bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modeling and simulation of carbon-nanocomposite-based gas sensors
Authors: Hegde Roopa , V Punya Prabha , Upadhyay Shipra , S B Krishna
Published: January 2025

This paper reports simulation of a carbon monoxide gas sensor using COMSOL Multiphysics whose active sensing material used is a carbon nanocomposite (i.e., 0.1 wt % of single-walled carbon nanotubes along with PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(styrenesulfonate)) in an equal volume ratio of 1:1. Given the high cost associated with the development of these sensors, it becomes imperative to establish a mathematical model for economically predicting their behavior. The simulation using COMSOL Multiphysics is performed to obtain the surface coverage of the sensor by introducing carbon monoxide gas through a Gaussian pulse feed inlet at concentrations ranging from 1 to 7 ppm. The surface coverage over the range of 14% to 32.94% for the given range of concentrations is achieved giving the information of the amount of gas molecules adsorbed onto the surface of the sensing material at a given time. The surface coverage of the sensor is enhanced by using the nanocomposite materials which in turn enhances the sensitivity of the gas sensors.
Visible-light-promoted radical cyclisation of unactivated alkenes in benzimidazoles: synthesis of difluoromethyl- and aryldifluoromethyl-substituted polycyclic imidazoles
Authors: Pang Yujun , Yan Jinglan , Al-Maharik Nawaf , Zhang Qian , Fang Zeguo , Li Dong
Published: January 2025

An efficient and eco-friendly approach for synthesizing difluoromethyl- and aryldifluoromethyl-substituted polycyclic imidazoles was established via a visible-light-promoted radical cyclization reaction. This method employed the readily accessible and inexpensive CF2HCO2H or PhCF2COOH, along with benzimidazoles bearing unactivated alkenes and PhI(OAc)2 as substrates, and proceeded without the need of any base, metal catalyst, photocatalyst or additive. In total, 24 examples were examined, and all of them successfully underwent cyclization reaction to produce the target products in good to excellent yields. Mechanistic studies revealed that the reaction proceeds via a radical pathway.
Potensi Integrasi STEAM-SDGs dalam Pembelajaran Proyek IPAS di SMK Bina Utama Kendal
Authors: Idha budiati  , M. Syaiful Hayat  , Siti Fatonah
Published: January 2025

Sekolah Menengah Kejuruan (SMK) memiliki peran strategis dalam mencetak lulusan yang siap menghadapi tantangan dunia kerja sekaligus mendukung tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan (SDGs). Meskipun saat ini pendekatan STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts, and Mathematics) sudah banyak diterapkan dalam pembelajaran di SMK, namun belum terintegrasi dengan SDGs. Tujuan penelitian ini menganalisis potensi integrasi STEAM-SDGs dalam pembelajaran proyek IPAS di SMK Bina Utama Kendal. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif kualitatif dengan subjek penelitian empat responden guru proyek IPAS. Pengumpulan data melalui observasi, kuesioner, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil analisis data menunjukkan 100% guru mengaitkan pembelajaran proyek IPAS dengan masalah sosial dan lingkungan sekitar dan mendukung penerapan integrasi STEAM-SDGs, integrasi STEAM-SDGs mempersiapkan siswa menghadapi tantangan global, 75% responden guru proyek IPAS menyatakan sarana dan prasarana di sekolah siap, meskipun kurikulum sekolah belum berorientasi SDGs. Intregasi STEAM-SDGs dinilai mampu membuat pembelajaran proyek IPAS lebih menarik dan efektik dalam mengembangkan ketrampilan abad 21 sehingga menumbuhkan solusi inovatif terhadap masalah lingkungan. Namun dalam penerapannya masih terkendala keterbatasan waktu pembelajaran dan kesiapan siswa dalam menyelesaikan masalah kompleks.
Studi Pendahuluan Rantai Pasok Kopi Di Bogor
Authors: Hadi Cecilia Valentina Sri , Sekar Safina
Published: January 2025

The importance of knowing the certainty of coffee supply for consumers is as important as knowing how coffee plants are cared for in a coffee plantation and then the coffee plants are fertile and finally able to produce good coffee beans and in relatively adequate quantities to be able to meet the supply from upstream to downstream. The research method uses qualitative descriptive with key informants being stakeholders in the coffee bean supply chain from upstream to downstream. SWOT (Strengths, Weakness, Opportunity, Thread) analysis is used to obtain the status of potential sustainability of supply to stakeholders in the coffee supply chain from coffee plantation flowers.
 
Keywords: coffee plantation; coffee supply chain, coffee farmers, coffee
Pengaruh Persepsi Harga, Kualitas Produk, Dan Brand Image Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk Mie Instan
Authors: Putri Eryana , Gendalasari Gen Gen , Zuhdi Saefudin
Published: January 2025

Determinant of Noodle Consumer Buying Decision
 
 
 
 
 
_______327
 
 
 
Submitted
FEBRUARY 2024
 
Accepted
OCTOBER 2024
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
JABKES
 
Jurnal Aplikasi Bisnis Kesatuan
Vol. 4 No. 3, 2024
page. 327-336
IBI Kesatuan
ISSN 2807 – 6036
DOI: 10.37641/jabkes.v4i3.1962

 

This study aims to: (1) to determine the effect of perceived price on purchasing decisions (2) to determine the effect of product quality on purchasing decisions (3) to determine the effect of brand image on purchasing decisions (4) to determine the effect of perceived price, product quality and Brand Image on Purchasing Decisions. The number of samples is 230 respondents using the formula Hair et all. The sampling method used is purposive sampling. The data analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis to determine the effect of price perception, product quality and brand image on purchasing decisions of Gaga Mie Instant Noodles in Bogor City. Data testing was carried out using the Software Statistical Package For The Social Scientist (SPSS).Based on the test results, the following data were obtained: (1) there was no effect of perceived price on purchasing decisions (2) there was an effect of quality on purchasing decisions (3) there was an influence of brand image on purchasing decisions (4) there was an influence between perceived price, product quality and Brand Image Against Purchasing Decisions.
 
Keywords: Perceived Price, Product Quality, Brand Image, Purchase Decision
Authoritarian Parenting Styles and Social Behaviours of French Students in the Universities in Ekiti State
Authors: Ayodele Christian Junior , Olaseinde Felicia Olufemi , Akinbebije Christianah Olufunbi
Published: January 2025

The paper examined authoritarian parenting styles and social behaviour of French Students in the Universities in Ekiti State. Descriptive research design of the survey type was adopted for the study. The population for the study consisted of all adolescents French Students in three Universities in Ekiti State. 200 adolescent French Students were selected from three Universities in Ekiti State. 50 were selected through simple random sampling technique from each of the Universities. Data collected were analysed using both descriptive (frequencies and percentages) and inferential (Spearman rank and Pearson correlation) statistics. The study revealed that, the majority of parents of adolescent French Students in the three Universities use authoritative parenting style. Again, most of the French Students in the Universities selected have high social development. There was a weak positive non-significant relationship between parenting styles and cooperation of the students (r = 0.260, sig= 0.000).There was a weak negative significant relationship between parenting style and humility of the students (r = 0.008, sig r = 0.910). There was a significant difference between authoritarian parenting style and empathy of the students (r = 0.126, significant relationship 0.076) lastly, there was a significant difference between authoritarian parenting style and peer group (r = 0.157*, sig r = 0026) It was recommended among others that, parents in the district are educated through District Assembly policies and programmes on the importance and influence of their parenting styles. Also, the local government chiefs, parents, and teachers should put in measures to ensure the continuous and optimum social development of Secondary School Students.
Strengthening Institutional Sustainability and Stakeholder Alignment: An Assessment of Perceptions and Support for Initao College, Misamis Oriental
Authors: Requiz Elpidio P.
Published: January 2025

This study investigates the perceptions and socio-political support of external stakeholders toward Initao College, a locally funded college in Misamis Oriental, Philippines. Utilizing purposive sampling, 80 respondents from four stakeholder groups—students, alumni, parents, and residents—were selected to participate in the research. The data was collected using the Institutional Sustainability Survey, which assesses the effectiveness of the institution’s programs and services across five key result areas outlined by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED). These areas include Governance and Management, Quality of Teaching and Learning, Professional Exposure and Research, Support for Students, and Community Relations. The results highlight the need for improvements in stakeholder awareness of the college’s Vision, Mission, Goals, and Objectives (VMGO). Recommendations include enhancing communication strategies, aligning perceptions through workshops, increasing the visibility of VMGO, fostering greater stakeholder involvement, and strengthening community engagement. Additionally, the study recommends establishing a system for regular feedback to guide the institution’s continuous improvement efforts. The findings suggest that more comprehensive strategies for engagement and communication are essential for Initao College’s institutional sustainability and stakeholder alignment.
ENSINO JURÍDICO INTERDISCIPLINAR: UMA VIA PARA FORTALECER INTERCULTURALIDADE E DIREITOS HUMANOS
Authors: Ferreira Dirce Nazaré de Andrade , Costa Camila Santos Ezequiel da
Published: January 2025

Aborda o ensino jurídico ressaltando que, embora haja importantes estudos sobre interdisciplinaridade, no Direito pouca atenção é dispensada a esse tema, tanto no ensino quanto na pesquisa. Metodologicamente, neste trabalho foi feita uma pesquisa bibliográfica qualitativa que discorre sobre a cultura hermética de ensino nas ciências jurídicas e o fenômeno da fragmentação nesse campo de saber. Trata-se de um estudo crítico descritivo que destaca a segmentação das especializações em especial no ensino jurídico, focado nas codificações. Enfatiza, no entanto, que esse fenômeno racional, embora tenha sido importante, gerou um isolamento no campo jurídico conduzindo-o a uma fratura epistemológica com as demais ciências. Discorre sobre a necessidade do ensino jurídico interdisciplinar como uma via para ressaltar multiculturalidade e direitos humano.
A IMPORTÂNCIA DO DIAGNÓTICO PRECOCE DO TRANSTORNO DE DESENVOLVIMENTO DA COORDENAÇÃO (TDC) PARA O SUCESSO ESCOLAR: IMPLICAÇÕES EDUCACIONAIS
Authors: Andrade Nubia Paulo de Costa , Vianna Pedro Henrique Farias , Carreiro Vivian de Aparecida Oliveira , Costa Sheila Sousa da , Marques Juliana da Silva , Dias Livia Gomes Rodrigues , Ferreira José Adnilton Oliveira , Amorim Walter Machado de , Proença Eigon Santana de , Silva Ivanildo Gomes da
Published: January 2025

O Transtorno de Desenvolvimento da Coordenação (TDC) é uma condição neurodesenvolvimental que impacta diretamente o desempenho escolar e a inclusão social de crianças, destacando a importância do diagnóstico precoce para o sucesso educacional. Este artigo, desenvolvido como uma revisão de literatura, aborda as implicações educacionais do TDC, analisando estudos publicados entre 2003 e 2024. A pesquisa foi motivada pela necessidade de ampliar a compreensão sobre o tema e superar a escassez de publicações em língua portuguesa, especialmente no contexto brasileiro. O objetivo principal foi investigar como o diagnóstico precoce do TDC pode influenciar positivamente o desempenho acadêmico, destacando estratégias pedagógicas eficazes. A metodologia baseou-se na análise de 16 artigos científicos obtidos no Google Acadêmico, todos em língua inglesa, com ênfase nas contribuições de Blank et al., Smits-Engelsman et al., e Zwicker et al. A coleta e análise de dados foram conduzidas qualitativamente, organizando as informações em categorias temáticas, como diagnóstico, intervenção e o papel dos educadores. Os resultados confirmaram que o diagnóstico precoce, aliado a intervenções multidisciplinares, promove melhorias significativas no desenvolvimento motor e acadêmico das crianças com TDC. No entanto, identificou-se a necessidade de maior capacitação de professores e políticas públicas inclusivas. O estudo conclui que o reconhecimento precoce do TDC é essencial para uma educação equitativa, oferecendo recomendações práticas e teóricas para aprimorar práticas pedagógicas e fomentar pesquisas futuras.
ANÁLISE DAS TENDÊNCIAS PEDAGÓGICAS LIBERAIS NO ENSINO E APRENDIZAGEM
Authors: ROSSI Mayara , OLIVEIRA Claudio Cruz de , RODRIGUES Esteveno de Freitas , SILVA Erenil Oliveira Magalhães , JESUS Jermanio Simão de , LANGARO Katia Gisele de Oliveira , ROMEIRO Luzia Soares de Freitas , SANTOS Tarscila Duarte dos , PINTO Valéria Augusta Cruz , SILVA Wagner Mendes da
Published: January 2025

O intuito deste trabalho é analisar e compreender as Tendências Pedagógicas Liberais no contexto do processo de ensino e aprendizagem, identificando suas principais características quanto ao papel da escola, os conteúdos e métodos de ensino, o relacionamento entre professor e aluno, e os pressupostos de aprendizagem e avaliação. Para tanto, desenvolveu-se uma pesquisa bibliográfica e qualitativa sobre a temática “Tendências Pedagógicas Liberais”. Em síntese, os resultados apontam que as Tendências Pedagógicas Liberais são categorizadas em quatro principais vertentes: a Tradicional, a Renovada Progressivista, a Renovada Não-Diretiva e a Renovada Tecnicista. Na abordagem Tradicional, o professor assume o papel central, enquanto o aluno se posiciona de maneira passiva no processo educativo. Em contraste, na Renovada Progressivista, o educador atua como mediador, colocando o aluno no centro do processo de ensino-aprendizagem. A Renovada Não-Diretiva enfatiza o autoconhecimento e os aspectos psicológicos, priorizando o desenvolvimento pessoal em detrimento das questões pedagógicas. Por fim, a Renovada Tecnicista foca no desempenho e na eficiência dos alunos, preparando-os para o mercado de trabalho como mão de obra qualificada. Essa divisão ilustra as diferentes perspectivas sobre o papel da educação e a relação entre educadores e alunos nas diversas abordagens pedagógicas.
Optimizing Algal Bloom Through Bioenzyme and Harvesting Control for Bioenergy Purposes in Eutrophic Water Bodies
Authors: Akbar Fadilah , Mardlijah Mardlijah
Published: January 2025

This article discusses the optimization of algae growth for bioenergy purposes in eutrophic water bodies through bioenzyme control and harvesting. The study explores innovative approaches to manage algae growth in such water bodies. A mathematical model based on dynamical systems, specifically the NASC (Nutrients, Algae, Detritus, and Dissolved Oxygen) algae growth model, was used for the analysis. The results indicate that the system used is unstable, given the needs of algae growth over time. To optimize algae growth, this study proposes controlling the bioenzyme (u1) feeding to decompose detritus into nutrients and harvesting algae using (u2). The Pontryagin Maximum Principle (PMP) method was used to obtain optimization with control parameters u1=0.093 and u2=0.32. The results show that the optimal time to harvest algae is every 84 days or 2.8 months, with an estimated harvestable amount of 16.3667  . This discovery enhances our understanding of controlling algae growth in the context of renewable energy and reinforces the mathematical approach to managing eutrophic aquatic ecosystems.
Regarding Efficient Coordination between China and Russia as Part of The Belt and Road Initiative and the Strategy of the Eurasian Economic Union
Authors:   Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Enfu Cheng
Published: January 2025

TThe article states that, in contrast to the neoliberal hegemonic policies and modernization of the United States and the West, the Belt and Road Initiative advocates for countries to freely choose their own development vector as part of mutually beneficial cooperation,
a “green” community, and the joint use of work products. As part of a vigorous intensification of Chinese-Russian cooperation, the idea of strategic joint development of the Far East is being disclosed, in particular, the development of the land and sea Economic Belt of the New Silk Road in northeast China. This initiative consists of two main and auxiliary hubs based on five core cities, combining five strategic projects into one regional development center. It is emphasized that civilized countries and peoples of the world must unite and, through joint efforts, heavily resist the provocative onslaught and hegemonic dominance of the United States and the West in the
economic, political and military sectors, continue the struggle for genuine multilateralism and the construction of a Community of Shared Future for Mankind, initiated by the countries of the South, such as China and Russia.
Numerical Investigation of Thermal Radiation-Enhanced Mixed Convective Hydromagnetic Boundary Layer Flow of Oldroyd-B Fluid over an Exponentially Shrinking Surface
Authors: Ahmed Bilal
Published: January 2025

This study delves into the analysis of heat and mass characteristics within the boundary layer flow of an incompressible magnetohydrodynamic Oldroyd-B fluid, considering thermal radiation effects constrained by an exponentially shrinking sheet. Various factors such as heat absorption/generation and chemical reactions are incorporated separately into the continuity, momentum and heat equations, yielding intriguing impacts. By employing similarity variables, the number of independent variables in the demonstrated conditions is reduced. These equations are solved using efficient numerical technique known as the secant shooting analysis method. Reliable results, illustrating distinct physical flow parameters, are obtained for both velocity and temperature profiles. Our findings are compared with previously published studies, establishing a solid affirmation. We observe that as the relaxation parameter increases, the fluid velocity decreases, while the behaviour of this velocity increments for the retardation parameter. Moreover, higher values of the relaxation parameter correspond to a maximum heat and mass exchange rate, whereas the retardation parameter yields lower values. Additionally, an increase in Hartmann's number is found to enhance the species concentration profile. The remarkable accuracy of our solution is evidenced by matching previously reported numerical values, serving as an exceptional case study
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation and Experimental Study of The Airflow in a Traditional Courtyard House
Authors: Abdeldjaouad Meriem , Attoui Redha , Nourredine Belghar , Driss Zied , Boufahja Fehmi Boufahja
Published: January 2025

Traditional courtyard houses, common in Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions, are recognized for their ability to provide aerodynamic comfort in hot and arid climates. In the face of escalating climate change effects and health challenges amplified by the COVID-19 pandemic, there is an urgent need for sustainable architectural solutions. Courtyards, as central elements of these dwellings, play a crucial role in managing natural ventilation and creating favourable microclimates. This study specifically examines courtyard houses that have undergone significant transformations over time. Originally characterized by low courtyard heights, these houses have seen increases in elevation to accommodate growing housing needs, fundamentally altering their interaction with airflow and environmental factors. The study addresses how these architectural modifications, alongside courtyard orientation relative to prevailing winds, influence aerodynamic comfort. The primary objective of this research is to assess how the shape, height, and orientation of courtyards affect air quality and user comfort. By analyzing these parameters, the study seeks to offer architectural solutions that respond to contemporary challenges, both climatic and health-related. To achieve these objectives, the research employs a methodology combining numerical simulations using the ANSYS Fluent software, wind tunnel experiments, and a parametric analysis of morphological and climatic indicators. The case study focuses on the old town of Annaba, which has a rich heritage of courtyard houses that have been preserved since 2013.The results show that optimal courtyard orientation can improve air circulation by 25 to 45%, depending on prevailing winds and seasonal variations. Lower courtyards allow for better evacuation of hot air, while higher courtyards—introduced due to historical transformations—tend to retain more heat. These configurations, adapted to local climatic conditions, also contribute to a reduction in energy consumption by up to 30%. Furthermore, increased natural ventilation in open courtyards helps limit the transmission of airborne viruses, thereby improving indoor air quality.
Madrasah Public Relations Management in Attracting Public Interest
Authors: Ja'far Ja’far
Published: January 2025

Public relations (PR) is a critical aspect of educational institutions. This study aims to understand PR management and employs a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. The research findings reveal the PR strategies at MTs Al-Yasini, which include periodic work meetings between the principal and teachers concerning PR programs, providing optimal services to parents to attract public interest, and student presentations that captivate community interest. The challenges faced by the PR team at MTs Al-Yasini include the lack of parental concern for students’ and school-related issues. The school has taken measures to address these challenges by adopting a transparent approach, particularly in financial matters. Additionally, the school involves parents in discussions and decision-making processes related to school program planning. The school believes that such efforts will foster a sense of ownership among parents, as they feel valued as part of the school community. This study significantly contributes to our understanding of PR management in attracting public interest, particularly concerning strategies, activities, challenges, and solutions in PR practices.
UNCOVER: The Rest-ultraviolet to Near-infrared Multiwavelength Structures and Dust Distributions of Submillimeter-detected Galaxies in A2744
Authors: Price Sedona H. , Suess Katherine A. , Williams Christina C. , Bezanson Rachel , Khullar Gourav , Nelson Erica J. , Wang 王 Bingjie 冰洁 , Weaver John R. , Fujimoto Seiji , Kokorev Vasily , Greene Jenny E. , Brammer Gabriel , Cutler Sam E. , Dayal Pratika , Furtak Lukas J. , Labbe Ivo , Leja Joel , Miller Tim B. , Nanayakkara Themiya , Pan Richard , Whitaker Katherine E.
Published: January 2025

With the wavelength coverage, sensitivity, and high spatial resolution of JWST, it is now possible to peer through the dust attenuation to probe the rest-frame near-infrared (NIR) and stellar structures of extremely dusty galaxies at cosmic noon (z ∼ 1−3). In this paper we leverage the combined Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) and JWST/Hubble Space Telescope coverage in A2744 to study the multiwavelength (0.5−4.4 μm) structures of 11 submillimeter detected galaxies at z ∼ 0.9−3.5 that are fainter than bright “classical” submillimeter galaxies, seven of which are detected in deep X-ray data. While these objects reveal a diversity of structures and sizes, all are smaller and more concentrated toward longer wavelengths. Of the X-ray-detected objects, only two show evidence for appreciable active galactic nucleus (AGN) flux contributions (at ≳2 μm). Excluding the two AGN-dominated objects, the smaller long-wavelength sizes indicate that their rest-frame NIR light profiles, inferred to trace their stellar mass profiles, are more compact than their optical profiles. The submillimeter detections and visible dust lanes suggest that centrally concentrated dust is a key driver of the observed color gradients. Further, we find that more concentrated galaxies tend to have lower size ratios (rest-frame NIR to optical); this suggests that the galaxies with the most compact light distributions also have the most concentrated dust. The 1.2 mm flux densities and size ratios of these nine objects suggest that both total dust quantity and geometry impact these galaxies’ multiwavelength structures. Upcoming higher-resolution 1.2 mm ALMA imaging will facilitate joint spatially resolved analysis and will directly test the dust distributions within this representative submillimeter population.
New records and modeling potential distribution of Plestiodon tamdaoensis (Bourret, 1937) and Scincella devorator (Darevsky, Orlov & Ho, 2004) in Vietnam (Scincidae)
Authors: Pham Anh Van , Nguyen Anh Tuan , Nguyen Anh Minh Hoang , Dao Linh Thuy Thi , Tran Chi Ha Thi , Le Minh Duc , Nguyen Truong Quang
Published: January 2025

The Vietnam Skink (Plestiodon tamdaoensis) was described from Tam Dao National Park, Vietnam, in 1937, and the species is currently known only from northern Vietnam and Hong Kong of China, whereas the Devouring Forest Skink (Scincella devorator) was described from Yen Tu Nature Reserve, Vietnam, in 2004, and the species is endemic to northern Vietnam. As a result of our field surveys in 2023 and 2024 in Ba Vi National Park, Vietnam, we reported new distribution records, morphological data, and natural history of Plestiodon tamdaoensis and Scincella devorator. In addition, we used species distribution modeling to predict the potential distribution of these species. The model showed that the potential distribution of P. tamdaoensis is approximately 110,000 km2 and that of S. devorator is approximately 130,000 km2, covering northern Vietnam, southern China, and northern Laos, significantly expanding its known range compared to the IUCN range map.
Typhonium morangense (Araceae), a new species from the tropical forest of Eastern Nepal
Authors: Ojha Rijan , Rai Sudeep , Schneider Harald
Published: January 2025

A new species of the aroid genus Typhonium Schott has been discovered in Eastern Nepal. This species, named Typhonium morangense R.Ojha & S.Rai, is described based on comparative morphological examinations with closely related species from the Indian subcontinent. The new species is currently known only from Pathari Shanishchare Municipality in the Morang district of Eastern Nepal. It is the second species of Typhonium observed in Nepal, and the only one endemic to the country. A detailed description, color plate, geographic distribution, phenology, and morphological comparison of the new species with morphologically close species are provided. Given its restricted range and the low number of individuals observed in the wild, this species requires special attention from conservation biologists working in Eastern Nepal.
Tell Me Something I Don't Already Know: Learning in Low‐ and High‐Inflation Settings
Authors: Weber Michael , Candia Bernardo , Afrouzi Hassan , Ropele Tiziano , Lluberas Rodrigo , Frache Serafin , Meyer Brent , Kumar Saten , Gorodnichenko Yuriy , Georgarakos Dimitris , Coibion Olivier , Kenny Geoff , Ponce Jorge
Published: January 2025

Using randomized control trials (RCTs) applied over time in different countries, we study whether the economic environment affects how agents learn from new information. We show that as inflation rose in advanced economies, both households and firms became more attentive and informed about publicly available news about inflation, leading them to respond less to exogenously provided information about inflation and monetary policy. We also study the effects of RCTs in countries where inflation has been consistently high (Uruguay) and low (New Zealand) as well as what happens when the same agents are repeatedly provided information in both low‐ and high‐inflation environments (Italy). Our results broadly support models in which inattention is an endogenous outcome that depends on the economic environment.
Los grandes incendios forestales en Aragón: breve análisis y retrospectiva en el contexto de la temporada de verano de 2022
Authors: Rodrigues Marcos , De la Riva Juan
Published: January 2025

El verano de 2022 se distinguió por ser una de las peores temporadas de incendios en la Europa Mediterránea debido a las repetidas olas de calor con temperaturas que superaron los 40ºC, resultando en incendios de gran magnitud, especialmente en España, donde se registraron incendios superiores a las 30.000 ha. En Aragón, el año 2022 fue también excepcional con 20.260 ha quemadas, ocho veces la media anual de 2005-2021, ocurriendo dos de los mayores incendios dentro del registro con datos. Históricamente, los grandes incendios en Aragón son principalmente de origen natural; sin embargo, desde 2010 se aprecia un cambio en las causas hacia grandes incendios más vinculados con actividades antrópicas, comportamiento que se acentúa en 2022. La temporada de incendios de 2022 en Aragón ha subrayado la necesidad de una mejor comprensión del riesgo de incendio y sus factores subyacentes, en línea con la demanda por parte de la comunidad científica de una gestión más eficiente del combustible y el territorio para afrontar futuros episodios de incendios extremos.
Discours diétético-nutritionnels et maladies thyroïdiennes
Authors: Badau Estera
Published: January 2025

Issue d’un travail de recherche mené dans le cadre d’un projet appelé T.I.A.N. – Thyroïde et Injonctions Alimentaires Numériques, cette étude s’intéresse aux liens entre les maladies thyroïdiennes et l’alimentation. Le travail s’inscrit dans l’approche pragmatiste des problèmes publics et vise à analyser la place de l’alimentation dans le processus de constitution du problème public des maladies thyroïdiennes. Les résultats montrent que les liens avec l’alimentation émergent et sont publicisés sous une pluralité de discours diétético-nutritionnels, allant jusqu’à la question du poids corporel. Le travail s’intéresse également aux pratiques de légitimation des connaissances et des savoirs, plus précisément à la place des discours d’autorité dans la « prescription » des normes diétético-nutritionnelles.
La théologie esthétique de Jonathan Edwards
Authors: Carpenter Roy
Published: January 2025

Dans le monde anglophone, Jonathan Edwards est désormais ­reconnu comme le premier philosophe américain, et sans doute le plus grand théologien protestant écrivant à l’ère des Lumières. Mais alors que la subtilité de la pensée ­d’Edwards a toujours suscité l’admiration des érudits – de son époque jusqu’à nos jours –, on tend à oublier que sa principale préoccupation en tant que pasteur d’une petite ville de Nouvelle-Angleterre était de rendre la substance de sa théologie à la fois accessible et utile à tous. Ce livre propose de prendre au sérieux la revendication edwardsienne selon laquelle le fondement même de toute expérience religieuse n’est autre que la beauté – beauté dont l’universalité transcende classes sociales et niveaux d’éducation. Le développement de la théologie révolutionnaire ­d’Edwards dans le contexte de sa vie est ici retracé et éclairé de passages signi­ficatifs tirés de ses œuvres. Ces passages sont traduits en français et livrés dans leur langue d’origine afin que le lecteur puisse goûter à la beauté et à la puissance uniques de son écriture et de sa pensée.
CHIPS for America, National Advanced Packaging Manufacturing Program (NAPMP) and R&D Update
Authors: Berger Daniel
Published: January 2025

• Investment Area Thrusts should connect activities with the APPF

• NAPPF will be focused on integrated process flows that can reach

commercial scale

• NAPPF will be focused on validating new technology specifications,

compatibility with other processes, yield, and reliability

• The NAPPF will be focused on assessing technologies for scaled transition

to U.S. manufacturing including yield and reliability

• We will do this with baseline processes and prototyping and

piloting exemplars
High-end Smartphone SoC Packaging Comparison - Advanced PoP Technology from Standard, Fan-Out to Flip-Chip Assembly
Authors: Mazari Rayane , Pereira Gabriela
Published: January 2025

Advanced packaging has become critical to realize heterogeneous integration, providing high density, increased bandwidth, and power efficiency. There are multiple ways to achieve these requirements and 2.5D and 3D technologies are becoming crucial, including HD/UHD FO with RDL, Si Interposers, Si bridges, 3D stacking with microbumps or with hybrid bonding.
A Study of Low Temperature Solder on Microstructure and Reliability
Authors: Xu Allen , Islam Nokibul , Liu Joe , Mu Xiaojing , Lin Yaojian , Yang Danfeng
Published: January 2025

Low temperature solder (LTS) dopped with low melting temperature metals on basis of the commonly used Sn category solder, has generated a low eutectic point and dropped its peak reflow temperature to the range of 130 °C to 200 °C. This lower operating temperature peculiarity has already made LTS shined in many next-generation markets, such as high warpage caused by larger package size, heterogeneous integrated packages with more complicated stack-ups, temperature sensitive photonics packages and so on.

Among all the newly-developing LTS systems in microelectronic packaging, Sn-Bi alloys obtains the most widely application, because the melting point is lower than Sn-Ag-Cu (SAC) systems but higher than its In-type competitors, which harmoniously balanced the manufacturability and thermomechanical properties to acquired high performance devices.

In this paper, two types of low temperature solder balls (Sn-Bi-Ag/Sn-Bi-Cu-Ni) were selected to study the microstructure and reliability on the most common Cu pad and Au pad. The test vehicle was designed as a large size chip to chip (C2C) structure, in order to observe the soldering behavior on large size packages, but extremely suppressed the interference of package warpage. Then the investigation can be focused on the intermetallic compounds (IMC) formation at different solder/pad interfaces during both the flip chip process and the TC/HTSL reliability tests. Through evaluating the corresponding microstructures, it further revealed the essential conditions how LTS can achieve high-reliable solder joints.
Novel Low Warpage Mold Film for FO WLP/PLP Application
Authors: Koh Meiten
Published: January 2025

There has been increasing demand for FOPLP package, due to its high performance compared to conventional rigid substrate package and low cost compared to FOWLP package. To achieve high yield using FOPLP process, warpage was the most serious problem. Warpage of the panel results in poor pattern accuracy and reduced yield of package, and warpage of the panel was often severely increased by molding. So low warpage mold was highly needed. To reduce warpage, we have developed novel low warpage mold films. Mold factors related to warpage were mainly curing shrinkage, CTE mismatch and elastic modulus. Conventional powder type mold and liquid type mold showed high cure shrinkage and high elastic modulus thus its often-showed high warpage. We adopted film instead of powder or liquid to reduce mold curing shrinkage. And we reduced elastic modulus of the mold film by considering proper formulation with keeping its CTE low. The film showed very low warpage in case laminating Si wafer, Cu foil, PI film and glass. We have also developed novel photo imageable film for RDL, and it showed very low warpage compared to conventional liquid type photo imageable polyimide. Using these two materials, Taiwan ITRI had made and presented FOPLP on glass substrate which had 5 layers RDL and mold, and it showed very low warpage.
Die-First FOPLP Lithography Challenges Due To Die Shifting And A Solution Using Feedforward Adaptive Shot Technology
Authors: Chang John , Lu Jian , Chang Timothy , Best Keith
Published: January 2025

Artificial intelligence (AI) is beginning to have a broad effect on people’s lives. AI can be applied in a variety of ways to a variety of fields, including medicine, sales, finance and more. Market leaders like Intel, AMD, IBM, Microsoft, Meta and Google are using AI in various ways that may ultimately change the future of humankind. AI requires powerful, high-specification chips to speed up the time it takes to train AI models and reduce power consumption. To create AI packages, manufacturers use heterogeneous integration (HI) techniques. Fan-out panel-level packaging (FOPLP), which costs less than other packaging processes, is often employed.

Although FOPLP has many advantages, it faces significant process challenges, such as die placement errors and substrate warpage. One of the key challenges is the trade-off between overlay, yield and throughput during the lithography processing steps. A user exposes multiple dies per exposure shot to increase throughput, but this can result in lower overlay yield because of so-called pick-and-place die placement errors. To overcome issues involving low yields, each die needs to be aligned. Doing this impacts throughput, so a compromise is needed. Finding a balancing between throughput and overlay is one of the biggest challenges of FOPLP.

In this paper we will address the tradeoff between lithography throughput and overlay yield by demonstrating an integrated feedforward adaptive shot solution. This feedforward approach uses a third-party metrology system to measure reconstituted panel die location data and sends the data to the stepper via a network. With feedforward technology, the stepper uses smart adaptive shot technology to generate an optimized variable shot size layout. This layout ensures overlay yield is within specification and uses the minimum number of exposure steps. With feedforward adaptive shot technology, the user can maximize the throughput of the stepper and ensure proper overlay yield at the same time.
Novel Low Loss Polymer for Advanced IC Packaging
Authors: Mizuno Hikaru , Kameyama Takeru , Yamashita Yuutoku , Nishino Kenta , Fujitomi Shintarou , Kawashima Naoyuki
Published: January 2025

IC-Substrate and Printed Circuit Board (PCB) are high-performing specialty components that consist of organic and inorganic materials. As 5G/6G wireless technology expands through the whole industry, IC-Substrate and PCB designs require low loss dielectric materials that decrease loss at high frequency, and achieve high signal speed. This paper introduces a newly designed thermoset polymer with low dielectric constant and low dissipation factor. The cured polymer shows ultra-low dissipation factor of 0.0011 at 10GHz, and high adhesion (0.8 N/mm) to copper with smooth surface. The paper also discusses the how polymer structure impacts electrical and mechanical properties to optimize device performance. The results indicate that materials can be designed to create a balance of properties to minimize signal losses with high frequency applications.
Atomic Layer Deposition + Parylene Conformal Nanocoatings for Robust Corrosion Protection of Electronics
Authors: Kumar Rakesh , Sawada Shuichi
Published: January 2025

The use of flexible and miniaturized electronic devices is continuously growing with the advancement of interconnect, microvia and microBGA technologies. While these advancements have offered many benefits to high speed and complex electronics applications, they also have some design and reliability challenges, including corrosion protection. The drive for ultra-thin conformal coatings that can provide long-term robust and reliable protection for electronics and their components in harsh environments is continuing. While advancement of conformal coatings, including plasma polymerized coatings, nano liquid coatings and ultra-thin vapor phase coatings, have been able to meet the requirements up to a certain extent, the need to have an ultra-thin, lightweight conformal coating option that can provide the moisture barrier and corrosion resistance to a hermetic level is still unmet. The Atomic Layer Deposition (or ALD) technique, which was introduced in late 1990’s, has been advancing in many applications as it deposits ultra-thin films (a few nanometers) of metal and metal oxides with a precise thickness and conformality. However, its use in general electronics has been limited due to its high temperature processing conditions.

This paper introduces an advanced ALD conformal coating - both alone and in combination with Parylenes - that is applied at room temperature, making it suitable for printed circuit boards and other components to provide robust and reliable protection from corrosion and other harsh environments. To understand the effectiveness of this coating on electronics against corrosion resistance, the mixed flow gas (MFG) testing was performed using Chlorine (Cl2), Hydrogen sulfide (H2S), Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and Sulfur dioxide (SO2) for the period of 21 days. A long-term evaluation results demonstrates a robust and reliable protection against severe corrosive environments. In addition to these beneficial properties, experiments demonstrate excellent corrosion resistance, adhesion to the substrate, electrical insulation and a significant (sixty-three times) improvement on Parylene C’s water vapor transmission rate when combined with ALD.
2nd Generation 3D V-Cache TM Enablement
Authors: Alam Arsalan , Mandalapu Chandrasekhar , Cheng Patrick , Tseng ChihHsiang , Liu Sean , Wang Liwei , Tanasescu Mihaela , Chowdhury Mahmudur , Garcia Aly , Srivastava Anadi , Vadlamani Sai , Gogineni Sireesha , Mudholkar Tanmay , ORiain Jiali , Kothari Yash , Lee Yong fui , Yang Litao , Yang Anna , Kulkarni Pawan , Blanchet Aaron , Pillman Rita , Weatherford Bryan , Chen Tao , Liu Yolanda , Swaminathan Raja
Published: January 2025

Here we present AMD’s 2nd generation 3D V-Cache TM technology and package level results. Key highlights are:

1. Use of face to back (F2B) stacking of 7 nm node cache memory chiplet (SRAM chiplet) on 5 nm node logic chiplet (“Zen 4” compute chiplet). 2. Bond pad via (BPV) landing on top Aluminum pad (AP) instead of top metal layer

With the slowdown in Moore’s Law, heterogeneously integrated chiplet architecture enabled by advanced packaging technologies is becoming essential to enabling the continued economically viable growth of power efficient computing. Decreasing interconnect pitches between the various chiplets, beyond what the conventional solder-based packaging techniques offer, is needed to achieve the required power, performance, area, and cost (PPAC) improvements. We demonstrate hybrid bonding (HB) of stacked chiplets at 9 um bond pitches with die to wafer (D2W) stacking to enable an order of magnitude higher bandwidth between chiplets at lower power and latency compared to existing packaging technologies. Moreover, in the top chiplet, the BPV lands on the top AP instead of the M13 top metal layer, enabling shorter connectivity path. Extensive reliability of these parts in an LGA MCM package has been completed, with the units successfully passing suite of package reliability tests.
Heterogeneous Packaging Technologies for Chiplet and Memory Integration
Authors: Li Yan , Kim WooPoung
Published: January 2025

To meet the High-Performance Computing (HPC) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) market demands of ever higher performance, lower power consumption, wider memory bandwidth with reduced latency, the interconnects connecting D2D in advanced packages are getting ever smaller with tighter bump pitch. Hybrid Copper Bonding (HCB), which can provide direct Cu-Cu connection, is replacing solder-based micro bump Thermal Compressive Bonding (TCB) for die stacking, when the bump pitch shrinks down to less than 20µm. While the interconnects are getting smaller and denser, the overall package size is getting bigger, because more chiplets and High Bandwidth Memory (HBM) need to be assembled on the same package to meet the high-performance requirements. Innovative memory integration solutions, for example memory to logic die 3D stacking, photonic HBM integration, and remote optical HBM connection, are being developed to tackle the issue alternatively. This paper presents a chiplet based heterogeneous integration platform, an advanced custom HBM option, and a menu of advanced packaging offering, which are recently built and delivered by Samsung. including Integrated Stack Capacitor (ISC), Custom HBM, Re-Distribution Layer (RDL) based Fan Out Wafer Level Packaging (FOWLP), Fan Out Panel level packaging (FOPLP), interposer and Si bridge based 2.5 D package architectures, such as I-CubeS, I-CubeR, and I-CubeE, as well as TCB and HCB based 3D IC packaging.
Comparing the retinal nerve fiber layer thickness and peripapillary vasculature in the fellow eye of patients with unilateral retinal vein occlusion to normal controls
Authors: Ibrahim Raghda M. , Tolba Doaa A. , Ahmed Heba M. , Esmat Soheir M. , Hasan Lameece M.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

The aim of this study was to assess the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and the radial peripapillary capillary (RPC) density in the fellow eyes of patients having unilateral retinal vein occlusion (RVO).

Patients and methods

This is a prospective case–control observational analytic study that was conducted at the Ophthalmic Diagnostic and Laser Unit in Cairo University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt. It included the fellow eyes of 57 patients having unilateral RVO [29 cases with central retinal vein occlusion (CRVO) and 28 with branch retinal vein occlusion (BRVO)] and 57 normal participants as a control group. Peripapillary optical coherence tomography angiography was performed and the RPC density and the peripapillary RNFL thickness were automatically calculated.

Results

In the RVO fellow eyes, the peripapillary RNFL was statistically significantly thinner regarding the average, superior quadrant, nasal quadrant, and temporal quadrant (P=0.003, 0.026, 0.005, and ˂0.001, respectively). In addition, they showed significantly thinner ganglion cell complex (GCC) (P˂0.001) and RPC density within the whole image, inferior hemisphere, nasal quadrant, and temporal quadrant than in the normal controls (P=0.007, 0.004, 0.003, and 0.024, respectively). There were no statistically significant differences regarding the GCC, RNFL thickness, and RPC density between the BRVO and the CRVO fellow eyes. The RNFL thickness showed a significant positive correlation with the RPC density (r=0.534, P˂0.001).

Conclusion

Compared to healthy controls, the fellow eyes of cases having unilateral RVO exhibited lower peripapillary microvascular parameters and thinner GCC and RNFL. The RNFL thickness was positively correlated with the peripapillary vessel density.