bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Institutions and Social Change: implementing co-operative housing and environmentally sustainable development at Christie Walk
Authors: McClean Susan , Onyx Jenny
Published: September 2014

How can institutions contribute to the building of civil society in the twenty- first century? It is clear that the old laissez-faire approach and the more recent neo-conservative reliance on the market have failed to deliver housing for many people. On the other hand the state-based welfare housing model espoused by the Australian Labor Party over the twentieth century has also been beset by problems. Social alienation, and the crisis in affordable housing make the case that individualist approaches to urban living are not working. More communal solutions are needed - solutions attuned to a complex view of civil society outlined by Michael Edwards' tripartite definition. At the same time the onset of global warming now prompts Australians to create more environmentally sustainable ways of living. Addressing the theme of responsibility, this paper focuses on citizenship in its broader environmental, social and active forms. It analyses interviews and documentary evidence concerning the planning and development of Christie Walk, an innovative, medium density eco-city development in Adelaide. The investigation reveals the effects of some Australian institutions on residents' efforts to live socially and environmentally sustainable lives in an urban environment. The paper offers transdisciplinary research and analysis, linking the fields of history, urban housing, community development and environmental theory.
Dealing with Difference: Building Culturally Responsive Classrooms
Authors: Burridge Nina , Buchanan John , Chodkiewicz Andrew
Published: September 2014

Australia continues to develop as a multicultural society with levels of immigration increasing significantly over recent years as a result of government policies. More recently, the new period of financial turmoil, continuing threats from terrorism and environmental concerns, have all exacerbated the challenges of dealing with difference in our society. In response, schools continue to face the challenges of the impact of a range of different cultures, languages and religions among their student and school communities. How effectively schools deal with difference and how well they are supported in their endeavours to build culturally response classrooms is a perennial issue for both teachers and educators. A major challenge for teachers is to at a minimum, understand cultural differences as they manifest in their particular school settings and to draw on approaches that support student learning in culturally appropriate ways so to assist them to better realise their full potential. In this paper we will consider cultural diversity in the context of recent school policies, highlight a number of frameworks for addressing cultural diversity in the classroom, in particular the approaches by Kalantzis and Cope’s (1999) and Hickling-Hudson (2003). We also draw on the findings from a recent qualitative study of representations of cultural diversity in a number of Sydney metropolitan schools to discuss the need for more greater resource and policy support for progressive teaching approaches that support the development of a more tolerant and inclusive multicultural society. Key words: cultural diversity, schools, teacher education, classroom practice, social inclusion
"Only White People can be Racist: What does Power have to do with Prejudice?"
Authors: Sawrikar Pooja , Katz Ilan Barry
Published: September 2014

Social researchers and activists who use the sociological definition of racism – that 'Racism = Prejudice + Power' – generally aim to attain racial equality by equalising differences in social power among racial groups. However, this definition can be taken to extreme when the role of social power is given disproportionately more weight than the role prejudice in explaining the occurrence and entrenchment of racism in society, such as assertions that racism is synonymous with White supremacy. Such a definition is logically flawed, demonstrates reverse racism, is disempowering for individuals from all racial groups who strive for racial equality, and absolves those who do not. We examine how the recent literature on cultural competency may provide a more effective strategic framework for reducing racism. Cultural competency is a move away from ethnocentrism and towards respect and value for cultural difference, with no racial group treated as a reference point around which the discourse on race relations revolves. In short, by properly acknowledging the role of prejudice, and not exclusively focusing on power, all racial groups can be better empowered to take responsibility for protecting the human right to racial equality.
Will the 'Shire' ever be the same again? Schooling Responses to the Cronulla Beach Riot
Authors: Reid Carol
Published: September 2014

In the aftermath of the Cronulla riots, schools were faced with the fallout of social conflict, including having to deal with widespread fear and confusion both in their local communities and among students. This was especially the case for schools in the Sutherland Shire and in the local government area (LGA) of Bankstown. Apart from the presence of many young people in the initial riot and the revenge raids, some schools, like churches, had been the target of attacks (Leys and Box, 2005: 1; Daily Telegraph, 2005: 5). Schools were also targeted as places to battle the consequences of cultural division: the then Prime Minister John Howard, in his Australia Day speech just over a month after the riots, complained that the teaching of Australian history in schools needed reform to properly foster the core values that would bind a nation together (Sydney Morning Herald, 2006). At all levels of government, a raft of programs designed to ease local tensions were introduced, many of which focused on young people or on schools (see Board of Studies New South Wales, 2007; Surf Life Saving NSW, 2006).

This article outlines the contexts for understanding the role of schools: both in terms of the spatial dynamics of the ‘Shire’ and in terms of the changing nature of educational policy. It then focuses on a National Values Education Project (NVEP) involving five schools in south and south-western Sydney as a direct response to the Cronulla riot. It suggests that these contexts produce both a degree of cultural heterogeneity in young people’s social lives and a degree of segregation amongst young people in schooling which delimits ‘what is possible’ in terms of schooling responses to the Cronulla riot.
The Reconfiguration of Civil Society through Ethnic Communal Development
Authors: Lalich Walter Frank
Published: September 2014

Migrant communities participate in the reconfiguration of civil society in places of settlement. Among the consequences of the large-scale culturally diverse postwar migration was in the regeneration, broadening and diversification of Australian civil society. This contribution outlines with unique data generated from ethnic communal organisations in Sydney the process of confluence of migration and civil society out of settlement constraints. Consecutive waves of migrants experienced settlement constraints that impaired the quality of their lives in a welfare state. Migrants, mostly left to themselves, acted collectively to improve the quality of their existence, to enable co-ethnic communication, and to mediate with the rest of society. They established thousands of grassroots organisations through collective mobilization of scarce resources. Many ethnic collectives through collective action appropriated their own communal places to satisfy spiritual, educational, welfare and other secular needs alongside the other forms of institutional development. Ethnic communal places, representatives of the re-territorialized cultures, heritages and elements of civil society, signify migrant inclusion in Australian social structures, including in civil society. Through development of community capital, ethnic collectives impacted on civil society in an environment experiencing limited cross-cultural social exchange. This development is representative of the unique structure of Australian civil society.
The Blindside Flick: Race and Rugby League
Authors: Cottle Drew , Keys Angela
Published: September 2014

The issue of race was virtually beyond the touchline in Australian rugby league before the 1960s. It was a white man’s game. Institutionalised racism meant that few Aboriginal men played rugby league at the highest professional level. It is now presumed that race and racism has no place in a game where these questions have been historically ‘out of bounds’. The dearth of critical writing in rugby league history indicates that racism in the sport has been subject to a form of social blindness and deemed unworthy of study. Rugby league’s white exclusionist past and the denial of racism in the present era indicate habits of mind which may be described in league argot as the ‘blindside flick’.
Lords of the Square Ring: Future Capital and Career Transition Issues for Elite Indigenous Australian Boxers
Authors: Stronach Megan Marie , Adair Daryl
Published: September 2014

In Australia a serious and widely documented statistical gap exists between the socio-economic circumstances of the country’s Indigenous and non-Indigenous populations. Areas of divergence include life expectancy, health, housing, income, and educational opportunity and employment. This has made career attainment problematic for most Aboriginal people. Among male Indigenous people, professional sport is portrayed as one of the few realms in which they can prosper. This is particularly true in the major football codes – Australian Rules and rugby league – and a feature of elite-level boxing, where Indigenous fighters are also statistically over-represented. However, while sport has provided opportunities for a small number of talented Indigenous athletes, it has rarely been a pathway to lifelong prosperity. This paper contends that as a result of over-reliance on an abundant bank of physical capital, Indigenous Australian boxers are particularly vulnerable to potential occupational obsolescence should their bodily assets erode more quickly than envisaged. Drawing on an Indigenous concept, Dadirri, to inform a wider interpretive phenomenological approach, the paper examines retirement experiences of fourteen elite male Indigenous Australian boxers; the goal of this research is to understand their post-sport career decision making. In this respect, Pierre Bourdieu’s concepts of habitus, capital and field are utilised to frame and interpret the capacity of Indigenous boxers to develop sustainable career pathways – which we describe as future capital – during their time as elite athletes. For this group of athletes, being an Indigenous person was found to be a significant factor in their decision-making to enter the sport, which may then leave them open to exploitation within the field. Many boxers find their engagement with education and vocational training remains restricted to occupations that complement an Indigenous sense of cultural capital. This involves, as with other ethnocultural groups, particular notions of kinship and family obligation that in turn shape individual aspirations and behaviours. Indigenous Australian boxers remain largely unaware or removed from the possibility of pursuing career pathways beyond those that draw upon or accentuate their physicality.
Speaking the Unspoken: Racism, Sport and Maori
Authors: Hippolite Holly Raima , Bruce Toni
Published: September 2014

In this paper, we argue that the intersection of two key ideologies – New Zealand’s purported history of good race relations, and the positive contribution sport is believed to make to racial equality – has created an environment in which it is difficult to talk about, let alone discuss constructively, Māori experiences of racism in the sport context. Our aim is to put the issue on the agenda by engaging with 10 experienced Māori sport participants, coaches and administrators whose experiences demonstrate the existence of, and pain caused by, cultural and institutional racism in New Zealand sport. In this aim, we do not seek to hide behind a veil of neutrality or objectivity. Rather, following a kaupapa Māori research approach, our interest is in bringing to light the voices, frustrations and concerns of Māori in order to contribute to a much-needed conversation.
The Location of Digital Ethnography
Authors: Walker Dana M.
Published: September 2014

Qualitative researchers interested in digitally-located social and cultural practices have struggled with ways in which to design studies that can account for the digital aspect of cultural practices while also taking into account that those digital practices do not exist as separate (or separable in terms of our research) from other social and cultural practices. As such, one of the primary and ongoing challenges facing internet-based ethnographic research is the question of how to construct the location of a project when the sites, technologically-mediated practices, and people we study exist and flow through a wider information ecology that is neither fixed nor can easily be located as “online” or “offline.” This is as much a methodological challenge as a theoretical one. If one accepts that a rigid distinction between online and offline makes little theoretical sense, then drawing a methodological line between online and offline only reifies such a dualism. While there is a developing body of internet-related ethnographic literature which is attempting to take into account the fluid nature of our information ecology (e.g. Burrell, 2009, Leander and McKim, 2003, Hine, 2007), we continue to operate on shifting ground. This article uses the case of my own work on city-specific discussion forums in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania to highlight the complexities of locating digital ethnographic work and also argue for the necessity of accounting for both movement and placed-ness.
Ambiguity, Oscillation and Disorder: Online Ethnography and the Making of Culture
Authors: Marshall Jon
Published: September 2014

Online life is usually held to present particular problems for ethnography as it is hidden and ambiguous, and boundaries are not clear. However, ethnography and online daily life are similar procedures in which people go about constructing ‘culture’ to make sense of others and interact with a degree of predictability. Ethnographers can learn about culture and society by learning how people themselves go about understanding and making those processes. We further, do not have to expect that the reality we describe will be completely ordered, even though the simplifications of constructing ‘culture’ might make this seem inevitable. Disorder can be socially important.
Laissez-Faire Multiculturalism and Relational Embeddedness: Ethnic Precincts in Auckland
Authors: Spoonley Paul , Meares Carina L
Published: September 2014

The rapid diversification of immigration to New Zealand post-1987 has made Auckland, as the nation’s key gateway city, both culturally and demographically superdiverse, and the location of considerable immigrant business development. We focus here on the development of ethnic precincts as the manifestation of this transformation of the cityscape. The neo-liberalism of the 1980s continues to prevail in the unwillingness of central and local government to recognise the ethnic/immigrant nature of such developments and there has been little in terms of either policy or resourcing to support or brand these precincts. As a consequence of this laissez-faire attitude, immigrants’ relational embeddedness tends to be privileged and ethnic-specific networks dictate the nature and location of ethnic precincts within a policy environment that stresses the importance of market processes and encourages small business development.
Politics of a Different Kind: Chinese in Immigration Litigation in the Post White Australia Era
Authors: Gao Jia
Published: September 2014

The first mass Chinese immigration to Australia occurred in the 19th century, with approximately 100,000 Chinese arriving between the 1840s and 1901 (Fitzgerald 2007; Ho 2007), during which questions were raised both in relation to the Chinese rights of migration and settlement in Australia, and the validity of the government's actions against the Chinese. The latter question was in fact considered in the colonial courts (Cronin 1993; Lake and Reynolds 2008). Since then, the Chinese in Australia have never shied away from taking various legal actions, although they are normally seen as people who keep to themselves. Australia abandoned its 'White Australia' policy in 1974, and lately Australia has placed more emphasis on skilled and business migration. As a result, many believe that Chinese migrants have come to Australia under its normal skilled, business or family migration programs, which ignores the fact that a high proportion of them have obtained their chance to stay in Australia directly or indirectly through a series of legal battles. This paper contributes to the discussion of the Chinese in Australian political life by looking at how the Chinese have fought in the Courts in the post-White Australia era in past decades, and the key features of their unique experiences. This is a different type of political activism, characterising the lives of many Australian Chinese, their engagement with the Australian political system, and becoming part of the background of their identity, transnationality, socio-political attitudes and behaviour and many other traits.
Practising Place: A Critical Approach to Localism
Authors: Rule John Stanley
Published: September 2014

This paper draws on empirical data from my doctoral research on the changing nature of inner city community development work. The professional identity of the community worker emerged in the 1970s and is linked to other emergent identities - the resident activist, social activist and community activist. Inner city community development work is in a state of flux and requires new investigative and analytical tools to help make sense of both its past, present and future. There are now more agencies and actors who would claim to be involved in community development and community building in inner city environments. Whilst it is clear that governing patterns have considerably challenged the role and the potential of what were once considered radical or alternative community development approaches, I argue that it is still possible to identify areas for productive engagement and development through what I have called practising place.
Inclusiveness of the ‘Othered’ in Tourism
Authors: Wearing Stephen , Darcy Simon
Published: September 2014

This paper highlights that tourism, due to the fact it is a multi-faceted activity and by implication its management has similar multiple contexts, often leads to the exclusion of many who are part of that tourism context. One area that has been left on the fringes of tourism is how contemporary tourism management has “othered” those regarded as being removed from the neoliberal business foundation of tourism. One such group is the host communities in developing countries. The failure to involve and engage with host communities and develop collaboration in the process of planning and management for tourism is and has in the past been detrimental to the sustainability of tourism. In many cases, host communities have been ignored by the industry, with few or no mechanisms or processes put in place to enable them to participate in the management of tourism. This paper presents an overview of how this engagement of host communities can expand the market for tourism and lead to more satisfying visitor experiences, enhance the sustainability of these experiences and, thus, be considered good management practice within the industry. The paper examines how to engage in these practices and create processes that are both enabling for communities and incorporate research techniques that move beyond the very limited monocultural attempts undertaken by the majority of tourism enterprises today. In widening the involvement of the host community, we turn to mechanisms for engagement to provide a platform to demonstrate how this can be done to provide better management practice. In doing so, we extend the scope of engagement to involve those previously considered to be outside of mainstream tourism enterprises, and present an argument that, if sustainability is to move beyond economic and environmental Western constructs to embrace social sustainability, changing global values require tourism management to adopt more inclusive ways of practice and management principles.
Futebol mulato: racial constructs in Brazilian football
Authors: Maranhao Tiago Fernandes , Knijnik Jorge
Published: September 2014

The aim of this paper is to review Gilberto Freyre’s ideas about futebol mulato and the way these ideas have spread the notion of the Brazilian mulatto as a symbol of a ‘racial democracy’, unique in Brazil, around the world. The notion first appeared in 1938 in an article by Freyre for the Diários Associados, an important Brazilian newspaper. Football (soccer) was employed by Freyre as the special arena where the multiracial Brazilian nation could shine and show the world a different way of being, opposed to the white and ‘rational’ way of European football. In Freyre’s work, the so-called ‘football-art’ was compared to poetry, while the European style was equated with prose. This essay argues that Freyre’s ideas were useful in constructing the Brazilian identity, a nation of harmony in all its aspects, including the area of race, and how the idea of the mulatto has been used to minimise social disparities within Brazilian society. Freyre’s ideas remain contemporary; many Brazilian intellectuals still refer to these concepts. As well, the press in this huge country, and especially in World Cup years, uses the concepts of mulatto and football-art to characterize Brazil and differentiate it from other countries.
Scaling Up Connections: Everyday Cosmopolitanism, Complexity Theory & Social Capital
Authors: Onyx Jenny , Ho Christina , Edwards Melissa , Burridge Nina , Yerbury Hilary
Published: September 2014

One of the key questions of contemporary society is how to foster and develop social interactions which will lead to a strong and inclusive society, one which accounts for the diversity inherent in local communities, whether that diversity be based on differences in interest or diversity in language and culture. The purpose of this paper is to examine three concepts which are used in the exploration of social interactions to suggest ways in which the interplay of these concepts might provide a richer understanding of social interactions. The three concepts are everyday cosmopolitanism, complexity theory and social capital. Each provides a partial approach to explanations of social interactions. Through focussing on social networking as a significant example of social interactions, we will demonstrate how the concepts can be linked and this linking brings potential for a clearer understanding of the processes through which this inclusive society may develop.
Cosmopolitanism, Custom, and Complexity: Kant`s Cosmopolitan Norms in Action
Authors: Dowdeswell Tracey Leigh
Published: September 2014

Immanuel Kant's Cosmopolitanism has come to stand alongside Political Realism and Liberal Internationalism as one of three broad theories of ethics in international relations. Yet Cosmopolitanism has been subjected to criticisms that the universal norms identified by Kant - including such norms as hospitality, reciprocity, and publicity (transparency and free political participation) - are Western and Eurocentric in nature, incompatible with cultural pluralism, and lack the justification and legitimacy for the broad-based consensus required for a Cosmopolitan political sphere to emerge among the world’s diverse peoples. This paper seeks to address these criticisms of Cosmopolitanism by studying examples of Cosmopolitan norms in action. These examples have been drawn from diverse regions around the globe to represent self-organized, 'self-legislating', civil societies that have themselves developed the rules that guide their behaviour and the terms of their discourse in the absence of a centralized governing authority. It is hoped that this approach will contribute to this ongoing debate by demonstrating that Cosmopolitan norms can be found in a diverse array of human communities and cultures, that Cosmopolitan norms are not only compatible with pluralism, but are instrumental in its success and vitality, and, finally, that the flourishing of such civil societies shows that the adoption of Cosmopolitan norms are strongly correlated with successful outcomes and well-being.
Cosmopolitan Pluralism: Beyond the Cultural Turn
Authors: Lawson Stephanie
Published: September 2014

The ‘cultural turn’ has had a profound influence across the humanities and social sciences in the last few decades. In calling into question the universalist basis on which conventional methodological and normative assumptions have been based, the cultural turn has focused on the extent to which specificity and particularity underpin what we can know, how we can know it, and how this affects our being-in-the world. This has opened the way to a range of insights, from issues of pluralism and difference, both within political communities and between them, to the instability if not impossibility of foundations for knowledge. Too few studies embracing this ‘cultural turn’, however, pay more than cursory attention to the culture concept itself. This article suggests that conceptions of culture derived mainly from the discipline of anthropology dominate in political studies, including international relations, while humanist conceptions have been largely ignored or rejected. It argues further that we would do well to reconsider what humanist ideas can contribute to how ‘culture’ is both conceptualized and deployed in political thought and action, especially in countering the overparticularization of social and political phenomena that marks contemporary culturalist approaches.
Cosmopolitan Sophistry: Grounding Politics in Disorder and Uncertainty
Authors: Marshall Jon
Published: September 2014

Conceptions of the State, Nation and politics, which are actually in play in ‘the West’, usually descend from totalitarian models which are primarily Platonic and monotheistic in origin. They aim for unity, harmony, wholeness, legitimate authority and the rejection of conflict, however much they claim to represent multiplicity. By expressing a vision of order, such models drive an idea of planning by prophecy as opposed to divination, as if the future was certain within limits and the trajectory was smooth. Chaos theory and evolutionary ecology shows us that this conception of both society and the future is inaccurate. I will argue that it is useful to look at the pre-socratic philosophers, in particular the so-called sophists Gorgias and Protagoras and Heraclitus with their sense of ongoing flux, the truth of the moment, and the necessary power of rhetoric in the leading forth of temporary functional consensus within the flux. This ongoing oscillation of conflict provides social movement and life rather than social death.
Immigrant Teachers in Australia
Authors: Collins Jock , Reid Carol
Published: September 2014

One of the features of contemporary society is the increasing global mobility of professionals. While the education industry is a key site of the demand for contemporary global professional migration, little attention has been given to the global circulation of education professionals. Over past decades, immigrant teachers have been an important component of skilled and professional immigration into Australia, there is no comprehensive contemporary national study of the experiences of immigrant teachers in Australia. This article aims to fill this gap and to answer questions about their decision to move to Australia, their experience with Australian Education Departments in getting appointed to a school, their experiences as teachers in the classroom and in their new Australian community. It draws on primary data sources - in the form of a survey of 269 immigrant teachers in schools in NSW, SA and WA conducted in 2008-9 - and secondary sources - in the form of the 2006 national census and Longitudinal Survey of Immigrants in Australia – to provide insights into immigrant teachers in Australian schools, adding also to our understanding of Australia’s contemporary immigration experience.
Divine Intersections: Hindu Ritual and the Incorporation of Religious Others
Authors: Frøystad Kathinka
Published: September 2014

This article throws the study of multireligious sociality in Western contexts into sharp relief by examining the case of India. Much of the current scholarship of cosmopolitanism and multiculturalism tends to assume that religious beliefs, practices and spaces make the respective religious communities close entirely in upon themselves. While this assumption may hold true for most of the Western settings we study, it does not necessarily give an accurate description of the conditions for multireligious sociality in other parts of the world. In India, for instance, religious boundaries still display signs of malleability despite the religious politicization and occasional interreligious violence of the past decades. Drawing on recent anthropological research, this article shows that people of different religious denominations still visit Sufi shrines, that Hindus still incorporate ritual elements and divine beings from the religious traditions of their Others and that they exercise a wide personal choice in terms of spiritual activities, thus enabling spiritual paths that cross in and out of Hinduism. In a Hindu context rituals do not necessarily have an insulating effect; they may also provide points of intersection that open up toward the Other, thus fostering familiarity and recognition. Similar arguments have been made for Buddhist settings. The question is thus whether the current scholarship of cosmopolitanism may entail a certain monotheistic bias that needs to accounted for, something that is of particular importance when theorizing in ways that make universal claims.
One-year observations of size distribution characteristics of major aerosol constituents at a coastal receptor site in Hong Kong – Part 1: Inorganic ions and oxalate
Authors: Bian Q. , Huang X. H. H. , Yu J. Z.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Size distribution data of major aerosol constituents are essential in source apportioning of visibility degradation, testing and verification of air quality models incorporating aerosols. We report here 1-year observations of mass size distributions of major inorganic ions (sulfate, nitrate, chloride, ammonium, sodium, potassium, magnesium and calcium) and oxalate at a coastal suburban receptor site in Hong Kong, China. A total of 43 sets of size-segregated samples in the size range of 0.056–18 μm were collected from March 2011 to February 2012. The size distributions of sulfate, ammonium, potassium and oxalate were characterized by a dominant droplet mode with a mass mean aerodynamic diameter (MMAD) in the range of ~ 0.7–0.9 μm. Oxalate had a slightly larger MMAD than sulfate on days with temperatures above 22 °C as a result of the process of volatilization and repartitioning. Nitrate was mostly dominated by the coarse mode but enhanced presence in fine mode was detected on winter days with lower temperature and lower concentrations of sea salt and soil particles. This data set reveals an inversely proportional relationship between the fraction of nitrate in the fine mode and product of the sum of sodium and calcium in equivalent concentrations and the dissociation constant of ammonium nitrate (i.e., (1/([Na+] + 2[Ca2+]) × (1/Ke')) when Pn_fine is significant (> 10%). The seasonal variation observed for sea salt aerosol abundance, with lower values in summer and winter, is possibly linked with the lower marine salinities in these two seasons. Positive matrix factorization was applied to estimate the relative contributions of local formation and transport to the observed ambient sulfate level through the use of the combined data sets of size-segregated sulfate and select gaseous air pollutants. On average, the regional/super-regional transport of air pollutants was the dominant source at this receptor site, especially on high-sulfate days while local formation processes contributed approximately 30% of the total sulfate. This work provides field-measurement-based evidence important for understanding both local photochemistry and regional/super-regional transport in order to properly simulate sulfate aerosols in air quality models.
Optical community index to assess spatial patchiness during the 2008 North Atlantic Bloom
Authors: Cetinić I. , Perry M. J. , D'Asaro E. , Briggs N. , Poulton N. , Sieracki M. E. , Lee C. M.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. The ratio of two in situ optical measurements, chlorophyll fluorescence (Chl F) and optical particulate backscattering (bbp), varied with changes in phytoplankton community composition during the North Atlantic Bloom experiment in the Iceland Basin in 2008. Using ship-based measurements of Chl F, bp, chlorophyll a (Chl), HPLC pigments, phytoplankton composition and carbon biomass, we found that oscillations in the ratio varied with changes in plankton community composition; hence we refer to Chl F/bp as an "optical community index". The index varied by more than a factor of two, with low values associated with pico- and nanophytoplankton and high values associated with diatom dominated phytoplankton communities. A Lagrangian mixed-layer float and four Seagliders, operating continuously for two months, made similar measurements of the optical community index and followed the evolution and later demise of the diatom spring bloom. Temporal changes in optical community index and, by implication the transition in community composition from diatom to post-diatom bloom communities, were not simultaneous over the spatial domain surveyed by the ship, float and gliders. Not only phytoplankton biomass, but also community composition was patchy at the submesoscale. The ratio of simple optical properties measured from autonomous platforms, when carefully validated, provides a tool for studying phytoplankton patchiness on extended temporal scales and ecological relevant spatial scales, and should offer new insights into the processes regulating patchiness.
Optimization of NWP model closure parameters using total energy norm of forecast error as a target
Authors: Ollinaho P. , Järvinen H. , Bauer P. , Laine M. , Bechtold P. , Susiluoto J. , Haario H.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. We explore the use of dry total energy norm in improving numerical weather prediction (NWP) model forecast skill. The Ensemble Prediction and Parameter Estimation System (EPPES) is utilized to estimate ECHAM5 atmospheric GCM (global circulation models) closure parameters related to clouds and precipitation. The target criterion in the optimization is the dry total energy norm of 3-day forecast error with respect to the ECMWF (European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts) operational analyses. The results are summarized as follows: (i) forecast error growth in terms of energy norm is slower in the optimized than in the default model up to day 10 forecasts (and beyond), (ii) headline forecast skill scores are improved in the training sample as well as in independent samples, (iii) the decrease of the forecast error energy norm at day three is mainly because of smaller kinetic energy error in the tropics, and (iv) this impact is spread into midlatitudes at longer ranges and appears as a smaller forecast error of potential energy. The interpretation of these results is that the parameter optimization has reduced the model error so that the forecasts remain longer in the vicinity of the analyzed state.
High-precision relocation of seismic sequences above a dipping Moho: the case of the January–February 2014 seismic sequence in Cephalonia Isl. (Greece)
Authors: Karastathis V. K. , Mouzakiotis E. , Ganas A. , Papadopoulos G. A.
Published: September 2014

Abstract. Detailed velocity structure and Moho mapping is of crucial importance for a high precision relocation of seismicity occurring out of, or marginally to, the geometry of seismological networks, such as at the boundary of converging plates. The crustal thinning from the plate boundary towards the back-arc area creates significant errors in accurately locating the earthquake, especially when distant seismic phases are included in the analysis. The case of the Cephalonia (Ionian Sea, Greece) sequence of January–February 2014 provided an excellent example where locations were greatly affected by the crustal thinning from the plate boundary at the Ionian sea towards the Aegean sea. This effect was examined in detail by testing various velocity models of the region in order to determine an optimal model. Our tests resulted in the adoption of a velocity model that resembles the crustal thinning of the region. Then, a relocation procedure was performed in the Cephalonia sequence for the time period from 26 January 2014 to 15 May 2014 by applying probabilistic non-linear location algorithms. The high-precision relocation resulted in an improved spatial distribution of the seismicity with respect to the preliminary locations and provided a reliable basis to examine seismotectonic implications of the Cephalonia sequence.
Western Faculty Profile: Dr. Mark Workentin
Authors: Lam Kevin
Published: September 2014

Dr. Mark Workentin is a Professor in the Department of Chemistry at Western University. After receiving his PhD at McMaster University and working as a Research Associate at the National Research Council (NRC) in Ottawa, Professor Workentin returned to his undergraduate alma mater to become a faculty member. His research group primarily focuses on studying the physical organic chemistry of materials. Not only has Dr. Workentin produced amazing research, but he has also been awarded for his ability and passion to teach students chemistry. Kevin Lam, a first year representative for WURJHNS, had the opportunity to interview Dr. Workentin to learn more about his research and his experiences at Western.
Naturalism and the Genealogy of Moral Institutions
Authors: Mario Brandhorst
Published: September 2014

This article discusses two general strategies that have been pursued to explain how moral thought and moral institutions might have emerged. The first is found in the tradition of those whom Nietzsche calls “English psychologists”; the second is Nietzsche’s own. I begin by giving an account of the resources of “English” genealogy as represented by Paul Rée and especially Charles Darwin. On the basis of that discussion, I consider Nietzsche’s objections to English genealogy in detail. I argue that as they stand, these objections are inconclusive; while they are, at least to a certain extent, effective against Rée, they fail as objections to the fundamental insights of Darwin. Moreover, I argue that on reflection, the rival genealogy that Nietzsche puts forward is not nearly as well supported and cannot plausibly bear the weight of explanation alone. Finally, I ask what this entails for our conception of ethical emotion.
Philosophy of the Morning: Nietzsche and the Politics of Transfiguration
Authors: Strong Tracy B.
Published: September 2014

Nietzsche’s life project remains constant throughout his life: it is the project of transformation or transfiguration. He formulates this as the necessity of dealing with the way that one’s past (be it that of an individual, or a society, or the species) shapes one’s present. The paradigm for this transformation is first to be found in The Birth of Tragedy, but it reappears in various guises in all of his work. I argue that Nietzsche’s writing is itself designed so as to make possible such a transformation in his readers.
ANÁLISE DOS ASPECTOS FÍSICOS E DAS INTERVENÇÕES ANTRÓPICAS DA BACIA HIDROGRÁFICA DO ARROIO KRUZE -RS
Authors: Penteado Adriana De Fátima , Fujimoto Nina Simone Vilaverde Moura
Published: September 2014

O presente trabalho tem por objetivo geral o estudo ambiental da bacia hidrográfica do arroio Kruze, localizada entre as latitudes de 29º45’ e 29º50’ sul e longitudes de 51º03’ e 51º09’ oeste, região metropolitana de Porto Alegre – RMPA. Para atingir o objetivo geral deste trabalho, desenvolveram-se os seguintes objetivos específicos: análise do quadro geomorfológico, geológico e pedológico, em âmbito regional; no nível local: elaboração e análise dos mapas geomorfológico, de declividade, hipsométrico e do modelo 3D do terreno, representando as diferentes formas do relevo e os processos a ele relacionados; elaboração e análise do mapa de uso e ocupação do solo e das Transgressões ao Código Florestal. A metodologia de trabalho compreendeu revisão bibliográfica, buscando a relação dos diferentes itens analisados com a realidade regional e local; trabalhos de campo para o levantamento e a aferição das informações obtidas; e a elaboração dos mapas acima citados, todos em ambiente computacional de SIG - Sistema de Informações Geográficas. A partir dos levantamentos e das análises elaboradas, constatou-se que os problemas mais significativos da bacia hidrográfica do arroio Kruze são as ocupações irregulares, a poluição hídrica, a impermeabilização do solo, a extração mineral irregular, a erosão, o assoreamento e a destruição dos banhados. Partindo dessas informações é possível traçar estratégias de controle e/ou de resolução dos problemas que estão inseridos numa escala mais ampla que o recorte de estudo.
LEVANTAMENTO DAS ÁREAS POTENCIAIS À EROSÃO LAMINAR COMO SUPORTE À DETECÇÃO DAS ÁREAS-FONTE AO ASSOREAMENTO NA BARRAGEM PIRAQUARA I
Authors: GUIMARÃES LEANDRO JOSÉ RIBEIRO , SANTOS LEONARDO JOSÉ CORDEIRO
Published: September 2014

A barragem Piraquara I abastece parte considerável da cidade de Curitiba e Região Metropolitana. A tendência de crescimento da população a ser atendida por esta barragem indica a necessidade de preservação da qualidade da água distribuída a seus habitantes. Uma vez que as bacias hidrográficas são naturais contribuidoras de sedimentos em reservatórios, procurou-se levantar as principais áreas-fonte potenciais ao assoreamento na barragem Piraquara I. Em função de uma visão sistêmica das bacias hidrográficas e das interações entre os processos físicos e humanos que a compreendem, a metodologia deste estudo procurou integrar as características pedológicas, do relevo e uso e ocupação do solo para o diagnóstico do potencial erosivo laminar. A erosão laminar é raramente detectada nos estágios iniciais, quando o fluxo de água concentrado a escorre e começa acelerar, provocando o deslocamento das partículas do solo. Quando esses processos erosivos são identificados ainda no início, a recuperação das áreas ainda pode ser facilmente alcançada, ao evitar que o depósito de sedimentos (assoreamento) ocorra a partir do fluxo de transporte destas partículas pelos cursos fluviais, preservando e mantendo, desta maneira, a quantidade e qualidade do abastecimento de água. Algumas áreas apontam para uma preocupação no sentido de preservação, em virtude do alto potencial ao assoreamento na barragem Piraquara I.
DESARROLLO LOCAL Y ORDENAMIENTO TERRITORIAL EN LA PROVINCIA DE BUENOS AIRES
Authors: Ríos Licia , Rocca María Julia , Bono Néstor Omar
Published: September 2014

O território sintetiza o complexo social, econômico e político do processo de desenvolvimento de uma sociedade, de modo que a política de ordenamento territorial deve ser considerada como um projeto transversal a todas as ações que visam o desenvolvimento. Políticas locais, nem sempre teve essa visão, reconhecendo as diferentes abordagens nas últimas décadas. Este artigo analisa as políticas de ordenamento do território e sua relação com as políticas de desenvolvimento dos pequenos e médios municípios da Província de Buenos Aires desde o final da década de 70, com a suposição de que a negação do papel integradora e inter-sistema tem minimizado o potencial de desenvolvimento.
DETERMINAÇÃO DO INÍCIO E TÉRMINO DA ESTAÇÃO CHUVOSA NO ESTADO DO PARANÁ
Authors: Pereira Lívia Maria Pederzini , Caramori Paulo Henrique , Ricce Wilian Silva , Silva Danilo Augusto , Caviglione João Henrique
Published: September 2014

A precipitação é uma das variáveis meteorológicas mais importantes para os estudos climáticos das diversas regiões do Brasil. O conhecimento prévio do comportamento temporal e espacial da precipitação possibilita melhor planejamento das atividades agrícolas, reduzindo perdas e melhorando as condições de produção. Este trabalho teve como finalidade estimar as datas de início e fim da estação chuvosa no Estado do Paraná, que delimitam o período em que ocorre a safra de verão. Os dados analisados referem-se a 117 estações pluviométricas, bem distribuídas espacialmente, pertencentes ao Instituto Agronômico do Paraná (Iapar) e Superintendência de Desenvolvimento de Recursos Hídricos e Saneamento (Suderhsa). Para determinação do início da estação chuvosa o critério estabelece que deva chover pelo menos 20 mm em 2 dias consecutivos, a partir de 1° de julho e, em um período subseqüente de 30 dias não deverá ocorrer mais de 10 dias consecutivos sem precipitação. Para o término da estação chuvosa foi estabelecida a primeira data após o dia 1° de março, a partir da qual não houve chuva por um período subseqüente de 10 dias. O início da estação chuvosa se estabeleceu entre o primeiro decêndio de agosto no litoral e ocorreu progressivamente mais tarde nas demais regiões, iniciando-se no norte do estado no primeiro decêndio de outubro. Já o fim da estação chuvosa ocorreu entre o segundo decêndio de março no norte e o primeiro decêndio de maio nas áreas localizadas no sul. Os resultados obtidos mostram a característica de transição climática do Paraná, onde se verifica maior diferenciação entre estação seca e chuvosa no norte e oeste, enquanto que no sul as chuvas são mais uniformemente distribuídas e se prolongam ao longo do ano.
OS ASPECTOS ETNOBOTÂNICOS DA COPAÍBA
Authors: Rosa Júlio Cardoso , Gomes Angela Maria da Silva
Published: September 2014

O objetivo deste trabalho é resgatar a importância da relação homem e natureza, desde o momento da sua utilização como meio de sobrevivência.  O método utilizado neste trabalho foi pesquisar de forma criteriosa os dados culturais de diferentes saberes tradicionais relativo a copaíba. Interligando os seus saberes e significações, através de bibliografias, documentos acadêmicos e crônicas relativo a etnobotânica da  copaíba. A Copaíba é uma espécie vegetal, Copaífera que pertence à família Leguminosae, sub-família Caesalpinoideae. No Brasil, Colômbia, Peru e Venezuela, existem 30 (trinta) espécies americanas e nos países da África, 04 (quatro) africanas. No Brasil ocorrem 16 espécies autóctones. Todas as variedades produzem uma resina, chamada óleo de copaíba, obtidas por incisão no tronco.  Por isso, a árvore é conhecida como “pau-de-óleo”, “óleo branco” e “árvore do óleo diesel”. Mas a designação mais utilizada é copaíba.  As florestas tropicais das Américas Central e do Sul são as mais atingidas pelo desmatamento, juntamente com as formações savânicas como é o caso do Cerrado. As causas dessa redução da cobertura vegetal, incluindo a copaíba se devem a exploração florestal intensiva para produção de carvão vegetal para abastecer a indústria siderúrgica. Em Minas Gerais muitas das áreas desmatadas foram ocupadas pelo reflorestamento do eucalipto e pinos. O óleo extraído da copaíba é utilizado na cicatrização de cortes na pele do homem e dos animais, como combustível nas lamparinas, na calafetação do casco de pequenas embarcações ribeirinhas e até mesmo marítimas pelos nossos colonizadores, portugueses e espanhóis. Portanto, os usos tradicionais da copaíba datam de tempos anteriores ao período colonial, refletindo o aporte do conhecimento produzido por etnias indígenas, africanas e comunidades rurais (Salvador, 1627). Contextualizar o uso da copaíba, requer políticas sócio–ambientais favoráveis ao extrativismo local, opondo-se a questão das patentes e da biopirataria.