bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Visual Attention in Children With Migraine: A Controlled Comparative Study
Authors: Villa TR , Moutran AR Correa , Diaz LA Sobirai , Pinto MM Pereira , Carvalho FA , Gabbai AA , de Souza Carvalho D
Published: February 2009

The aim of this study was to evaluate the visual attention of children with migraine and compare it with a control group. Thirty migrainous children and 30 controls without headache were subjected to a visual attention assessment with Trail Making Tests (TMT) A/B, Letter Cancellation Test, and the Brazilian computerized test Visual Attention Test, third edition. The migraine group was evaluated after 2 days without headache. The migraine group had an inferior performance compared with the control group on TMT A ( P = 0.03) and B ( P = 0.001), and more errors on tasks 1 ( P = 0.032) and 2 ( P = 0.015) of the Visual Attention Test, presenting difficulty with selective and alternate attention. Attention is a neurological function that depends on structures such as the brainstem, cerebral cortex and the limbic system and on neurotransmitters such as dopamine and noradrenaline. The neurochemical aspects involved in the physiopathology of migraine and attention mechanisms probably predispose these children to visual attention deficits.
A Nationwide Population-Based Study of Migraine in Brazil
Authors: Queiroz LP , Peres MFP , Piovesan EJ , Kowacs F , Ciciarelli MC , Souza JA , Zukerman E
Published: February 2009

The aim of this study was to estimate the 1-year prevalence of migraine and the degree of the association of migraine with some sociodemographic characteristics of a representative sample of the adult population of Brazil. This was a cross-sectional, population-based study. Telephone interviews were conducted on 3848 people, aged 18–79 years, randomly selected from the 27 States of Brazil. The estimated 1-year gender- and age-adjusted prevalence of migraine was 15.2%. Migraine was 2.2 times more prevalent in women, 1.5 times more in subjects with > 11 years of education, 1.59 times more in subjects with income of < 5 Brazilian Minimum Wages per month, and 1.43 times more in those who do not do any physical exercise. The overall prevalence of migraine in Brazil is 15.2%. Migraine is significantly more prevalent in women, subjects with higher education, with lower income, and those who do not exercise regularly, independently of their body mass index.
More than a carbon economy: nutrient trade and ecological sustainability in facultative arbuscular mycorrhizal symbioses
Authors: Smith F. Andrew , Grace Emily J. , Smith Sally E.
Published: February 2009

Symbiosis is well recognized as a major force in plant ecology and evolution. However, there is considerable uncertainty about the functional, ecological and evolutionary benefits of the very widespread facultative arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) associations, in which the plants can grow and reproduce whether or not they are colonized by AM fungi. Here we address the significance of new research findings that are overturning conventional views that facultative AM associations can be likened to parasitic fungus–plant associations. Specifically, we address the occurrence and importance of phosphate uptake via AM fungi that does not result in increases in total phosphorus (P) uptake or in plant growth, and possible signalling between AM fungi and plants that can result in plant growth depressions even when fungal colonization remains very low. We conclude that, depending on the individual AM fungi that are present, the role of facultative AM associations in the field, especially in relation to plant competition, may be much more subtle than has been previously envisaged.
Densin‐180: revised membrane topology, domain structure and phosphorylation status
Authors: Thalhammer Agnes , Trinidad Jonathan C. , Burlingame Alma L. , Schoepfer Ralf
Published: February 2009

Densin‐180 is a core component of post‐synaptic densities, the highly complex molecular assemblies that mediate signaling between neuronal cells. It is a multi‐domain scaffold protein characterized by multiple leucine‐rich repeat domains plus a single Psd95/Discs large/Zona occludens‐1 domain. In its original topology model a single transmembrane segment was proposed with an extracellular N‐terminus and an intracellular C‐terminus. However, recently discovered in vivo phosphorylation sites are incompatible with this topology. Here, we discuss an all‐intracellular and membrane‐associated localization of Densin‐180 that is consistent with and supported by all the latest experimental data. This revised topology which now includes also a phosphorylation‐rich area will have deciding influence on future research involving Densin‐180 and its signaling.
A new culturing strategy improves functional neuronal development of human neural progenitor cells
Authors: Schaarschmidt Grit , Schewtschik Sabine , Kraft Robert , Wegner Florian , Eilers Jens , Schwarz Johannes , Schmidt Hartmut
Published: February 2009

Cell replacement therapies that rely on in vitro differentiation of human neural progenitor cells are a promising strategy to compensate the progressive cell loss in neurodegenerative disorders like Parkinson’s disease. We and others observed, that the functional differentiation of progenitors in standard differentiation medium remains limited. The aim of the present study was to optimize neuronal in vitro differentiation by mimicking the physiological shift from depolarizing to hyperpolarizing conditions that occurs during early brain development. Differentiation was initiated using a depolarizing high potassium‐ and low sodium‐containing medium. Subsequently, the high potassium‐containing medium was replaced by a hyperpolarizing medium containing low potassium and high sodium concentrations. This two‐phase strategy significantly promoted the expression of neuronal markers, enhanced neurite growth, enlarged sodium inward currents, and increased action potential firing. Thus, depolarizing followed by hyperpolarizing culture conditions enable developing human neural progenitor cells to adopt more mature functional qualities.
An immunohistochemical and stereological analysis of PSI‐induced nigral neuronal degeneration in the rat
Authors: Bukhatwa Salma , Iravani Mahmoud M. , Zeng Bai‐Yun , Cooper Jonathan D. , Rose Sarah , Jenner Peter
Published: February 2009

Systemic administration of the proteasomal inhibitor I (PSI) to rats was reported to cause progressive nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss but this is disputed. A major controversy centres over the use of manual counting of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) positive neurons at the level of third cranial nerve as opposed to employing systematic stereological analysis of cell loss in the entire substantia nigra (SN). To provide a method of marking SN neurones independent of protein expression, fluorogold™ (FG) was stereotaxically injected bilaterally into the striatum of male Wistar rats to retrogradely label nigral dopaminergic neurons. After 1 week, animals were treated with six doses of PSI (8 mg/kg, s.c.) or its vehicle (dimethyl sulphoxide) on alternate days over a 2‐week period. Five weeks after the last treatment, PSI‐treated animals showed decreased spontaneous locomotor activity and reduced TH positive SN cell number at the level of the third cranial nerve compared to control rats. Manual cell counting showed loss of FG‐labelled SN neurones at this level, with a subpopulation of surviving neurons displaying abnormal morphology. Manual counting of all FG‐labelled cells in the entire SN also showed regional PSI‐induced loss of neurones with both normal and compromised morphology. Stereological optical fractionator estimates of total FG‐labelled cell number confirmed the manual cell counting data both at the level of the third cranial nerve and throughout the entire SN. These findings confirm that PSI does cause a persistent nigral dopaminergic neuronal loss. The reason for the lack of reproducibility between laboratories requires further investigation. We suggest that a failure to distinguish between TH‐positive neurones with normal and abnormal morphology following PSI administration contributes to equivocal results.
The Enhanced Digital Image Correlation Technique for Feature Tracking During Drying of Wood
Authors: Kwon O. , Hanna R.
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  The enhanced digital image correlation (EDIC) technique is proposed as an improvement of the digital image correlation (DIC) technique in that it utilises monogenic filtering as a prefilter for extracting intrinsic local phase information from the low‐contrast images and normalized cross‐correlation (NCC) as a feature‐tracking algorithm. The monogenic filtering separates local structural information that is the local phase of an image, which is invariant with respect to the local energy of the image. Therefore, it improves the image, permitting the DIC technique to produce stable and accurate measurements of deformation for a heterogeneous and hygroscopic material like wood during drying.
Analysis and Optomechanical Characterisation of a MEMS Micromirror Device
Authors: Furlong C.
Published: February 2009

Abstract: Advances in our analysis and characterisation of a micro‐electromechanical system (MEMS) micromirror device are presented. The micromirror device, to be used as an integral component of an interferometer, has a characteristic dimension of 510 μm and operates in a dynamic mode with maximum out‐of‐plane displacements in the order of 10 μm at oscillation frequencies of up to 1.3 kHz. Developments are carried out by analytical, computational and experimental methods. Analytical and computational nonlinear geometrical models are developed in order to determine the optimal loading‐displacement operational characteristics of the micromirror. Because of the operational mode of the micromirror, the experimental characterisation of its loading‐displacement transfer function requires utilisation of advanced optical metrology methods. Optoelectronic holographic microscopy (OEHM) methodologies, based on multiple wavelengths being developed to perform such characterisation, are described. The micromirror device is suitable for optical phase measurements and applicable to development of miniaturised optical metrology systems for characterisation of shapes and deformations.
Experimental Investigation of Load Sharing in Multiple Gear Tooth Contact Using the Stress‐Optical Method of Caustics
Authors: Spitas V. , Papadopoulos G. A. , Spitas C. , Costopoulos T.
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  In this paper, a comprehensive methodology for calculating load sharing in multiple tooth contact is presented based on the experimental stress‐optical method of caustics. The technique is applied to a set of poly‐methyl‐methacrylate gears at various meshing positions covering a complete meshing cycle, including single and multiple gear tooth contact. The load sharing factor (LSF) is calculated using well‐established mathematical formulae from the photographs of the transmitted caustics and the obtained results are compared with the pertinent International Organisation for Standardisation and American Gear Manufacturers Association standards with which good agreement is verified. The proposed method is a reliable alternative for measuring load distribution in gear teeth compared with photoelasticity and other experimental techniques.
A bridge over troubled waters? Systems theory and dialogue in geography
Authors: Egner Heike , Von Elverfeldt Kirsten
Published: February 2009

In physical geography, systems are seen as a unity of parts and relationships, whereas human geographers using a second‐order sociological systems approach define systems in terms of the difference between system and environment. Starting from this, dialogue between physical and human geographers using terms derived from systems theory is mostly in vain. This article explores some of the consequences that follow for dialogue in geography: the differences in defining systems, in the understanding of processes, the problem of system borders, the inconsistent understanding of the ‘environment’ itself as well as the different epistemology that comes with it (or leads to it). The article tries to bring systems theory back into geography with the decisive aim of enhancing the potentials for interaction between human and physical geographers and, therefore, to explore the possibility of connecting the social with the physical world – deviating from systems theory.
Portugal's semi‐presidentialism (re)considered: An assessment of the president's role in the policy process, 1976–2006
Authors: NETO OCTAVIO AMORIM , LOBO MARINA COSTA
Published: February 2009

This article analyses the policy‐making role of Portugal's heads of state in the period 1976–2006. Not only is Portugal rarely studied in the English language comparative literature, but there is no consensus concerning the proper definition of the country's system of government, whether it is semi‐presidential or parliamentary. This article presents new data on the Portuguese president's role in the following areas: cabinet appointment and dismissal; parliamentary dissolution; ministerial appointments; referral of legislative bills to judicial review; veto powers; and agenda‐setting through going‐public tactics. It is concluded that the president's role in the policy process has never been irrelevant. While the 1982 constitutional reform did eliminate the possibility of undisguised presidential government, presidents have continued to be important in policy making, particularly due to use of their veto and dissolution powers. Therefore, the article argues that Portugal has remained solidly semi‐presidential.
Calcium‐activated potassium channels and endothelial dysfunction: therapeutic options?
Authors: Félétou Michel
Published: February 2009

The three subtypes of calcium‐activated potassium channels (KCa) of large, intermediate and small conductance (BKCa, IKCaand SKCa) are present in the vascular wall. In healthy arteries, BKCachannels are preferentially expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, while IKCaand SKCaare preferentially located in endothelial cells. The activation of endothelial IKCaand SKCacontributes to nitric oxide (NO) generation and is required to elicit endothelium‐dependent hyperpolarizations. In the latter responses, the hyperpolarization of the smooth muscle cells is evoked either via electrical coupling through myo‐endothelial gap junctions or by potassium ions, which by accumulating in the intercellular space activate the inwardly rectifying potassium channel Kir2.1 and/or the Na+/K+‐ATPase. Additionally, endothelium‐derived factors such as cytochrome P450‐derived epoxyeicosatrienoic acids and under some circumstances NO, prostacyclin, lipoxygenase products and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) hyperpolarize and relax the underlying smooth muscle cells by activating BKCa. In contrast, cytochrome P450‐derived 20‐hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid and various endothelium‐derived contracting factors inhibit BKCa. Aging and cardiovascular diseases are associated with endothelial dysfunctions that can involve a decrease in NO bioavailability, alterations of EDHF‐mediated responses and/or enhanced production of endothelium‐derived contracting factors. Because potassium channels are involved in these endothelium‐dependent responses, activation of endothelial and/or smooth muscle KCacould prevent the occurrence of endothelial dysfunction. Therefore, direct activators of these potassium channels or compounds that regulate their activity or their expression may be of some therapeutic interest. Conversely, blockers of IKCamay prevent restenosis and that of BKCachannels sepsis‐dependent hypotension.

Mandarin translation of abstract
Colonization Credit in Restored Wet Heathlands
Authors: Cristofoli Sara , Piqueray Julien , Dufrêne Marc , Bizoux Jean‐Philippe , Mahy Grégory
Published: February 2009

Although human‐driven landscape modification is generally characterized by habitat destruction and fragmentation, it may also result in the creation of new habitat patches, providing conditions conducive to spontaneous colonization. In this article, we propose the concept of “colonization credit” (i.e., the number of species yet to colonize a patch, following landscape changes) as a framework to evaluate the success of colonization, in terms of species richness, in new/restored habitats, taking into account the spatial structure of landscapes. The method mirrors similar approaches used to estimate extinction debt in the context of habitat fragmentation, that is, comparisons, between old and new habitat patches, of the relationships among spatial patch metrics and patch species richness. We applied our method to the case of spontaneous colonization of newly created habitat patches suitable for wet heathland plant communities in South Belgium. Colonization credit was estimated for the total species richness, the specialist species richness, and the species richness of three emergent groups (EGs) of specialist species, delineated on the basis of dispersal traits. No significant colonization credit was identified either in patches created 25–55 years ago or in those created within the past 25 years, with the exception of species from our first EG (mostly anemochorous species with long‐term persistent seed bank). However, the differential response of species in that first EG could not be explained through their characteristic life history traits. The results of this study are encouraging and suggest that deliberate, directed restoration activities could yield positive developments in a relatively short period of time.
Evaluating Intertidal Oyster Reef Development in South Carolina Using Associated Faunal Indicators
Authors: Hadley Nancy H. , Hodges Michael , Wilber Dara H. , Coen Loren D.
Published: February 2009

Eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) habitat is increasingly being restored for the ecosystem services it provides rather than solely as a fishery resource. Community‐based projects with the goal of ecological restoration have successfully constructed oyster reefs; however, the habitat benefits of these restoration efforts are usually not assessed or reported. In this study, we examined oyster habitat development at five community‐based oyster restoration sites in South Carolina using oyster population parameters, resident fauna densities, and sedimentation (percent sediment coverage) as assessment metrics. All sites included multiple‐aged reefs (1–3 years old) at the time of the fall 2004 sampling. Resident crabs and mussels were abundant at all five sites and crab assemblages were related to the size structure of the oyster microhabitat. Scorched mussel (Brachidontes exustus) abundances were most frequently correlated with oyster and other resident species abundances. Associations among oysters and resident crabs and mussels were not evident when analyses were conducted with higher level taxonomic groupings (e.g., total number of crabs, mussels, or oysters), indicating that species‐level identifications improve our understanding of interactions among reef inhabitants and oyster populations. Community‐based restoration sites in South Carolina provide habitat for mussels and resident crabs, in some cases in the absence of dense populations of relatively large oysters. Monitoring programs that neglect species‐level identifications and counts of mussels and crabs may underestimate the successful habitat provision that can arise independent of large, dense oyster assemblages.
Effect of Flasking and Polymerization Techniques on Tooth Movement in Complete Denture Processing
Authors: Shibayama Ricardo , Filho Humberto Gennari , Mazaro José Vitor Quinelli , Vedovatto Eduardo , Assunção Wirley Gonçalves
Published: February 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the artificial tooth positional changes following the flasking and polymerization of complete dentures by a combination of two flasking methods and two polymerization techniques using computer graphic measurements.

Materials and Methods: Four groups of waxed complete dentures (n = 10) were invested and polymerized using the following techniques: (1) adding a second investment layer of gypsum and conventional water bath polymerization (Control), (2) adding a second investment layer of gypsum and polymerization with microwave energy (Gypmicro), (3) adding a second investment layer of silicone (Zetalabor) and conventional polymerization (Silwater), and (4) adding a second investment layer of silicone and polymerization with microwave energy (Silmicro). For each specimen, six segments of interdental distances (A to F) were measured to determine the artificial tooth positions in the waxed and polymerized stages using software program AutoCad R14. The mean values of the changes were statistically compared by univariate ANOVA with Tukey post‐hoc test at 5% significance.

Results: There were no significant differences among the four groups, except for segment D of the Silmicro group (−0.004 ± 0.032 cm) in relation to the Gypwater group (0.044 ± 0.031 cm) (p < 0.05), which presented, repectively, expansion and shrinkage after polymerization.

Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, it was concluded that although the differences were not statistically significant, the use of a silicone investment layer when flasking complete dentures resulted in the least positional changes of the artificial teeth regardless of the polymerization technique.
Implant‐Retained Nasal Prosthesis for a Patient Following Partial Rhinectomy: A Clinical Report
Authors: Guttal Satyabodh S. , Patil Narendra P. , Thakur Srinath , Kumar Sunil , Kulkarni Sudhindra S.
Published: February 2009

Prosthetic rehabilitation of facial defects has always perplexed maxillofacial prosthodontists. Facial defects lead to functional and cosmetic deficiencies. Early rehabilitation improves patients’ quality of life. Osseointegrated rehabilitation of the maxillofacial prosthetic patient presents the potential for overcoming many of the disadvantages associated with conventional retentive methods. This paper presents the clinical report of a patient who had undergone partial rhinectomy due to basal cell carcinoma. Following post‐surgical healing, the patient was rehabilitated with a temporary acrylic resin nasal prosthesis retained by eyeglass frame. Later a silicone nasal prosthesis supported by an implant‐retained framework was fabricated as a definitive replacement.
A Tissue‐Specific Model of Reentry in the Right Atrial Appendage
Authors: ZHAO JICHAO , TREW MARK L. , LEGRICE IAN J. , SMAILL BRUCE H. , PULLAN ANDREW J.
Published: February 2009

Introduction: Atrial fibrillation is prevalent in the elderly and contributes to mortality in congestive heart failure. Development of computer models of atrial electrical activation that incorporate realistic structures provides a means of investigating the mechanisms that initiate and maintain reentrant atrial arrhythmia. As a step toward this, we have developed a model of the right atrial appendage (RAA) including detailed geometry of the pectinate muscles (PM) and crista terminalis (CT) with high spatial resolution, as well as complete fiber architecture.

Methods and Results: Detailed structural images of a pig RAA were acquired using a semiautomated extended‐volume imaging system. The generally accepted anisotropic ratio of 10:1 was adopted in the computer model. To deal with the regional action potential duration heterogeneity in the RAA, a Courtemanche cell model and a Luo‐Rudy cell model were used for the CT and PM, respectively. Activation through the CT and PM network was adequately reproduced with acceptable accuracy using reduced‐order computer models. Using a train of reducing cycle length stimuli applied to a CT/PM junction, we observed functional block both parallel with and perpendicular to the axis of the CT.

Conclusion: With stimulation from the CT at the junction of a PM, we conclude: (a) that conduction block within the CT is due to a reduced safety factor; and (b) that unidirectional block and reentry within the CT is due to its high anisotropy. Regional differences in effective refractive period do not explain the observed conduction block.
Importance of Heart Rate During Exercise for Response to Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy
Authors: MAASS ALEXANDER H. , BUCK SANDRA , NIEUWLAND WYBE , BRÜGEMANN JOHAN , VAN VELDHUISEN DIRK J. , VAN GELDER ISABELLE C.
Published: February 2009

Background: Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) is an established therapy for patients with severe heart failure and mechanical dyssynchrony. Response is only achieved in 60–70% of patients.

Objectives: To study exercise‐related factors predicting response to CRT.

Methods: We retrospectively examined consecutive patients in whom a CRT device was implanted. All underwent cardiopulmonary exercise testing prior to implantation and after 6 months. The occurrence of chronotropic incompetence and heart rates exceeding the upper rate of the device, thereby compromising biventricular stimulation, was studied. Response was defined as a decrease in LVESV of 10% or more after 6 months.

Results: We included 144 patients. After 6 months 86 (60%) patients were responders. Peak VO2 significantly increased in responders. Chronotropic incompetence was more frequently seen in nonresponders (21 [36%] vs 9 [10%], P = 0.03), mostly in patients in SR. At moderate exercise, defined as 25% of the maximal exercise tolerance, that is, comparable to daily life exercise, nonresponders more frequently went above the upper rate of the device (13 [22%] vs 2 [3%], P < 0.0001), most of whom were patients in permanent AF. Multivariate analysis revealed heart rates not exceeding the upper rate of the device during moderate exercise (OR 15.8 [3.3–76.5], P = 0.001) and nonischemic cardiomyopathy (OR 2.4 [1.0–5.7], P = 0.04) as predictive for response.

Conclusions: Heart rate exceeding the upper rate during moderate exercise is an independent predictor for nonresponse to CRT in patients with AF, whereas chronotropic incompetence is a predictor for patients in SR.
Strategies for Epicardial Mapping and Ablation of Ventricular Tachycardia
Authors: TEDROW USHA , STEVENSON WILLIAM G.
Published: February 2009

Catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia (VT) is becoming an essential component of the successful management of patients with structural heart disease and refractory ventricular arrhythmias. Despite detailed mapping and ablation from the endocardium, nearly a third of VT circuits remain inaccessible. Pericardial access has improved our ability to address these resistant VTs. Adhesions after cardiac surgery can impede access, necessitating a direct surgical approach to the pericardial space. Potential risks include risk of injury to an epicardial coronary artery, the phrenic nerve, subdiaphragmatic vessels, and right ventricle. We describe the indications for and approach to catheter ablation of VT for the pericardial space.
Accuracy of Ottawa Ankle Rules to Exclude Fractures of the Ankle and Midfoot in Children: A Meta‐analysis
Authors: Dowling Shawn , Spooner Carol H. , Liang Yuanyuan , Dryden Donna M. , Friesen Carol , Klassen Terry P. , Wright R. Bruce
Published: February 2009

Objectives:  The objectives were to conduct a systematic review to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the Ottawa Ankle Rules (OAR) to exclude ankle and midfoot fractures in children and the extent to which x‐ray use could be reduced without missing significant fractures.

Methods:  The authors conducted comprehensive searches of electronic databases and gray literature sources. Independent reviewers applied standard inclusion and exclusion criteria. The criterion standard diagnostic test was an ankle and/or foot x‐ray or proxy measure to ensure no missed fractures. Standard 2 × 2 tables were constructed. Sensitivities and specificities were pooled using an approximation of the inverse variance; 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) were calculated using the exact method. Likelihood ratios (LR ±) and diagnostic odds ratios were combined under DerSimonian and Laird random effects model.

Results:  A pooled analysis of 12 studies (N = 3,130) identified 671 fractures (prevalence = 21.4%). Ten studies reported Salter‐Harris Type I (SH‐I) fractures. The pooled sensitivity was 98.5% (95% CI = 97.3 to 99.2), suggesting that the OAR can be used to rule out a fracture. Four of 10 missed fractures were characterized: 1 SH‐I, 1 SH‐IV, and 2 “insignificant fractures” (either SH‐I or avulsion fractures <3 mm). The pooled estimate for rate of x‐ray reduction was 24.8% (95% CI = 23.3% to 26.3%; range = 5% to 44%).

Conclusions:  The OAR appear to be a reliable tool to exclude fractures in children greater than 5 years of age presenting with ankle and midfoot injuries. Employing the OAR would significantly decrease x‐ray use with a low likelihood of missing a fracture.
Fluorescence and Structural Degradation in Composite Resins as a Function of Temperature*
Authors: Rattle Christi N. , Bush Mary A.
Published: February 2009

Abstract:  Detecting composite resin upon postmortem examination can be difficult. Ultraviolet illumination has been suggested to ease location of this material; however, this may not be advisable in incineration situations. Understanding of the chemical and physical properties of resin as a function of temperature is an important parameter in identification of this material in incineration circumstances. Twenty‐seven discs of resin, Quixx (Dentsply), Filtek Supreme (3 M), and Tetric Ceram (Ivoclar) were prepared and exposed to increasing heating conditions of 200°C–900°C in 100°C increments for 30 min. Analysis was performed with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet‐visible light spectrophotometry, scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, optical microscopy, and UV illumination. Characterization of the material occurred at each temperature range. The organic components and the fluorescence properties were lost at temperatures above 300°C. The inorganic component remained through 900°C. This information can aid in detection of resin in high temperature circumstances.
Utility of Aspirin Therapy in Patients With the Cardiometabolic Syndrome and Diabetes
Authors: Gardner Michael , Palmer John , Manrique Camila , Lastra Guido , Gardner David W. , Sowers James R.
Published: February 2009

Paralleling the rise in obesity, the cardiometabolic syndrome is a rapidly growing health problem in the United States. There is a 3‐fold increase in the prevalence of coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, and stroke due to the coagulation, hemodynamic, and metabolic abnormalities seen in these individuals. The use of aspirin for secondary prevention and, to a lesser degree, primary prevention of cardiovascular events is a well‐established standard of care. However, in patients with diabetes or the cardiometabolic syndrome, the role of aspirin in prevention of cardiovascular events remains controversial. In this review, the authors examine the clinical trial data on the use of aspirin in diabetes and the cardiometabolic syndrome for cardiovascular protection. They also explore, in addition to aspirin’s effects on platelet aggregation, some of the mechanisms by which aspirin may favorably alter the course of atherosclerosis, effects on endothelial function, and glycemia.
Mechanisms of Flushing Due to Niacin and Abolition of These Effects
Authors: Sood Aditya , Arora Rohit
Published: February 2009

There are many factors that increase the risk of cardiovascular disease, and a prominent factor among these is dyslipidemia. The following literature review focuses on the use of niacin therapy in order to treat dyslipidemia and how to control the associated “niacin flush.” The associated studies gathered are reviews and randomized control trials. They were obtained by using electronic searches. Certain keywords took precedence, and articles focusing on niacin therapy were chosen. Recent research has found promising insight into more effective prevention of the niacin‐mediated flush through a selective antagonist for the prostaglandin D2 receptor, laropiprant. Aspirin (or NSAIDs) also provide some prevention for flushing, although recent studies have shown that it is not as effective as laropiprant. There is a need for further research in order to come to a clear conclusion regarding combined therapies of aspirin and laropiprant pretreatment, as well as exact dosage requirements.
Statin Pleiotropy Against Renal Injury
Authors: Kostapanos Michael S. , Liberopoulos Evangelos N. , Elisaf Moses S.
Published: February 2009

Statins may exhibit significant renoprotective effects beyond their lipid‐lowering capacity. Herein, the authors review data from human and animal models of renal disease as well as from studies in cultured renal cells with regard to extralipid renoprotective properties of statins. Statins may exert lipid‐independent benefits against renal injury in experimental states of chronic or acute renal function impairment. These include diabetic and hypertensive glomerulosclerosis, autoimmune glomerulonephritis, ischemia/reperfusion‐induced renal damage, and unilateral ureteral obstructive nephropathy. Also, statins, by reducing the synthesis of mevalonate products, inhibit the activation of Rho and Ras guanosine triphosphatases that may influence various signaling pathways involving renal inflammatory, fibrogenic, proliferative, and cell‐death responses. Therefore, statins exert anti‐inflammatory actions in renal tissue, prevent renal scarring, and diminish mesangial or other kidney cell–type proliferation while promoting mesangial cell apoptosis. Renal antioxidant effects with consequent endothelial function regulation of renal vasculature following statin treatment may also account for pleiotropic protection against renal injury.
Increased number of offspring in first degree relatives of psychotic individuals: a partial explanation for the persistence of psychotic illnesses
Authors: Weiser M. , Reichenberg A. , Werbeloff N. , Halperin D. , Kravitz E. , Yoffe R. , Davidson M.
Published: February 2009

Objective:  As patients with psychotic illness have fewer offspring than controls, the persistence of psychotic illness is puzzling. We hypothesized that unaffected first‐degree relatives of patients have more offspring than controls.

Method:  Probands were 4904, individuals with non‐affective psychotic disorders identified from a hospitalization registry. Unaffected first degree relatives and matched controls were identified from the Israeli Population Registry. The number of offspring of unaffected parents, biological siblings and controls was ascertained.

Results:  Unaffected parents of psychotic patients had more offspring/person than controls; 4.5 ± 2.7 vs. 3.4 ± 2.2, P = 0.000. Unaffected parents from familial psychosis families (more than one affected family member) had 1.83 more offspring than controls; unaffected parents from non‐familial psychosis families had 0.97 more offspring than controls (both P < 0.001).

Conclusion:  These findings might imply that genes which increase susceptibility for schizophrenia may be associated with increased number of offspring, perhaps supplying a partial explanation for the persistence of psychosis.
Environmental and geometric drivers of small mammal diversity along elevational gradients in Utah
Authors: Rowe Rebecca J.
Published: February 2009

The mechanisms shaping patterns of biodiversity along spatial gradients remain poorly known and controversial. Hypotheses have emphasized the importance of both environmental and spatial factors. Much of the uncertainty about the relative role of these processes can be attributed to the limited number of comparative studies that evaluate multiple potential mechanisms. This study examines the relative importance of six variables: temperature, precipitation, productivity, habitat heterogeneity, area, and the mid‐domain effect on patterns of species richness for non‐volant small mammals along four neighboring mountain ranges in central Utah. Along each of these elevational gradients, a hump‐shaped relationship of richness with elevation is evident. This study evaluates whether the processes shaping this common pattern are also common to all gradients. Model selection indicates that no one factor or set of factors best explains patterns of species richness across all gradients, and drivers of diversity may vary seasonally. These findings suggest that commonality in the pattern of species richness, even among elevational gradients with a similar biogeographic history and fauna, cannot be attributed to a simple universal explanation.
Plant invasions along mountain roads: the altitudinal amplitude of alien Asteraceae forbs in their native and introduced ranges
Authors: Alexander Jake M. , Naylor Bridgett , Poll Myriam , Edwards Peter J. , Dietz Hansjörg
Published: February 2009

Studying plant invasions along environmental gradients is a promising approach to dissect the relative importance of multiple interacting factors that affect the spread of a species in a new range. Along altitudinal gradients, factors such as propagule pressure, climatic conditions and biotic interactions change simultaneously across rather small geographic scales. Here we investigate the distribution of eight Asteraceae forbs along mountain roads in both their native and introduced ranges in the Valais (southern Swiss Alps) and the Wallowa Mountains (northeastern Oregon, USA). We hypothesised that a lack of adaptation and more limiting propagule pressure at higher altitudes in the new range restricts the altitudinal distribution of aliens relative to the native range. However, all but one of the species reached the same or even a higher altitude in the new range. Thus neither the need to adapt to changing climatic conditions nor lower propagule pressure at higher altitudes appears to have prevented the altitudinal spread of introduced populations. We found clear differences between regions in the relative occurrence of alien species in ruderal sites compared to roadsides, and in the degree of invasion away from the roadside, presumably reflecting differences in disturbance patterns between regions. Whilst the upper altitudinal limits of these plant invasions are apparently climatically constrained, factors such as anthropogenic disturbance and competition with native vegetation appear to have greater influence than changing climatic conditions on the distribution of these alien species along altitudinal gradients.
The attraction of the known: the importance of spatial familiarity in habitat selection in wapiti Cervus elaphus
Authors: Wolf Mosheh , Frair Jacqui , Merrill Evelyn , Turchin Peter
Published: February 2009

Most studies of habitat selection by large herbivores focus on the resource availability and interactions with other species, but neglect the importance of an animal being familiar with an area due to past use. Yet, studies of the establishment and retention of territories, home ranges, birth sites, and feeding site choices in experimental settings have shown the importance of spatial familiarity at these scales. We used GPS locations of translocated wapiti Cervus elaphus, resource selection functions (RSF), and time‐to‐return to examine whether previous site use was important for selection of sites by wapiti in west‐central Alberta. To construct RSFs, we used logistic regression that included spatial familiarity (presence of a previous GPS location within a 50‐m radius) as well as estimates of herbaceous and shrub biomass, elevation, aspect, slope, and predation risk to wapiti from wolf predation, as dependent variables. We found that previous use had a strong positive relationship with subsequent site use, indicating that wapiti were not avoiding previously visited locations, as would be expected if memory of forage depletion (which we did not measure) determined response to familiar locations. Revisited sites were of higher quality, i.e. had more moderate terrain, higher forage, and lower predation risk, than sites that were not revisited, indicating that the selection of familiar locations was likely not the result of avoidance of unfamiliar locations. Finally, animals demonstrated preference for familiar locations that it had visited most recently, indicating that memory (which would decline with time) of higher site quality, rather than high quality alone, influenced selection for familiar locations. We conclude that spatial familiarity is important not only for large scale processes such as selection of home range and territory, but for smaller scale habitat selection and foraging as well.
Does nesting habitat predict hatch synchrony between brood parasitic brown‐headed cowbirdsMolothrus aterand two host species?
Authors: Tonra Christopher M. , Johnson Matthew D. , Heath Sacha K. , Hauber Mark E.
Published: February 2009

Nestling brown‐headed cowbirdsMolothrus atertypically hatch earlier and grow faster than young of the many host species of this generalist obligate brood parasite. However, a cowbird chick also benefits from the presence of some host nest mates as the parasite is provisioned disproportionately more with increasing brood size. Since asynchronous hatching affects both cowbird and host nestlings’ growth and survival, mechanisms that optimize the timing of egg‐laying by female parasites should be prevalent. Several habitat features might facilitate optimal timing of parasitic egg‐laying and we examined whether aspects of host nesting habitat predicted cowbird hatching synchrony. We tested whether synchronous nests were less concealed, closer to perches, and located in areas of higher host density than asynchronous nests using a broad‐scale information theoretic approach. There was no support for these predictions regarding song sparrow (Melospiza melodia; n=55) or yellow warbler (Dendroica petechia; n=67) nests parasitized by brown‐headed cowbirds at Mono Lake, USA. For example, the best statistical models for predicting hatching synchrony in yellow warbler nests included nesting‐patch width and nest‐substrate shrub species. However, these relationships were relatively weak: both synchronous and asynchronous nests were in patches with statistically indistinguishable widths and the two dominant shrub species at our site contained similar proportions of synchronous and asynchronous nests. We conclude that the variability of host nesting habitats does not contribute to a biologically consistent effect on hatching synchrony by this generalist brood parasite.
Competition between hatchery‐raised and wild brown trout Salmo trutta in enclosures – do hatchery releases have negative effects on wild populations?
Authors: Vehanen T. , Huusko A. , Hokki R.
Published: February 2009

Abstract –  We compared the growth and prey consumption of juvenile hatchery and wild brown trout of similar genetic origin in 12 wire mesh cages in a natural river in North‐Eastern Finland. Wild trout started feeding shortly after the start of the experiment, and clearly earlier than novel hatchery trout, but ate less in the presence of hatchery trout. When accompanied with wild trout, novel hatchery trout started to feed earlier, consumed more live prey, and lost less weight than when in allopatry. Hatchery trout grew more slowly than wild trout. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that hatchery trout benefit from the presence of wild, experienced trout in a complex semi‐natural environment. However, our results also indicate that the benefits to hatchery fish are not transferred to wild fish, and ultimately that care should be exercised in management actions when using hatchery trout to supplement wild populations. On the other hand survival potential of the novel hatchery brown trout could be better in the wild when also undomesticated trout are present.
Salivary secretion, mucin concentrations and candida carriage in HIV‐infected patients
Authors: Jainkittivong A , Lin AL , Johnson DA , Langlais RP , Yeh C‐K
Published: February 2009

Objectives:  To test whether the submandibular/sublingual (SMSL) salivary secretion, mucin concentration and candida carriage status were altered in human immunodeficiency virus‐positive (HIV+) patients.

Subjects and methods:  SMSL saliva collected from 48 HIV‐infected and 31 HIV‐negative men were analyzed for flow rates, total protein and mucin concentrations. Salivary cultures were performed for Candida assessment.

Results:  The salivary flow rate and protein secretion of the HIV+ patients was 37% and 32% less than that of the controls (P < 0.0001, P = 0.0087). The mucin concentrations (MG1 and MG2) were higher in the HIV+ subjects compared with controls (P = 0.0186, P = 0.0014); however, the mucin secretions were not different. The frequency of Candida‐positive cultures was higher in the HIV+ subjects than in the controls (61.4%vs 24.1%, P = 0.0018). In the HIV‐infected group, the unstimulated SMSL flow rates were lower in Candida‐positive than in Candida‐negative patients (P = 0.0158).

Conclusion:  The salivary secretion of the SMSL glands was reduced in HIV infection. Although the mucin concentration increased in HIV+ subjects, mucin secretion was not altered. Highly active antiviral therapy had no effect on salivary function. We found an association between the level of candida carriage and salivary flow rate in HIV‐infected patients.
Furosemide in preterm infants treated with indomethacin for patent ductus arteriosus
Authors: Andriessen Peter , Struis Nicole C. , Niemarkt Hendrik , Oetomo Sidarto Bambang , Tanke Ronald B. , Van Overmeire Bart
Published: February 2009

Objective: To evaluate the effect of furosemide on renal function and water balance in preterm infants treated with indomethacin (3 × 0.2 mg/kg at 12‐h intervals) for symptomatic patent ductus arteriosus.

Patients and Methods: We performed a retrospective multi‐centre double cohort study in preterm infants <32 weeks of gestational age. Thirty‐two infants treated with furosemide (1 mg/kg i.v.) before each indomethacin dose (furosemide group) were matched with 32 infants with indomethacin treatment alone (control‐group). Renal effects (urine output, weight gain, serum creatinine, sodium concentration) were registered.

Results: The study groups were comparable for gestational age, birth weight and day of therapy. Pretreatment differences were observed for urine output, weight and serum sodium. However, no differences were noticed in day‐to‐day urine output change or weight gain between the groups. A significant increase in serum creatinine concentration (50% vs. control, 18%; p < 0.05) and a concomitant significant decrease in serum sodium (–9 vs. control, –3 mmoL/L; p < 0.05) in the furosemide group was observed 72–96 h after starting therapy.

Conclusion: Furosemide before each indomethacin dose resulted in a significant increase in serum creatinine and hyponatremia, without increasing urine output.
Neonatal liver abscesses due to Candida infection effectively treated with caspofungin
Authors: Filippi Luca , Poggi Chiara , Gozzini Elena , Meleleo Rosanna , Mirabile Lorenzo , Fiorini Patrizio
Published: February 2009

Candidiasis is relatively frequent in neonatal and pediatric intensive care units (ICUs), particularly in preterm infants less than 28 weeks of gestational age. Neonatal candidiasis shows high mortality and is often associated to poor neurodevelopmental prognosis in survivor patients. Amphotericin B and fluconazole are the first choice drugs for the treatment of neonatal candidiasis. Caspofungin is an alternative antifungal agent, which is recommended for invasive candidiasis in adults, but has been poorly experienced in neonates and infants as far as now. We report the first two infants with Candida liver abscesses treated with caspofungin. In the first infant bloodstream and liver lesions were cleared by combination therapy with fluconazole, liposomal amphotericin and caspofungin, while in the second one by caspofungin alone.

Conclusion: Our observations confirm the efficacy and tolerability of caspofungin in the treatment of neonatal candidiasis refractory to conventional antifungal drugs. More extensive data are recommended in order to asses a specific neonatal schedule.