bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Inhabitants of the British Isles on the First Crusade: Medieval Perceptions and the Invention of a Pan-Angevin Crusading Heritage
Authors: Parsons Simon Thomas
Published: February 2019

This article critically examines the Latin and vernacular evidence for participation from the British Isles in the expeditions associated with the First Crusade (1096–99), bringing together for the first time the full array of relevant medieval material which suggests such involvement. Although contemporary accounts of the crusade emphasise the universality of Pope Urban II’s appeal within Western Europe, there is very little reliable evidence that England, Scotland, Wales or Ireland contributed any sizeable force to the Christian armies travelling overland to the East, demonstrating that the early crusading recruitment was often culturally and geographically restricted. This article adds to the narrow corpus of material depicting insular contribution to the crusade the testimony of the Siège d’Antioche, a lengthy epic Anglo-Norman poem, which retrospectively inscribed the involvement of peoples from the British Isles onto the narrative of the First Crusade. It suggests furthermore, based on thematic and stylistic evidence, as well as direct textual references, that at least one stage in the development of this extant narrative should be associated with the Angevin literary milieu during the rule of Henry II (1154–89) and his sons. Its portrayal of crusaders from Ireland, Wales, Scotland and England shows that, in the late twelfth-century Angevin realms, the crusade, retrospectively viewed as a central site of Christian heritage and memory and a crucible for the formation of knightly and heroic values, could not be envisaged without the involvement of the wider Angevin world.
The role of consumer age and financial profit in vendor compliance for underage alcohol sales
Authors: Van Hoof Joris J
Published: February 2019

Age limit restriction for risky products is widely implemented as an instrument to improve public health. To study reasons for vendor (non-)compliance this 2 (underage vs. adult consumer) × 2 (low vs. high profit) field experimental research was conducted. Trained mystery shoppers conducted 218 alcohol purchase attempts. ID checks and compliance were significantly higher when financial profit was low (74% ID checks; 67% compliance) compared with the high-profit conditions (26%; 18%). There were no significant differences between the adult and underage consumer conditions. The motivation to comply appears to be the crucial factor, and enforcement needs to be intensified.
Time dependence of cellular responses to dynamic and complex strain fields
Authors: Chagnon-Lessard Sophie , Godin Michel , Pelling Andrew E
Published: February 2019

Exposing cells to an unconventional sequence of physical cues can reveal subtleties of cellular sensing and response mechanisms. We investigated the mechanoresponse of cyclically stretched fibroblasts under a spatially non-uniform strain field which was subjected to repeated changes in stretching directions over 55 h. A polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic stretcher array optimized for complex staining procedures and imaging was developed to generate biologically relevant strain and strain gradient amplitudes. We demonstrated that cells can successfully reorient themselves repeatedly, as the main cyclical stretching direction is consecutively switched between two perpendicular directions every 11 h. Importantly, from one reorientation to the next, the extent to which cells reorient themselves perpendicularly to the local strain direction progressively decreases, while their tendency to align perpendicularly to the strain gradient direction increases. We demonstrate that these results are consistent with our finding that cellular responses to strains and strain gradients occur on two distinct time scales, the latter being slower. Overall, our results reveal the absence of major irreversible cellular changes that compromise the ability to sense and reorient to changing strain directions under the conditions of this experiment. On the other hand, we show how the history of strain field dynamics can influence the cellular realignment behavior, due to the interplay of complex time-dependent responses.
Flow Features of the Near Wake of the Australian Boobook Owl (Ninox boobook) During Flapping Flight Suggest an Aerodynamic Mechanism of Sound Suppression for Stealthy Flight
Authors: Lawley Jonathan , Ben-Gida Hadar , Krishnamoorthy Krishnan , Hackett Erin E , Kopp Gregory A , Morgan Gareth , Guglielmo Christopher G , Gurka Roi
Published: February 2019

Synopsis

The mechanisms associated with the ability of owls to fly silently have been the subject of scientific interest for many decades and may be relevant to bio-inspired design to reduce noise of flapping and non-flapping flying devices. Here, we characterize the near wake dynamics and the associated flow structures produced during flight of the Australian boobook owl (Ninox boobook). Three individual owls were flown at 8 ms−1 in a climatic avian wind tunnel. The velocity field in the wake was sampled at 500 Hz using long-duration high-speed particle image velocimetry (PIV) while the wing kinematics were imaged simultaneously using high speed video. The time series of velocity maps that were acquired over several consecutive wingbeat cycles enabled us to characterize the wake patterns and to associate them with the phases of the wingbeat cycle. We found that the owl wake was dramatically different from other birds measured under the same flow conditions (i.e., western sandpiper, Calidris mauri and European starling, Sturnus vulgaris). The near wake of the owl did not exhibit any apparent shedding of organized vortices. Instead, a more chaotic wake pattern was observed, in which the characteristic scales of vorticity (associated with turbulence) are substantially smaller in comparison to other birds. Estimating the pressure field developed in the wake shows that owls reduce the pressure Hessian (i.e., the pressure distribution) to approximately zero. We hypothesize that owls manipulate the near wake to suppress the aeroacoustic signal by controlling the size of vortices generated in the wake, which are associated with noise reduction through suppression of the pressure field. Understanding how specialized feather structures, wing morphology, or flight kinematics of owls contribute to this effect remains a challenge for additional study.
Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Versus Omega-6 Fatty Acids for the Control of Cancer-Related Fatigue Among Breast Cancer Survivors
Authors: Peppone Luke J , Inglis Julia E , Mustian Karen M , Heckler Charles E , Padula Gilbert D A , Mohile Supriya G , Kamen Charles S , Culakova Eva , Lin Po-Ju , Kerns Sarah L , Cole Sharon , Janelsins Michelle C
Published: February 2019

Background

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a common side effect of adjuvant therapy and becomes a chronic problem for approximately one-third of survivors. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (O3-PUFA) demonstrated preliminary antifatigue effects in previous research, but have not been investigated in fatigued cancer survivors.

Methods

Breast cancer survivors 4–36 months posttreatment with a CRF score of 4 or more of 10 using the symptom inventory (SI) were randomly assigned to O3-PUFA (fish oil, 6 g/d), omega-6 PUFA (O6-PUFA; soybean oil, 6 g/d), or a low-dose combination of O3-/O6-PUFA (3 g/d O3-PUFA and O6-PUFA) for 6 weeks. CRF was assessed by the SI (screening question), the Brief Fatigue Inventory, and the Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Index. Protein and mRNA levels of inflammatory and antioxidant biomarkers, along with fatty acid and lipid levels, were assessed at baseline and week 6. Statistical tests were two-sided.

Results

A total of 108 breast cancer survivors consented; 97 subjects were randomly assigned and 81 completed the trial. The SI CRF score decreased by 2.51 points at week 6 with O6-PUFA and by 0.93 points with O3-PUFA, with statistically significant between-group difference (effect size = −0.86, P < .01). Similar changes were observed for the Brief Fatigue Inventory and Multidimensional Fatigue Symptom Index but were not statistically significant. Stratified analyses showed the largest benefit was observed in those with severe baseline CRF (≥7). Compared with O3-PUFA, O6-PUFA supplementation statistically significantly decreased proinflammatory markers in the TNF-α signaling pathway.

Conclusion

Contrary to our original hypothesis, O6-PUFA statistically significantly reduced CRF compared with O3-PUFA. Further research is needed to confirm these findings and to elucidate mechanisms of action.
Embedded Attitudes
Authors: Blumberg Kyle , Holguín Ben
Published: February 2019

This paper presents a puzzle involving embedded attitude reports. We resolve the puzzle by arguing that attitude verbs take restricted readings: in some environments the denotation of attitude verbs can be restricted by a given proposition. For example, when these verbs are embedded in the consequent of a conditional, they can be restricted by the proposition expressed by the conditional’s antecedent. We formulate and motivate two conditions on the availability of verb restrictions: (i) a constraint that ties the content of restrictions to the “dynamic effects” of sentential connectives and (ii) a constraint that limits the availability of restriction effects to present tense verbs with first-person subjects. However, we also present some cases that make trouble for these conditions, and outline some possible ways of modifying the view to account for the recalcitrant data. We conclude with a brief discussion of some of the connections between our semantics for attitude verbs and issues concerning epistemic modals and theories of knowledge.
Ancestry-Specific Analyses Reveal Differential Demographic Histories and Opposite Selective Pressures in Modern South Asian Populations
Authors: Yelmen Burak , Mondal Mayukh , Marnetto Davide , Pathak Ajai K , Montinaro Francesco , Gallego Romero Irene , Kivisild Toomas , Metspalu Mait , Pagani Luca
Published: February 2019

Genetic variation in contemporary South Asian populations follows a northwest to southeast decreasing cline of shared West Eurasian ancestry. A growing body of ancient DNA evidence is being used to build increasingly more realistic models of demographic changes in the last few thousand years. Through high-quality modern genomes, these models can be tested for gene and genome level deviations. Using local ancestry deconvolution and masking, we reconstructed population-specific surrogates of the two main ancestral components for more than 500 samples from 25 South Asian populations and showed our approach to be robust via coalescent simulations.

Our f3 and f4 statistics–based estimates reveal that the reconstructed haplotypes are good proxies for the source populations that admixed in the area and point to complex interpopulation relationships within the West Eurasian component, compatible with multiple waves of arrival, as opposed to a simpler one wave scenario. Our approach also provides reliable local haplotypes for future downstream analyses. As one such example, the local ancestry deconvolution in South Asians reveals opposite selective pressures on two pigmentation genes (SLC45A2 and SLC24A5) that are common or fixed in West Eurasians, suggesting post-admixture purifying and positive selection signals, respectively.
Left M2 Occlusion With Thrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2b Recanalization Using “Solumbra” Technique: Video Case
Authors: Munich Stephan A , Vakharia Kunal , Levy Elad I
Published: February 2019

Mechanical thrombectomy has become the accepted standard of care in patients with large-vessel occlusions; however, the management of more distal occlusions is more variable. Although often less clinically severe than proximal occlusions, M2 occlusions can cause significant disability, particularly when they occur in the dominant cerebral hemisphere. Recanalization of M2 occlusions with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator has been reported to be unreliable (only successful in 30.8% of cases).
1
Reliable recanalization of M2 occlusions (thrombolysis in cerebral infarction [TICI] grade 2b or 3 in 76.9% of cases) using contemporary endovascular techniques has been reported.
2
A multi-institutional experience demonstrated similar radiographic and clinical success rates when comparing direct aspiration and primary stent retrieval to treat M2 occlusions.
3

 In this video, we present the case of a 62-yr-old woman with a left M2 occlusion treated using the “Solumbra” technique.
4
This technique utilizes a stent retriever in conjunction with aspiration, which is achieved by advancing the aspiration catheter adjacent to the clot. The small caliber of the M2 segment prohibits the advancement of the large-bore aspiration catheter into this segment. However, as demonstrated in this video, placement of the aspiration catheter at the M2 ostia with deployment of the stent retriever in the M2 clot can provide effective recanalization. It should be noted that care should be taken when advancing a guide catheter into the petrous carotid artery for support as this is an advanced maneuver and may increase the risk of iatrogenic injury in inexperienced hands.

 Consent was obtained from the patient prior to performing the procedure. Institutional Review Board approval is not required for the report of a single case.
Revisiting real exchange rate volatility: non-traded goods and cointegrated TFP shocks
Authors: Dogan Aydan , Bettendorf Timo
Published: February 2019

International real business cycle (IRBC) models predict a real exchange rate volatility that is much lower than the levels observed in the data. In this paper, we build a two-country IRBC model with both a traded and a non-traded goods sector, and calibrate it to UK-euro area (EA) data. We provide evidence on the existence of a cointegrating relationship between UK and EA traded sector total factor productivity (TFP) by estimating a vector error correction model (VECM). To account for this relationship, we incorporate non-stationary technology shocks in the traded sectors in our model, and show that then the model is able to match the observed volatility of the UK–EA real exchange rate. Our analysis points out that both the presence of non-traded sectors and non-stationary technology shocks are necessary to account for the observed volatility in the real exchange rate.
Introduction
Authors: Kline Wendy
Published: February 2019

On December 8, 2009, Brazilian supermodel Giselle Bundchen and Patriots quarterback Tom Brady welcomed their son Rein into the world. Unlike the majority of babies born in the United States, Rein’s first view was not of a hospital delivery room, but of his parents’ Beacon Hill penthouse overlooking the Charles River in Boston. Bundchen joined a number of celebrities—Demi Moore, Meryl Streep, Juliane Moore, Jennifer Connelly, and Cindy Crawford, to name a few—who have opted for a home birth and generated flashy headlines about the birthing practice. The idea that home birth could be sexy, splashy, or even desirable shocked many Americans, who have little knowledge of the history of midwifery or home birth. This introduction provides a brief overview of the history of childbirth in the United States in order to explain the recent home birth trend.
Back to Bed
Authors: Kline Wendy
Published: February 2019

Chapter 1, “Back to Bed: From Hospital to Home Obstetrics in the City of Chicago” analyzes the home obstetrics training practiced at the Chicago Maternity Center alongside the emergence of what would become an international breastfeeding organization, La Leche League. One focused on the inner-city’s working-class population, while the other catered more to the suburban white middle-class. Both the Chicago Maternity Center and the La Leche League relied on the promotion of home birth, but for very different reasons. Under the CMC, home birth provided essential training for obstetrical students, while under the LLL, it enabled mothers to breastfeed and bond with their babies. The different rationales underscored the extent to which race, class, and context shaped ideas about home birth. Taken together, these two examples reveal the complex origins of what would become a contested yet increasingly popular practice by the 1970s.
Psychedelic Birth
Authors: Kline Wendy
Published: February 2019

Chapter 3, “Psychedelic Birth: The Emergence of the Hippie Midwife,” explores the home birth experience from the perspective of the counterculture. In this context, childbirth became a catalyst to spiritual transcendence. At the same time, new developments in psychiatric research and the proliferation of psychoactive substances created a vibrant, albeit surprising, intellectual exchange between hippies, midwives, and some psychiatrists about the meaning and significance of birth. This chapter exposes the resulting unexpected entanglements between psychedelic psychiatry and spiritual midwifery by focusing on the creation of the longest lasting hippie commune, The Farm. Though The Farm was established in Summertown, Tennessee, its founders traveled from San Francisco to build their utopia and they brought with them intellectual and practical tools gathered from as far away as Communist China and Czechoslovakia. The story illustrates how alternative pathways to mainstream medicine, in both childbirth and psychiatry, came into fruition in the 1970s.
From Professionalization to Education
Authors: Kline Wendy
Published: February 2019

One of the biggest hurdles to professionalizing non-nurse midwifery was the lack of any standardized training opportunities in the United States. Historically, midwives had learned their trade by apprenticing with those more experienced within their community. By the late twentieth century, however, the home birth trend triggered a regulatory backlash in many states, resulting in new and more restrictive licensure laws requiring education and certification. This chapter traces the evolution of the first and arguably the most successful fully accredited direct-entry midwifery program recognized by the U.S. Department of Education. As the school evolved, its founders faced philosophical and financial hurdles that required them to reconsider how to train students and promote midwifery as an inclusive, meaningful, and practical profession.
Epilogue
Authors: Kline Wendy
Published: February 2019

In September 2014, 93 delegates participated in the third Home Birth Summit at the “discreet, quintessentially Northwest hideaway” Cedarbrook Lodge outside of Seattle, Washington. Nurse-midwives, direct-entry midwives, obstetricians, general practitioners, nurses, activists, philosophers, historians, epidemiologists, activists, a documentary filmmaker, and representatives from ACNM, MANA, and ACOG wrangled with the current policies, regulation, evidence, and ethics of home birth in the United States. This epilogue explores the impact of the Home Birth Summit on current debates on childbirth and midwifery. What is missing in 21st-century reports of the current status of midwifery, birthplace options, and birth outcomes is an awareness of the earlier collaborative efforts between some doctors, midwives, and consumers. Despite competition, criticism, and crises, attempts to improve the birthing experience started well before the year 2000. Many individuals and organizations confronted legislative, professional, and educational hurdles, determined to make birth both safe and meaningful for everyone involved.
Introduction
Authors: Apostolidis Paul
Published: February 2019

In today’s precaritized world, working people’s experiences strangely are becoming more alike even as their disparities increase. This puzzling situation characterizes workers’ intensified psycho-physical suffering, increasing atomization, growing geographical mobility, and mounting struggles with temporal compressions and discontinuities. Yet precarious workers are fighting back, as worldwide upsurges on the left demonstrate. Migrant day laborers’ experiences and reflections offer promising grounds for crafting a critical approach to precarity that addresses both its exceptional and its widely encompassing aspects. Day labor centers are expanding in numbers, tethering dislocated migrants to local communities, building multiscalar networks, innovating organizationally as unions decline, and repurposing temporal gaps in everyday work-life. In addition, day laborers’ lively intellectual culture of popular education suggests new ways to activate theoretically and politically sharpening contact between popular ideas and scholars’ critiques of precarity. This introduction sets the stage for such inquiry by describing the project’s fieldwork, analytical process, and political commitments.
Desperate Responsibility
Authors: Apostolidis Paul
Published: February 2019

The temporally inflected theme of “desperate responsibility” predominates when day laborers describe their incessant work searches and arbitrary treatment by employers. For day laborers, temporal uniformity fostered by anxiety about insufficient work mingles with extreme temporal discontinuity whenever jobs and employers’ demands shift. In a contradictory response, day laborers affirm a time-conscious work ethic of personal responsibility even while their self-avowed desperation precludes independent choice. This predicament reflects migrant workers’ exceptional exposure to neoliberal crises and the deportation regime. Yet desperate responsibility also references contradictions experienced by working people in general due to the postindustrial work ethic, affective labor, and digital work. As work bleeds into every waking moment while undergoing severe temporal fragmentation, workers are pressed to embrace responsibility freely under conditions that undermine capacities for free action. This critical-popular investigation thus spurs militant demands to end deportation and to reject the self-destructive temporalities of our contemporary work culture.
Introduction
Authors: Christens Brian D.
Published: February 2019

Several branches of social science have sought to generate greater understanding of the ways that people work together to build power and exercise greater control over issues of concern to them. This book examines this existing interdisciplinary work, and seeks to simultaneously integrate and advance it. This chapter describes the Wisconsin Uprising as an example of a systems change effort that did not produce its intended effects in the sociopolitical arena. The fact that many observers and leaders were surprised by the outcome illustrates the importance of careful attention to topics of community power and empowerment. The chapter then summarizes the basic arguments and explains the contents, organization, and intended uses of the book.
Human Development
Authors: Christens Brian D.
Published: February 2019

Perceived control in the settings that a person inhabits is both an underpinning and an outcome of positive human development. This is no less true for the civic or sociopolitical domain than for the family, school, or workplace. It should come as no surprise, then, that perceived control in the sociopolitical domain—an important indicator of psychological empowerment—has been found to be related to other positive developmental outcomes. Yet, for psychological empowerment to be understood in a way that links it inextricably with organizational and community-level empowerment processes, it is not sufficient to focus only on perceived control. Critical awareness of the source, nature, and instruments of power, for example, must be taken into account. This chapter delves into theory and research on the psychological aspects of empowerment and their interplay with other human developmental and educational processes. Although particular attention is paid to the role of empowerment in youth development, psychological empowerment continues to play a vital role in development and education during adulthood.
Community Development
Authors: Christens Brian D.
Published: February 2019

Most have treated empowerment at the community level in vague terms. Scholars in community development and health promotion have identified domains of community empowerment, but these were designed for—and are infrequently used beyond—programmatic contexts. Others have drawn in concepts from social movement studies and sociological work on neighborhood social processes to understand community empowerment, yet these frameworks have not been linked to community power structure or to psychological or organizational empowerment processes. Chapter 6 therefore constructs a new conceptual framework for community empowerment. The intent is to bring empowerment theory closer to being able to realize its fundamental goals of acting as an integrated orientation for action and an infrastructure for systematic research.
God in the Rainforest
Authors: Long Kathryn T.
Published: February 2019

This book tells the story of missionary work during the second half of the twentieth century among the Waorani (once known as “aucas”), an isolated and violent indigenous group in the Ecuadorian Amazon. The missionary-Waorani relationship began tragically in January 1956, when five young men, American missionaries, were speared to death by Wao warriors. Two years later, Elisabeth Elliot, the widow of one of the slain men, and Rachel Saint, the sister of another, with the help of a Wao woman named Dayomæ, made peaceful contact with the people who had killed their loved ones. Subsequent accounts of the Christianization of the Waorani became a success story with a powerful hold on the imaginations of American evangelicals. This book shows how Protestant missionary work among the Waorani came to be one of the missions most celebrated by evangelicals and most severely criticized by anthropologists and others who accused missionaries of destroying the indigenous culture. It argues that the global expansion of Christianity on a case-by-case basis is complicated, even messy, much more so than either mythmakers or critics wish to acknowledge. It also provides a more complete reconstruction than previously available of what happened in Ecuador during the four decades after the men were killed, focusing on the little-known missionaries who came after the five slain men and on the Waorani themselves.
“Palm Beach” on the Curaray River
Authors: Long Kathryn T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter presents the history of an event in January 1956 that gave birth to an iconic missionary martyr narrative with a lasting impact on American evangelicalism and on the future of the Waorani people in Amazonian Ecuador. It began with five young men, representing evangelical faith missions. They were determined to make peaceful contact with the Waorani (aucas), a violent and isolated tribal people who had never heard the Christian gospel. The five men used aviation as an innovative technology to locate a Wao clearing and attempt to pacify the inhabitants by dropping trade goods from the air, followed by a face-to-face encounter. After the apparent friendliness of this first meeting, the Waorani returned two days later with spears and killed the missionaries. News of their deaths was publicized in the US and around the world.
An Invitation to Meet Dayomæ’s Kin
Authors: Long Kathryn T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter covers the growing importance of the missionary-Waorani story among American evangelicals and events in Ecuador that led to an invitation for Rachel Saint, Elisabeth Elliot, and Elliot’s three-year-old daughter, Valerie, to visit Dayomæ’s extended family, the Wao kinship group that had killed the five missionaries. In the US, donations poured in to the Five Missionary Martyrs Fund, an account established for the widows and their children. The widows clashed with the three-man board who administered the fund, a conflict exacerbated by mid-twentieth-century gender norms. After Rachel Saint and Dayomæ returned to Ecuador from the US, gender norms also contributed to concerns over missionary women attempting to contact a group that had speared the five men. However, Dayomæ served as a cultural broker; Mintaca and Mæncamo were Dayomæ’s aunts; and the three Wao women made an exploratory trip to ensure that their family members would not kill.
Peaceful Contact
Authors: Long Kathryn T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes the trek into Wao territory in the Ecuadorian rainforest, the peaceful encounter in October 1958 between evangelical missionaries Rachel Saint and Elisabeth Elliot and Dayomæ’s kin, and the missionaries’ early days living in the small Wao clearing that came to be named Tewæno. Saint and Elliot encountered a group of fifty-six Waorani, including the men who had killed their loved ones. Dayomæ continued her leadership role both as a cultural broker, giving the Wao men short haircuts and encouraging the use of clothing, and an indigenous Bible woman, telling her kin through stories that God wanted them to stop their violent spearing vendettas. Saint and Elliot tried to adapt to Wao culture while continuing to learn the language. American evangelicals were thrilled at an apparent answer to prayer. Media outlets publicized the story, and each of the missionary women signed her own book contract.
Leaving Ecuador
Authors: Long Kathryn T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter describes opposition to the Summer Institute of Linguistics in Ecuador that had been building throughout the 1970s and that crested with the decision in May 1981 by President Jaime Roldós to issue Decree No. 1159, ending Ecuador’s contractual relationship with the Institute. The decree gave SIL a year to complete projects or turn them over to Ecuadorians. Although Roldós did not expel SIL, he curtailed the organization’s size and influence. He was responding to political supporters, to critical books by David Stoll and others, and to voices like that of Dayomæ’s son Sam Padilla Cænto, who characterized missionaries as the “worst enemy” of the Waorani. Some SIL staff, including Catherine Peeke and Rosi Jung, were allowed to stay to finish translation projects. Amid the upheaval, 1981 also marked the twenty-fifth anniversary of the five missionaries’ deaths, bringing with it scrutiny and unwanted publicity.
The New Testament in Wao tededo
Authors: Long Kathryn T.
Published: February 2019

This chapter explains how SIL linguists Catherine Peeke and Rosi Jung accomplished one of the main goals of missionaries among the Waorani: the translation of the New Testament into Wao tededo. Rachel Saint and Dayomæ began the informal translation of Bible stories as early as 1957. Translation work was not Saint’s strength, and over time Dayomæ lost enthusiasm, so when Peeke and Jung were assigned the task in 1979, only the Gospel of Mark, the Book of Acts, other verses and short passages, and some Old Testament stories had been translated. With help from Waorani translation assistants, Peeke and Jung worked from 1982 to 1992 to finish the Wao New Testament, which was dedicated in June 1992. Despite this accomplishment, the legend of Wao Christianity as told in North America continued to credit Saint, Dayomæ, and Elisabeth Elliot for the translation.
Evidence-Based Medicine
Authors: Broadbent Alex
Published: February 2019

This chapter marks a turn away from asking what medicine is, and toward asking what we should think of it. Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) is the most influential development in thinking about attitudes to medicine in recent times. EBM has a prescription for medicine: make clinical decisions on the basis of “best evidence,” which is defined in a specific way. We should think more highly of interventions whose use is supported by better evidence. EBM also has a prescription for patients: hold your doctor to account, asking her to justify her proposed intervention in these terms. The chapter evaluates both prescriptions, and argues that, while both have their place, neither is a panacea.
Alternatives and Medical Dissidence
Authors: Broadbent Alex
Published: February 2019

This chapter introduces the notion of medical dissidence: conscious deviation from the main current of professional opinion. Cosmopolitanism is applied as a way of getting to grips with the popularity of Alternative Medicine despite its common dismissal among the literati. Most efficacy claims are not well supported in Alternative Medicine. However, it is not necessarily irrational to give them credence, or to rely on anecdotal evidence, because testimony is so central to nearly all medical evidence, and people are very differently placed in the reasons they might have to believe or disbelieve testimony. In addition, there may be non-curative value in alternative medicine. Cosmopolitanism does not advise an attitude of “anything goes,” but does urge humility on those of whatever persuasion who dismiss other traditions or people as irrational.
The Science of Selecting Least-Worst Options
Authors: Shortland Neil D. , Alison Laurence J. , Moran Joseph M.
Published: February 2019

This chapter presents the SAFE-T model of decision-making—a descriptive model that offers an innovative insight-generating platform through which the process of making military decisions can come into better focus. It is simpler than most models and thus quicker, pragmatically connected to the military decision-making process in terms of being phase-based, and supported by empirical evidence (as well as retaining components of experience and expertise). There are several more specific benefits to applying the SAFE-T model to military decision-making. One is that the phased nature of the SAFE-T model helps identify not only factors that influence the decision-making process but also how the current decision-making phase is influenced differentially by each factor.
Formulating Plans
Authors: Shortland Neil D. , Alison Laurence J. , Moran Joseph M.
Published: February 2019

Plan formulation concerns how decision-makers arrive at the means to achieve their objectives, and it involves setting out various plans or courses of action that are constrained by an individual’s perception of the perceived risk. This chapter focuses on how options are evaluated and what determines “desirability.” The centrality of values and goals, at both the individual and the organizational level, and how the goals that people set can guide their judgments under uncertainty are examined. In addition, the chapter highlights how the nature of the situation affects the process through which options are generated and compared. Finally, chapter discusses inertia traps that individuals can fall into when they fail to decide between equally adverse choices.
“That Doesn’t Count as a Book, That’s Real Life!”
Authors: Rosa Jonathan
Published: February 2019

Chapter 6 demonstrates how students’ literacy skills are not simply erased within the school but also criminalized. Students write their identities in complex ways, highlighting the competing forces that recruit them to signal simultaneously their alignment with and opposition to the school’s project of socialization. Previous analyses of school-based socialization in urban contexts often distinguish between stereotypical “school kids” (who eventually graduate and become upwardly socioeconomically mobile) and “street kids” (who drop out and become part of the racialized American underclass). In contrast, this chapter shows how students in New Northwest High School draw on various literacy practices to signal school kid and street kid identities concurrently.
Ray Bolger
Authors: Van Leuven Holly
Published: February 2019

Ray Bolger: More Than a Scarecrow is the first book-length biography of the American eccentric dancer and popular culture figure, best known for his role in the 1939 film musical The Wizard of Oz. The book traces Bolger’s career from repertory and vaudeville into New York movie houses, Broadway, nightclubs, the major film studios, Las Vegas resorts, and television programs. Bolger’s dance lineage is also traced through eccentric dancers like Fred Stone and “Irish prince” soft-shoe dancers like George Primrose and Jack Donahue. Special attention is given to Bolger’s involvement in the nascent United Service Organizations (USO) Camp Shows, including his participation in the first ever camp show unit, which went to the Caribbean in November 1941, and later the first unit to entertain in the South Pacific. An entire chapter is dedicated to the creation and performance of Where’s Charley?, Bolger’s most important show and the one for which he earned a Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Musical. The Where’s Charley? material explores Bolger’s collaboration with his wife, Gwendolyn Rickard Bolger, who became the first female producer of a musical comedy on Broadway with her contributions to the production. Bolger’s later life as a political spokesperson, a television guest star, and a pop culture personality are also explored.
“What Will You Be? It’s Up to You!”
Authors: Van Leuven Holly
Published: February 2019

Ray Bolger was descended from Irish Catholic Republicans. Chapter 1 explores his origins in Boston, including details of his nuclear family. Also discussed is Bolger’s pre-entertainment career of being an office clerk for New England Mutual Life insurance. He learned to dance informally on the streets of Boston in a style called “eccentric dance,” a tradition of stylized physical comedy that exploded in America in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Its origins could be traced all the way back to pantomime performed in Ancient Greece. Even so, Bolger most definitely “came up the hard way”—attaining success and notoriety only by overcoming difficult circumstances. The events that led to his beginnings as a dancer are explored, as well as his first professional opportunities as a comic and a dancer in repertory theater and vaudeville.
Steppin’ in Society
Authors: Van Leuven Holly
Published: February 2019

Chapter 3 begins with Bolger’s first work abroad, as he appeared in London while honeymooning with his wife, Gwen Rickar Bolger, the summer before the stock market crash of 1929. The Brits enjoyed American entertainers. Bolger’s act was new to them, but his style resonated with the British, who were no strangers to pantomime or dry humor. Bolger’s eccentric steps and faux British accent were well received at the Kit Kat Club. The chapter then chronicles Bolger’s first major Broadway book musical, Rodgers and Hart’s Me for You, which became Heads
Up!, and his first critically acclaimed Broadway show, George White’s Scandals of 1931.
Epilogue
Authors: Van Leuven Holly
Published: February 2019

After Bolger left Broadway, he took up permanent residence in his Beverly Hills home. New York became just a place to visit. He began touring the country’s social clubs with a dance-lecture he called “Ray Bolger’s World.” This allowed him to share his philosophy, nostalgia, and dancing talent in small, intimate settings. He realized he didn’t need the fuss of a big production, the grueling work, the personalities at odds. As Richard Rodgers, in his later years, had said of creating a musical, “I now realize that the whole business, from start to finish, is the most intense collaborative effort in the world, with the possible exception of running a war.”...
Techno-Romance and Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Konstam Varda
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the ways in which technology influences the romantic behavior of emerging adults. From meeting new romantic partners to managing existing relationships to breaking up and recovering from breakups, computer-mediated communication (CMC) is entwined with romance. The ways in which CMC can objectify users and overwhelm them with too many choices are examined here. The chapter also examines dating apps as well as technologically influenced behaviors and challenges, such as “technoference” and sexting. The 29 study participants share their thoughts and experiences related to CMC and social networking sites, and how the inevitable presence of technology has affected their romantic lives.
Pathways Toward Adulthood
Authors: Konstam Varda
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines how emerging adults form identities in the domains of work and romance. Today’s emerging adults are motivated to self-actualize in both domains, but the path to that end is long and tortuous and now occupies most of their 20s. Emerging adults are now marrying, if at all, in their late 20s or early 30s. Friends and parents are providing the needed support that spouses once provided during the 20s decade. Studies reveal that men and women take slightly divergent pathways to adulthood, but that they ultimately share a similar vision in which both partners can have fulfilling careers while coming together for a committed long-term relationship. The delay of commitment allows for romantic experimentation and learning by trial and error, an opportunity that many emerging adults, particularly those who are well resourced, seem to be taking advantage of.
For Better or . . . Not
Authors: Konstam Varda
Published: February 2019

This chapter examines the role marriage plays in the life planning and behavior of emerging adults. Most emerging adults hold marriage in positive regard and plan to get married at some point. As emerging adults age, however, finances, career development, education, and job availability lead them to flexibly shift their “marital horizons” and become more open to marital alternatives, such as remaining single or cohabitating. Emerging adults are getting married later and are also remaining single in increasing numbers. Although the dominant cultural model of marriage is one that promotes individual growth and self-actualization, there is an emerging class divide. Partners are expecting more from marriage while investing less time in their partners. New models for marital behavior and expectations may be needed to address why some marriages are more satisfying than ever before, while a great number are falling short, encumbered by individual, cultural, and structural considerations.
Of Law and Other Artificial Normative Systems
Authors: Berman Mitchell N.
Published: February 2019

How should the normative landscape and law’s place within it be conceptualized? On the face of things, people navigate a multiplicity of independent artificial normative systems—legal systems, sports, games, etiquette, fashion, families, and so forth—that are of their own making and that deliver and maintain rules and oughts that are only ‘formally’ normative and may conflict. In recent years, however, several prominent legal philosophers, Ronald Dworkin most notably, have advocated some version of a ‘one-system picture’ according to which appearances deceive, and we inhabit just a single domain of ‘real’, ‘genuine’, or ‘robust’ normativity. This chapter presents an alternative picture that aims to vindicate, rather than to refute, outward appearances—an alternative picture that, it is claimed, reflects background assumptions that legal positivists widely share but that is oddly marginalized, nearly invisible, in the current legal philosophical literature. It has three main ambitions: to surface and sharpen the central features of this ‘standard positivist picture’, to make sense of H. L. A. Hart’s own complex and shifting relationship to that picture, and to isolate and critically evaluate arguments advanced by one-system theorists that purport to show that such a picture is circular or eliminable. The chapter concludes by suggesting possible lessons that legal philosophers might learn by paying more systematic attention to the broader universe of artificial normative systems in which law is situated.
Theoretical Disagreements in Law: Another Look
Authors: Leiter Brian
Published: February 2019

In “Explaining Theoretical Disagreement” (2009), the chapter’s author defended an answer to Ronald Dworkin’s argument that legal positivists cannot adequately explain disagreements among judges about what the criteria of legal validity are. This chapter responds to a variety of critics, in particular, Kevin Toh. It argues that Toh misrepresents H. L. A. Hart’s own views, and misunderstands the role of "presupposition" in both Hart and Kelsen. The chapter further argues that a correct reading of Hart is compatible with the error-theoretic interpretation of theoretical disagreement the author defended in 2009.
Hybrid Dispositionalism and the Law
Authors: Marques Teresa
Published: February 2019

Dworkin’s famous argument from legal disagreements poses a problem for legal positivism by undermining the idea that the law can be (just) the result of the practice and attitudes of norm-applying officials. In recent work, the chapter author argued that a hybrid contextualist theory paired with a dispositional theory of value—a hybrid dispositionalism, for short—offers the resources to respond to similar disagreement-based arguments in other evaluative and normative domains. This chapter claims that the theory the author advocates can extend to legal statements and disputes, and shares some important features with Toh’s (2011) idea that legal statements express shared acceptance of norms. The chapter proposes that a contextualist semantics for legal statements paired with the pragmatic communication of implicatures that express shared acceptances of norms, achieves the same goal that Toh aims at.
Rules
Authors: Thagard Paul
Published: February 2019

Rules are mental representations of the form If condition, then action, where matching the condition leads to execution of the action. Chaining rules together makes possible solution of complex problems, such as figuring out how to get from one city to another. Mental rules of this sort are also important for explaining people’s ability to generate and comprehend language. Semantic pointers provide a valuable supplement to conventional theories of rules in two ways. First, they show how rules as mental representations can also be neural representations, through encoding and binding of if–then, the condition, and the action, all as patterns of firing. Second, semantic pointers show how conditions and actions can go beyond verbal information to incorporate all kinds of sensory information.
Discrimination, Old and New
Authors: Kramer Zachary
Published: February 2019

Chapter 1 examines the stories and cases of three women, each of whom was unsuccessful in her attempt to use civil rights laws to redress an individual wrong. The transition from old to new discrimination is a story about identity. Despite their different jobs and distinct life experiences, the women in Chapter 1 share a common bond. They are outsiders. Discrimination evolves. While it used to be aimed at discrete outsider groups, discrimination is increasingly about the individual. And existing civil rights law is not equipped to deal with this shift. We need a new language to explain modern discrimination. Religious discrimination law holds the key.
Unlocking Identity
Authors: Kramer Zachary
Published: February 2019

Civil rights law is in the business of identity. Too often, however, the law is giving people their identity, prescribing who they are. But identity is too messy for that. Identities change. Identities blur into each other. Identities are contextual. This chapter argues that no area of law cares more about who a person is than civil rights law, which in fact rests on the idea that certain identities deserve special protection against discrimination. Because identity is a legal concept, it is something the law can determine. Civil rights law should let people define their identity for themselves. People have an incredible capacity to change, to become more accepting of difference, to reconsider the way they see the world. But change doesn’t happen on its own—one way to start is to encourage the conversations about identity that can provide the spark for change.