bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Country case study 6: Saudi Arabia
Authors: Som Lalita
Published: April 2022

Reliance on SOEs as pioneers of national infrastructure projects and as actors with diverse developmental mandates has remained an important policy lever in the MENA region. The Saudi growth model is based on ‘islands of efficiency’—SOEs that are drastically better than the rest of the Saudi State and significantly more efficient than the average emerging market SOEs. These islands of efficiency were strategic sectors notably in the areas of public service delivery, infrastructure provision, monetary and financial regulation, and public security. These islands of efficiency have been role models for the rest of the MENA region. Saudi State is quite heterogeneous, consisting of patrimonial fiefdoms in some parts and efficient modern bureaucracies in others. Apart from the exceptional, exemplar SOEs, the rest of the Saudi State provides a significant share of the rentier resource distribution to the Saudi populace. The under-performance of significant parts of the Saudi system has fed the need for islands of efficiency; conversely, the presence of these islands has lowered the pressure to reform the overall system.
“When we feel the truth of a commonplace”
Authors: Yousef Nancy
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines the interdependence between figurative form, emotional inflection, and philosophical conceptualization in George Eliot’s Middlemarch and Ludwig Wittgenstein’s Philosophical Investigations. It brings into focus the close interdependence of form and concept shaping how the philosopher and the novelist imagine the challenges of everyday conversation and exchange. Eliot and Wittgenstein both give primacy to the affective, and ethical manifestations of issues typically addressed by epistemology, resituating the language of inwardness within relational settings. Reading them together makes it possible to see how their conceptual emphases depend on remarkably similar formal and structural elements, including the use of multiple voices, tonal inflections, and digressions. The formal and methodological affinities between the philosopher and the novelist compel a reassessment of the authoritative exposition of psychic interiority offered by the philosophically inflected voice of Eliot’s principal narrator in Middlemarch. This chapter proposes a “resolute reading” of Middlemarch according to which the novel challenges its reader to relinquish the beautifully articulated hypotheses of existential egoism that the narrator persistently offers, and to attend instead to the ethical challenges embedded in the dynamics of expression, response, conversation, and its avoidance that comprise the novel’s main events.
Introduction
Authors: Plummer Marjorie Elizabeth
Published: April 2022

While working on a convent chronicle, Sister Maria Dominika (1694–1756), a fifty-eight-year-old nun in St. Katharina in Augsburg, researched in the convent archive around 1752/1753. During this research, she made a shocking discovery about the confessional composition of her convent during the sixteenth century.1...
New Habits
Authors: Plummer Marjorie Elizabeth
Published: April 2022

Chapter 4 examines how and why all nuns adapted, adopted, and rejected aspects of the new models of convents and spiritual expectations and religious piety through the late sixteenth century, focusing on three issues: habits, choir services, and spiritual authority. It also shows the negotiations and compromises made between the nuns, political authorities, and clergy about devotional life throughout the 1530s to 1550s. This process is evident in the changes in the new convent orders presented to nuns that outlined the new habits they had to wear and the language, liturgy, and texts they had to use. Some women found that temporarily conforming to authority or demurring in answering questions provided an effective strategy to retain their habits and devotional practices. Few abbesses conceded control over their convents, leading to tensions as they actively sought imperial protection and brought property cases and jurisdictional violations to the imperial court.
British Slaves and Barbary Corsairs, 1580-1750
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: April 2022

This is the first comprehensive study of the thousands of Britons captured and enslaved in North Africa in the early modern period, charting their lives from capture to eventual liberation, death in Barbary, or for a lucky few, escape. It outlines the character of Barbary’s government and society, the world of the corsairs, and the wider context of Mediterranean slavery. Using letters from slaves and accounts by former slaves, the book describes the trauma of the slave market, the lives of galley-slaves and labourers, and the fate of female captives. It explores the significance of their faith for some captives, especially puritans, but shows how a significant minority apostatized and accepted Islam, seduced by promises or hoping to ease their conditions. For them, and for other Britons who joined the corsairs voluntarily, identity became fluid and multilayered. The book also explores in depth how ransoms were raised by families and by state-sponsored charitable collections, and how redemptions were organized by merchants, consuls, and other intermediaries. Most families were too poor to raise a ransom, and the state came under intense pressure to intervene. The book shows how from the mid-seventeenth century, the state practised a form of ‘gunboat diplomacy’ that eventually curbed the corsairs. The Barbary corsairs posed a threat to all European powers, and the book places the British story within the wider context of Mediterranean slavery, which saw Moors and Christians as both captors and captives.
Raising Ransoms
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: April 2022

Chapter 6 provides the first in-depth exploration of how ransom funds were raised in England, and the roles played by families and friends, merchants, local magistrates, the Church, and the state. It begins by showing how families learned of the fate of their loved ones, and the nature of contacts between Barbary and Britain. Captives of higher status often had the contacts and resources to negotiate ransoms privately. The poor, by contrast, depended on help from others. But who was responsible for providing it, and how? The chapter explores how wives, armed with a ‘brief’, were permitted to roam the country begging alms towards a ransom, or for their own relief. The state refused to pay ransoms to those it saw as pirates. But it became involved at arm’s length, issuing nationwide ‘general briefs’ which provided for charitable collections in every parish church. This system, introduced in 1624, was replaced in the civil war era by a surcharge on customs, the ‘Algiers duty’, but was revived after the Restoration. The chapter ends by assessing the strengths and weaknesses of both arrangements, and compares their record against the performance of the systems developed in continental Europe.
India in the Persian World of Letters
Authors: Dudney Arthur
Published: April 2022

This study traces the development of philology (the analysis of literary language) in the Persian tradition in India, concentrating on its socio-political ramifications. The most influential Indo-Persian philologist of the eighteenth century was Sirāj al-Dīn ʿAlī Ḳhān (d. 1756), whose pen-name was Ārzū. Besides being a respected poet, Ārzū was a rigorous theoretician of language whose intellectual legacy was side-lined by colonialism. His conception of language accounted for literary innovation and historical change in part to theorize the tāzah-goʾī [literally, “fresh-speaking”] movement in Persian literary culture. Although later scholarship has tended to frame this debate in anachronistically nationalist terms (Iranian native speakers versus Indian imitators), the primary sources show that contemporary concerns had less to do with geography than with the question of how to assess innovative “fresh-speaking” poetry, a situation analogous to the Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns in early modern Europe. Ārzū used historical reasoning to argue that as a cosmopolitan language Persian could not be the property of one nation or be subject to one narrow kind of interpretation. Ārzū also shaped attitudes about reḳhtah, the Persianized form of vernacular poetry that would later be renamed and reconceptualized as Urdu, helping the vernacular to gain acceptance in elite literary circles in northern India. This study puts to rest the persistent misconception that Indians started writing the vernacular because they were ashamed of their poor grasp of Persian at the twilight of the Mughal Empire.
Dictionaries Delimiting Literary Language
Authors: Dudney Arthur
Published: April 2022

Early modern Persian dictionaries built up a baseline of words and expressions that counted as eloquent Persian available to poets. They played a significant role in standardizing the language that connected the various geographies of the Persian-using world but also observed local cultural differences. During the Safavid-Mughal period, India produced by far the most dictionaries of Persian. This chapter focuses on Persian lexicography as it developed in the first half of the eighteenth century, with particular attention to the earlier dictionaries to which Ārzū responds in his works, the three dictionaries Ārzū compiled (including a dictionary of vernacular words), and the two major dictionaries compiled by his Hindu friends Ṭek Chand Bahār and Ānand Rām Muḳhliṣ. The chapter concludes with a sketch of Persian lexicography after Ārzū, arguing that Persian lexicography continued to be important in India well into the colonial period.
If not Moral Theory, then What?
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace
Published: April 2022

In which I defend my rejection of the theory-building approach to ethical philosophy, and having said what my own approach is not, begin to develop a positive characterisation of what it is. This draws on Bernard Williams’s approach in some ways, but an anti-theorist does not need to base her position on Williams’s internal reasons thesis, which I reject.
Conclusion
Authors: Chappell Sophie Grace
Published: April 2022

Two dangers facing the student of epiphanies are obtuseness (a failure to see what’s in front of your nose) and idolatry (a failure to sit lightly to what is given in what is in front of your nose). A third is evanescence: epiphanies can seem too delicate, and too transient, to be grasped without breaking them or moving out of them. This suggests that a certain reticence may be apt in talking about them, a reticence perhaps not shown by writing 220,000 words on the subject; but there is no doubt a time for silence, and perhaps, with these words, we reach it.
Introduction
Authors: Rieber Alfred J.
Published: April 2022

The Balkans is defined as a region shaped by four characteristics that provide a context for the actions and aspirations of the leaders of the major competitor for dominance during and immediately after the Second World War. These characteristics are: (1) a topography that permits easy access for external intervention but raises physical obstacles to political unity or domination; (2) a mixed and changing ethnic and social composition of the population; (3) a tradition of irregular warfare; and (4) weak state-building with the frequent intervention of foreign powers. Against this background, the approach guiding the narrative focuses on leadership in the Weberian sense of charisma with Mussolini, Hitler, Stalin, Tito, and Churchill representing variations on the theme. Their shared personal traits are analyzed as well as their contrasting operative styles.
Hitler
Authors: Rieber Alfred J.
Published: April 2022

Hitler was drawn into an armed intervention in the Balkans by Mussolini’s rash attack on Greece. He had preferred to exploit the region’s material resources for his expansionist policies in the East. Once committed, his policies revealed a highly improvisational and often contradictory character. He compromised his racial policies with respect to the Slavs and the volksdeutsch. He quickly discovered that the main collaborationists, the Croat Ustaša, Serb Chetniks, Bosnian Muslims, and Slovene Guards were ineffective or unreliable in repressing the Partisans. He allowed his subordinates great latitude in carrying out his vague instructions. He maintained his friendship with Mussolini but deplored Italy’s ineffective occupation policies. His main concern during the war was to secure the region against landing by Western forces. After the surrender of Italy, his forces disarmed the Italians and took over their occupation duties, finding only the Albanians welcomed them.
A Chill Sets In
Authors: Rieber Alfred J.
Published: April 2022

After the war the generally cordial relations between Tito and Stalin continued to disintegrate as the early differences intensified. Major controversies festered over ideological and territorial questions related to the building of socialism in Yugoslavia, and Tito’s imperial aspirations in Macedonia, Albania, and Greece. But at the first conference of the Comintern, the Soviet leaders assigned the Yugoslavs the task of denouncing the French and Italian parties for having followed the parliamentary path to socialism, which Stalin had previously endorsed. At the second congress, Stalin organized a coup against the Yugoslavs, blaming them for just the opposite errors by allowing the French and Italian communist leaders to lead the charge in a spirit of comradely revenge. Excluded from the communist camp and isolated from the West, Tito had to give up his support of the communists in Greece. This doomed their insurrectionand ended his Balkan ambitions.
Crafting Parliament in Myanmar's Disciplined Democracy (2011-2021)
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: April 2022

In January 2011, parliament was restored in Myanmar after two decades of military rule. Startlingly, it began to repeal obsolete laws, scrutinize government expenditures, summon ministers to the floor, and discuss the state’s annual budget. It also allowed its elected representatives to make public the grievances collected from constituents infuriated at enduring practices of land confiscation, petty corruption, and everyday abuses of power. Yet ten years later in February 2021, parliament was shut down, again, by another coup d’état. What has been learned in the span of a decade of post-junta legislative resurgence? How could an elected legislature resurface—and function—in a country that had only limited experience with parliamentary affairs and representative politics since its independence from British rule? What lessons can be drawn from the Myanmar case for parliamentary institution building and legislative developments (and decay) in post-authoritarian and praetorian contexts? This book offers a compelling account of Myanmar’s halting efforts to develop the institutional framework and practice of a parliament-based democratic governance between 2011 and 2021. It charts the stages of such a parliamentary resurgence, tracing its causes and exploring how various institutional and political legacies both informed and constrained the re-establishment and operations of the Union legislature, or Pyidaungsu Hluttaw. Embracing both ethnographic observations and a methodical engagement with legislative proceedings and historical material, Renaud Egreteau investigates how parliamentary life has (re)emerged in the 2010s. His analysis concentrates on key legislative mechanisms, processes and tasks pertaining to government oversight, budgetary control, representation and lawmaking and interrogates how they have been learned, (re)appropriated, and performed by Myanmar’s new breed of civilian and military legislators until the 2021 army takeover.
Introduction
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: April 2022

The ceremonial was solemn, ritualistic. It was a sunny afternoon in Naypyitaw, Myanmar’s capital since 2005, on the last day of January 2011. More than 600 freshly elected and appointed Members of Parliament (MPs) gathered in the largest of the three massive amphitheatres of the nation’s new parliament, along with dozens of selected guests, diplomats, and reporters. At 15:00, the head of the new administrative office of the ...
The house that (Bamar) soldiers built
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: April 2022

Myanmar’s parliament did not emerge from scratch after the 2010 elections. This chapter underscores the importance of the historical legacy factor in the design of the country’s most recent legislative institutions. It demonstrates how various institutional and political legacies both informed and constrained the re-establishment and operations of Myanmar’s Union legislature between 2011 and 2021. Many understudied parliamentary rituals, codes, and ceremonies, as well as prior—if limited—experiments with legislative rules and mechanisms have fundamentally shaped how parliament was restored and functioned in a post-junta setting. While much of that institutional history has been re-appropriated—if not reinvented—by military elites to fit the narrative of a ‘discipline-flourishing’ democracy under the 2008 Constitution, the findings confirm that path dependence processes and institutional legacies continue to matter in legislative design and development.
Conclusion: A house on probation
Authors: Egreteau Renaud
Published: April 2022

I began this book with the proposition that Myanmar’s novel parliament, as it resurfaced and operated in the span of a single decade (2011–2021), deserves a larger place than it has hitherto been given in most accounts of the country’s recent social and political transformations. Despite its closure by a coup d’état only ten years after its inauguration, the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw has emerged as a politically important institution of the country—one that will be crucial to the development of Myanmar’s hypothetical democratic politics. The literature has long claimed that elected bodies can make fundamental contributions to post-authoritarian political systems and tend to have a strong influence on societies attempting to depart from authoritarian rule (...
Jinnah: A Thinker of Existential Survival
Authors: Hussain Adeel
Published: April 2022

This chapter departs from the conventional view that sees Jinnah as a diligent and committed constitutional lawyer. Instead, this chapter shows that early on Jinnah had identified the limitations of the law as a sphere for conflict resolution between different political communities and even proposed to move away from the legal sphere entirely. For Jinnah, a solution to the communal issue in India could not be found in legal contracts or constitutional safeguards but had to be deliberated through the representation of religion in the political arena—even at the cost of an outright embrace of violence. This chapter further uncovers how the idea of Muslim nationality was conceived between the lines of legal language, text, and category. However, Muslim unity still partially relied on those categories to articulate itself.
Muhammad Iqbal: Combative Constitutionalism
Authors: Hussain Adeel
Published: April 2022

This chapter unpacks how Iqbal’s thought helped to shape a distinctly Indian Muslim subjectivity that was separate from the colonial state, the Congress, and Muslims elsewhere in the world. It shows how Iqbal’s constitutional exclusion of Ahmadis, a small Muslim reformist movement, was fuelled by his theological, legal, and political thinking. Iqbal’s refusal to integrate non-Muslims into his proposed republican framework, as is evident from his engagements with political authority and the legislative process of ijtehad and ijma, suggest that it was indeed a separatist message that lay at the heart of his political vision. This chapter further finds that Iqbal was aware that antagonisms within societies and religious communities, terms that for Iqbal largely overlapped in India, could not easily be absorbed through liberal political practices. If such antagonism went unchecked, however, Iqbal feared it would lead to the dissolution of solidarity among Indian Muslims. For the survival of religious communities, the legal order had to recognize theological differences. More than the spiritual father, Iqbal is better understood as Pakistan’s primary constitutional architect.
Philosophical Methodology
Authors: Bengson John , Cuneo Terence , Shafer-Landau Russ
Published: April 2022

This book is an attempt to understand philosophical inquiry by means of answering five questions: What is the structure of theoretical inquiry? What are the goals of theoretical inquiry? What are philosophical data? What is a sound method for philosophical theorizing? Is there reason to think that philosophical progress can be or has been made? Chapter 1 tackles the first two questions: inquiry is organized around the collection of data and the application to data of a sound method, and is ultimately aimed at achieving understanding. Chapters 2 and 3 address the third question, canvassing various theories of philosophical data before landing on an epistemic theory according to which data are what inquirers, considered collectively, have good epistemic reason to believe. Chapters 4 and 5 tackle the fourth question, identifying three data about sound method, surveying and critically assessing prominent extant methods, and defending a novel philosophical method—the Tri-Level Method—by revealing the various ways in which it can handle the three data and facilitate understanding. Chapter 6 addresses the fifth question, arguing that the Tri-Level Method can explain how to make philosophical progress, that its constituent criteria can be used to assess whether such progress has been made, that there really has been substantial philosophical progress, and that philosophy’s progress is relevantly comparable to that made in other fields.
Philosophical Data
Authors: Bengson John , Cuneo Terence , Shafer-Landau Russ
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses the nature of philosophical data, identifying their four basic features—data about data. Data are claims that are (i) inquiry-constraining, (ii) starting points for inquiry, (iii) collected via certain procedures, and (iv) neutral. This chapter also confronts and seeks to dispel worries about the theory-ladenness of data, which calls into doubt features (ii) and (iv). The discussion then turns to critically assessing three theories of data. The sociological theory treats data as claims that inquirers provisionally agree on; the metaphysical theory construes data as constitutive features of reality; the psycho-linguistic theory sees data as claims about psychological or linguistic phenomena, such as appearances or how language is used. While each theory handles at least two of the four features of data, each theory also fails to capture at least one of them. This prepares the ground for the presentation and defense, in Chapter 3, of the epistemic theory of data.
Philosophical Progress
Authors: Bengson John , Cuneo Terence , Shafer-Landau Russ
Published: April 2022

This chapter tackles four questions about philosophical progress. The ‘existential question’ asks whether philosophy has made noetic progress—progress with respect to increasing theoretical understanding—in regard to its central questions. The ‘comparative question’ asks how noetic progress in philosophy with respect to its central questions compares to that made by other fields. The ‘how-to question’ asks how it is possible for philosophy to make noetic progress with respect to its central questions. Finally, the ‘evaluative question’ asks how it is possible to attain a principled evaluation of the extent to which philosophy has made any noetic progress with respect to its central questions. The chapter addresses the latter two questions by invoking the Tri-Level Method, arguing that adherence to it is what makes noetic progress possible, and that the method’s criteria can be used as a yardstick to determine the extent to which such progress has been made. An affirmative answer to the existential question is defended by introducing a distinction between foremost and fundamental questions within a domain, and providing examples of noetic progress with respect to some of philosophy’s foremost questions. Appreciating the distinction between foremost and fundamental questions also positions theorists to answer the comparative question: while theorists in all disciplines have struggled to resolve their fundamental questions, noetic progress on foremost questions has been substantial, not just in other fields but in philosophy as well.
Folk Concepts of Time
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan
Published: April 2022

This opening chapter lays the groundwork for the rest of the book. It begins by motivating and then clarifying the central target of our investigation: the folk concept of time. Three respects are identified in which the loss of time in the folk sense might be deemed unthinkable and several potential misconceptions are headed off. Following this, the central, naturalistic methodology is outlined sketched out and, finally, a schematic overview of the three main parts of the book is provided. The overview provided here is deliberately programmatic, is intended to give the reader a sense of the structure and themes, and is filled out in later chapters.
The Sydney Time Studies
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan
Published: April 2022

The Sydney time studies aim to determine whether there is a univocal folk concept of time, and if there is, to determine at least some of the conditions that are necessary for that concept to be satisfied (if there are any such conditions). The method, in line with the broad approach described in Chapters Two and Three, involves presenting participants with vignettes describing actual and counterfactual scenarios. This chapter presents the studies and their findings. The chapter includes a more detailed presentation of the empirical methodology and, in particular, how to test for conceptual variability. It is explained whether and how the empirical studies confirm or disconfirm the hypotheses outlined in Chapter Three.
Causation and Time
Authors: Baron Sam , Miller Kristie , Tallant Jonathan
Published: April 2022

In Chapter Eight, we consider one final reason to believe that spacetime must emerge. Namely, that it is needed to support the existence of conscious observers. We argue that spacetime need not emerge, because there can be observation without it. That’s because there can be causation even if there is no spacetime, and causation is sufficient for observation. We consider a number of arguments against the idea that causation can exist without time and find them all wanting. After that, we present a positive theory of causation without time that draws on the idea that a non-spatiotemporal structure can approximate spacetime under the right conditions.
Anna and Dr Helmy
Authors: Steinke Ronen
Published: April 2022

This book tells the story of Mohammed Helmy, an Egyptian doctor who lived in Berlin during the Second World War and walked the fine line between accommodation to the Nazi regime and subversion of it. It mentions the Israeli holocaust memorial at Yad Vashem that honoured more than 25,000 of the non-Jewish men and women who saved Jewish people during the war. It also describes Helmy as a master of deception, outfoxing the Nazis and risking his own life to save his Jewish colleagues and other Jewish Berliners from Nazi persecution. The book reveals a wider story of the Arab community in Berlin at the time, many of whom had warm relations with the Jewish community. It details how Helmy and the Arab community risked their lives to help their Jewish friends when the Nazis rose to power.
The Home Visit
Authors: Steinke Ronen
Published: April 2022

This chapter recounts how Dr. Mohamed Helmy and the young Anna first met one afternoon in 1936, noting that the girl had been embarrassed by her mother and grandmother’s behaviour that day. It details Dr. Helmy’s visit to Anna’s home, wherein her mother and grandmother greeted him at the front door with their finery of diamond rings and necklaces. It also talks about Anna’s embarrassment as her mother fawned over the Egyptian stranger and both women plied him with invitations in an attempt to win him over in a private capacity. The chapter mentions Dr. Helmy’s privileged position as the only remaining ‘non-Aryan’ clinician in Berlin as most Jewish doctors in Berlin had lost their licenses in 1935, causing things to become harder for Jewish patients. It discusses how Dr. Helmy noticed Anna’s family as moneyed people from the reflection in the trumeau.
Going Underground
Authors: Steinke Ronen
Published: April 2022

This chapter begins with Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s return to Anna’s home in 1942, six years after his first visit to see her grandmother. It describes the half-empty rooms of the apartment as dingy and bleak and there was little left of the Wilhelminian interior. It also mentions how the German state has granted Dr. Helmy a practice of his own in the Charlottenburg district, with no personal risk involved two years after his arrest by the Gestapo at the beginning of the war in fall 1939. The chapter details the deportation of Berlin’s Jews that begun on 18 October 1941. It talks about how Dr. Helmy convinced Anna’s grandmother to escape and hide after she received a letter to report to the Moabit synagogue, where the ‘Reich Association of Jews in Germany’ had been ordered to set up a camp for several hundred people.
Hidden in Plain Sight
Authors: Steinke Ronen
Published: April 2022

This chapter cites Anna’s thoughts whenever she wears the scarf over her head, being astonished as to how it worked like a magic cloak and diverted people’s attention from her face. It details how Anna never left Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s side, from driving to work in the morning to going home in the evening. It also mentions how Anna used her falsified document from the Royal Embassy of Egypt whenever patrol officers stopped their vehicle for inspection. The chapter discusses how Anna kept her pretense understand Arabic, while Dr. Helmy pretended to be the ideal pro-Nazi Arab envisioned by Goebbels’ propaganda office. It talks about Dr. Helmy’s outward show of absolute loyalty to Adolf Hitler, which is an act he had perfected in Gestapo custody together with his Egyptian friends.
The Gestapo Closes In
Authors: Steinke Ronen
Published: April 2022

This chapter discusses a letter from the Charlottenburg registry office that arrived a week after Anna’s sharia marriage, which indicated that it was rejected by the German authorities. It emphasizes how Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s plan to procure Anna an Egyptian passport by marrying her into the small community of Berlin Muslims had failed. It also reviews the reason given by the registry office for its decision to invalidate Anna’s wedding, which included Nazi racial policies that prevented the marriage between a ‘Hamite’ and a German due to the grounds of race. The chapter mentions Helmy’s careless mistake of writing the old address of the real Anna on ‘Nadia’s’ sharia marriage certificate, causing the Gestapo to get back on Anna’s trail and include the doctor as their target. It describes Anna’s thin veil of Muslim disguise as her only protection from suspicious neighbours and the Gestapo, which was further strained when her mother arrived wearing a yellow badge.
The Final Lie
Authors: Steinke Ronen
Published: April 2022

This chapter recounts Anna’s Sunday afternoons in 1943, when her mother and stepfather she nicknamed ‘Fatty’ visit her in Dr. Mohamed Helmy’s apartment. It mentions how Anna was annoyed by their visits as they talked of nothing but Jews and displaced people and never a word about the danger facing her, Dr. Helmy, and his fiancée. It also discusses the sudden visit of Anna’s half-uncle, Martin Rudnik, whose face was bloodied and bruised as the Gestapo had beaten to extract the name of his protector, further endangering the doctor. The chapter details Dr. Helmy’s attempt to find emergency hiding places for Anna, placing her with his patient Frieda Szturmann and then to Frieda’s sister in Lichterfelde. It talks about Dr. Helmy’s final plan to save Anna after her mother was arrested, claiming to the Gestapo that a Jewish girl had tricked him of being Muslim and then she suddenly disappeared.
Organization and Time
Authors: Hernes Tor
Published: April 2022

Observed through a temporal lens, organizational life fluctuates among moments of instantaneity, enduring continuity, and imagination of distant times. This movement stems from the fact that actors are continually faced with multiple intersecting temporalities, obliging them to make choices about what to do in the present, how to understand the past they emerge from, and how to stake out a possible future. Although scholars have widely recognized actors’multitemporal reality, it remains to be more fully theorized into an integrative framework. In this book, Tor Hernes takes up this challenge by combining foundational ideas from philosophy, sociology, and organization theory into an integrative theoretical framework of organizational time. Based on a review of the literature, his definition of time includes four dimensions: experience, events, resource, and practice. He provides examples of how these four dimensions evolve through mutual interplay and how they are underpinned by what he calls narrative trajectory. He then discusses implications for key topics in organizational research, including materiality, leadership and continuity and change. Organization and Time is for scholars and advanced students of organization studies, management studies, technology studies, and sociology.
Time-as-Practice
Authors: Hernes Tor
Published: April 2022

Time-as-practice is the most ancient form of time, but not yet fully developed in organizational research. Time-as-practice expresses how activity is constitutive of time. In social settings, practices interweave to form, not just a sense of time in the moment, but also how memory and anticipation are embedded in collective activity. Practices also make up the temporal present. Any activity, including discussions, consists of collective practices though which the present, past, and future are enacted. A main contribution of the chapter is to extend from the view of practices as stretched-outness of time to a view of practices as reach-outness of time. By the latter is meant how actors address past or future events though their practices.
Women and Leadership in the European Union
Authors: Müller Henriette , Tömmel Ingeborg
Published: April 2022

Despite a recent increase in female politicians, managers, and experts in the European Union (EU), scholarship on women leaders and their performance and agency in European decision-making and executive politics remains limited. Against this background, this chapter focuses on women’s leadership in the EU. First, it conceptualizes women’s leadership at the intersection of leadership and gender studies; second, it examines the main opportunities and challenges to women’s access to and their performance of leadership in the European Union. In doing so, this chapter provides a twofold analytical framework that is based, on the one hand, on the distinction between positional and behavioral leadership and, on the other, on the distinction between political, administrative, and expert leadership in EU offices and functions. Integrating theoretical and empirical insights at the intersection of contemporary EU studies, leadership studies, and gender studies allows for a comprehensive study of women’s leadership and empowerment in European institutions.
Women’s Positional Leadership in the European Commission
Authors: Hartlapp Miriam , Blome Agnes
Published: April 2022

To date, more than 60 women have worked in top-level positions in the European Commission. This chapter asks when, where, and how they entered leadership positions. It uses descriptive analysis of original data to show that women’s leadership in the Commission developed late—with virtually no women at its apex in the first 35 years of integration—rising to roughly 40% of top positions by 2021. Analysis of horizontal gender divides shows that women in the Commission lead not only classically “feminine” portfolios but now frequently also economic and foreign policy portfolios. The organizational setup, appointment procedures, and personnel policy of the Commission structure an administrative and a political path to leadership in the Commission. Along these paths, individual factors like nationality and career experience play out differently, which explains the observable patterns of women’s positional leadership. We conclude that where women’s administrative and political leadership meet, there is particular potential for leadership to be turned into substantial representation of women’s interests.
Women and Leadership across the EU Institutions
Authors: Cini Michelle
Published: April 2022

Viviane Reding is one of Europe’s most recognizable female leaders, having served as a Member of the European Parliament (1989–1999, 2014–2018) and member of the European Commission (1999–2014). From a positional leadership perspective, Reding has thus been extremely successful in holding high political offices within the EU institutions. She has also been an effective advocate for women’s leadership, “paying it forward” by actively opening doors to a new generation of women leaders. That said, this chapter primarily focuses on the behavioral leadership of Viviane Reding. In other words, while acknowledging—from a women’s leadership perspective—that the achievement of high office implies a certain degree of success, a more interesting set of insights about women’s leadership is likely to result from evaluating leadership performance and leadership style. Reding’s career is particularly interesting as it involves two very different institutions: the European Parliament and European Commission. What might be learned about women’s leadership from Reding’s experience in these two institutional arenas? How does her leadership performance differ between them? Does a leadership style appropriate for one institution carry over into the other, or are different skills needed in these different roles? To address these questions, this chapter reviews Reding’s career background and her achievements (and performance) in both the Commission and the Parliament, before drawing conclusions about her leadership style (or styles). The chapter identifies where and how Reding’s leadership was most effective and why.
Gendered Leadership in the European Parliament’s Political Groups
Authors: Kantola Johanna , Miller Cherry
Published: April 2022

The chapter analyzes how leadership continues to be gendered in the European Parliament (EP), failing to provide a level playing field for MEPs. It focuses on the leadership positions provided by the political groups of the Parliament. Political groups have grown in importance alongside the institutional development of the EP, and leadership positions within them encompass those responsible for political, policy, and administrative leadership. This chapter analyzes political leadership in terms of political group leaders and national party delegation leaders; policy leadership in terms of nominations to the key positions of committee chairs and coordinators; and administrative leadership in terms of political groups’ secretaries general. We use extensive interview material (n=123), which covers MEPs and staff and includes responses to questions about political, policy, and administrative leadership within the political groups in the 8th (2014–2019) and 9th legislatures (2019–2024). Key findings show how men continue to dominate political leadership despite the gender-equal reputation of the EP. A particular hidden gendered structure is the leadership of national party delegations, where women are significantly in the minority. Policy leadership, in contrast, is the most gender-balanced area, though the conservative European People’s Party (EPP)—the biggest political group—is a notable exception in this regard. Finally, women are underrepresented in administrative leadership of the political groups. Gendered norms and practices continue to shape the scope of action within these leadership positions and underpin the challenges involved in making the EP a gender-equal arena.
The Court of Justice of the European Union, Gender, and Leadership
Authors: Guth Jessica
Published: April 2022

This chapter outlines the application of positional leadership to the Court of Justice of the European Union and shows that leadership as applied to the Court is complex and multifaceted. Women are woefully underrepresented at the Court, and the chapter outlines possible barriers to women’s appointment, focusing on the factors shaping appointment processes in particular. Through a focus on the Advocates General of the Court of Justice, the chapter then explores the women of the Court and the extent to which gender makes a difference in the work that they are assigned and do. The chapter suggests that while it is clear that women still face significant barriers to accessing these senior judicial roles, gender makes no difference in relation to the volume or type of work they do or the impact that work has.
The Problems
Authors: Leftow Brian
Published: April 2022

Chapter 3 discusses objections to prior chapters’ reading of Anselm, and to Anselm’s position as presented there. It considers arguments that Anselm’s metaphysics provides only a modality weaker than absolute. Some of these contend that Anselm’s theory generates too few possibilities for the modality it yields to be absolute. Others contend that it generates too many necessities. Some are objections to Anselm’s ideas about necessity generally. Some are objections specifically to his treatment of necessities about God.
Brouwer
Authors: Leftow Brian
Published: April 2022

Chapter 5 argues that one premise of the argument that this book defends is a logical truth. It shows that the premise is true if and only if the logic of absolute modality includes the Brouwer system. It also argues that that logic does include that system.
Kant
Authors: Leftow Brian
Published: April 2022

Chapter 7 provides detailed commentary on Kant’s arguments about necessary existence. It shows that his complaint about the property is that we do not have a “real definition” for it—which (it shows) would amount to showing just which contradiction follows from the claim that a necessary being does not exist, and how it follows. Since for Kant, absolute necessity consists in analyticity, the chapter explains Kant’s thinking about analyticity. It turns out to consist in having a contradictory negation—period. The chapter argues that Kant should have dealt with necessary beings directly, rather than by considering the necessity of existential propositions. It gives examples of necessary existential propositions. It argues too that even if Kant is right, and we lack a “real definition” of necessary existence, this does not prevent Anselm or other metaphysicians from showing that there are necessary beings. Further, the chapter argues that Kant’s criticisms of “ontological” arguments are entirely unsuccessful.
Custom as Historiography: Alberico Gentili
Authors: Iurlaro Francesca
Published: April 2022

Gentili considered ius gentium as customary, as well as the historical artefact of European cultural identity. He substantiated its normative foundation by securely grounding it in the consensus of the literary elites of the past. In so doing, he dismissed the achievement of political consensus of sovereigns as a necessary requirement for the legitimation of custom. Rather, custom was to be fabricated through the language of classical antiquity, and crafted on the shoulders of the impressive scholarship that humanists were producing throughout Europe. Custom, as a fundamental feature of ius gentium, became what an invented consensus of past scholars said it was. At the same time, in the attempt to reconcile natural law with ragion di stato, Alberico Gentili compared the authoritative judgments of classical scholars with more contemporary historical accounts, such as the works of the Italian historians Francesco Guicciardini and Paolo Giovio. By integrating these two languages, Gentili opened a Eurocentric window for non-European historical narratives to emerge, as shown by his comparative interest in Ottoman customs.
Christian Wolff and His ius gentium consuetudinarium
Authors: Iurlaro Francesca
Published: April 2022

Christian Wolff’s ‘philosophicization’ of customary ius gentium marks a fundamental point in the narrative of this book. Indeed, this theoretical process leads to two important results. Firstly, the normative character of the customary law of nations is enhanced by the heavily ontologized, moralized framework of the civitas maxima Wolff is proposing. Secondly, Wolff’s abandonment of divine voluntarism allows custom to become a source of legal obligation among states tout court. The question is no longer, in the words of Wolff’s predecessors, whether custom is binding or not. Wolff assumes custom is binding because it is based on a double, fictional argument: customary ius gentium exists as though it was a treaty and it is based on tacit consensus, namely a consensus which is assumed to be as valid as if it were explicit.
The Great Divide
Authors: Wendorf Richard
Published: April 2022

The presence—and subsequent disappearance—of pervasive capitalization, italics, and caps and small caps in eighteenth-century English texts has occasionally been noted but it has never been thoroughly documented or analyzed, let alone in the full context of the history of the book. This introductory chapter provides the terminology and historical framework in which to site this fundamental change in printing conventions and thus in the appearance of the English page. Taking the poetry of William Collins and Alexander Pope as starting points, this chapter reveals that the tipping point for the emergence of the modern page was 1765 and that texts were printed almost entirely in this new, less cluttered, more elegant style by 1780. This analysis is based on an extensive database that includes books printed in a wide variety of genres.
Literary Texts and Collections
Authors: Wendorf Richard
Published: April 2022

Poetry led the way in the gradual abandonment of the capital in the middle decades of the eighteenth century. An analysis of texts and letters by James Thomson and Thomas Gray, however, reveals the inconsistencies in textual presentation at mid-century. An examination of classical texts (Horace’s in particular) shows the variety of ways in which poetry in Latin could be presented, edited, translated, and imitated. Alexander Pope, in particular, was adept at manipulating typographical form as he edited and imitated Horace’s epistles. Changes in the typographical presentation of plays began with William Congreve, and an analysis of the various editions of Shakespeare in the eighteenth century reveals that this neoclassical form of presentation lasted throughout the period. The change from the old style of printing conventions to the new style began with Jacob Tonson’s collected edition of 1723 and Pope’s of 1725—although individual plays were often printed in the older style. This new style was also adopted earlier in the century by the Gentleman’s Magazine, Robert Dodsley’s collections of old plays and contemporary poetry, and in other anthologies and journals (but not in newspapers). The emerging novel of the 1740s provides an opportunity to examine these typographical changes in the hands of Richardson, Fielding, Smollett, and Sterne, and the varying ways in which these authors and their printers handled quotations and dialogues.