bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii in individuals with mania
Authors: Dickerson Faith , Stallings Cassie , Origoni Andrea , Vaughan Crystal , Katsafanas Emily , Khushalani Sunil , Yolken Robert
Published: October 2013

Objectives

Increased rates of infection with Toxoplasma gondii have been found in individuals with schizophrenia as compared to control groups but this issue has not been studied in mania.

Methods

We measured immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM class antibodies to T. gondii in 57 individuals with mania who were assessed at up to three time‐points. We also measured these antibodies in 743 individuals in other psychiatric groups and in 314 non‐psychiatric controls. T. gondii antibody levels were compared among groups by multivariate analyses. IgG class and IgM class antibodies to cytomegalovirus were also measured in the same samples. T. gondii antibody levels were also compared over time in the mania group.

Results

The mania group had a significantly elevated level of IgM antibodies to T. gondii as compared to the control individuals without a psychiatric diagnosis [odds ratio (OR) = 2.33, p < 0.04 at hospital admission; and OR = 2.32, p < 0.02 at study entry during the hospital stay]. Elevated IgM class antibodies to T. gondii were not found in individuals with the other psychiatric diagnoses. We also did not find an increased level of IgG class antibodies to T. gondii or IgG or IgM class antibodies to CMV in the individuals with mania. Within the mania group, there was a significant difference between the prevalences of increased levels of T. gondii IgM at the baseline and the follow‐up time‐point (t = 2.97, p < 0.003).

Conclusions

Infection with T. gondii may confer risk for mania.
Characterization of molecular and cellular functions of the cyclin‐dependent kinase CDK9 using a novel specific inhibitor
Authors: Albert T K , Rigault C , Eickhoff J , Baumgart K , Antrecht C , Klebl B , Mittler G , Meisterernst M
Published: October 2013

Background and Purpose

The cyclin‐dependent kinase CDK9 is an important therapeutic target but currently available inhibitors exhibit low specificity and/or narrow therapeutic windows. Here we have used a new highly specific CDK9 inhibitor, LDC000067 to interrogate gene control mechanisms mediated by CDK9.

Experimental Approach

The selectivity of LDC000067 was established in functional kinase assays. Functions of CDK9 in gene expression were assessed with in vitro transcription experiments, single gene analyses and genome‐wide expression profiling. Cultures of mouse embryonic stem cells, HeLa cells, several cancer cell lines, along with cells from patients with acute myelogenous leukaemia were also used to investigate cellular responses to LDC000067.

Key Results

The selectivity of LDC000067 for CDK9 over other CDKs exceeded that of the known inhibitors flavopiridol and DRB. LDC000067 inhibited in vitro transcription in an ATP‐competitive and dose‐dependent manner. Gene expression profiling of cells treated with LDC000067 demonstrated a selective reduction of short‐lived mRNAs, including important regulators of proliferation and apoptosis. Analysis of de novo RNA synthesis suggested a wide ranging positive role of CDK9. At the molecular and cellular level, LDC000067 reproduced effects characteristic of CDK9 inhibition such as enhanced pausing of RNA polymerase II on genes and, most importantly, induction of apoptosis in cancer cells.

Conclusions and Implications

Our study provides a framework for the mechanistic understanding of cellular responses to CDK9 inhibition. LDC000067 represents a promising lead for the development of clinically useful, highly specific CDK9 inhibitors.
The hypocretins/orexins: integrators of multiple physiological functions
Authors: Li Jingcheng , Hu Zhian , de Lecea Luis
Published: October 2013

The hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two peptides derived from a single precursor produced in the posterior lateral hypothalamus. Over the past decade, the orexin system has been associated with numerous physiological functions, including sleep/arousal, energy homeostasis, endocrine, visceral functions and pathological states, such as narcolepsy and drug abuse. Here, we review the discovery of Hcrt/orexins and their receptors and propose a hypothesis as to how the orexin system orchestrates these multifaceted physiological functions.

Linked Articles

This article is part of a themed section on Orexin Receptors. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue‐2
Soluble immunoglobulin A in breast milk is inversely associated with atopic dermatitis at early age: the PASTURE cohort study
Authors: Orivuori L. , Loss G. , Roduit C. , Dalphin J.‐C. , Depner M. , Genuneit J. , Lauener R. , Pekkanen J. , Pfefferle P. , Riedler J. , Roponen M. , Weber J. , von Mutius E. , Braun‐Fahrländer C. , Vaarala O. ,   The PASTURE Study Group
Published: October 2013

Background

The role of breastfeeding for the development of atopic diseases in childhood is contradictory. This might be due to differences in the composition of breast milk and levels of antimicrobial and anti‐inflammatory components.

Objective

The objective of this study was to examine whether levels of total immunoglobulin A (IgA) or transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1) in breast milk were associated with the risk of developing atopic dermatitis (AD), atopic sensitization or asthma at early age taking breastfeeding duration into account.

Methods

The birth cohort study PASTURE conducted in Finland, France, Germany and Switzerland provided 610 breast milk samples collected 2 months after delivery in which soluble IgA (sIgA) and TGF‐β1 levels were measured by ELISA. Duration of breastfeeding was assessed using weekly food frequency diaries from month 3 to month 12. Data on environmental factors, AD and asthma were collected by questionnaires from pregnancy up to age 6. Atopic status was defined by specific IgE levels in blood collected at the ages of 4 and 6 years. Multivariate logistic regression models were used for statistical analysis.

Results

Soluble IgA and TGF‐β1 levels in breast milk differed between countries, and sIgA levels were associated with environmental factors related to microbial load, for example, contact to farm animals or cats during pregnancy, but not with raw milk consumption. sIgA levels were inversely associated with AD up to the of age 2 years (P‐value for adjusted linear trend: 0.005), independent of breastfeeding duration. The dose of sIgA ingested in the first year of life was associated with reduced risk of AD up to the age of 2 (aOR, 95% CI: 0.74; 0.55–0.99) and 4 years (0.73; 0.55–0.96). No clear associations between sIgA and atopy or asthma up to age 6 were observed. TGF‐β1 showed no consistent association with any investigated health outcome.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

IgA in breast milk might protect against the development of AD.
Requirement for safety monitoring for approved multiple sclerosis therapies: an overview
Authors: Rommer P S , Zettl U K , Kieseier B , Hartung H-P , Menge T , Frohman E , Greenberg B M , Hemmer B , Stüve O
Published: October 2013

During the last two decades, treatment options for patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) have broadened tremendously. All agents that are currently approved for clinical use have potential side effects, and a careful risk–benefit evaluation is part of a decision algorithm to identify the optimal treatment choice for an individual patient. Whereas glatiramer acetate and interferon beta preparations have been used in MS for decades and have a proven safety record, more recently approved drugs appear to be more effective, but potential risks might be more severe. The potential complications of some novel therapies might not even have been identified to their full extent. This review is aimed at the clinical neurologist in that it offers insights into potential adverse events of each of the approved MS therapeutics: interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, mitoxantrone, natalizumab, fingolimod and teriflunomide, as well as recently approved therapeutics such as dimethyl fumarate and alemtuzumab. It also provides recommendations for monitoring the different drugs during therapy in order to avoid common side effects.
Mobility‐Trees for Indoor Scenes Manipulation
Authors: Sharf Andrei , Huang Hui , Liang Cheng , Zhang Jiapei , Chen Baoquan , Gong Minglun
Published: October 2013

In this work, we introduce the ‘mobility‐tree’ construct for high‐level functional representation of complex 3D indoor scenes. In recent years, digital indoor scenes are becoming increasingly popular, consisting of detailed geometry and complex functionalities. These scenes often consist of objects that reoccur in various poses and interrelate with each other. In this work we analyse the reoccurrence of objects in the scene and automatically detect their functional mobilities. ‘Mobility’ analysis denotes the motion capabilities (i.e. degree of freedom) of an object and its subpart which typically relates to their indoor functionalities. We compute an object's mobility by analysing its spatial arrangement, repetitions and relations with other objects and store it in a ‘mobility‐tree’. Repetitive motions in the scenes are grouped in ‘mobility‐groups’, for which we develop a set of sophisticated controllers facilitating semantical high‐level editing operations. We show applications of our mobility analysis to interactive scene manipulation and reorganization, and present results for a variety of indoor scenes.
The effects of sacral nerve stimulation on continence are temporarily maintained after turning the stimulator off
Authors: Altomare D. F. , Giannini I. , Giuratrabocchetta S. , Digennaro R.
Published: October 2013

Aim

Sacral nerve stimulation is an effective treatment for urinary and faecal incontinence even though its mechanism of action is uncertain. Central nervous system involvement by ‘setting‐up’ neurological mechanisms appointed to control pelvic function has been hypothesized. The study aimed to evaluate whether the effects of long‐term sacral nerve stimulation are memorized and therefore maintained after switching off the stimulator.

Method

Patients having sacral nerve stimulation for faecal and/or urinary incontinence for at least 1 year had the stimulator turned off and the results monitored. Data recorded with the stimulator off were compared with post‐implant data. If symptoms recurred the stimulator was switched back on. Nineteen patients entered the study. Fourteen had faecal and/or urinary incontinence and five had faecal incontinence alone. The symptoms were assessed by means of a bowel function diary and dedicated questionnaire.

Results

In 10 patients symptoms recurred at different intervals after a median off period of 3.4 months with a probability of symptom relapse of 55%. The Fecal Incontinence Quality of Life (FIQL) score did not show any significant difference in nine patients with the stimulator off for at least 1 year. No factors predictive of symptom recurrence were identified although an idiopathic aetiology, severity of disease and urinary incontinence had higher hazard ratios. During the off period, none of the scores and episodes of incontinence showed significant changes compared with the on period.

Conclusion

The effects of sacral nerve stimulation on faecal and urinary incontinence were maintained in about half of patients after switching the stimulator off, but in some symptoms returned after different periods of time. The data shed new light on possible effects of sacral nerve stimulation on brain neuroplasticity in the control of continence.
Changes in diet, cardiovascular risk factors and modelled cardiovascular risk following diagnosis of diabetes: 1‐year results from the ADDITION‐Cambridge trial cohort
Authors: Savory L. A. , Griffin S. J. , Williams K. M. , Prevost A. T. , Kinmonth A.‐L. , Wareham N. J. , Simmons R. K.
Published: October 2013

Aims

To describe change in self‐reported diet and plasma vitamin C, and to examine associations between change in diet and cardiovascular disease risk factors and modelled 10‐year cardiovascular disease risk in the year following diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes.

Methods

Eight hundred and sixty‐seven individuals with screen‐detected diabetes underwent assessment of self‐reported diet, plasma vitamin C, cardiovascular disease risk factors and modelled cardiovascular disease risk at baseline and 1 year (n = 736) in the ADDITION‐Cambridge trial. Multivariable linear regression was used to quantify the association between change in diet and cardiovascular disease risk at 1 year, adjusting for change in physical activity and cardio‐protective medication.

Results

Participants reported significant reductions in energy, fat and sodium intake, and increases in fruit, vegetable and fibre intake over 1 year. The reduction in energy was equivalent to an average‐sized chocolate bar; the increase in fruit was equal to one plum per day. There was a small increase in plasma vitamin C levels. Increases in fruit intake and plasma vitamin C were associated with small reductions in anthropometric and metabolic risk factors. Increased vegetable intake was associated with an increase in BMI and waist circumference. Reductions in fat, energy and sodium intake were associated with reduction in HbA1c, waist circumference and total cholesterol/modelled cardiovascular disease risk, respectively.

Conclusions

Improvements in dietary behaviour in this screen‐detected population were associated with small reductions in cardiovascular disease risk, independently of change in cardio‐protective medication and physical activity. Dietary change may have a role to play in the reduction of cardiovascular disease risk following diagnosis of diabetes.
Does Estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate Have an Effect on Left Ventricular Function after ST‐Elevation Myocardial Infarction?
Authors: Sonmez Osman , Vatankulu Mehmet A. , Tasal Abdurrahman , Bacaksiz Ahmet , Ayhan Selim , Yazici Hüseyin U. , Karakaya Ekrem , Ozdogru Ibrahim , Aygul Nazif , Ozdemir Kurtulus , Abaci Adnan
Published: October 2013

Objectives

Little is known about whether estimated glomerular filtration rates (eGFR) affect left ventricular (LV) function and gain benefit with antiremodeling treatment in patients with ST‐elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). We investigated the effect of eGFR on LV function using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) parameters. In addition, we sought to evaluate the antiremodeling effect of standard treatment at follow‐up in patients with renal insufficiency (RI) after STEMI.

Methods and Results

A retrospective analysis of 579 patients with STEMI was performed. Patients were divided into 3 groups according to eGFR (Group 1: eGFR > 90 mL/min per 1.73 m2; Group 2: eGFR = 60–89 mL/min per 1.73 m2; Group 3: eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2). Conventional echocardiography and TDI were performed within 48–72 hours after STEMI and at 6‐month follow‐up. The mean left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was significantly lower in Group 3 than in Group 1 (P = 0.021). The mean peak systolic velocity (Sm) was significantly lower in Group 3 than in Group 1 and Group 2 (P = 0.002 and 0.006, respectively). The estimated GFR had a linear association with Sm and LVEF (P = 0.001, r = 0.161; P = 0.005, r = 0.132, respectively). Multivariate analysis showed that an eGFR < 60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 was an independent predictor of lower Sm and in‐hospital mortality. In addition, an antiremodeling effect of standard treatment was seen in all groups at 6‐month follow‐up.

Conclusions

Estimated glomerular filtration rate of <60 mL/min per 1.73 m2 was associated with lower LV function after STEMI, and may gain an antiremodeling effect with standard treatment at follow‐up.
Transthoracic Echocardiographic Detection of Pulmonary Valve Involvement in Löeffler's Endocarditis
Authors: Garg Ashok , Nanda Navin C. , Sungur Aylin , Sharma Gyarsi Lal , Mehta Kruti Jayesh , Öz Tuğba Kemaloğlu
Published: October 2013

We are describing pulmonary valve involvement with thickening and stenosis detected by two‐dimensional transthoracic echocardiography in an adult presenting with Löeffler's endocarditis. To our knowledge, this has not been described previously. Complete regression of the lesions occurred with corticosteroid therapy. Tricuspid valve thickening and stenosis and thickening and thrombus formation in the right ventricle also present initially disappeared completely with therapy.
Benefit of thrombolysis for stroke is maintained around the clock: results from the SITS‐EAST Registry
Authors: Kõrv J. , Vibo R. , Kadlecová P. , Kobayashi A. , Czlonkowska A. , Brozman M. , Švigelj V. , Csiba L. , Fekete K. , Demarin V. , Vilionskis A. , Jatuzis D. , Krespi Y. , Ahmed N. , Mikulík R. ,   for the Safe Implementation of Treatments in Stroke − East (SITS‐EAST) Registry Investigators
Published: October 2013

Background and purpose

The outcome of thrombolysis for early morning and sleep time strokes may be worse because of uncertainty of stroke onset time or differences in logistics. The aim of the study was to analyze if stroke outcome after intravenous thrombolysis differs depending on time of day when the stroke occurs.

Methods

The data collected in the Safe Implementation of Treatments in Stroke − Eastern Europe (SITS‐EAST) Registry between September 2000 and December 2011 were used. Strokes were categorized as night‐time 00:00–07:59, day‐time 08:00–15:59 and evening‐time 16:00–23:59 and were compared in terms of several outcome measures. All results were adjusted for baseline differences.

Results

A total of 8878 patients were enrolled: 18% had night‐time, 54% day‐time and 28% evening‐time strokes. Onset‐to‐treatment time in patients with night‐time strokes was 10 min longer than in day‐time and evening‐time strokes (P < 0.001). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage by ECASS II definition occurred in 5.6%, 5.6% and 5.3% (adjusted P = 0.41) of the night‐time, day‐time and evening‐time stroke patients, respectively; by SITS definition it occurred in 2.5%, 1.9% and 1.3% (adjusted P = 0.013) and by NINDS definition in 7.8%, 7.6% and 7.5% (adjusted P = 0.74). Patients with night‐time, day‐time and evening‐time strokes achieved modified Rankin Scale score 0–1 in 33%, 31%, 31% (adjusted P = 0.34) and 0–2 in 52%, 51%, 50% (adjusted P = 0.23), and 13%, 15%, 16% respectively of patients died (adjusted P = 0.17) by 3 months.

Conclusions

The time when stroke occurs (day versus evening versus night) does not affect the outcome after thrombolysis despite the fact that patients with night‐time strokes have worse time management.
Tumor‐educated myeloid cells: impact the micro‐ and macroenvironment
Authors: Becker Jürgen C.
Published: October 2013

Immune escape mechanisms of cancers include some of the mechanisms normally used for immune homeostasis, particular those preventing autoimmunity; one of these is the polarisation of myeloid cells. Thereby, tumors, i.e. the cancerous and stromal cells, also condition distant sites like spleen and bone marrow via soluble factors and membrane vesicles such as exosomes in order to create a tumor‐educated macroenvironment. Albeit these mechanisms are currently in the focus of (tumor‐)immunologic research, the first evidence had been published almost 40 years ago. One of these early reports will be discussed here.
Psoriatic keratinocytes are resistant to tumor necrosis factor alpha's induction of mRNA for the NMDA‐R2C subunit
Authors: Morhenn Vera B. , Nahm William J. , Mansbridge Jonathan N.
Published: October 2013

Psoriatic individuals demonstrate accelerated healing and the Koebner phenomenon, suggesting that psoriatic proliferation of keratinocytes is not inhibited appropriately after skin injury. Serial analysis of gene expression in TNFα‐exposed keratinocytes shows the greatest alteration in expression of NMDA‐R2C. Expression of the NMDA receptor is altered in diseased skin containing TNFα, and TNFα plays a prominent role in psoriasis. An abnormality in induction of NMDA‐R2C by TNFα in psoriatic keratinocytes may explain their lack of growth inhibition. We compared the capacity of TNFα to induce expression of NMDA‐R2C in normal and psoriatic (involved and uninvolved) keratinocytes in vitro. After 72 h of incubation with TNFα, normal keratinocytes demonstrated a significant induction of NMDA‐R2C mRNA compared with control cultures, whereas psoriatic keratinocytes showed no induction. In an in vitro model of wounding (scratches on monolayers), TNFα inhibited migration/proliferation of keratinocytes only at the edge of NMDA‐R2C expressing wounded monolayers of normal keratinocytes.
Fifty‐five years of enzyme classification: advances and difficulties
Authors: McDonald Andrew G. , Tipton Keith F.
Published: October 2013

Since the publication of a list of enzymes classified according to the reactions that they catalysed, by Dixon and Webb in 1958, its content and presentation have undergone a number of significant changes. These have been necessitated by new information, as well as the need to improve clarity. The move from printed versions to the online environment, through the ExplorEnz website, has allowed the process of adding newly reported enzymes to be automated and the information content to be enriched. Search and output facilities have also been enhanced. These and the problems attendant on the use of the Enzyme Commission classification system for some groups of enzymes are the subject of this review.
Silicified virus‐like nanoparticles in an extreme thermal environment: implications for the preservation of viruses in the geological record
Authors: Peng X. , Xu H. , Jones B. , Chen S. , Zhou H.
Published: October 2013

Biofilms that grow aroundGumingquan hot spring (T = 71 °C, pH = 9.2) in theRehai geothermal area,Tengchong,China, are formed of various cyanobacteria,Firmicutes,Aquificae,Thermodesulfobacteria,Desulfurococcales, andThermoproteales. Silicified virus‐like nanoparticles, 40–200 nm in diameter, are common inside the microbial cells and the extracellular polymeric substances around the cells. These nanoparticles, which are formed of a core encased by a silica cortex, are morphologically akin to known viruses and directly comparable to silicified virus‐like particles that were produced in biofilms cultured in the laboratory. The information obtained from examination of the natural and laboratory‐produced samples suggests that viruses can be preserved by silicification, especially while they are still encased in their host cells. These results expand our views of virus–host mineral interaction in extreme thermal environments and imply that viruses can be potentially preserved and identified in the geological record.
A fluid inclusion study of diagenetic fluids in Proterozoic and Paleozoic carbonate rocks, Victoria Island, NWT
Authors: Mathieu J. , Kontak D. J. , Turner E. C.
Published: October 2013

Despite the presence of known economic resources in Canada's Arctic archipelago, Victoria Island remains understudied. This study addresses the fluid history and economic potential of two major carbonate units on Victoria Island by integrating fluid inclusion microthermometry with SEM‐EDS analysis of evaporate mounds. Three cements containing fluid inclusion assemblages (FIA) occur in the Neoproterozoic Wynniatt Formation: saddle dolomite, brown dolomite and calcite, in paragenetic order. The two dolomite‐hosted cements have average homogenisation temperatures (Th) for FIAs (n = 3) of 108°C (saddle) and 101 and 116°C, but metastability precluded determining salinities; most calcite‐hosted fluid inclusions are too small and/or necked to obtain Th values, but rare larger inclusions have salinities from 1.7 to 0.4 wt. % NaCl equiv. SEM‐EDS analysis of evaporate mounds indicates the fluid changed from an early K‐rich (saddle dolomite), to a later K + Na (brown dolomite), and finally Na‐rich (calcite), which suggests mixing of two end‐member fluids (i.e. Na‐rich and K‐rich). Dolostone of the lower Paleozoic ‘Victoria Island formation’ contains two cements: early quartz and late dolomite. Quartz‐hosted FIAs (n = 2) have an average Th value of 126°C, and salinity of 23.2 wt. % NaCl equiv., whereas FIAs (n = 3) in dolomite have average Th values of 109, 116 and 124°C; metastability precluded determining salinity. Evaporate mound analysis for the cements indicates evolution from a Na‐rich to a Na + K fluid through interaction with reservoir rocks. A reduced, metal‐rich fluid was present during quartz precipitation, as implied by the presence of pyrite framboids along growth zones and nanoparticles of barite and sulphide minerals (Zn, Cu and Pb) in evacuated inclusions, which suggests the area may have potential to host base‐metal mineralisation. Importantly, distinguishing different fluid compositions in both of the case studies would not have been possible without evaporate mound analysis and therefore the results emphasise integrating this technique into diagenetic studies.
The variation in morphology of perennial ryegrass cultivars throughout the grazing season and effects on organic matter digestibility
Authors: Beecher M. , Hennessy D. , Boland T.M. , McEvoy M. , O'Donovan M. , Lewis E.
Published: October 2013

The grass plant comprises leaf, pseudostem, true stem (including inflorescence) and dead material. These components differ in digestibility, and variations in their relative proportions can affect sward quality. The objective of this study was to determine the change in the proportion and organic matter digestibility (OMD) of leaf, pseudostem, true stem and dead components of four perennial ryegrass cultivars (two tetraploids: Astonenergy and Bealey and two diploids: Abermagic and Spelga) throughout a grazing season. The DM proportions and in vitro OMD of leaf, pseudostem, true stem and dead in all cultivars were determined during ten grazing rotations between May 2011 and March 2012. There was an interaction between rotation and cultivar for leaf, pseudostem, true stem and dead proportions. In May and June, Astonenergy had the highest leaf and lowest true stem proportion (P < 0·05). From July onwards, there was no difference in leaf or true stem proportion between cultivars. Bealey had the highest annual mean OMD (752 g kg−1) and Spelga the lowest (696 g kg−1; P < 0·05). The OMD followed the order leaf > pseudostem > true stem > dead. Bealey had the highest combined leaf and pseudostem proportion 0·92, which explains why it had the highest OMD. In this study, the tetraploid cultivars had the highest leaf and pseudostem proportion and OMD. For accurate descriptions of a sward in grazing studies and to accurately determine sward morphological composition, pseudostem should be separated from true stem, particularly during the reproductive stage when true stem is present.
Characterization of polyphenol oxidase activity in a range of forage ecotypes with different phenol substrates. A new insight for PPO and protein‐bound phenol evaluation
Authors: Cabiddu A. , Lee M. R. F. , Decandia M. , Molle G. , Salis L. , Vargiu M. , Winters A. L.
Published: October 2013

Plant phenols can influence utilization of forages by ruminants through binding with proteins either by complexing with oxidized phenols (products of polyphenol oxidase activity or formed in oxidizing conditions) or by hydrogen binding with tannins. These protein‐bound phenols (PBPs) affect rumen metabolism by inhibition of both proteolysis and lipolysis. The aim of this work was to assess the level of polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity (determined with a range of diphenolic substrates), PBP content, and to identify the main source of variation in different forage ecotypes harvested at different phenological stages. PPO activity was strongly influenced by substrate type with a significant effect of forage ecotype. Forage ecotype and phenological stage also influenced PPO and PBP content. PPO showed a strong relationship with dry matter and phenol content of plants.
Challenges of implementing collaborative models of decision making with trans‐identified patients
Authors: Dewey Jodie M.
Published: October 2013

Background

Factors health providers face during the doctor–patient encounter both impede and assist the development of collaborative models of treatment.

Objective

I investigated decision making among medical and therapeutic professionals who work with trans‐identified patients to understand factors that might impede or facilitate the adoption of the collaborative decision‐making model in their clinical work.

Design

Following a grounded theory approach, I collected and analysed data from semi‐structured interviews with 10 U.S. physicians and 10 U.S. mental health professionals.

Results

Doctors and therapists often desire collaboration with their patients but experience dilemmas in treating the trans‐identified patients. Dilemmas include lack of formal education, little to no institutional support and inconsistent understanding and application of the main documents used by professionals treating trans‐patients.

Conclusions

Providers face considerable risk in providing unconventional treatments due to the lack of institutional and academic support relating to the treatment for trans‐people, and the varied interpretation and application of the diagnostic and treatment documents used in treating trans‐people. To address this risk, the relationship with the patient becomes crucial. However, trust, a component required for collaboration, is thwarted when the patients feel obliged to present in ways aligned with these documents in order to receive desired treatments. When trust cannot be established, medical and mental health providers can and do delay or deny treatments, resulting in the imbalance of power between patient and provider. The documents created to assist in treatment actually thwart professional desire to work collaboratively with patients.
Effect of Excess MgO on the Properties of Cordierite Ceramic Sintered by Solid‐State Method
Authors: Li Ye , Cheng Xudong , Zhang Ruifang , Wang Yonghong , Zhang Heping
Published: October 2013

The effect of excess MgO mole ratio on the sintering behavior of cordierite ceramic was studied using XRD and SEM. The green bodies were sintered at 1100–1300°C by solid‐state method. The excess MgO did not obviously reduce the crystallization temperature but increased the production of liquid and densification. This effect has to be activated by a specific temperature. The starting material had little influence on the crystallization phase at 1200°C or higher. As basic magnesium carbonate can also be used as a pore‐forming agent, the shrinkage and porosity approached maximum value at 3.4 mole ratio of MgO.
The Influence of Platelet‐Like LaMgAl11O19 on the Toughness of 3 mol% Yttria Partially Stabilized Zirconia Ceramic
Authors: Min Xin , Huang Zhaohui , Fang Minghao , Liu Yan'gai , Gao Yuanfei , Liu Fengjiao , Hu Meiling , Tang Chao , Qian Tingting
Published: October 2013

LaMgAl11O19‐3 mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia ceramics were successfully prepared by pressureless sintering at 1550°C for 3 h. The ceramic's mechanical properties were measured, and the phase composition and microstructure observed using X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The results show that the mechanical properties of the ceramic were initially improved on addition of LaMgAl11O19, but further additions were detrimental. When the amount of LMA added was equal to 2 wt.%, the bending strength and fracture toughness reached 812 ± 37 MPa and 14.0 ± 0.3 MPa·m1/2. This equates to an increase of 8.0% and 6.9% compared with untreated 3 mol% yttria partially stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) ceramic, respectively. However, the bending strength and fracture toughness both decreased when the amount of LaMgAl11O19 added was 4 and 6 wt.%. A crack propagation and force analysis of the crack tips in LaMgAl11O19‐platelet‐reinforced 3YSZ ceramic were also carried out. The results indicate that phase transformation and crack deflection were the dominant toughening mechanisms in the LaMgAl11O19‐3YSZ ceramic. At the same time, energy dissipation by the LaMgAl11O19 platelets also helps to restrain crack propagation in the matrix, which improves toughness more effectively.
MBL2 polymorphisms – manifestations in Bulgarian patients with adult dermatomyositis and systemic lupus erythematosus
Authors: Hristova M. , Dourmishev L. , Kamenarska Z. , Miteva L. , Vinkov A. , Kaneva R. , Mitev V. , Savov A.
Published: October 2013

Deficiency in some complement factors is known to cause both systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and dermatomyositis (DM). Mannose‐binding lectin (MBL) is a recognition molecule of the lectin pathway, and its low levels are reported to influence some autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, MBL2 polymorphisms have been described associated with low MBL serum levels due to impaired MBL structure and function. This is a pilot study to investigate the role of MBL2‐550G/C (H/L), ‐221G/C (Y/X), Arg52Cys (D), Gly54Asp (B), Gly57Glu (C) polymorphisms and MBL serum levels as a risk factor for a development of adult DM and SLE in Bulgarian patients. None of the studied MBL2 polymorphisms appeared associated with the diseases investigated. However, we have found an increased OR of MBL2‐221XY genotype in the patients with SLE (OR 1.64, 95%CI 0.77–3.52). MBL2 polymorphisms seemed to affect MBL serum levels and to be associated with the clinical features although none of the associations remained statistically significant after Bonferroni correction. The‐550L allele showed an association with electromyography findings in patients with DM. The‐221XY genotype was associated with photosensitivity in patients with SLE. The 54AB genotype showed an association with malar rash in patients with SLE, but it appeared decreased among SLE patients with ANA. In conclusion, our results suggest that the MBL2 polymorphisms have rather a disease modifying role and they are not associated with the disease susceptibility in adult DM and SLE among Bulgarian patients.
Measuring the evidence: Reviewing the literature of the measurement of therapeutic engagement in acute mental health inpatient wards
Authors: McAndrew Sue , Chambers Mary , Nolan Fiona , Thomas Ben , Watts Paul
Published: October 2013

Quality nursing plays a central role in the delivery of contemporary health and social care, with a positive correlation being demonstrated between patient satisfaction and the quality of nursing care received. One way to ensure such quality is to develop metrics that measure the effectiveness of various aspects of care across a variety of settings. Effective mental health nursing is predicated on understanding the lived experiences of service users in order to provide sensitively‐attuned nursing care. To achieve this, mental health nurses need to establish the all‐important therapeutic relationship, showing compassion and creating a dialogue whereby service users feel comfortable to share their experiences that help contextualize their distress. Indeed, service users value positive attitudes, being listened to, and being able to trust those who provide care, while mental health nurses value their ability to relate through talking, listening, and expressing empathy. However, the literature suggests that within mental health practice, a disproportionate amount of time is taken up by other activities, with little time being spent listening and talking to service users. The present study discusses the evidence relating to the therapeutic relationship in acute mental health wards and explores why, after five decades, it is not recognized as a fundamental metric of mental health nursing.
The Role of Pre‐Existing Liquidity in Determining Pricing Efficiency and Liquidity Gains Following the Introduction of SETSmm
Authors: Chelley‐Steeley Patricia L.
Published: October 2013

In this paper we examine the impact that the new trading system SETSmm had on market quality measures such as firm value, liquidity and pricing efficiency. This system was introduced for mid‐cap securities on the London Stock Exchange in 2003. We show that there is a small SETSmm return premium associated with the announcement that securities are to migrate to the new trading system. We find that migration to SETSmm also improves liquidity and pricing efficiency and these changes are related to the return premium. We also find that these gains are stronger for firms with high pre SETSmm liquidity and weaker for firms with low SETSmm liquidity.
Ptilagrostis milleri comb. nov. (Poaceae: Stipeae)
Authors: Nobis Marcin , Nobis Agnieszka
Published: October 2013

Based on a comparison of the macro‐morphology and lemma micro‐morphology, Stipa milleri Noltie is transferred to Ptilagrostis Griseb. as P. milleri (Noltie) M. Nobis & A. Nobis. Lemma epidermal patterns in the examined species are presented and discussed.
Studies in African Cyperaceae 38: Cyperus inselbergensis sp. nov. from inselbergs in Gabon and Cameroun
Authors: Lye Kåre Arnstein
Published: October 2013

Cyperus inselbergensis Lye is described from northern Gabon and adjacent Cameroun. It has a very characteristic ecology as it grows in seasonally wet, shallow soils on or close to inselbergs. The species belongs to Cyperus subgen. Kyllinga and is most similar to C. triceps, but differs in its hemispherical inflorescence, smaller spikelets, different glumes with scabrid midrib, and smaller fruits. The species is widespread and locally common in its restricted habitat.
Oberonia pygmaeasp. nov. (Orchidaceae) from Thailand
Authors: Bunpha Kanok‐on , Pedersen Henrik Æ. , Sridith Kitichate
Published: October 2013

In the context of an ongoing revision of the orchid genusOberoniain Thailand, we describe and illustrate a new species under the nameO. pygmaeaBunpha, H. A. Pedersen & Sridith. Vegetatively, the tiny new species is particularly similar toO. rufilabrisLindl. (widespread in mainland southeast Asia, including Thailand), whereas its floral morphology comes closest to the much largerO. costerianaJ. J. Sm. from Sumatra, Java and Sulawesi. So far,O. pygmaeais only known from Pang Ung in the northern Thai province of Mae Hong Son, but we suggest that it should also be searched for in hill evergreen forest in adjoining parts of the Dawna Range, both in Thailand and Myanmar.
Effect of Rht Alleles on the Tolerance of Wheat Grain Set to High Temperature and Drought Stress During Booting and Anthesis
Authors: Alghabari F. , Lukac M. , Jones H. E. , Gooding M. J.
Published: October 2013

Factorial pot experiments were conducted to compare the responses of GA‐sensitive and GA‐insensitive reduced height (Rht) alleles in wheat for susceptibility to heat and drought stress during booting and anthesis. Grain set (grains/spikelet) of near‐isogenic lines (NILs) was assessed following three day transfers to controlled environments imposing day temperatures (t) from 20 to 40 °C. Transfers were during booting and/or anthesis and pots maintained at field capacity (FC) or had water withheld. Logistic responses (y = c/1+e‐b(t ‐m)) described declining grain set with increasing t, and t5 was that fitted to give a 5 % reduction in grain set. Averaged over NIL, t5 for anthesis at FC was 31.7 ± 0.47 °C (S.E.M., 26 d.f.). Drought at anthesis reduced t5 by <2 °C. Maintaining FC at booting conferred considerable resistance to high temperatures (t5 = 33.9 °C) but booting was particularly heat susceptible without water (t5 = 26.5 °C). In one background (cv. Mercia), for NILs varying at the Rht‐D1 locus, there was progressive reduction in t5 with dwarfing and reduced gibberellic acid (GA) sensitivity (Rht‐D1a, tall, 32.7 ± 0.72; Rht‐D1b, semi‐dwarf, 29.5 ± 0.85; Rht‐D1c, severe dwarf, 24.2 ± 0.72). This trend was not evident for the Rht‐B1 locus or for Rht‐D1b in an alternative background (Maris Widgeon). The GA‐sensitive severe dwarf Rht12 was more heat tolerant (t5 = 29.4 ± 0.72) than the similarly statured GA‐insensitive Rht‐D1c. The GA‐sensitive, semidwarfing Rht8 conferred greater drought tolerance in one experiment. Despite the effects of Rht‐D1 alleles in Mercia on stress tolerance, the inconsistency of the effects over background and locus led to the conclusion that semidwarfing with GA‐insensitivity did not necessarily increase sensitivity to stress at booting and flowering. In comparison with effects of semidwarfing alleles, responses to heat stress are much more dramatically affected by water availability and the precise growth stage at which the stress is experienced by the plants.
Preparation of Y2Si2O7/ZrO2 Composites and Their Composition – Mechanical Properties – Tribology Relationships
Authors: Sun Ziqi , Wu Ling , Li Meishuan , Zhou Yanchun
Published: October 2013

In this work, novel Y2Si2O7/ZrO2 composites were developed for structural and coating applications by taking advantage of their unique properties, such as good damage tolerance, tunable mechanical properties, and superior wear resistance. The γ‐Y2Si2O7/ZrO2 composites showed improved mechanical properties compared to the γ‐Y2Si2O7 matrix material, that is, the Young's modulus was enhanced from 155 to 188 GPa (121%) and the flexural strength from 135 to 254 MPa (181%); when the amount of ZrO2 was increased from 0 to 50 vol%, the γ‐Y2Si2O7/ZrO2 composites also presented relatively high facture toughness (>1.7 MPa·m1/2), but this exhibited an inverse relationship with the ZrO2 content. The composition–mechanical property–tribology relationships of the Y2Si2O7/ZrO2 composites were elucidated. The wear resistance of the composites is not only influenced by the applied load, hardness, strength, toughness, and rigidity but also effectively depends on micromechanical stability properties of the microstructures. The easy growth of subcritical microcracks in Y2Si2O7 grains and at grain boundaries significantly contributes to the macroscopic fracture toughness, but promotes the pull‐out of individual grains, thus resulting in a lack of correlation between the wear rate and the macroscopic fracture toughness of the composites.
Workplace social capital in nursing: an evolutionary concept analysis
Authors: Read Emily A.
Published: October 2013

Aim

To report an analysis of the concept of nurses' workplace social capital.

Background

Workplace social capital is an emerging concept in nursing with potential to illuminate the value of social relationships at work. A common definition is needed.

Design

Concept analysis.

Data sources

The Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature, PubMed, PsychINFO and ProQuest Nursing.

Review methods

Databases were systematically searched using the keywords: workplace social capital, employee social capital, work environment, social capital and nursing. Sources published between January 1937–November 2012 in English that described or studied social capital of nurses at work were included. A total of 668 resources were found. After removing 241 duplicates, literature was screened in two phases: (1) titles and abstracts were reviewed (n = 427); and (2) remaining data sources were retrieved and read (n = 70). Eight sources were included in the final analysis.

Results

Attributes of nurses' workplace social capital included networks of social relationships at work, shared assets and shared ways of knowing and being. Antecedents were communication, trust and positive leadership practices. Nurses' workplace social capital was associated with positive consequences for nurses, their patients and healthcare organizations.

Conclusion

Nurses' workplace social capital is defined as nurses' shared assets and ways of being and knowing that are evident in, and available through, nurses' networks of social relationships at work. Future studies should examine and test relationships between antecedents and consequences of nurses' workplace social capital to understand this important aspect of healthy professional practice environments better.
A qualitative study of regional anaesthesia for vitreo‐retinal surgery
Authors: McCloud Christine , Harrington Ann , King Lindy
Published: October 2013

Aim

The aim of this research was to collect experiential knowledge about regional ocular anaesthesia – an integral component of most vitreo‐retinal surgery.

Background

Anaesthesia for vitreo‐retinal surgery has predominantly used general anaesthesia, because of the length and complexity of the surgical procedure. However, recent advances in surgical instrumentation and techniques have reduced surgical times; this decision has led to the adoption of regional ocular anaesthesia for vitreo‐retinal day surgery. Although regional ocular anaesthesia has been studied from several perspectives, knowledge about patients' experience of the procedure is limited.

Design

An interpretive qualitative research methodology underpinned by Gadamer's philosophical hermeneutics.

Methods

Eighteen participants were interviewed in‐depth between July 2006–December 2007 following regional ocular anaesthesia. Interview data were thematically analysed by coding and grouping concepts.

Findings

Four themes were identified: ‘not knowing’: the time prior to the experience of a regional eye block; ‘experiencing’: the experience of regional ocular anaesthesia; ‘enduring’: the capacity participants displayed to endure regional ocular anaesthesia with the hope that their vision would be restored; and ‘knowing’: when further surgery was required and past experiences were recalled.

Conclusions

The experience of regional ocular anaesthesia had the capacity to invoke anxiety in the participants in this study. Many found the experience overwhelming and painful. What became clear was the participant's capacity to stoically ‘endure’ regional ocular anaesthesia, indicating the value people placed on visual function.
Motor learning during social interaction: the role of social interdependence
Authors: Lungu Ovidiu V. , Debas Karen
Published: October 2013

Motor learning has mostly been studied in laboratory settings where participants execute the task alone, unlike in real life, where people perform activities together with others. Recent discovery of mirror neuron system (MNS)—linking perception of others' actions and execution of our own—makes the scarcity of studies on social aspects of motor learning even more peculiar. Here, we investigated motor learning during interaction with a partner. Participants engaged in 2 consecutive sessions executing the task alone or in pairs. We found that social interaction improved motor performance only when participants had prior individual experience with the task. This effect was amplified if subjects could first observe their partners' actions, suggesting that it may be mediated by prior MNS configuration.
Exploring the Causes of Accounting Restatements by Family Firms
Authors: Sue Shu‐Hui , Chin Chen‐Lung , Chan Ann Ling‐Ching
Published: October 2013

Prior research shows that family firms have better earnings quality than non‐family firms in common‐law countries and highly developed markets. In contrast, we do not find a significant difference in the financial reporting quality between family and non‐family firms in the context of a civil‐law system and less developed market. We show that the financial reporting quality of family firms is conditioned on: (1) the divergence between the controlling shareholders’ voting rights and their cash flow rights, and (2) the firm's reputation for integrity, while these two conditions do not explain the restatement likelihood for non‐family firms. Moreover, when accounting irregularities are detected in the case of family firms, they are associated with more serious accounting restatements. Together, these results imply that the severity of the conflict between ultimate and minority shareholders, and a lack of integrity, explain the propensity for making financial restatements among family firms in a regime characterized as having weak investor protection and concentrated ownership structures.