bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reactions of Alkenes with03
Authors: Calvert J G , Atkinson R , Kerr J A , Madronich S , Moortgat G K , Wallington, T J , Yarwood G
Published: November 2023

The gas-phase reactions of 03 with alkenes proceed by initial addition of 03 to the > C=C < bond(s) (Atkinson and Carter, 1984; Atkinson, 1994, 1997b). This mechanism is supported by the observed small deuterium isotope effect on the measured rate coefficients for ethene and ethene-d4, and propene and propene-d6: kHIk0 of 0.83 ± 0.06 and 0.86 ± 0.02, respectively, at 299 ± 2 K (Japar et al., 1974b). Further evidence that addition is the dominant reaction mechanism comes from the observation that the Oralkene rate coefficients show the same effects of alkyl-radical substitutions on the > C=C < bond as is observed in the OH-alkene and NOralkene reactions, for which the addition mechanism is well established; see table IV-A-1.
Theories, Hypotheses, and Statistics
Authors: Scheiner Samuel M
Published: November 2023

Ecology is more and more an experimental science. Ecologists are increasing their use of experiments to test theories regarding organizing principles in nature (Hairston 1989; Resetarits and Bernardo 1998). However, ecological experiments, whether carried out in laboratories, greenhouses, or nature, present many statistical difficulties. Basic statistical assumptions are often seriously violated. Highly unbalanced designs are often encountered as a result of the loss of organisms or other biological realities. Obstacles such as the large scale of ecological processes or cost limitations hinder treatment replication.
ANOVA and ANCOVA: Field Competition Experiments
Authors: E.Goldberg Deborah , Scheiner Samuel M
Published: November 2023

Competition has occupied a central place in ecological theory since Darwin’s time, and experiments on competition have been conducted on many different organisms from many different environments (see reviews in Jackson 1981; Connell 1983; Schoener 1983; Hairston 1989; Gurevitch et al. 1992). There are many different kinds of competition experiments. The main focus of this chapter is how to choose the appropriate designs and statistical analyses for addressing particular kinds of questions about competition. Such choices depend on many aspects of the questions and systems under study.
Repeated-measures Analysis: Growth and Other Time-dependent Measures
Authors: von Ende Carl N
Published: November 2023

There are many situations in which ecologists make repeated measurements on the same individual, on the same experimental unit, or at the same sampling site. Most commonly, some characteristic or factor is measured at several different times. For example, we may be interested in how body size, plant size, survivor ship, clutch size, population size, nutrient level, or pollutant level change over time for different populations, locations, or experimental treatments. A second type of study involving repeated measurements exposes each individual organism to different levels of some treatment and measures its response at each level.
Path Analysis: Pollination
Authors: Mitchell Randall J
Published: November 2023

Naturalists have recognized the importance of pollination in plant reproduction for more than 2500 years (Baker 1983). However, modem attempts to understand the details of this interaction have faced numerous difficulties. The major complication is that plant reproduction involves a number of sequential and relatively distinct stages, and experimental investigation of all the stages simultaneously is not feasible. Consider, for example, reproduction of the herbaceous monocarp (dies after reproducing) scarlet gilia (Ipomopsis aggregata, Polemoniaceae), found in mountains of western North America.
Meta-analysis: Combining the Results of Independent Experiments
Authors: Gurevitch Jessica , Hedges Larry V
Published: November 2023

In this chapter, we examine methods to statistically combine the results of separate studies to reach general conclusions. The statistical synthesis of the results of independent experiments is known as meta-analysis. These relatively new statistical techniques have been introduced fairly recently to the field of ecology (Gurevitch et al. 1992; Arnqvist and Wooster 1995), although they have had considerable influence on research synthesis in medicine (e.g., Sacks et al. 1987; Chalmers et al. 1989) and in the social sciences (e.g., Glass et al. 1981; Hyde and Linn 1986).
Talking as a Decision Procedure
Authors: Schauer Frederick
Published: November 2023

It is a source of continuing astonishment for me that such a small percentage of even my soundest opinions command widespread assent. Indeed, my only source of solace in this is the knowledge that most others experience life in similar ways and thus must confront daily the obtuseness of their fellow citizens. For many of us, the resistance of other members of the community to even our strongest arguments is a continuing and puzzling frustration.
Three Limitations of Deliberative Democracy: Identity Politics, Bad Faith, and Indeterminacy
Authors: Simon William H
Published: November 2023

In Democracy and Disagreement, Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson elaborate a liberal political style designed to complement the substantive liberalism they and others have developed in recent years. The style they portray is deliberative, and its essence is the appeal to principle.
Deliberation, and What Else?
Authors: Walzer Michael
Published: November 2023

The recent outpouring of books and articles on deliberative democracy is very impressive, and many of the arguments are persuasive. But there has been so little disagreement about deliberation-and no effort at all to consider its contexts and complements-that the idea is in danger of becoming common-place and sterile.1 So I intend to indulge a contrarian impulse and try to make a list of all the nondeliberative activities that democratic politics legitimately, and perhaps even necessarily, involves. I doubt that the list is exhaustive, though I have not knowingly left anything out. As will quickly become obvious, I have not made deliberation synonymous with thinking; mine is not a list of thoughtless activities. Deliberation here describes a particular way of thinking: quiet, reflective, open to a wide range of evidence, respectful of different views. It is a rational process of weighing the available data, considering alternative possibilities, arguing about relevance and worthiness, and then choosing the best policy or person.
Mutual Respect as a Device of Exclusion
Authors: Fish Stanley
Published: November 2023

A good part of the argument of Democracy and Disagreement appeared earlier in Gutmann and Thompson’s influential essay “Moral Conflict and Political Consensus.”1 That piece begins by observing that “religious controversy has traditionally been regarded as the paradigm of moral conflict that does not belong on the political agenda”2 (because it is intractable) and fairly quickly turns into a discussion of how to exclude from that agenda policies favoring racial discrimination. The authors think of themselves as going against the grain of Nagel-like appeals to higher-order principle, but in the end (and predictably) they make just such an appeal themselves in the name of”mutual respect.”
Constitutionalism and Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Knight Jack
Published: November 2023

The contemporary debate about deliberative democracy often has a rather utopian quality. Advocates of deliberation regularly take it as self-evident truth that deliberation is a superior form of democratic decision-making. Similarly, many maintain the view that the only things that prevent deliberation from producing a consensus on complex social questions are constraints on time, energy, and resources. In addition, a positive and reciprocal relationship between individual attitudes and collective deliberation is assumed: On the one hand, deliberation requires a certain open and generous stance of mutual respect on the part of the participants, while on the other hand, we are assured that participation in the deliberative process will develop such an individual perspective. And, perhaps most important, the primary focus of the debate remains on abstract conceptions of deliberation, without much attention to how deliberative democracy can actually be institutionalized and maintained. In Democracy and Disagreement, Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson interject a significant dose of realism into the debate over the value of deliberation for democratic decision-making.1 They should be commended for advancing this debate on several fronts.
Internal Disagreements: Deliberation and Abortion
Authors: Wertheimer Alan
Published: November 2023

Amy Gutmann and Dennis Thompson’s Democracy and Disagreement is a major contribution to liberal egalitarian democratic theory. Unlike many works in democratic theory, the book does not speak to institutions or voting schemes. It goes to the moral spirit of interpersonal relations among citizens and their representatives. The core idea of the book is allegedly “simple”: “When citizens or their representatives disagree morally, they should continue to reason together to reach mutually acceptable decisions” (1). But just as the “one very simple principle” of Mill’s On Liberty turns out to be more than one principle, none of which are very simple, the authors’ core idea is rich and complex. And like Mill’s harm principle, their core idea gives rise to questions and difficulties for those, like myself, who are genuinely sympathetic with the project. In what follows, I want to discuss four issues that are internal to their theory. First, I want to ask what it means to seek “mutually acceptable decisions.” Second, I suggest that they do not do as much to accommodate those with whom they disagree as their theory suggests that they should. Third, I suggest that the authors’ account of the principles that should constrain the deliberative process may provide less space for genuine disagreement and democratic choice than a robust theory of democracy should permit. Fourth, I shall examine how their theory might approach the way in which citizens and representatives should view the results of a voting process.
Communicating a Poor Prognosis
Authors: Fischer Gary S , Tulsky, James A , Arnold Robert M
Published: November 2023

One of the most essential tasks in caring for a dying patient is communicating the prognosis accurately to the patient. Not only do patients need accurate prognostic information to make informed, rational decisions about their medical treatment,1-3 but they also need the opportunity to prepare for the expected course of their illness and eventual death. An honest, sensitive, and compassionate discussion about a poor prognosis sets the stage for an exploration of the emotions, fears, and spiritual needs surrounding the dying process.4 Furthermore, the quality of the prognostic discussion has an important influence on the patient’s emotional and physical well-being.
Symptom Assessment Outcomes in Home-Based Palliative Care
Authors: Conno Franco De , Martini Cinzia
Published: November 2023

In view of the fact that 90% of patients assisted by palliative care centers suffer from advanced cancer,1 the purpose of this chapter is to analyze the use of symptom assessment as outcome of home-based palliative care strategies for advanced cancer patients.
General Introduction
Authors: Krebs Charles J
Published: November 2023

We focus in this book on one particular part of the boreal forest, the Kluane sector of the Western Mountains region described by Rowe (1972) and Botkin and Simpson (1989). The Kluane region of the boreal forest differs from the surrounding regions in its relatively high elevation and in its location in the climatic rain shadow of the St. Elias Mountains. The white spruce is the only conifer in this area, and typical boreal forest trees such as black spruce, paper birch, lodgepole pine, and larch are absent at Kluane, although they occur within 200 km both northwest and southeast of Kluane. The relatively high elevation of the Kluane area (600-1100 m) is reflected in a colder climate and lower productivity than one finds farther north in central Alaska or in the southeastern Yukon.
Word Philology and Text Philology in Analects 9:1
Authors: Bruce Brooks E , Taeko Brooks A
Published: November 2023

Sinological method, over the years, has largely focused on the philology of the single word and its meanings. Its concern with a text has traditionally been to ask whether it is authentic or not. If it is, it counts as an area within which consistent word and concept usage may be expected to obtain. If it is not, it is generally not much discussed by scholars. The problems raised by compound or complex texts, which have an identity but are not homogeneous in the way that integral texts are homogeneous, have scarcely been noticed. This traditional lack has not been made good by the availability of modern Western textual expertise, whose principal model is also a presumed single compositional starting point, from which variant texts gradually diverge.1
An Existentialist Reading of Book 4 of the Analects
Authors: Yearley Lee H
Published: November 2023

Among the more haunting of the many haunting passages in the Analects is the one that begins “The more I strain my gaze towards it, the higher it soars. The deeper I bore down into it, the harder it becomes. I see it in front; but suddenly it is behind” (Waley 9: 10). The comment describes, it could be said, not only the Confucian Way but also the figure or, better, figures of Confucius that appear in the text, as well as the text itself, or at least significant parts of it.
Introduction: Death in September
Authors: McPherson James M
Published: November 2023

Despite the ghastly events of September 11, 2001, another September day 139 years earlier remains the bloodiest single day in American history. The 6,300 to 6,500 Union and Confederate soldiers killed and mortally wounded near the Maryland village of Sharpsburg on September 17, 1862, were more than twice the number of fatalities suffered in the terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center and the Pentagon on September 11, 2001.
The Pendulum of War 1861–1862
Authors: McPherson James M
Published: November 2023

In most civil wars or revolutions, the insurrectionary army must fight to gain control of land, or government, or both. In the American Civil War, however, the eleven states of the Confederacy established a functioning government at Richmond in May 1861 with its armies in control of virtually all of the 750,000 square miles that constituted its national territory. To “win “ the war that began with Confederate seizure of Fort Sumter, the South needed only to defend what it already possessed by repelling enemy invasions and wearing out the will of the Northern people to carry on the war.
Showdown at Sharpsburg
Authors: McPherson James M
Published: November 2023

The first casualty of the Confederate invasion was the anticipation that Marylanders would flock to the Southern banner. The disappointment was great, because hopes had been high. Composed the previous year by a Confederate exile from Baltimore, the words of “Maryland, My Maryland “ could be sung to the familiar tune of “O Tannenbaum”: Walter Taylor declared on September 7 that “now is the time for Maryland or never. After this if she does not rise, hush up ‘My Maryland.’ “ A South Carolina soldier had “no dout that we will get 50000 in this state.”
The Sounds of Milan, 1585–1650
Authors: Kendrick Robert L
Published: November 2023

In this book, a follow-up to his 1996 monograph Celestial Sirens, Robert Kendrick examines the cultural contexts of music in early-modern Milan. This book describes the churches and palaces that served as performance spaces in Milan, analyses the power structures in the city, discusses the devotional rites of the Milanese, and explores the connections among city-politics, city-scape and music. Milan's music, Kendrick argues, was the best representation of that city's symbolic system. More than a typical "patrons and institutions" analysis of music's influences, The Sounds of Milan makes use of social anthropological methods to illuminate the roles of composers, performers and audiences. Kendrick traces the rise of polyphony from early appearances in secular music to an important feature of devotional music, all occurring under the careful regulation of the church hierarchy. He illuminates how lay musicians, organised into professional guilds, collaborated on civic festivals and even borrowed from one another's work. Reflecting extensive research into architecture, art, politics, religion, this book offers a complete and interdisciplinary portrait of Milan, one of the most vibrant -- and most musical -- cities in early-modern Italy.
Rites and Rituals
Authors: Kendrick Robert L
Published: November 2023

The social behavior around the music included the codified actions of Ambrosian or Roman liturgy; the musically colored gestures of Marian, sanctoral, and royal intercession; and the regular processions of the civic body. But the more contingent moments of urban display-entries, funerals, and extraordinary events-were also marked by chant and polyphony. An understanding of a significant portion of the repertory involves the invocation of ritual context.
Reconstruction and Reformulation, 1630–1650
Authors: Kendrick Robert L
Published: November 2023

As Donati moved himself, his daughter, his possessions, and his music up from Lodi to the maestro’s lodgings in the Campo Santo in April 1631, he came to a city whose musical landscape seemed suddenly unrecognizable. Two generations who had shaped polyphony for forty years-Arnone, Cantone, the Cimas, Lomazzo, Corradi, Comanedo, Ala, Varese, Bellazzi, Pellegrini, Francesco Rognoni, two-thirds of the Duomo singers-were gone.
University Years
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick
Published: November 2023

Chumann ‘S Eagerness To Leave Zwickau Was Due Not To specific attractions of Leipzig, but rather to his yearning for independence and a change of scene. Leipzig-with a population ten times that of Zwickau-provided him with his first extended contact with urban life. It was a bustling, mercantile center, noted for its publishing industry (its book fairs attracted buyers from all over Europe). Music publishing flourished as well: two of the most prestigious publishers in Europe, Breitkopf & Hartel and Hofmeister, were located there.
The League of David
Authors: Jensen Eric Frederick
Published: November 2023

It was my good fortune to be part of a great event: to be a member of the League, and to be permitted to participate in that unique journey with them. What wonder it had at the time, like a meteor flashing through the heavens! “ SCHUMANN WROTE ON l JULY 1831, “completely new characters make their appearance in the diary. Two of my best friends-although I have never seen them: Florestan and Eusebius.”1 Schumann’s whimsical announcement concealed his intentions. His new friends were to become the two most famous characters in a larger creation of Schumann: the Davidsbund (“League of David”). During the 1830s, the League seemed to take on a life of its own, presenting his ideas about the musical life of his day and the direction he wanted it to pursue.
Definitions
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

This book is about interoception. Interoception is a concept with which many, even in the professional psychobiology community, are not familiar despite the fact that investigation of interoceptors (defined in the quotes above) and interoceptive processes goes back more than a century. Basically, interoception is synonymous with sensory-perceptual processes for events occurring inside the body, including visceral perception (i.e., conscious awareness of visceral function). In the past, visceral pain was usually included as part of interoception. Proprioceptive sensations and labyrinthine functions often were not. Proprioception is included, as are other processes, in the broader definition of interoception to be proposed below. Before proceeding to this broader definition and perspective, a brief historical review of the early study of interoceptive processes is provided. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of some additional issues and an outline of the book.
The James–Lange Theory of Emotion
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

Claude Bernard, a French physiologist, is credited with developing the concept of the milieu intérieur in the mid-nineteenth century. It states that a major function of the body is to maintain constancy of the various internal conditions and functions. Implicit in this concept is the idea that the body must have many highly reliable body—brain mechanisms to sense and monitor the multiple physiological conditions that require control, as well as mechanisms to change these states and conditions whenever necessary. His theory highlighted the importance of the border formed by the skin and the lining of the gastrointestinal tract between the organism and the external world, the self and the non-self. It also served to emphasize the integrative nature of the control of the internal environment.
The Cardiovascular and Respiratory Systems
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

This chapter will address directly such questions as, Can one be aware of one’s cardiac, vascular, and/or respiratory functions? How reliable and valid is such awareness? Under what circumstances does such awareness occur? Can it be learned? Cardiac responses are of particular interest because there is a clear, discrete, relatively easily measured physiological response, although all visceral awareness studies share the problem that few, if any, independent criteria can indicate whether or not awareness actually occurred (e.g., evoked cortical EEG responses or functional imaging methods might serve this function). In subsequent chapters, awareness in other visceral organ systems, mainly the alimentary tract, will be addressed in the same way.
Pain, Proprioception, Phantom Limb, and Body Image
Authors: Cameron Oliver G
Published: November 2023

Visceral awareness is a component of a larger awareness, a larger sense, an awareness of the “I,” or the “me.” The “I” is usually not thought of as essentially a bodily awareness.If one loses a finger in an accident, the sense of self is not lost and does not even seem to be in any fundamental way diminished. The same can be said for the visceral organs. Nobody seems to lose her or his sense of self after an operation to donate a kidney or have a length of bowel removed. The self seems to exist independent of the body. But this apparent independence can and should be doubted. The essential role of visceral awareness in emo tion, and the essential role of emotion in the sense of self, serve as reminders of how important bodily sense is. As already discussed, Damasio (1994), taking the Jamesian position, has spoken of the importance of “somatic markers” of emotion and the sense of the body as “in the background” to the sense of self.
Concrete Literary Politics during the Reign of Napoleon
Authors: McMahon Darrin M
Published: November 2023

Late in 1800, an ephemeral publication in Paris complained of a sea change in French culture. A “great clamor rises up today against the philosophes and philosophie,” the journal lamented, drawing attention to a bevy of familiar names—La Harpe, Clément, Genlis, Grosier, and Geoffroy—as well as to the younger partisans, Chateaubriand, Fiévée, Esmenard, and their many “collaborators . . . not worthy of being named.” Writing for such newly re-established newspapers and reviews as the Année littéraire, the Journal des débats, and the Mercure, these men and women, together with their sacerdotal allies, formed a “black militia” that aimed to “hunt down and exterminate” philosophes. They were, the author alleged, “the principle directors of our present morale.”
Ethnic Identity, National Identity, and Intergroup Conflict: The Significance of Personal Experiences
Authors: Eriksen Thomas Hylland
Published: November 2023

There exists by now an enormous literature on contemporary ethnicity and nationalism in its various forms. It deals with a wide range of phenomena—North American multiculturalism and indigenous rights movements, postSoviet ethnonationalism in Central and Eastern Europe, urban minority dilemmas and Islamic revivalism in Western Europe, indigenista movements in Latin America, and processes of political fission and fusion in contemporary Africa. The analytical focus of this chapter will be on the concept of identity. The na:ive question to be asked at the outset is: what is it about identity politics that makes it such a formidable force in the contemporary world? Some important issues will have to be omitted—notably the relationships among identity politics, globalization, and reflexive modernity (e.g., Bauman, 1993; Friedman, 1994; Giddens, 1994). Instead, what is offered amounts to an anthropological perspective on the relationship between personal identity and political identity, using conflicts based on identity politics as empirical examples.
Individual and Group Identities in Genocide and Mass Killing
Authors: Staub Ervin
Published: November 2023

Mass killing and genocide, in which a group turns against another with systematic and widespread violence, has been a tragic aspect of life in the 20th century. How does such violence, especially its most extreme form, genocide, come about? What is the motivation for such violence and how does it evolve? What are the social conditions, characteristics of cultures, and psychological processes of individuals that make it more likely? Most important for the present volume, what role do individual and group identities play in genocide and mass killing?
The Role of National Identity in Conflict Resolution: Experiences from Israeli-Palestinian Problem-Solving Workshops
Authors: Kelman Herbert C
Published: November 2023

My colleagues’ and my work as scholar-practitioners has focused on analysis and resolution of protracted, seemingly intractable conflicts between national, ethnic, or other kinds of identity groups, best exemplified by intercommunal conflicts, such as those in Cyprus, Northern Ireland, Sri Lanka, Bosnia, and apartheid South Africa. My own most intensive and extensive experience, over the past quarter-century, has been with the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and my analysis draws primarily on that experience.1
Conclusion: Toward a Social Identity Framework for Intergroup Conflict
Authors: Ashmore Richard D , Jussim Lee , Wilder David , Heppen Jessica
Published: November 2023

We began this volume with two goals: (1) to review and organize social scientific knowledge, across several disciplines, about social identity and intergroup conflict; (2) to set the stage for future work by highlighting the theories, concepts, and methods with the most promise. These goals provide the basic structure for this concluding chapter. First, we take a look back: we summarize the chapters, distill the major points, and identify areas of agreement and disagreement. Second, we take a look forward: again drawing from the preceding chapters, we present a framework that highlights the ideas that we feel should be the highest priority as we and other social and behavioral scientists attempt to construct a more comprehensive and coherent social identity perspective on intergroup conflict.
The Genre of Plataea Generic Unity in the New Simonides
Authors: Obbink Dirk
Published: November 2023

Among recent papyro logical finds, a portion of identifiably Simonidean elegy pre served on papyrus from Oxyrhynchus1 is almost without parallel in its potential for reorienting our thinking about early Greek poetry. The tale is a familiar one: a fragmentary ancient manuscript overlaps with another, previously known, but unidentified, and with two quotations in ancient authors. Out of the composite, a new poem can almost be said to exist. The cost for us is that difficulties are”raised in places where there were none:’2 Plutarch, who quotes several distichs, supplies an author and subject. The two papyrus manuscripts (POxy 3965 and 2327) provide us with two different copies of the poem,3 in all over one hundred completely or partially preserved lines of elegy that uniquely combine features of Pindaric encomion, Homeric phraseology, sub-epic narrative technique, and Tyrtaean battle themes to recount and memorialize a historical event of considerable military and political importance.
Epic and Epiphanies Herodotus and the “New Simonides”
Authors: Hornblower Simon
Published: November 2023

My aim in this essay is to measure the gap, if any, between what Herodotus was doing in his Histories and what Simonides was doing in his newly published poem. At first sight the two operations look similar because the subject matter is shared: they both describe a factual event, the battle of Plataea in 479 B.C.E. The productions of the two men are not even completely distinguishable by reference to meter, that is, to the specific forms of prose and poetry, because Herodotus, though not writing a poem, breaks into Homeric verse rhythms from time to time, in ways interestingly discussed by Deborah Boedeker in the present volume.’ This is something even Thucydides does occasionally for special effect and at moments of high emotion.2 So neither content nor form offers a way of distinguishing between the two genres. One obvious move at this early point would be to discard the notion of genre altogether as inappropriate to the pre-Aristotelian literary world we are dealing with. But that would not be right.In Thucydides (1.21) we have a clear distinction between on the one hand (outs ... oute) what the poets have hymned about, uuvf|Kaoi, and on the other hand what the logopoioi have composed, £uve0ecfqv. (The latter verb does not necessarily imply writing down, although it is too often so taken. That is, Thucydides is talking about genres, not distinguishing between oral and written.)
Simonides and Horace
Authors: Harrison Stephen
Published: November 2023

The intertextual relationship of Simonides and Horace has been much illuminated by the publication of the new Simonides fragments. The cautious judgement of Nisbet and Hubbard in their 1970 survey of the sources of the Odes in volume I of their classic commentary (“an occasional aphorism comes from Simonides”) marked an advance on some earlier treatments that ignored Simonides’ influence on Horace entirely; their volume II (1978) moved further, positing more Simonidean echoes, and this can now be supplemented by proposals of more extensive allusions. 1
“As Is the Generation of Leaves“ in Homer, Simonides, Horace, and Stobaeus
Authors: Sider David
Published: November 2023

This later passage surely echoes the earlier. As Richardson notes, there is a nice contrast between book 6, where Diomedes says that he would not fight Glaukos if he is a god, and book 21, where Apollo refuses to fight another god for the sake of mortals.
Communicating Information for Action within the Public Health System
Authors: Goodman Richard A , Remington Patrick L , Howard Robert J
Published: November 2023

Standard definitions for public health surveillance specify the requirement for the timely dissemination of findings to those who have contributed and others who need to know (1-3). In the United States, surveillance findings have been disseminated through the MMWR series of publications, public health bulletins in states, and special reports in peer-reviewed journals. Even though new technologies and epidemiologic methodologies have dramatically improved the collection and analysis of surveillance data, however, public health programs have lagged in developing effective approaches to the dissemination of surveillance findings-and to the ultimately successful communication of those findings (see also Chapter 16).
Evaluating Public Health Surveillance
Authors: Romaguera Raul A , German Robert R , Klaucke Douglas N
Published: November 2023

The highest-priority public health events should be monitored, and surveillance systems should meet their objectives as efficiently as possible. Thus, the overall purpose of evaluating public health surveillance is to obtain feedback about the overall operation of the system and to promote the most effective use of health resources.
Philosophical Issues in Curriculum
Authors: Jorgensen Estelle R
Published: November 2023

What is meant by the word “curriculum”? Conceptual problems abound where clarification is lacking and it is not surprising to see the curriculum field described as “moribund” and “fraudulent.” In addressing this question, rather than attempt an exhaustive survey of this terrain and drawing on representative literature along the way I sketch a conceptual map of ways of thinking about curriculum generically. My objective is to show that the concept of curriculum needs to be clarified, describe ways in which it can be envisaged, and suggest that such clarification can result in sharpening the focus of music teaching and learning research and practice. The outline of images that follows is not intended to be exhaustive but provides a framework for and exemplifies a useful approach to conceptualizing curriculum that can be expanded on or modified in subsequent research in music education. I move beyond William Schubert’s trilogy of historical curricular paradigms-the theoretical, practical, and reconceptualist-to formulate my own list of “images” of curriculum described with reference to examples from music education. These images are curriculum as instructional content, system, process, realm of meaning, and discourse. Each curricular image contributes to our understanding, yet is limited or flawed in one way or another. None suffices as the ultimate, only, or best way of conceiving of curriculum. I conclude this chapter with brief remarks on the implications of this analysis for research and practice in music teaching and learning.
Improvisation
Authors: Azzara Christopher D
Published: November 2023

Many music educators have advocated the development of students’ creativity and improvisation skills in music classrooms (Biasini, Thomas, & Pogonowski, 1970; Consortium of National Arts Education Associations, 1994; Contemporary Music Project, 1966, 1971; National Association of Schools of Music, 1999; Richmond, 1989). Despite such advocacy, much of the literature on the topic of improvisation in music education points to the fact that it is rarely part of the core of music education curricula (e.g., Azzara, 1993; Kratus, 1989; Schmidt & Sinor, 1986; Webster, 1987a). With the publication of National Standards for Arts Education (Consortium of National Arts Education Associations, 1994), music educators have become increasingly aware of the importance of the art of improvisation as a valuable musical skill for all music students. Researchers have continued to articulate the need for improvisation instructional materials, teacher education in improvisation, and, in general, emphasis on improvisation as a vital part of music curricula (e.g., Azzara, 1999; Bitz, 1999; Brown, 1991; Della Pietra & Campbell, 1995; Gregory, 1996; Jorgensen, 1998; Lubart, 1998; Richmond, 1989; Riveire, 1998; Rosfeld, 1989; Townsend, 1998).
Computer-Based Technology and Music Teaching and Learning
Authors: Webster Peter R
Published: November 2023

In a publication written some 16 years ago designed to warn against the computer “bandwagon” that might affect adults in 2001, Paul Lehman’s words continue to warrant consideration. Intelligent use of music technology to assist music teaching and learning is of major concern in the 21st century. If the dollars that will be spent on hardware and software for music education in this decade are to be considered a wise investment, we need the best information possible on how to use these resources for maximum effectiveness. Most will agree that music technology today is not a passing fad but an established part of the educational scene. Since the publication of the first Handbook in 1992 and the chapter on technology by Higgins (1992), substantial changes have occurred in computer hardware, software, and Internet growth and accessibility. These changes have resulted in more affordable and powerful resources than in any other time in our history. Still, the question remains: What do we really know about the effectiveness of music technology? This chapter will attempt to provide a perspective on this question by summarizing the major writings published from 1990 to fall 2000. The chapter begins with an introductory section that deals with matters of definition and focus; a summary of forces that shape our current educational climate for music technology is also included. The remainder of the chapter is divided into four parts. The background section does not place emphasis on original, empirical work, but does create perspective for the empirical work. It begins with a summary of research reviews both in and outside of music. A sampling of advocacy positions for music technology follows, with writings on curriculum development and technology standards. This section ends with a profile of writings that are cautious about and critical of technology.
Social and Cultural Contexts of Music Teaching and Learning: An Introduction
Authors: Mccarthy Marie
Published: November 2023

Consideration of social and cultural influences has always been important to understanding the music teaching and learning process. During the first half of the 20th century, education scholars John Dewey and Lev Vygotsky and music educators James Mursell, Paul Farnsworth, and Charles Seeger brought distinctive social and cultural perspectives to bear on this complex phenomenon. Paradigm shifts in the mid- and late-20th century have further expanded awareness of the interdependence of social, cultural, and cognitive factors in human development and, thus, in music teaching and learning. This broadening of horizons is now beginning to penetrate the philosophies and theories that underlie practices of music education, and it is quite evident in the diversity of topics included in this part of the Handbook. A complex array of factors has historically diminished the importance of sociology as a conceptual lens for understanding music education, giving it less prominence than philosophy, history, and psychology. Thus, a research tradition with a clearly delineated sociological focus is underdeveloped in the profession, although studies investigating the role of motivation in music learning and the development of musical preferences stand as notable exceptions. Certain developments in the last 10 to 15 years, however, have nurtured and facilitated the completion and dissemination of research focused on music education as a social and cultural phenomenon. First and foremost has been the move toward a more democratic curriculum and pedagogy that embodies the diversity of students’ social, cultural, and musical values. Second, music education philosophers are increasingly coming to view music as social action and to consider music teaching and learning as a process that is embedded in social and cultural values and meanings. Third, theoretical perspectives originating in social constructivism, social transmission and transformation theories, critical theory, and situated cognition, among others, are providing new lenses to investigate life in classrooms and other music education settings.
The Sociology of Education and Connections to Music Education Research
Authors: Paul Stephen J , Ballantine Jeanne H
Published: November 2023

From popular culture to “high” culture and throughout history, much can be learned from how music functions within cultural contexts and how individuals in culture are taught and learn about music. Although sociologists have long recognized that music is an important part of any culture (Etzkorn, 1989, p. xiii), the sociology of music and the sociology of music education have become recognized fields in their own right only recently (Rideout, 1997a). Likewise, musicologists increasingly tap into the sociological literature for insight into the historical, social, and political contexts of music. The emerging links portend an exciting collaboration among sociologists, musicologists, and music educators (Hilliard, 2000). The subfield of the sociology of education provides a direct link to music education through discussions of theory and research methods. In the pages that follow we address several important topics: (1) the nature and scope of the sociology of education, (2) the historical background of the sociology of education, (3) key topics in the sociology of education, (4) theoretical streams in the sociology of education, (5) method and methodology in the sociology of education and music education, (6) the development of the sociology of music education, and (7) suggestions for a future research agenda in the sociology of music education.
Perspectives from the Sociology of Music
Authors: Mueller Renate
Published: November 2023

Sociology of music is the application and development of sociological theories and methodologies to investigate musical behavior and attitudes as social action in dialogue with disciplines such as musicology and music education. This chapter focuses on sociological perspectives of music that are relevant to music education. The first step will be to shed some light on contemporary sociological debates and their implications for sociology of music. Second, historical sociological perspectives on musical behavior are presented in relation to the aforementioned debates. Third, contemporary perspectives on culture and media are briefly discussed. Fourth, contemporary perspectives from sociology of music are covered theoretically and accompanied by examples of research studies. Appropriate research methods to investigate musical decisions and interactions in sociocultural contexts are also discussed. Finally, some aspects of a sociological orientation of music education are addressed. This chapter does not aim to provide a complete overview of the sociology of music, since the field is still characterized by confusion and lack of agreement on such basic questions as subject matter and methodology, as described by Blomster (1976) 25 years ago. The interrelationship of youth, music, and culture is thought to be most relevant to music education, especially since young people’s music and the ways they interact with music are to a great extent still ignored and devalued in music education. The sociology of music is the study of the role of music in various cultures, and in today’s societies many cultures exist side by side. Therefore, the general theoretical perspectives presented in this chapter are applicable to other important issues in the field, such as the cultures of the elderly, of professional musicians, and of music educators.
Strengthening the Teaching of Music Educators in Higher Education
Authors: Wilcox Susan , Upitis Rena
Published: November 2023

Teaching in higher education brings unique challenges to music education, as it involves the bridging of the higher education cultures of universities and colleges with the complexities of contemporary music education. Consequently, this chapter focuses on the research on teaching in higher education in general as well as on specific issues that arise in the domain of music education. It is presented in three sections that discuss, respectively: the challenges of teaching in music education as influenced by the nature of university and college programs and the background experience of music educators; the development of faculty members’ expertise in teaching, including the preparation of graduate teaching assistants; and strategies for fostering the teaching of university and college music educators.
Introduction
Authors: Mark Michael L
Published: November 2023

Music educators, like visual art, dance, and theater teachers, find themselves in a paradoxical age. Music education thrives in schools, performance standards continue to rise with each new generation of students, and the demand for new music teachers increases each year. The paradox is that, in this time of plenty, a belief in the nonmusical power of music education has spread throughout the country, persuading politicians, education policy-makers, and the general public that children who study music tend to perform better in other subjects. There is a research base that supports this belief. There is also a research base that contradicts it. In any case, the belief in nonmusical values of music instruction has added a new facet to music education, one that is good for the profession and that, ironically, threatens the core belief of many music educators who are adamant that the principal benefit of their profession lies in the development of aesthetic sensitivity to music. Nonmusical values of music education have guided the profession throughout Western history. For well over 2,000 years, music education has played many roles, including supporting religious, intellectual, and physical aspects of life and promoting community, whether in the form of nationalism or ethnic society. Music educators have proven during this long history that music can indeed do these things. It was not until the 20th century, however, that the profession of music education began to argue that the true value of the study of music was in the music itself and how individuals respond to it. Regardless of what people believed, it was not until recently that research findings related to psychological and neurological responses have allowed music educators to offer a rationale based on solid scientific support.
A Native American Encyclopedia
Authors: Pritzker Barry M
Published: November 2023

Dispelling myths, answering questions, and stimulating thoughtful avenues for further inquiry, this highly absorbing reference provides a wealth of specific information about over 200 North American Indian groups in Canada and the United States. Readers will easily access important historical and contemporary facts about everything from notable leaders and relations with non-natives to customs, dress, dwellings, weapons, government, and religion. This book is at once exhaustive and captivating, covering myriad aspects of a people spread across a continent. Divided into ten geographic areas for easy reference, this work illustrates each Native American group in careful detail. Listed alphabetically, starting with the tribal name, translation, origin, and definition, each entry includes significant facts about the group's location and population, as well as impressive accounts of the group's history and culture. Bringing entries up-to-date, Barry Pritzker also presents current information on each group's government, economy, legal status, and land holdings. Whether interpreting the term "tribe" (many traditional Native American groups were not tribes at all but more like extended families) or describing how a Shoshone woman served as a guide on the Lewis and Clark expedition, Pritzker always presents the material in a clear and lively manner. In light of past and ongoing injustices and the momentum of Indian and Inuit self-determination movements, an understanding of Native American cultures as well as their contributions to contemporary society becomes increasingly important. A magnificent resource, this book liberally provides the essential information necessary to better grasp the history and cultures of North American Indians.
California
Authors: Pritzker Barry M
Published: November 2023

California,” in the context of this chapter, corresponds approximately to the present state of California. It omits the southeastern deserts because the Indian cultures of those deserts are usually considered part of the Southwest. Nor does it cover the region east of the Sierra Nevada (Great Basin), the extreme northeast of the state (Plateau), or Baja California (Mexico). The region contains two great mountain ranges, the Coastal and the Sierra Nevada; two major rivers, the Sacramento and the San Joaquin, and many minor river systems; roughly 1,100 miles of coast; interior semidesert; and, at least before the nineteenth century, huge areas of grassland in the central valleys. Much of California’s climate may be categorized as Mediterranean, with the north, west, and highlands in general receiving more precipitation than the south, east, and lowlands.