bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Microbiological Quality of Drinking Water in the District of Bragança (Northwest Portugal) throughout a Ten‐Year Period (1996–2005), during the Implementation of the 1998/83 EC Directive
Authors: Nogueira A. , Cardoso M. , Delgadillo I. , Almeida A.
Published: February 2010

The microbiological quality of drinking waters was evaluated in northwestern Portugal between 1996 and 2005, according to the guidelines of European Directives of 1980 and 1998. Out of the 21,630 microbiological analyses done, the percentage of treated and nontreated waters analyzed were similar, but the fraction of conforming samples were higher for treated (74.2%) than for nontreated (37.8%) water. The microbiological quality of potable water improved throughout the study period, particularly in the last 2 yr, when drinkable water reached 70%. The increase during the last 2 yr is a result of at least two different causes: an increase in the use of treated waters and the change in the legislation (1998/83 EC Directive). Although the number of treated waters has increased, the nonconforming treated water is still very high (25%) even when evaluated under the 1998/83 EC Directive.
Can Submerged Macrophytes Influence Turbidity and Trophic State in Deep Lakes? Suggestions from a Case Study
Authors: Hilt Sabine , Henschke Ingo , Rücker Jacqueline , Nixdorf Brigitte
Published: February 2010

Feedback between submerged macrophytes and water transparency stabilizing the clear, macrophyte‐dominated regime has been described so far for shallow lakes. Based on data of total phosphorus (TP) concentrations, underwater light supply, phytoplankton and submerged macrophyte abundance from narrow, stratified Lake Scharmützelsee (mean depth: 9 m, retention time: 16 yr) of the period 1994–2006 we hypothesize that submerged macrophytes may influence transparency and trophic state in deep lakes. The lake was characterized by summer epilimnion TP concentrations of 38 to 57 μg L−1, turbid water due to mass development of cyanobacteria, and low abundance of few submerged macrophyte species until 2003. Thereafter, a sudden increase in water transparency was followed by a rapid submerged macrophyte colonization of the littoral down to about 5 m depth corresponding to the depth of a light supply of 3 E m−2 d−1 Initially, this recolonization was probably a consequence of decreased turbidity. We argue that the increase of submerged macrophyte coverage from < 10% in 1994 to 2003 to about 24% in 2005–2006 has contributed to the stabilization of the clear‐water regime during the subsequent years. This is supported by the fact that earlier shifts to clear‐water regimes in 1994 and 2000 without a significant spread of submerged macrophytes were not stable. We discuss potential mechanisms that may have resulted in a positive effect of plants on transparency such as P uptake and immobilization by the dominant rootless macrophyte species Nitellopsis obtusa and Ceratophyllum demersum and other macrophyte‐related mechanisms such as increased zooplankton grazing and allelopathy.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Surface Flow and Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetlands Treating Dairy Wastewater
Authors: VanderZaag A. C. , Gordon R. J. , Burton D. L. , Jamieson R. C. , Stratton G. W.
Published: February 2010

Agricultural wastewater treatment is important for protecting water quality in rural ecosystems, and constructed wetlands are an effective treatment option. During treatment, however, some C and N are converted to CH4, N2O, respectively, which are potent greenhouse gases (GHGs). The objective of this study was to assess CH4, N2O, and CO2 emissions from surface flow (SF) and subsurface flow (SSF) constructed wetlands. Six constructed wetlands (three SF and three SSF; 6.6 m2 each) were loaded with dairy wastewater in Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada. From August 2005 through September 2006, GHG fluxes were measured continuously using transparent steady‐state chambers that encompassed the entire wetlands. Flux densities of all gases were significantly (p < 0.01) different between SF and SSF wetlands changed significantly with time. Overall, SF wetlands had significantly (p < 0.01) higher emissions of CH4 N2O than SSF wetlands and therefore had 180% higher total GHG emissions. The ratio of N2O to CH4 emissions (CO2–equivalent) was nearly 1:1 in both wetland types. Emissions of CH4–C as a percentage of C removal varied seasonally from 0.2 to 27% were 2 to 3× higher in SF than SSF wetlands. The ratio of N2O–N emitted to N removed was between 0.1 and 1.6%, and the difference between wetland types was inconsistent. Thus, N2O emissions had a similar contribution to N removal in both wetland types, but SSF wetlands emitted less CH4 while removing more C from the wastewater than SF wetlands.
Elevated Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide Effects on Soybean and Sorghum Gas Exchange in Conventional and No‐Tillage Systems
Authors: Prior S. A. , Runion G. B. , Rogers H. H. , Arriaga F. J.
Published: February 2010

Increasing atmospheric CO2concentration has led to concerns about potential effects on production agriculture. In the fall of 1997, a study was initiated to compare the response of two crop management systems (conventional tillage and no‐tillage) to elevated CO2The study used a split‐plot design replicated three times with two management systems as main plots and two atmospheric CO2levels (ambient and twice ambient) as split plots using open‐top chambers on a Decatur silt loam soil (clayey, kaolinitic, thermic Rhodic Paleudults). The conventional system was a grain sorghum [Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench.] and soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr.] rotation with winter fallow and spring tillage practices. In the no‐tillage system, sorghum and soybean were rotated, and three cover crops were used [crimson clover (Trifolium incarnatumL.), sunn hemp (Crotalaria junceaL.), and wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)]. Over multiple growing seasons, the effect of management and CO2concentration on leaf‐level gas exchange during row crop (soybean in 1999, 2001, and 2003; sorghum in 2000, 2002, and 2004) reproductive growth were evaluated. Treatment effects were fairly consistent across years. In general, higher photosynthetic rates were observed under CO2enrichment (more so with soybean) regardless of residue management practice. Elevated CO2led to decreases in stomatal conductance and transpiration, which resulted in increased water use efficiency. The effects of management system on gas exchange measurements were infrequently significant, as were interactions of CO2and management. These results suggest that better soil moisture conservation and high rates of photosynthesis can occur in both tillage systems in CO2–enriched environments during reproductive growth.
Soil Properties and Trace Elements Contents Following 40 Years of Phosphate Fertilization
Authors: Cakmak Dragan , Saljnikov Elmira , Mrvic Vesna , Jakovljevic Miodrag , Marjanovic Zaklina , Sikiric Biljana , Maksimovic Srboljub
Published: February 2010

Long‐term application of P fertilizers may eventually result in excess and/or toxic accumulations of trace elements and microelements in soil. The effect of monoammonium‐phosphate (MAP) on basic soil properties (pH, CEC, texture), the total content of C, N, and F, hot acid‐extractable Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cd, Co, As, Hg, and F, and the content of extractable macro‐ and trace elements (P, K, Ca, Mg, Al, Fe, Zn, Cu, Ni, Pb, Cd, F) were studied on a Stagnosol soil. Phosphate fertilizer had been applied (26, 39, and 52 kg P ha−1) over a 40‐yr period. Phosphorus fertilization significantly decreased pH and increased clay content of the soil. Increases were detected in available P, exchangeable Al, Ca, cation exchange capacity (CEC), and clay content. The content of hot acid‐extractable Pb increased, whereas the content of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid–extractable Pb decreased in accordance with applied rates of MAP. The status of some hot acid‐extractable trace elements (Cu, Zn, Ni, and Co) did not change after 40 yr of MAP application, whereas Hg and Cd increased. However, despite the statistically significant increases in the amounts of some potentially toxic elements, they did not accumulate to concentrations considered toxic as overall concentrations are far below the maximum allowed concentrations for natural unpolluted soils.
Influence of Temperature on Water‐Extractable Organic Matter and Ammonium Production in Mineral Soils
Authors: Chantigny Martin H. , Curtin Denis , Beare Mike H. , Greenfield Laurie G.
Published: February 2010

Cold (room temperature) and hot water (70–80°C) extraction methods have been used to assess the availability of organic matter and N in soil; however, the influence of temperature on their extractability is largely unknown. Twenty‐one mineral soils from New Zealand and eastern Canada were incubated for 16 h in water (1:6 soil/water ratio) at temperatures ranging from 20 to 80°C. After centrifugation and removal of the supernatant solution, the soil residue was extracted with 2 mol L−1 KCl to recover NH4–N released during incubation. In all cases, water‐extractable organic C (WEOC) and N (WEON) increased exponentially with temperature. The temperature dependence of organic matter solubility differed considerably among the soils (estimated increase in WEOC and WEON: 1.1–5.3% °C−1). These differences were not explained by management history or soil physicochemical properties, although there was evidence that organic matter extractability in some clay soils was less sensitive to temperature. Ammonium N was released in significant amounts at all temperatures. Peak NH4–N release typically occurred at 50°C, where NH4–N comprised an average of 49% of the total recovered N (WEON plus NH4–N). Factors that may account for NH4–N production during the 16‐h incubation include mineralization at the lower temperatures and abiotic processes (e.g., release of clay‐fixed NH4 and thermal degradation of organic N) at higher temperatures. The possibility that mineralization made a significant contribution to NH4–N production at temperatures as high as 50°C warrants further investigation.
Relative Humidity Controls Ammonia Loss from Urea Applied to Loblolly Pine
Authors: Cabrera M. L. , Kissel D. E. , Craig J. R. , Qafoku N. P. , Vaio N. , Rema J. A. , Morris L. A.
Published: February 2010

In the United States, approximately 600,000 ha of pine trees are fertilized with urea each year, with NH3volatilization losses ranging from <1% to >50% depending on environmental conditions. Previous work showed that the timing of rainfall after urea application plays a significant role in controlling NH3loss, but the effect of other environmental variables is not well understood. We conducted 10 29‐d studies under different environmental conditions during 2 yr to identify important variables controlling NH3loss from urea applied to loblolly pine (Pinus taedaL.) at 200 kg N ha−1Ammonia loss was measured with dynamic chambers that adjusted the rate of air flow through the system based on wind speed at 1 cm above the soil surface. Regression analysis indicated that a variable related to the initial water content of the forest floor and a variable related to the relative humidity (RH) during the study explained 85 to 94% of the observed variability in NH3loss. Relatively high initial water content followed by consistently high RH led to large NH3losses. In contrast, low initial water contents resulted in slow rates of NH3loss, which increased when elevated RH led to an increase in the water content of the forest floor. These results indicate that RH can play a significant role in NH3loss by accelerating urea dissolution and by increasing or decreasing the water content of the forest floor, which in turn can affect the rate of urea hydrolysis.
Theoretical Foundations of the Web: Cognition, Communication, and Co-Operation. Towards an Understanding of Web 1.0, 2.0, 3.0
Authors: Fuchs Christian , Hofkirchner Wolfgang , Schafranek Matthias , Raffl Celina , Sandoval Marisol , Bichler Robert
Published: February 2010

Currently, there is much talk of Web 2.0 and Social Software. A common understanding of these notions is not yet in existence. The question of what makes Social Software social has thus far also remained unacknowledged. In this paper we provide a theoretical understanding of these notions by outlining a model of the Web as a techno-social system that enhances human cognition towards communication and co-operation. According to this understanding, we identify three qualities of the Web, namely Web 1.0 as a Web of cognition, Web 2.0 as a Web of human communication, and Web 3.0 as a Web of co-operation. We use the terms Web 1.0, Web 2.0, Web 3.0 not in a technical sense, but for describing and characterizing the social dynamics and information processes that are part of the Internet.
Knowledge Transfer and Exchange Processes for Environmental Health Issues in Canadian Aboriginal Communities
Authors: Jack Susan M. , Brooks Sandy , Furgal Chris M. , Dobbins Maureen
Published: February 2010

Within Canadian Aboriginal communities, the process for utilizing environmental health research evidence in the development of policies and programs is not well understood. This fundamental qualitative descriptive study explored the perceptions of 28 environmental health researchers, senior external decision-makers and decision-makers working within Aboriginal communities about factors influencing knowledge transfer and exchange, beliefs about research evidence and Traditional Knowledge and the preferred communication channels for disseminating and receiving evidence. The results indicate that collaborative relationships between researchers and decision-makers, initiated early and maintained throughout a research project, promote both the efficient conduct of a study and increase the likelihood of knowledge transfer and exchange. Participants identified that empirical research findings and Traditional Knowledge are different and distinct types of evidence that should be equally valued and used where possible to provide a holistic understanding of environmental issues and support decisions in Aboriginal communities. To facilitate the dissemination of research findings within Aboriginal communities, participants described the elements required for successfully crafting key messages, locating and using credible messengers to deliver the messages, strategies for using cultural brokers and identifying the communication channels commonly used to disseminate and receive this type of information.
Lipid Vesicle Aggregation Induced by Cooling
Authors: Howard Frank B. , Levin Ira W.
Published: February 2010

Lipid bilayer fusion is a complex process requiring several intermediate steps. Initially, the two bilayers are brought into close contact following removal of intervening water layers and overcoming electrostatic repulsions between opposing bilayer head groups. In this study we monitor by light scattering the reversible aggregation of phosphatidylcholine single shell vesicles during which adhesion occurs but stops prior to a fusion process. Light scattering measurements of dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC), dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DPPC) and 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DSPC) in water show that lowering the temperature of about 0.14 micron single shell vesicles of DPPC (from 20 °C to 5 °C) and about 2 micron vesicles of DSPC (from 20 °C to 15 °C), but not of 1 micron vesicles of DMPC, results in extensive aggregation within 24 hours that is reversible by an increase in temperature. Aggregation of DSPC vesicles was confirmed by direct visual observation. Orientation of lipid head groups parallel to the plane of the bilayer and consequent reduction of the negative surface charge can account for the ability of DPPC and DSPC vesicles to aggregate. Retention of negatively charged phosphates on the surface and the burial of positively charged cholines within the bilayer offer an explanation for the failure of DMPC vesicles to aggregate. Lowering the temperature of 1,2-dipalmitoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoserine (DPPS) vesicles from 20 °C to 5 °C failed to increase aggregation within 24 hours at Mg++/DPPS ratios that begin to initiate aggregation and fusion.
Review: Resin Composite Filling
Authors: Chan Keith H. S. , Mai Yanjie , Kim Harry , Tong Keith C. T. , Ng Desmond , Hsiao Jimmy C. M.
Published: February 2010

The leading cause of oral pain and tooth loss is from caries and their treatment include restoration using amalgam, resin, porcelain and gold, endodontic therapy and extraction. Resin composite restorations have grown popular over the last half a century because it can take shades more similar to enamel. Here, we discuss the history and use of resin, comparison between amalgam and resin, clinical procedures involved and finishing and polishing techniques for resin restoration. Although resin composite has aesthetic advantages over amalgam, one of the major disadvantage include polymerization shrinkage and future research is needed on reaction kinetics and viscoelastic behaviour to minimize shrinkage stress.
New Lobane and Cembrane Diterpenes from Two Comorian Soft Corals
Authors: Bonnard Isabelle , Jhaumeer-Laulloo Sabina B. , Bontemps Nataly , Banaigs Bernard , Aknin Maurice
Published: February 2010

Preliminary biological investigation of a collection of Comorian soft corals resulted in the selection of two specimens, one of Sarcophyton and the other of Lobophytum, on the basis of their toxicity on larvae of the brine shrimp (Artemia salina) and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, respectively. Bioassay-guided fractionations provided a known antitumor promoter cembrane diterpenoid, (+)-sarcophytol-A (1), along with a new lobane diterpenoid, carbomethoxyfuscol (2), from Sarcophyton sp., and a new cembranoid, crassumolide E (3), from Lobophytum sp. The structures of compounds 1–3 were determined by spectroscopic analysis and by comparison of the spectral data with previously reported values. The cembranoid 3 was found to exhibit a moderate inhibitory effect on acetylcholinesterase.
Whole-Cell Fluorescent Biosensors for Bioavailability and Biodegradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Authors: Liu Xuemei , Germaine Kieran   J. , Ryan David , Dowling David   N.
Published: February 2010

Whole-cell microbial biosensors are one of the newest molecular tools used in environmental monitoring. Such biosensors are constructed through fusing a reporter gene such as lux, gfp or lacZ,to a responsive promoter. There have been many reports of the applications of biosensors, particularly their use in assaying pollutant toxicity and bioavailability. This paper reviews the basic concepts behind the construction of whole-cell microbial biosensors for pollutant monitoring, and describes the applications of two such biosensors for detecting the bioavailability and biodegradation of Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs).
Phosphatidylserine-Containing Liposomes Inhibit the Differentiation of Osteoclasts and Trabecular Bone Loss
Authors: Wu Zhou , Ma Hong Mei , Kukita Toshio , Nakanishi Yoshinobu , Nakanishi Hiroshi
Published: February 2010

Liposomes containing phosphatidylserine (PS) are engulfed by phagocytes including macrophages, microglia, and dendritic cells. PS liposomes (PSLs) mimic the effects of apoptotic cells on these phagocytes to induce the secretion of anti-inflammatory molecules and to inhibit the maturation of dendritic cells. However, the effects of PSLs on osteoclasts, which are also differentiated from the common myeloid precursors, remain to be determined. This study investigated the effects of PSLs on the osteoclastogenesis. In the rat bone marrow culture system, osteoclast precursors phagocytosed PSLs to secrete TGF-β1 and PGE2, which in turn inhibited osteoclastogenesis through the downregulation of receptor activator for NF-κB ligand, receptor activator of NF-κB, ICAM-1, and CD44. Consistent with these in vitro observations, i.m. injection of PSLs significantly increased the plasma level of TGF-β1 and PGE2 and decreased the expression of receptor activator for NF-κB ligand, receptor activator of NF-κB, and ICAM-1 in the skeletal tissues of ankle joints of rats with adjuvant arthritis (AA). A quantitative analysis using microcomputed tomography revealed that PSLs as well as TGF-β1 together with PGE2 significantly inhibited AA-induced trabecular bone loss. These observations strongly suggest that PSLs generate TGF-β1 and PGE2 release, leading to inhibit osteoclastogenesis and AA-induced trabecular bone loss. Because PS is a component of the cell membrane, PSLs therefore can be a potentially effective pharmacological intervention against abnormal bone loss, such as osteoporosis without deleterious side effects.
Arthritis restricts volunteer participation: Prevalence and correlates of volunteer status among adults with arthritis
Authors: Theis Kristina A. , Murphy Louise , Hootman Jennifer M. , Helmick Charles G. , Sacks Jeffrey J.
Published: February 2010

Objective

To estimate, among adults ages ≥45 years with arthritis, the prevalence and correlates of 1) volunteering, 2) arthritis‐attributable restrictions among volunteers, and 3) arthritis as the main barrier to volunteering (AMBV) among non‐volunteers.

Methods

Data were from the 2005–2006 Arthritis Conditions Health Effects Survey, a cross‐sectional random‐digit–dialed national telephone survey of noninstitutionalized US adults ages ≥45 years with self‐reported, doctor‐diagnosed arthritis. Respondents (n = 1,793; weighted population 37.7 million) were asked if they currently volunteer (work outside the home without pay). Volunteers were asked if arthritis affects their amount or type of volunteering (arthritis‐attributable volunteer limitation [AAVL]). Non‐volunteers were asked if arthritis is the main reason they do not volunteer (AMBV). Univariable and multivariable‐adjusted logistic regression analyses were performed to estimate associations between potential correlates and each outcome.

Results

One‐third of the respondents reported volunteering. Among volunteers, 41% (4.9 million) reported AAVL. Among non‐volunteers, 27% (6.8 million) reported AMBV. Fair/poor self‐rated health was significantly associated with less volunteering (multivariable‐adjusted odds ratio [OR] 0.5, 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 0.4–0.8) and greater AAVL (multivariable‐adjusted OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–4.0) and AMBV (multivariable‐adjusted OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.2–2.7). Poor physical function was the most strongly associated correlate of both AAVL and AMBV (multivariable‐adjusted ORs 8.0 and 4.3, respectively).

Conclusion

Volunteering is an important role with individual and societal benefits, but almost 12 million adults with arthritis are limited or do not participate in volunteering due to arthritis. Individuals with restrictions in volunteering reported a substantial burden of poor physical function and may benefit from effective, underused interventions designed to improve physical function, delay disability, and enhance arthritis self‐management.
Can peak work rate predict peak oxygen uptake in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis?
Authors: De Backer Ingrid C. , Singh‐Grewal Davinder , Helders Paul J. M. , Takken Tim
Published: February 2010

Objective

To examine whether peak work rate (Wpeak) can predict peak oxygen uptake (VO2peak) in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA).

Methods

Ninety‐one patients with JIA with a mean ± SD age of 11.4 ± 2.9 years underwent a cardiopulmonary exercise test in which VO2peak and Wpeak were determined. A multivariate regression model was used to formulate a regression equation to predict VO2peak using Wpeak and anthropometric and demographic details. This regression equation was subsequently cross‐validated using an unrelated data set from children with JIA (n = 17).

Results

The following linear regression equation to predict VO2peak was established: VO2peak (liters/minute) = 0.308 + 0.146 × sex (0 = female, 1 = male) + 0.005 × weight (kg) + 0.008 × Wpeak (W) (R2 = 0.91, standard error of the estimate = 0.18 liter/minute). Using this equation, the predicted VO2peak was strongly related to the measured VO2peak (r = 0.96, P < 0.0001). Bland and Altman analysis revealed a mean difference of 0.01 liter/minute and limits of agreement between −0.35 and 0.35 liter/minute.

Conclusion

This study suggests that Wpeak is a strong predictor of VO2peak in children with JIA and may be used as a surrogate measure of VO2peak in situations where it is not possible to formally assess VO2peak.
Underdeveloped Extraocular Muscles in the Naked Mole‐Rat (Heterocephalus glaber)
Authors: McMullen Colleen A. , Andrade Francisco H. , Crish Samuel D.
Published: February 2010

The extraocular muscles (EOM), the effector arm of the ocular motor system, have a unique embryological origin and phenotype. The naked mole‐rat (NMR) is a subterranean rodent with an underdeveloped visual system. It has not been established if their ocular motor system is also less developed. The NMR is an ideal model to examine the potential codependence of oculomotor and visual system development and evolution. Our goal was to compare the structural features of NMR EOMs to those of the mouse, a similar sized rodent with a fully developed visual system. Perfusion‐fixed whole orbits and EOMs were dissected from adult NMR and C57BL mice and examined by light and electron microscopy. NMR orbital anatomy showed smaller EOMs in roughly the same distribution around the eye as in mouse and surrounded by a very small Harderian gland. The NMR EOMs did not appear to have the two‐layer fiber distribution seen in mouse EOMs; fibers were also significantly smaller (112.3 ± 46.2 vs. 550.7 ± 226 sq μm in mouse EOMs, *P < 0.05). Myofibrillar density was less in NMR EOMs, and triad and other membranous structures were rudimentary. Finally, mitochondrial volume density was significantly less in NMR EOMs than in mouse EOM (4.5% ± 1.9 vs. 21.2% ± 11.6, respectively, *P < 0.05). These results demonstrate that NMR EOMs are smaller and less organized than those in the mouse. The “simpler” EOM organization and structure in NMR may be explained by the poor visual ability of these rodents, initially demonstrated by their primitive visual system. Anat Rec, 2010. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of 7‐(3‐Alkoxyimino‐4‐methyl‐4‐methylaminopiperidin‐1‐yl)‐fluoroquinolone Derivatives
Authors: Zhang Yi‐Bin , Feng Lian‐Shun , You Xue‐Fu , Guo Qiang , Guo Hui‐Yuan , Liu Ming‐Liang
Published: February 2010

A series of novel 7‐(3‐alkoxyimino‐4‐methyl‐4‐methylaminopiperidin‐1‐yl)fluoroquinolone derivatives were designed, synthesized, and characterized by 1H‐NMR, MS, and HRMS. These fluoroquinolones were evaluated for their in‐vitro antibacterial activity against representative Gram‐positive and Gram‐negative strains. Generally, all of the target compounds have considerable antibacterial activity against the tested forty strains, and exhibit exceptional potency in inhibiting the growth of methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) and methicillin‐resistant S. aureus (MRSA) ATCC33591 (MICs: 0.06 to 2 μg/mL). In particular, compounds 14, 19, 28, and 29 are fourfold more potent than ciprofloxacin against MSSA 08‐49. Compounds 23, 26, and 27 are twofold more potent than ciprofloxacin against MRSA ATCC33591 and MSSA ATCC29213. In addition, compound 14 exhibits excellent activity (MIC: 0.06 μg/mL) against Acinetobactes calcoaceticus, which is two‐ to 16‐fold more potent than the reference drugs gemifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin.
Multicentre experience with extralevator abdominoperineal excision for low rectal cancer
Authors: West N P , Anderin C , Smith K J E , Holm T , Quirke P
Published: February 2010

Background

Abdominoperineal excision (APE) for low rectal cancer is associated with higher rates of circumferential resection margin (CRM) involvement and intraoperative perforation (IOPs) than anterior resection for higher tumours. This multicentre observational study was designed to confirm that extralevator APE can improve outcomes and investigated the morbidity associated with such extensive surgery.

Methods

Some 176 extralevator APE procedures from 11 European colorectal surgeons were compared with 124 standard excisions from one UK centre. Clinical and pathological data were collected along with specimen photographs. Tissue morphometry was performed on the distal ten slices of the excision.

Results

Extralevator APE removed more tissue from outside the smooth muscle layer per slice (median area 2120 versus 1259 mm2; P < 0·001) leading to a reduction in CRM involvement (from 49·6 to 20·3 per cent; P < 0·001) and IOP (from 28·2 to 8·2 per cent; P < 0·001) compared with standard surgery. However, extralevator surgery was associated with an increase in perineal wound complications (from 20 to 38·0 per cent; P = 0·019).

Conclusion

Extralevator APE is associated with less CRM involvement and IOP than standard surgery.
Baby K's unlawful removal: practice issues in the emergency protection of children
Authors: Freel Mike
Published: February 2010

This paper addresses the legal and practice issues raised by a particular case in the UK. In January 2008, less than three hours after his birth, Baby K was removed from his mother's care by hospital staff and placed in a separate ward. At a High Court hearing later that morning, it was ruled that the removal of Baby K was unlawful. Important practice issues are raised by this ruling. After setting out the circumstances under which Baby K was removed from his mother, this paper considers a number of issues raised by the case: (i) what constitutes lawful removal under domestic law; (ii) European jurisprudence and domestic law in relation to emergency removal at birth; (iii) parental consent to removal; (iv) professionals' liability for breaches of human rights; and (v) the role of child protection plans in safeguarding children. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Postmortem in situ micro‐ct evaluation of coronary stent fracture
Authors: Foerst Jason , Ball Timothy , Kaplan Aaron V.
Published: February 2010

Coronary stent fracture has been postulated as an important mechanism for in‐stent restenosis and late‐stent thrombosis. We have developed a nondestructive microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) technique to image en bloc stented arterial segments. Case Report: A 43‐year‐old man died of sepsis 5 months following placement of a paclitaxel‐eluting stent (PES) in the left circumflex coronary artery to treat in‐stent restenosis of a sirolimus‐eluting stent (SES). Micro‐CT three‐dimensional images of the overlapping stents were notable for numerous connecting element fractures along the length of the SES. No fractures were observed in the PES. The greatest area of luminal narrowing is related to the region of most extensive stent fracture. Micro‐CT of en bloc specimens provides high resolution (16 μm), three‐dimensional images allowing for visualization of the stented arterial segment in a nondestructive manner. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A novel three‐dimensional quantitative coronary angiography system: In‐vivo comparison with intravascular ultrasound for assessing arterial segment length
Authors: Tu Shengxian , Huang Zheng , Koning Gerhard , Cui Kai , Reiber Johan H.C.
Published: February 2010

Background: Accurate on‐line assessments of vessel dimensions are of utmost importance for selecting the appropriate stent size in coronary interventions. Recently a new three‐dimensional quantitative coronary angiography (3D QCA) analytical software package was developed to accurately assess the vessel dimensions for the planning and guidance of such coronary interventions. This study aimed to validate the 3D QCA software package for assessing arterial segment length by comparing with intravascular ultrasound (IVUS). In addition, the difference in the two measurements from 3D QCA and IVUS for curved segments was studied. Methods: A retrospective study including 20 patients undergoing both coronary angiography and IVUS examinations of the left coronary artery was set up for the validation. The same vessel segments of interest between proximal and distal markers were identified and measured on both angiographic and IVUS images, by the 3D QCA software and by a quantitative IVUS software package, respectively. In addition, the curvature of each of the segments of interest was assessed and the correlation between the accumulated curvature of the segment and the difference in segment lengths measured from the two imaging modalities was analyzed. Results: 37 vessel segments of interest were identified from both angiographic and IVUS images. The 3D QCA segment length was slightly longer than the IVUS segment length (15.42 ± 6.02 mm vs. 15.12 ± 5.81 mm, P = 0.040). The linear correlation of the two measurements was: 3D QCA Length = −0.09 + 1.03 × IVUS Length (r2 = 0.98, P < 0.001). Bland‐Altman plot showed that the difference in the two measurements was not correlated with the average of the two measurements (P = 0.141), but with the accumulated curvature of the segment (P = 0.015). After refining the difference by the correlation, the average difference of the two measurements decreased from 0.30 ± 0.86 mm (P = 0.040) to 0.00 ± 0.78 mm (P = 0.977). Conclusions: The 3D QCA software package can accurately assess the actual arterial segment length. The difference in segment lengths measured from 3D QCA and IVUS was correlated with the accumulated curvature of the segment. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A comparative analysis of major clinical outcomes using drug‐eluting stents versus bare‐metal stents in a large consecutive patient cohort
Authors: Bental Tamir , Assali Abid , Vaknin‐Assa Hana , Lev Eli I. , Brosh David , Fuchs Shmuel , Battler Alexander , Kornowski Ran
Published: February 2010

Objectives: To ascertain the long‐term safety, efficacy, and pattern of use of drug‐eluting stents (DES) in routine clinical practice. Methods: We analyzed a registry of 6,583 consecutive patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), of whom 2,633 were treated using DES (DES group) and 3,950 were treated using bare‐metal stents (BMS group). Propensity score was used for stratified analysis of outcomes and for matching. Outcomes were total mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), repeat target vessel revascularization (TVR) rates, and risk‐adjusted event‐free survival. Results: Follow‐up time was 6 months to 5.18 years (mean: 3 years). Patients in the DES group were more likely to be diabetic and had use of longer or more stents, treatment of more lesions and of more proximal main vessels. After propensity score matching, the cumulative mortality was 12.85% in the DES group versus 14.14% in the BMS group (P = 0.001). Use of DES reduced the occurrence of MI (5.17% vs.5.83%, P = 0.046), of clinically driven TVR (9.76% vs. 12.28%, P < 0.001) and of the composite endpoint of death/MI/TVR (23.38% vs. 26.07%; P < 0.001). Conclusions: Our risk‐adjusted event‐free survival analysis indicates a prognostic benefit for DES utilization that sustains up to 5 years following PCI. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drug‐eluting stents versus bare‐metal stents for treatment of bare‐metal in‐stent restenosis
Authors: Singh Inder M. , Filby Steven J. , El Sakr Fredy , Gorodeski Eiran Z. , Lincoff A. Michael , Ellis Stephen G. , Shishehbor Mehdi H.
Published: February 2010

Objectives: We compared the long‐term outcomes of drug‐eluting stents (DES) versus bare‐metal stents (BMS) for treatment of bare‐metal in‐stent restenosis (ISR). Background: There are no randomized trials or observational studies directly comparing the safety and efficacy of DES versus BMS for treatment of bare‐metal ISR. Methods: We examined data on all patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for ISR at Cleveland Clinic between 05/1999 and 06/2007. We compared the efficacy and safety of DES to BMS for treating bare‐metal ISR. The primary end point was a composite of death, myocardial infarction (MI), or target lesion revascularization (TLR). The secondary endpoints were individual components of the primary endpoint. Results: Of the 931 patients identified over 8 years, 706 had bare‐metal ISR and met our study criteria. Of the 706 patients with bare‐metal ISR, 362 were treated with DES and 344 with BMS. There were 230 cumulative events for a median follow‐up of 3.2 years. After adjusting for 27 variables, DES were associated with lower primary endpoint compared to BMS for treatment of bare‐metal ISR (21% vs. 45%, adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.42–0.95; P = 0.03). The individual secondary endpoint of death (8% vs. 24%, P = 0.005) favored DES, but MI (3% vs. 8%, P = 0.31), and TLR (13% vs. 20%, P = 0.23) failed to reach statistical significance. Conclusions: In our multivariate analysis of patients with bare‐metal ISR, DES use was associated with significantly lower death, MI, or TLR when compared to BMS. © 2010 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of Highly Substituted Cyclobutane Fused‐Ring Systems from N‐Vinyl β‐Lactams through a One‐Pot Domino Process
Authors: Cheung Lawrence L. W. , Yudin Andrei K.
Published: February 2010

In this contribution, aminocyclobutanes, as well as eight‐membered enamide rings, have been made from N‐vinyl β‐lactams. The eight‐membered products have been formed by a [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement, whereas the aminocyclobutanes have been derived from a domino [3,3]‐rearrangement/6π‐electrocyclisation process. The aminocyclobutanes have been obtained in a highly diastereoselective fashion. The cyclobutane ring system tolerates fusion even if adjacent quaternary centres are present. Systems containing up to four fused rings are readily accessible. The reaction profile has been investigated by using Gaussian 03. This study suggests that two reaction pathways for aminocyclobutane formation are possible. In one pathway the [3,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement is the rate‐limiting step and in the second pathway the electrocyclisation is rate limiting. Taken together, these reactions should facilitate the construction of fused heterocycles.
Gender Differences in the Treatment of Non–ST‐Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
Authors: Tavris Dale , Shoaibi Azadeh , Chen Anita Y. , Uchida Takahiro , Roe Matthew T. , Chen Jiping
Published: February 2010

Background

Women are at greater risk for worse outcomes associated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) than are men. One explanation may be that they tend to be treated less aggressively than men even when more aggressive treatment is warranted. The purpose of this analysis was to assess this issue.

Methods

We used the Can Rapid Risk Stratification of Unstable Angina Patients Suppress Adverse Outcomes with Early Implementation (CRUSADE) Quality Improvement Initiative registry, an observational data collection that began in November 2001, with retrospective data collection from January 2001 to December 2006. A total of 32 888 subjects met the inclusion/exclusion criteria for our study, based on strong biochemical evidence of myocardial infarction and acute onset of typical cardiac chest pain. We stratified subjects into 16 cells for coronary intervention, based on 4 age groups and 4 cardiac catheterization findings (insignificant, 1‐vessel disease, 2‐vessel disease, 3‐vessel disease). We also stratified subjects into 20 cells for medical treatment, based on 4 age groups and 5 medical treatments. In each cell we compared the rate of coronary intervention (coronary artery bypass grafting or percutaneous coronary intervention) or medical treatment (glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors, aspirin, clopidogrel, β‐blocker, and statins) for men vs women.

Results

Men demonstrated significantly higher rates (P < 0.05) of coronary intervention in 7 of the 16 cells and 9 of the 20 medical treatment cells, compared to no cells in which women had statistically higher rates than men.

Conclusion

These findings suggest that men are more likely than women to receive coronary intervention and to be medically treated when presenting with evidence of non–ST‐segment myocardial infarction, controlled for age, cardiac catheterization findings, and biochemical evidence of myocardial infarction. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Restrictive Right Ventricular Physiology and Right Ventricular Fibrosis as Assessed by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance and Exercise Capacity After Biventricular Repair of Pulmonary Atresia and Intact Ventricular Septum
Authors: Liang Xue‐Cun , Lam WWM , Cheung EWY , Wu AKP , Wong Sophia J. , Cheung Yiu‐Fai
Published: February 2010

Background

The hypertrophic myocardium, myocardial fiber disarray, and endocardial fibroelastosis in pulmonary atresia and intact ventricular septum (PAIVS) may provide anatomic substrates for restrictive filling of the right ventricle.

Hypothesis

Restrictive right ventricle (RV) physiology is related to RV fibrosis and exercise capacity in patients after biventricular repair of PAIVS.

Methods

A total of 27 patients, age 16.5 ± 5.6 years, were recruited after biventricular repair of PAIVS. Restrictive RV physiology was defined by the presence of antegrade diastolic pulmonary flow and RV fibrosis assessed by late gadolinium enhancement (LGE) cardiac magnetic resonance. Their RV function was compared with that of 27 healthy controls and related to RV LGE score and exercise capacity.

Results

Compared with controls, PAIVS patients had lower tricuspid annular systolic and early diastolic velocities, RV global longitudinal systolic strain, systolic strain rate, and early and late diastolic strain rates (all P < 0.05). A total of 22 (81%, 95% confidence interval: 62%–94%) PAIVS patients demonstrated restrictive RV physiology. Compared to those without restrictive RV physiology (n = 5), these 22 patients had lower RV global systolic strain, lower RV systolic and early diastolic strain rates, higher RV LGE score, and a greater percent of predicted maximum oxygen consumption (all P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Restrictive RV physiology reflects RV diastolic dysfunction and is associated with more severe RV fibrosis but better exercise capacity in patients after biventricular repair of PAIVS. Copyright © 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“Switchable Water”: Aqueous Solutions of Switchable Ionic Strength
Authors: Mercer Sean M. , Jessop Philip G.
Published: February 2010

“Salting out” is a standard method for separating water‐soluble organic compounds from water. In this method, adding a large amount of salt to the aqueous solution forces the organic compound out of the aqueous phase. However, the method can not be considered sustainable because it creates highly salty water. A greener alternative would be a method that allows reversible salting out. Herein, we describe aqueous solutions of switchable ionic strength. Aqueous solutions of a diamine in water have essentially zero ionic strength but are converted by CO2 into solutions of high ionic strength. The change is reversible. Application to the reversible salting out of THF from water is described.
Staff motivation: A potential barrier to dialysis patient compliance
Authors: Iacono Steven
Published: February 2010

BACKGROUND

Research regarding patient compliance with their dialysis treatment regimen has tended to focus on system‐ and patient‐centered issues. The role of clinician motivation, and their views regarding the usefulness of the time they spend dealing with compliance, has not been well investigated.

METHODS

This study evaluated the views of 135 social workers, dietitians, and charge nurses in outpatient hemodialysis clinics across a 3‐state area regarding the usage of the time that they spend dealing with patient treatment compliance.

RESULTS

One‐third of the social workers and nurses believed that dealing with patient compliance was a poor or wasteful use of their time. When asked to rate their level of motivation 50% of nurses, 42% of dietitians, and 36% of social workers reported that they were tired or extremely tired of having to deal with these issues. On average, 13.8 hours are spent each week by these clinicians to address patient compliance.

CONCLUSION

Large numbers of dialysis social workers, dietitians, and charge nurses are fatigued by having to constantly address the treatment compliance deficits of their patients.
Fractal Geometry Approach to Describe Mesostructured Boehmite and Gamma‐Alumina Nanorods
Authors: Rashidi Fereshteh , Kharat Ali Nemati , Rashidi Ali Morad , Lima Enrique , Lara Victor , Valente Jaime S.
Published: February 2010

Mesoporous boehmite and gamma‐alumina with nanorod‐like morphology, exhibiting a high surface area and large pore volume, have been prepared by a nonsurfactant‐templating sol–gel technique with a simple precursor system, aluminum isopropoxide, ethanol, 2‐propanol, or 2‐butanol as solvents, and sulfuric or hydrochloric acid as peptizing agents. The effect of the solvent‐type and the peptizing agent were studied, and optimum conditions were determined. A fractal geometry approach was adopted to describe the subtle alterations in the smoothness of the surface as a function of the synthesis conditions. Boehmite and γ‐alumina nanorods were characterized by nitrogen physisorption, wide‐ and small‐angle XRD, SAXS, 27Al MAS NMR spectroscopy, TEM, and TGA–DTA. Both boehmite and gamma‐alumina nanorods have a large surface area, pore volume, and pore size.
Intramolecular Addition of γ‐Chloro Carbanions to Electrophilic Groups: Synthesis of Tricyclic Tetrahydrofurans, Pyrrolidines, and Cyclopentanes
Authors: Wojtasiewicz Anna , Barbasiewicz Michał , Mąkosza Mieczysław
Published: February 2010

Carbanions of 3‐chloropropyl phenyl sulfones containing electrophilic groups such as carbonyl and imino groups in the ortho position of the phenyl ring add intramolecularly to these groups to give aldol‐type anions. These anions undergo intramolecular 1,5‐substitution of chlorine to give tricyclic derivatives of tetrahydrofuran, pyrrolidine, and cyclopentane.
Noyori's Ts‐DPEN Ligand: Simple yet Effective Catalyst for the Highly Enantioselective Michael Addition of Acetone to Nitroalkenes
Authors: Peng Lin , Xu Xiao‐Ying , Wang Liang‐Liang , Huang Jun , Bai Jian‐Fei , Huang Qing‐Chun , Wang Li‐Xin
Published: February 2010

Highly enantioselective Michael addition of acetone to a variety of nitroalkenes promoted by simple chiral primary amine bifunctional catalysts (e.g., Noyori's Ts‐DPEN ligand) together with terephthalic acid in excellent yields (84–99 %) and enantioselectivities (93–98 % ee) is reported.
Primary Hepatocyte Culture Supports Hepatitis C Virus Replication: A Model for Infection-Associated Hepatocarcinogenesis
Authors: Banaudha Krishna , Orenstein Jan M. , Korolnek Tamara , St. Laurent Georges C. , Wakita Takaji , Kumar Ajit
Published: February 2010

Analysis of progressive changes in hepatic gene expression that underlie hepatocarcinogenesis following hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection require examination of long-term cultures of normally differentiating primary human hepatocytes. We report a culture system of primary hepatocytes that support productive replication of infectious HCV. Hepatic functions were analyzed by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification of total cell RNA from cultures maintained in serum-free defined medium for up to 190 days. Sustained hepatic function was assessed by expression of albumin, alpha-fetoprotein, cytochrome P4502E1, cytokeratin-18, type-1 collagen, transforming growth factor-beta 1, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-13, and interferon alpha-receptors 1 and 2. Normally differentiated human primary hepatocytes supported productive replication of infectious clones of HCV genotypes 1a, 1b, and 2a; virus infection was inhibited by antibodies against CD81 virus entry factor. Virus released into the culture media of HCV-infected primary hepatocytes repeatedly passage to naïve hepatocytes. Replication of the three HCV genotypes shows interferon sensitivity observed in natural infections.

Conclusion:

Sustained cultures of physiologic host cells for the propagation of infectious HCV strains should accelerate studies of host response to HCV infection and progressive liver disease. Hepatology 2010;51:1922–1932