bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dermatologia comparativa
Authors: Souza Valdilene Loures de , Fraga Juliana Cristina Silva , Gamonal Aloísio
Published: April 2006

Os autores relatam um caso de quelóide que reporta à gravata borboleta, acessório de trajes em geral masculinos.
Effects of prone position on the oxygenation of patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Rossetti Heloisa Baccaro , Machado Flávia Ribeiro , Valiatti Jorge Luiz , Amaral José Luiz Gomes do
Published: April 2006

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is characterized by arterial hypoxemia, and prone position (PP) is one possible management strategy. The objective here was to evaluate the effects of PP on oxygenation. DESIGN AND SETTING: Non-randomized, open, prospective, controlled clinical trial, in a surgical intensive care unit at a tertiary university hospital. METHODS: Forty-one ARDS patients underwent PP for three-hour periods. Arterial partial oxygen pressure (PaO2) was measured immediately before changing to PP, after 30, 60, 120 and 180 minutes in PP and 60 minutes after returning to dorsal recumbent position (DP). The paired-t and Dunnett tests were used. RESULTS: A notable clinical improvement in oxygenation (> 15%) was detected in 78.0% of patients. This persisted for 60 minutes after returning to DP in 56% and lasted for 12 and 48 hours in 53.6% and 46.3%, respectively. Maximum improvement was seen after 30 minutes in 12.5% of responding patients and after 180 minutes in 40.6%. No statistically significant associations between PP response and age, gender, weight, PEEP level, tidal volume, respiratory rate, PaO2/FiO2 or duration of mechanical ventilation were detected. One accidental extubation and four cases of deterioration through oxygenation were detected. The 48-hour mortality rate was 17%. CONCLUSIONS: For a significant number of ARDS patients, PP may rapidly enhance arterial oxygenation and its inclusion for management of severe ARDS is justified. However, it is not a cost-free maneuver and caution is needed in deciding on using PP.
Efeitos de diferentes intensidades de pastejo em pastagem nativa melhorada sobre o desempenho animal
Authors: Soares André Brugnara , Mezzalira Jean Carlos , Bueno Emanuel Antônio Centenaro , Zotti Cleimary Fátima , Tirelli Leila Angela , Cassol Luis César , Marceniuk Luzia Vanessa , Adami Paulo Fernando , Sartor Laércio Ricardo
Published: April 2006

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de duas intensidades de pastejo sobre a produção animal em pastagem natural sobressemeada com espécies leguminosas exóticas (trevo branco, Trifolium repens; trevo vermelho, Trifolium pratense; e cornichão, Lotus corniculatus) sob pastejo contínuo com taxa de lotação variável. Os tratamentos consistiram de duas massas de forragem: baixa massa de forragem (MB) (1.021 kg de MS/ha) e alta massa de forragem (MA) (1.751 kg de MS/ha). As avaliações da pastagem e dos animais foram realizadas em intervalos de aproximadamente 30 dias. Houve forte interação tratamento ´ período experimental para a variável carga animal, que apresentou médias de 690 e 437 kg de MS/ha para MB e MA, respectivamente. O tratamento de MA (480 g/animal/dia) resultou em ganho de peso médio diário superior ao MB (282 g/animal/dia). Não houve diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para produção animal total por área, observando-se valores de 231 e 207 kg/ha para MA e MB, respectivamente. Este resultados indicam que o manejo das pastagens nativas deve ser conduzido com valores de massa de forragem próximos a 1.700 kg MS/ha, pois mantêm satisfatória taxa de ganho dos animais.
Oscilação genética em populações submetidas a métodos de seleção tradicionais e associados a marcadores moleculares
Authors: Carneiro Paulo Luiz Souza , Malhado Carlos Henrique Mendes , Euclydes Ricardo Frederico , Torres Robledo de Almeida , Lopes Paulo Sávio , Carneiro Antonio Policarpo Souza , Cunha Elizângela Emídio
Published: April 2006

Com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da oscilação genética em populações sob seleção com diferentes tamanhos efetivos, foram simulados dados utilizando-se o programa GENESYS. A seleção foi praticada durante 20 gerações consecutivas, com base na seleção individual (SI) e nos valores genéticos preditos pelo BLUP Clássico (BLUP) e pelo BLUP Marcadores (BLUPM), com 30 repetições. A matriz de similaridade adotada no BLUP Marcadores foi obtida utilizando-se 100 marcadores moleculares do tipo microssatélite, por meio de um coeficiente de similaridade correspondente à distância euclidiana média para dados quantitativos. Foram simuladas seis populações de seleção, correspondendo a dois tamanhos efetivos (18,18 e 66,66) e três sistemas de acasalamento dos reprodutores selecionados (reprodutores acasalados ao acaso, exclusão de irmãos completos e exclusão de irmãos completos e meio-irmãos). O parâmetro avaliado foi o valor fenotípico médio. Observou-se grande variação nos valores fenotípicos obtidos pelos métodos, em razão da oscilação genética, principalmente para a seleção baseada nos valores genéticos preditos pelo BLUP e BLUPM e para as populações com tamanho efetivo menor (18,18). Os resultados sugerem que, em programas de melhoramento que utilizam pequenas populações sob seleção, os resultados podem ser influenciados pela oscilação genética, podendo apresentar grandes variações nos ganhos genéticos.
Estimativas de parâmetros genéticos para características de crescimento e produtividade em vacas da raça Canchim, utilizando-se inferência bayesiana
Authors: Mello Silvio de Paula , Alencar Maurício Mello de , Toral Fábio Luiz Buranelo , Gianlorenço Viviane Karina
Published: April 2006

O objetivo neste trabalho foi estimar as herdabilidades e as correlações genéticas dos pesos à desmama (PD), aos 12 meses de idade (P12) e à idade adulta (PAD), da idade de descarte (TPR - tempo de permanência no rebanho), do número (ND10) e quilogramas (QD10) de bezerros desmamados em até dez anos de idade, do número total (NDT) e quilogramas totais (QDT) de bezerros desmamados durante todo o tempo de permanência no rebanho e dos quilogramas de bezerros desmamados por ano de permanência no rebanho (QTPR) de fêmeas de um rebanho da raça Canchim. As estimativas dos componentes de (co)variância foram obtidas pelo método bayesiano, em análises bicaráter de PD, P12 e PAD com as demais características. Os modelos estatísticos incluíram os efeitos aleatórios genético aditivo direto, de ambiente permanente e residual e os efeitos fixos de ano e mês de nascimento ou do parto, da idade da vaca ao parto e da idade do animal, dependendo da característica. As médias das estimativas de herdabilidade foram iguais a 0,38 (PD), 0,40 (P12), 0,54 (PAD), 0,22 (TPR), 0,22 (ND10), 0,24 (QD10), 0,23 (NDT), 0,23 (QDT) e 0,32 (QTPR), indicando que as características possuem variação genética aditiva suficiente para boa resposta à seleção. As correlações genéticas entre TPR (-0,02; 0,26 e -0,12), ND10 (0,04; 0,10 e -0,29), QD10 (0,37; 0,39 e -0,13), NDT (-0,03; 0,14 e -0,25), QDT (0,20; 0,33 e -0,16) e QTPR (0,21; 0,28 e -0,19) e os pesos (PD, P12 e PAD), ao contrário do aumento do peso adulto, sugerem que a seleção de fêmeas com base nos pesos à desmama e aos 12 meses de idade não deve prejudicar as características de longevidade e de produtividade estudadas.
Consumo, produção e composição do leite de vacas alimentadas com óleo de soja e diferentes fontes de carboidratos na dieta
Authors: Eifert Eduardo da Costa , Lana Rogério de Paula , Lanna Dante Pazzanese Duarte , Leopoldino Webel Machado , Oliveira Marcus Vinícius Morais de , Arcuri Pedro Braga , Campos José Maurício de Souza , Leão Maria Ignez , Valadares Filho Sebastião de Campos
Published: April 2006

Foram utilizadas 12 vacas lactantes Holandês-Gir com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento de dietas formuladas com diferentes fontes de carboidratos no concentrado, associadas ou não à suplementação com óleo de soja, sobre o consumo de matéria seca, a produção de leite e a composição do leite. Os tratamentos consistiram de concentrados à base de milho ou farelo de trigo (FT) ou polpa cítrica (PC), associados ou não a óleo de soja (0 e 2,25%). Não houve interação significativa entre a presença de óleo e a fonte de carboidratos em qualquer variável avaliada. O consumo de MS (18,4 kg/dia) e a produção de leite (23,5 kg/dia) não diferiram entre MI, FT ou PC, mas a dieta com FT proporcionou maior consumo de FDN e menor digestibilidade aparente total da MO e dos CHOT e reduziu o teor de lactose no leite. A síntese microbiana não foi influenciada pela fonte de carboidrato ou pelo óleo, sendo, em média, de 239,4 g N/dia. Os animais alimentados com as dietas contendo óleo apresentaram menor consumo de matéria seca (19,0 vs 17,8 kg/dia) e menores teores de lactose (4,49 vs 4,33%) e gordura (3,34 vs 3,13%) no leite, mas não diferiram quanto à produção de leite, ao teor de proteína, à digestibilidade dos nutrientes e à síntese microbiana. A presença de óleo promoveu maior eficiência alimentar (1,35 vs 1,23) e aumentou a relação proteína:gordura do leite (0,94 vs 1,00). Do ponto de vista econômico, PC e FT podem substituir totalmente o milho no concentrado em dietas para vacas com produção de até 24 kg/dia. O óleo na dieta diminui o consumo e mantém o nível de produção, aumentando a eficiência alimentar e alterando a composição do leite.
Efeitos das restrições pré e pós-natal sobre o crescimento e desempenho de cordeiros Santa Inês do desmame ao abate
Authors: Geraseev Luciana Castro , Perez Juan Ramón O. , Carvalho Paulo Afonso , Pedreira Bruno Carneiro , Almeida Thaís Romano V.
Published: April 2006

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar os efeitos das restrições pré e pós-natal sobre o crescimento e desempenho de cordeiros Santa Inês do desmame ao abate. Foram utilizados 48 cordeiros machos, divididos em três grupos: restrição pré-natal (RPRE), restrição pós-natal (RPOS) e nenhum tipo de restrição (controle). Após o desmame, o consumo médio de ração dos cordeiros da RPOS foi inferior aos dos demais, em razão do controle no fornecimento do alimento, sendo que as médias para os grupo controle, RPRE e RPOS foram, respectivamente, de 757, 765 e 624g/dia. Os animais do grupo controle apresentaram os menores consumos totais de ração, em decorrência da menor idade de abate, em comparação aos cordeiros com alimentação restrita, acarretando menor tempo de confinamento. A análise da curva de crescimento comprovou que o ganho médio dos cordeiros do grupo controle (257 g/dia) foi superior ao dos cordeiros RPOS (155g/dia) e RPRE (198 g/dia). O desempenho inferior dos cordeiros com alimentação restrita em relação aos do grupo controle após o desmame indica que os animais não compensaram a restrição imposta e, portanto, apresentaram valores mais altos para idade de abate, consumo total de ração e tempo de ocupação da instalação.
Concentrações de nitrogênio na dieta, no sangue e no leite de vacas lactantes no período pós-parto
Authors: Lucci Carlos de Sousa , Valvasori Edison , Peixoto Junior Kleber , Fontolan Valter
Published: April 2006

Foram utilizadas 24 vacas leiteiras em um delineamento em blocos casualizados com o objetivo de comparar três tratamentos compostos por dietas isoenergéticas, distintas quanto aos teores de proteína bruta (PB): P100 = 100%, P130 = 133% e P166 = 166% das exigências descritas pelo NRC (1989). Os acréscimos de PB foram obtidos como equivalentes protéicos mediante adição de uréia pecuária. Semanalmente, coletaram-se amostras dos alimentos, do leite e do sangue dos animais, desde os 30 dias anteriores até os 60 posteriores ao parto. As produções de leite e o peso das vacas foram registrados semanalmente. As concentrações de nitrogênio uréico foram determinadas nas amostras de leite (NUL) e de plasma (NUP). As produções médias de leite, por vaca e por dia, foram iguais a 12,4; 13,3; e 13,4 kg nos tratamentos P100, P133 e P166, respectivamente, aumentando de forma linear com o emprego de maiores quantidades de equivalente protéico nas rações. As concentrações de NUP e NUL, em mg/dL, aumentaram linearmente com o incremento de equivalente protéico nas dietas, segundo as equações Y= 16,83 + 0,202 X e Y= 13,73 + 0,219 X, respectivamente. A correlação entre valores de NUP e NUL foi significativa, indicando que tanto os valores de NUP quanto os de NUL podem servir como indicadores das quantidades dietéticas de proteína degradável no rúmen, em vacas lactantes, e que valores mais elevados de equivalente em PB resultam em maiores produções de leite.
Efeito da monensina e da própolis sobre a atividade de fermentação de aminoácidos in vitro pelos microrganismos ruminais
Authors: Oliveira Juliana Silva de , Queiroz Augusto César de , Lana Rogério de Paula , Mantovani Hilário Cuquetto , Generoso Rafaela Antônia Ramos
Published: April 2006

Foram estudados os efeitos in vitro dos inibidores monensina e própolis sobre a fermentação ruminal de aminoácidos. Utilizou-se líquido ruminal de um novilho em pastejo, acrescentado de solução de tripticase, em três tratamentos (controle, monensina e própolis). Na 1ª fase do experimento, foram feitas transferências diárias de inóculos para novos tubos com os mesmos tratamentos até o 10º dia e, no 11º dia, iniciou a 2ª fase, efetuando-se as combinações dos tratamentos da 1ª fase (C, M, P), no total de nove, com transferência diária e incubação por mais nove dias. Do 1º ao 10º dia de incubação (1ª fase), o ionóforo e a própolis não aumentaram significativamente a produção de amônia em comparação ao controle. A própolis foi mais eficiente em dimiuir a produção de amônia que a monensina na 1ª fase e ainda reduziu a produção de amônia e a atividade específica de produção de amônia (AEPA) na 2ª fase, independentemente do tratamento aplicado na 1ª fase. Quando os inibidores estavam ausentes na 1ª fase, a monensina foi tão eficiente quanto a própolis na 2ª fase. Verificou-se que, ao remover os inibidores na 2ª fase no tratamento monesina, houve aumento significativo na produção de amônia, mas este efeito não foi detectado no tratamento com própolis, que manteve amônia em baixas concentrações.
Implementation of evidence-based practices for children in four countries: a project of the World Psychiatric Association
Authors: Hoagwood Kimberly E , Kelleher Kelly , Murray Laura K , Jensen Peter S
Published: April 2006

OBJETIVE: The present study examined implementation issues in adopting cognitive-behavioral therapies in routine clinical settings in four countries reflecting diverse cultures, languages, settings, and traditions. METHOD: A Director's Systems Survey was administered prior to program implementation and one year later. Therapist ratings on attitudes about evidence-based practices and satisfaction were also gathered. RESULTS: All sites reported successful adoption of the program, although significant variations existed in fiscal support, family involvement, prior experience with cognitive-behavioral therapies, and plans for sustainability. Therapists' ratings indicated overall satisfaction with the implementation of the project. Findings from the Director's Systems Survey pointed to five factors facilitating implementation: 1) early adoption and guidance by innovative leaders (i.e., the Directors); 2) attention to the "fit" between the intervention model and local practices; 3) attention to front-end implementation processes (e.g., cultural adaptation, translation, training, fiscal issues); 4) attention to back-end processes early in the project (e.g., sustainability); and 5) establishing strong relationships with multiple stakeholders within the program setting. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation issues here mirror those identified in other studies of evidence-based practices uptake. Some of the obstacles to implementation of evidence-based practices may be generic, whereas issues such as the impact of political/economic instability, availability of translated materials, constitute unique stressors that differentially affect implementation efforts within specific countries.
Production of herbicide-resistant coffee plants (Coffea canephora P.) via Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation
Authors: Ribas Alessandra Ferreira , Kobayashi Adilson Kenji , Pereira Luiz Filipe Protasio , Vieira Luiz Gonzaga Esteves
Published: April 2006

Transgenic plants of Coffea canephora P. resistant to the herbicide ammonium glufosinate were regenerated from leaf explants after co-culture with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring pCambia3301, a plasmid that contains the bar and the uidA genes both under control of 35S promoter. Direct somatic embryogenesis was induced on basal medium contained ¼ strength macro salts and half strength micro salts of MS medium, organic constituents of B5 medium and 30 g.L-1 sucrose supplemented with 5µM N6 - (2-isopentenyl)-adenine (2-iP). Ten µM ammonium glufosinate was used for putative transgenic somatic embryos selection. Presence and integration of the bar gene were confirmed by PCR and Southern blot analysis. Selected transgenic coffee plants sprayed with up to 1600 mg.L-1 of FinaleTM, a herbicide containing glufosinate as the active ingredient, retained their pigmentation and continued to grow normally during ex vitro acclimation.
Evaluation of short wave therapy equipment based on brazilian standards
Authors: Gruber Cristiane Regina , Gewehr Pedro Miguel
Published: April 2006

Short Wave Diathermy (SWD) equipment is used in physiotherapy and applied therapeutically using radio frequency (RF) radiation of 27.12 MHz. This article presents the results of a survey related to SWD, showing data about the equipment, conditions of use, visual inspection and analysis of accompanying documents, having as reference the requirements of the Brazilian standards NBR IEC 601-1 and NBR IEC 601-2-3. Electrical safety tests were also carried out for the equipment and the installation. The results showed that manufacturers do not completely follow the standards and there is a lack of knowledge of these standards by the physiotherapists. Electrical safety tests presented measured values of equipment leakage current within the limits of the standards, but installation presented fails. One can conclude that it is necessary a greater awareness by manufacturers and professionals regarding the standards including electrical safety in order to assure the correct use of SWD equipment.
“The Electra” of Sophocles
Authors: Corrigan Robert W.
Published: April 2006

Sophocles’ version of the Electra theme has been a constant source of
trouble to the critics of Greek tragedy. Many of them conclude that it is a
beautiful play, but a very poor tragedy. Other critics will defend the play
on the grounds that if Sophocles wrote it, it must be good. Finally, there
are those critics who try to infuse meaning into the play by forcing it into
a philosophic framework which the critic has assumed prior to his analysis
of the play. Let us look, briefly, at some of the conclusions reached by
these critics.
The Mirror and the Dynamo: On Brecht’s Aesthetic Point of View
Authors: Suvin Darko
Published: April 2006

The time has come to give art, by a pitiless method, the
precision of the natural sciences. But the principal difficulty for
me is still the style, the indefinable Beauty resulting from the
conception itself.

Flaubert,
Correspondence

In the preface to his most famous theoretical essay, the
Little Organon for the Theatre, Brecht in
part retracted his early vituperations against aesthetics, which in the
1920's had led him to ask (as the title of an article of his goes):
“Shouldn't we liquidate aesthetics?” With the growing maturity and
complexity of his poetry and plays, the feedback from practice to theory
which was a permanent feature of Brecht's work led him to recognize that
those vituperations —which he never wholly abandoned —were directed at the
bourgeois German aesthetics of his epoch, at “the heirlooms of a depraved
and parasitic class” (SzT VII.8), and not at a
philosophical and sociological discipline dealing with the pleasing and the
beautiful (mainly in art), as such or as a whole. For, by the end of the
193O's, Brecht had in his lyrics and dramas, as well as in his theoretical
writing, recognized that his own work was also pleasurable —if pleasure were
no longer opposed to learning.
Brecht As Director
Authors: Weber Carl
Published: April 2006

Much has been written about Brecht in this country, some—though not
enough—of his theoretical writings have been translated, and most of his
plays have been published in English. From all of this, people quite
naturally get the idea that Brecht was primarily a poet and playwright. But,
although this is true, in order to understand Brecht the playwright one
ought to know Brecht as a man of practical theatre—as a director. Brecht's
influence on the theatre of his time stems mainly from the productions he
created at the Berliner Ensemble; Germany's theatre has changed totally
since he did his exemplary work during the early and mid-fifties in East
Berlin. The new movement in England— The Royal Court, Peter Brook and Peter
Hall, Kenneth Tynan, to mention a few names only—would probably have been
vastly different if the Berliner Ensemble had not presented his work in
London in 1956, and again in the sixties, and Giorgio Strehler in Italy and
Roger Planchon in France have been deeply influenced by what, and how,
Brecht created in Berlin. Though Brecht had worked for the theatre nearly
all his life, as a critic first, then as a playwright and director, it was
not until 1949 that he found a permanent place for his experiments, a
company, and later a building, which he could form into the ideal instrument
for his ideas, a theatre which was a laboratory, a place for investigation,
analysis, and construction of models.
Competents and Dropouts
Authors: Schmidt Sandra
Published: April 2006

The fight for survival in the regional theatre begins and ends with a
fight for quality. So far, on a trek to the West, Southwest, and Northeast,
through 46 theatres in all the possible shapes of professionalism from one
paid director to 50 non-Equity paid actors, from university to workshop, I
have seen far too little of it. The country is crawling with competence. But
from the adequately done Twelfth Nights through
the passable Volpones, there is a great aching
dearth: nothing is excitingly good or excitingly bad. Nothing horrified me;
nothing delighted me. There is very little life out there at all, either
generative or even reproductive — the kind of museum life that sends an
audience out into the night visibly affected by some longdead playwright's
world.
A Theatre
Authors: Fuller R. Buckminster , Sadao Shoji
Published: April 2006

Theatre, at mid-twentieth century, finds itself in a position of “change or die.” The rapid development of television and cinema have been to it what photography was to representational painting: they can do many of the same things better and more simply. The only means of survival clearly lies in making the very most of the unique quality of theatre—the relationship between a live audience and live performers.

Traditional theatre, with its reliance on “real” props and staging, contributes to audience-performer separation by constantly defining physical limits of size, scale, and distance. The theatre of the future will have to provide an environment which permits the spectator to do more than merely look. He should experience a direct and, as nearly as possible, total involvement, both individually and in relation to the actors.
Self-Service: a Happening
Authors: Kaprow Allan
Published: April 2006

Self-Service, a piece without spectators, was performed in the summer of 1967 in Boston, New York, and Los Angeles. It spanned four months, June through September. Thirty-one activities were selected from a much larger number. Their time and locality distribution were determined by chance methods. Participants selected events from those offered for their city; each had to pick at least one, although doing many or all was preferable. Details of time and place were flexible within each month; choices made from month to month overlapped, some actions recurring.
Le livre de Mallarmé A Mise en Scène
Authors: Polieri Jacques
Published: April 2006

Mallarme attempted to write an absolute book, the quintessence of all literature and all reality—the Total Book. The world exists to arrive at a book, he said. This book would be proclaimed by a sacred ceremony of predetermined detail, a proof as well as a communion.

The form of The Book can be described briefly: four books, which can be ordered as two pairs, make up The Book. Each book is subdivided into five volumes (not only interchangeable within each book, but also from book to book). Thus, Mallarme envisions the mixing and exchange of the volumes of one book with those of another.
Primitive Law in Eastern Africa
Authors: Driberg J. H.
Published: April 2006

Generalizations based on insufficient or inaccurate data have in the past contributed to many anthropological fallacies. Instances of such hasty generalizations will come to mind readily enough, and it will be recollected that whole theories have been so formulated and, after leading anthropological enquiry down sterile labyrinths of thought to dogmatical culs-de-sac, have had to be jettisoned with all their accumulated impedimenta of false inferences and falser conclusions. There is no room as yet for broad generalizations in cultural anthropology: our reliable information is still too fragmentary and unrelated.
An Approach to Operationalizing the I.E.P.
Authors: Hudson Floyd G. , Graham Steve
Published: April 2006

PL 94–142 specifies that schools are required to develop an Individual Educational Program (I.E.P.) for every handicapped child before services are provided. PL 94–142 does not, however specify how the I.E.P. is to be developed and implemented. This paper presents a comprehensive, step-by-step procedure for the I.E.P. The authors provide sample forms for all development and implementatin phases of the I.E.P. as well as suggestions for using the I.E.P. as an effective educational management tool for learning disabled youth.
Social Interactions of Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Bryan Tanis H. , Bryan James H.
Published: April 2006

Efforts to mainstream learning disabled children may require educators to consider social adjustment variables as much as academic factors in remedial programing. As in their previous work, Bryan and Bryan found learning disabled children to be less popular than their peers. This study delineates the behavioral basis of attitudinal rejection of learning disabled children by their classmates. The verbal communication habits of learning disabled children are found to be a major factor in their social rejection. Learning disabled children emit and receive more rejection statements than nondisabled classmates.
The Relationship between Oral Language Skills and Academic Achievement of Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Magee Patricia A. , Newcomer Phyllis L.
Published: April 2006

The difficulties encountered by learning disabled children in the area of oral language have been recognized by many writers. It has been proposed that the academic problems experienced by many learning disabled children are closely associated with the difficulties they experience in oral language. Magee and Newcomer explore this association and delineate components of oral language in learning disabled children which relate most significantly with reading, mathematics, and spelling.
The International Criminal Court’s Ad Hoc Jurisdiction Revisited
Authors: Stahn Carsten , Zeidy Mohamed M. El , Olásolo Héctor
Published: April 2006

Article 12(3) of the Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (ICC), which allows a state that is not a party to the Statute to “accept the exercise of jurisdiction by the Court” by way of a declaration lodged with the registrar, is one of the Statute's most inconspicuous provisions. It has attracted only brief notice either in the general literature on the jurisdiction of the ICC or in the particular context of the debate over U.S. objections to the Court's third-party jurisdiction. Few writers have looked closely at the provision's construction and procedural regime, and the first declaration made by a state under this provision—by the Ivory Coast in February 2005—has gone almost unnoticed in international theory and practice.
Some Notable Developments in the Practice of the UN Secretary-General as Depositary of Multilateral Treaties: Reservations and Declarations
Authors: Kohona Palitha T. B.
Published: April 2006

This Note will examine developments in the practice of the United Nations secretary-general on reservations and declarations to treaties, particularly since 1994 when the Summary of Practice of the Secretary-General as Depositary of Multilateral Treaties was last updated. This period was marked by some notable developments in the previous practice, especially in connection with human rights treaties.

The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties of 1969 (Vienna Convention) provides the framework for the functions of the secretary-general in his role as depositary of multilateral treaties. Most aspects of the law relating to reservations and declarations to treaties are also codified in the Vienna Convention.

Over five hundred multilateral treaties are deposited with the secretary-general. The complex requirements relating to these treaties and the concerns of the many disparate states that may undertake treaty actions with regard to them have significantly influenced his practice. He is also conscious of the political sensitivities surrounding his decisions and the need to protect his own integrity and impartiality.
Comparative Analysis of the Río Balsas and Tehuacán Models for the Origin of Maize
Authors: MacNeish Richard S. , Eubanks Mary W.
Published: April 2006

This paper examines the archaeological and biological evidence for shifts in human subsistence strategies during the transition from hunting and foraging to maize agriculture as posited in the Río Balsas, or lowland origin of maize, model and the Tehuacán, or highland origin of maize, model. These are two different interpretations of the genetic evidence for the ancestry of maize, the archaeological evidence for plant exploitation, and the ecological evidence for paleoenvironments and climate change in the two regions. In contrast to Panama, where there is good evidence for progressive intensification of human forest disturbance by 10,000 B.P., horticultural forest clearing by 8000 B.P., and slash-and-burn agriculture by 6000 B.P., the evidence for Mesoamerica, where maize agriculture originated, fits a different picture of biocultural evolution. The lowland regions of Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, and probably Honduras, were apparently undisturbed, semi-evergreen forests around 10,000 B.P. New findings from experimental maize genetics, combined with the comprehensive archaeological picture from Tehucán, Oaxaca, Tamaulipas, and the Valley of Mexico, support a highland Mesoamerican origin of maize.
The Influence of Organizational Acquisition Experience on Acquisition Performance: A Behavioral Learning Perspective
Authors: Haleblian Jerayr , Finkelstein Sydney
Published: April 2006

Drawing on work from behavioral learning theory in psychology, this study examines the influence of prior organizational acquisition experience on the performance of acquisitions. This theory, which examines both the conditions preceding organization events and organizational responses, predicts that experience effects may range from positive to negative. Consistent with this theory, data from 449 acquisitions show an overall U-shaped relationship between organization acquisition experience and acquisition performance. In addition, the more similar a firm's acquisition targets are to its prior targets, the better they perform. These findings suggest that relatively inexperienced acquirers, after making their first acquisition, inappropriately generalize acquisition experience to subsequent dissimilar acquisitions, while more experienced acquirers appropriately discriminate between their acquisitions. Behavioral learning theory, then, may enhance understanding of organization experience effects.
The Search-Transfer Problem: The Role of Weak Ties in Sharing Knowledge across Organization Subunits
Authors: Hansen Morten T.
Published: April 2006

This paper combines the concept of weak ties from social network research and the notion of complex knowledge to explain the role of weak ties in sharing knowledge across organization subunits in a multiunit organization. I use a network study of 120 new-product development projects undertaken by 41 divisions in a large electronics company to examine the task of developing new products in the least amount of time. Findings show that weak interunit ties help a project team search for useful knowledge in other subunits but impede the transfer of complex knowledge, which tends to require a strong tie between the two parties to a transfer. Having weak interunit ties speeds up projects when knowledge is not complex but slows them down when the knowledge to be transferred is highly complex. I discuss the implications of these findings for research on social networks and product innovation.
The Observationes in M. T. Ciceronem of Marius Nizolius
Authors: Breen Quirinus
Published: April 2006

Nizolius' Observationes is a lexicon of Latin based exclusively on the writings of Cicero. It was one of the best-known dictionaries from the sixteenth to the eighteenth centuries. Pagani has counted nearly seventy printings of various editions between 1535 to 1630. An edition was printed in England as late as 1820. Leibnitz wrote that the lexicon would last as long as Cicero. The historian Arnold Toynbee has remarked that he was brought up on Nizolius in the Latin school.

This work has today been all but forgotten. The light of recognition is now begining to fall upon Nizolius' De veris principiis… philosophandi (Parma, 1553); the notice given to it is deserved, but the continuing almost total neglect of the lexicon is not justified. The De veris principiis has substance to contribute to our understanding of Renaissance philosophy; the Observationes offers a thread for a history of Ciceronianism in modern times.
The Original meaning of the word Sacer
Authors: Fowler W. Warde
Published: April 2006

In Roman religious law the word sacer indicated that the object to which it was applied was the property of a deity, taken out of the region of the profanum by the action of the state, and passed on into that of the sacrum. We have an exact account of it which can be traced through Verrius Flaccus to a scholar apparently of the age of Cicero, Aelius Gallus. “Gallus Aelius ait sacrum esse, quodcunque more atque instituto civitatis consecratum sit, sive aedis sive ara sive signum sive pecunia sive quid aliud quod dis dedicatum atque consecratum sit: quod autem privati suae religionis causa aliquid earum rerum deo dedicent, id pontifices Romanos non existimare sacrum.” This very explicit passage makes it plain that the state, through its religious authorities, had appropriated the word, and fixed it to a definite meaning, at some period when there were already temples in which deities could dwell and enjoy the possession of their own property, made over to them by the state to do them honour and propitiate them.
On Some questions of Roman Public Law
Authors: Reid J. S.
Published: April 2006

The proposals which were made at Rome from time to time to grant to “Latini” the privileges of the provocatio, wholly or in part, raise questions which touch closely the history of the evolution of constitutional and criminal law at Rome during the republican age. So far as is known, the first attempt to sever the provocatio from the general rights of the Roman franchise, and to bestow it on Italian allies, was made by M. Fulvius Flaccus, consul in 125 B.C. the associate of C. Gracchus, who perished with him. According to Valerius Maximus, ix, 5, 1, he introduced “perniciosissimas rei publicae leges (rhetorical plural) de civitate Italiae danda et de provocatione ad populum eorum qui civitatem mutare noluissent.”
Permanent Deposits of Sectionalism in American Christianity
Authors: Wentz Abdel Ross
Published: April 2006

About the fourth decade of the nineteenth century, a change came over the general spirit of American society. Historians have often noted the fact and they have described it and explained it in various ways. It was a time of storm and stress, a period of controversy and conflict and finally war. There was scarcely a single phase of life that was not infected. As if by some preconcerted signal the souls of men in most diverse groups and relationships suddenly became sensitive and combative. The result was one of those swift ruptures with the past that leave abiding scars in the body of society.
What Place has Old English Philology in our Elementary Schools?
Authors: Gummere Francis B.
Published: April 2006

Not long ago, the president of a famous American college, writing in
praise of Greek and Latin as the basis of higher instruction, classed the
study of Anglo-Saxon with the study of Icelandic or of Quaternions. All
three were “intellectual luxuries.” If such is the judgment of so prominent
and learned a man, what will that robust personage, the “ average citizen,”
impatient as he is of all that is recondite and out of touch with the
practical, say to my subject and the implied connexion between an
intellectual luxury for colleges and the every-day fare of our ordinary
schools? Considerable divinity doth still hedge the college, and what is
done there:
The Realgymnasium Question
Authors: Elliott A. Marshall
Published: April 2006

The present struggle for university reform in Germany to give to the
Realgymnasia the same rights and privileges as are held by the Gymnasium
proper, bears so much resemblance to the reform which is taking place in
this country and which this Association has at heart to promote, as a part
at least of its mission, that I have thought a glance at the question would
not be entirely without interest at this stage of our development. The
leading features of the discussion in Germany and in the United States are
as nearly identical as the differences of the school and university systems
in the two countries could admit. The primal cause at the bottom of the
controversy in both places is the same, that is, monopoly; the principles
fought for have been the same, namely, equality of rights:
Lehrfreiheit, Lernfreiheit and
Studienfreiheit; the pivotal point about
which the whole movement has taken place and is taking place is the selfsame
in both, that is, the cutting out of the existing system some disciplina in
order to give room, in accordance with the demands of modem culture, for
another or for other disciplinae which are held to bear a more direct
relation to our present life.
On Representations of Centaurs in Greek Vase-Painting
Authors: Colvin Sidney
Published: April 2006

Before coming to the discussion of the three unpublished vase-paintings which illustrate this article, and of the questions which they suggest (Plates I., II., III.), it will be proper to give some account of the Centaurs in general, as figured on the painted vases of the Greeks. The passages or episodes of the Centaur myth habitually illustrated in this form of art are five in number, viz.:—

1. The battle of the Centaurs and Lapithae at the wedding feast of Peirithoos and Hippodameia, or Deidameia, on Mount Pelion; when the Centaurs, being present as guests, maddened themselves with wine, and one of them seized the bride; whereupon a general conflict ensued, ending in the rout of the monsters and their expulsion from Thessaly.

This battle is said by Aelian to have been made the subject of a separate poem by an early epic writer, Melisandros of Miletus; but neither of Melisandros nor his work have we any other record. In our extant writings, allusion is made to the battle twice in the Iliad: once where Nestor extols the Lapith warriors, whom he had known in his youth, as having been the mightiest of earthly heroes, and having quelled the mightiest foes, to wit the Centaurs; and again in the catalogue of ships, where the Thessalian leader Polypoites is commemorated as the son begotten of Hippodameia by the Lapith king Peirithoos on the day when he chastised the monsters and drove them from Pelion.
Mediaeval Rhodian Love-Poems
Authors: Tozer H. F.
Published: April 2006

The study of mediaeval Greek literature has lately experienced a serious loss in the early death of Dr. W. Wagner, who by his Medieval Greek Texts, published for the English Philological Society, his Carmina Graeca Medii Aevi, and other works on the same subject, has deserved well of all who are interested in the writings of that period. Not the least important addition to our knowledge of this branch of literature is that which he made shortly before his death by publishing The Alphabet of Love (Ὁ ἀλφάβητος τῆς ἀγάπης, Leipzig: Teubner). The manuscript from which this is printed for the first time was discovered by him in the British Museum during the spring of 1878, and it contains a collection of love-poems in the usual Greek ballad-metre, which were partly arranged according to their initial letter; this system Dr. Wagner has introduced throughout, whence the name The Alphabet of Love. The place of their composition is shown by internal evidence to have been Rhodes, for in one of the poems the writer represents her lover, who has gone into foreign lands, as saying that he had left her in that island—
Custom and Law in the Social Order: Some reflections upon French Catalan peasant communities
Authors: Assier-Andrieu Louis
Published: April 2006

Until assuming the violent form most strikingly exemplified in France by the explosions of 1789 and 1848, the century-long movement of resistance and emancipation of the European peasantry mainly occurred in the legal domain. The focus of opposition was towards the attempt to impose a normative system which sought to undermine the working rules of peasant communities. It was carried through, for example, by protesting against seignorial obligations or by asserting claims to the free use of forests and communal pastures. In such actions the peasant will, revitalized by periodic subsistence crises, tried to maintain control over legal institutions, and therefore to retain relative social autonomy.
Australian Aboriginal Songs
Authors: Strehlow T. G. H.
Published: April 2006

Within recent years much aboriginal song material has been gathered, mainly in Central and Northern Australia. The scientific value of this material can be readily understood; but its artistic merit has been the subject of much controversy. The present article has been written with a view to pointing out certain features of the Australian songs—features whose appreciation may enable listeners to obtain more enjoyment from aboriginal recordings. My remarks are based on my own collection, which was gathered in Central Australia; but they are true in a general sense of most Australian songs as far as we know at present.
Nineteenth-Century Yiddish Love Songs of East Europe
Authors: Rubin Ruth
Published: April 2006

Of all the categories of nineteenth-century secular Yiddish folk songs of East Europe, the love songs are the most numerous, popular, melodious and poetic. This fact challenged a number of writers on Jewish literature and folklore, who were not able to account for this type of song current in a community which was patriarchal in structure and strict in its religious observances.
Musique et Humanité
Authors: Dallapiccola Luigi
Published: April 2006

Musique et Humanité est à mon avis surtout un sujet philosophique. N'étant pas philosophe moi-même, le langage philosophique ne m'est pas familier et je n'ai jamais été intéressé à ces jeux de la dialectique qui, par un habile maniement des paroles, nous démontrent la vérité ou son contraire. Je ne suis pas théoricien non plus. D'ailleurs, l'invitation qui m'a convoqué avec tant de gentillesse à cette conférence et de laquelle je tiens à remercier de tout mon coeur le Comité, n'a pas été adressée à un penseur éventuel, mais plutôt a un musicien et à un homme.

Les deux substantifs du thème que l'on m'a proposé, méritent un commentaire. Musique: la transformation et le développement de la musique ayant été si rapides dès le début de notre siècle, personne de nos jours pourrait être tout à fait d'accord avec l'idéal musical exprimé par Mozart dans la fameuse lettre à son père, datée du 26 Septembre 1781, où il dit à peu près ceci: que tout comme les passions, violentes ou non, ne devaient jamais être exprimées jusqu'au dégout, ainsi la musique, même dans ses moments les plus terribles, ne devait pas déplaire à l'oreille, mais donner de la jouissance et “tester toujours musique”.
Comment entendre la musique populaire?
Authors: Chailley Jacques
Published: April 2006

Pendant très longtemps, les musiciens de formation scolaire sont passés à côté de la polyphonie populaire sans même l'entendre. Leurs notations n'en tiennent aucun compte, leurs descriptions en font à peine mention dans des circonstances où cependant nous sommes certains qu'elle existait. Le fameux problème de l'existence ou la non-existence d'une polyphonie dans la musique grecque antique, n'est que l'un des aspects de ce meme problème. La réaction des musicographes de l'antiquité est exactement la meme que celle de nos observateurs classiques.

En face de ce dédain, j'oserais dire de cette surdité qui s'est prolongée jusqu'à l'aube de ce siècle, notre attitude à nous est rigoureusement opposée. Il suffit presque aujourd'hui qu'un individu chante un peu faux dans un groupe pour que des missions scientifiques s'organisent, et que, appuyée de mesures rigoureuses au demicent près, une nouvelle classification de polyphonie soit proposée au prochain Congrès, sans négliger d'en offrir le modèle aux jeunes compositeurs en quête de nouvelles “élucidations bouleversantes.”
Chansons polyphoniques de l'Epire du nord
Authors: Peristeris Spyridon
Published: April 2006

Parmi les différentes régions de Grèce, l'Epire nous présente, outre les chansons folkloriques monophoniques courantes, chantées également dans les autres régions de Grèce, une catégorie de chansons folkloriques polyphoniques spéciales, exécutées dans certaines régions et présentées non d'apres les règles connues, mais d'une manière plus ou moins primitive.

L'étude que voici se base sur des éléments musicaux trouvés dans les chansons de la région Dropolis en Epire du nord, recueillis et enregistres durant deux missions speciales, en 1951 et 1956. Dropolis est un district situé en Epire du nord et s'étend du détroit de Sotiras et de la petite montagne de Mourganas jusqu'aux villes d'Argyrocastros et de Limbohovos. La partie méridionale se trouve inclue dans le territoire grec.
Psaume Hébraïque et séquence Latine
Authors: Birkner Günter
Published: April 2006

Les sources manuscrites des IXe et Xe siècles nous laissent assister à l'apparition d'une forme nouvelle, qui pendant sept siècles connut une floraison sans pareille. Cette forme, la séquence, influence profondément la musique mondaine et représente avec l'hymne un des grands points de départ de l'art moyenâgeux. La question que nous nous posons, c'est, d'où provient l'impulsion pour la formation de cette séquence, si toutefois une telle impulsion paraît possible ou probable. Doit-on supposer que, contrairement à l'hymne, avec une histoire déjà plusieurs fois centenaire au IXe siècle, la séquence soit due à l'invention heureuse d'un personnage inconnu, à une naissance subite, que l'ombre des âges nous cache. Il est à constater que dans l'évolution des formes liturgiques, des formes littéraires ou musicales, une telle naissance ne se trouve que très rarement. Nous questionnons les séquences elles-mâmes pour voir si elles laissent apparaître des liens avec des formes antérieures au IXe siècle.