bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microbial Load and Antibiotic Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis Isolates from the Meat of Wild and Domestic Pigeons
Authors: Cordero Jorge , Alonso-Calleja Carlos , García-Fernández Camino , Capita Rosa
Published: November 2019

An expansion in the consumption of pigeon meat has occurred in recent years. However, little is known about microbial load and antibiotic resistance of this foodstuff. The hygiene status and the antibiotic resistance patterns (disc diffusion; Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, CLSI) of Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis isolates from wild and domestic pigeon carcasses were investigated. Average microbial loads (log10 cfu/cm2) ranged from 1.40 ± 1.17 (fecal coliforms) to 3.68 ± 1.40 (psychrotrophs). The highest (p < 0.05) microbial loads were observed in domestic pigeons. No substantial differences were found between isolates from domestic and wild pigeons with regard to the prevalence of antibiotic resistance. Of the E. coli strains, 20.00% were susceptible, 25.00% showed resistance or reduced susceptibility to one antimicrobial and 55.00% were multi-resistant. Among the E. faecalis isolates, 2.22% were susceptible and 97.78% were multi-resistant. The greatest prevalence of resistance or reduced susceptibility among E. coli was observed for amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (20.00% strains), ampicillin (26.67%), streptomycin (55.00%) and tobramycin (20.00%). The prevalence of resistance or reduced susceptibility among E. faecalis ranged from 31.11% (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole) to 97.78% (erythromycin). Meat from pigeons is a major reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. The need for the correct handling of this foodstuff in order to reduce risks to consumers is underlined.
Response Times and Tax Compliance
Authors: Chan Ho Fai , Dulleck Uwe , Torgler Benno
Published: November 2019

Inspired by the work of Rubinstein, this study revisits data from a previous lab experiment to explore the relation between response times and tax compliance and understand the potential non-linearity between them by classifying decisions and individuals into compliance types. We find that individuals’ decision response time is related to their compliance decisions. Full-non compliant individuals (those who did not declare any earned income) have shorter response times than those who fully or partially complied. Full-compliant individuals also tend to declare income faster than partially compliant subjects. Such results are robust throughout time and when controlling for contextual characteristics of experimental design. We find non-linearity via an inverted U-shape function that reaches its maximum declaration time around a compliance rate of 60%, even after controlling for contextual experimental design factors. In addition, we observe a non-linear relation between cognitive skills, response time, and tax compliance. Participants with relatively high cognitive skills and very low or very high tax compliance level have low response times, while subjects with relatively lower cognitive skills tend to report higher decision times for higher compliance levels.
Cloning, Characterization and Functional Analysis of the LtuPTOX Gene, a Homologue of Arabidopsis thaliana IMMUTANS Derived from Liriodendron tulipifera
Authors: Hao Ziyuan , Zong Yaxian , Liu Huanhuan , Tu Zhonghua , Li Huogen
Published: November 2019

Flower colour and colour patterns are crucial traits for ornamental species; thus, a comprehensive understanding of their genetic basis is extremely significant for plant breeders. The tulip tree (Liriodendron tulipifera Linn.) is well known for its flowers, odd leave shape and tree form. However, the genetic basis of its colour inheritance remains unknown. In this study, a putative plastid terminal oxidase gene (LtuPTOX) was identified from L. tulipifera based on multiple databases of differentially expressed genes at various developmental stages. Then, the full-length cDNA of LtuPTOX was derived from tepals and leaves using RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) approaches. Furthermore, gene structure and phylogenetic analyses of PTOX as well as AOXs (alternative oxidases), another highly similar homologue in the AOX family, were used to distinguish between the two subfamilies of genes. In addition, transient transformation and qPCR methods were used to determine the subcellular localization and tissue expression pattern of the LtuPTOX gene. Moreover, the expression of LtuPTOX as well as pigment contents was investigated to illustrate the function of this gene during the formation of orange bands on petals. The results showed that the LtuPTOX gene encodes a 358-aa protein that contains a complete AOX domain (PF01786). Accordingly, the Liriodendron PTOX and AOX genes were identified as only paralogs since they were rather similar in sequence. LtuPTOX showed chloroplast localization and was expressed in coloured organs such as petals and leaves. Additionally, an increasing pattern of LtuPTOX transcripts leads to carotenoid accumulation on the orange-band during flower bud development. Taken together, our results suggest that LtuPTOX is involved in petal carotenoid metabolism and orange band formation in L. tulipifera. The identification of this potentially involved gene will lay a foundation for further uncovering the genetic basis of flower colour in L. tulipifera.
Genome-Wide Analysis of Known and Potential Tetraspanins in Entamoeba histolytica
Authors: Tomii Kentaro , Santos Herbert J. , Nozaki Tomoyoshi
Published: November 2019

Tetraspanins are membrane proteins involved in intra- and/or intercellular signaling, and membrane protein complex formation. In some organisms, their role is associated with virulence and pathogenesis. Here, we investigate known and potential tetraspanins in the human intestinal protozoan parasite Entamoeba histolytica. We conducted sequence similarity searches against the proteome data of E. histolytica and newly identified nine uncharacterized proteins as potential tetraspanins in E. histolytica. We found three subgroups within known and potential tetraspanins, as well as subgroup-associated features in both their amino acid and nucleotide sequences. We also examined the subcellular localization of a few representative tetraspanins that might be potentially related to pathogenicity. The results in this study could be useful resources for further understanding and downstream analyses of tetraspanins in Entamoeba.
Using Citizen Science to Explore Neighbourhood Influences on Ageing Well: Pilot Project
Authors: Barrie Helen , Soebarto Veronica , Lange Jarrod , Mc Corry-Breen Fidelma , Walker Lauren
Published: November 2019

Outdoor and indoor environments impact older people’s mobility, independence, quality of life, and ability to “age in place”. Considerable evidence suggests that not only the amount, but also the quality, of public green spaces in the living environment is important. The quality of public green spaces is mostly measured through expert assessments by planners, designers and developers. A disadvantage of this expert-determined approach is that it often does not consider the appraisals or perceptions of residents. Daily experience, often over long periods of time, means older residents have acquired insider knowledge of their neighbourhood, and thus, may be more qualified to assess these spaces, including measuring what makes a valued or quality public green space. The aim of this Australian pilot study on public green spaces for ageing well was to test an innovative citizen science approach to data collection using smart phones. “Senior” citizen scientists trialed the smart phone audit tool over a three-month period, recording and auditing public green spaces in their neighbourhoods. Data collected included geocoded location data, photographs, and qualitative comments along with survey data. While citizen science research is already well established in the natural sciences, it remains underutilised in the social sciences. This paper focuses on the use of citizen science with older participants highlighting the potential for this methodology in the fields of environmental gerontology, urban planning and landscape architecture.
Effect of Decontamination Treatments on Micro-Shear Bond Strength between Blood–Saliva-Contaminated Post-Etched Dentin Substrate and Composite Resin
Authors: Haralur Satheesh B. , Alharthi Salem Mohammed , Abohasel Saeed Aied , alqahtani Khalid Mohammed
Published: November 2019

Blood–saliva contamination negatively affects the bonding potential of adhesive agents. The study aimed to assess the effect of various cleaning protocols on micro-shear bond strength (μSBS) between blood–saliva-contaminated post-etched dentin and composite resin in total-etch and self-etch adhesives. The cleaning methods tested were water rinsing, 37.5% phosphoric acid (H3PO4) re-etching, 6% sodium hypochlorite (NaoCl), 2% chlorhexidine gluconate (CXG), isopropyl alcohol (IPA), and pumice. Nono-hybrid composite cylinders with a 3-mm diameter and 2-mm height were directly cured over the dentin substrate, stored for 24 h, and subjected to 12,000 thermocycles. The shear force was exerted with a 200-μm knife-edged chisel-shaped head from a universal testing machine. The type of failure was assessed with stereomicroscope magnified images. The obtained data were evaluated by Kruskal–Wallis and Mann–Whitney U post-hoc tests. Water-rinsed contaminated dentin surfaces showed substantially reduced μSBS in the total etch from 25.93 to 20.29 Mpa and the corresponding values for the one-step self-etch adhesive were 10.10 to 8.8. Re-etching with 37.5% H3Po4 resulted in a recovery of bonding potential in both total-etch (24.58 Mpa) and self-etch adhesive (9.23 Mpa). Alternately, NaoCl and pumice cleaning showed promising results for the total-etch (23.51 Mpa) and self-etch (7.79 Mpa).
Evaluating the Comparative Effectiveness of Two Diets in Pediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Study Protocol for a Series of N-of-1 Trials
Authors: Kaplan Heather , Opipari-Arrigan Lisa , Schmid Christopher , Schuler Christine , Saeed Shehzad , Braly Kimberly , Burgis Jennifer , Nguyen Kaylie , Pilley Sheri , Stone Julie , Woodward Gisele , Suskind David
Published: November 2019

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) affects 3 million children and adults in the US. Treatment involves medications with considerable risk profiles. Dietary modification, such as the specific carbohydrate diet (SCD), may be helpful in treating IBD, but there is insufficient evidence of its effectiveness. N-of-1 trials are ideal for addressing this important research question. The Personalized Research on Diet in Ulcerative Colitis and Crohn’s Disease (PRODUCE) study employs a series of 50 individual N-of-1 trials that compare the SCD to a modified SCD. Treatment periods are assigned in blocks of two, with each patient completing two balanced treatment blocks. Patients are randomized to start with the SCD or modified SCD and alternate between conditions for four eight-week periods. A mobile app guides collecting and viewing data, transitioning diets, and reviewing personal results. Primary outcomes include patient reported outcomes (PROs) of stool frequency, stool consistency, pain interference, and gastrointestinal (GI) symptom severity. We examine changes in inflammation via fecal calprotectin. Participants will receive a personalized answer regarding comparative effectiveness between the SCD and a less restrictive diet option (modified SCD), as well as compared to their baseline diet. We will aggregate the results of completed N-of-1 trials across patients to estimate population level comparative effectiveness of these treatments and the effectiveness of each diet.
RON Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Regulates Epithelial Mesenchymal Transition and the Expression of Pro-Fibrotic Markers via Src/Smad Signaling in HK-2 and NRK49F Cells
Authors: Park Jung Sun , Choi Hoon-In , Kim Dong-Hyun , Kim Chang Seong , Bae Eun Hui , Ma Seong Kwon , Kim Soo Wan
Published: November 2019

Receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) play important roles in the pathogenic processes of kidney fibrosis. However, the pathophysiological roles of recepteur d’origine nantais (RON), one of the receptor tyrosine kinases, have not yet been defined. We investigated whether the activation or sequence-specific small interfering RNA (siRNA) suppression of RON could regulate epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and the expression of pro-fibrotic markers, and its underlying molecular mechanisms. Stable cell lines and transient transfection for RON and the transfected cells of siRNA for RON were developed to investigate the molecular mechanisms in human kidney proximal tubular epithelial (HK-2) and interstitial fibroblasts (NRK49F) cells. RON overexpression induced EMT and increased expression of fibrosis-related proteins such as N-cadherin, vimentin, transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ), αSMA, and fibronectin in HK-2 and NRK49F cells. RON overexpression increased various RTKs and the phosphorylation of Src (Y416) and Smad, while inhibition of RON by siRNA attenuated the expression of EMT- and fibrosis-related proteins and decreased RTKs such as insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGFR), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1), vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR), and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR), as well as the phosphorylation of Src and Smad pathways. siRNA silencing of Src also attenuated the expression of IGFR, FGFR1, VEGFR, and PDGFR. Inhibition of RON can exert an anti-fibrotic effect by the inhibition of EMT and other RTKs through control of Src and Smad pathways in HK-2 and NRK49F cells.
Risk and Toxicity Assessment of a Potential Natural Insecticide, Methyl Benzoate, in Honey Bees (Apis mellifera L.)
Authors: Zhu Yu-Cheng , Wang Yanhua , Portilla Maribel , Parys Katherine , Li Wenhong
Published: November 2019

Methyl benzoate (MB) is a component of bee semiochemicals. Recent discovery of insecticidal activity of MB against insect pests provides a potential alternative to chemical insecticides. The aim of this study was to examine any potential adverse impact of MB on honey bees. By using two different methods, a spray for contact and feeding for oral toxicity, LC50s were 236.61 and 824.99 g a.i./L, respectively. The spray toxicity was 2002-fold and 173,163-fold lower than that of imidacloprid and abamectin. Piperonyl butoxide (PBO, inhibiting P450 oxidases [P450]) significantly synergized MB toxicity in honey bees, indicating P450s are the major MB-detoxification enzymes for bees. Assessing additive/synergistic interactions indicated that MB synergistically or additively aggravated the toxicity of all four insecticides (representing four different classes) in honey bees. Another adverse effect of MB in honey bees was the significant decrease of orientation and flight ability by approximately 53%. Other influences of MB included minor decrease of sucrose consumption, minor increase of P450 enzymatic activity, and little to no effect on esterase and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities. By providing data from multiple experiments, we have substantially better understanding how important the P450s are in detoxifying MB in honey bees. MB could adversely affect feeding and flight in honey bees, and may interact with many conventional insecticides to aggravate toxicity to bees. However, MB is a relatively safe chemical to bees. Proper formulation and optimizing proportion of MB in mixtures may be achievable to enhance efficacy against pests and minimize adverse impact of MB on honey bees.
Inflammation and TGF-β Signaling Differ between Abdominal Aneurysms and Occlusive Disease
Authors: IJpma A. , te Riet L. , van de Luijtgaarden K. M. , van Heijningen P. M. , Burger J. , Majoor-Krakauer D. , Rouwet E. V. , Essers J. , Verhagen H. J. M. , van der Pluijm I.
Published: November 2019

Abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA), are usually asymptomatic until rupture causes fatal bleeding, posing a major vascular health problem. AAAs are associated with advanced age, male gender, and cardiovascular risk factors (e.g. hypertension and smoking). Strikingly, AAA and AOD (arterial occlusive disease) patients have a similar atherosclerotic burden, yet develop either arterial dilatation or occlusion, respectively. The molecular mechanisms underlying this diversion are yet unknown. As this knowledge could improve AAA treatment strategies, we aimed to identify genes and signaling pathways involved. We compared RNA expression profiles of abdominal aortic AAA and AOD patient samples. Based on differential gene expression profiles, we selected a gene set that could serve as blood biomarker or as pharmacological intervention target for AAA. In this AAA gene list we identified previously AAA-associated genes COL11A1, ADIPOQ, and LPL, thus validating our approach as well as novel genes; CXCL13, SLC7A5, FDC-SP not previously linked to aneurysmal disease. Pathway analysis revealed overrepresentation of significantly altered immune-related pathways between AAA and AOD. Additionally, we found bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling inhibition simultaneous with activation of transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) signaling associated with AAA. Concluding our gene expression profiling approach identifies novel genes and an interplay between BMP and TGF-β signaling regulation specifically for AAA.
Arginase Isoform Expression in Chronic Rhinosinusitis
Authors: Vlad Diana , Albu Silviu
Published: November 2019

Nitric oxide (NO) has emerged as an important regulator of upper airway inflammation, mainly as part of the local naso-sinusal defense mechanisms. Increased arginase activity can reduce NO levels by decreasing the availability of its precursor, L-arginine. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) has been associated with low levels of nasal nitric oxide (nNO). Thus, the present study investigates the activity of arginase I (ARG1) and II (ARG2) in CRS and its possible involvement in the pathogenesis of this disease. Under endoscopic view, tissue samples of pathologic (n = 36) and normal (n = 29) rhinosinusal mucosa were collected. Arginase I and II mRNA levels were measured using real-time PCR. Our results showed low arginase I activity in all samples. The levels of ARG2 were significantly higher in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis compared to the control group (fold regulation (FR) 2.22 ± 0.42 vs. 1.31 ± 0.21, p = 0.016). Increased ARG2 expression was found in patients with CRS without nasal polyposis (FR 3.14 ± 1.16 vs. 1.31 ± 0.21, p = 0.0175), in non-allergic CRS (FR 2.55 ± 0.52 vs. 1.31 ± 0.21, p = 0.005), and non-asthmatic CRS (FR 2.42 ± 0.57 vs. 1.31 ± 0.21, p = 0.028). These findings suggest that the upregulation of ARG2 may play a role in the pathology of a distinctive phenotype of CRS.
The SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin Ameliorates the Inflammatory Profile in Type 2 Diabetic Patients and Promotes an Antioxidant Response in Leukocytes
Authors: Iannantuoni Francesca , M. de Marañon Aranzazu , Diaz-Morales Noelia , Falcon Rosa , Bañuls Celia , Abad-Jimenez Zaida , Victor Victor M. , Hernandez-Mijares Antonio , Rovira-Llopis Susana
Published: November 2019

Sodium–glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (iSGLT2) have been linked to a considerable reduction in cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the precise molecular mechanisms are still elusive. We aimed to evaluate the effects of the iSGLT2 empagliflozin on systemic inflammation and its potential antioxidant properties. This is an observational, prospective follow-up study of a cohort of fifteen patients with T2D who received 10 mg/day of empagliflozin according to standard clinical care. Measures at baseline, 12 and 24 weeks were taken. Metabolic and anthropometric parameters were evaluated. Production of mitochondrial superoxide, glutathione content, and glutathione s-reductase and catalase mRNA levels were measured in leukocytes. Serum levels of myeloperoxidase, hs-CRP and IL-10 were determined. In addition to decreased body weight and reduced glucose and HbA1c levels, we observed a reduction in superoxide production in leukocytes of diabetic patients and increased glutathione content, prominently after 24 weeks of empagliflozin treatment. Leukocyte expression of glutathione s-reductase and catalase, and serum levels of IL-10 were enhanced at 24 weeks of empagliflozin treatment. Concomitantly, reduced hs-CRP and myeloperoxidase levels were seen. This study provides evidence of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of empagliflozin treatment in humans, which may contribute to its beneficial cardiovascular effects.
Medical Cannabis for Older Patients—Treatment Protocol and Initial Results
Authors: Abuhasira Ran , Ron Addie , Sikorin Inbal , Novack Victor
Published: November 2019

Older adults may benefit from cannabis treatment for various symptoms such as chronic pain, sleep difficulties, and others, that are not adequately controlled with evidence-based therapies. However, currently, there is a dearth of evidence about the efficacy and safety of cannabis treatment for these patients. This article aims to present a pragmatic treatment protocol for medical cannabis in older adults. We followed consecutive patients above 65 years of age prospectively who were treated with medical cannabis from April 2017 to October 2018. The outcomes included treatment adherence, global assessment of efficacy and adverse events after six months of treatment. During the study period, 184 patients began cannabis treatment, 63.6% were female, and the mean age was 81.2 ± 7.5 years (median age-82). After six months of treatment, 58.1% were still using cannabis. Of these patients, 33.6% reported adverse events, the most common of which were dizziness (12.1%) and sleepiness and fatigue (11.2%). Of the respondents, 84.8% reported some degree of improvement in their general condition. Special caution is warranted in older adults due to polypharmacy, pharmacokinetic changes, nervous system impairment, and increased cardiovascular risk. Medical cannabis should still be considered carefully and individually for each patient after a risk-benefit analysis and followed by frequent monitoring for efficacy and adverse events.
Validation and Adaptation of the Multidimensional Prognostic Index in an Older Australian Cohort
Authors: Bryant Kimberley , Sorich Michael J. , Woodman Richard J. , Mangoni Arduino A.
Published: November 2019

Background and aims: The Multidimensional Prognostic Index (MPI), an objective and quantifiable tool based on the Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment, has been shown to predict adverse outcomes in European cohorts. We conducted a validation study of the original MPI, and of adapted versions that accounted for the use of specific drugs and cultural diversity in the assessment of cognition, in older Australians. Methods: The capacity of the MPI to predict 12-month mortality was assessed in 697 patients (median age: 80 years; interquartile range: 72–86) admitted to a metropolitan teaching hospital between September 2015 and February 2017. Results: In simple logistic regression analysis, the MPI was associated with 12-month mortality (Low risk: OR reference group; moderate risk: OR 2.50, 95% CI: 1.67–3.75; high risk: OR 4.24, 95% CI: 2.28–7.88). The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) for the unadjusted MPI was 0.61 (0.57–0.65) and 0.64 (95% CI: 0.59–0.68) with age and sex adjusted. The adapted versions of the MPI did not significantly change the AUC of the original MPI. Conclusion: The original and adapted MPI were strongly associated with 12-month mortality in an Australian cohort. However, the discriminatory performance was lower than that reported in European studies.
Significance of Malignant Peritoneal Cytology on the Survival of Women with Early-Stage Cervical Cancer: A Japanese Gynecologic Oncology Group Study
Authors: Matsuo Koji , Shimada Muneaki , Matsuzaki Shinya , Machida Hiroko , Nagase Yoshikazu , Saito Toshiaki , Kamiura Shoji , Iwata Takashi , Sugiyama Toru , Mikami Mikio
Published: November 2019

This study examined the association between peritoneal cytology and survival in early-stage cervical cancer. This is a nationwide multicenter retrospective study, examining consecutive women with clinical stage IB1-IIB cervical cancer who underwent radical hysterectomy with available peritoneal cytology results from 2004–2008. Propensity score inverse probability of treatment weighting was used to assess the impact of malignant peritoneal cytology on survival. Among 1409 analyzed cases, 88 (6.2%) had malignant peritoneal cytology. On weighted models, malignant peritoneal cytology was associated with decreased disease-free survival (hazard ratio (HR) 1.78, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36–2.32) and overall survival (OS, HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.44–2.59). On sensitivity analyses, malignant peritoneal cytology was associated with decreased OS in adenocarcinoma/adenosquamous carcinoma, high-risk early-stage disease and those who received concurrent chemo-radiotherapy. However, among women who received postoperative systemic chemotherapy, malignant peritoneal cytology was not associated with OS (HR 1.21, 95% CI 0.72–2.04). A systematic review, including our results, showed that malignant peritoneal cytology was associated with decreased OS (HR 4.03, 95% CI 1.81–8.99) and increased recurrence in squamous carcinoma (odds ratio 1.89, 95% CI 1.05–3.39) and adenocarcinoma (odds ratio 4.30, 95% CI 2.30–8.02). In conclusion, the presence of malignant cells in peritoneal cytology is associated with decreased survival in early-stage cervical cancer. The possible benefit of systemic chemotherapy in this subgroup merits further investigation.
Cerebral White Matter Hyperintensity as a Healthcare Quotient
Authors: Park Kaechang , Nemoto Kiyotaka , Yamakawa Yoshinori , Yamashita Fumio , Yoshida Keitaro , Tamura Masashi , Kawaguchi Atsushi , Arai Tetsuaki , Sasaki Makoto
Published: November 2019

To better understand the risk factors and optimal therapeutic strategies of cerebral white matter hyperintensity (WMH), we examined a large population of adults with and without various vascular risk factors (VRFs) or vascular risk conditions (VRCs), such as hypertension (HT), diabetes mellitus (DM), and dyslipidemia (DLP), including the comorbidities. We assessed two participant groups having no medical history of stroke or dementia that underwent brain checkup using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI): 5541 participants (2760 men, 2781 women) without VRCs and 1969 participants (1169 men, 800 women) who had received drug treatments for VRCs and the combination of comorbidities. For data analysis, we constructed WMH-brain healthcare quotient (WMH-BHQ) based on the percentile rank of WMH volume. This metric has an inverse relation to WMH. Multiple linear regression analysis of 5541 participants without VRCs revealed that age, systolic blood pressure (SBP), Brinkman index (BI), and female sex were significant factors lowering WMH-BHQ, whereas body mass index (BMI), male sex, fasting blood sugar, and triglyceride levels were increasing factors. The Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn tests showed that WMH-BHQs significantly increased or decreased with BMI or SBP and with BI classification, respectively. Regarding the impact of impaired fasting glucose and abnormal lipid metabolism, there were almost no significant relationships. For 1969 participants who had HT, DM, and DLP, as well as their comorbidities, we found that DLP played a substantial role in increasing WMH-BHQ for some comorbidities, whereas the presence of HT and DM alone tended to decrease it. Cerebral WMH can be used as a healthcare quotient for quantitatively evaluating VRFs and VRCs and their comorbidities.
Multi-Site Photoplethysmography Technology for Blood Pressure Assessment: Challenges and Recommendations
Authors: Chan Gabriel , Cooper Rachel , Hosanee Manish , Welykholowa Kaylie , Kyriacou Panayiotis A. , Zheng Dingchang , Allen John , Abbott Derek , Lovell Nigel H. , Fletcher Richard , Elgendi Mohamed
Published: November 2019

Hypertension is one of the most prevalent diseases and is often called the “silent killer” because there are usually no early symptoms. Hypertension is also associated with multiple morbidities, including chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular disease. Early detection and intervention are therefore important. The current routine method for diagnosing hypertension is done using a sphygmomanometer, which can only provide intermittent blood pressure readings and can be confounded by various factors, such as white coat hypertension, time of day, exercise, or stress. Consequently, there is an increasing need for a non-invasive, cuff-less, and continuous blood pressure monitoring device. Multi-site photoplethysmography (PPG) is a promising new technology that can measure a range of features of the pulse, including the pulse transit time of the arterial pulse wave, which can be used to continuously estimate arterial blood pressure. This is achieved by detecting the pulse wave at one body site location and measuring the time it takes for it to reach a second, distal location. The purpose of this review is to analyze the current research in multi-site PPG for blood pressure assessment and provide recommendations to guide future research. In a systematic search of the literature from January 2010 to January 2019, we found 13 papers that proposed novel methods using various two-channel PPG systems and signal processing techniques to acquire blood pressure using multi-site PPG that offered promising results. However, we also found a general lack of validation in terms of sample size and diversity of populations.
Does Exercise Improve False Episodic Memory in Dementia?
Authors: Ogoh Shigehiko , Hashimoto Takeshi , Ando Soichi
Published: November 2019

Ageing is a risk factor involved in decline in cognitive function, particularly in executive function, processing speed and episodic memory [...]
Emerging Technology in Promoting Physical Activity and Health: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Gao Zan , Lee Jung Eun
Published: November 2019

Sedentary behavior has been identified as one of the major causes of many chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, stroke, cancer, type 2 diabetes, and obesity [...]
β2-Adrenergic Receptor (ADRB2) Gene Polymorphisms and Risk of COPD Exacerbations: The Rotterdam Study
Authors: Karimi Leila , Lahousse Lies , Ghanbari Mohsen , Terzikhan Natalie , Uitterlinden André G. , van der Lei Johan , Brusselle Guy G. , Stricker Bruno H. , Verhamme Katia M. C.
Published: November 2019

The role of the β2-adrenergic receptor (ADRB2) gene in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is unclear. We investigated the association between ADRB2 variants and the risk of exacerbations in COPD patients treated with inhaled β2-agonists. Within the Rotterdam Study, a population-based cohort study, we followed 1053 COPD patients until the first COPD exacerbation or end of follow-up and extracted rs1042713 (16Arg > Gly) and rs1042714 (27Gln > Glu) in ADRB2. Exposure to inhaled β2-agonists was categorized into current, past, or non-use on the index date (date of COPD exacerbation for cases and on the same day of follow-up for controls). COPD exacerbations were defined as acute episodes of worsening symptoms requiring systemic corticosteroids and/or antibiotics (moderate exacerbations), or hospitalization (severe exacerbations). The associations between ADRB2 variants and COPD exacerbations were assessed using Cox proportional hazards models, adjusting for age, sex, use of inhaled corticosteroids, daily dose of β2-agonists, and smoking. In current users of β2-agonists, the risk of COPD exacerbation decreased by 30% (hazard ratio (HR); 0.70, 95% CI: 0.59–0.84) for each copy of the Arg allele of rs1042713 and by 20% (HR; 0.80, 95% CI: 0.69–0.94) for each copy of the Gln allele of rs1042714. Furthermore, current users carrying the Arg16/Gln27 haplotype had a significantly lower risk (HR; 0.70, 95% CI: 0.59–0.85) of COPD exacerbation compared to the Gly16/Glu27 haplotype. In conclusion, we observed that the Arg16/Gln27 haplotype in ADRB2 was associated with a reduced risk of COPD exacerbation in current users of inhaled β2-agonists.
Better Myocardial Function in Aortic Stenosis with Low Left Ventricular Mass: A Mechanism of Protection against Heart Failure Regardless of Stenosis Severity?
Authors: Chyrchel Bernadeta , Bolt Klaudiusz , Długosz Dorota , Urbańska Anna , Nowak-Kępczyk Małgorzata , Bałata Joanna , Rożanowska Agnieszka , Czestkowska Ewa , Kruszelnicka Olga , Surdacki Andrzej
Published: November 2019

About one-tenth to one-third of patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) do not develop left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH). Intriguingly, the absence of LVH despite severe AS is associated with lower prevalence of heart failure (HF), which challenges the classical notion of LVH as a beneficial compensatory response. Notably, the few studies that have attempted to characterize AS subjects with inadequately low left ventricular (LV) mass relative to LV afterload (i-lowLVM) described better prognosis and enhanced LV performance in AS associated with i-lowLVM, but those reports were limited to severe AS. Our aim was to compare myocardial function between moderate and severe AS with i-lowLVM. We retrospectively analyzed in-hospital records of 225 clinically stable nondiabetic patients with isolated moderate or severe degenerative AS in sinus rhythm, free of coexistent diseases. Subjects with i-lowLVM were compared to those with appropriate or excessive LVM (a/e-LVM), defined on the basis of the ratio of a measured LVM to the LVM predicted from an individual hemodynamic load. Patients with i-lowLVM and a/e-LVM did not differ in aortic valve area, LV end-diastolic diameter (LVd, a measure of LV preload), and circumferential end-systolic LV wall stress (cESS), an estimate of LV afterload. Compared to a/e-LVM, patients with i-lowLVM had increased LV ejection fraction (EF) and especially higher LV midwall fractional shortening (a better index of LV myocardial function than EF in concentric LV geometry) (p < 0.001–0.01), in both moderate and severe AS. LVd and cESS were similar in the four subgroups of the study subjects, i.e., moderate AS with i-lowLVM, moderate AS with a/e-LVM, severe AS with i-lowLVM, and severe AS with a/e-LVM (p > 0.6). Among patients with i-lowLVM, LVM did not differ significantly between moderate and severe AS (p > 0.4), while in those with a/e-LVM, LVM was increased in severe versus moderate AS (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the association of the low-LVM phenotype with better myocardial contractility may already develop in moderate AS. Additionally, cESS appears to be a controlled variable, which is kept constant over AS progression irrespective of LVM category, but even when controlled (by increasing LVM), is not able to prevent deterioration of LV function. Whether improved myocardial performance contributes to favorable prognosis and the preventive effect against HF in AS without LVH, remains to be studied.
Back to Basics: Recognition of Sepsis with New Definition
Authors: Horak Jan , Martinkova Vendula , Radej Jaroslav , Matejovič Martin
Published: November 2019

Patients with serious infections at risk of deterioration represent highly challenging clinical situations, and in particular for junior doctors. A comprehensive clinical examination that integrates the assessment of vital signs, hemodynamics, and peripheral perfusion into clinical decision making is key to responding promptly and effectively to evolving acute medical illnesses, such as sepsis or septic shock. Against this background, the new concept of sepsis definition may provide a useful link between junior doctors and consultant decision making. The purpose of this article is to introduce the updated definition of sepsis and suggest its practical implications, with particular emphasis on integrative clinical assessment, allowing for the rapid identification of patients who are at risk of further deterioration.
Physician Experience with Direct-To-Consumer Genetic Testing in Kaiser Permanente
Authors: Jonas M. Cabell , Suwannarat Pim , Burnett-Hartman Andrea , Carroll Nikki , Turner Michelle , Janes Kristen , Truong Christine , Blum-Barnett Erica , Aziz Nazneen , McGlynn Elizabeth A.
Published: November 2019

Health systems and physicians nationwide aspire to consistently and reliably apply genetic and genomic information to guide disease prevention, management, and treatment. However, clinical information, including genetics/genomics data from within and outside of the care delivery system, is expanding rapidly. Between November 2017 and April 2018, we surveyed 1502 Permanente Medical Group primary care and specialist physicians to assess the degree to which direct-to-consumer genetic test results were being presented to physicians and identify genetics educational needs among physicians (response rate 15%). Adjusted logistic regression (according to respondent characteristics) was used to calculate adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) comparing responses within groups. Results showed 35% and 12% of respondents reported receiving at least one direct-to-consumer health risk genetic result (DTC-health risk) or direct-to-consumer pharmacogenomic test result (DTC-PGx), respectively, from a patient in the past year. Of those receiving at least one test result, 40% (DTC-health risk) and 39% (DTC-PGx) of physicians reported 1+ referral(s); 78% (DTC-health risk) and 42% (DTC-PGx) of referrals were to clinical genetics. In total, 85% of physicians would spend ≥2 h/year on genetics/genomics education.
Capitalising on the European Research Outcome for Improved Spatial Planning Practices and Territorial Governance
Authors: Auziņš Armands
Published: November 2019

If distinguishing between spatial planning systems and practices, the latter reflect on the continuity and perspective of planning cultures and are concerned with the values, attitudes, mindsets and routines shared by those taking part in concrete planning processes. Some recent studies demonstrated comparative assessment of European spatial planning. Thus, the coexistence of continuity and change, as well as convergence and divergence concerning planning practices, was delineated. Moreover, the trends and directions in the evolution of spatial planning and territorial governance were explored when focusing on linkages between diverse national planning perspectives and EU policies. The relevant outcome of European projects met their visionary statements in general and are towards the inspiration of policymaking by territorial evidence. However, it showed a highly differential landscape for territorial governance and spatial planning across Europe in terms of terminology, concepts, tools and practices. Therefore, the paper focuses on how the most relevant outcome of European research may initiate a reasonable in-depth study of concrete planning practices and substantiate an effective planning approach. Mainly based on critical literature review and comparative analysis and synthesis techniques, the overviewed key research results led (1) to agenda-setting for comprehensive evidence gathering (CEG) if exploring spatial planning practices and territorial governance in selected European countries, and (2) to a set of objectives for a values-led planning (VLP) approach to be introduced for improvement of land use management.
Evaluation of Peri-Implant Bone Grafting Around Surface-Porous Dental Implants: An In Vivo Study in a Goat Model
Authors: Alshehri Fahad , Alshehri Mohammed , Sumague Terrence , Niazy Abdurahman , Jansen John , van den Beucken Jeroen , Alghamdi Hamdan
Published: November 2019

Dental implants with surface-porous designs have been recently developed. Clinically, peri-implant bone grafting is expected to promote early osseointegration and bone ingrowth when applied with surface-porous dental implants in challenging conditions. The aim of this study was to comparatively analyze peri-implant bone healing around solid implants and surface-porous implants with and without peri-implant bone grafting, using biomechanical and histomorphometrical assessment in a goat iliac bone model. A total of 36 implants (4.1 mm wide, 11.5 mm long) divided into three groups, solid titanium implant (STI; n = 12), porous titanium implants (PTI; n = 12) and PTI with peri-implant bone grafting using biphasic calcium phosphate granules (PTI + BCP; n = 12), were placed bilaterally in the iliac crests of six goats. The goats were sacrificed seven weeks post-operatively and then subjected to biomechanical (n = 6 per group) and histomorphometrical (n = 6 per group) assessment. The biomechanical assessment revealed no significant differences between the three types of implants. Although the peri-implant bone-area (PIBA%) measured by histomorphometry (STI: 8.63 ± 3.93%, PTI: 9.89 ± 3.69%, PTI + BCP: 9.28 ± 2.61%) was similar for the three experimental groups, the percentage of new bone growth area (BGA%) inside the porous implant portion was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in the PTI group (10.67 ± 4.61%) compared to the PTI + BCP group (6.50 ± 6.53%). These data demonstrate that peri-implant bone grafting around surface-porous dental implants does not significantly accelerate early osseointegration and bone ingrowth.
Enzymatically Functionalized Composite Materials Based on Nanocellulose and Poly(Vinyl Alcohol) Cryogel and Possessing Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Aslanli Aysel , Stepanov Nikolay , Razheva Tatyana , Podorozhko Elena A. , Lyagin Ilya , Lozinsky Vladimir I. , Efremenko Elena
Published: November 2019

In the present work, innovative composite biomaterials possessing bactericidal properties and based on the hexahistidine-tagged organophosphorus hydrolase (His6-OPH) entrapped in the poly(vinyl alcohol) cryogel (PVA-CG)/bacterial cellulose (BC) were developed. His6-OPH possesses lactonase activity, with a number of N-acyl homoserine lactones being the inducers of Gram-negative bacterial resistance. The enzyme can also be combined with various antimicrobial agents (antibiotics and antimicrobial peptides) to improve the efficiency of their action. In this study, such an effect was shown for composite biomaterials when His6-OPH was entrapped in PVA-CG/BC together with β-lactam antibiotic meropenem or antimicrobial peptides temporin A and indolicidin. The residual catalytic activity of immobilized His6-OPH was 60% or more in all the composite samples. In addition, the presence of BC filler in the PVA-CG composite resulted in a considerable increase in the mechanical strength and heat endurance of the polymeric carrier compared to the BC-free cryogel matrix. Such enzyme-containing composites could be interesting in the biomedical field to help overcome the problem of antibiotic resistance of pathogenic microorganisms.
Superior Strength and Ductility of In Situ Nano TiB2/Al–Cu–Mg Composites by Cold Rolling and Post-Aging Treatment
Authors: Tang Junhui , Geng Jiwei , Xia Cunjuan , Wang Mingliang , Chen Dong , Wang Haowei
Published: November 2019

In this work, the combination of cold rolling with post-aging treatment is developed to achieve the optimal strength–ductility for the in situ nano TiB2/Al–Cu–Mg composite. The microstructure and mechanical properties of the composite subjected to 20% thickness reduction of cold rolling at room temperature and their evolutions upon post-aging at different temperatures were investigated by means of a tensile test, differential scanning calorimetry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. It was found that the TiB2 particles were effective in dislocation pinning and accumulation during the cold-rolling process. The tensile tests indicated that both the yield and ultimate tensile strengths of the cold-rolling sample increased a lot due to the dislocation strengthening and precipitation strengthening generated by dynamic precipitation during cold rolling in comparison with the conventional T6 sample. After aging at 100 °C/12 h, the elongation to failure reached ~8.4%, which was higher than the conventional T6 sample. Meanwhile, there was also a dramatic increase of strength. The yield and ultimate tensile strengths are ~644 MPa and ~726 MPa, respectively. This remarkable strength–ductility combination was due to the modified microstructure caused prior to artificial aging by the cold-rolling method and the formation of nanosized Guinier–Preston–Bagaryatsky (GPB) zones. The underlying mechanisms related to the superior strength–ductility combination were discussed regarding the microstructural characteristics in the composite.
Addendum: Salem, A. et al. Fractional Langevin Equations with Nonlocal Integral Boundary Conditions. Mathematics 2019, 7, 402
Authors: Salem Ahmed , Alzahrani Faris , Almaghamsi Lamya
Published: November 2019

The authors wish to make the following corrections to this paper [...]
Acute Kidney Injury in Patients Undergoing Cardiac Transplantation: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Thongprayoon Charat , Lertjitbanjong Ploypin , Hansrivijit Panupong , Crisafio Anthony , Mao Michael , Watthanasuntorn Kanramon , Aeddula Narothama , Bathini Tarun , Kaewput Wisit , Cheungpasitporn Wisit
Published: November 2019

Background: Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication following solid-organ transplantation. However, the epidemiology of AKI and mortality risk of AKI among patients undergoing cardiac transplantation is not uniformly described. We conducted this study to assess the incidence of AKI and mortality risk of AKI in adult patients after cardiac transplantation. Methods: A systematic review of EMBASE, MEDLINE, and Cochrane Databases was performed until June 2019 to identify studies evaluating the incidence of AKI (by standard AKI definitions), AKI requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT), and mortality risk of AKI in patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. Pooled AKI incidence and mortality risk from the included studies were consolidated by random-effects model. The protocol for this study is registered with PROSPERO (no. CRD42019134577). Results: 27 cohort studies with 137,201 patients undergoing cardiac transplantation were identified. Pooled estimated incidence of AKI and AKI requiring RRT was 47.1% (95% CI: 37.6–56.7%) and 11.8% (95% CI: 7.2–18.8%), respectively. The pooled ORs of hospital mortality and/or 90-day mortality among patients undergoing cardiac transplantation with AKI and AKI requiring RRT were 3.46 (95% CI, 2.40–4.97) and 13.05 (95% CI, 6.89–24.70), respectively. The pooled ORs of 1-year mortality among patients with AKI and AKI requiring RRT were 2.26 (95% CI, 1.56–3.26) and 3.89 (95% CI, 2.49–6.08), respectively. Conclusion: Among patients undergoing cardiac transplantation, the incidence of AKI and severe AKI requiring RRT are 47.1% and 11.8%, respectively. AKI post cardiac transplantation is associated with reduced short term and 1-year patient survival.