bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Neurobiology from Multiple Perspectives
Authors: Cohen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

If you press your face up against a television screen, ostensibly sharp images break down into a jumble of colored dots. This is the case regardless of the current content being displayed on the screen. Similarly, the four perspectives presented in Chapter 3 appear to break down the more one “zooms in” from the level of clinical phenomena to the level of neuroanatomy and neurochemistry. This phenomenon occurs for several reasons. First, our limited understanding of the neurophysiology of everyday mental experience, to say nothing of the pathophysiology of psychiatric illness, makes it difficult to trace backward from specific clinical symptoms to specific types of brain pathology. Second, each psychiatric disorder likely contains contributory elements from each of the four perspectives, such that there are few “pure” conditions. Third, it is probable that each perspective shares underlying neurobiological processes with the other three perspectives. Finally, since neural networks interact so closely with other, any correlation between a given illness and a given neurotransmitter system or given brain region will be simplistic and excessively reductionistic. In this chapter, we will discuss some of the neurophysiologic contributors to mental life in general and to psychiatric illness in particular. Our discussion will emphasize how diseases, extremes of dimensional variation, and aberrant behaviors—when viewed at the neurobiological level—tend to boil down to a single common theme. The theme is that physiologic and behavioral responses that are adaptive and that enhance the survival of an organism under most circumstances also have the propensity to become maladaptive under other circumstances, thereby becoming sources of psychiatric morbidity.
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

We all have experienced anxiety, just as we all have experienced sadness. Particular life situations are especially likely to lead to anxiety, and some people are more prone to become anxious than others. Given this, the anxiety disorders— like the mood disorders—are easier to describe than to explain. Consider the following example: A 40-year-old woman is referred for evaluation of anxiety. She describes herself as having been a “worrier” for most of her life, although the anxiety became much worse at age 17 following the death of her mother. At that time, she was seen in weekly psychotherapy for a year. She feels that the therapy helped her to cope, but she continued to worry about matters that she recognized were minor. She has tended to view her problems as being due to “not knowing where I am going in my life” and to difficulties in her interpersonal relationships. She describes herself as prone to self-doubt and rumination. She is perfectionistic, “expects the worst” even when she is putting forth her best efforts, and often worries about “what other people must think of me.” Her anxiety has always become more intense when starting at a new job. At these times, she has difficulty concentrating and finds herself constantly wondering if she is “passing the grade.” Over the past two decades, she intermittently has received further psychotherapy, and ultimately has seen five therapists for weekly psychotherapy, with each course of therapy lasting for 1–2 years.
Somatoform Disorders
Authors: Cohen Bruce J
Published: November 2023

Patients present to physicians for evaluation of a wide variety of somatic complaints. Sometimes it isn’t clear to what extent these complaints are physical or “psychological” in nature, especially when assessment for commonly associated physical conditions is unrevealing. Such cases frequently lead primary care physicians to worry that they are overlooking an underlying psychiatric problem; however, just as often they lead consulting psychiatrists to worry that they are overlooking an underlying medical problem. In the some cases, it soon becomes apparent that—despite the presence of dramatic physical complaints—no underlying physical pathology is present. For example, pathological signs and symptoms might be inconsistent from one minute to the next or might not adhere to any known physiologic distribution (such as when the patient covers one eye but his complaints of “double vision” persist, or when he complains of having “triple vision”). While physicians have acknowledged the existence of such cases for over 4000 years, their cause remains just as baffling today, despite the our technological advances.
Do All Religions Worship The Same God?
Authors: Hick John
Published: November 2023

Let me begin by proposing a working definition of religion as an understanding of the universe, together with an appropriate way of living within it, which involves reference beyond the natural world to God or gods or to the Absolute or to a transcendent order or process. Such a definition includes such theistic faiths as Judaism, Christianity, Islam, Sikhism; the theistic Hinduism of the Bhagavad Giti; the semi-theistic faith of Mahayana Buddhism and the non-theistic faiths of Theravada Buddhism and non-theistic Hinduism. It does not however include purely naturalistic systems of belief, such as communism and humanism, immensely important though these are today as alternatives to religious life. When we look back into he past we find that religion has been a virtually universal dimension of human life-so much so that man has been defined as the religious animal. For he has displayed an innate tendency to experience his environment as being religiously as well as naturally significant, and to feel required to live in it as such. To quote anthropologist Raymond Firth, “religion is universal in human societies.”1 “In every human community on earth today,” says Wilfred Cantwell Smith, “there exists something that we, as sophisticated observers, may term religion, or a religion.
A Most Unhappy Division: The Ministry Act, Demographic Changes, and the Rise of Frontier Pietism
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

In 1697, honoring Cotton Mather’s Magnalia Christi Americana, Dominie Henricus Selyns of New York wrote a long poem which contained a broadside against everything from Catholicism to Anabaptism and betrayed his intolerance for ecclesiastical schismatics:

Selyns had already established himself as an implacable foe of pietism. When two Labadists visited New York early in the 1680s, he observed that “in order to lay the groundwork for a schism, they began holding meetings with closed doors, and to rail out against the church and consistory, as Sodom and Egypt, and saying they must separate from the church.” Early on, Selyns detected their schismatic tendencies. “They could not come to the service, or hold communion with us,” he wrote. “Then they absented themselves from the church.”
Consumed by Quarrels: Dutch Religion in the Revolutionary Era
Authors: Balmer Randall
Published: November 2023

On Wednesday, November 2, 1748, the avuncular Gualtherus Du Bois penned his final letter to Amsterdam. Having spent forty-nine of his seventy-eight years as minister to the New York church, Du Bois indulged in some ruminations about the condition of the colonial Dutch churches. He took considerable pride in the establishment (with Amsterdam’s blessing) of an indigeneous, yet subordinate, ecclesiastical tribunal in America, the Coetus. But other, less salutary conditions also caught his attention. A personality conflict between two dominies on Long Island continued to vex the churches there, and the congregation at Tappan was divided. “In some congregations, the difficulty lies quite as much with the minister, as with members of the church,” he wrote. “Here, even as in other places, many earnest and peaceable ones are found; but also many quarrelsome ones.” Du Bois feared the further unraveling of the colonial Dutch Reformed Church. “For the Dutch churches here are gradually beginning to languish; both on account of internal strife in some of them, and because of the distaste of true piety in others; and not less, on account of the fact that the Dutch language is gradually, more and more being neglected.”
Transforming Bodies, Transforming Epic
Authors: Fantham Elaine
Published: November 2023

We cannot date exactly the publication-that is, the circulation in manuscript form-of Ovid’s great epic of transformation. Our earliest report comes from the poet himself, but from a chastened Ovid, exiled to the northern edge of empire, to Tomis on the Romanian Black Sea coast, by the decree of Augustus. For almost thirty years Ovid had enjoyed popularity and fame as a poet of love, first with five books of poems in narrative or dramatic form illustrating his own love affairs (reduced to three books in a second edition), then with his Letters from Heroines, which presented, in character, the messages of Homeric and tragic heroines, even Virgil’s Dido, to the husbands and lovers who had left them, then more elaborately with books of instruction in the art of love (two for men and one for girls-but not respectable women), and finally with a book of cures for love.
The Lives of Women
Authors: Fantham Elaine
Published: November 2023

We saw in chapter 3 that Teiresias had the unique experience of downward transformation from male to female and engineered his return to male status. Although he also reported to Jupiter and Juno that women had more pleasure than men from sexual intercourse, he clearly believed the privileges of masculinity outweighed these (unexplained) pleasures. Similarly, young Hermaphroditus clearly feels that he has been victimized by his transformation from male to epicene, that is, having sexual characteristics of both genders. In Ovid’s time, as usually now, men enjoyed a superior status to women and believed it was their entitlement.
Catholics in the New World
Authors: Fisher James T
Published: November 2023

On April 14, 1528, a band of 400 Spanish explorers in four ships made landfall on the west coast of Florida, in a bay not far from the present-day city of Sarasota. The expedition was led by red-bearded Pánfilo de Narváez, a one eyed former governor of Cuba. His second in command was 37-year-old Á lvar Nú ñ ez Cabeza de Vaca, a veteran of several military campaigns on behalf of the Holy Roman Empire and the heir to a family with large landholdings near the southern Spanish coastal city of Cadiz.
Building an American Catholic Community
Authors: Fisher James T
Published: November 2023

On April 30, 1789, on the balcony of New York City’s Federal Hall, General George Washington was inaugurated the first President of the United States. Several weeks later, at Whitemarsh Plantation in Maryland, John Carroll was elected the first American bishop of the Roman Catholic Church. Carroll was elected by his peers in the American priesthood, who numbered fewer than 30 in active service at the time. Many, like Carroll himself, were Jesuits who had been serving in a freelance capacity since the suppression of their order in 1773 by Pope Clement XIV, who had feared the Jesuits’ growing international influence.
Medications
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John
Published: November 2023

Today, there is unanimity amongst rheumatologists worldwide that for persons with even mild RA, medication therapy forms an essential part of their treatment plan. However, for you-the person with RA-making the decision to include medication therapy can be difficult. Arming yourself with information on available medications will help you to make informed decisions about which one (or which combination) you should include in your treatment plan. Knowing what medications are commonly used; how they work; what their potential benefits and possible side effects are; how they are taken; and what they cost-all are factors to consider before maldng your decision. Although no medication available today “cures” RA, there are a number that have been proven safe and effective. For the vast majority of people with RA, these therapies help restore their ability to care for themselves and their family, the ability to resume or continue to work, and the ability to enjoy physical activity again. In other words, the ability to maintain or regain quality of life.
Exercise
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John
Published: November 2023

Physical fitness plays a critical role in maintaining, or gaining back, optimal health-especially when living with a chronic condition like RA. The benefits of being fit touch every part of our lives-our overall energy level, sleep patterns, psychological and emotional well-being, and relationships. Except when you are experiencing severe or sharp joint pain and noticeable swelling, exercise should be a regular part of your day. The latest research shows that physical conditioning exercise can improve your fitness level without aggravating your RA or causing a flare of symptoms.1’2’3’4 So whether you have mild, moderate, or severe disease, exercise is an important part of your plan. However, it is important to understand that the type and intensity of exercise may need to be regulated, depending on your disease activity. Getting started with an exercise program and making it part of your daily routine can be challenging, even a little intimidating, at first. But fear not-you can do it. By starting slowly and learning proper exercise techniques from qualified health care professionals, you will be well on your way toward having a body optimally equipped to deal with the physical challenges RA presents.
Diet, Nutrition, and Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Authors: Koehn Cheryl , Palmer Taysha , Esdaile John
Published: November 2023

Your Plan To Win would not be complete without considering the role of diet and nutrition. A healthy diet will help you maintain ideal body weight and prevent undue stress on weight-bearing joints; provide your body with adequate energy stores; help support your immune system to fight common illnesses such as colds and flu; and maintain adequate levels of nutrients in your body. There is unanimity among rheumatologists, GPs, and registered dieticians/ nutritionists that a nutritionally sound diet delivers health benefits for people with RA. Much is known about the relationship between RA and diet, but few health care practitioners treating the disease pay attention to this area. RA is a chronic health condition for which western medicine’s most powerful medications fail to bring a cure. For the moderate to severe disease category (which describes the majority of RA cases), even control of the disease is a major battle. Not surprisingly, people with RA can be especially vulnerable to false claims of cure-claims that can be costly in terms of money and even more costly in terms of proven treatment delayed.
The World of the Small Entrepreneur
Authors: Mills C Wright
Published: November 2023

The early history of the middle classes in America is a history of how the small entrepreneur, the free man of the old middle classes, came into his time of daylight, of how he fought against enemies he could see, and of the world he built. The latter-day history of these old middle classes is, in large part, the history of how epochal changes on the farm and in the city have transformed him, and of how his world has been splintered and refashioned into an alien shape. The small entrepreneur built his world along the classic lines of middle-class capitalism: a remarkable society with a self-balancing principle, requiring little or no authority at the center, but only wide-flung traditions and a few safeguards for property. Here the ideas of the political economist Adam Smith coincided with those of the political moralist Thomas Jelferson; together they form the ideology of the naturally harmonious world of the small entrepreneur.
The Great Salesroom
Authors: Mills C Wright
Published: November 2023

IN the world of the small entrepreneur, selling was one activity among many, limited in scope, technique, and manner. In the new society, selling is a pervasive activity, unlimited in scope and ruthle in its choice of technique and manner. The salesman’s world has now become everybody’s world, and, in some part, everybody has become a salesman. The enlarged market has become at once more impersonal and more intimate. What is there that does not pass through the market? Science and love, virtue and conscience, friendliness, carefully nurtured skills and animosities? This is a time of venality. The market now reaches into every institution and every relation. The bargaining manner, the huckstering animus, the memorized theology of pep, the commercialized evaluation of personal traits-they are all around us; in public and in private there is the tang and feel of salesmanship. The American Salesman has gone through several major phases, each of which corresponds to a phase in the organization of the business system. This system is a vast and intricate network of institutions, each strand of which is a salesman of one sort or another. Any change in this system and of its relations to society as a whole will be reflected in the development of types of salesmen and of the kind of salesmanship that prevails.
Communitarians Living on the Margins
Authors: Stein Stephen J
Published: November 2023

Violence against people trying to live according to their religious beliefs was commonplace in the United States during the nineteenth century. One striking example occurred in 1825 at a village called Pleasant Hill in central Kentucky. This site was home to several hundred Shakers, members of a religious community founded by Ann Lee, an eighteenth-century English prophet. In early June the village was attacked by a mob organized by family members of Lucy Bryant, a teenage girl who had joined the community. Lucy’s relatives were intent on forcing her to leave the Shakers because they believed she was being held against her will, which was not the case.
Transplanted People: 1880–1924
Authors: Diner Hasia R
Published: November 2023

The American poet Emma Lazarus was descended on her father’s side from Sephardim who could trace their ancestry back to Spain. Her mother’s family were German Jewish immigrants who had prospered in the United States. In 1883 Lazarus entered a poetry competition. The organizers of the competition planned to auction off the winning poem to raise money for something unusual, something monumental—the pedestal on which an enormous statue would stand. The statue was of a woman holding a torch, and it was to be placed on Bedloe’s Island at the tip of Manhattan in New York Harbor, the gateway to the United States.

Emma Lazarus won the competition, but the story does not have a perfectly happy ending. Lazarus died at thirty-three, before the statue’s unveiling. The plaque bearing her poem was not fastened to the statue for another twenty years—and then it somehow got placed inside the pedestal where few could see it. It would be thirty more years before the plaque was moved to the outside of the Statue of Liberty.
On Human Choice
Authors: Aquinas Thomas
Published: November 2023

It seems that human beings choose necessarily and not freely, for the following reasons: Jer. 10:23 says: “The path of human beings is not theirs, nor do they walk and direct their steps.” But acts regarding which human beings enjoy liberty are their own, as acts in their control. Therefore, it seems that human beings do not enjoy free choice regarding their paths and acts. People have said that the aforementioned text refers to the execution of choices, and human beings sometimes do not have the power to execute their choices. But the Apostle says in Rom. 9:16: “It,” that is, willing, “does not belong to the one willing, nor does it,” that is, running, “belong to the one running,” but willing belongs to God showing mercy. And as running belongs to the external execution of acts, so willing belongs to internal choice. Therefore, human beings do not have power even over their internal choices, and God moves human beings to their choices. People have said that internal impulses, namely, those from God himself, inevitably cause human beings to choose what they choose, and this is not contrary to human freedom. But although every animal moves itself by its appetites, animals other than human beings do not have free choice. Other animals do not have free choice because an external cause, namely, the power of a heavenly body or the action of another material substance, moves their appetites. Therefore, if God inevitably moves the wills of human beings, then human beings do not enjoy free choice in their acts. Something is coerced if its cause is from without, and what is being coerced contributes nothing. Therefore, if an external cause should cause the will’s choice, it seems that coercion and necessity determine the will to act. Therefore, the will does not have free choice in its acts.
On the Capital Sins
Authors: Aquinas Thomas
Published: November 2023

It seems that there are seven capital sins, for Gregory says in his work Morals: “There are seven chief sins, namely, vainglory, envy, anger, spiritual apathy, avarice, gluttony, and lust.” But there are not, for the following reasons: We seem to call sins capital from which other sins arise. But all sins arise from one or two sins. For 1 Tim. 6:10 says: “Covetousness is the root of all evils.” And Sir. 10:15 says: “Pride is the origin of all sin.” Therefore, there are not seven capital sins. People have said that the Apostle in 1 Tim. 6:10 is speaking about covetousness to signify a general disorder of desire, not a special kind of sin. But covetousness as a special kind of sin is the inordinate desire of riches that we call avarice. And the Apostle is speaking in the cited text about such covetousness, which is evident from what he says in 1 Tim. 6:9: “Those who wish to become rich fall into temptation and the snare of the devil.” Therefore, the covetousness that is the root of all evils is a special kind of sin.
On Vainglory
Authors: Aquinas Thomas
Published: November 2023

It seems that vainglory is not, for the following reasons: Vainglory consists of persons wishing their good deeds to be apparent to others. But this is praiseworthy rather than a sin. For Mt. 5:16 says: “Let your light shine before human beings, so that they see your good works.” Therefore, vainglory is not a sin. The desire for vainglory consists of persons seeking that human beings praise their good deeds. But the Apostle in Rom. 12:17 commands this of us: “Provide good deeds both in the sight of God and in the sight of all human beings.” Therefore, vainglory is not a sin. Every sin consists of the disorder of a natural appetite. But vainglory does not seek anything that is not naturally desirable, since it is by nature desirable that human beings know truth, and that they themselves be known. Therefore, vainglory is not a sin.
On Avarice
Authors: Aquinas Thomas
Published: November 2023

It seems that avarice is not, for the following reasons: 1.Every special kind of sin has a special kind of matter, since the objects of moral acts always determine the species of the acts. But avarice has a general, not a special, kind of matter, for Augustine says in his work On Free Choice: “We should understand ava-rice, which is called philarguria in Greek, both regarding silver or coins and regarding all immoderately desired things whenever one at all wants more than is sufficient.”1 Therefore, avarice is not a special kind of sin. What includes in itself different kinds of sins is not a special kind of sin. But avarice includes in itself different kinds of sins, since even pride, which is the disordered desire for pre-eminence, is included in avarice. For Gregory in a homily on Mt. 4:1, “Jesus was led,” etc., says: “There is avarice not only for money but also for high position when one desires a status above one’s measure.”2 Therefore, avarice is not a special kind of sin. Cicero says that “avarice is the immoderate love of possessing.”3 But we are said to possess everything that belongs to us, both our substantial parts and our qualities and our size and our external accidents, as the Philosopher says in the Categories.4 Therefore, avarice is not a special kind of sin.
Short-Term Price Drift
Authors: Singal Vijay
Published: November 2023

Events associated with high-quality information signals tend to exhibit price continuations. The quality of information is characterized by the magnitude of price change, volume, and public dissemination of information. There is evidence to suggest that a large price change accompanied by high volume and a public announcement is followed by a drift in prices. A trading strategy designed to capture this short-term price continuation will earn annual abnormal returns of 15–36 percent after transactions costs.

Predictably, there is much research on price continuations (also called price drift or price momentum) and price reversals.1 It seems that there is momentum in stock returns over periods of six to twelve months—that is, if prices are rising, they will continue to rise, or if they are falling, they will continue to fall (see Chapter 5). Over longer periods extending up to five years, there is a tendency for mean reversion, that is, prices revert to normal levels. The medium- and long-term evidence suggests that there are cycles in price patterns. However, mispricings that rely on long periods are not interesting. First, it is not clear that those mispricings actually occur, given the noise in estimates. Second, trading strategies are not easily amenable to long holding periods.
Momentum in Industry Portfolios
Authors: Singal Vijay
Published: November 2023

There is evidence to suggest that industry portfolios exhibit momentum. Industries that have done well in one period also do well in the next period. Moreover, industries with no related futures markets are likely to show greater momentum than industries where information regarding real assets is aggregated in futures prices. Industry portfolios constructed in this manner generate returns that may be much larger than the S&P 500 return.

Investment practitioners believe that asset allocation among bonds, domestic stocks, and foreign stocks should be altered over time depending on individual circumstances and economic conditions. This chapter proposes taking asset allocation a step further, to allocation among different industries. One industry may be hot today and another may be hot next month depending on changing fads, individual preferences, national requirements, or political expediency. For example, after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, the defense and security industry did exceptionally well, as demand for such equipment and personnel increased. Similarly, bad weather or continued drought can affect production of commodities and hurt industries that use those inputs.
Merger Arbitrage
Authors: Singal Vijay
Published: November 2023

When a merger is announced, the target’s price should rise close to the bidder’s offer for the target. However, in most cases it does not. Two reasons account for the difference. First, successful completion of the merger is not a certainty. Second, shareholders of the target firm must earn a positive return until consummation of the merger, which implies that the target’s price must be less than the offered price. Based on past completion rates and completion periods, the difference in the bidder’s offer and the actual target price after merger announcement is larger than what it should be.

Investors and arbitrageurs can earn annual abnormal returns of 4 to 10 percent by buying the target upon a cash merger announcement, and by buying the target and short-selling the bidder upon announcement of a stock merger. The profitability of merger arbitrage can be improved by carefully selecting mergers in which large arbitrageurs are unlikely to participate but which generate higher abnormal returns.
International Investing and the Home Bias
Authors: Singal Vijay
Published: November 2023

Financial economists have long maintained that all investors can improve the quality of their portfolios by investing a significant part of their portfolio in foreign securities. Including foreign assets reduces the risk of the portfolio due to low correlations between foreign stocks and domestic stocks without hurting return. However, individual investors routinely underweight foreign assets, perhaps due to their ignorance. While it is not possible to arbitrage home bias, investors should not suffer due to a home bias in their own portfolios.

This chapter is about a long-term trading strategy. Too many investors fail to realize the importance of investing internationally and consequently fail to obtain the best risk-return trade-off. This is known as the home bias. The tendency of investors to be insufficiently diversified is not limited U.S.
From the Outside Looking In: Franz Rosenzweig’s Construction of a Jewish Theology in Light of His Ambivalent Encounter with Christianity
Authors: Krell Marc A
Published: November 2023

Franz Rosenzweig’s theology emerged out of the intersection of Judaism, Christianity, and secular philosophy at the beginning of the twentieth century and was a clear reflection of the historical situation of German Jewry at the close of the nineteenth century. At that time, German Jewish scholars of the Wissenschaft des Judentums (Science of Judaism) had attempted to unite Jewish and German Christian cultures through the medium of secular or historical knowledge. A century earlier, the eighteenth century Jewish philosopher Moses Mendelssohn had also attempted to integrate Judentum and Deutschtum by carving out a neutral zone of universal, natural reason to which Jews could contribute as human beings in the street while preserving their particularity through home ritual observance.
Mind
Authors: Appiah Kwame Anthony
Published: November 2023

In countless movies, computers play a starring role. Some talk in synthesized voices; others write a stream of words on a screen. Some manage spaceships; others, the “brains” of robots, manage their own “bodies.” People converse with them, are understood by them, exchange information and greetings with them. Much of this is still science fiction. But real computers advise lawyers on relevant cases, doctors on diagnoses, engineers on the state of atomic reactors. Both the fantasy and the fact would have astonished our grandparents. Their grandparents might have thought that this could only be achieved by magic. Yet most of us are getting used to it, taking the silicon age for granted.
Remington to Modern: Finding the Core on the Fringe
Authors: Lienhard John H
Published: November 2023

The driving forces of change reveal their essential and primitive form, not at the core of an intellectual movement, but on the fringe. Once ideas lose their raw edge and begin finding a center of refinement, the forces that formed them blur and become harder to identify.

In chapter 3, for example, we see that the public’s almost slapstick response to the new X-rays was an avenue through which modern physics raised general expectations. Chapter 4 describes the way hopes for the raw commodity of ingenuity spiraled upward for a season, after 1900. The popularization of genius in America reflected a deep change in expectations.
Automobile
Authors: Lienhard John H
Published: November 2023

The 41-story First National Bank Building in St. Paul, Minnesota, was, by far, the tallest thing in my childhood experience. By the turn of the twenty-first century, only two St. Paul buildings had topped it, and they by only a small margin. Finished the year I was born, the First National Bank Building dominated the city, and it has remained the first image I see when I hear the word skyscraper.
Peals of Thunder
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M
Published: November 2023

The vanguard company of Mormon pioneers arrived in the Salt Lake Valley in the latter part of July 1847. It was the beginning of the largest mass migration by a single group in nineteenth-century America. But moving west did not end the Mormons’ troubles.

At fi rst, the federal government met the Latter-day Saints half way in their desire for self-government. In 1851 President Millard Fillmore appointed Brigham Young governor and superintendent of Indian affairs for Utah Territory. Washington split its other six territorial appointees among Mormons and non-Mormons, and the division between wary partisans virtually assured a clash.
Avoid All Excitement, But Be Ready
Authors: Walker Ronald W , Turley Richard E , Leonard Glen M
Published: November 2023

Smoot’s News at the Big Cottonwood Canyon picnic changed everything. Earlier when Young had heard of the newspaper out cry against the Saints in the East, he was not rufied. “We have become like the little boy that got so in the habit of being whip[p]ed every night that he could not go to sleep without a whipping,” he said. Throughout the summer he had predicted that once easterners got a close look at the Mormons’ chief accuser, Judge W. W. Drummond, they would see that they had been “effectually humbugged.”
Discovering Native Religion 1860–1920
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

Before mainstream Americans could even think of Indian religious freedom, they had first to accept that what Indians were doing did in fact constitute a religion, and that was a slow process. At least since colonial days, we can find accurate and perceptive reports of Native cultures by observers who had no difficulty in applying the straightforward label of “religion.” These accounts coexisted, though, with a large body of romanticized legend that failed to see Native ways as worthy of that name. Indian rituals became a kind of children’s play, their myths and stories no more than fairy tales.
Thinking Tribal Thoughts
Authors: Jenkins Philip
Published: November 2023

The wave of books and related materials on Native spirituality is diverse in its content, and in many cases, the actual relationship to any Native tradition past or present is tenuous. Nobody enforces orthodoxy in neo-Indian spirituality, and certainly not accuracy. Still, we can trace certain themes, which appeal to what is obviously a substantial audience. Though we do not have anything as neat or systematic as a creed of neo-Indian spirituality, certain core ideas and themes run throughout these various cultural manifestations and the broader social movement they represent. The appeal of Indian-ness needs little explanation in general, but the specifically religious package has features that make it particularly attractive to a modern audience. One, clearly, is its repackaging in terms that are already familiar from the Western New Age. While the images and names are relatively new, the underlying ideas are old friends: occult, metaphysical, and pseudoscientific concepts that in various forms have demonstrated their appeal to American audiences for perhaps the last 150 years.
A Preferential Option for the Spirit:The Catholic Charismatic Renewal
Authors: Chesnut R Andrew
Published: November 2023

While Base Christian Communities (CEBs) struggle to maintain a presence throughout Latin America, a contemporaneous Catholic movement easily fills soccer stadiums in the major cities of the region with tens of thousands of fervent believers. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the Catholic Charismatic Renewal (CCR) stands as the largest and most dynamic movement in the Latin American church. Even leaders of the liberationist wing of the Catholic Church, who often view Charismatics as alienated middle-class reactionaries, admit that no other ecclesial movement has the CCR’s power to congregate and mobilize the faithful. In Brazil, the CCR’s popular appeal is not limited to the realm of the sacred. In 1999, the latest CD of samba-inspired religious music sung by the young star of the Brazilian CCR, Padre Marcelo Rossi, sold more copies than any other recording artist, including Soprano Contrariar (an immensely popular pagode band),1 in Latin America’s largest country.
Entrepreneurial Spirits:Religions of the African Diaspora
Authors: Chesnut R Andrew
Published: November 2023

Joining Pentecostalism and Charismatic Catholicism in dominating Latin America’s new spiritual marketplace is th eregion’s third major pneumacentric religious tradition, the faiths of the African diaspora. Over the past half-century, the religions that African slaves brought over to the Americas as part of their cultural baggage have been thriving in Brazil and much of the Caribbean. In Brazil, Umbanda and Candomble, the two principal African-derived religions, successfully compete with pneumacentric Christianity for the loyalty of urban spiritual consumers. In the Caribbean, Vodou forms an integral part of the Haitian cultural fabric, much as Catholicism has done historically in Ibero America.1 Indeed, it was Vodou that inspired and sustained the slave revolt that culminated in Haitian independence and the world’s first black republic in 1804. Santeria did not play the same revolutionary role in Cuba, but it has al lowed African-Cubans to maintain their African cultural roots and derive spiri tual succor and power from West African orishas, or spirits.
Conclusion: Ex Uno Plura (Out of One, Many)
Authors: Chesnut R Andrew
Published: November 2023

During the 1980s, the progressive Catholic Church and Base Christian Communities dominated the study of Latin American religion. This “new way of being church” with its preferential option for the poor captured the hearts and minds of many North American and Latin American social scientists. While such studies continued into the ensuing decade, it was a radically different religious group that grabbed the academic spotlight in the 1990s. Scholars David Stoll and David Martin in 1990 informed us that while sectors of the Latin American church had been “opting for the poor” since the late 1960s, the poor themselves in far greater numbers had been opting for Pentecostalism. With its provocative title, Is Latin America Turning Protestant?, Stoll’s book, in particular, brought Pentecostalism in from the academic margins and thrust it onto center stage. In fact, it was Stoll’s timely question that prompted me to examine Latin American Pentecostalism at its epicenter in Brazil.
Controlling the Radiation of Heat
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward
Published: November 2023

One essential role of a building in providing thermal comfort is controlling the flow of thermal radiation to and from the human body. Sometimes a building must protect the body from an excessive influx of radiant heat from the sun or from sun-warmed objects. At other times, protection is needed to prevent an excessive radiation of heat from the body to a cold outdoor environment. Exchanges of radiation also take place continually between the body and the surrounding interior surfaces of the building, requiring that the temperatures of these surfaces be regulated sufficiently to ensure comfort. In some situations, the active manipulation of radiation is appropriate as the major mechanism in a scheme for achieving thermal comfort for the occupants of a building.
Providing Concentrated Energy
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward
Published: November 2023

Until the late nineteenth century, only two forms of energy were commonly available in ordinary buildings for performing useful work: fire and human muscle power. Today, in most parts of the world, electricity is available in every room of every building as a clean, reliable, exceptionally convenient form of energy for illuminating, heating, operating tools and appliances, and powering electronic communications and entertainment.
Getting a Building Built
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward
Published: November 2023

A building begins as a concept of need in someone’s mind. If the need is a simple one and the person dexterous and ambitious, the steps needed to realize the concept are simple and direct. In some primitive societies, one or more members of the family or tribe scratch a floor-plan circle or rectangle of suitable size on the bare ground and assemble locally gathered materials-mud, stone, reeds, snow, logs, or poles-into a building on the spot. The design and details of the building require little thought because they are traditional to the society.
Building Components and Building Function
Authors: Allen Edward , Swoboda David , Allen Edward
Published: November 2023

So far we have examined the characteristics of the outdoor environment, compared them with the environmental requirements of people and society, and noted the range of functions that we expect a building to perform in reconciling the differences between the two. We have discussed at considerable length the various physical mechanisms employed in buildings to perform these functions. It now remains to look briefly at the common components from which we assemble buildings, to see what functions we expect each to per form, and by what combination of mechanisms each works. Simple words such as wall or roof denote very complicated components that perform a surprising range of functions in a building.
Spacecraft Propulsion, Launch Systems, and Launch Mechanics
Authors: Pisacane Vincent L
Published: November 2023

Propulsion systems are needed to place spacecraft into orbit, to maintain or change their trajectories, and to control their attitude. Rocket systems are self-contained in that they change stored energy into kinetic energy to produce thrust. Rocket systems are classified in a variety of ways: by their nature of their use (for example, launch, attitude control, orbit adjustment, apogee kick motor, station keeping), by the type of energy (chemical, electric, nuclear), and by the phase of the propellant (liquid, solid, hybrid).
Space Communications
Authors: Hoffman Eric J
Published: November 2023

Almost without exception, spacecraft must receive operating commands and data from the ground and return (“telemeter”) data to the Earth. Indeed, communications is usually so mission critical that it is the first subsystem to be made redundant. Figure 9.1 shows the block diagram of a typical spacecraft communications subsystem. Its “base-band” elements collect, assemble, and store data, and interpret commands. Radio frequency (RF) elements link the spacecraft with the Earth. The baseband portion will be described in detail in chapter 10. This chapter focuses on the RF and communication systems aspects.
Embedded Software Systems
Authors: Utterback Harry K
Published: November 2023

In this chapter we will explore the world of embedded software systems, including a brief overview of past systems, current systems, and what we might expect in the future. A discussion of the benefits of embedded systems to overall spacecraft design and the attendant drawbacks will lead into the application of software engineering to the problems of developing embedded software systems. Development environments, simulation of developing hardware interfaces, and changing requirements will be discussed. Software development issues will be examined, including language selection and the ramifications of a bad choice, the reuse problem, and testing, testing, testing. Automatic code generation from various design sources will also be discussed. We will focus on the software aspects of these embedded systems, looking at the planning and development processes necessary to produce reliable and trusted spacecraft software.
Nanosatellite Conceptual Design
Authors: Pisacane Vincent L
Published: November 2023

This chapter integrates the information presented earlier by illustrating the fundamentals of the conceptual design of a simplified spacecraft mission. A conceptual design is the initial step in the description of a space system in which the overall mission requirements are defined, the mission is described, a concept of operations defined, subsystem specifications determined, and initial characteristics and performance of each subsystem assessed. In addition, schedules, costs, and mission and development risks are identified. The simplified mission addressed here is one that engineering students in a senior design class could design and build over a period of about two years if supported by knowledgeable faculty and/or professionals from the space industry. It should be cautioned that the description as presented should not be construed as anything more than the first steps in a conceptual design that must go through the rigors of the preliminary and critical design phases. The emphasis in the following description is on the design of the spacecraft.
Introduction
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Caesar’s Civil Waris an unfinished masterpiece. It is incomplete not owing to untimely death, however, but was abandoned by an author who found himself living in a different world than that which saw the work’s commencement. It might thus seem an odd candidate for a literary appreciation. But it deserves one. The Civil Waris the story of Caesar’s contest with the Pompeian party through nineteen months of civil war; it ends, after Pompey’s death, amid the preliminaries to a foreign war fought to impose a Roman settlement on the kingdom of Egypt. The work shows the brilliance for which Caesar’s oratory, like his generalship, was known—in the eyes of Quintilian, no mean judge, he was second only to Cicero (Education of an Orator10.1.114)—and it was a political judgment that relegated the Civil Warto the file drawer, not a literary one. The five chapters of this book explore the various components of Caesar’s literary achievement in the Civil War. We supply here in the introduction the necessary historical background, and in the epilogue the aftermath.
Choices: Genre, Content, Style
Authors: Batstone William W , Damon Cynthia
Published: November 2023

The narratives that we call Caesar’s Gallic Warand Civil Warwere spoken of by his contemporaries as the “records of his achievements.” The term here translated as “records” is commentarii(its singular form is commentarius). The word itself contains a reference to memory (the root -men-, also present in mention, memento, comment and, contracted, in amnesia), and our translation reflects the word’s etymology. The ancient evidence allows us to arrive at relatively good inferences about what Caesar’s readers would have expected from a commentarius. When Caesar’s officer and later continuator Aulus Hirtius, in Gallic War8, refers back to Gallic War7 with the phrase “it was shown in the preceding commentarius,” “preceding commentarius” means something like “the record of the preceding year.” The Gallic Waras Caesar published it was a set of seven commentarii, the records of seven annual campaigns in Gaul (58–52 bce), not one commentarius, or record, of his conquest of Gaul. (After Caesar’s death Hirtius added an eighth book, on which see below.)
Taking Sides, Making Sides
Authors: Damon William W Batstone Cynthia
Published: November 2023

Characterization in a civil war narrative is more important, and more difficult, than it is in a colonial narrative, such as the Gallic War, of “us” against “them.” When the principal combatants are all Roman and all members of the governing elite, the difference between “us” and “them” needs careful delineation. But drawing the lines is complicated when the composition of the two parties shifts over time, as it did in dramatic fashion after the battle of Pharsalus in August of 48. Men who had joined Pompey at the outset of the conflict, in January of 49, or in the course of the ensuing months, faced a choice after his military defeat: to continue resisting Caesar, to withdraw from the contest, or to join Caesar. Those who chose the last moved from “them” to “us,” and the neutrals might still, it could be hoped, so realign themselves. Only the first group (and those who died at Pharsalus) remained in the category of “them.”