bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between Elemental Content of Dormant Peach Trees and Susceptibility to Short Life1
Authors: Weaver D. J. , Dowler W. M. , Nesmith W. C.
Published: August 2022

During winter months, concentrations of K, Ca, Al, Sr, B and Zn were significantly greater in twigs of apparently healthy, dormant peach (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) trees grown on old peach orchard sites than in twigs of apparently healthy trees on adjacent new sites in Georgia. Later in the spring, tree mortality and injury from cold and bacterial canker caused by Pseudomonas syringae Van Hall were also much greater on the old sites than the new sites. Differences in elemental concentrations in roots and 2-year-old shoots were not significant when trees on old and new orchard sites were compared. In a short life site in South Carolina, pruning trees in November greatly increased tree mortality compared to fumigated or nonfumigated trees pruned in February. Concentrations of K, Mg, Fe, and Al were also significantly greater in the November-pruned trees than in the February-pruned trees. Accumulation during dormancy of certain elements in peach twigs may be an indicator that the trees have been predisposed to short life.
Inheritance of Time to Flowering and its Relationship to Crop Maturity in Cucumber1
Authors: Miller J. C. , Quisenberry J. E.
Published: August 2022

Early and late flowering cultivars of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and their progenies were used to determine the inheritance of the time required to reach anthesis and its importance as a component of earliness. Genetic variance was primarily additive; however, partial dominance for early flowering and low nodal position of the first flower was noted. Days to first flower appeared to be controlled by relatively few genes, and heritability estimates for this trait were moderately high (0.46 to 0.62). Number of days to flowering was found to be more important in early crop maturity than was rate of seedling emergence. Lower temperatures delayed flowering, and thus maturity, by slowing plant growth and raising the node number at which the first flower appeared. A significant correlation coefficient of 0.82 was obtained between flowering time and mean maturity date.
Cranberry Growth and Production in Relation to Water Table Depth1
Authors: Eck Paul
Published: August 2022

The response of ‘Early Black’ cranberry (Vaccinium macrocarpon Ait.) to different water table depths maintained in new bogs on an Atsion sand in New Jersey was measured over a period of 5 years. A 30–38 cm water table resulted in significantly higher fruit yields in 4 out of 5 years when compared with plantings at a water table of 46–54 cm and in 3 out of 5 years when compared to plantings maintained with a water table at 38–46 cm. Average vine length was greatest in plantings at the 46–54 cm water table depth, and the number of fruiting uprights was greatest in plantings maintained at the 30–38 cm water table depth. Differences in water table depth did not influence fruit rot in plantings that received fungicide treatments, nor was color of fruit influenced by water table.
Gibberellin-like Substances in the Endosperm-nucellus Tissues of the Developing Almond, Prunus amygdalus Batsch cv. Jordanolo1
Authors: Ryugo Kay
Published: August 2022

The endosperm-nucellus of the almond increased in percentage dry weight as the volume decreased; the increase was accompanied by a textural change. Free GA increased from the time the embryo was microscopic in late April to a maximum when the embryo was partially developed, a period of approximately 3 weeks. GA decreased slightly from mid-May to early June when only the remnants of the nutritive tissues remained. GA-glucosides decreased while embryo development was occurring. Injection of 2-14C-mevalonic acid into the endosperm-nucellus resulted in rapid incorporation of label into presumptive GA precursors, suggesting that some gibberellins are synthesized in situ.
Enhancement of Ethephon-induced Fruit Maturity with Chlorothalonil1
Authors: Holm R. E. , Edgerton L. J.
Published: August 2022

Fruit maturity induced by (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) in apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) and sour cherries (Prunus cerasus L.) was enhanced by tetrachloroisophthalonitrile (chlorothalonil). Chlorothalonil alone had no effect on any of the fruit maturity parameters measured, but in combination with ethephon, enhanced ripening in apple (color development, soluble solids, softening, and loosening) and loosening of sour cherries. Apple fruit ethylene production was advanced by this combination. The addition of chlorothalonil to ethephon sprays to loosen sour cherries permitted the use of lower ethephon concentration and eliminated gummosis in branches caused by standard rates of ethephon.
The Effect of GA3 Application on Flowering and Seed Production in Onion1
Authors: Naamni Fakhri , Rabinowitch H. D. , Kedar N.
Published: August 2022

Mother bulbs of onion (Allium cepa cv. Grano) were treated with gibberellic acid (GA3) at 0, 50, 150 and 450 ppm upon emergence of first flower stems. A single application at 50 ppm shortened by one-half the time required for emergence of 80% of floral stems and increased the uniformity in height of the flower stalks. GA3-treated plants produced larger and more productive umbels, resulting in an increase in seed yield by about 30%. There was no difference in seed viability between treatments.
Influence of Nut Removal on Growth and Ripening of the Cashew-apple1
Authors: Pratt Harlan K. , Mendoza D. B.
Published: August 2022

The cashew-apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) grows very slowly until the nut (true fruit) matures. It then grows very rapidly and ripens. Removal of the nut from the receptacle initiates rapid growth of the “apple” and earlier ripening. The pattern of ethylene production confirms that the cashew-apple is nonclimacteric.
Response of Turfgrass Cultivars to Ozone, Sulfur Dioxide, Nitrogen Dioxide, or their Mixture1
Authors: Elkiey T. , Ormrod D. P.
Published: August 2022

Eighteen cultivars representing 6 species (Poa pratensis L., Agrostis alba L., Agrostis palustris Huds., Agrostis tenuis Sibth., Festuca rubra Gaud., and Lolium perenne L.) of cool season turfgrass were exposed to 15 pphm ozone for 6 hours daily, 15 pphm sulfur dioxide continuously, 15 pphm nitrogen dioxide continuously, or a mixture of all three at these concentrations for 10 days. The most common symptoms of injury on sensitive cultivars in response to these gases were bleaching and necrosis of leaves with some cultivars exhibiting dark brown necrosis and stippling in response to O3 alone. Cultivars varied in sensitivity to O3 or SO2 from very sensitive to insensitive while few cultivars were sensitive to NO2 alone at the concentration used. Exposure of some cultivars resulted in less leaf area production but no visible injury symptoms, while other cultivars had leaf injury without reduction of area of uninjured leaves. The combined exposure caused more leaf injury and greater reduction in the leaf area production by most cultivars compared with plants exposed to single gases. Exposure to single pollutants could provide inaccurate estimates of turfgrass cultivar sensitivity outdoors where several pollutants may occur simultaneously.
Metabolism and Distribution of 14C-Maleic Hydrazide and 14C-Daminozide Injected into Red Oak1
Authors: Domir Subhash C.
Published: August 2022

Analysis with liquid scintillation spectrometry of extracts from red oak (Quercus rubra L.) injected with 14C-l,2-dihydro-3, 6-pyridazinedione (Maleic hydrazide or MH) or 14C-butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) indicated that both growth inhibitors were distributed acropetally as well as basipetally over a 22 day period. Acropetal movement however, was slower with 14C-MH than with 14C-daminozide. Between 3 and 22 days after injection, about 20% of the 14C was lost from plants treated with 14C-daminozide. Ionexchange and thin-layer chromatographic techniques showed that daminozide did not form any detectable metabolites, while MH formed a conjugate with glucose. With both chemicals 12 to 15% of the radioactivity was present in the bound form after 22 days and exudation of 14C from the roots was not detected.
Sex Modification in Asparagus officinalis L.1
Authors: Lazarte Jaime E. , Garrison Stephen A.
Published: August 2022

Treatment of spears of pistillate asparagus (XX) with 5000 mg/liter gibberellic acid (GA3) plus 1000 mg/liter 6-benzyl-amino-9-(tetrahydro-2-pyryl)-purine (PBA) or 2000 and 5000 mg/liter GA3 alone induced development of stamens with sterile anthers. Spears of XY staminate genotype treated with 10 mg/liter PBA or PBA plus 50 g/liter glucose had more hermaphroditic flowers with ovules than untreated flowers; seedless fruits developed after pollination. YY staminate genotype developed pistils with styles following treatment of spears with 100 mg/liter PBA or PBA plus 50 g/liter glucose. Some ovules had well developed integuments and chalaza but no embryo sacs. PBA reduced stamen length and increased anther sterility.
The Correlation of Weather Parameters with Russet of ‘Golden Delicious’ Apples under Orchard Conditions1
Authors: Creasy L. L.
Published: August 2022

The severity of russet on ‘Golden Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) grown at Ithaca, New York was well correlated with weather parameters. The best correlations were found with humidity parameters although net precipitation was also well correlated. The fruits were especially sensitive to weather conditions during a short (5 day) interval which occurred between 16 and 20 days after full bloom.
Physiological Responses of Tomato Cultivars to Flooding1
Authors: Kuo C. G. , Chen B. W.
Published: August 2022

One-month-old seedlings of 20 entries of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were subjected to flooding for 3 days, or drenched with ethanol or (2-chloroethyl)phosphonic acid (ethephon) solution. Flooding reduced stem growth and leaf chlorophyll content of thelower leaves and promoted epinastic curvature of leaf petiole and adventitious roots. Application of ethephon elicited a response similar to that of flooding. No prominent morphological and physiological changes were observed from ethanol application. Flooded plants show increases in their endogenous free proline pool, which can be reduced by the withdrawal of flooding. Flooded L-123 plants, the most tolerant entry, accumulated the least free proline among three entries tested. Proline level appeared to indicate the intensity of oxygen deficiency during soil flooding by reflecting oxygen supply, and could serve as in indicator in relating plant injury to flooded conditions. The tolerance of L-123 to soil flooding, at least in part, depends on its ability to transport oxygen from the aerial part to the root.
Effects of Calcium-free Nutrient Solution and Demineralized Water on the Movement of Previously Deposited Calcium in the Roots of Apple Seedlings1
Authors: Soderlund R. O. , Hanger B. C.
Published: August 2022

Intact 3-month-old seedlings of apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) were grown for up to 32 days in either a complete nutrient solution, a Ca-free nutrient solution or demineralized water. Over this period, both of the Ca-free solutions removed Ca previously deposited in the root. The presence of cations in the external media caused much of the root Ca to be leached into the surrounding media, whereas in the absence of these cations most of the root Ca moved into the shoot.
Effect of Daminozide and Chlormequat on Bolting Suppression in Carrots1
Authors: Jacobsohn R. , Sachs M. , Kelman Y.
Published: August 2022

Ten compounds applied as foliar spray were screened for reducing and delaying bolting in fall-planted carrots (Daucus carota L.). Only butanedioic acid mono-(2,2-dimethylhydrazide) (daminozide) was effective; seedstalk height was reduced and root size was unaffected. Daminozide effectiveness was greatest in weak-bolting cultivars. Two sprays of 5000 ppm, 2 weeks apart at about 4 and 2 weeks prior to natural bolting were most effective, suggesting that daminozide does not interfere in the cold temperature induction process, but rather has a delaying and inhibitory effect on the initial seedstalk elongation. Two sprays of 500 liters/ha of daminozide solution of 5000 ppm gave promising results. Root quality was improved without influencing carrot yield or dry matter content. Although (2-chloroethyl)trimethymammonium chloride (chlormequat) suppressed bolting in some experiments, it was less effective than daminozide at comparable rates and higher rates decreased yield.
Inheritance of Fruit Detachment Force in Pepper1
Authors: Werner Dennis J. , Honma S.
Published: August 2022

Fruit detachment force (FDF) in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) was measured using mature fruit for the parental, F1, and F2 populations from the cross MSU 160 × MSU 249. Fruit detachment force was controlled by a low number of effective factors (k = 1-2) behaving mainly in an additive manner. Correlation coefficients between fruit detachment force and fruit length, width, and weight calculated from F2 data were positive and significant at the 1% level.
The Use of a Wind-controlled Overhead Irrigation System to Prevent Damage by Wind-borne Salts1
Authors: Ben-Jaacov J. , Natanson G. , Hagiladi A.
Published: August 2022

Ocean spray carried by wind was determined from soil and leaf analysis, determination of salt content in the atmosphere, and meteorological data to be the main cause for the destruction of vegetation along the Mediterranean coast of Israel. An overhead sprinkling system, which was activated when the wind speed reached a critical level, prevented plant damage.
Effects of Aminoethoxyvinylglycine on Internal Ethylene Concentrations and Storage of Apples1
Authors: Bramlage W. J. , Greene D. W. , Autio W. R. , McLaughlin J. M.
Published: August 2022

Preharvest sprays of aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) drastically suppressed internal ethylene concentrations, and delayed or prevented ripening of ‘McIntosh’, ‘Spartan’, and ‘Spencer’ apples (Malus domestica Borkh.) at room temperature (ca. 25°C) after harvest, the magnitude of delay varying with cultivar and with AVG concentration. However, after treated fruit had been stored with untreated fruit at 0°C, little or no difference in ripeness was discernible between treated and untreated samples. Internal ethylene concentrations in treated fruit after storage were much less than in controls but generally exceeded 1 ppm. Infiltration of ripe fruit with AVG severely suppressed ethylene production, but 2 minute dips in AVG solutions had no effect until after prolonged time in storage.
Effect of Chilling on Respiration and Volatiles of California Lemon Fruit
Authors: Eaks Irving L.
Published: August 2022

The respiration, ethylene production and ethylene, ethyl alcohol, and acetaldehyde content of the internal atmosphere of citrus fruit increased at 20°C following exposures to chilling temperatures (0° and 5°) compared with fruit placed directly at 20°C. The increases were greater the longer the exposure and greater following exposure to 0° than following exposure to 5°. Exposure to 12.8°, a nonchilling temperature, did not elicit a stimulation of these attributes when transferred to 20°. Ethylene, ethyl alcohol, and acetaldehyde in the internal atmosphere of fruit remained at the same levels during the chilling exposures. During storage at 12.8° the acetaldehyde content in the internal atmosphere increased, but the ethylene and ethyl alcohol content did not. The chilling injury sustained by citrus fruit during storage could be evaluated by transferring samples to 20° and determining the respiratory rate, ethylene production or the volatile content in the internal atmosphere 24 hours after transfer to 20°.
Effects of Irrigation Regimes on Yield and Water Use of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1,2
Authors: Stansell J. R. , Smittle D. A.
Published: August 2022

Two snap bean cultivars, ‘Galagreen’ and ‘Eagle’, were grown in rainfall sheltered irrigation plots as spring and fall crops. Pod yield of snap beans irrigated when the soil water tension reached 25 kPa (0.25 bar) averaged 11.9 MT/ha. Application of irrigation at soil water tensions of 50 kPa (0.5 bar) and 75 kPa (.75 bar) reduced yield by 41% and 48%, respectively. The reduction in water use was proportionately less than yield decreases, resulting in water use efficiencies of 0.62, 0.45 and 0.40 MT of pods/cm of water for the 25, 50 and 75 kPa irrigation treatments. Water use by the cultivars was similar, but pod yield and water use efficiency of ‘Eagle’ was greater than ‘Galagreen’. Pod yields were reduced when plants were subjected to a 75 kPa soil water stress during pre-blossom, blossom or pod development growth stages. The relationships of snap bean water use (ET) to evaporation from an open pan (PA) were established throughout growth. The crop factor value (ET/PA) varied with plant age and irrigation regime.
Response of Apple Buds to Pressure Injection of Abscisic Acid and Cytokinin1
Authors: Sterrett J. P. , Hipkins P. L.
Published: August 2022

A pressure injection method was used with abscisic acid (ABA) and 6-benzylamino purine (BA) to control bud break of one-year-old trees of ‘Yellow Delicious’ apple (Malus domestica Borkh). When dormant trees were injected with 3 ml of 250 ppm (wt/vol) ABA, 58% of buds were inhibited after 28 days compared to 31% of the buds of the controls; injections of 3 ml of 200 ppm (wt/vol) BA above the ABA-injection site, induced 52% of the inhibited buds to open. Radioassays of apple stems collected 11 and 9 days after injection, respectively, with 14C-ABA or 14C-BA indicated highly significant increases in radioactivity in the phloem, buds and new shoots compared to radioassays taken immediately after injection.
The Effect of Light Quality and Photoperiod on Vegetative Growth of Cucurbits maxima1
Authors: Zack Cheryl D. , Loy J. Brent
Published: August 2022

This study evaluates light quality and photoperiodic effects on vegetative growth on Cucurbita maxima Duch. In a growth chamber with fluorescent and incandescent lighting the quality of light prior to the dark period, rather than photoperiod, significantly affected internode elongation, and end-of-day red (R) and far-red (FR) treatments demonstrated phytochrome involvement. Internode elongation occurred primarily during the dark period. FR treatments at the beginning of the dark period were most promotive, but FR up to 12 hour into a 16 hour dark period promoted internode elongation significantly. Changes in the ratio of R to FR light at sunset are probably not of sufficient duration and intensity to elicit an end-of-day growth response. In the field, changes in light quality at sunset did not alter the growth habit of the bush or bush-vine phenotypes.
Lettuce Seedling and Yield Response to Preplant and Foliar Fertilization during Transplant Production1
Authors: Kratky B. A. , Mishima H. Y.
Published: August 2022

‘Great Lakes R-200’ (Lactuca sativa L.). seedlings were fertilized with preplant-incorporated 8N-14P-7K at 0-32 g/liter of medium and combined with daily misting of 13N-11P-21K at 0-1800 ppm using 6 different media. The recommended foliar range is 200—600 ppm combined with preplant incorporation of 0—8 g/liter of medium. The 200 ppm foliar treatment required 4—8 g/liter of medium-incorporated fertilizer while the 600 ppm foliar treatment required 0—4 g/liter. The 0 foliar treatment decreased seedling weight, head firmness, and head weight. The 1800 ppm foliar rate is undesirable since it can decrease head size and percent salable heads, and cause soft seedlings. Large differences among treatments at the seedling stage moderated at hearvest time. The highest preplant rates (16—32 g 8N-14P-7K/liter of media) caused excess salinity and this resulted in delayed seed germination and reduced seedling fresh weight. Total salable weight and average head weight were not influenced by any of the 6 media tested. However, a lower seedling fresh weight occurred with 1 medium in the first experiment and 2 media in the second experiment.
Effect of Temperature, Fall Defoliation, and Gibberellic Acid on the Rest Period of Peach Leaf Buds1
Authors: Walser R. H. , Walker D. R. , Seeley S. D.
Published: August 2022

Temperature treatments influenced inception, intensity and termination of rest in peach trees [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch]. A substance that affected the response was translocated within the trees. The time of leaf abscission in the fall was related to duration and intensity of rest in ‘Gleason Elberta’ peach leaf terminal buds. An August application of 100 ppm gibberellic acid (GA3) and warm field temperatures delayed defoliation and extended rest.
Transpiration, Stomatal Conductance, and Photosynthesis of Tomato Plants with Various Proportions of Root System Supplied with Water1
Authors: Tan C. S. , Cornelisse A. , Buttery B. R.
Published: August 2022

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) plants were grown in specially designed sectional treatment boxes which divided the root systems into 4 separate quadrants. Transpiration, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance were determined in tomato plants with 4, 3, 2 and 1 quadrants of the root system supplied with water. The results suggested that there was no simple relationship between the percentage of root available for water uptake and transpiration rate. The shoot: root ratio of tomato plants increased as the proportions of roots supplied with water increased. The application of water to only 50% or 75% of the root system did not reduce transpiration, photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, or leaf surface area compared to a fully-watered plant. Where a substantial part of the root system (75%) was subject to moisture stress, only a small reduction in transpiration rate (20%) was observed. These results suggested that tomato roots had a greater relative absorption capacity for water uptake in response to the transpirational demand. The recovery of transpiration, photosynthesis, and stomatal conductance following the return to a fully watered state indicated that there had been no damage to the roots in the dry quadrants in any of the treatments.
Relative Importance of Tractable Factors Affecting the Establishment of Transplanted Holly1
Authors: Randolph William S. , Wiest Steven C.
Published: August 2022

The influence of root and shoot pruning on the growth of transplanted 3-year-old Ilex crenata ‘Convexa’ × I. crenata ‘Stokes’ was determined under various backfill regimes. Root pruning reduced shoot dry weight increment 24% but only reduced root dry weight increment 6%. Root pruning caused water deficits to develop which can quantitatively account for the reduced shoot growth. Shoot pruning reduced root dry weight increment without influencing shoot dry weight increment. Adjustments of the means for altered tissue water content caused by shoot pruning resulted in decreased root and shoot dry weight increment. Root and shoot pruning influenced plant growth directly — by influencing growth mediating processes, and indirectly — by influencing plant water relations. Root growth was influenced primarily by growth mediating processes while shoot growth responded to both growth mediating processes and plant water relations.
Cold Hardiness Capability of Woody Ornamental Plant Taxa1
Authors: Pellett Harold , Gearhart Margaret , Dirr Michael
Published: August 2022

Stems of many woody ornamental plant taxa were collected in midwinter and hardened to their maximum capability under laboratory conditions. Hardiness levels were determined and compared to zone recommendations as listed in Hortus III and Rehder’s Manual of Cultivated Plants. Many woody plants had a greater midwinter cold tolerance than their hardiness ratings would infer.
Symptomology of Fluoride and Boron Injury in Lilium longiflorum Thunb.1
Authors: Marousky F. J.
Published: August 2022

‘Ace’ lilies were grown in soils amended with: dicalcium phosphate; dicalcium phosphate and elevated levels of F, B, or F plus B; superphosphate; and with superphosphate plus B. Not only were symptoms of B injury evident earlier than those of F injury, but B and F toxicity syndromes were readily distinguishable. Plants grown with B had chlorotic and necrotic leaf tips without chlorotic and necrotic basal leaves, and the leaves contained elevated B levels. In B injury, the necrotic area was sharply delineated from live tissue. Plants grown with F on superphosphate had basal leaves that were chlorotic and necrotic, had upper leaves that were chlorotic and necrotic, and contained elevated F levels. Initial symptoms of injury in plants grown in soils amended with dicalcium phosphate and F plus B, with superphosphate plus B, and with dicalcium phosphate plus B were similar, because of the early effect of B. At flowering, plants grown in soils amended with dicalcium phosphate and F plus B, with dicalcium phosphate plus F, with superphosphate, and with superphosphate plus B were severely injured.
Hydraulic Conductivity of Four Commercial Citrus Rootstocks1,2
Authors: Syvertsen J. P.
Published: August 2022

The hydraulic conductivities of intact root systems of 4 commercial citrus rootstocks were estimated using a pressure chamber technique. The rootstocks used were rough lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.), sour orange (C. aurantium L.), Carrizo citrange [Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. sinensis (L.) Osb.], and Cleopatra mandarin (C. reshni Hort. ex TAN). Carrizo and rough lemon seedlings had the highest root conductivity, whereas Cleopatra and sour orange had the lowest root conductivity. Although these rootstocks as seedlings produce root systems in pots that differ from those in the field, some of the growth, yield, and drought resistance chartacteristics that have been previously assoicated with these rootstocks may be at least partially explained by the hydraulic conductivity of their roots.
Seasonal Changes of Free and Hydrolyzable Abscisic Acid in Vegetative Apple Buds1
Authors: Seeley S. D. , Powell L. E.
Published: August 2022

Levels of free and hydrolyzable abscisic acid (ABA, H-ABA) in vegetative apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) buds were measured by electron capture gas chromatography. ABA level was high during midsummer both before and after entry into dormancy, increased to a maximum just prior to leaf fall, and decreased to a minimum just prior to bloom. H-ABA level was low during midsummer, increased gradually during fall and winter, reached a maximum during the early stages of bud development, and then decreased very rapidly just prior to full bloom.
The Effects of Drip Irrigation and Soil Fumigation on ‘Redglobe’ Peach Yields and Growth1
Authors: Horton B. D. , Wehunt E. J. , Edwards J. H. , Bruce R. R. , Chesnee J. L.
Published: August 2022

‘Redglobe’ peaches (Prunus persica (L.) Batsch) were grown under drip irrigation and no irrigation, with and without fumigation with 1,2–dibromo–3–chloropropane (DBCP). The irrigation treatments were 1) nonirrigated, 2) irrigated until harvest, 3) irrigated from harvest to dormancy, 4) irrigated all season. Fumigation increased trunk cross-sectional area by 18 cm2, and when postharvest water was applied the increase was 25 cm2 at the end of 1978. Irrigation increased marketable yields of fresh peaches from 3.6 to 7.4 MT/ha (62-150 bu/acre) in 1977. In 1978, fumigation did not increase yields unless preharvest water was applied; then, yields were increased from 12.1 to 17.2 MT/ha (232-357 bu/acre). Fumigation apparently increased water use as indicated by the increased rate of controlled water application. Fumigation reduced populations of Macroposthonia xenoplax (Raski) DeGrisse and Loof, from a range of 30-400 to a range of 1-30 nematodes/150 cm3 of soil.
Acclimatization of Aseptically Cultured Apple Plants to Low Relative Humidity1
Authors: Brainerd K. E. , Fuchigami L. H.
Published: August 2022

Aseptically cultured Malus domestica (Borkh.) cv. Mac 9 plants were exposed to 30–40% relative humidity (RH) for 0 to 6 days. The relative water content (RWC) and percent stomatal closure were measured on leaves excised from plants exposed to low humidity and from greenhouse acclimatized controls. Both RWC and percent stomatal closure successfully monitored acclimatization. The RWC of excised leaves exposed to low RH for 0 or 1 day was significantly higher than that of leaves exposed for 4.5 days or of greenhouse-acclimatized plants. Speed of stomatal closure upon leaf excision increased with the duration of plant exposure to low humidity. The rate of water loss from excised apple leaves was linearly related to the stomatal closure. Aseptically cultured plant (ACP) leaves consistently lost more water than greenhouse leaves at corresponding percentages of stomatal closure. These results indicated that ACP leaves can be acclimatized to low humidity within 4 to 5 days of exposure to 30 to 40% RH and that low humidity acclimatization involved development of an accelerated stomatal response.
Influence of Temperature, Light, and Ethylene on Seedlings of Geranium (Pelargonium × hortorum Bailey) during Simulated Shipping Conditions1
Authors: Marousky F. J. , Harbaugh B. K.
Published: August 2022

Geranium seedlings were exposed to various levels of ethylene (0–10 µl/liter air) at 23°C for 2 and 5 days in light. Seedlings held in ethylene for 2 days developed more chlorotic leaves and did not grow as well as seedlings held in air. Seedlings exposed to ethylene for 5 days abscised leaves, whereas those exposed for 2 days did not. Seedlings exposed to ethylene (1 µl/liter air) at 23° for 3 days in dark had more chlorotic leaves and did not grow as well as seedlings exposed to ethylene in light. Seedlings held in air in darkness had more chlorotic leaves than seedlings held in air in light. Seedlings held in air in the laboratory grew as well as seedlings held in the greenhouse. Seedlings exposed to ethylene (1 µl/liter air) for 3 days in dark retained more chlorophyll and had better growth at low temperatures (4.5°, 10°) than those exposed at higher temperatures (15.5°, 23°). Seedlings held in air at all temperatures for 3 days had similar chlorophyll levels and growth patterns. Temperature was negatively correlated with loss of chlorophyll and plant dry weight and positively correlated with number of chlorotic leaves of seedling held in darkness for 7 days.
Influence of Light and Fertilizer Levels and Fertilizer Sources on Foliage Plants Maintained under Interior Environments for One Year1
Authors: Conover C. A. , Poole R. T.
Published: August 2022

Brassaia actinophylla Endl. and Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd.) G. Don ‘Perfection’ were grown under 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 klx Cool White fluorescent light for 1 year in in anterior environment. Growth increased as light level increasede Increasing rate of fertilizer application from liquid or slow release fertilizer had no effect on growth at 0.5 klx, but a large effect at 2.0 klx. Influence of light and fertilizer levels on elemental tissue content is discussed.
Evaluation, Variation, and Genetic Control of Seed-Coat Whiteness in Dry Beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)1
Authors: Korban Safi S. , Coyne Dermot P. , Weihing John L.
Published: August 2022

A Hunter Color Difference meter and a white-paint color chart were used to determine the degree of whiteness among 8 white-seeded Great Northern (GN) cultivars of Phaseolus vulgaris. A correlation coefficient of +0.84 was found between the 2 methods. The former method provided better separation of cultivars for degrees of whiteness than the latter method. Two genetic studies were conducted, with seed-coat whiteness determined by use of the white-paint color strip. ‘GN Emerson’ had the whitest seed-coat. The inheritance of seed-coat whiteness was investigated in 1978 using parents, F2s of the crosses Plant Introduction (PI) 165078 (bright white) with ‘GN Emerson’ (moderately bright white), ‘GN Valley’ (dull white) and ‘GN UI 59’ (dull white) and in the reciprocal cross ‘Bulgarian White’ (brightest white) × ‘GN UI 59’ (dull white). A quantitative pattern of inheritance was observed. Broad sense heritability estimates for this trait ranged from 46 to 57%. The Gardner and Eberhart model, Analysis II, was used in 1979 to estimate genetic effects for the trait in a 6 parent diallel cross involving ‘GN Emerson’, ‘GN UI 59’, ‘Bulgarian White’, ‘GN Star’ (dull white), ‘GN 1140’ (dull white) and ‘GN D-88’ (dull white). Additive genetic effects were predominant; but heterosis effects were also important, including significant effects for specific combining ability, and reciprocal crosses. ‘Bulgarian White’ showed high combining ability for brighter whiteness. The genetic data indicate that improvement of seed-coat whiteness in dry beans should be relatively easy to accomplish.
Determination of Total and Ionic Calcium in Apple Leaf and Fruit Tissues1
Authors: Himelrick David G.
Published: August 2022

Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) leaf, peel, and flesh tissues were sequentially fractionated using hot water, sodium nitrate, acetic acid and hydrochloric acid to extract Ca in various forms. Water soluble and sodium nitrate exchangeable Ca, which were considered to be the physiologically active forms, composed 53%, 78 %, and 73 % of the total Ca present in apple leaf, peel, and flesh tissues, respectively. Ionic Ca was determined in each of the fractions using an ion-selective electrode. Eleven to 42% of the total Ca concentration in each of the fractions was found to be in the free ionic form. Bound and exchangeable Ca in each of the fractions was also measured by an ion exchange resin in a batch method, and exchangeable Ca was 19 to 87% of the total.
A Survey of Dead Spur of ‘Delicious’ Apple and Evidence of Possible Transmission1
Authors: Parish C. L. , Williams M. W. , Misley J. C.
Published: August 2022

A survey for dead spur was made by rating 8600 ‘Delicious’ apple trees (Malus domestica Borkh.) on seedling rootstock in 3 of the 4 major apple-growing areas of Washington. Only ‘Earlistripe Delicious’ was found to be appreciably affected, and no difference in incidence of dead spur was observed among the areas.‘Oregon Spur Delicious’ and ‘Earlistripe Delicious’ were rated on 5 rootstocks and no rootstock effect was detected. Dead spur symptoms on trees of other strains or cultivars and on pollenizer limbs grafted into ‘Earlistripe Delicious’ affected by dead spur suggest the disorder is transmissible. In addition, an association was noticed between cultivars with long leggy-type growth and the occurrence of dead spur.
Inhibition of Denitrification by Nitrapyrin with Field-grown Sweet Corn1
Authors: McElhannon William S. , Mills Harry A.
Published: August 2022

A commercial formulation of 2-chloro-6-(trichloromethyl)-pyridine (nitrapyrin) was incorporated within the N-fertilizer band in 2 consecutive years under widely different environmental conditions to evaluate the effect of nitrapyrin on denitrification occurring with field-grown sweet corn (Zea mays L.). Nitrapyrin significantly increased soil NO−3–N levels, total plant N, and yield; decreased rates of N2O evolved from the soil with both NH+ 4 and NO−3 forms of N-fertilizer. Denitrification appears to be a significant factor influencing the growth of sweet corn under field conditions, and nitrapyrin effectively inhibits the denitrification process.
Electrophoretic Characterization of Strawberry Cultivars1
Authors: Bringhurst R. S. , Arulsekar S. , Hancock J. F. , Voth Victor
Published: August 2022

Starch gel electrophoresis was employed to distinguish the University of California-released strawberry cultivars. Isozyme patterns of 3 enzyme systems (PGI, LAP, and PGM) were studied. Fourteen of the 22 cultivars studied were classified uniquely by using the 3 enzyme systems. The use of electrophoresis as a tool in breeding clonally propagated crops is discussed.
Seed Coat Structure of Three Woody Legume Species after Chemical and Physical Treatments to Increase Seed Germination1
Authors: Liu N. Y. , Khatamian H. , Fretz T. A.
Published: August 2022

Seed germination was 90–95% for Kentucky coffeetree [Gymnocladus dioicus (L.) C. Koch] after concentrated sulfuric acid treatment for 120 to 150 minutes; 97–98% for honeylocust (Gleditsia triacanthos va. inermis L.) following 60, 90, or 120 minutes concentrated sulfuric acid scarification; and was 67–72% for redbud (Cercis canadensis L.) after 30, 60, or 90 minutes of concentrated sulfuric acid scarification followed by a 60-day stratification period. Scanning electron micrographs of acid-scarified Kentucky coffeetree, honeylocust, and redbud seed indicated that lumens of the macrosclereid cells on the seed surface were exposed after acid treatment, permitting imbibition of water. Boiling water treatment ruptured the macrosclerid layer, while seed treated with liquid N2 had fissures that did not appear to penetrate the macrosclereid layer.
Response of Petunia Plants to SO2 and of Detached Leaves, Leaf Discs, and Callus to Sodium Sulfite1
Authors: Mikkelsen E. P. , Schnabelrauch L. S. , Le Cureux L. W. , Sink K. C.
Published: August 2022

Flowering plants of 5 cultivars of petunia (Petunia hybrida Vilm.), exposed to 2.8 ppm SO2 (16 hours) under controlled environmental conditions, exhibited variation in SO2 sensitivity based on the degree of water-soaked necrotic leaf lesions. The range of SO2 absorption rates was ± 14% of the mean for the 5 cultivars; however, there was a 2-fold difference in sensitivity among the cultivars, indicating that variation in SO2 absorption plays only a limited role in determining the genetic differences involved in the reaction of petunia to SO2. Detached leaves from all cultivars were equally sensitive to a 10 mM Na2SO3 solution. The injury response of leaf discs to Na2SO3 solutions was monitored by chlorophyll extracts. Although the cultivars varied in sensitivity, the ranking differed from that observed for whole plants to SO2. Callus cultures grown on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium + naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) at 2.0 mg/liter + ben-zylamino purine (BA) at 0.5 mg/liter were treated with Na2SO3. Their viability, when evaluated by triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), yielded a sensitivity ranking of the same cultivars which differed from that obtained with both leaf discs and whole plants. No differences in Na2SO3 sensitivity were observed for callus cultures of the cultivars cultured on MS + 1.0 mg/liter 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). The dissimilar injury responses to SO3=/HSO3 − in different tests on explants of the same cultivars indicate that at each level of plant organization sensitivity to Na2SO3 is determined by different morphological and physiological factors from those which specify whole plant reaction to SO2.
Growth Analysis of Two Tomato Genotypes Differing in Total Fruit Solids Content1
Authors: Hewitt J. D. , Stevens M. A.
Published: August 2022

Two tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) genotypes, LA 1563, a high solids breeding line and ‘VF145B-7879’, an intermediate solids cultivar, were studied in an attempt to determine which morphological characteristics contribute to high solids content in the fruits, and to evaluate 1563 as genetic material for higher solids in processing tomato fruits. A genotypic difference in fruit solids was apparent from as early as 10 days after anthesis, and continued through fruit development. Between 10 and 50 days after anthesis, 1563 and ‘7879’ fruits increased in mean dry weight from 0.057 g to 5.16 g and from 0.101 g to 4.28 g, respectively. A growth analysis showed that lower harvest index, lower fruit yield and larger leaf area were associated with the higher solids of 1563, compared to 7879.
Use of Leaf Water Potential to Determine Water Stress in Field-grown Tomato Plants1
Authors: Rudich Jehoshua , Rendon-Poblete Edgar , Allen Stevens M. , Ambri Abdel-Ilah
Published: August 2022

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) were grown under 4 irrigation treatments. In the first three an attempt was made to maintain soil water at a different level for each treatment. The fourth treatment was an approximation of the varied moisture levels that would be encountered with furrow irrigation. Leaf water potential (ΨL) was affected more during a day by atmospheric factors than by soil water availability. Hourly changes in ΨL and air water potential (Ψ air) were highly correlated (range .94*** and .99***). ΨL decreased as the plant aged, apparently due to decreasing soil water availability, decreasing root activity, and increasing resistance to water flow in stems and leaves. The stress factor, (which is an integration of the area below −6 bars; a critical level for tomatoes) was determined from the second degree polynomial regression of time versus ΨL and is proposed as a useful integration of ΨL. By using stepwise regression it was found that plant water status as evaluated by tensiometer reading, stress factor, the ratio of soil water/soil water at field capacity, and daily pan evaporation had the greatest effect on yield and total soluble solids content of tomato fruit.
Bulk Density, Porosity, Percolation and Salinity Control in Shallow, Freely Draining, Potting Soils1
Authors: Hanan Joe J. , Olympios Christos , Pittas Christodoulos
Published: August 2022

Ten mixtures of soil, sphagnum peat moss, pinebark, almond hulls, and sheep manure, and 8 combinations of clay loam and sand, 20cm deep, were examined for relevant physical properties and possible use as greenhouse potting composts under Cypriot greenhouse conditions. There were significant variations of bulk density, porosity, moisture content, air space and percolation rates. Comparison of these data with other workers’ information showed a linear relationship between bulk density and total pore space regardless of specific gravity. The rate of salt removal, as measured by effluent conductivity, was predictable from a knowledge of the starting salinity concentration, regardless of the potting mixture. The higher the percolation rate, the less efficient was salt removal, with the removal rate decreasing as the initial salt concentration decreased. Percolation rate showed an exponential relationship with the ratio of porosity to maximum moisture content, with percolation increasing markedly above a ratio of 1.8. Mixtures in excess of 0.70cm3 cm−3 total porosity showed markedly high percolation rates, requiring large water volumes to reduce salinity. It was the opinion of these authors that very porous potting mixtures would unnecessarily increase water utilization in a semi-arid climate, with problems in controlling salinity with trickle irrigation systems likely to be exacerbated.
Inheritance of Multi-pistillate Flowering Habit in Gynoecious Pickling Cucumber1
Authors: Nandgaonkar A. K. , Baker L. R.
Published: August 2022

From progenies of crosses between 2 multi-pistillate (MP) and 2 single-pistillate (SP) gynoecious pickling cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivars, it was determined that MP is recessive to SP expression. Genetic analyses suggested that one major gene with several modifying factors affect this character. The gene symbol proposed for multipistillate expression is mp.
Influence of Postharvest Holding on Raw and Processed Quality of Machine-harvested Blackberries1
Authors: Morris J. R. , Spayd S. E. , Brooks J. G. , Cawthon D. L.
Published: August 2022

Under commercial conditions at harvest, mechanically harvested blackberries (Rubus sp.) had raw and processed quality comparable to hand-picked fruits regardless of berry temperature. However, during storage, berries machine-harvested at high temperature (36°C) deteriorated more rapidly than hand-picked berries at the same temperature. Storage of machine-harvested fruit in 20% and 40% CO2 at 20° for up to 48 hours maintained raw and processed quality. When mold counts were not excessive, the use of flavoring ingredients in the processed product resulted in acceptable products despite unacceptable raw product quality from some treatments. Use of high CO2 storage atmospheres with fruit held at 20° partially offset the need for refrigeration to reduce postharvest quality loss.
Deterioration and CO2 and Ethylene Production of Stored Mung Bean Sprouts1
Authors: Lipton Werner J. , Asai Wesley K. , Fouse David C.
Published: August 2022

The mean rate of deterioration of green gram mung bean (Vigna radiata [L.] R. Wilcz.) sprouts stored at 0, 2.5, 5 or 10°C increased linearly with temperature. The sprouts reached the lower limit of salability in about 8.5, 5.5, 4.5 and 2.5 days at the respective temperatures. There was no symptom of chilling injury. The rates of CO2 production were 23, 29, 42 and 96 mg/kg— hr, at 0, 2.5, 5 and 10°, respectively, when measured 1 day after the sprouts were harvested. The corresponding rates of ethylene production were 0.15, 0.05, 0.24 and 0.90 μl/kg-hr.
Genetic Advance through Mass Selection for Tenderness in Sweet Corn
Authors: Ito Glenn M. , Brewbaker Janies L.
Published: August 2022

In the paper “Genetic Advance through Mass Selection for Tenderness in Sweet Corn” by Glenn M. Ito and James L. Brewbaker (J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 106(4):496-499.1981) there are errors in the numbering of and textual references to the figures and tables. Table 1 on page 497 should be labeled Table 4, Table 2 on page 497 should be labeled Table 1, Table 3 on page 498 should be labeled Table 2, and Table 4 on page 499 should be labeled Table 3. Figure 1 on page 497 should be labeled Figure 3, Figure 2 on page 498 should be labeled Figure 1, and Figure 3 on page 498 should be labeled Figure 2. Accordingly, line 7 of the section beginning “Correlation of bite-test scores and pericarp thickness measurements” on page 498 should refer to Table 4; the last line on page 498 should refer to Figure 3; and line 8 of the first paragraph, second column, of page 499 should refer to Table 2. All other textual references correspond to the correct table and figure numbers as presented above.
Estimation of Demand and Market Allocation Relationships for Processing Tomatoes1
Authors: Brandt Jon A. , French Ben C.
Published: August 2022

An econometric model of F. O. B. demand and processor supply relations was formulated for canned tomatoes, (Lycopcrsicon esculentum Mill.) juice, catsup and chili sauce, puree, and paste in the U.S. for the years 1954–1977. A system of demand, domestic market allocation, and carryout stock equations was estimated using 3 stage least squares regression for each of the 5 products. Product prices were observed to respond significantly to such demand factors as domestic sales, disposable income, competing vegetables, and selected other variables such as a trend factor, a variable to account for stocks of concentrated products in the hands of distributors, and others. Prices and income were deflated and quantities were in per capita terms to account for inflation and population. Available supplies and price changes strongly affected processors9 allocations of products to the domestic market. The signs of the estimated coefficients associated with the demand and allocation shift variables agreed with theoretical expectations and their magnitudes were generally significant statistically. A reduced-form solution to the structural model was calculated to show the effects of predetermined variables on product prices and domestic allocation.