bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Intratesticular and Incisional Local Anesthetic Administration for Castration of Alpacas Anesthetized with Intramuscular Ketamine–Xylazine–Butorphanol
Authors: Nickell Jordan , Barter Linda S. , Dechant Julie E.
Published: September 2014

Objective

To determine the effects of intratesticular and incisional injection of local anesthetics on response to castration, surgical ease, and recovery in alpacas.

Study Design

Prospective, blinded, randomized, and clinical trial.

Animals

Intact male alpacas (n = 38).

Methods

Alpacas were anesthetized with intramuscular butorphanol, ketamine, and xylazine (BKX). Once recumbent, alpacas were instrumented with electrocardiogram, pulse oximeter, oscillometric blood pressure, and capnography. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), and blood pressure (BP) were recorded every minute. Treatment drug (lidocaine, bupivacaine, or saline) was infiltrated along the incision and into both testicles followed by a prescrotal closed castration. Timing of major events, presence of movement during the procedure, need for additional anesthesia, and ease of surgery were recorded. Alpacas were administered postoperative oral meloxicam and assessment was made 24 hours after recovery.

Results

Median RR and mean BP (MBP) were lower in the lidocaine compared with the saline treated group. Median RR, HR, and MBP were significantly lower in the bupivacaine group compared with the saline group. Fewer alpacas displayed physical response to surgical stimulus with bupivacaine. No significant differences were found between groups for timing of events, need for additional anesthesia, ease of surgery, or postoperative assessment.

Conclusion

Intratesticular local anesthetic blunts autonomic response and facilitates castration in alpacas anesthetized with BKX with minimal negative effects. Bupivacaine may have some benefit for local anesthesia during castration compared with lidocaine.
Neighbour recognition in two sister songbird species with a simple and complex repertoire – a playback study
Authors: Jaška Pavel , Linhart Pavel , Fuchs Roman
Published: September 2014

The ability of individuals to recognize others based on vocalizations has been proven in many species of birds. However, we are still far from understanding important aspects of the discrimination process. For example, it is still not fully understood whether, and why, repertoire size hinders discrimination between individuals. Further, the strategies and vocal cues used for discrimination between individuals are largely unexplored. In this study, we tested the ability of chiffchaffs Phylloscopus collybita and willow warblers Phylloscopus trochilus, two closely related species with different repertoire sizes and song organization, to differentiate between their neighbours on the basis of a single song of a neighbouring male. We did playback experiments within the ‘dear enemy’ paradigm in which we tested resident males with a single song of a neighbour broadcast from the correct and opposite, incorrect territory border. Both species displayed a strong ability to discriminate between their neighbours representing further evidence that repertoire size per se has no negative impact on individual recognition in songbirds. Using a single song for playback allowed us to speculate about the nature of the possible cues used by males for recognition. Individual recognition in both species is most likely based on the modulation of syllables or on general voice characteristics. We suggest that specific changes in song organization, for example the tendency of individuals to insert a distinct phrase at the beginning of each song, may facilitate individual recognition and compensate for increased repertoire size in willow warblers.
Prostaglandin E2 promotes MYCN non‐amplified neuroblastoma cell survival via β‐catenin stabilization
Authors: Jansen Sepp R. , Holman Rian , Hedemann Ilja , Frankes Ewoud , Elzinga Carolina R. S. , Timens Wim , Gosens Reinoud , de Bont Eveline S. , Schmidt Martina
Published: September 2014

Amplification of MYCN is the most well‐known prognostic marker of neuroblastoma risk classification, but still is only observed in 25% of cases. Recent evidence points to the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) elevating ligand prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and β‐catenin as two novel players in neuroblastoma. Here, we aimed to define the potential role of PGE2 and cAMP and its potential interplay with β‐catenin, both of which may converge on neuroblastoma cell behaviour. Gain and loss of β‐catenin function, PGE2, the adenylyl cyclase activator forskolin and pharmacological inhibition of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) were studied in two human neuroblastoma cell lines without MYCN amplification. Our findings show that PGE2 enhanced cell viability through the EP4 receptor and cAMP elevation, whereas COX‐2 inhibitors attenuated cell viability. Interestingly, PGE2 and forskolin promoted glycogen synthase kinase 3β inhibition, β‐catenin phosphorylation at the protein kinase A target residue ser675, β‐catenin nuclear translocation and TCF‐dependent gene transcription. Ectopic expression of a degradation‐resistant β‐catenin mutant enhances neuroblastoma cell viability and inhibition of β‐catenin with XAV939 prevented PGE2‐induced cell viability. Finally, we show increased β‐catenin expression in human high‐risk neuroblastoma tissue without MYCN amplification. Our data indicate that PGE2 enhances neuroblastoma cell viability, a process which may involve cAMP‐mediated β‐catenin stabilization, and suggest that this pathway is of relevance to high‐risk neuroblastoma without MYCN amplification.
Uptake and intracytoplasmic storage of pigmented particles by human CD34+ stromal cells/telocytes: endocytic property of telocytes
Authors: Díaz‐Flores Lucio , Gutiérrez Ricardo , García Mª Pino , Sáez Francisco J. , Aparicio Fernando , Díaz‐Flores Lucio , Madrid Juan F.
Published: September 2014

We studied the phagocytic‐like capacity of human CD34+ stromal cells/telocytes (TCs). For this, we examined segments of the colon after injection of India ink to help surgeons localize lesions identified at endoscopy. Our results demonstrate that CD34+ TCs have endocytic properties (phagocytic‐like TCs: phTCs), with the capacity to uptake and store India ink particles. phTCs conserve the characteristics of TCs (long, thin, bipolar or multipolar, moniliform cytoplasmic processes/telopodes, with linear distribution of the pigment) and maintain their typical distribution. Likewise, they are easily distinguished from pigment‐loaded macrophages (CD68+ macrophages, with oval morphology and coarse granules of pigment clustered in their cytoplasm). A few c‐kit/CD117+ interstitial cells of Cajal also incorporate pigment and may conserve the phagocytic‐like property of their probable TC precursors. CD34+ stromal cells in other locations (skin and periodontal tissues) also have the phagocytic‐like capacity to uptake and store pigments (hemosiderin, some components of dental amalgam and melanin). This suggests a function of TCs in general, which may be related to the transfer of macromolecules in these cells. Our ultrastructural observation of melanin‐storing stromal cells with characteristics of TCs (telopodes with dichotomous branching pattern) favours this possibility. In conclusion, intestinal TCs have a phagocytic‐like property, a function that may be generalized to TCs in other locations. This function (the ability to internalize small particles), together with the capacity of these cells to release extracellular vesicles with macromolecules, could close the cellular bidirectional cooperative circle of informative exchange and intercellular interactions.
The New Intergovernmentalism: European Integration in the Post‐Maastricht Era
Authors: Bickerton Christopher J. , Hodson Dermot , Puetter Uwe
Published: September 2014

The post‐Maastricht period is marked by an integration paradox. While the basic constitutional features of the European Union have remained stable, EU activity has expanded to an unprecedented degree. This form of integration without supranationalism is no exception or temporary deviation from traditional forms of European integration. Rather, it is a distinct phase of European integration, what is called ‘the new intergovernmentalism’ in this article. This approach to post‐Maastricht integration challenges theories that associate integration with transfers of competences from national capitals to supranational institutions and those that reduce integration to traditional socioeconomic or security‐driven interests. This article explains the integration paradox in terms of transformations in Europe's political economy, changes in preference formation and the decline of the ‘permissive consensus’. It presents a set of six hypotheses that develop further the main claims of the new intergovernmentalism and that can be used as a basis for future research.
Identifying effective pathways in a successful continuous quality improvement programme: the GEDAPS study
Authors: Bodicoat Danielle H. , Mundet Xavier , Gray Laura J. , Cos Xavier , Davies Melanie J. , Khunti Kamlesh , Cano Juan‐Franciso ,   GEDAPS Study Group
Published: September 2014

Rationale, aims and objectives

Continuous quality improvement programmes often target several aspects of care, some of which may be more effective meaning that resources could be focussed on these. The objective was to identify the effective and ineffective aspects of a successful continuous quality improvement programme for individuals with type 2 diabetes in primary care.

Methods

Data were from a series of cross‐sectional studies (GEDAPS) in primary care, Catalonia, Spain, in 55 centres (2239 participants) in 1993, and 92 centres (5819 participants) in 2002. A structural equation modelling approach was used.

Results

The intervention was associated with improved microvascular outcomes through microalbuminuria and funduscopy screening, which had a direct effect on microvascular outcomes, and through attending 2–4 nurse visits and having ≥1 blood pressure measurement, which acted through reducing systolic blood pressure. The intervention was associated with improved macrovascular outcomes through blood pressure measurement and attending 2–4 nurse visits (through systolic blood pressure) and having ≥3 education topics, ≥1 HbA1c measurement and adequate medication (through HbA1c). Cholesterol measurement, weight measurement and foot examination did not contribute towards the effectiveness of the intervention.

Conclusions

The pathways through which a continuous quality improvement programme appeared to act to reduce microvascular and macrovascular complications were driven by reductions in systolic blood pressure and HbA1c, which were attained through changes in nurse and education visits, measurement and medication. This suggests that these factors are potential areas on which future quality improvement programmes should focus.
Seasonal variation in clinical remission of primary care patients with depression: impact of gender
Authors: Doganer Yusuf C. , Angstman Kurt B. , Kaufman Tara K. , Rohrer James E.
Published: September 2014

Rationale, aims and objectives

The impact of seasonal variation on clinical remission in patients with depression has not been well studied. The hypothesis for this study was that the clinical remission rate would be lower in the winter comparing to the other seasons, specifically evaluated by gender.

Methods

The study cohort comprised 2873 primary care patients with depression as a longitudinal retrospective chart review analysis. The sample was limited to patients who were continuing in care; dropouts were excluded from the analysis.

Results

Multivariate logistic regression analysis of the independent variables for those participants who achieved clinical remission demonstrated that for the male patients, the season of diagnosis did not impact the rate of remission at 6 months while controlling for all other independent variables. For female patients, those that were diagnosed with depression in the fall had increased likelihood of 6‐month remission compared with those patients diagnosed in the winter months (OR 1.300, CI 1.006–1.680, P = 0.045) and the spring and summer patients were not significantly different in their outcome rates. When both genders were combined, the odds of remission at 6 months were not statistically significant for any season of diagnosis.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that in patients who were continuing care, women who were diagnosed with major depression or dysthymia in the fall season have improved 6‐month clinical outcome of remission compared with those women diagnosed in the winter, when controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics. This effect was not seen in men or when the genders were combined into a single cohort. The assessment of the seasonality effect on depression outcomes requires further long‐term follow‐up studies.
Integration of a Financial Literacy Curriculum in a High School Economics Class: Implications of Varying the Input Mix from an Experiment
Authors: GILL ANDREW , BHATTACHARYA RADHA
Published: September 2014

We taught a mere seven‐period financial literacy curriculum to two 12th grade economics classes, where one treatment was Financial Fitness for Life® (FFFL)‐intensive and the other was “stock market learning” (SML)‐intensive. Two control groups received no financial literacy treatment—an 11th grade group with no exposure to economics and a 12th grade economics class. The 12th grade economics classes, i.e., the two treatment groups and one control group, also worked on identical stock market portfolio assignments that their teachers required independently of our curriculum. In a test of overall financial knowledge, the FFFL‐intensive group outscored both control groups and the SML‐intensive groups, even on questions that were not taught in our curriculum. We conclude that an FFFL‐intensive input mix was beneficial in directly adding to financial knowledge and also in terms of leading to spillovers in such knowledge.
Continuous measurement of reticuloruminal pH values in dairy cows during the transition period from barn to pasture feeding using an indwelling wireless data transmitting unit
Authors: Gasteiner J. , Horn M. , Steinwidder A.
Published: September 2014

This study was performed to investigate the effect of the transition from barn feeding to pasture on the pattern of reticuloruminal pH values in 8 multiparous dairy cows. A indwelling wireless data transmitting system for pH measurement was given to 8 multiparous cows orally. Reticuloruminal pH values were measured every 600 s over a period of 42 days. After 7 days of barn feeding (period 1), all of the animals were pastured with increasing grazing times from 2 to 7 h/day over 7 days (period 2). From day 15 to day 21 (period 3), the cows spent 7 h/day on pasture. Beginning on day 22, the animals had 20 h/day access to pasture (day and night grazing). To study reticuloruminal adaptation to pasture feeding, the phase of day and night grazing was subdivided into another 3 weekly periods (periods 4–6). Despite a mild transition period from barn feeding to pasture, significant effects on reticuloruminal pH values were observed. During barn feeding, the mean reticuloruminal pH value for all of the cows was 6.44 ± 0.14, and the pH values decreased significantly (p < 0.001) during period 2 and 3 to 6.24 ± 0.17 and 6.21 ± 0.19 respectively. During periods 4, 5 and 6, the reticuloruminal pH values increased again (pH 6.25 ± 0.22; pH 6.31 ± 0.17; pH 6.37 ± 0.16). Our results showed that the animals had significantly lowered reticuloruminal pH during the periods of feed transition from barn to pasture feeding. Despite these significant changes, the decrease was not harmful, as indicated by data of feed intake and milk production.
Correlations between changes in intestinal microbiota composition and performance parameters in broiler chickens
Authors: Rubio L. A. , Peinado M. J. , Ruiz R. , Suárez‐Pereira E. , Ortiz Mellet C. , García Fernández J. M.
Published: September 2014

Growing male Cobb broiler chickens were fed on diets supplemented with additives reported as able to influence intestinal microbiota composition. The diets used were a balanced commercial diet (no additive), inulin (20 g/kg), fructose caramel (FC, 20 g/kg) and the garlic derivative PTS‐O (propyl propane thiosulfonate, 45 and 90 mg/kg diet). The composition of the intestinal microbiota was analysed by qPCR at different points of the intestinal tract, and a number of nutritional parameters were also determined. The relative amounts of bacteroides (bacteroides/total bacteria) in the ileal contents correlated (p < 0.05) positively with faecal NDF, ADF, hemicellulose and cellulose digestibility. The relative amounts of Escherichia–Shigella (Escherichia–Shigella/total bacteria) in the crop contents correlated (p = 0.05) negatively with weight gain of broilers. Faecal N digestibility correlated (p < 0.05) negatively with total bacteria in the ileal contents of chickens. The relative amounts of Escherichia–Shigella (Escherichia–Shigella/total bacteria) in the caecal contents correlated (p = 0.05) negatively with faecal fat digestibility of broilers. Total bacteria in ileal or caecal contents of growing chickens correlated (p < 0.05) negatively with ileal N digestibility. The results here reported suggest that positive or negative correlations can be found between performance parameters and changes in intestinal microbiota composition of growing broiler chickens.
Selective feeding and foreign plastid retention in an Antarctic dinoflagellate
Authors: Sellers C. Grier , Gast Rebecca J. , Sanders Robert W.
Published: September 2014

The peridinin‐containing plastid found in most photosynthetic dinoflagellates is thought to have been replaced in a few lineages by plastids of chlorophyte, diatom, or haptophyte origin. Other distinct lineages of phagotrophic dinoflagellates retain functional plastids obtained from algal prey for different durations and with varying source species specificity. 18S rRNA gene sequence analyses have placed a novel gymnodinoid dinoflagellate isolated from the Ross Sea (RSD) in the Kareniaceae, a family of dinoflagellates with permanent plastids of haptophyte origin. In contrast to other species in this family, the RSD contains kleptoplastids sequestered from its prey, Phaeocystis antarctica. Culture experiments were employed to determine whether the RSD fed selectively on P. antarctica when offered in combination with another polar haptophyte or cryptophyte species, and whether the RSD, isolated from its prey and starved, would take up plastids from P. antarctica or from other polar haptophyte or cryptophyte species. Evidence was obtained for selective feeding on P. antarctica, plastid uptake from P. antarctica, and increased RSD growth in the presence of P. antarctica. The presence of a peduncle‐like structure in the RSD suggests that kleptoplasts are obtained by myzocytosis. RSD cells incubated without P. antarctica were capable of survival for at least 29.5 months. This remarkable longevity of the RSD's kleptoplasts and its species specificity for prey and plastid source is consistent with its prolonged co‐evolution with P. antarctica. It may also reflect the presence of a plastid protein import mechanism and genes transferred to the dinokaryon from a lost permanent haptophyte plastid.
Cyclooxygenase‐2 and 5‐Lipoxygenase in Dogs with Chronic Enteropathies
Authors: Dumusc S.D. , Ontsouka E.C. , Schnyder M. , Hartnack S. , Albrecht C. , Bruckmaier R.M. , Burgener I.A.
Published: September 2014

Background

Cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) is a key enzyme in the synthesis of pro‐inflammatory prostaglandins and 5‐lipoxygenase (5‐LO) is the major source of leukotrienes. Their role inIBDhas been demonstrated in humans and animal models, but not in dogs with chronic enteropathies (CCE).

Hypothesis

COX‐2 and 5‐LOare upregulated in dogs withCCE.

Animals

Fifteen healthy control dogs (HCD), 10 dogs with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), and 15 dogs with food‐responsive diarrhea (FRD).

Methods

Prospective study.mRNAexpression of COX‐2, 5‐LO, IL‐1b, IL‐4, IL‐6, TNF, IL‐10 and TFG‐β was evaluated by quantitative real‐time RT‐PCR in duodenal and colonic biopsies before and after treatment.

Results

COX‐2 expression in the colon was significantly higher inIBDandFRDbefore and after treatment (allP < .01).IL‐1b was higher inFRDin the duodenum after treatment (P = .021).TGF‐β expression was significantly higher in the duodenum ofHCDcompared toFRD/IBDbefore treatment (bothP < .001) andIBDafter treatment (P = .012). There were no significant differences among groups and within groups before and after treatment forIL‐4,IL‐6,TNF, andIL‐10. There was a significant correlation betweenCOX‐2 andIL‐1b in duodenum and colon before treatment inFRDandIBD, whereas 5‐LOcorrelated better withIL‐6 andTNF.IL‐10 andTGF‐β usually were correlated.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

COX‐2 is upregulated inIBDandFRD, whereasIL‐1b andTGF‐β seem to be important pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines, respectively. The use of dualCOX/5‐LOinhibitors could be an interesting alternative in the treatment ofCCE.
Clinical Presentation and Outcome of Cats with Circumcaval Ureters Associated with a Ureteral Obstruction
Authors: Steinhaus J. , Berent A.C. , Weisse C. , Eatroff A. , Donovan T. , Haddad J. , Bagley D.
Published: September 2014

Background

Circumcaval ureters (CU) are a rare embryological malformation resulting in ventral displacement of the caudal vena cava, which crosses the ureter, potentially causing a ureteral stricture.

Objectives

To evaluate cats with obstructedCU(s) and report the presenting signs, diagnostics, treatment(s), and outcomes. Cats with obstructedCU(s) were compared to ureterally obstructed cats withoutCU(s).

Animals

193 cats; 22 circumcaval obstructed (Group 1); 106 non‐circumcaval obstructed (Group 2); 65 non‐obstructed necropsy cases (Group 3).

Methods

Retrospective study, review of medical records for cats treated for benign ureteral obstructions fromAMCand University of Pennsylvania between 2009 and 2013. Inclusion criteria: surgical treatment of benign ureteral obstruction, complete medical record including radiographic, ultrasonographic, biochemistry, and surgical findings.

Results

Seventeen percent (22/128) of obstructed cats had aCU(80% right‐sided) compared to 14% (9/65) non‐obstructed necropsy cats (89% right‐sided). Clinical presentation, radiographic findings, and creatinine were not statistically different between Groups 1 and 2. Strictures were a statistically more common (40%) cause of ureteral obstruction in Group 1 compared to Group 2 (17%) (P = .01). TheMSTfor Groups 1 and 2 after ureteral decompression was 923 and 762 days, respectively (P = .62), with theMSTfor death secondary to kidney disease in both groups being >1,442 days. Re‐obstruction was the most common complication in Group 1 (24%) occurring more commonly in ureters of cats treated with a ureteral stent(s) (44%) compared to the subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) device (8%) (P = .01).

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Ureteral obstructions in cats with aCU(s) have a similar outcome to those cats with a ureteral obstruction and normal ureteral anatomy. Long‐term prognosis is good for benign ureteral obstructions treated with a double pigtail stent or aSUBdevice. TheSUBdevice re‐obstructed less commonly than the ureteral stent, especially when a ureteral stricture was present.
Multiple Hypersensitivities Including Recurrent Airway Obstruction, Insect Bite Hypersensitivity, and Urticaria in 2 Warmblood Horse Populations
Authors: Kehrli D. , Jandova V. , Fey K. , Jahn P. , Gerber V.
Published: September 2014

Background

Multiple hypersensitivities (MHS) have been described in humans, cats, and dogs, but not horses.

Hypotheses

Horses suffering from recurrent airway obstruction (RAO), insect bite hypersensitivity (IBH), or urticaria (URT) will have an increased risk of also being affected by another one of these hypersensitivities. This predisposition for MHS also will be associated with decreased shedding of strongylid eggs in feces and with a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP BIEC2‐224511), previously shown to be associated with RAO.

Animals

The first population (P1) included 119 randomly sampled horses representative of the Swiss sporthorse population; the replication population (P2) included 210 RAO‐affected Warmblood horses and 264 RAO‐unaffected controls. All horses were Warmbloods, 14 years or older.

Methods

Associations between disease phenotypes (RAO, IBH, URT, MHS) fecal egg counts, the SNP BIEC2‐224511 as well as management and environmental factors were investigated.

Results

In P1, RAO‐affected horses had a 13.1 times higher odds ratio (OR) of also suffering from IBH (P = .004). In P2, the respective OR was 7.4 (P = .002) and IBH‐affected horses also showed a 7.1 times increased OR of concomitantly suffering from URT (P < .001). IBH, URT, and MHS phenotypes were significantly associated with the absence of nematode eggs in the feces.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

This is the first report of MHS in horses. Specifically, an increased risk for IBH should be expected in RAO‐affected horses.
Apoptotic‐like phenotype triggered by hydrogen peroxide and amphotericin B in the fungus Rhizopus arrhizus
Authors: Wang Sibu , Li Ruoyu , Yu Jin
Published: September 2014

Rhizopus is the most common genus of invasive mucormycosis, whose prognosis and outcome was not improved over the past decades. We studied the apoptotic‐like phenotype in Rhizopus arrhizus exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and amphotericin B (AMB). The strain provided by Fungal Genetic Stock centre was studied about the apoptotic‐like phenotype treated with different concentrations of H2O2 and AMB, and then analyzed by fluorescent microscopy (observed by Annexin‐V/FITC and TUNEL staining), flow cytometry (stained with DHR123/PI), and DNA agarose gel electrophores. When R. arrhizus was treated with H2O2 and AMB, there was a loss of viability associated with different phenotype of apoptosis makers. Membrane externalization of phosphatidylserine (PS) on the cell surface, DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation can be induced and observed obviously by Annexin‐V/FITC, DAPI and TUNEL staining. DNA smear not DNA ladder was also visible in R. arrhizus. Flowcytometry of R. arrhizus cells revealed not only the increase of apoptosis cell stained with DHR123 under the nonfungicida doses but dead cells stained with PI under the fungicida concentrations.This study indicated that both H2O2 and AMB could induce the apoptotic‐like phenotype in R. arrhizus.
A pulse‐chase strategy combining click‐EdU and photoconvertible fluorescent reporter: tracking Golgi protein dynamics during the cell cycle
Authors: Bourge Mickaël , Fort Cécile , Soler Marie‐Noëlle , Satiat‐Jeunemaître Béatrice , Brown Spencer C.
Published: September 2014

Imaging or quantifying protein synthesis in cellulo through a well‐resolved analysis of the cell cycle (also defining G1 subcompartments) is a methodological challenge. Click chemistry is the method of choice to reveal the thymidine analogue 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) and track proliferating nuclei undergoing DNA synthesis. However, the click reaction quenches fluorescent proteins. Our challenge was to reconcile these two tools.

A robust protocol based on a high‐resolution cytometric cell cycle analysis in tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) BY2 cells expressing fluorescent Golgi markers has been established. This was broadly applicable to tissues, cell clusters, and other eukaryotic material, and compatible with Scale clearing. EdU was then used with the photoconvertible protein sialyl transferase (ST)‐Kaede as a Golgi marker in a photoconversion pulse‐chase cytometric configuration resolving, in addition, subcompartments of G1.

Quantitative restoration of protein fluorescence was achieved by introducing acidic EDTA washes to strip the copper from these proteins which were then imaged at neutral pH.

The rate of synthesis of this Golgi membrane marker was low during early G1, but in the second half of G1 (30% of cycle duration) much of the synthesis occurred. Marker synthesis then persisted during S and G2. These insights into Golgi biology are discussed in terms of the cell's ability to adapt exocytosis to cell growth needs.
Discovering candidate genes that regulate resin canal number inPinus taedastems by integrating genetic analysis across environments, ages, and populations
Authors: Westbrook Jared W. , Walker Alejandro R. , Neves Leandro G. , Munoz Patricio , Resende Marcio F. R. , Neale David B. , Wegrzyn Jill L. , Huber Dudley A. , Kirst Matias , Davis John M. , Peter Gary F.
Published: September 2014

Genetically improving constitutive resin canal development inPinusstems may enhance the capacity to synthesize terpenes for bark beetle resistance, chemical feedstocks, and biofuels.

To discover genes that potentially regulate axial resin canal number (RCN), single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 4027 genes were tested for association withRCNin two growth rings and three environments in a complex pedigree of 520Pinus taedaindividuals (CCLONES). The map locations of associated genes were compared withRCNquantitative trait loci (QTLs) in a (P. taeda × Pinus elliottii) × P. elliottiipseudo‐backcross of 345 full‐sibs (BC1).

Resin canal number was heritable (h2 ˜ 0.12–0.21) and positively genetically correlated with xylem growth (rg ˜ 0.32–0.72) and oleoresin flow (rg ˜ 0.15–0.51). Sixteen well‐supported candidate regulators ofRCNwere discovered inCCLONES, including genes associated across sites and ages, unidirectionally associated with oleoresin flow and xylem growth, and mapped toRCN QTLs inBC1.

Breeding is predicted to increaseRCN11% in one generation and could be accelerated with genomic selection at accuracies of 0.45–0.52 across environments. There is significant genetic variation forRCNin loblolly pine, which can be exploited in breeding for elevated terpene content.
The Arabidopsis thaliana RNA‐binding protein FCA regulates thermotolerance by modulating the detoxification of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Lee Sangmin , Lee Hyo‐Jun , Jung Jae‐Hoon , Park Chung‐Mo
Published: September 2014

Heat stress affects various aspects of plant growth and development by generating reactive oxygen species (ROS) which cause oxidative damage to cellular components. However, the mechanisms by which plants cope with ROS accumulation during their thermotolerance response remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the RNA‐binding protein FCA, a key component of flowering pathways in Arabidopsis thaliana, is required for the acquisition of thermotolerance.

Transgenic plants overexpressing the FCA gene (35S:FCA) were resistant to heat stress; the FCA‐defective fca‐9 mutant was sensitive to heat stress, consistent with induction of the FCA gene by heat. Furthermore, total antioxidant capacity was higher in the 35S:FCA transgenic plants but lower in the fca‐9 mutant compared with wild‐type controls.

FCA interacts with the ABA‐INSENSITIVE 5 (ABI5) transcription factor, which regulates the expression of genes encoding antioxidants, including 1‐CYSTEINE PEROXIREDOXIN 1 (PER1). We found that FCA is needed for proper expression of the PER1 gene by ABI5.

Our observations indicate that FCA plays a role in the induction of thermotolerance by triggering antioxidant accumulation under heat stress conditions, thus providing a novel role for FCA in heat stress responses in plants.
A new twist in the pediatric difficult airway
Authors: Lillie Edwardina M.M.A. , Harding Louise , Thomas Mark
Published: September 2014

Difficult intubation of a 2.4 kg ex premature, suspected Pierre Robin Sequence with upper airway obstruction causing respiratory failure. Multiple failed intubation attempts by an experienced pediatric anesthetist using described techniques and adjuncts. A description of a simple new maneuvre using a GlideScope and a stylet. By twisting the stylet into a spiral shape, the endotracheal tube was given improved maneuverability that allowed the intubator to place the endotracheal tube tip to the glottis opening. Then by rotating the tube in a clockwise direction it could be manipulated past the vocal cords into the trachea.
Treating perioperative anxiety and pain in children: a tailored and innovative approach
Authors: Fortier Michelle A. , Kain Zeev N.
Published: September 2014

Millions of children undergo outpatient surgery in the United States each year; the overwhelming majority will experience significant perioperative anxiety and pain. Behavioral preparation programs focused on skills acquisition and modeling, considered essential for effective preparation, are no longer offered to most children and families in the outpatient surgery setting. Moreover, what little preparation does occur is typically generic in nature, rather than tailored to unique characteristics of the child and family. Untreated anxiety and pain have significant implications for children's short‐ and long‐term recovery and future interactions in the medical environment. The rapid growth of the World Wide Web and increasing access to Internet by families across the country provide an opportunity to develop tailored, Web‐based behavioral preparation programs that can be accessed repeatedly at times convenient to the child and family, that include coping skills training and modeling, and that can provide unique output based upon child and parent characteristics known to impact perioperative pain and anxiety. In this review article, we present a conceptual framework for a computer‐based intervention that may transform the way we manage children and parents before and after surgery.
Predicting leaf wax n‐alkane 2H/1H ratios: controlled water source and humidity experiments with hydroponically grown trees confirm predictions of Craig–Gordon model
Authors: TIPPLE BRETT J. , BERKE MELISSA A. , HAMBACH BASTIAN , RODEN JOHN S. , EHLERINGER JAMES R.
Published: September 2014

The extent to which both water source and atmospheric humidity affect δ2H values of terrestrial plant leaf waxes will affect the interpretations of δ2H variation of leaf waxes as a proxy for hydrological conditions. To elucidate the effects of these parameters, we conducted a long‐term experiment in which we grew two tree species, Populus fremontii and Betula occidentalis, hydroponically under combinations of six isotopically distinct waters and two different atmospheric humidities. We observed that leaf n‐alkane δ2H values of both species were linearly related to source water δ2H values, but with slope differences associated with differing humidities. When a modified version of the Craig–Gordon model incorporating plant factors was used to predict the δ2H values of leaf water, all modelled leaf water values fit the same linear relationship with n‐alkane δ2H values. These observations suggested a relatively constant biosynthetic fractionation factor between leaf water and n‐alkanes. However, our calculations indicated a small difference in the biosynthetic fractionation factor between the two species, consistent with small differences calculated for species in other studies. At present, it remains unclear if these apparent interspecies differences in biosynthetic fractionation reflect species‐specific biochemistry or a common biosynthetic fractionation factor with insufficient model parameterization.
Markers of stress and inflammation as potential mediators of the relationship between exercise and depressive symptoms: Findings from the TRAILS study
Authors: Booij Sanne H. , Bos Elisabeth H. , de Jonge Peter , Oldehinkel Albertine J.
Published: September 2014

The hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis, autonomic nervous system, and immune system have been proposed to underlie the antidepressant effect of exercise. Using a population sample of 715 adolescents, we examined whether pathways from exercise to affective and somatic symptoms of depression were mediated by these putative mechanisms. Exercise (hours/week) and depressive symptoms were assessed at age 13.5 (± 0.5) and 16.1 (± 0.6). Cortisol and heart rate responses to a standardized social stress test and C‐reactive protein levels were measured at age 16. Exercise was prospectively and inversely related to affective (B = −0.16, 95% CI = −0.30 to −0.03) but not somatic symptoms (B = −0.04, 95% CI = −0.21 to 0.13). Heart rate during social stress partially mediated this relationship (B = −0.03, 95% CI = −0.07 to −0.01). No other mediating effects were found. Hence, the autonomic stress system may play a role in the relationship between exercise and depressive symptoms.
Technology roadmapping (TRM) and strategic alignment for an applied research centre: a case study with methodological contributions
Authors: Loyarte Edurne , Posada Jorge , Gaines Seán , Rajasekharan Shabs , Olaizola Igor G. , Otaegui Oihana , Linaza María Teresa , Oyarzun David , del Pozo Arantza , Marcos Gorka , Florez Julian
Published: September 2014

Technology roadmapping provides a strategic tool to help companies develop an outside‐in view and challenge their current competitive perspectives. In this paper, the authors describe the roadmapping process, which is aligned, with the research and development (R&D) strategy of an applied research centre. This process is based in an adapted combination of state‐of‐the‐art methodologies, and as a result, the case study shows interesting findings in terms of R&D strategy, technology strategy and roadmapping processes and methodology.
A Systematic Review of the Effectiveness of Warming Interventions for Women Undergoing Cesarean Section
Authors: Munday Judy , Hines Sonia , Wallace Karen , Chang Anne M. , Gibbons Kristen , Yates Patsy
Published: September 2014

Background

Women undergoing cesarean section are vulnerable to adverse effects associated with inadvertent perioperative hypothermia, but there has been a lack of synthesized evidence for temperature management in this population. This systematic review aimed to synthesize the best available evidence in relation to preventing hypothermia in mothers undergoing cesarean section surgery.

Methods

Randomized controlled trials meeting the inclusion criteria (adult patients of any ethnic background, with or without comorbidities, undergoing any mode of anesthesia for any type of cesarean section) were eligible for consideration. Active or passive warming interventions versus usual care or placebo, aiming to limit or manage core heat loss in women undergoing cesarean section were considered. The primary outcome was maternal core temperature. A comprehensive search with no language restrictions was undertaken of multiple databases from their inception until May 2012. Two independent reviewers using the standardized critical appraisal instrument for randomized controlled trials from the Joanna Briggs Institute Meta‐Analysis of Statistics Assessment and Review Instruments (JBI‐MASTARI) assessed retrieved papers for methodological quality and conducted data collection. Where possible, results were combined in a fixed effects meta‐analysis using the Cochrane Collaboration Review Manager software. Due to heterogeneity for one outcome, random effects meta‐analysis was also used.

Results

A combined total of 719 participants from 12 studies were included. Intravenous fluid warming was found to be effective at maintaining maternal temperature and preventing shivering. Warming devices, including forced air warming and under‐body carbon polymer mattresses, were effective at preventing hypothermia. However, effectiveness increased if the devices were applied preoperatively. Preoperative warming devices reduced shivering and improved neonatal temperatures at birth. Intravenous fluid warming did not improve neonatal temperature, and the effectiveness of warming interventions on umbilical pH remains unclear.

Linking Evidence to Action

Intravenous fluid warming by any method improves maternal temperature and reduces shivering during and after cesarean section, as does preoperative body warming. Preoperative warming strategies should be utilized where possible. Preoperative or intraoperative warmed IV fluids should be standard practice. Warming strategies are less effective when intrathecal opioids are administered. Further research is needed to investigate interventions in emergency cesarean section surgery. Larger scale studies using standardized, clinically meaningful temperature measurement time points are required.
Treatment of osteochondritis dissecans of the knee with a biomimetic scaffold. A prospective multicenter study
Authors: Delcogliano Marco , Menghi Amerigo , Placella Giacomo , Speziali Andrea , Cerulli Giuliano , Carimati Giulia , Pasqualotto Stefano , Berruto Massimo
Published: September 2014

Purpose: the aim of the present study was to evaluate the clinical outcome of the treatment of osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the knee with a type-I collagen-hydroxyapatite nanostructural biomimetic osteochondral scaffold.

Methods: twenty-three patients affected by symptomatic knee OCD of the femoral condyles, grade 3 or 4 of the International Cartilage Repair Society (ICRS) scale, underwent biomimetic scaffold implantation. The site of the defect was the medial femoral condyle in 14 patients, whereas in 9 patients the lateral femoral condyle was involved. The average size of the defects was 3.5±1.43 cm2. All patients were clinically evaluated using the ICRS subjective score, the IKDC objective score, the EQ-VAS and the Tegner Activity Score. Minimum follow-up was two years. MRI was performed at 12 and 24 months after surgery and then every 12 months thereafter.

Results: the ICRS subjective score improved from the baseline value of 50.93±20.6 to 76.44±18.03 at the 12 months (p<0.0005) and 82.23± 17.36 at the two-year follow-up (p<0.0005). The IKDC objective score confirmed the results.The EQ-VAS showed a significant improvement from 3.15±1.09 to 8.15±1.04 (p<0.0005) at two years of follow-up. The Tegner Activity Score improvement was statistically significant (p<0.0005).

Conclusions: biomimetic scaffold implantation was a good procedure for treating grade 3 and 4 OCD, in which other classic techniques are burdened by different limitations. This open one-step surgery gave promising stable results at short-term follow-up.

Level of evidence: Level IV, therapeutic case series.
Optimising Reactive Control in Non-Ideal Efficiency Wave Energy Converters
Authors: Strager T. , Martin dit Neuville A. , Fernández López P. , Giorgio G. , Mureşan T. , Andersen P. , Nielsen K. M. , Pedersen T. S. , Vidal Sánchez E.
Published: September 2014

When analytically optimising the control strategy in wave energy converters which use a point absorber, the efficiency aspect is generally neglected. The results presented in this paper provide an analytical expression for the mean harvested electrical power in non-ideal efficiency situations. These have been derived under the assumptions of monochromatic incoming waves and linear system behaviour. This allows to establish the power factor of a system with non-ideal efficiency. The locus of the optimal reactive control parameters is then studied and an alternative method of representation is developed to model the optimal control parameters. Ultimately we present a simple method of choosing optimal control parameters for any combination of efficiency and wave frequency.
Is the Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Useful for Arctic Site Investigation?
Authors: McCallum Adrian B. , Barwise Andy , Santos Roi S.
Published: September 2014

A warming Arctic provides increased opportunity for infrastructure development. Although the cone penetration test is used globally for site investigation in unfrozen soils, this discussion paper investigates the use of cone penetration testing to provide in situ data in frozen geomaterials. Historical and contemporary use of cone penetration testing in permafrost, snow, terrestrial ice and sea ice is reviewed, and work conducted across alpine, Arctic and Antarctic environs is considered. Although frozen geomaterials offer challenges to any in situ media assessment, with suitable equipment, cone penetration testing in frozen geomaterials typical of the Arctic is possible.
Numerical Investigation of Wave-Body Interactions in Shallow Water
Authors: Luo Yi , Vada Torgeir , Greco Marilena
Published: September 2014

Present investigation is based on a numerical study using a time-domain Rankine panel method. The effort and novelty is to extend the applicability of the solver to shallower waters and to steeper waves by including additional non-linear effects, but in a way so to limit the increase in computational costs. The challenge is to assess the improvement with respect to the basic formulation and the recovery of linear theory in the limit of small waves.

The wave theories included in the program are Airy, Stokes 5th order and Stream function. By their comparison the effect of the incoming-wave non-linearities can be investigated.

For the free-surface boundary conditions two alternative formulations are investigated, one by Hui Sun [1] and one developed here.

The two formulations combined with the above-mentioned wave theories are applied to two relevant problems. The first case is a fixed vertical cylinder in regular waves, where numerical results are compared with the model tests by Grue & Huseby [2]. The second case is a freely floating model of a LNG carrier (with zero forward speed) in regular waves, where computations are compared with the experimental results from the EC project “Extreme Seas”. This comparison revealed several challenges such as how to interpret/post process the experimental data. Some of these are described in the paper. After careful handling of both computed and measured data the comparisons show reasonable agreement. It is proven that including more non-linear effects in the free-surface boundary conditions can significantly improve the results. The formulation by Hui Sun gives better results compared to the linear condition, but the present formulation is shown to provide a further improvement, which can be explained through the nonlinear terms included/retained in the two approaches.
Estimating Long-Endurance Fatigue Strength of Girth-Welded Pipes Using Local Stress Approach
Authors: Zhang Y.-H. , Maddox S. J.
Published: September 2014

Nominal and hot spot stresses are conventionally used for fatigue design of welded joints. In this paper, use of local stress approaches was attempted to estimate the long endurance fatigue strength of girth welded pipes. Finite element modelling was carried out to determine the dependence of the stress concentration and through-wall stress distribution on weld root bead profile, with hi-lo values ranging from 0.25 up to 1.0mm. Two local stress approaches, critical distance and reference radius, were used to estimate the fatigue strength of girth welds at 5×106 and 107 cycles, which were then compared with available full-scale fatigue test results. To use the critical distance approach, the relevant material properties, such as threshold stress intensity factor range and fatigue limit for flush ground welds, were determined experimentally. This paper presents the results of the fatigue strength estimates and draws conclusions about the applicability of the local stress approaches to girth welds.