bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On-line intelligent evaluation of the fatigue state of a composite conveyor belt
Authors: Mei Xiuzhuang , Miao Changyun , Yang Yanli , Li Xianguo
Published: March 2021

Fatigue failure of a composite conveyor belt occurs frequently, which will finally lead to an accident. An adaptive segmentation model is established to identify the rubber surface?s fatigue failure and to evaluate the belt fatigue level by using the machine vision technology and the artificial bee colony algorithm. The results show that the damage rate of rubber surface can be correctly calculated and the fatigue failure state can be objectively evaluated.
Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation involving a new time fractal derivative
Authors: Liu Jiang-Jun
Published: March 2021

The Sharma-Tasso-Olver equation with a new time fractal derivative is studied. The fractal Laplace transform, Adomian?s decomposition method and He's polynomials are used to solve the equation. The results demonstrate efficiency and realiability of the proposed method.
The Impact of Juror Knowledge of Deductibility and Defendants' Tax Rates on Punitive Damages Awards: Experimental Evidence
Authors: Church Bryan K. , Davis-Nozemack Karie , Dhooge Lucien , Venkataraman Shankar
Published: March 2021

The U.S. Tax Code allows corporate defendants to treat punitive damages as a deductible expense. Legal scholars argue that tax-unaware jurors fail to recognize that deductibility significantly reduces defendants' after-tax punishment, leading to an under-punishment problem. They propose that explicitly informing jurors about tax-deductibility could mitigate this problem. We conduct an experiment to test this claim. Compared to a control group of jurors who are told nothing about taxes, jurors who learn about tax-deductibility award higher damages when the defendant's effective tax rate (ETR) is low, but not when ETR is high. Our results highlight the cost of tax avoidance (low ETRs) for firms in a previously unexamined setting. Our findings suggest that allowing jurors to consider tax-deductibility leads to higher damages only under a narrow set of circumstances, offering limited support for the under-punishment hypothesis. Our results should be of interest to scholars in accounting, law, and public policy.

Data Availability: Contact the authors.
The Importance of the Mechanisms by Which Insulin Regulates Meal-Associated Liver Glucose Uptake in the Dog
Authors: Kraft Guillaume , Coate Katie C. , Smith Marta , Farmer Ben , Scott Melanie , Cherrington Alan D. , Edgerton Dale S.
Published: March 2021

Hepatic glucose uptake (HGU) is critical for maintaining normal postprandial glucose metabolism. Insulin is clearly a key regulator of HGU, but the physiologic mechanisms by which it acts have yet to be established. This study sought to determine the mechanisms by which insulin regulates liver glucose uptake under postprandial-like conditions (hyperinsulinemia, hyperglycemia, and a positive portal vein-to-arterial glucose gradient). Portal vein insulin infusion increased hepatic insulin levels fivefold in healthy dogs. In one group (n = 7), the physiologic response was allowed to fully occur, while in another (n = 7), insulin’s indirect hepatic effects, occurring secondary to its actions on adipose tissue, pancreas, and brain, were blocked. This was accomplished by infusing triglyceride (intravenous), glucagon (portal vein), and inhibitors of brain insulin action (intracerebroventricular) to prevent decreases in plasma free fatty acids or glucagon, while blocking increased hypothalamic insulin signaling for 4 h. In contrast to the indirect hepatic effects of insulin, which were previously shown capable of independently generating a half-maximal stimulation of HGU, direct hepatic insulin action was by itself able to fully stimulate HGU. This suggests that under hyperinsulinemic/hyperglycemic conditions insulin’s indirect effects are redundant to direct engagement of hepatocyte insulin receptors.
GEODYNAMICS
Authors:   Lviv Polytechnic National University, Bubniak I. M. , Bubniak A.M. ,   Moravske naftove doly, Vikhot Y.M. ,   Subbotin Institute of geophysics of National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Spilnyk R.B. ,   Ivan Franko National University of Lviv
Published: March 2021

The article is devoted to importance of joints which are the most widespread structural elements of the earth's crust and are in all lithologic types of mountain breeds, for the study of the tense state and mechanical conduct of mountain breeds. Joints are the perceptible indicators of tensions at geotectonics development of territory. Determination of the real dependence of correlations between joints and reasons of their origin enables to use joints for paleotectonic reconstructions, and also at created models of reservoirs in oil geology.
Constructing a DNAzyme Delivery and Expression System for Escherichia coli: A Prototype for Phage Therapy
Authors: Oliveira Hugo V. C. , Astolfi-Filho Spartaco , Andrade Edmar V.
Published: March 2021

Antisense oligonucleotides exhibit high potential for use as therapeutic agents. '10-23' DNAzymes are antisense molecules with a high chemical stability and catalytic efficiency. In the present study, we developed a phagemid containing a DNAzyme expression system regulated by two promoters. One of these promoters, pA1, promotes constitutive expression of Moloney murine leukemia virus reverse transcriptase (MoMuLV-RT). The other promoter, plac, regulates transcription of the RNA substrate from which MoMuLV-RT produces the DNAzyme by reverse transcription. The ftsZ DNAzyme was used to validate this expression system in the phagemid, named pDESCP. ftsZ DNAzyme expression altered the morphological pattern of Escherichia coli from a bacillary to filamentous form. In E. coli FtsZ is the primary component of the cell division apparatus, forming a structure known as Z-ring, which is the place of division. It is suggested that the DNAzyme ftsZ is decreasing the translation of this protein. Delivery of pDESCP into F+ strain of E. coli cells, using VCSM13, and the possible insertion of other DNAzymes into the cassette makes this phagemid an important prototype for phage therapy.
Pertanggungjawaban Pidana Bagi Pelaku Penyertaan (Deelneming) Yang Tidak Memiliki Kualitas Pribadi dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi
Authors: Muflihun Abdul , Ufran Ufran
Published: March 2021

This study was to determine the criminal liability for the actors of participants who did not have personal qualities in corruption and to find out the legal considerations of judges in court decisions against the actors of participants who did not have personal qualities in criminal acts of corruption. The research method used was a normative legal research method. Participants who had no personal quality could be held crimanally accountable, the basis of the consideration was first because there was no clear legal basis and secondly supported by the opinions of several experts in criminal law. The relationship of each participant was not separate from one another but becomes a unity, meaning that one actors could also determine the other actors accountability. A clarity was needed on whether or not perpetrators who did not have personal qualities were accountable for their actions, namely by making legal decisions that remain jurisprudential or making new articles formulated in the upcoming law on corruption eradication.
Tanggung Jawab Direksi atas Terjadinya Pailit Perseroan Terbatas
Authors: Gea Antonius Faebuadodo , Hirsanuddin Hirsanuddin , Djumardin Djumardin
Published: March 2021

This research was conducted to find out how the directors' accountability mechanism caused by an error or negligence caused the limited company to go bankrupt and how the legal consequences on the bankruptcy of a limited liability company. This type of research was classified as a normative legal research or also called doctrinal research, namely research that examined the law as a separate system that was separate from various other systems in society so as to provide a boundary between the legal system with other systems. The approach method used was the statutory approach; and Conceptual Approach. In principle, the Board of Directors was not personally responsible for acts committed for and on behalf of the company based on its authority. The scope of conduct that would be personally accounted for by the directors of the company was negligence because the directors did not fulfill the contents of the agreement and mistakes because the directors commit acts against the law. Bankruptcy of a Limited Liability Company was the bankruptcy of itself, not the bankruptcy of its management, even though the bankruptcy was due to the negligence of its management. So that management should not be held liable jointly for any losses due to negligence and could only be held accountable if the company's assets were not sufficient to cover losses due to bankruptcy Article 90 paragraph (2) of the Limited Liability Company Law).
PENGARUH PENERAPAN E-KINERJA DAN INTEGRITAS TERHADAP KINERJA PEGAWAI
Authors: Wahyuni Sisi
Published: March 2021

This study aimed to identify the effect of the E-Kinerja (E-Performance) application and integrity on employee performance in OPD Payakumbuh City. This study used a quantitative research method. The research variable of this study consisted of independent variables, namely E-performance and integrity, while the dependent variable was employee performance. The population of this study were OPD employees in Payakumbuh, and the sample of this study was 97 respondents who were determined using the Slovin formula with a significant level of 10%. The data in this study were collected through questionnaires that were distributed to respondents using a Likert measurement scale. The analysis of this study used multiple linear regression test. The results showed that e-performance and integrity had significant influences on employee performance in OPD Payakumbuh City.
Teaching English Speaking Online versus Face-to-Face: Saudi Students’ Experience during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Alzamil Abdulrahman
Published: March 2021

In March 2020, schools in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were suspended. Online learning became a substitute for traditional face-to-face learning. This study addresses the implications of this shift for the attitudes of university-level English majored Saudi students taking a listening and speaking course. The study investigated the students’ attitudes towards: a) the importance of speaking in English; b) teachers use of emails to communicate their feedback on students’ English-speaking tasks; c) online teaching of English speaking; and d) online learning and teaching of the English language. The data collection tool was a 21-item questionnaire. The participants were 18 second-year male Saudi students who were studying English at a Saudi university. The findings showed that the participants: a) had positive attitudes towards the importance of speaking English; b) appreciated the benefits that online learning offers, but felt it could not replace face-to-face learning.
Interventions to Improve a Practicum Course for EFL Teachers in Saudi Arabia
Authors: A. Alamoudi Khadija
Published: March 2021

Although the Teaching Practicum (TP) course makes a significant contribution in preparing teachers, it remains lacking in many essential aspects. To fill in the gaps regarding literature, this research paper was designed to explore the views of three Master of Art (MA) TESOL student-teachers on the advantages they gained and challenges they faced during their TP course at a Saudi university. Participants were interviewed, observed, and the two reflective assignments of the course were analyzed to find answers to the research questions. The research questions focused on the instructional benefits of the TP course and the interventions needed to enhance the effectiveness of the course. The findings revealed that the practical teaching component was the most helpful part of the course and the peer-observation report was the most appropriate evaluation method. Moreover, the study found that the limitedness of the teaching timeframe poses a significant challenge, and hence increasing the teaching practice time was the most significant change the participants suggested. Finally, the study recommends interventions that will help improve the quality of the TP course.
Boosting EFL Learners Critical Thinking through Guided Discovery: a Classroom- Oriented Research on First-Year Master Students
Authors: YAICHE Wahida
Published: March 2021

Critical thinking is widely recognized as a necessary skill for growth and intellectual development due to a variety of factors, including globalization, the revolution of information technology, modernity, and connectivity. EFL teachers can lay the groundwork for their students to attain critical thinking through various methods, models, and strategies. The present investigation suggests that the teacher could promote EFL learners’ critical thinking through guided discovery model of instruction. Henceforth, the current paper endeavors to enlighten the adequacy of applying guided discovery for developing learners’ critical thinking skills. It is an experimental research that investigates: how may guided discovery contribute to the development of EFL learners’ critical thinking? It attempts to examine the utility of discovery learning in teaching students how to process and think critically about the education they receive where information has become readily available and accessible. To this aim, 40 EFL Master students who took educational psychology courses were nominated from the university center of Naama, Algeria. The researcher selected Peter Honey Critical Thinking test and focus group discussions to attain data on students’ critical thinking skills. The test results demonstrated that the experimental group outperformed the control group. The students become more autonomous, reflect on their learning experiences, and identify the most useful strategies. Furthermore, the analysis of focus group interviews revealed that the experimental group participants hold positive attitudes toward discovery learning. They perceive it as a precious method that can enhance their awareness about the value of thinking critically.
前言
Authors: DU Zhizheng
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese本期呈現在讀者面前的，是一組關於現代西方醫學與傳統中國醫學的整體分析與未來發展的文章，其目的在於為讀者思考當代醫學的整體形象提供一些思路。毫無疑義，淵源於古代希臘醫學的現代西方醫學，在幾經變革與創新之後，目前正在以分子生物學為基本陣地，為戰勝威脅人類健康的各種疾病而施展其潛能。但是，現代西方醫學是完美無缺的嗎？它的現今發展及走向是完全符合人類健康的需要嗎？本期發表的《意識形態與疾病學說》，《在技術烏托邦的彼岸：中西醫學再評價》，《溝通臨床距離：已有知識的再發現》，《為甚麼醫學不可能是一門科學》等文，對現代醫學的價值承諾，技術崇尚，實證追求以及內在目的做了獨到的分析，為讀者提供了一些值得深思的見解。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 17 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
新的生殖技術: 侵犯上帝的領地了嗎？
Authors: RYAN Maura Anne
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese認為新生殖技術會誘使人“扮演上帝的角色”這種反對意見是常見的。本文考查三種反對意見：1）這些技術“侵佔了上帝在生涯的領地”﹔2）這些技術使我們能夠“製造”我們的子女；以及3）這些技術使我們否認人類的局限性。這些反對意見都沒有提供決定性的理由來反對新生殖技術；每一種反對意見都要求進一步提供令人信服的論據。然而，已表明不要“扮演上帝的角色”的警告，在關於醫學輔助生殖的爭論中起着重要的規勸作用，需要對在新生殖方式情境中的生物共同性、局限性以及負責的共同創造性的意義進行反思。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 14 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
對當前藥物濫用和艾滋病預防策略的反思
Authors: LI Jian-Hua
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.流行學的調查數據表明，我國目前藥物濫用和艾滋病發展的趨勢不容樂觀。本文力圖從倫理道德的角度和公共衛生的觀點討論我國現行的一些預防藥物濫用和艾滋病的策略和措施，并介紹一些國外在這方面工作的成功經驗。希望既往的教訓，他人的成功經驗以及現代科學技術的研究成果能改變我們對藥物濫用的負性態度和看法。從而能在公共衛生政策的制訂及實際項目的實施方面做出必要的調整，這樣才有利於保護公眾的健康和個人的正當權利。The prospect of drug use and HIV epidemic cannot be optimist in China. More and more people, mainly young men or women use drug and are infected with HIV, while the effective intervention is short. The preventive measures usually are aimed at the target of the general public, but cannot meet the demand of diverse social groups.Traditional ideology in China is that individual should be subordinated to community, community to the society at large, and marginalized group to mainstream group. It follows from th.is ideology that preventive method is stereotyped with same pattern to everyone and cannot meet various demands of various target groups.In China drug use is traditionally deemed as a sin or crime to her/his family, country and nation, and should be severely punished. But this attitude toward drug users is unfair. Drug use itself does not offend China's criminal Jaw, and does not do harm to others, society and country. There is no legal basis to treat drug users as criminals, and put them into addiction release rehabilitation farms that are built with the money of taxpayers. This practice is useless to control drug use and spread of HTV infection. The moral judgment of drug use as moral deterioration also caused negative impact on the control of drug use and HIV prevention.The change of a fixed behaviour is very difficult, but substituting a behaviour with another is easier than prohibiting it. It has been shown by the success of programmes providing methadone, clean needles or/and syringes, disinfected water etc. However, all of these programmes are difficult to be introduced and implemented in China, because one concept has to be built, i.e. a drug user is a patient, but not a criminal.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 19 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
衛生保健體制改革: 理性與現實的選擇
Authors: DU Zhizheng
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.衛生保健制度改革之艱難，主要在於要在諸多因素發展勢頭的相互硑撞中維持衛生保健工作的良性發展。衛生保健改革目標的設定，應當着眼於現實，但又必須顧及長遠。為此，它應當是首先有利於為更多的人群提供最基本的保健服務，同時又 能有力地控制保健費用的增長，有利於控制疾病的發生。只着眼於開源或節流，或者只強調衛生服務組織自身的營運，都可能使衛生保健產生更多的麻煩。多方位的雙層或多層的體制是使衞生保健工作適應各方需要的理想構思，它包含多種雙層或多種多層的內涵。在衛生資源有限的情況下，配給是保證為更多的人群提供保健的有效措施，救援則是其重要的補充。現行的醫療服務體系與為最廣大的人群提供基本的醫療保健服務不適應，也與抑制醫療費用上漲的要求不適應，必需有較大力度的改革。衛生保健改革的選擇，必須是道德的，同時又是理性而現實的。Health care costs soar and become unbearable everywhere in the world. This is not only a problem faced by developed Western countries. It is also a difficult issue for the third world countries such as China. China's health care system needs reform. On the one hand, a great number of people have not been covered by any basic health insurance. On the other hand, however, critical care medicine in high-technology hospitals in urban areas consumes tremendous public health care resources for a very small group of patients. This essay argues that China should appropriately establish multiple goals for its health care reform, based on ethical and reasonable deliberations on China's actual health care situation.First, rationing is crucial in containing health care costs. Public health care resources are limited. It is impossible to satisfy all medical needs for all people at all times. This is especially the case for mainland China, where public resources that can be invested in medical care are scarce. An appropriate goal of China's health care reform should be to provide basic, not luxury, health care for the people. Some luxury medical procedures must be left to individuals for purchase through their own resources.Second, a basic level of health care must be ensured to most people, even if it is impossible to ensure to everyone. It is important for everyone to understand that providing the best care for everyone is practically impossible. The best a government can do is to provide some level of basic care. However, the goal here must be the basic health of all or most people, rather than total care for a small group of people.Third, an appropriate pattern of China's health care should be prevention-oriented and ordinary-treatment-oriented, rather than high-technology-medicine-oriented. Since the early 1980s, many hospitals have relied on high-technology medicine to deal with diseases and to earn more income for themselves at the same time. But high-technology medicine is not panacea, though it is extremely costly. Inexpensive medical prevention is often more effective than high-technology medical procedures.Finally, a rule of rescue should be established in society. Society ought to provide some help for those who need special expensive medical care (such as organ transplantation) and are not able to afford it. The rule of rescue guides our efforts in this direction. Society should organize and establish special foundations to help people in this regard.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 21 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
個人自由與責任: 以市場為基礎的保健改革之倫理基礎
Authors: MOFFIT Robert Emmet
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese當前的保健系統並不以功能恰當的市場來運作。保健成本被隱激起來，且往往被轉移，而消費者和供給者都受到保護，不受其決策在經濟上的影響，使得成成本大幅上升。柯林頓的計劃不思針對當前以雇主為基礎的保險系統，以及其形成的不平等來對症下藥，反而把不平等擴大，還添加以大量的政府管制。到底選擇以消費者為基礎的系統，抑或是政府控制的系統？這是大眾最終的選擇。以保健改革為基礎的市場，強化了個人的自由與責任，而追求這樣的市場，可滿足兩條倫理原則。其一，美國消費者可察覺到保健服務真正的成本，而市場力量亦因而引起供給者控制成本的動機。其次，公義的需求亦能滿足，理由是，不但醫療服務供給者得到應得者，公共政策製訂者亦能更有效地使最需要的人得到援助。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 14 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
美國該創造一個保健系統嗎？
Authors: MCCULLOUGH Laurence
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese有一種正統說法已然形成，它聲稱美國保健系統有危機，需要加以改革。本文挑戰這種正統說法，其方法是指出美國並沒有保健系統。我們有一個保健的非系統（a non-system of health care），正如同實質上我們所有基本的社會制度那樣。挑戰當前的正統說法，使一直都受忽略的兩個倫理議題浮出檯面：創造一個保健系統會（1）使家長主義再次檯頭並（2）威脅到道德多元論。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 12 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
隱私與自主: 從Warren and Brandeis到Roe and Cruzan
Authors: HALPER Thomas
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in ChineseWarren and Brandeis 有關侵犯隱私權之訴訟，有一個主要是社會性目標：獲得法院的同情，強化文明的規範。多年以後，在Griswold v. Connecticut（1965）的案例裏，最高法院宣示以個人為焦點的一項隱私的憲法權利。在這個及往後有關墮胎及「死之權利」的判例裏，即顯然看出，Warren and Brandeis 那種維多利亞式的「不受打擾的權利」（the right to be let alone）已變形為自主的權利，其多種變形使得加以預測甚至是描述，都成為棘手的事。然而，隱私乃是自主的一項不充分的代理（an unsatisfactory proxy for autonomy），也許正因為如此，其作為這些領域中的根據之重要性，已然縮減。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 21 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
對兒童進行遺傳檢測
Authors: CLAYTON Ellen Wright
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese在這篇文章中，作者主要論述了在給兒童作遺傳檢測問題上，父母與醫生誰更有決定榷。她認為，父母應該更有理由判定遺傳檢測對於他們的孩子是否有好處。而且他們在作選擇時，可以適當考慮其利益（除了孩子利益之外）。然而，醫生認為，遺傳檢測會對孩子為生極危險時，他們可以拒絕執行父母對於該孩子進行檢測的要求。對於一系列案例的討論將說明在此問題上如何平衡父母與醫生對此問題的控制。對父母要求檢測攜帶者的狀況和對遲發疾病的遺傳傾向，通常有理由加以拒絕。作者通過討論為甚麼隨著孩子年齡的增長而逐漸遵從他們的意見是適當的這一問題而對她的分析做出了總結。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 20 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
導言
Authors: DU Zhizheng
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese儘管今天的醫學科學有了巨大的進步，儘管醫學仍在竭盡全力挽救一切生全命，但是，誰都知道，醫學仍不是萬能的，並不是任何治療都是有效和有益的。如何對待那些在今天看來仍是無益或無效的治療？本期“放棄治療”的主題，我們相信會引起廣大讀者的興趣的。DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 11 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
自殺的道德難題
Authors: HE Zhaoxiong
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.自殺的神秘性，一定程度來源於道德難題。自殺的預防與控制有三個階段：自殺預防對策，自殺危機對策，自殺事後對策。三個階段都存在道德難題。在自殺預防階段是人本主義還是自由主義。宗教人本主義和哲學人本主義都有贊成和反對的。自由主義則贊成自殺。因此又衍生自殺預防的有效性問題。在自殺危機干預階段，是救生論還是聽死論。在事後對策階段是人道主義還是功利主義，是動機論還是效果論。判別自殺行為的道德性是一種二難推論。這種二難推理，實際上是一種道德悖論，它不能邏輯方法解決，要用價值分析方法解決。定量分析與定性分析相結合。風險／效益是首選法。People recognized suicide as a mystery. It originates in a certain degree from ethical dilemma which exists in three stages of suicide prevention and controlling: prevention, intervention and postvention. There are so many ethical dilemmas in each stage. It appears as the dilemma between humanism and liberalism in prevention stage. In crisis intervention stage, between life saving and death letting. In postvention stage, between humanism and utilitarianism, motivism and effectism. Differentiate the morality of suicide behavior depends upon manipulating the dilemmas. Since the dilemma is actually a paradox, so that it cannot be solved in logical analysis but value analysis combined with quantitative analysis and qualitative analysis.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 127 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
明代婦女自殺——倫理學研究的進路
Authors: LEE Wing-yi
Published: March 2021

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English.現代人對於自殺的討論，普遍地從科學的觀點剖析，視之為與疾病有關。從科學的觀點而言，當事人是在受制於心理或生理的疾病影響下作出自殺的行為。他們的自殺，是處於“不由自主”、“無力選擇”下的自殺，當事人其實是“受害者”，需要的是心理輔導、醫治以預防自殺，而非對其背後所包含的價值觀予以討論。然而，有一些自殺卻不能歸納為與疾病有關。當事人的自殺，是處於自主的狀態之中，是經過深思熟慮，有其充分道德理據下的自主行為。當事人自殺的理據，是與同時代，同一社群的人所認同的道德價值觀，有著密切的關係。對當事人的自殺子以道德價值上的探討，則屬於倫理學上的討論。本文以明代的婦女自殺為例，試從倫理學研究的進路，探究古代中國人的自殺。Modern people usually discuss suicide from scientific views and treat it as a kind of disease. Suicidal behavior occurs under the influence of psychological or physiological illness; it is an involuntary behavior. People who commit suicide are deemed the "victims" of their illnesses. All what we should do is to prevent, to intervene and to postvent their suicidal behavior.However, some cases of suicide are not due to illness. They are the result of voluntary and deliberate moral choice. The reasons of committing suicide are associated with the ethical values of people in the same period of time and in the same community. For example, the moral principle of "zhen" played an important role in woman suicide of Ming Dynasty. In Ming Dynasty, " zhen" was manifested in three ways: (1) "Congi er yongzhong", women should commit suicide after the death of their husbands in order to express loyalty. (2) "Daili er zhengshi", women should commit suicide if they have inappropriate sexual relations with other people, such as pre-marital sex, in order to express their regret and to cover up their sinful behavior. (3) "Sijie", women should commit suicide in order to avoid being raped.Although the government and some intellectuals in Ming Dynasty encouraged women to commit suicide for "men", the suicide and suicide attempt cases in San Yan show that women should consider other moral principles and other values of life and death before they commit suicide. We found that the moral principle of "xiao" overrode the moral principle of "men" in some cases of woman suicide and suicide attempt in San Yan. In Chinese society, "xiao" was manifested in three ways: (l) "Fengyang shuangqin", women should keep their lives for supporting and serving their parents. (2) "Fengyang sizi", women should keep their lives for bringing up their children. (3) "Wei Jiaren Baochou", women should keep their lives for avenging their dead family members. Under the moral principle of "xiao", women should give up suicide. The purpose of this paper is to uncover the underlying values of woman suicide in Ming Dynasty and give an ethical analysis on it.DOWNLOAD HISTORY | This article has been downloaded 68 times in Digital Commons before migrating into this platform.
Juguete electrónico para niños con trastorno de hiperactividad en la educación inicial
Authors: Toca Darwin , Parra Balza Fidel , Escalona Millard , Cortijo René
Published: March 2021

Este estudio describe la creación de un juguete electrónico prototipo, capaz de enseñar -de manera participativa y entretenida- los conceptos básicos de la suma en Matemáticas Básica. El objetivo principal fue el desarrollo de un juguete, que le permita al niño hiperactivo mejorar su aprendizaje por medio de un juego basado en pelotas, que contribuya además al desarrollo del pensamiento lógico del mismo y pueda responder con facilidad a las indicaciones y orientaciones del docente. Mediante una metodología exploratoria y descriptiva se realizó una investigación previa para definir las estrategias didácticas más acertadas en el tratamiento de la hiperactividad y con ello establecer los parámetros de diseño del dispositivo electrónico. Los resultados obtenidos durante las pruebas de funcionamiento mostraron que los niños que participaron en el proyecto llegaron a manifestar mayor interés en resolver problemas matemáticos y reconocer los colores con un porcentaje de aciertos (retención de conocimiento), que alcanzó un 86%. Por lo que se pudo concluir, que el sistema digital interactivo contribuye al desarrollo del aprendizaje.
Economía social en el turismo social. El caso de la asociación francesa VTF L’Esprit Vacances
Authors: Guerra Avalos Eva Angélica , Reyes Uribe Ana Cecilia
Published: March 2021

La economía social propone la primacía de las personas antes que las ganancias de capital. Es una alternativa al neoliberalismo integrada por entidades sin fines lucro creadas por la sociedad civil con un objetivo de beneficio colectivo. En Francia, las organizaciones de turismo social están fuertemente vinculadas a un pensamiento económico solidario, al propiciar el acceso justo y equitativo a las vacaciones, el bienestar humano y el desarrollo territorial. El objetivo de este artículo es evaluar la integración de las dimensiones y principios de la economía social y solidaria en el modelo de turismo social de la asociación francesa VTF L’Esprit Vacances (El Espíritu de Vacaciones). La investigación cualitativa interpretativa se basó en la metodología del estudio de casos y fue sustentada en el marco teórico de la economía social y solidaria. Se realizó una observación participante en cinco pueblos vacacionales de VTF. Los resultados muestran que las características del turismo social en VTF se interrelacionan armónicamente con la economía social y solidaria. Se concluye que el caso francés de economía social en el turismo social aporta bases para investigaciones posteriores sobre el acceso incluyente al turismo, la gestión socioeconómica solidaria y los valores humanos, culturales y ambientales.
Methodological aspects of the acid hemodialysis concentrates development
Authors:   The Danylo Halytsky National Medical University in Lviv, Filipska A.M. , Hudz N.I. ,   The Danylo Halytsky National Medical University in Lviv
Published: March 2021

The aim of this paper is to develop a scientifically based methodology for the development of acid concentrates in order to perform purposefully organized research on the implementation of these concentrates into industrial manufacture. Material and Methods. Methodological concept of acid concentrates development. The objects of the study are liquid acid concentrates for hemodialysis containing sodium chloride, potassium chloride, calcium chloride hexahydrate, magnesium chloride hexahydrate, acetic acid and glucose. Methods of the study included bibliosemantic analysis, systematization of theoretical and practical material, and generalization of data. Results and Discussion. The methodology of the development of acid concentrates for hemodialysis is substantiated. To ensure the effectiveness and safety of the concentrates, it is necessary to theoretically and experimentally justify all pharmaceutical factors that affect the quality of the concentrates (active substances, solvent, technological processes, and packaging materials). The methodology of development of acid concentrates consists of the following stages of research: information retrieval, technological, analytical, and biological. The methodological concept is based on the implementation of the combination of marketing, technological, pharmacotechnological, physicochemical, chemical. and biopharmaceutical studies that ensure compliance of the developed products with medical, biological and pharmaceutical requirements for quality and safety of concentrates for renal replacement therapy. Conclusion.The authors developed and substantiated the methodology and drew up a plan of experimental research on the elaboration of the acid concentrates for renal replacement therapy in order to organize their industrial manufacture. Keywords: chronic kidney disease, methodology of pharmaceutical development, concentrates for hemodialysis
Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy: description of two clinical cases
Authors:   The Danylo Halytsky National Medical University in Lviv, Nehrych T.I. , Kopchak M.B. ,   The Danylo Halytsky National Medical University in Lviv, Kyryliuk S.Ya. ,   The Danylo Halytsky National Medical University in Lviv
Published: March 2021

Aim. To study the features of the clinical course, diagnosis and treatment of chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy based on clinical cases. Materials and Methods. Clinical cases of chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy in two men are presented. The patients underwent neurological and ophthalmological examination, laboratory blood tests, testing of cerebrospinal fluid, magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spinal cord, perimetry, ophtalmoscopy, optical coherence tomography, ultrasound examination of internal organs and of the branches of the aortic arch, and chest radiography. Results and Discussion. Two cases of chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy were described in two men aged 44 and 22 years. Episodes of recurrent optic neuritis, both unilateral and bilateral, were observed in patients; their vision improved after corticosteroid therapy. No etiological factors or comorbidities capable of causing the condition were identified. The older patient had 8 attacks of recurrent optic neuritis, with complete recovery of vision after therapy in seven cases, and partial recovery after the last relapse . The 22-year-old patient endured 5 episodes without complete recovery of vision after treatment. Based on the diagnostic criteria of chronic recurrent inflammatory optic neuropathy, this diagnosis was suspected in the patients. Conclusions. Chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy is a rare pathology whose clinical manifestations must meet diagnostic criteria. Patients with recurrent optic neuritis are to be well examined, in order to make a correct diagnosis and prescribe adequate therapy. Clinical manifestations of chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy tend to regress and stabilize against a background of immunosuppressive therapy. Keywords: chronic relapsing inflammatory optic neuropathy, clinical cases
Geographies of Child Adoption in Greece During the Economic Crisis (2011-2018): Spatial Thinking of Inequalities, Trends, and Policies
Authors:   Department of Planning and Regional Development, University of Thessaly, Greece, Anastasiou Evgenia
Published: March 2021

This paper aims to investigate an area previously unexplored by human geographers: the spatial and sociodemographic structure of adoptions in Greece during the economic crisis. The main purpose is twofold: (a) to examine potential inequalities emerging either from the gender and age of the adopted child or from the spatial distribution of the children and (b) to capture agglomeration or dispersion clusters of adoptions in Greece. The study employed panel data across the 13 regions of Greece for the period 2011-2018. To detect inequalities in adoptions, demographic and spatial indicators were used as well as specific inequality measures via statistical computing (R). Through thematic cartography and spatial analysis methods, the proximity effects in child adoption during the economic crisis were examined. The results led to the conclusion that crisis periods dramatically affect the rates of child adoption. Both gender and spatial inequalities were intertemporal and particularly high. Greece is marked by uneven geographies calling for new policy measures. Thus, the present paper could serve as a basis for an ‘adoption observatory’ in Greece.
ОНТОЛОГІЧНА МОДЕЛЬ МІСТОБУДІВНОГО МОНІТОРИНГУ ЗЕМЕЛЬ НАСЕЛЕНИХ ПУНКТІВ
Authors: Smilka Vladislav
Published: March 2021

Актуальність теми дослідження. Положення земельного та містобудівного законодавства визначають необхідність створення окремих галузевих моніторингових систем. Розвиток сучасних технологій забезпечує можливість об’єднання різнопрофільних інформаційних потоків в єдиному середовищі для сприяння якості управлінських рішень. Постановка проблеми. Онтологічна модель подання знань предметної галузі відіграє важливе значення в розробленні інформаційних систем. Аналіз останніх досліджень і публікацій. Окремі публікації розглядали тематичні та специфічні онтології, а
також узагальнену онтологію моніторингових систем, які спрямовані на застосування геоінформаційних технологій. Виділення недосліджених частин загальної проблеми. Онтологічна складова системи містобудівного моніторингу земель населених пунктів, що інтегрує інформаційні ресурси моніторингу земель та містобудівного моніторингу не досліджувалась. Постановка завдання. Визначити склад об’єктів та суб’єктів комплексного моніторингу, виділити окремі тематичні види спостереження, послідовні процеси моніторингу та побудувати онтологічну модель містобудівного моніторингу земель населених пунктів. Виклад основного матеріалу. Онтологія містобудівного моніторингу земель населених пунктів представлена сукупністю множин об’єктів, процесів, видів тематичних направлень моніторингу в складі загальної системи спостережень та множини сутностей об’єктів, визначень понять, відношень. Висновки відповідно до статті. Онтологічна модель моніторингу охоплює сутність спостереження за землями населених пунктів та вказує напрями пошуку нових методів здійснення спостережень та оцінювання структурнопланувальних елементів населеного пункту. Онтологічна модель є базисом для подальшого моделювання та опису системи.
Alloying working surface during electroslag surfacing
Authors:   Pacific State University, Komkov V. G. , Gubar S. A. ,   Pacific State University, Voskresensky G. G. ,   Pacific State University
Published: March 2021

Parts subject to intense abrasive wear have a short service life. In the manufacture or restoration of such parts by electroslag surfacing, strengthening of the deposited metal is required. The use of ready-made alloying powders in surfacing increases the cost of the finished part, which necessitates the search for cheaper materials for alloying the parts being welded. The study of the efficiency of alloying the deposited metal through the melted insert, as well as by direct introduction of alloying powders into the slag bath has been carried out. Mixtures based on enriched mineral scheelite concentrate and graphite are used as alloying powders
Kinematic calculation of micro mirror elements in micro electro-mechanical systems (MEMS)
Authors:   Omsk State Technical University, Chernyavsky D. I. , Chernyavsky D. D. ,   Omsk State Technical University
Published: March 2021

Currently, the development and application of micro machines is an important direction in the development of microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) technologies. In these devices, electromechanical energy conversion occurs, as a result of which forces arise that carry out mechanical work within the dimensions of the microcircuit case. The paper considers the kinematic calculation of the design of a micromirror with a reflective layer of high optical quality of the surface for deflecting the reflected laser beam. By changing the angle of inclination of the micromirror, the laser beam enters the various input channels of the optical sensor. In this case, a control signal is generated for the further operation of the microcircuit. Thus, the micromirror performs the function of a switch of input optical channels, connecting in various combinations certain input or output elements of the microcircuit for further processing. The article presents the calculation of the kinematic parameters of the mechanical structure of the micro mirror. Practical recommendations are given for choosing the optimal range of variation of the micro mirror tilt angles in order to increase the strength of its structure, as well as to reduce the power of the mechanical drive of the micro machine required to change the micro mirror tilt angles
Power supply for monitoring and metering devices of DC traction network based on serial chain of voltage converters
Authors:   Omsk State Transport University, Plotnikov Yu. V.
Published: March 2021

When designing devices for monitoring and accounting of electric energy for railway traction networks of direct current, one of the main tasks is to create a source for their power supply. The paper considers the problems that arise when using power sources from the network of own needs of a traction substation, reviews the main technical solutions of sources powered from the traction network, and also offers an original solution that has a high efficiency compared to its prototype
Sampling signals with finite set of apertures
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Guzhov V. I. , Marchenko I. O. ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Trubilina E. E. ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Trubilin A. A. ,   Novosibirsk State Technical University
Published: March 2021

The article discusses the issue of sampling continuous signals using a finite set of apertures. Using the apparatus of generalized functions, an analytical form of sampling is obtained for ideal sampling, for sampling a limited signal and for sampling a signal using a limited set of apertures. It is shown that the signal spectrum is the product of the signal spectrum at ideal sampling by some known factor, the influence of which can be eliminated. The type of this factor can be obtained if the type of aperture is known. The type of analytical expression differs from those known in the literature on image sampling. The use of an analytical expression for sampling can be used to reconstruct the original image from the image obtained with different sets of apertures. For this it is necessary to divide the Fourier spectrum of the sampled image by a factor depending on the selected aperture. Having received the inverse Fourier transform from it, you can get the original one
The mechanism of formation of technology partnerships in industry
Authors:   Dostoevsky Omsk State University, Deryabin Yu. A.
Published: March 2021

The article is devoted to the development of organizational and analytical tools for the mechanism of step-by-step formation of technological partnership in industry. The result of the research is a developed procedure for forming a technology partnership mechanism, which consists of five stages that allow determining the name and result of each of them. The proposed mechanism assumes at each stage the collection and analysis of information about the parameters of technological partnership of industrial enterprises, and also allows you to justify the list of consecutive directions of development of technological partnership, which determines the theoretical significance of the results obtained. For this purpose, they use methods of concept construction, logic, abstraction, description, and calculation method. The evaluation results determined within the relevant stages of the technological partnership mechanism serve as the basis for implementing regulatory measures by the subjects of the technological partnership to improve the regulatory and organizational and managerial conditions for the participation of industrial enterprises in the process of integrating technological decisions made within the framework of the technological partnership
Power of emperor in Russian legal discourse of second half of 19th– early 20th centuries: justification and options for interpretation
Authors:   Novosibirsk State Technical University, Adoneva I. G. , Druzhinina Yu. V. ,   Novosibirsk State Pedagogical University
Published: March 2021

The article is devoted to resolving the issue of how the legal intellectual elite of the period under review understood the imperial power, its origin, capabilities and authorities. The legal professorship formed an outwardly consistent discourse between the theoretical aspects of state law and the content of the Basic State Laws of the Russian Empire: teachers had to justify and explain the existence of the unlimited power of the monarch. They analyzed the courses of state law developed by nine professors of the Imperial Universities and the School of Law. The methodological basis of this study is the history of intellectual culture as an analysis of legal ideas and discourses in the context of the second half of the 19th - early 20th centuries. The power of the emperor is characterized by the authors of textbooks in a section that is most often called «On the Supreme Power». Russian autocracy was described by jurists in a conceptual and categorical apparatus borrowed from their European colleagues. Legal scholars were looking for a balance between their own personal and scientific ideas and the form of government that existed in the Russian Empire. Despite the differences in the political outlook, they saw the reason for the Russian autocracy in the historical development: a vast territory, low population density, and the virtual absence of a struggle between the government and society. For state scholars closely associated with Western jurisprudence, who shared its values, it was important to emphasize the belonging of the Russian Empire to the European world, where a skeptical view of the Russian monarchy remained. This way out was the idea of legality. Without disputing the content of the «Fundamental State Laws» and guided by censorship considerations, the professors tried to convey to the student university audience the idea that the bureaucratic apparatus formed in the empire is a natural limiter of the imperial power; the legal framework is an obstacle to despotism, and the judiciary is in fact independent. This kind of theoretical constructs became a compromise between the preservation of absolute monarchical power and the worldview of those jurists who shared liberal values
Are pure mental states conceivable?
Authors:   Saint-Petersburg State University, Razeev D. N.
Published: March 2021

The article gives critical objections to the minimal dualism argument proposed by Bogdan Faul. It is demonstrated that the method of introspection used by B. Faul in his article in order to explain subject’s access to their own mental states undermines the validity of the proposed argument
The position of liquid fuel residues in tank of worked-off rocket stage during ballistic descent
Authors:   Omsk State Technical University, Kudentsov V. Yu. , Kudentsov A. V. ,   Omsk State Technical University
Published: March 2021

The results of modeling the behavior of liquid residues of the rocket fuel component in the fuel tank of the worked-off rocket stage on a ballistic trajectory are presented. The simulation is carried out for the following variants: during the controlled descent of the rocket stage and when using the technology of evaporation of liquid rocket fuel residues in the tanks of the spent stage. It is established that during the controlled descent of the spent rocket stage along the ballistic trajectory at the site of its turn and up to heights of 20 km, the liquid under the influence of overloads is distributed in the form of a film in the area of the bottom and side surface with a coverage area of up to 35 %. At the height of the maximum value of the axial overload, liquid fuel residues in the form of a film move to the area of the bottom and the adjacent side surface of the fuel tank. The total coverage area is about 22 %. The introduction of a hot coolant into the fuel tanks to vaporize the liquid remnants of rocket fuel radically changes the picture of the behavior of the liquid. Due to the high speed of the coolant in the tank, axial overload has little effect on the distribution of fuel residues in the rocket tank
Study of dynamics and rigidity of multifunctional coating of protective element of aircraft
Authors:   Reshetnev Siberian State University of Science and Technology
Published: March 2021

In this work using a finite element study the author has numerically solved the problem of the dynamic behavior of a multifunctional coating of an aircraft protective element. The researcher conducted the simulation using the Femap with NX Nastran software package, The result of the modal analysis is the values and patterns of natural and secondary vibration modes of the multifunctional coating of the protective element of the aircraft using a special module the author has determined the distribution of effective modal masses in tabular form, Also, as a result of calculations, the author of the article obtained the value of the structural rigidity of the protective coating, The results presented in this work allow us to analyze the behavior of protective systems and structural elements of an aircraft with a multifunctional coating applied to the outer surface in real operating conditions, The design team can use the research results of this article in order to increase the efficiency of the development of a new structures and structures of a composite coating for multifunctional purposes, protective elements and materials for space technology