bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transforming relationship between neopatrimonial state and business for the sustainable development: Cluster Governance model
Authors: Maracha Viacheslav , Bespalov Sergey
Published: December 2020

Transforming relationship between neopatrimonial state and business in Russia are examined from the perspectives of sustainable development and “networkisation” of the business. We consider it on the basis of the innovation clusters formation as regional collaborative communities, the transition to Cluster Governance model as a new advanced form of the innovation process organisation, and environment factors of this transition. As a factor holding back this transition in Russia, the dominance of the “technocratic” approach to digitalisation of public administration is noted with an underestimation of the environment and human factors and the mechanisms of informal correction of power- bureaucratic decisions. In the context of ensuring the economic development sustainability the following effect is important: reducing cluster governance to traditional management due to the fact that the cluster is transformed into a vertically integrated holding, which is a reduction of the pluralistic and heterogeneous structure to a monistic and homogeneous one. The relevance of these risks to sustainable development of Russia is associated with the neopatrimonial nature of the current model of government with the high role of its informal component. The paper raises the question of measuring the influence of informal relations on the decision-making processes performing by government bodies.
Organization of taking exams of university students in online format: problems and opportunities
Authors: Borisov Egor , Petrenko Elena , Zatsarinnaya Elena , Romanov Alexey , Cherkina Vera , Sotnikova Lyudmila
Published: December 2020

Digitalization and automation in all sectors of the economy have increased the efficiency and effectiveness of various systems and processes. Online technologies are also widely used in the higher education system. Online learning, e-learning, e-learning tools and digital assessments are not innovations in the full sense of the word, but the widespread use of these technologies took place in mid-2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The using the online format of training by universities and schools in the spring of 2020 was mostly spontaneous and forced, but later, due to the complication of the sanitary and epidemiological situation in the world, as well as in order to improve electronic pedagogical technologies in the field of certification of university students, this technology became the subject of consideration by specialists from different industries and, above all, from the field of pedagogy. The authors made attempts to study the main problems of University students passing exams and tests in an online format in order to avoid them in the future, and also developed ways to improve this technology.
Regularities of beet root crop yield formation based on retrospective data
Authors: Melikhova Elena
Published: December 2020

The article presents a statistical model of the impact of agromeliorative factors, including methods and modes of irrigation on the productivity of beet root crops in the combination of drip irrigation and fine sprinkling (MAV). The experiments were carried out according to a three – factor scheme providing for the regulation of the phytoclimate (factor A): A1 - drip irrigation; A2-drip irrigation together with the management of the phytoclimate by MAV. Hydrothermal regulation of the phytoclimate was carried out using additional equipment with an interval of 1 hour during the entire vegetation period, provided that the air temperature was higher than the biologically optimal 26°C. the parameters of controlling the lowest humidity of HB (factor B) were taken: B1 – 70 %; B2 – 80 %. On the basis of the dispersion statistical analysis of the results of field studies, the following statistically significant shares of their participation in the formation of the crop were established: factor A – 23%, factor B – 29%, factor C – 44%. The revealed joint influence of factors A and C on the variability of the crop of root crops, the share of which was two percent, exceeds the value of the influence of other pair interactions.
Dependence of pigment content in meadow clover leaves on soil phosphorus level
Authors: Lyskova I.V. , Lisitsyn E.M.
Published: December 2020

In 2018-2019, the effect of different levels of soil phosphorus on the pigment complex of the clover (Trifolium pratense L.) leaves was assessed. Total chlorophyll content was 15.34-19.05 and 11.47-14.10 mg g- 1 dry matter, of which Chl a accounted for 9.64-11.36 and 6.67-7.98 mg g-1 (2018 and 2019 respectively). Carotenoids content varied within 2.69-3.12 and 1.52-1.88 mg g-1 in 2018 and 2019 respectively. Weight ratio of total chlorophyll/carotinoids (5.7-6.7 in 2018 and 6.8-9.6 in 2019) gives the grounds to consider that there was not disorders in structure of the pigment complexes of leaves in both year. There were statistically significant linkage of level of soil phosphorus with Chl a (r = 0.536-0.743) and Chl b (r = 0.725-0.748) in cooler conditions of 2019. In wormer 2018, these links were insignificant (Chl a = -0.146 to -0.286 and Chl b = -0.257 to -0.275). Correlation between phosphorus content in soil and carotenoids content in leaves was insignificant in all cases. Chl pigments showed a polynomial second order relationship with level of soil phosphorus. In 2019, these relations was statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05 (R2 = 0.68-0.76) for both chlorophylls. Under conditions of 2018 these relations was insignificant (R2 = 0.10-0.43).
Ecological problems in the Russian Federation. Impact on the health of people and the country’s economy
Authors: Kobzev Kirill , Kobzeva Nataliya , Chegge Valeriia , Balinskaya Maria , Bozhenko Ekaterina , Saakian Sirun , Sarkisian Dzhuletta
Published: December 2020

The article discusses The transition to sustainable development of the Russian Federation as a whole is possible only if sustainable development of all its regions is ensured. This presupposes the formation of an effective spatial structure of the country’s economy while maintaining a balance of interests of all constituent entities of the Russian Federation, which predetermines the need to develop and implement programs for the transition to sustainable development for each region, as well as to further integrate these programs in the development of state policy in the field of sustainable development. Problems solved in each region should largely correspond to federal tasks, but at the same time, local specifics must be taken into account.
Global environmental problems in the world
Authors: Semenova Galina
Published: December 2020

Air pollution is an environmental problem that is familiar to residents of absolutely all corners of the earth. It is especially acutely felt by residents of cities where enterprises of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, energy, chemical, petrochemical, construction, pulp and paper industries operate. In some cities, the atmosphere is also severely poisoned by vehicles and boiler houses. These are all examples of anthropogenic air pollution. The subject of the study is the emissions of carbon dioxide into the environment. The purpose of the study is to solve the problem of environmental pollution by harmful substances and preserve the ecology in the world. Methodology. The main indicators characterizing the impact on the environment - CO2 emissions in the global energy sector - have been systematized; two indicators have been identified that determine the level of atmospheric pollution. Results - the scale of the influence of atmospheric air pollution on human health and the entire ecosystem as a whole was revealed.
The quality of environmental planning in the assessment of residents of Moscow
Authors: Pryadko Igor’
Published: December 2020

The paper analyzes the results of a sociological survey conducted in February-March 2020 by teachers and students of NRU MSUCE on the topic “Urboecological planning and design in the assessment of the young generation of townspeople.” The survey was conducted among young people permanently residing in the metropolitan area, including in the territory of New Moscow. The study identified the main challenges and problems facing city authorities and civil society in the in the metropolitan area and Moscow region. Some measures of urban ecological planning and design are considered. The author analyzes the components of the ecological culture of the townspeople, in the structure of which he distinguishes ecological education, ecological upbringing and ecological behavior. The results of the study can be used in planning and conducting environmental protection measures both in large metropolitan areas, in particular in Moscow, and in medium-sized settlements.
Using the system-functional approach to assess the development of housing construction
Authors: Ermilova Mariia I. , Laptev Sergey V.
Published: December 2020

The article substantiates the methodology of the system-functional approach to organizing financing and ensuring the functioning of the complex, the use of which allows you to quickly identify and eliminate the factors of non-market distortions in the development of the housing complex and increase the efficiency of its functioning. The possibilities of practical application of the methodology at different levels of the organization of the economy are revealed The most powerful distorting effects arising from the redistribution of incomes created by market participants that do not correspond to their role in economic processes, due to a violation of the proportions of reproduction, the formation of incentives to obtain nonmarket income are highlighted.
Development of High-Tech Industries: Foreign Experience
Authors: Makoveev Vitaly , Mukhametova Liliya
Published: December 2020

Sustainable long-term development of the energy sector is impossible without a developed manufacturing industry and especially machine-building enterprises. The article considers the experience of developed and developing countries in the field of support and stimulation of innovative processes in industrial enterprises. It is concluded that one of the main roles in the activation of innovation processes in industry is played by state authorities and management.
Energy conservation challenges and potential in Russia’s North-East region
Authors: Semenov A.S. , Bebikhov Yu.V. , Pavlova S.N. , Yakushev I.A. , Fedorov O.V. , Vladimirov O.V.
Published: December 2020

The paper discusses challenges and a potential of fuel and energy savings in one of the republics of the North-Eastern region of the Russian Federation. The authors show the challenges of energyand heatsaving, with due account too particular features of Sakha Republic (Yakutia), which include: inconsistency of the actual operating conditions of the equipment with the requirements of regulatory documents in force; problems in supplying the consumers in the decentralized zone. The region’s goals in the segment of energy saving are determined. A detailed assessment of energy-saving potential in the electricity, thermal and fuel saving sectors is carried out. Energy saving is achieved mainly by reducing the losses in general-purpose utility networks, when switching to energy-saving lighting devices, as well as by reducing electricity consumption rate for water pumping, supply and sewage disposal. Heat energy savings can primarily be achieved only by reducing losses in heating services’ networks. Considerable fuel savings can be obtained by reducing the fuel consumption rate in boiler houses and diesel-run power plants. The results show high potential for energy savings in the region. Energyand fuel-intensive activities alone could save the estimated 1 million TOE every year.
Innovative urban ecosystems – features of Russian formation and development
Authors: Okrepilov Vladimir , Antokhina Yulia , Semenova Elena , Getmanova Galina
Published: December 2020

Innovation ecosystem is one of the tools to create conditions that increase the competitiveness of organizations in the national and regional economies. Based on the historical analysis of the formation of the management system in the scientific and technical sphere, carried out by the authors of the article, the elements of the ecosystem that make the main contribution to the overall potential of the Russian economy are considered. Since the main elements of the ecosystem are located in cities - in megalopolises and in specialized settlements - the problem of innovative development and territorial distribution are intertwined more closely than ever, creating both growth points and regions of stagnation. The article considers the types of innovation systems, analyzes the ecosystem approach in innovation policy and the necessary basic conditions for creating local innovation ecosystems.
The role of state support for small and medium-sized businesses in the context of innovative economic development
Authors: Kookueva Viktoriya , Tsertseil Juliya
Published: December 2020

The problems of supporting small and medium-sized businesses are relevant for both developed and emerging economies. The level of business development depends on the effectiveness of state policy, which affects the rate of economic growth, GDP dynamics, and innovation activity. The article emphasizes the positive impact of strategic planning at the state level, the inclusion of projects for the development of small and medium-sized businesses in Federal and national projects, state programs. However, the article highlights the problems of increasing the effectiveness of state support. The author analyzes the directions of state support for small businesses, as well as support for individual sectors and sectors of the economy, such as energy. The growth of public investment in the construction of state property objects is emphasized. The development of the transport system, energy, construction of major facilities, and innovative development require state support. A comparative analysis of the forms and directions of support in Russia and other countries is provided. There is a need for state support tools that exclude simple spending of budget funds, and there is a need for clearer conditionality of receiving funds and reporting. For innovative development of economy it is necessary to provide such support tools that would increase the level of innovative activity, effectiveness of R & d, commercialization of intellectual property, the development of technological innovation.
Der Herzrhythmus
Authors: Corts Magga
Published: December 2020

Die Befüllung und Entleerung des Herzes mit Blut wird als Herzzyklus bezeichnet. Dies erfordert eine aufeinander abgestimmte Koordination der Reizweiterleitung im Herzen.
SARS-CoV-2-induzierte Enzephalopathie
Authors: Abdelnaby Ramy , Elsayed Mohamed , Abele-Haupts Francis , Barkin Mehmet E. , Rudek Markus A. , Schmidt Kai
Published: December 2020

Das schwere akute respiratorische Syndrom-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), welches die Coronavirus-Krankheit-2019 (COVID-19) verursacht, trat erstmals im Dezember 2019 in Wuhan/China, auf. Diese hat sich rasch auf mehrere Länder ausgebreitet und ist zu einem globalen Gesundheitsproblem geworden. Über die Auswirkungen des respiratorischen Syndroms auf das zentrale Nervensystem (ZNS) wird in geringer, aber zunehmender Zahl berichtet. Wir berichten über einen Fall von SARS-CoV-2-induzierter Enzephalopathie mit einer biphasischen klinischen Präsentation, welche erst nach einem neurologisch unauffälligen Zeitraum aufgetreten ist.
Der aktuelle Stand der Employability (Beschäftigungsfähigkeit) von OMT-Absolventen der muskuloskelettalen (manuellen) Therapie in Deutschland
Authors: Anderseck Jana , Lüning Eva , von Piekartz Harry
Published: December 2020

In dieser Online-Befragung wird erforscht, ob eine OMT-Weiterbildung (orthopädische manuelle/manipulative Physiotherapie) die Employability (Beschäftigungsfähigkeit) verbessert und woran man eine Verbesserung erkennen könnte. Veränderungen durch die OMT-Weiterbildung, deren Vor- und Nachteile und weitere Themen waren Bestandteile der Befragung. Die statistische Auswertung erfolgte deskriptiv. 190 Fragebögen wurden ausgewertet, die Rücklaufquote lag bei 44,6 %.

Die Befragung zeigte, dass die OMT-Weiterbildung teilweise Vorteile mit sich bringt. Die Vorteile sind laut den Befragten eine verbesserte Behandlung und Beratung von Patienten, mehr Spaß und Motivation bei der Arbeit und eine erhöhte Patientenzufriedenheit. Keine Vorteile sind hingegen in Bezug auf eine bessere professionelle Position, Mehrverdienst oder eine verbesserte Zusammenarbeit mit den Krankenkassen zu erkennen. Zudem ist die Zufriedenheit mit dem Dachverband OMT-Deutschland eher gering. Dennoch würden über 90 % die OMT-Weiterbildung weiterempfehlen.

Es sollten weitere Studien in Bezug auf die Employability von Physiotherapeuten mit bestimmten Fort-/Weiterbildungen durchgeführt werden. Nach Aussagen der OMT-zertifizierten Physiotherapeuten nimmt die Employability nach der OMT-Weiterbildung zu. Die Beziehung zu dem Dachverband OMT-Deutschland scheint eher schwierig oder nicht vorhanden zu sein.
Cranial Ultrasound Is an Important Tool in the Recognition of Life-Threatening Infratentorial Hemorrhage in Newborns
Authors: van Steenis A. , Fumagalli M. , Kruit M. C. , Peeters-Scholte C. M. P. C. D. , de Vries L. S. , Steggerda S. J.
Published: December 2020

Timely detection of severe infratentorial hemorrhage in neonates is crucial, especially in case of life-threatening brain stem compression and/or acute obstructive hydrocephalus, which need lifesaving neurosurgical intervention. Although the detection of infratentorial hemorrhage by ultrasound scanning is often considered as difficult, the use of additional acoustic windows and recognition of characteristic ultrasound features facilitate early diagnosis. In this case series, we report on newborns with severe, symptomatic infratentorial hemorrhage detected primarily by cranial ultrasound. We demonstrate the characteristic ultrasound features present in all cases and discuss how ultrasound diagnosis contributed to early diagnosis and treatment.
Discordance between Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization and Immunohistochemistry Analysis of Anaplastic Lymphoma Kinase Rearrangement in Indian Patients with Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer
Authors: Kumar Manish , Kumar Kishore , Singh Harinder Pal , Nair Suresh , Patel Amol , Kumar Ashok , Soni Sneha
Published: December 2020

Aims This study aims to evaluate the incidence of anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) mutation in nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) incorporating fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and immunohistochemistry (IHC) methods and to look for any discordance.

Methods We evaluated 101 samples obtained from an enriched cohort of NSCLCs patients from the Army Hospital Research and Referral, New Delhi, India, between November 2016 and November 2018. IHC was performed using the highly-sensitive D5F3 rabbit monoclonal primary antibody. FISH was performed with dual-color, break-apart probe (ZytoLight SPEC) on formalin-fixed, and paraffin-embedded tissue. Discordance between IHC and FISH for ALK rearrangements was evaluated. Pearson correlation coefficient (r) was performed to identify any association of ALK presence (by IHC and FISH) with smoking brain metastasis, programmed death-ligand (PD-L1) expression, pleural effusion, and histopathological subtype.

Results A total of 7.92% (8/101) cases tested by IHC and 9.9% (10/101) cases tested by FISH were positive for ALK rearrangement. Of 93 ALK IHC-negative cases, 4 were ALK FISH-positive, whereas of 91 ALK FISH-negative cases, 4 were ALK IHC-positive cases. The correlation analysis demonstrated no or very weak correlation in ALK mutations by IHC or FISH with smoking, brain metastasis, PD-L1 expression, pleural effusion, and histopathological examination, except a weak positive correlation (r = 0.33) observed between brain metastasis and ALK rearrangement identified by FISH.

Conclusions Our study demonstrated a somewhat similar incidence of ALK FISH-positive cases and ALK IHC-positive cases, though the incidence was numerically higher for ALK-FISH method.
Cancer in Lebanon: A Review of Incidence Rates from 2008 to 2015 and Projections Till 2025
Authors: Khachfe Hussein H. , Rahal Zahraa , Sammouri Julie , Kheil Mira , Baydoun Hussein , Chatila Dana , Dirawi Hiba , Fouad Fouad M.
Published: December 2020

Background and Objectives Cancer carries one of the heaviest burdens globally in terms of mortality. Lebanon is a middle-income Middle East country also plagued with cancer, as such a study and analysis of cancer trends and projections would serve a great benefit in the fight against the disease.

Materials and Methods All data pertaining to cancers in Lebanon were extracted from the National Cancer Registry of Lebanon Web site. Data were analyzed to produce trends over the years of our study (2008–2015). Ten-year projections were further calculated for the top cancers by the primary site using logarithmic models.

Results The top cancers in Lebanon are the breast, lung, colorectal, bladder, and prostate. The top cancers affecting females are the breast, lung, and colorectal. The top cancers affecting males are the prostate, lung, and bladder. Cancer cases are projected to increase in Lebanon over the next 10 years.

Conclusion Lebanon had a steady incidence rate of cancer cases during the time of our study. A more complete understanding of cancer trends and their ultimate reduction will require further research into the origins of specific cancers and the means of prevention and control.
Microfluidic patterning using a digital microfluidic system
Authors: Ciou Ying-Jhen , Lee Hsiang-Ting , Lin Yi-Wei , Yao Da-Jeng
Published: December 2020

There are some issues in printing technology, such as stencils having a brief life span and limitations in patterning; therefore, we propose microfluidic patterning using an electrowetting-on-dielectric (EWOD) and liquid-dielectrophoresis (L-DEP) system. Propylene carbonate liquid was generated, moved, separated, and positioned, and was patterned into various English alphabetic characters. Unlike traditional printing techniques, patterns become limited and fixed, so the shape of the desired pattern cannot be modified arbitrarily. Each single English alphabetic pattern can be formed with a volume of droplet of about 100 nl; the width of the pattern can be decreased to about 0.15 mm or less. Using an EWOD system, we have implemented an open-plate L-DEP system and a two-plate L-DEP system, for the patterning of all English alphabetic characters with the same volume of liquid at a fixed voltage.
Inkjet printing for flexible and wearable electronics
Authors: Yan Ke , Li Jiean , Pan Lijia , Shi Yi
Published: December 2020

Flexible and wearable electronic devices are emerging as the novel platform for portable health monitoring, human–machine interaction, and some other electronic/optic applications. Future development of human-friendly smart electronics relies on efficient manufacturing and processing of advanced functional materials on flexible/stretchable substrates with effective device integration. Inkjet printing, known as a highly efficient solution-based printing and patterning technology with low-cost, high-quality, and high-throughput advantages, suits large-scale fabrication of flexible and wearable electronics. Over the years, researchers focused on high pattern resolution and uniformity on flexible substrates for advanced electrical/optical performances by various inkjet printing techniques. Different ink materials that can realize multiple functions have been fully investigated for achieving favorable printability and desired interactions with the substrates. Here, the most recently reported inkjet printing strategies, functional ink materials, and diverse inkjet-printed wearable electronic devices for practical applications (e.g., sensors, displays, transistors, and energy storage devices) are summarized. An outlook on future challenges as well as opportunities of inkjet-printed flexible and wearable electronics for research development and industrial commercialization is also presented.
Strategic supplementation of growing cattle on tropical pastures improves nutrient use and animal performance, with fewer days required on the finishing phase
Authors: Azevedo Costa Diogo Fleury , Correia Paulo Sergio , Reboucas Dorea Joao Ricardo , De Souza Jonas , de Souza Congio Guilhermo Francklin , Vaz Pires Alexandre , Muniz Malafaia Pedro Antonio , Drouillard James , Tadeu dos Santos Dias Carlos , Luchiari-Filho Albino , Portela Santos Flavio Augusto
Published: December 2020

Context
Cattle grazing tropical forages usually perform below genetic potential due to limited nutrient intake.

Aims
Four experiments were conducted to evaluate supplementation strategies on performance and metabolism of cattle grazing intensively managed marandu palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha).

Methods
Experiment 1 evaluated the average daily gain (ADG) of 72 young bulls (222 ± 25 kg bodyweight, BW) grazing palisade grass and supplemented (22% crude protein, CP) at 0.0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% BW, and their ADG during the feedlot finishing phase. Experiment 2 evaluated the ADG of 80 bulls (240 ± 18 kg BW) grazing palisade grass and supplemented with energy (11.3% CP) or three protein sources (≈20.5% CP) at 0.6% BW. Experiment 3 investigated intake, rumen parameters and digestibility of nutrients in fistulated steers (410 ± 8.6 kg BW) fed an energy supplement, that is, ground corn, at 0.0%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 0.9% BW, with a parallel in vitro study of fermentation kinetics (Experiment 4).

Key results
Increased levels of supplementation resulted in linear increases (P < 0.05) in ADG, stocking rate (SR) and in BW gain per area. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in ADG, SR and BW gain per area among supplemental sources of protein or the energy supplement. Increasing energy levels caused a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in forage intake and grazing time and a linear increase (P < 0.05) in total dry matter and digestible-nutrient intakes, but did not affect (P > 0.05) fibre degradability. Corn supplementation also caused a linear decrease (P < 0.05) in acetate:propionate ratio, in ruminal ammonia-N and in N excretion, and a linear increase (P < 0.05) in rumen propionate concentration, in microbial synthesis and in N retention. The supplementation increased BW at the start of the feedlot phase, resulting in similar hot carcass weights with fewer days on feed and no effects on meat quality.

Conclusions
Overall, despite the source utilised, supplementation increased ADG, SR and BW gain per area, with fewer days being required on the finishing period.

Implications
Having adequate supplementation strategies in place will help producers increase the efficiency of their systems.
A new Lophoturus species (Diplopoda, Polyxenida, Lophoproctidae) from Rodrigues Island, the Republic of Mauritius: morphological and molecular evidence
Authors: Huynh Cuong , Veenstra Anneke A.
Published: December 2020

A new penicillate millipede Lophoturus porchi sp. n. (Lophoproctidae) is described from Caverne de la Vierge, François Leguat Giant Tortoise and Cave Reserve, Rodrigues Island, Mauritius. A comparison of the body length, number of sensilla on the gnathochilarial palp, number of linguiform processes and structure of the labral surface as well as genetics based on the 18S and COI genes indicate that this is a new Lophoturus species.
‘Ou ni right-la pou remain silans’
Authors: Evans R. Sandra
Published: December 2020

Although in recent years researchers have intensified focus on the communication of the pre-trial right to silence or
police caution to native and non-native speakers of English, most of this research has been concerned with linguistic complexity,
comprehension, and comprehensibility issues. Relatively few studies have focused attention on the role played by the deliverer of the
caution in the communicative equation (Cotterill 2000), particularly in situations where the
caution has to be interpreted or translated by its deliverer. Drawing on a sociolinguistic variation approach, this study investigates the
communication of the police caution to creole speakers, who remain nearly invisible in the research to date. It uses the categories of
literal and free translation as tools to analyze spontaneous translations of the caution from English to French lexicon Creole (Kwéyòl)
produced by (n = 25) police officers in St. Lucia. The results show considerable variability in these translations, which
may have negative consequences for the accused. This study seeks to draw attention to these consequences, by underscoring some of the
inaccuracies that may occur in translating or interpreting a caution written in English to Kwéyòl, and make a case for policy that would use
the language of the accused in situations of language variation. The study argues that such a policy, which standardizes the Kwéyòl version
of the caution, would not only obviate the potential for variability, but would also minimize misunderstandings, which could compromise the
legal rights of the suspect.
Five decades of research on phytoplasma-induced witches’ broom diseases
Authors: Hemmati Chamran , Nikooei Mehrnoosh , Al-Sadi Abdullah Mohammed
Published: December 2020

Phytoplasmas, prokaryotic wall-less microorganisms, are important pathogens of several plant species in most parts of the world. Phytoplasmas have been reported associated with various symptoms on hundreds of plant species. Witches’ broom disease (WBD) is one of the most common disease symptoms, which is caused by phytoplasma strains belonging to different phytoplasma groups. Symptoms of the disease differ from one host to the other as well as from one phytoplasma strain to the other. However, WBD symptoms are usually characterized by the production of a large number of small leaves, accompanied in some host plants by the production of several branches/shoots. Phytoplasma strains belonging to more than 13 groups and 39 subgroups have been reported associated with WBD in more than 116 plant species. Most of the phytoplasma strains causing WBD symptoms in plant species belong to the 16SrII and 16SrI groups, mainly 16SrII-D and 16SrI-B subgroups. The current review provides information on the different types of phytoplasma strains associated with WBD symptoms in ornamental plants, medicinal plants, forest trees, weeds, vegetable crops, field crops, and fruit trees. Emphasis is on WBD on acid limes, almonds, peanuts, jujube, and cassava that have resulted in significant economic losses in different countries. Description of the symptoms, phytoplasma groups, and management options is also provided for some of the diseases.
COVID-19 lockdown air quality change implications for solar energy generation over China
Authors: Choi Kelvin Tsz Hei , Brindley Helen
Published: December 2020

We exploit changes in air quality seen during the COVID-19 lockdown over China to show how a cleaner atmosphere has notable co-benefits for solar concentrator photovoltaic energy generation. We use satellite observations and analyses of the atmospheric state to simulate surface broadband and spectrally resolved direct normal irradiance (DNI). Over Wuhan, the first city placed under lockdown, we show how the atmospheric changes not only lead to a 19.8% increase in broadband DNI but also induce a significant blue-shift in the DNI spectrum. Feeding these changes into a solar cell simulator results in a 29.7% increase in the power output for a typical triple-junction photovoltaic cell, with around one-third of the increase arising from enhanced cell efficiency due to improved spectral matching. Our estimates imply that these increases in power and cell efficiency would have been realised over many parts of China during the lockdown period. This study thus demonstrates how a cleaner atmosphere may enable more efficient large scale solar energy generation. We conclude by setting our results in the context of future climate change mitigation and air pollution policies.
SolarEV City concept: building the next urban power and mobility systems
Authors: Kobashi T , Jittrapirom P , Yoshida T , Hirano Y , Yamagata Y
Published: December 2020

Cities have become the focus of global climate mitigation efforts because as they are responsible for 60%–70% of energy-related CO2 emissions. As the world is increasingly urbanized, it is crucial to identify cost-effective pathways to decarbonize and enhance the resilience of cities, which ensure the well-being of their dwellers. Here, we propose a ‘SolarEV City’ concept, in which integrated systems of cities’ roof-top photovoltaics and electric vehicles (EVs) supply affordable and dispatchable CO2-free electricity to urban dwellers. Our analyses indicate that implementations of the concept can meet 53%–95% of electricity demands in nine major Japanese urban areas by 2030. CO2 emission from vehicle use and electricity generation in these areas can be reduced by 54%–95% with potential cost savings of 26%–41%. High cost-effectiveness and seasonally stable insolation in low latitudes may imply that the concept may be more effective to decarbonize urban environments in emerging economies in low latitudes. Among several factors, governmental interventions will play a crucial role in realizing such systems, particularly in legislating regulations that enhance penetration of the integrated system of PV and EV and enable formation of decentralized power systems. As bottom-up processes are critical, policy makers, communities, industries, and researchers should work together to build such systems overcoming social and regulatory barriers.
Integrated nanolasers via complex engineering of radiationless states
Authors: Totero Gongora Juan S , Fratalocchi Andrea
Published: December 2020

The development of compact and energy-efficient miniaturised lasers is a critical challenge in integrated non-linear photonics. Current research focuses on the integration of subwavelength all-dielectric lasers in CMOS compatible platforms. These systems provide a viable alternative to state-of-the-art nanoplasmonic sources, whose practicality is often hindered by high metal losses. The efficiency of dielectric nanolasers, however, is affected by the diffraction limit of light, which restricts the degree of localisation achievable with standard resonator modes. The recent development of new types of radiationless states has brought a sharp innovation in the field of subwavelength dielectric lasers. Radiationless states are exotic electromagnetic solutions that originate from the complex superposition and interaction of several resonator modes. They are associated with a high degree of near-field localisation which makes them particularly advantageous for non-linear photonics applications. In this work, we provide an overview of the most recent theoretical and experimental efforts toward the development of integrated lasers and ultrafast sources based on the amplification of exotic radiationless states. In particular, we focus our attention on two specific types of radiationless states: optical anapoles and Bound States in the Continuum (BIC). By discussing their differences and similarities, we provide a unifying view of these distinct research areas and outline possible future directions for these innovative platforms.
Characteristics of Fetal Extrachromosomal Circular DNA in Maternal Plasma: Methylation Status and Clearance
Authors: Sin Sarah T K , Ji Lu , Deng Jiaen , Jiang Peiyong , Cheng Suk Hang , Heung Macy M S , Lau Caitlyn S L , Leung Tak Y , Chan K C Allen , Chiu Rossa W K , Lo Y M Dennis
Published: December 2020

Background

Although the characterization of cell-free extrachromosomal circular DNA (eccDNA) has gained much research interest, the methylation status of these molecules is yet to be elucidated. We set out to compare the methylation densities of plasma eccDNA of maternal and fetal origins, and between small and large molecules. The clearance of fetal eccDNA from maternal circulation was also investigated.

Methods

We developed a sequencing protocol for eccDNA methylation analysis using tagmentation and enzymatic conversion approaches. A restriction enzyme-based approach was applied to verify the tagmentation results. The efficiency of cell-free fetal eccDNA clearance was investigated by fetal eccDNA fraction evaluations at various postpartum time points.

Results

The methylation densities of fetal eccDNA (median: 56.3%; range: 40.5–67.6%) were lower than the maternal eccDNA (median: 66.7%; range: 56.5–75.7%) (P = 0.02, paired t-test). In addition, eccDNA molecules from the smaller peak cluster (180–230 bp) were of lower methylation levels than those from the larger peak cluster (300–450 bp). Both of these findings were confirmed using the restriction enzyme approach. We also observed comparable methylation densities between linear and eccDNA of both maternal and fetal origins. The average half-lives of fetal linear and eccDNA in the maternal blood were 30.2 and 29.7 min, respectively.

Conclusions

We found that fetal eccDNA in plasma was relatively hypomethylated compared to the maternal eccDNA. The methylation densities of eccDNA were positively correlated with their sizes. In addition, fetal eccDNA was found to be rapidly cleared from the maternal blood after delivery, similar to fetal linear DNA.
An analysis of perceptions and support for Windows 10 Home Edition update features
Authors: Morris Jason , Becker Ingolf , Parkin Simon
Published: December 2020

Home computer users are regularly advised to install software updates to stay secure. Windows 10 Home Edition automatically downloads and installs updates, restarting the computer if needed. Automatic restarts can be managed through a number of features, such as ‘active hours’ (within which a computer will not restart to complete an update) or by setting a time for restart. Applications active prior to a restart can register with the operating system, to automatically restart once updates have been installed. This research investigates if the features Microsoft provides for managing updates on Windows 10 Home Edition are appropriate for computer owners. We build a model of Windows 10 update behaviour, identifying interaction points between update features and users. We contrast theory with reality in a survey with 93 Windows 10 Home users, capturing experiences and perceptions. While overall perceptions of updates were positive, the pattern of use of most participants was incompatible with the default ‘active hours’ settings (28% of participants knew of its existence). Participants were mostly unaware of quality (bug fix) updates, mostly perceiving that updates add features. Half of our participants reported unexpected restarts, while half also reported growing concern about the state of their device if an update took a long time. Those with previous negative update experiences had weaker beliefs about their ability to control updates than those who had not. To make the updates less disruptive, applications can request to be restarted by Windows after a reboot. Of the 47 commonly used applications which were tested, only two supported seamless continuation after a restart. Unsaved data were lost in 21 applications, and 14 appeared to rely on internal autosave features to capture unsaved data, but did not completely restore User Interface arrangements. We recommend that operating systems obtain explicit permission for restarts, consistently; there are opportunities for features such as active hours and update progress displays to learn from usage activity. At the same time, applications should be more resilient to restarts to reduce the burden on users to recover their activities.
Efficient distributed network covert channels for Internet of things environments†
Authors: Cabaj Krzysztof , Żórawski Piotr , Nowakowski Piotr , Purski Maciej , Mazurczyk Wojciech
Published: December 2020

Each day more and more Internet of Things (IoT) devices are being connected to the Internet. In general, their applications are diverse but from the security perspective, it is evident that they are increasingly targeted by cybercriminals and used for nefarious purposes. Network covert channels form a subgroup of the information-hiding research area where secrets are sent over communication networks embedded within the network traffic. Such techniques can be used, among others, by malware developers to enable confidential data exfiltration or stealth communications. Recently, distributed network covert channels have raised the attention of security professionals as they allow the cloaking of secret transmission by spreading the covert bits among many different types of data-hiding techniques. However, although there are many works dealing with IoT security, little effort so far has been devoted in determining how effective the covert channels threat can be in the IoT henvironments. That is why, in this article, we present an extensive analysis on how distributed network covert channels that utilize network traffic from IoT devices can be used to perform efficient secret communication. More importantly, we do not focus on developing novel data-hiding techniques but, instead, considering the nature of IoT traffic, we investigate how to combine existing covert channels so the resulting data transfer is less visible. Moreover, as another contribution of our work, we prepare and share with the community the network traffic dataset that can be used to develop effective countermeasures against such threats.
Organoid-based Models to Study the Role of Host-microbiota Interactions in IBD
Authors: Poletti Martina , Arnauts Kaline , Ferrante Marc , Korcsmaros Tamas
Published: December 2020

The gut microbiota appears to play a central role in health, and alterations in the gut microbiota are observed in both forms of inflammatory bowel disease [IBD], namely Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis. Yet, the mechanisms behind host-microbiota interactions in IBD, especially at the intestinal epithelial cell level, are not yet fully understood. Dissecting the role of host-microbiota interactions in disease onset and progression is pivotal, and requires representative models mimicking the gastrointestinal ecosystem, including the intestinal epithelium, the gut microbiota, and immune cells. New advancements in organoid microfluidics technology are facilitating the study of IBD-related microbial-epithelial cross-talk, and the discovery of novel microbial therapies. Here, we review different organoid-based ex vivo models that are currently available, and benchmark their suitability and limitations for specific research questions. Organoid applications, such as patient-derived organoid biobanks for microbial screening and ’omics technologies, are discussed, highlighting their potential to gain better mechanistic insights into disease mechanisms and eventually allow personalised medicine.
Delayed Valsalva obstruction after transcatheter self-expandable aortic valve implantation: a case report
Authors: Ohya Masanobu , Fuku Yasushi , Shimamoto Takeshi , Kadota Kazushige
Published: December 2020

Background

Delayed coronary obstruction after transcatheter aortic valve implantation has been reported to occur more commonly after self-expandable aortic valve implantation than balloon-expandable valve.

Case summary 

An 86-year-old woman treated by transcatheter self-expandable aortic valve implantation had acute coronary syndrome 3 months after the procedure. Emergent coronary angiography showed decreased blood flow in the left coronary artery. Balloon angioplasty between the valve frame and the left coronary cusp was performed, and her ischaemia resolved. Contrast-enhanced computed tomography showed a commissural post of the supra-annular valve overlying the left coronary cusp, and serial computed tomography showed the valve frame expanding over time. She received coronary bypass grafting using saphenous vein grafts for the left anterior descending and left circumflex arteries. Four months after surgery for the left anterior descending artery, the patient had recurrent chest pain, and computed tomography showed a graft occlusion in the left anterior descending artery. Shortly afterwards, she died of sudden cardiac arrest.

Discussion 

In this report, we describe delayed Valsalva obstruction after transcatheter self-expandable aortic valve implantation, which can be detectable by serial computed tomography. The sealing of a coronary cusp by a commissural post of the valve may be one of the causes of delayed coronary ischaemia after transcatheter self-expandable aortic valve implantation.
Systemic thrombolysis and anticoagulation improved biomarker measurements in massive-like pulmonary embolism and severe COVID-19 pneumonia: a case report
Authors: Betancourt-del Campo Hector , Jerjes-Sanchez Carlos , Castillo-Perez Mauricio , López-de la Garza Hector , Paredes-Vázquez José Gildardo , Flores-Sayavedra Yoezer Z , Moreno-Abril Hoyos Francisco , Ibarra-Flores Marcos
Published: December 2020

Background

From asymptomatic patients to severe acute respiratory distress syndrome, COVID-19 has a wide range of clinical presentations, and venous thromboembolism has emerged as a critical and frequent complication.

Case summary

We present a case of a 69-year-old man with a clinical presentation of massive-like pulmonary embolism (PE) overlapping with severe COVID-19 pneumonia. The diagnosis was made based on hypotension, severe oxygen desaturation (33%), and right ventricular dysfunction (RVD). We used alteplase and low-molecular-weight heparin, obtaining immediate clinical improvement. Also, we identified an extremely elevated D-dimer (31.2 mcg/mL), and computed tomography pulmonary angiography (CTPA) revealed an unexpected low thrombus burden and a crazy-paving pattern. Considering this, we decided to discontinue the alteplase. Therefore, the mechanisms of pulmonary hypertension and RVD could be multifactorial. Despite the patient’s respiratory status worsening and ongoing mechanical ventilation, biomarkers kept lowering to normal ranges. It appears a favourable outcome was related to early PE diagnosis and a multimodal therapeutic approach.

Discussion

Physicians in the ER should be warned about extremely high D-dimer measurements and severe oxygen desaturation as possible markers of severe COVID-19 pneumonia in patients with high-clinical suspicion of PE. Although ESC guidelines recommend immediate reperfusion in cardiogenic shock secondary to PE, we suggest initial CTPA in patients with high-clinical suspicion of severe COVID-19.
Too much of a good thing: a case report of traumatic drop attacks and syncope due to orthostatic hypertension
Authors: von Bartheld Martin B , Duffels Mariëlle G J , Handoko M Louis
Published: December 2020

Background

Orthostatic hypertension (OHT) is the clinical opposite to orthostatic hypotension and is an under-recognized and poorly understood clinical phenomenon. Patients may experience disabling symptoms such as dizziness, chest pain, and shortness of breath. In addition, OHT is associated with important clinical outcomes such as silent cerebral infarcts and cognitive decline.

Case summary

We present the case of a 67-year-old female who experienced frequent drop attacks with and without transient loss of consciousness causing various injuries. A range of standard diagnostic procedures did not yield an explanation for her symptoms but head-up tilt (HUT) testing showed OHT and induced most of her symptoms. Upon initiation of doxazosin, an alpha-blocking drug, she was free of symptoms and blood pressure response was normal on the repeat HUT test.

Discussion

To our knowledge, this is the first report of syncope due to OHT. Orthostatic hypertension is a heterogeneous condition and may occur in young, otherwise healthy individuals but also in older patients with cardiovascular comorbidities. It is thought that symptoms occur because of excessive venous pooling (causing a drop in cardiac output) or adrenergic hypersensitivity (resulting in cerebral vasoconstriction or acute rise in cardiac afterload). Since our patient had a marked response to an alpha-blocking agent, we think baroreflex hypersensitivity is the most likely cause of her complaints. Though syncope is probably rare, OHT should be regarded as a possible explanation of orthostatic symptoms.