bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rendering in fetal cardiac scanning: the intracardiac septa and the coronal atrioventricular valve planes
Authors: Yagel S. , Benachi A. , Bonnet D. , Dumez Y. , Hochner‐Celnikier D. , Cohen S. M. , Valsky D. V. , Fermont L.
Published: August 2006

Objective

In this study we aimed to apply spatio‐temporal image correlation (STIC) rendering to visualize the virtual planes of the interventricular and interatrial septa (IVS, IAS) as well as the atrioventricular (AV) annuli plane just distal to the semilunar valves (coronal atrioventricular (CAV) plane) in normal and pathological fetal hearts, to ascertain whether these planes add to fetal cardiac examination.

Methods

Unselected gravidae presenting for anatomy scan or patients referred for fetal echocardiography in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy with suspected or diagnosed cardiac malformation were scanned using the five planes technique with the STIC modality to obtain cardiac volume sets for each patient. Rendering capabilities were employed to obtain the ‘virtual planes’ to evaluate the IVS, IAS, AV annuli, and size and alignment of the great vessels.

Results

A total of 136 normal scans were performed to establish a learning curve for STIC acquisition and post‐processing rendering and analysis. An additional 35 cases with cardiac anomalies were accrued. In 131/136 (96.3%) normal scans the IAS and IVS were visualized successfully, while in 127/136 (93.4%) normal fetuses the CAV plane was successfully visualized. In 13 anomalous cases the IVS plane improved ventricular septal defect (VSD) evaluation, and in four the IAS plane contributed to foramen ovale evaluation. The modality improved visualization of the septa and the assessment of the defects, as well as the foramen ovale flap and pattern of movement of the foramen ovale. In five cases the CAV plane improved evaluation of the alignment of the major vessels in relation to the AV annuli, and in three the evaluation of the semilunar valves, with or without malalignment of the great vessels.

Conclusions

Rendering STIC technology allows the visualization of virtual planes (IAS, IVS, AV annuli–CAV plane), which can clarify our understanding of anatomical defects and may improve communication with the management team and family. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Echogenic foci in the dilated fetal colon may be associated with the presence of a rectourinary fistula
Authors: Pohl‐Schickinger A. , Henrich W. , Degenhardt P. , Bassir C. , Hüseman D.
Published: August 2006

Intraintestinal meconium calcification in the fetus and newborn is a rare finding, occurring in patients with intestinal obstruction. The intraluminal location of the enterolithiasis enables differentiation from calcifications that are secondary to bowel perforation and meconium peritonitis. We report on a term male neonate with VACTERL (vertebral defects, imperforate anus, cardiac anomalies, tracheoesophageal fistula, renal anomalies, limb anomalies) association and rectourethral fistula, in whom enterolithiasis was documented by prenatal ultrasound imaging at 21 weeks' gestation. A review of the literature and a summary of all previously described cases of neonates with intraluminal meconium calcifications are provided. Prenatal ultrasonographic detection of enterolithiasis in fetuses with anal atresia may indicate the presence of an enterourinary fistula. Copyright © 2006 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Site-controlled quantum dots fabricated using an atomic-force microscope assisted technique
Authors: Song HZ , Usuki T , Ohshima T , Sakuma Y , Kawabe M , Okada Y , Takemoto K , Miyazawa T , Hirose S , Nakata Y , Takatsu M , Yokoyama N
Published: August 2006

An atomic-force microscope assisted technique is developed to control the position and size of self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Presently, the site precision is as good as ± 1.5 nm and the size fluctuation is within ± 5% with the minimum controllable lateral diameter of 20 nm. With the ability of producing tightly packed and differently sized QDs, sophisticated QD arrays can be controllably fabricated for the application in quantum computing. The optical quality of such site-controlled QDs is found comparable to some conventionally self-assembled semiconductor QDs. The single dot photoluminescence of site-controlled InAs/InP QDs is studied in detail, presenting the prospect to utilize them in quantum communication as precisely controlled single photon emitters working at telecommunication bands.
The Commission for Africa: results and prospects for the West's Africa policy
Authors: Brown William
Published: August 2006

This article evaluates Western, and particularly British, policy towards Africa in the wake of the 2005 Commission for Africa, and considers what it tells us about the character of liberal internationalist policy towards the continent. The article reviews the Commission's report, Our Common Interest, and argues that it adheres in important respects to a ‘liberal bargain’ which has been at the heart of wider donor policy for some time. However, it goes on to argue that the kind of historical leap forward envisaged for Africa has strong echoes in nineteenth-century Western liberal forays into the continent. Yet there are lessons to be learned, and historical legacies to be confronted, from this earlier encounter. These come to the fore in the issue of governance and the difficult political issues that need to be confronted if the Commission's aims are to be realised.
Political identity, emerging state structures and conflict in northern Somalia
Authors: Höhne Markus V.
Published: August 2006

This paper discusses the logic of political identification by individuals and groups in the context of re-emerging state structures in northern Somalia. Current identities are analysed as political identities, which are both a product of and a driving force behind political and military conflict in the region. In everyday life political cleavages can be bridged by cross-cutting ties based on neighbourhood, intermarriage or common experiences and history. Only when conflict reaches a certain level and violence escalates, do political identities become mutually exclusive and large-scale fighting become a real threat.
The EU, Africa and Economic Partnership Agreements: unintended consequences of policy leverage
Authors: Stevens Christopher
Published: August 2006

Sub-Saharan African (SSA) is negotiating a new trade regime with the European Union (EU), under the threat of increased barriers against its exports if agreement is not reached before 2008. This article examines the potential impact on regional integration of the Economic Partnership Agreements (EPAs) being negotiated. Both sides pay lip service to greater regional integration, which is a stated objective of EPAs. But the article provides research evidence suggesting that EPAs will weaken regionalism, and in so doing adds to the literature on what happens when external powers attempt to use leverage to press trade policy change. Based on an analysis of SSA's trade with the EU, the article shows that countries may be encouraged to reinforce rather than eliminate barriers to the free circulation of goods between them, because of the choices they make in the details of their trade regimes with Europe. It also establishes a methodology that can be applied to new data as the negotiations progress.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Pfanner Toni
Published: August 2006

March 2006 has been a black month for the UN tribunal authorities in The Hague. Not only has the nationalist Serb war criminal Milan Babić committed suicide in his prison cell, but the man against whom Babić testified in 2002, Slobodan Milošević – the first head of state to be indicted for war crimes – has also died. Milošević's trial was being seen as a crucial test of international law.
Measuring the impact of punishment and forgiveness: a framework for evaluating transitional justice
Authors: Hazan Pierre
Published: August 2006

Truth commissions, international criminal tribunals, reparations, public apologies and other mechanisms of transitional justice are the new mantras of the post-cold-war era. Their purpose is to foster reconciliation in societies that have experienced widespread human-rights violations and to promote reform and democracy, the ultimate aim being to defuse tension. But to what degree are these mechanisms, which are financially and politically supported by the international community and NGOs, truly effective? Very little, in fact, is known about their impact. By examining the underlying hypotheses and workings of transitional justice and proposing a series of indicators to evaluate its results, this article helps to fill the gap.
International and internationalized criminal tribunals: a synopsis
Authors: Geiß Robin , Bulinckx Noëmie
Published: August 2006

The proliferation of judicial bodies is of particular prevalence in the field of international criminal law, where, despite the creation of an operational International Criminal Court, the political or factual exigencies of different situations have led to the establishment of specific criminal justice systems. The object of this synopsis is to study their variety and to sketch out the differences and similarities between existing international and internationalized criminal tribunals. The complexity and the sheer illimitable amount of information necessitated a condensed and synthesized visualization.
The relationship between international humanitarian law and the international criminal tribunals
Authors: Posse Hortensia D. T. Gutierrez
Published: August 2006

International humanitarian law is the branch of customary and treaty-based international positive law whose purposes are to limit the methods and means of warfare and to protect the victims of armed conflicts. Grave breaches of its rules constitute war crimes for which individuals may be held directly accountable and which it is up to sovereign states to prosecute. However, should a state not wish to, or not be in a position to, prosecute, the crimes can be tried by international criminal tribunals instituted by treaty or by binding decision of the United Nations Security Council. This brief description of the current legal and political situation reflects the state of the law at the dawn of the twenty-first century. It does not, however, describe the work of a single day or the fruit of a single endeavour. Quite the contrary, it is the outcome of the international community's growing awareness, in the face of the horrors of war and the indescribable suffering inflicted on humanity throughout the ages, that there must be limits to violence and that those limits must be established by the law and those responsible punished so as to discourage future perpetrators from exceeding them.
On co-operation by states not party to the International Criminal Court
Authors: Wenqi Zhu
Published: August 2006

Before the International Criminal Court (ICC) came into being, world public attention was focused on issues such as the significance of the Court's establishment, the importance of implementing international criminal justice and the time when the Rome Statute could enter into force. Once the Court was established, attention naturally turned to practical issues, such as whether it would be able to operate normally and perform its historic mission. The question of whether the ICC can operate effectively and perform its mission largely depends on the scope and degree of co-operation provided to it by states. This co-operation concerns not only states party to the ICC but also non-party states. This article offers to explore the obligation of non-party states to co-operate under international law, the prospects of their co-operation and the legal consequences of non-co-operation. The author suggests that beyond the general principle of the law of treaties according to which treaties are binding only on states parties, when viewed in the light of other general principles of international law, co-operation with the ICC is no longer voluntary in nature, but is instead obligatory in the sense of customary international law. Therefore, while a state may not have acceded to the ICC, it may still be subject to an obligation to co-operate with it in certain cases.
International criminal justice: tightening up the rules of the game
Authors: Côté Luc
Published: August 2006

Although much has been said and written about the creation of the international criminal tribunals and their contribution to the development of international humanitarian law, there have been very few studies of the international prosecutor per se. In this article the author briefly surveys recent developments in the international criminal justice institutions, focusing particularly on the limits recently imposed on the discretionary powers of international prosecutors.
Responsibility for war crimes before national courts in Croatia
Authors: Josipović Ivo
Published: August 2006

This article analyses problems with which the Republic of Croatia, as a country in transition, has to contend during war crimes proceedings. A major characteristic of the recent wars waged on the territory of the former Yugoslavia is that war crimes were committed, though on a different scale, by all parties involved, irrespective of the political and other motives that prompted them to engage in armed conflict. Political unwillingness is the principal reason why national courts, including those in the Republic of Croatia, did not prosecute war crimes in accordance with internationally acceptable standards. The international community responded by setting up the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY), the main objectives of which are to establish justice, render justice to victims and determine the historical truth. Implicitly, despite political and other opposition to its work, the ICTY is helping to define legal and ethical standards appropriate for a democratic society in the countries established on the territory of the former Yugoslavia. This is particularly important for the reason that all these countries aspire to membership of the European Union. The work of the ICTY, as well as proceedings before domestic courts, is therefore an important legal, political and moral catalyst on their way towards accession to the European Union. This is fully confirmed by the example of the Republic of Croatia.
Humanitarian organizations and international criminal tribunals, or trying to square the circle
Authors: La Rosa Anne-Marie
Published: August 2006

This article looks at the role of humanitarian organizations in the context of judicial procedures in a global environment which was modified by the establishment of international criminal courts. It shows the struggles and tensions that humanitarian organizations face when, on the one hand, they bring assistance and protection to victims of armed conflicts and other situations of violence and, on the other hand, they contribute to the fight against impunity in cases of grave violations of international humanitarian law. The author suggests some elements of an operational framework which should contribute to the achievement of these difficult-to-reconcile objectives.
Rapid and Direct Quantitative RT‐PCR Method To Measure Promoter Activity
Authors: Yu Lei , Domann Frederick E.
Published: August 2006

This Note describes a novel rapid and direct quantitative method for examining the activity of genetic response elements. This method will provide an alternative to the classically used “reporter gene” activity assays. We show that a transfected genetic cis‐regulatory element that responds to the transcription factor p53 gives a quantitative read‐out at the RNA level that parallels that of an endogenous p53 responsive gene, p21 waf1'cip1. The correlation between the endogenous p21 gene expression in response to p53 and the transfected cis element is remarkable. This method is more direct and potentially faster than traditional promoter‐reporter assays.
Adipositas – eine interdisziplinäre Aufgabe
Authors: Becker  , Nieß  , Hipp  , Fritsche  , Gallwitz  , Granderath  , Kramer  , Zipfel
Published: August 2006

Die Ernährungs- und Bewegungssituation sowie die sozioökonomischen Umstände haben sich in den Industrienationen in den vergangenen 50 Jahren radikal gewandelt. Folgen dieser Entwicklung sind rasante Steigerungen der Prävalenzraten der Adipositas. Bevölkerungsbasierte Studien in Deutschland haben ergeben, dass inzwischen jeder fünfte erwachsene Bundesbürger adipös ist. Untersuchungen zur Ätiologie der Adipositas verweisen auf eine komplexe Interaktion genetischer, sozioökonomischer sowie psychosozialer Faktoren. An der Universitätsklinik Tübingen haben sich seit einem Jahr mehrere Abteilungen zu einer interdisziplinären «Plattform Adipositas» zusammengeschlossen. Endokrinologen, Adipositaschirurgen, Sportmediziner, Psychosomatiker und Diätassistenten erarbeiten, auf wissenschaftlich fundierter Grundlage, Therapieprogramme und Behandlungspfade für Patienten mit einer Adipositas. Im vorliegenden Artikel wird diese modellhafte sektorenübergreifende Kooperation vorgestellt.
Metabolisches Syndrom und Depression
Authors: Löwe  , Hochlehnert  , Nikendei
Published: August 2006

Das Metabolische Syndrom, definiert als Symptomenkomplex aus verminderter Glucosetoleranz, zentraler Adipositas, Dyslipopoteinämie und arterieller Hypertonie, geht mit einem vermehrten Risiko für kardiovaskuläre Erkrankungen und Diabetes mellitus einher. Seit etwa 20 Jahren steigt die Häufigkeit des Metabolischen Syndroms stark an. In den USA sind derzeit 21% bis 39% der Bevölkerung betroffen; in Europa liegen die Raten noch etwas niedriger. Parallel nimmt die Häufigkeit depressiver Störungen zu, welche ihrerseits die kardiovaskuläre Mortalität um den Faktor 1,5 bis 2,5 erhöhen. Bei einer Kombination aus Metabolischem Syndrom und depressiver Störung ist mit besonders schwerwiegenden Folgen im Sinne eines Circulus Vitiosus zu rechnen: Die Depression fördert aufgrund behavioraler, pathophysiologischer, genetischer und iatrogener Wirkmechanismen die Entstehung des Metabolischen Syndrom; das Metabolische Syndrom wiederum begünstigt die Entwicklung und Aufrechterhaltung einer depressiven Symptomatik. Daher müssen bei Patienten mit beiden Krankheitsbildern unbedingt beide Störungen simultan behandelt werden. Wesentliche Bestandteile des Behandlungsplanes sind Gewichtsreduktion, körperliche Aktivität, Psychoeduktion, Einbezug der Familie, der Bezug auf subjektive Erklärungs- und Behandlungsmodelle, kognitive Techniken und der Aufbau von Problemlösekompetenzen. Neben der regelmäßigen Kontrolle von Gewicht, Blutdruck, Nüchternblutzucker, HbA1c und Lipide müssen die Risikofaktoren bzw. die Depression gegebenenfalls ergänzend medikamentös behandelt werden. Unter diesen Voraussetzungen bestehen gute Aussichten, neben dem Blutzuckerhaushalt, dem Bluthochdruck und der Adipositas auch die funktionellen Einschränkungen und das individuelle Wohlbefinden nachhaltig günstig zu beeinflussen.
Binge Eating Störung
Authors: de Zwaan  , Friederich
Published: August 2006

Die Binge Eating Störung (BES) wurde 1994 als vorläufige psychiatrische Diagnose in das DSM-IV aufgenommen. In der Allgemeinbevölkerung liegt die Prävalenz bei 2%, wobei Frauen etwa 1,5 mal häufiger betroffen sind als Männer. Bis zu 30% der Teilnehmerinnen an Gewichtsreduktionsprogrammen erfüllen die Kriterien der BES. Im Gegensatz zur Bulimia nervosa (BN), bei der gezügeltes Essverhalten im Sinne von Diäten fast immer der Ess-Störung vorausgeht, ist diese Abfolge bei der BES nur in der Hälfte der Fälle zu beobachten. Die essstörungsspezifische und allgemeine Psychopathologie ist bei übergewichtigen Frauen mit BES signifikant höher als bei übergewichtigen Frauen ohne BES. In der Therapie der BES sind mehrere Ziele zu berücksichtigen: Reduktion der Essanfälle und der essstörungsspezifischen Psychopathologie (z.B. Überbewertung von Figur und Gewicht), Gewichtsreduktion und Besserung möglicher körperlicher Komplikationen des Übergewichtes und die Verbesserung komorbider psychischer Störungen. Entgegen den Erwartungen scheinen Gewichtsreduktionsprogramme aller Art die Ess-Störung nicht zu verschlimmern und die erfolgreiche Therapie der Essanfälle scheint nicht automatisch zu einer Gewichtsabnahme zu führen. Kontrollierte Untersuchungen konnten zeigen, dass die Ess-Störung mit psychotherapeutischen und medikamentösen Ansätzen erfolgreich behandelt werden kann. Die Remissionsraten sind in der Regel hoch, die Prognose in der Regel besser als bei Patientinnen mit BN. Patientinnen, die Abstinenz von den Essanfällen erzielen, reduzieren in der Regel ihr Gewicht während Patientinnen, die symptomatisch bleiben häufig weiter an Gewicht zunehmen. Das Ausmaß der Gewichtsreduktion ist jedoch gering und erfüllt in der Regel nicht die Erwartungen der Patientinnen. Die Langzeiterfolge einer medikamentösen Therapie bleiben unklar. Ob die BES tatsächlich ein eigenständiges Störungsbild darstellt wird zur Zeit noch diskutiert.
Bulimia nervosa
Authors: Zeeck  , Hartmann  , Sandholz  , Joos
Published: August 2006

Die Bulimia nervosa ist durch Essanfälle und Verhaltensweisen gekennzeichnet, welche einer Gewichtszunahme entgegensteuern sollen (Erbrechen, Laxantienabusus, Hungerphasen u.a.). Sie ist eine multifaktoriell bedingte psychische Erkrankung, welche vor allem junge Frauen betrifft. Die Bulimie kann zu gravierendem Folgen auf körperlicher, psychischer und sozialer Ebene führen und bedarf in der Regel einer spezialisierten, psychotherapeutischen Behandlung. Diese kann in den meisten Fällen ambulant erfolgen, es muss jedoch die häufige Komorbidität mit weiteren psychischen Erkrankungen berücksichtigt werden. Auch eine psychopharmakologische Mitbehandlung kann hilfreich sein. Nach 5–10 Jahren zeigen rund 50% der Patientinnen eine Vollremission, 30% Teilremissionen und etwa 20% einen chronischen Verlauf. Hausärzte, Zahnärzte und Gynäkologen sollten über Anzeichen einer oft von den Betroffenen selbst aus Schamgefühl verheimlichten Bulimia nervosa informiert sein.
Magersucht
Authors: Herzog  , Friederich  , Wild  , Löwe  , Zipfel
Published: August 2006

Die Magersucht unterscheidet sich deutlich von anderen psychogenen Ess-Störungen: Seit mehr als dreihundert Jahren bekannt, tritt sie mit konstanter Häufigkeit auf und gehört zu den gefährlichsten Erkrankungen der betroffenen Altersstufe: Dreiviertel der Patientinnen gesunden oder bessern sich langfristig, ein Viertel hat einen chronischen Verlauf, häufig mit somatischen Komplikationen und tödlichem Ausgang. Wegen des sich oft über viele Jahre erstreckenden Gesundungsprozesses und der erheblichen Chronifizierungs- und Komplikationsrate sollte zu Beginn jeder Behandlung ein individueller Gesamtbehandlungsplan stehen, um den Therapieverlauf langfristig zu strukturieren. In Abhängigkeit von Schwere, Phase und Komorbidität sind stationäre oder ambulante Therapien indiziert. Bei kurzem Krankheitsverlauf, hinreichendem Gewicht (BMI > 15 kg/m2), guter Motivation und fehlenden Komplikationen ist eine ambulanter Psychotherapieversuch gerechtfertigt. Entsprechend der multifaktoriellen Ätiologie der Anorexia nervosa ist die stationäre Psychotherapie multimodal. Die Gewichtszunahme ist ein wichtiges erstes Therapieziel und Voraussetzung für eine konfliktzentrierte, ambulant fortzusetzende Psychotherapie. Die ambivalente Psychotherapiemotivation und die Notwendigkeit zur Symptomorientierung erfordern sowohl stationär als auch ambulant technische Modifikationen der Psychotherapie und feste Rahmenbedingungen.
Ess-Störungen – ein zunehmendes Problem bei Kindern und Jugendlichen?
Authors: Brunner  , Resch
Published: August 2006

Epidemiologische Studien weisen auf einen Anstieg von Ess-Störungen im Jugendlichenalter hin und konnten nachweisen, dass sich der Beginn der Erkrankungen auf jüngere Altersgruppen verschiebt. Die durchschnittliche Prävalenzrate für die Anorexia und Bulimia nervosa beträgt im Jugendlichenalter jeweils 0.5%. Das Hauptinzidenzalter liegt für beide Erkrankungen zwischen dem 10. und 19. Lebensjahr. Gestörte Einstellungen zum Essen sowie ein abnormes Essverhalten weist ein erheblicher Anteil Jugendlicher auf und geht mit einem erhöhten Risiko zur Manifestation eines Vollbildes einer Ess-Störung oder anderer Formen emotionaler Störungen oder Verhaltensauffälligkeiten einher (Depression, Angstsymtome, Substanzmissbrauch, suizidales Verhalten). Für beide Erkrankungen wird eine multifaktorielle Ätiologie postuliert mit einer Interaktion von genetischen Einflüssen und bestimmten spezifischen Umweltfaktoren, insbesondere soziokulturellen Einflüssen. Neben anderweitigen komorbid bestehenden psychiatrischen Störungen führen häufig medizinische Komplikationen im Zusammenhang des Gewichtverlustes und des «Purging»-Verhaltens zu stationären Behandlungen. Der multimodale therapeutische Zugang focussiert auf eine kontrollierte Gewichtsrestitution in Kombination mit spezifischen psychoedukativen und psychotherapeutischen Methoden, die sowohl die Patienten als auch ihre Familien miteinbeziehen.
Familientherapie bei Ess-Störungen
Authors: Schrauth  , Nikendei  , Köchling  , Martens  , Herzog  , Zipfel
Published: August 2006

Die Familien von Patientinnen mit Ess-Störungen wie Anorexia nervosa (AN) und Bulimia nervosa (BN) sind durch die Erkrankung hohen emotionalen Belastungen ausgesetzt und zeichnen sich zudem häufig durch auffällige Familienstrukturen und -interaktionen aus. Daher spielt in der Diagnostik und Therapie von Ess-Störungen der Einbezug von Familienangehörigen der Patientinnen eine wichtige Rolle, deren Stellenwert zunehmend als wissenschaftlich gesichert gelten kann. Ganz besondere Bedeutung kommt dabei dem ärztlichen «Aufklärungsgespräch» mit Eltern und Patientinnen im primärärztlichen Kontext zum Aufbau der Therapiemotivation zu. Hierzu sollte der Behandler über Basiskenntnisse der Gesprächsführung mit Familien verfügen, wie sie in diesem Beitrag dargestellt werden. Das im weiteren therapeutischen Prozess angewendete Spektrum von Familieninterventionen reicht von edukativen und supportiven Maßnahmen bis zur Familientherapie im engeren Sinne, die ambulant oder im Rahmen einer stationären Therapie von Fachpsychotherapeuten durchgeführt wird.
MALT-Lymphom
Authors: Flieger  , Fischbach
Published: August 2006

Bei den Magenlymphomen handelt es sich am häufigsten um extranodale Marginalzonen-B-Zell-Lymphome vom MALT-Typ. Die Diagnose wird bioptisch festgestellt. Computertomographie, Endosonographie und neuerdings Kapselendoskopie werden für die Bestimmung des Ausbreitungsstadiums eingesetzt. Pathogenetisch hat sich gezeigt, dass MALT-Lymphome des Magens durch Helicobacter pylori induziert werden können. Durch die Eradikationsbehandlung dieses Keimes ist ein therapeutischer nebenwirkungsarmer Durchbruch erzielt worden. Durch Bestrahlung, Chemotherapie oder Operation lassen sich für die Eradikation nicht geeignete oder refraktäre Fälle sehr gut behandeln. Die selteneren hochmalignen Magenlymphome werden mit Chemotherapie und Radiatio behandelt. Bei beiden Entitäten wird zur Zeit im Rahmen von Studien eine Verbesserung der Behandlungsergebnisse durch die Zugabe des gegen CD20 gerichteten monoklonalen Antikörpers Rituximab zu erreichen versucht.
Medikamentöse Therapie bei Dyspepsie und gastroösophagealer Refluxkrankheit (GERD)
Authors: Gräter
Published: August 2006

Sowohl in der Akuttherapie als auch in der Langzeitbehandlung der gastroösophagealen Refluxkrankheit (GERD) ist der Einsatz von Protonenpumpeninhibitoren (PPI) Standard. Die nichterosive Refluxkrankheit (NERD) und die GERD mit gering ausgeprägten Erosionen werden symptomorientiert behandelt. Therapieziele bei Stadien höheren Grades sind neben der Beschwerdefreiheit die Abheilung von Schleimhautläsionen und die Verhinderung eines Rezidives, auch um möglichen Komplikationen vorzubeugen. Hierzu ist meist eine Langzeitbehandlung erforderlich. Endoskopische Kontrollen sind nur beim Barrettösophagus erforderlich. Die funktionelle Dyspepsie, definiert als chronische Oberbauchbeschwerden ohne organisches Korrelat, ist eine Befindlichkeitsstörung. Fehlen Alarmsymptome und ist der Patient jung, kann auf eine aufwändige Ausschlussdiagnostik verzichtet werden. Differente Medikamente sollten entsprechend der vorherrschenden Symptomatik sparsam eingesetzt werden, im Vordergrund steht die nicht-medikamentöse Betreuung.
Trace gas fluxes and nitrogen cycling along an elevation sequence of tropical montane forests in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia
Authors: Purbopuspito Joko , Veldkamp Edzo , Brumme Rainer , Murdiyarso Daniel
Published: August 2006

Studies on soil‐atmosphere flux of N2O, NO and CH4 in tropical forests have mainly focused on tropical lowland forests. Here we present the first intensive study of trace gas fluxes along an elevation sequence of tropical montane forests ranging from 1190 m to 2470 m elevation in Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using chamber techniques, we measured monthly flux rates and controlling factors on three elevations, each with three replicate plots for 1 year. Annual N2O fluxes ranged from 0.29 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at 1800 m to 1.01 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at 2470 m and 1.11 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at 1190 m, while annual NO fluxes ranged from 0.17 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at 1800 m, to 0.18 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at 2470 m and 0.48 kg N ha−1 yr−1 at 1190 m. Methane uptake ranged from 1.45 kg C ha−1 yr−1 at 2470 m to 2.45 kg C ha−1 yr−1 at 1190 m and 3.32 kg C ha−1 yr−1 at 1800 m. At the highest elevation, methane uptake was affected by the thick organic layer present at the surface of the soil. Several lines of evidence (soil N stocks, extractable inorganic N, litterfall mass, litterfall‐N and δ15N signals in litterfall and soil organic matter) show that the annual N2O + NO emissions could be explained by the inherent N status of these forests. In a test of indices of N cycling to explain N2O and NO fluxes, the robustness of litterfall C/N and litterfall N was confirmed and the δ15N signal of litterfall emerged as promising driver for regional and global biogeochemical models that predict N2O + NO emissions from soil.
Effect of adiabatic cooling on the fitted parallel mean free path of solar energetic particles
Authors: Qin G. , Zhang M. , Dwyer J. R.
Published: August 2006

The focused transport equation without adiabatic energy loss is widely used to model solar energetic particles' (SEP) interplanetary propagation by fitting spacecraft data. We incorporate the adiabatic energy loss effect, provided by the divergence of the solar wind flows, into the focused transport equation. The equation is then solved numerically using a time‐backward stochastic integration method. We show the comparison between solutions of focused transport equations with and without energy loss. We found the effect of adiabatic cooling is significant on the time profile of the intensity of SEPs. It is also shown that without energy loss, for gradual events, we can only fit the initial phase of SEP events. However, with energy loss, we can fit the entire (initial and decaying) phases. In addition, the values of the mean free path obtained by fitting the SEP events with energy loss is always smaller than that without. The results suggest that including adiabatic cooling effect is another way to partially fix the solar energetic particle mean free paths' “too small” problem discussed by Bieber et al. (1994), i.e., the mean free paths obtained by fitting transport equation to observation data are much larger than the quasi‐linear theory results.
New observations of electromagnetic harmonic ELF emissions in the ionosphere by the DEMETER satellite during large magnetic storms
Authors: Parrot M. , Buzzi A. , Santolík O. , Berthelier J. J. , Sauvaud J. A. , Lebreton J. P.
Published: August 2006

DEMETER (Detection of Electro‐Magnetic Emissions Transmitted from Earthquake Regions) is an ionospheric microsatellite launched on a polar orbit at an altitude of 710 km. Its scientific payload allows to measure electromagnetic waves and plasma parameters. During the strong magnetic storm from 8 to 10 November 2004, intense electromagnetic harmonic emissions between 500 and 2000 Hz have been detected at midlatitudes and similar emissions were also observed on 21–22 January 2005 and on 15 May 2005 during two magnetic storms of lower intensity. They can be observed on consecutive orbits, either in one hemisphere or in both hemispheres at the same L values. On the dynamic energy/time spectrograms that are available in the DEMETER survey modes these emissions appear most often as patches of intensified signals lasting a few tens to hundreds of seconds with a frequency structure showing nearly equally spaced frequency bands. Such a frequency structure could be explained if the waves originate from the generation of Electro‐Magnetic Ion Cyclotron (EMIC) waves at proton cyclotron harmonics. When waveforms are available during burst modes, allowing a fine‐resolution frequency analysis, these emissions appear in one orbit be composed of a set of lines slowly drifting in frequency with time. During periods with a high magnetically activity, the ionosphere and the magnetosphere are severely disturbed and these waves could be generated at relatively low L values and propagate from their equatorial source region along density gradients down to the altitude of the satellite. Energetic electron data obtained onboard DEMETER indicate that these waves interact with the energetic electron populations.
Continuing global significance of emissions of Montreal Protocol–restricted halocarbons in the United States and Canada
Authors: Hurst D. F. , Lin J. C. , Romashkin P. A. , Daube B. C. , Gerbig C. , Matross D. M. , Wofsy S. C. , Hall B. D. , Elkins J. W.
Published: August 2006

Contemporary emissions of six restricted, ozone‐depleting halocarbons, chlorofluorocarbon‐11 (CFC‐11, CCl3F), CFC‐12 (CCl2F2), CFC‐113 (CCl2FCClF2), methyl chloroform (CH3CCl3), carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), and Halon‐1211 (CBrClF2), and two nonregulated trace gases, chloroform (CHCl3) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), are estimated for the United States and Canada. The estimates derive from 900 to 2900 in situ measurements of each of these gases within and above the planetary boundary layer over the United States and Canada as part of the 2003 CO2 Budget and Regional Airborne–North America (COBRA‐NA) study. Air masses polluted by anthropogenic sources, identified by concurrently elevated levels of carbon monoxide (CO), SF6, and CHCl3, were sampled over a wide geographical range of these two countries. For each polluted air mass, we calculated emission ratios of halocarbons to CO and employed the Stochastic Time‐Inverted Lagrangian Transport (STILT) model to determine the footprint associated with the air mass. Gridded CO emission estimates were then mapped onto the footprints and combined with measured emission ratios to generate footprint‐weighted halocarbon flux estimates. We present statistically significant linear relationships between halocarbon fluxes (excluding CCl4) and footprint‐weighted population densities, with slopes representative of per capita emission rates. These rates indicate that contemporary emissions of five restricted halocarbons (excluding CCl4) in the United States and Canada continue to account for significant fractions (7–40%) of global emissions.
Observations of the relationship between sprite morphology and in‐cloud lightning processes
Authors: van der Velde Oscar A. , Mika Ágnes , Soula Serge , Haldoupis Christos , Neubert Torsten , Inan Umran S.
Published: August 2006

During a thunderstorm on 23 July 2003, 15 sprites were captured by a LLTV camera mounted at the observatory on Pic du Midi in the French Pyrénées. Simultaneous observations of cloud‐to‐ground (CG) and intracloud (IC) lightning activity from two independent lightning detection systems and a broadband ELF/VLF receiver allow a detailed study of the relationship between electrical activity in a thunderstorm and the sprites generated in the mesosphere above. Results suggest that positive CG and IC lightning differ for the two types of sprites most frequently observed, the carrot‐ and column‐shaped sprites. Column sprites occur after a short delay (<30 ms) from the causative +CG and are associated with little VHF activity, suggesting no direct IC action on the charge transfer process. On the other hand, carrot sprites are delayed up to about 200 ms relative to their causative +CG stroke and are accompanied by a burst of VHF activity starting 25–75 ms before the CG stroke. While column sprites associate with short‐lasting (less than 30 ms) ELF/VLF sferics, carrot sprites associate with bursts of sferics initiating at the time of the causative +CG discharge and persisting for 50 to 250 ms, indicating extensive in‐cloud activity. One carrot event was found to be preceded by vigorous IC activity and a strong, long‐lived cluster of ELF/VLF sferics but lacking a +CG. The observations of ELF/VLF sferic clusters associated with lightning and sprites form the basis for a discussion of the reliability of lightning detection systems based on VHF interferometry.
Maximum a posteriori resampling of noisy, spatially correlated data
Authors: Goff John A. , Jenkins Chris , Calder Brian
Published: August 2006

In any geologic application, noisy data are sources of consternation for researchers, inhibiting interpretability and marring images with unsightly and unrealistic artifacts. Filtering is the typical solution to dealing with noisy data. However, filtering commonly suffers from ad hoc (i.e., uncalibrated, ungoverned) application. We present here an alternative to filtering: a newly developed method for correcting noise in data by finding the “best” value given available information. The motivating rationale is that data points that are close to each other in space cannot differ by “too much,” where “too much” is governed by the field covariance. Data with large uncertainties will frequently violate this condition and therefore ought to be corrected, or “resampled.” Our solution for resampling is determined by the maximum of the a posteriori density function defined by the intersection of (1) the data error probability density function (pdf) and (2) the conditional pdf, determined by the geostatistical kriging algorithm applied to proximal data values. A maximum a posteriori solution can be computed sequentially going through all the data, but the solution depends on the order in which the data are examined. We approximate the global a posteriori solution by randomizing this order and taking the average. A test with a synthetic data set sampled from a known field demonstrates quantitatively and qualitatively the improvement provided by the maximum a posteriori resampling algorithm. The method is also applied to three marine geology/geophysics data examples, demonstrating the viability of the method for diverse applications: (1) three generations of bathymetric data on the New Jersey shelf with disparate data uncertainties; (2) mean grain size data from the Adriatic Sea, which is a combination of both analytic (low uncertainty) and word‐based (higher uncertainty) sources; and (3) side‐scan backscatter data from the Martha's Vineyard Coastal Observatory which are, as is typical for such data, affected by speckle noise. Compared to filtering, maximum a posteriori resampling provides an objective and optimal method for reducing noise, and better preservation of the statistical properties of the sampled field. The primary disadvantage is that maximum a posteriori resampling is a computationally expensive procedure.
Tomographic imaging of equatorial plasma bubbles
Authors: Comberiate J. M. , Kamalabadi F. , Paxton L.
Published: August 2006

Recently the Global Ultraviolet Imager (GUVI) on‐board the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics (TIMED) satellite has detected far ultraviolet (FUV) images of plasma depletions in the low‐latitude and equatorial ionosphere. A model of GUVI observation geometry was developed to simulate radiance observations of a model ionosphere. We report on results in reconstructing multi‐dimensional electron density profiles from GUVI brightness measurements through the use of statistical inversion techniques. These results enable the global observation and characterization of the structure of plasma bubbles and provide a means to quantify the level of depletion in the structures. Results are compared with corresponding JULIA observations for validation. The ability to globally image and characterize equatorial plasma bubbles provides a powerful tool for understanding this elusive space weather phenomenon.
High magnetic susceptibility of fault gouge within Taiwan Chelungpu fault: Nondestructive continuous measurements of physical and chemical properties in fault rocks recovered from Hole B, TCDP
Authors: Hirono Tetsuro , Lin Weiren , Yeh En‐Chao , Soh Wonn , Hashimoto Yoshitaka , Sone Hiroki , Matsubayashi Osamu , Aoike Kan , Ito Hisao , Kinoshita Masataka , Murayama Masafumi , Song Sheng‐Rong , Ma Kuo‐Fong , Hung Jih‐Hao , Wang Chien‐Ying , Tsai Yi‐Ben
Published: August 2006

The Taiwan Chelungpu‐fault Drilling Project (TCDP) was undertaken in 2002 to investigate the faulting mechanism of the 1999 Taiwan Chi‐Chi earthquake. Hole B penetrated the Chelungpu fault, and recovered core samples from between 948.42 m and 1352.60 m depth. Three zones, marked 1136mFZ, 1194mFZ and 1243mFZ, were recognized in the core samples as active fault‐zones within the Chelungpu fault. Multi‐Sensor Core Logger measurements revealed lower densities and higher magnetic susceptibilities within the black gouge zones in all three fault zones. Even though the fault zone that slipped during the 1999 earthquake has not been identified, higher magnetic susceptibilities indicate that frictional heating has taken place in the Chelungpu fault.
Contribution of secondary condensable organics to new particle formation: A case study in Houston, Texas
Authors: Fan Jiwen , Zhang Renyi , Collins Don , Li Guohui
Published: August 2006

We report aerosol simulations using the EPA's Models‐3 Community Multiscale Air Quality model (CMAQ) and ground‐based and aircraft aerosol measurements to investigate new particle formation in Houston, Texas. The aerosol measurements reveal elevated ultrafine particles that reach the highest value in the afternoon, indicating prominent new particle formation. Simulations of the binary H2SO4‐H2O nucleation predict an order of magnitude lower concentrations for aerosols near 10 nm than the measurements. A parameterized nucleation scheme that accounts for the enhanced nucleation effect of secondary condensable organics is incorporated into the Models‐3/CMAQ. The organic nucleation scheme predicts the number concentrations in agreement with the measurements during the daytime. The diurnal variation is well reproduced in the simulations including the organic nucleation scheme. Comparison with the aircraft measurements also shows that the organic nucleation scheme produces good predictions of the altitude‐dependent number size distributions of the ultrafine particles. The results corroborate the importance of secondary condensable organics in new particle formation when sulfate and organics are abundant.
NaMgF3: A low‐pressure analog of MgSiO3
Authors: Umemoto K. , Wentzcovitch R. M. , Weidner D. J. , Parise J. B.
Published: August 2006

Using first principles computations we show that NaMgF3 perovskite undergoes the same series of phase transitions as MgSiO3 perovskite, that is, the post‐perovskite transition and the dissociation into CsCl‐type NaF and cotunnite‐type MgF2. These fluorides also undergo the same series of phase transitions as MgO and SiO2, the dissociation products of MgSiO3. Since the phase transformations in NaMgF3 are not accompanied by any soft mode, we compute quasi‐harmonic free energies and the respective phase boundaries. They have positive and negative Clapeyron slopes, respectively, like MgSiO3. However, the transition pressures in NaMgF3 are much lower and could be easily achieved in diamond anvil experiments. Therefore NaMgF3 should be a good low‐pressure analog of MgSiO3.
Superstatistics of hydro‐climatic fluctuations and interannual ecosystem productivity
Authors: Porporato Amilcare , Vico Giulia , Fay Philip A.
Published: August 2006

Ecosystems driven by hydro‐climatic fluctuations at different time scales can be interpreted as non‐equilibrium dynamical systems. Here we explore the propagation of daily and interannual rainfall fluctuations through the soil‐plant system using the theory of superstatistics. With the help of simplified stochastic models of rainfall, we show how interactions of daily and interannual rainfall fluctuations may qualitatively change the probability distributions of rainfall toward higher frequencies of extreme droughts and intense storms. This in turn is likely to induce marked changes in productivity of mesic ecosystems, while more xeric ecosystems might be insensitive or even benefit from them. This study provides a theoretical basis for predictions of ecosystem responses to the increased precipitation variability expected in future North American climate regimes.
Trends in Seoul (1778–2004) summer precipitation
Authors: Wang Bin , Ding Qinghua , Jhun Jong‐Ghap
Published: August 2006

Precipitation data for Seoul, Korea, have been recorded since 1778, representing one of the world's longest instrumental measurements of daily precipitation. Trends in summer precipitation amount, intensity, and indices of climate extremes are studied. The detected trends were tested using trend‐to‐noise ratio test, nonparametric Mann–Kendall rank statistic and Monte Carlo simulation procedure. Over the past 227 years and in the twentieth century, the June–September total precipitation amount has a trend significant at 95% confidence level; the numbers of torrential rainy days with precipitation greater than 75 mm, the highest one‐day rainfall amount, the number of extremely wet days defined as the 99 percentile of the distribution of daily precipitation, and the precipitation amount falling in the extremely wet days, all have a trend significant at 99% confidence level. An intensity index that captures the combined effects of precipitation frequency and intensity, calculated as the number of heaviest rainy days that constitute 67% of the total precipitation shows a decreasing trend significant at 99% confidence level, suggesting an increase in precipitation intensity. However, the trends calculated for the pre‐1950 period (1778–1949) are all insignificant except the intensity index, suggesting that real trends occur only in the recent 55 years. Nevertheless, the pronounced recent increasing trends since 1950 are unprecedented. What give rise this trend remain elusive.
A new approach to directly determine the secular variation from magnetic satellite observations
Authors: Mandea M. , Olsen N.
Published: August 2006

Observatory monthly means provide an excellent opportunity to study the temporal changes of the geomagnetic field at a given location. Unfortunately, determination of the global pattern of changes using observatory data is hampered by their uneven distribution. Satellite data provide excellent global coverage, but the spacecraft movement makes direct comparisons of satellite and observatory data difficult. To investigate short‐period secular variation in observatory and satellite data, we developed an approach to extract satellite monthly means for “virtual observatories” at 400 km altitude, using CHAMP magnetic measurements. Comparison of these virtual observatory monthly means with the corresponding ground values shows a remarkably well‐correlated signal at time‐scales of months to years, which is beyond the temporal resolution limit of recent global models. Here, we describe this newly developed approach, its validation, and discuss how it can be used to understand short‐period changes of the recent geomagnetic field.