bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Quantitative analysis model based on surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy of malachite green adsorbed on gold nanoparticles film substrates
Authors: Huang Hui‐Mei , Zhang Yu‐Bei , Weng Ting‐Wei , Qiao He‐Tian , Yuan Xiao‐Tian , Sajid Zubia , Wu De‐Yin , Tian Zhong‐Qun
Published: May 2024

In order to investigate the adsorption process of malachite green (MG) on gold nanoparticles, a simple gold nanoparticles‐assembled film was prepared as a substrate of surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and it was soaked in MG solutions of different concentrations. The kinetic adsorption process was investigated by SERS method and density functional theoretical calculations. When saturated adsorption was achieved, the relationship between the characteristic SERS band signal intensity and the logarithm of solution concentration of MG was consistent with Temkin adsorption isotherm model, where the R2 value was greater than 0.995, and the linear range was 1 × 10−3–1 × 10−7 M. Finally, a SERS quantitative analysis model of the relationship between the adsorption properties of surface species and the bulk concentration was established. According to the electrostatic interaction and co‐adsorption, we proposed the surface adsorption configurations and adsorption process of MG on the nanostructured gold films.
Screening and separation of natural anticancer active ingredients related to phospholipase C
Authors: Liu Na , Yue Zili , Hu Shuang , Xing Rongrong , Wang Runqin , Yang Li , Chen Xuan
Published: May 2024

Based on the specific binding of drug molecules to cell membrane receptors, a screening and separation method for active compounds of natural products was established by combining phospholipase C (PLC) sensitized hollow fiber microscreening by a solvent seal with high‐performance liquid chromatography technology. In the process, the factors affecting the screening were optimized. Under the optimal screening conditions, we screened honokiol (HK), magnolol (MG), negative control drug carbamazepine, and positive control drug amentoflavone, the repeatability of the method was tested. The PLC activity was determined before and after the screening. Experimental results showed that the sensitization factors of PLC of HK and MG were 61.0 and 48.5, respectively, and amentoflavone was 15.0, carbamazepine could not bind to PLC. Moreover, the molecular docking results were consistent with this measurement, indicating that HK and MG could be combined with PLC, and they were potential interacting components with PLC. This method used organic solvent to seal the PLC greatly ensuring the activity, so this method had the advantage of integrating separation, and purification with screening, it not only exhibited good reproducibility and high sensitivity but was also suitable for screening the active components in natural products by various targets in vitro.
Octyl‐2‐cyanoacrylate Tissue Adhesive Closure Versus Subcuticular Suture for Post‐Auricular Incisions
Authors: Aljehani Mariam Jaber , Salamah Marzouqi , Halwani Roa , Alshamani Mansour
Published: May 2024

Background

Skin closure techniques in otolaryngology vary based on surgeon preference and wound site. Octyl‐2‐Cyanoacrylate may be a safe, rapid, and cost‐effective option for post‐site closure.

Aim

This randomized controlled trial study aimed to compare Octyl‐2‐Cyanoacrylate and conventional subcuticular sutures in ear surgeries, assessing wound closure results in both case and control groups.

Methods

This prospective, randomized, controlled, single‐blind study was conducted at Ohud Hospital from May 2021 to May 2022. Ear surgery and cochlear implantation in patients were examined, and each group was randomly assigned to receive Dermabond TM and deep layer subcuticular sutures closure. Incisions were assessed at various time points, including 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 6 months, and 1 year post‐surgery. The patient and observer Scar Assessment Scale was used, and two independent ear surgeons used the Stony Brook Scar Evaluation Scale for initial scar assessment.

Results

This study involved 126 ear surgery and cochlear implantation patients randomized to use cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive or subcuticular suture for port site closure. The study found that tissue adhesive (OCA) was faster and more efficient than standard sutures, saving an average of 12 min per incision in each ear. Incision cosmesis showed immediate results and significant differences, and patient satisfaction with OCA wound closure was higher than standard sutures.

Conclusion

The findings confirmed that cyanoacrylate tissue adhesive significantly reduced the time needed for skin closure during ear surgery and showed immediate cosmetic improvements without any documented instances of bleeding, hematoma, infection, or wound separation.

Level of Evidence

This is a randomized controlled trial, it follows Level 2 of evidence. Randomized trial or observational study with dramatic effects Laryngoscope, 134:4036–4041, 2024
Objective Comparison of White Light and Narrow‐Band Imaging for Detecting Scars, Sulci and Nodules
Authors: Pu Serena , Laitman Benjamin , Woo Peak
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Narrow‐band imaging (NBI) can improve detection of lesions in the aerodigestive tract. However, its role in benign lesions of the larynx is unclear. This study aims to determine whether NBI improves the detection of scars, sulci, and nodules compared to panchromatic lighting using objective image analysis.

Methods

In total, 120 vocal folds (VFs) were analyzed with and without NBI (21 normal, 15 scars, 16 sulci, and 45 nodules). Each VF image had anterior, middle, and posterior thirds analyzed for brightness using an area morphometry software (Optimas 5.1a). The middle‐third with the lesion was analyzed against surrounding VF segments for average and standard deviation (SD) in absolute grayscale.

Results

The use of panchromatic light resulted in greater illumination and grayscale values than NBI. All lesions tended to be in the mid‐membranous fold. Under panchromatic light, change in brightness when comparing anterior versus middle (A–M) was +6.1% for normal, versus 6.5%, 8.1%, and 7.1% for sulci, nodules, and scars, respectively. Under NBI, they were 9.0% (normal), 12.3% (sulci), 13.7% (nodules), and 13.1% (scars). A greater SD of luminescence was observed at pathology sites (p < 0.05) when using NBI. The change in absolute grayscale at all lesion sites was greater when using NBI than when using panchromatic light (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

NBI significantly enhanced the area of pathology in patients with nodules, sulci, and scars. Greater SD values in grayscale at pathologic sites were observed compared at normal sites. Thus, NBI may improve the detection of phonotraumatic lesions compared to panchromatic light.

Level of Evidence

N/A Laryngoscope, 134:4066–4070, 2024
Topologically Protected Parametric Wavelength Conversion in a Valley Hall Insulator
Authors: Sohn Byoung‐Uk , Choi Ju Won , Chen George F. R. , Gao Hongwei , Mitchell William J. , Ng Doris K. T. , Tan Dawn T. H.
Published: May 2024

Nonlinear phenomena are investigated in a topological photonic valley Hall insulator (VHI) using a Kagome system designed to have localized topological boundary state (TBS) at telecommunications wavelengths. Valley Hall topologically protected nonlinear phenomena are demonstrated. Similar transmission properties and parametric wavelength conversion of up to −12 dB are experimentally achieved using sub‐milliwatt average powers in a zigzag interface without back‐scattering, compared with a straight interface. Furthermore, a 7 dB slow light enhancement is observed in the conversion efficiency near the red edge in the transmission band of the boundary state, demonstrating how slow light‐induced backscattering may be circumvented by leveraging the topologically protected boundary state. A Kerr‐induced delocalization of the valley Hall topological state (VHTS) is further experimentally observed, which can be harnessed to control the properties of topological edge states.
Reconstructing Curves: A Bottom‐Up Approach toward Adipose Tissue Regeneration with Recombinant Biomaterials
Authors: Van Damme Lana , Blondeel Phillip , Van Vlierberghe Sandra
Published: May 2024

The potential of recombinant materials in the field of adipose tissue engineering (ATE) is investigated using a bottom‐up tissue engineering (TE) approach. This study explores the synthesis of different photo‐crosslinkable gelatin derivatives, including both natural and recombinant materials, with a particular emphasis on chain growth and step growth polymerization. Gelatin type B (Gel‐B) and a recombinant collagen peptide (RCPhC1) are used as starting materials. The gel fraction and mass swelling properties of 2D hydrogel films are evaluated, revealing high gel fractions exceeding 94% and high mass swelling ratios >15. In vitro experiments with encapsulated adipose‐derived stem cells (ASCs) indicate viable cells (>85%) throughout the experiment with the RCPhC1‐based hydrogels showing a higher number of stretched ASCs. Triglyceride assays show the enhanced differentiation potential of RCPhC1 materials. Moreover, the secretome analysis reveal the production of adipose tissue‐specific proteins including adiponectin, adipsin, lipocalin‐2/NGAL, and PAL‐1. RCPhC1‐based materials exhibit higher levels of adiponectin and adipsin production, indicating successful differentiation into the adipogenic lineage. Overall, this study highlights the potential of recombinant materials for ATE applications, providing insights into their physico‐chemical properties, mechanical strength, and cellular interactions.
Self‐Healing Polyurethane Elastomers with Superior Tensile Strength and Elastic Recovery Based on Dynamic Oxime‐Carbamate and Hydrogen Bond Interactions
Authors: Wang Xue , Wang Liguo , Liu Chen , Cao Yan , He Peng , Cui Yu , Li Huiquan
Published: May 2024

The preparation of self‐healing polyurethane elastomers (PUEs) incorporating dynamic bonds is of considerable practical significance. However, developing a PUE with outstanding mechanical properties and high self‐healing efficiency poses a significant challenge. Herein, this work has successfully developed a series of self‐healing PUEs with various outstanding properties through rational molecular design. These PUEs incorporate m‐xylylene diisocyanate and reversible dimethylglyoxime as hard segment, along with polytetramethylene ether glycol as soft segment. A significant amount of dynamic oxime‐carbamate and hydrogen bonds are formed in hard segment. The microphase separated structure of the PUEs enables them to be colorless with a transparency of >90%. Owing to the chemical composition and multiple dynamic interactions, the PUEs are endowed with ultra‐high tensile strength of 34.5 MPa, satisfactory toughness of 53.9 MJ m−3, and great elastic recovery both at low and high strains. The movement of polymer molecular chains and the dynamic reversible interactions render a self‐healing efficiency of 101% at 70 °C. In addition, this self‐healing polyurethane could still maintain high mechanical properties after recycling. This study provides a design strategy for the preparation of a comprehensive polyurethane with superior overall performance, which holds wide application prospects in the fields of flexible displays and solar cells.
Deciphering CD4+ T cell‐mediated responses against cancer
Authors: Kirkpatrick Catherine , Lu Yong‐Chen William
Published: May 2024

It's been long thought that CD8+ cytotoxic T cells play a major role in T cell‐mediated antitumor responses, whereas CD4+ T cells merely provide some assistance to CD8+ T cells as the “helpers.” In recent years, numerous studies support the notion that CD4+ T cells play an indispensable role in antitumor responses. Here, we summarize and discuss the current knowledge regarding the roles of CD4+ T cells in antitumor responses and immunotherapy, with a focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms behind these observations. These new insights on CD4+ T cells may pave the way to further optimize cancer immunotherapy.
The promotion of non‐small cell lung cancer progression by collagen and calcium binding EGF domain 1 is mediated through the regulation of ERK/JNK/P38 phosphorylation by reactive oxygen species
Authors: Chen Chunji , Tang Dongfang , Xu Shangwei , Xiang Lujie , Wang Bin , Yao Yuanshan , Li Zheng , Lin Siyun , Li Saitian , Shi Xin , Gu Chang , Gao Wen
Published: May 2024

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are metabolic by‐products of cells, and abnormal changes in their levels are often associated with tumor development. Our aim was to determine the role of collagen and calcium binding EGF domain 1 (CCBE1) in oxidative stress and tumorigenesis in non‐small cell lung cancer cells (NSCLC). We investigated the tumorigenic potential of CCBE1 in NSCLC using in vitro and in vivo models of CCBE1 overexpression and knockdown. Immunohistochemical staining results showed that the expression of CCBE1 in cancer tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent tissues. Cell counting Kit 8, clonal formation, wound healing, and transwell experiments showed that CCBE1 gene knockdown significantly inhibited the migration, invasion, and proliferation of NSCLC cell lines. In terms of mechanism, the silencing of CCBE1 can significantly promote the morphological abnormalities of mitochondria, significantly increase the intracellular ROS level, and promote cell apoptosis. This change of oxidative stress can affect cell proliferation, migration, and invasion by regulating the phosphorylation level of ERK/JNK/P38 MAPK. Specifically, the downregulation of CCBE1 inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK/P38 and promotes the phosphorylation of JNK in NSCLC, and this regulation can be reversed by the antioxidant NAC. In vivo experiments confirmed that downregulating CCBE1 gene could inhibit the growth of NSCLC in BALB/c nude mice. Taken together, our results confirm the tumorigenic role of CCBE1 in promoting tumor invasion and migration in NSCLC, and reveal the molecular mechanism by which CCBE1 regulates oxidative stress and the ERK/JNK/P38 MAPK pathway.
Interleukin‐33 increases the sensitivity of multiple myeloma cells to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib through reactive oxygen species‐mediated inhibition of nuclear factor kappa‐B signal and stemness properties
Authors: Shao Ruonan , Liu Shuang , Liu Wenjian , Song Cailu , Liu Lingrui , Zhu Lewei , Peng Fu , Lu Yue , Tang Hailin
Published: May 2024

The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ) is the first‐line therapy for multiple myeloma (MM). BTZ resistance largely limits its clinical application in MM. Interleukin‐33 (IL‐33) exerts antitumor effects through various mechanisms, including enhancing antitumor immunity and promoting the apoptosis of cancer cells. Here, the synergistic anti‐MM effect of IL‐33 and BTZ was verified, and the underlying mechanisms were elucidated. Bioinformatic analysis indicated that IL‐33 expression levels were downregulated in MM, and that BTZ‐treated MM patients with high IL‐33 levels had better prognosis than those with low IL‐33 levels. Moreover, the patients with high IL‐33 levels had a better treatment response to BTZ. Further immune analysis suggested that IL‐33 can enhance the anti‐MM immunity. IL‐33 and BTZ synergistically inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis of MM cells, which was mediated by the excessive accumulation of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). Furthermore, increased ROS hindered the nuclear translocation of NF‐κB‐p65, thereby decreasing the transcription of target stemness‐related genes (SOX2, MYC, and OCT3/4). These effects induced by the combination therapy could be reversed by eliminating ROS by N‐acetylcysteine. In conclusion, our results indicated that IL‐33 enhanced the sensitivity of MM to BTZ through ROS‐mediated inhibition of nuclear factor kappa‐B (NF‐κB) signal and stemness properties.
APA poll: U.S. adults anxious over election, current events
Authors: Canady Valerie A.
Published: May 2024

Many adults in this country are feeling increasingly anxious, particularly more so than they did the previous year — from 43% this year compared to 37% in 2023 and 32% in 2022, according to the results of the American Psychiatric Association's (APA's) 2024 mental health poll.
MyoFold: Joint myocardial tissue composition and wall motion quantification via a highly folded sequence
Authors: Guo Rui , Fan Yingwei , Liu Bowei , Qian Xiaofeng , Dai Jiahuan , Si Dongyue , Wang Yuanyuan , Wang Ancong , Dong Guozhao , Jin Yongsheng , Xiao Jingjing , Ding Haiyan , Tang Xiaoying
Published: May 2024

Purpose

This study aims to develop and evaluate a novel cardiovascular MR sequence, MyoFold, designed for the simultaneous quantifications of myocardial tissue composition and wall motion.

Methods

MyoFold is designed as a 2D single breathing‐holding sequence, integrating joint T1/T2 mapping and cine imaging. The sequence uses a 2‐fold accelerated balanced SSFP (bSSFP) for data readout and incorporates electrocardiogram synchronization to align with the cardiac cycle. MyoFold initially acquires six single‐shot inversion‐recovery images, completed during the diastole of six successive heartbeats. T2 preparation (T2‐prep) is applied to introduce T2 weightings for the last three images. Subsequently, over the following six heartbeats, segmented bSSFP is performed for the movie of the entire cardiac cycle, synchronized with an electrocardiogram. A neural network trained using numerical simulations of MyoFold is used for T1 and T2 calculations. MyoFold was validated through phantom and in vivo experiments, with comparisons made against MOLLI, SASHA, T2‐prep bSSFP, and the conventional cine.

Results

In phantom studies, MyoFold exhibited a 10% overestimation in T1 measurements, whereas T2 measurements demonstrated high accuracy. In vivo experiments revealed that MyoFold T1 had comparable accuracy to SASHA and precision similar to MOLLI. MyoFold demonstrated good agreement with T2‐prep bSSFP in myocardial T2 measurements. No significant differences were observed in the quantification of left‐ventricle wall thickness and function between MyoFold and the conventional cine.

Conclusion

MyoFold presents as a rapid, simple, and multitasking approach for quantitative cardiovascular MR examinations, offering simultaneous assessment of tissue composition and wall motion. The sequence's multitasking capabilities make it a promising tool for comprehensive cardiac evaluations in clinical settings.
Age, sex, and lung volume dependence of dissolved xenon‐129 MRI gas exchange metrics
Authors: Collier Guilhem J. , Smith Laurie J. , Saunders Laura C. , Swift Andrew J. , Marshall Helen , Stewart Neil J. , Norquay Graham , Hughes Paul J. C. , Thomspson A. A. Roger , Wild Jim M.
Published: May 2024

Purpose

To characterize the dependence of Xe‐MRI gas transfer metrics upon age, sex, and lung volume in a group of healthy volunteers.

Methods

Sixty‐five subjects with no history of chronic lung disease were assessed with 129Xe‐MRI using a four‐echo 3D radial spectroscopic imaging sequence and a dose of xenon titrated according to subject height that was inhaled from a lung volume of functional residual capacity (FRC). Imaging was repeated in 34 subjects at total lung capacity (TLC). Regional maps of the fractions of dissolved xenon in red blood cells (RBC), membrane (M), and airspace (Gas) were acquired at an isotropic resolution of 2 cm, from which global averages of the ratios RBC:M, RBC:Gas, and M:Gas were computed.

Results

Data from 26 males and 36 females with a median age of 43 y (range: 20–69 y) were of sufficient quality to analyze. Age (p = 0.0006) and sex (p < 0.0001) were significant predictors for RBC:M, and a linear regression showed higher values and steeper decline in males: RBC:M(Males) = −0.00362 × Age + 0.60 (p = 0.01, R2 = 0.25); RBC:M(Females) = −0.00170 × Age + 0.44 (p = 0.02, R2 = 0.15). Similarly, age and sex were significant predictors for RBC:Gas but not for M:Gas. RBC:M, M:Gas and RBC:Gas were significantly lower at TLC than at FRC (plus inhaled volume), with an average 9%, 30% and 35% decrease, respectively.

Conclusion

Expected age and sex dependence of pulmonary function concurs with 129Xe RBC:M imaging results, demonstrating that these variables must be considered when reporting Xe‐MRI metrics. Xenon doses and breathing maneuvers should be controlled due to the strong dependence of Xe‐MRI metrics upon lung volume.
One‐step synthesis of a spongy flexible substrate for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy comprising a silver nanoparticles‐loaded poly(amidoamine) dendrimer crosslinked with glutaraldehyde
Authors: Shen Juncheng , Wu Yingxin , Yi Juzhen , Hong Kainan , Yin Lin , Ma Xinye , Yang Liqun
Published: May 2024

A composite comprising a silver nanoparticles‐loaded poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimer crosslinked with glutaraldehyde (PAMAM/AgNPs) is synthesized using a one‐step method under vortex at room temperature. The structure of glutaraldehyde‐crosslinked PAMAM dendrimer is characterized using FTIR and high‐resolution magic angle spinning–carbon 13 nuclear magnetic resonance (HRMAS 13C NMR) spectroscopy. The crosslinking structure ensures the uniformity and stability of the Ag nanoparticles, and the flexibility of the PAMAM/AgNPs composite. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) confirm the formation of Ag nanoparticles in the PAMAM/AgNPs composite. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and three‐dimensional (3D) micro‐Raman images reveal the coarsely porous 3D micro‐structure of the PAMAM/AgNPs composite. This unique micro‐3D architecture provides the PAMAM/AgNPs composite with spongy flexibility and a swab‐like nature, which is advantageous for the rapid and effective absorption of liquid samples on the surfaces of objects. Surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) indicates that the detection limits of both rhodamine 6G (R6G) and thiram are 1.0 × 10−5 mol L−1, and the SERS enhancement factor of R6G is determined to be 1.35 × 104. The spongy flexible PAMAM/AgNPs SERS substrate therefore has potential for use in Raman active compound detection.
Safety considerations for hydrometallurgical metal recovery from lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Jain Sakshi , Hoseyni Seyed Mojtaba , Cordiner Joan
Published: May 2024

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of the critical process safety considerations inherent in hydrometallurgical metal recovery within the lithium‐ion battery (LiB) recycling process. As hydrometallurgy application in LiB recycling is still in the early stages of development, it is crucial to identify the hazards and provide safety recommendations. Hazards related to hydrometallurgy are identified and categorized in process, toxic, fire, explosion, corrosion, environment, storage, and transport hazards. Risk reduction measures are suggested using the hierarchy of control methodology to eliminate and reduce risks to as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP), based on UK regulatory framework.
Why do Chinese overseas doctoral graduates return to China? The push‐pull factors and the influence of gender and gender norms
Authors: Liu Dan , Liu Qiuxi , Morgan W. John
Published: May 2024

Although attention has been paid to return migration internationally, research studies on why Chinese overseas doctoral graduates return to China are few. A study that considers gendered motivations has yet to be found. Using a qualitative study with 31 Chinese overseas doctoral graduate returnees, this study examines factors influencing graduates' reasons for returning to China and how these relate to Chinese gender and gender role‐related cultural norms. Using the push‐pull theory and the concepts of gender (as an individual characteristic) and gender norms, the study shows that the reasons for return were gendered, with females motivated by family and emotional factors and males by economic and career benefits. The study identifies inequalities derived from traditional gender roles and cultural norms that persist in China. This has implications for state policy, higher education institutions and future research.
4 inch Gallium Oxide Field‐Effect Transistors Array with High‐k Ta2O5 as Gate Dielectric by Physical Vapor Deposition
Authors: Liu Zi Chun , Li Jia Cheng , Yang Hui Xia , Yang Han , Huang An , Dai De , Huang Yuan , Zhang Yi Yun , Lai Pui To , Ma Yuan Xiao , Wang Ye Liang
Published: May 2024

Field‐effect transistors (FETs) with ultra‐wide bandgap semiconductor Ga2O3 have been fabricated by physical vapor deposition with advantages of low cost, wafer scale, and rapid production. The insulator‐like pristine Ga2O3 is converted to semiconductor by co‐sputtering Sn with post‐annealing, which demonstrates a 5.6 × 107 times higher on‐state current. Importantly, this Sn‐doped Ga2O3 sample shows a high breakdown voltage near 500 V. Furthermore, a 4 inch array of Sn‐doped Ga2O3 FETs with high‐k Ta2O5 gate dielectric has been fabricated on a silicon substrate, successfully showing a large on‐current density of 1.3 mA mm−1, a high ION/IOFF of 2.5 × 106, and a low threshold voltage of 3.9 V, which are extracted from the average 350 devices. This work paves a promising way for Ga2O3‐based nanoelectronics to serve medium‐high voltage with low cost, rapid, and wafer‐scale production.
226 nm Far‐Ultraviolet‐C Light Emitting Diodes with an Emission Power over 2 mW
Authors: Kolbe Tim , Cho Hyun Kyong , Hagedorn Sylvia , Rass Jens , Ruschel Jan , Einfeldt Sven , Weyers Markus
Published: May 2024

Far‐ultraviolet‐C (far‐UVC) light emitting diodes (LED) emitting at an emission wavelength of 226 nm with different n‐AlGaN contact layers, quantum well barriers, and quantum well numbers are compared regarding their emission power, operation voltage, and lifetime. Electroluminescence measurements show higher emission power but also an increased operation voltage with increasing Al mole fraction in the n‐AlGaN contact layer. Furthermore, it is found that both the mean emission power and the device lifetime decrease with increasing Al mole fraction (82–89%) of the quantum well barriers and therefore with increasing barrier height. Finally, 226 nm LEDs with 6 and 9 quantum wells are compared. It is observed that the sample with 9 quantum wells shows an around 30% lower mean emission power but, in contrast, the L70 lifetime of these LEDs is higher by a factor of around five. Based on these optimizations, 226 nm LEDs with a maximum external quantum efficiency of 0.28% (wall plug efficiency of 0.18%) as well as an emission power of 2.1 mW and an operation voltage of 9.6 V at 200 mA are realized.
Assessing high‐quality process performance using the quality‐yield index: An innovative methodology
Authors: Wu Chien‐Wei , Darmawan Armin , Wang Zih‐Huei , Lin Meng‐Tzu
Published: May 2024

Manufacturers must meet high‐quality standards and exceed customer expectations to stay competitive due to significant technological advancements in recent decades. While implementing the yield measure is useful for achieving process performance by focusing on products that fall within specified limits, it does not accommodate specific customer requirements, particularly when a product's quality characteristic deviates from target value. To address this need, the quality‐yield index (Q‐yield) has been proposed, which combines the process‐yield index and loss‐based capability index, providing a more advanced performance measure. However, the Q‐yield index's confidence interval is challenging to derive due to the complicated sampling distribution involved. Several existing methods have attempted to construct an approximate confidence interval but none have performed well. Therefore, this article proposes an innovative approach, called the generalized confidence intervals (GCIs), that utilizes the idea of generalized pivotal quantities to establish the confidence interval for the Q‐yield index. The proposed approach is evaluated through simulations and compared to existing methods. The results reveal that the proposed approach provides the most accurate results for constructing the lower confidence bound of the Q‐yield index. This approach is recommended to evaluate process performance using the Q‐yield index for high‐quality customer requirements.
Establishing present‐day Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka|sćwin) spawning capacity in the highly impacted sq,awsitkʷ|Okanagan River to guide population conservation and restoration
Authors: O'Sullivan Antóin M. , Alex Karilyn I.
Published: May 2024

The presence of dams on the Columbia River (CR) has reduced Sockeye Salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka|sćwin) numbers to a fraction of their historic numbers. The Syilx Okanagan Nation Alliance (SONA) has led voices of concern regarding the impacts of diminishing Sockeye Salmon numbers on the ecosystem health of the sawsitkʷ|Okanagan River (s|OR), a tributary of the CR. In the early 2000s efforts commenced to rehabilitate the s|OR Sockeye population. These efforts have seen the population rise from a running average of 40,000 to 200,000. However, the contemporary spawning capacity of the s|OR is unknown, and this metric is critical to guide the conservation and restoration of this keystone species. We employed a spawning capacity model relating fish length and gravel size to spawning potential. We collected substrate data at 49 sites throughout our 37‐km study area, and used fish length and egg numbers from n = 269 Sockeye Salmon to establish s|OR specific fecundity metrics. The model estimated the s|OR has the capacity to support 147,687 (±33,346) Sockeye spawners, in its current condition. Whilst our model has limitations, we suggest a minimum escapement of 147,687 Sockeye spawners ought to be passed to the s|OR per annum. These fish will have broad ecosystem benefits and will be culturally beneficial to SONA peoples. Finally, continued restoration of s|OR habitat should enhance opportunities for Sockeye Salmon to continue their remarkable recovery.
Joint altitude and beamwidth optimization for LEO satellite‐based IoT constellation
Authors: Tao Hong , Gang Wang , Xiaojin Ding , Gengxin Zhang
Published: May 2024

Low Earth Orbit (LEO) satellite‐based Internet of Things (IoT) has become a hot topic in IoT networks due to the ability of global coverage, especially in remote areas. How to design a commercial LEO satellite‐based constellation to meet the IoT traffic requirement remains an open problem. In this paper, we propose a throughput optimization algorithm for LEO satellite‐based IoT networks meanwhile reducing the number of LEO satellite. Based on stochastic geometry theory, a closed‐form expression is derived for the throughput of a dynamic LEO satellite‐based IoT networks when LEO satellite equips with capture effect (CE) receiver and successive interference cancelation (SIC) receiver, respectively. Furthermore, a joint altitude and beamwidth optimization problem is formulated under the constraint of Walker constellation to optimize the throughput and the number of LEO satellites. To solve this multi‐objective optimization problem, we design an iterative non‐dominated sorting genetic algorithm II (NSGA‐II) for the rapid development of IoT traffic. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can effectively improve the throughput performance of random access (RA) protocol in LEO satellite‐based IoT networks compared to benchmark problems.
Novel non‐linear models for clinical trial analysis with longitudinal data: A tutorial using SAS for both frequentist and Bayesian methods
Authors: Wang Guoqiao , Wang Whedy , Mangal Brian , Liao Yijie , Schneider Lon , Li Yan , Xiong Chengjie , McDade Eric , Kennedy Richard , Bateman Randall , Cutter Gary
Published: May 2024

Longitudinal data from clinical trials are commonly analyzed using mixed models for repeated measures (MMRM) when the time variable is categorical or linear mixed‐effects models (ie, random effects model) when the time variable is continuous. In these models, statistical inference is typically based on the absolute difference in the adjusted mean change (for categorical time) or the rate of change (for continuous time). Previously, we proposed a novel approach: modeling the percentage reduction in disease progression associated with the treatment relative to the placebo decline using proportional models. This concept of proportionality provides an innovative and flexible method for simultaneously modeling different cohorts, multivariate endpoints, and jointly modeling continuous and survival endpoints. Through simulated data, we demonstrate the implementation of these models using SAS procedures in both frequentist and Bayesian approaches. Additionally, we introduce a novel method for implementing MMRM models (ie, analysis of response profile) using the nlmixed procedure.
A Versatile Virus‐Mimetic Engineering Approach for Concurrent Protein Nanocage Surface‐Functionalization and Cargo Encapsulation
Authors: Sheng Yujie , Chen Zilong , Cherrier Mickael V , Martin Lydie , Bui Tam T. T. , Li Wei , Lynham Steven , Nicolet Yvain , Ebrahimi Kourosh H.
Published: May 2024

Naturally occurring protein nanocages like ferritin are self‐assembled from multiple subunits. Because of their unique cage‐like structure and biocompatibility, there is a growing interest in their biomedical use. A multipurpose and straightforward engineering approach does not exist for using nanocages to make drug‐delivery systems by encapsulating hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs and developing vaccines by surface functionalization with a protein like an antigen. Here, a versatile engineering approach is described by mimicking the HIV‐1 Gap polyprotein precursor. Various PREcursors of nanoCages (PREC) are designed and created by linking two ferritin subunits via a flexible linker peptide containing a protease cleavage site. These precursors can have additional proteins at their N‐terminus, and their protease cleavage generates ferritin‐like nanocages named protease‐induced nanocages (PINCs). It is demonstrated that PINC formation allows concurrent surface decoration with a protein and hydrophilic or hydrophobic drug encapsulation up to fourfold more than the amount achieved using other methods. The PINCs/Drug complex is stable and efficiently kills cancer cells. This work provides insight into the precursors’ design rules and the mechanism of PINCs formation. The engineering approach and mechanistic insight described here will facilitate nanocages’ applications in drug delivery or as a platform for making multifunctional therapeutics like mosaic vaccines.
Enhanced Electron Transport and Mitigated Voltage Loss in Perovskite Photovoltaics Using Sb2O5@SnO2 Composite Electron Transport Layer
Authors: Wang Yao , Li Yuheng , Li Chi , Wang Can , Zhou Qin , Liang Lusheng , Zhang Zilong , Liu Chunming , Yu Wei , Yu Xuteng , Gao Peng
Published: May 2024

The efficacy of electron transport layers (ETLs) is pivotal for optimizing the device performance of perovskite photovoltaic applications. However, colloidal dispersions of SnO2 are prone to aggregation and possess structural defects, such as terminal‐hydroxyls (OHT) and oxygen vacancies (VOs), which can degrade the quality of ETLs, impede charge extraction and transport, and affect the nucleation and growth processes of the perovskite layer. In this study, the Sb(OH)4− ions hydrolyzed from SbCl3 in colloidal dispersion can bind to defect sites and effectively stabilize the SnO2 nanocrystals are demonstrated. Upon oxidative annealing, a Sb2O5@SnO2 composite film is formed, in which the Sb2O5 not only mitigates the aforementioned defects but also broadens the energy range of unoccupied states through its dispersed conduction band. The increased electron affinity (EA) facilitates more efficient capture of photoexcited electrons from the perovskite layer, thus augmenting electron extraction and minimizing electron‐hole recombination. As a result, a significant improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE) from 22.60% to 24.54% is achieved, with an open circuit voltage (VOC) of up to 1.195 V, along with excellent stability of unsealed devices under various conditions. This study provides valuable insights for the understanding and design of ETLs in perovskite photovoltaic applications.
Magnetic iron‐oxide coffee husk and khat waste biochar nanocomposites for removal of methylene blue from aqueous solution
Authors: Kochito Jemere , Gure Abera , Beyene Tamene Tadesse , Femi Olu Emmanuel
Published: May 2024

Wastewater from the textile and dyeing industries contains hazardous dyes. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of magnetic biochar nanocomposites synthesized from khat leftovers (KLs) and coffee husks (CHs) in removing methylene blue (MB) from wastewater. Magnetic biochar nanocomposites were synthesized by pretreating 25 g of biomass with a 12.5 mmol mixture of FeS and FeCl3 at a 1:1 molar ratio, followed by pyrolyzing at 300°C for 1 h. The resulting products were analyzed using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscope, and Brunauer‐Emmett‐Teller. The results showed that the adsorbents are amorphous, and the activated biochars, are more porous and contain various functional groups such as C‐O, C = C, O‐H, C‐H, and Fe‐O. When 0.2 g of pristine biochars of CH and KL were applied to 20 mL aqueous solutions containing 20 mg/L of MB at pH 7.5 and 25°C, they removed 44.73% and 75.26% of MB, respectively. However, the resulting nanocomposites exhibited a maximum removal efficiency of 99.10% and 99.23% with magnetic iron oxide‐CH biochar nanocomposite (Fe3O4‐CHBNC) and magnetic iron oxide‐KL biochar nanocomposite (Fe3O4‐KLBNC), respectively, with maximum adsorption capacities of 51.02 and 78.13 mg/g. The reusability study also showed removal efficiencies of 77.57% and 83.49% up to six‐cycle reuse.
Quality by design‐engineered reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography method development and validation for simultaneous estimation of neomycin sulfate and beclomethasone dipropionate in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form
Authors: Dessai Shivesh , Mannur Vinod S. , Koli Rahul , Dhond Manasi , Badiger Poorvika
Published: May 2024

The aim of this study was to develop and validate a robust reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC) method for the simultaneous estimation of neomycin sulfate (NEO) and beclomethasone dipropionate (BECLO) in both bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms. The analysis was conducted using the Box‐Behnken design. The separation of NEO and BECLO was conducted on a Phenomenex Luna C‐18 column (4.6 × 150 mm, 5 µm), employing a mobile phase comprising a mixture of methanol and trifluoroacetic acid in a ratio of 88:12% v/v. The separation was performed at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/min. NEO and BECLO were analyzed at a wavelength of 240 nm employing a photodiode array detector. The validation of the methodology followed the guidelines outlined in the International Council for Harmonization Q2 R (1). The validation process involved assessing critical parameters such as linearity, accuracy, system suitability, precision, and robustness. The results for each parameter were found to be within the acceptable range. The results indicate that the established RP‐HPLC method can effectively be employed for the routine analysis of NEO and BECLO in bulk drug and pharmaceutical dosage forms.
Simultaneous determination of eight neonicotinoid insecticides and five metabolites in water samples by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry unveils an overlooked risk
Authors: Wu Yan , Ma Li , Xiong Zengheng , Huang Danyu , Zhang Mingshan , Yang Xinrui , Cheng Long , He Shuhai , Lin Huan
Published: May 2024

Neonicotinoids (NEOs), highly selective toward insect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, are extensively used due to their effectiveness against pests and relative non‐toxicity to vertebrates. However, their prolonged persistence in soil and water has led to frequent detection in food and environmental samples, posing significant environmental and health concerns. Recent research indicates these pesticides infiltrate aquatic ecosystems, threatening aquatic life and human health. Here, we improved the ultra‐performance liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry method for detecting NEOs in water samples, increasing its sensitivity to fulfill forthcoming detection needs. This approach enables the simultaneous quantification of eight NEOs and five NEO metabolites in diverse water sources, including tap, surface, groundwater, sewage, and seawater. Our method achieves remarkably low detection limits for direct injection (0.78–1.7 ng/L) and solid‐phase extraction methods (0.13–0.25 ng/L). Critically, our findings reveal that boiling domestic drinking water doesn't degrade NEOs; instead, it increases their concentration due to water evaporation. A 6‐min boiling period can amplify pesticide concentration by 4–5 times, presenting a significant hazard in culinary practices of specific regions where prolonged cooking could lead to alarmingly high levels of these insecticides. This research underscores the importance of monitoring and mitigating NEO contamination in water sources to safeguard environmental and public health.
Advancements in liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry for amphetamine analysis in unconventional biological matrices: Focus on oral fluid and hair samples
Authors: Guizolfi Tainara , Kramer Airton , Menck Rafael , Moura Sidnei
Published: May 2024

Amphetamines (AMPHs) and their derivatives are potent central nervous system stimulants, in 2020 an astonishing 34 million regular users were reported worldwide. Consequently, there has been a critical need for the development of methods capable of detecting these compounds in alternative biological matrices. The review article discusses the analysis of amphetamines and their derivatives in alternative biological matrices, such as hair and oral fluid (OF), using liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Compiles data from 28 articles published between 2012 and 2022, focusing on 13 articles on OFs and 15 on hair analysis. The article highlights the advantages of using these alternative matrices, including less invasive collection methods, greater sample stability, and simplified extraction processes. Additionally, prevalent analytical practices such as the use of C18 columns and the incorporation of formic acid and methanol into mobile phases are discussed. Furthermore, it demonstrates that the most used method for collecting OF is the Quantisal device, as well as solid phase extraction is also the most used for the same matrix. The review serves as a guide for researchers interested in analytical methods for identifying AMPHs, offering insights into advances, challenges, and the most used in the area.
Methods for building a staff workforce of quantitative scientists in academic health care
Authors: Peskoe Sarah , Slade Emily , Rende Lacey , Boulos Mary , Desai Manisha , Gandhi Mihir , Gelfond Jonathan A. L. , Khalatbari Shokoufeh , Schulte Phillip J. , Snyder Denise C. , Taylor Sandra L. , Troy Jesse D. , Vaughan Roger , Pomann Gina‐Maria
Published: May 2024

Collaborative quantitative scientists, including biostatisticians, epidemiologists, bioinformaticists, and data‐related professionals, play vital roles in research, from study design to data analysis and dissemination. It is imperative that academic health care centers (AHCs) establish an environment that provides opportunities for the quantitative scientists who are hired as staff to develop and advance their careers. With the rapid growth of clinical and translational research, AHCs are charged with establishing organizational methods, training tools, best practices, and guidelines to accelerate and support hiring, training, and retaining this staff workforce. This paper describes three essential elements for building and maintaining a successful unit of collaborative staff quantitative scientists in academic health care centers: (1) organizational infrastructure and management, (2) recruitment, and (3) career development and retention. Specific strategies are provided as examples of how AHCs can excel in these areas.
Nanosilica from canary seed husk for corrosion protection of structural steel
Authors: León‐Silva U. , Nicho M. E. , Cajero‐Sotelo L. , Castro‐Guerrero C. F. , Escobedo‐Alatorre Jesús , Díaz‐Guillén M. R.
Published: May 2024

An alternative technique is presented for the corrosion protection of the A36 structural steel (A36SS) in acid medium (H2SO4) using silica obtained from canary seed husk (CSH). The silica was obtained in a solid amorphous state with a particle size of 10–22 nm. The anticorrosive properties of nanosilica (NS) were studied using potentiodynamic polarization (PDP), linear polarization resistance (LPR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). Before carrying out the corrosion tests, the A36SS was subjected to a treatment with NaOH solution without and with the presence of NS. The A36SS treated with NS presented the lowest current density values and the noblest corrosion potential values, indicating that the corrosion rate decreased. The surface morphological study of the tested systems using SEM/EDS showed that the NS‐treated A36SS had a more efficient physical barrier against corrosive species.
Effect of n‐pentanol with novel water hyacinth biodiesel‐diesel ternary blends on diesel engine performance and emission characteristics
Authors: Singh Maneesh , Saini Prashant , Srivastava Divyanshi , Mishra Srishti , Ahmad Saif Nawaz
Published: May 2024

Present research deals with crude oil production from water hyacinth biomass and its biodiesel preparation. Alcohol additive n‐pentanol is mixed with biodiesel and diesel blends to identify their effects on diesel engine performance and emission parameters experimentally. Water hyacinth oil (WHO) is produced through Soxhlet extraction technique, and its biodiesel is prepared by transesterification. n‐pentanol is mixed through magnetic stirring in biodiesel‐diesel blends to improve their combustion quality and efficiency. Prepared fuel blends properties are examined as per ASTM standards. Experimental results reveal that, BSFC and BTE are evaluated as 0.26 kg/kW‐h and 29.5%, respectively, with HC emissions as 29 ppm, CO emissions as 0.28 vol%, NOx emissions as 330 ppm and CO2 emissions as 2.21 vol% for WHB20D75P5 fuel at maximum load. The comparison of D100 and WHB20D80 with respect to WHB20D75P5 reveals 3.27% reduction and 7.27% improvement in BTE, respectively. Both HC and CO are reduced by 14.70% and 22.22% for WHB20D75P5 fuel compared to diesel. NOx and CO2 emissions are increased by 6.79% and 12.75% for WHB20D75P5 fuel compared to diesel. Overall, WHB20D75P5 fuel is the best performer.
Effect of sodium hydroxide treatment on the fracture toughness of luffa natural fiber reinforced epoxy epikote 828
Authors: Trung Dang Huu , Oanh Doan Thi Yen
Published: May 2024

Micro‐sized luffa natural fibers (MLNFs) were derived from raw luffa natural fibers from Vietnam by undergoing treatment with sodium hydroxide. This study examined the impact of sodium hydroxide concentration, temperature, and treatment duration on the fracture toughness of epoxy resin 828 reinforced with MLNFs. The results showed that the fracture toughness of the composite, as measured by the critical‐stress‐intensity factor (KIC) and Izod impact strength, was improved after the treatment of the MLNFs with sodium hydroxide. Specifically, with the optimal sodium hydroxide treatment parameters of 6% NaOH at 70 °C for 6 h, the critical‐stress‐intensity factor increased by 93% (from 2.0 to 3.86 MPa m1/2) and the Izod impact strength rose by 44.6% (from 3.81 to 5.51 kJ/m2). The thermal properties and surface structure of MLNFs treated with NaOH were analyzed using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images.