bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DOM and ergative as structural oblique cases in an Agree framework
Authors: Manzini M. Rita
Published: July 2024

This chapter seeks to account for accusative and ergative alignments in terms of head licensed case, i.e. in terms of Agree, rejecting dependent case approaches. In the accusative alignment, nominative case depends on T agreement and accusative case on v* agreement. In the ergative alignment, nominative/absolutive case depends on T, while ergative is an oblique. Importantly, not all oblique case is inherent—specifically DOM is structural (Sections 6.2–3). This distinction is relevant in approaching ergative case (Sections 6.4–5), in an active language (Punjabi) and in an ergative language proper (Kurmanji Kurdish). Ergative case can be construed as inherent in Punjabi, but must be construed as structural in Kurmanji. Furthermore, DOM and ergative are shown to oscillate between being able to enter Agree, or not. This is imputed to the possibility for them to project either as PPs or as DPs.
The rise of dative subjects: Relative prominence in event structure
Authors: Beck Christin , Butt Miriam
Published: July 2024

This chapter charts the diachrony of dative subjects in Icelandic and Indo-Aryan, where dative subjects can be traced back to originally spatial predications (e.g. ‘fear is at me’). The chapter argues that these locational expressions gave rise to an experiencer interpretation with sentient locations. This in turn led to a flip in core Figure/Ground relations so that the locative object experiencer was reanalysed as a subject, but retained its non-nominative case. In a further development, the dative case in the languages discussed came to be systematically associated with experiencer semantics and other parts of the system were regularized to this effect. The analysis is couched in terms of a newly developed event-based Linking Theory within Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) and takes a lexical semantic approach to case by which a core function of case marking is to express parts of the overall clausal semantics.
Greek deponent verbs and their nominalizations
Authors: Alexiadou Artemis
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines nominalizations derived from two classes of deponent verbs in Greek: psych and non-psych. It is first argued that the presence of non-active morphology in the psych class is indeed canonical, while in the agentive one is the result of internal Merge of the argument. While the subject in the case of psych verbs is an experiencer generated low in the vP structure, the subject in the case of agentive deponents bears a bundle thematic role (Oikonomou 2011). It is then argued that nominalizations derived from deponent verbs provide evidence for two structural representations: low nominalizations, in the case of psych deponent verbs, and vP derived ones in the case of the agentive semantic class. Also, the passive interpretation of the deponent nominals is related to the fact that these realize an ergative structure, i.e. lack VoiceP. Finally, genitive in the nominal domain is argued to be unmarked case and not dependent case, unlike dative/genitive in the verbal domain.
Greece
Authors: Fortsakis Theodore
Published: July 2024

Greece is a unitary state, where the Greek Constitution lays down the basic principles for the organization and functioning of the administration, consisting, apart from the central- and regional-state administration, of the local government authorities, independent authorities, and the various public legal persons. At the same time, the Constitution lays down a nexus of substantive and procedural rights guaranteed by a system of multilevel review. Finally, it establishes a special regime governing the legal status of civil servants. The first section of this chapter develops successively the basic principles governing the action of the public administration, the judicial review, and the fundamental norms of administrative court procedures, and the public consultation as the main participatory component of the Greek administrative procedure. Finally, the second section applies these principles to the individual case studies, where the individual aspects of the Greek administrative system become apparent.
Spain
Authors: Delgado Isaac Martín
Published: July 2024

In the Spanish legal system, assuming a legal–dogmatic perspective, administrative procedure qualifies as a self-governing legal institution with constitutional status and a threefold purpose: (i) to serve the public (general) interest, (ii) ensure the legality of administrative (public authorities’) action, and (iii) engage citizens in administrative decision-making and adjudication. This threefold purpose is stated in the 1978 Spanish Constitution which establishes some principles, rights, and standards applicable to administrative procedure—objectivity, transparency, participation, access to information, efficiency, rationality, effective remedy, etc. The two main Acts regulating administrative action (Ley 39 and Ley 40/2015) and the sectoral administrative law have incorporated all of them in many different ways, as expression of the right to good administration, which, even if not explicitly recognized by the Constitution, constitutes a clear guide to the Spanish courts.
United Kingdom
Authors: Anthony Gordon , McCormick Conor
Published: July 2024

This chapter explains how general principles of law in the UK are common law creations that apply ‘in context’. Context for these purposes can include sector-specific questions of law, where either statute law and/or the common law rules of fairness can impose procedural requirements that include notification rights, representation rights, and a duty to give reasons. The chapter also explains the relationship between statute law and common law and, in particular, how the common law can supplement statute law by filling gaps in procedural protection. Attention is given to the possible relevance of human rights standards, both at common law and under the ECHR, as it has effect in UK law under the Human Rights Act 1998. The residual influence of EU is also noted.
Cyber-Risks and Medical Ethics
Authors: Kiener Maximilian
Published: July 2024

With digital AI-powered medicine being on the rise, the risk of cyber-attacks has become a reality. ‘You have been hacked. Pay or we will shut down your system!’ AI systems are not just subject to cyber-risks like any other computer-based system, but to new risks and new types of attacks which have previously existed. This chapter argues that inevitably there will have to be a change in medical practice.
Information Flows in the Digital Age
Authors: Bluemke Emma , Trask Andrew
Published: July 2024

What’s private to you? Well, it depends, right? Private from whom? What would you tell a family member, but not your employer? What would you share with a researcher but not an app? What story would you reveal online anonymously but you wouldn’t even reveal to a friend? The word ‘privacy’ often gets a bad rap—people equate it with secrecy, or locking down information. But, with these examples, it’s clear that privacy is not about hiding or secrecy, it’s about the information flow: who should be able to know what, when should they be able to know it, and what should they be able to do with this knowledge? The authors propose a solution—involving what they call structured transparency—to achieve better information flows.
Is AI Ethics All Fluff?
Authors: Zerilli John
Published: July 2024

The AI revolution provides a neat illustration of C.P. Snow’s point about the “two cultures” and a timely opportunity to reflect on why a cultural gap between the sciences and humanities persists. This chapter takes aim at an attitude prevailing among some computer scientists that ethics and AI ethics, as branches of the humanities, are unserious disciplines because they do not yield verifiable and quantifiable answers to the problems they address.
Artificial General Intelligence
Authors: Millican Peter
Published: July 2024

The ambition to create an Artificial General Intelligence or AGI has been around at least since Alan Turing introduced his famous Turing test for machine thinking. This test was based on the ability to simulate human-style textual conversation, potentially over a wide range of topics, so as to be indistinguishable from a real person. Many people see the recent arrival of ChatGPT as potentially leading to a genuine AGI. This raises a host of moral questions, including whether such an AGI would itself be worthy of moral consideration. But first, once we understand how ChatGPT and similar systems operate, we have reason to doubt that they qualify as genuinely intelligent, even about the topics where they appear to perform well. And secondly, even if they were to be judged intelligent, we have compelling reason to insist that they cannot be consciously aware, and hence cannot qualify for moral consideration.
Destination Kashmir is Nigh by Ali Imran Shaheen
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina
Published: July 2024

This chapter presents translated sections of Ali Imran Shaheen’s 2011 book, Kashmir: Manzil Dur Nahin (Destination Kashmir is Nigh). Like many of LeT’s historical materials, this volume presents a highly stylized history on the region. Destination Kashmir is Nigh depicts purported atrocities committed by the Indian Army in Kashmir, presenting a problematic history of the Kashmiri resistance and, more importantly, the alleged enduring relationship between the local resistance and LeT. In the author words: ‘This manuscript presents only a fraction of the sacrifices made in the six months from 11 June 2010 to 11 December 2010. If every single instance of aggression were documented, countless volumes would fill endless stacks in the libraries of justice. Every effort has been made to cover all aspects of the struggle; additionally, the history of the movement and the geography of the region have also been examined in considerable depth.’
Noble Warriors and Battlefronts by Muhammad Tahir Naqqash
Authors: Fair C. Christine , Ustaad Safina
Published: July 2024

This chapter feature the authors’ translations of excerpts from Muhammad Tahir Naqqash’s 2001, 590-page volume titled Ghaziyan-i-Saf-Shikan (Noble Warriors and Battlefronts)—a accounts of LeT’s various operations, including the 2000 fidayeen attack on the Red Fort in New Delhi and the Srinagar airport attack in October 2001. These accounts provide vivid, action-packed details of the life and adventures of various LeT mujahideen stationed in Kashmir and elsewhere in India, emphasizing both the heroism of Muslim mujahideen and the incessant victimized subject position of Muslims. Hindus are depicted as both craven but also violence-prone perpetrators. The forward was written by Zaki-ur-Rehman Lakhvi, LeT’s chief of operations and supreme commander of operations in Kashmir. Like many of the items included in this compilation, this text also belies any of Pakistan’s claims that Lashkar-e-Tayyaba (or any of its other operational names) does not engage in the production of violence.
The Phoneticians
Authors: Townend Matthew
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines the role of phoneticians in the development of Victorian dialectology. It surveys the evolution of nineteenth-century phonetic study, and then focuses on the key figure of Alexander John Ellis (1814–90), exploring his biography, his arguments for the primacy of contemporary spoken language, and the contents of his great multi-volume work On Early English Pronunciation. Next, it introduces Ellis’ leading fieldworker, the railway clerk Thomas Hallam (1819–95), and (using his extensive unpublished papers) gives an account of Hallam’s travels, methods, and researches. Finally, it considers at length the enormous work that resulted from Ellis’ and Hallam’s cooperation: The Existing Phonology of English Dialects (1889), a pioneering survey and classification of the regional dialects of English.
Genuine explanation
Authors: Chomsky Noam
Published: July 2024

Explanation is advanced with greater simplicity and elimination of stipulations. For language, a genuine explanation must satisfy conditions that appear contradictory: learnability, which appears to require rich innate endowment; evolvability, which requires simple endowment; coverage of widely varying languages. There are prospects for resolution of the conundrum within the minimalist program, which seeks to account for phenomena of language within the narrow bounds of the Strong Minimalist Thesis (SMT). SMT has a disciplinary function, restricting the means for description to general principles of computational efficiency, with as few language-specific assumptions as empirical conditions allow. SMT also has an enabling function, offering an explanation for why certain linguistic modules exist at all. This chapter explores these questions in a variety of areas.
Four types of quantifiers at the interface between syntax and logic
Authors: Chierchia Gennaro
Published: July 2024

Without quantifiers and quantification the capacity to draw inferences is extremely impoverished. The typology of quantifiers across the languages of the world bears a clear resemblance relation to generalized quantifiers in logic, but it is significantly richer and more varied. In this paper I show how the main quantificational devices that Universal Grammar affords us fall into four natural classes: (i) Determiner quantifiers (e.g., every, many, some,…) (ii) Adverbial quantifiers (e.g., always, usually, frequently, …) (iii) Alternative-oriented quantifiers (e.g., only, even, also,…) and (iv) Polarity-sensitive quantifiers (e.g., any). Of these four classes, Determiner quantifiers are the ones that one finds in standard logical theories; they are, however, NOT universally attested across languages, while the other three classes seem to be. This articulated typology raises a number of key questions pertaining to the relation between language and cognition: How do these types of quantifiers come about? What is special about them? Why do languages insist in resorting to these quantifier types so pervasively?
Truncation versus reduction in development
Authors: Belletti Adriana
Published: July 2024

The main focus is the comparison of different forms of clausal reduction and their overall different complexity. Data from acquisition are especially revealing in highlighting the difference, as not all reduced structures are handled in the same way and within the same timeline during development. Truncated structures in the Root Infinitive stage (Rizzi 1993/1994) and Reduced Relative Clauses (RRCs) are compared from this perspective. Whereas the former are known to be accessed in the early stages of linguistic development, the latter are mastered relatively late. The type of reduction involved may be at the source of the different developmental path: the truncation operation occurs at the edge of the syntactic tree, thereby allowing for a more parsimonious computation; RRCs, in contrast, imply a structural reduction that is not at the highest edge; as such, it is not directly compatible with the analysis of the grown syntactic tree acquired. Using few(er) words does not (necessarily) yield simpler computations.
Wh-phrases as genuine focus operators
Authors: Saito Mamoru
Published: July 2024

It has been assumed that wh-phrases in Japanese are interpreted in conjunction with quantificational particles such as the question complementizer ka and the conjunctive particle mo. They are interpreted as part of universal quantification with mo. In this chapter, I present examples in which wh-phrases appear without an associated quantificational particle. I show that they are not part of questions and yet, they move covertly to the clausal periphery, just like wh-phrases in questions. I argue that their landing site is Spec, FocusP. According to Rizzi and Bocci’s (2017) description of the clausal peripheries in Italian and Japanese, the only difference is that Focus is missing in Japanese. The conclusion above eliminates this difference and implies that the Japanese right periphery is precisely the mirror image of the Italian left periphery. I suggest that wh-phrases in questions also move to Spec, FocusP, just like argument wh-phrases in Italian matrix questions.
Some (but not all) movement types systematically violate islands
Authors: Sportiche Dominique
Published: July 2024

Some movement dependencies - e.g., question formation - obey islands constraints, but do all movement dependencies do? Using island independent movement diagnostics (namely reconstructability = displaced interpretation), this article demonstrates that some movement dependencies at least, namely French DP-CL(itic) L(eft) D(islocation), systematically violate (strong) islands. This conclusion requires modifying Phase Theory to preserve successive cyclicity but let islands be in principle permeable to movement, and distinguishing non island violating movement such as question formation from island violating movement (DP-CLLD) in a principled way. Following Rizzi (1997), phase edges include several positions, including, systematically, Topic positions allowing multiple hosts. Access to these positions, licensing island violations, is limited to phrases overtly marked as topical by a doubling (resumptive) clitic. This view may be extended to treat successive cyclic movement as a succession of topicalizations and focalizations
Comprehension and production of sentences with V-C movement in orally trained children with hearing impairment
Authors: Szterman Ronit , Friedmann Naama
Published: July 2024

This study examined how children with hearing impairment who communicate in oral language comprehend and produce V-C movement. V-C in Hebrew is optional, which allowed us to compare sentences minimally differing in whether or not they include V-C. Forty-four Hebrew-speaking children with hearing loss from birth were examined using five tasks assessing the comprehension, reading aloud, and repetition of V-C sentences. To avoid a first-DP-is-agent strategy, we used homophones, homographs, and nonwords that were ambiguous between nouns and verbs, and placed them as the object of the raised verb. Whereas the decisive majority of work on the syntax of children with hearing impairment focused on A-bar movement, the current study found that thirty-five of the forty-four children with hearing impairment showed a deficit in sentences derived by V-C movement.
Micro-variation in imperative
Authors: Baldi Benedetta , Savoia Leonardo M.
Published: July 2024

In the Calabro-Lucanian varieties spoken in the Lausberg area and contact Arbëresh (Italo-Albanian) dialects imperative is characterized by the post-verbal position of clitics and mesoclisis, the latter limited to the first person clitics. The interaction between the interpretive properties of imperative and the distribution of first person and third person clitics is the main subject of this work. The interfacing of the referential content of clitics with the structural properties of imperative can explain the Differential Object Marking (DOM) effects that we observe. The pre-verbal position of clitics is restored in negative imperatives, suggesting that in negative contexts verbal forms are not associated with the illocutionary force of command it excludes being negated.
Some basic properties of Mandarin resultative clusters
Authors: Koopman Hilda
Published: July 2024

This paper explores the syntax of V1V2 resultative compounds in Mandarin, and addresses two sets of puzzles around object resultatives and ‘‘passive’ resultatives. The paper starts out with a new proposal about the initial merge structure of V1V2, where a causal miniature ‘event-vP’ containing not just the verb, but also the arguments of the verb, merges as the subject of a silent syntactic predicate CAUSE, which takes the change of state predicate and result (V2) as its complement; The event-vP1 can be either active or passive (with a silent non active VOICE), yielding object resultatives or passive resultatives; It then put to the test the syntactic derivation, guided by a restricted set of theoretical assumptions, and shows how the choice for each derivational step is restricted, and independently supported, including by modification, binding, reconstruction and scope of modal and negation. This leads to a unified Merge-based syntactic analysis which captures linear orders, derives the position of postverbal objects, incorporates the verbal morphology in the main derivation by phrasal movement, and demonstrates that silent lexical items must be present in the syntax, including (CAUSE, MODable,potential ), (non-active) VOICEeppVP, and PRO, the silent external argument in passive-like constructions.
The Interface between Data Privacy and Competition Law
Authors: Esayas Samson Y.
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores the intersection between data privacy law and competition law resulting from the commercialization of personal data both from an empirical and a normative perspective. Empirically, the commercialization of personal data has prompted two developments that increase the intersection of the two legal fields. One development relates to the increased attention paid to personal data in competition assessment, including when defining the relevant market, assessing market power, and imposing remedies. The other development involves increased attention to data privacy in competition analysis, particularly as a non-price parameter. Subsequently, the chapter examines the normative implications of these developments, outlining both the convergence—where the two sets of rules complement each other—and the tensions, exemplified by an increased recourse to data privacy obligations to justify potentially anticompetitive practices. The chapter begins by describing the complexity of today’s digital economy. It illustrates how the shifts brought about by the commercialization of personal data give rise to a complex economic landscape. This landscape is characterized by a multitude of actors, a network of interactions, and non-linear, emergent outcomes. Given the complex context, this chapter suggests that it may be useful to draw on key insights from complexity science. These insights include using a systems-level unit of analysis, emphasizing interconnections that lead to non-linear and emergent outcomes, and embracing a polycentric approach when navigating complexity. The chapter subsequently provides a brief overview of how the discussions in the book are inspired by, and integrate, these three insights.
Regulating a Complex Economy Beyond the Atomistic and Either/Or Approaches
Authors: Esayas Samson Y.
Published: July 2024

This chapter highlights the vital role of emergent properties and complexity science in understanding the challenges to data privacy law and competition law associated with the commercialization of personal data. The discussions throughout the book have shown how the commercialization of personal data gives rise to increased complexity. This complexity is characterized by a surge in the number of data processing operations, the development of multi-product ecosystems, and a growing web of economic links. Despite this complexity, data privacy law and competition law still emphasize isolated units of analysis and adopt an either/or mindset. Both approaches prove inadequate in the face of such complexity. The focus of data privacy law and competition law on isolating a specific unit—whether a relevant market or a distinct data processing operation—overlooks system-wide (emergent) risks and new dimensions of (positional) power that arise from managing interconnections. Additionally, an either/or mindset that considers data privacy law and competition law as discrete domains of law overlooks the increasing intersection between the two regimes, missing opportunities for synergy. The solutions outlined in this book emphasize a paradigm shift. It is imperative to reorientate data privacy law and competition law to a complex economy. This requires adopting a holistic, systems-level perspective, one that recognizes and addresses emergent harms and the new power dynamics. Moreover, the book insists on embracing a polycentric approach that harnesses insights from both data privacy law and competition law.
Business of the State
Authors: Nem Singh Jewellord T.
Published: July 2024

As the world moves towards decarbonization and the race for clean energy technologies accelerates, states in the global south are increasingly called upon to supply critical minerals to fuel the transition. Business of the State details how mineral states might design effective growth strategies in the context of strategic competition and climate emergency, via the rise of a hybrid developmental strategy during 1990s and 2010s—the embrace of market-conforming policies to attract FDI and the reassertion of state-owned enterprises (SOEs) as players in industrial development. Drawing from the experiences of Brazil’s Petrobras and Chile’s Codelco, the book argues that SOEs might open new pathways for technological innovation and even support industrial policy, if subjected to effective governance reforms and aligned with the private sector. In this way, the book shifts the analytical lens away from extractivism as a growth model and towards hybrid development strategies formulated through SOEs. Business of the State asks fundamental questions about states and markets: why do states seek to intervene in the affairs of public enterprises? And what role might they play in structural transformation? The book provides answers using a historical institutionalist framework, process tracing the complex process of market reforms in highly strategic natural resource industries.
Developmental States in Chile and Brazil
Authors: Nem Singh Jewellord T.
Published: July 2024

This chapter serves as a way of framing the two case studies that follow, providing detailed analysis of the rise of the developmental state in Brazil and Chile using a historical institutionalist framework to consider how political conflicts drove elites towards consolidating an SOE-based growth strategy in major industries. The chapter traces the co-evolution of an activist state in the commodities sector and the necessity of creating a public enterprise to promote industrial development. The chapter likewise traces the early successes of Chile’s Codelco and Brazil’s Petrobras, which in turn enabled these companies to survive privatization and thrive during the heyday of neoliberal reform years.
Brazil’s Oil-Based Industrial Strategy, 1990–2018
Authors: Nem Singh Jewellord T.
Published: July 2024

This chapter draws from a historical institutionalist approach to examine the institutional continuity of state developmentalism in the Brazilian O&G industry. Brazil’s institutional pathway is based on strong state ownership forged through a combination of pragmatic market opening to foreign companies and a persistent logic of state developmentalism. In this governance model, Petrobras plays a pivotal role. The chapter explains why state ownership in the sector persisted throughout the 1990s and details the consolidation of a regulatory framework in the 2000s that set out a stable institutional arrangement for a shift from state developmentalism towards a more pragmatic model of novo desenvolvimentismo (new developmentalism) to accelerate Brazil’s efforts towards industrialization, with Petrobras as a key economic actor in developing the pre-salt reserves. The persistence of a state ownership model in the sector derives its legitimacy not only from delivering economic growth in a strategic sector, but also through Petrobras’s undeniable technological capability and market-conforming behaviour.
Leonine Achilles
Authors: Abad Del Vecchio Julene
Published: July 2024

The chapter offers a re-evaluation of Achilles’ heroic persona in the poem through the lens of leonine imagery. By drawing attention to his animalistic elements, the chapter explores the tragic issues of Achilles’ liminality between man, beast, and god. The lion comparandum is no longer envisioned as a traditional marker of heroism, but is deployed by Statius in a way that urges his readers to deconstruct the hero. These leonine features linked to Achilles’ diet also bring to mind monstrous figures of the literary tradition with excessive appetites, such as the Ovidian Polyphemus (Metamorphoses 14) and the Statian Tydeus (Thebaid 8), which highlight Achilles’ own liminality and draw attention to his bestial archetypes. Achilles’ choice of nourishment—raw meat—continues to complicate his traditional heroic outline. The chapter’s second section extends reflections on his staunch primitivism, as it is problematized by the troubling connections to omophagy. The chapter ends with an intertextual re-reading of understudied Bacchic junctures in the Achilleid that expose Achilles’ tragic and mortal destiny.
Transgression and Excess
Authors: Abad Del Vecchio Julene
Published: July 2024

The chapter continues to analyse Achilles’ emergent heroism in the Achilleid, and extends novel considerations of Achilles’ embryonic yet disquieting proclivities towards heroic immoderation. Its first half is devoted to the scrutiny of a tragic exemplum for Achilles’ portrayal, Hercules in Seneca’s Hercules Furens. The two heroes are linked via their Gigantomachic propensities, the embryonic presence of madness and cosmic danger, and their potential to overthrow their respective fathers. The Senecan intertext allows for the second half of the chapter to explore crucial issues of paternal/parental succession in the Achilleid. The absent figure of Achilles’ ‘almost-father’, Jupiter, is explored, and envisioned both as a sort of threatening character and an exemplum for Achilles. This analysis leads into an intertextual consideration of crucial issues of paternal and parental succession in the Achilleid, as well as important contemporary discourses of kinship, firmly established and intensified by the dialogue with Seneca’s tragedies.
Tradunt dolos patres
Authors: Abad Del Vecchio Julene
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores in detail the figure of Ulysses in the poem. It challenges the accepted scholarly premise that Ulysses is a positive father-figure for Achilles. In the first half of the chapter, novel parallels between Ulysses in the Achilleid and Odysseus in Sophocles’ Philoctetes are presented. In identifying Sophocles’ Philoctetes as key intertext for Statius, Ulysses’ manipulation is put on view, as well as the more ominous, recruiting element of the Greeks’ mission on Scyros. The second half of the chapter looks to build on the seriousness and dangerousness of the figure of Ulysses in Statius, and it thus analyses the pervasive associations of Ulysses with violence in a number of similes in the narrative. The chapter then moves on to an arresting and gender-bending equivalence of Ulysses as a metapoetic force of furor, akin to well-known Furies in the literary tradition, offering novel reflections on gender and poetic authority in the poem.
Vatic Authority and Poetics
Authors: Abad Del Vecchio Julene
Published: July 2024

This chapter examines in more depth the question of poetic authority in the Achilleid. The figure of Calchas as the authorial vates of the composition is under scrutiny, and Thetis’ agency is envisioned as adversarial to Calchas. Important questions about the relationship between prophetic status and the status of the poet himself, between violation and violence, between perpetrator and victim, will be considered. Through the examination of the gender-bending elements to Calchas’ characterization, the chapter pays heed to the idea that the Achilleid is characterizable as a feminine composition, and Thetis as its diva. Thetis is therefore interpreted in a new light, a figure of tragic inspiration but also as the artifex behind the poem’s composition, and thus linked to Statius the poet. The chapter ends with an analysis of Thetis against other lamenting mothers in the literary tradition.
Surveillance Powers
Authors: McNall Christopher , Green Laura Sheldon , Stone Caroline , McCaffrey Eugene , Ward Robert
Published: July 2024

Chapter 4 considers the legal powers available to the intelligence agencies for national security purposes. It contains an overview of the extensive legal regime relating to the law of surveillance. The chapter contains an analysis of the legal regime contained in the three principal statutes: the Intelligence Services Act 1994 (ISA 1994), the Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act 2000 (RIPA 2000) and the Investigatory Powers Act 2016 (IPA 2016). In the RIPA regime, the authors consider, in particular, directed surveillance authorisations; intrusive surveillance warrants; and covert human intelligence source (CHIS) authorisations, including criminal conduct authorisations relating to CHIS participation in crime. In the ISA regime, the authors examine the difficult legal issues arising from the exercise of ‘targeted’ and ‘bulk’ powers. The former are powers which may be used to obtain information about particular individuals. The latter permit the obtaining of large volumes of data, which can then be ‘mined’ or examined for information relating to individuals or matters or concern. Particular consideration is given to the numerous recent legal challenges to the exercise of bulk powers. The chapter also examines the statutory bar on the use of intercept material in evidence. Chapter 4 then considers the ‘Wilson doctrine’ concerning the interception of the communications of Parliamentarians. The authors review the scope and development of the principle and current understanding around its use. The chapter concludes with a detailed review of issues arising from the obtaining through surveillance of legally privileged information.
Executive Measures and Civil Proceedings
Authors: Davidson Rosemary , Glasson Jonathan , Stone Caroline
Published: July 2024

Chapter 7 opens Part II of the book. The second section of the book deals with the use of executive measures in the national security field (e.g. in response to suspected involvement in terrorism) and related civil litigation, either in direct response to the imposition of an executive measure or in response to alleged misconduct by the intelligence agencies in the course of intelligence-gathering. It begins with Chapter 7, which addresses common evidential and procedural issues that may arise across the range of such proceedings. The chapter begins with an examination of the approach the courts have taken, in principle, to the assessment of future risk, before dealing with the approach to allegations that evidence is torture-tainted and the ‘reverse Closed’ procedure. The authors next deal with reliance on material from criminal investigations and proceedings, both domestic and foreign, including where the proceedings have resulted in an acquittal, followed by third-party legal professional privilege. The chapter continues with sections on res judicata in national security proceedings and abuse of process, before examining the approach to anonymity and reporting restrictions. Finally, the chapter concludes by examining issues concerning civil legal aid and costs in Closed proceedings.
Terrorism
Authors: Morgan Alison , Oakes Victoria
Published: July 2024

Chapter 18 begins Part IV of the book, dealing with national security and criminal law. Chapter 18 deals, in particular, with the offences relating to involvement in terrorist activity. It begins with an introductory discussion of the two main means of prosecuting criminal activity in this field: either through specific terrorism-related offences or through ‘general’ offences relevant to the criminal conduct in question, for example, murder. It considers the definition of ‘terrorism’ in the Terrorism Act 2000 before examining in detail the various offences under that Act and the Terrorism Act 2006. Particular issues concerning evidence are then reviewed, such as the role of experts, the problems of ‘battlefield’ evidence, mindset evidence, and the defence available for victims of trafficking or slavery. Consent to prosecute and issues of extraterritoriality are considered before looking at sentencing and release provisions.
Inquests and National Security
Authors: O’Connor Andrew
Published: July 2024

Chapter 22 is one of two chapters in Part V of the book, dealing with national security inquests and inquiries. Chapter 22 deals with inquests in the national security field. The author begins with a historical overview of the existence and function of inquests in England and Wales. He considers the role and function of inquests in general before considering the numerous inquests in recent years which have touched on issues concerning national security and the variety of ways in which such issues may arise. The author then focuses on the absence of a power to conduct a Closed material procedure (‘CMP’) in inquests. He examines general principles of disclosure, as well as practical issues to which the national security context gives rise. The author explains the scope for claiming public interest immunity before discussing practical issues at the hearing for witnesses from the security and intelligence agencies. Finally, he considers the scope for converting an inquest into a public inquiry.
Politicians as Blame-Seekers
Authors: Flinders Matthew , Hinterleitner Markus , Weaver R. Kent
Published: July 2024

This chapter identifies a distinctive politics of blame-seeking by politicians in advanced democracies. In doing so, it challenges one of the most fundamental assumptions of political science by questioning the ‘blame-is-bad’ thesis. Although this thesis has formed a dominant ‘self-evident truth’ within the discipline for at least thirty years and has stimulated a vast literature on the ‘blame-avoidance behaviour’ of politicians, we suggest that recent events highlight the existence of ‘blame-seeking behaviour’. We propose, contrary to conventional understandings, a new ‘blame-is-good’ thesis which serves to shed light on circumstances in which ‘bad manners’, taking policy positions far from those of median voters, and violating social, political, and constitutional norms might provide a recipe for electoral success by office-seeking politicians. The chapter outlines a political logic of blame-seeking, as well as a distinctive set of blame-seeking strategies for politicians and conditions that are likely to both increase the prevalence of blame-seeking behaviour by politicians and improve its probability of electoral success. A focus on blame-seeking, we suggest, expands our understanding of what politicians say and do to achieve their goals in political contexts characterized by democratic disaffection and a populist zeitgeist.
Caught in the Middle?
Authors: Shaw Richard
Published: July 2024

Most accounts of blame games focus on ministers and civil servants. However, the advent of ministerial advisors means that there is now a new player in the game. This chapter theorizes this institutional innovation by (a) positioning ministerial advisors as institutional ‘translators’ between blame-makers and blame-takers; (b) connecting advisors’ roles to three major blame- avoidance strategies (presentational, policy, and agency); and (c) assessing the impact of advisors’ role on three characteristics of good governance (sharpening policy debate, focusing accountability, and enhancing transparency). The core contention is that in the contemporary executive ménage à trois, the dynamics and outcomes of attempts to either claim credit or avoid blame cannot fully be understood without recourse to the agency of ministerial advisors.
Governmental Blame Avoidance in the European Union
Authors: Hinterleitner Markus
Published: July 2024

The governments of European member states are increasingly under pressure when they adopt and articulate their policy positions on European issues. This chapter contributes to our understanding of governments’ strategic behaviour in a politicized European Union (EU) under stress by adapting the concept of blame avoidance to the accountability context of the EU. The chapter categorizes, describes, and illustrates the considerable variety of blame-avoidance strategies that member state governments can apply in order to avoid reputational damage for policy positions that comply with supra-national constraints but are unpopular with voters. The chapter also provides a basis for future research that would be able to establish the extent and consequences of governmental blame avoidance across European member states. Progress in this research programme promises a better understanding of how member state governments nurture democratic disaffection and EU scepticism among European citizens.
Escape Blame or Make Friends?
Authors: Brown Ruairidh J.
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores the relationship between blame avoidance and international friendships. It does so with particular focus on China’s experience during the COVID-19 pandemic. The case is especially intriguing as China sought to use the pandemic as an opportunity to ‘win friends’ while also attempting to escape blame for its origins, at times even simultaneously befriending and shifting blame to the same country. The chapter contends that China sought to achieve these ends through a novel post-truth blame-avoidance strategy, a strategy which sought to undermine objective ‘truths’ of the pandemic and parcel out potential locations for its origins as widely as possible. Through exploring the relationship between international friendships and blame avoidance, the chapter further opens dialogue between the blame studies and international relations literature.
Globalization: Perak's Rise, Relative Decline, and Regeneration
Authors: Shah Sultan Nazrin
Published: July 2024

Written by Sultan Nazrin Shah—the author of the highly acclaimed works Charting the Economyand Striving for Inclusive Development—this book is a pioneering study of the many economic and social changes of the natural resource-rich Malaysian state of Perak over the last two centuries. When globalization first took hold and international trade networks broadened and deepened in the first half of the 19th century, and a new capitalist world order emerged in the second, Perak was a key player. Its tin was in high demand in Western industrializing countries, and foreign capital, labour, and technology propelled it forward. By 1900, Perak accounted for almost half of Malaya’s tin output and a staggering quarter of world output, with its prosperity making it the Malay peninsula’s commercial hub. Likewise, during the global rubber boom that began in the early 20th century as cars were mass-produced for the first time, Perak was the largest rubber-producing state in the peninsula. This book ties together various sub-themes: economic geography, the institutional legacy of colonialism, increasing federal government centralization, forces of economic agglomeration and human migration, which drove Perak’s fortunes in sometimes dramatic economic cycles and ultimately led to the collapse of its tin and rubber industries and the migration of many of its young and skilled. Analysing Perak’s characteristics, and extrapolating lessons from formerly wealthy industrial centres originally blessed with natural resources but subsequently left behind by new waves of globalization, such as Cornwall and Sheffield in the United Kingdom, and Pittsburgh and Scranton in the United States, the book concludes looking forward. With a New VisionPerak can regenerate itself and once again emerge triumphant against a tough global background, Covid-19, war, and deglobalization.
Utopias as Borderlands: Reconceptualizing Post-pandemic Future(s)
Authors: Hovorka Dirk S.
Published: July 2024

The pandemic-induced disruption of 2020 has had significant implications for reorganizing work and everyday life. The rapid digitalization of many activities provided a striking natural experiment whose future effect will only slowly be understood. One research challenge is to identify and conceptualize new organizing practices which are not visible through our current research apparatus which was created within, and for, a different world. To address this challenge, Utopias, as a speculative engagement with future conditions, are offered as an opportunity to reconceptualize organizing practices in an increasingly digital future. Reading the conceptual language of recent research as a utopia reveals that our current research apparatus reconstructs new phenomenon through existing concepts, logics, relationships, and power structures thus rendering the unprecedented as unsurprising and mundane. The function of a utopian geography is to highlight the concepts and relationships with which we think as we move forward in researching and stabilizing the new practices we are observing. As we navigate the borderland between organizational practices of the past and a yet unrealized and unknown stability of future practices, conceptualizing the future in its own terms is essential to accounts for new and emergent phenomenon.
Processual Shadows
Authors: Pentland Brian T. , Wolf Julie Ryan , Xie Yunna , Kim Inkyu , Frank Kenneth , Pentland Alice
Published: July 2024

In many ways, time-stamped digital trace data seem like an ideal resource for research on routine dynamics and other processual phenomena. In other ways, digital traces seem more like shadows of action than direct images of action. We can see that something happened, but it is difficult to say exactly what. This chapter uses data from four dermatology clinics at the University of Rochester Medical Center to examine the strengths and weaknesses of trace data. These data include over 57,000 patient visits. The data allow us to detect changes in routines that went unnoticed by the clinical staff, but do not allow us to estimate basic features of the patient visit, such as waiting time in the examination room. The chapter compares our analysis to Barley’s (1986) classic diachronic analysis of CT scanners in radiology departments. The comparison is instructive since Barley (1986) also used longitudinal data to examine changing work processes in medical clinics, but with ethnographic data rather than digital trace data. The comparison helps clarify some of the advantages, disadvantages, and trade-offs involved in using digital trace data for diachronic processual analysis.
How States Evolve
Authors: Green Duncan
Published: July 2024

This chapter explores the dynamics of change in states. States exemplify the challenges of complexity. The interactions, alliances, and disputes between politicians and civil servants, between one ministry and another, or between different tiers of government, and how each of them in turn responds to citizen demand and other external pressures provide the political landscape upon which decisions are made. The chapter argues that effective activists learn to ‘dance with the system’: understanding how the state in question evolved, how its decisions are made, how formal and informal power is distributed within it, and how that distribution shifts over time are essential tasks for any activist intent on making change happen. Since the first edition, the rise of populism poses new challenges to activists in many countries, where they often find themselves defending the institutions of the state from political attack, as well as seeking to influence them.