bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pear Prebloom Applications of Insegar for Control of Pear Psylla, 1990
Authors: Burts Everett
Published: March 2022

Eight-yr-old pear trees were sprayed with handguns operating at 600 psi to test prebloom applications of Insegar for control of pear psylla. Plots consisted of unreplicated blocks of about 0.5 acre. Treatments were applied at dormant (first egg lay by pear psylla), delayed dormant and at clusterbud. Dates and concentrations of pesticides applied are listed as a footnote under the table. Thiodan 3 E at 1/2 recommended concentration was applied as alternate treatment to Insegar in the first 2 applications. Treatments were evaluated by adult, egg and nymph counts on several dates after treatment. Adults were counted by the limb tap method; eggs and nymphs were counted on fruiting spurs collected at random from test plots and examined under magnification in the laboratory. In order to obtain an early evaluation of egg hatchability 10 long spurs (6 to 8 inches) were collected on 23 and 30 March and held in a growth room at 22&C as bouquets until eggs hatched on controls then eggs and dead and live nymphs were counted under magnification.
Effects of Simulated Acid Rain on Bacillus Thumngiensis Residual Against GYPSY Moth, New Haven County, Connecticut, 1990
Authors: Dubois Normand R. , Barger Jack H.
Published: March 2022

Three-yr-old potted white oak seedlings were sprayed with SAN 415 SC 32LV formulation of the NRD-12 strain of B. thuringiensis Berliner, at 1.6 and 8.0 billion international units (BIU)/acre equivalent. Bond at 2% v/v was used as a sticker. At 1, 3, and 7 DAT, plants were subjected to simulated acid rain (SAR) episodes (pH 3.0; pH 4.2; none) to determine if insecticidal efficacy of B. thuringiensis against 2nd-instar GM larvae was affected. Each SAR event delivered 1.3 cm (0.5 inch) in 40 min (3.8 cm; 1.5 inch total). SAR solutions were made by adjusting the pH of Millipore grade water with 2 parts H2S04 and 1 part HN03. SAR mineral content was adjusted to reflect average content of ambient rain for the Northeast. Seedlings were sprayed with B. thuringiensis and treated with SAR using an enclosed spray tower (3.5 m diam; 6.0 m ht) equipped with a rotating platform (10 rpm). A modified Beeco Mist spray nozzle rotated at 75-100 rpm and was positioned 3.7 m (12 ft) above the plants. For the 1.6 and 8 BIU dose, the spray droplet size ranged from 640-1800 um in diam; the volume median diam was 1332 urn. Spray deposit density averaged 2.3 drops/cm2 for both doses. Plants were housed in a shaded greenhouse before and after treatment with SAR. At the appropriate DAT date and SAR episode, a small stem containing 5-7 leaves (bouquet) was harvested from each seedling and placed in a bioassay chamber where 10 GM larvae were placed on each bouquet and allowed to feed for 5 d. Percent larval mortality was determined on each bioassayed bouquet and pooled for each B. thuringiensis spray/SAR episode combination. Data were analyzed by ANOVA. Means were separated by DMRT and data transformed by arcsine before analysis.
Evaluation of Conventional Formulations and Entomogenous Nematodes to Control Pine Root Collar Weevil on Austrian Pine in Indiana Co., Pa, 1989
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R.
Published: March 2022

Eight treatments were applied to evaluate control of pine root collar weevil on heavily infested 8-14 ft Austrian pine Christmas trees. Individual treatments were applied to 4 tree replicates after the duff below each tree was removed and bare ground was exposed. Two applications of each treatment were made as follows: the first application was completed on 31 May with a hand held pump sprayer under the following conditions: clear skies; air temperature, 92°F; water pH, 5.0; and RH, 50%. The second application was completed on 5 Sep with a C02 sprayer with one 8004VS Tee Jet nozzle mounted on the end of a 24 inch boom operating at 24 psi under the following conditions: partly cloudy skies; air temperature, 90°F; water pH, 7.0; and RH, 35%. Treatments were applied to the base of each tree at the rate of one qt/replicate. Each tree was dug and burlapped at the field site on 24 Oct, and returned to the laboratory. Each tree was thoroughly examined by removing all the bark from the root collar areas and lateral roots to record the presence of larvae. Plus, the soil ball was examined for the presence of larvae.
Scotch Pine, Control of Northern Pine Weevil, Carrol Co., Ohio, 1989
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Dunlap M. J.
Published: March 2022

Scotch pine stumps, cut during the 1988 Christmas tree season at a plantation in Carroll Co., were used to evaluate an entomogenous nematode and an insecticide against northern pine weevil. Applications were made 28 Apr under cloudy skies, 10°C, and no wind. Slight rainfall occurred during application of treatments. A stock suspension of nematodes was prepared by placing 1 unit of Otinem (50,000,000 nemas) in 10 gal of water. Nemas were applied volumetrically in 4 pt of water to deliver predetermined numbers of nemas/stump. AgSorb flake was added (7.6 g) to half of the nematode treatments. Stock suspension was stirred thoroughly prior to removing measured amounts. Finished material was also stirred thoroughly in a sprinkling can and poured over and around each stump to achieve thorough coverage. Lindane was added to kerosene in a Hudson sprayer, and 100 ml of finished spray were applied to each stump. Each treatment was replicated 3 times with each replicate consisting of 5 stumps. Treatments were evaluated 24 Oct by counting the number of chip cocoons exposed by removing the bark from each stump to the first lateral root.
Efficacy of Cutter Gold Ear Tags on Horn Flies in West Central Nebraska, Gudmunsen Sandhills Laboratory, Whitman, Nebraska, 1990
Authors: Campbell John B. , Boxler David J.
Published: March 2022

Cutter Gold (10% Cyfluthrin) ear tags were applied to 22, 4-m-old calves, one tag per calf, on 4 Jun. After tags were applied, the calves were paired with their mother cow and placed in their respective pasture. The mother cow did not receive any other type of horn fly control. Cutter Gold (10% Cyfluthrin) tags were also applied to 72 yearling steers, one tag per steer on 7 Jun. These steers grazed in pastures 3 miles from the calf-tagged group. An untreated group of 30 cow/calf pairs served as a control.
Horn Fly Control on Beef Cattle with Ear Tags in South Mississippi, 1989
Authors: Harris Joseph P.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted on 3 beef cattle farms in Clarke, Jasper and Newton Counties in south Mississippi. One ear tag/ear (2/animal) was used on all adult cattle. Tomahawk tags were placed in a herd of 38 cows and one bull on 4 May and remained for 20 wk. Terminator tags were placed in a herd of 52 cows and 2 bulls on 17 Apr and remained for 20 wk. Saber tags were placed in a herd of 49 cows and one bull on 7 Jul and remained for 12 wk. Untreated herds of 13-23 cows were located on each farm. Herds were mixed breeds of beef cattle. Horn fly counts were made visually once each week using binoculars.
Evaluation of Cyfluthrin Pour-On Treatment for Control of Flies on Dairy Cattle, 1990
Authors: Miller R. W.
Published: March 2022

Nineteen dairy heifers (wt 250 kg) and 11 dairy cows (wt 500 kg) in separate pastures at the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center were treated with a 1% cyfluthrin pour-on treatment on 31 Jul and 24 Aug. Treatment was applied by syringe along the backline; heifers and cows received 8 ml and 12 ml of the pour-on, respectively. Fly density was determined by making weekly counts of face flies/face, horn flies/side, and stable flies on front legs. Two pretreatment and 6 (heifers) or 8 (cows) posttreatment counts were made.
European Red Mite Control, 1990
Authors: Beers E. H. , Browne R. W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted in an orchard with trees of mixed ages and with under-tree irrigation. The experimental design was randomized complete block with 7 treatments and 4 replications. The blocking factor was pretreatment ERM density on 12 Tun. All trees were treated with Pydrin at 0.15 lb (AI)/acre on 14 Jun to eliminate predatory mites. ERM treatments were applied on 20 Jun. Per acre rates were based on dilute applications of 400 gal/acre applied to the point of drip with a handgun sprayer operated at 300 psi. Experimental units were single trees. Sample units were 25 leaves/tree. Leaves were brushed onto glass plates with a mite brushing machine and counted under a dissecting microscope. Counts were taken at 1-wk intervals.
Pear, Seasonal Pear Psylla Control Experiment, 1990
Authors: Hull L. A. , Felland C. M.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to replicated 9-15 tree plots consisting of the cultivar Bartlett (12-yr-old). Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Trees were planted to a spacing of 7.4 × 7.4 m. All treatments were applied with a handgun from a truck mounted hydraulic sprayer at 400 psi. Dates of application were: 28 Mar (bud burst, all plots); 12 Apr (white bud); 2 May (petal-fall); 23 May; 13 Jun (plots 23-27); 6 Jul; 23 Jul; and 30 Jul. Approximately 2.5 gal of spray were applied per tree (190 gal/acre). Treatments were evaluated for PP control by counts of eggs and nymphs at 1- to 2-wk intervals. Counts were made by sampling 10 spur leaves from the middle tree in each replicate. Beginning on 30 May counts were made by sampling 5 spur and 5 distal leaves (3rd most distal leaf) from each tree. On 13 Jun and thereafter 10 distal leaves (3rd most distal leaf) from each tree were sampled. PP pressure was heavy throughout the experiment. Russet ratings are based on 30 Bartlett pears/replicate, 120/treatment. Fruits were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (raised lenticels), 2 (1-10% russeted surface), 3 (11-25% russeted surface), 4 (26-50% russeted surface) or 5 (> 51% russeted surface). Possible ranges were 0-30 (none to raised lenticels), 31-60 (raised lenticels to 1-10% russeted surface), 61-90 (1-10% to 11 - 25% russeted surface), 91-120 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 121-150 (26-50% to >51% russeted surface).
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite on Cherry, 1990
Authors: Van Steenwyk R. A. , Fouche C. F.
Published: March 2022

The study was conducted on mature 'Bing' cherry trees in a commercial orchard near Stockton, Calif. Seven treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Each replicate consisted of a single tree, and there was one buffer tree in each direction from the experimental tree. Treatments were applied on 1 Aug with a hand-held orchard sprayer operating at 250 psi and delivering 400 gal/acre of finished spray. Control was evaluated by sampling 20 leaves weekly from 1 Aug through 4 Sep from each tree. Half of the leaves were taken randomly from the outside canopy and half from inside the canopy at heights of 4 to 8 ft. Leaves were brushed and all active mite stages counted under magnification.
Methyl Bromide Effects on Fruit Quality, 1990
Authors: Tom Hinsch R. , Max Harris C. , Hartsell P. L. , Tebbets J. C.
Published: March 2022

Nectarines exported to Japan are currently fumigated with a methyl bromide quarantine treatment of 48 g/m3 for 2 h at 21°C or above at normal air pressure and 50% load to disinfest the fruit of potential codling moth infestations. Small scale tests were used to determine the phytotoxicity of washed and graded nectarines when load factors were 10%, 25%, and 50%. Three replications of three varieties were made in 1989 and 1990. In 1990, both small and large size fruit, and fruit harvested on different dates, were fumigated using the quarantine treatment schedule. Three replications of three varieties were made during 1990. This fruit was not washed or graded but taken directly from the tree to the fumigation chamber. Fruit was stored after treatment for one wk at 0°C before it was evaluated for total soluble solids, firmness, phytotoxicity, and other defects. Organic bromide residue determinations were made after 2 h aeration following fumigation and again after 1 wk storage.
Control of Variegated Grape Leafhopper (VGL) in Coachella Valley, Calif., 1988
Authors: Stern Vernon M.
Published: March 2022

Pesticides were applied to fresh market table grapes on 19 Apr. Vine spacing was 12 ft between rows and 8 ft within rows. Treatments were arranged in a randomized block design and there were 5 replicates for each treatment and the check. Each replicate was one row wide and extended into the vineyard to include the 20th vine from the field edge. Spray materials were applied with a hand gun at 175 gal/acre 200 psi. Both sides of all vine rows were sprayed to runoff. Leafhopper counts were taken with a D-Vac suction sampler with a ft2 nose cone.
Apple, Evaluation of Igrs for Tufted Apple Bud Moth Control, 1990
Authors: Biddinger D. J. , Hull L. A.
Published: March 2022

Experimental sprays were applied to 4-tree plots arranged in a completely randomized design. Each plot contained the following cultivars: Delicious, Golden Delicious, Stayman, and Rome Beauty. Each treatment was replicated 4 times. Trees were planted to a spacing of 12 × 35 ft. Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted John Bean sprayer, 35 gpm pump, equipped with a handgun to thoroughly wet the trees. Approximately 2.9 gal of spray was applied per replicate tree (ca. 300 gal/acre). Refer to the tables for dates of application. During the experiment, general maintenance sprays of Rubigan, captan, and calcium chloride were applied to all plots. Effectiveness of chemicals on TABM was assessed by counting shelters observed in a 5 min observation/tree (cvs Stayman and Golden Delicious) and by scoring for injury all drops after 1 Jul and one picked sample of approximately 200 apples/tree on 'Golden Delicious,' 'Stayman,' and 'Rome Beauty' in late Sep and early Oct. Pest pressure was heavy.
Evaluation of a Post Spray Insecticide for the Control of Aphids on Black Raspberry Canes, 1990
Authors: Rajotte E. G. , Rytter J. , Travis J. W. , Rebarchak G.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated against aphids at the Agricultural Research Center at Rock Springs, Centre County, Pa, on an 8-yr-old raspberry planting. Plots were 15 ft long, each containing 5 plants, spaced 3 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design and were replicated four times. Prespray counts were made on 17 Jul and consisted of the number of canes with aphids out of a total of 15 canes counted. Five canes/crown, 3 crowns/plot were sampled for each replication. On 20 Jul, sprays were applied to the point of runoff using a Meyers Sprayer and Spray Systems handgun at 300 psi delivering a rate of 75 gal/acre. Postspray counts were again determined on 27 Jul as previously described.
California Red Scale Control on Nursery Citrus, 1990
Authors: Victor French J. , Hernandez Elias
Published: March 2022

Danitol was compared to Lorsban and petroleum oil (Sunspray 6 N) for efficacy against CRS on balled and burlapped citrus trees in a nursery at Monte Alto, Tex. CRS-infested trees, 4 ft tall, were selected and each treatment replicated 4 times on groups of 4 trees each. Trees were sprayed to foliar runoff, with control trees receiving a water spray, using a TQ-40 Koke Kap backpack CO2 sprayer at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 25 Jul. At intervals pre- and post-spray, 8 mature young leaves/replicate were randomly sampled and 1st- 3rd stage CRS were examined under a binocular microscope. Sessile scale were recorded as alive if fluid issued from the insect's body when probed with a needle.
Citrus Rust Mite (CRM) Efficacy Trials in Florida, 1990
Authors: Knapp J. L. , Anderson H. E. , Appelboom T. W.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were replicated 4 times on 0.33 acre plots. Sprays were applied with an FMC airblast sprayer in 350 gal/acre on 24 Jul. The spray water pH was 5.0. All treatments included FC-435-66 petroleum oil or metallic copper at recommended rates for greasy spot control. The temperature during spraying was from 80°F to 94°F and the relative humidity was from 91%-55%. The wind was less than 5 mph with no rain in the area during or immediately after application. Twenty-five fruit were examined around the canopy of 2 randomly selected trees in each of 4 replicates. A 1 cm2 area was examined on each of 2 shaded sides/fruit. The 2 observations/fruit were combined and recorded as one observation.
Asparagus Beetle Control on Spears, 1989
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

Mary Washington' asparagus was planted in the spring of 1982 and February of 1985 near Benson, N.C., with a row spacing of 1.5 m. Plots consisted of 2 rows, 3 m long, separated by 1.5 m alleys, and replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer using a single hollow cone nozzle (18X) delivering 82.7 liter/ha at 60 psi on 17 and 21 Apr. All emerged spears were harvested and examined for the presence of eggs and feeding damage on 20 and 24 Apr. Sample size on 20 Apr ranged from 13-32 spears, and on 24 Apr the range was 10-20.
Pesticide Evaluations to Selected Insect Pest of Beans, 1990
Authors: Webb D. R. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The plot consisted of double-row treatments 20 ft long and 3 ft apart in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Each treatment was separated by 2 border rows of beans. A hand-pushed 'V belt seeder was used to plant 100 seeds in each row. Border rows were planted by tractor using a two-row planter system. A 2-4 inch wide band of meat and bone meal was placed over each treatment row to increase seed maggot (SM) oviposition with the exception of one Captan Check treatment. Seeds were treated 22 Jun and planted 26 Jun. Sprays were applied 28 Aug using a tractor-mounted 2-row sprayer with 3 nozzles/row. Applications were put on at 35 gal of water per acre and 60 psi.
Control of Lepidopterous Pests and Thrips on Cabbage, 1990
Authors: Eastman C. E. , Oloumi-Sadeghi H. , Randell R.
Published: March 2022

Greenhouse-grown seedlings were transplanted 30 May into plots 4 rows wide by 25 ft long, 15 plants/row, at the University of Illinois Vegetable Crops Farm, Champaign. Plots were replicated 4 times and arranged in a randomized complete block design, with Monitor 4 EC plots and associated checks segregated from the rest on the east end of the field. Sprays were applied with 3 hollow cone nozzles (Conejet TXSS8)/row from a 4-row sprayer delivering 30.8 gal/acre at 50 psi on 2, 9, 19, and 26 Jul. Monitor was applied 2 Jul only. Two destructive samples (5 plants/plot) were taken 5-9 Jul and 29 Jul-6 Aug. DBM populations in all plots except Monitor and Monitor check were augmented slightly from a laboratory colony before first application. Head yields and quality (10 plants per plot) [rating scale of Greene et al. 1969 (J. Econ. Entomol. 62:798-800)] were determined at harvest (7-8 Aug).
Control of Late-Season Fall Armyworm Infestation of Minnesota Sweet Corn, 1990
Authors: Hutchison William D. , Lee Joshua J.
Published: March 2022

This experiment was conducted at the Rosemount Agricultural Experiment Station, Rosemount, Minn. A very heavy infestation of FAW was observed 29 Aug in 'Jubilee' sweet corn planted 29 Jul. Within the field, two-row plots, 25 ft long, were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Pretreatment assessment of the FAW infestation indicated an average of 78 larvae/20 plants with the percentage of larvae in each instar as: I, 49%; II, 38%; and HI, 13%. Egg masses were also abundant. All treatments were applied 29 Aug with a backpack CO2 sprayer using one flat-fan (LF-3) nozzle/row, delivering 27 gal/acre at 40 psi. Liquid sprays were directed over the top of the whorl. Treatments were evaluated 5 Sep (7 DAT) by recording the number and instar of live larvae/plant from each of the 20 plants/plot (80/treatment).
Aerial Application of Microbials and Permethrin for Control of Second-Generation Ecb Larvae in Minnesota, 1990
Authors: Hutchison William D.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted near Glencoe, Minn., in a 60-acre production field planted 2 Jun for processed sweet corn. All treatments were applied with 4 gal water/acre at 28 psi by helicopter traveling at 55 mph. The helicopter was equipped with #8, 1/4 inch Raindrop Dellavin nozzles mounted on a 45 ft boom with an effective swath width of 50 ft. Each treated area consisted of 150 (3 swaths) by 1200 ft strips (4.1 acres). Because this was a commercial production field, it was not possible to have an untreated check. Commencing with first-silk and the onset of the second-generation ECB moth flight, treatments were applied 8, 15 and 24 Aug. The unplanned 9-day spray interval between 2nd and 3rd applications resulted from excessive fog on 21 and 22 Aug. All treatments were evaluated 31 Aug by examining 100 ears/treatment for total larvae, large larvae (fourth & fifth instars) and location of feeding damage. Stratified random sampling was used to select 4 sets of 25 ears each from 4 blocks within the middle 50 ft swath of each treatment.
Foliar Sprays on Late Planted Corn, 1990
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 6 Jul near Georgetown, Del. Two row plots, 20 ft long on 30- inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer using two nozzles/row delivering 86 gal/acre at 40 psi. Silk sprays were applied on 28 and 31 Aug; 4, 6, and 11 Sep. At harvest maturity (17 Sep), all ears from each plot were husked and evaluated for damage as “fresh market” (clean ears, no damage evident) and “processing” (evidence of tipfeeding, but less than 3.6 cm tip damage). All worms were identified, counted, and recorded.
Control on Whorl Stage Corn, 1990
Authors: Whalen J. , Spellman M.
Published: March 2022

Sweet corn was planted on 6 Jul near Georgetown, Del. Four row plots, 20 ft long on 30-inch centers, were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Granular treatments were applied with a hand shaker in a 7-inch band over the whorls on 1 Aug. Liquid treatments were applied with a CO2-pressurized wheel barrow sprayer delivering 30.7 gal/acre at 40 psi on l Aug. All plant whorls were removed from the center 2 rows from each plot, unrolled and the number of infested plants counted on 8 Aug.
Beet Armyworm Control in Lettuce, 1990
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Rutler M. , Mullis C.
Published: March 2022

'Empire' lettuce was direct seeded into double row beds (12 inch spacing between rows) on 6 Aug and later thinned to 8 inches apart within rows on 29 Aug. Each plot consisted of two 30-ft long beds spaced 40 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. The treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Spray treatments were applied in distilled water using a CO2-powered sprayer equipped with a 48-inch boom and 2 TX-8 nozzles/bed delivering 20 gal/acre at 60 psi. Treatments were applied 31 Aug, coinciding with early thinning stage. Evaluations of BAW populations were based on the number of live larvae found in 25 plants/replicate (100/treatment) at 4 and 7 DAT. Reduction of plant stand due to BAW feeding was evaluated by counting the total number of plants/30 row ft in 1 bed of each replicate at 4, 7 and 14 DAT. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1989
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Koch Timothy A. , Vaughn Ty T.
Published: March 2022

Potato trials were conducted at Moomaw's Potato Farm, Smithville, Ohio. The field was planted on 26 May. Plant spacing was 35 inches between rows and 9 inches between plants. Furadan 15 G was incorporated into the furrow at 13.5 lb/acre. The field was treated on 5 Jul with Sencor and Dual herbicides at 0.75 lb and 1 qt formulation/acre, respectively. Fungicide, Dithane M45 at 2 lb/acre with 2 oz spreader-sticker, was applied 25 and 30 Aug, and 18 Sep. Diquat, 1 pt/acre, was applied 25 Sep as a vine killer. Plots were single row and 40 ft in length, with 4 ft alleys separating blocks. Treatments were initiated when second generation early instar larvae were first found in the plots in Aug. Applications were made 8, 15, 22, 24 (reapplication due to rain), 30 Aug, and 6 Sep, using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with a flat fan nozzle. Total number of adults, eggs, small (instar 1-2), and large (instar 3-4) larvae were counted, and percent defoliation was visually estimated in 5, one-m lengths of row per plot approximately six d after each application.
Control of Corn Earworm and Fall Armyworm in Sweetcorn, 1991
Authors: Roberts P. M. , All J. N. , Tanner B. H.
Published: March 2022

Funks G80' sweetcorn was planted on 11 Jun at the University of Georgia Plant Sciences Farm, Oconee Co. A randomized complete block design was used with 2-row plots, 20 ft long with 38 in row width, 3 ft alleys and 5 replicates. Plants were treated with a full cone sprayer using a CO2 pressure sprayer at 30 psi with a final volume of 25 gal/acre directed on the plant ears. Sprays were applied 10 times beginning prior to silking on 24 Jul, and continuing on 26, 29, 31 Jul, 2, 5, 7, 9, 12, and 14 Aug. All ears in the center 16 ft of row were examined on 15 Aug for the presence of larvae or damage.
Ambush, Pounce, and ICIA 0321 for Control of European Corn Borer on Sweet Corn in Wisconsin, 1991
Authors: Wedberg John , Jensen Bryan
Published: March 2022

Excellency' sweet corn was planted 20 Jun at 23,000 seeds per acre. Each treatment plot was six rows wide, 18 m long, arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated four times. Sprays were applied with a high-clearance sprayer equipped with D2/23 Tee Jet disc-core nozzles which delivered 94 liters of finished spray per ha at 40 psi. The spray boom height was set just above the tassel. Sprays were applied on 12, 19, 26 Aug, and 4 Sep 1991. Plots were evaluated 11 Sep by removing 25 ears per treatment and recording the size of larvae and number of infested ears.
Chemical Control of Lepidopterous Larvae on Fall Lettuce, 1991
Authors: Palumbo J. C. , Mullis C. H. , Reyes F.
Published: March 2022

Lettuce was direct seeded into double-row beds on 19 Sep at the Yuma Valley Agricultural Center, Yuma, Az. Plants were thinned within rows at 6 inch intervals on 7 Oct. Each plot consisted of six, 50 ft long beds spaced 42 inches apart and bordered on each side by an untreated bed. Plots were arranged in a completely randomized block design with 4 replicates. Applications dates were 3, 7, 10, 18, 23 Oct. Foliar treatments were applied with a tractor-mounted boom sprayer (2 TX-8 nozzles/row) operated at 40 psi, delivering 35 gal/acre. Spreader-sticker (Raincoat) was included in all spray treatments at a rate of 6 oz/acre. Ten randomly selected plants/plot were sampled for BAW and CL larvae on 10, 17, 24 Oct. Data were analyzed for treatment differences using ANOVA and Ryan's Q-test.
Thrips Control of Onions, 1991
Authors: Webb D. R. , Hessney M. L. , Eckenrode C. J.
Published: March 2022

The experiment was located in muck soil near Potter, New York, on Franjo Farms. Each treatment consisted of double rows 12 inches apart with each double row 30 inches apart, replicated 4 times. Two buffer rows were located between each treatment. Individual plots were 25 ft-long with 5 ft untreated sections between treatments. We sprayed with a CO2 backpack sprayer equipped with 4 nozzles (2/row) using 92 gal/acre. Samples were taken by collecting foliage from 5 consecutive plants/rep/treatment. These were transferred to Berlese funnels placed above containers of 50% alcohol. Thrips counts were made 48 hrs later by screening the thrips from the alcohol solution. The current thrips threshold for initiating commercial treatment in New York is 3/leaf.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1991
Authors: Hoy Casey W. , Vaughn Ty T.
Published: March 2022

'Katahdin' potatoes were planted 8 May at the Snyder Farm, OARDC, Wooster, OH. Plant spacing was 36 inches between rows and 9 inches between plants. Fertilizer was applied at planting (250 lb/acre 6-24-24), and Temik 15 G was incorporated into the furrow at 21 g/100 ft of row to reduce 1st generation CPB populations. The field was treated on 9 May with Sencor DF at 0.75 lb. Penncozeb at 1.5 lb/acre, was applied 17, 31 Jul, 8, and 23 Aug. Diquat, 1 pt/acre, was applied 1 Sep as a vine killer. Plots were two rows wide and 40 ft in length, with 4 ft alleys separating plots and 20 ft alleys separating blocks. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were initiated when second generation larvae were increasing in the plots, in late Jul. Applications were made 25, 31 Jul, 7, and 16 Aug using a tractor mounted drop boom nozzle sprayer delivering 50 gal/acre at 50 psi with three D-4 hollow cone nozzles/row. Total numbers of adults, eggs, small (instar 1-2), and large (instar 3- 4) larvae were counted, and percent defoliation was visually estimated in 5 one-m lengths of row per plot approximately five d after each application.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle and Potato Leafhopper, 1991
Authors: Lagnaoui Abdelaziz , Connelly Michael S. , Longtine Craig A. , Flanders Kathy L. , Radcliffe Edward B. , Hansen Roger
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 14 May at the Research Farm of the Red River Valley Potato Growers Association, Grand Forks, ND. Plots were 4 rows wide, 14 m (45 ft) long, with 96 cm (38 in) spacing between rows and 30 cm (12 in) between plants. Plots were separated on all sides by 1.9 cm (6.3 ft) of cultivated soil. Eight experiments were planted in the same field. A completely randomized plot design with 4 replications was used. In all eight experiments, CPB control was the primary objective. Experiment 1 was to evaluate neem (Margosan-O) alone or in combination with other insecticides. Experiment 2 was to evaluate several conventional insecticides and Kryocide. Experiment 3 was to compare several commercial Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides at 3 rates each. Experiment 4 was to evaluate neem (RH-9999) alone or in combination with other insecticides. Experiment 5 was to compare 3 Bacillus thuringiensis insecticides from Ecogen Inc. at 2 rates each. Experiment 6 was to evaluate application of Furadan 4 F applied as a systemic spray at drag-off. Experiment 7 was to compare performance of several insecticides when first sprays were applied at different stages of egg hatch or larval development. Experiment 8 was to compare different insecticide rotation schedules. Plots were scouted daily for CPB egg masses beginning 8 Jun. When egg masses were found these were flagged and checked daily for hatch. Timing of first spray application (except in Experiment 6) was based on egg hatch. Five treatment schedules were used: 0 = untreated control (UTC), 1 = Furadan 4 F applied as a spray 6 Jun just prior to drag-off, 2 = first application at 30% hatch of flagged CPB egg masses (i.e., first eggs to hatch for that generation), 3 = first application at first appearance of 2nd instar, 4 = first application at first appearance of 3rd instar. Spray applications for schedule 2 were made on 19, 26 Jun, and 5 Aug (second generation), spray applications for schedule 3 on 21, 28 Jun, and 8 Aug (second generation), and spray applications for schedule 4 on 24 Jun, 1 Jul, and 9 Aug (second generation). Insecticidal sprays were applied using a tractor-mounted boom sprayer, with a single Teejet nozzle over each row. Sprays were applied in 150 liters of water/ha (40 gal/acre) at 275 kPa (40 psi). CPB larvae (small = 1st and 2nd instar, large = 3rd and 4th instar) were counted on 10 randomly selected whole plants. PLH nymphs were counted on 35 mid-plant leaves. Leaf loss due to defoliation by CPB feeding and hopperburn injury caused by PLH was estimated visually as percent foliage lost. CPB were counted on 28 Jun and 10 Jul. Defoliation was estimated on 28 Jun, 10, 25 Jul, 9, and 16 Aug. PLH were counted on 9 and 15 Aug. Hopperburn was estimated on 16 Aug. Data were expressed as mean insect numbers or plant injury.
Potato, Colorado Potato Beetle Control, 1991
Authors: Linduska James J. , Ross Marylee , Stevenson Susan
Published: March 2022

'Atlantic' potatoes were planted in 20 ft rows on 5 Apr '91 on Richard Ward's farm in Stockton, MD. Plots consisted of a single treatment row. The distance between rows was 36 inches and the distance between plants within the row was 9 inches. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. All spray treatments were mixed in 1.0 gal of water and applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer. Each row was covered by 2 flat fan nozzles delivering 38.3 gal/acre at 30 psi. Treatments were applied 23 May; 3, 10 Jun; and 3 Jul. In evaluating the treatments, direct counts of the number of CPB adults, larvae and egg masses/10 stems, and the % defoliation were recorded. Defoliation categories were assigned using a pretransformed defoliation rating scale, based on dividing 90° into 13 steps corresponding to arcsin transformation values (Little & Hills 1978). Yields were taken on 26 Jul from 5 ft of row. Dry conditions prevailed for much of the growing season.
Control of Pyrethroid Resistant Colorado Potato Beetle, 1989
Authors: Noetzel David , Holder Bobby
Published: March 2022

Certified B-size 'Norchip' seed was planted 11 May on the Northwest Experiment Station at Crookston, MN. This location has very fine textured soil and 1989 was extremely dry during bulking. Plots were four rows, 0.9 m wide, 7.6 m long with 1.5 m of fallow between replicates. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. Systemic treatments were hand applied over the side of the planting ridge on 14 Jun (post-emergence) and lightly incorporated. Foliar applications were made on 6 and 19 Jul with a hand held CO2 sprayer using 2.8 kg/cm2 pressure and 30.4 liter/ha total material. Defoliation estimates were taken on 5 and 19 Jul. The tubers were not harvested for yield.
Irish Potato, Control of Colorado Potato Beetle, 1991
Authors: Sewell Gary H. , Storch Richard H.
Published: March 2022

Experiments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with six replicates each. Experiments CPB-A and B were planted 16 and 20 May, respectively, at Presque Isle, ME on land that was in clover in 1990. The 3.0 m space between blocks and the 1.8 m space between the four-row plots were bare soil. All rows were planted with an assisted-feed planter 0.9 m apart and 15.0 m long and the whole seed pieces (ca 75 g) were planted 30 cm apart. Fertilization and hilling practices were normal for the area. Early and late blight were controlled by three foliar applications of Dithane M-45 (80 WP) (1.12 kg/ha on 18 and 26 Jul and 2 Aug) and Bravo 720 (840 g/ha on 9 and 23 Aug). Foliar insecticide applications were made with a Century boom sprayer, three nozzles per row at 6.3 kg/cm2 pressure and 940 liters/ha volume. Numbers of larvae and adults were counted weekly on 25 whole plants in the middle row of each plot. When dates of count and application were the same, beetle counts were made prior to application of insecticides. Analyses or variance were calculated following transformations of data using log10(x + 1). Transformed means of the sum of larvae and adult beetles were compared using DMRT and then applied to the actual means. The soil was classified as Caribou Loam, pH 5.2. Total monthly rainfall for Jun, Jul, and Aug was 3.7, 1.9, and 21.7 cm, respectively. The average temperature for each of the same 3 months was 17.1, 19.0, and 19.3 deg. C.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Traditional Insecticides, 1991
Authors: Sorensen K. A. , Kidd K. A.
Published: March 2022

Superior' potatoes were planted 1 Mar, near Nixonton, NC, on 42 inch centers. Thimet 15 G (3.0 lb [AI]/acre) was applied in furrow at planting. Plots consisted of single rows, 10 ft long, replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Alleys of 5 ft were used between replicates. Treatments were applied with a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer with a single hollow cone nozzle (18 × ) . Application rate was 80 gal/acre delivered at 50 psi. Applications were made 2 May (all materials) and 9 May (2 rates of Trigard and Thiodan). Counts of insects on 3 hills/plot and visual damage ratings were made 9 and 14 May. Small larvae were assumed to be first and second instars, and large, third and fourth. Potatoes were harvested and yields recorded 10 Jun.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with NTN 33893
Authors: Stoltz Robert L. , Matteson Nancy A.
Published: March 2022

Test plots were established at the UI Research and Extension Center, Aberdeen, ID. Potatoes were planted 20 May and irrigation was by fixed sprinkler sets. There were seven chemical treatments and one untreated check replicated four times in a randomized complete block design. Individual plots were 2 rows (36 inch spacing) by 25 ft. Rows were not closed at planting to facilitate hand application of the granular NTN. After insecticide application, the rows were mechanically closed. On 10 Jun foliar applications were made of NTN 240 FS and Furadan 4 F in a 4-5 inch band (20 gal/acre) over the center of the row as a broadcast spray using a CO2 pressurized backpack sprayer. On 9 Jul a second foliar broadcast application (20 gal/acre) of NTN was made on treatment 5 approximately 50 d after planting. On 25 Jun, a single application of Ambush 2 E was applied as a broadcast foliar spray (20 gal/acre) using the previously mentioned system. On a weekly basis, all stages of CPB were counted and percent defoliation estimations were made using whole plant inspections of the center five plants within the two plot rows. Larval stages were separated into small (1-3 instar) and large (4-5 instar). Data were analyzed using ANOVA and significant means separated using Newman-Keuls studentized range test.
Foliar Sprays for Control of Pyrethroid-Resistant Green Peach Aphid, 1991
Authors: Vaadeland John R. , Radcliffe Edward B.
Published: March 2022

Potatoes were planted 16 May at the University of Minnesota Agricultural Experimental Station, Rosemount. Experimental plots were 14 m (45 ft) long with 91 cm (36 in) row spacing. Treatments were arranged in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. The entire block was sprayed by heliocopter weekly, 22 Jun-31 Aug, with Asana 0.66 XL applied at 56 g Al/ha. All treatments other than Asana were applied by a tractor-drawn, row-crop sprayer with drop nozzles. Insecticides were applied in 738 liters of water/ha (79 gal/acre) at 620 kPa (90 psi). Ground applications were made 26 Jul, 5, 12, 19, 26 Aug, and 4 Sep. GPA apterae were counted on 35 leaves per plot 3 days post-application. Aphid-days were computed for the period 26 Jul-4 Sep as Area Under Curve (AUC).
Management of the Sweetpotato Whitefly and Geminivirus on Fresh Market Tomatoes in West-Central Florida, Spring, 1991
Authors: Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

On 14 Mar, transplants were set 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of three, 20-ft-long rows on 5 ft centers and were irrigated by a seepage subirrigation system. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 20, 27 Mar, 3, 10, 17, 22 Apr, 1, 8, 13, and 29 May. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and used hollow cone nozzles fitted with D-3 disks and #25 cores. The number of nozzles per row were increased from 4 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 50 gal/acre were applied the first six sprays (4 nozzles), 75 gal/acre the seventh and eighth sprays (6 nozzles) and 100 gal/acre for the remaining sprays (8 nozzles). The terminal leaflet was collected from the 7th or 8th leaf (counting from the top) of each of ten stems from the middle row of each plot on 5 Jun. The numbers of eggs, crawlers, sessile nymphs, pupae, and pupa exuviae of the iweetpotato whitefly were counted. On 10 Jun the number of Liriomyza spp. leafmines were counted in a 1 minute search of each plot. All plants were examined weekly for characteristic symptoms of an unknown geminivirus transmitted by the whitefly. All fruit of marketable size were harvested on 28 May and 3 Jun and the fruit were counted and weighed.
Control of Sweetpotato Whitefly and Leafminers on Staked Tomato with Insecticide, Soap, and Oil Sprays
Authors: Stansly P. A. , Cawley B. M.
Published: March 2022

FALL, 1990: Raised beds 36" wide on 6 ft centers were prepared 3 wks before planting in sandy soil at the Southwest Florida Research and Education Center in Immokalee. Fertilizer was applied as a bottom mix before beds were formed (508 lbs/acre of 5-16-8) and as a top mix (952 lbs/acre of 19-0-30) at bed formation in two bands 9" from center. Beds were fumigated at formation with Vapam (37% metham-sodium) at a rate of 30 gal/acre. The Vapam was mixed at a ratio of 3:2 with water and applied with injectors spaced 5" apart across the bed. Immediately after fumigation the beds were covered with whiteface black polyethylene film. Tomato transplants were set 20" apart on 4 Sep. The experimental design was a randomized complete block with 12 treatments and 4 replications. Plots were 3 rows wide, 20 ft long and separated by 40". Treatment applications began 9 Oct and continued weekly until harvest using a tractor mounted boom sprayer with 4 drop lines holding a maximum of 24 nozzles fitted with Albuz ceramic hollow cone tips (ATR brown delivering ca. 0.26 gal/min @ 400 psi). Manzate 200 (1.5 lb/acre) and Tri-Basic Copper (3 lb/acre) were applied weekly for disease control with the same sprayer at 150 psi except that T-Jet hollow cone nozzles with TLX-3 80° tips were used. Whitefly immatures were counted at two week intervals on the terminal trifoliate of the 6th or 7th leaf from the top of 3 randomly selected plants per plot. The number of leafminer stings and mines and the numbers of dead and parasitized leafminers on the trifoliate were also noted. Adult whiteflies were sampled on alternate weeks by counting the number found after carefully inverting the 3rd leaf from the top of 3 randomly chosen plants per plot. Plants affected by geminivirus were marked as symptoms appeared. All fruit of marketable size were picked and graded from 10 randomly selected healthy plants per plot on 27 Nov and 17 Dec. Culls were removed and the remaining fruit separated into medium, large, and extra-large categories with a mechanical grader. Dollar value was estimated on the basis of $5.00/25 lb box for medium fruit, $6.00 for large fruit, and $8.00 for extra-large fruit. A split plot analysis of variance was used with treatments as whole plots and sample dates as subplots.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1991
Authors: Parr J. C. , Pass B. C.
Published: March 2022

The plots, 34 × 34 ft, were in a 4-yr-old stand of ‘Cimarron’ alfalfa. All treatments and the untreated control were replicated 3 times in a completely randomized design. Sprays were mixed to apply the proper rates in 20 gal total vol/acre. Treatments were applied on 18 Apr with a low pressure, low volume, Hahn field sprayer equipped with 21 Spraying Systems 8003 stainless steel Tee Jet nozzles and operated at a pressure of 35 psi. Valent X-77 non-ionic spreader activator (0.25% volume/volume) was added to an Ambush 2 EC treatment at 0.2 lb (AI)/acre. A standard treatment of Furadan 4 F was applied at the rate of 0.5 lb (AI)/acre for comparison. Population densities of AW larvae were determined 4, 7, 12, 15, and 19 DAT by collecting 10 sweeps from each plot with a standard 15-inch-diam beating net.
Alfalfa Weevil Control in Alfalfa, 1991
Authors: Shields E. J. , Taylor P. S.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plots measuring 7.3 × 7.3 m (24 × 24 ft) were established in a 5-yr-old field of ‘Oneida VR’ alfalfa in the early bud stage located in Ithaca, NY. Soils were silt loam. Eleven treatments and 2 untreated checks were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were applied on 21 May with a C02 pressurized ATV-mounted 8 nozzle spray boom which spanned 3.66 m (12 ft). The sprayer delivered 302.8 liters/ha (32 gal/acre) at 40 psi and an ATV speed of 5.6 km/h (3.5 mph). AW density was evaluated 1 day pre-treatment and 4 DAT by collecting 25 stems per plot and counting total number of larvae collected per plot. AW density was evaluated 7 and 14 DAT by collecting 10 stems per plot and counting total number of larvae collected per plot. Data for all plot samplings were expressed as mean AW/stem.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, 1989
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Roman Hecto.
Published: March 2022

On 8 May, a cooperative trial with Sigco Research was established in Pennington county near St. Hilaire, MN. Plot size were six 38.1 cm rows, 6.10 m in length, planted with a cone type 6-row planter. The trial was arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. All granular treatments were applied with the seed. All foliar treatments were broadcast applied in 30.4 liter/ha material at 2.8 kg/cm2 pressure using a hand held C02 sprayer. Two foliar applications were made at late pre bloom and early post bloom. Data on stand density, vigor, and lodging were collected. Plant heights were recorded pre bloom. Plots were threshed, moisture and plot yield recorded, and final yields adjusted for moisture.
Flea Beetle Control in Canola, Trial 3, 1991
Authors: Noetzel Davi. , Kellesvig Kur.
Published: March 2022

A trial was located at Langdon, ND, in cooperation with Agrigenetics Co. Plots were : 1.5 m × 6.6 m and were drill planted, including soil applied granulars mixed into the seed. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 4 times. They were seeded on the 18th of May. Germination was very uneven so that when the foliars were applied on 28 May about % of the plots were at a suitable stage (cotyledon). A total of 2 liters of material was applied to the 4 plots (.0036 ha). Damage ratings were recorded on 28 May and 12 Jun. Stands were measured on 12 Jun. The entire plot was threshed, moistures collected, and yields adjusted to a standard moisture.
Corn Borer Insecticide Efficacy Trial, 1991
Authors: Dick G. L. , Sloderbeck P. E. , Wildman L. G. , Posler S. C.
Published: March 2022

This study was conducted in a furrow-irrigated corn field at the Southwest Research- Extension Center. Treatments were arranged in a randomized complete block design with four replications. Plots were 4 rows (10 ft) × 50 ft with a 10-ft border of untreated corn on each side and a 10-ft alley between plots. Simulated chemigation applications were made using 3 Delavan° 100/140 rain drop nozzles mounted on a high clearance sprayer at tassel height and centered between rows. This system was calibrated to deliver the equivalent of a 0.2-inch irrigation on the 2 center rows (5227 gal/acre). The standard treatments were applied with a high clearance sprayer using a 10-ft boom with 3 nozzles’directed at each row (1 nozzle directly over the row and 1 on each side of the row on 18-inch drop hoses). This system was calibrated to deliver 23.6 gal/acre using a ground speed of 2.4 mph and 31 psi. Winds were nearly calm and the temperature was 94°F at the time applications were made. The target application date for a single application was 24 Jul (approximately 50-75% oviposition) based on KSU’s predictive model backed by visual field scouting. Treatments were not applied, however, until 29 Jul (>75% oviposition) because of muddy field conditions. Comite° was applied to one set of plots to produce a reducedmite check in order to reduce mite pressure in order to help evaluate the effect of mites on the corn borer populations and corn yields. Corn borer counts were made 3-12 Sep by dissecting 15 consecutive corn plants from the center 2 rows (8 from the left row and 7 from the right row) in each plot. For each plant, the number of live second generation European corn borer larvae, the presence or absence of second generation corn borer tunneling, and the length of tunneling were recorded. The 15-plant totals for each of these categories were analyzed using SAS Proc GLM. Duncan’s Multiple Range Test was used to separate means. Results are reported as means per 15 plants, rounded to the nearest whole number.