bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insecticidal activity and nicotinic acetylcholine receptor binding of dinotefuran and its analogues in the housefly, Musca domestica
Authors: Kiriyama Kazuhisa , Nishiwaki Hisashi , Nakagawa Yoshiaki , Nishimura Keiichiro
Published: September 2003

The insecticidal activity of dinotefuran and 23 related compounds against the housefly, Musca domestica (L) was measured by injection with metabolic inhibitors. Dinotefuran was less active than imidacloprid and clothianidin by a factor of 10 in molar concentrations. Their binding activities to the fly‐head membrane preparation were measured by using [125I]α‐bungarotoxin ([125I]α‐BGTX) and [3H]imidacloprid ([3H]IMI) as radioligands. The activity of some selected compounds measured with [3H]IMI was 104‐fold higher than that measured with [125I]α‐BGTX. With [3H]IMI as a radioligand, dinotefuran was 13‐fold less active than imidacloprid. The inhibitory effect of dinotefuran on the binding of [3H]IMI to the membrane preparation was in a competitive manner. Quantitative analysis of the insecticidal activity of the test compounds with the binding activity measured with [3H]IMI showed that the higher the binding activity, the higher was the insecticidal activity. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Inhibitors of 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA reductase lower fecundity in the German cockroach: correlation between the effects on fecundity in vivo with the inhibition of enzymatic activity in embryo cells
Authors: Zapata Rafael , Piulachs Maria‐Dolors , Bellés Xavier
Published: September 2003

The enzyme 3‐hydroxy‐3‐methylglutaryl‐CoA (HMG‐CoA) reductase is crucial to insect development and reproduction, as revealed by the sterilising properties of some specific inhibitors of it. In the present paper, we study the sterilising effects of a number of HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors on the German cockroach, Blattella germanica (L). The inhibitors tested were naringenin, lovastatin, mevastatin, simvastatin, atorvastatin and fluvastatin. The first two compounds were ineffective or scarcely effective as HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors. The most active compounds in vivo were fluvastatin and atorvastatin, followed by simvastatin and mevastatin. They were equally ranked when tested as HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors in the B germanica embryonic derived cell line UM‐BGE‐1. This suggests that this cell line may be an appropriate tool for testing HMG‐CoA reductase inhibitors and so to predict their properties as insect sterilising agents with insecticide potential. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Rapid mineralisation of the herbicide isoproturon in soil from a previously treated Danish agricultural field
Authors: Sørensen Sebastian R , Aamand Jens
Published: September 2003

Mineralisation of the phenylurea herbicide isoproturon (3‐(4‐isopropylphenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea) and two of its known metabolites, 3‐(4‐isopropylphenyl)‐1‐methylurea (monodesmethyl‐isoproturon) and 4‐isopropylaniline, was studied in Danish agricultural soils with or without previous exposure to isoproturon. A potential for rapid mineralisation of isoproturon and the two metabolites was present in soils sampled from three plots within an agricultural field previously treated regularly with the herbicide, with 34–45%, 51–58% and 33–36% of the added [phenyl‐U‐14C]isoproturon, [phenyl‐U‐14C]monodesmethyl‐isoproturon and [phenyl‐U‐14C]4‐isopropylaniline metabolised to [14C]carbon dioxide within 30 days at 20 °C. In contrast, such extensive mineralisation of these three compounds was not observed within this period in soils sampled from two other agricultural fields without previous treatment with isoproturon. The mineralisation patterns indicated growth‐linked metabolism of the three compounds in the previously exposed soils, and doubling times for [14C]carbon dioxide production ranged from 1.6 to 3.2, 1.0 to 2.1 and 1.3 to 1.7 days for isoproturon, monodesmethyl‐isoproturon and 4‐isopropylaniline, respectively. The ability to mineralise [phenyl‐U‐14C]isoproturon to [14C]carbon dioxide was successfully sub‐cultured to a fresh mineral medium which provided isoproturon as sole source of carbon and nitrogen. One of the soils sampled from an agricultural field not previously treated with isoproturon showed accelerated mineralisation of [phenyl‐U‐14C]4‐isopropylaniline toward the end of the experiment, with a doubling time for [14C]carbon dioxide production of 7.4 days. This study indicates that the occurrence of rapid mineralisation of the phenyl ring of isoproturon to carbon dioxide is related to previous exposure to the herbicide, which suggests that microbial adaptation upon repeated isoproturon use may occur within agricultural fields. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of rotenoids from the seeds of Millettia dura on larvae of Aedes aegypti
Authors: Yenesew Abiy , Derese Solomon , Midiwo Jacob O , Heydenreich Matthias , Peter Martin G
Published: September 2003

A crude chloroform extract of seeds of Millettia dura Dunn (Leguminosae) showed high activity (LC50 = 3.5 µg ml−1 at 24 h) against second‐instar larvae of the mosquito, Aedes aegypti L (Diptera: Culicidae). The rotenoids, deguelin and tephrosin, isolated from the seeds of this plant also showed potent activities, with LC50 values of 1.6 and 1.4 µg ml−1 at 24 h, respectively. The related rotenoids millettone and millettosin were inactive at 20 µg ml−1. Saturation at the B/C ring junction and the presence of methoxy groups at C‐2 and/or C‐3 in deguelin and tephrosin appear to be important for the observed larvicidal activity. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
A degree‐day concept for estimating degradation time under field conditions
Authors: Jackson Scott H
Published: September 2003

Development of degradation rate information for crop protection products in soil is typically a time consuming and costly process. Therefore, development of methodology that would allow extrapolation of limited degradation information to wider field conditions in a predictive fashion would be desirable. This study presents an approach that uses a modified heat unit model to estimate organic compound degradation time using limited datasets. The model requires daily soil or air temperature and volumetric water content. Predictions based on the model for three different compounds in five different field studies were within 80% of measured values based on soil analysis. Results from this research indicate that the model was able to predict compound half‐life values across all sites with r2 = 0.99. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Triazine resistance in Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq) Sauer that is not site‐of‐action mediated
Authors: Patzoldt William L , Dixon Bradley S , Tranel Patrick J
Published: September 2003

While surveying Illinois Amaranthus tuberculatus (Moq) Sauer (tall waterhemp) half‐sib populations for herbicide response variability, several were observed to segregate for resistance to atrazine. Studies were conducted on greenhouse‐grown A tuberculatus plants to compare atrazine responses among populations that were segregating for resistance (SegR), uniformly sensitive (UniS) or uniformly resistant (UniR). In chlorophyll fluorescence assays, leaves of plants from the SegR and UniS populations displayed changes in fluorescence after treatment with atrazine, indicating that atrazine was inhibiting electron transport of photosystem II in chloroplasts. Sequencing of a fragment of psbA, which encodes the D1 protein, revealed that the SegR population did not contain the amino acid substitution that is typically found in triazine‐resistant plants. Whole‐plant herbicide dose‐response experiments revealed that, relative to the UniS population, atrazine resistances in the UniR and SegR populations were >770‐fold and 16‐fold, respectively. The SegR population was also resistant to cyanazine (59‐fold), but not to metribuzin, linuron or pyridate. Triazine resistance in the SegR population was shown to be a nuclear inherited trait, unlike maternal inheritance of site‐of‐action mediated triazine resistance found in the UniR population. Taken collectively, these findings confirm the existence of two distinct triazine resistance mechanisms in A tuberculatus. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Cloning and expression analysis of the ATP‐binding cassette transporter gene MFABC1 and the alternative oxidase gene MfAOX1 from Monilinia fructicola
Authors: Schnabel Guido , Dai Qun , Paradkar Manjiri R
Published: September 2003

Brown rot, caused by Monilinia fructicola (G Wint) Honey, is a serious disease of peach in all commercial peach production areas in the USA, including South Carolina where it has been primarily controlled by pre‐harvest application of 14‐α demethylation (DMI) fungicides for more than 15 years. Recently, the Qo fungicide azoxystrobin was registered for brown rot control and is currently being investigated for its potential as a DMI fungicide rotation partner because of its different mode of action. In an effort to investigate molecular mechanisms of DMI and Qo fungicide resistance in M fructicola, the ABC transporter gene MfABC1 and the alternative oxidase gene MfAOX1 were cloned to study their potential role in conferring fungicide resistance. The MfABC1 gene was 4380 bp in length and contained one intron of 71 bp. The gene revealed high amino acid homologies with atrB from Aspergillus nidulans (Eidam) Winter, an ABC transporter conferring resistance to many fungicides, including DMI fungicides. MfABC1 gene expression was induced after myclobutanil and propiconazole treatment in isolates with low sensitivity to the same fungicides, and in an isolate with high sensitivity to propiconazole. The results suggest that the MfABC1 gene may be a DMI fungicide resistance determinant in M fructicola.

The alternative oxidase gene MfAOX1 from M fructicola was cloned and gene expression was analyzed. The MfAOX1 gene was 1077 bp in length and contained two introns of 54 and 67 bp. The amino acid sequence was 63.8, 63.8 and 57.7% identical to alternative oxidases from Venturia inaequalis (Cooke) Winter, Aspergillus niger van Teighem and A nidulans, respectively. MfAOX1 expression in some but not all M fructicola isolates was induced in mycelia treated with azoxystrobin. Azoxystrobin at 2 µg ml−1 significantly induced MfAOX1 expression in isolates with low MfAOX1 constitutive expression levels. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
The potential removal of imidacloprid from water by heat‐treated kerolites
Authors: Socías‐Viciana M , González‐Pradas E , Saifi M , Ureña‐Amate MD , Flores‐Céspedes F , Fernández‐Pérez M
Published: September 2003

The adsorption of imidacloprid [1‐(6‐chloro‐3‐pyridinylmethyl)‐N‐nitroimidazolidin‐2‐ylideneamine] on heat‐treated kerolite samples at 110 °C (K‐110), 200 °C (K‐200), 400 °C (K‐400) and 600 °C (K‐600) from pure water solution at 25 °C has been studied. The evolution of the surface properties of the kerolite samples, such as specific surface area and porosity, after heat treatment were analysed. The clays were characterised by using FTIR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric and differential thermogravimetric analysis, surface analysis and Hg porosimetry. The experimental adsorption data points were fitted to the Freundlich equation in order to calculate the adsorption capacities (Kf) of the samples; Kf values ranged from 242 mg kg−1 for the K‐110 sample to 1005 mg kg−1 for the K‐600 sample. The values obtained for the removal efficiency (R) ranged from 62.8% for K‐110 to 87.2% for K‐600. The adsorption experiments showed that the stronger the heat treatment, the more effective was the adsorption of imidacloprid from pure water. This work shows the potential use of heat‐activated kerolite for the removal of imidacloprid from environmental waters and drinking water resources. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Biotypic and pest status differences between Hungarian and South African populations of Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Authors: Basky Zsuzsa
Published: September 2003

Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Kurdjumov) is a severe pest of cereals in South Africa and in the USA. In order to reduce D noxia damage, intensive resistance breeding programs have been undertaken, resulting in D noxia‐resistant cultivars that are now widely used in South Africa and in the USA. However, there appear to be differences in the ability of different populations of D noxia to damage these resistant cereal cultivars. To determine whether different biotypes of D noxia are present, damage to eight wheat cultivars was compared when they were exposed to either Hungarian or South African aphid strains. It appeared that the Hungarian CVS MV Magdaléna, MV Magvas, and MV 17 were susceptible to D noxia from both Hungary and South Africa. The susceptible South African CV Betta was also severely damaged regardless of the country of origin of the aphids. None of the cultivars resistant in South Africa (Caledon, SST 333, SST 972 and Halt) were, however, resistant to Hungarian populations of D noxia.These cultivars, which carry resistance genes originating from the breeding lines PI 262660, PI 137739 and PI 372129, were severely damaged by the Hungarian D noxia. Apart from the highly resistant CV Halt, the resistant cultivars used in this study were developed in South Africa, with the biotype present there. Damage to all cultivars tested was significantly more severe in response to Hungarian than to South African D noxia, indicating that a more damaging aphid biotype occurs in Hungary. However, D noxia has not yet become a pest of wheat in Hungary, possibly due to a difference in cultural practices. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Insect peptide hormones: a selective review of their physiology and potential application for pest control
Authors: Gäde Gerd , Goldsworthy Graham J
Published: September 2003

Our knowledge on primary structure, synthesis, release, receptor binding, structure–activity relationships, mode of action and degradation of, mainly, neuropeptides from insects has increased dramatically during the last 10 years or so. Here, five case studies are presented, which deal selectively with effects on: reproduction (trypsin modulating oostatic factor in mosquito); energy metabolism, locomotion and the immune system (adipokinetic hormones); water and ion balance, and feeding behaviour (diuretic hormones, kinins, sulfakinins); sex attraction (pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide); and growth and development, and muscle activity (allatostatins). The literature is reviewed in the context of how the knowledge on neuropeptides has been and can be used for the design of novel, safe and selective compounds to control pest insects in the foreseeable future. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry
Tuned aperture computed tomography (TACT®) for cross‐sectional implant site assessment in the posterior mandible
Authors: Rashedi Behnoush , Tyndall Donald A. , Ludlow John B. , Chaffee Nancy R. , Guckes Albert D.
Published: September 2003

Purpose This study was designed to optimize a new radiographic modality known as tuned aperture computed tomography (TACT) for cross‐sectional imaging of implant sites in human dry mandibles.

Materials and Methods Five imaging modalities were compared for image quality and measurement accuracy: (1) conventional hypocycloidal tomograms, (2) TACT images reconstructed using the average method produced using a linear x‐ray source movement, (3) TACT images reconstructed using the average method produced using a multidirectional x‐ray source movement, (4) minimally reconstructed TACT images without a fiducial marker at the site of interest, and (5) minimally reconstructed TACT images with a fiducial marker at the site of interest.

Results The extended Mantel‐Haenszel mean score statistic was used to investigate the influence of modality on subjective image quality. A statistically significant difference for certain types of TACT images and multidirectional tomography (P < 0.0001) was observed. Linear TACT and multmin TACT were rated as significantly better than other image modalities (P < 0.0009), whereas multidirectional tomography was rated as being significantly worse than other radiographic modalities (P < 0.0001). For the quantitative assessment, data were normalized and analyzed statistically through a paired‐comparisons t test. For each modality, the accuracy for maximum height and height was significantly different from ground truth (P < 0.05).

Conclusion The qualitative data suggest that visibility of structures important to the choice of implant location and dimension were seen better with certain TACT methods. Quantitative differences from ground truth (actual measurements of the bone‐absolute truth) were clinically negligible. TACT appears to offer the potential of superior image quality over the status quo.
Clinical evaluation of resilient denture liners. Part 2: candida count and speciation
Authors: Brosky Mary E. , Pesun Igor J. , Morrison Brad , Hodges James S. , Lai Juey H. , Liljemark William
Published: September 2003

Purpose The purpose of this study was to count and to speciate Candida isolated from 2 resilient denture liners, Molloplast‐B and MPDS‐SL.

Materials and Methods A group of 20 patients each had 1 maxillary denture and 2 mandibular dentures fabricated. One mandibular denture was lined with Molloplast‐B, and 1 was lined with MPDS‐SL. Each denture was used for 3 months. At the end of the 3‐month period, the mandibular denture was surrendered, and a 5 × 5‐mm circular resilient liner sample was obtained from the tissue surface of the lingual flange. Samples were processed, and Candida was isolated and counted. Speciation of Candida was performed using CHROMagar Candida and API 20C AUX strips.

Results Molloplast‐B had, on average, 5 times as many CFU/sample as MPDSL‐SL, but this difference was not significant (p= 0.26). A sign test gave a similar nonsignificant trend (p= 0.057). CHROMagar identified several Candida species, and confirmation was made using API 20C AUX strips. One patient was lost to follow‐up. Of 19 Molloplast‐B samples, 7 had no growth, 4 grew C. albicans, 3 grew C. parapsilosis, 2 grew C. glabrata, 1 grew C. tropicalis, 2 grew a Trichosporon spp., and 2 grew a nonidentifiable colony. The analogous counts for 19 MPDS‐SL samples were 10, 4, 1, 3, 0, 1, and 1 (p= 0.45 for culture positively, exact McNemar test).

Conclusions Candida growth on Molloplast‐B was not significantly different from growth on MPDS‐SL. Several yeast species were cultured from each material. The rates of culture‐positive testing did not differ between the 2 resilient denture liners.
Prosthodontic treatment with implant fixed prosthesis for a patient with ectodermal dysplasia: A clinical report
Authors: Rashedi Behnoush
Published: September 2003

Oral characteristics of ectodermal dysplasia (ED) include hypodontia or anodontia of the primary or permanent teeth, impacted teeth, malformed and widely spaced peg‐like teeth, and underdeveloped alveolar ridges. Patients with this disease often need a multidisciplinary approach to treatment planning and dental treatment to regain appropriate function, esthetics, and comfort. The definitive treatment plan may include removable, fixed, or implant‐supported prostheses or a combination of these options. Depending on the remaining available alveolar bone and the pattern of missing teeth, the ideal treatment option for an adult ED patient often includes the use of implants. This clinical report describes the multidisciplinary approach to diagnosis and treatment of ED in a 37‐year‐old woman. The treatment included a mandibular implant‐supported fixed denture and a maxillary conventional overdenture fabricated to establish acceptable occlusal vertical dimension, esthetics, and oral function.
A simple, predictable intraoral technique for retentive mechanism attachment of implant overdenture attachments
Authors: Daher Tony
Published: September 2003

A technique is presented for intraorally attaching two O‐ring attachments to a mandibular complete denture. The technique involves fabricating and placing a mandibular denture with conventional procedures. Patients adapt initially to the complete denture. The attachments are then attached to the denture base with autopolymerizing acrylic resin. This technique provides a predictable method to achieve a tissue‐supported and implant‐retained overdenture.
The effect of a denture adhesive on the colonization of candida species in vivo
Authors: Kim Eunghwan , Driscoll Carl F. , Minah Glenn E.
Published: September 2003

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of a single denture adhesive on oral quantities of Candida species in vivo by determination of absolute and proportional counts of Candida species on dentures and in saliva of individuals who used this denture adhesive for a period of 14 days.

Materials and methods Samples were collected from saliva and maxillary dentures of 12 patients who wore existing dentures without adhesives for 2 weeks, then wore dentures with adhesive (Poly Grip Free; Glaxo Smith Kline, U.K.) for 2 weeks. Periodically, maxillary dentures were sampled by adding saline to the intaglio surface, dispersing by sonication and removing aliquots for culturing. These aliquots and saliva were diluted and plated in duplicate on bismuth sulfite, glycerine, and glucose yeast agar (Biggy) for recovery of Candida and on trypticase soy agar for total viable counts (TVC) of the microbiota. After 72 hours of incubation at 37°C in air with 10% CO2, colony‐forming units were enumerated. In each individual, absolute counts of Candida and TVC, and proportional counts of Candida relative to TVC were compared and statistically evaluated during the periods of no adhesive use (control) and adhesive use (test).

Results There were no statistically significant differences between the test and control periods for recovery of total Candida or TVC in saliva or on dentures, or the percent of Candida relative to TVC in saliva or on dentures.

Conclusion Within the limitations of this study, the data suggested that the denture adhesive tested did not significantly alter the denture microbiota during the 14‐day trial period.
Relative wear of enamel opposing low‐fusing dental porcelain
Authors: Clelland Nancy L. , Agarwala Vaishali , Knobloch Lisa A. , Seghi Robert R.
Published: September 2003

Purpose This study evaluated the wear of human enamel opposing 5 low‐fusing dental porcelains and a traditional feldspathic control. In a second experiment, the repeatability of the test method and the effect of ceramic overfiring on enamel wear were also evaluated.

Materials and Methods Five low‐fusing dental porcelains‐Finesse (FI), Rhapsody (RP), IPS d.Sign (DS), Omega 900 (OM), and Duceram LFC (LFC)‐and 1 traditional feldspathic porcelain‐VMK 68 (VMK)‐were formed into disks (n= 10) and used as substrate for the wear test. Enamel was harvested from extracted human molars and machined into cusps with a 5‐mm spherical radius (n= 60). The Oregon Health Sciences University oral wear simulator was used to simulate chewing and the size of the resulting enamel wear facets (in mm2) were evaluated after a specified number of chewing cycles. A portion of the experiment was duplicated to assess the repeatability of the data and determine the effects of overfiring on enamel wear. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and post hoc tests to determine significant differences. After wear testing, scanning electron micrographs were made using representative ceramic samples from each group.

Results The results indicate that none of the low‐fusing ceramics resulted in significantly less wear than the VMK control. In fact, 3 of the low‐fusing porcelains (OM, RP, LFC) resulted in significantly greater enamel wear than VMK. Enamel wear was not significantly affected (p= 0.29) by the increased ceramic firing temperature. Wear data were repeatable, with no significant difference (p= 0.56) between the enamel wear from 2 separate experiments. The results from both experiments indicated that ceramic material significantly affected enamel wear (p <0.001). There was significantly less enamel wear opposite DS than LFC.

Conclusions This work suggests that variations in ceramic composition and microstructure may affect the opposing enamel wear, but that low‐fusing temperatures do not necessarily guarantee low enamel wear. Although the clinical relevance of this testing apparatus may be questioned, the testing method was repeatable.
Introducing dental students to clinical patient care: The complete denture prosthodontics transition clinic
Authors: Lang Lisa A. , Holmes David C. , Passon Craig , Trombly Robert M. , Astroth Jeffrey D. , Tavel Arnold F.
Published: September 2003

Using complete denture treatment as an introduction to clinical patient care for dental students, the purposes of the Complete Denture Prosthodontics Transition Clinic at the University of Colorado School of Dentistry are to reduce the time lapse between the preclinical complete denture prosthodontics course and the first denture patient experience, and to encourage development of student self‐confidence and skills. In the 2002 spring semester, faculty at the University of Colorado School of Dentistry initiated the Complete Denture Prosthodontics Transition Clinic for DS‐II (second‐year) dental students, as an introduction to clinical patient care. Each patient was assigned to a team of two dental students. Three Division of Prosthodontics faculty members staffed each clinic session, providing a student‐to‐faculty ratio of approximately 6.6:1 and a patient‐to‐faculty ratio of approximately 3.3:1. All DS‐II students in the Class of 2004 delivered their first complete dentures no later than 8 months (average, 184 days) after the last day of the preclinical complete denture prosthodontics course. The time from the diagnostic appointment through the denture placement appointment averaged 39 days for patients treated in this program, compared with an average of 98 days or more for previous classes. The program was successful in achieving the goal of reducing the time lapse between the preclinical complete denture prosthodontics course and the first denture patient experience.
Survey of recently board‐certified prosthodontists on the board‐certification process. Part 2: Preparation and impact
Authors: Rashedi Behnoush , Abt Joy Bockstein , Petropoulos Vicki C.
Published: September 2003

Purpose A 2‐part survey of recently board‐certified prosthodontists was conducted in 2001. The first part of the survey, published in June 2003, determined the trends that assisted the candidates in attaining diplomate status. The second part of the survey was done to determine the preparation methods and resources used to prepare for the examination, the most difficult part of the examination, the most gratifying aspect of becoming board‐certified, their current employment status, and whether board certification had any positive impact on their employment.

Materials and Methods A questionnaire was mailed to 176 diplomates who had become board certified between the years 1993–2001. Of these, 131 board‐certified prosthodontists returned the completed survey, resulting in a response rate of 74%.

Results Results from this survey showed that 91% of the diplomates had taken the American College of Prosthodontists (ACP) Board Preparation course; most of the diplomates (41%) prepared for the boards by reviewing prosthodontic literature, reading textbooks, using the ACP Study Guide, and seeking the help of other board‐certified prosthodontists; 89% of the diplomates felt that achieving board certification had a positive influence in their employment; 39% of the diplomates indicated that Part 2 of the examination was the most difficult to prepare for, and 41% indicated that Part 2 was the most difficult section; the majority of diplomates (31%) were employed by the military, and the most gratifying aspect of becoming board‐certified was personal accomplishment (83%).

Conclusions Trends were observed regarding prosthodontists who succeeded with their efforts to challenge the board examination. The majority of the diplomates were employed by the military. Most of the respondents indicated that they took the ACP Board Preparation course and found it helpful. The largest percentage of respondents reported that Part 2 was both the most difficult part to prepare for, as well as the most difficult to complete. The most gratifying aspect of becoming board‐certified was personal accomplishment.
A retrospective comparison of two definitive impression techniques and their associated postinsertion adjustments in complete denture prosthodontics
Authors: Drago Carl J.
Published: September 2003

Purpose To compare the number of postinsertion adjustment visits required by edentulous patients whose dentures were made from border‐molded definitive impressions using modeling plastic impression compound (traditional technique) with patients whose dentures were made from border‐molded definitive impressions using heavy‐body vinyl polysiloxane impression material.

Materials and methods In this retrospective clinical study, 78 patients were treated with the traditional technique (custom impression trays border molded with gray modeling plastic impression compound) and 78 were treated with the modified technique (custom impression trays border molded with heavy‐body vinyl polysiloxane impression material). In both techniques, definitive wash impressions were made with light‐body vinyl polysiloxane impression material. Postinsertion visits were quantified for 1 year after the dentures were inserted.

Results The average number of adjustment visits for patients treated with the traditional technique was 2.68. The average number of adjustment visits for patients treated with the modified technique was 2.68. The data were compared using Student t tests. There was no significant difference in the number of adjustments required for patients whose dentures were made with either technique (t= 0.000, p= 1.00). There was no significant difference in the number of post‐insertion visits required by patients from either population.

Conclusions Within the limitations of this clinical study, border‐molding custom denture impression trays with vinyl polysiloxane impression material provided similar results in terms of postinsertion visits for one year as compared to dentures made from impressions border molded with modeling plastic impression compound.
Changing Patterns of Poor Relief in Some English Rural Parishes Circa 1650–1750
Authors: KENT JOAN , KING STEVE
Published: September 2003

This article uses court records, overseers' accounts, pauper examinations and other records from several counties, including Huntingdonshire and Staffordshire, to look at the experiences of poor relief in early modern England. It shows the varied circumstances under which the poor ‘encountered’ the poor law in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, highlighting the often contradictory attitudes that poor people encountered. More than this, it argues that there were many sorts of ‘poor’ people with very different capacities to negotiate about relief and to help themselves and each other. These features compounded enduring regional differences in the nature and extent of relief to generate a complex patchwork of experiences for the poor in early modern England.
Pollarding Trees: Changing Attitudes to a Traditional Land Management Practice in Britain 1600–1900
Authors: PETIT SANDRINE , WATKINS CHARLES
Published: September 2003

The pollarding and shredding of trees were widespread and common practices in Britain until the eighteenth century. Trees were an important source of fodder and their branches were regularly lopped so that sheep and cattle could eat their twigs and leaves. The branches could be used for firewood and other purposes. By the mid-nineteenth century, however, the practice of pollarding was becoming increasingly rare, and it had virtually died out by the mid-twentieth century. In Europe, by contrast, pollarding remains common in several Mediterranean, Balkan and Scandinavian countries. Pollarding is still practised in many tropical areas for the production of fuel and fodder. In this paper we trace the development of ideas about pollarding in British agricultural, estate management and forestry literature c1600–1900. We examine how pollarding, which was a traditional management practice of long standing at the start of our period, was increasingly vilified so that by the end of the eighteenth century, many foresters and agriculturists saw it as a symbol of the profligate use of resources.
The Parish Boundary: A Social Phenomenon in Hanoverian England
Authors: FLETCHER DAVID
Published: September 2003

This paper examines aspects of the social meaning of the parish boundary in Hanoverian England. The parish touched most people's lives through its role as a form of local government and as a significant landscape feature which defined a circuit of territory to which local people may have felt an allegiance. Evidence for the social meaning of boundaries is found in acts of boundary marking and related perambulation ceremonies and through written records, sometimes involving maps. The paper draws on a contrasting range of cases from a variety of counties with different landscape and settlement types in the century or so before the local government and administrative reforms of the 1830s – a time of significant change in central-local government relations. The paper evaluates the significance of the parish as principal repository of detailed information on its own boundaries in our period, with a premium placed on local knowledge, especially of the older parishioners. It is also suggested that acts of boundary recording could enhance a sense of parish consciousness and community.
Customs in Conflict: Some Causes of Anti-Clericalism in Rural Norfolk, 1815–1914
Authors: LEE ROBERT
Published: September 2003

This article examines aspects of the relationship between the Norfolk poor and the Norfolk clergy between 1815 and 1914. It considers the potential impact clergymen could have upon a number of areas of secular life, especially with regard to the extirpation of popular culture and custom, the social and moral management inherent in charity and Poor Law administration, and the development of ‘power networks’ in the countryside that confronted the challenge posed by religious Nonconformity and political radicalism. The article is principally concerned with the importance of the Church of England as an instrument of secular authority in nineteenth-century rural life. Rival social structures and conflicting economic interests are subjected to both quantitative and qualitative analysis, while keys to cultural tension are sought in such iconic areas as the pageantry of parish entertainments; the re-casting of law to act against custom; the rise of the clergyman as antiquarian historian and amateur archaeologist; the symbolism and architecture of the restored church. In so doing an attempt is made to address questions that are at once broadly political and narrowly human in their scope. What did the Oxbridge scholar – perhaps having spent the preceding three years conversing in Greek and Latin with his peers – find to ‘say’ to the agricultural labourers now in his pastoral care? And why, when the clergyman (often justifiably) thought of himself as working unstintingly in his parishioners' interests, was he so often heartily despised by them?
‘Paysan, paysage, patrie: French Films and Rural Life, 1940–1950’
Authors: BUTLER MARGARET
Published: September 2003

This article seeks to explore cinematic representations of rural life during the Occupation and the immediate post-war period. Films about the countryside were not new as France had long enjoyed what could be called a ‘rural cinema’ largely through the highly successful film versions of Marcel Pagnol's novels and plays. During the Occupation, rural films continued to celebrate pastoral life despite considerable conflict between urban and rural. Film historians have argued that in doing so, they simply endorsed Vichy's ideology of le retour à la terre and its adulation of le paysan. Yet, as I will argue, in the context of a divided nation, these films were far more significant than existing research has acknowledged and indeed conveyed a profound longing for a unified France in their suggestion that there was an inextricable link between countryside and city. Post-war films with rural themes still articulated the tensions and contrasts between the two but more intensely, by presenting the city as eternally seductive but ultimately dangerous for the rural émigré. By this deliberate juxtaposition of conflicting images, these films sought to reunite a dispersed population by ‘relocating’ rural and urban dwellers in their natural and appropriate spheres.
Scotian Shelf crossovers during winter/spring 1999
Authors: Smith Peter C. , Flagg Charles N. , Limeburner Richard , Fuentes‐Yaco César , Hannah Charles , Beardsley Robert C. , Irish James D.
Published: September 2003

A field program detected direct “crossover” of Scotian Shelf Water (SSC) from Browns to Georges Bank during winter/spring 1999 using (1) moored measurements, (2) drogued drifters, and (3) satellite imagery. Statistics of the 30‐day trajectories indicate that (18, 55) ± 17% of the drifters crossed the (100, 200) m isobaths on Georges Bank. Transit times ranged from 2 to 26 days. Four of the drifters crossed onto the Northeast Peak (NEP) coinciding with the detection of Scotian Shelf Water at the central NEP mooring. These events are deemed “significant” because they serve to deliver particles from the Scotian Shelf directly to the gadoid spawning grounds on Georges Bank. Depths of the SSC layers lie between 15 and 50 m, and “residence times” for the Scotian Shelf Water on the NEP are estimated at 3 to 4 weeks. Canonical correlation analysis of the NEP temperature and salinity records suggest that 10% of the correlation structure among the variables is related to SSCs, while 70% is associated with the annual cycle. A search for SSC driving mechanisms reveals that (1) interannual variability of the annual freshwater discharge from the Gulf of St. Lawrence is not a factor, (2) Ekman‐like response of near‐surface currents to southeast wind stress plays a role but is not the dominant factor, and (3) mesoscale baroclinic features penetrating Northeast Channel from offshore are the most likely cause. Furthermore, the incidence of SSCs may be related to offshore fronts whose proximity is positively correlated with the North Atlantic Oscillation index.
Estimating Te in the presence of internal loads
Authors: McKenzie Dan
Published: September 2003

Many attempts have been made to estimate the effective elastic thickness Te of the continental lithosphere from the relationship between the Fourier transforms of gravity and topography. If internal loads are ignored, a simple model with values of Te of between 5 and 25 km fits most of the observations. If internal loads with topographic expression are present, the simple model of topographic loading underestimates the true value of Te, potentially by a large factor. This difficulty can be avoided by using the coherence γB2 between the Bouguer gravity and topography to estimate Te. However, erosion and sedimentation can produce loads that are not associated with any topography. If Te is estimated from γB2 when such loads are important, the value of Te is overestimated, again potentially by a large factor. The only obvious solution to these problems is to use a simple model that can describe all three types of loads, surface loads, internal loads with topographic expression, and loads with no topographic expression, and to estimate their contributions at the same time as Te is determined. The parameters of such a model are estimated from several data sets and show that there are no significant internal loads with topographic expression in any of the seven continental regions discussed here and that none give values of Te greater than 25 km.
Thermal history of deep‐sea sediments as a record of recent changes in the deep circulation of the eastern Mediterranean
Authors: Della Vedova B. , Pellis G. , Camerlenghi A. , Foucher J. P. , Harmegnies F.
Published: September 2003

During three cruises of the MEDRIFF project in 1993 and 1994, 154 geothermal heat flow measurements and seven CTD profiles in the water column have been collected along a 300 km SW‐NE oriented transect traversing the Mediterranean Ridge accretionary complex. The original goal of the measurements was to identify areas of anomalous heat flow that could be interpreted as possible sites for fluid outflow. Contrary to expectations, the upper few meters of the temperature profiles in the sediments showed decreasing temperature from the seafloor down to 3 to 6 m depth indicating consistently transient temperature regimes. The only exception (positive heat flow) was found in the Sirte abyssal plain. Measurements collected in the same area at different times indicated that the thermal structure in the bottom water and sediments had changed significantly at weekly, monthly, and interannual timescales. One‐dimensional forward modeling of the conductive heat propagation into the sediment explains the observed thermal anomalies, assuming up to 0.5 K warming of the bottom waters that propagated south westward from the Matapan Trench to the crestal area of the Mediterranean Ridge. Analysis of nonsteady state thermal profiles in the upper sediment provided time information on the onset of bottom water warming, by what is now called the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT). The sediment warming started in the Matapan Trench, between spring 1992 and spring 1993, and reached the Mediterranean Ridge crest in spring‐summer 1993. The average propagation velocity of the thermal perturbation along the profile is about 0.5–1.6 km d−1 (0.6–1.8 cm s−1).
Streamflow response to seasonal snow cover extent changes in large Siberian watersheds
Authors: Yang Daqing , Robinson David , Zhao Yuanyuan , Estilow Thomas , Ye Baisheng
Published: September 2003

This study uses remotely sensed long‐term (1966–1999) weekly snow cover extent data to investigate snowmelt runoff response to seasonal snow cover change in the large Siberian watersheds (Ob, Yenisei, and Lena basins). It quantified the seasonal cycles and variations of snow cover extent and river streamflow and identified a clear correspondence of river streamflow to seasonal snow cover extent change; i.e., an association of low streamflow with high snow cover extent during the cold season and an increase in discharge associated with a decrease of snow cover extent during the melt periods. This study also examined and compared the weekly mean streamflow with the weekly basin snow cover extent for the study period. The results revealed a very strong linkage between the streamflow and snow cover extent change during the spring melt season over the large Siberian watersheds and developed a statistically significant weekly runoff‐snow cover relation. This relation suggests a practical procedure of using remotely sensed snow cover information for snowmelt runoff forecasting over the large northern watersheds. Analyses of extreme (high/low) streamflow cases (years) and the associated snow cover conditions indicate an association of high (low) flood peak with late (early) snowmelt in the Ob and Yenisei basins. Comparisons of snowmelt timing with peak flow show different associations between these two variables among the large Siberian rivers. These results demonstrate that the NOAA weekly snow cover extent data are useful for understanding and predicting streamflow changes in the Arctic regions. Snow cover water equivalent data/products obtained by remote sensing technology and in situ snow observations are currently being examined for what we expect will eventually improve hydrologic forecasts over the large northern watersheds.
Numerical modeling of lightning‐produced NOx using an explicit lightning scheme: 1. Two‐dimensional simulation as a “proof of concept”
Authors: Zhang Xingjun , Helsdon John H. , Farley Richard D.
Published: September 2003

We use the two‐dimensional (2D) version of our Storm Electrification Model to test its potential for studying lightning‐produced NOx. We assume that NO production is a function of energy dissipation and calculate this value from the electric field before and after each lightning flash. We use a production rate of 9.2 × 1016 molecules joule−1 to generate the NO. Using a limited set of chemical reactions involving NO, NO2, and O3, we simulated a small storm with 10 intracloud lightning flashes produced over a 2‐min span. Their energy dissipation ranged between 0.024 and 0.28 GJ. The simulation was run an additional 18 min after the cessation of lightning. Our results show that the parameterization produced NO mixing ratios internal to the cloud of the order of 10 ppbv after the most energetic flashes and 1–2 ppbv in the upwind portion of the anvil toward the end of the simulation. These mixing ratios are shown to be comparable to observations in a generic sense. Comparison with the C‐shaped profiles developed by Pickering et al. [1998], also using a 2D model, show similarities, but our results are more weighted toward larger values at higher altitudes than those of Pickering et al. This may be due to differences in the length of the simulation, a lack of cloud‐to‐ground lightning in our work, a lack of reactive chemistry in Pickering et al., or the use by Pickering et al. of the assumption of Price et al. [1997] that intracloud flashes dissipate one tenth the energy of cloud‐to‐ground flashes. We show, using recent observational data and an analysis of the assumptions of Price et al., that this one tenth energy dissipation assumption is not appropriate. We conclude that our use of an explicit lightning scheme to study NO production at the process level is a viable methodology.
Numerical modeling of lightning‐produced NOx using an explicit lightning scheme: 2. Three‐dimensional simulation and expanded chemistry
Authors: Zhang Xingjun , Helsdon John H. , Farley Richard D.
Published: September 2003

We continue the development of a modeling system for the investigation of lightning‐produced NOx at the process level by including the chemistry aspects used in the companion paper [Zhang et al., this issue] (hereinafter referred to as Part 1) in the three‐dimensional version of our Storm Electrification Model. Looking toward longer simulations, we expand the chemistry to include CO, CH4, OH, and HO2, with HNO3 as a sink. As in Part 1, we simulate the 19 July 1981 CCOPE cloud using noninductive charging for electrification, producing 18 intracloud lightning flashes over a 3‐min period. The simulation ends at 38 min with the cloud dissipating. Energy dissipation due to lightning in this simulation ranges between 0.91 and 2.28 GJ. Results show a maximum NO mixing ratio of 35.8 ppbv produced by lightning during the simulation. As the cloud dissipates, following the cessation of lightning, there are maxima for both NO and NO2 of ∼6.3 ppbv around 4 km altitude. The NO mixing ratio in the anvil peaks around 2 ppbv near 10.5 km. These results are in reasonable agreement with available observations. A striking feature is a plume of NO2 with mixing ratios of the order of 0.5 ppbv reaching the surface. There is no similar plume for NO. Likewise, NO from the core of the cloud is transported into the anvil, while NO2 does not exhibit the same behavior, probably as a result of photolysis. The NO2/NO ratio is found to decrease with altitude and is comparable to estimates derived from observations. The NO production per unit length (mean = 2.03 × 1022 molecules m−1) is also within the range of estimated values. Our results indicate that short‐lived storms may produce a vertical profile of NOx that differs from the C‐shaped profiles of Pickering et al. [1998].