bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The I-4 Corridor
Authors: MacManus Susan A. , Bonanza David J. , Cilluffo Anthony A.
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines the critical political geography of Florida—the 130-mile expanse from Tampa on the west coast to Daytona Beach on the east coast known as the I-4 corridor.This mix of urban, suburban, and rural counties usually decides elections in Florida.
Conclusion
Authors: Corrigan Matthew T. , Binder Michael
Published: September 2019

This chapter summarizes why Florida was so critical to the Donald Trump victory in the 2016 presidential election.Trump’s outsider campaign dominated the state in the primary and was enough to win the general election.
Local Narratives, Regional Histories, and the Demise of Great Zimbabwe
Authors: Pikirayi Innocent
Published: September 2019

Archaeologists struggle to understand the demise of Great Zimbabwe because of poor appreciation of local and regional histories of the southern Zimbabwe plateau, post-fifteenth century. Listening to some of these extant regional histories and living narratives is key to understanding developments around Great Zimbabwe from the sixteenth century onwards. The focus in this chapter is on two sites, Boroma, a toponym east of Great Zimbabwe, and Chizhou Hill, some 80 kilometers to the north. In sixteenth-century Portuguese accounts, "Burrom" (Boroma) is presented as a prince in charge of a 'fortress' whose location coincides with Great Zimbabwe. Local narratives and indigenous histories collected from villagers near Chizhou Hill, as well as documented written sources, connect the site to the resettlement of the area by migrants from the Mutapa State in northern Zimbabwe. Combined, both sites attest to a complex process leading to the demise of Great Zimbabwe and its culture from the sixteenth to the nineteenth centuries.
“Listening to Whom and for Whose Benefit?”
Authors: Nicholas George
Published: September 2019

The values that descendant communities place on heritage objects and places have historically been eclipsed by science-oriented approaches to the archaeological record. However, local knowledge is vital to making decisions about the protection or use of tangible or intangible heritage, and knowledge derived from it. Learning to listen must thus be a part of the archaeologist’s tool kit. In this chapter, I describe the value of what can be learned from Indigenous community members (Community-based participatory research), as well as how ethnoarchaeological studies contribute to a fuller understanding of heritage, directly benefit community needs and interests, and make substantial contributions to archaeology and heritage preservation. I focus on community-directed projects funded by the Intellectual Property Issues in Cultural Heritage (IPinCH) project. These initiatives directly benefit community needs and interests, while also making substantial contributions to archaeology and heritage preservation.
Sigiriya Rock
Authors: Weerasinghe Jagath , Schmidt Peter R.
Published: September 2019

This chapter critically discusses the current heritage management processes deployed at the Sigiriya World Heritage site in Sri Lanka, a significant tourist attraction. We examine the current condition of the site and the lack of involvement of the associated communities in its management. Through a series of inquiries among healers, artisans, and irrigation managers, new insights are gained into indigenous heritage values and meanings that are separated from heritage values assigned to Sigiriya. These insights compel an argument for the necessity to incorporate the ideas and opinions of the traditional knowledge keepers of the ancient villages in the vast forest land around Sigiriya. We end with suggesting a template arising out of local analyses for changing the management protocols at Sigiriya.
Robert R. Church Jr. and the African American Political Struggle
Authors: Young Darius J.
Published: September 2019

This book examines the life and career of Robert R. Church Jr., who grew up the son of the first black millionaire in Memphis, Tennessee, and would eventually surpass his father’s notoriety as the most influential black Republican of his era. In particular this book uses Church’s life as a lens into the political activity of African Americans during the first half of the twentieth century. It focuses on the strategies that Church, as a member of the black elite, used to organize and empower black people through the vote. Church believed that voting served as the most pragmatic approach for African Americans to obtain full citizenship in this country. Through the organization he founded, the Lincoln League of America, Church demonstrated the political agency of African Americans on a national level. Church used the arena of politics to interject the plight of the black community into the national political discourse. By enfranchising thousands of black southerners and developing a substantial voting constituency, black voters could have their voices heard among the nation's most prominent policy makers.
Coming of Age
Authors: Young Darius J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter begins by discussing the death of Church Sr. and Church Jr.’s initial years as a local black Republican leader and his eventual ascendance within the GOP. It also highlights the beginning of Church’s approximately three-decade-long relationship with Boss E.H. Crump and his political machine. In 1916, Church launched the Lincoln League of Tennessee, a Republican faction designed to promote black interests and oppose the party’s lily-white faction. It later grew into the Lincoln League of America. Through this organization Church was launched into the national spotlight after he ushered over 10,000 black Memphians to the polls in November of 1916. This chapter also sees the birth of Church’s daughter, Sarah Roberta Church, who would follow in her father’s footsteps as a Republican leader and promoter of the black vote.
Epilogue
Authors: Young Darius J.
Published: September 2019

This chapter discusses Church’s waning influence and subsequent shift to more radical political activism in the 1930s and 1940s. Church resigned his position at the NAACP and argued with the newly appointed Walter White. While he remained respected as an African American leader, his relationship with the white community became increasingly adversarial. His fallout with Boss Crump in the 1930s led to Crump directly attacking him. At the same time, his relationship with socialist labor leader A. Philip Randolph became closer. The chapter ends with a discussion of the erasure of Church’s legacy in Memphis immediately after his death, and his daughter’s mission to restore it.
“‘I’m not sick,’ I said. ‘I’m wounded’”
Authors: Hindrichs Cheryl
Published: September 2019

Cheryl Hindrichs examines the ways in which the wartime novels of John Dos Passos and Ernest Hemingway offer modes of being outside masculinity for wounded male soldiers within the medical-military spaces of the war—from the army hospital to the pastoral sites of recovery. Yet Hindrichs finds, although these sites resist destructive modes of masculinity—violence, capitalism, empire—this resistance ultimately fails. The wounded male body is reinscribed as body of illness within a hierarchy that seeks to dominate it rather than free it from discourses of power.
Cold Crystal
Authors: Kupinse William
Published: September 2019

William Kupinse looks to Herbert Read’s speculative novel, The Green Child, in order to suggest that seeing cold, stony modernist emotion as affective, and therefore material, requires a transformation of one’s understanding of the body. This body, which holds a kinship with objects, is the opposite of life. This transmutation is staged in Read’s novel, where emotions are felt as colors on the skin and the height of life is achieved via a contemplation that turns one’s body to solid crystal.
“Becoming Animal, Becoming Other”
Authors: Wert Kathryn Van
Published: September 2019

Kathryn Van Wert’s chapter entertains modernism’s experiments with depersonalization, looking to Rainer Maria Rilke and J. M. Coetzee in conversation with political theorist Jean Comaroff to address the body as living “with an open wound” at the height of colonial empire and within post-apartheid discourse. In these wounded modernist bodies, she argues, we may find an emergent material-affective response to the failed ethics of a juridico-political rhetoric dependent on a closed model of mind and body. Van Wert concludes by theorizing an ecological body politic whose openness—affectively and materially—must accept risk and contingency in order to gain vitality within modernity.
The Site of Paradise
Authors: Gaztambide María C.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 1 maps how petroleum development revenue allowed Venezuelans to acquire and not produce the same type of modernity that had been created elsewhere in response to vastly different conditions. Instead functionalism and the varied genealogies of Constructivism, geometric abstraction and kinetic art in particular, became the architectural and aesthetic signposts of this elusive paradigm. Yet internal conditions limited the reach of these ideologically “neutral” international tendencies as well as of the overarching national modernization project of which they were a part. A close examination of extant texts and photographs by El Techo reveals how the group challenged the cultural establishment, exposed its political dissidence, and anchored its project in the harsh material reality of the human underbelly that fuelled the dreams of progress in Venezuela.
The Authority of Kitsch
Authors: Gaztambide María C.
Published: September 2019

Chapter 4 reads Homenaje a la cursilería’s format as a potent gesture against bourgeois notions of etiquette, taste, and social practices. In a manifesto accompanying the exhibit, El Techo emphasized lo cursi (not just melodramatic flare and excessive garishness [tackiness, or kitsch when applied to an object], but also excessive sentimentality bordering on the ridiculous [schmaltz])and lo pavoso(the distasteful conduits of bad luck). The balleneros believed that these Venezuelan traits were often repressed in official discourse, particularly those intended for international circulation. Yet here the group reclaimed them as the defining parameters for its selection of materials. Indeed, Homenaje a la cursilería represented an oppositional posture against the banalities and superficiality of the country’s outwardly projected state of affairs. The recuperation and redirection of the kitsch aspects of Venezuelan culture became the basis for a critique on the partial nature of national “modernity.” At the same time, El Techo’s use of these popular behavioral traits also required it to confront and destabilize the Situationist notion of the spectacle, that numbing corpus of commodities and experiences that alienated the capitalist body from the pain of real life.
Introduction
Authors: Deter-Wolf Aaron , Peres Tanya M.
Published: September 2019

This introduction presents a brief geologic overview of the Middle Cumberland River Valley of Tennessee. It describes the research interests that culminated in the creation of this volume and positions the volume within the overall context of Archaic shell-bearing site excavations in the Southeastern United States and the Shell Mound Archaic culture phase. The introduction further summarizes the prevailing theories as to the creation and function of Archaic shell-bearing sites which have been generated by research in other regions of the coastal and interior Southeast. Finally, it presents a short overview of the contributed chapters.
Archaeological Investigations at 40DV7
Authors: Peres Tanya M. , Deter-Wolf Aaron , Ledford Kelly L. , Keasler Joey , Robinson Ryan W. , Wyatt Andrew R.
Published: September 2019

The Middle Cumberland Archaeological Project is a multi-institution research effort launched in 2010 that includes archaeologists with Florida State University, the Tennessee Division of Archaeology, and Middle Tennessee State University, working together to identify and assess Archaic shell-bearing sites in the western Middle Cumberland River Valley of Tennessee. In 2012, the project investigated the substantial Archaic shell-bearing deposits at archaeological site 40DV7, located on the Cumberland River in Davidson County, Tennessee. This interdisciplinary project gathered basic site-level data regarding the horizontal and vertical extent of cultural deposits, radiocarbon assays to determine site chronology, bulk and column samples for flotation and water-screening to aid in zooarchaeological analysis and paleoethnobotanical analysis, and geomorphological samples of the immediate environment. The results of the 2012 excavations, combined with earlier data collected by the senior authors, provide significant new data about the occupation history and freshwater shellfish composition of this site. In addition, radiocarbon data presented in this chapter reveal that 40DV7 manifests the longest continuous Archaic shell-bearing occupation yet identified in the region, spanning the period ca. 6500–4500 cal BP.
Investigations at the Barnes Site (40DV307)
Authors: Bissett Thaddeus G. , Carmody Stephen B. , Miller D. Shane
Published: September 2019

At the Barnes Site (40DV307) along the Cumberland River, two discrete shell-bearing deposits dating to the Late Archaic and Middle Woodland periods (approximately 3500 and 1800 cal BP respectively) are separated by a thick Early Woodland–period shell-free stratum dated between 2900 and 2000 cal BP. Alternating shell-bearing and shell-free deposits at sites elsewhere in the southern Ohio Valley have often been viewed as indicative of long-term changes in subsistence practices and traditions or large-scale environmental fluctuations affecting resource abundance. At Barnes, however, chronological, geoarchaeology, and paleoethnobotany data from shell-bearing strata recovered in 2010 and 2012 suggest that the two shell-bearing deposits mark the locations of shellfish processing at or near the river’s edge when the river channel was physically closer to the current site location. Particle-size data indicate that when the shell-free deposit accumulated, the site was situated in a low-energy depositional zone, suggesting that the river channel had shifted further to the west during that period of time.
Visual Perception of Pain in Neonatal Face Images
Authors: Carlini Lucas Pereira , Heideirich Tatiany M. , Balda Rita C. X. , Barros Marina C. M. , Guinsburg Ruth , Thomaz Carlos Eduardo
Published: September 2019

More than 500 painful intervetions are carried out during the hospitalization of a newborn baby in an intensive medical care unit. In these situations, there is, however, a challenging difﬁculty to identify pain, owing to the unlikeliness of direct and objective verbal communication commonly used among adults. This work is part of an on-going research that aims to develop a computational framework to interpreting and recognizing patterns on face images for automatic assessment of neonatal procedural pain. We believe that such investigation might provide relevant information to understand the relation between neonatal facial features and procedural pain and, consequently, helping health professionals in the corresponding clinical practice.
Evaluation of Fine Tuning and Feature Extraction methods in Biometric Periocular Recognition
Authors: Barcellos William , Shitara Nicolas Hiroaki , Ferraz Carolina Toledo , Queiroga Raissa Tavares Vieira , Saito Jose Hiroki , Gonzaga Adilson
Published: September 2019

The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of Transfer Learning techniques applied in Convolucional Neural Networks for biometric periocular classification. Two aspects of Transfer Learning were evaluated: the technique known as Fine Tuning and the technique known as Feature Extraction. Two CNN architectures were evaluated, the AlexNet and the VGG-16, and two image databases were used. These two databases have different characteristics regarding the method of acquisition, the amount of classes, the class balancing, and the number of elements in each class. Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the performance of the CNNs. In the first experiment we measured the Feature Extraction accuracy, and in the second one we evaluated the Fine Tuning performance. In the third experiment, we used the AlexNet for Fine Tuning in one database, and then, the FC7 layer of this trained CNN was used for Feature Extraction in the other database. We concluded that the data quality (the presence or not of class samples in the training set), class imbalance (different number of elements in each class) and the selection method of the training and testing, directly influence the CNN accuracy. The Feature Extraction method, by being more simple and does not require network training, has lower accuracy than Fine Tuning. Furthermore, Fine Tuning a CNN with periocular's images from one database, doesn't increase the accuracy of this CNN in Feature Extraction mode for another periocular's database. The accuracy is quite similar to that obtained by the original pre-trained network
Regression in Convolutional Neural Networks applied to Plant Leaf Counting
Authors: da Silva Neemias Bucéli , Gonçalves Wesley Nunes
Published: September 2019

Recent studies have shown that computer vision techniques developed to boost the count of plant leaves brings signiﬁcant improvements. In this paper, a proposal was presented for plant leaf counting using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). To accomplish the training process, CNNs architectures were adapted to solve regression problems. To evaluate the proposed method, an image dataset with 810 images of three species (Arabidopsis, Tobacco and one mutation) was used. The results showed that Xception architecture obtained the best results with R2 of 0.96 and MAE (mean absolute error) of 0.46.
A Comparison Study of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for the Classification of Brazilian Savannah Pollen Grains: Preliminary Results
Authors: Aristimunha Bruno , Borges Felipe Silveira Brito , Gonçalves Ariadne Barbosa , Pistori Hemerson
Published: September 2019

The classiﬁcation of pollen grains images are currently done manually and visually, being a weariful task and predisposed to mistakes due to human exhaustion. In this paper, the authors introduce an automatic classiﬁcation of 55 different pollen grain classes, using convolutional neural networks. Different architectures and hyperparameters were used to improve the classiﬁcation result. Using the networks VGG16, VGG19, and InceptionV3, were obtained accuracy rates over 93.58%.
Traffic Flow Classification using a Video Descriptor and a Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Ribeiro Matheus Vieira Lessa , Samatelo Jorge Leonid Aching
Published: September 2019

Trafﬁc congestion is a signiﬁcant problem in urban cities and affects economic, health, and social questions. Although many works have been published in the last years to trafﬁc applications based on video data, different techniques of computer vision can be explored in this area. In this work, we proposed a method for trafﬁc ﬂow classiﬁcation using StarRGB and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN). The StarRGB describes a global representation of the trafﬁc video into a colored image based on motion elements in the scene. Then, the generated image passed as input to a pre-trained CNN to extract the features and classify the trafﬁc video activity in three classes: LIGHT, MEDIUM, and HEAVY. In our experiments using a trafﬁc video database, the proposed method reached an accuracy of 96.47%. Also, the results suggest that StarRGB is a good descriptor for trafﬁc video applications.
Introduction
Authors: Huei Pang Yang
Published: September 2019

This chapter sets out the aims of this book, stating the main lines of inquiry. Next, a brief “state of the field” assessment on the historical problem of the Taiwan Strait crises will be made. It will examine how a reevaluation is pertinent with the availability of new sources and how such a new appraisal speaks about the deeper trends of historical questions of Sino-US relations. This is followed by a short content review and a discussion of the usage of Chinese and US sources.
From Yijiangshan to Bandung
Authors: Huei Pang Yang
Published: September 2019

On 18 January 1955, the PRC upped the ante by recovering the obscure Nationalist-controlled Yijiangshan islands as a prelude to occupying the neighboring Dachen islands. In a news conference on 16 March, Eisenhower publicly threatened the use of nuclear weapons. At the first Afro-Asian Conference held on 18-24 April 1955 in Bandung, Indonesia, PRC premier Zhou Enlai announced that China was not averse to negotiating with the US over the Taiwan Strait. Zhou’s conciliatory gesture was quickly accepted by the US over virulent protests by the ROC. This chapter explores the motivations for the actions of China, the US and Taiwan. It further explicates on the development of Sino-US relations from the eve of the Yijiangshan campaign to the Bandung Conference.
Sustaining Linkages
Authors: Huei Pang Yang
Published: September 2019

Zhou’s conciliatory gesture in April 1955 at the Bandung Conference marked the end of the first showdown. Chapter 5 will investigate the sustaining linkages in US-PRC-ROC relations between May 1955 and December 1957 by appraising four areas: the Sino-US Ambassadorial Talks (August 1955-December 1957), the ROC-PRC secret back-channels (1955-1957), the May 1957 Taiwan Riots, and the ROC and its fangong mission (1955-1957).
Roiling in Troubled Waters
Authors: Huei Pang Yang
Published: September 2019

After the Sino-US Ambassadorial Talks ceased in December 1957, further talks were suspended indefinitely. On 23 August 1958, the PRC again targeted artillery barrages on Quemoy and Matsu, igniting another confrontation. However, on 6 September, both Zhou and US Secretary of State John Foster Dulles publicly announced possible peaceful measures and this led to the convening of the Sino-US negotiations in Warsaw from 15 September onwards. In particular, this chapter reviews the positions of the ROC, US and PRC just prior to the outbreak of the crisis and critical developments. Next, it scrutinizes the reactions of China, the US and Taiwan to this crisis and the speed of its resolution. Finally, the rationalizations given by China and the US seeking to justify their actions to their domestic public and in the international arena are considered.
The Warsaw Gambit
Authors: Huei Pang Yang
Published: September 2019

Once Zhou Enlai accepted Washington’s offer of restarting the negotiations in Warsaw, the clash retreated in urgency. This chapter, exploring developments from late-September to December 1958, wraps up the discussion of the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis. First, it analyses how the PRC, the US and the ROC related to each other and in the international arena in the final months of the crisis. Next, the ways which the PRC responded to third-party proposals from Britain, the Soviets and neutralist Asian countries are explained. It also explores ROC responses to Beijing and Washington’s consolidation of tacit accommodation. Another critical area of inquiry is the PRC-ROC engagement in secret back-channels. Finally, the positions of the three protagonists in the aftermath of the crisis are assessed.
Conclusion
Authors: Huei Pang Yang
Published: September 2019

Finally, Strait Rituals returns to the three main lines of inquiry: Why did the two confrontations erupt in September 1954 and August 1958? How did each crisis unfold, from outbreak to resolution? What do the two crises reveal about the foreign relations of the PRC, US and ROC in the 1950s? A short thematic approach will be taken to bring all relevant elements together.
Tales of ‘Heroes’ and ‘Saviours’
Authors: Cheng Vincent Shing
Published: September 2019

This chapter, with examples from the mass media, outlines how the image of the police officers and prison officers is presented in party propaganda. Different ‘model’ officers are presented in ways highlighting their ‘exemplary qualities’, like their willingness to sacrifice self for public good, and emphasizing their heroic and benevolent personal characteristics. It examines how the party propaganda might affect drug detainees’ expectations of the police and prison officers in real life.
Happiness “with a Chinese Taste”
Authors: Puppin Giovanna
Published: September 2019

This chapter explores how happiness is constructed in a new category of public service announcements (PSAs), which are broadcast during the CCTV's Spring Festival Gala. It lays down the theoretical foundations of the relationship between advertising and happiness, drawing on Sara Ahmed’s Promise of Happiness (2010), before moving on to introducing the context of the production and broadcast of Gala PSAs. The following section comprises a critical interpretive analysis of a purposively selected case study: the TV PSA "Chopsticks" (Kuaizi pian筷子篇‎, 2014). The analysis reveals that families – including the “big family” of the Chinese nation – lie at the heart of each sequence, and constitute happiness associations. It is clear that chopsticks were chosen as the central multimodal metaphor of this PSA because of the link between them and an idea of Chineseness. Chopsticks not only transmit food, but also emotions, and, more importantly, they direct the viewers’ attention to the State-sanctioned values and behaviours that promise happiness. Ultimately, this chapter argues that this PSA promotes a culturally and ethnically specific "happiness with a Chinese taste" (xingfu Zhongguo wei幸福中国味‎).
Talking of Happiness
Authors: Schroeder William F.
Published: September 2019

Anthropologists have long argued that emotions are cultural and have turned to the language of emotions to analyze them. This chapter starts from a similar approach but uses an online discussion about happiness among contemporary queer mainland Chinese men to argue that “emotion talk” opens up rather than delimits notions of how to live a joyful life. These men’s discussions focus less on particular definitions of happiness and more on the bonds created in the act of talking about it. Such a phatic approach allows them to maintain hopefulness in the face of persistent challenges to their wellbeing. The chapter concludes that the hopeful and potentiating aspects of emotion talk should encourage a shift in attention, especially in research with marginalized people, from simple questions of compliance or resistance toward a more nuanced analysis of affective context.
Chinese Happiness
Authors: Matthyssen Mieke
Published: September 2019

Following decades of disorientating economic, social and societal changes, the Chinese self-help market flourishes. These self-help sources contain many popular sayings that represent wisdoms of life strongly rooted in Daoist and Confucian cosmology and ethics, such as constant change and cyclic thinking, and moral self-cultivation. Such sayings often contain a dialectical phrasing using opposites, and reflect the typically Chinese perceptions of happiness (fu), contentment (zu), and joy (le). They also offer concrete advice on how to navigate happily and smoothly through life. On the one hand, they embody individual strategies for coping with conflicts, failure, grief, powerlessness, and the quirks of fate. On the other hand, these sayings emphasize the importance of harmonizing interpersonal relations (zuo ren). This chapter argues that such popular philosophies are an essential part of today’s folk psychology and popular health discourse, and will lay bare not only their ancient philosophical, but also their psycho-social dimensions.
The Palace Eunuch System
Authors: Dale Melissa S.
Published: September 2019

This chapter traces the beginnings of eunuchs serving in the palace and the rise of eunuch power during the Han, Tang, and Ming dynasties. The remainder of the chapter focuses on the evolution of the eunuch system from its “embryonic” state before the Qing established its rule over China proper to its initial growth during the reign of Shunzhi (r. 1644–1661) to its maturation during the mid-Qing, and finally its gradual decline after the 1850s.
May Fourth and Postwar Hong Kong’s Leftist Cantonese Cinema
Authors: Chang Jing Jing
Published: September 2019

Chapter 3 examines the legacy of the May Fourth Movement in the context of postwar Hong Kong’s golden age of cinema. It argues that the May Fourth project was an unfinished one and was carried forward by progressive Cantonese filmmakers who were the torchbearers of its ideology. This chapter focuses on the careers of left-leaning filmmakers such as Ng Cho-fan, one of the founders of the Union Film Enterprise Ltd., and their emergence as postwar Hong Kong’s new cultural elites. Through a close reading of Union’s film adaptations of the Ba Jin trilogy, Family (Jia, dir. Ng Wu, 1953), Spring (Chun, dir. Lee Sun-fung, 1953), and Autumn (Qiu, dir. Chun Kim, 1954), this chapter demonstrates the transformative nature of the moral message of postwar Hong Kong’s cultural elites. Not only did left-leaning film talent repurpose core tenets of May Fourth, they also sought to reinterpret the spirit of vernacular modernism for the colony’s audiences through their film productions. Although May Fourth precepts were brought to Hong Kong by China’s nanlai cultural elites and leftwing film talents, the May Fourth spirit underwent a creative translingual appropriation during the 1950s as local Hong Kong leftwing companies such as the Union and Xinlian emerged.
Girls in Masquerade
Authors: Chang Jing Jing
Published: September 2019

Chapter 6 examines the localization of screening community during Hong Kong’s 1960s industrial modernization. It examines the intersections among gendered labor, the Chinese patriarchal family, celebrity culture and fandom, through films starring 1960s idols, Connie Chan Po-chu and Josephine Siao Fong-fong. While fandom and celebrity culture were created by the real demographics of an increasing number of female workers who became Connie’s and Josephine’s fans, their viewership became discursive sites that contributed to the constructions of a gendered community both within and outside of traditional Confucian familial hierarchies. My analysis of films such as Her Tender Love ((Langru chunri feng, dir. Lui Kei, 1969) and Teddy Girls (Fenü zhengzhuan, dir. Lung Kong, 1969) demonstrates that masquerade not only becomes a point of identification for fans, but also a focusing lens for the convergence of seemingly conflicted experiences of teddy girls and factory girls. As much as they embodied the contradictions of urban industrial modernization, factory girls and teddy girls (both on- and off-screen) and their experiences constructed youth fandom as a discursive site for the creative imagining of freedom and empowerment. And both contributed to making and screening of the industrializing and modernizing city that was 1960s Hong Kong.
Sustaining Virtuous Forms
Authors: Bilbro Jeffrey
Published: September 2019

The introduction analyzes the different forms, values, and virtues that are embedded in an industrial economy and contrasts them with those that characterize a sustainable economy. Berry’s vision critiques the industrial grammar of specialization, competition, and capital that underlies our contemporary way of life, shaping areas as disparate as agriculture, medicine, education, science, architecture, aesthetics, and energy. Though such an approach has proven remarkably effective in some ways, particularly in its ability to solve isolated problems, Berry argues that these industrial forms of life contribute to disease, are vulnerable to disruption, and cause lasting damage to their environments. Instead, Berry challenges us to imagine more harmonious, formally complex solutions to our problems, and his standard for lasting, sustainable solutions is health. Through its formal order, health accounts for the one fundamental reality that an industrial logic seeks to ignore or conquer—death. Sustainable economies practice virtues of renewal and return, cultivating death so that it serves life in ways that are analogous to the organic fertility cycle. In this way, such economies enable their members to practice resurrection.
France and the United States, Allies in War
Authors: Fuller Robert L.
Published: September 2019

General de Gaulle transformed the Free French from a minor committee in London into France’s provisional government in the face of enormous obstacles. These included President Roosevelt, who planned to impose an Allied Military Government of Occupied Territories (AMGOT) in France, replacing the German occupation and the Vichy regime with an Anglo-American occupation. This never happened because it was vigorously opposed not only by de Gaulle but also by the Allied military chief who would have been responsible for it, General Dwight D. Eisenhower. Eisenhower had faced this same dilemma in French North Africa in 1942 and had managed to avoid assuming responsibility for governing French domains. He replicated this modus vivendi in France in 1944.
Axis Prisoners of War
Authors: Fuller Robert L.
Published: September 2019

The handling of Axis prisoners of war (POWs) became an unavoidable irritant in Franco-American relations. The US Army was obliged to follow the Geneva Convention on the treatment of POWs, which the French populace saw as leniency. They especially resented the generous food rations allotted to enemy POWs while the French went without, and no one wanted POW camps nearby. Although separating French citizens from Axis POWs was easily accomplished, the French SS posed another problem. The French demanded that German POWs undertake the dangerous work of clearing land mines, and they resented liberties granted to Italian POWs.
The 101st Airborne Division in France
Authors: Fuller Robert L.
Published: September 2019

American paratroopers unleashed more chaos on French civilians than other GIs did. The 101st Airborne Division’s stay in Auxerre in the summer of 1945 was extraordinarily violent, even compared with the appalling levels of GI misconduct elsewhere in France. The French demanded justice after several vicious rapes by paratroopers. When American commanders failed to take these offenses seriously and did not render justice, US headquarters in Paris stepped in. The failure of the US Army’s justice system proved to be the last straw for many French, who were fed up with the inconvenience of having the American military in France.
Epilogue
Authors: Fuller Robert L.
Published: September 2019

Despite discord and mutual hostility between the heads of state of France and the United States, French officials worked easily with American officers, who generally proved accommodating to the French, when possible. Some problems defied resolution and had to be managed by these officers and officials to the best of their abilities. The reservoirs of goodwill on both sides made winning the war and restoring normality to France easier for all involved. Relations between GIs and average French citizens, however, did not reveal the same level of accord. Battle-weary and bored GIs too often behaved like bad guests. By VE Day, American soldiers were tired of being in France and wanted to go home; French attitudes mirrored those of the Americans. Levels of indiscipline reached new lows when GIs gathered in France to ship out.
End of the Cold War and the Continuation of Reform
Authors: Oakley David P.
Published: September 2019

The momentum for DoD intelligence reform quickly expanded into the broader Intelligence Community and Congress. The executive and legislative branches worked to improve intelligence support to military operations. Although many recommended reform measures were not initially instituted, the actions of a handful of individuals kept the discussion of intelligence reform and support to military operations alive. Over time, many of the issues that were not initially embraced found increased support as national security conditions changed and the requirement of support to military operations became immediate.
Everything Comes with a Cost
Authors: Oakley David P.
Published: September 2019

The final chapter summarizes the evolution of the DoD/CIA partnership and considers the contemporary implications of the CIA and DoD partnership on policy, strategy, and operations. One implication is the quasi-subordination of CIA capabilities to military operations and the resources this support role takes from analytical support to policy makers. Policy makers need to appreciate the costs incurred by increasing the intelligence support to military operations and the implications of that increased support for the militarization of foreign policy.
Enlisting Citizens in the Military Mobilization of the Nationalist State
Authors: Xu Yan
Published: September 2019

Xu discusses how conscription laws, army textbooks, and the New Life Movement propaganda helped the Chinese Nationalist state construct the soldier figure in the 1930s. These supplementary materials aided in configuring the citizenship ideal the Nationalist Party envisioned of their soldiers at Whampoa. In addition, literacy education was pivotal to morality and virtue, and thus was implemented into programs for the soldiers in order to educate the young individuals who previously had not been or were poorly taught. Despite these attempts, much of society did not respect and attempt to emulate these soldiers because of their social status and the fact that they still had few rights.
The Construction of the Soldier Ideal by Educated Youths
Authors: Xu Yan
Published: September 2019

The fifth chapter studies an often-forgotten depiction of soldiers during the Second Sino-Japanese War: the student soldiers. This chapter first discusses the Campaign to Mobilize Educated Youths to Join the Army to provide a historical background for the GMD’s efforts to militarize educated youths. Xu relays the effects of Chiang Kai-shek’s interest in student soldiers, bringing up Chiang’s wartime diary entries in which he advocated for the military training of students. Xu stresses that the nation-wide conscription of student soldiers during the later years of the Second Sino-Japanese War was a response to both internal and external challenges as the war entered the last phase. Using student soldiers’ own writing, Xu discusses how these educated youths constructed the soldier ideal to advocate the self-government ideal in their army life after they were conscripted into the Youth Army.
Introduction
Authors: Trauschweizer Ingo
Published: September 2019

In 1984 officials in Washington debated reforming the defense establishment and who should advise presidents on strategy in times of crisis. Maxwell Taylor, former chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS), John F. Kennedy White House insider, and one of the architects of America’s war in Vietnam, told members of Congress that the JCS were divided by service interests and had never fulfilled their role as strategy advisors. He concluded the system should not be reformed—it should be torn down. The Goldwater-Nichols Act that resulted in October 1986 did not quite meet Taylor’s radical proposal of a complete restructuring even though it enhanced the powers of the JCS chairman. This book considers what shaped Taylor’s thinking. Through his career in the Cold War we can investigate critical questions from the vantage points of the military and the executive branch: What is the role of the armed services in national and international security strategies? Where do service interests and national interest intersect and what happens when there is less-than-complete overlap? What is the role of the JCS and their chairman? And how could the armed services prepare for vastly different challenges, ranging from nuclear war to conventional battle, counterinsurgency, and nation building?...
Introduction
Authors: Johnson Wray R.
Published: September 2019

The introduction provides a brief history of the US Marine Corps up to World War I. This is followed by an exploration of the nature and character of small wars. With the concept established, the remainder of the introduction provides terms and definitions.
Introduction
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

The introduction describes the details of a typical day in Ridley Scott’s life, from the business responsibilities he conducts in the early morning to his return from a film shoot in the evening, presenting his reading of scripts and drawing of storyboards as well as his late-night activities and preparation for the next day’s shoot. Scott’s role in Ridley Scott Associates (RSA) and Scott Free productions are put into perspective with his artistic life. An analysis of the small and large productions of his own company and of studios both major and independent sheds light on his decision-making process regarding his major feature film career. Also discussed is whether Ridley Scott is an auteur. After exploring the theory, the conclusion is that Ridley Scott is an auteur in the classical sense of being the sole “author” of his films. The introduction also demonstrates that Scott’s visualist approach to movie-making gives him total control of all the films he directs. Scott’s use of photography and design lend his films a distinctive signature.
Brother and Brother
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

This chapter examines Scott’s continued study at the Royal College of Art. Scott visits specialized movie theaters and is exposed to world cinema, including the films of Ingmar Bergman, and Japanese, French, Indian, and Hollywood movies. There was no formal film department at the college but one day Scott found an old movie camera and set out to make his first movie, Boy and Bicycle. The script, inspired by James Joyce’s novel Ulysses, was a stream-of-consciousness narrative. It starred Scott’s younger brother Tony, who would also become a noted film director. The short black-and-white film traced the boy on an odyssey he takes on his bike, learning about himself and his environment. Ridley Scott did everything on the project except the music, which he persuaded noted composer John Barry to provide. The significance of Boy and Bicycle is the launching of Ridley Scott as a film director.
Noir One/Noir Two
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

Two neo-noir films are covered here, Someone to Watch over Me and Black Rain. The former concerns class distinctions and their effect on a marriage. The latter is about two New York police officers sent to Japan to capture a dangerous escaped criminal. During the production of Someone to Watch over Me, Ridley Scott was beginning to learn to control his debilitating temper on the set. The film is a family drama with complications. The production of this New York film is handsome and uses the Gershwin classic of the title to add depth to the narrative. The production of Black Rain was impacted by serious differences between the American filmmaking team and Japanese officials. This crime film also engages with how the horrors of the dropping of the bomb on Hiroshima affected its citizens. Both movies did poorly with critics and audiences.
Adventures Not in Paradise
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

White Squall is based on the book The Last Voyage of the Albatross, co-written by Chuck Gieg, who was a survivor of a prep school ship that sank during treacherous weather on the high seas. The voyage was planned to expose young men to different locales as they studied academic subjects during the trip. They also were part of the ship’s crew and learned to be seamen. White Squall is a rare successful re-creation of the early 1960s: the dawn of an era that saw much change but still maintained its innocence. Much of this picture was shot on a real schooner at sea. Scott directed many strong performances, especially from Jeff Bridges playing Captain Christopher “Skipper” Sheldon. The boys represent many different personality types and all are impacted by the voyage and the crew. The white squall event left many dead. In the real-life story, no punishment was given to the skipper, but Scott decided to end the film on a dramatic note so a fictional scene was created. Here the skipper faces a tribunal with his license at risk. The boys come to his aid with solid support and the issue is then resolved.
Not G.I. Joe
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

G.I. Jane is another feminist film from Ridley Scott, this time with a strong and detailed performance from Demi Moore, who brought the project to the director. In the film a woman in the military is asked by a powerful senior female senator to become one of an all-male elite US Navy SEALs unit. The movie follows her through arduous training and tremendous resistance from the group’s leader. Scott and his team were in continued talks with the navy and the Department of Defense to depict the operation of the Navy SEALs with accuracy, but they kept finding objections to the script. Scott, the crew, and the cast went their own way, and the results are certainly authentic to the average viewer’s eye. Scott’s films have been criticized at times for how they portray particular ethic groups. In this case the American-Arab Discrimination Committee complained about the way Arab individuals were represented in the ending of the film.
You Don’t Say No to “Big Dino”
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

Ridley Scott wasn’t necessarily interested in directing a sequel to Silence of the Lambs, but he was talked into it by one of the most persuasive international producers, Dino De Laurentiis. Jodie Foster, who played the lead in that film, was approached to reprise her role for Hannibal but took exception to the way her character had evolved in the later movie. Her character, Clarice Starling, was played by Julianne Moore. Here the focus was strongly on the Hannibal Lecter character, again brilliantly played by Anthony Hopkins. Where Silence of the Lambs was a psychological thriller, Hannibal is more of an out-and-out horror film. There are many scenes of explicit gore and violence, difficult to watch at times. The film received poor reviews. Ridley Scott did not attend the premiere because his mother had passed away at age ninety-five.
The Burden of Men
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

This film is based on true deadly events encountered by US troops in Somalia in 1993 that began when a rebel army shot down an American helicopter. Scott was interested in the story because of the theme of people caught on the edge of society, revealing human behavior stretched and challenged. The production was staged in Morocco. It took four months of diplomacy to bring this to a reality and even involved Colin Powell, then US secretary of state. Two thousand extras from twenty-four African communities were employed as well as a large cast of American actors, including Sam Shepard, Josh Harnett, Ewan McGregor, Tom Sizemore, and Eric Bana. As many as eleven cameras were used to shoot the intricately choreographed battle sequences. This highly respected film won the Academy Award for Best Editing and Best Sound.
Crusades and Romantic Comedy
Authors: LoBrutto Vincent
Published: September 2019

Ridley Scott was interested in creating a film about the right action of knights, their ability to do the correct thing in any situation they encountered. Kingdom of Heaven, set during the Crusades, depicts the massive battle fought for religion. The epic 145-minute movie was a tremendous undertaking, utilizing massive numbers of extras and a large cast and crew. Kingdom of Heaven is a realistic and at times graphically violent film. One of Scott’s most impressive war films, it is an unflinching look into the Crusades, one of history’s fiercest wars. A Good Year is a romantic comedy set predominately in France in which a man’s lifestyle is turned inside out when he is reunited with the love of his life, whom he first met when they were children.