bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dose Finding and Early Efficacy Study of Gemcitabine Plus Capecitabine in Combination With Bevacizumab Plus Erlotinib in Advanced Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Starling Naureen , Watkins David , Cunningham David , Thomas Janet , Webb Janine , Brown Gina , Thomas Karen , Oates Jacqui , Chau Ian
Published: October 2009

Purpose

This study evaluated safety and efficacy of chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus capecitabine) plus bevacizumab/erlotinib in advanced pancreatic cancer because dual epidermal growth factor receptor/vascular endothelial growth factor blockade has a rational biologic basis in this malignancy.

Patients and Methods

Patients with untreated, unresectable, locally advanced or metastatic pancreatic carcinoma were enrolled onto one of the following four sequential dose levels (DLs) of escalating capecitabine doses (days 1 to 21): DL1, 910 mg/m2; DL2, 1,160 mg/m2; DL3, 1,400 mg/m2; or DL4, 1,660 mg/m2. Doses of coadministered gemcitabine (1,000 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15), bevacizumab (5 mg/kg on days 1 and 15), and erlotinib (100 mg/d) every 28 days (up to six cycles) were fixed. Using a 3+3 study design, dose-limiting toxicity (DLT) was assessed in cycle 1.

Results

Twenty assessable patients were enrolled (DL1, n = 8; DL2, n = 3; DL3, n = 6; and DL4, n = 3); 97 cycles were administered. Median age was 63 years (range, 33 to 77 years), and male-to-female ratio was 10:10. Performance status was 0 and 1 in two and 17 patients, respectively; and nine and 11 patients had locally advanced and metastatic disease, respectively. DLT occurred in one patient at DL1 (grade 3 epistaxis) and two patients at DL4 (grade 3 diarrhea and grade 3 skin rash > 7 days). Common grade 3 and 4 toxicities (10% to 20%) were diarrhea, hand-foot syndrome, stomatitis, and skin rash. Grade 3 lethargy and grade 3 or 4 neutropenia occurred in 40% and 45% of patients, respectively. No GI perforation, grade 3 GI hemorrhage/hypertension, or pneumonitis occurred. Ten partial responses were observed. Median overall and progression-survival times (all patients) were 12.5 and 9.0 months, respectively.

Conclusion

The maximum-tolerated dose of capecitabine was 1,660 mg/m2. The recommended capecitabine dose in this cytotoxic doublet/biologic doublet regimen is 1,440 mg/m2; this regimen is under evaluation in an ongoing phase II study.
Randomized Phase II Study of Gemcitabine Administered at a Fixed Dose Rate or in Combination With Cisplatin, Docetaxel, or Irinotecan in Patients With Metastatic Pancreatic Cancer: CALGB 89904
Authors: Kulke Matthew H. , Tempero Margaret A. , Niedzwiecki Donna , Hollis Donna R. , Kindler Hedy L. , Cusnir Michael , Enzinger Peter C. , Gorsch Stefan M. , Goldberg Richard M. , Mayer Robert J.
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The relative value of gemcitabine-based combination chemotherapy therapy and prolonged infusions of gemcitabine in patients with advanced pancreatic cancer remains controversial. We explored the efficacy and toxicity of gemcitabine administered at a fixed dose rate or in combination with cisplatin, docetaxel, or irinotecan in a multi-institutional, randomized, phase II study.

Patients and Methods

Patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer were randomly assigned to one of the following four regimens: gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 on days 1, 8, and 15 with cisplatin 50 mg/m2 on days 1 and 15 (arm A); gemcitabine 1,500 mg/m2 at a rate of 10 mg/m2/min on days 1, 8, and 15 (arm B); gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 with docetaxel 40 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 (arm C); or gemcitabine 1,000 mg/m2 with irinotecan 100 mg/m2 on days 1 and 8 (arm D). Patients were observed for response, toxicity, and survival.

Results

Two hundred fifty-nine patients were enrolled onto the study, of whom 245 were eligible and received treatment. Anticipated rates of myelosuppression, fatigue, and expected regimen-specific toxicities were observed. The overall tumor response rates were 12% to 14%, and the median overall survival times were 6.4 to 7.1 months among the four regimens.

Conclusion

Gemcitabine/cisplatin, fixed dose rate gemcitabine, gemcitabine/docetaxel, and gemcitabine/irinotecan have similar antitumor activity in metastatic pancreatic cancer. In light of recent negative randomized studies directly comparing several of these regimens with standard gemcitabine, none of these approaches can be recommended for routine use in patients with this disease.
Age-Specific Differences in Oncogenic Pathway Dysregulation in Patients With Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Rao Arati V. , Valk Peter J.M. , Metzeler Klaus H. , Acharya Chaitanya R. , Tuchman Sascha A. , Stevenson Marvaretta M. , Rizzieri David A. , Delwel Ruud , Buske Christian , Bohlander Stefan K. , Potti Anil , Löwenberg Bob
Published: October 2009

Purpose

To define the biology driving the aggressive nature of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in elderly patients.

Patients and Methods

Clinically annotated microarray data from 425 patients with newly diagnosed de novo AML from two publicly available data sets were analyzed after age-specific cohorts (young ≤ 45 years, n = 175; elderly ≥ 55 years; n = 144) were prospectively identified. Gene expression analysis was conducted utilizing gene set enrichment analysis, and by applying previously defined and tested signature profiles reflecting dysregulation of oncogenic signaling pathways and altered tumor environment.

Results

Elderly AML patients as expected had worse overall survival and event-free survival compared with younger patients. Analysis of oncogenic pathways revealed that older patients had higher probability of RAS, Src, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) pathway activation (all P < .0001). Hierarchical clustering revealed that younger patients with AML in cluster 2 had clinically worse survival, with high RAS, Src, and TNF pathway activation compared with patients in cluster 1. However, among elderly patients with AML, those in cluster 1 also demonstrated high RAS, Src, and TNF pathway activation but this did not translate into differences in survival.

Conclusion

AML in the elderly represents a distinct biologic entity characterized by unique patterns of deregulated signaling pathway variations that contributes to poor survival. These insights should enable development and adjustments of clinically meaningful treatment strategies in the older patient population.
Do Male Lymphoma Survivors Have Impaired Sexual Function?
Authors: Kiserud Cecilie E. , Schover Leslie R. , Dahl Alv A. , Fosså Alexander , Bjøro Trine , Loge Jon Håvard , Holte Harald , Yuan Ying , Fosså Sophie D.
Published: October 2009

Purpose

Sexual function in male lymphoma survivors was examined and compared with that of age-matched controls.

Patients and Methods

This cross-sectional study included serum gonadal hormone levels (testosterone, sex hormone–binding globulin, luteinizing hormone [LH], and follicle-stimulating hormone) and responses to questionnaires assessing sexual function (Brief Sexual Function Inventory [BSFI]), socioeconomic factors, quality of life, emotional distress, and fatigue. The lymphoma group included 246 men ≤ 50 years old at diagnosis who were diagnosed from 1980 to 2002 and treated at the Norwegian Radium Hospital. For each lymphoma survivor, two age-matched controls (n = 492) were drawn from a normative sample with BSFI scores.

Results

The lymphoma survivors had a mean age at survey of 47.4 years, the mean duration of follow-up was 14.8 years, and 79% lived in committed relationships. All BSFI domain scores decreased significantly with age. Lymphoma survivors having low testosterone and/or elevated LH had lower BSFI scores than survivors with normal gonadal hormones. Multivariate analyses showed that increasing age, more emotional distress, poor physical health, and low testosterone and/or elevated LH were significantly associated with reduced sexual function within the lymphoma group. Lymphoma survivors had significantly lower BSFI domain scores than did controls on erection, ejaculation, and sexual satisfaction.

Conclusion

Lymphoma survivors had significantly poorer sexual function than normative controls. It is unclear whether the abnormal hormone levels directly cause the reduced sexual function within the lymphoma group or if a mediating factor is involved, such as aging, emotional distress, or perceived health status.
Lack of Association between Urinary Iodine Excretion and Successful Thyroid Ablation in Thyroid Cancer Patients
Authors: Tala Jury Hernan P. , Castagna Maria Grazia , Fioravanti Carla , Cipri Claudia , Brianzoni Ernesto , Pacini Furio
Published: October 2009

Background: Low-iodine diet is prescribed before 131I administration in patients with differentiated thyroid cancer, although no study has properly quantified its clinical benefit.

Objective: Our study aimed to evaluate the association between urinary iodine excretion (UIE) and 131I ablation by correlating UIE with the rate of successful ablation.

Patients: We retrospectively studied 201 differentiated thyroid cancer patients who had received 131I therapy and posttherapy whole-body scan (WBS) for remnant ablation after either thyroid hormone withdrawal (THW group, n = 125) or recombinant human TSH (rhTSH group, n = 76). The outcome of thyroid ablation was assessed using two different criteria: no visible uptake at control WBS 8–12 months after ablation or no visible uptake plus undetectable stimulated serum thyroglobulin (Tg).

Results: According to the criterion of no visible uptake, 84.6% of the patients were successfully ablated, with no significant difference between THW and rhTSH groups. Mean UIE at the time of ablation was 132 ± 160 μg/liter, not significantly different between patients of the THW and rhTSH groups. There was no significant difference in UIE between ablated or nonablated patients both in the whole group and the rhTSH or THW groups. According to the criterion of no visible uptake plus undetectable stimulated serum Tg (in anti-Tg negative patients) at control WBS 8–12 months after ablation, UIE was not significantly different in ablated and nonablated patients.

Conclusions: Our study indicates that the body iodine content is not an important determinant of thyroid ablation, when preparing the patients with either THW or rhTSH.
Stability prediction in high-speed milling including the thermal preload effects of bearing
Authors: Gao S H , Meng G , Long X H
Published: October 2009

Dynamic stability of machine tool spindle during operations is dependent on many parameters including the spindle speed, bearing preload, and thermal effect. In this article, a finite element-based model of spindle is presented, which uses the Timoshenko beam theory to obtain the frequency response of the spindle at the tool tip. The effects of the bearing preload and temperature rising on the stability characteristics of the milling system are therefore investigated. It was found that the temperature rising has the same effects on the critical cutting depth as on the first natural frequency of the milling system. This result verifies the fact that the critical cutting depth has close relationship with the first nature frequency of the milling system. On conditions that the temperature rising varies with the spindle rotational speed, the increment of the lowest critical cutting depth shifts with the spindle rotational speed. The above conclusions help to predict the stability of milling system under temperature rising situations for better controlling the machining process.
Preparation of Zirconia Nanoparticles by Pulsed Laser Ablation in Liquid
Authors: Tan Dezhi , Teng Yu , Liu Yin , Zhuang Yixi , Qiu Jianrong
Published: October 2009

We report on the synthesis of zirconia nanoparticles by nanosecond pulsed laser ablation in water or ammonia at room temperature. Mixtures of tetragonal and monoclinic zirconia nanoparticles were obtained in water, while tetragonal zirconia nanoparticles were synthesized in ammonia. The mechanism of the formation of zirconia nanoparticles was discussed.
Preparation of Hydrophilic Nanoparticles of C60 with High Resistance to Aggregation during Storage, using 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin
Authors: Iohara Daisuke , Hirayama Fumitoshi , Kansui Hisao , Aoshima Hisae , Yamana Shuichi , Yano Mitsunobu , Kitaguchi Jyunji , Takashima Shigekazu , Uekama Kaneto
Published: October 2009

Hydrophilic nanoparticles of C60 were prepared by co-grinding with 2-hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CyD) or γ-CyD in a molar ratio 1:2 using an automatic magnetic agitating mortar for 3 h at 4 °C and reduced pressure. The nanoparticles (about 55 nm) in the γ-CyD colloidal solution were significantly aggregated during storage at 25 °C, increasing in size to about 800 nm. On the other hand, the size of the C60/HP-β-CyD nanoparticles (about 90 nm) remained small for 28 days. C60/HP-β-CyD nanoparticles had a high propensity for generating superoxide anions. HP-β-CyD is useful for preparation of hydrophilic nanoparticles of C60 and preferred as an efficient stabilizing agent for pharmaceutical application of C60.
The Direct Conversion of Ethanol to Ethyl and Methyl Acetates Catalyzed by Iridium Complex
Authors: Yamamoto Nobuyuki , Obora Yasushi , Ishii Yasutaka
Published: October 2009

Ethanol was efficiently converted to ethyl and methyl acetates by [Cp*IrCl2]2 combined with 2-(methylamino)ethanol and a base like Cs2CO3 at room temperature in acetone in high yield, which provides the first Ir-catalyzed direct route to ethyl and methyl acetates from ethanol.
Investigation of the role of tumour necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, interleukin-10, nitric oxide and rheumatoid factor-immunoglobulin M in a rat model of arthritis
Authors: Khalifeh M S , Al-Rukibat R , Hananeh W , Boumezrag A , Okour O
Published: October 2009

Collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) in rats is a widely used preclinical animal model of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). However, CIA development in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats is less severe in terms of inflammatory response compared with other strains. Therefore, a modified CIA model called MCIA, using N-acetylmuramyl dipeptide (MDP), has been developed in the less sensitive SD rat strains. This work was conducted to better understand the immunopathological role and contributions of the pro-inflammatory T-helper type 1 (Th-1) cytokines and inflammatory mediators, interleukin-1 (IL-1 β), tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α) and nitric oxide (NO); the anti-inflammatory T-helper type 2 (Th-2) cytokine, IL-10 and autoantibodies such as rheumatoid factor (RF)-immunoglobulin M (IgM) in this newly developed RA model. TNF-α, NO and RF-IgM levels were significantly increased, while IL-1 β levels were not affected in this MCIA rat model. The levels of IL-10 were lower than the baseline when compared with controls. In conclusion: (1) the immunological features represented in the MCIA rat model favour the Th-1 cytokine profile over Th-2 and (2) RF-IgM can be used as a diagnostic test in preclinical RA models.
Hollywood's Vietnam, 1929–1964: Scripting Intervention, Spotlighting Injustice
Authors: Laderman Scott
Published: October 2009

Before 1965 and the introduction of the .rst of.cial American combat troops, the political unrest and revolutionary insurgency in Vietnam had already appeared in nearly a dozen Hollywood .lms. Yet while the anti-communist politics of these productions was predictable, it would be a mistake to view them as mere vehicles for Cold War propaganda. Although they served that obvious function, early American filmmakers who set their pictures in Vietnam also constructed the area as a childlike place in need of U.S. tutelage and instruction. At the same time, Vietnam became, by the 1950s, ironically transformed into a site of contestation over American values, especially with respect to race and gender. Drawing on rare prints of these early motion pictures, as well as numerous archival documents, this article spotlights the Indochinese conflict that was screened in the decades before Hollywood, in the 1970s and 1980s, began to perhaps forever reimage the war in American memory.
Community Engagement and its Impact on Child Health Disparities: Building Blocks, Examples, and Resources
Authors: Ochoa Eduardo R. , Nash Creshelle
Published: October 2009

National attention to racial and ethnic health disparities has increased over the last decades, but marked improvements in minority health, especially among children, have been slow to emerge. A life-course perspective with sustained community engagement takes into account root causes of poor health in minority and low-income communities. This perspective involves a variety of primary care, public health, and academic stakeholders. A life-course perspective holds great promise for having a positive impact on health inequities. In this article we provide background information on available tools and resources for engaging with communities. We also offer examples of community-primary care provider interventions that have had a positive impact on racial and ethnic health disparities. Common elements of these projects are described; additional local and national resources are listed; and future research needs, specifically in communities around issues that are relevant to children, are articulated. Examples throughout the history of pediatrics show the potential to eliminate racial and ethnic health disparities not only for children but also for all populations across the life course.
Effect of potassium on setting times of borate admixed cement pastes
Authors: Apagyi Z. , Csetenyi L. J.
Published: October 2009

Setting times of ordinary Portland cement pastes of standard consistency were investigated using mixing waters containing dissolved potassium and boron at a constant total concentration of 0:8 mol=kg water. The K:B molar ratio was adjusted between 10:2 and 2:20 in small increments resulting in 31 different compositions. Setting times were measured using an automatic Vicat apparatus as an average of five parallel pastes for each sample. The effect of concentration of equimolar K:B mixing water on setting was also assessed for seven different total concentrations ranging from 0 to 0·3125 mol K + B/300 g cement. Phase equilibria of mixing waters calculated by PHREEQC showed a strong relationship between setting times and stability fields of coexisting phases. Each marked change in setting times corresponded to the replacement of the hitherto stable (calcium)-potassium borate hydrate by another. Correlation was observed between the water demand of the precipitating potassium borates and the constituent phases of mature hydrated cement stone.
Effects of environment and curing methods on the compressive strength of silica fume high-strength concrete
Authors: Bushlaibi A. H.
Published: October 2009

The adoption of good workmanship and a steady increase in concrete production quality control is being experienced in the Gulf region. This advancement covers all aspects of the concrete industry, from mixing to curing. The study presented here contains the results of an investigation of various concrete curing methods used recently in the region. Specifically, the study investigates the influences of the environment and curing methods on the compressive strength of silica fume high-strength concrete. Specimens were kept at five different curing conditions and in two different environments for a period of 9 months. The curing conditions used were water curing (control), no curing (NC), sprinkle curing (SC), plastic curing (PC) and burlap curing (BC). Eeach of the last four conditions was exposed to two different environments: indoor (ID) environment and outdoor (OD) environment. The strength results were determined at 1, 3, 7, 14, 28 and 270 days. The results reveal that the effects of the curing methods on the compressive strength of the specimens are highly influenced by the exposure conditions, and the different curing schemes have varying effects on the compressive strength of the specimens. This suggests that careful and more efficient curing practices and techniques are required when curing concrete in the hot dry environments such as in the climate of the Gulf region.
Solubilities of CaO–SiO2–H2O phases at 25°, 55° and 85°C
Authors: Dickson C. L. , Brew D. R. M. , Glasser F. P.
Published: October 2009

Results of solubility determinations on naturally-occurring calcium silicate hydrates are reported for okenite, gyrolite, tobermorite and xonotlite: also for phase pure laboratory preparations of tobermorite, afwillite, foshagite and hillebrandite. Samples, typically 100–200 mg, were contained in sealed reactors and dispersed in initially pure, CO2-free water and equilibrated for up to 110 days. The pH, calcium and silicon solubilities are reported at 25°, 55° and 85°C. Steady state solubilities are attained in 7 days at 25°C but more rapidly at 55° and 85°C. Recommended Ksp values are tabulated. Sources of error are discussed: shortage of samples required that the same mineral had to be redispersed sequentially in fresh leachant and this may have affected the surface state of incongruently soluble phases. Natural minerals may be unreliable in the context of solubility determination owing to their large content of non-essential ions, for example Na+, K+ and Mg2+.
Wellington Street Swing Bridge, Hull, UK
Authors: Taylor A. , Plant C. , Dickerson J.
Published: October 2009

The growth of Hull as a British port at the time of William Wilberforce (1759–1833) saw the construction of docks and dock bridges similar to those in London, Plymouth and Liverpool. These structures now form an essential part of Britain's heritage and are rightly protected under listed buildings and conservation regulations. However, they remain at risk, especially if left unused. For several years, Hull City Council has been developing a conservation policy for its nine listed bridges and a comprehensive historical audit was thus required. This paper looks back into the history of Hull Docks and the development of cast-iron swing bridges between 1800 and 1850. The paper describes the design of Hull's cast-iron Wellington Street Swing Bridge as part of a scheme for restoration of the bridge to working order. When the bridge was originally built, it would have been required to carry horse-drawn traffic that would probably have weighed no more than 5 t in total and carried commodities at walking pace, thus minimising the impact factor. Its new role, to stimulate community living and regeneration, is to offer pedestrian and cycle use with occasional use by vehicles weighing up to 7·5 t. The original bridge design may have been based on a three-pinned arch, although this is just speculation. The recent design by consulting engineer Pell Frischmann considered the bridge's articulation; this is described together with other parameters that influenced analysis of the cast-iron structure.
Dynamics-based interpretation of the interface friction test at the inclined plane
Authors: Gourc J. P. , Reyes Ramírez R.
Published: October 2009

The inclined plane test is used to determine either soil–geosynthetic or geosynthetic–geosynthetic interface properties, especially in cases where the stress normal to the interface is small. The design of sloped cap covers for landfill sites or along the banks of reservoirs and canals necessitates this type of test. The interface friction test, when performed in accordance with the current European test standard, yields only the interface friction angle. In this paper, the potential for drawing considerably greater information from the test is demonstrated. This procedure requires the interpretation of an entire dynamics phase, in particular the phase during which the upper box is engaged in uniformly accelerated movement. Two new parameters are also defined, called the angles of static friction and dynamic friction.
Geosynthetic-reinforced embankments over soft foundations
Authors: Rowe R. K. , Li A. L.
Published: October 2009

The behaviour of reinforced embankments over conventional soft cohesive soil, rate-sensitive soil and peat deposits is reviewed, and recent design and analysis methods are summarized. The findings from both field observations and finite element analyses are presented. Both undrained and partially drained behaviour of reinforced embankments are considered. The use of reinforcement in combination with prefabricated vertical drains is addressed. The effects of both the viscous and inviscous characteristics of reinforcement and foundation soils on embankment behaviour are discussed. It is concluded that the partial consolidation provided by PVDs and the tension mobilized in reinforcement can substantially increase embankment stability. However, creep of geosynthetics can decrease the embankment failure height. The mobilization of reinforcement during and after embankment construction can vary significantly depending on the soil and reinforcement characteristics. Care must be taken in design when a creep-susceptible reinforcement is being used and/or the foundation soil is rate sensitive. Note: This paper is a slightly modified version of the Giroud Lecture presented by R. K. Rowe at the Seventh International Conference on Geosynthetics in Nice, France, in 2002.
New direction for earth reinforcement: disaster prevention for earthfill dams
Authors: Mohri Y. , Matsushima K. , Yamazaki S. , Lohani T.N. , Tatsuoka F. , Tanaka T.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A large number of geosynthetic-reinforcing technologies for embankments and retaining walls have been proposed and developed, and the behaviour of these structures has been evaluated using laboratory tests and field tests, as well as full-scale case histories. Yet a great number of embankments have failed in Japan owing to strong seismic loads and heavy rainfall. Significant improvements are required in the construction of earthfill dams to prevent these failures. This paper reviews the characteristic features of the damage to small earthfill dams that has taken place during earthquakes as well as heavy rainfall. The paper then describes a new technology using geosynthetic soil bags with extended tails stacked on the downstream slope to construct earthfill dams that are highly stable against earthquakes as well as heavy rainfall leading to overtopping by flood water. Some fundamental aspects of the stability of embankments reinforced by soil bags and seismic behaviour are examined using static loading, hydraulic breach tests and shaking-table tests.
Three-dimensional numerical modelling of soft ground improved by prefabricated vertical drains
Authors: Lin D.G. , Chang K.T.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: A prefabricated vertical drain (PVD)-improved ground under embankment surcharge loading at the Second Bangkok International Airport was modelled using a three-dimensional finite difference program and proposed matching schemes. The matching schemes used an equivalent well radius and an equivalent permeability to account for the cross-section of band-shaped drains and the smear effect, respectively. The well resistance of the PVD was taken into account by imposing a finite discharge capacity throughout the consolidation process. The numerical method incorporating the matching schemes satisfactorily simulated the drainage behaviour of the PVD unit cell and of the full-scale PVD improved ground. The three-dimensional numerical modelling also showed that the degree of consolidation of the PVD-improved ground in terms of settlement rate was higher than that in terms of excess pore pressure dissipation rate. In addition, after the PVD improvement, the undrained shear strength of the clay layers below the centre of the embankment was numerically estimated to be approximately twice the value before the improvement.
Experimental investigation of the strength properties of sand–clay mixtures reinforced with randomly distributed discrete polypropylene fibers
Authors: Yilmaz Y.
Published: October 2009

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the findings of a series of laboratory unconfined compression tests and split tensile tests performed on specimens of varying fiber–sand–clay proportions. Sand was mixed with clay at six different proportions, namely 0.0, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, and 10.0% by dry weight of clay. Fiber was included in the sand–clay mixture at four different percentages, namely 0.0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0% by dry weight of clay. Compaction characteristics of the sand–clay mixtures were evaluated at standard compaction energy. According to fiber content, four groups of samples were prepared at maximum dry unit weight and optimum water content. For each of the four sample groups, unconfined compressive stress-axial strain and split tensile stress-diametrical strain behavior of the fiber–sand–clay mixtures were investigated. The test results showed that unconfined compressive strength (UCS) reached its maximum value at a fiber/clay ratio of 1.0% and sand/clay ratio of 7.5%. There was a reasonably strong linear correlation (R2≈ 1.0) between UCS and average initial tangent modulus values. The ratio of UCS to split tensile strength (STS) for all fiber–sand–clay mixtures varied between 3.2- and 5.8-fold.
Influence of Duration of tests at Constant Rate of Strain on Measured “Drained” Strength
Authors: Gibson R. E. , Henkel D. J.
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

Theory shows that a fully drained condition is impossible to attain in a laboratory “drained” test run at a constant rate of strain. However, expressions which have been derived in this paper enable an estimate to be made of the duration of the test necessary to ensure a certain closeness of approximation to the fully drained condition. The results of a number of drained triaxial and shear-box tests on three clays—eked out at various rates of strain are shown to confirm, in a general way, the predictions of the theory.

La théorie démontre l'impossibilité d'obtenir une condition complétement drainée, au cours d'un essai de drainage effecté dans le laboratoire à un taux constant de charge. Cependant, lee expressions déivées dans cette étude permettent d'établir la durée approximative de l'essai nécessaire pour assurer une certaine exactitude d'approximation à la condition complètement drainée. Les résultats d'un certain nombre d'essak triaxiaux et de boîte de cisaillement avec drainage faits sur trois sortes d'argile, à plusieurs taux de charge, confirment, d'une façon générale, les prédictions de la théorie.
Stabilization by Pressure Grouting on American Railroads
Authors: Smith Rockwell , Peck R. B.
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

During the last 15 years, injection of cement-sand slurries into the subgrades of unstable railroad track has become a routine method of stabilisation in the United States. This Paper describes the equipment developed for the work, the grouting mixtures used, and the results obtained. Savings in cost of maintenance are, on the average, sufficient to repay the cost of grouting in about 3 years, whereas the benefits generally have continued for many more years.

Fills that have become unstable because of accumulation of water in large voids have also been successfully treated by the method.

Au cours des quinze derniéres années, l'injection de coulis de sable et ciment dans les plates-formes de terrassement de voies ferrées est devenu méthode courante de stabilisation aux Etats-Unis. Ce document décrit le matériel mis au point pour ce genre de travaux, les mélanges de mortiers liquides utilisés et les résultats obtenus. Les économies effectuées du point de vue des frais d'entretien sont en moyenne suffisantes pour rembourser les depenses, en trois ans environ, qu'entraine ce jointoiement alors que les avantages qui en découlent ont durépendant un bien plus grand nombre d'années.

Des remblais, qui sont devenus instables du fait de l'accumulation d'eau dans de vastes poches, ont également été traités par cette méthode avec un plein succés.
Notes on the Design of the Liquid Limit Device
Authors: Casagrande Arthur
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

From experience during the 30 years since he built the first liquid limit device, and from his observations on the use and abuse of this device in many laboratories, the Author concludes that accurate duplication of results requires improved standardization of several details in its design. The design shown in Figs 1 and 2 is recommended as a standard. It maintains the basic dimensions and hardness of base which have been accepted by tacit agreement and have been in use in many countries for about a quarter of a century.

In discussing the complications arising from the use of a substantially different hardness of base in the British Standard, the Author suggests as a possible solution replacement of the liquid limit test by a more rational test based on the measurement of shear strength.

D'après l'expérience acquise au tours des 30 ans depuis qu'il construisit le premier appareil à limite de liquidité, et d'après ses observations sur l'emploi et l'abus d'emploi de cet appareil dans de nombreux laboratoires, l'auteur conclut que la répétition précise des résultats demande une normalisation améliorée de plusieurs détails dans sa conception.

Le modèle représenté figures 1 et 2 est recommandé comme modèle normal. II garde les dimensions principales et la dureté de base acceptées par accord tacite et utilisées dans de nombreux pays depuis un quart de siècle.

En discutant des complications survenant de l'emploi d'une dureté de base substantiellement différente de la norme britannique, l'auteur suggère comme solution possible le remplacement de l'épreuve de limite de liquidité par une épreuve plus rationnelle basée sur la mesure de la résistance au cisaillement.
Moderating the Rate of Settlement of a Building Founded Upon a Salt Massif
Authors: Beles A. A. , Stǎnculescu I. I.
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

The Paper presents the studies and works undertaken in order to moderate the rate of settlement of a building founded upon a salt massif. The settlements resulted from the solution of the salt massif lying under the building, through the action of an active fresh-water current. Apart from the usual drainage measures, the circulation of the fresh water was stopped by the construction of an impermeable clay apron.

This apron was constructed by the punning of specially treated clay in borings made down to the level of the salt massif. Data are given both as to the means adopted to accomplish the work and the effect in moderating the rate of settlements of the building.

Le mémoire présente les études et travaux entrepris pour ralentir le rythme du tassement d'une construction fondée au-dessus d'un massif de sel. Les tassements provenaient de la dissolution du massif de se1 par l'action d'un courant actif d'eau douce. Hors les mesnres de drainage usuelles on a eu recours à un colmatage du trajet de circulation des eaux douces au-dessus du massif de sel, par la création d'un voile d'argile. Le voile a éte´ réalisé par le matage de l'argile spécialement traitée, introduite dans des forages portés jusqu'au niveau du massif de sel. Des renseignements sont donnés en ce qui concerne les moyens d'accomplissement des travaux et les effets obtenus pour ralentir le rythme du tassement de la construction.
The Calculation of Laboratory and In-situ Values of California Bearing Ratio from Bearing Capacity Data
Authors: Black W. P. M.
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

The Paper briefly reviews the factors which affect the results of in-situ and laboratory California bearing ratio tests. A relation between CBR and bearing capacity is developed which enables the in-situ CBR value to be calculated from a knowledge of the cohesion, true angle of internal friction, and suction of the soil. A method of correcting the in-situ value to take into account the confining action of the mould used in labortory tests is proposed.

Laboratory investigations made on a single-sizee sand and on a heavy clay are reported in which close agreement was found between computed and measured CBR values.

Cet article esquisse les facteurs qui influent sur les résultats des essais CBR in situ et au laboratoire. On developpe un rapport entre le CBR et la capacité portante qui permet de calculer la valeur CBR in situ si on connaît la cohésion, l'angle de frottement interne véritable et la suction du sol. On propose une méthode pour corriger la valeur in situ afin de tenir compte de la contrainte exercée par le moule proposed. employé dans les essais au laboratoire.

On décrit des recherches faites au laboratoire avec un sable élémentaire et avec une argile lourde et on constate un bon accord entre les valeurs calculées et les valeurs mesurées.
Long-Term Loading of Short-Bored Piles
Authors: Green Harry
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

Bored piles 12 in. and 14 in. dia. × 10 ft long were loaded with their design loads 1 year after casting and their settlements were observed over a period of 4 years. Settlement continued throughout the period of the test but the rate of settlement was small after the first 3 months. The settlements at loads in excess of the design loads were small compared with those of similar piles subjected to shor-term tests.

Des pieux creux de 12 pouce et 14 pouce de diamètre × 10 pieds de long furent chargés avec leurs charges préues, une année après avoir été coulés et leurs tassements furent observés pendant une période de quatre annés. Le tassement continua pendant toute la durée de l'essai, mais le taux de tassement fut petit après les trois premiers mois. Les tassements à des charges en excés des charges prévues furent peu importants par comparaison avec ceux de pieux semblables soumis à des essais de courte durée.
A Laboratory Investigation of Two Red Clays from Kenya
Authors: Newill Donald
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

The red clay soils of Kenya are known to possess unusual properties for clays such as low compressibility and a high angle of shearing resistance and to present difficulties in the interpretation of laboratory tests such as the plasticity and compaction tests.

A laboratory study has been made of the proper- ties of two typical red clays with the main object of determining the parts played by the clay mineral—whether hydrated halloysite or metahalloysite—and the coating of iron oxide on the soil particles.

Investigations of the suitability of the two soils for stabilization with Portland cement and hydrated lime are also reported.

On sait que les sols d'argile rouge du Kenya possèdent des propriétés peu communes pour des argiles de compressibilité aussi faible, d'un angle de résistance au cisaillement élevé et présentant des difficultés pour l'interprétation des essais de laboratoire tels que les essais de plasticité et de compactage.

Une étude de laboratoire a été faite sur les propriétés de deux argiles rouges typiques dans le but principal de déterminer les rôles joués par le minéral argileux—soit halloysite hydraté, soit métahalloysite—et le revêtement d'oxyde de fer sur les particules du sol.

On y décrit aussi des recherches pour découvrir si les deux sols conviennent à la stabilisation du ciment Portland et de la chaux hydratée.
Field Measurements in Soil Mechanics
Authors: Cooling L. F.
Published: October 2009

When I was invited by the British National Committee to give this second Rankine Lecture, I must confess that my reactions were of a mixed nature. While I was naturally very gratified at the honour this invitation conferred on me, I was also conscious of the fact that the task of maintaining the standard expected in these lectures was not an easy one and would be a considerable strain on my capacities. However, I was fortified into accepting the honour by the remembrance of the many occasions in the past when this Society had shown great indulgence to honest if somewhat pedestrian endeavour.

On this occasion, I thought it would be of value to review the position in one broad aspect of the subject, to see how far we have travelled, what remains to be done, and in which direction we should go in future development. Such an exercise could usefully be carried out on many aspects of soil mechanics (all of them important), but the one I have chosen for this talk is that of field measurements on full-scale structures and its role in the application of soil mechanics to civil engineering problems. I have made this choice for various reasons; first, because I think it is appropriate to a Rankine Lecture, for, although in soil mechanics we tend to regard Rankine as a theorist there is no doubt that he had a full appreciation of practical considerations and the difficulties of applying theory to soil problems. In his Manual of Civil Engineering, Rankine wrote: “The properties of earth with respect to adhesion and friction are so variable, that the engineer should never trust to tables or to information obtained from books to guide him in designing earthworks, when he has it in his power to obtain the necessary data either by observation of existing earthworks in the same stratum or by experiment.” Later in the same section he wrote: “There is a mathematical theory of the combined action of friction and adhesion in earth; but for want of precise experimental data, its practical utility is doubtful.” If we interpret the term “precise experimental data” to include reliable field measurements on actual structures, then my theme is obviously in line with Rankine's thinking. My second reason is that the subject is of considerable importance in its own right for the future development of soil mechanics, and anyone who has made a study of Terzaghi's writings will have been struck by his insistence on the urgent need for taking reliable field observations. My third reason is that my colleagues and I at the Building Research Station have been particularly interested in this aspect of soil mechanics and have, from time to time over the past 25 years, carried out a number of investigations involving field measurements of various types on full-scale structures.
Shear Strength Properties of a Sample of Volcanic Material of the Valley of Mexico
Authors: Lo Kwan Yee
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

In this paper, the geotechnical properties of volcanic material of the valley of Mexico are reported. Mineralogical analyses reveal that the clay has a very open structure and consists of particles less than 2μ, mostly in the amorphous state. However, triaxial tests on samples normally and over-consolidated under condition of no lateral strain show that the angle of shearing resistance in terms of effective stresses has an extraordinary high value of 47°

While in the undisturbed state, the clay behaves as a friction-cohesion material with the “true angle of internal friction” lying between 33° and 44°, the remoulded soil exhibits the characteristics of a purely cohesive material. The shear strength is dependent only on the water content at failure but indenpent of the consolidation history. The Hvorslev's friction angle is approximately zero and the cohesion factor is as high as 0·4.

The implication of these results on the current concepts of shear strength are discussed. Data for the “true angle of internal friction" of other clays are collected, and it is conclusively demonstrated that Hvorsley parameters may have widely different values for the same soil in the undisturbed and remoulded state.

Ce rapport présente les qualitésa géotechniques d'unn material volcaniques de la vallée du Mexique. Les analyses minéralogiques démontrent que l'argile possédeune structure trés ouverte et se compose de particulars plus petites que 2μ, le plus souvent dans un état amorphe. Les essais triaxiaux sur des échantillons, normalement et surconsolidés sous des conditions de déformation non-latérale, montrent que l'angle de résistance au cisaillement est d'une valeur extrêmement élevée de 47° en périodes des tension efficaces à l'état remanié et non-remanié.

Pendant l'état non-remanié, l'argile se comporte comme une substance “frottement-cohésion” avec l'angle vrai de frottement interne s'étendant entre 33° et 44°, le sol remaine montre les caractéristique d'unne substance purement cohésive. La résistance au cisaillement ne depend que la teneur en eau àla rupture et est independance de l'histoire de consolidation. L'angle de frottement de Hvorslev est presque zéro et le coéfficient de cohésion est aussi haut que 0,4.

On discute les implication des ces résultants sur les concepts courants de résistance au cisaillement. On a également collectioné la date de l'angle vrai de frottement interne des autres argiles. Pour finir, il a été demonstré que les paramètres de Hvorslev peuvent avoir des valeurs enoumement différentes pour le même sol en état remanié et non-remanié.
Frictional Characteristics of Minerals
Authors: Horn H. M. , Deere D. U.
Published: October 2009

Synopsis

The frictional characteristics of minerals commonly found in rock and soil have been investigated experimentally. The test results reveal that the presence of fluids on sliding surfaces of minerals greatly increases the frictional coefficients of minerals having massive crystal structures, such as quartz and feldspar, but decreases the frictional coefficients of minerals having layer-lattice structures, such as mica and chlorite. The antilubricating action of fluids on massive-structured minerals was found to be the most pronounced when the fluids were highly polar. The anti-lubricating effect diminishes rapidly, however, as surface roughness increases. No consistent relationship was found between the polarity of a fluid and its effectiveness as a lubricant of layer-lattice minerals. The rate of sliding did not affect the frictional coefficients of quartz surfaces. However, the coefficients of friction of mica increased as the rate of sliding increased.

Direct shear tests performed on Ottawa sand indicate that, apart from their possible effect on capillary forces, variations in particle surface moisture have no appreciable influence on the drained shearing resistance of soils composed of massive-structured minerals. However, the drained shearing resistance of powdered mica decreased as the surface moisture of the particles was increased.

On a fait des recherches expérimentales sur les caractéristiques de friction des minéraux rencontrés dans le rot et le sol. Le résultat des essais montre que la présence de fluides sur les surfaces de glissement des minéraux augmente fortement les coefficients de friction des minéraux de structure cristallifére agglomérée tels que le quartz et le feldspath, mais diminue les coefficients des minéraux de structures à réseau à plans atomiques, tels que le mica et le chlorite. L'action anti-lubrifiante des fluides sur les minéraux à structure agglomérée s'est révélée la plus forte lorsque les fluides étaient fortement polarisés. Cependant l'effet anti-lubrifiant diminue rapidement lorsque la rugosité augmente. On n'a trouvé aucune relation conséquente entre la polarité d'un fluide et son efficacité en tant que lubrifiant de minéraux à réseau à plans atomiques. Le dégré de glissement n'affectait pas les coefficients de friction des surfaces de quartz. Pourtant les coefficients de friction du mica augmentent lorsque le degré de glissement augmente.

Des essais de cisaillement direct faits avec des sables d'Ottawa montrent qu'à part leur effect possible sur les forces capillaires, les variations de teneur en eau superficielle des grains n'ont pas d’effet appréciable sur la résistance au cisaillement à l'état drainé des sols composés de minéraux à structure agglomérée. Cependant la résistance au cisaillement à l'etat drainé du mica en poudre diminue lorsque la teneur en eau superficielle des grains augmente.