bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Traveling Memories, Contagious Justice: Americanization of Japanese War Crimes at the End of the Post-Cold War
Authors: Yoneyama Lisa
Published: February 2007

This article examines the multi-faceted implications of legislative and other developments in the United States concerning efforts to redress Japan's wartime military sex slavery and other war crimes. Yoneyama explores the not-so-uniform ways in which Asian/Americans become mobilized into such redress efforts within the Unite States public sphere. On the one hand, Asian/American involvement in redress may secure their nationalized status, by allowing them to serve as an alibi to underwrite what Yoneyama calls the American myth of "liberation and rehabilitation." On the other hand, the same process may illuminate the long history of United States imperialism and violence, thereby producing new subjects and publicity that rally around the transnational, anti-racist, anti-colonial notions of history and justice.
Anything to Act Crazy: Cajun Women and Mardi Gras Disguise
Authors: Ware Carolyn
Published: February 2007

As women play an increasingly prominent part in many Cajun Mardi Gras runs, they bring their own styles of roleplaying and masking to the celebration. A handful of creative women have taken the lead in commodifying the rural tradition, making and marketing Mardi Gras suits and masks on a large scale. This article looks at Cajun women's disguises as a way of understanding their larger influence on the festival.
"Bring Me the Head of James Macpherson": The Execution of Ossian and the Wellsprings of Folkloristic Discourse
Authors: Porter James
Published: February 2007

The poems of Ossian, as presented to the world of the 18th century by James Macpherson,
had an enormous influence on the course of Romanticism and the growth of folkloristics
through key figures such as Johann Gottfried Herder. Controversy still surrounds the
compilation of the poems because of Macpherson's free use of source material. The question
of "authenticity" was the original reason for attacks on Macpherson and his methods,
but in the present context of concern for the nature and study of folklore, this issue
seems less important than Macpherson's own complex personality and motives, which
involve not only his shifting identity but also his attitude toward his sources and his
English-language audience, and shed light, as well, on the process of "recomposition"
and on the difficulty of "translating" cultural meanings.
Performance at the Nexus of Gender, Power, and Desire: Reconsidering Bauman's Verbal Art from the Perspective of Gendered Subjectivity as Performance
Authors: Sawin Patricia
Published: February 2007

Richard Bauman's theory of performance has supported feminist work in folklore but proves incompatible with contemporary concepts of gendered subjectivity. Bauman's combination of formalist and behaviorist perspectives paradoxically de-emphasized and undertheorized audience and emotion. The threat posed by women's performance is better explained by exploring how performance constructs reciprocal positions for audience and performer, mobilizes desire, and motivates investment in gendered subject positions. Analysis of two stories Bessie Eldreth tells about audience response to her singing exemplifies the power of this gender-informed approach.
Leaves Gleaned from the Ten-Thousand-Dimensional Web in Heaven: Chinese On-Line Publications in Canada
Authors: Kozar Seana
Published: February 2007

As with popular culture generally, Chinese popular fiction borrows from elite and folk traditions in the creation of popular texts. Historically, Chinese audiences developed a variety of innovative ways to accomplish the transmission and distribution of texts and, just as importantly, to provide opportunities for communal participation and commentary. In this article, three Chinese electronic magazines at Canadian sites are examined in light of the wider traditions they share with earlier forms of Chinese popular culture. A sample of volumes from each publication formed a comparative analysis focusing on history and duration of publication, format, content, and some important common themes found in contributors� poetry and prose. Methodological challenges associated with this type of research are considered, including the issue of authorship.
The Poetics of Creole Talk: Toward an Aesthetic of Argentine Verbal Art
Authors: Cara Ana C
Published: February 2007

Creole talk in Argentina offers a key to creole poetics, defies noncreole authority, and provides a model for creole power strategies. Such talk, not exclusive to creole languages or to oral transmission, makes deliberate use of artifice to mask and reveal native (creole) truths. Whether playful, subversive, or combative, these Argentine examples share characteristics with the folk and literary artistic discourse of other creole cultures, suggesting a common aesthetic across geographical, economic, ethnic and other differences.
Narrative Voices and Repertoire at a Healing Crossroads in South India
Authors: Flueckiger Joyce Burkhalter
Published: February 2007

This article examines the strategic performance of narratives in
the healing room of a Muslim female healer in south India. Narrative
performances by the healer Amma, her husband (and Sufi pir),
Abba, and Amma's patients both establish and distinguish the authorities
of Amma and Abba and order and heal the lives of those who come to this
healing crossroads. The strategic choices of narrative performance became
poignantly clear after Abba's death, when the nature of Amma's narratives
changed dramatically.
"The Dwarf and the Giant" (AT 327B) in Africa and the Middle East
Authors: Goldberg Christine
Published: February 2007

In Europe, AT 327B, "The Dwarf and the Giant," is distinguished by
its ogre tale framework (children go to the ogre's house, trick the
ogre, and return home) and by the motif of the switched bed places
(nightcaps, etc.) that cause the ogre to kill his own children instead
of the visitors. In Africa and in the Middle East, the motif of the
switched bed places is less important, although it is still part of
the tale type. Instead, or in addition, one child keeps the ogre(ss)
busy all night with complaints about noisy animals and a request for
water carried in a sieve.
From the Barn to the Bowery and Back Again: Musical Routes in Rural Ohio,1800n1929 [Phillips Barry Lecture, October 2000]
Authors: Sacks Howard L
Published: February 2007

Drawing on a community study of musicians from Mount Vernon, Ohio,
I examine the interpenetration of regional and national musical cultures
by examining the repertoires and life histories of Dan Emmett, founder
of the first professional blackface minstrel troupe in 1843; the Snowden
Family Band, African American stringband musicians who performed in
the 1850s through 1920; and John Baltzell, a champion fiddler of the
1920s. Instead of viewing national trends as destructive of regionality,
I propose that artists are (and were) selective, active participants in
the process of forming repertoire and style. Community-based musicians
respond to a variety of national musical influences while maintaining
a continuing attachment to locality.
Judaism in the Anti-Religious Thought of the Clandestine French Early Enlightenment
Authors: Sutcliffe Adam
Published: February 2007

It has already been noted that Jewish anti-Christian arguments,
circulating
clandestinely, were a notable inspiration of radical Enlightenment
critiques
of Christianity. Judaism itself, however, was simultaneously also a
prime
target of irreligious polemic, most prominently in the work of
Voltaire. This
paper explores the tension between these two strands of critique,
through an
examination of the highly ambiguous and unstable status of Judaism in
the
French clandestine philosophical literature of the early eighteenth
century,
which were an important source for Voltaire. These texts highlight
the
intricate dynamics of fascination and hostility that characterized
early
Enlightenment attitudes towards Jewish difference.
Images as Evidence in Seventeenth-Century Europe
Authors: Burke Peter
Published: February 2007

This essay is concerned with
one aspect of the European antiquarian movement of the seventeenth century.
Like the humanist movement out of which it developed, antiquarianism was
originally text-centered. However, in the course of time the antiquaries
became more and more interested in the material culture of the past. This
article adopts a comparative approach to the study of what might be called the
"three antiquities," classical, Christian, and barbarian, and focuses
on the question of evidence, especially on what the scholars of the time
considered to be reliable evidence.
Searching for the Searchlight Theory: From Karl Popper to Otto Selz
Authors: Hark Michel Ter
Published: February 2007

The aim of this article is to show that one of Popper's key ideas in epistemology, his so-called theory of the searchlight, is derived from early German Denkpsychologie, in particular the theory of schematic anticipations of Otto Selz. With his theory of schematic anticipations Selz intended to replace various forms of association psychology. Likewise Popper's theory of the searchlight aims to replace empiricism in epistemology (the Bucket theory, as he calls it). On the basis of Popper's still unpublished manuscripts on psychology between 1927 and 1931, it is shown that his position became increasingly Selzian. The term "Bucket theory" is used by him for the first time in an article in which he defends Selz, and in his earlier Ph.D. thesis there occur passages which show him in complete agreement with the theory of schematic anticipations. It is argued that Popper's Selzian stance in psychology finally enabled him to develop his characteristic deductive stance in epistemology and philosophy of science. It is also emphasized that Popper never credits Selz for this formative role.
Inventing the Enlightenment: Anti-Jacobins, British Hegelians, and the Oxford English Dictionary
Authors: Schmidt James
Published: February 2007

For over a century, the Oxford English Dictionary has defined Enlightenment as “shallow and pretentious intellectualism, unreasonable contempt for tradition and authority.”  But this definition misreads two passages from Stirling's Secret of Hegel (1865) and misrepresents how “enlightenment,” “illumination,”  and “Aufklärung” were employed in the wake of the French Revolution. An examination of British critiques of the Revolution and early translations of texts by Kant, Mendelssohn, and Hegel shows that, prior to the close of the nineteenth century, “enlightenment” designated a process, not a period, and had few negative connotations.
Twisting the Dragonis Tail: The Zeebrugge and Ostend Raids of 1918
Authors: Karau Mark D.
Published: February 2007

This essay is a reassessment of the famous raids of April 1918 in
which the British attempted to block the two Belgian harbors of Ostend and
Zeebrugge. Those harbors were the exits for the German inland naval base
at Bruges, from which German submarines, destroyers, and torpedo-boats
had accounted for roughly one-third of all British merchant shipping
losses during the unrestricted submarine campaign. Finally in 1918 the
Royal Navy decided to deal with them by blocking the canals connecting
Bruges with Zeebrugge and Ostend. The British have generally considered
the raid a limited success, but little effort previously has been made
to examine the impact of the raids from the German perspective.
Politics and Development
Authors: Feng Yi
Published: February 2007

Books in Review. A review of Democracy and Development: Political Institutions and Well-Being in the World 1950Ð1990, by Adam Przeworski, Michael E. Alvarez, Jos� Antonio Cheibub, and Fernando Limongi.
What Is Liberal Islam? Faith and Modernity
Authors: Kubba Laith
Published: February 2007

Abstract: In assessing the nature of “liberal Islam,” we must ask the fundamental question: What is “Islam”? All too often, it is answered on the basis of misleading assumptions about what is “naturally” the case that liberal Muslims must challenge or as it were “denaturalize” if they are to win the hearts and minds of Muslims around the world. There is an unfortunate and widespread tendency to conflate Islam with attributes, practices, and institutions that are exogenous to it. Thus, “Islam” has become a code word for such a wide range of ideas and things that its true meaning has become almost completely obscured, suppressed, or lost.
What Is Liberal Islam? The Silenced Majority
Authors: Masmoudi Radwan A.
Published: February 2007

Abstract: Liberal Muslims believe that human beings are created free and that if you take away or diminish freedom, you are in fact contradicting human nature as well as divine will. Unlike the rather starkly opposed “liberalisms” of the United States and Europe respectively, Islamic liberalism, emphasizes both the liberty of the community (ummah) from occupation and oppression, and at the same time the liberty of the individual within the community. Liberal Islam remains marginal only because its potentiality is politically suppressed; in truth, it represents the predominant political hopes of Muslims around the world.
Iraqi Opposition Report on the Transition to Democracy
Authors: Group. Democratic Principles Working
Published: February 2007

Representatives of the Iraqi democratic opposition to Saddam Hussein
assess what must be done to overcome the legacy of dictatorship and pave
the way toward a free and democratic future for their country.
Race, Gender, and Anticommunism in the International Labor Movement: The Pan-African Connections of Maida Springer
Authors: Richards Yevette
Published: February 2007

Maida Springer's reminiscence and the documentation
concerning her activism provide insight into communist and anticommunist
struggles within the United States and international labor movements. Her
presence at the center of struggles of African labor movements during
the 1950s and 1960s calls for a more complex view of the activism of
the American Federation of Labor-Congress of Industrial Organizations
(AFL-CIO) in Africa and of the federation's conflicts with the
European labor centers belonging to the noncommunist International
Confederation of Free Trade Unions (ICFTU). This article traces the
little-known story of Springer's influence on African labor and
AFL-CIO policy, and explores the ways in which her race, gender, class,
and nationality mediated her activism.
Conservative Empowerment and the Gender of Nazism: Paradigms of Power and Complicity in German Women's History
Authors: Leck Ralph
Published: February 2007

The historians' debate of the 1980s about the Holocaust
was a major event in West German cultural history. Academic historians
became public intellectuals who debated questions of German citizens'
guilt for the Holocaust. After the heated exchange subsided, a new, but
far less public, debate about women and Nazism broke out between German
women's historian Gisela Bock and American historian of German women
Claudia Koonz. Were women victims or perpetrators of the Holocaust? Did
German feminists resist or accommodate the Nazis? In addressing Bock and
Koonz's answers to these questions, this essay challenges U.S. women's
historians to rethink the political consequences of "women's culture." The
author employs the distinction between cultural feminism and gender theory
to differentiate the approaches of Bock and Koonz. Of primary importance
is understanding how these perspectives have produced incompatible
readings of history. Finally, the article augments gender theory with
the Foucauldian premise that power is never merely repressive, in order
to investigate patriarchy as a form of women's empowerment.
Older Women in Academia: Contemporary History and Issues
Authors: Bronstein Phyllis
Published: February 2007

Although some older female scholars have risen to positions of
prominence and respect in their institutions and fields, many
more have remained in the background or on the periphery, marginalized
by age-related discriminatory practices that are both pervasive and
unacknowledged. This article examines the social and institutional factors
that have shaped the present-day careers and experiences of older women
in academia. It analyzes the effects of institutional disregard and
denigration of family role demands on older women's careers, as well
as the age-related stereotyping, exclusion, and exploitation that have
often limited their advancement and their satisfaction in their work. In
addition, it considers the ways in which older women's internalization
of societal and institutional ageism has helped to perpetuate their
marginality, and proposes means by which the combined ageism and sexism
affecting the careers of older women faculty can be addressed.
A Colonial Woman in a Republican's Chilean History: Benjamin Vicuna Mackenna and La Quintrala
Authors: Ward Ronda
Published: February 2007

In 1662, Catalina de Los Rios, a wealthy Creole of Santiago,
Chile, was at the center of a judicial inquiry into the management of
labor on her rural estate at La Ligua. Two centuries later, liberal
historian Benjamin Vicuna Mackenna wrote a historical biography
that exposed her as a sadistic murderer who wantonly tortured slaves and
servants. Dubbed La Quintrala, this "Lucretia Borgia of Chile"
rose to new celebrity in the modern period. This article interrogates
the case brought against Los Rios by Chile's foremost republican
historian and finds little evidence to support his conclusions. It
shows that Vicuna Mackenna utilized the story of La Quintrala
to promote a number of claims regarding gender and that the central
aim of his work was to preserve the heritage of Chile's republican men
by making women responsible for the decadence of colonial society.
Fundamental Misunderstandings: Issues in Feminist Approaches to Islamism
Authors: Winter Bronwyn
Published: February 2007

Within feminist debates on Islamism, many issues remain both
contentious and insufficiently explored, including the relationship
of fundamentalism to religion, the situation of Islamism in relation to a
supposed crisis of modernity and search for authenticity, its legitimation
through "democratization" and "multiculturalism," the connection between
fundamentalisms and extreme right politics, and the qualitative value
attributed to women's widely acknowledged centrality to Islamism and
cultural identity. This article explores these issues and, in doing so,
discusses three problematic discursive frameworks within which the subject
is generally approached: an "orientalist" discourse, which demonizes and
essentializes Islam and the Muslim world; a "multiculturalist" discourse,
which legitimates even the most fundamentalist Islamic voices in the
name of "cultural difference" and "women's agency"; and a "pluralist"
discourse, which distances itself from overtly right-wing political uses
of Islam while maintaining an apologist stance in relation to Islam.
'Not a Man's Union': Women Teamsters in the United States during the 1940s and 1950s
Authors: Vosko Leah F , Witwer David Scott
Published: February 2007

This article traces the transformation of the International Brotherhood
of Teamsters, a labor organization that had formally excluded women, but
began to recruit them into membership in the 1940s. Government directives
forced the temporary abeyance of the exclusionary policy during World
War II, and after the war the union leadership's desire to expand the
organization's size and scope led to a dramatic shift; women were then
welcomed as members and promised equal treatment. Women Teamsters in
this period, however, still faced discrimination and hostility from
employers, coworkers, and some of the union leadership. The efforts of
a group of women members in Wisconsin illustrate how female Teamsters
challenged unfair treatment while acknowledging the benefits of
their union. Their efforts exemplify the process of incremental change
historian Alice Kessler-Harris has described and offer a window into the
history of women in the more conservative American Federation of Labor
(AFL) unions.
"She consents implicitly": Women's Citizenship, Marriage, and Liberal Political Theory in Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth-Century Argentina
Authors: Augustine-Adams Kif
Published: February 2007

Through Argentine Supreme Court cases, this article
focuses on legal constructs of women's citizenship and identity in
Argentina in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Although
the Supreme Court consistently denied having done so, its jurisprudence
created dependent citizenship for married Argentine women, conflating a
wife's identity with that of her spouse in both domicile and nationality
cases. Using concepts of consent, knowledge, and obligation found in
liberal political theory, judges and legal scholars justified a married
woman's dependent citizenship as the reasonable consequence of her own
independent choice. Yet the law--not a woman's choice--expatriated
her. The Supreme Court's conception of a unified marital identity
subsumed a married woman's nationality under her husband's citizenship and
reinforced her legal subordination to him. She was, at the same moment,
both Argentine and not Argentine, depending on the particular issue at
hand and her husband's national status.
Pauli Murray's Notable Connections
Authors: Ware Susan
Published: February 2007

Pauli Murray was involved in practically all the major
developments that historians of the United States write about when they
try to make sense of the twentieth century, especially the movements for
social change that have been so central to its history. Civil rights,
feminism, religion, literature, law, sexuality—no matter what
the subject, there is Pauli Murray. Eight scholars—(Susan Ware,
Patricia Bell-Scott, Glenda Gilmore, Rosalind Rosenberg, Susan Hartmann,
Joyce Antler, Leila Rupp, and Verta Taylor)—tackle a different
moment or theme in Murray's life. Each essay stands on its own, but
when read collectively, they document Pauli Murray's central role in
twentieth-century American women's history and are intended to spur
future research.
Writing out of the Margins: Women, Translation, and the Spanish Enlightenment
Authors: Smith Theresa Ann
Published: February 2007

By analyzing Mar�a Romero's 1792 Spanish translation of
Madame de Graffigny's Lettres d'une P�ruvienne (1747),
this article demonstrates how one woman utilized translation as a
vehicle for expressing her own views in a time when women writers
were still discouraged from publicly circulating their work. A study
of Romero's translator's note, footnotes, and text alterations shows
that she both built on the gender critique embedded in Graffigny's
text and subverted the French author's political message about Spain's
barbarity in the conquest of the Americas. The article also evaluates
Romero's calls for religious renewal to show that not all Enlightenment
thinkers saw religious passion and critical reasoning as opposites. Such
analysis challenges the dichotomy of reason and passion inherent in
much Enlightenment scholarship and argues for the importance of its
deconstruction in situating women in Enlightenment society.
"Vive la Commune!": Feminism, Socialism, and Revolutionary Revival in the Aftermath of the 1871 Paris Commune
Authors: Eichner Carolyn Jeanne
Published: February 2007

In a week of street battles in 1871, the French army slaughtered
approximately 25,000 participants of the revolutionary civil war known
as the Paris Commune. Two prominent feminist and socialist activists,
Paule Mink and Andr� L�o, managed to escape to safety,
each subsequently working to reassert her individual ideological
position. Prior to the Commune, both women wrote and spoke publicly,
challenging gender and class hierarchies and the power of the Church. In
the revolutionary aftermath, L�o continued to champion democratic
socialism, whereas Mink began advocating radical, authoritarian
revolutionism, abandoning her moderate socialist roots. L�o
published literary and theoretical works and participated in internal
socialist politics, maintaining such a low public profile that, although
she lived and wrote until 1900, the Paris police ceased monitoring her
by 1880. In contrast, Mink traveled ceaselessly, speaking publicly,
advocating violent revolution. Considering Mink a greater threat, police
spies monitored her until her 1901 death. Through different strategies
in the aftermath of the Commune, each woman exemplified a strand of
the multiple and complex feminist socialisms in the late nineteenth
century.
The Deserving Sick: Poor Women and the Medicalization of Poverty in Brattleboro, Vermont
Authors: Blackwell Marilyn S
Published: February 2007

This article examines negotiations between poor women and charity
providers in Brattleboro, Vermont, during the Progressive Era, when the
expansion and specialization of medicine shifted the focus of providers to
improving the health of the poor as a means to alleviate poverty. Using
a rich collection of charity case records and clients' petitions, this
study analyzes the dialogue that determined aid allocation. Furthermore,
it shows how ideas about gender shaped the delivery of health services
and, in turn, how clients used the medical diagnosis of their problems
to redefine deserving status around female invalidism. Similar to the
maternalism underlying mothers' aid programs of the period, the focus on
poor women's ill health not only provided clients with another bargaining
tool and a potential basis for entitlement, but also reinforced female
dependency and undermined women's efforts at self-sufficiency.
In Defense of Their Families: Working-Class Women, Alcohol, and Politics in Revolutionary Russia
Authors: Phillips Laura L.
Published: February 2007

By focusing on drink as a central feature of working-class culture
in early-twentieth-century Russia, this article provides a new context
in which to examine Temma Kaplan's assertion that collective protest
by women is motivated by "female consciousness." Finding support for
Kaplan's thesis, this study emphasizes that, whether in their daily lives
or during more unusual moments of collective protest, women's actions
toward drink were rooted in their assessment of alcohol's impact on
the family economy. The limited, individualistic methods working women
normally used to ensure their families' economic health were transformed
into overt, collective action during revolutionary upheavals, but the
character that women's day-to-day struggles to defend the family economy
assumed both before and after 1917 suggests that women's family concerns
were not substantively incorporated into the agenda of the new state.
Exploring the Legacy of Reserve Mining: What Does the Longest Environmental Trial in History Tell Us About the Meaning of American Environmentalism?
Authors: Huffman Thomas R.
Published: February 2007

In the best-selling bookCivil Action, Jonathan Harr depicts an environmental pollution tale of frightening contamination and endless litigation in a small Massachusetts town during the 1970s and 1980s. A quixotic and some-what foolish lawyer pursues two giant and evil corporations through the legal system, seeking justice for his hapless working-class clients. In the end, the solitary lawyer falters when faced with the overwhelming economic and (seemingly underhanded) legal power of the corporations. Justice is not served, if it truly ever is, until the might of the federal Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) intervenes to force the business interests to admit some wrong and shell out some money.
The Origins and Practice of Emissions Trading
Authors: Gorman Hugh S. , Solomon Barry D.
Published: February 2007

An important development in the field of environmental policy has been the growing acceptance and use of emissions trading as a cost-effective means to meet and maintain environmental quality standards. In the first half of the twentieth century, emissions trading programs not only would have been seen as unnecessary; they would have been inconceivable. The legal, bureaucratic, and technological infrastructure necessary to support such systems simply did not exist. Furthermore, most people did not see the release of pollutioncausing contaminants into the shared environment as transactions to be measured and monitored. Today, the use of emissions trading programs as a policy tool both reflects and represents the dramatic changes in pollution control policy that have since occurred.
Encountering the World: China and Its Other(s) in Historical Narratives, 1949-89
Authors: Wang Q. Edward
Published: February 2007

This article critically examines historical discourses in modern China and their complex relations with the outside world, most notably theWest. It delineates three noticeable changes in the twentieth century and concentrates on the period 1949-1989. Chinese experimentation with modern historiography began shortly after Western powers defeated China in the late nineteenth century. These defeats forced Chinese scholars to forsake the traditional sinocentric conception of the world and accept a new worldview characterized by aWest-China dichotomy. After 1917, however, the triumph of Bolshevism in Russia offered another alternative to Chinese searching for modernization. As a result, China's cultural relationship with the larger world changed from a dichotomous to a triangular relationship. During China's Republican period (1912-1949), liberal historians constructed a historical narrative modeled on the modernWest and regarded Marxist historical theory as an alien Other. After the foundation of the People's Republic of China in 1949, however, when Marxist historiography gained orthodox status, theWest was turned into the alien Other. After the Cultural Revolution and especially in the so-called "culture fever" of the 1980s, a younger generation of historians unsatisfied with the dogmatic application of Marxist theory in historical study turned again to the West for inspiration. In renewing their interest in Western historiography, these historians used the Western Other to challenge the official Marxist historiography authorized by the government. In doing so, they formed a counterdiscourse in historical narrative that (together with the emerging sociocultural history) reshaped historical practice in the People's Republic of China.
Looking Back and Judging Our Predecessors
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L
Published: February 2007

The Advisory Committee on Human Radiation Experiments has
correctly argued that persons and institutions can sometimes be
held responsible for actions taken more than a half-century ago,
when practices and policies on the use of research subjects were
strikingly different. In reaching its conclusions, the Committee did
not altogether adhere to the language and commitments of its own
ethical framework. In its Final Report, the Committee emphasizes
judgments of wrongdoing, to the relative neglect of culpability; it
discusses mitigating conditions that are exculpatory, but does not
provide a thoroughgoing assessment of either culpability or
exculpation. However, the Committee's shortcomings are mild in
comparison to the deficiencies in the "Report of the UCSF Ad Hoc
Fact Finding Committee on World War II Human Radiation
Experiments" of the University of California at San Francisco. The
latter report reaches no significant judgments of either wrongdoing
or culpability. The findings that should have been reached by both
committees are discussed.
What Care Should Be Covered?
Authors: Mansheim Bernard J
Published: February 2007

The answer to the question of what health care services should be
covered by a managed care plan is straightforward; the plan should
cover whatever the consumer is willing to pay for. From the plan's
perspective, the consumer is the payer, that is, the employer who
negotiates the plan; not the individual patient whose personal
preferences and interests may be quite different. Since managed
care organizations contract with payers to arrange for health care
services within a defined set of benefits, there is a broader question
as well: Within the benefits chosen by the payer, what actually is
covered? Criteria for determining "medical necessity," which
managed care plans frequently use as the basis for coverage, are
discussed.
Bioethics and the Challenges of a Society in Transition: The Birth and Development of Bioethics in Post-Totalitarian Slovakia
Authors: Glasa Jozef
Published: February 2007

This paper provides an analysis of the first decade of
bioethics development in Slovakia (1990-1999), together with an overview
of the most important bioethical issues entering the scene of public
debate and scholarly ethical analysis.
The Kindness of Strangers: Organ Transplantation in a Capitalist Age
Authors: Shannon Thomas A. (Thomas Anthony)
Published: February 2007

The topic of organ transplantation
is examined from the perspective of three authors: Robert Bellah,
Jeremy Rifkin, and Margaret Jane Radin. Introduced by reflections on
the development of the justification of organ transplantation within
the Roman Catholic community and the various themes raised by the
historical study in Richard Titmuss's The Gift Relationship,
the paper examines how and in what ways the possible commodification
of organs will affect our society and the impacts this may have on the
supply of organs.
Parental Consent and the Use of Dead Children's Bodies
Authors: Wilkinson T. M.
Published: February 2007

It has recently become known that, in Liverpool and elsewhere,
parts of children's bodies were taken postmortem and used for research
without the parents being told. But should parental consent be sought
before using children's corpses for medical purposes? This paper presents
the view that parental consent is overrated. Arguments are rejected for
consent from dead children's interests, property rights, family autonomy,
and religious freedom. The only direct reason to get parental consent
is to avoid distressing the parents, which carries implications for the
consent process, secret harvesting of body parts, and the weight to be
given to parental feelings.
From Lydia Pinkham to Bob Dole: What the Changing Face of Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising Reveals about the Professionalism of Medicine
Authors: Pinkus Rosa Lynn B
Published: February 2007

From its founding in 1847, the AMA divided drugs into
"ethical" and "unethical" preparations. Those that were ethical had a
known composition and were advertised only to the profession. Others,
patent medicines (technically proprietary drugs, whose trademarks were
protected by copyright), were sold directly to the public. In spite of
the AMA's efforts to ban the advertising and sale of these nostrums,
proprietary drugs flourished during the nineteenth century. Starting in
1900, however, three major societal trends combined to bolster the AMA's
campaign, and by 1920 almost all advertising was directed to physicians,
who would then prescribe medications to their patients. This ban on
advertising pharmaceuticals directly to the public remained virtually
unchanged until approximately 1980. Since then, it has slowly eroded
and, as recently as 1997, the FDA created guidelines for pharmaceutical
companies to advertise on television. What does this change say about
the profession of medicine, the role of the physician in society, and
the doctor-patient relationship? Using a comparative historical approach,
this paper examines these issues.
Eroticism and Buddhism in Han Yongun's Your Silence
Authors: Evon Gregory N
Published: February 2007

Han Yongun (1879-1944) is chiefly remembered as a participant in the March
First Independence Movement of 1919 and as the author of Your Silence. For
these reasons he holds an important place within Koreans' collective memory of
their nation's troubled modern history. Although much has been written about
him and Your Silence, little attention has been given to the eroticism in the work.
This article offers a perspective on the collection's eroticism, Han's overturning of
Buddhism's negation of desire, and thus his unusual attitude toward women.
The I Ching in Late-Choson Thought
Authors: Ng Wai-ming
Published: February 2007

The I ching (Book of changes) played an important role in the development of Korean thought and culture. This research examines the impact of the I ching on late-Choson Confucianism. It attempts to deepen our understanding of late-Choson Confucianism through a textual examination of its I ching scholarship, focusing on the Chu Hsi school in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and the school of practical learning (sirhak) in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. The characteristics of I ching scholarship in late-Choson Korea are discussed from a comparative perspective.
Late Choson Society as Reflected in a Shamanistic Narrative: An Analysis of the Pari Kongju Muga
Authors: Pettid Michael J
Published: February 2007

This article examines the social values and criticism contained in the Pari kongju muga, a narrative shaman's song that has long been orally transmitted over much of the Korean peninsula. Although this song has an important religious function in shamanistic eschatology, this study is primarily concerned with the social values and convictions reflected in the narrative. Particularly, this analysis will enable an understanding of the social ethics most important to late-Choson females-the primary adherents and celebrants of the shamanistic religion. Among these values, the most prominent is the strong critique of the dominant Neo-Confucian ideology, especially the practices surrounding male-child preference. Hence, this textual examination will enable cognizance of female aspirations in the late-Choson period.
Affliction and Opportunity: Korean Literature in Diaspora, a Brief Overview
Authors: Kim Kichung
Published: February 2007

The Korean diaspora has now become a worldwide phenomenon. How has this come
about? Until the twentieth century, the first stage of the Korean diaspora--affliction-driven and confined mostly to Russia, China, Japan, and the United States--had passed
into history without leaving much record of its traumas. Unlike the first stage of the
Korean diaspora, the second stage since the mid-1960s has largely been a voluntary,
opportunity-seeking emigration of Koreans to the Americas, Australia, New Zealand,
Western Europe, and Southeast Asia in search of economic, professional, and educational opportunities. Over the last forty years, a remarkable evolution has thus occurred
to the Korean diaspora. Not only has it become worldwide, it has also swelled to more
than five million overseas Koreans living in 140 countries. How has this growth of the
worldwide overseas Korean community affected the evolution of Korean diaspora literature? It is a bilingual literature composed in Korean and the language of the host/
adopted country, mirroring the bicultural and bilingual reality of the worldwide Korean
diaspora community. One key question for overseas Korean writers is how they resolve
the competing demands, pressures, and influences of the two different traditions and
communities they embody in themselves, the very different cultures of Korea and their
host/adopted country.
Books and Libraries as Instruments of Cultural Diplomacy in Francophone Africa during the Cold War
Authors: Maack Mary Niles
Published: February 2007

During the period of the Cold War, Britain, France, and the United States
employed similar strategies in the cultural efforts they directed toward
Francophone Africa; all three countries sponsored language instruction and
set up cultural centers with libraries reflecting their national heritage,
but the priority that each nation gave to these activities was a result
of underlying ideologies that provided the foundation for its cultural
diplomacy. Although this essay analyzes and compares British, French,
and American book-related programs throughout the region, particular
attention is given to Senegal, whose capital city, Dakar, had formerly
served as the federal capital for all of French West Africa. The first
American book-related program in the region was the United States
Information Agency (USIA) library set up in Dakar in 1958; because the
objective of the USIA centered on building understanding and support
for the U.S. position on international issues, half of the books in
its library were French translations of American authors. In contrast,
the goal of the French
cultural center library, established one year later, was to encourage
African authors writing in French to foster cultural exchange. Since its
entire collection was in French, this library drew a large number of
students and general readers and thus partially filled the gap created by
the lack of a municipal public library. In 1965 the British Council also
set up a library in Dakar to support its English language instruction
program. Although better known for its work in Ghana and Nigeria, the
efforts of the British Council in Francophone Africa present a third
approach to the use of books in cultural diplomacy. This study examines
book donation and translation programs as well as libraries and is based
on primary source material collected during research trips to Africa
and France; secondary sources include recent historical studies of
U.S. public diplomacy as well as publications by and about the British
Council and the French aid
programs that provide books to Africa.
Censors and Their Readers: Selling and Silencing Czech Books
Authors: Smejkalová Jiriina
Published: February 2007

The Nazi and Communist regimes in Czechoslovakia greatly impacted
book publishing and distribution. During these periods, censorship
was state controlled in an official sphere of government and was
part of the processes of canon formation of literature considered
officially valuable. Government constraints produced lists of
libri prohibiti. In the 1950s the government established an
explicit censorship office, the Main Board for Publishing Control
(HSTD). By the 1960s HSTD was replaced by the Office for Publishing and
Information, which prescribed guidelines for members of the publishing
institutions. The post-1968 era in Czechoslovakia was known as a "Biafra
of the Spirit" because of the government's attempts at normalization of
cultural and social processes. In the 1970s and 1980s the government
enforced control over the scheme of literary institutions. This was
a centrally prepared publishing plan that included such institutions
as paper supply and printing companies, the Ministry of Culture,
publishing houses, and central warehouses. While the plan was central,
each institution was relatively autonomous. By the late 1980s, many
books were published outside of the official sphere. On 17
November 1989 the Cold War ended in Czechoslovakia, but previous changes
in literary institutions and the economy had already contributed to
the breakdown.
Symbolic Censorship and Control of Appropriations: The French Communist Party Facing "Heretical" Texts during the Cold War
Authors: Pudal Bernard
Published: February 2007

The author examines the methods used by the French Communist party
(FCP) during the Cold War to control and neutralize the effects of
anti-Communist or heretical texts as challenges to its ideology. The FCP
was faced with a free publishing market and therefore followed a symbolic
censorship action plan. This involved denouncing critical texts as
enemy propaganda, either as forgeries or as part of an anti-Communist
project, and discrediting their authors to avoid discussion of the
arguments put forward. The climate of the Cold War with its bipolarization
of ideology, perceived threat of a Third World War, idealization of the
U.S.S.R. by Communists, and their world vision of history as a
conspiracy against Communism contributed to successful implementation
of the plan. The blurring of truth into opinion, the encouragement
of Zhdanovjan campaigns denouncing other intellectuals, and the FCP's
prohibition of critical confrontation encouraged intellectuals within
the party to suspend their professional and scholarly critical mindset
and accept plausibility over truth. Internal censorship was practiced
through controlled reading programs that limited the exposure of other
party members to heretical writings.
Cold War Librarianship: Soviet and American Library Activities in Support of National Foreign Policy, 1946-1991
Authors: Richards Pamela Spence
Published: February 2007

The author examines the international rivalry between the United States
and the Soviet Union during the Cold War and how ideological
premises were used to bring libraries into the conflict. In the aftermath
of World War II, the two superpowers were left with international
hostilities that carried over into cultural institutions. Libraries served
as important tools in the implementation of their respective governments'
foreign policy. Instruments used in the Soviet Union were the Ministry
of Culture's
journal, Bibliotekar', and the Communist party's Comecon (Council
for Mutual Economic Assistance). Bibliotekar' targeted public
librarians and influenced them against the perceived capitalist agenda
of imperialism abroad. As a result, many libraries became involved
in a campaign to raise domestic consciousness toward international
foreign policy. Comecon concentrated on subsidizing higher education in
librarianship to foreign students, and many foreign countries, financed by
the Soviet Union, joined in the campaign. The United States was limited
in ways to influence
library collections. However, the Foreign Agents Registration Act
enforced by the U.S. Congress was one way, through U.S. Customs, to stop
the flow of Soviet materials into the United States. Another way was
through the United States Department of State Libraries (USIS), controlled
by the United States Information Agency (USIA). Overseas USIS libraries
were forced to support American foreign policy. McCarthyism in America
and socialism in Communist countries had a large impact on political
agendas. Consequently, political philosophies developed during the Cold
War curtailed national library activities and by the same token affected
international foreign policy.
The Overseas Libraries Controversy and the Freedom to Read: U.S. Librarians and Publishers Confront Joseph McCarthy
Authors: Robbins Louise S
Published: February 2007

In the early Cold War years, censorship pressures on libraries led in
1948 to the adoption of a strengthened Library Bill of Rights by the
American Library Association (ALA). In 1953 pressures intensified when
Senator Joseph McCarthy opened an investigation of the United States
Department of State's Overseas Libraries. This essay explores the

response of the ALA and the American Book Publishers Council to McCarthy's
attacks. Through adoption of The Freedom to Read and the Overseas
Libraries Statement, librarians and publishers identified librarians as
defenders of intellectual freedom. In addition, they helped to restore
balance to book selection for U.S. information services abroad and
affected the role of books and libraries in cultural diplomacy.
Reading in the Context of Censorship in the Soviet Union
Authors: Stelmakh V. D
Published: February 2007

This essay discusses the reading of literature in the environment of
censorship preceding the disbandment of the U.S.S.R. The Soviet
authority's mission was to forestall the collapse of the Communist
regime by attempting to strengthen censorship and other repressive
measures. The author considers censorship as a social system with
powerful control over information and reading, restricting the public's
access to the world's various cultures. Some specific features of the
cultural situation under censorship are emphasized: the high prestige
of literature, which was almost the only source of spiritual freedom;
the creation of the black market for books as an alternative to the
official book publishing and distribution system; the reproduction and
dissemination of illegal literature and texts (samizdat). The
author explains the role of the spetskhran--a closed special
library collection of forbidden literature. The author states that
because of censorship during this
period and the constant struggle against it, there is a huge impediment
to many areas of development caused by the energy spent by readers to
overcome the prohibitions rather than create cultural treasures.