bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bailiffs’ Offices in the North Caucasus in the Last Third of the 18th — First Half of the 19th Centuries: Evolution of Activity
Authors: Abazov A. Kh. , Nakhusheva I. R.
Published: August 2020

The article considers the evolution and suggests the periodization of the activities of local judicial and administrative control institutions in the North Caucasus in the last third of the 18th — first half of the 19th centuries on the example of bailiffs’ offices. Four stages are highlighted: 1) the establishment of the first private bailiff in Kabarda (1769) and the formation of the Main Caucasian bailiff’s office (1800); 2) its separation from the Main Kalmyk bailiff’s office structure (1801); 3) adoption of an Institution for the administration of the Caucasus region (1827); 4) reorganization of the Chechen bailiff (1852) and replacement of bailiffs by institutions of military popular administration (1858). The functions of the main and local bailiffs’ offices within the framework of the proposed periodization are considered. The features of administrative subordination of local and main bailiff offices and their staff structure are studied. Attention is drawn to the difficulties of organizing the activities of bailiffs’ offices related to their subordination, on the one hand, to the Board (Ministry) of Foreign Affairs, on the other — to the provincial or linear authorities. It is concluded that the proposed periodization allows to present the dynamics of the activity of the bailiffs in the North Caucasus in the last third of the 18th — first half of the 19th centuries as a complex phenomenon aimed at finding optimal forms of governance of the peoples included in the political and legal space of the Russian Empire.
On Problem of National Self-Determination of Autochthonous Peoples by Example of Southern Russia Regions (Late 1980s — Early 1990s)
Authors: Belozerova M. V.
Published: August 2020

The article considers the problem of national self-determination among the autochthonous peoples of Russia as a component of the ethnopolitical processes of the late 1980s and early 1990s. The relevance is determined by the need to study the manifested ethnic interests, inter-ethnic tension and separatist tendencies that have passed from a latent state to an open form among a number of autochthonous peoples. On the basis of comparative analysis, research of archival documents of state, departmental, personal archives and historiographical data, general trends and regional specifics of Khakas, Adygs, Shapsugs, Shors, and Teleuts are revealed. The ethno-political processes on which the ideas of national self-determination were based include the growth of ethnic consciousness, “the politicization” of ethnicity, the change of ideological paradigms, the institutional activity of national elites, the formation of national revival programs, and myth-making. The author reveals the significant commonality of myths (“search for the enemy,” “loss” of national culture and other theses) and differences based on the historical and ethnic memory of each nation. Special attention is paid to the problem of autonomy. It was seen as an emerging component in attempts to implement the idea of national self-determination. The experience of normalization of social relations was considered in the analysis of the tactics used by national elites in achieving political goals, decisions made by regional authorities, and the reaction of various segments of society.
French Communist Group in Moscow: Formation and Activities (1918—1920)
Authors: Bespalova K. A.
Published: August 2020

The problem of studying the activities of the French Communist Group (FCG), created in Russia in 1918 on the initiative of the Russian Communist Party, is examined. In domestic and foreign historiography, there are works devoted to the history of the formation of this organization and the composition of the group. An analysis of the works shows that the work of the French group in several cities of Russia is presented as the activity of one organization. In this article, special attention is paid to studying the work of the main bureau of the FCG, located in Moscow in the 1918—1920s, as the key core of the organization. The source base of the study is archival documents and sources of personal origin. The appearance, activity and dissolution of the Moscow bureau of the Federal Financial Group are analyzed, the quantitative and professional composition of the participants, the structure of subordination and the distribution of responsibilities are revealed. The main task facing the bureau members was determined — propaganda activities. The main lines of propaganda activity of the Moscow bureau among compatriots are systematized: publication and distribution of print media, holding meetings and rallies, personal meetings and conversations, participation in the First and Second Congresses of the Comintern, work with the parliamentary opposition in France to end the intervention and spread of world revolution ideas. It is proved that, in addition to campaigning, there was also active assistance of the bureau members to French citizens residing or arrested in Russia.
On History of Construction of Oil Refineries Supplied to the USSR under Lend-Lease (1941—1945)
Authors: Bodrova E. V. , Kalinov V. V.
Published: August 2020

On the basis of archival materials, the issue of the construction of oil refineries set up in the USSR under lend-lease in accordance with the agreement signed with the United States in 1942 is examined, which is very relevant in the context of heightened discussions about the problems related to the history of World War II. The novelty of the research is determined not only by the introduction of new archival documents into scientific circulation, but also by an attempt to determine more precisely the reasons for the failure of the planned dates of commissioning of oil refineries. The results of the analysis of reports by American specialists are presented, which allowed to objectively consider the problems that arose during construction. Special attention is paid to the attempts of the authors of these documents to determine the main reasons for the construction slowdown. The changes in the attitude of Americans to construction managers, the management system during 1944 are commented. It is shown that their dissatisfaction with the position of consultants was expressed in the reports. It is concluded that our own production of fuel for the active army in our country was constantly growing and largely provided the front. It is proved that the commissioning of oil refineries supplied by the United States after the end of the war could not influence its outcome, but later became the basis for the creation of the refining industry in the lower Volga region.
State Regime Liberalization in Conditions of Crisis of Socialism: Slovak Context (mid-1980s—1992)
Authors: Haydanka Ye. I.
Published: August 2020

The article deals with the transformation of the Slovak state regime in the period of changes in the system of socialist governance in the mid-1980s — 1992. It is determined that the historical period of liberalization of the Communist regime had a significant impact on the further success of democratic transformations. The subject of the analysis was the public and Church opposition in socialist Slovakia. The fact of the ideological evolution of the opposition movement “Public against violence” has been established. It is noted that the movement for independence in Slovakia in 1989—1992, which was initiated by the Slovak elite led by Vladimir Mechiyar, significantly reduced the intensity of the democratic transition. It is claimed that in the first half of the 1990s Vladimir Mechiyar built a strong vertical of Executive power, supported by the dominance of the Movement for a democratic Slovakia in the Parliament. It is emphasized that the first competitive parliamentary elections in Slovakia in 1990 and 1992 failed to stabilize the socio-political situation in the country, despite the intensive development of multiparty systems.
“Traces of my tears will remain on this paper ...”: Letters from Elizabeth Stephens to M. M. Speransky
Authors: Sozinova K. A.
Published: August 2020

The author of the article assumes that the interstate relations between Russia and Great Britain in the late 18th — early 19th centuries largely determined the area of private contacts between Russians and the British. English-Russian marriages have a special place in the history of English-Russian relations. Attention is paid to one of such unions — the marriage of the outstanding statesman M. M. Speransky with an Englishwoman Elizabeth Stephens. It is claimed that a significant role in Speransky’s fate was played by A. A. Samborsky, also married to an Englishwoman, in whose house Speransky’s fateful meeting with his future wife took place. It is reported that the Speransky Fund of the Russian national library preserved letters of Elizabeth Stephens to Speransky, previously not widely attracted by researchers, but not all of these letters actually belong to Elizabeth, some of them belong to her sister — Marianne. This study provides the first translation of these letters for the analysis of Speransky’s private life. The author concludes that the preserved correspondence meets the standards and methods of expression of feelings in the era of “sentimentalism.” The problem of how much Speransky was immersed in the cultural context of British reality due to this marriage is also considered. Despite the fact that the marriage was quite short, Speransky’s relations with the Stephens family were quite strong.
Literary Characters as a Source Domain of Precedent Names in the UK Media
Authors: Budaev E. V.
Published: August 2020

The article deals with precedent names (PN) from the source domain “Literature”, functioning in the UK media. The material for the study was 104 examples of precedent names used in the British print media (The Guardian, The Times, The Daily Mail, The Daily Telegraph, The Independent) over the past ten years (2010–2019). Research methods were cognitive-discourse analysis, linguocultural description.It is concluded that the source domain “Literary characters” is the most demanded source of precedent names in the British media (26 % of the total body of examples, which is 400 precedent names).  It is shown that British journalists give preference to onyms related to British literature, which is natural, because PN data are well known to both journalists and British media addressees. It was revealed that British journalists regularly refer to the names of characters from the classics of English literature in their texts. At the same time, it is shown that the leading place in terms of frequency of actualization and productivity is occupied by PN, which have become popular in recent decades, which primarily refers to the characters of J. Rowling's Harry Potter novels. Thus, the analysis showed that the functioning of PN depends not only on cognitive and cultural, but also on discursive factors.
Onomastic Space of Animated Films about Russian Heroes by the Studio of Animation Cinema “Mill”
Authors: Ilyina E. N. , Tivo V. S.
Published: August 2020

The article is devoted to the study of the system of proper names in the texts of animated films with a folklore precedent basis. The relevance of the research is due to the need to study media texts that translate folklore imagery in linguocognitive and linguostylistic aspects. The material for the research is character and voice-over texts of animated films about Russian heroes: “Alyosha Popovich i Tugarin Zmey” (2004), “Dobrynya Nikitich i The Zmey Gorynych” (2006), “Ilya Muromets I Solovey Razboynik” (2007). The complex of names of geographical objects, the naming system of anthropo- and zoomorphic characters is considered, the precedent base for the formation of the onomastic space of animated films is determined, and the ways of introducing new components to the proper names system of this content are characterized. Special attention is paid to the description of intertextual links of the polycode content under study with works of epic genres of Russian folklore and with other sources. The scientific novelty of the work is seen in the fact that the verbal component of the studied animated films is currently insufficiently studied, and their proper names system becomes the subject of linguistic analysis for the first time.
Nursery Industry Mechanization Advances*
Authors: Young Roy
Published: August 2020

Leaders of the horticultural nursery industry and agricultural engineers had a unique, rewarding exchange at the Nursery Engineering Workshop (NEW) sponsored jointly by HRI and ASAE (American Society of Agricultural Engineering) at the ASAE summer meeting in San Antonio, Texas, in June, 1980. A transcript of the workshop has been published in the 1980 edition of “New Horizons.” This presentation will address engineering research and development activities for the nursery industry that have followed the stimulating experience of the 1980 Nursery Engineering Workshop.
Forcing Spring Growth of Rhododendron ‘Nova Zembla’ Rooted Cuttings
Authors: Havis John R.
Published: August 2020

Growth induction treatments of 17°C (63°F) minimum night temperature (MNT) for 14 days beginning on February 15 or March 1 subsequently gave equal growth of Rhododendron ‘Nova Zembla’ rooted cuttings at post-induction MNT of 5°C (41°F). Neither 14 days of 10°C (50°F) MNT before or after the induction period nor 3-hr light breaks (2300 to 0200 hr) during the induction period further benefited growth. One mature flush of growth was produced by the end of May on plants kept at MNT of 5°C following induction, whereas 2 flushes were produced on plants maintained at continuous 17°C MNT from February 15. Both groups matured a third flush by the end of September.
Short-term Response of Seven Pine Species to Sodium Chloride Spray
Authors: Townsend A.M.
Published: August 2020

Six 5-needled pines (Pinus aristata Engelm., P. cembra L., P. parviflora Seib & Zuccc., P. peuce Griseb., P. strobiformis Engelm., and P. strobus L.) and one 2-needled pine (Pinus thunbergii Parl.) sprayed with a 2% NaCl solution for 10 days showed differences in percent browning, internal and external Cl− concentrations, and survival. Salt-sprayed seedlings of P. thunbergii (a well-known salt tolerant species) and P. cembra showed the least foliar damage, lowest external Cl− concentranons, and best survival. Internal Cl− concentrations were significantly lower for P. thunbergii than for all other species. Pinus strobus, P. peuce, and P. aristata showed a large degree of foliar symptoms and the highest internal Cl− concentrations. Pinus strobiformis and P. parviflora were intermediate in symptom expression and in internal concentrations of Cl−. Of the 5-needled species, P. cembra appeared most tolerant to salt spray.
Fungicidal Control of Entomosporium Leaf Spot on Photinia
Authors: Hagan A.K. , Gilliam C.H. , Mullen J.M. , Crockett J.S. , Shumack R.L.
Published: August 2020

Daconil 2787 4.17F and 75W (chlorothalonil) controlled leaf spot on photinia (Photinia fraseri) caused by Entomosporium maculatum in 2 tests under commercial nursery conditions. Manzate 200 80W (mancozeb) and Bordeaux mixture significantly reduced incidence and severity of the disease, but Benlate 50W (benomyl), Zyban 75W (thiophanate methyl + mancozeb), and Bayleton 50W (triadimefon) did not satisfactorily control Entomosporium leaf spot on photinia.
Differential Foliar Uptake of Copper by Two Azalea Cultivars Following Copper Hydroxide Fungicide Applications
Authors: Smith Morris W.
Published: August 2020

Copper hydroxide [Cu(OH)2] (Kocide 101®) used as a fungicide initially increased leaf copper (Cu) in ‘Hinodegiri’ and ‘Massasoit’ azaleas (Kurume type). There was a direct relationship between Cu(OH)2 rates and leaf Cu of ‘Massasoit’ up to 4 times the commercial rate of 3.58 grams ai/liter (3.08 lb/100 gal). Leaf Cu of ‘Hinodegiri’ was initially directly related to Cu(OH)2. At rates greater than 0.47 grams ai/liter (0.77 lb/100 gal), leaf Cu became inversely related to the rate of Cu(OH)2. No visual phytotoxic symptoms were observed at 4 times the commercial rate. Erroneous interpretation of leaf analysis could occur if the interpreter was not aware of recent Cu(OH)2 fungicide applications. Growers should not eliminate Cu fertilization based on Cu(OH)2 sprayed plants.
Control of the Nantucket Pine Tip Moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock), on Nursery-Grown Pine with Granular Systemic Insecticides
Authors: King James E. , Price Richard G. , Pinkston Kenneth N. , Whitcomb Carl E.
Published: August 2020

Container-grown mugo pine, Pinus mugo Turra. Mughus, and field-grown loblolly pine, Pinus taeda L., were utilized in 3 experiments to evaluate the effectiveness of granular systemic insecticides for control of the Nantucket pine tip moth, Rhyacionia frustrana (Comstock).

In the 1981 mugo pine study, Temik® 10G (aldicarb), Furadan® 10G (carbofuran) and Di-syston® 15G (disulfoton) provided complete protection from tip moth attack 11 weeks after application. Phytotoxicity was highly visible on all trees treated with Furadan.

During the 1982 mugo pine study, Temik, Furadan and Di-syston granules applied on either November 6, 1981, or March 2, 1982 provided effective control when evaluated on May 20, 1982. Early March appeared to be a more effective application date than November for year-long control on container-grown pines.

In the 1982 loblolly pine experiment, December applications of Di-syston and Temik granules provided good control when evaluated through July. Only Di-syston provided control through August.
Root Weevil Feeding on Rhododendron: A Review
Authors: Doss Robert P.
Published: August 2020

Specific chemical compounds present in Rhododendron leaves stimulate adult root weevil feeding. The resistance of certain Rhododendron species to weevil feeding is due to the presence of volatile terpene constituents of the leaves.
Soil pH and the Foliar Macronutrient/Micronutrient Balance of Green and Interveinally Chlorotic Pin Oaks
Authors: Messenger A. Steven
Published: August 2020

Soil pH values around chlorotic pin oaks and green pin oaks were significantly different to a depth of 55 cm. Throughout that depth, average values around green trees were 6.1–6.8; those around chlorotic trees averaged 7.2–7.4 and were within a total range of 6.7–7.9. Mean foliar concentrations of Fe, Mn, and Zn were each significantly lower in chlorotic tree foliage for at least 1 of the 3 seasonal sampling periods. Mean concentrations of P, K, and Mg were each significantly higher in chlorotic tree foliage for at least 1 of the 3 sampling periods. Eighty-six percent of all chlorotic tree samples (159) could be distinguished from all green tree samples (124) either by lower micronutrient concentrations or higher macronutrient/micronutrient ratios. As treated trees progressed from a chlorotic to a totally green condition, each underwent reductions in foliar N and P concentrations. Green trees fertilized with ammonium phosphate had significantly lower concentrations of Fe, Cu, and K + Ca + Mg concurrent with significantly higher concentrations of N and P when compared to the controls. It is concluded that chlorotic pin oaks should not be deemed as simply iron-deficient and that indiscriminant fertilization of pin oaks or the lawns around them with NPK fertilizers may be deleterious.
Leaf and Stem Cold Hardiness of Four Selections of Raphiolepis umbellate Makino
Authors: Lindstrom Orville M. , Corley Will L.
Published: August 2020

Leaves and stems of four selections of Raphiolepis umbellata Makino were evaluated for cold hardiness at various times throughout the winter over a two year period and compared to the hardiness of their cold hardy parent plant (PI 277653). All four selections were equally or more cold tolerant than the parent plant on all test dates over both years tested. The leaves of these plants were hardier than the stem tips, but were similar to the cold hardiness of two year old stems. During midwinter the leaf and two year old stem cold hardiness ranged from −15 to −18°C (5 to 0°F). These data indicate that the new selections have good cold hardiness potential and may increase the range of adaptability of raphiolepis.
Spotted Spurge Control and Phytotoxicity to Daylily from Preemergence Herbicides
Authors: Norcini Jeffrey G. , Aldrich James H.
Published: August 2020

The granular preemergent herbicides Snapshot TG (isoxaben + trifluralin) and Stakeout (dithiopyr) wre evaluated as an alternative to Snapshot DF (isoxaben + oryzalin) for control of spotted spurge (Chamaesyce maculata [formerly Euphorbia maculata]) in container-grown daylily (Hemerocallis × ‘Aztec Gold’). Stakeout (dithiopyr) at 1.1, 1.7, or 2.2 kg ai/ha (1.0, 1.5, 2.0 lb ai/A) and Snapshot TG (isoxaben + tritluralin) at 5.6 kg ai/ha (5.0 lb ai/A) were as effective as Rout (oxyfluorfen + oryzalin) at 3.4 kg ai/ha (3.0 lb ai/A), Snapshot (DF (isoxaben + oryzalin) at 4.5 kg ai/ha (4.0 lb ai/A), or Gallery (isoxaben) at 1.1 kg ai/ha (1.0 lb ai/A) in controlling spotted spurge. Rout (oxyfluorfen + oryzalin) and Ronstar G (oxadiazon) caused significant injury (bleached spots that became necrotic) while the other herbicides caused little to no damage.
Aspen Wood Chip and Stone Mulches for Landscape Plantings in Interior, Alaska
Authors: Holloway Patricia S.
Published: August 2020

Five woody landscape plants were grown on five mulch treatments: 2.5 or 5 cm (1 or 2 in) crushed basaltic rock, 5 or 10 cm (2 or 4 in) of aspen wood chips and a non-mulched control, to determine the usefulness of these mulches in subarctic landscape plantings. Weed control was best, but growth and plant nutrition poorest on the wood chip mulches. White spruce, Siberian crabapple, Peking cotoneaster, and rugosa rose had low levels of leaf nitrogen on the wood chip plots, and all species except cotoneaster and lodgepole pine showed significant N deficiency symptoms after 2 years. With the exception of the roses, all species grew best on the stone mulch plots. Roses grew vigorously on the stone mulches and the unmulched soil, but were subject to winter dieback. After 3 years, their total biomass did not exceed the recumbent, spindly and nitrogen deficient roses that were growing on the wood chip mulches. Plant growth, nutrition, and weed control were best achieved on the 5 cm (2 in) stone mulch plots.
Influence of Compost Aging and Fertilizer Regimes on the Growth of Bedding Plants, Transplants and Poinsettia
Authors: Purman Judith R. , Gouin Francis R.
Published: August 2020

Rooted cuttings of poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima Willd. ex Clotzsch ‘Amy’) and seedlings of bibb lettuce (Lactusa sativa L.), baldhead cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. Capitata), sweet william (Dianthus barbatus L.) and pansy (Viola & Wittrockiana Gams.) were grown in Sunshine Mix and 7 experimental media containing 30-day-old (“New”) or 90-day-old (“Aged”) cocompost (polymer dewatered sewage sludge composted with processed garbage), perlite or vermiculite, and peatmoss. Plants were fertilized biweekly with water soluble fertilizer of 25N-2.2P-16.6K (25-5-20) at 250 ppm of N applied at 0, 1 or 2 wks after transplanting. The growth of all species did not vary with compost age. Dianthus and pansy plants grown in 50% “New” compost and dianthus grown in 25% “New” compost produced significantly lower top dry mass than those grown in Sunshine Mix. All other treatments for cabbage, lettuce, dianthus and pansy showed no significant difference in top growth from those grown in Sunshine Mix. Poinsettia plants grown in Sunshine Mix produced greater total growth than all other treatments except those grown in equal portions of “New” compost, peat and perlite. Lettuce and cabbage leaf tissue contained cadmium levels less than 0.5 ppm regardless of compost level.
Effect of Elm Selection, Explant Source and Medium Composition on Growth of Ophiostoma ulmi on Callus Cultures
Authors: Domir Subhash C. , Schreiber Lawrence R. , Ichida Jann M. , Eshita Steven M.
Published: August 2020

We examined the effects of elm selection, explant source and media composition on growth of the Dutch elm disease (DED) fungus Ophiostoma ulmi on callus cultures. Calluses were generated from leaf and stem tissue of an American elm (Ulmus Americana L.) seedling (A), susceptible to the disease; an American elm selection 8630, resistant to the disease; and a Siberian elm (U. pumila L.) seedling, also resistant to DED. Calluses were generated on modified Murashige-Skoog (MMS) medium, either with (MMSC) or without coconut milk. Explant source did not affect the fungal growth rate on the callus. Rate of O. ulmi growth on American elm A callus was similar on both media; on Siberian and 8630, fungal growth rate was more rapid on callus cultured on MMS than on MMSC. However, in the absence of callus tissue, O. ulmi growth on MMSC medium was more than five times as rapid as it was on MMS. We observed significant interactions between explant source and selection, and between medium and selection. Fungal growth was always more rapid on American A, and American 8630 then on Siberian. Scanning electron microscopy revealed heavy fungal sporulation on American A, slight on Siberian and none on American 8630. High performance liquid chromatography analysis showed that the secondary metabolic profiles were distinguishable for callus tissue versus explant tissue, but were similar for calli generated from different explant sources.
Water Utilization of Six Foliage Plants Under Two Interior Light Intensities
Authors: Conover C.A. , Poole R.T.
Published: August 2020

Meeting and maintaining the proper watering requirements for indoor plants is a major obstacle to increased plant use in the home or office. Introduction of “self-watering” containers to the marketplace has been only marginally successful because of limited acceptability by consumers. Water use levels were determined for Codiaeum variegatum (L.) Blume ‘Petra’, Dieffenbachia maculata (Lodd) G. Don ‘Camille’, Dracaena fragrans (L.) Ker-Gawl. ‘Massangeana’, Epipremnum aureum (Linden & André) Bunt. ‘Golden Pothos’, Spathiphyllum (Schott.) ‘Gretchen’, and Syngonium podophyllum (Schott.) ‘White Butterfly’ established in self-watering containers and maintained under 2 light intensities commonly found in the home or office [12 and 24 μmol · s−l · m−2 (75 and 150 ft-c)]. Plant growth was better at 24 μmol · s−1 · m−2) (150 ft-c) than at 12 μmol · s−l · m−2 (75 ft-c) for all plants tested except Dieffenbachia, Dracaena and Spathiphyllum. Water utilization varied widely among plant genera, from a low of 1.4 ml H2O · cm−2 (0.3 oz · in−2) to a high of 4.8 ml H2O · cm−2 (1.0 oz · in−2) of leaf area over a 6-month period. All plants utilized more water at 24 μmol · s−1 · m−2 (150 ft-c) than at 12 μmol · s−1 · m−2 (75 ft-c) but water use was also dependent on plant genus and size.
Pink Polka-Dot Plant (Hypoestes phyllostachya) Response to Growth Retardants
Authors: Foley James T. , Keever Gary J.
Published: August 2020

Pink polka-dot plant, Hypoestes phyllostachya Bak., was treated with one or two foliar spray applications of Bonzi (paclobutrazol) (25, 50, or 100 ppm), Cycocel (chlormequat chloride) (3500 ppm) or B-Nine (daminozide) (3500 ppm) to suppress shoot elongation. One or two applications of 3500 ppm Cycocel (chlormequat chloride) retarded shoot elongation, resulting in consistently mounded plants. Bonzi (paclobutrazol) and B-Nine (daminozide) also suppressed shoot elongation but to a lesser degree, and plants were not uniform.
Propagation of a Hawthorn Lace Bug-Resistant Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster buxifolius) by Stem Cuttings
Authors: Banko Thomas J. , Schultz Peter B. , Dills Marie S.
Published: August 2020

Semi-hardwood cuttings of Cotoneaster buxifolius Wallich ex Lindl. were treated with indolebutyric acid (IBA) at rates of 0, 2000, 4000, 6000, or 8000 ppm. and rooted in flats containing either peat:perlite (1:l by vol) or 100% perlite. Rooting percentage, numbers of roots, and root quality were generally higher in the 100% perlite medium. The greatest numbers of roots and highest root quality were obtained with the 4000 or 6000 ppm IBA.
Ca, Mg, And Micronutrient Nutrition and Growth of Pelargonium In Pine Bark Amended With Composted Hardwood Bark
Authors: Svenson Sven E. , Witte Willard T.
Published: August 2020

Growth and foliar nutrient analysis of Pelargonium X hortorum L. H. Bailey cv. Aurora grown in pine bark (PB) amended with 25%,50%, or 75% composted hardwood bark (HB) were studied with the bark components mixed either before or after composting. For each ratio of PB to HB, fresh PB was mixed with fresh HB before composting, or composted PB or noncomposted PB were mixed with composted HB. Media physical properties and plant growth and foliar nutrient levels were the same when media were mixed before or after composting. Plants had more shoot growth in media containing 25% or 50% HB. Media containing 25% or 50% HB had a stable pH during the study, while pH increased in other media. Plants grown in media containing 75% or more composted HB showed symptoms of Mn toxicity during the first month of growth. Except for Cu, plants grown in media containing composted HB had normal or above normal foliar tissue Ca, Mg, and micronutrient levels.
Air and Soil Temperatures and Fertilizer Level Affect Growth and Quality of Epipremnum aureum Bunt.
Authors: Conover C.A. , Poole R.T.
Published: August 2020

Three minimum air temperatures (AT), 15.5°, 18.5°, and 21°C (60°, 65°, and 70°F), four constant soil temperatures (ST), 15.5°, 21°, 26.5°, and 32°C (60°, 70°, 80°, and 90°F), and three fertilizer rates (FR) 2.5, 4.2, and 5.9 g 19N-2.6P-10K (0.09, 0.15, and 0.21 oz 19-6-12) Osmocote/15 cm (6 in) pot/3 months were utilized on Epipremnum aureum ‘Golden Pothos’ during November–April in 1983–84, 1984–85, and 1985–86. Data collected included plant grade, leaf color grade, top fresh weight, root fresh weight and leaf surface area. Analyzed data were similar for all three experiments with AT × ST interactions significant for 4 of 5 measurements in 1984 and 1985 and for all 5 measurements in 1986. In general, as fertilizer rate increased, all measurements increased linearly with only root fresh weight not increasing significantly. Results from the 1986 experiment are used for discussion.
Water Stress and Osmotic Adjustment during Post-digging Acclimatization of Quercus virginiana Produced in Fabric Containers
Authors: Beeson R.C. , Gilman E.F.
Published: August 2020

Quercus virginiana Mill. (live oak) trees produced in in-ground 61 cm (24 in) diameter fabric containers were overhead misted and given root ball irrigation after harvesting during early summer. Duration and frequency of overhead misting was reduced to zero over a 3 week period. Water potentials (ΨT) were measured diurnally and osmotic potentials measured from leaves at midday. Intermittent overhead misting was as effective as continuous overhead misting in maintenance of ΨT above −1.0 MPa. Water potentials of −1.5 to −2.0 MPa were measured when the period between overhead misting was expanded from 30 min to 45 min. Osmotic adjustment occurred only in trees receiving overhead misting. Trees receiving only root ball irrigation developed ΨT below −2.5 MPa within 5 days after harvesting. After 3 weeks, ΨT and osmotic potentials were the same for all treatments. In a second experiment, trees were root pruned inside the fabric container 11 weeks before harvest. All root pruned trees survived acclimatization, but only 50% of unpruned trees survived. Water relations were similar to trees in Experiment 1. Surviving trees, both pruned and unpruned, had a significantly higher percentage of fine root weight (roots < 2 mm diameter) than trees that did not survive.
Shoot and Root Responses of Eighteen Southeastern Woody Landscape Species Grown in Cupric Hydroxide-treated Containers
Authors: Beeson R.C. , Newton R.
Published: August 2020

Eighteen species of woody landscape trees commonly produced in the southeastern United States were grown in 3.8 1 (# 1) plastic containers painted on the inside with cupric hydroxide (7% w/w) and untreated control containers. Plants were evaluated for copper toxicity symptoms, root circling and growth. No copper toxicity symptoms were observed. Root circling and deflection were completely controlled except for bald cypress and laurel oak. Yet for these two species, root circling was less in the copper-treated than control containers. Root circling was not controlled in the bottom of square containers designed to prevent root circling for a subset of six species. For a few species, treatment effects on plant growth were seen, though most would be commercially insignificant.
Effect of Prodiamine and Oxadiazon on Growth of Bedding Plants and Ground Covers
Authors: Henderson-Cole Janet C. , Schnelle Michael A.
Published: August 2020

Four bedding plant species, rose periwinkle, petunia, geranium, and scarlet salvia; four ground cover cultivars, golden Japanese barberry, common periwinkle, Bowles periwinkle, and greater periwinkle; and pots seeded with two weed species, crabgrass or pigweed were sprayed with 0, 1.1 or 4.5 kg ai/ha (0, 1.0 or 4.0 lb/A) prodiamine (Barricade) or 2.2 kg ai/ha (2.0 lb/A) oxadiazon (Ronstar). Heights or dry weights or both of all bedding plant species decreased linearly with increasing prodiamine (Barricade) application rates. Ground covers were not affected by oxadiazon (Ronstar) or prodiamine (Barricade) except for a reduction in root dry weight of common periwinkle with prodiamine (Barricade) applications. Crabgrass and pigweed were completely controlled by prodiamine (Barricade) throughout the growing season, but oxadiazon (Ronstar) lost its effectiveness after three months.
Flower Bud Hardiness of Forsythia Cultivars
Authors: McNamara Steve , Pellett Harold
Published: August 2020

Winter hardiness profiles were developed for six Forsythia cultivars introduced in the last 10—15 years for superior flower bud hardiness. The cultivars ‘Meadowlark’, ‘Northern Gold’, ‘Northern Sun’, ‘New Hampshire Gold’, ‘Sunrise’, and ‘Vermont Sun’ were at least 2–4°C (4–7°F) more hardy than F. × intermedia and F. ovata cultivars on most sampling dates. All cultivars acclimated sufficiently to withstand early-season minimum temperatures in most years. By mid-winter, five of the six new introductions obtained maximum hardiness levels of – 36°C (−33°F). ‘Sunrise’ was 2–4°C (4–7°F) less hardy than the other cultivars in mid-winter but was one of the most hardy cultivars in late-winter. With the exception of ‘Vermont Sun’, there was little difference among the new cultivars in timing of deacclimation. ‘Vermont Sun’ deacclimated earliest and was less hardy than the other cultivars by mid-March. While these new introductions have experienced little flower-bud injury in field trials over the past decade, nearly 100% of the flower buds of these cultivars were killed in two of three winters encompassed by this study. The climatic conditions that resulted in injury were distinctly different for the two years.
An Economic Inquiry into South Florida's Foliage and Woody Container Nurseries
Authors: Haydu John J.
Published: August 2020

South Florida's nursery industry was examined to isolate important factors contributing to a recent loss of market share. Results indicate that a wide range of problems afflict both the foliage and woody industries. Two of the most pressing problems are easy market access and a lack of basic supply and demand information necessary for firm-level decision-making. These factors are detrimental to even the most efficiently run firms.
English Ivy (Hedera helix) Response to Postemergence Herbicides
Authors: Derr Jeffrey F.
Published: August 2020

One application of Roundup at 2.2 or 4.5 kg ai/ha (2.0 or 4.0 lb/A) with or without surfactant, Weedar 64 (2.4-D amine) at 1.1 kg ae/ha (1.0 lb/A), Banvel at 0.6 kg ae/ha (0.5 lb/A), or Garlon 3A at 0.6 kg ae/ha (0.5 lb/A) reduced new shoot growth of English ivy 10 weeks after treatment by 46 to 80%. Roundup at 4.5 kg/ha plus non-ionic surfactant was the only single application treatment that reduced older shoot growth of English ivy (41% reduction) 19 weeks after treatment. English ivy outgrew injury from all other single application treatments. Two applications of Weedar 64 completely controlled English ivy. Two applications of Roundup at 4.5 kg/ha (4.0 lb/A), with or without surfactant, eliminated new shoot growth 11 weeks after treatment, and reduced total shoot weight by approximately 60% 15 weeks after treatment. English ivy shoot weight decreased when the rate of Roundup was increased from 2.2. to 4.5 kg/ha (74 versus 92% reduction) 7 weeks after treatment, but adding a non-ionic surfactant did not further reduce shoot weight. Two applications of Banvel or Garlon (52 and 67% reduction, respectively, 7 weeks after treatment) were less effective than two applications of Roundup at 4.5 kg/ha (4.0 lb/A) in reducing English ivy shoot growth.
Drought Response of Low and High Maintenance Landscape Roses
Authors: Henderson-Cole Janet C. , Davies Fred T.
Published: August 2020

Acclimation to drought was studied in the low-maintenance (Rosa hybrida) ‘Ferdy’ and ‘Pink Meidiland’, and the high-maintenance ‘Double Delight’ and ‘Paradise’. All plants were acclimated to drought with five consecutive, 4-day drought cycles, followed by a 2-day irrigation recovery period after the fifth drought cycle. Low-maintenance cultivars experienced less drought stress, as evidenced by higher leaf water potential, whole plant transpiration rate (E), relative water content, and leaf conductance on the final day of drought stress cycles. Morphologically, the low-maintenance cultivars had greater leaf cuticle weight than high-maintenance cultivars. Differences in the density and size of stomata and epidermal cells were not related to drought response. Low-maintenance cultivars had a smaller evaporative surface (smaller total leaf areas, smaller individual leaves, and reduced shoot dry weights). However, root : shoot ratios (root dry weight : top dry weight) and leaf area ratios (total leaf area : total plant dry weight) were comparable. Drought acclimation caused a greater reduction in osmotic potential of low-maintenance roses during the recovery period. Apparently, drought resistance in the low-maintenance roses was associated with increased cuticle thickness, reduced evaporative surface, and smaller individual leaves.
VA Mycorrhizal Inoculation of Landscape Trees and Shrubs Growing under High Fertility Conditions2
Authors: Morrison Sean J. , Nicholl Peter A. , Hicklenton Peter R.
Published: August 2020

This study investigated the effects of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza (VAM) inoculation on the growth of landscape trees and shrubs under high-fertility nursery growing conditions. Four species of 1 year old trees, and rooted cuttings of nine species of shrubs, were inoculated with Glomus intraradices, or Glomus fasiculatum, or served as non-inoculated controls. The trees were transplanted to two high fertility, non-sterile field locations. Inoculation significantly increased the level of colonization in Acer platanoides, Sorbus aucuparia, Malus, and Fraxinus pennsylvanica, but did not enhance growth. The shrubs were containerized in a peat and bark medium with two levels of controlled release fertilizer. VAM inoculation significantly increased the level of colonization in Spiraea × bumalda, Syringa × chinensis, Prunus × cistena, and Cornus alba, while Weigela, Cotoneaster dammeri, and Potentilla parvifolia became well colonized without inoculation. Forsythia ovata and Viburnum opulus did not become significantly colonized. The growth of Syringa was stimulated by VAM inoculation during consecutive seasons, irrespective of fertilizer level. The growth of Prunus at the lower fertilizer level was significantly stimulated by inoculation even though control plants became highly colonized without VAM inoculation. Two years after inoculation, five species were transplanted to a second, non-sterile, field site to monitor the effect of inoculation on post transplant growth. G. intraradices significantly enhanced S. aucuparia caliper growth in the second year post-transplant.
Use of Single-Primer DNA Amplifications for the Identification of Red Maple (Acer rubrum L.) Cultivars
Authors: Krahl Kimberly H. , Dirr Michael A. , Halward Tracy M. , Kochert Gary D. , Randle William M.
Published: August 2020

Positive cultivar identification is often difficult or impossible based solely on morphological traits. A technique ensuring reliable, repeatable, and unique cultivar identification is needed. The use of molecular markers offers such a technique, allowing assessment of fine levels of variation directly at the DNA level. In this study, RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers were investigated for their utility to identify red maple cultivars. Three out of nineteen primers tested resulted in unique banding patterns for all the maples tested, including 9 red maple clones, 5 silver maple seedlings, and 4 purported interspecific cultivars. The red maple cultivars ‘Red Sunset’ and ‘October Glory’, which are almost indistinguishable morphologically as young trees, were clearly distinguished using RAPD markers. RAPD markers provide a consistently reliable technique for red maple cultivar identification.
Seasonal Phenology, Management, and Host Preferences of Potato Leafhopper on Nursery-Grown Maples
Authors: Potter Daniel A. , Spicer Patricia G.
Published: August 2020

Seasonal phenology and control of the potato leafhopper (Empoasca fabae (Harris)) on red maples (Acer rubrum L.) were studied for three years in nurseries in central Kentucky. Migratory adult leafhoppers were first captured on yellow sticky traps in early May. Peak population density ranged from late May to late June. The second flush of leaves was most heavily damaged in each year. Foliar sprays of cyfluthrin (Tempo 2), a synthetic pyrethroid, beginning 1 to 2 weeks after first capture of leathoppers and repeated at biweekly intervals during May and June, greatly reduced symptoms of injury. Acephate (Orthene) was less effective than cyfluthrin, whereas treatment of the soil with disulfoton (Di-syston) was ineffective. Oviposition and development of the leafhopper on red maple were confirmed. Field evaluations of selected cultivars showed that red maples were more severely damaged than sugar (A. saccharum L.) or Norway (A. platanoides L.) maples. ‘Autumn Blaze’, an A. rubrum × saccharinum hybrid, was relatively resistant.
Cupric Hydroxide-Treated Containers Affect Growth and Flowering of Annual and Perennial Bedding Plants
Authors: Arnold Michael A. , Airhart Douglas L. , Edgar Davis W.
Published: August 2020

Four annual cultivars, Celosia cristata L. ‘Castle Pink’, Impatiens Wallerana Hook. ‘Super Elfin Red’, Pelargonium × domesticum L.H. Bailey ‘Ringo Scarlet’ and Tagetes patula L. ‘Discovery Yellow’, and two perennial cultivars, Chrysanthemum × superbum Bergmans ex J. Ingram ‘Alaska’ and Coreopsis lanceolata L. ‘Early Sunrise’, of bedding plants were grown in a greenhouse for about 40 days in 0.3-1 (3.5 in.) containers treated with 25, 50, or 100 g Cu(OH)2/l (approximately 1.8, 3.5, and 7% (wt/wt), respectively) formulated as Spin OutTM or in non-treated containers. Following greenhouse production and a 4-day acclimation period in a shade-house, the plants were transplanted to a field plot. Cupric hydroxide concentrations that resulted in practical levels of control and/or elimination of root deformation (circled, kinked, and matted roots at container wall-media interfaces) were species dependent, varying between 25 and 100 g/1 (1.8 and 7%). During greenhouse production Cu(OH)2 treatments of 50 or 100 g/1 (3.5 or 7%) increased the vegetative growth of C. cristata and increased the number of flowers on I. Wallerana compared to plants in non-treated containers. After field planting, P. × domesticum grown in 50 or 100 g Cu(OH)2/1 (3.5 or 7%) and I. Wallerana in 100 g Cu(OH)2/1 treated containers had increased vegetative growth. The flowering potential of I. Wallerana was increased by the 50 g Cu(OH)2/1 (3.5%) treatment following field planting.
Growth and Landscape Performance of Three Landscape Plants Produced in Conventional and Pot-In-Pot Production Systems
Authors: Ruter John M.
Published: August 2020

A study was conducted to evaluate the growth of Ilex × attenuata Ashe ‘Savannah’, Lagerstroemia indica × fauriei ‘Natchez’, and Magnolia × Soulangiana Soul.-Bod. grown in a conventional above-ground container production system in #7 containers compared to an in-ground “pot-in-pot” (PIP) production system. Container production system had little or no effect on the shoot growth of the species used in this study after seven months. For the container phase of the study, root dry weight and total root dry weight increased for Lagerstroemia and Magnolia grown in the PIP system and the root: shoot ratio of Lagerstroemia increased 87%. Between 4 to 5 PM EST (July 1, 1991), root-zone temperatures in the western quadrant of plants in the PIP system were 13°C (23°F) cooler than aboveground containers in the conventional production system. Root ratings were higher for all three species in the PIP system. After being transplanted in the field for several months, few differences in landscape establishment between production systems could be seen for Ilex and Lagerstroemia. Results of these studies indicate that for Lagerstroemia, production advantages seen during the container-phase of the PIP system may not be evident after one season in the field.
Composted Turkey Litter: I. Effect on Chemical and Physical Properties of a Pine Bark Substrate
Authors: Tyler Helen H. , Warren Stuart L. , Bilderback Ted E. , Fonteno William C.
Published: August 2020

Cotoneaster dammeri C.K. Schneid. ‘Skogholm’ and Hemerocallis sp. ‘Red Magic’ plants were potted into a pine bark substrate amended with 0, 4, 8, 12, or 16% (by vol.) composted turkey litter and were grown under 1-, 2-, or 3-day irrigation frequencies. Compost increased container capacity and available water 12-16% and 17-30%, respectively, compared to pine bark alone (0% compost). Unavailable water and bulk density increased with increasing compost rate, while air space decreased. Total porosity was unaffected by compost addition. Substrate solutions were extracted from the ‘Skogholm’ cotoneaster containers via the pour-through nutrient extraction method at 0, 18, 36, 54, 78, and 102 days after initiation. Ammonium, NO3, P, K, Ca, Mg, and micronutrient substrate solution concentrations increased with decreased irrigation frequency due to decreased leaching. Substrate nutrient concentrations and pH increased with increasing rate of compost addition. Compost provided adequate nutrient supplies throughout the growing season except for K and micronutrients which were depleted after day 78.
Promotion of Branching in Nandina (Nandina domestica Thunb.) ‘Harbour Dwarf’ with ASC-66952
Authors: Keever Gary J.
Published: August 2020

Axillary and aerial rhizomic shoot development of Nandina domestica Thunb. ‘Harbour Dwarf’ was promoted by a single foliar application of 25-200 ppm ASC-66952. Chlorosis of immature leaflets occurred within 2 weeks of 100 or 200 ppm treatment, but was not present 4 weeks after treatment. Growth indices [(height + width in perpendicular directions) ÷ 3] of treated plants were 2-10% less than those of non-treated control plants. Ilex × Meserveae S.Y. Hu. ‘Blue Girl’, Ilex × ‘Nellie R. Stevens’, Rhododendron ‘George L. Tabor’, Rhododendron ‘Trouper’, Trachelospermum asiaticum (Siebold & Zucc.) Nakai, and Viburnum × pragense Hort. were not affected by application of ASC-66952.