bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Experimental Observations of Turbulent Events in the Surfzone
Authors: De Serio Francesca , Mossa Michele
Published: September 2019

In coastal dynamics, large-scale eddies transport and spread smaller turbulent vortices both towards the sea surface, thus contributing to the processes of air-water gas transfer, and towards the sea bottom, inducing sediment pick-up and resuspension. The mechanical role of the breaking-induced vortices to the redistribution of turbulence and turbulent kinetic energy is still unclear and needs a more thorough study, possibly supported by more measurements in this field. Based on this, the present paper aims to investigate the effects of experimental breaking waves in the surf zone. Two regular breaking waves, a spiller and a plunger, which propagate on a fixed slope, were generated in a laboratory channel and were examined shoreward to the breaker line. The measurements of their velocities in the cross-shore plane were assessed by means of a 2D Laser Doppler Anemometer. At the same time and location, elevation data were also acquired using a resistive wave gauge. Here, the principal characteristics are addressed in terms of turbulent intensities, turbulent kinetic energy, length scales and coherent motions. Our results could thus contribute to better define conceptual models used in typical engineering applications in coastal areas.
Fabrication of Sn@Al2O3 Core-shell Nanoparticles for Stable Nonvolatile Memory Applications
Authors: Yoon Jong-Hwan
Published: September 2019

Sn@Al2O3 core-shell nanoparticles (NPs) with narrow spatial distributions were synthesized in silicon dioxide (SiO2). These Sn@Al2O3 core-shell NPs were self-assembled by thermally annealing a stacked structure of SiOx/Al/Sn/Al/SiOx sandwiched between two SiO2 layers at low temperatures. The resultant structure provided a well-defined Sn NP floating gate with a SiO2/Al2O3 dielectric stacked tunneling barrier. Capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements on a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitor with a Sn@Al2O3 core-shell NP floating gate confirmed an ultra-high charge storage stability, and the multiple trapping of electron at the NPs, as expected from low-k/high-k dielectric stacked tunneling layers and metallic NPs, respectively.
Molecular Epidemiological Characterization of Staphylococcus argenteus Clinical Isolates in Japan: Identification of Three Clones (ST1223, ST2198, and ST2550) and a Novel Staphylocoagulase Genotype XV
Authors: Aung Meiji Soe , Urushibara Noriko , Kawaguchiya Mitsuyo , Sumi Ayako , Takahashi Seika , Ike Miyo , Ito Masahiko , Habadera Satoshi , Kobayashi Nobumichi
Published: September 2019

Staphylococcus argenteus, a novel emerging species within Staphylococcus aureus complex (SAC), has been increasingly reported worldwide. In this study, prevalence of S. argenteus among human clinical isolates, and their clonal diversity and genetic characteristics of virulence factors were investigated in Hokkaido, the northern main island of Japan. During a four-month period starting from March 2019, twenty-four S. argenteus and 4330 S. aureus isolates were recovered from clinical specimens (the ratio of S. argenteus to S. aureus :0.0055). Half of S. argenteus isolates (n = 12) belonged to MLST sequence type (ST) 2250 and its single-locus variant, with staphylocoagulase genotype (coa-) XId, while the remaining isolates were assigned to ST2198/coa-XIV (n = 6), and ST1223 with a novel coa-XV identified in this study (n = 6). All the isolates were mecA-negative, and susceptible to all the antimicrobials tested, except for an ST2198 isolate with blaZ and an ST2250 isolate with tet(L) showing resistance to ampicillin and tetracyclines, respectively. Common virulence factors in the S. argenteus isolates were staphylococcal enterotoxin (-like) genes sey, selz, sel26, and sel27 in ST2250, selx in ST2198, and enterotoxin gene cluster (egc-1: seg-sei-sem-sen-seo) in ST1223 isolates, in addition to hemolysin genes (hla, hlb, and hld) distributed universally. Elastin binding protein gene (ebpS) and MSCRAMM family adhesin SdrE gene (sdrE) detected in all the isolates showed high sequence identity among them (> 97%), while relatively lower identity to those of S. aureus (78–92%). Phylogenetically, ebpS, sdrE, selx, sey, selw, sel26, and sel27 of S. argenteus formed clusters distinct from those of S. aureus, unlike sec, selz, tst-1, and staphylokinase gene (sak). The present study revealed the prevalence of S. argenteus among clinical isolates, and presence of three distinct S. argenteus clones (ST2250; ST2198 and ST1223) harboring different virulence factors in northern Japan. ST2198 S. argenteus, a minor clone (strain BN75-like) that had been rarely reported, was first identified in Japan as human isolates.
Superhost Plants Alter the Structure of Plant–Galling Insect Networks in Neotropical Savannas
Authors: Araújo Walter Santos de , Moreira Leuzeny Teixeira , Falcão Luiz Alberto Dolabela , Borges Magno Augusto Zazá , Fagundes Marcílio , Faria Maurício Lopes de , Guilherme Frederico Augusto Guimarães
Published: September 2019

Host plants may harbor a variable number of galling insect species, with some species being able to harbor a high diversity of these insects, being therefore called superhost plants. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that the occurrence of superhost plant species of genus Qualea (Vochysiaceae) affects the structure of plant–galling insect ecological networks in Brazilian Cerrado. We sampled a total of 1882 plants grouped in 131 species and 43 families, of which 64 species and 31 families of host plants hosted 112 galling insect species. Our results showed that occurrence of superhosts of genus Qualea increased the linkage density of plant species, number of observed interactions, and the size of plant–galling insect networks and negatively affected the network connectance (but had no effect on the residual connectance). Although the occurrence of Qualea species did not affect the plant species richness, these superhosts increased the species richness and the number of interactions of galling insects. Our study represents a step forward in relation to previous studies that investigated the effects of plant diversity on the plant–insect networks, showing that few superhost plant species alter the structure of plant–herbivore networks, even without having a significant effect on plant diversity.
Characterizing the Suitability of Granular Fe0 for the Water Treatment Industry
Authors: Hu Rui , Cui Xuesong , Xiao Minhui , Qiu Pengxiang , Lufingo Mesia , Gwenzi Willis , Noubactep Chicgoua
Published: September 2019

There is a burgeoning interest in reliably characterizing the intrinsic reactivity of metallic iron materials (Fe0) or zero-valent iron materials (ZVI) used in the water treatment industry. The present work is a contribution to a science-based selection of Fe0 for water treatment. A total of eight (8) granular ZVI materials (ZVI1 to ZVI8) were tested. Fe0 dissolution in ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA test) and 1,10-Phenanthroline (Phen test) is characterized in parallel experiments for up to 250 h (10 days). 50 mL of each solution and 0.1 g of each Fe0 material are equilibrated in quiescent batch experiments using 2 mM EDTA or Phen. Results indicated a far higher extent of iron dissolution in EDTA than in Phen under the experimental conditions. The tested materials could be grouped into three reactivity classes: (i) low (ZVI4, ZVI6, ZVI7, and ZVI8), (ii) moderate (ZVI1 and ZVI5) and (iii) high (ZVI2 and ZVI3). The order of reactivity was the same for both tests: ZVI2 ≅ ZVI3 > ZVI1 ≅ ZVI5 > ZVI4 ≅ ZVI6 ≅ ZVI7 ≅ ZVI8. Phen results revealed for the first time the time-dependent variation of the kinetics of iron corrosion (corrosion rate) in short-term batch experiments. Overall, the results demonstrated the superiority of the Phen test for evaluating the initial stage of Fe0 dissolution. Long-term column experiments are recommended to deepen the acquired knowledge.
Sağlıklı Popülasyonda Pnömotonometre ile Göz İçi Basıncı Ölçümü ve Goldmann Aplanasyon Tonometresi Sonrası Değişimi
Authors: İLHAN Çağrı
Published: September 2019

Amaç:Sağlıklı popülasyonda, pnömotonometre ve Goldmann aplanasyon tonometresi (GAT) ile ölçülen göz içi basıncı (GİB) değerlerinin ve GAT öncesi ve sonrası pnömotonometre ile elde edilen GİB değerleri ile karşılaştırılması.Gereç ve Yöntemler:Refraksiyon muayenesi için başvuran, herhangi bir göz hastalığı olmayan, Kafkas ırkından, 103 sağlıklı olgunun önce pnömotonometre ile sonra da topikal anestezi damlatılarak GAT ile GİB ölçüldü. GAT ile GİB ölçümünden 10 dk sonra topikal anestezi etkisi altında pnömotonometre ile GİB ölçümü tekrarlandı. Pnömotonometre ve GAT ölçümleri karşılaştırılarak iki farklı yöntemin sonuçları arasında fark olup olmadığı değerlendirildi. Ayrıca GAT öncesi ve sonrası pnömotonometre ile elde edilen GİB değerleri karşılaştırılarak topikal anestezinin pnömotonometre ile elde edilen GİB değeri üzerine etkisi olup olmadığı araştırıldı. Bulgular:55’i erkek, 48’i kadın (p = 0,762) 103 olgunun ortalama yaşı 48,32 ±9,62 yıl (18 – 65 yıl) ve 45,30 ±8,78 yıl (18 – 65 yıl) idi (p = 0,664). Pnömotonometre ile ölçülen ortalama GİB 20,50 ±3,31 mmHg (12 – 26 mmHg) iken GAT ile ölçülen ortalama GİB 19,93 ±3,13 mmHg (12 – 28 mmHg) idi (p <0,001). GAT sonrası tekrarlanan pnömotonometre ile ölçülen ortalama GİB 19,05 ±3,13 mmHg (12 – 26 mmHg) idi ve bu değer GAT öncesi pnömotonometre ile ölçülen GİB değerinden düşüktü (p <0,001).Sonuç:Sağlıklı popülasyonda pnömotonometre ile elde edilen GİB değeri GAT ile elde edilen değerden yüksektir ve bu değer GAT ile GİB ölçümünden 10 dk sonra düşmektedir.
Serviks Kanserinde Prognostik Kriterlerin Tedavi Sonrası Erken Radyolojik Cevaba Etkisi
Authors: ŞEN Cenk Ahmet
Published: September 2019

Amaç: Serviks
kanseri tanısıyla kliniğimizde tedavi uygulanan hastalarda bilinen prognostik
faktörlerin, erken dönem radyolojik tümör yanıtı ile olan ilişkisini belirlemek
amaçlandı.

Gereç-Yöntem: Kliniğimizde
definitif radyoterapi ve eş zamanlı kemoterapi uygulanan 26 hastanın eksternal
pelvik radyoterapi ve brakiterapi öncesi ve sonrasında çekilen manyetik
rezonans (MR) ve pozitron emisyon tomografisi-bilgisayarlı tomografi (PET-CT)
tetkikleri ile gözlenen radyolojik klinik cevabın/tümör yanıtının prognostik
kriterler ile ilişkisi retrospektif olarak değerlendirildi.

Bulgular: Tedavi
öncesi ve sonrası MR ve PET-CT tetkiklerindeki tümör çapı ve SUVmax değeri
ölçüm yüzde farkları karşılaştırıldığında; MR’da % 50’nin altında yanıt
alınanlarda sigara varlığı (p=0,07) ve başlangıç tümör çapının 2 cm’nin
üzerinde olması (p=0,01) ile istatistiksel anlamlı ilişki mevcuttu. PET-CT’de
ise SUVmax değişim oranı % 50’nin altında yanıtlı hastalarda skuamoz hücreli
karsinom dışı histoloji (p=0,03) ve mesane invazyonu varlığı (p=0,06) açısından
istatistiksel açıdan anlamlı bir ilişki saptandı. 

Sonuç: Serviks kanserinde bilinen prognostik
kriterlerden bazıları tedaviye bağlı erken dönem tümör cevabı ile ilişkili olabilir.
Changes in the Composition of the Milk of Racka Sheep During Lactation
Authors: Nagy László , Komlósi István
Published: September 2019

We examined the changes in the composition of the milk of 36 Racka sheep during lactation. As milking of Racka sheep is not performed anywhere in the country, the test was restricted to the examination of milk components. However, quantity could not be measured. We analysed the fat, protein, lactose, carbamide and somatic cell count content of the milk from sampling. By means of correlation analysis, milk components were compared to the age of ewes, then the number of lactation days. With the advancing of the lactation and by analysing the milk components, we found differences between the two colour-variants of Racka sheep. Additional trials are required to decide whether the differences between the two colour-variants may be considered as constants, or can be attributable to the relatively small number of samples.
CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS ON TV PROGRAM OF INDONESIAN LAWYER CLUB IN PERSPECTIVE OF NORMAN FAIRCLOUGH (Execution of General Susno Duaji)
Authors: Muhroji Mukhamad
Published: September 2019

This article reviews a critical discourse analysis implementing Norman Fairclough perspective as the basis of analysis. There are three kinds of dimensions to analyze according to Fairclough, they are sentence structure, lexicon, and meaning. This article is a report on a small CDA research by analyzing a television talk show, Indonesian Lawyer Club on TV One. The data are utterances recorded from the intercollutors in the event consisiting of nine parts of recording: Karni Ilyas, the host of the event, attorneys, Susno Duaji and his lawyer, and experts invited to the event. It was found that there were implicatures giving pragmatic force which were found in each recording which enabled watchers to understand the speaker meaning easily.
Investigating The Association Between Cognitive Ability, Leisure Activity And Emotional Intelligence Among An Ethnically Diverse Student Population From A Medical University In Malaysia
Authors:   Associate Professor, Department of Biochemistry, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia., Mohanraj Dr Jaiprakash , Kaliannan Katiravan A/L ,   MBBS Student, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia., Mutalemwa Datius Burchard ,   MBBS Student, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia., Qian Yu Kelly Lim ,   MBBS Student, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia., Kraithad Manas ,   MBBS Student, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia., Saedun Nazrarul Uyun Binti ,   MBBS Student, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia., Vinayagam Vithundran ,   MBBS Student, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia., Yuan Wong Yu ,   MBBS Student, MAHSA University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
Published: September 2019

The young adult population, often classified as digital natives, have transformed their lifestyle and leisure activity to a large extent when compared to the digitally recluse generation, which suggestively can affect their overall emotional and cognitive development. Our present study, investigated the association between emotional intelligence and cognitive ability among university students engaging in four different types of leisure activity ie. group 1- students engaging in group based physical activities, group 2-students involved in self-engaging physical activity, group 3 were online gamers and group 4 were those with sedentary leisure habits. A total of 100 students were included in this study with 25 in each category. Based on the set criteria’s the subjects were classified into the four groups, following which EI-competency based questionnaire was administered. They participants then participated in a validated online gaming tool to tests their cognitive ability. The results showed no significant difference in EI between the four groups however, the group-3 showed better memory and group-4 displayed weak memory when compared to the rest. It was intriguing to observe that all the EI domains affected the spatial planning of their cognitive component. Finally, the Chinese student displayed better cognitive ability when compared to the rest.
Educational competencies of mathematics teachers from their point of view in the light of variables (educational qualification, years of service, gender)
Authors: Al-Jizani Haider
Published: September 2019

The aim of the research was to determine the extent to which teachers and teachers of mathematics have access to educational competencies from their point of view in light of the variables (qualification, experience, gender). To achieve the objectives of the research, a sample of 245 teachers was selected for sixth grade mathematics in the third Karkh education. The research tool consists of a questionnaire consisting of (50) educational competencies divided into three areas (planning, implementation, and evaluation), which have been verified and validated, and we conclude from the estimates of the teachers and teachers of mathematics (the sample of the research) on the questionnaire of educational competencies there are differences in the percentage of ownership of educational competencies Attributed to the Is scientific and years of service and sex.
The performance of HTML5 in e-learning
Authors: Sarhan Raed
Published: September 2019

After Adobe announced that in 2020 it will stop supporting Flash for mobile devices, the need for a second language is becoming necessary. HTML5 is one of the hot web technologies and is widely accepted across mobile devices and the web. It is designed to deliver everything you want to do around the Internet without the need for additional software such as components Browser. It used to create incredibly complex applications, supports multimedia on mobile devices and works on all portable operating systems and responds to all screen sizes. It is advantageous to cache offline, and the important thing is that most of the major e-learning tools available on the market are almost compatible with it.
Gambaran Beban Caregiver Penderita Skizofrenia di Poliklinik Rawat Jalan RSJ Amino Gondohutomo Semarang
Authors: Fitrikasari Alifiati , Kadarman Agung , Sarjana Widodo
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang : Skizofrenia merupakan gangguan jiwa berat yang perjalanannya berlangsung kronis dan menimbulkan kemunduran. Penderita skizofrenia mempunyai hendaya yang nyata pada taraf kemampuan fungsional sehari-hari, sehingga memerlukan bantuan dan pertolongan dalam memenuhi kebutuhan kehidupannya pada pihak lain (caregiver/carer). Peningkatan peran ini akan menimbulkan konsekuensi, yang akhirnya akan menimbulkan beban perawatan bagi keluarga. Tujuan penelitian adalah mendeskripsikan beban perawatan pada caregiver yang merawat penderita skizofrenia dengan menggunakan instrumen Burden Assessment Schedule (BAS) versi Bahasa Indonesia dan komponen beban perawatan yang paling berpengaruh.

Metode : Merupakan penelitian deskriptif dengan 100 orang caregiver yang merawat penderita lebih dari 2 tahun di Poliklinik Rawat Jalan kelas III dan pasien Jamkesmas Rumah Sakit Jiwa Daerah Amino Gondohutomo Semarang. Responden diwawancara dengan kuesioner terstruktur BAS versi Bahasa Indonesia.

Hasil : Didapatkan nilai skor BAS antara 18 sampai 40, dengan rerata 26,41. Sebanyak 89 responden (89%) merasa terbeban dengan kondisi penderita. Urutan domain yang paling berperan terhadap beban caregiver adalah dampak terhadap perasaan nyaman, beratnya masalah gangguan yang dihadapi, dampak terhadap hubungan dengan orang lain, apresiasi terhadap peran perawatan dan dampak terhadap kualitas hubungan perkawinan. Simpulan : Sebagian besar caregiver menganggap perawatan terhadap anggota keluarga dengan gangguan skizofrenia sebagai beban dan komponen yang paling berperan adalah dampak terhadap perasaan nyaman.

Kata kunci: Beban perawatan, caregiver skizofrenia, instrumen BAS versi Bahasa Indonesia.
Prediksi Keberhasilan Kehamilan Teknik Fertilisasi in Vitro Pada Berbagai Umur Istri
Authors: Soegiharto Soebijanto
Published: September 2019

Obyektif: Tulisan ini mempelajari hubungan keberhasilankehamilan teknik fertilisasi in vitro dengan umur istri.Metode: Dilakukan penilaian kehamilan pada 8 buah pusat pelayanan fertilisasi in vitro di Indonesia: di Rumah Sakit Anak dan Bersalin Harapan Kita sejak tahun 1997 sampai 2001 dan 7 Pusat Pelayanan fertilisasi in vitro di Indonesia. Induksi folikel dilakukan dengan long protocol, short protocoldan natural cycle. Inseminasi dilakukan dengan cara inseminasi di cawan petri dan dengan cara ICSI (intra cytoplasmic sperm injection). Pengambilanspermatozoa dilakukan dengan masturbasi, biopsi testes, dan biopsi epididimis. Keberhasilan kehamilan dinilai dengankehamilan kimiawi, adanya denyut jantung bayi dan kelahiran bayi hidup (take home baby).Hasil: Diperoleh hasil kehamilan 34% untuk kelompok umur di bawah 30 tahun, 33,75% untuk kelompok umur 31-35 tahun, 26% untuk kelompok umur 36-40 tahun dan 8% untuk kelompok umur di atas 40 tahun.
Perbandingan Efektifitas antara Bantal Pasir dan Arfeband sebagai Penekanan Luka Paska Angiografi Koroner
Authors: Junait Junait , Rifqi Sodiqur
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang: Tindakan angiografi koroner, dapat menimbulkan komplikasi perdarahan dan hematom serta rasa tidak nyaman pasien. Bantal pasir 2,3 kg selama ini digunakan untuk mencegah komplikasi dengan cara meletakkannya di atas luka paska angiografi koroner setelah pencabutan femoral sheath dan setelah penekanan secara manual selama 20-30 menit. Arfeband(Arteri Femoral Band) adalah prototipe yang dirancang sebagai alternatif pengganti bantal pasir. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui perbandingan efektifitas antara bantal pasir dan arfebandsebagai penekan luka paska angiografi koroner terhadap insiden perdarahan, haematom dan ketidaknyamanan pasien
Terapi Gizi pada Pria 27 Tahun dengan Fistula Gastrokutan Low Output Post Eksplorasi Laparotomi et Causa Perforasi Duodenum
Authors: Murbawani Etisa
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang: Pasien dengan fistula gastrokutan memiliki risiko malnutrisi. Kondisi ini disebabkan oleh asupan makan yang rendah, gangguan penyerapan, hiperkatabolisme dan tingginya kebutuhan energi dan zat gizi lainnya. Perawatan yang lama juga menjadi salah satu penyebabnya. Tujuan case report ini adalah untuk menerapkan terapi gizi enteral lebih awal pada pasien postoperasi
Pemberian Vitamin C sebagai Antioksidan terhadap Fragilitas Osmotik Eritrosit pada Thalassemia Mayor
Authors: Rajagukguk Ricki , Kosim Sholeh , Tamam Moedrik
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang : Vitamin C berperan sebagai antioksidan untuk melawan peroksidasi membran fosfolipid yang disebabkan oleh stres oksidatif sehingga diharapkan dapat memperbaiki fragilitas osmotic mendekati rentang normal. Pemeriksaan fragilitas osmotik eritrosit dulu sejarahnya dilakukan untuk uji tapis beta thalassemia mayor. Tranfusi darah masih merupakan pengobatan utama untuk menanggulangi anemia pada thalassemia pada saat ini. Pemberian tranfusi berulang menyebabkan penimbunan besi yang berlebihan yang selanjutnya mengakibatkan kerusakan oksidatif. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk membuktikan apakah pemberian vitamin C dapat memperbaiki fragilitas osmotik eritrosit pada pasien Î² thalassemia
Imunisasi pada Keadaan Khusus
Authors: Rahmadi Farid
Published: September 2019

Imunisasi merupakan upaya pencegahan terhadap penyakit infeksi dan merupakan salah satu program kesehatan nasional yang berhasil menurunkan morbiditas dan mortalitas. Imunisasi pada keadaan khusus yang meliputi imunisasi pada kelompok bayi berisiko dan kelompok bayi dengan ibu berisiko memerlukan pendekatan yang berbeda dari imunisasi reguler. Hal ini penting untuk diketahui oleh petugas kesehatan di lapangan supaya tidak terjadi kekeliruan dalam melaksanakan program imunisasi
Hubungan Kadar Hormon Tiroid dan Skor Pediatrik Index of Mortality dengan Luaran Sepsis pada Anak
Authors: Purwanti Asri
Published: September 2019

Latar belakang : Hormon tiroid mempunyai peranan penting dalam penyesuaian fungsi metabolik. Selama sepsis terjadi eutyroid sick syndrome melalui mekanisme disfungsineuroendokrin pada aksis hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid yang ditandai dengan kadar T3 rendah. Penilaian derajat berat sakit berdasarkan variabel fisiologis saat terjadi perubahan hemotasis yang dapat menggambarkan luaran sepsis pada anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan kadar hormon tiroid dan skor PIM pada kondisi anak sepsis
Cost-benefit analysis of VKA versus NOAC treatment in German patients with atrial fibrillation utilizing patient self-testing
Authors: Diel Roland , Lampenius Niklas
Published: September 2019

Objectives: This study quantified the burden of hypoxic respiratory failure (HRF)/persistent pulmonary hypertension of newborn (PPHN) in preterm and term/near-term infants (T/NTs) by examining health care resource utilization (HRU) and charges in the United States.

Methods: Preterms and T/NTs (≤34 and >34 weeks of gestation, respectively) having HRF/PPHN, with/without meconium aspiration in inpatient setting from January 1, 2011-October 31, 2015 were identified from the Vizient database (first hospitalization=index hospitalization). Comorbidities, treatments, HRU, and charges during index hospitalization were evaluated among preterms and T/NTs with HRF/PPHN. Logistic regression was performed to evaluate mortality-related factors.

Results: This retrospective study included 504 preterms and 414 T/NTs with HRF/PPHN. Preterms were more likely to have respiratory distress syndrome, neonatal jaundice, and anemia of prematurity than T/NTs. Preterms had significantly longer inpatient stays (54.1 vs 29.0 days), time in a neonatal intensive care unit (34.1 vs 17.5 days), time on ventilation (4.7 vs 2.2 days), and higher total hospitalization charges ($613,350 vs $422,558) (all P<0.001). Similar rates were observed for use of antibiotics (96.2% vs 95.4%), sildenafil (9.5% vs 8.2%), or inhaled nitric oxide (93.8% vs 94.2%). Preterms had a significantly higher likelihood of mortality than T/NTs (odds ratio: 3.6, 95% confidence interval: 2.3-5.0).

Conclusions: The findings of more severe comorbidities, higher HRU, hospitalization charges, and mortality in preterms than in T/NTs underscore the significant clinical and economic burden of HRF/PPHN among infants. The results show significant unmet medical need; further research is warranted to determine new treatments and real-world evidence for improved patient outcomes.
Analisis Fungsional Terapi Tradisional dan Terapi Komplementer Alternatif Diera Jaminan Kesehatan Nasional (JKN)
Authors: Artana I Wayan
Published: September 2019

Pelayanan dibidang kesehatan lebih baik dilakukan secara menyeluruh, karena manusia tidak dapat dipandang secara bagian perbagian. Kesepuluh sistem organ bekerjanya secara fungsional dalam mempertahankan tubuh agar tetap dalam keadaan seimbang. Penanganan penyakit secara menyeluruh/komprehensif meliputi penanganan secara konvensional dan non konvensional. Tulisan ini menggunakan metode analisis studi kepustakaan tentang peranan terapi non konvensional dalam penanganan penyakit.Penanganan konvensional meliputi semua penanganan yang telah terbukti secara ilmiah dan sudah dipergunakan oleh kalangan medis, sedangkan penanganan non konvensional belum seluruhnya terbukti secara ilmiah tetapi sudah ada digunakan oleh kalangan medis. Tujuan dari penulisan ini mengetahui peran yang bisa diambil oleh terapi non konvensional dalam penanganan penyakit diera JKN. Penanganan non konvensional terdiri dari terapi tradisional dan terapi komplementer alternative. Terapi ini ada beberapa yang sudah diperbolehkan digunakan sebagai terapi tambahan atau terapi pelengkap pada penanganan pasien, asalkan tidak bertentaangan dengaan terapi medis konvensional. Hal ini dibuktikan dengan telah diundangkannya peraturan peraturan mengenai terapi tradisional dan komplementer alternative. Hasil tulisan ini dapat dipergunakan oleh kalangan medis untuk  penanganan penyakit yang menyeluruh sehingga pasien menjadi lebih puas. Begitu juga dapat memberikan hasil yang baik kepada kendali mutu dan kendali biaya pada program Badan Penyelenggara Jaminan Sosial Kesehatan (BPJS Kesehatan). Perlu dilakukan penelitian dan pengembangan obat obatan tradisional dan obat komplementer alternatif oleh institusi pendidikan STIKES Bina Usada dan institusi kesehatan lain. Memasukkan terapi tradisional dan komplementer alternatif kedalam materi pengajaran kepada anak didik sehingga mereka lebih mengenal manfaat dan keuntungan penanganan pasien secara komprehensif.
Pengaruh Masase Perineum pada Derajat Laserasi Perineum Terhadap Primigravida di Puskesmas II Denpasar Barat
Authors: Putri Yustika Rani Anak Agung , Prihandhani IGAA Sherlyna
Published: September 2019

Laserasi perineum adalah robekan yang terjadi pada perineum sewaktu persalinan. Kerusakan tersebut biasanya lebih nyata pada primigravida dibandingkan multigravida. Salah satu pencegahan yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi laserasi perineum yaitu masase perineum. Masase perineum merupakan teknik memijat pada daerah perineum pada masa kehamilan atau beberapa minggu menjelang persalinan guna meningkatkan perubahan hormonal yang melembutkan jaringan ikat, sehingga jaringan perineum lebih elastis dan lebih mudah meregang. Tujuan dari penelitian ini untuk mengetahui pengaruh masase perineum terhadap derajat laserasi perineum pada primigravida di Puskesmas II Denpasar Barat. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian true eksperiment, dengan rancangan pasca-test dengan pemilihan, dimana kelompok eksperimen diberi perlakuan sedangkan kelompok kontrol tidak. Pada kedua kelompok tidak diawali dengan pra-tes. Pengukuran hanya dilakukan setelah pemberian perlakuan selesai. Data di analisis dengan uji statistik menggunakan uji Mannn-Withney U Test nilai U statistik adalah 20,0 dan nilai U tabel (n1 = 10, n2 = 10 dengan a = 0,05) adalah 23 Nilai U statistik = 20 < 23 = nilai  U tabel, maka Ho ditolak dan H1 diterima. Berarti terdapat perbedaan antara derajat laserasi yang diberikan masase dengan yang tidak diberikan masase.
Penerapan Penerapan Self Hypnosis Pada Ny “SW” Umur 40 Tahun dengan Kista Ovarium (Penatalaksanaan pada Gangguan Reproduksi dengan Kista Ovarium di Ruang Dara RSUD Wangaya)
Authors: Risna Suma Made , Nopita Sari Ni Made
Published: September 2019

Kista ovarium adalah kantung yang abnormal mengandung cairan cair atau setengah cairan yang ada di organ ovarium dan dapat mengganggu fungsi normal ovarium. Berdasarkan data rekam medis RSUD Wangaya, jumlah kasus kista ovarium pada tahun 2015 adalah 60 kasus. Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi kista ovarium adalah riwayat keluarga, usia dan gaya hidup tidak sehat. Tujuan dari studi kasus ini adalah dapat diterapkan pada gangguan reproduksi perawatan oleh kista ovarium menggunakan self hypnosis. Metode perawatan kebidanan pada Ibu "SW" menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif menjelaskan dan memberi pemahaman secara umum dan interpretasi tentang berbagai perilaku dan pengalaman manusia untuk menceritakan pemecahan masalah berdasarkan data. Teknik pengumpulan data meliputi wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Perawatan kebidanan telah diberikan tidak ada gat antara teori dan praktik di lapangan baik dari penilaian data subjektif, objektif, analisis dan pengobatan kista ovarium. Perawatan yang diberikan diberikan dengan perawatan di rumah sakit. Studi kasus ini diharapkan bisa bermanfaat bagi praktisi kesehatan, institusi, juga untuk penulis selanjutnya dimana sebagai referensi dalam gangguan reproduksi dengan kasus ovarium khususnya
Pengaruh Massage Effleurage Terhadap Pengurangan Rasa Nyeri pada Persalinan Kala I Fase Aktif di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kemalang
Authors: Setianto Rosalina
Published: September 2019

Rasa nyeri pada persalinan adalah manifestasi dari adanya kontraksi (pemendekan) otot rahim. Kontraksi inilah yang menimbulkan rasa sakit pada pinggang, daerah perut dan menjalar kearah paha. Nyeri persalinan disebabkan adanya regangan segmen bawah rahim dan servik serta adanya ischemia otot rahim. Beberapa pengelolaan nyeri persalinan secara farmakologis sebagian besar merupakan tindakan medis. Salah satu metode yang sangat efektif dalam menanggulangi rasa nyeri adalah dengan massage effleurage yang merupakan salah satu metode non farmakologi yang dilakukan untuk mengurangi nyeri persalinan. Studi yang dilakukan oleh National Birthday Trust terhadap 1000 wanita menunjukan 90% wanita merasakan manfaat relaksasi dan untuk mengetahui pengaruh massage effleurage terhadap pengurangan rasa nyeri pada persalinan Kala I Fase Aktif di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kemalang. Metode penelitian adalah quasi eksperimental dengan pre and post test without control group desain. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 30 responden yang diambil dengan teknik accidental sampling. Instrumen yang digunakan kuesioner skala nyeri Numerical Rating Scale (NRS) Masaage Effleurage dan Wong – Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. Analisis data menggunakan uji paired t-test. Skala nyeri pretest adalah sedang sebanyak 22 orang (73,3%) dengan rata-rata sebesar 5,50 sedangkan post test adalah sedang sebanyak 20 orang (66,7%) dengan rata-rata sebesar 4,60. P value sebesar 0,001 (p < 0,05). Ada Pengaruh massage effleurage terhadap pengurangan rasa nyeri pada persalinan Kala I Fase Aktif di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Kemalang.
Studi Fenomenologi Pengalaman Orang Dengan HIV/AIDS Dalam Mencegah Penularan HIV
Authors: Suprayitna Marthilda , Setiawan Agus , Azzam Rohman
Published: September 2019

Angka kejadian HIV di Kota Mataram meningkat dalam 5 tahum terakhir. Upaya yang telah dilakukan oleh Pemerintah setempat terkait penanggulangan HIV/AIDS yang sudah dilaksanakan selama ini seperti melakukan pencegahan – pencegahan pada lingkungan agar tidak terkena penularan virus HIV/AIDS melalui kampanye dan penyuluhan tentang penggunaan kondom dan melakukan pengobatan untuk mereka yang sudah positif HIV/AIDS. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengeksplorasi pengalaman orang dengan HIV/AIDS dalam mencegah penularan HIV. Metodologi  yang digunakan adalah fenomenologi dengan jumlah partisipan sebanyak 6 orang, data dikumpulkan melalui wawancara mendalam. Wawancara direkam dan kemudian dibuat dalam bentuk verbatim. Hasil penelitian mengungkapkan variasi berbagai pengalaman orang dengan HIV/AIDS dalam mencegah penularan. Lima tema didapatkan dalam penelitian ini meliputi partisipan terdiagnosis HIV/AIDS, upaya partisipan dalam pencegahan penularan, hambatan partisipan serta motivasi partisipan dalam pencegahan penularan HIV/AIDS, dan dukungan yang diterima partisipan dalam upaya pencegahan penularan HIV. Berdasarkan temuan hasil tema tersebut disarankan agar perawat  membantu upaya promosi kesehatan, partisipan mendapatkan dukungan dan motivasi untuk meningkatkan perilaku pencegahan penularan HIV/AIDS
PENGARUH SUHU DAN WAKTU TERHADAP GINGEROL PADA JAHE (ZINGIBER OFFICINALE) DENGAN EKSTRAKTOR BERPENGADUK
Authors: Arifianto Indriyana Putri , Handayani Dwi , Pangestu Ilyas Teguh , Oktavian Rosian , Suryadi Kresna
Published: September 2019

Jahe (Zingiber officinale) adalah salah satu jenis rempah rempah yang tergolong dalam suku Zingiberaceae yang telah digunakan secara luas di dunia baik sebagai bumbu dapur maupun sebagai obat medis terhadap penyakit-penyakit ringan. Bagian utama dari jahe yang digunakan adalah rimpang. Produk olahan jahe yang dapat dikembangkan adalah oleoresin jahe yang mengandung komponen gingerol, shogaol, zingerone, resin dan minyak atsiri. Ginger oleoresin berkisar antara 3,2-9,5%, sedangkan kandungan gingerol dalam oleoresin antara 14-25% dan shogaol di oleoresin antara 2,8-7,0%. Mempertimbangkan manfaat jahe yang mengandung antioksidan tinggi yang berfungsi sebagai anti-inflamasi dan mencegah pertumbuhan tumor, perlu untuk mengekstraksi rimpang jahe untuk menentukan jumlah gingerol yang diekstrak. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menentukan faktor yang paling berpengaruh pada ekstraksi gingerol dari rimpang jahe dengan ekstraktor berpengaduk dan kondisi yang relatif baik. Dalam penelitian ini, percobaan dilakukan dengan berbagai suhu (60oC, 80oC, dan 100oC) dan waktu 30 menit dan 60 menit. Kandungan Gingerol diukur dengan analisa menggunakan spektofotometer VIS. Analisis hasil pengaruh suhu menunjukkan bahwa hasil ekstraksi 500 gram bubuk Jahe menggunakan 8 liter air sebagai pelarut yang paling optimal adalah dengan suhu 100 oC.Kata Kunci: ekstraksi, jahe, gingerol, spectrofotometer, suhu
ANALISIS KEAUSAN KAMPAS REM PADA DISC BRAKE DENGAN VARIASI LUBANG DISC BRAKE
Authors: Samwijaya Dody , Darmanto Darmanto , Syafa’at Imam
Published: September 2019

Disc brake merupakan salah satu komponen kendaraan bermotor yang berfungsi untuk memperlambat atau menghentikan laju kendaraan khususnya kendaraan darat yaitu sebuah besi yang berbentuk piringan yang dijepit oleh kampas rem menggunakan caliper yang digerakkan oleh piston. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa keauasan kampas rem dengan variasi model lubang pada disc brake. Pengujian yang dilakukan antaralain pengujian kekasaran, kekerasan dan uji keausan. Sebelum proses uji keausan dilakukan perhitungan lubang disc untuk mendapatkan luas lubang disc yang terkena kampas. Uji keausan menunjukan bahwa disc 1,disc 2, disc 3 memiliki luas lubang disc berturut-turut 949,72 mm², 1854,14mm², 696,49 mm² dan laju keausan pada masing-masing sisi kampas sebesar 4.14431E-08 (disc 1 A), 4.76515E-08 (disc 1 B), 4.14431E-08 (disc 2 A), 3.66054E-08 disc 2 B), 5.62788E-08 (disc 3 A), 3.74117E-08 (disc 3 B). Dari hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan bahwa disc 3 A memiliki laju keausan terbesar dibanding disc yang lainnya.Kata kunci: disc brake, kampas rem, laju keausan, luas lubang disc
ANALISIS MOMEN POROS DAN GAYA SAMPING HORN RUDDER BIDANG KENDALI PESAWAT N-XXX MENGGUNAKAN COMPUTATIONAL FLUID DYNAMIC
Authors: Muchammad Muchammad
Published: September 2019

Pesawat merupakan sarana transportasi yang memiliki arti penting bagi pembangunan ekonomi dan pertahanan, mengingat bahwa Indonesia adalah sebuah Negara kepulauan dengan kondisi geografis yang sulit untuk diakses tanpa sarana transportasi yang memadai. Penelitian ini bertujuan agar mendapatkan koefisiean hinge moment dan side force bidang kendali ekor pesawat N-XXX pada bagian rudder horn dengan variasi defleksi dengan derajat tertentu. Metode yang digunakan untuk analisis aerodinamika ada beberapa macam, yakni metode analisis Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) dan eksperimen yang biasa dilakukan dengan uji terowongan angin yang menawarkan tingkat keakuratan hasil lebih nyata namun dengan biaya yang lebih besar. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah analisis dengan metode Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD). Penelitian dilakukan dengan variasi defleksi pada horn rudder sebesar 0°,10°,20° untuk mengetahui nilai hinge moment dan side force dengan langkah mengidealisasi geometri, meshing dan diselesaikan dengan CFD untuk perhitungannya guna mendapatkan nilai hinge moment dan side force. Pada defleksi 0° mempunyai nilai hinge moment -0.588, defleksi 10° mempunyai nilai hinge moment 0.653 dan defleksi 20° mempunyai nilai hinge moment -3.836 sedangkan untuk nilai side force pada  defleksi 0° mempunyai nilai side force -0.999, defleksi pada 10° mempunyai nilai side force 70.908, defleksi 20° mempunyai nilai side force 106.773.Kata kunci: ekor pesawat, defleksi, hinge moment, rudder horn, side force.
Screening is Not the Same as Diagnosis
Authors: Foreman Marquis D.
Published: September 2019

SCREENING IS NOT THE SAME AS DIAGNOSIS (with reply)

To the Editor:

I just received April’s issue of the Journal of Gerontological Nursing (Vol 32, No. 4, pp. 45-54). I was particularly interested in the article by Wood, Giuliano, Bignell, and Pritham titled “Assessing Cognitive Ability in Research: Use of MMSE with Minority Populations and Elderly Adults with Low Education Levels.” However, I didn’t get past the first sentence of the abstract before detecting inaccuracies. “The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), originally designed to screen for dementia,” (Wood et al., 2006, p. 45) is inaccurate as neither Folstein, Folstein, and McHugh (1975) nor most individuals using the MMSE since claim the instrument to be designed or useful for purposes of diagnosis. Most of us take special caution to use and indicate that the MMSE is not particularly useful for purposes of making a specific diagnosis (dementia, delirium, or otherwise), but is extremely useful for being able to determine whether or not an individual is cognitively intact or cognitively impaired (and some of us indicate that the use of the MMSE is useful for only such a dichotomous determination, impaired/not impaired while others contend it can indicate severity of impairment). In a review of the use of the MMSE over 26 years, Tombaugh and McIntyre (1992) concluded,

In general the MMSE fulfilled its original goal of providing a brief screening test that quantitatively assesses the severity of cognitive impairment and documents cognitive changes occurring over time. The MMSE should not, by itself, be used as a diagnostic tool to identify dementia (p. 922).
Comparison of the Toric Implantable Collamer Lens and Custom Ablation LASIK for Myopic Astigmatism
Authors: Sanders Donald R. , Sanders Monica L.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

To compare the results of wavefront-guided custom LASIK and the Toric Implantable Collamer Lens (TICL) in the correction of myopic astigmatism.

Methods

This observational, non-randomized study compared clinical efficacy results from the TICL's US Food and Drug Administration Clinical Trial and published Summaries of Safety and Effectiveness of two wavefront-guided lasers: STAR S4 CustomVue excimer laser system (VISX Inc) and LADARVision4000 Custom-Cornea excimer laser system (Alcon Laboratories Inc). Preoperative myopic refractive error was divided into two groups: −3.00 to −7.00 diopters (D) and −7.00 to −11.00 D.

Results

The percentage of eyes with uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) of 20/20 and 20/40 and predictability of manifest refraction spherical equivalent within ±0.50 and ±1.00 D in the three groups was similar with only one statistically significant difference (TICL versus Alcon within ±1.00 D: 97% versus 82%;
P
=.008). The TICL had significantly better postoperative best spectacle-corrected visual acuity (BSCVA) compared to preoperative BSCVA than both the VISX CustomVue and Alcon CustomCornea (
P
<.001). The TICL postoperative UCVA outcomes compared to preoperative BSCVA were significantly better than Alcon CustomCornea outcomes (
P
<.001). Additionally, almost half (48%) of the TICL cases had improvement in postoperative UCVA compared to preoperative BSCVA, whereas only 23% of the Alcon CustomCornea eyes showed improvement.

Conclusions

Although comparable in clinical efficacy outcomes, the TICL had a significantly better postoperative improvement in BSCVA and significantly better postoperative UCVA than preoperative BSCVA. The TICL can be considered as an alternative to LASIK through the full range of use. [
J Refract Surg.
2008;24:773–778.]
Comparison of Higher Order Aberrations Measured by NIDEK OPD-Scan Dynamic Skiascopy and Zeiss WASCA Hartmann-Shack Aberrometers
Authors: Cerviño Alejandro , Hosking Sarah L. , Montés-Micó Robert
Published: September 2019

Purpose

To compare the measurement of wavefront aberrations in non-cyclopleged human eyes with Hartmann-Shack and dynamic skiascopy wavefront analyzers.

Methods

Eighty eyes of 40 healthy young adults (19 men, 21 women; mean age 20.8±2.5 years) with refractive errors ranging from +1.50 to −9.75 diopters (D) sphere and up to 1.75 D cylinder (mean spherical equivalent refraction −2.12±2.69 D) were examined with the Zeiss/Meditec WASCA and NIDEK OPD-Scan wavefront analyzers and with the Nippon SRW5000 binocular, open-field autorefractor without the instillation of antimuscarinic agents. Three measurements were taken with each system, in randomized sequence. To avoid differences due to instrument myopia, eyes were excluded if mean spherical equivalent refraction with any of the analyzers exceeded those obtained with the SRW5000 by more than 1.00 D; 13 eyes were excluded. Coefficient of repeatability was determined for the WASCA as the confidence interval (CI) for the differences between the repeated measures. Paired
t
tests with Bonferroni adjustment for multiple comparisons, correlation analysis, and Bland-Altman plots of difference versus mean were performed.

Results

The coefficient of repeatability for the WASCA ranged from 0.008 to 0.022 µm. Data distribution was normal for all Zernike coefficients measured with WASCA, but only for

Z

3

-
1

,

Z

3
1

, and

Z

4
0

measured with the OPD-Scan. Mean differences between instruments in coefficients

Z

3

-
3

,

Z

3
1

,

Z

3
3

,

Z

4
0

, and

Z

4
2

and higher order root-meansquare (RMS) reached statistical significance (mean difference±CI: −0.054±0.021, −0.056±0.022, and 0.030±0.016 µm, respectively,
P
<.05 in all cases). Correlation coefficients were significant only for higher order RMS (Spearman's rho=0.777;
P
>.001).

Conclusions

Although agreement is shown for higher order RMS, aberration values obtained with dynamic skiascopy and Hartmann-Shack systems on non-cyclopleged human eyes are not well correlated with each other, and are therefore not interchangeable. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:790–796.]
Subconjunctival Gas Bubble Formation During LASIK Flap Creation Using Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Ide Takeshi , Kymionis George D. , Goldman David A. , Yoo Sonia H. , O'Brien Terrence P.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

To report a patient who developed subconjunctival gas bubble formation during creation of a LASIK corneal flap with the IntraLase femtosecond laser.

Methods

Case report of a 19-year-old-man with compound myopic astigmatism and a normal preoperative evaluation who underwent bilateral simultaneous LASIK.

Results

The IntraLase FS15 was used to create an 8.8-mm diameter superior flap. Laser settings were 110-µm depth, 1.70-mJ bed and side-cut energy, 12-µm spot separation, 10-µm line separation, 70° side-cut angle, 240-µm pocket start width, and 200-µm pocket start depth. The procedure was uneventful in the right eye whereas subconjunctival air bubbles were observed along the corneal limbus in the left eye (no bubbles were seen in the peripheral cornea). The patient was examined 30 minutes later, and the subconjunctival bubbles could still be observed. By the next day, the bubbles had disappeared completely. Postoperative uncorrected visual acuity was 20/20 in both eyes.

Conclusions

Subconjuctival bubbles can be found after LASIK flap creation with a femtosecond laser. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:850–851.]
Assessment of Keratocyte Activation Following LASIK With Flap Creation Using the IntraLase FS60 Laser
Authors: Petroll W. Matthew , Bowman R. Wayne , Cavanagh H. Dwight , Verity Steven M. , Mootha V. Vinod , McCulley James P.
Published: September 2019

Purpose

To assess the response of corneal keratocytes to the IntraLase FS60 femtosecond laser using attenuated steroids.

Methods

Thirty patients (30 eyes) who underwent LASIK with the IntraLase FS60 were assessed by clinical examination and confocal microscopy 3 months postoperatively. Postoperative steroid regimen was Econopred Plus (Alcon Laboratories Inc) every hour for 1 day and four times daily for 7 days.

Results

No cornea had clinically significant flap interface haze. Two corneas had trace haze at the interface detected by slit-lamp examination; both showed significant keratocyte activation by confocal microscopy. Overall, some degree of keratocyte activation was detected at the flap interface in 10 of 30 eyes. The measured interface reflectivity was 328.8±85.0 confocal backscatter units (CBU) in eyes with activated keratocytes and 88.9±74.5 CBU for the remaining 19 eyes (
P
<.001).

Conclusions

With attenuated steroids, keratocyte activation was found in a significant number of eyes, although interface haze was subclinical. A higher steroid dosage might therefore be indicated. [
J Refract Surg
. 2008;24:847–849.]
The Path to Digitalisation in ELT Classes
Authors: Eren Ömer
Published: September 2019

This chapter presents the history of digitalisation in language teaching and learning. History of computers in language classes is examined since the introduction of computer technology in language teaching up to now. The interaction between language teaching and computers is presented in a timeline to get a clear picture about the great evolution of the role of computers from a drilling machine into creating a virtual classroom atmosphere. Starting from 1970s, history of computer-assisted language learning is depicted to enlighten the idea of how social networking has emerged and how it is used in language teaching. After that, social nature of learning and its role in digitalisation is explained within theoretical framework of behaviourist and constructivist approaches.