bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ESTIMASI HERITABILITAS SIFAT PERTUMBUHAN DOMBA EKOR GEMUK DI UNIT PELAKSANA TEKNIS PEMBIBITAN TERNAK-HIJAUAN MAKANAN TERNAK GARAHAN
Authors: (Sumadi) Sumadi , Prajayastanda Jatmika , Ngadiyono Nono
Published: April 2016

Sheep is one of popular ruminants in Indonesia, because sheep is one one of source of animal protein, and also easy and convenient in breeding. Therefor, they should be developed, preserved and increased through improvement of genetic quality by selection and mating control in the breeding program. Arrangement of a breeding program requires the values of genetic parameter namely heritability. The purpose of this study was to estimate the growth heritability value of Fat Tailed sheep in UPT PT-HMT Garahan, Jember, East Java. Data were collected from progeny, birth weight and weaning weight of Fat Tailed sheep from 2007 to 2012 in UPT-HMT Garahan, Jember. Data were corrected by sex, type of birth and weaning of age. Data were analyzed using the heritability of paternal halfsib correlations and nested method of analysis. The estimation of heritabilities using paternal halfsib correlation were 0.85±0.39; 0.89±0,41 and 0.67±0.37 for birth weight, weaning weight and pre weaning average daily gain (ADG). While, heritabilities estimated from nested method were 0.89±0,48 (h2 S); -0.11±0.33 (h2 D); 0.39±0.28 (h2 S+D); 0.71±0.50 (h2 S); 0.69±0.52 (h2 D);  0.70±0.33 (h2 S+D); 0.47±0.44 (h2 S); 0.72±0.56 (h2 D); 0.60±0.32 (h2 S+D) for birth weight, weaning weight an pre weaning ADG, respectively. All growth heritabilities of Fat Tailed sheep in high category.

(Keyword: Fat Tailed sheep, Growth characters, Heritability)
POTENSI EDIBLE FILM ANTIMIKROBA SEBAGAI PENGAWET DAGING
Authors: (Maskiyah) Maskiyah , (Juniawati) Juniawati , Iriani Evi Savitri
Published: April 2016

Fresh meat are highly perishable due to their enriched nutrient composition which is easily contaminated by almost any microorganisms. The application of antimicrobial edible films is one of the effective method to extend the shelf life of fresh meat. This study aimed to get antimicrobial edible films formula that have the potential to preserve fresh meat. The study consisted of several steps: 1) research for making a fresh garlic extract, 2) extraction of gelatin from chicken feet, 3) formulation and manufacturing of antimicrobial edible films and 4) the application of edible films on fresh meat. Gelatin-based antimicrobial edible films was the best one that can be applied on fresh meat. Characteristics of the antimirobial edible film: color L 97.28; elongation: 20 mm; tensile strength <0.1 kgf; thickness 0.06 mm; WVTR 15.49 g/(mm.jam); Aw 0.526; moisture content: 22.73%, and has antimicrobial characteristic because of it’s inhibition ability to the growth of S. aureus and E. coli.

(Key words: Antimicrobial, Edible film, Meat)
PERFORMANCES COMPARISON BETWEEN URBAN AND RURAL PIG FARMING SYSTEMS IN MANOKWARI, WEST PAPUA PROVINCE INDONESIA
Authors: Saragih Desni Triana Ruli , Lyai Deny Anjelus
Published: April 2016

Pigs are kept both in urban and rural areas. This research identified the performance differences between urban and rural farming systems. The study was conducted in Manokwari regency and involved six districts, i.e. Nothern Manokwari district, Eastern Manokari District, Western Manokwari district,
Warmare district, Prafi district and Masni district. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 18.0, an independent-samples T test was run to compare urban and rural pig farming systems. The research found that there were differences of ages and feeding hours (P<0.05) between those two farming systems. There
were no differences in household members, experience, average pig owned, working hours, selling period, litter size and number of farrowing. There are nine point of pig farming improvement that should be done to sustain pig farming systems in Manokwari Papua. Education may be improved by provide informal and skillful education. Pig ownership should be increased. Working hours must be increased. Pig keeping in the pens should be done by farmers. Managing pigs with additional time is important so that pigs will be maintained well. Litter sizes both in urban and rural are low, therefore further improvements are needed. Recording pig productivities must be done by every farmer.

(Key words: Arfak pig farmers, Pig performance, Rural pig farming, Urban pig farming)
EFFECT OF NONI FRUIT (Morinda citrifolia) POWDER AS FEED ADDITIVE ON INTESTINAL MICROFLORA AND VILI CHARACTERISTICS OF HYBRID DUCK
Authors: Kurniawan David , Widodo Eko , Djunaidi Irfan H
Published: April 2016

Noni fruit is a medicanal plant with biological activity like antimicrobial and antioxidant that could potentially be used as a feed additive in poultry. This research investigated the effect of noni fruit powder as feed additive on intestinal microflora and villi characteristics of hybrid duck. The subjects for this study were one hundred fifty of 2-week-old hybrid duck that were divided into 5 dietary groups, namely P0: basal feed serving as negative control, P1: basal feed + 1 % noni fruit powder, P2: basal feed + 2 % noni fruit powder, P3: basal feed + 3 % noni fruit powder, P4: basal feed supplemented with tetracycline antibiotic (300mg/kg feed) as positive control. Data were analyzed by one-way of Completely Randomized Design and if there was significant effect followed by Duncan’s Multiple Range Test. The result show that levels of noni fruit powder significantly influence (P<0.01) intestinal microflora. Total Escherichia coli of intestinal microflora was decreasing, however total Lactic acid bacteria was equal to negative control. Intestinal villi characteristics show that significantly different (P<0.01) with used noni fruit powder. Treatment noni fruit powder 1% can increase villus length and villus surface area.

 

(Key words: Duck, Intestinal changes, Noni Fruit, Phytobiotic)
KUALITAS NUTRISI AMPAS KELAPA (Cocos nucifera L.) FERMENTASI MENGGUNAKAN Aspergillus niger
Authors: Kurniawan Heri
Published: April 2016

This research was aimed to observe the effect of usage of Aspergillus niger for fermenting coconut dregs (Cocos Nucifera L.) on its nutrition quality. Aspergillus niger obtained from Biochemical and Nutrition Laboratory of Animal Science Faculty on UGM, Yogyakarta was optimalized at coconut oil and coconut dregs as substrat. Variable was perceived for example enzyme lipase production, the quality of physical (pH, texture, color, aroma), and chemical composition of coconut dregs, steamed coconut dregs, fermented coconut dregs and steamed fermented coconut dregs. The result showed that Aspergillus niger producted highest enzyme of lipase in four days incubation either at coconut oil (0.85U/ml) and coconut dregs (1.81U/ml) as substrat. The treatment of steaming and fermenting of coconut dregs affected of pH, tekstur, color, aroma as will as decreased dry materials (12.75 and 16.24%), crude fat (13.11 and 29.20%), organic materials (5.21 and 16.89%) but increased crude protein (11.84%), crude fibre (24.85 and 36.81%) and extract materials without nitrogen (10.28 and 23.97%). It could be concluded that Aspergillus niger have activity of lipase which high enough so that can degraded fat content of coconut dregs.

 

(Key word: Aspergillus niger, Coconut dregs, Fermentation)
Anatomical Findings in Patients Undergoing Total Hip Arthroplasty for Idiopathic Femoral Head Osteonecrosis
Authors: Ollivier Matthieu , Lunebourg Alexandre , Abdel Matthew P. , Parratte Sébastien , Argenson Jean-Noël
Published: April 2016

Background:

Osteonecrosis of the femoral head has a host of etiologies. However, in 30% of the cases, no underlying etiology is identified and the process is considered “idiopathic.” Our hypothesis was that osseous anatomical abnormalities might be frequently found in patients with femoral head osteonecrosis.

Methods:

A retrospective, 1:2 matched, case-control study was undertaken to compare ninety patients with idiopathic osteonecrosis who had undergone lower-limb computed tomography (CT) prior to undergoing total hip arthroplasty with 180 control patients matched for age, sex, and body mass index (BMI) who had undergone lower-limb computed tomography scanning at our radiology department for any reason except articular or bone disease. Preoperative CT scans were performed for all patients to evaluate femoral offset, femoral neck-shaft angle, femoral neck version, femoral head diameter, acetabular coverage estimated with use of the lateral center-edge angle, acetabular version, and acetabular diameter. The mean age was forty-five years, 69% of the patients were men, and the mean BMI was 26 kg/m2.

Results:

Anatomical “abnormalities” associated with osteonecrosis were determined to be a femoral neck-shaft angle of <129° (likelihood ratio [LR] = 3.6), femoral neck version of >17° (LR = 3.8), a lateral center-edge angle of <32° (LR = 5.7), and acetabular version of <19° (LR = 1.38). A combination of three of the four anatomical “abnormalities” was found in 73% of the patients with osteonecrosis but only 11% of the control cases (LR = 6).

Conclusions:

This 1:2 matched, anatomical study suggests that acetabular and femoral anatomical factors, in isolation or combination, can be found in a large percentage of cases of “idiopathic” osteonecrosis.

Clinical Relevance:

In this study, isolated or combined abnormalities of the hip were observed in the group of patients with osteonecrosis. Those elements may help surgeons to understand the process underlying idiopathic osteonecrosis and thus require further investigation.
Use of the Reamer/Irrigator/Aspirator Decreases Carotid and Cranial Embolic Events in a Canine Model
Authors: Miller Anna N. , Deal Dwight , Green James , Houle Timothy , Brown William , Thore Clara , Stump David , Webb Lawrence X.
Published: April 2016

Background:

Approximately 2 million patients in the United States annually undergo total joint arthroplasty with reaming and placement of intramedullary nails, resulting in extravasation of bone marrow and fat into the circulatory system and potentially causing fat embolism syndrome. Acute and chronic changes in mental status documented after these procedures may be related to embolic events. The Reamer/Irrigator/Aspirator (RIA) device has been shown to decrease intramedullary pressure during reaming. We hypothesized that the use of the RIA in a canine model would reduce the number of microemboli detected in the carotid artery and brain compared with nailing either with or without reaming.

Methods:

Twenty-four large canines underwent unreamed nailing (UR), sequentially reamed nailing (SR), or RIA-reamed nailing (RIA) of bilateral femora (eight dogs per group). During reaming and nailing, the number and size of microemboli transiting the carotid artery were recorded. After euthanasia, the brain was harvested for immunostaining and measurement of microinfarction volumes.

Results:

Total embolic load passing through the carotid artery was 0.049 cc (UR), 0.045 cc (SR), and 0.013 cc (RIA). The number and size of microemboli in the UR and SR groups were similar; however, the RIA group had significantly fewer larger-sized (>200-μm) emboli (p = 0.03). Pathologic examination of the brain confirmed particulate emboli, and histologic analyses demonstrated upregulation of stress-related proteins in all groups, with fewer emboli and less evidence of stress for RIA reaming.

Conclusions:

RIA reaming decreased microemboli compared with traditional reaming and unreamed nailing, suggesting that intramedullary pressure and heat are important variables. The documented embolic events and brain stress may help to explain subtle neurobehavioral symptoms commonly seen in patients after undergoing long-bone reaming procedures.

Clinical Relevance:

RIA reaming decreased cranial embolic events and may have an ameliorating effect on postoperative neurologic sequelae.
LWD Sine Wave Image Logging Advances: Utilizing the Latest Technology of High-Resolution Images Acquired in Highly Conductive Mud in Horizontal Hole
Authors: El Saify Abdel Fattah
Published: April 2016

Continued technological advances have made image logging-while-drilling (LWD) technologies a reliable tool to evaluate and describe reservoir characterization.

One benefit of imaging-while-drilling is the ability to evaluate the formation in real-time and the rush interpretation of high-resolution images offers view of large fractures, vugs, faults and bedding planes. This can provide better well placement in regard to the intended target formation.

The ability to obtain high quality images in a wide range of conductive/non-conductive mud environments, resistivity imaging tools requires special considerations.

The deployment of a new LWD micro-imaging tool.in the studied well for a major oil field in UAE which is drilled with a high saline mud reveals successful while drilling image log acquisition with high image resolution and good quality data. This enables the specialists from both companies to capture all structural and sediment-logical features from the wellbore wall as well as to help in precise well placement (Geo-steering) decisions in real time.

The quick look interpretation revealed direct and indirect evidences of three faults intersecting the wellbore (sub-seismic faults), pronounced fracture corridors and the variations in structural dip along the well trajectory (zonation). A detailed analysis of the image data enable a better understanding of the well structural and enhance reservoir model.

This paper reviews the while drilling wire-line Quality micro-imager's deployment, the considerations that need to be reviewed before a micro-imaging job commences, and image examples demonstrate the good quality of image data.

The implementation of this particular Sine Wave Image was very successful, which was saving huge money, time additional to improve the well productivity specially while drilling in a fractured reservoir using Sine wave Image with SAGOR tool to isolate by using Inflow control devices "ICD" completion with an isolated swelling packer.
Making Facilities Safer by Design
Authors: Ellis Graeme R
Published: April 2016

Investigations of major accidents in the Oil and Gas sector often reveal multiple failures in layers of protection or barriers. Companies should learn from the findings and aim to continuously develop and tighten their own management controls to provide assurance that critical barriers are working effectively. However, this approach to process safety management pre-supposes that the barriers required to provide significant risk reduction are necessary in the first place. This paper supports a complimentary inherent safety approach to designing processing facilities, an approach that aims to removes hazards or minimises their consequences by better design rather than a reliance on ‘bolt-on’ protective barriers that can and do fail.

Inherent Safety principles are not new and were introduced into the process industry by safety guru Trevor Kletz in the 1970's with his motto, "What you don't have, can't leak". These principles have not gained the same momentum as other process safety risk assessments such as HAZOP studies. Whilst there are good examples of inherently safe process designs within the Oil and Gas sector, it is suggested that opportunities to apply inherent safety principles during the design process are not being systematically identified and exploited.

This paper is written by the author of updated guidance for Inherent Safety in Design (ISD) published in 2014 by the UK Energy Institute. The guidance is targeted at Project Leaders in upstream and downstream Oil and Gas facilities and aims to change the culture that favours designs with ‘bolt-on’ safety features. It highlights the benefits from applying ISD at a very early stage of the design process, looking to reduce the overall major accident potential whilst offering the added benefit of reducing capital and operating costs.

For major projects in the Oil and Gas sector, the EI guidance introduces the requirement for an Inherent Safety workshop at the concept selection stage, before HAZID studies that are subsequently used during the FEED stage. A multi-disciplinary team identifies potential hazardous events based on a Process Block Diagram, and applies Inherent Safety principles to identify possible improvement options, following the hierarchy; Elimination, Substitution, Minimisation, Moderation, Segregation and Simplification.
Redevelopment of Water Ultra-mature (85% Water Cut) Field: Case History
Authors: Tizzano D. , Colella L. , Bardini S. , Moriggi S. , Giardini R. , Renna S. , Sala C. , Nobili M.
Published: April 2016

Oil companies are focused on asset value maximization with a view to augment overall hydrocarbon recovery. This goal remains a notable challenge to execute in mature fields which contribute to majority of the world's global oil production today. An integrated structured approach from the multidisciplinary skill set is the key for redeveloping mature fields.

The present paper focus on the efforts spent on a brown oil field located approximately 35 km offshore in a water depth of 90 m with more than 35 years of production. To date the field is in production with 8,000 bopd and a 85% watercut.

The concession License expiration and the facilities ageing/deterioration forced a technical re-evaluation of the possible development scenarios for the field with the aim to maximize the recoverable reserves and minimize the capital expenses.

Based on high level of synergy amongst the teams and thanks to the workflow adopted, the identification of "still recoverable" under-drained potential has resulted in leading to a new development phase in the mature asset.

The paper will cover the full spectrum of static and dynamic review including well location placement/trajectory/completion design, artificial lift requirements, reservoir pressure support needs, evaluation of tertiary recovery schemes while keeping into account economic feasibility together with Concession License expiration. Results and conclusions together with lessons learnt that can be applied to similar assets globally will also be presented.
Perforating with Deep Penetrating Guns Followed by Propellant Treatment Yields Results in Tight Reservoirs - UAE Case Study
Authors: Aftab M. N. , Hegazy G. M. , Salsman A. D. , Abdel Shakour S.
Published: April 2016

A recent exploration well in the UAE was drilled through a gas zone in extremely tight carbonate rock. The evaluation success of this interval hinged on the production of gas to surface to confirm the presence of hydrocarbon. After drilling the well and running the completion the rig was demobilized and the testing work was carried out using rig-less techniques. An abrasive jetting stimulation technique was attempted but was unsuccessful. The zone was finally tested using wireline conveyed perforating guns followed by wireline conveyed propellant stimulation equipment. After the first perforating run with a premium deep penetration gun system gas started to accumulate at surface confirming that a connection had been made to the reservoir. This accumulation in the pipe was bled off occasionally and continued to build through the remaining perforation runs. After perforating was completed each interval was treated with a propellant assembly which increased the rate of gas build-up significantly indicating value of the propellant treatment. The entire job progression was recorded with a surface pressure recording device. This paper will review the obstacles encountered to test this tight unconventional reservoir, the planning for this job including the risk assessment and modeling for the propellant runs, along with the status of the perforating and propellant equipment as it was returned to surface. The techniques used to confirm this reservoir contained gas that could be produced to surface have applications in many unconventional reservoir exploration wells and for many operators in the region.
Wetland Engineering to Treat Process Waterer
Authors: Kabadeh Abdi
Published: April 2016

1. Abstract

GASCO Natural Gas Liquids (NGL) operations in the Western Region of the Emirate of Abu Dhabi generate produced water that currently is disposed of by injection into a deep well. GASCO was seeking a sustainable solution to reuse this waste stream, primarily for irrigation, thereby offsetting volumes of imported potable water. The primary driver is environmental sustainability. GASCO have expressed a desire to investigate the feasibility of selecting wetland treatment technology as that sustainable solution, and have conducted the study. In terms of treatment of produced water, the key parameters of concern are: Hydrogen sulphide gas and volatile organic carbons;Oil (free-product);Petroleum Hydrocarbons;

In order to provide evidential support to that recommendation, the study included design, construction, operation and monitoring of a Proof-of-Concept pilot plant sited at Asab-O. It clearly demonstrated that oxygenation boosts wetland treatment rates and keeps plants healthy, especially compared to the nonoxygenated (passive) wetlands. Oxygenated wetlands are smaller than passive wetlands, have lower evaporation losses, and increase the amount of water available for irrigation. Moreover, for produced water treatment, oxygenation promotes vigorous plant growth.

The Project Definition process sought to compare two main types of wetland treatment technologies, passive and intensified, the former relying on oxygen transfer from the atmosphere to the wetland without mechanical assistance while the latter injects oxygen into the system to speed up treatment and reduce the area required for wetland treatment, thus reduce capital costs. The report recommended that a side-stream oxygenated treatment wetland was the best available technology to treat GASCO produced water.

In conclusion, control of sulphide odours, production of irrigation-grade reuse water, optimisation of design criteria for other GASCO treatment wetlands, and integration of wetland operation with plant operations are the main technical benefits of intensive treatment wetlands. Execution of the Asab-0 full-scale concept design will also allow evaluation of these and any additional benefits, and how best to enhance them.
Challenges and Lessons Learned from Developing a Thin Super K Complex Carbonate Oil Reservoir with Gas Cap and Active Water Drive - A Case Study from the Middle East
Authors: Alklih Mohamad Yousef , Bin Sumaidaa Saleh A. , El Gazar Ashraf Lotfy , Knytl Jan , Ali Khan Muhammad Kamran , Abu Baker Aida Shafina
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a case study of developing a complex super k thin carbonate reservoir with a thin upper super permeable layer with a significant volume of oil, a gas cap and an active water drive in Abu Dhabi-UAE. The field lies in a coastal marine area covering mainland, natural and artificial islands as well as shallow and deep marine areas. The reservoir lies within a relatively low relief heterogeneous carbonate structural trap originally deposited within a complex depositional environment, characterized by lateral and vertical variations in reservoir rock and fluid properties.

Six years of production dynamic data are available from oil producers in addition to well testing and MDT data. The production is constrained by the presence of a high permeable streak just below the dense carbonate top seal and bounded by gas cap above and water below. This streak dominates the drainage of reservoir in such a way that the majority of the wells completed suffer from early apparent gas cusping and increasing water production.

The reservoir has been penetrated by vertical, deviated and horizontal wellbores. In relation to this, differences in production performance have been observed, specifically with respect to gas oil ratio and water cut. During the early development stage, three horizontal holes were drilled, however due to the difficulties of proper geo-steering of the horizontal hole placement within the thin oil column, two holes were placed in the gas cap and the third was placed in water. The main challenges of current and future development plans are the optimization of well design, placement and completion strategy to avoid the gas cap and transition zone.

This paper discusses the lessons learned from the ongoing development of the mentioned reservoir and the way forward for the future development phases.
20+ Years of Pore Network Characterization on Carbonate Reservoir Thin Sections: What Did We Learn?
Authors: Ortenzi A. , Dichicco M. C.
Published: April 2016

Pore network characterization on thin sections was used extensively in the last 20+years by industry and academy. This technique is based on the availability of automated image analysis systems that extract from thin section images, in a relatively short time, quantitative data on pore size and shape. The main advantage is to provide data at the same scale of the geological observations; the main disadvantage is to have them in 2D. This implies that the connections among pores, the pore-throats, are lost.

In carbonates, where the correlation between pore geometry and the overall efficiency of the network is strongly driven by the pore throat size and the pore bodies size is often highly heterogeneous, the use of such data may be not obvious.

The main information that can be obtained from this approach is a quick classification of the pore network in terms of structure, based on a simple pore dimension – porosity plot. This allows identifying regions with identifiable efficiency mechanisms. The fact that this information is related to the sedimentary/diagenetic facies is the driver for predictability.

The pore network characterization is carried out either from images taken at the optical microscope or at the scanning electron microscope. The two methodologies allow either the classification of the macroporosity or the quantitative analysis of the microporosity. This information is relevant for the overall productivity of the reservoir.

Other applications of image analysis are related to rock physics. Although they may be sound for simple systems (pure moldic, pure vuggy, intercrystalline), they often fail in mixed networks, where representativeness matters.

Pore network characterization in carbonates is a simple, geologically-driven technique that can be used during reservoir characterization. It is proven to be correlated to 3D measurements, such as MICP (Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure).
Curing Losses While Drilling & Cementing
Authors: Al Maskary Shamsa , Halim Adam Abdul , Al Menhali Shamsa
Published: April 2016

The global imbalance between supply and demand for Oil and gas is growing. This trend is was the turn behind studies from numerous oil organizations related to cementing. One of the important functions of cement sheaths is to provide hydraulic zonal isolation between different reservoirs in the well bore.

Lost circulation or lost returns is known as the total or partial loss of drilling fluid or cement while drilling. It can be an expensive, time consuming or disastours as a blow out and loss life.

The significant and continuing losses of mud and/or Cement slurry to a formation during drilling operations affects the oil industry. These problems have negative impact on well economics, well integrity and well life cycle. It has been globally estimated that these problems cause financial loss of billions dollars per year in addition to extensive additional rig resources

The significant and continuing loss of mud and/or cement slurry to a formation during drilling operations is one of the most troublesome problems affecting the Oil Industry. These problems mostly translate in negative impact on well economics.

Loss circulation problems have been identified as one of the most costly and time consuming problems faced in the oil and gas industry. It has been globally estimated that these problems causes drilling industries close to a billion dollars annually in rig time, materials, and other resources.

This paper will describe in detail the nature of the losses and application used to resolve it. The use of cement spacer technology is a viable means of resolving most of these problems. This technology, can be applied to strengthen a wellbore, with high degree of losses as a preventive method. In addition, it can also be used as a corrective method in cases where the wellbore has been fractured due to hydrostatics or because of the effects of ECD.

Case histories will be presented describing curing losses from seepage, moderate, severe or complete loss of returns. The applications include very low fracture gradients wells, where it was impossible to cement with dual slurry with lightweight slurries.

Additional benefits of the spacer is that It is a non-damaging fluid, minimizes filtrate invasion, damage and induced losses while cementing, and it forms a barrier at the wellbore wall to strengthen the wellbore for long-term zonal isolation. The spacer's shows near 100% return permeability.

The spacer has low rheological values which does not cause significant increases in ECD
Creative Rigless Solutions to Maximize Well Value
Authors: Elbarbary Abdalla , Qassem Mohamed , Abu Arab Mohamed , Hallabi Abdallah , Al Karra Mohamed , Mahmoud Gehad
Published: April 2016

With the increasing number of inactive wells which require many rigs to activate them, ADCO through an integrated team approach succeeded in introducing new technologies and practices to activate 50 wells without the need for rig intervention. 40 wells have been activated in 2013 and so far 10 wells in 2014. These creative solutions, technologies and new practices including and not limited to the followings:

Technologies

Best practices

The implementation of the above creative solutions is resulted in realizing 79,200 MBOPD and a cost saving of $ 67 Million in 2013. In addition to save 285 rig days.
Polymer Flood Produced Water Treatment Trials
Authors: Al-Maamari Rashid S. , Sueyoshi Mark , Tasaki Masaharu , Kojima Keisuke , Okamura Kazuo
Published: April 2016

Polymer enhanced oil recovery (EOR) operation has been implemented for the production of oil from difficult mature oilfields in Oman. The polymer used in this EOR technique to sweep oil toward production wells is resulting in the generation of polymer flood produced water (PFPW) of increasing viscosity. Current methods of treating oilfield produced water must be reconsidered for the effective treatment of such PFPW of changing quality.

In a previous study, the utilization of polyaluminum chloride (PAC) chemical was proposed for the coagulation of oil in produced water to be separated by flotation and filtration. As such, laboratory tests were conducted to evaluate the applicability of PAC and other chemicals for treatment of PFPW that has higher viscosity than ordinary oilfield produced water. These tests clearly indicated that aluminum sulfate (AS) chemical was more effective for treatment of such higher viscosity water.

A pilot plant developed during the earlier study, was utilized to conduct coagulation/flocculation, flotation, filtration, and adsorption treatment trials for PFPW from an oilfield where polymer EOR is underway. For the final trial, the inlet PFPW viscosity was 1.4 cP at 40 °C and oil concentration was above 200 mg·L−1. AS was applied for coagulation/flocculation and flotation stages, and was found to be effective in reducing oil concentration to 1 mg·L−1. Filtration and adsorption stages resulted in further improvement of water quality. Most of the polymer used for EOR was believed to have been removed along with oil and suspended solids.
Geomechanical Characterisation of Analogue Sandstones for the Yield Energy Approach to Prediction of Debris Production and Wellbore Stability
Authors: Lamorde Mustapha , Somerville Jim M. , Hamilton Sally A.
Published: April 2016

Characterisation of the mechanical and petrophysical properties of quarried sandstones was conducted to assess their suitability as reservoir rocks. Five sets of outcrop sandstones, covering a range of porosity and permeability were identified as potential geomechanical analogues for North Sea sandstones. A comprehensive series of mechanical and petrophysical tests were undertaken in order to evaluate the mechanical properties of the sandstones (modulus of elasticity, Poisson's ratio and compressive strength) over a range of confining pressure likely to be encountered in the North Sea and basic petrophysical characteristics defined by grain density, porosity and permeability. The quarried sandstones have been found to be suitable reservoir analogues. The post failure sand production potential of the sandstones was examined by investigating the failure modes and analysing the granulometric characteristics of the comminution debris created by post peak strength sliding along shear surfaces.

Data generated from the laboratory testing were used as input parameters to investigate the propensity of sand debris production and formation stability in a hypothetical wellbore using the yield energy model. This model quantifies the energy available for rock fragmentation and describes the extent of the yield zone as a function of production rates and drawdown pressures. The geomechanical appraisal, which is a necessary component of the approach, also serves as a source of representative mechanical properties data available as input for reservoir simulators and other rock mechanics related analysis. The model was found to be applicable for a wide range of sandstones.
A Change in Behaviour is the Next HSE Frontier
Authors: Del Din Renaud , Annand Alistair , Polo Jerome , Duguay Alexandra , Al Saabri Hassan
Published: April 2016

Learning from past incidents and from operational experience is a unique way of insuring continuous improvement in maintaining a safe workplace. Sensible to our own performance but also to increasing international evidence on how unsafe behaviours play a major role in many of the accidents, we embarked in a complete revamping of our HSE culture and in particular in one of the important element of this culture; the anomaly reporting system.

The anomaly reporting system is embedded in TABK continuous improvement loop. It allows employees to communicate and identify hazard in his workplace to prompt for improvement, repair or modification. Supervisors and management are made aware of the employee's concern thus creating a continuous improvement momentum.

This paper discuss in details how the anomaly card template was modified to allow employees to report on behavioural issues such as unsafe act or unsafe situation and how an improved database tracking system will allow more accurate and better trending capacities. We are convinced that by improving our workforce ability to better recognize and perceive risky situation, we can greatly contribute to the improvements of the safety in our field.
Constructing Wetlands in the Desert: An Example of Sustainable Produced Water Management in Oman
Authors: Al-Rawahi Mohamed , Prigent Stephane , Headley Tom , Breuer Roman , Paetzelt Rainer
Published: April 2016

Large volumes of produced water are generated as an associated co-product of oil production in Oman and other countries; the management of which often imposes a limitation on oil production. In many cases, a portion of this water is re-injected into reservoirs to maintain pressure for the oil wells. The remaining volume is typically disposed of into shallow aquifers or via Deep Well Disposal (DWD) which are environmentally undesirable and operationally energy intensive. Constructed wetlands represent an alternative option for treating produced water and have been trialled in Oman since 2000 with large-scale implementation since 2010. Wetland technology is a phytoremediation process in which native wetland plants facilitate microbial degradation of hydrocarbons. Volume reduction is also achieved through the high evapotranspiration rate of the plants. The advantages of wetland technology include: no or low-energy requirement, low operating cost, no chemical inputs, long life expectancy, high-level treatment performance & reliability. Based on these advantages, Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) decided to proceed with a large-scale application of wetland technology for management of produced water in its Nimr oil field in southern Oman. In 2008, BAUER was awarded a Design, Build-Own, Operate and Transfer (DBOOT) contract to develop the Nimr Water Treatment Plant (NWTP), which was commissioned in 2010. The capacity of the NWTP has been expanded over time and now has a capacity to treat 115,000 m3/day of produced water within 350 ha of Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands (SFCWs,) followed by 500 Ha of evaporation ponds (EP) for volume reduction and salt production. The entire process operates via gravity without any pumps. The inlet produced water is brackish (TDS 7,000 mg/L) and oil-in-water is 400 mg/L on average. More than 90% of the oil (260 bbl/day) is recovered at the front-end of the system using hydrocyclones and skimmers. The remaining hydrocarbons are biologically degraded within the wetlands, producing an effluent with oil-in-water below detection (< 0.1 mg oil/L) and brackish salinity (approximately 10000 mg/L TDS). Research and field trials are currently underway to develop options for reusing the wetland-treated water for irrigation of salt tolerant plants (biosaline agriculture) in order to produce biomass, bio-fuels, fibre and other products. The project has effectively created an "oasis" in the desert, providing valuable habitat for bird life (> 117 species identified at the site).
Three - Zone Commingled and Controlled Production Using Intelligent Well Completion
Authors: El Sayed Mohamed Ibrahim , Al-Mutairi Ali Mohamed , Hassane Mohamed Abdel , Kutty Shanof Mohamed , Karrani Saud Mohamed , Kurian Alex
Published: April 2016

Intelligent completion technology is designed to optimize well production and reservoir management processes by enabling operators to remotely monitor and control well inflow or injection downhole, at the reservoir, without physical intervention. Intelligent completions consist of some combination of flow control and zonal isolation devices (typically interval control valves and packers), permanent downhole gauges, downhole control systems and digital infrastructure. The production and reservoir data acquired with downhole sensors can improve the understanding of reservoir behavior and assist in the appropriate selection of infill drilling locations and well designs. Intelligent-well technology can enable a single well to do the job of several wells, whether through controlled commingling of zones or monitoring and control of multiple laterals.

This paper presents the first intelligent well installation in UAE offshore field. The well was equipped with three Interval Control Valves (ICVs) and four permanent downhole gauges (PDHG) with remote control ability to control the flow from each zone monitoring the real time gauge data. This completion enabled commingled production from three reservoirs while balancing flow contribution from each reservoir and avoiding cross-flows from one reservoir into another.

Commingled production from stacked reservoirs in the same field, or a single reservoir with multiple pay intervals, has many benefits during the development of a field – higher production rates per well, cost savings from reduction in the total number of development wells, flexibility in locating surface facilities as a result of minimal footprint, etc. Wide variation in reservoir properties, coupled with the existence of natural fractures within an active water flood environment in this case, prompted the adoption of intelligent well technology to control fluid withdrawal and enhance water flood front conformance. The new completion uses a highly debris tolerant interval control valve (ICV), dual real time gauge system (PDG) and feed-through packers. This paper describes the well selection process, equipment selection, planning, and deployment procedures of the intelligent well completion. Economic drivers for this robust completion as well as the reservoir management implications of successful deployment in this pilot case well and future expansion across the entire field are also discussed.
Benefits of Electrical Submersible Pumping in a Production by Gas-Alternating-Water Recovery Process
Authors: Bartolomeu Mayembe , Rahmawaty Silvya
Published: April 2016

Using Electric Submersible Pumps (ESP) in a reservoir undergoing miscible gas and water injection for Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) purpose allowed increasing oil recovery beyond gas and water injection process and reducing the time to deplete the reservoir. The reservoir pressure is above the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) for the entire simulation and the saturation pressure was lower than MMP

Two cases have been compared which are: 1-Well controlled by minimum tubing head pressure (THP) of 1000psia and 2-Well controlled by minimum Bottom-hole-pressure (BHP) which is simulates an Electrical submersible pump (ESP) installed. The minimimum bottom-hole-pressure of 500psia has been used to model the ESP.

The electrical submersible pump has been simulated in the reservoir model by maintaining the minimum BHP of 500psia to maximize the oil production of 25000stb/d.

Due to flow rate variation during the lifetime of the well, pump frequency varied operating in the range of 35Hz to 85Hz but for short period of time on these extremes.

Simulation time on THP and BHP control modes were 2000days and 3000days respectively. Oil recovery without and with ESP were 84% and 88% respectively.

Due to fact that the reservoir fluid is light oil in addition to gas injection process, the pump sizing and selection has been presented to be a challenge due to high Gas Oil Ratio (GOR).

Using ESP in gas and water injection process can be advantageous in developing marginal fields where there a need to produce it in short time to maintain the operating costs low but CAPEX can be high.
Restoring Force Model of Concrete-Filled Square Steel Tubular Columns with Binding Bars
Authors: Linwang Su , Wang Yingtao , Cai Jian , Long Yueling
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a trilinear restoring force model based on the test results of two square concrete-filled steel tubular (CFT) stub columns without binding bars and eight square CFT stub columns with binding bars subjected to constant axial load and cyclic lateral load. The effects of binding bars and axial load level on the specimens are considered to determine the feature points of the skeleton curves. Calculation formulas for the characteristic parameters of the model, including the yield load, the peak load and the ultimate load, are given by analyzing the influence of the confinement factor of steel tube, the confinement coefficient of binding bars and the axial load level. Additionally, the hysteretic rule under cyclic lateral load is confirmed. The predicted hysteretic cures and skeleton curves based on the proposed model are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Density, Salinity, and Entry Depths of Municipal Wastewater in an Urban Lake
Authors: Matthews David A. , O'Donnell Susan M. , Effler Steven W. , Owens Emmet M. , Hurteau Craig A. , Prestigiacomo Anthony R.
Published: April 2016

The depths of entry of municipal wastewater into receiving lakes importantly affects associated impacts on water quality. The plunging behavior of two negatively buoyant inflows that carry municipal waste, an urban tributary and an effluent discharge, in Onondaga Lake, NY, is characterized and quantified based on an integrated program of monitoring, density calculations, and modeling. In‐lake signatures of plunging from the two inflows are differentiated according to constituents in which each is enriched. Under common contemporary conditions, the summer averages of the fraction of the urban stream and effluent discharge inflows plunging to stratified depths is predicted, with a calibrated hydrodynamic model, to be approximately 0.7 and 0.35, respectively. Recent short‐term increases in salinity levels from construction site dewatering caused greater plunging of the effluent discharge and interfered with normal complete fall turnover in the lake.
Graphene Oxide/Chitosan/Polyvinyl‐Alcohol Composite Sponge as Effective Adsorbent for Dyes
Authors: Xu Xiaoqi , Tian Mingwei , Qu Lijun , Zhu Shifeng
Published: April 2016

Water pollution is one of the most pervasive problems afflicting people. Therefore, seeking highly efficient, low‐cost methods to decontaminate water is very much in demand. In this paper, chitosan/polyvinyl‐alcohol composite sponges are synthesized via foamed cross‐linking method while incorporating different amount of graphene oxide, the resultant graphene oxide/chitosan/polyvinyl‐alcohol composite sponges (GCS) are characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), indicating the reasonable dispersion of graphene oxide in the matrix. Furthermore, some physical properties (water absorption, water retention, apparent density, porosity) are also determined; water absorption is high up to 873%, apparent density is lower than 0.25 g/cm3, and porosity could reach 78%. The GCSs also manifest high adsorption ability, as effective adsorbent for Acid Red 37 (AR 37) solution. The relationship between adsorption capacity and independent variables (adsorbent mass, initial dye concentration, and contacting time) is obtained. The optimal adsorption capacity value of AR 37 on GCS could reach 421.5 mg/g.
American Society of Nephrology Quiz and Questionnaire 2015: ESRD/RRT
Authors: Lok Charmaine E. , Perazella Mark A. , Choi Michael J.
Published: April 2016

The Nephrology Quiz and Questionnaire remains an extremely popular session for attendees of the Annual Kidney Week Meeting of the American Society of Nephrology. During the 2015 meeting, the conference hall was once again overflowing with eager quiz participants. Topics covered by the experts included electrolyte and acid-base disorders, glomerular disease, ESRD and dialysis, and kidney transplantation. Complex cases representing each of these categories together with single best answer questions were prepared and submitted by the panel of experts. Before the meeting, training program directors of nephrology fellowship programs and nephrology fellows in the United States answered the questions through an internet-based questionnaire. During the live session, members of the audience tested their knowledge and judgment on the same series of case-oriented questions in a quiz. The audience compared their answers in real time using a cellphone application containing the answers of the nephrology fellows and training program directors. The results of the online questionnaire were displayed, and then, the quiz answers were discussed. As always, the audience, lecturers, and moderators enjoyed this highly educational session. This article recapitulates the session and reproduces selected content of educational value for the readers of the Clinical Journal of the American Society of Nephrology. Enjoy the clinical cases and expert discussions.