bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time-Use Patterns and Sustainable Urban Form: A Case Study to Explore Potential Links
Authors: Haselsteiner Edeltraud , Smetschka Barbara , Remesch Alexander , Gaube Veronika
Published: June 2015

Linking time use of the inhabitants of a city with their energy consumption and urban form is an approach which allows integration of the social dimension into research on sustainable urban development. While much has been written about the planning of cities and its implications for human social life, the question of the relationship between time-use patterns and urban form remains underexplored. This is all the more astonishing as time-use statistics offer a unique tool for analysing socio-economic changes regarding family and household structures, gender relations, working hours, recreational behaviour and consumption patterns. Furthermore, spatial planning plays a significant role in establishing time structures. With this paper we aim to explore the possibility of using the time-use data of an urban population to find links between individual time-use patterns and urban form. We describe a case study in Vienna where we addressed time use and mobility of citizens in a participatory approach to jointly develop an integrated socio-ecological model of urban time-use patterns and energy consumption.
Characterisation of Structural Proteins from Chronic Bee Paralysis Virus (CBPV) Using Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Chevin Aurore , Coutard Bruno , Blanchard Philippe , Dabert-Gay Anne-Sophie , Ribière-Chabert Magali , Thiéry Richard
Published: June 2015

Chronic bee paralysis virus (CBPV) is the etiological agent of chronic paralysis, an infectious and contagious disease in adult honeybees. CBPV is a positive single-stranded RNA virus which contains two major viral RNA fragments. RNA 1 (3674 nt) and RNA 2 (2305 nt) encode three and four putative open reading frames (ORFs), respectively. RNA 1 is thought to encode the viral RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) since the amino acid sequence derived from ORF 3 shares similarities with the RdRP of families Nodaviridae and Tombusviridae. The genomic organization of CBPV and in silico analyses have suggested that RNA 1 encodes non-structural proteins, while RNA 2 encodes structural proteins, which are probably encoded by ORFs 2 and 3. In this study, purified CBPV particles were used to characterize virion proteins by mass spectrometry. Several polypeptides corresponding to proteins encoded by ORF 2 and 3 on RNA 2 were detected. Their role in the formation of the viral capsid is discussed.
Volcanisme et paléomorphologie (Volcanism and paleomorphology). Synthèse de la table ronde n°1
Authors: Lageat Yannick
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Il s'agit d'une synthèse de dix communications effectuées au colloque de Clermont-Ferrand sur les informations nouvelles que peuvent apporter les datations des produits du volcanisme dans la restitution de l'évolution géomorphologique.
Des paléovolcans aux volcans actifs (Ancestral volcanoes and active volcanoes). Synthèse de la table ronde n°2
Authors: Thouret Jean-Claude
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Il s'agit d'une synthèse de huit communications effectuées au colloque de Clermont-Ferrand sur les étapes de la construction et de la destruction des édifices volcaniques ainsi que des analyses sur les volcans actifs afin d'établir des prévisions.
Conceptual structure of pain in Lithuanian and English
Authors: Kerevičienė Jurgita , Zaiceva Natalija
Published: June 2015

Physical pain is bodily experienced and common for people in their perception. Still, people experience physical pain, conceptualize and encode it in different cultures diversely. The aim of this article is to reveal the conceptual structure of the metaphorical pain expressions of human facial parts in the English (British) and Lithuanian languages. The paper provides an overview of key principles of cognitive semantics, discusses the essence of pain by taking into account physiological and psychological aspects, concentrates on both metaphorical pain expressions and encoded stimuli of pain in Lithuanian and English. Finally, the conceptual structure of pain in the languages is elaborated.
Swarm Intelligence in Solving Bio-Inspired Computing Problems
Authors: Acharjya Debi Prasanna , Kauser Ahmed P.
Published: June 2015

Currently, a huge amount of data is available across various domains including biological data. Classification of these data, clustering, and data analysis is tedious and has become popular in recent research. In particular, bio-inspired computing is the field that mends together mathematics, computer science, and biology to develop tools to store, scrutinize, and interpret the biological data. It is also used to solve real life problems like sequencing biological data, data clustering, and optimization. Swarm intelligence is an emerging field of biologically inspired artificial intelligence technique that is based on the behavioral models of social insects. This chapter provides an overview of swarm intelligence algorithms in solving bio-inspired computing problems. It is an attempt to explore the working nature, applications, and generative power of various bio-inspired computing algorithms. The main intent is to furnish a comprehensive study of swarm intelligence algorithms in the literature so as to inspire further research in the area of biologically inspired computing.
Minimax Probability Machine
Authors: Samui Pijush , Dalkiliç Yıldırım Huseyin , Rajadurai Hariharan , Jagan J.
Published: June 2015

Liquefaction in soil is one of the other major problems in geotechnical earthquake engineering. This chapter adopts Minimax Probability Machine (MPM) for prediction of seismic liquefaction potential of soil based on Shear Wave Velocity (Vs) data. MPM has been used as a classification technique. Two models (MODEL I and MODEL II) have been adopted. In MODEL I, input variables are Cyclic Stress Ratio (CSR), and Vs MODEL II uses Peck Ground Acceleration (PGA) and Vs as input variables. The developed MPM has been compared with the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Support Vector Machine (SVM) models. The developed MPM is a robust tool for determination of liquefaction susceptibility of soil.
Swarm-Based Mean-Variance Mapping Optimization (MVMOS) for Solving Non-Convex Economic Dispatch Problems
Authors: Khoa Truong Hoang , Vasant Pandian , Singh Balbir Singh Mahinder , Dieu Vo Ngoc
Published: June 2015

The practical Economic Dispatch (ED) problems have non-convex objective functions with complex constraints due to the effects of valve point loadings, multiple fuels, and prohibited zones. This leads to difficulty in finding the global optimal solution of the ED problems. This chapter proposes a new swarm-based Mean-Variance Mapping Optimization (MVMOS) for solving the non-convex ED. The proposed algorithm is a new population-based meta-heuristic optimization technique. Its special feature is a mapping function applied for the mutation. The proposed MVMOS is tested on several test systems and the comparisons of numerical obtained results between MVMOS and other optimization techniques are carried out. The comparisons show that the proposed method is more robust and provides better solution quality than most of the other methods. Therefore, the MVMOS is very favorable for solving non-convex ED problems.
Quantum Inspired Swarm Optimization for Multi-Level Image Segmentation Using BDSONN Architecture
Authors: Chandra Subhadip , Bhattacharyya Siddhartha
Published: June 2015

This chapter is intended to propose a quantum inspired self-supervised image segmentation method by quantum-inspired particle swarm optimization algorithm and quantum-inspired ant colony optimization algorithm, based on optimized MUSIG (OptiMUSIG) activation function with a bidirectional self-organizing neural network architecture to segment multi-level grayscale images. The proposed quantum-inspired swarm optimization-based methods are applied on three standard grayscale images. The performances of the proposed methods are demonstrated in comparison with their conventional counterparts. Experimental results are reported in terms of fitness value, computational time, and class boundaries for both methods. It has been noticed that the quantum-inspired meta-heuristic method is superior in terms of computational time in comparison to its conventional counterpart.
Image Enhancement Techniques Using Particle Swarm Optimization Technique
Authors: Santhi V. , Tripathy B. K.
Published: June 2015

The image quality enhancement process is considered as one of the basic requirement for high-level image processing techniques that demand good quality in images. High-level image processing techniques include feature extraction, morphological processing, pattern recognition, automation engineering, and many more. Many classical enhancement methods are available for enhancing the quality of images and they can be carried out either in spatial domain or in frequency domain. But in real time applications, the quality enhancement process carried out by classical approaches may not serve the purpose. It is required to combine the concept of computational intelligence with the classical approaches to meet the requirements of real-time applications. In recent days, Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique is considered one of the new approaches in optimization techniques and it is used extensively in image processing and pattern recognition applications. In this chapter, image enhancement is considered an optimization problem, and different methods to solve it through PSO are discussed in detail.
A Self-Organized Software Deployment Architecture for a Swarm Intelligent MANET
Authors: Basu Soumya Sankar
Published: June 2015

A class of self-organizing readily deployable network (MANET: Mobile Ad-hoc Network) has been developed to address applications such as distributed collaborative computing, disaster recovery, and digital battlefield. Some of these applications need collaboration software running in the network to help in their mission. Because of the inherent nature of MANET, collaborative software application deployment has not been easy. Researchers have focused on those challenges like minimizing power, computing and memory utilization, and routing. With advancement of high-end devices, power, computing, and memory is not much of a constraint now. Mobility is still a challenge and is a major inhibitor for researchers to think about software application deployment architecture on MANET. This chapter proposes a self-organized software deployment architecture by which any 3-tier application can be deployed in a MANET. After the application is deployed, this chapter also enhances the previously proposed adaptive movement influenced by swarm intelligent principles.
Swarm Intelligence-Based Optimization for PHEV Charging Stations
Authors: Rahman Imran , Vasant Pandian , Singh Balbir Singh Mahinder , Abdullah-Al-Wadud M.
Published: June 2015

In this chapter, Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) technique were applied for intelligent allocation of energy to the Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs). Considering constraints such as energy price, remaining battery capacity, and remaining charging time, they optimized the State-of-Charge (SoC), a key performance indicator in hybrid electric vehicle for the betterment of charging infrastructure. Simulation results obtained for maximizing the highly non-linear objective function evaluates the performance of both techniques in terms of global best fitness and computation time.
Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm as a Tool for Profiling from Predictive Data Mining Models
Authors: Klepac Goran
Published: June 2015

This chapter introduces the methodology of particle swarm optimization algorithm usage as a tool for finding customer profiles based on a previously developed predictive model that predicts events like selection of some products or services with some probabilities. Particle swarm optimization algorithm is used as a tool that finds optimal values of input variables within developed predictive models as referent values for maximization value of probability that customers select/buy a product or service. Recognized results are used as a base for finding similar profiles between customers. The presented methodology has practical value for decision support in business, where information about customer profiles are valuable information for campaign planning and customer portfolio management.
Particle Swarm Optimization Method to Design a Linear Tubular Switched Reluctance Generator
Authors: Mendes Rui P. G. , Calado Maria do Rosário Alves , Mariano Sílvio José
Published: June 2015

In this chapter, the Particle Swarm Optimization method is applied to four different structural configurations of a linear switched reluctance generator with tubular topology. The optimization process involves the search of the values for a defined set of geometric parameters that maximize the rate of change of the generator's inductance with the relative displacement of its mover part. The optimization algorithm is applied to each structural configuration in order to find the optimum geometry as well to identify the most suitable configuration for electric generation.
A Uniformly Distributed Mobile Sensor Nodes Deployment Strategy Using Swarm Intelligence
Authors: Ghorai Chinmoy , Debnath Arpita , Das Abhijit
Published: June 2015

WSN consists of spatially dispersed and dedicated sensors for monitoring the physical conditions of the universe and organizing the collected data at a central location. WSN incorporates a gateway that provides wireless connectivity back to the wired world and distributed sensor nodes. Various applications have been proposed for WSN like Ecosystem and Seismic monitoring, where deployment of nodes in a suitable manner is of an immense concern. Currently, sensor nodes are mobile in nature and they are deployed at an accelerated pace. This chapter focuses on developing the mobile nodes in an apt technique to meet the needs of WSNs properly. It considers the swarm intelligence-based movement strategies with the assistance of local communications through which the randomly deployed sensors can arrange themselves to reach the optimal placement to meet the issues like lower cost, lower power consumption, simpler computation, and better sensing of the total area.
Ambiguity Reduction through Optimal Set of Region Selection Using GA and BFO for Handwritten Bangla Character Recognition
Authors: Das Nibaran , Basu Subhadip , Kundu Mahantapas , Nasipuri Mita
Published: June 2015

To recognize different patterns, identification of local regions where the pattern classes differ significantly is an inherent ability of the human cognitive system. This inherent ability of human beings may be imitated in any pattern recognition system by incorporating the ability of locating the regions that contain the maximum discriminating information among the pattern classes. In this chapter, the concept of Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Bacterial Foraging Optimization (BFO) are discussed to identify those regions having maximum discriminating information. The discussion includes the evaluation of the methods on the sample images of handwritten Bangla digit and Basic character, which is a subset of Bangla character set. Different methods of sub-image or local region creation such as random creation or based on the Center of Gravity (CG) of the foreground pixels are also discussed here. Longest run features, extracted from the generated local regions, are used as local feature in the present chapter. Based on these extracted local features, together with global features, the algorithms are applied to search for the optimal set of local regions. The obtained results are higher than that results obtained without optimization on the same data set.
Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Session Key Generation for Wireless Communication (PSOSKG)
Authors: Sarkar Arindam , Mandal Jyotsna Kumar
Published: June 2015

In this chapter, a Particle Swarm Optimization-Based Session Key Generation for wireless communication (PSOSKG) is proposed. This cryptographic technique is solely based on the behavior of the particle swarm. Here, particle and velocity vector are formed for generation of keystream by setting up the maximum dimension of each particle and velocity vector. Each particle position and probability value is evaluated. Probability value of each particle can be determined by dividing the position of a particular particle by its length. If probability value of a particle is less than minimum probability value then a velocity is applied to move each particle into a new position. After that, the probability value of the particle at the new position is calculated. A threshold value is selected to evaluate against the velocity level of each particle. The particle having the highest velocity more than predefined threshold value is selected as a keystream for encryption.
Security Threats on Mobile Devices
Authors: Aron Lukáš
Published: June 2015

This chapter contains basic introduction into security models of modern operating system like Android, iOS or Windows Phone. There are described the methods of attacks to the mobile devices. Such attacks consist of application based threats and vulnerabilities, network based attacks and internet browser vulnerabilities. The following section contains description of defensive strategies and steps for securing the device. There is also section about securing mobile device for enterprise environment. At the end of this chapter are discussed recommendations for security practices for mobile devices.
The Human Factor in Mobile Phishing
Authors: El-Din Rasha Salah , Cairns Paul , Clark John
Published: June 2015

Phishing is the use of electronic media, like emails and mobile text messages, to fraudulently elicit private information or obtain money under false pretence. Though there is considerable interest in phishing as a security problem, there is little previous research from the human factors perspective and in particular very little empirical support for what makes mobile phishing effective or successful and therefore how best to defend people from it. This chapter describes some of the research conducted from the field of traditional phishing that already embraces the effect of human factors on phishing vulnerability. The limited amount of research exploiting mobile phishing is discussed; including a review of our previous work involving evaluating mobile users' strategies for managing mobile phishing attacks. By reflecting on how these subjects investigate the threat of phishing, this chapter aims to show that empirical research on mobile phishing is scarce and falling behind in terms of identifying underlying psychological processes and inspire future research in this area.
Legal Issues
Authors: Leonard Brian , Dawson Maurice
Published: June 2015

Privacy and security are two items being woven into the fabric of American law concerning mobile devices. This chapter will review and analyze the associated laws and policies that are currently in place or have been proposed to ensure proper execution of security measures for mobile and other devices while still protecting individual privacy. This chapter will address the fact that as the American society significantly uses mobile devices, it is imperative to understand the legal actions surrounding these technologies to include their associated uses. This chapter will also address the fact that with 9/11 in the not so distant past, cyber security has become a forefront subject in the battle against global terrorism. Furthermore, this chapter will examine how mobile devices are not like the devices of the past as the computing power is on par with that of some desktops and the fact that these devices have the ability to execute malicious applications. In addition, this chapter will discuss the reality, significance, legal and practical affects of the fact that suspicious programs are being executed offensively and security based attacks can be performed as well with the use of programs such as Kali Linux running on Android.
Authorship Analysis
Authors: U. Athira , Thampi Sabu M.
Published: June 2015

Authorship Analysis is the process of examining documents to determine the stylistic details underlying the document and hence inferring about the characteristics of the author of document in order to attribute the authorship to a particular author or to confirm the authenticity of a claimed authorship. The popularity of online communications has paved way to the promotion of numerous fraudulent acts. These illegal activities can be curbed to an extent by identifying the source of the postings, which is made possible by finding the real authors of online documents.Applicability of authorship analysis in the field of forensic linguistics also gathers great importance today. The automation of, process aimed at analyzing the authorship of forensic documents, eases the linguists of the high manual effort spent in analyzing documents and is also advantageous in terms of its accuracy. Here we discuss about the existing methods that have been used so far to deal with automation of authorship analysis and the challenges faced by them.
The Need for a Dualist Application of Public and Private Law in Great Britain Following the Use of “Flame Trolling” During the 2011 UK Riots
Authors: Mugabi Ivan , Bishop Jonathan
Published: June 2015

Since time immemorial, the legal systems of Great Britain have often been spoken of highly as pinnacles of democracy. However, the split between criminal law and tort law have often caused problems where the police has often focused on the prosecution of people in poverty and where only the wealthy can afford to use the system. This chapter discusses the extent and limitations of existing measures to tackle computer-related crime, particularly with regards to the abusive kind of Internet Trolling, namely “flame trolling.” The chapter recommends further research to establish whether it should be the case that in a society based on dualism that criminal and civil cases should be held at the same time, and that in both instances those being accused of an offence or tort should be allowed to bring a counter-claim. It is discussed that in such a system the cases that would be brought are where there is a clear victim who had no part in the offence against them, such as murder, rape, theft and burglary, which are usually carefully planned and orchestrated acts.
The Critical Need for Empowering Leadership Approaches in Managing Health Care Information Security Millennial Employees in Health Care Business and Community Organizations
Authors: Burrell Darrell Norman , Williams Darryl , Bhat Taara , Taylor Clishia
Published: June 2015

According to the Ponemon (2012) Third Annual Benchmark Study on Patient Privacy & Data Security, 94 percent of healthcare organizations surveyed suffered at least one data breach; 45 percent experienced more than five in the past two years. Data breaches cost the U.S. healthcare industry an average of $7 billion annually (Ponemon, 2012). Electronic health records are becoming more pervasive at hospitals and clinics in the United States. Meanwhile, healthcare organizations are taking small steps toward meaningful exchange and secure data security of patient information. This has created a need for new expertise in health data security from a newly degreed and young in information security professionals from the “Millennial Generation”. This chapter explores the attraction, recruitment, and retention of younger-generation professionals with critical and emerging health information security skills.
Power-Aware Networking
Authors: Zhang Mingui , Yu Hongfang
Published: June 2015

Energy consumption of networking infrastructures is growing fast due to the exponential growth of data traffic and the deployment of increasingly powerful equipment. Besides operational costs and environmental impacts, the ever-increasing energy consumption has become a limiting factor to long-term growth of network infrastructures. Operators, vendors and researchers have started to look beyond a single router or line card for network-wide solutions towards energy proportionality. Therefore, Power Aware Networking (PANET) has been proposed to improve network energy efficiency. A PANET-enabled network assumes that only a subset of devices will be involved in traffic forwarding when the network is lightly loaded, so as to improve global energy savings. PANET is introduced in this chapter. Promising solutions for PANET are also exposed. PANET features are also analyzed. The chapter also discusses the challenges and future work that needs to be done.
Application-Enabled Collaborative Networking
Authors: Reddy Tirumaleswar , Patil Prashanth , Zamfir Anca
Published: June 2015

Identification and treatment of application flows are important to many application providers and network operators. They often rely on these capabilities to deploy and/or support a wide range of applications. These applications generate flows that may have specific characteristics such as bandwidth or latency that can be met if made known to the network. Historically, this functionality has been implemented to the extent possible using heuristics that inspect and infer flow characteristics. Heuristics may be based on port numbers, network identifiers (e.g., subnets or VLANs, Deep Flow Inspection (DFI), or Deep Packet Inspection (DPI)). However, many application flows in current usages are dynamic, adaptive, time-bound, encrypted, peer-to-peer (P2P), asymmetric, used on multipurpose devices, and/ or have different priorities depending on the direction of the flow, user preferences, and other factors. Any combination of these properties renders heuristic-based techniques less effective and may result in compromises to application security or user privacy. Application-enabled collaborative networking (AECN) is a framework in which applications explicitly signal their flow characteristics and requirements to the network. This provides network nodes with knowledge of the application flow characteristics, which enables them to apply the correct flow treatment and provide feedback to applications accordingly. This chapter describes how an application enabled collaborative networking framework contributes to solve the encountered problems.
Future SDN-Based Network Architectures
Authors: Haleplidis Evangelos , Denazis Spyros , Koufopavlou Odysseas
Published: June 2015

Networking has seen a burst of innovation and rapid changes with the advent of Software Defined Networking (SDN). Many people considered SDN to be something new and innovative, but actually SDN is something that has already been proposed almost a decade ago in the era of active and programmable networks, and developed even before that. Coupled with the fact that SDN is a very dynamic area with everyone trying to brand their architecture, research or product as SDN has defined a vague and broad definition of what SDN. This chapter attempts to put SDN into perspective approaching SDN with a more spherical point of view by providing the necessary background of pre-SDN technologies and how SDN came about. Followed by discussion on what SDN means today, what SDN is comprised of and a vision of how SDN will evolve in the future to provide the programmable networks that researchers and operators have longed for for many years now. This chapter closes with a few applicability use cases of the future SDN and wraps up with how SDN fits in the Future Internet Architectures.
Network Functions Virtualization
Authors: López Diego R. , Aranda Pedro A.
Published: June 2015

Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) has emerged as a new paradigm for designing, deploying and operating network services. It is a natural evolution of the current trend of applying cloud technologies to Information Technology (IT) services, bringing them to network provider environments. While this is true for the most simple use cases, focused on the IT services network providers rely on, the nature of network services and the physical anchors of network themselves impose additional, unique requirements on the virtualization process in this environment. At the same time, NFV provides an opportunity to network providers, reducing operational costs and bringing the promise of dramatically easing the development of new services, reducing their time-to-market, and opening new possibilities for service provisioning. This chapter analyses these requirements and opportunities and the challenges NFV brings to network providers, and reviews the current state of the art in this new way of dealing with network services.
Introducing Automation in Service Delivery Procedures
Authors: Borges Isabel
Published: June 2015

The combination of Software-Defined Networking (SDN) with Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) approaches is gaining momentum in the Industry as a new way of implementing, managing and controlling telecommunications networks. This chapter aims to go through SDN and lightly over NFV, presenting main characteristics and the standardization work on that technologies. SDN enables programming networks together with the ability to adapt to applications requirements and network dynamics. NFV aims at virtualizing network services by merging several network equipment types onto standard Information Technologies (IT) high volume virtualization technology (switches, servers and storage) located either in data centres, customer premises or network nodes. SDN and NFV interworking ambition is to bring on-demand resource provisioning, resource elasticity, among others with a centralized view of the overall network, able to automatically and dynamically honor service requirements.
Avatars, Humanoids, and the Changing Landscape of Assessment and Intervention for Individuals with Disabilities across the Lifespan
Authors: Hotez Emily
Published: June 2015

In recent years, there has been a burgeoning field of research on the applications of virtual reality and robots for children, adolescents, and adults with a wide range of developmental disabilities. The influx of multidisciplinary collaborations among developmental psychologists and computer scientists, as well as the increasing accessibility of interactive technologies, has created a need to equip potential users with the information they need to make informed decisions about using virtual reality and robots. This chapter aims to 1) provide parents, professionals, and individuals with developmental disabilities with an overview of the literature on virtual reality and robot interventions in childhood, adolescence, and adulthood; and to 2) address overarching questions pertaining to utilizing virtual reality and robots. This chapter will shed light on the far-reaching potential for interactive technologies to transform therapeutic, educational, and assessment contexts, while also highlighting limitations and suggesting directions for future research.
Improving Students' Academic Learning by Helping Them Access Text
Authors: Ben-Avie Michael , Randall Régine , Dunne Diane Weaver , Kelly Chris
Published: June 2015

Conventional methods of addressing the needs of students with print disabilities include text-to-speech services. One major drawback of text-to-speech technologies is that computerized speech simply articulates the same words in a text whereas human voice can convey emotions such as excitement, sadness, fear, or joy. Audiobooks have human narration, but are designed for entertainment and not for teaching word identification, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension to students. This chapter focuses on the 3-year pilot of CRISKids; all CRIS recordings feature human narration. The pilot demonstrated that students who feel competent in their reading and class work tend to be more engaged in classroom routines, spend more time on task and demonstrate greater comprehension of written materials. When more demonstrate these behaviors and skills, teachers are better able to provide meaningful instruction, since less time is spent on issues of classroom management and redirection. Thus, CRISKids impacts not only the students with print disabilities, but all of the students in the classroom.
Assistive Technologies at the Edge of Language and Speech Science for Children with Communication Disorders
Authors: Ancelle Joséphine Anne Genèvieve
Published: June 2015

About two million individuals in the United States use augmentative and alternative communication (AAC) devices with text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis to speak on their behalf. In this chapter, two specific systems are introduced and evaluated as potentially significant emerging tools for children with communication disorders. The VocalIDTM project was developed to provide unique voices for children who otherwise speak through standard adult voices. Free SpeechTM is an image-based system designed to address grammatical concepts perceived as abstract by children with language disorders. This chapter also reviews the latest developments in electropalatography (EPG): biofeedback technology, which enables the visualization of tongue to palate contact during speech production. SmartPalateTM has developed cutting-edge hardware and software technology to make EPG more intuitive and more accessible in the therapy room and at home.
Music and Developmental Disabilities
Authors: Blumstein Michelle Renee
Published: June 2015

The following chapter presents a compilation of research about various types of technology that are employed by music therapists to benefit children with developmental delays. Music therapy can be an effective way to meet the goals of the individual. Music can also be a very powerful motivator. Previous musical skill or experience is not required for music therapy to be effective for clients with developmental disabilities or for clients more generally. Many music-based technologies are designed to create a positive, successful, and enjoyable experience for all users. Music therapy can provide a safe and confidence building environment where children are able to feel in control of a situation, possibly for the first time in their lives.
Elements, Orders, and Modes of Governance in the Development of Finnish Wolf Policy
Authors: Ratamäki Outi
Published: June 2015

The wolf is an endangered species. Principles for the conservation of wolves have been agreed upon internationally through, for example, European Union mechanisms. However, international agreements and goals are often in opposition with needs and opinions at the national and, especially, local level. Differing cultural and practical perceptions have not been taken into account in the formulation of internationalising policies. Results of such ‘top-down' policies include lack of respect and commitment at the local level. Ultimately, the wolf loses in this game. The article examines how various governing elements, orders, and modes of wolf conservation and policy have developed in Finland from the 1960s to the early 2010s. It will be shown how ecological concerns have been taken seriously in the design of the wolf policy while societal concerns have not gained similar interest or strategic planning.
Enhancing Information Services through Public-Private Partnerships
Authors: Eom Seok-Jin , Fountain Jane
Published: June 2015

What are e-government success factors for using public-private partnerships to enhance learning and capacity development? To answer this question, the authors developed a comparative case analysis of the development of the Business Reference Model (BRM), a national-level e-government initiative to promote shared information services, in the U.S. federal government and the Korean central government. The results indicate that private sector partners in both countries played various roles as “brokers” of information technology (IT) knowledge between government and the private sector by: raising awareness of the necessity of the BRM; providing best practices; developing pilot projects; and developing implementation strategies. However, the study finds that the two countries took entirely different approaches to working with non-governmental organizations in BRM development with implications for project success.
The Next Generation of Leaders
Authors: Tran Ben
Published: June 2015

The low number of female (expatriate) leaders in today's hotel management industry within the global business environment is a concern to most scholars writing on female executives. Most studies focus on the difficulties women face, while a minority of them examine the sources of their success. For academicians, it has been proven time and time again that differences between male and female do not warrant the fact that there are less women in leadership positions in the hotel and hospitality industry due to the claim that men are more qualified than women. For practitioners, however, many organizations have managed to demonstrate to the contrary of academicians, through the practice and maintenance of its corporate culture. The purpose of this chapter is to address two sets of stereotypes about female leaders in the hotel management industry: 1) the glass ceiling, the glass cliff, the glass border, and the pink collar ghetto or patterns of employment ghettos; and 2) the three persistent myths regarding female leaders in the hotel management industry.
The Application of Six Sigma in the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Alatsas Peter , Vlad Ekaterina
Published: June 2015

This chapter reviews various methods or tools used in modern organizations to improve customer satisfaction and productivity against the relevant body of literature and the popular business performance improvement methodology called Six Sigma. Starwood Hotels and Resorts was the first company in the hotel sector to adopt this system organization-wide in January 2001. Six Sigma is a highly structured performance improvement methodology that is predominately based on project work. This study reveals how Six Sigma can assist managers to improve performance in three main areas: improve customer service, product quality, and the quality of decision making from improving organization-wide processes.
Building Capacity by Managing a Mission
Authors: Stocklin Sacha
Published: June 2015

This chapter contains explanations on how a mission can be used and managed to build capacity within an organization. It investigates and defines the meaning of capacity building by analyzing its elements and purpose. In addition, the chapter describes the leadership style for building capacity through a mission and provides an explanation and description of three phases in building capacity for an organization. The intention of the chapter is to present the rationale for mission statements as a strategy and the anchor for capacity building. The research reveals that an organization's mission statement is an effective tool only if it has an inspiring purpose that is understood by the whole community. This means that simply having a statement is not sufficient to fully incorporate a mission. Rather, the mission statement needs to be properly managed to ensure that the whole community of an organization feels or senses the words expressed in the statement in its daily life at work.
Exceeding Guest Expectations
Authors: Vlad Marius
Published: June 2015

In this chapter, the researcher presents a series of scenarios of how guest expectations can be exceeded. The world of hospitality revolves around satisfying guest needs and providing quality service. As chain hotels around the world strive to offer the best service and to create brand loyalty, one wonders who is really providing quality service. It is no secret that international hotel brands try to engage their guests by anticipating their needs and providing a personalized service. By pointing out different practices used by worldwide hotel chains to ensure they exceed their guests' expectations, hospitality students can gain an understanding of what it means to create a customer for life. These examples will give them the knowledge to understand how to act in order to engage with guests. In addition, students could realize how to use empowerment efficiently for the benefit of their guests and their organization.
Evaluation Guide for the Institutional Academic Management of an Educational Hospitality Program Based on the Soft System Methodology (SSM)
Authors: Espinosa Edgar Oliver Cardoso , Mercado María Trinidad Cerecedo , Mendoza José Roberto Ramos
Published: June 2015

The chapter looks at the Soft Systems Methodology (SSM) as an alternative that is oriented to analyzing the subject of the study in situations with a high level of human involvement, such as education and hospitality, with the aim of evaluating them with a transformative approach and a holistic foundation. Based on the use of this methodology, furthermore, the chapter focuses on a proposed evaluation guide on the academic and administrative management of institutions that educate in the field of hospitality considering the following components: a) academic profile – teacher work program; b) teaching – learning process; c) supporting infrastructure and equipment; d) director management; e) students; f) entailment to the labor sector; g) efficiency terminal; and h) recognition program.
Hospitality and Business English Teaching Reform
Authors: Chen Jixuan , Zhao Xialing , Xu Yating
Published: June 2015

This chapter presents the theoretical and practical guidelines concerning Hospitality and Business English (HBE) education of Beijing Hospitality Institute (BHI) with a particular emphasis on the conceptual framework and an innovative Learner-Centered Approach resulting from the HBE teaching and learning reform program. The rationale of this research is grounded on the constructivist theory and its fundamental ideas; a mixed research method was employed to carry out the empirical research on the captioned reform; the findings of this study revealed that the ongoing reform has turned out to be on the right track, which is closely associated with the specific needs of the hospitality industry, and specifically relating to its growth. Future research directions are also indicated at the end of the chapter with a focus on the implications of the newly established Center of Experiential Learning for HBE of BHI – a new and innovative learning platform that enables hospitality management students to acquire more hands-on knowledge and job-related skills in the competence-based areas of Business English Communication.
Resource Allocation and Provisioning in Computational Mobile Grid
Authors: Sahu Dinesh Prasad , Singh Karan , Prakash Shiv
Published: June 2015

Recent years have seen drastic increase in number of mobile devices which are becoming popular not only by their communication flexibility but also for their computational capability. A collection of mobile devices together form a grid. In the proposed model, it is assumed that the set of jobs are accumulated to the primary machine, though they might have been submitted anywhere in the grid. It is also assumed that each job consists of one or more number of sub jobs. Mobile Grid comprises with number of machines and speed of execution of individual processor may be different. Each machine can handle fixed number of sub jobs. A set of jobs accumulated at the primary machines are distributed to different secondary machines. A rigorous set of experiment has been carried out by simulating the model using java language on Eclipse IDE integrated with Gridsim. The model has been tested with various numbers of inputs in different cases and result has been observed. The authors found some of the key findings of the experiments. In most of the cases, resource allocation is better when mobile agent is employed for the work.
An Optimal Equipment Replacement Model Using Logical Analysis of Data
Authors: Ghasemi Alireza , Esmaeili Sasan
Published: June 2015

In this study, Logical Analysis of Data (LAD) is used to propose an optimal equipment replacement model. Unlike most classification techniques, LAD has the advantage of not relying on any statistical theory which enables it to overcome the conventional problems concerning the statistical properties of datasets. LAD is employed to estimate the equipment's survival and failure probabilities. These probabilities are then used to build a dynamic programming model to minimize the average long-term replacement cost of the equipment. The proposed method is successfully applied on Prognostics and Health Management challenge dataset provided by NASA Ames Prognostics Data Repository. The performance of the model is compared to that of the well-known Proportional Hazards Model.
Bidirectional Role of Accuracy and Recognition in Internet-Based Targeted Advertising
Authors: Zhao Jiang , Mei Shu-e , Zhong Wei-jun
Published: June 2015

The effective media strategy in advertising is gradually becoming the premise of company that lives in the competition of marketing. Due to the rapid growth of new advertising media and technologies, it is possible for a firm to precisely target advertising to the potential consumer segment within a market. This research explores the extent to which an advertiser should regulate the quality of its targeting and effect on consumers' surplus and social welfare. The authors present a theoretic model measuring the targeting quality of internet-based targeted advertising with two measures termed accuracy and recognition. Accuracy measures the possibility of correct prediction in the target segment, while recognition is defined as the probability that any member of the targeted segment is identified. The authors demonstrate, within a monopolistic framework, the online targeted advertising might lower or increase both consumers' surplus and social welfare compared with mass advertising, which depends on different range of accuracy and recognition in the social media. The recognition of internet-based targeted advertising plays a positive role on equilibrium price, whereas the accuracy plays a negative role in the regulation of advertising intensity and equilibrium price. Therefore, it is believed that the accuracy and recognition of the online targeted advertising can be used as a lever for the strategic segmentation of a market.
Neonatal CD71+ Erythroid Cells Do Not Modify Murine Sepsis Mortality
Authors: Wynn James L. , Scumpia Philip O. , Stocks Blair T. , Romano-Keeler Joann , Alrifai Mhd Wael , Liu Jin-Hua , Kim Annette S. , Alford Catherine E. , Matta Pranathi , Weitkamp Jörn-Hendrik , Moore Daniel J.
Published: June 2015

Sepsis is a major cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity worldwide. A recent report suggested that murine neonatal host defense against infection could be compromised by immunosuppressive CD71+ erythroid splenocytes. We examined the impact of CD71+ erythroid splenocytes on murine neonatal mortality to endotoxin challenge or polymicrobial sepsis and characterized circulating CD71+ erythroid (CD235a+) cells in human neonates. Adoptive transfer or an Ab-mediated reduction in neonatal CD71+ erythroid splenocytes did not alter murine neonatal survival to endotoxin challenge or polymicrobial sepsis challenge. Ex vivo immunosuppression of stimulated adult CD11b+ cells was not limited to neonatal splenocytes; it also occurred with adult and neonatal bone marrow. Animals treated with anti-CD71 Ab showed reduced splenic bacterial load following bacterial challenge compared with isotype-treated mice. However, adoptive transfer of enriched CD71+ erythroid splenocytes to CD71+-reduced animals did not reduce bacterial clearance. Human CD71+CD235a+ cells were common among cord blood mononuclear cells and were shown to be reticulocytes. In summary, a lack of effect on murine survival to polymicrobial sepsis following adoptive transfer or diminution of CD71+ erythroid splenocytes under these experimental conditions suggests that the impact of these cells on neonatal infection risk and progression may be limited. An unanticipated immune priming effect of anti-CD71 Ab treatment, rather than a reduction in immunosuppressive CD71+ erythroid splenocytes, was likely responsible for the reported enhanced bacterial clearance. In humans, the well-described rapid decrease in circulating reticulocytes after birth suggests that they may have a limited role in reducing inflammation secondary to microbial colonization.