bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conclusion
Authors: Thomasson Amie L.
Published: July 2020

The conclusion ties the work done here to the broader goals of demystifying and reorienting metaphysics. It aims to demystify metaphysics by showing that metaphysical questions that are well-formed and answerable can be answered in ways that require nothing more mysterious than conceptual and empirical work. It also aims to reorient metaphysics toward work on how our conceptual scheme does work, and on what linguistic or conceptual scheme we ought to use. The conclusion also aims to draw out the three threads that have been interwoven throughout this book: the neo-pragmatist functional pluralist idea that modal talk is non-descriptive, the deflationary meta-ontological “easy ontology” view, and the view that the rules of use for our terms are often open-textured and revisable. While these three views are separable in principle, together they form a stronger package, and exemplify an approach that may also prove useful in addressing other philosophical problems.
In Search of a Theory of Everything
Authors: Nicolaides Demetris
Published: July 2020

In Search of a Theory of Everything takes readers on an adventurous journey through space and time on a quest for a unified “theory of everything” by means of a rare and agile interplay between the natural philosophies of influential ancient Greek thinkers and the laws of modern physics. By narrating a history and a philosophy of science, theoretical physicist Demetris Nicolaides logically connects great feats of critical mind and unbridled human imagination in their ambitious quest for the theory that will ultimately explain all the phenomena of nature via a single immutable overarching law. This comparative study of the universe tells the story of physics through philosophy, of the current via the forgotten, in a balanced way. Nicolaides begins each chapter with a relatively easier analysis of nature—one conceived by a major natural philosopher of antiquity—easing readers gradually into the more complex views of modern physics, by intertwining finely the two, the ancient with the new. Those philosophers’ rigorous scientific inquiry of the universe includes ideas that resonate with aspects of modern science, puzzles about nature that still baffle, and clever philosophical arguments that are used today to reassess competing principles of modern physics and speculate about open physics problems. In Search of a Theory of Everything is a new kind of sight, a philosophical insight of modern physics that has long been left unexamined.
The Quest for a Theory of Everything
Authors: Nicolaides Demetris
Published: July 2020

Thales’s question, What are things made of?, is still the most difficult in physics. He reasoned that despite the apparent diversity and complexity in nature, all things are made from the same stuff (water), and everything obeys a common set of unchanging basic principles (water’s transformations). Thus, nature is characterized by a certain sameness or unity between all things, however diverse they appear to be. Presently, according to the standard model of physics, everything is made from quarks and leptons. And the plethora of diverse things is partly due to their transformations. Thales’s quest for sameness is modern physics’ search for a theory of everything. It tries to unify the four fundamental forces of nature—the electromagnetic, the nuclear strong, the nuclear weak, and gravity. The challenge of this undertaking is to find a quantum version of gravity. String theory claims to have succeeded, but its hypotheses are still experimentally unverified.
The Chemistry of Love and Strife
Authors: Nicolaides Demetris
Published: July 2020

Empedocles managed to reconcile the antinomies between the Heraclitean becoming (the constant change) and the Parmenidean Being (the constancy) by introducing four unchangeable primary substances of matter: earth, water, air, and fire, later called elements, and two types of forces, love and strife. Change was produced when the opposite action of the forces mixed and separated the unchangeable elements in many different ways, an idea in basic agreement with modern chemistry or, more fundamentally, with the standard model of particle physics. Everlasting cosmological cycles, described in his unique cosmology, could have addressed successfully the deceptively simple question, Why is the sky dark at night? (known as Olbers’s paradox), before the cosmology of the big bang had it figured out in the twentieth century. Four primary substances of matter for Empedocles, but infinitely many for the mind of Anaxagoras, and everything is in everything.
In Everything Is Everything
Authors: Nicolaides Demetris
Published: July 2020

Anaxagoras proposed “in everything there is a portion of everything,” a notion as bizarre as the most popular interpretation of quantum theory, the Copenhagen. A piece of gold, say, contains gold as well as everything else—copper, wheat—but appears as a distinct golden object because its gold portion is the greatest. But no part of the object is pure. Every part of the golden object is also simultaneously watery, milky (and all other materials), and black and white (and all opposite qualities). In the Copenhagen interpretation, before an observation, something (an electron, Schrödinger’s cat) is all opposite qualities simultaneously, too, with each quality described by a unique probability (“portion”) to actually occur. The cat is both dead and alive; the electron spins simultaneously both clockwise and counterclockwise. Only after the observation, the cat is found either dead or alive, and the object, as Anaxagoras would say, definitely golden, yellow, and dry.
Atoms of Space and Time
Authors: Nicolaides Demetris
Published: July 2020

Epicurus argued that the Democritean atoms couldn’t move, unless space, time, and motion were radically reimagined. In addition to material atoms (smallest cuts of matter), there exist space “atoms” (smallest spatial expanses) and time “atoms” (smallest time intervals)! Also, he thought an atom’s motion is quantum! It moves from here to there without passing through the points in between—exactly the meaning of a quantum jump in quantum physics (presuming motion does occur). An atom spontaneously swerves (creating uncertainty in its whereabouts), a feature added by Epicurus in a first-ever attempt to escape Democritean determinism and subject human free will to a scientific hypothesis. Space atoms are required by loop quantum gravity (which unifies quantum theory with general relativity). The cause of the most consequential premise of quantum mechanics—the Heisenberg uncertainty principle—will be cautiously speculated with an original idea, using the Epicurean theory of space, time, and motion.
Speech, Writing, and Thought Presentation in 19th-Century Narrative Fiction
Authors: Busse Beatrix
Published: July 2020

The present study investigates speech, writing, and thought presentation in a corpus of 19th-century narrative fiction including, for instance, the novels Frankenstein, Jane Eyre, Wuthering Heights, Oliver Twist, and many others. All narratives typically contain a reference to or a quotation of someone’s speech, thoughts, or writing. These reports further a narrative, make it more interesting, natural, and vivid, ask the reader to engage with it, and, from a historical point of view, also reflect cultural understandings of the modes of discourse presentation. To a large extent, the way a reader perceives a story depends upon the ways discourse is presented, and among these, speech, writing, and thought, which reflect a character’s disposition and state of mind. Being at the intersection of linguistic and literary stylistics, this study develops a new corpus-stylistic approach for systematically analyzing the different narrative strategies of historical discourse presentation in key pieces of 19th-century narrative fiction, thus identifying diachronic patterns as well as unique authorial styles, and places them within their cultural-historical context. It shows that the presentation of characters’ minds reflects an ideological as well as an epistemological concern about what cannot be reported, portrayed, or narrated and that discourse presentation fulfills the narratological functions of prospection and encapsulation, marks narrative progression, and shapes readers’ expectations as to suspense or surprise.
Crafting Consensus
Authors: Baerg Nicole
Published: July 2020

In the early 2000s, the US monetary policy committee, as well as other central banks around the world, began using “forward guidance,” or changes in their statement language, to signal policy changes. Underlying this shift toward clearer communication was the idea that more comprehensible monetary policy would lead to better economic performance and lower inflation. The first three chapters of this book argue that, rather than being a lofty goal set by altruistically motivated policy makers, transparency depends on the configuration of committee members’ preferences. Monetary policy committees that have central bankers with opposing preferences are argued to communicate more precisely compared to either a single decision maker or central bankers with more similar preferences. Precise communication is then shown to have positive effects by lowering inflation. Shifting focus and using data from the Federal Open Market Committee (FOMC), chapter 4 presents evidence that committees with opposing preferences use a lower share of uncertainty words in policy statements and make more numerous changes to public announcements. Chapter 5 shows that households in Germany change their inflation expectations when given more precise central bank information. And chapter 6 shows that the level of precision in inflation-related news articles is negatively related to inflation in a sample of countries from Latin America. In conclusion, this book offers a new way of thinking about central bank committees and transparency. It finds that appointing a more policy-diverse central bank committee can encourage intercommittee governance and accountability as well as better economic performance.
The Politics of Princely Entertainment
Authors: De Lucca Valeria
Published: July 2020

The Politics of Princely Entertainment explores transformations in the politics of entertainment of the Italian aristocratic classes during the second half of the seventeenth century, a time when profound social and cultural shifts influenced the production and consumption of music. The emergence of commercial theaters in the 1630s in Venice and the great appeal that opera began to have for a large and international audience required the aristocracy to take on a new role within the complex network of agents responsible for the production not only of opera but of music in general. The increasing competition between commercial opera theaters, ruling courts, aristocratic families, and religious institutions, and the consequent professionalization of roles that previously had relied solely on patronage meant that singers, poets, and composers acquired unprecedented negotiating power. These questions are explored following the journeys and ventures of two of the most prominent patrons in seventeenth-century Italy, Prince Lorenzo Onofrio Colonna and his wife Maria Mancini. During the thirty years under examination here, 1659–1689, the Colonna were the most influential and active agents in Roman musical life: they sponsored an unprecedented number of operas, serenatas, oratorios, public ceremonies, and carnival parades while supporting the careers of the most prominent composers, librettists, musicians, and singers of the time. Following the Prince and his wife through their travels to Venice, Spain (as Viceroys of the Kingdom of Aragon), and later Naples, this book traces the journeys not only of scores and librettos, but also of the singers, composers, and librettists whose art reached these faraway corners of Europe, serving diverse social and political purposes.
Social Distance
Authors: Skarbek David
Published: July 2020

Chapter 7 looks at the special housing unit for gay and transgender prisoners in the Los Angeles County Jail. This unit houses a small population, and many of the residents know each other from interacting on the street. In addition, because of an unusual and controversial admissions process, prisoners in this unit are far more likely to share more similar social identities. This chapter shows that as a result of all three factors, decentralized governance mechanisms are highly effective in this housing unit. Prisoners have not relied on the more extensive, centralized institutions that men in the general population housing units rely on. Instead, they use gossip and ostracism to encourage good behavior from other prisoners.
Introduction
Authors: Numan Michael
Published: July 2020

The introduction provides a brief overview of the book, describing its three major themes: (a) the mechanisms through which the brain regulates parental behavior in nonhuman mammals and parental cognitions, emotions, and behavior in humans; (b) the experiential and genetic factors that affect the development of the parental brain, with a focus on the intergenerational continuity of normal and abnormal parental behavior; and (c) an evolutionary perspective based on the fact that maternal behavior is the most basic mammalian caregiving system. It is proposed that the parental brain served as a foundation upon which natural selection acted to result in the evolution of other forms of strong prosocial behaviors in mammals, including humans.
The Indeterminacy of Rawls’s Principles for Gender Justice
Authors: Costa M. Victoria
Published: July 2020

Feminists disagree about whether or not Rawls’s account of free and equal citizenship is an emancipatory ideal for women, and whether or not the application of the two principles of justice would suffice to dismantle relationships of domination that affect women’s lives. This chapter argues that there is no clear and uncontroversial application of Rawls’s principles of justice that supports those feminists who give affirmative answers to these questions. Regarding the first principle, one unsettled question is whether it protects sexual and reproductive rights, including the right to abortion. Regarding the second principle, there is indeterminacy due to the need to balance the requirements of fair equality of opportunity with parental rights. Moreover, the difference principle’s focus on the maximization of income and wealth for the worst off makes room for policies that do this while still leaving some women exposed to the arbitrary power of others.
Introduction
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther
Published: July 2020

Data-driven criminal justice creates millions of records each year in the United States. Documenting everything from a police stop to a prison sentence, these records take on a digital life of their own as they are collected and posted by police, courts, and prisons, and then re-posted on social media and websites, and bought and sold by data brokers as an increasingly valuable data commodity. The result is “digital punishment,” where mere suspicion or a brush with the law can have lasting consequences. This analysis describes the transformation of criminal records into millions of data points, the commodification of this data into a valuable digital resource, and the impact of this shift on people, society, and public policy. The consequences of digital punishment, as described in hundreds of interviews detailed in this book, lead people to purposefully opt out of society as they cope with privacy and due process violations.
The Digital Turn
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther
Published: July 2020

Recent decades have witnessed a digital turn in criminal justice processing that has contributed to the creation and dissemination of millions of criminal records per year, impacting both criminal justice workers and those processed by the system. Current US law has allowed for the public dissemination of these records, emphasizing free speech and transparency over other competing values, such as due process, privacy, or liberty. The turn toward digital disclosure of criminal justice information has outpaced thoughtful discussions about balancing privacy rights and the notion of public interest that the courts have developed during the past century. It is certainly in the public interest to have access to the workings of the police, courts, and prisons—it is a fundamental way that citizens can keep an eye on these powerful institutions. However, these core transparency values are being used for a different, entrepreneurial purpose since criminal records have become a commodified good.
Selling Records
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther
Published: July 2020

Third-party data brokers collate and synthesize governmental information, create markets of criminal record consumers, and sell criminal record data as commodity. These companies contribute to digital punishment through delivering consumer-friendly alternatives to bureaucratic governmental sources of data. These databases are populated into web search results and downloadable reports and then sold to an anxious public, made ever more anxious by creative marketing tactics. At the same time, these companies embrace the glossy, self-assured culture of tech start-ups to further convince the public that not only do they have extremely important information but also they have the best means of delivering it.
Conclusion
Authors: Lageson Sarah Esther
Published: July 2020

In the digitally connected world, people are confronted with an incredible array of information about one another. The US criminal justice system has become a central source for the data people use to make moral judgments about one another. This overreliance on the criminal justice system as a means to assess the value of other people should be replaced by rigorously questioning the information this system provides. Given the power of a criminal record to dictate the path of a person’s life, serious doubts must be raised about the accuracy and integrity of the information. It must be asked how much a criminal record reflects a person and how much it reflects a very imperfect system.
Parenting for a Digital Future
Authors: Livingstone Sonia , Blum-Ross Alicia
Published: July 2020

In the decades it takes to bring up a child, parents face challenges that are both helped and hindered by the fact that they are living through a period of unprecedented digital innovation. Drawing on extensive research with parents both rich and poor, parenting toddlers to teenagers, this book reveals how digital technologies give parenting struggles a distinctive character, as parents determine how to forge new territory with little precedent, or support. It argues that, in late modernity, parents are both more burdened with responsibilities and yet increasingly charged with respecting and developing the agency of their child—leaving much to be negotiated. The book charts how parents enact authority and values through digital technologies—as “screen time,” videogames, and social media become ways of both being together and of setting boundaries, with digital technologies introducing valued opportunities and new sources of risk. To light their way, parents comb through the hazy memories of their own childhoods and look toward hard-to-imagine futures. This results in deeply diverse parenting in the present, as parents move between embracing, resisting, or balancing the role of technology in their own and their children’s lives. This book moves beyond the panicky headlines to offer a deeply researched exploration of what it means to parent in a period of significant social and technological change. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative research in the United Kingdom, the book offers conclusions and insights relevant to parents, policymakers, educators, and researchers everywhere.
Family Life in the Digital Age
Authors: Rocca Della
Published: July 2020

The frame of a single day is used to reveal the multiple ways in which parents move between and among the genres of digital parenting within the day. Through negotiating the now-mediated activities of getting up, homework, family time, and bedtime, parents articulate their values not only about digital technologies but also, importantly, about family life. The authors contrast public policy that, problematically, exhorts parents to police their children’s “screen time” with parents’ efforts to sustain a more democratic mode of family life that respects their and their children’s interests in digital technologies. Eschewing the myth of parents as unremittingly digitally ignorant, this chapter reveals how their own interest in and hopes for digital technologies lead them to seek new modes of parenting, surprisingly often focused on shared digital pleasures.
Call Your "Mutha'"
Authors: Caputi Jane
Published: July 2020

The proposed new geological era, The Anthropocene (a.k.a. Age of Humans, Age of Man), marking human domination of the planet long called Mother Earth, is truly The Age of the Motherfucker. The ecocide of the Anthropocene is the responsibility of Man, the Western- and masculine-identified corporate, military, intellectual, and political class that masks itself as the exemplar of the civilized and the human. The word motherfucker was invented by the enslaved children of White slave masters to name their mothers’ rapist/owners. Man’s strategic motherfucking, from the personal to the planetary, is invasion, exploitation, spirit-breaking, extraction and toxic wasting of individuals, communities, and lands, for reasons of pleasure, plunder, and profit. Ecocide is attempted deicide of Mother Nature-Earth, reflecting Man’s goal to become the god he first made in his own image. The motivational word Motherfucker has a flip side, further revealing the Anthropocene as it signifies an outstanding, formidable, and inexorable force. Mother Nature-Earth is that “Mutha’ ”—one defying translation into heteropatriarchal classifications of gender, one capable of overwhelming Man, and not the other way around. Drawing upon Indigenous and African American scholarship; ecofeminism; ecowomanism; green activism; femme, queer, and gender non-binary philosophies; literature and arts; Afrofuturism; and popular culture, Call Your “Mutha’ ” contends that the Anthropocene is not evidence of Man’s supremacy over nature, but that Mother Nature-Earth, faced with disrespect, is going away. It is imperative now to call the “Mutha’ ” by decolonizing land, bodies, and minds, ending rapism, feeding the green, renewing sustaining patterns, and affirming devotion to Mother Nature-Earth.
Ballet Class
Authors: Klapper Melissa R.
Published: July 2020

Surveying American ballet in 1913, Willa Cather reported that few girls expressed any interest in taking ballet class and that those who did were hard-pressed to find anything other than dingy studios and imperious teachers. A century later, ballet is everywhere. There are ballet companies across the United States; ballet is commonly featured in film, television, literature, and social media; professional ballet dancers are spokespeople for all kinds of products; nail polish companies market colors like “Ballet Slippers”; and, most importantly, millions of American children have taken ballet class. Beginning with the arrival of Russian dancers like Anna Pavlova in the early 1900s, Ballet Class: An American History explores the growth of ballet from an ancillary part of nineteenth-century musical theater, opera, and vaudeville to the quintessential extracurricular activity it is today, pursued by countless children nationwide and an integral part of twentieth-century American childhood across borders of gender, class, race, and sexuality. A social history, Ballet Class takes a new approach to ballet and helps ground an art form often perceived to be elite in the experiences of everyday people who spent time in barre-lined studios. Drawing on materials including children’s books, memoirs by professional dancers and choreographers, pedagogy manuals, dance periodicals, archival collections, and oral histories, this pathbreaking study provides a national perspective on the history and significance of recreational ballet class in the United States and its influence on many facets of children’s lives, including gender norms, consumerism, body image, children’s literature, extracurricular activities, and popular culture.
Brought to You by the Ford Foundation
Authors: Klapper Melissa R.
Published: July 2020

The post–World War II era saw an explosion in ballet class as more young people than ever engaged in extracurricular activities. George Balanchine, founder of the School of American Ballet (1934) and the New York City Ballet (1948), exerted an outsize impact on the expansion of ballet in the United States, training teachers and investigating ballet class across the country. The Ford Foundation grants of 1963 cemented Balanchine’s centrality to American ballet by providing extraordinary funding to a number of ballet schools and companies within his orbit. These grants, while opposed by some cultural critics and members of the modern dance community, raised the standard of ballet class in America and also set the tone for the dance boom of the 1960s and 1970s. During the dance boom the number of ballet studios and companies grew sharply, capitalizing on great public interest in dance classes and performances.
Rights
Authors: Garvey Stephen P.
Published: July 2020

This chapter uses two well-known Supreme Court cases—Powell v. Texas and Morissette v. United States—to frame the subsequent discussion. It offers the reasonable doubt test as a way for each citizen to decide for himself if a proposed limit on democratic authority is a legitimate limit. It introduces formulations of the actus reus and mens rea meant to pass that test, such that they can serve as immunity rights limiting the authority of a democratic states to ascribe guilt to those accused of crimes. It distinguishes actus reus and mens rea as they are conventionally understood (as tools lawyers use to analyze and dissect the elements of criminal statute) from how they will be understood here (as immunity rights). It explains how actus reus and mens rea so understood mean one thing when applied to defendants who realized they were committing a crime and another thing when they didn’t realize they were committing a crime. It then details how mens rea is ultimately grounded in an ill or indifferent will—a lack of sufficient concern for the law and its ends—and proposes a test (the Jekyll test) for sorting ill and indifferent wills from law-abiding ones.
Document Cameras
Authors: Dwinal Catherine
Published: July 2020

In this chapter the author explains that a document camera is a commonly forgotten tool that usually collects dust in a lot of music classrooms. Document cameras are an untapped tool to add more to the learning experiences in the classroom. This chapter offers lower-tech activities such as displaying manipulatives or a puppet show. The document camera can also be hacked to use as a video camera for video conferencing or as a regular camera to take regular photos.
Story Movements
Authors: Borum Chattoo Caty
Published: July 2020

Social-issue documentaries are art for civic imagination and social critique. Today, audiences experience documentaries that interrogate topics like sexual assault in the military (The Invisible War), the opioid crisis (Heroin(e)), racial injustice (13th), government surveillance (Citizenfour), animal captivity (Blackfish), and more. Along a continuum of social change, these intimate nonfiction films have changed national conversations, set media agendas, mobilized communities and policymakers, and provided new portals into social problems and lived experiences—accessed by expanding audiences in a transforming dual marketplace that includes mainstream entertainment outlets and grassroots venues. Against the activism backdrop of the participatory networked culture, the contemporary function of social-issue documentaries in civic practice is embodied also in parallel community engagement—the active role of civil society, communities, and individuals—that has dynamically evolved over recent decades. Story Movements: How Documentaries Empower People and Inspire Social Change explores the functions and public influence of social-issue documentary storytelling in the networked era. At the book’s core is an argument about documentary’s vital role in storytelling culture and civic practice with an impulse toward justice and equity. Intimate documentaries illuminate complex realities and stories that disrupt dominant cultural narratives and contribute new ways for publics to contemplate and engage with social challenges. Written by a documentary producer, scholar, and director of the Center for Media & Social Impact, the book features original interviews with award-winning filmmakers and field leaders to reveal the motivations and influence of some of most lauded, eye-opening stories of the evolving documentary age.
Opening a New Lens
Authors: Borum Chattoo Caty
Published: July 2020

Opening with The Murder of Emmett Till, which launched award-winning Firelight Media’s long-standing community engagement enterprise, Chapter 3 serves as the heart of the book—the theoretical and pragmatic backdrop to today’s participatory civic media culture, positioning documentaries and parallel public engagement work as forms of cultural resistance, civic imagination, and social critique. Documentaries play an active role in democratic practice through their functions as civic storytelling—as counternarratives, monitors, mobilizers, and artistic interpreters that can reveal the depth of a social issue and strengthen civil society through collaboration and partnerships. Simultaneously, grassroots activism has changed in the networked era. Examples and initiatives help bring documentary functions to life, including the international Good Pitch program, and films like Whose Streets?, When I Walk, An Inconvenient Truth, Minding the Gap, Newtown, Strong Island, Surviving R. Kelly, The Armor of Light, Unrest, and The Pushouts.
Activating Community
Authors: Borum Chattoo Caty
Published: July 2020

Opening with the documentary Bully and its movement campaign, The BULLY Project, which mobilized educators, parents, and young people to change norms around youth bullying, this chapter introduces the ecology, motivations, and practices of story-based movement builders—the individuals and organizations who empower and mobilize publics to come together in pursuit of dialogue and change, inspired by documentaries. At the center of this ecology are documentary filmmakers themselves—directors and producers who create the stories and bring them to the public eye. Beyond critical acclaim, the social influence of their stories is enabled by two central groups of professionals involved in social-issue documentary as a community of practice: the enabling civic connectors and enabling institutions that supply resources and community-building convenings, and the community and impact engagement strategists who work alongside filmmakers to transform their work into engines of community empowerment.
Mobilizing for Change
Authors: Borum Chattoo Caty
Published: July 2020

Chapter 5 presents an extended case analysis of the 2013 independent documentary film, Blackfish. Positioning Blackfish within the context of contemporary networked activism offers a lens to consider how a nonfiction story can capture public attention and fuel grassroots public engagement. As this chapter illuminates, social change is aided by documentary storytelling through a framework that includes key elements: narrative persuasion and the role of emotion, amplified community from online and offline activism, cultivated media narrative, strategic layered distribution, and a call to action embedded in the storytelling. While this schema is not the only way to contemplate social change with documentary storytelling at the fore, analysis of Blackfish as a cultural phenomenon illuminates a central concept: The emotional lens of an investigative documentary, combined with planned and organic public engagement and activism, sparked news coverage and shaped a consistent media narrative through every distribution stop in the film’s life cycle.
Interrogating Hidden Truths
Authors: Borum Chattoo Caty
Published: July 2020

Within a larger cultural exchange of information, investigative documentary makers balance creative artistry with journalistic practices while they navigate risk and security concerns in precarious times, and they play a vital role in democratic functioning by fostering public awareness and dialogue. These investigative documentarians are breaking new stories even as they face threats—legal, privacy, security, safety—that may be more profound given their location outside formal journalism institutions. Opening with the story of CitizenFour, Laura Poitras’s Academy Award–winning exposé of US National Security Agency spying through the story of whistleblower Edward Snowden, the film case studies here also include Southwest of Salem: The Story of the San Antonio Four, the documentary investigation of four lesbians wrongfully convicted of a heinous crime; and The Feeling of Being Watched, a first-person verité journey into government spying on the filmmaker’s predominantly Arab-American community outside Chicago.
Puberty and Adolescence in a Lifespan Context
Authors: Sisk Cheryl L. , Romeo Russell D.
Published: July 2020

The final chapter zooms out to explore some bigger picture questions about puberty and adolescence that remain unanswered; the authors provide their perspectives on these larger issues. For instance, how do we define the end of adolescence, and how do we know when adulthood has been achieved? Are cultural expectations partially responsible for the protracted nature of human adolescent brain development? How does the timing of puberty (early vs. late bloomers) influence psychosocial development and risk of psychopathology in females and males? What are the potential consequences of medically suspending puberty onset in gender dysphoric youth? Is adolescence an experience-expectant (a specific type of experience is absolutely required for normal development) or experience-dependent (specific experiences influence developmental trajectory) developmental period? Finally, the limitations of animal models for understanding human adolescent development are discussed and experimental approaches for future research are recommended.
Introduction
Authors: Holden Reid Brian
Published: July 2020

This introductory chapter provides an overview of William Tecumseh Sherman, one of the architects of the northern victory in the American Civil War in 1865. Sherman is often depicted as a ruthless, utterly heartless, and unprincipled destroyer. During his Marches across Georgia and the Carolinas in 1864–65, the Confederate press likened his armies to the pillaging hordes of barbarians that despoiled the Western Roman Empire during its death throes. Sherman’s campaigns appeared prophetic—but he seemed a prophet of doom. However, this diabolical image veers drastically from the reality of the historical Sherman. Sherman’s military career should be assessed within the context of his own time. Viewed in the longer stream of Western military history, Sherman was not prophetic and did not anticipate the methods used during the two World Wars of the twentieth century. He simply recognized with great clarity that warfare is cruel and pitiless—a veritable scourge—and does not provide ready-made protection for the weaker side. Historians have often considered the relationship between military thought and execution, the difference between theory and practice, as puzzling, even intractable or enigmatic. In reappraising Sherman’s military conduct, and the thinking that lay behind it, the main aim of this book is to show how these two sides of one of the most admired but also most condemned of American commanders, the thinker and the doer, intermesh.
Departmental Commander—And Disaster
Authors: Holden Reid Brian
Published: July 2020

This chapter addresses the impact of the First Battle of Bull Run on William T. Sherman. On July 21, 1861, Sherman’s brigade had endured the hardest fighting. His superior officers believed that he had done well; on August 3, he received notification that he would be promoted to brigadier general of volunteers. This state of affairs would shortly change. Sherman might have witnessed his men’s foolhardy courage, but he found little else to praise in their conduct. The root of the problem lay in chronic indiscipline. Of greater interest is Sherman’s opinion of the Confederacy, as this would shape his analysis of the war’s conduct for the next six months. The experience of the First Battle of Bull Run, in his opinion, had revealed that the Confederates enjoyed significant tactical virtues. The chapter then details how Sherman suffered from adjustment disorder due to the Bull Run. On December 23, Major General Henry W. Halleck appointed Sherman to Benton Barracks, where he could train recruits and begin the resuscitation of his military career.
Army Command
Authors: Holden Reid Brian
Published: July 2020

This chapter recounts that by the autumn of 1863, William T. Sherman had arrived at the summit of military activity, according to his contemporaries. Sherman would go higher in rank, but to the Civil War generation, army command would count for more than anything else. The kind of man he became would determine Sherman’s style as a commander, so it is important to review the evolution of Sherman’s personality, and the sum of his mental and moral qualities that mark out his individuality. Also relevant is the impact of his character on others, that combination of psychological traits and moral, intellectual, and social qualities, which can be acquired as well as inherited. In his classic works on the Civil War, General J.F.C. Fuller argued that the constituent parts of generalship embraced strategy, tactics, and logistics but the manner in which these elements combine to create military success vary due to circumstances often beyond the general’s control. Sherman’s personality remained nothing less than very strong, vibrant, quirky, strikingly individualistic, and sometimes defiant of authority or prevalent opinion. These attributes aided his leadership abilities. Those who follow tend to respect commanders of a sharp, distinct profile, who spoke to them, as Sherman did, bluntly with eloquence and wit.
Over the Chattahoochee, May–July 1864
Authors: Holden Reid Brian
Published: July 2020

This chapter assesses how, in the closing weeks of May of 1864, William T. Sherman encountered a problem that had perplexed all successful commanders: how to complete a devastating pursuit. In particular, he needed to figure out how to prevent the escape of an enemy that might seek refuge in another position as formidable as the one previously vacated. With the Crossing of the Chattahoochee River, virtually without loss, Sherman brought this phase of the campaign to an end with a stunning feat for which he has received insufficient credit. There is one cardinal rule for river crossings, as for amphibious landings—cross or land where the enemy is not. In some ways, Sherman’s achievement is even more impressive than Ulysses S. Grant’s Crossing of the James the previous month, because of the close proximity of the enemy determined to resist his forays and superior in cavalry. Sherman out-thought and out-maneuvered Joseph E. Johnston. And for once, in this series of intricate movements, his cavalry played a creditable role.
Marching on to Savannah, September–December 1864
Authors: Holden Reid Brian
Published: July 2020

This chapter studies the taking of Savannah in 1864. William T. Sherman, the author of the most famous and reviled of American campaigns, here relied entirely on himself. The scheme had been his, he had persuaded his skeptical chiefs to allow him to carry it out, and in doing so, he had taken a strategic gamble in Tennessee. Yet he had brought it off with aplomb. Moral opprobrium was often lavished, especially on the March to the Sea. Much of it is rooted in “the lies” of Confederate propagandists in the very final struggle for the moral high ground in waging this war. Many southern voices can be found in the sources expressing surprise at how well they were treated. However, Sherman’s style of war was far from novel. If we accept the centrality of plunder as a motive for taking part in war, then it follows that the southern pleading concerning the unique horrors to which they were subjected should be rejected. The criticism directed at Sherman is too personalized, as if he bears personal responsibility for every burning and act of vandalism. He has assumed a wholly false diabolic presence in this self-indulgent and self-serving folklore of victimhood. Indeed, the behavior of Sherman’s soldiers differs little from that of Union and Confederate troops on other fronts.
Chemical Philosophy vs. Rationalistic Mechanicism
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola
Published: July 2020

This chapter focuses on the mechanical philosophy as it relates to early modern chemistry and chemical philosophy. The chapter begins by addressing the Cartesian rejection of Scholastic substantial forms, since this is one of the aspects of mechanicism that made it attractive to Boyle. After this, the chapter discusses the revival of Epicurean atomism and its reformation by Pierre Gassendi and other early modern atomists. The chapter then addresses the limitations of the Cartesian mechanical philosophy for chemistry and the tensions that existed between mechanicism and experimental natural philosophy, focusing especially on the views of the French Cartesians. Finally, the chapter then discusses Boyle’s own commitment to the mechanistic theory of matter. To this end, the chapter proposes to examine Boyle’s experimental research programme from a Lakatosian perspective, and suggests that the mechanical philosophy functioned both as a negative and as a positive heuristic within that research programme.
The Ontological Complexity of Boyle’s Corpuscularian Theory
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola
Published: July 2020

This chapter gives a detailed account of Boyle’s chemical philosophy, placing special emphasis on his replacement of substantial form with the mechanistic notion of essential form as the source of chemical stability. For Boyle, essential form results from the structural arrangement of fundamental particles into aggregate corpuscles that account for a substance’s distinctive chemical properties. The chapter sets the background for Boyle’s theory of matter by first discussing his attack on the Scholastic notion of substantial form and on the Paracelsian principles of the tria prima. After this, the chapter focuses on Boyle’s distinctive mechanistic corpuscularianism, by highlighting the hierarchical aspects of this theory of composition and microstructure. The chapter then contrasts the views of Boyle and Locke regarding natural kinds and taxonomical classification and discusses the reduction to the pristine state, a key experiment used by Boyle to lend empirical support to the theory of microstructural essential form.
Boyle’s View of Chemical Properties as Dispositional, Relational, and Emergent Properties
Authors: Banchetti-Robino Marina Paola
Published: July 2020

This chapter presents original arguments for the view that Boyle regarded chemical properties as being dispositional, relational, and emergent properties. The chapter begins by discussing the hierarchy of properties in Boyle’s chemical ontology and Boyle’s notion of sensible properties as being dispositional and relational. Both of these sections are informed by Peter Anstey’s discussion of these topics. The chapter then moves beyond Anstey’s discussion by arguing for the view that Boyle regarded chemical properties as dispositional, relational, emergent, and supervenient properties. The chapter cites many examples from Boyle’s writings to demonstrate that he considered chemical properties to display the various features that are required for emergence, that is, supervenience, non-summative difference, and underdetermination. After this extensive discussion, the chapter concludes by establishing that Boyle also considered cosmical qualities as dispositional and relational, thus demonstrating the considerable philosophical sophistication of Boyle’s natural philosophy and of his entire experimental programme.
Environmental Artists
Authors: Page Robert E.
Published: July 2020

One hundred twenty-five million years ago, the earth exploded with color with the rapid evolution of flowering plants. The explosion coincided with the rapid increase of species of bees. The bees and flowering plants were locked in a dialectical dance of coevolution, each becoming adapted to the other. The flowers evolved to exploit the feeding habits of bees, and bees evolved to rob the flowers of their precious loads of pollen and nectar. Bees became social and developed communication and navigational systems to better exploit their environment. They continue to transform our world through their effects on the agricultural landscapes and the food we eat. But today the honey bee is threatened. Populations are declining, a consequence of commercial beekeeping and agricultural practices.
Human Wisdom
Authors: Kekes John
Published: July 2020

Human wisdom is approached by way of a plain commonsensical account of how wisdom is generally understood. This account is developed further by contrasting it with the classical conception of wisdom, introducing some reasons for and against the two conceptions, and describing some of the problems with each of the two conceptions. It stresses the central importance of our personal attitude formed of our beliefs, emotions, desires, experiences, and evaluations that jointly make wisdom personal, important, and essential to our sense of identity. The critical evaluation of one’s personal attitude is one of the central tasks of human wisdom.
Perennial Problems
Authors: Kekes John
Published: July 2020

Three perennial problems are discussed: external goods, internal conflicts, and evaluative contingencies. These problems are recurrent and ineliminable conditions of human life. External goods are the physical, physiological, and social resources we need for living however we think we should. The problem is that the availability of these resources is often beyond our control. Internal conflicts are between our personal and social evaluative commitments. We are often forced to choose between them, and the problem is that whichever we choose, we lose something important for living as we think we should. Evaluative contingencies affect both what commitments we make and the conditions that may frustrate even our most reasonable efforts to honor them. We need human wisdom for coping with these problems again and again, because they unavoidably recur.
Reflective Understanding
Authors: Kekes John
Published: July 2020

Reflective understanding involves the evaluation of our personal attitude formed of our changing, often faulty, and frequently conflicting beliefs, emotions, desires, experiences, and evaluations. Their evaluation proceeds from two points of view. One is that of our personal attitude. The other is the point of view of the various modes of evaluations that jointly form the evaluative framework of the context in which we live. Both kinds of evaluations may be faulty. Reflective understanding involves the critical evaluation of the reasons for and against the prevailing social evaluations that follow from our personal attitude and of the reasons for and against our personal attitude that follow from the prevailing social evaluations. The test of the adequacy of our personal attitude is our satisfaction with our life. And the test of social evaluations is the continued long-term allegiance of those who follow the social evaluations, although they need not do so.