bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
DTPH56-16-T-00020 Pipeline Defense with Combined Vibration Earth Movement and Current Sensing
Authors: Ziolkowski Christopher
Published: August 2023

The project objective was to demonstrate the feasibility of a pipeline right-of-way defense system based on a suite of stationary sensors mounted on, and adjacent to, the pipeline. The sensor data from multiple locations along the pipe are wirelessly forwarded to a central location for further analysis. Analytics residing at a central location correlate the data from multiple sensors to alert operators to events of interest occurring in the ROW with minimal latency.

The purpose of this project is to design, test, and demonstrate in the field a system that automatically monitors the right-of-way (ROW) and notifies gas utility operators of various threats. The deployment of this system would allow utilities to mitigate risk to their pipelines by being better informed of where and when threats are occurring. The current practice is for utility inspectors to patrol the ROW with emphasis on areas where construction is ongoing. Automated monitoring and notification would allow personnel to be more efficiently dispatched.
PR-190-628-R01 Suitable Tracer Gas for Detection of Natural Gas Migration and Leaks
Authors: Solka Bruce H. , Attari Amir
Published: August 2023

This report presents the results of an extensive literature survey to collect and assemble information on the current state of the tracer technology with the objective of selecting promising techniques that could serve to Positively identify and distinguish the source of leaking and migrating natural gas from other nearby sources of methane or natural gas and not merely indicate the presence of a gas leak. While no single tracer technique was found that would adequately serve this purpose in all situations, however. enough information was collected on potentially useful techniques that merit further study and development.

Eighteen different techniques were selected and classified in three broad categories of physical-chemical and nuclear methods. Each cited method was then appraised on the basis of health and safety specificity, economy, ease of application, and status of their commercial development. Of the 18 cited tracer methods, five were recommended for further study and near term application to the gas industry problems.
PR-197-723-R01 Compressor Flow Measurements
Authors: Lagus P.L. , Flanagan B.S.
Published: August 2023

The objective of the proposed research was to demonstrate the viability and utility of a constant flow tracer dilution technique for inferring the flowrate through a high-pressure natural gas centrifugal compressor. Testing was performed by injecting a known flowrate of tracer gas, sulfur hexafluoride(SF6), into a natural gas stream immediately upstream of an operating centrifugal compressor. Measurements of the diluted tracer gas concentration downstream of the compressor were made by means of electron capture gas chromatography. Knowledge of the injection concentration and injection flowrate coupled with the downstream diluted concentration and compressor operating characteristics allowed the inference of the actual flow through the compressor. Tracer inferred flowrates were then compared to flowrates measured by a custody transfer station downstream of the compressor station.
PR-161-156-R01 Flow Conditions Near-Bottom-Literature Search and Identification of Suitable Models
Authors: Dean Robert G. , Perlin Marc , Dalrymple Robert A.
Published: August 2023

Documents a study to identify the most suitable theories (models) for representing the near-bottom kinematics due to waves and/or currents. The basis for the evaluation of the various models included a comparison of models with field and laboratory data and intercomparison of various models. Wave theories evaluated included two versions of the linear wave theory, the Stokes II, III, and V order theory, Cnoidal theory, the Extended Velocity Potential, and the Stream Function theory. Although at present, pipeline burial in water depths less than 200 ft. is mandated by the U.S. Coast Guard, the evaluations have been carried out for a wide range of relative depths and wave heights. The basis for extending this evaluation is the recognition that the burial regulation could be modified in the future and/or there may be the possibility of pipelines being exposed due to various causes.
PR-203-910-R01 Program for Screen Testing Mechanical Connectors for Use in J-Lay Installations
Authors: Aiken William B.
Published: August 2023

This report describes the development of a Scope of Work for the screening test program. The Committee will submit the Scope of work to potential testing laboratories as a part of a request for a quotation package. It completely defines the tests that will be required in the screening test program. Manufacturers of several of the selected connectors have submitted reports to the committee that describe the procedures and results of tests that have already been performed on their connectors. When possible, the committee wants to use these test results to eliminate duplicate testing and improve the cost-effectiveness of the screening test program.
DTPH56-05-T-0004 Unmanned Underwater Vehicle for Pipeline Surveillance to Improve Safety and Lower Cost
Authors: Wood Ian
Published: August 2023

Outlines the development of a remotely piloted underwater vehicle with sensors to (1) detect leaks from transmission pipelines, (2) locate right of way encroachments, (3) video record encroachment violations with damage, and (4) reduce the cost of pipeline surveillance.
PR-278-9915-R01 Corrosion-CP Monitoring of Locations Remote from a Test Station
Authors: Fourie Julius , Tullmin Martin
Published: August 2023

Investigates possible techniques to monitor cathodic protection levels at inaccessible and remote locations. Includes field testing of five techniques under two different conditions.
TR-97-3 Friction Tests Typical Chock Materials and Cast Iron
Authors: Smalley A.J. , Pantermuehl P.J.
Published: August 2023

Evaluates various types of foundation chock materials for friction interaction with cast steel to help determine which chock materials are best suited for foundation applications.
DTPH5615T00015L Natural Gas Pipeline Leak Rate Measurement System
Authors: CHEN SHIN-JUH , Frish Michael B.
Published: August 2023

Describes the development of a laser-based methane detection method to provide leak rate data via mobile leak surveys.
PR-12-9314-R01 Polarization where Coated Pipelines are Protected by Sacrificial Anodes
Authors: Macdonald Digby D. , Sikora Janusz , Yamagachi Yuichiro , Kriksunov Irina
Published: August 2023

Demonstrates the concept of using surface or subsurface potential surveys to assess the effectiveness of cathodic protection of coated pipelines. Two electrical analogs have been developed to simulate bot discrete and parallel ribbon sacrificial anode cathodic protection systems; the performance of which is compared to field data.
DTPH56-16H-CAP01 Mechanochemistry-Based Detection of Early Stage Corrosion Degradation of Pipeline Steels
Authors: Bastawros Ashraf
Published: August 2023

The aim of the work is to provide measurable precursor signals associated with the initiation stage of near-surface damage and cracking, as depicted in Fig. 1.1. We have identified many salient features during the early stage of the SCC process (Stages 1, 2 on Fig. 1.1), including residual stress build-up, near-surface (within few microns) defect percolation, and changes of dislocation dynamics and measurable changes of the surface osmic resistance. We developed a model-based prediction of the onset and progression of SCC subsurface damage and assessed the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) to measure the extent of surface damage. Such a framework would enable the development of appropriate field-deployable NDE technology with the needed spatial and temporal resolutions.
DTPH56-15H-CAP04L An Inorganic Composite Coating for Pipeline Rehabilitation and Corrosion Protection
Authors: Wang Hao , Salemi Milad , Chen Jiaqi , Balaguru P.N. , Liang Jinhao , Xie Ning
Published: August 2023

The project aims to address the need for an inorganic coating composite for corrosion protection of pipelines in an aggressive environment. The inorganic coating does not generate CO2 emission or volatile organic content (VOC). Inorganic coatings are frequently used in the construction industry as anti-corrosion coatings, which are effective, chemically inert, hard, and thermally stable. In this study, microfiber reinforcement and Nano-modification were used to improve the performance of the inorganic coating system. The research work integrates both laboratory testing and numerical simulations. The major tasks conducted are 1) development of an inorganic coating with Nano modification; 2) accelerated corrosion testing; 3) durability and adhesion strength testing; 4) shear testing of coating with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP), and 5) analytical study of composite repair system of the pipeline.
PR-461-18601-R01 Solvent Replacement Methods for Sediment and Water Content in Crude Samples
Authors: Sedgwick Andrea , Mariath Rubia
Published: August 2023

There are two methods broadly used for sediments and water (S and W) content determination, centrifuge method, and the Karl Fischer titration. They consume a significant quantity of toxic hazardous solvents such as Toluene, o-xylene, and chloroform. These particular solvents impose great risk to the health of the frontline workers and generate large amounts of liquid waste disposal, a detrimental effect on the environment. PRCI MEAS-16-01 Project Team has identified the need to study the feasibility of solvent replacement for the current methods used for measuring the S and W contents in crude samples. The proposed project seeks to reduce the use of hazardous and toxic solvents, aid in environmental stewardship, and increase the health and safety of frontline workers while in operation.
IPC-2002-COMP ASME 4th International Pipeline Conference - 2002
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

A compendium of the papers presented at the 4th IPC in 2002
IPC-2016-COMP ASME 11th International Pipeline Conference - 2016
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

A compendium of the papers presented at the 11th IPC in 2016. The related papers are available for purchase from the ASME website.
PR-015-20606-R01 Practical Effects of Rough-Walled pipe in Gas Metering Applications
Authors: Grimley Terry
Published: August 2023

The influence of upstream pipe roughness on the performance of multipath ultrasonic flow meters was examined through a set of experiments involving three different brands of ultrasonic flow meters. Tests were conducted with 16-inch meters with piping, having a wide variation in surface roughness values with and without a flow conditioner. These results, when combined with the earlier testing of 8-inch diameter meters, can be used to support changes in the practices currently recommended by industry standards.
IPC-2020-COMP ASME 13th International Pipeline Conference - 2020
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

A compendium of the papers presented at the 13th IPC in 2020. The related papers are available for purchase from the ASME website.
NR198301 Preliminary Assessment of the Role of Gas Transmission Station Emissions in Acid Rain
Authors: Meling Jeffrey , Davis Robert , Balentine Howard , Eltgroth Mark , Coerr Stanton
Published: August 2023

Evaluates the extent to which emissions from natural gas transmission engines contribute to acid rain.
PR-000-073850-R01 Development of a PRCI ILI Performance Test Loop for Liquid Coupled Technologies
Authors: Deeb Hans , McNealy Richard
Published: August 2023

Documents the development of a flow test loop at the PRCI Technology Development Center.
L51505 NDT Needs for Pipeline Integrity Assurance
Authors: Green Robert E.
Published: August 2023

Analysis of emerging technologies for their applicability to pipeline non-destructive evaluation of defects or potential integrity issues.
DTRS56-04-T-0003 Human Factors Analysis of Pipeline Monitoring and Control
Authors: McCallum Marvin , Richard Christian
Published: August 2023

The purpose of this project was to develop procedures that could be used by liquid pipeline operators to assess and manage the human factors risks in their control rooms that may adversely affect pipeline monitoring and control operations. The three primary objectives of the project were: 1. To understand the human factors that affect pipeline Controllers' abilities to safely and efficiently monitor and control pipeline operations in the control room; 2. To develop procedures for use by pipeline operators to assess the relative risk levels associated with a full range of human factors in their control room operations; and 3. To develop a guide that liquid pipeline operators can use to select, develop, and implement mitigations to reduce operational risks associated with control room human factors.
NX-32-R03 Development of Devices for Coupling Radio-Frequency Energy into Active Large-Diameter Pipeline
Authors: Rife Wayne E. , Baum Joseph V.
Published: August 2023

Describes a device to couple to a pipeline for data transmission.
PR-183-528-R01 The Propagation Pressure of Offshore Pipelines - A Review of Experimental Results
Authors: Kyriakides Stelios
Published: August 2023

This study was undertaken with the objective of comparing, where possible, the experimentally obtained propagation pressures from a study at U.T. and a similar study carded out between 1973 and 1978 by Battelle researchers. Results from the latter were recently released by Battelle for the purpose of this comparison. It is important to note that the two studies were carried out independently using different pipe dimensions and materials. As such, any similar conclusions and trends from the two groups of results can be viewed as independent mutual verification of the studies.
SLE016 Three 48-inch O.D., Grade X-70 Pipe Tests
Authors: Unknown Author
Published: August 2023

Nine full-scale experimental burst tests have been conducted by the participants in the Alaskan and Canadian segments of the ANGTS. These tests were conducted at the British Gas Test Facility, Spadeadam, England, and the Northern Alberta Burst Test Facility (NABTF) located near Rainbow Lake, Alberta, Canada. The tests covered in this report include the third, sixth and eighth in the series conducted at the NABTF. All of the tests were designed to simulate project fracture length control design methods as closely as possible. Temperatures and pressures were selected based on anticipated compressor discharge conditions which were the most severe with respect to ductile fracture arrest requirements.
PR-393-205100-R01 IRIS X-Ray CT Qualification for Flexible Pipe Inspection (Phase 1)
Authors: Decroux Agnes , Kalo Kassem , Swinden Keith
Published: August 2023

There are several techniques available to inspect single wall carbon steel pipelines including; Magnetic flux leakage (MFL), ultrasonic testing (UT), Electro-Magnetic Acoustic Transducer (EMAT), Phased Array, guide wave testing (GWT), etc. However, for more complex structures such as flexible pipelines the technology available to inspect them is far more limited.

PRCI commissioned a program (SPIM 2-1) under the Subsea TC (2017-2020) to evaluate all known and suspected technologies that could be used to provide a detailed subsea inspection of a flexible riser. PRCI produced four samples of flexible pipe containing pre-manufactured cracks and corrosion defects which were located in; the outer armour layer, inner armour layer, pressure vault and carcass. The samples were used for blind testing of all identified inspection technologies.

On conclusion of the SPIM 2-1 program, HR-XCT was identified as the technology showing the most promise and a follow-on program (SPIM 2-2) was commissioned to further explore the capabilities.

This report will show the way in which high resolution image clarity and image manipulation was extracted from the HR-XCT system when used on the PRCI flexible pipe samples. The XCT results from SPIM 2-2 will be presented to show the initial setup of the experiment and 2D and 3D high resolution sectioned images from the testing. These images clearly identify and characterize 100% of the pre-manufactured defects introduced into the samples in all layers.
PR-148-110-Z01 Gas-Liquid Flow in Large Diameter Pipelines
Authors: Greory G.A.
Published: August 2023

A principle result of this study has been the development of a highly compact and versatile data bank structure to capture two-phase flow data from large diameter pipelines.
PR-164-170-R01 Residual Stress Measurements at Pipeline Girth Welds
Authors: Leggatt R.H.
Published: August 2023

Surface and internal residual stress measurements have been made at pipeline girth welds deposited using standard field welding conditions. Four pipeline specimens of outside diameter 914mm and a wall thickness of 11 or 16 mm were used to investigate the effect of variations in preheat conditions, root pass electrode type, and pipe wall thickness.
PR-335-203810-R02 Review of X-Ray Computed Tomography for Nondestructive Evaluation of Pipelines
Authors: Malinowski Owen , Velsor Jason Van , Riccardella Scott
Published: August 2023

The applications of Computed Tomography (CT) are vast, spanning several industries and disciplines. The industrial application of Computed Tomography to characterize pipeline defects is a complex and relatively new application of the technology that is rapidly evolving. This report documents the State-of-the-Art (SOTA) in CT for NDE of piping typically found in the pipeline industry (e.g. thin-walled carbon steel piping). This report focuses specifically on the application of CT for detection and sizing of Stress Corrosion Cracking (SCC); however, much of the information presented herein applies generally to the detection and sizing of flaws commonly found in pipelines.
PR186-203813-R01 Literature Review Pipeline Mid-wall Defect Detection and FFS Assessment
Authors: Hanna Benjamin , Bubenik Tom , Padgett Barbara
Published: August 2023

A literature review on the current industry understanding of mid-wall cracking and its detection was conducted. A summary of key factors influencing mid-wall cracking and modern integrity management approaches for the phenomenon are summarized. Based on the literature review and subject matter expert interviews, gaps in the published industry knowledge were identified. These gaps will be used to drive work in the direction of backfilling the valuable information that may be used to mitigate the onset of mid-wall cracking and to identify the presence of mid-wall cracking so that the threat can be actively and effectively managed.
LY9DLGF High-Power Long-Range Guided-Wave Inspection of Pipelines
Authors: Kwun Hegoen , Kim Sang
Published: August 2023

The objective of this project was to increase the guided wave power of the magneto-strictive sensor (MsS) technology so that the test range of guided wave achievable on pipelines could be further extended. The target goal of the project was a 20-fold (or 26-dB) increase in the guided-wave signal amplitude. The extension in the test range attainable by the 20-fold increase in the guided-wave signal amplitude depends on the wave attenuation coefficient, and alpha;, of the pipe-line under testing and is equal to 26/(2 and alpha;), where the factor 2 accounts for the round trip. For example, for and alpha; = 2.0 dB/ft, the extension in the test range is 6.5 feet; for and alpha; = 1.0 dB/ft, 13 feet; for and alpha; = 0.5 dB/ft, 26 feet; for and alpha; = 0.25 dB/ft, 52 feet; for and alpha; = 0.1 dB/ft, 130 feet; for and alpha; = 0.05 dB/ft, 260 feet.
DTRS56-03-T-0013 High-Power Long-Range Guided-Wave Inspection of Pipelines
Authors: Kwun Hegeon , Kim Sang Y.
Published: August 2023

The objective of this project was to increase the guided wave power of the magneto-strictive sensor (MsS) technology so that the test range of guided wave achievable on pipelines could be further extended.
PR-670-183826-R03 Extended Evaluation of LSM-Magnetostrictive Pipe Models
Authors: Wright Louise , Crocker Louise
Published: August 2023

Integrity assessment of pipelines is vital to ensure that oil and gas pipes have adequate strength to prevent leaks and ruptures. Regular inspections are conducted to confirm safe operation conditions of pipelines. The industry's principal method for assessing pipelines is in-line inspection (ILI), involving the passing of a device along the inside of a pipe to assess the condition of the pipeline. ILI devices can be fitted with a number of sensors allowing various measurement parameters to be obtained simultaneously.

Not all pipelines are suited to ILI for reasons such as small diameter, obstructions within the pipe, or insufficient access to deploy or retrieve the ILI tools. These pipelines are sometimes referred to as 'difficult to inspect'. Alternative methods for examining pipeline condition are required with a range of technologies collectively known as Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) offering a promising solution for detection of pipe defects from a distance, reducing the need for excavation.

LSM utilizes coupling between defects and changes in the magnetic properties of the pipeline material as a method for evaluation of pipe walls to identify the location of areas that require repair or further monitoring. Trials of existing commercial instruments by the pipeline industry have shown sufficient promise to investigate these technologies further. However, the vendors have supplied limited information on the underpinning physics of both the materials being tested and the instrument technology, meaning that further study is required in order to build confidence in the technique.

The purpose of the project is to establish the ability of LSM to detect corrosion in API 5L pipe grades B to X70. The aim of the modelling work has been to use quantitative physics-based modelling techniques to predict the performance of LSM as a defect detection technique in situations that cannot easily be recreated in a laboratory environment, after validating the modelling approach by comparing measurements made in the laboratory to model results.
L51591 Hydrodynamic Forces on a Sliding Pipeline-Model Test
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

Reports on the results of a series of model tests investigating the hydrodynamic forces acting on a pipeline which is undergoing lateral motions on the sea bed. The model test program and the results are included. The report also includes a description of the testing technique, model setup, instrumentation, and data analysis.
PB2012103948 Analyses of Natural Gases 2002-2004
Authors: Gage B.D. , Driskill D.L.
Published: August 2023

Contains analyses and related source data for 451 natural gas samples from 15 States. Of the total samples, 381 were collected during the calendar years 2002 through 2004. The remaining 70 were collected earlier, but releases granting permission to publish them were received at a later date. None of these analyses have been published previously in other analyses reports. The analyses were done using gas chromatography.

All samples were obtained and analyzed as part of the Bureau of Land Management investigations of the occurrences of helium in natural gases of countries with free-market economies. This helium survey program has been conducted since 1917. The results are published periodically to make the information available to members of the helium and petroleum industries and to the general public
PR-203-027-R01 Evaluation of Screen Testing Program for J-Lay Connections
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

This report discusses the results of a testing program designed to simulate the operational conditions imposed on a J-lay installed, 13%" subsea pipeline assembled with mechanical connections. The program objective was to gain an understanding of the long-term sealing integrity of various mechanical connections. The connections were subjected to combinations of cyclic internal pressure, cyclic temperature, axial compression, and reverse torsion. The testing results show that the mechanically interlocked Reflange C-Con II connection and two premium threaded connections, the Hunting Fox and Sumitomo Varn Ace, when assembled utilizing suitable bonding agents, successfully resisted the imposed loads of this testing program. In addition, the selection of a proper bonding agent or adhesive to prevent reverse torque back out proved to be important as several of these agents were unreliable in preventing back out failures. The testing conditions applied to the mechanical connections in this test program are believed to be conservative, exceeding the maximum that in-service, J-lay installed pipelines are likely to experience. Therefore, this test program may be used to select a pipeline connection for this duty.
PR-153-126-R02 Continental Shelf Bottom Boundary Layer Model Vol II-Model-Data Comparison
Authors: Grant Willam D. , Glenn Scott M.
Published: August 2023

High-quality bottom boundary layer measurements from the CODE site are

described. Bottom tripod velocity measurements and supporting data typical of

everyday spring and summer conditions and during a winter storm are analyzed to obtain both velocity profiles and mean bottom stress and bottom roughness estimates. These values are compared to the AGA model developed in Volume I. The everyday measurements were taken during CODE-i at C3 (90 m) by Grant and Williams, WHOI; the winter storm data was taken prior to CODE at the R2 (80 m) site by Cacchione and Drake, USGS.
PR-138-162-R02 Degree of Reaction of Fusion-Bonded Epoxy Coatings
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

This document describes a test method for the degree of reaction of fusion-bonded epoxy coatings by direct-current resistivity. This method covers the determination of a transition temperature of cured fusion-bonded epoxy coatings by measurement of the changes in direct-current resistivity of the coating with temperature. Comparison of this temperature with the degree of reaction for that coating material as determined by differential scanning calorimetry will allow the estimation of the degree of reaction of the coating sample being tested.
DTRS-56-94-C-0006 Pipeline Accident Effects for Hazardous Liquid Pipelines
Authors: Greenfeld Joshua , Golub Eugene , Dresnack Robert , Griffis F.H. (Bud) , Pignataro Louis J.
Published: August 2023

Identified the factors that cause pipeline failures and the factors that affect accidents on hazardous liquid pipelines. Since the normalizing of the data was not possible, the authors of this report used indirect and inferential approaches in the analysis. The databases used for this analysis are LIQUID (accident data for 1968-1985) and L1QLCK (accident data for 1985-present).

The main finding of this report is that better and more complete data on hazardous liquid accidents should be collected.

Other conclusions are that prevention programs should be more effective, and pipe components such as valves, O-rings, gaskets, and nipples are a significant source of potentially reducible accidents.
PR-242-9441-R01 In Bell-Hole Pipeline Corrosion Laser Mapping System
Authors: Author Unknown
Published: August 2023

This report is based on a review of the Edison Welding Institute (EWI) Laser-Based System for mapping external corrosion damage on pipelines. This report culminates an independent study of the mapping system and includes the results of a survey of various pipeline operators. Various methods of attachment to the pipe under examination have been considered in this review and are described herein.
PR-459-133750-R02 Fast Accurate Automated System to Find and Quantify Natural Gas Leaks Phases II and III
Authors: Christensen Lance
Published: August 2023

The Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) has developed a highly sensitive methane sensor called the Open Path Laser Spectrometer (OPLS) which detects methane to 10 ppb s-1 and weighs several hundred grams. This report describes the integration of OPLS into small unmanned aerial systems (sUASs) and the results of flight experiments using OPLS-sUAS. This report also discusses the technical augmentation of OPLS so that it measures ethane and methane simultaneously. The combination of all these capabilities will enable energy companies to monitor natural gas assets for safety and regulatory compliance, as well as, attribute the source of natural gas indications.
PR652-203801-R03 Full-scale Testing to Evaluate the Performance of Large Standoff Magnetometry
Authors: Alexander Chris , Ganpatye Atul
Published: August 2023

This report documents the full-scale testing efforts undertaken to evaluate the capabilities and limitations of Large Standoff Magnetometry (LSM) technology from the perspective of quantifying stresses or strains in a pipeline subjected to geohazard loading conditions.

The fundamental motivation behind this project is motivated by the need for developing LSM as a global non-destructive evaluation (NDE) technique to supplement the traditional approach for estimating pipeline curvature/strain in geohazard loading scenarios. The goal of the full-scale testing was to bend a representative, real-world pipe sample to predetermined loading/deflection levels, scan the bent pipe using LSM technologies from multiple vendors, and then compare the stress/strain results provided by the LSM results to those that are directly measured during the test - effectively validating the technology and increasing confidence in the use of LSM for pipeline curvature/strain measurement.

The report discusses the basis of the design for the full-scale testing setup, measured data during the tests, and the LSM results provided by the two vendors (Speir Hunter and Transkor). The discussion provided in this document will be valuable for operators in understanding applicability, gaps, and potential improvements in the LSM technology in the context of curvature/strain estimation originating from geohazard loading conditions.

Related webinar.
PR-469-19604-Z01 Auto Diagnostic Method Development for Ultrasonic Flow Meter
Authors: Li Baisong , Xu Bo
Published: August 2023

The objectives of this research are to develop methods for performing ultrasonic flow meter (USM) diagnostic evaluation automatically and a software tool with all necessary attachments.

USM-based diagnostics have been established and thirteen categories of knowledge rules of existing cases have been learned and integrated. A search engine for relevant standards, specifications, and other documents of the measurement system has been developed, which enables the free search of text content. Further, with the assistance of modern reasoning techniques, the authorized user only needs to configure an EXCEL file or scripts to activate the rules of the knowledge base by using Drools technology. Therefore, the integration of any potential knowledge rules is convenient and requires no professional skills or changing of the internal source code of the software.

Secondly, a new flow meter diagnostic method is proposed based on multiple information methodologies and it is based on the real-time measurement data, operation data, and video data if applicable. The method is intended to identify abnormal states of the measurement system on a real-time basis with the assistance of the knowledge rules and to provide a strategy for mitigating the meter error of components within the measurement system.

Thirdly, the applications of Gaussian quadrature diagnostics in daily acquisition nomination change situations and compressor-induced pulsating flow scenarios have been investigated and results are shown in the document. Based on the results, it can be concluded that the measurement uncertainty caused by compressor-induced pulsating flows is obvious, while the measurement uncertainty caused by daily acquisition nomination change is relatively smaller.

The software is then developed based on the knowledge, the idea of multiple information methods, and applications of the Gaussian quadrature diagnostics method with all necessary attachments. The architecture, the algorithm, and a few examples are introduced.
693JK31810003 Non-Destructive Tools for Surface to Bulk Correlations of Yield Strength Toughness and Chemistry
Authors: Ersoy Daniel
Published: August 2023

Evaluates the use of non-destructive surface testing (micro indentation, micro-machining, in situ chemistry, and replicate microscopy analysis) as a means to perform pipe material confirmation.

The test results from thousands of lab and field material tests done on actual pipeline samples have been used to develop models that account for pipe material thermo-mechanical process variations and through-wall variability of material, mechanical, and chemical properties.

A separate "training set" of twenty pipelines was made available to GTI, Element Resources, and ASU to allow initial model testing and prove-out prior to the seventy primary samples that were used to fully characterize pipeline properties and the correlation of surface to bulk properties, as well as develop predictive models of bulk properties based solely on surface obtained pipeline data.

A set of seventy pipeline samples (termed Pipe Library) that were in service from the natural gas industry were selected for the project testing and modeling. A great deal of care and effort was put forth to select a reasonable number that provided the adequate breadth of variety as typically encountered by the industry in the field.
PR675-203601-R01 Minimum Separation Between Underground Pipelines and Electric Supply Line Structures
Authors: Armstrong Mazana
Published: August 2023

CEATI REPORT No. T203700-3715B for project 3715. The testing was performed and the report was prepared by Powertech Labs Inc. PRCI co-funded the CEATI project.
PR-015-18600-R01 OIML Test Data Summary for Ultrasonic Meters
Authors: Hawley Adam , Bhagwat Swanand
Published: August 2023

This project provides a summary of test data based on the flow disturbance tests that are outlined in Annex B of the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) R 137-1. The data that are included in this report are for multipath gas ultrasonic flow meters. The flow meter manufacturers provided all of the data that are presented in this report.
PR453-205101-R01 Prediction of On-bottom Wave Kinematics in Shallow Water
Authors: Abdolmaleki Kourosh
Published: August 2023

This report examines a novel methodology for approximate prediction of the on-bottom kinematics in shallow waters and shore approach regions. The method involves simulation of generic shallow water scenarios in the Danish Hydraulic Institute MIKE software by assuming a range of seabed slopes and sea states. The simulation results are compiled in a database and a machine learning model is fitted for fast extraction of the desired surface or bottom data.

The outcome of this scope of work is very useful when a pipeline stability assessment is required in shallow water areas, where no site-specific met-ocean engineering data is available. In the future, this database could be expanded to cover more ranges of input data and be implemented in the PRCI On-Bottom Stability software.
PR644-183611-R01 Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors Effectiveness for Tank Bottom Plate Corrosion Control - Phase 2
Authors: Shukla Pavan , Nordquist Andrew , Fuentes Roderick , Wiersma Bruce
Published: August 2023

Soil-side corrosion control is a major challenge for Aboveground Storage Tank (AST) operators. Vapor Corrosion Inhibitors (VCIs) are increasingly being used as an additional corrosion control mitigation tool. A PRCI-sponsored Phase 1 study established baseline performance and evaluated monitoring methods for the VCIs. One focus of this study included VCIs' performance comparison with effective cathodic protection (CP) systems. The investigation concluded that VCIs' corrosion mitigation performance is equivalent to that of an effective CP system. This study also evaluated tank bottom corrosion monitoring tools, investigated VCIs' migration behavior, determined VCIs performance in the presence of high levels of chlorides and bacterial activity, and evaluated VCI delivery methods considering tank pad conditions. This study concluded that mass-loss coupons installed a few inches below the tank bottom generally agree with tank floor inspection data, thus either bonded or unbonded mass-loss coupons could be used as one of the corrosion monitoring tools to assess tank pad corrosivity. The experimental work on VCI migration showed that VCIs migrate quickly through a sand environment. Thus, VCIs should provide corrosion mitigation coverage to an AST tank bottom soon after their delivery. The experimental work also showed that VCI performance is robust and not compromised in the presence of either high chloride levels or bacterial activity. Finally, the through-the-floor VCI delivery method is more efficient compared to the through-the-sandpad when tank pad corrosivity is elevated.

Related webinar
PO164-173840-R02 Laser Surface Hardening of X60 Sour Grade Steel
Authors: Wilson Andy
Published: August 2023

The goal of this study was to identify the use of laser surface hardening to create artificial hardspots on a X60MS steel sample. The hardspots will be used for NDE tool evaluation and qualification.
PR186-215102-R01 Subsea Pipeline Risk-Based Inspection Benchmarking
Authors: Heggen Hans Olav
Published: August 2023

There are many standards, recommended practices (RP) and guidelines available for subsea pipe-line integrity management (PIM). In all of these, inspection is a key part of managing the integrity of subsea pipelines. However, detailed coverage of risk-based inspection (RBI) and detailed inspection planning is limited in these standards, RPs and guidelines; optimization of inspection and inspection frequency is generally determined at operator's discretion unless strictly regulated by authorities. Thus, there is a need to identify operator best practices and attempt to define a unified decision-making process to optimize inspection and inspection frequencies. This document:

� Summarizes the most relevant standards, RPs and guidelines with respect to RBI

� Reports the findings from answered questionnaires and interviews with operators, and

� Identifies potential paths forward to reach a unified inspection planning best practice
PR-000-22COMP-R03 Potential Impact Radius Compendium
Authors: Choquette Gary
Published: August 2023

This compendium is a selection of past PRCI research and technical resources related to the calculation of the potential impact radius. Reports were selected based on their final report abstracts and does not include further analysis or an additional technical review of the final report. Meta data is provided for each resource (when available) including the length of the report, its abstract, author(s), and company that performed the research. This list of documents includes PRCI funded research as well as research that PRCI has rights to access including cofunded work and information in the public domain. The reports are grouped by the related research category assigned to each document.
Factors Affecting the Improvement of the Economic Status of Corn Farmers (Case Study of Corn Farmers in Suka Damai Village, Lawe Sigala-Gala District, Southeast Aceh District)
Authors: Mardi Zesi , Hasibuan Syahbudin , Rafiki Ahmad
Published: August 2023

This study aims to find out the factors that influence the increase in the economic status of corn farmers in Sukadamai Village, Lawe Sigala Gala District. The researchers' considerations for choosing this area are because Lawe Sigala Gala District is a corn production center with the second highest productivity after Lauser District, this study uses a Quantitative approach, in this study the total population is the entire Association of Farmers Group named Gapoktan Kembang Bersama, totaling 65 people, the sample used is a saturated sample where all the population is used as a sample. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression analysis. As for the results of this study, a constant value of 4,529 indicates the value of the independent variables consisting of Corn Production, Capital, Planning, Human Resources, and Technology. If there is a change, it will increase the economic status of the Sukadamai community by 45.29%. Partially the independent variables consisting of Technology, Human Resources, Planning, Corn Production, and Capital have a significant effect on the economic status of the Sukadamai community because the value of t count > t table and a significant level of <0.05. In the study, the independent variables consisting of Technology, Human Resources, Planning, Corn Production, and Capital had a significant effect on the economic status of the Sukapeace community, because the value of f count > f table (29,819 > 2.37) and a significant level of 0.000 <0.05. R Square value of 0.716 or 71.6% contribution of the variable Technology, HR, planning, Corn Production, and Capital to economic status while the remaining 23.4% is influenced by other factors not examined in this study.
Determinants of household credit behavior of low-income households in Sri Lanka
Authors: Dharmadasa Champika , Gunatilake MM
Published: August 2023

The paper aims to achieve three objectives in relation to household borrowing behavior among low-income households in Sri Lanka. First, it attempts to understand the patterns of savings and credit behavior of households. Second, it identifies the underlying reasons for the credit demand of households. Third, it investigates the relative significance of demographic and other socioeconomic factors that influence the reasons for households’ credit demand. Primary data collected from 1,500 household units were utilized for the analysis. Thematic and multinominal logistic regression analyses were used to achieve objectives. The thematic analysis identified 533 household units in debt and has revealed eight reasons behind households’ borrowing decisions, with borrowing for housing renovations, investing and consumption being the top three reasons. The results of the multinominal regression analysis revealed that having children is the most influential demographic factor that lies behind most reasons. The paper concludes that only a few households have borrowing habits, and their borrowing purposes vary. Most are not used for productive investments, and having young dependents induces household borrowing decisions. Based on the outcome, the study suggests strengthening social assistance for households with young dependents to protect low-income families from indebtedness.
Aprendizagem e construção do conhecimento no contexto da formação universitária
Authors: Ferrari Rosane de Fátima , Nogaro Arnaldo
Published: August 2023

Introdução: O modo como os alunos aprendem não pode mais ficar à margem das preocupações e dos saberes docentes, ampliar as possibilidades de construção de novas aprendizagens é um dos recursos e ferramentas que permite ao professor mediar, auxiliar o estudante para que se veja como protagonista e ator de sua própria aprendizagem. Objetivo: O presente artigo objetiva dissertar sobre a necessidade do docente e do discente compreenderem como se aprende, contribuindo para um olhar reflexivo perante a aprendizagem, como ela ocorre no ser humano e como incide na construção de conhecimento no contexto universitário, pois entende-se que nesse ambiente os acadêmicos têm a oportunidade de potencializar suas capacidades, desenvolver habilidades e competências em diferentes áreas. Metodologia: Com este entendimento, buscou-se, a partir de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de cunho bibliográfico, argumentar em favor da importância da metacognição. Conclusão/Resultados: Entender como se aprende e se constrói conhecimento é estratégico para que ocorra a autorregulação que permite a escolha das melhores estratégias e a definição das ações mais eficientes quando se trata de aprender.
Desigualdade de oportunidades educacionais nas macrorregiões brasileiras: uma análise através de matrizes de transição
Authors: De Sousa Henrique Eustáquio , Rocha Luiz Eduardo de Vasconcelos
Published: August 2023

O cenário educacional brasileiro tem sido marcado por diversas mudanças nas últimas décadas, principalmente na segunda metade do século XX, que é um período em que o país passa de forma mais intensa pelo processo de modernização. Apesar da expansão do sistema educacional, é necessário verificar se o avanço direcionou para algumas regiões ou se espalhou por todo país. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho é analisar as desigualdades de oportunidades educacionais nas macrorregiões brasileiras para a população entre 25 e 64 anos. Para atingir esse, o estudo utiliza matrizes de transição, as quais demonstram que o avanço educacional levou a mobilidade intergeracional de educação ascendente, ou seja, os respondentes atingiram níveis de educação superior ao de suas mães em todas as regiões, mas com diferentes intensidades. Além disso, é importante mencionar que a mobilidade ascendente se caracteriza por ser de curta distância, ou seja, os respondentes atingem níveis educacionais superior ao de suas mães, mas não tão maiores, o que revela que a origem do indivíduo possui impacto sobre o alcance educacional do indivíduo.
Políticas inclusivas para a educação especial: conceitos e marcos legais
Authors: Bigarella Nadia , Braga Paola Gianotto
Published: August 2023

Este artigo tem como objetivo compreender a organização normativa da educação especial após a promulgação Constituição Federal de 1988, em âmbito nacional e do Estado Mato Grosso do Sul. De cunho documental e bibliográfico a pesquisa foi realizada a partir de textos oficiais, tais como: Plano Nacional de Educação (2014-2024), Plano Estadual de Educação de Mato Grosso do Sul (2014-2024), Constituição Federal (1988), Lei de Diretrizes e Bases Nacional (1996) e   resoluções, editais e outras publicações relacionadas à esfera da Secretaria de Estado de Educação de Mato Grosso do Sul. O referencial teórico consiste na revisão de textos, artigos, livros dos autores Dermeval Saviani, Teresa Costa D’Amaral e Evaldo Vieira. Foi possível inferir que a inclusão não ocorre apenas com a presença do estudante no ambiente escolar, mas com o sentimento de pertencimento do aluno à escola e sua responsabilidade pelo aluno, proporcionando as condições necessárias para este sentir-se incluso.
Boş Zaman İlgilenimi ile Serbest Zaman Doyumu Arasındaki İlişki: İBB Örneği
Authors: ÖZTÜRK Yağmur , ALPULLU Aytekin
Published: August 2023

Bu çalışmanın amacı, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi bünyesindeki fitness merkezlerine üye olan bireylerin boş zaman ilgilenimleri ile serbest zaman doyumları arasındaki ilişkiyi ortaya koymaktır. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yaklaşımlarından, ilişkisel tarama modeli kullanılmıştır. Araştırmanın evrenini; İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi bünyesindeki Fatih Spor Kompleksi, Bayrampaşa Hidayet Türkoğlu Spor Kompleksi, Cemal Kamacı Spor Kompleksi ve Hamza Yerlikaya Spor Kompleksi’nde fitness yapan üyeler oluşturmaktadır. Örneklemi ise söz konusu olan evrenden kolayda örnekleme yöntemiyle seçilen 389 (214 kadın+175 erkek) birey oluşturmaktadır. Veri toplama aracı olarak, “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” “Boş Zaman İlgilenim Ölçeği” ve “Serbest Zaman Doyum Ölçeği” kullanılmıştır. Hipotezlerin test edilmesinde Pearson korelasyon ve Regresyon analizleri kullanılmıştır. Verilerin istatiksel hipotez analizleri incelendiğinde, boş zaman ilgilenimi ile serbest zaman doyumu arasındaki ilişkinin pozitif yönde ve anlamlı olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Boş zaman ilgileniminin serbest zaman doyumu üzerinde öngörücü bir güce sahip olduğu ortaya konulmuştur. Nitekim boş zaman ilgilenimin serbest zaman doyumunu arttırdığı belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak fitness merkezlerine üye olan bireylerin boş zaman ilgilenimlerinin olumlu yönde olması bireylerin serbest zaman kullanımlarında doyumun da beraberinde arttığı ortaya konulmuştur.