bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Does geographical isolation influence group recognition and social preference in an invasive lizard?
Authors: Hamilton Katelyn , Goulet Celine T. , Johnstone Christopher P. , Chapple David G.
Published: October 2019

The formation of aggregations is fundamental to animal organization and has been shown to confer an evolutionary advantage. Conspecific attraction often prompts the formation of social groups yet not all individuals are equally attracted to others of their own species. The decision to aggregate with or avoid a particular individual is based upon class‐specific signals that serve to differentiate among members and non‐members. Given that signal divergence may be driven by local adaptation, disjunct populations could potentially have evolved distinct recognition systems adapted to their own ecological conditions. Several studies have shown that individuals of a species are capable of discriminating between such classes as sex, mate, kin, and familiar. Yet research exploring conspecific attraction between populations is lacking. Invasive species offer a unique opportunity to determine the consequences of geographic isolation on recognition systems and social preferences, as these genetically distinct native‐range source populations have the potential to undergo secondary contact within the invaded region. To this end, we used an invasive lizard species, the delicate skink (Lampropholis delicata), to investigate conspecific recognition and attraction among individuals from two identified source populations that vary both genetically and morphologically. Our results of the dichotomous choice tests indicate that L. delicata did not differ in the level of social attraction expressed towards individuals from either population. It is unclear whether these findings are due to an inability to discriminate between local and foreign lizards using visual cues or instead that attraction is not based upon an individual's population origin but rather some other factor such as thermoregulatory requirements. Understanding the role that conspecific attraction plays in the invasion process will enable us to better predict the impacts of biological invasions. Future studies should consider using other sensory modalities and investigate the physiological benefit of grouping.
Hickam's dictum: Angiosarcoma‐to‐meningioma metastasis
Authors: Roy Catherine F. , Zolotarov Pylyp , Roy Simon F. , Razaghi Farshid
Published: October 2019

Tumor‐to‐tumor metastasis is a seldom reported phenomenon whereby a neoplasm seeds within another histologically distinct tumor, with only 84 cases documented in the literature. We hereby describe the case of a 95‐year‐old woman who died of widespread metastases identified as a primary hepatic angiosarcoma on autopsy, and the interesting finding of a seeding foci within a dural meningioma. Although meningiomas are the most common intracranial neoplasms to harbor such a phenomenon, this is to our knowledge the first case where an angiosarcoma was identified as the donor tumor.
Patient diaries: Survey of paediatric intensive care units in the United Kingdom and Ireland
Authors: Lynch Fiona , Endacott Ruth , Latour Jos M.
Published: October 2019

Aim

The aim of the study was to explore the incidence, use, and scope of patient diaries in paediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Design

This was an electronic survey sent to 30 PICUs in the United Kingdom and Ireland.

Results

All PICUs (n = 30) responded, and 43% (n = 13) offered diaries. For those units that did not supply diaries, the reasons given were concerns around the legal and professional implication of using diaries. Parental/carer consent to use a diary was obtained informally (79%, n = 11), and once there was agreement to provide a diary to parents, diaries were usually started immediately (72%, n = 12). Parents were the main contributors to the diaries (94%, n = 17), and the diaries were populated with photographs (94%, n = 15), drawings (100%, n = 16), and stickers (94%, n = 15). The reasons for offering diaries were to fill gaps in memories, to engage with families, and to explain what has happened in lay language. The owner of the diary was reported to be the family (82%, n = 14) and the child (12%, n = 2).

Conclusions

The use of patient diaries is an evolving intervention in paediatric intensive care settings in the United Kingdom and Ireland. This national survey has provided a clearer picture of how this intervention is used in the United Kingdom and Ireland. PICU patient diaries are used in a significant number of units, and how these are used is relatively standardized, although in some different ways from general ICUs.

Relevance to clinical practice

This survey provides a baseline for future exploration, understanding, and promotion of patient diaries, as a well evaluated tool for the critically ill child and his or her family.
Effectiveness of gastric electrical stimulation in gastroparesis: Results from a large prospectively collected database of national gastroparesis registries
Authors: Abell Thomas L. , Yamada Goro , McCallum Richard W. , Van Natta Mark L. , Tonascia James , Parkman Henry P. , Koch Kenneth L. , Sarosiek Irene , Farrugia Gianrico , Grover Madhusudan , Hasler William , Nguyen Linda , Snape William , Kuo Braden , Shulman Robert , Hamilton Frank A. , Pasricha Pankaj J.
Published: October 2019

Background

Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) for treating gastroparesis symptoms is controversial.

Methods

We studied 319 idiopathic or diabetic gastroparesis symptom patients from the Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium (GpCRC) observational studies: 238 without GES and 81 with GES. We assessed the effects of GES using change in GCSI total score and nausea/vomiting subscales between baseline and 48 weeks. We used propensity score methods to control for imbalances in patient characteristics between comparison groups.

Key Results

GES patients were clinically worse (40% severe vs. 18% for non‐GES; P < .001); worse PAGI‐QOL (2.2. vs. 2.6; P = .003); and worse GCSI total scores (3.5 vs. 2.8; P < .001). We observed improvements in 48‐week GCSI total scores for GES vs. non‐GES: improvement by ≥ 1‐point (RR = 1.63; 95% CI = (1.14, 2.33); P = .01) and change from enrollment (difference = −0.5 (−0.8, −0.3); P < .001). When adjusting for patient characteristics, symptom scores were smaller and not statistically significant: improvement by ≥ 1‐point (RR = 1.29 (0.88, 1.90); P = .20) and change from the enrollment (difference = −0.3 (−0.6, 0.0); P = .07). Of the individual items, the nausea improved by ≥ 1 point (RR = 1.31 (1.03, 1.67); P = .04). Patients with GCSI score ≥ 3.0 tended to improve more than those with score < 3.0. (Adjusted P = 0.02).

Conclusions and Inferences

This multicenter study of gastroparesis patients found significant improvements in gastroparesis symptoms among GES patients. Accounting for imbalances in patient characteristics, only nausea remained significant. Patients with greater symptoms at baseline improved more after GES. A much larger sample of patients is needed to fully evaluate symptomatic responses and to identify patients likely to respond to GES.
Learning curve of ultrasound measurement of subglottic diameter for endotracheal tube selection in pediatric patients
Authors: Orhan‐Sungur Mukadder , Altun Demet , Özkan‐Seyhan Tülay , Aygün Elif , Koltka Kemalettin , Çamcı Emre
Published: October 2019

Background

Endotracheal tube size can be predicted according to ultrasound measurement of subglottic airway diameter. The learning curve for this method is not yet established. The aim was to evaluate the learning curve of anesthesiology residents in ultrasound measurement of subglottic airway diameter for prediction of endotracheal tube size using cumulative sum analysis.

Methods

Sixteen anesthesiology residents measured transverse subglottic airway diameter in children undergoing general anesthesia with cuffed endotracheal intubation. Each resident performed 30 ultrasound examinations. Primary outcome was the successful prediction of endotracheal tube size according to ultrasound measurement. Cumulative sum analysis was performed with acceptable and unacceptable failure rates set as 20 and 40%, respectively.

Results

Ten out of 16 residents (62.5%) were deemed successful as they were able to pass lower decision boundary, whereas six residents' CUSUM scores were between the decisions lines deeming them indeterminate. The overall success rate for determining the correct endotracheal tube size was 77.5%. Median number of attempts to cross lower decision boundary was 29 with minimum of 18 and maximum of 29 attempts among successful residents.

Conclusion

Learning curves constructed with cumulative sum analysis in this study showed that only 62.5% of residents were able to correctly predict cuffed endotracheal tube size with 80% success rate. Considerable variability in achieving competency necessitates objective follow‐up of individual improvement.
Genetic dissection of the gene coexpression network underlying photosynthesis in Populus
Authors: Xiao Liang , Liu Xin , Lu Wenjie , Chen Panfei , Quan Mingyang , Si Jingna , Du Qingzhang , Zhang Deqiang
Published: October 2019

Photosynthesis is a key reaction that ultimately generates the carbohydrates needed to form woody tissues in trees. However, the genetic regulatory network of protein‐encoding genes (PEGs) and regulatory noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs) and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), underlying the photosynthetic pathway is unknown. Here, we integrated data from coexpression analysis, association studies (additive, dominance and epistasis), and expression quantitative trait nucleotide (eQTN) mapping to dissect the causal variants and genetic interaction network underlying photosynthesis in Populus. We initially used 30 PEGs, 6 miRNAs and 12 lncRNAs to construct a coexpression network based on the tissue‐specific gene expression profiles of 15 Populus samples. Then, we performed association studies using a natural population of 435 unrelated Populus tomentosa individuals, and identified 72 significant associations (P ≤ 0.001, q ≤ 0.05) with diverse additive and dominance patterns underlying photosynthesis‐related traits. Analysis of epistasis and eQTNs revealed that the complex genetic interactions in the coexpression network contribute to phenotypes at various levels. Finally, we demonstrated that heterologously expressing the most highly linked gene (PtoPsbX1) in this network significantly improved photosynthesis in Arabidopsis thaliana, pointing to the functional role of PtoPsbX1 in the photosynthetic pathway. This study provides an integrated strategy for dissecting a complex genetic interaction network, which should accelerate marker‐assisted breeding efforts to genetically improve woody plants.
Crosstalk of PIF4 and DELLA modulates CBF transcript and hormone homeostasis in cold response in tomato
Authors: Wang Feng , Chen Xiaoxiao , Dong Sangjie , Jiang Xiaochun , Wang Lingyu , Yu Jingquan , Zhou Yanhong
Published: October 2019

The ability to interpret daily and seasonal fluctuations, latitudinal and vegetation canopy variations in light and temperature signals is essential for plant survival. However, the precise molecular mechanisms transducing the signals from light and temperature perception to maintain plant growth and adaptation remain elusive. We show that far‐red light induces PHYTOCHROME‐INTERACTING TRANSCRIPTION 4 (SlPIF4) accumulation under low‐temperature conditions via phytochrome A in Solanum lycopersicum (tomato). Reverse genetic approaches revealed that knocking out SlPIF4 increases cold susceptibility, while overexpressing SlPIF4 enhances cold tolerance in tomato plants. SlPIF4 not only directly binds to the promoters of the C‐REPEAT BINDING FACTOR (SlCBF) genes and activates their expression but also regulates plant hormone biosynthesis and signals, including abscisic acid, jasmonate and gibberellin (GA), in response to low temperature. Moreover, SlPIF4 directly activates the SlDELLA gene (GA‐INSENSITIVE 4, SlGAI4) under cold stress, and SlGAI4 positively regulates cold tolerance. Additionally, SlGAI4 represses accumulation of the SlPIF4 protein, thus forming multiple coherent feed‐forward loops. Our results reveal that plants integrate light and temperature signals to better adapt to cold stress through shared hormone pathways and transcriptional regulators, which may provide a comprehensive understanding of plant growth and survival in a changing environment.
High depression rates among pediatric renal replacement therapy patients: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Rodriguez Cuellar Carmen Inés , García de la Puente Silvestre , Hernández Moraria Javier , Bojórquez Ochoa Aurora , Filler Guido , Zaltzman Grishevich Samuel
Published: October 2019

Depression is common in pediatric chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients. Depression is associated with inferior long‐term outcomes. There is a paucity of studies that evaluate depression and possible associated factors in children and adolescents requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT). Cross‐sectional study using Children`s Depression Inventory in a cohort from a large urban center. Forty‐seven pediatric RRT patients (26 female, 12 peritoneal dialysis (PD), 17 hemodialysis (HD), 18 after successful kidney transplantation (KTX)) with a mean age at the time of assessment of 13.9 ± 2.3 years. Symptoms of depression were found in 30 (64%, 11KTX, 11HD, 8PD) patients. We found no association with age, sex, renal function, dialysis adequacy markers, anemia, electrolytes, socioeconomical status, IQ, educational status of the child including school attendance and distance from the house to the hospital among HD patients. Significant differences only applied for age at diagnosis of CKD, RRT vintage and deceased donor for KTX. The group with depression had a higher age at diagnosis of CKD and less time on RRT than the group without depression. There was also a high rate of depression in KTX patients. In this cohort, depression was a common comorbidity of RRT in children and adolescents with RRT and also for KTX patients, even though biomarkers of kidney function and time for RRT are much improved.
The role of stigma and trauma in hepatitis C virus treatment in veterans: Applying the common‐sense model
Authors: Garvey Casey M. , Jones Rachel
Published: October 2019

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), a blood borne pathogen capable of causing severe liver disease, disproportionately affects veterans in the United States. While there are antiviral medications to treat HCV, stigma and trauma in this population may lead to avoidance of care. Those veterans who do undergo treatment have certain illness representations about HCV and its treatment. They undergo treatment even while facing stigma and trauma. The Common‐Sense Model may be useful in elucidating how such representations, when matched to an appropriate illness prototype, may inform an action plan of how to respond to HCV. An exploration of the illness representations among veterans with HCV, and the effects of stigma and trauma on these representations, may help to explain how they exercise the choice to undergo treatment and may inform interventions to encourage treatment in veterans who have yet to do so.
Mixed Signals: The Unintended Effects of Diversity Initiatives
Authors: Dover Tessa L. , Kaiser Cheryl R. , Major Brenda
Published: October 2019

Organizational diversity initiatives—programs and policies intended to increase the fairness of organizations and promote the inclusion, hiring, retention, and promotion of underrepresented groups—are ubiquitous. Despite the widespread implementation of diversity initiatives, several empirical investigations point to challenges associated with these initiatives. We suggest that one of the challenges hindering the effectiveness of diversity management involves the unintended signals that these initiatives send. Specifically, we review social psychological evidence that the mere presence of diversity initiatives can have unintended consequences through the communication of (1) fairness signals, (2) inclusion signals, and (3) competence signals. The presence of organizational diversity initiatives may lead to a presumption of fairness for underrepresented groups, making discrimination harder to identify and litigate. Conversely, these initiatives may lead to a presumption of unfairness for members of overrepresented groups, increasing the likelihood that traditionally advantaged groups will perceive themselves as victims of discrimination. The presence of diversity initiatives may increase the attractiveness of organizations to underrepresented groups who anticipate inclusion, but increase felt exclusion and threat among overrepresented groups. Finally, the presence of diversity initiatives may signal that underrepresented groups need help to succeed and are thus less competent than their advantaged counterparts. Researchers and practitioners should note the potential unintended signaling consequences of diversity initiatives, and build‐in accountability and social psychological knowledge when designing policies aimed at creating inclusive, diverse, and fair workplaces.
Measuring delay discounting in a crowdsourced sample: An exploratory study
Authors: Rotella Amanda , Fogg Cody , Mishra Sandeep , Barclay Pat
Published: October 2019

Delay discounting is a measure of preferences for smaller immediate rewards over larger delayed rewards. Discounting has been assessed in many ways; these methods have variably and inconsistently involved measures of different lengths (single vs. multiple items), forced‐choice methods, self‐report methods, online and laboratory assessments, monetary and non‐monetary compensation. The majority of these studies have been conducted in laboratory settings. However, over the past 20 years, behavioral data collection has increasingly shifted online. Usually, these experiments involve completing short tasks for small amounts of money, and are thus qualitatively different than experiments in the lab, which are typically more involved and in a strongly controlled environment. The present study aimed to determine how to best measure future discounting in a crowdsourced sample using three discounting measures (a single shot measure, the 27‐item Kirby Monetary Choice Questionnaire, and a one‐time Matching Task). We examined associations of these measures with theoretically related variables, and assessed influence of payment on responding. Results indicated that correlations between the discounting tasks and conceptually related measures were smaller than in prior laboratory experiments. Moreover, our results suggest providing monetary compensation may attenuate correlations between discounting measures and related variables. These findings suggest that incentivizing discounting measures changes the nature of measurement in these tasks.
Exploring the differentiated relationship between appearance and fitness‐related social anxiety and the risk of eating disorders and depression in young adults
Authors: Alcaraz‐Ibáñez Manuel , Sicilia Álvaro , Paterna Adrian
Published: October 2019

Appearance‐related social anxiety has been identified as a relevant risk factor in the development of eating disorders (ED) and depression in young adults. However, less is known about the role that fitness‐related social anxiety may play on the emergence of these two psychopathological conditions. The present study aimed to examine whether appearance/fitness social anxiety may independently contribute to explaining the increased risk of ED and depressive symptoms in young adults. A total of 545 undergraduate students (46% women, Mage = 21.36, SDage = 2.93) recruited in two Spanish public universities completed a self‐reported questionnaire. After controlling for self‐reported BMI and appearance‐related social anxiety, the results from the regression analyses revealed that fitness‐related social anxiety positively and significantly (p < 0.05) contributed to explaining both the risk of ED (in women and men) and depressive symptoms (in women). The inclusion of the interaction term within the appearance/fitness‐related term positively contributed to explaining additional variance for both the risk of ED and depressive symptoms in men, but not in women. The regression models explained 48% (women) and 35% (men) of the ED risk and 25% (women) and 19% (men) of depressive symptoms. These findings suggest that not only appearance, but also fitness‐related social anxiety experiences may contribute to explaining the emergence of ED and depression in young adults.
Automated detection of austere entry landing zones: A “GRAIL Tools” validation assessment
Authors: Sinclair Samantha N. , Shoop Sally A.
Published: October 2019

The Geospatial Remote Assessment for Ingress Locations (GRAIL) Tools software is a geospatial product developed to locate austere entry landing zones (LZs) for military aircraft. Using spatial datasets like land classification and slope, along with predefined LZ geometry specifications, GRAIL Tools generates binary suitability filters that distinguish between suitable and unsuitable terrain. GRAIL Tools combines input suitability filters, searches for LZs at user‐defined orientations, and plots results. To refine GRAIL Tools, we: (a) verified software output; (b) conducted validation assessments using five unpaved LZ sites; and (c) assessed input dataset resolution on outcomes using 30 and 1‐m datasets. The software was verified and validated in California and the Baltics, and all five LZs were correctly identified in either the 30 or the 1‐m data. The 30‐m data provided numerous LZs for consideration, while the 1‐m data highlighted hazardous conditions undetected in the 30‐m data. Digital elevation model grid size affected results, as 1‐m data produced overestimated slope values. Resampling the data to 5 m resulted in more realistic slopes. Results indicate GRAIL Tools is an asset the military can use to rapidly assess terrain conditions.
Becoming Cognitive Science
Authors: Goldstone Robert L.
Published: October 2019

Cognitive science continues to make a compelling case for having a coherent, unique, and fundamental subject of inquiry: What is the nature of minds, where do they come from, and how do they work? Central to this inquiry is the notion of agents that have goals, one of which is their own persistence, who use dynamically constructed knowledge to act in the world to achieve those goals. An agentive perspective explains why a special class of systems have a cluster of co‐occurring capacities that enable them to exhibit adaptive behavior in a complex environment: perception, attention, memory, representation, planning, and communication. As an intellectual endeavor, cognitive science may not have achieved a hard core of uncontested assumptions that Lakatos (1978) identifies as emblematic of a successful research program, but there are alternative conceptions according to which cognitive science has been successful. First, challenges of the early, core tenet of “Mind as Computation” have helped put cognitive science on a stronger foundation—one that incorporates relations between minds and their environments. Second, even if a full cross‐disciplinary theoretic consensus is elusive, cognitive science can inspire distant, deep, and transformative connections between pairs of fields. To be intellectually vital, cognitive science need not resemble a traditional discipline with its associated insularity and unchallenged assumptions. Instead, there is strength and resilience in the diverse perspectives and methods that cognitive science assembles together. This interdisciplinary enterprise is fragile and perhaps inherently unstable, as the looming absorption of cognitive science into psychology shows. Still, for many researchers, the excitement and benefits of triangulating on the nature of minds by integrating diverse cases cannot be secured by a stable discipline with an uncontested core of assumptions.
Electronic identification systems reduce the number of wrong components transfused
Authors: Murphy Michael F. , Jayne Addison J , Poles Debbi , Dhiman Paula , Bolton‐Maggs Paula
Published: October 2019

BACKGROUND

Errors in hospital transfusion may cause wrong (blood) components to be transfused. This study assessed the value of electronic identification systems (EISs) in reducing wrong component transfusions (WCTs).

METHODS

UK hospitals reporting to Serious Hazards of Transfusion were invited to complete an electronic survey about transfusion including the use of EISs. Further information was requested for WCTs and near‐miss WCTs.

RESULTS

A response rate of 93 of 222 (42%) hospitals accounted for 38% of UK blood component issues in 2015 and 2016. Thirty‐three of 93 (35%) hospitals employ manual procedures and 16 (17%) use EISs throughout the transfusion process; most of the remainder use EISs for blood collection only. Fifty‐seven WCTs were identified in approximately two million blood components. The primary error was at blood draw and sample labeling (3), blood collection (15), and administration (2); the remainder were mostly blood bank errors. No WCTs occurred with blood draw and sample labeling or administration with use of EISs. Three WCTs occurred with EISs for blood collection due to incorrect processes for emergency transfusions of group O blood without any adverse effects. Seventeen WCTs occurred with manual processes; one was an ABO‐incompatible red blood cell transfusion resulting in renal impairment. Near‐miss WCTs were also more frequent with manual procedures than EISs at blood draw and sample labeling and blood collection.

CONCLUSIONS

This is the first multicenter study to demonstrate a lower incidence of WCTs and near‐miss WCTs with EISs compared to manual processes, and highlights some limitations of both manual and EIS procedures.
The Territorial Policy of Rural Development in Brazil: Questions and Reflections about the Reconnection between production and Consumption of Food
Authors: Freitas Tanise Dias , Rambo Anelise Graciele
Published: October 2019

Short marketing circuits and territorial rural development policies emphasize the importance of the reconnection between food production and consumption, with repercussions on the food security and sovereignty of local populations. For this, we analyzed official documents of the Program for the Sustainable Development of Rural Territories, the Citizenship Territories Program, the Territorial Development Plans, as well as field research on projects carried out in three rural territories and citizenship in the South of Brazil. From this analysis, it is possible to think of the strengthening of short circuits as the mechanism to promote rural territorial development.
El currículo flexible en la educación artística bogotana: ¿una experiencia de equidad o inequidad?
Authors: Acuña Castillo Jorge Alberto
Published: October 2019

Este artículo sintetiza una investigación realizada para evaluar la efectividad de la política de flexibilización curricular que se implementó para mejorar la inclusión y la calidad de la enseñanza en los colegios de Colombia, centrándose en determinar si esta estrategia ha sido eficaz para garantizar el derecho a la educación artística en condiciones de equidad. Se analizaron y compararon las trayectorias de las experiencias significativas de educación artística en básica y media que fueron reconocidas durante la implementación del Plan Nacional de Educación Artística, 2007-2010, utilizando criterios para el logro de equidad que surgieron de estudiar las orientaciones pedagógicas para educación artística en Básica y Media del Ministerio de Educación y el esquema de las 4 Aes de Katarina Tomasevski, bajo dos (2) enfoques teóricos: La Justicia como Equidad de John Rawls y El Enfoque de las Capacidades de Amartya Sen y Martha Nussbaum. Se encontró que esta estrategia no ha sido del todo eficaz para garantizar este derecho en condiciones de equidad, tanto a nivel interno como externo de las instituciones educativas, por tres factores: 1) el desconocimiento que existe sobre este derecho, 2) el poco tiempo escolar asignado para la enseñanza artística, y 3) una desregulada política sobre flexibilización curricular.
La política pública de educación en Colombia y Finlandia: elementos para la construcción de una educación pública en época de Reformas Educativas Globales
Authors: FLOREZ LOPEZ JULIAN RAUL
Published: October 2019

La trasformación de los sistemas educativos del mundo arroja evidencia sobre la importancia que la política educativa posee dentro de las agendas de los gobiernos. Para los interesados en el tema es conveniente describir y discernir los principales elementos de la política pública de educación de los Estados bajo sus respectivos contextos. En épocas de reformas educativas globales, este documento realiza una descripción general de la política pública de educación en Colombia y Finlandia, haciendo énfasis en componentes como financiación y gestión del personal docente, lo cual permitirá establecer diferencias y similitudes entre los modelos educativos de ambos países.
La participación de las clases dominantes agrarias en la construcción de nuevos pactos sociales y políticos: Una aproximación al proceso de redemocratización brasilera y a los acuerdos de paz en Colombia.
Authors: Cuellar Benavides Juanita , De Menezes Fernandes Afonso Henrique
Published: October 2019

Este trabajo tiene como objetivo presentar un diálogo entre el caso brasilero y el colombiano, en relación con la actuación de las clases dominantes agrarias en dos momentos de transformaciones importantes en la vida política de estos países: el proceso de redemocratización brasilera, luego de más de 20 años de dictadura militar (1964-1985), y el proceso de paz en Colombia entre el gobierno y la guerrilla de las Farc-EP (2012-2016). A partir de una contextualización histórica de cada uno de los países, se presenta una caracterización de los repertorios de acción utilizados por los sectores dominantes para garantizar un espacio y una agenda en esos procesos de construcción de pactos sociales. Se concluye que, a pesar de las diferencias históricas y de contexto de cada uno de los casos estudiados, las acciones llevadas a cabo por las clases dominantes agrarias muestran una similitud en su respuesta, con resultados que terminaron por inviabilizar o limitar el alcance de las transformaciones de la estructura agraria.
Augmenting Your Field of Vision
Authors: Gonzalez Carlos M.
Published: October 2019

Where virtual reality isolates users from the world around them, augmented reality offers the best of both natural vision and digital information. It can provide real-time assistance to workers in remote locations, help workers learn new skills, or walk technicians through a repair. It provides a mobile and intuitive way for engineers to interact with sensor data, digital twins, and their physical counterparts. This article delves deeper into how automation, manufacturing, and design companies are exploring the value of this disruptive technology.
Brain Drain
Authors: Kota Sridhar
Published: October 2019

Federal R&D at U.S. universities and national labs continues to unlock scientific mysteries. Yet more and more research involving manufacturing and scaleup is done overseas. As a result, the United States is losing its ability to translate taxpayer-funded research into mass prodution. The U.S. manufacturing economy is as large as that of Japan and Germany combined, but a closer look shows that many industries have stopped innovating and are no longer globally competitive. This article highlights that we need a commitment to engineering that parallels the infrastructure we have created in science.
Mueller-matrix modeling of the architecture in the cuticle of the beetle Chrysina resplendens
Authors: Mendoza Galván Arturo , Järrendahl Kenneth , Arwin Hans
Published: October 2019

Circular Bragg reflectors have the ability of reflecting the cohanded circular-polarization mode of the inherent helicoidal structures. Cuticles of some plants and beetles are examples of natural circular Bragg reflectors. In many cases, the period or pitch of the helicoidal structure shows spatial variation across the cuticle (pitch profile). Among scarab beetles, the special architecture in the cuticle of the Chrysina resplendens comprising a birefringent layer sandwiched between two helicoidal layers reflects both right- and left-handed circular-polarization states. In this work, the modeling of Mueller-matrix data is applied to investigate polarization properties of this exceptional structure by using pitch profile and optical functions reported in the literature. Reflectance spectra for circular-polarization states are explained in terms of the phase shift introduced by the birefringent layer in a phasor plot. The azimuth-dependent polarization properties are investigated at oblique incidence for unpolarized light.
Deep learning classification for improved bicoherence feature based on cyclic modulation and cross-correlation
Authors: Yang Kunde , Zhou Xingyue
Published: October 2019

This paper aims to present an improved bicoherence spectrum (IBS) combined with cyclic modulation spectrum (CMS) and cross-correlation that is suitable for classification of hydrophone signals involving deep learning (DL). First, the proposed feature utilizes the all-phase fast Fourier transform to modify the spectrum leakage caused by CMS; this can be used to detect line spectra with low signal-to-noise ratios (SNRs). Second, the cross-correlation and bispectrum are both exploited to suppress non-periodic line spectra interference from CMS. Based on numerous numerical simulations and experimental verification, compared with CMS and conventional bispectrum, the prominent characteristics of IBS include: detecting higher-precision periodic harmonics without single-line interference, superior robustness under low SNR, and greatly reducing the data redundancy. In addition, to test the performance of IBS for DL application, three deep belief network (DBN)-based classifiers—DBN-softmax, DBN-support vector machine, and DBN-random forest—are introduced and employed for five experimental scenarios (including ships and underwater source). The results indicate that benefiting from DBN pre-training, the IBS classification accuracy of DBN-based models is generally higher than 80%.
Validity and Reliability of a Single Question for Leisure-Time Physical Activity Assessment in Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Hyvärinen Matti , Sipilä Sarianna , Kulmala Janne , Hakonen Harto , Tammelin Tuija H. , Kujala Urho M. , Kovanen Vuokko , Laakkonen Eija K.
Published: October 2019

Purpose: To investigate the validity and test–retest reliability of a single seven-level scale physical activity assessment question (SR-PA L7) and its three-level categorization (SR-PA C3). Methods: The associations of SR-PA L7 and C3 with accelerometer-measured leisure-time physical activity (ACC-LTPA) and with the results of four different physical performance tests (6-min walk [n = 733], knee extension [n = 695], vertical jump [n = 731], and grip force [n = 780]) were investigated among women aged 47–55 years participating in the Estrogenic Regulation of Muscle Apoptosis study (n = 795). The reliability was studied using Spearman correlations with 4-month test–retest period (n = 152). Results: SR-PA L7 and C3 had low correlations with ACC-LTPA (rs = .105–.337). SR-PA L7, SR-PA C3, and ACC-LTPA explained comparable but small amount of variance of the physical performance test results. The reliability analysis provided moderate agreement (rs = .707 and .622 for SR-PA L7 and C3, respectively). Conclusions: SR-PA L7 and C3 demonstrated limited validity and reasonable repeatability.
Perfectionism and Precompetition Emotions in Youth Footballers: A Three-Wave Longitudinal Test of the Mediating Role of Perfectionistic Cognitions
Authors: Donachie Tracy C. , Hill Andrew P. , Madigan Daniel J.
Published: October 2019

Perfectionism is related to precompetition emotions in athletes. However, it is unclear why this is the case. In the present study, the authors sought to determine whether perfectionistic cognitions explain this relationship and mediate the relationships between self-oriented perfectionism (SOP), socially prescribed perfectionism (SPP), and general precompetition emotions and multidimensional anxiety and anger. The authors adopted a three-wave longitudinal design and examined between- and within-person effects in a sample of 352 youth footballers (Mage = 14.03 years,SD = 2.30). At the between-person level, perfectionistic cognitions mediated the relationships between SOP, SPP, and all general precompetition emotions plus multidimensional anxiety and anger. At the within-person level, perfectionistic cognitions mediated the relationships between SOP, SPP, and general anxiety and anger plus multidimensional anxiety and anger. Our findings imply that athletes higher in SOP and SPP experience more anxiety and anger when the frequency of perfectionistic cognitions increases in the lead-up to competition.
Observing the cosmic web
Authors: Hamden Erika
Published: October 2019

The faint signature of gas filaments in the intergalactic medium is finally detected
Circadian rhythm–dependent and circadian rhythm–independent impacts of the molecular clock on type 3 innate lymphoid cells
Authors: Wang Qianli , Robinette Michelle L. , Billon Cyrielle , Collins Patrick L. , Bando Jennifer K. , Fachi José Luís , Sécca Cristiane , Porter Sofia I. , Saini Ankita , Gilfillan Susan , Solt Laura A. , Musiek Erik S. , Oltz Eugene M. , Burris Thomas P. , Colonna Marco
Published: October 2019

Clock protein REV-ERBα influences development of type 3 innate lymphoid cells in a circadian-independent manner (see the related Focus by
Mortha
and Research Article by

Teng
et al.

).
Sequence-Based Epidemiology of an OXA-48 Plasmid during a Hospital Outbreak
Authors: Hidalgo Laura , de Been Mark , Rogers Malbert R. C. , Schürch Anita C. , Scharringa Jelle , van der Zee Anneke , Bonten Marc J. M. , Fluit Ad C.
Published: October 2019

A large OXA-48 outbreak in The Netherlands involved the spread of OXA-48-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
among at least 118 patients, suggesting horizontal transfer of this resistance gene through one or more plasmids. Elucidating transmission dynamics of resistance plasmids is hampered by the low resolution of classic typing methods. This study aimed to investigate the molecular epidemiology of plasmids carrying the OXA-48 carbapenemase using a next-generation sequencing approach.
Transcriptional and Pathological Host Responses to Coinfection with Virulent or Attenuated Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Low-Pathogenic Avian Influenza A Virus in Chickens
Authors: Canter J. A. , Tulman E. R. , Beaudet J. , Lee D.-H. , May M. , Szczepanek S. M. , Geary S. J.
Published: October 2019

The avian pathogen
Mycoplasma gallisepticum
, the etiological agent of chronic respiratory disease in chickens, exhibits enhanced pathogenesis in the presence of a copathogen such as low-pathogenic avian influenza virus (LPAIV).
Hemagglutinin Cleavability, Acid Stability, and Temperature Dependence Optimize Influenza B Virus for Replication in Human Airways
Authors: Laporte Manon , Stevaert Annelies , Raeymaekers Valerie , Boogaerts Talitha , Nehlmeier Inga , Chiu Winston , Benkheil Mohammed , Vanaudenaerde Bart , Pöhlmann Stefan , Naesens Lieve
Published: October 2019

Influenza epidemics are caused by influenza A and influenza B viruses (IAV and IBV, respectively). IBV causes substantial disease; however, it is far less studied than IAV. While IAV originates from animal reservoirs, IBV circulates in humans only. Virus spread requires that the viral hemagglutinin (HA) is active and sufficiently stable in human airways. We resolve here how these mechanisms differ between IBV and IAV. Whereas human IAVs rely on one particular protease for HA activation, this is not the case for IBV. Superior activation of IBV by several proteases should enhance shedding of infectious particles. IBV HA exhibits acid stability and a preference for 33°C, indicating pronounced adaptation to the human upper airways, where the pH is mildly acidic and a cooler temperature exists. These adaptive features are rationalized by the long existence of IBV in humans and may have broader relevance for understanding the biology and evolution of respiratory viruses.
Cardiovascular risk factors from diagnosis in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Jones Stephanie , Khanolkar Amal R , Gevers Evelien , Stephenson Terence , Amin Rakesh
Published: October 2019

Background

For childhood onset type 1 diabetes (T1D), the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis is greatly accelerated and results in early cardiovascular disease (CVD) and increased mortality. However, cardioprotective interventions in this age group are not routinely undertaken.

Aims

To document prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors from diagnosis of childhood T1D and their relationship with disease duration and ethnicity.

Methods

Routinely collected clinical records for 565 children with T1D were retrospectively analyzed. Data were collected from diagnosis and at routine check-ups at pediatric diabetes clinics across Barts Health National Health Service Trust. Age at diagnosis was 8.5 years (0.9–19.4). Mean follow-up 4.3 years (0–10.8). 48% were boys and 60% were non-white. Linear longitudinal mixed effects models were used to evaluate relationships between risk factors and diabetes duration.

Results

CVD risk factors were present at first screening; 33.8% of children were overweight or obese, 20.5% were hypertensive (elevated diastolic blood pressure (BP)) and total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol were abnormal in 63.5%, 34.2% and 22.0%, respectively. Significant associations between diabetes duration and annual increases of body mass index (0.6 kg/m2), BP (0.1 SD score) and lipids (0.02–0.06 mmol/L) were noted. Annual increases were significantly higher in black children for BP and Bangladeshi children for lipids. Bangladeshi children also had greatest baseline levels.

Conclusions

CVD risk factors are present in up to 60% of children at diagnosis of T1D and increase in prevalence during the early years of the disease. Commencing screening in younger children and prioritizing appropriate advice and attention to ethnic variation when calculating risk should be considered.
Problem-solving training: assessing the feasibility and acceptability of delivering and evaluating a problem-solving training model for front-line prison staff and prisoners who self-harm
Authors: Perry Amanda , Waterman Mitchell Glenn , House Allan , Wright-Hughes Alexandra , Greenhalgh Joanne , Farrin Amanda , Richardson Gerry , Hopton Ann Kathryn , Wright Nat
Published: October 2019

Objectives

Problem-solving skills training is adaptable, inexpensive and simple to deliver. However, its application with prisoners who self-harm is unknown. The study assessed the feasibility and acceptability of a problem-solving training (PST) intervention for prison staff and prisoners who self-harm, to inform the design of a large-scale study.

Design and setting

A mixed-methods design used routinely collected data, individual outcome measures, an economic protocol and qualitative interviews at four prisons in Yorkshire and Humber, UK.

Participants

(i) Front-line prison staff, (ii) male and female prisoners with an episode of self-harm in the previous 2 weeks.

Intervention

The intervention comprised a 1 hour staff training session and a 30 min prisoner session using adapted workbooks and case studies.

Outcomes

We assessed the study processes—coverage of training; recruitment and retention rates and adequacy of intervention delivery—and available data (completeness of outcome data, integrity of routinely collected data and access to the National Health Service (NHS) resource information). Prisoner outcomes assessed incidence of self-harm, quality of life and depression at baseline and at follow-up. Qualitative findings are presented elsewhere.

Results

Recruitment was higher than anticipated for staff n=280, but lower for prisoners, n=48. Retention was good with 43/48 (89%) prisoners completing the intervention, at follow-up we collected individual outcome data for 34/48 (71%) of prisoners. Access to routinely collected data was inconsistent. Prisoners were frequent users of NHS healthcare. The additional cost of training and intervention delivery was deemed minimal in comparison to ‘treatment as usual’. Outcome measures of self-harm, quality of life and depression were found to be acceptable.

Conclusions

The intervention proved feasible to adapt. Staff training was delivered but on the whole it was not deemed feasible for staff to deliver the intervention. A large-scale study is warranted, but modifications to the implementation of the intervention are required.
Remuneration of primary dental care in England: a qualitative framework analysis of perspectives of a new service delivery model incorporating incentives for improved access, quality and health outcomes
Authors: Robinson Peter G , Douglas Gail V A , Gibson Barry J , Godson Jenny , Vinall-Collier Karen , Pavitt Sue , Hulme Claire
Published: October 2019

Objective

This study aimed to describe stakeholder perspectives of a new service delivery model in primary care dentistry incorporating incentives for access, quality and health outcomes.

Design

Data were collected through observations, interviews and focus groups.

Setting

This was conducted under six UK primary dental care practices, three working under the incentive-driven contract and three working under the traditional activity-based contract.

Participants

Observations were made of 30 dental appointments. Eighteen lay people, 15 dental team staff and a member of a commissioning team took part in the interviews and focus groups.

Results

Using a qualitative framework analysis informed by Andersen’s model of access, we found oral health assessments influenced patients’ perceptions of need, which led to changes in preventive behaviour. Dentists responded to the contract, with greater emphasis on prevention, use of the disease risk ratings in treatment planning, adherence to the pathways and the utilisation of skill-mix. Participants identified increases in the capacity of practices to deliver more care as a result. These changes were seen to improve evaluated and perceived health and patient satisfaction. These outcomes fed back to shape people’s predispositions to visit the dentist.

Conclusion

The incentive-driven contract was perceived to increase access to dental care, determine dentists’ and patients’ perceptions of need, their behaviours, health outcomes and patient satisfaction. Dentists face challenges in refocusing care, perceptions of preventive dentistry, deployment of skill mix and use of the risk assessments and care pathways. Dentists may need support in these areas and to recognise the differences between caring for individual patients and the patient-base of a practice.
Clinical approach to equine neuro‐ophthalmology
Authors: Pont Roser Tetas , Beltran Elsa
Published: October 2019

Background: Neuro‐ophthalmic disorders, although still uncommon, are being reported more often in horses. Cases can present with a wide range of clinical signs, from chronic, non‐healing corneal ulcers to behavioural changes due to visual impairment. Achieving the correct diagnosis is not always easy. Using a systematic approach to examine horses with suspected neuro‐ophthalmic disorders will help the clinician to achieve a neuroanatomic diagnosis and a list of differential diagnoses. The diagnostic tests are always planned based on this list of differentials and the treatment is targeted to the final or most likely diagnosis. Understanding the neuro‐ophthalmic anatomy is mandatory to achieve the correct neurolocalisation and plan the appropriate diagnostic modalities.

Aim of the article: This article reviews the most important neuro‐ophthalmic pathways to interpret the clinical signs and underlying causes seen in this field.