bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Processing speed, exposure to print, and naming speed
Authors: KAIL ROBERT , HALL LYNDA K. , CASKEY BRADLEY J.
Published: July 2002

The aim of the present research was to determine the role of reading-related experience and
processing speed on the time it took for children to name familiar stimuli. A total of 168
children, aged 7 to 13, were administered measures of global processing speed, title and author
recognition, naming time, and reading ability. Naming times were predicted by age-related
change in processing time but not by reading experience (as assessed by author and title
recognition). The results are discussed in terms of the factors responsible for the relation between
naming speed and reading.
A longitudinal study of the phonological development of two Cantonese–English
bilingual children
Authors: HOLM ALISON , DODD BARBARA
Published: July 2002

Longitudinal case studies of the successive phonological acquisition of two
Cantonese–English bilingual children, aged 2;3 to 3;1 years and 2;9 to 3;5 years, are
presented. The children were assessed at 4-week intervals. The first assessment of their
phonology occurred when they had been exposed to English for three months. Phoneme
acquisition and phonological process data revealed that both children had separate phonological
systems for the two languages. The two phonological systems for each child developed in similar
ways to monolingual children acquiring Cantonese and English. However, a number of error
patterns, indicative of disorder in monolingual children, were evident in the children's
phonological systems in English and in Cantonese. These patterns have been documented as
normal error patterns for successive bilingual Cantonese–English speaking children. The
difference between normal successive bilingual phonological development and normal
monolingual development is addressed.
Invariant measures for Anosov maps with small holes
Authors: CHERNOV N. , MARKARIAN R. , TROUBETZKOY S.
Published: July 2002

We study Anosov diffeomorphisms on surfaces with small holes. The points that are mapped into the holes disappear and never return. In our previous paper we proved the existence of a conditionally invariant measure $\mu_+$. Here we show that the iterations of any initially smooth measure, after renormalization, converge to $\mu_+$. We construct the related invariant measure on the repeller and prove that it is ergodic and K-mixing. We prove the escape rate formula, relating the escape rate to the positive Lyapunov exponent and the entropy.
Geometric barycentres of invariant measures for circle maps
Authors: JENKINSON OLIVER
Published: July 2002

For a continuous circle map T, define the barycentre of any T-invariant probability measure \mu to be b(\mu)=\int_{S^1} z\, d\mu(z). The set \Omega of all such barycentres is a compact convex subset of \mathbb{C}. If T is conjugate to a rational rotation via a Möbius map, we prove \Omega is a disc. For every piecewise-onto expanding map we prove that the barycentre set has non-empty interior. In this case, each interior point is the barycentre of many invariant measures, but we prove that amongst these there is a unique one which maximizes entropy, and that this measure belongs to a distinguished two-parameter family of equilibrium states. This family induces a real-analytic radial foliation of int(\Omega), centred around the barycentre of the global measure of maximal entropy, where each ray is the barycentre locus of some one-parameter section of the family. We explicitly compute these rays for two examples. While developing this framework we also answer a conjecture of Z. Coelho [6] regarding limits of sequences of equilibrium states.
Researching dementia: are there unique methodological challenges for health services research?
Authors: BOND JOHN , CORNER LYNNE
Published: July 2002

Health services research has been dominated by the biomedical paradigm and positivism, and the funding cultures of biomedicine have dictated the choice of method used by researchers. Social science paradigms, however, have been recognised as increasingly important within health services research and both quantitative and qualitative methods are accepted as appropriate. Older people with dementia have usually been excluded from or marginalised in studies about dementia because of traditional assumptions about the ability or appropriateness of people with dementia to act as participants or respondents. The choice of research method should be driven by theory and not by ideological or political prescription. Theory-driven pluralistic approaches to method will facilitate participation of people with dementia in research through the valuing of personhood. There are no unique methodological challenges in researching dementia. Rather, the complex nature of dementia and dementia care highlight the methodological challenges of investigating complex social phenomena.
Wendt's world
Authors: SMITH STEVE
Published: July 2002

Alexander Wendt's book, Social Theory of International
Politics, is published twenty years after Kenneth Waltz's enormously
influential Theory of International Politics. The similarity in their titles is no
coincidence, since Wendt wants to build on the insights of Waltz's
realism and construct an idealist and holist account of
international politics (not, note, international relations). In my view,
Wendt's book is likely to be as influential as Waltz's. It is a
superbly written and sophisticated book, one that has clearly been drafted and
redrafted so as to refine the argument and anticipate many of the likely
objections. I think that although I can anticipate the objections of both his
rationalist and his reflectivist critics. I am also aware that he makes life
difficult for them by defining his ground very precisely, and by trying to define
the terms of any debate in which he might be engaged. Criticism of the book is
not an easy task. The book is likely to become the standard account for those
working within the social constructivist literature of International Politics. It
is a book that has been eagerly awaited, and it will not disappoint those who
have been waiting for Wendt to publish his definitive statement on
constructivism.
Historiography and International Relations
Authors: LITTLE RICHARD
Published: July 2002

Stafano Guzzini, Realism in International Relations and International Political Economy: The Continuing Story of a Death Foretold, London and New York, Routledge, 1998

Brian C. Schmidt, The Political Discourse of Anarchy: A Disciplinary History of International Relations, Albany, State University of New York Press, 1998

The philosopher and mathematician, Alfred North Whitehead, cautioned many years ago that ‘A science which hesitates to forget its founders is lost’. If this injunction is true, then there would appear to be very little hope for the study of international relations. Although there is considerable debate about who constitute the founding fathers – names as different as Thucydides, Grotius and Kant come to mind – without doubt, interest in the seminal thoughts about international relations of such figures has never been higher.
An overview of robot force control
Authors: Zeng Ganwen , Hemami Ahmad
Published: July 2002

This paper reports on the existing robot force control algorithms and
their composition based on the review of 75 papers on this subject.
The objective is to provide a pragmatic exposition with speciality on
their differences and different application conditions, and to give a guide
of the existing robot force control algorithms. The previous work can be
categorized into discussion, design and/or application of fundamental force
control techniques, stability analysis of the various control algorithms, and
the advanced methods. Advanced methods combine the fundamental force control
techniques with advanced control algorithms such as adaptive, robust and
learning control strategies.
Effective secondary task execution of redundant manipulators
Authors: Lenarčič Jadran
Published: July 2002

In standard pseudoinverse-based approaches to treat redundant manipulators, the vector of joint increments that corresponds to a desired motion in the space of the
secondary task is projected in the Jacobian null space associated with the primary task. In general, this projection may distort the projected vector, so that the secondary task may not
adequately be executed. A usual remedy is to rotate the null space projection operator by using a special-purpose weighting matrix. The problem, however, is that this rotation cannot be enforced arbitrarily since it influences the manipulator's performance. In our work
we propose an algorithm that is independent on the chosen null space operator and always provides the best attainable motion in the space of the secondary task. Hence, the secondary
task is executed more efficiently and the numerical procedure is more robust. A series of numerical experiments confirmed these results.
An Intelligent Anthropomorphic Hand, with Automatic Grasp
Authors: Kyberd Peter J. , Evans Mervyn , te Winkel Stefan
Published: July 2002

The current designs of commercial artificial hands have a low level of innovation. As feedback to the user is difficult to achieve reliably, most devices are simple in design and operation, and limited in functional range. If information on the state of the hand, the forces and any slippage that is occurring is fed back to a microcontroller then more than one degree of freedom can be controlled and a greater and more natural functional range is possible. This paper describes the development of such a device. It outlines the design requirements, the methods of detection of the signals and the training required to operate the hand.
Extension of Usable Workspace of Rotational Axes in Robot Planning
Authors: Huang Zhen , Yao Y Lawrence
Published: July 2002

Singularity of a robot
manipulator is one of the obstacles that influences its capabilities.
This paper discusses constrained and allowable rotational motion resulting from
lost translational freedom when the robot is singular. A convenient
method and simple and clear expression to determine the allowable
rotational axes and the subspace that they form, under Jacobian
singularity, is analyzed and presented. Different configurations, reciprocal screws, and
subspaces of allowable-rotational-axes are derived in a case study involving
a classic robot. The result is useful in applications involving
robot path planning in task space as it extends the
usable workspace of rotational axes.
CONSISTENT SPECIFICATION TESTING FOR CONDITIONAL SYMMETRY
Authors: Zheng John Xu
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a consistent specification
test of conditional symmetry using a kernel method. The
test statistic is shown to be asymptotically distributed
as standard normal under the null hypothesis of conditional
symmetry and consistent against any conditional asymmetric
distribution. Power against local alternatives is also
investigated. A Monte Carlo simulation is provided to evaluate
the finite-sample performance of the test.
MOMENT GENERATING FUNCTIONS AND FURTHER EXACT RESULTS FOR
SEASONAL AUTOREGRESSIONS
Authors: Pitarakis Jean-Yves
Published: July 2002

This paper derives the joint moment generating
function of quadratic forms occurring in seasonal autoregressive
models under stationary, unit root, and explosive specifications.
The results are then used to investigate the impact of
the seasonal periodicity parameter on various distributional
results for both the normalized ordinary least squares
coefficient and t-ratio and its effects on the
asymptotic bias of parameter estimates.
SPURIOUS REGRESSION BETWEEN I(1) PROCESSES WITH
INFINITE VARIANCE ERRORS
Authors: Tsay Wen-Jen
Published: July 2002

This paper considers spurious regression between
integrated processes with stable errors. Our results show
that the t-ratios diverge at the rate of √T,
which is identical to what Phillips (1986, Journal of
Econometrics 33, 311–340) has obtained for the
Gaussian case. Therefore, it is the long memory in the
dependent variable and regressors, instead of the moment
conditions of the error terms, that causes the spurious
regression.
A method for censusing the greater white-nosed monkey in northeastern Gabon using the population density gradient in relation to roads
Authors: Lahm S. A. , Barnes R. F. W. , Beardsley K. , Cervinka P.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a method for estimating monkey numbers in a large area of forest where there is a gradient of monkey densities. The method is illustrated using data collected in the northeastern forests of Gabon during an earlier project. These forests are sparsely populated and there are few roads. The density of Cercopithecus nictitans increases with distance from the nearest road. A geographic information system (GIS) divided the forest into bands of increasing distance from the nearest road. The number of monkeys in each band is the product of the monkey density in that band and the area of the band. Summing across bands gives the population estimate; the standard error can be estimated by bootstrapping. The optimum sample size can be estimated by simulation. Combining estimates of the density gradient with a GIS is a cost-effective method of censusing primates in extensive forests.
Ecophysiology and morphology of seed germination of the neotropical lowland tree Genipa americana (Rubiaceae)
Authors: Souza Alexandre Fadigas De , Andrade Antonio Carlos Silva De , Ramos Flavio Nunes , Loureiro Marta Bruno
Published: July 2002

The morphology of Genipa americana seeds and post-seminal development was studied, and its germination response investigated in relation to storage in water, substrate water volume, osmotic potential and temperature and light regimes. The seeds are flattened and seedlings are phaneroepigeal with leafy cotyledons. Seeds stored in water kept viable for up to 6 mo, but germination and seedling emergence were reduced after 4 mo. Germination was not affected under water-logged conditions, but seedling emergence was reduced at the water volume corresponding to a water column two times deeper than the seeds' mean thickness (70 ml). When seeds were osmotically stressed, a reduction in the rate and germination percentage occurred at −0.2 MPa and germination was drastically inhibited at −0.6 MPa. Seeds germinated in a wide range of temperatures (15–40 °C), with optimum at continuous temperatures of 25 and 30 °C. Light was not required for germination, and no dormancy mechanisms were observed. The seed and seedling morphology and the germinative responses of the species may permit its regeneration in periodically flooded lowland forests and riparian habitats and are probably key factors in explaining the species' wide distribution.
Distribution and abundance of colonies of selected meliponine species in a Costa Rican tropical wet forest
Authors: Breed Michael D. , McGlynn Terrence P. , Sanctuary Michael D. , Stocker Erin M. , Cruz Randolph
Published: July 2002

The goal of this study was to assess territoriality and foraging home ranges for stingless bee species; and to develop methods for censusing stingless bee colonies. Colonies of two meliponine bee species, Trigona corvina Cockerell and Trigona amalthea Vachal, were censused using carrion and honey baits. Trigona corvina and Trigona amalthea are dispersed in a Costa Rican tropical wet forest (La Selva) so that foraging ranges of the colonies are non-overlapping. The nest density was c. 0.25 ha−1 for T. amalthea and 1.0 ha−1 for T. corvina. T. corvina visited carrion baits exclusively, while T. amalthea visited both carrion and honey baits. The identities of T. amalthea colonies were confirmed using a nestmate recognition assay. Partamona peckolti Friese, Plebeia frontalis Friese, and T. fulviventris Guerin also appeared at the baits. The reliability of baiting to determine colony abundance and distribution is assessed.
On autonomous robots
Authors: BEKEY GEORGE A.
Published: July 2002

Autonomous robots are the intelligent agents par excellence. We frequently define a robot as a machine that senses, thinks and acts, i.e., an agent. They are distinguished from software agents in that robots are embodied agents, situated in the real world. As such, they are subject both to the joys and sorrows of the world. They can be touched and seen and heard (sometimes even smelled!), they have physical dimensions, and they can exert force on other objects. These objects can be like a ball in the RoboCup or Mirosot robot soccer games, they can be parts to be assembled, airplanes to be washed, carpets to be vacuumed, terrain to be traversed or cameras to be aimed. On the other hand, since robots are agents in the world they are also subject to its physical laws, they have mass and inertia, their moving parts encounter friction and hence heat, no two parts are precisely alike, measurements are corrupted by noise, and alas, parts break. Of course, robots also contain computers, and hence they are also subject to the slings and arrows of computer misfortunes, both in hardware and software. Finally, the world into which we place these robots keeps changing, it is non-stationary and unstructured, so that we cannot predict its features accurately in advance.
Agent-mediated electronic commerce: a survey
Authors: GUTTMAN ROBERT H. , MOUKAS ALEXANDROS G. , MAES PATTIE
Published: July 2002

Software agents help automate a variety of tasks including those involved in buying and selling products over the Internet. This paper surveys several of these agent-mediated electronic commerce systems by describing their roles in the context of a Consumer Buying Behavior (CBB) model. The CBB model we present augments traditional marketing models with concepts from Software Agents research to accommodate electronic markets. We then discuss the variety of Artificial Intelligence techniques that support agent mediation and conclude with future directions of agent-mediated electronic commerce research.
THE EFFECTS OF NOISE ON THE INTELLIGIBILITY OF FOREIGN-ACCENTED
SPEECH
Authors: Munro Murray J.
Published: July 2002

The effect of the presence of cafeteria noise on the perception of native English and
Mandarin-accented speech was assessed in a sentence-verification task and a
sentence-transcription (dictee) task. Ten advanced-level ESL learners and a comparison group of
native English speakers read a set of simple true or false statements. These were presented in
quiet and noisy conditions to 24 native English listeners who assessed their truth value and wrote
out the utterances they heard. The outcomes of both tasks indicated strong adverse effects of
noise on the intelligibility of many of the accented utterances. In fact, of the set of items that
were verified perfectly in the noise-free condition, the Mandarin-accented ones were significantly
less well verified in noise than the native English ones were. A large degree of interspeaker
variability was also noted, particularly for the Mandarin speakers.
SECOND LANGUAGE PHONOLOGY, PHONETICS, AND TYPOLOGY
Authors: Archibald John
Published: July 2002

In this paper, I address the nature of the mental representation of an interlanguage grammar.
The focus will be on the necessity of positing some sort of hierarchical constituent structure to
account for L2 phonology. I discuss relevant data from the domains of the acquisition of
segments, syllables, moras, and metrical structure. The interaction of these domains is
discussed.

In addition, I look at the acquisition of onset clusters and argue that the acquisition of liquids
is correlated with the acquisition of consonantal sequences. Evidence from language change,
language typology, and language acquisition suggests that there is a causal relationship between
the two. The theoretical framework of feature geometry and derived sonority gives us the
apparatus to explain what the second-language learners are doing.
PROBLEM-SOLVING MECHANISMS IN L2 COMMUNICATION
Authors: Dörnyei Zoltán , Kormos Judit
Published: July 2002

This paper investigates the various ways
speakers manage problems and overcome difficulties in L2 communication. Following
Dörnyei and Scott (1997), we distinguish four main sources of L2 communication
problems: (a) resource deficits, (b) processing time pressure, (c) perceived deficiencies in
one's own language output, and (d) perceived deficiencies in the interlocutor's
performance. In order to provide a systematic description of the wide range of coping
mechanisms associated with these problem areas (e.g., communication strategies, meaning
negotiation mechanisms, hesitation devices, repair mechanisms), we adopt a psycholinguistic
approach based on Levelt's (1989, 1993, 1995) model of speech production.
Problem-solving devices, then, are analyzed and classified according to how they are related to
the different pre- and post-articulatory phases of speech processing, and we illustrate the various
mechanisms by examples and retrospective comments taken from L2 learners' data.
Child language with mother and with stranger at
home and in the laboratory: a methodological study
Authors: BORNSTEIN MARC H. , HAYNES O. MAURICE , PAINTER KATHLEEN M. , GENEVRO JANICE L.
Published: July 2002

This methodological study in 33 two-year-olds shows that child speech
(total utterances, word roots, MLU) occurs at about the same level in
different settings (the familiar home vs. the unfamiliar laboratory), but
that children speak more and in more differentiated ways with different
people (mother vs. stranger). Child speech also shows significant short-
term stability. Girls use more different word roots and speak in longer
utterances than do boys. In spontaneous child speech, cross-context
generalizations appear warranted, but they also depend on conversational
partner and gender of child.
The changing status of ‘filler syllables’ on the way to grammatical morphemes
Authors: VENEZIANO EDY , SINCLAIR HERMINE
Published: July 2002

The appearance of ‘filler syllables’ (called here PAEs, for Prefixed
Additional Elements) in the late single-word period is analysed in
relation to the emergence of grammatical morphemes, by confronting
data from the longitudinal study of one child acquiring French, video-
recorded between 1;3.2 and 2;2.6, with four hypotheses making different
claims about the kind of language knowledge underlying their production:
the DEVICES TO LENGTHEN SINGLE-WORD UTTERANCES, the SYNTACTIC SLOTS,
the SELECTIVITY OF OCCURRENCE, and the ORGANIZATION OF
SURFACE REGULARITIES hypotheses. The pattern of results concerning the
first two to three months' production of PAEs points to the existence of
a premorphological period in which PAEs result from the organization
of phonoprosodic regularities of the language rather than being constrained
by structural rules relative to syntactic slots or to the class of the
word they precede. This premorphological period is followed by a
protomorphological one in which incipient properties of grammatical
morphemes and of word classes start to appear at the same time.
Development of precursors to speech in infants

exposed to two languages
Authors: KIMBROUGH OLLER D. , EILERS REBECCA E. , URBANO RICHARD , COBO-LEWIS ALAN B.
Published: July 2002

The study of bilingualism has often focused on two contradictory

possibilities: that the learning of two languages may produce deficits
of

performance in each language by comparison with performance of

monolingual individuals, or on the contrary, that the learning of two

languages may produce linguistic or cognitive advantages with regard to

the monolingual learning experience. The work reported here addressed

the possibility that the very early bilingual experience of infancy may

affect the unfolding of vocal precursors to speech. The results of

longitudinal research with 73 infants aged 0;4 to 1;6 in monolingual and

bilingual environments provided no support for either a bilingual deficit

hypothesis nor for its opposite, a bilingual advantage hypothesis. Infants

reared in bilingual and monolingual environments manifested similar

ages of onset for canonical babbling (production of well-formed

syllables), an event known to be fundamentally related to speech

development. Further, quantitative measures of vocal performance

(proportion of usage of well-formed syllables and vowel-like sounds)

showed additional similarities between monolingual and bilingual

infants. The similarities applied to infants of middle and low socio-economic

status and to infants that were born at term or prematurely.

The results suggest that vocal development in the first year of life is

robust with respect to conditions of rearing. The biological foundations

of speech appear to be such as to resist modifications in the natural

schedule of vocal development.
Linguistic cues in the acquisition of number words
Authors: BLOOM PAUL , WYNN KAREN
Published: July 2002

Previous research has shown that children go through a
stage in which
they know that the number words each refer to a distinct
numerosity, yet
do not know WHICH numerosity each number word picks
out (Wynn, 1992). How do children attain this level of
knowledge? We explore the
possibility that particular properties of how number words
are used within sentences inform children of the semantic
class to which they belong. An analysis of transcripts of
the spontaneous speech of three
one- and two-year-old children and their parents (from the CHILDES
database; MacWhinney & Snow, 1990) suggests that the
relevant cues are available as input in parents' speech
to children, and that children
generally honour these properties of number words in their
own speech. Implications of this proposal for word learning
more generally are discussed.
When and how peers give reasons: justifications in
the talk of middle school children
Authors: GOETZ PEGGY J. , SHATZ MARILYN
Published: July 2002

The ability to justify one's beliefs or actions requires linguistic, social,
and cognitive skills, including an understanding of the psychological
states of others and the negotiation of a socially-sensitive discourse. The
production of verbal justifications was examined both quantitatively and
qualitatively in eight pairs of eight- to eleven-year-old children whose
natural discourse was videotaped, transcribed and coded for justifications.
Previous research has frequently studied justifications in
conflicts; children in this study produced most of their justifications
both in the context of elaborating on a previously asserted claim and in
conflicts. The statement justified and the justifications themselves most
frequently focused on facts, evaluations, actions, and habitual characteristics
or occurrences. A majority of the justifications were produced
to support a statement which had some negative valence to it. Although
causal connectives have previously been often used as the means for
determining justifications, the children in this study rarely used causal
connectives and mental verbs in statements with justifications. A
qualitative analysis of the discourse of the dyads revealed differences in
conversational styles which produced very different types of justifications.
Some dyads made frequent use of narratives and co-constructed
justifications; other dyads generally produced very short, often isolated
justifications.
Colombeau generalized ultradistributions
Authors: PILIPOVIĆ S. , SCARPALEZOS D.
Published: July 2002

An algebra of Colombeau generalized ultradistributions in which the corresponding space of ultradistributions is embedded via regularizations and in which the
multiplication of ultradifferentiable functions of an appropriate class is the ordinary
multiplication is constructed. This enables the development of the local and micro-local analysis in the framework of a new scale of Colombeau algebras. Sufficient
conditions for a generalized ultradistribution being an ultradifferentiable function
are given.
Equivalence of factorizability theories
Authors: WILSON S. M. J.
Published: July 2002

A framework is given for defining and comparing factorizability
theories (as used,
for example, to relate modules over the group rings of finite groups).
The
strict theory
of Fröhlich [4] and the Hecke theory of

[7] as well as several other related theories are
shown to be equivalent. Of particular interest among the several equivalent
theories
examined is that of normaliser factorizability. This is perhaps the most
user friendly
theory and follows most closely the framework of the classical theory.
Among other
tools, the theory of permutation projectives and their species is used.
Semisimple Schur Algebras
Authors: DOTY STEPHEN R. , NAKANO DANIEL K.
Published: July 2002

Schur algebras are certain finite-dimensional algebras that completely
control the
polynomial representation theory of the general linear groups over an infinite
field.
Infinitesimal Schur algebras are truncated versions of the classical Schur
algebras
which control the polynomial representation theory of the Frobenius kernels
of
general linear groups. In this paper we use some elementary results on
symmetric powers
to classify the semisimple Schur algebras. We then classify the semisimple

infinitesimal Schur algebras as well.
Conceptual design and analysis by sketching
Authors: LIPSON H. , SHPITALNI M.
Published: July 2002

The ability of a CAD system to perceive a three-dimensional
model depicted in a single freehand sketch presents the
practical possibility of bringing numerous established
analysis tools into the early stages of design to institute
conceptual analysis. In this article we hypothesize that
the key to enabling systems to reason and communicate about
conceptual design is the language of sketching. We explore
this approach, outline the basic algorithms required, and
provide several examples of an implemented system.
Parasitic infections among Southeast Asian labourers in

Taiwan: a long-term study
Authors: WANG LIAN-CHEN
Published: July 2002

Parasitic infections have been reported to be relatively

common among the Southeast Asian

labourers in Taiwan. This study, conducted in 1992–6, was

designed to determine the temporal

changes of the prevalence. Faecal specimens were examined by

the formalin-ethyl acetate

sedimentation technique and blood samples screened using the

quantitative buffy coat

technique and confirmed by Giemsa stained blood smear. The

overall prevalence of intestinal

parasitic infections was 10·3%. The annual prevalence

decreased from 33·3% in 1992–3 to

4·6% in 1995–6. The Thai (12·0%) and

Indonesian (11·1%) had a higher prevalence than the

Malaysian (6·7%) and Filipinos (5·9%).

Opisthorchis viverrini was the most important parasite

in the Thai and Trichuris trichiura in the remaining

groups. Moreover, no blood parasites were

found in the labourers. The dramatic temporal decline in the

intestinal parasitic infections

suggests that limiting the entry of infected persons,

periodic follow-ups, and immediate

treatment of sporadic cases are necessary in preventing

transmission of non-indigenous

parasites through large population change.
At-risk individuals in Feline Immunodeficiency Virus
epidemiology: evidence from a multivariate approach in a
natural population of domestic cats (Felis catus)
Authors: COURCHAMP F. , YOCCOZ N. G. , ARTOIS M. , PONTIER D.
Published: July 2002

Prevalence of Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV) infection was
measured during 6
consecutive years in a natural rural population of domestic cats.
Sex, age, weight, origin, group
size and presence of antibodies to FIV were recorded for each sampled cat.
Logistic regressions
were used to estimate the influence of the recorded parameters on infection.
FIV prevalence
rates are as high as 19·6% in the total population, and do
not statistically change between
years, after controlling for changes in samples' age structure.
FIV infection is characterized by
risk factors linked to aggressive behaviour: old mature male adults having
dispersed are more
likely to be infected. A study of the cats group size and of the
spatial distribution of infected
individuals indicates the absence of infection clusters in males,
and suggests the importance of
roaming in the spreading of FIV. In conclusion, FIV infection spreads,
with low
contagiousness, mainly between particularly aggressive individuals, and
the virus is endemic in
this population.
Estimating influenza-related hospitalization in the Netherlands
Authors: BALTUSSEN R. M. P. M. , REINDERS A. , SPRENGER M. J. W. , POSTMA M. J. , JAGER J. C. , AMENT A. J. H. A. , LEIDL R. M.
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of influenza
on
hospitalization in the
Netherlands. Two methods were applied to estimate this effect: (a) regression
analysis and (b)
comparison of hospitalization in epidemic years with non-epidemic years.
Hospital discharge
rates in 1984–93 have been considered. The study shows that, during
the period studied, on
average, almost 2700 people were hospitalized for influenza per annum,
and that influenza was
diagnosed as the main cause for hospitalization in only a fraction of these
hospitalizations
(326: 12%). From an economic perspective, these results imply that the
cost-effectiveness of
vaccination against influenza may be severely underestimated when looking
only at changes
achieved in the number of hospitalizations attributed to influenza.
A new frog of the genus Hylodes (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) from Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Nascimento Luciana B. , Pombal José P. , Haddad Célio F. B.
Published: July 2002

A new species of leptodactylid frog is described from Parque das Mangabeiras, in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, south‐eastern Brazil. The new species is a member of the Hylodes lateristrigatus group, and is characterized by medium size, snout rounded in dorsal view and protruding in lateral view, presence of vocal slits and sacs, upper surface of finger and toe discs with well‐developed scutes, a weakly developed stripe on the upper lip, dorsum, arm, leg, and foot dark brown with small irregular brown and black dots, and absence of red and yellow spots in live specimens. The descriptions of the tadpoles and vocalizations, and information on natural history are provided. Hylodes perplicatus (Miranda‐Ribeiro), previously considered a member of the H. nasus species group, is transferred to the H. lateristrigatus species group.
Trauma, mental representation, and the organization of memory
for mother-referent material
Authors: LYNCH MICHAEL , CICCHETTI DANTE
Published: July 2002

Research on the effects of child maltreatment and exposure to community
violence suggests that children who experience these types of traumatic events may be at risk for
alterations and biases in attention and memory similar to those that have been observed in adults
suffering from traumatic stress reactions. Along these lines, attachment theory posits that
representational models of relationships also may act as moderators of similar cognitive biases
by selectively guiding children's attention to and processing of interpersonal stimuli.
Building upon the trauma and attachment literatures, the present investigation examined the links
among trauma, representational models of caregivers, and children's memory for
mother-relevant information using an incidental recall task in a sample of maltreated
(n = 71) and nonmaltreated (n = 102) children between the ages of 8 and 13
years.
Results were consistent with the hypothesis that experiences of trauma and representational
models of caregivers are associated with differences in the way children process and retrieve
information about positive and negative mother attribute words. In particular, experiences of
trauma initially were associated with increased insecurity in children's representational
models. Moreover, the interaction of traumatic experience and security of mental representation
predicted children's recall for mother attribute words: victimized children with insecure
models recalled the highest proportion of negative mother stimuli. Trauma and mental
representation did not have a consistent effect on structurally encoded aspects of recall. Results
were discussed in terms of the ways in which children who have experienced trauma process
information about their worlds. The importance of assessing functioning in multiple
developmental domains when studying memory also was discussed.
Polymyalgia rheumatica
Authors: Bird HA
Published: July 2002

Polymyalgia rheumatica and temporal arteritis are still held to represent opposite poles of a single disease spectrum. In the former, girdle stiffness predominates; in the latter, frank vasculitis is demonstrable. Earlier reviews that were slanted at geriatricians in 1983 and 1993 both bemoaned the lack of an adequate diagnostic test and the differential diagnosis still remains particularly difficult in elderly people. Reviewing the situation after a further five years, this diagnostic confusion still exists, though there has been an increased recent interest in research into this condition. Although such endeavours have yet to help us diagnostically, the last five years have seen further insights into aetiopathogenesis as well as new approaches to treatment.
A new method for establishing conservativity of
classical systems over their intuitionistic version
Authors: COQUAND THIERRY , HOFMANN MARTIN
Published: July 2002

We use a syntactical notion of Kripke models to obtain interpretations of subsystems of
arithmetic in their intuitionistic counterparts. This yields, in particular, a new proof of Buss'
result that the Skolem functions of Bounded Arithmetic are polynomial time computable.
ALLOZYME, SPORE AND FROND VARIATION IN SOME SCOTTISH POPULATIONS OF THE FERNS CYSTOPTERIS DICKIEANA AND CYSTOPTERIS FRAGILIS
Authors: PARKS J. C. , DYER A. F. , LINDSAY S.
Published: July 2002

Cystopteris dickieana R. Sim is a fern species that currently receives legal protection in Britain on the basis that it is endemic to Scotland and extremely rare. However, ever since it was first discovered in the 1830s, there has been considerable debate about its taxonomic status within the Cystopteris fragilis complex. This debate centres on the relative importance of two characters, the architecture of the fronds and the surface sculpturing of the spores, in delimiting C. dickieana from other taxa in the C. fragilis complex and is complicated by the fact that most comparative studies reputed to have included ‘C. dickieana’ have failed to include either the type material of C. dickieana or material from the ’type population‘ (i.e. the population of plants, of uniform and distinctive morphology, that still grows at the type locality for C. dickieana). The principal aim of this investigation was to generate some of the critical data and information currently missing from the debate concerning the taxonomic status of C. dickieana by including material from the ’type population‘ in an allozyme study of several Scottish Cystopteris populations. The frond architecture, spore sculpturing, and allozyme banding patterns were investigated in five natural and two cultivated populations of the C. fragilis complex. All plants from the ‘type population’ of C. dickieana had the distinctive frond architecture and rugose spores of the type material. Two populations comprised plants that had the frond architecture and echinate spores typical of C. fragilis. Also examined were two populations containing plants that had frond architecture typical of C. fragilis but rugose spores similar to those of the type material of C. dickieana. These plants occurred with typical C. fragilis in one of the populations and with typical C. dickieana in the other. In the latter population, situated close to the ‘type population’ for C. dickieana, a third, ‘smooth’ spore type occurred in nine out of 55 fertile plants. Consistent and analysable allozyme results were obtained for seven enzymes at ten loci: eight loci were polymorphic and all but the smallest population showed variation at one or more loci. In total, 22 allozyme phenotypes were recorded in 226 individuals. No consistent correlation was found between frond architecture, spore sculpturing and allozyme banding pattern. Our results provide no support for the recognition of C. dickieana as a distinct species related to C. fragilis.
The Sour Fruits of Victory: Sterling and Security in Anglo-German Relations during the 1950s and 1960s
Authors: Zimmermann Hubert
Published: July 2002

By analysing the Anglo-German talks about financial compensation for the cost of British troops in West Germany, this article seeks to clarify the linkages between Britain's security and European and monetary policies. The ideological commitment of British politicians to a reserve currency role for sterling had a deep impact on Britain's relations to Europe, particularly the Federal Republic. By consistently threatening to cut its military commitment on the Continent and by minimising it to a question of financial expediency, London failed to draw any political capital from its troops. This became very visible in the field of European integration. The conflict on currency issues and troop deployment was a crucial element in preventing closer relations between the Federal Republic and the United Kingdom in the 1950s and 1960s.
In the Face of Suffering: The Philosophical- Anthropological
Foundations of Clinical Ethics, by Jos V. M. Welie. Omaha,
Nebr.: Creighton University Press, 1998. 293 pp.
Authors: Potter Robert Lyman
Published: July 2002

This book is for those searching for an ethics engine
with enough philosophical power to drive healthcare reform
toward a balance between medical technology and human
compassion. Jos Welie's project is to “develop
a foundation for a patient-centered, non-procedural, clinically
grounded but methodologically sound ethics.” This
is an important goal that has eluded others. Jos Welie has
more nearly succeeded in this book than any other author
who has come to my attention.
Response to “Bringing Clarity to the Futility Debate:
Don't Use the Wrong Cases” by Howard Brody and
“Commentary: Bringing Clarity to the Futility Debate: Are the
Cases Wrong?” by L.J. Schneiderman (CQ Vol 7, No 3)
Authors: Trotter Griffin
Published: July 2002

In a recent issue of Cambridge Quarterly of
Healthcare Ethics, Howard Brody and Lawrence Schneiderman
offer contrasting opinions about how to apply the concept
of “futility” in medicine. Brody holds that
“futility cases” are those in which it is reasonably
certain that a given intervention “will not work”
when applied for the purpose of attaining a specific clinical
goal. To determine which actions are futile, Brody prescribes
a division of labor. Patients (or patient surrogates) are
charged with choosing the goals of treatment while physicians
are charged with determining whether specific treatments
will be effective in achieving these goals. Though physicians
do not choose specific goals, Brody thinks they have a
prerogative to decide whether they can, in good conscience,
aid in the achievement of specific patient goals. Let us
use “positive validation” to denote choosing
between alternative goals and “negative validation”
to denote choices about whether one will assist in the
pursuit of particular goals. Brody's position is essentially
that patients are positive validators and that physicians
are negative validators. Brody concludes that treatments
that are effective in achieving patients' goals are
not futile—even when physicians' personal or
professional moral commitments prevent them from offering
these treatments for the given purpose. “Futility”
applies only where interventions won't “promote
a goal that both agree is desirable.”
Matroids Having Small Circumference
Authors: MAIA BRÁULIO , LEMOS MANOEL
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we conclude the construction of all the matroids having circumference at
most five. We use this result to prove a conjecture of Hochstättler and Jackson, in a special
case.
Efficient generation of random sentences
Authors: NEDERHOF MARK-JAN
Published: July 2002

We discuss the random generation of strings using the grammatical
formalism AGFL. This formalism consists of context-free grammars extended
with a parameter mechanism, where the parameters range over a finite domain.
Our approach consists in static analysis of the combinations of parameter
values with which derivations can be constructed. After this analysis,
generation of sentences can be performed without backtracking.
Elucidating the contributions of processing speed, executive
ability, and frontal lobe volume to normal age-related
differences in fluid intelligence
Authors: SCHRETLEN DAVID , PEARLSON GODFREY D. , ANTHONY JAMES C. , AYLWARD ELIZABETH H. , AUGUSTINE ANN M. , DAVIS AMANDA , BARTA PATRICK
Published: July 2002

One theory of normal cognitive aging asserts that
decreases in simple processing speed mediate the age-related
decline of fluid intelligence. Another possibility is that
age-related atrophic changes in frontal brain structures
undermine the functioning of executive abilities, thereby
producing the same decline. In this study, we used principal
components analysis to derive a measure of fluid–spatial
intelligence in 197 normal adults between 20 and 92 years
of age. Measures of perceptual comparison speed, working
memory, and executive ability, as well as regional brain
volumes based on high resolution magnetic resonance imaging
were obtained from a subsample of 112 participants. We
then conducted a series of hierarchical multiple regression
analyses to test whether (1) the processing speed theory,
(2) frontal–executive theory, or (3) some combination
of these best accounted for age-related variation in fluid
intelligence. The results showed that perceptual comparison
speed, executive ability, and frontal lobe volume each
made significant contributions to a regression equation
that explained 57% of the variance in fluid intelligence.
These findings suggest that both the processing speed and
frontal–executive theory of cognitive aging are partially
correct and complement one another. (JINS, 2000,
6, 52–61.)
How hallucinations may arise from brain mechanisms of learning,
attention, and volition
Authors: GROSSBERG STEPHEN
Published: July 2002

This article suggests how brain mechanisms of learning,
attention, and volition may give rise to hallucinations
during schizophrenia and other mental disorders. The article
suggests that normal learning and memory are stabilized
through the use of learned top-down expectations. These
expectations learn prototypes that are capable of focusing
attention upon the combinations of features that comprise
conscious perceptual experiences. When top-down expectations
are active in a priming situation, they can modulate or
sensitize their target cells to respond more effectively
to matched bottom-up information. They cannot, however,
fully activate these target cells. These matching properties
are shown to be essential towards stabilizing the memory
of learned representations. The modulatory property of
top-down expectations is achieved through a balance between
top-down excitation and inhibition. The learned prototype
is the excitatory on-center in this top-down network. Phasic
volitional signals can shift the balance between excitation
and inhibition to favor net excitatory activation. Such
a volitionally mediated shift enables top-down expectations,
in the absence of supportive bottom-up inputs, to cause
conscious experiences of imagery and inner speech and thereby
to enable fantasy and planning activities to occur. If
these volitional signals become tonically hyperactive during
a mental disorder, the top-down expectations can give rise
to conscious experiences in the absence of bottom-up inputs
and volition. These events are compared with data about
hallucinations. The article predicts where these top-down
expectations and volitional signals may act in the laminar
circuits of visual cortex and, by extension, in other sensory
and cognitive neocortical areas, and how the level of abstractness
of learned prototypes may covary with the abstractness
of hallucinatory content. A similar breakdown of volition
may lead to delusions of control in the motor system. (JINS,
2000, 6, 583–592.)