bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fonctions d'investissement néoclassiques dans un modèle macroéconomique avec rationnement
Authors: Mulkay B.
Published: September 2022

Il existe peu d’études qui prennent explicitement en compte une fonction d’investissement dans les modèles macroéconomiques avec rationnement. La plupart des articles où des présentations dynamiques de tels modèles sont élaborées ne font intervenir qu’une fonction d’investissement vaguement définie (voir Fourgeaud, Lenclud et Michel (1981) et Ito (1982)), car ces auteurs s’intéressent plus à la croissance économique qu’au niveau de l’investissement.

Plusieurs voies peuvent néanmoins être suivies pour introduire l’accumulation du capital dans ces modèles : on peut, premièrement, reprendre la logique des modèles macroéconomiques avec rationnement à deux biens (bien de consommation et travail) en y ajoutant un marché supplémentaire, celui du capital productif, et alors spécifier les offres et les demandes sur ce marché. La deuxième méthode part d’une maximisation du profit par les firmes sous les diverses contraintes de rationnements sur les autres marches. Elle vise à déterminer la demande d’investissement d’une entreprise qui se trouve dans ce régime. Enfin la troisième approche se base sur le fait que l’entreprise ne connaît pas précisément le régime futur de l’économie. Elle voudrait investir parce qu’il y a de possibles opportunités de débouchés rentables dans l’avenir, mais il lui faut minimiser le risque de se trouver avec des capacités de production inutilisées. Elle comparera alors ce risque avec la profitabilité de son investissement.
Some Empirical Evidence on the Behaviour of Export and Domestic Prices in Belgian Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Frantzen D.J.
Published: September 2022

A widespread view expressed in the theoretical macroeconomic literature concerned with price formation in open economies is that, in the absence of impediments to trade and insulating exchange rate movements, the prices of their internationally tradable goods are, by and large, determined at the level of competitive international markets. The most common justification is that the goods concerned are produced by a large number of firms from different countries, and that competitive commodity arbitrage tends to integrate the respective markets by eliminating all price divergences (in common currency). If so, the industries of the individual small economy can be conceived as competitive foreign price takers, implying both the dominance of foreign price influences over domestic costs,and a high degree of price flexibility with respect to short-term fluctuations in (international) demand.
Approche pragmatique pour une politique de plein emploi: les subventions à la création d’emplois
Authors: Steinherr Alfred , Van Haeperen Béatrice
Published: September 2022

Le chômage qui sévit actuellement dans les pays industrialisés atteint un niveau inacceptable, suscite de graves problèmes humains et entraîne des coûts sociaux très lourds. On explique généralement la montée du chômage dans le monde par les chocs sévères qui ont affecté la production pendant les années 1970. Notamment la hausse des rémunérations réelles, la forte hausse des prix du pétrole et des autres matières premières et la distribution des revenus qui en est résultée au profit de pays à faible propension à dépenser, et par des réactions politiques inadéquates. La rigidité des économies industrielles, notamment de la Communauté européenne, rend difficile l’adaptation à un environnement nouveau et en continuelle évolution.

Les politiques budgétaires et monétaires expansionnistes sont souvent considérées comme inappropriées dans la situation actuelle parce que l’on craint qu’elles ne se répercutent davantage sur les prix que sur la production. On préconise dès lors des politiques de demande rigoureuses pour maîtriser l’inflation et susciter ainsi un environnement plus favorable à la croissance à moyen terme.
International Collusion or Competition for Macroeconomic Policy Coordination? A Restatement
Authors: Vaubel Roland
Published: September 2022

Ever since the breakdown of the Bretton Woods System, there has been a chorus of economists calling for internationally negotiated coordination of macroeconomic policies. Most of them work for international organisations or have developed a special interest in discretionary macro-policy or optimal-control theory.

At the same time, very little centralised coordination has actually taken place. Exchange rate surveillance by the International Monetary Fund does not seem to have played a major role. The economic summit meetings are not used to coordinate macro-policy any longer. Even the first Bonn Summit (1978), the apparent showpiece of centralised coordination, does not seem to have yielded internationally negotiated macroeconomic policy concessions from national governments, but rather enabled their leaders to pursue their domestic objectives against strong internal opposition.
The Need for Policy Coordination under Alternative Types of Macroeconomic Theory
Authors: Illing G.
Published: September 2022

Recently, in most of the economically advanced European countries inflation has been substantially reduced. But that went together with a rise in the rate of unemployment to levels not experienced for the last 30 years. Forecasts predict that unemployment is unlikely to decrease within the coming years. The increased interdependence of national economies led to calls for coordinated policy actions in order to expand economic activity in Europe, thus avoiding costly non-cooperative strategies.

There is, however, a strong criticism of proposals for coordination of national stabilisation policies. Economic theory, it is said, proves that such a coordination is at best superfluous and may even be harmful. An eloquent exponent of this view is Vaubel (1985).

This view is the result of assuming that there is no need for macropolicy on a national level in the first place. The present paper intends to show that this cannot be justified on purely theoretical grounds. It will be argued that this assumption does not follow from sound theoretical arguments.
European Policy Coordination: An Evaluation
Authors: Oudiz Gilles
Published: September 2022

According to the European Community Commission the present level of unemployment in Europe should not only last but worsen in the foreseeable future (see CCE 1984). By 1988 the overall unemployment rate in Europe should reach 11,4% if the « optimistic » assumptions retained for the labor supply are to be realized.

These are of course average figures but on the whole they correctly reflect the extraordinary convergence of European deflationary policies. Given structural differences, which remain very limited when one compares them to the other Western economies, the European governments seem to have settled for the same macroeconomic strategies. Of course, they have chosen different timings. France, for example, has grown more than its partners in 1981-1982 but is now experiencing a prolonged recession. Whereas West Germany is doing better as far as GNP is concerned but grew very little in the early 80 s. On the whole however a back of the envelope calculation of « sacrifice ratios » for the leading European economies would yield quite similar results. All over Europe disinflation has been achieved at a high output cost and it is not clear that any country has really done better than its partners.
Le taux de profit et la composition organique du capital dans le cycle long de l'aprés-guerre: le cas de l'industrie française de 1959 à 1981
Authors: Reati Angelo
Published: September 2022

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Le but du présent travail est de contribuer à la compréhension de la crise « structurelle » des années soixante-dix en France par une analyse du taux de profit, l'un des éléments fondamentaux qui déterminent les cycles longs. Etant donné que, dans la version marxiste de cette théorie, l'évolution de la rentabilité est souvent expliquée par la «loi» de la baisse tendancielle du taux de profit (Marx, 1974, livre III, chap. 13, 14 et 15), je concentrerai l'attention sur ce dernier aspect, en essayant d'établir si, dans l'industrie française, la baisse du taux de profit est ou non «tendancielle».

Cette recherche part de la constatation que le débat théorique a épuisé ses possibilités: dès que l'on prononce 1'«oraison funèbre» de la «loi» (Van Parijs, 1980), celle-ci, comme le Phénix, renaît de ses cendres (Weeks, 1982, Hunt, 1983) et continue, pour de nombreux économistes marxistes, d'inspirer l'explication de la crise actuelle. Il semble dès lors que de nouveaux progrès ne puissent résulter que d'une vérification empirique.

La «loi» considérée peut être appliquée dans trois contextes relativement distincts, à savoir les tendances séculaires de l'accumulation, la théorie des cycles longs et les cycles conjoncturels de six ou sept ans. Dans le premier cas (celui qui est envisagé par Marx), la tendance à très long terme est habituellement associée à l'écroulement du capitalisme.
Unemployment and Fiscal Activism in a Small Open Economy
Authors: Bradley John
Published: September 2022

SECTION 1 : INTRODUCTION

An endemically high rate of unemployment has always been one of the most pressing problems facing policy makers in Ireland. Since 1980 the unemployment rate has risen inexorably, as illustrated in Figure 1. Furthermore, on the basis of the most recent medium-term projections to 1990 (Bacon (1986)), the unemployment rate is set to continue to rise, albeit at a much slower rate, to over 18 per cent of the labour force. This more recent rise in unemployment is, of course, a phenomenon not confined to Ireland, but shared, in one form or another, by many other European economies.

All political groups in Ireland place great emphasis on their policies to alleviate unemployment. The extent of direct state intervention in the Irish labour market can be seen clearly from Figure 2. Employment in the sheltered marketed services sector grew over the period 1973-83 by 18.4 percent (56900), while employment in the non-market sector (public administration and other non-marketed services) grew by 40.2 percent (68700). While industrial employment remained relatively stagnant, displaying cyclical highs in 1974 and 1980, agricultural employment declined steadily. Over the same period, the labour force grew by 17.7 percent (196900) and migration abroad, having declined from a net outflow of about 60000 per annum in 1959 to a zero net flow by 1970, became a net inflow during the years of 1973-78, but has returned to a net outflow since 1983 (Figure 3).
Réforme fiscale et chômage: leçons tirées d’un modèle économétrique pour la Belgique
Authors: Wibaut Serge
Published: September 2022

1. INTRODUCTION

Si nous n’étions pas ici dans une institution vouée à la recherche scientifique, la situation économique de la Belgique se prêterait à une question d’aspect relativement superstitieux. Nous sommes effectivement en droit de nous demander si les plaies de l’Egypte ne se sont pas abattues sur notre pays. Montant record de la dette publique, un taux de chômage parmi les plus élevés au sein des pays membres de l’OCDE, baisse de l’investissement et du pouvoir d’achat, multiples faillites d’entreprises: tout se conjugue pour nous montrer que notre pays traverse une des périodes les plus sombres de son histoire économique. Plusieurs grands prêtres économistes ont certes émis des avis plus éminents les uns que les autres à ce sujet, mais il nous faut bien reconnaître que la comparaison biblique s’arrête là et que la Belgique n’a pas encore trouvé son Moïse.
Equilibre Général et Concurrence Imparfaite: un tour d'horizon
Authors: Gary-Bobo Robert
Published: September 2022

La problématique de l'équilibre général en présence de concurrence imparfaite est examinée à l'occasion d'une vue d'ensemble de la littérature consacrée au sujet. On tâchera de souligner à la fois les apports et les limites de la théorie sur cette question, plus particulièrement dans la perspective d'aboutir à des « fondements microéconomiques de la macroéconomie » reposant de façon explicite sur les comportements imparfaitement concurrentiels des agents économiques.
Les effets des prix énergétiques sur les comportements d’investissement à long terme : une comparaison des sept grands pays de l’OCDE
Authors: Carrere Marie Ange , Devezeaux de Lavergne Jean-Guy
Published: September 2022

A la suite du premier choc pétrolier, une controverse est née sur les liens entre capital et énergie. Les études sur séries chronologiques montrent, en général, que ces facteurs sont complémentaires alors que les études sur données spatio-temporelles exhibent des substituabilités. Il est cependant très difficile de comparer directement ces résultats, les données utilisées n’étant pas de même nature. Ce travail tente d’apporter un éclairage nouveau sur la question en éliminant la cause à priori la plus suspecte des divergences : les modes de construction des données. Nous avons construit une banque homogène pour les sept grands pays de l’OCDE sur la période 1960-1984 et estimé des fonctions de coût translog KLE et KLEF pour chaque pays et pour l’ensemble.
R&D rivalry Vs R&D cooperation under uncertainty
Authors: Beath John , Katsoulacos Yannis , Ulph David
Published: September 2022

Cet article analyse si les dépenses de recherche et développement (R & D) seront supérieures ou inférieures sous un « research joint venture » (RJV) ou dans un cadre de concurrence en R & D ; et si les firmes préféreront le premier mode d’organisation au second. Si l’imitation d’une invention s’avère difficile, la réponse à la dernière question dépendra de l’importance relative de deux forces opposées : alors que la coopération va renforcer les gains attendus via un « effet de coordination » positif, elle va également intensifier la concurrence rencontrée par l’innovateur sur le marché des produits en facilitant l’accès des firmes concurrentes à la technologie la plus récente. Par contre, lorsque l’imitation est facile, les firmes préféreront toujours un accord de recherche jointe (RJV) à une concurrence en R & D.
Evolutionary Approaches in Economics. Some Comments on Ph. Van Parijs “Le modèle économique et ses rivaux”
Authors: Vromen Jack
Published: September 2022

L’article met en avant la difficulté de percevoir où Ph. Van Parijs situe la limite entre le modèle économique — susceptible d’expliquer de nombreux phénomènes sociaux, mais pas tous — et les modèles evolutionnaires. Parfois il semble soutenir que les modèles evolutionnaires sont nécessaires pour expliquer des situations où les individus agissent sans la moindre délibération préalable. Mais à d’autres endroits il semble que ces modèles soient supposés être à même d’expliquer les «données» du modèle économique, à savoir les préférences et les croyances. Le mecanisme evolutionnaire de renforcement est analysée en détail dans l’article dans l’intention de déterminer quelle est l’interpretation correcte. Il apparait que la seconde interpretation est la plus plausible. On montre en effet que le mécanisme evolutionnaire est à la base de l’explication de la convergence des croyances des individus à condition qu’ils aient certaines preférences. Le renforcement ne présuppose pas, mais pourrait expliquer, des comportements obéissant à des règles non délibératives. On observe également que ce même mécanisme de renforcement, ainsi compris, est implicitement supposé être à l’oeuvre dans de nombreuses tentatives de développement de modèles evolutionnaires émanant d’économistes.
Commodity Demands and Female Labour-Supply over the Life-Cycle
Authors: Neves Pedro Duarte
Published: September 2022

This paper outlines a methodology to identify the preference parameters that characterize household behaviour over the life-cycle, through the specification and estimation of a model of individual behaviour. The focus of this research is directed towards commodity demands, female labour supply and the intertemporal allocation of lifetime wealth. Empirical estimates of the parameters of interest are reported at the end of this paper.
Systèmes de retraite par répartition, mode de calcul des droits à pension et croissance
Authors: Le Garrec Gilles
Published: September 2022

Nous présentons dans cet article un modèle à générations imbriquées avec capital humain qui permet de rendre compte de la diversité des systèmes publics de retraite par répartition. Notamment, ce modèle intègre la possibilité que les droits à pension d’une personne soient calculés soit de manière forfaitaire soit en fonction de l’historique de ses salaires et de la durée de sa période salariale. Dans ce dernier cas, de loin le plus rencontré concrètement, si la durée minimum légale de cotisation donnant droit à une pension à taux plein n’est pas trop élevée, le système de retraite peut être favorable à la croissance économique en incitant les agents à investir davantage en capital humain. Ce mode de calcul des droits à pension peut donc s’avérer économiquement profitable et dominer en tout cas le mode de calcul alternatif basé sur le versement d’une pension forfaitaire. Nous déduions également les conséquences de ce mode de calcul sur les ajustements à opérer face à différents types de structure démographique.
Les marchés à tranches
Authors: Thomas Lionel
Published: September 2022

Cet article étudie les marchés publics à tranches. Ces procédures sont caractérisées par la présence d’une incertitude sur la réalisation complète d’une opération. Celle-ci est alors découpée en plusieurs travaux (tranches) qui doivent être réalisés successivement. La première tranche est effectuée juste après l’attribution du marché, tandis que l’affermissement des suivantes est soumis à la réalisation de certaines conditions prévues par le contrat. Les règles optimales d’approvisionnement sont déterminées pour deux tranches. On montre que la firme la plus efficace ex-ante gagne le marché. Mais l’incertitude fait qu’elle ne l’est plus nécessairement ex-post. Nous évaluons par la suite le coût de l’incertitude lié au risque d’une allocation inefficace ex-post.
A Thomistic Solution to the Deep Problem for Perfectionism
Authors: Shea Matthew , Kintz James
Published: September 2022

Perfectionism is the view that what is intrinsically good is the fulfillment of human nature or the development and exercise of the characteristic human capacities. An important objection to the theory is what Gwen Bradford calls the “Deep Problem”: explaining why nature-fulfillment is good. We argue that situating perfectionism within a Thomistic metaethical framework and adopting Aquinas's account of the metaphysical “convertibility” of being and goodness gives us a solution to the Deep Problem. In short, the fulfillment of human nature consists in the actualization of human potentialities or fullness of human being, and because being is ultimately the same thing as goodness, the fulfillment of human nature is good. We show that Thomistic perfectionism meets the requirements for an answer to the Deep Problem, provides the best explanation possible for the goodness of nature fulfillment, and is a natural foundation for perfectionist theories of value.
Use of the QuickSort with older adults whose lifestyle decision-making capacity is being questioned
Authors: Foran A. M. , Mathias J. L. , Bowden S. C.
Published: September 2022

Objectives:

Cognitive impairment affects older adults’ capacity to live independently and make lifestyle decisions (lifestyle decision-making capacity; LS-DMC). Cognitive screens and clinical interviews are often used to assess people’s need for living-supports prior to conducting comprehensive LS-DMC assessments in busy clinical settings. This study investigated whether the QuickSort – a brief new cognitive screen – provides efficient and accurate information regarding patients’ LS-DMC when initially interviewed.

Methods:

This is an observational and diagnostic accuracy study of older inpatients (≥60 years) consecutively referred for neuropsychological assessment of LS-DMC (n = 124). The resources required by inpatients with questionable LS-DMC were quantified (length of hospital stay, living-supports). QuickSort scores, patient background information, and two common cognitive screens were used to differentiate between older inpatients (n = 124) who lacked (64%)/did not-lack (36%) LS-DMC.

Results:

Hospitalizations averaged 49 days, with 62% of inpatients being readmitted within one year. The QuickSort differentiated between those lacking/not-lacking LS-DMC better than two common cognitive screens and patient information. The likelihood that inpatients lacked LS-DMC increased by a factor of 65.26 for QuickSort scores <2 and reduced by a factor of 0.32 for scores ≥13. Modeling revealed that the post-test likelihood of lacking LS-DMC increased to 99% (scores <2) and reduced to 30% (scores ≥ 13) in settings where many inpatients lack LS-DMC.

Conclusions:

Older adult inpatients with questionable LS-DMC have a high risk of extended hospitalization and readmission. The QuickSort provides time-efficient and sensitive information regarding patients’ LS-DMC, making it a viable alternative to longer cognitive screens that are used at the initial interview stage.
Dyadic representation in parliamentary democracy in Japan
Authors: Umeda Michio
Published: September 2022

This study evaluates dyadic representation, that is, the link between the policy preferences of the constituencies and their representatives in the Japanese Lower House (LH). More specifically, this study examines how the within-party variation in policy positions among party candidates corresponds with that across their districts. By examining a series of candidate surveys conducted between 2003 and 2012 as well as the local employment structure, this study maps the association between the policy preferences of constituencies and those of their district candidates for two major parties. Specifically, candidates were found to take more rural-oriented positions on economic policies when running in districts with rural employment structures, while there remained a clear difference between parties. Moreover, this study demonstrates that constituencies accord more votes to candidates who better represent their preferences, strengthening the link by electing those who fulfill the responsibility beyond their party label.
On the right to diplomacy: historicizing and theorizing delegation and exclusion at the United Nations
Authors: Constantinou Costas M. , McConnell Fiona
Published: September 2022

This article analyses the disregarded notion of theius legationis(right of legation), revisiting historical debates in diplomatic theory and law over who possesses or ought to have this right. By examining how theius legationismanifested into a volitional or subjectional or natural right, we argue that this renders it not merely a legal issue, but a highly political and ethical question that is of direct relevance to contemporary international relations. In an era where inclusivity is rhetorically promoted at the United Nations, we suggest that a rekindledright to diplomacy(R2D) – conceiving diplomacy as a right that is claimed but also contested – can shed light onto inequalities of representation and the role international law can play in remedying asymmetries and ethicizing the practice of diplomacy. Beyond its primary normative contribution, we argue that the R2D can also provide an analytical framework to understand UN's efforts at institutionalizing diplomatic pluralism, its logics of inclusion and exclusion, as well as the struggles of diverse groups to obtain accreditation, consultative status, and negotiation ability within multilateral diplomacy.
Wie gehen Recruiter_innen mit der Herausforderung kulturübergreifender Bewerber_innenpools um?
Authors: Eid Gamal , König Cornelius J.
Published: September 2022

Zusammenfassung: Bisherige Forschungen zu interkulturellen Job-Interviews fokussieren vorwiegend die Sicht der Bewerbenden und implizieren eine Benachteiligung kulturferner Bewerber_innen, möglich wäre jedoch auch, dass diese Bewerber_innen Kriterien nicht erfüllen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurden Kurzgutachten und numerischen Beurteilungen von N = 287 Bewerbungsinterviews regionaler Flugbegleiter_innen qualitativ und quantitativ untersucht. Eine Besonderheit lag darin, dass sich die Bewerber_innen in ihrem jeweiligen Heimatland (China, Indien, Deutschland) bei einer deutschen Fluggesellschaft auf die gleiche Stelle beworben haben. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Recruiter_innen zwar meistens in der Lage sind, ihre spontanen Reaktionen zu reflektieren, dass bei ihnen aber in einigen Fällen Stereotype wirksam werden. Dies und fehlende kulturspezifische Verhaltensanker können für die deutlich höhere Ablehnungquote chinesischer Bewerber_innen mit verantwortlich sein.
Influence of the Gulf of Guinea Islands on the Atlantic Equatorial Undercurrent Circulation
Authors: Napolitano D. C. , Alory G. , Dadou I. , Morel Y. , Jouanno J. , Morvan G.
Published: September 2022

In the easternmost portion of the Gulf of Guinea, Bioko Island marks the beginning of an island chain that stretches NE–SW to the Equator, where São Tomé Island sits in the path of the Equatorial Undercurrent (EUC). In this study, we explore the meso‐to‐large‐scale effects of local flow‐topography interactions that escalate from the EUC encounter with the Gulf of Guinea islands. A mean shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler section captures the EUC as a strong subsurface jet that ultimately hits São Tomé. Motivated by these observations, we ran two ocean general circulation model simulations that differ by the presence versus absence of the Gulf of Guinea islands. Diagnostics of salinity and potential vorticity (PV) from these simulations show that the EUC bifurcates at 6°E, triggering mesoscale activity that spreads the EUC waters. On both sides of São Tomé, the EUC branches roll up into eddies that propagate westward. These low‐PV anticyclones carry high salinity through the tropical Atlantic, introducing PV anomalies along eddy corridors mirrored by the Equator. The formation of such eddies is affected by diapycnal and isopycnal mixing and friction, and their distribution between hemispheres is intrinsically related to the location of São Tomé. The eddies are modulated at both seasonal and interannual scales. A strong EUC generates numerous and stronger eddies, while seasonal equatorial upwelling indirectly hinders their formation. Convergence of the EUC upstream of São Tomé reveals intense downwelling and freshening, whereas divergence and upwelling are associated with the EUC negotiating the island.
The Significance of Convection in Supraglacial Debris Revealed Through Novel Analysis of Thermistor Profiles
Authors: Petersen Eric , Hock Regine , Fochesatto Gilberto J. , Anderson Leif S.
Published: September 2022

Melt from debris‐covered glaciers represents a regionally important freshwater source, especially in high‐relief settings as found in central Asia, Alaska, and South America. Sub‐debris melt is traditionally predicted from surface energy balance models that determine heat conduction through the supraglacial debris layer. Convection is rarely addressed, despite the porous nature of debris. Here we provide the first constraints on convection in supraglacial debris, through the development of a novel method to calculate individual conductive and nonconductive heat flux components from debris temperature profile data. This method was applied to data from Kennicott Glacier, Alaska, spanning two weeks in the summer of 2011 and two months in the summer of 2020. Both heat flux components exhibit diurnal cycles, the amplitude of which is coupled to atmospheric conditions. Mean diurnal nonconductive heat flux peaks at up to 43% the value of conductive heat flux, indicating that failure to account for it may lead to an incorrect representation of melt rates and their drivers. We interpret this heat flux to be dominated by latent heat as debris moisture content changes on a diurnal cycle. A sharp afternoon drop‐off in nonconductive heat flux is observed at shallow depths as debris dries. We expect these processes to be relevant for other debris‐covered glaciers. Debris properties such as porosity and tortuosity may play a large role in modulating it. Based on the present analysis, we recommend further study of convection in supraglacial debris for glaciers across the globe with different debris properties.
Summer Midlatitude Stationary Wave Patterns Synchronize Northern Hemisphere Wildfire Occurrence
Authors: Bui Hien X. , Timmermann Axel , Lee June‐Yi , Maloney Eric D. , Li Yi‐Xian , Kim Ji‐Eun , Shuman Jacquelyn , Lee Sun‐Seon , Wieder William R.
Published: September 2022

Midlatitude stationary waves are relatively persistent large‐scale longitudinal variations in atmospheric circulation. Although recent case studies have suggested a close connection between stationary waves and extreme weather events, little is known about the global‐scale linkage between stationary waves and wildfire activity, as well as the potential changes in this relationship in a warmer climate. Here, by analyzing the Community Earth System Model version 2 large ensemble, we show that a zonal wavenumber 5–6 stationary wave pattern tends to synchronize wildfire occurrences across the Northern Hemisphere midlatitudes. The alternation of upper‐troposphere ridges and troughs creates a hemispheric‐scale spatial pattern of alternating hot/dry and cold/wet conditions, which increases or decreases wildfire occurrence, respectively. More persistent high‐pressure conditions drastically increase wildfire probabilities. Even though the dynamics of these waves change little in response to anthropogenic global warming, the corresponding midlatitude wildfire variability is projected to intensify due to changes in climate background conditions.
Magnetic Anomalies Caused by 3D Polyhedral Structures With Arbitrary Polynomial Magnetization
Authors: Ren Zhengyong , Zhang Yuanlei , Zhong Yiyuan , Pan Kejia , Wu Qihong , Tang Jingtian
Published: September 2022

Magnetization is a natural property of magnetic materials which is widely used to analyze paramagnetic data, locate unexploded ordnance, explore mineral deposits and gas resources, and image anomalous magnetic structures in the Earth's crust. An essential and challenging task is to compute accurate magnetic anomalies caused by realistic magnetic 3D structures. In this study, for the first time, we derive the analytical expressions of magnetic potential, magnetic field and magnetic gradient tensor for magnetic materials with 3D polyhedral shapes and magnetization vectors that may vary in the space following polynomial trends. The order of polynomials can vary from one to high positive integers in both horizontal and vertical directions. Synthetic and realistic deposit models are used to validate our analytical solutions. We release the open‐source code in C++.
Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Solar Wind Implantation in the Permanently Shadowed Regions on the Lunar Surface
Authors: Huang Ziyu , Nomura Ken‐ichi , Morrissey Liam S. , Wang Joseph
Published: September 2022

Reactive molecular dynamics simulations are carried out to investigate solar wind implantation on lunar surface. This study resolves both the chemical reactions and physical interactions of implantation, analyzes the effects from hydroxyl saturation, solar wind reflection, and water molecule sputtering, and quantifies the contribution of solar wind proton implantation on lunar water formation. The results show that, while solar wind implantation can lead to the formation of some hydroxyl groups and water molecules, the contribution by the implantation process itself is not significant enough to account for the observed lunar water content.
On the Role of Rheological Memory for Convection‐Driven Plate Reorganizations
Authors: Fuchs L. , Becker T. W.
Published: September 2022

Understanding the temporal variability of plate tectonics is key to unraveling how mantle convection transports heat, and one critical factor for the formation and evolution of plate boundaries is rheological “memory,” that is, the persistence of weak zones. Here, we analyze the impact of such damage memory in global, oceanic‐lithosphere‐only models of visco‐plastic mantle convection. Self‐consistently‐formed weak zones are found to be reactivated in distinct ways, and convection preferentially selects such damaged zones for new plate boundaries. Reactivation of damage zones increases the frequency of plate reorganizations, and hence reduces the dominant periods of surface heat loss. The inheritance of distributed lithospheric damage thus dominates global surface dynamics over any local boundary stabilizing effects of weakening. In nature, progressive generation of weak zones may thus counteract and perhaps overcome any effects of reduced convective vigor throughout planetary cooling, with implications for the frequency of orogeny and convective transport throughout Wilson cycles.
High‐Resolution Post‐Process Corrected Satellite AOD
Authors: Taskinen Henri , Väisänen Arttu , Hatakka Lauri , Virtanen Timo H. , Lähivaara Timo , Arola Antti , Kolehmainen Ville , Lipponen Antti
Published: September 2022

Poor air quality poses a great threat to human health. Accurate high‐resolution satellite remote sensing of atmospheric aerosols would highly benefit satellite‐based air quality estimates. We have developed and validated a post‐process correction and downscaling approach for satellite remote sensing of aerosols. We use NASA's Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer aerosol optical depth (AOD) over the Washington D.C.—Baltimore area during the Distributed Regional Aerosol Gridded Observation Networks campaign in 2011 to evaluate our approach. We derive and evaluate the AOD fields at high 250 m resolution. The results show that the post‐process correction approach is suitable for deriving downscaled, high‐resolution AOD estimates and significantly improves the accuracy of the AOD retrievals.
Strong Asymmetry of Interhemispheric Ice Volume During MIS 11, MIS 9, and MIS 7 Drives Heterogeneity of Interglacial Precipitation Intensity Over Asia
Authors: Cheng Liangqing , Wu Yubin , Song Yougui , Yang Linhai , Miao Xiaodong , Sun Huanyu , Qiang Xiaoke , Chang Hong , Long Hao , Dong Zhibao
Published: September 2022

Gaining insight into the characteristics of past interglacials enhances our understanding of the current warm period and improves predictions of future climate. In this study, we analyze precipitation records of the past 900 ka and find that precipitation intensity during interglacials varied across Asia, especially between interglacials that occurred before and after the mid‐Brunhes transition. To clarify the mechanism of precipitation intensity variation during interglacials, we present a high‐resolution eolian record documenting the past 900 ka, which is from the thickest loess core (202.49 m) drilled in Ili Basin, Central Asia and conduct modeling with Community Earth System Model 1.2.2. We propose that sorting coefficient of Ili loess is a sensitive proxy for wind intensity, and it indirectly reflects Northern Hemisphere ice volume. Supported by numerical modeling experiments, we suggest that strong asymmetry of interhemispheric ice volume during marine isotope stages 11, 9, and 7 drives heterogeneity of interglacial precipitation intensity over Asia.
Vegetation‐Promoted Soil Structure Inhibits Hydrologic Landslide Triggering and Alters Carbon Fluxes
Authors: Fan Linfeng , Lehmann Peter , Zheng Chunmiao , Or Dani
Published: September 2022

Vegetation modulates rainfall‐induced shallow landslides in mountainous regions primarily via root reinforcement, canopy interception, and evapotranspiration. An understudied consequence of vegetation activity is the promotion of soil structure development—an important soil trait often neglected in hydromechanical models. Here we propose a novel mechanism for how vegetation‐promoted soil structure inhibits landslides via enhanced hillslope infiltration capacity and drainage that delay the onset of landslide triggering. The hydrologic alterations due to developed soil structure also decrease sediment yields and associated particulate organic carbon (POC) transport to rivers while promoting export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) via hydrologic leaching. We identified global “hotspots” for soil structure impacts that support the putative role of vegetation‐promoted soil structure in observed POC/DOC partitioning. The incorporation of soil structure in Earth system models is not only important for infiltration‐runoff quantification, but also for its potential role in controlling regional and global carbon fluxes to oceans.
Joint Inversion of Body Wave Arrival Times, Surface Wave Dispersion Data and Receiver Functions: Method and Application to South China
Authors: Han Shoucheng , Zhang Haijiang , Gao Lei , Liu Ying , Chai Chengping , Maceira Monica
Published: September 2022

We have developed a new joint inversion method that incorporates body wave arrival times, surface wave dispersion and receiver functions to simultaneously update earthquake locations and constrain three‐dimensional P‐wave (Vp) and S‐wave velocity (Vs) models. Due to complementary sensitivities of the three types of data, the proposed joint inversion algorithm can reduce the intrinsic non‐uniqueness of inversions using fewer types of data and better determine smooth velocity variations and velocity discontinuities. Synthetic tests demonstrate the advantages of this new joint inversion algorithm in resolving velocity structures, especially in constraining velocity gradients across the Moho interface. We have applied the proposed joint inversion algorithm to image the lithosphere velocity structure of south China. The inverted Vp and Vs models fit body wave arrival times, surface wave dispersion and receiver functions well. We further analyzed the distribution of Vs gradients across the Moho interface in detail, which helps us better understand tectonics in south China.
A Parameterization of Cirrus Cloud Formation: Revisiting Competing Ice Nucleation
Authors: Kärcher B.
Published: September 2022

This study develops an advanced physically‐based parameterization of heterogeneous ice nucleation in cirrus clouds that includes an updated parameterization of stochastic homogeneous freezing of supercooled solution droplets. Both components are formulated based on the same methodology and level of approximation, without numerical integration of the underlying ice supersaturation equation. The new scheme includes measured ice nucleation spectra describing deterministic ice activation from an arbitrary number of types of ice‐nucleating particles (INPs), tracks the competition for available water vapor between the different ice nucleation modes, and allows for new ice formation and growth within pre‐existing cirrus clouds. The computationally efficient scheme works with a minimal set of physical input parameters and predicts total nucleated ice crystal number concentrations (ICNCs) along with the maximum ice supersaturation attained during cirrus formation events. Aspects of its implementation into host models are discussed, including the provision of suitably parameterized vertical wind speeds. The parameterization is validated by comparisons to numerical simulations. First off‐line applications to mineral dust and aviation soot particles are presented, including ICNC ensemble statistics resulting from the coupling with statistics of updraft speed variability.
Soil Respiration Response to Simulated Precipitation Change Depends on Ecosystem Type and Study Duration
Authors: Morris Kendalynn A. , Hornum Shoshanah , Crystal‐Ornelas Robert , Pennington Stephanie C. , Bond‐Lamberty Ben
Published: September 2022

Soil respiration—the flow of biologically‐generated CO2from the soil surface to the atmosphere—is a major component of global carbon cycling, but the long‐term response of this flux to altered precipitation regimes remains uncertain, due to different responses of soil respiration in distinct ecosystems with varying degrees of water limitation. We conducted a meta‐analysis to determine the role of soil characteristics (organic carbon stock and clay content), study duration, and ecosystem type (e.g., forest, grassland, etc) in modifying the response of soil respiration to precipitation change. In general, decreased precipitation (N = 128 effect size pairs) decreased soil respiration rates. In contrast, increased precipitation (N = 141) had a more variable and on‐average weak positive effect on this flux; significantly increasing soil respiration only in desert ecosystems. The long‐term response of ecosystems varied, with those that are less constrained by water‐availability (e.g., forests) showing acclimation over time to altered precipitation. Soil organic carbon stock strongly modified the response of soil respiration to decreased precipitation (p < 0.0001), but only weakly modified the response to increased precipitation (p < 0.01). Our results suggest that ecosystems with limited soil water‐holding capacity and strong inherent water‐limitation will show long‐term dynamic change in soil respiration regardless of the direction of precipitation change.
Improved Simulations of Atmospheric River Climatology and Variability in High‐Resolution CESM
Authors: Liu Xue , Chang Ping , Fu Dan , Saravanan Ramalingam , Wang Hong , Rosenbloom Nan , Zhang Shaoqing , Wu Lixin
Published: September 2022

Atmospheric rivers (ARs), referring to long and narrow filamentary bands of intense water vapor transport in the atmosphere, can cause extreme precipitation, floods, and drought events. Their variability has been linked to various climate modes, such as El Niño/Southern Oscillation, Pacific Decadal Oscillation, and Pacific‐North America pattern. Understanding and improving simulation of this linkage can provide the potential to predict ARs at subseasonal‐to‐decadal timescales. Up to now, the extent to which climate model simulations of ARs are dependent on model resolutions has not been fully assessed. Here, we compare and evaluate ARs in a pair of high‐resolution (HR) and a low‐resolution (LR) Community Earth System Model (CESM) simulations against the observations. The results show that within this CESM framework, climatological AR strength and associated precipitation are severely underestimated by LR compared to the observations, and their relationships with major modes of climate variability are also poorly reproduced. These deficiencies in LR are alleviated to a significant extent in HR. Using a linear regression analysis, we show that HR is able to capture with high fidelity the observed relationships between ARs and major climate modes in the Northern Hemisphere at seasonal‐to‐decadal time scales. These results suggest that the use of HR CESM may potentially lead to an improved forecast skill of ARs at season‐to‐decadal time scales.
The Role of Faults as Barriers in Confined Seismic Sequences: 2021 Seismicity in the Granada Basin (Betic Cordillera)
Authors: Madarieta‐Txurruka Asier , González‐Castillo Lourdes , Peláez José A. , Catalán Manuel , Henares Jesús , Gil Antonio J. , Lamas‐Fernández Francisco , Galindo‐Zaldívar Jesús
Published: September 2022

Fault barriers are key structures for studying seismic hazard in regions of intense brittle deformation. The interaction between fault sets affects their seismogenic behavior, if some of them act as barriers. The Granada Basin, in the Betic Cordillera, is a region affected by shallow brittle deformation, as it was the scenario for the recent Granada 2021 seismic sequence. This seismicity presented a swarm behavior at the beginning of the sequence, followed by mainshock‐aftershock features. Geological and gravity data presented here reveal that the basement is affected by two sets of NW‐SE and NE‐SW normal faults and intensely deformed by vertical NW‐SE joints. Improved relocation of the Granada 2021 seismicity reveals a confined chimney‐shape seismicity caused by the activity of a 2 km long NW‐SE normal fault segment. The confinement of the sequence is associated with the NE‐SW fault set acting as a barrier that restricts the rupture area, limiting the maximum magnitude, and favoring the recurrence of events with smaller magnitude. The chimney‐shape of the seismic sequence suggests that the deformation is propagated vertically to the surface, facilitated by preexisting fractures. The shallow extensional deformation during the uplift of the central Betic Cordillera drove the activity of the local structures obliquely to the regional extensional trends, as evidenced by the seismic sequence. This multidisciplinary study improves the knowledge on the origin of the Granada Basin and underlies the important role of preexisting fractures on fault segmentation and seismic propagation, decreasing the seismic potential of this area.
Design, fabrication, characterization and reliability study of CMOS-MEMS Lorentz-force magnetometers
Authors: Valle J. J. , Sánchez-Chiva J. M. , Fernández D. , Madrenas J.
Published: September 2022

This article presents several design techniques to fabricate micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS) using standard complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) processes. They were applied to fabricate high yield CMOS-MEMS shielded Lorentz-force magnetometers (LFM). The multilayered metals and oxides of the back-end-of-line (BEOL), normally used for electronic routing, comprise the structural part of the MEMS. The most important fabrication challenges, modeling approaches and design solutions are discussed. Equations that predict the Q factor, sensitivity, Brownian noise and resonant frequency as a function of temperature, gas pressure and design parameters are presented and validated in characterization tests. A number of the fabricated magnetometers were packaged into Quad Flat No-leads (QFN) packages. We show this process can achieve yields above 95 % when the proper design techniques are adopted. Despite CMOS not being a process for MEMS manufacturing, estimated performance (sensitivity and noise level) is similar or superior to current commercial magnetometers and others built with MEMS processes. Additionally, typical offsets present in Lorentz-force magnetometers were prevented with a shielding electrode, whose efficiency is quantified. Finally, several reliability test results are presented, which demonstrate the robustness against high temperatures, magnetic fields and acceleration shocks.