bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Summer Control of Hairy Chinch Bug; 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Fifteen chemical treatments were applied to a home lawn in Somerset, Pa. The lawn consisted primarily of fine-leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 by 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer with 4 8004VS Teejet nozzles mounted on a 6-ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and delivering 4 gal/1,000 ft2. Granular formulations were applied with a hand-held shaker and mixed with a fine-grade top-dressing sand to facilitate product distribution. At treatment time the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 96°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F; RH, 45%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil type, sandy loam, soil particle size analysis: 60% sand, 23% silt, 17% clay; soil moisture condition, very dry; organic matter, 3.0%; water pH, 8.0; soil pH, 5.4; no rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period.
Persistence and Efficacy of Bacillus Thvringiensis in Three Encapsulant Formulations Applied Against West-Ern Spruce Rudworm, 1987
Authors: Richmond Charles E.
Published: March 2022

Two hundred Douglas-fir seedlings were planted in 2-liter pots and grown to approximately 30 cm in a lathe house at the USDA Forest Service Institute of Forest Genetics, Placerville, Calif. The 3 encapsulants are experimental formulations. Each capsule contains lignosulfonate and other photoprotective pigments to block ultraviolet radiation. In these formulations, acrylic acid and vinyl polymers encapsulate bacterial spores and crystalline endotoxins. The active ingredient, B. thuringiensis (Thuricide 48 LV) is released after the encapsulated bacteria and their fermentation products are ingested and the endotoxins are liberated in the digestive system of the insect. All suspensions were diluted to 9 billion international units/2.8 liters distilled water. Treatments were applied with an aerial spray simulator calibrated to deliver an equivalent spray rate of approximately 10 liters/ha (32 BIU/ ha). Spray deposits were characterized for each treatment by analyzing Kromekote spray cards placed among the potted trees just before treatment.
European Elm Scale Insecticide Evaluations, 1987
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Shean Blair S.
Published: March 2022

Fully mature female European elm scales were collected 17 May from infested elm prunings. Twigs were then cut in to 3-5-inch lengths, each containing approximately 15 scales. A series of insecticide concentrations was prepared, each containing a labeled concentration of the insecticide, a 5 x, and a 25 x dilution. Five infested twigs were immersed into the concentration and removed immediately. Treated branches were held for 48 h before being observed for scale mortality.
Spruce Spider Mite Control with Insecticidal Soap, Conventional Pesticides, and Combination Soap and Insecticide Sprays on Fraser Fir in Centre County, 1988
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

Twenty treatments were evaluated to control spruce spider mite on heavily ‘ infested 5-6-ft Fraser fir Christmas trees. Each treatment was applied to 4-tree replicates. Foliar sprays were applied by using a 412 Solo Master mistblower. 303 ml of each treatment was applied to each replicate (100 gal/acre). Treatments were applied 16 Jun under clear, sunny skies. The air temperature was 64°F, 100% RH, and water pH 7.0. Samples consisted of randomly removing four 6-inch twigs from each replicate, which consisted of 2 inches of 1988 growth and 4 inches of 1987 growth. The twigs were placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice cooler to the laboratory. Samples from each replicate were then passed through a mite brush, and the total viable spruce spider mite life stages (larvae, nymphs, adults) collected on a 5-inch sampling disk positioned directly beneath the brushes was counted with a stereo dissecting microscope. Posttreatment samples were collected 11 d (27 Jun) later.
Control of Honeylocust Podgall Midge with Foliar Sprays, FT. Collins, 1988
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S.
Published: March 2022

Evaluations were made of 2 foliar treatments, I Sevin SL and Talstar 10 WP, for control of gall production by the honeylocust podgall midge. Tests were conducted at a nursery planting of 15-20-ft honeylocust trees maintained by the City of Ft. Collins, Colo. Plots were monitored for the onset of the second-generation egg laying by the insect, approximately 17 May. Treatments were applied the following day. Applications were confined to individual lower branches of the tree using a hand-operated compressed-air sprayer. Six branches were used for each treatment, and plots were established in a randomized complete block design. Evaluations were made in 2 wk, after egg hatch for the generation had been completed but before third-generation adult emergence. Plots were evaluated by counting all the galls produced on 5 newly produced leaflets/branch.
Honeysuckle Aphid Control with Systemic Insecticides, Fort Collins, 1987
Authors: Cranshaw Whitney S. , Abernathy Rella , Young Jennifer
Published: March 2022

Plots were located at the Colorado State University Bay Farm in Fort Collins in an established planting of honeysuckle bushes, 2-3 ft high. Individual plots consisted of single shrubs, and plot design involved a randomized complete block with 5 replications. Prior to treatment, 3 aphid-infested terminals on each shrub were marked and all aphids were counted. Subsequent aphid counts involved the same terminals. Insecticide applications were made 18 May to infested shrubs that already showed leaf-curling injury. Orthene 75 S was sprayed to run-off Dimethoate 400 and Metasystox-R 2 were applied as soil injections using a Kioritz soil injector applying 1.25 fl oz/injection hole. Injections were made at a rate of 1 hole per half-inch of diameter at soil level, a total of 3-4 insertions/shrub, depending on size. Dimethoate 400 was applied as a 1:3 dilution with water; Metasystox-R 2 was applied as a 1:1 dilution.
Red Oak, Gypsy Moth Larvicide Test, Wooster, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Oak seedlings (1-0) growing in 3-gal (11.3 liter) containers were used to evaluate efficacy of selected pesticides against fourth-instar gypsy moths. A CO2 compression sprayer with a Teejet SS8004 flat-fan nozzle operating at 20 psi was used to apply sprays to 3 single-tree replicates/treatment, each harboring 5 larvae. Sprays were applied 8 Jul to run-off to containerized trees growing in a greenhouse. Modified 1-gal (3.9 liter) Fonda cups were used to prevent larval escape. Tops and bottoms were removed from the cups. A bottom was secured around the base of each tree stem prior to larval placement and spray application. After spraying, Fonda cups were secured to bottoms, and nylon organdy cloth was fitted over the top. Treatment effectiveness was evaluated 1, 6, and 13 DAT by visually assessing larval mortality. Five additional larvae were placed on each replicate 48 h after treatment for all treatments except the insect growth regulator (IGR); larval mortality was assessed 96 h later. Foliage consumption of larvae on IGR treatments was compared with a standard insecticide-and-check treatment by using a leaf-area meter.
Spruce, Eastern Spruce Gall Adelgid Control, Salem, 1987
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Norway spruce (0.5-1.0 m tall) growing in a Christmas tree plantation were used to evaluate insecticides against eastern spruce gall adelgids. Four single-tree replicates, each with at least 4 recent galls, were sprayed with each treatment. A KWH backpack mistblower operating at half throttle on setting 3 for 30 s delivered 946 ml of finished spray to each tree. Sevin 80 S was applied 1 Oct, when adelgids were active on twigs, but hatching was not complete. An additional treatment was applied 14 Oct, along with the other treatments, when hatching was complete. Conditions on both spray dates were sunny, 15-18°C, and 8-16 km/h breeze. Treatments were evaluated 12 Nov by randomly removing 4 8-12-cm-long, lateral branch tips having at least 1 gall for each of the 4 replicates/treatment. Samples were placed in plastic bags and transported in an ice chest to the laboratory. Samples were immediately processed with the aid of a dissecting microscope by assessing the percentage of twigs with galls having live adelgids near buds. All buds were examined for presence of adelgids.
Effects on Population Growth, 1986
Authors: White N. D. G.
Published: March 2022

Wheat flour was treated by pipette with 3 insecticides in acetone to yield 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 5.0 ppm. A layer of flour 3-mm deep was placed in the bottom of a 387-ml-capacity glass bottle, with 3 replicate bottles/treatment, then hard red spring wheat was added to a depth of 8 cm. The bottles were sealed with ventilated lids. Twenty-five adults, 12 females and 13 males less than 2 wk old, were placed in each bottle and held at 25 ± 1°C, 70 ± 5%RH for 4, 8, or 12 wk, when adults and immatures were counted. Controls were as above, except untreated flour (acetone only), was substituted for the treated flour under the wheat. Three controls were run for each sampling period. Data were analyzed separately for numbers of adults and immatures on each sampling date by ANOVA and DMRT.
Evaluation of Magnetic Roach Food, 1988
Authors: Douskey Elaine R. , Ogg Clyde L. , Gold Roger E.
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted to determine effectiveness of Magnetic Roach Food at various application times against German cockroaches. Magnetic Roach Food (2.5 g) was applied to each bottom corner surface on 1 side of Ebeling choice boxes modified into 2 equal compartments and held in darkness. Treated choice boxes were held for 0, 4, 8, and 15 d prior to cockroach introduction. Three replications were conducted for each time and for an untreated control. Food and water were provided on both sides of each choice box. Fifty male German cockroaches were anesthetized and placed in the untreated compartment of each choice box. Cockroaches were allowed to acclimate in the dark for 18 h before the dividing stoppers used to prevent access to the treated compartment were removed. Mortality was recorded every 12 h for 14 d. Mortality data were converted to proportions of the total number of cockroaches present and ANOVA was performed. Proportions were converted using the arcsine transformation so data would fit ANOVA assumptions. Treatment means over all times were compared using Duncan’s multiple range test and preplanned orthogonal contrasts.
Short-Term Residual Studies, 1988
Authors: Price Richard , Blevins Laren , Pinkston Ken
Published: March 2022

A test was conducted to evaluate 2 formulations of PP 321 (cyhalothrin 10 W and 12 WG). Three dose rates of each formulation were compared with Demon. The test surfaces consisted of 8- by 8- by one-quarter-inch unfinished plywood panels. The surfaces were treated with a modified B & G sprayer, model 104-S. The sprayer was mounted on a motorized track. A spraying system Multi Teejet fan nozzle 800067 was attached to the nozzle stand and transported on the track. The nozzle was set at a height of 12 inches above the panels. The nozzle delivered 2.2 oz of finished spray/100 ft2 at 20 psi. The application speed was 2.5 ft/s. The sprayer design, speed of delivery, and amount of liquid applied was set to duplicate field application. After spraying, the treated panels were allowed to dry for 24 h before the cockroaches were placed on the treated surface. Cockroach containment to the panel surface was accomplished by using PVC open-ended plastic cylinders (6¼-inch diam by 8 inches high). The cockroaches were exposed to 30.68 inch2 of treated surface. A mixture of petroleum jelly and mineral oil was applied to the container wall to keep the cockroaches on the treated surface. Nylon fabric was placed over the top of the containers to aid in the transfer of cockroaches from treated to untreated surfaces and to guard against escapes.
Field Trials of Type II Pyrethroids, 1988
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of 6 spray preparations of 3 cyano-pyrethroids: Demon (cypermethrin, 2 EC), Tempo (cyfluthrin, 2 EC and 20 W) and 3 rates of tralomethrin (0.3 EC). The Dorie Miller Homes, a multifamily public housing complex in Gary, Ind., served as the test site. Individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Sprays were applied using 3.8-liter compressed-air sprayers equipped with Multee-Jet nozzles. Due to the high cockroach populations and poor sanitation, a general “clean-out” procedure was followed. All accessible harborage areas throughout the apartment were treated with approximately 0.5 gal of spray/unit; volumes of spray applied varied due to apartment size and the amount of harborage to treat. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum precount of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered for the test. Each treatment was replicated in 13-16 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation. To determine insecticidal efficacy, posttreatment visual counts were reduced to percent reductions of the pretreatment counts; negative percent reductions were converted to zero before analysis.
Field Trials of Abamectin Bait Formulations, 1988
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G . W.
Published: March 2022

Field tests determined the relative efficacy and residual life of 2 formulations of Avert baits: a dry formulation, 0.05% abamectin (avermectin Bla), and an aerosol formulation, 0.01% abamectin. The Delaney Apartments, a multifamily public housing complex in Gary, Ind., served as the test site. Individual apartments served as the replicated experimental unit. Bait product placement was pervasive throughout the apartments. In kitchens, bait was placed under the sink, in corners, at wall intersections near the stove and refrigerator, beneath major appliances, and behind cabinets; in the bathroom, behind the toilet and in a cabinet beneath the sink. Bait also was distributed in living rooms, closets, and bedrooms in corners and wall intersections and inside many pieces of furniture, such as dressers and free-standing cabinet No attempt was made to limit the amount of product applied within an apartment; the extent of the infestation and the amount of cockroach harborage needing treatment dictated the amount of bait applied. The exact weight of bait applied in each apartment was recorded. Population levels were estimated by visual counts throughout the kitchen and bathroom areas, and a minimum precount of 20 cockroaches was required for any apartment to be considered for the test. Each formulation was replicated in 15 or 16 apartments, but posttreatment counts varied due to apartment vacancy or lack of resident cooperation.
Evaluation of Knockdown Activity for Type II Pyrethroids, 1988
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory tests assessed the relative knockdown activity of wettable powder formulations of 4 cyano-pyrethroids: cypermethrin (40.0%), cyfluthrin (20.0%), cyhalothrin (10.0%), and tralomethrin (13.3%). Sprays of 0.06 and 0.015% AI were applied to 1-ft2 (929 cm2) tempered masonite panels at the rate of 1 gal/1000 ft2 (3.78 ml/929 cm2) using a mechanized spray tower apparatus equipped with a stainless steel nozzle tip, Spraying Systems Teejet 8001E, at a constant pressure of 25 psi. Treated panels were placed into vertical storage compartments (dark conditions) for residual aging; residual agings evaluated were 1 d and 1 mo. At the appropriate aging period, insects were confined (in a continuous exposure) to the treated panel using 12.7-cm diam plexiglass rings lightly greased with a mixture of petrolatum and mineral oil. Two exposure times were evaluated at each aging period: a continuous exposure during which insects were left on the treated panel until moribund, and a 30-s exposure after which the insects were removed from the treated panel and observed. The time until 50% of the test insects were knocked down was recorded. The functional definition of knockdown was inability to move in any way, coordinated or otherwise. Insects were periodically challenged with probes to aid in determining their condition.
Control of Lesser Mealworm in a Hroiler House with IGRs and Pyrethroids, West Virginia, 1988
Authors: Weaver Joseph E.
Published: March 2022

Two IGRs, UC84572 and XRD-473, and two pyrethroids, cyfluthrin and permethrin, were evaluated for control of lesser mealworm. Tests were conducted in a poultry house located at West Virginia University. The house is 30 x 100 ft with 2 holding areas separated by a 20- X 30-ft feed mixing and storage corridor. Each side of the house is divided into 3 rows of 5- x 8-ft pens for holding birds; each pen is stocked with 54 birds at the start of a cycle. At the end of a cycle (about 42 d), accumulated hard crust is removed and about 2 inches of new wood chip litter is added. Treatments were applied to the surface of new litter with no mixing of the litter after treatment. Sprays were applied with a 2-gal hand sprayer at the rate 1 gal/250 ft2. Treatments were replicated twice; each side of the house had a replicate of each treatment assigned at random. Treated and untreated areas were 160 ft2 (4 pens).
Laboratory Spray Table Screening Of Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Elzen Gary W.
Published: March 2022

Nine treatments were evaluated for toxicity to BAW in the laboratory. Treatments were applied to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L. ‘STV 213’) terminals in water pics using a laboratory spray table using one TX6 nozzle calibrated to deliver 6 gal/acre at 2 mph and 30 psi. Treatments to 20 terminals were replicated 3 times/treatment. BAW were collected from a cotton field at Stoneville, Miss., and were reared in the laboratory through 1 generation. One third instar was placed on each terminal 2 h after spray treatment and held under ventilated paper cups at 85°F and 55-60% RH. The percentage of mortality was assessed 72 h after treatment.
Evaluation of Microencapsulated, Pressurized Aerosol Formulations, 1988
Authors: Ogg Clyde L. , Gold Roger E.
Published: March 2022

Efficacy of microencapsulated insecticides was evaluated on painted pine and stainless steel panels. The treatments were Dursban ME (liquid), Dursban ME (aerosol), Optem ME (aerosol) and Sumithrin ME (aerosol). Pine panels (232.-25 cm2) were cut from pine lumber, and painted with two coats of latex semigloss paint or covered with stainless steel plates. A 4-mm-deep circular groove was cut into the surface of the wood or steel, so that an inverted plastic Petri dish cover (92 mm diam) could retain cockroaches on the test surfaces. The chemical surfaces were prepared by pipeting a 1-ml water solution of Dursban and distributing it with a saturated natural bristle brush or applying the aerosol treatments with a device constructed in our laboratory. The aerosol device consisted of a can that was aligned such that a solenoid depressed the plunger for timed bursts. The duration of the burst was controlled by a programmable time delay relay with a range of 0.5-5.0 s. The panels were put 12 inches from the spray tip and adjusted so that the entire panel was uniformly coated with insecticide. The treated panels were then held at 25°C scotophase until bioassay.
Dietary Toxicity Trial, 1987
Authors: Reid B. L. , Bennett G. W.
Published: March 2022

Laboratory tests evaluated the toxicity of the dihaloalkyl arylsulfone biocide, A-9248 (diiodomethyl para-tolyl sulfone), when fed continuously to German cockroach nymphs from the second and fifth (last) nymphal stage until adulthood. The toxicants were formulated into diets prepared by finely grinding Wayne Rodent Blox into 5-g portions and reconstituting each with 6 ml of water and 3 ml of an acetone solution of technical A-9248. This was mixed thoroughly, pressed into plexiglass molds, and allowed to dry for 48 h within an evacuation hood, yielding pelletized diets (75-100 mg) of the desired concentration (% AI). Seven diet concentrations (10-0.156%; 0.5 times serial dilutions) were evaluated to achieve a clear representation of A-9248 activity. Groups of 10 unsexed, newly eclosed (<24 h) second- or fifth-stage nymphs were placed into 100- by 25-mm vented plastic Petri dishes supplied with test diet, water vial, and cardboard harborage. Each diet concentration was replicated 6 times, for a total of 60 nymphs/dilution rate.
Mite and Insect Control, Highland, N.Y., 1988
Authors: Weires R. W. , Scott D.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 8-tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied dilute to run-off using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering 3.1-4.1 gal spray/tree or 300-397 gal/acre. Trees were 24 yr old, 10 ft high, 12 ft wide, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on EMU rootstock. Most treatments were applied soon after petal fall on 26 May; A1335 was applied at pink, 4 May, or at first cover, 10 Jun. Supplemental applications were made with some treatments, primarily for San Jose scale control on 19 and 23 Jul; the high-rate application of A1335 was reapplied 1 Aug. Additional materials applied either with the experimental miticides or on their own for disease control included Dithane M-45 80 W 1.5 lb/100 gal, Rubigan 1 EC 2 oz/100 gal, Rubigan 1 EC 3 oz/100 gal, Nova 60 DF 1 oz/100 gal, and Nustar 20 DF 1 oz/100 gal. These materials were applied alone or in combination with Dithane M-45 80 W 1 lb/100 gal, at tight cluster, 27 Apr; pink, 4 May; petal fall, 20 May; first cover, 26 May; and third cover (Dithane only), 30 Jun. Mite populations were evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from one ‘Red Delicious’ tree/plot biweekly throughout the summer. In the laboratory mites and eggs were brushed from leaves with a mite-brushing machine and counted using a binocular scope. Fruit clusters (25/‘McIntosh’ tree/plot) were evaluated for European apple sawfly and plum curculio injury on 17 Jun. Aphids were evaluated on 17 Jun, 21 Jun, and 24 Jun by examining 25 terminals/tree for the presence of aphid colonies. San Jose scale crawler tape traps were placed on the branches of infested trees in several plots. As the crawlers became active, the tape traps were brought into the laboratory and the crawlers were counted. Rainfall was below normal during April, June, and August, but above normal during July. Temperatures were considerably above normal during June, July, and August. Mite pressure was slow to build up in the block, in part due to weather-induced epizootic outbreaks early in the season.
Mite Control Highland, N.Y., 1988
Authors: Weires R. W. , Lawson D. Scott
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to 8-tree plots replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. All treatments were applied dilute to run-off using a high-pressure handgun sprayer at 400 psi delivering 3.1-4.2 gal spray/tree or 300-403 gal/acre. Trees were 24 yr-old, 10 ft high, spaced 15 by 30 ft, and on EMU rootstock. The XRD-473, XRD-473 + Lorsban, Lorsban, Guthion 3 F, and Guthion 35 W treatments were all tested in a seasonal program with sprays applied at pink, 4 May; petal fall, 23 May; and in cover sprays on 7 Jun, 21 Jun, 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug. Pounce and Pounce/ALT were both applied at pink and petal fall then followed by cover sprays of Imidan on 7 Jun, 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug; Thiodan was substituted for aphid control on the 21 Jun cover. Further treatments included Orthene at pink, followed by Guthion at the recommended rate at petal fall and again on 21 Jun, with Guthion at a reduced rate combined with Sevin applied on 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug, with Danitol on 7 Jun. A similar treatment used the same materials and schedule except that Larvin was substituted for Sevin; Danitol at pink and 7 Jun, followed by Guthion at the recommended rate at petal fall and 21 Jun, with Guthion at a reduced rate combined with Sevin and Surfel applied on 6 Jul, 23 Jul, 8 Aug, and 23 Aug. A final treatment was made using the same materials, timings, and rates as the preceding treatment except that Larvin was substituted for Sevin. Additional applications over the entire block included Difolatan 80 S 12.5 lb/acre, 6 Apr; Dithane M45 80 W 10 lb/acre + Rubigan 1 EC 0.6 lb/acre, 20 May, 27 May, and 9 Jun; and Dithane M45 80 W 15 lb/acre, 30 Jun. Naphthaleneacetic acid (Kling-tite formulation) was applied in thinning sprays on 27 May using from 0 to 15 ppm depending upon the cultivar and apparent fruit set. Mite populations were evaluated by sampling 25 leaves from one ‘Red Delicious’ tree/plot biweekly throughout the summer. In the laboratory mites and eggs were brushed from leaves with a mite-brushing machine and counted using a binocular scope. Rainfall was less than normal during April, June, and August, but above normal during July. However, most rain fell toward the end of July after an extensive drought had occurred. Temperatures were considerably above normal during June, July, and August.
Soft Pesticide Test, 1988
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

‘Bartlett’ and ‘d’Anjou’ pears were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to compare seasonal programs of soft pesticides for control of insect and mite pests of pear and for survival of beneficial arthropods. Plots consisted of 3 30-tree replicates in 3-row blocks. An untreated control was also included in the randomized block design. PP adults, PP predators, and the parasite Trechnites insidiosus densities were monitored by limb taps. PP nymphs were counted on 50-leaf samples/replication. Samples for first-generation nymphs were collected from fruiting spurs, whereas those for second and subsequent generations were collected from growing shoots. The proximal leaf, distal leaf, and 3 leaves from the middle were picked from each of 10 shoots. Leaves were processed with a leaf-brushing machine, and PP nymphs and mites were counted on 20% of the resulting slides with a binocular dissecting microscope. Pest damage to fruit was determined by examining 250 pears/replication at harvest. Fruit firmness, size, and soluble solids content were compared on 2 10-fruit samples/replication.
Second-Generation Walh Timing Experiment, 1988
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in an 8-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Sevin 4 F (1.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Sprays were timed at 100 °D intervals beginning at 2000 °D (lower threshold, 48°F; upper threshold, 90°F). The °D at dates of application were as follows: 2000 degree-days on 29 Jul, 2100 degree-days on 1 Aug, 2200 degree-days on 4 Aug, 2300 degree-days on 7 Aug, 2400 degree-days on 10 Aug, and 2500 degree-days on 13 Aug. The first spray was timed to correspond with the hatching of the summer eggs. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves/tree showing visible injury on the upper surface. Cumulative leafhopper-days were calculated by averaging 2 successive nymph counts, multiplying by the number of intervening days, and adding these over the generation.
Tart Cherry, Cherry Fruit Fly Insecticide Test, 1988
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Howitt A.
Published: March 2022

Materials were applied to 30-yr-old ‘Montmorency’ tart cherry trees in an abandoned orchard near Mears, Mich. Treatment consisted of single unreplicated blocks of approximately 0.5 acre each. Treatments were applied with a 32 TGM Meyer airblast sprayer traveling 2.5 mph and delivering 100 gal/acre. All treatments were applied first at petal fall on 19 May for GFW and CU control and then again on 23 Jun and 5 and 19 Jul, beginning 1 wk after the first ammonia acetate yellow sticky board trap catch and continuing through to harvest. Early season GFW and CU evaluations were made on 2 Jun before the damaged cherries could fall to the ground. One hundred cherries per tree were examined for injury from 5 central trees of the block for a total of 500 cherries/treatment. Defoliation ratings for GFW damage were based on a 0-5 scale with a 5 denoting consistent and noticeable defoliation. Late season evaluations of the mature fruit for larvae consisted of blending 8 pints/treatment of cherries in a blender and seiving the resulting slurry to remove the pulp. The remaining material was then examined for larvae. Two control blocks, each at opposite’ends of the field, were used to better estimate differences in the population due to location or soil.
First-Generation Walh Timing Experiment, 1988
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in an 8-yr-old orchard with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 4 single-tree replicates/treatment. Thiodan 50 W (1.5 lb [AI]/acre) was applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. Rates were based on a dilute application of 400 gal/acre. Sprays were timed at 50-degree-day intervals beginning at 325 degree-days (lower threshold, 48°F; upper threshold, 90°F). The degree-days at dates of application were as follows: 325 degree-days on 6 May, 375 degree-days on 10 May, 425 degree-days on 12 May, and 475 degree-days on 17 May. The first spray was timed to correspond with the hatching of overwintering eggs. WALH densities were determined by counting nymphs on 20 leaves per tree showing visible injury on the upper surface. Cumulative leafhopper-days were calculated by averaging 2 successive nymph counts, multiplying by the number of intervening days, and adding these over the generation.
Control of Mountain Leafhopper on Cherry, 1988
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F.
Published: March 2022

The trial was conducted on 8-yr-old ‘Bing’ cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Lodi, Calif. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate was an individual tree, and there was one buffer tree in each direction. Materials were applied with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 270 psi and delivering 250 gal/acre. Materials were applied on 7 Jul. Control was evaluated by caging 20 laboratory-cultured adult mountain leaflioppers on the foliage for 12 h (7:00 P.M. to 7:00 A.M.) at 2-wk intervals after application.
Peach, Insecticide Evaluation, 1988
Authors: Hogmire Henry W. , Crim Larry , Turner Cathy
Published: March 2022

Insecticides were applied to 6 single-tree plots of 10-yr-old trees in a randomized block design. Applications were made with a Swanson DA500A airblast sprayer, which traveled at 3.86 km/h and delivered 935 liter/ha. Dates of application were 26 Apr (petal fall [PF]), 9 May (shuck split [SS]), 20 May (shuck fall [SF]), 8 Jun (first cover [1C]) and 22 Jun (second cover [2C]). All plots were treated with Penncap-M 2 F on 7 Jul and 21 Jul and with Sevin 50 W on 3 Aug. Fungicides (Benlate, captan, sulfur) were applied separately to all treatments on the same dates as insecticides. Treatment effect on TSSM was determined by sampling 17 leaves from the center of each tree on 18 Jul, removing mites with a mite-brushing machine and counting active stages with a binocular microscope. Control of catfacing insects was evaluated by sampling 600 peaches/treatment (100/replication) on 15 and 16 Aug and examining for injury.
Bioassay Evaluation of Insecticides, 1988
Authors: Williams R. N. , Fickle D. S.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated for efficacy against adult JB, TPB, MS, PB, and SSB. A 13-yr-old experimental blueberry planting at Wooster, Ohio, was used for this study. Plots consisted of 2 blueberry bushes, with 4 replications/treatment in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied as foliar sprays at a rate of 150 gal/acre (1,403 liter/ha) on 21 Jun, 29 Jun, 15 Jul, and 4 Aug, using a hand-held CO2 sprayer operating at 45 psi (3.2 kg/cm2) and equipped with a 9505-E-TeeJet nozzle. At the appropriate number of days after insecticides were applied, 5 leaves and 5 berries were removed at random from each replicate and placed in a ventilated 1-gal round ice cream container. Bioassays were begun after treated foliage had dried and samples could be taken. Ten adults of each available species were added to containers, and the number of dead insects was recorded 24 h later.
Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Forsythe H. Y.
Published: March 2022

Test chemicals were applied to 11-yr-old apple trees at Monmouth, Maine, as dilute sprays by handgun and hydraulic sprayer operating at 200-250 psi and at 330-350 gal/acre. Spray dates were 21 May (pink-full pink [P-FP]), 1 Jun (petal fall [PF]), 11 Jun (first cover [1C]), 28 Jun (second cover [2C]), and 8 Jul (third cover [3C]). The standard pesticide program consisted of Manzate 200 80 W (1.5 lb/100) and Sevin 80 SP (0.7-1.2 lb) on 4 dates; Captan 80 W (1 lb) and Rubigan 1 EC (0.2 lb) on 3 dates; Cyprex 65 W (0.4-0.8 lb), Ambush 25 W (0.8 lb), and Unfoamer (0.1 lb) on 2 dates; and Imidan 50 W (1.5 lb) and Fruitone 3.5 W (5 ppm) on 1 date. There were no mixtures of acaricides with other pesticides. There were 4 single-tree replications for each treatment. A randomized complete block design was used, with 2 ‘Red Delicious’ and 2 ‘Cortland’ cultivars in each test. From each tree, 25 leaves were collected at chest-height from around the periphery of the tree, brought into the laboratory, and brushed onto glass plates coated with a Tween 20 and alcohol mixture; mites were counted the same day. June, July, and August were generally warmer and more humid than normal; the latter 2 months were relatively wet.
Chinese Rose Beetle Control on Cacao, 1988
Authors: Oi David H. , Mau Ronald F. L.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to cacao seedlings approximately 15 months old (0.5-1.0 m tall) located in Kunia, on Oahu, Hawaii. Plants within rows were spaced 4 ft apart. Row spacing followed a pattern of 2 rows, 42 inches apart, with the next set of 2 rows 10 ft away. A windbreak of Sudex grass was adjacent (within 1 ft) to the northwest row of each set of 2 rows. Treatment assignments followed a randomized complete block design consisting of 10 plants/treatment/block for 8 blocks. Treatments were applied on 10 Feb using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow-cone nozzle that delivered approximately 70 gal/acre at 35 psi. Weekly evaluations were based on the mean percent damage/leaf of the 5 most damaged leaves/plant using a pretransformed scale (5 increments). Ratings were obtained from 5 plants/treatment/block.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on ‘Sunburst’ Mandarin, 1988
Authors: McCoy C. W. , Fojtik J. , Lye B. H.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied at a rate of 500 gal/acre with a handgun spray at 400 psi on 27 May to 5-yr-old, 8-ft-tall trees. The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized block design with 2 trees/plot and 6 replications. The number of CRM was counted in 2-1 cm2 using a 10 x hand lens on opposite sides of 10 randomly selected fruit on each tree.
Citrus Rust Mite Control on ‘Sunburst’ Mandarin, 1988
Authors: McCoy C. W. , Fojtik J. , Lye B. H.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was conducted with a completely randomized block design with 2 trees/plot and 6 replications. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted handgun sprayer at 400 psi on 27 Jul. Numbers of CRM on leaves were counted under a binocular microscope at 16 X for 20 leaves/tree, and CRM on fruit were counted within 2-1 cm2 using 10 X hand lens on opposite sides of 40 fruit/replicate.
Timing Lorsban Applications for CRS Control, 1986
Authors: Walker G. P. , O’Connell N. V. , Aitken D. C. G.
Published: March 2022

A randomized complete block experiment with 9 single-tree replicates/treatment and 5 treatments was conducted in a field of mature navel orange trees at the University of California Lindcove Field Station, Exeter, Calif. Four blocks were in ‘Fisher’ variety navel oranges and 5 blocks were in ‘Old Line Washington’ navel oranges. Pretreatment densities of CRS were evaluated in late April 1986 by examining 75 9-inch twigs (1 yr old) from each tree. Each twig was scored in situ as being infested or not infested with live CRS. Trees were assigned to the 9 blocks on the basis of pretreatment CRS density so that within each block initial CRS density was similar among trees. Consequently, trees within a block were not necessarily adjacent. Treatments then were assigned randomly to trees within each block. The 5 treatments were 5 different times for application of an identical amount of Lorsban 4 E (3/8 pt/100 gal applied by handguns from both ground and tower positions at 500-550 psi, and 17 gal/tree). Maximum and minimum temperatures recorded at the Lindcove Field Station were used to calculate degree-days for CRS development (single sine wave method, lower threshold of 53°F; no upper threshold), and pheromone traps were used to monitor male flight. Cumulative degree-days were calculated from 25 May, which was the beginning of the second-generation male flight. Posttreatment samples were taken in mid-October 1986 (fruit and twig evaluation) and again in mid March 1986 (fruit evaluation) and early April 1987 (twig evaluation) by in situ examination of 75 9-inch twigs and 100 fruit from each tree. The twigs were scored as infested or not infested with live CRS. Fruit were scored as having 0, 1-10, or >10 live or dead CRS, because fruit are downgraded in the packinghouse when infested with approximately 10 or more live or dead CRS. Therefore, counts of live and dead scale on fruit were used to assess how well a treatment protected the fruit from becoming infested and being downgraded; counts of live scale on twigs were used to assess how well a treatment suppressed population growth.
Wireworm Control, 1988
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Test plots were established near Burley, Idaho. Soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by surface flow. Insecticides were applied in a 5-inch band approximately 1 inch under the expected seed-planting level. The soil was opened with a ‘Rus-Ken’ opener and the granules were applied in a 5-inch band inside the opener shoe. Sinner weeders behind the opener covered the insecticide with soil. The beans were then planted through the treated area. Four treatments (3 rates of XRD-429 2 G and Counter 20 G) and an untreated control were replicated 6 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 4 rows wide (22-inch row spacing) by 50 ft long. Plant stand and damaged plants were evaluated 15 and 29 d after planting. Ten row-ft from each of the center 2 plot rows was dug up and inspected for wireworms or wireworm feeding on both sampling dates. Damaged plants and plant stand from both sampling dates were combined and statistical analyses were conducted on the combined data. Statistical analyses were ANOVA and Newman-Keuls studentized range tests.
Wireworm Control, 1987
Authors: Stoltz Robert L.
Published: March 2022

Test plots were established near Burley, Idaho. The crop was a garden bean seed field. Soil type was Portneuf silt loam and irrigation was by gravity flow. Insecticides were applied in a 5-inch band about 1 inch under the expected seed-planting level. The soil was opened with a ‘Rus-Ken’ opener and the granules were laid in a band inside the opener shoe. Sinner weeders behind the opener covered the material with soil. The beans were then planted through the treated area. Four treatments and an untreated control were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 4 rows wide (22-inch row spacing) by 25 ft long. Plant stand, “bald heads,” and subsurface damage to plants were evaluated 45 d after planting. Ten row-ft from each of the center two plot rows was dug up and inspected for wireworms and wireworm feeding.
Spider Mite Control, 1988
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Saenz Maria , Babcock J. M.
Published: March 2022

Azuki bean pesticide trials were conducted at the Warden Research Farm, Washington State University, Warden, Wash. Experimental plots were 0.01 acre each, arranged in a completely randomized design, and replicated 4 times. Plots were planted on 18 May at a density of 96,000 plants/acre. Thimet and Temik were knifed-in 2 inches to the side of the seed 1 and 2 wk after planting. Cygon, Orthene, Pydrin, and Comite were applied on 22 Jul and 19 Aug with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with a 4-ft spray boom calibrated to deliver 27 gal/acre at 30 psi from 4 8003 flat fan nozzles on 19-inch spacings. Plots that received Temik and Thimet were sprayed with Avid at 0.18 lb (AI)/acre on 19 Aug. Plots were sampled from 20 Jul to 13 Sep at intervals that varied between 5 and 10 d. Mites were sampled by collecting 10 trifoliates at random from the tops of azuki bean. Leaves were processed with a mite-brushing machine.
Control of Beet Armyworm Larvae, 1987:
Authors: East D. A. , Edelson J. V.
Published: March 2022

‘Early Round Dutch’ variety cabbage was direct seeded in single-row beds with 40-inch centers in a Willacy fine sandy loam soil at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station, Weslaco, Tex. Plots measured 55 ft by 2 rows and were bordered by 1 row of grain sorghum. Treatments were replicated 5 times in randomized complete block design. Spray applications were applied by tractor-mounted CO2-powered boom calibrated to deliver 20 gal/acre at 60 psi operated at 3 mph. On 17 Nov, several hours after spray applications, 2 plants/plot were caged with cardboard cartons with removable screen tops. Each caged plant was inoculated with 10 third-instar BAW from a laboratory colony. On 23 Nov, cages were removed and all living BAW were counted.
Effect of New Bacillus Thuringiensis Strains on CL and DBM, 1988:
Authors: Powell R. L. , Cartwright B.
Published: March 2022

‘Express’ cabbage were transplanted on 30 Mar into plots 20 ft long using beds spaced 3 ft apart with the cabbage spaced 12 inches within the rows. One bed was left empty between treatments. Plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a complete randomized block design. Foliar sprays were made on 20 May and 7 Jim using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer. The sprayer was calibrated to deliver 40 gpa using 2 TX-18 nozzles/bed. Eggs, larvae, and pupae of CL and larvae of DBM on 15 plants/plot were counted on 19, 23, and 26 May and on 3, 10, 14, and 21 Jun. Heads were harvested on 1 Jul and examined for insect damage.
Sod Webwosm Control in Bentgrass, 1989
Authors: Baxendale F. P. , Paustian J. W. , Wit L.A.
Published: March 2022

The test was conducted on bentgrass plots located at the University of Nebraska Agricultural Research and Development Center near Mead, NB. Insecticides were applied on 14 Jul to 6 × 8ft plots arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 4 times. The predominant grass species was bentgrass (99%) which was maintained at a mowing height of 5/32 inch. There was no perceptible thatch accumulation. Field conditions at the time of application were as follows; air temperature, 74°F; soil temperature (4-inch depth), 79°F; soil type, silty clay loam; soil organic matter, 3-5%; soil pH, 6.2-6.6; water pH, 6.7; soil moisture was well below field capacity. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 sprayer using a LF-4 nozzle at 24 psi and delivering 3 gal spray/1000 ft2. A precalibrated Candy 24H12 spreader was used to apply granular formulations. The test area received 0.05 inch of irrigated water 12 hr after treatment. An additional 0.15 and 0.35 inches of irrigated water were applied during the 3- DAT and 7-DAT periods, respectively, and 1.77 inches of rain fell during the 3-DAT period. Product efficacy was evaluated 3 DAT and 7 DAT (17 Jul and 21 Jul) by applying 0.25 cup of liquid detergent/gallon of water over two 6 ft2 areas in each plot and recording the number of sod webworms that emerged from the turf after 15 min. Opposite corners of plots were sampled on successive evaluation dates.
Fall Control of White Grubs and Wire Worms in Turf, 1989
Authors: Bolte John , Cartwright Bob
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were applied to bermudagrass grown on a Eram clay loam at the McAlester Country Club, McAlester, OK on 1 Sep for control of mixed populations of white grubs [Cyclocephala (50%) and Phyllophaga (50%)] and wireworms. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 6 replicates with individual plots consisting of a 10 × 10 ft area which had a thatch accumulation of 0.25 inches. Granular materials were applied with a hand-held shaker crossing the plot in 3 directions. Liquid formulations were applied with hand-held compressed air sprayer, calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre. Irrigation of 1.5 inches of water was applied with 2 lawn sprinklers 24 hrs prior to treatment. One inch of water was applied by hand sprinkler immediately after treatment. Approximately 8 inches of rain accumulated between the treatment date and the posttreatment insect count. Product efficacy was evaluated at 35 DAT (6 Oct) by removing 2 1-ft2 sod sections, 4 inches deep, from each plot and counting the grubs and wireworms present.
Control of Green June Beetle and Surfacing of Grubs Following Application
Authors: Davidson A. W. , Redmond C. T. , Patterson C. G. , Potter D. A.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted on an established Kentucky bluegrass turf in Fayette County, KY. Treatment plots were 6 × 6 ft with 2 ft untreated borders, arranged in a randomized complete block design with 6 replicates. Insecticides were applied 28 Sep. Granular insecticides were mixed with dry sand and handshaken onto the plots. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 powered sprayer that delivered 1.3 gal/1000 ft2. The plot was then irrigated with 0.75 inches water. Dead and moribund GJB on the turf surface were sampled twice on 29 and 30 Sep. by counting all grubs within a 1 m2 frame placed in the center of each plot. Samples were pooled before analysis. Living GJB still in the soil were sampled on 5-7 Oct by digging 3 areas (1 ft2, 1 ft deep) within each plot.
Fall Control of Northern Masked Chafer Grubs with Registered Products on a Golf Course Rough in Snyder CO., PA, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Kellogg S.
Published: March 2022

The rough consisted primarily of annual bluegrass (20%), Kentucky bluegrass (20%), perennial ryegrass (20%) and 40% weeds. Treatment plots were 9 × 6 ft, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. W and SP formulations were applied by using a CO2 sprayer with four 8004VS Tee Jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi at a spray rate of 5 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (7 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 78°F.; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 72°F.; RH, 60%; amount of thatch, 0.125 inches; soil type, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: 40.0% sand, 50.4% silt, 9.6% sand; soil moisture, 13.1%; organic matter, 2.7%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.8; 4.3 inches of rainfall was recorded over the posttreatment period. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.25 inches of water. Posttreatment counts were made 25 d later (2 Oct). Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of Northern masked chafer grubs/ft2 was recorded.
Black Cutworm Control with Entomophagous Nematodes, 1989
Authors: Swier Stanley R.
Published: March 2022

Two nematode species were compared to an insecticide standard for the control of BCW on golf course greens in Rochester, NH. Treatments were applied on 24 Aug at 1900 h. Larvae were instar 3-6. Treatments were replicated 4 times. Plots consisted of whole greens of fairly uniform size (4500 ft2). Treatments were randomly assigned. The applications were made with a boom sprayer using 8008 nozzles on a Cushman vehicle at 40 PSI and a spray volume of 2 gal/1000 ft2. After application, treatments were irrigated with 0.3 inches water. Field conditions were: air, 71°F; soil 1 in., 70°F; thatch depth (natural), 0.25 inch; water pH 6.9; soil type, sand; soil moisture, 18%; irrigation, lightly every other day. Treatments were rated by counting live larvae on the entire green.