bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Absolute calibration of the colour index and O4 absorption derived from
Multi AXis (MAX-)DOAS measurements and their application to a standardised
cloud classification algorithm
Authors: Wagner Thomas , Beirle Steffen , Remmers Julia , Shaiganfar Reza , Wang Yang
Published: September 2016

Abstract. A method is developed for the calibration of the colour index (CI) and the O4 absorption derived from differential optical absorption spectroscopy (DOAS) measurements of scattered sunlight. The method is based on the comparison of measurements and radiative transfer simulations for well-defined atmospheric conditions and viewing geometries. Calibrated measurements of the CI and the O4 absorption are important for the detection and classification of clouds from MAX-DOAS observations. Such information is needed for the identification and correction of the cloud influence on Multi AXis (MAX-)DOAS profile inversion results, but might be also be of interest on their own, e.g. for meteorological applications. The calibration algorithm was successfully applied to measurements at two locations: Cabauw in the Netherlands and Wuxi in China. We used CI and O4 observations calibrated by the new method as input for our recently developed cloud classification scheme and also adapted the corresponding threshold values accordingly. For the observations at Cabauw, good agreement is found with the results of the original algorithm. Together with the calibration procedure of the CI and O4 absorption, the cloud classification scheme, which has been tuned to specific locations/conditions so far, can now be applied consistently to MAX-DOAS measurements at different locations. In addition to the new threshold values, further improvements were introduced to the cloud classification algorithm, namely a better description of the SZA (solar zenith angle) dependence of the threshold values and a new set of wavelengths for the determination of the CI. We also indicate specific areas for future research to further improve the cloud classification scheme.
PCB current identification based on near-field measurements using preconditioning and regularization
Authors: Rinas Denis , Ahl Patrick , Frei Stephan
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Radiated electromagnetic fields from a PCB can be estimated when the source current distribution is known. From a measured near-field distribution, the PCB source current distribution can be found. Accuracy depends on the measurement method and its limitations, the radiation model and the choice of the observation area. Many known methods are based on optimization algorithms for inverse problems that vary a set of elementary radiation sources and create a radiation model. However, apart from the time-consuming optimization process, such methods find one possible solution for a near-field distribution. As this distribution might not reflect the real current distribution, accuracy outside of near-field scan area can be low. Furthermore numerical problems can often be observed. Solving the given inverse problem with a system of linear equations and complex near-field data it can be very sensitive to noise. Regularization methods and an adjusted preconditioning can increase the accuracy. In this paper, an improved radiation model creation approach based on complex near-field data is presented. This approach is based on regularization methods and extended by current estimations from near-field data. Preconditioning is done considering some physical properties of the PCB and its possible current paths. Accuracy and stability of the method are investigated in the presence of noisy data.
Emission analysis of large number of various passenger electronic devices in aircraft
Authors: Schüür Jens , Oppermann Lukas , Enders Achim , R. Nunes Rafael , Oertel Carl-Henrik
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The ever increasing use of PEDs (passenger or portable electronic devices) has put pressure on the aircraft industry as well as operators and administrations to reevaluate established restrictions in PED-use on airplanes in the last years. Any electronic device could cause electromagnetic interference to the electronics of the airplane, especially interference at receiving antennas of sensitive wireless navigation and communication (NAV/COM) systems. This paper presents a measurement campaign in an Airbus A320. 69 test passengers were asked to actively use a combination of about 150 electronic devices including many attached cables, preferentially with a high data load on their buses, to provoke maximal emissions. These emissions were analysed within the cabin as well as at the inputs of aircraft receiving antennas outside of the fuselage. The emissions of the electronic devices as well as the background noise are time-variant, so just comparing only one reference and one transmission measurement is not sufficient. Repeated measurements of both cases lead to a more reliable first analysis. Additional measurements of the absolute received power at the antennas of the airplane allow a good estimation of the real interference potential to aircraft NAV/COM systems. Although there were many measured emissions within the cabin, there were no disturbance signals detectable at the aircraft antennas.
Meteor radar observations of mesopause region long-period temperature
oscillations
Authors: Jacobi Ch. , Samtleben N. , Stober G.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Meteor radar observations of mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) daily temperatures have been performed at Collm, Germany since August 2004. The data have been analyzed with respect to long-period oscillations at time scales of 2–30 days. The results reveal that oscillations with periods of up to 6 days are more frequently observed during summer, while those with longer periods have larger amplitudes during winter. The oscillations may be considered as the signature of planetary waves. The results are compared with analyses from radar wind measurements. Moreover, the temperature oscillations show considerable year-to-year variability. In particular, amplitudes of the quasi 5-day oscillation have increased during the last decade, and the quasi 10-day oscillations are larger if the equatorial stratospheric winds are eastward.
Uncertainty contribution of a wind turbine to the electric field of a DVOR antenna as a function of wind direction and rotor position
Authors: Sandmann Sergei , Garbe Heyno
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The presence of a wind turbine (WT) has the potential to distort electromagnetic fields emitted by terrestrial radio navigation aids. In this paper especially the field distortion of a Doppler Very High Frequency Omnidirectional Radio Range (DVOR) surveillance navigation system is investigated as a function of wind direction and rotor position. Therefor, the field distribution of a DVOR is simulated in the surrounding of a WT for 104 combinations of the angles of wind direction and rotor position. Furthermore, these calculations are executed for two different rotor diameters and 10 steps of distance between DVOR and WT in the range of 10 km. Based on the calculated data a method to estimate the maximum field distortion is developed. It is shown that the presented method allows to approximate the worst case field distortion with the results of two general simulation setups. Eliminating the need of simulating all possible geometric constellations of the WT this method hereby offers the benefit of significantly reduced simulation effort.
Design and analysis of ultra-wideband antennas for transient
field excitations
Authors: Kotzev Miroslav , Kreitlow Matthias , Gronwald Frank
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This work addresses the design of two ultra-wideband antennas for the application of transient field measurements that are characterized by frequency spectra that typically range from a few MHz to several GHz. The motivation for their design is the excitation of high power transient pulses, such as double exponential or damped sinusoidal pulses, within highly resonant metallic enclosures. The antenna design is based on two independent numerical full-wave solvers and it is aimed to achieve a low return loss over a wide range of frequencies together with a high pulse fidelity. It turns out that antennas of the conical and discone type do achieve satisfactory broadband characteristics while limitations towards low frequencies persist. Also the concept of fidelity factor turns out as advantageous to determine whether the proposed antennas allow transmitting certain broadband pulse forms.
Adapting the range of validity for the Carleman linearization
Authors: Weber Harry , Mathis Wolfgang
Published: September 2016

Abstract. In this contribution, the limitations of the Carleman linearization approach are presented and discussed. The Carleman linearization transforms an ordinary nonlinear differential equation into an infinite system of linear differential equations. In order to transform the nonlinear differential equation, orthogonal polynomials which represent solutions of a Sturm–Liouville problem are used as basis. The determination of the time derivate of this basis yields an infinite dimensional linear system that depends on the considered nonlinear differential equation. The infinite linear system has the same properties as the nonlinear differential equation such as limit cycles or chaotic behavior. In general, the infinite dimensional linear system cannot be solved. Therefore, the infinite dimensional linear system has to be approximated by a finite dimensional linear system. Due to limitation of dimension the solution of the finite dimensional linear system does not represent the global behavior of the nonlinear differential equation. In fact, the accuracy of the approximation depends on the considered nonlinear system and the initial value. The idea of this contribution is to adapt the range of validity for the Carleman linearization in order to increase the accuracy of the approximation for different ranges of initial values. Instead of truncating the infinite dimensional system after a certain order a Taylor series approach is used to approximate the behavior of the nonlinear differential equation about different equilibrium points. Thus, the adapted finite linear system describes the local behavior of the solution of the nonlinear differential equation.
Data preprocessing for a vehicle-based localization system used in road traffic applications
Authors: Patelczyk Timo , Löffler Andreas , Biebl Erwin
Published: September 2016

Abstract. This paper presents a fixed-point implementation of the preprocessing using a field programmable gate array (FPGA), which is required for a multipath joint angle and delay estimation (JADE) used in road traffic applications. This paper lays the foundation for many model-based parameter estimation methods. Here, a simulation of a vehicle-based localization system application for protecting vulnerable road users, which were equipped with appropriate transponders, is considered. For such safety critical applications, the robustness and real-time capability of the localization is particularly important. Additionally, a motivation to use a fixed-point implementation for the data preprocessing is a limited computing power of the head unit of a vehicle. This study aims to process the raw data provided by the localization system used in this paper. The data preprocessing applied includes a wideband calibration of the physical localization system, separation of relevant information from the received sampled signal, and preparation of the incoming data via further processing. Further, a channel matrix estimation was implemented to complete the data preprocessing, which contains information on channel parameters, e.g., the positions of the objects to be located. In the presented case of a vehicle-based localization system application we assume an urban environment, in which multipath propagation occurs. Since most methods for localization are based on uncorrelated signals, this fact must be addressed. Hence, a decorrelation of incoming data stream in terms of a further localization is required. This decorrelation was accomplished by considering several snapshots in different time slots. As a final aspect of the use of fixed-point arithmetic, quantization errors are considered. In addition, the resources and runtime of the presented implementation are discussed; these factors are strongly linked to a practical implementation.
A BRDF-BPDF database for the analysis of Earth targets reflectances
Authors: Breon Francois-Marie , Maignan Fabienne
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Land surface reflectance is not isotropic. It varies with the observation geometry that is defined by the sun and view zenith angles and the relative azimuth. In addition, the reflectance is linearly polarized. The reflectance anisotropy is quantified by the Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) while its polarization properties are defined by the Bidirectional Polarization Distribution Function (BPDF). The POLDER radiometer that flew onboard the PARASOL micro-Satellite remains the only space instrument that measured numerous samples of the BRDF and BPDF of Earth targets. Here, we describe a database of representative BRDF and BPDF derived from the POLDER measurements. From the huge amount of data acquired by the spaceborne instrument over a period of 7 years, we selected a set of targets with high quality observations. The selection aimed at a large number of observations, free of significant cloud or aerosol contamination, acquired in diverse observation geometries with a focus on the backscatter direction that shows the specific Hot-Spot signature. The targets are sorted according to the 16-classes IGBP land cover classification system and the target selection aims at a spatial representativeness within the class. The database thus provides a set of high quality BRDF and BPDF samples that can be used to assess the typical variability of natural surface reflectances or to evaluate models. It is available freely from the PANGAEA website (https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.864090). In addition to the database, we provide a visualization and analysis tool based on the IDL language. It allows an interactive analysis of the measurements and a comparison against various BRDF and BPDF analytical models. The present paper describes the input data, the selection principles, the database format and the analysis tool.
The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) for CMIP6
Authors: O'Neill Brian C. , Tebaldi Claudia , van Vuuren Detlef P. , Eyring Veronika , Friedlingstein Pierre , Hurtt George , Knutti Reto , Kriegler Elmar , Lamarque Jean-Francois , Lowe Jason , Meehl Gerald A. , Moss Richard , Riahi Keywan , Sanderson Benjamin M.
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Projections of future climate change play a fundamental role in improving understanding of the climate system as well as characterizing societal risks and response options. The Scenario Model Intercomparison Project (ScenarioMIP) is the primary activity within Phase 6 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) that will provide multi-model climate projections based on alternative scenarios of future emissions and land use changes produced with integrated assessment models. In this paper, we describe ScenarioMIP's objectives, experimental design, and its relation to other activities within CMIP6. The ScenarioMIP design is one component of a larger scenario process that aims to facilitate a wide range of integrated studies across the climate science, integrated assessment modeling, and impacts, adaptation, and vulnerability communities, and will form an important part of the evidence base in the forthcoming Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) assessments. At the same time, it will provide the basis for investigating a number of targeted science and policy questions that are especially relevant to scenario-based analysis, including the role of specific forcings such as land use and aerosols, the effect of a peak and decline in forcing, the consequences of scenarios that limit warming to below 2 °C, the relative contributions to uncertainty from scenarios, climate models, and internal variability, and long-term climate system outcomes beyond the 21st century. To serve this wide range of scientific communities and address these questions, a design has been identified consisting of eight alternative 21st century scenarios plus one large initial condition ensemble and a set of long-term extensions, divided into two tiers defined by relative priority. Some of these scenarios will also provide a basis for variants planned to be run in other CMIP6-Endorsed MIPs to investigate questions related to specific forcings. Harmonized, spatially explicit emissions and land use scenarios generated with integrated assessment models will be provided to participating climate modeling groups by late 2016, with the climate model simulations run within the 2017–2018 time frame, and output from the climate model projections made available and analyses performed over the 2018–2020 period.
Third Molar Eruption Mechanisms and Patterns
Authors: Zhang Winnie
Published: September 2016

Third molars are highly variable in their presence and form. This report focuses on a horizontally impacted third molar and analyzes the potential etiology of this situation. Upon a clinical and radiographic examination, it was noted that the patient had four third molars present. The patient’s third molars began erupting around the age of 19. Currently, they are asymptomatic with incipient caries on the occlusal surfaces. While three of the third molars erupted in a normal orientation, one of the third molars (mandibular left) erupted in an orientation that would be classified as horizontal and/or mesio-angular. No treatment has been undertaken at the moment, however surgical extraction can be recommended with the prognosis being very good. For the clinician that has to treat dental complications that arise from abnormal tooth eruption, as seen in numerous genetic and acquired disorders, knowledge about the basic molecular mechanisms involved may become extremely important.
Observing Anterior Crowding In a Population Living a Century Ago
Authors: Cetnar Christopher
Published: September 2016

Purpose: To observe the frequency of mandibular anterior crowding in a population who lived during the nineteenth century and compare the rate of occurrence in the current population, which is claimed to be two-thirds of adults experiencing crowding by early adulthood. Materials and Methods: The School of Dental Medicine at the University of Pittsburgh possesses a collection of skulls of individual’s likely living in the northeast United States during the late 19th century and early 20th century. Of this skull collection, 29 skulls were evaluated for the presence of mandibular anterior crowding. Results: 55% of the evaluated mandibular anterior arches were positive for mandibular anterior crowding. 57% of the male specimens were positive for anterior crowding, while 50% of the females were recorded to have anterior crowding. These frequencies are lower than the one suggested for the current live population in the United States. Conclusion: From this sample of the population living a century ago, there was a lower prevalence of anterior crowding (55%) than the research suggested two-thirds of adults.
O contradiscurso cultural das periferias de Lisboa
Authors: Loria Luana
Published: September 2016

Observa-se as periferias urbanas de Lisboa como espaço de expressão de um contradiscurso contemporâneo com respeito ao imaginário simbólico e cultural nacional de Portugal. A música, como produção dos moradores das áreas periféricas, nomeadamente o rap, e o cinema contemporâneo, como meio de representação desses lugares, contribuem para o descentramento do imaginário nacional e a desconstrução da portugalidade, mostrando as mudanças da fisionomia social e cultural do país nas últimas décadas. Para abordar esta questão, o faremos a partir das discussões de alguns teóricos como Stuart Hall e Rogério Haesbaert, que refletiram respectivamente sobre o tema da diáspora e sobre o conceito de reterritorialização.Palavras-chave: Contradiscurso, periferia, espaço pós-moderno
A técnica da escultura em madeira com máscara de chumbo policromada: a contingência dos Cristos da Paixão da Ordem Terceira do Carmo de Ouro Preto (MG)
Authors: Sipaúba Proença Brusadin Lia , Emery Quites Maria Regina
Published: September 2016

Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar as técnicas e materiais das esculturas da Paixão de Cristo, localizadas nos retábulos laterais da nave e do consistório da Igreja da Ordem Terceira de Nossa Senhora do Carmo de Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais. Enfatizou-se a tecnologia da escultura em madeira com máscara de chumbo policromada, comum na Espanha e países andinos nos séculos XVII e XVIII, é rara em Minas Gerais. A metodologia aplicada foi o levantamento bibliográfico nas áreas de história, arte; investigação in loco e registro fotográfico dos Cristos da Paixão. Tais imagens devem ser preservadas e reconhecidas como importante fonte de pesquisa histórica, artística e social.Palavras-chave: Escultura policromada em madeira, máscara de chumbo, Ordem Terceira de Nossa Senhora do Carmo de Ouro Preto
Narrativas do breu: escuridão e sombra no cinema e na dança
Authors: Sampaio Flaviana
Published: September 2016

O cinema preto e branco e os espetáculos de dança possuem similaridades quanto à utilização de jogos entre o claro e o escuro.  Ambas as formas de arte exploram à Iluminação para criar narrativas visuais específicas. Nesta condição, conceitos de noite tendem a expressar um ambiente outro que não o ‘real’. Este escrito analisa as produções fílmicas Nosferatu (1922) e L’avventura (1964) e os espetáculos de dança La Sylphide (1832) e Triz (2013), levando em consideração ideias de noite com ênfase nos conceitos de escuridão e sombra.Palavras-chave: Cinema, dança, iluminação
A arte transmídia de instalação nas décadas de 1960/1970 e na contemporaneidade (André Parente e Kátia Maciel)
Authors: Marzliak Natasha , Ribeiro de Paiva José Eduardo , Milaré Veronese Marcelo Antonio
Published: September 2016

A arte no contexto da transmídia, ao se contaminar por recursos de diversos meios, tais como o cinema, o vídeo e as novas tecnologias audiovisuais, ultrapassa fronteiras, abre passagens e desloca espaços e temporalidades sugerindo a participação do público. A partir de uma proposição comparativa e temporal, este estudo pretende traçar possibilidades dialógicas dos conceitos e práticas da arte de instalação transmidiática de vanguarda que tiveram início na década de 1960 e se prolongaram por toda a década de 1970 – sobretudo os do grupo Fluxus, de Jack Smith, do Cinema expandido, das manifestações ambientais de alguns artistas brasileiros (a exemplo de Hélio Oiticica) e da atualidade, com enfoque em dois artistas brasileiros: André Parente e Kátia Maciel.Palavras-chave: arte transmídia, instalação, audiovisual
Encontros com Imagens, Pesquisa e Educação
Authors: Martins Raimundo , Tourinho Irene
Published: September 2016

Os textos deste Dossiê reúnem professores/as e pesquisadores/as ligados/as ao Laboratório Educação e Imagem do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação da Universidade Estadual do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), Grupo de Pesquisa que toma a imagem como elemento importante e deflagrador do ensino e da pesquisa em escolas e comunidades.  Os autores e autoras reconhecem que, além da diversidade e possibilidades das imagens nos processos educativos e de investigação, territórios visuais expandidos e, muitas vezes, entrecruzados com outras formas expressivas, são fontes geradoras de formação, conhecimento e questionamentos. Assim, a imagem não é apenas um registro ou testemunho de acontecimentos e formas de pensar e projetar mundos mas, também, e de forma inapelável, um elemento que faz circular desejos, afetos e sentidos, possibilitando narrativas que mostram como e porque imagens podem ser invisibilizadas pela cultura dominante. (...)
Pesquisa-experimentação com imagens, palavras e sons: forças e atravessamentos
Authors: Wunder Alik , Marques Davina , Rodrigues de Amorim Antonio Carlos
Published: September 2016

Dizeres, imagens e sons reconhecem-se apenas como riscos, rastros..., como um desejo de acompanhar um ritmo irrepresentável, de desenhar outra gramática. Neste artigo, tecemos pensamentos com o vídeo Fabulografias criado a partir dos encontros-oficinas-saraus na relação com os escritos sobre fabulação, acontecimento e sensação de Gilles Deleuze, principal intercessor dos projetos de pesquisa e de criação artística que atravessam essas experiências. A pesquisa se dá não somente através daquilo que podemos dizer ou escrever, mas principalmente através daquilo que construímos, em experimentações, em com-posições.Palavras-chave: acontecimento, experimentação, audiovisual
Questões curriculares e a possibilidade de sua discussão em cineclubes com professores: a questão religiosa na escola pública
Authors: Alves Nilda , Arantes Erika , Nunes Caldas Alessandra , Silva Rosa Rebeca , Machado Isabel
Published: September 2016

Dentro da pesquisa “Redes educativas, fluxos culturais e trabalho docente – o caso do cinema, suas imagens e sons”, com financiamento do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e tecnológico (CNPq), da Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ) e da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (UERJ), temos buscado compreender, através do uso de filmes, em cineclubes com professores em formação e em serviço, os ‘mundos culturais’ pelos quais esses praticantespensantes circulam, nas redes educativas que formam e nas quais se formam. A ideia é que esses processos de contatos múltiplos com imagens e sons trazem contribuições importantes aos currículos desenvolvidos nos cotidianos escolares. Neste artigo, detectamos e expomos os modos como adesões religiosas estão nesses ‘mundos culturais’ de formas variadas, muitas delas discriminadoras de alguns, e os modos como alguns desses praticantespensantes buscam contatos respeitosos com outros, nesses espaçostempos. Defendemos a importância dessas ‘conversas’, no ambiente escolar e no momento presente, na tentativa de superar ações discriminatórias diversas que vêm se tornando frequentes.Palavras-chave: Redes educativas, mundos culturais, imagens e sons
Autotuned Belonging: Coptic Popular Song and the Politics of Neo-Pentecostal Pedagogies
Authors: Ramzy Carolyn
Published: September 2016

Maher Fayez is arguably the most famous Christian televangelist in Egypt, appearing in a vibrant satellite and digital ministry online where he sings the popular genre of Coptic Christian songs, taratīl. As his performances largely depend on the mediated and Auto-Tuned voice, I investigate how Fayez’s use of an electronicized and cyber ministry merges both visual and auditory sensibilities to help his audiences attune to Christian and ‘alternative modernities.’ How does his use of global neo-Pentecostal pedagogies and popular music technologies contest Coptic Orthodox Church authority? More importantly, how do they negotiate various modes of Egyptian Christian-belonging following the January 25, 2011 Uprising?
Characterization of the Effects of Redox Condition on Fe(III)/Fe(II) Transformation in a Small Karstic Aquifer: Poocher Swamp Freshwater Lens, South Australia
Authors: Somaratne Nara
Published: September 2016

The presence of iron in potable water supply aquifers poses a major water quality problem and may render the supply unsuitable for domestic or industrial uses, unless appropriate treatments is undertaken. Evaluation of redox conditions in groundwater is a prerequisite for studies involving Fe(III)/Fe(II) transformation in aquifers. This study characterizes the redox conditions, geochemical evolution and distribution of iron in a small karstic freshwater aquifer, the Poocher Swamp freshwater lens, located in south-east of South Australia. The freshwater lens is formed as a result of flows from Tatiara Creek that enter Poocher Swamp and recharge the aquifer through two sinkholes located in the northwest section of the swamp. Stable isotopes of water molecules, δ2H and δ18O, indicate that both Tatiara Creek and Poocher Swamp waters are isotopically more enriched due to evaporation than the pristine water of the aquifer. The Na+/Cl- ion ratio >0.85 for Tatiara Creek, Poocher Swamp and wells within the lens suggest additional sodium source(s) are involved in the evolution of groundwater chemistry. This study use redox potential, dissolved oxygen (DO) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) contents to describe Fe(III)/Fe(II) transformation in the groundwater, and relate this to iron distribution within the lens. Three distinct redox zones are present in the freshwater lens; anoxic zone up to one kilometre from Poocher Swamp where dissolved oxygen (DO)  is <1 mg.L-1, redox potential (Eh) <100 mV, and iron (Fe) in groundwater 2.3-9.3 mgL-1. Following the anoxic zone is the suboxic zone (from 1to1.5 km from Poocher Swamp), where DO is <1 mg.L-1, Eh is about 110-275 mV and Fe is 0.4-0.6 mg.L-1. The oxic zone is 1.5 to 2.3 km from Poocher Swamp and is characterized by high DO (2-4 mg.L-1), higher Eh (>300 mV) and low in Fe (<0.015 mg.L-1). Only 0.4 km2 of the 13 km2 area of the freshwater lens is oxygenated, thus limiting further developments of the lens as potable water supply source.
Examining the Relationship between Disproportional Ownership Mechanisms and Company Performance: An Empirical Research
Authors: Saggese Sara
Published: September 2016

The paper explores the relation between the use of disproportional ownership mechanisms and firm performance in listed companies. Literature suggests that such tools deviate from the proportionality principle between cash-flow rights and control rights and negatively affect firm outcomes. Differently, some studies emphasize that disproportional ownership mechanisms have a positive effect on company performance as controlling shareholders can be motivated to maximize corporate outcomes, providing outperforming benefits than the potential minority expropriation risk. Moreover, it is still an open issue whether firm performance can be interpreted as determinant of disproportional ownership mechanisms. Therefore, it is an empirical question whether company performance can be considered as an implication and/or a driver of disproportional ownership devices. Moving from these premises, the article relies on a unique hand-collected dataset and examines a sample of Italian listed companies through regression analyses. Findings show that the use of disproportional ownership devices is affected by past company performance and highlight that these ownership tools worsen firm outcomes. The research has both theoretical implications for future studies and practical implications for policy makers.
The Effect of High Shear Homogenization on Physical Stability of Emulsions
Authors: Silva T. M. , Cerize N. N. P. , Oliveira A. M.
Published: September 2016

Emulsions are thermodynamically unstable systems where droplet size is one of the main factors that affect its physical stability and consequently their quality. In this context, this work analyses the incorporation of a high shear homogenization step in the manufacturing process of an emulsion with the objective of maintaining its physical stability. In order to demonstrate the effects of this homogenization in the manufacturing process, the emulsion characterization was carried out by microscopy, rheology, laser diffraction and analytical photo-centrifugation techniques. The effect of high shear homogenization into the emulsion physical results was dependent on the speed applied to the homogenizer pump, with an effective 3600 rpm speed. There was no evidence of change on pH attributes and emulsion density, although there was a change in volumetric relationship between the droplet family presented in each sample, reducing the population of larger droplets to form a third family of intermediate droplets and increasing the volumetric proportion of the population of smaller droplets. This profile change in the droplet size distribution contributed to increased viscosity and emulsion without the presence of separation after it was submitted to the stress condition of temperature and agitation.
The Pedagogic Signature of the Teaching Profession
Authors: Kiel Ewald , Lerche Thomas , Kollmannsberger Markus , Oubaid Viktor , Weiss Sabine
Published: September 2016

Lee S. Shulman deplores that the field of education as a profession does not have a pedagogic signature, which he characterizes as a synthesis of cognitive, practical and moral apprenticeship. In this context, the following study has three goals: 1) In the first theoretical part, the basic problems of constructing a pedagogic signature are depicted. 2) In the empirical part, based on a multi-method approach, teachers’ and teacher educators’ beliefs and attitudes about a pedagogic signature are identified and ranked. It is argued that beliefs are of particular importance because they have a filter effect on how teachers deal with scientific knowledge. 3) The third part, the discussion, explains the findings, particularly the fact that moral aspects and aspects referring to a particular attitude play an overwhelming role. The explanation leads to some basic considerations on how to construct a pedagogic signature and on how such a signature can be turned into a viable concept for teacher education.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Journal of Food Research, Vol. 5 No. 5
Authors: Dong Bella
Published: September 2016

Journal of Food Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.Journal of Food Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://recruitment.ccsenet.org and e-mail the completed application form to jfr@ccsenet.org.Reviewers for Volume 5, Number 5Akshay Kumar Anugu, Ingredion Incorporated, United StatesAly R Abdel-Moemin, Faculty of Home Economics nutrition and Food Science Department Helwan University, EgyptAnna Maria Pappalardo, University of Catania, ItalyAntonello Santini, University of Napoli "Federico II", ItalyCorina-aurelia Zugravu, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Carol Davila, RomaniaDevinder Dhingra, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, IndiaHaihan Chen, University of California, United StatesLenka Kourimska, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Czech RepublicLilia Calheiros De Oliveira Barretto, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, BrazilNicola Caporaso, University of Naples Federico II, ItalyNingning Zhao, Oregon Health & Science University, United StatesPaa Akonor, Council for Scientific and Industrial Research-Food Research Institute, GhanaRenata Dobrucka, Poznan University of Economics, PolandRigane Ghayth, Organic Chemistry-Physics Laboratory, University of Sfax., TunisiaVasudha Bansal, Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research-Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (AcSIR-CSIO), IndiaZafar Iqbal, Carleton University, Canada
An Empirical Study about the Impact of Work-family Conflict on Female Staff’s Career Development in Hotels
Authors: Zhou Manxiao , Wen Biyan
Published: September 2016

Hotel industry is a labor-intensive industry for women and the proportion of women in the hotel industry is large while the number of women managers has also increased. However, the traditional gender, social support and work-family conflict and other various factors make the career development of women managers in hotels relatively more resistance. Work-family conflict has significant impacts on both work and family. Therefore, the paper chose the female middle managers in hotels as the research object, and used literature research and questionnaire method to gather data. Then, the reliability of scales was measured by SPSS19.0, and we performed the principal component analysis to measure the reliability of variables.After that, we conducted variance analysis to clarify the different stages of work and family lives as well as different departments whether have different influences on female middle managers. The paper analyzed the objective existence of universality, causes and the effects of work-family conflict for female middle managers in hotels. On this basis, the paper proposed some ways to ease the work-family conflict, such as implementing flexible management to weaken the time conflict, paying attention to females’ demands and take the mission of helping employees to achieve a balance, and designing family supporting programs for female managers to promote female advantages of middle managers, to promote the development of hotel female human resources and alleviate the negative impact of work-family conflict on female managers’ career development.
A Comparative Study on the Efficiency of CFRP and GFRP in the Improvement of Compressive Strength, Acoustic Impedance and Bracing of Filled and Hollow Concrete Columns in Different Layers and Ages
Authors: Zarringol Mohammadreza , Zarringol Mohammadehsan
Published: September 2016

FRP technique is growing in popularity as a modern strengthening method. When it comes to FRP, concrete surface strength plays a determining role in the bond between FRP and concrete. This paper aims to compare the efficiency of CFRP and GFRP in the improvement of compressive strength, acoustic impedance and bracing of filled and hollow concrete columns in different layers and ages. In doing so, we carried out various tests on 18 samples in the ages of 3, 7, 14, 28, 42 and 90 days. According to the results, the strength of un-braced carbon and glass increased by 19-40% and 8-43% respectively and the strength of braced carbon and glass increased by 17-25% and 10-82% respectively. The compressive strength increased by 66% in one-layer CFRP hollow column, 96% in two-layer CFRP hollow column, 123% in three-layer CFRP hollow column, 36% in one-layer GFRP hollow column, 63% in two-layer GFRP hollow column, 105% in three-layer GFRP hollow column, 71% in one-layer CFRP filled column, 138% in two-layer CFRP filled column, 154% in three-layer CFRP filled column, 45% in one-layer GFRP filled column, 79% in two-layer GFRP filled column, and 144% in three-layer GFRP filled column. The ultimate strength of the beams with flexural-shear strengthening was higher than other beams. Also, the increased percentage of fiber resulted in the increased speed of ultrasonic waves. 
Compliance with the Requirements of the Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines in Zimbabwe: A Case Study
Authors: Machaka Rowan Kushinga , Ganesh Lakshmanan , Mapfumo James
Published: September 2016

This research set out to find out how well projects are complying with the requirements of the Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines in Zimbabwe. Data was collected from EIA reports completed between 2007 and 2012. Questionnaires and interviews were used to collect the experiences of practitioners in the EIA sector. The results show that EIA reports contain below 65% of required information for decision making. Critical sections of the EIA report are the most deficient. Compliance varies significantly between consultants, stage of EIA process and size of project. Recommendations are: need to review and expand the existing guidelines and promote their use, building objectivity into the EIA report review process, upholding professional standards of practice for the consultants, improvement of compliance monitoring and enforcement, the use of economic incentives and disincentives other than enforcement to promote compliance, increased awareness raising of EIA in the business sector, and increased political will and transparency.
Land Use Dynamics and Wetland Management in Bamenda: Urban Development Policy Implications
Authors: Nguh Balgah Sounders , Kimengsi Jude Ndzifon
Published: September 2016

Wetland ecosystems in the world have been affected by changing land uses brought about by rapid urbanization. The thrust of this study therefore is to examine the trend of land use dynamics and their implications on wetland management. Using land use maps for two periods – 1984 and 2014, aided by the administration of 75 semi-structured questionnaires, we exploited the rate of change of land uses and their effects on wetland management as well as the urban development policy implications for Bamenda. A positive relationship (0.5) was observed for land use change and wetland degradation. Furthermore, the results from land use analysis showed that between 1984 and 2014, significant changes were observed for residential land use which increased in surface area from 42% as of 1984 to 53% in 2014. In addition, agricultural land use increased from 11% to 34%. Conversely, the surface area covered by wetlands reduced from 27% in 1984 to 6% in 2014. The conclusion drawn is that in the face of further wetland degradation, the current trend of land use dynamics can be checked by the application of zoning laws to control the changes witnessed in the land uses (residential and agricultural land uses). In addition, the Bamenda City Council should promote public awareness through sensitization on wetland resources and should actively encourage the participation of the public, local government authorities and institutions in sustainably managing wetlands. 
Level of Income Inequality and Determinants of Poverty Incidence among Youth Farmers in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria
Authors: Akpan Sunday B. , Patrick Inimfon V. , Amama Amina
Published: September 2016

The prevalence of poverty among youths engaged in agricultural production is partly responsible for increase in agricultural diversification and rural-urban migration among other social vices in developing societies. To help generate suitable policies in order to tackle this rampaging issue, the study specifically analyzes poverty and income inequality as well as identified determinants of poverty among youths involved in agricultural production in the rural areas of Akwa Ibom State located in southern Nigeria. Data were collected from 300 youths spread across the rural areas of the State. Combinations of sampling methods were employed to sample cross sectional data from respondents. The study used descriptive tools and regression analysis (Logit regressions) to analyze information collected. The socio-economic analysis reveals that, most youth farmers were educated; social capital formation was poor, while land size averaged at 0.48ha per youth. About 45.1% of male youths and 72% of female youths live below poverty line in the study area. Income inequality index revealed 0.4009 for male youths and 0.3797 for female youths. The Logit model estimates revealed that, youths’ years in social organization, level of formal education, age of youths; amount of non-farm income, farm size, agricultural extension activities and commercial purposes of agricultural production reduced the probability of poverty incidence among youth farmers in the State. Household size and dependent ratio were positive drivers of poverty among rural youths. Based on the research findings, it is recommended that poverty and income inequality among youths engaged in agricultural production in the rural area of the State can be successfully handled, if sound family welfare packages are implemented in the rural communities. Also, rural youth’s groups should be strengthen to promote social capital formation; while farm enterprise development capacity should be encourage among youths as well as strengthening agricultural extension system in the State. Marginal lands should be developed and distributed to youth farmers in the area.
A Bottom-Up, Non-Cooperative Approach to Climate Change Control: Assessment and Comparison of Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)
Authors: Carraro Carlo
Published: September 2016

International negotiations on climate change control are moving away from a global cooperative agreement (at least from the ambition to achieve it) to adopt a bottom-up framework composed of unilateral pledges of domestic measures and policies. This shift from cooperative to voluntary actions to control GHG emissions already started in Copenhagen at COP 15 in 2007 and became a platform formally adopted by a large number of countries in Paris at COP 21. The new architecture calls for a mechanism to review the nationally determined contributions (NDCs) of the various signatories and assess their adequacy. Most importantly, countries’ voluntary pledges need to be compared to assess the fairness, and not only the effectiveness, of the resulting outcome. This assessment is crucial to support future, more ambitious, commitments to reduce GHG emissions. It is therefore important to identify criteria and quantitative indicators to assess and compare the NDCs.
The Role of Socio-economical Factors of Micro-credit Funds in Improving Rural Women Entrepreneurship Development
Authors: Sabouri Mohammad Sadegh , Saberiyan Mahnaz , Arayesh Mohammad Bagher
Published: September 2016

This study tries to identify the individual, social and economical role of rural women’s micro-credit funds of Semnan city, in developing the entrepreneurship of women. To achieve this goal, 170 women of four funds of Semnan villages were selected. Independent variable factors including economical, social and cultural factors via funds in to dependent variable that is women’s entrepreneurship developing and itself classifies to and entrepreneurs characteristics (risk, internal, control focus, opportunism, ambiguity tolerance, innovation) were studied. The study uses the correlation methodology and the type of selection is sampling (N=170). The questionnaire was used as a tool of gathering information. For a descriptive evaluation, the questionnaire has been answered by supervisors, experts and consultants in agricultural extension and education field who are responsible for Semnan credit funds. For the reliability of the results, 300 questionnaires were filled out by 30 female members of the funds other than Semnan town funds. (Om abeha) rural women funds of Darjazin. Filled out questionnaires were calculated by SPSS software and kronbakh alpha coefficient. krnbakh alpha of 88.5% show the extend of which different parts of the question are reliable and validity. The results of multi – regression show that (satisfaction of presented activities and self confidence) that are cultural- social factors of fund, and (scale of income from plan and theory than marketing and market survey and sale) that are economical factors of fund, have important and basic role in women entrepreneurship developing.
The Cultural Tradition of “Falia” in Preserving Forest by Munanese Ethnic
Authors: Taena La , Sailan Zalili , Nalefo La , Basri Ali , Laepe Ader , Samsul Samsul , Helmina Siti , Miliha La , Kuasa Wa
Published: September 2016

This study aimed to describe and analyze the meaning of the tradition of "falia" in preserving forests in Muna Island in Southeast Sulawesi, Indonesia, by employing a qualitative descriptive method. Key sources of informants were figures of culture, society and youth. Data collection techniques included observation, focus group discussion and documentation. Data analysis consisted of reduction, data presentation and conclusion.Results showed that in preserving forests Munanese people uphold the tradition of "falia" which they consider very important in controlling people‘s behavior their moral life, as well as in guiding humans behavior towards their natural environment. It is suggested that humans maintain and preserve forest each other, forest should be sacred and utilized as needed. Humans are prohibited from cutting down or slashing large trees. Haphazardly cutting down large trees may result in supernatural punishment in the form of disease inflicted by spirits inhabiting the tree. It is also forbidden to cut down trees near river. The tradition of "falia" is maintained through traditional institutions, by setting up a studio for discussion sheld in every village adjacent to a forest.