bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Based on the Safe Operation of Electrified Railway Traction Power Supply Research of Harmonic Suppression
Authors: Ji Peng Xiao , Li Xue Wu
Published: November 2014

According to the base function and harmonic wave voltage separate effect of different mathematical model is set up the extension of the hybrid filter respectively. In the MATLAB environment, the paper analyzes the active filter effectively restrain system to the power grid impedance of the series-parallel resonant characteristics of passive power filter device and tolerance sensitivity of quality factors. Conclusion: capacitor tolerance have bigger influence on the quality factor. And through the programming into hybrid filter above build simulation module, the simulation is to get ideal effect of reactive power compensation and harmonic suppression.
Research on the Piano String Sound Reconstruction and its Implementation Based on the Theory of String Vibration
Authors: Li Dong Jing
Published: November 2014

The vibration of the string is a series of different frequency and different amplitude and phase of harmonic vibration superposition. These different frequencies are including fundamental frequency, double or triple frequency, and more integer time’s frequency. It is composed of string segment of vibration. The piano sound is spread by the string vibration, through the string to the soundboard that is by the soundboard to air, and then is introduced to the process of the human ear. String vibration is sound energy generated link, its energy is the key to the size of the sound vibration energy; therefore, the sound propagation attenuation problem in the first part is crucial, how to improve the strings attenuation becomes a key problem to be solved. This article aim is that the application of the string vibration theory in the piano strings sound reconstruction and its implementation are discussed.
Position Tracking Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Based on Fuzzy Sliding Mode Principle
Authors: Wen Ru Han , Lu Tao , Liu Fei , Gao Xiang
Published: November 2014

Aiming at the anti-jamming capability problem of permanent magnet synchronous motor servo system, a fuzzy sliding mode controller is designed. The sliding mode control enhances the anti-jamming capability of the system, but it also brings chattering to the system which influences the control performance. In order to solve this problem, a fuzzy item is utilized to obtain the gain of sliding mode switching control law. Hence, the switching gain is adjusted in real time according to the sliding mode surface . The simulation results show that the system achieves good traceability and anti-jamming capability, the proposed controller has good performance and successfully solves the chattering problem.
Collagen/Polyurethane-Coated Bioactive Glass: Early Achievements towards the Modelling of Healthy and Osteoporotic Bone
Authors: Caddeo Silvia , Baino Francesco , Ferreira Ana Marina , Sartori Susanna , Novajra Giorgia , Ciardelli Gianluca , Vitale-Brovarone Chiara
Published: November 2014

The development of suitable strategies to treat ageing-related pathologies has attracted the interest of researchers in view of the increasing life expectancy in the next decades. Osteoporosis is a worldwide disease with high prevalence in humans older than 50 that dramatically increases the risk of bone fractures with associated disabilities. The innovative use of new biomaterials as models of the healthy and osteoporotic bone matrix would be a new strategy to study the physiological conditions associated with osteoporosis and the connection between microenvironment changes and the bone ageing process. In this work, experimental bioactive glass substrates were coated with various polymer formulations in order to impart tunable surface features to the whole systems, which will act as models of the healthy and aged bone tissue once they have been colonized by cells.
Tailoring of Bone Scaffold Properties Using Silicate/Phosphate Glass Mixtures
Authors: Novajra Giorgia , Perdika Polytimi , Pisano Roberto , Baino Francesco , Jones Julian R. , Boccaccini Aldo Roberto , Detsch Rainer , Vitale-Brovarone Chiara
Published: November 2014

Different ratios of a resorbable phosphate glass (ICEL) and a bioactive silicate glass (CEL2) were co-sintered to obtain 3D porous scaffolds by gel-cast foaming method. The scaffold morphology, crystalline phases and compressive strength were studied. All the scaffolds showed a 3D structure with highly interconnected pores. The ICEL/CEL2 co-sintering resulted in a lower shrinkage leading to higher scaffold porosity (more than 70 vol%) compared to pure ICEL and CEL2 (about 65 vol%). Tuning ICEL/CEL2 ratio allowed the modulation of the scaffold resorption rate, with weight loss ranging from 20% to 75% after soaking for 3 months in simulated body fluid. Scaffolds containing higher amount of CEL2 silicate glass, resulted in a very high bioactivity.In vitrobiological test showed no toxic effect of the scaffolds on human osteoblast-like cells.
Sol-Gel Synthesis and Characterization of SiO2-CaO-P2O5-SrO Bioactive Glass: In Vitro Study
Authors: Solgi S. , Shahrezaee M. , Zamanian A. , Jafarzadeh Kashi T.S. , Raz Majid , Khoshroo K. , Tahriri M.
Published: November 2014

Bioactive glass of the type CaO–SrO–P2O5–SiO2was obtained by the sol-gel processing method. Three samples containing 0 mol%, 5 mol% and 10 mol% of SrO were synthesized. The obtained bioactive glasses were characterized by the techniques such as, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the effect of SrO/CaO substitution on in vitro biological properties of the synthesized glasses were evaluated and biocompatibility of the samples was measured using MTT assay. The results showed that incorporation of Sr in the obtained glass network did not result in any structural alteration of it due to the similar role of SrO compared with that of CaO. In vitro experiments with human osteosarcoma cell lines (MG-63) and MTT assay indicated that bioactive glass incorporating 5 mol% of Sr in the composition is non-toxic and revealed good biocompatibility.
The Antimicrobial Action of Silver Halides in Calcium Phosphate
Authors: Kalnina Daina , Gross Karlis Agris , Onufrijevs Pavels , Dauksta Edvins , Nikolajeva Vizma , Stankeviciute Zivile , Kareiva Aivaras
Published: November 2014

Silver halides represent a yet unexplored avenue for imparting antimicrobial activity in calcium phosphates. Silver halide colloids were added to calcium phosphate. Concurrent melting of silver halides and crystallization of carbonated apatite was achieved by heating to increase the silver halide surface area available to bacteria.Pseudomonas aeruginosa were more sensitive to silver iodide and silver bromide than Staphylococcus aureus. Silver iodide demonstrated greater activity than silver bromide. Silver chloride did not produce an antibacterial response. Both amorphous calcium phosphate and carbonated apatite displayed similar antibacterial activity when accompanied by silver halides. It is thought that amorphous calcium phosphate dissolves more readily and increases the bioavailability of the silver halide particles. Silver iodide displays a greater antibacterial response of all silver halides, with a response that is improved in a more resorbable matrix.
Spine-Ghost: A New Bioactive Cement for Vertebroplasty
Authors: Vitale-Brovarone Chiara , Pontiroli Lucia , Novajra Giorgia , Tcacencu Ion , Reis J.C. , Manca Antonio
Published: November 2014

An innovative, resorbable and injectable composite cement (Spine-Ghost) to be used for augmentation and restoration of fractured vertebrae was developed. Type III α-calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CSH) was selected as the bioresorbable matrix, while spray-dried mesoporous bioactive particles (SD-MBP, composition 80/20% mol SiO2/CaO), were added to impart high bioactive properties to the cement; a glass-ceramic containing zirconia was chosen as a second dispersed phase, in order to increase the radiopacity of the material. After mixing with water, an injectable paste was obtained. The developed cement proved to be mechanically compatible with healthy cancellous bone, resorbable and bioactive by soaking in simulated body fluid (SBF), cytocompatible through in-vitro cell cultures and it could be injected in ex-vivo sheep vertebra. Comparisons with a commercial control were carried out.
Innovative Design of a Longwall Shearer’s Haulage System with Highly Loaded Components of a Tribological Pair Manufactured According to the Precise Casting Technology
Authors: Zachura Adam , Żuczek Robert
Published: November 2014

Increased wear of drive wheel teeth in a longwall shearer requires frequent replacement of this expensive component, due to use of high power drives and geometrical limitations to the advance systems. A concept of the innovative Flextrack advance system, which enables limiting the high pressing stresses between cooperating surfaces of drive wheel and tooth gear (according to Hertz), was developed. The tooth gear, which consists of single segments, each with only one tooth, is the main component of Flextrack advance system. The sidewalls of the tooth gear have tacks of spherical shape located on the surfaces of the segments cooperating with each other. This design causes that the segments can be “seated” against each other, with no need to change the pitch between the teeth. The surfaces of tracks of tooth gear segments can incline transversely and longitudinally, and it is limited only by a special guide. The advance tooth gear system made in such way enables one to overcome horizontal and vertical inclinations of the conveyor route on which the shearer moves. The material model accepted for numerical analyses assumed the use of high strength spheroidal cast iron EN-GJS-1200-2 and L20HGSNM cast steel. The manufacture of casts of tooth gear segments in a precise casting technology enables one to obtain high accuracy of cooperating spherical surfaces as well as surfaces of the flank of the tooth cooperating with drive wheel. Accepted casting technology ensures high repeatability and the reduction of the cost of a single tooth gear segment, assuming serial manufacture. Changes applied to the design of advance system will increase the operational life of drive wheels, significantly reducing the maintenance time in very dangerous conditions.
The Development of the "Terra AFM" Microscope
Authors: Pawłowski Sławomir , Dobiński Grzegorz , Smolny Marek , Majcher Andrzej , Zbrowski Andrzej , Mrozek Mirosław
Published: November 2014

The article describes the development of the atomic force microscope “Terra AFM.” The microscope has been designed and built by the authors as a device for research applications in advanced technologies in industry and in teaching. The modular design of the microscope - the majority of mechanical, electronic and informatics solutions - facilitates the development and introduction of new functionality. Two new modules, correction of piezoelectric scanner nonlinearity and advanced imaging, using the measurement of the amplitude and phase of harmonics of the signal from the probe in the intermittent contact mode, are presented.
Stresses in a Cr-Ni Superficial Steel Layer Based on X-Ray Measurements and Electropolishing
Authors: Kucharska Barbara , Krzywiecki Michał
Published: November 2014

Research of residual stresses in steel at different depths from its surface is presented in this paper. The material used for research was AISI 310S heat resistant steel (containing approx. 0.2%C, 25%Cr and 20%Ni) in form of a rolled steel sheet with a thickness of 2mm. Stress measurements were conducted with the use of KαCo radiation by the sin2ψ method in three directions, including the direction of the sheet's rolling (φ = 0°). For the purpose of measuring stresses at different depths from the surface, the steel underwent the process of electropolishing in electrolyte based on perchloric acid at 32 V for various durations (every 1-5 s) to the maximum depth of 35 μm. The set residual stress distributions vary depending on the direction of the test. The strongest stresses are on the steel's surface, and stresses have the widest range (from compressing to streching ones) in the area under the surface, which occurred in the rolling direction, and the narrowest range in its transverse direction. A correlation was discovered in the distribution of compression stresses and microhardness in the outer layer of the steel to a depth of 10 μm, where the role of plastic deformation in shaping the qualities of the steel outweighs the influence of structure content. This was proven using polar figures.
The Use of Topology Optimization in Shaping the Strength of Castings
Authors: Pysz Stanisław , Małysza Marcin , Pieklo Jarosław
Published: November 2014

The article discusses some of the issues associated with the use of topology optimization in shaping of the strength of castings. This kind of optimization is performed in the preliminary design phase, when the shape of the constructed part is not yet defined. The limitations that apply to the designing process concern the dimensions, boundary conditions, loads, forces, and cooperation with other structural elements. Topology optimization determines the arrangement of the material in space, so that under the conditions of loads, exploitation, and the design assumptions, the construction will have smallest possible weight. The article presents a few methods of optimization and provides simple examples. The computer calculations were carried out based on, the Finite Element Method (the Abaqus software), and the authors’ subroutines optimization algorithm that uses the results obtained in FEM. The example of the method to optimize the shape of mine shaft tubing is presented. The verification of the casting technology was conducted in MAGMASoft, taking into account the influence of the topology optimization on the production possibilities.
Altered Lymph Node Composition in Diphtheria Toxin Receptor–Based Mouse Models To Ablate Dendritic Cells
Authors: van Blijswijk Janneke , Schraml Barbara U. , Rogers Neil C. , Whitney Paul G. , Zelenay Santiago , Acton Sophie E. , Reis e Sousa Caetano
Published: November 2014

Dendritic cells (DCs) are key regulators of innate and adaptive immunity. Our understanding of immune function has benefited greatly from mouse models allowing for selective ablation of DCs. Many such models rely on transgenic diphtheria toxin receptor (DTR) expression driven by DC-restricted promoters. This renders DCs sensitive to DT but is otherwise thought to have no effect on immune physiology. In this study, we report that, unexpectedly, mice in which DTR is expressed on conventional DCs display marked lymph node (LN) hypocellularity and reduced frequency of DCs in the same organs but not in spleen or nonlymphoid tissues. Intriguingly, in mixed bone marrow chimeras the phenotype conferred by DTR-expressing DCs is dominant over control bone marrow–derived cells, leading to small LNs and an overall paucity of DCs independently of the genetic ability to express DTR. The finding of alterations in LN composition and size independently of DT challenge suggests that caution must be exercised when interpreting results of experiments obtained with mouse models to inducibly deplete DCs. It further indicates that DTR, a member of the epidermal growth factor family, is biologically active in mice. Its use in cell ablation experiments needs to be considered in light of this activity.
Tekstualiteit van kinematografie: Filmhermeneutiek as publieke teologie
Authors: Dreyer-Kruger Anet Elizabeth
Published: November 2014

Tendencies in film hermeneutics. Hollywood is synonymous with the tradition of images that are used to create emotion, to strengthen attachment, and to encourage imitation. In a certain sense these values are also encouraged by the church as institution. Scholars who study the connection between cinematography and theology acknowledge that the cinema has become the ‘principal new church’ for post-secularised believers. Films are regarded among the ‘big books’ of ‘postmodern culture’. In this article it is argued that film hermeneutics should be regarded as an epistemological movement which has departed from a typographical culture, including logocentrism, phonocentrism, and text-focused cognition. The movement is towards a visual culture, including audiovisual and virtual realities, and is contextualised in a cyber-community. Tendencies in films with biblical and religious dimensions and themes, including the way in which the Christ figure is portrayed, are discussed. In this article the value of film hermeneutics – that is, the ‘textuality of the screen’ – as public theology, is also identified.
Is Matthew 28:16–20 the summary of the Gospel?
Authors: Sim David C.
Published: November 2014

It is generally acknowledged that the Great Commission at the end of Matthew’s Gospel is a dramatic and fitting end to the evangelist’s narrative. In the eyes of many scholars this final pericope does more than simply conclude the Gospel; it serves as a summary of the text’s major themes and even provides the interpretative key by which the earlier story should be read. This view, however, is questionable for two reasons. Firstly, the Great Commission introduces new themes and motifs into the Gospel story, which means that it cannot be viewed as a mere summary of what has come before. Secondly, this passage does not mention all the major themes of the Gospel. While some important motifs are included in the final pericope, there are others that receive no mention at all. This point too casts considerable doubt on the view that Matthew 28:16–20 serves to summarise Matthew’s story of Jesus. Moreover, the Great Commission, despite recalling a number of earlier themes, looks more towards the time of the future Church than back to the time of ‘the historical Jesus’. It is therefore better viewed as a bridging text that concludes one Christian story about the mission of Jesus and introduces another story about the history of the Church.
Reading Matthew by the Dead Sea: Matthew 8:5–13 in Light of P. Yadin 11
Authors: Esler Philip F.
Published: November 2014

The archive of the Judean woman Babatha, with its 35 legal papyri in Aramaic and Greek (P. Yadin 1–35), which was hidden by her in a cave on the western side of the Dead Sea in 135 CE and rediscovered in 1961, offers unique insights into the social world of the region from 94–132 CE. This is because legal documents reflect significant opportunities and challenges in people’s lives and frequently bring to the surface underlying social issues and pressures. Babatha’s documents, which reflect lively interactions between Judeans, Nabateans and Romans across a wide range of situations, do precisely this. They allow us better to understand the context in which New Testament texts appeared and how they made sense to their original audiences. Matthew’s Gospel, with its strong interest in Judean/non-Judean relationships, is particularly susceptible to such treatment. In this article, P. Yadin 11, a remarkable document in Greek from 124 CE recording a loan of 60 denarii from a Roman centurion stationed at En-gedi to Babatha’s second husband, is analysed for what it reveals about likely understandings of centurions in that setting. The findings of this investigation are then applied to Matthew 8:5–13 in the interests of a socially realistic interpretation.
Baptism and the pollution of Africa’s water
Authors: De Klerk Ben J.
Published: November 2014

Water often moves us to wonder, joy, terror or peace, and many times, water moves us to prayer. On the other hand, it is projected that, because of water shortages, by 2020, several African countries will experience a 50% reduction in crop yields. Between 75 and 250 million Africans will confront freshwater shortages. Water plays an important role in baptism: the requirements of Christian baptism are the use of water and calling upon the name of the Triune God. Baptism as a water bath is the fulfilment of the Old Testament washings. Nobody could and still can appear before God as an unclean person; baptism stresses the importance of cleansing. The research question that is discussed in this article is the following: in what way may baptism, as holy sign and seal of the washing away of sins by the blood and Spirit of Jesus Christ, contribute to sensitise believers to combat waste in our rivers and dams and the pollution of our waters? Two aspects of baptism are discussed, namely cleansing and going under and coming up from the water as sign and seal of partaking in Christ’s death and resurrection.
Gangsterism on the Cape Flats: A challenge to ‘engage the powers’
Authors: Bowers Du Toit Nadine F.
Published: November 2014

One of the most pressing issues in the urban ghettos of the Cape Flats is that of gangsterism and the discourse of power and powerlessness that is its lifeblood. Media coverage over the past two years was littered with news on gangsterism as the City of Cape Town struggles to contain what some labelled a pandemic. It is a pandemic that is closely tied to a deprivation trap of poverty, marginalisation, isolation, unemployment and, ultimately, powerlessness. The latter concept of powerlessness and its interplay with these factors constituted the main thrust of this article as it explores the concept of power (and powerlessness) as deeply relational with the economic, psycho-social and spiritual dimensions. It is proposed that Kingdom power challenges the status quo within such contexts and offers the church an alternative framework within which to engage prophetically.
Back to where it all began …? Reflections on injecting the (spiritual) ethos of the Early Town Planning Movement into Planning, Planners and Plans in post-1994 South Africa
Authors: Oranje Mark
Published: November 2014

Recent developments in South Africa in the field of planning, the domain of plans, and the world of planners, would suggest that planning and plans are viewed in a positive light, the local planning profession is in good shape, and these instruments and actors can play a meaningful role in the development and transformation of the country. In this article, these assumptions were explored through the lens of the attributes and convictions that gave birth to and drove the early ‘town planning movement’ in the industrial cities of North America and Western Europe. A key theme in this analysis was the role played in the early town planning movement by compassion, passion and care for progressive change, and the conviction that it was possible to do so through the application of reason, technical ability and ingenuity. Based on this analysis, the argument was put forward that, while planning, plans and planners in South Africa could potentially play a crucial part in the crafting of a different country, a number of crucial changes would need to be made. The challenges associated with effecting these changes were subsequently explored, and the article concluded with a proposal for doing so by tapping into the metaphors as deployed, and the drive and passion as displayed by those in the early town planning movement.
A pastoral psychological approach to domestic violence in South Africa
Authors: Davies Petronella J. , Dreyer Yolanda
Published: November 2014

South Africa suffers a scourge of domestic violence. Colonial oppression upset the delicate balance between ‘discipline’ and ‘protection’ in traditional cultures. The full consequence of a patriarchal mindset of male control is unleashed on girls and women. The aim of this article is to investigate how the cycle of domestic violence can be broken and what role pastoral counsellors can play with regard to both victims and offenders in order to prevent history from repeating itself. The article also investigates the extent to which legislation has succeeded in protecting individuals. Pastoral care and counselling comprise both spiritual and emotional support. The combination of two counselling methods compatible with religious themes such as ‘hope’ and ‘new life’, namely logotherapy (Victor Frankl) and narrative pastoral counselling, is presented as an effective response to domestic violence.
Fusarium species isolated from Pennisetum clandestinum collected during outbreaks of kikuyu poisoning in cattle in South Africa
Authors: Botha Christo J. , Truter Mariëtte , Jacobs Adriaana
Published: November 2014

Kikuyu poisoning occurs sporadically in South Africa. It is of major economic importance, as valuable dairy cows are often poisoned by it, and once affected, the mortality rate is high. Pennisetum clandestinum samples were collected during eight outbreaks of kikuyu poisoning in cattle in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa from 2008 to 2010. The kikuyu grass samples were submitted specifically for the isolation and molecular identification of Fusarium species, as it was recently suggested that mycotoxins synthesised by Fusarium torulosum could be the cause of this intoxication. Ninety-four Fusarium isolates were retrieved from the grass samples, of which 72 were members of the Fusarium incarnatum/Fusarium equiseti species complex based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses of the translation elongation factor 1α sequence data. The South African isolates from kikuyu identified as members of the F. incarnatum/F. equiseti species complex grouped together in six separate clades. The other isolates were Fusarium culmorum (n = 3), Fusarium redolens (n = 4) and Fusarium oxysporum (n = 15). Although F. torulosum could not be isolated from P. clandestinum collected during kikuyu poisoning outbreaks in South Africa, the mycotoxicosis theory is still highly plausible.
Supratentorial intermediate grade meningeal melanocytoma with intratumoral bleed in the background of neurocutaneous melanosis: Report of an unusual case and review of literature
Authors: Das Kuntal , Nair Anup , Jaiswal Sushila , Sahu Rabi , Srivastava Arun , Kumar Raj , Mehrotra Anant
Published: November 2014

Primary melanocytic tumours of the central nervous system (CNS) are rare. According to the WHO classification (2007), these tumours include diffuse leptomeningeal melanosis, melanomatosis, melanocytoma, and primary CNS melanoma. Meningeal melanocytoma, most commonly seen in the infratentorial compartment and cervical spinal cord, is a benign primary melanocytic neoplasm. Primary CNS melanoma, on the other hand, represents the malignant end of the spectrum. Intermediate grade melanocytoma is a rare histological subtype of primary meningeal tumours and is characterised by the clinicopathological features between the two extremes. Neurocutaneous melanosis (NCM) is a rare phacomatosis characterised by melanotic lesions on the skin and leptomeninges. Leptomeningeal manifestation in NCM may be observed either in the form of diffuse leptomeningeal melanosis or primary CNS melanoma. Melanocytomas are focal lesions and their association with NCM is extremely rare. In this report, we present an unusual case of NCM accompanied by right frontal intermediate grade melanocytoma with intratumoral bleeding in a 17-year-old boy. A brief literature review is also presented.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis in monozygotic twins with central diabetes insipidus and hypophyseal masses
Authors: Wei Sung-Tai , Chen Der-Cherng , Cho Der-Yang , Lin Hung-Lin
Published: November 2014

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a systemic disease mainly affecting children and young adults. It can manifest as single system disorder or multi-system involvement. When the central nervous system is involved, the hypothalamic-pituitary axis is the most common location affected. Herein we report a rare case of Langerhans cell histiocytosis in monozygotic twins both with central diabetes and hypophyseal masses. This is the first report about LCH in monozygotic twins with hypophyseal lesions.
Nocardia farcinica abscess of the cerebellum in an immunocompetent patient: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Pascual-Gallego María , Alonso-Lera Pedro , Arribi Ana , Barcia Juan , Marco Javier
Published: November 2014

Nocardial brain abscesses are uncommon and rarely occur in patients without predisposing factors. They may be mistaken for gliomas or necrotic metastases, and surgical intervention may be required to make the diagnosis. We report the first case of Nocardia farcinica cerebellar abscess in a patient without immunosuppression. He presented to us with headache and instability beginning a week before. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed a cystic lesion located at the right cerebellar hemisphere, hypointense in T1 and hyperintense in T2, with a fine wall that enhanced after injection of gadolinium. Image tests also showed a cavitated lesion at the upper lobule of the right lung. The patient underwent craniotomy and drainage of the cerebellar abscess. Initial post-operative treatment with linezolid produced a limited response. He was re-operated and vancomycin, imipenem and ciprofloxacin were added with an excellent outcome of the cerebellar and lung lesions.
The logarithms of Dehn twists
Authors: Kawazumi Nariya , Kuno Yusuke
Published: November 2014

By introducing an invariant of loops on a compact oriented surface with one boundary component, we give an explicit formula for the action of Dehn twists on the completed group ring of the fundamental group of the surface. is invariant can be considered as “the logarithms” of Dehn twists. e formula generalizes the classical formula describing the action on the rst homology of the surface, and Morita’s explicit computations of the extended rst and the second Johnson homomorphisms. For the proof we use a homological interpretation of the Goldman Lie algebra in the framework of Kontsevich’s formal symplectic geometry. As an application, we prove that the action of the Dehn twist of a simple closed curve on the k-th nilpotent quotient of the fundamental group of the surface depends only on the conjugacy class of the curve in the

k

-th quotient.
Newton’s $\textit{\textsf{Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica}}$ ‘‘Jesuit’’ Edition: The Tenor of a Huge Work
Authors: Bussotti Paolo , Pisano Raffaele
Published: November 2014

This paper has the aim to provide a general view of the so called
Jesuit Edition
(hereafter JE) of Newton’s
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica
(1739–1742). This edition was conceived to explain all Newton’s methods through an apparatus of notes and commentaries. Every Newton’s proposition is annotated. Because of this, the text – in four volumes – is one of the most important documents to understand Newton’s way of reasoning. This edition is well known, but systematic works on it are still missing. We are going to fill this gap by means of a project exposed in the final remarks of this paper. In this paper we will: A) expound the way in which the notes and the additions to the JE were conceived by the commentators; B) provide some pieces of information about the commentators; C) summarize the most important of their notes; D) examine closely their notes as to a particularly important question: the so called ‘‘inverse problem of the central forces’’.
The impacts of fireworks burning at Chinese Spring Festival on air quality and human health: insights of tracers, source evolution and aging processes
Authors: Kong S. , Li L. , Li X. , Yin Y. , Chen K. , Liu D. , Yuan L. , Zhang Y. , Shan Y. , Ji Y.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. To understand the impact of fireworks burning (FW) particles on air quality and human health during winter haze period, thirty-nine elements, ten water-soluble ions and eight fractions of carbonaceous species in atmospheric PM2.5 at Nanjing were investigated during 2014 Chinese Spring Festival (SF). Serious regional haze pollution persisted throughout the entire sampling period, PM2.5 averaging at 113 ± 69 μg m−3 and visibility at 4.8 ± 3.2 km. The holiday effect led to almost all the chemical species decreasing during the SF, except for Al, K, Ba and Sr which were related to FW. The source contributions of coal combustion, vehicle emission and road dust descreased dramatically, whereas FW contributed to about half of the PM2.5 during SF period. The intensive emission of FW particles at New Year's Eve accounted for 60.1% of the PM2.5. They also significnatly modified the chemical compositions of PM2.5, with 39.3% contributed by increased organic matter, followed by steadly increased loadings of secondary inorganic ions. The aging processes of the FW particles lasted for at least six days reflected by the variation of SO42−, characterized by heterogeneous reactions of SO2 and NOx on crustal materials directly from FW, the replacement of Cl− by NO3− and SO42− coating of NO3− and SO42− on soot, formation of secondary organic aerosols and metal-catalyzed formation of NO3− and SO42− at higher relative humidity. During aging, the main contributors to the extinction coefficient shifted from elemental carbon and organic matter to sulfate ammonium. The particles raised higher cancer risks by heavy metals (especially for Cd and As) as 1.62 ×10−6. This study provided detailed composition data and first comprehensive analysis of the aging processes of FW particles at serious haze pollution period and their potential impact on human health.
Observations and comparisons of cloud microphysical properties in spring and summertime Arctic stratocumulus during the ACCACIA campaign
Authors: Lloyd G. , Choularton T. W. , Bower K. N. , Crosier J. , Jones H. , Dorsey J. R. , Gallagher M. W. , Connolly P. , Kirchgaessner A. C. R. , Lachlan-Cope T.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Measurements from four case studies in spring and summer-time Arctic stratocumulus clouds during the Aerosol–Cloud Coupling And Climate Interactions in the Arctic (ACCACIA) campaign are presented. We compare microphysics observations between cases and with previous measurements made in the Arctic and Antarctic. During ACCACIA, stratocumulus clouds were observed to consist of liquid at cloud tops, often at distinct temperature inversions. The cloud top regions precipitated low concentrations of ice into the cloud below. During the spring cases median ice number concentrations (~0.5 L−1) were found to be lower by about a factor of 5 than observations from the summer campaign (~3 L−1). Cloud layers in the summer spanned a warmer temperature regime than in the spring and enhancement of ice concentrations in these cases was found to be due to secondary ice production through the Hallett–Mossop (H–M) process. Aerosol concentrations during spring ranged from ~300–400 cm−3 in one case to lower values of ~50–100 cm−3 in the other. The concentration of aerosol with sizes, Dp > 0.5 μm, was used in a primary ice nucleus (IN) prediction scheme, DeMott et al. (2010). Predicted IN values varied depending on aerosol measurement periods, but were generally greater than maximum observed median values of ice crystal concentrations in the spring cases, and less than the observed ice concentrations in the summer due to the influence of secondary ice production. Comparison with recent cloud observations in the Antarctic summer (Grosvenor et al., 2012), reveals lower ice concentrations in Antarctic clouds in comparable seasons. An enhancement of ice crystal number concentrations (when compared with predicted IN numbers) was also found in Antarctic stratocumulus clouds spanning the Hallett–Mossop (H–M) temperature zone, but concentrations were about an order of magnitude lower than those observed in the Arctic summer cases, but were similar to the peak values observed in the colder Arctic spring cases, where the H–M mechanism did not operate.
Chemical and stable carbon isotopic composition of PM2.5 from on-road vehicle emissions in the PRD region and implication for vehicle emission control policy
Authors: Dai S. , Bi X. , Chan L. Y. , He J. , Wang B. , Wang X. , Sheng G. , Fu J.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Vehicle emission is a major source of urban air pollution. In recent decade, the Chinese government has introduced a range of policies to reduce the vehicle emission. In order to understand the chemical characteristics of PM2.5 from on-road vehicle emission in the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region and to evaluate the effectiveness of control policies on vehicles emission, the emission factors of PM2.5 mass, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), water-soluble inorganic ions (WSII), metal elements, organic compounds and stable carbon isotopic composition were measured in the Zhujiang Tunnel of Guangzhou, the PRD region of China in 2013. Emission factors of PM2.5 mass, OC, EC, and WSOC were 92.4, 16.7, 16.4, and 1.31 mg vehicle−1 km−1 respectively. Emission factors of WSII were 0.016 (F-) ~4.17 (Cl-) mg vehicle−1 km−1, totally contributing about 9.8% to the PM2.5 emissions. The sum of 27 measured metal elements accounted for 15.2% of the PM2.5 emissions. Fe was the most abundant metal element, with an emission factor of 3.91 mg vehicle−1 km−1. Emission factors of organic compounds including n-alkanes, PAHs, hopanes, and steranes were 91.9, 5.02, 32.0 and 7.59 μg vehicle−1 km−1, respectively. Stable carbon isotopic composition δ13C value was measured and it was −25.0‰ on average. An isotopic fractionation of 3.2‰ was found during fuel combustion. Compared with a previous study in Zhujiang Tunnel in year 2004, emission factors of PM2.5 mass, EC, OC, WSII except Cl-, and organic compounds decreased by 16.0–93.4%, which could be attributed to emission control policy from 2004 to 2013. However, emission factors of most of the metal elements increased significantly, which could be partially attributed to the changes in motor oil additives and vehicle condition. There are no mandatory national standards to limit metal content from vehicle emission, which should be a concern of the government. A snapshot of the 2013 characteristic emission of PM2.5 and its constituents from on-road vehicular fleet in the PRD region retrieved from our study was found to be useful for the assessment of past and future implementation of vehicle emission control policy.
Formation and chemical aging of secondary organic aerosol during the β-caryophyllene oxidation
Authors: Tasoglou A. , Pandis S. N.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production during the oxidation of β-caryophyllene by ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radicals (OH) and the subsequent chemical aging of the products during reactions with OH were investigated. Experiments were conducted with ozone, hydroxyl radicals at low NOx (zero added NOx) and at high NOx (100s of ppb). The SOA mass yield at 10 μg m−3 of organic aerosol is 26% for the ozonolysis, 20% for the reaction with OH at low NOx and 38% at high NOx. Parameterizations of the fresh SOA yields have been developed. The average fresh SOA atomic O : C ratio varied from 0.24 to 0.33 depending on the oxidant and the NOx level. The chemical aging of the produced β-caryophyllene SOA was studied by exposing the fresh SOA to high concentrations (107 molecules cm−3) of hydroxyl radicals for several hours. These additional reactions increased the SOA concentration by 15–40% and the O : C by approximately 25%. It was found that the exposure to UV-light has no effect on the β-caryophyllene SOA. Experiments suggested that there was a significant impact of the relative humidity in the chemical aging of the SOA. We quantified the evaporation rates of β-caryophyllene SOA by using a thermodenuder. The corresponding volatility distributions and the effective vaporization enthalpies were estimated. An average density of 1.06 ± 0.1 g cm−3 of the β-caryophyllene SOA was estimated.
Coupling of the VAMPER permafrost model within the earth system model iLOVECLIM (version 1.0): description and validation
Authors: Kitover D. , van Balen R. , Roche D. M. , Vandenberghe J. , Renssen H.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. The VAMPER permafrost model has been enhanced for coupling within the iLOVECLIM earth system model of intermediate complexity by including snow thickness and active layer calculations. In addition, the coupling between iLOVECLIM and the VAMPER model includes two spatially variable maps of geothermal heat flux and generalized lithology. A semi-coupled version is validated using the modern day extent of permafrost along with observed permafrost thickness and subsurface temperatures at selected borehole sites. The modeling run not including the effects of snow cover overestimate the present permafrost extent. However, when the snow component is included, the extent is overall reduced too much. It was found that most of the modeled thickness values and subsurface temperatures fall within a reasonable range of the corresponding observed values. Discrepancies are due to lack of captured effects from features such as topography and organic soil layers. In addition, some discrepancy is also due to disequilibrium with the current climate, meaning that some permafrost is a result of colder states and therefore cannot be reproduced accurately with the iLOVECLIM preindustrial forcings.
Exploring the isopycnal mixing and helium-heat paradoxes in a suite of Earth System Models
Authors: Gnanadesikan A. , Abernathey R. , Pradal M.-A.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. This paper uses a suite of Earth System models which simulate the distribution of He isotopes and radiocarbon to examine two paradoxes in Earth science. The helium-heat paradox refers to the fact that helium emissions to the deep ocean are far lower than would be expected given the rate of geothermal heating, since both are thought to be the result of radioactive decay in the earth's interior. The isopycnal mixing paradox comes from the fact that many theoretical parameterizations of the isopycnal mixing coefficient ARedi that link it to baroclinic instability project it to be small (of order a few hundred m2 s−1) in the ocean interior away from boundary currents. However, direct observations using tracers and floats (largely in the upper ocean) suggest that values of this coefficient are an order of magnitude higher. Because helium isotopes equilibrate rapidly with the atmosphere, but radiocarbon equilibrates slowly, it might be thought that resolving the isopycnal mixing paradox in favor of the higher observational estimates of ARedi might also solve the helium paradox. In this paper we show that this is not the case. In a suite of models with different spatially constant and spatially varying values of ARedi the distribution of radiocarbon and helium isotopes is sensitive to the value of ARedi. However, away from strong helium sources in the Southeast Pacific, the relationship between the two is not sensitive, indicating that large-scale advection is the limiting process for removing helium and radiocarbon from the deep ocean. The helium isotopes, in turn, suggest a higher value of ARedi in the deep ocean than is seen in theoretical parameterizations based on baroclinic growth rates. We argue that a key part of resolving the isopycnal mixing paradox is to abandon the idea that ARedi has a direct relationship to local baroclinic instability and to the so called "thickness" mixing coefficient AGM.
An overview of the recent approaches for terroir functional modelling, footprinting and zoning
Authors: Vaudour E. , Costantini E. , Jones G. V. , Mocali S.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Notions of terroir and their conceptualization through agri-environmental sciences have become popular in many parts of world. Originally developed for wine, terroir now encompasses many other crops including fruits, vegetables, cheese, olive oil, coffee, cacao and other crops, linking the uniqueness and quality of both beverages and foods to the environment where they are produced, giving the consumer a sense of place. Climate, geology, geomorphology, and soil are the main environmental factors which compose the terroir effect at different scales. Often considered immutable at the cultural scale, the natural components of terroir are actually a set of processes, which together create a delicate equilibrium and regulation of its effect on products in both space and time. Due to both a greater need to better understand regional to site variations in crop production and the growth in spatial analytic technologies, the study of terroir has shifted from a largely descriptive regional science to a more applied, technical research field. Furthermore, the explosion of spatial data availability and sensing technologies has made the within-field scale of study more valuable to the individual grower. The result has been greater adoption but also issues associated with both the spatial and temporal scales required for practical applications, as well as the relevant approaches for data synthesis. Moreover, as soil microbial communities are known to be of vital importance for terrestrial processes by driving the major soil geochemical cycles and supporting healthy plant growth, an intensive investigation of the microbial organization and their function is also required. Our objective is to present an overview of existing data and modelling approaches for terroir functional modelling, footprinting and zoning at local and regional scales. This review will focus on three main areas of recent terroir research: (1) quantifying the influences of terroir components on plant growth, fruit composition and quality, mostly examining climate-soil-water relationships and/or using new tools to unravel the biogeochemical cycles of both macro- and micronutrients, the functional diversity of terroirs and the chemical signature of products for authentification (the metagenomic approach and the regional fingerprinting); (2) terroir zoning at different scales: mapping terroirs and using remote and proxy sensing technologies to monitor soil quality and manage the crop system for a better food quality; and (3) terroir sustainability assessment and new preservation practices.
Combining damage and fracture mechanics to model calving
Authors: Krug J. , Weiss J. , Gagliardini O. , Durand G.
Published: November 2014

Abstract. Calving of icebergs is a major negative component of polar ice-sheet mass balance. Here we present a new calving model relying on both continuum damage mechanics and linear elastic fracture mechanics. This combination accounts for both the slow sub-critical surface crevassing and the rapid propagation of crevasses when calving occurs. First, damage to the ice occurs over long timescales and enhances the viscous flow of ice. Then brittle fractures propagate downward, at very short timescales, when the ice body is considered as an elastic medium. The model was calibrated on Helheim Glacier, Southeast Greenland, a well-monitored glacier with fast-flowing outlet. This made it possible to identify sets of model parameters to enable a consistent response of the model and to produce a dynamic equilibrium in agreement with the observed stable position of the Helheim ice front between 1930 and today.