bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Peace Pervades (Numa20.4–5)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

In a passage of summation like that from near the end of the Timoleon—see ch. 4—Plutarch lyrically depicts the peace brought to Italy (no less) by the early king of Rome Numa. The language rises; the imagery can be compared with poetic depictions of peace and prosperity. The passage can be compared, on either side, with the more down-to-earth depiction in Dionysius of Halicarnassus and with the extravagant adventures in imagery of a passage in Plutarch’s De Fortuna Romanorum. The philosophical implications of the passage in the Life are made clear, particularly through connection with Plato’s Republic.
The Terrible Retreat (Nicias26.3–6)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

For his treatment of Nicias, Plutarch’s most important Greek source is extant: Thucydides, seen as a supreme classic of Attic prose, in one of the most powerful parts of his work. One can see in detail how Plutarch transforms Thucydides’ non-rhythmic and very individual style to make his own climactic passage, on the Athenian retreat from Syracuse. The Thucydidean intertext is still meant to be perceptible after its Plutarchan metamorphosis. Plutarch is acutely aware that the reader will be comparing him and his great original; his treatment is perhaps more ambitious than he claims. The depiction here is reshaped to increase the emphasis on Nicias, and to achieve for him a temporary ethical redemption.
Cornelia Blames Herself (Pompey74.5–75.2)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

After another major battle, that of Pharsalus, the response of husband and wife is compared: the defeated Pompey and his wife Cornelia. The wife’s speech is more emotional and more densely rhythmic; the husband is in a sense philosophical, but in fact fails to grasp political and philosophical reality, as he blithely ignores entropy. Rhythm helps to point up his error. The characters are compared; they also have ideas of their own biography. It is likely that Plutarch is reshaping and developing a moment in Livy; his development of Livy can be compared with Lucan’s. Homer is also probably an important intertext for both Plutarch and Lucan, in his presentation of marriage and of people’s narrative conception of their own lives.
A Father Struggles (Heliodorus 10.16.1–2)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

Emotional conflict is elaborately and heroically portrayed in another part of Heliodorus’ finale. Contrast between the sexes, and some humour, enter in too. The king Hydaspes is torn between fatherly and patriotic urges. A wealth of imagery and bold use of language absorb the attention without rhythm—not that such means are lacking to rhythmic writers, but the impact of the whole is different: more sweeping, less sharply defined. The differences from Chariton are salient, and Chariton’s rhythm is much involved in them.
More Tears in Achilles Tatius (7.4.3–6)
Authors: Hutchinson G. O.
Published: August 2018

A further passage shows the imagination and craft of Achilles Tatius taken to a still greater degree, as he depicts the hero Cleitophon at the terrible crisis of believing his beloved to be dead. The narrative is suspended as the writer develops, at remarkable length, a psychological and physiological observation on delayed effects. Where Heliodorus had heaped up imagery with abundance, Achilles develops with skilled organization a single line of thought and imagery, developing it and enriching it as he goes. Rhythm plays a vital part in this remarkable union of tight order and inventive imagination. The expansion and the deployment of science have a Plutarchan element; but the fantasy and the tautness create something quite different out of rhythm.
Europe’s Long-Term Growth Prospects
Authors: McQuinn Kieran , Whelan Karl
Published: August 2018

Even before the financial crisis of 2007/8, there were questions about Europe’s long-term growth prospects. Since the mid-1990s, Euro area productivity growth had been falling behind that of the United States. Using data for the period 1970–2006, authors identified declining European rates of total factor productivity growth and weaker capital accumulation as areas for concern. Updating this earlier analysis, authors find that growth prospects for the euro area have deteriorated further; that Europe’s demographics are also contributing to a decline in the workforce. Thus a long-term projection for euro area GDP based on unchanged policies is provided and there is discussion about the possible impacts of certain structural reforms including unemployment rates, pensions, and the successful implementation of a significantly wider programme of regulatory reform aimed at boosting growth. Even with the successful adoption of these measures, the European economy is still likely to continue to grow at a slower pace.
Virtual Work & d’Alembert’s Principle
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses virtual work, returning to the Newtonian framework to derive the central Lagrange equation, using d’Alembert’s principle. It starts off with a discussion of generalised force, applied force and constraint force. Holonomic constraints and non-holonomic constraint equations are then investigated. The corresponding principles of Gauss (Gauss’s least constraint) and Jourdain are also documented and compared to d’Alembert’s approach before being generalised into the Mangeron–Deleanu principle. Kane’s equations are derived from Jourdain’s principle. The chapter closes with a detailed covering of the Gibbs–Appell equations as the most general equations in classical mechanics. Their reduction to Hamilton’s principle is examined and they are used to derive the Euler equations for rigid bodies. The chapter also discusses Hertz’s least curvature, the Gibbs function and Euler equations.
Autonomous Geometrical Mechanics
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter examines the structure of the phase space of an integrable system as being constructed from invariant tori using the Arnold–Liouville integrability theorem, and periodic flow and ergodic flow are investigated using action-angle theory. Time-dependent mechanics is formulated by extending the symplectic structure to a contact structure in an extended phase space before it is shown that mechanics has a natural setting on a jet bundle. The chapter then describes phase space of integrable systems and how tori behave when time-dependent dynamics occurs. Adiabatic invariance is discussed, as well as slow and fast Hamiltonian systems, the Hannay angle and counter adiabatic terms. In addition, the chapter discusses foliation, resonant tori, non-resonant tori, contact structures, Pfaffian forms, jet manifolds and Stokes’s theorem.
Lagrangian Field Theory
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, Hamiltonian field theory is derived classically via a Hamiltonian density, using the zeroth component of a 4-momentum density. In field theory, space and time are considered to be on equal footing but, in the canonical formalism, time is treated as being special and therefore, by definition, it is not covariant. Consequently, most field theoretic models are built on Lagrangian formulations. A covariant canonical formalism is the subject of the de Donder–Weyl formalism, which is briefly discussed as a covariant Hamiltonian field theory. In addition, the chapter examines the case of a generalised Poisson bracket in the continuous form for two local smooth functionals of phase space.
Differential Geometry
Authors: Mann Peter
Published: August 2018

This chapter is key to the understanding of classical mechanics as a geometrical theory. It builds upon earlier chapters on calculus and linear algebra and frames theoretical physics in a new and useful language. Although some degree ofmathematical knowledge is required (from the previous chapters), the focus of this chapter is to explain exactlywhat is going on, rather than give a full working knowledge of the subject. Such an approach is rare in this field, yet is ever so welcome to newcomers who are exposed to this material for the first time! The chapter discusses topology, manifolds, forms, interior products, pullback and pushforward, as well as tangent bundles, cotangent bundles, jet bundles and principle bundles. It also discusses vector fields, integral curves, flow, exterior derivatives and fibre derivatives. In addition, Lie derivatives, Lie brackets, Lie algebra, Lie–Poisson brackets, vertical space, horizontal space, groups and algebroids are explained.
Roger North and his Siblings
Authors: Capp Bernard
Published: August 2018

The Norths were a large, gifted, and extraordinarily successful family. They are also extremely well documented: Roger North wrote an autobiography and lives of three of his brothers, and these are supplemented by extensive family correspondence. Ten siblings reached adulthood, and nine of them enjoyed enduring bonds of affection and mutual support. The tenth was the eldest son and heir, at odds with his siblings throughout their lives. The chapter shows how the second son, Francis, took over the heir’s responsibilities, advancing the careers of his younger brothers and finding husbands for his sisters, and how the others also provided generous mutual support. It explores too the factors behind the lifelong rift between the heir (who eventually inherited as Lord North) and the others. The North family provides a striking example of both sibling bonds and sibling rivalries.
Introduction
Authors: Devetak Richard
Published: August 2018

The Introduction sets out the approach to intellectual history adopted in the book. Influenced by the Cambridge School intellectual historians—Quentin Skinner and J. G. A. Pocock—the chapter defends a contextual and empirical approach designed to avoid the anachronism and presentism that often mar studies of international relations theory and to situate theoretical developments and receptions in argumentative context. The chapter also pursues two further objectives. First, to distance itself from the dialectical-philosophical approaches that dominate critical international theories informed by German idealism and historical materialism. Second, following Ian Hunter’s investigations into the ethico-spiritual exercises performed on the self to problematize prior ethical imperatives and social comportments, the Introduction directs attention to the cultivation of the critical intellectual persona through exercises in philosophical self-fashioning.
Crisis and Critique
Authors: Devetak Richard
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides an exposition of critical international theory as currently expressed and practised. It situates the discussion in perception of disciplinary and global crisis, arguing that crisis is a condition of theoretical critique and critical international theory itself. The chapter discusses the link between knowledge and interests, in which critical international theory’s engagement with the philosophical exercise of self-reflection is a fundamental process of Kantian Enlightenment. The chapter then elaborates the various ways critical international theorists have conceived emancipation and political transformation. The normative, sociological, and praxeological dimensions of critical international theory are considered in relation to the emancipatory rethinking and restructuring of international relations. As a form of reflexive social philosophy in which meta-theoretical imperatives to problematize the self are privileged, mastering dialectical philosophy was and remains essential to the formation of the critical persona in whom critique is both a theoretical attitude and a lived experience.
Why Believe in Normative Supervenience?
Authors: Roberts Debbie
Published: August 2018

According to many, that the normative supervenes on the non-normative is a truism of normative discourse. This chapter argues that those committed to more specific moral, aesthetic, and epistemic supervenience theses should also hold (NS*): As a matter of conceptual necessity, whenever something has a normative property, it has a base property or collection of base properties that metaphysically necessitates the normative one. The main aim in this chapter is to show that none of the available arguments establish (NS*), or indeed the relevant epistemic, aesthetic, and moral supervenience theses. (NS*) is not a conceptual truth. This has considerable dialectical importance. One interesting upshot is that it affords non-reductivists and non-naturalists a novel way of resisting certain prominent supervenience-based objections to their views, including objections that formulate supervenience as a purely metaphysical thesis.
Belief Pills and the Possibility of Moral Epistemology
Authors: Sinclair Neil
Published: August 2018

This chapter argues that evolutionary debunking arguments are dialectically ineffective. Such arguments rely on the premise that moral judgements can be given evolutionary explanations which do not invoke their truth. The challenge for the debunker is to bridge the gap between this premise and the conclusion that moral judgements are unjustified. After discussing older attempts to bridge this gap, this chapter focuses on Joyce’s recent attempt, which claims that ‘we do not have a believable account of how moral facts could explain the mechanisms…which give rise to moral judgements’. It argues that whether there is such an account depends on what it is permissible to assume about moral truth and that it is reasonable to make assumptions which allow for the possibility of at least partial moral epistemologies. The challenge for the debunker is to show that these assumptions are unreasonable in a way which does not render their debunking argument superfluous.
It Ain’t Necessarily So
Authors: Arpaly Nomy
Published: August 2018

According to neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics, the virtuous life constitutes or is the main thing required for flourishing or the good life. This chapter argues that while it might be plausible that, as Rosalind Hursthouse claims, moral virtue is a better bet than moral vice for the person who wants to flourish, the neo-Aristotelian fails to rule out the possibility that a morally mediocre life could be better than either.
Tilings: mathematical models for quasicrystals
Authors: Janssen Ted , Chapuis Gervais , de Boissieu Marc
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses tilings as mathematical models for quasicrystals. In a first approximation quasicrystals may be described as being space filling with copies of two or more types of tiles. This description gives a connection with the mathematical notion of tilings, which have been well studied. A brief introduction of tilings is presented in this chapter along with the method of substitution to create aperiodic tilings. The symmetry of the tilings is also treated in this chapter, as are model sets and random tilings. Quasiperiodic crystals often have approximants, that is, periodic structures that are close to the aperiodic ones. The relations between quasiperiodic crystals and approximants also is described in this chapter.
Austin's Way with Skepticism
Authors: Kaplan Mark
Published: August 2018

J. L. Austin is famous for the extent to which he wrote as if it is a condition, on the adequacy of what we say while doing epistemology, that it accord faithfully with what we would say in ordinary circumstances. Most would use the term “infamous”. Not long after Austin’s death, there formed a durable consensus: Austin’s commitment to pursuing an epistemology that is faithful to “ordinary language” was fundamentally misguided—born of a failure properly to understand the nature of the epistemologist’s project. This book argues, however, that the consensus is mistaken—that both the condition of adequacy to which Austin was committed, and his reason for being committed to it, have been misunderstood by his critics. By looking carefully at the things Austin said about knowledge in “Other Minds,” examining the response to skeptical argument that these things provide, and taking seriously the methodological remarks Austin scattered in his corpus, the book shows that Austin’s way of pursuing epistemology was not born of a misunderstanding of the project of epistemology. It was born, rather, of a powerful critique of how that project has been conceived. But, as the book also shows, Austin was not against epistemological theorizing itself. On the contrary, Austin understood himself to be offering—and was, in fact, defending a way of doing epistemology that is fully capable of offering—substantive answers to important epistemological questions.
Austin’s Critical Method
Authors: Kaplan Mark
Published: August 2018

Begins with Barry Stroud’s reconstruction of Descartes’s dream argument; lays out the critique of the argument that emerges from what Austin wrote in “Other Minds”; describes the long-standing consensus on how, and why, Austin’s way with skepticism goes wrong; shows how poorly this consensus view, of why Austin wrote as he did, fits with what Austin said about why he wrote as he did; explains how Austin’s requirement, that our epistemology be faithful to what we would ordinarily say and do, is properly to be understood, and why he endorsed it; defends Austin’s fidelity requirement against the charge that it fails to take proper account of (i) our failure to agree on what we would ordinarily say, (ii) the pragmatic factors that influence what we ordinarily say, (iii) the attitude of philosophical detachment with which epistemology is conducted, and (iv) the role intuitions play in epistemology.
How to Do Things with Austin
Authors: Kaplan Mark
Published: August 2018

Provides another argument for the thesis that, far from presenting an insurmountable obstacle to the project of constructive epistemology, the deployment of Austin’s requirement of fidelity enables us to find new solutions to epistemological problems; deploys Austin’s fidelity requirement to argue that neither our having a justified belief P, nor our having a justified true belief that P, is sufficient for P to count as part of our evidence—it is necessary that we know that P; that our decisions, as to what we know, have methodological import; that, as a consequence, it cannot be of any moment, to a properly conducted inquiry into what it takes for a person to know that P, what naïve respondents say about cases (including the cases cited in support of the Pragmatic Encroachment Thesis—the thesis that whether we know that P depends on whether we are prepared to act on P).
The History of the Covenants
Authors: Randall Maya Hertig
Published: August 2018

Translating the UDHR into a binding treaty ‘with teeth’ was an acid test for the international community. This chapter places the genesis of the ICESCR and the ICCPR in its political context. It highlights the interlocking challenges of the Cold War and of decolonization and also underscores disagreement among allied nations as well as attempts to ‘export’ the domestic conception of human rights. Three issues central to completing the International Bill of Human Rights are analysed: (1) identification of the rights to be included; (2) States’ obligations to give effect to human rights on the domestic level; and (3) international supervision mechanisms. These issues are closely related to the decision to divide human rights into two Covenants. In tracing the major controversies and decisions reached, light is also cast on the relationship and characteristics of civil and political rights and economic, social, and cultural rights, as understood at the time.
Giving Meaning and Effect to Human Rights
Authors: Neuman Gerald L
Published: August 2018

This chapter discusses the multiple roles played by the members of the Human Rights Committee in giving effect to the rights guaranteed by the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. It argues that the most important contribution the members make to the human rights project consists in their credible, professional elaboration of those rights, particularly by means of the Committee’s Views and General Comments, as emphasized by the International Court of Justice in the Diallo case. While the Committee members should be open to learning from the insights of other treaty bodies, they should resist urgings toward a simplistic harmonization. The texts and interpretations of other ‘core’ human rights treaties must be used with care in the members’ independent exercise of their own interpretive function.
NGOs
Authors: Mutzenberg Patrick
Published: August 2018

This chapter evaluates the role played by NGOs before the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and the Human Rights Committee. Even if NGO participation was not originally foreseen in the Covenants, clear proceedings have subsequently been established to ensure their involvement in the Committees’ work. This chapter’s main focus is on the reporting procedure: it assesses how NGOs can submit written and oral information to strengthen this process. It also briefly addresses the NGO role in other areas of the Committees’ work, in particular the drafting of General Comments and the individual communications mechanisms. However, NGO participation is not limited to the work carried out in Geneva, and the chapter highlights recent NGO initiatives to ensure proper national implementation of the Committees’ recommendations. Such engagement is also possible in the context of the follow-up procedures, albeit to different extents depending on the practices of the respective Committee.
Influence of the ICCPR in Asia
Authors: Tyagi Yogesh
Published: August 2018

The golden jubilee of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) coincides with the emergence of Asia as a centre of global attention. However, greater attention to Asia has been accompanied by some scepticism over its attitude towards human rights. The chapter provides an overall assessment of the impact of the ICCPR on the major Asian States, with an analysis of the factors affecting such influence. The chapter considers the involvement in, observance of, and compliance with the provisions of the ICCPR by these States. It further delves into the academic and judicial discourse on the ICCPR within these States, recording the domestic disposition towards judgments of foreign courts, the output of the Human Rights Committee, and the work of other international human rights bodies. It makes suggestions for developing mechanisms to improve the effectiveness of the ICCPR and for creating databases to perform further research in the area.
The Covenants and Financial Crises
Authors: Kaufmann Christine
Published: August 2018

This chapter identifies three key elements for effectively implementing the Covenants in times of financial crisis: a people-oriented, rights-based perspective, a process to foster coherence, and a new paradigm for bridging the gap between human rights and international financial regulations. It first analyses the anatomy of different types of financial crises from a rights-holder perspective and identifies the key actors and their potential impacts. It shows that, while financial crises share commonalities, their triggers, involved actors, and effects may vary substantially, leading to a complex web of relationships and responsibilities and norm fragmentation. This feeds into an expansion of focus from people to process and coherence with an analysis of the human rights responsibilities of international financial institutions and their members. The chapter concludes by suggesting translational human rights as a new paradigm for bridging the identified conceptual gaps and conflicting interests, and to pave the way for a more active role of the Covenants.
The Difference between Lying and Misleading
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: August 2018

The notions of what is said and assertion, as relative to questions under discussion, are used to provide an account of the lying-misleading distinction. The chapter argues that utterances are sometimes interpreted relative to the so-called Big Question, roughly paraphrased by “What is the world like?” This observation is shown to account for the fact that, when conveying standard conversational implicatures, what is asserted is likewise proposed for the common ground. The chapter applies the resulting account of the lying-misleading distinction to ways of lying and misleading with incomplete predicates, possessives, presuppositions, pronouns, and prosodic focus. A formal notion of contextual questionentailment is defined which shows when it is possible to mislead with respect to a question under discussion while avoiding outright lying.
Communicating Attitudes
Authors: Stokke Andreas
Published: August 2018

This chapter extends the analysis of insincere language use from the last chapter to non-declarative utterances, including imperative, interrogative, and exclamative utterances. It argues that such utterances communicate information about the speaker’s attitudes. The chapter offers an account of insincerity in the non-declarative realm that is shallow. On this view, a non-declarative utterance is insincere when it is made without a conscious intention to avoid communicating information not matching the speaker’s conscious attitudes. A notion of a communicative act is defined, and the chapter argues that only such acts can be evaluated as insincere or not. A framework for understanding the semantics and pragmatics of non-declarative clause types is sketched and the chapter shows how it explains why non-declaratives cannot be used to lie.
The Problem of Divine Hiddenness
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides a detailed characterization of the various meanings of the term “divine hiddenness,” carefully and rigorously articulates the version of the problem of divine hiddenness that has dominated contemporary philosophical discussion for the past twenty-five years, and then explains the relationship between that problem and the problem of evil.
Christ Existing as Community
Authors: Mawson Michael
Published: August 2018

How can theologians recognize the church as a historical and human community, while still holding that it has been established by Christ and is a work of the Spirit? How can a theological account of the church draw insights and concepts from the social sciences, without Christian commitments and claims about the church being undermined or displaced? In 1927, the 21-year-old Dietrich Bonhoeffer defended his licentiate dissertation, Sanctorum Communio: A Theological Study of the Sociology of the Church. This remains his most neglected and misunderstood work. Christ Existing as Community thus retrieves and analyses Bonhoeffer’s engagement with social theory and attempt at ecclesiology. Against standard readings and criticisms of this work, Mawson demonstrates that it contains a rich and nuanced approach to the church, one which displays many of Bonhoeffer’s key influences—especially Luther, Hegel, Troeltsch, and Barth—while being distinctive in its own right. In particular, Mawson argues that Sanctorum Communio’s theology is built around a complex dialectic of creation, sin, and reconciliation. On this basis, he contends that Bonhoeffer’s dissertation has ongoing significance for work in theology and Christian ethics.
Conclusion
Authors: Mawson Michael
Published: August 2018

The Conclusion makes a case for the ongoing importance of Bonhoeffer’s ecclesiology by positioning his approach in Sanctorum Communio with respect to more recent approaches to ecclesiology, namely, those of Stanley Hauerwas, John Webster, John Milbank, and the ecclesiology and ethnography movement. The Conclusion argues that Bonhoeffer’s ecclesiology includes and holds together insights and emphases that these more recent scholars have all (each in their own way) placed in opposition to one another. On this basis Sanctorum Communio makes a compelling contribution to ecclesiology that has ongoing significance.
Bringing Power and Markets In
Authors: Tussie Diana
Published: August 2018

This commentary argues for greater attention to issues of power and markets as research on global governance legitimacy advances. The topic of legitimacy in global governance is ethically and politically urgent to explore because of serious challenges from within and without the current institutional order. This commentary calls for more attention to two specific issues: geopolitical change and markets. First, in times of geopolitical transition, the sources of legitimacy are themselves points of contestation. Power transitions expose the limits of the liberal order and intimate a return of geopolitics with implications for the perceptions of legitimate global governance. Second, the role of markets has been neglected in scholarship on global governance legitimacy. This legitimacy is fragile partly because private interests have dominated the representation of public interests in decision making. The legitimacy of global governance institutions requires that domestic governance is not undermined by international markets.
Spatial patterns
Authors: James Philip
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, the discussion focuses on the spatial variation of species within urban environment. Studies on urban–rural gradients are discussed. These are studies along gradients of disturbance and environmental stress. The extreme heterogeneity of urban environments, where contrasting urban forms are juxtaposed, is recognized as an issue in drawing generalities. Despite this, some limited generalities in the patterns of species richness and density can be detected. The intermediate disturbance hypothesis is discussed and its limitations identified. Examples are presented from a number of taxa where different spatial distribution patterns are observed. There is also a brief consideration of r- and K-selected species and of urban avoiders and adaptors and how their distributions are affected by urban environments. While it is possible to make general statements regarding the distribution of biodiversity across an urban environment, considerable variations exist in terms of individual species.
Imperial Madness in Ancient Rome
Authors: Winterling Aloys
Published: August 2018

The inherited stigma of Roman kingship and the legacy of noble faction form the backdrop to this chapter, which reinterprets the archetypical ‘tyrannical emperors’ Caligula, Nero, and Domitian. The chapter demonstrates that the psychological approach of nineteenth- and early twentieth-century scholarship was misguided, and instead analyzes the emperors in the context of, on the one hand, the paradoxical sociopolitical conditions of early imperial Rome and, on the other, Rome’s traditional aristocratic ideals. In this chapter’s treatment, supposed insanity becomes a strategy for unmasking (Caligula), superseding (Nero), or breaking down (Domitian) the contradictions inherent in the imperial res publica. Provocatively, the reconstruction provided here suggests that it is the traditional ‘good emperors’ who are in need of explication.
“Lawless Tyranny” and “Destructive Accommodation”
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

This chapter explains how the outbreak of the civil war led to serious divisions within parliament’s camp. These divisions, over the nature of the war, the character and function of the king, and the propriety of negotiation and compromise with the royalists, reflected and further intensified shifts in the nature of political ideology. These emergent ideological shifts, first articulated in the petitions and pressure campaigns of hard-line supporters in the city, were bolstered by the publication of tracts and pamphlets, which revealed the increasingly radical tenor of the political thought gestating among pro-parliamentary militants. Examination of those tracts shows that, by early 1643, some parliamentarians were coming to reject Westminster’s official line on the war effort, along with fundamental features of the “ancient constitution” as it had been understood before 1642.
Rumor Wars
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

Following military failures in late 1644, long-simmering religious differences burst into public, threatening to sunder parliament’s cause. A formidable presbyterian alliance gathered strength, deploying multiple tactics to pressure parliament to settle the church and crack down on the sects; at the same time, a developing independent coalition adopted equally sophisticated techniques of organization and propaganda to counter this push. This chapter analyzes these practices—including petitioning, lobbying, secret printing, street propaganda, rumormongering, and regular meetings—to reveal a novel environment of energetic partisan politics. These organizational developments were accompanied by ideological shifts, in which presbyterians drew back from earlier militant political commitments, while some independents articulated newly radical political ideas, hinting at social egalitarianism, press freedom, democratization of the polity, or limitations on state power. Moreover, these ideological shifts and religious divisions increasingly dovetailed with disputes over military reorganization, culminating in the creation of the New Model Army.
The Seeking Way
Authors: Como David R.
Published: August 2018

This chapter explores the outer edges of puritan religiosity during the 1640s, examining different species of “anti-formalism” that emerged in the period. First, it reconstructs a strain of thought maintaining that “forms”—or contestable niceties of doctrine and discipline—should be subordinated to godly solidarity, a position that came to sit near the center of the emerging “independent” coalition. The chapter then analyzes more extreme pietistic variants, which called into question the validity of all “forms” or religious observances—even to the point of denying the existence of any true church on earth. Attempts are made to explain how and where these disruptive modes of piety came into being, and likewise to assess their impact by charting the spread of such ideas into the heart of the parliamentarian coalition. While such formulations were at root religious, they sometimes had deep political and social implications, which are gestured at here.
Criminal Law
Authors: Duff R A
Published: August 2018

This chapter develops a conception of criminal law as a distinctive legal institution: it aims to identify, by a rationally reconstructive approach, normatively salient dimensions of systems of criminal law like our own. On this conception the central dimensions of criminal law are the substantive law, which consists in a set not of ‘prohibitions’, but of declarative definitions of those ‘public’ wrongs that are to be formally marked in this way; the criminal process and the criminal trial, through which those accused of committing such wrongs are called formally to answer to those accusations, and to answer for those wrongs if their guilt is proved; and criminal punishment. It also discusses the processes of criminalization; the distinction between formal and substantive criminalization; and the discretion that the formal law must leave to officials, and to lay citizens, in determining what kinds of conduct are actually treated as criminal.
Legal Moralism and Public Wrongs
Authors: Duff R A
Published: August 2018

This chapter provides a preliminary discussion of ‘legal moralism’. It distinguishes ‘negative’ from ‘positive’ legal moralism; it defends negative legal moralism (we may not criminalize conduct that is not wrongful prior to its criminalization), and shows why positive legal moralism (the wrongfulness of a type of conduct gives us reason to criminalize it) is attractive. It criticizes the most familiar form of positive legal moralism, according to which we have good reason to criminalize all morally wrongful conduct, as being implausibly over-expansive, and argues for a modest legal moralism according to which criminal law is concerned only with public wrongs. The idea of a public wrong is explained through a discussion of professional ethics, and an analogy between codes of professional ethics, dealing with wrongdoing that falls within a particular practice, and criminal law, as concerned with wrongdoing that falls within the distinctive practice of civic life—of a polity.
Jewish Philosophy in the Middle Ages
Authors: Rudavsky T. M.
Published: August 2018

The purpose of this volume is to provide an account of how medieval Jewish philosophy, from the tenth century to Spinoza, forms part of an ongoing dialogue with medieval Christian and Islamic thought. It provides a corrective to available works, and a supplement to available histories of philosophy, many of which devote little space to Jewish philosophy. The focus of this work is on the tensions between Judaism and rational thought, as reflected in particular philosophical controversies arising in the context of issues in metaphysics, rationalism, language, cosmology, science, faith and reason, and philosophical theology. Much new research has occurred in these latter areas, and so it is important to introduce readers to the rich discussions found in medieval Jewish philosophical texts. The aim of this book is twofold: to provide a broad historical survey of major figures and schools within the medieval Jewish tradition, and to focus more narrowly on the importance and challenge of rationalist discourse within this tradition.
What Is Jewish Philosophy?
Authors: Rudavsky T. M.
Published: August 2018

Medieval Jewish philosophy, like Islamic and Christian philosophy, is fundamentally focused on the relationship between “faith and reason.” Arising as an effort toward harmonizing the tenets of Judaism with current philosophic teachings, medieval Jewish philosophy deals with problems in which there appears to be a conflict between philosophical speculation and acceptance of dogmas of the Judaic faith. This chapter reviews the nature of Jewish philosophy as well as the tension between Judaism and Science. It positions Jewish philosophy within the broader context of Western thought, and distinguishes philosophy from the world of the Rabbis. It then provides an overview of the major themes of the work, which include issues of omniscience, providence, reason, and moral theory.
On Immortality and the Nature of the Soul
Authors: Rudavsky T. M.
Published: August 2018

Chapter 8 addresses the following issues: what is the soul, and how is it related to the body; if the soul is part of the body, does it perish along with the destruction of the body, or does a part of the soul survive; if part of the soul is immortal, can it acquire new knowledge after death; is the body resurrected in the world to come, or is salvation purely spiritual; if salvation is spiritual, are rewards and punishments in the world to come spiritual as well, or are they material? Jewish philosophers discussed these issues against the backdrop of Platonic, Aristotelian, and Islamic thought.
The Elements of Relativity
Authors: Wittman David M.
Published: August 2018

Relativity is a set of remarkable insights into the way space and time work. The basic notion of relativity, first articulated by Galileo, explains why we do not feel Earth moving as it orbits the Sun and was successful for hundreds of years. We present thinking tools that elucidate Galilean relativity and prepare us for the more modern understanding. We then show how Galilean relativity breaks down at speeds near the speed of light, and follow Einstein’s steps in working out the unexpected relationships between space and time that we now call special relativity. These relationships give rise to time dilation, length contraction, and the twin “paradox” which we explain in detail. Throughout, we emphasize how these effects are tightly interwoven logically and graphically. Our graphical understanding leads to viewing space and time as a unified entity called spacetime whose geometry differs from that of space alone, giving rise to these remarkable effects. The same geometry gives rise to the energy?momentum relation that yields the famous equation E = mc2, which we explore in detail. We then show that this geometric model can explain gravity better than traditional models of the “force” of gravity. This gives rise to general relativity, which unites relativity and gravity in a coherent whole that spawns new insights into the dynamic nature of spacetime. We examine experimental tests and startling predictions of general relativity, from everyday applications (GPS) to exotic phenomena such as gravitomagnetism, gravitational waves, Big Bang cosmology, and especially black holes.
Time Dilation and Length Contraction
Authors: Wittman David M.
Published: August 2018

In Chapter 6, we discovered that different frames mix time and space differently; in this chapter, we will discover that speed causes time to run slowly and space to contract. Of course, the truth is a bit subtler than that, because when two frames are in relative motion each frame measures the other as the high‐speed frame where time runs slowly and space contracts.We deduce time dilation and length contraction in multiple ways: first with a light clock as a thinking tool, and then with spacetime diagrams and a new thinking tool called the symmetric frame. We also examine the experimental proof of these effects. By the end of this chapter, you will understand how time dilation and length contraction fit together with time skew in a fully consistent model that beautifully fits a wide range of evidence.
Doppler Effect and Velocity Addition Law
Authors: Wittman David M.
Published: August 2018

We now pivot from relationships between frames to look at the effect of motion on communications between specific observers.This will help us look at the twin paradox in the next chapter, and will prove crucial to understanding the effects of gravity on time. Along the way, we develop an understanding of the Doppler effect; a key tool in many areas of modern science. We find that Doppler effects are reciprocal (Alice observes the same effect on Bob’s signals as Bob observes on Alice’s signals) and that Doppler effects compound over multiple frame changes. We then use the compounding of Doppler effects to deduce the algebraic formof the velocity addition law. We show that this Einstein velocity addition law reduces to the Galilean law at low speeds.
Energy and Momentum
Authors: Wittman David M.
Published: August 2018

Tis chapter explains the famous equation E = mc2 as part of a wider relationship between energy, mass, and momentum. We start by defning energy and momentum in the everyday sense. We then build on the stretching‐triangle picture of spacetime vectors developed in Chapter 11 to see how energy, mass, and momentum have a deep relationship that is not obvious at everyday low speeds. When momentum is zero (a mass is at rest) this energy‐momentum relation simplifes to E = mc2, which implies that mass at rest quietly stores tremendous amounts of energy. Te energymomentum relation also implies that traveling near the speed of light (e.g., to take advantage of time dilation for interstellar journeys) will require tremendous amounts of energy. Finally, we look at the simplifed form of the energy‐momentum relation when the mass is zero. Tis gives us insight into the behavior of massless particles such as the photon.
Orbits
Authors: Wittman David M.
Published: August 2018

Orbits are ubiquitous in the universe: moons orbit planets, planets orbit stars, stars orbit around the center of the Milky Way galaxy, and so on. Any theory of gravity will have to explain the properties of all these orbits. To pave the way for developing the metric theory of gravity (general relativity) this chapter examines the basics of orbits as observed and as explained by the Newtonian model of gravity. We can use our understanding of gravity to infer the masses and other properties of these cosmic systems. Te chapter concludes with four optional sections in this spirit, covering the slingshot maneuver; dark matter; binary star orbits and how they reveal the masses of stars; and extrasolar planets.
Who Was Ctesias?
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

Ctesias, the author of the Zarinaea and Stryangaeus story, was an extraordinary figure, a Greek who spent time in the Persian court and claimed to have access to Persian sources. He was influential stylistically on the novelistic tradition; and he also may have been highly self-conscious about the fictive nature of his writing (although it is impossible to tell without his own words).
How Greek Is the Greek Romance?
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: August 2018

In the light of the findings of this book, the ‘Hellenocentric’ romances of Chariton and Xenophon look less like a point of origin for the Greek romance and more an exception against the larger backdrop of an ongoing interest in cultural blending and intermarriage. This chapter looks briefly at Achilles Tatius’s Leucippe and Clitophon (second century CE) and Heliodorus’s Charicleia and Theagenes (fourth century CE), reading them in terms of continuation of the intercultural themes found in earlier, Hellenistic ‘novels’.
Explaining Cancer
Authors: Plutynski Anya
Published: August 2018

In this chapter, I draw upon several twentieth-century case studies to argue that cancer research is not “theory-driven” but “problem-driven.” That is, cancer researchers have been largely concerned with puzzles, a concept I draw from Kuhn. Examples include the puzzle of why cancer incidence increases with age, and why we don’t get cancer more often than we do. These case studies further illustrate how explaining cancer requires the viewpoint of different disciplines.
In the Path of the Storm: Does Distress Risk Cause Industrial Firms to Risk-Shift?*
Authors: Aretz Kevin , Banerjee Shantanu , Pryshchepa Oksana
Published: August 2018

We study whether industrial firms risk-shift in response to distress risk increases induced through hurricane strikes. Using new proxies capturing deliberate managerial decisions about the risk of a firm’s operating segment portfolio, differences tests suggest that hurricane strikes prompt moderately, but not highly, distressed firms to skew their asset mixes toward riskier segments by shutting down low-risk, high-average-Q segments. In turn, the moderately distressed firms observe abnormally high failure rates after a hurricane strike. Employing covenant violation data, we offer further evidence that creditor control prevents highly distressed firms from raising their risk. Our conclusions extend those of other studies by suggesting that moderate distress risk levels can lead the managers of industrial firms to not only engage in risk-taking, but, in fact, in risk-shifting.
Is Social Work Still Racist? A Content Analysis of Recent Literature
Authors: Corley Nicole A , Young Stephen M
Published: August 2018

Addressing systems of oppression that disproportionately affect racial and ethnic minoritized groups appears to be of marginal interest in social work’s professional literature. This article describes the content analysis of articles on Asian Pacific Islander (API) Americans, African Americans, Latinx or Hispanic Americans, and Native or Indigenous Americans in four major social work journals published between 2005 and 2015. (The analysis serves to update a 1992 article by Anthony McMahon and Paula Allen-Meares that examined literature between 1980 and 1989.) Of the 1,690 articles published in Child Welfare, Research on Social Work Practice, Social Service Review, and Social Work over an 11-year period, only 123 met the criteria for inclusion. Findings suggest that social work researchers are still failing to address institutional racism and are relying heavily on micro-level interventions when working with minoritized groups. Social workers need to increase efforts to dismantle institutional racism.