bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sacral Radiculoplexopathy Caused by Direct Perineural Spread of Carcinoma Prostate Diagnosed in Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT
Authors: Saravanen Mages , Muthukrishnan Indirani , Gauthaman Dinesh Kumar , Simon Shelley
Published: January 2025

Certain abdominal and pelvic malignancies present with sensory, motor or autonomic symptoms suggestive of nerve root involvement. Perineural spread of tumor is an emerging explanation of such presentations. This could be seen in carcinoma prostate. In this case report, we present one such case of carcinoma prostate with local recurrence and perineural spread of tumor causing unilateral sacral plexopathy. The patient presented with persistently elevated serum prostate-specific antigen and symptoms of lower backache and paraesthesia in the back of the thigh. On evaluation with Gallium-68 prostate-specific membrane antigen positron emission tomography/computed tomography (Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT), perineural spread of recurrent lesion to S2–S4 nerve roots was identified. The patient received radiotherapy for local recurrence and improved symptomatically and is under follow-up. Carcinoma prostate patients presenting with neurological symptoms should be carefully evaluated to rule out perineural spread of tumor. Ga-68 PSMA PET/CT has proven to be a useful modality in diagnosing such cases.
An Atlas of Gallium-68-fibroblast Activation Protein Inhibitor (FAPI) in Oncology and Nononcology Imaging
Authors: Solav Shrikant Vasantrao , Jagtap Rajlaxmi Rangrao , Savale Shailendra V.
Published: January 2025

Fibroblast activation protein (FAP) is a quinoline-based membrane bound glycoprotein enzyme. It is not expressed in normal adult tissue except for the myometrium and sometimes in pancreas. The expression increases in inflammation and in cancer-associated fibroblasts. Gallium 68-FAP inhibitor (FAPI) is known to localize in various neoplasms by the virtue of their property of cancer-associated fibroblast activity. Fibroblasts are also known to be associated in inflammatory and infectious condition such as cholecystitis, pyelonephritis, and tuberculosis. Immunoglobulin G4 related disease (IgG4RD) is characterized by infiltration of various tissues with IgG4-rich lymphoplasmacytic fibrotic tissue and has been reported to express cancer-associated fibroblast. The time-tested molecule for cancer imaging F18-fluorode-oxyglucose requires 4–6 h of fasting state. Ga68-FAPI does not require fasting. This pictorial essay illustrates various entities, cancerous as well as noncancerous using Ga68-FAPI positron emission tomography computed tomography (PET CT) imaging.
Biomarkers in Head-and-neck Cancer: A Scoping Review
Authors: Swain Santosh Kumar
Published: January 2025

Head-and-neck cancers (HNCs) refer to a diverse group of cancers that originate in the soft tissues of the head-and-neck area. This category includes all tumors that start in areas such as the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, thyroid gland, and cervical esophagus. The application of biomarkers in managing HNCs has grown significantly due to advances in genomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, and related technologies. These biomarkers are valuable for the early diagnosis of head-and-neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) and play a crucial role in enhancing patient outcomes. HNSCC develops through a series of stages marked by the accumulation of phenotypic and genetic alterations. Identifying particular biomarkers is crucial for specifying the various stages of cancer, making it essential for managing HNSCC. The absence of appropriate biomarkers for monitoring disease progression can result in a poor prognosis due to late-stage diagnosis. The objective of this review is to highlight emerging biomarkers relevant to HNSCC, covering primary locations such as the oral cavity, oropharynx, hypopharynx, larynx, and thyroid.
Robotic-assisted Spine Surgeries: An Analysis of 750 Cases from Occiput to Sacrum
Authors: Vidyadhara S , Pai Madhava , Balamurugan T , Soni Abhishek , Kashyap Anjana , Vidyadhara Alia
Published: January 2025

Background:

Most studies conducted by early adopters of the third generation robotic-assisted pedicle screw placement systems have predominantly focused on the placement of thoracolumbar pedicle screws. The current study is a report on 750 cases of robotic assisted spine surgery, for varied etiologies from the occiput to the sacrum in all manner of spine surgeries.

Materials and Methods:

In a prospective study, the 750 consecutive patients who underwent robotic-assisted screw insertion using MazorX Stealth Edition (Medtronic Ltd, Dublin, Ireland) were included. Thus, 4921 implants placed from occiput to ilium. The demographic and surgical details of all patients was noted and postoperative O-arm scans were done to determine accuracy of implants.

Results:

In the current series, total of 4921 posterior spinal anchors were implanted, including 443 cervical pedicle screws, 15 cervical lateral mass screws, 4457 thoracolumbar pedicle screws (with 58 S2AI screws), and 6 ilio-sacral screws. 74 vertebrae received bone cement augmentation. 10 robotically inserted screws were revised due to unacceptable pedicle breaches. The overall clinical acceptability of screws was 99.8%. Analysis of preoperative plans and postoperative O-arm scans revealed no statistically significant differences between planned and executed screw trajectories.

Conclusion:

The third generation robotic-assisted pedicle screw placement system along with intraoperative 3-D O-arm imaging is useful in safe and accurate placement of posterior spinal anchors in cervical and thoracolumbar spine.
Incidental Skeletal Tuberculosis in a Case of Subtrochanteric Fracture of the Femur
Authors: Pai Manjeswar Mukund , Hebsur Mayur Narayanchandra , Pande Aashay Prasad , Vats Anmol
Published: January 2025

Skeletal tuberculosis (TB) is a rare extrapulmonary manifestation of TB, accounting for only 1%–3% of all cases.[1] It predominantly affects the spine, and long bone involvement, such as in the femur, is exceptionally uncommon. We present a case of incidental skeletal TB diagnosed during the surgical management of a subtrochanteric fracture in a 48-year-old male. Prompt surgical intervention and initiation of antitubercular therapy led to favorable functional and radiological outcomes.
Gravitational collapse to extremal black holes and the third law of black hole thermodynamics
Authors: Kehle Christoph , Unger Ryan
Published: January 2025

We construct examples of black hole formation from regular, one-ended asymptotically flat Cauchy data for the Einstein–Maxwell-charged scalar field system in spherical symmetry which are exactly isometric to extremal Reissner–Nordström after a finite advanced time along the event horizon. Moreover, in each of these examples the apparent horizon of the black hole coincides with that of a Schwarzschild solution at earlier advanced times. In particular, our result can be viewed as a definitive
disproof
of the “third law of black hole thermodynamics.” The main step in the construction is a novel

C^{k}

characteristic gluing procedure, which interpolates between a light cone in Minkowski space and a Reissner–Nordström event horizon with specified charge to mass ratio 

\frac{e}{M}

. Our setup is inspired by the recent work of Aretakis–Czimek–Rodnianski on perturbative characteristic gluing for the Einstein vacuum equations. However, our construction is fundamentally nonperturbative and is based on a finite collection of scalar field pulses which are modulated by the Borsuk–Ulam theorem.
О приближении сумм локально зависимых случайных величин с использованием возмущений оператора Стейна
Authors: Su Zhonggen , Ulyanov Vladimir Vasilievich , Wan S
Published: January 2025

Пусть $(X_i, i\in J)$ есть семейство локально зависимых неотрицательных целочисленных случайных величин, рассмотрим сумму $W=\sum_{i\in J}X_i$. Используя метод Стейна, мы устанавливаем верхнюю границу для полной вариации $d_{\mathrm{TV}}(W, M)$, где приближающая случайная величина $M$ имеет распределение, являющееся смесью пуассоновского распределения либо с биномиальным, либо с отрицательным биномиальным распределением. Как следствие общих результатов, мы получаем оценки приближения порядка $O(|J|^{-1})$ для распределений ($k_1,k_2$)-серий и $k$-серий. Полученные результаты значительно улучшают известные ранее оценки, такие, например, как $O(|J|^{-0.5})$ (Bernoulli, 19(2013), 610-623) и $O(1)$ (Bernoulli, 23(2017), 2828-2859).
Edward Jurgens i Karol Ruprecht. Polacy z wyboru wobec polskich ruchów niepodległościowych w XIX wieku
Authors: Stegner Tadeusz
Published: January 2025

Edward Jurgens and Karol Ruprecht are descendants of German emigrants of the Evangelical denomination who came to Poland in the 18th and 19th centuries. Parts of the German population in the Kingdom of Poland, especially in Warsaw, were polonized quite quickly, sometimes already in the second generation. Edward Jurgens and Karol Ruprecht became such Poles by choice, as they were involved in Polish independence activities and were among the leaders of the Polish national movement, especially during the January Uprising. Edward Jurgens was one of the leading activists of the Whites faction, who was arrested and then died in 1863 in the infamous tenth pavilion of the Warsaw Citadel. K. Ruprecht was sentenced to death in 1846 for his conspiratorial activities, but then pardoned at the very last moment before execution, and in 1863 he was a member of the National Government. Their attitudes were a testimony to the changes in the attitude of the newcomers from Germany towards their new homeland.
Kwestia ruska w obliczu powstania styczniowego z perspektywy „Gazety Narodowej” i „Słowa”
Authors: Świątek Adam
Published: January 2025

The January Uprising of 1863, unlike all the earlier Polish independence uprisings, postulated the creation of the Republic of Poland, Lithuania and Ruthenia. Military operations against Russia initiated in May 1863 in Podolia, Volhynia and Kiev region, ended in a defeat for the Poles in July 1863 (battle of Radyviliv). In the summer of 1863, it was planned to reactivate the uprising, including the participation of the Polish and Ruthenian population from the Austrian partition – Galicia. However, an attempt to involve the Ruthenians in the uprising ended in failure. The reason were the discrepancies between the interests of Poles and Ruthenians. They had been apparent for several months, dating back to the outbreak of the Uprising, or even earlier. The article analyzes the Polish texts published in Lviv’s democratic daily newspaper Gazeta Narodowa and the Ruthenian, russophilic newspaper Slovo. The discrepancies concerned a number of issues: the attitude to the borders of future Poland, the recognition of the right to Ruthenians’ national identity, the attitude to the Orthodox Church, the noble nature of the uprising, and the oppression of peasants by the Polish nobility etc. The analysis of these texts shows the lack of divergence in the interests of the Polish and Ruthenian communities in Galicia in the face of the national uprising.
Byli powstańcy styczniowi jako prezydenci i burmistrzowie miast galicyjskich
Authors: Rejman Sabina
Published: January 2025

In the years 1870–1914, out of 199 presidents (Lviv, Caracow) and mayors of 30 larger Galician cities, at least 19 were former January insurgents. In 1863, the younger ones took an active part in the fight, while the older ones acted in the power structures, as everyone supported the uprising in a way that was accessible to them. Under their rule, the cities developed the legal basis for functioning and began the process of modernization. They held important political functions at the country and state level, they were socially active and they were successful in their professional lives. Their courage, commitment to serving the public and resourcefulness in action were appreciated by the society, which expressed its gratitude in various forms (occasional appearances, manifest funerals, patronage of streets, monuments). Merits, however, did not protect against criticism, which was mostly of the character flaws, and less often of mistakes in the actions taken.
Z rozważań nad społeczną i gospodarczą kondycją ziemiaństwa w Królestwie Polskim w okresie postyczniowego dziesięciolecia (1864–1874)
Authors: Przegaliński Andrzej
Published: January 2025

The subject of the article is the issue of widely understood social and economic aspects related to the history of the landed gentry in the Kingdom of Poland in the post-January decade. The adopted border turning points were marked by the failure of the uprising and the introduction of the enfranchisement reform (1864) and the death of governor Fiodor Berg as well as the agricultural exhibition in Warsaw (1874). That decade was a clearly outlined period – important above all in the economic history of the country and in the context of the experiences that the village and the manor households had. Those years were crucial for the gentry as well. The consequences of enfranchisement, in a reality of the brutally suppressed independence uprising and in the atmosphere of post-January terror, brought the end to the era of manor and serf economy. The door was opened for the development of capitalist relations, which combined with a comprehensive reconstruction of the agricultural system, led many estates into ruin and forced many heirs to be declassed. For others, it was a challenge to thoroughly transform and modernize farming methods, which not always resulted in later economic successes. The new deal brought social and mental transformations as well as the rejection of traditional habits and state prejudices, to the agenda. All these interdependent phenomena created a picture that shimmered with different colours, which I think is worth re-drawing in the anniversary year.
Postyczniowa rzeczywistość małych miast. Studium na przykładzie Jędrzejowa, Małogoszcza i Wodzisławia
Authors: Ślusarek Krzysztof
Published: January 2025

The article discusses the political and economic changes in small towns that occurred between the outbreak of the January Uprising of 1863 and the end of it in1866. At that time, the situation of cities and their inhabitants was not easy. The urban population has been affected by a wave of Russian repressions, including arrests and imprisonment. Part of the costs of suppressing the uprising was passed onto the townspeople (procuring food for the soldiers housed in the houses and financing the military police). The economic consequences of the uprising were also severe: the destruction of homes as a result of the war and the decline in income. Part of the costs of implementing reforms introduced in 1864-1866 (including expropriation of peasants) was passed onto the urban population too. In 1866, city revenues were reduced and city officials were replaced. The studied problem was presented on the example of the cities of Jędrzejów, Małogoszcz and Wodzisławie in the province of Radom.
Duchowieństwo Kościoła katolickiego wobec polskich zrywów niepodległościowych w XIX wieku – przypadek Ludwika Łętowskiego (1786–1868)
Authors: Synowiec Andrzej
Published: January 2025

The aim of this article is to showcase the complex problem of the attitude of Catholic Church, and specifically its clergy, to the Polish uprisings in the 19th century. Ludwik Łętowski was a member of the Senate of the Republic of Cracow, who first strongly supported the November Uprising – this “historical mission of Poles,” – and then, as an auxiliary bishop of Cracow, strongly opposed the Cracow Uprising, which he called a “comic brawl.” Łętowski also criticized the January Uprising. It is difficult to unequivocally assess the attitude of the Catholic Church to the Polish national uprisings. It can certainly be said that the clergy in the Polish lands were involved in great national events and tried not to stand aside. Łętowski was a man of paradoxes, which was also reflected in his attitude to Polish uprisings in the 19th century. The attitude of the Polish clergy and its role in the 19th-century struggles for independence have not yet been exhaustively discussed in historiography, and the example of Łętowski does not allow to make simple generalizations.
Stanowisko publicystów „Tygodnika Powszechnego” w Polsce Ludowej wobec powstań narodowych jako element koncepcji neopozytywizmu (do 1976 roku)
Authors: Orzełek Ariel
Published: January 2025

Tygodnik Powszechny was one of the most important ideological periodicals in the Polish People’s Republic, and among the non-censorship ones, it had the greatest margin of freedom. It was a magnet around which Catholic activists gathered, standing on the grounds of acceptance of post-war reality, justifying their stance with political realism, described as neo-positivism. They formed the ideological and political milieu of Znak. An important place in their political thought, formulated in this aspect above all by Stanisław Stomma, Stefan Kisielewski and Antoni Gołubiew, was given to the evaluation of events from the Polish past, especially from the late 18th century to the present times. Particularly important was the analysis of the Polish national uprisings that provided arguments for conciliatory and rational attitudes. Over time, however, the group and Stomma himself began to nuance their stance, adopting the thesis of the need to take into account the beliefs prevalent in society, which influenced the stance taken by Stomma and the Znak movement in 1976.
An Examination of Preschool Teacher Candidates' Pedagogical Conceptualizations of Multiculturalism in terms of Their Competence Perceptions
Authors: Kutluca Ali Yiğit , Shpendi Şirin Tringa
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this mixed method study is to examine the effect of preschool teacher candidates' multicultural competence perceptions on their pedagogical views. Within the scope of this purpose, 63 fourth grade students studying in the preschool teaching department of a foundation university in Istanbul were included in the study.  First, the Multicultural Competence Perceptions Scale was applied to all participants. In this way, the level of competence perception of the participants was determined. In addition, in the process of determining the subsample, four participants with high levels of multicultural competence perceptions were included in the higher group and four participants with low levels of multicultural competence perceptions were included in the lower group. After this, preschool teacher candidates in the lower and higher groups answered the questions with the help of five case scenarios on multicultural education in early childhood. While the quantitative data collected within the scope of the research were analyzed with descriptive statistics, the qualitative data were analyzed with inductive content analysis. The results showed that preschool teacher candidates' multicultural competence perceptions were high. On the other hand, preschool teacher candidates with higher competence perceptions evaluated issues related to multicultural education more holistically. Finally, all participants in the lower and higher groups expressed the idea of equity pedagogy in the context of promoting a positive classroom climate in early childhood education. The results were discussed in depth based on the existing literature and necessary suggestions were given regarding their educational implications.
Social Identity of Codas in Relation to Family Identity
Authors: Millar Norma , Vione Katia Correa
Published: January 2025

This study is a qualitative exploration of the social identity of adult, hearing children of deaf adults (Codas) in relation to the cultural identity of their families (i.e., “Deaf” or “deaf”).  The study was approached using a social constructionist perspective, using social identity theory, and in particular, self-categorization.  Data was obtained through one-on-one semi-structured interviews with 15 participants, all of whom were Codas, 7 from “Deaf” families, and 8 from “deaf” families.  Data was analysed using Reflexive Thematic Analysis.  The primary themes that emerged included cultural disconnect, responsibility and frustration.  Cultural disconnect was experienced only by Codas from “deaf” families and not by Codas from “Deaf” families.  Frustration and responsibility, although experienced by many of the participants, was more similarly experienced for “deaf” Codas, and likewise for “Deaf” Codas, indicating that familial cultural affiliation should be considered a contributing factor in the social identity of Codas.
Agresiones sexuales a menores de dieciséis años en el ámbito de la (ex)pareja: art. 181.5 d) CP
Authors: Parrilla Vergara Javier
Published: January 2025

La violencia sexual en el seno de la pareja o expareja sentimental supone un claro atentado contra la libertad sexual del sujeto pasivo, que nada desmerece por el mero hecho de ejecutarse en el marco actual (o pasado) de tal relación. En este sentido, el legislador ha procedido a penar de forma más gravosa estos atentados sexuales, si bien, dicha agravación se ha hecho extensible también a los supuestos de violencia sexual ejecutada por la pareja o expareja de los menores de dieciséis años. Si bien la pertinencia de calificar los atentados sexuales contra estos sujetos como un delito contra la libertad sexual no queda en entredicho, lo cierto es que la actual configuración del art. 181.5 d) CP plantea más dudas que soluciones. A estos efectos se propone un análisis del marco legal en que propició la reforma que introdujo el precepto a la par que un estudio de su fundamento y consecuencias en aras de vislumbrar la viabilidad práctica de penar de forma autónoma estos supuestos típicos en el tenor del art. 181 CP.
Conditionings of being perpetrator or victim in adolescence
Authors: Farnicka Marzanna
Published: January 2025

The aim of the article is to investigate the thesis of a direct and indirect link between sex, gender, and aggressive and victim behavior from the perspective of bio–, social and psychological development. The meta-analysis of the previous study identifies risk factors and protective factors for becoming an aggressor or a victim and the role of sex and gender in that process. The work consists of two parts. The first part of the chapter is the review of the latest research in the field of aggression and adolescence focused on conditions of violence among youth. And the second part is the presentation of the latest research of the author. In the study, model were considered: bio, psycho and social factors such as sex, temperament; attachment; aggressiveness; family, teacher, and classmate support; resilience; and the previous victim or aggressor experiences
percepción del profesorado en formación ante el bullying y el ciberbullying
Authors: Martí Aras Antonia , Agustí López Ana Isabel , Rodríguez Martín Ana
Published: January 2025

El objetivo de este artículo es presentar una realidad acerca de la percepción sobre las causas del acoso y el ciberacoso que tienen los y las docentes. Se observa que existen diferencias entre hombres y mujeres en esta atribución y cuáles son los requerimientos de formación que presentan ante este fenómeno. Para la recogida de la muestra, se recogieron datos de un cuestionario creado por tres escalas. Los resultados indican que existen diferencias significativas entre profesoras y profesores en cuanto a la atribución causal del fenómeno violento. También se observó que las acciones de prevención terciaria también son distintas entre hombres y mujeres. En este sentido, los docentes requieren mayor formación en detección precoz del acoso y ciberacoso, frente a formación en el uso de las metodologías activas. El aprendizaje de herramientas de prevención primaria y secundaria sigue siendo un asunto pendiente en la formación de los docentes.
Soluciones colaborativas para resolver conflictos entre iguales
Authors: Morant Martí Sheila , Catalán Gregori Belén , Lagos San Martin Nelly Gromiria , Aparisi Sierra David , Granados Alos Lucia
Published: January 2025

El acoso escolar, es un problema global que afecta a estudiantes de todas las edades, razas, géneros y niveles socioeconómicos. Se manifiesta de diversas formas, como el hostigamiento verbal, la exclusión social, la intimidación física o el ciberacoso, y puede tener consecuencias devastadoras para las víctimas, incluyendo el deterioro de su salud mental, el bajo rendimiento académico y el abandono escolar. Persiste como uno de los desafíos más significativos que enfrentan las instituciones educativas en la actualidad. Esta forma de violencia entre compañeros, que puede manifestarse de diversas maneras y deja una huella profunda en la vida de los estudiantes, afectando su bienestar emocional, social y académico. Ante esta realidad, es crucial desarrollar estrategias efectivas de prevención y abordaje que promuevan un ambiente escolar seguro, inclusivo y respetuoso. La mediación escolar se presenta como una alternativa prometedora, al centrarse en el diálogo, la empatía y la búsqueda de soluciones colaborativas para resolver conflictos entre iguales.
Toma de postura sobre el bien jurídico protegido en los delitos de pornografía infantil y los sujetos del mismo
Authors: Moreno Acevedo Rosmari
Published: January 2025

En este artículo trataremos de determinar el concepto de menor de edad, que adelantamos, es asumido por el legislador según se expone en la Exposición de Motivos de la LO 11/1999, por la asunción de obligaciones provenientes de los textos internacionales; la determinación de la minoría de edad para prestar válidamente su consentimiento en las actividades sexuales en el que se vea involucrado y en concreto, las relativas a la pornografía infantil; qué consecuencias entraña la decisión legislativa de dispensar distintas edades en los tipos relacionados con la protección de la sexualidad de los menores; y por último, analizaremos aquellos casos conflictivos para determinar la edad en la pornografía virtual, del material pornográfico infantil y, las consecuencias jurídicas derivadas de la utilización en plural de los conceptos que designan a los titulares del bien jurídico.
AGREGACIJA PRIORITETA U GRUPNIM PRIMENAMA ANALITIČKOG HIJERARHIJSKOG PROCESA U VODOPRIVREDI
Authors:   University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Agriculture, Serbia, Srđević Bojan
Published: January 2025

In group applications of the well-known multi-criteria
method AHP, various aggregation (consolidation)
schemes are used, through which the individual
judgments of group members about the importance of
compared decision elements are grouped in a certain
way. Subsequently, through the chosen method of
prioritization, weights of these elements are generated.
When the method is used in a manner that implies the
absence of consensus among group members, the
consolidation of individual evaluations and decisions of
the members is impartial and the result (group decision)
is largely objective. Two examples from the field of
water management are given, showing that aggregations
by geometric averaging and through the application of
rough numbers at all positions of the comparison matrix
(characteristic of AHP), after prioritization, significantly
differ in the weights of the most ranked decision
elements. This is particularly important in decisionmaking problems involving resource allocation (e.g.,
water quantities for users or defining capacities of
pumping stations in irrigation systems). Rough numbers
assign lower weight to the highest-ranked decision
element and often increase the weights of lower-ranked
elements - opposite to the values of weights obtained
through geometric averaging. The conclusions of the
study point to the need for further investigation of the
effects of consolidating individual decisions within a
group, especially when the number of group members is
small, medium, or large.
IZBOR MIKROLOKACIJE ISPUSTA IZ PPOV VELIKO SELO U FUNKCIJI UTICAJA NA KVALITET VODE U RECIPIJENTU
Authors:   Institute for Development of Water Resources Jaroslav Černi, Serbia, IGNJATOVIĆ Lazar , POPOVIĆ Miodrag ,   Institute for Development of Water Resources Jaroslav Černi, Serbia
Published: January 2025

The paper presents and analyzes the impact which the
discharge of treated and untreated wastewater from the
Central sewerage system of the City of Belgrade has on
the recipient - the Danube at the location of the Veliko
Selo WWTP. The microlocation of the discharge from
WWTP was selected based on the obtained results. The
Central sewerage system of Belgrade includes about
85% of the sewerage network and currently serves more
than 1,250,000 inhabitants. The hydrological data,
namely the flow and level at the characteristic profiles of
the Danube (minimum mean monthly flow for a 95%
probability of occurrence) were collected and used to
create the 2D hydraulic model RMA2. Data on the
quantity and quality of treated and untreated wastewater
in the rainy and dry mode of operation of the combined
sewerage system were also collected and processed, and
the load of wastewater with polluting substances
(expressed using BOD5) was defined for the future
period of operation of the WWTP (year 2041). This was
then used as input data for the mathematical model of
pollution transport and transformation in the recipient
Danube - RMA4. A coupled 2D hydrodynamic-transport
model RMA2/RMA4 was created, which simulated
three variants of the discharge of treated and untreated
wastewater in the dry and rainy periods for the future
state (year 2041):
1. Riverbank discharge into the Dunavac,
2. Riverbank discharge into the Danube and
3. Bottom discharge in the middle of the Danube bed.
It was concluded that the optimal outlet location is
variant no. 2 – coastal outlet into the Danube. The
discharge into the Danube proved to be a more
favourable variant than the outlet into the Dunavac from
the point of view of protecting the aquatic environment
and meeting the regulatory standards as well as of the
mixing zone that is formed downstream of the effluent
outlet into the Danube, which has significantly smaller
dimensions compared to the mixing zone in the
Dunavac. The discharge into the middle of the Danube
bed is an even more favourable option than the
riverbank discharge into the Danube, but it is more
complicated from the construction-technical-economic
point of view and the provision of navigation on the
international waterway.
UTICAJ KLIMATSKIH PROMENA NA EFIKASNOST POSLOVANJA VETROELEKTRANA
Authors: GUŠIĆ Adnan , SERDAREVIĆ Faruk
Published: January 2025

This paper examines the impact of climate change on
the production and financial performance of wind
farms, focusing on their sensitivity to meteorological
extremes and adaptability. Climate change introduces
uncertainty in the availability of wind, the resource that
powers wind farms, and increases the risk of extreme
events that can damage wind turbines, leading to higher
capital and operational costs. The complexity of
climate impacts, especially on a local level crucial for
investors, complicates forecasting over the wind farm's
entire lifespan.
The aim of the paper is to highlight the climate risk to
wind farm operations, identify stakeholders who can
provide risk mitigation measures, and propose
protective measures for investors.
The conclusion emphasizes the importance of
analyzing changes in wind speed and its distribution,
especially for attractive locations with higher average
speeds that are more vulnerable to climate extremes
Transformasi Politik Hukum dalam Penguatan Regulasi Cyber Law di Indonesia
Authors: Sihotang Muhenri , Arifin Hoessein Zainal
Published: January 2025

Perkembangan pesat teknologi informasi di Indonesia telah mendorong kebutuhan akan regulasi yang komprehensif dalam bidang cyber law. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis transformasi politik hukum dalam penguatan regulasi cyber law di Indonesia, dengan fokus pada perubahan peraturan perundang-undangan terbaru. Metode yang digunakan adalah yuridis normatif, melalui analisis terhadap Undang-Undang Nomor 1 Tahun 2024 tentang Perubahan Kedua atas Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik, serta Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana (KUHP) baru yang mengatur tindak pidana siber Pembahasan mencakup dinamika politik hukum yang melatarbelakangi perubahan regulasi tersebut, termasuk peran pemerintah dan legislatif dalam merespons tantangan keamanan siber. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa transformasi politik hukum di Indonesia telah menghasilkan penguatan regulasi cyber law melalui pembaruan undang-undang yang lebih adaptif terhadap perkembangan teknologi dan ancaman siber. Kesimpulannya, perubahan peraturan perundang-undangan ini mencerminkan komitmen Indonesia dalam meningkatkan keamanan siber dan perlindungan data, meskipun tantangan dalam implementasinya masih memerlukan perhatian lebih lanjut. Implikasi penelitian ini adalah sebagai acuan bagi pembuat kebijakan dalam memperkuat regulasi cyber law yang adaptif, responsif, dan relevan dengan perkembangan teknologi informasi, guna menciptakan ekosistem digital yang aman dan kondusif bagi pembangunan nasional.
PENGARUH RADIASI ELEKTROMAGNETIK TERHADAP KESEHATAN DAN UPAYA PENCEGAHANNYA
Authors: Turnip Elfrida , Meta Sari Meta Sari , Hutajulu Putri Sridewi , Sirait Yohana , Lubis Rajo Hasim
Published: January 2025

Pengaruh radiasi elektromagnetik terhadap kesehatan dan upaya pencegahannyaLaptop memancarkan radiasi elektromagnetik, termasuk cahaya biru dari layar dan gelombang mikro dari modul Wi-Fi, yang berpotensi memberikan dampak kumulatif terhadap kesehatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur tingkat radiasi elektromagnetik yang dipancarkan oleh laptop, mengevaluasi dampaknya terhadap kesehatan pengguna, serta mengidentifikasi langkah pencegahan yang dapat diterapkan. Studi ini dilakukan menggunakan metode kualitatif berbasis studi pustaka dengan pendekatan analisis isi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa intensitas cahaya biru berkisar antara 10–50 µW/cm², sementara radiasi gelombang mikro dari Wi-Fi mencapai 2,0 mW/cm² pada jarak dekat. Dampak kesehatan meliputi kelelahan mata, gangguan akomodasi, serta efek neurologis seperti sakit kepala dan kelelahan akibat paparan radiasi jangka panjang. Langkah pencegahan yang diidentifikasi mencakup penggunaan filter cahaya biru, pengaturan jarak layar, dan teknologi Wi-Fi berdaya rendah. Penelitian ini memberikan panduan praktis untuk meminimalkan risiko kesehatan akibat penggunaan perangkat elektronik.
La gestión de las acciones de marketing por parte de las futbolistas de la LigaF en la red social TikTok
Authors: Cano Tenorio Rafael , Gómez-Carmona Diego , Marín Dueñas Pedro Pablo
Published: January 2025

Introducción: el fútbol es un deporte global, con millones de personas que lo practican alrededor de todo el planeta. Este deporte en categoría femenina ha avanzado en los últimos años de manera imponente, frente a otras disciplinas. Las futbolistas profesionales se han convertido en marcas de gran proyección e interés para la sociedad y los medios de comunicación, e inspiran con sus valores a las personas con sus valores. La red social TikTok es una de las herramientas más interesantes para el desarrollo de las estrategias de marketing y comunicación en el mundo del fútbol.
Objetivo: este estudio se ha centrado en comprender qué tipo de mensajes emiten las futbolistas profesionales de la Liga F en la red social TikTok.
Metodología: para conseguir el objetivo, se han utilizado las técnicas de investigación de la observación y el análisis de contenido. La muestra de la investigación contiene 228 publicaciones comprendidas entre la fecha de apertura de cada una de las 10 cuentas oficiales analizadas hasta el 15 de febrero de 2024.
Resultados: los resultados muestran que el factor emocional es muy importante en la conexión con los públicos.
Conclusiones: las acciones de marketing son uno de los recursos más destacados, aunque aún tiene mucho margen de mejora por parte los encargados de la gestión de las cuentas oficiales en la red social TikTok de las futbolistas.
Optimizing Football Player Development in Indonesia and Malaysia: Sports Psychology's Take on the Affective Domain
Authors: Akbar Amin , Syafitri Fuccy Utamy , Purnomo Eko , Cahyani Firunika Intan
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Problems with the characteristics of young players often threaten the continuity of their careers in football. Negative behaviours such as ego, lack of discipline, star syndrome, and fickle commitment are some of the many examples that occur among young football players. The affective domain assesses the psychological adaptability of young football players in the development path, both in calm situations and when facing the pressure that often arises in matches or training.
Objective: The aim is to make young players excel in both psychomotor and affective aspects, which are important domains in sustainable football coaching. This research seeks to discover the urgency of the affective domain of psychology in the development pathway of football players in Indonesia and Malaysia.
Methodology: This study used a qualitative method with a grounded theory approach, and data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis of 25 licensed football coaches with at least 5 years of experience as coaches in Indonesia and Malaysia.
Results: The role of coaches in paying attention to emotional and mental training is the basis for the development of sports psychology in children.
Discussion: Children's involvement in football provides opportunities to develop life skills and trains them to have good character that will be useful in social life
Conclusions: This research is expected to evaluate the implementation of mental training in fostering potential football players and supporting character development programmes through football.
Gorham-Stout disease: a textbook presentation of a rare disease in Pakistan
Authors: Muhammad Ibrahim  , Muhammad Usman  , Hawwa Khan  , Faryal Javaid  , Maria Tasneem  , Zeeshan Khan
Published: January 2025

Gorham-Stout disease is an exceptionally rare disease which is characterised by massive osteolysis of the bone, oedema, and in severe cases pleural effusion and chylothorax. Its aetiopathology is unknown, and no specific treatment has been modulated thus far. We report the case of a 17-year-old male with osteolysis in the bones of his entire left arm and persistent chylothorax. Due to the late presentation and patient’s desire for a better quality of life, amputation was the only choice left for treatment. This case was evaluated and treated at the Orthopaedic Surgery and Trauma department of Rehman Medical Institute in Peshawar, Pakistan.
Key words: Gorham Stout Syndrome, Massive osteolysis, Rare disease.
Increased prevalence of stunting in Pakistan: A comparative analysis of National Nutrition Surveys
Authors: Khalid Nauman
Published: January 2025

Stunting continues to be a major public health concern worldwide and can have lifelong consequences for the affected individuals in terms of both physical and cognitive development. Among South Asian countries, Pakistan continues to experience consistently high rates of stunting, owing to a wide range of factors. National nutrition surveys and reports by various international organisations indicate that a significant reduction has not been observed in stunting rates over the last 3-4 decades and that the progress for mitigating the problem remains inadequate. The current report was planned to analyse nationally representative surveys done in 2001-02, 2011 and 2018 to ascertain the major determinants of stunting, their complex interplay, and the contribution of these determinants to the increased prevalence of stunting in Pakistan.
Key Words: Stunting, Malnutrition, Pakistan, National nutritional survey.
Time to broaden pharmacological treatment of cardiovascular disorders with physiological dimensions of Adropin
Authors: Akhlaq Sana
Published: January 2025

Adropin, an emerging substance hailed for its heart-protective potential, presents a promising avenue for combating cardiovascular ailments. The current narrative review was planned to underscore its link with metabolic syndrome and its role in preventing ischemic heart disease, accentuating its multifaceted impact on metabolism and cardiac wellbeing. Mechanistically, it operates through diverse pathways, including modulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase, anti-apoptotic properties, and regulation of pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphorylation to boost cellular energy production and mitochondrial function. Furthermore, its interactions with cellular receptors, signalling cascades and metabolic regulators unveil its prowess in mitigating cardiovascular risks and enhancing glycaemic control. To transition adropin from bench to bedside, rigorous human trials are imperative, encompassing dose optimisation, long-term safety assessments, and exploration of genetic influences. Inclusive research targeting diverse populations, especially high-risk cohorts, is advocated to unravel its full therapeutic potential. Interdisciplinary collaboration is pivotal for unravelling its mechanisms as a targeted therapy for cardiovascular disorders.
Key Words: Adropin, ENHO protein, Human protein, Rat protein, Myocardial ischemia, Coronary artery disease, Pyruvates, Pyruvic acid, Nitric oxide, Mitochondria, Apoptosis, Therapeutic, Risk factors, Collateral circulation, Homeostasis.
Use of metformin in treatment of dengue fever
Authors: Zainab Irfan  , Zia Yaqub Hasan
Published: January 2025

Dear Editor,
Dengue Fever is the fastest spreading mosquito-borne viral disease globally, affecting greater than 100 million humans annually. Dengue also causes 20 to 25,000 deaths, primarily in children, and is found in more than 100 countries. Although most cases are asymptomatic, severe illness and death may occur. (1)  According to the WHO, between 1st January to 27th September 2022, the National Institute of Health-Islamabad reported 25,932 confirmed dengue cases and 62 deaths nationwide (2). 74% of these cases were reported during September alone. Of these, 32% were from Sindh, 29% from Punjab (including the Islamabad Capital Territory), 25% from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (5506), and 14% from Balochistan (2).
The current treatment for dengue fever doesn't involve direct medication. Instead, the focus is on symptomatic treatment. Initial steps focus on bed rest and increased fluid intake to combat dehydration caused by vomiting. In severe cases, hospitalization for supportive care becomes necessary. Patients are monitored for dehydration and electrolyte balance, platelet counts, and blood pressure, with interventions such as transfusions if needed (3). New and improved treatments for dengue are being explored worldwide.
One of these emerging treatments is the efficacy of metformin in dengue treatment. A study published in 2018 showed that diabetic dengue patients who were metformin users were 33-40% less likely to develop severe dengue- according to WHO 2009 dengue criteria- than those who were not. (4) From the metformin users 28.2% progressed to severe dengue whereas from the non-metformin users 42.4% progressed to severe dengue. The same study showed that metformin users had a significantly lower instance of severe bleeding than non-users.
In obese patients the enzyme Adenosine Monophosphate (AMP) – Activated protein kinase (AMPK) is down regulated. Its down regulation results in the inhibition of lipid catabolism and increased de novo lipid synthesis, which are favourable conditions for viral replication and survival within host cells (5). The hypoglycaemic agent metformin –dymethybiguanide- controls glucose metabolism via activation of AMPK. Hence obese patients with dengue could benefit from it.
Bearing in mind the rising cases of dengue in Pakistan, we suggest that the possibility of an improved treatment with metformin, especially in obese patients, should be explored in the country. Metformin is cheap (locally priced at 35 rupees, brand name Glucophage), easy to administer and does not have any major side effects.
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Capvaxive (V116): A new frontier in the prevention of pneumococcal pneumonia and invasive disease
Authors: Wijdan Syed Ali , Muhammad Mustafa
Published: January 2025

Pneumococcal Pneumonia (PP) and Invasive Pneumococcal Disease (IPD), both highly contribute to the rate of morbidity and mortality in adults around the globe. They are caused by the bacteria called Streptococcus pneumoniae. According to a population-based study, the Global Incidence Rate of PP cases was 90.7 per 100,000 person-years, with a 7.6% case-fatality rate [1]. For adults Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccines (PCVs), mainly PCV15 and PCV 20, along with Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) are currently recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Among these already vaccines, arises Capvaxive (V116) by Merck for active immunization for the prevention of PP and IPD.
Capvaxive, also known as pneumococcal 21-conjugate vaccine recently approved by the FDA for active immunization for prevention of pneumonia and invasive disease caused by 21 different serotypes of streptococcus pneumoniae in adults [2]. It is administered as a single intra-muscular dose of 0.5 ml. It stimulates the body's immune response by antigenic stimulation, leading to opsonophagocytic activity [OPA] against invasive S. Pneumoniae. It is known to induce OPA by activation of macrophages and neutrophils for engulfment and phagocytosis of bacterial cells [3].
Multiple trials have been conducted all over the world as reported to understand the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity. Studies conducted resulted in non-inferiority to its comparator PPSV23 [4,5], encouraging its development for safety against S. Pneumoniae.
Neither of the studies reported vaccine-related serious adverse effects or deaths. The most common adverse effect reported was solicited infusion site reaction, reported in up to 73% of participants [4]. When compared, Capvaxive infused participants had a higher antibody titer and induced immune response against all 21 serotypes, with a similar safety profile to its comparators. It notably had a more immunogenic reaction against the 9 unique serotypes, previously not targeted in PPSV23 [4].
As the newly FDA approved vaccine enters the market, it is crucial to keep track of its safety and tolerability as it reaches a wider population. It is a notable landmark of pharmacology to target 21 variants of S. Pneumonia which has been proved to be lethal in the past as it causes mortal pneumonia. As reported to have low levels of systemic side effects on patients infused with this vaccine, this is a step forward in encountering the deadly S. Pneumonia with more than 100 serotypes known to man.
Faculty development programmes: Essential for empowering health professional educators to blend AI in medical education
Authors: Rabia Aftab  , Shaur Sarfaraz  , Azam Afzal
Published: January 2025

Artificial Intelligence is an area of computer science thatemphasizes the use of machine learning algorithms tomimic human thinking and problem-solving. The fastexpansion of AI in today’s world can be credited to theprogress of algorithms, reasonable graphic processorsand expanded annotated databases.1
AI is an essential tool in addressing complex healthcareissues worldwide. However, AI acceptance andintegration in medical education took time, andsignificant advancements and broader adoption becamemore prominent after 1980s. Also, the application of AI inmedical education has grown significantly over the past20 years, as shown by the rising volume of publications inthis area. Given the widespread use of AI in many facets ofmedical practice, educational programmes pertinent tothis field have to be created and put into place inacademic institutions.2
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