bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biocompatible Nanoparticulate Systems for Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy
Authors: Sadoqi Mostafa , Kumar Sunil , Lau‐Cam Cesar , Saxena Vishal
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nanoscale Particulate Systems and their Building Blocks/Components

Dendrimers

Buckyballs and Buckytubes

Quantum Dots

Polymeric Micelles

Liposomes

Biodegradable Nanoparticles

Preparation of Nanoparticles

Biodegradable Optical Nanoparticles

Optical Nanoparticles as a Potential Technology for Tumor Diagnosis

Optical Nanoparticles as a Potential Technology for Tumor Treatment

Optical Imaging andPDT

Optical Imaging

Fluorescence‐based Optical Imaging

NIRFluorescence Imaging

NIRDyes for Fluorescence Imaging

PDT

Basis ofPDT

Photosensitizers forPDT

ICG: An Ideal Photoactive Agent for Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment

Clinical Uses ofICG

Structure and Physicochemical Properties ofICG

Binding Properties ofICG

Metabolism, Excretion and Pharmacokinetics ofICG

Toxicity ofICG

Tumor Imaging withICG

PDTwithICG

Limitations ofICGfor Tumor Diagnosis and Treatment

Recent Approaches for Improving the Blood Circulation Time and Uptake ofICGby Tumors

Recent Approaches forICGStabilizationIn Vitro

PLGA‐based Nanoparticulate Delivery System forICG

Rationale of Using aPLGA‐based Nanoparticulate Delivery System forICG

In VivoPharmacokinetics ofICGSolutions and Nanoparticles

Conclusions and Future Work
Nanoparticles for Crossing Biological Membranes
Authors: Pawar R. , Avramoff A. , Domb A. J.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Cell Membranes

Functions of Biological Membranes

Kinetic and Thermodynamic Aspects of Biological Membranes

Problems of Drugs Crossing through Biological Membranes

Through the Skin

Mechanical Irritation of Skin

Low‐voltage Electroporation of the Skin

Through theBBB

Small Drugs

Peptide Drug Delivery viaSynBVectors

GIBarrier

Intestinal Translocation and Disease

Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery

Skin

Skin as Semipermeable Nanoporous Barrier

Hydrophilic Pathway through the Skin Barrier

Solid‐Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) Skin Delivery

Chemical Stability ofSLN

In VitroOcclusion ofSLN

In VivoSLN: Occlusion, Elasticity and Wrinkles

Active Compound Penetration into the Skin

Controlled Release of Cosmetic Compounds

NovelUVSunscreen System UsingSLN

Polymer‐based Nanoparticulate Delivery to the Skin

Subcutaneous Nanoparticulate Antiepileptic Drug Delivery

Nanoparticulate Anticancer Drug Delivery

Paclitaxel

Doxorubicin

5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU)

Antineoplastic Agents

Gene Delivery

Breast Cancer

Nanofibers Composed of Nonbiodegradable Polymer

Electrostatic Spinning

Scanning Electron Microscopy

Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

Nanoparticulate Delivery to theBBB

Peptide Delivery to theBBB

Peptide Conjugation through a Disulfide Bond

Biodegradable Polymer Based Nanoparticulate Delivery toBBB

Nanoparticulate Gene Delivery to theBBB

Mechanism of Nanoparticulate Drug Delivery to theBBB

Nanoparticulate Thiamine‐coated Delivery to theBBB

Nanoparticle Optics and Living Cell Imaging

Oral Nanoparticulate Delivery

Lectin‐conjugated Nanoparticulate Oral Delivery

Oral Peptide Nanoparticulate‐based Delivery

Polymer‐Based Oral Peptide Nanoparticulate Delivery

Polyacrylamide Nanospheres

Poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate)PACANanocapsules

Derivatized Amino Acid Microspheres

Lymphatic Oral Nanoparticulate Delivery

Oral Nanosuspension Delivery

Mucoadhesion of Nanoparticles after Oral Administration

Protein Nanoparticulate Oral Delivery
Fluorescence Imaging in Biology using Nanoprobes
Authors: Gerion Daniele
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction and Outlook

A New Era in Cell Biology

Nanotechnology and its Perspectives for Fluorescence Imaging in Cell Biology

Fundamentals of Fluorescence

Basic Principles

A Few Types of Fluorescent Probes

Small Luminescent Units and Autofluorescence of Living Organisms

A few Organic Dyes and their Limitation in Live Cell Labeling

Green Fluorescent Protein and its Cousin Mutants

Quantum Dots

Toxicity Issues of Nanomaterials

Sources and Detectors

Light Sources

Detectors

Microscope Configurations

Wide‐field Methods: Epi‐, and Total Internal Reflection (
TIR
)

Epifluorescence Illumination

Total Internal Reflection (
TIR
) Illumination

Scanning Methods for Microscopy

Laser‐scanning or Stage‐scanning Confocal Microscopy

Near‐field Scanning Optical Microscopy (
NSOM
)

Strategies for Image Acquisition

Intensity Imaging

Spectral Imaging

Lifetime and Time‐gated Imaging

Other Imaging Modalities: Polarization and
FRET
Imaging

Qdots in Biology: A Few Selected Examples

Ultra‐high Colocalization of Qdots for Genetic Mapping

Dynamics of Biomolecules in a Cellular Environment

Trafficking of Glycine Receptors in Neural Membranes of Live Cells

Dynamics of Labeled Nuclear Localization Sequences Inside Living Cells

In Vivo
and Non‐invasive Detection Using Qdot Reporters

Outlook: Is there a Role for Nanoscience in Cellular Biology and in Medicine?

Acknowledgments
NMR Characterization Techniques – Application to Nanoscaled Pharmaceutical Carriers
Authors: Mayer Christian
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Structural Analysis of Nanoparticles

Phase Transitions of the Particle Matrix

Adsorption to the Particle Surface

Molecular Exchange through Nanocapsule Membranes

Particle Degradation and Release

Summary and Outlook
Characterization of Nano Features in Biopolymers using Small‐angle X‐ray Scattering, Electron Microscopy and Modeling
Authors: Krebs Angelika , Böttcher Bettina
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Small‐angleX‐ray Scattering

Scattering Technique

Scattering Phenomenon

Scattering Curve and Pair Distance Distribution Function

Determination of Scattering Parameters

Experimental Setup

Interpretation of Data

Direct Methods

Indirect Methods

Electron Microscopy

Image Formation

Interference of Electrons with Matter

Contrast Transfer Function

Sample Preparation

Vitrification of Biological Specimens

Two‐dimensional Merging of Electron Microscopic Data

Cross Correlation Function

Identification of the Different Views

Merging ofEM‐data in Three Dimensions

Sinogram Correlation

Reconstruction of the Three‐dimensional Model

Merging of Methods

Comparison ofEMandSAXSData

SAXSModeling Approaches usingEMInformation
Characterization of Nanoscaled Drug Delivery Systems by Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)
Authors: Mäder Karsten
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

ESR
Basics and Requirements

Information from
ESR
Spectroscopy and Imaging

Nitroxide Concentration

Micropolarity and Microviscosity

Monitoring of Microacidity

ESR
Imaging

In Vivo
 
ESR

Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgment
X‐ray Absorption and Emission Spectroscopy in Nanoscience and Lifesciences
Authors: Guo Jinghua
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Soft
X
‐ray Spectroscopy

Soft
X
‐ray Absorption Edges

Soft
X
‐ray Emission Spectroscopy

Soft
X
‐ray Absorption Spectroscopy

Resonant Soft
X
‐ray Emission Spectroscopy

Experimental Details

Chemical Sensitivity of Soft
X
‐ray Spectroscopy

Electronic Structure and Geometrical Structure

Hydrogen Bonding Effect

Charge and Spin States of Transition Metals

Electronic Structure and Nanostructure

Wide Bandgap Nanostructured Semiconductors

Cu
Nanoclusters

Zn
O
Nanocrystals

Electronic Structure and Molecular Structure

Hydrogen Bonding in Liquid Water

Molecular Structure in Liquid Alcohol and Water Mixture

Electronic Structure and Ion Solvations

Drugs in Water Solution

Electronic Structure of Bases in
DNA
Duplexes

Acknowledgments
Some New Advances and Challenges in Biological and Biomedical Materials Characterization
Authors: Braet Filip , Soon Lilian , Kelly Thomas F. , Larson David J. , Ringer Simon P.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Modern Atom Probe Tomography: Principles, Applications in Biomaterials and Potential Applications for Biology

The Need for an Ideal Microscope

Field Ion Microscopy and the Modern Atom Probe Instrument

Applications in Biomaterials

Applications and Challenges for Biological Science

Atomic Force Microscopy

Introduction

Instrumentation

Live Cell Imaging

Cryo‐electron Microscopy

Introduction

Instrumentation

Cryo‐electron Microscopy Imaging

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
X‐ray Scattering Techniques for Characterization of Nanosystems in Lifesciences
Authors: Saw Cheng K.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Brief Historical Background and Unique Properties

Scattering of X‐rays

Crystallography

Scattering from a Powder Sample

Scattering by Atomic Aggregates

Crystallite Size and Paracrystallinity

Production of
X
‐rays

Absorption of
X
‐rays

Instrumentation:
WAXS

Small Angle
X
‐ray Scattering

Dilute Systems

Highly Correlating Systems

SAXS
Instrumentation

Synchrotron Radiation

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgment
The Physics and Modeling of Biofunctionalized Nanoelectromechanical Systems
Authors: Paul Mark R. , Solomon Jerry E.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

The Stochastic Dynamics of Micro‐ and Nanoscale Oscillators in Fluid

Fluid Dynamics at Small Scales

An Exact Approach to Determine the Stochastic Dynamics of Arrays of Cantilevers of Arbitrary Geometry in Fluid

An Approximate Model for Long and Slender Cantilevers in Fluid

The Stochastic Dynamics of a Fluid‐coupled Array of (
BIO
)
NEMS
Cantilevers

The Physics Describing the Kinetics of Target Analyte Capture on the Oscillator

Detecting Noise in Noise: Signal‐processing Challenges

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments
Mathematical and Computational Modeling: Towards the Development and Application of Nanodevices for Drug Delivery
Authors: Sinek John P. , Frieboes Hermann B. , Sivaraman Balakrishnan , Sanga Sandeep , Cristini Vittorio
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

RES
Avoidance

A Statistical Model of Nanovector Surface Coverage

Modeling the Forces Mediating Protein Approach and Binding

Tumoral Vasculature and Hemodynamics

An Invasion Percolation Model of Vasculogenesis and Hemodynamics

Flow Simulations Using Anderson and Chaplain's Model

Particle Dynamics within the Tumoral Vasculature

Receptor–Ligand‐mediated Binding

Bell's Deterministic Model

A Stochastic Model

Intratumoral and Cellular Drug Kinetics and Pharmacodynamics

A Two‐Dimensional Model of Chemotherapy

Refinements of the Model

Conclusion
Nanolithography: Towards Fabrication of Nanodevices for Life Sciences
Authors: Ngunjiri Johnpeter Ndiangui , Li Jie‐Ren , Garno Jayne Carol
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction: Engineering Surfaces at the Nanoscale

Immobilization of Biomolecules for Surface Assays

Strategies for Linking Proteins to Surfaces

Electrostatic Immobilization

Covalent Immobilization

Molecular Recognition and Specific Interactions

Nonspecific Physical Adsorption to Surfaces

SAMChemistry

Methods for Nanolithography with Proteins

Bias‐induced Nanolithography ofSAMs

Force‐induced Nanolithography ofSAMs

DPNofSAMsand Proteins

Latex Particle Lithography with Proteins

Detection of Protein Binding at the Nanoscale

Future Directions

Advantages of Nanoscale Detection

Development of Cantilever Arrays

Concluding Remarks
Microcantilever‐based Nanodevices in the Life Sciences
Authors: Espinosa Horacio D. , Kim Keun‐Ho , Moldovan Nicolaie
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Microcantilevers

Microfabrication of Miniaturized Probes

Cantilever Probes for Nanopatterning

ElastomericAFMProbes

Monolithically Fabricated Conductive Diamond Probes

Cantilevers with Integrated Micro‐ and Nanofluidics

Apertured Pyramidal Tips

Open‐channel Cantilevered Microspotters

Closed‐channel Cantilevered Nanopipettes

Micromachined Hypodermic Needle Arrays

NFPs

Applications

Patterning ofDNA

Patterning of Proteins

Patterning of Viruses

Conclusions and Outlook
Nanobioelectronics
Authors: Rinaldi Ross , Maruccio Giuseppe
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Bio‐self‐assembly and Motivation

Fundamentals of the Bio‐building Blocks

DNA

Proteins

Interconnection, Self‐assembly and Device Implementation

Interconnecting Molecules

Delivering Molecules

Devices Based onDNAandDNABases

Charge Transfer inDNA

DNAConductivity

Near‐ohmic Behavior (Activated Hopping Conductor)

Semiconducting (Bandgap) Behavior

Insulating Behavior

Discussion ofDNAConductivity

Other Applications ofDNAin Molecular Electronics

Devices Based on Proteins

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
DNA
Nanodevices: Prototypes and Applications
Authors: Simmel Friedrich C.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

DNA
as a Material for Nanotechnology

Nanoscale Science

Biophysical and Biochemical Properties of Nucleic Acids

DNA
Nanoconstruction

Simple
DNA
Devices

Conformational Changes Induced by Small Molecules and Ions

Hybridization‐driven Devices

Towards Functional Devices

Walk and Roll

Interaction with Proteins

Information Processing

Switchable Networks and Hybrid Materials

Autonomous Behavior

Driving Devices with Chemical Reactions

Genetic Control

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Towards the Realization of Nanobiosensors Based on G‐protein‐coupled Receptors
Authors: Pennetta Cecilia , Akimov Vladimir , Alfinito Eleonora , Reggiani Lino , Gorojankina Tatiana , Minic Jasmina , Pajot‐Augy Edith , Persuy Marie‐Annick , Salesse Roland , Casuso Ignacio , Errachid Abdelhamid , Gomila Gabriel , Ruiz Oscar , Samitier Josep , Hou Yanxia , Jaffrezic Nicole , Ferrari Giorgio , Fumagalli Laura , Sampietro Marco
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Preparation and Immobilization ofGPCRson Functionalized Surfaces

Signal Techniques

Theoretical Approach

The Impedance Network Model

Equilibrium Fluctuations

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Self‐assembly and Bio‐directed Approaches for Carbon Nanotubes: Towards Device Fabrication
Authors: Filoramo Arianna
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

CNTs: Basic Features, Synthesis and Device Applications

Basic Features

Synthesis of Nanotubes

Device Applications

Fabrication ofCNTTransistors and Self‐assembly Approaches

In situCVDGrowth

Selective Deposition ofCNTsbySAM‐assisted Techniques

Methodology and Key Parameters

Performance ofCNTFETsFabricated by theSAMMethod

DNA‐directed Self‐assembly

The Assembly of the Scaffold

Selective Attachment of theDNAScaffold on the Surface Microscale Electrodes

Positioning of Nano‐objects or Nanodevices on the Scaffold

Realization of Electrical Connections and Circuitry

Fabrication ofDNA‐directedCNTDevices

Conclusion
Nanodevices for Biosensing: Design, Fabrication and Applications
Authors: Lechuga Laura M. , Zinoviev Kirill , Carrascosa Laura G. , Moreno Miguel
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

From Biosensor to Nanobiosensor Devices

Overview

Biological Functionalization of Nanobiosensors

Nanophotonic Biosensors

Overview

Integrated Mach–Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) Nanodevice

Design and Fabrication

Characterization and Applications

Integration in Microsystems

Nanomechanical Biosensors

Overview

Working Principle

Detection Systems

Design of a Standard Microcantilever Sensor

Fabrication of a Standard Microcantilever Sensor

Optical Waveguide Microcantilever: Design and Fabrication

Biosensing Applications of Nanomechanical Sensors

Conclusions and Future Goals

Acknowledgments
Nanotechnology for Biomedical Devices
Authors: Montelius Lars
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nanotechnologies

Overview of Nanotechnologies and Nanotools

NIL

Other Lithography Techniques

Scanning Probes

Applications

Introduction

Biomedical Applications based on Nanostructured Passive Surfaces

Separation, Concentration and Enriching Structures

Molecular Motors Transported in Nanometer Channels

Topographical Structures, Cells and Guidance of Neurons

Biomedical Applications utilizing Active Nanostructured Surfaces

Protein Chips

Protein Interactions

Biomedical Applications using Nanowires

Biomedical Applications using Nanoparticles

Biomedical Applications usingSPMTechnology

Imaging of Biomolecules usingSPM

Force Detection of Single Molecular Events

Cantilever‐based Detection of Molecular Events

Discussion and Outlook

Acknowledgments
Biotoxicity of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles
Authors: Fond Amanda M. , Meyer Gerald J.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nanoparticles in the Environment

How Nanoparticles are Introduced into Mammalian Systems

Health Threats

Nanomaterials and Biotoxicity

Iron Oxide

Titanium Dioxide

Dark Studies

UVIrradiation Studies

Other Metal Oxides

Conclusions

Acknowledgment
Ecotoxicity of Engineered Nanomaterials
Authors: Oberdörster Eva , McClellan‐Green Patricia , Haasch Mary
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Water

Air

Soils

Weathering

Biomarkers

Conclusions
Dosimetry, Epidemiology and Toxicology of Nanoparticles
Authors: Kreyling Wolfgang G. , Semmler‐Behnke Manuela , Möller Winfried
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Overview

General Background

Epidemiological Evidence for Health Effect Associations with Ambient Particulate Matter

Toxicological Evidence for Ambient Particulate Matter Induced Adverse Health Effects

Inhaled Nanoparticle Dosimetry

Particle Measures

Deposition of Ultrafine Particles in the Respiratory System

Fate of Particles in the Lungs

Soluble Particle Compounds

Slowly Dissolving and Insoluble Particles Deposited on the Airway Wall

Slowly Dissolving and Insoluble Particles Deposited in the Alveolar Region

Macrophage‐mediated Particle Transport

Translocation of Ultrafine Particles into Systemic Circulation

Studies of Systemic Particle Translocation in Humans

Studies of Systemic Particle Translocation in Animals

Toxicological Plausibility of Health Effects Caused by Nanoparticles

Pulmonary Inflammation Induced by Ultrafine Particles

Systemic Inflammation and other Responses

Relevant Parameters in Nanoparticle Toxicology

Number Concentration and Surface Area

Particle Shape (Fibers and Nanotubes)

Transition Metals

Organic Compounds

Extrapolation of Health Effects Observed in Animals towards Human

Integrated Concept of Risk Assessment of Nanoparticles
Toxicity of Carbon Nanotubes and its Implications for Occupational and Environmental Health
Authors: Lam Chiu‐Wing , James John T. , McCluskey Richard , Holian Andrij , Hunter Robert L.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Overview

General Background

Carbon Nanotubes and Nanotechnology

Manufactured Carbon Nanotubes: Their Synthesis, Properties, and Potential Applications

Discovery and Synthesis

Physical and Chemical Properties

Applications

Occurrence of Carbon Nanotubes in the Environment

Potential Occupational Exposures and Environmental Impact of Manufactured Carbon Nanotubes

Combustion‐generated Carbon Nanotubes in the Environment

MWCNTFormation from Natural Gas Combustion Indoors

MWCNTsin Metropolitan Outdoor Air

MWCNTsin Ancient Ice

Concern about Combustion‐generatedMWCNTsin the Environment

Comparison of Physical Structures of Manufactured and Non‐manufactured Carbon Nanotubes

Toxicological Studies and Toxicity of ManufacturedCNTs

Study ofSWCNTsin Guinea Pigs by Huczko et al. of Warsaw University

Study ofSWCNTsin Mice by Lam et al. ofNASA‐JSCToxicology Laboratory

Study ofSWCNTsin Rats by Warheit et al. of DuPont Company

Study ofSWCNTsin Mice by Shvedova et al. ofNIOSH

Study ofMWCNTsby Muller et al. of Belgium

Health Risk Implications

Toxicity Summary ofCNTsand Occupational Exposure Risk

Impact ofSWCNTson Environmental Health

Toxicity ofMWCNTsand Impact on Environmental Health

Acknowledgment
Toxicity of Nanomaterials – New Carbon Conformations and Metal Oxides
Authors: Krug Harald F. , Kern Katrin , Wörle‐Knirsch Jörg M. , Diabaté Silvia
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nanoscale Materials and Adverse Health Effects: Precautionary Measures

Hazard Identification and Exposure Estimation

Production and Use of “New Carbon Modifications” and Metal Oxides

Health Aspects

Uptake and Possible Transport, Depots, and Accumulation in Living Organisms

Biological Effects on Cellular Mechanisms

Metal Oxides

New Carbon Modifications

Possible Hazards – Toxicological Impacts

Risk Characterization – A Conclusion

Opportunities and Risks of Nanomaterials

New Materials without Risks?
Toxicology of Nanoparticles in Environmental Air Pollution
Authors: Donaldson Ken , Mills Nicholas , Newby David E. , MacNee William , Stone Vicki
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

History of Air Pollution

Introduction to Air Pollution Particles

Adverse Effects ofPMin Epidemiological Studies

Nanoparticles are an Important Component ofPM

Role of Nanoparticles in Mediating the Adverse Pulmonary Effects ofPM

Effects of Nanoparticles on the Cardiovascular System

Inflammation, Atherosclerosis and Plaque Rupture

Nanoparticle Translocation and Direct Vascular Effects

Endothelial Dysfunction and Endogenous Fibrinolysis

Coagulation and Thrombosis

Cardiac Autonomic Dysfunction

Effects of Nanoparticles on the Liver and Gastrointestinal Tract

Effects ofNPon the Nervous System
Nanoparticles for Neutron Capture Therapy of Cancer
Authors: Ichikawa Hideki , Tokumitsu Hiroyuki , Miyamoto Masahito , Fukumori Yoshinobu
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Principle of Neutron Capture Therapy of Cancer

Boron Neutron Capture Therapy

Boron Compounds

Delivery of Boron Using Nanoparticles

Approaches toGdNCT

Typical Research onGdNCT

Delivery of Gadolinium using Lipid Emulsion (Gd‐nanoLE)

Preparation ofGd‐nanoLE

Biodistribution of Gadolinium after Intraperitoneal Administration ofGd‐nanoLE

Biodistribution of Gadolinium after Intravenous Administration ofGd‐nanoLE

Delivery of Gadolinium using Chitosan Nanoparticles (Gd‐nanoCPs)

Preparation ofGd‐nanoCPs

Gd‐DTPARelease Property ofGd‐nanoCPs

Gd‐DTPARetention in Tumor Tissue after Intratumoral Injection

In vivoGrowth Suppression of Experimental Melanoma Solid Tumor

Bioadhesion and Uptake ofGd‐nanoCPin Three Different Cell Lines

Conclusions
Nanomaterials for Controlled Release of Anticancer Agents
Authors: Kim Do Kyung , Jo Yun Suk , Dobson Jon , El Haj Alicia , Muhammed Mamoun
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

First Generation Nanoparticles

Second Generation Nanoparticles

Advanced Generation Nanoparticles

Polymer Materials for Drug Delivery Systems

Design of Drug Delivery Vectors and Their Prerequisites

Polymeric Nanoparticles

Inorganic Nanoparticles

Metallic Nanoparticles

Kinetics of the Controlled Release of Anticancer Agents

Diffusion Model

Dissolution Model

Kinetics of the Indomethacin (IMC, 1‐[p‐chlorobenzoyl]‐2‐methyl‐5‐methoxy‐3‐indoleacetic acid) Release

Controlled Release of Anticancer Agents

Alkylating Agents

Chlorambucil

Cyclophosphamide

Carmustine

Antimetabolic Agent

Cytarabine

Fluorouracil (FU)

Methotrexate

Anticancer Antibiotics

ActinomycinD

Bleomycin

Daunorubicin

Future Directions
Critical Analysis of Cancer Therapy using Nanomaterials
Authors: Juillerat‐Jeanneret Lucienne
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Anticancer Therapies

Characteristics of Nanoparticles for Cancer Therapy

Nanovectors

Biological Issues

Nanoparticle Targeting: Passive or Active

Nanovectors in Biomedical Applications: Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) for Cancer

Physicochemical Drug Delivery

Biological Drug Delivery

Chemical Drug Delivery

Nanoparticles for Anticancer Drug Delivery

Existing Systems

Systems under Development and Challenges

Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery in Clinical Use or under Clinical Evaluation

Doxorubicin Family

Paclitaxel (Taxol)

5‐Fluorouracil

Tamoxifen

Cisplatin

Campthotecins

Methotrexate

New Experimental Drugs and Therapies

Proteins, Peptides, their Inhibitors and Antagonists

New Drugs

New Therapeutic Approaches: Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)

Gene Therapy

Nanoparticle for Gene Delivery: Non‐chitosan and Chitosan‐type Polymers

New Approaches

Improvement of Biological Characteristics

New Technological Approaches

Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles (SPIONs) as Magnetic Drug Nanovectors

Targeting

Passive Targeting

Active Targeting

Targeting Cancer‐associated Cells

Targeting Cancer Markers

Intracellular Drug Delivery

Development of the Necessary Chemistry: Synthetic Routes and Linkers for Conjugation

Overcoming the Mechanisms of Resistance to Therapy of Cancers

Toxicity Issues

Conclusions

Opportunities and Challenges of Nanomedicine in Cancer
Nanoparticles for Thermotherapy
Authors: Jordan Andreas , Maier‐Hauff Klaus , Wust Peter , Johannsen Manfred
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Thermotherapy following Intratumoral Administration of Magnetic Nanoparticles

Ferromagnetic Embolization Hyperthermia

First Clinical Experiences with Thermotherapy using Magnetic Nanoparticles: MagForce Nanotherapy

Feasibility Study on Thermotherapy using Magnetic Nanoparticles in Recurrent Glioblastoma Multiforme

Feasibility Study on Thermotherapy using Magnetic Nanoparticles in Recurrent and Residual Tumors

Feasibility Study on Thermotherapy using Magnetic Nanoparticles in Recurrent Prostate Carcinoma
Ferromagnetic Filled Carbon Nanotubes as Novel and Potential Containers for Anticancer Treatment Strategies
Authors: Moench Ingolf , Meye Axel , Leonhardt Albrecht
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Prostate Cancer

Incidence, Risk Factors and Diagnostic Criteria

Treatment Options, Outcome and Limits

MWCNT
Model

Carbon Nanotubes

General Remarks

Preparation and Structure of Filled Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes

Synthesis of Ferromagnetic Filled Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes

Crystallographic Structure of Core Material in Filled Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes

Growth Mechanism of Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes

Post‐treatment: Opening, Filling and Closing of
MWCNTs

Magnetism in Nano‐sized Materials

General Remarks

Magnetization in Nano‐sized Materials

Influence of the Dimensions on the Magnetization Distribution

Anisotropy and Interaction

Magnetic Reversal

Magnetic Properties of Filled Multi‐walled Carbon Nanotubes

Heat Generation

General Remarks

Requirements for the Development of Materials for Hyperthermia and Magnetism

Specific Absorption Rate (
SAR
)

Study Results for
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Applications of ff‐
MWCNTs

Efficient Endocytosis
In Vitro
, Lipid‐mediated Could Enhance the Internalization Rate and Efficiency

Production of Two Types of ff‐
MWCNTs
for
In Vivo
Application

Outlook/Next Steps in Evaluation of these
fff
‐
MWCNTs

Acknowledgments
Liposomes, Dendrimers and other Polymeric Nanoparticles for Targeted Delivery of Anticancer Agents – A Comparative Study
Authors: Zhang Yong , Chatterjee Dev K.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Cancer Chemotherapy: so Far, but not so Good

Nanoparticles and Drug Delivery in Cancer: a new Road

Importance of Nanoparticles in Cancer Therapy

An Overview of Targeting Methods

Means to the End: Methods for Targeting

Passive Targeting

Magnetic Targeting of Nanoparticles

Ligands for Active Targeting

Monoclonal Antibodies against Tumor‐specific Antigens

Targeting the Angiogenic Process

Folic Acid and Cancer Targeting

Transferrin as a Targeting Ligand

Other Targeting Ligands

Targeting with Different Types of Nanoparticles

Liposomes in Cancer Targeting

Beyond Immunoliposomes

Dendrimers

Other Polymeric Nanoparticles

Conclusion
Colloidal Systems for the Delivery of Anticancer Agents in Breast Cancer and Multiple Myeloma
Authors: Maillard Sébastien , Fattal Elias , Marsaud Véronique , Sola Brigitte , Renoir Jack‐Michel
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Hormone Therapy in Breast Cancers

Molecular Mechanisms of Estrogen Action in Breast Cancers

ClassicalER‐ligand andERE‐dependent Mechanism

ERE‐independent Pathway

ER‐ligand‐independent Pathway

“Non‐genomic” Pathway

Differential Activity of Antiestrogens

The Need to Encapsulate Antiestrogens

Multiple Myeloma

Current Treatments

New Biological Therapies forMMTreatment

Incidence of Estrogens and Antiestrogens on Multiple Myeloma

Colloidal Systems for Antiestrogen Delivery

Nanoparticles Charged withAEsin Breast Cancer

Liposomes Charged withRU58668 inMM

Tumor‐targeted Drug‐loaded Colloidal Systems

Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Magnetic Resonance Nanoparticle Probes for Cancer Imaging
Authors: Jun Young‐wook , Jang Jung‐tak , Cheon Jinwoo
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Magnetic Nanoparticle Contrast Agents

Silica‐ or Dextran‐coated Iron Oxide Contrast Agents

Magnetoferritin

Magnetodendrimers and Magnetoliposomes

New Type of Contrast Agent: Non‐hydrolytically Synthesized High Quality Iron Oxide Nanoparticles

Iron Oxide Nanoparticles in MolecularMRImaging

Infarct and Inflammation

Angiogenesis

Apoptosis

Gene Expression

Cancer Imaging

Summary and Outlook
Nanoprobe‐Based Affinity Mass Spectrometry for Cancer Marker Protein Profiling
Authors: Huang Li‐Shing , Chien Yuh‐Yih , Chen Shu‐Hua , Lin Po‐Chiao , Wang Kai‐Yi , Chou Po‐Hung , Lin Chun‐Cheng , Chen Yu‐Ju
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Fabrication and Biomedical Applications of Nanoparticles

Fabrications and Properties of Nanoparticles

Metal Nanoparticles in Cancer Diagnosis

Principles of Mass Spectrometry

Matrix‐assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time‐of‐flight Mass Spectrometry

Affinity Mass Spectrometry

Nanoprobe‐based Affinity Mass Spectrometry (NBAMS)

Preparation of Nanoprobes and Workflow

Proof‐of‐principle Experiment

Kinetic Study of the Nanoscale Immunoreaction

Detection Limit and Concentration Effect of Nanoprobe‐based Immunoassay

Human Plasma and Whole Blood Analysis by Nanoprobe‐based Affinity Mass Spectrometry

Selected Protein Profiling from Human Plasma

Comparison of Nanoscale and Microscale Immunoassay

Suppression of Nonspecific Binding on Magnetic Nanoparticles

Enrichment of Target Antigen in Human Plasma

Plasma Protein Profiling in Normal Individuals and in Patients

Multiplex Assay

Workflow of Multiplexed Assay

Screening for Patient and Healthy Individuals

Future Outlook

Acknowledgments
Nanotechnological Approaches to Cancer Diagnosis: Imaging and Quantification of Pericellular Proteolytic Activity
Authors: Ludwig Thomas
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Quantification of Local Proteolytic Activity – an Objective

Regulation of Protease Activity

Secretion

Activation

Inactivation

Endogenous Protease Inhibitors

Glycosylation

Oligomerization

Protein Trafficking

Mechanisms of Confining Proteolytic Activity

Membrane‐type Matrix Metalloproteinases

Cell Surface Receptors for Protease Binding

ECMBinding of Proteases

Cellular Microdomains

The Tumor–Host Conspiracy

Local Proteolytic Activity Regulates Complex Cellular Functions

Local Proteolytic Activity in Cancer Cell Migration

Local Proteolytic Activity and Cell Signaling

Functional Insights from Matrix‐metalloprotease Deficient Mice

Evaluation of Classical Methods for Quantification of Net Proteolytic Activity

Functional Detection of Local Proteolytic Activity byIn SituZymography

Tumor Cell Invasion Assays

Electrical Resistance Breakdown Assay

In vivoDetection of Proteolytic Activity

Multiphoton Microscopy and Second‐harmonic Generation

In vitroDetection of Local Proteolytic Activity by Labeled Substrates

Novel Approaches to Local Proteolytic Activity

Conclusions and Perspectives

Acknowledgments
Biosensing Using Carbon Nanotube Field‐effect Transistors
Authors: Kichambare Padmakar D. , Star Alexander
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Overview

Introduction

Carbon Nanotube Field‐effect Transistors (NTFETs)

Carbon Nanotubes

Nanotube Synthesis

Fabrication ofNTFETs

Sensor Applications ofNTFETs

Sensitivity ofNTFETsto Chemical Environment

Bioconjugates of Carbon Nanotubes

Protein Detection

Detection of Antibody–Antigen Interactions

DNADetection

Enzymatic Reactions

Glucose Detection

Conclusion and Outlook
Nanotubes, Nanowires, and Nanocantilevers in Biosensor Development
Authors: Wang Jun , Liu Guodong , Lin Yuehe
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Carbon Nanotubes in Biosensor Development

Preparation and Purification of
CNTs

Construction of
CNT
‐based Biosensors

Dispersion and Stabilization by Oxidative Acids

Dispersion by Surfactant Interaction

Polymer‐assisted Solubilization

CNT
Adsorption on the Transducer Substrate

Surface Functionalization of
CNTs

Composite Entrapment and
CNTs
Bulky Electrode Material

More Sophisticated Surface Tailoring Based on Combination of Co‐adsorption, Integration, Prohibition, Spacing, Linkage, Sandwich, Tagging, and other Anchoring Approaches

CNT
‐based Electrochemical Biosensors

Direct Electrochemistry of Biomolecules on Carbon Nanotubes

Enzyme/
CNTs
Biosensors

DNA
and Protein Biosensors

Immunosensors

Flow‐injection Analysis

Carbon Nanotube Array‐based Biosensors

Chemiluminescence

Field‐effect Transistor and Bioelectronics

Nanowires in Biosensor Development

Silicon Nanowire‐based Biosensors

Conducting Polymer Nanowire‐based Biosensors

Metal Oxide Nanowire‐based Biosensors

Nanocantilevers for Biosensors

Acknowledgments
Fullerene‐based Electrochemical Detection Methods for Biosensing
Authors: Chaniotakis Nikos
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Aims of the Chapter

Electrochemical Biosensing

Making a Biosensor

Evolution of Biosensors

Mediation Process in Biosensors

Case A: Non‐mediated Biosensor

Case B: Mediated Biosensor

Fullerenes

Synthesis of Fullerenes

Biofunctionalization of Fullerenes

Electrochemistry of Fullerenes

Fullerene‐mediated Biosensing

Conclusions
Quantum Dot‐based Nanobiohybrids for Fluorescent Detection of Molecular and Cellular Biological Targets
Authors: Bakalova Rumiana , Zhelev Zhivko , Ohba Hideki , Baba Yoshinobu
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Quantum Dots – Basic Principles of Design and Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Advantages over Classical Fluorophores

Basic Principles of Design and Synthesis of Quantum Dots

Optical and Chemical Properties – Advantages Compared with Classical Fluorophores

Quantum Dots for Fluorescent Labeling and Imaging

Structure of Quantum Dot Nanobiohybrids for Fluorescent Microscopic Imaging

Quantum Dots for Fluorescent Cell Imaging

Quantum Dots for Fluorescent Deep‐tissue Imaging
In Vivo

Potential of Quantum Dots for Positron Emission Tomography (
PET
) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (
f
MRI
)

Quantum Dots for Immunoblot Analysis with Fluorescent Detection

Basic Principles of Classical and
QD
‐
based
Immunoblot Analyses

QD
‐
based
Immunoblot Analysis of “tracer” Proteins – Privileges over Classical Immunoblot Analysis

Quantum Dots for
FRET
Analyses, Time‐resolved Fluorimetry, and Development of Optical Recognition‐based Biosensors

Quantum Dots for
FRET
‐
based
Bioanalyses

Quantum Dots for Time‐resolved Fluorimetry

Quantum Dots for development of New Generation Optical Recognition‐based Biosensors

Quantum Dots as New Fluorescent Standards for the Thin Calibration of Fluorescent Instrumentation
Detection of Biological Materials by Gold Nano‐biosensor‐based Electrochemical Method
Authors: Jiang Juan , Basu Manju , Seggerson Sara , Miller Albert , Pugia Michael , Basu Subhash
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Template Synthesis of Gold Nano‐wire Arrays for Biosensor Applications

General Template Synthesis

Template Formation

Fabrication of Gold Nano‐wire Arrays (GNW)

Synthesis of a Linker and its Attachment to Gold Posts ofGNWfollowed by Binding to Specific Antibodies

Development of Electrochemical Nano‐biosensor for Bacteria Detection

General Detections for Biosensors

Experimental Conditions

Electrochemical Impedance (EIS) Detection ofE. coli

EISon Flat Gold Surfaces

EISonGNW

EISonGNWwithAl2O3

Summary ofEISDetection ofE. coliBacteria

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Dendrimer‐based Electrochemical Detection Methods
Authors: Kim Hak‐Sung , Yoon Hyun C.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Overview

Introduction

Background

Dendrimers as a new Constituent of Biocomposite Structures

Applications for Biosensors

Bioelectrocatalytic Enzyme Electrodes based on
LBL
(layer‐by‐layer) Assembly with Dendrimers

Bioelectrocatalytic Immunosensors based on the Dendrimer‐associated
SAMs

Affinity Recognition Surface based on the Dendrimer‐associated
SAMs

Electrochemical Signaling from Affinity Recognition Reactions

Protein Micropatterning on Sensor Surfaces for Multiplexed Analysis

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Protein‐based Biosensors using Nanomaterials
Authors: Li Genxi
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Metal Nanoparticles

Gold Nanoparticles

Silver Nanoparticles

Other Metal Nanomaterials

Metallic Oxide Nanoparticles

Carbon Nanotubes

Nanocomposite Materials

Nanoparticles with Special Functions

Semiconductor Nanoparticles

Magnetic Nanoparticles

Other Nanomaterials

Conclusion
Biomimetic Nanosensors
Authors: Jelinek Raz , Kolusheva Sofiya
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Nanostructures in Biosensor Design

Nanosensors for Probing Biological and Cellular Systems

Biological Components in Nanosensors

Nano‐biotechnology and Biomedical Diagnosis

Conclusions and Future Directions
Reagentless Biosensors Based on Nanoparticles
Authors: Benson David E.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Surface Dielectric Enhancement

Gold Nanoparticle Enhanced Surface Plasmon Resonance

Carbon Nanotube and Silicon Nanowire Enhanced Conductivity

Advantages and Caveats

Catalytic Activation

Electrocatalytic Detection

Catalytically Enabled Optical and Magnetic Detection

Advantages and Caveats

Biomolecule Conformational Modulated Effects

Biosensors Based onDNAConformation Changes

Biosensors Based on Protein Conformation Changes

Conclusion

Acknowledgments
Nanotechnology and Tissue Engineering: The Scaffold Based Approach
Authors: Nair Lakshmi S. , Bhattacharyya Subhabrata , Laurencin Cato T.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Overview

Introduction

The Importance of Scaffolds in Tissue Engineering

Structure and Functions of Natural Extracellular Matrix

Applications of Nanotechnology in Developing Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

Polymeric Nanofiber Scaffolds

Top‐down Approaches in Developing Scaffolds for Nano‐based Tissue Engineering

Bottom‐up Approaches in Developing Scaffolds for Nano‐based Tissue Engineering

Cell Behavior Towards Nano‐based Matrices

Applications of Nano‐based Matrices as Scaffolds for Tissue Engineering

Stem Cell Adhesion and Differentiation

Neural Tissue Engineering

Cardiac and Blood Vessel Tissue Engineering

Bone, Ligament and Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Conclusions
Nanofibrous Scaffolds and their Biological Effects
Authors: Smith Laura A. , Beck Jonathan A. , Ma Peter X.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Overview

Introduction

Methods of Formation

Electrospinning

Self‐assembly

Phase Separation

Nanofibrous Composite Scaffolds

Inorganic Composites

Surface Modification

Factor Delivery Scaffolds

Biological Effects of Nanofibers

Attachment

Proliferation

Differentiation

Migration

Tissue Formation

Connective Tissue

Ligaments

Cartilage

Bone

Neural Tissue

Cardiovascular Tissue

Cardiac Muscle

Blood Vessel

Liver Tissue

Conclusion
Hydroxyapatite Nanocrystals as Bone Tissue Substitute
Authors: Roveri Norberto , Palazzo Barbara
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Overview

Introduction

Biogenic Hydroxyapatite: Bone and Teeth

Biomimetic Hydroxyapatite: Porous and Substituted Apatites

Biologically Inspired Hydroxyapatite:HA–Collagen Composites and Coatings

Functionalized Hydroxyapatite:HANanocrystals – Bioactive Molecules

Conclusion and Future Challenges

Acknowledgments
Magnetic Nanoparticles for Tissue Engineering
Authors: Ito Akira , Honda Hiroyuki
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Mesenchymal Stem Cell Isolation and Expansion

MSC
Expansion using
MCLs

MSC
Isolation and Expansion using
AMLs

Mag‐seeding

Construction of 3
D
Tissue‐like Structure

Cell Sheet Engineering using
RGD
‐
MCLs

Construction of a Keratinocyte Sheet using
MCLs

Delivery of Mag‐tissue Engineered
RPE
Sheet

Construction of a Liver‐like Structure using
MCLs

Construction of Tubular Structures using
MCLs

Conclusion
Applications and Implications of Single‐walled Carbon Nanotubes in Tissue Engineering
Authors: McFetridge Peter S. , Nollert Matthias U.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electromagnetic Fields for Tissue Regeneration

Tissue Engineering

SWNTPreparation: Purification and Functionalization

Specific Applications of Carbon Nanotubes in Tissue Engineering

Conclusions
Nanoparticles for Cell Engineering – A Radical Concept
Authors: Rzigalinski Beverly A. , Danelisen Igor , Strawn Elizabeth T. , Cohen Courtney A. , Liang Chengya
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction and Overview

Free Radicals and Oxidative Stress

Sources of Intracellular Free Radicals

Oxidative Stress

Oxidative Stress and Disease

A Nanotechnological Approach to Oxidative Stress

Rare Earth Oxide Nanoparticles – Cerium

Biological Effects of Cerium

Biological Effects of Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles

Other Oxide Nanoparticles

Fullerene Derivatives and Carbon Nanotubes

Nano‐Pharmacology

Absorption

Agglomeration

Dose

Distribution, Metabolism, and Excretion

Nanoparticle Antioxidants and Treatment of Disease

Toxicology
Nanoparticles and Nanowires for Cellular Engineering
Authors: Winter Jessica O.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Biological Opportunities at the Nanoscale

Nanostructures and Cells

Nanoparticle and Nanowire Synthesis for Biological Systems

Nanoparticle Synthesis

Nanowire Synthesis

Surface Passivation Strategies

Bioconjugation

Conjugation Strategies to Promote Non‐specific Cellular Affinity

Biomolecular Recognition

Conjugation Strategies for Antibody‐mediated Recognition

Conjugation Strategies for Protein‐ and Peptide‐mediated Recognition

Toxicity (see also Volume 5 of this Series)

Nanostructures to Modify Cell Adhesion and Migration

Cell Adhesion at the Nanoscale

Cell Adhesion and Nanoscale Physical Topography

Cell Adhesion and Nanoscale Chemical Patterns

Cytoskeletal Manipulation

Future Applications of Nanostructures for Cell Adhesion and Migration

Future Physical Nanostructures for Cell Adhesion

Future Chemical Patterns for Cell Adhesion

Active Investigation of the Cytoskeleton

Nanostructure Cellular Entry

Biology of Molecular Delivery

Nanostructure Endocytotic Delivery

Other Methods of Cellular Entry

Nanoparticle Intracellular Sensing

Semiconductor Quantum Dots

Magnetic Nanoparticles

Future Directions

Nanostructure Intracellular Delivery

Intracellular Sensing

Intracellular Transport of Nanostructures

Biology of Intracellular Transport

Actin‐based Nanostructure Transport

Microtubule‐based Nanostructure Transport

Future Directions

Biomolecule Delivery Using Nanostructures

Biology of Controlled Delivery

Drug Delivery

Gene Therapy

Drug Delivery

Cell TargetingIn Vivo

Drug Delivery for Cancer Treatment

Gene Therapy

Silica Nanocarriers

Gold Nanocarriers

Magnetic Nanocarriers

Future Directions

Drug Delivery

Gene Therapy

Protein Manipulation

Biology of Protein Manipulation

Manipulation of Free Proteins: Enzymes

Manipulation of Bound Proteins: Receptors and Ion Channels

Future Directions

Summary and Conclusions

Conclusions
Nanoengineering of Biomaterial Surfaces
Authors: Jayagopal Ashwath , Shastri Venkatram Prasad
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Conventional Photolithography

Electron‐Beam Lithography

Soft Lithography

Polymer‐Demixed Nanotopographies

Star‐Shaped and other Novel Polymer Structures

Vapor Deposition

Self‐Assembly

Particle Blasting

Ion Beam and Plasma‐Guided Surface Engineering

Sol–Gel Technology

Nanolithography

Laser‐Guided Strategies

Rapid Prototyping Techniques

Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Nanotechnologies for Diagnosis – Present and Future
Authors: Hughes Gareth A.
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction to Patient Diagnostics

Nanotechnology and Patient Diagnostics

Optical

Fluorescence

Quantum Dots

Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR), Nanoparticles and Nanoshells

Fiber Optic Biosensors

Electrical

Nanomaterials for Enhanced Electron Transfer

Electrochemical Biosensors

Magnetic

Mechanical

Imaging Diagnostics

Nanotechnology‐enhanced Tools

Analytical Tools

Raman Spectroscopy

Mass Spectrometry

Genetics

Immunoassays

Nanotechnology and the Future of Patient Diagnostics

Multifunctional Platforms

Real‐time Monitoring

Multiplexed Diagnostic Assays

Point‐of‐care Diagnostics

Regulations, Risks and Ethics
Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles of Iron Oxides for Magnetic Resonance Imaging Applications
Authors: Idee Jean‐Marc , Port Marc , Raynal Isabelle , Schaefer Michel , Bonnemain Bruno , Prigent Philippe , Robert Philippe , Robic Caroline , Corot Claire
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Physicochemical Characteristics

Physicochemical Properties of the Crystal

Hydrodynamic Particle Size and Charge

Pharmacology and Metabolism

Role of Physicochemical Parameters

Mechanism and Consequences of Interaction with Macrophages

Pharmacokinetics

Nanoparticle Vectorization

Current Clinical Uses and Future Developments

Gastrointestinal Tract Imaging

Liver and Spleen Diseases

Lymph Node Metastases

Blood Pool Characteristics

Characterization of the Atheromatous Plaque

Other Potential Uses

Stroke

Cerebral Tumor Characterization

Multiple Sclerosis

Arthritis

Infection

Kidney Imaging

Acute Cardiac Transplant Rejection

In Vivo
Monitoring of Cell Therapy

T
‐staging of Uterine Neoplasms

MRI
‐detectable Embolotherapy

Conclusion
Carbon Nanotube‐based Vectors for Delivering Immunotherapeutics and Drugs
Authors: Bianco Alberto , Wu Wei , Pastorin Giorgia , Klumpp Cédric , Lacerda Lara , Partidos Charalambos D. , Kostarelos Kostas , Prato Maurizio
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Chemical Functionalization ofCNTs

Noncovalent Functionalization

π–π Stacking Interactions

Hydrophobic Interactions

Covalent Functionalization

Defect Functionalization

Sidewall Functionalization

CNTsin Diagnosis

CNTsinFETs

Fabrication

FETBiosensors

CNT‐basedElectrodes

Fabrication

Nanoelectrode Biosensors

CNTCell Uptake

CNTsas Delivery Devices for Antigens and Adjuvants

Interaction off‐CNTswithCpGMotifs and Potentiation of their Immunostimulatory Activity

Presentation and Immunogenic Potential of Peptide Antigens Attached ontof‐CNTs

CNTsfor Drug Delivery

CNTsfor Gene Transfer

Interaction withDNAandRNA

Delivery and Expression of Gene‐encodingDNAandRNA

Health Impact ofCNTs

Parameters ofCNTsRelated to Health Impact

Purity

Solvents

Surface ofCNTs

Length

In VitroEffect ofCNTs

In VivoEffects ofCNTs

General Conclusions

Acknowledgments
Core–Shell Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery and Molecular Imaging
Authors: Han Sung Kyun , Kim Ree Sun , Lee Jin Ho , Tae Giyoong , Cho Sun Hang , Yuk Soon Hong
Published: September 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Core–shell Nanoparticles with a Lipid Core

Core–Shell Nanoparticles with a Polymeric Core

Hyaluronic Acid (HA)‐functionalizedPLGANanoparticles

Heparin‐functionalizedPLGANanoparticles

Core–shell Nanoparticles with a Metallic Core

Conclusions

Acknowledgments