bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Real Person of the Analyst and his Role in the Process of “Psychoanalytic Cure
Authors: Viederman Milton
Published: June 2009

This paper focuses on the real relationship with the analyst in the psychoanalytic situation as an aspect of the therapeutic process that leads to change. The role of free association, clarification, and interpretation of the transference are taken for granted as major activities of the analyst, and the real relationship with him is seen as a complementary but important ingredient for change, In particular, his emotional availability determines the climate of analysis. The concepts of neutrality, anonymity, and abstinence, though of importance as guideposts in the conduct of an analysis, have conceptual limitations that not infrequently bind the analyst in a stance that is not useful for the progress of the analysis. On occasion, confirmation by the analyst of the verily of an experience in the patient's early life facilitates the analytic process. This occurs particularly in situations of early trauma, but at times may include chronically traumatic early life experiences. An important motivating force in analysis is the patient's unconscious wish to find the ideal parent absent in early life experience, a wish that is experienced and ultimately analyzed. This is to be distinguished from a defensive idealized transference. Psychoanalytic developmental psychology contributes to our understanding of how the real person of the analyst, his emotional availability, his responsiveness at particular times, his attitude toward action and progressive change in the patient, affect the therapeutic process that leads to change.
Beyond the What, When, and How of Transference: A Consideration of the Why
Authors: Jaffe Daniel S.
Published: June 2009

Transference has generally been discussed in terms of its operating to distort the way in which a current relationship is dealt with and experienced because of one's past. In the present paper, emphasis is placed on that aspect of transference which operates as a defense, and which is called into play in response to signal anxiety associated with a “pathogenic complex” and is based on (1) a traumatic experience of stimulus overload or (2) an intrapsychic conflict stemming from instinctual drive pressure which in turn threatens a repetition of the traumatic experience. Clinical illustrations are presented in which both traumatic experience and drive-conflict forces are prominent, leading to a discussion of the here-and-now versus reconstruction of the past, as well as affective cognitive and interpersonal/ intrapsychic factors.
The Evocative Power of Enactments
Authors: Chused Judith Fingert
Published: June 2009

The inevitability of analytic enactments, defined as symbolic interactions between patient and analyst, is discussed. Clinical material from the psychoanalysis of a latency-age child is presented to illustrate the role of enactments and to demonstrate their usefulness in furthering the analytic work.
Patient's Surface, Clinical Surface, and Workable Surface
Authors: Paniagua Cecilio
Published: June 2009

Surface is a term often used in clinical theory, which seems to have eluded a reliable definition. Freud used the term mostly to denote the analysand's consciousness. This patient's surface does not always coincide with the data the analyst can observe, i.e., the clinical surface. It is proposed that clinical surface be understood, in contrast to other psychoanalytic concepts, as the clinical evidence that does not need conjecture to be grasped cognitively. The concept of “average expectable apperception” is introduced. Workable surface is defined as those aspects of the clinical surface that lend themselves well to the exploration of unconscious dynamics or genesis. Ideas about which surfaces are optimally workable vary according to different schools of technique. The advantages of considering clinical surface the objective anchorage of psychoanalysis as a positive science and of differentiating it from patient's surface and workable surface are discussed.
Therapeutic Process and Developmental Process in the Restructuring of Object and Self Constancy
Authors: Settlage Calvin F.
Published: June 2009

This paper holds that the analytic relationship embodies both therapeutic process and developmental process, that these processes are best viewed as different and separate, and that they function in a complementary way in the revision of pathologically impaired and underdeveloped psychic structure. The focus of the paper is on the developmental formation and clinical restructuring of object and self constancy. The illustrative case material is excerpted from the case of a man who returned for additional treatment five years after the completion of an apparently successful analysis of his neurotic conflicts.
Comments on Erroneous Interpretations of Freud's Seduction Theory
Authors: Eissler K. R.
Published: June 2009

The seduction theory, as formulated by Freud in 1896, has been erroneously understood by many to be a statement about the frequency of sexual abuse of children, but in reality it postulates a specific etiology of adult psychopathology. Freud stated two conditions that would falsify the theory. When he discovered their existence, he was forced, very much against his preference, to abandon the theory. Later, this sequence was denied and Freud's change of theory was referred to opprobrious subjective traits, assertions made without documentation except by Masson. He maintained that he had come across a document from the pen of Ruth Mack Brunswick the alleged content of which implied grave deficits in Freud's scholarship. When it became possible to examine the original document, it was found that it does not contain anything corresponding to what Masson reported. The discrepancies between his account and Mack Brunswick's draft are presented. In the document, Mack Brunswick set forth some of the observations she had made when treating the Wolf Man in the years subsequent to the patient's first analysis, which she had reported in 1928. Her enlargement of the role of seduction in the etiology of the Wolf Man's psychopathology is discussed.
On Psychoanalytic Listening: Language and Unconscious Communication
Authors: Makari George , Shapiro Theodore
Published: June 2009

The authors review past and recent perspectives on psychoanalytic listening, then present a synthetic model founded on psycholinguistics and semiotics. They argue that the analytic listening process can be broken down into nonlinguistic communications and-most important-linguistic categories pertaining to narrativity, symbolic reference, form, and interactive conventions. In each of these areas of signification, the authors present the ways in which the technique of psychoanalytic listening attends to unconscious meanings, thereby differing from ordinary listening which “hears,” at best, only denotative and connotative meanings.
Psychoanalytic Technique and the Development of the Capacity to Reflect
Authors: Gehrie Mark J.
Published: June 2009

The capacity to reflect is an essential precondition for the existence and maintenance of an analytic process. This paper describes the technical environment that may enable the functional emergence and management of this precondition. In order that the specific features of such an environment may be addressed, psychoanalysis is differentiated from psychotherapy in terms of goals, and this is followed by a discussion of technical modalities that reflect uniquely analytic aims. In conjunction with these technical considerations, the underpinnings of the psychoanalytic situation are described as an “envelope of experience” within which the patient may develop the reflective capacity to participate in the analytic process. Finally, the acquisition of this essential reflective capacity is viewed in the context of a developmental line in an analysis, and is highlighted through the use of a clinical example.
The Deficit Syndrome in Schizophrenia: Psychoanalytic and Neurobiological Perspectives
Authors: Willick Martin S.
Published: June 2009

The author summarizes recent advances in neurobiological research which appear to offer compelling evidence that the most pathognomonic feature of schizophrenia, the deficit or negative syndrome, is associated with functional abnormalities in the frontal lobe of the brain. These brain abnormalities are correlated with those conceptualized by psychoanalytic theories of withdrawal of libido and loss of mental representation.

In the light of this data, the author expresses serious reservations about three psychoanalytic formulations concerning the causes of the deficit syndrome: (1) the syndrome represents, in a primary rather than a secondary way, a psychological defense; (2) it is caused by severe conflicts or neglect during early childhood which lead to impairments in the building up of psychic structure and mental representation; (3) difficulties with the aggressive drive play a primary etiological role.
A Patient Who Was Not Sexually Abused
Authors: Raphling David L.
Published: June 2009

Analysts are encountering increasing numbers of patients who suspect or believe that the ills for which they seek analytic treatment as adults are due to having been sexually abused as children. A patient whose claim of childhood sexual abuse was not substantiated on analysis is the subject of a clinical report. Psychodynamic factors responsible for the appeal of the idea of sexual abuse are explored.
ON THE HOMOGENIZATION OF PSYCHOANALYSIS AND PSYCHOANALYTIC PSYCHOTHERAPY: A REVIEW OF SOME OF THE ISSUES
Authors: Allison George H.
Published: June 2009

Concepts of the psychoanalytic process and of the various modes of therapeutic action are allied to the similarities and differences between psychoanalysis and psychoanalytic psychotherapy. Lack of clarity about these concepts calls for a concerted effort toward outcome studies that can provide a scientific basis for and elucidate the relation of process and mode of therapeutic action to efficacy. Clinical concepts such as the development and resolution of transference or of a transference neurosis can then be compared scientifically with others which emphasize the interactive models. The thesis is held that the development of a psychoanalytic process typically requires thorough immersion through frequent sessions which permits greater resolution of the transference or transference neurosis, with insight and greater opportunity for the achievement of autonomy. Other modes of therapeutic action also play into the process as in psychotherapy, but the interpretive mode with progressive insight distinguishes psychoanalysis proper.
A MOTIVATIONAL SYSTEMS APPROACH TO THE CLINICAL EXPERIENCE
Authors: Lichtenberg Joseph D. , Kindler Allan R.
Published: June 2009

A conception of the self and five motivational systems is applied to clinical psychoanalysis. Each motivational system develops in infancy from innate and learned patterns in response to a basic need, and each involves particular affects. Each motivational system contributes patterns from which important transferences evolve. At any given moment, motives derived from one or another system dominate a person's experience, motives from the other system being subsidiary or dormant. We describe the manner in which these concepts contribute to an explanation of foreground-background relations during analysis, and how analysts and analysands construct model scenes to give meaning to information acquired by empathic listening. We conclude with a clinical vignette illustrating the application of these concepts to the patient's transference and the analyst's response in the intersubjective realm of an analytic enactment and verbal exchange.
MATERNAL EMPATHY, FAMILY CHAOS, AND THE ETIOLOGY OF BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER
Authors: Golomb Anath , Ludolph Pamela , Westen Drew , Block M. Judith , Maurer Pattrice , Wiss F. Charles
Published: June 2009

Psychoanalytic writers have traced the etiology of borderline personality disorder (BPD) to be a preoedipal disturbance in the mother-child relationship. Despite the prevalence of theories focusing on the role of mothering in the development of BPD, few empirical studies have tested the hypothesis that borderlines were the recipients of unempathic mothering. The current preliminary study compared 13 mothers of borderline adolescents with 13 mothers of normal adolescents. This study found that mothers of borderlines tended to conceive of their children egocentrically, as need-gratifying objects, rather than as individuals with distinct and evolving personalities. This study also found that the mothers of borderlines reported raising their daughters in extremely chaotic families struggling to cope with multiple hardships, including divorce and financial worries. The stressful environmental circumstances reported by the mothers likely affected the borderline daughters directly as well as the mothers' ability to parent effectively and empathically. The results of this study suggest that, as predicted by psychoanalytic theory, a problematic mother-child relationship may play a significant role in the genesis of borderline pathology; however, the life circumstances that contextualize the mother-child relationship also need to be considered when accounting for the etiology of BPD.
IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER: HELMHOLTZIAN PERCEPTION AND THE ORIGINS OF FREUD'S 1900 THEORY OF TRANSFERENCE
Authors: Makari George J.
Published: June 2009

Freud's 1900 theory of transference was indebted to the convergence of philosophy and physiology found in nineteenth-century theories of visual perception. The author maps out the post-Kantian philosophical and German physiological currents that gave rise to Hermann von Helmholtz's influential work on perception, and proposes that Freud's 1900 theory of transference was a creative synthesis of novel notions like unconscious wishing and psychic defense with a Helmholtzian model of visual illusion.
How Libido Theory Shaped Technique (1911-1915)
Authors: Lichtenberg Joseph D.
Published: June 2009

Freud' papers on technique were written at a time when he could express supreme confidence in the psychoanalytic process, based on his theory of libido. Freud was far less sanguine about the practices of many contemporary analysts; consequently the papers contain far more don't's than do's. From the vantage point of today, these papers portray a transitional stage in psychoanalysis, an age of innocence, in comparison to the complexities of our current view of the interaction between analyst and analysand.
Understanding Therapeutic Action in the Analytic Situation: A Second Look at The Developmental Metaphor
Authors: Mayes Linda C. , Spence Donald P.
Published: June 2009

A root metaphor for the psychoanalytic therapeutic process is the mother-infant caretaking relationship. This developmental metaphor has assumed a dominant role for some analysts in how the psychoanalytic process and therapeutic relationship are conceptualized. In this paper, a distinction is made between two uses of the developmental metaphor–naïve and informed. The naïve view as commonly applied constrains our view of the unique relationship between analyst and analysand. The informed view takes into account current research in early social development that has emerged in the last decade of empirical studies with infants, young children, and their parents. While the parent-child relationship may be an inexact model for the analytic connection, some of the implications of the former, as they become more clearly understood in the course of careful research, may provide useful information about how change does or does not occur as a result of the analytic process, and how an analytic process needs to be in place in the analysand before that change can occur.
Gender Identity Disorder in a Girl; Insights From Adoption
Authors: Gilmore Karen
Published: June 2009

Gender identity disorder in girls is reported far less frequently than in boys. The analysis of a six-year-old adopted girl with gender identity disorder is presented to show the Importance of the motherinfant relationship and of parental, especially maternal, attitudes toward gender in the normal development of gender identity and gender role definition. This child's unusual history included a late adoption, with clear evidence of separation trauma, and the ongoing influence of maternal infertility. Her symptoms of gender identity disorder appeared before her second birthday and were well established by three years of age. The analysis, from age six to thirteen, achieved a better adaptation to her gender. Her masculine strivings gradually became incorporated into an essentially feminine orientation.
Do Actions Speak Louder Than Words? A Query Into an Enigma in Analytic Theory and Technique
Authors: Busch Fred
Published: June 2009

While action is increasingly viewed as ubiquitous throughout psychoanalytic treatment, our understanding of why it occurs is limited by rudimentary views of verbalization and action. Dynamic and genetic interpretations of action, usually given at a time of resistance impasse, give only a partial explanation of the phenomenon. The question is explored of why the behavior may appear in the form of action, as well as its implication for interpretive strategies. A major premise is that the role of the ego has been overlooked, especially modes of thinking associated with earlier developmental levels.
Telling About the Analyst's Pregnancy
Authors: Uyehara Lisa A. , Austrian Susan , Upton Letitia G. , Warner Rebecca H. , Williamson Roberta A.
Published: June 2009

Pregnancy is one of several events in the life of an analyst which may affect an analysis, calling for special technical considerations. For the analyst, this exception to the tenet of anonymity, along with countertransference guilt, narcissistic preoccupation, heightened infantile conflicts, and intense patient responses, may stimulate anxiety that becomes focused on the timing and manner of informing the patient For the patient, preoccupation with the timing of the telling may serve as a displacement from other meanings of the pregnancy. Candidate analysts may face particular difficulties managing the impact of their pregnancies on control cases. We address practical and technical considerations in telling, the transference and countertransference surrounding it, ethical concerns, and the challenges of supervising a pregnant candidate.
The Pope's Confessor: A Metaphor Relating to Illness in The Analyst
Authors: Clark Rita W.
Published: June 2009

This paper examines some of the internal and external eventualities in the situation of illness in the analyst. The current emphasis on the use of the self as part of the analyzing instrument makes impairments in the analyst's physical well-being potentially disabling to the analytic work. A recommendation is made for analysts, both individually and as a professional group, to always consider this aspect of a personal medical problem.
Working Through as Metaphor and as a Modality of Treatment
Authors: Gedo John E.
Published: June 2009

Although Freud encoded the idea of “working through” as a mere metaphor, it served the essential role of designating the necessary activities of analyst and analysand that go beyond the elucidation of mental contents through interpretation. From a neurobiological viewpoint, these processes involve the establishment of new neural networks through gradual habituation. From the vantage point of cognition, this necessarily slow process amounts to learning new skills in communication, the mastery of mounting unpleasure, and the expansion of “referential activity.” These considerations imply that the crux of analytic work is changing those biological functions we call thought processes, thereby improving the person's ability to regulate behavior adaptively. Thus, the interpretation of mental content is a byproduct of the analytic work–a result of clearer thinking, facilitated by identifying areas of primitive mentation and assisting analysands to expand their repertory of psychological skills. Only these intrapsychic changes in functional capacity will enable patients to reach the insight necessary for continuous adaptation through self-inquiry.
On Focused Association and the Analytic Surface: Clinical Opportunities in Resolving Analytic Stalemate
Authors: Kern James W.
Published: June 2009

Focused association is a technique for exploring repetitive noncom-municative phenomena, especially those which occupy center stage during periods of analytic stalemate. This psychological content is studied by a two-part investigation of the particulars of the presenting “surface,” involving (I) focusing and (2) association. The technique was originally devised by Freud to access the latent meanings of dreams. The effort departs from free association, calling upon more active analytic teamwork within a transference-countertrans-ference context that is steadily considered and analyzed. The key “unverbal” material arising from this dyadic flux is descriptively pre-conscious, multimodal, widely variable in form, and not primarily lexical. A frequent finding is that these repeating ad hoc clinical phenomena, often categorized as resistance (especially transference resistance), are highly condensed and defensively rearranged compositions, like dreams, that have been internally structured by processes akin to dreamwork. Approached by focused association, such content yields unconscious derivatives that previously had been sequestered in repetitious, noncommunicative forms. This work allows the analyst to follow Freud's clinical maxim to “start with the surface” and provides relief for the analyst from the temptation to invoke global resistance interpretations when derivative communication and analytic movement have lapsed.
Beginning a Psychoanalytic Treatment: Establishing an Analytic Frame
Authors: Busch Fred
Published: June 2009

The opening phase of analysis has received scant attention. Freud initially included, as essential, the establishment of an analytic process via the method of free association in the opening phase. However, his stance in relation to this process we can now characterize as authoritarian, and as influenced by suggestion and manipulation. Recent literature, while contributing to the understanding of the range of dynamics possible when beginning an analysis, continues to ignore the manner in which the method of free association may be used by both participants in establishing an analytic frame. Two clinical examples of how this latter process may be inaugurated are given, and reasons for the drift away from it are suggested.
The Process of Interpretation and the Moment of Change
Authors: Schlesinger Herbert J.
Published: June 2009

The effectiveness of analytic Interpretation is conditioned by a number of factors within the patient. within the analyst, and within the analytic situation. I will focus on one of these factors, part of the technical activity of the analyst that I will call follow-up interpretation, one which omitted, or even slighted, sharply diminishes the effectiveness of interpretation.
Transferences of Deception
Authors: La Farge Lucy
Published: June 2009

Three characteristic transference configurations are identified that frequently emerge in the analyses of patients for whom deception and inauthenticity are central themes. These configurations are la beled (1) imposturous, (2) psychopathic-paranoid, and (3) psycho pathic-unreal. Patients who develop these transferences have actively split the object world along two distinct axes. The first split has occurred along the lines of pleasure and unpleasure. The second divides objects along the lines of the experience of reality, with some objects felt to be charged with exaggerated, painful meaning, and others felt to be devoid of meaning and affect. This split, which arises as a way of managing painful object relations, is then woven into fantasy and defense at many developmental levels. Material from the analyses of two patients is presented to demonstrate the interplay of the three transference configurations, the fantasies that underlie them, and the clinical importance of analyzing the second split
The Ego and its Significance in Analytic Interventions
Authors: Busch Fred
Published: June 2009

Freud's view of the ego as Januslike, the one component of the psychic system turned toward the external world yet partly unconscious, should have insured its centrality in clinical interventions. However, history and experience do not bear this out It is argued that a core part of the change process in analysis lies in the modifications that occur in ego functioning, making it necessary to carefully consider the role of the ego in clinical technique. Numerous clinical examples are presented to show the manner and significance of such an approach.
Emerging Indicators Of Ego Growth And Associated Resistances
Authors: Holmes Dorothy Evans
Published: June 2009

In this paper the technique of resistance analysis is extended beyond a focus on defenses against aggressive drive derivatives to include a focus on resistances based on libidinal conflicts and resistances which stem from defenses against accessing and using autonomous ego functions. For example, patients may resist progress by forming primary defenses against expression of joyful affects, increased capacity to think, and/or new possibilities for effective action. This expanded focus for analysis of resistance permits us to build a technique bridge between drive-defense perspectives and ego psychology, it highlights the need to analyze the sense of danger involved in autonomous ego functioning, and it points to a way of freeing such functioning from the influences of resistance.
Memory Systems and the Psychoanalytic Retrieval of Memories of Trauma
Authors: Brenneis C. Brooks
Published: June 2009

Increasingly, psychoanalysis has confronted the issue of recovered memories of childhood trauma. Based on trauma research, the concept of a special traumatic memory has evolved. Overwhelming psychic experience is thought to generate a defensively altered state of consciousness (specifically dissociation), which encodes memory in unassimilated visual, somatic, and behavioral. rather than linguistic modes. Analytic reevocation and interpretation of the original altered states of consciousness then permits the transformation of “early” traumatic memory into “later” explicit memory. Examined from the vantage point of contemporary cognitive research and theory, underlying flaws may be found in these propositions when they are extended to patients without explicit memory of trauma: first, dissociation is a chameleonlike process, perhaps as closely associated with suggestibility as with trauma; second, state-dependent learning does not adequately account for the absence of explicit memory; and third, implicit memory does not map onto explicit memory in any direct or simple fashion. Consequently, the clinical application of current propositions about traumatic memory to patients without explicit memory of trauma may warrant considerable caution. Provisional guidelines are offered for estimating the validity of retrieved memories of trauma.
Suggestion and Veridicality in the Reconstruction of Sexual Trauma, or can a Bait of Suggestion Catch a Carp of Falsehood?
Authors: Good Michael I.
Published: June 2009

Freud used the term suggestion in psychoanalysis in different ways, including suggestion as an integral part of the transference and suggestion in the sense of undue influence or technical error. This distinction can be expressed in terms of the patient's suggestibility (capacity for transference) and the analyst's unwarranted suggestion or persuasion representing countertransference, theoretical bias, or a departure from technical neutrality. Whether suggestion is explicit or implicit, the effects of suggestion and suggestibility may be mutual and reciprocal. To the extent that a psychoanalyst maintains the goal of technical neutrality, undue suggestion is likely to be minimal. To the extent that it occurs for transferential or countertransferential reasons, suggestion may itself be analyzed. Problems of suggestion are more likely to occur and persist when they are part of the analyst's theoretical orientation, influencing the course of the analysis and expressing compromise formations for both patient and analyst. At times, even tentatively stated words or unintended behaviors of the analyst can have a dynamic impact that may not be readily analyzed. The analytic situation itself may have retrospective (nachträglich) action. A previously published case is described in which an apparent enactment led the analyst to urge a reconstruction of sexual abuse even though the patient never actually recalled what was presumed to have been fellatio. The need for technical neutrality and alternative reconstructions in such cases is considered. The degree to which the personality and goals of the analyst influence the course of reconstruction remains a vexing issue for psychoanalysis as a scientific endeavor. There is a need for detailed analytic case studies in which alternative reconstructions can be compared by investigating opportunities for external confirmation or falsification.
Screen Reconstructions: Traumatic Memory, Conviction, and the Problem of Verification
Authors: Good Michael I.
Published: June 2009

Just as formerly recalled screen memories may be remembered again in the course of psychoanalysis, so new screen phenomena can arise during the treatment process. This paper attempts to relate the process of reconstruction and the occurrence of a type of screening. It is proposed that, under certain circumstances, psychoanalysis can result in a mutually determined screen construction that both patient and analyst consider convincing and valid but which may, for the most part, actually be untrue as a result of the screen function. Screen memories arising during the reconstructive process resemble the déjà vu and déjà raconté situation in that the experience is felt with certainty to have actually occurred previously, although a degree of doubt about its having happened can consciously or unconsciously coincide. Factors contributing to the formation of screen constructions include regressive aspects of the analytic situation; superego elements and the experience of an injunction to remember; the wish to witness what took place in the past; direct or indirect suggestive influence by the analyst; a defensive identification with the analyst; and the analyst's theoretical orientation to reconstruction. Like a screen memory having some veridical content yet serving a masking function, a screen construction can have elements of truth. At the same time such constructions may function as a strong resistance or compromise against intense erotic, sadomasochistic, or narcissistic themes in the transference/counter-transference that were painful or conflictual in the past. If screen constructions are assumed to be historically real or valid, they may not be analyzed for their transferential screening role. A previously published case involving a presumably repressed memory of sexual molestation is considered from the perspective of the possible development of a screen reconstruction. Clinical and scientific aspects of seeking extra-analytic confirmation or falsification of reconstructions are discussed.
A New View of Developmental Research for Psychoanalysts
Authors: Fajardo Barbara
Published: June 2009

Three major epistemological perspectives in psychoanalysis are summarized, and the developmental research relevant to each is described. Not all research is useful for all psychoanalytic perspectives. The most historically recent of the three perspectives, exemplified by Winnicott, others in the British Independent Group, and the “relationists” in the United States, who focus on the experiential immediacy of the analyst-analysand interaction and emotions, presents new problems and challenges for meaningful dialogue with the developmental researcher. Research in extrapsychoanalytic disciplines has traditionally been posed as authoritative for the grounding of psychoanalytic “truth,” and, unlike the earlier perspectives, this view explicitly rejects any truth deriving from authority outside the psychoanalytic process itself. To illustrate how developmental research inquiry would be different for each epistemological perspective in psychoanalysis, the same study of infant development is described in three different ways as relevant to each perspective. Child development research has been changing as a field in ways parallel to psychoanalysis, each undergoing fundamental changes that encourage a new integration.
The Scientific Status of Unconscious Processes: Is Freud Really Dead?
Authors: Westen Drew
Published: June 2009

At regular intervals for over half a century, critiques of Freud and psychoanalysis have emerged in the popular media and in intellectual circles, usually declaring that Freud has died some new and agonizing death, and that the enterprise he created should be buried along with him like the artifacts in the tomb of an Egyptian king. Although the critiques take many forms, a central claim has long been that unconscious processes, like other psychoanalytic constructs, lack any basis in scientific research. In recent years, however, a large body of experimental research has emerged in a number of independent literatures. This work documents the most fundamental tenet of psychoanalysis—that much of mental life is unconscious, including cognitive, affective, and motivational processes. This body of research suggests some important revisions in the psychoanalytic understanding of unconscious processes, but it also points to the conclusion that, based on controlled scientific investigations alone (that is, without even considering clinical data), the repeated broadside attacks on psychoanalysis are no longer tenable.
Passions in Girls and Women: Toward a Bridge Between Critical Relational Theory of Gender and Modern Conflict Theory
Authors: Hoffman Leon
Published: June 2009

This paper considers (1) some aspects of the lack of dialogue among psychoanalytic schools; (2) Brenner's (1982) conception of drives and drive derivatives as inextricably linked to relationships, and some of its less-appreciated implications; (3) the debate over the importance of childhood sexuality in mental life; (4) the attempts by relational theorists to address and reintegrate the role of sexuality and gender, particularly in the study of feminine psychology; (5) the problematic role of aggression in psychoanalytic theories of women; (6) the avoidance by both men and women of women's passions and their anatomical loci, especially the clitoris, whose only function is the provision of pleasure; and (7) the suggestion that an integrated theory, including an understanding of the role of the body as well as of the passions and the defenses against them, results in the most effective clinical psychoanalytic approach. It then suggests that a bridge could be built between a relational point of view that takes into consideration the role of bodily experiences, and a classical point of view in which drive is seen as inextricably linked to relationships from birth on.
Freud and Film: Encounters in the Weltgeist
Authors: Sklarew Bruce
Published: June 2009

Freud's antipathy toward film is striking, since film and dreams are formed by similar mechanisms. Nevertheless, Freud occasionally and unavoidably encountered film. This paper details some of these encounters. Ten years after viewing time-lapse photography, a forerunner of moving pictures, at the Salpêtrière, he was conceptualizing a model of the mind and of the formation of dreams that in some ways parallels the film apparatus invented by the Lumière brothers in December 1895. On his visit to America in 1905, Freud saw movies in New York City. In 1925, he refused a lucrative offer to consult on a film, and he discouraged Karl Abraham and Hanns Sachs from consulting on the first psychoanalytic film, Pabst's Secrets of a Soul (1926). He was, however, once sighted viewing an American double feature in Vienna. The paper closes with a critique of his acting in home movies.
On The Aesthetic Illusion
Authors: Baiter Leon
Published: June 2009

The aesthetic illusion—the experience of the content of a work of art as reality—occurs through the mobilization and intensification of typical infantile fantasies in the beholder. This necessarily evokes intrapsychic conflict in the mature adult. Two illusion-producing strategies ameliorate this conflict and effect the aesthetic illusion. The first illusion is that the artist's proffered fantasy is the beholder's own personal and private fantasy. This isolates the beholder from the shame-and guilt-evoking social surround. The second illusion is that the protagonist depicted in the work is an actual person. This defends the beholder from the painful emotions attendant upon his instinctually gratifying identification with the protagonist. The first illusion is necessary for the establishment of the second, but it is the second that establishes the aesthetic illusion. The aesthetic illusion exists in a highly unstable dynamic equilibrium with the beholder's usual reality orientation. If either orientation is too powerful, the dynamic equilibrium is disrupted and the aesthetic experience as such is abolished.
Faculty Trust and Organizational School Characteristics
Authors: Van Maele Dimitri , Van Houtte Mieke
Published: June 2009

Purpose: Teachers trusting other groups of actors in their school enhances a school’s functioning. Research relating teacher trust to school context has proven scarce, however. This study explores the extent to which teachers from a same school share a level of trust. Organizational value culture, size, and group composition are associated with faculty trust in students, parents, colleagues, and the principal. Research Design: Data were gathered via anonymous surveys completed by 2,104 teachers in 84 secondary schools in Flanders in the 2004-2005 school year. Measures for individual teachers’ trust were based on the scales developed by Hoy and Tschannen-Moran. To explore the existence of faculty trust, an index of mean rater reliability based on the intraclass correlation coefficient from a one-way analysis of variance was used. Findings: Faculty trust exists within Flemish secondary schools and is composed of four dimensions relating to four separate referents of trust. Organizational value culture, size, and composition affect the level of organizational trust in schools. Socioeconomic school composition heavily determines staff trust. Trust in colleagues is higher in private schools than in public schools. A high proportion of immigrant students lowers teachers’ trust in parents. Conclusions: Relating a staff’s academic culture and students’ study culture to teacher trust is advisable. For a successful implementation of reform initiatives, schools with the described characteristics should adopt programs to enhance teacher trust. Principals and leaders should be aware of organizational characteristics affecting trust in schools.
Cheikh Anta Diop, Malcolm X, and Haki Madhubuti
Authors: Jennings Regina
Published: June 2009

It is the purpose of this article to identify the key influences of Cheikh Anta Diop on the work of Haki Madhubuti and Malcolm X. To make this analysis the article begins with an appropriate review of the work of Cheikh Anta Diop and then demonstrates how ideas and concepts in the Diopian project are related to the political work of Malcolm and the artistic work of Madhubuti.
Malcolm X and/as Critical Theory
Authors: Rabaka Reiland
Published: June 2009

The principle objective of this article is to examine Malcolm X as a critical theorist. Malcolm is viewed as a significant contributor to the Africana tradition of critical theory as articulated by several Africana Studies scholars and Africana philosophers in specific. This article argues that Malcolm's social and political philosophy provides radical theorists with a new paradigm and point of departure for developing an Africana critical theory of contemporary society.
The Complexity of African American Racial Identification
Authors: Thompson Vetta L. Sanders
Published: June 2009

Current theoretical interest in racial identification is sustained by the view that it is a culture specific personality variable. The importance of racial identification is based on its ability to explain a process that brings people together or separates them. Racial identification has implications for the social, cultural, and personal striving of members of the African American community. It is important that social scientists begin to examine the ability of various assessment strategies to answer questions related to African American racial identification. This article presents empirical findings that address the usefulness of a multidimensional approach to racial identification. Current data suggest that only approximately 15% of African Americans report consistent levels of racial identification when various content aspects are assessed. This fact suggests the potential of the multi-dimensional model to provide new insights into African American personality and behavior.
The Feminist Struggle in the Senegalese Novel
Authors: Kamara Gibreel M.
Published: June 2009

This article analyzes Sembene Ousmane's and Mariama Ba's novels in an attempt to determine whether or not the struggle of Feminism in achieving its inherent objectives is gender based. Indeed, there are those radical feminist critics, especially Euro-Americans, who accuse African male novelists, among other things,of marginalising the Africanwoman. From the narrowed lenses of these critics, the African woman's worst enemy is the African man. On the contrary, this study points out that African female and male novelists pursue the same agenda, the liberation of the Africanwoman from those traditional beliefs that place the African woman at a disadvantaged position.
Ally McBeal and her Homies
Authors: Patton Tracey Owens
Published: June 2009

This article critically analyzes the popular television show, Ally McBeal, with a specific focus on how women and ethnic minorities are stereotypically portrayed. Through Complicity Theory, Standpoint Feminist, and Womanism, this article contends that the mediated representations of women and ethnic minorities on Ally McBeal are largely negative, and that stereotypical images of these groups continue to be perpetuated in the media. In an effort to interrogate and problematize these mediated images; that is, what is “womanhood” and who are “ethnic minorities,” a move from complicity to implicature theory is offered.
Philosophy's Roles in Afrocentric Education
Authors: Verharen Charles C.
Published: June 2009

Should philosophy be introduced as a formal subject to kindergarten through 12th grade students in Afrocentric schools? U.S. public education's aversion to philosophy is so pervasive that Afrocentric educators should consider whether they have assimilated this bias. This essay considers ancient Greek philosophy's possible roles in its construction. While challenging Plato and Aristotle's arguments against philosophizing before age 30, the essay explains philosophy's absence in public schools through structural similarities between ancient Greece and the contemporary United States. The essay's objectives are to stimulate Afrocentric educators to formulate an explicit Afrocentric philosophy, to compare ancient African philosophies in Egypt and Nubia to contemporary African philosophies, and to reflect on the philosophies of Africana history they are imparting to their students. The essay's conclusion examines Africa's creativity in the context of new explanations of African development.
Cognitive Empowerment of African Americans and Caucasians
Authors: Peterson N. Andrew , Hamme Christina L. , Speer Paul W.
Published: June 2009

This study explored relationships between race, citizen participation, and three dimensions of cognitive empowerment: understandings of power through relationships, political functioning, and shaping ideology. Results revealed that, unlike emotional empowerment, cognitive empowerment was not directly related to citizen participation, and effects of participation on cognitive empowerment did not differ for African Americans and Caucasians. Importantly, a main effect of race on cognitive empowerment was found which showed that, accross levels of participation, African Americans had greater understandings of power through relationships and shaping ideology than Caucasians. Implications for empowerment theory and practice are discussed.
Poor People, Black Faces
Authors: Clawson Rosalee A.
Published: June 2009

In this study, the author examines the portrayal of poverty in economics textbooks. The author tests the hypothesis that Blacks are disproportionately represented among the poor. In other words, she analyzes whether poverty is predicted as a “Black” problem. She found evidence that Black faces are overwhelmingly portrayed among the contemporary poor. She also demonstrates that Blacks are not portrayed among the Great Depression era poor, a particularly sympathetic group of poor people. In addition, Blacks are not used to illustrate a popular social welfare program—Social Security.
The Portrayal of Africana Males in Achebe, Marshall, Morrison, and Wideman
Authors: Beckmann Felicia
Published: June 2009

This article looks at Professor Hudson-Weems's work Africana Womanism, in particular her 18 qualities of an Africana Woman. Hudson- Weems briefly addresses in her work the 18 characteristics of the Africana Male. The article then takes these 18 characteristics for men and applies them to the male characters from four novels: Brown Girl, Brownstones, Things Fall Apart, The Bluest Eye, and Hiding Place.
Messages of Hope
Authors: Frisby Cynthia M.
Published: June 2009

Despite the fact that mammography is a valuable tool for early detection of breast cancer, research shows that most Black women do not undergo mammography. To better understand why Black women do not utilize regular mammography screenings, the author interviewed 92 Black women ranging in age from 20 to 77 to determine what effect their attitudes and perceptions of breast cancer have on their underutilization of and experience with mammograms. Data obtained revealed that Black women in this study hold negative attitudes and perceptions that involve images of death, feelings of fear, and concerns about unrealistic physical impairments that result from breast cancer. Results of the study are discussed along with the implications for using advertising and public relations campaigns to address the factors that influence Black women to utilize mammograms and engage in regular breast cancer screenings.
James Baldwin's Confrontation Withracist Terror in the American South
Authors: Griffith Paul
Published: June 2009

The memory of Jesse, James Baldwin's protagonist in “Going to Meet the Man,” channels a flow of impressions that both dramatizes his psychic and sexual wounding and provides a useful perspective into the distorted reality growing out of Southern history of racist violence. Baldwin's experiments with perspective, time handling, and revealing reflect his interest in style as exposé of harmful delusions. His treatment of point of view functions to analyze culture myths about sexuality that justify violent rape of Black women and castration and live burning of Black men. Validated as ethical norm, these myths serve as the altar on which the community sacrifices its capacity for self-examination. They supply the energy that keeps in motion cycles of barbarity against which the perpetrators claim, ironically, to be defending their enlightened selves. Inevitable, therefore, is the tragic undermining of individuals'humanity and warping of the social character.