bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wall Shear Stress (WSS) Analysis in Atherosclerosis in Partial Ligated Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mouse Model through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD)
Authors: Cho Minju , Hwang Joon Seup , Kim Kyeong Ryeol , Kim Jun Ki
Published: September 2024

Atherosclerosis involves an inflammatory response due to plaque formation within the arteries, which can lead to ischemic stroke and heart disease. It is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, with various contributing factors such as hyperlipidemia, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, and smoking. Wall shear stress (WSS) is also known as a contributing factor of the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Since the causes of atherosclerosis cannot be attributed to a single factor, clearly understanding the mechanisms and causes of its occurrence is crucial for preventing the disease and developing effective treatment strategies. To better understand atherosclerosis and define the correlation between various contributing factors, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis is primarily used. CFD simulates WSS, the frictional force caused by blood flow on the vessel wall with various hemodynamic changes. Using apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE-KO) mice subjected to partial ligation and a high-fat diet at 1-week, 2-week, and 4-week intervals as an atherosclerosis model, CFD analysis was conducted along with the reconstruction of carotid artery blood flow via magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and compared to the inflammatory factors and pathological staining. In this experiment, a comparative analysis of the effects of high WSS and low WSS was conducted by comparing the standard deviation of time-averaged wall shear stress (TAWSS) at each point within the vessel wall. As a novel approach, the standard deviation of TAWSS within the vessel was analyzed with the staining results and pathological features. Since the onset of atherosclerosis cannot be explained by a single factor, the aim was to find the correlation between the thickness of atherosclerotic plaques and inflammatory factors through standard deviation analysis. As a result, the gap between low WSS and high WSS widened as the interval between weeks in the atherosclerosis mouse model increased. This finding not only linked the occurrence of atherosclerosis to WSS differences but also provided a connection to the causes of vulnerable plaques.
Seasonality Disrupted: Post-Pandemic Trends in Otorhinolaryngological Infections
Authors: Pickert Julia , Riemann Sarah , Spörlein Andreas , Knopf Andreas
Published: September 2024

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has notably affected the epidemiology of various infectious diseases. The imposed public health measures and disruptions in vaccination programs have potentially altered the patterns of these diseases post pandemic. Objective: To investigate the change in epidemiology of otorhinolaryngological infectious diseases in adult and pediatric patients after the COVID-19 pandemic and the relaxation of public health measures. Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a large tertiary university otolaryngology department in the south of Germany, examining admissions with specific ICD-10 diagnoses from 2019 to 2023. Data were seasonally categorized and statistically analyzed. Results: A total of 1728 inpatient cases were analyzed. There was a significant increase in otorhinolaryngological infections in the post-pandemic winter of 2022, particularly of peritonsillar abscesses, acute tonsillitis and acute mastoiditis. No significant post-pandemic spike in mononucleosis was observed. The duration of hospitalization was shorter in 2022, and the median age of patients did not change significantly pre- versus post-pandemic. Conclusions: The study indicates a significant post-pandemic rise in otorhinolaryngological infections. Remarkably, the typical “dip” in infections during the summer months was not observed in the post pandemic years, possibly reflecting the impact of the termination of non-pharmaceutical interventions. Mononucleosis was the only infection not following this pattern.
Fit-for-Future: Lessons Learned from the COVID-19 Pandemic in Primary Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation (ECMO) Transports of Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Patients
Authors: Muenster Stefan , Schumacher Silvia , Schmandt Mathias , Kreyer Stefan , Poth Jens Martin , Putensen Christian , Schewe Jens-Christian , Ehrentraut Stefan Felix
Published: September 2024

(1) Background: The COVID-19 pandemic presented significant challenges in managing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) being a critical but resource-intensive intervention. (2) Methods: This retrospective study analyzed veno-venous (VV) ECMO therapy in ARDS patients before and during the pandemic at a high-volume ECMO center in Germany. The study used a reduced ECMO team (one medical and one nursing specialist) to optimize patient care with limited resources, aiming to offer insights for future pandemic management. Data from 181 adult patients (age ≥ 18) with severe ARDS were analyzed: 57 pre-pandemic and 124 during the pandemic. (3) Results: Despite increased isolation measures during the pandemic (25% pre-COVID-19 vs. 79% during COVID-19, p < 0.0001), there was no significant change in transportation mode (ground vs. air) or ECMO implantation times at local hospitals. Similarly, time and distance for primary ECMO transport remained unchanged between the two periods. Complication rates related to ECMO circuit placement and prolonged transport were also insignificant across groups. However, ECMO therapy duration (median 12 days pre-COVID-19 vs. 19 days during COVID-19, p < 0.0001) and hospital stays (median 3 days pre-COVID-19 vs. 7 days during COVID-19, p < 0.01) were longer during the pandemic. Mortality rates were also higher during the pandemic (49% pre-COVID-19 vs. 65% during COVID-19, p < 0.05). (4) Conclusions: In conclusion, a reduced ECMO team proved to be an effective resource-saving strategy that maintained high-quality care with low complication rates, despite the additional challenges posed by pandemic-related isolation measures.
Detection of the BRAFV600E Mutation in Circulating Free Nucleic Acids as a Biomarker of Thyroid Cancer: A Review
Authors: Niedziela Emilia , Niedziela Łukasz , Kowalska Aldona , Kowalik Artur
Published: September 2024

Background: Liquid biopsy is a method that could potentially improve the management of thyroid cancer (TC) by enabling the detection of circulating tumor DNA and RNA (ctDNA, ctRNA). The BRAFV600E mutation appears to be the most representative example of a biomarker in liquid biopsy, as it is the most specific mutation for TC and a target for molecular therapeutics. The aim of this review is to summarize the available data on the detection of the BRAFV600E mutation in liquid biopsy in patients with TC. Methods: A comprehensive analysis of the available literature on the detection of the BRAFV600E mutation in liquid biopsy in TC was performed. Thirty-three papers meeting the inclusion criteria were selected after full-text evaluation. Results: Eleven papers discussed correlations between BRAF mutation and clinicopathological characteristics. Nine studies tested the utility of BRAFV600E detection in the assessment of residual or recurrent disease. Seven studies investigated BRAF-mutated circulating tumor nucleic acids (ctNA) as a marker of response to targeted therapy. In seven studies the method did not detect the BRAFV600E mutation. Conclusions: This review shows the potential of BRAFV600E-mutated ctNA detection in monitoring disease progression, particularly in advanced TC. The diagnostic value of BRAFV600E-mutated ctNA detection appears to be limited to advanced TC. The choice of the molecular method (quantitative PCR [qPCR], droplet digital polymerase chain reaction [ddPCR], and next-generation sequencing [NGS]) should be made based on the turnaround time, sensitivity of the test, and the clinical indications. Despite the promising outcomes of some studies, there is a need to verify these results on larger cohorts and to unify the molecular methods.
Development of Seizures Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Moran Margaret , Lajeunesse Brooke , Kotzur Travis , Momtaz David Arian , Smerin Daniel Li , Lafuente Molly Frances , Azari Jafari Amirhossein , Mirmoeeni Seyyedmohammadsadeq , Garcia Carlos , Martinez Paola , Chen Kevin , Seifi Ali
Published: September 2024

Objectives: The multifaceted impact of Traumatic brain injury (TBI) encompasses complex healthcare costs and diverse health complications, including the emergence of Post-Traumatic Seizures (PTS). In this study, our goal was to discern and elucidate the incidence and risk factors implicated in the pathogenesis of PTS. We hypothesize that the development of PTS following TBI varies based on the type and severity of TBI. Methods: Our study leveraged the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) to review primary TBI cases spanning 2016–2020 in the United States. Admissions featuring the concurrent development of seizures during the admission were queried. The demographic variables, concomitant diagnoses, TBI subtypes, hospital charges, hospital length of stay (LOS), and mortality were analyzed. Results: The aggregate profile of TBI patients delineated a mean age of 61.75 (±23.8) years, a male preponderance (60%), and a predominantly White demographic (71%). Intriguingly, patients who encountered PTS showcased extended LOS (7.5 ± 9.99 vs. 6.87 ± 10.98 days, p < 0.001). Paradoxically, PTS exhibited a reduced overall in-hospital mortality (6% vs. 8.1%, p < 0.001). Notably, among various TBI subtypes, traumatic subdural hematoma (SDH) emerged as a predictive factor for heightened seizure development (OR 1.38 [1.32–1.43], p < 0.001). Conclusions: This rigorous investigation employing an extensive national database unveils a 4.95% incidence of PTS, with SDH accentuating odds of seizure risk by OR: 1.38 ([1.32–1.43], p < 0.001). The paradoxical correlation between lower mortality and PTS is expected to be multifactorial and necessitates further exploration. Early seizure prophylaxis, prompt monitoring, and equitable healthcare provision remain pivotal avenues for curbing seizure incidence and comprehending intricate mortality trends.
Comparison of Dental Findings with Computed Tomographic and Clinical Examination in Patients with End-Stage Heart Failure
Authors: Merle Cordula Leonie , Gocke Julia , Seitz Patrick , Gutberlet Matthias , Saeed Diyar , Haak Rainer , Ziebolz Dirk , Gohmann Robin Fabian , Schmalz Gerhard
Published: September 2024

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the diagnostic value of pre-existing computed tomography (CT) examinations for the detection of dental pathologies compared with clinical dental examination in patients with end-stage heart failure. Methods: For this purpose, 59 patients with end-stage heart failure and pre-existing non-dental CT images of the craniofacial region were included. Virtual orthopantomograms (vOPG) were reconstructed. Dental pathologies were analyzed in vOPG and source-CT images. Imaging and clinical findings less than 6 months apart were compared (n = 24). Results: The subjective image quality of vOPG was more often rated as insufficient than CT (66%; 20%; p < 0.01). Depending on examination (CT, vOPG or clinic), between 33% and 92% of the patients could require dental intervention such as treatment of caries and periodontitis or tooth extraction. vOPG led to a higher (80%) prevalence of teeth requiring treatment than CT (39%; p < 0.01). The prevalence of teeth requiring treatment was similar in CT (29%) and clinic (29%; p = 1.00) but higher in vOPG (63%; p < 0.01). CT (stage 3 or 4: 42%) and vOPG (38%) underestimated the stage of periodontitis (clinic: 75%; p < 0.01). Conclusions: In conclusion, available CT images including the craniofacial region from patients with end-stage heart failure may contain valuable information regarding oral health status. The assessability of vOPGs might be insufficient and must be interpreted with caution.
Advancements and Challenges in Personalized Therapy for BRAF-Mutant Melanoma: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Shebrain Abdulaziz , Idris Omer A. , Jawad Ali , Zhang Tiantian , Xing Yan
Published: September 2024

Over the past several decades, advancements in the treatment of BRAF-mutant melanoma have led to the development of BRAF inhibitors, BRAF/MEK inhibitor combinations, anti-PD-1 therapy, and anti-CTLA4 therapy. Although these therapies have shown substantial efficacy in clinical trials, their sustained effectiveness is often challenged by the tumor microenvironment, which is a highly heterogeneous and complex milieu of immunosuppressive cells that affect tumor progression. The era of personalized medicine holds substantial promise for the tailoring of treatments to individual genetic profiles. However, tumor heterogeneity and immune evasion mechanisms contribute to the resistance to immunotherapy. Despite these challenges, tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) therapy, as exemplified by lifileucel, has demonstrated notable efficacy against BRAF V600-mutant melanoma. Additionally, early response biomarkers, such as COX-2 and MMP2, along with FDG-PET imaging, offer the potential to improve personalized immunotherapy by predicting patient responses and determining the optimal treatment duration. Future efforts should focus on reducing the T-cell harvesting periods and costs associated with TIL therapy to enhance efficiency and accessibility.
Updates on Endoscopic Stenting for Unresectable Malignant Hilar Biliary Obstruction
Authors: Inoue Tadahisa , Naitoh Itaru
Published: September 2024

Malignant hilar biliary obstruction (MHBO) can cause obstructive jaundice and/or cholangitis necessitating appropriate biliary drainage. Endoscopic biliary stenting is the first-choice treatment, especially in unresectable cases, owing to its minimally invasive nature and utility. However, the hilar region is complex because of the branching and curving of bile ducts, making strictures in this area more complicated. Therefore, MHBO stenting is challenging, and treatment strategies have yet to be established. Furthermore, recent advances in antitumor therapies have altered the background surrounding the development of stenting strategies. Therefore, it is necessary to understand and grasp the current evidence well and to accumulate additional evidence reflecting the current situation. This study reviews the current status, issues, and prospects of endoscopic stenting for MHBO, especially in unresectable cases.
Influence of Sagittal Cervical and Thoracic Range of Motion on Neck Pain Severity in Young White-Collar Workers: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Kuligowski Tomasz , Skrzek Anna , Cieślik Błażej
Published: September 2024

Background: Neck pain (NP) is a prevalent musculoskeletal disorder, especially among individuals with sedentary occupations. The interplay between cervical and thoracic spine mobility is hypothesized to contribute significantly to NP severity, yet this relationship requires further exploration. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 179 young white-collar workers with NP lasting for at least six weeks. Participants were stratified into mild (n = 78) and moderate (n = 101) pain groups based on their scores on the Northwick Park Neck Pain Questionnaire (NPQ). Cervical and thoracic range of motion (ROM) in the sagittal plane was measured using inclinometers. NP severity was further assessed using the NPQ and the Neck Disability Index (NDI). Correlation, regression, and mediation analyses were conducted to investigate the relationship between cervical and thoracic ROM and NP severity. Results: Thoracic ROM was higher in the mild pain group (median: 47.35, IQR: 10.13) than in the moderate pain group (median: 42.10, IQR: 13.60; p < 0.001). The NDI had a negative correlation with thoracic ROM (r = −0.65; p < 0.05) and a positive correlation with cervical ROM (r = 0.84; p < 0.01). Additionally, thoracic ROM mediated the effect of cervical ROM on NP, particularly influencing NDI scores (p < 0.01). Conclusions: This study found a significant association between reduced thoracic ROM and increased NP severity, highlighting the role of thoracic spine mobility in NP among young white-collar workers. Targeted interventions for thoracic dysfunction may reduce compensatory cervical strain and improve NP management, suggesting that thoracic spine assessments should be integrated into routine clinical evaluations.
Phenotype and Treatment Options for Mesenteric Lymph Node Cavitating Syndrome in Coeliac Disease: A Case Series and Literature Review
Authors: Marchetti Federica , Raju Suneil A. , Nandi Nicoletta , Shiha Mohamed G. , Cross Simon S. , Rea Benjamin , Caio Giacomo , Sanders David S.
Published: September 2024

Background: There is a paucity of data on mesenteric lymph node cavitation syndrome (MLNCS), a rare condition associated with coeliac disease (CD), characterized by central necrosis within enlarged mesenteric lymph nodes. The largest case series of MLNCS was completed in 1984, (n = 6) and a poor prognosis was identified. Methods: A case series of all patients was conducted with MLNCS treated at the UK NHS England National Centre for Refractory Coeliac Disease between 2000 and 2023. A further literature review was conducted using PubMed and Google Scholar for patients with MLNCS and coeliac disease until 2023. Results: In total, there were 51 patients (6 from our case series and 45 from the literature review); 57% were female, and the mean age was 52.8 years (SD: 14.01 years). The most common presenting symptoms were weight loss (80%) and diarrhea (65%), and patients often had hyposplenism (80%). Persistent villous atrophy was present in 88% of the patients. Ten patients also had Refractory Coeliac Disease. Most of the patients (90%) were on a GFD, but the effect of this is unclear. Treatment with steroids and immunosuppressants resulted in a 40% survival rate. The overall mortality was 43%, associated with cachexia, sepsis, infectious complications, and lymphoma. Conclusions: MLNCS has a poor prognosis, and its diagnosis should prompt further intervention and careful follow-up. Patients commonly present with weight loss and hyposplenism should prompt further investigation. Current treatment options are inadequate and novel therapies are required.
Comparison of Key Properties of Ag-TiO2 and Hydroxyapatite-Ag-TiO2 Coatings on NiTi SMA
Authors: Dudek Karolina , Strach Aleksandra , Wasilkowski Daniel , Łosiewicz Bożena , Kubisztal Julian , Mrozek-Wilczkiewicz Anna , Zioła Patryk , Barylski Adrian
Published: September 2024

To functionalize the NiTi alloy, multifunctional innovative nanocoatings of Ag-TiO2 and Ag-TiO2 doped with hydroxyapatite were engineered on its surface. The coatings were thoroughly characterized, focusing on surface topography and key functional properties, including adhesion, surface wettability, biocompatibility, antibacterial activity, and corrosion resistance. The electrochemical corrosion kinetics in a simulated body fluid and the mechanisms were analyzed. The coatings exhibited hydrophilic properties and were biocompatible with fibroblast and osteoblast cells while also demonstrating antibacterial activity against E. coli and S. epidermidis. The coatings adhered strongly to the NiTi substrate, with superior adhesion observed in the hydroxyapatite-doped layers. Conversely, the Ag-TiO2 layers showed enhanced corrosion resistance.
Spatiotemporal Changes and Driving Mechanisms of Cropland Reclamation and Abandonment in Xinjiang
Authors: Fang Yuling , Wu Shixin , Hou Guanyu , Long Weiyi
Published: September 2024

Since China’s reform and opening up in 1978, the reclamation and abandonment of cropland in Xinjiang have become significant features of the land use change in the arid land of Northwest China. However, the spatiotemporal changes and driving mechanisms of cropland reclamation and abandonment over long time periods are still unclear, but this is crucial in understanding cropland changes in inland arid land, providing important insights for land management and agricultural development. Based on 40 years of remote sensing data on resources and the environment, this study examines the spatiotemporal characteristics of cropland reclamation and abandonment in Xinjiang over four periods since 1980. Additionally, it uses an optimal parameter geographical detector model to quantify the driving factors for each period. The results indicate that cropland reclamation experiences a “slow decrease–rapid increase” trend, forming a “V-shaped” pattern, while abandonment shows a “rapid decrease–slow decrease–slow increase” trend, forming a “U-shaped” pattern. These trends can be divided into three periods: 1980–1990 (unstable growth), 1990–2010 (stable growth), and 2010–2020 (growth with constraints). The movement pattern of cropland reclamation’s center of gravity is “slightly southeast–slightly northeast–southwest”, whereas the abandonment’s center of gravity shifts “northeast–southwest–northeast”. Further analysis reveals that the impact of agricultural technological investment and infrastructure on cropland reclamation has increased, while the influence of natural environmental factors has decreased. Although climate and water resources remain key factors in cropland abandonment, the influence of economic and social factors has gradually diminished, and the impact of agricultural mechanization has steadily risen.
Behavioral Finance Insights into Land Management: Decision Aggregation and Real Estate Market Dynamics in China
Authors: Cho Sung-woo , Jung Jin-young
Published: September 2024

The interplay between land management and real estate market dynamics is critical for sustainable development. This study employs behavioral finance theory to explore how irrational behaviors among key market participants, including developers, consumers, and brokers, influence housing prices in China. By examining decision aggregation processes and sociocultural influences, we identify significant behavioral factors such as overconfidence, herding behavior, and availability bias that contribute to real estate price fluctuations. Our empirical analysis, based on data from 2001 to 2018, reveals how these behaviors impact market outcomes and provides insights for improving land administration systems. The findings offer valuable perspectives for policy and strategy development aimed at stabilizing housing markets, promoting sustainable real estate practices, and supporting the achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs). This research underscores the importance of integrating behavioral finance into land management to enhance the efficiency and security of land tenure systems.
Tracking Macular Sensitivity and Inner Retinal Thickness in Long-Term Type 1 Diabetes: A Five-Year Prospective Examination in Patients without Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Fernández-Espinosa Guisela , Orduna-Hospital Elvira , Sopeña-Pinilla María , Arias-Álvarez Marta , Boned-Murillo Ana , Díaz-Barreda María Dolores , Sánchez-Cano Ana , Pinilla Isabel
Published: September 2024

The aim of the study is to compare macular sensitivity and retinal thickness in patients with long-term type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM1) without diabetic retinopathy (DR) after 5 years of follow-up. Thirty-two eyes from 32 long-term DM1 patients without DR were included. All participants underwent a complete ophthalmological examination, including microperimetry and spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). The data were compared with results from 5 years prior. The mean age of the DM1 patients was 43.19 ± 10.17 years, with a mean disease duration of 29.84 ± 8.98 years and good glycemic control. In 2023, patients exhibited a significantly worse best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) compared to 2018 (p < 0.001). DM1 patients did not show statistically significant changes in macular sensitivity over the 5-year follow-up period. Macular integrity showed significant differences between the two time points (p = 0.045). Retinal thickness showed significant differences, particularly in inner retinal layers (IRL) across most of the ETDRS areas. Long-term DM1 patients without DR lesions showed worsened macular integrity and a lower BCVA in 2023. Additionally, they displayed significant alterations in retinal thicknesses, especially in the IRL, between 2018 and 2023. These findings suggest that even in the absence of visible DR, long-term DM1 patients may experience subclinical retinal changes and functional deterioration over time, highlighting the importance of regular monitoring for the early detection and management of potential complications.
Revealing the Corrosion Resistance Mechanism of Plain Carbon Steel Micro-Alloyed by La in Simulated Industrial Atmosphere
Authors: Sha Sha , Yang Feng , He Jianzhong , Liu Zhi , Fu Tianle , Wang Bing , Chen Xiaoping , Jia Shujun , Liu Qingyou
Published: September 2024

Plain carbon steel is the most widely applied steel in current engineering construction. With the increased application property needs, the service life of plain carbon steel has been severely tested. As one of the most destructive failure modes, corrosion resistance of carbon steel has attracted wide attention. Rare earth La, as the microalloying element, was employed in plain carbon steel, Q355, to improve its corrosion resistance. As the content of La increased, the microstructure was refined. The fraction of pearlite decreased, while the content of acicular increased. Within the La addition of 230 ppm, the tensile strength and impact energy were jointly improved. Furthermore, the microalloying element of La modified the inclusion types and refined the inclusion size. The modified microstructure and inclusions by La co-improved the corrosion resistance. The formula of effective La content was proposed to estimate the effect of La on corrosion. As the effective content of La increased, the relative corrosion rate decreased. La3+ promoted the protective rust layer to increase corrosion resistance.
A New Mechanism for the Inhibition of SA106 Gr.B Carbon Steel Corrosion by Nitrite in Alkaline Water
Authors: Hur Do-Haeng , Han Jeoh , Lee Joung-Hae , Jeon Soon-Hyeok , Shim Hee-Sang
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this study was to investigate the composition of oxide films formed on SA106 Gr.B carbon steel in nitrite solutions at 35 °C for 1000 h. The product of the reduction of nitrite during the corrosion inhibition process was also examined. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results revealed that a thin Fe3O4 film was formed and ammonium ions were adsorbed on the outermost surface of the oxide film. The presence of ammonium ions was also demonstrated by ion chromatography. These results indicate that nitrites are reduced to ammonium ions, which in turn promotes the formation of the protective Fe3O4 film.
Diatom-Based Artificial Anode—Uniform Coating of Intrinsic Carbon to Enhance Lithium Storage
Authors: Luo Junlong , Cai Jun , Gong De , Guo Aoping , Wang Jaw-Kai , Zhang Jiangtao
Published: September 2024

Pursuing improved electrode materials is essential for addressing the challenges associated with large-scale Li-ion battery applications. Specifically, silicon oxide (SiOx) has emerged as a promising alternative to graphite anodes, despite issues related to volume expansion and rapid capacity degradation. In this study, we synthesized carbon-coated SiOx using diatom biomass derived from artificially cultured diatoms. However, the inherent carbon content from diatoms poses a significant challenge for the electrochemical performance of diatom-based anodes in large-scale applications. Subsequently, we conducted further research and demonstrated excellent performance with a carbon content of 33 wt.% as anodes. Additionally, real-time characterization of the carbonization process was achieved using thermogravimetry coupled with infrared spectroscopy and gas chromatography mass spectrometry (TG-FTIR-GCMS), revealing the emission of CO and C3O2 during carbonization. Furthermore, electrochemical tests of the processed diatom and carbon (PD@C) anode exhibited outstanding rate capability (~500 mAh g−1 at 2 A g−1), high initial Coulomb efficiency (76.95%), and a DLi+ diffusion rate of 1.03 × 10−12 cm2 s−1. Moreover, structural characterization techniques such as HRTEM-SAED were employed, along with DFT calculations, to demonstrate that the lithium storage process involves not only reversible transport in Li2Si2O5 and Li22Si5, but also physical adsorption between the PD and C layers. Exploring the integration of diatom frustules with the intrinsic carbon content in the fabrication of battery anodes may contribute to a deeper understanding of the mechanisms behind their successful application.
Effect of Different Welding Modes on Morphology and Property of SS316L Stainless Steel Deposition by Robotic Metal-Inert Gas Welding
Authors: Wu Wei , Wen Chunjie , He Jisheng , Li Yanfeng , Xu Wei , Yao Ping , Zeng Xiangkun
Published: September 2024

The widespread adoption of arc additive manufacturing techniques across various industries has advanced the field of SS316L stainless steel manufacturing. It is crucial to acknowledge that different welding modes exert distinct influences on the forming and mechanical performance. This study analyzed the thermal input associated with four specific welding modes in LORCH MIG welding, clarifying the transition dynamics of molten droplets through waveform analysis and examining the resultant effects on microstructure and performance characteristics. The Pulse, Speed-Pulse-XT, and Twin-Pulse modes were found to induce spatter during the manufacturing process, consequently reducing molding efficiency in comparison to the SA-XT mode. Notably, the Twin-Pulse mode, characterized by double-pulse agitation, generated fish scale patterns along the lateral surfaces of the fabricated parts, promoting anisotropic grain growth. This microstructural refinement, compared to single-pulse samples with equivalent thermal input, resulted in enhanced mechanical properties. Nevertheless, the horizontal tensile strength of the three pulse modes was lower than the industrial standard for SA-XT mode and forging. In contrast, the SA-XT mode with an average hardness of 168.1 ± 6.9 HV and a tensile strength of 443.58 ± 5.7 MPa. Therefore, while three pulse modes offer certain microstructural advantages, the SA-XT mode demonstrates superior overall performance.
Fabrication and Characterization of Ce3+-Doped Lithium Alumino-Silicate Scintillating Glass–Ceramic and Fiber
Authors: Wang Yongya , Meng Fanbo , Chen Huiyu , Luo Wenqin , Xu Shunjian , Lv Chunyan
Published: September 2024

Ce3+-doped lithium alumino-silicate (Li-Al-Si) scintillating glass was prepared using a melting method and crystallized via heat treatment. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy confirmed the presence of nanocrystals in the materials. Radioluminescence spectra, obtained by X-ray excitation, and luminescence spectra, obtained by 338 nm excitation, showed that the luminescence intensity increased after crystallization. The glass was combined with pure silica as the inner cladding to fabricate a hybrid fiber core using a melt-in-tube technique. The composition of the fiber core was examined using an electron probe microanalyzer. The glass fiber produced strong blue luminescence under UV excitation. After a micro-crystallizing heat treatment of the hybrid fiber at 850 °C in a reducing atmosphere, a Ce3+-doped lithium alumino-silicate glass–ceramic scintillating hybrid fiber was obtained. The nanocrystal structure of the fiber core was examined using micro-Raman spectroscopy. Excitation and luminescence spectra of the hybrid fiber before and after micro-crystallization were measured using microspectrofluorimetry. The results demonstrated that the fiber remained luminous after micro-crystallization. Hence, this work provides a new way to prepare scintillating glass–ceramic hybrid fibers for neutron detection.
Tensile Deformation Mechanism of an In Situ Formed Ti-Based Bulk Metallic Glass Composites
Authors: Wang Haiyun , Chen Na , Cheng Huanwu , Wang Yangwei , Zhao Denghui
Published: September 2024

Ti-based bulk metallic glass composites (BMGMCs) containing an in situ formed metastable β phase normally exhibit enhanced plasticity attributed to induced phase transformation or twinning. However, the underlying deformation micromechanism remains controversial. This study investigates a novel deformation mechanism of Ti-based BMGMCs with a composition of Ti42.3Zr28Cu8.3Nb4.7Ni1.7Be15 (at%). The microstructures after tension were analyzed using advanced electron microscopy. The dendrites were homogeneously distributed in the glassy matrix with a volume fraction of 55 ± 2% and a size of 1~5 μm. The BMGMCs deformed in a serrated manner with a fracture strength (σf) of ~1710 MPa and a fracture strain of ~7.1%, accompanying strain hardening. The plastic deformation beyond yielding was achieved by a synergistic action, which includes shear banding, localized amorphization and a localized BCC (β-Ti) to HCP (α-Ti) structural transition. The localized amorphization was caused by high local strain rates during shear band extension from the amorphous matrix to the crystalline reinforcements. The localized structural transition from BCC to HCP resulted from accumulating concentrated stress during deformation. The synergistic action enriches our understanding of the deformation mechanism of Ti-based BMGMCs and also sheds light on material design and performance improvement.
Influence of the Metallic Sublayer on Corrosion Resistance in Hanks’ Solution of 316L Stainless Steel Coated with Diamond-like Carbon
Authors: Dobruchowska Ewa , Schulz Justyna , Zavaleyev Viktor , Walkowicz Jan , Suszko Tomasz , Warcholinski Bogdan
Published: September 2024

The purpose of the study was to ascertain the corrosion resistance in Hanks’ solution of Cr-Ni-Mo stainless steel (AISI 316L) coated with diamond-like carbon (DLC) coatings to establish its suitability for biomedical applications, e.g., as temporary implants. The influence of the carbon coating thickness as well as the correlated effect of the metallic sublayer type and defects present in DLC films on corrosion propagation were discussed. The results obtained were compared with findings on the adhesion of DLC to the steel substrate. The synthesis of carbon thin films with Cr and Ti adhesive sublayers was performed using a combined DC and a high-power-impulse vacuum-arc process. Evaluation of the corrosion resistance was carried out by means of potentiodynamic polarisation tests and scanning electron microscopy. Adhesive properties of the sublayer/DLC coating systems were measured using a scratch tester. It was found that systems with Ti sublayers were less susceptible to the corrosion processes, particularly to pitting. The best anti-corrosion properties were obtained by merging Ti with a DLC coating with a thickness equal to 0.5 μm. The protective properties of the Cr/DLC systems were independent of the carbon coating thickness. On the other hand, the DLC coatings with the Cr sublayer showed better adhesion to the substrate.
Evaluation of Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase, Pyruvate Kinase, and New Generation Inflammation Biomarkers in Prolonged Neonatal Jaundice
Authors: Okuyan Omer , Dumur Seyma , Elgormus Neval , Uzun Hafize
Published: September 2024

Background and Objectives: To evaluate the clinical findings of glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) and pyruvate kinase (PK) deficiency in prolonged jaundice and to determine whether the systemic immune inflammation index (SII), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) can be used in the diagnosis of neonatal prolonged jaundice. Materials and Methods: Among full-term neonates with hyperbilirubinemia who were admitted to Medicine Hospital between January 2019 and January 2024 with the complaint of jaundice, 167 infants with a serum bilirubin level above 10 mg/dL, whose jaundice persisted after the 10th day, were included in this study. Results: G6PD activity was negatively correlated with NLR, SII, age, and hematocrit (Hct). There was a weak negative correlation between G6PD and NLR and a moderate negative correlation between G6PD activity and SII when adjusted for age and Hct. PK activity showed no significant correlation with G6PD, NLR, PLR, SII, age, and Hct. A linear relationship was observed between G6PD activity and SII and NLR. Conclusions: NLR and SII can be easily calculated in the evaluation of prolonged jaundice in G6PD deficiency has a considerable advantage. NLR and SII levels may contribute by preventing further tests for prolonged jaundice and regulating its treatment. It may be useful to form an opinion in emergencies and in early diagnostic period.
Improvement of Tribological Properties and Corrosion Resistance of AISI 4340M Steel by Shot Peening and Plating Technologies
Authors: Ahn Seok-Hwan , Kim Jungsik , Amanov Auezhan
Published: September 2024

In this study, shot peening (SP), quenching and tempering (QT) heat treatment, baking heat treatment and Cr-plating technologies were used to enhance the hardness, tribological properties and corrosion resistance of AISI 4340M steel. The purpose of this study is to develop repair process technology for an overhaul of landing gear applied to the MRO process and establish a quality assurance system. The effects of SP, QT heat treatment, Cr-plating, stripping after Cr-plating and Cr-plating after stripping and re-SP on the tribological properties and corrosion resistance of AISI 4340M steel were investigated, and the obtained results were compared with the base AISI 4340M steel. One of the reasons for stripping after Cr-plating is to find out how many times stripping can be done after Cr-plating. Moreover, it is important to investigate the effect of re-SP after Cr-plating on the tribological properties and corrosion resistance. The tribological properties of the specimens were investigated using a ball-on-disk tribometer at room temperature against AISI 52100 steel for 60 min under dry conditions. The corrosion resistance was investigated using a potentiodynamic polarization test in NaCl 3.5% solution. The results showed that the application of SP, QT heat treatment, Cr-plating, stripping after Cr-plating and Cr-plating after stripping and re-SP had a significant effect on the tribological properties and corrosion resistance of AISI 4340M steel. The effects of SP and Cr-plating post-treatment technologies on the wear and corrosion enhancement and mechanisms were discussed based on the microstructural and surface morphology of worn and corroded surfaces.
Ultrafast Hydrogen Production via Hydrolysis of MgH2-NaH Composite
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Li Zhenji , Zhao Wei , Zhang Yushan , Peng Chong , Liu Changcheng , Guo Li
Published: September 2024

Magnesium hydride (MgH2) has attracted considerable interest due to a number of favourable characteristics for hydrogen production via hydrolysis. In this study, MgH2-NaH composites with varying composition ratios were prepared by ball milling for different durations. The hydrogen production performances and enhancement mechanisms were subjected to meticulous investigation. The results revealed that the hydrogen production rate and kinetic properties of the composites were significantly improved with the rise in NaH content. For the MgH2-10 wt% NaH composites, the hydrogen production rate exhibited an initial increase followed by a subsequent decrease with the prolongation of ball milling. It is noteworthy that the hydrolysis of the composites in deionised water exhibited a significant improvement in reaction kinetics even after a mere 1 h of ball milling, releasing 1119 mL g−1 of hydrogen in 30 s, with a conversion rate of 69.2%. The highest hydrolysis hydrogen generation rate of the 10 h milled MgH2-10 wt% NaH composite in deionised water at 30 °C was 1360 mL g−1, with a hydrogen conversion rate of 83.7% and a hydrolysis activation energy of 17.79 kJ mol−1. The notable improvement in the hydrolysis performance of the MgH2-NaH composite is attributed to the rapid generation of high temperatures at the interface, resulting from the exothermic reaction of sodium hydride hydrolysis.
Integrated Amorphous Carbon Film Temperature Sensor with Silicon Accelerometer into MEMS Sensor
Authors: Zhang Qi , Liang Xiaoya , Bi Wenzhe , Pang Xing , Zhao Yulong
Published: September 2024

Amorphous carbon (a-C) has promising potential for temperature sensing due to its outstanding properties. In this work, an a-C thin film temperature sensor integrated with the MEMS silicon accelerometer was proposed, and a-C film was deposited on the fixed frame of the accelerometer chip. The a-C film was deposited by DC magnetron sputtering and linear ion beam, respectively. The nanostructures of two types of films were observed by SEM and TEM. The cluster size of sp2 was analyzed by Raman, and the content of sp2 and sp3 of the carbon film was analyzed by XPS. It showed that the DC-sputtered amorphous carbon film, which had a higher sp2 content, had better temperature-sensitive properties. Then, an integrated sensor chip was designed, and the structure of the accelerometer was simulated and optimized to determine the final sizes. The temperature sensor module had a sensitivity of 1.62 mV/°C at the input voltage of 5 V with a linearity of 0.9958 in the temperature range of 20~150 °C. The sensitivity of the sensor is slightly higher than that of traditional metal film temperature sensors. The accelerometer module had a sensitivity of 1.4 mV/g/5 V, a nonlinearity of 0.38%, a repeatability of 1.56%, a total thermomechanical noise of 509 μg over the range of 1 to 20 Hz, and an average thermomechanical noise density of 116 µg/√Hz, which is smaller than the input acceleration amplitude for testing sensitivity. Under different temperatures, the performance of the accelerometer was tested. This research provided significant insights into the convenient procedure to develop a high-performance, economical temperature–accelerometer-integrated MEMS sensor.
Analysis of Vibration Characteristics of Spatial Non-Uniform Tensioned Thin-Film Structures Based on the Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation
Authors: Sun Peng , Huang Jin , Zhang Jiaying , Meng Fanbo , Zhao Pengbing
Published: September 2024

Due to their lightweight characteristics, spatial thin-film structures can generate vibrations far exceeding their film thickness when subjected to external loads, which has become a key factor limiting their performance. This study examines the vibration characteristics of tensioned membrane structures with non-uniform elements subjected to impacts in air, leveraging the Absolute Nodal Coordinate Formulation (ANCF). This model takes into account the wrinkling deformation of thin films under pre-tension and incorporates it into the dynamic equation derived using the absolute node coordinate method. A detailed discussion was conducted on the influence of non-uniform elements, situated at different locations and side lengths, on the vibration characteristics of the thin film. The analytical results obtained from the vibration model were compared with the experimental results, validating the effectiveness of the vibration model. This provides a theoretical foundation for the subsequent vibration control of thin films.
Study of the Genesis Process and Deep Prospecting Breakthrough in the Gouli Ore Concentration of the East Kunlun Metallogenic Belt Using Audio Magnetotelluric Data
Authors: Dong Ji’en , Wang Peng , Li Hua , Zhang Huiqing , Zhao Mingfu , Tong Haikui , Yu Xiaoliang , Li Jie , Zhang Binshun
Published: September 2024

The East Kunlun Orogenic Belt is an essential part of the Qin-Qikun composite orogenic system, the most crucial orogenic belt in Qinghai Province, and an important gold ore-producing area in China. The Gouli gold field in its eastern section is one of the most important gold fields discovered in the belt in recent years. The Mailong mining area is an important gold mining area in the Gouli ore-concentrated area. The area has experienced frequent and intense magmatic activity, with intrusive rock bodies extensively exposed and intersected by a complex network of fault structures, providing excellent geological conditions for the formation of gold deposits. However, it is difficult to explore due to high altitude, poor transportation, and shallow coverage. This study used an audio magnetotelluric sounding method to track the deep direction and inclination of known mineral belts in the Mailong mining area, and identified mineral exploration targets, providing a basis for mineral exploration. Subsequently, a gold ore body was discovered through drilling verification, achieving a breakthrough in deep mineral exploration. The electromagnetic exploration method works well for exploring structurally altered rock-type gold deposits in plateau desert areas, and combined with the results of this electromagnetic exploration, a metallogenic geological model and genesis process of the Mailong mining area has been constructed.
Distribution of Heavy Metals along the Mediterranean Shoreline from Baltim to El-Burullus (Egypt): Consequences for Possible Contamination
Authors: Seif Rehab A. , Ene Antoaneta , Zakaly Hesham M. H. , Sallam Asmaa M. , Taalab Sherif A. , Fnais Mohammed S. , Saadawi Diaa A. , Amer Shaimaa A. , Awad Hamdy A.
Published: September 2024

This work is mainly concerned with the effect of anthropogenic activities, the presence of black sand spots, factory construction, and shipping, in addition to other activities like agriculture, on soil heavy metal pollution along the Mediterranean shores of Lake El-Burullus, Egypt, to assess the contamination levels and to identify possible sources and the distribution of these metals. This study focuses on the various heavy metal contamination levels in El-Burullus Lake coastal sediments. Sediment samples were collected and analyzed by the XRF technique for heavy metals, including Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn, Zr, Pb, Ba, Sr, Ga, Rb, V, and Nb. Statistical analyses, including correlation coefficient, factor analysis, and cluster analysis, were employed to understand the interactions and sources of these metals. The highest concentrations recorded were for Zr (84–1436 mg/kg) and Pb (1–1166 mg/kg), with average concentrations of 455.53 mg/kg and 79.27 mg/kg, respectively. Cr, Zr, Nb, and Pb showed average values higher than the average shale concentration, indicating potential pollution. Correlation analysis revealed strong associations between several metals, suggesting common sources of both natural and anthropogenic origin and similar distribution patterns. Factor analysis indicated four main factors accounting for 94.069% of the total variance, with the first factor heavily dominated by Cr, Ni, Zn, and Ba. The contamination factor (Cf) and degree (DC) analyses revealed varying contamination levels, with most metals exhibiting the greatest values in the western half of the area. The pollution load index (PLI) indicated high-quality sediment samples without significant pollution. Our findings highlight the importance of continued monitoring and management techniques to reduce possible environmental and health concerns associated with these pollutants.
Introducing Molecular Sieve into Activated Carbon to Achieve High-Effective Adsorption for Ethylene Oxide
Authors: Liu Feng , Qin Lingyan , Ye Pingwei , Yang Bo , Wu Qiong , Li Li , Dai Yuwei , Zhou Chuan , Li Sumin
Published: September 2024

Presently, ethylene oxide (EtO) is posing a significant threat to both human health and the environment due to occasional or deliberate emissions. However, few works so far have focused on this issue. It is urgent to explore novel and effective technology to protect against the threat of EtO. Herein, a series of AC/ZSM-5 composites were prepared to improve the adsorption performance for EtO, evaluated by dynamic breakthrough experiments. Particularly, the AC/ZSM-20% composite demonstrated a more excellent adsorption capacity of 81.9 mg/g at 25 °C and 50% RH than that of pristine AC and ZSM-5 with 32.5 and 52.3 mg/g, respectively. Moreover, the adsorption capacity of the AC/ZSM-20% composite remained constant even after five adsorption-desorption cycles. The adsorption mechanism of EtO on the composite is further revealed by density functional theory (DFT) calculations.