bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Sinai Revelation according to 4Q377 (Apocryphal Pentateuch B)
Authors: Feldman Ariel
Published: August 2011

This paper explores the reworking of the biblical Sinai accounts in 4Q377 3 ii. While previous studies of 4Q377 focused on its depiction of Moses, the retelling of the Sinai theophany in this scroll has not received due attention. The paper scrutinizes the intricate web of biblical allusions in 4Q377 3 ii and analyzes the ways in which it deals with the difficulties embedded in the accounts of the Sinai revelation in Exodus and Deuteronomy. It demonstrates that the scroll’s interpretation of these biblical texts exhibits several similarities with the later Jewish sources.
“Love Your Fellow as Yourself”: The Interpretation of Leviticus 19:17-18 in the Book of Jubilees
Authors: Livneh Atar
Published: August 2011

Leviticus 19:17-18 has long been noted as possessing a significant role within the book of Jubilees. This paper examines the references to these verses, both explicit and via phrases alluding to the ordinance. Two specific aspects of the law are alluded to in Jubilees: “You shall not hate your kinsfolk in your heart” (Lev 19:17a) and “Love your fellow as yourself” (Lev 19:18b). The author of Jubilees understands the first as relating to peaceful coexistence, the second to malicious intent, specifically the intent to murder. This exegesis is consistent throughout Jubilees, as attested by the usage of fixed terms and idioms depicting the observance/violation of the law across various literary units.
Lazarus and the Sickness Unto Death: An Allegory of Despair
Authors: Podmore Simon D.
Published: August 2011

This article explores the religious symbolism of death and resurrection in works by Dostoevsky, Holbein, Kazantzakis, and Kierkegaard, examining the imaginative correlation between the death of God and the sickness of the soul. Exploring the symbolic analogy between the death of the self and the death of God evoked by these works, I offer an existential reading of the death and raising of Lazarus as an allegory of despair over the possibility of salvation. I illustrate this existential dis-ease via a symbolic reading of two artistic depictions of death and resurrection. Beginning with reference to Nikos Kazantzakis’s account of the death of Lazarus in The Last Temptation, and proceeding to Fyodor Dostoevsky’s famous description in The Idiot of Hans Holbein the Younger’s The Body of the Dead Christ in the Tomb (1521), I endeavor to articulate a constructive existential and psychological analogy between the death of the self and despair over the death of God (interpreted as an expression of the loss of hope in salvation). Finally, by reading such despair with imaginative-symbolic reference to Lazarus, I return to Kierkegaard’s The Sickness Unto Death in search of hope in the “impossible possibility of salvation.”
Warlords, Politicians and the Post-First Civil War Election in Liberia
Authors: Klay Kieh George
Published: August 2011

The issue of post-conflict elections has become one of the major areas in both the scholarly literature and in policy circles. This is because post-conflict elections are considered critical to the peacebuilding process in war-torn societies. The rationale is that post-conflict elections can be used to address the vexing problem of choosing the leadership for states recovering from war. With the leadership chosen in the context of free, fair and transparent elections, it can then shepherd the arduous process of rebuilding the society.

In this vein, using the first post-conflict election in Liberia as a case study, this article examines the electoral landscape, and the factors that led to the Taylor-led National Patriotic Party (NPP) winning a landslide victory.
Jerusalem Walls: Transforming and Segregating Urban Fabric
Authors: Thawaba Salem A.
Published: August 2011

Jerusalem city witnessing last touches of constructing the Israeli wall that came as a part of a general strategy aim to separate the city from its periphery. The city, that includes about 400,000 Palestinians considered as the hub of fifty Palestinian communities. This structure is interlinked by complex cultural, social, and economic relationships. This aims to de facto annex vast areas to Israel using different means like land confiscations, colonial activities and finally constructing the wall in order to reach the city “Israelization”. Israel claims that Jerusalem is an open city as was declared immediately after 1967. On the ground, since 1967, Israel created different kinds of walls to divide Jerusalem into Palestinian enclaves and Israeli contiguous urban scheme (Hasson, 1996).

This study investigates the impact of Israeli policies on Jerusalem area since 1948. Since then all planning practices were directed to isolate Jerusalem by cutting off all surrounding Arab communities. The aim of the study is to shed light on the hidden agenda of the Israeli planning strategies and its impact on the Palestinian urban structure.

In order to assess the urban settings for the study area, aerial photos were analyzed, field visits, literature and historical review were conducted. The outcome of the study shows that Israeli planning machine in the area was aiming to enlarge “Greater Jerusalem” area by annexing as much land as possible within the city boundary. Another aim was to weaken and segregate the surrounding Palestinian communities in away to make it impossible for these communities to form a center as a Palestinian hub competing the historical hub of Jerusalem.
Product Labeling and Sociocultural Values of Nigerian Consumers
Authors: Omotosho Babatunde Joshua
Published: August 2011

This paper examines the development of product labels in Nigeria. It highlights the successes and developments so far. The paper critically examines the approach adopted by labels giver especially in relation to Nigerian culture and traditions. This is because product labels in this country are still mostly communicated in foreign languages and without a proper consideration of the exiting norms, culture and values regarding communication while implementing labels on products. The paper therefore recommends ways by which the regulatory agencies can further achieve their aims and objectives from African perspective.
Poverty Changes during the Three Recent Development Plans in Iran (1995-2007)
Authors: Mahmoudi Vahid
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this study is to analyse the degree of poverty in Iran and how it changed over time during the second, third and fourth (first three years) five-year national development plans (1995-2007). It does this by documenting overall poverty levels and poverty within regional subgroups, using the micro-level data set of household expenditure survey conducted by the Statistical Centre of Iran (SCI) in 1995, 1999, 2004 and 2007.

I have found an increase in all poverty measures in rural regions and a decrease in urban areas during the second development plan (1995-1999). The country as a whole also experienced a considerable poverty reduction over the third development plan (1999-2004) under Khatami’s presidency. However, all poverty measures suggest that during Ahmadinejad Administration (2004-2007) poverty has risen.

This paper also examines the distribution of poverty breakdown by the regional status of households in Iran. The incidence, intensity and severity of poverty are higher in rural than urban areas in Iran. Regional decompositions show that although poverty was spread throughout the country, the intensity of poverty in some provinces such as Systan-Balochestan, Kermanshah, Kordestan, Hamadan and Ilam was more pronounced. The results also suggest that the contribution of the “southeast” and “west” regions (including above mentioned provinces) to the national poverty were increased during the second, third and fourth plans. This might be attributed to the fact that these provinces were more affected by eight-year long Iran-Iraq war, immigration of refuges from neighbours countries and drought.
The Role of Organised Labour in Preventing a ‘Race to the Bottom’ for Filipino Seafarers in the Global Labour Market
Authors: Ruggunan Shaun
Published: August 2011

The aim of this article is to demonstrate how organised labour at both the national and global level can influence the nature of global labour markets. This aim is achieved through an empirical investigation of the restructuring of the global labour market for Filipino seafarers, and the influence of the Associated Marine Officers and Seamen’s Union of the Philippines (AMOSUP) and the International Transport Workers’ Federation (ITF) in this restructuring process. The article concludes that despite the global attack on labour unions, organised labour continues to be a powerful agent in preventing ‘a race to the bottom’ for Filipino seafarers working conditions and wages.
China-Africa Relations: A Neo-Imperialism or a Neo-Colonialism? A Reflection*
Authors: Lumumba-Kasongo Tukumbi
Published: August 2011

Based on the intensity and the volume of financial and economic dimensions as it pertains to the relationship between China and various African countries since the end of the 1990s, the debate on these relations has just begun within a global context. The discussion on the nature of South-South relations, especially between a newly emerging industrial country, located in Asia, and the African countries, which represent the least industrialized area of the world, has more recently brought the subject of the unequal balance of power between the two regions under intellectual scrutiny.

Several intellectual debates on China-Africa relations have been mostly reactive in the sense that many analyses have focused on Africa’s past relations with the Global North. The existing literature on these relations has, to a large extent, not sufficiently located the discourse within the existing dominant ideologies, namely neo-imperialism and neo-liberalism. It is also important to localize these relations within the World Trade Organization’s dogmas and practices, the United Nations Charter, and African Union Charter in order to assess whether or not they can be characterized as either neo-imperialist or neo-liberal. Furthermore, it is important to identify on which specific areas these economic relations have generally focused and in which specific African countries they have been dominant. How do the Chinese government and the Chinese Communist Party perceive and define them? How do the African Union and specific African countries perceive and define these relations? And what are the policy implications in China and in the African public sectors? The main objective of this paper is, using the data and figures from Chinese sectoral investments and export-import of China and specific African countries to make a critical evaluative analysis of these relations and determine if they are qualified to be called neo-imperialist or neo-liberal. The article is both an empirically-based analysis and a reflection.
A comparison of reproductive output of the Omei Treefrog (Rhacophorus omeimontis) between high and low elevations
Authors: Liao Wen Bo , Lu Xin
Published: August 2011

Elevation that results in changes in climate, duration of breeding season and food resource has long been considered a major influence on the evolution of life-history traits in amphibians. The present study examined differences in reproductive output (clutch size and egg size) of the Omei Treefrog (Rhacophorus omeimontis) at two elevations (1000 m and 1700 m above sea level) in Baoxing County, western China. Within each population, female attributes (size and age) were responsible for much of the reproductive output variation in that larger or older females produced larger clutches of smaller eggs. Clutch size and egg size showed a significantly negative correlation, which was indicative of a trade-off between the two parameters. The high-elevation females were significantly larger than the low-elevation counterparts. After accounting for interpopulational difference in body size, clutch size, egg size and clutch volume differed significantly between the populations. For the high-elevation population relatively smaller clutches tended to be associated with larger eggs. Our findings suggest that females produce smaller clutches relative to body size and larger eggs in the high-elevation population to ensure that each egg is adequately provisioned in the face of cold climate and short duration of development.
Effect of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) seeds on adriamycin-induced nephrotoxicity in albino rats
Authors: Sakr Saber A. , El-Gamal Ezz M.
Published: August 2011

Adriamycin (ADR) is an anticancer drug used in treatment of a variety of neoplastic lesions. Its use is limited due to diverse toxicities including cardiotoxicity, hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity. The present work was conducted to study the effect of fenugreek seed extract on nephrotoxicity induced by ADR in albino rats. Administrating animals with a single dose of ADR (10 mg/kg body weight) induced histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical alterations. Kidneys of ADR-treated rats showed many histopathological alterations. The renal tubules were degenerated and the glomeruli were atrophied. The intertubular spaces were infiltrated by inflammatory leucocytic cells. An increase in expression of alfa-SMA was recorded. ADR caused marked elevation in serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen. Moreover, ADR administration to animals significantly increased the concentration of malondialdehyde and decreased the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in kidney tissues. These changes were time-dependent. Treating animals with ADR and aqueous seed extract of fenugreek (0.4 g/kg) led to an improvement in the histological structure of the kidney together with a decrease in expression of α-SMA. Urea and creatinine were significantly decreased. Moreover, fenugreek treatment reduced the concentration of malondialdehyde (lipid peroxidation marker) and increased the activity of antioxidant enzyme, SOD. In conclusion, the results of the present work indicated that fenugreek seeds had ameliorative effect on kidney damage induced by ADR and this may be mediated by its potent antioxidant effects
Forwards or Backwards? New Directions in Danish Patients’ Rights Legislation
Authors: Hartlev Mette
Published: August 2011

The Danish Patients’ Rights Act from 1998 was the first comprehensive piece of legislation addressing the basic legal values and principles governing the relation between patient and the health care services. Since the adoption of the Act there has been continuous legislative activity in the field, and the objective of the article is to discuss how recent developments in Danish patients’ rights legislation shall be interpreted in terms of balancing interests of patients towards interests of society and the health care professions.
“Braxton Hick’s” or the Birth of a New Era? Tracing the Development of Ireland’s Abortion Laws in Respect of European Court of Human Rights Jurisprudence
Authors: Daly Brenda
Published: August 2011

In Ireland, Article 40.3.3° of Bunreacht na hÉireann (the Irish Constitution) guarantees the right to life of the unborn child and the equal right to life of the mother. Abortion in Ireland is permissible only where there is a real and substantial risk to the mother’s own life. Since Ireland became a signatory to the European Convention on Human Rights in 1950,2 there have been concerns that it could result in Ireland being compelled to introduce a right to abortion.3 This article commences with a review of the extant law on abortion in Ireland, tracing the Constitutional protection afforded to the unborn child. The article will discuss the impact of the European Court of Human Rights’4 jurisprudence in regard to access to abortion and to information on abortion services in Ireland in an effort to ascertain if it really has resulted in a radical change to Irish abortion laws. As such, it will also be necessary to examine the more recent decisions of the ECtHR such as Tysiac v. Poland,5 and A, B, and C v. Ireland,6 to determine both the approach of the ECtHR to access to abortion in general and also to consider if it has resulted in a liberalisation of abortion law in Ireland.
Monitoring Quality in a Federal State with Shared Powers in Healthcare: The Case of Belgium
Authors: Fornaciari Diego , Vleugels Arthur , Callens Stefaan , Eeckloo Kristof
Published: August 2011

The Belgian healthcare system consists of a complex of more or less autonomous groups of healthcare providers. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that the fundamental right to qualitative healthcare is secured through the services they provide. In Belgium, the regulatory powers in healthcare are divided between the federal state and the three communities. Both levels, within their area of competence, monitor the quality of healthcare services. Unique to the Belgian healthcare system is that the government that providers are accountable to is not always the same as the government that is competent to set the criteria. The goal of this article is to provide an overview of the main mechanisms that are used by the federal government and the government of the Flemish community to monitor healthcare quality in hospitals. The Flemish community is Belgian’s largest community (6.2 million inhabitants). The overview is followed by a critical analysis of the dual system of quality monitoring.
Paths into Irregularity: The Legal and Political Construction of Irregular Migration
Authors: Düvell Franck
Published: August 2011

This article empirically analyses the political and legal construction of irregular migration across selected member states of the European Union. First, it considers how policies lay the preconditions for irregular migration. Second, it explores the role of politics and law in generating irregular migration. Thus, it carves out diverse and divergent practices across the EU and argues that these are related to divergent legal and political cultures among the member states. This reveals that regulations that are meant to prevent unwanted migration often have unintended side-effects and instead encourage irregular migration which is conceptualised as a policy gap and policy failure. The conclusion drawn from this is that some irregular migration can be avoided and that there is scope for accordingly reforming national laws.
Policy Discourses on Irregular Migration in the EU - ‘Number Games’ and ‘Political Games’
Authors: Vollmer Bastian A.
Published: August 2011

Irregular migration in Europe appeared on policy agendas in the early 1970s and more intensively in the late 1980s and 1990s; since then, it has become a top priority issue in policy discourses. With reference to exemplifying country cases, this article elaborates on two discursive elements that have emerged across discourses in the EU: 1. threat and criminalization, 2. ‘number games’. The discourse of irregular migration has become increasingly coloured by deviousness, a criminalisation took place at discursive and legislative level alike, but at the same time the insecurity about ‘numbers’, i.e. the scope of irregular migrants residing in the EU, geared policy discourses to a particular development. This article argues that an interplay between these two elements amounts to a necessity of ongoing demonstration of efficient governance. This takes the form of ‘political games’ that are run by political actors demonstrating the capacity and efficient governance of controlling irregular migration and its underlying implications.
Ghana's Children's Act 560: A Rethink of its Implementation?
Authors: McCrystal Patrick , Manful Esmeranda
Published: August 2011

In 1998 Ghana harmonised its child care legislation to conform to the Convention on the Rights of the Child by enacting the Children's Act 1998, Act 560. Some stakeholders expressed misgivings at its capacity to ensure child protection, but little literature exists on the views of professionals working within the law. This paper presents an investigation of the views of professionals who are mandated to work within the law to ensure the rights of the child to legal protection in Ghana. The findings suggest that there is a gap between legal intent and practice. It is concluded from these findings that for better child protection, the provision of legal rights for children is only an initial step; the administrative framework including better professional training, adequate resources for social care agencies and the establishment of new structures also needs to be reconsidered.
Children's Rights: How Much Do Zimbabwe Urban Secondary School Pupils Know?
Authors: Gwirayi Pesanayi , Shumba Almon
Published: August 2011

Research shows that the violation of the rights of the child manifests in various forms in our society. is study sought to investigate children's awareness about their rights and organisations which deal with their rights in Zimbabwean schools. The study is informed by the Empowerment Theory. Data were collected from a randomly selected sample of 376 secondary school children (200 male, 176 female; age range 12 to 16 years) from 3 schools in Gweru Urban District of Zimbabwe. Children were asked to list their rights and organisations which deal with child rights on given worksheets. The study found that most of the children were not aware about their rights and organisations which deal with their rights. The introduction of Children's Rights as a subject in schools can help increase children's safety, protection and well-being. There is also need to put more thrust on workshops and seminars on Children's Rights in Zimbabwean schools.
Protecting the Rights of the Child: Regulating Restorative Justice and Indigenous Practices in Southern Sudan and East Timor
Authors: Banks Cyndi
Published: August 2011

The Convention on the Rights of the Child has globalized child rights and child protection by setting international norms, which include a mandate to apply restorative justice practices in juvenile justice laws and procedures. In some states, restorative justice has long been a practice in communities and legislating to give effect to the CRC has involved codifying, modifying and regulating existing community restorative practices with the intention of incorporating adaptations of those practices under new laws. In Southern Sudan and East Timor, both of which have suffered extreme violence and conflict, lifestyles are predominately traditional and values and beliefs concerning family and children, remain rooted in custom. Both have drafted laws that attempt to incorporate traditional restorative practices and give effect to the norms of the Convention. Examining the provisions of each proposed law reveals how culture will be enacted and regulated for the benefit of children and the extent to which the international rights discourse embodied in these proposed laws is congruent with customary and traditional values and beliefs about children. A comparative examination of the two draft laws, contextualized according to local cultures, provides insights into policy choices about the incorporation of culture and the relationship between international norms of child protection and traditional restorative practices.
Intermediaries for Child Witnesses: Old Problems, New Solutions and Judicial Differences in South Africa
Authors: Zaal F. Noel , Matthias Carmel R.
Published: August 2011

South Africa has utilised intermediaries to protect child witnesses and assist their communication in criminal proceedings in the magistrates' courts since 1993. is article examines some lessons to be learned from the South African experience. It provides an overview and assessment of attempts to overcome implementation problems and develop the legislation providing for intermediaries. It reviews contradictory solutions for improvement of the law recently put forward by the high court and constitutional court. Applying both the South African history and international standards, we argue that the high court offered a better way forward. We suggest some additional reforms which may also be relevant for advocates of the intermediary system in other jurisdictions.
The Rights of Children in Conflict with the Law in Ghana
Authors: Ame Robert Kwame
Published: August 2011

In a country where implementing children's rights in general remains a major challenge, the idea of according rights to children in conflict with the law can be a daunting task. With too many other children's problems to deal with such as the millions of street children and child laborers, female circumcision, and sexual violence against female children, the needs and rights of juvenile offenders could easily be relegated to the bottom of the government's priorities for children. Nonetheless, by virtue of ratifying the UNCRC in 1990, Ghana has made a commitment to address the needs and respect the rights of children in Ghana including its juvenile offenders. Thirteen years after ratifying the CRC, the Ghanaian Parliament passed the Juvenile Justice Act 2003 (Act 653). What rights does the Act accord children in conflict with the law? Do the policies and practices of the new juvenile justice system measure up to the standards of the Convention? These are the key questions addressed in this paper. The paper concludes that vis a vis the CRC, the new Juvenile Justice Act looks good on paper but argues that there is a colossal gap between policy and practice. The paper ends with suggestions on how to effectively protect the rights of children in conflict with the law.
Resource constraints and a child's right to legal representation in civil matters at state expense in South Africa
Authors: Stewart Linda
Published: August 2011

Section 28(1)(h) of the South African Constitution bestows the right on every child to have a legal practitioner assigned to the child by the state, and at state expense, in civil proceedings affecting the child, if substantial injustice would otherwise result. Section 28(1)(h) places a positive duty on the state and the practical implementation of this right is dependent on the state's available resources. is paper enquires whether the criteria laid down by the South African Legal Aid Board may limit the realisation of s 28(1)(h) and if so, to what extent. It includes the question whether it is constitutionally permissible for the state to deny legal representation to children on the exclusive grounds of resource constraints. I commence by examining similar but not exact provisions in the Convention of the Rights of the Child (CRC) and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (ACRWC) to establish whether there are provisions that may inform the extent of the positive duty on the state to provide legal representation at state expense to children. is will be followed by a discussion on the nature and extent of s 28(1)(h) of the Constitution. I then turn to the relevant sections in the Children's Act pertaining to this right and especially s 55 which makes provision that the Legal Aid Board is the appropriate functionary of the state to deal with the realisation of s 28(1)(h). I finally enquire whether the criteria laid down in the Legal Aid Guidelines, 2009 (which include the argument of resource constraints) may justifiably limit this right.
Early Marriage: A Violation of Girls' Fundamental Human Rights in Africa
Authors: Mutyaba Rita
Published: August 2011

Although African countries have ratified international human rights treaties that recognize girls' fundamental human rights to life, education, non-discrimination, freedom from degrading, inhumane and cruel treatment, and protection from harmful cultural practices, girls' human rights continue to be violated because of the prevalent practice of early marriages in most African countries. Whereas early marriages affect both girls and boys, girls are disproportionally affected by this practice which is rooted in culture and religion. Girls who get married before they are 18 years old are not physically, emotionally and mentally prepared for their roles as mothers and wives. African countries have an important role to play in ending early marriages to stop the human rights violations that girls experience when they get married before they are 18 years.
The Tropospheric Response to Tropical and Subtropical Zonally Asymmetric Torques: Analytical and Idealized Numerical Model Results
Authors: Shaw Tiffany A. , Boos William R.
Published: August 2011

The tropospheric response to prescribed tropical and subtropical zonally asymmetric torques, which can be considered as idealizations of vertical momentum transfers by orographic gravity waves or convection, is investigated. The linear analytical Gill model response to westward upper-tropospheric torques is compared to the response to a midtropospheric heating, which is a familiar point of reference. The response to an equatorial torque projects onto a Kelvin wave response to the east that is of opposite sign to the response to the east of the heating at upper levels. In contrast, the torque and heating both produce Rossby gyres of the same sign to the west of the forcing and the zonal-mean streamfunction responses are identical. When the forcings are shifted into the Northern Hemisphere, the streamfunction responses have opposite signs: there is upwelling in the Southern (Northern) Hemisphere in response to the torque (heating).

The nonlinear response to westward torques was explored in idealized general circulation model experiments. In the absence of a large-scale meridional temperature gradient, the response to an equatorial torque was confined to the tropics and was qualitatively similar to the linear solutions. When the torque was moved into the subtropics, the vorticity budget response was similar to a downward control–type balance in the zonal mean. In the presence of a meridional temperature gradient, the response to an equatorial torque involved a poleward shift of the midlatitude tropospheric jet and Ferrel cell. The response in midlatitudes was associated with a poleward shift of the regions of horizontal eddy momentum flux convergence, which coincided with a shift in the upper-tropospheric critical line for baroclinic waves. The shift in the critical line was caused (in part) by the zonal wind response to the prescribed torque, suggesting a possible cause of the response in midlatitudes. Overall, this hierarchy of analytical and numerical results highlights robust aspects of the response to tropical and subtropical zonally asymmetric torques and represents the first step toward understanding the response in fully comprehensive general circulation models.
Convective Momentum Transport in a Simple Multicloud Model for Organized Convection
Authors: Khouider Boualem , Han Ying , Biello Joseph A.
Published: August 2011

Convective momentum transport (CMT) is the process of vertical transport of horizontal momentum by convection onto the environmental flow. The significance of CMT from mesoscale to synoptic- and planetary-scale organized cumulus convection has been established by various theoretical and observational studies. A new strategy mimicking the effect of unresolved mesoscale circulation based on the weak temperature gradient (WTG) approximation with a Gaussian profile to redistribute the heating due to parameterized cumulus convection at the subgrid scale is adopted here to construct a CMT parameterization for general circulation models (GCMs). Two main regimes of CMT are considered: an upscale squall-line regime and a downscale non-squall-line regime. An exponential probability distribution is used to select which of these two effects is active, conditional on the state of the large-scale shear. The shear itself is used as a measure of the persistence of mesoscale organized circulation due to the presence or not of tilted deep convective heating with lagged stratiform anvils. The CMT model is tested in the simple case of the multicloud model of Khouider and Majda, used here as a toy GCM. Numerical simulations are performed here for the simple case without rotation, in a parameter regime where the multicloud model exhibits packets of convectively coupled gravity waves moving in one direction, at 17 m s−1, and planetary-scale wave envelopes moving in the opposite direction, at 4–6 m s−1, reminiscent of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and the associated embedded synoptic-scale superclusters. The results herein show that the inclusion of CMT intensifies both the synoptic-scale convectively coupled waves and the manifestation of planetary-scale waves in the multicloud model. This provides evidence that the present CMT model captures the essence of the physical mechanism through which kinetic energy is transferred from the subgrid-scale mesoscale circulation to the large-scale/resolved motion. Sensitivity simulations showed that two key parameters for the CMT parameterization are the relative strength of the parameterized stratiform anvils and the dimensional threshold used in the exponential distribution for the cumulus friction and the upscale CMT forcing resulting from organized subgrid mesoscale circulation.
On Challenges in Predicting Bottom Water Transport in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Saenko Oleg A. , Gupta Alex Sen , Spence Paul
Published: August 2011

Changes in the Southern Ocean lower-limb overturning circulation are analyzed using a set of climate models. In agreement with some recently developed theoretical models, it is found that the overturning can be strongly affected by winds. In particular, the simulated strengthening of large-scale southward transport in the abyss is explicitly driven by zonal wind stress. However, there is a considerable range among the climate models in their projected changes of Southern Ocean wind stress. Furthermore, the strengthening of large-scale southward transport tends to be compensated by eddy-induced northward flows in the abyss, particularly at eddy-permitting resolution. As a result, the net Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) export may only be weakly affected. However, none of the models considered accounts for the possibility that a fraction of the eddy kinetic energy may be converted to diapycnal mixing. If this were the case, the presented energetic arguments suggest that stronger Southern Ocean winds would result in a stronger AABW transport.
Wave Extremes in the Northeast Atlantic
Authors: Aarnes Ole Johan , Breivik Øyvind , Reistad Magnar
Published: August 2011

The objective of this study is to compute 100-yr return value estimates of significant wave height using a new hindcast developed by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. This regional hindcast covers the northeast Atlantic and spans the period 1958–2009.

The return value estimates are based upon three different stationary models commonly applied in extreme value statistics: the generalized extreme value (GEV) distribution, the joint GEV distribution for the r largest-order statistic (rLOS), and the generalized Pareto (GP) distribution. Here, the qualitative differences between the models and their corresponding confidence intervals are investigated.
Dynamics of Cross-Isobath Dense Water Transport Induced by Slope Topography
Authors: Matsumura Yoshimasa , Hasumi Hiroyasu
Published: August 2011

Dynamics of cross-isobath downslope transport of a dense water mass induced by small-scale topographic variation is investigated based on a high-resolution numerical experiment with realistic settings, a simplified analytical model for water particle advection, and idealized sensitivity experiments. The existence of a submarine ridge induces two different processes for cross-isobath downslope transport of dense water: a strong but narrow and thin downslope current at the east side of the ridge and cyclonic eddies with dense water cores to the west of the ridge. The former downslope current is produced in response to the rapid increase of slope angle near the ridge. The latter eddies are formed by stretching of the dense water layer near the crest, where isobath curvature is so high that offshore centrifugal force overcomes the coastward Coriolis force. From a simple analysis on the equation of motion for a fluid particle placed on a slope with curved isobaths, a general criterion that describes whether a density current follows or crosses isobaths is derived, which is supported by idealized sensitivity experiments. The location where cross-isobath transport of dense water takes place is determined by relative magnitude between spatial derivatives of isobath curvature, planetary vorticity, and slope angle. Based on these arguments, a parameterization is proposed to represent the effect of unresolved small-scale topography in coarse-resolution models.
Analysis of contact mechanics in McKee-Farrar metal-on-metal hip implants
Authors: Yew A , Jagatia M , Ensaff H , Jin Z M
Published: August 2011

Contact mechanics analysis for a typical McKee-Farrar metal-on-metal hip implant was carried out in this study. The finite element method was used to predict the contact area and the contact pressure distribution at the bearing surfaces. The study investigated the effects of the cement and underlying bone, the geometrical parameters such as the radial clearance between the acetabular cup and the femoral head, and the acetabular cup thickness, as well as other geometrical features on the acetabular cup such as lip and studs. For all the cases considered, the predicted contact pressure distribution was found to be significantly different from that based upon the classical Hertz contact theory, with the maximum value being away from the centre of the contact region. The lip on the cup was found to have a negligible effect on the predicted contact pressure distribution. The presence of the studs on the outside of the cup caused a significant increase in the local contact pressure distribution, and a slight decrease in the contact region. Reasonably good agreement of the predicted contact pressure distribution was found between a three-dimensional anatomical model and a simple two-dimensional axisymmetric model. The interfacial boundary condition between the acetabular cup and the underlying cement, modelled as perfectly fixed or perfectly unbonded, had a negligible effect on the predicted contact parameters. For a given radial clearance of 0.079 mm, the decrease in the thickness of the acetabular cup from 4.5 to 1.5 mm resulted in an increase in the contact half angle from 15° to 26°, and a decrease in the maximum contact pressure from 55 to 20 MPa. For a given acetabular cup thickness of 1.5 mm, a decrease in the radial clearance from 0.158 to 0.0395mm led to an increase in the contact half-angle from 20° to 30°, and a decrease in the maximum contact pressure from 30 to 10 MPa. For zero clearance, although the contact pressure was significantly reduced over most of the contact area, the whole acetabular cup came into contact with the femoral head, leading to stress concentration at the edge of the cup. Design optimization of the geometrical parameters, in terms of the acetabular cup thickness and the radial clearance, is important, not only to minimize the contact stress at the bearing surfaces, but also to avoid equatorial and edge contact.
Crisis and safety: The asexual in sexusociety
Authors: Przybylo Ela
Published: August 2011

This article provides a discussion of the implications that asexuality, as an identity category emerging in the West, carries for sexuality. Asexuality provides an exciting forum for revisiting questions of sexual normativity and examining those sex acts which are cemented to appear ‘natural’ through repetition, in the discursive system of sexusociety. Drawing especially on feminist and postmodern theories, I situate asexuality as both a product of and reaction against our sexusocial, disoriented postmodern here and now. This article also addresses the question of whether or not, and on what terms, asexuality may be considered a resistance against sexusociety.
Asexuality in disability narratives
Authors: Kim Eunjung
Published: August 2011

This essay explores normative regulations of disabled people’s sexuality and its relationship with asexuality through narratives of disabled individuals. While asexuality has been persistently criticized as a damaging myth imposed on disabled people, individuals with disabilities who do not identify as sexual highlight the inseparable intersection between normality and sexuality. Disabled and asexual identity and its narratives reveal that asexuality is an embodiment neither to be eliminated, nor to be cured, and is a way of living that may or may not change. Claims for the sexual rights of desexualized minority groups mistakenly target asexuality and endorse a universal and persistent presence of sexual desire. The structurally and socially enforced asexuality and desexualization are distinguished from an asexual embodiment and perspective disidentifying oneself from sexuality.
Powerful cultural productions: Identity politics in diasporic same-sex South Asian weddings
Authors: Khan Faris A
Published: August 2011

Queer diasporic subjects are multiply displaced and often excluded from familial, local, national, and transnational spheres. This ethnographic study examines five same-sex South Asian American Hindu wedding ceremonies to demonstrate that these events are spaces where power and one’s inclusion into the dominant social structure are negotiated. The ritualized performances and social interactions surrounding these ceremonies serve to enact, articulate and transform culture. The ceremonies enable the actors to claim ownership of tradition, and insert their subjectivities into one of its most fundamental institutions. While the structures of power operate most visibly on macro-political levels, they are often replicated, resisted, and subverted in numerous intimate arenas of lived experience, such as wedding ceremonies.
The C-Index: A New Stability Concept for Quadratic Programs with Complementarity Constraints
Authors: Ralph Daniel , Stein Oliver
Published: August 2011

We introduce nondegeneracy and the C-index for C-stationary points of a QPCC, that is, for a mathematical program with a quadratic objective function and linear complementarity constraints. The C-index characterizes the qualitative local behavior of a QPCC around a nondegenerate C-stationary point. The article focuses on the structure of the C-stationary set of QPCCs depending on a real parameter. We show that, for generic QPCC data, the C-index changes exactly at turning points of the C-stationary set, and that it changes by exactly one.

To illustrate this concept, we introduce and analyze two homotopy methods for finding C-stationary points. Numerical results illustrate that, for randomly generated test problems, the two homotopy methods very often identify B-stationary points.
Projecting Lattice Polytopes Without Interior Lattice Points
Authors: Nill Benjamin , Ziegler Günter M.
Published: August 2011

We show that up to unimodular equivalence in each dimension there are only finitely many lattice polytopes without interior lattice points that do not admit a lattice projection onto a lower-dimensional lattice polytope without interior lattice points. This was conjectured by Treutlein [Treutlein, J. 2008. 3-Dimensional lattice polytopes without interior lattice points. September 10, http://arXiv.org/abs/0809.1787.] As an immediate corollary, we get a short proof of a recent result of Averkov, Wagner, and Weismantel [Averkov, G., C. Wagner, R. Weismantel. 2010. Maximal lattice-free polyhedra: Finiteness and an explicit description in dimension three. Math. Oper. Res. Forthcoming.], namely, the finiteness of the number of maximal lattice polytopes without interior lattice points. Moreover, we show that, in dimension four and higher, some of these finitely many polytopes are not maximal as convex bodies without interior lattice points.
Extreme Makeover: Short- and Long-Term Effects of a Remodeled Servicescape
Authors: Brüggen Elisabeth C. , Foubert Bram , Gremler Dwayne D.
Published: August 2011

Using survey and transaction data from a natural experiment in a fast-food chain, the authors investigate the effects of store remodeling. They test (1) short- and long-term effects on customers’ cognitions, affect, and behavioral intentions; (2) the moderating impact of spontaneous versus planned and group versus single-customer store visits; and (3) the differential effects on two store performance measures: average customer spending and store traffic. The results show that, in line with adaptation-level theory, short-term remodeling effects lose strength in the long run (i.e., after six months). Furthermore, customers on a spontaneous trip or in a group tend to be more responsive to store remodeling than customers on a planned trip or alone. Finally, whereas average spending increases in the short run and then returns to the baseline, store traffic initially remains unaffected and even shows a dip in the long run. These findings imply that ignoring the time-variant character of remodeling effects, the nature of customers’ store visits, or the impact on store traffic may lead to inappropriate allocation of marketing resources.
The Impact of Brand Quality on Shareholder Wealth
Authors: Bharadwaj Sundar G. , Tuli Kapil R. , Bonfrer Andre
Published: August 2011

This study examines the impact of brand quality on three components of shareholder wealth: stock returns, systematic risk, and idiosyncratic risk. The study finds that brand quality enhances shareholder wealth insofar as unanticipated changes in brand quality are positively associated with stock returns and negatively related to changes in idiosyncratic risk. However, unanticipated changes in brand quality can also erode shareholder wealth because they have a positive association with changes in systematic risk. The study introduces a contingency theory view to the marketing–finance interface by analyzing the moderating role of two factors that are widely followed by investors. The results show an unanticipated increase (decrease) in current-period earnings enhances (depletes) the positive impact of unanticipated changes in brand quality on stock returns and mitigates (enhances) their deleterious effects on changes in systematic risk. Similarly, brand quality is more valuable for firms facing increasing competition (i.e., unanticipated decreases in industry concentration). The results are robust to endogeneity concerns and across alternative models. The authors conclude by discussing the nuanced implications of their findings for shareholder wealth, reporting brand quality to investors, and its use in employee evaluation.
ASTM D 3350: A Historical and Current Perspective on a Standard Specification for Identification of Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials
Authors: Jee White G.
Published: August 2011

ASTM D 3350, Standard Specification for Polyethylene Plastics Pipe and Fittings Materials, was originally approved and published in 1974 and has increasingly been referenced in numerous F17 Piping Application Standards. This paper/presentation will review the background of the original standard, provide how it has transformed as the industry has evolved to improved materials and “salt and pepper” blending for pipe production, and identify the challenges in modifying the standard to apply for all polyethylene piping applications. ASTM D 3350 is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.15 on Thermoplastic Materials.