bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Another Complex Step: A Model of Heroin Experimentation
Authors: Agar Michael H.
Published: April 2009

In a recent article in this journal, the author explored complexity theory as a potential resource for anthropological research, using ongoing research on heroin trends as the example. In this article, the research on trends among a sample of youth in Baltimore County is again used. A preliminary computer simulation of the research results is reported. The simulation was written in the Starlogo language, a language designed to introduce agent-based modeling. The results show that key elements of the explanation of experimentation can be modeled and that the outcomes show potential use in intervention as well as validation of the anthropological research. However, the exercise also reveals limits of the model and problems in translation into the programming language.
Evaluation of Web Survey Data Collection Systems
Authors: Crawford Scott
Published: April 2009

Deciding on which software package to use for Web-based social science data collection can be extremely difficult because of the wide range of software products available. Costs can range from a few hundred dollars all the way up to thousands, so it is important for the researcher to understand the three major categories of Web survey software and their capabilities before focusing in on comparing any specific group of products. This review highlights three software packages, each representing a category of software that is currently available on the market. The review evaluates each software package on its ability to adhere to known Web survey standards, its flexibility, and its robustness.
Ethnographic Debriefing
Authors: Schoepfle G. Mark , Werner Oswald
Published: April 2009

Debriefing is not a substitute for ethnographic interviewing but a complement to it. It may be about content, context, or both. It is helpful in situations or descriptions of events in which recording is not possible or permitted. It is one of the best methods for supplying ethnographic context to interviews that the interviewer may have overlooked—it then becomes an interview about an interview. Debriefing may be self-debriefing, one-on-one, one information giver to a group of debriefers, or a group session. Particularly the latter is an excellent teaching tool for ethnographic methods.
Racial and Ethnic Employment Discrimination
Authors: Bellemore Fred A.
Published: April 2009

Employment discrimination is studied by examining the performance of baseball players at the highest minor league level in the 1960s, 1970s, and 1990s. Both Blacks and Hispanics face discrimination in promotion to the major leagues. Blacks faced it in the 1960s and 1970s and still did in the 1990s, but it subsided in years when jobs were created through expansion in the number of teams. Hispanics faced discrimination in the 1960s and 1970s that abated in years of expansion, but there is no significant evidence that they did in the 1990s.
Testing Causality Between Team Performance and Payroll
Authors: Hall Stephen , Szymanski Stefan , Zimbalist Andrew S.
Published: April 2009

The link between team payroll and competitive balance plays a central role in the theory of team sports but is seldom investigated empirically. This paper uses data on team payrolls in Major League Baseball between 1980 and 2000 to examine the link and implements Granger causality tests to establish whether the relationship runs from payroll to performance or vice versa. While there is no evidence that causality runs from payroll to performance over the entire sample period, the data shows that the cross section correlation between payroll and performance increased significantly in the 1990s. As a comparison, the paper examines the relationship between pay and performance in English soccer, and it is shown that Granger causality from higher payrolls to better performance cannot be rejected. We argue that this difference may be a consequence of the open market for player talent that obtains in soccer compared to the significant restrictions on trade that exist in Major League Baseball.
Free Agency and the Concentration of Player Talent in Major League Baseball
Authors: Depken Craig A.
Published: April 2009

This article investigates whether the removal of the reserve clause in professional baseball affected the concentration of player talent in the industry. After free agency, a few wealthy teams could purchase the best players over time, leading to a high concentration of productive players and adversely affecting the competitive nature of the industry. To investigate his possibility, the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index, and the deviation of the index from its ideal, for home runs, strike outs and runs scored is related to structural changes in professional baseball. Free agency reduced the concentration of home runs but not of strike outs or runs scored. These findings are consistent with increased player mobility but not with monopolization by a minority of teams.
Sarai
Authors: Narula Monica
Published: April 2009

Sarai (www.sarai.net) is an interdisciplinary program of research and creative experimentation with old and new media in urban spaces. It was launched in February 2001 at the Center for the Study of Developing Societies, Delhi. This essay sketches the history of the Sarai initiative, outlines its primary concerns with urban cultures and city spaces, new and old forms of media practice, and research into the politics of information and communication. The text is also an account of the different kinds of energies—ranging from theory, research, media practices, public cultural intervention, publication, and online as well as offline discursive spaces—that animate the space of Sarai.
Breakfast, Time, and “Breakfast Time”
Authors: Dickinson Roger , Murcott Anne , Eldridge Jane , Leader Simon
Published: April 2009

What is occurring in practice worldwide, under the aegis of postmodern capitalism, is the increasing colonization of the times and spaces of people's everyday lives for the purposes of media audiencehood. But this process shouldn't be mistaken, in theory, as encompassing our “whole way of life,” not even in the postmodern world. Unless we succumb to the fallacy of conceiving modernity as a one-dimensional, totalized reality, then, we must remain sensitive to those spatio-temporal instances when/where the social exceeds the topography of consumption, where/when people enter into modes of interaction (still) not appropriated by, or which cannot be properly understood from the perspective of, their subject position(ing)s as media audiences.
Big Brother as a Television Event
Authors: Scannell Paddy
Published: April 2009

Big Brotheris considered a made-for-television event. It is argued that events have the same structure as stories—a beginning, middle, and end—which corresponds to the structure of the human life span. Media events elicit talk. Gossip is treated as an intrinsic feature of Big Brother and, as formally indicative of the everyday, worldly involvements and enjoyments which the program was designed to evoke from its viewers.
Hyperhomocysteinemia and Venous Thrombosis
Authors: Lee Paul , Prasad Kailash
Published: April 2009

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) leads to venous ulcers in later life. Venous ulcers are the majority of chronic lower extremity wounds. Recent evidence suggests that hyperhomocysteinemia is an independent risk factor for venous thrombosis. Other evidence suggests that dietary supplementation with folic acids and vitamins helps to change hyper-homocysteinemia. This may be the key to wound management in the future.
What Can Wound Fluids Tell Us About the Venous Ulcer Microenvironment?
Authors: Drinkwater S. L. , Smith A. , Burnand K. G.
Published: April 2009

Research into the healing of venous leg ulcers is increasing as they are a common problem. The wound fluid bathing an ulcer is thought to reflect the wound microenvironment, and the properties of wound fluids have been studied in attempts to find ways to promote healing. After a brief summary of normal wound healing, this article reviews some of the research that has been carried out on venous ulcer wound fluid, with respect to its biochemistry, proteolytic nature, growth factor profile, and effects on cell cultures. Some of the problems and pitfalls inherent in performing and interpreting wound fluid studies are discussed. Finally, a proposal is made for standardizing research on wound fluids that would improve comparisons between different studies.
Differential Effects of Haloperidol and Clozapine on Motor Recovery after Sensorimotor Cortex Injury in Rats
Authors: Goldstein Larry B. , Bullman Sarah
Published: April 2009

Background. A variety of drugs impair motor recovery after sensorimotor cortex (SMCTX) injury in laboratory animals and may have similar effects in humans. Methods. Rats (n = 142) underwent unilateral suction-ablation of the hindlimb SMCTX or sham lesion. After 24 hours, rats were given a single dose of placebo, haloperidol (0.1, 1.0, or 10.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), or clozapine (0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 10.0 mg/kg, intraperitoneal), and motor recovery was measured. Results. Neither haloperidol (analysis of variance [ANOVA] F[3, 12], P = 0.43) nor clozapine (ANOVA F[4, 19], P = 1.00) affected motor performance in controls. Haloperidol impaired motor recovery (ANOVA F[3, 42], P = 0.002) at each tested dose, with no differences among the doses. The effect persisted after 2 weeks. In contrast, although rats given a single dose of clozapine of 1.0 or 10.0 mg/kg had poorer recoveries (ANOVA F[4, 51], P = 0.014), only those given the highest dose differed from controls. The effect was no longer apparent after 2 weeks. Conclusion. Consistent with previous reports, haloperidol retards motor recovery after SMCTX injury in rats. In contrast, there was no detrimental effect of clozapine when given at low doses. The use of low doses of atypical antipsychotics such as clozapine may provide a safer alternative to haloperidol in the treatment of agitated stroke patients.
Indonesia's Underground Press
Authors: Menayang Victor , Nugroho Bimo , Listiorini Dina
Published: April 2009

This article analyses the performance of Indonesia's underground media in the period leading to the fall of the Suharto dictatorship. Analyses are based on interviews with media activists as well as a qualitative study of the contents of these media. Constructs of media frame analysis and movements rhetoric are used to gain an understanding of the struggle between the ideology of the Indonesian regime and the ideology of the social movements. The first part of the article describes the organizational and individual histories of the people running these underground media; the second part scrutinizes the rhetoric and the recurrent media frames. The frames for looking at Indonesian problems that were proposed by the underground media gained resonance with the public at large, eventually contributing to Suharto's downfall.
Portrayal of Indonesia's Reform in the Dutch Print Media
Authors: d'Haenens Leen , Verelst Chantal
Published: April 2009

This article assesses the nature of news coverage on Indonesia in the online versions of three Dutch (two national, one regional) newspapers and the paper version of a current affairs magazine. The research literature points to five recurrent frames in news reporting: conflict, human interest, economic impact, morality, responsibility. Our central research question is: how does news reporting on Indonesia in Dutch newspapers as well as in one Dutch current affairs magazine reflect these frames? The period of scrutiny starts with the coverage of the student riots in May 1998, leading up to Suharto's resignation, Habibi's Cabinet, the elections and the beginning of Wahid's presidency, until April 2000. In-depth interviews were also conducted with media-makers and experts on Indonesia with respect to their perception of the overall quality of the Dutch news reporting on Indonesia.
Are African Women Online Just Ict Consumers?
Authors: Robins Melinda B.
Published: April 2009

/ As Africa's women struggle to enlarge their spheres of influence in political, economic and social arenas, the question is whether the Internet and other digital technologies can become agents of transformation or will reproduce the inequalities of the status quo. This study investigates the sites where gender, class and international trade intersect with the emerging communications technologies, thus epitomizing the ambiguities of globalization. The author overviews Internet development projects currently under way in Africa in general and Senegal in particular, revealing the interconnectedness of governmental and non-governmental initiatives with private capital interests. She argues that the impact of communication technologies in the developing world can only be understood within this web of contingencies, and that neither a naive celebration of ICT potential nor condemnation of a new digital colonialism adequately captures the situation.
The Global News and the Pictures in Their Heads
Authors: Zixue Tai  , Chang Tsan-Kuo
Published: April 2009

/ News as a special kind of social product requires something to have taken place in the first place, to be captured by news people and published by the media, and ultimately to be consumed by the audience. Every stage is crucial for the news manufacturing process. This study examines the triangular relationship among what editors regard as important news, what the audience prefers and what the US and foreign media actually cover. The convergence and divergence of opinions among the audiences and the editors found in this study and media performance in coverage of some specific types of stories in the global context have important implications for a better understanding of the processes and structure of international communication in society.
Freedom of the Press
Authors: Gunaratne Shelton A.
Published: April 2009

The world system theory can provide a refreshingly different perspective of global press freedom. The starting point of assessing press freedom should be the world system, not the ‘atomistic’ nation-state, because one cannot understand the part without knowing the whole, which is more than the sum of the parts. This article proposes the application of a revised formulation of the world system theory – which presumes a capitalist world-economy dominated by three competing center-clusters each associated with a dependent hinterland of peripheral economic clusters – to examine global press freedom. It proposes a three-tiered typology for measuring press freedom at the world system, nation-state and individual levels. It suggests that press freedom indices should factor in the power of the center-clusters, themselves led by a hegemon cluster, to flood the hinterlands technologically with a barrage of information-communication.
Sonographic Evaluation of Neuroblastoma
Authors: Perry Cassandra Lynae
Published: April 2009

Neuroblastoma is a malignancy arising from the sympathetic nervous system that accounts for approximately 7% of childhood cancers. Most occur between the ages of 2 months and 2 years. The majority arises in the adrenal medulla but may also occur in the neck, chest, or pelvis. Diagnostic medical sonography is a significant imaging tool that involves no radiation exposure for detecting neuroblastoma. Further imaging studies are needed so that the stage and spread of the disease can be determined. Factors including age, MYCN (v-myc myelocytomatosis viral-related oncogene) amplification, and stage are used to determine treatment and prognosis of a child with neuroblastoma. This case demonstrates the sonographic findings of an 8-month-old child with stage IV neuroblastoma.
Erratum to: Antiviral therapy in acute viral hepatitis B: why and when
Authors: Morelli Giuseppe , Perrella Alessandro , Sbreglia Costanza , Bellopede Pasquale , Riccio Vincenzo , Monaco Antonio , Perrella Oreste
Published: April 2009

Correction to Morelli G, Perrella A, Sbreglia C, Bellopede P, Riccio V, Perrella O: Antiviral therapy in acute viral hepatitis B: why and when. Infectious Agents and Cancer 2009, 4:2.
Bipower Variation for Gaussian Processes with Stationary Increments
Authors: Barndorff-Nielsen Ole E. , Corcuera José Manuel , Podolskij Mark , Woerner Jeannette H. C.
Published: April 2009

Convergence in probability and central limit laws of bipower variation for Gaussian processes with stationary increments and for integrals with respect to such processes are derived. The main tools of the proofs are some recent powerful techniques of Wiener/Itô/Malliavin calculus for establishing limit laws, due to Nualart, Peccati, and others.
Extinction Times in Multitype Markov Branching Processes
Authors: Heinzmann Dominik
Published: April 2009

In this paper, a distributional approximation to the time to extinction in a subcritical continuous-time Markov branching process is derived. A limit theorem for this distribution is established and the error in the approximation is quantified. The accuracy of the approximation is illustrated in an epidemiological example. Since Markov branching processes serve as approximations to nonlinear epidemic processes in the initial and final stages, our results can also be used to describe the time to extinction for such processes.
Dicer-1-dependent Dacapo suppression acts downstream of Insulin receptor in regulating cell division ofDrosophilagermline stem cells
Authors: Yu Jenn-Yah , Reynolds Steven H. , Hatfield Steve D. , Shcherbata Halyna R. , Fischer Karin A. , Ward Ellen J. , Long Dang , Ding Ye , Ruohola-Baker Hannele
Published: April 2009

It is important to understand the regulation of stem cell division because defects in this process can cause altered tissue homeostasis or cancer. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor Dacapo (Dap), a p21/p27 homolog, acts downstream of the microRNA (miRNA) pathway to regulate the cell cycle in Drosophila melanogaster germline stem cells (GSCs). Tissue-extrinsic signals, including insulin, also regulate cell division of GSCs. We report that intrinsic and extrinsic regulators intersect in GSC division control; the Insulin receptor (InR) pathway regulates Dap levels through miRNAs, thereby controlling GSC division. Using GFP-dap 3′UTR sensors in vivo,we show that in GSCs the dap 3′UTR is responsive to Dicer-1, an RNA endonuclease III required for miRNA processing. Furthermore, the dap 3′UTR can be directly targeted by miR-7, miR-278and miR-309 in luciferase assays. Consistent with this, miR-278 and miR-7 mutant GSCs are partially defective in GSC division and show abnormal cell cycle marker expression, respectively. These data suggest that the GSC cell cycle is regulated via the dap3′UTR by multiple miRNAs. Furthermore, the GFP-dap 3′UTR sensors respond to InR but not to TGF-β signaling, suggesting that InR signaling utilizes Dap for GSC cell cycle regulation. We further demonstrate that the miRNA-based Dap regulation may act downstream of InR signaling; Dcr-1 and Dap are required for nutrition-dependent cell cycle regulation in GSCs and reduction of dap partially rescues the cell cycle defect of InR-deficient GSCs. These data suggest that miRNA- and Dap-based cell cycle regulation in GSCs can be controlled by InR signaling.
Book Reviews
Authors: Olver Mark E.
Published: April 2009

Forensic neuropsychology in the courtroom: Expert analysis of reports and testimony Edited by Robert L. Heilbronner New York, Guilford, 2008, $59.00, ISBN 978‐1‐59385‐185‐9
Book Reviews
Authors: Collins Michael L. H.
Published: April 2009

The happiness trap By Russ Harris London: Constable and Robinson, 2008, £9.99, ISBN: 978‐1‐84529‐825‐8
Book Reviews
Authors: Olver Mark
Published: April 2009

A Companion Guide to Life Sentences Nigel Stone (Revised by Neil Stone) 2nd ed. Kent, UK: Shaw and Sons, 2008, xviii + 158 pp. ISBN 978‐0‐7219‐1622‐4. £16.00.
Intraflagellar Transport/Hedgehog-Related Signaling Components Couple Sensory Cilium Morphology and Serotonin Biosynthesis inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Moussaif Mustapha , Sze Ji Ying
Published: April 2009

Intraflagellar transport in cilia has been proposed as a crucial mediator of Hedgehog signal transduction during embryonic pattern formation in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Here, we show that the Hh receptor Patched-related factor DAF-6 and intraflagellar transport modulate serotonin production inCaenorhabditis elegansanimals, by remodeling the architecture of dendritic cilia of a pair of ADF serotonergic chemosensory neurons. Wild-type animals under aversive environment drastically reduce DAF-6 expression in glia-like cells surrounding the cilia of chemosensory neurons, resulting in cilium structural remodeling and upregulation of the serotonin-biosynthesis enzyme tryptophan hydroxylasetph-1in the ADF neurons. These cellular and molecular modifications are reversed when the environment improves. Mutants ofdaf-6or intraflagellar transport constitutively upregulatetph-1expression. Epistasis analyses indicate that DAF-6/intraflagellar transport and the OCR-2/OSM-9 TRPV channel act in concert, regulating two layers of activation oftph-1in the ADF neurons. The TRPV signaling turns ontph-1expression under favorable and aversive conditions, whereas inactivation of DAF-6 by stress results in further upregulation oftph-1independently of OCR-2/OSM-9 activity. Behavioral analyses suggest that serotonin facilitates larval animals resuming development when the environment improves. Our study revealed the cilium structure of serotonergic neurons as a trigger of regulated serotonin production, and demonstrated that a Hedgehog-related signaling component is dynamically regulated by environment and underscores neuroplasticity of serotonergic neurons inC. elegansunder stress and stress recovery.
Vasculature Guides Migrating Neuronal Precursors in the Adult Mammalian Forebrain via Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Signaling
Authors: Snapyan Marina , Lemasson Morgane , Brill Monika S. , Blais Mathieu , Massouh Mireille , Ninkovic Jovica , Gravel Claude , Berthod François , Götz Magdalena , Barker Philip A. , Parent André , Saghatelyan Armen
Published: April 2009

Adult neuronal precursors retain the remarkable capacity to migrate long distances from the posterior (subventricular zone) to the most anterior [olfactory bulb (OB)] parts of the brain. The knowledge about the mechanisms that keep neuronal precursors in the migratory stream and organize this long-distance migration is incomplete. Here we show that blood vessels precisely outline the migratory stream for new neurons in the adult mammalian forebrain. Real-time video imaging of cell migration in the acute slices demonstrate that neuronal precursors are retained in the migratory stream and guided into the OB by blood vessels that serve as a physical substrate for migrating neuroblasts. Our data suggest that endothelial cells of blood vessels synthesize brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) that fosters neuronal migration via p75NTR expressed on neuroblasts. Interestingly, GABA released from neuroblasts induces Ca2+-dependent insertion of high-affinity TrkB receptors on the plasma membrane of astrocytes that trap extracellular BDNF. We hypothesize that this renders BDNF unavailable for p75NTR-expressing migrating cells and leads to their entrance into the stationary period. Our findings provide new insights into the functional organization of substrates that facilitate the long-distance journey of adult neuronal precursors.
Optimality and Robustness of a Biophysical Decision-Making Model under Norepinephrine Modulation
Authors: Eckhoff Philip , Wong-Lin K. F. , Holmes Philip
Published: April 2009

The locus ceruleus (LC) can exhibit tonic or phasic activity and release norepinephrine (NE) throughout the cortex, modulating cellular excitability and synaptic efficacy and thus influencing behavioral performance. We study the effects of LC–NE modulation on decision making in two-alternative forced-choice tasks by changing conductances in a biophysical neural network model, and we investigate how it affects performance measured in terms of reward rate. We find that low tonic NE levels result in unmotivated behavior and high levels in impulsive, inaccurate choices, but that near-optimal performance can occur over a broad middle range. Robustness is greatest when pyramidal cells are less strongly modulated than interneurons, and superior performance can be achieved with phasic NE release, provided only glutamatergic synapses are modulated. We also show that network functions such as sensory information accumulation and short-term memory can be modulated by tonic NE levels, and that previously observed diverse evoked cell responses may be due to network effects.
Das Wischnewski-Protokoll. Zur Zusammenarbeit zwischen westeuropäischen Regierungen und transnationalen Terroristen 1977
Authors: Dahlke Matthias
Published: April 2009

Vorspann

Im November 1977 sitzen an einem geheimen Ort in Wien der österreichische Bundeskanzler Bruno Kreisky, sein Innenminister und zwei international gesuchte Terroristen der PLO zusammen. Mit dabei ist auch ein Vertreter von Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski, dem Staatsminister im Bundeskanzleramt, der anschließend seinen Chef, Helmut Schmidt, über das Treffen informiert. Ziel der Zusammenkunft sind Verabredungen, die sich auf die Anerkennung der PLO und die Eindämmung des internationalen Terrorismus unter Mitwirkung der Palästinenser beziehen. Matthias Dahlke bringt Licht in das Dunkel der internationalen Geheimdiplomatie der 1970er Jahre, und er kann dabei auch zeigen, dass – von der Öffentlichkeit unbemerkt – bei der Terrorismusbekämpfung sehr unkonventionelle Wege beschritten wurden.
A Method to Retrieve a Displaced Dental Implant From the Maxillary Sinus
Authors: Flanagan Dennis
Published: April 2009

Dental implants can be displaced into the maxillary sinus. Retrieval by endoscopic or Caldwell-Luc techniques have been previously reported. A modified Caldwell-Luc technique is presented here, where a small round lateral osseous window is created. A plastic surgical aspirator tip is cut and modified to fit tightly into the access window. The sinus is filled with saline, and the patient is placed in a lateral recumbent position in the dental chair with the involved sinus on the underside. The saline acts as a vehicle to bring out the implant. The festooned aspirator is then introduced into the access window, and the errant implant can be successfully brought to the window for retrieval.
Immediate Loading: Three Cases with up to 38 Months of Clinical Follow-up
Authors: Bilhan Hakan , Sönmez Esma , Mumcu Emre , Bilgin Tayfun
Published: April 2009

Since the first report describing the placement of dental implants into fresh extraction sockets, there has been an increasing interest in this technique. The advantages of immediate implant placement have been reported to include a reduction in the number of surgical interventions, potentially decreased alveolar bone resorption after tooth loss, and shorter treatment time. Appropriate indications, good surgical technique, eand the use of a prosthetic protocol have resulted in success for immediate loading and immediate implantation. Adverse patient-related factors, such as systemic health, a smoking habit, poor oral hygiene, presence of a thin biotype, or an infection in the region of the extraction, are contraindications for this treatment. Patient satisfaction is very high, and some difficulties related to the implantation site in late implantations may be eliminated. This article reports on three cases of immediate loading with up to 30 months of clinical follow-up.
Face stabilisation of shallow tunnels using fibreglass dowels
Authors: Oreste P. P.
Published: April 2009

Stability of the excavation face in shallow tunnels and in poor ground is at present a relevant problem in tunnelling. Even though face reinforcement with fibreglass dowels has proved to be efficient, there is still no reliable routine design method available. A new calculation procedure is illustrated in this paper for the analysis of face reinforcement with fibreglass dowels in shallow tunnels. The procedure is based on the limit equilibrium method (LEM) applied to the ground core ahead of the face, and it is able to offer a detailed evaluation of the interaction between each reinforcement element and the surrounding ground. The main result of the calculation concerns the safety factor of the excavation face with dowel reinforcement. Based on this safety factor, it is possible to identify the appropriate length and number of dowels. The procedure has been applied to two real cases, and satisfactory results have been obtained.
Helping Women Victims of Intimate Partner Violence: Comparing the Approaches of Two Health Care Settings
Authors: Chang Judy C. , Buranosky Raquel , Dado Diane , Cluss Patricia , Hawker Lynn , Rothe Elizabeth , McNeil Melissa , Scholle Sarah H.
Published: April 2009

Health professionals from two different clinical settings were asked about their comfort level in dealing with intimate partner violence (IPV). Focus groups and semistructured interviews were used to gather information. Staff in an obstetrics and gynecology setting relatively rich in IPV resources described feeling capable dealing with IPV. The staff in a general medicine setting dedicated to women’s health but without a focus on IPV and with fewer supports described discomfort and difficulty dealing with IPV. Presence of systemic prioritization of and resources for IPV were described as contributing to the confidence in addressing the issue. Other necessary elements identified included (a) on-site resources, (b) adequate time, (c) focused IPV training, and (d) a team or systemic approach.
Complementarity among Alternative Procurement Arrangements in the Pork Packing Industry
Authors: Vukina Tomislav , Shin Changmok , Zheng Xiaoyong
Published: April 2009

We estimate the economies of scale for a sample of pork packing plants and use these estimates together with two other performance measures (EBIT and gross margin) to examine whether the alternative procurement methods for live hogs are complementary. The results indicate that all procurement arrangements portfolios improve plant performance relative to the simple spot market purchases, but the portfolio coefficients in performance equations do not always monotonically increase with the portfolio order. However, looking at the price packers pay to procure their hogs, the results indicate that plants that use a combination of higher-order procurement arrangements on average pay lower prices relative to plants that use the spot market only. Comparing the magnitudes of the portfolio effects with the magnitudes of the individual procurement arrangement effects shows that individual practices have minimal additional impact on the procurement price, indicating that the procurement methods may be complementary.
NOD × 129.H2g7Backcross Delineates 129S1/SvImJ-Derived Genomic Regions Modulating Type 1 Diabetes Development in Mice
Authors: Leiter Edward H. , Reifsnyder Peter C. , Wallace Racheal , Li Renhua , King Benjamin , Churchill Gary C.
Published: April 2009

OBJECTIVE

Introduction of genes targeted in 129/Sv embryonic stem (ES) cells into NOD mice brings about linked genes that may modulate type 1 diabetes. Our objective was to identify 129S1/SvJ non-MHC regions contributing type 1 diabetes resistance or susceptibility in backcross to NOD/LtJ.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

After congenic transfer of the NOD H2g7 haplotype onto 129S1/Sv, 310 females were produced by NOD × (NOD × 129.H2g7)F1 backcross (N2). A genome scan for quantitative trait locus (QTL) affecting clinical diabetes, age of diabetes onset, and insulitis severity was performed using subphenotype characteristics to improve power and resolution for detection of diabetes susceptibility loci.

RESULTS

Thirty-six of 310 (11.6%) N2 females developed type 1 diabetes between 14 and 40 weeks. Significant evidence of linkage for only a single previously reported Idd complex locus (Idd10/17/18, chromosome [Chr] 3) was indicated for clinical diabetes. The quantitative traits of insulitis either alone or combined with age at type 1 diabetes onset were significantly linked to known Idd regions on Chr 1 (Idd5 region), Chr 4 (Idd9 region), Chr 8 (Idd22), Chr 11 (Idd4.3), and proximal Chr 17 (Idd16 region). Significant 129S1/Sv resistance contributions were identified on Chr 1, 15 (two loci), and 19, with suggestive evidence for additional novel 129/Sv resistance QTL on Chr 5 and 17 and susceptibility on Chr 2.

CONCLUSIONS

The 129S1/SvJ genome harbors collections of both known and potentially novel non-MHC Idd loci. Investigators targeting 129/Sv genes mapping within chromosomal regions reported herein or elsewhere in the genome need to exclude potential contributions from linked Idd loci by generating a NOD.129 control strain expressing the nontargeted allele.
Preservation of visual fields with the inferior temporal gyrus approach to the atrium
Authors: Nayar Vikram V. , Foroozan Rod , Weinberg Jeffrey S. , Yoshor Daniel
Published: April 2009

Various transcortical approaches have been described for the resection of tumors that lie in the atrium of the lateral ventricle. An approach through the middle temporal gyrus has a short trajectory to the atrium and can grant early access to the tumor's blood supply, but it typically results in damage to the optic radiations that course lateral to the atrium. Anatomical studies have suggested that an approach inferior to the inferior temporal sulcus would avoid traversing through the optic radiations. The authors describe 2 cases of meningioma in the atrium that were exposed and resected through an incision in the inferior temporal gyrus. They provide data from neuroophthalmological testing that shows full preservation of the visual fields with this approach.
Fractionation of Mastic Gum in Relation to Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Sharif Sharifi Mohammad , Hazell Stuart Loyd
Published: April 2009

Mastic gum is a viscous light-green liquid obtained from the bark of Pistacia lentiscus var. chia. which belongs to the Anacardiaceae family. The gum has been fractionated to investigate the antimicrobial activity of the whole gum and its fractions against various strains of Helicobacter pylori. The polymeric gum fraction was separated from the essential oil and the resin (trunk exudates without essential oil) to assess and compare the anti-H. pylori activity of the polymer fraction against lower molecular weight fractions, the gum itself and masticated gum. The polymer fraction was also oxidized and assessed for antimicrobial activity.
Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells
Authors: Mansouri Ahmed , Fukumitsu Hidefumi , Schindehuette Jan , Krieglstein Kerstin
Published: April 2009

Mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells are derived from mouse blastocyst and are able to generate all embryonic tissues in vitro. This propensity of ES cells has acquired considerable attention in recent years due to the promising potential for future cell replacement–based therapies. Therefore, it is of fundamental interest to establish protocols that allow the differentiation of ES cells into specific cell types. In recent years, several such differentiation procedures have been described for mouse and human embryonic stem cells. This unit describes a simple procedure that promotes the neuronal differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells and yields a high proportion of midbrain dopaminergic neurons. Furthermore, this procedure permits the isolation of neural stem cell lines from mouse ES cells. Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 47:3.6.1‐3.6.21. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Overview of Brain Microdialysis
Authors: Chefer Vladimir I. , Thompson Alexis C. , Zapata Agustin , Shippenberg Toni S.
Published: April 2009

The technique of microdialysis enables sampling and collecting of small‐molecular‐weight substances from the interstitial space. It is a widely used method in neuroscience and is one of the few techniques available that permits quantification of neurotransmitters, peptides, and hormones in the behaving animal. More recently, it has been used in tissue preparations for quantification of neurotransmitter release. This unit provides a brief review of the history of microdialysis and its general application in the neurosciences. The authors review the theoretical principles underlying the microdialysis process, methods available for estimating extracellular concentration from dialysis samples (i.e., relative recovery), the various factors that affect the estimate of in vivo relative recovery, and the importance of determining in vivo relative recovery to data interpretation. Several areas of special note, including impact of tissue trauma on the interpretation of microdialysis results, are discussed. Step‐by‐step instructions for the planning and execution of conventional and quantitative microdialysis experiments are provided.Curr. Protoc. Neurosci. 47:7.1.1‐7.1.28. © 2009 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
CPR will be honored next month at a Los Angeles dinner
Authors: Bleemer Russ
Published: April 2009

The CPR Institute will be honored in Los Angeles next month. Also, highlights and a list of supporters from CPR's Annual Meeting; a franchise committee meeting report focuses on a new mediation guidebook, and the Master Mediator goes online, with CLE credits.
Support for a full program: Last year's lessons on company conflict resolution efforts resonate
Authors: Phillips Gerald F.
Published: April 2009

Gerald F. Phillips, of Los Angeles, organized an American Bar Association company ADR program session for a conference last year, and attended another. The sessions demonstrated results, and the experiences resonated. He describes what was discussed, and why the messages delivered need to be spread for better business productivity.
Back to veterans affairs: We need to reconsider ADR for appeals board matters
Authors: Rosenbleeth Richard M.
Published: April 2009

Richard M. Rosenbleeth, of Philadelphia, updates his argument for ADR in dealing with the backlog of U.S. military veterans' disability claims.
Synthesis and Characterization of Hydroxylated Mesocarb Metabolites for Doping Control
Authors: Vahermo Mikko , Suominen Tina , Leinonen Antti , Yli‐Kauhaluoma Jari
Published: April 2009

The synthesis and method of analysis of hydroxylated mesocarb metabolites are described. Six potential hydroxylated mesocarb metabolites were prepared, characterized, and compared with the mesocarb metabolites synthesized enzymatically in vitro using human liver proteins and also compared with metabolites extracted from human urine after oral administration of mesocarb. p‐Hydroxymesocarb was the most prevalent metabolite (conjugated and non‐conjugated) observed. With respect to doping analysis, synthesis of p‐hydroxymesocarb, the main urinary metabolite of mesocarb, and its availability as a reference material is important.
A note on the choice and the estimation of Kriging models for the analysis of deterministic computer experiments
Authors: Ginsbourger David , Dupuy Delphine , Badea Anca , Carraro Laurent , Roustant Olivier
Published: April 2009

Our goal in the present article to give an insight on some important questions to be asked when choosing a Kriging model for the analysis of numerical experiments. We are especially concerned about the cases where the size of the design of experiments is relatively small to the algebraic dimension of the inputs. We first fix the notations and recall some basic properties of Kriging. Then we expose two experimental studies on subjects that are often skipped in the field of computer simulation analysis: the lack of reliability of likelihood maximization with few data and the consequences of a trend misspecification. We finally propose an example from a porous media application, with the introduction of an original Kriging method in which a non‐linear additive model is used as an external trend. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of uncertainty in computer experiments from Universal to Bayesian Kriging
Authors: Helbert C. , Dupuy D. , Carraro L.
Published: April 2009

Kriging was first introduced in the field of geostatistics. Nowadays, it is widely used to model computer experiments. Since the results of deterministic computer experiments have no experimental variability, Kriging is appropriate in that it interpolates observations at data points. Moreover, Kriging quantifies prediction uncertainty, which plays a major role in many applications. Among practitioners we can distinguish those who use Universal Kriging where the parameters of the model are estimated and those who use Bayesian Kriging where model parameters are random variables. The aim of this article is to show that the prediction uncertainty has a correct interpretation only in the case of Bayesian Kriging. Different cases of prior distributions have been studied and it is shown that in one specific case, Bayesian Kriging supplies an interpretation as a conditional variance for the prediction variance provided by Universal Kriging. Finally, a simple petroleum engineering case study presents the importance of prior information in the Bayesian approach. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biocomposites based on plasticized starch
Authors: Avérous Luc , Halley Peter J.
Published: April 2009

The potential of biodegradable polymers, and more particularly that of polymers obtained from agro resources, such as polysaccharides like starch, has long been recognized. This paper examines the effects of sustainable materials based on starch on the macro or nanostructure and subsequent processing, thermomechanical properties and performance properties of plasticized starch polymers. This examination includes a detailed review of the complexity of starch polymers, recent advances in novel starch modifications and compounds, and a detailed examination of the effects of plasticized starch macro‐biocomposites and nano‐biocomposites. Specific structures and subsequent properties are controlled by many specific factors, such as filler shape, size and surface chemistry, processing conditions and environmental aging. In the case of nano‐biocomposites, it is evident that nanomaterials polymer matrix interfacial interactions are extremely important to the final nanostructures and performance of these materials. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Efficient model‐free deconvolution of measured femtosecond kinetic data using a genetic algorithm
Authors: Keszei Ernő
Published: April 2009

Due to the uncertainty relation between the temporal and spectral widths of a laser pulse, sufficient selectivity in excitation and detection energy does not allow much shorter pulses in a femtosecond pump‐probe experiment than about 100 fs. Many ultrafast chemical processes have comparable characteristic times, so the results of these experiments are severely distorted by convolution of the kinetic response function with the pulses used. If we do not know the underlying photochemical and kinetic model, the only way to overcome the limitation in time resolution due to convolution is to perform a model‐free deconvolution. Most existing deconvolution methods—even after specifically adapted to femtochemical experimental data (Bányász Á, Keszei E. Nonparametric deconvolution of femtosecond kinetic data.J. Phys. Chem. A2006;110: 6192–6207)—do not provide a smooth deconvolved data set that could be used for unbiased statistical inference. Here, we report an efficient model‐free deconvolution method that enhances temporal resolution and improves statistical inference from measured pump‐probe data, using a genetic algorithm (GA). The proposed algorithm enables to create a fairly good initial population and uses highly efficient population dynamics to result in individuals who represent excellent solutions of the deconvolution problem without noise amplification, even in the case of a sharp initial steplike rise of the signal. The treatments of both synthetic and experimental data are supporting the outstanding applicability of the proposed deconvolution method. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis of tunable 3D ZnO architectures assemblied with nanoplates
Authors: Zuo Ahui , Hu Peng , Bai Liuyang , Yuan Fangli
Published: April 2009

A simple hydrothermal method has been used to synthesize 3D ZnO architectures without any surfactants. The assemblies were composed of thin nanoplates with the thickness of about 35nm. X‐ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and photoluminescence (PL) characterized the structure, morphology and optical property of products. The thickness of plates and assembly pattern can be controlled by adjusting the experimental parameters. Furthermore, these ZnO nanoplate assemblies exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity in the degradation of methylene blue (MB). (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Solvothermal growth of highly oriented wurtzite‐structured ZnO nanotube arrays on zinc foil
Authors: Yang J. H. , Zheng J. H. , Zhai H. J. , Yang L. L. , Liu L. , Gao M.
Published: April 2009

ZnO nanotube arrays were synthesized on zinc foil by a simple solvothermal approach. In this approach, zinc foil was used not only as a substrate but also as a zinc‐ion source for the direct growth of ZnO nanotube arrays. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images, indicated that the structure of the ZnO nanotube arrays on the zinc foil substrate was single‐crystalline with a wurtzite structure. The optical properties of the ZnO nanorod arrays were characterized by photoluminescence spectroscopies and Raman. Photoluminescence exhibited strong UV emission and a broad deep‐level (visible) emission emission at with 325 nm excitation. A possible mechanism is also proposed to account for the growth of the ZnO nanotube arrays. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Inversion of conductivity type of III‐V compound layers in experiments with LPE growth from rare‐earth containing melts
Authors: Šrobár F. , Procházková O.
Published: April 2009

Rare‐earth (RE) elements present in the growth melt of the LPE process are known to have a purifying effect on the grown layers of III‐V compounds. The RE atoms exhibit high chemical affinity preferentially to shallow donors, forming insoluble aggregates that remain in the melt and do not, ordinarily, enter the solid phase. The aim of the paper is to simulate the situation, sometimes observed experimentally, where the gradual gettering of donor impurity, consequent upon increasing the RE content in the melt, leads to an inversion of the electrical conductivity type of the grown layer from n to p. Usefulness of the approach is demonstrated by interpreting results of an experimental work. (© 2009 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Synthesis of Ligands Based on 4H‐Imidazoles and Pyridine Subunits: Selective Complexation and Bathochromically Absorbing Complexes
Authors: Blumhoff Jörg , Beckert Rainer , Rau Sven , Losse Sebastian , Matschke Martin , Günther Wolfgang , Görls Helmar
Published: April 2009

New multifunctional ligands based on the combination of 4H‐imidazoles with pyridine subunits have been synthesised. The long wavelength absorptions originating fromthe merocyanine‐chromophore can be shifted towards the near infrared (NIR) region by introduction of additionalauxochromic groups. Due to different complexation spheres these hybrid‐ligands form the requirements for the construction of heterobimetallic complexes. In addition, the hybrid ligands are redox active compounds showing two separated fully reversible reductions. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)