bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Considerations for Incorporating “Well-Being” in Public Policy for Workers and Workplaces
Authors: Schulte Paul A. , Guerin Rebecca J. , Schill Anita L. , Bhattacharya Anasua , Cunningham Thomas R. , Pandalai Sudha P. , Eggerth Donald , Stephenson Carol M.
Published: June 2015

Action to address workforce functioning and productivity requires a broader approach than the traditional scope of occupational safety and health. Focus on “well-being” may be one way to develop a more encompassing objective. Well-being is widely cited in public policy pronouncements, but often as “. . . and well-being” (e.g., health and well-being). It is generally not defined in policy and rarely operationalized for functional use. Many definitions of well-being exist in the occupational realm. Generally, it is a synonym for health and a summative term to describe a flourishing worker who benefits from a safe, supportive workplace, engages in satisfying work, and enjoys a fulfilling work life. We identified issues for considering well-being in public policy related to workers and the workplace.
State Firearm Legislation and Nonfatal Firearm Injuries
Authors: Simonetti Joseph A. , Rowhani-Rahbar Ali , Mills Brianna , Young Bessie , Rivara Frederick P.
Published: June 2015

Objectives. We investigated whether stricter state-level firearm legislation was associated with lower hospital discharge rates for nonfatal firearm injuries.

Methods. We estimated discharge rates for hospitalized and emergency department–treated nonfatal firearm injuries in 18 states in 2010 and used negative binomial regression to determine whether strength of state firearm legislation was independently associated with total nonfatal firearm injury discharge rates.

Results. We identified 26 744 discharges for nonfatal firearm injuries. The overall age-adjusted discharge rate was 19.0 per 100 000 person-years (state range = 3.3–36.6), including 7.9 and 11.1 discharges per 100 000 for hospitalized and emergency department–treated injuries, respectively. In models adjusting for differences in state sociodemographic characteristics and economic conditions, states in the strictest tertile of legislative strength had lower discharge rates for total (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = 0.60; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.44, 0.82), assault-related (IRR = 0.58; 95% CI = 0.34, 0.99), self-inflicted (IRR = 0.18; 95% CI = 0.14, 0.24), and unintentional (IRR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.34, 0.84) nonfatal firearm injuries.

Conclusions. There is significant variation in state-level hospital discharge rates for nonfatal firearm injuries, and stricter state firearm legislation is associated with lower discharge rates for such injuries.
Support for Policies to Improve the Nutritional Impact of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program in California
Authors: Leung Cindy W. , Ryan-Ibarra Suzanne , Linares Amanda , Induni Marta , Sugerman Sharon , Long Michael W. , Rimm Eric B. , Willett Walter C.
Published: June 2015

The Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) provides a vital buffer against hunger and poverty for 47.6 million Americans. Using 2013 California Dietary Practices Survey data, we assessed support for policies to strengthen the nutritional influence of SNAP. Among SNAP participants, support ranged from 74% to 93% for providing monetary incentives for fruits and vegetables, restricting purchases of sugary beverages, and providing more total benefits. Nonparticipants expressed similar levels of support. These approaches may alleviate the burden of diet-related disease in low-income populations.
Sedative Hypnotic Medication Use and the Risk of Motor Vehicle Crash
Authors: Hansen Ryan N. , Boudreau Denise M. , Ebel Beth E. , Grossman David C. , Sullivan Sean D.
Published: June 2015

Objectives. We sought to estimate the association between sedative hypnotic use and motor vehicle crash risk.

Methods. We conducted a new user cohort study of 409 171 adults in an integrated health care system. Health plan data were linked to driver license and collision records. Participants were aged 21 years or older, licensed to drive in Washington State, had at least 1 year of continuous enrollment between 2003 and 2008, and were followed until death, disenrollment, or study end. We used proportional hazards regression to estimate the risk of crash associated with 3 sedatives.

Results. We found 5.8% of patients received new sedative prescriptions, with 11 197 person-years of exposure. New users of sedatives were associated with an increased risk of crash relative to nonuse: temazepam hazard ratio (HR) = 1.27 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.85, 1.91), trazodone HR = 1.91 (95% CI = 1.62, 2.25), and zolpidem HR = 2.20 (95% CI = 1.64, 2.95). These risk estimates are equivalent to blood alcohol concentration levels between 0.06% and 0.11%.

Conclusions. New use of sedative hypnotics is associated with increased motor vehicle crash risk. Clinicians initiating sedative hypnotic treatment should consider length of treatment and counseling on driving risk.
Predictive Modeling and Concentration of the Risk of Suicide: Implications for Preventive Interventions in the US Department of Veterans Affairs
Authors: McCarthy John F. , Bossarte Robert M. , Katz Ira R. , Thompson Caitlin , Kemp Janet , Hannemann Claire M. , Nielson Christopher , Schoenbaum Michael
Published: June 2015

Objectives. The Veterans Health Administration (VHA) evaluated the use of predictive modeling to identify patients at risk for suicide and to supplement ongoing care with risk-stratified interventions.

Methods. Suicide data came from the National Death Index. Predictors were measures from VHA clinical records incorporating patient-months from October 1, 2008, to September 30, 2011, for all suicide decedents and 1% of living patients, divided randomly into development and validation samples. We used data on all patients alive on September 30, 2010, to evaluate predictions of suicide risk over 1 year.

Results. Modeling demonstrated that suicide rates were 82 and 60 times greater than the rate in the overall sample in the highest 0.01% stratum for calculated risk for the development and validation samples, respectively; 39 and 30 times greater in the highest 0.10%; 14 and 12 times greater in the highest 1.00%; and 6.3 and 5.7 times greater in the highest 5.00%.

Conclusions. Predictive modeling can identify high-risk patients who were not identified on clinical grounds. VHA is developing modeling to enhance clinical care and to guide the delivery of preventive interventions.
Did Family Physicians Who Opted into a New Payment Model Receive an Offer They Should Not Refuse? Experimental Evidence from Ontario
Authors: Gray David , Hogg William , Green Michael E. , Zhang Yan
Published: June 2015

It is widely believed that the traditional way of remunerating primary care physicians—namely, the fee-for-service (FFS) mechanism—generates suboptimal incentives to health care providers. The alternative payment scheme that is typically preferred involves some form of capitation. The objective of this paper is to investigate the degree to which family physicians (FPs) benefited financially after having switched from the traditional FFS mode of payment to a blended scheme involving capitation. The setting is Ontario over the period 2000–2004, during which two new payment models were implemented. We utilize a special survey of FPs that is merged with unique administrative data describing their medical practices as well as with income data drawn from their tax returns. We apply the methods of the non-experimental program evaluation literature to assess the impact of a change in remuneration scheme on FPs' income levels. Applying a battery of empirical techniques, our findings support the Ontario government's claims that adopting a blended payment model would increase the incomes of FPs. We estimate that physicians who switched remuneration schemes earned incomes that were approximately 25 percent higher, ceteris paribus.
Moving Forward: A Feminist Analysis of Mobile Music Streaming
Authors: Werner Ann
Published: June 2015

The importance of understanding gender, space and mobility as co-constructed in public space has been emphasized by feminist researchers (Massey 2005, Hanson 2010). And within feminist theory materiality, affect and emotions has been described as central for experienced subjectivity (Ahmed 2012). Music listening while moving through public space has previously been studied as a way of creating a private auditory bubble for the individual (Bull 2000, Cahir & Werner 2013) and in this article feminist theory on emotion (Ahmed 2010) and space (Massey 2005) is employed in order to understand mobile music streaming. More specifically it discusses what can happen when mobile media technology is used to listen to music in public space and investigates interconnectedness of bodies, music, technology and space. The article is based on autoethnographic material of mobile music streaming in public and concludes that a forward movement shaped by happiness is a desired result of mobile music streaming. The valuing of ‘forward’ is critically examined from the point of feminist theory and the failed music listening moments are also discussed in terms of emotion and space.
Towards a Postdigital Sensibility: How to get Moved by too Much Music
Authors: Fleischer Rasmus
Published: June 2015

The article explores the affective consequences of the new mode of instant access to enormous levels of musical recordings in digital format. It is suggested that this “musical superabundance” might weaken the individual’s ability to be affected by music in everyday life, while at the same time leading to a renewed interest in collective experience, in ways which are not limited to established notions of musical “liveness”. According to a theory of affect influenced by Spinoza, what is at stake is the capacity of the body to be affected by music. The article proposes that a renegotiated relationship between collective and individual modes of experiencing music can be conceptualized with help of Spinoza’s distinction between two kinds of affections: actions and passions. After scrutinizing the interface of hardware like Apple’s Ipod and online services like Spotify, the article proceeds by discussing three musical practices which can all be understood as responses to the superabundance of musical recordings: (1) the ascetic practice of “No Music Day”; (2) the revival of cassette culture; (3) the “bass materialism” associated with the music known as dubstep. While none of these approaches provide any solution to the problem of abundance, they can still be understood as attempts to cultivate a “postdigital sensibility”. The article tries to conceptualize the postdigital in a way that transcends the narrower notion of “post-digital aesthetics” that has recently been gaining popularity. Finally, it is argued that such a sensibility has a political significance in its potential to subvert the contemporary processes of commodification.
Highly Active Non-PGM Catalysts Prepared from Metal Organic Frameworks
Authors: Barkholtz Heather , Chong Lina , Kaiser Zachary , Xu Tao , Liu Di-Jia
Published: June 2015

Finding inexpensive alternatives to platinum group metals (PGMs) is essential for reducing the cost of proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Numerous materials have been investigated as potential replacements of Pt, of which the transition metal and nitrogen-doped carbon composites (TM/Nx/C) prepared from iron doped zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) are among the most active ones in catalyzing the oxygen reduction reaction based on recent studies. In this report, we demonstrate that the catalytic activity of ZIF-based TM/Nx/C composites can be substantially improved through optimization of synthesis and post-treatment processing conditions. Ultimately, oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) electrocatalytic activity must be demonstrated in membrane-electrode assemblies (MEAs) of fuel cells. The process of preparing MEAs using ZIF-based non-PGM electrocatalysts involves many additional factors which may influence the overall catalytic activity at the fuel cell level. Evaluation of parameters such as catalyst loading and perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer to catalyst ratio were optimized. Our overall efforts to optimize both the catalyst and MEA construction process have yielded impressive ORR activity when tested in a fuel cell system.
Most Likely Maximum Entropy for Population Analysis with Region-Censored Data
Authors: Bennani Youssef , Pronzato Luc , Rendas Maria
Published: June 2015

The paper proposes a new non-parametric density estimator from region-censored observations with application in the context of population studies, where standard maximum likelihood is affected by over-fitting and non-uniqueness problems. It is a maximum entropy estimator that satisfies a set of constraints imposing a close fit to the empirical distributions associated with the set of censoring regions. The degree of relaxation of the data-fit constraints is chosen, such that the likelihood of the inferred model is maximal. In this manner, the estimator is able to overcome the singularity of the non-parametric maximum likelihood estimator and, at the same time, maintains a good fit to the observations. The behavior of the estimator is studied in a simulation, demonstrating its superior performance with respect to the non-parametric maximum likelihood and the importance of carefully choosing the degree of relaxation of the data-fit constraints. In particular, the predictive performance of the resulting estimator is better, which is important when the population analysis is done in the context of risk assessment. We also apply the estimator to real data in the context of the prevention of hyperbaric decompression sickness, where the available observations are formally equivalent to region-censored versions of the variables of interest, confirming that it is a superior alternative to non-parametric maximum likelihood in realistic situations.
Phylogeography of Thlaspi arvense (Brassicaceae) in China Inferred from Chloroplast and Nuclear DNA Sequences and Ecological Niche Modeling
Authors: An Miao , Zeng Liyan , Zhang Ticao , Zhong Yang
Published: June 2015

Thlaspi arvense is a well-known annual farmland weed with worldwide distribution, which can be found from sea level to above 4000 m high on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP). In this paper, a phylogeographic history of T. arvense including 19 populations from China was inferred by using three chloroplast (cp) DNA segments (trnL-trnF, rpl32-trnL and rps16) and one nuclear (n) DNA segment (Fe-regulated transporter-like protein, ZIP). A total of 11 chloroplast haplotypes and six nuclear alleles were identified, and haplotypes unique to the QTP were recognized (C4, C5, C7 and N4). On the basis of molecular dating, haplotypes C4, C5 and C7 have separated from others around 1.58 Ma for cpDNA, which corresponds to the QTP uplift. In addition, this article suggests that the T. arvense populations in China are a mixture of diverged subpopulations as inferred by hT/vT test (hT ≤ vT, cpDNA) and positive Tajima’s D values (1.87, 0.05 < p < 0.10 for cpDNA and 3.37, p < 0.01 for nDNA). Multimodality mismatch distribution curves and a relatively large shared area of suitable environmental conditions between the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) as well as the present time recognized by MaxEnt software reject the sudden expansion population model.
Le rôle du pollen de châtaignier [Castanea sativa] dans les pollinoses d'été en France (The role of chestnut [Castanea sativa] pollen in the french summer pollinosis)
Authors: Sutra Jean-Pierre
Published: June 2015

Abstract. - For several french stations, chestnut pollen grains are highly present from June to August in the urban atmosphere. These pollen grains content allergenic substances which are not still fully characterized. The concomitant pollinations of some grasses and chestnut increase the allergic symptoms of polysensitive patients.
Périurbanisation et rurbanisation en Wallonie et à Bruxelles : contenus démographiques, économiques et sociaux (Periurbanization and rurbanization in Wallonia and Brussels : demographic, economic and social contents)
Authors: Thomsin Laurence
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - La Belgique et plus particulièrement la région sud du pays, la Wallonie, est un territoire propice à une observation détaillée des étapes de la mise en place des processus d'urbanisation, de retournement et de rupture d'urbanisation dont ceux de la périurbanisation et de la rurbanisation. En raison de prédispositions historiques naturelles et culturelles, cet espace régional a su préserver de longues pratiques agraires, artisanales et locales et maintenir par ce biais ses spécificités originelles. Cette région principalement rurale, ayant vécu les effets de l'exode, possède à l'aube des années soixante la double qualité d'être un espace « vierge» sur lequel se surimpose le plus complet réseau d'autoroutes d'Europe. Il se présente à l'aube du vingt et unième siècle comme un espace où il est aisé de discriminer visuellement sur le terrain les formes spatiales successives de mise en place des différents mécanismes cités. La Région wallonne, comparativement aux régions frontalières du Nord-Ouest, nous donne le privilège par cette netteté de l'empreinte territoriale des phénomènes de saisir plus aisément que ses voisines la nature et la chronologie des mutations démographiques et sociales, voire économiques, consécutives ou inductrices de ces processus. Dans le cadre d'une diachronie démontrée de ces mécanismes à l'œuvre entre régions limitrophes, la Région wallonne possède en outre les qualités de n'être ni précoce à l'instar de régions allemandes, ni tardive à l'instar de régions françaises.
Les sols forestiers ( Forest soils)
Authors: Ranger Jacques
Published: June 2015

Summary. - Forest soils are better known since networks were set on, in order to observe forest health. Forest soils type are dominated by soils where agriculture is the most problematical. Soils have very different functions ie agronomical, ecological and environmental. Criterion for sustainable management depends on the main functions of the soil. Soils of the production forests support the maximum constraints because their management is the most often extensive to semi-intensive, which means strong demand to soil fertility without any artificial return to compensate the outputs. Soil fertility is very often considered as unvarying.

Recent works showed that forest ecosystem is very performant in terms of nutrient cycling and efficiency to produce biomass, but that soil is fragile and is a non renewable ressource. Soil acidification is ineluctable but can be accelerated by specific environments and/or by inadapted management practices. Input-output nutrient budgets are to quantify the dynamics of forest soil fertility according to practices, but this methodology is too heavy to be generalized. In parallel to this reference method, researches concerned modelling based on mecanisms and identification of simple indicators of soil functioning.
L'homme, facteur de diversité en milieu forestier (Man, factor of diversity in forest environment)
Authors: Hotyat Micheline , Galochet Marc
Published: June 2015

Résumé. - Trop souvent l'homme est perçu comme un facteur d'appauvrissement de la richesse végétale, un dévastateur du monde vivant, seul responsable de la disparition des milieux forestiers. Cependant, celui-ci peut devenir, volontairement ou involontairement, par ses activités d'aménagement et d'exploitation sylvicoles un facteur d'enrichissement de la diversité, voire un créateur de diversité.
Monnaies romaines des fouilles de la cathédrale de Thérouanne (Pas-de-Calais)
Authors: Delmaire Roland
Published: June 2015

Les fouilles menées depuis 1963 ont donné 395 monnaies romaines, sur un site de 20 m. sur 20 m. qui témoigne d'une occupation permanente entre le début du 1er et la fin du IVème siècle. On peut ainsi étudier la circulation monétaire durant près de 400 ans sur un habitat restreint. Les pièces du Haut-Empire sont rares (8 bronzes) et on trouve surtout un numéraire de période d'inflation qui commence vers 260 et atteint son apogée avec les imitations radiées des Tétricus : parmi celles-ci, on a essentiellement des imitations de petit module et des minimes. Leur usage se poursuit au moins jusque 330, date où reprend la circulation du numéraire officiel et des imitations qu'il engendre (noter 2 surfrappes et des imitations du type Fel Temp Reparatio au bateau). Catalogue des monnaies.
Les grandes haies forestières de l'Europe médiévale
Authors: Higounet Charles
Published: June 2015

L'aménagement des forêts en longues et étroites haies défensives, avec abattis et passages obligés, aux limites de territoires est un fait de tout le Moyen âge européen. On le suit de la Gaule celtique aux Pays slaves et, à partir du IXème siècle, dans l'Occident franc. On cite ici la Preseka silésienne, les premières haies carolingiennes et surtout les nombreuses haies ad defensionem terre ou ad tuitionem ville, de Brie, des Pays de la Loire et de la Thiérache. Ces fragments de haies constituent des reliques du paysage médiéval.
A new and convenient synthetic way to 2-substituted thieno[2,3-b]indoles
Authors: Irgashev Roman A , Karmatsky Arseny A , Rusinov Gennady L , Charushin Valery N
Published: June 2015

A short and robust approach for the synthesis of 2-(hetero)aryl substituted thieno[2,3-b]indoles from easily available 1-alkylisatins and acetylated (hetero)arenes has been advanced. The two-step procedure includes the “aldol-crotonic” type of condensation of the starting materials, followed by treatment of the intermediate 3-(2-oxo-2-(hetero)arylethylidene)indolin-2-ones with Lawesson’s reagent. The latter process involves two sequential reactions, namely reduction of the C=C ethylidene double bond of the intermediate indolin-2-ones followed by the Paal–Knorr cyclization, thus affording tricyclic thieno[2,3-b]indoles.
The Role of Social Media Strategies in Competitive Banking Operations Worldwide
Authors: Taskiran Nurdan Oncel , Yilmaz Recep , Bolat Nursel
Published: June 2015

Social media has rapidly taken its place among the important phenomenons of today. It has an important role in institutionalization and companies' financial effectivness in many fields. This chapter discusses concept, development of social media, investigations about social media in different continents, its relation with institutionalization, and its role in the banking sector in the process of globalisation. In this study, social media strategies of a global bank on different continents are empirically analysed. Obtained data sheds light on the relationship between the social and economic capital in today's world in an interdisciplinary platform.
Analytics and Performance Measurement Frameworks for Social Customer Relationship Management
Authors: Ayanso Anteneh , Visser Derek
Published: June 2015

This chapter provides an overview of the analytics and performance measurement frameworks for social customer relationship management (SCRM). Based on a review of academic research and industry practices, the chapter discusses the limitations of traditional CRM, and the technology and analytical capabilities that support SCRM. The chapter also provides a review of existing measurement frameworks for SCRM strategies and outlines the various metrics that have been proposed and/or are currently in use as part of SCRM systems. Furthermore, in view of the opportunities and challenges of big data and the social media environment, the chapter highlights current business practices as well technology and analytics trends that facilitate the implementation and maintenance of SCRM systems.
Strong Value Proposition through Social Media Tools
Authors: Kapoor Avinash , Kulshrestha Chinmaya
Published: June 2015

This chapter looks into social media tools being leveraged by marketing groups of various organisations. More specifically, this chapter attempts to identify the usefulness, sustainability, and reliability of social media tools in the context of the brand image of American Express. In the last two years, American Express has launched numerous touch points on various social media platforms, which include Facebook, LinkedIn, and FourSquare. The chapter concludes that social media tools do impact the brand building exercise of an organisation to offer strong value proposition, and therefore, American Express should also invest such effort to stay a leader in the payment industry. However, in order to target younger customers there is a need for revamping and rejuvenation the value proposition so as to remain young, meaningful, and contemporary.
The Use of Social Media in the Networking Strategy of Higher Education Institutions
Authors: Domański Tomasz , Sędkowski Michał
Published: June 2015

This chapter describes the opportunities that arise from the use of social media as an effective communication network between an educational institution and its stakeholders. Four examples of Polish tertiary institutions' use of social media sites to communicate with stakeholders are analysed. Particular emphasis is placed on the “Connection” communication model developed by the Faculty of International Relations and Political Science at the University of Lodz, which is innovative by Polish standards. The goal of the Connection project is to implement a modern communications system that is based on a copyrighted social media site, the objective being to integrate the environment surrounding the faculty, as well as providing a tool that enables easier communication between four stakeholder groups: students, alumni, faculty staff, and local businesses. These groups have been defined as crucial from the point of view of the faculty. The role of social media sites in the communication structure of the faculty as well as its position in the future is described, as well as further possibilities to conduct research in the area.
Relationship between Social Media and Political Parties
Authors: Demirhan Kamil
Published: June 2015

This chapter analyzes the capacity of social media usage and the social media strategies of political parties that became the members of Turkish Parliament after 2011 election. The social media usage increases in parallel to the improvements in Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and it becomes an important tool with its communicative functions to realize activities in social, political, and economic fields. In the globalization process, developments in ICTs and changes in the meaning of democracy have been realized parallel to each other. Politics has become more open to interaction and the participation of different actors. ICTs have created new opportunities to interaction and participation of social actors. These improvements require transformations in the role and functions of political parties. They have to arrange their programs and structures according to participative understanding of democracy and new technologies. Social media usage is seen as a requirement for political parties and party leaders for adaptation to these developments, and it is also seen as a device with its potential for realizing participation, communication, and interaction to adapt to the changes in the understanding of politics.
Use of SNSs, Political Efficacy, and Civic Engagement among Chinese College Students
Authors: Xu Qian , Qi Lingling
Published: June 2015

Almost half of China's 564 million netizens are using social networking websites (SNSs). Based on the growing popularity of native SNSs, this study aims to examine whether the younger generation feels more actively engaged in civic and political activities. A survey of 471 Chinese college students in Mainland China explored the effects of SNS use on political efficacy and civic engagement. Among the four identified gratifications of SNS use, social connection significantly predicted internal political efficacy and political voice. Entertainment negatively predicted both external political efficacy and political voice, while information seeking had no influence on either political efficacy or civic engagement. SNS network size emerged as a positive predictor of civic engagement, including electoral activities and political voice. Intensity of SNS use had no significant effect on any of the political outcomes. The results of the study shed light on the role of SNSs in the democratization of Chinese society.
Considerations for Online English Language Learning
Authors: Dogoriti Evriklea , Pange Jenny
Published: June 2015

This chapter examines the influence of Facebook (FB) in formal and informal learning in the language classroom. The theoretical framework of Web-based language teaching is first introduced. A selection of studies concerning the use of Social Networking Sites in the teaching of English (ELT) and conclusions drawn from the literature follow suit. The studies have been selected on the grounds of discussing students' engagement, motivation, collaboration, and communication through the use of SNS and, for the most part, Facebook in ELT. The studies also focus on the attitudes of higher education, foreign language learners towards FB, as well as the potential of FB as an academic teaching medium that may support other Information and Communication Technology (ICT) tools like Learning Management Systems. The review of the studies indicates that Facebook may reinforce communication skills and engagement in the learning process and support participation and collaborative learning in formal learning environments.
Communities of Communication
Authors: Rogers Laurie Stone
Published: June 2015

This chapter discusses the potential of social media use as an access to interpersonal relationships for teachers. Society has been forever altered by the shifts in the intellectual landscapes of learning and knowing through the Internet. By utilizing mobile communication technologies, Internet pathways allow growth in personal and professional relationships in real time, providing opportunity for open and profound dialogues, learning, and global perspectives. Yet even with the strong social presence of Internet communications in today's society, our teachers continue to struggle with building interpersonal relationships with colleagues. Drawing from the literature as well as from personal experiences and relationships, this chapter explores some of the interpersonal challenges teachers face at work due to physical and abstract barriers, as well as the possible solution found in social media. This perspective hopefully adds to understanding regarding the interpersonal challenges teachers may experience at work, the importance of meeting those challenges, and the potential inter-relational benefits resulting from social media use.
Building and Maintaining Relationships through Social Media
Authors: Agozzino Alisa
Published: June 2015

In recent years, social media tools such as Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and blogs have rocked the higher education world. No longer is just being present on these mediums enough. Integration of social media tools into daily practices through monitoring, teaching, and collaboration allows those in higher education to build and maintain relationships with key publics. From devising social media goals and objectives to monitoring channels and evaluating efforts, social media can be integrated into the higher education arena. In this chapter, multiple dimensions of social media tools and the various ways those in higher education can integrate those tools into operation are exposed and elaborated upon. In an effort to provide readers with best practices, ideas are shared to present those in higher education with optimal ways to connect, build, and maintain relationships with others both internally and externally.
Reaching Them Where They Live
Authors: Lawson Danielle
Published: June 2015

This chapter addresses the interconnected nature of social media use in higher education and business, exploring how educators and employers should use the social media literacy of “C-borgs” as a means of not just communicating with them, but allowing them to do what they do best – consume, create, collaborate, and connect with content. The chapter presents key issues educators and employers face when working to effectively harness the social media literacy of C-borgs, including: how their social media use differs according to their “mode” (work/personal/educational), how to strategically incorporate the C-borg's social media use into educational and business contexts, and how to utilize the C-borg's natural inclination toward a connected, content-centric lifestyle to facilitate educational and corporate engagement. The chapter concludes by discussing several key social media strategies educators and employers can use for harnessing the creative, collaborative, and communicative power of C-borgs.
Blackout in the Name of Sunshine
Authors: Sherman William R.
Published: June 2015

Local governments, and particularly local public officials, have adopted online social networking tools en masse in an effort to communicate with constituents. As this chapter shows, the resulting information flow consists of communication from the public official to constituents, from constituents to the public official, and among constituents, but in the context of the public official's social network. This environment constitutes a “civic social network,” which operates as the new public square. Many local governments, however, are attempting to bar officials' use of civic social networks because they risk violation of open government laws, such as open meeting and open records laws. This effort to stifle valuable civic communication harms norms of transparency and accountability – the very values that open government laws should promote. These laws should be revised or reinterpreted to allow civic social networks to fulfill their promise as the new public square.
Functional Heterogeneity and Antimycobacterial Effects of Mouse Mucosal-Associated Invariant T Cells Specific for Riboflavin Metabolites
Authors: Sakala Isaac G. , Kjer-Nielsen Lars , Eickhoff Christopher S. , Wang Xiaoli , Blazevic Azra , Liu Ligong , Fairlie David P. , Rossjohn Jamie , McCluskey James , Fremont Daved H. , Hansen Ted H. , Hoft Daniel F.
Published: June 2015

Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells have a semi-invariant TCR Vα-chain, and their optimal development is dependent upon commensal flora and expression of the nonpolymorphic MHC class I–like molecule MR1. MAIT cells are activated in an MR1-restricted manner by diverse strains of bacteria and yeast, suggesting a widely shared Ag. Recently, human and mouse MR1 were found to bind bacterial riboflavin metabolites (ribityllumazine [RL] Ags) capable of activating MAIT cells. In this study, we used MR1/RL tetramers to study MR1 dependency, subset heterogeneity, and protective effector functions important for tuberculosis immunity. Although tetramer+ cells were detected in both MR1+/+ and MR1−/− TCR Vα19i-transgenic (Tg) mice, MR1 expression resulted in significantly increased tetramer+ cells coexpressing TCR Vβ6/8, NK1.1, CD44, and CD69 that displayed more robust in vitro responses to IL-12 plus IL-18 and RL Ag, indicating that MR1 is necessary for the optimal development of the classic murine MAIT cell memory/effector subset. In addition, tetramer+ MAIT cells expressing CD4, CD8, or neither developing in MR1+/+ Vα19i-Tg mice had disparate cytokine profiles in response to RL Ag. Therefore, murine MAIT cells are considerably more heterogeneous than previously thought. Most notably, after mycobacterial pulmonary infection, heterogeneous subsets of tetramer+ Vα19i-Tg MAIT cells expressing CXCR3 and α4β1 were recruited into the lungs and afforded early protection. In addition, Vα19iCα−/−MR+/+ mice were significantly better protected than were Vα19iCα−/−MR1−/−, wild-type, and MR1−/− non-Tg mice. Overall, we demonstrate considerable functional diversity of MAIT cell responses, as well as that MR1-restricted MAIT cells are important for tuberculosis protective immunity.
Cutting Edge: Dual Function of PPARγ in CD11c+ Cells Ensures Immune Tolerance in the Airways
Authors: Khare Anupriya , Chakraborty Krishnendu , Raundhal Mahesh , Ray Prabir , Ray Anuradha
Published: June 2015

The respiratory tract maintains immune homeostasis despite constant provocation by environmental Ags. Failure to induce tolerogenic responses to allergens incites allergic inflammation. Despite the understanding that APCs have a crucial role in maintaining immune tolerance, the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Using mice with a conditional deletion of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) in CD11c+ cells, we show that PPARγ performs two critical functions in CD11c+ cells to induce tolerance, thereby preserving immune homeostasis. First, PPARγ was crucial for the induction of retinaldehyde dehydrogenase (aldh1a2) selectively in CD103+ dendritic cells, which we recently showed promotes Foxp3 expression in naive CD4+ T cells. Second, in all CD11c+ cells, PPARγ was required to suppress expression of the Th17-skewing cytokines IL-6 and IL-23p19. Also, lack of PPARγ in CD11c+ cells induced p38 MAPK activity, which was recently linked to Th17 development. Thus, PPARγ favors immune tolerance by promoting regulatory T cell generation and blocking Th17 differentiation.
Weight-Bearing Dorsiflexion Range of Motion and Landing Biomechanics in Individuals With Chronic Ankle Instability
Authors: Hoch Matthew C. , Farwell Kelley E. , Gaven Stacey L. , Weinhandl Joshua T.
Published: June 2015

Context

 People with chronic ankle instability (CAI) exhibit less weight-bearing dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) and less knee flexion during landing than people with stable ankles. Examining the relationship between dorsiflexion ROM and landing biomechanics may identify a modifiable factor associated with altered kinematics and kinetics during landing tasks.

Objective

 To examine the relationship between weight-bearing dorsiflexion ROM and single-legged landing biomechanics in persons with CAI.

Design

 Cross-sectional study.

Setting

 Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

 Fifteen physically active persons with CAI (5 men, 10 women; age = 21.9 ± 2.1 years, height = 168.7 ± 9.0 cm, mass = 69.4 ± 13.3 kg) participated.

Intervention(s)

 Participants performed dorsiflexion ROM and single-legged landings from a 40-cm height. Sagittal-plane kinematics of the lower extremity and ground reaction forces (GRFs) were captured during landing.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

 Static dorsiflexion was measured using the weight-bearing–lunge test. Kinematics of the ankle, knee, and hip were observed at initial contact, maximum angle, and sagittal displacement. Sagittal displacements of the ankle, knee, and hip were summed to examine overall sagittal displacement. Kinetic variables were maximum posterior and vertical GRFs normalized to body weight. We used Pearson product moment correlations to evaluate the relationships between dorsiflexion ROM and landing biomechanics. Correlations (r) were interpreted as weak (0.00–0.40), moderate (0.41–0.69), or strong (0.70–1.00). The coefficient of determination (r2) was used to determine the amount of explained variance among variables.

Results

 Static dorsiflexion ROM was moderately correlated with maximum dorsiflexion (r = 0.49, r2 = 0.24), ankle displacement (r = 0.47, r2 = 0.22), and total displacement (r = 0.67, r2 = 0.45) during landing. Dorsiflexion ROM measured statically and during landing demonstrated moderate to strong correlations with maximum knee (r = 0.69–0.74, r2 = 0.47–0.55) and hip (r = 0.50–0.64, r2 = 0.25–0.40) flexion, hip (r = 0.53–0.55, r2 = 0.28–0.30) and knee (r = 0.53–0.70, r2 = 0.28–0.49) displacement, and vertical GRF (−0.47– −0.50, r2 = 0.22–0.25).

Conclusions

 Dorsiflexion ROM was moderately to strongly related to sagittal-plane kinematics and maximum vertical GRF during single-legged landing in persons with CAI. Persons with less dorsiflexion ROM demonstrated a more erect landing posture and greater GRF.
Investigating the annual behaviour of submicron secondary inorganic and organic aerosols in London
Authors: Young D. E. , Allan J. D. , Williams P. I. , Green D. C. , Flynn M. J. , Harrison R. M. , Yin J. , Gallagher M. W. , Coe H.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. For the first time, the behaviour of non-refractory inorganic and organic submicron particulate through an entire annual cycle is investigated using measurements from an Aerodyne compact time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (cToF-AMS) located at a UK urban background site in North Kensington, London. We show that secondary aerosols account for a significant fraction of the submicron aerosol burden and that high concentration events are governed by different factors depending on season. Furthermore, we demonstrate that on an annual basis there is no variability in the extent of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) oxidation, as defined by the oxygen content, irrespective of amount. This result is surprising given the changes in precursor emissions and contributions as well as photochemical activity throughout the year; however it may make the characterisation of SOA in urban environments more straightforward than previously supposed. Organic species, nitrate, sulphate, ammonium, and chloride were measured during 2012 with average concentrations (±1 standard deviation) of 4.32 (±4.42), 2.74 (±5.00), 1.39 (±1.34), 1.30 (±1.52), and 0.15 (±0.24) μg m−3, contributing 44, 28, 14, 13, and 2 % to the total non-refractory submicron mass (NR-PM1) respectively. Components of the organic aerosol fraction are determined using positive matrix factorisation (PMF), in which five factors are identified and attributed as hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), cooking OA (COA), solid fuel OA (SFOA), type 1 oxygenated OA (OOA1), and type 2 oxygenated OA (OOA2). OOA1 and OOA2 represent more and less oxygenated OA with average concentrations of 1.27 (±1.49) and 0.14 (±0.29) μg m−3 respectively, where OOA1 dominates the SOA fraction (90%). Diurnal, monthly, and seasonal trends are observed in all organic and inorganic species due to meteorological conditions, specific nature of the aerosols, and availability of precursors. Regional and transboundary pollution as well as other individual pollution events influence London's total submicron aerosol burden. High concentrations of non-refractory submicron aerosols in London are governed by particulate emissions in winter, especially nitrate and SFOA, whereas SOA formation drives the high concentrations during the summer. The findings from this work could have significant implications for modelling of urban air pollution as well as for the effects of atmospheric aerosols on health and climate.
Estimating extreme flood events – assumptions, uncertainty and error
Authors: Franks S. W. , White C. J. , Gensen M.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Hydrological extremes are amongst the most devastating forms of natural disasters both in terms of lives lost and socio-economic impacts. There is consequently an imperative to robustly estimate the frequency and magnitude of hydrological extremes. Traditionally, engineers have employed purely statistical approaches to the estimation of flood risk. For example, for an observed hydrological timeseries, each annual maximum flood is extracted and a frequency distribution is fit to these data. The fitted distribution is then extrapolated to provide an estimate of the required design risk (i.e. the 1% Annual Exceedance Probability – AEP). Such traditional approaches are overly simplistic in that risk is implicitly assumed to be static, in other words, that climatological processes are assumed to be randomly distributed in time. In this study, flood risk estimates are evaluated with regards to traditional statistical approaches as well as Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO)/El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) conditional estimates for a flood-prone catchment in eastern Australia. A paleo-reconstruction of pre-instrumental PDO/ENSO occurrence is then employed to estimate uncertainty associated with the estimation of the 1% AEP flood. The results indicate a significant underestimation of the uncertainty associated with extreme flood events when employing the traditional engineering estimates.
Projecting future climate change effects on the extreme hydrological drought events in the Weihe River basin, China
Authors: Yuan F. , San Y. Y. , Li Y. , Ma M. , Ren L. , Zhao C. , Liu Y. , Yang X. , Jiang S. , Shen H.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. In this study, a framework to project the potential future climate change impacts on extreme hydrological drought events in the Weihe River basin in North China is presented. This framework includes a large-scale hydrological model driven by climate outputs from a regional climate model for historical streamflow simulations and future streamflow projections, and models for univariate drought assessment and copula-based bivariate drought analysis. It is projected by the univariate drought analysis that future climate change would lead to increased frequencies of extreme hydrological drought events with higher severity. The bivariate drought assessment using copula shows that future droughts in the same return periods as historical droughts would be potentially longer and more severe, in terms of drought duration and severity. This trend would deteriorate the hydrological drought situation in the Weihe River basin. In addition, the uncertainties associated with climate models, hydrological models, and univariate and bivariate drought analysis should be quantified in the future research to improve the reliability of this study.
The potential of satellite radar altimetry in flood forecasting: concept and implementation for the Niger-Benue river basin
Authors: Pandey R. , Amarnath G.
Published: June 2015

Abstract. Flood forecasting in the downstream part of any hydrological basin is extremely difficult due to the lack of basin-wide hydrological information in near real-time and the absence of a data-sharing treaty among the transboundary nations. The accuracy of forecasts emerging from a hydrological model could be compromised without prior knowledge of the day-to-day flow regulation at different locations upstream of the Niger and Benue rivers. Only satellite altimeter monitoring allows us to identify the actual river levels upstream that reflect the human intervention at that location. This is critical for making accurate downstream forecasts. This present study aims to demonstrate the capability of altimeter-based flood forecasting along the Niger-Benue River in Nigeria. The study includes the comparison of decadal (at every 10 days from Jason-2) or monthly (at every 35 days from Envisat/AltiKa) observations from 2002 to 2014, with historical in situ measurements from 1990 to 2012. The water level obtained from these sources shows a good correlation (0.7–0.9). After validation of hydrological parameters obtained from two sources, a quantitative relation (rating curve) of upstream water level and downstream discharge is derived. This relation is then adopted for calculation of discharge at observation points, which is used to propagate the flow downstream at a desired location using a hydraulic river model. Results from this study from Jason-2 shows a promising correlation (R2 ≥ 90% with a Nash-Sutcliffe coefficient of more than 0.70) with 5~days ahead of downstream flow prediction over the Benue stream.