bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Point Mugu, California, Earthquake of 21 February 1973 and Its Aftershocks
Authors: Ellsworth W. L. , Campbell R. H. , Hill D. P. , Page R. A. , Alewine R. W. , Hanks T. C. , Heaton T. H. , Hileman J. A. , Kanamori H. , Minster B. , Whitcomb J. H.
Published: October 2006

Seismological investigations show that the Point Mugu earthquake involved north-south crustal shortening deep within the complex fault zone that marks the southern front of the Transverse Ranges province. This earthquake sequence results from the same stress system responsible for the deformation in this province in the Pliocene through Holocene and draws attention to the significant earthquake hazard that the southern frontal fault system poses to the Los Angeles metropolitan area.
Maternal Behavior in Wolf Spiders: The Role of Abdominal Hairs
Authors: Rovner Jerome S. , Higashi Gaile A. , Foelix Rainer F.
Published: October 2006

Newly emerged, juvenile wolf spiders do not settle on clothed or shaved areas of their mother's abdomen until after a period of days. Spiny, knobbed hairs, peculiar to adult female lycosids, apparently provide the stimulus and means for attachment by the inner layer of spiderlings. Innervated long, smooth hairs are mechanoreceptors which probably serve in other aspects of brood care.
Polymorphism in
Plastosciara perniciosa
Authors: Steffan Wallace A.
Published: October 2006

Two widely divergent morphotypes of both adult males and adult females were found in laboratory colonies of
Plastosciara perniciosa
in Hawaii. Extraordinary modification of all features except the genitalia, with associated behavioral differences, enables the micropterous morphotype to take maximum advantage of a stable larval habitat. Capabilities for migration from adverse habitats, dispersal, and maintenance of gene flow are retained in the macropterous morphotype.
Inhibition of Morphine Tolerance and Dependence by the NMDA Receptor Antagonist MK-801
Authors: Trujillo Keith A. , Akil Huda
Published: October 2006

The
N
-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) subtype of the glutamate receptor is an important mediator of several forms of neural and behavioral plasticity. The present studies examined whether NMDA receptors might be involved in the development of opiate tolerance and dependence, two examples of behavioral plasticity. The noncompetitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 attenuated the development of tolerance to the analgesic effect of morphine without affecting acute morphine analgesia. In addition, MK-801 attenuated the development of morphine dependence as assessed by naloxone-precipitated withdrawal. These results suggest that NMDA receptors may be important in the development of opiate tolerance and dependence.
HBV X Protein Alters the DNA Binding Specificity of CREB and ATF-2 by Protein-Protein Interactions
Authors: Maguire Hugh F. , Hoeffler James P. , Siddiqui Aleem
Published: October 2006

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) X gene product trans-activates viral and cellular genes. The X protein (pX) does not bind independently to nucleic acids. The data presented here demonstrate that pX entered into a protein-protein complex with the cellular transcriptional factors CREB and ATF-2 and altered their DNA binding specificities. Although CREB and ATF-2 alone did not bind to the HBV enhancer element, a pX-CREB or pX-ATF-2 complex did bind to the HBV enhancer. Thus, the ability of pX to interact with cellular factors broadened the DNA binding specificity of these regulatory proteins and provides a mechanism for pX to participate in transcriptional regulation. This strategy of altered binding specificity may modify the repertoire of genes that can be regulated by transcriptional factors during viral infection.
Guanylate Cyclase: Inhibition by Light in Retinal Photoreceptors
Authors: Bensinger Richard E. , Fletcher R. Theodore , Chader Gerald J.
Published: October 2006

Guanylate cyclase activity of retinal rod outer segments was measured by an assay procedure that minimizes the technical problems caused by the high activity of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase in neural tissue. Cyclase activity in rods is significantly higher than in brain. Moreover, activity is twofold higher in dark-adapted rods than in light-bleached rods, a sensitivity that is lost when the preparation is treated with detergent.
Office of Management and Budget: The View from the Executive Office
Authors: Walsh John
Published: October 2006

The federal budget will make its annual appearance at the end of the month under the seal of the Office of Management and Budget, a highly influential but reticent agency cloistered in the Executive Office of the President. This first of three articles on OMB discusses the development of the budget agency since World War II and looks at the evolution of the science budget from the OMB perspective.
Detection of Heat-Labile
Escherichia coli
Enterotoxin with the Use of Adrenal Cells in Tissue Culture
Authors: Donta Sam T. , Moon Harley W. , Whipp Shannon C.
Published: October 2006

Cell-free culture filtrates of heat-labile enterotoxin-producing strains of
Escherichia coli
are capable of inducing morphological changes and steroidogenesis in monolayer cultures of adrenal cells. These tissue culture changes are similar to those induced by cholera enterotoxin and cannot be effected by culture filtrates of other enterotoxigenic or enteropathogenic types of bacteria. The results of the tissue culture studies correlated well with those done in the standard intestinal-loop systems and suggest that this tissue culture system could be used to significantly aid epidemiological and molecular studies with heat-labile
Escherichia coli
enterotoxin.
Copyright, Public Policy, and Information Technology
Authors: Henry Nicholas L.
Published: October 2006

Photocopying, computing, and other neopublishing technologies may threaten the traditional foundations of the creation of knowledge and simultaneously promise ever-faster creation of scholarly insights and social decision-making. Conversely, copyright law maintains accepted patterns of data-production and may hinder increased rates of research and information-based decision-making. These are multiple dilemmas, and must be faced squarely in formulating new policies for new technologies.
Venus Clouds: Structure and Composition
Authors: Young A. T.
Published: October 2006

The clouds of Venus consist of a fine sulfuric acid aerosol similar to that found in the earth's stratosphere. The acid aerosol on Venus appears to be uniformly mixed with the gas, at least in the visible layers, and possibly down to the cloud base.
Protein Kinase Translocation as an Early Event in the Hormonal Control of Uterine Contraction
Authors: Korenman Stanley G. , Bhalla Ramesh C. , Sanborn Barbara M. , Stevens Reggie H.
Published: October 2006

β-Adrenergic stimulation with isoproterenol inhibits contractility, increases cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) concentration, decreases the concentration of unsaturated cyclic AMP receptor sites, and increases cyclic AMP-independent kinase in the uterus of ovariectomized rats. The total soluble kinase activity is reduced. The protein kinase activity lost from the cytosol was translocated to the microsomal fraction mostly in a cyclic AMP-independent form, suggesting a particulate substrate for the activated enzyme.
Cell Culture of Mammalian Endometrium and Synthesis of Blastokinin in vitro
Authors: Whitson Gary L. , Murray Finnie A.
Published: October 2006

Endometrial cells obtained from mature female estrous rabbits can be grown in cell culture with the aid of insulin. These cells, after several days in culture, are capable of synthesizing blastokinin by induction with progesterone for 48 hours.
B-Cell Alloantigens Determined by the H-2 Linked Ir Region Are Associated with Mixed Lymphocyte Culture Stimulation
Authors: Lozner Eugene C. , Sachs David H. , Shearer Gene M. , Terry William D.
Published: October 2006

Cell surface antigens, controlled by genes located in the Ir region of the murine major histocompatibility complex, are shown serologically to be expressed preferentially on bone marrow-derived lymphocytes. These antigens may play a major role as stimulators in mixed lymphocyte cultures.
HL-A Antigens in Mummified Pre-Columbian Tissues
Authors: Stastny Peter
Published: October 2006

Tissue extracts of pre-Columbian mummies, from 500 to 2000 years old, were found to inhibit specific antibodies to HL-A. Two-thirds of the specimens tested gave positive results. Patterns of reactions obtained with different antiserums detecting the same antigen were concordant and consistent with known relations between HL-A antigens. The distribution of antigens found was similar to that observed in present-day descendants of the ancient populations studied. Although artifacts due to contaminating substances could have occurred, the reactions resembled in many respects those of HL-A antigens rather than those of nonspecific cross-reacting inhibitors. Development of a technique for HL-A typing of mummified remains may open new possibilities for anthropologic studies.
Septal Tryptophan-5-Hydroxylase: Divergent Response to Raphe Lesions and Parachlorophenylalanine
Authors: Harvey John A. , Gl E. M.
Published: October 2006

A soluble form of tryptophan-5-hydroxylase activity was found to be present in areas rich in serotonergic terminals (colliculi, hippocampus, septal area, and remaining telencephalon) as well as in brainstem, an area rich in cell bodies. The enzymatic activity in all brain regions, except the septal area, was inhibited to varying degrees following administration of parachlorophenylalanine. Destruction of the raphe nuclei in the midbrain led to a large and comparable decrease in both serotonin content and tryptophan hydroxylase activity of the hippocampus. In contrast, these lesions did not significantly affect the enzymatic activity of the septal area although the serotonin content was decreased by 72 percent. These findings suggest that the major portion of the tryptophan hydroxylase activity of the septal area is uniquely different from that found in other telencephalic areas in that it is not localized in serotonergic nerve terminals nor is it inhibited by parachlorophenylalanine.
Auroral Photography from a Satellite
Authors: Rogers Ernest H. , Nelson David F. , Savage Richard C.
Published: October 2006

Photographs taken from satellites show the form, location, and intensity of the aurora from a new perspective. They provide an effective way of monitoring auroral activity on a worldwide basis and are likely to become one of the major tools in the effort to understand this phenomenon.
Collagen Polymorphism: Characterization of Molecules with the Chain Composition [α1(III)]
3
in Human Tissues
Authors: Chung Endy , Miller Edward J.
Published: October 2006

Collagen molecules with the chain composition [α1(III)]
3
, have been isolated from pepsin-solubilized collagen of dermis, aorta, and leiomyoma of the uterus by differential salt precipitation. On denaturation, approximately 90 percent of this collagen is recovered as a γ component (300,000 daltons). Reduction and alkylation of the high-molecular-weight component yields α1(III) chains (95,000 daltons). In addition to containing cysteine, α1(III) chains exhibit several other compositional differences when compared to α1(I), α1(II), or α2 chains from human tissues.
Electron Diffraction of Wet Biological Membranes
Authors: Hui S. W. , Parsons D. F.
Published: October 2006

Electron diffraction patterns were obtained for the first time from single wet phospholipid bilayers and from wet human erythrocyte membranes by using a temperature-controlled electron microscope hydration stage. Selective area diffraction showed the existence of semicrystalline domains. A structural transition was observed at the transition temperature of the wet dipalmitoyl lecithin bilayer.
5-Methylcytidylic Acid: Absence from Mitochondrial DNA of Frogs and HeLa Cells
Authors: Dawid Igor B.
Published: October 2006

The content of 5-methylcytidylic acid in nuclear DNA and mitochondrial DNA of
Xenopus laevis
and HeLa cells has been determined. Both nuclear DNA's contain 5-methylcytidylic acid. The 5-methylcytidylic acid content of
X. laevis
DNA is 1.7 mole percent of total nucleotides, and that of HeLa cell DNA is 0.7 mole percent. In neither mitochondrial DNA could any 5-methylcytidylic acid be detected; the limit of sensitivity was judged at below 0.1 mole percent for
X. laevis
DNA and below 0.05 mole percent for HeLa cell DNA.
Liquid Chromatographic Assay of Warfarin: Similarity of Warfarin Half-Lives in Human Subjects
Authors: Vesell Elliot S. , Shively Carol A.
Published: October 2006

A high pressure liquid chromatographic assay was developed to measure warfarin concentrations in biological fluids. Twelve healthy, unrelated volunteers received a single oral dose of warfarin (0.75 mg per kilogram of body weight). The mean plasma warfarin half-life was 36.3 ± 3.5 hours by liquid chromatography but 55.9 ± 8.4 hours by a currently used fluorimetric assay that fails to separate warfarin from its metabolites. Interindividual variation was greater and each half-life longer by the fluorimetric than by the chromatographic procedure. Warfarin shows less interindividual variation than that observed for other drugs primarily metabolized by hepatic microsomal mixed function oxidases. Advantages of specificity, rapidity, sensitivity, accuracy, and simplicity recommend liquid chromatography in the development of other drug assays.
Spherulitic Recrystallization of Metamict Polycrase
Authors: Ewing Rodney Charles
Published: October 2006

Spherulites occur in the metamict matrix of the rare earth AB
2
O
6-
type niobium-tantalum-titanium oxide, polycrase. Microprobe analyses show that the spherulites are similar in composition to the metamict polycrase except for a fivefold increase in calcium oxide. X-ray examination suggests that the spherulites are a titanium-rich rare earth fersmite.
Monoclinic Sulfur: Heat Capacity Anomaly at 198°K Caused by Disordering of the Crystal Structure
Authors: Montgomery R. L.
Published: October 2006

The entropy of disorder of the idealized crystal structure of monoclinic sulfur at high temperatures is equal to the extra entropy change in the lambda-type (second order transformation type) heat capacity anomaly found at 198°K. The extrapolated entropy is zero at 0°K. The partially disordered crystal structure gradually becomes ordered as the temperature is lowered.
Spontaneous Remembering after Recall Failure
Authors: Buschke Herman
Published: October 2006

Verbal free recall of lists of 20 items increased on repeated recall attempts, without any further presentation of each word after it had been recalled just once. Such restricted presentation resulted in long-term storage and retention of almost all 20 items, as shown by their eventual spontaneous retrieval without further presentation. Most items that failed to be recalled were retrieved again later without any further presentation, indicating that such failures represent retrieval failures rather than loss from storage and that free recall verbal learning requires retrieval from long-term storage.
Sugar Sweetness and Pleasantness: Evidence for Different Psychological Laws
Authors: Moskowitz Howard R. , Kluter Robert A. , Westerling Judith , Jacobs Harry L.
Published: October 2006

Sweetness and the pleasantness of sweetness of sucrose solutions and sweetened food conform to different functions. Sweetness rises with concentration, whereas pleasantness first rises and then decreases. The breakpoint appears to occur at a constant sweetness (that is, constant sensory) level.
Budget and the National Cancer Program
Authors: Rauscher Frank J.
Published: October 2006

The budget picture for the NCI is presented for your information and evaluation-evaluation in the sense that I need and would appreciate your comments. A major issue of course is balance, in terms of clinic versus laboratory; short-term versus long-term; academic versus commercial; targeted versus nontargeted; grants versus contracts versus intramural; national versus international, and the like. It must be recognized that within a program of this emotion, visibility, and importance scientific findings and other considerations will dictate changes on at least a monthly basis. Things other than science contribute to this balance. On any given day we live within the impact of at least three budget years (what we received and did last year, what we will receive and do this year, and what this will allow us to receive and do next year). The federal budgetary process as well as the priority-setting processes of science are such that new directions cannot be taken as quickly as would be optimal.

Priorities must be set in cancer at least in their broad sense; for in addition to other areas of biomedical research, there are other compelling demands for the limited federal dollar. There will never be enough resources to do all that can be done or needs to be done in cancer research. That probably is as it should be. In this regard it is heartening that operating funds for the institutes at NIH other than NCI will increase by $264 million in 1974. It is as true that information from research in other disciplines and categorical diseases will provide leads to cancer, as well as the reverse. And certainly, virtually no one wants to see resources for cancer increased at the expense of other important tasks and opportunities.

This article is not an attempt to justify or to defend the spending plan of the National Cancer Program. It is to let you know what's going on and to seek further advice on how to do it better. Articles on other aspects of the program will be published in journals including
Science
,
Cancer Research
, and the
Journal of the National Cancer Institute
.
Acid Rain: A Serious Regional Environmental Problem
Authors: Likens Gene E. , Bormann F. Herbert
Published: October 2006

At present, acid rain or snow is falling on most of the northeastern United States. The annual acidity value averages aboutpH 4, but values betweenpH 2.1 and 5 have been recorded for individual storms. The acidity of precipitation in this region apparently increased about 20 years ago, and the increase may have been associated with the augmented use of natural gas and with the installation of particle-removal devices in tall smokestacks. Only some of the ecological and economic effects of this widespread introduction of strong acids into natural systems are known at present, but clearly they must be considered in proposals for new energy sources and in the development of air quality emission standards.
Identification of a Peptide Specific for
Aplysia
Sensory Neurons by PCR-based Differential Screening
Authors: Brunet Jean-François , Shapiro Eli , Foster Sharon A. , Kandel Eric R. , Iino Yuichi
Published: October 2006

In order to identify genes specific for the sensory neurons of
Aplysia
, a miniaturized differential screening method based on the polymerase chain reaction and applicable to small amounts of tissue was used. One messenger RNA was isolated that is expressed in every mechanoreceptor sensory cluster of the
Aplysia
central nervous system. This messenger RNA encodes a peptide that seems to function as an inhibitory cotransmitter. The peptide selectively inhibits certain postsynaptic cells but not others and thereby allows the sensory neurons to achieve target-specific synaptic actions.
Identification of a Zinc Finger Protein that Inhibits IL-2 Gene Expression
Authors: Williams T. M. , Moolten D. , Burlein J. , Romano J. , Bhaerman R. , Godillot A. , Mellon M. , Rauscher F. J. , Kant J. A.
Published: October 2006

Transient activation of the
interleukin-2
(
IL-2
) gene after antigen recognition by T lymphocytes is crucial for subsequent T cell proliferation and differentiation. Several
IL-2
gene regulatory elements and binding factors necessary for activation of the IL-2 gene have been defined. However, little is known about negative regulation of IL-2 expression, which is likely to be important in the rapid shut-off of IL-2 transcription. A nucleotide sequence element (NRE-A) that negatively regulates IL-2 expression has been identified within the IL-2 gene. T cell nuclear extracts contained an NRE-A binding activity. A complementary DNA was isolated that encodes a zinc finger-containing protein that suppressed IL-2 gene expression. The observation of negative regulation of the immunoglobulin heavy chain gene enhancer by an element similar to NRE-A suggests that related proteins may regulate multiple immune response genes.
Critical Structural Elements of the VP16 Transcriptional Activation Domain
Authors: Cress W. Douglas , Triezenberg Steven J.
Published: October 2006

Virion protein 16 (VP16) of herpes simplex virus type 1 contains an acidic transcriptional activation domain. Missense mutations within this domain have provided insights into the structural elements critical for its function. Net negative charge contributed to, but was not sufficient for, transcriptional activation by VP16. A putative amphipathic alpha helix did not appear to be an important structural component of the activation domain. A phenylalanine residue at position 442 was exquisitely sensitive to mutation. Transcriptional activators of several classes contain hydrophobic amino acids arranged in patterns resembling that of VP16. Therefore, the mechanism of transcriptional activation by VP16 and other proteins may involve both ionic and specific hydrophobic interactions with target molecules.
An in Vivo Model of Somatic Cell Gene Therapy for Human Severe Combined Immunodeficiency
Authors: Ferrari Giuliana , Rossini Silvano , Giavazzi Raffaella , Maggioni Daniela , Nobili Nadia , Soldati Monica , Ungers Grace , Mavilio Fulvio , Gilboa Eli , Bordignon Claudio
Published: October 2006

Deficiency of adenosine deaminase (ADA) results in severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID), a candidate genetic disorder for somatic cell gene therapy. Peripheral blood lymphocytes from patients affected by ADA
-
SCID were transduced with a retroviral vector for human ADA and injected into immunodeficient mice. Long-term survival of vector-transduced human cells was demonstrated in recipient animals. Expression of vector-derived ADA restored immune functions, as indicated by the presence in reconstituted animals of human immunoglobulin and antigen-specific T cells. Retroviral vector gene transfer, therefore, is necessary and sufficient for development of specific immune functions in vivo and has therapeutic potential to correct this lethal immunodeficiency.
Surface Electronic Properties of Tungsten, Tungsten Carbide, and Platinum
Authors: Houston J. E. , Laramore G. E. , Park Robert L.
Published: October 2006

The local electronic structures of the surface regions of tungsten, tungsten carbide, and platinum have been compared. Contrary to the hypothesis that the platinum-like catalytic activity of tungsten carbide results from the contribution of carbon valence electrons to the 5
d
band of tungsten, the width of the unfilled portion of the
d
band increases on going from tungsten to tungsten carbide.
Cyclization of the Phosphate Side Chain of Adenosine Triphosphate: Formation of Monoadenosine 5′-Trimetaphosphate
Authors: Glonek Thomas , Kleps Robert A. , Myers Terrell C.
Published: October 2006

Monoadenosine 5′-trimetaphosphate has been prepared from adenosine 5′-triphosphate by a carbodiimide-mediated condensation. The molecule was characterized by
31
P nuclear magnetic resonance, and its
31
P spectrum was simulated through the assumption of a three-phosphorus spin system. The molecule is highly reactive and is rapidly converted to adenosine triphosphate upon contact with water.
D(—)-Lactic Acid and D(—)-Lactate Dehydrogenase in Octopus Spermatozoa
Authors: Mann Thaddeus , Martin Arthur W. , Thiersch John B. , Lutwak-Mann Cecilia , Brooks David E. , Jones Robert
Published: October 2006

The spermatozoa ofOctopus dofleini martiniproduce anaerobically D(—)-lactic acid and possess a very active D(—)-lactate dehydrogenase. In this respect, while resembling certain microorganisms, they differ strikingly from mammalian spermatozoa which produce L(+)-lactic acid and contain L(+)-lactate dehydrogenase.
5-Hydroxyindoleacetic Acid in the Lumbar Fluid: A Specific Indicator of Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Bulat M. , Lacković Z. , Jakupčevič M. , Damjanov I.
Published: October 2006

In cats, 19 days after the lower thoracic cord was injured, the concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and its metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the lumbosacral cord and that of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the lumbar fluid decreased. At the same time the concentrations of these substances in the cord above the lesion and that of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the cisternal fluid was not significantly altered. Since high concentrations of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid are present in the human lumbosacral cord, it appears that the concentration of 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in the lumbar fluid of animals and man reflects the biochemical changes of 5-hydroxytryptamine in the normal and injured spinal cord.
Transformation of Chick Embryo Neuroretinal Cells by Rous Sarcoma Virus in vitro: Induction of Cell Proliferation
Authors: Pessac Bernard , Calothy Georges
Published: October 2006

Neuroretinal cells from 7-day-old chick embryos are transformed and induced to proliferate after infection with Rous sarcoma virus in vitro. Susceptibility of neuroretinal cells to the virus is also dependent on the stage of development since infection of cells from 10-day-old embryos is uneffective.
Selective Alkylation: A Biomimetic Reaction of the Antileukemic Triptolides?
Authors: Kupchan S. Morris , Schubert Richard M.
Published: October 2006

The potent antileukemic plant principles triptolide and tripdiolide contain a characteristic hydrogen-bonded 9,11-epoxy-14β-hydroxy system. They alkylate propanethiol in a process which involves opening of the epoxide function with neighboring hydroxyl assistance. The reaction may mimic the inhibition of tumor growth via selective alkylation of the thiol groups of key enzymes concerned with growth regulation.
Acetylcholine Noise: Analysis after Chemical Modification of Receptor
Authors: Landau E. M. , Ben-Haim D.
Published: October 2006

The elementary voltage pulses ("shot effects") produced by the action of acetylcholine molecules on the receptor were studied by analyzing the membrane voltage fluctuations ("noise") after acetylcholine application at the frog neuromuscular junction. The amplitude of these pulses was decreased after treatment with a disulfide-bond reducing agent. The shot effect may thus depend on the structure or conformation of the receptor molecule.
Reversal by L-Dopa of Impaired Learning Due to Destruction of the Dopaminergic Nigro-Neostriatal Projection
Authors: Zis Athanasios P. , Fibiger Hans C. , Phillips Anthony G.
Published: October 2006

Rats receiving bilateral stereotaxic injections of 6-hydroxydopamine into the zona compacta of the substantia nigra failed to learn a one-way active avoidance response. Small doses of L-dopa (1.5 milligrams per kilogram of body weight) in combination with a peripheral decarboxylase inhibitor reversed this impairment. Animals with lesions which acquired the avoidance response during L-dopa administration retained this response when drug treatment was discontinued. These experiments suggest that the dopaminergic nigro-neostriatal projection serves a critical function in the acquisition of learned instrumental responses.
Type 2 Hyperprolinemia: Absence of Δ
1
-Pyrroline-5-Carboxylic Acid Dehydrogenase Activity
Authors: Valle David L. , Phang James M. , Goodman Stephen I.
Published: October 2006

Δ
1
-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid dehydrogenase activity was measured radioisotopically in normal and type 2 hyperprolinemia fibroblasts. The type 2 cells had no detectable activity over a range of reaction conditions whereas normal cells had easily measurable activity. This enzymatic defect accounts for the biochemical abnormalities in type 2 hyperprolinemia.
Classification: Purposes, Principles, Progress, Prospects
Authors: Sokal Robert R.
Published: October 2006

There is an intimate interrelation between principles and procedures in classification, and modern work in this field has been profoundly affected by the development of electronic computers. Besides the delineation of natural systems and the achievement of economy of memory and ease of manipulation, the primary purpose of classification is the description of the structure and relationship of groups of similar objects. Successful classifications generate scientific hypotheses, although much classificatory work has applied, practical goals. The acceptance of polythetic taxa is a major conceptual advance and has directly led to classifications based on many, equally weighted characteristics. The specification of data for classification by computer will enhance objectivity but not eliminate cultural and subjective biases. Techniques of classification include cluster analysis and ordination, and numerous ways of representing classifications have been elaborated recently. By the application of graph theory to some classificatory problems it has been possible to reconstruct evolutionary branching sequences. Computer classification has been successfully applied across a broad range of disciplines.
Hearing with the Third Ear: Dichotic Perception of a Melody without Monaural Familiarity Cues
Authors: Kubovy Michael , Cutting James E. , McGuire Roderick McI.
Published: October 2006

Julesz has shown that cross-correlations between two patterns that appear random to either eye alone can give rise to the perception of form and depth when viewed stereoscopically. We produced auditory analogs by presenting eight simultaneous and continuous sine waves to both ears and by either phase-shifting or frequency-shifting one of them relative to its counterpart in the opposite ear. Particular tones were shifted in sequence such that a melody was heard which was undetectable by either ear alone.
University Research and the New Federalism
Authors: Spriesterbach D. C. , Hoppin Margery E. , McCrone John
Published: October 2006

In this brief article we have touched on some of the solutions to problems universities are encountering in working with the expanding "new federalism." These arrangements will bring faculties into new kinds of relationships, which they can find stimulating if they are prepared ahead of time to accept the kind of public scrutiny that they have not encountered at the national level and to learn about the political system and the politician. Universities will find advantages for their academic programs if they involve faculty and students in programs that promote the advancement of public good provided that caution is exercised to prevent the development of arrangements that restrict academic freedom, push the university into the political arena, and drain its financial resources. Faculties need to work closely with their university administrations to make sure that valid academic principles are upheld. The exercise will be time-consuming and frustrating, but vital to the objective and the high quality support the public expects from universities.
Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion: Suppression by Hypothalamic Ventromedial Lesions and by Long-Acting Somatostatin
Authors: Martin Joseph B. , Renaud Leo P. , Brazeau Paul
Published: October 2006

Sequential blood samples, obtained from freely behaving, nonstressed male rats, showed a pulsatile pattern of growth hormone secretion with a mean interval between peaks of 68 minutes. The bursts of secretion were blocked by lesions of the hypothalamic ventromedial nuclei and by administration of a long-acting preparation of synthetic somatostatin.
Hycanthone Analogs: Dissociation of Mutagenic Effects from Antischistosomal Effects
Authors: Hulbert Peter B. , Hartman Philip E. , Bueding Ernest
Published: October 2006

N-Oxidation at the diethylamino group of hycanthone, of lucanthone, and of two chlorobenzothiopyranoindazoles resulted in a marked reduction in mutagenic activity, while antischistosomal activity was retained or even enhanced. Introduction of chlorine into the 8-position of benzothiopyranoindazoles reduced acute toxicity but had no effect on chemotherapeutic potency. These dissociations of biological activities indicate that safer antischistosomal compounds of this class can be developed.
Heat Production and Temperature Regulation in Eastern Skunk Cabbage
Authors: Knutson Roger M.
Published: October 2006

The spadix of
Symplocarpus foetidus
L. maintains an internal temperature 15° to 35°C above ambient air temperatures of -15° to +15°C. For at least 14 days it consumes oxygen at a rate comparable to that of homeothermic animals of equivalent size. Temperature regulation is accomplished by variations in respiratory rate.
Humoral Immunosuppressive Substance in Mice Bearing Plasmacytomas
Authors: Tanapatchaiyapong Prasert , Zolla Susan
Published: October 2006

The mechanism by which plasmacytomas (PC) depress the primary immune response to sheep red cells was investigated by determining the ability of normal spleen cells to produce antibody when enclosed in Millipore chambers and implanted in PC-bearing mice. Chamber-enclosed normal spleen cells implanted in PC-bearing mice responded poorly to the sheep red cells when compared to similar cells enclosed in chambers and implanted in normal mice or in mice with other lymphoid and nonlymphoid tumors. The data suggest that PC-induced immune suppression is mediated by a humoral factor.
Electrophysiological Correlates of Meaning
Authors: Johnston Victor S. , Chesney Gregory L.
Published: October 2006

The use of context-sensitive symbols offers an appropriate methodology for investigating the representation of meaning in the brain. This approach revealed that late components of frontal, but not occipital, evoked potentials reflect the change of meaning of a symbolic stimulus when it appears in different temporal contexts.
Anthropological Film: A Scientific and Humanistic Resource
Authors: Soren E. Richard
Published: October 2006

More than a scientific endeavor but not strictly one of the humanities either, anthropology stands between these basic kinds of intellectual pursuit, bridging and contributing to both. Not limited to natural history, anthropology touches art, historical process, and human values, drawing from the materials and approaches of both science and humanities. This professional interest in a broad understanding of the human condition has led anthropologists to adapt and use modern cameras and films to inquire further into the variety of ways of life of mankind and to develop method and theory to prepare anthropological film as a permanent scientific and humanistic resource.

Until quite recently the evolution of human culture and organization has diverged in the hitherto isolated regions of the world. Now this divergence has virtually ceased; we are witnessing an unprecedented period in human history—one where cultural divergence has turned to cultural convergence and where the varieties of independently evolved expressions of basic human potential are giving way to a single system of modern communications, transport, commerce, and manufacturing technology.

Before the varieties of ways of life of the world disappear, they can be preserved in facsimile in anthropological films. As primary, undifferentiated visual information, these films facilitate that early step in the creation of new knowledge which is sometimes called humanistic and without which scientific application lies dormant, lacking an idea to test. In keeping with the two scholarly faces of anthropology, humanistic and scientific, anthropological films may provide material permitting both humanistic insight and the more controlled formulations of science.

The lightweight filming equipment recently developed has been adapted by anthropologists as a tool of scholarly visual inquiry; methods of retrieving visual data from changing and vanishing ways of life have been developed; and new ways to reveal human beings to one another by using such visual resources have been explored. As a result, not only can anthropological film records permit continued reexamination of the past human conditions from which the present was shaped, but they also facilitate an ongoing public and scientific review of the dynamics of the human behavioral and social repertoire in relation to the contemporary conditions which pattern human responses and adaptation.

How man fits into and copes with the changing world is of vital interest and concern. Visual data provide otherwise unobtainable information on human potential, behavior, and social organization. Such information, fed into the public media, facilitates informed consideration of alternative possibilities. By contributing to a better informed society, such films will help make our future more human and more humane.
Electron Imaging of Pyrrhotite Superstructures
Authors: Pierce Larry , Buseck Peter R.
Published: October 2006

Natural pyrrhotites, when studied by high resolution electron microscopy, yield crystallographic information on a unit cell scale. Structural heterogeneity is prominent. The many reported superstructures are interpretable through an antiphase model. The 5
C
pyrrhotite superstructure results from an ordered sequence of antiphase domains while the higher temperature
NC
type results from a disordered sequence.
Vertebrate Central Nervous System: Same Neurons Mediate Both Electrical and Chemical Inhibitions
Authors: Korn Henri , Faber Donald S.
Published: October 2006

Identified goldfish medullary interneurons previously shown to inhibit the Mauthner cell electrically also produce a classical postsynaptic inhibition of that cell. Failure of active spike propagation in the processes of these interneurons underlies generation of the electrical component, and the resultant electrotonic terminal depolarization is sufficient to evoke inhibitory transmitter release.
A Large-Scale Hole in the Ionosphere Caused by the Launch of Skylab
Authors: Mendillo Michael , Hawkins Gerald S. , Klobuchar John A.
Published: October 2006

A dramatic ionospheric phenomenon, unique in magnitude and in spatial and temporal extent, occurred along the Atlantic Coast of North America after the launch of the NASA Skylab Workshop on 14 May 1973. The effect was a large and rapid decrease in the total number of ionospheric electrons within a distance of 1000 kilometers of the burning engines of the Saturn V launch vehicle. The observations are interpreted in terms of exceptionally enhanced chemical loss rates due to the molecular hydrogen and water vapor contained in the Saturn second-stage exhaust plume.
Aggressive Mimicry inPhoturisFireflies: Signal Repertoires by Femmes Fatales
Authors: Lloyd James E.
Published: October 2006

Females ofPhoturis versicolorprey on males of other species by mimicking the flash responses of the prey's own females. They adjust their responses according to the male pattern, and attract males of four species with distinctively different flashed responses. The capabilities of the firefly brain are more complex than previously suspected. The mimicry is quite effective, and females seldom answered more than ten males without catching one.
Chromatin Structure: Deduced from a Minichromosome
Authors: Griffith Jack D.
Published: October 2006

Cells lytically infected with simian virus 40 contain viral DNA in the form of very small chromosomes (minichromosomes) segmented into 100-A lengths, each segment containing about 200 base pairs of DNA. This form resembles that of eukaryotic chromosomes and is consistent with the model of chromatin structure proposed recently.
Fish Fertilizer: A Native North American Practice?
Authors: Ceci Lynn
Published: October 2006

The belief that the use of fish fertilizers originated among North American Indians, and was communicated as such by Squanto to the Plymouth settlers, has achieved the status of folklore and is therefore difficult to challenge. However, examination of the documentary evidence of Squanto's history and of native cultivation practices, and a cultural analysis of the implications of the use of fish fertilizer, have produced complementary lines of evidence. This evidence indicates that widely held beliefs about the "manner of the Indians" should be revised: Squanto's advice at Plymouth is probably best viewed as an interesting example of culture contact, one in which a native "culture-bearer" conveyed a technological idea from one group of Europeans to another.
Acid-Base Structure of Coal-Derived Asphaltenes
Authors: Sternberg Heinz W. , Raymond Raphael , Schweighardt Frank K.
Published: October 2006

Asphaltenes, the key intermediates in the liquefaction of bituminous coals, consist of hydrogen bonded complexes which can be separated into their acidic and basic components. The acidic components contain all, while the basic components contain none, of the exchangeable protons present. The significance of these findings with respect to coal structure and coal solubilization is discussed.
Molecular Geometry in an Excited Electronic State and a Preresonance Raman Effect
Authors: Hirakawa Akiko Y. , Tsuboi Masamichi
Published: October 2006

Observations of Raman spectra of various molecules at different exciting laser wavelengths lead to an empirical rule. If a Raman line becomes stronger when the exciting frequency is brought closer to the frequency of an electronic band, this means that the equilibrium conformation of the molecule is distorted along the normal coordinate for the Raman line in the transition from the ground to the excited electronic state.
Pioneer 11 Infrared Radiometer Experiment: The Global Heat Balance of Jupiter
Authors: Ingersoll A. P. , Münch G. , Neugebauer G. , Diner D. J. , Orton G. S. , Schupler B. , Schroeder M. , Chase S. C. , Ruiz R. D. , Trafton L. M.
Published: October 2006

Data obtained by the infrared radiometers on the Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 spacecraft, over a large range of emission angles, have indicated an effective temperature for Jupiter of 125° ± 3°K. The implied ratio of planetary thermal emission to solar energy absorbed is 1.9 ± 0.2, a value not significantly different from the earth-based estimate of 2.5 ± 0.5.
Forest Fire: Effects on Phosphorus Movement to Lakes
Authors: McColl John G. , Grigal David F.
Published: October 2006

After a wildfire in the virgin forest of a lake-watershed region in northeastern Minnesota, the phosphorus concentration in the runoff was elevated for 2 years and decreased in the third year. However, there was no increase in the phosphorus concentrations of a lake and its input stream. This indicates that, under similar circumstances, controlled burning will not damage streams or lakes by elevating phosphorus levels.
Earthquakes, Active Faults, and Geothermal Areas in the Imperial Valley, California
Authors: Hill David P. , Mowinckel Penelope , Peake Loren G.
Published: October 2006

A dense seismograph network in the Imperial Valley recorded a series of earthquake swarms along the Imperial and Brawley faults and a diffuse pattern of earthquakes along the San Jacinto fault. Two known geothermal areas are closely associated with these earthquake swarms. This seismicity pattern demonstrates that seismic slip is occurring along both the Imperial-Brawley and San Jacinto fault systems.
Behavior ofHymenaea courbarilWhen Its Predispersal Seed Predator Is Absent
Authors: Janzen Daniel H.
Published: October 2006

Members of lowland Costa Rican forest populations ofHymenaea courbaril(Leguminosae) have longer intervals between seed crops, a later age at first reproduction, larger seed crops, and more resin in the pod walls than do theH. courbarilnative to Puerto Rico. The primary predispersal seed predators ofH. courbarilin Costa Rica,Rhinochenusspp., are absent from Puerto Rico, and it is postulated that this is a major cause of the interpopulation differences.
Causality and Anticipation
Authors: Burgers J. M.
Published: October 2006

I have discussed the problem whether an explanation of the phenomena of life can be deduced from an exclusive reliance on causal relationship as in the currently accepted physical description, or whether attention should be given to something more. For this more the concept of anticipation is taken. Starting from what we observe in our own minds various notions involved in the idea of anticipation have been brought forward. The picture is derived from the philosophy of A. N. Whitehead. It is admissible in this philosophy to postulate an influence of anticipation on the statistical weights which play a part in quantum physics. This influence could change the probability distribution of the results of atomic reactions and thus account for living beings having a way of behavior of their own.

I have also tried to show that an inquiry into the possibility that living organisms possess features not covered by present-day physics need not lead to a belief in supernatural phenomena. The idea of purpose should not be condemned. It does not mean being directed toward a definite goal for some billions of years. Although no quantitative relations have come forward the role of anticipation can be discussed on a rational basis and finds support in an important philosophical system. It introduces some attractive features into the definition of life and it can help to probe the depth of problems which the reductionist principle leaves unanswered. It might be considered as a picture complementary to the physical picture.
High-Pressure Phase Transformation of CaSO
4
(Anhydrite) During a Nuclear Explosion
Authors: Kahn J. S.
Published: October 2006

Examination of the postshot cores from the portion of the Tatum Salt Dome that had been subjected to a nuclear explosion (Salmon Event) has indicated evidence for the high-pressure phase transformation of anhydrite. This evidence consists of distinctly different optical domains within the shocked anhydrite. Evidence for the transition exists out to approximately 1.5 cavity radii. Excellent agreement exists between experimental work and the theoretical calculations of the predicted pressure profile.
Mechanistic Interpretation of Rift Valley Formation
Authors: Koide H. , Bhattacharji S.
Published: October 2006

The stress distribution on the lithospheric plate due to excess magma pressure is obtained from an exact solution of the three-dimensional theory of elasticity. The analysis indicates that rift valley formation and associated structural and geophysical characteristics can be suitably explained by dike-like intrusions of magma or igneous mush into the lithospheric plate.
Simplex Optimization of Reaction Yields
Authors: Dean Walter K. , Heald Katharine J. , Deming Stanley N.
Published: October 2006

The sequential simplex algorithm, an efficient optimization strategy, rapidly improved reaction yield as a function of time and temperature in the synthesis of π-C
5
H
5
Mo(CO)
2
CSN(CH
3
)
2
. The work demonstrates the feasibility and efficiency of the simplex design and suggests its application and usefulness in other syntheses.
Reproductive Strategies and the Co-occurrence of Climax Tree Species
Authors: Forcier Lawrence K.
Published: October 2006

In a central New Hampshire forest, three co-occurring tree species were found to occupy different positions on a reproductive strategy gradient. These reproductive strategy differences, in part, described separate niches for the species. The three-species complex is hypothesized to form a dynamic climax overstory characterized by cyclical replacement of one dominant species by another.
Biological Uptake of Dissolved Silica in the Amazon River Estuary
Authors: Milliman John D. , Boyle Edward
Published: October 2006

Approximately 25 percent of the dissolved silica carried by the Amazon River is depleted through diatom production in the inner estuary. Annual production of opaline frustules is estimated to be 15 million tons. However, few diatoms accumulate in modern shelf sediments and chemical recycling appears to be slight. Instead, many frustules apparently are transported landward into the river system, where they deposit in dunes and layers on and within mud and sand bars.