bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On an Intrusion of Muscovite-biotite Gneiss in the South-eastern Highlands of Scotland, and its accompanying Metamorphism
Authors: Barrow George
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

The area to which attention is directed in the following pages lies in the north-eastern corner of Forfarshire, and forms part of the singularly flat table-land of the South-eastern Highlands. It is essentially a moorland district, much covered with peat and heather, and is drained by two rivers, the North Esk and the South Esk. The rocks of which the area is composed consist principally of gneisses and schists; these are clearly seen in the craggy sides of the valleys through which the two Esks and their tributaries flow. Boulders of these rocks may be noticed in the rough walls by the roadside as one drives up the glens, and their intensely crystalline aspect is a most striking feature. A brief visit to the crags and the flat-topped moorland speedily convinces the observer that this crystalline aspect is one of the chief characteristics of the district. It is proposed to show in the present communication that this area contains several masses of intrusive rock which are probably connected underground, and that the highly crystalline character of the surrounding schists is mainly the result of thermometamorphism.

II.
Distribution And Mode Of Occurrence Of The Igneous Rocks
.

The normal condition of the intrusive rock is that of a slightly foliated granite, with two micas; but there are considerable variations from this type, both as regards structure and composition, as will be seen from the detailed descriptions that follow. It is met with in masses which vary greatly in size, and
Supplementary Notes on the Metamorphic Rocks around the Shap Granite
Authors: Harker Alfred , Marr J. E.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

In a paper presented to this Society two years ago we described at some length the phenomena of metamorphism exhibited by the various volcanic and sedimentary rocks around the Shap Granite. Since that time re-examination of some of the rocks, in the light of what we have seen in other parts of the Lake District, has enabled us to make certain corrections and additions to our work ; and we now offer these with the intention of rendering the description of the metamorphism in some measure more complete.

The chief correction we have to make relates to the volcanic rocks on the northern side of the granite, which we formerly classed with the intermediate rocks (andesitic lavas and ashes) seen to the west of the granite. We now find that they constitute a distinct group of more basic composition. To such a conclusion, indeed, we should have been led by the low silica-percentages of some metamorphosed specimens from Low Fell,² a fact which we contented ourselves with recording as inexplicable on the supposition that the rocks had been originally similar to the Stockdale andesites. We have since learnt that basic lavas are very widely distributed over the Lake District, and that the recks on the northern side of the Shap Granite must be placed in this division. They may with propriety be named basalts, although, on account of the absence of olivine, some petrographers would prefer to call them basic andesites. Since our description of the metamorphosed intermediate
The Origin of the Crystalline Schists of the Malvern Hills
Authors: Callaway Charles
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

The crystalline rocks of Malvern are of exceptional importance to the student of the problems of metamorphism, inasmuch as the causes in operation have acted with comparative feebleness, and thus have not obliterated the earlier stages of their work. Hence we are able in numerous sections to observe tho details of the process by which a massive igneous rock has been converted into a well-foliated schist.

In my first paper on the subject, I gave an outline of the mode in which some of the schists had been formed. In the second, I described the most important mineral changes that occur at the zones of shearing. It now remains to work out certain structural details, to meet difficulties arising or suggested in the course of the enquiry, and to classify the chief varieties of schist in the light of their mode of origin. I would add that five years' study of these rocks has enlarged my belief in the efficacy of dynamo-metamorphism, to a degree which I should hardly have conceived possible when I presented my first paper to the Society in 1887.

In the present communication, it will be unnecessary to refer to minerals which do not play an essential part in the metamorphic process. Apatite, for example, does not, so far as the writer has observed, undergo any change. Sphene, garnet, and rutile are probably secondary products; but the first and second have been noticed in No. II., while the last occurs in very inconspicuous
The Llandovery and Associated Rocks of the Neighbourhood of Corwen
Authors: Lake Philip , Groom Theo. T.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

It was for many years a doubtful point whether true Llandovery rocks were represented in the more northern part of Wales, or whether the Tarannon Shales here rested directly on the Bala Beds. Thus, according to the first edition (1866) of vol. iii. of the Geological Survey Memoirs (p. 205
et seq
.), no Llandovery rocks are known between Conway and the country east of Bala Lake ; and the Lower Llandovery first appears near Cefn-bwlan. But it is at the same time noted in the appendix (p. 275) that Lower Llandovery fossils occur on Cyrn-y-brain (north of Llangollen) and, doubtfully, near Pwllheli.

In a paper published in 1877, however, Prof. T. Mc K. Hughes described a series of grits at Corwen which rest upon Bala Beds, and are overlain by pale beds passing up into the ‘Pale Slates’ (Tarannon Shales) of the Survey. To these grits he gave the name of Corwen Grits. Near Corwen itself he found in them no fossil except
Favosites alveolaris
(doubtful); but a similar grit occurs in the same stratigraphical position in various other localities, and on Cyrn-y-brain he obtained, in fragments of what seems to be the same grit,
Petraia subduplivata, P. crenulata, and Meristella crassa
. Hence he concludes that the Corwen Grit is of Llandovery age, and that it forms the base of the Silurian in this area.

Two years later Mr. T. Ruddy described a number of sections in the same district. Everywhere he finds that the Tarannon Shales are
On the Felsites and Conglomerates between Bethesda and Llanllyfni, North Wales
Authors: Blake J. F.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction.

A paper which was read to this Society on December 9th, 1891, had for its primary object the proof that certain felsites, occurring in North-west Caernarvonshire, which had been claimed to be of pre-Cambrian age, were in reality part of the Cambrian succession. This conclusion had indeed been previously arrived at in an earlier paper,
∼
and had been confirmed by Sir Archibald Geikie in his Presidential Address but further proofs were brought forward from a study (1) of the Cambrian succession, (2) of the felsite itself. The latter part of the paper, however, with its somewhat startling assertion of the ‘ post-Cambrian ’ age of certain conglomerates which had hitherto been considered either to mark the base of the Cambrian or to be an integral portion of it, required perhaps, considering the weight of authority to which the statements were opposed, somewhat more argumentation than was there given to it. Since the date of that paper further information has been obtained, which, while it has necessitated some minor corrections, is found in the end to greatly strengthen the main contention.

With regard to the felsite, or, as one ought properly to say, the felsites, in spite of Dr. Hicks's latest assertion that ‘there is abundant evidence to show that the Llyn Padarn quartz-felsite is of pre-Cambrian age,’ it seems to me like flogging a dead horse to prove any further their Cambrian age. They occur, as will be seen, at so many horizons that they could only
On some Recent Borings through the Lower Cretaceous Strata in East Lincolnshire
Authors: Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: October 2009

The information on which this communication is based has been in my possession since 1889, but pressure of other work had prevented me from preparing it for publication until the present time.

The results of the borings which are here described are important, because they give information concerning the geological structure of the platform which underlies the Glacial Drift on the eastern side of the southern part of the Lincolnshire Wolds. We learn from them that the outcrop of the Lower Cretaceous sands and clays extends much farther northward beneath the Drift on this side of the Wolds than there was any reason to suspect at the time when I mapped the area for the Geological Survey.

§1.
The Boring at Willoughby
(1887).

Willoughby is a village between the towns of Burgh and Alford, and the site of the boring ,is at the station on the East Lincolnshire Railway, which is the junction for the new branch-line to Sutton. The boring was made for the Railway Company in 1887, and a good supply of water was procured at a depth of 245 feet.

For information regarding the beds passed through I am indebted, in the first place, to Mr. H. Cheetham, the engineer of the railway ; but the description of the strata furnished by him being only a well-sinker's account, and not sufficiently accurate to enable me to identify the strata, I wrote to my friend, Mr. Meaburn Staniland, F.G.S., asking if he could take an opportunity of looking the
Notes on an Intrusive Sheet of Diabase and Associated Rocks at Robin Hood, near Bassenthwaite
Authors: Postlethwaite J.
Published: October 2009

This sheet of igneous rock extends in an E.N.E.-and-W.S.W. direction from Bassenfells, across Bassenthwaite Common, to a point about ¼ mile S.E. of Over Water, the total distance being about 2¼ miles. The sheet varies considerably in thickness, and is much broken up and shifted by faults; generally the thickness is from 8 to 12 feet, but near the western end, where the diabase is exposed on lower ground, it measures from 80 to 100 feet in thickness. This portion of the intrusive sheet, which is about ¼ of a mile in length, is divided into two sections by a fault, the western section being nearly double the length of the eastern section ; the latter has been shifted about 100 feet to the north by a fault. Two quarries have been opened in the western section for building-stone and road-metal. The next or third exposure, which is a little over half-a-mile in length, has been shifted still farther, namely, about 350 yards to the north, and the diabase is contracted to a thickness of 10 or 12 feet. Eastward of this point, the ground is traversed by several north-and-south faults, and the beds, in some eases, have been shifted a considerable distance. In the first half-mile the diabase is not visible, the surface of the ground being partly covered by swamp ; then there is a portion of the sheet of diabase exposed, about 220 yards in length, but it has been shifted about one-third of a mile to
On Two Dinosaurian Teeth from Aylesbury
Authors: Lydekker R.
Published: October 2009

I have previously figured in this Journal two teeth of large Dinosaurian reptiles belonging to the Sauropodous division of the group —the one in vol. xliv. pl. iii. fig. 4, and the other in vol. xlv. p. 243, fig. 7; and I have now the pleasure of bringing to notice two other examples of such teeth, recently obtained by Mr. J. Alstone, from strata at Beagle Pit, Hartwell, near Aylesbury, believed to be of Portlandian age. Of the two specimens previously figured, the former was originally described under the name of
Ornithopsis Hulkei
, a name subsequently replaced by
Hoplosaurus armatus
, as being one which had been applied by Gervais at an earlier date to this particular tooth. Of this tooth two views are given in the accompanying figure. The second specimen, which, like the preceding, is from the Wealden, was at first referred provisionally to
Ornithopsis
, but was subsequently considered to belong more probably to
Pelorosaurus Conybeari
, although some of the teeth of that animal must doubtless have been of larger size. This second tooth, of which the figure is reproduced from Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc. vol. xlv. p. 243, fig. 7, differs from that of
Hoplosaurus
in being decidedly broader, and also by the smaller degree of concavity of its inner surface; although unfortunately, from its worn condition, its full height cannot be ascertained.

Of the new teeth, the larger one, which is represented in fig. 3, comprises the crown and a fragment of the root, and is very
The Rise and Fall of Lake Tanganyika
Authors: Sieger Robert
Published: October 2009

Perhaps I may be permitted to offer a few remarks concerning Mr. A. Carson's interesting paper, published in vol. xlviii, of this Journal, p. 401. That author regards the rise and fall of Lake Tanganyika as a purely local phenomenon, due to alterations of its outlet, the Lukuga, which was blocked up a long time ago, but reopened between the years 1874 and 1879 ; and he discusses in a very careful manner the geological conditions necessary for the damming–up and the outburst of the lake. Another opinion, now very common among German geographers and maintained by myself, treats these great oscillations of the level of Lake Tanganyika as analogous to the variations reported of other African lakes and resulting simply from climatic changes. I believe that there is no absolute contradiction between these two opinions, and that it is possible to arrive at a satisfactory explanation of the phenomena in question by combining the influences of climate with those of mechanical agencies.

The meteorological explanation of lake– and river–variations has been given already in a very important paper by Prof. H. Fritz, of Zürich, published in ‘ Petermann's Mittheilungen,’ vol. xxvi. (1880), pp. 245
et seqq
. I regret that I was not aware of the existence of that memoir at the time of my own first essays on the variations of level in African and other lakes. Prof. Fritz held it impossible that the amount of rainfall should vary and the temperature oscillate in the same manner over the
Notes on the Occurrence of Mammoth-remains in the Yukon District of Canada and in Alaska
Authors: Dawson George M.
Published: October 2009

These notes, relating primarily to the occurrence of remains of the Mammoth in the geographical valley of the Yukon River, are the result of a correspondence between Mr. H. Moody of the Canadian Pacific Railway Co., the Assistant Secretary of the Geological Society, and the writer, respecting statements which had reached Mr. Moody from a friend resident in the extreme north-western part of the Dominion of Canada. It has been suggested that a brief notice of the facts in this connexion, so far as these are known, may be of some interest to the Geological Society.

The original discovery of bones of the Mammoth in the Yukon region is due to Mr. Robert Campbell, an officer in the service of the Hudson's Bay Company, who between 1840 and 1852 travelled through and established trading-posts in the upper valley of the Yukon, and was the first white man to penetrate this remote part of North America.

In a brief account of his explorations, printed at Winnipeg in 1885, Campbell writes:—“I saw the bones, heads, and horns of Buffaloes [Musk-Oxen ?]; but this animal had become extinct before our visit, as had also some species of Elephant, whose remains were found in various swamps. I forwarded an Elephant's thigh-bone to the British Museum., where it m.ay still be seen”.

As Campbell's posts on the Upper Yukon were finally abandoned in 1852, the bone thus referred to by him must have been sent out before this date. It was a tibia, not a
The Basic Eruptive Rocks of Gran. (A Preliminary Notice.)
Authors: Brögger W. C.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

Ever since the beginning of the present century, when the first pioneers in the geological exploration of Norway (Keilhau, Hausmann, Leopold von Buch, and Naumann) investigated the Christiania region, the igneous rocks of that district have been famous as being of more than common interest, as well from the many unique and remarkable rock-varieties as from the exceptionally instructive development of contact-metamorphism produced by the eruptions, and first brought to notice in this region through the observations of Keilhau, Naumann, and Kjerulf.

In several preliminary communications on the igneous rocks of the Christiania region I have attempted to prove that all the numerous different masses of eruptive rocks within the sunken district between Lake Mö and the Langesundsfjord are geneticaly connected, and have followed eached other in a regular succession; the oldest rocks are the most basic, the youngest (except the unimportant basic dykes of diabase) are the most acid, and between the two extremes I have found a continuous series.

Of late years I have proceeded in a more detailed manner with my investigations of the igneous rocks of the sunken tract of country in the Christiania region. I have not as yet in these studies discovered any facts in contradiction to my previously published observations and the deductions founded thereon. On the contrary, more detailed and minute investigation has only confirmed the correctness of former publications.

I completed in the summer of 1893 a collection of observations for final publication on the oldest basic series of
On a Picrite and other associated Rocks at Barnton, near Edinburgh
Authors: Monckton Horace W.
Published: October 2009

The Barnton Branch of the Caledonian Railway leaves that Company's Edinburgh and Leith line immediately north of Craigleith Station, opposite to Sir James Maitland's great Craigleith Quarry. The Barnton line lies almost entirely on Sir James's property, and I have to thank him for assistance in collecting the facts I now record. On our last visit to the locality we first inspected a trial pit, east of the old railway and close to it, a little north of Craigleith Quarry. The section was as follows:—

1.

Surface-bed, with a few large boulders.

2.

Thinly-bedded sandstone, about 12 feet.

3.

Shaly beds, with an easterly dip of 1 in 4.

The first cutting on the new line is about ¼ mile from the junction at Craigleith. It is 19 feet deep and entirely in Boulder Clay. At from 3 to 4 feet below the top of the cutting there is a remarkably even line of very large boulders, and in one place I noted below them a patch of yellow sand 2 feet thick. The rest of the sides of the cutting is formed of black clay, full of small stones.
The Purbeck Beds of the Vale of Wardour
Authors: Andrews W. R. , Jukes-Browne A. J.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

Although the Purbeck Beds of the Vale of Wardour have been noticed by many observers, and portions of them have been described by many writers from the time of Fitton downwards, no complete description of the whole series has yet been attempted, and a connected account of the Wiltshire Purbecks seems therefore to be a desideratum in geological literature.

Fitton gave some account of them in his classical memoir ‘On the Strata between the Chalk and the Oxford Oolite,’ published in 1836, mentioning quarries at Dallard's Farm, Dashlet, Chicksgrove Mill, and Wockley; but since his time the Wockley quarry has been cut back, so as to expose the beds which were then only visible at Chicksgrove. He made no attempt to establish any succession, and thought the total thickness of the series was not more than 60 feet.

The Rev. P. B. Brodie, in 1845, published a little book entitled ‘ A History of the Fossil Insects in the Secondary Rocks of England’ in which he gave some description of the Purbect Beds of Land’ in which he gave some description of the Purbeck Beds of the Vale of Wardour, and especially of two beds of limestone, one of which he called the ‘Isopod Limestone,’ because it contained
Archœniscus
, and the other the ‘Insect Limestone,’ from the abundance of insect-remains in it. Unfortunately, his reference to localities was not very explicit, but it is certain that the quarries “not far from the village of Dinton,” where he saw
On Cheilostomatous Bryozoa from the Middle Lias
Authors: Walford Edwin A.
Published: October 2009

I described in 1887, in my ‘Notes on some Polyzoa fromt he Lias,’ what then appeared to be a well-marked cyclostomatous form of bryozoa under the name of
Tubulipora inconstans
. Since then, I have detected and have recently made known the presence of cheilostomatous species in the Inferior Oolite, and after long periods of search I have acquired more perfect specimens of the Middle Lias bryozoa. The exquisite preservation of these Liassic fragments enables me, without doubt, to carry back the presence of the sub-order another stage in geological time, and to add another link towards the better understanding of the doubtful forms of the Palæ rocks.

At first I was inclined to associate the species with d'Orbigny's genus
Elea
; but the long tubular zoœcia, the orbicular as well as the apparently triangular apertures, the ovoid opercula, and the cistern-shaped cells show that the species must be placed elsewhere. Nor does the modern reading of the genus
Lepralia
allow of the inclusion of these forms, though there are points of relationship. Hence it becomes necessary to add a new genus to an already over-burdened nomenclature: for this, then, I select the name
Cisternifera
, fromt he shape of certain giant cells found thereon. Their relationship to the cyclostomatous ovicell is probable. Furthermore, in some of the so-called
Diastoporœ
in my collected from the Great Oolite of Oxfordshire I have detected similar ovicells (Pl. V. figs. 14 and 15), and I should say that those of
Berenicea Archiaci
, Haime are undeveloped forms
The Geology of Matto Grosso (particularly the Region drained by the Upper Paraguay)
Authors: Evans J. W.
Published: October 2009

I spent some time in this part of South America in the years 1891 and 1892, but unforeseen circumstances seriously interfered with geological work. The present paper is the result of such observations as I was able to make, and I have to thank the other members of the expedition (including the leader, Lieut. O. T. Storm, of the Scandinavian Navy; his brother, Mr. Johan Storm; and Mr. Spencer Moore, the well-known botanist) for doing all that was possible to facilitate my labours.

Very little has hitherto been known geologically of most of the country I traversed. A short account of A. d'Orbigny's valuable work in the adjoining portion of Bolivia in the year 1842 (
1
) is given in the present paper (p. 96). Castelnau visited Matto Grosso in 1843—44 (
2
), Chandless about 1864 (
3
), the Brazilian and Bolivian Joint Boundary Commission in 1875–78 (
5
), and Von den Steinen with Clauss in 1884 and subsequently (
6
) & (
7
); but they have not given us any very definite geological information. Several years ago Mr. Herbert H. Smith resided for about two years in the Chapada near Cuyabá, being engaged in zoological collecting. Some fossils obtained by him were described by Mr. Orville A. Derby in an important paper in which he summarized all that was then known of the geology of Matto Grosso (
8
).

The last-named gentleman has kindly perused this paper, and I have had the benefit of this observations upon it: they have especial value on account of his extensive acquaintance
The Geology of Bathurst (New South Wales)
Authors: Clunies Ross W. J.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

Bathurst may be regarded as the centre of a district of considerable geological importance, not alone as an isolated area in the Australian colonies, which might be considered of merely local interest, but because of its relationship to other areas. The solution of the problems connected with its stratigraphy and petrography may, therefore contribute in no small degree to decide the age and relative positions of many of the older rocks of New South Wales, and enable as to correlate them with those of Victoria, on the one side, and Queensland, on the other.

The late Rev. W. B. Clarke, F.R.S., long ago pointed out the fact that all the older stratified rocks of Eastern Australia have a general north-and-south strike, which can be traced from Victoria, through New South Wales, to Queensland. This important generalization is the key to much of Australian geology. When we ask, however, waht is knwon of the relationship of the rocks of the the various colonies, or even of different parts of the same colony, it must be admitted that much still remains to be done.

In Victoria, it is true, rocks belonging to the Lower and Upper Silurian have been recognized, and a thick series in Gippsland has been classed as Lower, Middle, and Upper Devonian by Mr. A. W. Howitt, F.G.S. In New South Wales the distinction between Silurian and Devonian rocks has not been so clearly made out, and over a large area the strata have been provissionally classified
Artesian Boring at New Lodge, near Windsor Forest (Berks)
Authors: Hull Edward
Published: October 2009

Having availed myself of the opportunity offered by a few weeks' residence in the neighbourhood of Windsor Forest, during the summer of 1893, to visit a remarkable boring for water carried out at New Lodge in Berkshire, of which notices appeared in several newspapers some little time ago, I propose to lay before the Society the information obtained on the occasion referred to, Monday, the 28th August last.

The boring was carried down by means of the diamond drill at the rear of New Lodge, the residence of Mr. Van de Weyer, at a level of about 220 feet above Ordnance datum, and commences in the London Clay not far from the base of the Bagshot Sands, which set in a short distance southward in the direction of Windsor Forest. Without going into minute details of the boring, the following summary will suffice to show the nature of the strata passed through from the surface to the total depth of 1241 feet:—
On the Rhætic and some Liassic Ostracoda of Britain
Authors: Jones T. Rupert
Published: October 2009

I. Published observations in chronological order.

The occurrence of small Ostracoda in the Rhætic strata of England has been known for about half a century, chiefly owing to the researches of the Rev. P. B. Brodie, F.G.S., who discovered them in the sections exposed at Wainlode, Westbury, Aust Passage, and elswhere.

1842–1845.—The Wainlode section is on the south side of the Severn, about halfway between Tewkesbury and Gloucester, and 3 miles W.S.W. from Coomb Hill. It was briefly described by H. E. Strickland, and more fully by the Rev. P. B. Brodie. Since then the Geological Surveyors and others have studied it in further detail.

This section shows:—

1, 2, 3. Black clay, limestone, and shale of the Lower Lias.

4 [Rhætic]. Insect-bed or
Monotis
bed containing “
Cypris
, apparently identical with that which marks the yello limestone (No. 6) below.” (‘Fossil Insects,’ etc., p. 59.)

5. Clay.

6. “Hard, yellow, nodular limestone, with small shells like
Cyclas
, a species of
Unio
, PLants (
Naiades
,
Cypris
, and very rarely scales of fish.’ (
Ibid.
)

7–14. Clays, shales,a dn Bone-bed.

“Mr. Strickland has found the yellow
Cypris
-limestone with
Cyclas
(?), the Pecten- and Bone-bed … at Dunhamstead, on the line of the Gloucester-and-Birmingham Railway, near the Droitwich Station’ (‘Fossil Insects,’ etc., p. 72); and at Evesham “are traces of the
Ostrea
-bed [Lias[ above and of the
Cypris
-bed and Plant-bed below” (
ibid.
)

Among the specimens kindly lent me by the Rev. P. B. Brodie, one piece of the ‘
Cypris
-bed,’ from the Wainlode Cliff, is a hard, sandy limestone, containing a ‘
Pteromya
.’
On the Discovery of Molluscs in the Upper Keuper at Shrewley in Warwickshire
Authors: Brodie P. B.
Published: October 2009

Additional interest attaches to the green gritty marls containing remains of Cestraciont fishes at Shrewley, lately described in my paper read before this Society, owing to the recent discovery of lamellibranch molluscs at that place. Mr. E. P. Richards, a young geologist, while we were working together at the quarry, drew my attention to an impression that he had just found. Though only a mould, I felt certain that it must have belonged to a shell of some kind, and that it was something quite new in the British New Red Sandstone, and therefore of some value. On a later visit I obtained several specimens belonging apparently to more than one genus. I sent my collection, amounting to fourteen specimens, to my friend Mr. R. B. Newton, of the British Museum (Natural History), and I requested Mr. Richards also to forward his to the same gentleman. In consequence of this, Mr. Newton read a short paper at the meeting of the British Association at Nottingham about them, and he recognized three apparently marine forms, belonging, as he thinks, to three distinct genera.

As Mr. Newton points out, up to the present time, this is the only record of any true shells being found in the Keuper in this country, and this fact renders the discovery of greater interest and importance.

A shell resembling a
Modiola
was said, on good authority, to have been met with in the Upper Keuper at Pendock, in Worcestershire, many years ago, but it cannot now
The Ossiferous Fissures in the Valley of the Shode, near Ightham, Kent
Authors: Abbott W. J. Lewis
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

Doubless there are many geologists in common with myself who have recognized the fact that, if the surface of the Wealden area has been subject to the oscillations claimed for it, then, considering the unyielding nature of the lime- and sandstones, we ought to find innumerable fissures, and by the law of chances these cought sometimes to occur in positions favourable to the preservation of those heterogeneous colections of objects that find their way into the drainers of a country. These are few, perhaps, who realize what a motley group of curiosities are to be found in large streams, unless they have spent some considerable time in walking between the tide-marks of a river in its lower reaches. It is not often conceived how large a portion of the life of to-day could be rescued from such a wreck. Here may be found bones of animals by the cartload, and the hard parts and druit of vegetation, both terrestrial and aquatic. The principal non-marine mollusca are also represented, although the majority of shels are usually of aquatic species. To appreciate the profusion of these relics one need only travel for the same period over land-surfaces and note the difference of the result. I have frequently paced scores of miles over fields, foot by foot chiefly in search of implements, without finding a single bone of an animal of either terrestrial or aquatic habits.

It it extremely importat to bear these two conditions in mind when we try to account
The Waldensian Gneisses and their Place in the Cottian Sequence
Authors: Gregory J. W.
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

The Cottian Alps consist of three main lines of mountains occupying an area roughly triangular in shape, and forming the extreme western segment of the great curve of the Western Alps. They may be divided into three groups: The Northern Cottians, running E.N.E. and W.S.W. from Roche Melon to Mont Thabor; the Western, running from Mont Thabor S.E. to Monte Viso; and the Eastern, which completes the triangle by continuing the line of the Graians southward from Roche Melon till it joins the Western chain at its southern end. Of these three ridges the Northern and the Western form of the main topographic chain, which connects the group of the Graians with the chain of the Maritimes. The arrangement of these two divisions of the Cottians is, to a large extent independent of their geological structure. Thus Mont Thabor is composed of Carboniferous and Triassic rocks; south-east of this we leave the Triassic limestones at Monte Chaberton and pass to the gabbros and variolitic series of Mont Genèvre, which are certainly not earlier than the Upper Mesozoic: to these succeed the calc-schists and mica-schists, and then a vast series of gabbros, serpentines, amphibolites (epidiorites, etc.), and glaucophane-schists, which extend from Bric Bouchet to the Viso. Along most of these Western Cottians the direction of the mountains does not agree with the strike of their constituent beds; branches from the main chain run off along a north-and-south line and show the efforts of the forces of elevation to adapt
Mesozoic Rocks and Crystalline Schists in the Lepontine Alps
Authors: Bonney T. G.
Published: October 2009

I described in 1887, in my ‘Notes on some Polyzoa fromt he Lias,’ what then appeared to be a well-marked cyclostomatous form of bryozoa under the name of
Tubulipora inconstans
. Since then, I have detected and have recently made known the presence of cheilostomatous species in the Inferior Oolite, and after long periods of search I have acquired more perfect specimens of the Middle Lias bryozoa. The exquisite preservation of these Liassic fragments enables me, without doubt, to carry back the presence of the sub-order another stage in geological time, and to add another link towards the better understanding of the doubtful forms of the Palæ rocks.

At first I was inclined to associate the species with d'Orbigny's genus
Elea
; but the long tubular zoœcia, the orbicular as well as the apparently triangular apertures, the ovoid opercula, and the cistern-shaped cells show that the species must be placed elsewhere. Nor does the modern reading of the genus
Lepralia
allow of the inclusion of these forms, though there are points of relationship. Hence it becomes necessary to add a new genus to an already over-burdened nomenclature: for this, then, I select the name
Cisternifera
, fromt he shape of certain giant cells found thereon. Their relationship to the cyclostomatous ovicell is probable. Furthermore, in some of the so-called
Diastoporœ
in my collected from the Great Oolite of Oxfordshire I have detected similar ovicells (Pl. V. figs. 14 and 15), and I should say that those of
Berenicea Archiaci
, Haime are undeveloped forms
Carrock Fell: a Study in the Variation of Igneous Rock-Masses—Part I. The Gabbro
Authors: Harker Alfred
Published: October 2009

I. Introduction

During the last two years I have devoted some attention to the igneous rocks of Carrock Fell and the hills west of that well-known summit. Occurring in a somewhat critical situation on the border of the English Lake District, they were examined by Mr. J. E. Marr nd myself, partly with reference to their bearing on the general geology of the district; but, apart from this, they offer in themselves some features which are of sufficient interest to be worthy of record. I have had the advantage of my colleague's co-operation, more especially in the field-work, and take this opportunity of acknowledgeging my indebtedness to him.

The earliest connected account of the Carrock Fell rocks was given by the late Mr. Clifton Ward in 1876.He recognized three general types of igneous rocks in the district:

(
a

Spherulittic felsite of Carrock Fell and Great Lingy;

(
b

Diorite (?) of Miton Hill and Round Knott;

(
c

Hypersthenite of Mosedale Crags and Langdale.

He gave a brief account of their characters in the field and under the microscope, with chemical analyses od the first and last, and put forward a view and their mutual relations and mode of origin. In his opinion the several types pass into one another in the field, and he regarded them as produced by the metamorphism of part of the volcanic series, on the stroke of which they occur.

Dr. C. O. Trechmann, in 1882, pointed out that the dominant pyroxene in the sol-callled hypersthenite is
The Systematic Position of the Trilobites
Authors: Bernard H. M.
Published: October 2009

It is now just fifty years since Burmeister wrote that the “was convinced” that the reasons he afforded would be “deemed sufficiently conlclusive to satisfy the unprejudiced reader” that “the tribolites were a peculiar family of the crustacea, nearly allied to the existing phyllopoda, approaching the latter family most nearly in its genus
Branchipus
, and forming a link connecting the phyllopoda with the pŒ cilopoda.” Burmeister's reasoning has not, however, been generally considered satisfactory, and his claim that the trilobites are related to the phyllopoda, though recognized as possible, appears somwhat to have waned before the claim put forward by others that they are primitive isopds. But this latter relationship had already been shown by Burmeister to be highly improbable, and this judgement is fully endorsed and further enforced by Gerstaecker, whose monumental review of the crustacea in Broon's ‘Klassen und Ordnungen des Thierreichs’ gives special weight to his opinion. In the absence of any certain knowledge as to the character and arrangement of the limbs, Gerstaecker, while recognizing trilobites as crustacea, declines to adopt any special relationship: that is, he is evidently not convinced by Burmeister's arguments were, in themselves, far from conclusive, even when correct as far as they went. Since the appearance of the 5th volume of Bronn's ’Klassen und Ornungen’ 1879, however, further facts have come to light which completely justify the conclusions of Burmeister, so far, that is, as to the trilibites having been primitive phyllopods.

My own study of the phyllopod
Apus
brought me
On the Geology of the Pleistocene Deposits in the Valley of the Thames at Twickenham, with Contributions to the Fauna and Flora of the Period
Authors: Leeson J. R. , Laffan G. B.
Published: October 2009

In June 1892 excavations were begun for the construction of an effluent culvert from the Twickenham Sewage Works to the River Thames. The work was commenced at the foreshore of the river, near the celebrated Pope's Grotto. The Thames is a tidal river at the that point, with a difference of about 8 feet between high and low water: the low-water line is 5 feet above Ordnance datum. The excavations commenced at low-water level on the Middlesex bank of the river, and were continued in a north-westerly direction, with an incline of 1 in 500, through certain roads and lands towards the Sewage Works. The length of the section was about one mile, and the width of the cutting was 4 feet 6 inches. The sloping bank between the river and the Kingston main road consisted of soft, loose materials, which had evidnetly been deposited there in modern times. After crossing under the main road, distant about 60 yards from the river, the excavation, which at this point was about 10 feet deep, entered into the reddish-yellow gravels which abound in this neighbourhood. It was then continued for some distance through these gravels under a roadway called Pope's Grove, at depth varying from 12 to 19 feet. A considerable quantity of water was found in the excavation, and had to be pumped. Beneath the gravels was the London Clay, which was met with in the excavation at two points, and in one place was penetrated to a depth of 5
On Deposits from Snowdrift, with especial Reference to the Origin of the Loess and the Preservation of Mammoth-remains
Authors: Davison Charles
Published: October 2009

I. I
ntroduction
.

The principal object of this paper is to draw attention to the occurrence of deposits from snowdrift, and to describe their nature and the conditions under which they are formed. The subject is a wide one, but in discussing it I have endeavoured to keep constantly in view its bearings on two geological problems, about which there has been, and still is, a considerable difference of opinion. These are the origin of the loess, and the destruction of the mammoth and preservation of its remains. The formation of underground-ice, observed by Dall and others on the northern coasts of America and Asia, will also be referred to.

When snow is driven by a strong wind, it is accompanied under certain conditions by a considerable quantity of dust. The snow and dust are deposited together in sheltered places, and, as the former disappears by melting and evaporation, the dust is left on its surface as a layer of mud, continually increasing in thickness as the snow wastes away. The views here advanced are, briefly, (1) that the loess is such a deposit from snowdrift, chiefly collected when the climate was much colder, but still very slowly growing; and (2) that the mammoth was frozen or suffocated in masses of drift-snow, and subsequently covered by the deposits formed from them, which in certain cases attained a thickness sufficient to prevent further melting of the snow beneath.

III. O
bservations
O
n
S
nowdrift
D
eposits
.

1. Snowdrift Deposits in England.

I will first give
The Igneous Rocks of the Neighbourhood of Builth
Authors: Woods Henry
Published: October 2009

I. General Consierations

In a recent paper published in the Quarterly Journal of the Geological Society, a new and revolutionary hypothesis is put forward as to the age and position of certain well-known conglomerates and associated beds in North-western Caernarvonshire. The new explanation presents at once some difficulties, but these have been increased in number and gravity by a fresh study of the district. We selected those portions of it examined by Mr. Blake, in which the more critical sections occur, and tested with the microscope the questions raised by work in the field. The one or the other author was already in possesion of a fair number of slides from the district in dispute, and nearly fifty additional specimens have been expressly prepared for the present paper

According to the new hypothesis, the strata previously mapped and described from near Llyn Padarn and from neighbouring districts can be distingished into two groups separated by a strongly marked unconformity. While the one part is held by Mr. Blake to be of early Cambrian age, the other is ‘post-Llanberis’ sediments belong, and where in adjacent districts may we find beds that can be correlated with them? Of this problem Mr. Blake has not succeeded in offering a solution, but he evidently perceives that it is one which claims consideration

The new hypothesis, however, would involve two consequences of far-reaching import. The unconformity is described as being marked by nearly horizontal beds overlying earlier strata approximately vertical in position. Such an unconformity
On the Microscopical Structure of the Carboniferous Dolerites and Tuffs of Derbyshire
Authors: Arnold-Bemrose H. H.
Published: October 2009

I have, in the first place, to thank Mr. Teall for the suggestion that I should work out the Derbyshire loadstone by the modern petrographical methods. I am not aware that the results of any detailed examination of the rocks have been published. Mr. S. Allport described five specimens from Matlock Bath and one from Bonsall. I have examined his specimens and find them to be much more altered than the rock is in many places. The Cave Dale rock has been described and the Tideswell Dale rock has been both described and figured by Mr. Teall.

The first person who wrote about the rock and called attention to its igneous nature was, I believe, Whitehurst, the clockmaker of Derby. He considered it to be intrusive, but it is now generally admitted to be contemporaneous with the Carboniferous Limestone.

The rock occupied the attention of many writers previous to the use of the microscope in petrography, and various opinions have been expressed and statements made about the number of beds and the non-occurrence of lead ore in it. It should be pointed out, that owing o the vague use of the word ‘Toadstone’ is derived either from the supposed resemblance of the amygdaloidal varieties to the back of a toad, or the word is a corruption of the German ‘Todtstein’ (Deadstone) and so called because it was supposed that no lead ore wasfound in it.

Though a mineral-vein is often cut off by the Toadstone, there are some undoubted cases in
Notes on some Recent Sections in the Malvern Hills
Authors: Green A. H.
Published: October 2009

T
he
main mass of the Malvern Hills consists, as is well known, of crystalline schists and massive igneous rocks which we may with safety admit have an Archaean aspect. These have been largely studied; but at one spot at least there are rocks of a very different character, which have hitherto received scant attention. They occur on the eastern side of the Herefordshire Beacon. The summit-line of the ridge runs generally north and south, but here it takes a bend away to the west, and encloses an amphitheatre-like recess, in which stands a group of lower hills known as Tinker's Hill, Broad Downy and Hangman's Hill, that are composed of the rocks in question.

It will be convenient to give them a name, and they maybe called shortly the ‘ Warren House Hocks,’ after a farm in the recess.

These rocks have not been altogether overlooked by former observers. Prof. Phillips must have been aware of their existence, for in the Oxford Museum I have found a few specimens of them collected by him. He realizes, but does not lay stress upon the fact that they differ in character from the rocks of the greater part of the Malverns.

The area which these rocks cover is correctly delineated by Dr. Holl; he describes them as ‘ Altered Primordial Eocks and Post-primordial Trap.’

Among the rocks analysed by the Rev. J. H. Timins are some belonging to this group.

Mr. Rutley has described some rocks from this group) He states in
The Denbighshire Series of South Denbighshire
Authors: Lake Philip
Published: October 2009

I
ntroduction

T
here
are few series of rocks in the southern half of Great Britain which have been so much neglected by geologists as the Denbighshire Grits and Flags; and the reason is not far to seek. As a rule, these rocks form rounded hills which are often completely covered with heather, and there are many square miles of country without a single exposure. The beds are frequently much folded and faulted, and it is often a work of great difficulty to make out their relations to each other. Fossils are by no means common, except in a few localities; and the most important are graptolites, which the earlier geologists considered to be of little value for stratigraphical purposes. Under such circumstances it is not surprising that these rocks have tempted few geologists to enter the field, and that the observations which have been made on them have in general been somewhat cursory.

The series, nevertheless, deserves more than a passing notice. It belongs to one of the most widely-spread facies of the Silurian in Britain ; and now that the stratigraphical value of graptolites is so generally recognized, it has become a matter of some interest to see how far these graptolite-bearing deposits correspond with those of other regions.

The area over which my observations have extended includes the whole of what may be called the Llangollen basin ; but the present paper is occupied chiefly with that part in which the beds are best exposed and in which