bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
International boundary experiences by the United Nations
Authors: Kagawa A.
Published: December 2013

Abstract. Over the last few decades, the United Nations (UN) has been approached by Security Council and Member States on international boundary issues. The United Nations regards the adequate delimitation and demarcation of international boundaries as a very important element for the maintenance of peace and security in fragile post-conflict situations, establishment of friendly relationships and cross-border cooperation between States. This paper will present the main principles and framework the United Nations applies to support the process of international boundary delimitation and demarcation activities. The United Nations is involved in international boundary issues following the principle of impartiality and neutrality and its role as mediator. Since international boundary issues are multi-faceted, a range of expertise is required and the United Nations Secretariat is in a good position to provide diverse expertise within the multiple departments. Expertise in different departments ranging from legal, political, technical, administrative and logistical are mobilised in different ways to provide support to Member States depending on their specific needs. This presentation aims to highlight some of the international boundary projects that the United Nations Cartographic Section has been involved in order to provide the technical support to different boundary requirements as each international boundary issue requires specific focus and attention whether it be in preparation, delimitation, demarcation or management. Increasingly, the United Nations is leveraging geospatial technology to facilitate boundary delimitation and demarcation process between Member States. Through the presentation of the various case studies ranging from Iraq – Kuwait, Israel – Lebanon (Blue Line), Eritrea – Ethiopia, Cyprus (Green Line), Cameroon – Nigeria, Sudan – South Sudan, it will illustrate how geospatial technology is increasingly used to carry out the support. In having applied a range of geospatial solutions, some of the good practices that have been applied in preceding projects, but there have been challenges and limitations faced. However, these challenges need to be seen as an opportunity to improve the geospatial technology solutions in future international boundary projects. This presentation will also share the aspirations that the United Nations Cartographic Section has in becoming a facilitator in geospatial technical aspects related to international boundary issues as we increasingly develop our geospatial institutional knowledge base and expertise. The presentation will conclude by emphasizing the need for more collaboration between different actors dealing with geospatial technology on borderland issues in order to meet the main goal of the United Nations – to live and work together as "We the Peoples of the United Nations".
The Relationship between Language, Literature, Teacher Effectiveness and Quality Education
Authors: Lanior Emmanuel Amase , Aondover Alexis Tsavmbu , Aondover Theophilus Kaan
Published: November 2013

The issue of declining quality of education in Nigeria is of serious national concern and quality language education is not an exception. A wide range of factors have been pointed out by experts as being responsible for this situation. Our purpose in this paper is to discuss possible ways of improving on the quality of language education being that the quality of an educational system cannot transcend that of the teachers. The paper contends that for quality language education to be provided, the teacher must be effective; he must be well grounded in both language and literature to effectively impart quality language education. The paper examines the interwoven relationship between language and literature and postulates that merely having many years of classroom experience does not automatically make one an effective teacher. It also discusses several other methods that could be adopted in teaching so as to improve on the quality of language education being provided. The paper concludes that the delicate relationship between language, literature and effective teaching must be sufficiently appreciated by the language teacher in order for the objectives of language course to be attained.
Safety and health in forest harvesting operations. Diagnosis and preventive actions. A review.
Authors: Albizu-Urionabarrenetxea P. , Tolosana-Esteban E. , Roman-Jordan E.
Published: November 2013

Aim of study: to review the present state of the art in relation to the main labour risks and the most relevant results of recent studies evaluating the safety and health conditions of the forest harvesting work and better ways to reduce accidents.Area of study: It focuses mainly on developed Countries, where the general concern about work risks prevention, together with the complex idiosyncrasy of forest work in forest harvesting operations, has led to a growing interest from the forest scientific and technical community.Material and Methods: The main bibliographic and Internet references have been identified using common reference analysis tools. Their conclusions and recommendations have been comprehensively summarized.Main results: Collection of the principal references and their most important conclusions relating to the main accident risk factors, their causes and consequences, the means used towards their prevention, both instrumental as well as in the aspects of training and business management, besides the influence of the growing mechanization of logging operations on those risks.Research highlights: Accident risk is higher in forest harvesting than in most other work sectors, and the main risk factors such as experience, age, seasonality, training, protective equipment, mechanization degree, etc. have been identified and studied.   The paper summarizes some relevant results, one of the principal being that the proper entrepreneurial risk management is a key factor leading to the success in minimizing labour risks.Key words: labour risk; forestry; accident rates; preventive measures; entrepreneurial risk management.
The role of knowledge management tools in supporting sustainable forest management
Authors: Vacik H. , Torresan C. , Hujala T. , Khadka C. , Reynolds K.
Published: November 2013

Aim of study: Knowledge Management (KM) tools facilitate the implementation of knowledge processes by identifying, creating, structuring, and sharing knowledge through use of information technology in order to improve decision-making. In this contribution, we review the way in which KM tools and techniques are used in forest management, and categorize a selected set of them according to their contribution to support decision makers in the phases of problem identification, problem modelling, and problem solving.Material and Methods: Existing examples of cognitive mapping tools, web portals, workflow systems, best practices, and expert systems as well as intelligent agents are screened for their applicability and use in the context of decision support for sustainable forest management. Evidence from scientific literature and case studies is utilized to evaluate the contribution of the different KM tools to support problem identification, problem modelling, and problem solving.Main results: Intelligent agents, expert systems and cognitive maps support all phases of the forest planning process strongly. Web based tools have good potential to support participatory forest planning. Based on the needs of forest management decision support and the thus-far underutilized capabilities of KM tools it becomes evident that future decision analysis will have to consider the use of KM more intensively. Research highlights: As the problem-solving process is the vehicle for connecting both knowledge and decision making performance, the next generation of DSS will need to better encapsulate practices that enhance and promote knowledge management. Web based tools will substitute desktop applications by utilizing various model libraries on the internet.Keywords: best practices; cognitive mapping; expert systems; intelligent agents; web portals; workflow systems; Decision Support Systems.
Variation in growth traits and survival of landraces of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. in the Ethiopian highlands
Authors: Guzman P. , Gil L. , Tadesse W.
Published: November 2013

Aim of study: Eucalyptus globulus Labill. is the most planted tree species in the Ethiopian highlands due to its potential to satisfy the increasing wood demand of the population. The objectives of this study are to assess the variation in growth traits and survival among E. globulus landraces and clones and to evaluate correlations between growth traits on saplings established in the field.Area of study: The study was performed in the central highlands of Ethiopia.Material and Methods: A landrace trial with Ethiopian seedlings and Spanish cuttings (Sancho and Tinto clones) of E. globulus was carried out. Root collar diameter, height and survival were evaluated on saplings one year after outplanted in the field.Main results: The Spanish landrace showed an improved field performance with 35% higher root collar diameter, 35% taller saplings and 27% higher survival rates as compared to the Ethiopian plants. Sancho clone attained 10% higher root collar diameter than Tinto clone. Strong positive correlation between root collar diameter and height for all saplings was observed (r=0.8785).Research highlights: The present study can be considered as a starting point to implement a breeding program for E. globulus, which is nowadays of great importance in Ethiopia. The introduction of a new Spanish landrace may contribute to broadening the genetic base of this species in Ethiopia. Further tree breeding efforts with E. globulus should be undertaken to raise such genetic base and to increase the productivity of eucalypt plantations in the Ethiopian highlands.Keywords: clone; rural development; tree breeding.
El Derecho de Autor Ante Los Desafíos Del Desarrollo En El Entorno Digital Y Las Comunicaciones En Los Momentos Actuales. Su Expresión En El Sistema De Derecho Interno En Cuba
Authors: Paneque Olivia Virgen Figueredo , Sánchez Alcides Francisco Antúnez , Pellicer Yolanda Soler
Published: December 2013

El trabajo recoge un eje temático álgido en su conceptualización y ejecución por los entes y agentes que se relacionan con el Derecho de Autor. Hacemos un recorrido por los comienzos de la actividad. El hombre desde su surgimiento ha creado y es lo que siempre lo ha distinguido, sin embargo el autor y el artista durante siglos desconocidos no fueron protegidos ni sus creaciones tampoco hasta el siglo pasado en que se desarrollaron plenamente los conceptos de individualidad, propiedad, derechos naturales o humanos.
El derecho de autor puede decirse que existió siempre, pero no era legislado, sino que en las antiguas sociedades, lo creado por los autores se regía por el derecho de propiedad común, es decir, que podía disponer de ellos como una cosa, como cualquier otro bien material. La protección a los autores es relativamente joven aunque desde los períodos más remotos ya existía una noción de propiedad literaria, esto último no podemos negarlo absolutamente, si tenemos en cuenta que en Roma existían verdaderos talleres de copistas que reproducían las obras en manuscritos, ignorando el derecho de autor en el sentido actual. El desarrollo del entorno digital y las comunicaciones en los momentos actuales es vertiginoso. Surgen nuevas formas de expresión y creación, nuevos modos, vías y medios de reproducción y acceso. El proceso de globalización de mercados y economías en que se encuentra inmersa la actual ¨sociedad de la información¨ hace cada vez más necesaria la utilización de la informática como instrumento para el tratamiento de datos y su transmisión de un lugar a otro.
Aspectos qualitativos da infiltração da vinhaça de cana no aqüífero Bauru
Authors: Hassuda Seiju , Rebouças Aldo da Cunha , Cunha Rodrigo César de Araújo
Published: December 2013

A área estudada está localizada no município de Novo Horizonte, situado no centro-oeste do Estado de São Paulo. Na região ocorrem sedimentos cretáceos do Grupo Bauru que constituem um aqüífero livre, poroso e explorado para fins de abastecimento doméstico e industrial. Sobre este aqüífero, cuja extensão no Estado· de São Paulo é de 104.000 km² , a atividade canavieira tem apresentado um grande crescimento, fazendo com que um grande volume de vinhaça se infiltre no solo e cause uma considerável poluição hídrica, já considerada crítica em certas áreas. Este trabalho enfoca a problemática da infiltração da vinhaça numa área-piloto do aqüífero Bauru. Os resultados obtidos nesta pesquisa caracterizam claramente os impactos que a infiltração da vinhaça causa à água subterrânea, tornando-a inadequada para o consumo humano. Os seguintes parâmetros excederam os padrões de potabilidade: o nitrogênio amoniacal foi encontrado com valores entre >;0,005 e 9,8 mg/l; o magnésio, entre 12,0 e 210,0 mg/l; o alumínio, entre >;0,02 e 23,0 mg/l; o ferro, entre >;0,005 e 60,0 mg/l; o manganês, entre 5,0 e 60,0 mg/l; e o cloreto, entre 4,0 e 640,0 mg/l.
Palinologia de sedimentos da Bacia de São Paulo, Terciário do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Lima Murilo Rodolfo de , Melo Mário Sérgio de , Coimbra Armando Márcio
Published: November 2013

Os depósitos terciários da Bacia de São Paulo, que abrangem sedimentos referidos às formações São Paulo e Itaquaquecetuba, mais recentemente têm sido reinterpretados como um conjunto sedimentar paleogeno que inclui sistema basal de leques aluviais e canais entrelaçados, sistema lacustre (em parte sincrônico com os anteriores) e sistema fluvial meandrante de topo. A interpretação da Formação Itaquaquecetuba (sistema fluvial entrelaçado) tem sido controvertida, sendo ora considerada como pertencente aos depósitos basais, ora como produto de reativação tectônica e remanejamento de sedimentos no Neogeno ou mesmo Quaternário. O presente estudo compreendeu a análise palinológica de sedimentos provenientes não só dos depósitos de leques aluviais e do sistema lacustre (atribuídos à Formação São Paulo) como também do sistema de canais entrelaçados (atribuídos à Formação Itaquaquecetuba). As palinofloras encontradas, com vários taxa de valor estratigráfico e paleoclimático, são bastante homogêneas nas várias amostras, sugerindo idades e paleoclimas muito próximos. A dominância de taxa oligocenos, ao lado de uns poucos tidos como eocenos ou mais antigos, sugere duas hipóteses: 1) possível remanejamento de sedimentos eocenos no Oligoceno; 2) os taxa considerados como eocenos teriam tido, na realidade, distribuição até o Oligoceno, o que implicaria a necessidade de correção do seu intervalo de distribuição. A relativa abundância de taxa indicativos de clima mais frio (coníferas), ao lado da escassez daqueles mais típicos de clima quente e úmido, sugere vigência de clima relativamente frio durante a sedimentação. Entretanto, não foi possível precisar o efeito das diferenciações florísticas de altitude na assembléia polínica preservada
Experimental Investigation of Pervaporation Membranes for Biobutanol Separation
Authors: Heitmann S. , Krüger V. , Welz D. , Lutze P.
Published: December 2013

Biotechnological production of chemical building blocks is one important step towards a more sustainable production. Unfortunately, the products to be separated are often highly diluted. Pervaporation has received increasing attention for the separation of small amounts of organic compounds from aqueous solutions, especially in the separation of butanol from water or from fermentation broth. To evaluate the potential of pervaporation for biobutanol recovery a consistent database is required, describing the dependency of permeate fluxes and selectivities on process variables like temperature, permeate pressure as well as feed concentrations and compositions. Therefore, within this work we investigated the separation behaviour of a commercially available polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) membrane and membranes based on poly(ether block amide) (PEBA) fabricated in our own laboratory. The membranes were tested under varying operating conditions. Fermentation by-products or impurities may affect the pervaporation separation performance. Therefore, in addition, the permeate fluxes and the influence of acetone, ethanol, acetic and butyric acid and 1,3-propanediol have been investigated in detail as well. Several differences in the permeability and selectivity of PDMS and PEBA were observed during the experimental study. Swelling experiments were applied to further analyse the separation behaviour of PDMS and PEBA more in detail. Finally the influence of the observed separation performances on the overall butanol pervaporation process is discussed. It was found that especially well permeating by-products like acetone can drastically influence the subsequent downstreaming process.
Alimentation et vivre-ensemble
Authors: Tibère Laurence
Published: November 2013

La créolisation est le fruit des situations d’acculturation qui caractérisent certaines sociétés formées avec la colonisation, donnant naissance à des configurations socioanthropologiques singulières, tant sur le plan des productions matérielles et immatérielles que sur celui des formes de vivre-ensemble. Dans ces processus, l’alimentation joue un rôle majeur en tant que support de construction et d’expression identitaires. Sur le plan sociohistorique, la créolisation de l’alimentation correspond aux formes d’entrecroisements culturels intervenus dans ces sociétés, donnant ce que l’on appelle localement lescuisines créoles ; ces hybridations se poursuivent aujourd’hui encore avec la globalisation et les migrations plus récentes. Plus largement, elle désigne les processus identitaires qui entourent l’alimentation et par lesquels les populations en situation de diversité culturelle marquent l’en-commun et la différence. La réflexion s’appuie sur l’étude du système alimentaire à La Réunion, où la cuisine créole et le manger créole symbolisent l’appartenance commune, alors que les autres cuisines soutiennent les dynamiques de différenciation et de construction de la mémoire des origines.
Intersections translocales
Authors: Ayora-Diaz Steffan Igor
Published: November 2013

La gastronomie yucatèque a fait son apparition durant la seconde moitié du XXe siècle en tant qu’aboutissement de longs processus historiques se jouant aux niveaux local, global et translocal. Une forte opposition culturelle à la cuisine nationale mexicaine renforce la spécificité culturelle de cette gastronomie, et les ingrédients, les recettes et les techniques culinaires employés au Yucatán la relient à d’autres formes culinaires du monde caraïbe. Cet article soutient que l’apparition d’une gastronomie yucatèque distincte est née de l’inclination au cosmopolitisme d’une population locale désireuse de s’approprier et d’adapter les contributions culinaires des immigrants venus d’Europe, du Moyen-Orient, de l’Amérique du Nord et d’autres pays de la région caraïbe. Cette situation a stimulé les connexions latérales, mineures et translocales qui ont contribué à faire de l’alimentation yucatèque un métissage culturel qui a fait fusionner les pratiques et les ingrédients locaux, translocaux et globaux. J’avance que l’intégration du local au global reconfigure la part et l’importance de la cuisine yucatèque dans le marché régional, national et international des nourritures culturelles.
Changements alimentaires autour de la banane plantain au Cameroun
Authors: Mbarga Tite Ngoumou
Published: November 2013

Cet article aborde sous un angle anthropologique le sujet des changements alimentaires au Cameroun. Il explore la consommation de la banane plantain, l’un des symboles de la culture des populations autochtones des régions au sud et du centre du Cameroun, à partir du village de Koumou situé à l’arrière-pays de Yaoundé jusqu’à cette même ville. En utilisant des données recueillies en 2004, l’article jette un regard sur les changements dans la consommation de la banane plantain qui sont dus à l’urbanisation. Utilisant une analyse de classe, il présente la question de la différentiation alimentaire qui accompagne le développement des classes sociales urbaines et propose des points théoriques sur le sujet des changements alimentaires en particulier et la consommation en général.
Il y a kébab et kébab
Authors: Cavanaugh Jillian
Published: November 2013

Cet article analyse un cas de racisme gastronomique qui a eu lieu dans la ville de Bergame située dans le nord de l’Italie. Basé sur des recherches ethnographiques de longue durée, il s’intéresse particulièrement à la façon dont les membres d’un groupe Facebook – créé spécifiquement pour protester contre la présence d’un stand à kébab dans la Ville Haute (historique) de Bergame – utilisent des ressources sémiotiques et linguistiques telles que l’alimentation, le site, le langage et l’expérience corporelle pour établir des limites entre les membres de ce groupe et les intrus. Ce faisant, l’article s’inscrit dans une discussion sur la signification de l’alimentation au sein de communautés et de réseaux locaux et globaux. Il considère que la nourriture est un signifiant puissant et très marqué du global et du local et qu’elle fait partie des débats locaux, nationaux et globaux sur la valeur attribuée aux gens, aux choses, aux pratiques et aux valeurs toujours en mouvement.
HIV prevalence and factors associated with HIV infection among men who have sex with men in Cameroon
Authors: Park Ju Nyeong , Papworth Erin , Kassegne Sethson , Moukam Laure , Billong Serge Clotaire , Macauley Issac , Yomb Yves Roger , Nkoume Nathalie , Mondoleba Valentin , Eloundou Jules , LeBreton Matthew , Tamoufe Ubald , Grosso Ashley , Baral Stefan D
Published: December 2013

Introduction

Despite men who have sex with men (MSM) being a key population for HIV programming globally, HIV epidemiologic data on MSM in Central Africa are sparse. We measured HIV and syphilis prevalence and the factors associated with HIV infection among MSM in Cameroon.

Methods

Two hundred and seventy‐two and 239 MSM aged ≥18 from Douala and Yaoundé, respectively, were recruited using respondent‐driven sampling (RDS) for this cross‐sectional surveillance study in 2011. Participants completed a structured questionnaire and HIV and syphilis testing. Statistical analyses, including RDS‐weighted proportions, bootstrapped confidence intervals and logistic regressions, were used.

Results

Crude and RDS‐weighted HIV prevalence were 28.6% (73/255) and 25.5% (95% CI 19.1–31.9) in Douala, and 47.3% (98/207) and 44.4% (95% CI 35.7–53.2) in Yaoundé. Active syphilis prevalence in total was 0.4% (2/511). Overall, median age was 24 years, 62% (317/511) of MSM identified as bisexual and 28.6% (144/511) identified as gay. Inconsistent condom use with regular male partners (64.1%; 273/426) and casual male and female partners (48.5%; 195/402) was common, as was the inconsistent use of condom‐compatible lubricants (CCLs) (26.3%; 124/472). In Douala, preferring a receptive sexual role was associated with prevalent HIV infection [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 2.33, 95% CI 1.02–5.32]. Compared to MSM without HIV infection, MSM living with HIV were more likely to have ever accessed a health service targeting MSM in Douala (aOR 4.88, 95% CI 1.63–14.63). In Yaoundé, MSM living with HIV were more likely to use CCLs (aOR 2.44, 95% CI 1.19–4.97).

Conclusions

High HIV prevalence were observed and condoms and CCLs were used inconsistently indicating that MSM are a priority population for HIV prevention, treatment and care services in Douala and Yaoundé. Building the capacity of MSM community organizations and improving the delivery and scale‐up of multimodal interventions for MSM that are sensitive to concerns about confidentiality and the complex individual, social, community‐level and policy challenges are needed to successfully engage young MSM in the continuum of HIV care. In addition to scaling up condom and CCL access, evaluating the feasibility of novel biomedical interventions, including antiretroviral pre‐exposure prophylaxis and early antiretroviral therapy for MSM living with HIV in Cameroon, is also warranted.
A pilot cohort study to assess the feasibility of HIV prevention science research among men who have sex with men in Dakar, Senegal
Authors: Dramé Fatou Maria , Crawford Emily E , Diouf Daouda , Beyrer Chris , Baral Stefan D
Published: December 2013

Introduction

Men who have sex with men (MSM) are disproportionately burdened by HIV in Senegal, across sub‐Saharan Africa and throughout the world. This is driven in part by stigma, and limits health achievements and social capital among these populations. To date, there is a limited understanding of the feasibility of prospective HIV prevention studies among MSM in Senegal, including HIV incidence and cohort retention rates.

Methods

One hundred and nineteen men who reported having anal sex with another man in the past 12 months were randomly selected from a sampling frame of 450 unique members of community groups serving MSM in Dakar. These men were enrolled in a 15‐month pilot cohort study implemented by a community‐based partner. The study included a structured survey instrument and biological testing for HIV, syphilis and hepatitis B virus at two time points.

Results

Baseline HIV prevalence was 36.0% (43/114), with cumulative HIV prevalence at study end being 47.2% (51/108). The annualized incidence rate was 16% (8/40 at risk for seroconversion over 15 months of follow‐up, 95% confidence interval 4.6–27.4%). Thirty‐seven men were lost to follow up, including at least four deaths. Men who were able to confide in someone about health, emotional distress and sex were less likely to be HIV positive (OR 0.36, p < 0.05, 95% CI 0.13, 0.97).

Conclusions

High HIV prevalence and incidence, as well as mortality in this young population of Senegalese MSM indicate a public health emergency. Moreover, given the high burden of HIV and rate of incident HIV infections, this population appears to be appropriate for the evaluation of novel HIV prevention, treatment and care approaches. Using a study implemented by community‐based organizations, there appears to be feasibility in implementing interventions addressing the multiple levels of HIV risk among MSM in this setting. However, low retention across arms of this pilot intervention, and in the cohort, will need to be addressed for larger‐scale efficacy trials to be feasible.
3D-Conformal RT, Fixed-Field IMRT and RapidArc, Which One is Better for Esophageal Carcinoma Treated with Elective Nodal Irradiation
Authors: Wang D. , Yang Y. , Zhu J. , Li B. , Chen J. , Yin Y.
Published: December 2013

The purpose of this study is to compare the characteristics of 3D-conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT), fixed-field intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) and RapidArc for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) treated with elective nodal irradiation (ENI). CT datasets of 20 patients with ESCC were included and plans for single and double arcs of RapidArc (RA1 and RA2), 7-field IMRT and 3D-CRT were created and optimized for each patient. The goal was to deliver 59.6 Gy to ≥95% of the planning target volume (40 Gy to electively irradiated lymph nodal regions) while meeting the same normal-tissue dose constraints. The plans were compared based on dosimetric characteristics of target and organs at risk (OARs), monitor units (MUs), and appraised beam-on time. Both RA2 and IMRT resulted in similar target coverage (V95%, 97.84 ± 1.50% for RA2 versus 96.96 ± 1.15% for IMRT), homogeneity index (HI, 0.11 ± 0.02 for RA2 versus 0.10 ± 0.01 for IMRT) and conformity index (CI, 0.81 ± 0.03 for RA2 versus 0.79 ± 0.04 for IMRT), which displayed slightly better than single arc (V95% = 94.55 ± 1.50%, HI = 0.12 ± 0.02, CI = 0.80 ± 0.02) and much better than 3D-CRT (V95% = 91.17 ± 2.89%, HI = 0.15 ± 0.03, CI = 0.60 ± 0.07). The total lung V20, V30 was reduced approximately from 31%, 16% (3D-CRT) to 22%, 13% (IMRT) and 20%, 12% (RA2); the heart V30, V40 from 29%, 21% (3D-CRT) to 28%, 20% (IMRT) and 27%, 18% (RA2). The maximum dose to the spinal cord was 44.26 ± 2.60 Gy for 3D-CRT, 42.47 ± 2.40 Gy for IMRT, and 42.79 ± 1.81 Gy for RA2. The number of MUs per fraction reduced from 990 ± 165 (IMRT) to 503 ± 70 (3D-CRT) and 502 ± 79 (RA2). Appraised beam-on time of RapidArc was 1.2–2.4 min, which was lower than IMRT with 5.4 min by average. RapidArc, especially for double arcs plan could provide slight improvements in OARs sparing and lower MUs without compromised target qualities compared with IMRT, which was much better than 3D-CRT for ESCC treated with ENI.
Publication rates of abstracts presented at the Association of Chiropractic Colleges Educational Conference/Research Agenda Conference from 2002 to 2008
Authors: Bakkum Barclay W. , Chapman Cynthia , Johnson Claire
Published: December 2013

Objective

The purposes of this study were to investigate the overall publication rates of presentations at the Association of Chiropractic Colleges Educational Conference/Research Agenda Conference (ACC/RAC) meetings (2002–2008), differences in the publication rates of platform vs poster presentations, and the consistency of the meeting abstract compared to the full-length journal article.

Methods

Abstracts were obtained from proceedings published in the Journal of Chiropractic Education. Literature searches using PubMed and the Index to the Chiropractic Literature (ICL) were performed to locate peer-reviewed journal articles based upon those abstracts. Whether the article was based upon a poster or platform presentation, and the congruence of the information in the abstract and article were recorded.

Results

We identified 776 proceeding abstracts, 249 of which eventually were published between 2002 and 2012. The overall publication rate was 32.2%. A total of 42.7% of platform presentations eventually were published vs 20.3% of posters. Congruency showed that 43.2% had the same title as the meeting abstract, 59.7% had the same authorship, and 88.8% had the same methods.

Conclusion

Publication rates of abstracts from spine and orthopedic surgery national meetings range from 34% to 59%. The ACC/RAC meetings have similar publication rates. More platform than poster presentations reach full publication. The congruency of ACC/RAC abstracts to published articles is higher than national meetings in other fields.
Kinetics of Enolisation of Acetophenone and p-Bromoacetophenone: Comparative Studies
Authors: Malhotra Swati , Jaspal Dipika
Published: December 2013

Biomolecules (Amino Acids) have been used as catalysts for the study of kinetics involved in enolosation of acetophenone and p-bromoacetophenone, and comparative study has been carried out. The process of enolisation was studied by halogenations reactions using iodine. The stoichiometery was determined in each case and the kinetic reactions were carried out to study the effect of catalyst and temperature. The enolisation process was investigated as a bimolecular reaction. The rate of enolisation was of the order p- Bromoacetophenone > Acetophenone depending on the type of substituent. The process was investigated to follow Arrhenius equation. Values for various thermodynamic parameters like Entropy (∆S≠) and Enthalpy (∆H≠) were found to be -2.126 e.u. & -10.88 e.u. and 19.06 K. cal mol-1 & 19.01 K. cal mol-1 for acetophenone and p-bromoacetophenone respectively. © 2013 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Comparison of Kinetic-based and Artificial Neural Network Modeling Methods for a Pilot Scale Vacuum Gas Oil Hydrocracking Reactor
Authors: Sadighi Sepehr , Zahedi Gholam Reza
Published: December 2013

An artificial neural network (ANN) and kinetic-based models for a pilot scale vacuum gas oil (VGO) hydrocracking plant are presented in this paper. Reported experimental data in the literature were used to develop, train, and check these models. The proposed models are capable of predicting the yield of all main hydrocracking products including dry gas, light naphtha, heavy naphtha, kerosene, diesel, and unconverted VGO (residue). Results showed that kinetic-based and artificial neural models have specific capabilities to predict yield of hydrocracking products. The former is able to accurately predict the yield of lighter products, i.e. light naphtha, heavy naphtha and kerosene. However, ANN model is capable of predicting yields of diesel and residue with higher precision. The comparison shows that the ANN model is superior to the kinetic-base models. © 2013 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Oxidation of Catechol using Titanium Silicate (TS-1) Catalyst: Modeling and Optimization
Authors: Sengupta Sonali , Ghosal Debarpita , Basu Jayanta K.
Published: December 2013

The oxidation of catechol was studied in an eco-friendly process with commercial titanium silicate-1 (TS-1) catalyst and hydrogen peroxide as oxidant in absence of all mass transfer effects. The process was opti-mized by Box-Behnken design in terms of three independent process variables such as reaction tempera-ture, moles of hydrogen peroxide per mole of catechol and catalyst amount whose optimum values of the process variables were found to be 60 °C, 13.2 and 1.24 g respectively for maximum conversion of 75.8 %. The effects of different process parameters such as mole ratio of hydrogen peroxide to catechol, catalyst par-ticle size, catalyst amount, temperature and reaction time were studied. A pseudo first order kinetic model was fitted with the experimental rate data. The apparent activation energy for the reaction was found to be 11.37 kJ/mole. © 2013 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
Hydrogen Production via Glycerol Dry Reforming over La-Ni/Al2O3 Catalyst
Authors: Siew Kah Weng , Lee Hua Chyn , Gimbun Jolius , Cheng Chin Kui
Published: December 2013

Glycerol (a bio-waste generated from biodiesel production) has been touted as a promising bio-syngas precursor via reforming route. Previous studies have indicated that carbon deposition is the major performance-limiting factor for nickel (Ni) catalyst during glycerol steam reforming. In the current paper, dry (CO2)-reforming of glycerol, a new reforming route was carried out over alumina (Al2O3)-supported non-promoted and lanthanum-promoted Ni catalysts. Both sets of catalysts were synthesized via wet co-impregnation procedure. The physicochemical characterization of the catalyst showed that the promoted catalyst possessed smaller metal crystallite size, hence higher metal dispersion compared to the virgin Ni/Al2O3 catalyst. This was also corroborated by the surface images captured by the FESEM analysis. In addition, BET surface area measurement gave 92.05m²/g for non-promoted Ni catalyst whilst promoted catalysts showed an average of 1 to 6% improvement depending on the La loading. Reaction studies at 873 K showed that glycerol dry reforming successfully produced H2 with glycerol conversion and H2 yield that peaked at 9.7% and 25% respectively over 2wt% La content. The optimum catalytic performance by 2%La-Ni/Al2O3 can be attributed to the larger BET surface area and smaller crystallite size that ensured accessibility of active catalytic sites. © 2013 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0)
A global view of the atmospheric lunar semidiurnal tide
Authors: Paulino A. R. , Batista P. P. , Batista I. S.
Published: November 2013

Atmospheric lunar semidiurnal tides are studied using 10 years of temperature data collected by the Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics/Sounding of the Atmosphere Using Broadband Emission Radiometry satellite. The amplitudes and phases in the temperature field are calculated by performing least mean square fit in a data set of about 60 day interval (combining ascending and descending data together). The mean tidal structures are studied for the height range from 20 to 120 km, between ±50° latitude and centered on each month from February 2002 to January 2012. A clear signature of the 12.42 h (lunar semidiurnal tide) is observed in the data. Characteristic of propagating waves is observed in the vertical amplitude and phase profiles in almost all heights. The best conditions of propagation for the lunar semidiurnal tide are reached in the lower thermosphere region. Asymmetry between the hemispheres and seasonal variability is observed in the amplitudes of the tide. Longitudinal variations are also observed, which reveals the existence of nonmigrating components in addition to the dominant migrating lunar tide.
Vertically resolved chemical characteristics and sources of submicron aerosols measured on a Tall Tower in a suburban area near Denver, Colorado in winter
Authors: Öztürk F. , Bahreini R. , Wagner N. L. , Dubé W. P. , Young C. J. , Brown S. S. , Brock C. A. , Ulbrich I. M. , Jimenez J. L. , Cooper O. R. , Middlebrook A. M.
Published: November 2013

The Nitrogen, Aerosol Composition, and Halogens on a Tall Tower study was conducted at the Boulder Atmospheric Observatory in Colorado during February–March 2011. A compact time‐of‐flight aerosol mass spectrometer was installed in a moving carriage on the tower, obtaining vertical profiles of submicron nonrefractory aerosol mass concentrations () from 0–265 m above ground level. The average was 4.6 ± 5.7 µg/m3, with average contributions of nitrate, organics, sulfate, ammonium, and chloride of 35%, 26%, 20%, 17%, and 1%, respectively. Positive Matrix Factorization analysis of the organic aerosol (OA) mass spectra indicated that average contributions of oxygenated organic aerosol (OOA)‐I, OOA‐II, and hydrocarbon‐like organic aerosol (surrogates for aged and fresh secondary OA and primary OA, respectively) to OA mass were 52%, 32%, and 16%, respectively. There was considerable variability in the vertical profiles of aerosol mass loading and composition, especially at the lowest heights. Below 40 m, the highest concentrations were composed of mostly nitrate (30–46%) and were associated with winds from the northeast where there are large agricultural facilities. When winds were southerly, mass distributions near the surface had small, fresh OA, indicating the influence of nearby Denver urban emissions at the site. The largest contribution to OA mass at these heights was OOA‐II (~43%). Between 40 and 120 m, trajectory cluster analysis indicated that during high‐altitude long‐range transport events, daytime aerosol composition was dominated by sulfate, whereas during low‐altitude transport events, the contributions of sulfate, nitrate, and OA were comparable. OOA‐I contributed the most (53–68%) to OA mass at these tower heights.
Reconstruction of daily photosynthetically active radiation and its trends over China
Authors: Tang Wenjun , Qin Jun , Yang Kun , Niu Xiaolei , Zhang Xiaotong , Yu Yu , Zhu Xudong
Published: November 2013

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) is widely required in ecological studies, but it is not routinely measured at China Meteorological Administration (CMA) stations. In this study, a PAR model is utilized to estimate daily PAR from routine meteorological parameters (air temperature, air pressure, relative humidity, and sunshine duration) at CMA stations. The estimate is evaluated against measurements at 10 Chinese Ecosystem Research Network (CERN) stations. The model can produce PAR with mean bias errors of −2.4 W m−2, root mean square errors of 14.0 W m−2, and correlation coefficient (R) of 0.92 at all CERN stations. Comparison with a locally calibrated model indicates that the estimate has a comparable or even higher accuracy than the local model calibrated with CERN data. Another evaluation at an independent site further indicates that our estimate has higher accuracy than the local model at stations independent of CERN. Finally, a 50 year data set of daily PAR at 716 CMA stations over China is reconstructed by the validated model, and its climatology and long‐term variations over China are analyzed. The data set would substantially contribute to ecological studies in China.
Establishing the Duration of Crimes: An Individual Differences and Eye‐Tracking Investigation into Time Estimation
Authors: Attard Janice , Bindemann Markus
Published: November 2013

The time available for viewing a perpetrator at a crime scene predicts successful person recognition in subsequent identity line‐ups. This time is usually unknown and must be derived from eyewitnesses' duration estimates. This study therefore compared the estimates that different individuals provide for crimes. We then attempted to determine the accuracy of these durations by measuring observers' general time estimation ability with a set of estimator videos. Observers differed greatly in their ability to estimate time, but individual duration estimates correlated strongly for crime and estimator materials. This indicates that it might be possible to infer unknown durations of events, such as criminal incidents, from a person's ability to estimate known durations. We also measured observers' eye movements to a perpetrator during crimes. Only fixations on a perpetrator's face related to eyewitness accuracy, but these fixations did not correlate with exposure estimates for this person. The implications of these findings are discussed. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Concise Stereocontrolled Total Synthesis of (±)‐Stemoamide
Authors: Li Zhengnian , Zhang Lijuan , Qiu Fayang G.
Published: November 2013

A concise stereocontrolled total synthesis of (±)‐stemoamide (1) was achieved in six steps starting from readily accessible 2‐trimethylsilioxy‐3‐methylfuran, methyl‐4‐nitrobutyrate, and acrolein. After converting the nitro group into a ketone, a subsequent reductive amination was used as the key step to construct the seven‐membered ring and also to control the configuration of the C9a stereochemical center of stemoamide.
Additional mandibles of Rangwapithecus gordoni, an early Miocene catarrhine from the Tinderet localities of Western Kenya
Authors: Cote Susanne , Malit Nasser , Nengo Isaiah
Published: November 2013

Two catarrhine mandibles and five isolated teeth have been discovered from Early Miocene localities in Western Kenya. One mandible comes from the well‐known locality of Songhor whereas the other is from a newly discovered locality, Lower Kapurtay, located near Songhor. The mandibles both can clearly be assigned to the species Rangwapithecus gordoni based on molar morphology, which is unique among Early Miocene catarrhines. The isolated specimens can be assigned to Rangwapithecus based on their similarities in morphology to the homologues preserved in the two mandibles. These specimens provide important new information about the dentognathic morphology of Rangwapithecus, which is described in detail. The mandible from Songhor (KNM‐SO 22228) represents the first definitive female mandible of Rangwapithecus. The Lower Kapurtay mandible (KNM‐KT 31234) appears to be male but is much smaller than another recently described male mandible of this species (KNM‐SO 17500) and the type maxilla (KNM‐SO 700). These specimens enable a reassessment of the attributions of all other mandibles and isolated lower teeth of Rangwapithecus, and we present a complete hypodigm of the mandibular and lower dental material for the species. Finally, we provide some additions to the diagnosis of Rangwapithecus gordoni based on previously unknown morphology. Am J Phys Anthropol 153:341–352, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Diversity of the Structures in a Distannene Complex and its Reduction to Generate a Six‐Membered Ti2Sn4 Ring Complex
Authors: Kuwabara Takuya , Guo Jing Dong , Nagase Shigeru , Saito Masaichi
Published: November 2013

In contrast to olefin complexes, their congeners of heavier elements display various coordination modes, and their complexes may be present as bis(metallylene) complexes, with side‐on coordination, as metallacyclopropanes, or as π complexes. In the course of our studies on the reactivity of dilithiostannoles towards transition‐metal reagents, three‐membered TiSn2 and six‐membered Ti2Sn4 ring complexes were obtained. According to its geometric parameters, NMR analysis, and theoretical calculations, the TiSn2 complex cannot be categorized into any of these previously described bonding modes. Therefore, a novel resonance structure has been proposed for a complex that has a delocalized σ‐orbital over the TiSn2 ring to understand its electronic structure. The mechanism for the formation of the Ti2Sn4 ring complex and its EPR spectrum are also discussed.
Omuralid und Vibralacton: Unterschiede im Proteasom‐β‐Lacton‐γ‐Lactamgerüst verändern die Zielmolekülpräferenz
Authors: List Anja , Zeiler Evelyn , Gallastegui Nerea , Rusch Marion , Hedberg Christian , Sieber Stephan A. , Groll Michael
Published: November 2013

Trotz der strukturellen Ähnlichkeit der beiden Naturstoffe Omuralid und Vibralacton zeigen sich unerwartete Unterschiede in den Präferenzen ihrer jeweiligen Zielenzyme. Während Omuralid das Chymotrypsin‐ähnliche aktive Zentrum des Proteasoms mit IC50 = 47 nM inhibiert, hat Vibralacton auch bei Konzentrationen von bis zu 1 mM keinen Effekt auf diese Protease. Aktivitätsbasiertes Protein‐Profiling in HeLa‐Zellen identifizierte APT1 und APT2 als zelluläre Angriffsziele von Vibralacton.
Direct α‐Vinylidenation of Aldehydes and Subsequent Cascade: Gold and Amine Catalysts Work Synergistically
Authors: Wang Zhaofeng , Li Xijian , Huang Yong
Published: November 2013

Carbonyl‐substituted allenes are highly important synthetic intermediates for a number of heterocycles and strained‐ring systems. However, chemistry of allenyl aldehydes has not been explored as extensively as their ketone, ester, or amide analogues because of a lack of general synthetic methods. Described herein is the first direct α‐vinylidenation of aldehydes and an α‐vinylidenation/γ‐functionalization cascade to access tri‐ and tetrasubstituted allenyl aldehydes using a combination of a gold catalyst and an secondary amine. The reactive enamine intermediate of an aldehyde reacts with the gold‐activated hypervalent silylethynyl benziodoxolone to selectively generate the corresponding trisubstituted allenyl aldehyde. The allenyl aldehyde can further react with another equivalent of the alkynylation reagent or other electrophiles to afford tetrasubstituted allenes bearing an aldehyde group, an acetylene, and a halogen functionality. This method enables rapid access to polysubstituted furans from aldehydes.
Omuralide and Vibralactone: Differences in the Proteasome‐ β‐Lactone‐γ‐Lactam Binding Scaffold Alter Target Preferences
Authors: List Anja , Zeiler Evelyn , Gallastegui Nerea , Rusch Marion , Hedberg Christian , Sieber Stephan A. , Groll Michael
Published: November 2013

Despite their structural similarity, the natural products omuralide and vibralactone have different biological targets. While omuralide blocks the chymotryptic activity of the proteasome with an IC50 value of 47 nM, vibralactone does not have any effect at this protease up to a concentration of 1 mM. Activity‐based protein profiling in HeLa cells revealed that the major targets of vibralactone are APT1 and APT2.