bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pricing VIX Futures and Options With Good and Bad Volatility of Volatility
Authors: Guo Zhiyu , Huang Zhuo , Tong Chen
Published: August 2024

This article studies the pricing of VIX futures and options by directly modeling the dynamics of VIX, based on realized semivariances computed from high‐frequency data of VIX. We derive the closed‐form pricing formula for both the VIX futures and options. The empirical results show that the new model provides superior pricing performance compared with the model based on conventional unsigned realized variance and the classic Heston‐Nandi GARCH model, both in sample and out of sample. Our study confirms that the decomposition of realized variance into upside and downside components helps to improve the pricing performance for VIX futures and options.
Machine learning‐driven implementation of workflow optimization in cloud computing for IoT applications
Authors: Jamal Md Khalid , Faisal Mohammad
Published: August 2024

The optimization of workflow scheduling in Internet of Things (IoT) environments presents significant challenges due to the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of these systems. Traditional techniques must often adapt to fluctuating network conditions and varying data loads. To address these limitations, we propose a novel approach that leverages Automated Machine Learning (AutoML) integrated with cloud computing to optimize workflow scheduling for IoT applications. Our solution automates machine learning model selection, training, and tuning, significantly enhancing computational efficiency and adaptability. Through extensive experimentation, we demonstrate that our AutoML‐driven approach surpasses conventional algorithms across several key metrics, including accuracy, computational efficiency, adaptability to dynamic environments, and communication efficiency. Specifically, our method achieves a scheduling accuracy improvement of up to 25%, a reduced computational overhead by 30%, and a 40% enhancement in adaptability under dynamic conditions. Furthermore, the scalability of our solution is critical in cloud computing contexts, enabling efficient handling of large‐scale IoT deployments by leveraging cloud resources for distributed processing. This scalability ensures that our approach can effectively manage increasing data volumes and device heterogeneity inherent in modern IoT systems.
A variant in long noncoding RNA NORSF affects granulosa cells response to transcription factor RFX7
Authors: Wang Miaomiao , Zhang Jiyu , Sheng Wenmin , Wu Wangjun , Du Xing , Li Qifa
Published: August 2024

NORSF is a nuclear long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) that contributes to the follicular atresia and restrains 17β‐estradiol (E2) release by granulosa cells (GCs). Importantly, it is also a potential candidate gene in the quantitative trait locus (QTLs) for sow fertility traits. We identified NORSF as a candidate (causal) gene affecting sow fertility traits. A novel G–A variant was discovered at −478 nt of the NORSF promoter and termed as g.−478G>A. Association analysis revealed that this variant was associated with sow fertility traits (e.g., the total number of piglets born, the total number of piglets born alive, and the number of healthy piglets). Mechanistically, the g.−478G>A variant reduced the binding activity of the NORSF promoter to its transcription activator regulatory factor X7 (RFX7), leading to decreased NORSF promoter activity and transcription levels in sow GCs (sGCs), and weakened inhibitory effects on the transcription of CYP19A1, which encodes a rate‐limiting enzyme for E2 synthesis and E2 release by sGCs. In addition, RFX7 is transcriptionally activated by P53, which restrains E2 release from sGCs via the RFX7/NORSF/CYP19A1 pathway. These findings indicate that the lncRNA NORSF is a causal gene in QTLs for sow fertility traits and define the P53/NORSF/CYP19A1 pathway as a new signaling pathway affecting sow reproduction, which provides a new target for improving female fertility.
Tactics of just, equitable, diverse, and inclusive scientific research
Authors: Kyonka Elizabeth G. E. , Subramaniam Shrinidhi
Published: August 2024

The principles of social justice, equity, diversity, inclusion (JEDI) have received increasing attention in behavior analysis circles, but the conversation has largely centered on implications for applied behavior analysis practice and research. It may be less clear to researchers who conduct basic and translational research how JEDI principles can inform and inspire their work. This article synthesizes publications from behavior analysis and other scientific fields about tactics of JEDI‐informed research. We organized this scholarship across five stages of research from developing the research question to sharing findings and curated sources for an audience of behavioral science researchers. We discuss reflexive practice, representation, belongingness, participatory research, quantitative critical theory, and open science, among other topics. Some researchers may have already adopted some of the practices outlined, some may begin new practices, and some may choose to conduct experimental analyses of JEDI problems. Our hope is that those actions will be reinforced by the behavior analysis scientific community. We conclude by encouraging the leadership of this journal to continue to work toward the structural changes necessary to make the experimental analysis of behavior just, equitable, diverse, and inclusive.
The impact of analytical treatment interruptions and trial interventions on time to viral re‐suppression in people living with HIV restarting ART in cure‐related clinical studies: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lee Ming Jie , Eason Miles , Castagna Antonella , Laura Galli , De Scheerder Marie‐Angelique , Riley James , Tebas Pablo , Gunst Jesper , Søgaard Ole , Florence Eric , Kroon Eugene , De Souza Mark , Mothe Beatriz , Caskey Marina , Fidler Sarah
Published: August 2024

Introduction

To assess the effectiveness of novel HIV curative strategies, “cure” trials require periods of closely monitored antiretroviral therapy (ART) analytical treatment interruptions (ATIs). We performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis to identify the impact of ATI with or without novel therapeutics in cure‐related studies on the time to viral re‐suppression following ART restart.

Methods

Medline, Embase and Web of Science databases were searched for human studies involving ATIs from 1 January 2015 till 22 April 2024. The primary outcome was time to first viral re‐suppression (plasma HIV viral load [VL] <50 copies/ml) stratified by receipt of interventional drug with ATI (IA) or ATI‐only groups. Random‐effects proportional meta‐analysis and multivariable Cox proportional hazards analysis were performed using R.

Results

Of 1073 studies screened, 13 were included that met the inclusion criteria with VL data available after restarting ART (n= 213 participants). There was no difference between time to viral suppression in IA or ATI‐only cohorts (p= 0.22). For 87% of participants, viral suppression within 12 weeks of ART restart was achieved, and all eventually had at least one VL <50 copies/ml during follow‐up. After adjusting for covariables, while participants in the IA cohort were associated with less rapid suppression (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.61, 95% CI 0.40–0.94,p= 0.026), other factors include greater log VL at ART restart (aHR 0.56, 95% CI 0.46–0.68,p<0.001), duration since HIV diagnosis (aHR 0.93, 95% CI 0.89–0.96) and longer intervals between HIV VL monitoring (aHR 0.66, 95% CI 0.59–0.74,p<0.001). However, the use of integrase inhibitors was associated with more rapid viral suppression (aHR 1.74, 95% CI 1.16–2.59).

Discussion

When designing studies involving ATIs, information on time to viral re‐suppression after restarting ART is important to share with participants, and should be regularly monitored and reported, to assess the impact and safety of specific trial interventions in ATI studies.

Conclusions

The majority of participants achieved viral suppression after restarting ART in ATI studies. ART regimens containing integrase inhibitors and frequent VL monitoring should be offered for people restarting ART after ATI studies to ensure rapid re‐suppression.
Do early‐treated adults with phenylketonuria sense high phenylalanine levels?
Authors: Hauri Laura , Muri Raphaela , Everts Regula , Trepp Roman
Published: August 2024

This study aimed to analyze whether early‐treated adults with phenylketonuria (PKU) can subjectively sense high phenylalanine (Phe) concentrations and whether a possible impact of Phe on objective measures of cognitive performance and mood reflects patients' self‐perception. Data from the PICO study, a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind, crossover trial, were analyzed. Twenty‐eight adults with PKU received either Phe capsules or placebo in two 4‐week intervention periods in a randomized order, with a 4‐week washout in between. The median Phe level increased from 852 μmol/L (interquartile range: 345) to 1455 μmol/L (interquartile range: 369). Neuropsychological assessments were performed at four study visits. At the end of the last study visit, patients were asked whether they could discern the Phe intervention period. Seven of 28 (25%) patients stated that they could not discern between the Phe and the placebo period. Twenty‐one of 28 (75%) patients subjectively thought to sense high Phe levels. Of the 21 patients, 12 (57%) correctly identified the Phe period, whereas 9 (43%) received placebo at the time when they thought they would receive the high Phe load. Binomial tests showed that the probability of 12 out of 21 is p = 0.140, and 12 out of 28 is p = 0.113. The “Right‐Guess” group showed significantly higher Phe changes than the “Wrong‐Guess” group. Cognitive performance and standardized mood assessment did not significantly differ, and both groups reported similar subjective negative impact on cognition and mood. In conclusion, adults with early‐treated PKU cannot effectively identify high Phe levels, although some individuals may be able to perceive more pronounced increases in Phe levels.
Expression of CD44highCD24Low cells, SOX2, and STAT3 transcription factors on peripheral blood and tumor tissue of penile squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: de Barros Felipe Dubourcq , Guimarães Gustavo Cardoso , Martins Mário Rino , Marinho Felipe da Silva , Soares Fernando Augusto , Torres Leuridan Cavalcante
Published: August 2024

Background

Penile cancer is high in some underdeveloped countries. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and CD44, CD24, and SOX2+ are known to be markers of diagnosis and prognosis in other cancers, but without studies in penile cancer.

Methods

A cross‐sectional study was conducted at the Hospital de Cancer de Pernambuco from March 2015 to December 2017. We performed SOX2, STAT3, CD24, and CD44 analyses in blood and tumor tissue by flow cytometry.

Results

High levels of CD44highCD24low, CD44highCD24lowpSTAT3+ and CD44highCD24low in the blood of patients compared to the controls (p < 0.05). Low of SOX2+ T cells in blood of patients compared to controls. High CD44highCD24low levels in patients with perineural invasion (PNI), tumor size > 3 cm, and pT2 stage (p < 0.05). High T cell levels in the blood and tumor tissue of patients with tumor ≤3 cm (p < 0.05). Increased SOX2+ T cells in blood of patients with PNI (‐) and pT1 stage (p < 0.05). CD44highCD24lowpSTAT3+ (r = 0.669; p = 0.024) and SOX2+T cells (r = 0.404, p = 0.029) correlation were observed between blood and tumor tissue in penile cancer patients.

Conclusion

CD44, CD24, and SOX2 molecules were markers of advanced disease associated with the worst prognosis in CaPe. However, pSTAT3 and T cells were associated with a more favorable prognosis in this study.
Resources on lymphedema surgery: How effective are they for patients?
Authors: Manasyan Artur , Lasky Sasha , Stanton Eloise W. , Cannata Brigette , Moshal Tayla , Roohani Idean , Koesters Emma , Daar David A.
Published: August 2024

Online patient education materials (PEMs) on lymphedema surgery were assessed for quality, readability, and content. A total of 37 PEMs were identified, primarily authored by academic/medical organizations. Readability scores indicated materials were difficult to read, with an average Flesch‐Kincaid Grade Level of 10.4. PEM Assessment Tools showed acceptable understandability (72.3%) but poor actionability (28.5%). PEMs often lacked information on surgical risks, postoperative care, and long‐term follow‐up. Simplifying language and adding visual aids could improve PEM effectiveness.
Circulating tumor DNA in management of primary liver malignancy: A review of the literature and future directions
Authors: Tocci Noah X. , Wehrle Chase J. , Sun Keyue , Jiao Chunbao , Hong Hanna , Gross Abby , Allkushi Erlind , Uysal Melis , Linganna Maureen Whitsett , Stackhouse Katheryn , Hashimoto Koji , Schlegel Andrea , Walsh R. Matthew , Miller Charles , Kwon David C. H. , Aucejo Federico
Published: August 2024

Primary liver malignancies are a serious and challenging global health concern. The most common primary tumors are hepatocellular carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma. These diseases portend poor prognosis when presenting with progressive, extensive disease. There is a critical need for improved diagnosis, therapeutic intervention, and monitoring surveillance in liver‐related malignancies. Liquid biopsy using ctDNA provides an opportunity for growth within these domains for liver‐related malignancy. However, ctDNA is relatively understudied in this field compared with other solid tumor types, possibly due to the complex nature of the pathology. In this review, we aim to discuss ctDNA, the current literature, and future directions of this technology within primary liver malignancies.
Utility of circulating tumor DNA in secondary liver malignancies: What we know and what is to come
Authors: Wehrle Chase J. , Tocci Noah X. , Sun Keyue , Jiao Chunbao , Hong Hanna , Gross Abby , Allkushi Erlind , Uysal Melis , Linganna Maureen Whitsett , Stackhouse Katheryn , Hashimoto Koji , Schlegel Andrea , Walsh R. Matthew , Miller Charles , Kwon David C. H. , Aucejo Federico
Published: August 2024

Secondary liver malignancies are a serious and challenging global health concern. Secondary metastasis to the liver is most commonly from colorectal cancer that has metastatically spread through splanchnic circulation. Metastatic diseases can portend poor prognosis due to the progressive nature typically found on detection. Improvements in detection of disease, monitoring therapy response, and monitoring for recurrence are crucial to the improvement in the management of secondary liver malignancies. Assessment of ctDNA in these patient populations poses an opportunity to impact the management of secondary liver malignancies. In this review, we aim to discuss ctDNA, the current literature, and future directions of this technology within secondary liver malignancies.
Refractive Error Impact on Video Head Impulse Test Outcomes
Authors: Dikici Oğuzhan , Aslanci Mehmet Emin , Ekim Buse
Published: August 2024

Objective

The objective of this study is to investigate the potential influence of refractive error on Video Head Impulse Test outcomes.

Material and Methods

Eighty‐two patients were included in the study, and all patients underwent video head impulse testing. Patients were divided into four groups according to their refractive error: myopia, myopia‐astigmatism, astigmatism, and emmetropia as control.

Results

Patients with myopia are younger than patients with astigmatism and controls; similarly, patients with myopia‐astigmatism are younger than patients with astigmatism. The right and left lateral, anterior, and posterior gain values were statistically significantly lower in the control group compared with myopia and myopia‐astigmatism patients (p < 0.05). There was a statistically significant relationship between the right and left lateral, anterior, and posterior gain values and the degree of myopia in the patients (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The results of the Video Head Impulse Test gain in myopia patients are higher than that in patients without refractive error. In addition, age may have an effect on gain values. It is important to consider this factor when evaluating the results of the Video Head Impulse Test in patients, and corrections should be made if necessary.

Level of Evidence

Level 3 Laryngoscope, 2024
Reproductive cycle of the temperate sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa in the northeastern Aegean Sea
Authors: Engin Serhat , Tolon Mustafa Tolga , Günay Deniz , Emiroğlu Dilek
Published: August 2024

Objective

The aim of this study was to determine the reproductive cycle and spawning frequency of the sea cucumber Holothuria tubulosa in the northeastern Aegean Sea.

Methods

The study covered a period of 12 months, beginning in October 2018 and concluding in September 2019. During this period, sea cucumber samples were collected monthly. Macroscopic and histological examinations of gonadal tubules were conducted to provide credible information for fishery management and aquaculture.

Result

The sex ratio of the sampled population was 1:1.3, with 95 males and 130 females. The drained body weights at 50% maturity were 70.90 g for females and 70.80 g for males. The total length at 50% maturity was estimated at 18.58 cm for females and 18.05 cm for males. Gonad maturation was initiated in March and progressed to spawning stages between July and August. From September to February, the gonads were in postspawning and recovery stages. A strong linear correlation was determined between the gonad index and the seawater temperature in the area.

Conclusion

The information provided is expected to improve stock management, enforce fishery regulations, and support controlled breeding programs. These measures aim to preserve the natural populations of Holothuria tubulosa and guarantee the long-term viability of the species in the wild.
Improving Xenon‐129 lung ventilation image SNR with deep‐learning based image reconstruction
Authors: Stewart Neil J. , de Arcos Jose , Biancardi Alberto M. , Collier Guilhem J. , Smith Laurie J. , Norquay Graham , Marshall Helen , Brau Anja C. S. , Lebel R. Marc , Wild Jim M.
Published: August 2024

Purpose

To evaluate the feasibility and utility of a deep learning (DL)‐based reconstruction for improving the SNR of hyperpolarized 129Xe lung ventilation MRI.

Methods

129Xe lung ventilation MRI data acquired from patients with asthma and/or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) were retrospectively reconstructed with a commercial DL reconstruction pipeline at five different denoising levels. Quantitative imaging metrics of lung ventilation including ventilation defect percentage (VDP) and ventilation heterogeneity index (VHI) were compared between each set of DL‐reconstructed images and alternative denoising strategies including: filtering, total variation denoising and higher‐order singular value decomposition. Structural similarity between the denoised and original images was assessed. In a prospective study, the feasibility of using SNR gains from DL reconstruction to allow natural‐abundance xenon MRI was evaluated in healthy volunteers.

Results

129Xe ventilation image SNR was improved with DL reconstruction when compared with conventionally reconstructed images. In patients with asthma and/or COPD, DL‐reconstructed images exhibited a slight positive bias in ventilation defect percentage (1.3% at 75% denoising) and ventilation heterogeneity index (˜1.4) when compared with conventionally reconstructed images. Additionally, DL‐reconstructed images preserved structural similarity more effectively than data denoised using alternative approaches. DL reconstruction greatly improved image SNR (greater than threefold), to a level that 129Xe ventilation imaging using natural‐abundance xenon appears feasible.

Conclusion

DL‐based image reconstruction significantly improves 129Xe ventilation image SNR, preserves structural similarity, and leads to a minor bias in ventilation metrics that can be attributed to differences in the image sharpness. This tool should help facilitate cost‐effective 129Xe ventilation imaging with natural‐abundance xenon in the future.
Precursor‐Derived Sensing Interdigitated Electrode Microstructures Based on Platinum and Nano Porous Carbon
Authors: Mielewczyk Lukas , Galle Lydia , Niese Nick , Grothe Julia , Kaskel Stefan
Published: August 2024

Interdigital electrodes were prepared using nanoimprint lithography and piezoelectric inkjet printing. These processes are simpler and more cost‐effective than the industrially used electron beam lithography because of their purely mechanical process step. For the investigation of material dependence, platinum as well as carbon electrodes were fabricated. Afterwards electrodes with various line widths and spacings were tested for the application as a chemiresistive sensor for ferrocenyl‐methanol and the influence of the gap‐width and conductor cross‐section on the sensitivity was investigated. The general suitability of the systems for the production of such structures could be confirmed. Structures with a limit of detection (LOD) down to 1.2 μM and 35.9 μM could be produced for carbon and platinum, respectively, as well as a response time of 3.6 s was achieved.
Review of aging mechanisms, mechanical properties, and prediction models of fiber‐reinforced composites in natural environments
Authors: Qin Guofeng , Fan Qiuhan , Mi Peiwen , Li Ming , Mu Wenlong , Na Jingxin
Published: August 2024

Fiber‐reinforced composites are widely used in civil engineering, aerospace, automotive, and medical sectors. However, these composites undergo aging due to factors such as temperature, humidity, load, and so on, during their usage. As a result, their performance deteriorates, and predicting their durability under real service conditions is a significant challenge. In order to better understand the durability of fiber‐reinforced composites, this article summarizes their microscopic aging mechanism under natural aging conditions and analyzes the changing rules of tensile, bending, and shear properties of composites under seven typical climate types, including tropical desert climate, temperate continental climate, temperate oceanic climate, Mediterranean climate, seasonal climate, tropical rainforest climate, and seawater immersion. This article reviews various durability prediction models, such as the Arrhenius model, prediction models based on residual modulus of elasticity and residual strength, and median strength regression analysis. To enhance the accuracy of aging life prediction during the natural aging process of composites, it is important to consider the influence of loads under real service conditions, incorporate different climatic types, utilize comprehensive mechanical property indices, establish an equivalent conversion relationship between natural aging and accelerated aging, and create a database with unified test standards.

Highlights

The aging mechanisms of FRP after exposure in natural aging environments are discussed.

The tensile, bending, and shear properties of FRP after exposure under seven climate types are discussed.

The predictive models are proposed for the FRP used in natural aging.

The future research needs are proposed for the FRP used in natural aging.
Fabrication and test results of low‐voltage alternator with improved efficiency and reduced temperature rise using polyester nanocomposite insulation
Authors: Parthe Sachin , Paramane Ashish , Patil Manoj , Chen Xiangrong
Published: August 2024

This study reports the test results of a total of 16 low‐voltage (415 V) 15 and 30 kVA alternators manufactured using optimized polyester resin nanocomposites. These tests consist of the open‐circuit characteristics (OCC), short‐circuit characteristics (SCC), voltage regulation, and temperature rise tests. The test results obtained are reported in terms of efficiency, voltage regulation, OCC and SCC curves, and temperature rise in stator and rotor windings. The results show that the temperature rise in the windings reduced significantly and the efficiency improved marginally using polyester resin nanocomposite insulation. Finally, the calculations show that the reduction in temperature rise can double the life of the alternator. Notably, the manufactured alternators passed all the performance tests as per the test standards, without adversely affecting its performance. For the insulation design of any low‐voltage rotating machine utilizing polyester resin as its base insulation, a similar approach can thus be adopted.

Highlights

Fabrication of alternator prototype using polyester nanocomposite insulation.

Alternator prototype fabrication using standard industry manufacturing process.

Reduction in temperature rise in stator and rotor windings by 10 °C.

Enhancement in alternator efficiency by 3%–4%.

Polyester nanocomposite insulation doubles the service life of alternator.
Transverse tensile properties of laminar unidirectional carbon fiber‐reinforced polymers enhanced with multiscale fiber‐interleaving: Experiments and modeling
Authors: Lin Yang , Wang Hangyan , Guo Jiayou , Zhou Shuiting , Ouyang Liange
Published: August 2024

In this study, a micromechanics model, based on a hierarchical/gradient interface design, for predicting randomly hybrid carbon nanotube (CNT)/aramid pulp (AP) micro/nano‐fibers interleaved in a laminar unidirectional carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer (UD‐CFRP) is proposed. The model emphasizes the gradient interfaces that are formed in situ because of the graded penetration mechanisms of the CNT and AP. Additionally, via an experimental study, it is analytically verified that CNT/AP‐interleaving enhances the transverse tensile strength and modulus of the UD‐CFRP. The modeling and experimental results show a strong correlation. The increase in transverse tensile strength and modulus of the UD‐CFRP with CNT/AP hybrid interleaving and the associated hierarchical toughening mechanism are confirmed theoretically and experimentally. Furthermore, new insights into the multiscale toughening mechanisms of transverse tensile properties are obtained via systematic analysis. The hierarchical gradient interfacial structure formed by the penetration of CNT/AP‐interleaving and multiscale fiber‐bridging results in a transformation of the failure mechanism. Finally, the effects of the failure mechanism on model predictions and the applicability of micromechanical models are further discussed.

Highlights

A micromechanics modeling of UD‐CFRP with CNT/AP‐interleaving is proposed.

The enhancements of CNT and AP are confirmed theoretically and experimentally.

The contribution of CNT and AP to the properties of CFRP is theoretically verified.

The effect of the hierarchical fiber‐bridging toughening mechanism is revealed.
The role of strigolactone structural diversity in the host specificity and control of Striga, a major constraint to sub‐Saharan agriculture
Authors: Shimels Mahdere Z. , Rendine Stefano , Ruyter‐Spira Carolien , Rich Patrick J. , Ejeta Gebisa , Bouwmeester Harro J.
Published: August 2024

Social Impact Statement

The parasitic weed Striga affects crops such as sorghum, maize, millet, and rice in over 40 countries on the African continent and negatively impacts the livelihood of over 300 million small‐holder farmers. Striga seeds can remain dormant in the soil for many years until they are triggered to germinate by germination stimulants, called strigolactones, exuded from the roots of their host. Here, the current knowledge on the biosynthesis of the strigolactones, their structural diversity, and biological relevance are reviewed. This knowledge could improve Striga control and thus improve the livelihood of small‐holder farmers.

The parasitic plant genus Striga causes major yield losses to several crops such as sorghum, millet, and rice in arid and semi‐arid regions of the tropics. For Striga to successfully parasitize its host plant, two conditions should be fulfilled: suitable germination conditions and the presence of a host plant that exudes so‐called germination stimulants, strigolactones, that are also as a signal to attract beneficial micro‐organisms such as arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi. Different plant species exude qualitatively and quantitatively different blends of strigolactones, and this plays a key role in determining Striga host specificity. Sorghum lgs1 genotypes with a mutation in a sulfotransferase (SbSOT4A), for example, exude orobanchol and are resistant to Striga, while 5‐deoxystrigol is the major strigolactone exuded by susceptible cultivars with wild type SbSOT4A. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge on the biosynthesis of the large diversity of strigolactones, how SbSOT4A may be involved in this, and how strigolactone diversity may contribute to microbiome recruitment. Finally, we discuss how knowledge on the importance of strigolactone diversity can contribute to Striga control.
Scaffold hopping approaches for the exploration of herbicidally active compounds inhibiting Acyl‐ACP Thioesterase
Authors: Fahrenhorst‐Jones Tyler , Lee Stephanie , Bollenbach‐Wahl Birgit , Bojack Guido , Braun Ralf , Frackenpohl Jens , Heinemann Ines , Laber Bernd , Lange Gudrun , Peters Olaf , Reingruber Anna M. , Schmutzler Dirk , Barber David M.
Published: August 2024

BACKGROUND

The sustainable control of weed populations is a significant challenge facing farmers around the world. Although various methods for the control of weeds exist, the use of small molecule herbicides remains the most effective and versatile approach. Striving to find novel herbicides that combat resistant weeds via the targeting of plant specific modes of action (MoAs), we further investigated the bicyclic class of acyl‐acyl carrier protein (ACP) thioesterase (FAT) inhibitors in an effort to find safe and efficacious lead candidates.

RESULTS

Utilizing scaffold hopping and bioisosteric replacements strategies, we explored new bicyclic inhibitors of FAT. Amongst the investigated compounds we identified new structural motifs that showed promising target affinity coupled with good in vivo efficacy against commercially important weed species. We further studied the structure–activity relationship (SAR) of the novel dihydropyranopyridine structural class which showed promise as a new type of FAT inhibiting herbicides.

CONCLUSION

The current work presents how scaffold hopping approaches can be implemented to successfully find novel and efficacious herbicidal structures that can be further optimized for potential use in sustainable agricultural practices. The identified dihydropyranopyridine bicyclic class of herbicides were demonstrated to have in vitro inhibitory activity against the plant specific MoA FAT as well as showing promising control of a variety of weed species, particularly grass weeds in greenhouse trials on levels competitive with commercial standards. © 2024 The Author(s). Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
Sample Size Reestimation in Stochastic Curtailment Tests With Time‐to‐Events Outcome in the Case of Nonproportional Hazards Utilizing Two Weibull Distributions With Unknown Shape Parameters
Authors: Sharma Palash , Phadnis Milind A.
Published: August 2024

Stochastic curtailment tests for Phase II two‐arm trials with time‐to‐event end points are traditionally performed using the log‐rank test. Recent advances in designing time‐to‐event trials have utilized the Weibull distribution with a known shape parameter estimated from historical studies. As sample size calculations depend on the value of this shape parameter, these methods either cannot be used or likely underperform/overperform when the natural variation around the point estimate is ignored. We demonstrate that when the magnitude of the Weibull shape parameters changes, unblinded interim information on the shape of the survival curves can be useful to enrich the final analysis for reestimation of the sample size. For such scenarios, we propose two Bayesian solutions to estimate the natural variations of the Weibull shape parameter. We implement these approaches under the framework of the newly proposed relative time method that allows nonproportional hazards and nonproportional time. We also demonstrate the sample size reestimation for the relative time method using three different approaches (internal pilot study approach, conditional power, and predictive power approach) at the interim stage of the trial. We demonstrate our methods using a hypothetical example and provide insights regarding the practical constraints for the proposed methods.
A Strategy to Mitigate Jahn Teller Effect of Mn‐Rich NASICON Framework for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Ahsan Muhammad Tayyab , Ali Zeeshan , Qiu Daping , Biao Zhang , Wang Jing jing , Hou Yanglong
Published: August 2024

Mn‐based sodium superionic conductors have driven attention to the low‐cost advanced cathode materials for sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs). However, low‐rate capability and unsatisfactory cyclic performance due to the Jahn teller effect of Mn3+ redox couple which occurs from the change in Mn‐O bond length at the octahedral site of crystal structure during charge–discharge, eventually limiting their application. Herein, a disordered and sodium deficient NASICON Na4‐xMn(FeVCrTi)0.25(PO4)3 (termed as Na4‐xMn(HE)) is synthesized to mitigate this Jahn teller effect to achieve high rate and ultrastable cathode material. Interestingly, the as‐prepared Na3.5Mn(HE) shows five reversible electron reactions (i.e., Ti3+/Ti4+, Fe2+/Fe3+, V3+/V4+, Mn2+/Mn3+, and Mn3+/Mn4+) and demonstrates 141 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C with 80% capacity retention at 1 C after 500 cycles which is far superior to its counterparts binary Mn‐based materials. The excellent cyclic performance is due to the remediation of the Jahn teller effect in sodium‐deficient entropy‐stabilized material. The structural reversibility, enhanced kinetics, and electronic properties are further studied in detail by in situ X‐ray diffraction (XRD), ex situ X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and first principal calculations. Na3.5Mn(HE)//HC full cell delivered 89.7 mAh g−1 capacity at 0.2 C. This work sheds light on designing Mn‐based cathodes with superior electrochemical performance for wide energy storage applications.
Pt Single Atoms Loaded on Thin‐Layer TiO2 Electrodes: Electrochemical and Photocatalytic Features
Authors: Zhou Xin , Wang Yue , Denisov Nikita , Kim Hyesung , Kim Jihyeon , Will Johannes , Spiecker Erdmann , Vaskevich Alexander , Schmuki Patrik
Published: August 2024

Recently, the use of Pt in the form of single atoms (SA) has attracted considerable attention to promote the cathodic hydrogen production reaction from water in electrochemical or photocatalytic settings. First, produce suitable electrodes by Pt SA deposition on Direct current (DC)‐sputter deposited titania (TiO2) layers on graphene—these electrodes allow to characterization of the electrochemical properties of Pt single atoms and their investigation in high‐resolution HAADF‐STEM. For Pt SAs loaded on TiO2, electrochemical H2 evolution shows only a very small overpotential. Concurrent with the onset of H2 evolution, agglomeration of the Pt SAs to clusters or nanoparticles (NPs) occurs. Potential cycling can be used to control SA agglomeration to variable‐size NPs. The electrochemical activity of the electrode is directly related to the SA surface density (up to reaching the activity level of a plain Pt sheet). In contrast, for photocatalytic H2 generation already a minimum SA density is sufficient to reach control by photogenerated charge carriers. In electrochemical and photocatalytic approaches a typical TOF of ≈100–150 H2 molecules per second per site can be reached. Overall, the work illustrates a straightforward approach for reliable electrochemical and photoelectrochemical investigations of SAs and discusses the extraction of critical electrochemical factors of Pt SAs on titania electrodes.
Engineering of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g‐C3N4) Based Photocatalysts for Atmospheric Protection: Modification Strategies, Recent Progress, and Application Challenges
Authors: Zhong Tao , Huang Wenbin , Yao Zhangnan , Long Xianhu , Qu Wei , Zhao Huinan , Tian Shuanghong , Shu Dong , He Chun
Published: August 2024

Graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) is a prominent photocatalyst that has attracted substantial interest in the field of photocatalytic environmental remediation due to the low cost of fabrication, robust chemical structure, adaptable and tunable energy bandgaps, superior photoelectrochemical properties, cost‐effective feedstocks, and distinctive framework. Nonetheless, the practical application of bulk g‐C3N4 in the photocatalysis field is limited by the fast recombination of photogenerated e−‐h+ pairs, insufficient surface‐active sites, and restricted redox capacity. Consequently, a great deal of research has been devoted to solving these scientific challenges for large‐scale applications. This review concisely presents the latest advancements in g‐C3N4‐based photocatalyst modification strategies, and offers a comprehensive analysis of the benefits and preparation techniques for each strategy. It aims to articulate the complex relationship between theory, microstructure, and activities of g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts for atmospheric protection. Finally, both the challenges and opportunities for the development of g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts are highlighted. It is highly believed that this special review will provide new insight into the synthesis, modification, and broadening of g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts for atmospheric protection.
Coordination and Hydrogen Bond Chemistry in Tungsten Oxide@Polyaniline Composite toward High‐Capacity Aqueous Ammonium Storage
Authors: Mao Shuai , Han Xu , Huang Zi‐Hang , Li Hui , Ma Tianyi
Published: August 2024

Aqueous ammonium ion batteries (AAIBs) have garnered significant attention due to their unique energy storage mechanism. However, their progress is hindered by the relatively low capacities of NH4+ host materials. Herein, the study proposes an electrodeposited tungsten oxide@polyaniline (WOx@PANI) composite electrode as a NH4+ host, which achieves an ultrahigh capacity of 280.3 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1, surpassing the vast majority of previously reported NH4+ host materials. The synergistic interaction of coordination chemistry and hydrogen bond chemistry between the WOx and PANI enhances the charge storage capacity. Experimental results indicate that the strong interfacial coordination bonding (N: →W6+) effectively modulates the chemical environment of W atoms, enhances the protonation level of PANI, and thus consequently the conductivity and stability of the composites. Spectroscopy analysis further reveals a unique NH4+/H+ co‐insertion mechanism, in which the interfacial hydrogen bond network (N‐H···O) accelerates proton involvement in the energy storage process and activates the Grotthuss hopping conduction of H+ between the hydrated tungsten oxide layers. This work opens a new avenue to achieving high‐capacity NH4+ storage through interfacial chemistry interactions, overcoming the capacity limitations of NH4+ host materials for aqueous energy storage.
Biomimetic Functional Nanocomplexes for Photothermal Cancer Chemoimmunotheranostics
Authors: Sang Nina , Qi Yun , Nishimura Shun , Miyako Eijiro
Published: August 2024

This study presents a novel multimodal cancer theranostic platform developed using tumor cell‐coated biomimetic carbon nanohorn (CNH) complexes that encapsulate the anticancer drug paclitaxel (PTX). This platform combines photothermal therapy, chemotherapy, and immunotherapy to fight against malignant colorectal cancer. These engineered nanocomplexes are designed to deliver sufficient PTX molecules into a targeted solid tumor in a light‐controllable manner while inducing significant photothermal and antitumor immune responses. The outstanding photothermal conversion property of the CNHs under near‐infrared light enables effective cancer cell ablation and awakening of cytotoxic immune responses. Tumor cell membrane‐coated CNHs show improved water dispersibility, immune evasion, and targeting capabilities alongside enhanced immune activation against tumors. The efficacy of the biomimetic functional CNH nanocomplexes is demonstrated through excellent tumor‐targeting, controlled drug‐releasing behavior, and induction of cancer cell death, contributing to a robust antitumor response. This study provides a promising approach to cancer treatment by integrating multiple therapeutic modalities into a single platform, potentially enhancing treatment efficacy to combat intractable cancer.
Beyond Bodily Co‐Presence: A Micro‐Sociological Study of Online Interaction Rituals
Authors: Mizrahi‐Werner Jonatan , Liebst Lasse Suonperä , Demant Jakob
Published: August 2024

Online interactions constitute an ever‐larger part of our everyday lives. However, due to its roots in the study of face‐to‐face encounters, micro‐sociology tends to consider online interaction as a weak substitute for its physical counterpart. The aim of this paper is to critically assess and further develop one of the most influential micro‐sociological theories: Randall Collins' interaction ritual (IR) theory. To this end, we conducted a qualitative, two‐month, longitudinal study of six World of Warcraft players. The players were both interviewed and video‐observed while playing, in order to grasp the emotional and behavioral dimensions of their online IRs. Contrary to the prediction of IR theory, results showed that successful IRs with a high level of collective effervescence do take place in World of Warcraft. As such, the online IRs produced the ritual outcomes of group solidarity, emotional energy, symbols of membership, and standards of morality, which persisted for weeks. Our results add to the emerging evidence that IR dynamics may involve similar social processes in online and offline encounters. This suggests that IR theory, and micro‐sociology more broadly, should place less emphasis on bodily co‐presence when theorizing the realm of online interaction.
Microbial communities and denitrification mechanisms of pyrite autotrophic denitrification coupled with three‐dimensional biofilm electrode reactor
Authors: Tan Shenyu , Huang Yu , Yang Heng , Zhang Shiyang , Tang Xinhua
Published: August 2024

Denitrification is of great significance for low C/N wastewater treatment. In this study, pyrite autotrophic denitrification (PAD) was coupled with a three‐dimensional biofilm electrode reactor (BER) to enhance denitrification. The effect of current on denitrification was extensively studied. The nitrate removal of the PAD‐BER increased by 14.90% and 74.64% compared to the BER and the PAD, respectively. In addition, the electron utilization, extracellular polymeric substances secretion, and denitrification enzyme activity (NaR and NiR) were enhanced in the PAD‐BER. The microbial communities study displayed that Dokdonella, Hydrogenophaga, Nitrospira, and Terrimonas became the main genera for denitrification. Compared with the PAD and the BER, the abundance of the key denitrification genes narG, nirK, nirS, and nosZ were all boosted in the PAD‐BER. This study indicated that the enhanced autotrophic denitrifiers and denitrification genes were responsible for the improved denitrification in the PAD‐BER.

Practitioner Points

PAD‐BER displayed higher nitrate removal, EPS, NAR, and NIR activity.

The three types of denitrification (HD, HAD, and PAD) and their contribution percentage in the PAD‐BER were analyzed.

HAD was dominant among the three denitrification processes in PAD‐BER.

Microbial community composition and key denitrification genes were tested to reveal the denitrification mechanisms.
Ecological perspectives on water quality and zooplankton diversity in the Ravi River
Authors: Mahajan Danish , Thakur Kushal , Kumar Sunil , Kumar Rakesh
Published: August 2024

Freshwater ecosystems are intricately linked to the diversity and abundance of zooplankton assemblages, which serve as vital indicators of environmental conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the habitat ecology in relation to zooplankton abundance of the Ravi River. Sampling was conducted at selected sampling sites along the Ravi River basin, encompassing various habitat types and environmental gradients. A total of 13 species of zooplankton were observed during the study in which Copepoda was most dominant followed by Cladocera. Cyclops sp. (152 ind/L) and Bosmina sp. (145 ind/L) were the dominant genera throughout the study. Asplanchana sp. (44 ind/L) was observed as a rare species during the study. Some habitat ecological parameters like water temperature, dissolved oxygen, and total dissolved solids show a declining trend in Zone 3. Turbidity was highest in Zone 3 and lowest in Zone 1, and almost all zooplankton genera showed a declining trend in Zone 3. Dissolved oxygen shows a significant positive correlation and directly influences the distribution of zooplankton assemblage structure. This study concludes that certain anthropogenic activities like municipal dumping, sand mining, and altered water flow have negatively impacted water quality and zooplankton diversity in the Ravi River. So, these types of activities should be monitored regularly and controlled immediately.
Media Accessibility in E-Learning: Analyzing Learning Management Systems
Authors: Berigel Muhammet , Berigel Duygu Solak , Duarte Carlos , Mettouris Christos , Vanezi Evangelia , Yeratziotis Alexandros , Papadopoulos George A.
Published: August 2024

Distance education and online learning gained significant importance, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as in response to new needs and trends in the digital age. Learning Management Systems (LMS) are one of the main instruments for formal and informal learning activities. Learners, educators, and potential new customers need LMS that are accessible to instructors and other users with disabilities, as well as produce accessible content for students. Accessibility standards, as Section 508, EN 301 549, ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act), and WCAG (Web Content Accessibility Guidelines), serve as the basis for evaluating LMS providers commitment to inclusivity. This study presents a critical assessment of the publicly available information provided by the LMS providers on their accessibility. It explores and compares the media accessibility features offered and adherence to established standards. This chapter aims to provide educators, institutions, and learners with valuable insights, enabling them to make well-informed decisions in an era where digital learning has become ubiquitous. Moreover, results of the study highlight the need for enhanced accessibility features and improved usability in creating accessible and inclusive LMS. Key themes arising from the review of LMSs regarding their accessibility features and compliance with established standards are presented.