bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Adoptive family life and adoption support: policy ambivalence and the development of effective services
Authors: Luckock Barry , Hart Angie
Published: April 2005

Adoption policy and practice in England is being ‘modernized’ in order to increase the number of permanent placements for children in public care. Success depends on improving adoption services as well as reforming the adoption process itself. To this end the Adoption and Children Act 2002 places new duties on local authorities to ensure greater consistency and quality of service in adoption support as well as in care planning.

Questions now arise locally about what priority and focus to give to adoption support. Yet service development is inhibited by the ambivalence of New Labour about exactly what it is that adoption support is supposed to be supporting and how. Funds are limited and service re‐organization is always difficult to achieve. However, mixed policy messages result largely from the ambiguous social role and expectations of adoptive family life and kinship. In law adoption replicates the autonomous normative birth family whilst in policy it provides reparative parenting for particularly vulnerable children. A lack of clarity about the claims for support of those affected by adoption results.

This paper argues a fresh case for the distinctive claims of adoptive family life for support. It suggests how new thinking about adoptive family life and kinship might stimulate local service collaboration and effective adoption support.
Transforming family positions: a conversational analysis of a family social work case
Authors: Van Nijnatten Carolus
Published: April 2005

In a discourse and conversational analysis of a Dutch family supervision order, the transformations in family positions are examined. The parents in this case consider their son's drug addiction to be an individual problem. The family guardian succeeds in convincing them that it is a problem which concerns all the family rather than merely a personal issue for their son. By combining a positive and supportive attitude towards the parents with an unrelenting emphasis on the familial character of Marco's problems, the family guardian succeeds in getting the parents to reflect on their own position in relation to their son and their share in the problems in his life.
Counting family support
Authors: Tilbury Clare
Published: April 2005

Preventative family support approaches are positioned as central to child welfare policy reforms aiming to address the problems of relying upon investigation and out‐of‐home care as the main modes of intervention. Extensive claims are made for family support but relatively little is known about its scope, processes and impact. This study examines the provision of family support in one jurisdiction. A census‐type survey of family support services in one Australian state was conducted using a performance measurement framework in which inputs, outputs, processes and outcomes were measured. Family support services constituted a minor part of child welfare expenditure. They provided a narrow range of service types, and most families received short duration, low intensity services. Workers had difficulty identifying the specific child and family needs that were met by services. For family support to be a genuinely alternative response to concerns about the care of children, it must be capable of making an observable difference in the lives of families experiencing serious difficulties. The collection of aggregate performance data on family support would assist in understanding the nature and outcomes of service provision, as well as ensure family support is ‘counted’ in measurement‐orientated policy and budget processes.
Research Review: Child and family support services with minority ethnic families: what can we learn from research?
Authors: Chand Ashok , Thoburn June
Published: April 2005

This paper considers some of the available published research on family support services for minority ethnic families. In addressing this aspect of social work with minority ethnic families, we seek to make a contribution to the knowledge base of practitioners. The paper begins with an overview of what is known about family support services for particular minority ethnic groups, before exploring three specific areas: family centres, a home visiting service, and family group conferences. The paper finally examines what research says about the qualities sought in social workers by minority ethnic parents.
Fission‐track evidence for late Oligocene and mid‐Miocene activity along the North Anatolian Fault in south‐western Thrace
Authors: Zattin Massimiliano , Okay Aral I , Cavazza William
Published: April 2005

Apatite fission‐track (FT) analyses of sandstone samples collected across the trace of the Ganos segment of the North Anatolian Fault (NAF) in south‐western Thrace (Turkey) indicate that a significant structural discontinuity was in existence at least by the latest Oligocene. Such discontinuity had a complex kinematic history, as exhumation south of it occurred during the latest Oligocene and north of it during the mid‐Miocene. Our data imply that early Pliocene westward propagation of the NAF in the Marmara region followed a pre‐existing structural discontinuity; such discontinuity could be related to the development of the Intra‐Pontide Suture, marking the terminal closure of the Intra‐Pontide Ocean during the Oligocene.
A review of the Irish crustal structure and signatures from the Caledonian and Variscan Orogenies
Authors: Landes Michael , Ritter J. R. R. , Readman P. W. , O'Reilly B. M.
Published: April 2005

This paper reviews the complex crustal and upper‐mantle seismic velocity structure of Ireland and surrounding seas. Data from 11 seismic refraction profiles reveal that onshore Ireland mean crustal velocities range between 6.25 and 6.5 km s−1 with crustal thickness of 28.5–32 km. Superimposed on a three‐layer crust, the sedimentary layer has a thickness of approximately 6–8 km at the southern coastline, but only 3–4 km in the vicinity of the Shannon Estuary in western Ireland. The lateral heterogeneity of the upper‐crustal layer is pervasive throughout Ireland, with velocities of 5.7–6.2 km s−1 and a layer thickness of 3–10 km. A low‐velocity zone is found in the south‐east which is interpreted as the buried south‐western extension of the Leinster Granite. The mid‐crustal layer (6.3–6.7 km s−1) is between 8 and 16 km thick. Significant changes occur in the vicinity of the Shannon Estuary, around the location of the Iapetus Suture Zone. The lower crust is fairly uniform with velocities of 6.8–7.2 km s−1 and a thickness of approximately 8–10 km except towards the south of Ireland where the Moho appears as a transition zone. Offshore Ireland, a two‐layer crust with a thickness of 24–26 km beneath the North Celtic Sea Basin and only 14–15 km beneath the Rockall Trough prevails.
Is there evidence for magmatic underplating beneath the Oslo Rift?
Authors: Ebbing Jörg , Afework Yohannes , Olesen Odleiv , Nordgulen Øystein
Published: April 2005

We challenge some of the long‐standing beliefs related to the Permian Oslo Rift structure, often referred to as a case example/type locality for continental rifting. The crustal structure of the Oslo Rift was long presumed to be thinned Proterozoic crust overlying a Permian high‐density layer, interpreted as magmatic underplating. New data support an alternative view of the crustal structure in the Oslo Rift region. The Bouguer gravity high in the region shows a strong asymmetry: a steep, westward‐facing gradient to the west of the rift, and a much gentler eastern gradient. We present a 3D density model based on petrophysical and seismic information, which accounts for the Bouguer gravity high using an eastward extension of old Precambrian structures, without invoking a prominent magmatic underplated structure. Reactivation of old pre‐rift structures appears to be an important feature, affecting the evolution and location of the Permo‐Carboniferous Oslo Rift.
Fault‐related folds and along‐dip segmentation of breaching faults: syn‐diagenetic deformation in the south‐western Sirt basin, Libya
Authors: Fodor L. , Turki S. M. , Dalub H. , Al Gerbi A.
Published: April 2005

Field examples of fault‐related folds were observed in the south‐western margin of the Sirt basin, south‐central Libya. Single or paired (conjugate) monoclines, drape synclines, special drag faults can be put in a geometric and evolutionary model, which describes the propagation of basement faults to overlying sediments. At the first stage of evolution the propagating normal or oblique‐slip faults show segmentation along‐dip direction. Fault segments are separated by continuous, moderately to strongly bended horizons, which show different degrees of diagenesis than surrounding intervals. Fault‐related folding and faulting was coeval with lithification of certain carbonate levels. Their gradual cementation increased the rigidity of layers promoting discrete faulting and breaching of fault‐related folds. However, folding can be maintained up to the extent when layer dip approaches the dip of the propagating fault zone. This type of deformation can be characteristic for sequences consisted of lithified carbonates sandwiched between thicker marl/shale intervals.
Did postglacial catastrophic flooding trigger massive changes in the Black Sea gas hydrate reservoir?
Authors: Poort J. , Vassilev A. , Dimitrov L.
Published: April 2005

After the Last Glacial Maximum, the semi‐land‐locked Black Sea basin was flooded by warm water from the Mediterranean Sea. This major sea level rise and change of physical water properties had a large impact on the gas hydrate reservoir in the sediments below. Modelling of the regional response of the gas hydrate stability zone (GHSZ) to the Black Sea flooding 7100 years ago shows that a strong effect of near‐bottom temperature increase pushes the gas hydrate reservoir to a large shrinking of 15–62% that may release up to 1.1–4.6 Gt of methane. This catastrophic scenario is, however, delayed because of the transient nature of the heat wave propagation. The large‐scale reduction of the GHSZ is only to take place within the next thousand years. At present, widespread hydrate dissociation is only expected to occur where there is a minimum water depth for hydrate stability.
Palaeoproterozoic evaporites in Fennoscandia: implications for seawater sulphate, the rise of atmospheric oxygen and local amplification of the δ13C excursion
Authors: Melezhik Victor A. , Fallick Anthony E. , Rychanchik Dmitry V. , Kuznetsov Anton B.
Published: April 2005

This paper addresses global oxygenation and establishment of a marine sulphate reservoir in the Palaeoproterozoic. We report syn‐depositional, marine, anhydrite‐containing pseudomorphs after Ca‐sulphates as widespread throughout the Tulomozero Formation in the SE Fennoscandian Shield, implying that surface waters were oxidized and a large SO marine reservoir was developed as early as 2100 Ma. The Ca‐sulphates and associated magnesite and halite precipitated syn‐depositionally from oxidized, evolved and modified seawater in coastal playa, sabkha and intertidal flat settings. 87Sr/86Sr and δ13C of associated 13C‐rich stromatolitic dolostones were environmentally controlled with the highest ratios occurring in playa and sabkha carbonates. The results imply that the Palaeoproterozoic δ13Ccarb excursion was amplified by 8‰ by local environmental factors and calls into question many observations of putative δ13C global signals reported previously from similar Palaeoproterozoic, evaporitic, dolostones. The local environmental amplification can explain a large regional and intercontinental δ13C discrepancy observed in synchronous carbonates.
Slip rates on the Helike Fault, Gulf of Corinth, Greece: new evidence from geoarchaeology
Authors: Koukouvelas Ioannis K. , Katsonopoulou Dora , Soter Steven , Xypolias Paraskevas
Published: April 2005

Palaeoseismological and archaeological analysis of a trench enabled us to estimate the Holocene slip rates on the East Helike Fault, flanking the south‐western Gulf of Corinth. We recognized two major fault strands within the trench: the ‘north fault’ controls a succession of three colluvial wedges and the deposition of a 2.7 m thick sedimentary sequence. The ‘south fault’ controls the deposition of a 2.9‐m thick brownish‐red colluvium. Based on colluvial stratigraphy, radiocarbon dating of the sediments suggests that the slip rate was c. 0.3 mm yr−1 from 10 250 to c. 1400 bp, when it increased dramatically to c. 2.0 mm yr−1 after a strong earthquake event near 1400 bp. The faster slip rate evidently increased the sedimentation rate.
Denudation of the Côte d'Ivoire‐Ghana transform continental margin from apatite fission tracks
Authors: Bigot‐Cormier Florence , Basile Christophe , Poupeau Gérard , Bouillin Jean‐Pierre , Labrin Erika
Published: April 2005

Apatite fission track analysis of samples from the shoulder (marginal ridge) of the Côte d'Ivoire‐Ghana transform continental margin reveal a cooling of the margin between 85 and 65 Ma for the central and eastern parts of the ridge. All samples were heated in situ during sedimentary burial with a temperature >120 °C, except for two samples located in the eastern part which were heated between 105 and 120 °C. For the first time, age/depth diagram along a transform margin shows a shape involving erosion starting at the bottom of the continental slope, then stepping backwards towards the edge of the slope. This retrogressive erosion can result from the deepening of the lithospheric plate sliding along the transform margin, from thick continental crust to thin continental crust, and finally to oceanic crust. This process could be at the origin of the shoulder uplift by flexural response to the important crustal discharge (>2 km).
Bacterial diversity in the bacterioneuston (sea surface microlayer): the bacterioneuston through the looking glass
Authors: Franklin Mark P. , McDonald Ian R. , Bourne David G. , Owens Nicholas J. P. , Upstill‐Goddard Robert C. , Murrell J. Colin
Published: April 2005

The bacterioneuston is defined as the community of bacteria present within the neuston or sea surface microlayer. Bacteria within this layer were sampled using a membrane filter technique and bacterial diversity was compared with that in the underlying pelagic coastal seawater using molecular ecological techniques. 16S rRNA gene libraries of ≈ 500 clones were constructed from both bacterioneuston and the pelagic water samples and representative clones from each library were sequenced for comparison of bacterial diversity. The bacterioneuston was found to have a significantly lower bacterial diversity than the pelagic seawater, with only nine clone types (ecotaxa) as opposed to 46 ecotaxa in the pelagic seawater library. Surprisingly, the bacterioneuston clone library was dominated by 16S rRNA gene sequences affiliated to two groups of organisms, Vibrio spp. which accounted for over 68% of clones and Pseudoalteromonas spp. accounting for 21% of the library. The dominance of these two 16S rRNA gene sequence types within the bacterioneuston clone library was confirmed in a subsequent gene probing experiment. 16S rRNA gene probes specific for these groups of bacteria were designed and used to probe new libraries of 1000 clones from both the bacterioneuston and pelagic seawater DNA samples. This revealed that 57% of clones from the bacterioneuston library hybridized to a Vibrio sp.‐specific 16S rRNA gene probe and 32% hybridized to a Pseudoalteromonas sp.‐specific 16S rRNA gene probe. In contrast, the pelagic seawater library resulted in only 13% and 8% of 16S rRNA gene clones hybridizing to the Vibrio sp. and Pseudoalteromonas sp. probes respectively. Results from this study suggest that the bacterioneuston contains a distinct population of bacteria and warrants further detailed study at the molecular level.
Effect of humic material on the bacterioplankton community composition in boreal lakes and mesocosms
Authors: Haukka Kaisa , Heikkinen Erika , Kairesalo Timo , Karjalainen Heli , Sivonen Kaarina
Published: April 2005

The bacterioplankton community composition in two Finnish forest lakes with different content of humic substances was studied by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and sequencing of the major bands. The same dominant bacterial phylotypes were detected in the bacterioplankton communities of clear‐water Lake Ahvenlammi and humic Lake Sammalisto. For 4 years, in every water layer, Actinobacteria was the dominant and Verrucomicrobia the second most common phylum. In the hypolimnion, other dominant phyla were also found. We set up a mesocosm experiment to assess the effect of a sudden load of allochthonous humus extract to the bacterioplankton community composition. Changes in the bacterial communities were followed in four control and four humus extract‐added mesocosms for 50 days. In the humic mesocosms the phylotypes of allochthonous Proteobacteria arriving with the humus extract were initially prevalent but disappeared during the first weeks. After this the Actinobacteria‐dominated communities resembled the bacterioplankton communities of the control mesocosms and Lake Ahvenlammi. Towards the end of the experiment the community patterns in all the mesocosms started to change slightly because of erratic occurrence of new proteobacterial phylotypes. Thus the effects of a sudden load of allochthonous humic material and bacteria to the bacterioplankton community composition were transient.
Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of encapsulated Escherichia coli isolated from blooms in two Australian lakes
Authors: Power Michelle L. , Littlefield‐Wyer Jane , Gordon David M. , Veal Duncan A. , Slade Martin B.
Published: April 2005

Escherichia coli has long been used as an indicator organism for water quality assessment. Recently there has been an accumulation of evidence that suggests some strains of this organism are able to proliferate in the environment, a characteristic that would detract from its utility as an indicator of faecal pollution. Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of E. coli isolated from blooms in two Australian lakes, separated by a distance of approximately 200 km, identified that the blooms were dominated by three E. coli strains. A major phenotypic similarity among the three bloom strains was the presence of a group 1 capsule. Genetic characterization of a conserved region of the cps gene cluster, which encodes group 1 capsules, identified a high degree of genetic variation within the bloom isolates. This differs from previously described encapsulated E. coli strains which are highly conserved at the cps locus. The phenotypic or genotypic profiles of the bloom strains were not identified in 435 E. coli strains isolated from vertebrates. The occurrence of these encapsulated strains suggests that some E. coli have evolved a free‐living lifestyle and do not require a host in order to proliferate. The presence of the same three strains in bloom events in different geographical regions of a temperate climate, and at different times, indicates that free‐living E. coli strains are able to persist in these water reservoirs. This study provides further evidence of circumstances where caution is required in using E. coli as an indicator organism for water quality.
Genetic analysis of housekeeping genes reveals a deep‐sea ecotype of Alteromonas macleodii in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: López‐López Arantxa , Bartual Sergio G. , Stal Lucas , Onyshchenko Olga , Rodríguez‐Valera Francisco
Published: April 2005

The genetic diversity of 19 strains belonging to Alteromonas macleodii isolated from different geographic areas (Pacific and Indian Ocean, and different parts of the Mediterranean Sea) and at different depths (from the surface down to 3500 m) has been studied. Fragments of the 16S rRNA gene, the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) between 16S and 23S rDNA genes, the gyrB and the rpoB genes, have been sequenced for each strain. Amplified fragment length polymorphisms were used to characterize similarity at the level of the whole genome. Most of the diversity reflected the existence of a cluster of strains isolated from deep Mediterranean waters and two isolates from the Black Sea. Particularly the isolates from the deep sites were consistently different from all the others indicating the existence of a specific ecotype adapted to these conditions. Amplification of gyrB gene and ITS directly from DNA retrieved from deep Mediterreanean waters and one Atlantic sample showed that presence of this deep‐sea ecotype is widespread and is not a product of culture bias. On the other hand, strains isolated from surface tropical waters showed a remarkable level of resemblance to the first isolate of this species obtained from Hawaii in 1972. The results indicate the existence of both lineages of global distribution and ecotypes adapted to specific conditions such as deep or more diluted (the Black Sea) waters.
Stereospecific effect of hexachlorocyclohexane on activity and structure of soil methanotrophic communities
Authors: Mertens Birgit , Boon Nico , Verstraete Willy
Published: April 2005

In the past decades, large amounts of non‐insecticidal hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) isomers (α‐, β‐, δ‐ and ɛ‐HCH) have been dumped as side‐products of the insecticide γ‐HCH (lindane). This study investigates the effect of HCH isomers on methane oxidation, an important soil function performed by methanotrophic bacteria. Both activity and structure of the methanotrophic community were assessed, using methane oxidation assays and PCR‐DGGE (polymerase chain reaction‐denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis) respectively. Methane oxidation assays with historically polluted soils revealed that on the long‐term methane oxidation was inhibited by HCH pollution. PCR‐DGGE and diversity analysis based on Lorenz curves showed that the type I methanotrophic community was less evenly distributed in historically HCH‐polluted soils compared with less polluted reference soils. Short‐term experiments with methane‐enriched consortia further demonstrated that only γ‐ and δ‐isomers inhibited methane oxidation. Type I methanotrophs of methane‐enriched microbial consortia that received γ‐ or δ‐HCH evolved towards higher species richness. Apparently, for historically HCH‐polluted soils, a narrow community remained after long‐term exposure while in case of short‐term exposures, methane‐enriched consortia were converted into less active, but richer communities when they were stressed by the presence of γ‐ or δ‐HCH. This work demonstrates the importance of incorporating all isomers and possible other side‐products in risk assessment studies of persistent organic pollutants and the use of structural analysis of type I methanotrophic communities as evaluating tool.
Links between ammonia oxidizer species composition, functional diversity and nitrification kinetics in grassland soils
Authors: Webster Gordon , Embley T. Martin , Freitag Thomas E. , Smith Zena , Prosser James I.
Published: April 2005

Molecular approaches have revealed considerable diversity and uncultured novelty in natural prokaryotic populations, but not direct links between the new genotypes detected and ecosystem processes. Here we describe the influence of the structure of communities of ammonia‐oxidizing bacteria on nitrogen cycling in microcosms containing natural and managed grasslands and amended with artificial sheep urine, a major factor determining local ammonia concentrations in these environments. Nitrification kinetics were assessed by analysis of changes in urea, ammonia, nitrite and nitrate concentrations and ammonia oxidizer communities were characterized by analysis of 16S rRNA genes amplified from extracted DNA using ammonia oxidizer‐specific primers. In natural soils, ammonia oxidizer community structure determined the delay preceding nitrification, which depended on the relative abundance of two Nitrosospira clusters, termed 3a and 3b. In batch cultures, pure culture and enrichment culture representatives of Nitrosospira 3a were sensitive to high ammonia concentration, while Nitrosospira cluster 3b representatives and Nitrosomonas europaea were tolerant. Delays in nitrification occurred in natural soils dominated by Nitrosospira cluster 3a and resulted from the time required for growth of low concentrations of Nitrosospira cluster 3b. In microcosms dominated by Nitrosospira cluster 3b and Nitrosomonas, no substantial delays were observed. In managed soils, no delays in nitrification were detected, regardless of initial ammonia oxidizer community structure, most probably resulting from higher ammonia oxidizer cell concentrations. The data therefore demonstrate a direct link between bacterial community structure, physiological diversity and ecosystem function.
High diversity of the ‘Spumella‐like’ flagellates: an investigation based on the SSU rRNA gene sequences of isolates from habitats located in six different geographic regions
Authors: Boenigk Jens , Pfandl Karin , Stadler Peter , Chatzinotas Antonis
Published: April 2005

We isolated 28 strains of ‘Spumella‐like’ flagellates from different freshwater and soil habitats in Austria, People's Republic of China, Nepal, New Zealand, Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania and Hawaii by use of a modified filtration–acclimatization method. ‘Spumella‐like’ flagellates were found in all of the samples and were often among the dominant bacterivorous flagellates in the respective environments. The small subunit ribosomal RNA (SSU rRNA) gene sequence of the isolates was determined and aligned with previously published sequences of members belonging to the Chrysophyceae sensu stricto. Phylogenetic analysis of the 28 new sequences confirmed their position within the Chrysophyceae sensu stricto and positioned them within different clades. Most of the sequences grouped within clade C and formed several subclusters separated from each other by green taxa including flagellates belonging to Ochromonas, Dinobryon, Poterioochromonas and others. All soil isolates clustered together (subcluster C1) with the soil strain Spumella elongata and the undescribed soil strain ‘Spumella danica’. Aquatic isolates were affiliated with at least two branches (C2 and C3). Sequence similarity to the closest related member of the Chrysophyceae ranged between 92% and 99.6%, sequence divergence among the ‘Spumella‐like’ flagellates was as high as 10%. We conclude that (i) the ‘Spumella‐like’ flagellates are a diverse group both in terms of sequence dissimilarity between isolates and in terms of the number of genotypes, (ii) Spumella and Ochromonas are polyphyletic, and (iii) based on the SSU rRNA gene no biogeographical restriction of certain branches could be observed even though different ecotypes may be represented by the same genotype.
Use of monoclonal antibodies to quantify the dynamics of α‐galactosidase and endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase production by Trichoderma hamatum during saprotrophic growth and sporulation in peat
Authors: Thornton Christopher R.
Published: April 2005

Trichoderma species are ubiquitous soil and peat‐borne saprotrophs that have received enormous scientific interest as biocontrol agents of plant diseases caused by destructive root pathogens. Mechanisms of biocontrol such as antibiosis and hyperparasitism are well documented and the biochemistry and molecular genetics of these processes defined. An aspect of biocontrol that has received little attention is the ability of Trichoderma species to compete for nutrients in their natural environments. Trichoderma species are efficient producers of polysaccharide‐degrading enzymes that enable them to colonize organic matter thereby preventing the saprotrophic spread of plant pathogens. This study details the use of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) to quantify the production of two enzymes implicated in the saprotrophic growth of Trichoderma species in peat. Using mAbs specific to the hemicellulase enzyme α‐galactosidase (AGL) and the cellulase enzyme endo‐1,4‐β‐glucanase (EG), the relationship between the saprotrophic growth dynamics of a biocontrol strain of Trichoderma hamatum and the concomitant production of these enzymes in peat‐based microcosms was studied. Enzyme activity assays and enzyme protein concentrations derived by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) established the precision and sensitivity of mAb‐based assays in quantifying enzyme production during active growth of the fungus. Trends in enzyme activities and protein concentrations were similar for both enzymes, during a 21‐day sampling period in which active growth and sporulation of the fungus in peat was quantified using an independent mAb‐based assay. There was a sharp increase in active biomass of T. hamatum 3 days after inoculation of microcosms with phialoconidia. After 3 days there was a rapid decline in active biomass which coincided with sporulation of the fungus. A similar trend was witnessed with EG activities and concentrations. This showed that EG production related directly to active growth of the fungus. The trend was not found, however, with AGL. There was a rapid increase in enzyme activities and protein concentrations on day 3, after which they remained static. The reason for the maintenance of elevated AGL probably resulted from secretion of the enzyme from conidia and chlamydospores. ELISA, immunofluoresence and immunogold electron microscopy studies of these cells showed that the enzyme is localized within the cytoplasm and is secreted extracellularly into the surrounding environment. It is postulated that release of oligosaccharides from polymeric hemicellulose by the constitutive spore‐bound enzyme leads to AGL induction and could act as an environmental cue for spore germination.
Hydrothermal vent gastropods from the same family (Provannidae) harbour ɛ‐ and γ‐proteobacterial endosymbionts
Authors: Urakawa Hidetoshi , Dubilier Nicole , Fujiwara Yoshihiro , Cunningham Dale E. , Kojima Shigeaki , Stahl David A.
Published: April 2005

The discovery of new hydrothermal vent systems in the back‐arc basins of the Western Pacific revealed chemosynthesis‐based faunal communities distinct from those of other vents. These vents are dominated by two related gastropods (Alviniconcha spp. and Ifremeria nautilei) that harbour symbiotic bacteria in their gills. We used comparative 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequencing and in situ hybridization with rRNA‐targeted probes to characterize the bacterial symbionts of Alviniconcha sp. and I. nautilei from the Manus Basin in the Western Pacific. The analyses revealed that these two gastropod species, although affiliated with the same family, harbour phylogenetically distant chemosymbionts, suggesting independent origins of these endosymbioses. The I. nautilei endosymbiont clusters with sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria within the γ‐Proteobacteria, as is the case for all previously characterized endosymbionts from a wide diversity of host taxa harbouring thioautotrophic prokaryotes. In contrast, the Alviniconcha endosymbiont is affiliated with sulfur‐oxidizing bacteria within the ɛ‐Proteobacteria. These results show that bacteria from the ɛ‐Proteobacteria are also capable of forming endosymbiotic associations with marine invertebrates from chemosynthetic environments. More generally, the endosymbiotic lifestyle is now shown to be distributed throughout all recognized classes of the Proteobacteria.
Recent advances in sea‐ice microbiology
Authors: Mock Thomas , Thomas David N.
Published: April 2005

Over the past 50 years there has been much effort invested in the investigation of the ecology of sea ice. Sea ice is an ephemeral feature of the Arctic and Southern Oceans and smaller water bodies such as the Baltic and Caspian Seas. The semisolid ice matrix provides a range of habitats in which a diverse range of microbial organisms thrive. In the past 5 years there has been considerable steps forward in sea‐ice research, in particular regarding the analysis of sea‐ice microstructure and the investigation of the diversity and adaptation of microbial communities. These studies include: (i) controlled simulated and in situ studies on a micrometer scale to unravel the dynamic of the microhabitat with consequences for the organisms;  (ii)  the  introduction  of  molecular  approaches to uncover the diversity of uncultured still unknown microorganisms; and (iii) studies into the molecular adaptation of selected model organisms to the extreme environment. This minireview presents some of the most recent findings from sea‐ice studies within the framework of these aims.
Young children have difficulty ascribing true beliefs
Authors: Riggs Kevin J. , Simpson Andrew
Published: April 2005

Using the format of a false belief task (Wimmer & Perner, 1983), we investigated the ability of 88 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds to ascribe a previously held true belief to a story protagonist. In an unexpected transfer task, children found true belief ascription as difficult as false belief ascription even though they could answer memory questions about story details. Results are discussed in relation to theoretical accounts of theory of mind development that stress the importance of understanding the falsity of belief, and those accounts that stress the importance of information or executive processes.
Doublet challenge: form comes before function in children's understanding of their orthography
Authors: Lehtonen Annukka , Bryant Peter
Published: April 2005

Several current spelling models suggest that children cannot have any knowledge of orthographic form before they have acquired knowledge about orthographic function. We evaluated this proposition by using an orthographic choice task to inspect Finnish schoolchildren's knowledge of two aspects of consonant doublet use: the allowed doublet position (an aspect of orthographic form) and the type of phonemic information they represent (an aspect of orthographic function). The results challenged the view of the existing spelling models, since they showed that already at the beginning of the first school year children possessed formal knowledge of doublet use and knew that word‐initial doublets are not allowed. However, these children were ignorant of the function of doublets, i.e. that they stand for long consonants.
Processing demands in belief‐desire reasoning: inhibition or general difficulty?
Authors: Friedman Ori , Leslie Alan M.
Published: April 2005

Most 4‐year‐olds can predict the behavior of a person who wants an object but is mistaken about its location. More difficult is predicting behavior when the person is mistaken about location and wants to avoid the object. We tested between two explanations for children's difficulties with avoidance false belief: the Selection Processing model of inhibitory processing and a General Difficulty account. Children were presented with a false belief task and a control task, in which belief attribution was as difficult as in the false belief task. Predicting behavior in light of the character's desire to avoid the object added more difficulty in the false belief task. This finding is consistent with the Selection Processing model, but not with the General Difficulty account.
Breakdown of spatial parallel coding in children's drawing
Authors: De Bruyn Bart , Davis Alyson
Published: April 2005

When drawing real scenes or copying simple geometric figures young children are highly sensitive to parallel cues and use them effectively. However, this sensitivity can break down in surprisingly simple tasks such as copying a single line where robust directional errors occur despite the presence of parallel cues. Before we can conclude that this directional bias is a limiting case it needs to be shown that any given parallel cues are indeed being processed. We achieved this by using a texture‐defined contour where parallel cues are integral to the stimulus and thus cannot be ignored. Here we report that even when prolific parallel cues must have been processed, young children make robust directional errors when copying single lines. This finding demonstrates a major constraint on young children's spatial parallel coding.
Can chimpanzee infants (Pan troglodytes) form categorical representations in the same manner as human infants (Homo sapiens)?
Authors: Murai Chizuko , Kosugi Daisuke , Tomonaga Masaki , Tanaka Masayuki , Matsuzawa Tetsuro , Itakura Shoji
Published: April 2005

We directly compared chimpanzee infants and human infants for categorical representations of three global‐like categories (mammals, furniture and vehicles), using the familiarization–novelty preference technique. Neither species received any training during the experiments. We used the time that participants spent looking at the stimulus object while touching it as a measure. During the familiarization phase, participants were presented with four familiarization objects from one of three categories (e.g. mammals). Then, they were tested with a pair of novel objects, one was a familiar‐category object and another was a novel‐category object (e.g. vehicle) in the test phase. The chimpanzee infants did not show significant habituation, whereas human infants did. However, most important, both species showed significant novelty‐preference in the test phase. This indicates that not only human infants, but also chimpanzee infants formed categorical representations of a global‐like level. Implications for the shared origins and species‐specificity of categorization abilities, and the cognitive operations underlying categorization, are discussed.
Form, function and environments of the early angiosperms: merging extant phylogeny and ecophysiology with fossils
Authors: Feild Taylor S. , Arens Nan Crystal
Published: April 2005

The flowering plants – angiosperms – appeared during the Early Cretaceous period and within 10–30 Myr dominated the species composition of many floras worldwide. Emerging insights into the phylogenetics of development and discoveries of early angiosperm fossils are shedding increased light on the patterns and processes of early angiosperm evolution. However, we also need to integrate ecology, in particular how early angiosperms established a roothold in pre‐existing Mesozoic plant communities. These events were critical in guiding subsequent waves of angiosperm diversification during the Aptian–Albian. Previous pictures of the early flowering plant ecology have been diverse, ranging from large tropical rainforest trees, weedy drought‐adapted and colonizing shrubs, disturbance‐ and sun‐loving rhizomatous herbs, and, more recently, aquatic herbs; however, none of these images were tethered to a robust hypothesis of angiosperm phylogeny. Here, we synthesize our current understanding of early angiosperm ecology, focusing on patterns of functional ecology, by merging recent molecular phylogenetic studies and functional studies on extant ‘basal angiosperms’ with the picture of early angiosperm evolution drawn by the fossil record.

Contents

Summary
383

I.
Introduction
384

II.
Previous images of early angiosperms and their habitats
385

III.
Progress in understanding angiosperm phylogeny: extant ‘basal’ relations
386

IV.
Early angiosperm ecology: inferences from extant plants and reflections from the fossil record
387

V.
The ecology of angiosperm diversification: gaining a roothold and subsequent diversification
397

VI.
The environmental context of early angiosperm evolution
399

VII.
Conclusions
402

Acknowledgements
402

References
402
Sulfur and phytoplankton: acquisition, metabolism and impact on the environment
Authors: Giordano Mario , Norici Alessandra , Hell Ruediger
Published: April 2005

Sulfur emission from marine phytoplankton has been recognized as an important factor for global climate and as an entry into the biogeochemical S cycle. Despite this significance, little is known about the cellular S metabolism in algae that forms the basis of this emission. Some biochemical and genetic evidence for regulation of S uptake and assimilation is available for the freshwater model algaChlamydomonas. However, the marine environment is substantially different from most freshwaters, containing up to 50 times higher free sulfate concentrations and challenging the adaptive mechanisms of primary and secondary S metabolism in marine algae. This review intends to integrate ecological and physiological data to provide a comprehensive view of the role of S in the oceans.ContentsSummary371IIntroduction371IIAtmospheric sulfur deposition372IIISulfur in aquatic ecosystems372IVSulfur acquisition by algae373VAssimilation and reduction of sulfate by algae374VIInteractions between S and C, N, P metabolism376VIIRegulation of sulfur metabolism377VIIISulfur release by algae: the role of DMS377IXThe pathway of DMSP biosynthesis378References379
NEEDS FOR CONSISTENCY AND FLEXIBILITY IN MEASURES OF REAL PRODUCT BY INDUSTRY1
Authors: Moss Milton
Published: April 2005

Study of relationships between outputs, inputs, prices, and final demands in the United States can be strengthened by: (1) eliminating disparities in official measures of output (mainly the Index of Industrial Production and Real Gross National Product), and (2) obtaining agreement on the conceptual framework for studying these relationships.

Real Gross Product has provided a consistent framework for study of productivity and prices for the total economy and for broad industry groups, but has not easily permitted the analysis of commodity detail particularly for intermediate commodities. Industrial Production, on the other hand, has considerably extended the detailed analysis of commodity output but has not provided a basis for systematic analysis of productivity and prices within a consistent framework for the total economy.

This paper illustrates the effect of some of the disparities between Industrial Production and Gross Product in manufacturing on the analysis of relations between prices and output and prices and productivity. This is done for the 1954–1958 period when benchmark data are available for both measures. Inconsistencies for a number of industries cause difficulties in analyzing the interplay of demand and cost influences on price changes; for example, industries which rise above average in output and below in price in one measure are not the same as those in similar price‐quantity relationships in the other measure.

The paper concludes by recommending improvements in data and concept in order to eliminate some of the disparities and to enable analysts to reap the benefits of both types of measures of real output.
WHY GROWTH RATES DIFFER—A SUMMARY AND APPRAISAL
Authors: Daly D. J.
Published: April 2005

This review article initially summarizes some of the highlights of the volume Why Growth Rates Differ, including the use of income shares as weights for the various factor inputs and some of the major factual conclusions drawn from the inter‐country comparisons. Some of the main factors in differences in income levels and differences in growth rates are then reviewed.

In appraising the contribution of the volume, the monumental task is emphasized. This study illustrates the adaptability of the approach which Denison developed initially in The Sources of Economic Growth. The volume meets many of the questions and criticisms raised of his earlier study, and should encourage a shift of the discussion from methodology towards the substance of the empirical results.

The volume introduces some shifts in emphasis on the importance of different factors in growth. The role of demand variations and the contribution of capital is considered, but the evidence in the volume gives less emphasis on the importance of these factors than earlier work by others in both the United States and Europe. The volume gives some emphasis to shifts out of agriculture and the self‐employed in the high postwar growth in many individual European countries. It considers the effects of reductions in trade barriers, and follows the view of most economists in playing this down. Advances in knowledge are also considered.

Those who are interested in questions of economic growth, past and future, and economic policy in this area will find much in this volume for study and reflection.
NEW ESTIMATES OF GROSS NATIONAL PRODUCT FOR THE UNITED KINGDOM 1830–1914
Authors: Deane Phyllis
Published: April 2005

This paper presents a new annual series for United Kingdom gross national product, at current and constant prices, calculated from the expenditure side. These results differ significantly from previous estimates in that they go back to the beginning of the railway age on an annual basis and also in that the constant price estimates involve a detailed deflation of the main components of expenditure on consumption and capital formation. The implications of the new results are summarised, with particular reference to rates of growth and relative price changes, and an appendix describes the sources of the estimates.
SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE TERMS OF TRADE
Authors: Bjerke Kjeld
Published: April 2005

In my article I have taken up different expressions for the terms of trade in foreign trade, and especially I have been interested in a breakdown of total gain into two parts, namely the part due to the terms‐of‐trade effects and the part due to the price level effects. I have also taken up the inter‐sectoral gain from terms of trade and the relation to the terms of trade in foreign trade. Besides the usual index for terms of trade‐the ratio between output prices and input prices‐I have also introduced another index for terms of trade corresponding to the relation between the output price index and an index consisting of a weighted average of input prices and prices for final demand. Finally I have tried to give some emperical findings which should throw light on the development of the Danish terms of trade for the period 1949 to 1964.
THE ROLE OF NATIONAL ACCOUNTS IN CONJUNCTURAL RESEARCH—THE CASE OF CZECHOSLOVAKIA
Authors: Goldmann J.
Published: April 2005

This article discusses the revival of interest in research on cyclical behavior in the socialist countries, and the resulting shifting requirements placed upon the national income accounts. The first section discusses the economic experience and the institutional factors leading to this shift in emphasis. The second section deals with the use of national accounts in cyclical analysis, with particular reference to the Czechoslovak experience. The third section extends the discussion to the use of national accounts data for economic forecasting. The final section discusses the theory of economic fluctuations under socialism, and compares it with cyclical behavior in capitalist economies.