bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Proposal of Empirical Equations for Masonry Compressive Strength: Considering the Compressive Strength Difference between Bricks and Mortar
Authors: Nazimi Karishma , Castro Juan Jose , Omi Shogo , Ali Bimkubwa Seif
Published: April 2024

Solid brick masonry poses challenges in predicting compressive strength due to its non-homogeneous and anisotropic nature, compounded by variations in the properties of the constituent bricks and mortar. This research addresses this issue through secondary analysis and examining the interplay between brick-and-mortar compressive strengths. Contrary to existing empirical equations for predicting masonry compressive strength, regression analysis was conducted on test specimens categorized into two groups based on the relative strength of the constitutive materials: Group 1, masonry specimens with bricks stronger than mortar (fb > fj), and Group 2, specimens where the mortar has higher compressive strength than the bricks (fj > fb). Additionally, the calculated impact of factors like the slenderness ratio and mortar-to-brick joint thickness ratio on masonry compressive strength highlights the need for more precise compressive strength predictions. The results emphasize the importance of considering the individual contributions of bricks and mortar to the overall compressive strength, shedding light on how these components affect structural behavior.
Measurements and Evaluation of Road Traffic-Induced Micro-Vibration in a Workshop Equipped with Precision Instruments
Authors: Zhang Zhijun , Li Xiaozhen , Zhang Xun , Xu Guihong , Wu Anjie
Published: April 2024

Road traffic transportation has flourished in the process of urbanization due to its advantages, but concurrently it generates harmful environmental vibrations. This vibration issue becomes particularly crucial in production workshops housing precision instruments. However, limited research has been undertaken on this matter. This study aimed to investigate the influence of road traffic-induced vibration on micro-vibrations within a workshop housing precision instruments. A field test was conducted to assess the vibration levels originating from both machinery operation and vehicular traffic. The results indicated that ground-borne vibrations caused by road vehicles decrease with increasing propagation distance, peaking around 10 Hz. Machinery operation vibrations were primarily concentrated above 20 Hz, while vehicular traffic vibrations were more prominent below 20 Hz. Notably, the passage of heavy trucks significantly impacted both ground and workshop vibrations, with vertical vibrations being particularly significant. Within the workshop, the second floor experienced higher vibrations above 20 Hz due to the presence of installed instruments. Importantly, the micro-vibration levels on both floors exceeded the VC-C limit (12.5 µm/s), highlighting the need to account for road traffic and machinery vibrations in workshop design. These data can be utilized to validate numerical models for predicting road traffic-induced vibrations, aiding in vibration assessment during road planning and design.
Energy Performance and Cost-Effectiveness Assessment towards the Nearly Zero-Energy School Buildings in Mild Climates
Authors: Kang Kyungmo , Kim Daeung Danny
Published: April 2024

The study presented an approach to accomplish the nearly zero-energy school building through the assessment of energy and economic performance of the design solutions with renewable energy systems. For energy use in the school building, the energy was mainly consumed by artificial lighting through the analysis of two years’ energy consumption. Available passive and active solutions were adopted to improve energy efficiency in the school building and the energy performance of each design solution was analyzed. To achieve the nearly zero-energy school building, the remaining energy was offset by solar PV panels. Comparing the payback time for design solutions with the PV systems, the most appropriate design solution was selected to achieve the nearly zero-energy school building design under mild climates. In sum, the present study has revealed the challenges of achieving nearly zero-energy school building design under the climate conditions in Saudi Arabia. Moreover, the outcome of the study can lead to the development of a nearly/net-zero-energy building design under hot climates.
From Diabetes to Oncology: Glucagon-like Peptide-1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonist’s Dual Role in Prostate Cancer
Authors: Alhajahjeh Abdulrahman , Al-Faouri Raad , Bahmad Hisham F. , Bader Taima’ , Dobbs Ryan W. , Abdulelah Ahmed A. , Abou-Kheir Wassim , Davicioni Elai , Lee David I. , Shahait Mohammed
Published: April 2024

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), an incretin hormone renowned for its role in post-meal blood sugar regulation and glucose-dependent insulin secretion, has gained attention as a novel treatment for diabetes through GLP-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1-RA). Despite their efficacy, concerns have been raised regarding the potential associations between GLP-1-RA and certain malignancies, including medullary thyroid cancer. However, evidence of its association with prostate cancer (PCa) remains inconclusive. This review delves into the intricate relationship between GLP-1-RA and PCa, exploring the mechanisms through which GLP-1-Rs may impact PCa cells. We discuss the potential pathways involving cAMP, ERK, AMPK, mTOR, and P27. Furthermore, we underscore the imperative for additional research to elucidate the impact of GLP-1-RA treatment on PCa progression, patient outcomes, and potential interactions with existing therapies. Translational studies and clinical trials are crucial for a comprehensive understanding of the role of GLP-1-RA in PCa management.
Predicting Isocitrate Dehydrogenase Status in Non-Contrast-Enhanced Adult-Type Astrocytic Tumors Using Diffusion Tensor Imaging and 11C-Methionine, 11C-Choline, and 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose PET
Authors: Yasuda Shoji , Yano Hirohito , Ikegame Yuka , Ikuta Soko , Maruyama Takashi , Kumagai Morio , Muragaki Yoshihiro , Iwama Toru , Shinoda Jun , Izumo Tsuyoshi
Published: April 2024

We aimed to differentiate the isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) status among non-enhanced astrocytic tumors using preoperative MRI and PET. We analyzed 82 patients with non-contrast-enhanced, diffuse, supratentorial astrocytic tumors (IDH mutant [IDH-mut], 55 patients; IDH-wildtype [IDH-wt], 27 patients) who underwent MRI and PET between May 2012 and December 2022. We calculated the fractional anisotropy (FA) and mean diffusivity (MD) values using diffusion tensor imaging. We evaluated the tumor/normal brain uptake (T/N) ratios using 11C-methionine, 11C-choline, and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose PET; extracted the parameters with significant differences in distinguishing the IDH status; and verified their diagnostic accuracy. Patients with astrocytomas were significantly younger than those with glioblastomas. The following MRI findings were significant predictors of IDH-wt instead of IDH-mut: thalamus invasion, contralateral cerebral hemisphere invasion, location adjacent to the ventricular walls, higher FA value, and lower MD value. The T/N ratio for all tracers was significantly higher for IDH-wt than for IDH-mut. In a composite diagnosis based on nine parameters, including age, 84.4% of cases with 0–4 points were of IDH-mut; conversely, 100% of cases with 6–9 points were of IDH-wt. Composite diagnosis using all parameters, including MRI and PET findings with significant differences, may help guide treatment decisions for early-stage gliomas.
Prices and Trends in FDA-Approved Medications for Sarcomas
Authors: Hwang Caleb , Agulnik Mark , Schulte Brian
Published: April 2024

Sarcomas represent a diverse set of both malignant and benign subtypes consisting of often rare and ultra-rare conditions. Over the course of the last decade, there have been numerous FDA approvals for agents treating various sarcoma subtypes. Given this burgeoning landscape of sarcoma treatments, we seek to review current FDA-approved agents with respect to their rates of incidence, approval rates, and financial costs. We gathered clinical trial data by searching FDA approval announcements from 2013 to 2023. We determined the 30 day and one year cost of therapy for patients of FDA-approved sarcoma treatments in the aforementioned timeframe. From 2013 to 2023, 14 medications have been FDA-approved for sarcoma subtypes. The 30-day dosing prices for these medications range from $11,162.86 to $46,926.00. Since 2013, the rates of approval for sarcoma medications have been higher than in prior decades. Nonetheless, there remains the potential for significant financial toxicity for patients living with sarcoma.
Cobalt Nanoparticles Supported on TiO2 for Highly Selective Formation of N-Benzylideneanilines from Nitroarenes and Benzaldehyde via Reductive Imination Reaction
Authors: González-Vera Daniela , Bustamante Tatiana M. , Díaz de León J. Noé , Torres Cecilia C. , Campos Cristian H.
Published: April 2024

The search for active, inexpensive, and stable heterogeneous catalysts to produce desired imines in fine chemistry presents an ongoing challenge for both academia and industry. This work reports the utilization of Co nanoparticles supported on TiO2 derived from the H2-assisted reduction of the perovskite-type mixed oxide CoTiO3. The entire preparation process is operationally simple and straightforward, enabling scalability for practical applications. The resulting catalyst comprises metallic cobalt nanoparticles responsible for the hydrogenation process, whereas the TiOx thin layer surrounding the cobalt promotes the adsorption of C=O, thereby enhancing the formation of desired products. Notably, at lower temperatures, the reaction yields the target imine product. Our study demonstrates a synergistic effect between nitrobenzene and benzaldehyde in the presence of a Co-TiOx interface, which reduces the apparent activation energy for the hydrogenation of the-NO2 group. Furthermore, under moderate reaction conditions, the catalytic system offers applicability to various nitrobenzene compounds substituted at the 4-position and benzaldehyde, resulting in high yields of the corresponding imines with electron-density-donating substituent groups. Finally, the catalyst exhibits facile separation for subsequent reuse, displaying moderate stability with minimal selectivity for the desired product.
Quantitative Phase Imaging as Sensitive Screening Method for Nanoparticle-Induced Cytotoxicity Assessment
Authors: Marzi Anne , Eder Kai Moritz , Barroso Álvaro , Kemper Björn , Schnekenburger Jürgen
Published: April 2024

The assessment of nanoparticle cytotoxicity is challenging due to the lack of customized and standardized guidelines for nanoparticle testing. Nanoparticles, with their unique properties, can interfere with biochemical test methods, so multiple tests are required to fully assess their cellular effects. For a more reliable and comprehensive assessment, it is therefore imperative to include methods in nanoparticle testing routines that are not affected by particles and allow for the efficient integration of additional molecular techniques into the workflow. Digital holographic microscopy (DHM), an interferometric variant of quantitative phase imaging (QPI), has been demonstrated as a promising method for the label-free assessment of the cytotoxic potential of nanoparticles. Due to minimal interactions with the sample, DHM allows for further downstream analyses. In this study, we investigated the capabilities of DHM in a multimodal approach to assess cytotoxicity by directly comparing DHM-detected effects on the same cell population with two downstream biochemical assays. Therefore, the dry mass increase in RAW 264.7 macrophages and NIH-3T3 fibroblast populations measured by quantitative DHM phase contrast after incubation with poly(alkyl cyanoacrylate) nanoparticles for 24 h was compared to the cytotoxic control digitonin, and cell culture medium control. Viability was then determined using a metabolic activity assay (WST-8). Moreover, to determine cell death, supernatants were analyzed for the release of the enzyme lactate dehydrogenase (LDH assay). In a comparative analysis, in which the average half-maximal effective concentration (EC50) of the nanocarriers on the cells was determined, DHM was more sensitive to the effect of the nanoparticles on the used cell lines compared to the biochemical assays.
Establishment and Characterization of SV40 T-Antigen Immortalized Porcine Muscle Satellite Cell
Authors: Ni Mengru , He Jingqing , Li Tao , Zhao Gan , Ji Zhengyu , Ren Fada , Leng Jianxin , Wu Mengyan , Huang Ruihua , Li Pinghua , Hou Liming
Published: April 2024

Muscle satellite cells (MuSCs) are crucial for muscle development and regeneration. The primary pig MuSCs (pMuSCs) is an ideal in vitro cell model for studying the pig’s muscle development and differentiation. However, the long-term in vitro culture of pMuSCs results in the gradual loss of their stemness, thereby limiting their application. To address this conundrum and maintain the normal function of pMuSCs during in vitro passaging, we generated an immortalized pMuSCs (SV40 T-pMuSCs) by stably expressing SV40 T-antigen (SV40 T) using a lentiviral-based vector system. The SV40 T-pMuSCs can be stably sub-cultured for over 40 generations in vitro. An evaluation of SV40 T-pMuSCs was conducted through immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real-time PCR, EdU assay, and SA-β-gal activity. Their proliferation capacity was similar to that of primary pMuSCs at passage 1, and while their differentiation potential was slightly decreased. SiRNA-mediated interference of SV40 T-antigen expression restored the differentiation capability of SV40 T-pMuSCs. Taken together, our results provide a valuable tool for studying pig skeletal muscle development and differentiation.
The Folly of Food Waste amidst Food Insecurity in the United States: A Literature Review
Authors: Royer Michael F.
Published: April 2024

Food insecurity is an economic and social condition that involves individuals having limited or uncertain access to healthy food. Despite the well-intentioned efforts of both governmental and not-for-profit organizations in addressing food insecurity, well over one-in-ten households in the U.S., the wealthiest nation in the world, experience food insecurity every year. The objective of this literature review was to identify and explicate the methods and outcomes of food insecurity interventions that have been conducted among U.S. adults. This literature review identified 38 studies detailing several government programs and research interventions designed to address food insecurity. Results from the review highlight how the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP), The Emergency Food Assistance Program (TEFAP), and not-for-profit food banks have demonstrated success in improving food insecurity. However, the prevalence of food insecurity among U.S. households has fluctuated without any sustained decreases that achieve a food insecurity rate that remains below 10 percent of the population. Food waste, which refers to food that is edible yet discarded at the retail or consumption phases, is rampant in the U.S., as approximately 30 percent (66.5 million tons) of edible food is wasted after leaving the farm every year. Food waste prevention efforts that involve rescuing edible, nutritious food and redistributing it to individuals who are food insecure can promote both environmental wellbeing and public health through simultaneous reductions in food waste and food insecurity.
Rhoa/ROCK, mTOR and Secretome-Based Treatments for Ischemic Stroke: New Perspectives
Authors: Pinoșanu Elena Anca , Pîrșcoveanu Denisa , Albu Carmen Valeria , Burada Emilia , Pîrvu Andrei , Surugiu Roxana , Sandu Raluca Elena , Serb Alina Florina
Published: April 2024

Ischemic stroke triggers a complex cascade of cellular and molecular events leading to neuronal damage and tissue injury. This review explores the potential therapeutic avenues targeting cellular signaling pathways implicated in stroke pathophysiology. Specifically, it focuses on the articles that highlight the roles of RhoA/ROCK and mTOR signaling pathways in ischemic brain injury and their therapeutic implications. The RhoA/ROCK pathway modulates various cellular processes, including cytoskeletal dynamics and inflammation, while mTOR signaling regulates cell growth, proliferation, and autophagy. Preclinical studies have demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of targeting these pathways in stroke models, offering insights into potential treatment strategies. However, challenges such as off-target effects and the need for tissue-specific targeting remain. Furthermore, emerging evidence suggests the therapeutic potential of MSC secretome in stroke treatment, highlighting the importance of exploring alternative approaches. Future research directions include elucidating the precise mechanisms of action, optimizing treatment protocols, and translating preclinical findings into clinical practice for improved stroke outcomes.
Inflammasome Molecular Insights in Autoimmune Diseases
Authors: Neamțu Monica , Bild Veronica , Vasincu Alexandru , Arcan Oana Dana , Bulea Delia , Ababei Daniela-Carmen , Rusu Răzvan-Nicolae , Macadan Ioana , Sciucă Ana Maria , Neamțu Andrei
Published: April 2024

Autoimmune diseases (AIDs) emerge due to an irregular immune response towards self- and non-self-antigens. Inflammation commonly accompanies these conditions, with inflammatory factors and inflammasomes playing pivotal roles in their progression. Key concepts in molecular biology, inflammation, and molecular mimicry are crucial to understanding AID development. Exposure to foreign antigens can cause inflammation, potentially leading to AIDs through molecular mimicry triggered by cross-reactive epitopes. Molecular mimicry emerges as a key mechanism by which infectious or chemical agents trigger autoimmunity. In certain susceptible individuals, autoreactive T or B cells may be activated by a foreign antigen due to resemblances between foreign and self-peptides. Chronic inflammation, typically driven by abnormal immune responses, is strongly associated with AID pathogenesis. Inflammasomes, which are vital cytosolic multiprotein complexes assembled in response to infections and stress, are crucial to activating inflammatory processes in macrophages. Chronic inflammation, characterized by prolonged tissue injury and repair cycles, can significantly damage tissues, thereby increasing the risk of AIDs. Inhibiting inflammasomes, particularly in autoinflammatory disorders, has garnered significant interest, with pharmaceutical advancements targeting cytokines and inflammasomes showing promise in AID management.
Tunable Electronic and Optical Properties of MoGe2N4/AlN and MoSiGeN4/AlN van der Waals Heterostructures toward Optoelectronic and Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Shao Jingyao , Zeng Jian , Xiao Bin , Jin Zhenwu , Wang Qiyun , Li Zhengquan , Wang Ling-Ling , Dong Kejun , Xu Liang
Published: April 2024

Van der Waals (vdW) heterostructures provide an effective strategy for exploring and expanding the potential applications of two-dimensional materials. In this study, we employ first-principles density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the geometric, electronic, and optical properties of MoGe2N4/AlN and MoSiGeN4/AlN vdW heterostructures. The stable MoGe2N4/AlN heterostructure exhibits an indirect band gap semiconductor with a type-I band gap arrangement, making it suitable for optoelectronic devices. Conversely, the stable MoSiGeN4/AlN heterostructure demonstrates various band gap arrangements depending on stacking modes, rendering it suitable for photocatalysis applications. Additionally, we analyze the effects of mechanical strain and vertical electric field on the electronic properties of these heterostructures. Our results indicate that both mechanical strain and vertical electric field can adjust the band gap. Notably, application of an electric field or mechanical strain leads to the transformation of the MoGe2N4/AlN heterostructure from a type-I to a type-II band alignment and from an indirect to a direct band transfer, while MoSiGeN4/AlN can transition from a type-II to a type-I band alignment. Type-II band alignment is considered a feasible scheme for photocatalysis, photocells, and photovoltaics. The discovery of these characteristics suggests that MoGe2N4/AlN and MoSiGeN4/AlN vdW heterostructures, despite their high lattice mismatch, hold promise as tunable optoelectronic materials with excellent performance in optoelectronic devices and photocatalysis.
Automatic Defect Detection of Jet Engine Turbine and Compressor Blade Surface Coatings Using a Deep Learning-Based Algorithm
Authors: Zubayer Md Hasib , Zhang Chaoqun , Liu Wen , Wang Yafei , Imdadul Haque Md
Published: April 2024

The application of additive manufacturing (AM) in the aerospace industry has led to the production of very complex parts like jet engine components, including turbine and compressor blades, that are difficult to manufacture using any other conventional manufacturing process but can be manufactured using the AM process. However, defects like nicks, surface irregularities, and edge imperfections can arise during the production process, potentivally affecting the operational integrity and safety of jet engines. Aiming at the problems of poor accuracy and below-standard efficiency in existing methodologies, this study introduces a deep learning approach using the You Only Look Once version 8 (YOLOv8) algorithm to detect surface, nick, and edge defects on jet engine turbine and compressor blades. The proposed method achieves high accuracy and speed, making it a practical solution for detecting surface defects in AM turbine and compressor blade specimens, particularly in the context of quality control and surface treatment processes in AM. The experimental findings confirmed that, in comparison to earlier automatic defect recognition procedures, the YOLOv8 model effectively detected nicks, edge defects, and surface defects in the turbine and compressor blade dataset, attaining an elevated level of accuracy in defect detection, reaching up to 99.5% in just 280 s.
Preparation of Copper-Doped Zinc Oxide (CZO) Nanoparticles and CZO/Acrylic Copolymer Emulsion with Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) Coated on Glass Substrate for Optical Properties
Authors: Putthithanas Pimpaka , Kaenphakdee Sujittra , Yodyingyong Supan , Triampo Wannapong , Sanpo Noppakun , Jitputti Jaturong , Triampo Darapond
Published: April 2024

This study investigated the effect of copper (Cu) doping content on zinc oxide with varied weight percentages and the dispersion of Cu-doped ZnO (CZO) by adding polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), coated on a glass substrate, through a physical assessment and optical property and thermal insulation testing. CZO NPs were synthesized by using the sol–gel method with a zinc acetate precursor. The powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the CZO showed that the solid solubility limit was below 5 mol% without a secondary phase. A field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) micrograph demonstrated that the particle size of CZO was in nanoscale with the packing of a quasi-spherical shape. The UV-Vis-NIR reflectance spectra of the powder showed that 1 mol% CZO has the highest near-infrared (NIR) reflectivity in the wavelength 780–2500 nm, with great visible light transmission. The CZO NPs were loaded in acrylic copolymer in different weight percentages ranging from 25 wt% to 75 wt%, the film thickness of the coating was varied from 5 µm to 100 µm, and PVP was added into this nanocomposite polymer to disperse through an ultrasonication method. The results showed that the highest loading of CZO powder in a polymer at 75 wt% in 100 µm of thickness with polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as a dispersant showed better sample dispersion and retained good transparency to the naked eye.
Design and Preparation of Bending-Resistant Flexible All-Solid Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Li Yan , Hou Yu-Xuan , Dang Wei-Wu , Liu Li , Chen Jian-Hua , Gu Xian
Published: April 2024

All-solid-state flexible dye-sensitized solar cells will not only expand the application scenarios of solar cells but also significantly extend the lifetime of solar cells. However, improving their bending-resistant ability is still a great challenge. In this study, a bending-resistant flexible all-solid dye-sensitized solar cell was designed and prepared. Firstly, for the preparation of TiO2 photoanode, the traditional nano-sized film has been replaced by dual-porous film with both nano and submicron pores, which can not only benefit the filling of the electrolyte but also supply the space for stress release. Secondly, for the filling of the Poly(vinylidene fluoride)/Poly(ethylene oxide)-based electrolyte, the solvent is removed by a vacuum method, and the electrolyte fibers forming in the submicron pores also show the potential for stress release. Lastly, combined with the advantages of the dual-porous TiO2 film and the fast evaporation of the polymer electrolyte, the conversion efficiency of the solar cells remains constant after the 20,000 bending times. The study supplies a demonstration for the development of all-solid-state flexible dye-sensitized solar cells.
Ultrasonication-Assisted Aqueous Extraction of Waste Orange Peel Polyphenols: Optimization of Process Variables and Effect on Extract Composition
Authors: Belsi Katiana , Vogiatzi Xenia , Palaiogiannis Dimitrios , Chatzimitakos Theodoros , Lalas Stavros I. , Makris Dimitris P.
Published: April 2024

The citrus processing industry is responsible for the generation of large volumes of waste side streams, represented principally by fruit peels. These tissues are exceptionally rich in polyphenolic bioactive phytochemicals, and there has been a great industrial interest for their valorization. The examination presented herein targeted at developing a fast and straight-forward aqueous extraction process, based on ultrasonication, for the efficacious recovery of polyphenolic compounds from waste orange peels. After an initial single-factor examination, the response surface optimization showed that a maximum total polyphenol yield of 12.81 mg chlorogenic acid equivalents (GAE) per g−1 dry mass could be achieved by setting sonicator amplitude at 80%, for 15 min, using a duty cycle of 2/2 (2 s on/2 s off). Comparison of this methodology with a stirred-tank extraction demonstrated that the ultrasonication technique was equally effective, requiring ambient temperature and considerably shorter resident time. The combination of both techniques using the ultrasonication process as a pretreatment step did not boost extraction yield, and the extracts produced had similar polyphenolic composition and antioxidant activity. However, a slight enhancement of the recovery of individual constituents was noted. It is proposed that efficient extraction of polyphenolic substances from waste orange peels may be accomplished using the present methodology, which is a low-cost (ambient temperature, short time) and sustainable (water as solvent) process.
Continuous Authentication in the Digital Age: An Analysis of Reinforcement Learning and Behavioral Biometrics
Authors: Bansal Priya , Ouda Abdelkader
Published: April 2024

This research article delves into the development of a reinforcement learning (RL)-based continuous authentication system utilizing behavioral biometrics for user identification on computing devices. Keystroke dynamics are employed to capture unique behavioral biometric signatures, while a reward-driven RL model is deployed to authenticate users throughout their sessions. The proposed system augments conventional authentication mechanisms, fortifying them with an additional layer of security to create a robust continuous authentication framework compatible with static authentication systems. The methodology entails training an RL model to discern atypical user typing patterns and identify potentially suspicious activities. Each user’s historical data are utilized to train an agent, which undergoes preprocessing to generate episodes for learning purposes. The environment involves the retrieval of observations, which are intentionally perturbed to facilitate learning of nonlinear behaviors. The observation vector encompasses both ongoing and summarized features. A binary and minimalist reward function is employed, with principal component analysis (PCA) utilized for encoding ongoing features, and the double deep Q-network (DDQN) algorithm implemented through a fully connected neural network serving as the policy net. Evaluation results showcase training accuracy and equal error rate (EER) ranging from 94.7% to 100% and 0 to 0.0126, respectively, while test accuracy and EER fall within the range of approximately 81.06% to 93.5% and 0.0323 to 0.11, respectively, for all users as encoder features increase in number. These outcomes are achieved through RL’s iterative refinement of rewards via trial and error, leading to enhanced accuracy over time as more data are processed and incorporated into the system.
Preparation and Characterization of a Topical Delivery System for Nanoemulsions Using a Composite Film of Pectin and Tapioca
Authors: Agostinho Luciana , Rocha-Filho Pedro
Published: April 2024

Nanoemulsions represent a remarkable class of colloidal systems that play a pivotal role in the encapsulation, protection, and targeted delivery of active ingredients to the skin. One of the primary objectives in skincare science is to maximize the interaction between the active ingredients and the skin. This can be achieved through various mechanisms, two of which are occlusion and extended contact of the formulation with the skin. Cosmetic masks can be used to improve the skin’s hydration by creating a barrier that minimizes transepidermal water loss while acting as a repository of the active ingredient, increasing the skin’s absorption of the formulation’s active ingredients. In order to diminish the environmental impact, natural-polymeric-material masks are being used, as an alternative to synthetic materials, for its biocompatibility and biodegradability. In this work pectin and tapioca starch were used to develop a polymeric mask to deliver a rice bran oil nanoemulsion and study some characteristics of the final product. The results show that the association of pectin and tapioca starch can be used to produce a film that can be molded and shows occlusive effects, besides being flexible and compatible with the skin.
Crystallization of Secondary Phase on Super-Duplex Stainless Steel SAF2507: Advanced Li-Ion Battery Case Materials
Authors: Shin Byung-Hyun , Kim Dohyung , Yoon Jang-Hee
Published: April 2024

The demand for Li-ion batteries has increased because of their extensive use in vehicles and portable electronic devices. This increasing demand implies greater interaction between batteries and humans, making safety a paramount concern. Although traditional batteries are fabricated using Al, recent efforts to enhance safety have led to the adoption of AISI304. The strength and corrosion resistance of AISI304 are greater than those of Al; however, issues such as stress-induced phase transformation and low high-temperature strength have been observed during processing. Duplex stainless steel SAF2507, which is characterized by a dual-phase structure consisting of austenite and ferrite, exhibits excellent strength and corrosion resistance. Although SAF2507 demonstrated outstanding high-temperature strength up to 700 °C, it precipitated a secondary phase. The precipitation of this secondary phase, believed to be caused by the precipitation of the carbides of Cr and Mo, has been extensively studied. Research on the precipitation of the secondary phase near 1000 °C has been conducted owing to the annealing temperature (1100 °C) of the SAF2507 solution. The secondary phase precipitates at approximately 1000 °C because of slow cooling rates. However, few studies have been conducted on the precipitation of the secondary phase at approximately 700 °C. This study analyzed the precipitation behavior of the secondary phase at 700 °C when SAF2507 was applied and assessed its safety during heat generation in Li-ion batteries. The precipitation behavior was analyzed using field emission scanning electron microscopy for morphology, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for composition, and X-ray diffraction for phase identification.
Study on the Synthesis of LTA-Type Molecular Sieves from Coal Gangue and Aluminum Ash and Its Adsorption Properties towards Cu2+
Authors: Wang Qingping , Xu Wei , Cai Jingyi , Yu Qingbo , Min Jing
Published: April 2024

Coal gangue and aluminum ash emerge as quintessential constituents within the ambit of coal-derived solid waste and industrial residue, respectively. Leveraging coal gangue as a primary substrate and aluminum ash as an adjunct aluminum source, molecular sieves can be synthesized through hydrothermal means. By modulating the dosage of aluminum ash, molecular sieves with varying crystalline structures can be obtained. The synthesized LTA-type molecular sieves manifest in two distinct morphologies: regular tetrahedral and stratified spherical stacking, evincing commendable Cu2+ adsorption efficacy. The Cu2+ adsorption phenomenon predominantly transpires via chemisorption, albeit with ancillary manifestations of physical adsorption. The valorization of coal gangue and aluminum ash towards the synthesis of molecular sieves not only underscores the elevation of industrial solid waste towards high-value utility, but also underscores the praxis of waste remediation through upcycling.
Taxonomic Insights into Caulerpa (Bryopsidales, Chlorophyta) Species in French Polynesia: Confirmation of 13 Species and Reinstatement of C. pickeringii Harvey & Bailey
Authors: Lagourgue Laura , Sauvage Thomas , Zubia Mayalen , Draisma Stefano G. A. , Vieira Christophe , Engelen Aschwin , Payri Claude E.
Published: April 2024

Caulerpa J.V. Lamouroux is a genus of green macroalgae belonging to the family Caulerpaceae in the order Bryopsidales. The genus comprises 104 currently accepted species, of which 51 have been recorded from Pacific Islands. Among these islands, French Polynesia is found in the middle of the South Pacific Ocean and includes five archipelagos (i.e., the Austral, Gambier, Marquesas, Society, and Tuamotu Islands) where seaweed inventories have reported a total of 16 Caulerpa species so far based on morphology. Here, based on a sampling covering the five archipelagos of French Polynesia, we attempt to (i) verify the taxonomy of Caulerpa species present in these regions based on phylogeny, (ii) describe in more detail the specific diversity between the five archipelagos, and (iii) provide a morphological identification tool for these species. We successfully obtained 134 new tufA sequences for phylogenetic analyses, which corresponded to 13 species. We propose to resurrect C. pickeringii Harvey & Bailey for representatives of C. webbiana var. pickeringii and classify it in the Caulerpa subgenus Araucarioideae. We also transfer C. seuratii to C. pickeringii based on genetic results. A new morphological identification key is provided as well as an updated distribution of Caulerpa species across French Polynesia.
Challenges of Secondary Glaucoma Management Following Congenital Cataract Surgery, Penetrating Keratoplasty and Vitreoretinal Surgery
Authors: Coviltir Valeria , Marinescu Maria Cristina , Burcel Miruna Gabriela , Cerghedean-Florea Maria-Emilia , Hașegan Adrian , Tănăsescu Ciprian , Vică Mihaela Laura , Dura Horațiu
Published: April 2024

Glaucoma is one of the world’s leading causes of irreversible vision loss. It is often asymptomatic until it reaches an advanced stage, which can have a significant impact on patients’ daily lives. This paper describes the case of a 50-year-old female patient who presented with acute onset of ocular pain, photophobia, and loss of visual acuity in her right eye (RE). The patient’s medical history includes congenital cataracts, surgical aphakia, nystagmus, strabismus, amblyopia, and secondary glaucoma. Ophthalmological examination showed BCVA RE-hand movement, left eye (LE)—0.08 with an intraocular pressure (IOP) of 30 mmHg in RE and 16 mmHg in LE. Biomicroscopic examination of RE showed corneal graft, epithelial and endothelial edema, endothelial precipitates, corneal neovascularization, aphakia, and Ahmed valve superotemporally. Despite maximal topical and systemic treatment, Ahmed valve, and trabeculectomy, secondary glaucoma in the right eye remained refractory. Reimplantation of an Ahmed valve was performed. This resulted in a favorable outcome with increased visual acuity and controlled intraocular pressure. The combination of aphakia, penetrating keratoplasty, and secondary glaucoma is a challenge for any surgeon. It is important that both the perioperative risks and the possible complications are carefully assessed in each patient, especially if associated pathology is present.
Could Phosphorous MR Spectroscopy Help Predict the Severity of Vasospasm? A Pilot Study
Authors: Galijasevic Malik , Steiger Ruth , Treichl Stephanie Alice , Ho Wing Man , Mangesius Stephanie , Ladenhauf Valentin , Deeg Johannes , Gruber Leonhard , Ouaret Miar , Regodic Milovan , Lenhart Lukas , Pfausler Bettina , Grams Astrid Ellen , Petr Ondra , Thomé Claudius , Gizewski Elke Ruth
Published: April 2024

One of the main causes of the dismal prognosis in patients who survive the initial bleeding after aneurysmal subarachnoidal hemorrhage is the delayed cerebral ischaemia caused by vasospasm. Studies suggest that cerebral magnesium and pH may potentially play a role in the pathophysiology of this adverse event. Using phosphorous magnetic resonance spectrocopy (31P-MRS), we calculated the cerebral magnesium (Mg) and pH levels in 13 patients who suffered from aSAH. The values between the group that developed clinically significant vasospasm (n = 7) and the group that did not (n = 6) were compared. The results of this study show significantly lower cerebral Mg levels (p = 0.019) and higher pH levels (p < 0.001) in the cumulative group (all brain voxels together) in patients who developed clinically significant vasospasm. Further clinical studies on a larger group of carefully selected patients are needed in order to predict clinically significant vasospasm.
A Cost-Effective Model for Predicting Recurrent Gastric Cancer Using Clinical Features
Authors: Chen Chun-Chia , Ting Wen-Chien , Lee Hsi-Chieh , Chang Chi-Chang , Lin Tsung-Chieh , Yang Shun-Fa
Published: April 2024

This study used artificial intelligence techniques to identify clinical cancer biomarkers for recurrent gastric cancer survivors. From a hospital-based cancer registry database in Taiwan, the datasets of the incidence of recurrence and clinical risk features were included in 2476 gastric cancer survivors. We benchmarked Random Forest using MLP, C4.5, AdaBoost, and Bagging algorithms on metrics and leveraged the synthetic minority oversampling technique (SMOTE) for imbalanced dataset issues, cost-sensitive learning for risk assessment, and SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAPs) for feature importance analysis in this study. Our proposed Random Forest outperformed the other models with an accuracy of 87.9%, a recall rate of 90.5%, an accuracy rate of 86%, and an F1 of 88.2% on the recurrent category by a 10-fold cross-validation in a balanced dataset. We identified clinical features of recurrent gastric cancer, which are the top five features, stage, number of regional lymph node involvement, Helicobacter pylori, BMI (body mass index), and gender; these features significantly affect the prediction model’s output and are worth paying attention to in the following causal effect analysis. Using an artificial intelligence model, the risk factors for recurrent gastric cancer could be identified and cost-effectively ranked according to their feature importance. In addition, they should be crucial clinical features to provide physicians with the knowledge to screen high-risk patients in gastric cancer survivors as well.
Computer Vision-Based Path Planning with Indoor Low-Cost Autonomous Drones: An Educational Surrogate Project for Autonomous Wind Farm Navigation
Authors: Rodriguez Angel A. , Shekaramiz Mohammad , Masoum Mohammad A. S.
Published: April 2024

The application of computer vision in conjunction with GPS is essential for autonomous wind turbine inspection, particularly when the drone navigates through a wind farm to detect the turbine of interest. Although drones for such inspections use GPS, our study only focuses on the computer vision aspect of navigation that can be combined with GPS information for better navigation in a wind farm. Here, we employ an affordable, non-GPS-equipped drone within an indoor setting to serve educational needs, enhancing its accessibility. To address navigation without GPS, our solution leverages visual data captured by the drone’s front-facing and bottom-facing cameras. We utilize Hough transform, object detection, and QR codes to control drone positioning and calibration. This approach facilitates accurate navigation in a traveling salesman experiment, where the drone visits each wind turbine and returns to a designated launching point without relying on GPS. To perform experiments and investigate the performance of the proposed computer vision technique, the DJI Tello EDU drone and pedestal fans are used to represent commercial drones and wind turbines, respectively. Our detailed and timely experiments demonstrate the effectiveness of computer vision-based path planning in guiding the drone through a small-scale surrogate wind farm, ensuring energy-efficient paths, collision avoidance, and real-time adaptability. Although our efforts do not replicate the actual scenario of wind turbine inspection using drone technology, they provide valuable educational contributions for those willing to work in this area and educational institutions who are seeking to integrate projects like this into their courses, such as autonomous systems.
Digital Battle: A Three-Layer Distributed Simulation Architecture for Heterogeneous Robot System Collaboration
Authors: Gao Jialong , Liu Quan , Chen Hao , Deng Hanqiang , Zhang Lun , Sun Lei , Huang Jian
Published: April 2024

In this paper, we propose a three-layer distributed simulation network architecture, which consists of a distributed virtual simulation network, a perception and control subnetwork, and a cooperative communication service network. The simulation architecture runs on a distributed platform, which can provide unique virtual scenarios and multiple simulation services for the verification of basic perception, control, and planning algorithms of a single-robot system and can verify the distributed collaboration algorithms of heterogeneous multirobot systems. Further, we design simulation experimental scenarios for classic heterogeneous robotic systems such as unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and unmanned ground vehicles (UGVs). Through the analysis of experimental measurement data, we draw several important conclusions: firstly, the replication time characteristics and update frequency characteristics of entity synchronization in our system indicate that the replication time of entity synchronization in our system is relatively short, and the update frequency can meet the needs of multirobot collaboration and ensure the real-time use and accuracy of the system; secondly, we analyze the bandwidth usage of data frames in the whole session and observe that the server side occupies almost half of the data throughput during the whole session, which indicates that the allocation and utilization of data transmission in our system is reasonable; and finally, we construct a bandwidth estimation surface model to estimate the bandwidth requirements of the current model when scaling the server-side scale and synchronization-state scale, which provides an important reference for better planning and optimizing of the resource allocation and performance of the system. Based on this distributed simulation framework, future research will improve the key technical details, including further refining the coupling object dynamic model update method to support the simulation theory of the coupling relationship between system objects, studying the impact of spatiotemporal consistency of distributed systems on multirobot control and decision making, and in-depth research on the impact of collaborative frameworks combined with multirobot systems for specific tasks.
Association between Levels of Loneliness, Laboratory Measurements, and Behavioral Aspects in a Primary Care Setting in Crete, Greece
Authors: Volkos Panagiotis , Linardakis Manolis , Stachteas Panagiotis , Anastasiou Foteini , Tatsioni Athina , Kampa Marilena , Symvoulakis Emmanouil K.
Published: April 2024

This paper examines potential associations of loneliness with laboratory data and specific psychosocial and behavioral attitudes. The sample collection took place in an urban Primary Health Care unit between May and July 2023, consecutively, and once exclusion criteria were implemented. Participants were aged between 40 and 75 years. Routine laboratory test results upon study initiation and six months before were used. The University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Loneliness Scale (Version 3), blood glucose, serum lipids, Fibrosis-4 index, and Creatinine Clearance (CrCl) were assessed through hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis. Based on full model (3rd) analysis, those who were engaged in an individual sport or activity or had contacts with more friends presented significantly lower odds for increased loneliness levels (odds ratio (OR): 0.28 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09–0.91], p = 0.034 and OR: 0.76 [95%CI 0.66–0.88], p < 0.001, respectively). The consumption of alcohol was associated with increased loneliness (OR: 5.55 [95%CI 1.42–21.63], p = 0.014). Elevated triglyceride levels were linked with moderate or no loneliness (OR: 0.20 [95%CI 0.05–0.83], p = 0.026), while an increased LDL/HDL atherosclerotic index was related to increased subjective loneliness (OR: 4.50 [95%CI 1.12–18.13], p = 0.035). The need for holistic approaches—involving primary care personnel—in understanding and addressing loneliness, recognizing its multifaceted nature as well as the diverse factors that contribute to this issue, is considered challenging.
Byzantine Fault-Tolerant Federated Learning Based on Trustworthy Data and Historical Information
Authors: Luo Xujiang , Tang Bin
Published: April 2024

Federated learning (FL) is a highly promising collaborative machine learning method that preserves privacy by enabling model training on client nodes (e.g., mobile phones, Internet-of-Things devices) without sharing raw data. However, FL is vulnerable to Byzantine nodes, which can disrupt model performance, render training ineffective, or even manipulate the model by transmitting harmful gradients. In this paper, we propose a Byzantine fault-tolerant FL algorithm called federated learning with trustworthy data and historical information (FLTH). It utilizes a small trusted training dataset at the parameter server to filter out gradient updates from suspicious client nodes during model training, which provides both Byzantine resilience and convergence guarantee. It further introduces a historical information-based credibility assessment scheme such that the client nodes performing poorly over the long-term have a lower impact on the aggregation of gradients, thereby enhancing fault tolerance capability. Additionally, FLTH does not compromise the training efficiency of FL because of its low time complexity. Extensive simulation results show that FLTH achieves higher model accuracy compared to state-of-the-art methods under typical kinds of attack.