bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TOMM40 and APOE: Requirements for replication studies of association with age of disease onset and enrichment of a clinical trial
Authors: Roses Allen D. , Lutz Michael W. , Crenshaw Donna G. , Grossman Iris , Saunders Ann M. , Gottschalk W. Kirby
Published: January 2013

A number of recent studies have not replicated the association of the translocase of the outer mitochondrial membrane pore subunit (TOMM40) rs10524523 polymorphism, which is in linkage disequilibrium with apolipoprotein E (APOE), with age of onset of Alzheimer's disease (AD). This perspective describes the differences between these later studies and the original experiments. We highlight the necessity for using standardized and informative assessment tools and processes when determining the age of development of AD or AD symptoms, and also stress that this clinical phenotype is best measured reliably in prospective studies during which subjects are monitored over time. This is true when assessing potential biomarkers for age of onset and when assessing the therapeutic potential of medicines that may delay the onset or progression of this disease.
A Comparison of Ultrasound and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings of a Morel‐Lavallée Lesion of the Knee
Authors: Goodman Bradly S. , Smith Matthew Thomas , Mallempati Srinivas , Nuthakki Prasanth
Published: January 2013

A Morel‐Lavallée lesion (MLL) is a posttraumatic soft‐tissue injury characterized by an accumulation of blood, lymph, and other physiologic breakdown products between subcutaneous tissue and underlying fascia. It was first described as occurring over the proximal lateral thigh, but it has since been documented at various anatomic locations. Diagnosis is typically made by careful physical examination and a radiographic analysis, most commonly with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Recently, musculoskeletal ultrasound (US) has been recognized as a useful adjunct to and potential replacement for MRI in the diagnosis and monitoring of an MLL. We present a case report of a patient with an MLL of the knee. We obtained magenetic resonance (MRI) and US images at the time of diagnosis, and follow‐up US images during convalescence. By doing so, we were able to identify several key sonographic findings of an MLL at this location and compare them with MRI. Although there have been several published reports to date that describe the use of musculoskeletal US in the diagnosis of MLL, this is the first of which we are aware that does so at the knee.
Clinical Examination of the Rotator Cuff
Authors: Jain Nitin B. , Wilcox Reg B. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Higgins Laurence D.
Published: January 2013

Rotator cuff tears are the leading cause of shoulder pain and shoulder‐related disability and account for 4.5 million physician visits in the United States annually. A careful history and structured physical examination are often sufficient for diagnosing rotator cuff disorders. We are not aware of a clinical review article that presents a structured physical examination protocol of the rotator cuff for the interested clinician. To fill this void, we present a physical examination protocol developed on the basis of review of prior literature and our clinical experience from dedicated shoulder practices. Our protocol includes range of motion testing by using a goniometer, strength testing by using a dynamometer, and select special tests. Among the many tests for rotator cuff disorders that have been described, we chose ones that have been more thoroughly assessed for sensitivity and specificity. This protocol can be used to isolate the specific rotator cuff tendon involved. The protocol can typically be completed in 15 minutes. We also discuss the clinical implications and limitations of the physical examination maneuvers described in our protocol. This protocol is thorough yet time efficient for a busy clinical practice. It is useful in the diagnosis of rotator cuff tears, impingement syndrome, and biceps pathology.
The vortex instability pathway in stratified turbulence
Authors: Waite Michael L.
Published: January 2013

The parameter regime of strong stable density stratification and weak rotation is an important one in geophysical fluid dynamics. These conditions exist at intermediate length scales in the atmosphere and ocean (mesoscale and sub-mesoscale, respectively), and turbulence here links large-scale quasi-geostrophic motions with small-scale dissipation. While major advances in the theory of stratified turbulence have been made over the last few decades, many open questions remain, particularly about the nature of the energy cascade. Recent numerical experiments and analysis by Augier, Chomaz & Billant (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 713, 2012, pp. 86–108) present a remarkably vivid illustration of the nonlinear interactions that drive such turbulence. They consider a columnar vortex dipole, which naturally three-dimensionalizes under the influence of strong stratification. Kelvin–Helmholtz instabilities subsequently transfer energy directly to small scales, where the flow transitions into three-dimensional turbulence. This direct link between large and small scales is quite distinct from the usual picture of a turbulent cascade, in which nonlinear interactions are local in scale. But how important is this mechanism in the atmosphere and ocean?
COMPLETE MONOTONICITY OF A FUNCTION INVOLVING THE DIVIDED DIFFERENCE OF PSI FUNCTIONS
Authors: QI FENG , CERONE PIETRO , DRAGOMIR SEVER S.
Published: January 2013

Necessary and sufficient conditions are presented for a function involving the divided difference of the psi function to be completely monotonic and for a function involving the ratio of two gamma functions to be logarithmically completely monotonic. From these, some double inequalities are derived for bounding polygamma functions, divided differences of polygamma functions, and the ratio of two gamma functions.
THE DUAL STRUCTURE OF CROSSED PRODUCT -ALGEBRAS WITH FINITE GROUPS
Authors: KAMALOV FIRUZ
Published: January 2013

We study the space of irreducible representations of a crossed product ${C}^{\ast } $-algebra ${\mathop{A\rtimes }\nolimits}_{\sigma } G$, where $G$ is a finite group. We construct a space $\widetilde {\Gamma } $ which consists of pairs of irreducible representations of $A$ and irreducible projective representations of subgroups of $G$. We show that there is a natural action of $G$ on $\widetilde {\Gamma } $ and that the orbit space $G\setminus \widetilde {\Gamma } $ corresponds bijectively to the dual of ${\mathop{A\rtimes }\nolimits}_{\sigma } G$.
Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon n. sp. (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) from Labeobarbus aeneus (Cyprinidae) in the Vaal River, South Africa
Authors: Avenant-Oldewage A. , le Roux L.E. , Mashego S.N. , van Vuuren B. Jansen
Published: January 2013

A new species, Paradiplozoon ichthyoxanthon (Monogenea: Diplozoidae) is described from the gills of Labeobarbus aeneus (Cyprinidae) in the Vaal Dam and Vaal River Barrage in the Vaal River, South Africa. This species is the first in this genus from southern Africa; Paradiplozoon aegtyptense and Paradiplozoon ghanense have been described from northern Africa. The new species differs from all other Paradiplozoon species on the basis of the combination of morphological characteristics, namely disk-like haptor, eggs without filaments, clamp and central hook morphology and size of specimens. The species description is accompanied by a description of the reproductive organs. The internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal gene (ITS2) was studied and the South African individuals formed a distinct clade, supporting the establishment of a new species.
BRITAIN AND GLOBALISATION SINCE 1850: II. THE RISE OF INSULAR CAPITALISM, 1914–1939
Authors: Daunton Martin
Published: January 2013

At the end of the First World War, the British government attempted to return to the pre-war policy trade-off of fixed exchanges rates on the gold standard, capital mobility and free trade, which entailed a sacrifice of domestic monetary policy. But the attempt proved difficult between 1919 and 1931 when the pursuit of international economic polices was constrained by a growing concern for their domestic economic and political repercussions. In the 1930s, a new policy trade-off emerged: managed exchange rates, capital controls and protectionism, with a greater concern for domestic monetary policy. The essay explains the reasons for the emergence of constraints and the subsequent abandonment of the pre-1914 policy trade-off in terms of five variables: changes in the performance of the economy and its impact on different actors; the politics of the national debt and the constraints on interest rates; the impact of capital exports on debt repayment and as an alternative to interest rates in influencing the exchanges; an adjustment in assumptions about flexibility of wages and costs; and a breakdown in the political culture of free trade and gold.
Sample preparations are important for fluorescence in situ hybridization of cells biopsied from preimplantation embryos
Authors: Li Lifei , Zhang Xuehong , Wang Weihua
Published: January 2013

Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) is a cytogenetic technology used to detect chromosomal abnormalities in preimplantation human embryos. However, its efficiency is not stable due to improper sample preparation. The present study was designed to modify the current sample preparation technique and then to evaluate its efficiency in human preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD). Day 3 cleavage embryos as well as day 5 and 6 blastocysts were biopsied by mechanical aspiration method. In the present study, two methods were used for sample preparation of the biopsied cells. Method I was the traditional method, in which each blastomere was placed in a hypotonic solution for 5 min and then fixed on glass slides. The slides were kept at room temperature before the FISH procedures. Method II was a modified method, in which all blastomeres were placed individually in hypotonic solution drops covered by oil for at least 5 min and then fixed on slides with 0.1% Tween/HCl. After fixation, the slides were kept at –20°C for at least 30 min before the FISH procedures. The two methods were compared in terms of time consumption and proportions of blastomeres with FISH signals. In total, 329 blastomeres from day 3 embryos were fixed by Method I with an average fixation time of 8–10 min for each blastomere. By contrast, with Method II, 362 blastomeres were fixed and the average time was 3–4 min for each blastomere. After FISH, more nuclei had signals with Method II (97.2%) than with Method I (86.9%). All cells that were biopsied from blastocysts and prepared with Method II had FISH signals. However, Method I was not suitable for the fixation of multiple cells biopsied from blastocysts as cells were not traceable during the fixation. The present study indicates that proper sample preparation is critical for obtaining FISH signals in cells biopsied from preimplantation human embryos; hence these modifications can increase the efficiency of human PGD.
Transcatheter pulmonary valve insertion: when, how, and why
Authors: Ringewald Jeremy M. , Suh Elsa J.
Published: January 2013

Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement is fast becoming an accepted alternative to repeat surgical pulmonary valve replacement for selected patients and therefore a complementary strategy in the long-term management of those requiring surgical pulmonary valve replacement. With a combined surgical and percutaneous approach, late morbidity for some of these patients may be diminished. This manuscript will review the current indications for this procedure, its limitations, and its benefits.
Safe surgical strategy for extracardiac conduit replacement in common arterial trunk
Authors: Karl Tom R.
Published: January 2013

Repair of common arterial trunk using an extracardiac right ventricular to pulmonary arterial conduit is the preferred method in most cardiac surgical centres. Reoperation is a fact of life for survivors of common arterial trunk and related cardiac lesions who have undergone such repairs. Long-term survivors may require periodic conduit revisions, with a potentially escalating technical difficulty and risk. Herein we present an analysis of the currently available choices for extracardiac conduits, and outline what we consider to be a safe and reliable surgical strategy for conduit revision.
The role of research for sustainable paediatric cardiac programmes in developing countries
Authors: Mavroudis Constantine D. , Mavroudis Constantine , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Siegel Allison
Published: January 2013

Significant challenges face developing countries as a result of the maldistribution of access to healthcare throughout the world, specifically access to paediatric cardiac care. Sustainable paediatric cardiac programmes must be established in developing countries to provide care to all children with congenital heart disease. Education and research are essential components to sustainable paediatric cardiac programmes in developing countries to define local problems and the incidence of disease, and to generate solutions thereto related. Research can contribute to developing local expertise, improving technology, providing opportunities for local talent, generating financial resources, enhancing the dignity of people, and the facilitating resolution of health problems throughout the world. Clinical trials conducted in developing countries should meet the same ethical standards as trials based in developed countries.
Long-term management of adults with conotruncal lesions: the diagnostic approach at All Children's Hospital
Authors: Dadlani Gul H. , Braley Katherine , Sochet Anthony , Marcet Kristen , Leshko Jennifer , Turpin Dima , Jacobs Jeffrey P. , Martinez Richard
Published: January 2013

Improved survival in children with complex congenital cardiac disease, such as conotruncal abnormalities, has created a sub-population of children and young adults who need comprehensive multi-disciplinary long-term follow-up. Routine surveillance with comprehensive screening for structural heart disease, functional heart disease, thromboembolic disease, arrhythmias, and associated end-organ dysfunction is important. Future research will better define the care plans for routine surveillance in patients with conotruncal abnormalities.
The World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery: “The Olympics of our Profession”
Authors: Hugo-Hamman Christopher , Jacobs Jeffery Phillip
Published: January 2013

The first World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology was held in London, United Kingdom, in 1980, organised by Dr Jane Somerville and Prof. Fergus Macartney. The idea was that of Jane Somerville, who worked with enormous energy and enthusiasm to bring together paediatric cardiologists and surgeons from around the world. The 2nd World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology took place in New York in 1985, organised by Bill Rashkind, Mary Ellen Engle, and Eugene Doyle. The 3rd World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology was held in Bangkok, Thailand, in 1989, organised by Chompol Vongraprateep. Although cardiac surgeons were heavily involved in these early meetings, a separate World Congress of Paediatric Cardiac Surgery was held in Bergamo, Italy, in 1988, organised by Lucio Parenzan. Thereafter, it was recognised that surgeons and cardiologists working on the same problems and driven by a desire to help children should really rather meet together. A momentous decision was taken to initiate a Joint World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery. A steering committee was established with membership comprising the main organisers of the four separate previous Congresses, and additional members were recruited in an effort to achieve numerical equality of cardiologists and surgeons and a broad geographical representation. The historic 1st “World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery” took place in Paris in June, 1993, organised by Jean Kachaner. The next was to be held in Japan, but the catastrophic Kobe earthquake in 1995 forced relocation to Hawaii in 1997. Then followed Toronto, Canada (2001, organised by Bill Williams and Lee Benson), Buenos Aires, Argentina (2005, organised by Horatio Capelli and Guillermo Kreutzer), and most recently Cairns, Australia (2009, organised by Jim Wilkinson). Having visited Europe (1993), Asia-Pacific (1997), North America (2001), South America (2005), and Australia (2009), and reflecting the “African Renaissance”, the World Congress is coming to Africa. The 6th World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery will be held in Cape Town, South Africa, from 17 to 22 February, 2013. Cape Town is a sublime and compelling African destination with irresistible appeal. The South African Heart Association is the host. Information about The 6th World Congress of Paediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery can be found at http://www.pccs2013.co.za.
Flow-sensitive four-dimensional velocity-encoded magnetic resonance imaging reveals abnormal blood flow patterns in the aorta and pulmonary trunk of patients with transposition
Authors: Riesenkampff Eugénie , Nordmeyer Sarah , Al-Wakeel Nadya , Kropf Siegfried , Kutty Shelby , Berger Felix , Kuehne Titus
Published: January 2013

Background and objectives

Flow profiles are important determinants of fluid–vessel wall interactions. The aim of this study was to assess blood flow profiles in the aorta and pulmonary trunk in patients with transposition and different ventriculoarterial connection, and hence different mechanics of the coherent pump.

Methods

In all, 29 patients with operated transposition – concordant atrioventricular and discordant ventriculoarterial connection, and no other cardiac malformation – and eight healthy volunteers were assessed with cardiac magnetic resonance imaging: n = 17 patients after atrial redirection, with a morphologic right ventricle acting as systemic pump and a morphologic left ventricle connected to the pulmonary trunk, and n = 12 patients after the arterial switch procedure, with physiologic ventriculoarterial connections. Flow-sensitive four-dimensional velocity-encoded magnetic resonance imaging was used to analyse systolic flow patterns in the aorta and pulmonary trunk, relating to helical flow and vortex formation.

Results

In the aorta, overall helicity was present in healthy volunteers, but it was absent in all patients independent on the operation technique. Partial helices were observed in the ascending aorta of 58% of patients after arterial switch. In the pulmonary trunk, mostly parallel flow was seen in healthy volunteers and in patients after arterial switch, whereas vortex formation was present in 88% of patients after atrial redirection.

Conclusion

Blood flow patterns differ substantially between the groups. In addition to varying mechanics of the coherent pumping ventricles, the absent overall helicity in all patients might be explained by the missing looping of the aorta in transposition.
FORM AND REFORM: THE “MISCELLANY NOVEL”
Authors: Hauser Helen
Published: January 2013

Around 1847, an author describinghimself as “A Discharged officer with twenty years’ experience” published a book entitledThe Mysteries of the Madhouse. It commences as a novel: the third-person narrative tells a thrilling tale complete with a harmless heir, conniving step-mother, and gormless step-brother. But after the heir of Howarth House is committed to a madhouse by his step-mother, the genre of the text changes abruptly. With no transition, the language of the novel is suddenly interrupted by extended, first-person, ostensibly factual accounts of what conditions are like inside madhouses.
DESTRUCTIVE MATERNITY IN AURORA LEIGH
Authors: Faulk Laura J.
Published: January 2013

While it is well-known that Victorian women married for financial stability, sexual desire, or social standing, doctors of the time provided another reason: health. Medical texts warned women to make use of their reproductive abilities, to have children to avoid becoming masculine old maids. One anonymous contributor to an 1851 issue of the Journal of Psychological Medicine and Mental Pathology believed the old maid to be physically unwomanly as a result of childlessness.
IN THE “WORLD OF DEATH AND BEAUTY”: RISK, CONTROL, AND JOHN TYNDALL AS ALPINIST
Authors: Eaton R. D.
Published: January 2013

The association between mountaineeringand taking risks is conventional and has been so since mountaineering emerged in Western Europe as a distinct preoccupation during the first half of the nineteenth century. Whatever else mountaineering might be about, it has always at least been about risk. Scholarship on English alpinism in its formative period – the first two decades of the second half of the nineteenth century – has long acknowledged this association. Scholarship has, however, only begun to recognize the complex nature of risk in early English alpinism.
VERNON LUSHINGTON'S “THE STATE”: AN UNPUBLISHED MANUSCRIPT ON THE POSITIVIST METROPOLIS
Authors: Wilson Matthew
Published: January 2013

Over the past few decades, intellectual historians and political theorists have begun to uncover the immense influence Auguste Comte's Positivist ideology exerted on Victorian culture, which attracted sympathisers such as John Stuart Mill, George Eliot, Beatrice Webb, and William Morris (Bevir 57; Varouxakis 100–18; Wright 135, 175–220). Until recently, scholars believed that, within Comte's prolific society of British followers, Vernon Lushington was merely a sympathiser of the movement's aesthetic and literary culture. While many will appreciate that recent accounts of Lushington's life have revealed that he was a “complete” Positivist, or adherent to the Religion of Humanity, few have had an opportunity to examine his position in relation to Comte's prototype for civic reconstruction (Taylor 339–40; Vogeler 163–69). In his four-volume System of Positive Polity (1848–1854), Comte referred to this scheme for pan-European peace as the “Republic of the West.” The extent to which Lushington's work may be read as disseminating this republican city-state system as an inevitable, if not realisable, edifice has remained less clear than others within the circles of British Positivism.
Laboratory-Based Cryogenic Soft X-Ray Tomography with Correlative Cryo-Light and Electron Microscopy
Authors: Carlson David B. , Gelb Jeff , Palshin Vadim , Evans James E.
Published: January 2013

Here we present a novel laboratory-based cryogenic soft X-ray microscope for whole cell tomography of frozen hydrated samples. We demonstrate the capabilities of this compact cryogenic microscope by visualizing internal subcellular structures of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. The microscope is shown to achieve better than 50 nm half-pitch spatial resolution with a Siemens star test sample. For whole biological cells, the microscope can image specimens up to 5 μm thick. Structures as small as 90 nm can be detected in tomographic reconstructions following a low cumulative radiation dose of only 7.2 MGy. Furthermore, the design of the specimen chamber utilizes a standard sample support that permits multimodal correlative imaging of the exact same unstained yeast cell via cryo-fluorescence light microscopy, cryo-soft X-ray microscopy, and cryo-transmission electron microscopy. This completely laboratory-based cryogenic soft X-ray microscope will enable greater access to three-dimensional ultrastructure determination of biological whole cells without chemical fixation or physical sectioning.
Intervention Strategies for Individuals With Early Alzheimer's Disease and COPD
Authors: Voyzey George A.
Published: January 2013

An elderly individual's ability to generate a functional cough is compromised by the loss of expiratory muscle strength (sarcopenia) and reduced elastic recoil of the lungs, resulting in reduced expiratory flow rates and velocity and a decreased intrathoracic airway pressure increasing the risk for aspiration and pneumonia. The addition of COPD and Alzheimer's disease to the individual's comorbidities limit a successful respiratory therapy program and the speech-language pathologist's interventions. The following activities promote expiratory muscle strength building and endurance for individuals diagnosed on the Global Deterioration Scale Stage 3 through early Stage 6. The respiratory therapist and attending physician should provide baselines and benchmarks for the speech-language pathologist throughout the individual's treatment. The activities listed here need to be a component of a multidisciplinary intervention that includes upper extremity exercise and walking for strength building and endurance.
Patient Care: Bridging Evidence and Functional Outcomes
Authors: Smith Pamela A. , Mason-Baughman Mary Beth
Published: January 2013

In this article, we invite the reader to think about the most important component of clinical practice—the patient—and to think about ways clinicians theoretically and personally approach a resident with communication and/or cognitive impairments. We seek to examine the thought processes necessitated in translating “evidence” to practice in our efforts to help the patient or resident sitting before us in the clinic.
Home Health Care for Adults: A Tutorial for SLPs
Authors: Malone Megan L. , Loehr Jennifer
Published: January 2013

Today, the settings in which a speech-language pathologist (SLP) can practice are as varied as the patients served. From the skilled nursing facility to outpatient treatment to acute care, SLPs provide services in more settings than ever before. One setting that is growing in need is the home health setting. The home health setting provides many benefits to an SLP and to the patients receiving services.
An exploration of the therapeutic process while using computerised cognitive behaviour therapy
Authors: Purves David G. , Dutton Janet
Published: January 2013

Background: Modern technologies that offer an alternative to face‐to‐face therapy have gained ground in the NHS. Critics have argued that some of the important elements of the therapeutic change process necessarily require a human therapist. Yet, the traditional understanding of the change process in psychotherapy is challenged by evidence that some computerised cognitive behaviour therapy (cCBT) programs may be as effective as face‐to‐face therapy, suggesting that in certain cases the interaction between user and a cCBT product satisfies sufficient criteria for personal change without the need for actual human contact. Aim: This study used the cCBT package Blues Begone as a means of investigating the process by which a computer‐mediated program helped adults with mild depression help themselves. Method: Seven qualitative interviews were conducted with mildly depressed users who had completed Blues Begone in their own homes without any additional human help or support. Findings: Interpretive phenomenological analysis (IPA) was performed with four main themes emerging. These were: the meaningful relationship; shape from confusion; stimulation and empowerment. This study illustrates some of the ways that some depressed users make use of cCBT self help.
Comparison of 2 Clostridium difficile Surveillance Methods National Healthcare Safely Network's Laboratory-Identified Event Reporting Module versus Clinical Infection Surveillance
Authors: Gase Kathleen A. , Haley Valerie B. , Xiong Kuangnan , Antwerpen Carole Van , Stricof Rachel L.
Published: January 2013

Objective.

To determine whether the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) laboratory-identified (LabID) event reporting module for Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is an adequate proxy measure of clinical CDI for public reporting purposes by comparing the 2 surveillance methods.

Design.

Validation study.

Setting.

Thirty New York State acute care hospitals.

Methods.

Six months of data were collected by 30 facilities using a clinical infection surveillance definition while also submitting the NHSN LabID event for CDI. The data sets were matched and compared to determine whether the assigned clinical case status matched the LabID case status. A subset of mismatches was evaluated further, and reasons for the mismatches were quantified. Infection rates determined using the 2 definitions were compared.

Results.

A total of 3,301 CDI cases were reported. Analysis of the original data yielded a 67.3% (2,223/3,301) overall case status match. After review and validation, there was 81.3% (2,683/3,301) agreement. The most common reason for disagreement (54.9%) occurred because the symptom onset was less than 48 hours after admission but the positive specimen was collected on hospital day 4 or later. The NHSN LabID hospital onset rate was 29% higher than the corresponding clinical rate and was generally consistent across all hospitals.

Conclusions.

Use of the NHSN LabID event minimizes the burden of surveillance and standardizes the process. With a greater than 80% match between the NHSN LabID event data and the clinical infection surveillance data, the New York State Department of Health made the decision to use the NHSN LabID event CDI data for public reporting purposes.
Effectiveness of Hand Hygiene for Removal of Clostridium difficile Spores from Hands
Authors: Edmonds Sarah L. , Zapka Carrie , Kasper Douglas , Gerber Robert , McCormack Robert , Macinga David , Johnson Stuart , Sambol Susan , Fricker Christopher , Arbogast James , Gerding Dale N.
Published: January 2013

This study determined whether surrogate organisms can predict activity against Clostridium difficile spores and compared the efficacy of hand hygiene preparations against C. difficile. Our data suggest that surrogate organisms were not predictive of C. difficile spore removal. Four preparations were significantly more effective than tap water at removing C. difficile.
From Apollonius to Zaremba: Local-global phenomena in thin orbits
Authors: Kontorovich Alex
Published: January 2013

We discuss a number of natural problems in arithmetic, arising in completely unrelated settings, which turn out to have a common formulation involving “thin” orbits. These include the local-global problem for integral Apollonian gaskets and Zaremba’s Conjecture on finite continued fractions with absolutely bounded partial quotients. Though these problems could have been posed by the ancient Greeks, recent progress comes from a pleasant synthesis of modern techniques from a variety of fields, including harmonic analysis, algebra, geometry, combinatorics, and dynamics. We describe the problems, partial progress, and some of the tools alluded to above.
Design or pragmatic evolution: applying ITQs in EU fisheries management
Authors: van Hoof Luc
Published: January 2013

Van Hoof, L. 2013. Design or pragmatic evolution: applying ITQs in EU fisheries management. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 462–470. Among the proposals for the 2012 revision of the EU Common Fisheries Policy, a strong case is made for the introduction of a system of rights-based management. The EU perceives individual fishing concessions as an important instrument for capacity management. We will use the introduction of individual tradable quotas in the management of the Dutch North Sea beam trawl fisheries as a case for exploring the effect of the introduction of such an instrument. The effect will be assessed in terms of reduction of fishing capacity in the Dutch beam trawl fleet and its economic and social impact. These Dutch experiences will be translated to the current debate on the reform of the EU Common Fisheries Policy. Especially, we will focus on the issues of "relative stability", the concentration of rights, and the effects on the small-scale fisheries sector. Some of the negative effects associated with individual tradable rights can be addressed through design. However, trying to maintain stability and counter perceived negative impacts on fishing communities will modify the effect of introducing individual fishing concessions.
Small-scale spatial structuring of burrowed sandeels and the catching properties of the dredge
Authors: Johnsen Espen , Harbitz Alf
Published: January 2013

Johnsen, E., and Harbitz, A. 2013. Small-scale spatial structuring of burrowed sandeels and the catching properties of the dredge – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 379–386. The lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) remains burrowed for long periods in the seabed in sandy areas, and its habitat preference is reflected in a large-scale (10 km) patchy distribution in the North Sea. The small-scale spatial structure of sandeels in the seabed is less known. In this study, it was found that sandeel catches in grabs and dredges fit gamma distributions with a common shape parameter on both a 10 m and a 100 m scale. These spatial models were used to examine the catching properties of the dredge, which, in the new ICES sandeel assessment, is used to estimate recruitment and maturity curves. Analyses of the empirical data and simulations of the dredge and grab catch rates show very low dredge catchability (∼5%), but no length-dependent catchability in the dredge was found. However, analyses of the catch rates of parallel dredge hauls indicated increasing dredge catchability with sandeel density. The observed small-scale patchiness and the low and seemingly density-dependent dredge catchability result in biased abundance estimates with low precision. Therefore, we recommend a joint international effort to develop a more catch-efficient sampling dredge, where the effect of density on catchability is further examined.
Development of an ERIC sequence typing scheme for Laribacter hongkongensis, an emerging pathogen associated with community-acquired gastroenteritis and travellers’ diarrhoea
Authors: Feng Jia-Li , Lin Jin-Yan , Jiang Xiao-Bing , Zhang Ou , Zhu Jiang-Feng , Hu Jing , Shi Lei , Chen Qing
Published: January 2013

Laribacter hongkongensis is a potential emerging pathogen, associated with community-acquired diarrhoea. For epidemiological purposes, different molecular typing methods, such as pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and multi-locus sequence typing, have been developed for this pathogen. However, these methods require specialized equipment and costly reagents. More importantly, they are labour-intensive and time-consuming, which is not really suitable for foodborne disease outbreak investigations. In this study, we developed a rapid and reliable method using 22-mer primers specific for the enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence (ERIC). PFGE was used for comparison, to evaluate this method. A total of 81 isolates of L. hongkongensis were examined: 79 isolates recovered from food of diverse origins and two strains derived from patients with L. hongkongensis-associated infection. Typing patterns and clustering analysis indicated that the 81 L. hongkongensis isolates were grouped into 21 and 13 genotypes by ERIC-PCR and PFGE, respectively. ERIC-PCR was found as reproducible as PFGE. A high percentage (70.4 %) of isolates yielded distinguishable ERIC-PCR patterns, which were concordant with the results from PFGE. These results suggest that ERIC-PCR is valuable for use in the epidemiological investigation of L. hongkongensis.
1H-Benzotriazol-1-yl 4-{(E)-[4-(dimethylamino)phenyl]diazenyl}benzoate
Authors: El-Ghayoury Abdelkrim , Zorina Leokadiya , Khouili Mostafa
Published: January 2013

The title compound, C21H18N6O2, was obtained as a by-product of a reaction between (E)-4-(4-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid and 2-amino-4-(2-pyridyl)-6-(6-pyridyl)-1,3,5-triazine, which has a very low solubility, under peptidic coupling conditions, using THF as solvent. The condensation reaction occurred between 1-hydroxybenzotriazole and (E)-4-(4-dimethylaminophenylazo)benzoic acid. The dihedral angle between the benzene rings in the (E)-diphenyldiazene fragment is 10.92 (13)° and that between the benzotriazole mean plane and the central benzene ring is 80.57 (7)°. In the crystal, π–π stacking [centroid–centroid distances = 3.823 (2) and 3.863 (2) Å] of similar fragments generates molecular layers parallel to (0-12). The crystal packing also features weak C—H...N hydrogen bonds involving N atoms of the benzotriazole ring.
2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1H-perimidine
Authors: Maloney Sarah , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Woollins J. Derek
Published: January 2013

The title compound, C13H14N2, was obtained from reaction of diaminonaphthalene with acetone. In both independent molecules in the asymmetric unit, the tricyclic perimidine consists of a planar (r.m.s. deviations = 0.0125 and 0.0181 Å) naphthalene ring system and an envelope conformation C4N2ringwith the NCN group hinged with respect to the naphthalene backbone by 36.9 (2) and 41.3 (2)° in the two independent molecules. The methyl substituents are arranged approximately axial and equatorial on the apical C atom. In the crystal, one of the N—H groups of one independent molecule is involved in classical N—H...N hydrogen bonding. Short intermolecular (C/N)—H...π(arene) interactions, near the short T-shaped limit, link molecules in the absence of strong acceptors.
Pyrimidine-2,4-diamine acetone monosolvate
Authors: Draguta Sergiu , Sandhu Bhupinder , Khrustalev Victor N. , Fonari Marina S. , Timofeeva Tatiana V.
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C4H6N4·C3H6O, the pyrimidine-2,4-diamine molecule is nearly planar (r.m.s. deviation = 0.005 Å), with the endocyclic angles covering the range 114.36 (10)–126.31 (10)°. In the crystal, N—H...N and N—H...O hydrogen bonds link the molecules into ribbons along [101], and weak C—H...π interactions consolidate further the crystal packing.
8,8-Dimethyl-8,9-dihydro-7H-chromeno[2,3-b]quinoline-10,12-dione
Authors: Srinivasan Thothadri , Yuvaraj Panneerselvam , Reddy Boreddy S. R. , Velmurugan Devadasan
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C18H15NO3, the fused benzopyran and pyridine rings are essentially coplanar [r.m.s. deviation = 0.0533 Å with a maximum deviation of 0.080 (1) Å for a benzene C atom]. The cyclohexanone ring adopts an envelope conformation with the dimethyl-substituted C atom 0.660 (2) Å out of the plane formed by the remaining ring atoms (r.m.s. deviation = 0.0305 Å). The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the pyran and cyclohexanone rings is 12.95 (6)°. In the crystal, molecules are linkedviaC—H...O hydrogen bonds, leading to chains running along [011].
Orphenadrinium dihydrogen citrate
Authors: Kaur Manpreet , Jasinski Jerry P. , Keeley Amanda C. , Yathirajan H. S. , Siddaraju B. P.
Published: January 2013

In the title salt, C18H24NO+·C6H7O7−, the dihedral angle between the benzene rings in the cation is 74.2 (5)°. In the crystal, anion–anion O—H...O hydrogen bonds and weak O—H...O interactions form infinite chains along [100]. Between these chains, cation–anion N—H—O hydrogen bonds are observed, forming an alternate pattern of cation and anion layers and leading to a two-dimensional network parallel to (100).
3-[2-(Triphenylphosphanylidene)acetyl]-2H-chromen-2-one
Authors: Taha Muhammad , Ismail Nor Hadiani , Aziza Ahmad Nazif , Shah Syed Adnan Ali , Yousuf Sammer
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C29H21O3P, a coumarin-substitued ylid, the P atom is linked to three benzene rings and a planar coumarin moietyviaa methylenecarbonyl group. The bond lengths in the P=C–C=O fragment clearly indicate a delocalized system involving the olefinic and carbonyl bonds. The molecular structure is stabilized by an intramolecular C—H...O interaction that results in anS7 graph-set ring motif. In the crystal, molecules are linked into a three-dimensional framework by C—H...O hydrogen bonds.
catena-Poly[[[(2,2′-bipyridine-κ2N,N′)manganese(II)]-μ-(2,5-dichloro-3,6-dioxocyclohexa-1,4-diene-1,4-diolato)-κ4O1,O6:O3,O4] ethanol disolvate]
Authors: Nishimura Yuji , Himegi Akiko , Fuyuhiro Akira , Hayami Shinya , Kawata Satoshi
Published: January 2013

The asymmetric unit of the title coordination polymer, {[Mn(C6Cl2O4)(C10H8N2)]·2C2H5OH}n, consists of one MnIIion, one 2,2′-bipyridine (bpy) ligand, one chloranilate (CA2−) ligand and two ethanol solvent molecules. The MnIIion is octahedrally coordinated by two N atoms of one bpy ligand and four O atoms of two chloranilate ions. The chloranilate ion serves as a bridging ligand between the MnIIions, leading to an infinite zigzag chain along [101]. π–π stacking interactions [centroid–centroid distance = 4.098 (2) Å] is observed between the pyridine rings of adjacent chains. The ethanol molecules act as accepters as well as donors for O—H...O hydrogen bonds, and form a hydrogen-bonded chain along theaaxis. The H atoms of the hydroxy groups of the two independent ethanol molecules are each disordered over two sites with equal occupancies.
5,11-Dimethyl-6,12-dimethoxyindolo[3,2-b]carbazole
Authors: Wrobel Norma , Witulski Bernhard , Schollmeyer Dieter , Detert Heiner
Published: January 2013

The title compound, C22H20N2O2, was prepared in a twofold Cadogan cyclization followed by doubleN-methylation. The crystal structure is characterized by a zigzag arrangement of centrosymmetric molecules. The indolocarbazole framework is essentially planar [maximum deviation = 0.028 (2) Å] and the methoxy groups are orthogonal to this plane [C—C—O—C torsion angle = −88.2 (2)°]. The lengths of the C—N bonds are nearly identical and all C—C bonds of the pyrrole subunit are significantly longer than the C—C bonds in the benzene rings.
4′-Cyanobiphenyl-4-yl 7-diethylamino-2-oxo-2H-chromene-3-carboxylate
Authors: Sreenivasa S. , Srinivasa H. T. , Palakshamurthy B. S. , Kumar Vijith , Devarajegowda H. C.
Published: January 2013

In the title compound, C27H22N2O4, the dihedral angles between the central benzene ring and the cyanobenzene ring and the 2H-coumarin ring system (r.m.s. deviation = 0.014 Å) are 22.95 (11) and 75.59 (8)°, respectively. Both terminal C atoms of the pendant diethylamino group lie to the same side of the coumarin ring system [deviations = 1.366 (2) and 1.266 (2) Å]. In the crystal, molecules are linked by C—H...O and C—H...N hydrogen bonds and a C—H...π interaction, generating a three-dimensional network.
(6R*,10R*)-Dimethyl 1,4-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane-6,10-dicarboxylate
Authors: Jahangiri Amita , Wendt Ola F. , Strand Daniel
Published: January 2013

The title compound, C12H18O6, is in the usual chair conformation with the two ester functions in a 1,3-transorientation. With a value of 1.439 (2) Å, the pseudo-axial C—O bond of the 1,3-dioxolane ring is slightly longer than the corresponding equatorial C—O bond of 1.424 (3) Å. The O—C—O angle of the dioxolane ring is 106.25 (17)°.
Mannitol, a compatible solute synthesized by Acinetobacter baylyi in a two‐step pathway including a salt‐induced and salt‐dependent mannitol‐1‐phosphate dehydrogenase
Authors: Sand Miriam , Mingote Ana I. , Santos Helena , Müller Volker , Averhoff Beate
Published: January 2013

The nutritionally versatile and naturally competent soil bacterium Acinetobacter baylyi copes with salt stress by the accumulation of compatible solutes. NMR analyses revealed that cells amassed glutamate and the rather unusual sugar alcohol mannitol upon an increase of the external NaCl concentration. To unravel the path of mannitol biosynthesis, the genome was inspected for genes potentially involved in its biosynthesis. A gene encoding a potential mannitol‐1‐phosphate dehydrogenase (mtlD) was identified in the genome of A. baylyi. Expression of mtlD was highly induced at high salinity. mtlD was overexpressed and the purified protein indeed produced mannitol‐1‐phosphate from fructose‐6‐phosphate. The enzyme preferred NADPH over NADH and the specific activity of fructose‐6‐phosphate reduction with NADPH was 130 U mg−1. Enzymatic activity was strictly salt‐dependent. Deletion of mtlD resulted in a complete loss of salt‐dependent mannitol biosynthesis. We provide clear evidence that osmo‐induced synthesis of the compatible solute mannitol is by a two‐step pathway and that the mannitol‐1‐phosphate dehydrogenase mediating the first step of this pathway is regulated by salinity on the transcriptional as well as on the activity level.
Moving beyond the Janus Face of Integration and Diversity Discourses: Towards an Intersectional Framing
Authors: Anthias Floya
Published: January 2013

This paper proposes the need to move beyond current integration and diversity discourses (and their practices). It argues that whilst purportedly aiming to attack social divisions, on the one hand, these are underpinned by binary and essentialized constructions of these very divisions, on the other. They thereby reinforce notions of ‘us’ and ‘them’. In order to retain their more progressive concerns with heterogeneity and inclusion, the paper brings into focus an intersectional approach that considers the complex and irreducible nature of belonging and social hierarchy. The paper also considers the potential of notions of solidarity and interculturalism in dealing with some of the social issues involved.
Optimisation of process conditions for lactose hydrolysis in paneer whey with cold‐active β‐galactosidase from psychrophilic Thalassospira frigidphilosprofundus
Authors: Ghosh Mrinmoy , Pulicherla Krishna Kanth , Rekha Venkata Perumal Babu , Vijayanand Adapa , Sambasiva Rao Krothapalli Raja Surya
Published: January 2013

The present study was conducted to analyse the physiochemical properties of Indian paneer whey. High concentration of minerals such as potassium, calcium, zinc and sodium, as NaCl, were observed which indicates the suitability of paneer whey in the preparation of beverages. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) of response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimise the hydrolysis of lactose from whey using cold‐active β‐galactosidase of Thalassospira frigidphilosprofundus. Results indicated that 80% of lactose was hydrolysed at pH of 6.5 at 20 °C in 40 min in comparison with 40% at 30 °C. This emphasises the potential use of cold‐active β‐galactosidase in dairy industry.
Effect of misoprostol versus oxytocin during caesarean section: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Hua J , Chen G , Xing F , Scott M , Li Q
Published: January 2013

Background

The efficacy of misoprostol versus oxytocin for reducing blood loss during caesarean section remains unclear.

Objectives

To conduct a meta‐analysis comparing the efficacy of misoprostol with that of oxytocin in reducing blood loss during caesarean section.

Search strategy

We searched MEDLINE, Embase, the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) and ClinicalTrials.gov for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) using the keywords ‘misoprostol’, ‘oxytocin’ and ‘caesarean section’.

Selection criteria

Refereed publications examining the efficacy of misoprostol and oxytocin for reducing blood loss during caesarean section.

Data collection and analysis

Two of the authors independently abstracted data from original articles. A fixed‐effects or random‐effects model was used, depending on the heterogeneity of the data, to estimate the risk ratio (RR), risk difference (RD) or weighted mean difference (WMD) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs).

Main results

A total of 646 pregnant women were included in this analysis. There was a significant difference in estimated blood loss between the misoprostol and the oxytocin groups (WMD–64.09; 95% CI−119.86–−8.31). However, differences in haemoglobin levels (WMD–0.04; 95% CI−0.18–0.10), additional oxytocic therapy requirements (RD .03; 95% CI −0.04–0.10) and blood transfusion requirements (RD 0.00; 95% CI−0.03–0.02) between the two groups failed to reach statistical significance. The incidence of postoperative shivering/pyrexia was significantly higher in the misoprostol group, compared with the oxytocin group (RR 3.23; 95% CI 1.41–7.39).

Authors' conclusions

The results suggest that misoprostol is as effective as oxytocin for reducing blood loss during caesarean section. However, further research into treatment strategies is needed.