bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
It’s Not What You Pay it’s the Way that You Pay it and that’s What Gets Results: Jockeys’ Pay and Performance
Authors: Fernie Sue , Metcalf David
Published: March 2003

Management scholars and economists have recently set out the requirements of a system to elicit good performance when it is necessary to align the interests of the principal and agent. We analyse pay and performance in an occupation — jockeys — replete with moral hazard possibilities. We are able to do this because, most unusually, a measure of pure individual performance exists for an unbalanced panel of some 50 individuals for 8 years. Three hypotheses are tested. First, in line with classic agency theory, we expect monitoring mechanisms and incentive contracts to be used to align the interests of principals and agents. Second, pay and performance should be positively associated, subject to the first hypothesis being confirmed. Third, a limited number of jockeys were paid via an alternative mechanism involving very large non‐contingent retainer fees. This serves as our counterfactual payment system. In line with agency theory we expect worse performance under such a system than under an incentive contract. The three hypotheses are confirmed: incentive contracts generate superior performance to non‐contingent payment systems. Our evidence suggests that ‘it’s not what you pay it’s the way that you pay it … and that’s what gets results’.

It is maddening that society confers its blessings on traditional academic pursuits but views the study of horseracing as utter frivolity (Beyer, 1983).
Efficiency Wage, Fixed Employment Costs, and Dual Labour Markets
Authors: Pisauro Giuseppe
Published: March 2003

The standard efficiency wage‐based explanation of labour market dualism hinges on the existence of differences in monitoring across sectors. The paper proposes fixed employment costs as an alternative source of wage differentials for homogeneous workers. It shows that firms with larger fixed costs pay higher wages in order to elicit more effort from their workers, and tend to have higher capital/labour ratio and labour productivity. The model generates both involuntary unemployment and involuntary confinement in the secondary sector: high effort–high wage jobs are preferred to low effort–low wage jobs and either are preferred to unemployment. The proposed framework can also account for the various types of treatment of marginal jobs in primary sector firms envisaged by Doeringer and Piore (Internal Labour Markets and Manpower Analysis, 1971). In particular, an increase in fixed costs beyond a certain level may induce primary sector firms to restructure, segment production, and enter the secondary sector, thus converting their jobs into secondary jobs. From a welfare point of view, we cannot state in general the desirability of subsidizing fixed employment costs; however, we show that an employment subsidy financed by a wage tax is able to increase employment with no loss in terms of production.
Post‐Migratory Employment Prospects: Evidence from Finland
Authors: Tervo Hannu
Published: March 2003

This paper analyses the role which migration plays in improving post‐migratory employment prospects of migrants (long‐distance) within Finland, by examining the employment status of migrants and non‐migrants at the end of the migration interval. The analysis is based on micro data from the period 1985–90. The results from multivariate analyses suggest that migration by itself has not augmented the likelihood of getting a job, even though tabular comparisons of re‐employment rates between migrants and non‐migrants suggest this to be the case. Migration, however, has an indirect role in enhancing job search outcomes as it moves workers to labour markets characterized by more favourable employment opportunities.
Overeducated Workers as an Insurance Device
Authors: Bulmahn Guido , Kräkel Matthias
Published: March 2003

Empirical findings show that firms frequently employ overeducated workers. Since overeducated workers earn more than adequately educated ones working in similar jobs these findings seem to be puzzling. In this paper, we introduce an insurance approach to explain the employment of overeducated workers. Referring to this approach, overeducated workers are employed by a firm to avoid high losses in the case of a crisis (e.g. when the production process breaks down). Contrary to adequately educated workers, overeducated ones may be helpful in this situation by quickly offering improvisatorial solutions. First, we use a simple model to demonstrate the insurance argument. Second, we test the major implication of the model empirically by using industry panel data: if and only if high‐skilled workers are employed for insurance purposes, the average wage of high‐skilled workers in firms that need insurance will be lower compared with firms that do not need insurance. The data confirm this theoretical result.
Making Sense Out of Regulatory Enforcement
Authors: May Peter , Burby Raymond
Published: March 2003

This study of enforcement of building codes addresses two issues in the growing body of research about regulatory enforcement. One issue is the definition of key concepts. We undertake empirical analyses to clarify distinctions between enforcement philosophy and strategy. We identify two enforcement philosophies that underlie agency actions and that are consistent with prior theorizing. A second issue is the distinction between descriptions of stylized enforcement strategies and what actually happens in practice. We find that code enforcement agencies vary in the degree to which they have embraced the two enforcement philosophies. This, in turn, leads them to pursue one of three different enforcement strategies that we identify. Two of these – what we term strict enforcement and creative enforcement– correspond to previous conceptualizations. The third strategy, which is also one of the most frequently used, is an accommodative enforcement strategy found where enforcement philosophies are highly unsystematic, are only moderately facilitative, and entail little overall agency effort.
Industry Self‐Regulation: An Institutional Perspective
Authors: Gunningham Neil , Rees Joseph
Published: March 2003

Throughout the advanced countries of the world self‐regulatory regimes are being introduced. This article suggests that, at least in some contexts, industry self‐regulation can be an effective and efficient means of social control that has been largely ignored by economics (which has a focus on individual rather than group behavior) and prematurely discounted by mainstream regulatory theory. The article examines the strengths and to a lesser extent the weaknesses of industry self‐regulation from five closely related yet distinct vantage points: mediating institutions; industrial morality; institutionalizing responsibility; institutions responding to external pressure; and the roles of the state and third parties.
The Italian Financial System: neither Bank Based nor Market BasedManuscript received 21.10.96; final version received 9.12.97.
Authors: Cobham David , Cosci Stefania , Mattesini Fabrizio
Published: March 2003

New data on the sources of finance for the non‐financial corporate sector show that Italian firms as a whole use more equity finance than their Anglo‐Saxon counterparts, and smaller Italian firms use equity more intensively than larger firms. Both findings can be understood in terms of the structure of industry and banking in Italy and the relations between them. Firm managers have considerable autonomy vis‐à‐vis both financial markets and intermediaries, and the Italian financial system should be seen as substantially different from either the high internal finance systems of the USA and the UK or the bank‐based system of Japan.
Innovation, Human Capital Destruction and Firms’ Investment in Training
Authors: Carillo Maria Rosaria , Zazzaro Alberto
Published: March 2003

We analyse the effect of human capital obsolescence due to the introduction of technological innovations on the long‐run growth rate, and show that in equilibrium the pace of technical change may be faster than is socially optimal. In such cases, the existence of market imperfections, and their costs for firms, may improve the welfare for the society as a whole. In particular, we assume that firms do not have full information on workers’ skills but can arrange some form of internal training that permits them to acquire the lacking information. Training costs reduce research and development investments by firms and in this way draw the market equilibrium closer to the social optimum.
Policymakers’ Revealed Preferences and the Output–Inflation Variability Trade–off: Implications for the European System of Central Banks
Authors: Cecchetti Stephen G. , McConnell Margaret M. , Perez–Quiros Gabriel
Published: March 2003

This paper explores two aspects of the conduct of monetary policy under a monetary union. First, even if the preferences of policymakers over inflation and output variability are identical across member countries, differences in economic structure will mean different desired policy responses to even a common shock. Second, policymakers may be forced to make important concessions in their preferences over inflation and output variability. To examine these issues, in this paper we estimate the objective functions that the European national central banks were implicitly maximizing over the 15 or so years prior to monetary union, as well as the slopes of the inflation–output variability trade–off in each country.

While the slopes of the trade–offs vary dramatically across countries, the objective functions are quite similar, with most countries having weights in excess of three–quarters on inflation variability and less than one–quarter on output variability. Our findings suggest that the concessions (in terms of preferences over output and inflation variability) that current inflation–targeting countries such as the UK and Sweden would have to make on accession to the European Monetary Union (EMU) are likely to be minimal. On the other hand, the differences in economic structure across the Eurosystem countries might make it difficult to formulate a common policy even in the face of common goals, suggesting that there may still be significant costs to joining for countries currently outside the EMU.
Foreign Direct Investment as Technology Transferred: Some Panel Evidence from the Transition Economies
Authors: Campos Nauro F. , Kinoshita Yuko
Published: March 2003

Although the theoretical literature has identified various sizeable benefits from foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows, the empirical literature has been unable to establish a positive and significant impact of FDI on the rates of economic growth of host countries. One reason for this difficulty is that theory equates FDI to technology transferred, while in most countries and regions of the world FDI encompasses an array of arrangements that goes well beyond pure technology transfer. This paper tests for the effects of FDI on growth in a set of countries in which FDI is pure technology transferred: the 25 Central and Eastern European and former Soviet Union transition countries between 1990 and 1998. Our main finding is that, in this more appropriate setting, FDI has a positive and significant impact on economic growth as theory predicts.
Comparison of Economic Efficiency Estimation Methods: Parametric and Non–parametric Techniques
Authors: Huang Tai–Hsin , Wang Mei–Hui
Published: March 2003

We employ a wide range of parametric and non–parametric cost frontiers’ efficiency estimation methods to estimate economic efficiency and economies of scale, using the same panel data of 22 Taiwanese commercial banks over the period 1982–97. According to our empirical implementation, the two methodologies yield similar average efficiency estimates, yet they come to very dissimilar results pertaining to the efficiency rankings, the stability of measured efficiency over time, the consistency between frontier efficiency and conventional performance measures, and the estimates of scale economies. Thus, the choice of an estimation approach can result in very different conclusions and policy implications regarding cost efficiencies and cost economies. These findings suggest that making policy decisions and evaluations relies on multiple techniques and specifications.
Do Asset Prices Help to Predict Consumer Price Inflation?
Authors: Goodhart Charles , Hofmann Boris
Published: March 2003

With goods prices being sticky, monetary impulses are initially transmitted to the real economy via changes in asset prices; and asset price fluctuations can independently affect monetary and real developments. Most empirical models try to incorporate such monetary–asset price interactions by the inclusion of a short‐term interest rate and the exchange rate, but there are good reasons to doubt the sufficiency of this. Here we examine whether the predictive power of a reduced form equation for inflation, including standard explanatory variables, can be improved by adding other asset price variables, i.e. the changes in housing and equity prices and a yield spread. In our cross‐country time series exercise, we find that housing price movements do provide useful extra information on future inflation, with equity prices and the yield spread being somewhat less informative.
Hedging under Transaction Costs in Currency Markets: a Continuous‐Time Model
Authors: KABANOV YURI M. , LAST GÜNTER
Published: March 2003

We consider a general semimartingale model of a currency market with transaction costs. Assuming that the price process is continuous and the solvency cone is proper we prove a hedging theorem describing the set of initial endowments that allows the investor to hedge a contingent claim in various currencies by a self‐financing portfolio.
Currency Prices, the Nominal Exchange Rate, and Security Prices in a Two‐Country Dynamic Monetary Equilibrium
Authors: Basak Suleyman , Gallmeyer Michael
Published: March 2003

This paper examines a continuous‐time two‐country dynamic monetary equilibrium in which countries with possibly heterogeneous tastes and endowments hold their own money for the purpose of transaction services formulated via money in the utility function. Given a price system, no‐arbitrage pricing results are provided for the price of each money and the nominal exchange rate. Characterizations are provided for equilibrium prices for general time‐additive preferences and non‐Markovian exogenous processes. Under a Markovian structure of model primitives, the currency prices are shown to solve a bivariate system of partial differential equations. Assuming that each country is endowed with heterogeneous separable power utility and the exogenous quantities all follow geometric Brownian motions, an equilibrium is shown to exist and additional characterization is provided. A further example of nonseparable Cobb–Douglas preferences is investigated. The additional features over the customary environment of homogeneous logarithmic preferences are emphasized.
Optimal Malliavin Weighting Function for the Computation of the Greeks
Authors: Benhamou Eric
Published: March 2003

This paper reexamines the Malliavin weighting functions introduced by Fournié et al. (1999) as a new method for efficient and fast computations of the Greeks. Reexpressing the weighting function generator in terms of its Skorohod integrand, we show that these weighting functions have to satisfy necessary and sufficient conditions expressed as conditional expectations. We then derive the weighting function with the smallest total variance. This is of particular interest as it bridges the method of Malliavin weights and the one of likelihood ratio, as introduced by Broadie and Glasserman (1996). The likelihood ratio is precisely the weighting function with the smallest total variance. We finally examine when to use the Malliavin method and when to prefer finite difference.
The Crisis of Narrative in Contemporary Culture
Authors: Kearney Richard
Published: March 2003

This article explores the crisis of narrative in contemporary culture. It begins by examining the challenge represented by the mass media for the continuing art of storytelling. Taking up Walter Benjamin’s warning that we are moving from an age of narrative experience to an age of instant information, it analyses the implications of the post‐modern ‘cult of simulation’ for education, historiography and ethics. The paper concludes by advocating a critical hermeneutic approach as the most apt response to this contemporary dilemma. Only by means of such hermeneutic retrieval, inspired by the work of Ricoeur and Gadamer, can we avoid the current reduction of temporal experience to a ‘depthless present’ without past or future, thereby reaffirming the crucial narrative dimensions of historical memory and hope.
Hegal’s Internationalism: World History and Exclusion
Authors: Boubia Fawzi
Published: March 2003

Philosophies sometimes claim international authority by claiming to be the expression of rationality that is universal in character or validity. This paper attacks Hegel’s internationalism of universal spirit and world history for unjustly excluding the philosophical value of non‐European cultures and races: Africans, Asians, Arabs, Jews, and Native Americans. Hegel’s Eurocentric internationalism also displays a particularly strong nationalist pride in German philosophical superiority. One cannot simply excuse the prejudices of Hegel’s historical context for his exclusionary attitudes. For Hegel’s contemporary Goethe displayed a more truly international spirit in his inclusionary concept of world literature.
Nussbaum: Love and Respect
Authors: Richardson Henry S.
Published: March 2003

This article details how Martha Nussbaum has heightened the potential tension between love and respect, flagged by Kant, by strengthening what each requires. She elaborates the particularism and disruptiveness of love while insisting on a cosmopolitanism of respect. The article suggests that dealing with this tension will require developing a more detailed theory of institutional justice, one that can extend to the international arena.
Some Varieties of Particularism
Authors: Sinnott‐Armstrong Walter
Published: March 2003

Analytic particularism claims that judgments of moral wrongness are about particular acts rather than general principles. Metaphysical particularism claims that what makes true moral judgments true is not general principles but nonmoral properties of particular acts. Epistemological particularism claims that studying particular acts apart from general principles can justify beliefs in moral judgments. Methodological particularism claims that we will do better morally in everyday life if we look carefully at each particular decision as it arises and give up the search for a complete moral theory. This paper raises problems for each of these versions of particularism.
Interpretation and Justification
Authors: Novitz David
Published: March 2003

Whenever understanding is sought we are obliged to justify our interpretations – to demonstrate that they furnish an adequate understanding of the world and its objects. The problem is to know whether this is possible – that what we take to be conclusive justifications do not covertly appeal to other favoured interpretations or systems of explanation, thus obviating the possibility of a neutral justification. By exploring the nature of interpretation, I argue that neutral justifications of interpretations about works of art are indeed possible and that such interpretations can be shown to be true or false.
On Changing the Subject
Authors: Thom Paul
Published: March 2003

Sticking to the point is thought to be a good thing. Changing the subject, by contrast, is regarded as a sign of a wandering mind if it is unintentional and as a sign of duplicity if it is intentional. Yet, as I shall show, interpreters regularly replace an initial object of interpretation with a new object, thus “changing the subject.” They do so in one of four ways: idealization, resegmentation, reconception, and recovery. Far from being symptomatic of either intellectual weakness or a desire to hide something, however, these processes are an intrinsic part of that most central of human intellectual endeavors, interpretation, and they contribute to its positive value.
Objects of Interpretation
Authors: Lamarque Peter
Published: March 2003

The paper examines the relation between interpretation and the objects of interpretation, principally, but not exclusively, in the realm of art. Several theses are defended: that interpretation cannot proceed without prior determination of the kind of thing being interpreted; that the mode of interpretation is determined by the nature of its object; that interpretation, of a meaning‐determining rather than generic kind, focuses at the level of works, not descending to a bedrock of “mere objects”; that because works and their appropriate mode of interpretation are constituted by convention‐bound practices, it follows that no clear line can be drawn between properties “in” a work and those “imputed to” it through interpretive procedures endorsed by the practice. The debate over constructivism or “imputationalism”– between Margolis and Krausz, on the one hand, and Stecker and Levinson, on the other – is engaged with an attempt to show a core of truth in each of the conflicting theories, once the right distinction between object, work, and interpretation is in place.
The Mission of Philosophy Today
Authors: Adams E.M.
Published: March 2003

The paper gives a brief characterization of philosophical problems; points up something of their significance for the culture, the social order, and our lives; indicates the methodology appropriate for the problems; and presents a view of the cultural mission of philosophy today. Philosophy attempts to bring under critical review and to correct errors in the cultural mind of our civilization, the prevailing assumptions and beliefs about our knowledge‐yielding powers, the various sectors of the culture, and the basic structure of the world. It holds the cultural mind accountable to the unavoidable presuppositions of experience, thought, and action. Errors in the cultural mind can lead to distortions in the development of the culture and to social and personal pathologies. I contend that our modern Western cultural mind undermines the humanistic dimension of the culture, and ultimately the whole culture, by a restricted view of our knowledge‐yielding powers and the resulting impoverished view of reality. The mission of philosophy today is to point out the errors in our cultural mind and to work for a humanistic cultural reformation.
McDowell on Kant: Redrawing the Bounds of Sense
Authors: Norris Christopher
Published: March 2003

John McDowell’s Mind and World is a notable attempt to redirect the interest of analytic philosophers toward certain themes in Kantian and more recent continental thought. Only thus, he believes, can we move beyond the various failed attempts – by Quine, Davidson, Rorty, and others – to achieve a naturalised epistemology that casts off the various residual “dogmas” of old‐style logical empiricism. In particular, McDowell suggests that we return to Kant's ideas of “spontaneity” and “receptivity” as the two jointly operative powers of mind which enable thought to transcend the otherwise unbridgeable gulf between sensuous intuitions and concepts of understanding. However, this project miscarries for several reasons. Chief among them is the highly problematical nature of Kant's claims, taken over by McDowell without reference to their later treatment at the hands of subjective and objective idealists. Hence he tends to fall back into different versions of the same mind/world dualism. I then question McDowell's idea that Kant can be “naturalised” by reinterpreting those claims from a more hermeneutic or communitarian standpoint with its sources in Hegel, Wittgenstein, and Gadamer. For the result is to deprive Kant’s philosophy of its distinctively critical dimension not only with regard to epistemological issues but also in relation to matters of ethical and sociopolitical judgement.
Is Science Neurotic?
Authors: Maxwell Nicholas
Published: March 2003

Neurosis can be interpreted as a methodological condition from which any aim‐pursuing entity can suffer. If such an entity pursues a problematic aim B but represents to itself that it is pursuing a different aim C and, as a result, fails to solve the problems associated with B which, if solved, would lead to the pursuit of aim A, then the entity may be said to be “rationalistically neurotic.” Natural science is neurotic in this sense insofar as its basic aim is represented as improving knowledge of factual truth as such (aim C), when actually the aim of science is to improve knowledge of explanatory truth (aim B). Science itself does not suffer significantly from this neurosis, but philosophy of science does. Much more serious is the rationalistic neurosis of the social sciences and academic inquiry more generally. freeing social science and academic inquiry from neurosis would have far‐reaching beneficial, intellectual, institutional and cultural consequences.
Non‐uniqueness Through Duality in the Von Neumann Growth Models
Authors: Móczár József
Published: March 2003

Duality can be viewed as the soul of each von Neumann growth model. This is not at all surprising because von Neumann (1955), a mathematical genius, extensively studied quantum mechanics which involves a “dual nature” (electromagnetic waves and discrete corpuscules or light quanta). This may have had some influence on developing his own economic duality concept.

The main object of this paper is to restore the spirit of economic duality in the investigations of the multiple von Neumann equilibria. By means of the (ir)reducibility taxonomy in Móczár (1995) the author transforms the primal canonical decomposition given by Bromek (1974) in the von Neumann growth model into the synergistic primal and dual canonical decomposition. This enables us to obtain all the information about the steadily maintainable states of growth sustained by the compatible price‐constellations at each distinct expansion factor.
Developing Tomorrow's Integrated Community Health Systems: A Leadership Challenge for Public Health and Primary Care
Authors: Welton William E. , Kantner Theodore A. , Katz Sheila Moriber
Published: March 2003

As the nation's health system moves away from earlier models to one grounded in population health and market‐based systems of care, new challenges arise for public health professionals, primary care practitioners, health plan and institutional managers, and community leaders. Among the challenges are the need to develop creative concepts of organization and accountability and to assure that dynamic, system‐oriented structures support the new kind of leadership that is required. Developing tomorrow's integrated community health systems will challenge the leadership skills and integrative abilities of public health professionals, primary care practitioners, and managers. These leaders and their new organizations must, in turn, assume increased accountability for improving community health.
Modularity, Development and ‘Theory of Mind’
Authors: Scholl Brian J. , Leslie Alan M.
Published: March 2003

Psychologists and philosophers have recently been exploring whether the mechanisms which underlie the acquisition of ‘theory of mind’ (ToM) are best characterized as cognitive modules or as developing theories. In this paper, we attempt to clarify what a modular account of ToM entails, and why it is an attractive type of explanation. Intuitions and arguments in this debate often turn on the role of develop‐ment: traditional research on ToM focuses on various developmental sequences, whereas cognitive modules are thought to be static and ‘anti‐developmental’. We suggest that this mistaken view relies on an overly limited notion of modularity, and we explore how ToM might be grounded in a cognitive module and yet still afford development. Modules must ‘come on‐line’, and even fully developed modules may still develop internally, based on their constrained input. We make these points concrete by focusing on a recent proposal to capture the development of ToM in a module via parameterization.
Does Linguistic Communication Rest on Inference?
Authors: Recanati François
Published: March 2003

It is often claimed that, because of semantic underdetermination, one can determine the content of an utterance only by appealing to pragmatic considerations concerning what the speaker means, what his intentions are. This supports ‘inferentialism’: the view that, in contrast to perceptual content, communicational content is accessed indirectly, via an inference. As against this view, I argue that primary pragmatic processes (the pragmatic processes that are involved in the determination of truth‐conditional content) need not involve an inference from premises concerning what the speaker can possibly intend by his utterance. Indeed, they need not involve any inference at all: communication, I argue, is as direct as perception.
The Civil Rights Movement as Theological Drama—Interpretation and Application
Authors: Marsh Charles
Published: March 2003

In this essay, Charles Marsh sketches a theological interpretation of the American civil rights movement. Marsh argues that interpretation must begin by reconsidering the theological legacy of Martin Luther King, Jr., taking into account his deep, though largely overlooked, confessional convictions as well as his sympathy with the theology of Karl Barth, whose influence on King has been ignored. Marsh further argues that a theological interpretation of the civil rights movement should not be a matter of writing religious genealogies of moral actions, of civic piety or of representations of human goodness, but of understanding the detail of theological convictions in their lives particularity. Marsh thinks it is altogether appropriate for theologians to retell the story of the American civil rights movement as the story of the church.
A Meditation on Hell: Lessons from Dante
Authors: Wetzel James
Published: March 2003

This essay borrows Dante's inspiration in the Inferno to explore a theology of hell. The usual apologies for hell either bank on a retributive paradigm of justice or are content to have hell introduce a note of tragedy into the history of redemption. The theology that is culled from Dante, and especially from his handling of Virgil's place and authority in hell, is neither retributive in its justice nor tragic in its vision. Dante shows us how to make some sense of the idea that hell is originally a part of the created order and as such expresses divine wisdom, justice, and love.
Under Solomon’s Tutelage: The Education of Desire in the Homilies on the Song of Songs
Authors: Laird Martin
Published: March 2003

This essay examines how Gregory of Nyssa sees the Solomonic books of Scripture (Proverbs, Ecclesiastes, Song of Songs) train desire to long for God. The philosophical exercises contained in Proverbs and Ecclesiastes prepare the soul for the supreme training contained in the Song of Songs. The purpose of the Song of Songs is to lead the soul to union with God. The Trinitarian strategy of the philosophy contained in the Song of Songs exposes the soul to paradox and oxymoron, through which the soul is schooled to release its noetic–erotic grasp of concepts and is thus led to apophatic union with God.
The Mirror of the Infinite: Gregory of Nyssa on the Vestigia Trinitatis
Authors: Hart David Bentley
Published: March 2003

This essay attempts to demonstrate something of the subtlety and complexity of Gregory of Nyssa’s Trinitarian theology by paying close attention to the way in which, for Gregory, the Triune God is reflected in the “mirror” of the soul—both in its creaturely constitution and in the process of its sanctification by the Holy Spirit. The article is intended chiefly as an argument against the fashionable scholarly opposition between “Eastern” and “Western”—or “Cappadocian” and “Augustinian”—Trinitarianisms; it also is intended as an argument against “social” and “psychological” models of the Trinity alike (neither of which enjoys patristic warrant).
Changing the Balance? Taylorism, TQM and Work Organisation
Authors: Jones Oswald
Published: March 2003

Here the author examines change to work organisation in a large domestic appliance factory over a twenty‐five year period. After work study engineers attempted to improve the efficiency of assembly workers, the company more recently, has encouraged shopfloor workers to analyse their own activities utilising techniques associated with TQM.
Business Process Re‐engineering in the Public Sector: a Case Study of the Contributions Agency
Authors: Harrington Barbara , McLoughlin Kevin , Riddell Duncan
Published: March 2003

There has been a growing literature which, from a social science perspective, seeks to critically assess the use of business process re‐engineering (BPR) in effecting radical organisational change. Using a case study of the Contributions Agency, this article reports on the problems of using BPR in a public sector organisation, and discusses the findings in relation to the current critique of BPR.
Human resources in concurrent engineering: the case of Fiat Auto
Authors: Calabrese Giuseppe
Published: March 2003

The research reported in this article, co‐ordinated by the WZB Institute of Berlin, examines organisational, technological and human resource practices that enhance quality in product development by improving communication and cooperation between the actors. In this context it was found that, although the importance of HR policies was recognised, implementation remained low.
Impact of MIS/IT upon middle managers: some evidence from the NHS
Authors: Currie Graeme , Procter Stephen
Published: March 2003

The paper meets a need for more context specific empirical research in this area. Subject to medical group power, the three cases studied suggest that MIS/IT enhances the role of middle managers since it is they who are best placed to ‘synthesise’ information from MIS/IT for executive management.
Oil and non‐oil sectors in the Saudi Arabian economy
Authors: Choudhury Masudul A. , Al‐Sahlawi Mohammed A.
Published: March 2003

An empirical study of the sectoral diversification of the Saudi Arabian economy reveals that this economy is fast diversifying into non‐oil sector activity. Such a transformation is carrying with it encouraging impacts on productivity growth, economic efficiency and social well‐being. There is also found to occur all‐round intersectoral linkages in the economy. These two patterns of economic change together define balanced and sustainable development for Saudi Arabia in the years ahead. The policy implications of non‐oil sector diversification and intersectoral complementarity and their effects on realizing sustainable self‐reliant development are important conclusions of this paper.
Measuring Real and Nominal Macroeconomic Shocks and their International Transmission under Different Monetary Systems
Authors: Robertson Donald , Wickens M. R.
Published: March 2003

A fundamental distinction can be drawn between real and nominal macroeconomic shocks. The aim of this paper is to identify and measure these two types of shocks, and to estimate the response of output growth and inflation to them. A VAR methodology that incorporates long‐run identifying restrictions is used. The analysis is carried out for the US and the UK using annual data since 1869 and quarterly post‐war data. The transmission of these shocks between the two countries under different international monetary systems is compared.
Conditional Demands and Marginal Tax Reform
Authors: Madden David
Published: March 2003

This paper examines Irish demand patterns using conditional demand functions. This overcomes the problems faced by traditional demand analysis which neglects the influence of labour supply and thus assumes weak separability. The conditional approach allows for more exact tests of weak separability using more flexible functional forms than is possible when estimating an unconditional commodity demand–labour supply model. The impact of the conditioned demand responses and the relaxation of weak separability on measures of marginal tax reform is examined.
Transient Jobs and Lifetime Jobs: Dualism in the British Labour Market
Authors: Burgess Simon , Rees Hedley
Published: March 2003

How long does a job last in Britain? We find that many workers have very short jobs and many have very long jobs. We estimate that in 1990, 40 percent of men were in jobs that will last 20 years or more. On the other hand, 24 percent were in jobs lasting less than five years. We conclude that the labour market is still capable of offering ‘lifetime jobs’ to many workers. Policy analysis of issues such as reform of the welfare state, pensions, and training should take note that reports of the death of ‘jobs for life’ appear to be exaggerated.
Wages, Prices and Politics: Evidence from Norway
Authors: Johansen Kåre , Strøm Bjarne
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the empirical relevance of the close ties between a central trade union and the social democratic political party using time series data for Norway. Using a structural wage‐price model we estimate that changing from a bourgeois to a social democratic government reduces manufacturing wages in the long run by 2.3 percent. This result is consistent with a wage bargaining model augmented by political preferences of the union leaders. Private service wages are not directly affected by government type, but wage spillover effects imply that the long‐run dampening effect in the private service sector is around 2 percent. The results also support the proposition of the Scandinavian model of inflation that the traded goods sector is the wage leader.
Enrolment and Delayed Enrolment of Secondary School Age Children in Indonesia
Authors: Pradhan Menno
Published: March 2003

We analyse the school participation decision of children between 13 and 18 years in Indonesia using the 1992 SUSENAS household survey. Our focus is on which household factors determine enrolment and delayed enrolment. We use the multinomial fixed effect model where the cluster‐specific fixed effects correct for any regional‐specific factors that may influence the demand for education. The model is estimated by conditional maximum likelihood. We find that parent's education has a positive effect on enrolment, where the effects are stronger for boys than for girls. On the other hand, literacy of parents has stronger effects on the girls education than on the boys'. The model without fixed effects is rejected against the model with fixed effects. Hence, omitting regional variation in the model would have led to biased estimates.
On the Power of GLS‐Type Unit Root Tests
Authors: Burridge Peter , Taylor A. M. Robert
Published: March 2003

Elliott, Rothenberg and Stock (1996), (ERS), present a ‘GLS’ variant of the Dickey‐Fuller (DF) unit root test. Their statistic is approximately point‐optimal invariant at a chosen local alternative, and usually displays better finite sample power than the DF test. Following the usual efficiency motive for GLS estimation, the higher finite sample power of the ERS test has often been attributed to the greater accuracy of the estimate of the series’ non‐stochastic component under stationary alternatives close to the null. This paper shows that the GLS estimates of the non‐stochastic component are not, in general, more accurate. The power gain arises from the fact that the GLS statistic's null distribution has a greater positive shift relative to the DF test, than its distribution under relevant alternatives, and this persists even when the GLS estimates of the non stochastics have higher variance than the OLS estimates.
Complex Reduced Rank Models For Seasonally Cointegrated Time Series
Authors: Cubadda Gianluca
Published: March 2003

This paper introduces a new representation for seasonally cointegrated variables, namely the complex error correction model, which allows statistical inference to be performed by reduced rank regression. The suggested estimators and tests statistics are asymptotically equivalent to their maximum likelihood counterparts. The small sample properties are evaluated by a Monte Carlo study and an empirical example is presented to illustrate the concepts and methods.
EXPLORING IDENTITY AND PLACE: AN ANALYSIS OF THE PROVENANCE OF PASSAGE GRAVE STONES ON GUERNSEY AND JERSEY IN THE MIDDLE NEOLITHIC
Authors: BUKACH DAVID
Published: March 2003

Summary. This study examines the provenance of rock types used in the construction of Middle Neolithic passage grave stones on the islands of Guernsey and Jersey, focusing on the social dimensions of stone selection. The use of stones in passage grave construction includes both local and non‐local rock types, which at some sites are organized in distinctive patterns. It is argued that the choice of stones was bound by concepts of identity, and that the communities which gathered to build these monuments may have used specific rock types to represent their community and their local mythologies. The relationship between identity and stone selection is supported both by analogy and by research into the role of landmarks in the development of local landscapes and ideology. The success of megalith provenance studies on Guernsey and Jersey suggests considerable potential for future research in other geologically diverse regions.
The definition and duration of the Beaker Culture in the Spanish Balearic Islands: a radiocarbon survey
Authors: Waldren W.
Published: March 2003

This paper presents 45 radiocarbon dates demonstrating International Bell Beaker cultural contact and interaction with the Island of Mallorca, c. 2500 cal BC to 1300 cal BC. The radiocarbon documentation is accompanied by supporting artefactual and architectural evidence that demonstrates long‐range seaborne exchange and a high degree of social complexity outside the Iberian Peninsula. The evidence has been collected over a thirty‐four year period (1962–1996) from a number of sites which include cave, rock shelter, open‐air settlement and ritual contexts. These demonstrate social, religious and economic activities which show an unusually rich variation and complexity, giving indications of social differentiation and local technological skills, such as water‐ and animal‐management, architectural construction, as well as lithic, ceramic, metallurgical and other production, over some twelve hundred years.
Interpreting the Neolithic: The Monuments of North Yorkshire
Authors: Harding Jan
Published: March 2003

Recent interpretations of the British Neolithic either consider the shared beliefs of this period or the short‐term engagement of individuals with their material surroundings. This paper argues that, while both approaches provide exciting agenda, they fail to address the marked regional differences which exist within the range of monuments, and indeed have actually shifted Neolithic studies away from a consideration of such variability. A comparison of the monuments from North Yorkshire with similar evidence elsewhere in lowland England illustrates the value of an approach which concentrates on long‐term trends in the continuity or transformation of social structures. It is proposed that the absence of causewayed enclosures and the early development of single‐grave burials demonstrate a distinct social trajectory which continued with the construction of the later henges. The monuments are therefore seen to reflect long‐term continuities in the social history of North Yorkshire.
A Lead Danubian Rider Plaque
Authors: Mackintosh Marjorie , Fontes Fernando
Published: March 2003

A small lead relief in the hands of a British collector can be identified as belonging to the Danubian Rider cult, so called because the names of deities associated with this Roman‐period religion are unknown and artefacts are identified by a pair of horsemen flanking a female deity and accompanied by other distinctive iconographic elements. This example, of unknown origin but probably discovered in east‐central Europe, shows the typical composition. Other examples cast from the same mould are known. Although there is little hard fact about this cult and almost nothing written has survived, it is possible to suggest interpretations for much of the imagery by reference to contemporaneous religious activity within the Roman Empire during the second and third centuries AD.
Cities of the Sea: Maritime Trade and the Origin of Philistine Settlement in the Early Iron Age Southern Levant
Authors: Bauer Alexander A.
Published: March 2003

The question of the origins of the Philistines, who settled in the southern Levant in the early Iron Age (12th century BC) has long been the subject of debate. Traditionally, they have been understood to lie with the ‘Sea Peoples,’ raiders who were thought to have wreaked havoc in the eastern Mediterranean at this time. A new conceptualization of the ‘Sea Peoples,’ phenomenon as the emergence of decentralized maritime trade leads to new questions regarding the settlements associated with it, namely those along the southern Levantine coastal plain and especially those considered ‘Philistine.’ It is the aim of this paper to reinterpret these sites in terms of their functional role within this decentralized network and it is suggested that they were established and maintained specifically for that purpose. Finally, the development of this network of interconnections is related to the parallel emergence of the Phoenicians and the Israelites in the eleventh and tenth centuries.
Iron Age Ferrous Hammerheads from Britain
Authors: Fell Vanessa
Published: March 2003

There are more than thirty iron hammerheads known from the pre‐Roman Iron Age in Britain, the majority of which are assigned to the first centuries BC and AD. They include specialised tools, such as set hammers and a swage sledge‐hammer which are blacksmiths’ tools. The hand‐hammers are more numerous and many of these are probably also metalworkers’ tools. Fourteen have been examined by metallography showing that at least ten are quench hardened at one or both faces and some may have been tempered.
Disappearing from the World: An Archaeological Perspective on Neanderthal Extinction
Authors: Pettitt P. B.
Published: March 2003

This paper is concerned with the statistical precision of radiocarbon dating at the earlier range of its efficacy – the period into which falls the extinction of the Neanderthals. The many potential problems affecting accuracy of this technique are discussed as a caveat as to what one might expect of future research and development in this field. The main aim of the paper, however, is to examine exactly what our chronological precision is in the period 30–40 ka BP, i.e. at around five to seven half lives of radiocarbon. If mathematical models of Neanderthal extinction are correct, the whole process could have occurred within the error of one radiocarbon date at two standard deviations, which does not bode well for understanding what must have been a complex set of processes. The assumptions made by palaeoanthropologists working with this problem are discussed, particularly in relation to how dates are actually used, and how sedimentology affects chronology. These problems aside, a coarse and necessarily provisional attempt to interpret the existing archaeological database is made, with the assumption that Late Middle Palaeolithic and ‘transitional’ industries are proxy indicators of Neanderthal presence in a region. From this, it is suggested that the processes of Neanderthal extinction began by c. 40 ka BP in the Balkans and Central Europe, radiating out from there, leaving Neanderthals on the periphery of their old distribution (southern Iberia, southern Italy, Crimea, Siberia, and one might predict the United Kingdom) as late as c. 29 ka BP. The processes differ in signature (and therefore by extension nature and quite possibly cause) region to region, and because of this, the role of anatomically modern humans in the extinction of Neanderthals is questioned.