bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Consumer attitudes to the use of two dairy technologies
Authors: Millar K.M. , Tomkins S.M. , White R.P. , Mepham T.B.
Published: July 2002

The aim of this postal survey (n = 5,000 : 19.3 per cent response) was to evaluate attitudes to two dairy technologies, bovine somatotrophin (bST) and automatic milking systems (AMS), as part of a wider study of the role of ethical analysis in technology assessment. The survey indicated that awareness of the technologies was associated with the respondents’ attitudes in contrasting ways. Thus, those with greater awareness of bST considered it was less acceptable (p<0.05) while those with more awareness of AMS had more positive attitudes towards it (p<0.05). The use of bST was considered to be “ethically acceptable” by only 9.1 per cent of respondents, and 59.7 per cent believed bST should not be licensed for use in the EU, whereas 38.3 per cent considered AMS use to be “ethically acceptable”. Respondents also identified labelling and animal welfare as important issues. Thus, respondents differentiated between “acceptable or unacceptable” aspects of the technologies rather than simply expressing general attitudes to biotechnologies.
The Prevention of Food Poisoning: A strategy for Deregulation
Authors: North Richard
Published: July 2002

Despite increased resources devoted to food‐poisoning prevention,
reported incidence of food poisoning continues to rise. Improvements in
prevention strategies might therefore be necessary and there may also be
opportunities for reducing the burden of regulatory control. Suggests
that, of the two components of prevention, surveillance and control,
control activities are returned to the private sector, allowing public
sector agencies to concentrate on surveillance, the precursor to
effective control. The Offices, Shops and Railways Premises Act, Hoists
and Lifts Regulations model is offered as a means of devolving
regulatory control.
Whale Meat: A Safe and Healthy Food?
Authors: Simmonds Mark P. , Johnston Paul A.
Published: July 2002

During recent international debates concerning the potential resumption
of commercial whaling, whale meat has frequently been promoted as a good
food. Recent research into the diet of Faroe Islanders and Inuit Indians
has revealed that consumption of marine mammal tissues can cause them to
exceed recommended intake levels for various pollutants. Whales
throughout the world have been found to accumulate high concentrations
of lipophilic compounds and, while the precise health risks associated
are unclear, the findings for the Faroe Islanders and Inuits may prove
not to be unique, particularly if commercial whaling is resumed. Reviews
available data on contaminant values and related effects.
Implementing the EC General Food Hygiene Directive
Authors: Fallows Stephen
Published: July 2002

Outlines the key points in the proposed new Food Hygiene Regulations.
The new features are that: proprietors must ensure food handlers should
be trained or instructed to a level “commensurate with their work
activity”; food businesses will have a duty to identify and control
potential food hazards; the industry is to be encouraged to develop
Guides to Good Hygiene Practice.
Recent Trends in Foodborne Infections in Europe and North America
Authors: Sharp J.C.M. , Reilly W.J.
Published: July 2002

The frequency of reporting of foodborne infections of animal origin, in
particular salmonella, campylobacter and Escherichia coli (VTEC) has
increased in recent years due to changes in food production and
processing methods in parallel with changes in eating habits and other
social factors such as mass catering and the use of convenience foods.
In contrast infections, primarily of human origin, in particular
typhoid, paratyphoid and bacillary dysentery, are nowadays much less
frequently associated with foodborne spread. Meanwhile, other
“emerging” micro‐organisms of bacterial, viral and protozoal origin have
increasingly frequently been reported with evidence of food or
waterborne spread. Foodborne disease has also taken on an international
dimension, highlighted by outbreaks associated with imported foods (e.g.
cheese, chocolate, pate, etc.) and tourist groups. Presents a review of
recent trends in foodborne infections.
Understanding Consumer Concern about Food‐related Health Risks
Authors: Wandel Margareta
Published: July 2002

Reports from different countries have revealed that consumers are becoming increasingly concerned that the food they eat could be harmful to health. The concern regards both the composition of the diet and the possibilities that the food may contain a number of contaminating substances. Discusses the results from some recent empirical studies in the light of the more theoretical work in this area of research. The aim is to bring out some salient features which may be important to those who communicate with the public about food‐related risks, as well as for further research in this field.
Application of the new nutritional consensus to the catering
industry
Authors: Silverstone Rob
Published: July 2002

A significant achievement of the past decade has been the emergence
of a consensus on what contributes the optimum dietary intake for the
population at large. A research project was conducted – utilizing
recipe development, nutritional analysis and sensory evaluation –
to ascertain effective means of applying this consensus to practical
catering operations.
Marketing in the new Europe
Authors: Jakubowski Irena
Published: July 2002

Looks at the opportunities for food manufacturers created by the
changes in Europe. Provides analyses of the changing trends in marketing
for: the food manufacturing industry; the existing food industry, in
terms of three player types; and the European consumer base. Identifies
strategies for success for each of the three player types.
Using qualitative research for the sociology of food
Authors: Gregory Susan
Published: July 2002

Presents an outline of the value of qualitative approaches to
research into social life specifically within the area of the sociology
of food and eating. Uses a study funded by the ESRC as an illustration
for the decision to take a qualitative perspective. Highlights two
specific methods, the focus group and the semi‐structured interview.
Examines the effect on the family of one member′s change in diet, and
uses a multi‐method, multi‐stage research design. This design has
offered the opportunity to use an inductive process of analysis which
has resulted in the emergence of a series of conceptual frameworks
within which family members may be seen to understand the process of
absorbing change.
The hidden costs and benefits of BSE
Authors: Loader Rupert , Hobbs Jill E.
Published: July 2002

Analyses the likely impact of the recent bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) crisis on the organization of the UK beef supply chain. Using concepts from New Institutional Economics, argues that, in addition to the direct financial costs of the crisis, additional hidden transaction costs and long‐term “transaction benefits” should be considered. Hidden costs include the increased need for monitoring and traceability in the supply chain, while hidden benefits may result from a reorientation of the industry towards a more consumer‐driven focus, a greater attention to food safety issues and opportunities for branding and market segmentation. It is suggested that the hidden transaction costs and benefits are likely to lead to closer vertical co‐ordination throughout the beef supply chain.
Inactivation studies on BSE agent
Authors: Taylor David M.
Published: July 2002

Transmissible degenerative encephalopathy agents are relatively resistant to standard decontamination procedures. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) agent was inactivated by sodium hypochlorite but not sodium dichloroisocyanurate; 1M or 2M sodium hydroxide was unreliable for BSE and scrapie agents. BSE infectivity survived a two‐year exposure to formol saline. Porous‐load autoclaving at 134‐138°C was ineffective with BSE and scrapie agents, and resistance to porous‐load autoclaving was enhanced by prior exposure to ethanol. Gravity displacement autoclaving at 132°C was also ineffective with BSE agent. Gravity displacement autoclaving at 121°C was effective with scrapie agent if it was exposed to 2M sodium hydroxide during autoclaving. After BSE‐spiked material was processed through facsimiles of EC rendering processes, infectivity was recoverable in the meat and bonemeal produced by four of these processes. Using scrapie‐spiked material, infectivity was recoverable in all meat and bonemeal samples except those derived from processes which used steam under pressure.
Gender and the eating out experience
Authors: Martens Lydia
Published: July 2002

Reports research findings on the gendered character of the eating out experience, from a study of eating out in England. Investigates two main areas: food tastes and authority relations within consumer groups. Describes how gender differences in food tastes when eating out are subtle. Shows that food tastes alter according to where the eating is done; food preferences and choices differ when people eat out as opposed to when they eat in. These trends are similar for men and women. Further investigates aspects of eating out decision taking and shows that gendered conduct does exist, but the extent of it varies depending on the composition of the company.
Consumer information in the case law of the European Court of Justice: a German view
Authors: Dauses Manfred A.
Published: July 2002

German consumers are not really like the image that the German courts present. The portrait of a helpless, debilitated, immature creature who is in need of protection so as not to be led astray by advertising is not accurate. The European Court of Justice paints the average buyer as sensible, attentive and cautious, as well as possessing the ability to analyse the message behind advertising. So, in fact, the German consumer is awake and responsive to European developments. What is needed is a balance between market freedom and the protection of consumers; including a high availability of information for these potential buyers. When the consumer is adequately informed he/she will then be in the position to reap the full benefits of a single European market. But market access is crucial. With the growth of market access and information the subsequent behaviour of the potential consumers is determined by their ability to make rational decisions once given all the information. The availability of consumer information is twofold when applied to regulating the market: the autonomy of consumers becomes the mechanism for reconciling the market freedom rights of manufacturers; and the right that the buyer possesses to have their economic interests protected.
The impact factor as a phantom
Authors: Lange Lydia L.
Published: July 2002

Can the journal impact factors regularly published in the Journal Citation Reports (JCR) be shaped by a self‐fulfilling prophecy? This question was investigated by reference to a journal for which incorrect impact factors had been published in the JCR for almost 20 years: Educational Research. In order to investigate whether the propagation of exaggerated impact factors had resulted in an increase in the actual impact of the journal, the correct impact factors were calculated. A self‐fulfilling prophecy effect was not observed. However, shows that the impact factors for Educational Research published in the JCR were based on calculations that erroneously included citations of a journal with a similar title, Educational Researcher, which is not included in the JCR. Concludes that published impact factors should be used with caution.
Internet access in East Africa: a future outlook
Authors: Mutula Stephen M.
Published: July 2002

The East Africa sub‐region comprises the three states of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania which belong to the sub‐regional economic bloc, the East African Cooperation (EAC). Under the framework of EAC, the member states’ development agenda emphasizes development of infrastructure and technological capacities as critical dimensions in the realization of a single market and investment area. EAC envisions the need for sub‐regional integration in the development of information systems and information networks in all sectors of their national economies. This paper discusses Internet access in the sub‐region as an important component in the realization of the sub‐region’s vision. Problems hindering Internet access are identified and the future outlook assessed.
The impact of continuing education programmes on library and information science professionals
Authors: Ramaiah Chennupati K. , Lakshman Moorthy A.
Published: July 2002

Changes in libraries and the expectations of their clientele are related aspects of LIS training. Those changes, like the use of IT, computers, communications, Internet, and multimedia, increase expectations of users about the quality of the library services. This article describes the need and impact of continuing education programmes (CEP) for library and information science (LIS) professionals in India, particularly for college librarians. For this, a survey was conducted to asess the impact of CEP courses organised by different agencies in the field of LIS. The results of the survey are presented in this paper.
Inspiration or infringement: parody and the law
Authors: Hannabuss Stuart
Published: July 2002

Parodies live off the things they imitate. They also exist as literary works in their own right. They raise important legal and ethical issues for people in literary, publishing, and information work. There may be infringement, use in a misleading context, the exercise of fair use, plagiarism, and free speech. At best there may be theft of the text, at worst theft of authorship itself. The postmodern interest in pastiche removes the oppositionality of parody but paradoxically reveals how perennial a form it is and its consequences are.
Cross‐country partnerships in European library and information science: education at the crossroads
Authors: Kajberg Leif
Published: July 2002

Formal and informal links between LIS schools in Europe exist. The EU’s SOCRATES programme, the NORDPLUS scheme, and professional bodies offer frameworks for communication as well as European LIS education projects and networking activities. Besides increased communication and networking efforts there are few results, some progress can be noted, but visible effects of partnerships and networking in the LIS academic community are difficult to identify. The Bologna Declaration also has implications for the European LIS academic world. Consideration is given to how the recommendations of the declaration can be fleshed out in a LIS educational context. However, progress within the LIS educational community in terms of co‐operation and co‐ordinated curriculum development appears meagre. Active co‐operation and networking efforts within the European LIS education world must be initiated.
Application of Marketing Principles and Techniques to Libraries
and Information Centres
Authors: Ojiambo Joseph B.
Published: July 2002

Briefly considers the concept of marketing and outlines the
characteristics of marketing management. Discusses marketing for
non‐profit organizations and indicates the use of marketing techniques
for libraries and information centres. Also indicates methods of
applying marketing techniques to library and information centres.
Tapping the Subject Background of Librarians
Authors: Ikechukwu Oliobi Mathew
Published: July 2002

The University of Port Harcourt Library initiated a scheme whereby
young students with a variety of subject backgrounds would be recruited
and trained to act as an effective link between library resources and
the faculty. Discusses the beneficial effect this unique plan has had in
all aspects of library services, and the impact it has made on the
library users by having librarians with specialist backgrounds able to
offer many and varied subject data knowledge when required by university
library users.
Customer Experience of Libraries
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: July 2002

Seeks to explore aspects of the total customer experience in
libraries, initially through three simple case studies, and subsequently
by identifying some of the factors that might influence the customer
experience. Proposes a methodology using walk‐through audits for
monitoring total customer experience.
A history of the book in Britain
Authors: Barnard John
Published: July 2002

Describes the proposed “a history of the book in
Britain” project to be published in seven volumes by Cambridge
University Press. Describes the background to the project in relation to
the disparate nature of studies of the history of the book in Britain
and work already done. Presents an outline of the structure of the
proposed publication.
The NSTC: a progress report
Authors: Averley Gwen
Published: July 2002

Reviews the progress of the Nineteenth‐century Short Title
Catalogue project and describes the imminent publication of the
final two volumes of the second series. Discusses the plans for the
third phase of the project.
Work‐related stress among the library and information workforce
Authors: Nawe Julita
Published: July 2002

Discusses factors responsible for inappropriate levels of stress,
symptoms of distress and techniques for managing it, with specific
reference to library and information work. Recommends what individuals
and employees can do to manage stress.
Contextual issues for education in library and information studies
in England for the year 2000
Authors: Rowley Jennifer
Published: July 2002

Considers the forces that are likely to influence higher education
in the UK in the late 1990s. The context is the HEFCE document, Review of Higher Education: Submission by the Higher Education Funding
Council for England,published in February 1995. Outlines the current
and future developments in higher education and their implications.
Considers the likely impact on education in library and information
studies.
Legal information needs of the general public
Authors: Otike Japhet
Published: July 2002

Discusses the legal information requirements of members of the general public with particular emphasis on the needs of the Third World. Defines the members of the public and highlights the reasons prompting the public to seek legal information. Describes the needs of the public and isolates institutions where the public can satisfy their information needs. Finds that while the public in the developed states have access to ample sources of legal information, the situation is different in the Third World.
Performance criteria of corporate option and long‐term incentive plans: a survey of 150 UK companies 1994‐1998
Authors: Pass Christopher , Robinson Andrew , Ward Damian
Published: July 2002

A substantial number of companies now operate long‐term incentive schemes as a means of motivating executive directors to improve corporate financial performance and thus align their interests more closely with those of the company’s shareholders. This paper presents an empirical study of the option/long term incentive plans (LTIP) performance criteria used by a sample of UK companies to illustrate current practice and provides details of the importance of performance‐related remuneration in overall executive remuneration packages.
Organisational learning – it’s just routine
Authors: Tranfield David , Duberley Joanne , Smith Stuart , Musson Gillian , Stokes Paul
Published: July 2002

Reports research into how the organisational learning process can be routinised. Three sets of enabling routines and four sets of defensive routines are identified which are core to facilitating and challenging the learning process. A field‐tested prototype methodology is reported which supports the introduction of a strategy for organisational learning and change by practitioners within companies. In this way the abstract notions of organisational learning, corporate regeneration and change can be made operational.
Does it pay to be a first mover in e.commerce? The case of Amazon.com
Authors: Mellahi Kamel , Johnson Michael
Published: July 2002

Using Amazon.com as a case study, the present research explores first mover (dis)advantages in e.commerce. It examines whether or not Amzon.com has sustained early mover advantages. What are these advantages? And how has Amazon.com reacted to late movers? Evidence generated from the case study suggests that the maintainability of first mover advantages in e.commerce depends on three main factors: continuous innovation, speed of implementation and patenting.
Vertical integration and economic performance: a managerial capability framework
Authors: Peyrefitte Joseph , Golden Peggy A. , Brice Jeff
Published: July 2002

Despite the indeterminate economic outcomes of vertical integration, several managers and researchers have questioned its viability. The article proposes that a better understanding of the relationship between vertical integration and economic performance may be made by considering the role of managerial capabilities in directing integration. It is argued that a lack of understanding of non‐core businesses and the managerial approach necessary for managing integrated activities contributes to poor integration outcomes. The magnitude of these knowledge deficiencies will be dependent on how far the company moves from its strategic core and on whether corporate managers can abate these deficiencies through knowledge acquisition. Through synthesis of the complex vertical integration literature, a managerial capability framework presents the issues and environmental contingencies involved in the success of the vertical integration effort.
Including ourselves: New Labour and engagement with public services
Authors: Barnett Neil
Published: July 2002

Increasing participation in public service issues is a central theme in New Labour’s “modernisation” programme. This concerns service delivery issues but also connects to a broader concern for “democratic renewal”. Underpinning this is New Labour’s continuation of the attempt to re‐shape and redefine the welfare state by the construction of “active citizens”. Active choice is a central theme of the “third way”, which requires that governments recognise the need for reflexive citizens to secure “ontological security” through choice. New Labour then attempts to secure social cohesion by a communitarian appeal to duty and responsibility, central themes in its re‐structuring of welfare services. This exhortation to participate can be seen as a “technology of government”, and, drawing on the Foucauldian concept of “governmentality”, we can see how it is an attempt to “make up” citizens who “take responsibility for themselves”, allowing the government to “control at a distance”.
Anti‐corporate protest as consumer spectacle
Authors: Higgins Matthew , Tadajewski Mark
Published: July 2002

Across much of the developed and developing world the last few years have been marked by protest against institutions and corporations. Much has been said about the significance of these protests, indeed books broadly supportive of anti‐corporate protest compete for ratings against management gurus in the best selling business book charts. In this paper we explore how the technology of marketing is implicated within the organisation and representation of anti‐corporate protests. We argue that the cynical and unreflexive manner in which cultural critics engage with marketing, and their attempts to distance marketing from activities that they privilege, may have consequences for the anti‐corporate movement. This paper concludes with a sense of pessimism about the current tactics employed by anti‐corporate protestors but hope in the potentiality of marketing to develop a sense of individual responsibility.
Efficient consumer response – its origin and evolution in the history of marketing
Authors: Svensson Göran
Published: July 2002

The article provides a non‐mainstream discussion the origin and evolution of efficient consumer response (ECR) in marketing literature. It challenges generally believed positions in the area of the concept. In addition, the novelty value of ECR is questioned. The author argues that ECR has parts of its origin and evolution in the managerial school of marketing and in the three classical schools of marketing, namely the functional school, the commodity school, and the institutional school.
Introducing TQM
Authors: Dale Barrie G. , Cooper Cary L.
Published: July 2002

Examines the role of senior managers in total quality management (TQM)
and provides some pointers as to why they should become involved in TQM.
These pointers include the strategic nature of TQM, their personal
impact on the credibility of TQM, and their influence in changing the
behaviour and attitudes of employees. Makes a case for senior managers
to get involved in a range of activities relating to the introduction of
TQM. Also examines what senior executives need to know and what they
should do about TQM.
The Mind’s Eye and the Practice of Management
Authors: Bennett Robert H. , Wheatley Walter J. , Maddox E. Nick , Anthony William P.
Published: July 2002

Theory and practice indicate that managers experience considerable
difficulty and exhibit limited rationality as they attempt to grasp,
process, and understand the often ambiguous requirements of managerial
tasks. Argues the efficacy of mental imagery and visualization as a
means to overcome such human limitation. Notes the theoretical and
conceptual underpinnings of mental imagery and applies them to the
“episodic performance situations” inherent in the reality of management
practice. Imagery techniques allow managers to create and manipulate
actively a much more information‐rich and thorough projection of the
once ambiguous, abstract management scenario. Discusses some example
uses of mental imagery in the steps of the strategic planning model, in
decision‐making applications, and in organizational communication.
Provides some guidelines for developing effective mental imagery scripts
and outlines important considerations for their use in organizations.
Quality Teams as Improvement Support Systems (ISS)
Authors: Barad M. , Kayis B.
Published: July 2002

Remarkable improvements in results achieved during the past decade by some US manufacturing companies show the crucial role played in these companies by quality teams which we can call improvement support systems (ISS). The team infrastructure is modelled here in terms of a three‐stage sequential process with simple measures to evaluate the infrastructure elements. The approach is applied to study six Australian companies on their way to becoming continuous improvement systems. The findings expose different levels and patterns of team infrastructure. The enterprises differ in the context of their training models, the extent of autonomy of the teams as well as in the scope of the employees′ participation on teams. Considers the challenge for management finding the right extent to which monitoring and control should be applied to improvement teams as well as avoiding process stagnation. Suggests that the latter can be realized by extending active participation of employees, systematic generation of new improvement topics (eventually through splitting and continuation of old ones) as well as by continuous upgrading of training. A steady output flow of successfully finished projects can be considered evidence of an active (as opposed to a stagnant) improvement system.
The Use and Abuse of Economic Forecasts
Authors: Gripaios Peter
Published: July 2002

Economic forecasting has become big business with over 40 institutions
producing forecasts in the UK alone. Such forecasts are widely reported
in the media and businesses typically subscribe to the output of at
least one forecasting agency and use it for planning production and
investment over future time periods. The value of forecasts is, however,
questionable for actual out‐turns rarely coincide with predictions,
particularly at those times when economic performance is deviating from
trend. These, of course, are the times when forecasts are most needed.
One reason for using them may be that business people believe the
results or at least that there is no better alternative in a world in
which they must have something as a basis for rational planning. In
either case, they are probably wrong and many economists themselves are
now exploring alternative approaches. Concludes that, in business,
macroeconometric forecasts can easily be overvalued and should be used
with care. They are certainly no substitute for fundamental scenario
planning or indeed for short run risk management strategies.
Business Process Re‐engineering
Authors: Lance Revenaugh D.
Published: July 2002

Implementation is the challenge that comes at the end of all new (and
old) methods for improving organizations. Strategic planning, total
quality management, new information systems technologies, and now
business process re‐engineering(BPR) are some of the concepts that are
being advocated to effect a radical improvement in organization
performance. BPR is a radical rethinking of an organization and its
cross‐functional, end‐to‐end processes, and has taken corporations by
storm. Despite the excitement over BPR, however, the rate of failure for
re‐engineered projects is over 50 per cent. Why does a concept that is
becoming so pervasive have such a large probability of failure? Uses two
well‐established models of organizational analysis, the information
technology strategic grid and the corporate tribes culture model, to
provide some insight into the difficulty of implementing BPR
successfully. Potential impact of each culture type are specifically
analysed. Examines the strategic relevance of a process, as delineated
in the strategic grid, for its relationship to BPR implementation.
Integrates the combined impact of culture and strategic relevance into a
practical framework to guide managers in planning for the successful
implementation of BPR.
A Human Resource Philosophy
Authors: Kilcourse Tom
Published: July 2002

By subjugating the judgement of its managers to systems, or to the ego
of a Messianic MD, modern organizations squeeze out the very human
qualities for which they are paying. Argues for greater emphasis on
value management, with top people demonstrating the ethics which they
espouse. Gives examples of behaviour which arises when there is no clear
moral lead. Organizational effectiveness suffers when we ask people to
accept from the corporation a set of values which would not be tolerated
in individuals. Suggests what might be done to correct the situation.
Diversification: some lessons from the UK defence industry
Authors: Bishop Paul
Published: July 2002

In response to major changes in the defence market in recent years,
many firms have embarked on a process of diversification into civilian
markets. Examines some of the impediments to diversification based on
the results of a postal survey of defence contractors in Devon and
Cornwall. The results imply that problems related to the economic
recession, a lack of marketing expertise and the cost of market entry
are major hurdles to diversification. A case study of a local firm which
has successfully diverisifed indicates that a change in corporate
culture throughout the entire production, supply and selling chain is an
important ingredient to success. In conclusion, notes that
diversification is no simple panacea for companies suffering from the
effects of declining demand from defence customers.
Economics and business, the theory of the firm revisited: a
Scottish perspective
Authors: Hornby Windham B.
Published: July 2002

Examines the gap between the microeconomic theory of the firm and
business reality. In particular, it seeks to redress the balance between
theory and practice by examining the objectives of top Scottish
companies. The survey confirms initial expectations that Scottish
companies are more owner‐controlled than their UK counterparts. In
addition, it also appears that Scottish companies are more likely to
pursue profit maximization as a goal than companies elsewhere in the UK.
It was found that the majority of Scottish companies were financially
conservative and risk‐averse but in the absence of comparable data for
UK no conclusions can be drawn from this. Nevertheless, in common with
other studies, it is confirmed that Scottish companies are similar to
their UK counterparts in so far as they tend to be satisficers and
pursue multiple objectives. There appears to be no evidence to support
links between size and ownership type and profit maximization. Contrary
to expectations, owner‐controlled companies are more likely to operate
with a minimum profit constraint than managerially controlled companies.
Finally, it is confirmed that the majority of firms are “full‐cost
pricers” although hypotheses linking this type of pricing policy
with size and market structure, while suggestive of such links, were not
statistically significant.
Financial performance measurement: not a total solution
Authors: Barker R.C.
Published: July 2002

Describes a framework for analysis which is capable of measuring
the value‐adding capability of the entire manufacturing chain. This
provides a means of benchmarking organizational performance irrespective
of market‐related profit margin. The method of analysis provides: a
measure of existing value‐adding capability; guidance for investment,
constraint removal and measurement of the new state and a measure of the
untapped potential available in an organization and thus benchmarking
against world‐class standards. The methods could also be used to aid
company share evaluation since the relative improvement potential can be
measured as intercompany comparisons become available.
Measuring the integrity of your business
Authors: Bititci Umit S.
Published: July 2002

Describes part of a research and development programme focusing on business integration. Provides analysis of integration and introduces a reference model for business integration. Details an audit method which measures the level of integration within a business with respect to the reference model. Illustrates the application of the audit method through a case study. Concludes with a brief discussion on the significance of the work described, its limitations and potential benefits.
A paradigm for strategic decision success
Authors: Harrison E. Frank , Pelletier Monique A.
Published: July 2002

Conceptualizes a paradigm for strategic decision success that is based on a formal, managerial decision‐making process, advanced as part of a set of managerial attitudes towards the process and towards the decision itself. The resultant typology of strategic decisions is related to four sets of real‐world applications to validate the paradigm and to confirm the hypothesis that a formal managerial decision‐making process is conducive to strategic decision success. Concludes that an attainable objective set in an open, decision‐making process and pursued through a judgemental process in quest of a satisficing outcome is more likely to succeed.
Productivity management: the Japanese experience
Authors: Stainer Alan
Published: July 2002

Gives an overview of Japanese productivity management in both
manufacturing and service industries. Discusses education and training,
as well as corporate attitudes to productivity. Highlights the
relationship of productivity to the Japanese economy, looking at both
large and small organizations. Features approaches and underlying
competitive philosophies to productivity management and their control
systems. Reveals the prominence of productivity and quality in Japanese
operations strategy through both analysis and models. Draws comparisons
with the West through a discussion on how Japanese productivity
management works and could work in Europe. Brings to the fore the
inevitable challenges and changes facing Japanese industry since the
recession, and their consequent reactions.
Strategic downsizing
Authors: Band David C. , Tustin Charles M.
Published: July 2002

Corporate strategies directed at gaining competitive advantage and
satisfying customers′ needs always have human resource implications, and
tactics such as job redesign, multi‐skilling, redeployment, training,
paying for performance, layoffs and downsizing should be specifically
directed at implementing the human resource strategies of organizations.
Unfortunately, however, the strategic considerations which should
accompany the use of these tactics are often absent. Highlights one of
the particularly popular methods, namely downsizing. Addresses its
strategic facets. Argues that the objective of downsizing should be to
raise productivity per head and that this can be achieved only by proper
strategic decision making, planning and implementation, and the
subsequent evaluation of the downsizing effort.
Achieving a balanced value system for continuity and change
Authors: Feurer Rainer , Chaharbaghi Kazem
Published: July 2002

The increasing level of competition has had a major influence on
the value system which defines the characteristics of an organization
and its relation to internal and external environments. The value system
is central to the reward structure and therefore determines the
organization′s goals which in turn form the basis of strategy
formulation. While the increasing level of competition has satisfied a
growing level of expectations there has also been a number of negative
repercussions which have arisen due to the conflicting nature of value
systems on which organizations operate. The solution to this
disequilibrium lies in the question of whether endless progress is
desirable or a more balanced approach between progress and conservation
is necessary. Describes the value system on which organizations operate,
then examines the way in which an appropriate balance may be achieved
between progress and conservation, together with its implications on
strategy formulation.
A strategy evaluation model for management
Authors: Hastings Simon
Published: July 2002

Proposes a new model called the strategy evaluation model. The need for this model is based on the ongoing criticism aimed at capital budgeting models which employ purely quantitative methods such as discounted cash flow techniques and financial ratio analysis. It has been suggested that these models ignore key issues in the strategy‐making process. These key issues are difficult to evaluate as they are typically qualitative and intangible aspects of strategy. The strategy evaluation model provides a method for ranking strategy on quantitative, qualitative and intangible criteria based on their prioritized relationship with the mission of the firm. Aims to provide an evaluation model which can harness the expertise of a firm’s strategic thinkers and combine it with quantitative information.
Can the S‐S problem‐solving method help to win the World Cup?
Authors: Ho Samuel K. , Cicmil Svetlana
Published: July 2002

Although in practice it is commonly found that there are several antecedents relevant to a particular problem, only one specific event represents its real cause. Analysis of the potential causes and the identification of the single cause that ultimately relates to the problem are the crux of problem solving. Attempts to develop a systematic procedure of problem solving, named the S‐S problem‐solving method, and to apply the method to the problem of the penalty shoot‐out ‐ a decisive stage in cup competition football matches. In the World Cup 1990 semi‐finals, England lost to West Germany in a penalty shoot‐out. In an attempt to find the possible reasons for defeat by using the S‐S problem‐solving method, identifies one real cause of the problem. Two examples illustrate the significance of the method in finding the real cause of a problem.
Image problems with financial services: some considerations for improvement
Authors: Davies Mark
Published: July 2002

The complexity, variability and uncertainty of performance of many financial services make consumer evaluation difficult, and have accounted for many purchases failing to meet expectations. Suggests how evaluation can be improved before, during and after purchase. Before purchase, confidence in a purchase can be provided in offering a clear identity through cues that make tangible the service, such as a sound positioning claim. Evaluation during purchase relies on managing the service encounter by offering user‐friendly scripts and by ensuring that staff offer appropriate advice. Evaluation after purchase is about maintaining relationships. Better staff training and motivation can lead to being more responsive to consumer needs. Finally, ensuring that the promotional claims and supporting aspects of the service delivery reinforce one another will provide reassurance for a healthy relationship
Capital, economic returns and the creation of value
Authors: Groth John C. , Byers Steven S. , Bogert James D.
Published: July 2002

Focuses on sources of capital to an organization, investment and flows of capital within an organization, interaction with markets, the generation of economic returns, and the potential for the creation of value. Illustrates how the creation of value provides benefits to employees, shareholders, and society. Provides numerical illustration of the dollar value of a capital project to employees, shareholders and separately to society. Provides the foundation for understanding concepts such as economic value added, a practical understanding of how economics works, especially in terms of allocation of capital, invested capital, flowing capital, and returns on capital. Traces the creation of value to the markets for goods and services.
Market orientation is free: the real costs of becoming market‐led
Authors: Harris Lloyd C. , Piercy Nigel F.
Published: July 2002

Management is urged by many theorists from different disciplines to be market‐ or customer‐oriented. This advocacy comes from marketing, total quality management, business process re‐engineering, “excellence” and general management. There are many barriers to taking this advice. However, the most frequent objection is cost and expense. Argues that this barrier is an illusion which detracts from confronting the real impediments to implementing market orientation. We argue that in many important aspects market orientation is “free”!
Establishing a strategic direction: a review
Authors: Proctor Tony
Published: July 2002

Corporate planning involves setting down overall corporate financial goals and using these as the basis for setting goals in the various functional areas of the business. In the case of marketing, strategies aimed at achieving stated goals and objectives are based on an analysis of marketing strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats and their impact on the organization. Employs cross impact analysis to assess the impact of environmental variables ‐ such as technology, economy, customers and competition ‐ on the strategic business units of an organization. It can be extended to look at the impact on future or potential businesses as well. The technique helps to identify various threats and opportunities which surround the organization. Employs gap analysis to identify the difference between aspirations and likely achievements with the current product‐market portfolio. Aids choice of marketing objectives and strategy by an analysis undertaken to identify strengths and weaknesses of the organization and opportunities and threats which exist in the environment.
Cellular management: a framework for the support services?
Authors: Humphreys Paul , McAleer Eddie
Published: July 2002

The introduction of cells has in general been beneficial to organizations by improving productivity and quality, reducing lead times and providing non‐routine jobs for personnel within the cell. However, there is no doubt that such changes create conflict due to the transition from a functional structure to a more flexible cellular environment. Charts the development of the cell structure within an aerospace company in order to identify the potential problems which can arise between the various participants both inside and outside the cells. Uses Maister’s Professional Service Firm model to identify the roles and responsibilities of the support functions and management which service the cells. Proposes that this framework not only illustrates how planning and organizing issues can be addressed using the concepts developed by Maister, but also provides an illustration of how one model propounded by management educators can provide a foundation for enhancing organizational performance.
An examination of strategic foreign direct investment decision processes: the case of Taiwanese manufacturing SMEs
Authors: Wei Ho‐Ching , Christodoulou Chris
Published: July 2002

Proposes that due to the worsening business environment in Taiwan in the 1980s many manufacturing enterprises, the majority being labour‐intensive small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs), were moving out to other developing countries. Explores how owner managers in the Taiwanese Electronic and Electric Appliances industry make a foreign direct investment (FDI) decision. Two semi‐structured questionnaires were designed to gather data about the respondents’ decision‐making processes. Field research was undertaken in Taiwan by personal interview over a period of three months and in total 35 companies participated. Discusses how a company’s internationalization experience and its size in terms of sales significantly influence the likelihood of a positive FDI decision. The likelihood of a positive FDI decision is also affected by owners’ personal characteristics. Additionally the decision makers appear to be influenced by friends and partners. States that the companies that make a positive FDI decision perceive the work ethic in Taiwan as deteriorating. Posits that 78 per cent of the most recent FDIs are in China: the major benefits being sought are low production costs and abundant labour supply. Says the most important reason for selecting China as the host country is the same language and cultural similarities. Explains that most FDIs are to produce products which have a price advantage; hence the FDI creates a vertical integration with the mother company in Taiwan. Seems that Taiwanese manufacturing SMEs will continue investing overseas to seek competitive advantages.
Leadership as vision
Authors: Morden Tony
Published: July 2002

Contends that in addition to the role of leadership as a fundamental organizational competence, leadership may be defined in terms of vision and shared values. Vision is conceptualized in holistic terms. Defines vision as an imagined or perceived but consistent pattern of communal possibilities to which others can be drawn, and whose values they will wish to share. Explains visionary leadership and analyses implementation within the context of social architecture and trust. Describes Collins and Porras’ (1996) analysis of the visionary company. Concludes with a summary of Hickman’s (1992) analysis of the relationship between the visionary capacity of the leader, and the practical implementation approach of the manager, as the two opposite ends of a spectrum. Concludes that a basic holistic objective should be to blend strong visionary leadership with effective management into one integrated whole, in which the strengths of both combine synergistically to the advantage of the enterprise.
Developing and implementing value‐based strategy
Authors: Walters David
Published: July 2002

Proposes an approach for implementing value‐based management expectations into strategic and operational management activities. Also considers issues concerning marketing and operations management as well as finance. Addresses the scope of business and its planning horizon, and both applies existing concepts and develops others.