bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quadratic algorithm to compute the Dynkin type of a positive definite quasi-Cartan matrix
Authors: Makuracki Bartosz , Mróz Andrzej
Published: May 2020

Cartan matrices and quasi-Cartan matrices play an important role in such areas as Lie theory, representation theory, and algebraic graph theory. It is known that each (connected) positive definite quasi-Cartan matrix

A
∈

M

n

(

Z

)

A\in \mathbb {M}_n(\mathbb {Z})

is

Z

\mathbb {Z}

-equivalent with the Cartan matrix of a Dynkin diagram, called the Dynkin type of

A
A

. We present a symbolic, graph-theoretic algorithm to compute the Dynkin type of

A
A

, of the pessimistic arithmetic (word) complexity

O

(

n
2

)

\mathcal {O}(n^2)

, significantly improving the existing algorithms. As an application we note that our algorithm can be used as a positive definiteness test for an arbitrary quasi-Cartan matrix, more efficient than standard tests. Moreover, we apply the algorithm to study a class of (symmetric and non-symmetric) quasi-Cartan matrices related to Nakayama algebras.
Synergistic interactions between Cajal bodies and the miRNA processing machinery
Authors: Logan Madelyn K. , McLaurin Douglas M. , Hebert Michael D.
Published: May 2020

Our results demonstrate that Cajal bodies and the microRNA (miRNA) processing machinery functionally interact and together contribute to the biogenesis of miRNAs and small nuclear ribonucleoproteins.
Plasma Cell Myeloma Presenting With Amyloid-Laden Crystal-Negative Histiocytosis
Authors: Braunstein Marc J , Petrova-Drus Kseniya , Rosenbaum Cara A , Jayabalan David S , Rossi Adriana C , Salvatore Steven , Rech Karen , Pearse Roger N , Hassane Duane C , Postley John , Jhanwar Yuliya S , Geyer Julia T , Niesvizky Ruben
Published: May 2020

Objectives

Crystal-storing histiocytosis (CSH) is rare in plasma cell dyscrasias, with only 3 cases reported in the setting of amyloid. No cases of crystal-negative histiocytosis coincident with multiple myeloma and amyloidosis have been reported previously.

Methods

A 58-year-old woman presented with pain due to destructive bone lesions and was found to have plasma cell myeloma (PCM) and marrow amyloid deposition associated with crystal-negative histiocytosis. Differential diagnoses included Langerhans cell histiocytosis, Erdheim-Chester disease, and Rosai Dorfman disease. BRAF mutations were negative, and there was no evidence of paraprotein crystals, arguing against typical CSH.

Results

The patient was treated with bortezomib, cyclophosphamide, and dexamethasone, and she subsequently underwent autologous stem cell transplant and ixazomib maintenance. She achieved complete remission with improvement of her symptoms and preserved remission after following up at 60 months.

Conclusions

We describe a case of crystal-negative histiocytosis associated with PCM. CSH is a rare disorder associated with paraprotein-producing conditions in which immunoglobulins aggregate as intracellular crystals in the lysosomes of organ-specific phagocytic macrophages. Light chain tropism in PCM can also lead to the development of amyloid deposition in organs and, in rare cases, is associated with light chain aggregation as intracellular crystals in macrophages.
Divergence in plumage, voice, and morphology indicates speciation in Rufous-capped Warblers (Basileuterus rufifrons)
Authors: Demko Alana D , Sosa-López J Roberto , Simpson Richard K , Doucet Stéphanie M , Mennill Daniel J
Published: May 2020

The biodiversity of the Neotropics is considerable, but it is likely underestimated owing to gaps in sampling effort and a focus on using morphological features of animals to determine species differences rather than divergence in their mating signals and behavior. Recent multi-trait analyses incorporating morphological, plumage, and vocal data have allowed for more accurate quantification of tropical biodiversity. We present a comprehensive study of morphological features, plumage, and vocalizations of the Neotropical resident Rufous-capped Warbler (Basileuterus rufifrons). This species’ taxonomic status is controversial because the B. r. salvini subspecies is intermediate in plumage coloration between the neighboring B. r. delattrii and B. r. rufifrons subspecies. Using morphological and spectral plumage measurements of field and museum specimens, as well as analyses of vocalizations from field recordings and sound libraries, we compared phenotypes of all 8 currently recognized Rufous-capped Warbler subspecies, with an emphasis on delattrii, rufifrons, and salvini. We found that delattrii and rufifrons differ significantly in morphology and plumage, and that salvini is similar to rufifrons in morphology and some plumage features. Vocalizations fall into 2 distinct groups, delattrii and rufifrons-salvini, which differ in multiple spectro-temporal characteristics with no overlap between them, even among individuals in the delattrii–rufifrons zone of sympatry. Our results therefore suggest that Rufous-capped Warblers comprise 2 distinct groups: Rufous-capped Warblers (B. r. rufifrons and salvini as well as B. r. caudatus, dugesi, and jouyi) and Chestnut-capped Warblers (B. r. delattrii as well as B. r. actuosus and mesochrysus). Future genomic analysis of samples from multiple sites in Mexico and Central America will further refine our assessment of range-wide phenotypic and genetic divergence in this species complex.
TaxoNN: ensemble of neural networks on stratified microbiome data for disease prediction
Authors: Sharma Divya , Paterson Andrew D , Xu Wei
Published: May 2020

Motivation

Research supports the potential use of microbiome as a predictor of some diseases. Motivated by the findings that microbiome data is complex in nature, and there is an inherent correlation due to hierarchical taxonomy of microbial Operational Taxonomic Units (OTUs), we propose a novel machine learning method incorporating a stratified approach to group OTUs into phylum clusters. Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) were used to train within each of the clusters individually. Further, through an ensemble learning approach, features obtained from each cluster were then concatenated to improve prediction accuracy. Our two-step approach comprising stratification prior to combining multiple CNNs, aided in capturing the relationships between OTUs sharing a phylum efficiently, as compared to using a single CNN ignoring OTU correlations.

Results

We used simulated datasets containing 168 OTUs in 200 cases and 200 controls for model testing. Thirty-two OTUs, potentially associated with risk of disease were randomly selected and interactions between three OTUs were used to introduce non-linearity. We also implemented this novel method in two human microbiome studies: (i) Cirrhosis with 118 cases, 114 controls; (ii) type 2 diabetes (T2D) with 170 cases, 174 controls; to demonstrate the model’s effectiveness. Extensive experimentation and comparison against conventional machine learning techniques yielded encouraging results. We obtained mean AUC values of 0.88, 0.92, 0.75, showing a consistent increment (5%, 3%, 7%) in simulations, Cirrhosis and T2D data, respectively, against the next best performing method, Random Forest.

Availability and implementation

https://github.com/divya031090/TaxoNN_OTU.

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
ScaleQC: a scalable lossy to lossless solution for NGS data compression
Authors: Yu Rongshan , Yang Wenxian
Published: May 2020

Motivation

Per-base quality values in Next Generation Sequencing data take a significant portion of storage even after compression. Lossy compression technologies could further reduce the space used by quality values. However, in many applications, lossless compression is still desired. Hence, sequencing data in multiple file formats have to be prepared for different applications.

Results

We developed a scalable lossy to lossless compression solution for quality values named ScaleQC (Scalable Quality value Compression). ScaleQC is able to provide the so-called bit-stream level scalability that the losslessly compressed bit-stream by ScaleQC can be further truncated to lower data rates without incurring an expensive transcoding operation. Despite its scalability, ScaleQC still achieves comparable compression performance at both lossless and lossy data rates compared to the existing lossless or lossy compressors.

Availability and implementation

ScaleQC has been integrated with SAMtools as a special quality value encoding mode for CRAM. Its source codes can be obtained from our integrated SAMtools (https://github.com/xmuyulab/samtools) with dependency on integrated HTSlib (https://github.com/xmuyulab/htslib).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Anti-Müllerian hormone production in the ovary: a comparative study in bovine and porcine granulosa cells†
Authors: Estienne Anthony , Jarrier Peggy , Staub Christophe , Venturi Eric , Le Vern Yves , Clemente Nathalie , Monniaux Danielle , Monget Philippe
Published: May 2020

In this study, we aimed to determine the origin of the difference, in terms of anti-Müllerian hormone production, existing between the bovine and porcine ovaries. We first confirmed by quantitative real-time-Polymerase-Chain Reaction, ELISA assay and immunohistochemistry that anti-Müllerian hormone mRNA and protein production are very low in porcine ovarian growing follicles compared to bovine ones. We then have transfected porcine and bovine granulosa cells with vectors containing the luciferase gene driven by the porcine or the bovine anti-Müllerian hormone promoter. These transfection experiments showed that the porcine anti-Müllerian hormone promoter is less active and less responsive to bone morphogenetic protein stimulations than the bovine promoter in both porcine and bovine cells. Moreover, bovine but not porcine granulosa cells were responsive to bone morphogenetic protein stimulation after transfection of a plasmidic construction including a strong response element to the bone morphogenetic proteins (12 repetitions of the GCCG sequence) upstream of the luciferase reporter gene. We also showed that SMAD6, an inhibitor of the SMAD1-5-8 pathway, is strongly expressed in porcine compared to the bovine granulosa cells. Overall, these results suggest that the low expression of anti-Müllerian hormone in porcine growing follicles is due to both a lack of activity/sensitivity of the porcine anti-Müllerian hormone promoter, and to the lack of responsiveness of porcine granulosa cells to bone morphogenetic protein signaling, potentially due to an overexpression of SMAD6 compared to bovine granulosa cells. We propose that the low levels of anti-Müllerian hormone in the pig would explain the poly-ovulatory phenotype in this species.
Connecting Hydroxychloroquine In Vitro Antiviral Activity to In Vivo Concentration for Prediction of Antiviral Effect: A Critical Step in Treating Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Fan Jianghong , Zhang Xinyuan , Liu Jiang , Yang Yuching , Zheng Nan , Liu Qi , Bergman Kimberly , Reynolds Kellie , Huang Shiew-Mei , Zhu Hao , Wang Yaning
Published: May 2020

Translation of in vitro antiviral activity to the in vivo setting is crucial to identify potentially effective dosing regimens of hydroxychloroquine. In vitro 50%/90% maximal effective concentration values for hydroxychloroquine should be compared to the in vivo free extracellular tissue concentration, which is similar to the free plasma hydroxychloroquine concentration.
Molecular and Serological Assays for SARS-CoV-2: Insights from Genome and Clinical Characteristics
Authors: Shi Jiping , Han Dongsheng , Zhang Runling , Li Jinming , Zhang Rui
Published: May 2020

Background

The ongoing outbreak of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has posed a challenge for worldwide public health. A reliable laboratory assay is essential both to confirm suspected patients and to exclude patients infected with other respiratory viruses, thereby facilitating the control of global outbreak scenarios.

Content

In this review, we focus on the genomic, transmission, and clinical characteristics of SARS-CoV-2, and comprehensively summarize the principles and related details of assays for SARS-CoV-2. We also explore the quality assurance measures for these assays.

SARS-CoV-2 has some unique gene sequences and specific transmission and clinical features that can inform the conduct of molecular and serological assays in many aspects, including the design of primers, the selection of specimens, and testing strategies at different disease stages. Appropriate quality assurance measures for molecular and serological assays are needed to maintain testing proficiency. Because serological assays have the potential to identify later stages of the infection and to confirm highly suspected cases with negative molecular assay results, a combination of these two assays is needed to achieve a reliable capacity to detect SARS-CoV-2.
Microbial enrichment, functional characterization and isolation from a cold seep yield piezotolerant obligate hydrocarbon degraders
Authors: Van Landuyt Josefien , Cimmino Lorenzo , Dumolin Charles , Chatzigiannidou Ioanna , Taveirne Felix , Mattelin Valérie , Zhang Yu , Vandamme Peter , Scoma Alberto , Williamson Adam , Boon Nico
Published: May 2020

Deep-sea environments can become contaminated with petroleum hydrocarbons. The effects of hydrostatic pressure (HP) in the deep sea on microbial oil degradation are poorly understood. Here, we performed long-term enrichments (100 days) from a natural cold seep while providing optimal conditions to sustain high hydrocarbon degradation rates. Through enrichments performed at increased HP and ambient pressure (AP) and by using control enrichments with marine broth, we demonstrated that both pressure and carbon source can have a big impact on the community structure. In contrast to previous studies, hydrocarbonoclastic operational taxonomic units (OTUs) remained dominant at both AP and increased HP, suggesting piezotolerance of these OTUs over the tested pressure range. Twenty-three isolates were obtained after isolation and dereplication. After recultivation at increased HP, an Alcanivorax sp. showed promising piezotolerance in axenic culture. Furthermore, preliminary co-cultivation tests indicated synergistic growth between some isolates, which shows promise for future synthetic community construction. Overall, more insights into the effect of increased HP on oil-degrading communities were obtained as well as several interesting isolates, e.g. a piezotolerant hydrocarbonoclastic bacterium for future deep-sea bioaugmentation investigation.
Four decades of soil water stress history together with host genotype constrain the response of the wheat microbiome to soil moisture
Authors: Azarbad Hamed , Tremblay Julien , Giard-Laliberté Charlotte , Bainard Luke D , Yergeau Etienne
Published: May 2020

There is little understanding about how soil water stress history and host genotype influence the response of wheat-associated microbiome under short-term decreases in soil moisture. To address this, we investigated how plant breeding history (four wheat genotypes; two with recognized drought resistance and two without) and soil water stress history (same wheat field soil from Saskatchewan with contrasting long-term irrigation) independently or interactively influenced the response of the rhizosphere, root and leaf bacterial and fungal microbiota to short-term decreases in soil water content (SWC). We used amplicon sequencing (16S rRNA gene for bacteria and ITS region for fungi) to characterize the wheat microbiome. Fungal and bacterial communities responses to short-term decreases in SWC were mainly constrained by soil water stress history, with some smaller, but significant influence of plant genotype. One exception was the leaf-associated fungal communities, for which the largest constraint was genotype, resulting in a clear differentiation of the communities based on the genotype's sensitivity to water stress. Our results clearly indicate that soil legacy does not only affect the response to water stress of the microbes inhabiting the soil, but also of the microorganisms more closely associated with the plant tissues, and even of the plant itself.
The food-gut axis: lactic acid bacteria and their link to food, the gut microbiome and human health
Authors: De Filippis Francesca , Pasolli Edoardo , Ercolini Danilo
Published: May 2020

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are present in foods, the environment and the animal gut, although fermented foods (FFs) are recognized as the primary niche of LAB activity. Several LAB strains have been studied for their health-promoting properties and are employed as probiotics. FFs are recognized for their potential beneficial effects, which we review in this article. They are also an important source of LAB, which are ingested daily upon FF consumption. In this review, we describe the diversity of LAB and their occurrence in food as well as the gut microbiome. We discuss the opportunities to study LAB diversity and functional properties by considering the availability of both genomic and metagenomic data in public repositories, as well as the different latest computational tools for data analysis. In addition, we discuss the role of LAB as potential probiotics by reporting the prevalence of key genomic features in public genomes and by surveying the outcomes of LAB use in clinical trials involving human subjects. Finally, we highlight the need for further studies aimed at improving our knowledge of the link between LAB-fermented foods and the human gut from the perspective of health promotion.
Tort Law
Authors: Horsey Kirsty , Rackley Erika
Published: May 2020

Tort Law encourages the reader to understand, engage with and critically reflect upon tort law. The book contains five parts. Part I, which is about the tort of negligence, looks at the basic principles of the duty of care and at special duty problems relating to: omissions and acts of third parties, psychiatric harm, public bodies and economic loss. It also covers breach, causation and remoteness, and defences to negligence. Part II considers occupiers’, product and employers’ liability and breach of statutory duty. Part III looks at personal torts and explains trespass to the person, defamation and the invasion of privacy. Part IV concerns land torts and Part V looks at liability (including vicarious liability), damages and limitations.
Thoracoscopic left S1 + 2 segmentectomy as a good resolution for preserving pulmonary function
Authors: Tane Shinya , Nishio Wataru , Fujibayashi Yusuke , Nishikubo Megumi , Nishioka Yuki , Ogawa Hiroyuki , Kitamura Yoshitaka , Takenaka Daisuke , Yoshimura Masahiro
Published: May 2020

OBJECTIVES

Segmentectomies such as S1 + 2, S1 + 2+3 and S4 + 5 segmentectomy are used to treat patients with non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the left upper lobe. However, the preservable lung volume and changes after such segmentectomies remain unknown. We compared the residual pulmonary function after thoracoscopic segmentectomy or lobectomy in the left upper lobe and examined the efficacy of S1 + 2 segmentectomy regarding postoperative pulmonary function.

METHODS

Patients with left upper lobe NSCLC who underwent thoracoscopic segmentectomy or lobectomy were included. Spirometry and computed tomography were performed before and 6 months after resection, and the ipsilateral preserved lobe volume was calculated using 3-dimensional computer tomography. The percentage of postoperative/preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s and actual/predicted regional forced expiratory volume in 1 s (preservation rate) in the residual lobe were compared.

RESULTS

Eighty-eight patients underwent lobectomy and 70 patients underwent segmentectomy (23 S1 + 2, 35 S1 + 2+3 and 12 S4 + 5 segmentectomies). The percentage of postoperative/preoperative forced expiratory volume in 1 s was 97 in S1 + 2, 82 in S1 + 2+3, 86 in S4 + 5 segmentectomy and 73 in left upper lobectomy, indicating that segmentectomy could be a meaningful approach to preserve pulmonary function. The preservation rate was 83% in S1 + 2 and 62% in S1 + 2+3 segmentectomy and was significantly higher in S1 + 2 than in S1 + 2+3 segmentectomy (P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

Postoperative pulmonary function and the preservable lung volume of the residual lobe after thoracoscopic S1 + 2 segmentectomy were well-preserved among other segmentectomies and lobectomy. Thoracoscopic S1 + 2 segmentectomy is a good alternative for preserving postoperative function.
Variational regularization of inverse problems for manifold-valued data
Authors: Storath Martin , Weinmann Andreas
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we consider the variational regularization of manifold-valued data in the inverse problems setting. In particular, we consider total variation and total generalized variation regularization for manifold-valued data with indirect measurement operators. We provide results on the well-posedness and present algorithms for a numerical realization of these models in the manifold setup. Further, we provide experimental results for synthetic and real data to show the potential of the proposed schemes for applications.
Risk prediction of delirium in hospitalized patients using machine learning: An implementation and prospective evaluation study
Authors: Jauk Stefanie , Kramer Diether , Großauer Birgit , Rienmüller Susanne , Avian Alexander , Berghold Andrea , Leodolter Werner , Schulz Stefan
Published: May 2020

Objective

Machine learning models trained on electronic health records have achieved high prognostic accuracy in test datasets, but little is known about their embedding into clinical workflows. We implemented a random forest–based algorithm to identify hospitalized patients at high risk for delirium, and evaluated its performance in a clinical setting.

Materials and Methods

Delirium was predicted at admission and recalculated on the evening of admission. The defined prediction outcome was a delirium coded for the recent hospital stay. During 7 months of prospective evaluation, 5530 predictions were analyzed. In addition, 119 predictions for internal medicine patients were compared with ratings of clinical experts in a blinded and nonblinded setting.

Results

During clinical application, the algorithm achieved a sensitivity of 74.1% and a specificity of 82.2%. Discrimination on prospective data (area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve = 0.86) was as good as in the test dataset, but calibration was poor. The predictions correlated strongly with delirium risk perceived by experts in the blinded (r = 0.81) and nonblinded (r = 0.62) settings. A major advantage of our setting was the timely prediction without additional data entry.

Discussion

The implemented machine learning algorithm achieved a stable performance predicting delirium in high agreement with expert ratings, but improvement of calibration is needed. Future research should evaluate the acceptance of implemented machine learning algorithms by health professionals.

Conclusions

Our study provides new insights into the implementation process of a machine learning algorithm into a clinical workflow and demonstrates its predictive power for delirium.
Evaluation of the GENE-UP ® E. coli O157:H7 Method for the Detection of E. coli O157:H7 in Select Foods: Collaborative Study, 2019.03
Authors: Johnson Ronald , Mills John , Pittet Jean-Louis , Rannou Maryse , Bird Patrick , Nelson Maria
Published: May 2020

Background

The GENE-UP® E. coli O157:H7 2 (ECO 2) assay (Performance Tested MethodSM 121805) incorporates Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer hybridization probes into its proprietary PCR technology for the rapid detection of E. coli O157:H7 in select foods.

Objective

The purpose of this validation was to evaluate the method’s interlaboratory performance and submit the result to AOAC INTERNATIONAL for adoption as First Action Official MethodSM for the detection of E. coli O157:H7 in select foods.

Method

The GENE-UP® method was evaluated in a multi-laboratory study as part of the MicroVal validation process using unpaired test portions for one food matrix, raw milk cheese (Comté, 34% fat, 0.8% salt). The candidate method was compared to the ISO 16654:2001 reference method. Fourteen participants from 13 laboratories throughout the European Union participated. Three levels of contamination were evaluated: a non-inoculated control level (0 colony-forming units (CFU)/test portion), a low contamination level (∼5 CFU/test portion), and a high contamination level (∼10 CFU/test portion). Data from that study were analyzed according to the Probability of Detection (POD) statistical model as presented in the AOAC validation guidelines. The difference in laboratory POD (dLPODC) values with 95% confidence interval across collaborators was calculated for each level between the candidate and reference method results, and between the candidate presumptive and confirmed results.

Results

The dLPODC values with 95% confidence interval were; 0.00 (–0.04, 0.04), 0.27 (0.04, 0.49), and 0.17 (0.01, 0.33) for the non-inoculated, low and high contamination levels respectively.

Conclusions

The dLPODC results indicate a significant difference between the candidate method and the reference method for both the low and high contamination levels, with the candidate method producing higher recovery of the target organism at both levels.

Highlights

The GENE-UP E. coli O157:H7 assay provides industry with a rapid, accurate detection method for E. coli O157:H7 in a broad range of foods.
Colonic lavage in treatment of refractory Clostridium difficile infection: an adaptation of the Pittsburgh protocol
Authors: Morgan Maura , Farrell Timothy , Ndubizu Gordian U , Farrell Timothy J
Published: May 2020

Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is a common nosocomial sequela in patients treated with antibiotics. Surgical intervention is indicated in fulminant cases. However, the mortality associated with total colectomy and end ileostomy is high. Previous reports have indicated that surgical intervention for severe complicated CDI with formation of a loop ileostomy leading to the diversion of fecal stream followed by colonic lavage can be beneficial in treating severe CDI. This procedure is known as the Pittsburgh protocol and has been reported to decrease the mortality and the need for a total colectomy in patients with severe complicated CDI. In this case, we present a 75-year-old female with refractory CDI. In her treatment, we adapted the Pittsburgh protocol and utilized a 20-French MIC gastrostomy tube to recreate the ileocecal valve and control the colonic lavage without retrograde flow.
Combat COVID-19 with artificial intelligence and big data
Authors: Lin Leesa , Hou Zhiyuan
Published: May 2020

To combat COVID-19, at least 29 countries/regions have resorted to digital technology; some embedded it with strict containment measures and achieved great success. We need to improve cryptography and regulations that would enable contact-tracing systems without mass surveillance in order to attain the benefits of location-tracking while protecting individual privacy.
Disc and wind in black hole X-ray binary MAXI J1820+070 observed through polarized light during its 2018 outburst
Authors: Kosenkov Ilia A , Veledina Alexandra , Berdyugin Andrei V , Kravtsov Vadim , Piirola Vilppu , Berdyugina Svetlana V , Sakanoi Takeshi , Kagitani Masato , Poutanen Juri
Published: May 2020

We describe the first complete polarimetric data set of the entire outburst of a low-mass black hole X-ray binary system and discuss the constraints for geometry and radiative mechanisms it imposes. During the decaying hard state, when the optical flux is dominated by the non-thermal component, the observed polarization is consistent with the interstellar values in all filters. During the soft state, the intrinsic polarization of the source is small, ∼0.15 per cent in B and V filters, and is likely produced in the irradiated disc. A much higher polarization, reaching ∼0.5 per cent in V and R filters, at a position angle of ∼25○ observed in the rising hard state coincides in time with the detection of winds in the system. This angle coincides with the position angle of the jet. The detected optical polarization is best explained by scattering of the non-thermal (hot flow or jet base) radiation in an equatorial wind.
膳食纤维和全谷物的定义、法规现状及前沿研究
Authors: Korczak Renee , Slavin Joanne L
Published: May 2020

本文目的是回顾全球膳食纤维和全谷物(whole grain, WG)的定 义和法规现状，并讨论居民达到相应推荐摄入量的影响因素 膳食指 南中普遍推荐富含膳食纤维的植物性食物，如全谷物，但全谷物和膳 食纤维的推荐摄入量取决于定义和法规规定 美国和加拿大官方对 膳食纤维的推荐摄入量是采用医学研究所的膳食参考摄入量(dietary reference intakes, DRIs)所规定的 膳食纤维的适宜摄入量(adequate intake, AI)是依据前瞻性队列研究所得出的膳食纤维摄入对心血管疾 病风险影响而确定的 研究发现每1000 kcal 能量的食物中含14 g 膳食 纤维即对心血管疾病(cardiovascular disease, CVD)有保护作用 因此，当根据能量建立推荐膳食摄入量时，这一数值(14 g/1000 Kcal)是整 个生命周期膳食纤维适宜摄入量的基础 然而，膳食纤维实际摄入量 约为推荐摄入量的一半 全谷物推荐摄入量的制定和全谷物食品的定 义具有同样的挑战性，因为全谷物推荐摄入量需要依据全谷物的定义 来制定 2005 年《美国居民膳食指南》建议，全谷物食品应占所有谷 类食品的一半，但每天实际摄入量一般少于一份，而远没有达到推荐 的三份 制定全谷物推荐摄入量的科学依据是基于相同的前瞻性队列 研究结果和指南中已知的膳食纤维的心血管疾病保护作用 因此，膳 食纤维是北美和世界各国膳食指南推荐摄入的营养素，全谷物则是相 应推荐的膳食模式 实现膳食纤维和全谷物推荐摄入量的挑战包括低 碳水化合物饮食、低谷物蛋白饮食和避免加工食品的公共卫生学建议
Which Patients Discharged to Home-Based Outpatient Parenteral Antimicrobial Therapy Are at High Risk of Adverse Outcomes?
Authors: Keller Sara C , Wang Nae-Yuh , Salinas Alejandra , Williams Deborah , Townsend Jennifer , Cosgrove Sara E
Published: May 2020

Background

Patients increasingly receive home-based outpatient parenteral antimicrobial therapy (OPAT). Understanding which patients might be at higher risk of complications is critical in effectively triaging resources upon and after hospital discharge.

Methods

A prospective cohort of patients discharged from 1 of 2 academic medical centers in Baltimore, Maryland, between March 2015 and December 2018 were consented and randomly divided into derivation and validation cohorts for development of a risk score for adverse OPAT outcomes. Data from the derivation cohort with the primary outcome of a serious adverse outcome (infection relapse, serious adverse drug event, serious catheter complication, readmission, or death) were analyzed to derive the risk score equation using logistic regression, which was then validated in the validation cohort for performance of predicting a serious adverse outcome.

Results

Of 664 patients in the total cohort, half (332) experienced a serious adverse outcome. The model predicting having a serious adverse outcome included type of catheter, time on OPAT, using a catheter for chemotherapy, using a catheter for home parenteral nutrition, being treated for septic arthritis, being on vancomycin, being treated for Enterococcus, being treated for a fungal infection, and being treated empirically. A score ≥2 on the serious adverse outcome score had a 94.0% and 90.9% sensitivity for having a serious adverse outcome in the derivation and validation cohorts, respectively.

Conclusions

A risk score can be implemented to detect who may be at high risk of serious adverse outcomes, but all patients on OPAT may require monitoring to prevent or detect adverse events.
Safety of Recombinant Influenza Vaccine Compared to Inactivated Influenza Vaccine in Adults: An Observational Study
Authors: Hansen John , Goddard Kristin , Timbol Julius , Zhang Lea , Lewis Ned , Dunkle Lisa , Izikson Ruvim , Klein Nicola P
Published: May 2020

Background

Recombinant trivalent influenza vaccine (RIV3) was initially licensed in 2013 and approved for all adults ≥18 in 2014. This study evaluated the safety of RIV3 compared with trivalent standard-dose, inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3) in Kaiser Permanente Northern California (KPNC).

Methods

This Phase 4 observational, postmarketing safety study included persons ≥18 years vaccinated with RIV3 or IIV3 in KPNC during the 2015–2016 influenza season. We compared (1) the rates of prespecified diagnoses of interest (Guillain-Barré Syndrome, pericarditis, pleural effusion, narcolepsy/cataplexy, asthma, acute hypersensitivity reactions, and fever) during various postvaccination risk intervals as well as (2) all-cause hospitalization and mortality 0–180 days after vaccination. We estimated odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) using logistic regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, race/ethnicity, month of vaccination, and concomitant receipt of other vaccinations.

Results

Comparing the 21 976 persons who received RIV3 with the 283 683 who received IIV3, there were statistically significant differences in the prespecified diagnoses of interest between the 2 groups. Specifically, RIV3 vaccination was associated with fewer fever diagnoses during the 0–41 days postvaccination (OR, 0.38; 95% CI, 0.14–0.86). Also, RIV3 was associated with fewer all-cause hospitalizations during the 0–180 days postvaccination (OR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.61–0.73), which was mostly related to pregnancy-related hospitalizations in IIV3 recipients. There were no serious adverse events or deaths related to RIV3.

Conclusions

This study did not identify any safety concerns regarding the use of RIV3 in adults.
A new lease of life for Donatio Mortis Causa?
Authors: Farran Sue , Hewitson Russell
Published: May 2020

Coronavirus has thrown the world into disarray. New developments and contingency measures are being adopted on a daily basis. New legislation has been adopted to regulate people’s lives. As every law student learns, equity developed to address the inadequacies of the common law and achieve justice when to deny it would be unconscionable. Ideally, all those confronting the possibility of death from this virus would have had the time and resources to draw up a will. The reality is that many will not have had either. This article considers the equitable institution of Donatio Mortis Causa and its relevance in the current crisis.
Combining In Vivo and Organotypic In Vitro Approaches to Assess the Human Relevance of Basimglurant (RG7090), a Potential CAR Activator
Authors: Nudischer Ramona , Renggli Kasper , Bertinetti-Lapatki Cristina , Hoflack Jean-Christophe , Flint Nicholas , Sewing Sabine , Pedersen Lykke , Schadt Simone , Higgins Larry G , Vardy Audrey , Lenz Barbara , Gand Laurent , Boess Franziska , Elcombe Barbara M , Hierlemann Andreas , Roth Adrian B
Published: May 2020

Basimglurant (RG7090), a small molecule under development to treat certain forms of depression, demonstrated foci of altered hepatocytes in a long-term rodent-toxicity study. Additional evidence pointed toward the activation of the constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), an established promoter of nongenotoxic and rodent-specific hepatic tumors. This mode of action and the potential human relevance was explored in vivo using rodent and cynomolgus monkey models and in vitro using murine and human liver spheroids. Wild type (WT) and CAR/pregnane X receptor (PXR) knockout mice (CAR/PXR KO) were exposed to RG7090 for 8 consecutive days. Analysis of liver lysates revealed induction of Cyp2b mRNA and enzyme activity, a known activation marker of CAR, in WT but not in CAR/PXR KO animals. A series of proliferative genes were upregulated in WT mice only, and immunohistochemistry data showed increased cell proliferation exclusively in WT mice. In addition, primary mouse liver spheroids were challenged with RG7090 in the presence or absence of modified antisense oligonucleotides inhibiting CAR and/or PXR mRNA, showing a concentration-dependent Cyp2b mRNA induction only if CAR was not repressed. On the contrary, neither human liver spheroids nor cynomolgus monkeys exposed to RG7090 triggered CYP2B mRNA upregulation. Our data suggested RG7090 to be a rodent-specific CAR activator, and that CAR activation and its downstream processes were involved in the foci of altered hepatocytes formation detected in vivo. Furthermore, we demonstrated the potential of a new in vitro approach using liver spheroids and antisense oligonucleotides for CAR knockdown experiments, which could eventually replace in vivo investigations using CAR/PXR KO mice.
Short-Term Quality of Life After Myomectomy for Uterine Fibroids From the Compare-UF Fibroid Registry
Authors: Laughlin-Tommaso Shannon K. , Lu Di , Thomas Laine , Diamond Michael , Wallace Kedra , Wegienka Ganesa , Vines Anissa , Anchan Ray , Wang Tracy , Maxwell G. Larry , Jacoby Vanessa , Marsh Erica E. , Spies James B. , Nicholson Wanda , Stewart Elizabeth A. , Myers Evan
Published: May 2020

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2020;222:345.e1–345.e22)

Uterine fibroids can have a substantial impact on quality of life of reproductive aged women and are a leading cause of morbidity and surgery in affected women. A uterine-sparing treatment option for patients with symptomatic uterine fibroids is myomectomy.
Thermal Ablation Versus Cryotherapy or Loop Excision to Treat Women Positive for Cervical Precancer on Visual Inspection With Acetic Acid Test: Pilot Phase of a Randomised Controlled Trial
Authors: Pinder Leeya F. , Parham Groesbeck P. , Basu Partha , Muwonge Richard , Lucas Eric , Nyambe Namakau , Sauvaget Catherine , Mwanahamuntu Mulindi H. , Sankaranarayanan Rengaswamy , Prendiville Walter
Published: May 2020

(Abstracted from Lancet Oncol 2020;21:175–184)

The most commonly used approach for women with cervical precancer in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs) is screening by visual inspection with acetic acid (VIA) followed by immediate cryotherapy of VIA-positive women (see-and-treat). There are a number of logistical problems with cryotherapy that have prompted development and evaluation of a cordless, lightweight, and battery-operated thermal ablator that has a much faster treatment duration (20–40 seconds) and does not require a gas supply.
Maternal Infection and Antibiotic Use in Pregnancy and the Risk of Childhood Obesity in Offspring: A Birth Cohort Study
Authors: Li De-Kun , Chen Hong , Ferber Jeannette , Odouli Roxana
Published: May 2020

(Abstracted from Int J Obes (Lond) 2020;44:771–780)

The microbiome begins during birth and delivery, and the maternal microbiome can have implications for the infant's microbiome. It has been reported that an infant's microbiome can contribute to the risk of developing childhood obesity.
Endometrial Thickness and IVF Cycle Outcomes: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Gao Ge , Cui Xianfeng , Li Shuang , Ding Pan , Zhang Shuai , Zhang Yunshan
Published: May 2020

(Abstracted from Reprod Biomed Online 2020;40(1):124–133)

Endometrial evaluation by ultrasound is a convenient and noninvasive practice used during in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles to analyze factors including endometrial thickness (EMT), endometrial pattern, endometrial volume, and endometrial and subendometrial blood flow. These factors are all believed to contribute to endometrial receptivity and IVF success.
No Evidence of Altered Reactivity to Experimentally Induced Pain Among Regular Cannabis Users
Authors: St. Pierre Michelle , Russo Ethan B. , Walsh Zach
Published: May 2020

Objectives:

Recent years have seen an increase in the adoption of cannabinoid medicines, which have demonstrated effectiveness for the treatment of chronic pain. However, the extent to which frequent cannabis use (CU) influences sensitivity to acute pain has not been systematically examined. Such a determination is clinically relevant in light of hypersensitivity to pain associated with prolonged use of other analgesics such as opioids, and reports of increased pain sensitivity to experimentally induced pain during acute cannabis intoxication. This study explored differences in measures of pain intensity and tolerance. The authors hypothesized that individuals who report frequent CU would demonstrate greater experimental pain sensitivity.

Materials and Methods:

Frequent cannabis users (≥3× per week; n=40) and nonusers (n=40) were compared on pain sensitivity, pain tolerance, and pain intensity in response to a cold-pressor task. Group differences were examined.

Results:

Frequent CU was not associated with hyperalgesia as cannabis users and nonusers did not exhibit differences on measures of pain tolerance (t
(78)=−0.05; P=0.96), sensitivity (t
(78)=−0.83; P=0.41), or intensity (t
(78)=0.36; P=0.72).

Discussion:

Frequent cannabis users did not demonstrate hyperalgesia. This finding should help to inform evaluations of the relative harms and benefits of cannabis analgesic therapies.
Exploring the Psychometric Properties of the Current Opioid Misuse Measure Among Adults With Chronic Pain and Opioid Use
Authors: Rogers Andrew H. , Gallagher Matthew W. , Jamison Robert N. , Zvolensky Michael J.
Published: May 2020

Objectives:

The opioid epidemic is a significant public health problem that is associated with overdose and death. The increase in opioid-related problems can largely be attributed to increases in opioid prescriptions for the treatment of chronic pain. Unfortunately, there is not a consensus on a definition of opioid misuse in the context of chronic pain, making measurement a challenge. One commonly used measure to assess opioid misuse in the context of chronic pain is the Current Opioid Misuse Measure (COMM). The COMM was designed to assess opioid misuse generally, as captured by psychiatric symptoms and aberrant drug use behaviors. Although studies have examined cross-validation using correlations, little psychometric work has been conducted, and therefore it is currently unknown what domains the measure is assessing.

Materials and Methods:

The current study examined the factor structure of the COMM using confirmatory and exploratory factor analysis among 445 opioid-using adults with chronic pain.

Results:

The results did not support the widely accepted 1-factor opioid misuse solution; rather they supported a 2-factor, psychiatric problems and aberrant-drug-use-problems factor structure. Convergent and divergent validity were also examined at the bivariate level.

Discussion:

Given the importance and relevance for opioid misuse in the context of chronic pain, it is important for researchers to continue assessing and providing psychometric evidence for the COMM.
Enhanced Recovery after Lumbar Spine Fusion
Authors: Soffin Ellen M. , Beckman James D. , Tseng Audrey , Zhong Haoyan , Huang Russel C. , Urban Michael , Guheen Carrie R. , Kim Han-Jo , Cammisa Frank P. , Nejim Jemiel A. , Schwab Frank J. , Armendi Isabel F. , Memtsoudis Stavros G.
Published: May 2020

Background

Prospective trials of enhanced recovery after spine surgery are lacking. We tested the hypothesis that an enhanced recovery pathway improves quality of recovery after one- to two-level lumbar fusion.

Methods

A patient- and assessor-blinded trial of 56 patients randomized to enhanced recovery (17 evidence-based pre-, intra-, and postoperative care elements) or usual care was performed. The primary outcome was Quality of Recovery-40 score (40 to 200 points) at postoperative day 3. Twelve points defined the clinically important difference. Secondary outcomes included Quality of Recovery-40 at days 0 to 2, 14, and 56; time to oral intake and discharge from physical therapy; length of stay; numeric pain scores (0 to 10); opioid consumption (morphine equivalents); duration of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia use; complications; and markers of surgical stress (interleukin 6, cortisol, and C-reactive protein).

Results

The analysis included 25 enhanced recovery patients and 26 usual care patients. Significantly higher Quality of Recovery-40 scores were found in the enhanced recovery group at postoperative day 3 (179 ± 14 vs. 170 ± 16; P = 0.041) without reaching the clinically important difference. There were no significant differences in recovery scores at days 0 (175 ± 16 vs. 162 ± 22; P = 0.059), 1 (174 ± 18 vs. 164 ± 15; P = 0.050), 2 (174 ± 18 vs. 167 ± 17; P = 0.289), 14 (184 ± 13 vs. 180 ± 12; P = 0.500), and 56 (187 ± 14 vs. 190 ± 8; P = 0.801). In the enhanced recovery group, subscores on the Quality of Recovery-40 comfort dimension were higher (longitudinal mean score difference, 4; 95% CI, 1, 7; P = 0.008); time to oral intake (−3 h; 95% CI, −6, −0.5; P = 0.010); and duration of intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (−11 h; 95% CI, −19, −6; P < 0.001) were shorter; opioid consumption was lower at day 1 (−57 mg; 95% CI, −130, −5; P = 0.030) without adversely affecting pain scores (−2; 95% CI, −3, 0; P = 0.005); and C-reactive protein was lower at day 3 (6.1; 95% CI, 3.8, 15.7 vs. 15.9; 95% CI, 6.6, 19.7; P = 0.037).

Conclusions

Statistically significant gains in early recovery were achieved by an enhanced recovery pathway. However, significant clinical impact was not demonstrated.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Dorsal Root Ganglion Stimulation Alleviates Pain-related Behaviors in Rats with Nerve Injury and Osteoarthritis
Authors: Yu Guoliang , Segel Ian , Zhang Zhiyong , Hogan Quinn H. , Pan Bin
Published: May 2020

Background

Dorsal root ganglion field stimulation is an analgesic neuromodulation approach in use clinically, but its mechanism is unknown as there is no validated animal model for this purpose. The authors hypothesized that ganglion stimulation is effective in reducing pain-like behaviors in preclinical chronic pain models.

Methods

The authors provided ganglion stimulation or spinal cord stimulation to rats with traumatic neuropathy (tibial nerve injury), or osteoarthritis induced by intraarticular knee monosodium iodoacetate, or without injury (naïve). Analgesia was evaluated by testing a battery of pain-related reflexive, functional, and affective behaviors.

Results

In rats with nerve injury, multilevel L4 and L5 ganglion stimulation decreased hypersensitivity to noxious mechanical stimulation more (area under curve, −1,447 ± 423 min × % response; n = 12) than single level ganglion stimulation at L4 ([−960 ± 251 min × % response; n = 8; P = 0.012] vs. L4 and L5), and L5 ([−676 ± 295 min × % response; n = 8; P < 0.0001] vs. L4 and L5). Spontaneous pain-like behavior, evaluated by conditioned place preference, responded to single L4 (Pretest [−93 ± 65 s] vs. Test [87 ± 82 s]; P = 0.002; n = 9), L5 (Pretest [−57 ± 36 s] vs. Test [137 ± 73 s]; P = 0.001; n = 8), and multilevel L4 and L5 (Pretest: −81 ± 68 s vs. Test: 90 ± 76 s; P = 0.003; n = 8) ganglion stimulation. In rats with osteoarthritis, multilevel L3 and L4 ganglion stimulation reduced sensitivity to knee motion more (−156 ± 28 min × points; n = 8) than L3 ([−94 ± 19 min × points in knee bend test; n = 7; P = 0.002] vs. L3 and L4) or L4 ([−71 ± 22 min × points; n = 7; P < 0.0001] vs. L3 and L4). Conditioned place preference during osteoarthritis revealed analgesic effectiveness for ganglion stimulation when delivered at L3 (Pretest [−78 ± 77 s] vs. Test [68 ± 136 s]; P = 0.048; n = 9), L4 (Pretest [−96 ± 51 s] vs. Test [73 ± 111 s]; P = 0.004; n = 9), and L3 and L4 (Pretest [−69 ± 52 s; n = 7] vs. Test [55 ± 140 s]; P = 0.022; n = 7).

Conclusions

Dorsal root ganglion stimulation is effective in neuropathic and osteoarthritic preclinical rat pain models with peripheral pathologic origins, demonstrating effectiveness of ganglion stimulation in a placebo-free setting and justifying this model as a suitable platform for mechanistic studies.

Editor’s Perspective

What We Already Know about This Topic

What This Article Tells Us That Is New
Does Implant Removal Across the Sacroiliac Joint Improve Pain and Outcomes?
Authors: Firoozabadi Reza , Kovalenko Boris , Toogood Paul
Published: May 2020

Objectives:

To determine if removal of previously inserted iliosacral screws improved posterior pelvic pain and Short Musculoskeletal Form Assessment (SMFA) scores.

Design:

Retrospective database review.

Setting:

Level-1 trauma center.

Patients/Intervention:

Twenty-five patients who underwent iliosacral screw removal.

Main Outcome Measure:

SMFA score.

Results:

Eighty-eight percent of patients stated that they were satisfied with the procedure and would undergo screw removal again. SMFA functional and bothersome scores decreased (improved) after the screw removal procedure, both at 3 months and at the final follow-up. Two-eight percent of the patients required narcotics before surgery compared with 8% after screw removal. No surgical complications occurred during screw removal.

Conclusion:

A select group of patients who have symptomatic screws across the sacroiliac joint may benefit from elective screw removal.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.