bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of Soil Enzymatic Activities and Nutrient Status in an Inceptisol under Varying Levels of Fly Ash with Fym
Authors: Tikariha Shraddha , Bachkaiya Vinay , Sahu Vedhika , Pandey Pragya , Sukhdeve Kirtiwardhan
Published: November 2022

Background: A study was carried out during kharif season of 2021. Field experiment was laid out in a randomized block design having 8 treatments which were randomized thrice viz. T1-Control; T2-100% RDF (100:60:40 N: P2O5:K2O kg ha-1); T3 -75% RDF + 25t/ha Fly ash; T4-75% RDF + 25t/ha Fly ash + 5t/ha FYM; T5-75% RDF + 30t/ha Fly ash; T6-75% RDF + 30t/ha Fly ash + 5t/ha FYM; T7- 75% RDF + 45t/ha Fly ash; and T8 -75% RDF + 45t/ha Fly ash + 5t/ha FYM. The results showed that application of fly ash with fertilizer and FYM could be viable source for increasing the production of crops under degraded land conditions. The experiment resulted a significant effect on the soil enzymatic activity viz. dehydrogenase (47.21 µg TPF 24 hr-1g-1 soil), urease (38.65 μg NH4+- N g-1 soil h-1), acid phosphatase (27.41µg p-nitrophenol g-1 hr-1) and alkali phosphatase activity (69.54µg p-nitrophenol g-1hr-1) which were found highest with the 75% RDF + 45t/ha Fly ash + 5t/ha FYM. Overall result concluded that use of 75% RDF + 45t/ha Fly ash + 5t/ha FYM can save 25% of fertilizer (NPK) and increase the soil biological activity. N, P, K were significantly enhanced with the incorporation of fly ash with FYM whereas there was no effect on content of micronutrients (Fe, Mn, Zn,Cu) in soil.
Effects of Climate Smart Agriculture Practices on Household Livelihoods in Soy Sub-county Kenya
Authors: Yatich Frankline , Karanja Amon , Obulinji Humphreys
Published: November 2022

Aims: This study sought to analyze the effects of adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture practices on farmers’ livelihoods in Soy sub County Kenya.

Study Design: The study adopted a cross-sectional descriptive survey research design, specifically use of household questionnaires, and interviewing key informants were used to come up with both quantitative and qualitative data.

Place and Duration of Study: the study was conducted in two sites in Soy sub-County Kenya: Soy and Kipsomba ward. The study was conducted in the period October –December 2019.   

Methodology: Structured household questionnaires (N-196) and interviews with Key informant (N-6) were conducted in two agro-ecological zones. Descriptive statistical analysis was used .while results from key informants were used to collect valuable data that was useful in checking the validity of responses obtained through the use of questionnaires.    

Results: The study found that 88.7% of the farming households that had adopted CSA practices led to increased yields, 73.46 % of farming households felt that the adoption led to increased income, 7.65 % felt that it has led to employment creation, 4.08 % felt that the adoption led to control of pest and 0.06 % felt that it led to control of weeds. This is an indication that the adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture practices can be the useful approach for mitigating climate variability effects, building more resilient livelihoods, improving food security and alleviating poverty.     

Conclusion: in order to improve on the climate variability adaptation smallholder farmers need to adopt more of CSA practices to turn around the of food insecurity threats. The study concludes that the adoption of Climate Smart Agriculture practices positively and negatively influences the livelihoods of farming households in Soy sub- County.
CITIZENSHIP APPROACH FROM THE SECOND CONSTITUTIONAL ERA TO THE EARLY REPUBLIC (MALUMAT-I MEDENİYE AND YURT BİLGİSİ TEXTBOOKS)
Authors: Akpınar Mehmet , Düz İsmail , Küçük Enes
Published: November 2022

Citizenship is a concept in which acquisitions such as belonging to a nation, assuming certain duties and responsibilities are obtained and giving status to individuals in the face of the state. States aim to raise citizens who are aware of such duties and responsibilities, connected to them with a sense of belonging, and who have the skills to realize the requirements of the political system and expectations of society. Education programs play important roles in helping individuals acquire such duties and responsibilities. In the present study, the understanding of citizenship that was reflected in the “Information on Civilization with Questions and Answers” textbook, which was published in 1908 and taught in primary schools, and the “Information on Homeland” textbook, which was published in 1927 and was decided to be taught in primary schools for five years, was examined. The citizenship concept reflected in the textbooks was discussed by creating categories such as the ideal citizen, duties of citizens, responsibilities of the state, citizenship acquisitions, and complementary elements of citizenship. The data of the study were collected based on the Document Analysis Technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods, and the collected data were analyzed with the Content Analysis Technique. According to the data obtained in the study, it was determined that there were some differences in the understanding of citizenship reflected in the “Information on Civilization with Questions and Answers” and “Information on Homeland” textbooks taught after the proclamation of the Republic. Although there were common values that would keep citizens together as a reflection of the multinational structure in the Ottoman Empire, which was governed by the constitutional government system, in the textbook, after the proclamation of the Republic, the consciousness of being a Turk was created as a result of the understanding of the nation-state.
Keywords: Citizen, citizenship concept, citizenship education, textbooks.
İAŞE NEZARETİ VE İAŞE NAZIRLARI (1918-1919)
Authors: Aydın Mehmet
Published: November 2022

Birinci Dünya savaşı ile birlikte ortaya çıkan temel ihtiyaç maddelerinin karşılanması meselesi ve bu meselenin halli için yapılan çalışmalar neticesinde Osmanlı devleti İaşe Nezareti’ni kurdu. Nezaret yaklaşık beş ay kadar kısa bir süre faaliyet gösterdi. Bu süre zarfında üçü asil, üçü vekil olmak üzere beş nazır görev yaptı. Bu makalede kurulan İaşe Nezareti bütün yönleriyle incelenmeye çalışıldı. Nezaretin kuruluş sebepleri, kuruluşu, görev ve yetkileri, teşkilatlanması, nazırları ve lağvedilmesi hususları ele alındı. Çalışma arşiv belgeleri, gazeteler, süreli yayınlar, araştırma ve inceleme eserlerinden yararlanılarak hazırlandı.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Savaş, iaşe, nezaret, nazır, yolsuzluk
OTTOMAN STATE AND TURKEY IN ALEV LYTLE CROUTIER S HISTORICAL NOVELS
Authors: Döşkaya Füsun Çoban
Published: November 2022

Uluslararası üne sahip Türk-Amerikalı yazar Alev Lytle
Croutier, (Alev Aksoy) tarih ile kurguyu karmaşık bir şekilde
bir araya getirme yeteneğine sahiptir. Yazarlık kariyeri 1989’da
kurgusal olmayan eseri Harem: Peçenin Ardındaki Dünya’nın
yayınlamasıyla başlamıştır. Eserin yirmiden fazle dile
çevrilmesi ve ülkede yayınlanması onu Türk kökenli en çok
eserleri yayınlanan kadın yazarlardan biri haline getirmiştir. Bu
çalışma yabancı ülkede yaşamanın mekânsızlığının ve mekân
genişliğinin nasıl çok-kültürlü mekânın konumu haline
geldiğini Alev Lytle Croutier’nin eserlerinde incelemeyi
amaçlamaktadır. Çalışma içerisinde yazarın Gözyaşı Sarayı
(2000), Yedi Evin Sırları (2002), ve Üçüncü Kadın (2006) isimli
çalışmalarında sürekli tekrarlanan bir tema olan göçmenin
yerleştirilmesi, yer değiştirilmesi ve yerinden edilmesi
konularına değinilmektedir. Gözyaşı Sarayı isimli romanda bu
tema bir Fransız şarap üreticisinin İslamiyete geçmesi ve bir
Türk efendisi haline dönüşmesinde, Yedi Evin Sırları isimli
kitapta Türk göçmenin anavatanına yıllar sonra dönüşünde,
Üçüncü Kadın, isimli romanda iki Fransız karakter Pierre Loti
ve Marc Hélys’in Oryantalizasyonunda ve Zinnur ve Nuriye
Hanım’ın Avrupalılaşmasında ve aldatıcı yansıtmasında
gözlemlenmektedir.
DEMOKRAT PARTİ DÖNEMİNDE SANAYİLEŞME FAALİYETLERİNİN GÜNLÜK HAYATA YANSIMALARI
Authors: Evsile Mehmet
Published: November 2022

Demokrat Parti iktidara geldiğinde, her alanda önceki iktidardan
farklı politikalar uygulayacağını ifade etmiştir. Bunlardan biri de
sanayileşme faaliyetleri olmuştur. Tek Parti döneminde devlet
ağırlıklı bir sanayileşme politikası uygulandığı halde, Demokrat
Parti bu alanda önceliği özel sektöre vermiş ve bu durum hükümet
programlana da yazılmıştır. Başlangıçta, mülkiyeti devlete ait olan
sanayi tesisleri özel sektöre devredilmeye başlanmışsa da, özel
sektörün yeterli sermaye birikimi, teknolojik alt yapı ve iş tecrübesi
gibi alanlarda yeterli olmadığı görüldüğünden, bu politikadan
vazgeçilmiş ve Demokrat Parti de devlet eliyle pek çok sanayi tesisi
açmak zorunda kalmıştır. Bu gelişmelere paralel olarak iş hayatı ile
ilgili problemler de ortaya çıkmıştır. Sanayileşme ile birlikte
tarımdan çekilen nüfusa yeterli iş imkânları oluşturulamamış, işçi
sayıları ihtiyaç duyulan seviyelere getirilememiş, işçilerin ücret ve
diğer sosyal haklarında yeterli ölçüde iyileştirmeler yapılamamıştır.
Demokrat Parti iktidarının ortalarından itibaren sanayi üretiminde
düşüşler yaşanmaya başlanmıştır. Bu makalede, şimdiye kadar
yapılan çalışmalara ilâve olarak Türkiye Büyük Millet Meclisi
Zabıt Cerîdesi’nden elde edilen bilgiler ışığında, Demokrat Parti
döneminde sanayileşme faaliyetlerinin günlük hayata yansımaları
incelenerek literatüre katkı sağlanmıştır.
İNGİLİZ CASUS ARKEOLOG GERTRUDE MARGARET LOWHTHİAN BELL İN 1909 VE 1911 YILI KUZEY MEZOPOTAMYA SEYAHATİNDEKİ ARKEOLOJİK FAALİYETLERİ
Authors: Kalaycı Alaaddin , Babila Muhsin Haji Azeez
Published: November 2022

Mezopotamya coğrafyası bereketli toprakları sayesinde
birçok medeniyete ev sahipliği yapmıştır. Bu medeniyetler
ise var oldukları dönem boyunca birçok eser inşa ederek
kendilerinden bir iz bırakmayı başarmıştır. 20. Yüzyılda
Mezopotamya coğrafyası Osmanlı imparatorluğu
sınırlarındaydı ve bu coğrafya birçok antik eserleri de
bünyesinde barındırmaktaydı. Avrupalı devletlerin
arkeoloji alanında gelişmesi ile birlikte bu gelişimi de
bölgede yaptığı ajanlık faaliyetlerinde kullanmayı
başarmıştır. Casus arkeologlardan birisi olan İngiliz
Gertrude Bell, Mezopotamya coğrafyasında hem arkeolojik
faaliyetler yaparak hem de Britanya adına istihbarat bilgileri
toplamıştır. Bu çalışma, Britanya Krallığı adına casusluk
yapan arkeolog Gertrude Bell’in Mezopotamya
coğrafyasında yapmış olduğu seyahatlerdeki arkeolojik
faaliyetleri açıklayarak, gezi ve kazılarında eskiçağ tarihi
açısından önemli olan bulguları aktarmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Water oxidation in oxygenic photosynthesis studied by magnetic resonance techniques
Authors: Lubitz Wolfgang , Pantazis Dimitrios A. , Cox Nicholas
Published: November 2022

The understanding of light‐induced biological water oxidation in oxygenic photosynthesis is of great importance both for biology and (bio)technological applications. The chemically difficult multistep reaction takes place at a unique protein‐bound tetra‐manganese/calcium cluster in photosystem II whose structure has been elucidated by X‐ray crystallography (Umena et al.Nature2011,473, 55). The cluster moves through several intermediate states in the catalytic cycle. A detailed understanding of these intermediates requires information about the spatial and electronic structure of the Mn4Ca complex; the latter is only available from spectroscopic techniques. Here, the important role of Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) and related double resonance techniques (ENDOR, EDNMR), complemented by quantum chemical calculations, is described. This has led to the elucidation of the cluster's redox and protonation states, the valence and spin states of the manganese ions and the interactions between them, and contributed substantially to the understanding of the role of the protein surrounding, as well as the binding and processing of the substrate water molecules, the O‐O bond formation and dioxygen release. Based on these data, models for the water oxidation cycle are developed.
First isolation of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum from farmed Rainbow Trout in Virginia
Authors: Smith Stephen A. , Newman Shelley J. , Harrison Courtney E. , Loch Thomas P.
Published: November 2022

Objective

Carnobacterium maltaromaticum is considered an emerging pathogen of salmonids in the United States and around the world.

Methods

Bacterial cultures obtained from the posterior kidney and skin of moribund Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss from a commercial aquaculture facility in Virginia, USA, grew C. maltaromaticum, which was confirmed by additional phenotypic and molecular characterization.

Result

A presumptive diagnosis based on the clinical signs, necropsy observations, histopathology, and bacterial cultures was bacterial septicemia due to C. maltaromaticum.

Conclusion

This represents the first documentation of C. maltaromaticum in Rainbow Trout from Virginia.
Exploring predictors of aggressive intrusive thoughts and aggressive scripts: Similarities and differences in phenomenology
Authors: Fernandez Stephanie J. , Daffern Michael , Moulding Richard , Nedeljkovic Maja
Published: November 2022

Experiencing a thought about harming or injuring another person is commonly reported by the general population. Aggressive intrusive thoughts (AITs) and aggressive scripts are two constructs commonly used to define the experience of thinking about harming another person. However, they are generally investigated separately and with two significantly different population groups; respectively, individuals with obsessive‐compulsive disorder and people with a history of violent behavior. AITs and aggressive scripts are assumed to have very different implications for violence risk assessment, but conceptual overlap and an absence of empirical research renders this assumption premature. Using a battery of self‐report measures, this study aimed to investigate the differential predictors of AITs and aggressive script rehearsal in a nonclinical sample. Additionally, using regression analyses, the predictors of self‐reported aggressive behavior were explored in a sample of 412 adults (73% females; Mage = 31.96 years, SD = 11.02). Violence‐supportive beliefs and frequency of anger rumination predicted the frequency of aggressive script rehearsal, and aggressive script rehearsal, anger rumination, and violence‐supportive beliefs predicted a history of aggressive behavior. In contrast, obsessive beliefs were predictive of AITs, and only AITs were related to ego‐dystonicity. Both AITs and aggressive script rehearsal were related to the use of thought control strategies. These findings support the contributions that maladaptive beliefs have in the experience of aggressive scripts and AITs. Beliefs about violence, a history of aggressive behavior, and ego‐dystonicity appear to differentiate aggressive scripts from AITs.
How to Select Phase Change Materials for Tuning Condensation and Frosting?
Authors: Chatterjee Rukmava , Chaudhari Umesh , Anand Sushant
Published: November 2022

Synthetic surfaces engineered to regulate phase transitions of matter and exercise control over its undesired accrual (liquid or solid) play a pivotal role in diverse industrial applications. Over the years, the design of repellant surfaces has transitioned from solely modifying the surface texture and chemistry to identifying novel material systems. In this study, selection criteria are established to identify bio‐friendly phase change materials (PCMs) from an extensive library of vegetable‐based/organic/essential oils that can thermally respond by harnessing the latent heat released during condensation and thereby delaying ice/frost formation in the very frigid ambient that is detrimental to its functionality. Concurrently, a comprehensive investigation is conducted to elucidate the relation between microscale heat transport phenomena during condensation and the resulting macroscopic effects (e.g., delayed droplet freezing) on various solidified PCMs as a function of their inherent thermo‐mechanical properties. In addition, to freeze protection, many properties that are responsive to the thermal reflex of the surface, such as the ability to dynamically tune optical transparency, moisture harvesting, ice shedding, and quick in‐field repairability, are achievable, resulting in the development of protective coatings capable of spanning a wide range of functionalities and thereby having a distinctive edge over conventional solutions.
Superior High‐Temperature Energy Density in Molecular Semiconductor/Polymer All‐Organic Composites
Authors: Zhang Bin , Chen Xiao‐ming , Pan Zhe , Liu Peng , Mao Minmin , Song Kaixin , Mao Zhu , Sun Rong , Wang Dawei , Zhang Shujun
Published: November 2022

High‐temperature dielectric polymers are in constant demand for the multitude of high‐power electronic devices employed in hybrid vehicles, grid‐connected photovoltaic and wind power generation, to name a few. There is still a lack, however, of dielectric polymers that can work at high temperature (> 150 °C). Herein, a series of all‐organic dielectric polymer composites have been fabricated by blending the n‐type molecular semiconductor 1,4,5,8‐naphthalenetetracarboxylic dianhydride (NTCDA) with polyetherimide (PEI). Electron traps are created by the introduction of trace amounts of n‐type small molecule semiconductor NTCDA into PEI, which effectively reduces the leakage current and improves the breakdown strength and energy storage properties of the composite at high temperature. Especially, excellent energy storage performance is achieved in 0.5 vol.% NTCDA/PEI at the high temperatures of 150 and 200 °C, e.g., ultrahigh discharge energy density of 5.1 J cm−3 at 150 °C and 3.2 J cm−3 at 200 °C with high discharge efficiency of 85–90%, which is superior to its state‐of‐the‐art counterparts. This study provides a facile and effective strategy for the design of high‐temperature dielectric polymers for advanced electronic and electrical systems.
Cerium‐Modified Mesoporous Antimony Doped Tin Oxide as Intercalation‐Free Charge Storage Layers for Electrochromic Devices
Authors: Klein Jonas , Alarslan Fatih , Steinhart Martin , Haase Markus
Published: November 2022

Charge storage layers are an important component of electrochromic devices, which are expected to exhibit high storage capacity and transparency as well as fast electron transfer rates. However, these layers often rely on the (de)intercalation of ions into the crystal lattice of the material and therefore require optimization to be compatible with non‐intercalating electrolytes. In this report, the post‐modification of mesoporous antimony‐doped tin oxide (ATO) nanoparticle layers with a redox‐active cerium compound is described. In particular, the switching of the Ce3+/Ce4+ couple on the conductive nanoparticle scaffold is demonstrated using tetrabutylammonium perchlorate as a non‐intercalating electrolyte. Remarkably, high storage capacities of up to 27 mC cm−2 and transmittance values of ≈90% are achieved. Variation of the antimony doping concentration revealed that nanoparticle layers doped with 15% Sb exhibit the highest capacity, which can be attributed to increased conductivity in the potential range where the Ce3+ ions are oxidized. Finally, the cerium‐modified ATO films show promising performance as charge storage layers in an electrochromic device with a viologen‐anchored ATO layer as the electrochromic working electrode. Switching times of ≈0.4 s highlight the fast electron transfer capability of the cerium‐decorated ATO layer, even when a non‐intercalating electrolyte is used.
A Low‐Cost and Recyclable Mg/SOCl2 Primary Battery Via Synergistic Solvation and Kinetics Regulation
Authors: Xu Qiuchen , Geng Shitao , Yuan Bin , Liao Meng , Ye Lei , Zhao Xiaoju , Wang Yan , Zhang Xiao , Wang Shuo , Qu Zongtao , Miao Han , Yang Zhibin , Gao Yue , Wang Bingjie , Zhou Yongfeng , Peng Huisheng , Sun Hao
Published: November 2022

Lithium/thionyl chloride (Li/SOCl2) primary batteries are appealing power solutions because of their remarkable electrochemical performances. However, their mass applications are hindered by the challenges in sustainability, cost and safety concerns owing to the employed Li chemistry. Here, magnesium (Mg) chemistry is shown as a promising alternative through synergistic optimization of electrolyte solvation and electrode reaction kinetics. The first Mg/SOCl2 primary battery yields surprisingly high specific capacities up to ≈14 000 mAh g−1 at a decent discharge voltage of ≈1.67 V, which outperforms the state‐of‐the‐art Mg‐based primary batteries. In addition, it retains almost 100% of the original capacity after 20‐day reservation. The impressive battery performances are originated from the stabilized MgCl2 formation on high‐surface‐area carbon cathode and suppressed Mg anode corrosion via the Mg‐induced solvation effect. Mg/SOCl2 primary batteries are promising candidates for low‐cost and recyclable power supplies, and they thus open new avenues for the development of sustainable battery chemistries.
Low‐Cost Zinc Substitution of Iron‐Based Prussian Blue Analogs as Long Lifespan Cathode Materials for Fast Charging Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Zhang Hang , Peng Jian , Li Lin , Zhao Yanan , Gao Yun , Wang Jiazhao , Cao Yuliang , Dou Shixue , Chou Shulei
Published: November 2022

Iron‐based Prussian blue analogs (Fe‐PBAs) are extensively studied as promising cathode materials for rechargeable sodium‐ion batteries owing to their high theoretical capacity, low‐cost and facile synthesis method. However, Fe‐PBAs suffer poor cycle stability and low specific capacity due to the low crystallinity and irreversible phase transition during excess sodium‐ion storage. Herein, a modified co‐precipitation method to prepare highly crystallized PBAs is reported. By introducing an electrochemical inert element (Zn) to substitute the high‐spin Fe in the Fe‐PBAs (ZnFeHCF‐2), the depth of charge/discharge is rationally controlled to form a highly reversible phase transition process for sustainable sodium‐ion storage. Minor lattice distortion and highly reversible phase transition process of ZnFeHCF‐2 during the sodium‐ions insertion and extraction are proved by in‐situ tests, which have significantly impacted the cycling stability. The ZnFeHCF‐2 shows a remarkably enhanced cycling performance with capacity retention of 58.5% over 2000 cycles at 150 mA g−1 as well as superior rate performance up to 6000 mA g−1 (fast kinetics). Furthermore, the successful fabrication of the full cell on the as‐prepared cathode and commercial hard carbon anode demonstrates their potential as high‐performance electrode materials for large‐scale energy storage systems.
Embedded 3D Printing of Multimaterial Polymer Lattices via Graph‐Based Print Path Planning
Authors: Weeks Robert D. , Truby Ryan L. , Uzel Sebastien G. M. , Lewis Jennifer A.
Published: November 2022

Recent advances in computational design and 3D printing enable the fabrication of polymer lattices with high strength‐to‐weight ratio and tailored mechanics. To date, 3D lattices composed of monolithic materials have primarily been constructed due to limitations associated with most commercial 3D printing platforms. Here, freeform fabrication of multi‐material polymer lattices via embedded three‐dimensional (EMB3D) printing is demonstrated. An algorithm is developed first that generates print paths for each target lattice based on graph theory. The effects of ink rheology on filamentary printing and the effects of the print path on resultant mechanical properties are then investigated. By co‐printing multiple materials with different mechanical properties, a broad range of periodic and stochastic lattices with tailored mechanical responses can be realized opening new avenues for constructing architected matter.
In Situ Confinement of Ultrasmall Metal Nanoparticles in Short Mesochannels for Durable Electrocatalytic Nitrate Reduction with High Efficiency and Selectivity
Authors: Xu Hui , Chen Junliang , Zhang Zhenghao , Hung Chin‐Te , Yang Jianping , Li Wei
Published: November 2022

Electrocatalytic reduction is a sustainable approach for NO3− removal and high‐value N‐containing compounds manufacturing, which, however, is strongly obstructed by sluggish kinetics, low selectivity, and poor stability. Herein, the in situ confinement of ultrasmall CuPd alloy nanoparticles in mesochannels of conductive core–shell structured carbon nanotubes@mesoporous carbon substrates (CNTs@mesoC@CuPd) via a simple molecule‐mediated interfacial assembly method is reported. As a catalyst for electrocatalytic NO3− reduction, the CNTs@mesoC@CuPd shows a splendid conversion efficiency (100%), N2 selectivity (98%), cycling stability (>30 days), and removal capacity as high as 30 000 mg N g−1 CuPd, which are much superior to most of the prior reports. Notably, experimental (in situ testing and isotopic labeling) and theoretical results unveil that bimetallic and monometallic catalysts for electrocatalytic NO3− reduction exhibit exclusive selectivity for N2 and NH3, respectively. This in situ confinement strategy is universal for the synthesis of stable and highly accessible metallic catalysts, which opens an appealing way to synthesize advanced catalysts with high activity, selectivity, and stability.
From Nanoscopic to Macroscopic Materials by Stimuli‐Responsive Nanoparticle Aggregation
Authors: Liu Mingqian , Yang Man , Wan Xizi , Tang Zhiyong , Jiang Lei , Wang Shutao
Published: November 2022

Stimuli‐responsive nanoparticle (NP) aggregation plays an increasingly important role in regulating NP assembly into microscopic superstructures, macroscopic 2D, and 3D functional materials. Diverse external stimuli are widely used to adjust the aggregation of responsive NPs, such as light, temperature, pH, electric, and magnetic fields. Many unique structures based on responsive NPs are constructed including disordered aggregates, ordered superlattices, structural droplets, colloidosomes, and bulk solids. In this review, the strategies for NP aggregation by external stimuli, and their recent progress ranging from nanoscale aggregates, microscale superstructures to macroscale bulk materials along the length scales as well as their applications are summarized. The future opportunities and challenges for designing functional materials through NP aggregation at different length scales are also discussed.
Ultra‐Low Resistivity Copper Mesh as Embedded Current Collector Layer for Inkjet‐Printed Flexible Electrochromic Device Realizing Fast Response and Uniform Coloration
Authors: Hu Zishou , Tang Xueqing , Chen Xiaolian , Huang Chenchao , Xu Wenya , Nie Shuhong , Zhao Zhigang , Wu Xinzhou , Su Wenming , Cui Zheng
Published: November 2022

Flexible electrochromic devices (FECDs) hold great promise for energy‐saving static displays. As the most widely used flexible transparent electrode (FTE) material for FECDs, the indium tin oxide (ITO) coated on polyethylene terephthalate (PET‐ITO) suffers from relatively high sheet resistance which can cause nonuniform coloration during the device operation, hindering the development of large‐area FECDs. Herein, a hybrid FTE is developed in which an additional copper (Cu) mesh as an embedded current collector layer underneath the ITO film to achieve ultra‐low sheet resistance (<0.2 Ω □−1) compared to that of PET‐ITO (≈35 Ω □−1). The figure of merit (FoM) of the fabricated Cu mesh‐ITO is calculated to be 9500, nearly 200 times better than that of PET‐ITO. A binary‐solvent ink of electrochromic polymer (ECP‐magenta) is also developed to realize the patterning of FECDs via the inkjet‐printing method. Consequently, the inkjet‐printed FECD exhibits a fast response (≤1.2/1.9 s for coloration/bleaching) and excellent stability (less than 15% degradation after 50 000 switching cycles). In addition, uniform coloration is realized within 1 s on a 10 × 10 cm2 large size FECD, indicating great promise for Cu mesh‐ITO as a new FTE material to replace PET‐ITO for large‐area FECDs.
Integration of Black Phosphorus Photoconductors with Lithium Niobate on Insulator Photonics
Authors: Wang Shifan , Chapman Robert James , Johnson Brett C. , Krasnokutska Inna , Tambasco Jean‐Luc J. , Messalea Kibret , Peruzzo Alberto , Bullock James
Published: November 2022

Photodetectors formed with layered two‐dimensional (2D) materials have shown significant potential for integration with photonic circuits, offering fast, high responsivity and low noise detection over a broad range of optical wavelengths. However, only preliminary trials of this concept have been performed on emerging photonics platforms such as lithium niobate on insulator (LNOI). In this study, a novel architecture consisting of ≈15 nm thick layered black phosphorus (bP) photoconductors draped over LNOI waveguides is demonstrated. The performance of these detectors is studied across the telecom bands at room temperature, and a high extrinsic responsivity of 148 mA W−1 is measured at λ = 1550 nm under low bias conditions (VDS = 0.3 V). The spectral response of the detectors is broad allowing the response of other photonic components, such as fiber‐to‐chip grating couplers, to be characterized in situ, without need to out‐couple the light. Finally, the speed of the bP detectors is found to be beyond our instrumentation, setting 100 ns as an upper‐limit rise/fall time, with the actual speed of the bP detector likely to be much faster.
Frenkel Defect Responsive Upconversion Through High‐Energy Radiation
Authors: Bian Hongyu , Qin Xian , Chen Xinwen , Wang Yu
Published: November 2022

Near‐infrared light excitable upconversion nanocrystals are extensively applied in anticounterfeiting, optical imaging, and biomedicine, wherein many mechanistic endeavors are made to manipulate energy transfer through chemical engineering. However, how external stimuli such as high‐energy radiation (X‐ray) influence the energy transfer of these upconversion nanoparticles remains poorly understood. Here a new strategy for energy transfer modulation through X‐ray irradiation in Yb3+ and Tm3+ co‐doped nanoparticles is reported. Mechanistic studies indicate that X‐ray induced Frenkel defects in crystal lattices, other than the variation of lanthanide valence or crystal symmetry, lead to energy mismatch between adjacent Yb3+ sensitizers and the resultant inefficient energy transfer from sensitizers to activators. Based on these findings, high‐contrast X‐ray imaging and long‐term information storage (over 50 days) using nanoparticle‐containing flexible films are demonstrated. This work offers insights into the understanding of light‐matter interaction by high‐energy radiation and provides a promising methodology for long‐term information storage and X‐ray imaging.
Superstrong Carbon Nanotube Yarns by Developing Multiscale Bundle Structures on the Direct Spin‐Line without Post‐Treatment
Authors: Cho Young Shik , Lee Jae Won , Kim Jaewook , Jung Yeonsu , Yang Seung Jae , Park Chong Rae
Published: November 2022

Super strong fibers, such as carbon or aramid fibers, have long been used as effective fillers for advanced composites. In this study, the highest tensile strength of 5.5 N tex−1 for carbon nanotube yarns (CNTYs) is achieved by controlling the micro‐textural structure through a facile and eco‐friendly bundle engineering process in direct spinning without any post‐treatment. Inspired by the strengthening mechanism of the hierarchical fibrillary structure of natural cellulose fiber, this study develops multiscale bundle structures in CNTYs whereby secondary bundles, ≈200 nm in thickness, evolve from the assembly of elementary bundles, 30 nm in thickness, without any damage, which is a basic load‐bearing element in CNTY. The excellent mechanical performance of these CNTYs makes them promising substitutes for the benchmark, lightweight, and super strong commercial fibers used for energy‐saving structural materials. These findings address how the tensile strength of CNTY can be improved without additional post‐treatment in the spinning process if the development of the aforementioned secondary bundles and the corresponding orientations are properly engineered.
A consensus list of ultrasound competencies for graduating emergency medicine residents
Authors: Haidar David A. , Peterson William J. , Minges Patrick G. , Carnell Jennifer , Nomura Jason T. , Bailitz John , Boyd Jeremy S. , Leo Megan M. , Liu E. Liang , Duanmu Youyou , Acuña Josie , Kessler Ross , Elegante Marco F. , Nelson Mathew , Liu Rachel B. , Lewiss Resa E. , Nagdev Arun , Huang Rob D.
Published: November 2022

Objectives

Emergency ultrasound (EUS) is a critical component of emergency medicine (EM) resident education. Currently, there is no consensus list of competencies for EUS training, and graduating residents have varying levels of skill and comfort. The objective of this study was to define a widely accepted comprehensive list of EUS competencies for graduating EM residents through a modified Delphi method.

Methods

We developed a list of EUS applications through a comprehensive literature search, the American College of Emergency Physicians list of core EUS benchmarks, and the Council of Emergency Medicine Residency‐Academy of Emergency Ultrasound consensus document. We assembled a multi‐institutional expert panel including 15 faculty members from diverse practice environments and geographical regions. The panel voted on the list of competencies through two rounds of a modified Delphi process using a modified Likert scale (1 = not at all important, 5 = very important) to determine levels of agreement for each application—with revisions occurring between the two rounds. High agreement for consensus was set at >80%.

Results

Fifteen of 15 panelists completed the first‐round survey (100%) that included 359 topics related to EUS. After the first round, 195 applications achieved high agreement, four applications achieved medium agreement, and 164 applications achieved low agreement. After the discussion, we removed three questions and added 13 questions. Fifteen of 15 panelists completed the second round of the survey (100%) with 209 of the 369 applications achieving consensus.

Conclusion

Our final list represents expert opinion on EUS competencies for graduating EM residents. We hope to use this consensus list to implement a more consistent EUS curriculum for graduating EM residents and to standardize EUS training across EM residency programs.
Implications of holdfast availability and patchiness on juvenile seahorse (Hippocampus reidi) condition and welfare: Simulations in captivity
Authors: Planas Miquel
Published: November 2022

Seahorses (Genus Hippocampus; Family Syngnathidae) are iconic fish characterised by tails with prehensile capabilities, which develop after the transition from planktonic to benthonic lifestyle. As a result, seahorses remain attached to vegetal structures or other elements most of the time, both in the wild and under rearing conditions. In the present simulation study, we assessed the effect of artificial holdfast structures on the welfare of Hippocampus reidi juveniles maintained for 30 days under culture conditions. For that, both availability and patchiness of holdfast elements were considered, simulating different levels of habitat complexity. The results attained on the bioindicators assessed (survival, growth, distribution and final colouration) suggest that the viability of juveniles deprived of holdfast elements was not hampered. However, the differences observed in the final colouration of juveniles would be the result of superior welfare condition in fishes maintained in the presence of attachment structures. In addition, lower aggregation of juveniles was promoted by low complexity in simulated habitats. The results seem to indicate that habitat complexity in the wild does not affect juvenile's viability but provides better conditions for shelter and fast access to prey. However, further investigations are needed to evaluate potential detrimental effects of holdfast unavailability as a potential physiological stressor factor.
Cover crops affect soybean yield components, but not grain quality
Authors: Euteneuer Pia , Wagentristl Helmut , Neugschwandtner Reinhard W. , Pauer Stefan , Keimerl Matthias , Piepho Hans‐Peter , Steinkellner Siegrid
Published: November 2022

Cover cropping is mainly used to prevent soil erosion, but the effects of individual cover crops on the subsequent soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are hardly known. Therefore, two annual field trials with 15 cover crop species and bare fallow as control were conducted in semi‐arid East Austria in 2016 and 2017. Cover crops were sown in July in 3‐ × 10‐m plots in a randomized block design with three replicates and were incorporated in mid‐April before soybean were seeded. Cover crop biomass differed between plant species and year (2016, 626 ± 390; 2017, 84 ± 86.1 g m−2). Aboveground cover crop biomass did not affect soybean establishment, but single cover crop species such as ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam. var. westerwoldicum Wittm.), kidney vetch (Anthyllis vulneraria L.), and corn cockle (Agrostemma githago L.) impeded soybean seeding due to high root densities and prevented germination or fostered outbreak of two‐spotted spider mites (Tetranychus urticae Koch). These three cover crops reduced soybean grain yield by 12–84%. Grain yield was a function of grain density m−2 in a three‐way interaction with year and cover crop treatment, but not by plant or pod density. Protein, oil, and sucrose content of soybean were unaffected by cover crop treatments. Overall, with the exception of ryegrass, kidney vetch, and corn cockle, cover crops can be grown ahead of soybean without any yield loss and can be used for their versatile ecosystem services.
The heart in RASopathies
Authors: Delogu Angelica Bibiana , Limongelli Giuseppe , Versacci Paolo , Adorisio Rachele , Kaski Juan Pablo , Blandino Rita , Maiolo Stella , Monda Emanuele , Putotto Carolina , De Rosa Gabriella , Chatfield Kathryn C. , Gelb Bruce D. , Calcagni Giulio
Published: November 2022

The cardiovascular phenotype associated with RASopathies has expanded far beyond the original descriptions of pulmonary valve stenosis by Dr Jaqueline Noonan in 1968 and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy by Hirsch et al. in 1975. Because of the common underlying RAS/MAPK pathway dysregulation, RASopathy syndromes usually present with a typical spectrum of overlapping cardiovascular anomalies, although less common cardiac defects can occur. The identification of the causative genetic variants has enabled the recognition of specific correlations between genotype and cardiac phenotype. Characterization and understanding of genotype–phenotype associations is not only important for counseling a family of an infant with a new diagnosis of a RASopathy condition but is also critical for their clinical prognosis with respect to cardiac disease, neurodevelopment and other organ system involvement over the lifetime of the patient. This review will focus on the cardiac manifestations of the most common RASopathy syndromes, the relationship between cardiac defects and causal genetic variation, the contribution of cardiovascular abnormalities to morbidity and mortality and the most relevant follow‐up issues for patients affected by RAS/MAPK pathway diseases, with respect to cardiac clinical outcomes and management, in children and in the adult population.
Progress on Pyridotriazole Chemistry: Synthesis and Transformations
Authors: Shen Ruwei , Yin Kaixin , Yu Mengyuan , Li Xiaojie
Published: November 2022

Pyridotriazoles are an important subclass of azacyclic compounds. Although known in early 1950s, these compounds aroused little attention in synthetic chemistry for a long time. This situation has changed during the past years as ever‐increasing recognitions on their rich properties and reactivities. Particularly, the recent exploration on their potentials as carbene or metal carbene precursors in denitrogenative transformations catalytically or non‐catalytically has met considerable success. A lot of new synthetic approaches towards azacyclic compounds such as indolizines, imidazopyridines, pyridoisoquinolinones and pyridoindoles as well as a wide range of functionalized pyridines have been established based on the transformations of pyridotriazoles. Meanwhile, a considerable number of new reactions are developed for the synthesis of pyridotriazoles. In particular, the development of new transition‐metal catalyzed tandem reactions has enabled selective generation of diverse pyridotriazoles in efficient manners from simple starting materials. This review surveys main advances in this field over the last two decades and aims to provide an up‐to‐date overview on the knowledge of pyridotriazole chemistry.
Lowering fasting blood glucose with non‐dialyzable material of cranberry extract is dependent on host genetic background, sex and diet
Authors: Amer‐Sarsour Fatima , Tarabeih Rana , Ofek Itzhak , Iraqi Fuad A.
Published: November 2022

Background

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a polygenic metabolic disease, characterized by high fasting blood glucose (FBG). The ability of cranberry (CRN) fruit to regulate glycemia in T2D patients is well known. Here, a cohort of 13 lines of the genetically diverse Collaborative Cross (CC) mouse model was assessed for the effect of non‐dialyzable material (NDM) of cranberry extract in lowering fasting blood glucose.

Methods

Eight‐week‐old mice were maintained on either a standard chow diet (control group) or a high‐fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks, followed by injections of intraperitoneal (IP) NDM (50 mg/kg) per mouse, three times a week for the next 6 weeks. Absolute FBG (mg/dl) was measured bi‐weekly and percentage changes in FBG (%FBG) between weeks 0 and 12 were calculated.

Results

Statistical analysis showed a significant decrease in FBG between weeks 0 and 12 in male and female mice maintained on CHD. However, a non‐significant increase in FBG values was observed in male and female mice maintained on HFD during the same period. Following administration of NDM during the following 6 weeks, the results show a variation in significant levels of FBG lowering between lines, male and female mice and under the different diets.

Conclusion

The results suggest that the efficacy of NDM treatment in lowering FGB depends on host genetic background (pharmacogenetics), sex of the mouse (pharmacosex), and diet (pharmacodiet). All these results support the need for follow‐up research to better understand and implement a personalized medicine approach/utilization of NDM for reducing FBG.
Heavy Elements and Electromagnetic Transients from Neutron Star Mergers
Authors: Rosswog Stephan , Korobkin Oleg
Published: November 2022

Compact binary mergers involving neutron stars can eject a fraction of their mass to space. Being extremely neutron rich, this material undergoes rapid neutron capture nucleosynthesis, and the resulting radioactivity powers fast, short‐lived electromagnetic transients known as kilonova or macronova. Such transients are exciting probes of the most extreme physical conditions and their observation signals the enrichment of the Universe with heavy elements. Here the current understanding of the mass ejection mechanisms, the properties of the ejecta, and the resulting radioactive transients are reviewed. The first well‐observed event in the aftermath of GW170817 delivered a wealth of insights, but much of today's picture of such events is still based on a patchwork of theoretical studies. Apart from summarizing the current understanding, questions where no consensus has been reached yet are also pointed out, and possible directions for the future research are sketched. In an appendix, a publicly available heating rate library based on the WinNet nuclear reaction network is described, and a simple fit formula to alleviate the implementation in hydrodynamic simulations is provided.
A Ferroelectric Aminophosphonium Cyanoferrate with a Large Electrostrictive Coefficient as a Piezoelectric Nanogenerator
Authors: Vijayakanth Thangavel , Sahoo Supriya , Kothavade Premkumar , Bhan Sharma Vijay , Kabra Dinesh , Zaręba Jan K. , Shanmuganathan Kadhiravan , Boomishankar Ramamoorthy
Published: November 2022

Hybrid materials possessing piezo‐ and ferroelectric properties emerge as excellent alternatives to conventional piezoceramics due to their merits of facile synthesis, lightweight nature, ease of fabrication and mechanical flexibility. Inspired by the structural stability of aminophosphonium compounds, here we report the first A3BX6type cyanometallate [Ph2(iPrNH)2P]3[Fe(CN)6] (1), which shows a ferroelectric saturation polarization (Ps) of 3.71 μC cm−2. Compound1exhibits a high electrostrictive coefficient (Q33) of 0.73 m4 C−2, far exceeding those of piezoceramics (0.034–0.096 m4 C−2). Piezoresponse force microscopy (PFM) analysis demonstrates the polarization switching and domain structure of1further confirming its ferroelectric nature. Furthermore, thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) polymer composite films of1were prepared and employed as piezoelectric nanogenerators. Notably, the 15 wt %1‐TPU device gave a maximum output voltage of 13.57 V and a power density of 6.03 μW cm−2.
Ferroelectric Ionic Molecular Crystals with Significant Plasticity and a Low Melting Point: High Performance in Hot‐Pressed Polycrystalline Plates and Melt‐Grown Crystalline Sheets
Authors: Harada Jun , Takahashi Haruka , Notsuka Rin , Takehisa Mika , Takahashi Yukihiro , Usui Tomoyasu , Taniguchi Hiroki
Published: November 2022

Among ferroelectric crystals based on small molecules, plastic/ferroelectric crystals are currently receiving particular attention because they can be used as bulk polycrystals. Herein, we show that an ionic molecular ferroelectric crystal, guanidinium tetrafluoroborate, exhibits significant malleability and multiaxial ferroelectricity despite the absence of a plastic crystal phase. Powder samples of this crystal can be processed into transparent bulk crystalline plates either by press‐forming or by melt‐growing. The plates show high ferroelectric performance and related properties, demonstrating the largest hitherto reported spontaneous polarization for bulk polycrystals of small‐molecule‐based ferroelectrics. Owing to the ready availability of large‐scale materials and processability into various bulk crystalline forms, this ferroelectric crystal represents a highly promising functional material that will boost research on diverse applications as bulk crystals.
Deep Learning‐Enhanced Potentiometric Aptasensing with Magneto‐Controlled Sensors
Authors: Mou Junsong , Ding Jiawang , Qin Wei
Published: November 2022

Bioelectronic sensors that report charge changes of a biomolecule upon target binding enable direct and sensitive analyte detection but remain a major challenge for potentiometric measurement, mainly due to Debye Length limitations and the need for molecular‐level platforms. Here, we report on a magneto‐controlled potentiometric method to directly and sensitively measure the target‐binding induced charge change of DNA aptamers assembled on magnetic beads using a polymeric membrane potentiometric ion sensor. The potentiometric responses of the negatively charged aptamer, serving as a receptor and reporter, were dynamically controlled and modulated by applying a magnetic field. Based on a potentiometric array, this non‐equilibrium measurement technique combined with deep learning algorithms allows for rapidly and reliably classifying and quantifying diverse small molecules using antibiotics as models. This potentiometric strategy opens new modalities for sensing applications.
Intertwining Olefin Thianthrenation with Kornblum/Ganem Oxidations: Ene‐type Oxidation to Furnish α,β‐Unsaturated Carbonyls
Authors: Angyal Péter , Kotschy András M. , Dudás Ádám , Varga Szilárd , Soós Tibor
Published: November 2022

A widely applicable, practical, and scalable synthetic method for efficient ene‐type double oxidation of alkenes is reported via a two‐step alkenyl thianthrenium umpolung/Kornblum‐Ganem oxidation strategy. This chemo‐ and stereoselective procedure allows easy access to various α,β‐unsaturated carbonyls that may be otherwise difficult or cumbersome to synthesize by conventional methods. For α‐olefins, this metal‐free transformation can be tuned according to synthetic needs to produce either the elusive (Z)‐unsaturated aldehydes or their (E) counterparts. Moreover, this strategy has enabled streamlined synthesis of distinct butadienyl pheromones and kairomones.