bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Lucas polynomials semi-analytic solution for fractional multi-term initial value problems
Authors: Mokhtar Mahmoud M. , Mohamed Amany S.
Published: November 2019

Herein, we use the generalized Lucas polynomials to find an approximate numerical solution for fractional initial value problems (FIVPs). The method depends on the operational matrices for fractional differentiation and integration of generalized Lucas polynomials in the Caputo sense. We obtain these solutions using tau and collocation methods. We apply these methods by transforming the FIVP into systems of algebraic equations. The convergence and error analyses are discussed in detail. The applicability and efficiency of the method are tested and verified through numerical examples.
Occurrence and expression of genes encoding methyl-compound production in rumen bacteria
Authors: Kelly William J. , Leahy Sinead C. , Kamke Janine , Soni Priya , Koike Satoshi , Mackie Roderick , Seshadri Rekha , Cook Gregory M. , Morales Sergio E. , Greening Chris , Attwood Graeme T.
Published: November 2019

Background

Digestive processes in the rumen lead to the release of methyl-compounds, mainly methanol and methylamines, which are used by methyltrophic methanogens to form methane, an important agricultural greenhouse gas. Methylamines are produced from plant phosphatidylcholine degradation, by choline trimethylamine lyase, while methanol comes from demethoxylation of dietary pectins via pectin methylesterase activity. We have screened rumen metagenomic and metatranscriptomic datasets, metagenome assembled genomes, and the Hungate1000 genomes to identify organisms capable of producing methyl-compounds. We also describe the enrichment of pectin-degrading and methane-forming microbes from sheep rumen contents and the analysis of their genomes via metagenomic assembly.

Results

Screens of metagenomic data using the protein domains of choline trimethylamine lyase (CutC), and activator protein (CutD) found good matches only to Olsenella umbonata and to Caecibacter, while the Hungate1000 genomes and metagenome assembled genomes from the cattle rumen found bacteria within the phyla Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. The cutC and cutD genes clustered with genes that encode structural components of bacterial microcompartment proteins. Prevotella was the dominant genus encoding pectin methyl esterases, with smaller numbers of sequences identified from other fibre-degrading rumen bacteria. Some large pectin methyl esterases (> 2100 aa) were found to be encoded in Butyrivibrio genomes. The pectin-utilising, methane-producing consortium was composed of (i) a putative pectin-degrading bacterium (phylum Tenericutes, class Mollicutes), (ii) a galacturonate-using Sphaerochaeta sp. predicted to produce acetate, lactate, and ethanol, and (iii) a methylotrophic methanogen, Methanosphaera sp., with the ability to form methane via a primary ethanol-dependent, hydrogen-independent, methanogenesis pathway.

Conclusions

The main bacteria that produce methyl-compounds have been identified in ruminants. Their enzymatic activities can now be targeted with the aim of finding ways to reduce the supply of methyl-compound substrates to methanogens, and thereby limit methylotrophic methanogenesis in the rumen.
Factors During a Child’s Illness Are Associated With Levels of Prolonged Grief Symptoms in Bereaved Mothers and Fathers
Authors: Pohlkamp Lilian , Kreicbergs Ulrika , Sveen Josefin
Published: November 2019

PURPOSE

Previous research shows that bereaved parents are at an increased risk for intense and prolonged grief responses. To offer effective support to parents during a child’s cancer treatment and after their child’s death, more knowledge is needed about factors related to the child’s illness trajectory that may contribute to prolonged grief in bereaved parents and about possible sex differences related to such factors. Therefore, we examined possible contributing factors associated with prolonged grief in cancer-bereaved mothers and fathers 1 to 5 years after their child died of cancer.

METHODS

We studied data from a population-based nationwide survey, including 133 mothers and 92 fathers who had lost a child to cancer 1 to 5 years earlier, using univariable and multiple regression analyses to assess the associations between prolonged grief and possible contributing variables.

RESULTS

The variables associated with lower levels of prolonged grief symptoms for mothers were being able to talk about feelings within the family ( P = .00) and trusting that health care professionals made every possible effort to cure the child ( P = .01). The statistically significantly associated variables for fathers were having said farewell to the deceased child in the way they wanted ( P = .00) and feeling that they had received practical support from health care professionals during the child’s illness trajectory ( P = .01).

CONCLUSION

We found factors during the illness of children with cancer that contributed to prolonged grief for parents; these were different for mothers and fathers. The results may have implications for design of family bereavement support within pediatric oncology care, including addressing the differing needs of mothers and fathers more effectively.
International Waist Circumference Percentile Cutoffs for Central Obesity in Children and Adolescents Aged 6 to 18 Years
Authors: Xi Bo , Zong Xin’nan , Kelishadi Roya , Litwin Mieczysław , Hong Young Mi , Poh Bee Koon , Steffen Lyn M , Galcheva Sonya V , Herter-Aeberli Isabelle , Nawarycz Tadeusz , Krzywińska-Wiewiorowska Małgorzata , Khadilkar Anuradha , Schmidt Michael D , Neuhauser Hannelore , Schienkiewitz Anja , Kułaga Zbigniew , Kim Hae Soon , Stawińska-Witoszyńska Barbara , Motlagh Mohammad Esmaeil , Ruzita Abd Talib , Iotova Violeta M , Grajda Aneta , Ismail Mohd Noor , Krzyżaniak Alicja , Heshmat Ramin , Stratev Velin , Różdżyńska-Świątkowska Agnieszka , Ardalan Gelayol , Qorbani Mostafa , Świąder-Leśniak Anna , Ostrowska-Nawarycz Lidia , Yotov Yoto , Ekbote Veena , Khadilkar Vaman , Venn Alison J , Dwyer Terence , Zhao Min , Magnussen Costan G , Bovet Pascal
Published: November 2019

Context

No universal waist circumference (WC) percentile cutoffs used have been proposed for screening central obesity in children and adolescents.

Objective

To develop international WC percentile cutoffs for children and adolescents with normal weight based on data from 8 countries in different global regions and to examine the relation with cardiovascular risk.

Design and Setting

We used pooled data on WC in 113,453 children and adolescents (males 50.2%) aged 4 to 20 years from 8 countries in different regions (Bulgaria, China, Iran, Korea, Malaysia, Poland, Seychelles, and Switzerland). We calculated WC percentile cutoffs in samples including or excluding children with obesity, overweight, or underweight. WC percentiles were generated using the general additive model for location, scale, and shape (GAMLSS). We also estimated the predictive power of the WC 90th percentile cutoffs to predict cardiovascular risk using receiver operator characteristics curve analysis based on data from 3 countries that had available data (China, Iran, and Korea). We also examined which WC percentiles linked with WC cutoffs for central obesity in adults (at age of 18 years).

Main Outcome Measure

WC measured based on recommendation by the World Health Organization.

Results

We validated the performance of the age- and sex-specific 90th percentile WC cutoffs calculated in children and adolescents (6-18 years of age) with normal weight (excluding youth with obesity, overweight, or underweight) by linking the percentile with cardiovascular risk (area under the curve [AUC]: 0.69 for boys; 0.63 for girls). In addition, WC percentile among normal weight children linked relatively well with established WC cutoffs for central obesity in adults (eg, AUC in US adolescents: 0.71 for boys; 0.68 for girls).

Conclusion

The international WC cutoffs developed in this study could be useful to screen central obesity in children and adolescents aged 6 to 18 years and allow direct comparison of WC distributions between populations and over time.
Notch4 activation aggravates NF-kappa B mediated inflammation in HIV-1 associated Nephropathy
Authors: Puri Rajni Vaid , Yerrathota Sireesha , Home Trisha , Idowu Jessica Y. , Chakravarthi Praveen V. , Ward Christopher J. , Singhal Pravin , Vanden Heuvel Gregory B. , Fields Timothy A. , Sharma Madhulika
Published: November 2019

Notch pathway activation plays a central role in the pathogenesis of many glomerular diseases. We have previously shown that Notch4 expression was up-regulated in various renal cells in HIV- associated Nephropathy (HIVAN) patients and rodent models of HIVAN. In this study, we examined whether Notch pathway can be distinctly activated by HIV-1 gene products and whether Notch4 in particular, can influence disease progression. Using luciferase reporter assays, we did not observe activation of NOTCH4 promoter with the HIV protein, Nef in podocytes. Further, we observed upregulated expression of a gamma secretase complex protein, Presenilin-1 but not Notch4 in podocytes infected with an HIV-1 expression construct. To assess effects of Notch4 on HIVAN disease progression, we engineered-Tg26 mice with a global deletion of the Notch4 intracellular domain (IC) (Notch4dl), which is required for signaling function. These mice (Notch4d1/Tg26+) showed a significant improvement in renal function and a significant decrease in mortality compared to Tg26 mice. Histological examination of kidneys showed that Notch4d1/Tg26+ mice had overall glomerular, tubulointerstitial injury and a marked decrease in interstitial inflammation. A significant decrease in the proliferating cells was observed in the tubulointerstitial compartments of Notch4d1/Tg26+ mice. Consistent with the diminished inflammation, kidneys from Notch4d1/Tg26+ mice also showed a significant decrease in expression of the inflammatory cytokine transcripts, Il-6, Ccl2 as well as master inflammatory transcription factor NF-κB. These data identify Notch4 as an important mediator of tubulointerstitial injury and inflammation in HIVAN and a potential therapeutic target.
Orientation Order of Nonelectrically Poled FTC-Type Chromophores in PMMA on SiO2 Surfaces
Authors: Sugita Atsushi , Tsuruoka Miwa , Kinoshita Yuta , Futagami Yushi , Yoshimura Tomoyuki , Matsuo Jun-ichi
Published: November 2019

We present the orientation order of push-pull chromophores consisting of phenyl vinylene thiophene vinylene (FTC) bridges between the N,-N-bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)-amine electron donor and phenyl-trifluoromethyl-tricyanofuran (TCF-Ph-CF3) acceptor in poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). The chromophores have attracted great attention as a guest material for nonlinear optical polymers for near-IR applications. Our experimental results demonstrated that the chromophores with relatively large molecular weights were oriented in a polar order with the aid of adsorption onto the surfaces of the SiO2 substrates, even without the conventional electrical poling procedure. The polar order of the chromophores extended approximately 50 nm vertically from the substrate surfaces. Polarized linear absorption and second harmonic generation spectroscopies were performed to determine the orientation distribution function of the chromophores in the PMMA. The average molecular tilt angle Θ, indicating the degree of the orientation order, was wider than the magic angle, and the chromophores were preferably oriented horizontally to the substrate surfaces. A relatively low orientation order was explained in terms of the strong dipole-dipole repulsions among the neighboring guest chromophores.
Test & Roll: Profit-Maximizing A/B Tests
Authors: Feit Elea McDonnell , Berman Ron
Published: November 2019

We reframe A/B testing as a decision problem with the goal of maximizing profit and derive the optimal sample size formula.
Optimal Redeeming Strategy of Stock Loans Under Drift Uncertainty
Authors: Xu Zuo Quan , Yi Fahuai
Published: November 2019

In practice, one must recognize the inevitable incompleteness of information while making decisions. In this paper, we consider the optimal redeeming problem of stock loans under a state of incomplete information presented by the uncertainty in the (bull or bear) trends of the underlying stock. This is called drift uncertainty. Owing to the unavoidable need for the estimation of trends while making decisions, the related Hamilton–Jacobi–Bellman equation turns out to be of a degenerate parabolic type. Hence, it is very hard to obtain its regularity using the standard approach, making the problem different from the existing optimal redeeming problems without drift uncertainty. We present a thorough and delicate probabilistic and functional analysis to obtain the regularity of the value function and the optimal redeeming strategies. The optimal redeeming strategies of stock loans appear significantly different in the bull and bear trends.
To be or not to be. Service-learning in a higher education institution
Authors: Smith-Tolken Antoinette R. , McKay Marianne
Published: November 2019

INTRODUCTION. Many universities across the world prefer service learning (SL) as pedagogical framework and practice to integrate community engagement in teaching and learning. The pursuit of reciprocal collaborative relationships with society and the prominence of reflection in bridging the gap between theory and practice are characteristic of this framework. Furthermore, the focus of SL on personal growth, academic learning and social responsibility articulate well with the aim of Higher Education to develop student graduate attributes such as professionalism, critical citizenship and employment competencies. This study explores the mutations of SL in one institution where SL was articulated to be the preferred pedagogical framework for practical components of academic programmes. The question became: Is community-engaged teaching and learning a broader evolving practice of multiple pedagogical approaches in one institution or do they still constitute aspects of SL? METHOD. The study took an explorative interpretive approach to determine if SL was the only pedagogy practiced in the institution and examined the concept of collaborative engaged teaching and learning. It started with a rapid survey of all courses that was offered using experiential pedagogy and a report was compiled. In a follow-up study, specific academic programmes were purposively selected and educators were asked to analyse the approaches they were using. This was followed by purposive open-ended interviews with specific course facilitators about their teaching practice. A round table discussion was held where everyone presented his or her work. RESULTS. Content analysis showed a diversity of learning strategies. It was found that not all courses followed specific service learning methodology, but a mixture of practicums, including internships, community-based learning and work integrated learning. Multiple pedagogical approaches and methodologies were used. During interviews and presentations, it was found, however, that all courses followed at least one of the SL tenets namely service, academic learning, reflection, students developing a social responsibility and competencies. DISCUSSION. Although SL was used as a basis for their teaching/learning strategy, many of the respondents felt they did not practice SL as the latter was experienced as prescriptive and not always applicable in its entirety. Community-engaged teaching and learning (CETL) evolved as an inclusive concept that encompass multiple pedagogies that strengthen the notion of engaged teaching and engaged research as engaged scholarship. A typology of student engagement challenges the Furco (1996) depiction of SL and related activities and introduces the new concept of community-engaged teaching and learning.
Critical review on social marketing planning approaches
Authors: Akbar M Bilal , French Jeff , Lawson Alison
Published: November 2019

Purpose
 This paper presents the first attempt to map and critically review existing social marketing planning approaches.
 Approach
 Critical literature review.
 Findings
 The discussion highlights that existing
social marketing planning approaches have moved on from older product-driven models towards a more customer/ citizen-oriented, stakeholder engagement and value creation narrative. There is also a growing connection between social marketing planning approaches and theories from other disciplines.
This recognises that a simple push marketing strategy, which was the working principle of many early social marketingplanning approaches, is not often effective for contemporary social marketing practice. Effective social marketing planning requires a greater emphasis on new social marketing
principles derived from the new global consensus social marketing definition, such as more citizen focus, sustainable outcomes, and ethical practice, thus highlighting a need for more comprehensive social marketing planning approaches with a better understanding of recent theory development
of social marketing as a field in order to be relatable and efficient.
 Implications
 The review sets out some original thinking about how planning in the field of social marketing can be strengthened through a more inclusive adoption of both system thinking analysis
and integration with other fields of theory and practice that are seeking to influence behaviour for social good.
 Limitations
 This review is exploratory in nature and evaluates only 14 social marketing planning approaches; more social marketing approaches exist
and could be considered in further reviews.
Large-aperture coatings for fusion-class laser systems
Authors: Oliver J. B. , Rigatti A. L. , Noll T. , Spaulding J. , Hettrick J. , Gruschow V. , Mitchell G. , Sadowski D. , Smith C. , Charles B.
Published: November 2019

Optical coatings for fusion-class laser systems pose unique challenges, given the large substrate sizes, the high intensities incident on the coatings, and the system-focusing requirements, necessitating a well-controlled optical wavefront. Significant advancements have taken place in the past 30 years to achieve the coating capabilities necessary to build laser systems such as the National Ignition Facility, Laser Mégajoule, OMEGA EP, and OMEGA. This work summarizes the coating efforts and advancements to support such system construction and maintenance.
Method comparison of four clinically available assays for serum free light chain analysis
Authors: Fleming Chérina K.A. , Swarttouw Tim , de Kat Angelino Corrie M. , Jacobs Joannes F.M. , Russcher Henk
Published: November 2019

Background

Serum free light chain (sFLC) measurements are increasingly important in the context of screening for monoclonal gammopathies, prognostic stratification and monitoring of therapy responses. In this study we have performed a method comparison of four sFLC assays that are currently available for routine clinical use.

Methods

In a retrospective study, sFLC analyses were performed on a cohort that included 139 patients with various monoclonal gammopathies and 54 control sera without an M-protein. Method comparisons of the following four FLC assays were performed: Freelite (Binding Site), N-Latex FLC (Siemens), Seralite (Abingdon Health) and Sebia FLC (Sebia).

Results

Bland-Altman agreement analysis showed biases varying between −0.1 and 16.2 mg/L for κFLC, −6.0 and 6.8 mg/L for λFLC and −0.04 and 0.38 for the ratio of the involved to uninvolved FLC. Strong agreements were observed for FLC-concentrations below 100 mg/L. The clinical concordance of the κ/λFLC-ratio of the four methods varied between 86% and 92%. Significant quantitative differences were observed between the different methods, mainly in sera with high FLC concentrations. Most assays consistently overestimated FLC concentrations compared to SPE.

Conclusions

Good overall clinical concordances were observed between the four sFLC assays that were compared in this study. Although good agreements were observed between the FLC assays, significant absolute differences in FLC concentrations in individual patients can be seen, particularly at higher FLC concentrations. Because of inequivalent absolute sFLC values between the methods in individual patients, none of the four sFLC assays can be used interchangeably.
Ion Exchange of Benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate Layered Double Hydroxide by Amoxicillin
Authors: Dwiasi Dian Windy , Mudasir Mudasir , Roto Roto
Published: November 2019

The Ni-Al-NO3 layered double hydroxide (LDH) compound has been intercalated with benzoate anion through an anion exchange process for amoxicillin drug adsorption. The purpose of this research is to synthesize Ni-Al-NO3, ion exchange with benzoate anion to form Ni-Al-Benzoate, and then applying it as an adsorbent of amoxicillin. The adsorption process was carried out using the batch technique. The materials synthesized in this study were characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray ray diffraction (XRD), and Thermogravimetric Analysis/Differential Thermal Analysis (TGA/DTA). The exchange of benzoate in Ni-Al-Benzoate LDH by amoxicillin was followed by UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The pH, LDH amount, and contact time are optimized. The adsorption of amoxicillin by Ni-Al-Benzoate is fit to the pseudo-second-order kinetics model, with an adsorption capacity of 40 mg/ g. The results showed that anion exchange was successfully carried out between benzoate anion and amoxicillin.
Multi Gene Genetic Program Modelling on L-Asparaginase Activity of Bacillus Stratosphericus
Authors: Pola Madhuri , Potla Durthi Chandrasai , Erva Rajeswara Reddy , Rajulapati Satish Babu
Published: November 2019

The current study focuses on maximization of L-Asparaginase production from Bacillus stratosphericus isolated from Ocimum tenuiflorum. Optimization study followed by modelling using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) was performed. The experimental data obtained from Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was further studied by an evolutionary algorithm Genetic Programming (GP) to find the prediction equation. GP does not require prior knowledge of the data sets. GP is an extension of Genetic Algorithm (GA), where the results are represented in the form of trees. Multi gene genetic programming (MGPP) is a variant of GP used to solve non-linear mathematical models. The prediction equation obtained from the GP analysis is represented in the form of tree. Each tree represents single gene. Best fit individuals obtained at each generation by using genetic operators were selected to get better regression co-efficient value. The predicted and experimental data showed good significance with R2 = 0.99956.
Effect of Basicity on Precipitation of Spinel Crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-FeO System
Authors: Li Jianli , Zeng Qiang , Mou Qiqiang , Yu Yue
Published: November 2019

The comprehensive utilization of stainless steel slag is one of major problems to be solved at “green steelworks”. Precipitation of spinel crystals can effectively detoxify residue. The effect of basicity defined by ω(CaO)/ ω(SiO2) ratio on precipitation of spinel crystals in a CaO-SiO2-MgO-Cr2O3-8 wt% FeO system has been determined with such tools as FactSage 7.1, SEM-EDS, IPP 6.0 and XRD. The FactSage 7.1 results showed that the rate of spinel phase enrichment with chromium was about 98% for the system basicity less than 1.4 and about 78% above this value. The precipitation of solid particles in solution appeared to be significantly influenced by basicity. With its increase the solid phase grew, the liquid one reduced, the particle diffusion was limited, and the growth of spinel crystals was inhibited. The spinel crystal size increased rapidly with decrease of basicity. When basicity increased from 0.6 up to 1.0, the crystal size decreased sharply from 12.30 μm down to 6.22 μm, and the reduction constituted as much as 49.43%. When basicity increased from 1.0 up to 2.2, the spinel crystal size moderately decreased from 6.22 μm down to 4.47 μm. Therefore, reduction of basicity is conducive to spinel crystal enrichment with chromium what appears to be a key factor to control basicity at detoxification of the chromium-containing steel slag.
Blackbox SSCI: Datenerfassung und Datenverarbeitung bei der kommerziellen Indexierung von Zitaten
Authors: Tüür-Fröhlich Terje
Published: November 2019

Zahlreiche Autoren, Autorinnen und kritische Initiativen (z. B. DORA) kritisieren den zu hohen und schädlichen Einfluss quantitativer Daten, welche akademische Instanzen für Evaluationszwecke heranziehen. Wegen des großen Einflusses der globalen Zitatdatenbanken von Thomson Reuters (bzw. Clarivate Analytics) auf die Bewertung der wissenschaftlichen Leistungen von Forscherinnen und Forschern habe ich extensive qualitative und quantitative Fallstudien zur Datenqualität des Social Sciences Citation Index (SSCI) durchgeführt, d. h. die Originaleinträge mit den SSCI-Datensätzen verglichen. Diese Fallstudien zeigten schwerste – nie in der Literatur erwähnte – Fehler, Verstümmelungen, Phantomautoren, Phantomwerke (Fehlerrate in der Fallstudie zu Beebe 2010, Harvard Law Review: 99 Prozent). Über die verwendeten Datenerfassungs- und Indexierungsverfahren von TR bzw. Clarivate Analytics ist nur wenig bekannt. Ein Ergebnis meiner Untersuchungen: Bei der Indexierung von Verweisen in Fußnoten (wie in den Rechtswissenschaften, gerade auch der USA, vorgeschrieben) scheinen die verwendeten Textanalyse-Anwendungen und -Algorithmen völlig überfordert. Eine Qualitätskontrolle scheint nicht stattzufinden. Damit steht der Anspruch des SSCI als einer multidisziplinären Datenbank zur Debatte. Korrekte Zitate in den Fußnoten des Originals können zu Phantom-Autoren, Phantom-Werken und Phantom-Referenzen degenerieren. Das bedeutet: Sämtliche Zeitschriften und Disziplinen, deren Zeitschriften und Büchern dieses oder ähnliche Zitierverfahren verwenden (Oxford-Style), laufen Gefahr, aufgrund starker Zitatverluste falsch, d. h. unterbewertet, zu werden. Wie viele UBOs (Unidentifiable Bibliographic Objects) sich in den Datenbanken SCI, SSCI und AHCI befinden, wäre nur mit sehr aufwändigen Prozeduren zu klären. Unabhängig davon handelt es sich, wie bei fast allen in meinen Untersuchungen gefundenen fatalen Fehlern, eindeutig um endogene Fehler in den Datenbanken, die nicht, wie oft behauptet, angeblich falsch zitierenden Autorinnen und Autoren zugeschrieben werden können, sondern erst im Laufe der Dateneingabe und -verarbeitung entstehen.
Examining the validity of a predictive model for vaginal birth after cesarean
Authors: Wong Jennifer W.H. , Yoshino Kurt D.N. , Ahn Hyeong Jun , Choi So Yung , Chang Ann L.
Published: November 2019

Background

The Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units (MFMU) vaginal birth after cesarean (VBAC) calculator, while accurate for candidates with high predicted success rates, is not as accurate for poor candidates. This study examines the calculator’s validity in an understudied multiracial cohort with a high proportion of poor candidates.

Methods

This retrospective study examined women with one or two prior cesarean deliveries who attempted VBAC at a single institution. Subjects were placed into quartiles based on MFMU-predicted success rates. For each quartile, actual and predicted success rates were compared. The calculated area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was compared to the original AUC.

Results

The study included 1604 women. Actual and predicted VBAC rates were similar in the lowest and highest quartile groups, 18.2% vs. 21.2% (n = 11, P > 0.99) and 87.1% vs. 88.5% (n = 1090, P = 0.14), respectively. In the 51–75% predicted success rate group, the actual VBAC rate was higher than the predicted rate, 69.9% vs. 65.5% (n = 394) but not statistically significant (P = 0.07). In the 25–50% predicted success rate group, the actual VBAC rate was significantly higher than the predicted rate 55.1% vs. 39.6% (n = 109, P = 0.002). The actual AUC was lower than the MFMU model, 0.72 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.69–0.75] vs. 0.77 (95% CI 0.76–0.78) (P < 0.001).

Conclusion

The MFMU VBAC calculator’s predicted success rates were comparable to actual success rates for candidates with predicted success rates >75%. As predicted success rates declined, the calculator was increasingly inaccurate and underestimated the success rate. Caution should be taken when using the MFMU VBAC calculator for poor candidates.
Crystal structure of tetraqua-bis(4-(hydroxymethyl)benzoato-κO)cobalt(II), C16H22O10Co
Authors: Pang Haixia , Xie Zhucan , Zhang Hong , Xu Baoming , Gan Hongyu
Published: November 2019

C16H22O10Co, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 9.811(2) Å, b = 15.530(3) Å, c = 13.639(3) Å, β = 122.122(3)°, V = 1760.0(6) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0243, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0821, T = 297(2) K.
Die charismatische Lehrerpersönlichkeit und ihre phänomenologischen Fundamente
Authors: Groeben Norbert
Published: November 2019

Even though it is widely agreed in education theory and psychology that the teacher’s charisma plays an essential role in teaching literature in school, the concept of charisma as a factor of effective teaching is usually applied only in the widest and most abstract sense. In scrutinizing the history of teaching methods, psychology, and literary theory in the second half of the 20th century, this paper identifies the cognitive and emotional aspects of reading literature that are prerequisite to charismatic teaching. Finally, it suggests that these aspects can be explained by drawing on phenomenological literary theory, i.e. that the notion of the teacher’s charisma can be founded in phenomenology.
Are there differences in lifting technique between those with and without low back pain? A systematic review
Authors: Nolan David , O’Sullivan Kieran , Newton Chris , Singh Gurpreet , Smith Benjamin E.
Published: November 2019

Background and aims

To systemically review the literature to compare freestyle lifting technique, by muscle activity and kinematics, between people with and without low back pain (LBP).

Methods

Five databases were searched along with manual searches of retrieved articles by a single reviewer. Studies were included if they compared a freestyle lifting activity between participants with and without LBP. Data were extracted by two reviewers, and studies were appraised using the CASP tool for case-control studies.

Results

Nine studies were eligible. Heterogeneity did not allow for meta-analysis. Most studies (n = 8 studies) reported that people with LBP lift differently to pain-free controls. Specifically, people with LBP lift more slowly (n = 6 studies), use their legs more than their back especially when initiating lifting (n = 3 studies), and jerk less during lifting (n = 1 studies). Furthermore, the four larger studies involving people with more severe LBP also showed that people with LBP lift with less spinal range of motion and greater trunk muscle activity for a longer period.

Conclusions

People with LBP move slower, stiffer, and with a deeper knee bend than pain-free people during freestyle lifting tasks. Interestingly, such a lifting style mirrors how people, with and without LBP, are often told how to lift during manual handling training. The cross-sectional nature of the comparisons does not allow for causation to be determined.

Implications

The changes described may show embodiment of cautious movement, and the drive to protect the back. There may be value in exploring whether adopting a lifting style closer to that of pain-free people could help reduce LBP.
TRAMITAÇÃO DE PROTOCOLOS DE PESQUISA NO BRASIL: ALGUNS APONTAMENTOS
Authors: Espírito-Santo Giannina Do , Marengo Ludmila
Published: November 2019

Os avanços científicos produzidos principalmente a partir do século XX não poderiam ocorrer sem se pensar no impacto sobre os seres humanos. Este artigo se propõe a investigar como ocorreu a tramitação das pesquisas no Brasil, desde a sua primeira resolução de pesquisas com seres humanos. O sistema CEP/Conep vem passando por várias adequações desde sua criação. Este fato vem permitindo maior celeridade para a tramitação das pesquisas com seres humanos no Brasil. A Coordenação da Conep e a Secretaria Executiva tem se preocupado em desenvolver estratégias que possam fortalecer a proteção do participante de pesquisa e maneiras que propiciem a urgência dos avanços tecnológicos e científicos no Brasil. Dentre as iniciativas realizadas se encontra o projeto de Qualificação dos CEP, que reúne um grupo de consultores exclusivos que estão fazendo a leitura do trabalho realizado pelos CEP, através de documentos disponíveis na Conep e a partir deles desenvolvem ações educativas específicas para cada um dos 836 CEP credenciados nos dias de hoje.
APRESENTAÇÃO
Authors: Editores Os
Published: November 2019

A Revista Augustus, em sua 48ª edição, publica estudos interdisciplinares no âmbito da educação, cultura, políticas públicas, meio-ambiente, engenharia e cuidados médicos. Os editores informam que, a partir desta edição, a revista passa a ter periodicidade quadrimestral, com previsão de publicação nos meses de fevereiro, junho e outubro de cada ano.
The Emergence of a Stable Neuronal Ensemble from a Wider Pool of Activated Neurons in the Dorsal Medial Prefrontal Cortex during Appetitive Learning in Mice
Authors: Brebner Leonie S. , Ziminski Joseph J. , Margetts-Smith Gabriella , Sieburg Meike C. , Reeve Hayley M. , Nowotny Thomas , Hirrlinger Johannes , Heintz Tristan G. , Lagnado Leon , Kato Shigeki , Kobayashi Kazuto , Ramsey Leslie A. , Hall Catherine N. , Crombag Hans S. , Koya Eisuke
Published: November 2019

Animals selectively respond to environmental cues associated with food reward to optimize nutrient intake. Such appetitive conditioned stimulus–unconditioned stimulus (CS-US) associations are thought to be encoded in select, stable neuronal populations or neuronal ensembles, which undergo physiological modifications during appetitive conditioning. These ensembles in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) control well-established, cue-evoked food seeking, but the mechanisms involved in the genesis of these ensembles are unclear. Here, we used maleFos-GFPmice that express green fluorescent protein (GFP) in recently behaviorally activated neurons, to reveal how dorsal mPFC neurons are recruited and modified to encode CS-US memory representations using an appetitive conditioning task. In the initial conditioning session, animals did not exhibit discriminated, cue-selective food seeking, but did so in later sessions indicating that a CS-US association was established. Using microprism-basedin vivo2-Photon imaging, we revealed that only a minority of neurons activated during the initial session was consistently activated throughout subsequent conditioning sessions and during cue-evoked memory recall. Notably, usingex vivoelectrophysiology, we found that neurons activated following the initial session exhibited transient hyperexcitability. Chemogenetically enhancing the excitability of these neurons throughout subsequent conditioning sessions interfered with the development of reliable cue-selective food seeking, indicated by persistent, nondiscriminated performance. We demonstrate how appetitive learning consistently activates a subset of neurons to form a stable neuronal ensemble during the formation of a CS-US association. This ensemble may arise from a pool of hyperexcitable neurons activated during the initial conditioning session.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAppetitive conditioning endows cues associated with food with the ability to guide food-seeking, through the formation of a food-cue association. Neuronal ensembles in the mPFC control established cue-evoked food-seeking. However, how neurons undergo physiological modifications and become part of an ensemble during conditioning remain unclear. We found that only a minority of dorsal mPFC neurons activated on the initial conditioning session became consistently activated during conditioning and memory recall. These initially activated neurons were also transiently hyperexcitable. We demonstrate the following: (1) how stable neuronal ensemble formation in the dorsal mPFC underlies appetitive conditioning; and (2) how this ensemble may arise from hyperexcitable neurons activated before the establishment of cue-evoked food seeking.
Dopamine-Dependent Loss Aversion during Effort-Based Decision-Making
Authors: Chen Xiuli , Voets Sarah , Jenkinson Ned , Galea Joseph M.
Published: November 2019

From psychology to economics, there has been substantial interest in how costs (e.g., delay, risk) are represented asymmetrically during decision-making when attempting to gain reward or avoid punishment. For example, in decision-making under risk, individuals show a tendency to prefer to avoid punishment rather than to acquire the equivalent reward (loss aversion). Although the cost of physical effort has recently received significant attention, it remains unclear whether loss aversion exists during effort-based decision-making. On the one hand, loss aversion may be hardwired due to asymmetric evolutionary pressure on losses and gains and therefore exists across decision-making contexts. On the other hand, distinct brain regions are involved with different decision costs, making it questionable whether similar asymmetries exist. Here, we demonstrate that young healthy human participants (females, 16; males, 6) exhibit loss aversion during effort-based decision-making by exerting more physical effort to avoid punishment than to gain a same-size reward. Next, we show that medicated Parkinson's disease (PD) patients (females, 9; males, 9) show a reduction in loss aversion compared with age-matched control subjects (females, 11; males, 9). Behavioral and computational analysis revealed that people with PD exerted similar physical effort in return for a reward but were less willing to produce effort to avoid punishment. Therefore, loss aversion is present during effort-based decision-making and can be modulated by altered dopaminergic state. This finding could have important implications for our understanding of clinical disorders that show a reduced willingness to exert effort in the pursuit of reward.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLoss aversion—preferring to avoid punishment rather than to acquire equivalent reward—is an important concept in decision-making under risk. However, little is known about whether loss aversion also exists during decisions where the cost is physical effort. This is surprising given that motor cost shapes human behavior, and a reduced willingness to exert effort is a characteristic of many clinical disorders. Here, we show that healthy human individuals exert more effort to minimize punishment than to maximize reward (loss aversion). We also demonstrate that medicated Parkinson's disease patients exert similar effort to gain reward but less effort to avoid punishment when compared with healthy age-matched control subjects. This indicates that dopamine-dependent loss aversion is crucial for explaining effort-based decision-making.
Sequential Crystallization of Pyrrhotite, Cubanite, and Intermediate Solid Solution from Cu–Fe–(Ni)–S Melt
Authors: Sinyakova E.F. , Kosyakov V.I. , Kokh K.A. , Naumov E.A.
Published: November 2019

—We present the results of quasi-equilibrium directional crystallization of melt of the composition (mol.%): Fe = 31.9, Ni = 1.7, Cu = 16.0, S = 50.4. The produced ingot consisted of the following zones: monosulfide solid solution mss + isocubanite icb (CuFe2S3) + Cu3Fe4S7 // icb + intermediate solid solution iss (~Cu2Fe3S5) + pentlandite // mixture of unidentified decay products of solid solution iss1 // chalcopyrite cp + putoranite put // cp + talnakhite tal + bornite bn. The results of chemical analysis of the ingot were used to construct the distribution curves of the components in the solid and to calculate the change in the composition of sulfide melt (L) during directional crystallization in four zones of the ingot. Phase reactions involving a melt have been established. It is shown that the Cu–Fe–Ni–S system has a two-phase equilibrium region L + icb*. A similar region was earlier found in the ternary Cu–Fe–S system. A crystallization zone of two intermediate solid solutions iss1 and iss2, which were earlier obtained by the common method of isothermal annealing and quenching, has been revealed. The peritectic character of crystallization of the phases icb*, iss1, and iss2 from the melt is established. The results obtained show the fundamental possibility of the existence of a new type of zoning in the formation of copper-nickel low-sulfur sulfide orebodies.
Solid Solutions of Karelianite and Eskolaite (Slyudyanka Complex, Southern Baikal Area): Genesis and a Possible Petrogenetic Indicator
Authors: Reznitsky L.Z. , Sklyarov E.V. , Suvorova L.F. , Barash I.G.
Published: November 2019

—A continuous solid-solution series between the end-members eskolaite (98 wt.% Cr2O3) and karelianite (93 wt.% V2O3) has been revealed in Cr–V-bearing rocks of the Slyudyanka metamorphic complex. Chromium and vanadium oxides crystallized as karelianite-eskolaite minerals during regional high-temperature prograde (granulite facies) metamorphism and participated in the formation of other Cr–V and Cr–V-bearing phases. Ferrian karelianite (up to 12 wt.% Fe2O3) and three-component solid solutions Esk12–50Kar45–60Hem6–30 occur in metamorphic rocks that have particular protolith compositions (Fe–Kar) and in later metasomatic rocks ((Cr, V, Fe)2O3). Natural eskolaite and karelianite are discussed in terms of paragenesis, and their crystallization conditions are compared with the conditions of their laboratory synthesis.
Methodological Approach to the Identification of the Sources and Genesis of Buried Organic Matter in Holocene Sections of Lake Sapropels (Southern West Siberia and Eastern Baikal Area)
Authors: Leonova G.A. , Kopoteva T.A. , Melenevskii V.N. , Maltsev A.E. , Klimin M.A. , Bobrov V.A.
Published: November 2019

—We present results of study of the chemical composition of organic matter (C, H, N, and S) from Holocene sections of lake sapropels with undisturbed stratification penetrated by vibratory drilling of the bottom sediments, down to the underlying rocks, of Lakes Bol’shie Toroki (1.8 m), Minzelinskoe (5 m), Ochki (4.5 m), Dukhovoe (7 m), and Kotokel’ (6 m). We consider methodological approaches to the identification of the sources and genesis of buried organic matter in marine and lacustrine sediments by a number of organogeochemical indicators: data of a biological analysis (biostratification based on layer-by-layer determination of organic relics in bottom sediment sections); hydrocarbon biomarkers (molecular composition of normal aliphatic hydrocarbons (n-alkanes), nitrogen compounds of a protein complex, etc.); and C/N ratio reflecting a difference in the biochemical compositions of bioproducers. The results of biological analysis (biostratification) show that planktonogenic sapropel (phyto- and zooplankton, the autochthonous source of organic matter) in Lake Ochki formed for 10,760 years, and sphagnum and hypnum moss were supplied from the bogged shores (allochthonous source of organic matter). In Lake Minzelinskoe, peaty sapropel formed at the stage of a flooded lowland bog (5905 years ago); since 3980 years ago and till the present, macrophytogenic sapropel has formed. Pyrolytic study (RE pyrolysis and Pyr–GC–MS analysis) of bioproducers and sapropel from Lake Ochki has shown that phytoplankton and zooplankton were the main autochthonous source of OM in the lake, which is confirmed by the identified macromolecules of nitrogen compounds of different compositions. The presence of hopanes indicates the contribution of microorganisms to the formation of OM in the sediments. The organic matter of sapropel has a terrigenous component, which is confirmed by the presence of high-molecular odd-numbered n-alkanes, ketones, and methyl esters of fatty acid. The C/N ratios in the stratified sections of macrophytogenic sapropels of Lakes Bol’shie Toroki and Minzelinskoe fall in the range of values specific to higher aquatic and terrestrial vegetation (C/N = 15–18), whereas the C/N ratios in planktonogenic sapropel of Lake Dukhovoe are typical of marine and lake plankton (C/N = 5.7–8.6).
Lunar Subsurface Mineralogy and Density Profile Modeling Based on M3 Data
Authors: Zhang W.
Published: November 2019

—Methods of deriving FeO and TiO2 contents from Clementine spacecraft data are discussed, and our own approach is developed for deriving the contents from measurements made by the M3 instrument on Chandrayaan-1. The density of lunar soil bedrock is modeled based on the derived FeO and TiO2 information. The FeO and TiO2 abundance we derived from the M3 data is compared with previous results from the Clementine data and is in good agreement. The FeO abundance data also agree well with the Lunar Prospector data, which were used as an independent source. The previous Clementine and new M3-derived abundances are compared with the laboratory-measured FeO and TiO2 contents in the Apollo and Luna returned samples. The Clementine-derived FeO content was systematically 1–2% lower in all the returned samples than the laboratory measurements. The M3-derived content agrees better with the returned Apollo samples and is within ±2.8% of the laboratory-measured ones. The Clementine-derived TiO2 abundance is systematically 0.1–4% higher than the laboratory measurements of the returned samples. The M3-derived TiO2 content agrees well (±0.6%) with the laboratory measurements of the returned samples, except for the samples with a high TiO2 content. However, caution should be taken when interpreting these results, as the error range needs further study. Unfortunately, no error analysis was provided with the previous Clementine-derived contents.
Water reservoirs are important sinks for greenhouse gases
Authors: Alikhani Hossein Ali , Karbin Saeed
Published: November 2019

Water reservoirs are considered as important sources and sinks for greenhouse gases (GHG). There are limited studies that have investigated potential sinks in water reservoirs and this has led to the production of the unreal GHG budgets for water reservoirs. This study discusses the possible GHG sinks in water reservoirs, including carbon deposition in sediments, primary production in aqueous environments, induced vegetation growth in riparian zones and alternation in soil methanotrophic activity along the shoreline. Organic carbon deposition in water reservoirs is an important anthropogenic carbon sink and a substantial portion of carbon deposition is stored in sediment. The primary production of reservoirs as an important carbon sink is not well understood. Damming increases the water table and in riparian zones extends vegetation into new areas. Vegetation growth in areas that had limited plant cover may lead to higher carbon sequestration in soils. These changes in the carbon content of soils along shorelines should be considered as carbon sinks for water reservoirs. The improved methanotrophic activity in soils can be found in dry regions where severe soil moisture stress inhibits methanotrophic activity. Generally, to generate a real estimation of the GHG budget of water reservoirs, all sinks should be included in model development in future studies.