval. However, little is known about the risk of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) and/or sudden cardiac death (SCD) associated with individual antipsychotic drug use. This study was designed to investigate the association between specific antipsychotic drugs and the risk of
VA
and/or
SCD
.

Methods and Results

We conducted a case‐crossover study using a nation‐wide population‐based sample obtained from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database. A total of 17 718 patients with incident VA and/or SCD were enrolled. Conditional logistic regression models were applied to examine the effects of antipsychotic drug use on the risk of
VA
/
SCD
during various case and control time windows of 7, 14, and 28 days. The effect of the potency of a human ether‐à‐go‐go‐related gene (
hERG)
potassium channel blockade was also assessed. Antipsychotic drug use was associated with a 1.53‐fold increased risk of VA and/or SCD. Antipsychotic drugs with increased risk included clothiapine, haloperidol, prochlorperazine, thioridazine, olanzapine, quetiapine, risperidone, and sulpiride. The association was significantly higher among those with short‐term use. Antipsychotics with a high potency of the
hERG
potassium channel blockade had the highest risk of VA and/or SCD.

Conclusion

Use of antipsychotic drugs is associated with an increased risk of VA and/or SCD. Careful evaluations of the risks and benefits of antipsychotic treatment are highly recommended.
Endothelial p53 Deletion Improves Angiogenesis and Prevents Cardiac Fibrosis and Heart Failure Induced by Pressure Overload in Mice
Authors: Gogiraju Rajinikanth , Xu Xingbo , Bochenek Magdalena L. , Steinbrecher Julia H. , Lehnart Stephan E. , Wenzel Philip , Kessel Michael , Zeisberg Elisabeth M. , Dobbelstein Matthias , Schäfer Katrin
Published: February 2015

Background

Cardiac dysfunction developing in response to chronic pressure overload is associated with apoptotic cell death and myocardial vessel rarefaction. We examined whether deletion of tumor suppressor p53 in endothelial cells may prevent the transition from cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure.

Methods and Results

Mice with endothelial‐specific deletion of p53 (End.p53‐
KO
) were generated by crossing p53
fl/fl
mice with mice expressing Cre recombinase under control of an inducible Tie2 promoter. Cardiac hypertrophy was induced by transverse aortic constriction. Serial echocardiography measurements revealed improved cardiac function in End.p53‐
KO
mice that also exhibited better survival. Cardiac hypertrophy was associated with increased p53 levels in End.p53‐
WT
controls, whereas banded hearts of End.p53‐
KO
mice exhibited lower numbers of apoptotic endothelial and non‐endothelial cells and altered
mRNA
levels of genes regulating cell cycle progression (p21), apoptosis (Puma), or proliferation (Pcna). A higher cardiac capillary density and improved myocardial perfusion was observed, and pharmacological inhibition or genetic deletion of p53 also promoted endothelial sprouting in vitro and new vessel formation following hindlimb ischemia in vivo. Hearts of End.p53‐
KO
mice exhibited markedly less fibrosis compared with End.p53‐
WT
controls, and lower
mRNA
levels of p53‐regulated genes involved in extracellular matrix production and turnover (eg, Bmp‐7, Ctgf, or Pai‐1), or of transcription factors involved in controlling mesenchymal differentiation were observed.

Conclusions

Our analyses reveal that accumulation of p53 in endothelial cells contributes to blood vessel rarefaction and fibrosis during chronic cardiac pressure overload and suggest that endothelial cells may be a therapeutic target for preserving cardiac function during hypertrophy.
Endothelial Trauma From Mechanical Thrombectomy in Acute Stroke
Authors: Teng Dayu , Pannell Jeffrey Scott , Rennert Robert C. , Li Jieying , Li Yi-Shuan , Wong Victor W. , Chien Shu , Khalessi Alexander A.
Published: February 2015

Background and Purpose—

Endovascular thrombectomy has shown promise for the treatment of acute strokes resulting from large-vessel occlusion. Reperfusion-related injury may contribute to the observed decoupling of angiographic and clinical outcomes. Iatrogenic disruption of the endothelium during thrombectomy is potentially a key mediator of this process that requires further study.

Methods—

An in vitro live-cell platform was developed to study the effect of various commercially available endovascular devices on the endothelium. In vivo validation was performed using porcine subjects.

Results—

This novel in vitro platform permitted high-resolution quantification and characterization of the pattern and timing of endothelial-cell injury among endovascular thrombectomy devices and vessel diameters. Thrombectomy devices displayed heterogeneous effects on the endothelium; the device performance assessed in vitro was substantiated by in vivo findings.

Conclusions—

In vitro live-cell artificial vessel modeling enables a detailed study of the endothelium after thrombectomy and may contribute to future device design. Large animal studies confirm the relevance of this in vitro system to investigate endothelial physiology. This artificial vessel model may represent a practical, scalable, and physiologically relevant system to assess new endovascular technologies.
The Finnish Climate Change Act: Architecture, Functions, and Challenges
Authors: Pölönen Ismo
Published: February 2015

The article examines the key features and functions of the proposed Finnish Climate Change Act (fcca). It also analyses the legal implications of the Act and the qualities and factors which may limit its effectiveness. The paper argues that, despite its weak legal implications, the fcca would provide the regulatory preconditions for higher-quality climate policy-making in Finland, and it has the capacity to play an important role in national climate policy. The fcca would deliver regulatory foundations for systematic and integrated climate policy-making, also enabling wide public scrutiny. The proposed model leaves room for manifold climate-policy choices in varying societal and economical contexts. The cost of dynamic features is the relalow predictability in terms of sectorial paths on emission reductions. Another relevant challenge relates to the intended preparation of overlapping mid-term energy and climate plans with instruments of the fcca.
Pictorial Keys to the Species of the Subgenera Albuginosus and Aedimorphus (Grjebinei and Apicoannulatus Groups) of the Genus Aedes Meigen in the Afrotropical Region (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: HUANG YIAU-MIN , RUEDA LEOPOLDO M.
Published: February 2015

Nine species of the subgenus Albuginosus, one species of the subgenus Aedimorphus Grjebinei Group and two species of the subgenus Aedimorphus Apicoannulatus Group of the genus Aedes Meigen in the Afrotropical Region are treated in three pictorial keys based on diagnostic morphological features.
Beautiful bright belly: A distinctive new microhylid frog (Amphibia: Stumpffia) from eastern Madagascar
Authors: Glaw Frank , Vallan Denis , Andreone Franco , Edmonds Devin , Dolch Rainer , Vences Miguel
Published: February 2015

We describe a new red-bellied species of the microhylid frog genus Stumpffia from the Andasibe region (18°56' S, 48°25' E, ca. 900 m elevation) in central-eastern Madagascar. Stumpffia kibomena sp. nov. differs from all other described Stumpffia species in coloration, morphology, and by genetic differentiation in the mitochondrial 16S  rRNA gene (≥8.6% uncorrected p-distance to all other nominal species of the genus). It is furthermore distinguished from most other Stumpffia species by its advertisement calls. The new species is reliably known only from a few specimens collected in the Andasibe region and based on the limited knowledge we suggest its IUCN Red List classification as "Data Deficient".
Effects of Snow Cover and Atmospheric Stability on Winter PM2.5 Concentrations in Western U.S. Valleys
Authors: Green Mark C. , Chow Judith C. , Watson John G. , Dick Kevin , Inouye Daniel
Published: February 2015

Many populated valleys in the western United States experience increased concentrations of particulate matter with diameter of less than 2.5 μm (PM2.5) during winter stagnation conditions. Further study into the chemical components composing wintertime PM2.5 and how the composition and level of wintertime PM2.5 are related to meteorological conditions can lead to a better understanding of the causes of high PM2.5 and aid in development and application of emission controls. The results can also aid in short-term air-pollution forecasting and implementation of periodic emission controls such as burning bans. This study examines relationships between PM2.5 concentrations and wintertime atmospheric stability (defined by heat deficit) during snow-covered and snow-free conditions from 2000 to 2013 for five western U.S. urbanizations: Salt Lake City, Utah; Reno, Nevada; Boise, Idaho; Missoula, Montana; and Spokane, Washington. Radiosonde data were used where available to calculate daily heat deficit, which was compared with PM2.5 concentration for days with snow cover and days with no snow cover. Chemically speciated PM2.5 data were compared for snow-cover and snow-free days to see whether the chemical abundances varied by day category. Wintertime PM2.5 levels were highly correlated with heat deficit for all cities except Spokane, where the airport sounding does not represent the urban valley. For a given static stability, snow-cover days experienced higher PM2.5 levels than did snow-free days, mainly because of enhanced ammonium nitrate concentrations. Normalizing average PM2.5 to the heat deficit reduced year-to-year PM2.5 variability, resulting in stronger downward trends, mostly because of reduced carbonaceous aerosol concentrations. The study was limited to western U.S. cities, but similar results are expected for other urban areas in mountainous terrain with cold, snowy winters.
Do Assimilated Drifter Velocities Improve Lagrangian Predictability in an Operational Ocean Model?
Authors: Muscarella Philip , Carrier Matthew J. , Ngodock Hans , Smith Scott , Lipphardt B. L. , Kirwan A. D. , Huntley Helga S.
Published: February 2015

The Lagrangian predictability of general circulation models is limited by the need for high-resolution data streams to constrain small-scale dynamical features. Here velocity observations from Lagrangian drifters deployed in the Gulf of Mexico during the summer 2012 Grand Lagrangian Deployment (GLAD) experiment are assimilated into the Naval Coastal Ocean Model (NCOM) 4D variational (4DVAR) analysis system to examine their impact on Lagrangian predictability. NCOM-4DVAR is a weak-constraint assimilation system using the indirect representer method. Velocities derived from drifter trajectories, as well as satellite and in situ observations, are assimilated. Lagrangian forecast skill is assessed using separation distance and angular differences between simulated and observed trajectory positions. Results show that assimilating drifter velocities substantially improves the model forecast shape and position of a Loop Current ring. These gains in mesoscale Eulerian forecast skill also improve Lagrangian forecasts, reducing the growth rate of separation distances between observed and simulated drifters by approximately 7.3 km day−1 on average, when compared with forecasts that assimilate only temperature and salinity observations. Trajectory angular differences are also reduced.
Vin et bière en Proverbes 31,4–7
Authors: Lavoie Jean-Jacques
Published: February 2015

The author offers a textual criticism and a structural and literary analysis of Pr 31:3–7. This triple inquiry has several purposes: to show that the prohibition found in verses 4–5 is not absolute and that the ethics promoted by the foreign queen are identical to the ethics of the God of Israel and of Judah; to emphasize that the recommendation in verses 6–7 is not intended to promote a puritan morality or pure cynicism. On the contrary, this recommendation has a therapeutic aim and reflects compassion for those who are dying.
A Discourse Analytic Approach to Video Analysis of Teaching
Authors: Schieble Melissa , Vetter Amy , Meacham Mark
Published: February 2015

The authors present findings from a qualitative study of an experience that supports teacher candidates to use discourse analysis and positioning theory to analyze videos of their practice during student teaching. The research relies on the theoretical concept that learning to teach is an identity process. In particular, teachers construct and enact their identities during moment-to-moment interactions with students, colleagues, and parents. Using case study methods for data generation and analysis, the authors demonstrate how one participant used the analytic tools to trace whether and how she enacted her preferred teacher identities (facilitator and advocate) during student teaching. Implications suggest that using discourse analytic frameworks to analyze videos of instruction is a generative strategy for developing candidates’ interactional awareness that impacts student learning and the nature of classroom talk. Overall, these tools support novice teachers with the difficult task of becoming the teacher they desire to be.
Time to give CTE what it deserves — R-E-S-P-E-C-T
Authors: Gammill Deidra M.
Published: February 2015

A former English teacher becomes a Teacher Academy instructor in a high school career and technical education department and learns of the bias against CTE programs and students, which are stigmatized for supposedly lacking rigor and strong students. Such perceptions are outmoded, the author says, because CTE is much more rigorous these days and today’s employers need workers with the technical skills and training that CTE students acquire.
A global effort for educational equity
Authors: Dzulkifli Dzameer
Published: February 2015

A look at Teach For All’s global work through the lens of Teach For Malaysia one of several dozen organizations around the world inspired by Teach For America and Teach First to share solutions as they adapt a common approach to tackle education inequality in their home countries. A deeper look at Malaysian education brought Teach For Malaysia to defy the consensus opinion that many Malaysian children have poor education and life prospects because they aren’t taught English. Instead, Teach For Malaysia found that the core problem was that students from Malay primary schools were struggling with basic literacy in Malay, and students from Tamil or Mandarin schools had the added challenge of adjusting to a new language. So Teach For Malaysia focused its teacher training on improving literacy in both English and Malay.
Stanley Hauerwas’s Baptist project
Authors: Freeman Curtis W.
Published: February 2015

This article examines the influence of Stanley Hauerwas on Baptists. It describes the nature and scope of Hauerwas’ Baptist project. Specifically, it provides a chronological narrative that explores his critique of Baptists as linked to the modern habits and patterns of fundamentalism-liberalism, enlightenment rationality and individualism, biblical literalism and historicism, and the secular ways of learning in the university. It examines his speeches, sermons, and published works specifically addressed to Baptist audiences. The article analyses not only on his published works, but draws upon the primary sources of original speeches, letters, and other unpublished materials contained in Hauerwas’ personal and academic papers in the archival collection at the Rubenstein Library of Duke University.
Knowing what the stakes are: Hauerwas questions and baptist answers
Authors: Childress Kyle
Published: February 2015

This article examines the influence of Stanley Hauerwas in the context of a local Baptist church, using an exchange of sermons preached in a particular congregation between Dr. Hauerwas and Rev. Childress. Hauerwas upheld a high view of the office of priest, whereas Childress responded with a high view of the priesthood of the believers. These sermons and the article show how the work of Stanley Hauerwas contributed to helping the congregation move from an individualistic understanding of church to an understanding and practice of the church as a community.
Physical and combustion properties of nonwoven fabrics produced from conventional and naturally colored cottons
Authors: Hinchliffe Doug , Condon Brian , Delhom Christopher D , Chang SeChin , Montalvo Joseph , Madison Crista , Reynolds Michael , VonHoven Terri , Cintrón Michael Santiago
Published: February 2015

A comparative study was conducted to identify the effects of processing on physical and combustion properties of needlepunched (NP) and hydroentangled (H-E) nonwoven fabrics produced from fibers of white fiber cotton and a naturally colored brown fiber cotton. A significantly higher degree of flame retardancy (FR) in was observed in fabrics produced from brown cotton fibers compared with white fibers. Calorimetry revealed lower heat release capacity, lower peak heat release rate, and total heat release from brown fibers compared with white fibers. The ash content was also higher in brown fiber samples suggesting higher levels of inorganic elements in the brown fibers. Elemental analyses revealed brown cotton fibers had higher levels of known FR elements including phosphorous and magnesium. The H-E process reduced FR in brown fabrics, which also correlated with a reduction in phosphorous. However, brown H-E fabrics still maintained higher FR than white H-E fabrics. Water content analysis indicated higher water levels in brown fibers, particularly brown greige fibers, which correlated with increased FR. Processing parameters such as energy of H-E did not affect combustion of the two fabric types. Scouring of the brown fiber fabrics reduced, but did not remove coloration, while scouring and bleaching removed the brown color completely. Scouring alone, or scouring and bleaching, completely removed the higher FR properties of the brown fiber fabrics. The results indicate that the mechanism of FR in brown cotton fibers is dependent on multiple compositional factors that may include element content, water content, and compounds related to coloration.
Synthesis of novel Schiff base metal complexes with reactive groups and their catalytic property for hydrogen peroxide decomposition
Authors: Zhang Kai , Zhang Chao , Xie Kongliang
Published: February 2015

A novel water soluble azo Schiff base ligand containing crosslinking reactive groups (A), 3,5-bis [(2-hydroxy-4′-sodiumsulphatoethylsulphonyl) azobenzene- methyneimino]-benzoic acid (BHSABA), and its complexes with Mn2+, Cu2+, Co2+, were synthesized and characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1HNMR) spectroscopy. The Schiff base ligand and its complexes had excellent water solubility. Two reactive groups, p-[(2′-sulphatoethyl) sulphonyl groups, were able to form covalent bonds with biomass, such as cellulose, chitosan and so on, to obtain functional material. Ultraviolet–visible (UV-vis) electronic absorbance and fluorescence spectra of the ligand having azo conjugated system and of the metal complexes were measured. The catalytic activity of the ligand and the complexes for H2O2 decomposition were also investigated. The results show that the fluorescence spectra of the complexes, Co2A and Mn2A, had increased fluorescence phenomena. They had strong catalytic activity for H2O2 decomposition. When the concentration of manganese complex, Mn2A, was 5 mg/l, H2O2 decomposition nearly finished in 40 min at 40℃. The order of catalytic activity of three complexes for H2O2 decomposition was Mn2A > Co2A > Cu2A. The ligand itself had no noticeable catalytic activity for H2O2 decomposition. These novel water soluble Schiff base metal complexes with reactive groups have potential application in the H2O2 decomposition of water treatment fields.
Ungraded Pop Quizzes
Authors: Khanna Maya M.
Published: February 2015

In this study, I examined the impact of periodic pop quizzes on cumulative final exam scores. Specifically, I compared the impact of using no quizzes, graded quizzes, and ungraded quizzes on final exam scores of introductory psychology students. Quizzed students also completed a survey with questions probing how the students felt about the inclusion of quizzes in the course. Students taking ungraded pop quizzes outperformed students taking graded pop quizzes and students taking no quizzes on the final exam. Students taking ungraded pop quizzes felt positive about having quizzes in their classes. The current findings have implications for research on the mitigating impact of anxiety on test-enhanced learning and on pedagogical strategy selection for educators.
Ethanol Lock Efficacy and Associated Complications in Children With Intestinal Failure
Authors: Mezoff Ethan A. , Fei Lin , Troutt Misty , Klotz Kim , Kocoshis Samuel A. , Cole Conrad R.
Published: February 2015

Background: Prophylactic ethanol lock therapy (ELT) reduces central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLA‐BSIs) in children with intestinal failure (IF). However, the risk of associated complications is unclear. We aim to describe our experience with prophylactic ethanol locks in a cohort of patients with IF. Materials and Methods: Thirty patients on ELT from 2010–2013 were identified by review of our intestinal rehabilitation registry. Patient demographics, CLA‐BSI events, and line complications were extracted. Comparisons in infection and complication rates when on and off ELT were made using a Poisson mixed‐effect regression model. Results: CLA‐BSIs when on and off ELT were 3.1 and 5.5 per 1000 catheter days, respectively (P < .015). Overall complication rates were similar in both groups. In those patients who experienced a complication, the complication rates on ELT compared with time off ELT were significantly lower (P < .003). Line perforation or breakage rates declined significantly when on ELT, from 1.8 to 1.53 per 1000 catheter days (P < .006). Line occlusion rates also decreased on ELT, from 0.6 to 0.3 per 1000 catheter days (P = .056). Infecting organisms were not different on and off ELT, and patients experienced a similar number of polymicrobial infections on or off therapy. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most common infecting organism in both groups. Conclusions: Ethanol lock therapy use reduces both CLA‐BSI and central line complication rates in children with IF. These results underscore the safety and efficacy of ELT use in this population.
Optimization Modeling for Resource Allocation in the Chilean Public Education System
Authors: Amaya Jorge , Peeters Dominique , Uribe Paula , Valenzuela Juan P.
Published: February 2015

This article presents an economic decision model for planning in public education, considering the satisfaction of the total demand for education in a municipality and the annual cost involved in the system. Given a set of established schools in a municipality and possible new locations, the aim of the model is to find the optimal supply in terms of which schools should be kept open or closed, which grades (or year levels) should be made available and the number of classes that should be provided within each such grade to meet student demand. The model includes specific information about curriculum requirements in terms of the number of hours per year per subject to be provided for each grade level. The objective function essentially seeks to minimize the total fixed and variable costs to schools, which mainly relate to human resources (principal and direction, teaching, administrative, and support staff). We propose an integer optimization model for solving this problem and we apply it to two large municipalities in Chile.
Worker Engagement in the Health and Safety Regulatory Arena under Changing Models of Worker Representation
Authors: Delp Linda , Riley Kevin
Published: February 2015

This paper examines the efforts of a labor-community-university partnership in Southern California to confront violations of workplace health and safety standards by employers of nonunion workers in low-wage jobs. A worker engagement model has opened avenues for workers and worker advocates to participate in the regulatory arena absent union representation. This approach has achieved notable successes to date, including groundbreaking Cal/OSHA citations and nascent collaboration with agency officials to target enforcement of health and safety standards. We argue this model constitutes the foundation needed to support a potentially viable form of tripartism that allows nonunion workers a voice, albeit limited, in the health and safety regulatory process.
Medical Treatment of Traumatic Anosmia
Authors: Jiang Rong‐San , Twu Chih‐Wen , Liang Kai‐Li
Published: February 2015

Objectives

To study the effects of zinc and steroid in the treatment of traumatic anosmia.

Study Design

A prospective, randomized study.

Setting

Academic medical center.

Subjects and Methods

Patients with a clear history of loss of smell after head injury and whose thresholds were −1 measured by the phenyl ethyl alcohol threshold test were included in this study from January 2010 to May 2013. They were randomly divided into 4 groups. Patients in group 1 were treated with zinc gluconate for a month and high‐dose prednisolone with tapering for 2 weeks. Those in group 2 took only zinc gluconate, and those in group 3 took only prednisolone. Patients in group 4 did not take any medicine. All patients were followed up by phenyl ethyl alcohol threshold testing, and magnetic resonance imaging was performed to measure the volume of olfactory bulbs.

Results

Thirty‐nine patients in group 1, 35 in group 2, 34 in group 3, and 37 in group 4 completed the study. The recovery of olfactory function was observed in 11 patients (28.2%) in group 1, in 9 (25.7%) in group 2, in 4 (11.8%) in group 3, and in 1 (2.7%) in group 4. The recovery rates of olfactory function of groups 1 and 2 were significantly higher than the recovery rate of group 4. The volume of olfactory bulbs was not significantly different between those with and without improved olfactory function.

Conclusion

Our results show that zinc gluconate has a promising effect in treating traumatic anosmia.
State of Otolaryngology Match
Authors: Cabrera‐Muffly Cristina , Sheeder Jeanelle , Abaza Mona
Published: February 2015

Objective

To examine fluctuations in supply and demand of otolaryngology residency positions after the shift from an “early match” coordinated by the San Francisco match to a “conventional” matching process through the National Residency Matching Program (NRMP). To determine whether competition among otolaryngology residency positions have changed during this time frame.

Design

Database analysis.

Subjects and Methods

Matching statistics from 1998 to 2013 were obtained for all first‐year residency positions through the NRMP. Matching statistics from 1998 to 2005 were obtained for otolaryngology residency positions through the San Francisco match. Univariate analysis was performed, with a P value less than. 05 determined as significant.

Results

The number of otolaryngology positions and applicants remained proportional to the overall number of positions and applicants in the NRMP match. Otolaryngology applicants per position and the matching rate of all applicants did not change between the 2 time periods studied. The overall match rate of US seniors applying to otolaryngology did not change, while the match rate of non–US seniors decreased significantly following initiation of the conventional match. There was no significant change in United States Medical Licensing Exam step 1 scores or percentage of unfilled otolaryngology residency positions between the 2 time periods.

Conclusions

When comparing the early versus conventional otolaryngology match time periods, the only major change was the decreased percentage of matching among non–US senior applicants. Despite a significant shift in match timing after 2006, the supply, demand, and competitiveness of otolaryngology residency positions have not changed significantly.
The effect of pre-operative blood withdrawal, with or without sequestration, on allogeneic blood product requirements
Authors: van der Wal MT , Boks RH , Wijers-Hille MJ , Hofland J , Takkenberg JJM , Bogers A JJC
Published: February 2015

A common effect of autologous blood withdrawal before cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) is a decrease in haematocrit (Hct) and haemoglobin (Hb) content. A refinement of this technique is autologous blood withdrawal with the sequestration of platelet rich plasma (PRP) and red blood cells (RBCs). Methods: One hundred and four patients were included in a randomized study stratified into three groups: the autologous blood withdrawal group (Group 1), the autologous blood withdrawal group with blood loss sequestration (Group 2) and the control group (Control group). In Group 1, the amount of withdrawn blood was transfused after CPB. In Group 2, the RBCs were transfused immediately after sequestration and the PRP was transfused after the termination of CPB. In the Control group, no autologous blood withdrawal was employed. The following variables were analysed: blood loss, blood products transfusion, fluid transfusion, diuresis, haematological and coagulation data and the duration of the operation and intensive care unit stay. Results: We found no significant differences in peri-operative blood loss and transfused blood products among the three groups. There was a trend towards a lower amount of transfused fresh frozen plasma (FFP) for Group 1 ( p =0.057) in the operation room (OR). The use of plasma expanders post-CPB was significantly higher in the Control group ( p=0.024). RBCs coming from the auto-transfusion device were, for Group 1, significantly lower ( p=0.007). The Hb and Hct values in Group 1, at start and end of CPB, were significantly lower ( p=0.023-0.003 / 0.001-0.001, respectively). All other parameters were not significantly different. Conclusion: there were no significant differences between the study groups. This randomized trial shows that, although sequestration immediately after autologous blood withdrawal has no added value, autologous blood withdrawal in patients with a normal pre-operative Hb and Hct is simple, inexpensive and allows for autologous blood transfusion.
Real-time automated characterization of 3D morphology and mechanics of developing plant cells
Authors: Felekis Dimitrios , Vogler Hannes , Mecja Geraldo , Muntwyler Simon , Nestorova Anna , Huang Tianyun , Sakar Mahmut S. , Grossniklaus Ueli , Nelson Bradley J.
Published: February 2015

In this article, we introduce the real-time cellular force microscope (RT-CFM), a high-throughput microrobotic platform for mechanical stimulation and characterization of single cells. We developed computer vision algorithms that fully automate the positioning of target cells and localization of the sensor tip. The control and acquisition architecture dramatically increases the accuracy, speed, and reliability of force measurements. Pollen tubes provide an ideal model system for the study of plant mechanics at the single-cell level. To quantitatively obtain the physical properties of the plant cell wall, we generated topography and stiffness measurements from 3D scans of living, growing pollen tubes. We report techniques for real-time monitoring and analysis of intracellular calcium fluxes during mechanical intervention. Our platform is compatible with various imaging systems and enables a powerful screening technology to facilitate biomechanical and morphological characterization of developing cells.
Prevalence of hepatitis E virus in Chinese blood donors
Authors: Ma Li , Sun Pan , Lin Fangzhao , Wang Hongjie , Rong Xia , Dai Yudong , Liu Jianqiang , Qian Liqiong , Fang Min , Su Na , Xiao Wei , Ye Shengliang , Li Changqing
Published: February 2015

Objective

To investigate the prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) antibodies and RNA in voluntary blood donors, in China.

Methods

Serum samples from blood donors were collected sequentially at six blood donation centres in five geographical regions of China. Donors were stratified between two groups according to their serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) concentration (≤40 U/l and >40 U/l. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction were used to quantify anti-HEV antibodies and RNA, respectively.

Results

In total, 21.1% (172/816) of donors were positive for anti-HEV immunoglobulin (Ig) G (elevated ALT samples group 18.9% [85/450]; normal ALT group 23.8% [87/366]), and 0.5% (four of 816) donors were positive for anti-HEV IgM (elevated ALT group 0.9% [four of 450]; normal ALT group 0% [none of 366]). The rate of anti-HEV IgG seropositivity was significantly higher in male than in female donors. No serum sample tested positive for HEV RNA.

Conclusion

The prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in blood donors in China is high, regardless of ALT concentration.
Reading and working memory in adults with or without formal musical training: Musical and lexical tone
Authors: Lu Ching-I , Greenwald Margaret
Published: February 2015

Studies of working memory for musical tone are seldom reported, and verbal working memory experiments have not focused on the tonal aspects of a language such as Mandarin Chinese. We examined the relationships among musical experience, tonal language processing, and working memory in adult reading of musical notation and Mandarin Chinese. We hypothesized that 30 adults with formal musical training trained in translating print to sound in sight-reading would have an advantage over 30 adults without formal musical training in converting print to lexical tone in reading a tonal language. Using n-back reading tasks, we found that the adults with formal musical training were better able to extract lexical tone information from print than the adults without formal musical training, or to maintain it in working memory. Even in a Mandarin homophone task, requiring phonological judgments of print, adults with formal musical training demonstrated superior performance. We discuss possible reasons why musical experience facilitates processing of phonology and lexical tone in reading tasks.
The Effect of Acetabular Rim Recession on Anterior Acetabular Coverage
Authors: Kling Scott , Karns Michael R. , Gebhart Jeremy , Kosmas Christos , Robbin Mark , Nho Shane J. , Bedi Asheesh , Salata Michael J.
Published: February 2015

Background:

The majority of rim recession for femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) is performed anteriorly and has traditionally been assessed by the lateral center-edge (CE) angle, which correlates most closely with lateral coverage. The radiographic false-profile view permits measurement of anterior coverage via the anterior CE angle and more closely correlates with anterior coverage.

Purpose:

To answer the following questions: (1) How does incremental anterior rim recession change lateral and anterior CE angles? and (2) Can these changes be predicted by a formula?

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Twelve cadaveric hips were dissected free of soft tissue to expose the anterior acetabular rim. Incremental resections of 2.5 mm (range, 0-10 mm) were performed from the 12- to 3-o’clock position using a Dremel rotary tool. Anteroposterior hip and false-profile radiographs were obtained at each interval using a fluoroscopic C-arm. The lateral and anterior CE angles were measured by 3 orthopaedic surgeons.

Results:

The average preresection lateral CE angle was 35.1°, and the mean decrease in lateral CE angle from 0 to 10 mm was 9.9°; the average preresection anterior CE angle was 38.4° and the mean decrease in anterior CE angle from 0 to 10 mm was 18.2°. The anterior CE angle decreased by a factor of 1.9 when compared with the lateral CE angle ( P = 2 × 10−7). The lateral CE angle decreased by approximately 1° (1.0°) per millimeter of rim recessed. The anterior CE angle decreased by approximately 2° (1.8°) per millimeter of rim recessed.

Conclusion:

The lateral CE angle should not be extrapolated to reflect anterior acetabular coverage. The anterior CE angle is a superior marker and predictably decreases with rim recession at double the rate of the lateral CE angle.

Clinical Relevance:

The false-profile view is recommended in the perioperative workup for all patients undergoing arthroscopic treatment of pincer impingement.
Common property in the trust game: Experimental evidence from Bulgaria
Authors: Coleman Eric A
Published: February 2015

The extent of human cooperation depends on the institutional arenas wherein people interact. Scholars from the Ostrom school have been particularly interested in how behavior in common property institutions differs from private property. Using a model of reciprocal motivations, I hypothesize that common property institutions elicit less cooperation than private property institutions in post-Communist Bulgaria. To investigate this hypothesis, this article reports on a series of experiments that examine the effects of common and private property in the trust game. The results indicate that common property institutions in Bulgaria elicit less cooperation than private property.
Synthesis of very low birefringence polymers using fluorinated macromers for polymeric waveguides
Authors: Lee Seong Ri , Kim Mi Ran , Jo Eun Hae , Yoon Keun-Byoung
Published: February 2015

A series of highly fluorinated acrylic macromers and monomers containing perfluoroalkyl, perfluorophenyl, and perfluorocyclohexyl pendant groups were synthesized in an attempt at reducing absorption losses and birefringences. The macromers, prepared by the anionic polymerization of fluorinated acrylic monomers, were viscous liquids with number average molecular weights of 15,000–16,000 g mol−1. Macromer and monomer mixtures that generally exhibited viscosities suitable for the ultraviolet-imprint process were photopolymerized to prepare the polymeric films. At 850 nm, the films had very low birefringences (approximately 0.0001) and their refractive indices (RIs) were linearly dependent on the mixture compositions; this allowed the RIs of films to be fine-tuned within at certain range. At 850 nm, the propagation losses of the multimode waveguides ranged from 0.12 dB cm−1 to 0.15 dB cm−1, demonstrating that these polymers are potentially useful as optically passive waveguide materials.
Generic software tool for counteracting the dynamics effects of optical beam delivery systems
Authors: Penchev Pavel , Dimov Stefan , Bhaduri Debajyoti , Soo Sein L , Crickboom Benoit
Published: February 2015

Laser micro-machining is a promising manufacturing solution for fabricating complex micro-engineering products in wide range of materials that incorporate different multi-scale functional features. Optical beam deflector systems are key components in laser micro-machining systems, and they are one of the main factors determining the processing speed and hence machining throughput. However, their performance is speed dependent and the negative dynamics effects have a direct impact on the laser micro-machining accuracy, repeatability and reproducibility. This article presents a generic software solution for minimising these negative dynamics effects, thus improving significantly the laser machining performance across the full range of available processing speeds. In particular, these improvements are achieved by introducing machine-specific compensations in machining vectors to counteract beam deflectors’ inertia regardless of their directions, length and set process speed. An empirical model was developed to obtain data about the actual dynamic response of the beam deflection system across the full range of available processing speeds, and then based on these data, the proposed generic software was implemented into a stand-alone ‘adaptive’ postprocessor. The generation of machine executable part programs is automated, and it is only necessary for the user to enter the selected scanning speeds and beam diameters. Experimental validation was conducted to demonstrate the capability of the proposed software tool. The results demonstrate that substantial improvements can be obtained in machining quality by maintaining a constant pulse distance throughout the machining operations, while the dimensional accuracy is maintained across the available processing speeds without sacrificing the machining efficiency.
The shape analysis of three-dimensional flexible rolling method
Authors: Qiu Ningjia , Li Mingzhe , Li Renjun
Published: February 2015

A new forming method, three-dimensional flexible rolling, is proposed for three-dimensional surface parts, which can form the parts effectively with the dieless characteristics. In this study, the shape of bending rolls is circle and the bending radii of upper and lower rolls are different; therefore, the roll gap is non-uniform. Because of the roll gap, an uneven compression appears at the transversal direction, which leads to a non-uniform elongation in feeding direction. The parts bend in two directions at the same time, and the three-dimensional surface shape is obtained. The forming rules of flexible rolling are proposed to analyze the relationship between the pressure ratio and the deformation extent of double-curved surface. The function between the non-uniform roll gap and the bending radius is deduced from the theory of invariable volume. An experimental device is developed to do the forming experiments. The feasibility of the device and the advantage of the method have been validated through numbers of experiments. Typical three-dimensional surface parts such as the convex and saddle parts have been completed for researching and analyzing. Some fine numerical simulation results of flexible rolling have been obtained. Finally, the simulation results are compared with the actual results to analyze the shape and illustrate the forming effect.
The Internationalization of Research in Europe
Authors: Kwiek Marek
Published: February 2015

This article focuses on the impact of international research collaboration on individual research productivity in 11 European countries. Research productivity and international publication co-authorship of “internationalists” and “locals” (or academics collaborating and not collaborating internationally) are compared. The article uses a micro-level (individual) approach and relies on the primary data collected in a comparable format through a survey from 17,211 European academics. In all countries and all clusters of academic fields studied, international collaboration in research is strongly correlated with substantially higher research productions. Internationalization increasingly plays a stratifying role, though: More international collaboration tends to mean higher publishing rates and those who do not collaborate internationally may be losing more than ever before in terms of resources and prestige in the process of “accumulative disadvantage.” The competition is becoming a permanent feature of the European research landscape, and local prestige combined with local publications may no longer suffice in the race for resources and academic recognition. Cross-disciplinary and cross-national differences apply but our study shows a powerful role of internationalization of research for both individual research productivity and the competitiveness of national research outputs.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Patients’ Experiences of an Enhanced Self-Management Model of Care
Authors: Patel Neil , Jones Pauline , Adamson Vikki , Spiteri Monica , Kinmond Kathryn
Published: February 2015

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is debilitating and costly. Self-management is championed to empower individuals to better manage their condition and also to efficiently utilize health resources. As a multi-disciplinary team, we conducted focus group research with individuals living with COPD who were participating in a longitudinal study to use an electronic “diary” to monitor, record, and transmit their own health status, plus receiving regular nurse visits. The main aims of the focus groups were to investigate how far individuals embraced the electronic diary and experienced it as an aid to the self-management of their condition. We also looked at the importance of the nurse visits to the process. Thematic analysis revealed that patients responded positively to the use of technology (the electronic diary), including psychological benefits of perceived support offered by the remote symptom surveillance. Findings also showed patients’ increased awareness and monitoring of personal symptoms together with an improved understanding of disease self-management. Nurse support emerged as an important “human” factor in the process. In addition, a reduction in hospital admission was observed, thus reducing costs to the health service.
Palliative Sedation at the End of Life
Authors: Azoulay Daniel , Shahal-Gassner Ruth , Yehezkel Malka , Eliyahu Ester , Weigert Nir , Ein-Mor Eliana , Jacobs Jeremy M.
Published: February 2015

Palliative sedation (PS) is indicated for refractory symptoms among dying patients. This retrospective descriptive study examines PS in an Israeli hospice. Palliative sedation was defined as PS to unconsciousness (PSU), PS proportionate to symptoms (proportional palliative sedation [PPS]), or intermittent PS (IPS). Among 179 patients who died during 2012, PS was used among 21.2% (n = 38): (PSU 34.2%, PPS 34.2%, and IPS 31.6%), using midazolam (n = 33/38), halidol (21/38), and concurrent morphine (n = 35/38). Indications included agitation (71%), pain (36.8%), and dyspnea (21%). Survival following initiation of PS was 73 ± standard deviation 54 hours. No differences in survival were observed according to who initiated the decision to use PS (patients/medical staff/family) or type of PS (PSU/PPS/IPS). Survival following PS was longest with higher sedative doses, an observation that may help dispel fears concerning the use of PS to hasten death.