bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Constitutive Framework for Modeling of the Visco-Hyperelastic Materials: Application to the Mechanical Behavior of Cylinders Made of the Rate-Dependent Elastomers
Authors: Alidadi M. , Nosratabbadi Sh. , Darijani H.
Published: May 2024

In this paper, the formulation of the mechanical behavior of visco-hyperelastic materials is developed in a thermo-dynamically compatible framework. In this viewpoint, the stress power is assumed to be equal to the sum of the reversible (elastic) energy rate stored and the irreversible energy rate dissipated. Based on this assumption and using the second law of thermodynamics, the constitutive modeling framework is obtained for the rate-dependent materials. Inspired by the constitutive law of a Newtonian fluid and also, models of density strain energy of an elastic material, a framework for the dissipative energy rate related to the irreversible part is proposed for viscoelastic materials. In this framework, the reversible energy part is considered a function of the right Cauchy–Green deformation tensor, and the irreversible energy part is considered a function of the same tensor’s rate. To evaluate the proposed model for nonlinear viscoelastic behavior modeling, the results of tests performed on non-compressible materials at different rates are used, and the proposed model provided acceptable results. Finally, the proposed model is implemented to find a closed-form analytical solution for mechanical behavior modeling of the thick-walled cylindrical shells made of visco-hyperelastic materials, also, stress and stability analyses are assessed for these types of cylinders. To achieve this goal, the effect of pre-stretch on the stability of cylinders has been substantially investigated. Furthermore, based on the proposed model, the effect of the parameters such as the wall thickness and behavior of the material used in the cylinder are examined on the stability of open-ended and closed-ended cylinders.
Exponential stability and optimal control of a stochastic brucellosis model with spatial diffusion and nonlocal transmission
Authors: Chen Feng , Li Xining
Published: May 2024

In this paper, a stochastic brucellosis model with nonlocal transmission and spatial diffusion is established. Existence, uniqueness and positivity of mild solution to the model are obtained by adopting a truncation method. To ensure the Mean Square Exponential Stability (MSES) of the solution, sufficient conditions are given by employing the inequality techniques and the stability implies that the brucellosis die out in a short period of time. Moreover, we introduce elimination of infected animals and disinfection of brucella to the model as control strategies. Necessary conditions are given to obtain the optimal control which best balance the outcomes and costs of the control by applying Pontryagin’s maximum principle. Finally, the theoretical results are demonstrated by the numerical simulations.
The partial clone of completely expanded terms
Authors: Wattanatripop Khwancheewa , Kumduang Thodsaporn
Published: May 2024

A term which is a formal expression defined by variables and operation symbols can be described by tree diagram. The class of terms under which the longest distance from the root to each vertex is equal is called completely expanded. In this paper, we consider the partial many-sorted operation defined on the family of all completely expanded terms of type [Formula: see text] and construct the partial algebra satisfying the clone axioms. The partial operations on arbitrary algebra generated by completely expanded terms and their related structures are obtained.
Associativization of gyrogroups and the universal property
Authors: Suksumran Teerapong
Published: May 2024

A gyrogroup is a non-associative structure that may be regarded as a suitable generalization of groups. In this paper, we introduce the notion of an associator in an arbitrary gyrogroup that, in some sense, measures the deviation from associativity of gyrogroup operations. We then study the normal closure of the set of associators and establish several relevant properties, including the universal property of the associativization of a gyrogroup. This leads to a few invariant properties of gyrogroups in terms of associator normal subgyrogroups and gives an effective method to study representations of gyrogroups.
Bio-templated Synthesis of Multi-functional Bimetallic Ag–Cu Nanospheres: Unveiling Therapeutic Potential
Authors: Kataria Monika , Lal Sant , Dilbaghi Neeraj
Published: May 2024

Antimicrobial medicines serve as the bedrock of modern medical practices. Increasing multidrug resistance compromises surgical processes and increases healthcare costs. Therefore, a combinational approach has become a pre-requisite for sustainable medical care. In recent decade, biologically synthesized metallic nanoparticles have emerged as a class of potent antimicrobials. In this study, green synthesized bimetallic silver–copper oxide (Ag–Cu) nanospheres have been prepared using the culture supernatant of the Bacillus subtilis (MTCC 441) bacteria to effectively target infectious microbes. The hydrodynamic diameter of the nanoparticles as depicted by dynamic light scattering (DLS) was 143.5 nm, while the polydispersity index (PI) of 0.367 and zeta potential of −25.2 mV indicated toward uniform size distribution and excellent colloidal stability. The Ag–Cu nanospheres of diameter 22.24 ± 8.01 nm were prepared using the culture supernatant of B. subtilis MTCC 441. High-end techniques such as transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed the size (22.24 ± 8.01 nm), spherical morphology, crystal structure and surface functionalization of nanospheres, respectively. The antimicrobial potential of the nanospheres was assessed against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial strains while anti-free radical capacity was evaluated through 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and [Formula: see text] free radical inhibition. The anti-inflammatory study was also performed to investigate the biomedical potential of the synthesized Ag–Cu nanosphere. The comprehensive analysis of antimicrobial, anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory assays presents Ag–Cu nanospheres spheres as suitable candidates to be used in various biomedical applications.
Cathonomics: A Review Article
Authors: Singh Nirvikar
Published: May 2024

In Cathonomics: How Catholic Tradition Can Create A More Just Economy, Anthony Annett provides an account of Catholic social teaching, mainly encapsulated in papal encyclicals from 1891 to the present day, as a value system for economic policy-making in the contemporary world. He argues that values and ethical principles embedded in Catholic social teaching are a better basis for economic policy than the frameworks of “neoclassical” or “neoliberal” economics, with respect to goals such as human rights, inequality and environmental protection. This review evaluates Annett’s arguments in the context of other approaches to providing moral foundations for economic policy, and with respect to the state of current economic thinking. It also considers issues embedded in the difference between “religious economics” and the “economics of religion,” the role of religious reasons in public policy, and underlying conditions of power.
No One Got Paid What They Were Worth! Exploring Player Value in the Early History of Professional Basketball
Authors: Berri David
Published: May 2024

Prior to the ABA coming into existence in 1967, the NBA enjoyed a monopsony in the market for professional basketball talent in the United States. One would predict that a monopsony would be able to exploit the talent employed. The arrival of the ABA, though, theoretically should have dramatically reduced the ability of the NBA to exploit its players. The question this study seeks to answer is how long the monopsonistic power of the NBA survived after the arrival of a rival league. Beyond this question, this study will also examine the link between pay and performance in the ABA. In the end, this study will show that for a few years, basically no one in the NBA or ABA was paid what they were worth.
Analysis of AgNPs@AuNPs/GO’s Impact on Water-Based Drilling Muds and Comparison with Graphane, GO, AuNPs/GO’s Effects: Labs Research
Authors: Özkan Abdullah , Tıknas Semih
Published: May 2024

We investigateed the effect of AgNPs@AuNPs/GO on the rheological and filtration properties of sodium-bentonite water based drilling muds (Na-bentonite WBDM) and compared the possible effects of graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and graphene oxide functionalized with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs/GO) on Na-bentonite WBDM. Graphene, AuNPs, AgNPs, GO, AuNPs/GO, and AgNPs@AuNPs/GO were initially synthesized, and subsequently subjected to scanning electron microscopy, tranmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray analysis, reflection absoprtion infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization. At a rate of 0.0005% to 0.01% (w/v), synthesized and described nanoparticles were added to Na-bentonite WBDM. Rheological and filtration loss analyses of the nanomaterial-containing Na-bentonite WBDM were then performed following American Petroleum Institute Standards. According to the study’s findings, adding graphene and AgNPs/GO to drilling mud at varying rates did not have any influence on PV values when compared to spud mud; however, adding GO and AgNPs@AuNPs/GO had a positive effect of 67% and 33%. Furthermore, the addition of graphene, GO, AuNPs/GO, and AgNPs@AuNPs/GO increased the AV values by 17.6%, 44%, 18.75%, 26%, YP values; by 44.4%, 44%, 30%, 22%, 10 s values; by 55.5%, 33%, 30%, 66.6%, 10 min values; by 30.7%, 43%, 42%, 46%, filtration loss values; by 10%, 9.52%, 8.4%, 3.84%.
Advantages of AlGaN Tunnel Junction in N-Polar 284 nm Ultraviolet-B Light Emitting Diode
Authors: Rahman Hafeez Ur , Ayub Khalid. , Sharif Nawaz , Khan M. Ajmal , Wang Fang , Liu Yuhuai.
Published: May 2024

Smart, low cost and environmentally safe aluminum gallium nitride (AlGaN)-based ultraviolet-B light-emitting diodes (UV-B LEDs) are promising in real-world applications including medical as well as agricultural sciences. Higher efficiency droops, low hole injection efficiency, and high operating voltage are the key problems that AlGaN-based UV-B LEDs are facing. In this work, a smart and clean AlGaN-based UV-B LED at 284 nm emission wavelength has been studied. Here an approach is presented to electrically operate the quantum tunnelling probability by exploiting the transported carriers at the interface of p-AlGaN/n-AlGaN/n++-AlGaN tunnel junction (TJ) with moderate Si and Mg-doping levels and optimized thickness with the help of simulation study. The simulation results show that the Augur recombination rate is successfully suppressed and quite a high radiative recombination rate is achieved in the 284 nm N-polar AlGaN-based TJ UV-B LEDs, which is attributed to the improved hole injection toward the MQWs when compared to C-LED (conventional-LED). It is found that C-LED has a maximum IQE (internal quantum efficiency) of 40% under 200 A cm−2 injection current with an efficiency drop of 15%, while the TJ-LED has a maximum IQE of 93% with an efficiency droop of 0%. In addition, TJ-based AlGaN LED emitted power has been improved by 6 times compared to the C-LED structure. The emitted powers of TJ-LED increase linearly under varying current densities, whereas in the case of C-LED, the emitted power changes nonlinearly under varying current densities. This is attributed to the lower Augur recombination rate in the MQWs of N-AlGaN-based TJ UV-B LED. The operating voltages were reduced from 5.2 V to 4.1 V under 200 mA operation, which is attributed to the thickness and doping optimization in TJ and better selection of relatively lower Al-content in the contact layer. N-polar AlGaN-based TJ is explored for UV-B LEDs and the demonstrated work opens the door to epitaxial growth of high-performance UV emitters in MOCVD and MBE for a plethora of biomedical applications.
The Comparison of Diagnostic Ability between Blue Laser/Light Imaging and Narrowband Imaging for Sessile Serrated Lesions with or without Dysplasia
Authors: Kobayashi Reo , Yoshida Naohisa , Morinaga Yukiko , Hashimoto Hikaru , Tomita Yuri , Sugino Satoshi , Inoue Ken , Hirose Ryohei , Dohi Osamu , Murakami Takaaki , Inada Yutaka , Morimoto Yasutaka , Itoh Yoshito
Published: May 2024

Objectives. Diagnostic ability of sessile serrated lesions (SSL) and SSL with dysplasia (SSLD) using blue laser/light imaging (BLI) has not been well examined. We analyzed the diagnostic accuracy of BLI for SSL and SSLD using several endoscopic findings compared to those of narrow band imaging (NBI). Materials and Methods. This was a subgroup analysis of prospective studies. 476 suspiciously serrated lesions of ≥2 mm on the proximal colon showing serrated change with magnified NBI or BLI in our institution between 2014 and 2021 were examined histopathologically. After propensity score matching, we evaluated the diagnostic ability of SSL and SSLD of the NBI and BLI groups regarding various endoscopic findings. For WLI findings, granule, depression, and reddish were examined for diagnosing SSLD. For NBI/BLI findings, expanded crypt opening (ECO) or thick and branched vessels (TBV) were examined for diagnosing SSL. Network vessels (NV) and white dendritic change (WDC) defined originally were examined for diagnosing SSLD. Results. Among matched 176 lesions, the sensitivity of lesions with either ECO or TBV for SSL in the NBI/BLI group was 97.5%/98.5% (p = 0.668). Those with either WDC or NV for diagnosing SSLD in the groups were 81.0%/88.9% (p = 0.667). Regarding the rates of endoscopic findings among 30 SSLD and 290 SSL, there were significant differences in WDC (66.4% vs. 8.6%, p < 0.001), NV (55.3% vs. 1.4%, p < 0.001), and either WDC or NV (86.8% vs. 9.0%, p < 0.001). Conclusions. The diagnostic ability of BLI for SSL and SSLD was not different from NBI. NV and WDC were useful for diagnosing SSLD.
A Broad‐Spectrum Horizontal Transfer Inhibitor Prevents Transmission of Plasmids Carrying Multiple Antibiotic Resistance Genes
Authors: Jia Yuqian , Zheng Zhiwan , Yang Bingqing , Zhang Haijie , Wang Zhiqiang , Liu Yuan
Published: May 2024

The dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) severely degrades the performance of antibiotics and constantly paralyzes the global health system. In particular, plasmid‐mediated transfer of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) across bacteria is recognized as the primary driver. Therefore, antiplasmid transfer approaches are urgently warranted to resolve this intractable problem. Herein, we demonstrated the potential of azidothymidine (AZT), an FDA‐approved anti‐HIV drug, as a broad‐spectrum horizontal transfer inhibitor to effectively prevent the transmission of multiple ARGs, including mcr-1, blaNDM−5, and tet(X4), both in vitro and in vivo. It was also noteworthy that the inhibitory effect of AZT was proved to be valid within and across bacterial genera under different mating conditions. Mechanistic studies revealed that AZT dissipated bacterial proton motive force, which was indispensable for ATP synthesis and flagellar motility. In addition, AZT downregulated bacterial secretion systems involving general and type IV secretion systems (T4SS). Furthermore, the thymidine kinase, which is associated with DNA synthesis, turned out to be the potential target of AZT. Collectively, our work demonstrates the broad inhibitory effect of AZT in preventing ARGs transmission, opening new horizons for controlling AMR.
Application of Ecofriendly Geopolymer Binder to Enhance the Strength and Swelling Properties of Expansive Soils
Authors: Debanath Opu Chandra , Rahman Md. Aftabur , Farook Sultan Mohammad , Islam Mohammed Russedul
Published: May 2024

The expansive soil swells significantly in the presence of moisture, which often leads to the failure of superstructures. Conventional stabilization techniques are applied in many instances, although environmental issues are of significant concern for such stabilization. Keeping this in mind, an attempt is made to apply a new approach for stabilizing different types of expansive soils, treated with a nonconventional binder geopolymer that utilizes fly ash as the main ingredient. A series of laboratory experiments are run to determine the engineering properties of treated soils with varying percentages of geopolymer from 0% to 30%. The experimental investigation involved tests such as unconfined compressive strength, compaction, Atterberg limits, and swelling pressure. Significant strength development occurs with increasing percentages of geopolymer, and their swelling pressures decrease considerably. Additionally, a series of California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests were undertaken to assess the suitability for road construction. The optimum dosage of the stabilizing agent is found to be 20%, as justified by studies in the literature. Furthermore, scanning electronic microscope (SEM) images of the treated samples revealed microstructural changes in the soil matrix, which strongly correlate with the improvement of strength and swelling behavior. Hence, based on our experimental results, 20% geopolymer content is sufficient for enhancing the engineering properties of expansive soils, and the treated soils can directly be used as subgrade or sub‐base material.
Impact of scFv on Functionality and Safety of Third-Generation CD123 CAR T Cells
Authors: Fredon Maxime , Poussard Margaux , Biichlé Sabeha , Bonnefoy Francis , Mantion Charles-Frédéric , Seffar Evan , Renosi Florian , Bôle-Richard Elodie , Boidot Romain , Chevrier Sandrine , Anna François , Loustau Maria , Caumartin Julien , Gonçalves-Venturelli Mathieu , Robinet Eric , Saas Philippe , Deconinck Eric , Daguidau Etienne , Roussel Xavier , Godet Yann , Adotévi Olivier , Angelot-Delettre Fanny , Galaine Jeanne , Garnache-Ottou Francine
Published: May 2024

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells express an extracellular domain consisting of a single-chain fragment variable (scFv) targeting a surface tumor-associated antigen. scFv selection should involve safety profiling with evaluation of the efficacy/toxicity balance, especially when the target antigen also is expressed on healthy cells. Here, to assess differences in terms of efficacy and on-target/off-tumor effects, we generated five different CARs targeting CD123 by substituting only the scFv. In in vitro models, T cells engineered to express three of these five CD123 CARs were effectively cytotoxic on leukemic cells without increasing lysis of monocytes or endothelial cells. Using the IncuCyte system, we confirmed the low cytotoxicity of CD123 CAR T cells on endothelial cells. Hematotoxicity evaluation using progenitor culture and CD34 cell lysis showed that two of the five CD123 CAR T cells were less cytotoxic on hematopoietic stem cells. Using a humanized mouse model, we confirmed that CD123− cells were not eliminated by the CD123 CAR T cells. Two CD123 CAR T cells reduced tumor infiltration and increased the overall survival of mice in three in vivo models of blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm. In an aggressive version of this model, bulk RNA sequencing analysis showed that these CD123 CAR T cells upregulated genes associated with cytotoxicity and activation/exhaustion a few days after the injection. Together, these results emphasize the importance of screening different scFvs for the development of CAR constructs to support selection of cells with the optimal risk–benefit ratio for clinical development.
Supplementary Figure 8 from LYVE-1–expressing Macrophages Modulate the Hyaluronan-containing Extracellular Matrix in the Mammary Stroma and Contribute to Mammary Tumor Growth
Authors: Elfstrum Alexis K. , Rumahorbo Annisa H. , Reese Lyndsay E. , Nelson Emma V. , McCluskey Braedan M. , Schwertfeger Kathryn L.
Published: May 2024

Figure S8 depicts the LYVE-1+ macrophage gene signature feature plots
Comparison of Breast Fine-Needle Aspiration Cytology and Tissue Sampling for High-Throughput Proteomic Analysis and Cancer Biomarker Detection
Authors: Park Hye Eun , Han Dohyun , Lee Jae Seok , Nikas Ilias P. , Kim Hyeyoon , Yang Sohyeon , Lee Hyebin , Ryu Han Suk
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) specimens are widely utilized for the diagnosis and molecular testing of various cancers. We performed a comparative proteomic analysis of three different sample types, including breast FNAC, core needle biopsy (CNB), and surgical resection tissues. Our goal was to evaluate the suitability of FNAC for in-depth proteomic analysis and for identifying potential therapeutic biomarkers in breast cancer. Methods: High-throughput proteomic analysis was conducted on matched FNAC, CNB, and surgical resection tissue samples obtained from breast cancer patients. The protein identification, including currently established or promising therapeutic targets, was compared among the three different sample types. Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis was also performed on all matched samples. Results: Compared to tissue samples, FNAC testing revealed a comparable number of proteins (7,179 in FNAC; 7,196 in CNB; and 7,190 in resection samples). Around 85% of proteins were mutually identified in all sample types. FNAC, along with CNB, showed a positive correlation between the number of enrolled tumor cells and identified proteins. In the GO analysis, the FNAC samples demonstrated a higher number of genes for each pathway and GO terms than tissue samples. CCND1, CDK6, HER2, and IGF1R were found in higher quantities in the FNAC compared to tissue samples, while TUBB2A was only detected in the former. Conclusion: FNAC is suitable for high-throughput proteomic analysis, in addition to an emerging source that could be used to identify and quantify novel cancer biomarkers.
Suture Characteristics after Exposure to Amniotic Fluid from an in vitro Model of Fetal Surgery
Authors: Buskmiller Cara , Vincent Sara , Munoz Jessian L. , Cortes Magdalena Sanz , Donepudi Roopali , Chilukuri Divya , Belfort Michael A. , Nassr Ahmed A.
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Suture tensile properties have only been tested in extrauterine environments. Amniotic fluid (AF) is a complex milieu of enzymes and inflammatory factors. This study tested the mechanical properties of sutures with a variety of inherent properties, after exposure to AF from patients with conditions prompting fetal intervention. Methods: AF was obtained from 3 patients with twin-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS), and 3 patients with neural tube defects. Six types of 2-0 sutures were placed on 1.2 N of tension to mimic placement in vivo, and incubated in AF at 37°C (98.6°F). These included ethylene terephthalate (Ethibond), glycomer 631 (V-Loc), poliglecaprone 25 (Monocryl), poly-4-hydroxybutyrate (Monomax), polydioxanone (PDS), and polyglactin 910 (Vicryl). Failure load, stress, strain, and initial modulus were tested after 24 h of incubation and after 4 weeks, and compared with control (unincubated) sutures using t tests, Kruskal-Wallis tests, and stress-strain curves. Results: Poliglecaprone 25 and polyglactin 910 dissolve more quickly in AF compared to outside the uterus, disintegrating at 4 weeks. Ethylene terephthalate and PDS experienced little change across 4 weeks of incubation. Glycomer 631 and poly-4-hydroxybutyrate exhibited interesting behavior in AF: glycomer 631 became more deformable at 24 h but later regained toughness by 4 weeks, while poly-4-hydroxybutyrate became tougher and in some cases stronger with time in AF. As a class, braided sutures act more like rigid materials, and monofilaments act like deformable plastics. Conclusion: These findings along with other suture characteristics such as ease of handling and availability may inform fetal intervention teams as they optimize procedures in a relatively new surgical field.
Da Instituição asilar ao território: caminhos para produção de sentido nas intervenções em saúde
Authors: Oliver Fátima Corrêa , Nicácio Fernanda
Published: May 2024

This article discusses the thematic of the attention in occupational therapy to the people with mental upset and to the people with deficiencies ruled in the autonomy guidelines and social inclusion, introducing some of the theoretical and practical challenges that emerge in the itineraries ofproduction of those guidelines in the context of the unique system of Health. Initially data of study of an institution are presented to shelter for people with deficiencies that, evidencing some of the conditions that motivated the intemment, they watch the interaction of different subjects and needs of the context of life of this population as fundamental in the course that leads to the intemment to shelter. The perspective ofautonomy production and of social inclusion he/she enrolls the need to disassemble the existent institutional solutions to can (re)conhecer, {rQ)contextualizar and {rQ)complexificar the people in your contexts. Anchored in the theoretical referencial of the desinstitutionalization for the analysis of this process it presents the centralidade of the transformation of the relationship of it tutors for the superação of the institutions you shelter and for the construction of territorial projects of attention. Compreeende-if this path as social process in which several dimensions interact, enrolling, necessarily, new forms ofknowing, to look and to interact with the people with the experience ofgetting sick and ofthe deficiency that you/they can contemplate the people's complexity in your net of relationships and in your life projects.
Impact of Significant Hemoglobin Drop Without Bleeding in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement
Authors: Reddy Pavan , Merdler Ilan , Zhang Cheng , Cellamare Matteo , Ben‐Dor Itsik , Satler Lowell F. , Rogers Toby , Garcia‐Garcia Hector M. , Waksman Ron
Published: May 2024

Background

Hemoglobin (Hgb) drop without bleeding is common among patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement; however, the clinical implications of significant Hgb drop have not been fully evaluated.

Methods and Results

Consecutive patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement at our institution from 2011 to 2021 were retrospectively reviewed. Three groups were assessed: no Hgb drop and no bleed (NoD‐NoB [reference group]), Hgb drop with bleed, and Hgb drop and no bleed (D‐NoB). Hgb drop was defined as ≥3 g/dL decrease from pre‐ to post‐transcatheter aortic valve replacement. Outcomes of interest were in‐hospital death and 1‐year all‐cause mortality. A total of 1851 cases with complete Hgb data were included: NoD‐NoB: n=1579 (85.3%); D‐NoB: n=49 (2.6%); Hgb drop with bleed: n=223 (12.6%). Compared with NoD‐NoB, the D‐NoB group was older (81.1 versus 78.9 years of age) with higher preprocedure Hgb (12.9 versus 11.7 g/dL). In‐hospital death rate was higher among patients with D‐NoB versus NoD‐NoB (4.5% versus 0.8%,
P
<0.001) and similar to Hgb drop with bleed (4.5% versus 4.1%,
P
=0.999). Predictors of in‐hospital death were D‐NoB (odds ratio [OR], 3.45 [95% CI, 1.32–8.69]) and transfusion (OR, 10.6 [95% CI, 4.25–28.2]). Landmark survival analysis found that D‐NoB experienced 1‐year mortality rate comparable to NoD‐NoB, whereas Hgb drop with bleed had higher midterm mortality (hazard ratio [HR], 3.2 [95% CI, 1.83–5.73]), and transfusion continued to impact mortality (HR, 2.5 [95% CI, 1.79–3.63]).

Conclusions

Hgb drop without bleeding is common among patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement and may represent a higher risk of periprocedural death. Blood transfusion increases short‐ and midterm mortality risk in patients with and without bleeding, supporting a restrictive transfusion strategy.
Diabetes‐Related Macrovascular Complications Are Associated With an Increased Risk of Diabetic Microvascular Complications: A Prospective Study of 1518 Patients With Type 1 Diabetes and 20 802 Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in the UK Biobank
Authors: Zhang Xinyu , Zhao Shuzhi , Huang Yikeng , Ma Mingming , Li Bo , Li Chenxin , Zhu Xinyu , Xu Xun , Chen Haibin , Zhang Yili , Zhou Chuandi , Zheng Zhi
Published: May 2024

Background

Diabetic vascular complications share common pathophysiological mechanisms, but the relationship between diabetes‐related macrovascular complications (MacroVCs) and incident diabetic microvascular complications remains unclear. We aimed to investigate the impact of MacroVCs on the risk of microvascular complications.

Methods and Results

There were 1518 participants with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and 20 802 participants with type 2 diabetes from the UK Biobank included in this longitudinal cohort study. MacroVCs were defined by the presence of macrovascular diseases diagnosed after diabetes at recruitment, including coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, stroke, and ≥2 MacroVCs. The primary outcome was incident microvascular complications, a composite of diabetic retinopathy, diabetic kidney disease, and diabetic neuropathy. During a median (interquartile range) follow‐up of 11.61 (5.84–13.12) years and 12.2 (9.50–13.18) years, 596 (39.3%) and 4113 (19.8%) participants developed a primary outcome in T1D and type 2 diabetes, respectively. After full adjustment for conventional risk factors, Cox regression models showed significant associations between individual as well as cumulative MacroVCs and the primary outcome, except for coronary heart disease in T1D (T1D: diabetes coronary heart disease: 1.25 [0.98–1.60]; diabetes peripheral artery disease: 3.00 [1.86–4.84]; diabetes stroke: 1.71 [1.08–2.72]; ≥2: 2.57 [1.66–3.99]; type 2 diabetes: diabetes coronary heart disease: 1.59 [1.38–1.82]; diabetes peripheral artery disease: 1.60 [1.01–2.54]; diabetes stroke: 1.50 [1.13–1.99]; ≥2: 2.66 [1.92–3.68]). Subgroup analysis showed that strict glycemic (glycated hemoglobin <6.5%) and blood pressure (<140/90 mm Hg) control attenuated the association.

Conclusions

Individual and cumulative MacroVCs confer significant risk of incident microvascular complications in patients with T1D and type 2 diabetes. Our results may facilitate cost‐effective high‐risk population identification and development of precise prevention strategies.
Outcomes Following Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Multivessel Disease Who Were Recommended for But Declined Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Koshy Anoop N. , Stone Gregg W. , Sartori Samantha , Dhulipala Vishal , Giustino Gennaro , Spirito Alessandro , Farhan Serdar , Smith Kenneth F. , Feng Yihan , Vinayak Manish , Salehi Negar , Tanner Richard , Hooda Amit , Krishnamoorthy Parasuram , Sweeny Joseph M. , Khera Sahil , Dangas George , Filsoufi Farzan , Mehran Roxana , Kini Annapoorna S. , Fuster Valentin , Sharma Samin K.
Published: May 2024

Background

Patients may prefer percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) over coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery, despite heart team recommendations. The outcomes in such patients have not been examined. We sought to examine the results of PCI in patients who were recommended for but declined CABG.

Methods and Results

Consecutive patients with stable ischemic heart disease and unprotected left main or 3‐vessel disease or Synergy Between Percutaneous Coronary Intervention With Taxus and Cardiac Surgery score >22 who underwent PCI after heart team review between 2013 and 2020 were included. Patients were categorized into 3 groups according to heart team recommendations on the basis of appropriate use criteria: (1) PCI‐recommended; (2) CABG‐eligible but refused CABG (CABG‐refusal); and (3) CABG‐ineligible. The primary end point was the composite of death, myocardial infarction, or stroke at 1 year. The study included 3687 patients undergoing PCI (PCI‐recommended, n=1718 [46.6%]), CABG‐refusal (n=1595 [43.3%]), and CABG‐ineligible (n=374 [10.1%]). Clinical and procedural risk increased across the 3 groups, with the highest comorbidity burden in CABG‐ineligible patients. Composite events within 1 year after PCI occurred in 55 (4.1%), 91 (7.0%), and 41 (14.8%) of patients in the PCI‐recommended, CABG‐refusal, and CABG‐ineligible groups, respectively. After multivariable adjustment, the risk of the primary composite outcome was significantly higher in the CABG‐refusal (hazard ratio [HR], 1.67 [95% CI, 1.08–3.56];
P
=0.02) and CABG‐ineligible patients (HR, 3.26 [95% CI, 1.28–3.65];
P
=0.004) groups compared with the reference PCI‐recommended group, driven by increased death and stroke.

Conclusions

Cardiovascular event rates after PCI were significantly higher in patients with multivessel disease who declined or were ineligible for CABG. Our findings provide real‐world data to inform shared decision‐making discussions.
Prior Context and Individual Alpha Frequency Influence Predictive Processing during Language Comprehension
Authors: Jano Sophie , Cross Zachariah R. , Chatburn Alex , Schlesewsky Matthias , Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina
Published: May 2024

The extent to which the brain predicts upcoming information during language processing remains controversial. To shed light on this debate, the present study reanalyzed Nieuwland and colleagues' (2018) [Nieuwland, M. S., Politzer-Ahles, S., Heyselaar, E., Segaert, K., Darley, E., Kazanina, N., et al. Large-scale replication study reveals a limit on probabilistic prediction in language comprehension. eLife, 7, e33468, 2018] replication of DeLong and colleagues (2015) [DeLong, K. A., Urbach, T. P., & Kutas, M. Probabilistic word pre-activation during language comprehension inferred from electrical brain activity. Nature Neuroscience, 8, 1117–1121, 2005]. Participants (n = 356) viewed sentences containing articles and nouns of varying predictability, while their EEG was recorded. We measured ERPs preceding the critical words (namely, the semantic prediction potential), in conjunction with postword N400 patterns and individual neural metrics. ERP activity was compared with two measures of word predictability: cloze probability and lexical surprisal. In contrast to prior literature, semantic prediction potential amplitudes did not increase as cloze probability increased, suggesting that the component may not reflect prediction during natural language processing. Initial N400 results at the article provided evidence against phonological prediction in language, in line with Nieuwland and colleagues' findings. Strikingly, however, when the surprisal of the prior words in the sentence was included in the analysis, increases in article surprisal were associated with increased N400 amplitudes, consistent with prediction accounts. This relationship between surprisal and N400 amplitude was not observed when the surprisal of the two prior words was low, suggesting that expectation violations at the article may be overlooked under highly predictable conditions. Individual alpha frequency also modulated the relationship between article surprisal and the N400, emphasizing the importance of individual neural factors for prediction. The present study extends upon existing neurocognitive models of language and prediction more generally, by illuminating the flexible and subject-specific nature of predictive processing.
Recall as a Window into Hippocampally Defined Events
Authors: Rait Lindsay I. , Hutchinson J. Benjamin
Published: May 2024

We experience the present as a continuous stream of information, but often experience the past in parcels of unique events or episodes. Decades of research have helped to articulate how we perform this event segmentation in the moment, as well as how events and their boundaries influence what we later remember. More recently, neuroscientific research has suggested that the hippocampus plays a role at critical moments during event formation alongside its established role in enabling subsequent recall. Here, we review and explore the relationship between event processing and recall with the perspective that it can be uniquely characterized by the contributions of the hippocampus and its interactions with the rest of the brain. Specifically, we highlight a growing number of empirical studies suggesting that the hippocampus is important for processing events that have just ended, bridging the gap between the prior and current event, and influencing the contents and trajectories of recalled information. We also catalogue and summarize the multifaceted sets of findings concerning how recall is influenced by event structure. Lastly, we discuss several exciting directions for future research and how our understanding of events might be enriched by characterizing them in terms of the operations of different regions of the brain.
Cognitive abilities are associated with rapid dynamics of electrophysiological connectome states
Authors: Jun Suhnyoung , Malone Stephen M. , Alderson Thomas H. , Harper Jeremy , Hunt Ruskin H. , Thomas Kathleen M. , Wilson Sylia , Iacono William G. , Sadaghiani Sepideh
Published: May 2024

Time-varying changes in whole-brain connectivity patterns, or connectome state dynamics, hold significant implications for cognition. However, connectome dynamics at fast (>1 Hz) timescales highly relevant to cognition are poorly understood due to the dominance of inherently slow fMRI in connectome studies. Here, we investigated the behavioral significance of rapid electrophysiological connectome dynamics using source-localized EEG connectomes during resting state (N = 926, 473 females). We focused on dynamic connectome features pertinent to individual differences, specifically those with established heritability: Fractional Occupancy (i.e., the overall duration spent in each recurrent connectome state) in beta and gamma bands and Transition Probability (i.e., the frequency of state switches) in theta, alpha, beta, and gamma bands. Canonical correlation analysis found a significant relationship between the heritable phenotypes of subsecond connectome dynamics and cognition. Specifically, principal components of Transition Probabilities in alpha (followed by theta and gamma bands) and a cognitive factor representing visuospatial processing (followed by verbal and auditory working memory) most notably contributed to the relationship. We conclude that rapid connectome state transitions shape individuals’ cognitive abilities and traits. Such subsecond connectome dynamics may inform about behavioral function and dysfunction and serve as endophenotypes for cognitive abilities.
Beyond ‘Saving Strangers’: Revisiting R2P as an Accountability Mechanism
Authors: Butler Michael J.
Published: May 2024

Nearly two decades after its formal endorsement by the international community, the Responsibility to Protect is stuck in a quagmire reminiscent of the contentious politics that both preceded and precipitated it. A once ambitious effort to transform notions of responsibility and practices of accountability regarding civilian protection and atrocity prevention, R2P has stagnated to such a degree that some have dismissed it as a dead letter. This research diagnoses the primary cause of that stagnation while also proposing a way forward for resuscitating R2P’s normative aims, via a return to R2P’s origins as an accountability mechanism for the provision of human rights and security.
Two Birds With One Stone? Governments’ Unilateral Declarations Before the ECtHR and the Reopening of Domestic Proceedings
Authors: Acconciamessa Lorenzo
Published: May 2024

This article deals with the interconnection between two relevant trends in the ECtHR’s case law: on the one hand, the increase of strike-out decisions of cases from the Court’s list, where the respondent governments issue unilateral declarations acknowledging the violations alleged by the applicants; on the other hand, the importance of the reopening of domestic proceedings as the most efficient, if not the only, means of achieving restitutio in integrum in respect of some types of violations. It analyses the practice concerning both acceptance of, by the Court, and non-compliance with, by the respondent governments, unilateral declarations in cases alleging violations, the redress of which demands a retrial or the reopening of the proceedings. The contribution aims at assessing whether the Court’s practice is appropriate for the purpose of fulfilling two important aims, namely the reduction of its backlog and the promotion of domestic authorities’ engagement with their obligations.
Persistent Racial Disparities in Morbidity Following Major Elective Operations
Authors: Sakowitz Sara , Bakhtiyar Syed Shahyan , Mallick Saad , Porter Giselle , Ali Konmal , Vadlakonda Amulya , Curry Joanna , Benharash Peyman
Published: May 2024

Introduction: Despite considerable national attention, racial disparities in surgical outcomes persist. We sought to consider whether race-based inequities in outcomes following major elective surgery have improved in the contemporary era. Methods: All adult hospitalization records for elective coronary artery bypass grafting, abdominal aortic aneurysm repair, colectomy, and hip replacement were tabulated from the 2016-2020 National Inpatient Sample. Patients were stratified by Black or White race. To consider the evolution in outcomes, we included an interaction term between race and year. We designated centers in the top quartile of annual procedural volume as high-volume hospitals (HVH). Results: Of ∼2,838,485 patients, 245,405 (8.6%) were of Black race. Following risk-adjustment, Black race was linked with similar odds of in-hospital mortality, but increased likelihood of major complications (Adjusted Odds Ratio [AOR] 1.41, 95%Confidence Interval [CI] 1.36-1.47). From 2016-2020, overall risk-adjusted rates of major complications declined (patients of White race: 9.2% to 8.4%; patients of Black race 11.8% to 10.8%, both P < .001). Yet, the delta in risk of adverse outcomes between patients of White and Black race did not significantly change. Of the cohort, 158,060 (8.4%) were treated at HVH. Following adjustment, Black race remained associated with greater odds of morbidity (AOR 1.37, CI 1.23-1.52; Ref:White). The race-based difference in risk of complications at HVH did not significantly change from 2016 to 2020. Conclusion: While overall rates of complications following major elective procedures declined from 2016 to 2020, patients of Black race faced persistently greater risk of adverse outcomes. Novel interventions are needed to address persistent racial disparities and ensure acceptable outcomes for all patients.
Technical Efficiency of Primary Schools and Its Non-Input Determinants: A Case Study in Assam, North-Eastern India
Authors: Das Pinak Pratim , Mazumder Ritwik
Published: May 2024

This abstract has measured the technical efficiency of government-aided lower primary schools in Hailakandi district, a disadvantaged and remote region of southern Assam in North-eastern India based on a robust sample of 95 schools covering 718 children. Enrolment, attendance and learning outcomes are taken as output indicators. The results indicate that inputs such as quality of school infrastructure and teachers’ contact hours influence the composite output index positively and significantly. However, among on-input factors, monthly frequency of mid-day meals, average body mass index (BMI) of interviewed children and educational qualifications of teachers have positive influences on school-level technical efficiency, while remoteness and lack of accessibility have a negative influence on the same. The study claims that school performance can be significantly improved if school infrastructure is enhanced by constructing separate and independent classrooms for each grade along with the appointment of teachers up to full capacity.

JEL Codes: C51, C83, D24, I21, I28
Context-based Good Governance Approach: A Sustainable Solution for Water Crisis
Authors: Arya C S  , Sole Nagendra Ambedkar
Published: May 2024

Water governance is a complex, multilevel process based on the socio-political and administrative systems. The sustainable use of water resources is the main challenge of the present-day global water governance. The top-down, technocratic approach to governance made the water crisis, the crisis of governance. Literature shows a radical change towards a more humanistic, situation-based strategy that can solve water issues. The article analyses the significant water challenges, which include governance, scarcity, sustainability and adaptability. The article focuses on the importance of considering good governance principles such as accountability, transparency, responsiveness, effectiveness and efficiency, inclusiveness and equity and citizens’ engagement in water governance, with particular emphasis on the context-based approach. The central argument is that the water governance system differs according to the context of governance, and the application of the good governance principle should follow contextual understanding. A major suggestion is that a context-based, good governance approach can be the sustainable solution to the water crisis.
The autonomy and governance of mutual aid organizations for civil servants’ welfare
Authors: Hanif Muhammad Zeeshan , Van de Walle Steven
Published: May 2024

Civil servants’ mutual aid organizations can be characterized as premodern welfare state organizations. They are still very common in countries with well-developed social security systems but even more so in countries where these systems remain underdeveloped. They assist members and their families in times of sickness, disability or death, and provide dowries and scholarships. This paper systematically analyzes the autonomy and governance of 28 civil service mutual aid organizations in Pakistan. It reveals that mutual aid organizations are governed by four different types of boards and that most have low strategic human resource management (HRM), policy and structural autonomy. This study contributes novel empirical insights into mutual aid organizations as a phenomenon in public sector personnel studies that is often ignored. Overall, this study adds to the scant literature on mutual aid organizations, which has taken a welfare state perspective.

Points for practitioners

Mutual aid organizations are vital for civil servants’ welfare. Practitioners must prioritize enhancing their strategic human resource management autonomy for improved effectiveness. They must also advocate for increasing the policy autonomy of these organizations to address the evolving needs of civil servants and improve welfare outcomes. Their structural autonomy should also be enhanced to enable adaptability, reduce political influence, foster trust, and develop a more complementary relationship with government.