bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Complete Global Manager
Authors: Earley P Christopher , Erez Miriam
Published: November 2023

Although tradition and inertia inhibit the development of fresh perspectives on how people think and act, we have attempted to over come this inertia by rethinking what “being ourselves” really means to an employee. We have done so because the globalization of companies has shown us that managerial practices and motivational techniques common in one country often work poorly in another. Thus the differences between nations and cultures has become as important for understanding work actions as the differences between individuals. What is the final stage? Watching man agers implement these ideas to successfully manage in their companies. We now return to the lessons provided in this book, followed by an action plan for using it to become a more effective manager.
Blacks, Jews, and Gender: The History, Politics, and Cultural Anthropology of a Women’s Dialogue Group
Authors: Pogrebin Letty Cottin
Published: November 2023

Is the story of a Black/Jewish dialogue group that talked a blue streak for more than a decade and then went silent. I don’t mean to suggest that a precipitating crisis contributed to the dissolution of this once vibrant group. More accurately, we just petered out. I think I understand why this happened and how other Black/Jewish dialogues might learn from our mistakes. But I’m getting ahead of my story.
Discourse Configurational Languages Introduction*
Authors: Kiss Katalin É
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this volume is to describe in the generative framework the language type in which primary sentence articulation is motivated by discourse-semantic, rather than theta role or case, considerations. Until recently, the existence of such a language type has not been acknowledged in mainstream generative research. As a consequence of the fact that generative research focused on English for a long time, and as a consequence of the assumption that the grammars of all languages are instantiations of one and the same Universal Grammar, it has been hypothesized that the phrase structure identified in the English sentence, involving a grammatical subject-VP dichotomy, c-commanded by a single operator position reserved for a ‘WH operator, constitutes the core of sentence structure in every language. The possibility that this hypothesis may not be correct has been raised, among others, by the studies of the volume Subject and Topic (Li and Thompson (1976)). As this volume demonstrated on empirical material from various languages, the structural role that the grammatical subject plays in the English sentence may be fulfilled by a constituent not restricted with respect to grammatical function or case in other languages; or, in generative terminology: the structural relation [NP, S] can be used to express not only the function ‘grammatical subject,’ associated with the most prominent theta role, but, alternatively, the discourse-semantic function ‘topic,’ as well.
Structural Properties of Information Packaging in Catalan*
Authors: Vallduvi Enric
Published: November 2023

Logico-semantic relations, theta structure, and case requirements have always been considered to be crucial in determining the syntactic shape of sentences and in motivating or requiring the application of movement operations. This paper shows, well within the spirit of this volume, that these linguistic modules do not exhaust the list. Information packaging, a non-truth-conditional component of sentence interpretation, a.k.a. topic-focus articulation and functional or communicative structure, is a major determinant of syntactic shape as well. Moreover, in view of the fact that syntax must encode information packaging as much as it encodes theta relations or logico-semantic quantificational configurations, the question arises of what is the best way to describe the interface between surface syntax and information packaging. In the Principles and Parameters theory of syntax, a multistratal theory, each abstract stratum structurally and purely represents one of the aforementioned modules. The issue of whether we must deal with information packaging in a similar fashion is one of the main topics of this study. Information packaging, as an interpretive component, is language independent, i.e., its internal workings should be constant across languages. A comparison of Catalan and English, however, shows that different languages use different structural means to realize information packaging. In English-type languages this realization is mostly prosodic, despite having informationally loaded constructions like topicalization. In Catalan-type languages this realization is exclusively syntactic. At first glance, this cross-linguistic disparity in the structural realization of information packaging may suggest that different informational interpretive rules are needed for each language type.
Battle in Two Wars: The Combat Soldier’s Perspective
Authors: Linderman Gerald F
Published: November 2023

At first glance, dissimilarities between the Civil War and World War II so leap forward as to seem to preclude even a modest comparison of the combat experience of the two wars. Theirs were different social settings-in the 1860s a small-town America at its zenith; in the 1940s an urban-industrial America moving to its own apogee-and thus nineteenth- and twentieth-century recruits brought to their wars divergent sets of social assumptions. One conflict was entirely internecine, with heavy destruction sustained internally; the other was wholly foreign, with the homeland left untouched. In the eighty years separating the wars, moreover, military technology altered momentously. The Civil War began-and concluded-with the soldier and his musket still the basic unit of warfare.
Fighting on Two Fronts: War and the Struggle for Racial Equality in Two Centuries
Authors: Berlin Irā
Published: November 2023

In the African-American’s struggle for racial equality, which to a remarkable degree has coincided with the history of the United States, few generalizations carry greater weight than the reality that black people have made more rapid progress toward that elusive goal in time of war than in peacetime. The outbreak of war has signaled an opportunity for black people to press their case for rights denied them in quieter times.
Parameters of Slavic Morphosyntax
Authors: Franks Steven
Published: November 2023

This is the first linguistic study written within the Principles and Parameters framework to deal with the Slavic languages. Franks develops parametric solutions to related constructions among those languages. The book can serve both as an introduction to Government and Binding (GB) Theory for Slavic linguists as well as an introduction to Slavic languages for scholars of syntax.
Across-the-Board Dependencies
Authors: Franks Steven
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I investigate the phenomenon of across-the-board (ATB) dependencies in Polish and Russian in order to illustrate how the theory of syncretism developed in the preceding chapter might be used to shed light on certain syntactic problems.1 ATB constructions are those involving syntactic processes that apply with equal force and in a parallel fashion across conjoined phrases. Here I will be concerned primarily with ATB dependencies involving the rule of wh-movement, which takes a wh-word and moves it to some clause-initial operator position, presumably COMP or, in the CP/IP system, the specifier of CP.
Creating Knowledge in Practice
Authors: Nonaka Ikujiro , Takeuchi Hirotaka
Published: November 2023

This chapter uses the Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd., to illustrate the theoretical framework of organizational knowledge creation presented in Chapter 3. Although a variety of references have been used to illustrate each component of the theoretical framework, this chapter will illustrate the entire process of knowledge creation within a single Japanese company. The Matsushita case is divided into two parts. The first part explains the development by Matsushita of a bread-making appliance, known as “Home Bakery,” and its subsequent effect throughout the company. In the second part, we analyze the continuous process of knowledge creation at the corporate level of Matsushita.
Baby Talk in Six Languages
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

Occasionally linguists have turned their attention to the description of marginal systems within languages, such as animal calls, hesitation forms, or baby talk. Such phenomena have sometimes been studied because of purely linguistic interest in synchronic description: they often have elements of sound or form which do not occur in the “normal” central system of the language or have unusual arrangements or frequencies of occurrence of elements which do occur in the central system. This kind of study is of particular relevance to the question of the monosystemic nature of languages versus polytypical analyses of “coexistent” systems. These marginal phenomena have also sometimes been studied from a psychological point of view, in relation to questions of language acquisition or language function.
Variation and Drift: Loss of Agreement in Germanic
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

Two questions raised in the classic “empirical foundations” monograph (Wein reich, Labov, and Herzog 1968) are the inspiration for this paper: (1) Why do changes in a structural feature take place in a particular language at a given time, but not in other languages with the same feature, or in the same language at other times? and (2) How does a given historical change acquire fresh significance when viewed as part of a long-range trend?
Conventional Conventionalization: Planned Change in Language
Authors: Ferguson Charles A
Published: November 2023

Discussion of the locus of language change deals with locus in either of two senses: the location in the language (i.e., what part of the language changes) or the location in the society (i.e., what part of the society makes the changes in the language). Generally speaking, students of language change prefer to discuss phonology as the language locus and selected sets of values of demographic or sociological variables (e.g., social class, strength of network, age, sex) as the society locus. The kind of question asked is: Whereabouts in the society does a phonological change start, and what is its path of change from one part of the society to another. Whether the change is in phonology, morphology, syntax, or lexicon, however, the overall language locus preferred for analysis is the unmarked vernacular of the reference community, identified most explicitly by Labov when he stated that: the vernacular of everyday life in which the minimum amount of attention is paid to speech: this is the most systematic level of linguistic behavior and of greatest interest to the linguist who wants to explain the structure and evolution of language. (Labov 1972, 256)
Making Constitutional Law
Authors: Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

Following on Making Civil Rights Law, which covered Thurgood Marshall's career from 1936-1961, this book focuses on Marshall's career on the Supreme Court from 1961-1991, where he was first Afro-American Justice. The first book on Justice Thurgood Marshall's years on the Supreme Court based on a comprehensive review of the Supreme Court papers of Justices Marshall and William J. Brennan, this work describes Marshall's special approach to constitutional law in areas ranging from civil rights and the death penalty to abortion and poverty. It also describes the Supreme Court's operations during Marshall's tenure, the relations among the justices, and the particular roles played by Chief Justice Warren Burger, Justice Brennan, and Justice Antonin Scalia. The book locates the Supreme Court's actions from 1967 to 1991 in a broader historical and political context, explaining how Marshall's liberalism became increasingly isolated on a Court influenced by nation's drift in a more conservative direction.
“Assumptions About How People Live”
Authors: Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

Justice Lewis F. Powell described the Court as “nine small, independent law firms.” Most of its work was done within each justice’s chambers and then circulated to the rest of the Court. During Marshall’s tenure, the justices engaged in relatively few person-to-person discussions of their positions on constitutional questions and almost none on broad questions of constitutional interpretation. As Rehnquist put it in 1981, “All of us know that we have some individual discussions now, but they tend to be on a two or three person basis.” In part the justices’ discussions were few because they had difficulty enough in handling the Court’s workload. Burger’s ineffectiveness as a manager meant that case discussions at the conferences were truncated.
Modern Jewish Ideologies and the Historiography of Jewish Politics
Authors: Biale David
Published: November 2023

The question of Jewish politics lies at the very heart of any attempt to understand Jewish history. The dialectic between power and powerlessness that threads its way from biblical to modem times is one of the central themes in the long history of the Jews and, especially in the modern period, defines one of the key ideological issues in Jewish life. How one understands the history of Jewish politics may well determine the stance one takes on the possibility of Jewish existence in diaspora or the necessity for a Jewish state. Or conversely, perhaps the ideological position one takes on this political question may determine how one interprets Jewish history.
The Life of the Dead: Sabras and Immigrants
Authors: Sivan Emmanuel
Published: November 2023

Myths of fallen soldiers exercise a powerful hold over collective memory in the twentieth century, especially in the case of national groups in whose name the wars are usually waged. They acquire the extra and hallowed dimension of a foundation myth in the case of those wars of liberation that result in the creation of a nationstate. They then become an essential part of the dramatic story that interprets the origins and the nature of that state and the movement that has given it birth. Such myths likewise constitute role models for the younger generation, who may be called upon to emulate (or, at least, appreciate) past sacrifices, the price paid for independence. The “million martyrs” of the Algerian war of independence (1954- 1962) is a famous case in point.
The Rothschilds and the Russian LoansHigh Finance and Jewish Solidarity
Authors: Feldman Eliyahu
Published: November 2023

The activity of the Rothschild family on behalf of the Russian Jews who labored under severe legal and administrative disabilities is well known. However, accounts of this activity usually center on financial aid and on efforts of both the English and the French branches of the family to induce their respective governments to intervene on the Jews’ behalf by diplomatic means. In contrast, the activity of the Rothschilds undertaken to exert financial pressure on the Russian government is barely mentioned, and when it is, the account in most cases is based on secondary and often unreliable sources such as unfounded newspaper reports or the speculations of diplomatic representatives as reported to their governments.
History Through the “Eye” of the Camera: The Holocaust and Photography
Authors: Huttenbach Henry R
Published: November 2023

Photography, cinematography and television (not to mention video) have, over the course of the twentieth century, radically altered the relationship between word and image. The power of the text has steadily given way to the impact of the illustration; reading has become secondary to visual observation. Seeing a picture is preferred to “seeing” a verbal description. The latter calls for an act of vicarious imagination; the former does not. The immediacy of the image in arousing an emotional response suggests a speedier path toward meaning than the slower interpretative path required by the written or spoken word. Increasingly, statistics and weather reports, for example, are rendered in visual forms-graphs and graphics-as if these facilitated understanding and improved accuracy. Similarly, scholars of the Holocaust tum to textual enhancement by including photos, relying on photography as a means of better conveying the reality of genocide to their readers.
Overview
Authors: Kronenfeld David B
Published: November 2023

How we use words in speech to refer to things in the world around us presents a major problem. What makes an understanding of our use of words difficult and necessitates a complex theoretical treatment is the great and well-attested polysemy of natural language. In ordinary language usage, there is no one-to-one relationship between words and things. Opposed or contrasting words are used in different contexts to refer to the same thing, while very different things—different in their form, use, or in any other attribute that we choose to note—are referred to by the same term. This variability of reference made Bertrand Russell want to redesign language so that there would be a one-to-one relationship between a word and the conjunctively defined set of things it referred to. It is the problem that led Wittgenstein to claim that the best we could do was merely to describe the chained linkage of”family resemblances” among the various referents of any term.
Intellectual Context of the Theory
Authors: Kronenfeld David B
Published: November 2023

One common kind of book is an eclectic summary of a field, discusing the major theoretical developments and focusing on some common themes or issues among them. Another, contrasting kind is a careful and more or less self-contained explication of a particular theoretical argument. My aim is the latter; the works I cite and analyze in the text are used to explore the presuppositions that underlie my work, to lay out the base of previous findings on which I am building, and to credit the sources of my thinking. It may be useful to the reader, however, if I briefly sketch how the present work relates to some other relevant work in contemporary anthropology, cognition, and semantics.
The U.S. Software Industry:
Authors: Steinmueller W Edward
Published: November 2023

Over the past fifty years innovations in semiconductors, data storage devices, computer architecture, software, and data communications have revolutionized information collection, storage, processing, and distribution, creating new industries and transforming industries inherited from past industrial eras. Explanations of this revolution in information technology have focused on the extraordinary reductions in the cost of the hardware components,1 largely to the neglect of the role of computer software in these developments. Nonetheless, every application of information tech nology has required complementary “software”--computer instructions that transform the tabula rasaof computer hardware into machines that perform useful functions.
The Origin of American Indian Languages
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: November 2023

Americas is the subject of a lively current debate.1 At issue is what really took place and how we can find out about it. The classification of American Indian languages has played an important role in research on this topic. The purpose of this chapter is to consider the implications that the classification of these languages has for how and when the first people came to the New World. The “more than 400 years of humanistic, antiquarian, and-within the last century-scientific [including archaeological, linguistic, and human biological/genetic] scholarship have not definitely resolved the question of when [or how or how many] human groups first made their appearance in the New World” (Taylor 1991:101).
Languages of Middle America
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: November 2023

In the distant past, no one could speak, which is one reason that people were destroyed at the end of the First and Second Creations. Then, while the sun deity was still walking on the earth, people finally learned to speak (Spanish), and all people everywhere understood each other. Later the nations and municipios were divided because they had begun to quarrel. Language was changed so that people would learn to live together peacefully in smaller groups.
Distant Genetic Relationships: The Methods
Authors: Campbell Lyle
Published: November 2023

The Classifications Of Families and isolates presented in Chapters 4, 5, and 6 are relatively straightforward and for the most part not controversial. However, proposals abound for more inclusive, broader family groupings, hypotheses of distant genetic relationships. The purpose of this chapter is to assess the methods for determining family relationships, particularly distant genetic affinities. In Chapter 8, the principal proposals for various broader groupings of Native American languages are evaluated using the methods surveyed in this chapter.
Simulation Studies of Polymer Melts At Interfaces
Authors: Yoon D Y , Vacatello M , Smith G D
Published: November 2023

The structures and properties of polymer melts at various interfaces have been the subject of numerous studies in recent years due to the critical role interfaces play in such important polymer applications as thin films, coatings, lubricants, adhesives and composite matrix materials. Experimentally, development and application of new techniques, such as the surface force apparatus, grazing incidence X-ray scattering, and neutron reflectivity, have generated many new and unexpected results. These experiments allow one to investigate the structures and dynamic properties of polymer thin films and interfaces at small dimensions down to the 1 nm range.
Private, Social, and Public Reasoners
Authors: Gaus Gerald F
Published: November 2023

As I warned at the outset, the analysis of personal justification in part I may have struck some readers as overly individualistic and “monological.” Justification was analyzed as essentially internal to a person’s system of reasons and beliefs, and I allowed for considerable justifiable variation from one person’s set of beliefs to another’s. Some individualistic version of relativism seemed to emerge (chaps. 3-4). This is an incomplete, indeed, on its own, a distorting view of human reasoning. Thus far we have treated people as essentially private reasoners. Each has his own system of reasons and beliefs, and the moral beliefs he is justified in accepting and rejecting are determined by that system.
What Comes Naturally
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

A long-awaited history that promises to dramatically change our understanding of race in America, What Comes Naturally traces the origins, spread, and demise of miscegenation laws in the United States - laws that banned interracial marriage and sex, most often between whites and members of other races. Peggy Pascoe demonstrates how these laws were enacted and applied not just in the South but throughout most of the country, in the West, the North, and the Midwest. Beginning in the Reconstruction era, when the term miscegenation first was coined, she traces the creation of a racial hierarchy that bolstered white supremacy and banned the marriage of Whites to Chinese, Japanese, Filipinos, and American Indians as well as the marriage of Whites to Blacks. She ends not simply with the landmark 1967 case of Loving v. Virginia, in which the Supreme Court finally struck down miscegenation laws throughout the country, but looks at the implications of ideas of colorblindness that replaced them. What Comes Naturally is both accessible to the general reader and informative to the specialist, a rare feat for an original work of history based on archival research.
The Facts of Race in the Courtroom
Authors: Pascoe Peggy
Published: November 2023

On March 21, 1921, Joe Kirby took his wife, Mayellen, to court. The Kirbys had been married for seven years, and Joe wanted out. Ignoring the usual option of divorce, he asked for an annulment, charging that his marriage had been invalid from its very beginning because Arizona law prohibited marriages between “persons of Caucasian blood, or their descendants” and “negroes, Mongolians or Indians, and their descendants.” Specifically, Joe Kirby claimed that while he was “a person of the Caucasian blood,” his wife, Mayellen, was “a person of negro blood.”
Deconstructing the Ideal/Worker Norm in Family Entitlements
Authors: Williams Joan
Published: November 2023

But do not women now work right earnestly? Do not ... our market women labor right earnestly? Do not the wives of our farmers and mechanics toil? Is not the work of mothers in our land as important as the work of the father? “Labor is the foundation of wealth.” The reason that our women are “paupers,” is not that they do not labor “right earnestly,” but that the law gives their earnings into the hands of manhood.
Open for Business
Authors: Yamada Haru
Published: November 2023

One evening in Washington, D.C., I remember walking by my neighborhood drycleaner and seeing the owner closing up shop. Inside on the glass door, she flipped the panel across so the sign that said “Open” then read “Closed.” An American shop, opened and closed by a sign that says so. Thinking back to the signs in Japanese shops, I thought about how different they were: Eigyoochuu (In Operation) and Junbichuu (In Preparation) read those signs. A Japanese shop in operation or in preparation, with a sign that shows the process.
The Truth about Teasing, Praising, and Repeating
Authors: Yamada Haru
Published: November 2023

Every person who is called to the stand in an American courtroom is required to recite a verse of the American ideal: “I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth, so help me God.” It is compact and complete, with a loaded sequence of words: Truth backed by God, told in a courtroom of law where justice prevails and rights are defended. Each concept has to clear the test for a legitimate trial; if any one of the items on the list falls short, there is a mis trial, a perjury, or a breaking of the law.
Prospects for the Future
Authors: Klein Malcolm W
Published: November 2023

So what are the prospects for the future? In the next decade or so, is the gang picture likely to improve? I fear not. First, our approaches to intervention and control are likely to be more of what we have already seen. Second, street gangs are the by-product of urban problems likely to increase in severity. Third, we’ve allowed-indeed, we could not have prevented-the widespread diffusion of street gang culture. Finally, there are signs that our unique American street gang is emerging in other nations as some of their urban situations come more to resemble ours. This chapter will be concerned with these issues. I apologize ahead of time for the pessimism, but I think it is simply realistic, just as it was ten years ago when John Quicker noted: In short, the general outlook for reductions in gangs and gang-related crime is poor. In fact, the opposite appears likely. Worsening social and economic conditions, federal roll backs of hard-won civil rights legislation and a potential increase in racism, and an expanding minority youth population, all portend a deleterious gang situation. Barring any major political and economic changes ... an increase in gangs and gang crimes seems likely.’ Predictions are dangerous, of course, but in this chapter I want to look at several factors that I think will characterize gangs and gang control for the immediate future. They are among the sources of my pessimism: a misplaced emphasis on networking and information sharing among enforcement agencies, the continuing contribution of urban decay to gang formation, and the diffusion of gang culture across the nation.
Basic Research in Japanese Electronic Companies: An Attempt at Establishing New Organizational Routines
Authors: Methé David T
Published: November 2023

Knowledge, along with the traditional resources of land, labor, and capital, has always been important to determining a firm’s competitive success. A fundamental shift is occurring in the composition of these elements, however. From the beginning of this century, knowledge began to play a more dominant role in a firm’s success in industrial competition (Betz, 1987). With the pace of that domination accelerating as this century draws to a close, scholars and practitioners alike are recognizing the important role that knowledge plays in competitive success. The resulting strategic attention has generated a plethora of management concepts ranging from first-mover advantage and transaction costs to core competency and organizational learning, among many others. Much of this strategic attention has centered on the question of how to apply resources to generate, organize, and utilize technical knowledge so it will result in an innovation, that is, a new product or process or an improvement of an existing product or process that better meets market needs.
Japan’s Development of Scheduling Methods for Manufacturing Semiconductors
Authors: Duenyas Izak , Fowler John W , Schruben Lee
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we describe the methods used by some Japanese semiconductor manufacturing companies for long-term planning, short-term scheduling, and shop-floor control. We begin with an overview of semiconductor manufacturing and the role of planning and scheduling functions. Next we describe our research methods. We then attempt to answer the following questions: (1) What tools and techniques do Japanese companies use to plan long-term capacity in the highly competitive and capital-intensive world of semiconductor manufacturing? (2) What tools and techniques do Japanese companies use to schedule issues in the highly uncertain and volatile environment of wafer fabrication? In addition to a general discussion of our findings, we examine the specific efforts of four companies that we studied in some detail.
Institutional Pressures and Organizational Learning: The Case of American-Owned Automotive-Parts Suppliers and Japanese Shop-Floor Production Methods
Authors: Choi Thomas Y , Wasti s. Nazli
Published: November 2023

This chapter focuses from an institutional perspective on the dynamics of U.S. automotive suppliers learning Japanese shop-floor production methods (see Suzaki, 1993). We first take the broad perspective that the pressure to adopt these methods was “institutional” for U.S. manufacturing companies (see Zucker, 1987, for a review). Proponents of institutional theory argue that the impetus for organizational changes comes from external institutions rather than the technical reasoning of internal actors. According to this perspective, an organization makes changes when they are sanctioned by other, more powerful institutions in the same industry.
“All God’s Dangers Ain’t a White Man,” or “Not All Knowledge Is Power”
Authors: Walker Clarence E
Published: November 2023

When southern sharecropper Nate Shaw observed, late in the nineteenth century, that “all God’s dangers ain’t a white man,” he was talking about the boll weevil. From our perspective a centur yor so later, however, we can see that the statement applies with equal force to a number of black spokesmen and leaders past and present, who, operating like beetles, have done and are doing damage to black America from within. In this chapter I propose to take a closer look at the Afro centrists by placing them in the context of their predecessors and by scrutinizing the dangers they pose to black America in the present era.

A rightward drift in American politics is moving the country back toward what I call “free market racism,” the state of American race relations during the last quarter of the nineteenth century, when the ideology of laissez-faire reigned supreme in the realm of economics and race on the national level. Andrew Johnson’s veto of the Freedmen’s Bureau Bill of 1866 was the federal government’s first step toward abandoning its position as a guaranty to roof Negro equality. In Johnson’s veto message, Eric Fonner has noted, the president “voiced themes that to this day have sustain position to federal intervention on behalf of blacks.” Following President Johnson’s lead, the Supreme Court in the1870s and 1880s reinterpreted the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments and the Civil Rights Act of 1875 in a way that placed limits on federal authority in the enforcement of civil rights. The Supreme Court’s narrow interpretation of these laws delivered the freedmen back into the hands of their former masters. Ironically, the diminution of federal authority in the realm of black rights resulted in a highly regulated policing of race relations on the state level, especially in the South. It is in this context that Jim Crow emerged as the regnant mode of racial interaction in the United States in the 1890s.
Gender and Topic Control
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy
Published: November 2023

One of the most frequent complaints patients make about physicians is that physicians do not listen well. This complaint implies—quite accurately—that listening is an activity. However, most of us, physician and patient alike, have done very little analysis of what it means to carry out this activity. Probably most patients and physicians identify listening with silence. It is true that silence can be important. But in listening, certain kinds of brief talk are even more important than silence. Silence by one speaker makes time available for another speaker to talk. But silence by itself cannot in any way demonstrate that the first speaker heard, understood, or cared about what was said. Talk can do that.
“Geez Where’d You Find THAT?”
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy
Published: November 2023

There are both ethical and pragmatic reasons for physicians to “empower” patients (Waitzkin and Britt 1989). I have already mentioned (chapter 4) the lower blood pressure, lower blood sugar, lower rates of return visits—in short, improved medical outcomes—for patients who actively question physicians (Roter 1984; S. H. Kaplan, Greenfield, and Ware 1989). In chapter 3,1 suggested that listening is one part of empowering. In this chapter, I suggest that the two concepts, empowerment and activity, should be subsumed under the concept of co-constructing an event.
Active Patients, Cooperative Physicians
Authors: Ainsworth-Vaughn Nancy
Published: November 2023

After the introductory chapter, each chapter of this book was organized around data—transcriptions and analyses of the talk I recorded between patients and physicians. In this concluding chapter, I briefly review theories about the overall shape of medical encounters and relate my data to those theories. I then summarize the previous chapters about patients’ talk specifically, the claims to power patients made in the encounters I studied. And finally, I reflect on patients, physicians, and their attempts to share control over the medical encounter and over illness.
Carnal Behavior and Sexual Disorders
Authors: Haliczer Stephen
Published: November 2023

Everywhere in Catholic Europe, the Counter-Reformation brought a new and more repressive attitude toward sexual expression. In the arts, the repaintings of the nudes in Michelangelo’s Last Judgement demonstrate the Church’s more restrictive attitude about depicting the human body. Francisco Pacheco, Spain’s preeminent art theorist, reflected the new prudery in his famous work, A las profesores del arte de la pintura (1622), where he stressed decorum in religious paintings and criticized painters who depicted mythological themes with excessive sensuality. In sixteenth-century France, official toleration for collective rapes and the “joyous confraternities” of young men who perpetrated them slowly gave way to prohibition. The municipal houses of prostitution, which had provided a much-needed outlet for the sexual frustrations of young males in a society characterized by late marriage, were first banished to the outskirts of towns and then closed between 1520 and 1570.
Introduction
Authors: Nielsen Richard P
Published: November 2023

Applying ethics to organizational life may be a bit like driving in a big city. While there are many periods of pleasant driving and other times when, with careful planning, we can avoid traffic jams, there are also difficult traffic conditions that must be driven through. Sooner or later, whether we are good drivers or bad, we will get into an accident. Similarly, in our organizational lives sooner or later we, or people we care about, will encounter serious ethics problems that will have to be dealt with. Effectively addressing ethics problems and conflicts is not the same as understanding an ethics issue.
Mind-Set Sensitivity: The Importance of Knowing How the Other Person Reasons and the Importance of the Other Person Knowing That You Know
Authors: Culbert Samuel A
Published: November 2023

We’ve taken several approaches to make the point that validity of feedback alone is insufficient to assure that your attempts to influence and advise people will be received. We have also described some of the minimal conditions necessary for getting them to con­ sider taking your advice and feedback to heart. The minimal conditions require that (1) you learn the key component variables of the personal equation that the other person is working to maximize; (2) the other person sees you appreciating what he or she wants to accomplish long-term; (3) the other person sees you getting his or her assumptions and reasoning straight prior to your articulating the contrasting assumptions that underlie your feedback; (4) you identify and explain your own self-interested advice-giving motivations so that your recipient can independently assess whether your motives are compatible with his or hers; and (5) you clearly convey that you are taking the aforementioned steps.
Discerning Alignment Strategies and the Mind-Sets That Derive from Them
Authors: Culbert Samuel A
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 6 we discussed two of three essential research tools required for becoming a mind-set researcher: a theory that tells you how mind-sets operate in general and a model that specifies the personal-competency variables that give rise to a mind-set. What remains to be covered is the method and technique for reading an individual’s mind-set and the prominence of specific variables. That’s what this chapter takes up.
Different Levels of Influence and Advice and the Categories of Interaction They Create
Authors: Culbert Samuel A
Published: November 2023

An executive surprised us by requesting “either marriage or divorce counseling.” He told us, “I don’t know what to do about the problems I’m causing Ryma (his secretary and assistant). I’d like you to talk with her, then you make ‘the call.’” He told us the reason was not incompatibility or lack of quality effort on her part. It was that working for him was taking an extraordinary toll. It was Wednesday; she had been out since Monday and was expected back tomorrow. She had told him it was “stress.” And, he said, “Clearly I’m the cause.”
Converging on Autonomy: Anthropology and Institutional Economics
Authors: Douglas Mary
Published: November 2023

This chapter is concerned with a convergence of interest from two directions on the topic of individual autonomy. On the one hand, transaction costs theory focuses on the cost to the individual of preserving autonomy in the marketplace. It pays special attention to the causes of asymmetry among dealers, to classifying different kinds of asymmetry, and to assessing their respective effects on market structures. Its concern with individual reactions to constraints on autonomy has made it necessary to rewrite the economist’s conception of the rational being.
An Economist's Perspective on the Theory of the Firm
Authors: Hart Oliver
Published: November 2023

This chapter examines the ways in which economists have recently come to think about firms. Interestingly, the evolving economic conception of the firm is broadly consonant with that advanced by Chester Barnard in 1938. This chapter does not pretend to be a systematic survey of this area; rather, it serves to highlight those ideas I think are particularly important. For other perspectives on the same material, I refer the reader to three recent surveys: Holmstrom and Tirole (1989), Milgrom and Roberts (1988), and Williamson (1988).
Chester Barnard and the Incipient Science of Organization
Authors: Williamson Oliver E
Published: November 2023

This chapter argues that an incipient science of organization has been taking shape over the past ten and fifteen years and that it is inspired, directly and indirectly, by Chester Barnard’s classic book, The Functions of the Executive. Interestingly, Barnard observed in the last chapter of that book that there was a need for, but that we did not have, a ‘science of organization’(p. 290).1 Although that unrealized need remains today, we have nonetheless made recent progress.
Register Shifting with Dialect Resources in Instructional Discourse
Authors: Adger Carolyn Temple
Published: November 2023

A hallmark of sociolinguistic development in school-age children is their in creasing expertise at constructing linguistic register to match other dimensions of social activity (Martin 1983). Other chapters in this volume explore how register modification accomplishes, signals, and reinforces shifts within the social context. This chapter details children’s register shifting through contrasting dialect variants: replacing vernacular English dialect features with standard English dialect features during instructional discourse. This register-shifting pattern suggests that dialect appropriateness at school is tied not just to setting (school, classroom) or genre (teacher talk, academic talk), as is widely assumed, or to addressee (Lucas & Borders 1987, Rick ford & McNair-Knox 1994) but also to footing: “the alignment we take up to ourselves and others present” (Goff man 1981:128).
Speaking Standard English from Nine to Three: Language as Guerrilla Warfare at Capital High
Authors: Fordham Signithia
Published: November 2023

In this expanded sense, standard English incorporates attitudes and styles of speaking and behaving. Of specific interest here, it includes attitudes of hostility and op position to African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and styles associated with it. Thus, it comes as no surprise that standard English, understood in this broad sense, might be resisted by African Americans, for its “definitions of caste;’ which stigmatize Black speech, extend easily to Black people as well.
First Ladies
Authors: Caroli Betty Boyd
Published: November 2023

This book provides an intimate look at how the women behind the men in the Oval Office have handled what may be the most demanding unpaid and unelected job in America. This expanded edition includes Barbara Bush and Hillary Clinton, and summarizes Hillary's role before 1992, during the campaign, and now.
The Long, Cold War
Authors: Smith Jeffery A
Published: November 2023

The Cold War and the fear of nuclear annihilation brought more tests of freedom and more autocratic lawlessness. With its clandestine actions abroad and interference with domestic political processes, the struggle against communism provided new occasions for assertions that a president could violate the law for reasons of national security or act without authority in dealing with a crisis. “The integrity of our system will not be jeopardized by any measures, covert or overt, violent or nonviolent, which serve the purposes of frustrating the Kremlin design,” said a top secret government report in 1950, “nor does the necessity for conducting ourselves so as to affirm our values in actions as well as words forbid such measures, provided only they are appropriately calculated to that end and are not so excessive or misdirected as to make us enemies of the people instead of the evil men who have enslaved them.” The report, which was adopted by the NSC with President Harry S. Truman presiding, was the harbinger of a sudden tripling of the defense budget. Truman and most of his Cold War successors fit the pattern of chief executives who said they were preserving freedom but who accomplished more actual subversion of democracy than any internal dissenters or foreign adversaries. A swelling presidential-military protectorate used domestic spying, massive secrecy, and subtle methods of suppression to circumvent public discussion and place the United States under what amounted to a new form of government.
Legal Challenges: State Intervention, Reproduction, and HIV-Infected Women
Authors: Banks Taunya Lovell
Published: November 2023

Although women account for only 13% of all reported AIDS cases in the United States,’ AIDS is now the fourth leading cause of death among all women be tween the ages of25 and 44 years-the childbearing years.As of June 1994, the CDC reported 5,734 cases of AIDS in children under the age of 13 years.In the vast majority of pediatric AIDS cases, the virus was acquired perinatally. Ex perts expect the number of pediatric AIDS cases to continue to increase over the next few years. As a result, much attention has been focused on minimizing the risk of maternal-fetal transmission of the virus because most infected women are of reproductive age.

Because of the substantial social and medical resources required to care for children infected with HIV, public health policies are being developed to minimize the risk of perinatal transmission of the virus. For example, in 1985 the increased incidence of perinatally transmitted HIV/ AIDS cases caused the CDC to recommend that women infected with HIV delay or forego childbearing, a recommendation seconded in 1987 by the American College of Obstetrics and Gynecology (ACOG). Many health-care providers have adopted these recommendations and are counseling HIV-infected women not to have children.7 The primary justification for directing the reproductive choices of HIV-infected women is the need to minimize maternal-fetal transmission of HIV.
HIV Infection and Childbearing: a Proposal for Public Policy and Clinical Practice
Authors: Faden Ruth R , Kass Nancy E , Acuff Katherine L , Allen Anita , Anderson Jean , Banks Taunya Lovell , Bloche M Gregg , Chaisson Richard , Cohn Sylvia , Hutton Nancy , King Patricia A , Lillie-Blanton Marsha , Mccaul Mary E , Powers Madison , Rothenberg Karen H , Saah Alfred , Solomon Liza , Wissow Lawrence
Published: November 2023

Should others interfere with or otherwise attempt to influence the reproductive choices of HIV-infected women and, if so, how? In this volume we have an alyzed the numerous moral, legal, medical, and public policy issues that bear on this question. We have examined the relationship between HIV infection and the use of illegal drugs as well as precedents for interference with reproduction among women who use drugs. We also have presented the perspectives of women who are HIV-infected as well as the views of professionals who provide services to women who are infected. In this chapter we put forward a policy proposal for whether and how others should attempt to influence, counsel, or otherwise interfere with the reproductive choices of HIV-infected women based on the analyses, arguments, and findings presented in earlier chapters.
Pornography and the Financing of Political Campaigns
Authors: Seidman Louis Michael , Tushnet Mark V
Published: November 2023

Our experience with race discrimination suggests that even when people purport to agree on matters of fundamental principle, internal contradictions within the principle can generate unproductive and vitriolic debate. A similar pattern mars efforts to think seriously about freedom of speech. Attempts to regulate the financing of political campaigns and the availability of pornography provide a telling example. Such attempts have created odd and overlapping alliances.
Avoid Strength, Attack Weakness
Authors: McNeilly Mark
Published: November 2023

On February 24, 1991, the 1st and 2nd Divisions of the U.S. Marine Corps launched their assault headlong into the Iraqi units blocking their way to Kuwait City. The attack landed exactly where Saddam Hussein expected it; along the most direct route the Americans could take to liberate Kuwait. It was there that the Iraqi dictator had positioned the majority of his million-man army.