bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
William and Ralph Waldo Emerson and the Problem of the Lord's Supper: The Influence of German ‘Historical Speculators’
Authors: Hurth Elisabeth
Published: April 2006

The studies by Julie Ellison, Barbara Packer, and Wesley T. Mott demonstrate that Emerson's exposure to German biblical criticism worked steadily on his religious mind. While the former studies focus on the problem of the relation of faith to history and the more inclusive problem of the shift away from an evidentialist christology, the present study wants to show that the confrontation with German biblical criticism issued in the case of William and Ralph Waldo Emerson in a decisive change of profession and a break with the ministerial office. Moreover, this study also sets out to demonstrate that Ralph Waldo Emerson's appropriation of German biblical criticism presented an important anticipation of the intuitional doctrines of Transcendentalism. When William Emerson, following the example of such American Göttingen students as George Ticknor and Edward Everett, journeyed to Göttingen in 1824 he experienced a professional crisis triggered by the critical methods of the Göttingen exegetes J. G. Eichhorn and J. D. Michaelis. The biblical criticism which prevailed in Göttingen posed a threat for Unitarians not so much because of the depreciation of supernatural revelation as because of the very method with which this disparagement was brought about. The questioning of the historicity of the biblical narratives characteristic of the so-called “higher criticism” practiced at Göttingen cut against the grain of the Unitarian biblical tradition which regarded the biblical narratives as a factually reliable repository of “the history of Christ.” “There is no other theory,” Andrews Norton observed with regard to higher criticism, “in which propositions ready to weaken man's faith in the genuineness of the Gospels, are so elaborately and plausibly introduced.”
The Social Gospel and Socialism: A Comparison of the Thought of Francis Greenwood Peabody, Washington Gladden, and Walter Rauschenbusch
Authors: Dorn Jacob H.
Published: April 2006

For American Protestants who were sensitive to the profound social disruptions associated with rapid industrialization and urbanization in the late nineteenth century, the twin discoveries of the “alienation” of the working class from Protestant churches and of a rising and vibrant socialist movement caused much consternation and anxious soul-searching. Socialism offered not only a radical critique of American political and economic institutions; it also offered the zeal, symbols, and sense of participation in a world-transforming cause often associated with Christianity itself. The religious alienation of the working class and the appeal of socialism were often causally linked in the minds of socially-conscious Protestant leaders.
The Economic Thought of Jonathan Edwards
Authors: Valeri Mark
Published: April 2006

On 16 March 1742, Jonathan Edwards's church in Northampton adopted a new covenant of faith. Written in the heat of the Great Awakening, the document began, predictably, by acknowledging “the blessed manifestations and fruits of [God's] gracious presence in this town” during the recent spiritual revivals. It then plunged into more worldly matters. It called on every church member to deal honestly and justly in secular business: they were not “in any matter” to “overreach or defraud” their “neighbor…and either willfully or through want of care, injure him in any of his honest possessions or rights.” The oath became more explicit. Debtors were to pay their creditors, so to avoid “willfully or negligently” wronging others. Indeed, debtors promised to forego “rest till … that restitution, or …that satisfaction” were effected. Likewise, creditors pledged to eschew “wordly gain, or honor, or interest…or getting the better” of their “competitors” as the “governing aim” of their business. Those who managed public affairs also were to forsake competitiveness. They agreed to relinquish their private interests for the sake of equity, especially “concerning any outward possessions, privileges, rights or properties.” Although the covenant dealt with other matters, it sustained its striking focus on commerce. Even as it neared its conclusion, it used economic metaphor to urge piety, presenting life as capital “to be laboriously spent in the business of religion: ever making it our greatest business.”
Lady Huntingdon's Reformation
Authors: Tyson John R.
Published: April 2006

Selina Hastings, Countess of Huntingdon (1707–1791), was a central figure in the eighteenth-century religious revival that swept across England and Wales. A faithful daughter of the Church of England, Lady Huntingdon became a “Methodist” when that term described a style of piety rather than denominational affiliation. She was a pivotal figure in early Methodism, around whom the Calvinistic and Arminian wings of the movement revolved. Selina frequently described herself as being engaged in “this present Reformation” of England. A close examination of her piety—which stressed justification by faith—and her many ministerial works suggests that Lady Huntingdon was indeed a significant religious reformer; this examination offers a divergent path to the complicated roots of early Methodism.
The Ohio Valley: Testing Ground for America's Experiment in Religious Pluralism
Authors: Smith Timothy L.
Published: April 2006

The most extensive early test of the American dogma of the separation of church and state seems to me to have taken place in pioneer Ohio, where a complete range of the plurality of America's religious associations first confronted public consciousness. Unlike Kentucky, whose many Protestant denominations had a largely southern cast, and unlike upstate New York, whose culture was heavily under New England influence (or, at least, appeared to literate Yankees to be so), Ohio's early citizens came from a wide mix of puritan, mid-Atlantic, and southern backgrounds. For example, every sect of Pennsylvania Germans established major outposts in Ohio's developing counties. The Buckeye State early brought together several concentrations of Roman Catholics. Early and late, diverse communities of Jews also settled there, both in smaller towns as well as in Cincinnati, Columbus, and Cleveland. Also at the end of the nineteenth century, Eastern Orthodox Christians began a migration to Cleveland that later expanded into the larger industrial towns that grew southward, in such places as Toledo, Canton, and Youngstown.
“Germany Is Our Mission—Christ Is Our Strength!”The Wehrmacht Chaplaincy and the “German Christian” Movement
Authors: Bergen Doris L.
Published: April 2006

Recent scholarship has exploded the myth that German soldiers had nothing to do with genocidal crimes in World War II. We now know that what Omer Bartov has called the “barbarization of warfare” on the eastern front involved regular military as well as SS units and the Einsatzgruppen. But what about the chaplains, Protestant and Catholic, who accompanied Hitler's forces? Those men, linked into both ecclesiastical and military hierarchies, preached and administered the sacraments. Following established traditions, they also boosted morale, accompanied condemned men to their executions, and supported Germany's war aims.
The Virile Bride of Bernard of Clairvaux
Authors: Krahmer Shawn M.
Published: April 2006

That feminine metaphors dominate Bernard of Clairvaux's treatment of the contemplative soul who as loving Bride marries Christ in prayerful ecstasy, and as Mother nurtures the world in active service, is indisputable. And much has been made in recent years of the significance of a medieval male “assuming” the role of the female, both in relation to society at large and in relation to God. These latter arguments might be summarized by the claims that the appropriation of feminine images to the medieval male self is frequently either a conscious play on cultural stereotypes to signal spiritual renunciation or the rejection of worldly values, or reflects a need, whether conscious or unconscious, for psychological integration of the feminine and masculine in the lives of those confined to a homo-social world. In Bernard's Bride, then, we discover either the male appropriation of feminine weakness as a sign of spiritual strength or the rational male appropriation of the counterbalancing feminine virtue of affective love. What has not been recognized, however, is the possibility that the figure of the Bride in Bernard of Clairvaux'sSermons on the Song of Songsmight function paradoxically as a “virile woman,” a female “figure” or type who serves appropriately to represent the highest spiritual attainments of the human soul (whether of biological male or female), precisely because she has overcome any stereotypically “womanly” weaknesses and become typologically “male” or “virile.” Our interpretation of this seminal figure must thus not only take into account the confluence of masculine and feminine in her nature in ways we have not previously suspected. We must also consider the paradoxical reality that this figure may simultaneously represent a soul who is virtuous for having renounced male privilege and become a weak woman and a soul who is valorized for having overcome feminine weakness and become virile. It is this thesis that I will argue in what follows.
The Spiritual Pilgrimage of Rachel Stearns, 1834–1837: Reinterpreting Women's Religious and Social Experiences in the Methodist Revivals of Nineteenth-Century America
Authors: Gunther Candy
Published: April 2006

“Again am I commencing another manuscript,” wrote Rachel Stearns in October of 1836, a “brief record of the most interesting events of my life, of the Lord's dealings with me, and of my own feelings and conduct. Faithful monitors in future years to warn me against departing from my God, by a detail of past sufferings in consequence of wandering; to encourage me to trust in God, by a recollection of the many deliverances I have experienced. Very joyful has been my path sometimes, at others very sad, but in sadness or in joy the Lord has never forsaken me.”
Messianism, Holiness, Charisma, and Community: The American-Swedish Colony in Jerusalem, 1881–1933
Authors: Ariel Yaakov , Kark Ruth
Published: April 2006

One of the most interesting Protestant sects that settled in Palestine from 1881 onwards, and that operated successfully for more than fifty years, was the American-Swedish “Colony” in Jerusalem.1 Known in its early years as the “Spaffordites,” the group was also called the “Overcomers,” since the members' journey to Jerusalem was spurred by their desire to overcome a series of personal tragedies. The history of the “American Colony,” as it was known in Jerusalem, reveals the power of religious beliefs to motivate and shape the lives of adherents. In this case, believers emigrated, built a new community with its own order and sense of purpose, demonstrated dedication, and made sacrifices in following what they considered to be divine commands. The American Colony also exemplifies the limited possibility of sustaining a religious community based upon intense beliefs, as one generation struggles to convey its religious tenets and social principles to the next. To reconstruct the religious influences, principles, and practices of this unique group in Palestine, the American Colony should be placed in the context of nineteenth-century American evangelical Protestantism, which included elements of revivalism, dispensational premillennialism, evangelism, and holiness teachings.
The Anglican Origins of Newman's Celibacy
Authors: Young B. W.
Published: April 2006

In his historical defense of the doctrines of the Church of England, published in 1826, Robert Southey assumed that “the question concerning the celibacy of the clergy had been set at rest throughout Protestant Europe.” The conclusion that Anglicanism necessarily entailed the rejection of celibacy was, in early-nineteenth-century England, decidedly premature, and the ambiguity over celibacy in the Church of England is starkly and exceptionally exposed in the life and work of John Henry Newman. Recent assessments of Newman's peculiar standing in Victorian society have often emphasized the sexual—or rather, the seemingly sexless—dimension of his image, as if to concur with Sydney Smith's celebrated witticism: “Don't you know, as the French say, there are three sexes—men, women, and clergymen?” The nature of specificallyclericalcelibacy, however, and its influence on the young Newman, have tended to be overlooked in favor of a general psychosexual understanding of his own unwillingness to marry. As an antidote to such readings, this essay will explore the distinctively Anglican and firmly intellectual tradition behind Newman's decision, and will thereby argue that his celibacy was not as “perverse”—a word which, in Victorian England, connoted conversion to Catholicism as well as sexual peculiarity—as it has sometimes been made to seem.
Preparation of temperature sensitive poly(vinylidene fluoride) hollow fiber membranes grafted with N‐isopropylacrylamide by a novel approach
Authors: Wang W. Y. , Chen L. , Yu X.
Published: April 2006

In the present study, the temperature sensitive PVDF‐g‐NIPAAm HFM was prepared by grafting N‐isopropylacrylamide (NIPAAm) on poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) hollow fiber membrane (HFM) using a novel approach, alkaline treatment method. The structures of PVDF‐g‐NIPAAm HFM were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The effects of alkaline treatment time and grafting yield on the mechanical properties of PVDF HFM were measured and analyzed. In addition, the temperature sensitive behavior of PVDF‐g‐NIPAAm HFM and the effect of grafting yield on the temperature sensitive behavior were investigated by the flux of pure water and the rejection of ovalbumin. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 833–837, 2006
Dyeing of chrome tanned collagen modified by in situ grafting with 2‐EHA and MAC
Authors: Masoud R. A. , Haroun A. A. , El‐Sayed N. H.
Published: April 2006

The aim of this study deals with the modification of the chrome tanned collagen (leather) by in situ grafting with 2‐ethyl hexyl acrylate (2‐EHA) and methacrylic acid (MAC) to improve its dyeability using Amecid Floxine 2GN (C.I. Acid Red 1) and Remazol Black B (C.I. Reactive Black 5). The optimum condition of in situ grafting has been evaluated. FTIR spectra of the ungrafted and the in situ grafted chrome tanned collagen showed that the corresponding band of the acrylate carbonyl ester occurs at 1730–1735 cm−1when compared with the ungrafted ones. The colorimetric data of the in situ grafted and dyed samples exhibited improvement in color shade, dye bath exhaustion, wash and light fastness relative to the ungrafted and dyed ones. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 174–179, 2006
Compatibility effect of reactive copolymers on polypropylene/polyamide 6 blends from commingled plastic wastes
Authors: Hong S. M. , Hwang S. S. , Choi J. S. , Choi H. J.
Published: April 2006

We report the compatibility effect on a recycled polypropylene/nylon (75/25) blend processed with reactive copolymers on the basis of morphological, mechanical, and rheological characteristics. Via a scanning electron microscopy investigation, we found improved surface morphologies with regular and fine domains in a recycled polypropylene/nylon (75/25) blend compatibilized with copolymers containing maleic anhydride as a reactive functional group [styrene–(ethylene/butylene)–styrene‐graft‐maleic anhydride copolymer and polypropylene‐graft‐maleic anhydride]. Large increases in both the mechanical and rheological properties with the addition of the styrene–(ethylene/butylene)–styrene‐graft‐maleic anhydride copolymer could be interpreted with respect to a specific structure at the interface, showing a strong interfacial adhesion between recycled polypropylene and nylon. To confirm the existence of this structure, we used various dynamic rheological parameters: the Cox–Merz rule, storage modulus, and phase angle. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 1188–1193, 2006
An idealized numerical simulation of mammatus‐like clouds
Authors: Kanak Katharine M. , Straka Jerry M.
Published: April 2006

A three‐dimensional numerical simulation of mammatus‐like clouds is presented. A portion of a cirrus outflow anvil cloud is simulated including cloud ice and snow microphysical representations. The simulated mammatus clouds appear in a cellular pattern and are compared with the few available previously published physical observations of mammatus. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Effects of two multi‐step self‐etch primer/adhesives on apoptosis in human gingival fibroblasts in vitro
Authors: Gürpınar Özer Aylin , Beklen Arzu , Hukkanen Mika , Cehreli Zafer C. , Onur Mehmet Ali , Konttinen Yrjö T.
Published: April 2006

Various in vitro studies have shown induction of apoptosis by monomers incorporated to dental restorative materials and adhesive resins, while information regarding the effect of monomer combinations as commercially available products on apopotis is limited. The aim of this study was to investigate the effetcs of two multi‐step self‐etch primer/adhesive systems on apoptosis of cultured primary human gingival fibroblasts. Cells were treated up to 48 h with Clearfil SE Bond (Kuraray, Japan) and FL Bond (Shofu, Japan) at 1:1000 v:v ratio to determine cell proliferation, using 0.02 mM staurosporine as positive control. Apoptosis was assessed using propidium iodide/acridine orange (PI/AO) staining, compared to nontreated controls. When compared to FL Bond, exposure of gingival fibroblasts to Clearfil SE Primer and Clearfil SE Bond resulted in a higher degree of cell proliferation. PI/AO staining revealed typical morphological features of apoptosis in FL Bond and Staurosporine groups, while some cells cultured in the presence of primer and adhesive components of Clearfil SE Bond showed nuclear fragmentation, indicative of early apoptosis. Our results indicate that apoptotic potential of the multi‐step self‐etch adhesives were material‐dependent within the 48 h test period. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2006
Nuchal translucency in dichorionic twins conceived after assisted reproduction
Authors: Hui P. W. , Tang M. H. Y. , Ng E. H. Y. , Yeung W. S. B. , Ho P. C.
Published: April 2006

Objectives

As opposed to biochemical markers of Down syndrome, nuchal translucency (NT) was once thought to be a more reliable screening marker for high order multiple pregnancies and pregnancies conceived after assisted conception. Recent data suggested that NT in singleton fetuses from assisted reproduction technology (ART) was thicker than those from singleton pregnancies. The present study compared the thickness of NT in dichorionic twins from natural conception and assisted reproduction.

Methods

A retrospective analysis for comparison of NT thickness on 3319 spontaneous singletons, 19 pairs of spontaneous twins and 27 pairs of assisted reproduction twins was performed.

Results

The median NT multiple of median (MoM) of spontaneous singletons was 1.00. For twins, the median NT MoM for pregnancies after assisted reproduction and natural conception were 1.02 and 1.07 respectively. There was no statistical difference in the NT thickness among the three pregnancy groups.

Conclusion

Contrary to the observed increase in NT in singleton pregnancies from assisted reproduction, the NT in dichorionic twins was comparable to the spontaneous ones. The mode of conception appears to impose differential influence on singletons and twins. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Morphology and mechanical properties of melt drawn chopped UHMWPE fiber/HDPE blends
Authors: Larin Boris , Feldman Alexander Y. , Harel Hannah , Marom Gad
Published: April 2006

Blends of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) chopped fibers with high density polyethylene (HDPE) were prepared by melt mixing extrusion, followed by melt drawing. The combined effect of composition and flow on the morphology was investigated by microbeam synchrotron X‐ray diffraction and high resolution scanning electron microscopy. Apparently in the drawn blends, the presence of fibers resulted in a higher degree of orientated morphology and—as revealed by differential scanning calorimetry—higher degrees of crystallinity and melting points. Significant improvement of mechanical properties was observed with increase of the fiber volume fraction. These results indicate that the oriented arrays of immiscible UHMWPE domains aligned in the flow direction, joined by fiber‐induced crystallization of the surrounding HDPE matrix, and provide strong reinforcing effect. POLYM. ENG. SCI., 46:807–811, 2006. © 2006 Society of Plastics Engineers
Proteomic analysis of recurrent spontaneous abortion: Identification of an inadequately expressed set of proteins in human follicular fluid
Authors: Kim Yong‐Soo , Kim Myung‐Sun , Lee Sook‐Hwan , Choi Bum‐Chae , Lim Jeong‐Mook , Cha Kwang Yul , Baek Kwang‐Hyun
Published: April 2006

Recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA), defined as the loss of three or more consecutive pregnancies prior to the 20th week of gestation, affects up to 5% of the child‐bearing population. To investigate the proteins associated with RSA, the protein expression in human follicular fluid was analyzed using 2‐DE. Follicular fluid contains a variety of biologically important proteins for oocyte fertilization and follicle maturation in the mammalian reproductive process. Therefore, it can be used as a provisional source for identifying proteins involved in RSA. In this study, we identified five aberrantly expressed proteins (complement component C3c chain E, fibrinogen γ, antithrombin, angiotensinogen, and hemopexin precursor) in follicular fluid from RSA patients with MALDI‐TOF‐MS and nano‐LC MS/MS. Western blot analysis confirmed that the protein expression level of fibrinogen γ and antithrombin was less in follicular fluid from RSA patients than those from normal controls. Semiquantitative RT‐PCR and real‐time PCR analyses revealed that mRNA level of these coagulation factors was also decreased significantly in chorionic villi of RSA patients compared with normal samples. Taken all together, it is likely that coagulation factors (fibrinogen γ and antithrombin) play an important role in maintaining the normal pregnancy.
Structure of a glutathione conjugate bound to the active site of aldose reductase
Authors: Singh Ranvir , White Mark A. , Ramana Kota V. , Petrash J. Mark , Watowich Stanley J. , Bhatnagar Aruni , Srivastava Satish K.
Published: April 2006

Aldose reductase (AR) is a monomeric NADPH‐dependent oxidoreductase that catalyzes the reduction of aldehydes, ketones, and aldo‐sugars. AR has been linked to the development of hyperglycemic injury and is a clinical target for the treatment of secondary diabetic complications. In addition to reducing glucose, AR is key regulator of cell signaling through it's reduction of aldehydes derived from lipoproteins and membrane phospholipids. AR catalyzes the reduction of glutathione conjugates of unsaturated aldehydes with higher catalytic efficiency than free aldehydes. The X‐ray structure of human AR holoenzyme in complex with the glutathione analogue S‐(1,2‐dicarboxyethyl) glutathione (DCEG) was determined at a resolution of 1.94 Å. The distal carboxylate group of DCEG's dicarboxyethyl moiety interacted with the conserved AR anion binding site residues Tyr48, His110, and Trp111. The bound DCEG's glutathione backbone adopted the low‐energy Y‐shape form. The C‐terminal carboxylate of DCEG glutathione's glycine formed hydrogen bonds to Leu301 and Ser302, while the remaining interactions between DCEG and AR were hydrophobic, permitting significant flexibility of the AR and glutathione (GS) analogue interaction. The observed conformation and interactions of DCEG with AR were consistent with our previously published molecular dynamics model of glutathionyl–propanal binding to AR. The current structure identifies major interactions of glutathione conjugates with the AR active‐site residues. Proteins 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cell‐based assay for screening 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitors using liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry detection
Authors: Xu Rongda , Sang Bi‐Ching , Navre Marc , Kassel Daniel B.
Published: April 2006

Cortisol is an important glucocorticoid that regulates many physiological pathways by activating various intracellular receptors. The type 1 isozyme of 11β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (11β‐HSD1) functions in vivo predominantly as a reductase by converting cortisone into cortisol. A high‐throughput liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) method has been developed to screen for inhibitors of 11β‐HSD1 by monitoring cortisol and cortisone simultaneously. The injection cycle time can be as fast as 1 min/sample, making it amenable to the analysis of large numbers of the cell‐assay samples in the screening of 11β‐HSD inhibitors. The reductase and dehydrogenase activities of 11β‐HSD1 are assessed separately. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparison of the fragmentation pattern induced by collisions, laser excitation and electron capture. Influence of the initial excitation
Authors: Antoine R. , Broyer M. , Chamot‐Rooke J. , Dedonder C. , Desfrançois C. , Dugourd P. , Grégoire G. , Jouvet C. , Onidas D. , Poulain P. , Tabarin T. , van der Rest G.
Published: April 2006

Collision‐induced dissociation, laser‐induced dissociation and electron‐capture dissociation are compared on a singly and doubly protonated pentapeptide. The dissociation spectrum depends on the excitation mechanism and on the charge state of the peptide. The comparison of these results with the conformations obtained from Monte Carlo simulations suggests that the de‐excitation mechanism following a laser or an electron‐capture excitation is related to the initial geometry of the peptide. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Editorial
Authors: NAYLOR R. E. L. , WISEMAN J.
Published: April 2006

In our Editorial in the first issue of 2005 (Naylor & Wiseman 2005), we celebrated the Journal's achievement of 100 years of publication and introduced the Centenary Reviews. We have been gratified at the interest in the Centenary Reviews and the willingness of authors to consider writing them. This, coupled with the observation that the first volume of the Journal of Agricultural Science was 1905–06, has enabled us to continue the series of Centenary Reviews into the 2006 volume. We thank the various authors for their time and effort in writing these reviews. In 2006 we anticipate Centenary Reviews on international wheat breeding, crop losses, lentils, yield forecasting and grapevine evolution, amongst others.
TOWARD A CRITICAL HISTORICISM: HISTORY AND POLITICS IN NIETZSCHE'S SECOND “UNTIMELY MEDITATION”
Authors: EMDEN CHRISTIAN J.
Published: April 2006

Focusing on the close connection between Friedrich Nietzsche's historical thought and the discourse of German historicism in the second half of the nineteenth century, this article argues in a thick contextual reading that Nietzsche's second “Untimely Meditation,” Vom Nutzen und Nachtheil der Historie für das Leben (1874), needs to be understood as a reflection on the political dimension of historical consciousness, outlining what I shall term a “critical historicism.” In contrast to the standard emphasis on Nietzsche's presumed aestheticism, he is shown to react to rather specific developments within the contemporary intellectual context, such as the establishment of specific historical foundation myths for a new German nation state, exemplified by the public monuments and commemorations of the 1870s, the effect of such foundation myths on the political imagination of historical scholarship, and the intellectual antagonism between Basel's “antimodernism” and the German nation state.
Dietary and Physiological Factors That Affect the Absorption and Bioavailability of Iron
Authors: Hunt Janet R.
Published: April 2006

Iron deficiency, a global health problem, impairs reproductive performance, cognitive development, and work capacity. One proposed strategy to address this problem is the improvement of dietary iron bioavailability. Knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of iron absorption is growing rapidly, with identification of mucosal iron transport and regulatory proteins. Both body iron status and dietary characteristics substantially influence iron absorption, with minimal interaction between these two factors. Iron availability can be regarded mainly as a characteristic of the diet, but comparisons between human studies of iron availability for absorption require normalization for the iron status of the subjects. The dietary characteristics that enhance or inhibit iron absorption from foods have been sensitively and quantitatively determined in human studies employing iron isotopes. People with low iron status can substantially increase their iron absorption from diets with moderate to high availability. But while iron supplementation and fortification trials can effectively increase blood indices of iron status, improvements in dietary availability alone have had minimal influence on such indices within several weeks or months. Plentiful, varied diets are the ultimate resolution to iron deficiency. Without these, more modest food-based approaches to human iron deficiency likely will need to be augmented by dietary iron fortification.
C
60
thin film growth on graphite: Coexistence of spherical and fractal-dendritic islands
Authors: Liu Hui , Reinke Petra
Published: April 2006

The initial growth stage of C60 thin film on graphite substrate has been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy in ultrahigh vacuum at room temperature. The C60 layer grows in a quasi-layer-by-layer mode and forms round, monolayer high islands on the graphite surface. The islands are confined by terraces on the graphite surface and the mobility of C60 fullerenes across steps is low in all layers. The second and all subsequent layers adopt a fractal-dendritic shape, which was confirmed by calculating the fractal dimension (D=1.74 prior to island coalescence) and is in agreement with a diffusion limited aggregation. The profound differences between the growth of C60 layers on graphite (first layer) and on C60 surfaces (second and higher layers) are caused by the restriction of the C60 mobility on the highly corrugated fullerene surfaces. The orientation of the fractal islands follows the hexagonal symmetry of the densely packed (111) surface of the fullerene lattice, which introduces a bias in the direction of molecule movement. The differences in surface topography on the nanoscale determine the mode of film growth in this van der Waals bonded system.
Observation of a pressure limit in a gun-driven spheromak
Authors: Woodruff S. , Hooper E. B. , Pearlstein L. D. , Bulmer R. , Hill D. N. , Holcomb C. T. , McLean H. S. , Moller J. , Stallard B. W. , Wood R. D.
Published: April 2006

Density in a spheromak is lowered by action of a m∕n=2∕4 island, after which the electrons heat rapidly to give profiles of nTbefore=nTafter, indicating that the spheromak heats up to a pressure limit. The spheromak core remains at Te∼150eV for ∼1∕2ms during a period exhibiting low amplitude incoherent fluctuations consistent with a pressure-driven mode, giving the volume-averaged electron beta ⟨βe⟩∼3% and peak βe of ∼6%. Calculations show that measured pressure profiles are close to the Mercier limit.
Contrast modified room-temperature imprint lithography
Authors: Hong Pil S. , Kim Jisung , Lee Hong H.
Published: April 2006

Contrast modified room-temperature imprinting that can enhance the penetration depth of pattern, lower the applied pressure, and enable complete removal of the residual layer in the pattern window is developed. It is based on the contrast modification of the intensity of the light illuminated on the imprinted pattern. The contrast modification is made possible by the induction of intensity contrast that is caused by the total internal reflection of the light impinging on the slightly imprinted pattern structure. A condition for successful pattern formation is established through a simple geometric model and experimental results.
Template-based assembling of SiGe∕Si(001) islands by local anodic oxidation
Authors: Hanke M. , Boeck T. , Gerlitzke A.-K.
Published: April 2006

Template-based SiGe∕Si(001) island formation has been performed by a combination of local anodic oxidation and liquid phase epitaxy. In case of unidirectional stripes the island pattern directly follows along the trenches, whereas a squarelike stripe pattern enforces island nucleation within the oxide-free cavities. The final island size significantly probes an effectively lowered lattice mismatch, thus a locally expanded crystal lattice in noncovered areas of the silicon substrate.
Impact of chronic lymphatic filariasis on quantity and quality of productive work among weavers in an endemic village from India
Authors: Babu B. V. , Swain B. K. , Rath K.
Published: April 2006

Objective  To assess the impact of hydrocele and lymphoedema on the quantity and quality of productive work of weavers.

Method  Case–control study in an endemic village in Andhra Pradesh, India. We collected qualitative data on work activities from cases and age‐ and sex‐matched controls through informal discussions and observation.

Results  The mean (±standard deviation) daily work time of cases was 7.38 h (±2.47), significantly less than that of controls (8.17 ± 2.41 h). Lost work time was equivalent to around 29 days of work in a year. Gender had significant influence on the mean number of working hours in this occupational group. Most cases could not weave, which is physically demanding, and preferred less strenuous tasks such as spinning, starching, dyeing or sizing. Hard physical labour constitutes 71.5% of total work time among patients and 83.7% in controls. As income also depends on the type of work, cases earn less.

Conclusions  Filariasis has an adverse impact on the productivity of weavers, and morbidity management strategies and control programmes need to take this into account.
Toll‐like receptors and innate antiviral immunity
Authors: Galiana‐Arnoux D. , Imler J.‐L.
Published: April 2006

Viral infections are first detected by a set of innate immunity receptors that detect primary infections by pathogens, and trigger a transcriptional response. Among the induced target genes, type I interferons (IFNs) are central to the antiviral response of the host. The receptors and signaling pathways that mediate the strong induction of the synthesis of these cytokines have long remained elusive. In the past few years, Toll‐like receptors (TLRs) emerged as important sensors of infections. Several TLRs participate in the recognition of virus infection, interacting in particular with viral nucleic acids. Upon activation, TLRs interact with different cytosolic adapter molecules and activate transcription factors of the nuclear factor‐κB and IFN regulatory factor families that concur to mediate induction of IFN‐α/β and other inflammatory cytokines. In addition to the transmembrane TLRs, cytosolic helicases also detect viral nucleic acids, and trigger type I IFN synthesis.
Characterization and application of two novel monoclonal antibodies against human OX40: costimulation of T cells and expression on tumor as well as normal gland tissues
Authors: Xie F. , Wang Q. , Chen Y. , Gu Y. , Shi Q. , Ge Y. , Yu G. , Wu H. , Mao Y. , Wang X. , Zhou Y. , Zhang X.
Published: April 2006

OX40, a membrane‐bound molecule of the tumor‐necrosis‐factor‐receptor superfamily, is a critical costimulatory receptor during the immune response. Here, we newly generated two specific mouse antihuman OX40 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) (2G2 and 1F7), whose specificities are quite different from the available OX40 mAb (ACT35) by competition assay. It was also found that both mAbs could enhance the proliferation, activation and differentiation of T lymphocytes primed by anti‐CD3 mAb. These results evidenced that both were functional antihuman OX40 mAbs. Furthermore, stained by 2G2 and 1F7, FCM and immunohistochemistry detected the constitutive expression of OX40 on tumor cell lines from epithelium, breast cancer and glioma tissues. Meanwhile, the non‐tumor tissues (thyroid gland, stomach gland) were also found OX40 expression. These results suggested that OX40 is not only expressed in activated T cells, but also in some tumors as well as normal gland tissues. Such expression pattern indicated that OX40 may be a valuable surface antigen in unveiling its expression and function outside the immune system. Briefly, these novel antibodies may contribute to the evaluation of the mechanism of tumor metastasis and eventually shed light on further study of tumor immunotherapy and autoimmune diseases.
Volatile anaesthetics depolarize neural mitochondria by inhibiton of the electron transport chain
Authors: Bains R. , Moe M. C. , Larsen G. A. , Berg‐Johnsen J. , Vinje M. L.
Published: April 2006

Background:  The mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) controls the generation of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and reactive oxygen species, and sequesteration of intracellular Ca2+[Ca2+]i. Clinical concentrations of sevoflurane affect the ΔΨm in neural mitochondria, but the mechanisms remain elusive. The aim of the present study was to compare the effect of isoflurane and sevoflurane on ΔΨm in rat pre‐synaptic terminals (synaptosomes), and to investigate whether these agents affect ΔΨm by inhibiting the respiratory chain.

Methods:  Synaptosomes were loaded with the fluorescent probes JC‐1 (ΔΨm) and Fura‐2 ([Ca2+]i) and exposed to isoflurane or sevoflurane. The effect of the anaesthetics on the electron transport chain was investigated by blocking complex I and complex V.

Results:  Isoflurane 1 and 2 minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) decreased the normalized JC‐1 ratio from 0.92 ± 0.03 in control to 0.86 ± 0.02 and 0.81 ± 0.01, respectively, reflecting a depolarization of the mitochondrial membrane (n = 9). Isoflurane 2 MAC increased [Ca2+]i. In Ca2+‐depleted medium, isoflurane still decreased ΔΨm while [Ca2+]i remained unaltered. The effect of isoflurane was more pronounced than for sevoflurane. Blocking complex V of the respiratory chain enhanced the isoflurane‐ and sevoflurane‐induced mitochondrial depolarization, whereas blocking complex I and V decreased ΔΨm to the same extent in control, isoflurane and sevoflurane experiments.

Conclusions:  Isoflurane and sevoflurane may act as metabolic inhibitors by depolarizing pre‐synaptic mitochondria through inhibition of the electron transport chain, although isoflurane seems to inhibit mitochondrial function more significantly than sevoflurane. Both agents inhibit the respiratory chain sufficiently to cause ATP synthase reversal.
Antifungal effects of aminosulphoxide and disulphide derivatives
Authors: Wittebolle Veerle , Lemriss Sanaâ , Morella Gracia La , Errante Jaccomo , Boiron Patrick , Barret Roland , Sarciron Marie Elisabeth
Published: April 2006

2‐Benzenesulphinyl‐(1,4)‐naphtoquinone and 14 derivatives were synthesised and were used to evaluate their cytotoxicity against a human myelomonocyte cell line and their antifungal activity against two yeast, i.e. Candida albicans and C. tropicalis and against two filamentous fungi such as Aspergillus niger and Fusarium oxysporum and against one dermatophyte, namely Trichophyton tonsurans. The cytotoxicity and antifungal activities were investigated in comparison with amphotericin B as reference drug. No compound was significantly more toxic than amphotericin B at 0.2 μg ml−1. The best results of antifungal activity were obtained with GFL 10, GFL 13 and GFL 30 on C. tropicalis, F. oxysporum and T. tonsurans. For C. albicans and A. niger, there was no difference between amphotericin B and the other molecules. The sterol quantitation, the time‐kill curves were carried out for these three compounds in order to confirm their action in ergosterol synthesis. Time‐kill curves showed a fungistatic activity. For C. tropicalis GFL 10, GFL 13 and GFL 30 increased the growth delay better than amphotericin B, in contrast to F. oxysporum. As for T. tonsurans, GFL10 and GFL13 gave a delay, but the effect of GFL 30 was a bit less marked.
A case of bullous tinea pedis with dermatophytid reaction caused by Trichophyton violaceum
Authors: Romano C. , Rubegni P. , Ghilardi A. , Fimiani M.
Published: April 2006

The authors report a case of bullous tinea pedis caused by Trichophyton violaceum with dermatophytid reaction in a 26‐year‐old woman who had been in Africa. Diagnosis was based on mycological examination (direct microscope observation and culture). Recovery was achieved after systemic antimycotic therapy with itraconazole and topical imidazole for a month.
Diagnosis of aspergilloma in a pleural cavity (persistent pneumothorax) using classic imaging methods
Authors: Kreymborg Karsten Grosse , Seyfarth Hans‐Jürgen , Gessner Christian , Schütz Alexander , Hammerschmidt Stefan , Eichfeld Ulrich , Borte Gudrun , Wirtz Hubert
Published: April 2006

The diagnosis of pulmonary aspergillosis is based on serum‐analysis, as well as histological and microbiological analysis of bronchial lavage and transbronchial biopsies. When Aspergillus develops within a preformed cavity, however, these tests are likely to be negative. In this situation, classic imaging techniques such as chest X‐ray and high resolution‐computed tomography (HR‐CT) can be of great diagnostic use. We here describe the case of a 62‐year‐old woman with a history of breast cancer and subsequent ablation of the left breast and radiotherapy. The case demonstrates an example of a pleuropulmonary aspergilloma, in which sero‐ and micro‐biological detection failed. Thorax HR‐CT exhibited the cavity, a small persistent pneumothorax, partially filled by an oval density. This density clearly dislocated according to gravity following a positional change of the patient from supine to prone. The density thus revealed mobility which was typical of aspergilloma. Following excision, this diagnosis was confirmed. A density within a cavity may be differentiated by its mobility from differential diagnoses such as lung cancer which would not be expected to exhibit mobility.
Die ökonomische Tradition und die Verfassung der Wissenschaft
Authors: Albert Hans
Published: April 2006

The usual view on the division of labour between the philosophy of science and economics is mistaken. The concentration on formal problems in both sciences has concealed the convergence of their problems. This convergence has been revealed by the institutional change in both sciences. The common problems of these sciences are related to the explanation of phenomena in the realm of knowledge. For this assumptions are needed about problem-solving behavior of competing individuals. The institutional theory of the progress of knowledge by Karl Popper refers to this competition. One of the rewards desired in this competiton is the acknowledgment of the value of the solutions offered by the competitors. These solutions are goods which are evaluated by rules of method. The competition in science can be seen as a competition for status in the framework of incentive-compatible rules in which bilateral exchange plays no role. The question to what extent the institutional arrangements in the realm of science in the western world are adequate for the progress of knowledge may have different answers for different countries.
Racial Identity Matters: The Relationship between Racial Discrimination and Psychological Functioning in African American Adolescents
Authors: Sellers Robert M. , Copeland‐Linder Nikeea , Martin Pamela P. , Lewis R. L'Heureux
Published: April 2006

This study examines the interrelationships among racial discrimination, racial identity, and psychological functioning in a sample of 314 African American adolescents. Racial discrimination was associated with lower levels of psychological functioning as measured by perceived stress, depressive symptomatology, and psychological well‐being. Although individuals who believe that other groups hold more negative attitudes toward African Americans (low public regard) were at greater risk for experiencing racial discrimination, low public regard beliefs also buffered the impact of racial discrimination on psychological functioning. More positive attitudes about African Americans were also associated with more positive psychological functioning. The results further illustrate the utility of a multidimensional framework for understanding the role of racial identity in the relationship between racial discrimination and psychological outcomes among African American adolescents.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND PATHOLOGIC FINDINGS ASSOCIATED WITH NECROTIZING ENCEPHALITIS IN TWO YORKSHIRE TERRIERS
Authors: VON PRAUN FERDINAND , MATIASEK KASPAR , GREVEL VERA , ALEF MICHAELE , FLEGEL THOMAS
Published: April 2006

Two young adult Yorkshire terriers had neurologic signs consistent with forebrain and brainstem involvement or forebrain involvement alone. On magnetic resonance imaging studies there were asymmetric bilateral lesions mainly in the cerebral cortex, and in the diencephalon. These areas were hyperintense on T2‐weighted and FLAIR images, but hypointense or isointense on T1‐weighted images. Lesions had a varying degree of contrast enhancement. Areas which were isointense on T1‐weighted images had no contrast enhancement or only foci of contrast enhancement. Lesions with hypointensity in T1‐weighted images had no enhancement or more frequently ring‐like enhancement around the lesion. Necrotizing encephalitis was confirmed pathohistologically in both dogs. The degree of contrast enhancement appeared to be related to the degree of lymphohistiocytic inflammation on histologic examination.
Mesoscale Predictability of an Extreme Warm-Season Precipitation Event
Authors: Zhang Fuqing , Odins Andrew M. , Nielsen-Gammon John W.
Published: April 2006

A mesoscale model is used to investigate the mesoscale predictability of an extreme precipitation event over central Texas on 29 June 2002 that lasted through 7 July 2002. Both the intrinsic and practical aspects of warm-season predictability, especially quantitative precipitation forecasts up to 36 h, were explored through experiments with various grid resolutions, initial and boundary conditions, physics parameterization schemes, and the addition of small-scale, small-amplitude random initial errors. It is found that the high-resolution convective-resolving simulations (with grid spacing down to 3.3 km) do not produce the best simulation or forecast. It was also found that both the realistic initial condition uncertainty and model errors can result in large forecast errors for this warm-season flooding event. Thus, practically, there is room to gain higher forecast accuracy through improving the initial analysis with better data assimilation techniques or enhanced observations, and through improving the forecast model with better-resolved or -parameterized physical processes. However, even if a perfect forecast model is used, small-scale, small-amplitude initial errors, such as those in the form of undetectable random noise, can grow rapidly and subsequently contaminate the short-term deterministic mesoscale forecast within 36 h. This rapid error growth is caused by moist convection. The limited deterministic predictability of such a heavy precipitation event, both practically and intrinsically, illustrates the need for probabilistic forecasts at the mesoscales.